abstract: The handball competition of the 2021 Junior Pan American Games in Cali, Colombia was held from 23 November to 4 December at the Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, the events were played by U23 national teams and awarded one place in both genders to the handball tournament of the 2023 Pan American Games.

text:
# Handball at the 2021 Junior Pan American Games

The **handball competition of the 2021 Junior Pan American Games** in Cali, Colombia was held from 23 November to 4 December at the Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, the events were played by U23 national teams and awarded one place in both genders to the handball tournament of the 2023 Pan American Games.

## Participating teams

## Medal summary

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Argentina | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Brazil | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | Paraguay | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Chile | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (4 entries) | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's tournament | Brazil
Edney Oliveira
Luís Garcia
Marcos Braga
Joel Santos
Luís Da Silva
Lucas Santos
Natan Silva
Leandro Da Silva
Gerson Da Silva
Carlos Santos
Marcos Da Silva
Davi Langaro
Jose Lopes
Tarcísio Oliveira | Argentina
Santiago Giovagnola
Santiago Barcelo
Tomas Marinaro
Tobias Torossian
Franco Mendive
Joaquin Barcelo
Pedro Martinez
Julian Santos
Lautaro Robledo
Juan Villarreal
Agustin Uzner
Catriel Benitez
Martin Jung
Tomas Mera | Chile
Vicente González
Luciano Scaramelli
Rodrigo Aedo
Goran Kegevic
Diego Caro
Francisco Ahumada
Nicolás Moraga
Daniel Montecino
Arian Delgado
Renato Castro
Danilo Salgado
Aaron Codina
Adolfo Navarro
Francisco Aguilera |
| Women's tournament | Argentina
Anna Azul Aballay
Belen Aizen
Berenice Karin Frelier
Camila Ayelen Pedernera
Carolina Bono
Carolina Aldana Luque
Caterina Benedetti Gorga
Martina Lang
Martina Romero
Sofia Aldana Manzano
Sol Ariadna Azcune
Valentina Learreta
Valentina Menucci
Yamila Aylen Baggio | Paraguay
Ana Yamile Oliveira Cabrera
Fátima Acuña
Fátima Ocampos
Fiorella Olmedo Aranda
Gabriela Benítez Almada
Jazmín Samaniego Benitez
Jazmín Mendoza
Julieta Anahí Chilavert Moreno
Kiara Vergara Martínez
Liliana Acuña
Maggie Lugo Lara
María Paula Fernández
Shelsea Maria Belén Careaga
Sofía Villalba | Brazil
Ana Luiza Fernandes Alves
Fernanda Paulino De Lima
Geandra Leoncio De Souza
Jhennifer Rosa Dos Santos
Karolain Lewandowski
Kauani Bittencourt Klos
Luara Marina De Paula Bastos
Marcela Arounian
Maria Grasielly Brasil Pereira
Maria Paula Lima E Dias
Mariana Araujo Evangelista
Maryanna Rafaela Rodrigues
Ranielle Franca Da Silva
Rebeca Cristini Gregorio Araujo |

## Men's tournament

### Preliminary round

*All times are local (UTC−5).*

#### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Brazil | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 117 | 54 | +63 | 6 | Semifinals |
| 2 | Chile | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 98 | 72 | +26 | | 4 |
| 3 | Mexico | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 74 | 89 | 15 | 2 | 5–8th place semifinals |
| 4 | Puerto Rico | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 53 | 127 | 74 | | 0 |

Source:

| 29 November 2021
09:00 | Brazil | **38–16** | Mexico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 260
Referees: Augusto, Poulet (USA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Neto, T. Oliveira 6 | (17–7) | Bayardo 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 29 November 2021
11:40 | Chile | **44–18** | Puerto Rico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 80
Referees: Burgos, Delgado (ARG) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Salgado 10 | (21–10) | *three players* 4 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 30 November 2021
09:00 | Brazil | **49–15** | Puerto Rico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 100
Referees: Coba, Osalde (MEX) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | M. da Silva 7 | (22–9) | Monge 4 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 30 November 2021
11:40 | Chile | **31–24** | Mexico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 200
Referees: Correa B., Correa R. (BRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Salgado 9 | (14–11) | Márquez 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 1 December 2021
09:00 | Brazil | **30–23** | Chile | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 120
Referees: Burgos, Delgado (ARG) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | T. Oliveira 7 | (18–11) | Codina 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 1 December 2021
11:40 | Mexico | **34–20** | Puerto Rico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Referees: Estrada, Pineda (COL) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Márquez, Rivera 6 | (14–11) | K. Ocasio 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

#### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Argentina | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 112 | 64 | +48 | 6 | Semifinals |
| 2 | Cuba | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 108 | 103 | +5 | | 4 |
| 3 | Dominican Republic | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 83 | 114 | 31 | 2 | 5–8th place semifinals |
| 4 | Colombia (H) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 82 | 104 | 22 | | 0 |

Source:
(H) Hosts

| 29 November 2021
17:00 | Argentina | **30–19** | Colombia | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 350
Referees: Correa B., Correa R. (BRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Mendive 6 | (13–7) | Bedoya 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 29 November 2021
19:40 | Cuba | **42–30** | Dominican Republic | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 350
Referees: Lemes, Sosa (URU) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Almeida 9 | (20–16) | Cabrera 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 30 November 2021
17:00 | Argentina | **42–16** | Dominican Republic | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 250
Referees: Lemes, Sosa (URU) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Robledo 7 | (19–7) | López 4 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 30 November 2021
19:40 | Cuba | **37–33** | Colombia | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 350
Referees: Correa B., Correa R. (BRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Rodríguez 6 | (20–11) | Belalcázar 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 1 December 2021
17:00 | Argentina | **40–29** | Cuba | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 150
Referees: Lemes, Sosa (URU) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Robledo 9 | (22–16) | Rodríguez 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 1 December 2021
19:40 | Colombia | **30–37** | Dominican Republic | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 250
Referees: Coba, Osalde (MEX) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Belalcázar, Rojas 5 | (14–17) | López 11 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Classification round

#### 5–8th place semifinals

| 3 December 2021
09:00 | Dominican Republic | **30–24** | Puerto Rico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 100
Referees: Pagoaga, Zambrano (HON) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | López 7 | (11–9) | Monge 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 3 December 2021
11:40 | Mexico | **34–31** | Colombia | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 120
Referees: Augusto, Poulet (USA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Álvarez 7 | (17–16) | Melgarejo 11 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

#### Seventh place game

| 4 December 2021
09:00 | Puerto Rico | **27–32** | Colombia | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 120
Referees: Coba, Osalde (MEX) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Rodríguez 6 | (11–15) | Belalcázar 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

#### Fifth place game

| 4 December 2021
11:40 | Dominican Republic | **24–36** | Mexico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Referees: Pagoaga, Zambrano (HON) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | López 11 | (14–14) | Pérez 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Medal round

#### Semifinals

| 3 December 2021
17:00 | Argentina | **34–22** | Chile | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 250
Referees: Correa B., Correa R. (BRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | J. Barceló 9 | (18–12) | Salgado 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 3 December 2021
19:40 | Brazil | **26–22** | Cuba | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Referees: Estrada, Pineda (COL) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Garcia 5 | (16–12) | Rodríguez 9 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

#### Bronze medal game

| 4 December 2021
15:00 | Chile | **37–35** **(ET)** | Cuba | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Referees: Burgos, Delgado (ARG) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Salgado 11 | (14–13) | Rodríguez 10 | |
| |  | Report |  | |
| | **FT:** 27–27 **ET:** 5–5, 5–3 | | | |

#### Final

| 4 December 2021
18:40 | Argentina | **24–26** | Brazil | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 500
Referees: Lemes, Sosa (URU) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Mendive, Unzner 5 | (13–12) | T. Oliveira 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Final standing

| Rank | Team |
| --- | --- |
|  | Brazil |
|  | Argentina |
|  | Chile |
| 4 | Cuba |
| 5 | Mexico |
| 6 | Dominican Republic |
| 7 | Colombia |
| 8 | Puerto Rico |

|  | Team qualified to the 2023 Pan American Games |
| --- | --- |

## Women's tournament

### Preliminary round

*All times are local (UTC−5).*

#### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Argentina | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 98 | 61 | +37 | 5 | Semifinals |
| 2 | Chile | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 85 | 80 | +5 | | 4 |
| 3 | Mexico | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 96 | 92 | +4 | 3 | 5–8th place semifinals |
| 4 | Colombia (H) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 62 | 108 | 46 | | 0 |

Source:
(H) Hosts

| 23 November 2021
09:00 | Chile | **32–26** | Colombia | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 200
Referees: Correa B., Correa R. (BRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Muller 7 | (17–13) | Córdoba 10 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 23 November 2021
11:40 | Argentina | **32–32** | Mexico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Referees: Augusto, Poulet (USA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Lang 8 | (15–16) | Leal 9 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 24 November 2021
09:00 | Chile | **36–29** | Mexico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 150
Referees: Burgos, Delgado (ARG) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Lovera 8 | (14–10) | López 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 24 November 2021
11:40 | Argentina | **41–12** | Colombia | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 200
Referees: Pagoaga, Zambrano (HON) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Pedernera 8 | (21–5) | Córdoba 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 25 November 2021
07:40 | Chile | **17–25** | Argentina | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 120
Referees: Correa B., Correa R. (BRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | *three players* 3 | (8–11) | Baggio, Frelier 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 25 November 2021
10:20 | Colombia | **24–35** | Mexico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 150
Referees: Augusto, Poulet (USA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Arcila, Córdoba 5 | (10–17) | Pereira, Vargas 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

#### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Paraguay | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 101 | 71 | +30 | 4 | Semifinals |
| 2 | Brazil | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 91 | 65 | +26 | | 4 |
| 3 | Cuba | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 96 | 96 | 0 | 4 | 5–8th place semifinals |
| 4 | Dominican Republic | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 67 | 123 | 56 | | 0 |

Source:
Notes:

| 23 November 2021
17:00 | Brazil | **29–30** | Cuba | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 150
Referees: Burgos, Delgado (ARG) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Paulino 6 | (15–14) | Toledo 13 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 23 November 2021
19:40 | Paraguay | **40–26** | Dominican Republic | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Referees: Lemes, Sosa (URU) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | F. Acuña 9 | (20–10) | Wattley 7 | |
| |  | Report | 10× | |

