title: HMS Abdiel (N21)

abstract: HMS Abdiel was a Royal Navy minelayer that saw service during the Cold War. Abdiel was ordered from Thornycroft in June 1965. She was laid down at Thornycroft's Woolston shipyard on 23 May 1966 and launched 22 January 1967. She was commissioned on 17 October 1967. Her pennant number was N21.

text:
# HMS Abdiel (N21)

**HMS *Abdiel*** was a Royal Navy minelayer that saw service during the Cold War.

*Abdiel* was ordered from Thornycroft in June 1965. She was laid down at Thornycroft's Woolston shipyard on 23 May 1966 and launched 22 January 1967. She was commissioned on 17 October 1967. Her pennant number was N21.

## Minelayer

*Abdiel* was designated by the Ministry of Defence as an "exercise minelayer" and her official role was to train Royal Navy personnel in minelaying operations using test/dummy naval mines, not to lay offensive mines operationally. She was fully capable of laying offensive mines during wartime.

## MCM support ship

*Abdiel* fulfilled an additional role as a support ship for mine countermeasure vessels. She served in this capacity with the Armilla Patrol from 1987 to 1988. During this deployment, the air conditioning units aboard ship proved insufficient for the climate and additional units had to be dispatched.

## Refits

* 1977
* 1981

*Abdiel* was paid off in 1988 and sold for scrapping. After her disposal, the Royal Navy had no dedicated minelaying vessel, although provisions were made for "suitably modified vessels" to undertake the work as required. In 1987 her commanding officer spoke with Raymond Baxter at the 1987 Festival of Remembrance in a segment about Royal Navy modes of communication

## Media

*Abdiel* appears in the Royal Navy instructional film 'Minelaying' (Admiralty catalogue no. A2788) produced in 1976. Classified as restricted at the time of its release, the film is now unrestricted and available on archive DVD collections and the Internet.

* Couhat, Jean Labayle and A.D. Baker. *Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87*. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1986. ISBN 0-85368-860-5.
* Gardiner, Robert and Stephen Chumbley. *Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995*. Annapolis, Maryland USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
* Moore, John. *Jane's Fighting Ships 1985–86*. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1985. ISBN 0-7106-0814-4.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS *Abdiel* (N21) |
| Ordered | June 1965 |
| Builder | Thornycroft |
| Laid down | 23 May 1966 |
| Launched | 22 January 1967 |
| Commissioned | 17 October 1967 |
| Decommissioned | 1988 |
| Refit | 1977, 1981 |
| Fate | Scrapped 1988 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | * 1375 t standard * 1460 t full load |
| Length | 265 ft (81 m) |
| Beam | 38 ft 6 in (11.73 m) |
| Draught | 10 ft (3.0 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 shafts, 2 eighteen-cylinder Paxman Ventura diesels * 2,960 bhp (2,210 kW) |
| Speed | 16 kn (18 mph; 30 km/h) |
| Complement | 98 |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | Type 978 radar |
| Armament |  |


abstract: Wales participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 held in Gliwice, Poland on 24 November 2019. The Welsh broadcaster S4C was responsible for organising their second entry for the contest. Erin was selected through Chwilio am Seren to represent Wales, winning the televised national final on 24 September at the Venue Cymru in Llandudno. The winning song, "Calon yn Curo", was chosen internally by S4C and composed by Eurovision Song Contest 2010 performers, Sylvia Strand and producer Jonathan Gregory, with the lyrics written by rapper and composer Ed Holden.

text:
# Wales in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019

Wales participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 held in Gliwice, Poland on 24 November 2019. The Welsh broadcaster S4C was responsible for organising their second entry for the contest. Erin was selected through *Chwilio am Seren* to represent Wales, winning the televised national final on 24 September at the Venue Cymru in Llandudno. The winning song, "Calon yn Curo", was chosen internally by S4C and composed by Eurovision Song Contest 2010 performers, Sylvia Strand and producer Jonathan Gregory, with the lyrics written by rapper and composer Ed Holden.

## Background

Wales announced on 9 May 2018 that they would debut at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 held in Minsk, Belarus. Welsh broadcaster S4C was responsible for the country's participation in the contest.

A televised national selection process, *Chwilio am Seren* (English: *Search for a Star*), was held to select the Welsh entrant. Manw won the national final, held at the Venue Cymru in Llandudno, on 9 October to represent Wales with the internally selected song "Perta", written by Ywain Gwynedd. Wales came last in their debut year at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. Manw and her song "Perta" received no jury points and only 29 points from the online voting.

Wales previously took part in the contest as part of the United Kingdom between 2003 and 2005, with ITV being responsible for their participation. S4C had also shown interest in participating in the 2008 contest, but in the end decided against participating.

## Before Junior Eurovision

### *Chwilio am Seren*

***Chwilio am Seren*** (*Search for a Star*) was the national selection process used to select the 2019 entrant. Auditions took take place during April and May 2019 with mentors Connie Fisher, Lloyd Macey and Tara Bethan as the judging panel. The four-part series, produced by Rondo Media for S4C, was aired on Tuesday nights with a repeat broadcast of the first three episodes on Sunday afternoons. The series began on 3 September 2019, seeing three weeks of auditions, before the live grand final on 24 September 2019, held in Llandudno.

The first two shows covered the nationwide auditions. Following a masterclass round at S4C's headquarters in Carmarthen (on the campus of the University of Wales Trinity Saint Davids), the final twenty singers were wittled down to the top 12 who then performed in public at Quadrant Shopping Centre in Swansea. The jury decided at the end of these performances who would perform during a final round live on television.

Table key   Participant who was selected to progress to the national final

**Top 12 artists – 17 September 2019**
| Draw | Artist | Song (performed in Welsh) | Mentor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Cerys TJ | "Brwyndro" | Fisher |
| 2 | Mared | "Bendigeidfran" | Bethan |
| 3 | Sophie | "Dwi'n dy garu di" | Macey |
| 4 | Carys | "Adre" | Fisher |
| 5 | Henry | "Harbwr Diogel" | Macey |
| 6 | Mackenzie | "Gweld y byd mewn lliw" | Bethan |
| 7 | Osian | "Sedd Flaen" | Macey |
| 8 | Rhiannon | "Dim Ond" | Bethan |
| 9 | Cerys | "Cofio Ni" | Fisher |
| 10 | Erin | "Dim Gair" | Bethan |
| 11 | Maya | "Treiddia'r Mur" | Fisher |
| 12 | Y Minis | "Ti a Fi" | Macey |
|

#### National final

The national final took place in Llandudno's Venue Cymru on 24 September 2019, hosted by Trystan Ellis-Morris and broadcast live on S4C. The first round saw the six live finalists performing cover songs. Regional juries (Aberystwyth, Llandudno, Carmarthen, Cardiff and London) consisting of two adults and two children awarded stars (points) to their favourite three performers which were announced by a spokesperson. Each performer automatically received one star from each jury. The three mentors, Fisher, Macey and Bethan all gave their opinions on the performances but could not vote. In the second round, the three superfinalists each performed a different arrangement of the official Welsh entry "Calon yn Curo". Public televoting selected the winner from the second round, this being Erin.

The national final opened with the six finalists performing a Welsh version of the anthem of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014, "Together". During the televote window, a recap of the past edition of *Chwilio am Seren* was broadcast.

Final – 24 September 2019
| Draw | Artist | Song (original artists) | Stars | Place | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sophie | "Cae o Yd" (Martin Beatty) |  | 5 | Eliminated |
| 2 | Mackenzie & Rhiannon | "Nythod Cacwn" (Super Furry Animals) |  | 3 | Superfinalist |
| 3 | Carys | "Croeswn y Dyfroedd Geirwon" (Paul Simon, Iestyn Llwyd) |  | 4 | Eliminated |
| 4 | Y Minis | "Hedfan Uwch Na'r Sêr" (Little Mix) |  | 5 | Eliminated |
| 5 | Cerys | "Meddwl Amdanat Ti" (Bronwen Lewis) |  | 1 | Superfinalist |
| 6 | Erin | "Nos Da Susanna" (CHROMA) |  | 1 | Superfinalist |
|

Superfinal – 24 September 2019
| Draw | Artist | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mackenzie & Rhiannon | "Calon yn Curo" |
| 2 | Cerys | "Calon yn Curo" |
| 3 | Erin | "Calon yn Curo" |

#### Ratings

Combined viewing figures by show
| Show | Date | Viewers
(in thousands) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Auditions 1 | 3 September 2019 | N/A (\<18) |  |
| Auditions 2 | 10 September 2019 | N/A (\<14) |  |
| Top 12 | 17 September 2019 | N/A (\<16) |  |
| Final | 24 September 2019 | N/A (\<18) |  |

## At Junior Eurovision

During the opening ceremony and the running order draw which both took place on 18 November 2019, Wales was drawn to perform ninth on 24 November 2019, following Malta and preceding Kazakhstan.

On 23 November, S4C broadcast a 30-minute documentary *Erin yn Ewrop* (*Erin in Europe*), which followed Erin's journey to the contest. The final was broadcast live in Wales on S4C, with commentary provided by Trystan Ellis-Morris in Welsh. English commentary by Stifyn Parri was available via the red button. It was the 12th most watched show that week on S4C with 24,000 viewers.

### Voting

The same voting system that was introduced in the 2017 edition was used, where the results were determined by 50% online voting and 50% jury voting. Every country had a national jury that consisted of three music industry professionals and two children aged between 10 and 15 who were citizens of the country they represented. The rankings of those jurors were combined to make an overall top ten.

The online voting consisted of two phases. The first phase of the online voting began on 22 November 2019 when a recap of all the rehearsal performances was shown on the contest's website *Junioreurovision.tv* before the viewers could vote. After this, voters also had the option to watch longer one-minute clips from each participant's rehearsal. This first round of voting ended on Sunday 24 November at 15:59 CET. The second phase of the online voting took place during the live show and began right after the last performance and was open for 15 minutes. International viewers were able vote for a minimum of three and a maximum of five songs. They were also able to vote for their own country's song. These votes were then turned into points which were determined by the percentage of votes received. For example, if a song received 10% of the votes, it received 10% of the available points.

