title: Tollhouse

abstract: A tollhouse or toll house is a building with accommodation for a toll collector, beside a tollgate on a toll road, canal, or toll bridge.

text:
# Tollhouse

A **tollhouse** or **toll house** is a building with accommodation for a toll collector, beside a tollgate on a toll road, canal, or toll bridge.

## History

Many tollhouses were built by turnpike trusts in England, Wales and Scotland during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Those built in the early 19th century often had a distinctive bay front to give the pikeman a clear view of the road and to provide a display area for the tollboard. In 1840, according to the Turnpike Returns in Parliamentary Papers, there were over 5,000 tollhouses operating in England. These were sold off in the 1880s when the turnpikes were closed. Many were demolished but several hundred have survived for residential or other use, with distinctive features of the old tollhouses still visible.

Canal toll houses were built in very similar style to those on turnpikes. They are sited at major canal locks or at junctions. The great age of canal-building in Britain was in the 18th century, so the majority exhibit the typical features of vernacular Georgian architecture. In the English Midlands, a major area of 18th century canal development, most are of mellow red brick and hexagonal in plan, and tall enough to give the lock keeper a good view of local traffic on the canal. Being small, most have proved unsuitable for occupation, and so are often used as shops or tourist information outlets.

The manager's office in modern toll plazas in the United States is also referred to as a "toll house" even though it is not used as a residence.

## Bibliography

Tollhouses in England:

* Haynes, R. & Slocombe, I. (2004) Wiltshire Toll Houses, publ. Hobnob Press, Salisbury. (ISBN 0946418-21-7)
* Kanefsky, J. (1976) Devon Tollhouses, Exeter Ind Arch. Group, University of Exeter (ISBN 978-0-9501778-8-5)
* Jenkinson, T, Taylor, P (2009) The Toll-houses of South Devon, Polystar Press (ISBN 978-1-907154-01-0)
* Jenkinson, T, Taylor, P (2010) The Toll-houses of North Devon, Polstar Press (ISBN 978-1-907154-03-4
* Searle, M. (1930), Turnpikes and Toll-bars, publ. Hutchinson
* Taylor, P. (2001) The Toll-houses of Cornwall, publ. The Federation of Old Cornwall Societies. (ISBN 0902660-29-2)
* Taylor, P (2010) The Toll-houses of Essex, Polystar Press (ISBN 978-1-907154-04-1
* Ward, M & A (2011) The Toll House, Medlar Press, Shropshire (ISBN 978-1-907110-18-4)


title: Healthcare in Moldova

text:
# Healthcare in Moldova

The Republic of Moldova has a universal health care system.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Moldova is fulfilling 78.2% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Moldova achieves 96.7% of what is expected based on its current income. In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 84.7% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. Moldova falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 53.2% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.

## History

The Republic of Moldova became independent in 1991. Since that time the country has become a parliamentary republic and has embarked on an ambitious programme of economic reform. Agriculture and food processing dominate the economy and the country is dependent on imports for its energy needs. Economic transition has caused great socioeconomic hardship in the country and the health status of the population has fallen. There has been a steep rise in the death rate and there has been large-scale labour migration – currently 40% of the working age population works abroad and remittances account for 30% of GDP.

Health care in Moldova has known dynamic development in the past years, the hospitals being equipped with ultra-modern equipment, the new surgical blocks and general medical departments being built in the capital city of Chișinău. The birth rate is at one and a half children per woman. Public expenditure on health was 4.2% of the GDP and private expenditure on health 3.2%. There are about 264 physicians per 100,000 people. Health expenditure was 138 US$ (PPP) per capita in 2004. In 2011, accordingly to World Bank, the health expenditures per capita were at about 223 US$.

## Health system

The reform of health financing in the Republic of Moldova began in earnest in 2004 with the introduction of a mandatory health insurance (MHI) system. Since then, MHI has become a sustainable financing mechanism that has improved the technical and allocative efficiency of the system as well as overall transparency. This has helped to further consolidate the prioritization of primary care in the system, which has been based on a family medicine model since the 1990s. Hospital stock in the country has been reduced since independence as the country inherited a Semashko health system with excessive infrastructure, but there is still room for efficiency gains, particularly through the consolidation of specialist services in the capital city. The rationalization of duplicated specialized services, therefore, remains a key challenge facing the Moldovan health system. Other challenges include health workforce shortages (particularly in rural areas) and improving equity in financing and access to care by reducing out of pocket (OOP) payments. OOP spending on health is dominated by the cost of pharmaceuticals and this is currently a core focus of reform efforts.

## Health status

### Main causes of death

The Republic of Moldova has a double epidemiological burden as rates of both communicable and noncommunicable diseases have steadily increased since independence. The main causes of death in the Republic of Moldova are diseases of the circulatory system followed by cancer and diseases of the digestive system. Many of these deaths can be attributed to very heavy alcohol and tobacco consumption – 57.6% of total male mortality and 62.3% of female mortality in 2010 could be attributed to smoking-related causes while 18.8% of male mortality and 13.7% of female mortality were related to alcohol consumption. Though incidence of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis has decreased over the last five years, this remains a very significant overall cause of mortality in the Republic of Moldova (118.95 per population of 100 000 men and 89.82 per population of 100 000 women in 2010).

### Mental health

The economic and social crises have negatively influenced the population's mental health: a continuous increase in the incidence of mental health disorders has been registered (500.22 per 100 000 general population in 2005 and 576.13 per 100 000 general population in 2009).

### HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis

However, the key challenges in communicable disease control in the Republic of Moldova are tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS. Incidence of TB has been rising since 1990 and has more than doubled, reaching 182 per 100 000 population in 2010, the most dramatic increase being registered in children. The TB mortality rate increased from 16.9 per 100 000 people in 2000 to 23 in 2010, and rates in prisons are even much higher.

### Children's health

Moldova is among the few countries in the world which reached its Millennium objective of reducing child mortality, registering a mortality rate of 13.4 to 1,000 live births in 2011 in children under 5 (compared to 23.3 in 2000). The most frequent causes of young children's deaths in Moldova are accidents, intoxications, traumas, as well as diseases of the respiratory apparatus – causes which can be prevented if parents and caregivers would supervise children better.

**Infant mortality** The infant mortality rate has been falling steadily since the mid-1990s reaching 11.8 per 1000 live births in 2010, which is close to average for countries of the CIS (11.7 per 1000 live births in 2010), but still more than double the European Union average of 4.2 per 1000 live births in 2010. Maternal mortality levels have fluctuated widely, reaching a low of 16 per 100 000 births in 2006 and 21 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births in 2013. This is almost double the average for countries of the European Union, which was 6.1 in 2010. However, actual numbers are low (18 in 2010, 7 in 2009) and as there are only around 40 000 births annually each tragic death increases the maternal mortality rate substantially.

**Child immunization** Child immunization levels have been consistently high in the Republic of Moldova for all vaccine-preventable diseases, and in 2010, 97.1% of children were immunized against measles, 97.9% of infants were vaccinated against TB, 97.4% against polio and 97.6% against hepatitis B. The combined vaccination for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) covered 89.8% of infants in 2010, and vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b covered 61.2% of infants. Sexually transmitted infections sharply increased following independence, with syphilis showing one of the biggest increases (71.51 per 100 000 population in 2008).

Health indicators
| Health indicator | 1991 | 2013 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Under-five mortality rate (by 1,000 live births) | 33,3 | 16,6 |
| Maternal mortality ratio (by 100,000 live births) | 60,6 | 21 |
| Fertility rate | 2,31 | 1,26 |
| Life expectancy | 66,5 | 72,3 |
|

## Life expectancy

Despite the Republic of Moldova being the poorest country in the WHO European Region, life expectancy estimates are 2–5 years higher than similar estimates for considerably richer countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), namely 69.13 years in 2010. Mortality rates are particularly high for the working age population – and the reduction of life expectancy through death before 65 years of age was 12 years for men and 6.4 years for women in 2010. This has contributed to a significant and growing gender gap in life expectancy: 64.86 for males and 73.5 years for females in 2010. This is also reflected in disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE), which was 58 years for men and 63 years for women in 2007.

## Emergency aid

The largest national emergency aid service is concentrated and is being in service within Chișinău – the capital region of Moldova. Nowadays in Chișinău operate 600 ambulance municipal cars, instead of 92 how is required and a dozen cars of private emergency service - Calmed. Every day there are registered and served 800 emergency calls within Chișinău and more than 2000 emergency calls within the whole Moldova per day. The core of emergency system in Chișinău is National Scientific and Practical Centre for Emergency Medicine with 620 beds and a staff of 3138 personnel.

## Hospitals

In 2002, there were 14 Republican hospitals, mainly in the capital city, providing specialized tertiary care and 7,995 beds. In addition, there are parallel hospital services offered by for staff of the Ministries of Defense, Railways, Internal Affairs, Intelligence Services, Justice, Frontier Guard troops and the Medical Service of the State Chancery. At the regional level there are 10 general hospitals providing tertiary care in each of the administrative regions, 13 district hospitals providing secondary care, and 11 municipal hospitals.

Some of the more notable hospitals are listed in the sections below.

### Republican hospitals

* Timofei Moșneaga Republican Clinical Hospital, Chișinău (founded in 1817, 795 beds)
* Republican Clinic of Stomatology (Dentistry), Chișinău
* Republican Clinical Hospital for Traumatology and Orthopedics
* Emilian Coțaga Children's Republican Clinical Hospital, Chișinău (founded in 1955)
* Ministry of Health Clinical Hospital, Chișinău
* Emergency Medicine Institute, Chișinău
* Psychiatric Clinical Hospital, Chișinău
* Republican Dermatovenerology Dispensary
* Republican Phthisiopneumology Hospital, Vorniceni
* Cardiology Institute, Chișinău
* Chiril Draganiuc Institute of Phthisiopneumology, Chișinău
* Oncological Institute, Chișinău
* Diomid Gherman Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Chișinău
* Republican Narcology Dispensary, Chișinău
* Republican National Scientific and Practical Center for Emergency Medicine, Chișinău, 627 beds
* Mother and Child Institute, Chișinău
* Republican Psychiatric Hospital, Bălți
* Republican Psychiatric Hospital, Orhei

### District hospitals

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |

District hospitals in major cities:

### Municipal hospitals

* Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 1, Chișinău
* Gheorghe Paladi Municipal Clinical Hospital, Chișinău
* Holy Trinity Municipal Clinical Hospital, Chișinău
* Valentin Ignatenco Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital, Chișinău
* Municipal Clinical Hospital, Bălţi
* St. Michael the Archangel Municipal Clinical Hospital, Chișinău (established in 1829)
* Municipal Clinical Ftiziopneumology Hospital
* Municipal Maternity No. 2, Chișinău
* Municipal Clinical Hospital for Children with Infectious Diseases, Chișinău
* Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 4, Chișinău

### Other hospitals

* Central Military Hospital, Chișinău
* Medpark International Hospital, Chișinău
* Vivodent Clinic, Chișinău

### Hospitals in Transnistria

The following hospitals are in the break-away Province of Transnistria

* Republican Clinical Hospital Tiraspol, Transnistria


title: What Were We Thinking Of

abstract: "What Were We Thinking Of" is a song recorded by American singer Barbra Streisand for her 25th studio album, Till I Loved You (1988). It was released as the album's third and final single in February 1989 by Columbia Records. The track was written by Antonina Armato and Scott Cutler and produced by Denny Diante. It features guest vocals from the singer's then-boyfriend Don Johnson, who had previously collaborated with Streisand on her 1988 single "Till I Loved You". The physical release of "What Were We Thinking Of" includes the B-side track "Why Let It Go?", which is also featured on the parent album. A pop song, the track is about the end of a relationship that has soured over time. Critically, the song was well-received with several music critics calling it one of the best tracks on Till I Loved You. On Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart in the United States, "What Were We Thinking Of" peaked at number 32.

text:
# What Were We Thinking Of

"**What Were We Thinking Of**" is a song recorded by American singer Barbra Streisand for her 25th studio album, *Till I Loved You* (1988). It was released as the album's third and final single in February 1989 by Columbia Records. The track was written by Antonina Armato and Scott Cutler and produced by Denny Diante. It features guest vocals from the singer's then-boyfriend Don Johnson, who had previously collaborated with Streisand on her 1988 single "Till I Loved You".

