title: Oneonta Gorge

abstract: Oneonta Gorge is a scenic gorge located in the Columbia River Gorge area of the American state of Oregon. The U.S. Forest Service has designated it as a botanical area because of the unique aquatic and woodland plants that grow there. Exposed walls of 25-million-year-old basalt are home to a wide variety of ferns, mosses, hepatics, and lichens, many of which grow only in the Columbia River Gorge. Oneonta Gorge with its 50 species of wildflowers, flowering shrubs and trees has been described as "one of the true dramatic chasms in the state." The Oneonta Gorge Creek Bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are four major waterfalls on Oneonta Creek as it runs through the gorge. Middle Oneonta Falls can be seen clearly from a footpath and is very often mistaken for the upper or lower falls. The lower gorge has been preserved as a natural habitat, so there is no boardwalk or footpath through it as such. Thus, Lower Oneonta Falls can only be seen by walking upstream from the creek's outlet at the Historic Columbia River Highway. To get to a vantage point where the entire lower falls is visible may require wading through water that in some places can be shoulders-deep, depending on the season and the relative amount of snow melt. The upper falls are about a mile upstream from the middle falls and require scrambling up the creek or climbing down a canyon wall to view. The fourth falls which is "Triple falls" can be viewed from several vantage points on the upper trails in the canyon. The trail has issues due to natural as well as human impacts. In the late 1990s, the stream was partially occluded when three large boulders tumbled into the stream. Subsequently, a log jam has formed in the midst of the slot canyon. This has created a hazard for hikers, which led to a fatality in 2011. As of November 2020, trails providing access to the waterfalls remain closed due to damage from the 2017 Eagle Creek Fire. The Oneonta Gorge was first photographed by Carleton Emmons Watkins, a native of Oneonta, New York, who had traveled west in 1851 during the time of the California Gold Rush. Watkins named the Oneonta Falls after his hometown.

text:
# Oneonta Gorge

| Middle Oneonta Falls | |
| --- | --- |
| Oneonta Falls | |
|  | |
| Location | 45°35′07″N 122°04′22″W / 45.58515°N 122.07279°W / 45.58515; -122.07279 (Middle Oneonta Falls) Multnomah County, Oregon, United States |
| Type | Horsetail |
| Total height | 24 feet (7.3 m) |
| Number of drops | 1 |
| Average
flow rate | 150.0 cfs |

| Upper Oneonta Falls | |
| --- | --- |
| Oneonta Falls | |
|  | |
| Location | 45°34′56″N 122°04′22″W / 45.58235°N 122.07278°W / 45.58235; -122.07278 (Upper Oneonta Falls) Multnomah County, Oregon (no trail access) |
| Type | Plunge |
| Total height | 65 feet (20 m) |
| Number of drops | 1 |
| Average
flow rate | 100.0 cfs |

| Triple Falls | |
| --- | --- |
| Lower Oneonta Falls, Oneonta Gorge Falls | |
|  | |
| Location | 45°34′43″N 122°04′20″W / 45.57861°N 122.07222°W / 45.57861; -122.07222 (Triple Falls) Multnomah County, Oregon, United States |
| Type | Segmented |
| Total height | 64 feet (20 m) |
| Number of drops | 1 |
| Average
flow rate | 200 cfs |

**Oneonta Gorge** is a scenic gorge located in the Columbia River Gorge area of the American state of Oregon. The U.S. Forest Service has designated it as a botanical area because of the unique aquatic and woodland plants that grow there. Exposed walls of 25-million-year-old (Miocene epoch) basalt are home to a wide variety of ferns, mosses, hepatics, and lichens, many of which grow only in the Columbia River Gorge. Oneonta Gorge with its 50 species of wildflowers, flowering shrubs and trees has been described as "one of the true dramatic chasms in the state." The **Oneonta Gorge Creek Bridge** is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

There are four major waterfalls on Oneonta Creek as it runs through the gorge. Middle Oneonta Falls can be seen clearly from a footpath and is very often mistaken for the upper or lower falls. The lower gorge (a slot canyon) has been preserved as a natural habitat, so there is no boardwalk or footpath through it as such. Thus, Lower Oneonta Falls can only be seen by walking upstream from the creek's outlet at the Historic Columbia River Highway. To get to a vantage point where the entire lower falls is visible may require wading through water that in some places can be shoulders-deep, depending on the season and the relative amount of snow melt. The upper falls are about a mile upstream from the middle falls and require scrambling up the creek or climbing down a canyon wall to view. The fourth falls which is "Triple falls" can be viewed from several vantage points on the upper trails in the canyon.

The trail has issues due to natural as well as human impacts. In the late 1990s, the stream was partially occluded when three large boulders (the size of "pickup trucks") tumbled into the stream. Subsequently, a log jam has formed in the midst of the slot canyon. This has created a hazard for hikers, which led to a fatality in 2011.

As of November 2020, trails providing access to the waterfalls remain closed due to damage from the 2017 Eagle Creek Fire.

The Oneonta Gorge was first photographed by Carleton Emmons Watkins, a native of Oneonta, New York, who had traveled west in 1851 during the time of the California Gold Rush. Watkins named the Oneonta Falls after his hometown.

## Oneonta Gorge Creek Bridge

Built in 1914, the Oneonta Gorge Creek Bridge, approximately 0.5 miles (0.8 km) downstream from the falls, is a "four-span 80-foot \[24 m\] reinforced-concrete deck girder trestle" that "is 24 feet \[7.3 m\] wide and has a roadway measuring 22 feet \[6.7 m\]." It is a contributing structure in the Historic Columbia River Highway, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

45°35′23″N 122°04′31″W / 45.58967°N 122.07527°W / 45.58967; -122.07527

## InfoBox

| Lower Oneonta Falls | |
| --- | --- |
| Oneonta Gorge Falls | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 45°35′08″N 122°04′22″W / 45.58556°N 122.07278°W / 45.58556; -122.07278 (Lower Oneonta Falls) Multnomah County, Oregon, United States |
| Type | Plunge |
| Total height | 100 feet (30 m) |
| Number of drops | 1 |


title: Inbraak

abstract: Inbraak is a 1942 Dutch film directed by Alfred Mazure. It was based on his own comic strip Dick Bos and the first cinematic adaptation of this popular series.

text:
# Inbraak

***Inbraak***  is a 1942 Dutch film directed by Alfred Mazure. It was based on his own comic strip *Dick Bos* and the first cinematic adaptation of this popular series.

## Cast

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Inbraak | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Alfred Mazure |
| Release date | * 1942 (1942) |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Language | Dutch |


title: Ontario Highway 140

abstract: King's Highway 140, commonly referred to as Highway 140, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The highway connects Port Colborne near Lake Erie with Highway 406 in Welland, via the Main Street Tunnel. It was constructed in the early 1970s as part of the Welland Bypass project of the Welland Canal, which resulted in the severance of several highways and rail lines. Opened to traffic in late 1972, several months following the tunnel, Highway 140 has remained unchanged since, despite growing calls to resign it as an extension of Highway 406.

text:
# Ontario Highway 140

**King's Highway 140**, commonly referred to as **Highway 140**, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The highway connects Port Colborne near Lake Erie with Highway 406 in Welland, via the Main Street Tunnel. It was constructed in the early 1970s as part of the *Welland Bypass* project of the Welland Canal, which resulted in the severance of several highways and rail lines. Opened to traffic in late 1972, several months following the tunnel, Highway 140 has remained unchanged since, despite growing calls to resign it as an extension of Highway 406.

## Route description

Highway 140 begins at an intersection with Highway 3 on the eastern edge of Port Colborne. From there, Highway 3 continues east to Fort Erie; to the west it becomes Niagara Regional Road 3. The roadway carrying Highway 140 continues south of Highway 3 as a local road named Elizabeth Street, whereas Highway 140 travels north, to the west of forestland and a quarry. The highway parallels the Welland Canal throughout its length, always within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of the waterway. Wooden high-tension powerlines parallel the highway until it diverges, curving towards the northeast immediately north of Chippawa Road. It travels diagonally for several kilometres before ascending on an overpass and crossing the former Canadian National Humberstone Subdivision tracks.

The highway gradually straightens to a north–south alignment as it crosses Highway 58A and a set of railway tracks, both of which travel beneath the nearby Welland Canal to the west. Continuing north, Highway 140 passes over Lyons Creek, which meanders northeast to converge with the Welland River west of the Niagara River. The highway ends approximately 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north of this point at an intersection with Main Street (Niagara Regional Road 27). Main Street travels beneath the Welland Canal immediately west of Highway 140, providing a connection to Highway 406 on the opposite side. Because of its importance as both a through route past the canal and in linking Highway 140 with Highway 406, East Main Street between Highways 140 and 406 is maintained the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) as Highway 7146.

## History

The history of Highway 140 begins in May 1966, when the St. Lawrence Seaway Authority received Federal approval for the *Welland Bypass*, a 13.4-kilometre (8.3 mi) channel that would serve to bypass the canal through downtown Welland, where several crossings proved to be a hazard for shipping traffic and the shipping traffic an impediment to pedestrian and vehicular traffic. The new channel would be dug out and flooded, providing the opportunity for the construction of cheap cut and cover tunnels beneath the channel. By 1968, construction was underway on tunnels at East Main Street and at the Port Colborne – Welland townline.

Due to the numerous road disconnections that would take place as a result of the Welland Bypass, a new highway was proposed to link Welland with Port Colborne. One of the severed highways was Highway 58, which then followed Canal Bank Street south from Welland. In late 1970, the Department of Highways tendered contracts for the construction of the new highway on the east side of the bypass. Construction began from the north, reaching as far south as Ramey Road.

The section north of Townline Road was completed within a year. Around the same time, the third and final contract was tendered for the section north of Highway 3. On May 20, 1972, the Main Street Tunnel was opened to traffic at a morning ceremony featuring local officials and the Welland Police Association Pipe Band. Highway 140 was opened several months later, without ceremony, on October 5. It has remained unchanged since then, and was not affected by the provincial highway transfers in 1997 and 1998.