#### Detailed voting results

|
|  |
Detailed voting results from Wales
| Draw | Country | Juror A | Juror B | Juror C | Juror D | Juror E | Average Rank | Points Awarded |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | Australia | 17 | 13 | 7 | 18 | 13 | 14 |  |
| 02 | France | 1 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
| 03 | Russia | 18 | 4 | 15 | 10 | 16 | 12 |  |
| 04 | North Macedonia | 7 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 9 | 9 | 2 |
| 05 | Spain | 16 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 06 | Georgia | 4 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 07 | Belarus | 11 | 14 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 11 |  |
| 08 | Malta | 12 | 7 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 10 | 1 |
| 09 | Wales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 10 | Kazakhstan | 2 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 1 | 1 | **12** |
| 11 | Poland | 14 | 18 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 5 | 6 |
| 12 | Ireland | 3 | 2 | 9 | 13 | 12 | 6 | 5 |
| 13 | Ukraine | 15 | 9 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 16 |  |
| 14 | Netherlands | 9 | 17 | 17 | 14 | 11 | 15 |  |
| 15 | Armenia | 8 | 16 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 13 |  |
| 16 | Portugal | 13 | 10 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 |  |
| 17 | Italy | 6 | 3 | 14 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 3 |
| 18 | Albania | 10 | 15 | 18 | 16 | 18 | 18 |  |
| 19 | Serbia | 5 | 6 | 11 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 4 |

## InfoBox

| Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Wales |
| National selection | |
| Selection process | **Artist:** Chwilio am Seren
**Song:** Internal selection |
| Selection date(s) | **Auditions:**
3–17 September 2019
**Final:
** 24 September 2019 |
| Selected artist(s) | Erin Mai |
| Selected song | "Calon yn Curo" |
| Selected songwriter(s) |  |
| Finals performance | |
| Final result | 18th, 35 points |
| Wales in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest | |
| ◄2018 **2019** | |


title: Greenyards

abstract: The Greenyards is a sports ground in Melrose, Scottish Borders. It has been the home of Melrose RFC for rugby union matches and the annual Melrose Sevens tournament. The first ever rugby 7s matches were played at the ground in 1883. The professional side Southern Knights use it for home matches in the Super 6 competition. In 2019 the grass pitches were replaced with an artificial surface, with floodlights around the ground. The ground has a capacity of 15,000.

text:
# Greenyards

**The Greenyards** is a sports ground in Melrose, Scottish Borders. It has been the home of Melrose RFC for rugby union matches and the annual Melrose Sevens tournament. The first ever rugby 7s matches were played at the ground in 1883. The professional side Southern Knights use it for home matches in the Super 6 competition. In 2019 the grass pitches were replaced with an artificial surface, with floodlights around the ground. The ground has a capacity of 15,000.

## History

The press box dates from the 1930s. The main stand on the east side of the playing area has 1174 seats. More than 10,000 people were expected at the 2012 Melrose Sevens tournament.

In late August 2016, plans were put forward for redevelopment. These plans included increasing the pitch size and improve lighting to be strong enough to cater for television coverage.

In 2019 the main stand was renamed the Cairnhill Steel Solutions Stand, as part of a sponsorship deal.

The installation of the 3G pitches received support from Scottish Borders Council and Scottish Rugby. The official opening of the new 3G pitch with floodlights took place in November 2019.

A plaque on the side of the stand in memory of Ned Haig was officially unveiled in April 2022.

## InfoBox

Greenyards
| The main stand in 2007 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | High Street
Melrose
Scotland
TD6 9SA |
| Coordinates | 55°36′00″N 2°43′23″W / 55.60000°N 2.72300°W / 55.60000; -2.72300 |
| Owner | Ormiston Trust |
| Capacity | 1174 |
| Surface | 3G pitch |
| Tenants | |
| Melrose RFC | |


title: Miss Trans Albania

abstract: Miss Trans Albania is a beauty pageant for transgender people organized annually in Albania. It was first held in 2014 in Tirana. The first edition was held in 2014, organized by the LGBT Alliance and other NGO's dealing with LGBTI+ issues in Albania. The organizers are aiming to bring more visibility to the marginalized community of transgender people in Albania, who rarely go out in public for their rights due to social stigma, and to promote LGBT rights. Albanians' views on LGBT rights are generally conservative. In 2017, apart from local media, some international outlets covered the event. The contestants and organizers considered the event as "the best proof" that a transgender community exists in Albania and as a step towards a wider recognition of the rights of transgender people by the Albanian population and institutions. The 5th edition of the beauty pageant competition was filled with messages aimed at lobbying for a more acceptable society for the trans rights as the institutional support remains very low and the legislation has not advanced at all when it comes to the trans rights since 2014.

text:
# Miss Trans Albania

**Miss Trans Albania** is a beauty pageant for transgender people organized annually in Albania. It was first held in 2014 in Tirana.

The first edition was held in 2014, organized by the LGBT Alliance and other NGO's dealing with LGBTI+ issues in Albania. The organizers are aiming to bring more visibility to the marginalized community of transgender people in Albania, who rarely go out in public for their rights due to social stigma, and to promote LGBT rights.

Albanians' views on LGBT rights are generally conservative. In 2017, apart from local media, some international outlets covered the event. The contestants and organizers considered the event as "the best proof" that a transgender community exists in Albania and as a step towards a wider recognition of the rights of transgender people by the Albanian population and institutions.

The 5th edition of the beauty pageant competition was filled with messages aimed at lobbying for a more acceptable society for the trans rights as the institutional support remains very low and the legislation has not advanced at all when it comes to the trans rights since 2014.


title: Polythlipta peragrata

abstract: Polythlipta peragrata is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Frederic Moore in 1888. It is found in Darjeeling, India.

text:
# Polythlipta peragrata

***Polythlipta peragrata*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Frederic Moore in 1888. It is found in Darjeeling, India.

## InfoBox

| *Polythlipta peragrata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Polythlipta* |
| Species: | ***P. peragrata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polythlipta peragrata***<br>Moore, 1888 | |
|


title: Gundan Anivaritachari

abstract: Sri Gundan Anivaritachari was the chief architect of the Virupaksha temple, the most famous and centerpiece at world heritage temple complex at Pattadakal. According to inscriptions he held such titles as "Anikapuravastu Pitamaha" and "Tenkanadesiya Sutradhari". The temple was built at the orders of Lokamahadevi, the senior queen of Vikramaditya II to commemorate his victory over the Pallavas. It has many features similar to the Kailasanatha temple of Kanchi.

text:
# Gundan Anivaritachari

Sri **Gundan Anivaritachari** was the chief architect of the Virupaksha temple, the most famous and centerpiece at world heritage temple complex at Pattadakal. According to inscriptions he held such titles as "Anikapuravastu Pitamaha" and "Tenkanadesiya Sutradhari".

The temple was built at the orders of Lokamahadevi, the senior queen of Vikramaditya II to commemorate his victory over the Pallavas. It has many features similar to the Kailasanatha temple of Kanchi.


title: Gay Search

abstract: Mary Gay Laryea is an English television presenter and journalist. She worked on the BBC television series Gardeners' World with Geoff Hamilton, and on the series Front Gardens.

text:
# Gay Search

**Mary Gay Laryea** (*née* **Search**; born 1 May 1945) is an English television presenter and journalist. She worked on the BBC television series *Gardeners' World* with Geoff Hamilton, and on the series *Front Gardens*.

## Early life

Mary Gay Search was born on 1 May 1945 in Hammersmith, London to Ruth (*née* Tapsell) and Wilfred Search. As a teenager, Search was a bystander in the capture of the Portland spy ring; her parents' house was used to surveil Peter and Helen Kroger, two members of the ring.

## Career

Search started her horticultural career writing the garden column for *Woman* magazine, with help from Alan Titchmarsh, who prevented her from writing "daft" things. She devised and hosted gardening shows for BBC2 from 1988. She worked as gardening editor for *Sainsbury* magazine for 13 years as well as the *Radio Times*.

Search is also patron of the British Thyroid Foundation.

## Personal life

Search married Anthony Laryea in 1977, and they have two sons.

## Bibliography

* *Front Gardens*
* *Gardening from Scratch*
* *Gardening without a garden*
* *Delia's Kitchen Garden*, written with Delia Smith.
* *Perfect Plants for Problem Places*

## InfoBox

| Gay Search | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mary Gay Search
(1945-05-01) 1 May 1945
Hammersmith, London, England |
| Occupations | * Television presenter * journalist |
| Television | *Gardeners' World*
*Front Gardens* |
| Spouse | Anthony Laryea (m. 1977) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Gunnel André

abstract: Gunnel Margareta André is a Swedish theologian, an ordained Lutheran minister in the Church of Sweden and an author.

text:
# Gunnel André

**Gunnel Margareta André** (born August 6, 1946 in Örebro, Sweden) is a Swedish theologian, an ordained Lutheran minister in the Church of Sweden and an author.

## Biography

After studying theology, psychology and music at North Park University, Chicago, she continued her studies in 1968 at the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Uppsala, Sweden and the Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem, Israel. In 1980 she received a PhD degree (Doctor of Theology, Faculty of Theology) in Old Testament Exegesis, and became an Assistant Professor.

Gunnel André was one of the founders of the Student Union for students of religious studies and later of the Union of PhD students, of which she soon became president. This latter experience introduced her to the Swedish National Union of Students. She represented Swedish graduate-students of all categories in the royal commission ”The Future of Research, the Andrén-commission, so named after the chancellor, professor Carl-Gustaf Andrén. She served as a member of all the different theological boards of directors at different times. 1983 the Ministry of Education and Research appointed her a member of the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education, section for professions of culture- and information, and the departments of humanities and religious science.

1991-1994 she was a member of the Uppsala University Gender equality committee.. Gunnel André was appointed by the Swedish Government as a specialist and a philological expert to the Biblical Commission translating the Old Testament into Swedish. For over two decades she worked as scientific assistant to the editors of the Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. 1982 she was elected member of the scientific Nathan Soederblom, and served as its president from 1995 to 1996. For many years she was the secretary of the Uppsala Exegetical Society and editorial secretary of its annual publication. 1985-1997 she was appointed a member of the board of the Swedish Bible Society.

