title: Meadrow Unitarian Chapel

abstract: Meadrow Unitarian Chapel is a Unitarian chapel in the Farncombe area of Godalming, Surrey, England. It is part of the London District and South Eastern Provincial Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, one of 16 districts within the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the umbrella organisation for British Unitarians. Founded in 1789 as a General Baptist chapel in a town where Protestant Nonconformism was historically strong, it can trace its roots back to informal 17th-century Baptist meetings in houses and other venues. The congregation's doctrines changed during the 19th century to encompass Unitarian ideas, and the church "has long been regarded as Unitarian". Worship took place in another building within the grounds for more than a century until the mid-1970s, when the old chapel—which has been listed at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance—was returned to religious use.

text:
# Meadrow Unitarian Chapel

**Meadrow Unitarian Chapel** (also known as **Meadrow Chapel** and **Godalming Unitarian Church**) is a Unitarian chapel in the Farncombe area of Godalming, Surrey, England. It is part of the London District and South Eastern Provincial Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, one of 16 districts within the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the umbrella organisation for British Unitarians.

Founded in 1789 as a General Baptist chapel in a town where Protestant Nonconformism was historically strong, it can trace its roots back to informal 17th-century Baptist meetings in houses and other venues. The congregation's doctrines changed during the 19th century to encompass Unitarian ideas, and the church "has long been regarded as Unitarian". Worship took place in another building within the grounds for more than a century until the mid-1970s, when the old chapel—which has been listed at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance—was returned to religious use.

## History

### Context and beliefs

The ancient settlement of Godalming is "a rarity among towns of Southern England": it developed as a small-scale industrial centre rather than as a market town. In terms of religion, industrial workers in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries often tended towards Nonconformism rather than Anglican or Roman Catholic worship, and this was the case in Godalming: during the reign of King Charles II in the late 17th century, well over 1,000 of the 3,000 residents were Nonconformists, although there were no dedicated places of worship at that time (people gathered in conventicles). One of the largest Nonconformist groups, and the longest established and most prominent in the west of Surrey, were Baptists. By the 18th century Calvinistic (Strict and Particular) Baptists had split to form a separate denomination, and most Baptists identified with the General Baptist tradition which differed little in its theology from Anglicanism, the Established Church. However, some of these congregations later experienced a further development in their doctrinal position, towards anti-Trinitarianism (the rejection of the doctrine of the Trinity), and developed into Unitarian churches.

This doctrinal shift happened at Godalming, where General Baptist meetings have a long history. Small groups identifying as Baptist but with no organised structure met in various places in the Godalming area from the 17th century, helped by regular visits from prominent preacher Matthew Caffyn of Horsham in Sussex. By the second half of the 18th century, meetings regularly took place at the house of William Evershed, who lived between Godalming and Eashing. Evershed merely leased this cottage: he owned land and a house in Billingshurst near Horsham, and in 1754 he founded a General Baptist chapel there which soon became Unitarian. (It continues in use as Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel, and descendants of the Evershed family maintained a 260 year connection with it. The last of that line, Susie Evershed, died in August 2022, aged 90, and her memorial stone sits in the chapel grounds surrounded by over 120 Evershed family members who lived and worshipped in the village).

### Building the chapel

In the late 18th century, the congregation who met at Evershed's house decided to build a permanent chapel in Godalming. Records show that on "Wed June 4th 1783, at a church meeting held at Bro. Wm. Evershed's at Eashing, Godalming, it was agreed that a more convenient Place of Public Worship may conduce much to the ease and prosperity of this chapel. Agreed that a meeting house be Erected at Meadrow, Godalming for that purpose." A site was found at Meadrow, north of the River Wey, and the chapel was built and opened in 1789. The "simple, attractive building" had a baptistery to allow total-immersion baptism in accordance with General Baptist principles: the first such baptism was recorded in 1809. The church gradually moved towards Unitarianism and became fully associated with that denomination in the second half of the 19th century. Another small group which met at a house in Crownpits elsewhere in Godalming later joined the congregation. The group called itself the "Particular Unitarian Baptist Church" and traced its roots back many years.

In 1821 a brick cottage was built on to the north side of the chapel. In 1870 a Gothic Revival-style Sunday school building was constructed much closer to the road; it was later converted into a chapel, and the 1789 building became the Sunday school. This situation was reversed in 1975 or 1976 when the 1870 building reverted to its original role as a schoolroom and meeting room and worship again took place in the old chapel.

As well as the Sunday school, the church—like many others during the Victorian era, when "a keen sense of social justice" characterised Nonconformist churches in particular—helped to found a free non-denominational day school in accordance with Joseph Lancaster's educational model. A site was found on Bridge Road near the town centre and "a fine new British school" was built. Now Grade II-listed, it was constructed in 1872 and extended in about 1900.

After the church moved back from the 1870 building into the original chapel, it was registered for the solemnisation of marriages in June 1976. It is also licensed for worship in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 and has the registration number 74351.

## Architecture

The chapel was designated a Grade II listed building on 16 May 1975. Such buildings are defined as "nationally important and of special interest". As of February 2001, it was one of 1,548 Grade II listed buildings and 1,661 listed buildings of all grades in the Borough of Waverley, the local government district in which Godalming is situated. It is one of several current and former places of worship in Godalming with listed status: St Edmund's Roman Catholic Church, the Quaker meeting house on Mill Street, the former Salvation Army Hall on Mint Street (originally Congregational, and later Methodist) and the later Congregational church on Bridge Street (also no longer in religious use) are all Grade II-listed, and St Peter and St Paul's parish church has Grade I status.

The chapel is a single-storey building of red-brown brick laid in the English bond pattern. The brickwork is still visible on the attached cottage, but the chapel has been rendered with stucco. The cottage has two storeys but is the same height as the chapel; they share a roof, which is laid with tiles. The façade consists of four bays of which the leftmost is formed by the cottage. A gabled porch is placed centrally, and there is a chimneystack halfway along the roof and another on the end of the cottage. The divide between the cottage and the chapel is marked by quoins, and a cornice runs across the façade below the roofline. The chapel has three arched windows: the two to the right of the entrance porch are full-height, but the other (between the cottage and the porch) lights only the upper section of the chapel. There is a door below it which may have replaced the lower section. Another door gives entry to the cottage; it is set below a straight-headed porch with a wooden architrave. The chapel's porch has a round-arched entrance and a cross on the gable. There are three round-arched windows to the rear of the chapel, which is faced with slates and which backs on to the River Wey.

Inside, the original pews and benches have been moved to the walls to give an open worship space which takes up the rightmost two bays of the chapel. Separated from this above the third bay is a panelled gallery supported by columns and a cross beam. A "good row of hat-pegs" was noted in a survey of 1986. The chapel, inclusive of all three bays, measures 35.5 by 22 feet (10.8 m × 6.7 m). The baptistery, set into the floor, survives: there are brick steps down into it, and it is lined with bricks.

## Burial ground

The last burial at the chapel took place in 1869. Ten years later the first transcript was taken of the inscriptions on the monuments and gravestones.

There are four burial vaults in front of the chapel. From north to south they are:

* Henry Portsmouth Elphs (died 1833) and Betty Elphs (died 1834)
* Thomas Pilsley (died 1810: the first burial in the burial ground) and Ann Pilsley (died 1816)
* John Ellis (died 1824), Mary Ellis (died 1825) and Sarah Ellis (died 1815): John Ellis was a major contributor to the chapel's construction
* George Knight (died 1843) and Emily Knight (died 1848)

Including these vaults, 46 people are interred in the burial ground. There are three rows of eight, two and nine graves on the north side of the path to the chapel entrance; four under the path (commemorated by stones set into it); and two rows of five and four to the south of the path. There are four burials behind the 1870 building (by the northern boundary of the burial ground) and six alongside the southern boundary. The surname Ellis appears 12 times, and in the first row of eight graves seven are named Cooke.

### Notes

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Meadrow Unitarian Chapel | |
| --- | --- |
| Godalming Unitarian Church | |
| The chapel from the northwest | |
| Location map and quick summary   Meadrow Unitarian Chapel  51°11′37″N 0°35′52″W / 51.193522°N 0.597792°W / 51.193522; -0.597792  Location Meadrow, Farncombe, Surrey GU7 3JB  Country United Kingdom  Denomination Unitarianism  Previous denomination General Baptist  History  Former name(s) Meadrow General Baptist Chapel  Status Chapel  Founded 1789  Architecture  Functional status Open  Heritage designation Grade II  Designated 16 May 1975  Specifications  Length 35.5 feet (10.8 m)  Width 22 feet (6.7 m)  Number of floors 1  Materials Brick, stucco | |


title: Ravachol Parrot

abstract: The Ravachol parrot lived in Pontevedra, Spain, between 1891 and 1913. It was the pet of pharmacist Perfecto Feijoo. It became one of the symbols of the city. The burial of the Ravachol Parrot is commemorated every year during the carnival of the city of Pontevedra.

text:
# Ravachol Parrot

The **Ravachol parrot** lived in Pontevedra, Spain, between 1891 and 1913. It was the pet of pharmacist Perfecto Feijoo. It became one of the symbols of the city.

The burial of the Ravachol Parrot is commemorated every year during the carnival of the city of Pontevedra.

## Origin of the name

There is no evidence that the parrot had a specific name during its first months in Pontevedra, but before a year had passed since its arrival in the city, all the neighbours knew it by the name of a famous French revolutionary. François Ravachol was an anarchist who, as well as being a troublemaker, was known for his terrorist attacks with dynamite.

It was his owner Don Perfecto Feijoo himself who named the parrot Ravachol, because of its unruly and untamable character.

## History

### The owner

The pharmacist from Pontevedra Perfecto Feijoo (1858–1935) graduated from the University of Santiago de Compostela. Since 1880 he had run the pharmacy located in the Plaza de la Peregrina, next to the Church of the Pilgrim Virgin on the corner of Oliva Street. He had a pleasant and friendly character and gathered the cream of Pontevedra's society in his pharmacy. Personalities from politics, the arts and sciences came to his pharmacy to participate in the most lively meetings. He was undoubtedly one of the most charismatic personalities in Galicia at that time.