The various municipalities serviced by Highway 140, as well as Niagara Region, have called for four-laning the route and redesignating it as Ontario Highway 406. However, the MTO is committed to extending Highway 406 to Highway 58 southwest of Welland. On April 4, 2006, the MPP for Erie—Lincoln, Tim Hudak, introduced a Private Member's Bill. The *Highway 406 to Port Colborne Act* passed first reading, but was not brought up for a second reading.

## Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 140, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. The entire route is located in the Regional Municipality of Niagara.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Port Colborne | 0.0 | 0.0 | Highway 3 east / Regional Road 3 west (Main Street) – Fort Erie | Highway 140 southern terminus; Highway 3 ends west of Highway 140, but resumes west of Port Colborne |
| Welland | 7.1 | 4.4 | Highway 58A west (Netherby Road) | To Townline Tunnel and Regional Road 525 east |
| | 10.9 | 6.8 | Regional Road 27 (East Main Street) to Highway 406 north – Welland, Niagara Falls, St. Catharines | Highway 140 northern terminus; to Main Street Tunnel; unsigned Highway 7146 west |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br>* Closed/former | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Ontario Highway 140KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Highway 140 | |
| --- | --- |
| Highway 140 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario | |
| Length | 10.9 km (6.8 mi) |
| Existed | October 5, 1972–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Highway 3 in Port Colborne |
| Major intersections | Highway 58ATownline Tunnel |
| North end | Main Street in Welland |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Counties | Regional Municipality of Niagara |
| Major cities | Port Colborne, Welland |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Highway 138   Highway 141 | |


title: India–United Kingdom bus routes

abstract: Numerous United Kingdom–India bus routes ran from the 1950s to the 1970s. The first of these was "The Indiaman", a service from London to Calcutta that was inaugurated on 15 April 1957. At least 32 other operators ran services, including Albert Travel which ran 15 round journeys from London to India. Overland routes were made difficult by political unrest in the Middle East during the 1970s and ended with the 1979 Iranian Revolution and Soviet–Afghan War. The Albert bus was refurbished from 2009 and made a one-off return trip from the UK to Australia in 2012. No new bus journeys between the two countries are currently planned.

text:
# India–United Kingdom bus routes

Numerous **United Kingdom–India bus routes** ran from the 1950s to the 1970s. The first of these was "The Indiaman", a service from London to Calcutta that was inaugurated on 15 April 1957. At least 32 other operators ran services, including Albert Travel which ran 15 round journeys from London to India. Overland routes were made difficult by political unrest in the Middle East during the 1970s and ended with the 1979 Iranian Revolution and Soviet–Afghan War. The Albert bus was refurbished from 2009 and made a one-off return trip from the UK to Australia in 2012. No new bus journeys between the two countries are currently planned.

## The Indiaman

The first UK–India bus service was "The Indiaman", run by London-based Garrow-Fisher Tours. This left Victoria Coach Station on 15 April 1957 and returned after a 20,000-mile (32,000 km) journey to Calcutta on 2 August. The journey, which was covered by *The New York Times*, was eventful with driver Oswald-Joseph Garrow-Fisher recalling the road passing over high cliffs near Mount Ararat at the Turkey-Soviet Union border, soft verges in India, and needing to use planks under the wheels to escape the desert sand in Iran. On the return leg, the 1957–1958 influenza pandemic forced the closure of the Pakistan-Iran border. The tour diverted from the border to the city of Karachi, intending to find passage on a ship, but upon reaching the port they learned the land border had reopened and so returned that way, a diversion of some 1,200 miles (1,900 km). The British embassy in Tehran had heard a rumour that the passengers had been murdered en route and were so relieved when they arrived unharmed that they hosted a cocktail party in their honour.

The Indiaman was a 1948 AEC Regal III. Garrow-Fisher refurbished the 33-seater bus, which had already travelled 100,000 miles (160,000 km), for the journey. In its transcontinental configuration, it could carry 24 passengers plus luggage. For the first journey, Garrow-Fisher charged £85 for the outbound fare and £65 for the return; 20 passengers were carried to India and 7 made the return journey. Passengers slept overnight in hotels or camped outside. One passenger, Peter Moss, wrote a book about the journey: *The Indiaman – When the Going was Good by Land and Sea*. The Indiaman made four return journeys in total.

## Albert

A bus named "Albert" was run by Albert Travel from May 1968. The venture was started by British travel agent and Australian resident Andy Stewart, who purchased a 1947 Albion Motors CS Venturer double-decker bus from the New South Wales Department of Government Transport; the bus had previously operated the number 2004 service in Sydney. Stewart managed to reduce the asking price from AU$1000 to AU$400 as the bus was not capable of going above 32 miles per hour (51 km/h) and had a large dent in the rear. He fitted it out with bunk beds to suit 14 passengers, extra fuel tanks and drinking water supply. There was also heating in the lower deck, a radio and cassette player, a reading and dining saloon and a kitchen with a gas cooker and sink.

Starting in Australia (the bus transferred by ship to India), Stewart drove 13 passengers on the first trip to London. He made a further 14 round trips between 1968 and 1975, when political instability in Iran forced him to stop. A typical route ran from Victoria Coach Station via Belgium, West Germany, Austria, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, West Pakistan to India where it stopped at New Delhi, Agra, Allahabad, Banaras and Calcutta. Until 1970, the bus was shipped from Calcutta to Sydney. Thereafter, the bus ran to Calcutta from which passengers could choose to fly across Burma to Bangkok, Thailand and continue by train through Malaysia to Singapore where a boat would carry them to Perth or Sydney, Australia. The bus stopped en route to allow passengers to visit sites of interest and local shops. In the early years, a one-way ticket was £85; this rose to £125 by the early 1970s excluding catering. The connection via Singapore to Australia was a further £125. The trip was advertised as "the world's longest bus route" and "your complete home while you travel".

Stewart returned to Australia as a travel agent after making the last trip to London. He retired back to the UK and, in 2001, tracked down the Albert bus, which was in Brighton. He purchased the vehicle in 2009 and renovated it to make a return journey overland to Australia. He raised funds by selling shares at £250 each, with the owners of ten or more shares being entitled to a seat on the trip. The journey was completed in 2012 and the bus remains in Australia making appearances at car shows.

## Other operators

In the decade following the inauguration of "The Indiaman", at least 32 operators arranged bus trips between the UK and India. These included the Waltzing Matilda, Topdeck Travel, Swagman Tour's Asian Greyhound, Tentrek Expeditions, King Kong, Crazy Bus, Penn Overland and No Sweat Overland Tours. Vehicles varied from double decker buses to converted fire engines and typically took 20 days each way. Penn Travel had a "Marco Polo Tour" route that ran from London to Kathmandu over 72 days. Some of the companies would also arrange hotels en route and broker visas for their passengers. Eastbound travellers were usually westerners seeking adventure while westbound travellers were often economic migrants from Punjab. Operators claimed cultural differences and difficulties at the border crossings made westbound trips more troublesome and charged an additional £20 for these. At least one driver insisted on being armed for all westbound journeys. The closure of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border in 1978 meant some journeys had to be completed by air and the overland routes became completely untenable following the 1979 Iranian Revolution and Soviet–Afghan War.

## Attempts at revival

In 2020, it was announced that the Indian travel operator Adventures Overland, inspired by the Hippie Trail, would inaugurate a new bus service from Delhi to London in May 2021. This would run through 18 countries, leaving India through Myanmar, then to Thailand, Laos, China, Russia, through Europe and finally to Belgium. A one-way trip would cost 1.5 million rupees (circa £15,320) and take 70 days to cover the 12,500 miles (20,100 km) route. The bus would carry 20 passengers. In March 2021, the company postponed the launch of the service to April 2022. This has since been again postponed to April 2023. They claimed to have completed three consecutive return trips to prove the route's viability. The company has since announced a bus journey from Istanbul to London in August 2023.


title: Ontholestes cingulatus

abstract: Ontholestes cingulatus, known generally as the gold-and-brown rove beetle or carrion beetle, is a species of large rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae.

text:
# Ontholestes cingulatus

***Ontholestes cingulatus***, known generally as the **gold-and-brown rove beetle** or **carrion beetle**, is a species of large rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Ontholestes cingulatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Genus: | *Ontholestes* |
| Species: | ***O. cingulatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ontholestes cingulatus***<br>(Gravenhorst, 1802) | |
|


title: Open Source Shakespeare

abstract: Open Source Shakespeare is a non-commercial web site allowing free access to searchable digital versions of the complete works of William Shakespeare. The site was created using Moby Shakespeare, which is based on the 1864 Globe edition of the complete works.

text:
# Open Source Shakespeare

**Open Source Shakespeare** is a non-commercial web site allowing free access to searchable digital versions of the complete works of William Shakespeare. The site was created using Moby Shakespeare, which is based on the 1864 Globe edition of the complete works.

## History

The idea of a free online resource compiling Shakespeare's works was conceived in 2001 by Eric M. Johnson, then working as a web designer and theater reviewer for the *Washington Times* newspaper while pursuing a Master's degree at George Mason University. In the process of looking up the source of Shakespearian quotes online, Johnson was surprised to learn that no single web resource allowed users to freely access a comprehensive collection of William Shakespeare's writings.

"The ones that were comprehensive were not free, and the free ones were not comprehensive" Johnson recalled.

Johnson started to create just such a free and comprehensive digital collection as part of his graduate program, unveiled as the Open Source Shakespeare website in December 2003. The site was formally announced to the scholarly community in February 2004.