Gunnel André is interested in many cultural activities. She is a member of Uppsala Harmony Heights Chorus. In 2011, the chorus became Nordic Champions in female barbershop singing for the second time. She has given classical concerts with the World Festival Choir in Russia, Lithuania and Hungary. When there is time she indulges in textile art. Since 2006 she has published poetry on the Swedish-language-site www.poeter.se and on the English-language-site www.poetbay.com since 2011 She expresses her politically liberal convictions in the Liberal People’s Party and she is a member of the local Parish Council.

2012 she was elected a member of the Swedish Writers’ Union.

## Family

1983-1993 Gunnel André was married to Professor Helmer Ringgren.

## Selected bibliography

* 10 articles in the Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (1977–1988)
* Determining the Destiny. PQD in the Old Testament. Doctoral dissertation (1980)
* Ecstatic Prophecy in the Old Testament in Religious Ecstasy (1982)
* En annan kvinna eller en annans kvinna? (Another Woman or Another Man's Woman) Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok 50 (1985)
* Gammaltestamentliga texter. Påskdagen-Domsöndagen, årgång 2. (Commentaries on Old Testament texts) (1986)
* På söndag vill jag predika över den gammaltestamentliga texten – hur ska jag bära mig åt? Svensk kyrkotidning 25–26, 27-28 (On Sunday I want to preach over the Old Testament Text – How Do I Do That?) (1987)
* Visionärer, Vismän och Vi. (Visionairies, Wise men and WE) Together with Tryggve Kronholm (1992)
* Det mänskliga testamentet. En barnslig bok för vuxna. (The Human Testament. A Childish Book for Adults) (1994)
* Förord samt Israels Gud och erotiken eller Gudsbilden i Höga Visan eller Vad vet vi om guden som inte finns? Religion och Bibel LV. (Forward and The God of Israel and Eroticism or The Image of God in the Song of Songs or What do we know about the God who does not exist?) (1996)
* Gamla testamentets exegetik och trons illusoriska vetande. Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok 63. (Old Testament Exegesis and The Illusionary Knowledge of Faith) (1998)
* Det står skrivet - med inblickar mellan raderna. Kommentarer till Den svenska evangeliebokens gammaltestamentliga texter.(It is Written – with Insights between the Lines) (2011)

1. SOU 1981:29, ISBN 91-38-06274-7 and Forskarutbildningens meritvärde SOU 1981:30, ISBN 91-38-06275-5


abstract: A two-volume work titled The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922 – August 1939 was published by Oxford University Press in 1942 under auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs.

text:
# The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922 – August 1939

A two-volume work titled ***The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922 – August 1939*** was published by Oxford University Press in 1942 under auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs.

## Overview

The foreword is by the Chairman of the Council at the time, Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor.

Being a collection of representative passages arranged under subjects, the speeches are neither complete, self-contained, nor necessarily in chronological order. Interviews with journalists are also included.

It was edited by Professor Norman Hepburn Baynes who translated from the German at times with a self-confessed difficulty due to a ‘diffuseness‘ in National Socialist terminology. Where authorised English translations existed, Baynes used these. Interviews published in French journals are quoted un-translated.

Baynes completed the task over a two-year period commencing with the outbreak of World War II and October 1941.

## Contents of the publication

* **VOLUME I**
* FOREWORD
* PREFACE
* LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
* 1. EARLY SPEECHES 1922-1924
* 2. THE FORMATION OF THE PARTY: HITLER‘S RETROSPECT
* 3. THE PROGRAMME OF THE PARTY
* 4. THE EARLY DAYS OF THE PARTY
* 5. THE 'PUTSCH' OF 8-9 NOVEMBER 1923
* 6. LEGALITY
* 7. THE SA. AND SS. *Note: The SA.*
* 8. STEPS TO POWER
* 9. ORGANIZATION OF THE PARTY:THE MEANING OF THE ANNUAL GATHERINGS OF THE PARTY-THE *PARTEITAGE*
* 10. THE MODEL REVOLUTION
* 11. THE MOVEMENT AND THE OPPOSITION
* 12. GLEICHSCHALTUNG
* 13. THE ROEHM PURGE
* 14. RELIGION *Note: The Treatment of Religion by Hitler in Mein Kampf.*
* 15. CONSTITUTION *Note: The Constitution of the National Socialist State.*
* 16. CRITICISM AND LIBERTY
* 17. LAW *Note on Law*
* 18. WOMAN
* 19. YOUTH
* 20. THE ARMY
* 21. KULTUR
* 22. THE OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE: THE TASKS OF THE MOVEMENT
* 23. THE YEARS IN RETROSPECT AS HITLER SAW THEM
* 24. BOLSHEVISM
* 25. THE JEWS *Note and Bibliography.*
* 26. ECONOMICS
* **VOLUME II**
* 27. FOREIGN POLICY NOTES I. ADDENDA II. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE INDEXES I. INDEX OF SPEECHES II. LIST OF NAMES OF AUTHORS III. GENERAL INDEX

* Baynes, Norman H. (1942), *The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922-August 1939 Volume I*, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-598-75893-3
* Baynes, Norman H. (1942), *The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922-August 1939 Volume II*, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-598-75894-1


title: Kewaunee River

abstract: The Kewaunee River is a 27.9-mile-long (44.9 km) river in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It begins near Frog Station in northwest Kewaunee County and flows southeast to empty into Lake Michigan at the city of Kewaunee. On a yearly basis, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources stocks approximately 72,000 Chinook salmon, 132,000 coho salmon, 102,000 steelhead and 54,000 brown trout into the Kewaunee River, hoping to imprint them to the river so that when they mature they return to it and will be captured for egg collection.

text:
# Kewaunee River

The **Kewaunee River** is a 27.9-mile-long (44.9 km) river in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It begins near Frog Station in northwest Kewaunee County and flows southeast to empty into Lake Michigan at the city of Kewaunee.

On a yearly basis, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources stocks approximately 72,000 Chinook salmon, 132,000 coho salmon, 102,000 steelhead and 54,000 brown trout into the Kewaunee River, hoping to imprint them to the river so that when they mature they return to it and will be captured for egg collection.

44°27′28″N 87°29′28″W / 44.45778°N 87.49111°W / 44.45778; -87.49111


title: Red Leaves

abstract: "Red Leaves" is a short story by American author William Faulkner. First published in the Saturday Evening Post on October 25, 1930, it was one of Faulkner's first stories to appear in a national magazine. The next year the story was included in These 13, Faulkner's first collection of short stories. "Red Leaves" has been described as "a vision of the inexorable, brutal pattern of nature that decrees that every living thing must die". The title of the story symbolizes the American Indian, specifically the Chickasaw: The red leaves referred to the Indians. It was the deciduation of nature that had suffocated, smothered, destroyed the Negro. The red leaves had nothing against him when they suffocated him and destroyed him.

text:
# Red Leaves

"**Red Leaves**" is a short story by American author William Faulkner. First published in the *Saturday Evening Post* on October 25, 1930, it was one of Faulkner's first stories to appear in a national magazine. The next year the story was included in *These 13*, Faulkner's first collection of short stories.

"Red Leaves" has been described as "a vision of the inexorable, brutal pattern of nature that decrees that every living thing must die". The title of the story symbolizes the American Indian, specifically the Chickasaw:

> The red leaves referred to the Indians. It was the deciduation of nature that had suffocated, smothered, destroyed the Negro. The red leaves had nothing against him when they suffocated him and destroyed him.
>
> William Faulkner

## Plot summary

With the death of Chief Issetibbeha, custom demands that all the Chickasaw leader's prized possessions be buried alive in the earth along with him. This includes his black servant, a slave who has served the chief since boyhood. The unnamed slave makes a desperate bid for freedom, taking refuge in the swamps and reflecting on his past life. Meanwhile, the dead chief's son Moketubbe, who is grossly overweight and has no real interest in leadership, is forced to marshal his forces and begin a manhunt for the fugitive slave. The few Indians willing to accompany Moketubbe are equally corrupt, decadent, and full of despair. As they slowly close in on the missing slave, they too reflect on the past, discussing the ways in which slavery and the coming of the white man have doomed them to crime, violence, and slow extinction as a people.

## Footnotes


title: Reasonable Doubt (1936 film)

abstract: Reasonable Doubt is a 1936 British comedy film directed by George King starring John Stuart and Nancy Burne. It was produced by the Hungarian Gabriel Pascal. The story follows a lawyer (Stuart) whose love for a young girl (Burne) causes him to defend the man he thinks to be her lover. During the trial the lawyer finds out that the man is his own son. The film was made at Shepperton Studios as a quota quickie.

text:
# Reasonable Doubt (1936 film)

***Reasonable Doubt*** is a 1936 British comedy film directed by George King starring John Stuart and Nancy Burne. It was produced by the Hungarian Gabriel Pascal.

The story follows a lawyer (Stuart) whose love for a young girl (Burne) causes him to defend the man he thinks to be her lover. During the trial the lawyer finds out that the man is his own son.

The film was made at Shepperton Studios as a quota quickie.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Chibnall, Steve. *Quota Quickies: The Birth of the British 'B' Film*. British Film Institute, 2007.
* Low, Rachael. *Filmmaking in 1930s Britain*. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.

## InfoBox

| Reasonable Doubt | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | George King |
| Written by | Ewart Brookes |
| Produced by | Gabriel Pascal |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Ronald Neame |
| Production<br>company | Gabriel Pascal Productions |
| Distributed by | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
| Release date | * 1936 (1936) |
| Running time | 73 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Reasonable Doubt (Person of Interest)

abstract: "'Reasonable Doubt" is the 4th episode of the third season of the American television drama series Person of Interest. It is the 49th overall episode of the series and is written by producer Melissa Scrivner Love and directed by Stephen Williams. It aired on CBS in the United States and on CTV in Canada on October 15, 2013. The series revolves around a computer program for the federal government known as "the Machine" that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict terrorist acts and to identify people planning them. A team, consisting of John Reese, Harold Finch and Sameen Shaw follow "irrelevant" crimes: lesser level of priority for the government. In the episode, the team follows a woman who has been accused of killing her husband. While the woman flees and maintains her innocence, the team is still unsure of what she is capable of doing and whether she actually did.. The title refers to "Reasonable doubt", a legal standard of proof required to validate a criminal conviction in most adversarial legal systems. Despite being credited, Amy Acker does not appear in the episode. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 12.69 million household viewers and gained a 2.2/6 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. Critical reception was generally positive, although some critics expressed dissatisfaction for not following on the ending of the previous episode.

text:
# Reasonable Doubt (Person of Interest)

"'**Reasonable Doubt**" is the 4th episode of the third season of the American television drama series *Person of Interest*. It is the 49th overall episode of the series and is written by producer Melissa Scrivner Love and directed by Stephen Williams. It aired on CBS in the United States and on CTV in Canada on October 15, 2013.