### Origins

In 1702, the Spanish fleet, together with the French fleet, tried to land goods brought from America. The ships were attacked by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, which led to the Battle of Rande. Among the goods from the new continent was a cargo of exotic birds. After the ships sank, a large number of parrots managed to survive. They spread around and were captured by the villagers.

The date of birth of the Ravachol Parrot is unknown, but it was in 1891 that Martin Fayes, a music teacher and director of the military band of Tui, a friend of D. Perfecto, gave it to him. The young parrot would stay in Pontevedra for 22 years.

### Arrival in Pontevedra

It took some time for the parrot to adapt to his new home but he soon showed his restless and irreverent nature. His ability to speak was mixed with a vulgar vocabulary, said to have come from the soldiers in the barracks where his former owner Martin Fayes worked. Depending on the time of year and the time of day, the parrot's cage was located in the pharmacy, in the back of the pharmacy or outside the pharmacy next to a stone bench. It was in the latter location that the parrot was most comfortable enjoying the liveliness of passers-by.

### Death and burial

On 26 January 1913, the Parrot died. It is said that the cause of his death was over-consumption of biscuits soaked in wine or poisoning. The society of Pontevedra was plunged into a sad sense of mourning and organised itself to bid farewell to the most emblematic reference of the city. The corpse was embalmed and displayed in the pharmacy.

The Society of Craftsmen organised the funeral and set up a burial chamber in the pharmacy. They set the date of the funeral for 5 February 1913. Famous people from Pontevedra took part in the funeral, which was a farewell to the beloved parrot Ravachol. The mortal remains of the parrot were buried in the estate that D. Perfecto owned in Mourente.

## Description

### Personality

The parrot's temperament was very peculiar, its verbosity and ease of expression made it a singular attraction. Many customers gave sweets to the parrot, as those who did not do so received a good reprimand from Ravachol.

### Curiosities and sentences

The life of the parrot was marked by a large number of anecdotes linked to its ease of expression and its particular sarcasm. The most surprising thing is that his mastery of the language was coupled with an intelligence that allowed him to hold small conversations. He also identified certain situations to apply his sentences, almost always in Galician, which soon became popular and were later used in the everyday language of the people of Pontevedra. For example, Ravachol could say the threatening words "*se collo a vara...*" (*if I take the stick...*) to address those who bothered him. If no one was looking after the customers and a customer came into the pharmacy, he would shout *"Don Perfecto"* (*there are people in the shop*). If the customer looked bad, he would shout: *"We don't trust you here"*. On the other hand, when a priest arrived, he would imitate a crow. To the president of the Spanish government, Eugenio Montero Ríos, and to the writer Emilia Pardo Bazán he dedicated insults that would be condemned at the time. Another example of his intelligence is that sometimes he would shout *"Don Perfecto a despachar"* (*Don Perfecto, go and take care of the customers*) and when the pharmacist approached him he would say "engañeiche! "(I fooled you!).

### Modern burial

In 1985, a group of Pontevedrians, in collaboration with the municipal festivities committee, decided to recreate the wake and burial of the Ravachol Parrot during the city's carnival. The success of this first recreation was such that within a few years the burial of the Parrot Ravachol became one of the most popular events of the Galician carnival. The celebration closes the carnival week in Pontevedra. It is customary for Ravachol to appear on Carnival Monday in a costume that changes every year depending on the current events. Initially, the funeral was held on Friday, but was moved to Saturday after Ash Wednesday to facilitate the participation of thousands of people in the funeral procession.

### Relevance

There are many examples of recognition for this figure of the Pontevedra carnival. He has been the subject of television reports, journalistic columns, historical studies and literary inspiration. It also has its own *saeta*, *rumba*, *tanguillos* and *coplas murgueras*, badge and various merchandising items. The parrot has had a monument since 23 February 2006 at the very spot in the city where his picturesque exploits took place. It is precisely there that Don Perfecto Feijoo's chemist's shop, demolished in 1947 to widen Michelena Street, is rebuilt every year and the famous gatherings are recreated.

The parrot also has a dedicated figurine in the famous Galician pottery of Sargadelos. The cakes called *Ravacholitos* are also dedicated to the Ravachol Parrot.

## InfoBox

Ravachol Parrot
| Ravachol Parrot statue | |
| --- | --- |
| Species | Parrot |
| Died | 26 January 1913<br>Pontevedra, Spain |
| Resting place | Mourente, Pontevedra |
| Occupation | Pharmacist's pet |
| Years active | 22 |
| Known for | Intelligent and sarcastic conversation |
| Owner | D. Perfecto Feijoo |
| Residence | Pontevedra |
| Named after | François Ravachol |


title: Haefliger structure

abstract: In mathematics, a Haefliger structure on a topological space is a generalization of a foliation of a manifold, introduced by André Haefliger in 1970. Any foliation on a manifold induces a special kind of Haefliger structure, which uniquely determines the foliation.

text:
# Haefliger structure

In mathematics, a **Haefliger structure** on a topological space is a generalization of a foliation of a manifold, introduced by André Haefliger in 1970. Any foliation on a manifold induces a special kind of Haefliger structure, which uniquely determines the foliation.

## Definition

A codimension-*$q$* **Haefliger structure** on a topological space *$X$* consists of the following data:

* a cover of *$X$* by open sets $U\_{\alpha }$;
* a collection of continuous maps *$f\_{\alpha }:X\to \mathbb {R} ^{q}$*;
* for every *$x\in U\_{\alpha }\cap U\_{\beta }$*, a diffeomorphism *$\psi \_{\alpha \beta }^{x}$* between open neighbourhoods of *$f\_{\alpha }(x)$* and *$f\_{\beta }(x)$* with *$\Psi \_{\alpha \beta }^{x}\circ f\_{\alpha }=f\_{\beta }$*;

such that the continuous maps *$\Psi \_{\alpha \beta }:x\mapsto \mathrm {germ} \_{x}(\psi \_{\alpha \beta }^{x})$* from $U\_{\alpha }\cap U\_{\beta }$ to the sheaf of germs of local diffeomorphisms of $\mathbb {R} ^{q}$ satisfy the 1-cocycle condition

$\displaystyle \Psi \_{\gamma \alpha }(u)=\Psi \_{\gamma \beta }(u)\Psi \_{\beta \alpha }(u)$ for $u\in U\_{\alpha }\cap U\_{\beta }\cap U\_{\gamma }.$

The cocycle *$\Psi \_{\alpha \beta }$* is also called a **Haefliger cocycle**.

More generally, *$\mathcal {C}^{r}$*, piecewise linear, analytic, and continuous Haefliger structures are defined by replacing sheaves of germs of smooth diffeomorphisms by the appropriate sheaves.

## Examples and constructions

### Pullbacks

An advantage of Haefliger structures over foliations is that they are closed under pullbacks. More precisely, given a Haefliger structure on *$X$*, defined by a Haefliger cocycle *$\Psi \_{\alpha \beta }$*, and a continuous map *$f:Y\to X$*, the **pullback Haefliger structure** on *$Y$* is defined by the open cover $f^{-1}(U\_{\alpha })$ and the cocycle *$\Psi \_{\alpha \beta }\circ f$*. As particular cases we obtain the following constructions:

* Given a Haefliger structure on *$X$* and a subspace *$Y\subseteq X$*, the **restriction of the Haefliger structure** to *$Y$* is the pullback Haefliger structure with respect to the inclusion *$Y\hookrightarrow X$*
* Given a Haefliger structure on *$X$* and another space *$Y$*, the **product of the Haefliger structure** with *$Y$* is the pullback Haefliger structure with respect to the projection *$X\times Y\to X$*

### Foliations

Recall that a codimension-*$q$* foliation on a smooth manifold can be specified by a covering of *$X$* by open sets $U\_{\alpha }$, together with a submersion *$\phi \_{\alpha }$* from each open set $U\_{\alpha }$ to $\mathbb {R} ^{q}$, such that for each $\alpha ,\beta $ there is a map *$\Phi \_{\alpha \beta }$* from $U\_{\alpha }\cap U\_{\beta }$ to local diffeomorphisms with

$$\phi \_{\alpha }(v)=\Phi \_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)(\phi \_{\beta }(v))$$

whenever *$v$* is close enough to *$u$*. The Haefliger cocycle is defined by

$\Psi \_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)=$ germ of $\Phi \_{\alpha ,\beta }(u)$ at *u*.

As anticipated, foliations are not closed in general under pullbacks but Haefliger structures are. Indeed, given a continuous map *$f:X\to Y$*, one can take pullbacks of foliations on *$Y$* provided that *$f$* is transverse to the foliation, but if *$f$* is not transverse the pullback can be a Haefliger structure that is not a foliation.

## Classifying space

Two Haefliger structures on *$X$* are called **concordant** if they are the restrictions of Haefliger structures on *$X\times \[0,1\]$* to *$X\times 0$* and *$X\times 1$*.

There is a classifying space $B\Gamma \_{q}$ for codimension-*$q$* Haefliger structures which has a universal Haefliger structure on it in the following sense. For any topological space *$X$* and continuous map from *$X$* to $B\Gamma \_{q}$ the pullback of the universal Haefliger structure is a Haefliger structure on *$X$*. For well-behaved topological spaces *$X$* this induces a 1:1 correspondence between homotopy classes of maps from *$X$* to $B\Gamma \_{q}$ and concordance classes of Haefliger structures.

