title: National Horticulture Mission

abstract: The National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is an Indian horticulture scheme promoted by the Government of India. It was launched under the 10th five-year plan in the year 2005-06. The Government of India contributes 85%, while 15% is contributed by state governments.

text:
# National Horticulture Mission

The **National Horticulture Mission** (**NHM**) is an Indian horticulture scheme promoted by the Government of India. It was launched under the 10th five-year plan in the year 2005-06. The Government of India contributes 85%, while 15% is contributed by state governments.

## Objectives

The NHM's key objective is to develop horticulture to the maximum potential available in the state and to augment production of all horticultural products (fruits, vegetables, flowers, coco, cashew nut, plantation crops, spices, medicinal aromatic plants) in the state. Other objectives include:

1. To provide holistic growth of the horticulture sector through an area based regionally differentiated strategies
2. To enhance horticulture production, improve nutritional security and income support to farm households
3. To establish convergence and synergy among multiple ongoing and planned programmes for horticulture development
4. To promote, develop and disseminate technologies, through a seamless blend of traditional wisdom and modern scientific knowledge
5. To create opportunities for employment generation for skilled and unskilled persons, especially unemployed youth


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Choctaw County, Oklahoma. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Choctaw County, Oklahoma, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Choctaw County, Oklahoma

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Choctaw County, Oklahoma**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Choctaw County, Oklahoma, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Chief's House |  | June 21, 1971
(#71000660) | 1.5 miles northeast of Swink
34°01′23″N 95°10′54″W / 34.023056°N 95.181667°W / 34.023056; -95.181667 (Chief's House) | Swink | Built for the Appuckshunubbe District Chief, the 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek provided for its construction. This house at Swink is the only house still on its original site in existence from that era. Maintained by the Swink Historical Preservation Association, it is open by appointment. (2011) |
| 2 | Doaksville Site |  | May 29, 1975
(#75001561) | Address Restricted
 | Fort Towson |  |
| 3 | Everidge Cabin and Cemetery |  | March 31, 1982
(#82003674) | Off the railroad line
33°56′34″N 95°21′19″W / 33.942778°N 95.355278°W / 33.942778; -95.355278 (Everidge Cabin and Cemetery) | Hugo |  |
| 4 | Fort Towson |  | September 29, 1970
(#70000531) | 1 mile northeast of Fort Towson
34°01′34″N 95°15′08″W / 34.026111°N 95.252222°W / 34.026111; -95.252222 (Fort Towson) | Fort Towson |  |
| 5 | Hugo Armory |  | September 8, 1988
(#88001378) | Jefferson and 3rd Sts.
34°00′30″N 95°30′36″W / 34.008333°N 95.51°W / 34.008333; -95.51 (Hugo Armory) | Hugo |  |
| 6 | Hugo Frisco Railroad Depot |  | June 6, 1980
(#80003259) | N. A and Jackson Sts.
34°00′43″N 95°30′53″W / 34.011944°N 95.514722°W / 34.011944; -95.514722 (Hugo Frisco Railroad Depot) | Hugo |  |
| 7 | Hugo Historic District |  | November 12, 1980
(#80003260) | U.S. Routes 70 and 271
34°00′39″N 95°30′46″W / 34.010867°N 95.512864°W / 34.010867; -95.512864 (Hugo Historic District) | Hugo |  |
| 8 | Hugo Public Library |  | September 8, 1988
(#88001379) | 703 E. Jackson St.
34°00′39″N 95°30′17″W / 34.0108°N 95.5048°W / 34.0108; -95.5048 (Hugo Public Library) | Hugo | Building replaced by the Choctaw County Public Library in 2004. |
| 9 | Rose Hill Plantation |  | March 15, 2010
(#10000069) | Address Restricted
 | Hugo |  |
| 10 | Speer School |  | September 8, 1988
(#88001380) | Off U.S. Route 271 east on a county road
34°06′49″N 95°32′54″W / 34.113611°N 95.548333°W / 34.113611; -95.548333 (Speer School) | Hugo |  |
| 11 | Spencer Academy |  | May 21, 1975
(#75001562) | 10 miles north of Fort Towson
34°08′51″N 95°21′37″W / 34.1475°N 95.360278°W / 34.1475; -95.360278 (Spencer Academy) | Fort Towson |  |
| 12 | Spencerville School Campus |  | September 8, 1988
(#88001381) | South of Spencerville
34°08′31″N 95°22′13″W / 34.141944°N 95.370278°W / 34.141944; -95.370278 (Spencerville School Campus) | Spencerville |  |
| 13 | Willie W. Wilson House |  | April 20, 1982
(#82003673) | Northeastern corner of the junction of Cincinnati Ave. and Main St.
34°01′15″N 95°15′55″W / 34.02087°N 95.26541°W / 34.02087; -95.26541 (Willie W. Wilson House) | Fort Towson |  |


title: Intelligence and personality

abstract: Intelligence and personality have traditionally been studied as separate entities in psychology, but more recent work has increasingly challenged this view. An increasing number of studies have recently explored the relationship between intelligence and personality, in particular the Big Five personality traits.

text:
# Intelligence and personality

**Intelligence and personality** have traditionally been studied as separate entities in psychology, but more recent work has increasingly challenged this view. An increasing number of studies have recently explored the relationship between intelligence and personality, in particular the Big Five personality traits.

## General relationship

Intelligence and personality have some common features; for example, they both follow a relatively stable pattern throughout the whole of one’s life, and are to some degree genetically determined. In addition, they are both significant predictors of various outcomes, such as educational achievement, occupational performance, and health. The traditional view in psychology, which was that personality and intelligence should be studied as strictly separate entities, has come under scrutiny in light of modern personality research.

Historically, psychologists have drawn a hard distinction between intelligence and personality, arguing that intelligence is a cognitive trait while personality is non-cognitive. However, modern psychologists argue that intelligence and personality are intertwined, noting that personality traits tend to be related to specific cognitive patterns. For example, neuroticism is a personality trait that is related to rumination and compulsive thinking about possible threats. Similarly, agreeableness is a personality trait that is related to the consideration of others' mental states. The finding that IQ predicts work performance, academic achievement, and health might also point to a link between intelligence and personality, or else be grounds for further research into their relationship.

In considering the ties between intelligence and personality, it may be worth noting that they are typically not tested in the same way. Intelligence is assessed using ability tests (such as IQ tests), whereas personality is assessed using questionnaires. It has been suggested that intelligence should reflect an individual's *maximal performance*, while personality should reflect their *typical behaviour*.

## By personality trait

### Openness

Openness shows the strongest positive relationship with  (general intelligence) among the Big Five personality traits. The main meta-analytic estimates of correlations have ranged from .17 to .23. Individuals with a high level of openness enjoy the experience of learning and prefer an intellectually stimulating environment. Meta-analytic research shows that openness is more strongly related to crystallized intelligence (*r* = .25) than with fluid intelligence (*r* = .17).

Some psychologists have recently pointed out that previous instruments used to measure openness actually assessed two distinctive aspects. The first is intellect, which reflects intellectual engagement and perceived intelligence and is marked by ideas, while the second is emotion, which reflects the artistic and contemplative qualities related to being engaged in sensation and perception and is marked by fantasy, aesthetics, feelings and actions. Intelligence is more strongly related to intellectual engagement than with interest in aesthetics and fantasy. On this basis, intellect was found to be associated with the neural system of the working memory, which is related to *g*, whereas openness was not. In addition, according to a behavioral genetics study, intellect is genetically closer to intelligence than openness.

### Neuroticism

Neuroticism has a meaningful negative correlation with intelligence. The main large meta-analyses have obtained correlations around *r* = −.09. Debate exists about the extent to which the correlation reflects a substantive relationship or issues with measurement. Researchers have noted that neuroticism is correlated with test anxiety, which refers to the psychological distress experienced by individuals prior to, or during, an evaluative situation. As such, some researchers have argued that neuroticism leads to test anxiety and under performance on cognitive tests. However, others researchers have argued that test anxiety is mostly incidental and caused by neuroticism, contextual pressures, and lower cognitive ability.

According to the results of a longitudinal study conducted by Gow et al., (2005), neuroticism influences an age-related decline in intelligence and there is a small negative correlation between neuroticism and a change in the level of IQ (*r* = −.18). Although it is still debatable if neuroticism reduces general intelligence, this study provided some valuable evidence and a direction for research. In addition, some interaction between intelligence and neuroticism has been found. Individuals with a high level of neuroticism demonstrated a poor performance, health, and adjustment only if they had a low level of intelligence. Therefore, intelligence may act as a buffer against the negative effects of neuroticism in individuals.

### Conscientiousness

The association between conscientiousness and intelligence is complex and uncertain. Some researchers theorize that people with lower levels of intelligence compensate for their lower level of cognitive ability by being more structured and effortful. While some studies have obtained negative correlations, others have not. In particular, the largest current meta-analysis of 369 studies (*n* = 345,165) obtained a correlation of *r* = .01 though numerous aspect and facet level relations emerged, especially with sub-dimensions of intelligence (e.g., .32 for the industriousness aspect with general mental ability, .20 for order facet with visual processing, .39 for dependability with social studies knowledge).

Furthermore, some interaction has been found between conscientiousness and intelligence. Conscientiousness has been found to be a stronger predictor of safety behaviour in individuals with a low level of intelligence than in those with a high level. This interaction may also be found in educational and occupational settings in future studies. Therefore, relatively speaking, an increase in either conscientiousness or intelligence may compensate for a deficiency in the other.

### Extraversion

The largest current meta-analyses have found few correlations between overall extraversion and intelligence (e.g., corrected r = -.02 with general mental ability based on 502 effect sizes and 393,929 people). However, within extraversion are numerous aspects and facets. For example, the activity facet, which displayed positive, meaningful relations with memory, visual processing, and processing speed abilities (e.g., .25 with ideational fluency) as well as the spectrum of acquired knowledge constructs (e.g., .28 with general verbal information).

There are some moderating variables in the relationship between extraversion and *g* including differences in the assessment instruments and samples’ age and sensory stimulation; for example, no meaningful correlation was found between extraversion and intelligence in the samples of children. Furthermore, Bates and Rock (2004) used Raven’s matrices and found that extraverts performed better than introverts with increasing auditory stimulation, whereas introverts performed best in silence. This result is consistent with that of Revelle et al. (1976).

