title: General frame

abstract: In logic, general frames are Kripke frames with an additional structure, which are used to model modal and intermediate logics. The general frame semantics combines the main virtues of Kripke semantics and algebraic semantics: it shares the transparent geometrical insight of the former, and robust completeness of the latter.

text:
# General frame

In logic, **general frames** (or simply **frames**) are Kripke frames with an additional structure, which are used to model modal and intermediate logics. The general frame semantics combines the main virtues of Kripke semantics and algebraic semantics: it shares the transparent geometrical insight of the former, and robust completeness of the latter.

## Definition

A **modal general frame** is a triple $\mathbf {F} =\langle F,R,V\rangle $, where $\langle F,R\rangle $ is a Kripke frame (i.e., $R$ is a binary relation on the set $F$), and $V$ is a set of subsets of $F$ that is closed under the following:

* the Boolean operations of (binary) intersection, union, and complement,
* the operation $\Box $, defined by $\Box A=\\{x\in F\mid \forall y\in F\\,(x\\,R\\,y\to y\in A)\\}$.

They are thus a special case of fields of sets with additional structure. The purpose of $V$ is to restrict the allowed valuations in the frame: a model $\langle F,R,\Vdash \rangle $ based on the Kripke frame $\langle F,R\rangle $ is **admissible** in the general frame $\mathbf {F} $, if

$\\{x\in F\mid x\Vdash p\\}\in V$ for every propositional variable $p$.

The closure conditions on $V$ then ensure that $\\{x\in F\mid x\Vdash A\\}$ belongs to $V$ for *every* formula $A$ (not only a variable).

A formula $A$ is **valid** in $\mathbf {F} $, if $x\Vdash A$ for all admissible valuations $\Vdash $, and all points $x\in F$. A normal modal logic $L$ is valid in the frame $\mathbf {F} $, if all axioms (or equivalently, all theorems) of $L$ are valid in $\mathbf {F} $. In this case we call $\mathbf {F} $ an $L$-**frame**.

A Kripke frame $\langle F,R\rangle $ may be identified with a general frame in which all valuations are admissible: i.e., $\langle F,R,{\mathcal {P}(F)\rangle }$, where $\mathcal {P}(F)$ denotes the power set of $F$.

## Types of frames

In full generality, general frames are hardly more than a fancy name for Kripke *models*; in particular, the correspondence of modal axioms to properties on the accessibility relation is lost. This can be remedied by imposing additional conditions on the set of admissible valuations.

A frame $\mathbf {F} =\langle F,R,V\rangle $ is called

* **differentiated**, if $\forall A\in V\\,(x\in A\Leftrightarrow y\in A)$ implies $x=y$,
* **tight**, if $\forall A\in V\\,(x\in \Box A\Rightarrow y\in A)$ implies $x\\,R\\,y$,
* **compact**, if every subset of $V$ with the finite intersection property has a non-empty intersection,
* **atomic**, if $V$ contains all singletons,
* **refined**, if it is differentiated and tight,
* **descriptive**, if it is refined and compact.

Kripke frames are refined and atomic. However, infinite Kripke frames are never compact. Every finite differentiated or atomic frame is a Kripke frame.

Descriptive frames are the most important class of frames because of the duality theory (see below). Refined frames are useful as a common generalization of descriptive and Kripke frames.

## Operations and morphisms on frames

Every Kripke model $\langle F,R,{\Vdash }\rangle $ **induces** the general frame $\langle F,R,V\rangle $, where $V$ is defined as

$$V={\big \\{}\\{x\in F\mid x\Vdash A\\}\mid A{\hbox{ is a formula}{\big \\}.}}$$

The fundamental truth-preserving operations of generated subframes, p-morphic images, and disjoint unions of Kripke frames have analogues on general frames. A frame $\mathbf {G} =\langle G,S,W\rangle $ is a **generated subframe** of a frame $\mathbf {F} =\langle F,R,V\rangle $, if the Kripke frame $\langle G,S\rangle $ is a generated subframe of the Kripke frame $\langle F,R\rangle $ (i.e., $G$ is a subset of $F$ closed upwards under $R$, and $S=R\cap G\times G$), and

$$W=\\{A\cap G\mid A\in V\\}.$$

A **p-morphism** (or **bounded morphism**) $f\colon \mathbf {F} \to \mathbf {G} $ is a function from $F$ to $G$ that is a p-morphism of the Kripke frames $\langle F,R\rangle $ and $\langle G,S\rangle $, and satisfies the additional constraint

$f^{-1}\[A\]\in V$ for every $A\in W$.

The **disjoint union** of an indexed set of frames $\mathbf {F} \_{i}=\langle F\_{i},R\_{i},V\_{i}\rangle $, $i\in I$, is the frame $\mathbf {F} =\langle F,R,V\rangle $, where $F$ is the disjoint union of $\\{F\_{i}\mid i\in I\\}$, $R$ is the union of $\\{R\_{i}\mid i\in I\\}$, and

$$V=\\{A\subseteq F\mid \forall i\in I\\,(A\cap F\_{i}\in V\_{i})\\}.$$

The **refinement** of a frame $\mathbf {F} =\langle F,R,V\rangle $ is a refined frame $\mathbf {G} =\langle G,S,W\rangle $ defined as follows. We consider the equivalence relation

$$x\sim y\iff \forall A\in V\\,(x\in A\Leftrightarrow y\in A),$$

and let $G=F/{\sim }$ be the set of equivalence classes of $\sim $. Then we put

$$\langle x/{\sim },y/{\sim }\rangle \in S\iff \forall A\in V\\,(x\in \Box A\Rightarrow y\in A),$$

$$A/{\sim }\in W\iff A\in V.$$

## Completeness

Unlike Kripke frames, every normal modal logic $L$ is complete with respect to a class of general frames. This is a consequence of the fact that $L$ is complete with respect to a class of Kripke models $\langle F,R,{\Vdash }\rangle $: as $L$ is closed under substitution, the general frame induced by $\langle F,R,{\Vdash }\rangle $ is an $L$-frame. Moreover, every logic $L$ is complete with respect to a single *descriptive* frame. Indeed, $L$ is complete with respect to its canonical model, and the general frame induced by the canonical model (called the **canonical frame** of $L$) is descriptive.

## Jónsson–Tarski duality

General frames bear close connection to modal algebras. Let $\mathbf {F} =\langle F,R,V\rangle $ be a general frame. The set $V$ is closed under Boolean operations, therefore it is a subalgebra of the power set Boolean algebra $\langle {\mathcal {P}(F),\cap ,\cup ,-\rangle }$. It also carries an additional unary operation, $\Box $. The combined structure $\langle V,\cap ,\cup ,-,\Box \rangle $ is a modal algebra, which is called the **dual algebra** of $\mathbf {F} $, and denoted by $\mathbf {F} ^{+}$.

In the opposite direction, it is possible to construct the **dual frame** $\mathbf {A} \_{+}=\langle F,R,V\rangle $ to any modal algebra $\mathbf {A} =\langle A,\wedge ,\vee ,-,\Box \rangle $. The Boolean algebra $\langle A,\wedge ,\vee ,-\rangle $ has a Stone space, whose underlying set $F$ is the set of all ultrafilters of $\mathbf {A} $. The set $V$ of admissible valuations in $\mathbf {A} \_{+}$ consists of the clopen subsets of $F$, and the accessibility relation $R$ is defined by

$$x\\,R\\,y\iff \forall a\in A\\,(\Box a\in x\Rightarrow a\in y)$$

for all ultrafilters $x$ and $y$.

A frame and its dual validate the same formulas; hence the general frame semantics and algebraic semantics are in a sense equivalent. The double dual $(\mathbf {A} \_{+})^{+}$ of any modal algebra is isomorphic to $\mathbf {A} $ itself. This is not true in general for double duals of frames, as the dual of every algebra is descriptive. In fact, a frame $\mathbf {F} $ is descriptive if and only if it is isomorphic to its double dual $(\mathbf {F} ^{+})\_{+}$.

It is also possible to define duals of p-morphisms on one hand, and modal algebra homomorphisms on the other hand. In this way the operators $(\cdot )^{+}$ and $(\cdot )\_{+}$ become a pair of contravariant functors between the category of general frames, and the category of modal algebras. These functors provide a duality (called **Jónsson–Tarski duality** after Bjarni Jónsson and Alfred Tarski) between the categories of descriptive frames, and modal algebras. This is a special case of a more general duality between complex algebras and fields of sets on relational structures.

## Intuitionistic frames

The frame semantics for intuitionistic and intermediate logics can be developed in parallel to the semantics for modal logics. An **intuitionistic general frame** is a triple $\langle F,\leq ,V\rangle $, where $\leq $ is a partial order on $F$, and $V$ is a set of upper subsets (*cones*) of $F$ that contains the empty set, and is closed under

* intersection and union,
* the operation $A\to B=\Box (-A\cup B)$.

Validity and other concepts are then introduced similarly to modal frames, with a few changes necessary to accommodate for the weaker closure properties of the set of admissible valuations. In particular, an intuitionistic frame $\mathbf {F} =\langle F,\leq ,V\rangle $ is called

* **tight**, if $\forall A\in V\\,(x\in A\Leftrightarrow y\in A)$ implies $x\leq y$,
* **compact**, if every subset of $V\cup \\{F-A\mid A\in V\\}$ with the finite intersection property has a non-empty intersection.

Tight intuitionistic frames are automatically differentiated, hence refined.

The dual of an intuitionistic frame $\mathbf {F} =\langle F,\leq ,V\rangle $ is the Heyting algebra $\mathbf {F} ^{+}=\langle V,\cap ,\cup ,\to ,\emptyset \rangle $. The dual of a Heyting algebra $\mathbf {A} =\langle A,\wedge ,\vee ,\to ,0\rangle $ is the intuitionistic frame $\mathbf {A} \_{+}=\langle F,\leq ,V\rangle $, where $F$ is the set of all prime filters of $\mathbf {A} $, the ordering $\leq $ is inclusion, and $V$ consists of all subsets of $F$ of the form

$$\\{x\in F\mid a\in x\\},$$

where $a\in A$. As in the modal case, $(\cdot )^{+}$ and $(\cdot )\_{+}$ are a pair of contravariant functors, which make the category of Heyting algebras dually equivalent to the category of descriptive intuitionistic frames.

It is possible to construct intuitionistic general frames from transitive reflexive modal frames and vice versa, see modal companion.