* Anosov, D.V. (2001) \[1994\], "Haefliger structure", *Encyclopedia of Mathematics*, EMS Press

1. Haefliger, André (1970). "Feuilletages sur les variétés ouvertes". *Topology*. **9** (2): 183–194. doi:10.1016/0040-9383(70)90040-6. ISSN 0040-9383. MR 0263104.
2. Haefliger, André (1971). "Homotopy and integrability". *Manifolds--Amsterdam 1970 (Proc. Nuffic Summer School)*. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 197. Vol. 197. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 133–163. doi:10.1007/BFb0068615. ISBN 978-3-540-05467-2. MR 0285027.


title: Hendrik van Zyl

abstract: Hendrik Matthys van Zyl, the "Laird of Ghanzi" was the first Afrikaner settler in Ghanzi, Botswana. A former politician in Transvaal, he crossed the Kalahari several times and set up a small trading enterprise in Ghanzi, where was known for his flamboyant character and extravagant wealth. He gained a reputation for ruthlessness in his business dealings, and even initially refused water to the Dorsland Trekkers on their way to Angola in 1875. He shot over 400 elephants, and the ivory from the beasts amounted to over 4 tonnes. With a vast ivory fortune, van Zyl built a two-story mansion with stained glass windows and imported furniture from France, the ruins of which still stand today. His hunting prowess was so well known and remarkable in the region, it was recorded in one single day van Zyl and his sons slaughtered 103 elephants. It is alleged that in the Gcwihaba cave, in northwest Botswana, van Zyl stashed a great fortune in the late 19th century. To this day, he is a legendary regional figure, and many tales have been written about him.

text:
# Hendrik van Zyl

**Hendrik Matthys van Zyl (van Zijl)**, the **"Laird of Ghanzi"** (19 October 1828 – June 1880) was the first Afrikaner settler in Ghanzi, Botswana.

A former politician in Transvaal, he crossed the Kalahari several times and set up a small trading enterprise in Ghanzi, where was known for his flamboyant character and extravagant wealth. He gained a reputation for ruthlessness in his business dealings, and even initially refused water to the Dorsland Trekkers on their way to Angola in 1875. He shot over 400 elephants, and the ivory from the beasts amounted to over 4 tonnes. With a vast ivory fortune, van Zyl built a two-story mansion with stained glass windows and imported furniture from France, the ruins of which still stand today. His hunting prowess was so well known and remarkable in the region, it was recorded in one single day van Zyl and his sons slaughtered 103 elephants. It is alleged that in the Gcwihaba cave, in northwest Botswana, van Zyl stashed a great fortune in the late 19th century. To this day, he is a legendary regional figure, and many tales have been written about him.

## InfoBox

| Hendrik van Zyl | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Hendrik Matthys van Zyl<br>19 October 1828 |
| Died | June 1880 |
| Nationality | Botswana |
| Occupation | Politician |


title: Harry Hudson (musician)

abstract: Harry Hudson is an American singer-songwriter of folk rock and pop music. His debut album, Yesterday's Tomorrow Night, was released on Jay-Z's Roc Nation record label in 2018. The single "Yellow Lights" went Top 10 on Spotify's US Viral chart, and Hudson was named one of Pandora’s Artist to Watch 2018 on the music streaming service. His second album, Hey, I'm Here For You, was released in November 2020.

text:
# Harry Hudson (musician)

**Harry Hudson** (born June 2, 1993) is an American singer-songwriter of folk rock and pop music. His debut album, *Yesterday's Tomorrow Night*, was released on Jay-Z's Roc Nation record label in 2018. The single "Yellow Lights" went Top 10 on Spotify's US Viral chart, and Hudson was named one of Pandora’s Artist to Watch 2018 on the music streaming service. His second album, *Hey, I'm Here For You*, was released in November 2020.

## Early life

Hudson was born in Englewood, New Jersey, and at four years old moved to Los Angeles. Early on, he was interested in rap music, but in 2011 he met John Atterberry, the former vice president of Death Row Records, who encouraged him to sing. He already enjoyed pop music, but came to appreciate the country sounds of Johnny Cash, Hank Williams, Kris Kristofferson and Willie Nelson as well as Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen. Hudson began to write songs and sing them.

In Los Angeles, Hudson met Kylie and Kendall Jenner, who promoted his music on their social media. That affiliation led to his meeting siblings Willow and Jaden Smith, and ultimately in the formation of MSFTS, an “art collective and lifestyle brand that encompasses music, fashion, education and more.”

## Health crisis

At 20, Hudson learned he had Stage 3 Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The journals he made during chemotherapy sessions, as well as the subsequent depression that befell him, inspired many of the independent releases beginning in 2014 with the "Learn 2 Love" single, and the 2015 "Treatment (A-Side)" EP and Gemineyes" single, as well as the entirety of his later debut album in 2018 on the MSFTS/RocNation label called *Yesterday’s Tomorrow Night*. During the same period, he worked with Teen Cancer America spearheading a fundraiser with the organization to build a treatment center at Vanderbilt University.

After treatment, Hudson moved to New York City, New York with Jaden Smith. While there, he developed an interest in film, and subsequently made one set in Lone Pine, California titled *Can Cowboys Cry* starring himself and Smith and including his folk-pop songs "Cry for Love", "Yellow Lights", "No Good", and "Gone". The 17-minute film was directed by Directed x MODELS.

## Music career

On March 30, 2018, Hudson released his 15-track debut album, *Yesterday’s Tomorrow Night*, on the MSFTS/Roc Nation label, described as “a sincere and heartfelt record that draws heavy inspiration from his albeit difficult life experiences” by *L'Officiel* magazine.

The songs include the second single, "Yellow Lights", a piano ballad written by Hudson, and co-produced by fellow MSFTS music artist ¿Téo? and platinum recording artist gnash. It was released January 9, 2018 and premiered on Beats 1 radio as a Zane Lowe World First. “Yellow Lights” reached Top 10 on Spotify’s U.S. Viral chart Another piano-driven track, "Love, Dad", was written just after the death of Hudson’s father and the singer says the song feels “like I channeled him.”

Hudson sold out his first-ever headlining shows in Los Angeles, California on May 1, 2018 at the Troubadour and in New York City on May 9, 2018 at Brooklyn’s Rough Trade. Also in early 2018, he made a Pandora 2018 SXSW appearance, and performed on the Bud Light 2018 SXSW stage as well. Hudson opened for Kygo on the Kids in Love Tour 2018.

Hudson is scheduled to perform throughout 2018 at Bud Light Stages at several summer festivals. He will also appear at the Life Is Beautiful festival in Las Vegas, Nevada on September 22.

On November 20, 2020, Hudson released his second album, *Hey, I'm Here For You*. The album included collaborations with close friend Jaden Smith and Norwegian singer Astrid S.

## Discography

* *Yesterday’s Tomorrow Night* (2018)
* *Hey, I'm Here For You* (2020)
* *A Deer in Headlights* EP (2022)

## InfoBox

| Harry Hudson | |
| --- | --- |
| Harry Hudson in 2018 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1993-06-02) June 2, 1993<br>Englewood, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Origin | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Folk rock, pop |
| Instrument(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Years active | 2013–present |
|  | |
| Website | harryhudsonmusic.com |


title: Ruth Welcome

abstract: Ruth Anneliese Welcome was a German-born American zither player. During her 30-year career (1945-1975) she distinguished herself as America's only professional zitherist, and, as a recording artist for Capitol Records, producing 18 albums and several singles.

text:
# Ruth Welcome

**Ruth Anneliese Welcome** (April 24, 1919 – March 6, 2005) was a German-born American zither player. During her 30-year career (1945-1975) she distinguished herself as America's only professional zitherist, and, as a recording artist for Capitol Records, producing 18 albums and several singles.

## Background and career

Welcome learned to play zither as a child, and was familiar with the instrument at age 8, when in 1927, her family emigrated to the United States and settled in New York City. There she took lessons on piano and zither, and upon graduation from high school she was accepted at the Juilliard School of Music, where she studied piano and violin; she later taught piano at the School for several years.

During the second world war she joined the USO and entertained troops overseas, finding the zither more portable than the piano, and more suitable for solo work than the violin. After the war she continued to volunteer in military hospitals for several years.

In 1949 Anton Karas' theme music for the British film noir *The Third Man* had a vogue in the United States, and reintroduced the sound of the zither to an American public which hadn't paid it much notice since the turn of the previous century. The popularity of Karas' zither-based score helped set the stage for Welcome's professional debut as a zitherist, in 1953. Her performance, in Manhattan's famous Hampshire House, was well-received, and she became a regular attraction there for the next five years.

At the end of her run at the Hampshire House, Welcome took her zither on the road, touring the US and Canada with such success, that Capitol Records signed her to an exclusive recording contract that same year (1957). She recorded eighteen zither albums for Capitol, which became popular all over the world, and started something of a "zither revival" in North America. A number of manufacturers began producing concert zithers again in such numbers that today (2016) if you buy a used zither it is most likely to come either from the period 1895-1910, or from 1955-1965.

Her first album, *Hi-Fi-Zither*, was released in 1958, and over the next fifteen years she recorded seventeen zither albums for Capitol, as well as a number of singles. Her repertory consisted primarily of standards and showtunes, in a style that came to be known as "mood music" or "easy listening" in the mid-1960s.

Welcome retired from touring and recording in 1975, and relocated from Connecticut to Sun City, Arizona, where she spent most of the remainder of her life. She died in Peoria, Arizona, on March 6, 2005, and is buried in Sunland Memorial Park.

During her career, Welcome recorded more zither albums than any other zither player. While the zither has again waned in popularity since the 1960s, Welcome's albums continue to sell briskly as collector's items, and several have been re-released on CD. In 2013 the Guardian released an article noting the continued popularity of her music on online sharing services such as Spotify.