The series revolves around a computer program for the federal government known as "the Machine" that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict terrorist acts and to identify people planning them. A team, consisting of John Reese, Harold Finch and Sameen Shaw follow "irrelevant" crimes: lesser level of priority for the government. In the episode, the team follows a woman who has been accused of killing her husband. While the woman flees and maintains her innocence, the team is still unsure of what she is capable of doing and whether she actually did.. The title refers to "Reasonable doubt", a legal standard of proof required to validate a criminal conviction in most adversarial legal systems. Despite being credited, Amy Acker does not appear in the episode.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 12.69 million household viewers and gained a 2.2/6 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. Critical reception was generally positive, although some critics expressed dissatisfaction for not following on the ending of the previous episode.

## Plot

After saving a veterinarian from hitmen, Reese (Jim Caviezel) and Finch (Michael Emerson) investigate their new number: Vanessa Watkins (Kathleen Rose Perkins), a prominent New York prosecutor married to Jeremy Watkins (Daniel Cosgrove), a Defense Attorney who went missing some time ago. The police, led by Detective Gary Cameron (Paul Ben-Victor), arrest Vanessa, having found evidence that she killed her husband.

Fusco (Kevin Chapman) is asked to check on Vanessa in her interrogation room but finds her lawyer unconscious, half-naked and Vanessa nowhere to be seen. Reese and Shaw (Sarah Shahi) then discover Vanessa meeting with a recently paroled criminal named Reginald Marshall (Treach), who gives her a kilogram of cocaine. When a group of police, including Carter (Taraji P. Henson), closes in on her, Vanessa flees in a truck while insisting that she did not kill Jeremy. While talking to Reese, Carter notices her partner, Laskey (Brian Wiles), walking in and spotting them.

Shaw infiltrates Vanessa's friends group and finds that her best friend, Nicole (Annika Boras), had an affair with Jeremy. Finch investigates Jeremy's murder and learns that he owed a great deal of money to a gangster while it appears the DNA collected on the scene may be incriminating Vanessa. Reese takes Vanessa and brings her to a safe house where Reese, Finch and Carter will decide her fate in a trial, still unsure if she is guilty or innocent.

Vanessa explains that due to Jeremy's insurance terms, she would never receive money if he died and she found evidence of bribery in the precinct to incriminate her in the crime scene. After a few moments, they declare that Vanessa is innocent but also discover that Jeremy, who turns out to be alive, has emptied his bank accounts. They then conclude that Jeremy framed her and Reese drops Vanessa at a bus station to flee as Jeremy may try to kill her. But the team discovers that Vanessa lied in the testimony, had a fake passport for herself and didn't leave the town, she intends to kill Jeremy. Elsewhere, Laskey meets with Raymond Terney (Al Sapienza), revealing he is part of HR.

On his yacht, Jeremy is held at gunpoint by Vanessa. Reese arrives but instead of saving Jeremy or talking Vanessa out of it, he just leaves his gun next to Jeremy and leaves the yacht before untying it from the port. Reese then has Finch call the authorities as gunshots are heard from the yacht, not revealing who survived or died.

## Reception

### Viewers

In its original American broadcast, "Reasonable Doubt" was seen by an estimated 12.69 million household viewers and gained a 2.2/6 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 2.2 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 6 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. This was a 9% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 11.65 million viewers with a 2.0/6 in the 18-49 demographics. With these ratings, *Person of Interest* was the third most watched show on CBS for the night, behind *NCIS: Los Angeles* and *NCIS (TV series)*, second on its timeslot and sixth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind *The Biggest Loser*, *Chicago Fire*, *NCIS: Los Angeles*, *Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.*, and *NCIS*.

With Live +7 DVR factored in, the episode was watched by 16.98 million viewers with a 3.3 in the 18-49 demographics.

### Critical reviews

"Reasonable Doubt" received generally positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of *IGN* gave the episode a "good" 7.3 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "'Reasonable Doubt' took us back to what this show was designed to mostly be in the first place. A 'mystery of the week' action series. And yes, it's kind of hard to go back to that after seeing just how expansive the show became last year. Still, the episode wasn't without merit and single mysteries can still be worthwhile when done right. This one got a bit too pretzely at times, but I enjoyed Reese getting to be a bit 'anti-hero' there at the end."

Phil Dyess-Nugent of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode a "B−" grade and wrote, "I had a bad feeling going into this one, just based on the episode title. 'Reasonable Doubt': It sounds like it ought to be a movie from the '90s that starred Harrison Ford or Ashley Judd, with a script based on a *New York Times* bestseller written by a popular novelist with a law degree."

## InfoBox

| "**Reasonable Doubt**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Person of Interest* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 3<br>Episode 4 |
| Directed by | Stephen Williams |
| Written by | Melissa Scrivner Love |
| Featured music | Ramin Djawadi |
| Cinematography by | David Insley |
| Editing by | Ray Daniels |
| Production code | 2J7604 |
| Original air date | October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15) |
| Running time | 44 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Kevin Turvey

abstract: Kevin Turvey was a British television comedy character, created by actor and comedian Rik Mayall, who featured in the BBC sketch show A Kick Up the Eighties in 1981.

text:
# Kevin Turvey

**Kevin Turvey** was a British television comedy character, created by actor and comedian Rik Mayall, who featured in the BBC sketch show *A Kick Up the Eighties* in 1981.

## *A Kick Up the Eighties*

Turvey, an awkward and socially inept character who spoke with a broad West Midlands accent, was a self-styled "investigative journalist" who still lived with his mother, wore a shapeless blue anorak, fancied a local girl called Theresa Kelly (who was never depicted), and rarely ventured outside his home town of Redditch, north Worcestershire. Each week, his 'investigations' amounted to little more than an over-excited, rambling, uninformed monologue delivered straight to camera, providing absolutely no insight into the subject-matter whatsoever.

The Kevin Turvey segments used as theme music the third movement *alla marcia* from the *Karelia Suite* by Sibelius; the first movement, *Intermezzo*, was the theme of ITV's *This Week* current affairs programme.

Mayall went uncredited for these appearances, with "Also Featuring: Kevin Turvey" in the end credits rather than his real name. Mayall's then-girlfriend, Lise Mayer, also wrote for these television appearances uncredited.

## *The Man Behind the Green Door*

In 1982 a one-off mockumentary, *Kevin Turvey the Man Behind the Green Door* was broadcast. In this, a BBC 'fly-on-the-wall' camera crew followed Kevin for a week as he went about his "investigations." Robbie Coltrane played Mick the lodger (who was AWOL from the Army), Ade Edmondson played Kevin's friend Keith Marshall, and Gwyneth Guthrie played Kevin's mum. Roger Sloman appeared as a psychotic park-keeper. Making guest appearances, as part of Kevin's band "20th Century Coyote", were Simon Brint and Rowland Rivron, known as Raw Sex.

## Influences

Mayall described Turvey as "an accent and a mood from the West Midlands" where he (Mayall) had grown up (in Droitwich). J. F. Roberts has suggested that Turvey bore some strong similarities to Peter Cook's dullard, know-it-all character E. L. Wisty.

Mayall had previously performed a similar, though slightly differently named, character called 'Kevin Turby', on stage at London's the Comic Strip. Critic Ian Hamilton described Turby's routine:

> Kevin's tour de force is a long, intricately plodding monologue about His Average Day. He gets up very late and goes down to Tesco, where he buys some cornflakes, which he then takes home and puts into a plate before sitting down at a table with the flakes in front of him ... etc. 'I was just sitting there eating my cornflakes. I don’t know how many I had had. Fifteen, sixteen, maybe. I wasn’t counting.'


title: Kevin Twaddle

abstract: Kevin Twaddle is a Scottish former professional footballer. A forward, Twaddle began his career with junior club Dunbar United where he made 45 appearances and scored 23 goals. He entered senior football when he signed for St Johnstone in 1994. He remained at McDiarmid Park for two years, making 51 league appearances and finding the net on ten occasions. In 1996, he joined Raith Rovers in an £80,000 deal. He made 32 appearances for Rovers in two years, scoring four goals. He moved to Morton in 1998 for a fee of £150,000, but his stay at Cappielow was brief. Scottish Premier League club Motherwell signed him later that year, also for £150,000. Twaddle signed for Heart of Midlothian, the club he supported as a boy, in June 2002. He only played eight league games for the Jambos in his twelve months with the Edinburgh side. In 2003, he joined St Mirren, but again his stay was a short one, and he moved on after making only three appearances. Twaddle joined Scottish junior club Penicuik Athletic in the summer of 2004.

text:
# Kevin Twaddle

**Kevin Twaddle** (born 31 October 1971 in Edinburgh) is a Scottish former professional footballer.

A forward, Twaddle began his career with junior club Dunbar United where he made 45 appearances and scored 23 goals. He entered senior football when he signed for St Johnstone in 1994. He remained at McDiarmid Park for two years, making 51 league appearances and finding the net on ten occasions. In 1996, he joined Raith Rovers in an £80,000 deal. He made 32 appearances for Rovers in two years, scoring four goals.

He moved to Morton in 1998 for a fee of £150,000, but his stay at Cappielow was brief. Scottish Premier League club Motherwell signed him later that year, also for £150,000. Twaddle signed for Heart of Midlothian, the club he supported as a boy, in June 2002. He only played eight league games for the Jambos in his twelve months with the Edinburgh side.

In 2003, he joined St Mirren, but again his stay was a short one, and he moved on after making only three appearances. Twaddle joined Scottish junior club Penicuik Athletic in the summer of 2004.

## Personal life

Twaddle published an autobiography in 2012 which detailed his gambling addiction which cost him over £1 million; he has since campaigned for changes to the law surrounding gambling advertising.

