abstract: The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent. The eighth series aired on ITV on 20 August 2011 and ended on 11 December 2011. Dermot O'Leary hosted the main show on ITV, while Caroline Flack and series 6 runner-up Olly Murs co-presented the spin-off show The Xtra Factor on ITV2. Louis Walsh returned to the judging panel and was joined by Gary Barlow, Kelly Rowland and Tulisa. Barlow, Rowland, Tulisa joined the panel replacing judges, Simon Cowell, Dannii Minogue and Cheryl Cole. Series 5 winner Alexandra Burke served as a guest judge for week 4 of the live shows due to Rowland having a throat infection. Little Mix, a British four-piece girl group known earlier in the show as Rhythmix, was the first group to win the series. The group consisting of members Leigh-Anne Pinnock, Jesy Nelson, and Perrie Edwards, and Jade Thirlwall, all auditioned as solo artists before being put together as a group by the judges. They went on to become the first girl group to make it past week seven of the live shows, the first girl group to reach the finals and the first girl group to win the show. The eighth series also won Most Popular Talent Show at the 17th National Television Awards on 25 January 2012.

text:
# The X Factor (British TV series) series 8

*The X Factor* is a British television music competition to find new singing talent. The eighth series aired on ITV on 20 August 2011 and ended on 11 December 2011. Dermot O'Leary hosted the main show on ITV, while Caroline Flack and series 6 runner-up Olly Murs co-presented the spin-off show *The Xtra Factor* on ITV2. Louis Walsh returned to the judging panel and was joined by Gary Barlow, Kelly Rowland and Tulisa. Barlow, Rowland, Tulisa joined the panel replacing judges, Simon Cowell, Dannii Minogue and Cheryl Cole. Series 5 winner Alexandra Burke served as a guest judge for week 4 of the live shows due to Rowland having a throat infection.

Little Mix, a British four-piece girl group known earlier in the show as Rhythmix, was the first group to win the series. The group consisting of members Leigh-Anne Pinnock, Jesy Nelson, and Perrie Edwards, and Jade Thirlwall, all auditioned as solo artists before being put together as a group by the judges. They went on to become the first girl group to make it past week seven of the live shows, the first girl group to reach the finals and the first girl group to win the show. The eighth series also won Most Popular Talent Show at the 17th National Television Awards on 25 January 2012.

## Judges, Presenters and Other Personnel

Judges and Presenter(s) for *The X Factor* Series 8Louis WalshTulisaKelly RowlandGary BarlowDermot O'Leary(ITV1)Caroline Flack(ITV2)Olly Murs(ITV2)

On 5 May 2011, it was announced that Simon Cowell and Cheryl Cole would not return as judges for the eighth series to work on the first season of *The X Factor USA*. On 14 May 2011, Dannii Minogue announced that she would not be returning either, due to a clash with *Australia's Got Talent*, another show for which she judges. Of her decision, Minogue said, "During discussions for me to return to *The X Factor* it became clear that unfortunately, this year, *The X Factor* audition dates in the UK clash with the live shows of *Australia's Got Talent* during June and July. For this reason I am unable to return".

After Cowell and Cole announced their departures, a number of celebrities were linked to the judging role including Frankie Sandford, Alesha Dixon, Lily Allen, and Noel Gallagher. On 9 May 2011, five days before Minogue announced her departure, news broke that Cowell had offered his seat to Gary Barlow of Take That, though his contract was not finalised. Following Minogue's announcement, it was reported that Tulisa from N-Dubz had been in talks with producers to take on a judging role to replace Cole. It was also suggested that Kelly Rowland, formerly of Destiny's Child, was in discussions to take a seat on the judging panel for Minogue's replacement. Although Cole briefly served as a judge on the 2011 USA season panel, she was dropped from the 2011 USA season panel and Cowell gave her the option to return to the 2011 UK series judging panel. However, she later rejected his offer due to her unwillingness to judge the UK show without Cowell. On 30 May 2011, the judging line-up was confirmed as Louis Walsh, Barlow, Tulisa and Rowland. Barlow said that he was "extremely excited" to work on the show, and hoped to find a global superstar. Tulisa hoped to "bring something fresh and new to the panel", promising to speak her mind. Rowland wanted an "opportunity to hear a few diamonds in the rough" and said she would be "sternly honest". In week 4 of the live shows on 29 and 30 October, Rowland was unable to attend due to a throat infection so series 5 winner Alexandra Burke took her place as an extra judge on the panel.

In February 2011, Konnie Huq, who presented spin-off series *The Xtra Factor* for series 7, was told that her contract would not be renewed. Matt Edmondson, Sandford, Kimberley Walsh, and series 6 contestant Stacey Solomon were all rumoured to be in the running, but it was confirmed on 31 May 2011 that Caroline Flack would co-present *The Xtra Factor* with series 6 runner-up Olly Murs.

## Selection process

### Applications and auditions

BirminghamLiverpoolManchester
London
Cardiff
Glasgowclass=notpageimage|Cities that auditions were held in.

The first appeal for applicants for series 8 was broadcast during series 7 on 11 December 2010. For the first time, contestants could upload a video to YouTube. Auditions in front of the judges for series 8 took place in Cardiff, London, Glasgow, Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester. It was the first time auditions had taken place in Liverpool, and the city replaced Dublin, where auditions were held in 2010.

The auditions started in Birmingham's LG Arena on 1 and 2 June. They then took place in Glasgow's SEC Centre on 6 June and continued in Manchester's Event City on 12, 13 and 14 June. More auditions took place at Cardiff's International Arena on 29 June, and at London's O2 on 6, 7 and 8 July, and finished in Liverpool's Echo Arena on 13 and 14 July. The Manchester auditions were postponed from 18 to 20 May.

London and Birmingham auditions were broadcast during the first episode on 20 August 2011. More of the London auditions, as well as the Liverpool and Manchester auditions, aired on 27 August 2011. On 3 September, the Glasgow auditions and more from London were shown. More auditions from Manchester, Birmingham and London were broadcast during the 10 September episode. More from London, plus the Manchester and Glasgow auditions were broadcast in the 11 September episode. The 17 September episode showed more auditions from Liverpool, Cardiff, London, Glasgow and Manchester. The final auditions aired on 18 September, and featured auditions from Liverpool, London and Cardiff.

Summary of judges' auditions
| City | Date(s) | Venue | Changes to the judging line-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Birmingham | 1–2 June 2011 | LG Arena |  |
| Glasgow | 6 June 2011 | SEC Centre | |
| Manchester | 12–14 June 2011 | EventCity | |
| Cardiff | 29 June 2011 | International Arena | |
| London | 6–8 July 2011 | The O2 Arena | Gary Barlow absent (some auditions) |
| Liverpool | 13–14 July 2011 | Echo Arena |  |

### Bootcamp

Bootcamp started on 18 August 2011. The first episode of bootcamp was broadcast on 24 September 2011. It showed 191 acts attending a pre-bootcamp party at The Selsdon Park Hotel in Croydon, while the judges reviewed their auditions to see if there were some acts they wanted to cut before bootcamp started. They cut 39 acts, leaving 152. The acts were split into 30 groups in which to perform at Wembley Arena, and each group was given one of six songs by the judges: "You've Got the Love", "Breakeven", "Price Tag", "Born This Way", "Forget You" or "Firework". The judges then went on to cut over 80 acts, but called back some soloists, who were asked if they were interested in being in a group. All agreed and were workshopped to see which singers would work well together. They formed six new groups: Nu Vibe, Faux Pas, The Lovettes, The Risk, Misfits and Orion. The second episode was broadcast on 25 September 2011. In that episode, the 61 remaining acts including the new groups were then given the task of learning one song, 'making it their own' and performing it in front of a live audience, the second time bootcamp was open to an audience (the first was in 2009). The judges then chose the final 32 acts for judges' houses, based on these performances. However, they chose only 31 acts, including three of the new groups, and the final group, four-piece girl group Rhythmix (later known in the series as Little Mix), was made from two members each from Faux Pas and Orion.

### Judges' houses

Judges' houses, the final part of the selection process, was filmed in September. Judges were given their categories in late August. Barlow mentored the Boys, Rowland the Girls, Walsh the Over 25s, and Tulisa the Groups. Robbie Williams joined Barlow in Los Angeles, Jennifer Hudson assisted Rowland in Miami, Walsh was accompanied by Sinitta in Barcelona, and Tulisa received help from Jessie J in Mykonos. At judges' houses each act performed two songs for their mentor and his/her guest judge, although only one song was mentioned and shown on the main show, with the other song shown on *The Xtra Factor* instead.

Sian Phillips was originally selected for the judges' houses, but due to visa issues, she was unable to travel to Miami and was thus replaced by Sarah Watson in the Girls category.

Judges Houses Performances * Act in bold advanced

Groups:

Girls:

Over 25s

Boys:

Summary of judges' houses
| Judge | Category | Location | Assistant | Acts Eliminated |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gary Barlow | Boys | Los Angeles | Robbie Williams | Joe Cox, Luke Lucas, Max Vickers, John Wilding |
| Tulisa | Groups | Mykonos | Jessie J | Girl v Boy, The Estrelles, The Keys, The Lovettes |
| Kelly Rowland | Girls | Miami | Jennifer Hudson | Melanie McCabe, Holly Repton, Jade Richards, Sarah Watson |
| Louis Walsh | Over 25s | Barcelona | Sinitta | Sami Brookes, Joseph Gilligan, Carolynne Poole, Terry Winstanley |

Tulisa appeared to eliminate both The Risk and The Keys at the end of the judges' houses stage, only to later call back three members of The Risk and one member of The Keys to form a new supergroup under the former group's name.