According to the site's founder, about 77,000 people made use of the resource in 2005, with a further 170,000 anticipated to visit the site in 2006. The operating costs of the site were minimal; through 2006, these were paid out of pocket by the site's creator. Subsequently, a grant application was made to the National Endowment for the Humanities by Johnson and three members of the English Department of George Mason University to provide funding for the project.

## Site structure

Shakespeare's works are divided on the site into three genres: plays, sonnets, and poems. The site also includes a concordance, search engine, and information about basic usage statistics.

The site has gained functionality over time, with a "Version 2.0" released in 2005 which added the capability for users to search for word stems or phonetically and to save and print search results.

In the middle of 2009 a site version designed for portable devices was unveiled, called Mobile Open Source Shakespeare.

## Footnotes


title: Open Source Seed Initiative

abstract:
The Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI) is an organization that developed and maintains a mechanism through which plant breeders can designate the new crop varieties they have bred as open source. This mechanism is advanced as an alternative to patent-protected seeds sold by large agriculture companies such as Monsanto or DuPont. OSSI is a U.S. based not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization focusing on establishing a protected commons of open source varieties and on educational and outreach activities associated with the development of this open source seed commons and on seed rights and issues related to the control of seed. The OSSI was founded in 2012 by a group of plant breeders, farmers, and seed companies. Founders include Jack Kloppenburg, Irwin Goldman, Claire Luby, Thomas Michaels, Frank Morton, Jonathan Spero, Alejandro Argumedo, and Jahi Chappell. Tom Stearns was an early supporter and advisor to the OSSI founders. Carol Deppe and C.R. Lawn joined the OSSI board of directors in its early stages, providing invaluable contributions from the freelance breeding community and the seed industry. OSSI is governed by a board of directors and as of July 2017 includes 36 plant breeders and 46 seed company partners in its work. Members of the group are unhappy with the patenting of plant varieties, as they say the patenting of seeds restricts plant breeders' freedom and increases the power of large seed companies.
Taking inspiration from open source software, the OSSI seeks to create a "protected commons" of open-source seed varieties as an alternative to patented or otherwise legally restricted seeds. At first the OSSI tried to draft a legally-defensible license, but they found that the principle of software licenses did not translate easily to plants, as a license on plant seeds would need to continue to each new generations of plants, quickly creating a huge amount of legal work. The OSSI eventually decided to use an informal Pledge printed on every seed packet or transmitted along with the seed, both for simplicity and because they felt this less restrictive approach was more in line with the goals of the project.

text:
# Open Source Seed Initiative

The **Open Source Seed Initiative** (**OSSI**) is an organization that developed and maintains a mechanism through which plant breeders can designate the new crop varieties they have bred as open source. This mechanism is advanced as an alternative to patent-protected seeds sold by large agriculture companies such as Monsanto or DuPont. OSSI is a U.S. based not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization focusing on establishing a protected commons of open source varieties and on educational and outreach activities associated with the development of this open source seed commons and on seed rights and issues related to the control of seed.

The OSSI was founded in 2012 by a group of plant breeders, farmers, and seed companies. Founders include Jack Kloppenburg, Irwin Goldman, Claire Luby, Thomas Michaels, Frank Morton, Jonathan Spero, Alejandro Argumedo, and Jahi Chappell. Tom Stearns was an early supporter and advisor to the OSSI founders. Carol Deppe and C.R. Lawn joined the OSSI board of directors in its early stages, providing invaluable contributions from the freelance breeding community and the seed industry. OSSI is governed by a board of directors and as of July 2017 includes 36 plant breeders and 46 seed company partners in its work. Members of the group are unhappy with the patenting of plant varieties, as they say the patenting of seeds restricts plant breeders' freedom and increases the power of large seed companies. Taking inspiration from open source software, the OSSI seeks to create a "protected commons" of open-source seed varieties as an alternative to patented or otherwise legally restricted seeds. At first the OSSI tried to draft a legally-defensible license, but they found that the principle of software licenses did not translate easily to plants, as a license on plant seeds would need to continue to each new generations of plants, quickly creating a huge amount of legal work. The OSSI eventually decided to use an informal Pledge printed on every seed packet or transmitted along with the seed, both for simplicity and because they felt this less restrictive approach was more in line with the goals of the project.

## Pledge and mission

The Open Source Seed Initiative Pledge asks farmers, gardeners, and plant breeders who use the seed to refrain from patenting or licensing the seed or derivatives from it, and to pass on the Pledge to any derivatives made. The Pledge states: "You have the freedom to use these OSSI-Pledged seeds in any way you choose. In return, you pledge not to restrict others' use of these seeds or their derivatives by patents or other means, and to include this Pledge with any transfer of these seeds or their derivatives." Use of the Pledge ensures the four open source seed freedoms for this and future generations, including:

1. The freedom to save or grow seed for replanting or for any other purpose.
2. The freedom to share, trade, or sell seed to others.
3. The freedom to trial and study seed and to share or publish information about it.
4. The freedom to select or adapt the seed, make crosses with it, or use it to breed new lines and varieties.

OSSI's mission bears some similarities to the mission of organizations such as Seed Savers Exchange, but it is different in that OSSI provides an explicit Pledge with its seeds that is designed to keep seeds free through the establishment of a protected commons. OSSI differs from plant breeders' rights and plant variety protection in that the Pledge allows recipients to do anything they want with the seed except restrict it. In addition, it automatically extends the Pledge to new varieties developed from OSSI-Pledged parents. In addition, OSSI does not Pledge heirlooms or indigenous varieties. It only Pledges varieties contributed and Pledged by their breeders.

OSSI involves plant breeders and seed company partners in its mission. First OSSI works with plant breeders who commit to making one or more of their varieties available exclusively under the OSSI Pledge. OSSI Partner Seed Companies sell OSSI-Pledged varieties, acknowledge the OSSI breeders in their variety descriptions, label OSSI-Pledged varieties with the OSSI logo, and include the Pledge and information about OSSI in their catalogs and on their websites. The Seed List of OSSI-Pledged varieties gives complete descriptions and photos for each OSSI-Pledged variety and links to every OSSI Partner Seed Company that carries each variety.

OSSI also places articles in magazines for gardeners and farmers during the seed ordering season so as to attract visitors to its website and channel those visitors to its seed company partners where they can buy the seed. See, for example, Carol Deppe's article in the January issue of *Acres/USA-* Thirty-three Great Open-Source Organic-Adapted Vegetable Varieties. OSSI thus creates a market for ethically produced, "freed seed" analogous to the markets for "fair trade" and "organic" products.

## Influences and early history

The work of University of Wisconsin sociologist Jack Kloppenburg, particularly his book *First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492-2000* (2nd ed.) influenced the development of OSSI. Originally published in 1990, then updated in 2000, this book chronicles the vast changes in seed sovereignty that took place during the 20th century through the rise of modern plant breeding approaches, the expansion of intellectual property rights, and emerging crop biotechnologies. Kloppenburg's work explored global consequences of legal control over crop seeds during an era of heavy consolidation in the seed industry. Kloppenburg himself was inspired by the work of writers and activists Pat Roy Mooney, a Canadian, and Cary Fowler, an American, who began engaging with issues of the public versus private ownership of seed and genetic resources in the 1970s. While some of these views were criticized by plant breeders in the 1980s and 1990s, Kloppenburg argued that the expansion of intellectual property rights over crop genetic resources, including cultivars, genes, and plant traits, is an issue of concern for the future of global agriculture. Kloppenburg documented the ever-increasing encroachments upon the traditional rights of farmers, gardeners, and plant breeders to save, replant, share, or breed with seed, as well as forced plant breeders and all others interested in crop genetic resources to confront the degree to which they had lost or were losing "freedom to operate" with their seeds. (This term "freedom to operate" has come to mean the degree to which seeds and the genes contained in those seeds can be freely used by breeders, gardeners, farmers, and seed producers without legal restriction.)

One of the consequences of an increasing global awareness of the finite nature of crop genetic resources and the debate over ownership of these resources has been the establishment of gene banks and seed banks in many countries, notably Fowler's recent efforts to develop the Svalbard Global Seed Vault off the coast of Norway in the Arctic Svalbard Archipelago. Kloppenburg's focus on the ownership and control of those resources still remains one of the most pressing questions for future generations.

International efforts, coordinated through the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Environment Program, and manifest through agreements such as the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Convention on Biological Diversity, have sought global solutions to sustainable and fair use of the planet's crop genetic resources. While these efforts are ongoing, significant limitations to global germplasm exchange still challenge and limit their potential gains.

Building from these ideas, plant breeder Thomas Michaels proposed General Public License for Plant Germplasm (GPLPG) in 1999. The objective of the license was to build a pool of shared plant germplasm that could be freely used for breeding new crop varieties. The two key features of this license were 1) that GPLPG varieties were freely available for use in as a parent any breeding program and 2) that new varieties developed using one or more GPLPG parents must also be designated as GPLPG. The license was explicitly modeled on the General Public License that had been developed by Richard Stallman and others in the computer software community. General Public License for Plant Germplasm was the first license of its kind to treat the plant genotype as if it were computer source code that can be freely used in a new program (crop variety) so long as the new program (crop variety) is also designated as General Public License.

Open Source Seed Initiative, founded some 15 years later, creates a seed commons involving the method of germplasm exchange based upon a Pledge. Any user can gain access to the germplasm and use it for any purpose, as long as they pledge not to restrict others' use of this same germplasm as well as to pass the Pledge along if they share or sell the germplasm. OSSI provides maximal freedom to operate for those who wish to save, replant, share, sell, trade, breed, and otherwise innovate with seeds.

## Release of OSSI varieties and current activity

In April 2014, the OSSI released its first 36 open-source seed varieties.

NPR opined in their report in 2014 that large seed companies would be unlikely to use open-source seeds, as patented seeds are more profitable. And they speculated that farmers may have trouble finding open-source seeds for sale. However by July, 2017, OSSI had over 375 varieties of more than 50 crops bred by 36 breeders and being sold by 46 seed company partners. While varieties have been contributed by public sector plant breeders at universities and not-for-profit organizations, most OSSI varieties have been contributed by freelance plant breeders and seed companies.

