# Mayoral elections in Worcester, Massachusetts

Elections are held every two years to elect the mayor of Worcester, Massachusetts.

Worcester held its first direct election for mayor in 1987. The city has a council–manager government in which the mayor's role is to chair both the Worcester City Council and the city's school committee.

## Election system

Popular elections for mayor were instituted after the city's voters approved a new city charter in 1985.

In order to be elected mayor in Worcester, a person must place first in the mayor's race and also finish among the top six in the at-large city council election, being also elected a councilor at large. An individual cannot be elected mayor without additionally winning an at-large city council seat.

In addition, the candidate elected to the office of councilor at large who receives the second-highest number of votes for the office of mayor will become vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 1987 mayoral election

The **1987 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 3, 1987. The first ever popular election for mayor in the city's history, it saw the election of Jordan Levy to a second nonconsecutive term as mayor.

### Candidates

* John B. Anderson, at-large City Council member since 1976 and former mayor (1986)
* Gustaf Coontz
* Joseph Diliberto
* Jordan Levy, City Council member since 1975 and former mayor (1980–1981)

### Results

1987 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jordan Levy | | 23,163 | 63.65 |
| John B. Anderson | | 9,243 | 25.40 |
| Gustaf Coontz | | 2,434 | 6.69 |
| Joseph F. Diliberto | | 1,550 | 4.26 |
| Total votes | | **36,390** | **100** |

In the at-large City Council election, Levy placed first, Anderson placed fourth, Coontz placed tenth, and Donovan placed thirteenth.

## 1989 mayoral election

1989 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 39.08% |
| Nominee **Jordan Levy** Lynne H. Simonds   Popular vote **19,198** 5,358  Percentage **70.58%** 19.70% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Jordan Levy
Independent **Elected mayor**
Jordan Levy
Independent | |

The **1989 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 7, 1989. It saw the reelection of Jordan Levy to a third overall, and second-consecutive term (his second term as a popularly elected mayor).

### Candidates

* Joseph Diliberto, mayoral candidate in 1987
* Margaret Donovan
* Jordan Levy, incumbent mayor
* Lynne Simonds

### Results

1989 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jordan Levy (incumbent) | | 19,198 | 70.58 |
| Lynne H. Simonds | | 5,358 | 19.70 |
| Joseph F. Diliberto | | 1,358 | 4.99 |
| Margaret M. Donovan | | 1,285 | 4.72 |
| Total votes | | **27,199** | **100** |

In the at-large City Council general election, Levy placed first, Simonds placed ninth, Diliberto placed eleventh, and Donovan placed twelfth.

## 1991 mayoral election

1991 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 44.42% |
| Nominee **Jordan Levy** Timothy J. Cooney, Jr.   Popular vote **15,003** 8,478  Percentage **45.38%** 25.64%   ---  Nominee Konstantina Lukes William Coleman   Popular vote 7,403 2,177  Percentage 22.39% 6.59% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Jordan Levy
Independent **Elected mayor**
Jordan Levy
Independent | |

The **1991 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 5, 1991. It saw the reelection of Jordan Levy to a fourth overall, and third-consecutive term (his third term as a popularly elected mayor).

### Candidates

### Results

1991 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jordan Levy (incumbent) | | 15,003 | 45.38 |
| Timothy J. Cooney, Jr. | | 8,478 | 25.64 |
| Konstantina B. Lukes | | 7,403 | 22.39 |
| William S. Coleman, III | | 2,177 | 6.59 |
| Total votes | | **33,061** | **100** |

In the at-large City Council general election, Levy placed first, Cooney placed third, Lukes placed sixth, and Coleman placed eighth.

## 1993 mayoral election

1993 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Raymond Mariano** John B. Anderson Konstantina Lukes  Popular vote **13,271** 11,389 6,105  Percentage **41.14%** 35.31% 18.93% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Jordan Levy
Independent **Elected mayor**
Raymond Mariano
Democratic | |

The **1993 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 2, 1993. It saw the election of Raymond Mariano.

Incumbent mayor Jordan Levy did not seek reelection.

### Campaign

There were enough candidates in the at-large city council in 1995 that a primary was mandated for it, which was held in mid-September. Due to the laws requiring that a mayor also be elected an at-large city councilor, anyone who wanted to compete in the mayoral race would need to be on the ballot in the at-large City Council primary and advance to the at-large City Council general election if they hoped to be elected mayor.

Ultimately the mayoral candidates on the ballot were John B. Anderson, Austin A. Heath, Konstantina Lukes, and Raymond Mariano. All four had been among those that advanced to the at-large City Council general election from the primary, with Anderson placing first, Mariano placing second, Lukes placing fourth, and Heath placing tenth.

Candidate John B. Anderson, who served many years as a city councilor, had previously served as a City Council-appointed mayor in 1986.

### Candidates

### Results

1993 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Raymond V. Mariano | | 13,271 | 41.14 |
| John B. Anderson | | 11,389 | 35.31 |
| Konstantina B. Lukes | | 6,105 | 18.93 |
| Austin A. Heath | | 1,437 | 4.46 |
| *Others* | | 54 | 0.17 |
| Total votes | | **32,256** | **100** |

In the at-large City Council general election, Mariano placed first, Anderson placed second, Lukes placed third, and Heath placed ninth.

## 1995 mayoral election

1995 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Raymond Mariano** Robert J. Hennigan William Coleman  Popular vote **17,571** 4,077 1,410  Percentage **76.20%** 17.68% 6.11% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Raymond Mariano
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Raymond Mariano
Democratic | |

The **1995 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 7, 1995. It saw the reelection of Raymond Mariano.

### Campaign

There were enough candidates in the at-large city council in 1995 that a primary was mandated for it, which was held in mid-September. Due to the laws requiring that a mayor also be elected an at-large city councilor, anyone who wanted to compete in the mayoral race would need to be on the ballot in the at-large City Council primary and advance to the at-large City Council general election if they hoped to be elected mayor.

Ultimately the mayoral candidates on the ballot were incumbent mayor Raymond Mariano and challengers William Coleman and Robert J. Hennigan. All three had been among those that advanced to the at-large City Council general election from the primary, with Mariano placing first in the at-large city council primary, Hennigan placing fourth, and Coleman placing twelfth.

### Candidates

* William "Bill" Coleman III, mayoral candidate in 1991
* Robert J. Hennigan Jr.
* Raymond Mariano, incumbent mayor since 1993

### Results

1995 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Raymond V. Mariano (incumbent) | | 17,571 | 76.20 |
| Robert J. Hennigan Jr. | | 4,077 | 17.68 |
| William Coleman III | | 1,410 | 6.11 |
| *Others* | | 80 | 0.35 |
| Total votes | | **23,058** | **100** |

In the at-large City Council election, Mariano placed first and Hennigan placed ninth, and Coleman placed eleventh.

## 1997 mayoral election

1997 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Raymond Mariano** Bill Coleman   Popular vote **18,670** 4,169  Percentage **81.75%** 18.25% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Raymond Mariano
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Raymond Mariano
Democratic | |

The **1997 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 4, 1997. It saw the reelection of Raymond Mariano to a third consecutive term.

### Candidates

* Bill Coleman, community activist, candidate for mayor in 1991, 1995
* Raymond Mariano, incumbent mayor since 1993

### Results

1999 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Raymond V. Mariano (incumbent) | | 18,670 | 81.75 |
| Bill Coleman | | 4,169 | 18.25 |
| Total votes | | **22,839** | **100** |

In the at-large City Council election, Mariano placed first and Coleman placed tenth.

## 1999 mayoral election

1999 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Raymond Mariano** Konstantina Lukes   Popular vote **13,939** 8,518  Percentage **59.08%** 36.10% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Raymond Mariano
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Raymond Mariano
Democratic | |

The **1999 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 3, 1999. It saw the reelection of Raymond Mariano to a fourth consecutive term.

### Candidates

### Results

1999 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Raymond V. Mariano (incumbent) | | 13,939 | 59.08 |
| Konstantina B. Lukes | | 8,518 | 36.10 |
| George A. Fox | | 1,016 | 4.31 |
| *Others* | | 121 | 0.51 |
| Total votes | | **23,594** | **100** |

In the at-large City Council election, Mariano placed first, Lukes placed third, and Fox placed eleventh.

## 2001 mayoral election

2001 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Tim Murray** William Coleman   Popular vote **18,209** 4,119  Percentage **81.55%** 18.45% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Raymond Mariano
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Tim Murray
Democratic | |

The **2001 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 6, 2001. It saw the election of Tim Murray.

Incumbent mayor Raymond Mariano did not seek reelection.

### Candidates

* William Coleman, III, community activist, candidate for mayor in 1991 and 1995
* Tim Murray, member of Worcester City Council since 1998

### Results

2001 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Timothy P. Murray | | 18,209 | 81.55 |
| William Coleman, III | | 4,119 | 18.45 |
| Total votes | | **22,328** |  |

Murray also finished first in the at-large city council election. Coleman finished eighth. Since Coleman, the second place finisher, failed to be elected an at-large city council, he was not elected vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2003 mayoral election

2003 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Tim Murray** Juan Gomez William Coleman  Popular vote **10,411** 2,043 1,881  Percentage **72.62%** 14.26% 13.12% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Tim Murray
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Tim Murray
Democratic | |

The **2003 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 4, 2003. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Tim Murray to a second term.

### Candidates

* William Coleman, III, community activist candidate for mayor in 1991, 1995, 1997, and 2001
* Juan Gomez, Worcester City Council at-large member since 2000
* Tim Murray, incumbent mayor

### Results

2003 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Timothy P. Murray (incumbent) | | 10,411 | 72.62 |
| Juan A. Gomez | | 2,043 | 14.26 |
| William Coleman, III | | 1,881 | 13.12 |
| Total votes | | **14,335** |  |

Murray also finished first in the at-large city council election. Coleman finished second, Gomez finished fifth, Coleman finished seventh. Gomez, by rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2005 mayoral election

2005 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Tim Murray** Konstantina Lukes Juan Gomez  Popular vote **10,085** 5,352 1,504  Percentage **52.50%** 27.86% 7.83%   ---  Nominee William McCarthy William Coleman   Popular vote 1,285 985  Percentage 6.69% 5.13% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Tim Murray
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Tim Murray
Democratic | |

The **2005 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 8, 2005. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Tim Murray to a third term.

### Campaign

Incumbent mayor Tim Murray most significant challenger was City Council member Konstantina Lukes, who had been a frequent critic of Murray.