Goldie Cheung was initially put through to the finals by Walsh, but pulled out of the competition at the end of the judges' houses stage, stating that she did not want to be away from her family. Sami Brookes, who had initially not made it through, took her place in the live shows.

## Acts

Key:

– Winner   – Runner-Up   – Ejected

| Act | Age(s) | Hometown | Category (mentor) | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Little Mix** | **18–20** | **Various** | **Groups (Tulisa)** | **Winner** |
| Marcus Collins | 23 | Liverpool | Boys (Barlow) | Runner-Up |
| Amelia Lily | 17 | Nunthorpe | Girls (Rowland) | 3rd Place |
| Misha B | 19 | Manchester | | 4th Place |
| Janet Devlin | 17 | Gortin, Northern Ireland | | 5th Place |
| Craig Colton | 23 | Kirkby | Boys (Barlow) | 6th Place |
| Kitty Brucknell | 26 | Cheltenham | Over 25s (Walsh) | 7th Place |
| Frankie Cocozza | 18 | Brighton | Boys (Barlow) | 8th Place |
| Johnny Robinson | 46 | Harrow | Over 25s (Walsh) | 9th Place |
| The Risk | 19–25 | Various | Groups (Tulisa) | 10th Place |
| Sophie Habibis | 20 | London | Girls (Rowland) | 11th Place |
| Sami Brookes | 31 | Rhyl | Over 25s (Walsh) | 12th Place |
| Nu Vibe | 16–19 | Various | Groups (Tulisa) | 13th Place |
| 2 Shoes | 21–23 | Brentwood, Essex | | 14th Place |
| James Michael | 20 | Widnes | Boys (Barlow) | 15th Place |
| Jonjo Kerr | 27 | Chorley | Over 25s (Walsh) | 16th Place |

## Live shows

The live shows began on 8 October. Each week, the contestants' performances took place on Saturday and the results were announced on Sunday. As with previous series, each live show had a different theme. The results show often featured a group performance by the remaining contestants and guest live performances.

The first live results show included live performances from series 7 winner Matt Cardle and Cee Lo Green, while Katy Perry and The Wanted performed on the second results show. On the third results show, Bruno Mars, Professor Green featuring Emeli Sandé and Kelly Clarkson performed. Series 7 contestant Cher Lloyd and *The X Factor USA* judge Nicole Scherzinger performed on the fourth live result show. Series 5 runners up JLS and Florence and the Machine performed on the fifth live results show, while Lady Gaga and series 7 contestants One Direction performed on the sixth. The seventh live show featured performances from Rihanna and series 7 runner-up Rebecca Ferguson,. The eighth live results show included performances from former contestant and *The Xtra Factor* host Olly Murs featuring The Muppets, and Jessie J. JLS and One Direction also appeared alongside the 16 finalists to perform this year's charity single, "Wishing on a Star". The semi-final live result show featured performances from Justin Bieber and *The X Factor* judge Rowland. The live final featured performances from Coldplay, JLS, Leona Lewis, Michael Bublé and One Direction

For the live finals, *The X Factor* received new graphics and theme music similar to those already introduced on *The X Factor USA*. Voting by text message, which had been absent since 2007, was reintroduced for this series in addition to the premium rate telephone vote, but was not available during the final.

During the fourth week of the live shows, it was announced that Rowland was unable to travel back from Los Angeles due to a throat infection. During the week, it was announced that Burke would replace her as a judge on the show. After Burke accepted the role as guest judge, she became the first *X Factor* contestant to return to the show as a judge. It was reported on 28 June 2011 that the final would take place on 10 and 11 December 2011 at Wembley Arena instead of the usual Fountain Studios.

On 26 October 2011, Rhythmix announced that they would change their name due to pressure from a children's music charity of the same name, after the programme tried to trademark "Rhythmix" in Europe. It was reported that the group decided to make the change, despite no legal reason to do so, to avoid any difficulties for the charity. The name was subsequently changed to Little Mix.

On 28 October 2011, Ashley Baptiste decided to leave The Risk. In an interview on the official website, he explained "I don't believe my future lies in a boyband and it's not fair on \[the other members\] Charlie, Derry and Andy to remain in the band when I am not truly committed to it for the long term. I believe The Risk can win *The X Factor* and I'm backing them all the way. I count them as my friends so I know we'll stay in touch." He was replaced by Ashford Campbell, who was a member of Nu Vibe, another manufactured boyband who had already previously been eliminated.

On 8 November 2011, Frankie Cocozza was ejected from the competition, saying he "no longer \[deserved his\] place in the show", having broken competition rules. As a result, it was announced that the four contestants eliminated by their mentors in week 1; 2 Shoes, Amelia Lily, James Michael and Jonjo Kerr; would be given the chance to face a public vote, with the winner of the vote being reinstated in the competition. Amelia Lily won the public vote with 48% of the overall total and replaced Cocozza in the competition.

### Results summary

Colour key

Act in Boys

Act in Girls

Act in Over 25s

Act in Groups

|  | Act did not face the public vote |
| --- | --- |
|  | Act did not face the public vote but was eliminated by their mentor |
|  | Act was in the bottom two/three and had to sing again in the final showdown |
|  | Act was in the bottom three but received the fewest votes and was immediately eliminated |
|  | Act received the fewest public votes and was immediately eliminated (no final showdown) |
|  | Act received the most public votes |
|  | Act was ejected from the competition without singing or facing the public vote |

Weekly results per act
| Act | | Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | | Week 7 | Quarter-Final | Semi-Final | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Return Vote | | | | | | Elimination Vote | Saturday Vote | | | | Sunday Vote |
|  | Little Mix | **Saved** | **4th**
8.7% | **6th**
6.0% | **2nd**
13.7% | **4th**
11.9% | **Saved** | **3rd**
15.3% | **1st**
26.1% | **2nd**
22.4% | **1st**
34.4% | **1st**
39.0% | **Winner**
48.3% |
| |  | Marcus Collins | **7th**
6.8% | **4th**
11.2% | | **6th**
10.1% | **2nd**
16.0% | **4th**
12.9% | **4th**
14.4% | **3rd**
21.0% | **2nd**
24.0% | **2nd**
34.5% | **Runner-Up**
42.8% |
|  | Amelia Lily | **Eliminated** | Eliminated
(week 1) | | | | **1st**
48.8% | **1st**
27.4% | **5th**
11.3% | **1st**
23.8% | **3rd**
21.4% | **3rd**
26.5% | Eliminated
(final) |
|  | Misha B | **Saved** | **5th**
7.8% | **3rd**
11.8% | **10th**
5.1% | **3rd**
12.2% | **Saved** | **7th**
8.0% | **2nd**
22.5% | **5th**
14.5% | **4th**
20.2% | Eliminated
(semi-final) | |
| |  | Janet Devlin | **1st**
23.6% | **1st**
17.2% | | **1st**
14.7% | **1st**
18.0% | **2nd**
17.4% | **3rd**
14.8% | **4th**
18.3% | Eliminated
(quarter-final) | | |
| |  | Craig Colton | **6th**
6.9% | **8th**
6.0% | | **3rd**
13.0% | **5th**
10.1% | **5th**
10.6% | **6th**
10.9% | Eliminated
(week 7) | | | |
| |  | Kitty Brucknell | **10th**
5.9% | **11th**
5.0% | | **4th**
12.9% | **8th**
7.6% | **6th**
8.4% | Eliminated
(week 6) | | | | |
| |  | Frankie Cocozza | **11th**
5.2% | **7th**
6.0% | **8th**
5.7% | **6th**
8.7% | Ejected
(week 6) | | | | | | |
| |  | Johnny Robinson | **8th**
6.5% | **2nd**
17.1% | **5th**
12.2% | **7th**
8.3% | Eliminated
(week 5) | | | | | | |
| |  | The Risk | **2nd**
10.9% | | **5th**
8.3% | **7th**
7.2% | **9th**
7.2% |
| |  | Sophie Habibis | **3rd**
8.9% | **9th**
5.8% | **9th**
5.4% | Eliminated
(week 4) | | | | | | | |
| |  | Sami Brookes | **9th**
6.2% | **10th**
5.6% | Eliminated
(week 3) | | | | | | | | |
| |  | Nu Vibe | **12th**
2.6% | Eliminated
(week 2) | | | | | | | | | |
|  | 2 Shoes | **Eliminated** | Eliminated
(week 1) | | | | **4th**
11.3% | Not Returned
(week 6) | | | | | |
| | |  | James Michael | **2nd**
26.7% ||
| | |  | Jonjo Kerr | **3rd**
13.2% ||
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Final Showdown | | None | Cocozza,
Nu Vibe | Brookes,
Brucknell | Habibis,
Misha B | Brucknell,
Robinson |  | Brucknell,
Misha B | Colton,
Lily | Devlin,
Misha B | No final showdown or judges' votes: results were based on public votes alone | | |
| Judges voted to | | Send Through | Eliminate | | | | | Eliminate | | | |
| Walsh's vote (Over 25s) | | Brookes,
Brucknell,
Robinson | Nu Vibe | Brookes | | Habibis | Robinson | Misha B | | Colton | Devlin |
| Tulisa's vote (Groups) | | Little Mix,
The Risk,
Nu Vibe | Cocozza | Brucknell | | Habibis | Robinson | Brucknell | | Lily | Devlin |
| Rowland's vote (Girls) | | Devlin,
Misha B,
Habibis | Nu Vibe | Brookes | | Habibis | Robinson | Brucknell | | Colton | None (abstained) |
| Barlow's vote (Boys) | | Collins,
Colton,
Cocozza | Nu Vibe | Brookes | |  |  | Brucknell | | Lily |  |
| Eliminated | | **Jonjo Kerr**
by Walsh | **Nu Vibe**
3 of 4 votes
Majority | **Sami Brookes**
3 of 4 votes
Majority | | **Sophie Habibis**
3 of 3 votes
Majority | **The Risk**
7.2%
to save | **Kitty Brucknell**
3 of 4 votes
Majority | **Craig Colton**
2 of 4 votes
Deadlock | **Janet Devlin**
2 of 2 votes
Majority | **Misha B**
20.2%
to save | **Amelia Lily**
26.5%
to save | **Marcus Collins**
42.8%
to win |
| | | | | | | | | | | | **James Michael**
by Barlow |
| | | | | **2 Shoes**
by Tulisa | | | | | | | **Johnny Robinson**
3 of 3 votes
Majority |
| | | | | **Amelia Lily**
by Rowland | | | | | | |
| Reference(s) | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