On 10 August 2015 an OSSI-Pledged red romaine lettuce variety called 'Outredgeous' bred by farmer-breeder Frank Morton became the first plant variety to be planted, harvested and eaten entirely in space, as a part of Expedition 44 to the International Space Station.

OSSI has also become a topic of academic research in both the biological and social sciences. OSSI appears in *The Sociology of Food and Agriculture* by Michael Carolan. Several scientific journal articles have explored ideas surrounding open source plant breeding, genetic variation, and intellectual property.

OSSI was highlighted in Rachel Cernansky's piecem "How 'Open Source' Seed Producers from the US to India are Changing Global Food Production", originally published in *Ensia* magazine, and reprinted in many different outlets, including *Vox* and *Global Voices*.

OSSI has developed a relationship with Seed Savers Exchange. Seed Saver's new online and print editions of the *Garden Seed Inventory* will label all OSSI-Pledged varieties with the OSSI logo and the name of the breeder, and will include the Pledge in the beginning of the book.


title: Opercularia (ciliate)

abstract: Opercularia is a genus of freshwater, colonial, sessiline peritrich ciliates. As consumers of free bacteria in the water, several species of Opercularia serve as important indicator organisms in the study of wastewater treatment. Operculariids can be distinguished from other sessile peritrichs by their prominent, non-contractile stalk; peristome without lip; and elongate, horseshoe-shaped macronucleus.

text:
# Opercularia (ciliate)

***Opercularia*** is a genus of freshwater, colonial, sessiline peritrich ciliates. As consumers of free bacteria in the water, several species of Opercularia serve as important indicator organisms in the study of wastewater treatment. Operculariids can be distinguished from other sessile peritrichs (many of which share very similar body plans) by their prominent, non-contractile stalk; peristome without lip; and elongate, horseshoe-shaped macronucleus.

## Etymology

The name *Opercularia* comes from the Latin opercularis, which means covered (with a lid). This is in reference to their lid-like peristomal disk.

## Selected species

Selected species include:

## InfoBox

| *Opercularia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Ciliophora |
| Class: | Oligohymenophorea |
| Order: | Sessilida |
| Family: | Operculariidae |
| Genus: | *Opercularia*<br>Goldfuss, 1820 |
|


title: Opercularia ovata

abstract: Opercularia ovata is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae.

text:
# Opercularia ovata

***Opercularia ovata*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae.

## Description

## Range

## Habitat

## Ecology

## Etymology

## Taxonomy

## InfoBox

| *Opercularia ovata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Opercularia* |
| Species: | ***O. ovata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opercularia ovata***<br>Hook.f. | |
|


title: Ooi Hoe Guan

abstract: Ooi Hoe Guan is a former Malaysian footballer. He also used to be a member of the Malaysia national football team. Hoe Guan began his career with Kedah FA youth team. He transferred to Penang FA and started his senior debut in the Malaysia league, where he committed with Penang for more 7 seasons before returning to Kedah to become rotation squad player. After a couple of seasons with the hometown side, Guan called it quits and retired from football.

text:
# Ooi Hoe Guan

**Ooi Hoe Guan** (born 31 December 1973) is a former Malaysian footballer. He also used to be a member of the Malaysia national football team.

Hoe Guan began his career with Kedah FA youth team. He transferred to Penang FA and started his senior debut in the Malaysia league, where he committed with Penang for more 7 seasons before returning to Kedah to become rotation squad player. After a couple of seasons with the hometown side, Guan called it quits and retired from football.

## International Senior Goals

| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 6 April 2000 | Suphachalasai Stadium, Thailand | North Korea | 1-4 | Lost | 2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification |

## Honours

### Penang FA

## InfoBox

Ooi Hoe Guan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ooi Hoe Guan | | |
| Date of birth | (1973-12-31) 31 December 1973 | | |
| Place of birth | Kedah, Malaysia | | |
| Position(s) | Right Winger, Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1992–1993 | Kedah FA | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1994–2002 | Penang FA |  |  |
| 2003–2004 | Kedah FA |  |  |
| 2005 | Selangor MK Land |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2000 | Malaysia | 4 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 24 May 2011<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15 October 2011 | | | |


title: Ooi Shee Keong

abstract: Ooi Shee Keong is a Malaysian footballer who last played for T-Team. He plays as a winger. He is of Chindian descent.

text:
# Ooi Shee Keong

**Ooi Shee Keong** is a Malaysian footballer who last played for T-Team. He plays as a winger. He is of Chindian descent.

## Club career

### T-Team

On 7 June 2017, Shee Keong signed a contract with T-Team.

## Career statistics

As of 28 October 2017.

| Club performance | | | League | | FA Cup | | Malaysia Cup | | AFC Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 2016 | MIFA | Liga Premier | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| 2017 | | | 12 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 |
| Total | | | 23 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 1 |
| 2017 | T-Team | Liga Premier | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| total | | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 26 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 1 |

## Honours

### MISC-MIFA

**Winners (1):** 2016

## InfoBox

Ooi Shee Keong
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Birth name | Ooi Shee Keong | | |
| Date of birth | (1991-08-08) 8 August 1991 | | |
| Place of birth | Penang, Malaysia | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011 | Penang | 0 | (0) |
| 2012–2015 | MP Muar | 1 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | MIFA | 23 | (0) |
| 2017 | T–Team | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20:32, 28 November 2017 (UTC) | | | |


title: Open Verification Library

abstract: Open Verification Library (OVL) is a library of property checkers for digital circuit descriptions written in popular Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). OVL is currently maintained by Accellera.

text:
# Open Verification Library

**Open Verification Library** (OVL) is a library of property checkers for digital circuit descriptions written in popular Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). OVL is currently maintained by Accellera.

## Applications

OVL works by placing modules or components checking specific properties of the circuit alongside regular modules or components. Those special modules are called **checkers** and are tied to circuit signals via **ports**. Some aspects of the checker functionality can be modified by adjusting checker **parameters**. Typical properties verified by OVL checkers include:

* condition that should be always met,
* sequence of conditions that should be met,
* condition that should never occur,
* proper data value (even, odd, within a range, etc.),
* proper value change (e.g. increment or decrement within specified range),
* proper data encoding (e.g. *one hot* or *one cold*),
* proper timing of event (within given number of clock cycles or within window created by trigger events),
* valid protocol of data transmission,
* valid behavior of popular building blocks (e.g. FIFOs).

Depending on the selected parameters, OVL checkers can work as assertion, assumption or coverage point checkers. Main source of OVL popularity is the fact that it allows introducing high-level verification concepts to the existing or new designs without requiring new language, e.g. a designer having access to Verilog tools does not need a new language to start using property checking with OVL.

## Supported Languages

While first versions of OVL supported Verilog and VHDL, most recent versions support (in alphabetical order):

Depending on the demand, support for two more languages may be added: *PSL \- VHDL* flavour and *SystemC*.

* OVL section of the Accellera page


abstract: At least three teams in minor league baseball have borne the name Indianapolis Hoosiers.

text:
# Indianapolis Hoosiers (minor league baseball)

At least three teams in minor league baseball have borne the name **Indianapolis Hoosiers**.

## Western League Hoosiers I

The first Western League, which lasted only part of the 1885 season, included an Indianapolis Hoosiers team. This Hoosiers team won the 1885 Western League pennant.

## Western League Hoosiers II

Another Hoosiers minor-league team came into existence in 1894. It was a charter member of the third Western League, which became the American League in 1900. Despite winning three Western League pennants (1895, 1897, 1899), this team was contracted when the AL became an official major league in 1901.

## Western Association Hoosiers

One of the two Western Associations that existed in 1901 also had a team known as the Indianapolis Hoosiers. Both the team and league lasted only one season.


title: Operation Jacana

abstract:
Operation Jacana is the codename for a series of operations carried out by coalition forces in Afghanistan. The operations were carried out most notably by 45 Commando Royal Marines. U.S. forces, Australian SAS and Norwegian FSK also participated. The operation was a follow-up operation of Operation Anaconda and was meant to kill or capture the remaining Al-Qaeda and Taliban rebels. The operation has been called a "mopping up" operation after Operation Anaconda. The operation is named after an African bird type, jacana, described in one manual as "shy, retiring, easily overlooked". Operation Jacana includes the following operations:
  - Operation Ptarmigan
  - Operation Snipe
  - Operation Condor
  - Operation Buzzard All these operations were meant to "clean up" the remaining Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces out of the area of operations.

text:
# Operation Jacana

**Operation Jacana** is the codename for a series of operations carried out by coalition forces in Afghanistan. The operations were carried out most notably by 45 Commando Royal Marines. U.S. forces, Australian SAS and Norwegian FSK also participated. The operation was a follow-up operation of Operation Anaconda and was meant to kill or capture the remaining Al-Qaeda and Taliban rebels. The operation has been called a "mopping up" operation after Operation Anaconda. The operation is named after an African bird type, jacana, described in one manual as "shy, retiring, easily overlooked".

Operation Jacana includes the following operations:

* Operation Ptarmigan
* Operation Snipe
* Operation Condor
* Operation Buzzard

All these operations were meant to "clean up" the remaining Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces out of the area of operations.

## Events

### Operation Ptarmigan

On 16 April 2002, a Royal Marine taskforce had been deployed to Bagram Airbase as part of Operation Ptarmigan: A 5-day operation with the aim to clear high mountain valleys (up to 11,000 ft), southeast of Gardez, searching for Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces and to destroy their bunkers and cave complexes. The Operation took place in coordination with Coalition forces conducting Operation Mountain Lion (whose objectives were the same) that began a day earlier. 400 troops from the Royal Marines reconnaissance troop supported by the RAF, discovered a number of previously unknown cave complexes, one of which contained over 20,000 rounds of anti-aircraft ammunition in the Shah-i-Kot area, which was destroyed.

