title: Glyn Elwyn

abstract: Glyn Elwyn is a professor and physician-researcher at The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College, USA, where he directs the Patient Engagement Research Program. He also leads The Preference Laboratory, an international interdisciplinary team at The Dartmouth Institute, examining the implementation of shared decision making into clinical settings, using tools and measures such as collaboRATE, a patient experience measure of shared decision making, and Observer OPTION, a process measure for shared decision making for use on recorded data. He holds chair appointments at the Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands, the Cochrane Institute for Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, and at University College London. He is the lead editor of Shared Decision Making: Evidence Based Patient Choice, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 2016. He first completed an arts degree in Bangor, North Wales, where he was taught by Bedwyr Lewis Jones and Gwyn Thomas, before completing a medical degree in Cardiff. After training as a general medical practitioner, he set up a single-handed practice in the Docklands, the most deprived area of Cardiff, providing medical care to Somali refugees and the homeless as well as to the inhabitants of Butetown. His interest in practice development led to master's degree in medical education and after that to research on shared decision making and evidence-based medicine. He completed his PhD thesis under the supervision of Professor Richard Grol in Nijmegen, Netherlands. He was previously appointed Professor of Primary Care at the Swansea Medical School (2002–2005) before being appointed Research Professor at Cardiff University where in collaboration with Professor Adrian Edwards, he led the Decision Laboratory, evaluating decision support interventions, tools that help clinicians achieve shared decision making, such as Prosdex, Aminodex, and Bresdex. Elwyn developed and studies the use and impact of Option Grids patient decision aids, tools designed to support collaboration between clinicians and patients, and with Marie-Anne Durand, formed the Option Grid Collaborative. In 2017, the registered Option Grid trademark was licensed to EBSCO Health, who will be responsible for the further work required to develop evidence-based and up-to-date tools. Between 2010 and 2013, Elwyn co-authored three papers with ontology expert Lisa Caldon, focusing on the psychological readiness of breast cancer patients to undergo treatment and surgery. Until 2017, he co-chaired the International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration with Professor Dawn Stacey. IPDAS has published quality assessment criteria and a measurement instrument for tools to support patient participation in decision making. He was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for contributions to shared decision making at the International Shared Decision Making Conference in Lima, Peru in 2013.

text:
# Glyn Elwyn

**Glyn Elwyn** is a professor and physician-researcher at The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College, USA, where he directs the Patient Engagement Research Program. He also leads The Preference Laboratory, an international interdisciplinary team at The Dartmouth Institute, examining the implementation of shared decision making into clinical settings, using tools and measures such as collaboRATE, a patient experience measure of shared decision making, and Observer OPTION, a process measure for shared decision making for use on recorded data.

He holds chair appointments at the Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Netherlands, the Cochrane Institute for Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, and at University College London. He is the lead editor of Shared Decision Making: Evidence Based Patient Choice, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 2016.

He first completed an arts degree in Bangor, North Wales, where he was taught by Bedwyr Lewis Jones and Gwyn Thomas, before completing a medical degree in Cardiff. After training as a general medical practitioner, he set up a single-handed practice in the Docklands, the most deprived area of Cardiff, providing medical care to Somali refugees and the homeless as well as to the inhabitants of Butetown. His interest in practice development led to master's degree in medical education and after that to research on shared decision making and evidence-based medicine. He completed his PhD thesis under the supervision of Professor Richard Grol in Nijmegen, Netherlands.

He was previously appointed Professor of Primary Care at the Swansea Medical School (2002–2005) before being appointed Research Professor at Cardiff University where in collaboration with Professor Adrian Edwards, he led the Decision Laboratory, evaluating decision support interventions (also known as patient decision aids), tools that help clinicians achieve shared decision making, such as Prosdex, Aminodex, and Bresdex.

Elwyn developed and studies the use and impact of Option Grids patient decision aids, tools designed to support collaboration between clinicians and patients, and with Marie-Anne Durand, formed the Option Grid Collaborative. In 2017, the registered Option Grid trademark was licensed to EBSCO Health, who will be responsible for the further work required to develop evidence-based and up-to-date tools.

Between 2010 and 2013, Elwyn co-authored three papers with ontology expert Lisa Caldon, focusing on the psychological readiness of breast cancer patients to undergo treatment and surgery.

Until 2017, he co-chaired the International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration with Professor Dawn Stacey. IPDAS has published quality assessment criteria and a measurement instrument for tools to support patient participation in decision making.

He was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for contributions to shared decision making at the International Shared Decision Making Conference in Lima, Peru in 2013.


title: Thomson River Diversion Tunnel

abstract: The Thomson River Diversion Tunnel, also known as the Horseshoe Bend Tunnel or the Chinese Tunnel, is located on the Thomson River near the junction with Coopers Creek, approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south-west of Walhalla, Victoria, Australia. The site is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and covered by a Heritage Overlay.

text:
# Thomson River Diversion Tunnel

The **Thomson River Diversion Tunnel**, also known as the **Horseshoe Bend Tunnel** or the **Chinese Tunnel**, is located on the Thomson River near the junction with Coopers Creek (and the locality of Platina), approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south-west of Walhalla, Victoria, Australia. The site is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and covered by a Heritage Overlay.

## Location and features

The river flows around Stockriders Spur in a horseshoe bend. The tunnel was driven through the spur diverting the river and allowing the exposed river bed to be sluiced for alluvial gold.

The Thomson River Alluvial Gold and Tailings Recovery Company began construction of the tunnel in August 1911 and the tunnel was completed *circa* October 1912. The total length of the tunnel is about 220 metres (720 ft). The tunnel is one of around thirteen river diversions surviving from the Victorian gold rush.

The West Gippsland Catchment Management Authority believe that the tunnel may have interrupted the migration path of threatened native fish such as the Australian grayling. They are considering diverting the river back to its original course. This proposal is meeting some opposition.

## InfoBox

| Thomson River Diversion Tunnel<br>Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) | |
| Thomson River Diversion Tunnel | |
| Nearest town or city | Walhalla |
| Coordinates | 37°58′20″S 146°25′29″E / 37.97222°S 146.42472°E / -37.97222; 146.42472 |
| See also | Protected areas of Victoria |


title: Isabelle Bogelot

abstract: Isabelle Bogelot was a French philanthropist and feminist.

text:
# Isabelle Bogelot

**Isabelle Bogelot** (11 May 1838 - 14 June 1923) was a French philanthropist and feminist.

## Biography

Born Isabelle Amélie Cottiaux in Paris, Bogelot was the daughter of Antoine André Cottiaux, a cotton trader, and Marie Anne Thérèse Cottiaux, from Cambrai. Orphaned at a young age (her father died when she was 2 and her mother when she was 4), she was adopted by the family of the sisters, Maria Deraismes and Anna Féresse-Deraismes.

On May 7, 1864, she married Gustave Bogelot, a lawyer for the Court of Appeal of Paris. The couple had at least two children. This was the beginning of a long collaboration, similar to that of the couple Jules and Julie Siegfried. Her husband, who wrote several works on the question of prisons, was very involved in philanthropic activity: he was the secretary of the Société générale des prisons, vice-president of the Commission of the Hospice of Boulogne-sur-Seine for over 20 years, member of the board of directors of the Œuvre des libérées de Saint-Lazare from 1890, and spokesperson for that organisation at various congresses. When he died in 1902, Isabelle Bogelot stated that they did “nothing without considering it together”.

## Philanthropy

Although she was first made aware of feminist issues in Maria Deraismes's family, and later of social issues by her husband, Isabelle Bogelot considered that she only had a “philanthropic revelation” in 1876, when her husband brought her a bulletin of the Œuvre des libérées de Saint-Lazare. She then realized that it was her duty – in her own words – to devote herself to these issues. Two days later, she attended one of the charity's meetings and met Émilie de Morsier and Sarah Monod.

The Œuvre des libérées de Saint-Lazare, or Society for Women Freed from Saint-Lazare, created in 1870 by Pauline Grandpré, aimed to help women and children freed from prisons, in order to protect them from recidivism: “helping women in the present, thinking about their future by educating them, providing them a livelihood and increasing their dignity through work”.

Two years later, she became the deputy to Caroline de Barrau, followed by director general of the Œuvre in 1887. From 1883 onwards, temporary shelters were created to house women and their children upon leaving prison. The charity was recognized as a public interest organization on 26 January 1885.

The Franco-Prussian War led her to become interested in the efforts to help the military wounded. In 1886, she obtained the second prize for her nursing diploma, and a paramedic diploma the following year (both programmes created by the Women's Union of France).

She also founded, with Maria Martin and Émilie de Morsier, the Women's League for Peace and Union Among Peoples. She died in Boulogne-sur-Seine.

## Feminism

Bogelot's role in the Œuvre des libérées de Saint-Lazare propelled her to the international scene, where she represented the organisation at various events:

Isabelle Bogelot was equally a major figure on the French feminist scene. In 1889, she and Émilie de Morsier organised the first congress of women's organisations and institutions, held in Paris on the margins of the Exposition Universelle. Sarah Monod was also a member of the congress committee chaired by Jules Simon. Losing no momentum, they created the Conference of Versailles, designed to gather “all women interested in philanthropy” each year. The meeting was international, hosting women from all over Europe and the United States as well as from Africa.

Bridging French and American feminists, Isabelle Bogelot, supported by the President of the International Council of Women May Wright Sewall, convened an initiative committee to form the French section of the international association, the National Council of French Women, of which Sarah Monod was the president, and Isabelle Bogelot the honorary president. In 1906, the Assistance Section, led by Eugénie Weill, won one of the council's first fights: Isabelle Bogelot became the first woman appointed to the National Supreme Council for Assistance and Public Health.

## Distinctions

On January 1, 1889, she received the Ordre des Palmes académiques for the creation of temporary shelters. On May 2, 1894, she became a chevalier of the Legion of Honour.