* **^1**  There was no public vote in the first week and no final showdown. Each judge was required to eliminate one of their own acts.
* **^2**  Rowland was not present due to illness but voted via telephone link from Los Angeles.
* **^3**  Barlow was not required to vote as there was already a majority. However, he stated that he would have voted to eliminate Sophie Habibis in week 4, Johnny Robinson in week 5 and Janet Devlin in the quarter-final.
* **^4**  Following Frankie Cocozza's ejection from the competition, one of the four acts who were eliminated in the first week of the competition by the judges (2 Shoes, Amelia Lily, James Michael, or Jonjo Kerr) were given the chance to return to and replace Cocozza in the competition through a public vote. The winner of the public vote was Amelia Lily with 48.8%.
* **^5**  The voting percentages in the final for the Sunday Vote do not add up to 100%, owing to the freezing of votes. Amelia Lily received 8.9% of the final vote.

### Live show details

#### Week 1 (8/9 October)

Acts' performances on the first live show
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | Song | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Amelia Lily | Girls (Rowland) | 1 | "Billie Jean" | USA | Eliminated |
| Johnny Robinson | Over 25s (Walsh) | 2 | "Believe" | USA | Saved |
| Rhythmix | Groups (Tulisa) | 3 | | | "Super Bass" |
| Frankie Cocozza | Boys (Barlow) | 4 | "The A Team" | | UK |
| Sophie Habibis | Girls (Rowland) | 5 | "Teenage Dream" | | USA |
| Jonjo Kerr | Over 25s (Walsh) | 6 | "You Really Got Me" | UK | Eliminated |
| 2 Shoes | Groups (Tulisa) | 7 | | | "Something Kinda Ooooh" |
| James Michael | Boys (Barlow) | 8 | | | "Ticket to Ride" |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 9 | "Rolling in the Deep" | UK | Saved |
| Nu Vibe | Groups (Tulisa) | 10 | "Beautiful People" | | USA |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 11 | | | "Moves like Jagger" |
| Sami Brookes | Over 25s (Walsh) | 12 | | | "Free" |
| The Risk | Groups (Tulisa) | 13 | "She Said" | | UK |
| Craig Colton | Boys (Barlow) | 14 | "Jar of Hearts" | | USA |
| Kitty Brucknell | Over 25s (Walsh) | 15 | "Who Wants to Live Forever" | | UK |
| Janet Devlin | Girls (Rowland) | 16 | | | "Fix You" |

* There was no public vote in the first week. Instead, each of the judges selected one of their own acts to eliminate.

Judges' decisions to eliminate * Walsh: Jonjo Kerr – said he was the weakest performer in his category.
* Barlow: James Michael – thought the other three boys gave better performances than Michael.
* Tulisa: 2 Shoes – the decision came down to 2 Shoes and Nu Vibe, and Tulisa decided that Nu Vibe had more potential to improve.
* Rowland: Amelia Lily – the decision came down to Amelia Lily and Sophie Habibis; while Rowland felt that Lily had more of a star quality, she conceded that Habibis had given the better performance.

#### Week 2 (15/16 October)

Acts' performances on the second live show
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nu Vibe | Groups (Tulisa) | 1 | "With or Without You" | Bottom Two |
| Sami Brookes | Over 25s (Walsh) | 2 | "I Will Always Love You" | Safe |
| Craig Colton | Boys (Barlow) | 3 | | "Best Thing I Never Had" |
| Janet Devlin | Girls (Rowland) | 4 | "Can't Help Falling in Love" | Safe (Highest Votes) |
| Frankie Cocozza | Boys (Barlow) | 5 | "The Scientist" | Bottom Two |
| Johnny Robinson | Over 25s (Walsh) | 6 | "Can't Get You Out of My Head" | Safe |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 7 | | "Russian Roulette" |
| Rhythmix | Groups (Tulisa) | 8 | | "I'm Like a Bird" |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 9 | | "Would I Lie to You?" |
| The Risk | Groups (Tulisa) | 10 | | "Just the Way You Are" |
| Sophie Habibis | Girls (Rowland) | 11 | | "Wherever You Will Go" |
| Kitty Brucknell | Over 25s (Walsh) | 12 | | "It's Oh So Quiet" |
| Final showdown details | | | | |
| Nu Vibe | Groups (Tulisa) | 1 | "Promise This" | Eliminated |
| Frankie Cocozza | Boys (Barlow) | 2 | "Red" | Saved |

Judges' votes to eliminate * Barlow: Nu Vibe – gave no reason, though effectively backed his own act, Frankie Cocozza.
* Rowland: Nu Vibe – gave no reason.
* Tulisa: Frankie Cocozza – gave no reason, though effectively backed her own act, Nu Vibe.
* Walsh: Nu Vibe – backed the act he believed could improve the most despite criticizing both performances on Saturday.

#### Week 3 (22/23 October)

Acts' performances on the third live show
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | Song | Rock Artist | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 1 | "Are You Gonna Go My Way" | Lenny Kravitz | Safe |
| Janet Devlin | Girls (Rowland) | 2 | "Sweet Child o' Mine" | Guns N' Roses | Safe (Highest Votes) |
| Sami Brookes | Over 25s (Walsh) | 3 | "If I Could Turn Back Time" | Cher | Bottom Two |
| Rhythmix | Groups (Tulisa) | 4 | "Tik Tok"/"Push It" | Kesha | Safe |
| Sophie Habibis | Girls (Rowland) | 5 | "Livin' on a Prayer" | | Bon Jovi |
| Craig Colton | Boys (Barlow) | 6 | "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" | | Oasis |
| Kitty Brucknell | Over 25s (Walsh) | 7 | "Live and Let Die" | Paul McCartney and Wings | Bottom Two |
| Frankie Cocozza | Boys (Barlow) | 8 | "Rocks" | Primal Scream | Safe |
| The Risk | Groups (Tulisa) | 9 | "Crazy" | | Gnarls Barkley |
| Johnny Robinson | Over 25s (Walsh) | 10 | "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" | | The Darkness |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 11 | "Purple Rain" | | Prince |
| Final showdown details | | | | | |
| Sami Brookes | Over 25s (Walsh) | 1 | "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" | | Eliminated |
| Kitty Brucknell | Over 25s (Walsh) | 2 | "The Edge of Glory" | | Saved |

Judges' votes to eliminate * Barlow: Sami Brookes – said that both acts were "unbelievable" in the final showdown, but felt that Brucknell was "more exciting" and Brookes was "a little bit dated", despite saying Brookes' voice is "undeniable".
* Rowland: Sami Brookes – gave no reason but later revealed on *The Xtra Factor* that Brucknell's entertainment was essential for the competition.
* Tulisa: Kitty Brucknell – thought Brookes had a better connection with her.
* Walsh: Sami Brookes – declined to take the vote to deadlock and chose to go with his heart; later emphasizing on *The Xtra Factor* Brucknell's clear passion and commitment to being in the show and to being a recording artist.

However, voting statistics revealed that Brookes received more votes than Brucknell which meant that if Walsh sent the result to deadlock, Brookes would have been saved.

#### Week 4 (29/30 October)

Rowland did not appear on the judging panel for week 4 due to illness, so series 5 winner Alexandra Burke took her place as an extra judge on the panel. However, Burke did not vote on the results show; instead, Rowland voted via telephone link from Los Angeles. Rhythmix's new name 'Little Mix' took effect from Week 4. Ashley Baptiste from The Risk quit the group so Ashford Campbell who was originally in Nu Vibe (eliminated Week 2) joined The Risk.

Acts' performances on the fourth live show
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| The Risk | Groups (Tulisa) | 1 | "Thriller" | Safe |
| Johnny Robinson | Over 25s (Walsh) | 2 | | "That Ole Devil Called Love" |
| Sophie Habibis | Girls (Rowland) | 3 | "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" | Bottom Two |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 4 | "Superstition"/"Need You Tonight" | Safe |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 5 | "Tainted Love" | Bottom Two |
| Janet Devlin | Girls (Rowland) | 6 | "Every Breath You Take" | Safe (Highest Votes) |
| Frankie Cocozza | Boys (Barlow) | 7 | "Should I Stay or Should I Go" | Safe |
| Kitty Brucknell | Over 25s (Walsh) | 8 | | "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" |
| Little Mix | Groups (Tulisa) | 9 | | "E.T." |
| Craig Colton | Boys (Barlow) | 10 | | "Set Fire to the Rain" |
| Final showdown details | | | | |
| Sophie Habibis | Girls (Rowland) | 1 | "Shelter" | Eliminated |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 2 | "Use Somebody" | Saved |

Judges' votes to eliminate * Walsh: Sophie Habibis – said that Misha B was a better performer and has got star quality.
* Tulisa: Sophie Habibis – said she related more to Misha B as an artist.
* Rowland: Sophie Habibis – felt that Misha B wanted it more than Habibis.
* Barlow was not required to vote since there was already a majority, but confirmed he would have eliminated Habibis.