The physical release of "What Were We Thinking Of" includes the B-side track "Why Let It Go?", which is also featured on the parent album. A pop song, the track is about the end of a relationship that has soured over time. Critically, the song was well-received with several music critics calling it one of the best tracks on *Till I Loved You*. On *Billboard*'s Adult Contemporary chart in the United States, "What Were We Thinking Of" peaked at number 32.

## Recording and release

"What Were We Thinking Of" was taken from Streisand's 25th studio album, *Till I Loved You* (1988). The song was written by Antonina Armato and Scott Cutler, and among the first ones to be penned by Armato. While recording songs for the album, Streisand's then-boyfriend Don Johnson, decided to serve as a featured artist on the album's title track, "Till I Loved You". The singer remarked that she enjoyed duetting with him because he is "very musical and has a unique sounding voice"; she was also interested in their collaborations due to the fact that he was able "act" out the lyrics while singing. Because of the success they had found while creating the aforementioned track, it was decided that Johnson would also lend his voice for background vocals on "What Were We Thinking Of". In order to return the favor to him, Streisand would later contribute guest vocals for his second studio album, *Let It Roll* (1989).

The track was released by Columbia Records in February 1989 as the final of the three singles from *Till I Loved You*. The standard 7" single and cassette single features B-side track "Why Let It Go?", which was taken from the parent album. A promotional version of the release, exclusive to the United States, used "What Were We Thinking Of" as both the A-side and B-side on the 7" record. In Spain, a single-sided format featuring just the album version of the song was also created.

## Lyrics and production

Like the majority of the songs on *Till I Loved You*, "What Were We Thinking Of" is a "nontheatrical pop song". According to the official sheet music published by the Warner Music Group, the song is written in the key of B major with a moderately fast beat consisting of 138 beats per minute. Since *Till I Loved You* is a concept album based on the beginnings and ends of relationships, "What Were We Thinking Of" was placed towards the end of the album's track listing where the accompanying songs' lyrics discuss break-ups and how to eventually move on from them. Lyrics from the track include: "Where did we go wrong? Is it really over? / Where does my heart belong if it's not with you?". To accompany the production, a number of instruments are present on the track, including a saxophone played by Dave Boruff, a guitar played by Michael Thompson, and drums played by Randy Waldman and Cutler.

## Reception

Responses from music critics suggested that "What Were We Thinking Of" was a standout track on *Till I Loved You*. Paul Grein, a writer for the *Los Angeles Times*, considered the song and "Some Good Things Never Last" as the two best cuts on side two of the parent album. Despite claiming that Streisand's album varied deeply in terms of quality, author Allison J. Waldman, who wrote *The Barbra Streisand Scrapbook* in 2001, listed the single in addition to album tracks "On My Way to You" and "Two People" as the three "especially fine cuts" included on *Till I Loved You*.

The single did not enter the *Billboard* Hot 100 in the United States, but did reach the same publication's Adult Contemporary chart. It spent a total of seven weeks on the chart and peaked at number 32 on May 13, 1989.

## Track listings

## Charts

| Chart (1989) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 32 |
|

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| "What Were We Thinking Of" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Barbra Streisand | |
| from the album  *Till I Loved You* | |
| B-side | "Why Let It Go?" |
| Released | February 1989 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 4:27 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Denny Diante |
| Barbra Streisand singles chronology | |
| "All I Ask of You"
(1988) "**What Were We Thinking Of**"
(1989) "We're Not Makin' Love Anymore"
(1989) | |


title: Paragagrella

abstract: Paragagrella is a genus of harvestmen in the family Sclerosomatidae from South and Southeast Asia.

text:
# Paragagrella

***Paragagrella*** is a genus of harvestmen in the family Sclerosomatidae from South and Southeast Asia.

## Species

## InfoBox

| ***Paragagrella*** | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Suborder: | Eupnoi |
| Superfamily: | Phalangioidea |
| Family: | Sclerosomatidae |
| Genus: | ***Paragagrella***<br>Roewer, 1912 |
|


title: Motor racing at the Summer Olympics

abstract: Motor racing has been featured at the Summer Olympics twice, though neither time as a full medal event. In 1900, it was a sport at the 1900 World's Fair like all other Olympic events, but has generally not been considered official. In 1936, an unofficial "Olympic Rally" was held, with prizes awarded.

text:
# Motor racing at the Summer Olympics

**Motor racing** has been featured at the Summer Olympics twice, though neither time as a full medal event. In 1900, it was a sport at the 1900 World's Fair like all other Olympic events, but has generally not been considered official. In 1936, an unofficial "Olympic Rally" was held, with prizes awarded.

## InfoBox

| Motor racing at the Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC Code | AUT |
| Governing body | FIA |
| Events | 16 (men: 15; mixed: 1) |
| Summer Olympics | |
| * 1896 * *1900* * 1904 * 1908 * 1912 * 1920  * 1924 * 1928 * 1932 * *1936* * 1948 * 1952  * 1956 * 1960 * 1964 * 1968 * 1972 * 1976  * 1980 * 1984 * 1988 * 1992 * 1996 * 2000  * 2004 * 2008 * 2012 * 2016 * 2020 * 2024  * 2028  Note: demonstration or exhibition sport years indicated in *italics* | |
| --- | |


title: Psathyrella moseri

abstract: Psathyrella moseri is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.

text:
# Psathyrella moseri

***Psathyrella moseri*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.

## InfoBox

| *Psathyrella moseri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Psathyrellaceae |
| Genus: | *Psathyrella* |
| Species: | ***P. moseri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psathyrella moseri***<br>Singer (1969) | |
|


title: Honda Sonic

abstract: The Honda Sonic is a 125 cc, later 150 cc underbone motorcycle designed for the Southeast Asian market by Honda. It is the part of the Nova series of sports oriented underbone motorbikes produced since the mid-1990s.

text:
# Honda Sonic

The **Honda Sonic** is a *125 cc*, later *150 cc* underbone motorcycle designed for the Southeast Asian market by Honda. It is the part of the Nova series of sports oriented underbone motorbikes produced since the mid-1990s.

## Engine

The Sonic is fitted with the European CBR125R and Indonesian CS1 4-stroke engine. It was adapted to liquid cooling due to hotter weather conditions. The single-cylinder engine redlines at 10,900 rpm.

The engine utilizes an overbore design with two bigger valves. It also has a bigger Keihin carburetor with 28 mm venturi diameter.

## Models

The Sonic comes in two models, RS and RS Super.

## Sonic 150R

The **Sonic 150R** was launched in August 2015 in Indonesia. It is powered by a *150 cc* liquid-cooled, DOHC, 4-valve, single-cylinder engine mated to a 6-speed constant mesh transmission. The Sonic 150R is built at Honda's Karawang plant, West Java, Indonesia. In the Philippines, the bike is named **RS150** (not to be confused with the **RS150R** sold in Malaysia, as it is a rebadged Winner that sold in Vietnam).


title: Ilse Hülper

abstract: Ilse Hülper was a German theatre and film actress, operatic and operetta soprano.

text:
# Ilse Hülper

**Ilse Hülper** (27 August 1919 – after 1967) was a German theatre and film actress, operatic and operetta soprano.

## Life

Born in Berlin Charlottenburg, Hülper received vocal training at the Berlin University of the Arts. Afterwards she attended the acting school of the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater. She gained her first stage experience from 1938, also at the Oldenburg State Theatre, as a singer in the chorus. From 1939 to 1942, she was engaged as a soloist at the Staatstheater Cottbus. Stations at the Stadttheater Fürth followed and from 1945 onwards at various stages in Berlin Hebbel Theater, Metropol-Theater, Metropole and Deutsche Oper Berlin). Her repertoire covered the entire classical and modern operetta repertoire. She appeared in Franz Lehár's *Paganini*, Jacques Offenbach's *La Vie parisienne*, *Gräfin Dubarry* by Carl Millöcker and Theo Mackeben and *Wiener Blut* by Johann Strauss II. In 1967, she ended her stage career.

She also appeared in two films. In *Das Mädchen Christine* by Arthur Maria Rabenalt, she portrayed the character of *Lady Winterton* in 1949 alongside Wolfgang Lukschy, Tilly Lauenstein and Gerd Frickhöffer, and in 1954, directed by Georg A. Profé in the musical film *Alles für dich, mein Schatz*.

Hülper was married to the actor, director and film producer Georg A. Profé (1908–1977).

## Filmography

* 1949: *Das Mädchen Christine*
* 1954: *Alles für dich, mein Schatz*

## Notes and references

### References

1. Kutsch, K.-J.; Riemens, Leo (2003). "Hülper, Ilse". *Großes Sängerlexikon* (in German) (4th ed.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-59-844088-5.
2. Birgit Mache. *Im Rampenlicht: 100 Jahre Theater am Schillerplatz in Cottbus* \[In the limelight. 100 Years of the Theatre at Schillerplatz in Cottbus\], Cottbus 2008, ISBN 978-3-928696-92-0, p. 68
3. "Ilse Hülper", lale-andersen.
4. *Das Mädchen Christine*, DEFA-Foundation online; retrieved 7 June 2021
5. Picture on Getty Images
6. "Ilse Hülper". *filmportal.de* (in German). Retrieved 7 June 2021.
7. "Robert Stolz". *lexm.uni-hamburg.de* (in German). Retrieved 7 June 2021.

