title: Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land

abstract: Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land is a 2022 American animated Christmas direct-to-video film starring Tom and Jerry. The film is produced by Warner Bros. Animation and Turner Entertainment Co. and animated by Renegade Animation in the United States and Slap Happy Cartoons Inc. in Canada. It was released digitally on November 15, 2022 and was later released on DVD on November 29, 2022 by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment.

text:
# Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land

***Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land*** is a 2022 American animated Christmas direct-to-video film starring Tom and Jerry. The film is produced by Warner Bros. Animation and Turner Entertainment Co. and animated by Renegade Animation in the United States and Slap Happy Cartoons Inc. in Canada. It was released digitally on November 15, 2022 and was later released on DVD on November 29, 2022 by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment (through Studio Distribution Services).

## Plot

In the town of Goodberry, Tom and Jerry mess with each other in the snow until Tom gets in trouble by his master, Dr. Doublevay. Jerry goes to his owner, Mrs. LePage. It is reveled not only Jerry and Mrs. LePage are against Tom and Dr. Doublevay, but they are also poor and are trying to earn money by selling snowmice to little kids. Jerry's nappy-wearing nephew, Tuffy has other plans. He wants to perform a magic show, but Jerry disagrees.

Disappointed, Tuffy goes outside and decides he will build a snowmouse to help Jerry and Mrs. LePage, but when he's done, he regrets the idea. The snowmouse then miraculously comes to life and he and Tuffy become the best of friends. Tuffy introduces the snowmouse to Jerry and names him Larry, but Jerry is not pleased. However he agrees to let him stay.

He then is surprised to find out Larry is a big help when he helps Mrs. Lepage get her money for her bank sell after Tom ruins it. After a while, Larry starts to melt. To keep their new friend from melting, Tuffy and Jerry must bring him to the fabled Snowman's Village, but Tom and Dr. Doublevay have their own plans and follow them throughout the journey. Tom later has a change of heart when Jerry and Larry save him from a trap they put him in and Dr. Doublevay. When the mice get to the Snowman's Village, Tom saves them and the four work together to defeat Doublevay. In return, Tom moves in with Tuffy, Jerry, and Mrs. LePage as their new friend and joins them as the celebrate every time Larry comes to visit them.

## Cast

## Reception

Jennifer Borget of *Common Sense Media* gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, saying "Though the cat and mouse aren't at each other's throats for the entirety of the movie, there's still plenty of silly slapstick violence and humor that those familiar with the franchise will expect... The story is nothing new, but it's cute enough, and it's less violent than some previous *Tom and Jerry* films." Dillon Gonzales, writing for Geek Vibes Nation, gave the film a review saying "*Tom & Jerry: Snowman’s Land* is a pretty enjoyable entry from the long-running duo which feels right at home during this time of the year... If you want a lighthearted tale to get you into the holiday spirit, you could do worse."

## InfoBox

| Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Darrell Van Citters |
| Screenplay by | Jase Ricci |
| Story by |  |
| Based on | *Tom and Jerry*
by |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Edited by | Michael D'Ambrosio |
| Music by | Vivek Maddala |
| Animation by | Renegade Animation
Slap Happy Cartoons |
| Production
companies | Turner Entertainment Co.
Warner Bros. Animation |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Home Entertainment (Studio Distribution Services) |
| Release dates | * November 15, 2022 (2022-11-15)  (Digital)
* November 29, 2022 (2022-11-29)  (DVD) |
| Running time | 76 minutes |
| Language | English |


title: Holy See–Myanmar relations

abstract: Holy See–Myanmar relations refers to bilateral relations between the Holy See, which is sovereign over the Vatican City, and Myanmar, also known as Burma. As of August 2017, Archbishop Paul Tschang In-Nam is the first Apostolic Nuncio to Myanmar, while San Lwin is Myanmar's ambassador to the Holy See.

text:
# Holy See–Myanmar relations

**Holy See–Myanmar relations** refers to bilateral relations between the Holy See, which is sovereign over the Vatican City, and Myanmar, also known as Burma. As of August 2017, Archbishop Paul Tschang In-Nam is the first Apostolic Nuncio to Myanmar, while San Lwin is Myanmar's ambassador to the Holy See.

## History

From 1990 to 2017, the Holy See had Apostolic Delegates who were representatives of the Holy See to the Catholics of Myanmar, but not formal representatives to the government. In March 2017 the Parliament of Myanmar approved a proposal by the Holy See in February of the same year to establish diplomatic relations. Myanmar and the Holy See announced in May 2017 that they will establish formal diplomatic relations. The announcement was made after a meeting between Pope Francis and Aung San Suu Kyi at the Vatican. This was the second visit of the Myanmar leader to Pope Francis, after her first one in 2013. Myanmar thus became the 183rd country to establish diplomatic relations with the Holy See.

## Papal visit

Pope Francis became the first pontiff to visit Myanmar in November 2017, after being personally invited by Myanmar President Htin Kyaw.

## InfoBox

Holy See-Myanmar relations
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| --- | --- |
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Holy See |
Myanmar |
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title: Very large-scale neighborhood search

abstract: In mathematical optimization, neighborhood search is a technique that tries to find good or near-optimal solutions to a combinatorial optimisation problem by repeatedly transforming a current solution into a different solution in the neighborhood of the current solution. The neighborhood of a solution is a set of similar solutions obtained by relatively simple modifications to the original solution. For a very large-scale neighborhood search, the neighborhood is large and possibly exponentially sized. The resulting algorithms can outperform algorithms using small neighborhoods because the local improvements are larger. If neighborhood searched is limited to just one or a very small number of changes from the current solution, then it can be difficult to escape from local minima, even with additional meta-heuristic techniques such as Simulated Annealing or Tabu search. In large neighborhood search techniques, the possible changes from one solution to its neighbor may allow tens or hundreds of values to change, and this means that the size of the neighborhood may itself be sufficient to allow the search process to avoid or escape local minima, though additional meta-heuristic techniques can still improve performance.

text:
# Very large-scale neighborhood search

In mathematical optimization, neighborhood search is a technique that tries to find good or near-optimal solutions to a combinatorial optimisation problem by repeatedly transforming a current solution into a different solution in the neighborhood of the current solution. The neighborhood of a solution is a set of similar solutions obtained by relatively simple modifications to the original solution. For a **very large-scale neighborhood search**, the neighborhood is large and possibly exponentially sized.

The resulting algorithms can outperform algorithms using small neighborhoods because the local improvements are larger. If neighborhood searched is limited to just one or a very small number of changes from the current solution, then it can be difficult to escape from local minima, even with additional meta-heuristic techniques such as Simulated Annealing or Tabu search. In large neighborhood search techniques, the possible changes from one solution to its neighbor may allow tens or hundreds of values to change, and this means that the size of the neighborhood may itself be sufficient to allow the search process to avoid or escape local minima, though additional meta-heuristic techniques can still improve performance.

* Ahuja, Ravindra K.; Orlin, James B.; Sharma, Dushyant (2000), "Very large-scale neighborhood search" (PDF), *International Transactions in Operational Research*, **7** (4–5): 301–317, doi:10.1111/j.1475-3995.2000.tb00201.x


title: No. 1 Wireless Unit RAAF

abstract: No. 1 Wireless Unit RAAF was an Australian signals intelligence unit of World War II. The Unit was established on 25 April 1942. This name which was the formalised name given to the small RAAF Intercept Station operating in two back-to-back houses at 21 Sycamore Street and 24 French Street in the suburb of Pimlico in Townsville established by Wing Commander Booth in March 1942. 1 Wireless unit became part of the larger Central Bureau established under Macarthur and comprised 7 RAAF, 1 AMF and 4 United States Army personnel in No. 1 Wireless Unit at Townsville. Flight Lieutenant Blakely was the first Commanding Officer. He was assisted by Captain H. Brown, US Army, and four US Air Force sergeants who were experienced in Sigint and who had escaped to Australia from the Philippines.

text:
# No. 1 Wireless Unit RAAF

**No. 1 Wireless Unit RAAF**  was an Australian signals intelligence unit of World War II. The Unit was established on 25 April 1942.

This name which was the formalised name given to the small RAAF Intercept Station operating in two back-to-back houses at 21 Sycamore Street and 24 French Street in the suburb of Pimlico in Townsville established by Wing Commander Booth in March 1942.

1 Wireless unit became part of the larger Central Bureau established under Macarthur and comprised 7 RAAF, 1 AMF and 4 United States Army personnel in No. 1 Wireless Unit at Townsville. Flight Lieutenant Blakely was the first Commanding Officer. He was assisted by Captain H. Brown, US Army, and four US Air Force sergeants who were experienced in Sigint and who had escaped to Australia from the Philippines.

## History

The first seven RAAF personnel to be trained as part of No. 1 Wireless Unit in a "special intelligence" course were trained at Victoria Barracks in Melbourne in July 1941. They were the first personnel in No. 1 Wireless Unit which was to be involved in the interception of Japanese Naval and military traffic. They were all qualified radio operators and extremely proficient in international Morse code.

The six members of the unit who completed training were sent to Darwin. They set up two intercept radios (Kingsley AR7's on the top floor of the "Camera Obscura" building at the RAAF Darwin airfield. They worked in continuous 4-hour shifts intercepting Japanese naval "point to point" and "aircraft to ground" traffic from Japanese at the following locations:-

Their intercepts were sent to the navy cryptology section in Melbourne via RAAF Signals Darwin. They enciphered their messages to Melbourne in a secret cipher before passing them over to the RAAF Signals personnel. This ensured that their intercepts of Japanese Kana code or encoded messages were not apparent to other military personnel to protect the secrecy of their intercept operation.

In the meantime, the RAAF began to establish their own small administrative and intelligence group in Melbourne. H. Roy Booth was in charge of this new group. Their task was to start to learn how to process the intercept information sent from Darwin.

The RAAF Kana operators in Darwin intercepted many important transmissions leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Darwin intercept group was reduced to four due to illness.

## Darwin bombing

The early morning shift detected abnormal traffic on the morning of 19 February 1942 from Kendari in the Southern Celebes and between aircraft and possible aircraft carriers. The abnormal traffic was passed on to Group Captain Scherger, the Commanding Officer of RAAF Darwin.

Unfortunately no precautions were taken at Darwin on that fateful day. 188 carrier-based aircraft attacked Darwin in the first raid followed by 54 land based bombers in the second raid. There were 243 killed and about 350 injured on this tragic day.

Orders were sent from Melbourne for the four healthy Kana operators in Darwin to disperse to civilian radio stations across the northern parts of Australia as follows:-.

* "Snow" Bradshaw – Wyndham, WA
* Alf Towers – Broome, WA
* G. "Taff" Davis – Groote Eyelandt, NT
* "Clarrie" Hermes – Groote Eyelandt, NT

Snow Bradshaw was evacuated to Wyndham in Western Australia on board a De Havilland Rapide. The Rapide was attacked while landing at Wyndham airfield by a flight of Japanese Zeros during the first enemy air raid on the town on 3 March 1942.