* Alexander Chagrov and Michael Zakharyaschev, *Modal Logic*, vol. 35 of Oxford Logic Guides, Oxford University Press, 1997.
* Patrick Blackburn, Maarten de Rijke, and Yde Venema, *Modal Logic*, vol. 53 of Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science, Cambridge University Press, 2001.


title: Gayil Nalls

abstract: Gayil Nalls is an American interdisciplinary artist and theorist living in New York City and Hudson Valley, New York. Her artistic practice originates in philosophical investigations of personal and collective sensory experiences, memory and identity, and often include the relationship of these experiences to disappearing ecologies. She is an influential contributor to the aesthetics of crowds and human massing. Her multimedia work frequently unites scientific and technological approaches to art-making, exploring the boundaries between the two.

text:
# Gayil Nalls

**Gayil Nalls** (born July 17, 1953) is an American interdisciplinary artist and theorist living in New York City and Hudson Valley, New York. Her artistic practice originates in philosophical investigations of personal and collective sensory experiences, memory and identity, and often include the relationship of these experiences to disappearing ecologies. She is an influential contributor to the aesthetics of crowds and human massing. Her multimedia work frequently unites scientific and technological approaches to art-making, exploring the boundaries between the two.

## Biography

Nalls was born July 17, 1953, in Washington, D.C. She studied at Virginia Commonwealth University, Parsons School of Design, American University, Central Saint Martins, and The Corcoran College of Art and Design. In 2007, she earned her Ph.D. in the aesthetics and science of olfaction from The University of East London in the United Kingdom. She was the visiting artist professor at the Institut Superieur International Du Parfum ISIPCA, Versaille, France in 1998. Nalls currently serves as an associate senior researcher at SMARTLab, and is an adjunct associate professor at the school of mechanical and materials engineering, University College Dublin.

Nalls’ work has been featured in thirty solo exhibitions, including six at galleries in New York City. Her work has also been included in over 100 group exhibitions. Her paintings, sculptures, photographs, videos, prints and olfactory sculptures can be found in the collections of institutions such as The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Luther W. Brady Art Gallery at George Washington University, the National Museum of American Art, and the Hunter Museum of American Art, which holds four works from her iconoclastic period, and numerous other public and private collections. She has created several multimedia installation works and large-scale public commissions as well.

She is currently director of the World Sensorium / Conservancy and editor of *Plantings*, WS/C’s journal.

## Work

In the 1980s, Nalls’ paintings were a pronounced iconoclastic aesthetic, controversial both philosophically and spiritually. They challenged traditional belief systems and advocated environmental wholeness—living systems—web of life thinking. In the 1982 exhibition curated by Lee Fleming, *Washington Iconoclassicism*, at Washington Project for the Arts, Washington, DC and Artemisia Gallery, Chicago, IL, Ms. Fleming wrote in the catalog that Nalls creates, “decidedly unpastoral visions.” Saying further that: “Placing human objects under the fierce heat of Modernism, she creates situations which pose the fragility of human effort and decoration (including art) against the forbidding façade of passing ideal.”

While Nalls continues to work across several media, her artistic practice has grown progressively more conceptual over the course of her career. She is best known for her olfactory sculpture, World Sensorium'', an ongoing project that premiered at the Times Square 2000 millennial celebration in New York City." Following ten years of ethnobotanical research, including a world survey establishing the most culturally relevant natural scent of each nation and territory, Nalls composed *World Sensorium* from botanical essences blended proportionally according to each nation’s fraction in the overall world population in the year 2000. For the Times Square 2000 millennial celebration, the “world scent”, as it is described by Nalls, dropped over the crowd at midnight on specially-designed, microencapsulated paperworks.

Calling upon her own scientific research into the link between scent, memory, neurology, and crowd theory, *World Sensorium* seeks to evoke a global memory and evolve a metabolic and empathetic collective in addition to the technological collective created through mass media coverage.

In 2005, Nalls completed the September 11 Memorial for The City of White Plains, New York. In 2012, Nalls exhibited *The Smell of a Critical Moment*, a project which investigated the unique role of chemical communication within participants of Occupy Wall Street––the odors that carry information that influences human emotions, behavior and judgments, as well as our sense of beauty.

Nalls continues to create numerous works that affect mood and behavior by smell or ingestion. In 2015 her olfactory art was featured in two museum exhibitions: *There’s Something in the Air*, at The Museum Villa Rot in Germany and *The Smell of War* at Kasteel de Lovie, in Belgium, and in *Five Senses* at Stary Browar in Poznań, Poland.

In 2016, she co-curated a public forum, exhibition and screening of her interview series *Exceptional Voices* at El Barrio ArtSpace in New York.

For many years she ran The Massing Lab, a site focused on collective behavior and protests.


title: Gayil language

abstract: Gayil is an Omotic language of Ethiopia. According to the 2007 census, 55,700 people speak Gayil as a mother tongue.

text:
# Gayil language

**Gayil** (also called **Gayl**, **Gayi**, **Galila**, **Gelila**, **Northern Ari**) is an Omotic language of Ethiopia. According to the 2007 census, 55,700 people speak Gayil as a mother tongue.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Gayil | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Ethiopia |
| Region | Southwest, South Omo zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region |
| Native speakers | 56,000 (2007) |
| Language family | Afro-Asiatic |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `gyl` |
| *Glottolog* | `gayi1237` |


title: Michael Krasny (businessman)

abstract: Michael Krasny is an American billionaire businessman from Illinois. He is the founder and former chief executive officer of CDW Corporation, a direct seller of technical gadgets including computers and networking equipment.

text:
# Michael Krasny (businessman)

**Michael Krasny** (born 1952/1953) is an American billionaire businessman from Illinois. He is the founder and former chief executive officer of CDW Corporation, a direct seller of technical gadgets including computers and networking equipment.

## Early life

Krasny grew up in a Jewish family in Illinois. He graduated from the University of Illinois Gies College of Business in 1975. He worked as a Toyota car salesman at his father's auto dealership in Arlington Heights, Illinois. In 1981, he quit his job as a car salesman and took some classes in computer programming but being unsuccessful in finding steady work, Krasny was forced to sell his own computer for cash. He placed a $3 ad in the *Chicago Tribune* and ended up selling his computer for a $200 profit.

## Career and retirement

Seeing the great demand for computers, Krasny began buying computers to resell them eventually forming MPK Computers. A year later he changed the name to Computer Discount Warehouse (CDW) and steadily grew the business. In 1993, he took CDW public. Krasny retired in 2007 after selling the company to Madison Dearborn Partners for $7.3 billion. According to *Forbes*, his first caller from 1982 was still a customer as of 2000. Since 2009, as a hobby, Krasny has operated a woodworking shop in Northbrook, Illinois called Custom Woodworking Design, making plaques and awards.

## Personal life

Krasny is married, with one child. He lives with his family in Highland Park, Illinois.

## InfoBox

| Michael Krasny | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1952 or 1953 (age 70–71) |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of Illinois |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Known for | Founder of CDW Corporation |
| Spouse | Janet Krasny |
| Children | 1 |


title: Treasure Mountain (Colorado)

abstract: Treasure Mountain, elevation 13,535 ft (4,125 m), is a summit in the Elk Mountains of western Colorado. The mountain is in the Raggeds Wilderness southeast of Marble. The massif has been the site of marble mining and a legend of lost French gold.

text:
# Treasure Mountain (Colorado)

**Treasure Mountain**, elevation 13,535 ft (4,125 m), is a summit in the Elk Mountains of western Colorado. The mountain is in the Raggeds Wilderness southeast of Marble. The massif has been the site of marble mining and a legend of lost French gold.

## Immediate vicinity

Treasure Mountain forms a single massif with Treasury Mountain, elevation 13,462 feet (4,103 m), that rises on the southeast. Another Treasure Mountain, el. 11,834 feet (3,607 m) is located in Mineral County, Colorado.

Other peaks in the vicinity include Whitehouse Mountain, elevation 11,975 feet (3,650 m); Bear Mountain, elevation 12,373 feet (3,771 m); Crystal Peak, elevation 12,632 feet (3,850 m); Purple Mountain, elevation 12,856 feet (3,919 m); and Cinnamon Mountain, 12,293 feet (3,747 m). The Ruby Range extends southward from Treasury Mountain forming the east boundary of the Raggeds Wilderness.

The Yule Lakes are a series of lakes situated on the southern slopes which drain into Yule Creek and feeds Beaver Lake east of Marble. The watershed is part of Crystal River basin which drains the northern slopes of Treasure Mountain and is the northeastern boundary of Raggeds Wilderness. Yule Pass, south of Treasury Mountain separates the Raggeds Wilderness of the Sopris Ranger District from the Gunnison Ranger District and leads to the southeast along the Slate River drainage. Yule Pass is to the east of the headwaters of Yule Creek.

## Geology

The Colorado Yule marble (a.k.a. Yule Colorado marble) comes from the Leadville Limestone of Mississippian age quarried near the mountain. It was formed by contact metamorphism in the Tertiary period following the intrusion and uplift of nearby granitic Treasure Mountain dome.

Yule marble was used in the building of the Lincoln Memorial. The Yule marble quarry is at an elevation of 9,300 ft (2,800 m) on the west side of Treasure Mountain along Yule Creek. The quality and durability of the Yule marble was questioned prior to the building of the Lincoln Memorial as was the recently opened quarry's ability to provide the quantity and size required for construction.

## Origin of name

The original name of the peak was Citadel Mountain. The current name came from an ill-fated French mining expedition described in folklore documented in the 1930s and 1940s.

The folklore states that the expedition was organized in the late 1700s by Napoleon Bonaparte, who needed financing to fund his ambitions. The expedition was reported to have consisted of 300 men and 450 horses. They left New Orleans and traveled through Leavenworth, Kansas *en route* to the Rocky Mountains. The folklore claims that a large amount of gold was discovered and amassed by the expedition near Wolf Creek Pass. The local Native Americans were reportedly initially friendly, but relations deteriorated. In the folklore, the French buried the gold and escaped from the area, pursued and hunted by warriors. One survivor, by the name of Le Blanc, made it back to Kansas. He was the expedition's historian and was reported to have made two maps of the hidden treasure.

A later expedition failed to find the treasure. William Yule, many years later, claimed to possess a copy of the original map and explored the area south and west of the mountain. The mountain was named after the legend of the missing treasure.

### Further reading

* Adams, Maynard Cornet. *Citadel Mountain III - 1885-1920*. Fort Lupton, Colorado: MCA Books.
* Mutschler, Felix E. (1968). *Geology of the Treasure Mountain Dome, Gunnison County, Colorado*. University of Colorado. p. 13. Thesis.

## InfoBox

| Treasure Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Treasure Mountain viewed from the southeast. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 13,535 ft (4,125 m) |
| Prominence | 2,828 ft (862 m) |
| Parent peak | Hagerman Peak |
| Isolation | 6.92 mi (11.14 km) |
| Listing |  |
| Coordinates | 39°01′28″N 107°07′22″W / 39.0244342°N 107.1228254°W / 39.0244342; -107.1228254 |
| Geography | |
| Treasure Mountain**Colorado** | |
| Location | Gunnison County, Colorado, U.S. |
| Parent range | Elk Mountains |
| Topo map | USGS 7.5' topographic map<br>Snowmass Mountain, Colorado |


title: Treasure Master

abstract: Treasure Master is a platform game released by ASC Games in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System as part of a contest involving MTV.

text:
# Treasure Master

***Treasure Master*** is a platform game released by ASC Games in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System as part of a contest involving MTV.

