title: Henri Guybet

abstract: Henri Guybet is a French actor. He has appeared in more than one hundred films since 1964. Guybet started his career in dinner theater in the Café de la Gare, alongside Coluche and Miou-Miou in late 1960s. Gérard Oury gave him his first major film role in The Mad Adventures of Rabbi Jacob, where he plays Solomon, the Jewish driver of Louis de Funès. His comic talent explodes shortly after with Georges Lautner in Pas de Problème. In 1978 he got the leading role in the film The Pawn, where he played Bertrand Barabi a "pawn" who falls in love for the mother of one of his students, played by Claude Jade. This was his only romantic role and his only lead. In the late 1970s, he made several "nanars" and became a second recurring role. In theater, he became a big name in boulevard theater. His son is also an actor.

text:
# Henri Guybet

**Henri Guybet** (born 21 December 1936) is a French actor. He has appeared in more than one hundred films since 1964.

Guybet started his career in dinner theater in the Café de la Gare, alongside Coluche and Miou-Miou in late 1960s. Gérard Oury gave him his first major film role in *The Mad Adventures of Rabbi Jacob*, where he plays Solomon, the Jewish driver of Louis de Funès. His comic talent explodes shortly after with Georges Lautner in *Pas de Problème*. In 1978 he got the leading role in the film *The Pawn*, where he played Bertrand Barabi a "pawn" who falls in love for the mother of one of his students, played by Claude Jade. This was his only romantic role and his only lead. In the late 1970s, he made several "nanars" and became a second recurring role. In theater, he became a big name in boulevard theater.

His son is also an actor.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Henri Guybet | |
| --- | --- |
| Henri Guybet in the 80s (pen portrait). | |
| Born | (1936-12-21) 21 December 1936<br>Paris, France |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1964-present |


title: Toivo Kärki

abstract: Toivo Pietari Johannes Kärki was a Finnish composer, musician, music producer and arranger. He is especially remembered for his collaboration with Reino Helismaa. Kärki composed approximately 1400 recorded compositions, many of which had several versions, and wrote hundreds of unrecorded songs. He composed the music for about 50 films, several revues, theatrical plays, and radio comedies. He also arranged a large number of songs written by other people. He trained several of Finland's most important popular music lyricists. During his career, he helped dozens of singers get started in the industry, many of which remain active to this day. He made himself an important name in Finnish tango. He is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.

text:
# Toivo Kärki

**Toivo Pietari Johannes Kärki** (Finnish pronunciation: \[ˈtoi̯ʋo ˈkærki\]; 3 December 1915  30 April 1992) was a Finnish composer, musician, music producer and arranger. He is especially remembered for his collaboration with Reino Helismaa.

Kärki composed approximately 1400 recorded compositions, many of which had several versions, and wrote hundreds of unrecorded songs. He composed the music for about 50 films, several revues, theatrical plays, and radio comedies. He also arranged a large number of songs written by other people. He trained several of Finland's most important popular music lyricists. During his career, he helped dozens of singers get started in the industry, many of which remain active to this day.

He made himself an important name in Finnish tango.

He is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.

## InfoBox

| Toivo Kärki | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Toivo Pietari Johannes Kärki |
| Born | (1915-12-03)3 December 1915
Pirkkala, Grand Duchy of Finland |
| Origin | Finland |
| Died | 30 April 1992(1992-04-30) (aged 76)
Helsinki, Finland |
| Occupation | Composer |


title: Negative mental capital

abstract: Negative mental capital, like positive mental capital, is related to habit formation. According to Ho(2014) "When a bad habit is formed, it becomes a negative mental capital that keeps undermining our wellbeing, because we would then effectively lose control of ourselves, and succumb to the potentially ruinous inertia that prevents us from reaching greater goals that await us."(p. 35) The reference to "capital" is because like capital in economics, habit formation is a process of accumulation. This process of accumulation leads to entrenched neural pathways that makes breaking a habit very difficult.

text:
# Negative mental capital

**Negative mental capital**, like positive mental capital, is related to habit formation. According to Ho(2014) "When a bad habit is formed, it becomes a negative mental capital that keeps undermining our wellbeing, because we would then effectively lose control of ourselves, and succumb to the potentially ruinous inertia that prevents us from reaching greater goals that await us."(p. 35) The reference to "capital" is because like capital in economics, habit formation is a process of accumulation. This process of accumulation leads to entrenched neural pathways that makes breaking a habit very difficult.