### Agreeableness

Meta-analytic research suggests that agreeableness and intelligence are uncorrelated at the global level. However, some components of agreeableness have been found to be related to cognitive abilities. For example, aggression is negatively associated with intelligence (*r* is around −.20) because unintelligent people may experience more frustration, which may lead to aggression and aggression and intelligence may share some biological factors. It is worth noting, however, that the largest meta-analyses of cognitive ability and personality trait aggression have found negligible connections. In addition, emotional perception and emotional facilitation, which are also components of agreeableness, have been found to be significantly correlated with intelligence. This may be because emotional perception and emotional facilitation are components of emotional intelligence and some researchers have found that emotional intelligence is a Second-Stratum Factor of *g*. Similarly, meta-analysis suggests that the related trait of honesty-humility is also uncorrelated with intelligence. On the other hand, the largest meta-analyses and agreeableness traits and cognitive abilities have found numerous links. For example, the aspects of agreeableness (i.e., compassion and politeness) have meaningful and opposite relations with cognitive abilities. For example, compassion correlates .26 with general mental ability whereas politeness correlates -.22 with general science knowledge. Facets of agreeableness also demonstrate some meaningful connections with various cognitive abilities (e.g., cooperation and processing speed correlate .20, modesty and ideational fluency correlate -.17).


title: Rudolph Kleberg

abstract: Rudolph Kleberg was a U.S. Representative from Texas, great uncle of Robert C. Eckhardt and uncle of Richard M. Kleberg, Sr.

text:
# Rudolph Kleberg

**Rudolph Kleberg** (June 26, 1847  December 28, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Texas, great uncle of Robert C. Eckhardt and uncle of Richard M. Kleberg, Sr.

## Early life and education

Born in Cat Spring, Texas, Kleberg was instructed by private tutors and graduated from Concrete College, De Witt County, in 1868. He enlisted in Tom Green's brigade of Cavalry in the Confederate States Army in the spring of 1864 and served until the close of the Civil War.

After the war, Kleberg studied law in San Antonio. He was admitted to the bar in 1872.

## Career

Kleberg commenced practice in Cuero, Texas. The next year, he founded the *Cuero Star* in 1873. After a few years of practice, Kleberg was appointed as prosecuting attorney of De Witt County 1876-1890.

Entering electoral politics, he served as a member of the State senate 1882-1886. In 1885, he was appointed as United States attorney for the western district of Texas.

Kleberg was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William H. Crain. He was reelected to the Fifty-fifth, Fifty-sixth, and Fifty-seventh Congresses and served from April 7, 1896, to March 3, 1903.

He was not a candidate for renomination in 1902. Resuming the practice of law, he moved with his family to Austin, Texas, in 1905. There he was appointed as the official reporter for the court of criminal appeals February 24, 1905.

He served until his death in Austin on December 28, 1924. He was interred in Oakwood Cemetery.

## Sources

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Rudolph Kleberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Rudolph Kleberg, US Representative from Texas | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Texas's 11th district | |
| **In office**
April 7, 1896  March 3, 1903 | |
| Preceded by | William H. Crain |
| Succeeded by | Robert Lee Henry |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1847-06-26)June 26, 1847
Cat Spring, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | December 28, 1924(1924-12-28) (aged 77)
Austin, Texas, U.S. |
| Resting place | Oakwood Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Vaginal epithelium

abstract: The vaginal epithelium is the inner lining of the vagina consisting of multiple layers of (squamous) cells. The basal membrane provides the support for the first layer of the epithelium-the basal layer. The intermediate layers lie upon the basal layer, and the superficial layer is the outermost layer of the epithelium. Anatomists have described the epithelium as consisting of as many as 40 distinct layers of cells. The mucus found on the epithelium is secreted by the cervix and uterus. The rugae of the epithelium create an involuted surface and result in a large surface area that covers 360 cm⁲. This large surface area allows the trans-epithelial absorption of some medications via the vaginal route. In the course of the reproductive cycle, the vaginal epithelium is subject to normal, cyclic changes, that are influenced by estrogen: with increasing circulating levels of the hormone, there is proliferation of epithelial cells along with an increase in the number of cell layers. As cells proliferate and mature, they undergo partial cornification. Although hormone induced changes occur in the other tissues and organs of the female reproductive system, the vaginal epithelium is more sensitive and its structure is an indicator of estrogen levels. Some Langerhans cells and melanocytes are also present in the epithelium. The epithelium of the ectocervix is contiguous with that of the vagina, possessing the same properties and function. The vaginal epithelium is divided into layers of cells, including the basal cells, the parabasal cells, the superficial squamous flat cells, and the intermediate cells. The superficial cells exfoliate continuously, and basal cells replace the superficial cells that die and slough off from the stratum corneum. Under the stratus corneum is the stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum. The cells of the vaginal epithelium retain a usually high level of glycogen compared to other epithelial tissue in the body. The surface patterns on the cells themselves are circular and arranged in longitudinal rows. The epithelial cells of the uterus possess some of the same characteristics of the vaginal epithelium.

text:
# Vaginal epithelium

The **vaginal epithelium** is the inner lining of the vagina consisting of multiple layers of (squamous) cells. The basal membrane provides the support for the first layer of the epithelium-the basal layer. The intermediate layers lie upon the basal layer, and the superficial layer is the outermost layer of the epithelium. Anatomists have described the epithelium as consisting of as many as 40 distinct layers of cells. The mucus found on the epithelium is secreted by the cervix and uterus. The rugae of the epithelium create an involuted surface and result in a large surface area that covers 360 cm2. This large surface area allows the trans-epithelial absorption of some medications via the vaginal route.

In the course of the reproductive cycle, the vaginal epithelium is subject to normal, cyclic changes, that are influenced by estrogen: with increasing circulating levels of the hormone, there is proliferation of epithelial cells along with an increase in the number of cell layers. As cells proliferate and mature, they undergo partial cornification. Although hormone induced changes occur in the other tissues and organs of the female reproductive system, the vaginal epithelium is more sensitive and its structure is an indicator of estrogen levels. Some Langerhans cells and melanocytes are also present in the epithelium. The epithelium of the ectocervix is contiguous with that of the vagina, possessing the same properties and function. The vaginal epithelium is divided into layers of cells, including the basal cells, the parabasal cells, the superficial squamous flat cells, and the intermediate cells. The superficial cells exfoliate continuously, and basal cells replace the superficial cells that die and slough off from the stratum corneum. Under the stratus corneum is the stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum. The cells of the vaginal epithelium retain a usually high level of glycogen compared to other epithelial tissue in the body. The surface patterns on the cells themselves are circular and arranged in longitudinal rows. The epithelial cells of the uterus possess some of the same characteristics of the vaginal epithelium.

## Structure

Vaginal epithelium forms transverse ridges or rugae that are most prominent in the lower third of the vagina. This structure of the epithelium results in an increased surface area that allows for stretching. This layer of epithelium is protective, and its uppermost surface of cornified (dead) cells are unique in that they are permeable to microorganisms that are part of the vaginal flora. The lamina propria of connective tissue is under the epithelium.

### Cells

| cell type | Features | Diameter | Nuclei | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| basal cell | round to cylindrical, narrow basophilic cytoplasmic space | 12-14 μm | distinct, 8–10 μm in size | only in case of severe epithelial atrophy and in repair processes after inflammation |
| stratum granulosum | part of the parabasal layer, round to longitudinal oval, cytoplasm basophilic | 20 μm | clear cell nucleus | Frequent glycogen storage, thickened cell margins and decentralized cell nucleus; Predominant cell type in menopausal women |
| stratum spinosum | part of the parabasal layer |  |  |  |
| intermediate cell | oval to polygonal, cytoplasm basophilic | 30–50 μm | approx. 8 μm, decreasing core-plasma relation with increase in size | in pregnancy: barge-like with thickened cell margin ("navicular cells") |
| superficial squamous flat cells | polygonal, baso- or eosinophilic, transparent, partially keratohyaline granule | 50–60 microns | vesicular and slightly stainable or shrunken |  |
| stratum corneum | exfoliate, slough off |  | become detached from the epithelium |  |

### Basal cells

The basal layer of the epithelium is the most mitotically active and reproduces new cells. This layer is composed of one layer of cuboidal cells lying on top of the basal membrane.

### Parabasal cells

The parabasal cells include the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum. In these two layers, cells from the lower basal layer transition from active metabolic activity to death (apoptosis). In these mid-layers of the epithelia, the cells begin to lose their mitochondria and other cell organelles. The multiple layers of parabasal cells are polyhedral in shape with prominent nuclei.

### Intermediate cells

Intermediate cells make abundant glycogen and store it. Estrogen induces the intermediate and superficial cells to fill with glycogen. The intermediate cells contain nuclei and are larger than the parabasal cells and more flattened. Some have identified a transitional layer of cells above the intermediate layer.

### Superficial cells

Estrogen induces the intermediate and superficial cells to fill with glycogen. Several layers of superficial cells exist that consist of large, flattened cells with indistinct nuclei. The superficial cells are exfoliated continuously.

### Cell junctions

The junctions between epithelial cells regulate the passage of molecules, bacteria and viruses by functioning as a physical barrier. The three types of structural adhesions between epithelial cells are: tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes. "Tight junctions (zonula occludens) are composed of transmembrane proteins that make contact across the intercellular space and create a seal to restrict transmembrane proteins difusion. of molecules across the epithelial sheet. Tight junctions also have an organizing role in epithelial polarization by limiting the mobility of membrane-bound molecules between the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane of each epithelial cell. Adherens junctions (zonula adherens) connect bundles of actin filaments from cell to cell to form a continuous adhesion belt, usually just below the microfilaments." Junction integrity changes as the cells move to the upper layers of the epidermis.

### Mucus

The vagina itself does not contain mucous glands. Though mucus is not produced by the vaginal epithelium, mucus originates from the cervix. The cervical mucus that is located inside the vagina can be used to assess fertility in ovulating women. The Bartholin's glands and Skene's glands located at the entrance of the vagina do produce mucus.