## Discography

**Albums**

| Title | Format | Label | Issue Number | Date of Issue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ruth Welcome, Dick Marta - Cafe Continental | LP? | Cook Laboratories, Inc. | 10326 | 1950 |
| Hi-Fi Zither | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | T-942 | 1958 |
| Third Man Theme and other Zither Hits | LP, Album | Capitol Records | DT-942 | 1958 |
| Third Man Theme And Other Zither Hits | (LP, Album, RE | Capitol Records | SM-942 | 1958? |
| Zither Magic | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | T-1279 | 1959 |
| Zither Magic | LP, Album, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST-1279 | 1959 |
| Welcome To Zitherland | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | T-1471 | 1960 |
| Welcome To Zitherland | LP, Album, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST-1471 | 1960 |
| Ruth Welcome and the Buffalo Zither Club | LP, Album, Stereo | F&B |  | 1960? |
| Zither South Of The Border | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | C-80204 | 1960 |
| Zither South Of The Border | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records, Codiscos Mundial | C-80204, T-1397 | 1960 |
| Zither South Of The Border | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | T-1397 | 1960 |
| Zither South Of The Border | LP, Album, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST 1397 | 1960 |
| Zither In Three Quarter Time | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | T 1318 | 1960 |
| Romantic Zither | LP, Mono | Capitol Records | T-1527 | 1961 |
| Romantic Zither | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | T 1527, T-1527 | Unknown |
| Romantic Zither | LP, Album, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST 1527 | Unknown |
| Ruth Welcome And Klaus Ogerman's Orchestra - Carnival | LP, Album, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST 1551 | 1961 |
| Zither Goes West | LP, Mono | Capitol Records | T 1672 | 1962 |
| Zither Goes West | LP, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST 1672 | Unknown |
| Christmas In Zitherland | LP, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST 1782 | 1962 |
| Latin Zither | LP, Mono | Capitol Records | T 1863 | 1963 |
| Latin Zither | LP, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST 1863 | 1963 |
| Zither Goes Hollywood | LP, Mono | Capitol Records | T-1986 | 1963 |
| Zither Goes Hollywood | LP, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST-1986 | 1963 |
| Sentimental Zither | LP | Capitol Records | ST 2064 | 1964 |
| The Concert Zither | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | P 8602 | 1964 |
| Ruth Welcome And The Milt Shaw Trio - At A Sidewalk Cafe | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | T 1209 | 1964? |
| Ruth Welcome And The Milt Shaw Trio - At A Sidewalk Cafe | LP, Album | Capitol Records | ST 1209 | Unknown |
| Continental Zither | LP, Album, Mono | Capitol Records | T 2472 | 1965? |
| Continental Zither | LP, Stereo | Capitol Records | ST2472 | Unknown |
| Sounds Of The Time - Cafe Continental | LP, Cle | Cook | 10326 | 1966 |
| Zither In 3/4 Time | LP, RE | Capitol Records | ST-1318 | 1967 |

**Singles & EPs**

| Title | Format | Label | Issue Number | Date of Issue | B-Side |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ruth Welcome, Dick Marta - The Zither / The Cimbalom | 10" | Cook | 1032 | Unknown | n/a |
| Themes From "The Third Man" | 7", Single, RE | Capitol Records | 6086 | Unknown | B: Song From Moulin Rouge (Where Is Your Heart) |
| Allison's Theme | 7", Single | Capitol Records | 4562 | Unknown | B: Hank's Tune |
| Ruth Welcome Con El Conjunto De Earl Shelton | 7", Single | Capitol Records | CC - 3303 | Unknown | B: Welcome In Colombia |

## InfoBox

| Ruth Welcome | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1919-04-24)April 24, 1919
Germany |
| Died | March 6, 2005(2005-03-06) (aged 85)
Peoria, AZ |
| Genres | Easy Listening, Light Jazz |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, Recording Artist |
| Instrument | Zither |
| Years active | 1953–1975 |
| Labels | Capitol |


title: Granulifusus noguchii

abstract: Granulifusus noguchii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

text:
# Granulifusus noguchii

***Granulifusus noguchii*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

## Description

## Distribution

* Hadorn R. & Fraussen K. 2005. *Revision of the genus Granulifusus Kuroda & Habe 1954 with description of some new species (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Fasciolariidae).* Archiv für Molluskenkunde 134 (2): 129–171.

## InfoBox

| *Granulifusus noguchii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Fasciolariidae |
| Genus: | *Granulifusus* |
| Species: | ***G. noguchii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Granulifusus noguchii***<br>(Habe & Masuda, 1990) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Simplicifusus noguchii* Habe & Masuda, 1990 (basionym) | |


title: Girdwood

abstract: Girdwood may refer to:

text:
# Girdwood

**Girdwood** may refer to:

## Places

## People with the surname

* Eric Girdwood (1876–1963), British military officer who served as General Officer Commanding the Northern Ireland District from 1931 to 1935
* Gilbert Girdwood (1832–1917), English army and civilian physician and surgeon, academic and author, noted for his service in the Canadian Army
* Ronald Girdwood (1917–2006), Scottish medical doctor, Professor of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh and a President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh


title: Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck

abstract: Friedrich Heinrich Philipp Franz von Hefner-Alteneck was a German electrical engineer and one of the closest aides of Werner von Siemens. He is largely remembered for the invention of the Hefner lamp, which provided the measure of luminous intensity used in Germany, Austria and Scandinavia from 1890 to 1942. The measure was called the Hefnerkerze (HK). The Hefnerkerze was superseded in the 1940s by the modern SI unit, the candela. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1896.

text:
# Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck

**Friedrich Heinrich Philipp Franz von Hefner-Alteneck** (April 27, 1845 in Aschaffenburg – January 6, 1904 in Biesdorf near Berlin) was a German electrical engineer and one of the closest aides of Werner von Siemens. He is largely remembered for the invention of the Hefner lamp, which provided the measure of luminous intensity used in Germany, Austria and Scandinavia from 1890 to 1942. The measure was called the *Hefnerkerze* (HK). The Hefnerkerze was superseded in the 1940s by the modern SI unit, the candela.

He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1896.

## Notable Inventions

von Hefner-Alteneck's most notable inventions were all conceptualized during his time at Siemens.

* Differential arc lamp - A type of automatic-feed carbon arc lamp
* Drum armature - An efficient form of winding motor rotor coils
* A telegraph keyboard
* The Hefner lamp

1. "Hefner unit, or Hefner candle". *Sizes.com*. 30 May 2007. Retrieved 25 Feb 2009.
2. "A gifted engineer".

## InfoBox

| Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: Places of worship in Muvattupuzha

text:
# Places of worship in Muvattupuzha

The town of Muvattupuzha in Kerala, India contains places of worship for Hindus, Syrian Christians and Rawther Muslims.

## Temples and ashramas

### Velloorkunnam Shiva Temple

‘Velloorkunnu’ means the hill of light. This is one of the rarest Siva Temples situated near The three rivers, which merge to form a single river. Worshippers believe that Lord Maheswara is the eliminator of all the worries. He gets easily pleased with those who worship. He awards peace in this World and salvation in the other World. He is the annihilator of the wicked and protector of the good. The idol in Velloorkunnam Mahadeva Temple is Kirathamoorthy, who gets easily pleased in his Devotees. They believe that the fore sating of arrogance and the trust in Lord Sankara bring them auspices. The other deities are Vinayaka, Sreekrishna, Sreedharma Sastha and Naga. Mondays, Saturdays and Pradosha days are important here. Among the Hindu temples the Velloorkunnam temple is the oldest and most traditional. Old people say that during the period of invasion of Tippu, terrified with the attack at any time the flag mast of this temple was removed and deposited in the river by the devotees. Still one can find the basement of this staff at the temple courtyard. Stories also live as to the hiding of the flag mast and valuables of Narasimha Temple at the pond in the temple compound. The ‘Sreekovil’ (sanctum sanctorum) of this temple which is round in shape is so beautiful incomparable with anyone of its kind. Narasimha Temple is also an old and traditional one owned by various ‘Manas’.

### Puzhakkarakavu Bhagavati Temple

Puzhakkarakavu temple is dedicated to the Divine Mother. It is situated at the confluence of the three rivers and is the oldest temple in the town. The town grew around it. Sangharakshita gives some details about this place in his book.

Puzhakkarakavu on which the beauty, glory and fame of Muvattupuzha are founded requires particular mention. Even people from distant places come to worship here. The idol or ‘Vigraham’ in this temple is ‘Swayambhoo’, self made, naturally born. With the joint efforts of the king’s servants and local chiefs the temple was constructed at ‘Thriveni Sangamam’, point of harmony of the rivers, where the deity was discovered. The ‘Chirappu Maholsavam’ here is grand and colorful. It was started during the rule of the king, which is still celebrated with all devotion and glamour by the people of Muvattupuzha irrespective of the caste and the religion. Colorful cultural programs, rituals and prayers are the specialities of this age-old festival. There is an ‘Aanapandal’ (a canopy for the elephant) in this kavu which also bears a historical story. As the predecessor to the concrete Thodupuzha Bridge, there was a bridge made of wood, pillars been made of granite stones, constructed in 1917. Chattanathakaralayar of Chenkottai was the contractor for the work. The stone pillars failed to stick well to the ground and become firm despite all the engineering skills. A perplexed god fearing contractor made an offering to the goddess by donating the ‘anapandal’, when everything was made all right. This historical fact is inscribed in the stone laid in the temple.

### Sree Kumara Bhajana Devaswom Temple

Sree Kumara Bhajana Devaswom Temple is located on a small hill at the heart of Muvattupuzha town. It is managed by the SNDP Union, Muvattupuzha. Lord Shiva and Lord Murugan have equal importance here. Annual temple festival called "Kumbha Pooya Mahotsavam" is very famous.

### Pallikavu Bhagavati Temple

Pallikavu Bhagavati temple is situated on the banks of Muvattupuzha river. The temple is dedicated to 'Pallikavilamma.' It is situated off the Muvattupuzha-Arakuzha road. The divine presence of Pallikavilamma is believed to have been radiating from Chottinakkara. The temple is more than hundred years old.

### Mattapili Sri. Krishna Temple

Sri. Krishna temple is dedicated to lord Krishna. It is situated on the banks of Muvattupuzha river, off the Muvattupuzha-Arakuzha road. Its name is Mattapilli Sree Krishna Swamy temple. This temple is hundreds of years old. It is believed that its by the brahmins who fled in fear of Tippu sulthan from Malabar placed their Lord in this place. There is Goddess Kali with Krishna in this temple.