### Sources

* Glenzdorf, Johann Caspar (1961). *Glenzdorfs internationales Film-Lexikon. Biographisches Handbuch für das gesamte Filmwesen* (in German). Vol. 2: *Hed–Peis*. Bad Münder: Prominent-Filmverlag. DNB-IDN 451560744.
* Frenzel, Herbert A. \[in German\]; Moser, Hans Joachim, eds. (1956). *Kürschners biographisches Theater-Handbuch. Schauspiel, Oper, Film, Rundfunk. Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz*. Berlin: De Gruyter. DNB-IDN 010075518.


title: Paradise (Slow Club album)

abstract: Paradise is the second studio album by English folk pop duo Slow Club. It was released on 12 September 2011, on independent record label Moshi Moshi Records. The record was produced by Luke Smith, former member of Clor and producer of Foals' Mercury-nominated Total Life Forever. The album received "universal acclaim" according to review aggregator Metacritic, and peaked at number 70 on the United Kingdom Albums Chart. The songs "Two Cousins" and "Where I'm Waking" were released as singles leading up to the album's release. The next single to be released was "Beginners", whose video features Harry Potter film star Daniel Radcliffe. The video for "Beginners" was filmed in the Faltering Fullback, a pub in Finsbury Park in London, and was shot in a single take.

text:
# Paradise (Slow Club album)

***Paradise*** is the second studio album by English folk pop duo Slow Club. It was released on 12 September 2011, on independent record label Moshi Moshi Records. The record was produced by Luke Smith, former member of Clor and producer of Foals' Mercury-nominated *Total Life Forever*. The album received "universal acclaim" according to review aggregator Metacritic, and peaked at number 70 on the United Kingdom Albums Chart. The songs "Two Cousins" and "Where I'm Waking" were released as singles leading up to the album's release. The next single to be released was "Beginners", whose video features *Harry Potter* film star Daniel Radcliffe. The video for "Beginners" was filmed in the Faltering Fullback, a pub in Finsbury Park in London, and was shot in a single take.

## Track listing

*Paradise*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Two Cousins" | 3:50 |
| 2. | "If We're Still Alive" | 3:17 |
| 3. | "Never Look Back" | 4:30 |
| 4. | "Where I'm Waking" | 3:43 |
| 5. | "Hackney Marsh" | 3:52 |
| 6. | "Beginners" | 4:16 |
| 7. | "You, Earth or Ash" | 4:28 |
| 8. | "Gold Mountain" | 3:24 |
| 9. | "The Dog" | 2:43 |
| 10. | "Horses Jumping" | 10:59 |
| Total length: | | 44:58 |

* The track "Horses Jumping" has a hidden track on the end called "Paradise".

*Paradise* – Deluxe edition (bonus tracks)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 10. | "Horses Jumping" | 6:29 |
| 11. | "Paradise" | 4:25 |
| 12. | "Half Drunk" | 4:01 |
| 13. | "Palms" | 3:00 |
| 14. | "Two Cousins (Acoustic Version)" | 2:43 |
| 15. | "Never Look Back (Acoustic Version)" | 3:23 |
| 16. | "Two Cousins (Malcolm Middleton & Aidan Moffatt 1999 Version)" | 4:12 |
| 17. | "Two Cousins (Music video)" | 3:01 |
| 18. | "Paradise (Live video)" | 3:15 |
| 19. | "Wild Blue Milk (Live video)" | 3:32 |
| 20. | "US Tour (video)" | 1:07 |
| 21. | "European Tour (video)" | 2:40 |
| Total length: | | 75:53 |

## Reception

### Critical response

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 81/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *No Ripcord* |  |
| Under the Radar | (8/10) |
| *Pitchfork* | (7.8/10) |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *NME* | (7/10) |
| MusicOMH | (9/10) |
| *Paste* | (7.6/10) |

The album has received widespread critical acclaim from critics. On Metacritic, a website which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 from reviews by mainstream critics, it currently holds a rating of 81/100, signifying Universal Acclaim.

## InfoBox

| Paradise | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Slow Club | |
| Released | 9 December 2011 (2011-12-09) |
| Genre | Folk, indie pop |
| Length | 44:58 |
| Label | Moshi Moshi |
| Producer | Luke Smith |
| Slow Club chronology | |
| *Christmas, Thanks for Nothing*
(2009) ***Paradise***
(2011) *Complete Surrender*
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Paradise* | |
| 1. "Two Cousins"
Released: 9 May 2011 2. "Where I'm Waking"
Released: 24 August 2011 | |
|  | |


title: Tolu, Arkansas

abstract: Tolu is an unincorporated community in Vineyard Township in western Washington County, Arkansas, United States. It is located at the intersection of Highway 59 and Bellamy Road about one half mile from the Arkansas - Oklahoma border. The community of Evansville lies approximately 1.3 miles to the south, across Evansville Creek. A post office was established at Tolu in 1887, and closed in 1902.

text:
# Tolu, Arkansas

**Tolu** is an unincorporated community in Vineyard Township in western Washington County, Arkansas, United States. It is located at the intersection of Highway 59 and Bellamy Road (Washington County Road 1023) about one half mile from the Arkansas - Oklahoma border. The community of Evansville lies approximately 1.3 miles to the south, across Evansville Creek.

A post office was established at Tolu in 1887, and closed in 1902.

## InfoBox

| Tolu, Arkansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Tolu, ArkansasTolu's position in ArkansasTolu, ArkansasTolu, Arkansas (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 35°48′52.3″N 94°29′42.8″W / 35.814528°N 94.495222°W / 35.814528; -94.495222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arkansas |
| County | Washington |
| Township | Vineyard |
| Elevation | 1,093 ft (333 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 72729 |
| Area code | 479 |
| GNIS feature ID | 78565 |
| U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tolu, Arkansas | |


title: Navajivan Trust

abstract: Navajivan Trust is a publishing house based in Ahmedabad, India. It was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1929 and has published more than 800 titles in English, Gujarati, Hindi and other languages to date. Earlier, Navajivan referred to a weekly newspaper published by Gandhi, in Gujarati, from 1919 to 1931, from Ahmedabad.

text:
# Navajivan Trust

**Navajivan Trust** is a publishing house based in Ahmedabad, India. It was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1929 and has published more than 800 titles in English, Gujarati, Hindi and other languages to date.

Earlier, ***Navajivan*** referred to a weekly newspaper published by Gandhi, in Gujarati, from 1919 (7 September) to 1931, from Ahmedabad.

## Objective

The word Navajivan means "a new life" in Hindi, Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages.

As stated in its declaration at the time of its inception, the objective of Navajivan Trust was to propagate peaceful means for the attainment of *Hind Swaraj* (Swaraj for India) by educating the people through cultivated and enlightened workers and to serve India in this pure manner.

For the fulfilment of this object to conduct the Navajivan (to provide a new life), through it to carry on propaganda for peaceful attainment of Swaraj; and particularly:

* to propagate the spinning wheel and khadi;
* to propagate for the removal of untouchability;
* to propagate unity between the Hindus and the Mussalmans (Muslims) and the various communities who have settled in India;
* to present before the people constructive ways for protecting the cow by propagating for starting and managing tanneries, dairies and such other establishments;
* to propagate ways for the advancement of women such as:

1. Opposition to child marriage 2. Propagation of the idea of widow-remarriage in a restrained manner 3. Education for women; * to break the unnatural glamour the English language has gained in the eyes of the people all over the country and to propagate for the establishment of Hindi or Hindustani in its place;
* to propagate by the publication of journals and books such other ways as would conduce to the religious, social, economic and political advancement of the people;
* not to take advertisements in the newspapers conducted by the Institution and in pamphlets, books etc. published by it; nor to accept in the printing press of the Institution such work for printing as-is against the aims and objects of the Institution;
* to publish a statement of the activities of the Institution and its accounts within three months after the end of the administrative year;
* always insist on carrying on all the activities of the Institution based on self-reliance.

Navajivan Trust was to propagate by the publication of journals and books the activities Gandhi had started for the religious, social, economic and political advancement of the people. It was to carry on all the activities based on self-reliance. For self-reliance, the press might undertake printing of such writings which are not contrary to the objectives of the Trust. It is to the credit of the devoted trustees of the Navajivan Trust that they have strictly observed the objectives of the Trust even at the cost of profitable printing work going past them. Similarly, no advertisement is taken in weeklies, papers or books published by the Trust. The objective of self-reliance has also been observed strictly as, so far, no grant or donation has been accepted by the Trust.

## InfoBox

Navajivan
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | News paper |
| Founded | 11 February 1933 |
| Language | Gujarati, Hindi |
| Headquarters | Ahmedabad |


title: Wheeling Jamboree

abstract: The Wheeling Jamboree is the second oldest country music radio broadcast in the United States after the Grand Ole Opry. The Jamboree originated in 1933 in Wheeling, West Virginia on WWVA, the first radio station in West Virginia and a 50,000-watt clear-channel station AM station until about 2007. Numerous acts and stars performed on the Jamboree, some of whom would later go on to mainstream commercial success. In 1946, the show was syndicated on the CBS radio network as "CBS Radio Saturday Night Country Style", becoming the first national radio broadcast from West Virginia. In 1997, WWVA dropped its country music format, although Saturday night broadcasts continued, from various theaters and managed by various entities, the final commercial one being Live Nation, initially a subsidiary of Clear Channel Communications, which had come to own WWVA. By the end of 2008, Clear Channel had restructured and became an iHeart media entity and the owners of the program moved the broadcast to WKKX, a talk radio station with smaller coverage than WWVA, so supporters created a non-profit entity to continue the Jamboree. When Clear Channel morphed into iHeart Media in 2008, certain divestitures occurred and the jamboree ceased weekly shows. Since 2014 the Wheeling Jamboree has broadcast from noncommercial low-power station WWOV-LP at 101.1 FM. Since 2015 the Jamboree has aired quarterly live episodes, and expects to resume weekly broadcasts upon completion of the Capitol Theatre renovation.

text:
# Wheeling Jamboree

The ***Wheeling Jamboree*** is the second oldest country music radio broadcast in the United States after the *Grand Ole Opry*. The Jamboree originated in 1933 in Wheeling, West Virginia on WWVA, the first radio station in West Virginia and a 50,000-watt clear-channel station AM station until about 2007. Numerous acts and stars performed on the *Jamboree*, some of whom would later go on to mainstream commercial success.

In 1946, the show (then performing at the Virginia Theatre demolished in 1962) was syndicated on the CBS radio network as "CBS Radio Saturday Night Country Style", becoming the first national radio broadcast from West Virginia. In 1997, WWVA dropped its country music format, although Saturday night broadcasts continued, from various theaters and managed by various entities, the final commercial one being Live Nation, initially a subsidiary of Clear Channel Communications, which had come to own WWVA. By the end of 2008, Clear Channel had restructured and became an iHeart media entity and the owners of the program (Wheeling Jamboree, Inc.) moved the broadcast to WKKX, a talk radio station with smaller coverage than WWVA, so supporters (including Brad Paisley whose career had launched on the Jamboree) created a non-profit entity to continue the Jamboree. When Clear Channel morphed into iHeart Media in 2008, certain divestitures occurred and the jamboree ceased weekly shows. Since 2014 the Wheeling Jamboree has broadcast from noncommercial low-power station WWOV-LP at 101.1 FM. Since 2015 the Jamboree has aired quarterly live episodes (including an anniversary show, a Christmas show and a summer show), and expects to resume weekly broadcasts upon completion of the Capitol Theatre renovation.