The crew and passengers abandoned the Rapide, which trundled along the runway on fire. It stopped at the end of the runway where it burnt itself out. A group of nine "Betty" bombers then bombed the Wyndham airfield leaving a number of large mud holes in the runway.

Alf Towers was slightly luckier than Snow Bradshaw. He had departed Wyndham airfield just prior to the Japanese air raid in a Lockheed 10A piloted by Jimmy Wood. They landed at Broome in Western Australia about 30 minutes after a very large Japanese bombing raid on the town in which at least 70 people were killed.

The use of the civilian radios proved totally unsuccessful as the Kana operators could only use the radio receivers when not being used by the civil air radio service. This meant it was impossible to keep a constant watch on Japanese activities.

## Pimlico and the South Pacific

Then on 7 March 1942, a top secret small RAAF Intercept Station was set up in 2 houses at Pimlico in Townsville under Wing Commander Booth. The two houses backed on to each other, one being at 21 Sycamore Street, Pimlico and the other being at 24 French Street, Pimlico. Operators based in these houses would intercept Japanese wireless signals and break the Japanese KANA code. Radio equipment was installed in No. 24 French Street.

On 25 April 1942 this small RAAF Unit was given its new name of No. 1 Wireless Unit and then became part of General Douglas MacArthur's new joint American-Australian Sigint organisation called Central Bureau in Ascot, Brisbane. Under some American pressure on the RAAF No 1 WU accompanied the American forces, going to Port Moresby in 1943, and Lae Nadzab Airport, Owi & Biak in 1944 (they were the only Australians on Biak). The WU could give up to 3 hours warning of Japanese air raids. Bleakley then went with No 5 WU to the Philippines in 1945.

* *The Eavesdroppers* (*The Eavesdroppers* by Jack Bleakley (AGPS Canberra, 1991) ISBN 0-644-22303-0)
* Peter DUNN's website


title: Wakaberry

abstract: Wakaberry was a South African soft-serve frozen yoghurt bar, established in Durban in May 2011 and classified under the Froyo trade name. Created by Ken and Michele Fourie and their business partner, David Clark, in 2011, the company grew throughout South Africa operating over 40 franchises in eight provinces. There are none remaining in South Africa.

text:
# Wakaberry

**Wakaberry** was a South African soft-serve frozen yoghurt bar, established in Durban in May 2011 and classified under the Froyo trade name. Created by Ken and Michele Fourie and their business partner, David Clark, in 2011, the company grew throughout South Africa operating over 40 franchises in eight provinces. There are none remaining in South Africa.

## Origin

The founders, inspired by the growing “Froyo” industry around the world, saw an opportunity to bring the concept to the South African market. Wakaberry was the first self-service, pay-per weight yoghurt store in South Africa. The name Wakaberry was derived from the 2010 FIFA World Cup song "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)".

## Popularity

Initially, Wakaberry stores were owner-owned until its first franchised store, Wakaberry Lonehill, was opened in 2012. Originally, the brand was not set out to be a franchise; this developed due to customer demand and resulted in the franchise becoming one of the fastest-growing companies in the country. In March 2014, restaurant franchise group Famous Brands acquired a 70% stake in the Wakaberry Frozen Yoghurt Bar business, for an undisclosed sum. This acquisition has set in motion the extension of the company's name, with planned worldwide expansion. Famous Brands chief executive Kevin Hedderwick stated that the acquisition of the company would help the further growth of some of the country's most famous family restaurants, Wimpy and Steers, and their goal of becoming a complete food service provider. On July 26, 2014, the company celebrated the country's first 'National Frozen Yogurt Day', which allowed the first 200 customers through each of the 36 stores' doors to receive a special limited edition spoon. A smartphone application and two new flavors were released on the same day. in 2022, there are only 2 remaining in South Africa located in Sandton and Randpark Ridge.

## InfoBox

Wakaberry
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| Website | http://www.wakaberry.co.za/ |


title: Non-Life Master Swiss Teams

abstract: The Non-Life Master Swiss Teams national bridge championship was held at the summer American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC). This was a Swiss Teams event limited to non-Life Masters.

text:
# Non-Life Master Swiss Teams

The **Non-Life Master Swiss Teams** national bridge championship was held at the summer American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC).

This was a Swiss Teams event limited to non-Life Masters.

## History

The winners have had their names engraved on the President's Cup, presented in 1942 by the then ACBL President Morgan Howard.

The cup was previously awarded to winners of the Non-Masters Pairs but was re-designated for the non-LM Swiss Teams by the ACBL Board of Directors in 1995.

## Winners

Winners of Non-Life Master Swiss Teams
| Year | Winners | Runners-up |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | Jay Feldman, Bill Carnes, David Rinehart, Gordon Grossetta, Norval Baran, Bill Brown | Donna Burtt, Ron Woodsum, Leonard Smith, John Shelley |
| 1983 | Ani Deshpande, Joel Guthmann, Dan Dennehy, Martha Benson | Rob Brown, Deborah Gattas, Jean Choi, Warren Fukushima |
| 1984 | Larry Lerner, David Grossman, Jackie Saltman, Brian Gunnell | Phil Articola, Harry Sapienza, Ken Harkness, Bill Anspach, Ben Brill, Paul McMullin |
| 1985 | Dorothy Shorts, John Shorts, Patricia Rasmus, Richard Rasmus | 2-3. Dudley Hemphill, Phil Clayton, David Chyan, Bob Price; 2-3. Charles Hopkins, Tom Smith, Esfandiar Khazai, Jo Schachner, Barbara Barnett, Edie Eastman |
| 1986 | Walter Bell, David Kresge, Bob Klotz, John Dickenson | Michael Chelst, Ellen Klosson, Lois Tenkin, Bob Bell |
| 1987 | Elaine Pettius, Judy Beul, Jim Beul, Steve Albin | 2-3. Frances Schminky, Jane Baker, George Perry, Helen Perry; 2-3. Michael Cheng, Ransone Price, John Diamond, David Cheng |
| 1988 | Andrew Moss, Amy Nellissen, Barry Margolius, Iain Abrahams | Chris Roberts, W. Aeschbacher, Candy Carlson, Roberto Scaramuzzi, David Marker, Mark Hunsaker |
| 1989 | Tom Gittings, Charles Sheaff, Lavern Wiebe, David Suplinski | Marcia Plonsker, Deanne Fox, Nancy Weil, Marilyn Kroll |
| 1990 | Wayne Oden, Daniel Jackson, Randy Paul, Larry Flowers | Thomas Courtney, David Pickering, Tommy Thompson, James Tieman |
| 1991 | Steve Wood, Linda Wood, Beverly Whitehorn, Gene Nobles | Karen Berkowitz, Richard Clayton, James Raiford, Darl Brooks, Alan Hayman, Ernest Campbell |
| 1992 | Dennis Hsu, Adam Weisz-Margulesku, Feng Lu, Xiadong Zhang | Darren Wolpert, Hazel Wolpert, M. Salamone, Sam Yoga |
| 1993 | Douglas Crispell, Nicholas Straguzzi, Robert Browne, Paul Gorman | Michael Veve, Curtis Lending, Robert Zier, James Witting, Stephen Bunning |
| 1994 | Fred Nickerson, Joan Nickerson, Corey Cole, Richard Aronson | Andy Clough, Daniel Hugh-Jones, Rufeng Li, Chaoming Zhang |
| 1995 | Jim Strachan, Ken Trock, Jeff Rubenstein, Jack Brauner | Marlon Mundt, Andrew Cohen, Harvey Jaffe, Michael Kerr |
| 1996 | Dan Webster, Kristin Orians, Kelvin Raywood, Hing Kong Ho | 2-3. David Moss, Kevin Casey, John Galatti, Andrew Rosenthal; 2-3. Zongyi Li, Feng Xiao, Li Ping Wang, Mei Jin |
| 1997 | Paul Perkowski, Denis Murphy, Bonnie Bagley, John Ledet | Peter Grenier, Frank Bischoff, Lynn Wood, Wanda Blankenship |

## Sources

List of previous winners, Page 8 *Daily Bulletin* (PDF), vol. 69–2, July 26, 1997

1997 winners, Page 3 *Daily Bulletin* (PDF), vol. 69–3, July 27, 1997


title: Pennsylvania Route 435

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 435 (PA 435) is a 14.9-mile-long (24.0 km) state highway located in Monroe, Wayne, and Lackawanna counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at Interstate 380 (I-380) near Gouldsboro. The northern terminus is at I-84 and I-380 in Dunmore. The route heads north from I-380 and the southern terminus of PA 507 in Monroe County as a four-lane road, passing through a small section of Wayne County before entering Lackawanna County. PA 435 becomes a two-lane road at the PA 307 junction and continues north to intersect PA 502 in Daleville and PA 690 in Moscow. After intersecting PA 590, the route becomes a four-lane divided highway and intersects PA 348 before merging into I-84/I-380. The PA 435 alignment follows the Philadelphia and Great Bend Turnpike or Drinker Turnpike, a turnpike between Philadelphia and Great Bend chartered in 1811 and built in the 1820s. The road became part of the Lackawanna Trail, a paved auto trail between Easton and the New York border. The Lackawanna Trail became PA 2, which ran between Philadelphia and Great Bend, in 1924 and U.S. Route 611 (US 611), which ran between Philadelphia and Scranton, in 1926. The PA 2 designation was removed from US 611 two years later. Portions of US 611 south of Scranton were widened between the 1930s and 1960s. US 611 was decommissioned in 1972 and PA 435 replaced the route between Gouldsboro and Dunmore.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 435

**Pennsylvania Route 435** (**PA 435**) is a 14.9-mile-long (24.0 km) state highway located in Monroe, Wayne, and Lackawanna counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at Interstate 380 (I-380) near Gouldsboro. The northern terminus is at I-84 and I-380 in Dunmore. The route heads north from I-380 and the southern terminus of PA 507 in Monroe County as a four-lane road, passing through a small section of Wayne County before entering Lackawanna County. PA 435 becomes a two-lane road at the PA 307 junction and continues north to intersect PA 502 in Daleville and PA 690 in Moscow. After intersecting PA 590, the route becomes a four-lane divided highway and intersects PA 348 before merging into I-84/I-380.

The PA 435 alignment follows the Philadelphia and Great Bend Turnpike or Drinker Turnpike, a turnpike between Philadelphia and Great Bend chartered in 1811 and built in the 1820s. The road became part of the Lackawanna Trail, a paved auto trail between Easton and the New York border. The Lackawanna Trail became PA 2, which ran between Philadelphia and Great Bend, in 1924 and U.S. Route 611 (US 611), which ran between Philadelphia and Scranton, in 1926. The PA 2 designation was removed from US 611 two years later. Portions of US 611 south of Scranton were widened between the 1930s and 1960s. US 611 was decommissioned in 1972 and PA 435 replaced the route between Gouldsboro and Dunmore.