While running for mayoral reelection, Murray had already begun his campaign for the 2006 Massachusetts lieutenant gubernatorial nomination.

### Candidates

* William Coleman, III, community activist candidate for mayor in 1991, 1995, 2001 and 2003
* Juan Gomez, Worcester City Council at-large member since 2000, candidate for mayor in 2003
* Konstantina Lukes, Worcester City Council at-large member since 1990, mayoral candidate in 1993 and 1999
* William McCarthy, college professor, former Connecticut state trooper, executive assistant in the Louisiana Office of Alcohol and Tobacco Control from 1996 to 1999
* Tim Murray, incumbent mayor

### Results

2005 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Timothy P. Murray (incumbent) | | 10,085 | 52.50 |
| Konstantina B. Lukes | | 5,352 | 27.86 |
| Juan A. Gomez | | 1,504 | 7.83 |
| William J. McCarthy | | 1,285 | 6.69 |
| William Coleman, III | | 985 | 5.13 |
| Total votes | | **19,211** |  |

Murray also finished first in the at-large city council election. Lukes finished second, Gomez finished eighth, Coleman finished ninth, and McCarthy finished tenth. Lukes, by the rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2007 mayoral election

2007 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Konstantina Lukes** Frederick C. Rushton   Popular vote **7,507** 7,391  Percentage **36.15%** 35.59%   ---  Nominee Gary Rosen William Coleman   Popular vote 4,552 1,318  Percentage 21.92% 6.35% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Konstantina B. Lukes
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Konstantina B. Lukes
Democratic | |

The **2007 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 6, 2007. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Konstantina B. Lukes, who had been appointed to the position earlier that year after Tim Murray resigned to become Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.

Lukes became the city's first elected female mayor as a result of this election.

### Candidates

* William Coleman, III, community activist candidate for mayor in 1991, 1995, 2001, 2003, and 2005
* Konstantina Lukes, incumbent mayor, Worcester City Council at-large member since 1990, mayoral candidate in 1993, 1999 and 2005
* Gary Rosen, Worcester City Council at-large member since 2006 and 1996–97, former five-term Worcester School Committee member
* Frederick C. Rushton, Worcester City Council member and attorney

#### Withdrawn candidates

* Dennis L. Irish, Worcester City Council at-large member
* Mike C. Perotto, Worcester City Council at-large member

### Campaign

Lukes saw two strong challengers, Rushton and Rosen.

Rather than issues, the election largely focused on the personality and the leadership style of Lukes.

Lukes and Rushton were the best-funded candidates. Lukes managed to raise $31,381 for her campaign. Rushton managed to raise $80,000 for his campaign.

Despite the fact that Lukes identified as a Democrat, the city's Democratic Party leaders sought to unseat her. They hoped to coalesce opposition to Lukes behind a single candidate, and ultimately Rushton became their candidate. Rushton would ultimately receive most of the endorsements from major Democratic politicians in the region. Rushton's brother-in-law, Worcester County's new District Attorney Joseph D. Early, appeared at campaign events for him, marking the first time in decades that a District Attorney had involved himself in a political campaign.

There was an unusually large field of candidates running to be at-large city councilors in 2007. This field large enough that a primary was mandated for the at-large city council election, which was held in mid-September. Due to the laws requiring that a mayor also be elected an at-large city councilor, anyone who wanted to compete in the mayoral race (whether they had announced yet or not) would need to be on the ballot in the at-large City Council primary and advance to the at-large City Council general election if they hoped to be elected mayor. While it was not at all required that mayoral candidates declare their candidacies before the at-large City Council primary, four candidates already had declared their candidates. After the at-large City Council primary, in which Lukes placed second among all candidates, and Rushton placed third, two of the candidates, dropped-out of the mayoral race. These were Dennis L. Irish and Mike C. Perotto, who had respectively placed fifth and eighth out of all candidates in the at-large City Council primary. This bolstered the Democratic Party's hopes of coalescing opposition to Lukes around a single candidate, which had emerged to be Rushton.

Rosen declared his candidacy after the at-large City Council primary, in which he had placed first. Rosen's entrance into the race posed an obstacle to the Democratic Party leadership's hopes of coalescing opposition to Lukes behind a single candidate.

As of early October, Lukes and Rushton were the only two candidates with campaign websites.

### Finances

| Candidate | Receipts | Expenditures |
| --- | --- | --- |
| William Coleman III | $854.72 | $839.52 |
| Konstantina Lukes | $31,381.00 | $25,406.41 |
| Gary Rosen | $14,631.00 | $15,148.94 |
| Frederick C. Rushton | $78,668.99 | $83,589.73 |
| **Total** | **$125,535.71** | **$124,984.60** |

### Results

The initial result, seeing Lukes lead by only 105 votes, was narrow enough that a hand-recount was conducted after Rushton requested one. In the end, only 116 votes separated Lukes and Rushton, with Lukes having seen her lead increase by eleven votes in the recount. As of 2019, this was the narrowest margin of victory in a Worcester mayoral election since the city started popularly electing its mayors in 1987.

2007 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Konstantina B. Lukes (incumbent) | | 7,507 | 36.15% |
| Frederick C. Rushton | | 7,391 | 35.59% |
| Gary Rosen | | 4,552 | 21.92% |
| William Coleman, III | | 1,318 | 6.35% |
| Total votes | | **20,768** | **100** |

Lukes finished second in the at-large city council election. Rosen finished first, Rushton finished fourth, and Coleman finished twelfth. Rosen, by the rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2009 mayoral election

2009 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Joseph C. O'Brien** Konstantina Lukes Kate Toomey  Popular vote **10,214** 5,663 3,722  Percentage **50.58%** 28.04% 18.43% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Konstantina B. Lukes
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Joseph C. O'Brien
Democratic | |

The **2009 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 3, 2009. It saw the election of Joseph C. O'Brien, who unseated incumbent mayor Konstantina B. Lukes.

As of 2019, this is the only time an incumbent mayor has lost reelection in a Worcester mayoral election since they started popularly electing mayors in 1987. As of 2019, it is the only instance in which an incumbent Worcester mayor has lost such an election.

O'Brien was the first mayor to be elected without having first served on the Worcester City Council.

### Candidates

### Campaign

While there was speculation that Frederick C. Rushton, who had lost the 2007 to Lukes by an immensely narrow margin, might challenge her again in 2009, he ruled it out in February 2009.

The election race was slow to start.

Lukes, as she did in the previous election, saw two strong challengers, the two this time being O'Brien and Toomey.

O'Brien's candidacy was supported by lieutenant governor and former Worcester mayor Tim Murray. O'Brien was also supported by congressman Jim McGovern, for whom he served as district director (O'Brien took a leave from this role during his mayoral campaign). Many other local Democrats threw their support behind O'Brien. O'Brien also received the support of several employee unions.

Toomey was endorsed by the Worcester County Sheriff and one of the city's two state senators.

The election focused more on the leadership and personality of Lukes than it did on particular issues.

O'Brien and Toomey criticized Lukes for being to inactive a mayor, and argued that she was ineffective at advocating for the city at the state and federal level. Lukes refuted accusations that she was too inactive, arguing that the role of mayor was not intended to be a full-time position.

Lukes argued that she had independence from what she claimed was a Murray-McGovern run political machine.

Lukes argued that O'Brien was simply seeking to use the office of mayor as a platform to seek higher office, and argued that she herself was free from such ambitions.

O'Brien pledged to commit attention to inner-city neighborhoods, and called attention to the fact that he resided in the less-affluent Main South area of the city.

O'Brien aimed to run a movement-style campaign, seeking small online donations and utilizing the internet to organize campaign events.

Lukes raised $33,895 for her campaign. Lukes collected mainly small donations, and solicited her donations primarily by mail. Financially, Lukes ran a low-cost campaign, even using her private law-office to house her campaign headquarters.

O'Brien raised $43,300 for his campaign. O'Brien was additionally supported by the grassroots group Neighbor to Neighbor, which funded $6,000 in mailers for his campaign.

Toomey raised $33,633 for her campaign.

Tsitsilianos did not raise any money for his campaign, and received little attention. However, he did participate in the mayoral debates.

In an interview shortly after losing the election, Lukes would blame the "pro-retire, pro-union" vote for her loss. She would also claim to have been hurt by low turnout, which she claimed O'Brien was able to capitalize on with his campaign's organization efforts. She would also characterize the campaign against her as "very negative...right up until the end".

### Results

2009 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph C. O'Brien | | 10,214 | 50.58% |
| Konstantina B. Lukes (incumbent) | | 5,663 | 28.04% |
| Kate Toomey | | 3,722 | 18.43% |
| E. Tsitsilianos | | 595 | 2.95% |
| Total votes | | **20,197** |  |

O'Brien also finished first in the at-large city council election. Toomey finished second, Lukes finished fifth, Tsitsilianos finished eleventh. Lukes, by the rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

O'Brien was the only non-incumbent individual elected to a citywide office in Worcester that year.

## 2011 mayoral election

2011 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Joseph Petty** Konstantina Lukes   Popular vote **9,008** 6,708  Percentage **48.35%** 36.01%   ---  Nominee Carmen Carmona Bill Coleman   Popular vote 1,531 1,382  Percentage 8.22% 7.42% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Joseph C. O'Brien
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Joseph Petty
Democratic | |

The **2011 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 8, 2011. It saw the election of Joseph Petty.

On September 16, 2011, incumbent mayor Joseph C. O'Brien announced that he would no longer be seeking reelection, citing family concerns.

### Candidates

* Bill Coleman, candidate for mayor in 1991, 1995, 2001, 2003, and 2005, and 2007
* Carmen L. Carmona, case worker at Community Healthlink Inc.
* Konstantina Lukes, former mayor (2007–2010), Worcester City Council at-large member since 1990
* Joseph Petty, member of Worcester City Council since 1998

### Results

2011 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph M. Petty | | 9,008 | 48.35% |
| Konstantina B. Lukes | | 6,708 | 36.01% |
| Carmen L. Carmona | | 1,531 | 8.22% |
| Bill Coleman | | 1,382 | 7.42% |
| Total votes | | **18,629** |  |

Petty also finished first in the at-large city council election. Lukes finished fourth, Carmona finished eleventh, and Coleman finished twelfth. Lukes, by the rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2013 mayoral election

2013 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Joseph Petty** Konstantina Lukes Bill Coleman  Popular vote **8,900** 4,156 1,325  Percentage **58.28%** 27.21% 8.68% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Joseph Petty
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Joseph Petty
Democratic | |

The **2013 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 5, 2013. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Joseph Petty to a second term.