## History

### Beginnings

WWVA was granted a license on December 6, 1926 and its initial broadcast, via a 50-watt transmitter, was on December 13. Two-and-a-half years later, on July 1, 1929, WWVA had increased its power to 5,000 watts. Holland Engel and Howard Donahoe were among the first announcers, and in 1927, the station signed William Wallace "Bill" Jones and the Sparkling Four as its first hillbilly act. The quartet played requests made over the telephone. Jones received so many requests for yodeling songs—because of the popularity of the Blue Yodeler Jimmie Rodgers—that he was dubbed Silver Yodelin' Bill Jones. The new program director, George W. Smith, was appointed in 1931 and he quickly saw the potential of country music. Other acts such as ballad singer Fred Craddock and His Happy Five and the traditionalist Elmer Crowe joined the *Jamboree*. The professional trio of Cap, Andy and Flip also signed with WWVA in 1932.

### 1930s

On January 7, 1933, the Saturday night *Jamboree* began and three months later, on April 1, a live audience was added. The live-audience premiere of *The World's Original WWVA Jamboree* took place at the Capitol Theatre in Wheeling. The following years, the *Jamboree* broadcast from a different location each Saturday. The Sparkling Four disbanded in 1933 and Bill Jones formed the Rhythm Rogues. On November 11, 1933, Cowboy Loye (Loye Donald Pack) joined the show, and based on the amount of mail he received, became one of the biggest stars of the *Jamboree*. Cowboy Loye often performed together with "Just Plain" John Oldham. Four years later, in 1937, Cowboy Loye left WWVA and moved to Nebraska. He died in 1941.

Sponsored by Georgie Porgie Breakfast Foods, Hugh Cross joined the *Jamboree* in 1935. Cross, who was an experienced radio and recording artist, teamed up with Shug Fisher and they formed Hugh and Shug's Radio Pals. They left WWVA in 1939 for WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio. In March, 1935, announcer Murrell Poor was added to the *Jamboree* cast. Frankie More, who was sponsored by Pinex Cough Syrup, signed with the *Jamboree* in 1936. The name of Frankie More's band, the Log Cabin Gang, varied between Log Cabin Boys or Log Cabin Girls during the "Gangs" period on the show. The most prominent member of the Log Cabin Gang was the banjo player Cousin Emmy. The Log Cabin Gang left the *Jamboree* in 1941.

Grandpa Jones signed with the show in 1936 and joined the Rhythm Rangers, but he left the following year. He returned for a short stint in 1941 and 1945. In May 1937, Doc Williams and the Border Riders joined the program. The Border Riders became the *Jamboree's* most popular act of 1938. Joe Barker and the Chuck Wagon Gang came to the *Jamboree* in 1937. They remained favorites with the audience until 1950. In December 1937, the western singer Big Slim McAuliffe became a member of the Border Riders. In 1939, Lew Childre joined the *Jamboree* staying almost four years. An aspiring young star, Floyd Tillman was one of the members of Childre's group. Among other performers who passed through the *Jamboree* during the 1930s were the duets of Hank and Slim Newman, Chuck and Don, Handsome Bob and Happy Johnny; and the cowboy bands Slim Cox and his Flyin' X Roundup, and Tex Harrison's Texas Buckaroos.

### 1940s

The concentration of female performers was larger at the *WWVA Jamboree* than elsewhere in the music business. Singers like Gertrude Miller, Mary "Sunflower" Calvas, Mary Ann Vestes, and Chickie Williams had a large following which increased even more at the outburst of World War II when most of the men were drafted. Some artists like Warren Caplinger, Hugh Cross, Frankie More and Slim McAuliffe had had recording experiences prior to the WWVA engagement and did fairly well. Others, like Johnny Bailes, Red Sovine, Charlie Monroe and Floyd Tillman did not. Many performers could only receive a salary if their sponsors sold any products via their shows. Rural comedy was an integral part of the *Jamboree* with acts such as Crazy Elmer, Shorty Godwin, Dapper Dan Martin, Smokey Pleacher, Lazy Jim Day, and Cy Sneezeweed.

On October 8, 1942, WWVA increased its power and became a 50,000-watt station. Because of the World War II, the *WWVA Jamboree* discontinued live-audience broadcasts between December 12, 1942 and July 13, 1946. The *Jamboree*, however, continued as a daytime show without a live audience. Many of the artists of the show like Doc Williams, Joe Barker, Curley Miller, Monte Blake, and Lloyd Carter got drafted and had to leave. During this period many war influenced songs were written and performed on the *Jamboree*: "A Hundred Million Kisses For Hitler," "The Devil and Mr Hitler," "A Letter To A Soldier," and "You Won't Know Tokyo When We Get Through." The war helped new acts on their way to the top such as the 1943 addition of Radio Rangerettes consisting of Millie Wayne and Bonnie Baldwin. In 1944, Toby Stroud's Wyoming Ranch Boys became popular. Other popular acts were Honey and Sonny (the Davis twins), and Eileen and Maxine (the Newcomer twins). Two years later, in May 1946, program director George W. Smith died but was quickly replaced by Paul Miller and William Rine.

On July 13, 1946, *The World's Original WWVA Jamboree* once again began its live-audience broadcast after a four-year halt. It was held at the Virginia Theatre in Wheeling and contained 13 acts. New performers had been added to the show in 1945, including the "Singing Mountaineer" Reed Dunn and the honky-tonk vocalist Hawkshaw Hawkins. Hawkins soon became the most popular star on the *Jamboree*. He stayed with the show until 1954 when he joined *Ozark Jubilee*. He was nicknamed the Hawk or Eleven Yards of Personality during his time at the show. In December 1947, Wilma Lee and Stoney Cooper signed with the *Jamboree*. They had previously been members of the *Jamboree* act the Leary Family in 1942. The Coopers left the *WWVA Jamboree* in 1957 to join the Grand Ole Opry. The traditional acts of Red Belcher's Kentucky Ridge Runners and the duo of Lee and Juanita Moore were added in the late 1940s. Juanita Moore left the show in 1960 and Lee Moore carried on as a solo act. More modern performers such as Don Kidwell and the actor Jimmy Walker also joined the cast in 1949. Although Kidwell left the show in 1953, Walker continued on and off until 1964. The gospel quartet of the Sunshine Boys became part of the *Jamboree* in 1949 and they remained there for two years. The "Yodelin' Ranger" Hank Snow and the Colorado singing cowboy Ken Curtis joined the *Jamboree* in the late 1940s as two separate acts. Snow and Curtis left within a year and Curtis went on to become a successful Hollywood actor. The country music writer and musician George Morgan also worked at the *Jamboree* for a few months before leaving for Grand Ole Opry.

### 1950s

In 1951, the Country Harmony Boys, the first country band to have a union contract joined the *WWVA Jamboree*. They worked as a staff band meaning they worked with anybody on the show that could use them. The majority of the cast at the *Jamboree* did not make recordings, but those who did include Hawkshaw Hawkins, Wilma Lee & Stoney Cooper, Big Slim McAuliffe, Red Belcher, the Lilly Brothers, Gay Schwing, Lee & Juanita Moore, the Ritchie Brothers, Roy Scott, and the Radio Rangerettes. Doc Williams even founded his own record company, Wheeling Records. In 1953, the honky-tonk vocalist Sidney "Hardrock" Gunter came to the show. He later branched out on his own recording rockabilly for Sun Records. During the 1950s, recorded music gradually replaced live performances and Hardrock Gunter and Lee Moore became the station's deejays. Married couples who performed at the *Jamboree* became increasingly popular such as Joe & Shirley Barker, Lee & Juanita Moore, Doc & Chickie Williams, and Wilma Lee & Stoney Cooper. In April 1952, bluegrass music made its entry at the *Jamboree* when the Bailey Brothers and Their Happy Valley Boys were signed. The Bailey Brothers left the show in 1954 when Dan Bailey became ill and returned to Tennessee.

The bluegrass duo of Jim & Jesse McReynolds and Hylo Brown had a short stint at the *Jamboree* during the summer months of 1955. In October 1956, the Osborne Brothers joined the *Jamboree*. They had previously been on the show, between August and December 1955, as part of Charlie Bailey's Band. The Osbornes left the show and moved to the Grand Ole Opry in 1963. As the fame of Elvis Presley began to increase, a similar decrease in honky-tonk and traditional styles began to take its toll among the members of the *Jamboree* and many was forced to leave. During this period rockabilly became a regular feature at the show with artists like Bob Gallion, Hardrock Gunter and Chuck & Jim Cook. All had joined earlier as straight country singers. The *Jamboree* managed to survive the explosion of rock 'n roll through a mix of rockabilly and traditional music.

### 1960s and 70s

In July 1962, the Virginia Theatre in Wheeling was demolished. It had been the home of *The World's Original WWVA Jamboree* since July 1946. The Rex Theatre became the new locale for the live-audience *Jamboree*. WWVA-AM changed ownership in the mid-1960s and a new program director was appointed in August 1965, Lee Sutton. Plans arose to cancel the *Jamboree* but Doc Williams and John Corrigan wanted to revitalize the show instead. The *Jamboree* added 27 new acts within the next 15 months, including country and bluegrass music acts such as David Houston, Esco Hankins and the Stanley Brothers. On November 8, 1965, the new program director, Arlen Sanders, made WWVA a "full-time country radio station" and on January 15, 1966, the *Jamboree* moved to a new location at Wheeling Island Exhibition Hall. In May 1966, Mac Wiseman was hired to work both as a performer and a talent agent. He started a new radio program in October, the *Mac Wiseman Record Shop*, which aired at midnight following the *Jamboree*. Wiseman would continue to direct the Jamboree until his departure in 1970. The deejay, Lee Moore, went on the air with a new program on November 1, 1966, *The All Night Show*. Lee Moore eventually left the show in 1973 as he became increasingly tired of being a "button-pusher".

On December 13, 1969, the *WWVA Jamboree* moved its live-audience shows back to the same Capitol Theatre used for the 1933 broadcasts. The Capitol Theatre had been purchased in the summer of 1969 by Communications Inc. and had its name changed to Capitol Music Hall. The *Jamboree* changed its name as well to the more cosmopolitan sounding *Jamboree U.S.A*. Special guest stars such as Buck Owens, Ray Price, Charlie Pride and Tammy Wynette, who weren't part of the regular cast, began to appear, and the regular artists were overshadowed. Despite the new format, Doc Williams continued to perform at the *Jamboree* well into the 1980s. Rockabilly singer Bob Gallion began to sing country duets with Patti Powell in the 1970s. The yodeler Kenny Roberts left the *Jamboree* in 1973 after a 14-year stint.