## Development

The epithelium of the vagina originates from three different precursors during embryonic and fetal development. These are the vaginal squamous epithelium of the lower vagina, the columnar epithelium of the endocervix, and the squamous epithelium of the upper vagina. The distinct origins of vaginal epithelium may impact the understanding of vaginal anomalies. Vaginal adenosis is a vaginal anomaly traced to displacement of normal vaginal tissue by other reproductive tissue within the muscular layer and epithelium of the vaginal wall. This displaced tissue often contains glandular tissue and appears as a raised, red surface.

## Cyclic variations

During the luteal and follicular phases of the estrous cycle the structure of the vaginal epithelium varies. The number of cell layers vary during the days of the estrous cycle:

Day 10, 22 layers

Days 12-14, 46 layers

Day 19, 32 layers

Day 24, 24 layers

The glycogen levels in the cells is at its highest immediately before ovulation.

## Lytic cells

Without estrogen, the vaginal epithelium is only a few layers thick. Only small round cells are seen that originate directly from the basal layer (basal cells) or the cell layers (parabasal cells) above it. The parabasal cells, which are slightly larger than the basal cells, form a five- to ten-layer cell layer. The parabasal cells can also differentiate into histiocytes or glandular cells. Estrogen also influences the changing ratios of nuclear constituents to cytoplasm. As a result of cell aging, cells with shrunken, seemingly foamy cell nuclei (intermediate cells) develop from the parabasal cells. These can be categorized by means of the nuclear-plasma relation into "upper" and "deep" intermediate cells. Intermediate cells make abundant glycogen and store it. The further nuclear shrinkage and formation of mucopolysaccharides are distinct characteristics of superficial cells. The mucopolysaccharides form a keratin-like cell scaffold. Fully keratinized cells without a nucleus are called "floes". Intermediate and superficial cells are constantly exfoliated from the epithelium. The glycogen from these cells is converted to sugars and then fermented by the bacteria of the vaginal flora to lactic acid. The cells progress through the cell cycle and then decompose (cytolysis) within a week's time. Cytolysis occurs only in the presence of glycogen-containing cells, that is, when the epithelium is degraded to the upper intermediate cells and superficial cells. In this way, the cytoplasm is dissolved, while the cell nuclei remain.

## Epithelial microbiota

Low pH is necessary to control vaginal microbiota. Vaginal epithelial cells have a relatively high concentration of glycogen compared to other epithelial cells of the human body. The metabolism of this complex sugar by the lactobacillus dominated microbiome is responsible for vaginal acidity.

## Function

The cellular junctions of the vaginal epithelium help prevent pathogenic microorganisms from entering the body though some are still able to penetrate this barrier. Cells of the cervix and vaginal epithelium generate a mucous barrier (glycocalyx) in which immune cells reside. In addition, white blood cells provide additional immunity and are able to infiltrate and move through the vaginal epithelium. The epithelium is permeable to antibodies, other immune system cells, and macromolecules. The permeability of epithelium thus provides access for these immune system components to prevent the passage of invading pathogens into deeper vaginal tissue. The epithelium further provides a barrier to microbes by the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (beta-defensins and cathelicidins) and immunoglobulins. Terminally differentiated, superficial keratinocytes extrude the contents of lamellar bodies out of the cell to form a specialized, intercellular lipid envelope that encases the cells of the epidermis and provides a physical barrier to microorganisms.

## Clinical significance

### Disease transmission

Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV are rarely transmitted across intact and healthy epithelium. These protective mechanisms are due to frequent exfoliation of the superficial cells, low pH, and innate and acquired immunity in the tissue. Research into the protective nature of the vaginal epithelium has been recommended as it would help in the design of topical medication and microbicides.

### Cancer

There are very rare malignant growths that can originate in the vaginal epithelium. Some are only known through case studies. They are more common in older women.

### Inflammation

### Atrophy

The vaginal epithelium changes significantly when estrogen levels decrease at menopause. Atrophic vaginitis usually causes scant odorless discharge

## History

The vaginal epithelium has been studied since 1910 by a number of histologists.

## Research

The use of nanoparticles that can penetrate the cervical mucus (present in the vagina) and vaginal epithelium has been investigated to determine if medication can be administered in this manner to provide protection from infection of the Herpes simplex virus. Nanoparticle drug administration into and through the vaginal epithelium to treat HIV infection is also being investigated.

## InfoBox

| Vaginal epithelium | |
| --- | --- |
| The epithelium of the vagina, visible at top, consists of multiple layers of flat cells. | |
| Details | |
| Part of | Vagina |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Ramón Grosfoguel

abstract: Ramón Grosfoguel is a Puerto Rican sociologist who belongs to the Modernity / Coloniality Group who is a professor emeritus of Chicano/Latino Studies in the Department of Ethnic Studies at University of California, Berkeley.

text:
# Ramón Grosfoguel

**Ramón Grosfoguel** (born May 20, 1956, San Juan, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican sociologist who belongs to the Modernity / Coloniality Group (Grupo M/C) who is a professor emeritus of Chicano/Latino Studies in the Department of Ethnic Studies at University of California, Berkeley.

## Biography

### Education

Ramon Grosfoguel was born in 1956 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He obtained his bachelor's degree in Sociology at the University of Puerto Rico in 1979. He then received his master's degree in Urban Studies at Temple University in 1986, his M.A. paper being on Puerto Rico's urbanization process from 1898-1980. He also obtained a doctorate in Sociology at Temple University in 1992. The title of his doctoral dissertation was "Puerto Rico's Exceptionalism: Industrialization, Migration and Housing Development (1950 - 1970)." After receiving his doctorate, he attained two post-doctoral degrees, one of which was from the Fernand Braudel Center/Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris, France (1993–94).

### Career

His teaching career began in fall 1990 at Temple University as an instructor. He began teaching courses such as Race/Ethnic Relations in America, Urban Sociology, and Introduction to Sociology. Later (1992-1993), he began teaching at Johns Hopkins University as a visiting professor and was awarded the Oraculum Award for Excellence in teaching. He also taught at State University of New York Binghamton (1995 - 1998), Boston College (1998 - 2000), and the University of California Berkeley from 2001 to 2024.

## Thought

Ramon Grosfoguel defines his thought as belonging to the decolonial current, surpassing the postcolonial current with which it is considered related. He argues that there is a structural link between modernity and colonialism. He also argues that the effects of European colonialism did not cease with the processes of decolonization and national independence of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, persisting in culture and ways of thinking (epistemology). It proposes a "decolonial turn" to carry out epistemological decolonization that corrects the universalist and ahistorical deformations of Eurocentrism and modernity, which it considers in a situation of "terminal crisis". It puts the accent on the critique of racism and the dividing line that colonial thought makes between the human and the non-human. It defends the idea of intersectionality of categories such as class and gender, starting from the line of distinction between the human and the non-human that colonial epistemology does.

## Works

* *Colonial Subjects. Puerto Ricans in a Global Perspective*. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2003.
* *El giro decolonial: reflexiones para una diversidad epistémica más allá del capitalismo global* (comp, 2007)
* *Unsetling postcoloniality: coloniality, transmodernity and border thinking*, Duke University Press, 2007
* "Izquierdas e Izquierdas Otras: entre el proyecto de la izquierda eurocéntrica y el proyecto transmoderno de las nuevas izquierdas descoloniales", *Tabula Rasa* 11 (julio-diciembre): 9-29, 2009
* "Interculturalidad ¿diálogo o monólogo?: la subalternidad desde la colonialidad del poder en los procesos fronterizos y transculturales latinoamericanos" en Mario Campaña (ed.) *América Latina: los próximos 200 años* (Barcelona: CECAL-Guaraguao y Ministerio de Cultura de España), 2010.
* "La descolonización del conocimiento: diálogo crítico entre la visión descolonial de Frantz Fanon y la sociología descolonial de Boaventura de Sousa Santos" en *Formas-Otras: Saber, nombrar, narrar, hacer (IV Training Seminar de jóvenes investigadores en Dinámicas Interculturales*, Fundación CIDOB, Barcelona): 97-108, 2011
* "Racismo Epistémico" Revista Tabula Rasa No. 14 (julio-diciembre), 2011
* "Introduction: From University to Pluriversity: A Decolonial Approach to the Present Crisis of Western Universities" (with Capucine Boidin and James Cohen), *Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge*, Vol. IX, Special Issue: 1-6, 2011.
* "Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of PoliticalEconomy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking and Global Coloniality", *Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World* Vol. 1, No. 1., 2011
* "Unsettling Eurocentrism in the Westernized University" (with Julie Cupples) Routledge, 2018