### Sivankunnu Temple

This temple of Shiva, situated at a great height, is almost as old as the one at the confluence. Sangharakshita mentions this place too in his book. It has almost 108 steps

### Ramakrishna Math

This Math is known locally for long as Sri Ramakrishna Ashrama. It is situated on a little hillock called Ashramam Kunnu and was founded in 1931 on behalf of Ramakrishna Mission by Swami Nirmalananda who was one of the Direct Disciples of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. Though some renovation work was done between 2006 and 2008, this Math still exudes an old world charm. This Math has paid host to a number of noted monks of the Ramakrishna Mission starting with Swami Nirmalananda. They include Swami Niranjanananda (Junior), Swami Sailajananda (both disciples of Swami Nirmalananda) and others. Swami Bhajanananda, in his pre monastic days, was residing in a relative's house near Puzhakkarakavu Bhagavati temple and working in the Agriculture department. He wished to become a monk and came to this math. He was sent to Swami Agamananda of Kalady Ramakrishna Math who sent him to Swami Yatishwarananda of Bangalore Math. Swami Chitswarupananda (1948–78) and Swami Purushottamananda (1978–1997) managed the Ashrama as instructed by Ramakrishna Mission. Here stayed and worked for about fifteen months in 1947-48, the future Sangharakshita and Buddharakshita as Angarika Dharmapriya and Angarika Satyapriya. In his books \`Thousand Petalled Lotus: The Indian Journey of an English Buddhist' and \`The Rainbow Road' (both having many common chapters) - Sangharakshita devotes three very informative chapters to the sights he saw and experienced here. This began as a branch of Tiruvalla centre of Ramakrishna Mission and at present is a sub-center of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math under the direct administrative control of its branch center at Kalady. After Swami Purushottamananda's demise in 1997, Swami Paramananda was Matadhipathi here for a few months, after which Swami Bhadrananda Puri took charge and continued for eight years till he officially handed over the charge to Swami Atmamaswarupananda, a monk of Ramakrishna Order deputed from the Ramakrishna Math Headquarters at Belur Math. Between 2006 and 2008 Swami Sampurnananda was in charge. Swami Akshayatmananda is presently in charge since 2010.

### Kizhakkekara Sri Dharma Sastha Temple

This temple is located in Kizhakkekara road adjacent to Nirmala Medical Centre. Lord Ayyappa, Lord Shiva, Lord Ganapathy, Goddess Durga, Goddess Bhadra are also being worshipped here. There are separate *Sree Kovils* for Navagraha. This temple comes under Sri Dharma Sastha Temple trust.

### Nettorkottu Vanadurga Devi Temple

This temple is located very close to the Muvattupuzha town on Muvattupuzha-Piravom Road, locally known as Nettorkottu Kavu. The main deity of this temple is the Goddess Vanadurga. Lord Ayyappa, Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu and Naga (Sarppam) are also being worshipped here. There are separate Sree Kovils for Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu . This temple comes under the Travancore Devaswom Board.

**Peringazha Kavu Devi Temple**

The Temple is located near Muvattupuzha Grandmas Curry Powders Company. It is situated in the banks of Muvattupuzha river. The temple is dedicated to "Peringazhakkavilamma"This Temple is more than hundreds of years old.The main deity of the temple is Bhadra Kali and with other gods like Ganpathi,Ayyappa,Krishna,Maha Vishnu.The main feastival in this temple is Meenabharani Ulsav.In that Ulsav days there is a special programme which named Garudan Thookkam.

## Churches

Muvattupuzha is a major center for Syrian Christians (commonly known as Nasrani) in Kerala. Syrian Christians of Muvattupuzha include Syro-Malabar Catholic, Syro-Malankara Catholic, Jacobite and Malankara Orthodox. Important churches in the region are:

### Kadamattom Church

Kadamattom Church is the oldest church in this region and is situated 10 km west on route to Ernakulam. Kadamattathu Kathanar is a historical legend who became famous all over Kerala for his magical powers and he established his own tradition in Magic called Kadamattathu Sambradayam.

### Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church

Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church is in Arakuzha village, 6 km from Muvattupuzha. It was established in 999 A.D.

### Holy Magi Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church

Holy Magi Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, a Syrian Catholic Church situated in the centre of the city. The Church is under the Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kothamangalam

The Syrian Church located at the Post Office Junction is known as Holy Magi Church. In the first quarter of the 19th century, after circuit to the northern region, the King’s administrators were returning to south in ‘Manchal’ accompanied by the pedestrian forces. When they reached Muvattupuzha it was getting dark. They had to reach Koothattukulam, the nearby Inn for their stay. The team was upset due to lack of adequate lamps. Geevarghese achan of Arakuzha Pittapillil family helped them by arranging torches made of dried coconut leaves. As an expression of gratification for this, the ‘Adhikari’ recommended Achan to the king. Achan was invited to the palace and honoured with a ‘Vadi and Pidi’ (Stick with a Grip). Considering of goodwill of Achan, king allotted some land for the construction of a church. On 27 July 1820 the ancient form of the present church, a small chapel, came into existence.  Apart from the native Christians who mainly hail from Arakuzha, Kothamangalam and Mylakompu Foranes, who constitute majority of the laity, Syrian Christians from Kizhakkambalam, Palai, Mannathoor, Veliyannoor, Nediyasala and other places migrated to this land and a powerful Syrian Catholic community made its roots here.

### St. Joseph's Syro-Malankara Catholic Cathedral

St. Joseph's Syro-Malankara Catholic Cathedral is the headquarters of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Diocese of Muvattupuzha.

### Christ the King Roman Latin Church

Christ the King Latin Church is situated near Vazhappilly junction founded in 1925. A Latin Roman Catholic community, though small in number consisting of people originally from Varapuzha, Kottappuram and Kochi lives here.

## Mosques

Muvattupuzha-Kothamangalam region is a main centre for Rawther Muslims. unlike southern districts of Kerala, Shafi Rawthers Muslims makes up most of the Muslim population. Thulukkar (Hanafi Rawthers) , the Hanafi school of Islam followers are majority in southern parts of Kerala. In Muvattupuzha, Thulukkar are concentrated around Pettah, near Post office Junction. Muslims include Sunni, Ahmediyya.

* Rawther Muslims following Shafi'i Fiqh are the majority in Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam Talukas. the main Masjid is Central Mahallu Jama'ath situated at Kavumkara market.
* Perumattom Dasukhi Masjid is one of the oldest one. Valiyuppappa, a Sufi Darvesh famous for his treatments and mystical capabilities lived in Perumattom. Rawther Muslims of this region considers Perumattom as the main centre from where many of them migrated to Nellikkuzhy, Kothamangalam and parts of Idukki.
* Petta Juma Masjid in Pettah, near Post office Junction, Muvattupuzha is the main mosque of Thulukkar (Hanafi Rawthers) They are Rawthers who follow Hanafi Fiqh.
* Ahmediyya Mosque is situated in Vazhappilly towards Pattimattom route.


title: Heidi Robbins

abstract: Heidi Robbins is an American rower. She was part of the team that won the gold medal in the women's eight competition at the 2014 World Rowing Championships.

text:
# Heidi Robbins

**Heidi Robbins** (born July 3, 1991) is an American rower. She was part of the team that won the gold medal in the women's eight competition at the 2014 World Rowing Championships.

## InfoBox

Heidi Robbins
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 3, 1991 (1991-07-03) (age 33)<br>Seattle, United States |
| Medal record      Women's rowing  Representing the  United States  World Championships  2014 Amsterdam W8+  2015 Aiguebelette W8+ | |


title: Haustrum lacunosum

abstract: Haustrum lacunosum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Haustrum lacunosum

***Haustrum lacunosum*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 53 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off New Zealand.

* Valenciennes, A. (1846). Atlas de Zoologie. Mollusques. In: A. du Petit-Thouars, Voyage autour du monde sur la frégate la Venus pendant les années 1836–1839. 4 vols.
* Finlay, H. J. (1928). The Recent Mollusca of the Chatham Islands. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 59: 232–286.
* Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. pp. 196–219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press,

## InfoBox

| *Haustrum lacunosum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Haustrum lacunosum* (paralectotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Haustrum* |
| Species: | ***H. lacunosum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Haustrum lacunosum***<br>(Bruguière, 1789) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Buccinum bicostatum* Bruguière, 1789 * *Buccinum lacunosa* Bruguière, 1789 * *Lepsithais lacunosa* (Bruguière, 1789) * *Lepsithais youngi* Finlay, 1928 * *Polytropa squamata* Hutton, 1878 * *Purpura rupestris* Valenciennes, 1846 * *Purpura striatum* sensu Martyn Deshayes, 1844 | |


title: Ruschwedel station

abstract: Ruschwedel is a railway station in northwestern Germany. It is owned and operated by EVB, with regular trains on the line between Bremerhaven and Buxtehude.

text:
# Ruschwedel station

**Ruschwedel** is a railway station in northwestern Germany. It is owned and operated by EVB, with regular trains on the line between Bremerhaven and Buxtehude.

## Train services

The station is served by the following services:

* Local services RB 33 *Cuxhaven - Bremerhaven - Bremervörde - Buxtehude*

53°26′47″N 9°33′37″E / 53.4463°N 9.5604°E / 53.4463; 9.5604

## InfoBox

| Ruschwedel | |
| --- | --- |
| Bf | |
| Station in June 2019 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Ruschwedel, Harsefeld, Lower Saxony<br>Germany |
| Other information | |
| Station code | n/a |
| DS100 code | ARWD |
| Fare zone | HVV: D/739 and 749 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station EVB Following station  Harsefeldtowards Cuxhaven  RB 33  Apensentowards Buxtehude | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Granulifusus poppei

abstract: Granulifusus poppei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

text:
# Granulifusus poppei

***Granulifusus poppei*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

## Description

## Distribution

* Hadorn R. & Fraussen K. 2005. *Revision of the genus Granulifusus Kuroda & Habe 1954 with description of some new species (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Fasciolariidae).* Archiv für Molluskenkunde 134 (2): 129–171.

## InfoBox

| *Granulifusus poppei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Fasciolariidae |
| Genus: | *Granulifusus* |
| Species: | ***G. poppei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Granulifusus poppei***<br>Delsaerdt, 1995 | |
|


title: Mobile Web Ghana

abstract: Mobile Web Ghana is a technology hub and a co-working space in Accra, Ghana that empowers entrepreneurs and the youth through mobile and web technology training. It was started in October 2010, as part of the World Wide Web Foundation ‘Mobile Entrepreneurship Ghana’ program. Mobile Web Ghana was among the tech hubs represented at Impact Hub Accra during the visit of French President Emmanuel Macron and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte. MWG and iSpace Foundation led the Unlocking Women and Technology (UWAT) to equip women and ladies technology and entrepreneurial skills in Accra.

text:
# Mobile Web Ghana

**Mobile Web Ghana** is a technology hub and a co-working space in Accra, Ghana that empowers entrepreneurs and the youth through mobile and web technology training. It was started in October 2010, as part of the World Wide Web Foundation*Mobile Entrepreneurship Ghana*’ program. Mobile Web Ghana was among the tech hubs represented at Impact Hub Accra during the visit of French President Emmanuel Macron and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte. MWG and iSpace Foundation led the **Unlocking Women and Technology** (UWAT) to equip women and ladies technology and entrepreneurial skills in Accra.