A new roster of country music stars were tied to the *Jamboree* during the 1960s and 1970s including Freddy Carr, Jimmie Stephens, Darnell Miller, Junior Norman, Kenny Biggs, Gus Thomas, Slim Lehart, and Bud Cutright. Also bluegrass groups like Jimmy Martin and the Sunny Mountain Boys, Charlie Moore & Bill Napier, Red Smiley and His Bluegrass Cutups, Tater Tate and the Shenadoah Cutups, and Frank Necessary and the Stone Mountain Boys became more common at the *Jamboree*. Even gospel groups like the Blue Ridge Quartet—who became the most popular act of 1970—and Walter Bailes Singers were regulars at the show. In the early 1970s, "Trucker's Jamborees" were held at the *Jamboree* with performers such as Dick Curless, Dave Dudley, and Patti Powell. Homecoming reunions were arranged where the old-timers of yesterday like Bill Jones, Elmer Crowe, Doc Williams, and Grandpa Jones could gather. It is estimated that between 1933 and 1976, more than five million visitors attended *The World's Original WWVA Jamboree*.

During the entire decade of the 1970s, former Country Music bandleader Glenn Reeves was the Executive Director and General manager of the show. Reeves' tenure lasted until 1982. Freddy Carr, Jerry Brightman, Gus Thomas, and Jim Sutton were included on his management team which launched the annual summer Country Music Festival, "Jamboree in the Hills" at nearby St. Clairsville, Ohio. This multi-day annual festival still continued through 2018. Live Nation decided to not have the festival again in 2019 due to their desire to change the festivals concession policies which permitted patrons to bring in their own coolers and contents as opposed to having to purchase concessions inside the venue. They called it a hiatus to allow the fans and Live Nation to consider bringing the festival back in 2020 (something that would have been impossible due to social distancing mandates imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic) with much different concession policies as well as some other traditional policies that Live Nation desired to change in the past but met with angry fans promising to boycott the festival if Live Nation changed the policies. To the last performance on the stage in 2018 it was one of America's major American Country Music festivals, featuring top-name stars on its headliners' list every year. (The Jamboree in the Hills was later spun off to Live Nation in 2006; WWVA owner iHeartMedia also continued to air the annual event on WOVK.) until the last performance in 2018.

The song "Take Me Home, Country Roads," a major hit for John Denver, was inspired by the *Jamboree*. Written by two songwriters who had never been to the state, they lived in Massachusetts but thought that state was not particularly lyrical, so having heard the *Jamboree* on the radio and noting that "West Virginia" had the same syllabic rhythm, they made the song about West Virginia instead. The line in the song mentioning "radio reminds me of my home far away" is a subtle reference to the *Jamboree*. Eventually the song became the official song of the state of West Virginia. Recording Artist / Jamboree USA Performer Freddy Carr was contracted by the Tourist Development Division of the West Virginia Chamber of Commerce to represent the state at numerous special banquets, concerts and sporting events throughout the U.S. and Canada. His signature rendition of "Take Me Home Country Roads" became a staple live performance at many promotional events during the 1970s.

### 1980s

In the mid 80s a young Brad Paisley, a native of nearby Glen Dale first appeared on the Wheeling Jamboree. He became a regular member, until he moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1997 to complete his formal education.

### 1990s

Though WWVA dropped its country music format in 1997, it continued to carry the *Jamboree* on Saturday nights. The station's ownership would change hands several times during this period; Atlantic Star Communications would sell the group to Chancellor/AMFM Inc. which would ultimately merge into Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia). The Capitol Music Hall and the Jamboree would also be managed by Clear Channel's concert promotion division, Live Nation.

### 21st century

WWVA's corporate owners elected to hire production entities to manage the weekly stage production of the show, eventually leading to operations of the show by Live Nation. The transition to the non-profit and current unit of the Wheeling Jamboree took place between 2006 & 2007 through today. WWVA dropped the program in the late 2000s (part of a broader restructuring at Clear Channel that saw the spin-off of Live Nation, which continued to own the Jamboree in the Hills until its 2019 shutdown), and for the next several years, Jamboree broadcasts were carried on WKKX, another talk radio station, which also syndicated the show in an effort to make up WKKX's somewhat smaller coverage area.

The nonprofit Wheeling Jamboree established WWOV-LP in 2014. Licensed to Martins Ferry, Ohio at only 6 watts of effective radiated power from a tower in Brookside, Ohio, the station covers most of Wheeling and a few of the city's suburbs.

## The Goodwill Tours

In April 1939, the *Jamboree* went on its first package tour which comprised two solo performers and seven bands led by the announcer Bill Thomas. They visited three towns in Pennsylvania and three towns in Ohio. The first Goodwill Tour was a success and thus, a new Goodwill Tour was arranged each year.

The First Goodwill Tour of 1939 consisted of Big Slim McAuliffe, Elmer Crowe, Doc Williams' Border Riders, Fincher's Cotton Pickers, Frankie More's Log Cabin Girls, Joe Barker's Radio Cirkus, Hugh & Shug's Radio Pals, Jake Taylor's Railsplitters and the Tommy Nelson Gang.

The Second Goodwill Tour of 1940 consisted of Bill Jones, Big Slim McAuliffe, the Border Riders, Fincher's Cotton Pickers, the Log Cabin Girls, the Radio Cirkus, the Tommy Nelson Gang, Pete Cassell, Mack Jeffers, Curley Miller and Blaine Smith.

The Third Goodwill Tour of 1941 consisted of Bill Jones, Big Slim's Happy Ranch Gang, Lew Childre and His Buckeyes, Chief Redhawk, the Chuck Wagon Doughboys, the Log Cabin Boys, Brown Eyes, Benny Kissinger and Smiley Sutter.

The Fourth Goodwill Tour of 1942 consisted of Bill Jones, Big Slim McAuliffe, the Border Riders, Lew Childre, the Leary Family, Curley Miller, the blind twins Eileen and Maxine, Smiley Sutter and Millie Wayne.

## *Jamboree* venue timeline

| Years | Venue | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| January 7, 1933 | Hawley Building WWVA studios | Gave start to *WWVA Midnight Jamboree*; now known as Mull Center Building |
| April 1, 1933 | Capitol Theatre | *First Stage Presentation of The WWVA Jamboree* from the Capitol Theatre. |
| February 1934 | Victoria Theatre | Show moved here for short run: West Virginia's oldest theater. |
| 1935–1945 | Market Auditorium | Demolished 1964 |
| 1946–1962 | Virginia Theatre | *Jamboree* came to National Prominence and syndicated on CBS Radio Saturday Night Country Style. First national broadcast from West Virginia - demolished 1962. |
| 1962–1965 | Rex Theater (also briefly known as Coronet Theater) | Demolished 1970s. |
| 1966–1969 | Wheeling Island Exhibition Hall | Currently owned by Wheeling Island Gaming, Inc./ Delaware North; not in use. |
| 1969–2005 | Capitol Theatre | This period included the *Jamboree USA* years. Theater name was reverted from Capitol Music Hall back to the Capitol Theatre. Deed of the Capitol Theatre became property of Live Nation in the divestiture between Clear Channel Entertainment and Live Nation in post closure years of the theatre. |
| 2006-2007 | Wheeling Jamboree Non-Profit Corp Formation | Immediately after Belkin Entertain / Live Nation ceased the stage productions of the Jamboree the Non-Profit Corp. with the assistance of the Brad Paisley Foundation and Board Member Doug Paisley in cooperation with WWVA Radio resumed archive broadcasts and began live stage productions from other Wheeling area auditoriums. |
| 2008 | Live Broadcasts remain on WWVA | Broadcasts Productions held at Wesbanco Arena, John Marshall High School, Brush Run Park and WV Business College Classroom / Studio. WWVA ends broadcasts of the Wheeling Jamboree as result of formation of iHeart Media. |
| 2009 | Live Broadcasts continue | Shows move to Victoria Theatre for the first time since 1934. Broadcast in agreement with WKKX AM-1600 |
| 2010 | Live Broadcasts continue | Shows move to River City Center, 4th St. Methodist Building, Capitol Theatre Ballroom and 77th Anniversary held April on the main stage of the Capitol Theatre. |
| 2011–2012 | Strand Theatre | Located in Moundsville, West Virginia. |
| 2012–2014 | Wheeling Island Hotel & Casino | Located at the Southern end of Wheeling Island in Wheeling, West Virginia. |
| 2015-2019 | Capitol Theatre | The Wheeling Jamboree now hold quarterly broadcast stage shows again from the renovated Capitol Theatre now on WWOV FM |

## WWVA Wheeling Jamboree acts by year

The acts and performers of the  *WWVA Jamboree* and years they were added to the show:

### 1927

* Silver Yodelin' Bill Jones and the Sparkling Four

### 1929

* Fred Craddock's Happy Five (Fred Craddock, Gay Schwing + more)

### 1932

* Cap, Andy and Flip (Warren Caplinger, Andy Patterson, William Strickland)
* Elmer Crowe
* The Tweedy Brothers

### 1933

* Bill Jones and the Rhythm Rogues (Bill Jones, Fred Gardini, Blaine Heck, Paul Myers)
* Just Plain John Oldham
* Loye Donald "Cowboy Loye" Pack

### 1934

* Chuck and Don
* Hank and Slim Newman
* Peruna Panhandle Rangers

### 1935

* Handsome Bob Bouch & Happy Johnny Zufall
* Hugh and Shug's Radio Pals (Hugh Cross, Shug Fisher, Mary Ann Vestes)
* The Rhythm Rangers (Loren Bledsoe, Harold "Pete" Rensler, Mary Ann Estes)
* Roy Freeman
* Slim Carter
* Slim Cox and his Flyin' X Roundup (Mel Cox, Red Kidwell, Hal Harris)
* Tex Harrison's Texas Buckaroos (Tex Harrison, French Mitchell, Auvil Mitchell)

### 1936

* Frankie More's Log Cabin Gang
* Frankie More's Log Cabin Boys (Frankie More, Fiddlin Dale Cole, Dolph Hewitt)
* Frankie More's Log Cabin Girls (Frankie More, Alma Crosby, Cousin Emmy, Rhoda Jones, Penny Woodford, Celia Mauri)
* Grandpa Jones
* Jake Taylor and His Railsplitters (Jake Taylor, Betty Taylor, Ray "Quarantine" Brown, Herman Redmon)

### 1937

* Doc Williams and His Border Riders (Doc Williams, Curley Sims, Cy Smik, Mary Calvas, Hamilton Fincher, Big Slim McAuliffe)
* Big Slim McAuliffe
* Joe Barker's Chuck Wagon Gang
* The Singing Sailors (Red Sovine, Johnnie Bailes)

### 1938

* Charlie Monroe and His Kentucky Pardners

### 1939

* Honey and Sonny (Maxine Davis, Nial Davis)
* Joe Barker's Radio Cirkus
* Lew Childre's Band (Lew Childre, Floyd Tillman + more)
* Millie Wayne
* Tommy Nelson Gang (Tommy Nelson, Nial Davis, Maxine Davis)

### 1940

* Blaine Smith
* Calvin "Curley" Miller
* Mack Jeffers and His Fiddlin' Farmers (Mack Jeffers, Celia Mauri)
* Pete Cassell
* The Davis Twins, Honey and Sonny