However, voting statistics revealed that Habibis received more votes than Misha B which meant that if the result went to deadlock, Habibis would have been saved.

#### Week 5 (5/6 November)

In a double elimination special, two acts were eliminated from the series fifth results show. The three acts with the fewest public votes were announced as the bottom three and then the act with the fewest votes was automatically eliminated. The remaining two acts then performed in the final showdown for the judges' votes. The Risk was eliminated as the act with the fewest public votes.

Acts' performances on the fifth live show
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Johnny Robinson | Over 25s (Walsh) | 1 | "Hung Up"/"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" | Bottom Three |
| Janet Devlin | Girls (Rowland) | 2 | "I Want You Back" | Safe (Highest Votes) |
| Craig Colton | Boys (Barlow) | 3 | "Heaven" | Safe |
| The Risk | Groups (Tulisa) | 4 | "A Night to Remember" | Eliminated |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 5 | "Reet Petite" | Safe |
| Kitty Brucknell | Over 25s (Walsh) | 6 | "Like a Prayer" | Bottom Three |
| Frankie Cocozza | Boys (Barlow) | 7 | "I Gotta Feeling" | Safe |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 8 | | "Proud Mary" |
| Little Mix | Groups (Tulisa) | 9 | | "Don't Stop the Music" |
| Final showdown details | | | | |
| Johnny Robinson | Over 25s (Walsh) | 1 | "Unchained Melody" | Eliminated |
| Kitty Brucknell | Over 25s (Walsh) | 2 | "Beautiful Disaster" | Saved |

Judges' votes to eliminate * Walsh: Johnny Robinson – said that Brucknell was more likely to succeed in the music industry.
* Tulisa: Johnny Robinson – agreed with Walsh.
* Rowland: Johnny Robinson – also agreed with Walsh, and added that she felt Brucknell would "provide" the show with who she wanted to be as an artist.
* Barlow was not required to vote since there was already a majority, but confirmed he would have eliminated Robinson.

However, voting statistics revealed that Robinson received more votes than Brucknell which meant that if the result went to deadlock, Robinson would have been saved.

#### Week 6 (12/13 November)

On 8 November 2011, Frankie Cocozza was ejected from the competition. The four acts that did not face the public vote in week 1 and were eliminated by their mentors—Amelia Lily, James Michael, Jonjo Kerr, and 2 Shoes—faced the public vote and the act with the most votes would replace Cocozza. The winner of the vote was announced as Amelia Lily with 48.8% of the public vote.

Acts' performances on the sixth live show
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | Song | Musician | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kitty Brucknell | Over 25s (Walsh) | 1 | "Don't Stop Me Now" | Queen | Bottom Two |
| Craig Colton | Boys (Barlow) | 2 | "Paparazzi" | Lady Gaga | Safe |
| Little Mix | Groups (Tulisa) | 3 | "Radio Ga Ga"/"Telephone" | | Queen/Lady Gaga |
| Janet Devlin | Girls (Rowland) | 4 | "Somebody to Love" | | Queen |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 5 | | | "Another One Bites the Dust" |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 6 | "Born This Way" | Lady Gaga | Bottom Two |
| Amelia Lily | Girls (Rowland) | 7 | "The Show Must Go On" | Queen | Safe (Highest Votes) |
| Final showdown details | | | | | |
| Kitty Brucknell | Over 25s (Walsh) | 1 | "Over the Rainbow" | | Eliminated |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 2 | "Who You Are" | | Saved |

Judges' votes to eliminate * Walsh: Misha B – gave no reason but effectively backed his own act, Kitty Brucknell.
* Tulisa: Kitty Brucknell – said that after the show she would buy Misha B's album.
* Rowland: Kitty Brucknell – backed her own act, Misha B, who she felt had more potential in the competition.
* Barlow: Kitty Brucknell – said that Misha B had more potential and he thought that Brucknell was not connecting with the audience since this was her third time in the bottom two despite praising both final showdown performances and stating how Misha B and Brucknell were the most committed contestants and wanted to stay in the competition the most of all the remaining acts.

However, voting statistics revealed that Brucknell received more votes than Misha B which meant that if the result went to deadlock, Brucknell would have been saved.

#### Week 7 (19/20 November)

Acts' performances on the seventh live show
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | Song | Film | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Craig Colton | Boys (Barlow) | 1 | "Licence to Kill" | *Licence to Kill* | Bottom Two |
| Janet Devlin | Girls (Rowland) | 2 | "Kiss Me" | *How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days* | Safe |
| Amelia Lily | Girls (Rowland) | 3 | "Think" | *Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason* | Bottom Two |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 4 | "I Have Nothing" | *The Bodyguard* | Safe |
| Little Mix | Groups (Tulisa) | 5 | "Don't Let Go (Love)" | *Set It Off* | Safe (Highest Votes) |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 6 | "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher" | *Ghostbusters II* | Safe |
| Final showdown details | | | | | |
| Craig Colton | Boys (Barlow) | 1 | "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" | | Eliminated |
| Amelia Lily | Girls (Rowland) | 2 | "You and I" | | Saved |

Judges' votes to eliminate * Barlow: Amelia Lily – backed his own act, Craig Colton, and said that Lily had "shouted her way" through the final showdown.
* Rowland: Craig Colton – backed her own act, Amelia Lily, who she said properly sang her survival song.
* Tulisa: Amelia Lily – said that Colton sang better in the sing off.
* Walsh: Craig Colton – said Lily was "a worldwide ready-made pop star" and had more potential.

With both acts receiving two votes each, the result went to deadlock and reverted to the earlier public vote. Colton was eliminated as the act with the fewest public votes.

#### Week 8: Quarter-Final (26/27 November)

Starting in the quarter-final, each act performed two songs with voting lines opening after the first round of performances.

Acts' performances in the quarter-final
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | First song | Guilty Pleasure | Order | Second song | Musical Hero(es) | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Little Mix | Groups (Tulisa) | 1 | "Baby"/"Where Did Our Love Go" | Justin Bieber / The Supremes | 6 | "Beautiful" | Christina Aguilera | Safe |
| Janet Devlin | Girls (Rowland) | 2 | "MMMBop" | Hanson | 7 | "Under the Bridge" | Red Hot Chili Peppers | Bottom Two |
| | Misha B | 3 | "Girls Just Want To Have Fun" | Cyndi Lauper | 8 | "Killing Me Softly with His Song" | | Roberta Flack |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 4 | "I'm Your Man" | Wham! | 9 | "Lately" | Stevie Wonder | Safe |
| Amelia Lily | Girls (Rowland) | 5 | "China in Your Hand" | T'Pau | 10 | "Since U Been Gone" | Kelly Clarkson | Safe (Highest Votes) |
| Final showdown details | | | | | | | | |
| Janet Devlin | Girls (Rowland) | 1 | "Chasing Cars" | | | | | Eliminated |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 2 | "Out Here on My Own" | | | | | Saved |

Judges' votes to eliminate * Walsh: Janet Devlin – based on the performances across the quarter-final.
* Tulisa: Janet Devlin – based on the performances across the quarter-final, and thought Misha B had more long-term potential.
* Rowland abstained from voting as both her acts were in the bottom two, O'Leary warned Rowland this would mean Devlin would be eliminated by default as Walsh and Tulisa voted against her, but Rowland still declined to vote.
* Barlow was not required to vote since there was already a majority, but confirmed he would have voted to eliminate Devlin.

However, voting statistics revealed that Devlin received more votes than Misha B which meant that if the result went to deadlock, Devlin would have advanced to the semi-final and Misha B would have been eliminated.

#### Week 9: Semi-Final (3/4 December)

Acts' performances in the semi-final
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | First song | Motown Artist | Order | Second song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Misha B | Girls (Rowland) | 1 | "Dancing in the Street" | Martha and the Vandellas | 5 | "Perfect" | Eliminated |
| Amelia Lily | Girls (Rowland) | 2 | "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" | Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell | 6 | "I'm with You" | Safe |
| Little Mix | Groups (Tulisa) | 3 | "You Keep Me Hangin' On" | The Supremes | 8 | "If I Were a Boy" | Safe (Highest Votes) |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 4 | "My Girl" | The Temptations | 7 | "Can You Feel It" | Safe |

The semi-final did not feature a final showdown and instead the act with the fewest public votes, Misha B, was automatically eliminated. After her elimination, Misha B reprised her week 6 final showdown performance of "Who You Are" as her exit song.

#### Week 10: Final (10/11 December)

The final was held at Wembley Arena and lasted for over four hours, split over Saturday 10 and Sunday 11 December 2011.