## InfoBox

Mobile Web Ghana
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | MWG |
| Founders | Florence Abena Toffa |
| Type | NGO |
| Legal status | Technology Hub |
| Purpose | Entrepreneurial training and mobile technologies |
| Location |  |
| Coordinates | 5°40′50″N 0°11′39″W / 5.6806509°N 0.1941041°W / 5.6806509; -0.1941041 |
| Services | Web Development, co-working space, events |
| Website | mobilewebghana.org |


title: Tirachoidea westwoodii

abstract: Tirachoidea westwoodii is a species of stick insect in the order Phasmatodea. It is endemic to India, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. The eggs of the stick insect are spheric, ca. 5 mm in length and have a three-lobed micropylar plate. The chorion of the eggs are hard to cut and consist of the three layers mineralized with calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate.

text:
# Tirachoidea westwoodii

***Tirachoidea westwoodii*** is a species of stick insect in the order Phasmatodea. It is endemic to India, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. The eggs of the stick insect are spheric, ca. 5 mm in length and have a three-lobed micropylar plate. The chorion of the eggs are hard to cut and consist of the three layers mineralized with calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate.

## InfoBox

| *Tirachoidea westwoodii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Phasmatidae |
| Subfamily: | Clitumninae |
| Tribe: | Pharnaciini |
| Genus: | *Tirachoidea* |
| Species: | ***T. westwoodii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tirachoidea westwoodii***<br>(Wood-Mason, 1875) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pharnacia westwoodi* (Wood-Mason, 1875) * *Phibalosoma westwoodii* Wood-Mason, 1875 | |


title: Raukaua

abstract: Raukaua is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. It has an austral distribution, being indigenous to southern Argentina and Chile, as well as New Zealand and the island of Tasmania. Raukaua is a genus of woody plants. They vary in habit: for example R. laetevirens is a small tree, while R. valdiviensis is a liana. Like most of Araliaceae, they have palmately compound leaves. The leaves are heteroblastic, that is, conspicuously different in form from juvenile to adult. R. simplex often produces root suckers and on these, the further the sucker is from the main shoot, the more juvenile the form of the leaves. The Māori extracted an aromatic oil from the leaves of R. edgerleyi. The essential oils of the New Zealand species have been the subject of a phytochemical analysis. All of the species of Raukaua have been placed in Pseudopanax at one time or another, and sometimes in other genera as well. Molecular phylogenetic comparisons of DNA sequences have shown that Raukaua is closely related to Schefflera sensu strictissimo, Cheirodendron, Motherwellia, and Cephalaralia. It might not be as close to Pseudopanax as was once believed. Raukaua is known to be polyphyletic and will eventually be revised, but in its current circumscription, it comprises six species. R. gunnii is endemic to Tasmania. R. laetevirens and R. valdiviensis are from southern Chile and Argentina, the latter being restricted to the Valdivian temperate rain forest. R. anomalus, R. edgerleyi, and R. simplex are from New Zealand. There are naturally occurring hybrids between R. simplex and the other two New Zealand species. The type species for Raukaua is Raukaua edgerleyi.

text:
# Raukaua

***Raukaua*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. It has an austral distribution, being indigenous to southern Argentina and Chile, as well as New Zealand and the island of Tasmania.

*Raukaua* is a genus of woody plants. They vary in habit: for example *R. laetevirens* is a small tree, while *R. valdiviensis* is a liana. Like most of Araliaceae, they have palmately compound leaves. The leaves are heteroblastic, that is, conspicuously different in form from juvenile to adult. *R. simplex* often produces root suckers and on these, the further the sucker is from the main shoot, the more juvenile the form of the leaves.

The Māori extracted an aromatic oil from the leaves of *R. edgerleyi*. The essential oils of the New Zealand species have been the subject of a phytochemical analysis.

All of the species of *Raukaua* have been placed in *Pseudopanax* at one time or another, and sometimes in other genera as well. Molecular phylogenetic comparisons of DNA sequences have shown that *Raukaua* is closely related to *Schefflera* sensu strictissimo, *Cheirodendron*, *Motherwellia*, and *Cephalaralia* (not *Cephalaria*!). It might not be as close to *Pseudopanax* as was once believed.

*Raukaua* is known to be polyphyletic and will eventually be revised, but in its current circumscription, it comprises six species. *R. gunnii* is endemic to Tasmania. *R. laetevirens* and *R. valdiviensis* are from southern Chile and Argentina, the latter being restricted to the Valdivian temperate rain forest. *R. anomalus*, *R. edgerleyi*, and *R. simplex* are from New Zealand. There are naturally occurring hybrids between *R. simplex* and the other two New Zealand species.

The type species for *Raukaua* is *Raukaua edgerleyi*.

## Species and hybrids

## History

The genus *Raukaua* was erected by Berthold Carl Seemann in 1866 in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. The genus name is a Latinization of *Raukawa*, the Māori name for *Raukaua edgerleyi*. Upon publication, the name was misspelled as *Raukana*, complicating issues of priority and valid publication, but Seeman published a correction in 1868 that read "*Raukaua*, Seem., read always *Raukaua*.".

Subsequently, most authors did not recognize Seemann's genus, and they usually placed its species in other genera, usually *Pseudopanax*. In cases where *Raukaua* was accepted, it usually included only the New Zealand species.

*Raukaua* was last revised in 1997, in the New Zealand Journal of Botany. The status of the two hybrids was clarified in 1998. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.

Phylogenetic studies of Araliaceae have indicated that *Raukaua* might be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. The polyphyly of *Raukaua* was confirmed and clarified in 2012, in a molecular phylogenetic study. The following relationships were resolved. The New Zealand species are sister to a clade consisting of *Schefflera* sensu strictissimo and *Cheirodendron*. *Schefflera* s.ss. is a Melanesian and Polynesian group. *Cheirodendron* is endemic to Hawaii. The South American species are sister to a clade comprising the Tasmanian *R. gunnii* and the monospecific mainland Australian genera *Cephalaralia* and *Motherwellia*. *R. gunnii* is sister to the clade \[*Cephalaralia* \+ *Motherwellia*\]. Because of the polyphyly of *Raukaua*, its South American and Tasmanian species must eventually be transferred to other genera. A treatment of Araliaceae has already been submitted for the book series entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.

## InfoBox

| *Raukaua* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Raukaua laetevirens* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Araliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Aralioideae |
| Genus: | *Raukaua*
Seem. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Raukaua edgerleyi*
(Hook.f.) Seem. | |


title: Waring Gardens

abstract: Waring Gardens, Bandstand and Pavilion is a heritage-listed park at Cressy Street, Deniliquin, Edward River Council, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Waring, the first Town Clerk of Deniliquin, and built from 1880 to 1888 by staff of the Deniliquin Council. It is also known as Cressy St Gardens.

text:
# Waring Gardens

**Waring Gardens, Bandstand and Pavilion** is a heritage-listed park at Cressy Street, Deniliquin, Edward River Council, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Waring, the first Town Clerk of Deniliquin, and built from 1880 to 1888 by staff of the Deniliquin Council. It is also known as Cressy St Gardens.

## History

When John Waring arrived in Deniliquin in 1855, the lagoon was a dirty water hole being blamed for sickness and death in the community.

In 1869 when he held the position of Town Clerk he advised the council to turn the lagoon into a garden. In 1880 the Council cleared the area and planted willows, continuing to plant various shrubs and trees in the following years. The gardens were set up as a Botanic Garden to experiment and see what would grow in the area. The gardens also contained a large aviary.

In 1885 a curator of the gardens was appointed. Waring died that same year and in 1888 a ceremony was performed to officially open the gardens, and an obelisk erected in Waring's honour.

Improvements continued. A band pavilion were built in 1913 and was in use for many years until a fire in 1960 almost destroyed it. In 1961 the deck was lowered from the original height of 7 feet from the ground down to 3 feet as "people complained the music was going over their heads". Local builderBrian Smith was contracted to do the alterations.

The Soldiers Memorial was unveiled in 1922.

When the School of Arts was demolished in 1974, the three statues (The Muses) were placed in the gardens (these have subsequently been relocated to the corner of Edwardes and Cressy Street at the Multi Arts Centre complex).

The Boer War Memorial, originally erected in 1902 at the intersection of Cressy and Edwardes Streets, was relocated to a position in the Waring Gardens, then shifted back to its original site at the intersection in 2001.

The fence surrounding the Waring Gardens was originally a white picket fence. This was replaced by a woven wire fence, and then by a low brick fence. The cannon/ gun was removed from the garden in 2004 to be refurbished by the Deniliquin RSL sub branch.

## Description

Important fixtures are still located in the gardens, such as the obelisk honouring John Waring, a small pavilion, band rotunda, fountain, and the War Memorial Gates at the north west corner of the gardens. The old footbridge has been replaced with one of modern materials. Children's play equipment has been introduced, as have modern seats. The Cressy Street boundary is defined by a low brick wall.

The proclamation plaque is located in the Gardens.

## Significance

The Waring Gardens has been assessed as worthy of heritage status according to the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**

The Waring Gardens are significant for their past and present use as a passive recreation area adjacent to Cressy Street, the main street of Deniliquin, the location of significant memorials and the efforts of Town Clerk, Mr. John Waring to have the area developed. It is shaded by exotic and native trees and shrubs. The gardens are an essential part of the town and used and appreciated by townspeople and visitors each day.

**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**

The gardens are named after Mr John Waring, former Deniliquiun town clerk, who was instrumental in the establishment of the garden and retention of the lagoon system through the town.

**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**

The gardens provide the focal point for the heritage conservation area of the town. Located adjacent to the CBD, it provides picturesque vistas though the CBD and is the crowning feature of the urban area in south Deniliquin.

**The place is ihas strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The garden house many monuments and structures which enable the visitor to identify the people, events and social occasions which have helped to shape Deniliquin. Within or adjacent to the gardens are the Cenotaph, St Pauls church and Sunday school, the three muses, the CWA rooms all of which are considered as being individual items in their own right.

