title: Ryuun Daimai

abstract: Ryuun Daimai was a Japanese serial killer and rapist, active during the Taishō era. Since many of his victims were bhikkhunī, the media nicknamed him The Nun Slayer.

text:
# Ryuun Daimai

**Ryuun Daimai** (né **Ryumoto Daimai**; 1872 – June 26, 1916) was a Japanese serial killer and rapist, active during the Taishō era. Since many of his victims were bhikkhunī, the media nicknamed him **The Nun Slayer**.

## Early life

According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, Ryumoto Daimai was born in Asakusa in 1872, the son of a pawnbroker. When he was 7 years old, he was sent to a temple in Ōita Prefecture to be taken care of by the abbot. He trained under his former name, later receiving the name "Ryuun". In 1890, the priest passed away, and Daimai left the temple to train judo at a dojo in Kumamoto Prefecture, as a uchi-deshi. During the First Sino-Japanese War, which broke out in 1894, he volunteered for the military, but got his nose disfigured due to sustained injuries from a land mine. He later set up a temple in Shimada, Shizuoka Prefecture, but eventually went out and began wandering around the country.

Not long after, numerous robberies and thefts were reported, with victims describing the assailant as a monk in torn robes. Eventually, Daimai was jailed for four years in the Anon Tsu Prison, in Mie Prefecture. On January 4, 1913, he was released.

## Crimes

Daimai's crimes following his imprisonment became increasingly cruel and brutal, invading nunneries to rape and rob the nuns, and in some cases kill them, setting the structures ablaze to hide his crimes. The judiciary recorded three robbery-murders, five rapes, seven robberies and nine thefts, but the actual number of rapes and murders remains unknown. Most of the rape victims were nuns, some of them average worshippers or miko, and others were affected regardless of age. It was reported that some of the victims, who screamed too loudly, had their tongues pulled out by hand and subsequently killed.

The main offences were as follows:

* In 1905, in Amagasaki, Hyōgo Prefecture, he killed a 72-year-old nun, stealing 24 yen.
* In April 1913, Daimai raped a 60-year-old nun in Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture, stealing a savings bankbook and 200 yen. All of the yen was later spent at a red light district in Fukuhara, Kobe.
* In the summer of 1913, he quarrelled with a 26-year-old man in Kobe, killing him near a wharf.
* Later that year, he broke into a house in Fukuoka and raped a female restaurant manager. He later made that woman his concubine.
* In the summer of 1914, he moved to Tokyo, residing in a rented room in Kyobashi. There, he robbed the Namba Temple and adjacent places.
* On September 5, 1914, in Kyoto, he pulled out the tongue of a 58-year-old nun before killing her.
* On October 29, 1914, a 72-year-old nun was killed in Totsuka, Tokyo.
* On November 11, 1914, he sneaked into Nunnera Temple in Kamakura, beat up the monk and fled with 20 yen and some clothing.
* On January 27, 1915, he killed a 21-year-old nun in Kamakura.
* On July 18, 1915, a 69-year-old nun was raped and robbed in Asagaya. Testimonies from other nuns described the suspect's age, height and peculiar disfigured nose.

It is said that Daimai managed to avoid arrest, despite committing crimes from Tokyo to Keihanshin, because he used different aliases. Police suspected that a different person had raped more than 40 nuns, and mistakenly arrested him instead.

## Arrest, trial and execution

Daimai was arrested on August 8, 1915, at Hakata Station in Fukuoka. At that time, a police officer received information that the suspect intended to fly to Kyushu under the assumed name of "Utchitsuma", and despite the severe resistance, managed to arrest him.

On May 22, 1916, the Tokyo District Court sentenced Ryuun Daimai to death, with telling the judge that "\[he\]'ll do it for you, because it's troublesome".

On June 26, 1916, he was executed in the Tokyo Prison (currently located in Shinjuku). According to contemporary accounts from the guards, he ate buns and drank tea, chewed nicotiana tabacum and was allowed to smoke. It was said that he had a dignified attitude, saying: "Because I couldn't smoke for a long time, I went crazy." While waiting for final moments on death row, guards attempted to make a blindfold that was "antidiarrheal Yai". His last purported words were supposedly "If I could be sentenced to death, I would like to die cleanly like this. Let's get it done".

## Bibliography

* Case and Crime Study Group (2002). *Meiji, Taisho, Showa, Heisei Case and Crime Encyclopedia*. Tokyo Law and Economics School. p. 110. ISBN 4-8089-4003-5.
* Hidaka, Kotaro (2008). *The New Murder Encyclopedia Data File*. Shinjinbutsuoraisha Co. Ltd. pp. 44–49. ISBN 978-4-404-03606-3.
* Goda, Kazumichi (2000). *Study Group on Criminal History: Bizarre and Cruel Japanese Case Files*. Fusosha Publishing. pp. 60–67. ISBN 4-594-02915-9.

## InfoBox

| Ryuun Daimai | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ryumoto Daimai
1872
Asakusa, Tokyo, Japan |
| Died | June 26, 1916(1916-06-26) (aged 43–44)
Tokyo Prison, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
| Other names | "The Nun Slayer"
Utchimitsu |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
| Details | |
| Victims | 5+ |
| Span of crimes | 1905–1915 |
| Country | Japan |
| State(s) | Hyōgo, Kyoto, Tokyo, Kanagawa |
| Date apprehended | August 8, 1915 |
|  | |


# RAF Coastal Command order of battle during World War II

This article lists the order of battle of RAF Coastal Command throughout the Second World War in the European Theatre of World War II.

## 3 September 1939

No. 15 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Commodore R.G. Parry, DSO

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 204 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Mount Batten |
| No. 210 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Pembroke Dock |
| No. 217 Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Warmwell |
| No. 228 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Pembroke Dock |
| No. 502 (Ulster) Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Aldergrove |

No. 16 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Commodore R.L.G. Marix, DSO

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 22 Squadron RAF | Vickers Vildebeest | RAF Thorney Island |
| No. 42 Squadron RAF | Vickers Vildebeest | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 48 Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Thorney Island |
| No. 206 Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 500 (County of Kent) Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Detling |

No. 17 Group RAF (T), under command of Air Commodore T.E.B. Howe, CBE, AFC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Torpedo Training Unit RAF | various | RAF Gosport |
| No. 2 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF | various | RAF Gosport |
| School of General Reconnaissance RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Thorney Island |
| Seaplane Training Squadron RAF | various | RAF Calshot |

No. 18 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Vice Marshal C.D. Breese, CB, AFC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 201 Squadron RAF | Saro London | RAF Sullom Voe |
| No. 209 Squadron RAF | Supermarine Stranraer | RAF Invergordon |
| No. 220 Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Thornaby |
| No. 224 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 233 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 240 Squadron RAF | Saro London | RAF Invergordon |
| No. 269 Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Montrose |
| No. 608 (North Riding) Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Thornaby |
| No. 612 (County of Aberdeen) Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Dyce |

## 1 November 1940

No. 15 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Commodore R.G. Parry, DSO

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 48 Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Hooton Park |
| No. 209 Squadron RAF | Saro Lerwick | RAF Pembroke Dock |
| No. 217 Squadron RAF | Avro Anson/Bristol Beaufort | RAF St Eval |
| No. 236 Squadron RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF St Eval |
| No. 321 (Dutch) Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Carew Cheriton |
| No. 502 (Ulster) Squadron RAF | Blackburn Botha/Armstrong Whitworth Whitley | RAF Aldergrove |
| No. 10 Squadron RAAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Pembroke Dock |

No. 16 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Vice Marshal J.H.S. Tyssen, CB, DSO

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 22 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufort | RAF North Coates |
| No. 53 Squadron RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Detling |
| No. 59 Squadron RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Thorney Island |
| No. 206 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 220 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Thornaby |
| No. 235 Squadron RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 500 (County of Kent) Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Detling |
| No. 608 (North Riding) Squadron RAF | Avro Anson/Blackburn Botha | RAF Thornaby |

No. 17 Group RAF (T), under command of Air Commodore T.E.B. Howe, CBE, AFC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Torpedo Training Unit RAF | Bristol Beaufort | RAF Abbotsinch |
| No. 2 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF | Bristol Blenheim/Avro Anson | RAF Catfoss |
| No. 3 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF | various | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 1 Coast Artillery Co-operation Unit RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Detling |
| No. 2 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF | various | RAF Gosport |
| No. 1 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF | various | RAF Silloth |
| No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance RAF | Blackburn Botha | RAF Squires Gate |
| No. 4 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit | various | RAF Stranraer |

No. 18 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Vice Marshal C.D. Breese, CB, AFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 42 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufort | RAF Wick |
| No. 98 Squadron RAF | Fairey Battle | RAF Kaldadarnes |
| No. 201 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Sullom Voe |
| No. 204 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Sullom Voe |
| No. 210 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Oban |
| No. 224 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 233 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 240 Squadron RAF | Supermarine Stranraer | RAF Stranraer |
| No. 248 Squadron RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Dyce |
| No. 254 Squadron RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Dyce |
| No. 320 (Dutch) Squadron RAF | Avro Anson/Lockheed Hudson | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 612 (County of Aberdeen) Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Dyce |

No. 200 Group RAF (Coastal), under command of Group Captain A.D. Rogers, CBE, AFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 202 Squadron RAF | Saro London/Fairey Swordfish | RAF Gibraltar |

## 12 February 1942

No. 15 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Vice Marshal J.M. Robb, CB, DSO, DFC, AFC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 53 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Limavady |
| No. 120 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF Nutts Corner |
| No. 143 Squadron RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Aldergrove |
| No. 201 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Castle Archdale |
| No. 206 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Aldergrove |
| No. 210 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Oban |
| No. 220 Squadron RAF | Boeing Fortress | RAF Nutts Corner |
| No. 228 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Stranraer |
| No. 240 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Castle Archdale |
| No. 1402 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Supermarine Spitfire/Gloster Gladiator | RAF Aldergrove |
| No. 1405 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Bristol Blenheim/Lockheed Hudson | RAF Aldergrove |

No. 16 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Commodore I.T. Lloyd, CBE

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 22 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufort | RAF Thorney Island |
| No. 59 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF North Coates |
| No. 217 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufort | RAF Thorney Island |
| No. 233 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Thorney Island |
| No. 248 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 279 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 280 Squadron RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Detling |
| No. 407 (Demon) Squadron RCAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF North Coates |
| No. 415 (Swordfish) Squadron RCAF | Handley Page Hampden/Bristol Beaufort | RAF Thorney Island |
| No. 500 (County of Kent) Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 502 (Ulster) Squadron RAF | Armstrong Whitworth Whitley | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 1401 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit RAF | Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Benson |