More than 400 Royal Marines went into "action" alongside a small number of US and Afghan troops after the US requested help; they did not encounter either Taliban or al-Qaeda forces—supporting suspicions that many had fled across the nearby border to Pakistan—but there was evidence and indications that the facilities had been used and coalition troops seized a "great deal" of papers, maps, and radios in Shah-i-Kot area which was studied for intelligence information.

The operation ended on April 18, 2002. By 20 April 2002, a total of nearly 1,700 Royal Marines had been deployed as part of the task force.

### Operation Snipe

In May 2002, 600 Royal Marines and 400 Afghan soldiers supported by U.S. air power and U.S. special operations troops began Operation Snipe, a continuation of Operation Ptarmigan in Patika Province. The Royal Marine force carrying out the operation did not come across any al Qaeda or Taliban fighters (whilst moving into position the marines found small-arms ammunition hidden in a cave and some old defensive positions belonging to al-Qaeda), however on 9 May, the troops discovered caves and removed 30 truckloads of anti-aircraft, anti-tank ammunition and other heavy munitions and military equipment, including mortars, 2 Russian-made tanks were also found outside the cave. On 10 May, British troops destroyed "a vast arsenal of weaponry" (more than 20 truckloads of ammunition and weapons were destroyed in the biggest controlled explosion British forces have carried out since World War II) and al Qaeda or Taliban infrastructure by blowing up an enormous cache of weapons stored in a cave complex. The operation lasted 2 weeks (other sources say 16 days) and ended on 13 May 2002, the operation was part of a much larger operation led by the 101st Airborne Division and designed to show the al-Qa'eda and Taliban fighters, the vast majority of whom were known to be in sanctuaries inside Pakistan, that they could not operate inside Afghanistan with impunity. One reason for the failure of not finding any al-Qaeda or Taliban militants was the refusal by Major-General Franklin Hagenbeck, the US force commander, of several British requests for a blocking force of American troops from 101st Airborne Division to plug two valleys as the Marines moved through them.

### Operation Condor

On 17 May 2002, coalition forces began Operation Condor following an incident in Patika province the previous day: On May 16, an Australian SAS patrol came under fire for five hours from heavy mortars and machine guns and was chased by 20 to 60 suspected al-Qaeda and Taliban militants, Apache helicopter gunships and AC-130 gunship carried out airstrikes killing about 10 people, the rest of fighters are thought to have dispersed into small groups and blended in with local residents or fled across the border to neighbouring Pakistan. The next day, other coalition forces were deployed to assist them where a 1,000-strong coalition force (500-800 were Royal Marines) led by the Royal Marines surrounded the Khost-Paktia region. American, British, and Australian forces were in "blocking" positions as the British Royal Marines swept the area, supported by US attack helicopters and gunships who bombarded the area; the operation was conducted at heights of between 6,000 and 8,000 feet. On 17 May Brigadier Roger Lane, the top British commander in the coalition forces was supposedly battling a "substantial force" of suspected al Qaeda and Taliban fighters in the mountains, but British Royal Marines spokesman Lieutenant-Colonel Ben Curry said on 18 May: "There has been no combat, we have established a forward operating base and are now clearing the area," Coalition jets and helicopters supported ground troops throughout the day. Coalition troops searched the area without meeting any resistance, but a small amount of ammunition including two 120 mm rockets. It later emerged that the militants who attacked the Australians were not Taliban or Al-Qaeda fighters, but rather local tribal militias. Small-scale skirmishes between rival warlords were a common occurrence in Afghanistan's deeply tribal Pashtun culture. It appeared the militia forces had simply mistaken the Australians for their tribal rivals. Once again, coalition forces deployed without finding any signs of Taliban or al-Qaeda presence. On 20 May, Brigadier Roger Lane, the commander of the Royal Marine force in Afghanistan was replaced by Brigadier Jim Dutton, relations between Lane and the head of the US military were said to be poor after US General Tommy Franks allegedly found out about the Royal Marines' Operation from CNN rather than from Brig Lane. He also contradicted the US defence secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, by saying the war in Afghanistan would be over in a few weeks. Mr Rumsfeld publicly disagreed; he reportedly lost the confidence of his men and his junior commanders, and his tactical decisions came across as increasingly "desperate for some success".

### Operation Buzzard

On 28 or 29 May 2002, the Royal Marines began Operation Buzzard: the aim of the operation was to "prevent freedom of movement of al-Qa'eda and Taliban and to deny them sanctuary from which to operate" according to Royal Marine Lieutenant-Colonel Ben Curry. 45 to 300 British Marines from Taskforce Jacana and local Afghan soldiers were deployed into Khost close to the Afghan-Pakistan border, accompanied by several US civil affairs officials on a "hearts and minds" operation; amid fears that al-Qaeda and Taliban forces were plotting terrorist attacks from across the frontier. The Marines conducted patrols in populated and rural areas using a mixture of helicopter, foot, and vehicle patrols and setting up checkpoints; this new method was to be "unpredictable, operating in smaller sub-unit attachments operating in an area sometimes covertly and introducing that unpredictability and doubt into the minds of the al-Qaeda and Taliban."

Caves and bunkers containing arms, ammunition and supplies were found and destroyed. Over 100 mortars, a hundred anti-tank weapons along with hundreds of RPGs, anti-personnel mines, rockets and artillery shells and thousands of rounds of small-arms and anti-aircraft ammunition. Two British marines confronted nine armed insurgents and made them surrender. However, just like in the previous Condor operation, these turned out to be local militias who had mistaken the Royal Marines for a rival tribal force and opened fire.

## Aftermath

The operation came to an end on 9 July 2002, the operation had shown that al-Qaeda and the Taliban had abandoned a large-scale presence in the region. Madeleine Bunting criticized the operation, writing in an article for *The Guardian* newspaper that "Afghanistan is in danger of becoming the most embarrassing chapter in the recent history of British military engagements." In the end, the Royal Marines had encountered only trigger-happy Afghan militias, with no signs of the terrorists that they had been deployed to fight. Nonetheless, the operation did have one lasting impact; it highlighted the need to disarm such militias. This set plans in motion in Washington to build up a national Afghan army to replace such local militias.

45 Commando had been chosen for this operation due to their expertise in high-altitude warfare, for which they train regularly in the Norwegian mountains; despite this experience, altitude sickness still became a problem with some of the marines, who needed to be airlifted out due to this condition. Norwegian special forces were also specifically asked by NATO to operate in these highland areas because of their experience in high altitudes and cold weather.

## Sources

* *Special Forces: War Against Terrorism* by Eric Micheletti. ISBN 2-913903-90-8

## InfoBox

| Operation Jacana | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | |
|
A Chinook helicopter from 27 Squadron RAF launches after it has embarked troops at a Forward Operating Base (3 May 2002) | |
| Date April 16–July 9, 2002  Location Khost province, Paktia Province, Afghanistan  Result  Coalition victory. | |
| Belligerents | |
| **Coalition:**
United Kingdom
United States
Australia
Norway | Taliban
al-Qaeda |
| Units involved | |
| 45 Commando
US Special Forces
Australian SAS
Forsvarets Spesialkommando | Unknown |
| Strength | |
| 300 Royal Marines | Number unknown, probably light |
| Casualties and losses | |
| None | None |


title: Operation Ivy (band)

abstract: Operation Ivy was an American punk rock band from Berkeley, California, formed in May 1987. They were critical to the emergence of Lookout Records and the so-called "East Bay Sound." The band's name was derived from the Operation Ivy series of nuclear tests in 1952. Although the band released just one full-length album (Energy) before breaking up in May 1989, Operation Ivy is well remembered as the direct antecedent of popular band Rancid and for wielding a lasting stylistic influence over numerous other bands in what became the third wave ska movement.

text:
# Operation Ivy (band)

**Operation Ivy** was an American punk rock band from Berkeley, California, formed in May 1987. They were critical to the emergence of Lookout Records and the so-called "East Bay Sound."

The band's name was derived from the Operation Ivy series of nuclear tests in 1952. Although the band released just one full-length album (*Energy*) before breaking up in May 1989, Operation Ivy is well remembered as the direct antecedent of popular band Rancid and for wielding a lasting stylistic influence over numerous other bands in what became the third wave ska movement.

## History

### Formation

Operation Ivy was formed in May 1987 and was named after the code name of a 1952 American nuclear weapons testing program.

The band consisted of Jesse Michaels (lead vocals), Tim "Lint" Armstrong (guitar, vocals), Matt "McCall" Freeman (bass, vocals), and Dave Mello (drums). Prior to the formation of Operation Ivy, Armstrong and Freeman had played together in the Berkeley ska punk band Basic Radio.

Operation Ivy's first live performance was on May 27, 1987, in Dave Mello's garage. The next day began a tradition of performances at the Berkeley punk collective center 924 Gilman Street. Operation Ivy began playing a number of performances which led to its almost immediate cult-following.

After witnessing a live show in Southern California, Joy Aoki of *Flipside* Magazine described the energetic new band as a "swell bunch of guys" who "mix hard-edged ska with the intensity of young thrash."

### Recordings

In October 1987, the band made its recording debut with a track on the *Maximumrocknroll* compilation album *Turn It Around!*.

In January 1988, the band signed to Lookout Records and released its debut 7-inch record, *Hectic*, which became one of Lookout's best-selling records. By this time, Operation Ivy, along with Crimpshrine and The Mr. T Experience, was one of the most successful bands from the punk scene at 924 Gilman Street. The band began playing a number of performances and embarked on a tour across the United States. By mid-1988, the group began selling out larger venues and the pressure to sign to major labels began to rise. With a budding reputation as an excellent live band, EMI offered Operation Ivy a major-label deal. Unsure of how to react to the prospect of success, both because of their independent politics and local-mindedness, the band chose to break up rather than compromise their intentions.