**10 December**

Acts' performances on the Saturday Final
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | First song | Order | Second song (Duet) | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 1 | "Hey Ya!" | 4 | "She's Always a Woman" (with Gary Barlow) | Safe |
| Little Mix | Groups (Tulisa) | 2 | "You Got the Love" | 5 | "If I Ain't Got You"/"Empire State of Mind" (with Tulisa) | Safe (Highest Votes) |
| Amelia Lily | Girls (Rowland) | 3 | "Ain't No Other Man" | 6 | "River Deep – Mountain High" (with Kelly Rowland) | Eliminated |

If Amelia Lily had made the final two, her favourite performance would have been, "The Show Must Go On" from week six, and would have sung "All I Want For Christmas Is You" for her Christmas song, as well as performing "Cannonball".

**11 December**

Acts' performances on the Sunday Final
| Act | Category (mentor) | Order | Favourite song | Order | Christmas song | Order | Third song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Marcus Collins | Boys (Barlow) | 1 | "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher" | 3 | "Last Christmas" | 5 | "Cannonball" | Runner-Up |
| Little Mix | Groups (Tulisa) | 2 | "Don't Let Go (Love)" | 4 | "Silent Night" | 6 | "Cannonball" | Winner |

## Charity single

It was announced on 12 October 2011, that the 16 finalists would record a cover version of "Wishing on a Star", released on 20 November in aid of Together for Short Lives, a charity which Cowell said do "amazing work". It is the fourth time finalists have released a charity single. Series 5 contestants JLS and series 7 contestants One Direction also feature on the single.

## Winner's single

The winner's single was Damien Rice's "Cannonball". For the first time since series 1, the winner's single was not released in the week of the coveted Christmas number one chart battle. The Official Charts Company announced that the 2011 Christmas number-one would be announced on Christmas Day, meaning releases on 18 December would be new entries in the chart that week. Little Mix's winner's single was released on 14 December, which meant it would have to maintain significant sales numbers in its second week to achieve the Christmas number one. It was announced on 17 November that N-Dubz rapper Fazer would be producing the single.

## Marks and Spencer deal

In September 2011, it was announced that Marks & Spencer would be *The X Factor*'s official fashion partner. On 2 October 2011, it was revealed that the 16 finalists would star in the retailer's 2011 Christmas advertisement. It is a one-minute advertisement that premiered during week 5 of the live shows. The finalists recorded a cover of the song "When You Wish upon a Star" to feature in the advert and modelled clothes from the company. The finalists will be paid for the advertisement. After his ejection from the competition, M&S announced that Frankie Cocozza's face would be edited out of the advert, as it wasn't possible to edit his voice from the advert. On 17 November 2011, M&S posted the latest edit of the advert to their official YouTube account, with Cocozza's vocals completely erased.

## Reception

### Ratings

Initial viewing figures for the first episode were placed at 11.3 million for ITV1, however, the peak audience was 12.6 million, a match for the highest viewing figures for an *X Factor* series opener, and almost 5 million more than *Doctor Who* on BBC One, the second-highest rated programme that night.

Like the previous two series, the show dominated the weekly rankings, taking the top spot for the first three weeks and then the top two for the rest of the series, with the exceptions being the fourth, fifth and sixth live shows, which were beaten into third place by two episodes of Downton Abbey and the launch episode of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, respectively. Despite a drop in ratings from the year before, it was the third most-watched series in the show's history.

| Episode | Air date | Official ITV1 rating
(millions) | Weekly rank | Share (%) | Official ITV1 HD rating
(millions) | Official ITV1+1 rating
(millions) | Total ITV1 viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Auditions 1 | 20 August | 11.05 | 1 | 45.7 | 1.13 | 0.53 | 12.71 |
| Auditions 2 | 27 August | 10.63 | 1 | 42.8 | 1.02 | 0.48 | 12.13 |
| Auditions 3 | 3 September | 10.96 | 1 | 43.4 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 12.56 |
| Auditions 4 | 10 September | 10.98 | 1 | 43.6 | 1.06 | 0.53 | 12.57 |
| Auditions 5 | 11 September | 10.52 | 2 | 37.8 | 1.10 | 0.53 | 12.15 |
| Auditions 6 | 17 September | 11.16 | 2 | 44.5 | 1.17 | 0.33 | 12.66 |
| Auditions 7 | 18 September | 11.23 | 1 | 42.2 | 1.17 | 0.34 | 12.74 |
| Bootcamp 1 | 24 September | 10.64 | 2 | 43.0 | 1.05 | 0.39 | 12.08 |
| Bootcamp 2 | 25 September | 11.12 | 1 | 38.7 | 1.06 | 0.57 | 12.75 |
| Judges' houses 1 | 1 October | 10.13 | 2 | 42.0 | 1.11 | 0.67 | 11.91 |
| Judges' houses 2 | 2 October | 11.74 | 1 | 42.5 | 1.18 | 0.46 | 13.38 |
| Live show 1 | 8 October | 10.89 | 2 | 40.3 | 1.16 | 0.53 | 12.58 |
| Live results 1 | 9 October | 11.34 | 1 | 41.1 | 1.27 | 0.34 | 12.95 |
| Live show 2 | 15 October | 9.90 | 2 | 39.1 | 1.24 | 0.47 | 11.61 |
| Live results 2 | 16 October | 10.84 | 1 | 40.5 | 1.26 | 0.30 | 12.40 |
| Live show 3 | 22 October | 9.73 | 2 | 38.0 | 1.33 | 0.38 | 11.44 |
| Live results 3 | 23 October | 10.68 | 1 | 39.8 | 1.21 |  | 11.89 |
| Live show 4 | 29 October | 9.74 | 3 | 38.8 | 1.32 | 0.33 | 11.39 |
| Live results 4 | 30 October | 11.44 | 1 | 42.0 | 1.31 | 0.27 | 13.02 |
| Live show 5 | 5 November | 9.61 | 3 | 40.3 | 1.36 | 0.44 | 11.41 |
| Live results 5 | 6 November | 11.47 | 1 | 41.8 | 1.32 | 0.24 | 13.03 |
| Live show 6 | 12 November | 10.92 | 3 | 40.9 | 1.10 | 0.31 | 12.33 |
| Live results 6 | 13 November | 11.79 | 1 | 41.9 | 1.47 |  | 13.26 |
| Live show 7 | 19 November | 10.41 | 2 | 39.0 | 1.28 | 0.31 | 12.00 |
| Live results 7 | 20 November | 11.22 | 1 | 39.1 | 1.36 | 0.24 | 12.82 |
| Live show 8 | 26 November | 9.99 | 2 | 38.4 | 1.31 | 0.25 | 11.55 |
| Live results 8 | 27 November | 11.22 | 1 | 41.8 | 1.52 | 0.23 | 12.97 |
| Live show 9 | 3 December | 10.23 | 2 | 39.9 | 1.20 | 0.37 | 11.80 |
| Live results 9 | 4 December | 11.08 | 1 | 40.2 | 1.38 | 0.34 | 12.81 |
| Live final | 10 December | 10.36 | 2 | 40.1 | 1.36 | 0.34 | 12.06 |
| Live final results | 11 December | 12.09 | 1 | 44.3 | 1.37 | 0.23 | 13.69 |
| Series average | 2011 | **10.82** |  | **42.3** | **1.23** | **0.40** | **12.41** |

The ITV1+1 rating for this episode is unavailable as it was outside the top 10 programmes of the week on BARB.
The average figure for ITV1+1 includes only the episodes with figures available.

## Controversies

### Allegation of bullying

Misha B was involved in a controversy during the third live show when Tulisa accused her of being "so feisty" and making "mean comments" and Walsh accused her of being a "bully" backstage. Both later apologised. The other two judges, Barlow and Rowland, and several contestants defended Misha B during and after the show, and Barlow stated in his 2018 autobiography *A Better Me* that he had refused to give into backstage producers' attempts to convince him and the other judges to stir up the bullying narrative against her to attract media coverage to the show. Barlow later said he believed the wrongful allegations had ended her chances of winning the competition. In June 2020, Misha B stated that as a result of the orchestrated racism she experienced at the hands of the producers, she suffered suicidal tendencies and was eventually diagnosed with PTSD. Tulisa responded that racism was completely out of the context of her comments that night.

### Frankie Cocozza's ejection

On 8 November, Frankie Cocozza was ejected from the competition. He released a statement saying "I'd like to apologise to Gary, my fellow contestants and everyone who has voted for me, but, as of today, I will no longer be in The X Factor. My life during the show has gone out of control and my behaviour off stage has overstepped the rules of the competition."

*The Sun* newspaper claimed Cocozza had been overheard boasting about using cocaine.

Cocozza's behaviour earlier in the series has led to two Ofcom investigations – he swore during a live show and was also shown drinking heavily with some friends.