---

| 24 November 2021
19:40 | Paraguay | **40–23** | Cuba | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 215
Referees: Correa B., Correa R. (BRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | F. Acuña 12 | (21–10) | Rosabal 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 25 November 2021
13:00 | Brazil | **22–21** | Paraguay | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 316
Referees: Lemes, Sosa (URU) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Arounian 6 | (14–10) | Fernández 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 25 November 2021
15:40 | Cuba | **43–27** | Dominican Republic | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 150
Referees: Coba, Osalde (MEX) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Rosabal 14 | (18–11) | Wattley 7 | |
| |  | Report | 10× | |

---

| 26 November 2021
10:00 | Brazil | **40–14** | Dominican Republic | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 200
Referees: Coba, Osalde (MEX) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Araújo 6 | (19–8) | Wattley 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Classification round

#### 5–8th place semifinals

| 27 November 2021
09:00 | Cuba | **39–30** | Colombia | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 120
Referees: Coba, Osalde (MEX) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | González, Rosabal 7 | (15–10) | Asprilla 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

| 27 November 2021
11:40 | Mexico | **32–28** | Dominican Republic | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 235
Referees: Pagoaga, Zambrano (HON) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Tapia 10 | (11–14) | Liranzo 10 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

#### Seventh place game

| 28 November 2021
09:00 | Colombia | **32–31** | Dominican Republic | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Referees: Coba, Osalde (MEX) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Córdoba 9 | (13–18) | Liranzo 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |
| | **FT:** 28–28 **Pen:** 4–3 | | | |

#### Fifth place game

| 28 November 2021
11:40 | Cuba | **39–36** | Mexico | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 122
Referees: Augusto, Poulet (USA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | N. Rodríguez, Rosabal 10 | (18–16) | Pereira 11 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Medal round

#### Semifinals

| 27 November 2021
17:00 | Paraguay | **31–26** | Chile | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 300
Referees: Burgos, Delgado (ARG) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Villalba 8 | (16–11) | Lovera 5 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

---

| 27 November 2021
19:40 | Argentina | **23–21** | Brazil | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 250
Referees: Sosa, Lemes (URU) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Bono 8 | (12–10) | Paulino 6 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

#### Bronze medal game

| 28 November 2021
15:00 | Chile | **19–30** | Brazil | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 230
Referees: Burgos, Delgado (ARG) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Muller 5 | (11–12) | Paulino 7 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

#### Final

| 28 November 2021
18:40 | Paraguay | **24–27** | Argentina | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena, Cali
Attendance: 500
Referees: Correa B., Correa R. (BRA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | F. Acuña 9 | (12–12) | Lang 8 | |
| |  | Report |  | |

### Final standing

| Rank | Team |
| --- | --- |
|  | Argentina |
|  | Paraguay |
|  | Brazil |
| 4 | Chile |
| 5 | Cuba |
| 6 | Mexico |
| 7 | Colombia |
| 8 | Dominican Republic |

|  | Team qualified to the 2023 Pan American Games |
| --- | --- |

1. "Balonmano, el primero en disputarse en los Juegos Panamericanos Junior". *caracol.com.co* (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2021.
2. "Comienzan los Panamericanos Junior con el balonmano en la ciudad de Cali". *elpais.com.co* (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2021.

## InfoBox

| Handball
at the 2021 Junior Pan American Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Handball pictogram | |
| Venue | Iván Vassilev Todorov Arena |
| Location | Cali |
| Dates | 23 November – 4 December |
| Nations | 9 |
| Teams | 8 (men)
8 (women) |
|


title: Oxidative folding

abstract: Oxidative protein folding is a process that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins. The driving force behind this process is a redox reaction, in which electrons pass between several proteins and finally to a terminal electron acceptor.

text:
# Oxidative folding

**Oxidative protein folding** is a process that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins. The driving force behind this process is a redox reaction, in which electrons pass between several proteins and finally to a terminal electron acceptor.

## In prokaryotes

In prokaryotes, the mechanism of **oxidative folding** is best studied in Gram-negative bacteria. This process is catalysed by protein machinery residing in the periplasmic space of bacteria. The formation of disulfide bonds in a protein is made possible by two related pathways: an oxidative pathway, which is responsible for the formation of the disulfides, and an isomerization pathway that shuffles incorrectly formed disulfides.

## Oxidative pathway

The oxidative pathway relies, just like the isomerization pathway, on a protein relay. The first member of this protein relay is a small periplasmic protein (21 kDa) called DsbA, which has two cysteine residues that must be oxidized for it to be active. When in its oxidized state, the protein is able to form disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in newly synthesized, and yet unfolded proteins by the transfer of its own disulfide bond onto the folding protein. After the transfer of this disulfide bond, DsbA is in a reduced state. For it to act catalytically again, it must be reoxidized. This is made possible by a 21 kDa inner membrane protein, called DsbB, which has two pairs of cysteine residues. A mixed disulfide is formed between a cysteine residue of DsbB and one of DsbA. Eventually, this cross-link between the two proteins is broken by a nucleophilic attack of the second cystein residue in the DsbA active site. On his turn, DsbB is reoxidized by transferring electrons to oxidized ubiquinone, which passes them to cytochrome oxidases, which finally reduce oxygen; this is in aerobic conditions. As molecular oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic conditions, oxidative folding is conveniently coupled to it through the respiratory chain. In anaerobic conditions however, DsbB passes its electrons to menaquinone, followed by a transfer of electrons to fumarate reductase or nitrate reductase.

## Isomerization pathway

Especially for proteins that contain more than one disulfide bond, it is important that incorrect disulfide bonds become rearranged. This is carried out in the isomerization pathway by the protein DsbC, that acts as a disulfide isomerase. DsbC is a dimer, consisting of two identical 23 kDa subunits and has four cysteine residues in each subunit. One of these cysteines (Cys-98) attacks an incorrect disulfide in a misfolded protein and a mixed disulfide is formed between DsbC and this protein. Next, the attack of a second cysteine residue results in the forming of a more stable disulfide in the refolded protein. This may be a cysteine residue either from the earlier misfolded protein or one from DsbC. In the last case, DsbC becomes oxidized and must be reduced in order to play another catalytic role. There is also a second isomerase that can reorganize incorrect disulfide bonds. This protein is called DsbG and it is also a dimer that serves as a chaperone. To fulfil their role as isomerases, DsbC and DsbG must be kept in a reduced state. This is carried out by DsbD, which must be reduced itself to be functional. Thioredoxin, which itself is reduced by thioredoxin reductase and NADPH, ensures the reduction of the DsbD protein.

Because these two pathways coexist next to each other in the same periplasmic compartment, there must be a mechanism to prevent oxidation of DsbC by DsbB. This mechanism indeed exists as DsbB can distinguish between DsbA and DsbC because this latter has the ability to dimerize.

## In eukaryotes

A very similar pathway is followed in eukaryotes, in which the protein relay consists of proteins with very analogous properties as those of the protein relay in Gram-negative bacteria. However, a major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is found in the fact that the process of oxidative protein folding occurs in the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes. A second difference is that in eukaryotes, the use of molecular oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor is not linked to the process of oxidative folding through the respiratory chain as is the case in bacteria. In fact, one of the proteins involved in the oxidative folding process uses a flavin-dependent reaction to pass electrons directly to molecular oxygen.

A homolog of DsbA, called protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), is responsible for the formation of the disulfide bonds in unfolded eukaryotic proteins. This protein has two thioredoxine-like active sites, which both contain two cysteine residues. By transferring the disulfide bond between these two cysteine residues onto the folding protein it is responsible for the latter's oxidation. In contrast to bacteria, where the oxidative and isomerization pathways are carried out by different proteins, PDI is also responsible for the reduction and isomerization of the disulfide bonds. For PDI to catalyse the formation of disulfide bonds in unfolded proteins, it must be reoxidized. This is carried out by an ER membrane-associated protein, Ero1p, which is no homolog of DsbB. This Ero1p protein forms a mixed disulfide with PDI, which is resolved by a nucleophilic attack of the second cystein residue in one of the active sites of PDI. As result, oxidized PDI is obtained. Ero1p itself is oxidized by transferring electrons to molecular oxygen. As it is an FAD-binding protein, this transfer of electrons is strongly favoured when Ero1p is bound to FAD. Also a transport system that imports FAD into the ER lumen has been described in eukaryotes. Furthermore, it has been shown that the ability to reduce or rearrange incorrect disulfide bonds in missfolded proteins is provided by the oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG).

## ROS and diseases

Because of the property of Ero1p to transfer electrons directly to molecular oxygen via a flavin-dependent reaction, its activity may produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). In bacteria, this problem is solved by coupling oxidative folding to the respiratory chain. There, the reduction of molecular oxygen to water is carried out by a complex series of proteins, which catalyse this reaction very efficiently. In eukaryotes, the respiratory chain is separated from oxidative folding since cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria and the formation of disulfide bonds occurs in the ER. Because of this, there is much more risk that ROS are produced in eukaryotic cells during oxidative folding. As is known these ROS may cause many diseases such as atherosclerosis and some neurodegenerative diseases.

## Examples

Classical examples of proteins in which the process of oxidative folding is well studied are bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and ribonuclease A (RNaseA). These two proteins have multiple disulfide bonds and so they are very useful to follow and understand the process of oxidative folding. Another example is alkaline phosphatase, which contains two essential disulfides. It was used as an indicator protein to screen the effect of mutations in DsbA.

* Jean-François Collet and James C. A. Bardwell.(2002). Oxidative protein folding in bacteria. Molecular Microbiology **44**, 1-8
* Benjamin P. Tu and Jonathan S. Weissman.(2004). Oxidative protein folding in eukaryotes: mechanisms and consequences. The journal of Cell Biology **164**, 341-346
* Benjamin P. Tu, Siew C. Ho-Schleyer, Kevin J. Travers, Jonathan S. Weissman.(2000). Biochemical basis of Oxidative Folding in the Endoplasmatic Reticulum. Science **290**, 1571-1574
* Martin Bader, Wilson Muse, David P. Ballou, Christian Gassner and James C. A. Bardwell.(1999). Oxidative Protein Folding Is Driven by the Electron Transport System. Cell **98**, 217-227
* Lawrence K. Low, Hang-Cheol Shin and Harold A. Sheraga.(2002). Oxidative Folding of Bovine Pancreatic Ribonuclease A: Insight into the Overall Catalysis of the Refolding Pathway by Phosphate. Journal of Protein Chemistry **21**, 19-27


title: The Secret of Terror Castle

abstract: The Secret of Terror Castle is an American juvenile detective novel written by Robert Arthur, Jr. It is the first book in the "Three Investigators" series.

text:
# The Secret of Terror Castle

***The Secret of Terror Castle*** is an American juvenile detective novel written by Robert Arthur, Jr. It is the first book in the "Three Investigators" series.