Operation Ivy released its only studio album *Energy* through Lookout in March 1989. The group broke up two months later in May, and its last official live performance was on May 28, 1989. This was also Green Day's first performance with the name Green Day at 924 Gilman Street, at what was supposed to have been Operation Ivy's record release party. Operation Ivy played one more unofficial performance the following day, mostly for friends and family, in Robert Eggplant's backyard in Pinole, California.

In two years, the band performed 185 shows and recorded a total of 32 songs (28 released officially, 4 on the bootlegged EP *Plea for Peace*), as well as songs which were recorded only as demos, such as "Hedgecore" (about a favorite pastime of the band which involved artfully jumping into manicured bushes), "Hangin' Out", "Sarcastic" and "Left Behind". Recordings from their aborted attempt to record *Energy* at 924 Gilman Street also exist, and include early versions of songs which appeared later on the final studio version of *Energy*, such as "6 to 10" which evolved into "Vulnerability", and an early version of "Unity" with horn accompaniment and a different chorus. All of its known demos and unreleased recordings are available on bootlegs.

### Lyrical themes

The lyrics and tone of Operation Ivy's music portray a vociferous desire for social justice and a strong distrust of mainstream conformist culture.

### Break-up and legacy

Operation Ivy broke up in May 1989.

In 1991, two years after the group's demise, Lookout Records released a compilation album of 27 tracks including *Energy* and *Hectic* in their entirety and the songs "Officer" and "I Got No" all the way to *Turn It Around!*. It was released as a complete discography (sometimes referred to as a re-release of *Energy*).

Although Operation Ivy released only one studio album, *Energy* and had little mainstream success during its career, the band maintained a large underground cult following and influenced numerous bands. The album was certified gold by the RIAA on August 8, 2003.

An array of artists have covered Operation Ivy songs, most of which are featured on a 1997 tribute album, *Take Warning: The Songs of Operation Ivy.* Included are recordings by such bands as Long Beach Dub All Stars covering "Take Warning", Reel Big Fish covering "Unity", Blue Meanies covering "Yellin' in My Ear", Cherry Poppin' Daddies covering "Sound System", The Hippos covering "Freeze Up" and The Aquabats with a "campfire-style" cover of "Knowledge".

Other bands to cover Operation Ivy songs include a rendition of "Healthy Body" by Area-7, "Smiling" by Goldfinger, "Sound System" by Buck O Nine, "Caution" by No Trigger and more covers of "Knowledge" by both Millencolin and Evergreen Terrace. Link 80 was known to cover "I Got No," "The Crowd" and "Room Without a Window" (which appeared on their first demo, recorded at Gilman). Hollywood Undead released a cover of the song "Bad Town" in 2010, Green Day recorded a cover of the Operation Ivy song "Knowledge" for its extended play *Slappy* which was later released on the compilation album *1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours*. Green Day have continued to play the song live (where the band picks members out of the audience to play its instruments). Additionally, Rancid have played Operation Ivy songs at its live performances. In October 2015, Leftöver Crack, a band heavily influenced by Operation Ivy, were joined by Jesse Michaels for performances of "Sound System" and "Unity". Armstrong also joined Boston ska band Big D and the Kids Table for a performance of "Sound System" in Montreal.

### Subsequent careers

Two of the band's members, Armstrong and Freeman, have performed with the bands Rancid, The Ljs, Dance Hall Crashers, Generator, Basic Radio, Downfall, Devil's Brigade, Shaken 69 and Transplants. Additionally, Freeman has performed with Auntie Christ, MDC and Social Distortion. Armstrong also has begun releasing music under the moniker Tim Timebomb.

Drummer Dave Mello went on to perform in the punk band Schlong with his brother Pat Mello (bass) and singer Gavin MacArthur (guitar). He is currently drumming in the punk band Kicker from Oakland California, replacing previous drummer Toby Bitter (known best for being in the bands Filth, Impulse Items, and Submachine).

Michaels eventually resurfaced with a project band, Big Rig, which released a four-song EP titled *Expansive Heart*. In 1999 he formed Common Rider, which included bassist Mass Giorgini (producer and bassist for Squirtgun) and drummer Dan Lumley (of Squirtgun and Screeching Weasel, among others). Common Rider released a seven-inch EP and two studio albums and toured nationwide before disbanding in 2003. B-sides from its second album *This Is Unity Music* were used in a split EP with the Florida skacore band Against All Authority.

In 2008, Michaels collaborated with the indie/punk group Hard Girls to form a punk band called Classics of Love (who were named after a Common Rider song). The band plays traditional punk rock with Michaels serving as the band's lead vocalist. They released a 6-song EP released on Asian Man Records in 2009, and a full-length record (also with Asian Man Records) in 2012.

### Leaving Lookout

On May 4, 2006, it was announced that *Energy* had officially been removed from Lookout Records' catalog. The album had been one of the label's best-selling albums, after Green Day's first two albums. Operation Ivy followed bands such as Green Day, Screeching Weasel, The Queers, and Ted Leo and the Pharmacists in leaving Lookout and taking back the rights to their back catalog due to unpaid royalties.

The 1991 compilation *Operation Ivy* was later reissued on November 6, 2007, by Epitaph Records subsidiary Hellcat Records as a self-titled compilation album. Hellcat Records is former band member Tim Armstrong's label. While the Epitaph reissue's track list is identical to the 1991 Lookout release, the 2007 re-release features remastered audio and new Digipak packaging. Hellcat re-issued the original versions of both *Energy* and *Hectic* on red and clear vinyl in April 2012.

Operation Ivy is featured in the 2017 documentary *Turn It Around: The Story of East Bay Punk*.

### Reunions

The group has stated a number of times that an Operation Ivy reunion is unlikely to happen. Michaels addressed reunion issues in a Myspace blog citing the legal and logistic difficulties in getting the four members together for a reunion, as well as the fact that the band "never belonged in a big rock club in a one to two thousand seat joint." He concluded the post with the following: "\[Will\] it happen? The most honest answer is probably not." Michaels' sentiment was later echoed by Tim Armstrong:

> I love what we did back then, but what we do now is move forward.... To go back 20 years wouldn't feel right. I'm super proud of what we did then, a big part of me is in that band. But it's always about the future for me.

During Rancid's US tour in 2006, Armstrong and Freeman played select tracks from their previous band's catalog. At a performance at the Warfield Theatre in San Francisco on December 17, 2006, Michaels reunited with Armstrong and Freeman to perform the tracks "Unity" as well as "Sound System". It was his first time on stage with the two in over 15 years.

In 2013 and for the first time in 24 years, Michaels and Armstrong (under the name Tim Timebomb) recorded a song together when Michaels appeared on "Living in a Dangerous Land", a song Armstrong released as part of his *Tim Timebomb and Friends* series.

In March 2023, Armstrong and Michaels along with Circle Jerks drummer Joey Castillo formed the band Bad Optix and released their first single "Raid". Less than a week after announcing the formation of the band, the band changed their name to DOOM Regulator.

## Members

### Cameo studio appearance

* Pat Mello – backing vocals

## Discography

### Albums and EPs

| Year | Title | Label | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1988 | *Hectic* | Lookout Records | Debut EP |
| 1989 | *Energy* | Lookout Records | Original 19-song LP |
| 1991 | *Operation Ivy* | Lookout Records | 27-song reissue including *Hectic* and *Turn It Around* tracks |
| 2007 | *Operation Ivy* | Hellcat Records | A remastered re-release of the 1991 version of *Energy*, including the band's *Hectic* EP, and compilation tracks. |

### Compilation appearances

*Note: these are compilation albums featuring multiple artists. Most of them contain only one or two Operation Ivy songs.*

| Year | Song Title | Album Title | Label | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | "Officer", "I Got No" | *Turn It Around!* | Maximumrocknroll | 2 7" Vinyl compilation |
| 1988 | "Hangin' Out" | *The Thing That Ate Floyd* | Lookout Records | Compilation |
| 1989 | "Officer" | *Gilman St. Block Party* | For the Fans by the Fans | Compilation |
| 2004 | "Unity" | *Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2* | Fat Wreck Chords | Compilation |

### Bootlegs

| Year | Title | Label | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | *'69 Newport* | Very Small Records | 7" Vinyl of unreleased songs. (First of three official bootlegs sanctioned by the band; first pressing only) |
| 1987 | *Ramones* (EP) | Metropolis Records | One-sided 12" Vinyl Bootleg of 6 Ramones covers, only 300 copies pressed by an obscure German label. Known for being the band's rarest bootleg, yet having very distorted recording quality. |
| 1988 | *Uncut Gilman Demos* | Peacock Records | Features live recordings of the band playing at the Gilman on February 21, 1988, and on June 24, 1988, during *Rock Against Racism* |
| 1989 | *Lint Rides Again* | Slashout! | Operation Ivy's last show at Gilman St. |
| 1992 | *Plea for Peace* (EP) | M&E | First Operation Ivy "bootleg", released by friends of the band. Contains four outtakes from the *Hectic* sessions. Original pressing was on white vinyl, limited to 2,000. (Second of three official bootlegs sanctioned by the band; first pressing only) |
| 1993 | *Lint: The King of Ska* | Squamosal | Features a live track and two demos. First pressing has Foghorn Leghorn on side A, black label on side B. This pressing was numbered out of 2,000 copies. Of the 2000, 110 copies were pressed on white blur vinyl. Later pressings have blank white labels on both sides with an additional pressing with blank yellow labels on both sides. |
| 1994 | *Live at Gilman* | Berkeley Archive | A live seven-inch bootleg EP, containing an Isocracy cover. |
| 1995 | *East Bay* (EP) | 57 Ink | A bootleg seven-inch of live recordings. Supposedly pressed on transparent green vinyl, but it is unlikely that any copies were ever released. |
| 1996 | *Seedy* | Karma Kredit | A post-breakup collection of unreleased material, released by David Hayes of Very Small Records. (Third of three official bootlegs sanctioned by the band) |
| 1996 | *Unity: The Complete Collection* | Berkeley Archive | Compilation of all of the seven-inch bootlegs and the rare *Ramones* 12-inch EP. |
| 1996 | *Unreleased Energy* | Red Robin Records | Live demo tracks from original *Energy* recordings, collecting bootleg seven-inches such as *Plea for Peace* and '*69 Newport*. |
| 1999 | *Radio Daze* | Spiked Belts and Beer | Recorded live at KSPC Radio recording on March 17, 1988 and April 21, 1988 |
| 2000 | *Sound System* | Gilman St. Records | Live radio show recorded in February 1988 |
| ? | *Smell Rancid* | Confusion Records | Live at the River Theatre in 1988 |
| 2001 | *Boilermaker* | Buy These Records | Live at the Boilermaker in St. Louis recorded in 1988, only 1,000 printed |
| 2004 | *There's a Place* | Baltan-69 | 2xCD-R collection of live recordings and studio outtakes taken from original analog sources and master tapes with no mixing, noise reduction, or equalization. Limited to approximately 100 copies. |