No. 17 Group RAF (T), under command of Air Commodore H.G. Smart, CBE, DFC, AFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Numerous Training Units | N/A |  |

No. 18 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Vice Marshal A. Durston, CB, AFC

| Squadron | Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 42 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufort | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 48 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Wick |
| No. 235 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Dyce |
| No. 320 (Dutch) Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 404 (Buffalo) Squadron RCAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Sumburgh |
| No. 413 (Tusker) Squadron RCAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Sullom Voe |
| No. 489 (RNZAF) Squadron | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 608 (North Riding) Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Wick |
| No. 1406 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Wick |
| No. 1408 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Wick |

No. 19 Group RAF (GR), under command of Air Commodore G.R. Bromet, CBE, DSO

| Squadron | Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 22 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufort | RAF St Eval |
| No. 86 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufort | RAF St Eval |
| No. 209 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Pembroke Dock |
| No. 217 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufort | RAF St Eval |
| No. 224 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF St Eval |
| No. 254 Squadron RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF Carew Cheriton |
| No. 502 (Ulster) Squadron RAF | Armstrong Whitworth Whitley | RAF St Eval |
| No. 10 Squadron RAAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Mount Batten |
| No. 1404 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF St Eval |
| No. 1417 (Leigh Light Trials) Flight RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit RAF | Bristol Blenheim | RAF St Eval (B Flight) |

AHQ Gibraltar, under command of Air Commodore S.P. Simpson, CBE, MC

| Squadron | Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 202 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland/Consolidated Catalina | RAF Gibraltar |

AHQ Iceland, under command of Air Commodore W.H. Primrose, CBE, DFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 269 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Kaldadarnes |
| No. 330 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Reykjavik |
| No. 612 (County of Aberdeen) Squadron RAF | Armstrong Whitworth Whitley | RAF Reykjavik |
| No. 1407 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Reykjavik |
| VP-73 (United States Navy) | Consolidated PBY Catalina | RAF Reykjavik |

## 15 February 1943

No. 15 Group RAF under command of Air Vice Marshal T.A. Langford-Sainsbury, OBE, DFC, AFC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 120 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF Aldergrove |
| No. 201 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Castle Archdale |
| No. 206 Squadron RAF | Boeing Fortress | RAF Benbecula |
| No. 220 Squadron RAF | Boeing Fortress | RAF Aldergrove |
| No. 228 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Castle Archdale |
| No. 246 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Bowmore |
| No. 407 (Demon) Squadron RCAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 422 Squadron RCAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Bowmore |
| No. 423 Squadron RCAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Castle Archdale |
| No. 1402 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Gloster Gladiator/Supermarine Spitfire/Lockheed Hudson | RAF Aldergrove |

No. 16 Group RAF, under command of Air Vice Marshal B.E. Baker, CB, DSO, MC, AFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 53 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Docking |
| No. 86 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF Thorney Island |
| No. 143 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF North Coates |
| No. 236 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF North Coates |
| No. 254 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF North Coates |
| No. 320 (Dutch) Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 407 (Demon) Squadron RCAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Docking |
| No. 521 (Meteorological) Squadron RAF | Supermarine Spitfire/de Havilland Mosquito/Lockheed Hudson | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 540 Squadron RAF | de Havilland Mosquito | RAF Benson |
| No. 541 Squadron RAF | Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Benson |
| No. 542 Squadron RAF | Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Benson |
| No. 543 Squadron RAF | Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Benson |
| No. 544 Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington/Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Benson |
| No. 833 Squadron FAA | Fairey Swordfish | RAF Thorney Island |
| No. 836 Squadron FAA | Fairey Swordfish | RAF Thorney Island |

No. 17 Group RAF, under command of Air Commodore H.G. Smart, CBE, DFC, AFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Numerous Training Units | N/A |  |

No. 18 Group RAF, under command of Air Vice Marshal A.B. Ellwood, CB, DSC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 144 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 190 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Sullom Voe |
| No. 235 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 455 Squadron RAAF | Handley Page Hampden | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 489 (RNZAF) Squadron | Handley Page Hampden | RAF Wick |
| No. 540 Squadron RAF | de Havilland Mosquito | RAF Leuchars |
| No. 547 Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Tain |
| No. 612 (County of Aberdeen) Squadron RAF | Armstrong Whitworth Whitley | RAF Wick |
| No. 1406 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Supermarine Spitfire/Lockheed Hudson | RAF Wick |
| No. 1408 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Handley Page Hampden | RAF Wick |
| No. 1477 (Norwegian) Flight RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Woodhaven |

No. 19 Group RAF, under command of Air Vice Marshal G.R. Bromet, CB, CBE, DSO

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 58 Squadron RAF | Armstrong Whitworth Whitley/Handley Page Halifax | RAF Holmsley South |
| No. 59 Squadron RAF | Boeing Fortress | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 119 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Pembroke Dock |
| No. 172 Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 179 Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Skitten |
| No. 210 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Pembroke Dock |
| No. 224 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF Beaulieu |
| No. 248 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Predannack Down |
| *304 Dywizjon Bombowy* (Polish Air Forces) | Vickers Wellington | RAF Dale |
| No. 311 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Talbenny |
| No. 404 (Buffalo) Squadron RCAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 405 (Vancouver) Squadron RCAF | Handley Page Halifax | RAF Beaulieu |
| No. 461 Squadron RAAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Hamworthy |
| No. 502 (Ulster) Squadron RAF | Armstrong Whitworth Whitley | RAF St Eval |
| No. 543 Squadron RAF | Supermarine Spitfire | RAF St Eval |
| No. 1404 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Lockheed Hudson/Lockheed Ventura | RAF St Eval |
| No. 10 OTU | Armstrong Whitworth Whitley | RAF St Eval |
| No. 10 Squadron RAAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Mount Batten |
| No. 1 AS (Anti-Submarine) Squadron, USAAF | Consolidated B-24 Liberator | RAF St Eval |
| No. 2 AS (Anti-Submarine) Squadron, USAAF | Consolidated B-24 Liberator | RAF St Eval |

AHQ Gibraltar, under command of Air Commodore S.P. Simpson, CBE, MC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 48 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Gibraltar (North Front) |
| No. 179 Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Gibraltar (North Front) |
| No. 202 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Gibraltar (Harbour) |
| No. 210 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Gibraltar (Harbour) |
| No. 233 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Gibraltar (North Front) |
| No. 544 Squadron RAF | Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Gibraltar (North Front) |

AHQ Iceland, under command of Air Commodore K.B. Lloyd, AFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 120 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF Reykjavik |
| No. 269 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Reykjavik |
| No. 330 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF | Northrop N-3PB | RAF Reykjavik |
| No. 1407 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Reykjavik |
| VP-84 U.S. Navy | Consolidated PBY Catalina | RAF Reykjavik |

## 6 June 1944

No. 15 Group RAF under command of Air Vice Marshal Sir Leonard Slatter, KBE, CB, DSC, DFC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 59 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF Ballykelly |
| No. 120 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF Ballykelly |
| No. 281 Squadron RAF | Vickers Warwick (ASR) | RAF Tiree |
| No. 422 Squadron RCAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Castle Archdale |
| No. 423 Squadron RCAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Castle Archdale |
| No. 518 Squadron RAF | Handley Page Halifax (Met) | RAF Tiree |
| No. 1402 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Gloster Gladiator/Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Aldergrove |

No. 16 Group RAF, under command of Air Vice Marshal F.L. Hopps, CB, CBE, AFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 143 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Manston |
| No. 236 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF North Coates |
| No. 254 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF North Coates |
| No. 279 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson (ASR) | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 280 Squadron RAF | Vickers Warwick (ASR) | RAF Strubby (Det. at RAF Thornaby) |
| No. 415 (Swordfish) Squadron RCAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Bircham Newton |
| No. 455 Squadron RAAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Langham |
| No. 489 (RNZAF) Squadron | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Langham |
| No. 521 (Meteorological) Squadron RAF | Lockheed Ventura/Gloster Gladiator | RAF Docking |
| No. 819 Squadron FAA | Fairey Swordfish | RAF Manston |
| No. 848 Squadron FAA | Grumman Avenger | RAF Manston |
| No. 854 Squadron FAA | Grumman Avenger | RAF Hawkinge |
| No. 855 Squadron FAA | Grumman Avenger | RAF Hawkinge |
| No. 1401 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Manston |

No. 17 Group RAF, under command of Air Commodore H.G. Smart, CBE, DFC, AFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 1674 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF |  |  |
| Numerous Training Units | N/A |  |

No. 18 Group RAF, under command of Air Vice Marshal S.P. Simpson, CB, CBE, MC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 86 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF Tain |
| No. 210 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Sullom Voe |
| No. 281 Squadron RAF | Vickers Warwick (ASR) | RAF Gt Orton/RAF Wick/RAF Sumburgh (Dets.) |
| No. 330 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Sullom Voe |
| No. 333 Squadron RAF | de Havilland Mosquito/Consolidated Catalina | RAF Sumburgh/RAF Leuchars/RAF Woodhaven |
| No. 521 (Meteorological) Squadron RAF | Lockheed Ventura/Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Skitten |
| No. 1693 (General Reconnaissance) Flight RAF | Avro Anson | RAF Wick |

No. 19 Group RAF, under command of Air Vice Marshal B.E. Baker, CB, DSO, MC, AFC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 53 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF St Eval |
| No. 58 Squadron RAF | Handley Page Halifax | RAF St David's |
| No. 144 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Davidstow Moor |
| No. 172 Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 179 Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Predannack |
| No. 201 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Pembroke Dock |
| No. 206 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF St Eval |
| No. 224 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF St Eval |
| No. 228 Squadron RAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Pembroke Dock |
| No. 235 Squadron RAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Portreath |
| No. 248 Squadron RAF | de Havilland Mosquito | RAF Portreath |
| No. 282 Squadron RAF | Vickers Warwick (ASR) | RAF Davidstow Moor |
| *304 Dywizjon Bombowy* (Polish Air Forces) | Vickers Wellington | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 311 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF Predannack |
| No. 404 (Buffalo) Squadron RCAF | Bristol Beaufighter | RAF Davidstow Moor |
| No. 407 (Goose) Squadron RCAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 461 Squadron RAAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Pembroke Dock |
| No. 502 (Ulster) Squadron RAF | Handley Page Halifax | RAF St David's |
| No. 517 Squadron RAF | Handley Page Halifax (Met) | RAF Brawdy |
| No. 524 Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Davidstow Moor |
| No. 547 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Liberator | RAF St Eval |
| No. 612 (County of Aberdeen) Squadron RAF | Vickers Wellington | RAF Chivenor |
| No. 10 Squadron RAAF | Short Sunderland | RAF Mount Batten |
| No. 816 Squadron FAA | Fairey Swordfish | RAF Perranporth |
| No. 838 Squadron FAA | Fairey Swordfish | RAF Harrowbeer |
| No. 849 Squadron FAA | Grumman Avenger | RAF Perranporth |
| No. 850 Squadron FAA | Grumman Avenger | RAF Perranporth |
| US Navy Patrol Bomber Squadron VPB-103 | PB4Y-1 Privateer | RAF Dunkeswell |
| US Navy Patrol Bomber Squadron VPB-105 | PB4Y-1 Privateer | RAF Dunkeswell |
| US Navy Patrol Bomber Squadron VPB-110 | PB4Y-1 Privateer | RAF Dunkeswell |
| US Navy Patrol Bomber Squadron VPB-114 | PB4Y-1 Privateer | RAF Dunkeswell |