## Contest

After the game's release in late 1991, players had until 12PM EST on April 11, 1992, to practice beating the game. At this time, MTV revealed a secret password. By entering in this password and the game's serial number before beginning the game, players unlocked a secret sixth Prize World level. After this, players had until midnight to complete the entire game, including the Prize World. This prompted the game to reveal a 24-character code (3HDJL9DNQV2WYTV4S91RXR86). By calling in to a special hotline with this code, players had a chance at winning one of 36,252 prizes.

## Music

The game's music was composed by Tim Follin. The game's title screen music is a remix of the theme song to the *Starsky & Hutch* television series.

## InfoBox

| Treasure Master | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Software Creations |
| Publisher(s) | ASC Games |
| Composer(s) | Tim Follin |
| Platform(s) | NES |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Platform |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Tracheloraphis

abstract: Tracheloraphis is a genus of ciliates in the family Trachelocercidae.

text:
# Tracheloraphis

***Tracheloraphis*** is a genus of ciliates in the family Trachelocercidae.

## Description

Like other members of the family Trachelocercidae, *Tracheloraphis* are relatively large (often \>1 mm in length) ciliates with an elongated, worm-like shape, evenly-ciliated cell body, and a distinct "head and neck" region. The cytostome ("mouth", or oral area) is at the apex of the anterior end and is surrounded by cilia (circumoral ciliature). They are distinguished from other genera in the family by having a *glabrous stripe*, an unciliated area running longitudinally along one side of the body.

*Tracheloraphis* lives in the marine interstitial habitat, living in the water between sediment grains like most karyorelictean ciliates. They are mostly found in fine- to medium-grained sediment where the grain diameter is between 120–400 μm.

Although the "mouth" of the ciliate is usually assumed to be apical, it has been reported that *Tracheloraphis* can take up food through its glabrous stripe. However, subsequent research has shown that feeding does occur through the apical end in *Tracheloraphis* and a related genus *Sultanophrys*, although feeding via the glabrous stripe cannot be completely ruled out.

## Systematics

The genus was first defined by Jean Dragesco in 1960, with *T. phoenicopterus* (Cohn, 1866) (formerly *Trachelocerca phoenicopterus*) as the type species. At least 55 species of *Tracheloraphis* have been described.

## InfoBox

| *Tracheloraphis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of *Tracheloraphis phoenicopterus* by Ferdinand Cohn (1866) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | SAR |
| (unranked): | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Ciliophora |
| Class: | Karyorelictea |
| Order: | Protostomatida |
| Family: | Trachelocercidae |
| Genus: | ***Tracheloraphis***<br>Dragesco, 1960 |
|


title: Trachelosaurus

abstract: Trachelosaurus is an extinct genus of lizard-like early archosauromorph reptiles in the family Trachelosauridae. It was originally described as a dinosaur until it was redescribed as a "protorosaur" reptile by Robert L. Carroll in 1988. The type species, T. fischeri, was described by F. Broili & E. Fischer in 1917 based on remains found in the Solling Formation (Buntsandstein), Bernburg, Germany. A 2024 redescription identified Trachelosaurus as a long-necked and presumably aquatic reptile closely related to Dinocephalosaurus from the Guanling Formation of China.

text:
# Trachelosaurus

***Trachelosaurus*** is an extinct genus of lizard-like early archosauromorph reptiles in the family Trachelosauridae. It was originally described as a dinosaur until it was redescribed as a "protorosaur" reptile by Robert L. Carroll in 1988. The type species, ***T. fischeri***, was described by F. Broili & E. Fischer in 1917 based on remains found in the Solling Formation (Buntsandstein), Bernburg, Germany. A 2024 redescription identified *Trachelosaurus* as a long-necked and presumably aquatic reptile closely related to *Dinocephalosaurus* from the Guanling Formation of China.

## Classification

In their 2024 redescription of *Trachelosaurus*, Spiekman and colleagues recovered it in a clade with the Chinese *Dinocephalosaurus* in a clade previously named Dinocephalosauridae in 2021. However, the principle of priority instructs that the name Trachelosauridae, which was first erected as a monotypic clade for *Trachelosaurus*, should be used instead. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:

## InfoBox

| *Trachelosaurus*
Temporal range: Early Triassic, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Holotype specimen | |
|  | |
| Reconstructed skeleton of the holotype | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| *Clade*: | Archosauromorpha |
| Family: | Trachelosauridae |
| Genus: | *Trachelosaurus*
Broili & Fischer, 1917 |
| Species: | ***T. fischeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trachelosaurus fischeri***
Broili & Fischer, 1917 | |
|


title: Trachelostenus

abstract: Trachelostenus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae. It is native to the Valdivian forests of Chile, and has at least two species, T. inaequalis (Solier) and T. fascicularis (Philipp). It was historically considered the only member of the family Trachelostenidae, but a 2015 study sunk the genus into the tenebrionid subfamily Tenebrioninae.

text:
# Trachelostenus

***Trachelostenus*** is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae. It is native to the Valdivian forests of Chile, and has at least two species, *T. inaequalis* (Solier) and *T. fascicularis* (Philipp). It was historically considered the only member of the family Trachelostenidae, but a 2015 study sunk the genus into the tenebrionid (darkling beetle) subfamily Tenebrioninae.

1. Lawrence, John F. and Ślipinśki, Adam. "11.13. Trachelostenidae Lacordaire, 1859". *Volume 2 Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia partim)*, edited by Willy Kükenthal, Richard A.B. Leschen, Rolf G. Beutel and John F. Lawrence, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 2011, pp. 571-574.
2. Matthews, Eric G.; Lawrence, John F. (2015-09-22). "Trachelostenini sensu novo: redescriptions of Trachelostenus Solier, Myrmecodema Gebien and Leaus Matthews & Lawrence, based on adults and larvae, and descriptions of three new species of Leaus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)". *Zootaxa*. **4020** (2): 289. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4020.2.4. ISSN 1175-5334.

## InfoBox

| *Trachelostenus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Tenebrionidae |
| Subfamily: | Tenebrioninae |
| Tribe: | Trachelostenini |
| Genus: | *Trachelostenus*<br>Solier, 1851 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Michael Moseley (rugby league)

abstract: Michael Moseley is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s. He played for the Parramatta Eels and was a member of the 1986 premiership winning team.

text:
# Michael Moseley (rugby league)

**Michael Moseley** (born 13 November 1960) is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s. He played for the Parramatta Eels and was a member of the 1986 premiership winning team.

## Career

Moseley made his debut for Parramatta during the 1983 season against Newtown, but only played in one other game for the season and was not a part of the 1983 premiership winning team. In the 1986 grand final, Moseley pulled off a try-saving tackle with only seconds remaining to deny Canterbury victory. Parramatta won the game 4–2, in a tryless grand final. Moseley stayed with Parramatta until the 1989 season, and then retired from rugby league after being released by the club. In 1990, Moseley was made a life member of the Parramatta club.

## InfoBox

Michael Moseley
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Michael Moseley |
| Born | (1960-11-13) 13 November 1960<br>Sydney, NSW, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Hooker |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1983–89 Parramatta Eels 92 6 0 0 24 | |
| Source: | |


title: Trapped in the Closet Chapters 13–22

abstract: Trapped in the Closet is a 2007 musical comedy-drama film directed by R. Kelly and Jim Swaffield and written by Kelly based on the song of the same name. Released on August 21, 2007, the film follows protagonist Sylvester, a man who in order not to get caught cheating decides to hide in his affair's closet.

text:
# Trapped in the Closet Chapters 13–22

**Trapped in the Closet** is a 2007 musical comedy-drama film directed by R. Kelly and Jim Swaffield and written by Kelly based on the song of the same name. Released on August 21, 2007, the film follows protagonist Sylvester, a man who in order not to get caught cheating decides to hide in his affair's closet.

## Plot

Chapter 13

The chapter initially starts with Sylvester and Twan in Sylvester's car though it is not clear at first where they are going. When Sylvester tells Twan to be on his best behavior and reminds Twan about how he got sent to jail, Twan says it "was because of Roxanne and that bitch Tina", which Sylvester remembers his wife mentioning their names on chapter five. The scene soon cuts to Rosie the nosy neighbor and her husband Randolph (played by R. Kelly), who argue over Rosie spying on other neighbors. The argument ends when the scene cuts back to Sylvester explaining to Twan that he has to collect money from someone, he tells Twan to leave the car in drive and be on the lookout and enters a restaurant. An hour goes by with no sign of Sylvester.

Chapter 14

In chapter fourteen, it is revealed that apparently Sylvester and Cathy, who shows up in a blond wig and black dress, had made a deal for Sylvester to get caught by her pastor husband Rufus but the deal had apparently backfired, not only by Cathy's realization that Sylvester and her best friend Gwendolyn were married but also due to Cathy not wanting to end her marriage to Rufus, with Cathy later admitting she had changed her mind on the deal. When Sylvester threatens to leave, Cathy tries to explain the reasons why. A waitress comes by and offers them drinks. Sylvester looks at the waitress thinking to himself that she looked familiar. Meanwhile, outside at Sylvester's car, Twan gets a call from a friend (only shown by a close up of his mouth) about Tina, telling him Tina had stopped prostituting and was working at a "legit" place. He later tells Twan that Tina was working at the same restaurant where Sylvester is at with Cathy. Back at the restaurant, Sylvester notices the waitress but can't think from where, until he sees her name tag which says "Tina". Sylvester then says he wants to talk to her but she gets scared and calls for her friend/co-worker Roxanne, who runs out with a frying pan. After Tina breaks a beer bottle and makes karate-styled moves saying to Sylvester that she and Roxanne take Tae Bo, Cathy and the rest of the patrons leave quickly, leaving Sylvester alone with Tina and Roxanne. Just as Tina and Roxanne are about to attack, Twan comes busting through the door threatening them.

Chapter 15

With Twan, Sylvester, Tina and Roxanne in the now-empty restaurant, Twan seeks revenge on Tina and Roxanne on his arrest three years ago. Sylvester tries calming Twan down reminding him he's on house arrest and that a violent outburst would lead to a more serious time in prison. After convincing Twan to let him talk to them, Sylvester approaches the two ladies and ask them what had happened on the day of his arrest. Tina and Roxanne explain that they were on a "simple operation" describing a "trip" to Atlanta. Roxanne tells Sylvester that a high Twan was swerving on the road and cutting up on the both of them, even turning his music loud playing "Mary Jane" and screaming "I'm Rick James, bitch!" Tina explains that as soon as that happened, they heard not only police squad cars but also a helicopter. Twan's car breaks down and all three are eventually arrested. In the interrogation room, the police tell the women that Twan blamed the drug deal on them in order to save his own skin. It is then when Roxanne tells Twan she turned him in. Roxanne says Tina protected him because Tina was pregnant with Twan's baby at the time.