### 1941

* Anthony Slater "Smiley Sutter"/"Crazy Elmer"
* Benny Kissinger
* Big Slim's Happy Ranch Gang
* Chuck Wagon Doughboys
* Lew Childre and His Buckeyes
* Chief Redhawk

### 1942

* Eileen and Maxine Newcomer
* The Leary Family (Wilma Lee & Stoney Cooper + more)
* The Saylor Sisters (Wanda, Jeanie and Linda)

### 1943

* Radio Rangerettes (Millie Wayne, Ruth "Bonnie" Baldwin)

### 1944

* Toby Stroud's Wyoming Ranch Boys (Toby Stroud, Buck Ryan, Bill Bailey)
* Toby Stroud's Blue Mountain Boys

### 1945

* Gay Schwing and His Gang From the Hills (Gay Schwing, Herman Schwing, Ramona Schwing)
* Hawkshaw Hawkins
* Reed "The Singing Mountaineer" Dunn

### 1946

* Shorty Fincher's Prairie Pals

### 1947

* Wilma Lee & Stoney Cooper and the Clinch Mountain Clan
* Marie 'Pat' Johnson & Dan Johnson The Singing Buckeye's. and the Rhythm Rangers and the

### 1948

### 1949

* Don Kidwell
* Hank Snow
* Lee Moore & Juanita Moore
* The Sunshine Boys (Fred Daniel, Ace Richman, J. D. Sumner, Eddie Wallace)

### 1950

### 1951

* Country Harmony Boys (Roy Scott, Gene Jenkins, Monte Blake, James Carson, Will Carver, Bill Chamberlain)
* Dusty Owens

### 1952

* The Bailey Brothers and Their Happy Valley Boys (Charles Bailey, Dan Bailey, Don McHan, Joe Stuart, Clarence "Tater" Tate, Jake Tullock)
* Bob Gallion
* Gene Hooper
* Skeeter Bonn

### 1953

* Cowboy Phil's Golden West Girls (Philip Reed, Gay Franzi, Tina Franzi, Abbie Neal, Wanda Saylor)
* Lone Pine & Betty Cody

### 1954

* Bud Messner and His Skyline Boys
* Buddy & Marion Durham
* Mabelle Seiger and Her Sons of the Plains (Mabelle Seiger, Curly Seiger, Chuck Cook, Jim Cook)

### 1955

* Charlie Bailey's Band (Charlie Bailey, Bobby Osborne, Sonny Osborne + more)
* Jim & Jesse McReynolds
* Hylo Brown and His Buckskin Boys
* Osborne Brothers (Bobby Osborne, Sonny Osborne, Red Allen, Ernie Newton)

### 1956

* Kathy Dee

Abbie Neal and the Ranch Girls

Sunshine Boys

Rusty and Doug Kerahaw

Donna Darlene

### 1957

### 1959

* Kenny Roberts

in 1960 the vandergrift brothers, darrell, don, and ronnie joined the jamboree. they were regulars for several years, and recorded for king records.

### 1962

* Country Gentlemen

Lois Johnson

Kirk Hansard

Louella Perkins

Bonnie Baldwin

### 1963

* Jimmie Stephens

### 1964

* Charlie Moore & Bill Napier

### 1965

* Cousin Wilbur Wesbrooks
* Esco Hankins
* David Houston
* Jim Greer's Mac-O-Chee Valley Folks
* Red Smiley and His Bluegrass Cutups
* Stanley Brothers
* Mary Lou Turner
* Roger And Don Hoard / The Harmonizers

### 1966

* Darnell Miller
* Mac Wiseman

### 1969

* Beverly Heckel
* Tater Tate and the Shenandoah Cutups

### 1970

* Stan Jr.
* Junior Norman
* Freddy Carr
* Patti Powell
* Kay Kemmer
* Gus and Jo Ann Thomas
* Jerry Brightman
* Slim Lehart
* Buddy Ray
* Penny DeHaven
* Johnny Dollar
* Compton Brothers
* Skinney Clark
* Kenny Biggs
* Elton Britt
* Bud Cutright
* Lynn Stewart
* Holly Garrett
* Doty Lynn
* Roger Hoard
* John LeMaster
* The Heckles
* Crazy Elmer
* Denny Franks
* Donnie Hoard

### 1971

* Rick Erickson
* The Heckels
* Beth Moore
* Dick Curliss
* Les Seevers
* Joe Pain
* George Elliott
* Buddy Griffin
* Mayf Nutter
* Bob Wood
* Frank Necessary
* Ray Kirkland
* David Smith
* Johnny Russell
* Doc and Chickie Williams
* Dave Dudley
* Blue Ridge
* Kay Kemmer
* Jerry Taylor
* Van Trevor
* Linda Kay Lance
* Margo Smith
* Jo Ann Davis

### 1972

* Patty Joy

### 1973

* Karen McKinzie
* Steve Mazure
* Walter Bailes Singers (Frankie Bailes, Dorothy Jo Hope + more)
* Greg Steele

## Footnotes

* Tribe, Ivan M. (1996) *Mountaineer Jamboree: Country Music in West Virginia*


title: Paragabara

abstract: Paragabara is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae and subfamily of Calpinae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

text:
# Paragabara

***Paragabara*** is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae and subfamily of Calpinae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Paragabara* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | ***Paragabara***<br>Hampson, 1926 |
|


title: Otukpa

abstract: Otukpa is a town in Benue State, Nigeria. It contains the headquarters of the Ogbadibo Local Government Area. Otuba means to gather together. The name Otukpa is a symbol of Unity, Defence and friendship.

text:
# Otukpa

**Otukpa** is a town in Benue State, Nigeria. It contains the headquarters of the Ogbadibo Local Government Area.

*Otuba* means to gather together. The name *Otukpa* is a symbol of Unity, Defence and friendship.

## Background

Three men; Oono, Oodo Ogodo and Ameh Ochagbaha coming from diverse directions in search of fortunes converged at a spot popularly known today as Oto. The men entered into a pact to stay together and forge their fortunes forward collectively. They decided on a suitable name for the area known today as OTUKPA. The original name 'Otuba' which means "to gather or together” points to significant elements of unity among them.

The name Otukpa is a symbol of Unity, Defence and friendship. Otu-le-kpa, ugboga bo glan (Prof. Abimaje Akpa)

Anthony Inedu Ijika Akoto in his book titled *The Making of Otukpa Land* has the following to say about the name Otupka; "While writing on the etymology of the name “Otukpa” the works of Captain G.D.C. Money plays a pivotal edifying role. According to Money, Otukpa was formed from two Idoma words: ‘Oto’ a name of a village in the then settlement and ‘Ukpa” a sacred plant believed to contain medicinal properties and healing powers. It was in the mist of the plants ‘Ukpa’ in a village called ‘Oto’ that the elders of the three clans Ai-Oono, Ai-Oodo and Ai-Ochagbaha had a convent and pact of love, friendship and defence. Oto and Ukpa became so symbolic among the people, hence the name ”Oto Ukpa” was combined to form OTUKPA." That is how the name 'Otupka' came into being.

Meanwhile, Otukpa people are known to be friendly with a very rich cultural heritage.

## Early settlement

The Ai-Oono, Ai-Oodo, Ai-Ochagbaha clans who occupy the area known today as Otukpa have had and practiced communal life system since their arrival to the present Otukpa. The clans occupy a portion of the present otukpa. The clans occupy a portion of the waterless ridge of hills which form the south –western portion of the Idoma division. The language of the people is Idoma. The whole area hitherto full of forest has gradually deforestated so as to give way to agriculture to support the increasing population. The only forest reserves in the vicinity of the villages are retained for purpose of defence, game and worship of deities. The communities live in compounds, each extended family occupying a separate stead.

## Climate

In Otukpa, the rainy season is aggressive and overcast, the dry season is muggy and partly cloudy, and it is warm year round. January in Otukpa, is a heat season.

## InfoBox

| Otukpa | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname: O.T Town | |
| OtukpaLocation in Nigeria | |
| Coordinates: 7°43′50″N 8°32′10″E / 7.73056°N 8.53611°E / 7.73056; 8.53611 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Benue State |
| Climate | Aw |


title: Vaghy String Quartet

abstract: The Vághy String Quartet is a Canadian string quartet known for its luscious and emotional sound, as talked about by the New York Times, as well as for its numerous performances throughout North America and Europe. Formed in 1965, the quartet has played and premiered many composers. It has also recorded many classical pieces, having a total repertoire of over 160 pieces. The quartet taught throughout Canada and won the 1977 Canadian Music Council award for best recording of the year.

text:
# Vaghy String Quartet

The **Vághy String Quartet** is a Canadian string quartet known for its luscious and emotional sound, as talked about by the New York Times, as well as for its numerous performances throughout North America and Europe. Formed in 1965, the quartet has played and premiered many composers. It has also recorded many classical pieces, having a total repertoire of over 160 pieces. The quartet taught throughout Canada and won the 1977 Canadian Music Council award for best recording of the year.

## Members

| Name | Instrument | Membership Dates | Nationality |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dezsö Vághy | Violin 1 | 1965-End | Hungarian |
| Tibor Vághy | Viola | 1965-End | Hungarian |
| Stephen Kecskeméthy | Violin 2 | 1965-1969 | Hungarian |
| Edward Culbreath | Cello | 1965-1969 | American |
| David George | Violin 2 | 1969-1981 | American |
| Robert Dodson | Cello | 1969-1981 | American |
| Alana Deptuch Vághy | Violin 2 | 1981-End | Canadian |
| Julian Tryczynski | Cello | 1981-End | Polish |

Formed in 1965 by Dezsö Vághy (Violin), Tibor Vághy (Viola), Stephen Kecskeméthy (Second violin), and Edward Culbreath (Cello) at the Juilliard School, the Vághy String Quartet was unchanged until 1969. That year David George and Robert Dodson, both Americans, took over as second violin and cello, respectively. In 1981, David George was replaced by Alanna Deptuch Vághy, a pupil of, and later married to, Dezsö Vághy, and Robert Dodson was replaced by Julian Tryczynski.

Brothers Dezsö Vághy and Tibor Vághy received their early musical training in Hungary with Ilona Halasz in Budapest, Austria, and Germany. Both graduated from the Hamburg State Academy of Music with master's degrees and subsequently studied at the Juilliard School of Music with Dorothy DeLay. David George studied violin in the mid-west at the Friends University in Wichita, the University of Kansas, and the University of Oklahoma. Robert Dodson started out his musical training in New York City, attended Columbia University and the New England Conservatory of Music, and is a graduate of Indiana University. He now resides as the Director of the Division of Music at Southern Methodist University. Alanna Deptuch Vághy studied with Elman Lowe, and later with Howard-Leyton-Brown at the Regina Conservatory of Music, then continued her studies at Queens University and the Meadowmount School of Music. Stephen Kecskeméthy graduated from the Eastman school of Music.