## Publications

* 2013 "The Structure of Knowledge in Westernized Universities: Epistemic Racism/Sexism and the Four Genocides/Epistemicides of the Long 16th Century" Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, Vol. 11, Article 8
* 2012 CO-EDITOR: MUSEE ET MIGRATION (co-edited with Yvon Le Bot et Alexandra Poli) forthcoming in the revue Hommes et Migration
* 2011 "La descolonización del conocimiento: diálogo crítico entre la visión descolonial de Frantz Fanon y la sociología descolonial de Boaventura de Sousa Santos" in Formas-Otras: Saber, nombrar, narrar, hacer (IV Training Seminar de jóvenes investigadores en Dinámicas Interculturales, Fundación CIDOB, Barcelona): 97-108
* 2011 "Racismo Epistémico" Revista Tabula Rasa No. 14
* 2011 Guest Editor: CONTESTING MEMORY: MUSEUMIZATIONS OF MIGRATION IN COMPARATIVE GLOBAL CONTEXT (co-edited with Yvon Le Bot, CADIS-EHESS, and Alexandra Poli, CADISEHESS) in Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of self-knowledge, Vol. IX, No. 4 (Fall)
* 2011 "Museum and Migration: An Introduction." Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, Vol. IX, No. 4 (Fall): 1-4 2011 CO-EDITOR: DECOLONIZING THE UNIVERSITY: PRACTICING PLURIVERSITY (co-edited with Capucine Boidin, IHEAL, and James Cohen, Université de Paris III, Sorbonne-Nouvelle) in Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, Vol. IX, Special Issue
* 2011 "Introduction: From University to Pluriversity: A Decolonial Approach to the Present Crisis of Western Universities" (with Capucine Boidin and James Cohen), Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, Vol. IX, Special Issue: 1-6
* 2011 "The Dilemmas of Ethnic Studies in the United States: Between Liberal Multiculturalism, Identity Politics, Disciplinary Colonization, and Decolonial Epistemologies" Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, Vol. IX, Special Issue: 81-90
* 2011 "Islamophobia Epistémica y Ciencias Sociales Coloniales" Revista Astrolabio (CIECS, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), No. 6: 43-60
* 2011 "Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of PoliticalEconomy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking and Global Coloniality" Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World Vol. 1, No. 1
* 2010 "'Colonialidad del poder' y dinámica racial: Notas para la reinterpretación de los latinos-caribeños en Nueva York" in CIDOB Cultura política: ¿Hacia una democracia cultural? (Barcelona: CIDOB ediciones): pp. 217–244
* 2009 "Global Anti-Semitism in World-Historical Perspective: An Introduction" (with Lewis Gordon and Eric Mielants), Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, Vol. VII, issue No. 2 (Spring): 1-14
* 2009 Caribbean Migration to Western Europe and the United States: Essays on Incorporation, Identity and Citizenship (co-edited with Eric Mielants and Margarita Cervantes-Rodriguez). This book compares the migration processes from the Caribbean to England, Spain, France, The Netherlands and the United States (Philadelphia: Temple University Press).
* 2008 "Latinos and the Decolonization of the US Empire in the 21st Century" Social Science Information Vol. 47 No. 4: 605-622 2008 Guest Editor (with Walter Mignolo): Intervenciones Decoloniales in Tabula Rasa (Colombia) No. 9 (julio-diciembre)
* 2008 Islamophobie dans le Monde Moderne (co-edited with Mohamed Mestiri and El Yamine Soum) This book discusses the problem of islamophobia in a world-historical perspective with a comparative analysis between several regions of the world. (Paris: IIIT FRANCE and UC-BERKELEY).
* 2007 "The Epistemic Decolonial Turn: Beyond Political-Economy Paradigms" in Cultural Studies Vol. 21, No. 2-3 (March): 211-223 2007 "Hacia un diálogo crítico-solidario con la izquierda europea". Nomada (Journal of the IESCO at the Universidad Central de Colombia) No. 26
* 2006 "Introduction: Minorities, Racism and Cultures of Scholarship" (with Eric Mielants) International Journal of Comparative Sociology 47, No. 3-4 (August): 179-189
* 2006 "Geopolitics of Knowledge and Coloniality of Power: Thinking Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans from the Colonial Difference" in Stephen Pfohl, Aimee Van Wagenen, Patricia Arend, Abigail Brooks and Denise Leckenby (eds) Culture, Power and History: Studies in Critical Sociology (Brill: Leiden: Boston), 479-506
* 2005 "Hibridez y mestizaje: ¿sincretismo o complicidad subversiva? La subalternidad desde la colonialidad del poder" deSignis No. 6, (Octubre): 53-64
* 2005 "The Implications of Subaltern Epistemologies for Global Capitalism: Transmodernity, Border Thinking and Global Coloniality" in Richard P. Appelbaum and William I. Robinson (eds) Critical Globalization Studies (New York and London: Routledge): 283-293
* 2004 "Las implicaciones epistemológicas subalternas para el capitalismo globalizado: transmodernidad, pensamiento de frontera y colonialidad global" Del Caribe Santiago, Cuba No. 45: 64-71
* 2004 "Race and Ethnicity or Racialized Ethnicities?: Identitites within Global Coloniality" Ethnicities Vol. 4 No. 3 (September): 315-336
* 2004 "Introduction" Caribbean Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (January–June): vii-viii 2004 "La racialización de los migrantes coloniales del Caribe en los centros metropolitanos: Una introducción a la historia de las diversas colonialidades en cada imperio" Caribbean Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (January–June): 3-41
* 2003 Colonial Subjects: Puerto Ricans in a Global/Comparative PerspectiveThis book is on Puerto Rico and Puerto Rican political-economy, mass migration, and modes of incorporation to the U.S. It compares Puerto Rican migration experience with Caribbean migration to the United States and Western Europe (University of California Press).
* 2002 "Preface-Eurocentrism, Bordern Thinking, and Coloniality of Power in the Modern/colonial Capitalist World-System" REVIEW XXV, No. 3: 201-202 2002 "Colonial Difference, Geopolitics of Knowledge, and Global Coloniality in the Modern/Colonial Capitalist World-System" REVIEW XXV, No. 3: 203-224
* 2001 Migration, Transnationalization, and Race in a Changing New York. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. This is an anthology I co-edited (with Hector Cordero-Guzmán and Robert Smith).
* 2001 "Race, Ethnicity, Immigration and the Changing Political Economy of New York City" (with Robert Smith and Hector Cordero-Guzmán) in Migration, Transnationalization, and Race in a Changing New York edited by Hector Cordero-Guzmán, Ramón Grosfoguel and Robert Smith. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
* 2000 "Miami capitale de l'Amerique Latine" LIMES (Revue Française de Geopolitique), No. 3 (eté): 22-29\*
* 2000 "Developmentalism, Modernity and Dependency Theory in Latin America" NEPANTLA: Views from The South (new Journal published at Duke University) Vol. 1 No. 2: 347-374

## Sources

* Santiago Castro-Gómez y Ramón Grosfoguel (comp.) (2007). *El giro decolonial: reflexiones para una diversidad epistémica más allá del capitalismo global*. Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre; Universidad Central, Instituto de Estudios Sociales Contemporáneos y Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Instituto Pensar. ISBN 978-958-665-096-0.
* Grosfoguel, Ramón (16 December 2010). "La crisis terminal de la modernidad". *YouTube*. Granada: Centro de Documentación Mapuche Ñuke Mapu. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
* Grosfoguel, Ramón (2011). "Curriculum" (PDF). *University of California at Berkeley*. Berkeley. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
* Grosfoguel, Ramón (December 10, 2010). «The terminal crisis of modernity» . YouTube . Granada: Mapuche Documentation Center Ñuke Mapu . Retrieved on February 28, 2015 .

## InfoBox

| Ramón Grosfoguel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1956-05-20) 20 May 1956<br>San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Occupation | sociologist and professor |
| Nationality |  |
| Citizenship |  |
| Literary movement | Modernity / Coloniality Group (Grupo M/C) |


title: Freezer burn

abstract: Freezer burn is a condition that occurs when frozen food has been damaged by dehydration and oxidation due to air reaching the food. It is generally caused by food not being securely wrapped in air-tight packaging. Freezer burn appears as grayish-brown leathery spots on frozen food and occurs when air reaches the food's surface and dries the product. Color changes result from chemical changes in the food's pigment. Freezer burn does not make the food unsafe; it merely causes dry spots in foods. The food remains usable and edible, but removing the freezer burns will improve the flavor. The dehydration of freezer-burned food is caused by water sublimating from the food into the surrounding atmosphere. The lost water may then be deposited elsewhere in the food and packaging as snow-like crystals. Fluctuation of temperatures in a freezer above 0 °F (−17.8 °C), can also speed up freezer burn.

text:
# Freezer burn

**Freezer burn** is a condition that occurs when frozen food has been damaged by dehydration and oxidation due to air reaching the food. It is generally caused by food not being securely wrapped in air-tight packaging.

Freezer burn appears as grayish-brown leathery spots on frozen food and occurs when air reaches the food's surface and dries the product. Color changes result from chemical changes in the food's pigment. Freezer burn does not make the food unsafe; it merely causes dry spots in foods. The food remains usable and edible, but removing the freezer burns will improve the flavor.

The dehydration of freezer-burned food is caused by water sublimating from the food into the surrounding atmosphere. The lost water may then be deposited elsewhere in the food and packaging as snow-like crystals. Fluctuation of temperatures in a freezer above 0 °F (−17.8 °C), can also speed up freezer burn.

### Inline citations

### General references


title: Pistius truncatus

abstract: Pistius truncatus is a species of crab spiders belonging to the family Thomisidae.

text:
# Pistius truncatus

***Pistius truncatus*** is a species of crab spiders belonging to the family Thomisidae.

## Description

*Pistius truncatus* can reach a length of about 4–5 millimetres (0.16–0.20 in) in males, while females can reach 8–9 millimetres (0.31–0.35 in). The spider has small eyes and abdomen is much widened in females.

Adults can be found from May to June.

## Distribution and habitat

This species has a palaearctic distribution. It is widespread in central and western Europe. It occurs in bushes, mainly in small scrubby oaks and in forest edges.

## InfoBox

| *Pistius truncatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Thomisidae |
| Genus: | *Pistius* |
| Species: | ***P. truncatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pistius truncatus***<br>(Pallas, 1772) | |
|


title: Walter P. Lomax Jr.

abstract: Walter P. Lomax Jr. was an American physician, health administrator, and philanthropist from Philadelphia. Between the 1960s and 2000s, Lomax established a network of neighborhood clinics and correctional healthcare services and acquired WURD, then the only Black-owned and operated radio station in Pennsylvania.

text:
# Walter P. Lomax Jr.

**Walter P. Lomax Jr.** (July 31, 1932 – October 10, 2013) was an American physician, health administrator, and philanthropist from Philadelphia. Between the 1960s and 2000s, Lomax established a network of neighborhood clinics and correctional healthcare services and acquired WURD, then the only Black-owned and operated radio station in Pennsylvania.

## Life and career

Lomax graduated from La Salle University and Hahnemann University Hospital and launched his medical practice out of his rowhouse in South Philadelphia in 1958. One of his patients was Martin Luther King Jr., whom Lomax treated for an upper respiratory infection in 1968. His practice grew from a private single physician office to six clinics with 22 physicians.

In 1982, Lomax established Lomax Health Systems to manage his clinics, and a year later he founded Correctional Healthcare Solutions, which recruited healthcare workers to supplement the City of Philadelphia's staff in the prison system. The business grew quickly and by the 1990s was managing healthcare workers at seventy prisons in ten states. Lomax expanded into real estate and philanthropy, founding Lomax Companies as an umbrella corporation and launching the Lomax Family Foundation. In 2003, Lomax and his wife purchased radio station WURD, then the only Black-owned and operated radio station in Pennsylvania.

In 1994, Lomax purchased the Jubilee Farm Plantation, where his great-grandmother had been enslaved, in King William County, Virginia. The eighteenth-century property consisted of 800 acres.

In 2004, Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) awarded Lomax an honorary Ph.D. in science for his various contributions to healthcare. Lomax is a former trustee of La Salle University and the Philadelphia Orchestra.