## Bibliography

* Laurence Klejman, Florence Rochefort, *L'égalité en marche. Le féminisme sous la IIIe République*, Paris, Des femmes, 1989 ISBN 2-7210-0382-8
* Geneviève Poujol, *Un féminisme sous tutelle : les protestantes françaises, 1810-1960*, Paris, les Éditions de Paris, 2003 (ISBN 978-2846210317)
* Christine Bard, *Les femmes dans la société française*, Paris, Armand Colin, 2001

## References and notes

## InfoBox

| Isabelle Bogelot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Isabelle Amélie Cottiaux
(1838-05-11)May 11, 1838
Paris, France |
| Died | June 14, 1923(1923-06-14) (aged 85)
Boulogne-sur-Seine, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Philanthropist |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: James Scott-Hopkins

abstract: Sir James Sidney Rawdon Scott-Hopkins was a British Conservative politician. Born in Croydon, Scott-Hopkins was educated at Eton College, New College, Oxford and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He joined the British Army in 1939. He was commissioned in the 3rd QAO Gurkha Rifles in 1942 and served on the North-West Frontier, commanding C Company of the 4th Battalion, and in Burma until 1946, having taken a regular commission in the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in 1944. He retired from the Army in 1950 and became a farmer. He married Geraldine Hargreaves in Eton in 1946; she died in 2023. Scott-Hopkins contested Bedwellty in 1955. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for North Cornwall from 1959 until he lost the seat to the Liberal John Pardoe in 1966. He had served as joint Parliamentary Secretary at MAFF 1962–64. He was re-elected as MP for West Derbyshire at a 1967 by-election, and served until 1979. His successor was Matthew Parris. He had served, concurrently, as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1979, when he was elected for the Hereford and Worcester European constituency, serving until 1994. He was knighted in the 1981 New Year Honours "for political and public service." He died in Westminster, aged 73.

text:
# James Scott-Hopkins

**Sir James Sidney Rawdon Scott-Hopkins** (29 November 1921 – 11 March 1995) was a British Conservative politician.

Born in Croydon, Scott-Hopkins was educated at Eton College, New College, Oxford and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He joined the British Army in 1939. He was commissioned in the 3rd QAO Gurkha Rifles in 1942 and served on the North-West Frontier, commanding C Company of the 4th Battalion, and in Burma until 1946, having taken a regular commission in the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in 1944. He retired from the Army in 1950 and became a farmer. He married Geraldine Hargreaves in Eton in 1946 (three sons, one daughter); she died in 2023.

Scott-Hopkins contested Bedwellty in 1955. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for North Cornwall from 1959 until he lost the seat to the Liberal John Pardoe in 1966. He had served as joint Parliamentary Secretary at MAFF 1962–64. He was re-elected as MP for West Derbyshire at a 1967 by-election, and served until 1979.

His successor was Matthew Parris. He had served, concurrently (to 1979), as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1979, when he was elected for the Hereford and Worcester European constituency, serving until 1994. He was knighted in the 1981 New Year Honours "for political and public service." He died in Westminster, aged 73.

## InfoBox

| Sir James Scott-Hopkins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
7 July 1979  9 February 1982 | |
| Preceded by | Geoffrey Rippon |
| Succeeded by | Henry Plumb |
| Member of the European Parliament
for Hereford and Worcester | |
| **In office**
7 June 1979  9 June 1994 | |
| Preceded by | *Position established* |
| Succeeded by | *Position abolished* |
| Member of Parliament
for West Derbyshire | |
| **In office**
23 November 1967  7 April 1979 | |
| Preceded by | Aidan Crawley |
| Succeeded by | Matthew Parris |
| Member of Parliament
for North Cornwall | |
| **In office**
8 October 1959  10 March 1966 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Harold Roper |
| Succeeded by | John Pardoe |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1921-11-29)29 November 1921
Croydon, Surrey, England |
| Died | 11 March 1995(1995-03-11) (aged 73)
Westminster, London, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Geraldine Hargreaves  (m. 1946) |
| Children | 4 |
| Education | Eton College |
| Alma mater |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Branch/service | British Army |
| Years of service | 19391950 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: Tony Stamas

abstract: Tony Stamas was an American politician from Michigan. Stamas was a member of Michigan House of Representatives and a state senator.

text:
# Tony Stamas

**Tony Stamas** (born 1966) was an American politician from Michigan. Stamas was a member of Michigan House of Representatives and a state senator.

## Early life

On April 9, 1966, Stamas was born in Midland, Michigan.

## Education

In 1988, Stamas earned a bachelor's degree in communications from Michigan State University.

## Career

Since 1998, Stamas was a Republican member of Michigan House of Representatives. In 2002, Stamas was elected to the state senate.

## Personal life

Stamas' wife is Sara Stamas. They live in Midland, Michigan. They have two children, including an adopted daughter, Sophia Jiuxin Stamas. Stamas is a Lutheran.

## InfoBox

| Tony Stamas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Michigan Senate
from the 36th district | |
| **In office**
January 1, 2003  December 31, 2010 | |
| Preceded by | George A. McManus, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | John Moolenaar |
| Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
from the 98th district | |
| **In office**
January 1, 1999  December 31, 2002 | |
| Preceded by | James R. McNutt |
| Succeeded by | John Moolenaar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-04-09) April 9, 1966
Midland, Michigan |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Sara Stamas |
| Relations | Jim Stamas (brother) |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence | Midland, Michigan |
| Alma mater | Michigan State University |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood

abstract: Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood is a 2021 action role-playing game developed by Cyanide and published by Nacon. The game is based on White Wolf Publishing's tabletop role-playing game Werewolf: The Apocalypse, and is part of the larger World of Darkness series. The story follows Cahal, an eco-terrorist werewolf who has been banished from his werewolf tribe, and who fights against the Pentex corporation and the pollution it causes. The player, as Cahal, traverses areas in the American Northwest, and can shapeshift into a wolf, human or werewolf form to perform various tasks, such as exploration, conversation and combat. Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X on February 4, 2021. The game received generally mixed reviews from critics.

text:
# Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood

***Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood*** is a 2021 action role-playing game developed by Cyanide and published by Nacon. The game is based on White Wolf Publishing's tabletop role-playing game *Werewolf: The Apocalypse*, and is part of the larger *World of Darkness* series. The story follows Cahal, an eco-terrorist werewolf who has been banished from his werewolf tribe, and who fights against the Pentex corporation and the pollution it causes. The player, as Cahal, traverses areas in the American Northwest, and can shapeshift into a wolf, human or werewolf form to perform various tasks, such as exploration, conversation and combat.

*Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood* was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X on February 4, 2021. The game received generally mixed reviews from critics.

## Gameplay

*Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood* is a third-person, single-player action role-playing game in which the player takes the role of an eco-terrorist werewolf. The player explores various areas in the American Northwest, in the form of large hub worlds. Within these areas, the player plays through missions, which may have effects on the game world, including leading to secondary missions getting unlocked. The player also goes to Penumbra, a place between the physical world and the spirit world, where they can receive sidequests or challenges from the Great Spirit of the Waterfall, who gives the player rewards for completing them, such as opening shortcuts between areas.

The werewolf is a shapeshifter, and can take on the forms of a wolf and a human in addition to his werewolf form. Each form has its own gameplay mechanics tied to it: the wolf form is used for exploration, tracking, spying, and stealth, as well as being able to pass through narrow passages; the human form is used for interactions, such as using machines and conversing with people; and the werewolf form is used for combat. When in the human form, other characters are not aware that the player character really is a werewolf, allowing the player to go undercover. The player develops the werewolf through a skill tree, where they can choose between different archetypes connected to different weaknesses and strengths. The player also has access to various supernatural power-ups, which are drawn from nature.

The gameplay involves management of the player character's rage: the werewolf's rage rises as he learns about problems humans have caused, such as pollution and greed. If the player lets the werewolf's rage overflow, the werewolf will enter a frenzy state and turn into a violent, monstrous beast. When in the frenzy state, the werewolf is more powerful, but also finds it more difficult to parse information, such as whether a character is an enemy or an innocent, and will draw the attention of enemies. Once in the frenzy state, the only way to break out of it is to kill all who are present, regardless of if they are enemies or not.

## Synopsis

### Setting

*Earthblood* takes place in the American Northwest, and is set in the World of Darkness, where supernatural beings, such as vampires and werewolves, secretly struggle for power. The world is ruled by three entities: the Wyld, a chaotic, creative force that creates life and oversees nature; the Weaver, which is tasked to give form to the Wyld's creativity, organizing Earth; and the Wyrm, which originally existed as a balancing force between the Wyld and the Weaver, originally a force of breakdown and renewal, but which has become like a black hole trying to destroy everything due to how powerful the Weaver has gotten, and which corrupts humans easily.

The game focuses on werewolves, known as Garou, whose nation consists of thirteen tribes called the Garou Nation. Whereas vampires integrate into human societies, werewolves are recluses, and are portrayed as the "immune system of the planet", working to protect nature. Different tribes have different views on how to achieve this and how to deal with humanity: for example, the Glass Walkers think that humanity can get out of environmental problems with the use of technology; the Black Furies fight for feminism, women's rights and gender equality; the Bone Gnawers care about social class and fight for economically oppressed people; and the Red Talons would like to wage war against humanity to see who will survive. Due to their varying perspectives, there is a lot of in-fighting between the tribes.

### Plot

The game follows the werewolf Cahal, a member of the familial Fianna tribe of Irish werewolves, and works alongside his pack with the eco-terrorist group, Lambda Mankind, fighting against an oil subsidiary called Endron, whose president, Richard Wadkins; willingly serves the Wyrm to disrupt the balance of Gaia. In one of their missions, Cahal, along with his packmates, Cahal's brother-in-law Rodko, Ava, and his wife Ludmilla infiltrate an Endron facility. Their plan tampers with the data of their oil extraction and force them to pull out of the region. During the raid, Ludmilla is killed by a Black Spiral Dancer, a werewolf in Wadkins' security; and Cahal soon accidentally kills another packmate, Rafiq; and blinds Rodko in the left eye. In shame for what he has done, Cahal leaves the pack.