## History

The Vághy String Quartet (sometimes shortened to VSQ) was formed in 1965 at the Juilliard School of Music. It was formed by Dezsö and Tibor Vághy, two Hungarian brothers, who were joined by Stephen Kecskeméthy and Edward Culbreath. Originally a violinist, Tibor became the viola of the quartet. Stephen Kecskeméthy was the second violin and Edward Culbreath was the cello. The group was coached by the Juilliard, Amadeus, and Hungarian quartets. It was appointed quartet-in-residence at the Westchester Music and Art Camp in the summer of 1966, then appointed the quartet-in-residence at the University of Maine later in 1966, a position that it held until 1968. Its first appearance in Canada was at Expo 67 of 1967. It came to Queen's University in 1968, sponsored by the Ontario council for the arts, the university, and the Kingston symphony, and stayed there until 1991, holding the position of quartet-in-residence. The quartet performed all around the campus and throughout Kingston, playing both normal concerts and so-called "anticoncerts," which were informal concerts with explanations and discussions of the music mixed in.

The quartet performed throughout Canada and the rest of North America, performing at Carnegie Hall and Avery Fisher Hall as well as many others halls, and on radio (such as CBC Radio) and television. The quartet also performed live and on recording throughout Europe, as well as at the 1976 Summer Olympics, premiering several works. Their repertoire included Bartók, Shostakovich, Szymanowski, Ravel, and Janáček, among other 20th-century composers. The quartet premiered several works as well: John Fodi's Quartet for Strings 'Ch'ien' and Paul Crawford's String Quartet: 'La nuit étoilée' in 1974; James Montgomery's Reconnaissance in 1975; Graham George's Fuguing Music for String Quartet, James Kent's Cadenza String Quartet, and Norman Sherman's Quadron in 1976; William Wallace's Quartet for Strings in 1983; and Healey Willan's Introduction and Allegro (completed by F.R.C. Clarke) in 1984. The Vághy Quartet performed the works of Canadian composers as well, such as Barnes, Glick, Hétu, Joachim, Koprowski and Somers. The quartet has attended musical festivals in many places, including Aspen, Colorado, Maine, Lancut, and Poland.

The quartet taught at the Kelso Music Centre during the summers of 1975–1977, as well as at the Chamber Music Institute in 1978-1980 (which the quartet founded). It was praised very highly throughout its career for its sound. As one essay says, "Its sound has never been understated; it is vigorous and powerful, the players often seeming to push their instruments to the limit." This can be heard best on the quartet's recording of Bartók's String Quartet No. 4 (recorded on CBC SM 325 in 1976) with its full chords, heavily accented dissonances and pounding ostinati. After the quartet's New York debut on March 2, 1975, Peter G. Davis in the New York Times (9 Mar 1975) praised a 'large, lush, glamorous ensemble tone... used... to excellent effect.' Other critics have found them to be "Superb" in Chicago, "marvelously sensitive" in Washington, an "outstanding ensemble" in Montreal, "hard to excel" in Phoenix, and "fine virtuoso musicians" in Little Rock. There was also a film made about the quartet, entitled Vaghy, which was created in 1971 by Quarry Film Production. The quartet won the 1977 Canadian Music Council award for the best chamber music record for its recording of Shostakovich's and Szymanowski's quartets, and was nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix award.

* Ontario Arts Council, Vaghy Quartet, *Vaghy*, Quarry Film Production, 1971, film.


title: Ptoon Painter

abstract: The Ptoon Painter was an ancient Greek vase painter of black-figure style active in Athens in the middle third of the 6th century BC. His real name is unknown. The Ptoon Painter predominantly painted ovoid neck amphorae, spherical '’hydriai’’, and Siana cups. His most distinguishing features are figural palmettes and striking black-and-red patterns on the wings of birds. Along with the Camtar Painter, he was one of the last painters to paint animal friezes. His work is considered of mediocre quality. He often used dotted rosettes for the backgrounds, a feature generally out of use at the time of his activity. The late date of his works is attested by certain details of his plant motifs and figures, which resemble the work of Lydos. His most famous work is the Hearst Hydria, on display in New York City.

text:
# Ptoon Painter

The **Ptoon Painter** was an ancient Greek vase painter of black-figure style active in Athens in the middle third of the 6th century BC. His real name is unknown.

The Ptoon Painter predominantly painted ovoid neck amphorae, spherical '’hydriai’’, and Siana cups. His most distinguishing features are figural palmettes and striking black-and-red patterns on the wings of birds. Along with the Camtar Painter, he was one of the last painters to paint animal friezes. His work is considered of mediocre quality. He often used dotted rosettes for the backgrounds, a feature generally out of use at the time of his activity. The late date of his works is attested by certain details of his plant motifs and figures, which resemble the work of Lydos. His most famous work is the Hearst Hydria, on display in New York City.

## Bibliography

* John D. Beazley: *Attic Black-figure Vase-painters*. Oxford 1956, p. 83-84.
* John Boardman: *Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch*, von Zabern, Mainz 1977 (Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, Vol 1) ISBN 3-8053-0233-9, p. 39.


title: Nongtalang

abstract: Nongtalang is a predominantly rural town with a population of around 5,595 people approx located in West Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya, India. It is about 42 kilometers from the district headquarters of Jowai and 98 kilometers from the state capital of Shillong. Nongtalang is well connected by roadways to both cities. The town is home to a number of educational institutions and Health care Centre like Nongtalang Community Health Center (CHC). The Nongtalang College, a private college run by the village Council, is one of the oldest and most prestigious colleges in Meghalaya. Nongtalang is a popular tourist destination, especially for its natural beauty. The town is surrounded by hills and forests, and there are a number of waterfalls and the Rbang Amkhlew Living Root Bridge. The people of Nongtalang are mostly War-Jaintias, a tribal group native to Meghalaya. The town is known for its rich culture and heritage. They also have a unique language and religion. Nongtalang is a peaceful and quiet town with a lot to offer visitors. It is a great place to relax and enjoy the beauty of nature.

text:
# Nongtalang

**Nongtalang** is a predominantly rural town with a population of around 5,595 people approx located in West Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya, India. It is about 42 kilometers from the district headquarters of Jowai and 98 kilometers from the state capital of Shillong. Nongtalang is well connected by roadways to both cities.

The town is home to a number of educational institutions and Health care Centre like Nongtalang Community Health Center (CHC). The Nongtalang College, a private college run by the village Council (Village Durbar of Nongtalang), is one of the oldest and most prestigious colleges in Meghalaya.

Nongtalang is a popular tourist destination, especially for its natural beauty. The town is surrounded by hills and forests, and there are a number of waterfalls and the Rbang Amkhlew Living Root Bridge.

The people of Nongtalang are mostly War-Jaintias, a tribal group native to Meghalaya. The town is known for its rich culture and heritage. They also have a unique language and religion.

Nongtalang is a peaceful and quiet town with a lot to offer visitors. It is a great place to relax and enjoy the beauty of nature.

## Connectivity

Nongtalang is well connected by roadways to Shillong and Jowai. Shillong is 98 km away and Jowai is 42 km away.

### Communication services

Fixed telephone lines are not available in this small town. Internet services are available only through wireless broadband. It is only two cellular providers available i.e. Bharti Airtel 5G & Jio 5G.

## Institutions in Nongtalang

***Colleges and Institution providing higher studies***

***Prominent schools and higher secondary institutions***

* Nongtalang Government Secondary School, Nongtalang
* St Joseph Secondary School, Nongtalang

## Localities in Nongtalang

## Places of interest

## InfoBox

| Nongtalang Nongtelang | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| NongtalangLocation in Meghalaya, IndiaNongtalangNongtalang (India) | |
| Coordinates: 25°12′33″N 92°04′01″E / 25.209300°N 92.066846°E / 25.209300; 92.066846 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Meghalaya |
| District | West Jaintia Hills |
| Population | |
| Total | 5,595 |
| Languages | |
| Official | War, Khasi & English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 793 109 |


title: Arulius barb

abstract: The Arulius barb is a tropical cyprinid fish native to the Kaveri River basin of south east India. Other common names include Tamiraparani barb, Silas barb and longfin barb.

text:
# Arulius barb

The **Arulius barb** (***Dawkinsia arulius***) is a tropical cyprinid fish native to the Kaveri River basin of south east India. Other common names include **Tamiraparani barb**, **Silas barb** and **longfin barb**.

## Description

Adult fish are dark brownish olive on the back, becoming lighter on the sides to white on the ventral surface. It has a black, vertical blotch in the middle of its body, above the origin of its pelvic fin. It has a second black, vertical blotch above its anal fin, and a third black bar or blotch on the base of the caudal fin, though less well defined as the other two blotches. The fins are thin and transparent or translucent. Adults possess more pronounced colors than the juvenile. The adult male differs from a closely related filament barb species found in Tambraparni River basin, *Dawkinsia tambraparniei*, and lacks the filament-like extensions to the branched dorsal-fin rays which lend to the incorrect use of the common name, **longfin barb** (*Dawkinsia filamentosa*). It reaches an adult size of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) TL.

## Habitat

Its native habitat is large streams, rivers, and lakes, with a pH of 6.0 – 6.5, dH of 10, and temperature 19 °C to 25 °C.

## Etymology

The name *arulius* is derived from the name "aruli" used by local inhabitants.

## In the aquarium

Though less common to the hobby than other related barbs, this peaceful, active, egg-laying fish is compatible with other related species in the home aquarium such as tiger barbs (*Puntigrus tetrazona*), and rosy barbs (*Pethia conchonius*) and other fast swimming cyprinid species of similar size. Also compatible with some cichlid species, but smaller fish such as neon tetras would be at risk of predation. As with many barbs, nippy behavior is common, but alleviated by keeping the fish in numbers of at least 5–6 individuals in the aquarium, while taking into account the space requirements of the adult size of 4–5 inches (10–12 cm).

## InfoBox

| Arulius barb | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Barbinae |
| Genus: | *Dawkinsia* |
| Species: | ***D. arulius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dawkinsia arulius***
(Jerdon, 1849) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Systomus arulius* Jerdon, 1849 * *Barbus arulius* (Jerdon, 1849) * *Puntius rubrotinctus* (Jerdon, 1849) * *Systomus rubrotinctus* (Jerdon, 1849) | |


title: Tolu, Kentucky

abstract: Tolu is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Crittenden County, Kentucky, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 88. It is located along Kentucky Route 135 near the Ohio River. It is 14 miles (23 km) northwest of Marion, the county seat.

text:
# Tolu, Kentucky

**Tolu** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Crittenden County, Kentucky, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 88. It is located along Kentucky Route 135 near the Ohio River. It is 14 miles (23 km) northwest of Marion, the county seat.