title: Hemlock Overlook Regional Park

abstract: Hemlock Overlook Regional Park is a multi-use park near Clifton, Virginia, one of several parks lining the Bull Run. The 400-acre park offers dense forests, hilly woodlands, and floodplain scenery. Hemlock Overlook is named after the grove of hemlock trees above the banks in the northern section of the park. At the northern edge of the park is the site of the Union Mills and the bridge crossing for the Orange and Alexandria Railroad over the Bull Run; both of these sites have high significance in the Battles of Bull Run. The site of a dam that supported the first hydroelectric power generation to Fairfax County, Virginia, is also on the Hemlock Overlook site. A permanent orienteering course, built with the support of the Quantico Orienteering Club, sits in the southern end of the park, south of Yates Ford Road. The Bull Run-Occoquan Trail is maintained by the PATC. From 1984 to 2009, Hemlock Overlook operated as a university outdoor education center, through a partnership between George Mason University and the Park Authority. In 2009, the Park Authority engaged a partner, Adventure Links, to operate the facility. In 2021, the Park Authority put out a Request for Proposal for new operating partners. A new operator, Horizons at Hemlock Overlook, part of Endless Horizons, has been chosen to partner with the Park Authority.

text:
# Hemlock Overlook Regional Park

**Hemlock Overlook Regional Park** is a multi-use park near Clifton, Virginia, one of several parks lining the Bull Run. The 400-acre park offers dense forests, hilly woodlands, and floodplain scenery. Hemlock Overlook is named after the grove of hemlock trees above the banks in the northern section of the park.

At the northern edge of the park is the site of the Union Mills and the bridge crossing for the Orange and Alexandria Railroad over the Bull Run; both of these sites have high significance in the Battles of Bull Run. The site of a dam that supported the first hydroelectric power generation to Fairfax County, Virginia, is also on the Hemlock Overlook site. A permanent orienteering course, built with the support of the Quantico Orienteering Club, sits in the southern end of the park, south of Yates Ford Road. The Bull Run-Occoquan Trail (blue trail) is maintained by the PATC.

From 1984 to 2009, Hemlock Overlook operated as a university outdoor education center, through a partnership between George Mason University and the Park Authority. In 2009, the Park Authority engaged a partner, Adventure Links, to operate the facility. In 2021, the Park Authority put out a Request for Proposal for new operating partners. A new operator, Horizons at Hemlock Overlook, part of Endless Horizons, has been chosen to partner with the Park Authority.

1. Berg, Scott W. (August 14, 2003). "Smells Like Team Spirit". *Washington Post*. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
2. Sagon, Candy (November 18, 2009). "For their Thanksgiving feast, they buried the birds". *Washington Post*. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
3. NOVA Regional Park Authority PPEA Archived June 21, 2023, at the Wayback Machine\- Retrieved March 19, 2024
4. Hemlock Overlook Swings Back into Operations Archived March 19, 2024, at the Wayback Machine\- Retrieved March 19, 2024
5. "Request for Proposals" (PDF).
6. "Request for Proposals2" (PDF).

## InfoBox

| Hemlock Overlook Regional Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Hemlock grove in Hemlock Overlook Regional Park | |
|  | |
| Location | Clifton, Virginia, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 38°46′13″N 77°24′35″W / 38.770187°N 77.409623°W / 38.770187; -77.409623 |
| Area | 400 acres (161.87 ha) |
| Operated by | NOVA Parks |
| Open | year round access |
| Website |  |


title: Gmina Suchedniów

abstract: Gmina Suchedniów is an urban-rural gmina in Skarżysko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Suchedniów, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Skarżysko-Kamienna and 25 km (16 mi) north-east of the regional capital Kielce. The gmina covers an area of 74.94 square kilometres (28.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,843. The gmina contains parts of the protected areas called Sieradowice Landscape Park and Suchedniów-Oblęgorek Landscape Park.

text:
# Gmina Suchedniów

**Gmina Suchedniów** is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Skarżysko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Suchedniów, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Skarżysko-Kamienna and 25 km (16 mi) north-east of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 74.94 square kilometres (28.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,843 (out of which the population of Suchedniów amounts to 8,911, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 1,932).

The gmina contains parts of the protected areas called Sieradowice Landscape Park and Suchedniów-Oblęgorek Landscape Park.

## Villages

Apart from the town of Suchedniów, Gmina Suchedniów contains the villages and settlements of Krzyżka, Michniów, Mostki and Ostojów.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Suchedniów is bordered by the town of Skarżysko-Kamienna and by the gminas of Bliżyn, Bodzentyn, Łączna and Wąchock.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Suchedniów Suchedniów Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Suchedniów): 51°3′6″N 20°49′57″E / 51.05167°N 20.83250°E / 51.05167; 20.83250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Skarżysko |
| Seat | Suchedniów |
| Area | |
| Total | 74.94 km2 (28.93 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 10,843 |
| Density | 140/km2 (370/sq mi) |
| Urban | 8,911 |
| Rural | 1,932 |
| Website | http://www.suchedniow.pl |


title: Hemlock Stone

abstract: The Hemlock Stone or Himlack Stone is an inselberg on Stapleford Hill at Stapleford, Nottinghamshire, England.

text:
# Hemlock Stone

The **Hemlock Stone** or **Himlack Stone** is an inselberg on Stapleford Hill at Stapleford, Nottinghamshire, England.