## Route description

PA 435 begins at an interchange with I-380's Exit 13 at the northwestern corner of Gouldsboro State Park in Coolbaugh Township, Monroe County, heading northeast as a two-lane undivided road. Immediately after beginning, the route reaches a junction with the southern terminus of PA 507 and turns northwest onto a four-lane divided highway. PA 435 heads northwestward out of Monroe County and passes through a corner of Lehigh Township in Wayne County before entering Lackawanna County at the crossing of the Lehigh River, becoming a four-lane undivided road. The roadway parallels a distance from I-380 through the rural stretches of Clifton Township. The highway continues north through Clifton, passing west of Big Bass Lake and soon the Covington Industrial Park. PA 435 continues a close parallel with the interstate as it passes east of Covington Lake and enters Covington Township. Just north of the township line, PA 435 forks to the northeast at a junction with PA 307 (the Scranton-Pocono Highway).

PA 435 continues to the northeast through the residential regions of Covington Township as a two-lane road, passing into the small hamlet of Daleville, where it gains a center left-turn lane. Through Daleville, the route remains residential, and enters the commercial hamlet and an intersection with PA 502 (Daleville Highway). PA 435 continues northward out of Daleville and begins to parallel with the Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad, narrowing to a two-lane road and briefly gaining a second southbound lane. The highway heads past the Saint Catherine's Cemetery and soon crosses into the borough of Moscow as a two-lane road. Heading through Moscow, PA 435 gains the moniker of South Main Street, and makes a large curve along the railroad line to an intersection with PA 690 (New Street). Here, PA 435 and PA 690 begin a concurrency through downtown Moscow, passing the local train station and at the intersection with Church Street, PA 690 turns west onto Church Street while PA 435 continues north along North Main Street.

Leaving downtown Moscow, PA 435 continues northward aside the Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad line. The forestry soon takes over and residences become sporadic as the route winds its way through Elmhurst Township. The rail line moves to the east a bit as both the railroad and PA 435 pass the Elmhurst Reservoir. Passing Fairview Memorial Park, Blue Shutters Road (State Route 2010) soon merges in. After the reservoir ends, PA 435 crosses under the curving rail line and continues northward into the hamlet of Elmhurst. Through Elmhurst, PA 435 begins a parallel with PA 590, which soon merges in with the main route. PA 435 becomes a four-lane expressway and continues northwestward out of Elmhurst, crossing over I-84. After this bridge, PA 348 merges into the highway. PA 348 ends at southbound PA 435 while northbound PA 435 passes over PA 348 with a ramp connection to the route. The highway winds along the Roaring Brook into Dunmore, following the Drinker Turnpike until it forks. PA 435 soon turns to the northwest once again and merges into exit 2 on the concurrent I-84 and I-380 in Dunmore.

## History

In 1811, the Philadelphia and Great Bend Turnpike, a private turnpike, was chartered to run between Philadelphia and Great Bend. This turnpike was built to attract settlers to rural Pennsylvania. The section through Covington Township was built as a plank road between 1819 and 1826 by John Delong under the employment of Henry Drinker. The Philadelphia and Great Bend Turnpike, which was also known as the Drinker Turnpike, was built from 1826 to 1828.

When Pennsylvania legislated routes in 1911, what is now PA 435 was designated as part of Legislative Route 168, which ran from Stroudsburg to Scranton. In 1921, the Lackawanna Trail was built as a paved auto trail running from Easton north through Stroudsburg to Scranton and the New York border. After being constructed, the trail was one of the best paved roads in the eastern part of the United States. The Lackawanna Trail was designated as PA 2 in 1924, with the route running between Philadelphia and the New York border in Great Bend. When the U.S. Highway System was designated in 1926, US 611 was designated to run between Philadelphia and Scranton concurrent with PA 2, including the road between Gouldsboro and Dunmore. The concurrent PA 2 designation was removed from US 611 in 1928.

US 611 was widened to a multilane road from a point north of the PA 507 intersection north to the newly constructed PA 307 in the 1930s. In the 1940s, the route was widened south to PA 507 along with a short stretch to the north of PA 348. The section of US 611 between PA 590 and Dunmore was upgraded to a divided highway in 1958, with the section of the route leading into Dunmore moved to a new alignment. In 1969, an interchange with I-81E (now I-380) was built with US 611 near the southern terminus of PA 507, at which point US 611 headed south along the freeway. On December 3, 1971, the American Association of State Highway Officials approved the elimination of the US 611 designation. On March 14, 1972, US 611 was decommissioned and PA 435 replaced the route between I-380 in Gouldsboro and I-84/I-380 in Dunmore. Signs were changed by April of that year.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Monroe | Coolbaugh Township | 0.000–
0.179 | 0.000–
0.288 |
I-380 to I-80 Stroudsburg, Hazleton, Scranton | Southern terminus; exit 13 (I-380) |
| | | 0.179 | 0.288 |
PA 507 north Gouldsboro | Southern terminus of PA 507 |
| Wayne
 | No major junctions | | | | | | | |
| Lackawanna | Covington Township | 4.059 | 6.532 |
PA 307 north (Scranton-Pocono Highway) | Southern terminus of PA 307 |
| | | 5.695 | 9.165 |
PA 502 west (Daleville Highway) | Eastern terminus of PA 502 |
| | Moscow | 7.743 | 12.461 |
PA 690 east (New Street) Madisonville | Southern terminus of concurrency with PA 690 |
| | 7.811 | 12.571 |
PA 690 west (Church Street) Springbrook | Northern terminus of concurrency with PA 690 |
| | Elmhurst Township | 11.243–
11.306 | 18.094–
18.195 |
PA 590 east | Western terminus of PA 590 |
| | 11.306 | 18.195 | Southern end of limited-access section | |
| | 12.014 | 19.335 |

PA 348 east to I-84 | Western terminus of PA 348 |
| | Dunmore | 14.925 | 24.019 |

I-84 west / I-380 north Scranton | Northern terminus; exit 2 (I-84) |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 435KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 435 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 14.925 mi (24.019 km) |
| Existed | March 14, 1972–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | I-380 near Gouldsboro |
| Major intersections | PA 507 near Gouldsboro
PA 307 in Covington Township
PA 502 in Covington Township
PA 690 in Moscow
PA 590 in Elmhurst Township
PA 348 in Elmhurst Township |
| North end | I-84 / I-380 in Dunmore |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Monroe, Wayne, Lackawanna |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 434   PA 436 | |


title: Kūdra Station

abstract: Kūdra Station is a railway station on the Torņakalns – Tukums II Railway in Latvia in the Kūdra neighbourhood of Jūrmala, Latvia.

text:
# Kūdra Station

**Kūdra Station** is a railway station on the Torņakalns – Tukums II Railway in Latvia in the Kūdra neighbourhood of Jūrmala, Latvia.

Media related to Kūdra Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Kūdra Station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 56°55′43.29″N 23°32′45.10″E / 56.9286917°N 23.5458611°E / 56.9286917; 23.5458611 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station LDz Following station  Kemeritowards Tukums II  Torņakalns–Tukums II Railway  Slokatowards Riga | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Kūdra StationLocation within Latvia | |


title: Tom Butler (bishop)

abstract: Thomas Frederick Butler is a British retired Anglican bishop. He was the ninth Anglican Bishop of Southwark. He was enthroned in Southwark Cathedral on 12 September 1998. He retired from this position on 5 March 2010. In 2014, Butler was involved in the transition process for the new Diocese of Leeds as "mentor bishop"; he remains an honorary assistant bishop of that diocese.

text:
# Tom Butler (bishop)

**Thomas Frederick Butler** (born 5 March 1940) is a British retired Anglican bishop. He was the ninth Anglican Bishop of Southwark. He was enthroned in Southwark Cathedral on 12 September 1998. He retired from this position on 5 March 2010. In 2014, Butler was involved in the transition process for the new Diocese of Leeds as "mentor bishop"; he remains an honorary assistant bishop of that diocese.

## Early life and education

Born in Birmingham, Butler attended King Edward VI Five Ways school in Birmingham and the University of Leeds, where he obtained a first class honours BSc, an MSc and PhD in electronics. He trained for ordination with the Mirfield Fathers at the College of the Resurrection in Yorkshire.

## Ordained ministry

After ordination in 1964, he served three years as a curate in the Diocese of Ely and Diocese of Canterbury before spending 12 years as a lecturer in electronics and a chaplain at the University of Zambia and then at the University of Kent in Canterbury. During this period he was on the staff of Lusaka Cathedral and Canterbury Cathedral respectively. From 1980 to 1985, Butler was the Archdeacon of Northolt in the Diocese of London.

Butler was consecrated as a bishop on 30 November 1985, by Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury, at St Paul's Cathedral, to become area Bishop of Willesden until he was appointed diocesan Bishop of Leicester in 1991 (his election was confirmed on 1 July) and translated to Southwark in 1998.

Butler has been active at national and international level. Until 1995 he chaired the follow-up to "Faith in the City", which published the controversial "Staying in the City" report. He chaired the General Synod's Board of Mission from 1995 until 2001 and is now vice-chair Public Affairs of the Mission and Public Affairs Council. He is also Chair of the Governors of Ripon College, Cuddesdon. He served as the General Synod representative on the Inner Cities Religious Council, an initiative set up by the Department of the Environment, until 2001. Since mid-2003 the Bishop has represented the Church of England on the central committee of the World Council of Churches. He entered the House of Lords in 1997.

Butler's beliefs were cited as the reason for some "valid but irregular" ordinations in his diocese. Andy Fenton, Richard Perkins and Loots Lambrechts were ordained in November 2005 at Christ Church, Surbiton, London, by Martin Morrison, a bishop of the Church of England in South Africa. Morrison was brought in by Richard Coekin, minister of Dundonald Church in Wimbledon, due to a dispute with Butler over matters related to homosexuality. Coekin subsequently had his licence to officiate revoked by Butler, but he was reinstated following an appeal to the Archbishop of Canterbury.

In December 2006, Butler returned home from a function at the Irish embassy in London with a head injury, which he claimed to be unable to remember sustaining. He contacted the police claiming that he had been mugged. It was subsequently suggested in the media that Butler, apparently under the influence of alcohol, had sustained the injury while being removed from a stranger's car into which he had apparently climbed. The incident has become legendary due to the detail which suggested he was throwing Christmas gifts from the car whilst saying 'I am the Bishop of Southwark, it's what I do'. In an interview with John Humphrys on BBC Radio 4's *Today Programme*, Butler reiterated his statement that he had not been drinking heavily but said that he was worried that he still could not account for three hours of the evening in question and was undergoing medical tests. He gave the *Thought for the Day* on the same date. Known in the church as a strong disciplinarian, particularly when dealing with junior clergy caught under the influence of alcohol, Butler faced calls for his resignation from some quarters.

Butler is a regular contributor to Radio 4's *Thought for the Day* and has taken part in many other national and local TV and radio programmes. He has also co-authored two books with his wife Barbara: *Just Mission* and *Just Spirituality in a World of Faiths*. On 7 September 2009 he announced that he would retire on his 70th birthday, 5 March 2010.