## InfoBox

| Operation Ivy | |
| --- | --- |
| Operation Ivy performing live at 924 Gilman Street in 1988 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Berkeley, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Ska punk · punk rock · hardcore punk |
| Years active | 1987–1989 |
| Labels | Lookout, Hellcat |
|  | |
| Past members |  |


title: Operation Bristle

abstract: Operation Bristle was a British Commando raid over the night of the 3/4 June 1942 during the Second World War. The target of the raid was a German radar site, at Plage-Ste-Cecile between Boulogne and Le Touquet. The raiding force which was provided by No. 6 Commando was defeated by the strong German defences. During the return voyage at around dawn the naval force was attacked by German fighter aircraft which damaged two Motor Launches and one Motor Gun Boat, killing one Commando and two naval personnel and wounding another 19; only the arrival of Royal Air Force preventing further damage and losses.

text:
# Operation Bristle

**Operation Bristle** was a British Commando raid over the night of the 3/4 June 1942 during the Second World War. The target of the raid was a German radar site, at Plage-Ste-Cecile between Boulogne and Le Touquet. The raiding force which was provided by No. 6 Commando was defeated by the strong German defences. During the return voyage at around dawn the naval force was attacked by German fighter aircraft which damaged two Motor Launches and one Motor Gun Boat, killing one Commando and two naval personnel and wounding another 19; only the arrival of Royal Air Force preventing further damage and losses.


title: Industry barque disaster

abstract: Industry was a barque that grounded trying to enter the Columbia River in 1865. Numerous people died. The ship was built in 1862. The vessel departed from San Francisco February 23, 1865, hit storms, and later ran aground after waiting for a pilot to escort it into mouth of the Columbia River on March 15. Seventeen people died and seven survived. A survivor carved the number of dead and survivors on Shark Rock. The lighthouse keeper at Cape Disappointment had no boat suitable to rescue survivors. Rescuers from Fort Cape Disappointment tried to reach survivors.

text:
# Industry barque disaster

***Industry*** was a barque that grounded trying to enter the Columbia River in 1865. Numerous people died.

The ship was built in 1862. The vessel departed from San Francisco February 23, 1865, hit storms, and later ran aground after waiting for a pilot to escort it into mouth of the Columbia River on March 15. Seventeen people died and seven survived. A survivor carved the number of dead and survivors on Shark Rock. The lighthouse keeper at Cape Disappointment had no boat suitable to rescue survivors.

Rescuers from Fort Cape Disappointment tried to reach survivors.


title: Industry funding of academic research

abstract: Industry funding of academic research in the United States is one of the two major sources of research funding in academia along with government support. Currently, private funding of research accounts for the majority of all research and development funding in the United States as of 2007 overall. Overall, Federal and Industrial sources contribute similar amounts to research, while industry funds the vast majority of development work. While the majority of industry research is performed in-house, a major portion of this private research funding is directed to research in non-profit academic centers. As of 1999, industrial sources accounted for an estimated $2.2 billion of academic research funding in the US. However, there is little governmental oversight or tracking of industry funding on academic science and figures of the scale of industry research are often estimated by self-reporting and surveys which can be somewhat unreliable. Much of this industry funding of academic research is directed toward applied research. However, by some accounts, industry may even fund up to 40% of basic research in the United States, with Federal funding of basic research falling below 50%, although this figure does not consider where this research is conducted. The role for funding of academic research from industrial sources has received much attention both in a historical and contemporary perspective. The practice has received both extensive political praise and scholarly criticism.

text:
# Industry funding of academic research

**Industry funding of academic research in the United States** is one of the two major sources of research funding in academia along with government support. Currently, private funding of research accounts for the majority of all research and development funding in the United States as of 2007 overall. Overall, Federal and Industrial sources contribute similar amounts to research, while industry funds the vast majority of development work.

While the majority of industry research is performed in-house, a major portion of this private research funding is directed to research in non-profit academic centers. As of 1999, industrial sources accounted for an estimated $2.2 billion of academic research funding in the US. However, there is little governmental oversight or tracking of industry funding on academic science and figures of the scale of industry research are often estimated by self-reporting and surveys which can be somewhat unreliable.

Much of this industry funding of academic research is directed toward applied research. However, by some accounts, industry may even fund up to 40% of basic research in the United States, with Federal funding of basic research falling below 50%, although this figure does not consider where this research is conducted. The role for funding of academic research from industrial sources has received much attention both in a historical and contemporary perspective. The practice has received both extensive political praise and scholarly criticism.

## History

Research in the US prior to World War II, heavily relied on funding from private sources without major organized federal research programs or either the scientists’ or associates’ personal funds. During WWII, governmental investment in research was widely regarded as a major contributor to military success and support for research was politically favorable. Following WW2, federal research funding in both Europe and the US increased in terms of relative percent of funding for research and absolute amount. Overall, the growth of industrial research funding has greatly outpaced public research funding growth, with US governmental research funding increasing by an average of 3.4% annually, while industrial research funding increased by an average of 5.4% annually from 1950 to 2004.

Since WW2, industry funding of science has consistently represented the second largest source of funding for academic science. Industry funding of academic science did expand during the 1980s and 1990s following the passing of the Bayh–Dole Act and a variety of both State and Federal proposals to increase funding for joint industry academic partnerships. In the 2000s there has been a small retraction of industry funding for academic science while overall industry R&D funding has expanded. ). However, industry funding may be broadening its scope as industry funding of basic science increasing dramatically over that same period, but much of this funding remains in-house.

Culturally, attitudes towards the industrial funding of academic research have changed over time. Within universities, commercial activities and industry funding were often spurned in the 19th century. More recently, commercializing scientific activity is viewed more favorably with extensive political and university support of translating scientific discovery into economic output. However, within the research community and the public, industrial funding of research remains controversial. The universality of this tangled industry, academic, and governmental exchange of funding and research adventures has led researchers to term this model of R&D the Triple Helix.

## Types of industrially funded academic research

University-industry partnerships can take on a variety of forms. On the smallest scale, individual research labs or researchers can partner with industry sources for funding. The details of such partnerships can differ substantially with any number of motives ranging from the academic lab testing of previously developed products, to performing early stage basic research related to industry research objectives, or even to individual researchers supporting their salary by consulting on related research problems in industry. While many such partnerships exist, due to their informal nature and resulting lack of record, it is difficult to track how extensive and impactful such relationships are, with most relying on surveys and other self-reporting measures. By closest approximation, according to the Research Value Mapping Survey, 17% of academics at major US research universities report receive grants from industry sources supporting their research.

Far more extensively, in many fields and countries, a narrow majority of academic scientists report having some soft industry relationships, primarily through consulting. Such informal industry academic relationships have a long-standing tradition as they served as a major source of funding for individual labs prior to WW2. In many cases, it was expected that researchers would pursue such relationships as this was expected to be a major source of funding for researcher’s salaries. Despite greatly expanded post-WW2 federal support for research, so called soft money salary support from industry remains a large and growing aspect of academic research salaries.

### University Industry Research Centers (UIRCs)

On a larger scale, there have been numerous attempts to create collaborative University-Industry Research Centers (UIRCs) to jointly host academic and industry researchers to address industry problems with direct, large scale collaborative centers. Early forms of UIRCS started in the 1950s and 1960s with the formation of research parks with industry sponsors. In the 1970s, there were multiple proposals at the federal level in the US to help fund and expand early UIRCs. However, funding fell through at multiple points.

The first UIRCs experienced difficulties in bridging the differences between academic and industrial culture. One such attempt occurred at Cal Tech where Cal Tech researchers partnered with Xerox and IBM through the Silicon Structures Project. Both industry and academic partners were concerned about the cultures of the other and found the structure ineffective. With such frustrations, it was difficult to secure partners to continue expanding UIRCs.

In the late 1970s, RPI created two three new UIRCs: 1) the Center for Integrated Computer Graphics, which received both NSF and industry support 2) the Center for Manufacturing Productivity and Technology Transfer, which was funded entirely by industry support and 3) the Center for Integrated Electronics, which received unprecedented industry support. These centers were generally regarded as highly successful and made expansion of governmental support for joint industry and academic ventures more favorable. In the early 1980s, states began contributing funding to UIRCs and other industry-academic partnerships to encourage local economic growth from innovation. By the mid-1980s, the federal government expanded financial support for UIRCs.

With mixed governmental and industry support, the UIRCs were more likely to be successful. Over time successful governmentally funded UIRCs could become independent from government support once having demonstrable successes that could continue to incentivize industry to contribute funding more aggressively. UIRCs, coupled to early seeding from both state and federal government, continued to greatly expand during the 1980s and early 1990s, eventually receiving nearly 70% of industry funding of academic research and incentivizing a tripling of industry funding of academic research during the 1980s.