## InfoBox

| *The X Factor* | |
| --- | --- |
| Series 8 | |
| Series winner Little Mix (pictured in 2012) | |
|  | |
| Hosted by | Dermot O'Leary (ITV)
Caroline Flack(ITV2)
Olly Murs(ITV2) |
| Judges |  |
| Winner | Little Mix |
| Winning mentor | Tulisa |
| Runner-up | Marcus Collins |
| Finals venue | Wembley Arena |
|  | |
| Release | |
| Original network |  |
| Original release | 20 August (2011-08-20)
11 December 2011 (2011-12-11) |
| Series chronology | |
|


title: The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)

abstract:
"The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)" is a 1981 monograph by Alex George on the taxonomy of the plant genus Banksia. Published by the Western Australian Herbarium as Nuytsia 3(3), it presented George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, the first major taxonomic revision of the genus since George Bentham published his arrangement in Flora Australiensis in 1870. One of the most important contributions of "The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)" was the publication of ten new species and nine new varieties of Banksia. These were:
  - B. aculeata
  - B. chamaephyton
  - B. conferta
  - B. conferta var. penicillata
  - B. cuneata
  - B. ericifolia var. macrantha
  - B. gardneri var. brevidentata
  - B. gardneri var. hiemalis
  - B. grossa
  - B. integrifolia var. aquilonia
  - B. lanata
  - B. littoralis var. seminuda
  - B. meisneri var. ascendens
  - B. micrantha
  - B. nutans var. cernuella
  - B. plagiocarpa
  - B. saxicola
  - B. scabrella
  - B. sphaerocarpa var. caesia
  - B. sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla
  - B. telmatiaea In addition, B. sphaerocarpa var. glabrescens was redescribed as B. incana, and B. quercifolia var. integrifolia was redescribed as B. oreophila. B. collina was demoted to B. spinulosa var. collina, and B. cunninghamii was demoted to B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii. George further proposed a new infrageneric classification for Banksia, redefining some of the existing sections, demoting Bentham's B. sect. Cyrtostylis and B. sect. Orthostylis to B. ser. Cyrtostylis and B. ser. Orthostylis respectively, and publishing six new series:
  - B. ser. Coccinea
  - B. ser. Grandes
  - B. ser. Tetragonae
  - B. ser. Spicigerae
  - B. ser. Prostratae
  - B. ser. Crocinae The classification was widely accepted, and is essentially the one that is in use today. Finally, having examined historical specimens at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and elsewhere, George published lectotypes for most pre-existing Banksia taxa.

text:
# The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)

"**The genus *Banksia* L.f. (Proteaceae)**" is a 1981 monograph by Alex George on the taxonomy of the plant genus *Banksia*. Published by the Western Australian Herbarium as *Nuytsia* **3**(3), it presented George's taxonomic arrangement of *Banksia*, the first major taxonomic revision of the genus since George Bentham published his arrangement in *Flora Australiensis* in 1870.

One of the most important contributions of "The genus *Banksia* L.f. (Proteaceae)" was the publication of ten new species and nine new varieties of *Banksia*. These were:

In addition, *B. sphaerocarpa* var. *glabrescens* was redescribed as *B. incana*, and *B. quercifolia* var. *integrifolia* was redescribed as *B. oreophila*. *B. collina* was demoted to *B. spinulosa* var. *collina*, and *B. cunninghamii* was demoted to *B. spinulosa* var. *cunninghamii*.

George further proposed a new infrageneric classification for *Banksia*, redefining some of the existing sections, demoting Bentham's *B.* sect. *Cyrtostylis* and *B.* sect. *Orthostylis* to *B.* ser. *Cyrtostylis* and *B.* ser. *Orthostylis* (now *B.* ser. *Banksia*) respectively, and publishing six new series:

The classification was widely accepted, and is essentially the one that is in use today.

Finally, having examined historical specimens at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and elsewhere, George published lectotypes for most pre-existing *Banksia* taxa.

* George, Alex S. (1981). "The genus *Banksia* L.f. (Proteaceae)". *Nuytsia*. **3** (3): 239–473. doi:10.58828/nuy00060. ISSN 0085-4417.


title: María Esther Vázquez

abstract: María Esther Vázquez was an Argentine writer and journalist, best known as a collaborator and biographer of Jorge Luis Borges and Victoria Ocampo.

text:
# María Esther Vázquez

**María Esther Vázquez** (4 August 1937 – 25 March 2017) was an Argentine writer and journalist, best known as a collaborator and biographer of Jorge Luis Borges and Victoria Ocampo.

## Biography

She was born in Buenos Aires in 1937 into a family of Galician descent. Her father was born in Cambados, and her mother in Vilanova de Arousa. At 16, she entered the Universidad de Buenos Aires to study literature. In 1957, while working at the National Library, she met the library's director, Jorge Luis Borges. He introduced her to his fellow writers from *Sur* magazine.

At the beginning of the '60s, she dated Borges, and in February 1964 they announced their marriage, although several months later they split up. They remained friends and wrote a couple of books together. Vázquez wrote a biography on Borges, ten years after his death, called *Borges: Esplendor y derrota* (*Borges: Splendor and Defeat*).

## Personal life

She married poet and writer Horacio Armani in on 14 December 1965. They were married for nearly 50 years before his death in 2013.

She died in Buenos Aires in March 2017 of a cerebral hemorrhage.

## Honors

Her honors included:

* 1988: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
* 1987: Konex Award
* 1995: Comillas Prize of the Tusquets Publishing House in Spain
* 1997: Prize of the International Book Fair of Buenos Aires
* 2004: Konex Award
* 2012: Rosalía de Castro Award from the PEN Club of Galicia
* 2012: the Gold Medal of Emigration from the Federation of Spanish Societies of Argentina

## Bibliography

* *Los nombres de la muerte* (1964)
* *Introducción a la literatura inglesa* (1965); co-written with Jorge Luis Borges.
* *Literaturas germánicas medievales* (1966); co-written with Jorge Luis Borges.
* *El mundo de Manuel Mujica Láinez* (1983)
* *Desde la niebla* (1988)
* *Victoria Ocampo* (1993)
* *Borges: esplendor y derrota* (1996)
* *Borges, sus días y su tiempo* (1999)
* *Victoria Ocampo. El mundo como destino* (2002)
* *La memoria de los días* (2004)

## InfoBox

| María Esther Vázquez | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 4 August 1937
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Died | 25 March 2017(2017-03-25) (aged 79)
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Occupation | Writer, journalist |
| Spouse | Horacio Armani  (m. 1964; died 2013) |


title: Foundation Ice Stream

abstract: Foundation Ice Stream is a major ice stream in the Pensacola Mountains of Antarctica. The ice stream drains northward for 150 nautical miles along the west side of the Patuxent Range and the Neptune Range to enter the Ronne Ice Shelf westward of Dufek Massif.

text:
# Foundation Ice Stream

**Foundation Ice Stream** (83°15′S 60°00′W / 83.250°S 60.000°W / -83.250; -60.000 (Foundation Ice Stream)) is a major ice stream in the Pensacola Mountains of Antarctica. The ice stream drains northward for 150 nautical miles (280 km; 170 mi) along the west side of the Patuxent Range and the Neptune Range to enter the Ronne Ice Shelf westward of Dufek Massif.

## Exploration and name

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) mapped the stream from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1956–66. The United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) named the stream in recognition of the National Science Foundation, which provided major support to the U.S. Antarctic Research Program during this period.

## Course

The Foundation Ice Stream originates to the west of the Patuxent Range. It flows northwest past the Rambo Nunataks to the north and Thomas Hills to the south, where it is joined from the right (south) by the MacNamara Glacier. Further down the Academy Glacier joins it from the right. The ice stream continues north-northwest past the Williams Hills of the Neptune Range. It is joined from the east by the Childs Glacier before passing Schmidt Hills to its east. The mouth of the ice stream meets the Ronne Ice Shelf.

## Tributaries

### Patuxent Ice Stream

85°15′S 67°45′W / 85.250°S 67.750°W / -85.250; -67.750. A broad ice stream between Patuxent Range and Pecora Escarpment in the Pensacola Mountains, draining northwestward to the upper part of Foundation Ice Stream. Named by US-ACAN for its proximity to the Patuxent Range.

### MacNamara Glacier

84°20′S 63°40′W / 84.333°S 63.667°W / -84.333; -63.667. A glacier in the Patuxent Range, Pensacola Mountains, draining northeastward between the Thomas and Anderson Hills to Foundation Ice Stream. Named by US-ACAN for Edlen E. MacNamara, USARP exchange scientist at Molodezhnaya Station winter 1967.

### Academy Glacier

84°15′S 61°00′W / 84.250°S 61.000°W / -84.250; -61.000. A major glacier in the Pensacola Mountains, draining northwestward between the Patuxent and Neptune Ranges to enter Foundation Ice Stream. Named by US-ACAN for the National Academy of Sciences which has played an important role in the planning of the United States program for Antarctica.

### Childs Glacier

83°24′S 58°40′W / 83.400°S 58.667°W / -83.400; -58.667. A glacier in the Neptune Range, Pensacola Mountains, draining westward from Roderick Valley to enter Foundation Ice Stream. Named by US-ACAN for John H. Childs, builder at Ellsworth Station, winter 1958.

## Sources

* Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), *Geographic Names of the Antarctic* (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.
* *Blackburn Nunatak*, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-03-18
* *Cordiner Peaks*, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-03-18
* *Schmidt Hills*, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-03-18
* *Thomas Hills*, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-03-18

## InfoBox

| Foundation Ice Stream | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Foundation Ice Stream in Antarctica | |
| Location | Queen Elizabeth Land |
| Coordinates | 83°15′S 60°00′W / 83.250°S 60.000°W / -83.250; -60.000 (Foundation Ice Stream) |
| Length | 150 nautical miles (280 km; 170 mi) |
| Thickness | unknown |
| Terminus | Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf |
| Status | unknown |


title: The Yealands

abstract: The Yealands is a civil parish in City of Lancaster district, Lancashire, England. It includes the villages of Yealand Conyers and Yealand Redmayne and the hamlet of Yealand Storrs. The parish was formed on 1 April 2024 by combining the former parishes of Yealand Conyers and Yealand Redmayne. It has a parish council, the lowest level of local government in England. In 2021 the parishes had a population of 539. The parish is in the north west of Lancashire, with its northern boundary along the county boundary with Westmorland and Furness in Cumbria. The M6 motorway runs along the eastern border of the parish, the A6 road and the West Coast Main Line railway run through the eastern part of the parish, and the Furness line crosses the far western corner of the parish. Most of the parish is within the Arnside and Silverdale National Landscape. The amenities in the parish include Yealand Church of England Primary School, Yealand Village Hall, St John's Church (Anglican), St Mary's Church, Yealand Quaker Meeting House, and the New Inn pub. Leighton Hall, Trowbarrow Quarry and most of Leighton Moss RSPB reserve are also within the parish. There are 43 listed buildings in The Yealands.

text:
# The Yealands

**The Yealands** is a civil parish in City of Lancaster district, Lancashire, England. It includes the villages of Yealand Conyers and Yealand Redmayne and the hamlet of Yealand Storrs. The parish was formed on 1 April 2024 by combining the former parishes of Yealand Conyers and Yealand Redmayne. It has a parish council, the lowest level of local government in England. In 2021 the parishes had a population of 539.