**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The gardens house many monuments and structure which could be used to define the activities, events and people that were important in shaping Deniliquin.

**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The gardens are a rare feature in the town, due to the lagoon, the close proximity to the CBD and the structure and form of the gardens within the town's heritage conservation area.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**

The gardens represent a historical and period gardens which is important in understand how Deniliquin has evolved since the gardens where commenced in 1880

### Bibliography

* Australian National Estate Trust Register (1978). *National Estate Trust Register*.
* Compiled by Deniliquin Library Staff - Local History Parks, Reserves & Gardens (1970). *Parks and Gardens recommendation adopted by Council .20.2.1970*.
* Compiled by Deniliquin Library Staff - Local History Parks, Reserves & Gardens (1876). *Deniliquin Council to contractors - for bridge*.
* Compiled by Deniliquin Library Staff -Local History Parks, Reserves & Gardens (1970). *Parks & Gardens development has continued 22.12 1970*.
* Compiled by Deniliquin Library Local History Files. *Parks, Reserves & Garden of Denilquin*.
* Compiled by the Deniliquin Library Staff. *Local History Files; PAM WAR / WARING*.
* Freeman, P. of Peter Freeman & Partners Pty Ltd., Architects & Planners,Canberra (1991). *Deniliquin Main Street Project Field Inventories*.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Buxton, G. L. (1967). *The Riverina 1861 \> 1891 An Australian Regional Study - Dr Noyes Experiences*.
* Mr. Ken Young (2003). *Heritage Advisor for Deniliquin Council*.
* The Deniliquin Library, Parks, Reserves and Gardens of Deniliquin (1888). *Deniliquin Chronicle 31.5. 1888*.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Australian National Estate Trust (1978). *National Estate Register*.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on Waring Gardens, Bandstand and Pavilion, entry number 1500017 in the New South Wales Heritage Database published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2020 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 31 July 2020.

35°31′49″S 144°57′46″E / 35.5302°S 144.9628°E / -35.5302; 144.9628

## InfoBox

| Waring Gardens, Bandstand and Pavilion | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Cressy Street, Deniliquin, Edward River Council, New South Wales, Australia |
| Built | 18801888 |
| Architect | John Waring |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Database<br>(Local Government Register) | |
| Official name | Waring Gardens, Bandstand and Pavilion / Deniliquin Local Environmental Plan 2013; Cressy St Garden's; |
| Type | Local Environmental Plan |
| Designated | 23 December 2013 |
| Reference no. | 1500017 |
| Site type | Other – Parks, Gardens & Trees |
| Category | Parks, Gardens and Trees |
| Builders | Deniliquin Council |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Planisphaerium

abstract: The Planisphaerium is a work by Ptolemy. The title can be translated as "celestial plane" or "star chart". In this work Ptolemy explored the mathematics of mapping figures inscribed in the celestial sphere onto a plane by what is now known as stereographic projection. This method of projection preserves the properties of circles.

text:
# Planisphaerium

The ***Planisphaerium*** is a work by Ptolemy. The title can be translated as "celestial plane" or "star chart". In this work Ptolemy explored the mathematics of mapping figures inscribed in the celestial sphere onto a plane by what is now known as stereographic projection. This method of projection preserves the properties of circles.

## Publication

Originally written in Ancient Greek, *Planisphaerium* was one of many scientific works which survived from antiquity in Arabic translation. One reason why *Planisphaerium* attracted interest was that stereographic projection was the mathematical basis of the plane astrolabe, an instrument which was widely used in the medieval Islamic world. In the 12th century the work was translated from Arabic into Latin by Herman of Carinthia, who also translated commentaries by Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti. The oldest known translation is in Arabic done by an unknown scholar as part of the Translation Movement in Baghdad.

## Planisphere

The word planisphere (Latin planisphaerium) was originally used in the second century by Ptolemy to describe the representation of a spherical Earth by a map drawn in the plane.

## Editions and translations

* Commandino, Federico, ed. (1558). *Ptolemaei Planisphaerium. Iordani Planisphaerium. Federici Commandini Vrbinatis in Ptolemaei Planisphaerium commentarius* (in Latin). Venice: Paulus Manutius.


title: Haylamaz, Güney

abstract: Haylamaz is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Güney, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 582 (2022).

text:
# Haylamaz, Güney

**Haylamaz** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Güney, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 582 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Haylamaz | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| HaylamazLocation in TurkeyHaylamazHaylamaz (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 38°12′N 28°59′E / 38.200°N 28.983°E / 38.200; 28.983 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Denizli |
| District | Güney |
| Population (2022) | 582 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Harry Byrd (disambiguation)

abstract:
Harry Byrd may refer to:
  - Harry F. Byrd (1887–1966), American politician
  - Curley Byrd, American politician, university president, multi-sport athlete and coach
  - Harry F. Byrd Jr. (1914–2013), American politician, son of Harry F. Byrd Sr.
  - Harry Byrd (baseball) (1925–1985), American Major League Baseball pitcher
  - Harry Byrd of Virginia, a 1996 non-fiction book by Ronald L. Heinemann, concerning Harry F. Byrd

text:
# Harry Byrd (disambiguation)

**Harry Byrd** may refer to:

* Harry F. Byrd (1887–1966), American politician
* Curley Byrd (Harry Clifton Byrd, 1889–1970), American politician, university president, multi-sport athlete and coach
* Harry F. Byrd Jr. (1914–2013), American politician, son of Harry F. Byrd Sr.
* Harry Byrd (baseball) (1925–1985), American Major League Baseball pitcher
* Harry Byrd of Virginia, a 1996 non-fiction book by Ronald L. Heinemann, concerning Harry F. Byrd


title: Ruth deForest Lamb

abstract: Ruth deForest Lamb was the first Chief Educational Officer at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the author of American chamber of horrors: the truth about food and drugs (1936). She organized consumer support for the passage of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, particularly targeting congressional wives and women's groups.

text:
# Ruth deForest Lamb

**Ruth deForest Lamb** (later **Atkinson**, 1896 – June 11, 1978) was the first Chief Educational Officer at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the author of *American chamber of horrors: the truth about food and drugs* (1936). She organized consumer support for the passage of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, particularly targeting congressional wives and women's groups.

## Early life

Ruth deForest Lamb was born in 1896 in Hallstead, Pennsylvania. She graduated from Vassar College in 1918. She worked as an advertising copywriter from 1918-1926, one of the first women in the emerging field of advertising. For several years, she worked as an advertising consultant on food, drug, and cosmetic products.

## A century of progress

In 1933, Lamb joined the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), becoming its first Chief Educational Officer. For the "Century of progress" Chicago World's Fair of 1933, Lamb worked with the FDA's Chief Inspector, George Larrick, to create an exhibit of 100 products which it considered "dangerous, deceptive, or worthless" but which the FDA had no legal authority to ban. These included products like Lash Lure, a dye for eyelashes, which had led to cases of blindness and death. In the Government building at the Fair, the FDA displayed seventeen boards showing "large, vivid pictures coupled with spare, terse prose". Photographs of the panels and the exhibit are included in the Ruth Lamb Atkinson Papers at Vassar College. Between June and November, millions visited.

In October 1933, Paramount produced a 212 minute newsreel clip referencing the exhibit and discussing proposals for revised legislation, presented by Rexford Tugwell. After the World's Fair was closed on November 12, 1933, the exhibit was returned to Washington, D.C. There it was visited by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, attracting considerable media attention. The exhibit was dubbed a "chamber of horrors" by reporters.

## *American chamber of horrors*

Ruth Lamb used the nickname in the title of her book, *American chamber of horrors: the truth about food and drugs* (1936). Lamb's book was written in part to counter the criticisms of *100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics* (1933) by Arthur Kallet and Frederick J. Schlink. Their book harshly criticized the FDA for not countering the marketing of dangerous and misleading foods, drugs and cosmetics.

In *American chamber of horrors*, Lamb discussed many of the same products. She incorporated information from the FDA's 1933 exhibit, and from the FDA's archives, indicating that dangerous products were known and studied by the FDA. Both FDA officials and Lamb herself stated that she wrote the book as a private citizen, and not as an official representative of the FDA. Nonetheless, her position as an FDA educational officer gave her access to important government sources. She made effective use of letters from private citizens requesting help and legislation.

In addition, Lamb discussed the regulation of such products in the context of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, or "Wiley Act". Lamb "systematically explored the legal limitations" of the Wiley Act, explaining in detail areas where it was outdated, obsolete, or could not be applied, including the use of radio for advertising and the regulation of cosmetics and medical devices. By doing so, she suggested a pattern for the development of new legislation and made a powerful case for its need.

> "All of these tragedies ... have happened, not because Government officials are incompetent or callous, but because they have no real power to prevent them."

Lamb's book *American chamber of horrors*, like *100,000,000 Guinea Pigs*, became both popular and influential. Lamb played a key role in communicating the limitations of existing legislation and the need for new legislation, to the public, to Congressmen, and to their wives. Lamb focused her efforts on mobilizing women's groups around the need for new legislation. Washington women like Eleanor Roosevelt and other Congressional wives in Washington, D.C. had both an interest in the issue and the potential to influence discussions, pressuring lawmakers to take their concerns seriously. This work resulted in the passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

## Other works

In 1937, news media reported that Lamb had written a script which was under option to be made into a movie. Provisionally titled "Permit to Kill", B. P. Schulberg was suggested to be the producer and Edward Arnold one of the actors. It does not appear that the movie was made.

Lamb also wrote a manuscript for *The Devil's Candle: An Informal History of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and Its Operation in Our Social Economy* (1937). It was advertised in "Preview of Books for Public Health Workers" in the *American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health* for 1938, but may not have been published. A manuscript is included in her papers at Vassar College. Her papers also include a manuscript for "Magic Oyster" (1928), an unpublished novel.

## Later life

In 1942 Ruth deForest Lamb married Henry R. Atkinson and left the FDA. She and her husband traveled in India for some years following World War II.

She eventually returned to Washington, D. C., where she continued to work as a lobbyist for consumer groups such as the National Congress of Parents and Teachers (1942–45). Between 1943 and 1946 she served as a director of Food for Freedom, Ind.