Five years later, Cahal works freelance. After a raid on an energy corp in Washington State, Cahal returns to his homeland in Tarker's Mill, along with his partner, Dusk. Cahal intends to atone for what he's done, and upon returning home; finds his former tribe is at war with Endron's militia, led by Major Graner. After fighting off an attack that injures Rodko, Cahal is sent to dismantle an Endron training center before he reunites with his daughter Aedana and Ava, who are operating to dismantle Endron from within. It is discovered that Endron has created a new substance called Earthblood, which is used to enhance and mutate their soldiers to the Wyrm's twisted image.

Later on, while a new raid is planned to expose Endron, Aedana is kidnapped by Wadkins, and Rodko gives into his rage. Cahal is forced to kill Rodko when the two transform and fight. Wadkins reveals he knew about the pack's plans and plans to run experiments on Aedana. Cahal manages to kill Graner, driving the Wyrm from his homeland in retaliation. Cahal plans to rescue Aedana by getting himself arrested and infiltrating a prison in Nevada, where Erdron is conducting experiments on prisoners.

In Nevada, Cahal gathers information from a werewolf named Onawa, who was a test subject in Endron's experiments. He learns that Aedana was taken to Endron headquarters and escapes prison with Onawa to regroup the latter's pack, which has also been warring with Endron. When Cahal infiltrates their facility, Wadkins sets up a trap where he sets loose Earthblood gas across the area, causing environmental damage, killing and infecting people in the area. Onawa reveals she is working for Endron in exchange for her pack's safety. Their guardian spirit has also been infected by Wyrm, but they are freed from its influence when Cahal bests them in battle.

Tracking Aedana down to an Endron oil rig, Cahal regroups with Ava and learns of Endron's plans to spread the Wyrm by releasing Earthblood as an alternative to oil In the final siege, Cahal finds Aedana in a glass container, where she is heavily mutated by Wadkin's experiments. Cahal is forced to fight her, and mercy kills his daughter; who dies in his arms. Cahal is presented with a choice to take revenge on Watkins or save Ava and the activists from Endron's militia.

If Cahal chooses to confront Watkins, he corners the CEO, who mutates himself with Earthblood. Cahal manages to kill Watkins after a fight but discovers that Ava and her team have been slaughtered. Cahal manages to destroy the facility with explosives, with Earthblood's release being postponed, and the activist group Cahal and Ava work for being denounced as terrorists by the media. If Cahal saves Ava, Wadkins flees the rig; while Cahal and Ava bring down the facility. The media has a much better reception of the group; and Endron abandons its plans after discovering Wadkin's actions, forcing him into hiding. Regardless of the ending, Endron's leadership, Pentex; plans to look into Wadkins' research, implying their work will continue.

## Development and release

*Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood* was developed by Cyanide in the game engine Unreal Engine 4, with cooperation from White Wolf Publishing to help make the game stay true to White Wolf's *Werewolf: The Apocalypse* tabletop role-playing game that *Earthblood* is based on. The game is directed by Julien Desourteaux, with Martin Ericsson serving as lead writer. The entire level design team from Cyanide's earlier game *Styx: Shards of Darkness* also worked on *Earthblood*, and there were according to Desourteaux a lot of things carrying over from *Shards of Darkness* into *Earthblood*, although they had to develop combat from scratch.

Prior to the start of development of the game, the developers considered various genres for an adaptation of *Werewolf: The Apocalypse*, such as a brawler or an isometric role-playing game, before deciding on an action role-playing game. Early questions they asked, that would form the game, included "When will you rage?", "When will you use violence?", "When will you have had enough?", and "What is the price of changing the world through violence?"; they wanted to avoid giving out answers considered correct, and wanted to let the player think about it for themselves and come up with answers.

According to Desourteaux, this question of rage management is the main theme of the game; a branching narrative was considered to facilitate the exploration of these questions, but eventually the developers decided on a largely linear story with minor branches. Ericsson described the game as being strongly focused on its narrative, and therefore having a defined protagonist, and a fixed story with themes such as family, estrangement, cynicism, and idealism.

Pre-production of the game began around late 2016, following Paradox Interactive's purchase of White Wolf in 2015.

In January 2017, Paradox Interactive AB announced the video game's partnership with Focus Home Interactive, under the title *Werewolf: The Apocalypse – The Official Video Game*. The game was originally to be published by Focus Home Interactive, but switched publishers to Nacon in 2018 following Nacon's purchase of Cyanide. It was presented for the first time at E3 2019 in Los Angeles in June 2019, and was exhibited at PDXCON 2019 in October.

In June 2019, the game's release title was changed to *Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood*. *Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood* was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X on February 4, 2021.

## Reception

*Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood* received positive previews at E3 2019, with *Paste* calling it one of their favorites of the show. However, upon launch the game received "mixed or average" reviews from critics for most platforms, except for the PlayStation 4 version which received "generally unfavorable" reviews, according to review aggregator website Metacritic.

*IGN* gave the game a negative review saying, "*Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood* has decent stealth going for it, but its weak story forces you into painfully mediocre combat too often to be worthwhile." *Destructoid* liked the game's combat, but felt the mission design and stealth was repetitive, with the reviewer stating that the game felt like "around 10 to 12 hours of the exact same stealth mission". *Eurogamer* wrote that the game itself was fine, but heavily criticized the plot of the game, writing that *Earthblood* had "A lacklustre story and characters that are so superficial, it's hard to forge any emotional connections with any of them". *PC Gamer* enjoyed the werewolf form, liking the intensity it brought to fights, writing "Combat is rather simple—AI isn't exactly Deep Blue level, and it's a bit button-bashy—but dammit it's fun". *PCGamesN* felt that low-quality character models and environments brought the game down, while the music looped "endlessly until you clear out each section of a level".

In a review of *Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood* in *Black Gate*, Andrew Zimmerman Jones said "Overall, it is great to see one of my favorite roleplaying games realized this completely in a video game format. With two kids, I am rarely the one who picks the video games or gets time in front of the Xbox, but I’ve definitely enjoyed claiming it to get a chance at this game. Both my kids, who have never played Werewolf as an RPG, also enjoyed the video game. It really has something for everyone."

## InfoBox

| Werewolf: The Apocalypse – Earthblood | |
| --- | --- |
| Key art, featuring Cahal | |
| Developer(s) | Cyanide |
| Publisher(s) | Nacon |
| Director(s) | Julien Desourteaux |
| Writer(s) | * Martin Ericcson * Caroline Froment * Simon Decottignies Renard |
| Series | *Werewolf: The Apocalypse* |
| Engine | Unreal Engine 4 |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | February 4, 2021 |
| Genre(s) | Action role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


abstract: The West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer is given yearly by WBFJA as a part of its annual West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards for Bengali films, to recognize the best female singer of the previous year.

text:
# West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer

The **West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer** is given yearly by WBFJA as a part of its annual West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards for Bengali films, to recognize the best female singer of the previous year.

## Superlatives

| **Category** | **Name** | **Superlative** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Most Awards | Shreya Ghoshal<br>Iman Chakraborty | 2 awards |
| Most Nominations | Shreya Ghoshal | 6 nominations |

## List of winners


abstract: The West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Film is given yearly by WBFJA as a part of its annual West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards for Bengali films, to recognize the best film of the previous year.

text:
# West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Film

The **West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Film** is given yearly by WBFJA as a part of its annual West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards for Bengali films, to recognize the best film of the previous year.