## InfoBox

Kevin Twaddle
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1971-10-31) 31 October 1971 | | |
| Place of birth | Edinburgh, Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Winger/Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1992–1994 | Dunbar United | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1994–1996 | St Johnstone | 51 | (10) |
| 1996–1998 | Raith Rovers | 32 | (4) |
| 1998–1999 | Greenock Morton | 46 | (8) |
| 1999–2002 | Motherwell | 71 | (7) |
| 2002 | Ayr United (loan) | 1 | (0) |
| 2002–2003 | Heart of Midlothian | 8 | (0) |
| 2003–2004 | St Mirren | 3 | (0) |
| 2004–2006 | Penicuik Athletic |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 21:12, 2 October 2009 (UTC) | | | |


title: Red Line (1996 film)

abstract: Red Line is a 1996 American action film written and directed by John Sjogren, and starring Chad McQueen, Dom DeLuise, Michael Madsen, Roxana Zal, Jan-Michael Vincent and Corey Feldman. Immediately prior to filming, Jan-Michael Vincent was in a severe car accident that left his face badly scarred. He can be seen still wearing his hospital ID wrist bracelet in the movie. It was written into the script that Vincent's character had been in a car accident, and he needed new shocks from McQueen's character, a mechanic.

text:
# Red Line (1996 film)

***Red Line*** is a 1996 American action film written and directed by John Sjogren, and starring Chad McQueen, Dom DeLuise, Michael Madsen, Roxana Zal, Jan-Michael Vincent and Corey Feldman.

Immediately prior to filming, Jan-Michael Vincent was in a severe car accident that left his face badly scarred. He can be seen still wearing his hospital ID wrist bracelet in the movie. It was written into the script that Vincent's character had been in a car accident, and he needed new shocks from McQueen's character, a mechanic.

## Plot

Jim is a car mechanic who is drawn into danger after he robs a convenience store while driving a client's bulletproof car. He returns the car to the client, Keller, who demands that he bring him a Ferrari held by a couple in the mountains. Jim also meets a young woman, Gem, who he tries to impress. He's successful in bringing Keller the car, only for him to order Jim to bring him a Ferrari and then a Corvette. He manages to acquire the cars, but with great difficulty and collateral damage. While acquiring the Corvette Jim is confronted and threatened with death, but also manages to save Gem from an abusive boyfriend. He is also pursued by a man called Mr. Lawrence, who wants the diamonds hidden in the Corvette.

Ultimately Jim manages to bring Keller the Corvette, which is now demolished from all of the action and from having exploded due to an accident. Keller orders him to leave, which Jim does, taking the burned Corvette to fix it. Just as he's leaving, Mr. Lawrence and Keller, as well as their men, open fire on each other. Meanwhile, Jim and Gem board a bus and leave town. Gem asks Jim what happened to Keller and he doesn't know.

## Cast

The film also includes small roles and cameos by Joe Estevez and Ron Jeremy.

## Production

While filming Sjogren suggested that Zito's character urinate on himself after fighting with McQueen's character Jim. Zito refused and suggested a different action, which met with the director's approval.

## Reception

*The Austin Chronicle* reviewed the film, stating that "All told, this is one entertainingly brainless mess of a Nineties B-movie." *TV Guide* panned *Red Line*, writing "McQueen (son of Steve McQueen) and Madsen both breeze through their parts with a minimum of expression, while Zal jettisons any viewer sympathy when she casually abandons her best girlfriend to an uncertain fate at Keller's hands. She and McQueen are nonetheless heroes-by-default in the pointless script."

## InfoBox

| Red Line | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | John Sjogren |
| Written by | John Sjogren
Rolfe Kanefsky
Scott Ziehl |
| Produced by | Chad McQueen
John Sjogren
Scott Ziehl |
| Starring | Chad McQueen
Dom DeLuise
Michael Madsen
Roxana Zal
Jan-Michael Vincent
Corey Feldman |
| Cinematography | Kevin McKay |
| Edited by | John Sjogren
Scott Ziehl |
| Music by | Craig Carothers
Jim Walker |
| Release date | * 1996 (1996) |
| Running time | 102 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Red Line (Calgary)

abstract: The Red Line, also known as Route 201, is a light rail transit (LRT) line in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Partnered with the Blue Line, and future Green Line it makes up Calgary's CTrain network. Following its initial approval in 1976, the Red Line opened in 1981, running from Anderson station in the southeast into downtown. The Red Line has gone through a series of expansions, which bring it to its current design. The Red Line services the northwest quadrant and south end of the city beginning at Tuscany station, runs through the downtown core on 7th Avenue, then proceeds southbound where it terminates at Somerset–Bridlewood station. The section of track running along 7th Avenue is shared with the Blue Line. Future expansion of the Red Line includes rerouting the downtown section below 8th Avenue, which would allow the operation of five-car trains, further increasing capacity.

text:
# Red Line (Calgary)

The **Red Line**, also known as **Route 201**, is a light rail transit (LRT) line in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Partnered with the Blue Line, and future Green Line it makes up Calgary's CTrain network. Following its initial approval in 1976, the Red Line opened in 1981, running from Anderson station in the southeast into downtown. The Red Line has gone through a series of expansions, which bring it to its current design. The Red Line services the northwest quadrant and south end of the city beginning at Tuscany station, runs through the downtown core on 7th Avenue, then proceeds southbound where it terminates at Somerset–Bridlewood station. The section of track running along 7th Avenue is shared with the Blue Line. Future expansion of the Red Line includes rerouting the downtown section below 8th Avenue, which would allow the operation of five-car trains, further increasing capacity.

## History

### Origin

The concept of a light rail transit system (LRT) was approved in 1976 by the City of Calgary, with the first 12.9-kilometre (8.0 mi) section running from Anderson Road in the southwest, northbound, and into downtown, opening in 1981. Originally planned for 40,000 passengers per day, this initial section quickly achieved its designed ridership and is now part of the Red Line. Based on the success of the Anderson-downtown section, the city approved a second route which would head northwest towards the University of Calgary and the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology. Opposition to the routing through the neighborhood of Sunnyside resulted in a switch of priority to the northeast, in what would become the Blue Line. The first 9.8-kilometre (6.1 mi) section of the Blue Line opened in 1985. Both lines share a right-of-way through the downtown core. The decision to proceed with the original CTrain expansion northwest (in what would be part of the current Red Line) overcame opposition following Calgary being awarded the 1988 Winter Olympics. The city wanted the CTrain to access McMahon Stadium at the University of Calgary, which served as a venue for the games.

### Northwest expansion

In 1987 the third expansion of the CTrain opened adding an additional 5.8 kilometres (3.6 mi) of line into service towards the northwest, and in 1990 a second northwest expansion of 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) to the Brentwood station. In 2000 a reallocation of 5¢ per-litre collected through the provincial gasoline tax helped fund the northwest expansion of the Red Line to Dalhousie station in 2003. This was followed by another extension to Crowfoot station in 2008, and finally to Tuscany station in 2014.

### Southern expansion

The fuel tax reallocation allowed the Red Line to expand to the south to the Fish Creek–Lacombe station in 2001, with a further southern expansion to Somerset–Bridlewood station in 2004.

### Capacity upgrade

Up until the completion of the Fish Creek–Lacombe station, all platforms for the CTrain were originally designed to service three-car trains, although there had been enough space allotted to allow four car trains. Beginning in 2007 construction on station platforms began to expand the entire network to allow four-car trains, with the project being completed in 2017 for CA$300 million. In 2015 Calgary Transit began running four-car trains on the Red Line. The increase from three-car trains realized an additional capacity of 200 passengers per trip.

## Stations and route

The Red Line begins in the northwest at Tuscany station, running southeast towards Downtown Calgary in the median of Crowchild Trail serving residential neighborhoods. The last station along Crowchild is University station, which serves the University of Calgary. The Red Line then travels underground below 24th Avenue Northwest, and returns above ground where it stops at Banff Trail station, which serves McMahon Stadium. The line continues southeast until it returns underground briefly to pass underneath 16th Avenue North/Trans-Canada Highway, returning to surface at Lions Park station. It then continues eastbound, servicing the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, the Alberta University of the Arts, and the Jubilee Auditorium at SAIT/AUArts/Jubilee station. Continuing southbound the Red Line serves the neighbourhood of Sunnyside before crossing the Bow River into Downtown Calgary. The downtown section of the Red Line is shared with the Blue Line, beginning at 8 Street Southwest station, across 7th Avenue, and diverging after City Hall station, where the Red Line continues south.

After leaving downtown the Red Line returns underground through the neighborhood of Victoria Park, returning to run parallel to Macleod Trail at grade level. Victoria Park/Stampede station serves the Scotiabank Saddledome and the northern grounds of the Calgary Stampede, while Erlton/Stampede station serves the southern grounds. After Erlton the train returns underground to navigate Macleod Trail, a cemetery, and residential neighborhood, surfacing to reach the 39 Avenue station. It passes briefly underground below 42nd Avenue Southeast, and continues at grade level running adjacent to the Canadian Pacific Railway, crossing streets either via bridge or through controlled crossings, until it reaches its terminus at Somerset–Bridlewood station.

| Key | |
| --- | --- |
|  | Terminus |
|  | Southbound only |
|  | Northwest-bound only |

| Station | Opened | Transfers | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Tuscany | 2014 |  |  |
| Crowfoot | 2009 |  |  |
| Dalhousie | 2003 |  |  |
| Brentwood | 1990 | MAX Orange |  |
| University | 1987 |  |  |
| Banff Trail | 1987 |  |  |
| Lions Park | 1987 |  | Exchange to North Hill |
| SAIT/AUArts/Jubilee | 1987 |  |  |
| Sunnyside | 1987 |  |  |
| 8 Street Southwest | 1981 | Blue | Free fare zone |
| 7 Street Southwest | 1981 |  | Free fare zone |
| 6 Street Southwest | 1981 |  | Free fare zone |
| 4 Street Southwest | 1981 |  | Free fare zone |
| 3 Street Southwest | 1981 |  | Free fare zone |
| 1 Street Southwest | 1981 |  | Free fare zone |
| Centre Street | 1981 |
300 Airport
MAX Yellow
MAX Purple | Free fare zone |
| City Hall | 1981 |  | Free fare zone |
| Victoria Park/Stampede | 1981 |  |  |
| Erlton/Stampede | 1981 |  |  |
| 39 Avenue | 1981 |  |  |
| Chinook | 1981 |  |  |
| Heritage | 1981 | MAX Teal |  |
| Southland | 1981 |  |  |
| Anderson | 1981 |  |  |
| Canyon Meadows | 2001 |  |  |
| Fish Creek–Lacombe | 2001 |  |  |
| Shawnessy | 2004 |  |  |
| Somerset–Bridlewood | 2004 |  |  |

## Future expansion

Expansion of the Red Line is expected to include a rerouting of the downtown 7th Avenue section which is currently shared with the Blue Line to run underground below 8th Avenue. These stations would be built longer than the existing four-car platforms, and would be able to accommodate five-car trains. Extensions of the existing four-car platforms outside of the downtown core would be required, however there is enough land available at existing stations. There is not enough space at the downtown 7th Avenue stations to accommodate five-car trains.