In August 2021, the 1800 block of Wharton Street in Philadelphia was renamed "Walter P. Lomax, Jr., M.D., Way" to commemorate where he started his medical practice, at the South Philadelphia Medical Center on the corner of 18th and Wharton Streets.

Lomax died of a stroke at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 81.

## InfoBox

| Walter P. Lomax Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1932-07-31)July 31, 1932
South Philadelphia, US |
| Died | October 10, 2013(2013-10-10) (aged 79–80)
University City, Philadelphia, US |
| Alma mater | Hahnemann University Hospital
La Salle University |
| Occupation(s) | Physician, health administrator, entrepreneur, philanthropist |
| Spouse | Beverly Lomax |


abstract: Founded in 1940, the National Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Association and its affiliates operate as a trade association on behalf of Thoroughbred racehorse owners, trainers and backstretch personnel throughout the United States and Canada. The National HBPA was started in New England by a group of committed horsemen that included Irv Gushen, Doug Davis, John Manfuso, Dr. Alex Harthill, Johnny McDowell, Mort Wolfson, and Jack DeFee. Even before the National HBPA was founded, horsemen had a habit of taking care of their own. If someone was sick or down on his luck, they “passed the hat” taking up collections. This time-honored tradition of racetrackers provided for burial services, medical attention, and feeding and housing for the needy families. Founded with that goal in mind, the National HBPA has expanded its scope well beyond its initial motto of “Horsemen Helping Horsemen” and now represents horsemen’s interests on a myriad of issues, including legislation, medication, aftercare, equine health, safety, education and more. Currently there are nearly 30,000 members of the National HBPA. The National HBPA oversees the National HBPA Foundation (NHBPAF), a tax-exempt 501 (c)(3) fund that was developed as a safety net for horsemen when other forms of assistance are unavailable or have been exhausted after disaster strikes. In partnership with Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association, the National HBPA also operates the Claiming Crown, a major racing event celebrating the “blue-collar” horses of the racing industry.

text:
# National Horsemen's Benevolent and Protective Association

Founded in 1940, the National Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Association (National HBPA) and its affiliates operate as a trade association on behalf of Thoroughbred racehorse owners, trainers and backstretch personnel throughout the United States and Canada.

The National HBPA was started in New England by a group of committed horsemen that included Irv Gushen, Doug Davis, John Manfuso, Dr. Alex Harthill, Johnny McDowell, Mort Wolfson, and Jack DeFee.

Even before the National HBPA was founded, horsemen had a habit of taking care of their own. If someone was sick or down on his luck, they “passed the hat” taking up collections. This time-honored tradition of racetrackers provided for burial services, medical attention, and feeding and housing for the needy families. Founded with that goal in mind, the National HBPA has expanded its scope well beyond its initial motto of “Horsemen Helping Horsemen” and now represents horsemen’s interests on a myriad of issues, including legislation, medication, aftercare, equine health, safety, education and more. Currently there are nearly 30,000 members of the National HBPA.

The National HBPA oversees the National HBPA Foundation (NHBPAF), a tax-exempt 501 (c)(3) fund that was developed as a safety net for horsemen when other forms of assistance are unavailable or have been exhausted after disaster strikes.

In partnership with Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association, the National HBPA also operates the Claiming Crown, a major racing event celebrating the “blue-collar” horses of the racing industry.


title: Hardiman

abstract: Hardiman was the first attempt to build a practical powered exoskeleton, by General Electric between 1965 and 1971. The machine was intended to allow the wearer to lift loads of 1500 pounds (680 kg) with ease. The project was led by the engineer Ralph Mosher, who had previously worked on the Handyman. The project was not successful overall. Any attempt to use the full exoskeleton resulted in a violent uncontrolled motion, and as a result, the exoskeleton was never turned on with a person inside. Mosher wrote of these difficulties in designing a powerful machine functioning as an extension of the human body, noting that a machine lacking the ability to receive and interpret force feedback would be very likely to cause the machine to destroy whatever object it was interacting with in performing the task at hand. According to General Electric's Hardiman Project Report from 1969, "When turned on power to operate the shoulder joint, the arm lurched and the elbow would not operate." Further research concentrated on one arm. Although it could lift its specified load of 750 pounds (340 kg), it weighed three quarters of a ton, just over twice the liftable load. Without getting all the components to work together the practical uses for the Hardiman project were limited.

text:
# Hardiman

**Hardiman** was the first attempt to build a practical powered exoskeleton, by General Electric between 1965 and 1971. The machine was intended to allow the wearer to lift loads of 1500 pounds (680 kg) with ease. The project was led by the engineer Ralph Mosher, who had previously worked on the Handyman.

The project was not successful overall. Any attempt to use the full exoskeleton resulted in a violent uncontrolled motion, and as a result, the exoskeleton was never turned on with a person inside. Mosher wrote of these difficulties in designing a powerful machine functioning as an extension of the human body, noting that a machine lacking the ability to receive and interpret force feedback would be very likely to cause the machine to destroy whatever object it was interacting with in performing the task at hand. According to General Electric's Hardiman Project Report from 1969, "When turned on power to operate the shoulder joint, the arm lurched and the elbow would not operate." Further research concentrated on one arm. Although it could lift its specified load of 750 pounds (340 kg), it weighed three quarters of a ton, just over twice the liftable load. Without getting all the components to work together the practical uses for the Hardiman project were limited.

## InfoBox

| Hardiman | |
| --- | --- |
| Hardiman I prototype | |
| Creator | General Electric |
| Country | United States |
| Year | 1965 |


title: Orr v. Orr

abstract: Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 (1979), was a United States Supreme Court case that held that Alabama statutes that imposed alimony obligations on husbands but not on wives was an unconstitutional equal protection violation.

text:
# Orr v. Orr

***Orr v. Orr***, 440 U.S. 268 (1979), was a United States Supreme Court case that held that Alabama statutes that imposed alimony obligations on husbands but not on wives was an unconstitutional equal protection violation.

## Background

The state of Alabama had adopted statutes that imposed alimony obligations on husbands but not on wives for the stated purpose of addressing the economic disparity between men and women by providing support for needy women after divorce.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Margaret Moses Young filed a brief for the American Civil Liberties Union as *amicus curiae* urging reversal.

## Opinion of the Court

Applying intermediate scrutiny, the Court determined that the statute was not substantially related to the stated purpose. The Court observed that a gender neutral statute would still have the effect of providing for needy women. The Court further observed that the only difference created by the Alabama statute was to also provide support for well off women that did not need support, and to exclude needy men from support.

## InfoBox

| Orr v. Orr | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 27, 1978
Decided March 5, 1979 | |
| Full case name | *William Orr v. Lillian Orr* |
| Citations | 440 U.S. 268 (*more*)99 S. Ct. 1102; 59 L. Ed. 2d 306; 1979 U.S. LEXIS 65 |
| Holding | |
| The Alabama statute granting alimony only to women violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Potter Stewart
Byron White **·**  Thurgood Marshall
Harry Blackmun **·**  Lewis F. Powell Jr.
William Rehnquist **·**  John P. Stevens | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Brennan, joined by Stewart, White, Marshall, Blackmun, Stevens |
| Concurrence | Blackmun |
| Concurrence | Stevens |
| Dissent | Powell |
| Dissent | Rehnquist, joined by Burger |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. amend. XIV | |


title: Rudolph Kos

abstract: Rudolph Edward Kos is a former Roman Catholic priest who was found guilty of sex crimes in the Diocese of Dallas in the U.S. state of Texas. In 1998, Kos was convicted of three counts of aggravated sexual assault and sentenced to life in prison. In April, 1992, a therapist had told officials of the diocese that Kos was a "classic textbook pedophile". However, Bishop Charles Victor Grahmann acknowledged he did not read this record, and allowed Kos to have access to children for almost one full year more. The last documented incident of abuse was 11 months later. In 1997 a jury awarded $120 million to victims in a sex abuse case against the Catholic Diocese of Dallas, Texas in a lawsuit implicating Kos. On July 10, 1998 the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas settled their appeal of that verdict and agreed to pay $23.4 million to eight former altar boys and the relatives of a ninth who had claimed they were sexually abused by Kos. Bishop Grahmann issued a written apology when this settlement was announced, saying, "To the victims and their families, I once again want to apologize on behalf of the diocese. Based on what we know now, the decisions made concerning Rudy Kos were errors in human judgment. I regret very much what happened, and I am deeply sorry for your pain."

text:
# Rudolph Kos

**Rudolph Edward Kos** (born April 29, 1945) is a former Roman Catholic priest who was found guilty of sex crimes in the Diocese of Dallas in the U.S. state of Texas. In 1998, Kos was convicted of three counts of aggravated sexual assault and sentenced to life in prison.

In April, 1992, a therapist had told officials of the diocese that Kos was a "classic textbook pedophile". However, Bishop Charles Victor Grahmann acknowledged he did not read this record, and allowed Kos to have access to children for almost one full year more. The last documented incident of abuse was 11 months later.

In 1997 a jury awarded $120 million to victims in a sex abuse case against the Catholic Diocese of Dallas, Texas in a lawsuit implicating Kos. On July 10, 1998 the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas settled their appeal of that verdict and agreed to pay $23.4 million to eight former altar boys and the relatives of a ninth who had claimed they were sexually abused by Kos. Bishop Grahmann issued a written apology when this settlement was announced, saying, "To the victims and their families, I once again want to apologize on behalf of the diocese. Based on what we know now, the decisions made concerning Rudy Kos were errors in human judgment. I regret very much what happened, and I am deeply sorry for your pain."

## InfoBox

| Rudolph Edward Kos | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1945-04-29) April 29, 1945 |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Aggravated sexual assault (3 counts) |
| Criminal penalty | Life imprisonment |
|  | |


title: Time (Jakob Bro album)

abstract: Time is a studio album by Danish jazz guitarist Jakob Bro. The album is the second part of a trilogy which also includes Balladeering (2009) and December Song (2013). The trilogy was nominated for the Nordic Council Music Prize 2014.

text:
# Time (Jakob Bro album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *All About Jazz* | (Positive) link |
| *Politiken* | (5/6) link |
| *Gaffa* | (5/6) link |

***Time*** is a studio album by Danish jazz guitarist Jakob Bro. The album is the second part of a trilogy which also includes Balladeering (2009) and *December Song* (2013). The trilogy was nominated for the Nordic Council Music Prize 2014.