## Plot

Three boys are investigating a known haunted house, Terror Castle, in hopes that perhaps the film director Alfred Hitchcock would use it in his upcoming movie. Having just launched their investigation firm, the Three Investigators are hoping for a triumphant success to gain publicity and build their credibility. They briefly gain an audience with the skeptical Hitchcock, who is dismissive but agrees to introduce their case if they are able to demonstrate that the castle is truly haunted.

Terror Castle is the former home of movie actor Stephen Terrill, who died in a possibly suicidal car accident that occurred as his career was on the verge of collapse. Terrill had pledged to haunt his former home to keep anyone else from living there. During their investigations, the boys find very scary and seemingly real activities going on in the abandoned structure, such as the Fog of Fear and the Blue Phantom.

## Film adaption

A film based on this book aired on Disney XD on March 19, 2010, and then aired another one in April 2010.

The plot of the film differs significantly from that of the book. In the film, Stephen Terrill is an inventor rather than a silent film actor; and many of the apparently supernatural occurrences are actually Terrill's inventions which continue to operate in the house. The 'haunting' is also partly the work of art thief Victor Hugenay.

## Other adaptations

In 1984, an audio adaptation based on the book was released on cassette (BOW-100) by Rainbow Communications Limited of England. It was adapted by Edward Kelsey and directed by Tony Bilbow.

## InfoBox

The Secret of Terror Castle
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Robert Arthur, Jr. |
| Language | English |
| Series | Three Investigators |
| Genre | Children's novel |
| Published | 1964 (Random House) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 179 (first, hardback edition) |
| OCLC | 1417052 |
| Followed by | *The Mystery of the Stuttering Parrot* |


title: WR 22

abstract: WR 22, also known as V429 Carinae or HR 4188, is an eclipsing binary star system in the constellation Carina. The system contains a Wolf-Rayet (WR) star that is one of the most massive and most luminous stars known, and is also a bright X-ray source due to colliding winds with a less massive O class companion. Its eclipsing nature and apparent magnitude make it very useful for constraining the properties of luminous hydrogen-rich WR stars.

text:
# WR 22

**WR 22**, also known as **V429 Carinae** or **HR 4188**, is an eclipsing binary star system in the constellation Carina. The system contains a Wolf-Rayet (WR) star that is one of the most massive and most luminous stars known, and is also a bright X-ray source due to colliding winds with a less massive O class companion. Its eclipsing nature and apparent magnitude make it very useful for constraining the properties of luminous hydrogen-rich WR stars.

## System

The WR 22 system contains two massive stars which orbit every 80 days. The spectrum and luminosity are dominated by the primary, which has a spectral type of WN7h, indicating that it is a WR star on the nitrogen sequence, but also with hydrogen lines in its spectrum. The secondary is an O9 star which appears to have the spectral luminosity class of a giant star, but the brightness of a main sequence star.

There is a shallow eclipse detectable when the primary passes in front of the secondary, which would be classed as the secondary eclipse. However, no primary eclipse is detected, which is believed to be due to the eccentricity of the system placing the stars further apart when the primary eclipse would occur. The separation of the stars varies from over 500 R to less than 150 R. This strongly constrains the possible inclinations of the system.

## Properties

The masses of the two stars can be determined fairly accurately because WR 22 is an eclipsing binary. It is one of the most massive star systems measured in this way rather than by assumptions about stellar evolution. Despite this, the dynamical masses derived from orbital fitting vary from over 70 M to less than 60 M for the primary and about 21 - 27 M for the secondary. The spectroscopic mass of the primary has been calculated at 74 M or 78.1 M.

The temperature of both stars is high, but somewhat poorly defined. The Wolf Rayet primary has a temperature of approximately 44,700 K derived from a model atmosphere fitting of the spectrum, and the secondary is assumed to have a temperature of 33,000 K which is typical for a star of its spectral type.

The brightness of the two stars cannot be measured separately, but the luminosity ratio can be calculated. The total system absolute magnitude, for a distance of 2.7 kpc and extinction of 1.12 magnitudes, is 6.85. The luminosities calculated for a similar distance are two million L and 130,000 L.

## Evolution

High mass hydrogen-rich WR stars are young stars still burning hydrogen in their cores, rather than evolved stars fusing heavier elements. They show the WR characteristics of strong helium and nitrogen emission because they are strongly convective all the way to the core and have dredged up fusion products to the surface. About two million years ago, WR22 would have been an even hotter O type main sequence star with a mass of around 120 M. It will soon exhaust the hydrogen in its core and evolve into a classical hydrogen-poor WR star, possibly after a period as a luminous blue variable, then explode as a supernova. The secondary star is expected to have a more traditional evolution into a red hypergiant in a few million years time.

## InfoBox

WR 22
|
WR 22 in the Carina nebula | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 | |
| Constellation | Carina |
|
| Right ascension | 10h 41m 17.51590s |
| Declination | −59° 40 36.8957 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.42 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | WN7h + O9III-V |
| Apparent magnitude (U) | 5.68 |
| Apparent magnitude (B) | 6.50 |
| Apparent magnitude (J) | 5.705 |
| Apparent magnitude (H) | 5.578 |
| Apparent magnitude (K) | 5.389 |
|
|
|
| U−B color index | 0.82 |
| B−V color index | 0.08 |
|
|
| J−H color index | 0.127 |
| J−K color index | 0.316 |
| Variable type | Eclipsing binary |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 28.00 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: 7.321 mas/yr
Dec.: 3.091 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 0.3953 ± 0.0348 mas |
| **Distance** | 8,300 ± 700 ly
(2,500 ± 200 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 6.73 + 4.44 |
|  | |
| Orbit | |
| **Primary** | WR |
| **Companion** | O |
| **Period (P)** | 80.336 days |
| **Semi-major axis (a)** | 330 R |
| **Eccentricity (e)** | 0.598 |
| **Inclination (i)** | 83.5° |
| **Argument of periastron (ω)**
(secondary) | 268.2° |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K1)
(primary) | 70.6 km/s |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K2)
(secondary) | 190.0 km/s |
| Details | |
| WR | |
| **Mass** | 49 - 75 |
| **Radius** | 22.65 |
| **Luminosity** | 1,905,000 |
| **Temperature** | 44,700 |
| O | |
| **Mass** | 25.7 |
| **Radius** | 11 |
| **Luminosity** | 130,000 |
| **Temperature** | 33,000 |
| **Age** | 2.2 Myr |
| Other designations | |
| CD59°3221, HR 4188, HD 92740, V429 Carinae, HIP 52308 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Nichols Block

abstract: The Nichols Block (1892) is a prominent Romanesque Revival style commercial building in downtown Bangor, Maine. Designed by local architect Wilfred E. Mansur, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Great Fire of 1911 Historic District. The building is one of few in the Exchange St. district of Bangor to have escaped both the Great Fire of 1911 and the so-called urban renewal programme of the late 1960s. The building was commissioned by Eugene C. Nichols who owned one of the largest dry & fancy goods stores in 19th century Bangor. The E.C. Nichols Co. store was on Main Street, across the Kenduskeag Stream from the site of the 1892 Nichols Block. Nichols' new building was apparently an investment, and was initially occupied by Meyer M. Levy's Bangor Clothing Store and, on the upper stories, a "Social Hall" rented for functions. The opening function was a dance, just before Christmas in 1892, hosted by Miss June Nichols, the owner's daughter. Exchange St. was at that time a center of social life in Bangor, with numerous hotels and bars. The central train station was at the end of the street. Wilfred E. Mansur was Bangor's most prominent turn-of-the-century architect. In 1895 he also designed E.C. Nichol's house, a wooden mansion with a prominent round tower, still standing on Union St. at the corner with High St.

text:
# Nichols Block

The **Nichols Block** (1892) is a prominent Romanesque Revival style commercial building in downtown Bangor, Maine. Designed by local architect Wilfred E. Mansur, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Great Fire of 1911 Historic District. The building is one of few in the Exchange St. district of Bangor to have escaped both the Great Fire of 1911 and the so-called urban renewal programme of the late 1960s.

The building was commissioned by Eugene C. Nichols (better known as E.C. Nichols) who owned one of the largest dry & fancy goods stores in 19th century Bangor. The E.C. Nichols Co. store was on Main Street, across the Kenduskeag Stream from the site of the 1892 Nichols Block. Nichols' new building was apparently an investment, and was initially occupied by Meyer M. Levy's Bangor Clothing Store and, on the upper stories, a "Social Hall" rented for functions. The opening function was a dance, just before Christmas in 1892, hosted by Miss June Nichols, the owner's daughter. Exchange St. was at that time a center of social life in Bangor, with numerous hotels and bars. The central train station was at the end of the street.

Wilfred E. Mansur was Bangor's most prominent turn-of-the-century architect. In 1895 he also designed E.C. Nichol's house, a wooden mansion with a prominent round tower, still standing on Union St. at the corner with High St.


title: Monnechroma azureum

abstract: Monnechroma azureum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Demets in 1976. It is known from Mexico and Costa Rica.

text:
# Monnechroma azureum

***Monnechroma azureum*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Demets in 1976. It is known from Mexico and Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Monnechroma azureum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Monnechroma* |
| Species: | ***M. azureum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Monnechroma azureum***<br>(Demets, 1976) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Xenochroma azurea* Demets, 1976 | |


title: ITM Power

abstract: ITM Power plc is an energy storage and clean fuel company founded in the UK in 2001. It designs, manufactures, and integrates electrolysers based on proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology to produce green hydrogen using renewable electricity and tap water. Hydrogen produced via electrolysis is used for mobility, Power-to-X, and industry. The company floated on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) in 2004, becoming the first hydrogen company publicly listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). LSE has also granted the company a Green Economy Mark. ITM Power is headquartered in Sheffield within the world's largest electrolyser factory. It also operates from a further two Sheffield-based sites and an office located in Hesse, Germany.

text:
# ITM Power

**ITM Power plc** is an energy storage and clean fuel company founded in the UK in 2001. It designs, manufactures, and integrates electrolysers based on proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology to produce green hydrogen using renewable electricity and tap water. Hydrogen produced via electrolysis is used for mobility, Power-to-X, and industry.