### Candidates

* Bill Coleman, candidate for mayor in 1991, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2011
* William Feegbeh
* Konstantina Lukes, former mayor (2007–2010), Worcester City Council at-large member since 1990
* Joseph Petty, incumbent mayor, Worcester City Council member since 1998

### Results

2013 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph M. Petty (incumbent) | | 8,900 | 58.28 |
| Konstantina B. Lukes | | 4,156 | 27.21 |
| Bill Coleman | | 1,325 | 8.68 |
| William Feegbeh | | 302 | 1.98 |
| Total votes | | **14,683** |  |

Petty also finished first in the at-large city council election. Lukes finished fourth, Coleman finished eighth, and Feegbeh finished twelfth. Lukes, by the rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2015 mayoral election

2015 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 20.51% |
| Nominee **Joseph Petty** Michael T. Gaffney William Coleman  Popular vote **9,978** 7,859 1,335  Percentage **52.04%** 40.99% 6.96% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Joseph Petty
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Joseph Petty
Democratic | |

The **2015 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 3, 2015. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Joseph Petty to a third term.

### Candidates

* Michael T. Gaffney
* William S. Coleman, III, candidate for mayor in 1991, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2011, and 2013
* Joseph Petty, incumbent mayor, Worcester City Council member since 1998

### Results

2015 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph M. Petty (incumbent) | | 9,978 | 52.04 |
| Michael T. Gaffney | | 7,859 | 40.99 |
| William S. Coleman III | | 1,335 | 6.96 |
| Total votes | | **19,172** | **20.51** |

Petty also finished first in the at-large city council election. Gaffney finished second and Coleman finished eleventh. Gaffney, by the rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2017 mayoral election

2017 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 14.74% |
| Nominee **Joseph Petty** Konstantina Lukes   Popular vote **11,119** 4,640  Percentage **70.56%** 29.44% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Joseph Petty
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Joseph Petty
Democratic | |

The **2017 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 7, 2017. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Joseph Petty to a fourth term.

### Candidates

* Konstantina Lukes, former mayor (from 2007 to 2010), Worcester City Council at-large member since 1990
* Joseph Petty, incumbent mayor, Worcester City Council member since 1998

### Results

2017 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph M. Petty (incumbent) | | 11,119 | 70.56 |
| Konstantina B. Lukes | | 4,640 | 29.44 |
| Total votes | | **15,759** | **14.74** |

Petty also finished first in the at-large city council election. Lukes finished sixth. Lukes, by the rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2019 mayoral election

2019 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 16.56% |
| Nominee **Joseph Petty** Donna M. Colorio   Popular vote **10,194** 3,840  Percentage **60.55%** 22.81%   ---  Nominee Bill Coleman Owurakwaku Poku Sarkodieh   Popular vote 1,439 1,363  Percentage 8.55% 8.10% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Joseph Petty
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Joseph Petty
Democratic | |

The **2019 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 5, 2019. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Joseph Petty. Petty became the first-ever mayor in the history of Worcester to receive a fifth two-year term as mayor.

### Candidates

* Bill Coleman, community activist, candidate for mayor in 1991, 1995, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2013, and 2015
* Donna M. Colorio, member of the Worcester School Committee and former chair of the Worcester Republican City Committee
* Joseph Petty, incumbent mayor, Worcester City Council member since 1998
* Owurakwaku Poku Sarkodieh

### Campaign

The election was a four person race.

Petty's prime challenger was Colorio, the former chair of the Worcester Republican City Committee and two-term member of the Worcester School Committee. Colorio was supported by the Republican Super PAC Massachusetts Majority Independent Expenditure PAC (MMIE PAC).

### Results

2019 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph M. Petty (incumbent) | | 10,194 | 60.55 |
| Donna M. Colorio | | 3,840 | 22.81 |
| Bill Coleman | | 1,439 | 8.55 |
| Owurakwaku Poku Sarkodieh | | 1,363 | 8.10 |
| Total votes | | **16,836** | **16.56** |

Petty also finished first in the at-large city council election. Toomey placed second, Colorio paced sixth, Coleman placed ninth, and Sarkodieh placed tenth. Colorio, by the rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2021 mayoral election

2021 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 15.94% |
| Nominee **Joseph Petty** Donna M. Colorio   Popular vote **10,087** 4,150  Percentage **60.48%** 24.88%   ---  Nominee Bill Coleman Peter A. Stefan   Popular vote 1,509 931  Percentage 9.05% 5.58% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Joseph Petty
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Joseph Petty
Democratic | |

The **2021 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held on November 2, 2021. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Joseph Petty to a record sixth term.

### Candidates

* Bill Coleman, community activist and perennial candidate (candidate for mayor in 1991, 1995, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2019)
* Donna Colorio, vice chair of the Worcester City Council and mayoral candidate in 2019
* Joseph Petty, incumbent mayor and Worcester City Council member since 1998
* Peter Stefan, funeral director

### Results

2021 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph M. Petty (incumbent) | | 10,087 | 60.48 |
| Donna M. Colorio | | 4,150 | 24.88 |
| Bill Coleman | | 1,509 | 9.05 |
| Peter A. Stefan | | 931 | 5.58 |
| Total votes | | **16,677** | **15.94** |

Petty also finished first in the at-large city council election. Colorio paced sixth, Coleman placed eighth, and Stefan placed tenth. Colorio, by the rules of the city charter, became the vice-chair of the Worcester City Council.

## 2023 mayoral election

2023 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | **19.14%** |
| Nominee **Joseph Petty** Khrystian King Donna Colorio  Popular vote **10,687** 5,877 2,912  Percentage **49.86%** 27.42% 13.59% | |
| ---  Precinct Results
**Petty:**      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
**King:**      30–40%      40–50%

**Tie:** | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Joseph Petty
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Joseph Petty
Democratic | |

The **2023 Worcester, Massachusetts mayoral election** was held November 7, 2023. Incumbent mayor Joseph Petty won re-election to a seventh term in office.

### Candidates

* Bill Coleman, community activist and perennial candidate
* Donna Colorio, vice chair of the Worcester City Council and candidate for mayor in 2019 and 2021
* Guillermo Creamer Jr., former chair of the Worcester Human Rights Commission
* Khrystian King, at-large city councilor
* Joseph Petty, incumbent mayor

### Endorsements

Guillermo Creamer Jr. Political parties  Khrystian King Political parties

### Results

*

2023 mayoral election results
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph M. Petty (incumbent) | | 10,087 | 49.86 |
| Khrystian E. King | | 5,877 | 27.42 |
| Donna M. Colorio | | 2,912 | 13.59 |
| Bill Coleman | | 1,009 | 4.71 |
| Guillermo Creamer, Jr. | | 950 | 4.43 |
| Total votes | | **20,835** | **19.14** |

Petty finished first in the simultaneous election for Worcester's six at-large city council seats, while King placed third, Colorio placed fourth, Creamer placed seventh, and Coleman placed tenth. Petty, King, and Colorio thus held their city council seats, with Creamer narrowly missing out on a seat by a margin of 1.9%. As the mayoral runner-up, King automatically became vice chair of the city council, taking over from Colorio, who won the position in the 2021 election.

## InfoBox

1987 Worcester mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 55.65% |
| Nominee Jordan Levy John B. Anderson Gustaf Coontz  Popular vote 23,163 9,243 2,434  Percentage 63.65% 25.40% 6.69% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Thomas J. Early
 **Elected mayor**
Jordan Levy
Independent | |


title: Mayoralty of Fernando Wood

text:
# Mayoralty of Fernando Wood

Fernando Wood served as the 73rd and 75th mayor of New York City from January 1, 1855 to December 31, 1857 and January 1, 1860 to December 31, 1861.

## Background

### 1850 election

At the 1849 New York Democratic Convention in Syracuse, the state Democratic Party reached a tenuous truce between its Hunker and Barnburner factions, promulgating a platform which advocated preservation of slavery where it already existed but recognizing the theoretical right of Congress to prevent the extension of slavery to new territories. The truce quickly collapsed into new divisions, with "Soft Shell Democrats" endorsing the Syracuse platform and "Hard Shells" firmly rejecting Congressional authority to regulate slavery in the territories. A small remaining contingent of Free Soil Democrats, led by John Van Buren, rejected the compromise and any attempt to expand slavery to the territories.

Despite his pro-slavery convictions, Wood stood for election as a Nineteenth Ward Democratic Committeeman on a Soft platform. Softs held the majority in Tammany Hall and Wood interpreted the Syracuse platform as a defense of slavery.

Throughout the 1849 and 1850 debates that led to the Compromise of 1850, Hards and Softs contested for control of Tammany Hall, sometimes physically. Wood chaired the Soft General Committee, urging for party unity. With two Committees claiming exclusive party control and voter fraud obscuring the Society's April 1850 council elections, the Tammany governing board dissolved both committees and called for a citywide convention to select an entirely new official General Committee. At this convention, Wood embraced the compromise position that Congress lacked control over slavery but that popular sovereignty could decide the issue for each new territory.

The convention deadlocked and new Tammany elections were held, producing a fusion Committee with a slight Hard majority, but Wood's position was embraced as the state party platform in 1850. Wood himself became the Democratic candidate for Mayor, despite some Hard resistance. In the general election, he was defeated by Whig oil dealer Ambrose C. Kingsland. The 1850 election was a landslide for the Whigs, who carried 15 wards, 13 out of 16 assembly races, and the governorship. Wood was dogged by an personal affair alleging he had defrauded his own relatives and received the lowest percentage for any Tammany candidate since direct elections for mayor began in 1834.

1850 New York City mayoral election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Whig** | **Ambrose C. Kingsland** | **22,478** | **55.17%** |
|  | Democratic | Fernando Wood | 18,052 | 44.31% |
|  | Independent | Alfred Carson | 210 | 0.52% |
| Total votes | | | **40,740** | **100.00%** |

### 1854 election

After his loss, Wood withdrew from politics again, focusing on his real estate portfolio and his growing family. The Whig Party collapsed and Tammany remained torn among its various factions. Wood began to test the waters for a political return in November 1853, privately organizing against John Van Buren's Free Soil faction and supporting the Young America Movement. He was elected a committeeman by the Nineteenth Ward Democrats once more.

In early 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act further scrambled city politics, alienating the Free Soil Democrats and bringing the Hards and Softs in closer alliance. In response, Wood planned a rally to celebrate Stephen Douglas and Franklin Pierce and denounce John Van Buren and his Free Soil Democrats, presenting the image of a party unified in its condemnation of the Free Soilers.