## Geology

The Hemlock Stone is an outcrop of New Red Sandstone, deposited more than 200 million years ago in the Triassic Period. Approximately 28 feet (8.5 m) high, it is formed of a layer of Nottingham Castle Sandstone overlying a layer of Lenton Sandstone. Both layers are members of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. The Nottingham Castle Sandstone is a medium- to coarse-grained sandstone in which the grains are strongly cemented together by baryte. The Lenton Sandstone is very fine-grained but less well cemented together. As a result, the lower part of the stone is more vulnerable to erosion than the upper part, resulting in differential erosion that has given the inselberg its current "waisted" shape.

There are two geological theories as to what removed the surrounding sandstone layers of which the inselberg was once a part. In the 18th century the antiquarian William Stukeley (1687–1765) proposed that it had been left by quarrying of the surrounding stone. Certainly there are signs of past quarrying on and around Stapleford Hill. In 1908 the Ordnance Geological Survey (OGS) propounded that it was the result purely of natural differential erosion, particularly by ice in the Quaternary glaciation. The British Geological Survey, the OGS's modern successor, now supports Stukeley's theory.

In October 2015 with the University of Nottingham's Geospatial Institute undertook further study, as part of their "Three Stones Project". Since, in the past, laser mapping had not completely covered the stone, they employed a drone equipped with laser mapping cameras.

Black grime coats the Nottingham Castle Sandstone that forms the upper part of the inselberg, but there is none on the Lenton Sandstone below. The deposit is from industrial air pollution before the UK started to restrict air pollution, and illustrates the fact that the upper layer has eroded much more slowly than the lower. Wind erosion is continuing and will eventually destabilise the inselberg. The stone is now protected by an iron fence, next to which is an explanatory sign.

## Cultural responses

### Medieval

In the Middle Ages it was claimed that the Devil threw the stone there from Castleton, Derbyshire, about 40 miles (64 km) away, because the ringing of church bells annoyed him. Quite apart from the fancifulness of the legend, there is no New Red Sandstone outcrop in that part of Derbyshire from which the stone could have come.

### Modern

On 3 June 2002 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II a large bonfire was lit on the top of Hemlock Stone as part of the worldwide chain of 2,006 beacons lit, watched by a crowd of an estimated 2,000 spectators.

The stone is referenced in D.H. Lawrence's novel *Sons and Lovers.*

#### Hemlock Happening

From the Golden Jubilee celebration developed an annual free festival, the Hemlock Happening, that is held one day each June. It is organised by the communities of Stapleford and Bramcote and held in the Bramcote Walled Gardens near the stone. It usually lasts from 1 pm to 10:45 pm, showing the talents of local schools, groups and individuals and culminating in fireworks set off around the Stone at 10:30 pm. Some scheduled Hemlock Happenings are as follows:

* 10 June 2006 – attended by about 800 people
* 9 June 2007
* 7 June 2008
* 6 June 2009 – cancelled due to bad weather
* 12 June 2010
* 11 June 2011
* 2 June 2012 – Queen's Diamond Jubilee special
* 8 June 2013

Participating schools include George Spencer, St Johns Church of England and Bramcote Hills Primary School.

## Further reading

* Frost, DV; Smart, JGO (1979). "The Geology of the country north of Derby". *Memoir Geological Society GB*. Geological Society of London. sheet 125.
* Gibson, W; Pocock, TI; Wedd, CB; Sherlock, RL (1908). "The geology of the southern part of the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Coalfield". *Memoir Geological Society GB*. Geological Society of London.
* Morrell, RW (1988). *Nottingham's enigmatic Hemlock Stone* (3rd ed.). Nottingham: APRA Press.
* Shipman, J (1891). "The geology of Stapleford and Sandiacre". *Transactions*. Nottingham Naturalists' Society: 10–19.
* Stukeley, William (1776). *Itinerarium Curiosum*. Vol. 1. p. 54.
* Taylor, FM (1964). "The geology of the area west of Nottingham". *Mercian Geologist*. **1**. East Midlands Geological Society: 73–74.