Ruth deForest Lamb died on June 17, 1978.

## InfoBox

| Ruth deForest Lamb | |
| --- | --- |
| Ruth deForest Lamb in 1937 | |
| Born | 1896<br>Hallstead, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Died | June 11, 1978(1978-06-11) (aged 81–82) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Vassar College |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Consumer advocate |
| Institutions | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
|  | |


title: Motor transport

abstract: Motor transport (MT) refers to the operation and maintenance of a military vehicle fleet, and sometimes to the servicemembers to operate and maintain them. Traditionally, motor transport organizations are responsible for a unit's military trucks and associated equipment, as well as the transport of personnel and material from one place to another.

text:
# Motor transport

**Motor transport** (**MT**) refers to the operation and maintenance of a military vehicle fleet (especially trucks), and sometimes to the servicemembers to operate and maintain them. Traditionally, motor transport organizations are responsible for a unit's military trucks and associated equipment, as well as the transport of personnel and material from one place to another.

## Tactics

### Logistics

In military logistics, it is concerned with maintaining army supply lines with food, armaments, ammunitions, and spare parts apart from the transportation of troops themselves. In Motor Transport, Trucks move supplies from location to location.

### Artillery tractor

An artillery tractor, also referred to as a gun tractor, is a specialized heavy-duty form of tractor unit used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights and calibres. It may be wheeled, tracked, or half-tracked.

## Vehicles

### United States

#### Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles

The Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) are a series of military vehicles based upon a common chassis, varying by payload and mission requirements. The FMTV is derived from the Austrian Steyr 12M18 truck, but substantially modified to meet United States Army requirements. These include a minimum 50 percent U.S. content.

#### M939

The M939 is a 5-ton 6×6 U.S. military heavy truck. The basic cargo versions were designed to transport a 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) cargo load over all terrain in all weather. Designed in the late 1970s to replace the M39 and M809 series of trucks, it has been in service ever since. The M939 evolved into its own family of cargo trucks, dump trucks, semi-tractors, vans, wreckers, and bare chassis/cabs for specialty bodies. 44,590 in all were produced.

#### M809

The M809 Series 5-ton 6x6 truck (G908) was a family of heavy tactical trucks built for the United States Armed Forces. The basic cargo version was designed to transport a 5-ton (4,500 kg), 14 ft (4.3 m) long load over all terrain in all weather. In on-road service the load weight was doubled. Built by AM General, they evolved into the M939 Series.

#### M35

The M35 2½-ton cargo truck is a long-lived 2½-ton 6×6 cargo truck initially used by the United States Army and subsequently utilized by many nations around the world. Over time it evolved into a family of specialized vehicles. It inherited the nickname "Deuce and a Half" from an older 2½-ton truck, the World War II GMC CCKW.

The M35 started as a 1949 REO Motor Car Company design for a 2½-ton 6×6 off-road truck. This original 6-wheel M34 version with a single wheel tandem was quickly superseded by the 10-wheel M35 design with a dual tandem. The basic M35 cargo truck is rated to carry 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) off-road or 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) on roads. Trucks in this weight class are considered medium duty by the military and the Department of Transportation.

#### Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement

The Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement (MTVR) is a series of vehicles used by the U.S. Marines. The first MTVRs were delivered in late 1999. The MTVR is the equivalent of the U.S. Army's Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV); the Marines do not use the FMTV (with the exception of the FMTV-based HIMARS) and the Army does not use the MTVR.

There were originally four, later seven, MTVR variants, then nine (plus a sub-variant) as deliveries and development continued. A dedicated trailer and prototype/developmental MTVRs have also been produced.

The MTVR was designed and is manufactured by Oshkosh Defense.

#### Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck

The Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) is an eight-wheel drive, diesel-powered, 10-short-ton (9,100 kg) tactical truck. The M977 HEMTT first entered service in 1982 with the United States Army as a replacement for the M520 Goer, and since that date has remained in production for the U.S. Army and other nations. By Q2 2021, around 35,800 HEMTTs in various configurations had been produced by Oshkosh Defense through new-build contracts and around 14,000 of these had been re-manufactured. Current variants have the A4 suffix.

The 10×10 Logistic Vehicle System Replacement (LVSR) is the United States Marines Corps' (USMC) equivalent to the U.S. Army's 8×8 HEMTT and 10×10 Palletized Load System (PLS). The USMC does not use the HEMTT or PLS, and the Army does not use the LVSR, but both services use a common trailer (M1076) with all three truck types.

#### Logistics Vehicle System

The Logistics Vehicle System (LVS), nicknamed by U.S. Marines as "Dragon Wagon", is a modular assortment of eight-wheel drive all-terrain vehicle unit combinations used by the United States Marine Corps.

The LVS was fielded in 1985 as the Marine Corps heavy tactical vehicle system. It was designed and manufactured by the Oshkosh Corporation. The United States Army does not use the LVS, it uses the Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT). The key differences between the two is the LVS's ability to interchange Front Power Units with Rear Body Units. The LVS also steers through both standard wheel pivoting (as on a typical automobile) and hydraulic yaw steering (by articulating the Front Power Unit against the Rear Body Unit). This enabled the LVS to meet the turning radius requirements of the U.S. Marines. LVS is rated to haul up to 22.5 tonnes (50,000 lb) on highways.

The Oshkosh Logistic Vehicle System Replacement (LVSR) is the replacement for the LVS and was first fielded in 2009. Commonly referred to as the Scott Saheb

#### RMMV HX

The HX family are a range of purpose-designed tactical military trucks manufactured by Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles (RMMV). The HX range was disclosed in 2003, and the first order was placed in 2004. The HX range replaced the earlier FX and LX ranges in production. The HX2 range, which currently complements the original HX range, was announced in 2012. The first HX2 range trucks were delivered in April 2016. The HX and HX2 ranges originally complemented the SX range, but as of 2019 they had replaced the SX range as the type was no longer produced. The HX3 range was announced in May 2021, with series production scheduled for 2024.

The Navistar 7000 series is a line of military heavy lift vehicles based on Navistar International's WorkStar truck chassis, and produced by Navistar Defense. The truck is available in a variety of wheel (4×2, 4×4, 6×4, and 6×6) and engine configurations.

In 2005, the US Army ordered 2,900 7000-MV Series for the Afghan National Army and Iraqi Ministry of Defense and an additional order of 7,000 was added in 2008.

The Canadian Army had adopted the Navistar Defence LLC Medium Logistics truck. The vehicle fulfills the MSVS MilCOTS (Militarized Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) requirement. As of mid-July 2015, the MSVS SMP (Standard Military Pattern) vehicle had been chosen. Starting in June 2010, 1,300 Navistar units replaced part of the MLVW fleet. The civilian designation of the 7000-MV is Navistar 7400 SFA 6×6 and International WorkStar.

In July 2012, the order for 1500 MSVS SMP trucks was cancelled and re-evaluated. In July 2015, Canada awarded the SMP contract to Mack Trucks instead. Mack began delivery of Kerax-series trucks in 2017 and completed delivery by the end of 2018.

### USSR

#### Gaz-66

The GAZ-66 is a Soviet and later Russian 4x4 all-road (off-road) military truck produced by GAZ. It was one of the main cargo vehicles for motorized infantry of the Soviet Army and is still employed in former Soviet Union countries. It is nicknamed *shishiga* (шишига), *shisharik* (шишарик)/*shehsherik* (шешерик), *trueman* (in Siberia).

#### KrAZ-214

The KrAZ-214 is an off-road truck 6x6 for extreme operations. It was manufactured in the Soviet Union at the YaMZ plant from 1956-1959, after which production was moved to KrAZ. The model line was the successor to the YaG-10 trucks.

#### KrAZ-235

The KrAZ-255 was developed directly from its predecessor, the KrAZ-214 (produced 1956-1967). Despite being very similar at first glance (both using the same cab, flatbed as well as the suspension), there are few major differences. Firstly, the 255 used new and much more powerful engine - the YaMZ-238 (same used in MT-LB tracked APC), replacing the previously used and sensibly weaker YaAZ-206B which was used in 214. The 255 also featured new and more reliable transmission, the YaMZ-236N, instead of the previously used YaAZ-204. It also featured new headlights (which were now, together with turn signals, located in their own housings mounted on the fenders) and, most notably, much wider tires (1300 x 530 x 533 in dimensions), which offered lighter ground pressure and thus, even greater off-road capabilities when compared to its predecessor

#### KrAZ-260

The KrAZ-260 is an off-road truck 6x6 for extreme operations. It was manufactured at the KrAZ plant.

#### KZKT-7428

The KZKT-7428 Rusich tank transporter artillery tractor was developed as a successor to the MAZ-537 by KZKT. It can haul semi-trailers loads up to 70 t, both on and off-road. It entered service with the Soviet Army in 1990.

#### MAZ-535

MAZ-535 is a Soviet army vehicle, an artillery tractor designed and developed by MAZ. Designed in the beginning of the 1950s. The MAZ-535A was capable of towing an R-14 IRBM.

#### MAZ-537

The MAZ-537 is a 12-cylinder diesel engine-powered military truck artillery tractor, originally designed for loads up to 50 tons (using semitrailers such as the ChMZAP-9990 or ChMZAP-5247G, for example) with later versions providing a maximum load of 65 tons. It was manufactured by the Minsk Automobile Plant (from 1959 to 1965) and the Kurgan Wheel Tractor Plant from 1963 until halt of production in 1990.

#### Ural-375

The Ural-375 is a general purpose 4.5 ton 6×6 truck produced at the Ural Automotive Plant in the Russian SFSR from 1961 to 1993. The Ural-375 replaced the ZIL-157 as the standard Soviet Army truck in 1979, and was replaced by the Ural-4320.

The Ural-375 was used, for example, as a platform for the BM-21 Grad rocket launcher, as a troop carrier, and as a supply carrier.

#### Ural-4320

The Ural-4320 is a general purpose off-road 6×6 vehicle, produced at the Ural Automotive Plant in Miass, Russia for use by the Russian army. The wheel arrangement for the Ural-4320 was designed for transporting cargo, people and trailers on all types of roads and terrain. It also serves as a launching platform for the BM-21 "Grad" rocket launcher.   1. "Motor Transport Operator". *goarmy.com*. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
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