## List of winners

| Year | *Film* | Director | Producer | Studio | ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2017** | ***Cinemawala*** | ***Kaushik Ganguly*** | ***Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni*** | ***SVF*** |  |
| | *Khawto* | Kamaleshwar Mukherjee | Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni | SVF | |
| | *Peace Haven* | Suman Ghosh | Arindam Ghosh | Arindam Ghosh Films | |
| | *Shaheb Bibi Golaam* | Pratim D. Gupta | Firdausul Hasan, Probal Haldar | Friends Communication | |
| | *Shankhachil* | Goutam Ghose. | Prasenjit Chatterjee, Faridur Reza Sagar, Mou Raychowdhury, Habibur Rahman Khan | Ashirbad Cholochitro, Impress Telefilm Limited, NIdeas Creations & Productions | |
| **2018** | ***Mayurakshi*** | ***Atanu Ghosh*** | ***Firdausul Hasan, Probal Haldar*** | ***Friends Communication*** |  |
| | *Bishorjan* | Kaushik Ganguly |  | Opera Movies | |
| | *Sahaj Paather Gappo* | Manas Mukul Pal | Avijit Saha | Avijit Saha Production | |
| | *Dhananjay* | Arindam Sil | Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni | SVF | |
| | *Raktokorobi* | Amitava Bhattacharya | Ashis Ghosh, Bhaskar Chakraborty, Rituparna Thakur | Three Wish Entertainment | |
| | *Maacher Jhol* | Pratim D. Gupta | Joy Ganguly | Sony Pictures Networks, Mojo Productions | |
| | *Tope* | Buddhadeb Dasgupta |  | AVA Film Productions | |
| | *Doob* | Mostofa Sarwar Farooki | Abdul Aziz, Irrfan Khan, Ashok Dhanuka, Himanshu Dhanuka | Jaaz Multimedia, Irrfan Khan Films, Eskay Movies | |
| ***2019*** | ***Pupa*** | ***Indrasis Acharya*** | ***Rajiv Mehra*** | ***Addatimes*** |  |
| | *Rongberonger Korhi* | Ranjan Ghosh | Rupa Datta | Camellia Productions Pvt. Ltd | |
| | *Rainbow Jelly* | Soukarya Ghosal |  | Indigenous Productions | |
| | *Ray* |  | Bajrang Lal Agarwal | Winds of Autumn Motion Pictures | |
| | *Generation Ami* | Mainak Bhaumik | Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni | SVF | |
| | *Shonar Pahar* | Parambrata Chattopadhyay | Shyamsundar Dey. Arijit Dutta | Greentouch Entertainment | |
| ***2020*** | ***Nagarkirtan*** | ***Kaushik Ganguly*** |  | ***Acropoliis Entertainment*** |  |
| | *Vinci Da* | Srijit Mukherji | Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni | SVF | |
| | *Kedara* | Indraadip Dasgupta | Samiran Das | Kaleidoscope | |
| | *Ghare Baire aaj* | Aparna Sen | Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni | SVF | |
| | *Urojahah* | Buddhadeb Dasgupta |  |  | |
| | *Tarikh* | Churni Ganguly |  |  | |
| ***2021*** | ***Borunbabur Bondhu*** | ***Anik Dutta*** | ***Nispal Singh*** | ***Surinder Films*** |  |
| | *Dwitiyo Purush* | Srijit Mukherjee | Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni | SVF | |
| | *Dracula Sir* | Debaloy Bhattacharya | Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni | SVF | |
| | *Abyakto* | Arjun Dutta | Tarun Das | Trina Films, Roop Production & Entertainment | |
| | *Sraboner Dhara* | Sudeshna Roy, Abhijit Guha | Pradip Churiwal | Macneil Engineering Ltd | |
| 2022 | ***Binisutoy*** | ***Atanu Ghosh*** | ***Sandeep Agarwal*** | ***Echo Entertainments*** |  |
| ***2023*** | ***Aparajito*** | ***Anik Dutta*** | ***Firdausul Hasan, Probal Halder*** | ***Friends Communication*** |  |
| | ***Dostojee*** | ***Prasun Chatterjee*** |  | ***Katha Talkies*** | |
| | *The Holy Conspiracy* | Shaibal Mitra | Joydeep Roy Chowdhury, Shubhra Sarthi Chakraborty | Walzen Media Works Private Limited | |
| | *Ballabhpurer Roopkotha* | Anirban Bhattacharya | Shrikant Mohta, Mahendra Soni | Shree Venkatesh Films | |
| | *Jhilli* | Ishaan Ghose | Goutam Ghose, Ishaan Ghose | Goutam Ghose Associates | |
| | *Lokkhi Chele* | Kaushik Ganguly | Nandita Roy, Shiboprosad Mukherjee | Windows Production | |
| 2024 | ***Shesh Pata*** | ***Atanu Ghosh*** | ***Firdausul Hasan, Probal Halder*** | ***Friends Communication*** |  |
| | *Ardhangini* | Kaushik Ganguly | Nispal Singh | Surinder Films | |
| | *Maayakumari* | Arindam Sil |  | Camellia Productions | |
| | *Mayar Jonjal* | Indranil Roychowdhury | Josim Uddin Ahmed, Indranil Roychowdhury | Views and Visions, Indranil Roychowdhury Films | |
|

## InfoBox

| WBFJA for Best Film | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | Best Bengali Film |
| Country | India |
| Presented by | West Bengal Film Journalists' Association |
| Last awarded | 2024 |
| Most Recent Winner | Shesh Pata |


title: Wes Helms

abstract: Wesley Ray Helms is an American former professional baseball player. During his 13-year playing career, Helms played for the Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers, Florida Marlins, and Philadelphia Phillies. He played primarily as a third baseman and first baseman. Helms also served as the manager of the Charlotte Knights, the Triple-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox.

text:
# Wes Helms

**Wesley Ray Helms** (born May 12, 1976) is an American former professional baseball player. During his 13-year playing career, Helms played for the Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers, Florida Marlins, and Philadelphia Phillies. He played primarily as a third baseman and first baseman. Helms also served as the manager of the Charlotte Knights, the Triple-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox.

## Professional career

The Atlanta Braves selected Helms in the 10th round of the 1994 Major League Baseball draft. He made his major league debut with the Braves on September 5, 1998.

On December 16, 2002, the Braves traded Helms and John Foster to the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for Ray King. Following a successful first season with the Brewers, in which he hit 23 home runs and collected 67 RBI, he suffered a knee injury in a game against the Montreal Expos. After returning from the disabled list, he struggled to regain his previous form as well as playing time, being demoted to backup duties behind Russell Branyan.

On November 15, 2006, Helms agreed to a two-year, $5.5 million contract-in-principle with the Philadelphia Phillies, which included a club option for the third year. On April 2, 2008, he was designated for assignment by the Phillies, and three days later was traded to the Florida Marlins, in exchange for cash considerations. He was released by the Marlins on August 13, 2011.

On August 17, 2011, he signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves and was assigned to the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves. He was released by the Braves on September 1, 2011.

### Coaching career

Helms was the bench coach of the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs for the 2018 season, followed by the Double-A Birmingham Barons for the 2019 season. In 2020, he was named manager of the Triple-A Charlotte Knights.

On May 20, 2022, the White Sox put Helms on an indefinite leave of absence from the Knights.

## InfoBox

| Wes Helms | |
| --- | --- |
| Helms in 2023 | |
| **Third baseman / First baseman** | |
| **Born:**  (1976-05-12) May 12, 1976<br>Gastonia, North Carolina, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 5, 1998, for the Atlanta Braves | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| August 13, 2011, for the Florida Marlins | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .256 |
| Home runs | 75 |
| Runs batted in | 374 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


abstract: Westmark Township is one of fourteen townships in Phelps County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 199 at the 2000 census. A 2006 estimate placed the township's population at 201.

text:
# Westmark Township, Phelps County, Nebraska

**Westmark Township** is one of fourteen townships in Phelps County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 199 at the 2000 census. A 2006 estimate placed the township's population at 201.

## InfoBox

| Westmark Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Phelps County | |
| Coordinates: 40°34′08″N 099°28′25″W / 40.56889°N 99.47361°W / 40.56889; -99.47361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nebraska |
| County | Phelps |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.98 sq mi (93.18 km2) |
| Land | 35.98 sq mi (93.18 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2)  0% |
| Elevation | 2,352 ft (717 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 199 |
| Density | 5.5/sq mi (2.1/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0838326 |


title: West Chicago City Museum

abstract: The West Chicago City Museum, originally the Turner Town Hall, is a museum in West Chicago, Illinois.

text:
# West Chicago City Museum

The **West Chicago City Museum**, originally the **Turner Town Hall**, is a museum in West Chicago, Illinois.

## History

Turner Town Hall originally functioned as the first Village Hall of West Chicago, providing police and fire control services to the community. West Chicago was originally known as Junction, as three railroads crossed through it. The Galena and Chicago Union Railroad erected the first railway station in the town in 1849, and in five years' time, the town was an important railway maintenance stop. Working on steam engines and railway cars at the time induced a great fire hazard, but there was no city services to fight the blazes. All fire control was ineffectively provided by private companies.

In 1883, the village, now known as Turner, approved the construction of a Town Hall. Aside from its town safety functions, the hall also provided a meeting place for citizens of the village and hosted a local museum. Fire protection was officially added in 1888. The town hall maintained its functions until 1976 when it was re-designated the West Chicago City Museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

## Architecture

The two-story building is in the middle of a commercial block, though it was originally detached. It was built with a cream colored brick on a limestone foundation. The main facade faces northeast toward Main Street. This facade is asymmetrical due to its Italianate tower. The tower, which projects slightly from the facade, has a secondary entrance and a single round top window. The tower originally had a metal pyramidal roof, but this has since been removed. The main entrance on the body of the building was replaced in 1942 when barn doors (used by the fire station) were replaced with a set of Federal Style doors and windows. Three round top windows are found on the second floor.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Turner Town Hall | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 132 Main St.<br>West Chicago, DuPage County, Illinois, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 41°53′1″N 88°12′15″W / 41.88361°N 88.20417°W / 41.88361; -88.20417 |
| Built | 1884 (1884) |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian & Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 91000573 |
| Added to NRHP | May 13, 1991 |


title: Westringia longifolia

abstract: Westringia longifolia, commonly known as long-leaved westringia, is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae and is endemic to southeastern Australia. It is a small shrub, with linear leaves and mostly white flowers.

text:
# Westringia longifolia

***Westringia longifolia***, commonly known as **long-leaved westringia**, is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae and is endemic to southeastern Australia. It is a small shrub, with linear leaves and mostly white flowers.

## Description

*Westringia longifolia* is a small shrub that grows to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) high with a similar spread. The linear shaped green leaves are arranged in whorls of three, 12–35 mm (0.47–1.38 in) long, 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) wide, more or less flat, margins smooth, both surfaces with occasional hairs or smooth, and the petiole 1–1.7 mm (0.039–0.067 in) long. The flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils, corolla 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) long, lobes more or less triangular shaped, 1.6–2.8 mm (0.063–0.110 in) long, 0.9–1.2 mm (0.035–0.047 in) wide, mostly white or occasionally mauve with spots purple or light brown and silky inside. The green calyx are smooth or with sparse hairs on the outer surface and bracteoles 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long. Flowering occurs mostly from July to December

## Taxonomy and naming

*Westringia longifolia* was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown and the description was published in *Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae*. The specific epithet (*longifolia*) means "long leaved".

## Distribution and habitat

Long-leaves westringia grows in gullies, near streams on sandy or loamy soils north of Mittagong, scattered throughout Sydney and the Central Tablelands.

## InfoBox

| Long-leaved westringia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Westringia* |
| Species: | ***W. longifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Westringia longifolia***<br>R.Br. | |
|


title: Westar 1

abstract: Westar 1 was America's first domestic and commercially launched geostationary communications satellite, launched by Western Union (WU) and NASA on April 13, 1974. It was built by Hughes for Western Union, using the HS-333 platform of spin-stabilized satellites. It operated until May 1983.

text:
# Westar 1

**Westar 1** was America's first domestic and commercially launched geostationary communications satellite, launched by Western Union (WU) and NASA on April 13, 1974. It was built by Hughes for Western Union, using the HS-333 platform of spin-stabilized satellites. It operated until May 1983.