The company floated on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) in 2004, becoming the first hydrogen company publicly listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). LSE has also granted the company a Green Economy Mark.

ITM Power is headquartered in Sheffield within the world's largest electrolyser factory. It also operates from a further two Sheffield-based sites and an office located in Hesse, Germany.

## History

### Early years

ITM Power was founded in June 2001 in Saffron Walden, Essex and originally manufactured fuel cells before expanding into electrolysers. In 2004, the company floated on the AIM Market raising £10 million.

### 2010-2011

Its first sale was an electrolyser for the University of Birmingham, UK. In 2011, ITM Power GmbH, the company's German subsidiary, was incorporated.

### 2019

The company raised £52 million via a second equity fundraise in 2019. This included a strategic investment of £38 million from Linde plc and the establishment of the joint venture, ITM Linde Electrolysis (ILE), to provide green gas solutions at industrial scale. ILE was incorporated in January 2020.

ITM signed a collaboration agreement with Iwatani Corporation of America, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Japan's Iwatani Corporation, for the deployment of multi megawatt electrolyser-based hydrogen energy systems in North America.

### 2020

ITM enacted a third fundraise, raising £172 million in equity that included a £30 million investment from Snam S.p.A.

### 2021

In January the company sold a 24MW PEM electrolyser unit, the largest in the world, to Linde. The unit will be installed at the Leuna Chemical Complex in Germany. Production is due to start in the second half of 2022.

In March the company marked its first deployment in Japan with the sale of a 1.4MW electrolyser to Sumitomo Corporation.

August marked the official opening of Bessemer Park in Sheffield. The facility has an electrolyser manufacturing capacity of 1GW per annum, making it the largest in the world to date.

In October the company raised £250 million to expand manufacturing capacity to 5GW per annum by 2024.

### 2022

Full-year results revealed that annual pre-tax losses almost doubled to £46.7m on the back of £5.6m of revenues. The firm admitted that it has scrapped its 5GW annual capacity target by 2025, now aiming for 1.5GW per annum by 2023. It also scrapped its previous decision to open a second UK factory in Sheffield. It also announced that its CEO for 13 years, Graham Cooley, would leave once a successor was appointed.

### 2023

In December the company finalised a capacity reservation agreement with Shell Deutschland. The company announced that future production capacity advanced electrolyser stacks would be secured by Shell under the agreement.

## Industrial projects

ITM Power is currently engaged with industry and academia partners in several projects to deploy its technology and products in existing and emerging markets.

### REFHYNE

The REFHYNE project aims to supply clean refinery hydrogen for Europe. Comprising a partnership including ITM Power and Shell, it is funded by the European Commission's Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU).

Following two years of construction, Shell launched Europe's largest hydrogen electrolysis plant at its Rhineland Refinery in Wesseling, Germany. The PEM electrolyser supplied by ITM Power is the largest of its kind to be deployed on a major industrial scale. The project will investigate the feasibility of introducing similar technology in other industry plants.

In October 2020, the REFHYNE II consortium, which aims to install a 100-MW electrolyser at Shell's Energy and Chemicals Park, Rheinland, secured a EUR-32.4-million grant from the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency.

The project will use 100 megawatts of TRIDENT electrolyser stacks reserved from a capacity reservation agreement with Shell Deutschland, with production tentatively occurring from 2025 to 2026. However, its execution is dependent on a final investment decision.

### HyDeploy

HyDeploy is an energy trial to establish the potential for blending up to 20% zero carbon hydrogen into the normal gas supply to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It was the first trial of its kind in the UK.

The £7 million project was funded by Ofgem and led by gas network Cadent in partnership with Northern Gas Networks, with ITM Power supplying the electrolyser system. 100 homes and 30 university faculty buildings on a private gas network at Keele University in Staffordshire received the blended gas during the first phase which ended in March 2021.

The trial was designed to determine the level of hydrogen which could be used by gas consumers safely and with no changes to their behaviour or existing domestic appliances. A second phase launched in August 2021 and is due for completion in 2022.

## Hydrogen refuelling stations

ITM Power installed an electrolyser driven hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) named Hfuel at the University of Nottingham in 2012. The refuelling station can provide hydrogen at 350 bar to vehicles and 150 bar to the university's laboratory.

In September 2015, it opened the HRS at the Advanced Manufacturing Park in Rotherham, Yorkshire.

Another station, located at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, London, opened in May 2016. It was the first of three such stations launched under the pan-European HyFive Project, funded by the FCH JU and the UK Government Office of Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV).

The second HyFive station was opened at East London's Centre of Engineering Manufacturing Excellence (CEME) in October 2016. This station uses a solar photovoltaic array to produce renewable hydrogen on-site for public and private fleets operating fuel cell electric vehicles to recharge.

The third and final HRS under the HyFive project was opened in February 2017. Located at the Cobham Motorway Service Area on the M25 motorway, it was the first HRS in the UK to be located on a forecourt and Shell's first in the UK.

In 2020, the company set up the ITM Motive division to manage its HRS assets. In 2021, the division was established as a separate, wholly-owned subsidiary, owning and operating a portfolio of 12 publicly accessible HRS assets. It is currently the largest HRS operator in the UK.

## UKH2Mobility

UKH2Mobility is a government and cross-industry programme to make hydrogen powered travel in the UK a reality. Industry signatories to the Memorandum of Understanding are:

## Ecoisland Partnership CIC

In July 2012, ITM Power, along with four other companies, was selected by the Technology Strategy Board (now Innovate UK) innovation agency and the Department of Energy and Climate Change in the United Kingdom to develop ways of using clean energy on transport systems. ITM's assigned project was to build an electrolysis based hydrogen refueller to be used as transport fuel on the Isle of Wight. The plan is to make the Isle of Wight carbon neutral, by having residents create fuel at their home.

## InfoBox

ITM Power
|
|  |
| Traded as | LSE: ITM |
| ISIN | GB00B0130H42 |
| Industry | Hydrogen economy |
| Founded | June 2001 (2001-06) |
| Headquarters | Sheffield, England |
| Key people | Dennis Schulz (CEO)<br>Simon Bourne (CTO) |
| Products | Electrolysers |
| Revenue | £3.3 million (2018) |
| Website | www.itm-power.com |


title: Iris maracandica

abstract: Iris maracandica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Scorpiris. It is a bulbous perennial from Uzbekistan, Central Asia. It has short stems, scented spring flowers in shades of yellow.

text:
# Iris maracandica

***Iris maracandica*** is a species in the genus *Iris*, it is also in the subgenus *Scorpiris*. It is a bulbous perennial from Uzbekistan, Central Asia. It has short stems, scented spring flowers in shades of yellow.

## Description

*Iris maracandica* is similar in form to *Iris bucharica*. It has bulb (approx.) 2 cm in diameter, with thickened fusiform roots (spindle-like).

It has falcate shaped leaves, that are 1.5 – 2 cm wide close to the base of the plant. The leaves have a silver edge. It is small species with the Juno genus, growing up to a height of 15–18 cm (6–7 in) tall.

It has 1-4 strongly scented flowers per stem, which bloom between March and April.

The flowers come in a range of shades of yellow, from pale yellow, to soft yellow, and rich-yellow. The perianth tube generally is about 3 – 4.5 cm long. It has falls that have a wide wing and a raised pale yellow crest, the standards are short and deflexed.

It has whitish anthers and pollen.

## Taxonomy

It was originally published as *Juno maracandica* by Alexei Vvedenski in 'Sched. Herb. Fl. As. Med. ' No. 662 in 1935. It was then published in 'Fl. Tadzhikskoi 'SSR 2: on page 393 in 1963.

It is named after 'Maracanda' (the Greek name for the city of Samarkand), in Tajikistan.

It was then published as *Iris maracandica* in 'Botaniska Notiser' Vol 128(2) page 216 in 1975 by Wendlbo.

*Iris maracandica* is now an accepted name by the RHS.

## Native

*Iris maracandica* is found on the gravelly slopes in foothills of Central Asia. Found on the Pamir Mountains, and Nuratau Mountains of Uzbekistan.

It can be found near Dzhizak (now Jizzakh), Samarkand and Akrabat (in Uzbekistan).

## Cultivation

It can be cultivated outside in well-drained soils, not needing the protection of a bulb frame or alpine house, in the UK.

Media related to Iris maracandica at Wikimedia Commons  Data related to Iris maracandica at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Iris maracandica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Iris* |
| Subgenus: | *Iris subg. Scorpiris* |
| Section: | *Iris sect. Scorpiris* |
| Species: | ***I. maracandica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Iris maracandica***<br>Vvedenski (Wendelbo) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Juno maracandica* (Vved). | |


title: Ilʹin (crater)

abstract: Ilʹin is a small lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the western limb. It lies in the western half of Mare Orientale, in the central basin amidst the lava-flooded lunar mare. To the east of this crater is the somewhat larger crater Hohmann. Ilʹin is circular and bowl-shaped, with little appearance of wear. The interior has a higher albedo than the surrounding lunar mare, but is not noticeably brighter than typical highland terrain.

text:
# Ilʹin (crater)

**Ilʹin** is a small lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the western limb. It lies in the western half of Mare Orientale, in the central basin amidst the lava-flooded lunar mare. To the east of this crater is the somewhat larger crater Hohmann.

Ilʹin is circular and bowl-shaped, with little appearance of wear. The interior has a higher albedo than the surrounding lunar mare, but is not noticeably brighter than typical highland terrain.

* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Ilʹin
| LRO WAC image | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 17°48′S 97°30′W / 17.8°S 97.5°W / -17.8; -97.5 |
| Diameter | 13 km |
| Depth | *Unknown* |
| Colongitude | 98° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Nikolai Yakovlevich Ilʹin |


title: Wednesday's Downtown

abstract: Wednesday's Downtown is a Japanese variety show hosted by the Japanese owarai duo, Downtown. The show has been broadcast on TBS since 2014.

text:
# Wednesday's Downtown

***Wednesday's Downtown*** (水曜日のダウンタウン, *Suiyoubi no Dauntaun*) is a Japanese variety show hosted by the Japanese owarai duo, Downtown. The show has been broadcast on TBS since 2014.

## Overview

In each episode, a Japanese entertainer is invited to appear on the show as a host and present various trivial theories, to a group of panellists. After a brief discussion with the panel, the theories are tested during the show.

## Format

**Presentation of Theory**

An entertainer (usually a comedian) appears to present a theory they think is true. This theory is challenged by the Wednesday Downtown via a re-enactment of the situation, a ranking based on street surveys or interviews.

**Viewer's Theory**

Theories submitted by viewers via the Wednesday Downtown official website are collected and presented by a representing comedian, usually Tamura Kenji.

### Recurring Segments

**Dokkiri (Prank)**

Theory that ropes unsuspecting celebrities (usually comedians) into a prank to see how they react. This kind of theory can range from being as elaborate as faking an arrest to being as simple as hiding in one's closet.

**Kuro-chan**

**Mixed Battle**

**Monomane (Impersonation)**

**SASUKE**

### Past Segments

**Morning Battle**

Two participants (comedians, usually Kuro-chan) are blindfolded and led to a shooting location where they will sleep for the night. The staff wakes them up promptly in the morning and the two immediately engage in a battle of the staff's choice (ex. eating hotdogs, shooting a goal, jumping hurdles)

## Cast Members

The panel always consists of Matsumoto and four other celebrity guests. The usual formation from left to right are "male comedian", "female tarento", "male tarento", "female tarento", Matsumoto.

### Regular Members

### Frequently Appearing Members

Often appearing as either panelist or presenters.

* Knight Scoop (Similar premise, where members of the public ask 'detectives' to investigate certain problems)

## InfoBox

| *Wednesday's Downtown* | |
| --- | --- |
| 水曜日のダウンタウン | |
| Genre | Variety |
| Directed by | Kentaro Fujii
Shuichi Yanagioka |
| Presented by | Downtown
(Masatoshi Hamada,
Hitoshi Matsumoto) |
| Narrated by | Jun Hattori |
| Opening theme | PUNPEE, "水曜日のダウンタウンOP" |
| Country of origin | Japan |
| Original language | Japanese |
| Production | |
| Producers | Yoshiyuki Sakamoto
Hideki Watanabe |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | TBS |
| Release | April 23, 2014 (2014-04-23)
present |


title: The Swellhead

abstract: The Swellhead is a 1930 American pre-Code sports film directed by James Flood and starring James Gleason, Johnnie Walker, and Marion Shilling. It is also known by the alternative title of Counted Out.

text:
# The Swellhead

***The Swellhead*** is a 1930 American pre-Code sports film directed by James Flood and starring James Gleason, Johnnie Walker, and Marion Shilling. It is also known by the alternative title of ***Counted Out***.

## Cast

## Preservation status

A copy is preserved in the Library of Congress collection.

## InfoBox

| The Swellhead | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | James Flood |
| Written by | Richard Cahoon
Adele Buffington
James Gleason |
| Starring | James Gleason
Johnnie Walker
Marion Shilling |
| Cinematography | Arthur Reeves
Jackson Rose |
| Edited by | Richard Cahoon |
| Production
company | Tiffany Pictures |
| Distributed by | Tiffany Pictures |
| Release date | * March 20, 1930 (1930-03-20) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: WR 3

abstract: WR 3 is a Wolf-Rayet star located around 9,500 light years away from Earth in the constellation of Cassiopeia. WR 3 is a member of the nitrogen sequence of WR stars and has a spectrum with strong HeII and NV lines, but weak NIV. HeI lines are very weak or missing, but there are lines of OVI. Unusually, there are lines of hydrogen and absorption components in many lines creating P Cygni profiles. The emission is weaker overall than stars of similar spectral type, and it has often been suggested that WR 3 has a type O binary companion. However, there are no other signs of a companion and it is thought to be a single star with a spectral type of WN3-hw. The "h" and "w" indicate that hydrogen is present and the emission is relatively weak for its class. Ordered by right ascension, WR 3 was the third star in the Sixth Catalogue of galactic Wolf-Rayet stars. WR 1 and WR 2 are also both early WN stars in Cassiopeiae. WR 3 is a massive and luminous star. The presence of hydrogen in its spectrum suggests that it is younger than hydrogen-free WR stars and may still be in the process of ejecting the remainder of its hydrogen. The emission lines of heavy elements in its spectrum are produced by strong convection and powerful stellar winds rather than complete loss of the outer layers of the star. The wind has been measured at 2,700 km/s leading to mass being lost at four millionths M☉ per year.

text:
# WR 3

**WR 3** is a Wolf-Rayet star located around 9,500 light years away from Earth in the constellation of Cassiopeia.

WR 3 is a member of the nitrogen sequence of WR stars and has a spectrum with strong HeII and NV lines, but weak NIV. HeI lines are very weak or missing, but there are lines of OVI. Unusually, there are lines of hydrogen and absorption components in many lines creating P Cygni profiles. The emission is weaker overall than stars of similar spectral type, and it has often been suggested that WR 3 has a type O binary companion. However, there are no other signs of a companion and it is thought to be a single star with a spectral type of WN3-hw. The "h" and "w" indicate that hydrogen is present and the emission is relatively weak for its class.

Ordered by right ascension, WR 3 was the third star in the Sixth Catalogue of galactic Wolf-Rayet stars. WR 1 and WR 2 are also both early WN stars in Cassiopeiae.

WR 3 is a massive and luminous star. The presence of hydrogen in its spectrum suggests that it is younger than hydrogen-free WR stars and may still be in the process of ejecting the remainder of its hydrogen. The emission lines of heavy elements in its spectrum are produced by strong convection and powerful stellar winds rather than complete loss of the outer layers of the star. The wind has been measured at 2,700 km/s leading to mass being lost at four millionths  per year.

## InfoBox

WR 3
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Cassiopeia |
|
| Right ascension | 01h 38m 55.62715s |
| Declination | +58° 09 22.67182 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 10.69 |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | Wolf-Rayet |
| Spectral type | WN3-hw |
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| U−B color index | −0.86 |
| B−V color index | +0.02 |
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| Astrometry | |
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| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 100.00 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −4.061±0.063 mas/yr
Dec.: −1.422±0.072 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 0.3131 ± 0.0412 mas |
| **Distance** | 2,900+520
−390 pc |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | −3.13 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 15 |
| **Radius** | 2.48 |
| **Luminosity** | 363,000 |
| **Temperature** | 89,100 |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| HD 9974, WR 3, HIP 7681, 2MASS J01385562+5809227 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


abstract: Highland Township is one of the twenty-five townships of Muskingum County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 902 people in the township.

text:
# Highland Township, Muskingum County, Ohio

**Highland Township** is one of the twenty-five townships of Muskingum County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 902 people in the township.

## Geography

Located on the eastern edge of the county, it borders the following townships:

No municipalities are located in Highland Township.

## Name and history

Highland Township was so named for the lofty elevation of the land within its borders. Statewide, the only other Highland Township is located in Defiance County.

By the 1830s, Highland Township had two saw mills, two gristmills, and two churches.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

## InfoBox

| Highland Township, Muskingum County, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Presbyterian church at Bloomfield | |
| Location of Highland Township in Muskingum County | |
| Coordinates: 40°3′28″N 81°45′49″W / 40.05778°N 81.76361°W / 40.05778; -81.76361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Muskingum |
| Area | |
| Total | 25.2 sq mi (65.4 km2) |
| Land | 25.2 sq mi (65.3 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,089 ft (332 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 902 |
| Density | 36/sq mi (14/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 39-35238 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1086720 |


title: Godunov's scheme

abstract: In numerical analysis and computational fluid dynamics, Godunov's scheme is a conservative numerical scheme, suggested by Sergei Godunov in 1959, for solving partial differential equations. One can think of this method as a conservative finite volume method which solves exact, or approximate Riemann problems at each inter-cell boundary. In its basic form, Godunov's method is first order accurate in both space and time, yet can be used as a base scheme for developing higher-order methods.

text:
# Godunov's scheme

In numerical analysis and computational fluid dynamics, **Godunov's scheme** is a conservative numerical scheme, suggested by Sergei Godunov in 1959, for solving partial differential equations. One can think of this method as a conservative finite volume method which solves exact, or approximate Riemann problems at each inter-cell boundary. In its basic form, Godunov's method is first order accurate in both space and time, yet can be used as a base scheme for developing higher-order methods.

## Basic scheme

Following the classical finite volume method framework, we seek to track a finite set of discrete unknowns, $Q\_{i}^{n}={\frac {1}{\Delta x}\int \_{i-1/2}^{x\_{i+1/2}q(t^{n},x)\\,dx}}$ where the $x\_{i-1/2}=x\_{\text{low}+\left(i-1/2\right)\Delta x}$ and $t^{n}=n\Delta t$ form a discrete set of points for the hyperbolic problem: $q\_{t}+(f(q))\_{x}=0,$ where the indices $t$ and $x$ indicate the derivatives in time and space, respectively. If we integrate the hyperbolic problem over a control volume $\[x\_{i-1/2},x\_{i+1/2}\],$ we obtain a method of lines (MOL) formulation for the spatial cell averages: $\frac {\partial }{\partial t}Q\_{i}(t)=-{\frac {1}{\Delta x}\left(f(q(t,x\_{i+1/2}))-f(q(t,x\_{i-1/2}))\right),}$ which is a classical description of the first order, upwinded finite volume method.