No. 106 Group RAF, under command of Air Commodore J.N. Boothman, CB, DFC, AFC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 540 Squadron RAF | de Havilland Mosquito | RAF Benson |
| No. 541 Squadron RAF | Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Benson (Det. at RAF St Eval) |
| No. 542 Squadron RAF | Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Benson |
| No. 544 Squadron RAF | de Havilland Mosquito | RAF Benson |

No. 247 Group RAF, under command of Air Vice Marshal G R Bromet KBE, CB, DSO, DL

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 220 Squadron RAF | Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress | RAF Lagens, Azores |
| No. 269 Squadron RAF | Lockheed Hudson/Supermarine Walrus/Supermarine Spitfire | RAF Lagens, Azores |

AHQ Gibraltar, under command of Air Vice Marshal W. Elliott, CB, CBE, DFC

| Squadron | Type of aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 202 Squadron RAF | Consolidated Catalina | RAF Gibraltar (New Camp) |
| No. 520 Squadron RAF | Handley Page Halifax/Gloster Gladiator (Met) | RAF Gibraltar (North Front) |

AHQ Iceland, under command of Air Commodore C.G. Wigglesworth, AFC

| Squadron | Type of Aircraft | Station |
| --- | --- | --- |
| No. 162 Squadron RCAF | Consolidated Canso | Skerja Fjord, Reykjavík |
| No. 1407 (Meteorological) Flight RAF | Lockheed Hudson | RAF Reykjavik |

Footnotes Citations  1. Ashworth 1992, Appendix II
2. Lake 1999, p. 264.
3. Delve 1994, p. 51.
4. Lake 1999, p. 282.
5. Lake 1999, pp. 29-30.
6. Lake 1999, p. 182.
7. Lake 1999, p. 183.
8. Lake 1999, p. 270.
9. Lake 1999, pp. 270-271.
10. Ashworth 1992, Appendix III
11. Lake 1999, p. 256.
12. Lake 1999, p. 48.
13. Ashworth 1992, Appendix IV
14. Lake 1999, p. 87.
15. Lake 1999, p. 259.
16. Lake 1999, p. 260.
17. Lake 1999, pp. 87-88.
18. Lake 1999, p. 257.
19. "Consolidated PBY Catalina in US Navy Service".
20. Ashworth 1992, Appendix V
21. name="RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft, Kostenuk, Griffin"
22. name=RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft, Kostenuk, Griffin
23. Matusiak 2007, p. 21.
24. Lake 1999, p. 262.
25. Lake 1999, p. 90.
26. Lake 1999, p. 255.
27. Lake 1999, pp. 255-256.
28. Lake 1999, p. 146.
29. See also Order of battle 6 June 1944, including Nos 4,5,6,7,9, 131, 132 OTUs and . .
30. Lake 1999, p. 99.
Bibliography  * Ashworth, Chris. *RAF Coastal Command: 1936–1969*. Patrick Stephens Ltd. 1992. ISBN 1-85260-345-3
* Blumenson, Martin & Greenfield, Ken. *Command Decisions*. United States Government Printing. 1984. ISBN 978-0-16-001912-8
* Buckley, John. *The RAF and Trade Defence, 1919–1945: Constant Endeavour*. Ryburn Publishing. 1995. ISBN 1-85331-069-7
* Buckley, John. *Air Power in the Age of Total War*. UCL Press. 1998. ISBN 1-85728-589-1.
* Blair, Clay. *Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942* Cassel & Co. 1996. ISBN 0-304-35260-8
* Blair, Clay. *Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945*. Cassel & Co. 1996. ISBN 0-304-35261-6
* Bowyer, Chaz. *Coastal Command at War*. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-7110-0980-5.
* Corum, James. *The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940*. Kansas University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-7006-0836-2
* de la Ferté, Philiip Joubert. *The Birds and the Fishes: The Story of Coastal Command*. Hutchinson. 1960. (No ISBN)
* Delve, Ken. *The Source Book of the RAF*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1994. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.
* Forczyk, Robert. *Fw 200 Condor Vs Atlantic Convoys, 1941–1943*. Osprey Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84603-917-1
* Goulter, Christina. *A Forgotten Offensive: Royal Air Force Coastal Command's Anti-Shipping Campaign, 1940–1945*. Frank & Cass. London. 2005. ISBN 0-7146-4147-2.
* Hendrie, Andrew. *The Cinderella Service: RAF Coastal Command 1939–1945*. Pen & Sword Aviation. 2006. ISBN 978-1-84415-346-6.
* Hyde, H. Montgomery. *British Air Policy Between the Wars, 1918–1939*. Heineman 1977. ISBN 0-434-47983-7.
* Kostenuk S. Griffin J. *RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft*, Samuel Stevens Hakkert & Company, 1977. ISBN 0-88866-577-6
* Lake, Alan. *Flying Units of the RAF: The ancestry, formation and disbandment of all flying units from 1912*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.
* March, Daniel J. *British Warplanes of World War II*. Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books, 1998. ISBN 1-84013-391-0.
* Matusiak, Wojtek. *Merlin PR Spitfires* (Classic Warbirds No. 10). Wellington, New Zealand: Ventura Publications, 2007. ISBN 0-9582296-2-7.
* Nesbit, Roy Conyers. *Coastal Command in Action, 1939–1945*. Budding Books. 2000 (2nd Edition). ISBN 1-84015-112-9
* Rawlings, John D.R. *Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0187-5.
* Saunders, Hilary Aidan St. George and Denis Richards. *Royal Air Force, 1939–1945. Volume III: The Fight is Won*. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1975. ISBN 0-11-771594-8.
* Terraine, John. *Business in Great Waters: The U-Boat Wars, 1916–1945*. Leo Cooper. London. 1989. ISBN 0-85052-760-0


title: Healthy user bias

abstract: The healthy user bias or healthy worker bias is a bias that can damage the validity of epidemiologic studies testing the efficacy of particular therapies or interventions. Specifically, it is a sampling bias or selection bias: the kind of subjects that take up an intervention, including by enrolling in a clinical trial, are not representative of the general population. People who volunteer for a study can be expected, on average, to be healthier than people who don't volunteer, as they are concerned for their health and are predisposed to follow medical advice, both factors that would aid one's health. In a sense, being healthy or active about one's health is a precondition for becoming a subject of the study, an effect that can appear under other conditions such as studying particular groups of workers. For example, someone in ill health is unlikely to have a job as manual laborer. As a result, studies of manual laborers are studies of people who are currently healthy enough to engage in manual labor, rather than studies of people who would do manual labor if they were healthy enough.

text:
# Healthy user bias

The **healthy user bias** or **healthy worker bias** is a bias that can damage the validity of epidemiologic studies testing the efficacy of particular therapies or interventions.

Specifically, it is a sampling bias or selection bias: the kind of subjects that take up an intervention, including by enrolling in a clinical trial, are not representative of the general population. People who volunteer for a study can be expected, on average, to be healthier than people who don't volunteer, as they are concerned for their health and are predisposed to follow medical advice, both factors that would aid one's health. In a sense, being healthy or active about one's health is a precondition for becoming a subject of the study, an effect that can appear under other conditions such as studying particular groups of workers. For example, someone in ill health is unlikely to have a job as manual laborer. As a result, studies of manual laborers are studies of people who are currently healthy enough to engage in manual labor, rather than studies of people who would do manual labor if they were healthy enough.

1. Shrank, William H.; Patrick, Amanda R.; Alan Brookhart, M. (May 2011). "Healthy User and Related Biases in Observational Studies of Preventive Interventions: A Primer for Physicians". *Journal of General Internal Medicine*. **26** (5): 546–550. doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1609-1. ISSN 0884-8734. PMC 3077477. PMID 21203857.

## Further reading


title: Pingasa venusta

abstract: Pingasa venusta is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by William Warren in 1894. It is found in the north-eastern Himalayas, Sundaland and on Sulawesi, Seram and on New Guinea. The habitat consists of lowland areas up to 1,930 meters, including disturbed vegetation and secondary forests.

text:
# Pingasa venusta

***Pingasa venusta*** is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by William Warren in 1894. It is found in the north-eastern Himalayas, Sundaland and on Sulawesi, Seram and on New Guinea. The habitat consists of lowland areas up to 1,930 meters, including disturbed vegetation and secondary forests.

## InfoBox

| *Pingasa venusta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Pingasa* |
| Species: | ***P. venusta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pingasa venusta***<br>Warren, 1894 | |
|


title: Giovanni Borromeo

abstract: Giovanni Borromeo was an Italian physician. In 2004 Yad Vashem recognized him as a “Righteous among the Nations” for saving five members of the Almagià and extended family. Borromeo had been a student and assistant of Marco Almajà, a highly respected professor of physiopathology at the University of Rome.

text:
# Giovanni Borromeo

**Giovanni Borromeo** (Rome, December 15, 1898 – Rome, August 24, 1961) was an Italian physician. In 2004 Yad Vashem recognized him as a “Righteous among the Nations” for saving five members of the Almagià and extended family (Clotilde and Gina Almagià, Luciana Tedesco, Claudio Tedesco, Gabriella Ajo). Borromeo had been a student and assistant of Marco Almajà, a highly respected professor of physiopathology at the University of Rome.

## Early life

Giovanni Borromeo was the son of the well known physician, Pietro Borromeo. While studying medicine at the University of Rome, he was drafted in World War I. Upon his return he earned a bronze medal. At age 22, Borromeo received his degree in medicine. According to his son, in 1931 he was appointed director of the "Ospedali Riuniti di Roma" but was banned from accepting the position because he was not a member of the Fascist Party. This claim has never been substantiated by evidence.

On December 2, 1933, Borromeo married Maria Adelaide Mangani. They had 3 children: Beatrice (1934), Pietro (1937) and Maria Cristina (1943).