## Mission

Westar 1 was the first of five Westar satellites launched by Western Union from 1974 to 1982. Westar 1 was launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta 2914 launch vehicle from Complex 17 on April 13, 1974. The launch vehicle delivered the satellite to a geosynchronous transfer orbit. After transiting to a near geosynchronous apogee, the satellite employed an apogee kick motor to raise the perigee of the orbit and reduce inclination to near-geostationary.

Westars 1, 2, and 3 were 12-transponder satellites while Westar 4 and Westar 5 were launched with 24 transponders. Western Union built a teleport in Cedar Hill, Texas, to uplink content to the Westar satellites (it was interconnected to WU's existing terrestrial microwave network at the time), and another teleport that, in addition to uplink services, would become the main TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking & Control) center for the satellite (and for all of the Westar fleet later on), in Glenwood, New Jersey. A sixth satellite, Westar 6, was launched in 1984 but failed to reach orbit and was retrieved by the STS-51-A Space Shuttle mission later that year. It was later refurbished and relaunched in orbit of Asia as AsiaSat 1 in 1990.

Westar 1 was used by Western Union for its own internal communications, such as for sending telegrams and mailgrams to Western Union bureaus and U.S. post offices respectively. It also was utilized by outside customers such as PBS, NPR and the Mutual Broadcasting System, using it for sending television and radio programming via satellite to their local affiliate stations throughout the 1970s and '80s. It was also employed to enable communications with offshore oil platforms.

Westar 1 was also used for a short time by HBO for its nationwide debut using satellite distribution to cable companies in 1975 (HBO later moved to RCA's competing satellite, Satcom 1, in February 1976).

Westar 1 was retired from service in April 1983. The 15-meter dishes used to communicate with it at the Cedar Hill site have been decommissioned, but they can still be visited today by contacting Westar Satellite Services. The former main TT&C & uplink site for Westar in Glenwood, is now (as of 2015) the satellite uplink facility for SiriusXM Radio.


title: What My Mother Doesn't Know

abstract: What My Mother Doesn't Know (2001) is a novel in verse by Sonya Sones. The free-verse novel follows ninth-grader Sophie Stein as she struggles through the daily grind of being a freshman in high school, her romantic crushes, and her family life. It has been translated into French, German, Indonesian and Swedish, and published as an audiobook read by Kate Reinders. The companion book What My Girlfriend Doesn't Know, written from the perspective of Sophie's boyfriend Robin (Murphy), was published in 2007.

text:
# What My Mother Doesn't Know

***What My Mother Doesn't Know*** (2001) is a novel in verse by Sonya Sones. The free-verse novel follows ninth-grader Sophie Stein as she struggles through the daily grind of being a freshman in high school, her romantic crushes, and her family life. It has been translated into French, German, Indonesian and Swedish, and published as an audiobook read by Kate Reinders.

The companion book *What My Girlfriend Doesn't Know*, written from the perspective of Sophie's boyfriend Robin (Murphy), was published in 2007.

## Plot summary

At the start of the novel, Sophie finds herself dumped by her current boyfriend Lou, then immediately falls into a new relationship with Dylan, a boy considered the height of masculine beauty by her friends. As they date, Sophie discovers she does not really love or even like Dylan all that much and ends their relationship in favor of not actually liking his personality. She then forms a secret romance with an internet chat-room boy named Chaz.

Before she meets Chaz in person, Sophie discovers he is a pervert and ends the relationship quickly. Now on her own, in real life, she encounters an outcast classmate, Robin Murphy, at the local art museum and is astonished to realize that while he is not physically attractive or liked by her friends, she falls in love with him. The book ends with Sophie choosing to sit with Robin in the cafeteria instead of her friends, knowing that revealing her secret relationship to her friends and classmates would be okay.

## Reception

The book received a starred review from *Publishers Weekly*, which said, "Drawing on the recognizable cadences of teenage speech, Sones poignantly captures the tingle and heartache of being young and boy-crazy".

It also received a starred review from *Kirkus Reviews*: "Sones has crafted a verse experience that will leave teenage readers sighing with recognition and satisfaction".

## Controversy

The novel appears on the ALA’s list of most frequently challenged books in 2004, 2005, and 2011.

## Awards

* Winner of the Iowa Teen Book Award (2005–2006)
* Michigan Thumbs Up Award Honor Book (2002)
* Chosen an American Library Association Best Books for Young Adults (2002) .
* Chosen an American Library Association Top Ten Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Adult Readers (2002)
* Named an International Reading Association Young Adults' Choice (2003)
* Named a Booklist Editor's Choice (2001)
* Voted a VOYA Top Shelf for Middle School Readers (2003)
* Pennsylvania Young Reader's Choice Award: YA Recommended Title (2003–2004)
* Named a New York Public Library Book for the Teen Age (2002, 2003, and 2004)
* Named a Texas Lone Star State Reading List Choice (2003–2004)
* Named a Top Ten Editor's Choice by Teenreads.com (2001)
* Named a Bookreporter.com Best of 2001 for Teens

* Author's web site

## InfoBox

What My Mother Doesn’t Know
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Sonya Sones |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Young adult |
| Publisher | Simon & Schuster |
| Publication date | 2001 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print Hardback |
| Pages | 272 pp |
| ISBN | 978-0-689-85553-5 |
| OCLC | 51733502 |
| Followed by | *What My Girlfriend Doesn't Know* |


title: Western meadowhawk

abstract: The Western Meadowhawk is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to western North America. In adult form, the Meadowhawk has a length of 1 1/4 to 1 5/8 inches. The key distinguishing feature is a cloudy, orange-brown band that covers the inner half of each wing. The band may appear darker towards the outside. Males have a yellowish thorax, marked with wavy black lines on each side, and a red to reddish brown abdomen, marked with black along the bottom edge of each side. Females are olive to golden brown and marked similarly.

text:
# Western meadowhawk

The **Western Meadowhawk** (*Sympetrum occidentale*) is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to western North America. In adult form, the Meadowhawk has a length of 1 1/4 to 1 5/8 inches (31 to 40 mm). The key distinguishing feature is a cloudy, orange-brown band that covers the inner half of each wing. The band may appear darker towards the outside. Males have a yellowish thorax, marked with wavy black lines on each side, and a red to reddish brown abdomen, marked with black along the bottom edge of each side. Females are olive to golden brown and marked similarly.

* "Sympetrum occidentale". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 February 2006.

## InfoBox

| Western meadowhawk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sympetrum occidentale* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Libellulidae |
| Genus: | *Sympetrum* |
| Species: | ***S. occidentale*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sympetrum occidentale***<br>Bartenef, 1915 | |
|


title: Wheaton Chambers

abstract: James Wheaton Chambers was an American actor during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. He appeared in more than 200 films and television series during his career.

text:
# Wheaton Chambers

**James Wheaton Chambers** (October 13, 1887  January 31, 1958) was an American actor during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. He appeared in more than 200 films and television series during his career.

## Early years

Chambers was born on October 13, 1887, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a Philadelphia Main Line family.

He graduated from Princeton University in 1909. with a bachelor of arts degree. While there, he was captain of a championship swimming team. In 1909, he went to China to work with marines and soldiers of the Legation Guards as part of Princeton's YMCA work in Peking. After he had to leave because of the Chinese Revolution, he worked for the Associated Press.

## Career

Chambers gained early acting experience with the Henry Duffy Players.

He made his film debut in the small role of a servant in the 1935 film *The Florentine Dagger*. Over the next 23 years he would appear in almost 150 feature films. Some of his more notable roles include: as Dr. Allen in *Marshal of Laredo* (1945), one of the series of *Red Ryder* films; as Lewis Havener in the 1946 fantasy-horror film *The Flying Serpent*; as Jasper Braydon in *Stagecoach to Denver*, a 1946 western directed by R. G. Springsteen; as Doctor William R. James in the 1951 film noir *The Prowler*, starring Van Heflin; as Sam Wilkins in the 1952 western *Wagons West*, starring Rod Cameron; and as Doc Runyon in the western *The Peacemaker* (1956).

Other notable films in which Chambers appeared include: the 1936 biopic, *The Story of Louis Pasteur*, starring Paul Muni; as a lawyer in Cecil B. DeMille's *Reap the Wild Wind* (1942), starring Ray Milland, John Wayne, and Paulette Goddard; as a reporter in the 1943 version of the classic, *Phantom of the Opera*, starring Nelson Eddy, Susanna Foster, and Claude Rains; in the Abbott and Costello comedy, *Abbott and Costello in Hollywood*; Michael Curtiz' 1945 classic, *Mildred Pierce*, starring Joan Crawford, Jack Carson, and Zachary Scott; in the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, *State Fair* (1945), starring Jeanne Crain and Dana Andrews; the 1945 romantic comedy *Lover Come Back*, starring George Brent and Lucille Ball; Curtiz' 1946 biopic about Cole Porter, *Night and Day*, starring Cary Grant and Alexis Smith; the classic film noir *Lady in the Lake* (1947), starring and directed by Robert Montgomery; the 1948 classic version of *The Three Musketeers*, starring Gene Kelly, Lana Turner and June Allyson; the 1949 Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers musical *The Barkleys of Broadway*; DeMille's 1950 epic, *Samson and Delilah*, starring Hedy Lamarr and Victor Mature; the science fiction classic, *The Day the Earth Stood Still* (1951), starring Michael Rennie and Patricia Neal; Elia Kazan's classic *East of Eden*, starring Julie Harris, James Dean (in his first major screen role), and Raymond Massey; and the 1956 classic western *The Fastest Gun Alive*, starring Glenn Ford, Jeanne Crain and Broderick Crawford.