Chapter 16

Sylvester, stunned at first at the news of Tina having Twan's child, congratulates Twan on the news but Twan is not convinced, accusing Tina of lying on him, which causes Tina's eye to twitch, which had started when Sylvester had first approached her near the end of chapter 14. When Sylvester asks Roxanne about it, Roxanne explains a pimp had hit Tina in the eye a year ago and that she's had bad nerves ever since. Twan then pulls Sylvester to the side and begins wondering if he is really the father of Tina's child, Sylvester convinces him that a child would calm him down. When Twan tells Tina that he wants to make this work, Roxanne kisses Tina and reveals they are lovers.

Chapter 17

Stunned at the news of Roxanne and Tina being lovers, a frustrated Sylvester points his gun at the both of them, but soon stops because of his tolerance to lesbianism, while Twan kept egging him to shoot them. Sylvester tries to get Twan to leave the restaurant. It's only after Twan threatens Tina and Roxanne that he will buy a gun and come back for them later that Sylvester finally convinces Twan to leave.

Chapter 18

Back at the car as they drive away, Twan is still angry over seeing Roxanne and Tina together, despite Sylvester's efforts to calm him down. Around this time, Sylvester gets a phone call from Gwendolyn, who tells him that his parents, O'Dale and Myrna, got into it and Myrna had O'Dale put in jail. The scene then shifts to Rufus' church where he is leading the worship song, "Jesus Will Work It Out", with Reverend Mosley James Evans and the Peace Within Choir. When the song reaches a climax, Rufus gets a phone call and excuses himself to his office. It's Chuck, who's crying and upset over not seeing Rufus since the incident in the earlier chapters. Rufus and Chuck argue when Cathy walks in Rufus' office. When Cathy asks Rufus who was on the phone, Chuck, who can be heard accidentally on speaker phone, cries out for Rufus, which angers Cathy and the two argue before Rufus sends Cathy out to deal with the situation. Rufus then tries to let Chuck come see him so they can talk but Chuck refuses. Rufus then tells Chuck that because he loves his wife and is a pastor, he doesn't want to see Chuck anymore, which angers Chuck, who threatens to reveal their relationship. When Rufus again tries to get Chuck to come see him, Chuck reveals he is recovering at a hospital.

Chapter 19

Reverend Mosley James Evans and the Peace Within Choir attempt to persuade Pimp Lucius, a pimp with a severe stuttering problem, to stop pimping and to turn his life around. As the choir sings "you can do it Pimp Lucius," Lucius pretends to accept the offer and leaves the church. However, he then tells his pimpin' partner, Bishop Craig, that he is never going to "s-s-s-s-s-stop p-p-p-pimpin," because "p-p-p-pimpin's for life." Then he tells Bishop Craig "now let's get this mmm-mmmmm money."

Chapter 20

This chapter shows Rosie the Nosy Neighbor's house where Rosie is seen in her chair reading the Bible when her husband Randolph comes in shouting, "he's got the package!" to Rosie. Unwilling to listen at first, when Randolph tells her he has news on the pastor (Rufus), she demands what was going on with him. After a few bickers, Randolph tells Rosie the story: while working as a janitor for the church, Randolph hears Rufus coming into the office. Randolph hid in the closet and unintentionally overheard the conversation seen in chapter eighteen among Chuck, Rufus and Cathy. After relaying the story, Rosie asks Randolph why he had said the pastor had "the package", Randolph says that Chuck told him he was at the hospital. Rosie immediately decides to inform the masses, despite Randolph's protests. The chapter ends with Randolph sitting on the couch, falling asleep.

Chapter 21

Sylvester and Twan go to visit an apparent mobster named Joey. Sylvester informs Joey of some job that could get them a lot of money. While there, Joey accuses Twan of being a cop, as well as calling him "LL Fool J," deeply offending Twan. Sylvester, trying to defuse the situation, asks Twan to wait outside the office while he and Joey discuss business. As Twan leaves the room, he remarks, "I'll be listening from the outside." Joey replies, "Yeah, yeah, whatever. Mama said knock you out, fuck outta here." While waiting outside, Twan has a nightmare of Sylvester and him in the same situation, being pointed at with guns. In the end, Sylvester wakes Twan up, then Joey and Sylvester say their goodbyes, and Joey asks Sylvester to tell Gwendolyn he says hello, as their deal is sealed.

Chapter 22

The scene opens to the voicemail of Dale and Myrna, Sylvester's parents, and eventually fades into the middle of the voicemail box, where the narrator (Kelly) says, "and now the rumor." Throughout a series of phone conversations among all of the original characters from Chapters 1–12 and those introduced in Chapter 13–22, rumors of "The Package" circulate. Because Chuck has it, it has possibly been passed to Rufus, to his wife Cathy, to Sylvester, and to Gwendolyn. In addition, Bridget realizes that James knows both Chuck and Rufus, though he tried to hide it from her earlier, suggesting he may be on the "down-low" with Chuck as well. Gwendolyn also cheated on Sylvester with James however she used a condom as revealed in Chapter 4. This would put Bridget, Big Man, and James at serious risk. Lastly, Pimp Lucius gets a similar concerned call from an unidentified woman (who may have gotten "The Package" from Big Man, and subsequently passed it to Pimp Lucius).

## Cast

* Robert Kelly as Sylvester, Randolph, Rev. Mos, Pimp Lucius and the narrator
* Cat Wilson as Gwendolyn
* Rolando A. Boyce as Rufus
* LeShay Tomlinson as Cathy
* Malik Middleton as Chuck
* Michael Kenneth Williams
* Drevon Cooks as Big Man
* Rebecca Field as Bridget
* Eric Lane as Twan
* LaDonna Tittle as Rosie
* Tracey Bonner as Tina
* Jermaine "Janky" Salmond as Street
* Erika Ringor as Roxanne
* Will Oldham as Sgt. Platoon
* Greg Hollimon as Det. Tom
* Brian "Wildcat" Smith as Bishop Craig
* Pierre Maurey as Church Man
* Brendan Averett as Henchman #1
* Gino Crededio as Henchman #2
* Dominic Capone III as Joey
* Katherine Mitchell as Myrna
* Alan Donovan as Desk Sergeant
* Heather Zagone as Dixie

## InfoBox

| Trapped in the Closet Chapters 13-22 | |
| --- | --- |
| Teaser poster | |
| Directed by | R. Kelly
Victor Mignatti
Jim Swaffield |
| Written by | R. Kelly |
| Based on | *Trapped in the Closet*
by R. Kelly |
| Produced by | R. Kelly
Ann Carli
Barry Weiss
Elliot Lewis Rosenblatt
Rick Johnson |
| Starring | R. Kelly
Eric Lane
LeShay Tomlinson
Cat Wilson
Rolando A. Boyce
Malik Middleton |
| Cinematography | Jim Denault |
| Edited by | Victor Mignatti
Jim Swaffield
Kenneth Wachtel |
| Music by | R. Kelly |
| Production
company | Fuzzy Bunny Productions |
| Distributed by | Jive
Zomba |
| Release date | * August 21, 2007 (2007-08-21) |
| Running time | 48 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | 1 million (shared with *Chapters 1–12*) |


title: Trapped in the Saturday Matinee

abstract:
Trapped in the Saturday Matinee is a collection of short stories written by American author Joe R. Lansdale. In the introduction Mr. Lansdale states "This collection gathers together some early work, which I like, and it also contains stories, for one reason or another, missed their audience. There are also newer material that I treasure, some that has never been gathered under one roof, and there are others written specifically for this volume." "I love this collection. It’s a mixture of nostalgia and maturity, the reworking of others’ work and the discovery of my own voice.
I like to write introductions as a way of inviting you into my house of stories. But now I’ll leave you to it. Just wander from room to room, and take your time. While you’re here, make yourself at home. But please... try not to break the furniture on your way out."

text:
# Trapped in the Saturday Matinee

***Trapped in the Saturday Matinee*** is a collection of short stories written by American author Joe R. Lansdale. In the introduction Mr. Lansdale states "This collection gathers together some early work, which I like, and it also contains stories, for one reason or another, missed their audience. There are also newer material that I treasure, some that has never been gathered under one roof, and there are others written specifically for this volume."

"I love this collection. It’s a mixture of nostalgia and maturity, the reworking of others’ work and the discovery of my own voice. I like to write introductions as a way of inviting you into my house of stories. But now I’ll leave you to it. Just wander from room to room, and take your time. While you’re here, make yourself at home. But please . . . try not to break the furniture on your way out."

## Editions

This book is published as a limited edition and as a trade hardcover by PS Publishing in the U.K. and is available in The U.S. through Subterranean Press.

## Table of contents

* *Introduction*: Good Ju-Ju
* The Junkyard
* The Valley of the Swastika
* Duck Footed
* Dog
* It Washed Up
* Way Down There
* A Hard-On for Horror: Low Budget Excitement
* Edgar Allan Poe's Shadow and The Aluminum Chair Factory Collide: One Survivor, Weak in the Knees with Pen and Paper
* Once Upon a time
* The Drunken Moon
* Christmas Monkey
* I tell You It's Love
* The White Rabbit
* Everybody Plays The fool
* Pentecostal Punk Rock
* Jiving with Shadows and Dragons and Long dark Trains
* Dirt Devils
* Trapped In The Saturday Matinee
* The Devil's Pants
* Family
* The Hunt: Before And The Aftermath

## InfoBox

Trapped in the Saturday Matinee
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Joe R. Lansdale |
| Illustrator | Alex McVey |
| Cover artist | Alex McVey |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Horror, short story collection |
| Publisher | PS Publishing |
| Publication date | 2012 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print hardcover, limited edition |
| Pages | 271 |
| ISBN | 978-1-906301-93-4 |
| Preceded by | *By Bizarre Hands Rides Again (2012)* |
| Followed by | *Bleeding Shadows (November 2013)* |


title: Michael Crane (writer)

abstract: Michael Crane is an Australian poet, writer and compere of poetry events in Melbourne. Born in Brisbane in 1961, crane moved to Melbourne at age 18. He has been an active member of Melbourne's poetry scene, performing in many open poetry readings from 1989 to 1991. In 1991, Crane organised the first Poetry Slam to be held in Australia and has organised and run more than 150 since.

text:
# Michael Crane (writer)

**Michael Crane** is an Australian poet, writer and compere of poetry events in Melbourne.

Born in Brisbane in 1961, crane moved to Melbourne at age 18. He has been an active member of Melbourne's poetry scene, performing in many open poetry readings from 1989 to 1991. In 1991, Crane organised the first Poetry Slam to be held in Australia and has organised and run more than 150 since.