## Track listing

1. "Nat" (4:39)
2. "Cirkler" (7:27)
3. "A Simple Premise" (3:06)
4. "Swimmer (5:22)
5. "Northern Blues" (7:13)
6. "Fiordlands" (4:15)
7. "Yellow" (6.17)
8. "Smaa Dyr" (3:32)

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Time | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jakob Bro | |
| Released | 2011 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 42:21 |
| Label | Loveland |
| Producer | Jakob Bro |
| Jakob Bro chronology | |
| *Balladeering*
(2009) ***Time***
(2011) *Bro/Knak*
(2012) | |


title: Hemiphyllodactylus harterti

abstract: Hemiphyllodactylus harterti, also known commonly as the Bintang slender gecko, Hartert's slender gecko, and Werner's gypsy gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.

text:
# Hemiphyllodactylus harterti

***Hemiphyllodactylus harterti***, also known commonly as the **Bintang slender gecko**, **Hartert's slender gecko**, and **Werner's gypsy gecko**, is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.

## Etymology

The specific name, *harterti*, is in honor of German ornithologist Ernst Johann Otto Hartert.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of *H. harterti* is forest, at altitudes as high as 1,100 m (3,600 ft).

## Description

Adults of *H. harteri* have a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of about 4 cm (1.6 in), and a tail length slightly shorter than SVL. Males have 44–45 femoroprecloacal pores and a single cloacal spur (postanal tubercle).

## Behavior

*H. harterti* is nocturnal and scansorial (adapted for climbing).

## Reproduction

Unlike other species of *Hemiphyllodactylus* which are unisexual (females only), *H. harterti* is bisexual (males and females).

## Further reading

* Cobos AJ, Grismer LL, Wood PL Jr, Quah ESH, Anuar S, Muin MA (2016). "Phylogenetic relationships of geckos of the *Hemiphyllodactylus harterti* group, a new species from Penang Island, Peninsular Malaysia, and a likely case of true cryptic speciation". *Zootaxa* **4107** (3): 367–380.
* Rösler H (2000). "*Kommentierte Liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten Geckotaxa (Reptilia: Gekkonomorpha)*". *Gekkota* **2**: 28–153. (*Hemiphyllodactylus harterti*, p. 88). (in German).
* Werner F (1900). "*Beschreibung einiger noch unbekannter neotropischer und indischer Reptilien* ". *Zoologischer Anzeiger* **23**: 196–198. (*Lepidodactylus harterti*, new species, p. 196). (in German).
* Zug GR (2010). "Speciation and Dispersal in a Low Diversity Taxon: The Slender Geckos *Hemiphyllodactylus* (Reptilia, Gekkonidae)". *Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology* (631): xi + 70 pp. (*Hemiphyllodactylus harterti*, pp. 43–44).

## InfoBox

| *Hemiphyllodactylus harterti* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Hemiphyllodactylus* |
| Species: | ***H. harterti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hemiphyllodactylus harterti***
(F. Werner, 1900) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lepidodactylus harterti*
F. Werner, 1900 * *Hemiphyllodactylus harterti*
Chan-ard et al., 1999 | |


title: Walton–Wiggins Farm

abstract: The Walton–Wiggins Farm is a historic farmhouse in Springfield, Tennessee, U.S.. The house was built circa 1855 for Dr. Lycurgus B. Walton, a physician and slaveholder. His son, Martin Atkinson Walton, graduated from the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and took over his father's medical practice in the house. He lived there with his wife, Elizabeth Henry Woodard, and their six children. One of his daughter, Eva, married John Bynum Wiggins, and the farm was subsequently inherited by their descendants. By the 1980s, the owner was John Bynum Wiggins III, and the farm was used for "livestock cattle, soybeans, tobacco, corn and wheat." The house was designed in the Colonial Revival architectural style, with Greek Revival features. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since August 8, 1997.

text:
# Walton–Wiggins Farm

The **Walton–Wiggins Farm** is a historic farmhouse in Springfield, Tennessee, U.S..

The house was built circa 1855 for Dr. Lycurgus B. Walton, a physician and slaveholder. His son, Martin Atkinson Walton, graduated from the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and took over his father's medical practice in the house. He lived there with his wife, Elizabeth Henry Woodard, and their six children. One of his daughter, Eva, married John Bynum Wiggins, and the farm was subsequently inherited by their descendants. By the 1980s, the owner was John Bynum Wiggins III, and the farm was used for "livestock cattle, soybeans, tobacco, corn and wheat."

The house was designed in the Colonial Revival architectural style, with Greek Revival features. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since August 8, 1997.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Walton–Wiggins Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Walton-Wiggins Farm | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Springfield, Tennessee |
| Coordinates | 36°31′12″N 86°44′05″W / 36.52000°N 86.73472°W / 36.52000; -86.73472 (Walton--Wiggins Farm) |
| Area | 5.2 acres (2.1 ha) |
| Built | 1855 (1855) |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| MPS | Historic Family Farms in Middle Tennessee MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000883 |
| Added to NRHP | August 8, 1997 |


title: Harmostes fraterculus

abstract: Harmostes fraterculus is a species of scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae. It is found in the Caribbean, Central America, and North America.

text:
# Harmostes fraterculus

***Harmostes fraterculus*** is a species of scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae. It is found in the Caribbean, Central America, and North America.

## Further reading

* Henry, Thomas J.; Froeschner, Richard C., eds. (1988). *Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States*. E. J. Brill. pp. xix + 958. ISBN 0-916846-44-X.
* Arnett, Ross H. (30 July 2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0212-1.
* Henry, Thomas J; Froeschner, Richard C (1988). *Catalog of the Heteroptera, True Bugs of Canada and the Continental United States*. Brill Academic Publishers.

## InfoBox

| *Harmostes fraterculus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Rhopalidae |
| Genus: | *Harmostes* |
| Species: | ***H. fraterculus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Harmostes fraterculus***<br>(Say, 1832) | |
|


title: Harley Valentine

abstract:
Harley Valentine is a contemporary Canadian artist based in Toronto, Ontario. Valentine is best known for his metal-plate biomorphic sculptures that build on the formalism of mid-century American sculptors, such as Alexander Calder, and John McCraken. His sculptures have been internationally recognized. and commissioned by the federal government of Canada. He is currently completing a major sculpture commission The Dream Ballet, for the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts Plaza, in front of Daniel Libeskind’s L Tower residence building in Toronto, Ontario. Important sculpture works include:
  - Persephone
  - Blue Bird
  - The Dove
  - Dream Ballet In 2014, alongside architect David Binder, Valentine unveiled "The 30 Carabob Quartet", which was the first outdoor sculpture park in Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario. The four sculptures of the series came from Valentine's first large scale sculpture series The Barbarians. That series was first exhibited at The Campbell House museum in 2013. Aside from sculpture, he sparked his early career with photographic collages of iconic urban topographies, such as Parisian landmarks and American Architecture.

text:
# Harley Valentine

**Harley Valentine** (born November 4, 1983) is a contemporary Canadian artist based in Toronto, Ontario. Valentine is best known for his metal-plate biomorphic sculptures that build on the formalism of mid-century American sculptors, such as Alexander Calder, and John McCraken. His sculptures have been internationally recognized. and commissioned by the federal government of Canada. He is currently completing a major sculpture commission *The Dream Ballet*, for the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts Plaza, in front of Daniel Libeskind’s L Tower residence building in Toronto, Ontario.

Important sculpture works include:

* Persephone
* Blue Bird
* The Dove
* Dream Ballet

In 2014, alongside architect David Binder, Valentine unveiled "The 30 Carabob Quartet", which was the first outdoor sculpture park in Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario. The four sculptures of the series came from Valentine's first large scale sculpture series The Barbarians. That series was first exhibited at The Campbell House museum in 2013.

Aside from sculpture, he sparked his early career with photographic collages of iconic urban topographies, such as Parisian landmarks and American Architecture.

## Style

Valentine often invites the role of performance, film and photography in the creation and presentation of his works, as seen in his 2014 short video project, "The Dance of The Dove", featuring a stop motion collage of a Canadian ballerina dancing around Valentine "Dove" sculpture.

Valentine employs 3D modelling and printing in the creation of his monumental works. He uses the Makerbot z18 to make these 3D printed maquettes, which Valenitne has said he considers as artworks themselves, staging the prototype prints next to full scale works in exhibition. This style of working from model to monument is profiled in the video From Model to Monument.

His sculptures and photo-sculptural works focus on the theme of collapse and the rebirth of civilizations, while questioning the constructs of a glorious, unattainable past.

## Inspiration

In a national newspaper interview profiling Valentine when he was named among Canada's "Worthy 30", the artist said he takes his inspiration every morning from a Picasso lithograph, his most prized possession. "It’s my golden chalice. I drink from its creativity every morning." He has said that two seminal ancient sculptures, "The Diskobolus of Myron *and* Lacoön and His Son*, serve as his ongoing "spiritual navigators." Canadian painter, and co-Toronto citizen, Charles Pachter also inspired and influenced Valentine's work.*

## Selected works

### Parisian Mirrored Gateways

Gateways is a luxurious, experimental series of digital photo-sculptural work, deconstructing iconic Paris landscapes on large-scale mirrors. The project dealt with the illusions of a Parisian promised land, every artist's and hopeless romantic's fairytale of a creative Elysium. By re-arranging, inverting, and folding in upon themselves iconic Paris landmarks, such as the Champs-Élysées and Pont Neuf, the city and its myth are dissected into its molecular building blocks. Printed on door-sized mirrors using an experimental process, Valentine challenges the viewer to reflect on their own complicity, and desires, in creating the Paris myth.

### Sony Center/ L-Tower

In 2013, Valentine completed production of his first major public art installation, *The Dream Ballet*, which is to be unveiled at the Claude Cormier-designed Sony Centre Plaza, in front of Daniel Liebeskind's L-Tower residence. For Valentine, being awarded this commission was "nothing if not a career-defining project for an artist not yet out of his 20s."