Wood cultivated his political image by siding with Governor Horatio Seymour in his veto of an alcohol prohibition bill, though he grounded his support in opposition to the regulation of private behavior, drawing a comparison between alcohol consumption and slavery. Perhaps most conniving of all, he secretly accepted a place on the Know-Nothing executive committee, despite his long standing political support among the New York immigrant community and his support for immigrant causes.

Wood won both the Soft and Hard nominations for Mayor easily, though a faction of extreme Hards formed yet another ticket and nominated Wilson H. Hunt. Running with the support of both major factions against a divided field, Wood had a strong advantage. However, his campaign was nearly upended when several Know-Nothings filed affidavits disclosing his membership in their committee. Wood denied the accusation and threatened to sue for libel.

On November 8, Wood was elected mayor of New York City with only 33.6% of the vote. The Know-Nothing nominee James W. Barker received 31% and Hunt received 25.8%. Despite the revelation of his Know-Nothingism, Wood's strongest support came from immigrant and low-income wards.

1854 New York City mayoral election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Fernando Wood (incumbent)** | **20,003** | **33.54%** |
|  | Know Nothing | James W. Barker | 18,547 | 31.10% |
|  | Independent Democratic | Wilson G. Hunt | 15,397 | 25.82% |
|  | Whig | John J. Herrick | 5,696 | 9.55% |
| Total votes | | | **59,643** | **100.00%** |

## First term (1855–56)

In his first two-year term, Wood prioritized municipal reform to strengthen the office of mayor and establish "one-man rule." With long-term goals of continued economic growth alongside reduced inequality and vice, Wood sought to reform the city government to empower reform by reducing the political restraint on his office. In the words of biographer Jerome Mushkat, Mayor Wood was "a unique figure, New York's first modern mayor, a city builder, and the prototype for later municipal leaders, a man who anticipated much of what would become the urban Progressive Movement."

However, any attempts at reform were quickly overshadowed by Wood's failure to answer accusations of corruption in his handling of the police force. His political base was eroded entirely in the 1855 elections, leaving Wood on the defensive for the remainder of his term. Nonetheless, his vision for the mayoralty as a powerful central executive and his campaign for greater home rule for the City came to define New York politics for generations.

### Charter reform

In his inaugural address, Wood attacked the city charter as an "ill-shaped monster" which prevented home rule and called for a complete revision. So long as the New York Legislature failed to make such reforms, Wood pledged "to assume a general control over the whole City Government, so far as protecting its municipal interests." In Wood's view, the object of government was "to govern in the public interest, for aiding the many without threatening the few," and the existing municipal charter obstructed this purpose.

Efforts to reform the city charter, though popular within the city, faced an uphill battle in the state legislature, which was largely composed of Republicans, and the Common Council, which was personally opposed to Wood. In December 1856, after his-reelection to a two-year term, the Court of Appeals dismissed Wood's argument that the city could draw up its own charter or vote down one passed by the legislature. Republicans mobilized to do so and cuff Wood's power.

Early in his term, Wood instituted a "complaint book" where ordinary citizens could voice their complaints with city government.

### Police corruption

A particular focus of Wood's first term was his control of the state's police force. Wood's inaugural address was particularly critical of the state management of the Police Department, where he felt the mayor's office lacked "the essential elements of authority, that of controlling the retention or removal of his own subordinates." On the margins, Wood personally reformed the department's medical section, awarded silver medals to outstanding officers at personal expense, and lectured officers to take pride in their work.

However, Wood sought wholesale reform of the police structure, along paramilitary lines with himself as commander. He urged the Common Council to replace the police board, which included two political rivals, with his sole authority. Though the Council ignored his message, the state legislature responded by introducing legislation for popular elections of the police chief and four elected commissioners. After Wood threatened his resignation, the legislature relented. Wood was elevated to *de jure* head of the police board, pledging to weed out incompetents, hire honest replacements, and promote efficient officers.

The 1856 elections were a major defeat for Wood-aligned candidates and marked an end to any crusade for reform. His opponents maintained their majority on the Common Council and only one Soft Shell Democrat, a Wood rival Lorenzo B. Shepard, was elected to city office.

The *New York Times* accused Wood of abusing his role to hire only foreign-born Democrats, but a March 21 meeting of the city's bankers, reformers (including his former critic Horace Greeley), and merchants praised his efforts and denounced the legislature. Criticism of his hiring patterns, led by the *Times*, intensified throughout his term. Wood claimed most of his hires were Whigs, but the *Times* countered that their Whig membership was merely a nominal cover to avoid scrutiny in past Whig administration. By July 1855, the Common Council demanded full information on all of Wood's appointments, renewals, and removals; he refused on a technicality. His growing popularity quickly waned.

During the 1856 campaign, a major issue was made of Wood's appointment practices. On election day, abuse of police powers to support his re-election effort drew still more criticism.

### Public health

In summer 1855, Wood successfully lobbied for the city's first machine street sweepers, but the contracts were not renewed. After a cholera outbreak, Wood demanded an end to the city's licensed food distribution monopoly.

Wood faced a major crisis in 1855 when the merchant ship *Joseph Walker* sank in the city harbor, leading to complaints that its rotting cargo might spread disease. The bidder Wood selected to salvage the wreck delayed performance and the ship's grain hold began to rot, drawing accusations of corrupt hiring.

### Urban planning and public works

Wood proposed utilizing the city's public works programs to provide jobs for unemployed laborers. However, Wood remained a believer in unrestricted private enterprise, and suggested that private industry step in for the city government wherever his initiatives were blocked by the Common Council.

Wood was an avowed critic of the New York & Harlem Railroad, warning about excessive speeding, high fares, and proposing numerous safety recommendations. He also opposed fare increases for the Staten Island ferry and urged greater care in future ferry contracts. He promoted Central Park, a plan approved just before he entered office, as a visionary leisure space for the working classes.

In his second year in office, Wood presented and promoted ambitious plans to improve the city's wharfs with permanent stone and brick structures and expedite the construction of city streets on a grid plan according to the unfinished Commissioners' Plan of 1811. He promoted expansion of the public school system.

### Vice

Wood initially attempted to enforce Sunday closing laws and attempted a crackdown on prostitution and gambling in the city, though his efforts were obstructed by selective police enforcement, influential Democrats' investment in vice, and economic realities which left many women to choose between prostitution and starvation.

Wood walked a moderate, practical line on alcohol. When the Whig legislature passed a restrictive prohibition law in April 1855, Wood embraced the sweeping law as abrogated all older statutes and dropped his enforcement of the Sunday closing laws. He then instructed the police that the law was too vague to enforce; the law was ruled unconstitutional by the state judiciary.

### 1856 gubernatorial campaign and re-election

As mayor, Wood's power over Tammany Hall was nearly absolute, and he became a kingmaker in the 1856 presidential election, where he supported James Buchanan and befriended Buchanan's unofficial campaign manager, Daniel Sickles. When Buchanan visited New York, Wood hosted major Democratic fundraisers for his campaign. Buchanan ultimately emerged victorious at the 1856 Convention, elevating Wood on the state and national stage.

In advance of the July state convention, Wood presented himself as a candidate for governor and hoped Buchanan would reciprocate his support. However, opposition to Wood among Hards and some Softs was strong. Soft leaders Dean Richmond and Horatio Seymour favored Addison Gardiner or Amasa J. Parker, both moderates who could unify with the Hards, for the nomination. Despite Sickles's pleas, Buchanan declined to intervene. The Softs and Hards met in separate conventions at Syracuse, with Sickles and John Kelly managing the Wood campaign at both. Wood ultimately withdrew from the Soft convention in favor of Parker, who was then ratified as the Hard nominee.

After losing the nomination for governor, Wood refocused on city politics and announced his campaign for another term as mayor, claiming—but not proving—support from Buchanan. Wood publicly claimed his frustration with the charter drove him to prefer retirement, but also presented an open letter from nearly one hundred city businessmen begging him to run. Using his position in Tammany Hall, Wood ensured that the city convention gave him a majority. Dissident Hards and some Softs endorsed James Libby, with Know-Nothing Isaac O. Barker, Republican Anthony J. Bleeker, and Civic Reform candidate James R. Whiting rounding out the field.

The campaign was marked by personal attacks and violent street battles between the various city gangs. On election day, Wood released or furloughed some patrolmen to give his own gangs free rein to harass voters and obstruct vote counts. Wood won with 44.6% of the vote against Barker's 32.2% and Bleeker with 12.3%. Later investigations into Wood's electioneering failed to produce an indictment on the grounds that such practices were common in the city.

Wood maintained his reliance on immigrant wards, but ran well behind Buchanan's majority of 53.1% in the city and failed to capture the Common Council. Republicans remained in command of the state legislature and won the governorship as well, but within the city Wood had become impregnable. Rather than the historic split over slavery, the party became divided over those who supported Wood and those who opposed him.

1856 New York City mayoral election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Fernando Wood (incumbent)** | **34,566** | **44.46%** |
|  | Know Nothing | Isaac O. Barker | 25,182 | 32.39% |
|  | Republican | Anthony J. Bleecker | 9,671 | 12.44% |
|  | Independent Democratic | James S. Libby | 4,684 | 6.03% |
|  | Reform Democratic | James R. Whiting | 3,638 | 4.68% |
| Total votes | | | **121,741** | **100.00%** |

## Second term (1857)

In Wood's second term, his control over Tammany Hall unraveled and his handling of the police force boiled over in the New York City Police riot, for which Wood was arrested.

In anticipation of an urban revolt, the Republican legislature revised the New York City charter to end his term early.

### Fall from Tammany's and Buchanan's graces

After his re-election, Wood had nearly dictatorial control of the regular Democratic organization but faced organized opposition within the Tammany Society itself. Unbeknownst to Wood, Henry Wikoff had informed Buchanan that Wood had been trading on Buchanan's non-existent favor. Anti-Woodites came from a broad spectrum of the party and included his former ally Sickles, William M. Tweed, and Samuel J. Tilden. When Wood attempted to install a successor as Grand Sachem, a majority of the Council authorized an investigation into his tactics. A second General Committee was formed and Wood's was barred from the Tammany building.

Wood responded by bribing the building's lessee into allowing him to hold meetings. The council of Sachems now dissolved both committees and called for a new election based on a new "district association" system instead of the traditional ward primary. When Wood sponsored a ticket to oust the existing sachems, his forces were locked out of the reorganization meeting. A new General Committee under Edward Cooper was organized.