## Career

In 1934, he was appointed director of the Ospedale Fatebenefratelli on the Tiberina Island downtown Rome. He and Prior Maurizio Bialek, continued the renovation that the hospital had begun in 1922 transforming an old medical hospice into a modern and efficient infrastructure. The Fatebenefratelli was considered an extraterritorial zone, since it belonged to the Hospitaller Order of Saint John of God that had purchased it in 1892 from the Kingdom of Italy and made it part of its worldwide chain of hospitals.

Among the medical staff were two young doctors with a precarious position, Vittorio Emanuele Sacerdoti and Adriano Ossicini: they left the only known first hand recollections of life at the hospital during the war. Sacerdoti was Jewish and the nephew of Prof. Almagià, Borromeo's teacher. Ossicini was a Catholic antifascist who had eluded prison several times. In 1998 Sacerdoti gave a long interview at the Shoah Foundation and in 2005 Ossicini wrote a memoir entitled *Un'isola sul Tevere* (*An Island in the Tiber*).

Through their memories we learn that, after the armistice of September 8, 1943, during the Nazi occupation of Rome, the Fatebenefratelli became a crucible of fugitives, carabinieri, colonial police, deserters, resistance fighters, antifascists, and eventually, after the liberation, also republican fascists. Both Ossicini and Sacerdoti indicate that, after the armed clashes of September 8, 1943, a group of physicians at the hospital secretly organized to offer medical assistance to resistance fighters. Sacerdoti states that, because he was "in danger" anyway, he was often sent to the woods around Rome to tend to wounded partisans. Above all, Sacerdoti recounts that he provided care and, when available, medicines, to many Jews living in the old ghetto, across the street from the hospital.

On September 8, 1943, after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile between Italy and the Allies, the King and the Army abandoned Rome. Mussolini was liberated by his German allies and established the Italian Social Republic (RSI) whose territory extended from south of Naples to the Alps. The army received no precise orders and many of its commanders followed Pietro Badoglio and the King. Rome fell under German control headed by Herbert Kappler. Prefect Pietro Caruso took on the RSI administration who provided Kappler with infrastructure, manpower and information. Besides the German SS, fascist militia and collaborators were everywhere. The city suffered a severe shortage of food. After the round up of 1,200 Jews on October 16, 1943, during the 9 months of occupation, more than 1,000 Jews were denounced and arrested, and transported to the concentration camp of Fossoli di Carpi and then to Auschwitz.

According to Sacerdoti's deposition at the Shoah Foundation, at the Fatebenefratelli there were two occurrences of aid to Jews. Both Ossicini and Sacerdoti state that a small group of Jews was admitted with a diagnosis of Koch disease, which was quite common in those days. Doctors also internally referred to the fugitive "Koch" patients using the code-letter "K", in reference to the German commander Arthur Kesselring. Ossicini attributes the idea of the K codeword to Sacerdoti. Sacerdoti however, remembered it as no more than an anecdote and when asked to identify the source of the codeword, responded: "I don't know, it was something people said, perhaps the director".

Ossicini's and Sacerdoti's recollection concerning the episode of aid to the Jews differ substantially insofar as dates, number of people and course of events. Both differ from Borromeo's son's book about his father's rescue of the Jews, which was written in 2007, thus many years after the others. Sacerdoti and Ossicini credit Borromeo for his humanity.

Borromeo's participation in the resistance has not been the subject of studies and his name does not appear in any major historiographical account. According to Ossicini, he had always been suspicious of the Catholic alliance with the fascist regime and, at the time of the German occupation, leaned towards the resistance, although he never actively took part in it. According to Borromeo's son, together with Prior Bialek, Borromeo kept a radio in the basement of the hospital to keep contacts with the partisans, especially with his close friend Roberto Lordi. In his interview, Sacerdoti suggested that, in general, the doctors at Fatebenefratelli kept away from politics. He mentioned Borromeo by name only once defining him "a very Catholic man".

Borromeo had in fact close ties to the Vatican. After the war, he became friends with Alcide De Gasperi, also an antifascist with strong connections in the Vatican who was Prime Minister between 1945 and 1953. As a member of the Christian Democratic Party, he became Counselor for public health of the Municipality of Rome. Borromeo died at the Fatebenefratelli hospital in August 1961.

After the war he was awarded a silver Medal of Civil Valor and, forty-three years after his death, he was recognized “Righteous among the Nations” by Yad Vashem for protecting the family of his mentor, Marco Almajà.

## Vittorio Sacerdoti and Adriano Ossicini

Vittorio Sacerdoti was a young physician who had lost his position at the Ancona hospital following the Racial Laws. His uncle Marco Alamgià recommended him to his former student, Giovanni Borromeo. In 1941, facing a shortage of doctors, Borromeo called Sacerdoti and gave him a position. Within a few days Sacerdoti was reported to the police and dismissed. A young policeman took pity on him and suggested he remain at the hospital as a student practitioner, which, considering that the hospital was outside of the jurisdiction of Italy, would be tolerated. As time went by, through another influential uncle, Elio Ottolenghi, Sacerdoti bought false papers and worked under the name of Vittorio Salviucci. He continued to work at the hospital until after the liberation of Rome on June 4, 1944. In his recollection, Sacerdoti states that after September 8, 1943 some doctors at the hospital secretly and routinely offered their services to the resistance. He does not mention who was part of the group but makes clear that as the Axis' defeat became imminent, the clergy and staff at the hospital increasingly demonstrated tolerance for the efforts against the Germans.

Adriano Ossicini was a psychiatrist and an antifascist who had been imprisoned several times. His close ties to the Vatican however, had eventually kept him out of jail. He belonged to the Catholic Resistance Movement and, although he could no longer work officially, maintained a semi-clandestine base at the Fatebenefratelli as a volunteer physician. From Ossicini's memoir it remains unclear how steady his presence at the hospital was, especially since, after September 8, his participation in the resistance fight intensified and his position became more tenuous. Ossicini became part of the CNL (National Liberation Committee) and worked in the transition government led by Ferrucci Parri. In the postwar years he became known as an innovative psychiatrist and a leading figure in the Christian Democratic left.

## Sources concerning the rescue of Jews

Sources concerning the aid to Jews at the Fatebenefratelli present some discrepancies. Pietro Borromeo's 2007 book and Gordon Thomas' divulgative 2012 apologetic book on Pius XII's silence claim that Borromeo had planned the rescue of Jews and devised a non-existent syndrome (the K syndrome) to keep them safely as patients in disguise. This version of the story places the events in the weeks preceding the round up of October 16.

Contrary to this thesis, both Sacerdoti and Ossicini date the episode concerning the Jews as October 16, 1943. Sacerdoti states that 27 Jews, who were his patients and knew they could trust him, sought him out for help. According to Sacerdoti's deposition he authorized their admission with the diagnosis of Koch disease and that Borromeo and the Prior "did not oppose his action". These patients remained at the hospital for few days and then were dismissed. Sacerdoti believed that many were subsequently denounced and arrested. Sacerdoti and Ossicini indicate that "K" was only an internal code-word to indicate all fugitive Koch patients, not exclusively Jewish.

The evidence that led Yad Vashem to the recognition is consistent with this second version.

In is article "October 16th, 1943", Ossicini cites a specific episode and connects it with Borromeo's actions: "I remember the heart-wrenching cry of a mother on Reginella Street. She yelled to her small son: ‘Run, 'bello di mamma', run away!’. This admission of Jews as if they were patients became more frequent, with the help of the courageous professor Giovanni Borromeo. For this action, he then received a solemn recognition from the State of Israel".

In his deposition 10 years earlier at the Shoah Foundation, Sacerdoti had narrated an identical episode he witnessed when he got up at dawn for the morning rounds (the hospital overlooks the Jewish quarter). Sacerdoti circumscribed the admission of Jews to the October 16th event and Borromeo's aid to members of the Almagià-Ajò family who in fact provided the only testimonies from beneficiaries of Borromeo's actions.

It is possible that Ossicini, who also stated in the book that he was in hiding and could not remain at the hospital during the occupation, did not witness the October 16th event directly but mixed his own memories of the time with a story he had heard from Sacerdoti.

Pietro Borromeo and Gordon Thomas attribute to Giovanni Borromeo the invention of a non-existent disease (the K Disease) that would have allowed him to admit hundreds of Jewish patients. Their version of the facts focuses only on Jewish rescue ignoring completely the broader situation narrated by Sacerdoti and Ossicini.

## Film

Giovanni Borromeo's story has recently become the topic of a film, "My Italian Secret," which the Italy and the Holocaust Foundation commissioned to documentary maker Oren Jacoby.The Foundation, whose mission is to "share the little known story of the role of Italy in the rescue of the Jews", has among its supporters Pave the Way and is financed by Italian American magnates including Kenneth Langone and Joseph Perella who serves as its president.

"My Italian Secret" embraces Pietro Borromeo's and Gordon Thomas' version of the story and focuses only on the anecdotes of the non-existent disease without any reference to other historical references. The foundation's president Joseph Perella had initially announced the film as a tribute to Giovanni Palatucci. Following the publication of the data on Palatucci's work as an employee under the fascist regime, the Italian Social Republic and the Germans, the film's protagonists remained Giovanni Borromeo and Gino Bartali.


title: Waleed Al-Rajaa

abstract: Waleed Al-Rajaa is a Saudi Arabian footballer who played as a left-back.

text:
# Waleed Al-Rajaa

**Waleed Al-Rajaa** is a Saudi Arabian footballer who played as a left-back.

## InfoBox

Waleed Al-Rajaa
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Waleed Hendi Al-Rajaa | | |
| Date of birth | (1981-11-04) 4 November 1981 | | |
| Place of birth | Saudi Arabia | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Left-Back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2002–2011 | Al Ittifaq |  |  |
| 2010–2012 | Al-Taawoun FC | 7 | (0) |
| 2012–2013 | Hajer | 17 | (1) |
| 2013–2014 | Al-Nahda | 14 | (0) |
| 2014–2015 | Khaleej FC | 3 | (0) |
| 2015–2016 | Al-Nahda |  |  |
| 2016–2018 | Al-Sahel FC |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Indobrachyops

abstract: Indobrachyops is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Triassic of India. It is known from a nearly complete fossil skull that was first described by paleontologists Friedrich von Huene and M. R. Sahni in 1958 from the Panchet Formation in Raniganj Coalfield. Indobrachyops belongs to a group of mostly semi-aquatic temnospondyls called Stereospondyli, but its exact placement within the group has been uncertain since its first description.

text:
# Indobrachyops

***Indobrachyops*** is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Triassic of India. It is known from a nearly complete fossil skull that was first described by paleontologists Friedrich von Huene and M. R. Sahni in 1958 from the Panchet Formation in Raniganj Coalfield. *Indobrachyops* belongs to a group of mostly semi-aquatic temnospondyls called Stereospondyli, but its exact placement within the group has been uncertain since its first description.