## Marriage and family

Barbara Butler, his wife, is the executive secretary of Christians Aware, a charity that is involved in education and development. They have two grown-up children and four grandchildren.

## Retirement

He retired to Wakefield, where he has been licensed as an honorary assistant bishop ever since – first of the Diocese of Wakefield and then of the Diocese of Leeds. During the "transformation period" when the dioceses of Ripon & Leeds, of Wakefield and of Bradford were dissolved and the new Leeds diocese founded, Butler served as "mentor bishop" for the new diocese (having previously been diocesan bishop of a large diocese with an area scheme), as acting diocesan Bishop of Bradford (while its final bishop, Nick Baines — whom Butler first worked with as Bishop of Croydon in 2003 – was on sabbatical, February  April 2014), then (20  22 April 2014) as acting diocesan bishop of Leeds, and as interim area bishop of Bradford (April  December 2014).

## Styles

* Tom Butler Esq (1940–?)
* Dr Tom Butler (?–1964)
* *The Reverend* Dr Tom Butler (1964–1980)
* *The Venerable* Dr Tom Butler (1980–1985)
* *The Right Reverend* Dr Tom Butler (1985—present)

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Tom Butler | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Southwark | |
| Butler at Southwark Cathedral in 2009 | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Southwark |
| In office | 1998  2010 (retired) |
| Predecessor | Roy Williamson |
| Successor | Christopher Chessun |
| Other post(s) | Archdeacon of Northolt (1980–1985)
Bishop of Willesden (1985–1991)
Bishop of Leicester (1991–1998)
Honorary assistant bishop (Leeds; 2014present) *see § Retirement* |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1964 (deacon); 1965 (priest) |
| Consecration | 1985 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1940-03-05) 5 March 1940
Birmingham, Warwickshire |
| Nationality | British |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Spouse | Barbara Butler |
| Children | 2 adult |
| Occupation | Academic and author |
| Alma mater | University of Leeds |


title: Procometis mistharma

abstract: Procometis mistharma is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1908. It is found in Sri Lanka. The wingspan is 11–14 mm. The forewings are light brownish ochreous, more or less irrorated (sprinkled) finely with brown or fuscous and with a black dot on the base of the costa. The stigmata are blackish, the discal rather near together, the plical directly beneath the first discal. There is a row of blackish dots along the posterior part of the costa and termen to before the tornus. The hindwings are grey.

text:
# Procometis mistharma

***Procometis mistharma*** is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1908. It is found in Sri Lanka.

The wingspan is 11–14 mm. The forewings are light brownish ochreous, more or less irrorated (sprinkled) finely with brown or fuscous and with a black dot on the base of the costa. The stigmata are blackish, the discal rather near together, the plical directly beneath the first discal. There is a row of blackish dots along the posterior part of the costa and termen to before the tornus. The hindwings are grey.

## InfoBox

| *Procometis mistharma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Genus: | *Procometis* |
| Species: | ***P. mistharma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Procometis mistharma***<br>(Meyrick, 1908) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Odites mistharma* Meyrick, 1908 | |


title: Mugendo

abstract: Mugendo is a village in the Commune of Ntega, Kirundo Province in the north of Burundi.

text:
# Mugendo

**Mugendo** is a village in the Commune of Ntega, Kirundo Province in the north of Burundi.

## Location

Mugendo is in the north of the Commune of Ntega, to the northeast of Lake Narungazi. A road leads south to the communal center of Ntega. The Commune of Bugabira is to the northeast, and the Akanyaru River is to the west, forming the border between Burundi and Rwanda. The Köppen climate classification is Aw: Tropical savanna, wet.

## Events

A senior student left the Mugendo Communal High School to escape the sexual advances of the headmaster. In March 2023 she wrote a letter to Jean-Marie Musabanganji, the Commune's Director of Education, telling him of her situation, which had forced her to leave school. She took the headmaster to court but did not succeed. On 27 June 2023 she wrote to the Governor of Kirundo, saying the authorities had not listened to her when deciding her case. On 12 July 2023 she was detained in Ngozi Prison after judges of the Kirundo High Court accused her of "violating professional secrecy". She spent several days in prison before, after a public outcry, the Minister of Education, Dr. François Havyarimana, said that she was to be provisionally released.

In April 2023 it was reported that a public tap for drinking water had been installed near the Mugendo CDS (Health Center). Before then people from the Mugendo *colline* had to travel 3 to 4 kilometres (1.9 to 2.5 mi) to the water source at Muringanire, and then pay for the water, or else drink unsafe water. Now they can obtain safe water free from public taps between 10 am and 4 pm each day. Water flows freely on sunny days, but the flow weakens in cloudy weather, which can cause problems. In April 2024 Christophe Manirambona, Deputy Inspector General of the National Police of Burundi, joined the local people in maintenance of the road connecting the Ntega and Mugendo zones of the commune. He called on the people of the commune, and of the Kirundo Province, to ensure that the upcoming elections were peaceful.

## Notable person

Philippe Njoni is a well known person from Mugendo. He was born there in 1953. He studied at the University of Burundi from 1973 to 1977, then joined the Ministry of Education, where he worked as a teacher and school director. He worked in the national office of the Burundi Workers Union (UTB) from 1989 to 1992, then became an advisor to the cabinet of the Ministry of the Interior and Local Government. From 1993 to 2005, he was governor of Kirundo Province. From 2005 to 2010 he was Minister of Transport, Post and Telecommunications, and principal advisor to the first Vice.President of the Republic of Burundi. He died in 2017.

## Sources

* Bigirimana, Raphaël (5 September 2017), *L'ancien ministre Philippe Njoni n'est plus*, Radio Télévision Nationale du Burundi, retrieved 2024-06-13
* *Burundi: Umunyeshure w'umwigeme yari yapfunzwe bikababaza bamwe bamwe yarekuwe* (in Kinyarwanda), BBC, 16 July 2023, retrieved 2024-06-13
* "Kirundo: Une Autorite Scolaire Courtise Une Eleve", *Radio Peace FM*, retrieved 2024-06-13
* "L'accès à l'eau potable sur la colline Mugendo, des bénéfices sanitaires et économiques" (PDF), *Resilience Magazine*, no. 7, April 2023, retrieved 2024-06-13
* "Le ministre de l'Education doit s'impliquer pour préserver les droits des filles dans les écoles", *TeleRenaissance*, 18 July 2023, retrieved 2024-06-13
* "Node: Mugendo (3356061606)", *OpenStreetMap*, 20 September 2021, retrieved 2024-06-13
* "Mugendo, Kirundo Province, Burundi", *Mindat*, retrieved 2024-06-13
* "The population of Ntega commune and that of the entire province are called upon to prepare for peaceful elections", *ABP: Agence Burundaise de Press*, 18 April 2024, retrieved 2024-06-13
* *Violation of the right to freedom of movement: arbitrary arrest and detention* (PDF), SOS-Torture/Burundi, retrieved 2024-06-13

## InfoBox

| Mugendo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mugendo | |
| Coordinates: 2°31′07″S 29°59′28″E / 2.5185°S 29.991°E / -2.5185; 29.991 | |
| Country | Burundi |
| Province | Kirundo |
| Commune | Commune of Ntega |


title: Geoffrey Cox (Australian politician)

abstract: Brigadier Geoffrey Souter Cox, was an Australian soldier and politician. A decorated officer during the Second World War, he later entered politics, serving as a Liberal Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1957 to 1964, representing the electorate of Vaucluse. Cox was born in Bondi, and educated at Cleveland Street High School and Sydney Grammar School. He worked as an insurance clerk before the Second World War, but was active in the Citizens Military Force from 1936. Rising to the rank of sergeant by 1939, Cox was commissioned as a lieutenant later that year and enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force for active service in the Second World War. He was a platoon commander in the Middle East and Greece in the early stages of the war, where he met his later wife, whom he married during a brief return to Australia in 1942. He was subsequently deployed to New Guinea, where he was awarded the Military Cross for his courage. Cox was later promoted to major and lieutenant colonel, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his role in administering two successful operations in 1945, during the closing stages of the war. Cox returned to Bondi after the war, working as a real-estate agent in the family business, and remaining active in the Citizens Military Force, where he rose to the rank of brigadier. Cox was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the state seat of Vaucluse at a 1957 by-election following the retirement of Liberal leader Murray Robson. He served on the Liberal executive from 1963 to 1964, but did not hold parliamentary or ministerial office. Cox killed himself in his office at Parliament House on 16 November 1964, and was buried in a churchyard at Rose Bay.

text:
# Geoffrey Cox (Australian politician)

Brigadier **Geoffrey Souter Cox**, DSO, MC, ED (4 December 1914 – 16 November 1964) was an Australian soldier and politician. A decorated officer during the Second World War, he later entered politics, serving as a Liberal Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1957 to 1964, representing the electorate of Vaucluse.

Cox was born in Bondi, and educated at Cleveland Street High School and Sydney Grammar School. He worked as an insurance clerk before the Second World War, but was active in the Citizens Military Force from 1936. Rising to the rank of sergeant by 1939, Cox was commissioned as a lieutenant later that year and enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force for active service in the Second World War. He was a platoon commander in the Middle East and Greece in the early stages of the war, where he met his later wife, whom he married during a brief return to Australia in 1942. He was subsequently deployed to New Guinea, where he was awarded the Military Cross for his courage. Cox was later promoted to major and lieutenant colonel, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his role in administering two successful operations in 1945, during the closing stages of the war. Cox returned to Bondi after the war, working as a real-estate agent in the family business, and remaining active in the Citizens Military Force, where he rose to the rank of brigadier.

Cox was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the state seat of Vaucluse at a 1957 by-election following the retirement of Liberal leader Murray Robson. He served on the Liberal executive from 1963 to 1964, but did not hold parliamentary or ministerial office. Cox killed himself in his office at Parliament House on 16 November 1964, and was buried in a churchyard at Rose Bay.

## InfoBox

| BrigadierGeoffrey Souter CoxDSO, MC, ED | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
for Vaucluse | |
| **In office**
24 August 1957  16 November 1964 | |
| Preceded by | Murray Robson |
| Succeeded by | Keith Doyle |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1914-12-04)4 December 1914
Bondi, New South Wales |
| Died | 16 November 1964(1964-11-16) (aged 49)
Sydney, New South Wales |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Political party | Liberal Party |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Branch/service | Citizens Military Force
Second Australian Imperial Force |
| Years of service | 1936–1962 |
| Rank | Brigadier |
| Commands | 8th Brigade (1952–56)
St George Regiment (1948–52)
2/4th Battalion (1945) |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Order
Military Cross
Efficiency Decoration |
|  | |


title: Wakabayashi Yasushi

abstract: Wakabayashi Yasushi is a Japanese designer, known as the creator of the first Kaomoji. He used (^_^) to replicate a facial expression. Despite not creating the design until 1986, a number of years after the American Scott Fahlman, it is believed that the concepts evolved completely independently of each other. This is despite them both using ASCII characters. It kickstarted a movement in Japan, which later spread to other parts of the world. It was frequently used in anime in the 90s and 2000s. His design and the impression that Kaomoji had on Japanese culture, also lead to a rise in other Asian countries creating their own versions based on Yasushi's concept. Keurim mal in South Korea in the 1990s is one such example.

text:
# Wakabayashi Yasushi

**Wakabayashi Yasushi** is a Japanese designer, known as the creator of the first Kaomoji. He used (^\_^) to replicate a facial expression. Despite not creating the design until 1986, a number of years after the American Scott Fahlman, it is believed that the concepts evolved completely independently of each other. This is despite them both using ASCII characters.