It has also been proposed to add new stations on the existing line. Stations would be added between Brentwood and Dalhousie stations at Northland Drive, between 39 Avenue and Chinook stations, and between Chinook and Heritage stations.

Calgary Transit have planned an extension of the southern leg of the Red Line through two new stations at Silverado and 210 Avenue S. As of August 2022, no funding or schedules have been advanced for the proposed southern extension.

Template:Attached KML/Red Line (Calgary)KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Red Line | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A Red Line train at City Hall station | |
| Overview | |
| Status | Operational |
| Owner | Calgary Transit |
| Locale | Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 27 |
| Website | Calgary Transit |
| Service | |
| Type | Light rail |
| System | CTrain |
| Route number | 201 |
| Operator(s) | Calgary Transit |
| History | |
| Opened | May 25, 1981 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 32.2 km (20.0 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 2 |
| Character | At-grade |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Electrification | Overhead line, 600 V DC |
| Route map  Red Line highlighted in red   --- | |


title: Red adder

abstract: The red adder is a viper species found only in Western Cape Province, South Africa. No subspecies are currently recognised. Like all other vipers, it is venomous.

text:
# Red adder

The **red adder** (***Bitis rubida***) is a viper species found only in Western Cape Province, South Africa. No subspecies are currently recognised. Like all other vipers, it is venomous.

## Taxonomy

*Bitis rubida* was described as a new species in 1997 by William Roy "Bill" Branch. Prior to that time, specimens of this snake had been identified as belonging to several other species and subspecies of the genus *Bitis* (see "Synonyms" in "Taxobox"). The type locality given is "Jeep track above Farm Driehoek, Cederberg Mountains, Western Cape Province, South Africa; 32°25'44"S, 19°12'30"E, alt. 1380 m \[4,528 ft\]; 3219AC."

The common name is "red adder".

## Description

Maximum recorded total lengths (body + tail) are 41.9 cm (16.5 in) for females and 37.7 cm (14.8 in) for males.

## Distribution and habitat

Several isolated populations are found in the northern Cape Fold Mountains and inland escarpment in Western Cape Province, South Africa.

## Further reading

* Branch WR. 1997. A new adder (*Bitis*; Viperidae) from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. *South African Journal of Zoology* **32** (2): 37–42.
* Branch, Bill. 2004. *Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa*. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. ISBN 0-88359-042-5. (*Bitis rubida*, p. 117 + Plate 14).

## InfoBox

| Red adder | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Viperidae |
| Genus: | *Bitis* |
| Species: | ***B. rubida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bitis rubida***
Branch, 1997 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bitis inornata*
FitzSimons, 1946 (part) * *Bitis cornuta albanica*
FitzSimons, 1962 (part) * *Bitis cornuta cornuta*
Haacke, 1975 (part) * *Bitis cornuta cornuta*
Visser, 1979 (part) * *Bitis caudalis*
Visser, 1979 (part) * *Bitis cornuta inornata*
Broadley, 1983 (part) * *Bitis inornata*
Branch, 1988 (part) * *Bitis cornuta albanica*
Broadley, 1990 (part) * *Bitis inornata*
M. Burger, 1992 (part) * *B*\[*itis*\]. *cornuta albanica*
M. Burger, 1992 (part) * *B*\[*itis*\]. *inornata*
M. Burger, 1993 (part) * *B*\[*itis*\]. *cornuta albanica*
M. Burger, 1993 (part) * *Bitis inornata*  Spawls & Branch, 1995 (part) * *Bitis inornata*  Branch & Bauer, 1995 (part) * *Bitis rubida* Branch, 1997 | |


title: Key word signing

abstract: Key word signing is a technique of simultaneous communication whereby the communication partner of the user will use both natural speech and also produce signs for the words that carry the most important information. Key word signing puts emphasis on the pertinent words in a sentence or a phrase, rather than signing every word like you would for American Sign Language (ASL). For example, if someone said, "Go wash your hands" the key words that would be signed would be "wash" and "hand". Key word signing is a form of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) that uses manual signing as an additional mode of communication with the intention of strengthening the message. Research suggests that lexical representations of words, including manual signing, as well as speech and graphic symbols, can be used to reinforce other lexical representations. This indicates that the use of AAC, including manual signing and key word signing, can be beneficial for speech and language interventions.

text:
# Key word signing

**Key word signing** is a technique of simultaneous communication whereby the communication partner of the user will use both natural speech and also produce signs for the words that carry the most important information. Key word signing puts emphasis on the pertinent words in a sentence or a phrase, rather than signing every word like you would for American Sign Language (ASL). For example, if someone said, "Go wash your hands" the key words that would be signed would be "wash" and "hand".

Key word signing is a form of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) that uses manual signing as an additional mode of communication with the intention of strengthening the message. Research suggests that lexical representations of words, including manual signing, as well as speech and graphic symbols, can be used to reinforce other lexical representations. This indicates that the use of AAC, including manual signing and key word signing, can be beneficial for speech and language interventions.


title: Red Roses Stakes

abstract: The Red Roses Stakes is a registered Victoria Racing Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies, run under set weights with penalties conditions, over 1,100 metres at Flemington Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia during the VRC Spring Carnival on Crown Oaks Day. Total prize money for the race is A$300,000.

text:
# Red Roses Stakes

The **Red Roses Stakes** is a registered Victoria Racing Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies, run under set weights with penalties conditions, over 1,100 metres at Flemington Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia during the VRC Spring Carnival on Crown Oaks Day. Total prize money for the race is A$300,000.

## History

### Name

* 19831993 - Red Roses Stakes
* 19942002 - Cadbury Roses Stakes
* 2003 - Aquaveta Stakes
* 2004 - Schweppes Agrum' Stakes
* 20052006 - Schweppervescence Stakes
* 2007 - Cadbury Eden Stakes
* 2008 - Cadbury Roses Stakes
* 2009 - TCL Electronics Stakes
* 20102011 - Gucci Stakes
* 20122013 - Gucci Icons of Heritage Stakes
* 20142015 - Gucci Stakes
* 2016 - Crown Resorts Plate
* 20172018 - Kennedy Plate
* 2018 - World Horse Racing Roses Stakes
* 2019 - Red Roses Stakes

### Grade

* 19832013 - Listed Race
* 2014 onwards - Group 3

### Distance

* 19832013 - 1200 metres
* 2014 onwards - 1100 metres

## Winners

* 2022 - Aitch Two Oh
* 2021 - Flying Evelyn
* 2020 - Written Beauty
* 2019 - Sisstar
* 2018 - Bleu Roche
* 2017 - Jorda
* 2016 - Spright
* 2015 - Secret Agenda
* 2014 - Onemorezeta
* 2013 - Melrose Place
* 2012 - Shamal Wind
* 2011 - Emmalene
* 2010 - Curtana
* 2009 - Trim
* 2008 - Exalted Keetah
* 2007 - Gamble Me
* 2006 - Gold Edition
* 2005 - Crevette
* 2004 - Tahni Girl
* 2003 - Danabaa
* 2002 - Red Labelle
* 2001 - The Big Chill
* 2000 - Wyndam Special
* 1999 - Faithful Love
* 1998 - Isca
* 1997 - Dantelah
* 1996 - Chalee
* 1995 - Laudemio
* 1994 - Princess D'Or
* 1993 - Bislotto
* 1992 - Gatana
* 1991 - In The Bahamas
* 1990 - Wrap Around
* 1989 - Perfect Evening
* 1988 - Blixen
* 1987 - Open To Offers
* 1986 - Lucky Witch
* 1985 - Goodwood Lady
* 1984 - Weigh
* 1983 - Nouvelle Star

## InfoBox

Red Roses Stakes
| Group 3 race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Flemington Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia |
| Inaugurated | 1983 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred |
| Sponsor | Network Ten (2022) |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1,100 metres |
| Surface | Turf |
| Qualification | Three year old fillies |
| Weight | Set weights with penalties |
| Purse | 300,000 (2022) |


title: Red Roses (song)

abstract: "Red Roses" is the debut single by American rapper and singer Lil Skies featuring fellow American singer Landon Cube. It was released for digital download on June 25, 2017, as the lead single from the former's mixtape Life of a Dark Rose. The song is one of the two first Lil Skies songs to reach the Billboard Hot 100, debuting at number 98 and peaking at number 69. The song is a global hit, racking up over 300 million streams on each streaming service it was released through.

text:
# Red Roses (song)

"**Red Roses**" is the debut single by American rapper and singer Lil Skies featuring fellow American singer Landon Cube. It was released for digital download on June 25, 2017, as the lead single from the former's mixtape *Life of a Dark Rose*. The song is one of the two first Lil Skies songs (alongside "Nowadays", another collaboration with Landon Cube) to reach the *Billboard* Hot 100, debuting at number 98 and peaking at number 69. The song is a global hit, racking up over 300 million streams on each streaming service it was released through.

## Music video

On October 18, 2017, Cole Bennett uploaded the music video for "Red Roses" on his YouTube account. The music video currently has over 251 million views as of October 2022.

The visual shows the artists seated in front of an RV. A woman walks past them and they follow her.