## Classification

Huene and Sahni considered *Indobrachyops* to be part of the family Brachyopidae, which includes several aquatic temnospondyls with large rounded heads. However, later studies noted several features of *Indobrachyops* that set it apart from brachyopids, including closely spaced nostrils and a different pattern of pits and grooves on the skull roof. In 1979, J. W. Cosgriff and J. M. Zawiskie placed *Indobrachyops* in a new family called **Indobrachyopidae** along with the poorly known temnospondyls *Mahavisaurus* and *Rewana*. The lacrimal bone in the skull is an important feature in classifying stereospondyls, but its presence has been difficult to judge in the single known skull of *Indobrachyops*. One study suggested that it lacked a lacrimal, which it used as evidence to reclassify *Indobrachyops* within the family Rhytidosteidae. In 1998 paleontologists Anne Warren and Claudia Marsicano proposed that it did have a lacrimal, albeit a very small one that suggested a primitive position for *Indobrachyops* within Rhytidosteidae. A phylogenetic analysis of rhytidosteids by Marsicano and Sérgio Dias-da-Silva in 2011 supported the inclusion of *Indobrachyops* within Rhytidosteidae. The analysis went against Warren and Marsicano's 1998 findings by placing *Indobrachyops* as one of the most derived rhytidosteids. Marsicano and Sérgio Dias-da-Silva classified the genus within a new subfamily of rhytidosteids, Derwentiinae. Below is a cladogram from their study:

## InfoBox

| *Indobrachyops*
Temporal range: Early Triassic, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restoration of *Indobrachyops panchetensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Order: | Temnospondyli |
| Suborder: | Stereospondyli |
| Family: | Rhytidosteidae |
| Subfamily: | Derwentiinae |
| Genus: | *Indobrachyops*
Von Huene and Sahni, 1958 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Indobrachyops panchetensis***
Von Huene and Sahni, 1958 | |


title: Nyctosia tenebrosa

abstract: Nyctosia tenebrosa is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866. It is found in Mexico and Guatemala.

text:
# Nyctosia tenebrosa

***Nyctosia tenebrosa*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866. It is found in Mexico and Guatemala.

## InfoBox

| *Nyctosia tenebrosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Nyctosia* |
| Species: | ***N. tenebrosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nyctosia tenebrosa***<br>(Walker, 1866) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Apistosia tenebrosa* Walker, 1866 * *Ctenucha proxima* H. Edwards, 1884 | |


title: Réclainville

abstract: Réclainville is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

text:
# Réclainville

**Réclainville** (French pronunciation: \[ʁeklɛ̃vil\]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 104 |  |
| 1968 | 132 | +26.9% |
| 1975 | 115 | −12.9% |
| 1982 | 104 | −9.6% |
| 1990 | 140 | +34.6% |
| 1999 | 143 | +2.1% |
| 2008 | 153 | +7.0% |

## InfoBox

| Réclainville | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Réclainville | |
|  | |
| Location of Réclainville | |
| RéclainvilleRéclainville | |
| Coordinates: 48°20′24″N 1°44′52″E / 48.34°N 1.7478°E / 48.34; 1.7478 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Eure-et-Loir |
| Arrondissement | Chartres |
| Canton | Les Villages Vovéens |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Laëtitia Varet |
| Area**1** | 9.8 km2 (3.8 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 196 |
| Density | 20/km2 (52/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 28313 /28150 |
| Elevation | 144–154 m (472–505 ft)
(avg. 152 m or 499 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Another World (Gerry Rafferty album)

abstract: Another World is the ninth studio album by Gerry Rafferty. The album was released in 2000 on the Icon Music label to good reviews. It was re-released in 2003 on the Hypertension label with a slightly amended track order, and with "La Fenêtre" replaced by "Keep It To Yourself", the latter track also being released a single in Europe and the UK. Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits appears throughout the album, providing rhythm guitar and lead fills. The album was originally only available through Rafferty's website to download.

text:
# Another World (Gerry Rafferty album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Another World*** is the ninth studio album by Gerry Rafferty. The album was released in 2000 on the Icon Music label to good reviews. It was re-released in 2003 on the Hypertension label with a slightly amended track order, and with "La Fenêtre" replaced by "Keep It To Yourself", the latter track also being released a single in Europe and the UK. Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits appears throughout the album, providing rhythm guitar and lead fills. The album was originally only available through Rafferty's website to download.

## Track listing 2000 edition

All songs were written and arranged by Gerry Rafferty, except where noted.

1. "All Souls" – 5:20
2. "Land of the Chosen Few" – 5:13
3. "Sweet Surrender" – 4:02
4. "Sweet Love" – 4:27
5. "Whose House Is It Anyway?" (Rafferty, Julian Littman) – 4:31
6. "It's Better This Way" – 4:00
7. "Conscious Love" – 4:26
8. "La Fenêtre" – 3:17
9. "Everytime I Wake Up" – 5:52
10. "Xavier & Honor" – 3:10
11. "You Put Something Better Inside of Me" (Rafferty, Joe Egan) – 4:53
12. "Metanoia" – 3:24
13. "Children of the Sun" – 4:04
14. "Another World" – 10:40

## Track listing 2003 edition

All songs were written and arranged by Gerry Rafferty, except where noted.

1. "All Souls" – 5:20
2. "Land of the Chosen Few" – 5:13
3. "Keep It To Yourself" – 5:42
4. "Sweet Love" – 4:27
5. "Whose House Is It Anyway?" (Rafferty, Julian Littman) – 4:31
6. "It's Better This Way" – 4:00
7. "Conscious Love" – 4:26
8. "Sweet Surrender" – 4:02
9. "Everytime I Wake Up" – 5:52
10. "Xavier & Honor" – 3:10
11. "You Put Something Better Inside of Me" (Rafferty, Joe Egan) – 4:53
12. "Metanoia" – 3:24
13. "Children of the Sun" – 4:04
14. "Another World" – 10:40

## Personnel

* Gerry Rafferty – vocals, acoustic guitar, synthesizer, bass guitar, keyboards, piano, Fender Rhodes
* Giles Twigg – drums, percussion, programming, bass guitar, effected guitar, engineer
* Mel Collins – saxophone
* Arran Ahmun, Dave Suttle – percussion
* Cindy Legall, Tamara Marshall, Karen Griffiths – backing vocals
* Bryn Haworth – electric guitar, slide guitar
* Julian Littman – electric guitar, accordion, backing vocals
* Kenny Craddock – keyboards, accordion, Hammond organ
* Bryn Haworth – slide guitar, mandolin
* Mark Knopfler – electric guitar, lead guitar
* Vic Linton - electric guitar
* Mo Foster, Pino Palladino – bass guitar

## InfoBox

| Another World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gerry Rafferty | |
| Released | 2000 |
| Recorded | 2000 |
| Genre | Rock, pop |
| Length | 69:52 |
| Label | Hypertension Music |
| Producer | Gerry Rafferty |
| Gerry Rafferty chronology | |
| *Over My Head*
(1994) ***Another World***
(2000) *Days Gone Down: The Anthology: 1970–1982*
(2006) | |


title: Helen Thornton Geer

abstract: Helen Thornton Geer was a librarian and professor. She was the author of Charging Systems, which detailed 17 of the different circulation control systems that were used in most of the U.S. public and college libraries at the time. From 1947 to 1956, she served as headquarters librarian of the American Library Association, Chicago, Illinois.

text:
# Helen Thornton Geer

**Helen Thornton Geer** (January 7, 1903 in New Castle, Pennsylvania – March 1983 in New Jersey) was a librarian and professor. She was the author of *Charging Systems*, which detailed 17 of the different circulation control systems that were used in most of the U.S. public and college libraries at the time. From 1947 to 1956, she served as headquarters librarian of the American Library Association, Chicago, Illinois.

## Education and career

After graduating from Wheaton College (AB: ENG LIT) in 1926 and the University of Illinois (BS: Library Science) in 1928, she entered Columbia University, earning her M.S. in library science (1934). In 1929 she began work at the Flushing Branch, Queens Borough Public Library, New York City. During the next fifteen years, she was promoted frequently, culminating in her appointment as acting head of the Business and Science Division (1942–44).

After briefly working at the Harper Library, University of Chicago, Geer was named headquarters librarian for the American Library Association, a position she held from 1947 until 1956. Also, she served as president of the Chicago Library Club (1953–54). From 1956 to 1958, Helen Geer served as director of The Library Mart, an operations consultancy for libraries and manufacturers.

From 1964 to 1969, Geer was an associate professor at the Graduate School of Library Science, University of Rhode Island.

## Family

Geer was the daughter of Isaac Wheeler Geer, a prominent railroad executive, and Margaret Worth Thornton. She was the niece of Sir Henry Worth Thornton. Her sister, Margaret Worth Geer, was married to State Rep. John H. Kleine (R-Lake Forest, Ill.). She was a second cousin of silver screen actress Edna Goodrich and Interim Elcar President Arthur Martin Graffis.


title: John Rankin Rogers

abstract: John Rankin Rogers was an American politician who served as the third governor of Washington from 1897 to 1901. Elected as a member of the People's Party before switching his affiliation to the Democratic Party, Rogers was elected to two consecutive terms in 1896 and 1900, but died before completing his fifth year in office.

text:
# John Rankin Rogers

**John Rankin Rogers** (September 4, 1838 – December 26, 1901) was an American politician who served as the third governor of Washington from 1897 to 1901. Elected as a member of the People's Party before switching his affiliation to the Democratic Party, Rogers was elected to two consecutive terms in 1896 and 1900, but died before completing his fifth year in office.

## Biography

### Early years

John R. Rogers was born September 4, 1838, in Brunswick, Maine, the son of Margaret Anne (Green) and John Rogers.

Rogers went to Boston as a youth and apprenticed as a druggist, then moved south to Mississippi in 1856 to manage a drug store for four years in Jackson. He moved north to Illinois in 1860, where he farmed and worked as a school teacher and druggist. He married Sarah Greene in 1861 and together they had five children.

In 1876 the family relocated to Kansas to farm and Rogers was later an editor of the *Kansas Commoner* for several years in Wichita, and was an organizer within the Farmers' Alliance. Rogers moved to Washington in 1890 and settled in Puyallup, where he operated a drug store.