It kickstarted a movement in Japan, which later spread to other parts of the world. It was frequently used in anime in the 90s and 2000s.

His design and the impression that Kaomoji had on Japanese culture, also lead to a rise in other Asian countries creating their own versions based on Yasushi's concept. Keurim mal in South Korea in the 1990s is one such example.


title: No. 1 Wing RAF

abstract: No. 1 Wing of the Royal Air Force was a Wing of aircraft squadrons which was originally established as the First Wing of the Royal Flying Corps.

text:
# No. 1 Wing RAF

**No. 1 Wing** of the Royal Air Force was a Wing of aircraft squadrons which was originally established as the **First Wing** of the Royal Flying Corps.

## First World War

By November 1914 the Flying Corps had significantly expanded and it was felt necessary to create organizational units which would control collections of squadrons. Accordingly, the First Wing and the Second Wing were established. These two wings came into existence on 29 November 1914 and were the earliest RFC numbered wings to be formed. The wing's first commander was Hugh Trenchard who had been appointed a few days earlier.

The 1st Wing was assigned to the support of the 1st Army in France. The wing saw action on the Western Front, including at the Battle of Aubers Ridge in May 1915. It was stood down on 5 March 1919.

## Inter-war activity

During the years between the First and Second World Wars, No. 1 Wing was re-established and disestablished several times for several purposes. Only two months after its disbandment, the wing was re-established at Yatesbury on 15 May 1919. The wing was subsequently disbanded and was not re-established for the second time until 1 January 1926 which it acted as an Army Co-operation unit, controlling No. 4 Squadron and No. 13 Squadron whilst itself being subordinate to 7 Group RAF. This establishment was short-lived and the wing was stood down on 12 April 1926. The next period of the wing's existence came in 1937. On 23 September the wing was re-created, this time controlling No. 209 Squadron and No. 210 Squadron which acted in the general reconnaissance role during the Spanish Civil War. Specifically, the wing was part of an Anglo-French force charged with countering submarine attacks on neutral shipping. The wing was disestablished later that year on 15 December.

## Second World War

No. 1 Wing was briefly re-established once more just before the outbreak of the Second World War on 9 May 1939 as a general reconnaissance wing. On 25 August 1939 it was reformed as a bomber wing in Egypt controlling No. 30 and No. 55 Squadrons, but was disbanded on 22 September. Between 24 January and 24 June 1940 it was in control of barrage balloon units in France.

## Post war

No. 1 Wing's last reformation was as a signals wing between October 1958 and September 1961.

## Commanders

## InfoBox

| No. 1 Wing RAF
First Wing RFC
1st Corps Wing RFC
No. 1 (Yatesbury) Wing RAF
No. 1 (Army Co-operation) Wing RAF
No. 1 (General Reconnaissance) Wing RAF
No. 1 (Bomber) Wing RAF
No. 1 Balloon Barrage Wing
No. 1 (Signals) Wing RAF
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | * 29 November 1914 – 5 March 1919 * 15 May 1919 – unknown * 1 January – 12 April 1926 * 23 October – 15 December 1937 * 9 May, 25 August – 22 September 1939 * 24 January – 24 June 1940 * October 1958 – September 1961 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force
Royal Flying Corps |
| Type | Wing |


title: Peperomia variilimba

abstract: Peperomia variilimba is a species of perennial herb and epiphyte from the genus 'Peperomia'. It grows in wet tropical biomes. It was discovered by Guido Mathieu in 2020. the concept of Peperomia variilimba has been confusing for almost a century due to an inaccurate description of its leaf position.

text:
# Peperomia variilimba

***Peperomia variilimba*** is a species of perennial herb and epiphyte from the genus 'Peperomia'. It grows in wet tropical biomes. It was discovered by Guido Mathieu in 2020. the concept of Peperomia variilimba has been confusing for almost a century due to an inaccurate description of its leaf position.

## Etymology

**variilimba** is an epithet that refers to the various leaves, as well as succulence.

## Distribution

**Peperomia variilimba** is native to Madagascar. Specimens can be found at an altitude of 1000-2000 meters. It is known in eleven locations. It is known in eleven locations.

## Description

It is a perennial herb and epiphyte that can be found on mossy trunks. It has a slender stem.

## InfoBox

| *Peperomia variilimba* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Piperales |
| Family: | Piperaceae |
| Genus: | *Peperomia* |
| Species: | ***P. variilimba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Peperomia variilimba***<br>G.Mathieu | |
|


title: Het Familiediner

abstract: Het Familiediner is a Dutch television show by the Evangelische Omroep in which Bert van Leeuwen helps families take the first step towards resolving a family conflict. The show first aired in 2000 and more than 240 episodes have been produced. In the show, Van Leeuwen visits those involved and he lets them tell their side of the story. After that, he invites them to attend a dinner that is being prepared while they speak. In the evening, a limousine drives to both parties to bring them to the restaurant. Each party decides whether to accept or decline the invitation by entering the limousine or by letting it return without any passengers. The show also offers mediation afterwards in case this is needed to work towards resolving the conflict.

text:
# Het Familiediner

***Het Familiediner*** (Dutch for: *The Family Dinner*) is a Dutch television show by the Evangelische Omroep in which Bert van Leeuwen helps families take the first step towards resolving a family conflict. The show first aired in 2000 and more than 240 episodes have been produced.

In the show, Van Leeuwen visits those involved and he lets them tell their side of the story. After that, he invites them to attend a dinner that is being prepared while they speak. In the evening, a limousine drives to both parties to bring them to the restaurant. Each party decides whether to accept or decline the invitation by entering the limousine or by letting it return without any passengers.

The show also offers mediation afterwards in case this is needed to work towards resolving the conflict.

## InfoBox

| *Het Familiediner* | |
| --- | --- |
| Limousine used in the show (seen in 2016) | |
| Presented by | Bert van Leeuwen |
| Country of origin | Netherlands |
| Original language | Dutch |
| Original release | |
| Network | NPO 1 |
| Release | 2000 (2000) |


title: Robert Barnes (martyr)

abstract: Robert Barnes was an English reformer and martyr.

text:
# Robert Barnes (martyr)

**Robert Barnes** (c.1495 – 30 July 1540) was an English reformer and martyr.

## Life

Barnes was born in King's Lynn, Norfolk in 1495, and was educated at Cambridge, where he was an Augustinian priest of the Austin Friars. Sometime after 1514 he was sent to study in Leuven. Barnes returned to Cambridge in the early 1520s, where he graduated Doctor of Divinity in 1523, and, soon after, was made Prior of his Cambridge convent.

John Foxe says that Barnes was one of the Cambridge men who gathered at the White Horse Tavern for Bible-reading and theological discussion in the early 1530s. At the encouragement of Thomas Bilney, Barnes preached at the Christmas Day Midnight Mass in 1525 at St Edward's Church in Cambridge. Barnes' sermon, although against clerical pomp and ecclesiastical abuses, was neither particularly unorthodox nor surprising. However, after seeing a churchwarden whose civil suit resulted in the imprisonment of a local man, Fr. Barnes departed from his prepared text to denounce lawsuits by one Christian against another - inside the parish church of Cambridge University's College of Lawyers. At a time when King Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey were attempting to stop the smuggling of Martin Luther's books into England from the Continent, Barnes' remarks immediately drew suspicion.

As a result, in 1526 Barnes was brought before the vice-chancellor for preaching a heretical sermon, and was subsequently interrogated by Wolsey and four other bishops. He was ordered to abjure his sermon or be burnt; and, after choosing the former, was committed to the Fleet prison, but afterwards conditionally released to the Austin Friary in London. Although under house arrest in the Friary, Barnes was allowed visitors. It was subsequently discovered that while incarcerated there, Barnes was secretly a distributor of illegal copies of William Tyndale's Protestant Bible.

He escaped to Antwerp in 1528, and also visited Wittenberg, where he became good friends with Martin Luther. While at Wittenberg in the summer of 1531, Barnes was commissioned to ascertain the opinion of Luther and other continental divines on the divorce proceedings between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. That year he also published the first edition of *A Supplication*, which essentially outlined Lutheran theology in an appeal to Henry VIII. Stephen Vaughan, an agent of Thomas Cromwell in the Low Countries and an advanced reformer, came across a copy of Barnes's work and was so impressed by his description of Lutheran political philosophy that he pleaded with Cromwell to invite the exile home.

In late 1531 Barnes returned to England, becoming one of the chief intermediaries between the English Court and the Lutheran German States, and he spent the next several years going between England and Germany. He was a vocal defender of King Henry's policy of Caesaropapism, in the vain hope that the King would choose Lutheranism for the theology of the Church of England. In 1539 Barnes was employed in negotiating with William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg for King Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves. The policy was Cromwell's, but Henry VIII had already in 1538 refused to embrace Lutheranism, and the statute of Six Articles, followed by the immediate annulment of the King's marriage to Anne of Cleves in 1540, ultimately brought Cromwell and all other agents of his policies to ruin.

A denunciation by Barnes of Bishop Stephen Gardiner in a sermon at St Paul's Cross launched a battle to the death between the Crypto-Lutheran, Crypto-Calvinist, and Crypto-Catholic courtiers in King Henry's council, which raged during the spring of 1540. Barnes was forced to apologise and recant; and Bishop Gardiner delivered a series of counter-sermons at St Paul's Cross. But a month later Cromwell was made earl of Essex, Gardiner's friend, Bishop Sampson, was sent to the Tower, and Barnes openly reverted to Lutheranism, but it proved a delusive victory. In July, however, Cromwell was attainted, the marriage between the King and Anne of Cleves was annulled and Barnes was convicted of heresy and sentenced to execution by burning.

On 30 July, 1540, Barnes and five other religious dissidents were drawn on hurdles from the Tower of London to Smithfield for execution. In a deeply ironic moment, each hurdle carried both a condemned Lutheran pastor and a condemned Catholic priest.

The two fellow Lutherans pastors; William Jerome and Thomas Gerrard, were, like Barnes, burnt at the stake for heresy under the Six Articles. Meanwhile, three Roman Catholic priests: Fr .Thomas Abel, Fr. Richard Fetherstone and Barnes' companion on the hurdle, Fr. Edward Powell, were hanged, drawn, and quartered, officially for high treason, but in reality for rejecting both the King's title as Supreme Head of the Church of England and State control over the Church.