The parish is in the north west of Lancashire, with its northern boundary along the county boundary with Westmorland and Furness in Cumbria. The M6 motorway runs along the eastern border of the parish, the A6 road and the West Coast Main Line railway run through the eastern part of the parish, and the Furness line crosses the far western corner of the parish.

Most of the parish (except the area east of the A6) is within the Arnside and Silverdale National Landscape (formerly AONB).

The amenities in the parish include Yealand Church of England Primary School, Yealand Village Hall, St John's Church (Anglican), St Mary's Church (Roman Catholic), Yealand Quaker Meeting House, and the New Inn pub. Leighton Hall, Trowbarrow Quarry and most of Leighton Moss RSPB reserve are also within the parish. There are 43 listed buildings in The Yealands.

## InfoBox

| The Yealands | |
| --- | --- |
| Landscape with Lime kiln, Yealand Conyers | |
| The YealandsLocation in the City of Lancaster districtThe YealandsLocation within Lancashire | |
| Population | 539 (2021 census) |
| Civil parish | * The Yealands |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|


title: The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 13

abstract: The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 13 is an anthology of fantasy stories, edited by Arthur W. Saha. It was first published in paperback by DAW Books in November 1987.

text:
# The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 13

***The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 13*** is an anthology of fantasy stories, edited by Arthur W. Saha. It was first published in paperback by DAW Books in November 1987.

## Summary

The book collects eleven novelettes and short stories by various fantasy authors, originally published in 1986 and deemed by the editor the best from the period represented, together with an introduction by the editor.

## Contents

## InfoBox

The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 13
| Cover art from the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Arthur W. Saha (editor) |
| Cover artist | Dan Horne |
| Language | English |
| Series | The Year's Best Fantasy Stories |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Publisher | DAW Books |
| Publication date | 1987 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Pages | 238 pp |
| ISBN | 0-88677-233-8 |
| OCLC | 17364890 |
| Preceded by | *The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 12* |
| Followed by | *The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 14* |


title: Thekke Kidangoor

abstract: Thekke Kidangoor is a village near Angamaly Town. It is situated 5 km from Nedumbassery airport. This is the birthplace of Cardinal Joseph Parecattil.

text:
# Thekke Kidangoor

**Thekke Kidangoor** is a village near Angamaly Town. It is situated 5 km from Nedumbassery airport. This is the birthplace of Cardinal Joseph Parecattil.

## InfoBox

| Thekke Kidangoor | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Ernakulam |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | KL- |
| Coastline | 0 kilometres (0 mi) |


title: Masayoshi Yokoyama

abstract: Masayoshi Yokoyama is a Japanese game producer, director and writer for Sega, most specifically Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio, a studio within Sega Development Div. 1, where he's been the head of the division and studio since 2021. He is mainly known for his work on the Yakuza series, where he has been working since the very beginning as a writer, and later on as a producer.

text:
# Masayoshi Yokoyama

**Masayoshi Yokoyama** (横山 昌義 *Yokoyama Masayoshi*, born June 30, 1976) is a Japanese game producer, director and writer for Sega, most specifically Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio, a studio within Sega Development Div. 1, where he's been the head of the division and studio since 2021. He is mainly known for his work on the *Yakuza* series, where he has been working since the very beginning as a writer, and later on as a producer.

## Career

Yokoyama studied advertising and marketing and applied to various jobs as a planner, not knowing what it really meant. He was open to entering any industry as a planner, be it a wedding planner or financial planner. He then realized that the games industry, specifically in Japan, also had planner positions. In the end, he chose Sega because it seemed the most interesting to him, due to being asked very different questions during the interview process than other companies at the time. Due to his father managing a toy store, he knew the name Sega and was surrounded by games, but was actually more of the athletic type, and never thought he would join the game industry.

His first title since joining the workforce was *Jet Set Radio* where he did "menial tasks" and "everything he could" such as level design, voice recordings and enemy placement. His level design work was influenced by *Excitebike* on the NES. Later on, he became a key developer for the *Yakuza* franchise. He once again did multiple jobs, including writing, sound and stage direction and, since *Yakuza 5*, also producing. For the *Like a Dragon* series, the greatest influence is *Oishinbo*, since he has read that manga over and over again since childhood. Working on the *Yakuza* series gave him pride as a creator, as before, he has worked on games that some people thought were interesting but did not do great business wise.

In October 2021, after *Yakuza* series creator Toshihiro Nagoshi left Sega and Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio to join NetEase and establish his own studio, Yokoyama took over and became the new head of Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio after over a decade working in the series and studio.

### Writing style

Reflecting on his younger days, he always enjoyed bombastic scenes that left an impact. One of his favourite films is *A Better Tomorrow*, where he was particularly impressed by its opening and cool scenes. During a school assignment to make a puppet show for a festival, he actually lit things on fire, which upset the school but made the audience really excited, he says he still creates things the same way today. To him, the ending is not the most important part, he does not plan the final culprit for each game until the very end, with a focus on who would be most fun to fight for a final boss. His inspirations are not novels, but various TV shows and movies. To construct the plot, he draws up a character correlation chart similar to a J-Drama. This stopped with *Yakuza 5*. *Yakuza 4* was the first game where he wrote multiple protagonists, and he enjoyed pulling inspirations such as Ryo Saeba from *City Hunter* for Shun Akiyama and screenwriter Kankuro Kudo for Taiga Seajima. To a certain degree, he feels that the *Like a Dragon* series is a fantasy world with realism that allows for debates, such as if Kazuma Kiryu is still a virgin or not. Yokoyama probably thinks that he is, and he is sure that cases can be made against this opinion. According to him, one of the qualities of *Like a Dragon* is allowing for silly discussions like this. As he got promoted to producer, he was allowed for theming of each game to be consistent in marketing, main story and substories, such as was the case for *Yakuza 0*, where the main themes he came up with were: "women, violence, money". Yokoyama has received praise for his work, particularly during fan events, he received ten times as much criticism online. But he is grateful that fans play all the way to the end, and it inspires him to do better.

## Works

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *Jet Set Radio* | Senior planner |
| 2001 | *De La Jet Set Radio* | |
| 2002 | *Jet Set Radio Future* | Chief planner |
| 2004 | *Ollie King* | Director |
| 2005 | *Yakuza* | Scenario, production |
| 2006 | *Sonic Riders* | Development support |
| | *Yakuza 2* | Script, scenario/storyline |
| 2008 | *Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan!* | Original concept, planning, script |
| 2009 | *Yakuza 3* | Script, sound, continuity |
| 2010 | *Yakuza 4* | Script |
| 2012 | *Yakuza 5* | Producer, scriptwriter and direction |
| 2014 | *Like a Dragon: Ishin!* | Producer, storyboard, scriptwriter |
| 2015 | *Yakuza 0* | Chief producer, storyboard, scriptwriter |
| 2016 | *Yakuza Kiwami* | |
| | *Yakuza 6: The Song of Life* | Chief producer, scriptwriter, series planner |
| 2017 | *Yakuza Kiwami 2* | Chief producer, storyboard, scriptwriter |
| 2018 | *Ryu Ga Gotoku Online* | Scenario director |
| | *Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise* | Chief producer, storyboard, scriptwriter |
| 2020 | | *Yakuza: Like a Dragon* |
| 2021 | *Lost Judgment* | Production cooperation |
| 2023 | *Like a Dragon Gaiden: The Man Who Erased His Name* | Executive director, story, overall scene direction |
| 2024 | *Like a Dragon: Infinite Wealth* | Executive director, original story and total direction |
| | *Super Monkey Ball Banana Rumble* | Executive management |

## InfoBox

| Masayoshi Yokoyama | |
| --- | --- |
| 横山 昌義 | |
| Born | (1976-06-30) June 30, 1976
Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan |
| Alma mater | Tokai University |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Employer | Sega |
| Notable work | *Jet Set Radio*
*Like a Dragon* |
| Title | Head of Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio |


title: Founding Junta of the Second Republic

abstract: The Founding Junta of the Second Republic was a de facto government which existed in the Republic of Costa Rica from May 8, 1948, to November 8, 1949, with the overthrow of the constitutional president Teodoro Picado Michalski, by a group of revolutionaries headed by José Figueres Ferrer. After the end of the Civil War which lasted 44 days and the peace agreements negotiated in the Mexican Embassy and the Ochomogo area known as Ochomogo Pact and Mexican Embassy Pact, Picado agreed to resign and Vice President Santos León Herrera took over for the remaining of the period; a little more than a month until May 8, 1948. As agreed in the Figueres-Ulate Pact, Figueres would rule by decree for 18 months and then power will be given to president-elect and alleged winner of the 1948 Costa Rican general election Otilio Ulate Blanco.

text:
# Founding Junta of the Second Republic

The **Founding Junta of the Second Republic** was a de facto government which existed in the Republic of Costa Rica from May 8, 1948, to November 8, 1949, with the overthrow of the constitutional president Teodoro Picado Michalski, by a group of revolutionaries headed by José Figueres Ferrer.