Exact time integration of the above formula from time $t=t^{n}$ to time $t=t^{n+1}$ yields the exact update formula: $Q\_{i}^{n+1}=Q\_{i}^{n}-{\frac {1}{\Delta x}\int \_{t^{n}^{t^{n+1}\left(f(q(t,x\_{i+1/2}))-f(q(t,x\_{i-1/2}))\right)\\,dt.}}}$

Godunov's method replaces the time integral of each $\int \_{t^{n}^{t^{n+1}f(q(t,x\_{i-1/2}))\\,dt}}$ with a forward Euler method which yields a fully discrete update formula for each of the unknowns $Q\_{i}^{n}$. That is, we approximate the integrals with $\int \_{t^{n}^{t^{n+1}f(q(t,x\_{i-1/2}))\\,dt\approx \Delta tf^{\downarrow }\left(Q\_{i-1}^{n},Q\_{i}^{n}\right),}}$ where $f^{\downarrow }\left(q\_{l},q\_{r}\right)$ is an approximation to the exact solution of the Riemann problem. For consistency, one assumes that $f^{\downarrow }(q\_{l},q\_{r})=f(q\_{l})\quad {\text{ if }\quad q\_{l}=q\_{r},}$ and that $f^{\downarrow }$ is increasing in the first argument, and decreasing in the second argument. For scalar problems where $f'(q)\>0$, one can use the simple Upwind scheme, which defines $f^{\downarrow }(q\_{l},q\_{r})=f(q\_{l})$.

The full Godunov scheme requires the definition of an approximate, or an exact Riemann solver, but in its most basic form, is given by: $Q\_{i}^{n+1}=Q\_{i}^{n}-\lambda \left({\hat {f}\_{i+1/2}^{n}-{\hat {f}\_{i-1/2}^{n}\right),\quad \lambda ={\frac {\Delta t}{\Delta x},\quad {\hat {f}\_{i-1/2}^{n}=f^{\downarrow }\left(Q\_{i-1}^{n},Q\_{i}^{n}\right)}}}}$

## Linear problem

In the case of a linear problem, where $f(q)=aq$, and without loss of generality, we'll assume that $a\>0$, the upwinded Godunov method yields: $Q\_{i}^{n+1}=Q\_{i}^{n}-\nu \left(Q\_{i}^{n}-Q\_{i-1}^{n}\right),\quad \nu =a{\frac {\Delta t}{\Delta x},}$ which yields the classical first-order, upwinded Finite Volume scheme whose stability requires $\nu =\left|a{\frac {\Delta t}{\Delta x}\right|\leq 1}$.

## Three-step algorithm

Following Hirsch, the scheme involves three distinct steps to obtain the solution at $t=(n+1)\Delta t\\,$ from the known solution at $t=n\Delta t}\\,$, as follows:

1. Define piecewise constant approximation of the solution at $t=(n+1)\Delta t}\\,$. Since the piecewise constant approximation is an average of the solution over the cell of size $\Delta x}\\,$, the spatial error is of order $\Delta x}\\,$, and hence the resulting scheme will be first-order accurate in space. Note that this approximation corresponds to a finite volume method representation whereby the discrete values represent averages of the state variables over the cells. Exact relations for the averaged cell values can be obtained from the integral conservation laws.
2. Obtain the solution for the local Riemann problem at the cell interfaces. This is the only physical step of the whole procedure. The discontinuities at the interfaces are resolved in a superposition of waves satisfying locally the conservation equations. The original Godunov method is based upon the exact solution of the Riemann problems. However, approximate solutions can be applied as an alternative.
3. Average the state variables after a time interval $\Delta t}\\,$. The state variables obtained after Step 2 are averaged over each cell defining a new piecewise constant approximation resulting from the wave propagation during the time interval $\Delta t}\\,$. To be consistent, the time interval $\Delta t}\\,$ should be limited such that the waves emanating from an interface do not interact with waves created at the adjacent interfaces. Otherwise the situation inside a cell would be influenced by interacting Riemann problems. This leads to the CFL condition $|a\_{\max }|\Delta t\<\Delta x/2\\,$ where $|a\_{\max }|\\,$ is the maximum wave speed obtained from the cell eigenvalue(s) of the local *Jacobian matrix*.

The first and third steps are solely of a numerical nature and can be considered as a *projection stage*, independent of the second, physical step, the *evolution stage*. Therefore, they can be modified without influencing the physical input, for instance by replacing the piecewise constant approximation by a piecewise linear variation inside each cell, leading to the definition of second-order space-accurate schemes, such as the MUSCL scheme.

## Further reading


title: Aramos itys

abstract: Aramos itys is a moth in the family Cossidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1911. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Aramos itys

***Aramos itys*** is a moth in the family Cossidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1911. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Aramos itys* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cossidae |
| Genus: | *Aramos* |
| Species: | ***A. itys*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aramos itys***<br>(H. Druce, 1911) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Zeuzera itys* H. Druce, 1911 * *Carohamilia itys* | |


title: Otilio Alba Polo

abstract: Otilio Alba Polo was a Spanish Catalan politician. He was born in Barcelona. He supported the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. After the victory of the Nationalists, he was executed by the government of Francisco Franco.

text:
# Otilio Alba Polo

**Otilio Alba Polo** (1915 – 18 March 1941) was a Spanish Catalan politician. He was born in Barcelona. He supported the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. After the victory of the Nationalists, he was executed by the government of Francisco Franco.

* HUERTAS, Josep / RIBAS, Antoni *et al*.: *Vint anys de resistencia catalana (1939-1959)*, 1978. ISBN 8474100364.
* MARTÍNEZ DE SAS, María Teresa.: *Diccionari biogràfic del moviment obrer als països catalans, pp. 52.*


title: José Neto (musician)

abstract: José Pires de Almeida Neto,, is a Brazilian guitarist known for playing jazz. In addition to acoustic and electric guitars, he plays an electric nylon string guitar with polysubbass strings.

text:
# José Neto (musician)

**José Pires de Almeida Neto**, (born in 1954 in São Paulo), is a Brazilian guitarist known for playing jazz. In addition to acoustic and electric guitars, he plays an electric nylon string guitar with polysubbass strings.

## Life

Neto started learning guitar from his mother at the age of four and began classical guitar lessons at the age of twelve, later studying at the music academy in his hometown. Beginning in 1970, he taught the guitar and had his own band, "Plato". In 1978 he became a member of Harry Belafonte's band. In 1982 Neto moved to San Francisco and was soon playing with Tânia Maria, Paquito D’Rivera, Hugh Masekela, Herbie Mann, and Airto Moreira. In 1990 he became the musical director and composer for the band Fourth World, along with Moreira and Flora Purim. He also has recorded with George Benson. Since 2001, he has played with the Netoband, playing at various festivals through Europe and the United States. As a result, Neto joined Steve Winwood's band as their 2003 world tour began. He has been seen performing with Winwood on *The View*, *Good Morning America*, and *Late Night with David Letterman*, among other national television programs.

He has lived in Fairfax, California since the 1980s.

## Discography

* *Mountains and the Sea* (1987), with Randy Tico, Airto Moreira, and Flora Purim on Water lily acoustics
* *Neto* (1993)
* *In Memory of Thunder* (1996)
* *Seventh Wave – The Lucky One* (2000)
* *Newspaper Girl* (2012)

**with Harry Belafonte**

**with Fourth World**

**with Steve Winwood**

## Lexicographical entry

* Martin Kunzler, *Jazz-Lexikon Bd. 2.* Reinbek 2002; ISBN 3-499-16513-9

## InfoBox

| José Pires de Almeida Neto | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | José Neto |
| Born | 1954 (age 6970)<br>São Paulo, Brazil |
| Occupation | Jazz Guitarist |
| Instruments | Electric nylon string guitar with polysubbass |
| Years active | 1970present |
|  | |
| Website | www.joseneto.com |


title: Halifax Volunteer Battalion

abstract: The Halifax Volunteer Battalion (1860–1868) included six companies that were raised in present-day Halifax Regional Municipality. The six companies included the Scottish Rifles, Chebucto Grays, Mayflower Rifles, Halifax Rifles, Irish Volunteers and Dartmouth Rifles which were all raised in the fall of 1859. The upper ranks of the battalion was made up of distinguished people from the community filling the ranks of officers. The battalion served ceremonial functions, raised money for charities as well as defended the city against possible military threat during the Fenian Raids. The present-day The Halifax Rifles (RCAC) descended from the 63rd regiment of the battalion.

text:
# Halifax Volunteer Battalion

The **Halifax Volunteer Battalion** (1860–1868) included six companies that were raised in present-day Halifax Regional Municipality. The six companies included the Scottish Rifles, Chebucto Grays, Mayflower Rifles, Halifax Rifles, Irish Volunteers and Dartmouth Rifles which were all raised in the fall of 1859. The upper ranks of the battalion was made up of distinguished people from the community filling the ranks of officers. The battalion served ceremonial functions, raised money for charities as well as defended the city against possible military threat during the Fenian Raids. The present-day The Halifax Rifles (RCAC) descended from the 63rd regiment of the battalion.

## Historical context

In the wake of the Crimean War (1853–1856), there developed a Volunteer Force in Britain. As part of this movement, in Nova Scotia, thirty-two Volunteer companies were raised in the province, with a total strength of two thousand three hundred and forty-one. In Halifax there were eleven companies with a total strength of eight hundred and sixty-eight men.

From the outset there was an inclination exhibited to organize by nationalities, and in December 1859, English, Scotch, Black and Irish companies were formed, each keeping its particular national character. The First Battalion, Volunteer Militia Rifles of Canada, Montreal, organized 17 November 1859, and the 2nd Battalion, Volunteer Militia Rifles of Canada, Toronto, organized 26 April 1860. Eighteen days later, the Halifax Volunteer Battalion was raised – the third battalion to be raised in all of British North America.

## Formation

On 14 May 1860, six of the eleven volunteer companies qualified to form the Halifax Volunteer Battalion. Sir William Fenwick Williams, a Nova Scotian hero of the Crimean War, was requested to accept the position of honorary colonel. Capt. William Chearnley of the Chebucto Greys was appointed commander of the whole battalion. (Colonel Chearnley came to be considered the father of the regiment and retired in 1871. When he died he was given a military burial by the battalion.)

Companies of the battalion drilled in various locations around present-day Halifax. Some of the companies mustered on Grand Parade for morning drill at 6 am. One company of the battalion – the Halifax Rifles – conducted drills during the winter in the hall of the Provincial Building.

During the summer the companies proceeded to a rifle range at Point Pleasant Park to go through their regular course of position drill and rifle practice. The "Scottish" and the "Greys" encamped on the ground, while the other companies marched down each day. Regular target practice took place at the Fort Needham range. Every fine day in Halifax, from daylight, the crack of the rifles could be heard.