The project consists of a triptych designed in homage to the National Ballet of Canada's four-decade residence at the site; the three sculptures depict abstracted ballet dancers in various dynamic positions

### The North Pole

In February 2013, Valentine unveiled his controversial sculpture *The North Pole*, which plays on themes of aboriginal art and global warming, at the De Luca Fine Arts gallery. For it, Valentine cast in bronze a seven-foot, 100-year-old narwhal tusk. Drawing on a desire to bring attention to the receding arctic ice floes, as well as the controversial decision to re-appropriate a symbol generally reserved for Aboriginal artists, he insisted he " wanted to emphasize that the tusk is a miracle of creation in its own right, not just the source of a luxurious material for doing other things"

### Riflessi Monument

Valentine's *Riflessi: Italian Canadian Internment Memorial*, was unveiled on Wednesday, June 26, 2013 at the Columbus Centre. The reflective, metal plated monument, standing atop a checkered marble platform, "explores the struggles and successes of the Italian Canadian immigrant story and the Italian Canadian internment history."

Funded by the government of Canada, the event was attended by Hon. Julian Fantino, Minister of International Cooperation, and former Canadian Senator Hon. Consiglio Di Nino, as well as families of interned Italian-Canadians. The Canadian minister said Valentine's work helped "us all recognize the experiences of the Italian-Canadian community and ensure that the stories are not lost. This is the reason why today’s unveiling \[…\] is such an important contribution in helping to preserve this part of our national narrative.

### Persephone

Valentine’s *Persephone* was the first public sculpture acquired for Humber College's Lakeshore Campus. It features a modern interpretation of Persephone, the Greek goddess of Spring. The nine-foot tall sculpture is prominently placed in a high traffic area of the college campus, allowing students and faculty to interact with it. "Sometimes the sculpture adopts a tall, quiet presence, while at other times students purposively interact with it through observance and discussion."

### Barbarians at the Gate

This outdoor public installation was named as one of the Best Art Shows of 2013 by the Huffington Post.

Barbarians is a series of five colorful, abstract metal sculptures installed throughout the grounds of the historic Campbell House Museum in downtown Toronto. The show created a stark contrast between the Campbell's 19th-century architecture and Valentine's 21st-century sculptures. Inspired by the mythical creatures of ancient Greece, including the Minotaur and Cerberus, the exhibition "raised questions about the collapse and rebirth of civilizations; about creative destruction; and whether the new replaces the old, or the old is the hidden engine of the new."

### The 30 Carabob Quartet

This sculpture park was the first of its kind to be created in the Toronto suburb of Scarborough. A co-operative effort with architect David Binder, Valentine transposed the sculptures from the Barbarian series to this residential tower landscape, for this permanent, free public exhibit. The creators of the project both say they were inspired and driven to enliven the urban landscape with this installation.

## Exhibitions

* Alison Milne Gallery, Canadiana past times and destructive paths 2009
* One 800 Gallery, The New American Dream 2010
* Neubacher Shor Gallery, PARIS 2011
* DeLuca Fine Art, How we roll 2012
* Alison Milne Gallery, Portal 2013

Media related to Harley Valentine at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Harley Valentine | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Darryl Wilson
(1983-11-04) November 4, 1983
Grimsby, Ontario, Canada |
| Known for | sculptor, photographer |


title: Orr Street, Queenstown

abstract: Orr Street, Queenstown is the main street of Queenstown, Tasmania, Australia. Constructed and utilised by 1901, it had operating banks and hotels such as the prominent Empire Hotel at its western end. It also had many commercial offices and shops until the decline of the local Mount Lyell copper mine in the 1990s. The junction at the western end is Driffield Street which links to the Lyell Highway. The street provides a clear view of Mount Owen that lies above Queenstown to the east. At its western end was the original railway station, railway yard and railway that was the main connection with the outside world until completion of roads in the 1930s. The street view inspired the local camera club in the 1930s to have a scene from the street in its regular competitions. Until the bituminization, the street required regular resurfacing. Many structures remain in the historic streetscape, but are no longer functioning in their original purpose. The street was named after William Orr, who was one of the first major investors in the Mount Lyell Mine.

text:
# Orr Street, Queenstown

**Orr Street, Queenstown** is the main street of Queenstown, Tasmania, Australia.

Constructed and utilised by 1901, it had operating banks and hotels such as the prominent Empire Hotel at its western end. It also had many commercial offices and shops until the decline of the local Mount Lyell copper mine in the 1990s.

The junction at the western end is Driffield Street which links to the Lyell Highway.

The street provides a clear view of Mount Owen that lies above Queenstown to the east. At its western end was the original railway station, railway yard and railway that was the main connection with the outside world until completion of roads in the 1930s (those being Lyell Highway and the Queenstown to Zeehan highway).

The street view inspired the local camera club in the 1930s to have a scene from the street in its regular competitions.

Until the bituminization, the street required regular resurfacing.

Many structures remain in the historic streetscape, but are no longer functioning in their original purpose.

The street was named after William Orr (born 1843), who was one of the first major investors in the Mount Lyell Mine.


title: Rudolph L. Hanau

abstract: Rudolph L. Hanau (1881–1930) was a mechanical engineer. He is credited with developing the Hanau Articulator. Hanau is also credited with developing the first Kinescope in the field of prosthodontics.

text:
# Rudolph L. Hanau

**Rudolph L. Hanau** (1881–1930) was a mechanical engineer. He is credited with developing the Hanau Articulator. Hanau is also credited with developing the first Kinescope in the field of prosthodontics.

## Life

Hanau was born in Victoria West, Cape Colony, South Africa, in 1881. He received mechanical engineering training in Leipzig, Germany. In 1906 he moved to New York City. He began working as a consultant with an American engineering company. Hanau started working with Dr. Frederick Lester Stanton in 1915, and they eventually developed the Stanton-Hanau surveyor. Hanau left New York City and moved to Buffalo, New York in 1918.

## Articulator

In 1920, Dr. Rupert E. Hall worked with Hanau on the creation of an articulator. Hanau attended the Boston meeting of the National Society of Denture Prosthetists, where he learned more about articulators. Upon returning from the meeting, Hanau started working with articulators. He then developed the Model A articulator, for which he filed a patient in 1921. He revealed his C Prototype articulator at the Milwaukee meeting of the National Society of Denture Prosthetists in 1921.

1. Engelmeier, Roger (2009). "The History of Articulators: The Contributions of Rudolph L.Hanau and his Company—Part I". *Journal of Prosthodontics*. **19** (5): 409–418. doi:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2010.00578.x. PMID 20202101.
2. Hanau, Rudolph (1930). *Full Denture Prosthesis* (4th ed.). University of Michigan: \[Buffalo\].
3. Engelmeier, Roger (2009). "The History of Articulators: The Contributions of Rudolph L.Hanau and his Company—Part I". *Journal of Prosthodontics*. **19** (5): 409–418. doi:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2010.00578.x. PMID 20202101.


title: Gouni-Peulh

abstract: Gouni-Peulh is a village in the Tenkodogo Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the village has a population of 327.

text:
# Gouni-Peulh

**Gouni-Peulh** is a village in the Tenkodogo Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the village has a population of 327.

11°38′16″N 0°22′15″W / 11.6377°N 0.3707°W / 11.6377; -0.3707

## InfoBox

| Gouni-Peulh | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Centre-Est Region |
| Province | Boulgou Province |
| Department | Tenkodogo Department |
| Population (2005 est.) | |
| Total | 327 |


title: USS Washington (1776 frigate)

abstract: USS Washington was a Continental Navy frigate laid down in 1776 but never completed. Washington was among thirteen frigates authorized to be constructed for the new Continental Navy by an Act of Congress of 13 December 1775, and among four to be built at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The act called for all thirteen ships to be ready for sea by March 1776. Official designs were drawn up for the ships, but credit for their design is a matter of dispute, with Joshua Humphreys, John Wharton, and Nathaniel Falconer all being possible designers. In any event, plans had been drawn up and copies made of them by 2 February 1776, too late for the ships to be completed by March 1776. The design of the 32-gun frigate USS Randolph, also built at Philadelphia under the same construction program, probably to the same design as Washington - the two ships may even have been sisters - provides insight into the design of Washington, which has not survived. Randolph's design appears to have been inspired by British 36-gun frigates of the period. This resulted in a ship with a similar beam and depth of hold to the 36-gun British ships, but longer than the 36-gun frigates of the time, and thus oversized for her rate - much in the way the French Navy built oversized ships at that time. Randolph was planned to be somewhat more lightly built than the British frigates that inspired her design, with a broader frame spacing and a much more raked bow, but with less freeboard. The thirteen ships were named on 6 June 1776. Washington, built by Manuel Eyre, Jehu Eyre, and Benjamin Eyre, was launched on 2 August 1776. She was not yet completed when British forces advancing on Philadelphia in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War threatened to capture her, and she was scuttled incomplete on 2 November 1777 to prevent capture. The portion of her hull remaining above water was burned 8 May 1778 by a British raiding party., while her bottom was salvaged and sold in Philadelphia.

text:
# USS Washington (1776 frigate)

**USS *Washington*** was a Continental Navy frigate laid down in 1776 but never completed.

*Washington* was among thirteen frigates authorized to be constructed for the new Continental Navy by an Act of Congress of 13 December 1775, and among four to be built at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The act called for all thirteen ships to be ready for sea by March 1776. Official designs were drawn up for the ships, but credit for their design is a matter of dispute, with Joshua Humphreys, John Wharton, and Nathaniel Falconer all being possible designers. In any event, plans had been drawn up and copies made of them by 2 February 1776, too late for the ships to be completed by March 1776.

The design of the 32-gun frigate USS *Randolph*, also built at Philadelphia under the same construction program, probably to the same design as *Washington* \- the two ships may even have been sisters - provides insight into the design of *Washington*, which has not survived. *Randolph*'s design appears to have been inspired by British 36-gun frigates of the period. This resulted in a ship with a similar beam and depth of hold to the 36-gun British ships, but longer than the 36-gun frigates of the time, and thus oversized for her rate - much in the way the French Navy built oversized ships at that time. *Randolph* was planned to be somewhat more lightly built than the British frigates that inspired her design, with a broader frame spacing and a much more raked bow, but with less freeboard.