## InfoBox

| Hemlock Stone Himlack Stone | |
| --- | --- |
| Inselberg | |
|  | |
| Hemlock StoneLocation within Nottinghamshire | |
| Coordinates: 52°56′34.93″N 1°15′29.14″W / 52.9430361°N 1.2580944°W / 52.9430361; -1.2580944 | |
| Location | Stapleford Hill, Stapleford, Nottinghamshire, England |


title: Hangsaman

abstract: Hangsaman is a 1951 gothic novel by American author Shirley Jackson. The second of Jackson's published novels, Hangsaman is a bildungsroman centering on lonely college freshman Natalie Waite, who descends into madness after enrolling in a liberal arts college. The novel takes its title from an old folk ballad. The official publisher's description of Hangsaman says the novel is "loosely based on the real-life disappearance of a Bennington College sophomore in 1946," referencing the case of Paula Jean Welden. At the time, Jackson was living in Bennington, Vermont, as her husband, Stanley Edgar Hyman, was employed at Bennington College, where Welden had been a student. However, Ruth Franklin's research for her 2016 biography of Jackson found no evidence the novel was inspired by Welden's disappearance. Jackson's text mixes satire with psychological elements as her protagonist spends half her time in an imaginary world.

text:
# Hangsaman

***Hangsaman*** is a 1951 gothic novel by American author Shirley Jackson. The second of Jackson's published novels, *Hangsaman* is a bildungsroman centering on lonely college freshman Natalie Waite, who descends into madness after enrolling in a liberal arts college.

The novel takes its title from an old folk ballad. The official publisher's description of *Hangsaman* says the novel is "loosely based on the real-life disappearance of a Bennington College sophomore in 1946," referencing the case of Paula Jean Welden. At the time, Jackson was living in Bennington, Vermont, as her husband, Stanley Edgar Hyman, was employed at Bennington College, where Welden had been a student. However, Ruth Franklin's research for her 2016 biography of Jackson found no evidence the novel was inspired by Welden's disappearance. Jackson's text mixes satire with psychological elements as her protagonist spends half her time in an imaginary world.

## Plot summary

On the verge of leaving for college, Natalie Waite feels oppressed by the expectations of her pompous, overbearing father, who imposes his personality on her, and by her miserable, defeated mother, whom Natalie sees as an example of the unhappy future that awaits her if she does not escape from home. Natalie withdraws into elaborate fantasies where she is a proud, unbreakable criminal being grilled by a detective for her crimes. On the eve of Natalie's departure for college, she is invited to her first adult party, where she witnesses her parents and their drunken colleagues at their most contemptible. Natalie experiments with different identities among the party-goers and seems to successfully intrigue an older man, only to be led by him into the woods behind the family's home where he sexually assaults her. The following morning, Natalie convinces herself that the assault did not happen.

Natalie leaves for her all-female college, where she is determined to reinvent herself. Most of her fellow students are too superficial and self-absorbed to even notice Natalie, who finds an uncomfortable place at the fringe of a group of popular girls. Natalie is briefly attracted to her self-important English professor, who is the object of Natalie's friends' romantic schemes. Soon Natalie sees that the man has the same flaws as her own father, and that the professor's resentful wife resembles Natalie's own classmates. She resumes her fantasy life, imagining herself as an implacable giant that destroys the college and devours its residents.

Natalie hears rumors of an impish student named Tony who is both scorned and secretly admired for her lack of conventionality. Natalie is determined to find and befriend Tony, but Tony seeks her out first. Natalie becomes preoccupied with Tony. Together they embark on a series of eccentric adventures wherein they exercise their shared creativity, focusing on their own difference from—and superiority to—the people around them. Natalie's reputation suffers due to her strange new behavior, but for the first time in her life, she no longer cares how others perceive her, even as Tony lures her into increasingly dangerous situations.

On a stormy afternoon, Tony persuades Natalie to take a bus to an unfamiliar location miles away from the college. Tony guides her to a lake with a closed amusement park, and Natalie follows her into a small forest. In the fallen darkness, Natalie loses Tony and sits on a log to wait for her, in a scene which mirrors the setting where Natalie was violated the first time. When Tony reappears, Natalie says that she wants to go home. Now uncomfortable with their intimacy, Natalie sets off on her own. An older couple drive up and insist on giving her a ride. They tell her they have a daughter who is same age as Natalie; they discuss what might happen to a girl who is out alone, and those things that parents don't know about their children's lives. The couple drop her off at a bridge near her school. During Natalie's last conversation with her father, he had stated that a radical shift in perspective, such as having a suicidal frame of mind, was necessary for one to clearly see one's own worth. Natalie climbs the rail of the bridge and hesitates. Finally, she turns back towards the college feeling powerful, unafraid, and grown up.

## References in other media

The 2020 film *Shirley* is a fictionalized account of the time in which Jackson was writing *Hangsaman*, depicting the novel's creation as being inspired both by the Welden disappearance and the life of a newly married couple boarding in the home of Jackson and her husband Stanley Hyman.

## InfoBox

Hangsaman
| Cover of first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Shirley Jackson |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Bildungsroman | Gothic fiction |
| Publisher | Farrar, Straus and Young |
| Publication date | 1951 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 191 |
| ISBN | 978-0143107040 current edition, published by Penguin |
| Preceded by | *The Road Through the Wall* |
| Followed by | *The Lottery and Other Stories* |


title: Gmina Suchożebry

abstract: Gmina Suchożebry is a rural gmina in Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Suchożebry, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north of Siedlce and 86 km (53 mi) east of Warsaw. The gmina covers an area of 100.71 square kilometres (38.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,598.

text:
# Gmina Suchożebry

**Gmina Suchożebry** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Suchożebry, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north of Siedlce and 86 km (53 mi) east of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 100.71 square kilometres (38.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,598 (4,730 in 2014).