## Welsford-Parker Monument Inauguration

The Welsford-Parker Monument was inaugurated on 17 July 1860. Present to mark the occasion were both the 62nd and 63rd with their bands. There were also companies for the Halifax Volunteer Battalion: the Mayflower Rifles, the Halifax Rifles and the Chebucto Grays. One prominent member of the Chebucto Grays in attendance was the man who carved the lion and built the monument George Lang.

The oration at the inauguration was given by Rev. Hill. He specifically mentioned the importance of the Halifax Volunteer Regiment:

"It is more than pleasing that in dedicating a public monument to Nova Scotian soldiers, the Nova Scotia Volunteers stand side by side with the brave troops with whom our countrymen served so long. Numbering in your ranks the very flower of the land, in age, position, strength and form, your country \[Nova Scotia\] may well be proud of you. They honor your ready response to the call of the noble Earl; your willingness to sacrifice time and business; your devoted attention to the necessary training; your rapid attainments and your marital aspect. … On you we look as the guardians of our land and the best ramparts of our coast; to you we look to uphold and cherish that loyalty which characterized your forefathers, and now marks yourselves."

Colours were presented to the Battalion on 10 November 1862, by the Halifax City Council.

## Fenian Raids

To protect Nova Scotia from a possible Fenian Raid, the Battalion was put on high alert from 27 March 1866 until 14 April 1866. They were called out for duty and drilled on Grand Parade. All ball practice was prohibited and no member of the battalion was allowed beyond the city limits without special leave. The brick office, where the Deputy Adjutant General's office now stands, on Spring Garden Road, was used as a guard room, and a picket told of every day for duty. The men were recruited to provide their own rations, and two men for fatigue were told off with each guard, whose duty it was to look after the provisions; as a rule the families of the men sent their meals ready cooked to the guard rooms.

The companies were ordered to parade in full marching order with great coats, blankets and canteen: The Greys and Halifax Rifles (2nd Company) to proceed to McNab's Island, under command of Major Mackinlay; the Scottish Rifles, under Captain McLean, to George's Island; the remainder of the battalion to remain under arms at headquarters, ready to proceed to whatever post they were required at. The battalion showed a good spirit in this the first serious call for duty, the men mustered promptly, and although no inroad actually took place at that time, the authorities were satisfied that the battalion could be relied on should its services be required. In March an action at law, for libel, was entered into by the companies against the Rev. D. Faloon Hutchinson, editor and proprietor of a newspaper called the *Burning Bush*, he having, in an article headed " The Good Fenians of Halifax," intimated that the Halifax Rifles were members of the Fenian Brotherhood. The Commander-in-Chief, through Colonel Chearnley, expressed his entire confidence in the company and his disapprobation of the action of a minister of the gospel fomenting sectarian ill-will in the ranks of the volunteer forces. The Rev. Hutchinson subsequently withdrew his offensive remarks, paid all the expenses of the suit, and published a full retraction of his charges against the company. Shortly after, on an alarm being given and the volunteers mustered for duty to repel a Fenian invasion. General Doyle, when addressing the battalion and detailing the companies to their different posts, said: "as the Halifax Rifles had been accused of being Fenians, I will give them the post of honor nearest the expected point of attack," and they were ordered, on the signal being given, to McNab's island.

## Royal Visits

The Halifax Volunteer Battalion played an important role during four royal visits. The first was by Edward, Prince of Wales (future King Edward VII) on 24 July 1860. This occasion was the first in which the battalion was inspected before royalty. On 2 August, under Captain Bulger, the Halifax Rifles and the Irish Volunteer Company traveled by train to Windsor at 3:00 a.m. in advance of the Prince of Wales. The Prince of Wales travelled to Windsor on a special train from Halifax. Prince Edward travelled to Windsor to make a speech at Kings College. The royal party left Government House on Hollis Street, and rode in carriages to Richmond, where at 7:00 am the special train departed for Windsor. At Windsor they were met by a guard of honour made up of the two Halifax companies of the Battalion. The companies acted as a guard until his departure for Saint John, New Brunswick.

Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn visited Nova Scotia in August 1869 and the Battalion were an integral part of the proceedings. (Prince Arthur later would visit again in 1912 as the 10th Governor General of Canada.)

In 1878, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll and her husband, the Marquis of Lorne, arrived at Halifax where he was sworn in at Province House as the 4th Governor General of Canada before heading to Ottawa to assume his duties. In November, Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lome, landed in Halifax, and the battalion paraded at their reception and also furnished a guard of honor at the railway station on their departure for Ottawa. In February, on the arrival of Princess Louise, the 63rd furnished a guard of honor, and also at the opening and closing of the House of Assembly. Three years later, in 1881, the Halifax Rifles mustered in full force with the battalion, and took part in the review and inspection held by the Marquis of Lorne at Sussex, New Brunswick, and also took part in a review on Halifax Common, in the presence of the Marquis of Lorne.

## Conclusion

With the confederation of Canada (1867) and the Dominion Militia Act, in 1868, the Halifax Volunteer Battalion was transferred to the dominion and renamed the "Halifax Volunteer Battalion of Rifles". In 1870 the Battalion was renamed the 63rd Battalion of Rifles. The 63rd eventually amalgamated with the Halifax Provisional Battalion and fought in the North-West Rebellion.

Notes Bibliography


title: Ispettorato Militare del Lavoro

abstract: The Ispettorato Militare del Lavoro (ILM), informally called the Organizzazione Paladino or Azione Graziani, was an organization of the Italian Social Republic during World War II composed of volunteer labourers "to collaborate with the German authorities in repairing roads and railways, and in general carry out other work of either a civil or military nature." The organization was proposed by General Francesco Paladino. With German agreement, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani appointed Paladino its first director on 6 October 1943. Its headquarters was initially in Rome and it was under the authority of the ministry of defence. The initial goal was to recruit 90,000 workers, but recruitment lagged expectations. There was competing recruitment by the German Organisation Todt and the Arbeitseinsatz. By the spring of 1944, the Organizzazione Paladino consisted of 50 battalions divided into centurie. It employed 40,000 men. This was substantially less than the 120,000–286,000 Italians serving in the Organisation Todt in Italy. During the war, it suffered 100 dead and 560 wounded.

text:
# Ispettorato Militare del Lavoro

The **Ispettorato Militare del Lavoro** (**ILM**), informally called the **Organizzazione Paladino** or **Azione Graziani**, was an organization of the Italian Social Republic during World War II composed of volunteer labourers "to collaborate with the German authorities in repairing roads and railways, and in general carry out other work of either a civil or military nature." The organization was proposed by General Francesco Paladino. With German agreement, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani appointed Paladino its first director on 6 October 1943. Its headquarters was initially in Rome and it was under the authority of the ministry of defence.

The initial goal was to recruit 90,000 workers, but recruitment lagged expectations. There was competing recruitment by the German Organisation Todt (for work in Italy) and the Arbeitseinsatz (for work in Germany). By the spring of 1944, the Organizzazione Paladino consisted of 50 battalions divided into *centurie*. It employed 40,000 men. This was substantially less than the 120,000–286,000 Italians serving in the Organisation Todt in Italy. During the war, it suffered 100 dead and 560 wounded.


title: The Taming of the Shrew (1942 film)

abstract: The Taming of the Shrew is a 1942 Italian comedy film directed by Ferdinando Maria Poggioli and starring Amedeo Nazzari, Lilia Silvi and Lauro Gazzolo. It is based on William Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew, with the setting updated to modern-day Rome. It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Gastone Medin and Mario Rappini.

text:
# The Taming of the Shrew (1942 film)

***The Taming of the Shrew*** (Italian: ***La bisbetica domata***) is a 1942 Italian comedy film directed by Ferdinando Maria Poggioli and starring Amedeo Nazzari, Lilia Silvi and Lauro Gazzolo. It is based on William Shakespeare's play *The Taming of the Shrew*, with the setting updated to modern-day Rome.

It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Gastone Medin and Mario Rappini.

## Cast

1. Gundle p.75

## Bibliography

* Gundle, Stephen. *Mussolini's Dream Factory: Film Stardom in Fascist Italy*. Berghahn Books, 2013.

## InfoBox

| The Taming of the Shrew | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Ferdinando Maria Poggioli |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Renato Del Frate |
| Edited by | Mario Serandrei |
| Music by | Felice Montagnini |
| Production<br>company | Excelsa Film |
| Distributed by | Minerva Film |
| Release date | * 16 September 1942 (1942-09-16) |
| Running time | 82 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: W. H. Dimond (barquentine)

abstract: W. H. Dimond was a three-masted barquentine of 390 tons, built by Matthew Turner, of Benicia, California, for J. D. Spreckles for the Island trade. Later transferred to the Oceanic Steamship Co., she was sold out of the trade in 1905, and was converted to a schooner by the Alaska Codfish Co. She was wrecked 17 February 1914, having run aground on Bird Island, Alaska, carrying general cargo from San Francisco to Unga Island. Her lines, sailplan, and a rendering are shown in Chapelle's The History Of American Sailing Ships.

text:
# W. H. Dimond (barquentine)

***W. H. Dimond*** was a three-masted barquentine of 390 tons, built by Matthew Turner, of Benicia, California, for J. D. Spreckles for the Island trade. Later transferred to the Oceanic Steamship Co., she was sold out of the trade in 1905, and was converted to a schooner by the Alaska Codfish Co. She was wrecked 17 February 1914, having run aground on Bird Island, Alaska, carrying general cargo from San Francisco to Unga Island. Her lines, sailplan, and a rendering are shown in Chapelle's *The History Of American Sailing Ships*.

58°29′25″N 134°50′59″W / 58.4904°N 134.8498°W / 58.4904; -134.8498

## InfoBox

*W. H. Dimond*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Owner | * J. D. Spreckles * Oceanic Steamship Co. * Alaska Codfish Co. |
| Builder | Mathew Turner |
| Fate | Wrecked 17 February 1914 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 390 |
| Sail plan |  |


title: Hey Love (Can I Have a Word)

abstract: "Hey Love" is a song by American R&B singer R. Kelly and Public Announcement featuring Mr. Lee from their debut album Born into the 90's. It was released as a single on Jive Records in October 1992. The song incorporates the melody and lyrics of Stevie Wonder's "Hey Love" from his 1966 album Down to Earth. The single reached number one on the Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart and number 15 on the Billboard R&B chart. The music video was directed by Lionel C. Martin.

text:
# Hey Love (Can I Have a Word)

"**Hey Love (Can I Have a Word)**" is a song by American R&B singer R. Kelly and Public Announcement featuring Mr. Lee from their debut album *Born into the 90's*. It was released as a single on Jive Records in October 1992.