## Legacy

Both Catholics and Lutherans throughout Europe were shocked and horrified by the executions. Some historians have concluded that Barnes was crucial in having the English Protestants and Catholics alike understand the Reformation around them.

The feast day of Rev. Barnes and his two companions is commemorated every year on the Lutheran Calendar of Saints.

The three Catholic priests executed with Barnes were among the fifty-four English Catholic Martyrs who were Beatified by Pope Leo XIII on 29 December, 1886.

## Literature

* Shortly after their executions, a dialogue in verse was published, *The Metynge of Doctor Barnes and Dr. Powell at Paradise Gate and of theyre communicacion bothe drawen to Smithfylde fro the Towar* (London, 1540), in the British Museum.
* Martin Luther published Barnes' confession after writing a preface of his own as *Bekenntnis des Glaubens* (1540).
* Robert Barnes also appears in *The Mirror & the Light*, by Hilary Mantel.

## Further reading


title: Tomasulo's algorithm

abstract: Tomasulo's algorithm is a computer architecture hardware algorithm for dynamic scheduling of instructions that allows out-of-order execution and enables more efficient use of multiple execution units. It was developed by Robert Tomasulo at IBM in 1967 and was first implemented in the IBM System/360 Model 91’s floating point unit. The major innovations of Tomasulo’s algorithm include register renaming in hardware, reservation stations for all execution units, and a common data bus (CDB) on which computed values broadcast to all reservation stations that may need them. These developments allow for improved parallel execution of instructions that would otherwise stall under the use of scoreboarding or other earlier algorithms. Robert Tomasulo received the Eckert–Mauchly Award in 1997 for his work on the algorithm.

text:
# Tomasulo's algorithm

**Tomasulo's algorithm** is a computer architecture hardware algorithm for dynamic scheduling of instructions that allows out-of-order execution and enables more efficient use of multiple execution units. It was developed by Robert Tomasulo at IBM in 1967 and was first implemented in the IBM System/360 Model 91’s floating point unit.

The major innovations of Tomasulo’s algorithm include register renaming in hardware, reservation stations for all execution units, and a common data bus (CDB) on which computed values broadcast to all reservation stations that may need them. These developments allow for improved parallel execution of instructions that would otherwise stall under the use of scoreboarding or other earlier algorithms.

Robert Tomasulo received the Eckert–Mauchly Award in 1997 for his work on the algorithm.

## Implementation concepts

The following are the concepts necessary to the implementation of Tomasulo's algorithm:

### Common data bus

The Common Data Bus (CDB) connects reservation stations directly to functional units. According to Tomasulo it "preserves precedence while encouraging concurrency". This has two important effects:

1. Functional units can access the result of any operation without involving a floating-point-register, allowing multiple units waiting on a result to proceed without waiting to resolve contention for access to register file read ports.
2. Hazard Detection and control execution are distributed. The reservation stations control when an instruction can execute, rather than a single dedicated hazard unit.

### Instruction order

Instructions are issued sequentially so that the effects of a sequence of instructions, such as exceptions raised by these instructions, occur in the same order as they would on an in-order processor, regardless of the fact that they are being executed out-of-order (i.e. non-sequentially).

### Register renaming

Tomasulo's algorithm uses register renaming to correctly perform out-of-order execution. All general-purpose and reservation station registers hold either a real value or a placeholder value. If a real value is unavailable to a destination register during the issue stage, a placeholder value is initially used. The placeholder value is a tag indicating which reservation station will produce the real value. When the unit finishes and broadcasts the result on the CDB, the placeholder will be replaced with the real value.

Each functional unit has a single reservation station. Reservation stations hold information needed to execute a single instruction, including the operation and the operands. The functional unit begins processing when it is free and when all source operands needed for an instruction are real.

### Exceptions

Practically speaking, there may be exceptions for which not enough status information about an exception is available, in which case the processor may raise a special exception, called an **imprecise exception**. Imprecise exceptions cannot occur in in-order implementations, as processor state is changed only in program order (see Classic RISC pipeline § Exceptions).

Programs that experience **precise exceptions**, where the specific instruction that took the exception can be determined, can restart or re-execute at the point of the exception. However, those that experience imprecise exceptions generally cannot restart or re-execute, as the system cannot determine the specific instruction that took the exception.

## Instruction lifecycle

The three stages listed below are the stages through which each instruction passes from the time it is issued to the time its execution is complete.

### Legend

* RS - Reservation Status
* RegisterStat - Register Status; contains information about the registers.
* regs\[x\] - Value of register x
* Mem\[A\] - Value of memory at address A

* rd - destination register number
* rs, rt - source registration numbers
* imm - sign extended immediate field
* r - reservation station or buffer that the instruction is assigned to

#### Reservation Station Fields

* Op - represents the operation being performed on operands
* Qj, Qk - the reservation station that will produce the relevant source operand (0 indicates the value is in Vj, Vk)
* Vj, Vk - the value of the source operands
* A - used to hold the memory address information for a load or store
* Busy - 1 if occupied, 0 if not occupied

#### Register Status Fields

* Qi - the reservation station whose result should be stored in this register (if blank or 0, no values are destined for this register)

### Stage 1: issue

In the issue stage, instructions are issued for execution if all operands and reservation stations are ready or else they are stalled. Registers are renamed in this step, eliminating WAR and WAW hazards.

* Retrieve the next instruction from the head of the instruction queue. If the instruction operands are currently in the registers, then
    + If a matching functional unit is available, issue the instruction.
    + Else, as there is no available functional unit, stall the instruction until a station or buffer is free.
* Otherwise, we can assume the operands are not in the registers, and so use virtual values. The functional unit must calculate the real value to keep track of the functional units that produce the operand.

Pseudocode
| Instruction state | Wait until | Action or bookkeeping |
| --- | --- | --- |
| FP operation | Station r empty | ``` if (RegisterStat[rs].Qi¦0) { 	RS[r].Qj  RegisterStat[rs].Qi } else { 	RS[r].Vj  Regs[rs]; 	RS[r].Qj  0; } if (RegisterStat[rt].Qi¦0) {  	RS[r].Qk  RegisterStat[rt].Qi; } else { 	RS[r].Vk  Regs[rt];  	RS[r].Qk  0; } RS[r].Busy  yes; RegisterStat[rd].Qi  r;  ``` |
| Load or Store | Buffer r empty | ``` if (RegisterStat[rs].Qi¦0) { 	RS[r].Qj  RegisterStat[rs].Qi; } else { 	RS[r].Vj  Regs[rs]; 	RS[r].Qj  0; } RS[r].A  imm; RS[r].Busy  yes;  ``` |
| Load only |  | ``` RegisterStat[rt].Qi  r;  ``` |
| Store only |  | ``` if (RegisterStat[rt].Qi¦0) { 	RS[r].Qk  RegisterStat[rt].Qi; } else { 	RS[r].Vk  Regs[rt]; 	RS[r].Qk  0 };  ``` |

### Stage 2: execute

In the execute stage, the instruction operations are carried out. Instructions are delayed in this step until all of their operands are available, eliminating RAW hazards. Program correctness is maintained through effective address calculation to prevent hazards through memory.

* If one or more of the operands is not yet available then: wait for operand to become available on the CDB.
* When all operands are available, then: if the instruction is a load or store
    + Compute the effective address when the base register is available, and place it in the load/store buffer
        - If the instruction is a load then: execute as soon as the memory unit is available
        - Else, if the instruction is a store then: wait for the value to be stored before sending it to the memory unit
* Else, the instruction is an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) operation then: execute the instruction at the corresponding functional unit

Pseudocode
| Instruction state | Wait until | Action or bookkeeping |
| --- | --- | --- |
| FP operation | ``` (RS[r].Qj = 0) and (RS[r].Qk = 0)  ``` | Compute result: operands are in Vj and Vk |
| Load/store step 1 | `RS[r].Qj = 0` & r is head of load-store queue | ``` RS[r].A ← RS[r].Vj + RS[r].A;  ``` |
| Load step 2 | Load step 1 complete | Read from `Mem[RS[r].A]` |

### Stage 3: write result

In the write Result stage, ALU operations results are written back to registers and store operations are written back to memory.

* If the instruction was an ALU operation
    + If the result is available, then: write it on the CDB and from there into the registers and any reservation stations waiting for this result
* Else, if the instruction was a store then: write the data to memory during this step

Pseudocode
| Instruction state | Wait until | Action or bookkeeping |
| --- | --- | --- |
| FP operation or load | Execution complete at r & CDB available | ``` 	x(if (RegisterStat[x].Qi = r) { 		regs[x]  result; 		RegisterStat[x].Qi = 0 	}); 	x(if (RS[x].Qj = r) { 		RS[x].Vj  result; 		RS[x].Qj  0;  	}); 	x(if (RS[x].Qk = r) { 		RS[x].Vk  result; 		RS[x].Qk  0; 	}); 	RS[r].Busy  no;  ``` |
| Store | Execution complete at r & RS\[r\].Qk = 0 | ``` 	Mem[RS[r].A]  RS[r].Vk; 	RS[r].Busy  no;  ``` |

## Algorithm improvements

The concepts of reservation stations, register renaming, and the common data bus in Tomasulo's algorithm presents significant advancements in the design of high-performance computers.

Reservation stations take on the responsibility of waiting for operands in the presence of data dependencies and other inconsistencies such as varying storage access time and circuit speeds, thus freeing up the functional units. This improvement overcomes long floating point delays and memory accesses. In particular the algorithm is more tolerant of cache misses. Additionally, programmers are freed from implementing optimized code. This is a result of the common data bus and reservation station working together to preserve dependencies as well as encouraging concurrency.

By tracking operands for instructions in the reservation stations and register renaming in hardware the algorithm minimizes read-after-write (RAW) and eliminates write-after-write (WAW) and Write-after-Read (WAR) computer architecture hazards. This improves performance by reducing wasted time that would otherwise be required for stalls.

An equally important improvement in the algorithm is the design is not limited to a specific pipeline structure. This improvement allows the algorithm to be more widely adopted by multiple-issue processors. Additionally, the algorithm is easily extended to enable branch speculation.

## Applications and legacy

Tomasulo's algorithm was implemented in the System/360 Model 91 architecture. Outside of IBM, it went unused for several years. However, it saw a vast increase in usage during the 1990s for 3 reasons:

1. Once caches became commonplace, the algorithm's ability to maintain concurrency during unpredictable load times caused by cache misses became valuable in processors.
2. Dynamic scheduling and branch speculation from the algorithm enables improved performance as processors issued more and more instructions.
3. Proliferation of mass-market software meant that programmers would not want to compile for a specific pipeline structure. The algorithm can function with any pipeline architecture and thus software requires few architecture-specific modifications.

Many modern processors implement dynamic scheduling schemes that are variants of Tomasulo's original algorithm, including popular Intel x86-64 chips.