### Political career

Rogers was elected to the Washington House of Representatives in 1895 as a Populist, and governor the following year. As governor he supported the "Barefoot Schoolboy Act" which he had first sponsored while in the state legislature. The Act provided a mechanism of state funding to equalize support for free public education between counties which had a large tax base and those without. Rogers was a conditional supporter of the Single Tax Movement associated with Henry George. He switched his affiliation to the Democratic Party in 1900 (he was the first Democrat to serve as governor; Ernest Lister would be the first politician from the state to be elected outright as a Democrat in 1913).

John R. Rogers authored many books, pamphlets and articles that followed a Populist and Arcadian Agrarian spirit. Growing up in New England when Jeffersonian ideals were talked about frequently was a strong influence on his political future.

### Death and legacy

Rogers served as governor from January 11, 1897, until his death from lobar pneumonia on December 26, 1901, at age 63. Rogers is buried in the Woodbine Cemetery in Puyallup.

Two high schools in the state are named for Rogers, on either side of the Cascade Mountains. John R. Rogers High School in Spokane in Eastern Washington opened in 1932 and Governor John R. Rogers High School in Puyallup opened in 1968.

Rogers Field, the football and track stadium at Washington State University in Pullman, was named for him in 1902. A fire, a suspected arson, significantly damaged the wooden stadium in April 1970. The stadium was reconstructed in 1972 and its name changed to Martin Stadium, after Clarence D. Martin, the eleventh governor of Washington (ironically, a graduate of the University of Washington). The present-day Rogers Field at WSU refers to the practice and intramural fields directly west of the stadium.

## Footnotes

## Further reading

* David B. Griffiths, "Far-Western Populist Thought: A Comparative Study of John R. Rogers and Davis H. Waite," *Pacific Northwest Quarterly,* vol. 60, no. 4 (Oct. 1969), pp. 183–192. In JSTOR.
* R. Douglas Hurt, "John R. Rogers: The Union Labor Party, Georgism, and Agrarian Reform." *Journal of the West,* vol. 16 (January 1977), pp. 10–15.
* Edmond S. Meany, *Governors of Washington: Territorial and State.* Seattle: University of Washington, 1915.

## InfoBox

| John R. Rogers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 3rd Governor of Washington | |
| **In office**
January 13, 1897  December 26, 1901 | |
| Lieutenant | Thurston Daniels
Henry McBride |
| Preceded by | John H. McGraw |
| Succeeded by | Henry McBride |
| Member of the Washington House of Representatives
from the 33rd district | |
| **In office**
January 14, 1895  January 11, 1897 | |
| Preceded by | John O. Edwards |
| Succeeded by | Joseph C. Kincaid |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Rankin Rogers
(1838-09-04)September 4, 1838
Brunswick, Maine, U.S. |
| Died | December 26, 1901(1901-12-26) (aged 63)
Olympia, Washington, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic (1900–1901) |
| Other political
affiliations | Populist (until 1900) |
| Spouse | Sarah L. Greene (18401909) |
| Profession | druggist, educator, farmer, politician |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Gil Burford

abstract: Gilbert Burford was a Canadian-American ice hockey right wing who played for Michigan in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

text:
# Gil Burford

**Gilbert Burford** (February 29, 1924 – July 10, 2022) was a Canadian-American ice hockey right wing who played for Michigan in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

## Career

Burford was born and raised in Windsor, Ontario. After World War II Burford made a name for himself in the local league (the nascent IHL) helping his team reach back-to-back finals in 1946 and '47. He began attending University of Michigan on a hockey scholarship in the fall of 1947 and, after a year on the freshman team, joined the varsity squad. Burford swiftly became one of the team's top scorers, notching 56 points in his sophomore season, finishing just 4 points behind senior captain Gordon MacMillan for the team lead. Burford exploded in his second season, scoring 40 goals and earning 69 points, both new team records. Michigan reached the tournament for the third consecutive season in 1950 but they were stymied in the national semifinal for the second straight year. Burford took his frustration out on Boston College in the consolation game with a 5-goal effort.

Burford was named team captain for the 1950–51 season and the Wolverines were, once again, a major force in college hockey. Burford raised his points total to 71 but finished second behind fellow senior Neil Celley. Michigan received the top western seed in the tournament and this time they did not let the opportunity slip through their fingers. Burford recorded two assists in both tournament games and while he only scored one goal, it turned out to be the game-winner in the championship match. Burford was named as both an AHCA First Team All-American and to the NCAA First All-Tournament Team.

When Burford ended his college career he was the all-time NCAA leader in both goals (103) and points (196). His goal total stood for only one year while he was passed on the scoring list by John Mayasich in 1954. Burford's 40-goal season in 1950 is still tied for the fourth-best total in Michigan history as of 2020 (despite many players playing in nearly twice the number of games).

Burford was inducted into the Michigan Dekers Club Hall of Fame in 1970. He died at his home in Redford on July 10, 2022, at the age of 98.

## Statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1944–45 | Windsor Gotfredsons | WinCHL | | 12 | 23 | 14 | 37 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1945–46 | Detroit Auto Club | IHL | | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1945–46 | Detroit Bright's Goodyears | IHL | | 4 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 0 |
| 1946–47 | Detroit Bright's Goodyears | IHL | | 25 | 17 | 17 | 34 | 12 | | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 |
| 1947–48 | Detroit Bright's Goodyears | IHL | | 29 | 16 | 15 | 31 | 4 | | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| 1948–49 | Michigan | NCAA | |  | 26 | 30 | 56 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1949–50 | Michigan | NCAA | | 27 | 40 | 29 | 69 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1950–51 | Michigan | NCAA | |  | 37 | 34 | 71 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1951–52 | Detroit Hettche | IHL | | 14 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NCAA totals | | | |  | 103 | 93 | 196 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| IHL totals | | | | 74 | 40 | 47 | 87 | 22 | | 9 | 10 | 3 | 13 | 8 |

## Awards and honors

| Award | Year |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| AHCA First Team All-American | 1950–51 |  |
| NCAA All-Tournament Second Team | 1951 |  |
| Michigan Dekers Athletic Hall of Fame | 1970 |  |

## InfoBox

| Gil Burford | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1924-02-29)February 29, 1924
Windsor, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Died | July 10, 2022(2022-07-10) (aged 98)
Redford, Michigan, U.S. | | |
| Position | Right wing | | |
| Played for | Michigan | | |
| Playing career | 19441952 | | |


title: Walter Vinson

abstract: Walter Vinson was an American Memphis blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He was a member of the Mississippi Sheiks, worked with Bo Chatmon and his brothers, and co-wrote the blues standard "Sitting on Top of the World". He is erroneously known as Walter Vincson or Walter Vincent. He sometimes recorded as Walter Jacobs, using his mother's maiden name.

text:
# Walter Vinson

**Walter Vinson** (February 2, 1901 – April 22, 1975) was an American Memphis blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He was a member of the Mississippi Sheiks, worked with Bo Chatmon and his brothers, and co-wrote the blues standard "Sitting on Top of the World". He is erroneously known as Walter Vincson or Walter Vincent. He sometimes recorded as Walter Jacobs, using his mother's maiden name.

## Biography

Vinson was born in Bolton, Mississippi, and grew up performing music locally. He rarely performed on his own but was regularly part of a duet, trio or group.

He worked with Son Spand, Rubin Lacey and Papa Charlie McCoy in the early to mid-1920s. In 1928 he teamed with Lonnie Chatmon to form the Mississippi Sheiks. The Sheiks and related groups, such as the Mississippi Mud Steppers, the Mississippi Hot Footers and Blacksnakes, recorded about a hundred sides in the first half of the 1930s, among them original compositions (probably by Vinson) such as "The World Is Going Wrong" and "I've Got Blood in My Eyes for You" (1931) (both recorded by Bob Dylan) or the topical "Sales Tax" (1934). Vinson claimed to have composed "Sitting on Top of the World" one morning, after playing at a white dance in Greenwood, Mississippi.

After the Sheiks split up in 1933, Vinson moved around the United States, recording with various musicians, including Leroy Carter and Mary Butler. He moved from Jackson, Mississippi, to New Orleans and ultimately to Chicago. By the mid-1940s his appearances in blues clubs had dwindled. After a lengthy break from music, he reappeared as a performer in 1960. He played at music festivals and recorded further tracks over the next decade, before the onset of hardening of the arteries curtailed his public appearances. Ill health forced him to move to a Chicago nursing home in 1972.

Vinson died in Chicago in 1975 at the age of 74. He was interred at the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois, in a grave that remained unmarked until 2009.

In 2004, the Mississippi Sheiks were inducted in the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. "Sitting on Top of the World" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008.

In 2009, a concert produced by Steve Salter, of the nonprofit organization Killer Blues, raised monies to place a headstone on Vinson's grave. The concert was held at the Howmet Playhouse Theater in Whitehall, Michigan, and featured the blues musicians Thomas Esparza and Lonnie Blonde. The event was a success, and a stone was placed in October 2009.

## Discography

| Year of release | Album title | Record label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | *Complete Recorded Works (1928–1941)* | Document Records |

## InfoBox

| Walter Vinson | |
| --- | --- |
| Vinson c.1960s | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1901-02-02)February 2, 1901
Bolton, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Died | April 22, 1975(1975-04-22) (aged 74)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Genres | Memphis blues |
| Occupations | * Musician * songwriter |
| Instruments | * Guitar * vocals |
| Years active | 1920s–1970 |
| Formerly of | The Mississippi Sheiks |


title: Indoartemon

abstract: Indoartemon is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Streptaxidae.

text:
# Indoartemon

***Indoartemon*** is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Streptaxidae.

## Distribution

The distribution of the genus *Indoartemon* includes:

## Species

Species brought into synonymy * *Indoartemon eburnea* (L. Pfeiffer, 1861): synonym of *Indoartemon eburneus* (L. Pfeiffer, 1861)

* Forcart, L. (1946). Indoartemon subgen. nov. for Odontartemon Kobelt, 1905 (non Pfeiffer, 1856); Streptaxidae. Journal of Conchology. 22 (9): 215
* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017

## InfoBox

| *Indoartemon* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Indoartemon huberi* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Superfamily: | Streptaxoidea |
| Family: | Streptaxidae |
| Genus: | *Indoartemon*
Forcart, 1946 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Streptaxis eburnea* L. Pfeiffer, 1861
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Oophana (Indoartemon)* Forcart, 1946 (original rank) | |


title: OTE Tower

abstract: OTE Tower is a 76-metre-tall tower located in the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Center in central Thessaloniki, Greece. The tower opened in 1966 and was renovated in 2005. The tower was designed by Greek architect Alexandros Anastasiadis and was completed in 1965, with the first black and white broadcasts on a Greek television network taking place from the tower in 1971. The tower was also used in the 1970s to support the antennas of an experimental VHF analogue mobile telephone network. Today it is used by the Cosmote cellular mobile telephone network. The tower today, other than its status as a modern monument of the city and its use by Cosmote, opens up for events and exhibitions during the Thessaloniki International Fair, while the Skyline Café-Bar, a revolving restaurant operates year-round on the top floor.

text:
# OTE Tower

**OTE Tower** is a 76-metre-tall tower located in the **Thessaloniki International Exhibition Center** in central Thessaloniki, Greece. The tower opened in 1966 and was renovated in 2005.