The song incorporates the melody and lyrics of Stevie Wonder's "Hey Love" from his 1966 album *Down to Earth.* The single reached number one on the *Billboard*'s Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart and number 15 on the *Billboard* R&B chart.

The music video was directed by Lionel C. Martin.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1992–1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 15 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1993) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 97 |

## InfoBox

| "Hey Love (Can I have a Word)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by R. Kelly and Public Announcement featuring Mr. Lee | |
| from the album  *Born into the 90's* | |
| Released | October 1992 |
| Recorded | 1991 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:20 |
| Label | Jive |
| Songwriter(s) | * R. Kelly * Morris Broadnax * Lee Haggard * Clarence Paul * Wayne Williams * Stevie Wonder |
| Producer(s) | * Mr. Lee * Wayne Williams * R. Kelly |
| R. Kelly and Public Announcement featuring Mr. Lee singles chronology | |
| "Slow Dance (Hey Mr. DJ)"
(1992) "**Hey Love (Can I have a Word)**"
(1992) "Body Bumpin' (Yippie-Yi-Yo)"
(1998) | |
|  | |
| R. Kelly singles chronology | |
| "Slow Dance (Hey Mr. DJ)"
(1992) "**Hey Love (Can I Have a Word)**"
(1993) "Dedicated"
(1993) | |
|  | |


title: Godumops

abstract: Godumops is a monotypic genus of Papuan wall spiders containing the single species, Godumops caritus. It was first described by S. C. Crews & Mark Stephen Harvey in 2011, and is found in Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Godumops

***Godumops*** is a monotypic genus of Papuan wall spiders containing the single species, ***Godumops caritus***. It was first described by S. C. Crews & Mark Stephen Harvey in 2011, and is found in Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Godumops* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Selenopidae |
| Genus: | *Godumops*
Crews & Harvey, 2011 |
| Species: | ***G. caritus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Godumops caritus***
Crews & Harvey, 2011 | |
|


title: Iain Anderson (footballer)

abstract: Iain William Anderson is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1993 to 2009. He notably played for Preston North End and Dundee as well as playing in France for Ligue 1 side Toulouse. He also appeared for Tranmere Rovers, Grimsby Town, St Mirren, Ross County, Ayr United, Elgin City and Clydebank.

text:
# Iain Anderson (footballer)

**Iain William Anderson** (born 23 July 1977) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1993 to 2009.

He notably played for Preston North End and Dundee as well as playing in France for Ligue 1 side Toulouse. He also appeared for Tranmere Rovers, Grimsby Town, St Mirren, Ross County, Ayr United, Elgin City and Clydebank.

## Career

Anderson became the youngest ever scorer in the Scottish Premier Division, when he scored with a penalty at the age of 16 for Dundee against Hibernian. In 1999 he had a trial at Chelsea. His trickery, pace and powerful right foot earned him a move to the French side Toulouse, where he continued his career. In 2000 Anderson was taken on loan by then division 2 side, Preston North End. Anderson scored two goals for the club in his loan period and set many more up for another loan player, Brett Angell. Together, they are widely credited with cementing Preston North End's promotion to division 1 (now known as the Championship.) His successful loan spell earned him a then club record £500,000 permanent move to Preston North End in July 2000, and he scored a number of high quality goals for the club, most notably against Wolverhampton Wanderers and Manchester City. Anderson was famed for cutting inside whilst playing on the left-wing and unleashing powerful efforts at goal. He was also useful from set pieces and surprisingly good in the air for a winger.

His time at Preston was marred firstly by injuries and then by a change in manager, which saw Craig Brown replace David Moyes at the helm. Brown did not approve of Anderson's predominantly attacking play, and criticized him for his lack of defensive awareness. It is commonly thought that Anderson became unmotivated under Craig Brown and lost his focus. He was involved from the start in Preston North End's infamous victory in the Championship play-offs against Birmingham City (which Preston won following a penalty shootout, a game during which Birmingham City Manager, Trevor Francis, tried to take his players off the pitch in protest at the end the penalties were being taken from). Anderson also set up Richard Cresswell for Preston North End's goal against Chelsea in the FA Cup, whipping in a cross from a free kick, which Cresswell headed past Carlo Cudicini.

Subsequently, he was loaned out to Tranmere Rovers (where he scored on his debut and became very popular with the Tranmere fans), then Grimsby Town. He eventually moved from Preston North End permanently and rejoined his former club, Dundee. He then moved to St Mirren, however in March 2007 his contract with the club was terminated by mutual consent, due to numerous injuries. He has since played for Ross County (where he scored once against Queen's Park), Ayr United (where he scored once, again against Queen's Park), Elgin City and Clydebank.

## Retirement

Anderson retired from football aged 31 in 2009 for personal reasons.

## InfoBox

Iain Anderson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Iain William Anderson | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-07-23) 23 July 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Glasgow, Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Dundee | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1999 | Dundee | 70 | (14) |
| 1999–2000 | Toulouse |  |  |
| 2000 | Preston North End (loan) | 12 | (2) |
| 2000–2003 | Preston North End | 70 | (11) |
| 2003 | Tranmere Rovers (loan) | 7 | (2) |
| 2003–2004 | Grimsby Town | 29 | (5) |
| 2004–2006 | Dundee | 33 | (3) |
| 2006–2007 | St Mirren | 11 | (3) |
| 2007–2008 | Ross County | 4 | (1) |
| 2008 | Ayr United | 6 | (1) |
| 2008–2009 | Elgin City |  |  |
| 2009 | Clydebank |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1997–1999 | Scotland U21 | 13 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20:59, 20 October 2008 (UTC) | | | |


title: International Federation of Wargaming

abstract: The International Federation of Wargaming (IFW) was a wargaming club operated from 1967 to about 1973.

text:
# International Federation of Wargaming

The **International Federation of Wargaming** (IFW) was a wargaming club operated from 1967 to about 1973.

## Formation

Founded by Bill Speer, Gary Gygax, and Scott Duncan in 1967, it emerged as a successor to an earlier club called the United States Continental Army Command, founded by Speer. It was founded as a society of gamers with a strong interest specifically in board wargaming and also in the promotion of the publication of wargames. The IFW distinguished itself as a more mature club than its rivals in the early American wargaming hobby.

Its membership included gamers in local wargaming clubs such as the Lake Geneva Tactical Studies Association and the Midwest Military Simulation Association. IFW members participated in various "societies" within the IFW for special interests, such as the Castle & Crusade Society, which promoted medieval wargaming, and the Armored Operations Society, which emphasized World War II wargaming.

The IFW ceased functioning around 1973.

## Conventions and fanzines

The IFW held its first annual convention in Malvern, Pennsylvania in July 1967, though it was only a year later when Gary Gygax hosted the annual convention on behalf of the IFW in his home town of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, that the Lake Geneva Wargames Convention (Gen Con) was born.

By publishing a magazine (called *The Spartan* in 1968 and later called *International Wargamer*) and sponsoring the early Gen Cons, the IFW helped wargamers share ideas and meet wargamers from different parts of the country.


title: Incredible (Timomatic song)

abstract: "Incredible" is a song by Australian recording artist Timomatic, taken from his self-titled second studio album. It was written by Timomatic, Lindsay Rimes and B. Creswell. The song was released physically on 28 September 2012, as the fourth single from the album. After its release, "Incredible" peaked at number 18 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. It also peaked at number 17 on the New Zealand Singles Chart. Emma Tomelty directed the music video which features Timomatic singing and dancing in front of a backdrop of snowy mountains, and a romantic relationship between him and his love interest.

text:
# Incredible (Timomatic song)

"**Incredible**" is a song by Australian recording artist Timomatic, taken from his self-titled second studio album. It was written by Timomatic, Lindsay Rimes and B. Creswell. The song was released physically on 28 September 2012, as the fourth single from the album. After its release, "Incredible" peaked at number 18 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. It also peaked at number 17 on the New Zealand Singles Chart. Emma Tomelty directed the music video which features Timomatic singing and dancing in front of a backdrop of snowy mountains, and a romantic relationship between him and his love interest.

## Background

"Incredible" was written by Timomatic, Lindsay Rimes and B. Creswell. Prior to the release of his self-titled second studio album, Timomatic posted a video previewing the song on YouTube. Of "Incredible" he said, "It captures the emotion of being in a relationship with someone that makes it that much better to be alive. It's a celebration of love." The song was released physically on 28 September 2012, as the fourth single from *Timomatic*.

## Reception

A writer for Take 40 Australia compared "Incredible" to Katy Perry's "Firework" (2010), and wrote that "It's got an epic and almost anthemic sound". On 17 September 2012, "Incredible" debuted at number 27 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The following week, it peaked at number 18. The song was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association, denoting sales of 35,000 copies. On the New Zealand Singles Chart, "Incredible" peaked at number 17 and spent four weeks in the chart.

## Promotion

The accompanying music video for "Incredible" was directed by Emma Tomelty, filmed in Jindabyne, New South Wales, and premiered on Vevo on 31 August 2012. The video features scenes of Timomatic singing and dancing in front of a backdrop of snowy mountains, as well as scenes of him and his love interest staring adoringly at each other. In May 2012, Timomatic performed "Incredible" for MTV Australia's Local Produce program. He performed an acoustic version of the song in the Nova FM studio on 27 August 2012. On 29 October 2012 The Collective, a group of the fourth season of *The X Factor Australia*, covered "Incredible".

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Incredible" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Timomatic | |
| from the album  *Timomatic* | |
| Released | 28 September 2012 (2012-09-28) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:56 |
| Label | Sony |
| Songwriter(s) | Timomatic, Lindsay Rimes, B. Creswell |
| Timomatic singles chronology | |
| "Can You Feel It"
(2012) "**Incredible**"
(2012) "Parachute"
(2013) | |