## Further reading


title: Hong Qigong

abstract: Hong Qi, better known as Hong Qigong, is a fictional character in the wuxia novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes and its sequel, The Return of the Condor Heroes, by Jin Yong. Best known for his most powerful martial arts, Hong Qigong is the chief of the Beggars' Gang and one of the Five Greats, the five most powerful martial artists in the jianghu of his time. He plays a significant role in the first novel by imparting his skills to the protagonists, Guo Jing and Huang Rong. Huang Rong also succeeds him as the Beggars' Gang's chief. In the second novel, he makes a brief appearance and teaches the protagonist Yang Guo the Dog Beating Staff Technique before dying together with his old rival Ouyang Feng.

text:
# Hong Qigong

| Hong Qigong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 洪七公 |
| Simplified Chinese | 洪七公 |
| Literal meaning | Grandpa Hong Qi |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Hóng Qīgōng  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Hung4 Cat1 Gung1 | |
|  | |

**Hong Qi**, better known as **Hong Qigong**, is a fictional character in the wuxia novel *The Legend of the Condor Heroes* and its sequel, *The Return of the Condor Heroes*, by Jin Yong. Best known for his most powerful martial arts (the Eighteen Subduing Dragon Palms and the Dog Beating Staff Technique), Hong Qigong is the chief of the Beggars' Gang and one of the Five Greats, the five most powerful martial artists in the *jianghu* (martial artists' community) of his time. He plays a significant role in the first novel by imparting his skills to the protagonists, Guo Jing and Huang Rong. Huang Rong also succeeds him as the Beggars' Gang's chief. In the second novel, he makes a brief appearance and teaches the protagonist Yang Guo the Dog Beating Staff Technique before dying together with his old rival Ouyang Feng.

## Fictional character biography

### *The Legend of the Condor Heroes*

Hong Qigong was formerly a slave of Jurchen officials of the Jin Empire before he escaped and joined the Beggars' Gang and eventually became the gang's chief. He is nicknamed "Northern Beggar" (北丐; *běi gài*) after emerging as one of the top five champions of a martial arts contest on Mount Hua, and is also known as the "Nine Fingered Divine Beggar" (九指神丐; *jiúzhǐ shéngài*) after he cut off his right forefinger in remorse for failing a mission, which cost a man's life, due to his gluttony.

Hong Qigong makes his first appearance when Huang Rong is preparing a dish, beggar's chicken, for Guo Jing. Attracted to the fragrant scent of the dish, he asks to taste it. Huang Rong examines his physical appearance, notices his missing finger and Dog Beating Staff, and concludes that he is the "Northern Beggar". She then makes a deal with Hong Qigong for him to train Guo Jing in martial arts; in return, she will prepare fine cuisine for him. Hong Qigong agrees and teaches Guo Jing the Eighteen Subduing Dragon Palms.

Hong Qigong later loses all his inner energy when he uses it to purge venom from his body after he has been poisoned by "Western Venom" Ouyang Feng, his former rival. He decides to pass his position as chief of the Beggars' Gang to Huang Rong so he teaches her the Dog Beating Staff Technique, which only the chief can learn.

### *The Return of the Condor Heroes*

Hong Qigong makes a brief appearance in the second novel while roaming the *jianghu* as a carefree old beggar in search of culinary delights. He has regained his inner energy at this point using healing techniques from the Nine Yin Manual. At Mount Hua, he encounters the protagonist, Yang Guo, as well as his old rival, Ouyang Feng, who has become insane but still has his powers. Hong Qigong fights with Ouyang Feng again to the point of sheer exhaustion, but neither of them is willing to back down, so they use Yang Guo as an intermediary by teaching him their respective skills and asking him to perform the skills for the other to see. During this time, Yang Guo learns the Dog Beating Staff Technique from Hong Qigong. Eventually, both Hong Qigong and Ouyang Feng realise that neither of them can win the other so they give up and die together in the midst of laughter and forgotten past feuds. Yang Guo then buries them beside each other on Mount Hua.

## Martial arts and skills

* Eighteen Subduing Dragon Palms (降龍十八掌; *xiánglóng shíbāzhǎng*)
* Dog Beating Staff Technique (打狗棒法; *dágǒu bàngfǎ*)
* Carefree Fist (逍遙遊; *xiāoyáo yoú*) is a set of fist techniques created by Hong Qigong in his youth. The skill is smooth and visually appealing but lacks real power.
* Rain of Petals (滿天花雨; *mǎntiān huāyǔ*) is created by Hong Qigong to counter Ouyang Ke's snake formation after he sees Huang Rong's sewing kit. It involves using common sewing needles as dart-like throwing weapons to pin down the snakes.

## In film and television

Notable actors who have portrayed Hong Qigong in films and television series include Ku Feng (1977–1978, 1983), Lau Dan (1983, 1994–1995), Chiang Sheng (1988), Lau Kong (1993), Jacky Cheung (1993–1994), Marco Ngai (1994), Bryan Leung (1998, 2008) and Zhao Lixin(2017).

## InfoBox

| Hong Qi | |
| --- | --- |
| *Condor Trilogy* character | |
| Hong Qi, as he appeared in the 2021 mobile game adaptation *The Legend of the Condor Heroes* | |
| Created by | Jin Yong |
| In-universe information | |
| Nicknames | * "Northern Beggar" (北丐) * "Nine Fingered Divine Beggar" (九指神丐) * "Old Beggar" (老叫化) |
| Gender | Male |
| Affiliation | Beggars' Gang |
| Apprentices |  |


title: Vibeke Vasbo

abstract: Vibeke Vasbo is a Danish writer and women's rights and LGBT rights activist. In the early 1970s, she participated in the Redstocking movement and in the Danish Lesbian Movement. She embarked on a literary career in 1976 with Al den løgn om kvinders svaghed expanding on the work of a woman crane driver, based on her experiences in Oslo in 1974-75.

text:
# Vibeke Vasbo

**Vibeke Vasbo** (born 9 July 1944) is a Danish writer and women's rights and LGBT rights activist. In the early 1970s, she participated in the Redstocking movement and in the Danish Lesbian Movement. She embarked on a literary career in 1976 with *Al den løgn om kvinders svaghed* (All those Lies about Women's Weakness) expanding on the work of a woman crane driver, based on her experiences in Oslo in 1974-75.

## Biography

Born on 9 July 1944 on the Danish island of Als, she was the daughter of medical doctors Harald Eyvind Roesdahl (1912–94) and Anna Helene Refslund Thomsen (born 1912). The second youngest of four children (three girls and one boy), she grew up in an old farmhouse in Tandslet where her parents had their practices. As a child, she was strongly influenced by her maternal grandmother, the author and politician Ingeborg Refslund Thomsen (1891–1972), spending much of her time at Brundlund Manor, her grandparents' home in Åbenrå. She dreamt of becoming a journalist, writing short stories and poems. After matriculating from highschool in Sønderborg, she spent half a year as an au pair in Cambridge, England, improving her command of English.

On her return to Denmark, she studied German and English at the University of Copenhagen. Participating in political student life, she met Karen Syberg with whom she set up *Rødstrumperne*, a small group based on American feminist movement Redstockings, which turned into the Danish Redstocking Movement. A demonstration in Copenhagen in 1970 ended with the women discarding their bras with a banner declaring *Hold Danmark ren* (Keep Denmark Clean). Further activities in support of women followed, including the creation of a "Women's Camp" on the island of Femø and calls for abortion rights in 1970. Vasbo abandoned her university studies in 1973, becoming a medical assistant in Bispebjerg Hospital.

Many of the members of the Redstocking Movement were either already lesbians or decided to adopt lesbian ways. Vasbo, who had undergone a short marriage, was among them. In the face of opposition to lesbianism by many of the Redstocking members, the Lesbian Movement (*Lesbisk Bevægelse*) was established in 1974, with a membership of 200 activists. Together with Norwegian activist, Gerd Brantenberg, who had become her partner, Vasbo moved to Oslo, working as a crane driver. On the basis of diary notes, she wrote *Al den løgn on kvinders svaghed*, published in Danish and Norwegian in 1976 and later in German, describing how a woman could take up a job traditionally reserved for men. It was the first Danish book which openly described a woman's experiences from a lesbian viewpoint.

Vasbo broke off her contacts with the Lesbian Movement in 1981 when she met Danish priest Leo Thomsen in Italy. She developed a difficult relationship with him, ending in a separation a month before his death in 1998. Their romance was described in *Miraklet i Amalfi* (The Miracle in Amalfi), bringing Vasbo attention. She went on to write a historic novel set in 7th-century England, *Hildas sang* (Hilda's Song, 1991), combining family life and sex. It was warmly welcome by the critics.

## Selected works

* 1976: *Al den løgn om kvinders svaghed*
* 1980: *Efterårsferie ved fjorden*, short stories
* 1980: *Måske har jeg haft en anelse*, poetry
* 1981: *Sygehjælper i æbletræernes blomstringstid*, short stories
* 1982: *Den enøjede killing*, short stories
* 1984: *Miraklet i Amalfi*, novel
* 1985: *Anna-Amanda*, short stories
* 1990: *Det er det, jeg siger: Man vil begå mord!*, short stories
* 1991: *Hildas sang, historisk roman fra 600´årenes England*, novel
* 1993: *Glæden ved at kigge ud ad vinduet*, essay
* 2004: *Artemis, beretningen om en kat*
* 2008: *Der mangler en sang om solsorten*, novel
* 2018: *The Song of Hild*, English translation of *Hildas sang* (translated by Gaye Kynoch)


title: Geoffrey Cranswick

abstract: Geoffrey Franceys Cranswick was the Anglican Bishop of Tasmania from 1944 to 1963. Cranswick was educated at The King's School, Parramatta, Sydney Church of England Grammar School and the University of Sydney. He was made deacon at Michaelmas 1920 (3 October) and ordained priest the Michaelmas following — both times by John Watts Ditchfield, Bishop of Chelmsford, at Chelmsford Cathedral — to a curacy at West Ham before being with the Church Mission Society (CMS) in Bengal to 1937 and then Principal of King Edward's School Chapra until his ordination to the episcopate to serve as Bishop of Tasmania. He was consecrated a bishop on the Feast of the Conversion of Paul the Apostle 1944 (25 January) at Westminster Abbey by William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury. He died on 19 July 1978 and is  buried in the churchyard at St Matthew New Norfolk. His elder brother, George, was the Bishop of Gippsland from 1917 to 1942.

text:
# Geoffrey Cranswick

**Geoffrey Franceys Cranswick** (10 April 1894  19 July 1978) was the Anglican Bishop of Tasmania from 1944 to 1963.

Cranswick was educated at The King's School, Parramatta, Sydney Church of England Grammar School and the University of Sydney. He was made deacon at Michaelmas 1920 (3 October) and ordained priest the Michaelmas following (2 October 1921) — both times by John Watts Ditchfield, Bishop of Chelmsford, at Chelmsford Cathedral — to a curacy at West Ham before being with the Church Mission Society (CMS) in Bengal to 1937 and then Principal of King Edward's School Chapra until his ordination to the episcopate to serve as Bishop of Tasmania. He was consecrated a bishop on the Feast of the Conversion of Paul the Apostle 1944 (25 January) at Westminster Abbey by William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury. He died on 19 July 1978 and is  buried in the churchyard at St Matthew New Norfolk. His elder brother, George, was the Bishop of Gippsland from 1917 to 1942.


title: Wakabayashi Station (Tokyo)

abstract: Wakabayashi Station is a railway station on the Tokyu Setagaya Line in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan, operated by Tokyu Corporation.

text:
# Wakabayashi Station (Tokyo)

**Wakabayashi Station** (若林駅, *Wakabayashi-eki*) is a railway station on the Tokyu Setagaya Line in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan, operated by Tokyu Corporation.