### Contract Research Organizations (CROs)

Contract research has also drawn increasing industry funding, particularly to Contract Research Organizations (CROs) from Biotech and Pharmaceutical corporations. Contract research is a popular form of outsourcing research in industry as industry has more influence over how the study is conducted than in either UIRCs or traditional academic grants. CROs, which are specifically designed for this function have drawn substantial industry clinical research funding away from academia and are growing rapidly.

## Influence and criticisms

Much discussion has been placed on the effects of industrial research funding on the behavior of academic research scientists. Concerns center on whether researchers can remain impartial when they are being funded by a for-profit and potentially motivated industrial source, if this funding gives private sources an oversized impact on which research directions are pursued, and the potential negative effects of industrial funding on the openness of science.

A multitude of studies have found that pharmaceutical studies funded by industry organizations are significantly more likely to publish results in favor of the product being supported. This could, in part, be due to the fact that usually when an academic accepts industry funding, particularly when working on an existing product, researchers have to sign non-disclosure agreements which often prevent the publication of negative results and inhibit the openness of science. This could serve to significantly bias scientific results and diminish public trust of science.

There are additionally many scholars who have considered advantages of industrially funded academic research. Generally, increased industry funding may increase academic and industry interaction, prompting greater efficiency in translating and commercializing of science research. This increased commercialization activity from academics could serve as an economic and societal boost as the economy could be bolstered by new products hitting the market, while society could benefit directly from having increased access to the fruits of scientific production. Supporting this, academic science funded by industry sources does result in more patents per dollar, increased licensing of these patents, and even more citations per published paper than research supported by other sources, including federal at the University of California Berkeley.

In Germany, it also appears that applied research funded by industry sources results in a significant increase in patent citations, which could correspond to a serious increase in translation of applied research. Such increase in commercialization and translation of research could provide social and economic benefits. However, it is difficult to determine whether this increase in apparent impact is due to the industry funding itself or is just a read out that industry funds target work that tends to produce more citations per publication as well as more patents.


title: Industrial big data

abstract: Industrial big data refers to a large amount of diversified time series generated at a high speed by industrial equipment, known as the Internet of things. The term emerged in 2012 along with the concept of "Industry 4.0”, and refers to big data”, popular in information technology marketing, in that data created by industrial equipment might hold more potential business value. Industrial big data takes advantage of industrial Internet technology. It uses raw data to support management decision making, so to reduce costs in maintenance and improve customer service. Please see intelligent maintenance system for more reference.

text:
# Industrial big data

**Industrial big data** refers to a large amount of diversified time series generated at a high speed by industrial equipment, known as the Internet of things. The term emerged in 2012 along with the concept of "Industry 4.0”, and refers to big data”, popular in information technology marketing, in that data created by industrial equipment might hold more potential business value. Industrial big data takes advantage of industrial Internet technology. It uses raw data to support management decision making, so to reduce costs in maintenance and improve customer service. Please see intelligent maintenance system for more reference.

## Definition

Big data refers to data generated in high volume, high variety, and high velocity that require new technologies of processing to enable better decision making, knowledge discovery and process optimization. Sometimes, the feature of veracity is also added to emphasize the quality and integrity of the data. However, for industrial big data, there should be two more "V’s". One is visibility, which refers to the discovery of unexpected insights of the existing assets and/or processes and in this way transferring invisible knowledge to visible value. The other "V" is value.

BackgroundGeneral "Big Data" analytics often focuses on the mining of relationships and capturing the phenomena. Yet "Industrial Big Data" analytics is more interested in finding the physical root cause behind features extracted from the phenomena. This means effective "Industrial Big Data" analytics will require more domain know-how than general "Big Data" analytics. BrokenCompared to "Big Data" analytics, "Industrial Big Data" analytics favors the "completeness" of data over the "volume" of the data, which means that in order to construct an accurate data-driven analytical system, it is necessary to prepare data from different working conditions. Due to communication issues and multiple sources, data from the system might be discrete and un-synchronized. That is why pre-processing is an important procedure before actually analyzing the data to make sure that the data are complete, continuous and synchronized. Bad-QualityThe focus of "Big Data" analytics is mining and discovering, which means that the volume of the data might compensate the low-quality of the data. However, for "Industrial Big Data", since variables usually possess clear physical meanings, data integrity is of vital importance to the development of the analytical system. Low-quality data or incorrect recordings will alter the relationship between different variables and will have a catastrophic impact on the estimation accuracy.

## Technologies

### Data acquisition, storage and management

As data from automated industrial equipment are being generated at an extraordinary speed and volume, the infrastructure of storing and managing these data becomes the first challenge any industry will face. Different from the tradition business intelligence which mostly focuses on internal structured data and processes that information in regularly occurring cycles, "Industrial Big Data” analytical system requires near real-time analytics and visualization of the results.

The first step is to collect the right data. Since the automation level of modern equipment is getting higher, data are being generated from an increasing number of sensors. Recognizing the parameters are related to equipment status is important to reducing the amount of data necessary to be collected and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of data analytics.

The next step is to build a data management system that will be able to handle large amounts of data and perform analytics in near real-time. In order to enable rapid decision making, data storage, management and processing need to be more integrated. General Electric has built a prototype data storage infrastructure for fleet of gas turbines. The developed in-memory data grids (IMDG)-based system was proved to be able to handle challenging high velocity and high volume data flow while performing near real-time analytics on the data. They believe that the developed technology has demonstrated a viable path to realize batch "Industrial Big Data” management infrastructure. As prices of memory becomes cheaper, such systems will become central and fundamental to future industry.

### Cyber-physical systems

Cyber-physical systems is the core technology of industrial big data. Cyber-physical systems are systems that require seamless integration between computational models and physical components. Differing from the traditional operation technology, "Industrial Big Data” requires that the decision to be informed from a way wider scope, a central part of which is equipment status. T Improved processes will further increase productivity and reduce costs. This aligns with the mission of "Industrial Big Data”, which is to reveal insights from the large amount of raw data and turn that information into value. This combines the power of information technology and operation technology to create an information-transparent environment to support decisions for users of different levels.

## Sample repositories

Every unit in an industrial system generates vast amount of data every moment. Billions of data samples are being generated by every single machine per day in a manufacturing line. As an example, a Boeing 787 generates over half a terabyte of data per flight. Clearly the volume of data generated by group of units in an industrial system is far beyond the capability of traditional methods therefore handling, managing and processing it would be a challenge.

In the course of last several years, researchers and companies have actively participated in collecting, organizing and analyzing huge industrial data sets. Some of these data sets are currently available for public usage for research purposes.

NASA data repository is one of the most famous data repositories for Industrial Big Data. Various data sets provided by this repository may be used for predictive analysis, fault detection, prognostics, etc.

| ID | Repository Name | Description of the Data |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Algae Raceway Data Set | 3 small raceways experiment for algae biomass |
| 2 | CFRP Composites Data Set | Run-to-failure experiment on CFRP panels |
| 3 | Milling Data Set | Experiments on a milling machine for different speeds, feeds, and depth of cut. Records the wear of the milling insert, VB. The data set was provided by the BEST lab at UC Berkeley. |
| 4 | Bearing Data Set | Experiments on bearings. The data set was provided by the Center for Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS), University of Cincinnati. |
| 5 | Battery Data Set | Experiments on Li-ion batteries. Charging and discharging at different temperatures. Records the impedance as the damage criterion. The data set was provided by the Prognostics CoE at NASA Ames. |
| 6 | Turbofan Engine Degradation Simulation Data Set | Engine degradation simulation was carried out using C-MAPSS. Four different were sets simulated under different combinations of operational conditions and fault modes. Records several sensor channels to characterize fault evolution. The data set was provided by the Prognostics CoE at NASA Ames. |
| 7 | IGBT Accelerated Aging Sata Set | Preliminary data from thermal overstress accelerated aging using the aging and characterization system. The data set contains aging data from 6 devices, one device aged with DC gate bias and the rest aged with a squared signal gate bias. Several variables are recorded and in some cases, high-speed measurements of gate voltage, collector-emitter voltage and collector current are available. The data set is provided by the Prognostics CoE at NASA Ames. |
| 8 | Trebuchet Data Set | Trajectories of different types of balls launched from a trebuchet with varying counter weights. Flights were filmed and extraction routines calculated position of data. Both raw video data and extracted trajectories are provided. Geometry and physical properties of the trebuchet are available. |
| 9 | FEMTO Bearing Data Set | Experiments on bearings' accelerated life tests provided by FEMTO-ST Institute, Besançon, France. |
| 10 | Randomized Battery Usage Data Set | Batteries are continuously cycled with randomly generated current profiles. Reference charging and discharging cycles are also performed after a fixed interval of randomized usage in order to provide reference benchmarks for battery state of health. |
| 11 | Capacitor Electrical Stress Data Set | Capacitors were subjected to electrical stress under three voltage levels i.e. 10V, 12V and 14V. Data Set contains EIS data as well as Charge/Discharge Signal data. |

## Sample industrial big data analytics use cases

Leveraging machine learning and predictive analytics algorithms, industrial big data can help to create value in various use case scenarios like predictive maintenance (predicting and preventing machine failures or component failures, e.g. im manufacturing machines, airplanes, automotive vehicles, trains, wind turbine, oil pipelines, etc.), product quality prediction in early stages of the production process and product quality optimization (e.g. in the steel industry), prediction and prevention of critical situation in continuous production processes (e.g. in the chemical industry), prediction of product lifetime(e.g. car engines, wind turbine components, batteries, etc.), assembly plan prediction for new 3D product designs (e.g. for truck engine components, whitegoods like washers and dryers, etc.), energy demand prediction, demand forecasting, price forecasting, and many other use cases(see e.g. Industrial Data Science Conference (IDS 2017 and IDS 2019).