## Villages

Gmina Suchożebry contains the villages and settlements of Borki Siedleckie, Brzozów, Kopcie, Kownaciska, Krynica, Krześlin, Krześlinek, Nakory, Podnieśno, Przygody, Sosna-Kicki, Sosna-Korabie, Sosna-Kozółki, Sosna-Trojanki, Stany Duże, Stany Małe, Suchożebry and Wola Suchożebrska.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Suchożebry is bordered by the gminas of Bielany, Mokobody, Mordy, Paprotnia and Siedlce.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Suchożebry Suchożebry Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
| Coordinates (Suchożebry): 52°16′N 22°15′E / 52.267°N 22.250°E / 52.267; 22.250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Masovian |
| County | Siedlce County |
| Seat | Suchożebry |
| Area | |
| Total | 100.71 km2 (38.88 sq mi) |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 4,730 |
| Density | 47/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.suchozebry.pl |


title: Victor Secombe

abstract: Lieutenant General Victor Clarence Secombe, was a general officer of the Australian Army. He served in the First and Second World Wars. Born in Glen Wills near Omeo, Victoria, Secombe graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in late 1917 and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Australian Imperial Force. He served with engineering units of the 5th Division during the last months of the First World War. Remaining in the military for the interwar period, he held a number of engineering postings in and later taught at Duntroon. During the early years of the Second World War, he served with the 7th Australian Division during the early stages of the North African Campaign before taking up engineering commands in the South West Pacific Area. After the war he served as Master-General of Ordnance and commanded Northern and Eastern Commands. He retired from the military in 1954 and took up cattle farming. He died in 1962 at the age of 65.

text:
# Victor Secombe

Lieutenant General **Victor Clarence Secombe**, CB, CBE (9 January 1897 – 3 February 1962) was a general officer of the Australian Army. He served in the First and Second World Wars.

Born in Glen Wills near Omeo, Victoria, Secombe graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in late 1917 and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Australian Imperial Force. He served with engineering units of the 5th Division during the last months of the First World War. Remaining in the military for the interwar period, he held a number of engineering postings in and later taught at Duntroon. During the early years of the Second World War, he served with the 7th Australian Division during the early stages of the North African Campaign before taking up engineering commands in the South West Pacific Area. After the war he served as Master-General of Ordnance and commanded Northern and Eastern Commands. He retired from the military in 1954 and took up cattle farming. He died in 1962 at the age of 65.

## Early life

Victor Clarence Secombe was born on 9 January 1897 at Glen Wills near Omeo, Victoria, to a miner and his wife. Educated initially at Swifts Creek State School, he later attended a boarding school at Ballarat. In 1915 he entered the Royal Military College at Duntroon. He graduated in late 1917.

## Military career

Secombe was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Australian Imperial Force in January 1918, and was posted to 15th Field Company, Engineers, on the Western Front. He became adjutant of the 5th Division engineers in January 1919. After attending an engineering course in England he returned to Australia at the end of 1919, and for the next several years held a number of staff positions with Royal Australian Engineer (RAE) units working on coastal defences. From 1922 to 1923, he attended Melbourne University, where he studied civil engineering. By 1936, he had been promoted to major and at the end of the year, joined the teaching staff at Duntroon.

Promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, he took up command of the engineering elements of 7th Australian Division in 1940. In May 1941, he was promoted to full colonel and became the assistant divisional adjutant and quartermaster-general for the Syria-Lebanon campaign. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire and mentioned in despatches for his work during this time.

In late 1941, Secombe transferred to I Corps headquarters as deputy-director, supply and transport. His new corps soon moved to the South West Pacific Area, and he was based firstly in Java and then in Australia. He was responsible for construction and lines of communication in New Guinea during the campaign there against the Japanese Empire. He held a succession of administrative posts for the remainder of the war. He was mentioned in despatches in 1943 and again after the war, in 1947. Following the Japanese surrender he was appointed the deputy quartermaster-general for the Army, and in 1946 became the Engineer-in-Chief of the General Staff.

Promoted to major general in early 1949, he was Master-General of Ordnance for nearly two years until he was appointed commander of Northern Command, based in Brisbane. His period in charge lasted for 12 months before he took over Eastern Command, based in Sydney. He later returned to Northern Command. He retired from the army on 4 April 1954 as an honorary lieutenant general.