Wood also fell from favor with the Buchanan administration. Despite three trips to Washington in five months and an unsuccessful visit to Buchanan's home in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, his preferred choice for Collector of the Port of New York was passed over for Augustus Schell, an anti-Woodite. Wood's only ally among the federal appointments was Thomas Sedgwick as U.S. Attorney. While Wood was away from the city lobbying the administration, his opponents in Tammany filled the Society with anti-Wood appointees and officers.

### Conflict with New York legislature

While Wood was focused on intra-party politics, the Republican legislature at Albany had begun efforts to destroy Wood.

Wood attempted to strike preemptively by sending the legislature a proposed charter revision, with Common Council support, that gave the mayor true executive power. The proposal would have given the mayor the right to appoint a cabinet subject to the consent of the Council and for-cause removal by the mayor. Most Council prerogatives would be ceded to the mayor and the Council would be reduced in numbers and elected on a staggered basis. The proposal was rejected, and the legislature conducted hearings into Wood's control of the police department.

#### Municipal Charter of 1857

On April 15, the legislature presented Governor John Alsop King with a series of reform bills resulting in the Municipal Charter of 1857. It consolidated five independent agencies into three executive departments, Street, City Inspector, and Croton Aqueduct, each headed by a single mayoral appointee with aldermanic approval. Similar appointment methods were promulgated for ten mayoral clerks, the city chamberlain, two health commissioners, the superintendent, and the Harlem Bridge keeper. However, the Charter specified that none of the new appointment powers would take effect until after Wood's current term, which was truncated to end on January 1, 1858.

The mayor remained a full or ex officio member of various boards and had a full veto subject to two-thirds override by the Council. However, the new Charter provided for popular election of many key city administrators, removing them from the mayor's political control.

Perhaps most importantly, it ordered a new 1857 mayoral election for a new two-year term, truncating Wood's term to one year and separating mayoral elections from state and national elections, a practice which denied Wood (or any other Democrat) coattails effects from the Democratic president nominees who routinely carried the city. Although the New York City Charter extended mayoral terms to four years in 1897, the odd-year elections remained.

Separately, the legislature also established unprecedented state commissions, appointed by the Governor, to oversee the Harlem Bridge, construction of Central Park and a new city hall, and oversight of harbor pilots, wharves, and piers.

#### Metropolitan Police Act

Also on April 15, the legislature passed the Metropolitan Police Act, dissolving Wood's existing police force and replacing it with a metropolitan unit for New York, Richmond, Queens, and Kings Counties. The new unit was overseen by a five-man board appointed by the state, three members of which came from New York. Governor King appointed no Democratic Commissioners.

The Metropolitan Police Act set the ground for the eventual 1898 consolidation of modern New York City and effectively ended any prospects for home rule for New York, giving the state direct power over law and order within the city and tying that authority to the wants and needs of the neighboring counties.

#### Excise Act

On April 16, the legislature passed an Excise Act, a prohibitionist measure designed to enact the unsuccessful legislation passed in Wood's first term. It created a board of excise for each county consisting of three freeholders with the sole power to grant liquor licenses. Because of New York's massive population, small number of eligible freeholders, and disproportionate liquor use, licensing in the city was particularly cumbersome and expensive. The legislation outraged pro- and anti-Wood Democrats alike, giving Wood an opportunity to unify his party.

### Traffic and sanitation policy

In January 1857, Wood called for more efficient street cleaning, increases in government salaries, and a ban on certain types of vehicles on Broadway to relieve congestion.

### Police wars

Determined to fight back against the legislative encroachment on city authority, Wood staked his ground on defiance of the Police Act. He informed U.S. Attorney Thomas Sedgwick of his intent to take "offensive action" and sponsored a Council resolution declaring it unconstitutional and appropriating $10,000 for a legal challenge. While the challenge was pending, two rival police forces, Wood's Municipals and the state Metropolitans. Officers were forced to choose sides, afraid they would be eventually fired if the took the losing side.

The temporary suspension of appointment powers under the 1857 charter became an issue in June, when Street Commissioner Joseph S. Taylor's death created a vacancy. Wood and Governor King both appointed competing men to the role. On June 16, King's appointee arrived at city hall to take office and Wood had his Municipals physically remove him.

He returned with writs and warrants backed by the Metropolitans calling for Wood's arrest. When the Metropolitans attempted to serve Wood, his Municipals created a protective shield around the building and unruly crowds harassed them. Amid cries of "Fernandy Wood" and "Down with the Black Republicans!" the Metropolitans were subject to clubbings and street skirmishes. Recorder James Smith called in the Seventh Regiment of the New York Militia, at which time Wood orchestrated his own arrest by the sheriff for contempt of court. His case was then dismissed by Judge Murray Hoffman on the grounds that Wood was a "law-abiding and order-loving citizen."

On July 2, the New York Court of Appeals ordered the Municipals to demand in a majority opinion written by Chief Justice Hiram Denio. Wood accepted the judgment and took his seat on the Metropolitan Board, leading some Municipals to sue him for lost wages. The city descended into anarchy, with the Wood-aligned gang Dead Rabbits touching off a riot against the Metropolitans and Bowery Boys that caused extensive property damage, though no deaths.

### 1857 election

With Wood's term truncated to one year, a new election was scheduled for December.

Wood's campaign for re-nomination was buoyed by Buchanan, who demanded that the city Democrats unify ahead of the 1857 elections. A single nominating convention was held, with Wood's delegation winning a credentials contest in order to split the delegation. Wood personally wrote the platform, praising immigration, the *Dred Scott v. Sanford* decision, Buchanan's efforts against "slavery agitation in Kansas," and home rule for the city. The platform criticized prohibition as an invasion of private rights and denounced Republican efforts for equal manhood suffrage for blacks. Wood won re-nomination for a fourth consecutive election with 95 of 106 votes on the first ballot against Charles Godfrey Gunther.

Wood maintained party unity through the general election, but his campaign was complicated by the Panic of 1857, which sent economic gridlock through the city. In early October, unemployment was estimated at 30,000, increasing at a rate of 1,000 per day. Wood departed from his traditional economic liberalism to avoid class conflict, proposing massive public works programs to feed and fund the poor.

In the November state elections, Democrats won a sweeping victory. It proved a double-edged sword, satisfying Buchanan and freeing Tammany critics to abandon Wood. On November 15, Tammany Hall held a fusion meeting with Republicans and Know-Nothings, which resulted in a non-partisan ten-man nominating committee composed of commercial leaders. After failing to recruit William F. Havemeyer, the committee nominated Democrat Daniel F. Tiemann on a "People's Party" ticket.

Wood ran his campaign as a partisan Democrat, challenging Tiemann as a covert Republican and Know-Nothing. Amid record turnout, Tiemann defeated Wood by 2,317 votes, 51.4% to 48.6%. Wood's support among immigrants and ethnics, particularly Germans, decreased marginally. Tiemann carried all six West Side wards by a substantial majority of 65.6%.

1857 New York City mayoral election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **People's** | **Daniel F. Tiemann** | **43,216** | **51.38%** |
|  | Democratic | Fernando Wood (incumbent) | 40,889 | 48.62% |
| Total votes | | | **84,105** | **100.00%** |

## Interregnum

Upon Wood's exit from office, he was declared politically dead. Instead, he purchased the *New York Daily News*, left Tammany Hall, and built his own independent political base in preparation for his return to politics. His new organization, known as the Mozart Hall Society, would propel him back into the mayor's office after just two years away.

### *New York Daily News*

In 1857, Wood purchased the *New York Daily News* for $5,600 and later installed his brother, Benjamin, as editor. He used the paper as his personal bulletin, boosting his own platform and haranguing opponents and enemies.

### Mozart Hall Society

In the April 1857 Tammany elections, Wood campaigned for control of the organization but lost by a margin of two to one; his supporters blamed the enrollment of secret "Black Republicans" and Wood left Tammany Hall. He founded a "Democratic Society of Regulators" with membership open to any New York City Democrat. Wood's organization came to be called the "Mozart Hall Democrats" after the hotel where they met at the corner of Bond Street and Broadway. The society was composed largely of immigrants, workers, and the poor.

Wood spent much of 1858 and 1859 trying to play the various presidential candidates off of each other to elevate his friend Henry A. Wise, now Governor of Virginia, as a compromise candidate. His maneuvering ultimately failed when Wise wrote a letter highly critical of Stephen A. Douglas and Governor of New York Daniel S. Dickinson, effectively ending his chances at the nomination.

At the 1858 convention, Wood's manipulation was revealed, and Daniel Sickles succeeded in having Mozart delegates barred. In return, Wood unsuccessfully opposed Sickles's re-election to Congress. The split between Tammany and Mozart allowed Republicans to pick up several offices in the city. In December 1858, President Buchanan responded by granting all patronage at the Port of New York to Tammany, further isolating Wood. Tammany offered him re-admittance, but he declined.

### 1859 election

At the 1859 convention, Wood's Mozart delegates enlisted armed force to seize the convention, beginning proceedings without the Tammany delegates (a traditional Tammany strategy) and using armed violence to prevent any challenge to their proceedings. Nevertheless, Wood's violent tactics drew backlash and forever alienated him from respectable politics.

Two Democratic tickets were nominated in the city, with Wood heading the Mozart Hall slate and the Fifth Avenue Democrats, a group of wealthy, highly conservative men including August Belmont and Samuel J. Tilden, forced the nomination of William Frederick Havemeyer on a Tammany ticket. Republicans nominated George Opdyke, a banker and former Free Soiler.

Primarily through the *Daily News*, Wood attacked the Tammany–Fifth Avenue fusion as "kid-glove, scented, silk stocking, poodle-headed, degenerate aristocracy" who were out of touch with real Democrats. Wood also delivered a series of pro-slavery and pro-Southern speeches, decrying John Brown and abolitionism as a threat to the Union. Privately, he advised Governor Wise not to execute Brown in fears of stirring sympathy for abolition.

Both Democrats and Republicans attacked Wood for his past corruption and his "imperial" ambition.

In an election with 88.1% turnout, Wood pulled off a narrow three way victory. He received 38.3% of the vote against 34.6% for Havemeyer and 27.4% for Opdyke.