The tower was designed by Greek architect Alexandros Anastasiadis and was completed in 1965, with the first black and white broadcasts on a Greek television network taking place from the tower in 1971. The tower was also used in the 1970s to support the antennas of an experimental VHF analogue mobile telephone network. Today it is used by the Cosmote cellular mobile telephone network.

The tower today, other than its status as a modern monument of the city and its use by Cosmote, opens up for events and exhibitions during the Thessaloniki International Fair, while the Skyline Café-Bar, a revolving restaurant operates year-round on the top floor.

## History

### Design and construction

The OTE Tower was designed by the architect Alexandros Anastasiadis in 1966, and its construction was completed in two phases.

#### First phase: Design, site selection and first floor

In the first phase (from 1966 to 1969) the general architectural and static stability study took place. Following extensive research, HELEXPO selected a 435 square meter area next to the TIF South Gate for the tower -initial studies designated it as a single floor technology demonstration pavilion- to be built. During this stage, engineer A. Aggelidis prepared the first draft of the plans, which were approved immediately and Apostolos Alexandropoulos secured the building contract in the TIF contest. Within the year the foundations were laid and the basement, floor level and first floor were also constructed for the yet unfinished 8.4-meter tall tower to serve as the OTE pavilion in the 34th Thessaloniki International Fair in September 1969.

#### Second phase: Tower completion and opening

In the second phase (from March to August 1970) the second, third, main observatory (4th) and fifth floors were constructed and the antenna mast was erected. The tower was formerly opened to the public for the first time in its current form in the 35th TIF in September 1970, featuring a state of the art rotating observatory platform designed and built by the Rohr company, which allowed tourists to admire a panoramic view of the city while seated.

### Operation

#### 1970-2000

The first black and white broadcasts of the Greek State Television (EPT) were transmitted from this building in 1971, a year after the Tower's completion. For a time, the tower was only being used as a television and radio broadcasting tower, being open to the public only during the TIF as an observatory platform, with the original 1971 rotation mechanism still in use. In the 1970s, during the first attempt to complete a state funded analogue mobile telephone network, the tower was used to mount the antennae for the Thessaloniki network. In 1983, the observatory's rotation mechanism was jammed, forcing the observatory to remain closed until the 2005 renovation and causing the lasting urban legend that the platform does not rotate (as of 2022 the renovated mechanism does operate normally). From 1988 and until at least 2010 the first floor used to house the main office of the Thessaloniki Radio (94.5) which also maintained a recording studio on the third floor, and the fifth floor housed a TIF-OTE joint television station used to broadcast Palais-De-Sport events and sports games. The second floor was used as an art gallery, with the OTE-ordered electronic music piece "Communications 1970" composed by Theodore Antoniou accompanying a painting exhibition.

#### 2005 renovation-today

In 2000, the original 1969 TIF-OTE leasing contract was expired and TIF regained full ownership of the tower and its facilities. However, TIF re-leased the tower to OTE with a new contract which specified stricter leasing terms and was set to last until 2024. Following this new development it was deemed necessary to proceed with a full tower-wide renovation and modernisation project. The renovation study was completed in 2003 and work was completed in 2005. The rotation mechanism on the observatory floor was upgraded to modern standards, and the top floor was re-opened to the public year-round as the seat of the SKYLINE luxury cafe-bar. The broadcasting towers for the Cosmote cellular network were mounted on the main antenna mast and a new lift system was designed, effectively restricting visitor access to the deteriorated mechanical levels, the abandoned second floor art gallery and the first and fifth floor radio-television stations which are now only accessible by the old entrance gate. The tower remains one of the most recognizable landmarks of the Thessaloniki skyline and has been featured in a number of promotional campaigns such as the 2018 Coca-Cola Thessaloniki collectable bottle and poster combo as well as foreign films set in Thessaloniki such as the 2022 production of *The Bricklayer*.

### Ownership

The OTE tower is owned by TIF-HELEXPO, the company managing the Thessaloniki International Fair, and leased to OTE based on the 24 year long expansion of the original 30-year long 1969 leasing agreement. While the original contract specified that OTE could use the tower rent-free, the 1999-2024 expansion specified an undisclosed price for the ongoing leasing of the tower.

## Architecture and design

The OTE tower is a mix of modernist and futuristic architectures. It is designed around a main spire containing the elevators and emergency staircase. Surrounding this structure are several large discs of varying diameter which include the tower's usable spaces:

* The first floor: a small cylindrical chamber used in the past as an office and conference room
* The second floor: a two story high cylindrical structure with the emergency staircase looping around its edges, used in the past as an art gallery
* The third floor: cylindrical chamber used as a recording studio
* The fourth floor: main observatory level, houses the Skyline revolving restaurant
* The fifth floor: a small barrel shaped space, used in the past as a live broadcasting station

In between the floors are small balconies which provide fire escape routes for the emergency staircase. These are only accessible from the main entrance (off limits for the public since the 2005 renovation), except for the one between the third and fourth floors which is also accessible through the Skyline restaurant.

## InfoBox

| OTE Tower | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Television tower, Restaurant, Observation tower |
| Location | Thessaloniki,  Greece |
| Coordinates | 40°37′34″N 22°57′16″E / 40.62612°N 22.95455°E / 40.62612; 22.95455 |
| Completed | 7 August 1966 |
| Owner | Hellenic Telecommunications Organisation |
| Height | 76.4 m (250.66 ft) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Alexandros Anastasiadis |


title: One Alone (album)

abstract: One Alone is a 2000 studio album by pianist Dave Brubeck. It was the fifth album on which Brubeck performed unaccompanied solo piano, preceded by Brubeck Plays Brubeck (1956), Plays and Plays and... (1957), Just You, Just Me (1994) and A Dave Brubeck Christmas (1996).

text:
# One Alone (album)

***One Alone*** is a 2000 studio album by pianist Dave Brubeck. It was the fifth album on which Brubeck performed unaccompanied solo piano, preceded by *Brubeck Plays Brubeck* (1956), *Plays and Plays and...* (1957), *Just You, Just Me* (1994) and *A Dave Brubeck Christmas* (1996).

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

Ken Dryden reviewed the album for AllMusic and wrote that "This highly recommended CD is yet another of his finest hours". Dryden described the "...unusual chord substitutions to the very familiar "Over the Rainbow"" as "dazzling".

Reviewing the album for the *Jazz Times*, Larry Appelbaum wrote that "The pieces are played in either ballad or medium tempo, and all the trademark Brubeck characteristics are here: his stacking of chords with moving inner voicings on "I'll Never Smile Again," the wry and audacious polytonality of "Bye Bye Blues" and the superimposition of one meter upon another on "Harbor Lights." Few pianists today take so many risks with standard repertoire, and fewer still with such wit, elegance and taste".

*All About Jazz* reviewed the album and wrote that "After decades of ground-breaking work, done without a road map or an agenda except for love of the music, Brubeck prevails triumphantly on "One Alone", his many bands that accessorized his music fading from the same level of prominence as Brubeck's sound but never disappearing from memory. ...Performing some of his favorite tunes from the 1930s and 1940s with their deceptively simple melodies, Brubeck not only offers a different perspective on what has been considered the ordinary, but also provides fresh evidence—as if any further evidence were needed—that his style is unmistakable and that his contributions are invaluable".

## Track listing

1. "That Old Feeling" (Lew Brown, Sammy Fain) – 6:51
2. "I'll Never Smile Again" (Ruth Lowe) – 4:23
3. "One Alone" (Otto Harbach, Oscar Hammerstein II, Sigmund Romberg) – 6:39
4. "You've Got Me Crying Again" (Isham Jones, Charles Newman) – 3:59
5. "Someone to Watch over Me" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 4:22
6. "Just Squeeze Me (But Please Don't Tease Me)" (Duke Ellington, Lee Gaines) – 4:35
7. "Harbor Lights" (Hugh Williams) – 4:08
8. "Things Ain't What They Used to Be" (Mercer Ellington, Ted Persons) – 4:21
9. "Summer Song" (Dave Brubeck) – 5:20
10. "Red Sails in the Sunset" (Williams, Jimmy Kennedy) – 3:58
11. "Weep No More" (Brubeck) – 4:23
12. "Bye Bye Blues" (Dave Bennett, Chauncey Gray, Fred Hamm, Bert Lown) – 5:36
13. "Over the Rainbow" (Harold Arlen, Yip Harburg) – 3:53

## Personnel

Production * Anilda Carrasquillo - art direction, cover design
* Robert Friedrich - assistant engineer
* James Salzano - cover photo
* John Snyder - engineer, producer
* Michael Bishop, Jack Renner - engineer
* Russell Gloyd - producer
* Elaine Martone - production supervisor
* Mark Conese, Simon James, Mark Nixdorf - technical assistance

## InfoBox

| One Alone | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dave Brubeck | |
| Released | August 22, 2000 |
| Recorded | September 3, 1997–April 4, 2000 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 1:02:28 |
| Label | Telarc \- CD-83510 |
| Producer | Russell Gloyd, John Snyder |
| Dave Brubeck chronology | |
| *So What's New?*
(1998) ***One Alone***
(2000) *Dave Brubeck: Live with the LSO*
(2000) | |


title: Van Diemen RF90

abstract: The Van Diemen RF90, and its evolutions, the RF91 and the RF92, were open-wheel formula race car chassis, designed, developed and built by British manufacturer and race car constructor Van Diemen, for Formula Ford 1600 race categories, between 1990 and 1992.

text:
# Van Diemen RF90

The **Van Diemen RF90**, and its evolutions, the **RF91** and the **RF92**, were open-wheel formula race car chassis, designed, developed and built by British manufacturer and race car constructor Van Diemen, for Formula Ford 1600 race categories, between 1990 and 1992.