## Publication

Crane's work has been published in literary journals and magazines, and he has self-published three chapbooks between 1991 and 1994, including *The Book of Screams*, *An Almost Summer* and *Joan of Arc was a fire eater*. Ten of Crane's poems appeared in the collection *Loose Kangaroos* in 1998. Crane's first collection of poetry, *The Lightmaster*, was published in 1999 by Phoebe Press. He released *Not Mad Just Raving*, a CD of spoken word with musical accompaniment. In 2003, Ninderry Press released *A Dog Called Yesterday – Selected Poems and Prose*. In 2007, Picaro Press published Crane's chapbook of poetry entitled *Poems from the 29th Floor*. This was released at the 2007 Melbourne Writers Festival. Since 2001, Crane has written 200 micro stories called *Postcards from the End of the World*, many of which have appeared in the literary magazine *Gangway*. He has also written a yet-to-be-published detective novel.

## Poetry Idol

Since 2007, Crane has organised and compered the poetry competition Poetry Idol, with the final held each year at the Age Melbourne Writers Festival. Poets from Poetry Idol are published in the *Paradise Anthology*, an annual magazine of song lyrics and poems.

## Other projects

Crane has been interviewed on Radio National, appeared on the PoeticA Program, and has been a featured poet on the ABC's program *Voices*. He also performs musical poems with singer/songwriter Trish Anderson, and the two toured regional high schools in Victoria in 2010.


title: Michael Cranmer

abstract: Michael Robert Craig Cranmer is a South Australian cricketer. He was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide where he excelled at cricket and was a regular member of the school's First XI. He is a right-handed batsman and bowls right arm medium-fast. He is currently playing A grade cricket for East Torrens. In 2008 he was called up for the under 19 Australian national squad to compete in the Under 19's World Cup where he was a valuable asset to the team. He has since been called up to the South Australian Redbacks squad for his first Sheffield Shield game on 13 February 2009 against the Queensland Bulls.

text:
# Michael Cranmer

**Michael Robert Craig Cranmer** (born 16 March 1989) is a South Australian cricketer. He was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide where he excelled at cricket and was a regular member of the school's First XI. He is a right-handed batsman and bowls right arm medium-fast. He is currently playing A grade cricket for East Torrens. In 2008 he was called up for the under 19 Australian national squad to compete in the Under 19's World Cup where he was a valuable asset to the team. He has since been called up to the South Australian Redbacks squad for his first Sheffield Shield game on 13 February 2009 against the Queensland Bulls.


title: Michael Leahy (author)

abstract: Michael Leahy is an American author and award-winning writer for The Washington Post and The Washington Post Magazine. He is best known for his latest non-fiction book The Last Innocents, which examines the tumultuous political and social change of the 1960s through the lens of the era's legendary Los Angeles Dodgers. Leahy has also earned recognition for his 2004 book When Nothing Else Matters, which chronicles basketball superstar Michael Jordan's last comeback to the NBA. Leahy's stories have also been selected for the 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004 editions of The Best American Sports Writing anthologies. His first book Hard Lessons follows the lives of six Beverly Hills High School students, class of 1986, and deals with the challenges and anxieties of teenage life in modern America.

text:
# Michael Leahy (author)

**Michael Leahy** (born January 28, 1953) is an American author and award-winning writer for *The Washington Post* and *The Washington Post Magazine*. He is best known for his latest non-fiction book *The Last Innocents*, which examines the tumultuous political and social change of the 1960s through the lens of the era's legendary Los Angeles Dodgers.

Leahy has also earned recognition for his 2004 book *When Nothing Else Matters*, which chronicles basketball superstar Michael Jordan's last comeback to the NBA. Leahy's stories have also been selected for the 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004 editions of The Best American Sports Writing anthologies. His first book *Hard Lessons* follows the lives of six Beverly Hills High School students, class of 1986, and deals with the challenges and anxieties of teenage life in modern America.

## Early life

Leahy was born in Newark, New Jersey. At age 10, he moved with his family to a suburb of Los Angeles, California. He was present at Sandy Koufax's perfect game.

He is a graduate of Yale College.

## Career

A feature writer known for his intimate portraits of subjects, Leahy explores topics varying from politics to social issues to sports. He has written for *The Washington Post*, *Los Angeles Times*, *Arkansas Democrat-Gazette*, and his work has appeared in *Washington Post Magazine*, *TV Guide*, *Playboy Magazine* and *Sports Illustrated*.

Leahy has published three non-fiction books: *Hard Lessons* (1988), *When Nothing Else Matters* (2004) and *The Last Innocents* (2016).

Along the way, Leahy has covered presidential politics, rural poverty, obesity in the Southern United States, malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, the housecleaner dubbed fisherman-savior of Elian Gonzalez, the United States Army’s recruiting efforts amid the specter of the Iraq war, corporate scandals, a nudist camp, his mother’s struggles with Alzheimer's, and the playing comeback of basketball legend Michael Jordan with the Washington Wizards.

## Awards and accolades

## Personal life

Leahy resides with his wife Jane in a suburb of Washington, D.C.; they have one child together.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Michael Leahy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1953-01-28) January 28, 1953<br>Newark, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Occupation |  |
| Alma mater | Yale College |
| Notable works |  |
| Spouse | Jane Leahy |
| Children | 1 |
| Website | |
| michael-leahy.com | |


title: Trebouxia gelatinosa

abstract: Trebouxia gelatinosa is a common symbiotic species of green alga in the family Trebouxiaceae. Formally described as new to science in 1975, it is usually found in association with different species of lichen-forming fungi.

text:
# Trebouxia gelatinosa

***Trebouxia gelatinosa*** is a common symbiotic species of green alga in the family Trebouxiaceae. Formally described as new to science in 1975, it is usually found in association with different species of lichen-forming fungi.

## Taxonomy

The alga was originally isolated in 1960 by lichenologist Vernon Ahmadjian from the foliose lichen species now known as *Flavoparmelia caperata*. Patricia Archibald formally described the species in 1975. The alga was later found to be a photobiont in *Anzia*, another genus of foliose lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae.

## Description

*Trebouxia gelatinosa* is characterised by its vegetative cells which are typically spherical, though occasionally they may be oviform (egg-shaped). During the log phase of growth, these cells measure between 5 and 16 micrometres (μm) in diameter and are encased in walls that are 1 μm or less in thickness. As the cells enter the stationary phase of their growth cycle, they do not increase significantly in size, but instead develop a gelatinous sheath around each individual cell, measuring 1.5 to 2 μm in thickness.

The chloroplast within these cells is notable for containing a single, angular, and central pyrenoid, which appears to be encircled by a continuous sheath of starch, and each cell is uninucleate, meaning it contains a single nucleus. The ultrastructure of the pyrenoids of most *Trebouxia* species has been catalogued and found to fall into eight different type based on the arrangements and forms of thylakoid lamellae within the pyrenoid matrix. The *gelatinosa*\- type pyrenoids are traversed by thin parallel-arranged tubules. Knowing the pyrenoid structure sometimes enables the identification of some *Trebouxia* species in the lichen thallus without the need to culture the alga.

*Trebouxia gelatinosa* reproduces through both zoospores and aplanospores. Zoospores are motile reproductive cells, measuring about 4 μm in width and 6 to 8 μm in length, with their nucleus located towards the rear or the middle of the cell. A stigma (a light-sensitive spot found in some algae) has not been observed in these cells.

## Physiology

*Trebouxia gelatinosa* shows remarkable desiccation tolerance primarily through stable expression of its protein-coding genes during dehydration and rehydration cycles. About 92% of these genes maintain consistent expression levels, suggesting inherent, constitutive mechanisms for its tolerance. Key changes occur in genes related to photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging, heat shock proteins, aquaporins, expansins, and desiccation-related proteins (DRPs), with some traits unique to *T. gelatinosa*'s symbiotic nature. Unlike in other desiccation-tolerant species, late embryogenesis abundant proteins in *T. gelatinosa* do not show significant changes. Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis indicates that chlorophyte DRPs, unlike those in embryophytes, might have been acquired from extremophile bacteria through horizontal gene transfer, reflecting their symbiotic relationship within the lichen thallus.

*Trebouxia gelatinosa* shows changes in gene expression linked to desiccation tolerance when subjected to water loss. The alga's ability to survive and recover from severe dehydration is a characteristic shared by various organisms that inhabit environments with unpredictable water availability. During desiccation, *T. gelatinosa* undergoes physiological and morphological changes, including the loss of cell turgor, an indicator of water stress. A study on *T. gelatinosa* focused on understanding how its water status impacts the expression of genes associated with stress and desiccation tolerance. It was found that several genes change expression during different stages of dehydration, particularly around the point of turgor loss, indicating the activation of mechanisms to cope with water loss. However, the expression of some genes remained unaffected, suggesting a reliance on constitutive mechanisms for desiccation tolerance.

*Trebouxia gelatinosa* was observed to interact with graphene-based materials (GBMs), including few-layers graphene (FLG) and graphene oxide (GO), without internalizing them. Short-term and long-term exposure to these materials showed that FLG affected the algae's cell wall and plasma membrane interaction, leading to a down-regulation of a stress-related gene, similar to oxidative stress response. However, GO had no significant effect. Despite these interactions, there were no long-term harmful impacts on the algae's growth, photosynthesis, or gene expression, indicating a level of resilience or tolerance in *Trebouxia gelatinosa* to these materials.

## Reproduction and life cycle

Zoosporogenesis, the formation of motile spores known as zoospores, occurs in *Trebouxia gelatinosa*. This phenomenon is especially significant in the context of lichens, where zoosporogenesis is typically suppressed in favour of aplanospore (a non-motile spore formed by direct transformation of a vegetative cell) formation. In *Trebouxia gelatinosa*, zoospores can form within the natural lichen thallus and in isolated thallus fragments. These zoospores have the potential to be released from the thallus, leading to the establishment of free-living microcolonies. These microcolonies can interact with fungal symbionts (mycobionts) from the same or different species, potentially forming new lichen associations. This process of natural resynthesis might contribute to the observed diversity and heterogeneity in fungal populations within lichen species.

## InfoBox

| *Trebouxia gelatinosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Viridiplantae |
| Division: | Chlorophyta |
| Class: | Trebouxiophyceae |
| Order: | Trebouxiales |
| Family: | Trebouxiaceae |
| Genus: | *Trebouxia* |
| Species: | ***T. gelatinosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trebouxia gelatinosa***<br>Ahmadjian ex Archibald, 1975 | |
|


title: General Duffy's Waterhole

abstract: General Duffy's Waterhole is a beer and cider taphouse with a food court and two large events venues located in Redmond, Oregon. It opened for business in 2019. Shortly after opening, Duffy's began hosting weekly street markets next to the taphouse. Later that year, General Duffy's was recognized with two awards: one for improving the city's downtown economy, and the other as Redmond's "New Business of the Year". During the coronavirus pandemic, the business survived a period of carry-out only customer service and other mandated restrictions. Duffy's owners used that time to develop The Angle, an outdoor music and events venue with space for up to 2,500 attendees. In late 2021, General Duffy's opened a large special events hall on an adjacent property; Duffy's Annex provides indoor space for music programs and other events year-round.

text:
# General Duffy's Waterhole

**General Duffy's Waterhole** is a beer and cider taphouse with a food court and two large events venues located in Redmond, Oregon. It opened for business in 2019. Shortly after opening, Duffy's began hosting weekly street markets next to the taphouse. Later that year, General Duffy's was recognized with two awards: one for improving the city's downtown economy, and the other as Redmond's "New Business of the Year". During the coronavirus pandemic, the business survived a period of carry-out only customer service and other mandated restrictions. Duffy's owners used that time to develop **The Angle**, an outdoor music and events venue with space for up to 2,500 attendees. In late 2021, General Duffy's opened a large special events hall on an adjacent property; **Duffy's Annex** provides indoor space for music programs and other events year-round.