In addition to his feature film work, Chambers also appeared in several film shorts, and film serials. The serials in which he appeared include: as Dr. Humphrey in *Drums of Fu Manchu* (1940); as Boswell in *Adventures of Red Ryder* (1940), as Professor Benjamin in *The Purple Monster Strikes* (1945); as Wilson in *The Crimson Ghost* (1946); and in the featured role of Caleb Baldwin in *Son of Zorro* (1947).

Chambers' debut on the small screen was in the featured role of Father Batista in the eighth episode of the classic television western, *The Lone Ranger*, in 1949. Other television shows he appeared on include: two episodes of *The Roy Rogers Show* in 1952, in different roles; as a member of the Kryptonian council on the first episode of *Adventures of Superman*; on two episodes (in different roles) of *Hopalong Cassidy* in 1952–53; as Papa Dodger in the premiere episode of the situation comedy *Willy* in September 1954; as Mr. Kennedy in a December 1954 episode of *The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show*; and a February 1957 episode of the crime drama, *Dragnet*.

Chambers' last performance was in a small role in the 1958 film, *Gunman's Walk*, starring Van Heflin and Tab Hunter. Chambers had worked on the film in December 1957, and it was released in July, 1958, six months after his death.

## Death

On January 31, 1958, Chambers died after a brief illness. He was 70 years old and was survived by a sister. He was buried in Maplewood Cemetery, Freehold, New Jersey, Freehold Township, in Monmouth County, New Jersey.

## InfoBox

| Wheaton Chambers | |
| --- | --- |
| Chambers in the television
series *Medic* in "Flash of Darkness", 1954 | |
| Born | James Wheaton Chambers
(1887-10-13)October 13, 1887
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | January 31, 1958(1958-01-31) (aged 70)
Hollywood, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Maplewood Cemetery, Freehold, New Jersey |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 19351958 |


title: Wheaton Aston

abstract: Wheaton Aston is a small village in Staffordshire, England about 9 miles (14 km) south west of Stafford and 7 miles (11 km) west of Cannock. It is located beside Bridge 19 of the Shropshire Union Canal. The civil parish is called Lapley, Stretton and Wheaton Aston. It has a population of several thousand, according to the latest British Survey. It has good transport links making it an ideal commuter village to the large cities of the Midlands. Junction 12 of the M6 motorway is only 5 miles (8.0 km) away, providing quick access to Birmingham, Walsall and Wolverhampton, while close proximity to the M54, A449 and A5 provides easy access to Stafford, Cannock, Telford and Shrewsbury. Select Bus service 877/878 provide regular connections to Stafford and Wolverhampton Mon-Fri but on Saturdays the service only provides a few journeys to and from Stafford.

text:
# Wheaton Aston

**Wheaton Aston** is a small village in Staffordshire, England about 9 miles (14 km) south west of Stafford and 7 miles (11 km) west of Cannock. It is located beside Bridge 19 of the Shropshire Union Canal. The civil parish is called Lapley, Stretton and Wheaton Aston.

It has a population of several thousand, according to the latest British Survey. It has good transport links making it an ideal commuter village to the large cities of the Midlands. Junction 12 of the M6 motorway is only 5 miles (8.0 km) away, providing quick access to Birmingham, Walsall and Wolverhampton, while close proximity to the M54, A449 and A5 provides easy access to Stafford, Cannock, Telford and Shrewsbury.

Select Bus service 877/878 provide regular connections to Stafford and Wolverhampton Mon-Fri but on Saturdays the service only provides a few journeys to and from Stafford.

## History

The first known reference to Wheaton Aston is in the Domesday Book where the parish of Lapley is mentioned and includes other local settlements.

Up to the 18th century, Wheaton Aston was regarded as something of a spa due to the existence of a mineral spring in one of the gardens.

In 1777, the first major event in the village happened when a fire burnt down over half of the village. This is known locally as the 'Great Fire'.

In the 1830s, Thomas Telford built the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction canal (now known as the Shropshire Union Canal) through the edge of the village, bringing a lot of people and trade into the village. This was due to the canal being the main through route between Liverpool and London.

There are a pair of moles feet from 1902 on display in the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford that were carried in the pocket of an old man from Wheaton Aston as a cure against toothache.

During World War II, the village had an operational airfield roughly 2 miles (3.2 km) north of the village, which is now used as farm land, however the buildings (control tower etc.) are still present but derelict.

The last large event to occur in the village was the introduction of the sewers into the village in the 1960s and 1970s which allowed the village to grow in size very quickly, and resulted in many new housing estates.

## Snake's head fritillary

One of the village's claims to fame is that it is the most northerly point in the UK where the snake's head fritillary can be found growing in the wild. Locally the flower is known by the name "folfallarum". In years gone by it used to be tradition that on the first Sunday on May, the villagers would all go out and pick the flowers. This tradition is what caused the flower to become the village's unofficial emblem, used on things like the local school uniforms.

Nowadays the area where the flower grows, known as Mottey Meadows, is run by Natural England, to protect the flower.

## Amenities

Although in the heart of the South Staffordshire countryside there are many amenities for the local population including two pubs, The Hartley Arms and the Coach and Horses (which also provides accommodation for a cafe/sandwich shop), Wheaton Aston and Lapley Recreation Ground, post office, paper shop, general store, a garage-cum-chandlery-cum-hardware shop (Turners), a motor engineers (Hinsley's) and a couple of farms (The Bridge and Whitegates) who also sell their produce direct to the public. The old scout hut alongside the canal has undergone refurbishment and has re-opened in June 2021 as Tavern Lane Studio, a community arts hub offering dance, drama and several other clubs.

There is one school in the village, St. Mary's CE(C) First School, which has a total intake of roughly 100 children.

## Churches

There is currently one church and one chapel in the village.

There has been a church on the current site in the centre of the village since the 14th century. This original wooden church was one of the few buildings to survive the Great Fire in 1777. However, due to disrepair, this church was demolished and a new stone church was built in 1857. This was then extended in 1894, and is the church still currently standing. All of the windows were made in a medieval style by the renowned Victorian master of stained glass, Charles Eamer Kempe.

The Zion Chapel was built in 1814 and was established as a 'Congregational church'. However, when the Congregational and Presbyterian churches combined they decided to join the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches (E.F.C.C.), so that they could remain independent and self supporting but have the affiliation and support of a worldwide body of Churches.

## Notable people

* Edgar Leopold Layard CMG FZS MBOU, (1824 – 1900) was a British diplomat and a naturalist mainly interested in ornithology and to a lesser extent the molluscs. He worked for a significant part of his life in Ceylon and later in South Africa, Fiji and New Caledonia. He lived in the village as a boy.
* Jeremy Weate (born 1969 in Wheaton Aston) PhD in European philosophy from Warwick in 1998, author of the children's book *A Young Person's Guide to Philosophy*, an international development consultant, focusing on transparency and good governance in the extractive industries in Africa, now runs an ibogaine-assisted retreat centre in Portugal.
* Epic45 (active since 1995) a British indie/post-rock band whose core members Rob Glover and Benjamin Holton grew up in Wheaton Aston.

## Twin towns and sister cities

In February 1990, Wheaton Aston became twinned with Wheaton, Illinois, United States.

## InfoBox

| Wheaton Aston | |
| --- | --- |
| St Mary's church | |
| Wheaton AstonLocation within Staffordshire | |
| OS grid reference | SJ851126 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Stafford |
| Postcode district | ST19 |
|  | |
| Police | Staffordshire |
| Fire | Staffordshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Westlawn (Fayetteville, North Carolina)

abstract: Westlawn is a historic home located at Fayetteville, Cumberland County, North Carolina. It was built in 1858, and is a two-story, five-bay, frame dwelling with a double-pile center-hall plan in the Greek Revival style. It features a one-story, hip roofed porch supported by Doric order columns. Also on the property is a contributing hip roofed smokehouse with cupola. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

text:
# Westlawn (Fayetteville, North Carolina)

**Westlawn** is a historic home located at Fayetteville, Cumberland County, North Carolina. It was built in 1858, and is a two-story, five-bay, frame dwelling with a double-pile center-hall plan in the Greek Revival style. It features a one-story, hip roofed porch supported by Doric order columns. Also on the property is a contributing hip roofed smokehouse with cupola.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Westlawn | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1505 Fort Bragg Rd., Fayetteville, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°3′33″N 78°54′22″W / 35.05917°N 78.90611°W / 35.05917; -78.90611 |
| Area | 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) |
| Built | 1858 (1858) |
| Built by | Ruffin and Christopher Vaughan |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 80002815 |
| Added to NRHP | September 22, 1980 |


title: Westmalle Brewery

abstract: Westmalle Brewery is a Trappist brewery in the Westmalle Abbey, Belgium. It produces three beers, designated as Trappist beer by the International Trappist Association. Westmalle Tripel is credited with being the first golden strong pale ale to use the term Tripel.

text:
# Westmalle Brewery

**Westmalle Brewery** (**Brouwerij der Trappisten van Westmalle**) is a Trappist brewery in the Westmalle Abbey, Belgium. It produces three beers, designated as Trappist beer by the International Trappist Association. Westmalle Tripel is credited with being the first golden strong pale ale to use the term Tripel.