## Later life

In 1955, Secombe was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. The same year, he was made colonel commandant of the RAE. In his retirement, he took up cattle farming on a 10,000 acre (4047 ha) property near Gatton, in Queensland. He later purchased an orchard at Kenmore. He died of cancer on 3 February 1962 in the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, South Brisbane, and was buried in Toowong Cemetery. He was survived by his wife, whom he married in 1929, and two children. A son, also a graduate of Duntroon, predeceased him.

## InfoBox

| Victor Clarence Secombe | |
| --- | --- |
| Brigadier Victor Secombe in Morotai, September 1945 | |
| Born | (1897-01-09)9 January 1897
Glen Wills, Victoria |
| Died | 3 February 1962(1962-02-03) (aged 65)
South Brisbane, Queensland |
| Buried | Toowong Cemetery |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service/branch | Australian Army |
| Years of service | 1915–1954 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands | Eastern Command (1951–52)
Northern Command (1950–51, 1952–54)
Royal Engineers, 7th Division (1940–41) |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Mentioned in Despatches (3)
Medal of Freedom (United States) |
| Other work | Farmer |


title: Hemlock Public School District

abstract: Hemlock Public School District is a school district headquartered in Hemlock, Michigan. It is a part of the Saginaw Intermediate School District, consists of 120 square miles (310 km⁲), and serves the Hemlock area, including Richland Township, western Thomas Township and central Fremont Township. Its schools include Hemlock Elementary School, K.C. Ling Elementary School, Hemlock Middle School, and Hemlock High School. The district was created in 1863 and is governed by a seven-member publicly elected board of education.

text:
# Hemlock Public School District

**Hemlock Public School District** is a school district headquartered in Hemlock, Michigan. It is a part of the Saginaw Intermediate School District, consists of 120 square miles (310 km2), and serves the Hemlock area, including Richland Township, western Thomas Township and central Fremont Township. Its schools include Hemlock Elementary School, K.C. Ling Elementary School, Hemlock Middle School, and Hemlock High School.

The district was created in 1863 and is governed by a seven-member publicly elected board of education.

## Notable alumni

* Quinn Nichols

## InfoBox

| Hemlock Public School District | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Hemlock, MichiganUS-MI United States | |
| Coordinates | 43°25′03″N 84°13′51″W / 43.41750°N 84.23090°W / 43.41750; -84.23090 (District office) |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Motto | Premier Provider of Excellence in Education |
| Grades | Pre-kindergarten through 12 |
| Established | 1863 (1863) |
| President | Matt Wesener |
| Vice-president | Dr. Katherine Ellison |
| Superintendent | Dr. Donald Killingbeck |
| Schools | Elementary 2
Middle 1
High 1 |
| Budget | US$12,361,000 (2010-11) |
| NCES District ID | 2618180 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 1,245 (2012-13) |
| Teachers | 67.80 (2012-13) |
| Staff | 83.31 (2012-13) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 18.36 (2012-13) |
| Athletic conference | Tri-Valley Conference |
| District mascot | Huskies |
| Colors |
Navy and White |
| Other information | |
| Intermediate school district | Saginaw Intermediate School District |
| Schedule | M-F except state holidays |
| Website | hemlockps.com |


title: Nel Fritz

abstract: Pieternella "Nel" Fritz is a retired Dutch gymnast. She competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events and finished in 14th place with the Dutch team. Her best individual result was 68th place on the balance beam.

text:
# Nel Fritz

**Pieternella "Nel" Fritz** (later **Zandee**; born 4 June 1937) is a retired Dutch gymnast. She competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events and finished in 14th place with the Dutch team. Her best individual result was 68th place on the balance beam.

## InfoBox

Nel Fritz
| Nel Fritz in 1961 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1937-06-04) 4 June 1937<br>Vlissingen, the Netherlands |
| Height | 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 59 kg (130 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Artistic gymnastics |
| Club | VTV, Vlissingen |


abstract: The United States Post Office Lenox Hill Station is located at 217 East 70th Street between Second and Third Avenues in the Lenox Hill neighborhood of the Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York City. It is a brick building constructed in 1935 and designed by Eric Kebbon in the Colonial Revival style, and is considered one of the finest post offices in that style in New York State. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, along with many other post offices in the state.

text:
# United States Post Office (Lenox Hill Station)

The **United States Post Office Lenox Hill Station** is located at 217 East 70th Street between Second and Third Avenues in the Lenox Hill neighborhood of the Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York City. It is a brick building constructed in 1935 and designed by Eric Kebbon in the Colonial Revival style, and is considered one of the finest post offices in that style in New York State. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, along with many other post offices in the state.

## Building

The post office is located on the north side of the street, midway between the two avenues. The neighboring buildings are large apartment houses, modern on either side of the post office and older across the street.

There are two sections to the building. Both are three stories in height, with the first story faced in rusticated limestone on a granite foundation and the upper stories in brick laid in Flemish bond with limestone trim. The five-bay main section has a three-bay central projecting front-gabled pavilion with a stone pediment. To the east is a three-bay wing with a segmental-arched garage.