After the end of the Civil War which lasted 44 days and the peace agreements negotiated in the Mexican Embassy and the Ochomogo area known as Ochomogo Pact and Mexican Embassy Pact, Picado agreed to resign and Vice President Santos León Herrera took over for the remaining of the period; a little more than a month until May 8, 1948. As agreed in the Figueres-Ulate Pact, Figueres would rule by decree for 18 months and then power will be given to president-elect and alleged winner of the 1948 Costa Rican general election Otilio Ulate Blanco.

## Background

The presidential elections of February 8, 1948, were won by the candidate Otilio Ulate Blanco of the National Union Party, against Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, candidate of the then in government National Republican Party.

The rejection of the result by the "calderonistas" and the shooting in which two police officers died and Dr. Carlos Luis Valverde Vega (member of the opposition) was killed, led the government-related sectors to face the opposition forces led by the National Liberation Army, commanded by José Figueres Ferrer, in the period between March 12 and April 19, 1948.

The Civil War ended with the Pact of the Mexican Embassy on April 19, 1948, through which conversations and negotiations were held between the warring parties. An agreement was reached that established the exercise of the Executive Branch at the head of engineer Santos León Herrera, who would be responsible for organizing the new government; measures would be taken for the withdrawal of government troops; the most important military chiefs and officials would leave the country; the armed action would be completed and the National Liberation Army forces would advance to their new positions; guaranteeing the life and property of all citizens; as well as respect for the Social Guarantees.

On May 1, 1948, the Ulate-Figueres Pact was issued, whereby Otilio Ulate Blanco and José Figueres Ferrer agreed, among other things, that the Revolutionary Junta would govern the country without a congress for a period of eighteen months from May 8; Popular elections would be called to elect representatives to a Constituent Assembly; would immediately appoint a commission responsible for drafting a Constitution to be submitted to the Constituent; would recognize and declare immediately that on February 8, it was legitimately elected Otilio Ulate Blanco as President of Costa Rica; I would ask the Constituent Assembly to ratify the election of Otilio Ulate Blanco to exercise power in the first constitutional period of the Second Republic, which would not exceed four years and would integrate the National Electoral Tribunal (now the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Costa Rica).

## Ideology

Despite its fierce anti-Communism, most of the members of the Junta were democratic socialist and social-democrats and most of them would later found the social-democratic National Liberation Party, and many of the reforms continued by the Junta were considered Progressive. The movement was also secular despite having a Catholic priest among the ministers (Benjamin Nuñez) and oppose to Calderonismo, the ideology of the National Republicans led by Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia which was influenced by the Catholic social teachings and National Catholicism. Ulate, on the other hand was a Liberal as was his people and the Ulatistas dominated the Constituent Assembly causing some frictions among the two groups.

## Government

Among the first decrees enacted by the Junta were the naming of the different ministers that would assume power: José Figueres Ferrer, President, Benjamín Odio Odio, Foreign Minister; Gonzalo Facio Segreda, Government and Police Minister; Alberto Martén Chavarría, Economy Minister; Uladislao Gámez Solano, Public Education Minister; Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich, Public Works Minister; Bruce Masís Dibiasi, Farming and Industries Minister; Raúl Blanco Cervantes, Public Health Minister; Rev. Benjamín Núñez Vargas, Labor Minister; and Edgar Cardona Quirós, Public Safety Minister.

The Junta also took legislative and executive powers, and the Constitution of 1871 was suspended except in regards to individual, national and social rights.

### Persecution of opponents

Despite the Mexican Embassy Pact agreeing to respect the life, property and political participation of all sides, this was not accomplished. Both the Calderonistas and -specially- Communists were persecuted. Raids and arrest of hundreds of left-wing opponents were carried out and many ended up in prison. The National Republican Party and the Costa Rican Communist Party were banned, and by decree the Junta order the firing of all civil servants (especially teacher) who were Calderonistas or Communists without any kind of compensation, notice or legal severance payment. The Communist-related Confederación de Trabajadores de Costa Rica was dissolved by Labor Minister and Father Benjamín Nuñez. The immediate sanctions courts were created. Communist leaders like Manuel Mora Valverde and Carmen Lyra escaped into exile and the Codo del Diablo murders in which six members of the Communist Party were murdered whilst under police custody were carried out.

All political parties that, at the discretion of the Junta, were against "the democratic order and national sovereignty" were to be banned, and the 105 decree openly mentioned the People's Vanguard Party (legal name of the Communist Party) as banned. Secret societies and all para-military groups were also outlawed.

### Main achievements

* **Creation of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal**: The Junta reformed the previously existing National Electoral Tribunal created in Teodoro Picado administration as a mechanism to calm the opposition's suspicions of Voter fraud in the 1948 Costa Rican general election, however the TNE was under the authority of the Congress and its decisions should be ratified by the latter. Precisely the fact that the former TNE declared the opponent Otilio Ulate the winner and the Constitutional Congress dominated by the ruling party annulled the elections broke out the civil war. The Junta transformed the Court into the highest entity of the Electoral Branch whose decisions did not pass through other bodies, a measure that was preserved in the 1949 Constitution. During this period several elections were held; one to elect the vice presidents, deputies and aldermen who would accompany Ulate during his period that began in November 1949 (since the positions of vice president and aldermen had been newly created, and the deputies previously elected were Calderonistas as the Republicans had won in the 1948 parliamentary vote and the Junta annulled this result) and another for the constituent deputies that would make up the Constituent Assembly. Figueres, who aspired to be nominated for vice president, was prevented from participating when the Assembly dominated by the Ulatismo established the prohibition of being a candidate to whom was holding government positions or had done so in the months prior to the election.
* **Female suffrage**: During the management of the Board, the Constituent Assembly granted the female vote. The first Costa Rican woman to cast the vote was Bernarda Vásquez Méndez in the July 30, 1950 plebiscite to decide whether the town of La Fortuna would be part of San Carlos Canton, while the first nation-wide election in which women could vote was the 1953 election.
* **End of racial segregation**: Figueres, who accompanied by the Afro-Costa Rican activist Alex Curling Delisser (future first black deputy of Costa Rica) had carried out his political rallies among the Limonense black population prior to the civil war, had pledged to put an end to the racial segregation in place until then and since 1821 that prohibited blacks and Chinese from leaving certain areas of Limón and Puntarenas and entering the Central Valley of Costa Rica. This became effective with the lifting of mobility bans and with the granting of votes to black and Asian citizens.
* **Foundation of the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity**: The Costa Rican Institute of Electricity or ICE was founded on April 8, 1949, by Decree-Law No. 449 of the Founding Junta, becoming one of the most emblematic institutions in the country comparable to the Costa Rican Social Security Fund and the University of Costa Rica. The ICE contributed to the development of the country and its welfare state, currently about 98% of the Costa Rican territory is electrified and provides electricity to other countries in Central America.
* **Bank nationalization**: The nationalization of the banks was made effective by decree-law No. 71 of December 29, 1949 thus turning all private banks to be State-owned. This included emblematic banks such as the Banco Anglo Costarricense and Banco Crédito Agrícola de Cartago. Nationalization, which included the confiscation of private banks, was controversial at the time and was part of the socialist measures endorsed by the Junta. The Junta was seeking to turn the banking system into a non-profit social service.
* **Abolition of the army**: The Junta abolished the standing army, which was later consecrated in the Constitution, giving the country a history of world-renowned pacifism, political stability and financing of health and education.

## Cardonazo

The Cardonazo was an attempted coup d'état carried out on April 3, 1949, in Costa Rica by the then Minister of Public Security of the de facto government, Edgar Cardona Quirós.

Although one of the causes of the war was, coincidentally, the concern of powerful groups of the conservative landowner oligarchy of the social reforms carried out by Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, Teodoro Picado Michalski and his allies, the communists led by Manuel Mora Valverde known as the Social Guarantees; before the end of the war, Figueres managed to agree with Picado and Mora on what became known as the Pact of the Mexican Embassy and the Ochomogo Pact respectively, not backing down with the Social Guarantees in exchange for the surrender. Pact that was fulfilled, but in addition, Figueres himself made a series of social reforms also of socialist dye.

Two in particular caused great disagreement with the conservative groups of the hardest and oligarchic right-wing; the bank nationalization and the 10% income tax. Cardona, supported by these groups, decides to take a coup d'état to depose Figueres by taking the Bellavista Military Barracks along with several rebel soldiers. Cardona requested, in addition to the repeal of these two laws, the resignation of the ministers Alberto Martén and Father Benjamín Núñez.

The government responded immediately by fencing the barracks with military and faithful volunteers (such as Frank Marshall Jiménez), 3 producing a slight confrontation of both sides within the facilities, which allowed Figueres to enter the same negotiation. José Figueres ordered the surrender to which the rebels refused. After several hours of siege they finally surrendered at three in the afternoon with a balance of nine dead and thirty wounded.

## Cease

The Founding Junta of the Second Republic ended its functions on November 8, 1949, and in the last session the transfer of powers to Otilio Ulate Blanco proceeded to serve as President of the Republic during the period 1949–1953.