## Description

General Duffy's Waterhole is a pub, food court, and entertainment venue situated on a 1.4-acre (0.57 ha) site in downtown Redmond, Oregon. It includes a taphouse, six food carts, a large patio with picnic tables and fire pits, a large indoor events hall with its own stage and bar area, and a covered concert stage with an outdoor dance floor and large pavilion-type tent to shelter event attendees as well as a block long street area used for outdoor markets during the summer and fall.

The taphouse, food court, and patio occupy the northwest corner of the property. The taphouse has fire-station-style roll-up doors on the east and west sides of the building. The bar has twenty local beers and ciders on tap. It also sells wine and non-alcoholic sodas. The taphouse seats 60 patrons, while the patio adds additional seating at ten picnic tables. The patio also has Adirondack-style chairs available to seat patrons, along with two outdoor fire pits. There are five food carts located next to the patio year-round, each with its own unique cuisine and menu. In the summer, two additional food carts can be located on the property.

*Duffy's Annex* is located behind the food court on the south side of the property. The Annex is an indoor events facility with its own stage and bar area. It is open year-round and available to host a wide range of celebrations and entertainment events, including music performances, wine tasting, bingo, public lectures, comedy nights, speed dating, and holiday and special occasion parties. When the Annex opened in December 2021, its first event was a Christmas market with forty vendors from the local community. During the Christmas market, Duffy's set aside space to collect Toys for Tots donations for children whose parents could not afford to buy Christmas gifts.

The outdoor event area, officially known as The Angle, is on the east side of the property. It includes a large, covered stage with open-air sides. There is a concrete dance floor in front of the stage and a large pavilion tent next to the dance floor to provide shade and shelter for concertgoers. The Angle hosts concerts featuring well-known bands such as Everclear and Floater as well as individual performers like Aaron Lewis and Easton Corbin. The Angle has the capacity to host up to 2,500 concertgoers. The venue has also been used for bingo games that raise money for local non-profit groups, dance lessons, and cornhole tournaments. The Angle has even hosted a celebration of life event with a Beatles tribute band requested for the occasion by the deceased.

The taphouse and food court are separated from The Angle by a paved street area that is used by private vendors during the summer. The market area provides a place for community vendors to sell local products, artwork, and handmade crafts. The market has space for 22 vendors, which is full all summer. In the fall, the street mall shifted to a farmer's market with fresh produce. The street area is also available to expand the viewing area during concerts at The Angle. Behind the concert area, in the southeast corner of the property, is a fenced-in children's park.

## History

The story of General Duffy's Waterhole began in 2014 when Duffy's owner, Dick Robertson, shot a large bull elk during bowhunting season. Robertson had the head mounted and whimsically named the elk General Duffy. However, his wife would not allow the elk head in their house, so Robertson had to find another place for General Duffy. His solution was to build a pub which he named after his elk. Today, General Duffy overlooks the main floor of the taphouse.

Construction on the taphouse began in 2018 and was completed in early 2019. The taphouse was opened for business in March 2019. By that summer, Duffy's was sponsoring a weekly street market next to the taphouse. The market was the brainchild of Robertson's wife, Susan. In the fall, the street mall shifted to a farmer's market with fresh produce.

In October 2019, Robertson worked with the Klamath County Economic Development Association to buy an abandoned property in downtown Klamath Falls, Oregon. The property was purchased from Klamath County. The purchase deal included an agreement with the Klamath County Board of Commissioners to develop a state-of-the-art taphouse and food court on the vacant Klamath Falls property. It was agreed that the business would be a family-friendly destination that would serve as a regular gathering place for socializing, entertainment, and community activities, like General Duffy's Waterhole in Redmond. Unfortunately, the project was put on hold when the coronavirus pandemic forced businesses around the state to shut down. As a result, Robertson shifted his attention back to his Redmond business.

Just as General Duffy's was finishing its first year in business in early 2020, the coronavirus pandemic resulted in Oregon's governor directing the closure of many businesses, including all restaurants and pubs. Eventually, businesses like Duffy's were allowed to sell takeout beer in growlers, but patrons were not allowed to consume food or beverages on-site.

In 2020, Duffy's was one of five Central Oregon businesses cited for failing to enforce the state's face covering and social distancing rules announced by Governor Kate Brown on July 1. The rules required all workers and patrons in indoor public spaces to wear masks and maintain a 6 feet (1.8 m) of physical distance from each other. The violations were identified by the Oregon Liquor Control Commission during an inspection on July 4, three days after the rules were announced. Statewide, the inspectors issued 74 warnings. A week later, an additional 81 bars and restaurants across the state were cited. General Duffy's received a second citation during that inspection. On both occasions Duffy's employees were wearing masks as required; however, inspectors observed some of Duffy's patrons without masks, which was the basis for both citations.

While the state's pandemic restrictions hurt General Duffy's business, the owners used that time to develop The Angle. As a result, when the restrictions were relaxed, Duffy's was ready to bring people back to their downtown site for beverages, food, and entertainment.

During the pandemic, a building adjacent to Duffy's became vacant. Roberson and his son, Tanner, renovated the building and reopened it as Duffy's Annex. This significantly increased Duffy's event space and provided an indoor facility so that music performances and other events could continue year-round.

## Reception

In 2019, the Central Oregon Association of Realtors presented General Duffy's Waterhole with an award for its significant contribution to Redmond's downtown economy. This was an award that evaluated all the new businesses opened in Central Oregon in 2019. The award specifically recognized the Robertson family for investing in their community and creating a gathering place for local people. The award narrative cited Duffy's taphouse, five food trucks, and shaded patio with outdoor space for children's games, weekly live music, and a lively Saturday market.

Later that year, *Central Oregon Daily*, a local television news program, highlighted General Duffy's success and growth. The television report cited Duffy's family-friendly atmosphere and noted that a children's playground was being added to the site along with other improvements. It also reported that General Duffy's was planning to build a taphouse and food court in Klamath Falls. As part of the report, a Redmond city official pointed out that General Duffy's had turned an unappealing property into a popular taphouse and food court. According to the city official, Duffy's taphouse and food court significantly improved a dead-end corner of downtown Redmond.

In early 2020, Redmond's Chamber of Commerce selected General Duffy's Waterhole as its 2019 "New Business of the Year". In its announcement, the chamber cited Duffy's "fabulous food carts and drinks".

In 2021, *The Source*, a Central Oregon newspaper, conducted a readers' survey to identify the best entertainment venues in Central Oregon. Readers voted General Duffy's as the area's Best Bar and Music Venue. The newspaper said that General Duffy's is more than just a bar and a stage – it is a gathering place for the community. It said the taphouse offers a wide selection of beers and ciders, and the food trucks provide Asian, Italian, and traditional American food menus. It also said The Angle added a whole new dimension to the Duffy's site.

*The Bulletin*, Central Oregon's largest newspaper, highlighted the 2021 Christmas market that was the grand opening event for Duffy's Annex. The newspaper reported that there were forty vendors at the market. It also said that the Annex provided indoor space for future concerts, bingo nights, and other community events. A few days later, Hoodoo Ski Resort held its "WinterVention" event at Duffy's Annex. It was a free event, with the resort giving away $50,000 in raffle prizes, including lift tickets, ski equipment, lodging vouchers, and cold-weather gear. That event was also favorably reported in *The Bulletin*.

## InfoBox

General Duffy's Waterhole
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| General Duffy's front entrance | |
|  | |
| Address | 404 N.W. Forest Avenue
Redmond, Oregon
United States |
| Coordinates | 44°16′17″N 121°10′20″W / 44.27137°N 121.17236°W / 44.27137; -121.17236 |
| Owner | Dick and Susan Robertson |
| Type | Taphouse, food court, and events venue |
| Capacity | 2,500 |
| Acreage | 1.4 acres (0.57 ha) |
| Opened | March 2019 (2019-03) |
| Website | |
| generalduffys.com | |


title: Transform Scotland

abstract:
Transform Scotland is a registered charity based in Edinburgh. They campaign on issues regarding sustainable transport, encouraging improved transport policies and practice. The organisation is made up of over 60 member groups, including those from the private, public and voluntary sectors. Transform Scotland is the sister organisation of Campaign for Better Transport who operate in England and Wales. Transform Scotland use a number of tactics in order to encourage the growth of sustainable transport, including lobbying the Scottish Government, carrying out media work, responding to government consultations, compiling independent evidence and research, producing publications and briefing documents, and holding events and projects. They focus on improving public transport and gaining greater funding for sustainable modes of transport, rather than on increased road use. They are a member of the European Federation for Transport and Environment (T&E) and their Director Colin Howden was formally on the Board of T&E.
Transform Scotland has three full-time members of staff and has a number of part-time staff and volunteers.

text:
# Transform Scotland

**Transform Scotland** is a registered charity based in Edinburgh (charity number 041516). They campaign on issues regarding sustainable transport, encouraging improved transport policies and practice. The organisation is made up of over 60 member groups, including those from the private, public and voluntary sectors. Transform Scotland is the sister organisation of Campaign for Better Transport who operate in England and Wales.

Transform Scotland use a number of tactics in order to encourage the growth of sustainable transport, including lobbying the Scottish Government, carrying out media work, responding to government consultations, compiling independent evidence and research, producing publications and briefing documents, and holding events and projects. They focus on improving public transport and gaining greater funding for sustainable modes of transport, rather than on increased road use.

They are a member of the European Federation for Transport and Environment (T&E) and their Director Colin Howden was formally on the Board of T&E. Transform Scotland has three full-time members of staff and has a number of part-time staff and volunteers.

## History

Transform Scotland was launched in November 1997. It was created by a number of NGOs (Scottish Association for Public Transport, Friends of the Earth Scotland and RailFuture) from the environment and transport sectors and local councils such as City of Edinburgh Council.

The first chair of the organisation was David Spaven, who continued in his post until 2006 when Paul Tetlaw took over as chair, followed by John Pinkard in 2010, and then Phil Matthews who took over in 2013. In 2020, Julianne Robertson became the first female, and fifth chair of the charity. Since January 2022 Stuart Hay took over as acting chair.

The organisation was launched with around 40 founding member groups from the public, private and voluntary sectors. Colin Howden was appointed as director in April 1998 and has remained in this post.

For nine years until 2007, Transform Scotland was based in Friends of the Earth offices in Leith and in 2007 it moved to the Ethical Property centre at 5 Rose Street.