On the main block, the south-facing first floor windows are all tripartite round-arched windows with 8-over-12 double-hung wooden sash windows in the center, five-pane sidelights and compound fanlights. They are complemented by a projecting keystone and radiating voussoirs.

The second floor windows are 12-over-12 double-hung sash with limestone balustrades in front on the main block. On the pavilion they are additionally topped with stone pediments; segmental arched with supporting brackets in the center and triangular in the middle. On the main block and the wing they have projecting stone lintels.

Above them, the third floor windows are four-over-eight sash with simple stone surrounds. The central window in the pavilion has a shouldered surround with volutes at the base. Below it a flagpole projects from a limestone panel between it and the second-story window below.

The pavilion's gable is trimmed in limestone. At its bottom is a plain frieze with "United States Post Office" carved into it. The entablature is set off by a cornice and has a central carved roundel depicting an eagle and shield. The shallow pitched roof is sheathed in metal.

Balustraded granite steps on either side of the projecting pavilion lead to the main entrances. They have bronze doors topped by blind fanlights with eagles carved in bas-relief. Original lamps are still in place. They open into a vestibule with rusticated limestone walls. The lobby has a terrazzo floor in gray, gold and black marble, green marble baseboard, applied Doric order in honey-colored marble around the entire room, square plaster cornice and shallow squared coffered plaster ceiling. Doors have limestone surrounds with marble transoms. Small Doric pilasters divide the teller windows, which retain their original bronze grilles. Three of the original customer tables remain. They are bronze with glass tops and Greek-inspired decorated bases.

## History

Lenox Hill was one of 12 post offices built in mid-1930s Manhattan as part of federal relief efforts in the face of the ongoing Great Depression. An amendment to the Public Buildings Act in 1930 gave the Treasury Department's Supervising Architect the authority to hire outside consulting architects to design buildings, to provide work for unemployed architects. In New York, many of those architects built post offices in the New York metropolitan area.

Eric Kebbon, still employed in private practice at the time, was retained to design five Manhattan post offices. Prior to working for the Treasury Department he had designed the AT&T building at Broadway and Fulton Street. Later he would, as the architect for the city's school system, design over a hundred school buildings.

Kebbon, unlike some other consulting architects, appears to have been given complete freedom in designing the Lenox Hill post office, which serves some of Manhattan's wealthiest neighborhoods. His design, which has been called the finest Colonial Revival post office in the state, is similar to his later Planetarium post office across town on the Upper West Side, but less restrained in its decoration. Many elements are common to other New York City post offices, such as the multi-story main block, full lot coverage and raised basement. Unlike many Colonial Revival post offices in the state, both inside and outside the city, it has two entrances on the side of the projecting pavilion instead of one entrance in the middle.

**Notes**

Media related to United States Post Office (Lenox Hill Station) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| United States Post Office
Lenox Hill Station | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| (2009) | |
|  | |
| Location | 217 East 70th Street
Manhattan, New York City |
| Coordinates | 40°46′4″N 73°57′36″W / 40.76778°N 73.96000°W / 40.76778; -73.96000 |
| Built | 1935 |
| Architect | Eric Kebbon; U.S. Treasury Department |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| MPS | US Post Offices in New York State, 1858-1943, TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 88002363 |
| Added to NRHP | May 11, 1989 |


title: Polistes fuscatus

abstract: Polistes fuscatus, whose common name is the dark or northern paper wasp, is widely found in eastern North America, from southern Canada through the southern United States. It often nests around human development. However, it greatly prefers areas in which wood is readily available for use as nest material, therefore they are also found near and in woodlands and savannas. P. fuscatus is a social wasp that is part of a complex society based around a single dominant foundress along with other cofoundresses and a dominance hierarchy.

text:
# Polistes fuscatus

***Polistes fuscatus***, whose common name is the **dark** or **northern paper wasp**, is widely found in eastern North America, from southern Canada through the southern United States. It often nests around human development. However, it greatly prefers areas in which wood is readily available for use as nest material, therefore they are also found near and in woodlands and savannas. *P. fuscatus* is a social wasp that is part of a complex society based around a single dominant foundress along with other cofoundresses and a dominance hierarchy.