## InfoBox

Van Diemen RF90
| Category | Formula Ford 1600 |
| --- | --- |
| Constructor | Van Diemen |
| Technical specifications | |
| Chassis | Steel spaceframe |
| Suspension | Double wishbones, coil springs over shock absorbers, anti-roll bars |
| Engine | Mid-engine, longitudinally mounted, 1.6 L (97.6 cu in), Ford, OHV I4, N/A |
| Transmission | Hewland LD200 4-speed manual |
| Power | 115 hp (86 kW) @ 6000 rpm |
| Weight | 420 kg (930 lb) |
| Brakes | Disc brakes |
| Tyres | Dunlop |
| Competition history | |


title: Réclonville

abstract: Réclonville is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Réclonville

**Réclonville** (French pronunciation: \[ʁeklɔ̃vil\]) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Réclonville | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Réclonville | |
|  | |
| Location of Réclonville | |
| RéclonvilleRéclonville | |
| Coordinates: 48°32′28″N 6°43′44″E / 48.5411°N 6.7289°E / 48.5411; 6.7289 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meurthe-et-Moselle |
| Arrondissement | Lunéville |
| Canton | Baccarat |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-François Gustaw |
| Area**1** | 2.96 km2 (1.14 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 72 |
| Density | 24/km2 (63/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 54447 /54450 |
| Elevation | 247–312 m (810–1,024 ft)
(avg. 250 m or 820 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Heinrich zu Dohna-Schlobitten

abstract: Heinrich Burggraf und Graf zu Dohna-Schlobitten was a German major general and resistance fighter in the 20 July Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia. He was a Knight of Justice of the Order of St John, which was regarded with disfavour by the Nazis.

text:
# Heinrich zu Dohna-Schlobitten

**Heinrich Burggraf und Graf zu Dohna-Schlobitten** (15 October 1882 – 14 September 1944) was a German major general and resistance fighter in the 20 July Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia. He was a Knight of Justice of the Order of St John, which was regarded with disfavour by the Nazis.

## Early life

Dohna-Schlobitten was born to Eberhard Graf zu Dohna-Schlobitten (1846-1905) and his wife Elisabeth née Gräfin von Kanitz (1851-1936) in Waldburg (now Nikolajewka, Russia) near Königsberg, East Prussia, the son of a famous Prussian noble family. He grew up on his parents' estate near Königsberg, where he was strongly influenced by this mother's Christian faith. After graduating from high school in 1901, he began his career as a professional soldier and was already an ensign (*Fahnenjunker*) in the Prussian Army by 1901. In the First World War, he served as a General Staff officer (Generalstabsoffizier) in the 240th Infantry Division on the Western Front. He was released from the army as a Major in 1919. He subsequently became a member of the *Baltische Landwehr* but on ethical grounds he chose to leave the military and study agriculture. In 1920 he married Maria-Agnes von Borcke (1895-1983). He devoted himself to Tolksdorf, his wife's family estate. Later on he opposed Nazism and became active in the Confessing Church's *Bruderrat* ("brother council") in the old-Prussian Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia.

## World War II

In 1939, Dohna-Schlobitten was remobilized as a General Staff officer and was appointed as Chief of Staff in Defence District I in Königsberg, later to be promoted to Chief of Staff, Army Group Centre. He acted as a corps leader in France, Norway and Finland.

Dohna-Schlobitten's last post was as major general and Chief of the Acting General Command in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland), before leaving the *Wehrmacht* at his own request in 1943. Thereafter, he earned his livelihood from farming in Tolksdorf (now Tołkiny, Poland) in East Prussia.

Dohna-Schlobitten maintained contacts with resistance leader Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, and was soon involved in Helmuth James von Moltke's Kreisau Circle through fellow aristocrat Peter Yorck von Wartenburg. Had the attempt on Hitler's life on 20 July 1944 succeeded, Dohna-Schlobitten was foreseen as East Prussia's new provincial administrator. The day after Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg's failed assassination attempt with a briefcase bomb, Dohna-Schlobitten and his wife were arrested, and on 14 September 1944, he was sentenced to death in Roland Freisler's infamous Nazi *Volksgerichtshof* (People's Court). He was executed the same day at Plötzensee Prison, along with Nikolaus von Üxküll-Gyllenband, Hermann Josef Wehrle and Michael von Matuschka.

Dohna was married to Maria-Agnes née von Borcke, with whom he had a daughter Ursula (1922-2022) and three sons, Lothar (1924-2021), Fabian (1926-2006) and Karl Albrecht (1921-1941). Maria-Agnes was sent to the Ravensbrück concentration camp after her arrest on 21 July 1944. She survived the war and died in 1983.

Regarding personal names: **Graf** was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as *Count*. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (*Graf Helmuth James von Moltke*). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (*von*, *zu*, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (*Helmuth James Graf von Moltke*). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine form is *Gräfin*.

## InfoBox

| Heinrich Burggraf und Graf zu Dohna-Schlobitten | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1882-10-15)15 October 1882
Waldburg/Königsberg, East Prussia, Imperial Germany |
| Died | 14 September 1944(1944-09-14) (aged 61)
Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, Nazi Germany |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
|  | |
| Allegiance | German Empire (to 1919)
Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Army |
| Years of service | 1901–19
1939–43 |
| Rank | Generalmajor |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |


title: John Peters (chess player)

abstract: John (Jack) Peters is an American International Master of chess. He currently teaches at University of Southern California and is known for his weekly Los Angeles Times chess column which ran from September 19, 1982, to November 28, 2010.

text:
# John Peters (chess player)

**John (Jack) Peters** (born 1951) is an American International Master of chess. He currently teaches at University of Southern California and is known for his weekly Los Angeles Times chess column which ran from September 19, 1982, to November 28, 2010.

## InfoBox

| Jack Peters | |
| --- | --- |
| Peters at the U.S. Amateur Team West chess tournament in 2004 | |
| Born | (1951-02-10) 10 February 1951<br>Boston, Massachusetts |
| Title | International Master (1979) |


title: USS Peacock (AM-46)

abstract: USS Peacock (AM-46) was a Lapwing-class minesweeper built for the United States Navy during World War I. Peacock was laid down on 31 August 1918 by Staten Island Shipbuilding Company of Staten Island, New York; launched on 8 April 1919; sponsored by Miss A.M. Danner; and commissioned on 27 December 1919. After fitting out, Peacock remained at her berth at the New York Navy Yard until decommissioned 14 February 1920 and loaned to the Shipping Board on the same date. Converted to a salvage tug, Peacock served under charter to the Shipping Board and various commercial activities until 24 August 1940 when she collided with the Norwegian merchantman SS Hindanger off Cartagena, Colombia, and sank. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 22 April 1941.

text:
# USS Peacock (AM-46)

**USS *Peacock* (AM-46)** was a *Lapwing*-class minesweeper built for the United States Navy during World War I.

*Peacock* was laid down on 31 August 1918 by Staten Island Shipbuilding Company of Staten Island, New York; launched on 8 April 1919; sponsored by Miss A.M. Danner; and commissioned on 27 December 1919.

After fitting out, Peacock remained at her berth at the New York Navy Yard until decommissioned 14 February 1920 and loaned to the Shipping Board on the same date. Converted to a salvage tug, *Peacock* served under charter to the Shipping Board and various commercial activities until 24 August 1940 when she collided with the Norwegian merchantman SS *Hindanger* off Cartagena, Colombia, and sank. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 22 April 1941.

## InfoBox

USS *Peacock* (AM-46)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Namesake | Male Indian peafowl (peacock) |
| Builder | Staten Island Shipbuilding Company, Staten Island, New York City |
| Laid down | 31 August 1918 |
| Launched | 8 April 1919 |
| Sponsored by | Miss A.M. Danner |
| Commissioned | 27 December 1919 |
| Decommissioned | 14 February 1920 |
| Stricken | 22 April 1941 |
| Fate | Sunk after collision, 24 August 1940 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Lapwing*-class minesweeper |
| Displacement | 840 long tons (853 t) |
| Length | 187 ft 10 in (57.25 m) |
| Beam | 35 ft 5 in (10.80 m) |
| Draft | 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
| Complement | 85 officers and enlisted |
| Armament | 2 × 3"/50 caliber guns |


title: Walter Villadei

abstract: Walter Villadei is an Italian military officer. He graduated from the Academy of the Italian Air Force in Pozzuoli and holds a master's degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Naples Federico II and a specialization in astronautical engineering from the University of Rome. He was trained as a cosmonaut in Russia. He first flew to space in June 2023 on the Galactic 01 mission. In January-February 2024, he spent 18 days at the International Space Station as part of Axiom Mission 3.

text:
# Walter Villadei

**Walter Villadei** (born April 29, 1974) is an Italian military officer. He graduated from the Academy of the Italian Air Force in Pozzuoli and holds a master's degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Naples Federico II and a specialization in astronautical engineering from the University of Rome. He was trained as a cosmonaut in Russia. He first flew to space in June 2023 on the Galactic 01 mission. In January-February 2024, he spent 18 days at the International Space Station as part of Axiom Mission 3.

## Career

Villadei began his career in 1998 at the 46th Aerial Transport Brigade in Pisa, where he worked on aircraft maintenance and several operational deployments abroad until 2003. He was then assigned to the Air Staff in Rome, within the Office of Advanced Technologies and UAV Programs. He earned a master's degree in satellites and orbital platforms in 2005 and represented the Air Staff on the Space Programs Defense Committee (technical level). In 2011, he was assigned to the new Space Policy Office established within the 3rd Department of the Air Staff. In 2014, he was appointed by the Presidency of the council as the national delegate to the European Commission for support and monitoring of space.

In 2008, Villadei began his initial spaceflight training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia. In 2012, he received his full cosmonaut wings, and in 2015, he completed his advanced pre-assignment training, earning qualifications as a Soyuz flight engineer, user of the Russian segment of the International Space Station, and extravehicular activity operator.

Villadei is also a regular lecturer at the Sapienza University of Rome and "Tor Vergata" on "Experimentation in Space" and "Space Systems." He graduated from the Senior Courses of the NATO Defense College in 2017.

Since September 2017, Villadei has been the head of the "Space Policy and Operations" office in the General Directorate of Space of the Air Staff. He is also a member of the scientific committee of the Italian Space Agency.

In 2021, he was selected to fly into space on the Virgin Galactic Unity 23 flight on a SpaceShipTwo. The mission was later renamed Galactic 01.

In 2022, he was selected for training in Houston to prepare for a future space flight with Axiom Space.

The same year, as part of an agreement between Axiom Space and the Italian Ministry of Technological Innovation and Digital Transition, Walter Villadei was selected as a back-up crew member for Axiom Mission 2, and was assigned as pilot on Axiom Mission 3, launched on January 18 2024. He spent 21 days in space, returning 9 February 2024 when Axiom Mission 3 splashed down into Atlantic Ocean.

## InfoBox

| Walter Villadei | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1974-04-29) April 29, 1974
Rome, Italy |
| **Space career** | |
| Time in space | 21 days, 15 hours, 54 minutes and 50 seconds |
| Missions | Galactic 01
Axiom Mission 3 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Italy |
| Service/branch | Italian Air Force |
|  | |