## Campaigning

Transform Scotland is a campaigning organisation encouraging sustainable transport. Its members are drawn from the private sector (bus, rail, ferry companies), public sector (local authorities) and voluntary sector (national environment and transport groups, local rail and cycle campaigns). They are governed by a board of directors elected by the member groups. Although the members are organisations, it is also possible to join as an individual supporter.

The organisation has played a key role in advocating for the Edinburgh tram scheme, and the Scottish Government's support for the tram development was announced at Transform Scotland's Transport Conference in 2001. The organisation secured an amendment to the Scottish Transport Act to allow home zones to be set up in Scotland. They have been heavily involved in anti-motorway campaigns, in particular joint action against the JAM 74. Transform Scotland campaigned unsuccessfully for a ‘yes’ vote for the Edinburgh congestion charge in 2005. The group took a leading role in coordinating the January 2012 cycle demo outside St Andrews house which led to the Scottish Government reversing its plans to slash cycle funding. Transform Scotland published a guide to Car-Free tourism in Scotland (http://tourism.transformscotland.org.uk).

## Social enterprises

Transform Scotland has two social enterprises. TRAC is Scotland's specialist consultancy for sustainable transport. TRAC do research and communications for all modes of sustainable travel, from trains, buses and ferries to walking, cycling and more sustainable car use. Transform Creative are a partnership of creative professionals specialising in design and campaign communications.

## Key publications

"The Railways Mean Business" (November 2007) This comprehensively looked at the productivity benefits of using rail over air for Scotland to London business travel.

http://transformscotland.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/The-Railways-Mean-Business.pdf

"Towards a Healthier Economy" (December 2008) This studied the links between sustainable transport and the economy. Its key finding was that a move to continental levels of cycle use would benefit the Scottish economy between £2-4bn per annum through avoided health costs.

http://transformscotland.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Towards-a-Healthier-Economy.pdf

"Civilising the Streets" (June 2010) This reviewed a dozen cities across the continent to identify the political, social and cultural factors that led to their high cycle rates and how this could be used in Scotland to drive similar change.

http://transformscotland.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Civilising-the-Streets.pdf

"On track for business: Why Scottish businesses should try the train" (October 2012) This sets out the economic benefits available to Scottish businesses in switching from air travel to rail travel.

http://transformscotland.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/On-Track-for-Business-full-report.pdf

"The Value of Cycle Tourism" (June 2013) This sets out the value of cycle tourism for the Scottish economy.

http://transformscotland.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/The-Value-of-Cycle-Tourism-full-report.pdf

"Doing Their Duty?" (November 2013) This sets out whether Scotland's major public bodies are doing enough to cut their emissions.

http://transformscotland.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Doing-Their-Duty.pdf

"Interchange Summary Report" (September 2014) Summary Report of the Transform Scotland project 'Interchange: Linking cycling with public transport'.

http://transformscotland.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Interchange-Summary-Report.pdf

"Car-Free Tourism" (June 2015) Advice on how to visit Scotland's most popular tourist attractions on foot, by bike or by public transport.

http://tourism.transformscotland.org.uk/

"A Green Journey to Growth" (August 2017) New research looking into the carbon benefits of Anglo-Scottish rail.

http://transformscotland.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/A-Green-Journey-to-Growth-Transform-Scotland-report.pdf

"Moving the Vote: Sustainable transport in the party manifestos for the 2021 Scottish Parliament elections" (May 2021)

https://transform.scot/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Moving-the-Vote-report-Transform-Scotland-2021-04-26.pdf

"Open for Business: Gaining business support for transforming city centres" (June 2021)

https://transform.scot/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Open-for-Business-Transform-Scotland-report.pdf

"Roads to Ruin: New report finds climate-wrecking roads programme due to double in size" (August 2021)

https://transform.scot/blog/2021/08/10/roads-to-ruin-new-report-finds-climate-wrecking-roads-programme-due-to-double-in-size/

"Putting Down Routes: New report provides blueprint for delivering Scottish ‘Active Freeway’ network" (October 2021)

https://transform.scot/blog/2021/10/07/putting-down-routes-new-report-provides-blueprint-for-delivering-scottish-active-freeway-network/

http://transformcreative.org.uk/#about http://tourism.transformscotland.org.uk http://transformscotland.org.uk

## InfoBox

Transform Scotland
| Registration no. | SC041516 |
| --- | --- |
| Purpose | Promote sustainable transport |
| Headquarters | 5 Rose Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2PR |
| Area served | Scotland |
| Board of directors | Board of trustees (9 as of 2020) |
| Budget (2018/2019) | £115,417 |
| Revenue (2018/2019) | £121,644 |


title: Tres cosas

abstract: Tres cosas is the third studio album by Argentine musician Juana Molina. It was released in 2002.

text:
# Tres cosas

***Tres cosas*** (Spanish for "three things") is the third studio album by Argentine musician Juana Molina. It was released in 2002.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 76/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | B+ |
| *Pitchfork* | 7.2/10 |
| *Spin* | B+ |
| *Stylus* | D+ |
| *Tiny Mix Tapes* | 4/5 |
| *Uncut* |  |
| *The Village Voice* | C |

According to the review aggregator Metacritic, *Tres cosas* received "generally favorable reviews" based on a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 from 15 critic scores. *The New York Times* listed it sixth best pop album of 2004.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Juana Molina

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "No es tan cierto" | 3:13 |
| 2. | "El cristal" | 5:03 |
| 3. | "Sálvese quien pueda" | 5:58 |
| 4. | "¡Uh!" | 3:33 |
| 5. | "Tres cosas" | 3:58 |
| 6. | "Yo sé que" | 5:55 |
| 7. | "Isabel" | 4:22 |
| 8. | "Lamba corta" | 2:22 |
| 9. | "Sólo su voz" | 4:10 |
| 10. | "Cúrame" | 6:34 |
| 11. | "Filter Taps" | 4:12 |
| 12. | "El progreso" | 5:25 |
| 13. | "Insensible" | 2:53 |
| Total length: | | 57:38 |

## Personnel

* Juana Molina – audio production, composer, main personnel, primary artist, vocals
* Alejandro Franov – keyboards, main personnel, vocals (background)
* Petra Haden – violin
* Martin Iannaccone – viola
* Fernando Kabusacki – guitar
* Francisca Mayol – xylophone

## InfoBox

| Tres cosas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Juana Molina | |
| Released | 2002 (2002) |
| Length | 57:38 |
| Language | Spanish |
| Label | Domino |
| Producer | Juana Molina |
| Juana Molina chronology | |
| *Segundo*
(2000) ***Tres cosas***
(2002) *Son*
(2006) | |


title: Gennady Ermak

abstract: Gennady Ermak is a scientist and writer. He conducted research in several fields of molecular biology: neurodegeneration, cancer, dermatology, and genetics of plants. His work is cited by over 4000 other scientific publications. He is co-author of over 50 scholarly articles and several books. He was born in the former USSR, where he acquired PhD in biology. Since then he worked at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland (1991–1992), Institute of Genetics and Cytology in Minsk, Belarus (1992–1994), Albany Medical Center in Albany, NY, US (1994–1996), and The University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California (1996–2012). After finishing his research career as professor at the University of Southern California in 2012, he became a writer. He is the author of the books Emerging Medical Technologies, Plant-based, Meat-Based and Between and Communism: The Great Misunderstanding, which was named the best book in the world history for 2016 by the National Association of Book Entrepreneurs.

text:
# Gennady Ermak

**Gennady Ermak** (born 1963) is a scientist and writer. He conducted research in several fields of molecular biology: neurodegeneration, cancer, dermatology, and genetics of plants. His work is cited by over 4000 other scientific publications. He is co-author of over 50 scholarly articles and several books.

He was born in the former USSR, where he acquired PhD in biology. Since then he worked at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland (1991–1992), Institute of Genetics and Cytology in Minsk, Belarus (1992–1994), Albany Medical Center in Albany, NY, US (1994–1996), and The University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California (1996–2012).

After finishing his research career as professor at the University of Southern California in 2012, he became a writer. He is the author of the books *Emerging Medical Technologies*, *Plant-based, Meat-Based and Between* and *Communism: The Great Misunderstanding (two editions)*, which was named the best book in the world history for 2016 by the National Association of Book Entrepreneurs.


title: Gotro

abstract: Gotro is a 2019 Indian Bengali-language emotional family drama film, directed, produced and co-written by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee. It stars Anashua Majumdar, Nigel Akkara and Manali Dey, with Ambarish Bhattacharya, Saheb Chatterjee and Badshah Moitra. The film revolves around the relationship between Mukti Debi (Majumdar), a widow who lives alone in her mansion, with her caretaker Tareq (Akkara), an ex-convict and shows how their lives undergo a change. The story for Gotro was conceived by Roy, when she learned about the relationship between Mukherjee's mother and her caretaker. Roy eventually wrote the film's screenplay, while she and Mukherjee co-wrote the story. This marked their second film after Icche (2011), focusing on mother-son relationship. Supriyo Dutta handled the cinematography while Moloy Laha edited the film. Anindya Chatterjee composed the film's soundtrack, which received favourable reviews on release. Gotro was released on 23 August 2019. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Majumdar's performance won high appraisals; criticism was however, drawn towards Akkara's performance. Nevertheless, the film was a commercial success, grossing ₹50 million (US$600,000) in its theatrical run. The soundtrack album of the film was highly successful. At the 4th Filmfare Awards Bangla, it received three nominations under Best Male Playback and Best Female Playback categories, but did not win any.

text:
# Gotro

***Gotro*** (transl.*Clan*) is a 2019 Indian Bengali-language emotional family drama film, directed, produced and co-written by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee. It stars Anashua Majumdar, Nigel Akkara and Manali Dey, with Ambarish Bhattacharya, Saheb Chatterjee and Badshah Moitra. The film revolves around the relationship between Mukti Debi (Majumdar), a widow who lives alone in her mansion (her son being settled abroad), with her caretaker Tareq (Akkara), an ex-convict and shows how their lives undergo a change.

The story for *Gotro* was conceived by Roy, when she learned about the relationship between Mukherjee's mother and her caretaker. Roy eventually wrote the film's screenplay, while she and Mukherjee co-wrote the story. This marked their second film after *Icche* (2011), focusing on mother-son relationship. *Supriyo Dutta* handled the cinematography while *Moloy Laha* edited the film. *Anindya Chatterjee* composed the film's soundtrack, which received favourable reviews on release.

*Gotro* was released on 23 August 2019. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Majumdar's performance won high appraisals; criticism was however, drawn towards Akkara's performance. Nevertheless, the film was a commercial success, grossing 50 million (US$600,000) in its theatrical run. The soundtrack album of the film was highly successful. At the *4th Filmfare Awards Bangla*, it received three nominations under *Best Male Playback* and *Best Female Playback* categories, but did not win any.