The thirteen ships were named on 6 June 1776. *Washington*, built by Manuel Eyre, Jehu Eyre, and Benjamin Eyre, was launched on 2 August 1776. She was not yet completed when British forces advancing on Philadelphia in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War threatened to capture her, and she was scuttled incomplete on 2 November 1777 to prevent capture. The portion of her hull remaining above water was burned 8 May 1778 by a British raiding party., while her bottom was salvaged and sold in Philadelphia.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Washington* |
| Namesake | George Washington (1732–1799) |
| Ordered | By Act of Congress 13 December 1775 |
| Builder | Manuel Eyre, Jehu Eyre, and Benjamin Eyre, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Laid down | 1776 |
| Launched | 7 August 1776 |
| Completed | Never |
| Commissioned | Never |
| Fate | * Scuttled incomplete 2 November 1777 * Portion above water burned May 1778 * Bottom salvaged and sold |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Frigate |
| Length | Probably 132 ft 9 in (40.46 m) |
| Beam | Probably 34 ft 6 in (10.52 m) moulded |
| Depth of hold | Probably 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Armament | 26 × 12-pounder guns 10 × 6-pounder guns |


title: Kathleen Gorham

abstract: Kathleen Ann "Kathy" Gorham was an Australian ballerina.

text:
# Kathleen Gorham

**Kathleen Ann "Kathy" Gorham** OBE (7 September 1928 - 30 April 1983) was an Australian ballerina.

## Early life

Born in Narrandera, New South Wales, the second of four children of Marcus Gorham, an Irish-born railway employee, and his English-born wife, Hilda Muriel Florence (née Somers), Kathy Gorham lived much of her life in Melbourne.

## Career

She began dancing at the age of fifteen with the Borovansky Ballet, continuing to dance with the Ballet until it disbanded in 1960 upon the death of Edouard Borovansky. She then danced overseas with companies in Paris and London. In 1962, Gorham became prima ballerina of the newly formed Australian Ballet.

During 1952 and 1953 she danced in London with the Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet, and in Europe with Le Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas. In 1954 she returned to Australia with Borovansky, and that same year she was selected by John Cranko to dance "Poll" in his restaging of *Pineapple Poll* for the Borovansky Ballet. She continued to dance for Borovansky and as guest artist for various European companies until she became a principal with Dame Peggy van Praagh's Australian Ballet in 1962, where she danced a wide range of roles for four years. She danced new roles in association with Robert Helpmann and played an important role in the artistic development of the new ballet company. She retired from dancing after the Australian Ballet's first overseas tour in 1966, and then taught ballet in Melbourne at her own School until 1975, The National Theatre Ballet (1975–81) and Southport, Queensland until her untimely death.

She served as co-artistic director of the National Theatre, Melbourne. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1968 for her services to ballet.

## Personal life

On 18 November 1958 Gorham married Robert Michel Pomie, a French choreographer and dancer, at Parramatta, Sydney; they had one son, Anthony Marrows. The couple divorced in 1964 and Gorham remarried, to Barney Frank Marrows, an engineer, on 6 September 1967. Gorham’s son Anthony, a social worker with children, died in 2007 of a heart attack.

## Death

After a stroke in 1979, she settled in 1981 at Southport, Queensland, and continued to teach. She died there, aged 54, following a heart attack. She was survived by her son, Anthony Marrows and her second husband, Barney Marrows

National Treasure by Frank van Sraten (1994)


title: McCurdy's Armor

abstract: McCurdy's Armor is a patented portable armored wall system intended to protect against small arms, mortars, rockets, artillery, armor-piercing rounds and suicide bombs. Constructed of aluminum frames that unfold and connect to one another using steel connector pins, McCurdy's Armor can be deployed into a full guard post by a three-person team in less than ten minutes, using no hand tools or heavy equipment. The system can be dismantled and redeployed in a similar amount of time. McCurdy's Armor includes bullet proof glass windows that provide full situational awareness and, when necessary, can be opened and used as gun ports.

text:
# McCurdy's Armor

**McCurdy's Armor** is a patented portable armored wall system intended to protect against small arms, mortars, rockets, artillery, armor-piercing rounds and suicide bombs. Constructed of aluminum frames that unfold and connect to one another using steel connector pins, McCurdy's Armor can be deployed into a full guard post by a three-person team in less than ten minutes, using no hand tools or heavy equipment. The system can be dismantled and redeployed in a similar amount of time. McCurdy's Armor includes bullet proof glass windows that provide full situational awareness and, when necessary, can be opened and used as gun ports.

## Manufacturer

McCurdy's Armor is made by Dynamic Defense Materials, a defense manufacturing company that was founded in 2004 by Robert Lipinski. Dynamic Defense Materials is headquartered in Marlton, New Jersey. The company uses manufacturers in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio and Texas to produce McCurdy's Armor.

## Contracts

* In December 2009, Dynamic Defense Materials, LLC received a contract to supply McCurdy's Armor to the United States Marine Corps. for use as rapidly deployed guard posts in their missions in Afghanistan and Iraq.
* In March 2010, Dynamic Defense Materials, LLC received a contract to supply McCurdy's Armor to the Mexican Federal Police for guard posts to be used by personnel against the cartels in the Mexican Drug War.
* July 2010, Dynamic Defense Materials, LLC received a contract to supply McCurdy's Armor to the United States Army for use as guard posts for entry control points at forward operating bases throughout Afghanistan. The contract was Phase One of a five year plan.
* In July 2011, Dynamic Defense Materials, LLC received a contract to supply McCurdy's Armor to the United States Department of State for the Afghan Export Control and Border Security program.

## Namesake

Originally called Evaloch, McCurdy's Armor was officially renamed in 2009 to honor LCpl. Ryan S. McCurdy, who was mortally wounded from a sniper attack in Fallujah, Iraq on January 5, 2006. At the time of the attack, LCpl. McCurdy was on duty with Cpl. Clifton Trotter, who was shot in the neck and severely injured. LCpl. McCurdy was killed by sniper fire when he left his position in an attempt to pull Cpl. Trotter to safety. Cpl. Trotter survived the attack.

Joe Dimond, General Manager of Dynamic Defense Materials and a ten-year Marine veteran, served with LCpl. McCurdy in Fallujah, Iraq. In honor of LCpl. McCurdy, Dynamic Defense Materials donates a percentage of all sales to the Ryan McCurdy Fund, a charity that has been set up in LCpl. McCurdy's name to provide a safe place for children to learn and grow in Baton Rouge, LA.

1. "U.S. Patents Awarded to Inventors in Delaware". *Targeted News Service*. December 12, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
2. Bishop, Chris (November 27, 2011). "Businessman moves from lawn care to a dynamic defense". *phillyBurbs.com*. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
3. "Dynamic Defense Materials to supply McCurdy's Armor". *Military Trader*. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
4. Sposito, Sean (April 7, 2010). "Marlton-based contractor: Mexican Federal Police order 10 guard post kits". *NJ.com*. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
5. "Marine Lance Cpl. Ryan S. McCurdy". *Fallen Heroes of Operation Iraqi Freedom*. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.


title: Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis

abstract: Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis

***Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis*** is a species of gecko. It is endemic to Tamil Nadu, India.

## InfoBox

| *Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Hemiphyllodactylus* |
| Species: | ***H. kolliensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis***<br>Khandekar, Giri, Ramakrishnan, & Karanth, 2019 | |
|


title: HMS Smilax

abstract: HMS Smilax was originally launched as Tact (PG-98), an Action-class gunboat built for the United States Navy by Collingwood Shipyards, Ltd., Collingwood, Ontario, Canada

text:
# HMS Smilax

**HMS *Smilax*** was originally launched as ***Tact* (PG-98)**, an *Action*-class gunboat built for the United States Navy by Collingwood Shipyards, Ltd., Collingwood, Ontario, Canada

## War service

**Tact** was launched on 14 November 1942. However, before seeing any service in the United States Navy, the ship was transferred to the United Kingdom under the Lend-Lease program on 21 June 1943 and served the Royal Navy as HMS *Smilax* until after the end of hostilities in Europe.

## Argentine service

*Tact* was returned to the United States on 18 October 1946 and sold by the Maritime Commission to the Argentine Navy, where she served ARA *República* until her decommissioning in 1966. She saw some action during the 1955 Revolución Libertadora, when the *República* defended the rebel naval base at Mar del Plata.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| ARA *República* (P-10) | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Tact* |
| Builder | Collingwood Shipyards Ltd., Collingwood |
| Laid down | in 1942 as Tact (PG 98) |
| Launched | 19 November 1942 |
| Fate | Transferred to the Royal Navy 21 June 1943 |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Smilax* |
| Commissioned | 15 July 1942 |
| Decommissioned | 9 October 1945 |
| Stricken | 24 October 1945 |
| Identification | Pennant number: K280 |
| Fate | US Navy custody, 18 October 1946 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Action*-class patrol boat |
| Displacement | 1,375 long tons (1,397 t) |
| Length | 205 ft (62 m) |
| Beam | 33 ft (10 m) |
| Draft | 14 ft 7 in (4.45 m) |
| Propulsion | two 3-drum express boilers, 2,750ihp vertical triple expansion Port Arthur Shipbuilding Co. engine, one shaft. |
| Speed | 16.5 kn (19.0 mph; 30.6 km/h) |
| Complement | 90 |
| Armament |  |


title: Harold Dainty

abstract: Harold William Dainty was an English cricketer. Dainty was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Rushton, Northamptonshire. Dainty made three first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Lancashire, Yorkshire and Essex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 20 runs at an average of 6.66, with a high score of 8. With the ball he bowled a total of thirteen overs, though without taking any wickets. He died at Kettering, Northamptonshire on 17 April 1961.

text:
# Harold Dainty

**Harold William Dainty** (2 June 1892 – 17 April 1961) was an English cricketer. Dainty was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Rushton, Northamptonshire.

Dainty made three first-class appearances for Northamptonshire in the 1922 County Championship against Lancashire, Yorkshire and Essex. In his three first-class matches, he scored 20 runs at an average of 6.66, with a high score of 8. With the ball he bowled a total of thirteen overs, though without taking any wickets.

He died at Kettering, Northamptonshire on 17 April 1961.

## InfoBox

Harold Dainty
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Harold William Dainty |
| Born | (1892-06-02)2 June 1892
Rushton, Northamptonshire, England |
| Died | 17 April 1961(1961-04-17) (aged 68)
Kettering, Northamptonshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1922 | Northamptonshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 3  Runs scored 20  Batting average 6.66  100s/50s –/–  Top score 8  Balls bowled 78  Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings –/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 18 November 2011 | |