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000 |
| Poland (ZPAV) | Gold | 25,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | June 25, 2017 | Digital download | All We Got |  |
| United States | April 17, 2018 | Urban contemporary radio | Atlantic |  |

## InfoBox

| "Red Roses" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Lil Skies featuring Landon Cube | |
| from the album  *Life of a Dark Rose* | |
| Released | June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25) |
| Recorded | 2017 |
| Studio | DreamLabs |
| Genre | Trap |
| Length | 4:23 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Menoh Beats |
| Lil Skies singles chronology | |
| "**Red Roses**"
(2017) "Off The Goop"
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Red Roses" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Khana railway station

abstract: Khana Junction is a railway station in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Khana railway station

**Khana Junction** is a railway station in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History

During the middle of the nineteenth century, Carr, Tagore and Company transported coal from Narayankuri ghat on the Damodar River to Kolkata, then known as Calcutta. However, as the flow of water in the river was inconsistent, supplies were irregular. In order to capture the lucrative coal transport business, East Indian Railway, extended the railway track that had been laid between Kolkata and Hooghly to Raniganj in 1855.

Construction of what was then considered to be the Howrah–Delhi main line was started in 1859, when the Khana Junction-Rajmahal line was built. In 1866 Kolkata –and Delhi were directly linked. With the completion of the 406 kilometres (252 mi) long line connecting Raniganj with Kiul in 1871, a "shorter main line" was in position. Initially, it was called the chord line. However, as it attracted more traffic it was designated the main line and the original line, operating between Khana Junction and Kiul Junction, became the Sahibganj loop.

## InfoBox

| Khana Junction
খানা জংশন | |
| --- | --- |
| NJ Indian Railways junction station | |
| Khana Jn. railway station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Khana, Bardhaman, West Bengal
India |
| Coordinates | 23°19′15″N 87°46′12″E / 23.32091°N 87.769989°E / 23.32091; 87.769989 |
| Line(s) | Howrah–Delhi main line, Sahibganj loop |
| Platforms | A1,1,2,3,4 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on-ground station) |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | KAN |
| Zone(s) | Eastern Railway |
| Division(s) | Howrah |
| History | |
| Opened | 1854 |
| Electrified | 1957–1962 |
| Previous names | East Indian Railway |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Khana JunctionLocation in West BengalKhana JunctionLocation in India | |


title: Khodadad Rezakhani

abstract: Khodadad Rezakhani is an Iranian historian of late antique Central and West Asia. He has been associate research scholar at The Sharmin and Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies Princeton University from 2016 to 2020.

text:
# Khodadad Rezakhani

**Khodadad Rezakhani** (Persian: خداداد رضاخانی, Persian pronunciation: \[xo̯dʌdʌd rɛzʌxʌni\] born 1976) is an Iranian historian of late antique Central and West Asia. He has been associate research scholar at The Sharmin and Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies Princeton University from 2016 to 2020.

## Early life and education

Rezakhani was born in Tehran, Iran and was educated in Europe and Iran before moving to the United States. He later moved back to London, UK where he earned his MSc in History from London School of Economics and a PhD in Late Antique/Middle Eastern History from UCLA with a dissertation titled *Empires and Microsystems : Late Antique Regional Economy in Central and West Asia, 500-750* under the supervision of Michael G. Morony and advised by Patrick J. Geary, Claudia Rapp, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Because of his multicultural background and education, Rezakhani is fluent in English, Persian and a number of other research and modern languages.

## Academic career

Since earning his PhD, Rezakhani became a research officer at the London School of Economics where he worked on an ERC funded project, Useful and Reliable Knowledge in Global Histories of Material Progress in the East and the West (URKEW). He also taught as a teaching fellow the LSE, SOAS, and AKU, as well as a visiting assistant professor at the University of Nevada, Reno.

From 2014 to 2016, he was an Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung fellow at the Freie Universität, Berlin. Since 2016, he has been an associate research scholar and lecturer at Princeton University.

Rezakhani has also been involved in various projects for the academic study of late antique Iran and Central Asia, as well as Global Late Antiquity. He is the founder and manager of rotating Twitter accounts Tweeting Historians and Historians of Iran, which aim to promote the works of the historians of Iranian and global history by presenting their work in form of weekly tweets concerned with each scholar's research. He is also the founder and author of Iranologie.com, a site dedicated to the history of Iran since 1997.

## Scholarship

Rezakhani is a Global historian who has published on Late Antique Iran and Central Asia, particularly Sasanian history. Educated initially in philology (including Indo-European Studies) and medieval history, Rezakhani's work encompasses comparative approaches to World History, using Central and West Asia as areas of focus and encompassing matters of culture, language, and economic and political history. Chronologically, Rezakhani's research is most concerned with the first millennium, particularly the period of transition from late antiquity to Early Islam.

Rezakhani's interest in Central Asian history has also resulted in works concerned with the historiography of the Silk Road and its creation in 19th century Europe as part of colonial historiography. His denial of the concept of the Silk Road, reflected in his article on the subject, the Road that Never Was and is the basis of a forthcoming volume, *Creating the Silk Road: Travel, Trade and Myth-Making* (I.B. Tauris, forthcoming);. His monograph on the history of Central Asia, called *ReOrienting the Sasanians*, provided a political history of Central Asia (including Afghanistan and Transoxiana) from the Indo-Parthian period to the coming of Islam, and included the history of the Kushans, Iranian Huns, the Kidarites, Hephthalites, Nezak Shah, and the Western Turk Empire. In 2018, the book was the recipient of the Honourable Mention in the Ehsan Yarshater Book Award.

Rezakhani's contribution to the critiques of concepts prevalent in both academic history-writing and popular historical imagination about Iran and Asia, including the idea of Iranians as "Aryans", Nowruz as an "Indo-European" tradition, representations of "the Ancients" in contemporary Iranian discourse and other subjects.

He is a regular contributor to Iranian and English media, with contributions to BBC Persian, VOA Persian and Radio Farda, as well as to popular history journals such as History Today. Rezakhani runs the History of Iran podcast and is an editor at the Sasanika Project.

## Publications

### Books

* *ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity* (Edinburgh University Press, 2017);
* *The Anonymous Syriac Chronicle Known as the Chronicle of Khuzistan (Rūydādnāme-ye Khūzestān)* (Hekmat-e Sina, 2016).
* (with Touraj Daryaee)*From Oxus to Euphrates: The World of Late Antique Iran* (H&S Media, 2016)
* (editor)*Excavating an Empire: Achaemenid Persia in Longue Durée* (with Touraj Daryaee and Ali Mousavi, Mazda Publishers, 2014)
* *Iranians on the Silk Road: Merchants, Kingdoms, and Religions* (with Matteo Compareti, 2010)

### Selected articles

#### Academic journals

## InfoBox

| Khodadad Rezakhani | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1976<br>Tehran, Iran |
| Education |  |
| Known for | History of Central Asia |


title: Refugee law

abstract: Refugee law is the branch of international law which deals with the rights and duties states have vis-a-vis refugees. There are differences of opinion among international law scholars as to the relationship between refugee law and international human rights law or humanitarian law. The discussion forms part of a larger debate on the fragmentation of international law. While some scholars conceive each branch as a self-contained regime distinct from other branches, others regard the three branches as forming a larger normative system that seeks to protect the rights of all human beings at all time. The proponents of the latter conception view this holistic regime as including norms only applicable to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees, children, and prisoners of war.

text:
# Refugee law

**Refugee law** is the branch of international law which deals with the rights and duties states have *vis-a-vis* refugees. There are differences of opinion among international law scholars as to the relationship between refugee law and international human rights law or humanitarian law.

The discussion forms part of a larger debate on the fragmentation of international law. While some scholars conceive each branch as a self-contained regime distinct from other branches, others regard the three branches as forming a larger normative system that seeks to protect the rights of all human beings at all time. The proponents of the latter conception view this holistic regime as including norms only applicable to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (refugee law), children (the Convention on the Rights of the Child), and prisoners of war (the Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War).

## Definition of 'refugee'

There is a variety of definitions as to who is regarded as a refugee, usually defined for the purpose of a particular instrument. The variation of definitions regarding refugees has made it difficult to create a concrete and single vision of what constitutes a refugee following the original refugee convention. Article 1 of the 1951 Refugee Convention, as amended by the 1967 Protocol, defines a *refugee* as:

> A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.

The 1967 Protocol removed the temporal restrictions that restricted refugee status to those whose circumstances had come about "as a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951," and the geographic restrictions that gave participating states of the Convention the option of interpreting this as "events occurring in Europe" or "events occurring in Europe or elsewhere". However, it also gave those states that had previously ratified the 1951 Convention and chose to use the geographically-restricted definition the option to retain that restriction.

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa adopted a regional treaty based on the Convention, adding to the definition of *refugee* as:

> Any person compelled to leave his/her country owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality.

In 1984, a group of Latin-American governments adopted the Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, which, like the OAU Convention, added more objectivity based on significant consideration to the 1951 Convention. The Cartagena Declaration determine that a *refugee* includes:

> Persons who flee their countries because their lives, safety or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violation of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order.

### Difference from 'asylee' and 'displaced person'

Additionally, U.S. Law draws an important distinction between *refugees* and *asylees*. A *refugee* must meet the definition of a refugee, as outlined in the 1951 Convention and be of "special humanitarian concern to the United States." Refugee status can only be obtained from outside the United States. If an individual who meets the definition of a refugee, and is seeking admission in a port of entry is already in the United States, they are eligible to apply for asylum status.

The term *displaced person* has come to be synonymous with refugees due to a substantial amount of overlap in their legal definitions. However, they are legally distinct, and convey subtle differences. In general, a *displaced person* refers to "one who has not crossed a national border and thus does not qualify for formal refugee status."

### Refugee children

According to the original 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol, refugee children were legally indistinguishable from adult refugees. In 1988, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Guidelines on Refugee Children were published, specifically designed to address the needs of refugee children, officially granting them internationally recognized human rights.

In 1989, however, the UN signed an additional treaty, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which defined the rights of children and bound its signatories to upholding those rights by international law. Although the CRC was not specific to the rights of refugee minors, it was used as the legal blueprint for handling refugee minor cases, where a minor was defined as any person under the age of 18. In particular, it extends the protection of refugee children by allowing participating nations the capacity to recognize children who do not fall under the strict guidelines of the Convention definition but still should not be sent back to their countries of origin. It also extends the principle of non-refoulement to prohibit the return of a child to their country "where there are grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm to the child."

## International sources

Refugee law encompasses both customary law, peremptory norms, and international legal instruments. The only international instruments directly applying to refugees are the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Both the Convention and the Protocol are open to states, but each may be signed separately. 145 states have ratified the Convention, and 146 have ratified the Protocol. These instruments only apply in the countries that have ratified an instrument, and some countries have ratified these instruments subject to various reservations.