## History

The Trappist abbey in Westmalle (officially called Abdij Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van het Heilig Hart van Jezus) was founded 6 June 1794, but the community was not elevated to the rank of Trappist abbey until 22 April 1836. Martinus Dom, the first abbot, decided the abbey would brew its own beer, and the first beer was brewed on 1 August 1836 and first imbibed on 10 December 1836. The pioneer brewers were Father Bonaventura Hermans and Albericus Kemps. The first beer was described as light in alcohol and rather sweet. By 1856, the monks had added a second beer: the first strong brown beer. This brown beer is today considered the first dubbel (Dutch for 'double'). The current Dubbel is derived from a recipe first brewed in 1926. Local sales began in 1856 and the oldest registered sale was on 1 January 1861. The brewery was enlarged and rebuilt in 1865 based on the example set by the Trappists of Forges (nearby Chimay). Father Ignatius van Ham joined the brewer team. Further commercialisation and sales to traders commenced in 1921. In 1933 a complete new brewery was built and in 1934, the brewery brewed a strong pale ale of 9.5% abv giving it the name Tripel \- the first modern use of the name. The brewery was remodeled in 1991. It currently has a bottling capacity of 45,000 bottles per hour, and yearly output of 120,000 hl (in 2004).

The majority of the workers in the brewery are no longer monks, but secular staff brought in from outside. There are 22 monks and 40 outside staff.

## Products

The brewery produces three beers. *Westmalle Dubbel* is a 7% abv Dubbel. *Westmalle Tripel* is a 9.5% abv tripel, was first brewed in 1934 and the recipe has not changed since 1956. It is made with pale candy sugar and has a very pale colour produced from a mash of light pilsener malts. Styrian Goldings hops are used along with some German varieties and the classic Saaz pilsener hop. After a long secondary fermentation *Westmalle Tripel* is bottled with a dose of sugar and yeast. *Westmalle Extra* is a 5% abv beer with limited availability, i.e. a *patersbier*. It is the beer drunk by the monks during the working-day. It has been speculated that Westmalle's choice of three types of beers was based on the Holy Trinity.

The abbey also produces milk and cheese.

## Bibliography

* Jan B. Van Damme o.c.r., *Cistercienzers of Trappisten te Westmalle*, Westmalle, 1974
* Jan B. Van Damme o.c.r., *Geschiedenis van de Trappistenabdij te Westmalle (1794–1956)*, Westmalle, 1977
* J. Van Remoortere, *Ippa's Abdijengids voor Belgie*, Lanno, 1990

51°17′08″N 4°39′28″E / 51.28556°N 4.65778°E / 51.28556; 4.65778

## InfoBox

Westmalle Brewery
|
|  |
| Industry | Trappist brewery |
| Founded | 1836 |
| Headquarters | Westmalle, Belgium |
| Products | Beer, cheese |
| Production output | 120,000 hl (2004) |
| Owner | Trappist Abbey of Westmalle |
| Number of employees | 22 monks, 40 secular workers |


title: Wheeling Stogies

abstract: The Wheeling Stogies was a minor league baseball team based in Wheeling, West Virginia, that played under several different names at various times between 1877 and 1934. They played mostly in the Central League and the Middle Atlantic League, as well as in several various other area-based leagues.

text:
# Wheeling Stogies

The **Wheeling Stogies** was a minor league baseball team based in Wheeling, West Virginia, that played under several different names at various times between 1877 and 1934. They played mostly in the Central League and the Middle Atlantic League, as well as in several various other area-based leagues.

## History

The Stogies can be traced back to 1877 and the city's first professional team known as **Wheeling Standard**, which featured Jack Glasscock and Chappy Lane. Then in 1887 the city once again fielded a new team known simply in the record books as **Wheeling**. However, the following season, Wheeling came to be called the "Nail City" for its nail industry, creating the **Wheeling Nailers**, a team name which even today is used for the city's professional ice hockey team. The team was also known as the **Wheeling National Citys**, and in 1895 as the **Wheeling Mountaineers**, which consisted of future major leaguers: Tom O'Brien and Dewey McDougal. The town also had a thriving tobacco industry with Marsh Wheeling's Stogies as a leading enterprise, and later the club's name changed to the Wheeling Stogies in 1899.

In 1900 Ed Poole went 20–15 for the Wheeling Stogies. He also played in the infield and outfield when he didn't pitch and batted .257. Poole was then acquired by the Pittsburgh Pirates and made his major league debut in October of that year. He was a member of the Pirates National League pennant winning team in 1901.

Under manager Bill Phillips, the club won Central League titles in 1909 and 1910. The Stogies' 1909 season featured Hall of Fame inductee, Bill McKechnie. The 1909 season also featured several memorable exhibition games. The first was against a barnstorming team led by baseball great Cap Anson his semi-professional team, which he called "Anson's Colts". The Colts defeated the Stogies 10-4 with Anson going 1-5 and scoring a run for the Colts, while Bill McKechnie went 1-4 with a run for Wheeling. The Stogies also faced the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Athletics that season, losing 7-2 and 3-0 respectively. However, on April 8, 1909, the Stogies defeated the Athletics 5-4 in front of just 250 fans at Wheeling. The Pittsburgh Pirates purchased McKechnie from Wheeling at the end of the season. However, to close out the 1909 season, the Pirates, who had just won the 1909 World Series, and the Central League champions played against each other in an exhibition game in Wheeling. The Stogies defeated the Pirates 9-1; however, the Pittsburgh club played many back-up players in the game.

Following their 1912 season, the Central League revoked the Wheeling franchise, after the club experienced serious financial difficulty. During the 1912 season the Central League went to a 12-team league, and increased monthly salaries from $1,500 to $2,100. This caused only 4 of the league's teams to profit. As a result, Wheeling and the 5 easternmost teams were cut from the league.

Wheeling and the other five teams then formed the third Interstate League. However, flooding and financial hardship forced two of the league's clubs in Ohio to fold, and the league ended operations on July 21, 1913. The following season, Wheeling did not field a team. However, on February 22, 1915, the team was reorganized and was once again a member of the Central League. The new team featured Goat Anderson and future 1919 World Series winner and Philadelphia Eagles football coach, Greasy Neale. Despite having Neale in the line-up the 1915 season, the team finished near the bottom of the standings. The following season Neale was sold to the Cincinnati Reds of the National League. The team finished in fourth place during the 1916 season. However, the team folded again in 1917 due to struggles associated with World War I.

The Stogies once again took to the field in 1925, as a member of the Middle Atlantic League. During this time, the team consisted of brothers Dan and Art Rooney. Art, an outfielder, led the team in games played, runs scored, hits and stolen bases. However, he would be more famous for his efforts in football as the founder of the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League in 1933. He would become a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1964. Meanwhile, Dan played at catcher and would later change his name to Silas and become a Franciscan priest.

## Legacy

In June 2004, the Washington Wild Things of the independent Frontier League wore Stogies jerseys to honor the team against the Chillicothe Paints.

## InfoBox

| Wheeling Stogies | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Previous classes | * Class C (1925–1934) * Class B (1903–1924) * Class A (1901) * Class B (1899–1900) * Class F (1898) * Class B (1897) * Class C (1895–1896) |
| League | Middle Atlantic League (1925–1934) |
| Previous leagues |  |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Previous teams | New York Yankees (1933–1934) |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles | **2** (1909, 1910) |
| Team data | |
| Previous names | * Wheeling Stogies (1899–1901, 1903–1916, 1925–1934) * Wheeling Nailers (1896–1898) * Wheeling Mountaineers (1895) * Wheeling (1895) * Wheeling National Citys/Nailers (1888–1890) * Wheeling (1887) * Wheeling Standard (1877) |
| Previous parks | * Breitstein Park (1915) * Wheeling Island (1877–1913) |


title: Whelk

abstract: whelks Whelks are any of several carnivorous sea snail species with a swirling, tapered shell. Many are eaten by humans, such as the common whelk of the North Atlantic. Most whelks belong to the family Buccinidae and are known as "true whelks." Others, such as the dog whelk, belong to several sea snail families that are not closely related. True whelks are carnivorous, and feed on annelids, crustaceans, mussels and other molluscs, drilling holes through shells to gain access to the soft tissues. Whelks use chemoreceptors to locate their prey. Many have historically been used, or are still used, by humans and other animals as food. In a 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference serving of whelk, there are 570 kilojoules of food energy, 24 g of protein, 0.34 g of fat, and 8 g of carbohydrates. Dog whelk, a predatory species, was used in antiquity to make a rich red dye that improves in color as it ages.

text:
# Whelk

**Whelks** are any of several carnivorous sea snail species with a swirling, tapered shell. Many are eaten by humans, such as the common whelk of the North Atlantic. Most whelks belong to the family Buccinidae and are known as "true whelks." Others, such as the dog whelk, belong to several sea snail families that are not closely related.

True whelks (family Buccinidae) are carnivorous, and feed on annelids, crustaceans, mussels and other molluscs, drilling holes through shells to gain access to the soft tissues. Whelks use chemoreceptors to locate their prey.

Many have historically been used, or are still used, by humans and other animals as food. In a 100-gram (3+12-ounce) reference serving of whelk, there are 570 kilojoules (137 kilocalories) of food energy, 24 g of protein, 0.34 g of fat, and 8 g of carbohydrates.

Dog whelk, a predatory species, was used in antiquity to make a rich red dye that improves in color as it ages.

## Usage

The common name "whelk" is also spelled *welk* or even *wilk*.

The species, genera and families referred to by this common name vary a great deal from one geographic area to another.

### United States

In the United States, *whelk* refers to several large edible species in the genera *Busycon* and *Busycotypus*, which are now classified in the family Buccinidae. These are sometimes called *Busycon whelks*.

In addition, the unrelated invasive murex *Rapana venosa* is referred to as the *Veined rapa whelk* or *Asian rapa whelk* in the family Muricidae.

### Brazil

In Brazil, there is a very popular Afro-Brazilian divination game practiced by older women of African ancestry called *jogo de búzios* (game of whelks), which uses empty shells of these gastropods.

### United Kingdom and Ireland, Belgium, Netherlands

In the British Isles, Belgium and the Netherlands (*wulk*/*wullok*), the word is used for a number of species in the family Buccinidae, especially *Buccinum undatum*, an edible European and Northern Atlantic species.

In the British Isles, the common name "dog whelk" is used for *Nucella lapillus* (family Muricidae) and for *Nassarius* species (family Nassariidae). Historically, they were a popular street food in Victorian London, typically located close to public houses and theatres.