1859 New York City mayoral election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Independent Democratic** | **Fernando Wood** | **29,940** | **38.25%** |
|  | Democratic | William F. Havemeyer | 26,913 | 34.39% |
|  | Republican | George Opdyke | 21,417 | 27.36% |
| Total votes | | | **78,170** | **100.00%** |

## Third term (1860–61)

Fernando Wood served a third mayoral term in 1860 and 1861. Wood was one of many New York Democrats sympathetic to the Confederacy, called 'Copperheads' by the staunch Unionists. In 1860, at a meeting to choose New York's delegates to the Democratic convention in Charleston, S.C., Wood outlined his case against the abolitionist cause and the "Black Republicans" who supported it. He was of the opinion that "until we have provided and cared for the oppressed laboring man in our own midst, we should not extend our sympathy to the laboring men of other States." In January 1861, Wood suggested to the New York City Council that New York secede and declare itself a free city in order to continue its profitable cotton trade with the Confederacy.

Wood's Democratic machine was concerned to maintain the revenues (which depended on Southern cotton) that maintained the patronage. Wood's suggestion was greeted with derision by the Common Council.

## Historical assessments

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Wood as the eighth-worst American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Mayoralty of Fernando Wood** | |
| Mayor | Fernando Wood |
| Party | Democratic |
| **---  First term**<br>January 1, 1855  December 31, 1857 | |
| Election | 1854, 1856 |
|  | |
| **---  Second term**<br>January 1, 1860  December 31, 1861 | |
| Election | 1859 |
|  | |
| --- | |


title: McCurdy & Rhodes

abstract: McCurdy & Rhodes is an American naval architecture design firm, originally based in Cold Spring Harbor, New York and now located in nearby Oyster Bay, New York. The company specializes in the design of fiberglass sailboats. The company was founded in 1965 by James A. McCurdy and Philip ("Bodie") H. Rhodes. Rhodes is the son of naval architect Philip L. Rhodes and both company principals got their start at Philip L. Rhodes, Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, where McCurdy was head of the Yacht Design Section and Bodie Rhodes did design work.

text:
# McCurdy & Rhodes

**McCurdy & Rhodes** is an American naval architecture design firm, originally based in Cold Spring Harbor, New York and now located in nearby Oyster Bay, New York. The company specializes in the design of fiberglass sailboats.

The company was founded in 1965 by James A. McCurdy and Philip ("Bodie") H. Rhodes. Rhodes is the son of naval architect Philip L. Rhodes and both company principals got their start at Philip L. Rhodes, Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, where McCurdy was head of the Yacht Design Section and Bodie Rhodes did design work.

## History

After its formation, the firm was involved in the design of many boats for Seafarer Yachts in the 1970s and 1980s.

McCurdy's son, Ian A. McCurdy, graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with a degree in civil engineering and also graduated from the University of Michigan, with BS and a MS degrees in naval architecture and marine engineering. In 1980, Ian A. McCurdy joined McCurdy & Rhodes from his previous post at the American Bureau of Shipping, where he was an engineer in charge of computer analysis, working on structure and stability of large commercial ships. After this father's death, Ian A. McCurdy became the chief designer.

In the 1980s the firm redesigned Philip L. Rhodes' steel Rhodes 77 for aluminum construction for a single boat built by the Burger Boat Company in Manitowoc, Wisconsin.

The firm has produced more than 100 designs for boats from 22 to 95 ft (6.7 to 29.0 m) length overall, with a focus on off-shore racers.

## Boats

Summary of production boats designed by McCurdy & Rhodes:

## InfoBox

McCurdy & Rhodes
|
|  |
| Company type | Privately held company |
| Industry | Boat building |
| Founded | 1965 |
| Founders | James A. McCurdy and Philip ("Bodie") H. Rhodes |
| Headquarters | Oyster Bay, New York, United States |
| Key people | Chief Designer: Ian A. McCurdy |
| Products | Sailboat and powerboat designs |
| Website | mccurdyandrhodes.com |


title: Maxine Leeds Craig

abstract: Maxine Leeds Craig is an American professor, working in the sociology department at the University of California, Davis. Craig was a doctoral student of Todd Gitlin at the University of California, Berkeley; her doctoral dissertation became the book, Ain't I a Beauty Queen? Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race (2002). Her second book, Sorry I Don't Dance: Why Men Refuse to Move (2013), was awarded the 2014 Best Publication Award of the American Sociological Association's section on Body and Embodiment. She was chair of the American Sociological Association Section on Race, Gender, and Class for 2009–2010.

text:
# Maxine Leeds Craig

**Maxine Leeds Craig** is an American professor, working in the sociology department at the University of California, Davis.

Craig was a doctoral student of Todd Gitlin at the University of California, Berkeley; her doctoral dissertation became the book, *Ain't I a Beauty Queen? Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race* (2002). Her second book, *Sorry I Don't Dance: Why Men Refuse to Move* (2013), was awarded the 2014 Best Publication Award of the American Sociological Association's section on Body and Embodiment.

She was chair of the American Sociological Association Section on Race, Gender, and Class for 2009–2010.

## Publications

* *Ain't I A Beauty Queen?: Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race.* Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0195152623.
* *Sorry I Don't Dance: Why Men Refuse To Move.* Oxford University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0199845293.


title: Tigran Nagdalian

abstract: Tigran Naghdalian was an Armenian journalist, who was assassinated in Yerevan.

text:
# Tigran Nagdalian

**Tigran Naghdalian** (8 June 1966 – 28 December 2002) was an Armenian journalist, who was assassinated in Yerevan.

## Biography

Tigran Naghdalian was born in Yerevan, then Soviet Union.

From 1995 to 1997 he worked for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. He was the head of the Armenian Public Television, where he also hosted a weekly news program. He was a friend and supporter of Robert Kocharyan, president of Armenia from 1998 to 2008. He was also considered an important witness in the trial of Nairi Hunanyan, the leader of the attack on the Armenian parliament in 1999.

## Death

On 28 December 2002, Naghdalian was shot in the head by a group of supporters of the opposition at the entrance of the house of his parents in Yerevan and he died in hospital. He was 36 years old.

On 6 March 2003 Armenian police arrested six suspects. 13 people were charged with murder: seven were given sentences and six were acquitted. John Harutunian pleaded guilty of being the hitman. Businessman Armen Sargsyan, brother of Vazgen (former defence minister and prime minister, assassinated in 1999) and Aram Sargsyan (former prime minister) was found guilty of ordering the killing. They were both sentenced to 15 years of prison. Hovanes Harutunian was sentenced to 7 years as an intermediary (with a reduce sentence because of cooperation with the prosecution). The opposition claimed the arrest was political and that Sarkisian was a scapegoat, arguing that he was instead killed because he knew too much about the 1999 attack on parliament.

On 8 June 2004 a memorial plaque was installed in Zakiyan Street in Yerevan.

## InfoBox

| Tigran Nagdalian | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1966-06-08)8 June 1966
Yerevan, Armenia SSR |
| Died | 28 December 2002(2002-12-28) (aged 36)
Yerevan, Armenia |
| Nationality | Armenian |
| Occupation | Journalist |


title: McClain, West Virginia

abstract: McClain is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, West Virginia, United States.

text:
# McClain, West Virginia

**McClain** is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, West Virginia, United States.

## InfoBox

| McClain, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| McClainMcClain | |
| Coordinates: 38°59′41″N 81°32′11″W / 38.99472°N 81.53639°W / 38.99472; -81.53639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| Elevation | 1,089 ft (332 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS ID | 1555077 |


title: Tiamenidine

abstract: Tiamenidine (BAN, USAN, INN, also known as thiamenidine, Hoe 440) is an imidazoline compound that shares many of the pharmacological properties of clonidine. It is a centrally-acting α2 adrenergic receptor agonist (IC50 = 9.1 nM). It also acts as an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist to a far lesser extent (IC50 = 4.85 μM). In hypertensive volunteers, like clonidine, it significantly increased sinus node recovery time and lowered cardiac output. It was marketed (as tiamenidine hydrochloride) by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Sundralen for the management of essential hypertension.

text:
# Tiamenidine

**Tiamenidine** (BAN, USAN, INN, also known as **thiamenidine**, **Hoe 440**) is an imidazoline compound that shares many of the pharmacological properties of clonidine. It is a centrally-acting α2 adrenergic receptor agonist (IC50 = 9.1 nM). It also acts as an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist to a far lesser extent (IC50 = 4.85 μM). In hypertensive volunteers, like clonidine, it significantly increased sinus node recovery time and lowered cardiac output. It was marketed (as tiamenidine hydrochloride) by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name **Sundralen** for the management of essential hypertension.

## Synthesis

Reaction of thiourea **1** with methyl iodide gives the corresponding S-methyl analogue (**2**), followed by heating with ethylenediamine, completes the synthesis of tiamenidine (**3**).

## InfoBox

Tiamenidine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Sundralen, Symcorad, Symcor |
| ATC code |  |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Elimination half-life | 2.3–5 hours |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * *N*-(2-chloro-4-methylthiophen-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1*H*-imidazol-2-amine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C8H10ClN3S |
| Molar mass | 215.70 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * Clc2scc(c2N/C1=N/CCN1)C | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C8H10ClN3S/c1-5-4-13-7(9)6(5)12-8-10-2-3-11-8/h4H,2-3H2,1H3,(H2,10,11,12) Y * Key:CVWILQHZFWRYPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company

abstract: The McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company was a large-scale wartime ship manufacturing shipyard, located at the city of Riverside, near Duluth. McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding was at 110 Spring Street, Duluth, Minnesota, now the site of the West Duluth's Spirit Lake Marina. The shipyard was located on St. Louis River Estuary at western part of Lake Superior. McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company was founded by Alexander McDougall (1845-1923) in 1917 to build ships for World War I. McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company and the Superior Shipbuilding Company were called the Twin Ports shipbuilding industry of Minnesota and Wisconsin. Once built the ships can travel to the Atlantic Ocean through the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway.

text:
# McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company

46°42′25″N 92°12′15″W / 46.707072°N 92.204127°W / 46.707072; -92.204127

The **McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company** was a large-scale wartime ship manufacturing shipyard, located at the city of Riverside, near Duluth. McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding was at 110 Spring Street, Duluth, Minnesota, now the site of the West Duluth's **Spirit Lake Marina**. The shipyard was located on St. Louis River Estuary at western part of Lake Superior. McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company was founded by Alexander McDougall (1845-1923) in 1917 to build ships for World War I. McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company and the Superior Shipbuilding Company (now Fraser Shipyards) were called the Twin Ports shipbuilding industry of Minnesota and Wisconsin. Once built the ships can travel to the Atlantic Ocean through the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway.