International Refugee Laws
| Year | Law / Treaty / Declaration | Organization / Depositary / Adoptees | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1948 | Universal Declaration of Human Rights | United Nations General Assembly |  |
| 1951 | United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees | Secretary-General of the United Nations |  |
| 1954 | Treaty on Political Asylum and Refuge | 6 Latin-American countries: Peru, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Chile | Signed on 4 August 1939 and entered into force on 29 December 1954. |
| 1966 | Bangkok Principles on Status and Treatment of Refugees | Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee |  |
| 1967 | Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees | Secretary-General of the United Nations |  |
| 1967 | Declaration on Territorial Asylum | United Nations General Assembly |  |
| 1969 | Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa | Organisation of African Unity (OAU) |  |
| 1974 | Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict | United Nations General Assembly |  |
| 1976 | Recommendation 773 (1976) on the Situation of de facto Refugees | Council of Europe (CoE) |  |
| 1984 | Cartagena Declaration on Refugees* The 1994 Declaration of San José * The 2004 Mexico Declaration * The 2014 Brazil Declaration | 10 Latin-American countries: Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela |  |
| 1989 | Convention on the Rights of the Child | Secretary-General of the United Nations |  |
| 1998 | Conclusion on International Protection by the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme | United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) |  |
| 2001 | Declaration by States Parties to the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees |  |  |
| 2003 | Convention Plus | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) | Refugee resettlement was decided to be of central concern of UNHCR. |
| 2004 | Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 2002/95/EC | European Union (EU) | A Council Directive on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third-country nationals and stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and content of the protection granted. |
| 2016 | New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants | United Nations General Assembly |  |

## U.S. refugee law

Various regions and countries have different variations of refugee law. They all stem from the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol which relates to refugee status. The United States became a party to this protocol in 1968.

Despite playing an active role in the drafting of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United States has yet to ratify the treaty, making it the only nation in the United Nations that is not party to it.

Refugee status first emerged as a legal category in the United States in the 1940s, responding to an influx of Eastern Europeans fleeing Communism. In response to this influx, Congress established refugee migration as "distinct and separate from general immigration admissions" upon the recommendation from the House Committee on Postwar Immigration. The Committee argued that the right to seek asylum be made "an explicit part of United States immigration policy."

Although the aftermath of World War II brought forth a refugee crisis, the large influx and resettlement of Indochinese refugees led to the passage of the Refugee Act of 1980. This law incorporated the International Convention's definitions of a refugee into U.S. law. In doing so, it codified into U.S. law that a refugee was an individual with a "well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion." Furthermore, ratifying this Convention meant the elimination of previous "ideological and geographical discriminations" against refugee and asylum seekers. These discriminations were a result of previous U.S. refugee law, which had served mainly as a tool for foreign policy agendas. The law also created the legal basis for the admission of refugees into the U.S. The Refugee Act of 1980 was the first time the United States created an objective decision-making process for asylum and refugee status. This included a joint system between Congress and the Presidency, in which both branches would collaborate to establish annual quotas and determine which national groups would receive prioritized consideration for refugee status. In doing so, the U.S. shifted away from a relatively reactionary system, in which refugee laws were only passed in response to political changes in the international community, primarily the spread of Communism. Instead, under the Refugee Act of 1980, the U.S. established a comprehensive framework for addressing refugee crises preemptively. This framework was built on emerging ideals of "humanitarianism". An important aspect of this law is how an individual goes about applying for status. A person may meet the definition of refugee but may not be granted refugee status. If the individual is inside of the U.S. with a different status or no status, they are granted the status of asylee but not refugee.

In order to be considered a refugee in the United States, an individual must:

* be located outside of the U.S.
* be of specific humanitarian apprehension for the U.S.
* be able to validate previous persecution or feared approaching persecution based on the individual's race, religion, nationality, social class, or political outlook
* not be currently settled in another country
* be admissible to the United States

The first step of being granted this status is to receive a referral to the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP). The person is allowed to include their spouse, child, or other family members (only in specific circumstances) when applying for refugee status. After the person is referred, a U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services officer located abroad will conduct an interview to determine refugee resettlement eligibility inside the United States. If the person is approved as a refugee, they will then be provided with many forms of assistance. These include a loan for travel, advice for travel, a medical exam, and a culture orientation. After the refugee is resettled, they are eligible for medical and cash assistance. The Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) has a program called the Cash and Medical Assistance Program which completely reimburses the assistance in which states provide refugees. The refugee is eligible for this cash and medical assistance up to eight months after their arrival date.

In the United States, refugees are subject to annual quotas, which are determined by a joint collaboration between the incumbent Presidential administration and Congress. In addition to establishing the annual quota, Congress and the President determine which national groups are of special humanitarian concern to the United States. Since ratifying the 1980 Refugee Act, the United States has admitted over 3.1 million refugees from around the world, many of who were permanently resettled in the United States. Prior to the Trump Administration, the United States was the global leader in admitting refugees and offered refugee status to more individuals than the rest of the world altogether. Under the Trump administration, refugee immigration laws faced many challenges and setbacks, as administration officials sought to rollback immigration laws and decrease the annual number of refugees admitted. Challenges to refugee law included contesting practices of non-refoulement, which has been a long-standing principle of the U.S. immigration system. Attempts to reverse Trump-era policies have been a focus of the subsequent Biden presidential administration. In 2021, it was announced that Biden administration would raise the refugee cap from 15,000 individuals to 62,500 individuals.

## Refugee status determination

The burden of refugee status determination (RSD) falls primarily on the state. However, in cases where states are either unwilling or unable, the UNHCR assumes responsibility. In 2013, the UNHCR managed RSD in over 50 countries and worked in parallel with national governments in 20 countries. In the period from 1997 to 2001, the number of RSD applications submitted to the UNHCR nearly doubled.

RSD provides protection for refugees through promoting non-refoulement, resettlement assistance, and direct assistance.

## Human rights and refugee law

Human rights are the rights that a person is guaranteed by way of birth. The following are universal human rights that are most relevant to refugees:

* The right to freedom from torture or degrading treatment
* The right to freedom of opinion and expression
* The right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
* The right to life, liberty, and security
* Freedom from discrimination
* The right to asylum

Refugee law and international human rights law are closely connected in content but differ in their function. The main difference of their function is the way in which international refugee law considers state sovereignty while international human rights law do not. One of the core principles of international refugee law is the prohibition on refoulement (or the expulsion or return of a refugee), which is the basic idea that a country cannot send back a person to their country of origin if they will face endangerment upon return. In this case, a certain level of sovereignty is taken away from a country. This basic right of non-refoulement conflicts with the basic right of sovereign state to expel any undocumented aliens.


title: Red Downs

abstract: Jerome Willis "Red" Downs, was a Major League Baseball player, who gained notoriety later in life as an armed robber during the Great Depression.

text:
# Red Downs

**Jerome Willis "Red" Downs** (August 23, 1883 – October 19, 1939), was a Major League Baseball player, who gained notoriety later in life as an armed robber during the Great Depression.

## Early life and MLB career

Downs was born and raised in Neola, Iowa, a small town with a town ball baseball team. Downs played on the Neola team, known as the Neola Erins, as a young man. Between 1903 and 1906, he played minor league baseball on teams in Fort Scott, Kansas (Fort Scott Giants), Guthrie, Oklahoma (Guthrie Senators) and Topeka, Kansas (Topeka White Sox\]). In 1906, he led the Western Association with 8 home runs, leading to his signing with the Detroit Tigers. Downs had a batting average of .227 in 241 major league games. Downs and Germany Schaefer platooned at the second base position for the Tigers in 1907 and 1908. Detroit won the American League pennant in both of Downs' years with the team. He played in two games in the 1908 World Series, getting one hit (a double) in 6 at-bats for a .167 batting average. Downs also scored a run and had an RBI in the 1908 World Series.

The Chicago White Sox acquired Downs after the 1908 season, but he got off the team train while on the way to spring training and did not reboard. Downs played with the minor-league Minneapolis Millers for most of the 1909, and then got another shot at the major leagues with the Washington Senators, but he declined to take the long trip east to play in only a few games. He played in 1910 and 1911 with the Columbus Senators. The Brooklyn Dodgers drafted Downs after the 1911 season, but he was released after only 9 games in 1912. He was then picked up by the Chicago Cubs, where he took Joe Tinker's spot at shortstop. *Sporting Life*, in August 1912, reported that "Jerry Downs is proving a good substitute for Johnny Evers. The lad can bat some."

## Return to minors

From 1913 to 1918, Downs played for the San Francisco Seals in the Pacific Coast League, including the 1915 PCL championship team. Downs also served as the Seals' manager at the end of the 1917 season, leading the team to another PCL pennant. On July 1, 1918, Downs resigned from the Seals and signed with the Los Angeles Angels, helping the Angels win the 1918 PCL pennant.

> "*Liquor has put me out for the third time*", said Downs to a police detective upon his arrest for armed robbery in 1932. "*First, it caused me to lose a place in the big league, where I might, by this time, have been a successful manager. The second time it threw me out of the Coast League. And now it's got me into this jam*."

Red Downs,
*Los Angeles Times* newspaper article, March 29, 1932

## Later years

In 1924, Downs helped organize the Professional Ball Players of America. The organization carried on for a number of years, assisting ill and needy former ballplayers, and Downs served as a Director of the organization through 1925.

As the Great Depression hit, Downs fell on hard times. In March 1932, Downs and another man robbed a jewelry store at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles. Downs was convicted of first-degree robbery and sentenced to five years to life. He was paroled after 3+12 years and returned to Iowa. Downs died of cirrhosis of the liver in Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 1939 at age 56. He is buried at the Neola Township Cemetery in Neola, Iowa.

## InfoBox

| Red Downs | |
| --- | --- |
| Downs in 1908 | |
| **Second baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1883-08-23)August 23, 1883
Neola, Iowa | |
| **Died:** October 19, 1939(1939-10-19) (aged 56)
Council Bluffs, Iowa | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 2, 1907, for the Detroit Tigers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 30, 1912, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .227 |
| Hits | 179 |
| Runs batted in | 94 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * 1907 American League Championship * 1908 American League Championship | |