#### Scotland

In Scotland, the word "whelk" is also used to mean the periwinkle (*Littorina littorea*), family Littorinidae.

### West Indies

In the English-speaking islands of the West Indies, the word *whelks* or *wilks* (this word is both singular and plural) is applied to a large edible top shell, *Cittarium pica*, also known as the *magpie* or *West Indian top shell*, family Trochidae.

### Asia

In Japan, whelks (ツブ, 螺, *tsubu*) are frequently used in sashimi and sushi. In Vietnam, they are served in a dish called *Bún ốc* \- vermicelli with sea snails. **Golbaengi-muchim** (골뱅이 무침) is a Korean dish consisting of whelks and with chili sauce in a salad with cold noodles. It has been a very popular side dish with alcohol for many generations.

### Australia, New Zealand

In Australia and New Zealand, species of the genus *Cabestana* (family Ranellidae) are called *predatory whelks*, and species of *Penion* (family Buccinidae) are called *siphon whelks*.

## Some common examples

* Conch, another common name used for a wide variety of large sea snails or their shells


title: Wheatsheaf

abstract: A wheatsheaf is a sheaf of wheat (The) Wheatsheaf may also refer to:

text:
# Wheatsheaf

A **wheatsheaf** is a sheaf of wheat

(**The**) **Wheatsheaf** may also refer to:

## Pubs

### UK

### Elsewhere

## Other uses

* Druid Park, formally called Wheatsheaf Ground, Gosforth rugby union stadium near Newcastle-on-Tyne, England
* *Wallaroo Wheatsheaf*, later just *Wheatsheaf*, a newspaper published in Wallaroo, South Australia from 1911 to 1921
* Wheatsheaf Junction, a rail junction on the Wheatsheaf branch line, named after The Wheatsheaf public house near Wrexham, Wales
* Wheatsheaf Park (football stadium), sometimes called the Wheatsheaf, Staines Town football ground


abstract: Wharton Township is a township in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,360 at the 2020 census, down from 3,575 at the 2010 census. The Uniontown Area School District serves the region. Farmington, Deer Lake, Elliotsville, Chalkhill, and Gibbon Glade are communities in the township.

text:
# Wharton Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania

**Wharton Township** is a township in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,360 at the 2020 census, down from 3,575 at the 2010 census. The Uniontown Area School District serves the region.

Farmington, Deer Lake, Elliotsville, Chalkhill, and Gibbon Glade are communities in the township.

## History

Downer Tavern, Fayette-Springs Hotel, Fort Necessity National Battlefield, Rush House, and Wharton Furnace are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

The township is in southern Fayette County, bordered to the south by Preston County, West Virginia. U.S. Route 40, the National Road, crosses the township, leading southeast to Cumberland, Maryland, and northwest to Uniontown, the Fayette County seat. Chestnut Ridge forms the western border of the township, with the highest point reaching 2,778 feet (847 m) above sea level.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 91.8 square miles (237.7 km2), of which 91.6 square miles (237.3 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.4 km2), or 0.19%, is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 3,575 |  |  |
| 2020 | 3,360 |  | −6.0% |
| 2022 (est.) | 3,302 |  | −1.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the 2000 census, there were 4,145 people, 1,362 households, and 1,010 families residing in the township. The population density was 45.1 inhabitants per square mile (17.4/km2). There were 1,750 housing units at an average density of 19.0/sq mi (7.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.13% White, 0.10% African American, 0.02% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.41% of the population.

There were 1,362 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.6% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males.

The mode income for a household in the township is $36,552, and the mode income for a family is $37,365. Males have a mode income of $26,108 versus $21,833 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,261. About 6.6% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 16.6% of those age 65 or over.

### Attractions

Wharton Township is the home of Fort Necessity, the famous French and Indian War site at which George Washington lost his only battle as a commander. The grave of British general Edward Braddock is located nearby, as is Mount Washington Tavern, a former hotel from the 19th century National Road.

The area is home to two Christian communities known as the Bruderhof known as Spring Valley and New Meadow Run. The communities are Anabaptist in theology and home to several hundred people.

Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, an elite country club and resort, is located in Wharton Township. It is a popular retreat for wealthy residents of Pittsburgh, Baltimore, and Washington. The site is operated by the Hardy family, owners of 84 Lumber. The resort's Mystic Rock golf course played home to the PGA event known as the 84 Lumber Classic.

39°48′00″N 79°33′59″W / 39.80000°N 79.56639°W / 39.80000; -79.56639

## InfoBox

| Wharton Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Reconstruction of Fort Necessity | |
| Location of Wharton Township in Fayette County | |
| Location of Fayette County in Pennsylvania | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Fayette |
| Area | |
| Total | 91.79 sq mi (237.74 km2) |
| Land | 91.62 sq mi (237.29 km2) |
| Water | 0.17 sq mi (0.44 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,360 |
| Estimate (2022) | 3,302 |
| Density | 38.00/sq mi (14.67/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EDT) |
| Area code | 724 |
| Website | whartontownship.com |


title: White Bronco (album)

abstract: White Bronco is the fourth studio album by American rapper Action Bronson. The album was released on November 1, 2018, by the Action Bronson Corporation and Empire Distribution.

text:
# White Bronco (album)

***White Bronco*** is the fourth studio album by American rapper Action Bronson. The album was released on November 1, 2018, by the Action Bronson Corporation and Empire Distribution.

## Singles

The album's first single "White Bronco" was released on September 21, 2018. The album's second single "Prince Charming" was released on October 19, 2018.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *HipHopDX* | 3.9/5 |
| *Pitchfork* | 5.1/10 |

*White Bronco* received mixed reviews from critics. Phillip Mlynar of *Pitchfork* gave the album a 5.1 out of 10, saying "The 26-minute *White Bronco*, Bronson’s ninth full-length project, largely lacks the piquancy and depth that made him matter." Scott Glaysher of *HipHopDX* gave the album a 3.9 out of 5, saying "There is no denying that Bronson is one of Hip Hop’s most beloved characters and thankfully he continues to make strong songs and albums to back it up. With that said this album isn’t anything out of the ordinary for Bronson and might not be talked about or listened to this time next year."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dr. Kimble" | Harry Fraud | 2:58 |
| 2. | "Irishman Freestyle" | Party Supplies | 1:35 |
| 3. | "Mt. Etna" | Daringer | 2:34 |
| 4. | "Live from the Moon" (featuring Yung Mehico) | Knxwledge | 2:38 |
| 5. | "White Bronco" | * Daringer * SVU | 2:44 |
| 6. | "Brutal" (featuring Meyhem Lauren) | Party Supplies | 1:58 |
| 7. | "Prince Charming" | Knxwledge | 2:31 |
| 8. | "Telemundo" | Samiyam | 2:23 |
| 9. | "Picasso's Ear" | Knxwledge | 1:53 |
| 10. | "Ring Ring" (featuring Big Body Bes) | Harry Fraud | 2:21 |
| 11. | "Swerve on Em" (featuring ASAP Rocky) | Harry Fraud | 2:51 |
| Total length: | | | 26:26 |

## Charts

| Chart (2018) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 33 |

## InfoBox

| White Bronco | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Action Bronson | |
| Released | November 1, 2018 |
| Recorded | 2018 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 26:26 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Action Bronson chronology | |
| *Blue Chips 7000*
(2017) ***White Bronco***
(2018) *Lamb Over Rice*
(2019) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *White Bronco* | |
| 1. "White Bronco"
Released: September 21, 2018 2. "Prince Charming"
Released: October 19, 2018 | |
|  | |


title: White Houses, Frederiksberg

abstract: The White Houses in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark, are a building society development originally built for workers at Frederiksberg Gasworks. It is located at Peter Bangs Vej, near Frederiksberg Gardens.

text:
# White Houses, Frederiksberg

The **White Houses** (Danish: Den Hvide By) in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark, are a building society development originally built for workers at Frederiksberg Gasworks. It is located at Peter Bangs Vej, near Frederiksberg Gardens.

## History

The first gasworks in Frederiksberg opened in 1860 and was located at H. C. Ørsteds Vej. When the installation of gas in private homes became common in the 1890s, it was decided to build a new plant at Flintholm, which opened in 1895. It was located in rural surroundings a few kilometres outside town and with no public transport available, it prompted a wish for new residences for its workers, located closer to their new workplace. Frederiksberg Gasworks Workers' Building Society (Danish: Frederiksberg Gasværks Arbejder Byggeforening) was founded in 1898 after an act adopted earlier that year provided for state loans for the construction of workers housing. The building society acquired a 4.5-hectare (11-acre) site at Peter Bangs Vej, just under one kilometre from Frederiksberg Gasworks. The architects Gotfred Tvede and Olaf Schmidth were charged with the design of the houses which were built in 1899 and 1900. The development contained 194 dwellings as well as a building with retail space.

Frederiksberg Workers' Building Society was dissolved in 1922 when the apartments were converted into private ownership (*ejerboliger*).

## Architecture

The development consists of 45 semi-detached houses and seven detached houses. The design is based on a cubic volume where the length, width and height of roof ridge all measure 8.46 m (9 units of 1⅓ ells). The semi-detached houses consist of two cubes put together. Gotfred Tvede and Olaf Schmidth created seven different designs for variation.

The buildings are designed in a Neo-Baroque style locally known as *palæstil*, inspired by 18th-century Rococo mansions, which was popular in Denmark at the time. Common features are white-dressed facades, Mansard roofs with red tiles, gable dormers and small paned windows.

## Today

The house owners are now organized in Vejlauget FAB. The houses are located on Peter Bangs Vej, Jyllandsvej, Kronprinsensvej, Folkets Allé, Frihedsvej, Lighedsvej and Broderskabsvej.

## Notable residents

55°40′39″N 12°30′45″E / 55.6776°N 12.5125°E / 55.6776; 12.5125