## History

In 1890 iron ore was discovered on the Mesabi Range, this turned Duluth into a major shipping port. Duluth Works and other steel plants opened. The supply of steel opened western Duluth to shipbuilding. Before McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company opened in 1917, Alexander McDougall built 7 whaleback barges of his own new design in Duluth starting in 1887. With the success of the whaleback barge, Alexander McDougall opened the first shipyard on Lake Superior, (were Fraser Shipyards is now) in December 1891, that built whalebacks, like the Model 101, and steamships used for bulk cargo and passenger ships on the Great Lakes. His company was the American Steel Barge Company, which he sold in 1900 and became the Superior Shipbuilding Company, later this became the Knudsen Brothers Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company and in 1955 the Fraser Shipyards. Samples of Alexander McDougall whalebacks:

### McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company

Alexander McDougall opened the McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company due to the demand for ships for World War I. The new **McDougall Duluth Shipyard** was 6 miles west of his former yard on Lake Superior. Due to the growing steel and ship industries, many immigrates came to Duluth. The West Duluth riverfront had two large companies and company towns: U.S. Steel Works's city of Morgan Park that opened in 1913 and McDougall's city of Riverside that opened in 1917, with 3,000 living there. Riverside had for its workers an 800-seat theater, hospital, clubhouse, general store, monthly newspaper *Riverside Review* and boathouse. The town's school open in 1920 and closed in 1982. Alexander McDougall's son, Alexander Miller McDougall (1884-1951), and Julius H. Barnes did the day-to-day running of the town and shipyard. In 1922 Barnes also became the president of the U. S. Chamber of Commerce.

Some of ships built at McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company:

**1918 Oiler tanker**

**1918 Coal ships for World War I:**

Private contracts:

War contracts:

* USS *Lake Pepin*
* USS *Lake Orange*
* USS *Lake Geneva*
* The USS *Lake Portage* (Hull# 4) (216409) was torpedoed and sank on August 3, 1918, during World War I by SM *UB-88* just south of Audierne, France. Lost were three crew members and six with burns.
* The USS *Lake Indian* (ID-4215-A) (216990), no Navy service, took on water and sank on January 25, 1927, near Sand Key Light, Florida.
* SS *Lake Markham* (Hull # 5 ID 216587, ID-4215-C) ordered as SS *Allette*, no Navy service, SS *Chicago* in 1927, scrapped in 1937.
* SS *Lake Helen* (Hull # 8 ID 216892) ordered as, before delivery SS *Macon*. Renamed SS *York* in 1926, SS *Skogak* in 1929, SS *Kama* in 1933, and scrapped in 1970

**1919 Cargo ships 3,600 DTW:** Emergency Fleet ship

* *Cedar Spring*
* *Ceralvo* (wrecked 1941)
* *Cerosco*
* *Cerro Gordo*
* *Chamberino* (wrecked 1952)
* *Chamblee* (sunk by mine 1945)
* *Chaperel*
* *Chantier* (sunk 1933)
* *Chappell* (bombed and sunk 1943)
* *Chautauqua* (wrecked 1948)

**1919-1920 Cargo ships 4,145 DTW:**

* *Lake Flagon*
* *Lake Flagstaff* (torpedoed and sunk 1942)
* *Lake Flambeau* (torpedoed and sunk 1942)
* *Lake Flanders* (sunk 1930)
* *Lake Flatonia*
* *Lake Flattery* (torpedoed sank 1942)
* *Lake Strymon*
* *La Crosse*
* *Fargo*
* *Sioux Falls*
* *Great Falls* (wrecked 1942)
* *Lake Floravista* (wrecked 1952)
* *Lake Florian* (torpedoed and sunk 1942)
* *Lake Floris* (torpedoed and sunk 1942)
* *Lake Flournoy* (torpedoed and sunk 1942)

**Frederickstads** type ship for private owners:

**1920 Tanker 2417 DWT**

* *Theodore F. Reynolds* (sunk)
* *Julius Kessler*
* *Philip Publicker*

**1920 Cargo 3,350 DWT:**

* *Josefa*
* *Antonio* (torpedoed and sunk 1942)

**Canal motorship 1921** 1,040 DWT, for New York State Barge Canal

* SS *Day Peckinpaugh* / I.L.I. 101, May 1921. now museum ship
* I.L.I. 102, May 1921.
* I.L.I. 103, May 1921.
* I.L.I. 104, May 1921.
* I.L.I. 105, July 1921 (Hull # 45, last McDougall Duluth ship)

### Barnes-Duluth Shipbuilding

Julius H. Barnes purchased the shipyard from McDougall in 1922 and renamed it **Barnes-Duluth Shipbuilding**. The shipyard continued to build private ships between the world wars. For World War II the yard built fully outfitted warships. Some of Barnes-Duluth Shipbuilding ships:

**Coastal tanker** In 1943 Barnes-Duluth built 12 T1-M-A1 tanker also called a small a Coastal tanker. The tanker was diesel-powered with: 800 hp, 10 knots max. Tonnage Deadweight: 1,600, Tonnage Full Load: 2,900, Dimensions: 221 feet long, Width 37 ft. The 12 ships were loaned to Britain under Lease/ Lend terms.

* *Tarentum* (Hull # 1, May 1943)
* *Titusville*
* *Mannington*
* *Salt Creek*
* *Glen Pool*
* *Jennings*
* *Tonkawa*
* *Cromwell*
* *Benton Field*
* *Rio Bravo* (torpedoed and sunk 1942)
* *Walnut Bend*
* *Loma Novia*

**Lake tankers**, 3,401 DWT built in 1943:

* *Carpito*
* *San Joaquin* (wrecked 1960)
* *Temblador*
* *San Cristobal* (sunk 1965)
* *Guarico*
* *Guiria*
* *Valera* (torpedoed and sunk 1944)

**Cargo ship type N3-S-A2** 2,757 DWT, built in 1944:

* *David R. Le Craw* (Sunk 1958)
* *James Miller*
* *Samuel Samuels* (Sunk 1965)
* *Joseph Hamilton*
* *John D. Whidden*
* *George W. Brown*
* *George Crocker*
* *Frank Dale* (June 1944, Hull # 27, last Barnes-Duluth ship)

### Walter Butler Shipbuilders

Walter Butler purchased the shipyard from Barnes in 1943 and renamed it **Walter Butler Shipbuilders**. For World War II Walter Butler Shipbuilders Duluth built under the Emergency Shipbuilding Program C1-M type ships. The Duluth yard closed in 1945, as all war contacts ended and there was a surplus of ships at the end of the war. Walter Butler also had a shipyard in Superior, Wisconsin from 1942 to 1945 for building warships. Walter Butler shipbuilding was a family company started in 1877 as the Butler Brothers Shipbuilders, then Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc. the brother pass the yard to Robert Butler (1897-1955).

Some of Walter Butler Shipbuilders Duluth ships:

**C1-M-AV1 cargo** ships, 2239 tons, 3,805 DWT:

### Spirit Lake Marina

The current site is the **Spirit Lake Marina**, also called West Duluth Marina, which has docks and berths for recreational boats on the river and lake. Today there are only two buildings left standing from the original shipyard campus of over two dozen buildings.

### Symphony Boat Company

In 2014, commercial boat building started again, Symphony Boat Company is building recreational boats at the marina. The shipyard is active for the first time since 1945.

* Panel photos of McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company in 1918:

* Riverside Company Town Band and Baseball team in 1918, workers of the McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company. The band played noon lunchtime concerts during the workweek and played at the 1919 Minnesota State Fair. Riverside Company Town had two baseball teams: The *Cubs of the shipyard* and the *Giants from the iron works* from US steel.

* Map of Riverside company town in 1918 and the McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding shipyard:

Julius H. Barnes, owner of Barnes-Duluth Shipbuilding from 1922 to 1943


title: Mayfield Consumer Products

abstract: Mayfield Consumer Products is an American family-owned company, based in Mayfield, Kentucky. It manufactures branded candles and home fragrance products. On December 10, 2021, a Mayfield candle-making factory was leveled by a tornado, resulting in eight deaths and multiple injuries. The company faced multiple lawsuits, due to allegations of forcing their employees to stay in the factory.

text:
# Mayfield Consumer Products

**Mayfield Consumer Products** (est. in 1998) is an American family-owned company, based in Mayfield, Kentucky. It manufactures branded candles and home fragrance products. On December 10, 2021, a Mayfield candle-making factory was leveled by a tornado, resulting in eight deaths and multiple injuries. The company faced multiple lawsuits, due to allegations of forcing their employees to stay in the factory.

## History

The company was started in 1998 in the garage of Mary Propes. The business would go on to sell candles and fragrances to retailers, like Bath & Body Works. In 2018, the firm invested more than $8.3 million to expand operations.

## 2021 tornado

On December 10, one of their factories, along with the nearby town of Mayfield, was leveled by a powerful tornado. The tornado made a direct hit to the facility, causing its destruction, and trapping the 110 employees in the building under the collapsed roof of the building. Some victims, after the tornado had passed, started posting for help on Facebook. After the tornado, rescue efforts were made for the employees, with most of them being accounted for by December 13. However, eight people died in the collapsed structure.

### Lawsuits

The company went into controversy on December 17, 2021, when multiple employees started filing lawsuits against the company. Some employees stated that, before the tornado, the management at the factory threatened to fire employees if they tried to leave the building, as it counted as leaving their shift early. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration also stated that the building had "serious" safety violations, resulting in a $9,810 (2019 USD) fine from the administration in 2019. As of December 2021, the OSHA was investigating the factory.

## InfoBox

Mayfield Consumer Products
| Company type | Family owned |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Consumer products |
| Founded | 1998 |
| Founder | Mary Propes |
| Area served | Kentucky |
| Key people | Troy Propes (CEO) |
| Products | Candle-based products, fragrances |
| Owner | Troy Propes |
| Number of employees | 245 (2018) |


title: Tianjin Grand Bridge

abstract: Tianjin Grand Bridge is a railway viaduct bridge that runs between Langfang and Qingxian, part of the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway. It is one of the longest bridges in the world with a total length of about 113.7 kilometers (70.6 mi). It was completed in 2010 and opened in 2011. At the time Guinness World Records recorded it as the second longest bridge in the world. The design of the elevated track was chosen on the one hand to avoid numerous individual structures for crossing roads and railways, and on the other to shorten the construction period. In addition, the railway line requires less land area in this design: a railway embankment requires 28.4 hectares per routed kilometer, the bridge but only 10.9 ha, less than half the area. The bridge consists of 32 m long box girders weighing 860 tons each. These girders were created in two workplaces along the bridge, brought to the installation site on the bridge section already installed, and then placed on the piers by a special crane.

text:
# Tianjin Grand Bridge

**Tianjin Grand Bridge** (Langfang–Qingxian viaduct) (Chinese: 天津特大桥) is a railway viaduct bridge that runs between Langfang and Qingxian, part of the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway. It is one of the longest bridges in the world with a total length of about 113.7 kilometers (70.6 mi). It was completed in 2010 and opened in 2011. At the time Guinness World Records recorded it as the second longest bridge in the world.