## Synopsis

Gotro is a story of faith, love and belief, revolving around Mukti Debi, an educated woman, who lives in an old-world mansion named Gobinda Dham while her son, Anirban, is settled abroad with his family. Tareq Ali is a former convict who is now trying to redeem himself and restart his life. He is employed by Anirban as the caretaker of his mother and her estate. What follows is a tale of how a mother-son relationship begins to build between Mukti Debi and Tareq, while the former is unaware of his Muslim identity, depicting the underlying social issue of the era. Mukti Debi and Tareq discover the meaning of life as they unfold love for each other and she started loving her as her own son. Gotro is a sweet take on the mother-son relationship with a message of communal harmony.

## Cast

## Production

According to Mukherjee, long ago, *Nigel Akkara* had sent a young boy to his home at *Baranagar* as they were looking for a caretaker. After some days, the boy informed Mukherjee that he felt he wasn't fit for the job. On being asked why, he replied that Mukherjee's mother had been teaching him the texts of *Rabindranath Tagore* and he couldn't understand any of those. This formed the core plot for *Gotro*.

Nandita Roy opted for *Anashua Majumdar* to pick up the character traits of Mukherjee's mother. Majumdar revealed being moved by the character *Mukti Devi*; especially when she learned that it had been inspired by Shiboprosad's mother. She also admitted of having some similarities with the character, though she had no belief in caste and creed discrimination. *Nigel Akkara*, who had gained fame through the film *Muktodhara*, was signed on for one of the leads. Recalling about his experience, Akkara said that the filming has been one of the best times of his life and he has been inspired by the way people approached him and praised him. *Manali Dey* was cast as *Jhuma*; she expressed her excitement on being a part of the film and opined that her character personified a "flying butterfly". Actors *Saheb Chatterjee*, *Kharaj Mukherjee* and *Tota Roy Chowdhury* were signed on for other pivotal roles. Later, Roy Chowdhury, however, was replaced by *Badshah Moitra*.

During the initial stages of production, Mukherjee and Roy were reluctant to talk about the film's theme and casting; they wanted people to guess it. It marked their second collaboration in 2019 after their recent outing *Konttho*, released six weeks prior to *Gotro*. Upon its completion, the film was slated for release on the occasion of *Krishna Janmashtami* in August 2019. Speaking to *The Times of India*, Mukherjee addressed the film to be yet "another moving human story" alike their other films. Being based on a *social subject* (this was consistently reported), the film caused great hype and anticipation in the media even before its release.

## Release and reception

Gotro was released on 23 August 2019, coinciding with *Janmashtami*. Owing to its social theme, the film became one of the rare Bengali films to be released nationwide. It enjoyed full houses for almost all its shows across Bengal, and completed a 100 day run at the *Box office*. Having opened to a tremendous response in the first week, with its sales improving in the second week, the film emerged a highly successful venture. The subject of the film was seen appealing to people of all ages.

## Soundtrack

| Gotro | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Anindya Chatterjee | |
| Released | 12 July 2019 |
| Recorded | 2019 |
| Studio | Studio Vibrations, Kolkata |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Label | Windows |
| Anindya Chatterjee chronology | |
| *Haami*
(2018) ***Gotro***
(2019) | |

The soundtrack is composed by Anindya Chatterjee. The song, **Rongoboti**, is inspired by the famous Odia song by the same name. It received enormous appreciation from the audience. The music album is one of the best in the last five years in terms of song reach, music album and awards. **Rongoboti** alone has a reach of 160+ million views on YouTube.

Track list
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Singer | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Maa" | Anindya Chattopadhyay | Anindya Chatterjee | Arijit Singh | 4:20 |
| 2. | "Mashima Hitler" | Traditional | Anindya Chatterjee | Babul Supriyo | 3:04 |
| 3. | "Neel Digante" (Inspired from 'Neel Digante' by Rabindranath Tagore) |  | Anindya Chatterjee | Shreya Ghoshal | 3:43 |
| 4. | "Srikrishno Kirton" | Traditional | Traditional | Aditi Munshi | 5:11 |
| 5. | "Rangabati" (Originally Composition: Prabhudatta Pradhan; Oriya Lyrics: Mitrabhanu Gountia) | Surojit Chatterjee | Surojit Chatterjee | Surojit Chatterjee & Iman Chakraborty | 4:19 |
| 6. | "Murshid" | Anindya Chatterjee | Anindya Chatterjee | Abhijit Barman | 2:54 |
| 7. | "Baishnab She Jon" | Narsinh Mehta (Original), Translated by Anindya Chatterjee | Anindya Chatterjee | Shreya Ghoshal | 5:50 |

## InfoBox

| Gotro | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Nandita Roy
Shiboprosad Mukherjee |
| Written by | Shiboprosad Mukherjee
Nandita Roy |
| Screenplay by | Nandita Roy |
| Produced by | Nandita Roy
Shiboprosad Mukherjee |
| Starring | Anashua Majumdar
Nigel Akkara
Manali Dey
Ambarish Bhattacharya
Saheb Chatterjee
Badshah Moitra |
| Cinematography | Supriyo Dutta |
| Edited by | Moloy Laha |
| Music by | Anindya Chatterjee |
| Production
company | Windows Production |
| Release date | * 23 August 2019 (2019-08-23) |
| Running time | 141 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Bengali |
| Box office | est. ₹5 crore |


title: Francois Brummer

abstract: Francois Brummer is a South African rugby union player for Zebre in the Pro14. His regular playing position is fly-half, although he has played fullback on occasion.

text:
# Francois Brummer

**Francois Brummer** (born 17 May 1989) is a South African rugby union player for Zebre in the Pro14. His regular playing position is fly-half, although he has played fullback on occasion.

## Career

### Bulls / Blue Bulls

Brummer came through the youth ranks at the Blue Bulls and went on to make 45 senior appearances in Pretoria, however these were largely confined to the Vodacom Cup competition. He was part of the Bulls squad for the 2010 and 2011 Super Rugby season's although he only played in 5 matches.

### Griquas

The lack of activity saw him switch to the Griquas in 2012 and he was the Peacock Blues regular fly-half until the end of 2015. The 2014 Vodacom Cup semi-final match against the Pumas, Brummer set a new domestic record for the fastest drop-goal in a match when he scored one after just 20 seconds.

### Cheetahs

Solid performances for the Griquas saw him named in the Cheetahs squad for the 2013 Super Rugby season and so far he has made one appearance for the men from Bloemfontein.

### Pumas / Bulls

Brummer joined Nelspruit-based side the Pumas for the 2016 season. He joined Super Rugby franchise the Bulls on loan for the 2016 Super Rugby season, rejoining the side from Pretoria where he previously made five Super Rugby appearances.

### Toyota Industries Shuttles

Brummer joined Japanese Top League side Toyota Industries Shuttles for the 2017–18 Top League season.

### Zebre

He moved to Italian Pro14 side Zebre prior to the 2018–19 season. He played also for Zebre in 2019-20 Pro14 season.

## International

Brummer played for South Africa Under-19 in the 2007 Under 19 Rugby World Championship and South Africa Under-20 in the 2008 and 2009 IRB Junior World Championships. He is the leading South African points scorer in the history of the IRB Junior World Championship.

In 2016, he was included in a South Africa 'A' squad that played a two-match series against a touring England Saxons team. He came on as a replacement in their first match in Bloemfontein and scored his side's first try within two minutes of coming on and also converted three tries, but ended on the losing side as the visitors ran out 32–24 winners. He then started the second match of the series, kicking two conversions in a 26–29 defeat to the Saxons in George.

## InfoBox

Francois Brummer
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1989-05-17) 17 May 1989 |
| Place of birth | Pretoria, South Africa |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 91 kg (14 st 5 lb; 201 lb) |
| School | Hoërskool Waterkloof |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fly-half  **Current team** Zebre  Youth career  2005–2010 Blue Bulls  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2008–2011 Blue Bulls  49  (480)  2010–2011 Bulls  5  (2)  2012–2015 Griquas  72  (262)  2013–2015 Cheetahs  4  (17)  2016–2018 Bulls  18  (123)  2016 Pumas  7  (46)  2017–2018 Toyota Industries Shuttles  10  (38)  2018 Blue Bulls XV  4  (4)  2018–2020 Zebre  25  (33)  Correct as of 21 Feb 2020  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2007  South Africa Under-19    2008–2009 South Africa Under-20  9  (105)  2016 South Africa 'A'  2  (15)  Correct as of 13 Apr 2018 | |


title: Giuseppe Gambino

abstract: Giuseppe Gambino is a retired Swiss football defender.

text:
# Giuseppe Gambino

**Giuseppe Gambino** (born 13 August 1968) is a retired Swiss football defender.

## InfoBox

Giuseppe Gambino
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1968-08-13) 13 August 1968 | | |
| Position(s) | defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1986–1995 | FC St. Gallen |  |  |
| 1995–1998 | FC Zürich |  |  |
| 1998–2000 | FC Schaffhausen |  |  |
| 2000–2002 | FC Wil 1900 |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Hilaroleopsis pluricostata

abstract: Hilaroleopsis pluricostata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1881. It is known from Guatemala.

text:
# Hilaroleopsis pluricostata

***Hilaroleopsis pluricostata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1881. It is known from Guatemala.

## InfoBox

| *Hilaroleopsis pluricostata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Hilaroleopsis*** |
| Species: | ***H. pluricostata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hilaroleopsis pluricostata***<br>(Bates, 1881) | |
|


title: Paf Masters

abstract: The Paf Masters is an annual bonspiel, or curling tournament, sponsored by Paf, held at the Vianor Curlingcenter in Eckerö of Åland (Finland). It has been a part of the Women's World Curling Tour since 2017. The tournament is held in a round robin format.

text:
# Paf Masters

The **Paf Masters** is an annual bonspiel, or curling tournament, sponsored by Paf, held at the Vianor Curlingcenter in Eckerö of Åland (Finland). It has been a part of the Women's World Curling Tour since 2017. The tournament is held in a round robin format.

## Past champions

| Year | Winner | Runner up | Purse (Euro) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Kim Eun-jung, Kim Kyeong-ae, Kim Seon-yeong, Kim Yeong-mi | Shannon Kleibrink, Sarah Wilkes, Kalynn Park, Alison Thiessen | € 18,600 |
| 2018 | Isabella Wranå, Jennie Wåhlin, Almida de Val, Fanny Sjöberg | Sayaka Yoshimura, Kaho Onodera, Anna Ohmiya, Yumie Funayama | € 18,000 |
| 2019 | Isabella Wranå, Jennie Wåhlin, Almida de Val, Fanny Sjöberg | Irene Schori, Lara Stocker, Roxane Héritier, Isabelle Maillard | € 18,000 |
| 2020 | *Cancelled* | | |

## InfoBox

| Paf Masters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sponsor | Paf |
| Established | 2017 |
| Host city | Eckerö, Åland, Finland |
| Arena | Vianor Curlingcenter |
| Purse | €18,000 (2019) |
| 2019 champion | Isabella Wranå |