## Station layout

The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks.

### Platforms

|  | Tokyu Setagaya Line | for Kamimachi and Shimo-takaido |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Tokyu Setagaya Line | for Sangen-jaya |

## History

The station opened on January 18, 1925.

## Surrounding area

* Wakabayashi Crossing

35°38′46″N 139°39′36″E / 35.646003°N 139.659899°E / 35.646003; 139.659899

## InfoBox

| SG03
Wakabayashi Station
若林駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Wakabayashi Station | |
| General information | |
| Location | 4-3-15 Wakabayashi, Setagaya, Tokyo
Japan |
| Operated by | Tōkyū Railways |
| Line(s) | SG Setagaya Line |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Other information | |
| Station code | SG03 |
| History | |
| Opened | 18 January 1925 (1925-01-18) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Tōkyū Railways Following station  Shōin-jinja-maeSG04towards Shimo-takaido  Setagaya Line  Nishi-taishidōSG02towards Sangen-jaya | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Wakabayashi StationLocation within Special wards of TokyoWakabayashi StationWakabayashi Station (Tokyo Bay and Bōsō Peninsula)Wakabayashi StationWakabayashi Station (Tokyo)Wakabayashi StationWakabayashi Station (Japan) | |


title: Hoplorana attenuata

abstract: Hoplorana attenuata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1898. It is known from Madagascar.

text:
# Hoplorana attenuata

***Hoplorana attenuata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1898. It is known from Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Hoplorana attenuata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Hoplorana*** |
| Species: | ***H. attenuata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hoplorana attenuata***<br>Fairmaire, 1898 | |
|


title: Percocypris tchangi

abstract: Percocypris tchangi is a species of cyprinid in the genus Percocypris. It is found in the Salween and Mekong basins of Vietnam. The fish is named in honor of ichthyologist Tchunlin Tchang (1897-1963), who was responsible for describing the other species in this genus.

text:
# Percocypris tchangi

***Percocypris tchangi*** is a species of cyprinid in the genus *Percocypris*. It is found in the Salween and Mekong basins of Vietnam.

The fish is named in honor of ichthyologist Tchunlin (or Tchung-Lin) Tchang (1897-1963), who was responsible for describing the other species in this genus.

## InfoBox

| *Percocypris tchangi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Genus: | *Percocypris* |
| Species: | ***P. tchangi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Percocypris tchangi***<br>(Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leptobarbus tchangi* Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936 * *Percocypris pingi retrodorsalis* Cui & Chu, 1990 * *Percocypris retrodorsalis* Cui & Chu, 1990 | |


title: Herman Diamand

abstract: Herman Diamand was a Polish lawyer and socialist politician of Jewish origin, cofounder of Workers' Party of Galicia. Member of the Austrian parliament then member of the Polish Parliament till his death.

text:
# Herman Diamand

**Herman Diamand** (30 March 1860 – 26 February 1931) was a Polish lawyer and socialist politician of Jewish origin, cofounder of Workers' Party of Galicia. Member of the Austrian parliament then member of the Polish Parliament till his death.

## Biography

Born in Lviv to a middle-class Jewish family, the son of Jakub and Betty (née Holländer), Herman Diamand attended a modern Jewish primary school. He studied law and political science at the University of Vienna, Lviv and Chernivtsi where in 1896 he obtained a doctorate.

Already during his studies, by the late 1880s, he had become a convinced socialist, rejected Zionism, and advocated the Polish nationalist cause as a co-founder of the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (PPSD) (October–November 1890). He was a member of the party's executive committee from 1897 to 1899 and from 1904 to 1909 was a member of its directorate. In 1909 he represented the Polish Socialists at the International Bureau of the Second International. Diamand devoted enormous organizational and intellectual energy to Jewish matters. Although an assimilationist, he acknowledged the need to address issues that were particularly relevant to Jewish workers. He published and edited several Yiddish newspapers with the PPSD imprint, including the biweekly *Di yidishe folksblat* (Lwów, 1896–1897), the weekly *Di yidishe folkstsaytung* (Lwów, 1903–1904), and the short-lived *Di yidishe folksshtime* (Lwów, 1907). He was a Galician representative in the Austrian parliament from 1917 to 1918.

During World War I, Diamand supported Józef Piłsudski and his Polish Legions, writing Yiddish appeals to Jews of the region to support the struggle for Polish independence. In independent Poland, Diamand served on the executive committee of the Polish Socialist Party and was a member of the Polish parliament from 1919 until his death.

In December 1918 was appointed to the Polish Liquidation Committee, where he headed the department of mining. Strove French and English socialists to support the efforts regarding the Polish Silesia. He participated in the Polish delegation on trade negotiations with Germany (from 1924 to 1928) and the Geneva Naval Conference (1927). He was an active member of the Polish Socialist Party, being part of the leadership as a member of the Central Executive Committee (from 1919 to 1926) and member, Vice-President and Chairman of the Supreme Council (from 1919 to 1930). He was considered an expert in parliamentary practice and economic and financial matters. He has published articles in Polish and foreign socialist press, including Naprzod, "Rights of the People" Worker, "Arbeiterzeitung" and "Jüdische Volkstime".

Diamand was an articulate and energetic voice in defense of the civil rights of Jews as individuals. He remained committed to assimilationism and spoke out against the demands of Jewish national parties. His memoir, *Pamiętnik Hermana Diamanda* (Memoirs of Herman Diamand; 1932), appeared shortly after his death, as did a collection of his speeches in the Sejm (*Przemówienia w Sejmie Rzeczypospolitej* \[Speeches in the Republican Sejm\]; 1933).

He died of a heart attack on February 26, 1931, and was buried at the Jewish cemetery in Lviv.

## InfoBox

| Herman Diamand | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for the Second Sejm (1928-1930) | |
| **In office**
4 March 1928  30 August 1930 | |
| President | Ignacy Mościcki |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 30 March 1860
Lemberg, Austrian Empire |
| Died | 26 February 1931
Lwów, Poland (today Lviv, Ukraine) |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Political party | Polish Socialist Party |
|  | |


title: Kázsmárk

abstract: Kázsmárk is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary.

text:
# Kázsmárk

**Kázsmárk** is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary.

## Notable residents

48°17′N 20°59′E / 48.283°N 20.983°E / 48.283; 20.983

## InfoBox

| Kázsmárk | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Regions | Northern Hungary |
| County | Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Tom Taylor (rugby union)

abstract: Thomas James Taylor is a New Zealand rugby union footballer. He played as a second five-eighth or first five-eighth for the Crusaders in Super Rugby. and Canterbury in the ITM Cup. He can also play fullback. He made his debut for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 2013.

text:
# Tom Taylor (rugby union)

**Thomas James Taylor** (born 11 March 1989) is a New Zealand rugby union footballer. He played as a second five-eighth or first five-eighth for the Crusaders in Super Rugby. and Canterbury in the ITM Cup. He can also play fullback.

He made his debut for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 2013.

## Career

In the 2009, affiliated with the Canterbury ITM side, Taylor was involved in the champion New Zealand Under 20 team along with Zac Guildford

In 2011 Taylor debuted for Canterbury against North Otago. He trained with the Crusaders and was part of the Canterbury squad that went on to win that year's ITM Cup Championship final against Waikato.

In November 2011 he was named in the Crusaders squad for 2012. In his first start, against the Cheetahs in March 2012, Taylor opened the Crusaders scoring with a penalty six minutes in. He had a successful game with the boot and ended up converting the game's final try, for Crusaders to win 28–21. The next week, playing at second five-eighth against the Lions, he kicked two penalties and three conversions and the Crusaders won 23–13. On 14 April he was back at first five-eighth to help the Crusaders end the Stormers unbeaten run. Taylor scored a try, converted it, and kicked eight penalties from eight attempts.

In 2013, Taylor made his debut for the All Blacks, starting ahead of Colin Slade at first five-eighth in the second Rugby Championship/Bledisloe Cup match against Australia after injuries to Aaron Cruden, Beauden Barrett and Dan Carter. He kicked four penalty goals and a conversion goal (14 points) to help the All Blacks to a 27–16 win at Wellington's Westpac Stadium.

In March 2015, Taylor announced that he would join French Top 14 Rugby Club Bayonne.

## Personal life

In 2010 Taylor was studying towards his Bachelor of Science in geography at the University of Canterbury.

Taylor's relatives include father Warwick, a second five-eighth, who played for Canterbury from 1982 to 1990 and the All Blacks from 1983 to 1988, and uncle Murray Taylor, a first five-eighth who played for the All Blacks in 1979 and 1980.

## InfoBox

Tom Taylor
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Thomas James Taylor |
| Date of birth | (1989-03-11) 11 March 1989 |
| Place of birth | Christchurch, New Zealand |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 90 kg (14 st 2 lb; 198 lb) |
| School | Burnside High School |
| Notable relative(s) | Warwick Taylor (father)
Murray Taylor (uncle) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Second five-eighth
First five-eighth
Fullback  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2015–16
2016—2020
2021–2023
2023– Toulon
Pau
Toshiba Brave Lupus
Kyuden Voltex  16
71
0  (26)
(459)
(0)  Correct as of 21 February 2021  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2011–15 Canterbury  42  (512)  Correct as of 26 October 2015  Super Rugby  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2012–15 Crusaders  58  (272)  Correct as of 214 June 2015  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2013 New Zealand  3  (14)  Correct as of 4 November 2013 | |


abstract: Shanghai Hong Qiao International School (HQIS-RBIS) is an international school in Gubei, Shanghai. Its previous campus was in proximity to the Shanghai Zoo.

text:
# Hong Qiao International School - Rainbow Bridge International School

**Shanghai Hong Qiao International School** (**HQIS-RBIS**) is an international school in Gubei, Shanghai. Its previous campus was in proximity to the Shanghai Zoo.

## History

The school opened its doors in 1997 as Rainbow Bridge International School with just two classes serving 18 preschool students. Since then, the student population has steadily increased. In 2003 the Elementary School opened.

In 2012 HQIS became an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School authorized to teach the Primary Years Program (PYP).

In 2014 the Middle School opened and the following year the school moved to its new campus and change its name to Hong Qiao International School.

## Curriculum

The IB-PYP programme starts in Preschool and continues until Grade 5. At Middle and High School.

31°11′31″N 121°24′18″E / 31.19204°N 121.40493°E / 31.19204; 121.40493