The design of the elevated track was chosen on the one hand to avoid numerous individual structures for crossing roads and railways, and on the other to shorten the construction period. In addition, the railway line requires less land area in this design: a railway embankment requires 28.4 hectares per routed kilometer, the bridge but only 10.9 ha, less than half the area.

The bridge consists of 32 m long box girders weighing 860 tons each. These girders were created in two workplaces along the bridge, brought to the installation site on the bridge section already installed, and then placed on the piers by a special crane.

## InfoBox

| Tianjin Grand Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 39°03′22″N 117°03′18″E / 39.056084°N 117.054949°E / 39.056084; 117.054949 |
| Carries | Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway |
| Locale | Hebei, Tianjin |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | viaduct |
| Total length | 113.7 km (70.6 mi) |
| History | |
| Construction start | about 2006 |
| Construction end | 2010 |
| Opened | June 30, 2011 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: McRae, Georgia

abstract: McRae was a city in and the county seat of Telfair County, Georgia, United States. It was designated as the seat in 1871, after being established the previous year as a station on the Macon and Brunswick Railroad. Upon the city's merger with adjacent Helena in 2015, the new county seat is the combined city of McRae-Helena. As of the 2010 census, McRae had a population of 5,740, up from 2,682 at the 2000 census, due largely to expansion of the city limits to incorporate the area and prison population of the McRae Correctional Institution, a privately owned and operated prison under contract to the federal government. The prison is a low-security facility holding adult males; it is owned and operated by CoreCivic.

text:
# McRae, Georgia

**McRae** was a city in and the county seat of Telfair County, Georgia, United States. It was designated as the seat in 1871, after being established the previous year as a station on the Macon and Brunswick Railroad. Upon the city's merger with adjacent Helena in 2015, the new county seat is the combined city of McRae-Helena.

As of the 2010 census, McRae had a population of 5,740, up from 2,682 at the 2000 census, due largely to expansion of the city limits to incorporate the area and prison population of the McRae Correctional Institution, a privately owned and operated prison under contract to the federal government. The prison is a low-security facility holding adult males; it is owned and operated by CoreCivic.

## History

McRae was founded in 1870 as station number eleven on the Macon and Brunswick Railroad. In 1871, the seat of Telfair County was transferred to McRae from Jacksonville. McRae was incorporated on March 3, 1874, and was named for a pioneering Scottish family. The community was named after Daniel M. McRae, the original owner of the town site. During the antebellum years and after the Civil War, the county had an economy largely based on cotton plantations, and McRae was a trading center. McRae was incorporated as a city in 1902. During the racial violence of the Red Summer of 1919 one Berry Washington, an elderly black man, was arrested and put in the McRae jail after defending two girls from assault. On May 25 a large mob led by a Baptist minister conspired with a McRae deputy to seize Berry Washington from jail and lynch him over in Milan.

McRae and Telfair County approved construction of a private prison in the early 21st century to hold federal prisoners, in the belief that it would provide jobs to local residents. McRae Correctional Facility, a low-security prison for adult males, has been owned and operated by CCA, the largest prison company in the United States in 2015, since it opened in 2003.

## Geography

McRae is located in northern Telfair County at 32°3′52″N 82°53′54″W / 32.06444°N 82.89833°W / 32.06444; -82.89833 (32.064508, -82.898251). Helena is to the northwest.

Several U.S. highways pass through McRae. U.S. Routes 23 and 341 pass through the city as Oak Street, leading northwest 20 miles (32 km) to Eastman and southeast 24 miles (39 km) to Hazlehurst, while U.S. Routes 280, 319, and 441 pass through as Third Avenue, crossing US 23/341 in the center of town. US 280 leads northeast 33 miles (53 km) to Vidalia and west 55 miles (89 km) to Cordele, while US 319/441 leads south 19 miles (31 km) to the small town of Jacksonville and north 35 miles (56 km) to Dublin.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.4 square miles (11.4 km2), of which 4.3 square miles (11.2 km2) is land and 0.077 square miles (0.2 km2), or 1.77%, is water. The Little Ocmulgee River flows just northeast of the city limits.

## Sites of interest

Located in downtown McRae is Liberty Square, home of a Statue of Liberty replica that is one-twelfth the size of the original. It has a replica of the Liberty Bell and a marble memorial to Telfair County residents who died in military service.

On the outskirts of McRae is the Talmadge Home. This historic home was occupied by two former Georgia governors, Eugene Talmadge and Herman Eugene Talmadge. McRae was also the birthplace of Marion B. Folsom (1893–1976), a longtime executive of the Eastman Kodak Company who served as the United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare during the Eisenhower administration.

Famous railfan photographer William B. Folsom is buried in McRae. 1940-2008.

## Education

### Telfair County School District

The Telfair County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of one elementary school, a middle school, and a high school. The district has 112 full-time teachers and over 1,648 students.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 1,020 |  |  |
| 1910 | 1,160 |  | 13.7% |
| 1920 | 1,273 |  | 9.7% |
| 1930 | 1,314 |  | 3.2% |
| 1940 | 1,595 |  | 21.4% |
| 1950 | 1,904 |  | 19.4% |
| 1960 | 2,738 |  | 43.8% |
| 1970 | 3,151 |  | 15.1% |
| 1980 | 3,409 |  | 8.2% |
| 1990 | 3,007 |  | −11.8% |
| 2000 | 2,682 |  | −10.8% |
| 2010 | 5,740 |  | 114.0% |
| 2020 | 6,253 |  | 8.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,682 people, 1,057 households, and 714 families residing in the city. The population density was 796.7 inhabitants per square mile (307.6/km2). There were 1,310 housing units at an average density of 389.1 per square mile (150.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 55.48% White, 42.69% African American, 0.30% Asian, 1.12% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.57% of the population.

There were 1,057 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 20.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,236, and the median income for a family was $37,250. Males had a median income of $29,055 versus $20,321 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,911. About 16.4% of families and 19.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 25.2% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| McRae, Georgia | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| McRae-Helena City Hall | |
| Location in Telfair County and the state of Georgia | |
| Coordinates: 32°3′52″N 82°53′54″W / 32.06444°N 82.89833°W / 32.06444; -82.89833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | Telfair |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.4 sq mi (11.4 km2) |
| Land | 4.3 sq mi (11.2 km2) |
| Water | 0.08 sq mi (0.2 km2) |
| Elevation | 246 ft (75 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 5,740 |
| Density | 1,322/sq mi (510.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 31055 |
| Area code | 229 |
| FIPS code | 13-49084 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0317973 |
| Website | mcrae-helena.org |


title: Fresh Air: Breathe It

abstract: Fresh Air: Breathe It is the first official mixtape by Korean-American rapper Jay Park, released on May 16, 2012. The mixtape was released as a free download on various websites, including SoundCloud, MediaFire, DatPiff, Park's official website, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube channel.

text:
# Fresh Air: Breathe It

***Fresh Air: Breathe It*** (commonly stylized as ***Fresh A!r: Breathe !t***) is the first official mixtape by Korean-American rapper Jay Park, released on May 16, 2012. The mixtape was released as a free download on various websites, including SoundCloud, MediaFire, DatPiff, Park's official website, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube channel.

## Background

On April 26, 2012, Park stated on Twitter that he will release a mixtape containing songs he will perform for the 2012 Verizon APAHM Tour. He also shared previews of "BODY2BODY", "William Hung" and "Hopeless Love". Park also warned that some of the tracks would be unsuitable for minors. The titles of the songs were not revealed until the release of the mixtape. On May 4, 2012, Park stated via a video on his YouTube channel that the title of the mixtape was *Fresh A!r: Breathe !t*, and that it will be released in a couple weeks.

Cha Cha Malone and LODEF, who worked with Park in the past, produced the mixtape. Malone is featured on the song "Hopeless Love", produced by LODEF, while Korean-American rapper Dumbfoundead is featured on the song "You Know How We Do". Park and Dumbfoundead collaborated previously on the free song "Clouds" alongside Korean-American singer Clara Chung. The track titled "William Hung" makes reference to singer William Hung who gained fame in 2004 for his off-key audition performance of Ricky Martin's hit song "She Bangs" on American Idol. The title song of the mixtape is "BODY2BODY".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You Know How We Do" (featuring Dumbfoundead) | * Jay Park * Jonathan Park | LODEF | 2:37 |
| 2. | "BODY2BODY" | Park | Cha Cha Malone | 3:15 |
| 3. | "Do What We Do" | Park | Cha Cha Malone | 4:02 |
| 4. | "Be With Me 2Night" | Park | Cha Cha Malone | 4:19 |
| 5. | "William Hung" | Park | LODEF | 3:34 |
| 6. | "Hopeless Love" (featuring Cha Cha Malone) | * Park * Chase Malone | LODEF | 2:10 |

## InfoBox

| Fresh A!r: Breathe !t | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mixtape by Jay Park | |
| Released | May 16, 2012 (2012-05-16) |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 19:56 |
| Language | English |
| Producer |  |
| Jay Park chronology | |
| *New Breed*
(2012) ***Fresh A!r: Breathe !t***
(2012) *Evolution*
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Fresh A!r: Breathe !t* | |
| 1. "BODY2BODY"
Released: May 16, 2012 | |
|  | |


title: McNaughton, Wisconsin

abstract: McNaughton is an unincorporated community located in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. McNaughton is located on Wisconsin Highway 47 northwest of Rhinelander, in the town of Newbold.

text:
# McNaughton, Wisconsin

**McNaughton** is an unincorporated community located in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. McNaughton is located on Wisconsin Highway 47 northwest of Rhinelander, in the town of Newbold.

## History

A post office called McNaughton operated from 1890 until May 21, 2011. The community was named in honor of a local sawmill operator.

## InfoBox

| McNaughton, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| McNaughton, WisconsinMcNaughton, Wisconsin | |
| Coordinates: 45°43′57″N 89°32′40″W / 45.73250°N 89.54444°W / 45.73250; -89.54444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Oneida |
| Elevation | 479 m (1,572 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 54543 |
| Area code(s) | 715 & 534 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1577718 |