## History

### Prehistoric

The earliest known settlement in what became the future town of Tolu was the Native American prehistoric archeological site of the Mississippian culture, known today as the Tolu Site was built and occupied between 1000 CE-1350 CE. This sophisticated culture flourished in chiefdoms along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, reaching its peak in size and power at Cahokia in present-day Illinois, the largest prehistoric complex north of Mexico. Peoples of the culture had wide trading networks spanning the continent along the Mississippi River, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Tolu Site is part of the Angel phase of the Mississippian period. Because of similarities among the following sites in their styles of pottery and construction of communities, it is also considered part of the "Kincaid Set", together with Angel Mounds in Indiana and Kincaid Mounds in Illinois, and Wickliffe Mounds in far western Kentucky.

### European settlement

By 1800, a small river front settlement developed that would later become Tolu, Kentucky and was for a time known as Kirksville.

From the 1790s-1830s, Tolu was under the control and influence of James Ford who led a double life serving both sides of the law as a justice of the peace, planter, businessman, ferry operator, criminal gang leader, state militia officer, river pirate, slave stealer, and slave trader. The rule of Ford came to an end with his murder in 1833.

Following a devastating windstorm in the 1830s, the town was renamed Hurricane Landing. In 1867, Hurricane Landing had an established post office. In 1884, the current town name was chosen after Tolu, a then popular hair tonic. The Hurricane Camp Meeting Grounds a Presbyterian revival camp was established in 1888-1889 and has its roots in the Hurricane Landing Church founded in 1843.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 81 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Arts and culture

### Points of interest

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Tolu, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Tolu | |
| Coordinates: 37°25′59″N 88°14′43″W / 37.43306°N 88.24528°W / 37.43306; -88.24528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Crittenden |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.35 sq mi (0.90 km2) |
| Land | 0.35 sq mi (0.90 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 377 ft (115 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 81 |
| Density | 233.43/sq mi (90.18/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 42084 |
| Area code | 270 |
| GNIS feature ID | 515965 |


title: Naylor Road station

abstract: Naylor Road station is an island-platformed Washington Metro station in Hillcrest Heights, Maryland, United States. The station was opened on January 13, 2001, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for only the Green Line, the station is located between Naylor Road, Branch Avenue, and Suitland Parkway. Groundbreaking for the final segment of the Green Line occurred on September 23, 1995, and the station opened on January 13, 2001. Its opening coincided with the completion of approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of rail southeast of the Anacostia station and the opening of the Branch Avenue, Congress Heights, Southern Avenue, and Suitland stations. The station won an award from the Portland Cement Association for its use of concrete.

text:
# Naylor Road station

**Naylor Road station** is an island-platformed Washington Metro station in Hillcrest Heights, Maryland, United States. The station was opened on January 13, 2001, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for only the Green Line, the station is located between Naylor Road, Branch Avenue, and Suitland Parkway.

Groundbreaking for the final segment of the Green Line occurred on September 23, 1995, and the station opened on January 13, 2001. Its opening coincided with the completion of approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of rail southeast of the Anacostia station and the opening of the Branch Avenue, Congress Heights, Southern Avenue, and Suitland stations. The station won an award from the Portland Cement Association for its use of concrete.

## Station layout

The station has an elevated island platform southeast of the intersection between Suitland Parkway and Naylor Road. A parking lot is located south of the platform.

38°51′4.1″N 76°57′22.7″W / 38.851139°N 76.956306°W / 38.851139; -76.956306

## InfoBox

| Naylor Road | |
| --- | --- |
| Naylor Road station platform facing north in July 2004 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 3101 Branch Avenue<br>Temple Hills, Maryland |
| Owned by | Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections |  |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Parking | 368 spaces |
| Bicycle facilities | 10 racks, 4 lockers |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | F09 |
| History | |
| Opened | January 13, 2001 (2001-01-13) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2023 | 755 daily |
| Rank | 88 out of 98 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Washington Metro Following station  Suitlandtoward Branch Avenue  Green Line  Southern Avenuetoward Greenbelt | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Whitby (barque)

abstract: Whitby was a three-masted, square-rigger launched in 1837 and later re-rigged as a barque. She was registered in London, and made voyages to India, British Guiana, Australia, and New Zealand. In 1841 Whitby, Arrow, and Will Watch carried surveyors and labourers for the New Zealand Company to prepare plots for the first settlers. Whitby was wrecked at Kaipara Harbour in April 1853.

text:
# Whitby (barque)

**Whitby** was a three-masted, square-rigger launched in 1837 and later re-rigged as a barque. She was registered in London, and made voyages to India, British Guiana, Australia, and New Zealand. In 1841 *Whitby*, *Arrow*, and *Will Watch* carried surveyors and labourers for the New Zealand Company to prepare plots for the first settlers (scheduled to follow five months later). *Whitby* was wrecked at Kaipara Harbour in April 1853.

## Career

*Whitby* was originally built for the London-Calcutta route, and sailed there in May 1837. She arrived at Kedgeree, Bengal, on 12 November. In May 1838, she brought the first 270 apprenticed East Indian hill coolie migrants from Calcutta to Berbice and Demerara in British Guiana for Gillanders, Abuthnot and Co.

In 1839 *Whitby* transported 133 female convicts to Sydney. Under the command of Captain Thomas Wellbank, she left Dublin on 18 February and arrived at Sydney on 23 June.

On 20 June 1840 she left Sydney for New Zealand. On 19 December she was reported landing three rescued crew members from the *Esperance* and *Hesperia* at Grimsby. However, this may have been another ship, as she was reported sailing from Table Bay to Mauritius on 15 December. She was reported as being at Cork on 16 February 1841 having passed the *Olympus*, which was sailing to New Zealand. She arrived at Gravesend on 3 or 4 March, being noted as having sailed from Lombock.

Her first voyage to New Zealand was to Wellington under Captain Lacey. She arrived on 18 September 1841 at Port Nicholson. Her cargo included 20,000 bricks.

On 3 November, while under the command of Captain James Swinton, *Whitby* arrived at Nelson, New Zealand, with the *Will Watch* and *Arrow*. In October she had participated in the New Zealand Company's exploration of Golden Bay.

In 1842 seamen on board her were paid 3 5 per month.

Ownership changed in 1843 when she sold to Thomas Hawson in Moulmein, Burma, then part of British India. In 1844 she was sold to Phillip Richardson of London and 1848 to Thomas Radcliff of London.

On 3 February 1849 she left London with 165 immigrants to Melbourne, Australia. She arrived at Port Phillip on 28 June. On 31 July 1851 she had arrived from Port Phillip in Sydney.

In 1851 or 1852 *Whitby* underwent major repairs, including a new deck.

She sailed from Sydney on 30 September 1852 under the command of Captain Bruce, and arrived at Kaipara on 16 October to load a cargo of timber for Melbourne or Sydney. She had been earlier purchased by Mr Wright of Sydney for use by Wright and Grahame's line on the trans-Tasman trade. She sailed from Kaipara on the 19 December and arrived back in Sydney on 2 December. In March 1853 she again sailed from Sydney to Kaipara under Captain Bruce, arriving at Kaipara on 16 March. On this voyage one of the crew, Benjamin Leeland, fell into the Kaipara river and drowned.

## Loss

She was sailing under Captain Bruce with a full cargo of timber when she was lost on Tory Shoal at Kaipara on 24 April 1853. Fortunately all the crew survived.

## Monument

On 5 May 1988, a bronze sculpture of the *Whitby* was presented to the people of Guyana by the Indian government. It is located in the Guyana National Park in Georgetown.

36°25′18″S 174°4′12″E / 36.42167°S 174.07000°E / -36.42167; 174.07000 (Tory Shoal)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Whitby* |
| Owner | John Chapman & Co, 2 Leadenhall Street, London (Original owner) |
| Builder | Henry and George Barrick, Whitby, Yorkshire |
| Launched | 1837 |
| Fate | Wrecked April 1853 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 437 (bm) |
| Length | 99 ft 6 in (30 m) |
| Beam | 24 ft 7 in (7 m) |
| Depth of hold | 19 ft 7 in (6 m) |
| Propulsion | Sail |


title: Jagged Edge (British band)

abstract: Jagged Edge, also known as Jagged Edge UK in the United States where there is an American R&B vocal group with the same name, were a glam metal/rock band formed in London in 1985 by Myke Gray, former guitarist of the band Dorian Gray and briefly of UFO, and bassist/vocalist Billy Kulke.

text:
# Jagged Edge (British band)

**Jagged Edge**, also known as **Jagged Edge UK** in the United States where there is an American R&B vocal group with the same name, were a glam metal/rock band formed in London in 1985 by Myke Gray, former guitarist of the band Dorian Gray and briefly of UFO, and bassist/vocalist Billy Kulke.

## History

Formed in 1985. the band went through numerous line-up changes before a somewhat stable line-up emerged. This line-up consisted of Gray, rhythm section of bassist/vocalist Billy Kulke (current Letz Zep frontman), and later Di´Anno/Killers drummer Steve Hopgood along with ex-Baby Tuckoo and Accept vocalist Rob Armitage. The band toured with Ozzy Osbourne in the UK during June and July 1988.

However, this line-up split before the band was signed to Polydor Records, and the band's first EP, as well as the album *Fuel for Your Soul*, was recorded by the 1989 line-up of Gray, Swedish vocalist Matt Alfonzetti (ex-Bam Bam Boys), bassist Andy Robbins (ex-Tokyo Blade and Shogun), and Italian drummer Fabio Del Rio (who, incidentally, was a member of UFO shortly after Gray's brief tenure). The line-up also included keyboardist Dave Rosingana who performed with Flashpoint, another rock band (not the Miami jazz ensemble).

After touring for the album, Polydor dropped the band, which then split up. They played their last show in Dudley on 14 July 1991 and the members moved on to other projects. Gray started a successful career as studio musician and songwriter, including co-writing the Right Said Fred hit, "You're My Mate", and performing under the handle of Sickboy. Alfonzetti and Gray have started playing together again in the band Red, White and Blues which released an album titled *Shine*.

Founder member Billy Kulke went on to form a melodic rock band called First Strike along with ex-Samson vocalist Mick White. The band toured extensively from 1989 to their disbanding in 1992. They toured with Giant, Uriah Heep, Slaughter and Dare to name a few. They released one album entitled 'Just Another Night' via Steelheart Records

## Personnel

| Period | Lineup | Releases |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dorian Gray band (pre-Jagged Edge) |  | * None |
| Early 1985 | * D.D - Vocals * Myke Gray - Guitar * Billy Kulke - Bass/vocals * Alan Nelson - Keyboards * Gary Murrel - Drums | * "Star" and "Be the One" demo, Neil Murray produced demo. And tour in 1986 in the UK with Japanese rock band Vow Wow. |
| Mid 1986 | * Ian Baker - Vocals (ex Bronz, Blueprint) * Myke Gray - Guitar * Billy Kulke - Bass/vocals * Rod Quinn - Drums | * Live concerts and demo *Raised on Rock*, *Girl Outta Nowhere* and *Message out to You* |
| 1987–1988 |  | * Demo and tour with Ozzy Osbourne |
| 1989–1990 |  | * "Trouble", "Fuel for Your Soul" |

## Discography

### Studio albums

* *Fuel for Your Soul* (1990)

### Extended plays

* *Trouble* (1989)