## Taxonomy and phylogeny

*P. fuscatus* is a part of the order Hymenoptera, the suborder Apocrita, the family of Vespidae, and the subfamily Polistinae, the second-largest subfamily within the Vespidae, of which all are social wasps. The Polistinae comprise four tribes, including Polistini, Epiponini, Mischocyttarini, and Ropalidiini. It is characterized by two major behaviors: colony founding and reproductive dominance. *P. fuscatus* is part of the Polistini tribe and in the genus *Polistes*. *Polistes* is one of the five independent-founding groups. Older taxonomic concepts considered *P. fuscatus* to have a much broader definition, treating several species, including *P. apachus*, *P. aurifer*, *P. bellicosus*, *P. carolina*, *P. dorsalis*, *P. metricus*, and *P. rubiginosus*, as varieties or subspecies of a single species. A study in which bootstrap analysis was conducted concluded that the narrower definition of *P. fuscatus* is part of the New World subgenus *Fuscopolistes*. In addition to *P. fuscatus*, *Fuscopolistes* includes separate species concepts for *P. bellicosus*, *P. apachus*, *P. aurifer*, *P. carolina*, *P. dorsalis*, and *P. metricus*, all of which are the closest relatives of *P. fuscatus*.

## Description

The length of *P. fuscatus* often ranges between 15 and 21 mm (0.59 and 0.83 in). The fore wing length ranges between 11.5 and 17.0 mm (0.45 and 0.67 in); in general, the fore wing of males is above 13.0 mm (0.51 in), whereas females have a fore wing length above 11.0 mm (0.43 in). Both males and females have rather slender bodies and have a waist that connects the thorax to the abdomen. The female has a venomous sting. The pain of its sting is commonly compared to being pricked with a large needle, such of that of a tattoo. Like coloration (below), length can also vary by season of emergence.

The physical characteristics of the *P. fuscatus* are highly dependent on the geographic location of its habitat. Throughout the United States, three color pattern trends represent different regions throughout the country. The male is identified by its darkened apical flagellomeres in addition to its darkened dorsal surface of the apical flagellomeres that is common to other species of wasps. Northern females on the other hand are easily identified by the blackening of their entire bodies which may or may not have markings of other colors. Many southern *P. fuscatus* individuals, however, have additional markings and may resemble wasps of other species.

The facial and abdominal markings of *P. fuscatus* are highly variable, including a variety of different patterns, such as small dots, long stripes, clypeus blotches, yellow abdominal dots, upper clypeus stripes, and combinations of both clypeus edge and tip colorations. Furthermore, some wasps have these facial and abdominal patterns in brown and black instead of yellow. These marking colors, however, are often influenced by the geographic location of the wasp.

## Distribution and habitat

*Polistes fuscatus's* distribution along the eastern half of North America ranges from southern Canada to the United States. The most northern extent of its range is Chilcotin, British Columbia, and it reaches as far south as Texas and Florida. Although *P. fuscatus* prefers wooded areas for the readily available resources to build the nest, it also is often seen in areas which humans inhabit. Nests are produced using wood provided from their habitat, masticated with fluid produced by its mouth to create a pulp-like substance. However, a recently mutated form of the wasp has developed an attraction to colder lamps, such as fluorescent lamps, and they commonly use areas surrounding them as a habitat to lay their eggs.

Another eusocial wasp species, *Polistes dominula*, has been recognized as a threat to *P. fuscatus*. *P. dominula* has been displacing *P. fuscatus* at many of the formerly *P. fuscatus-*dominated areas. *P. dominula* was likely replacing *P. fuscatus* through indirect or exploitative competition, which was consistent with the finding that *P. dominula* was significantly more productive than *P. fuscatus*.

## Lifecycle

The lifecycle lasts about one year. In early spring, the new foundress emerging from diapause starts a new colony, building an umbrella-shaped nest made of a papery material and suspended from a single stalk. The foundress lays eggs into individual cells. The first generation is composed of infertile female workers. In the next generation, multiple foundresses are hatched with communal nests, but the other fertile females accept the dominance of a single female and raise offspring cooperatively. Later in summer, the next year's foundresses are produced, and they mate with males. The newly mated foundresses hibernate in winter, while old founding foundresses, workers (sterile females), and males die.

## Colony cycle

Colony stages can be separated into three stages based on nest content: pre-emergence (nest initiation to first adult), emergence-enlargement (emergence of first adult to beginning brood decline), and post-enlargement (no further new cell addition). The total number of wasps in the colony can be well over 200.

Prior to nest initiation, females come together post hibernation in clusters before separating and starting their own colonies in early spring. During this time, the wasps are particularly aggressive when other wasps encroach on their territory; this aggression may be associated with the development of their ovaries. Colony founding can be either independent or swarm founding. Independent founding consists of the founding of small, simple nests that are constructed without a paper envelope by a single or few foundresses with one or several inseminated egg-layers and no workers. Swarm founding includes the construction of large swarms and are founded by multiple foundresses with many workers. Nests are normally initiated by a single foundress during early May; however, if another foundress joins, the nest may be founded by several foundresses. In the early beginning of the founding of the nest, females exhibit much aggression in order to assert dominance to determine the hierarchical ranking; dominant females will exhibit oophagy and become foundresses.

In the beginning of the pre-emergence stage, there are very few eggs in the nest. The mean of the pre-emergence stage is about 48 days long; it includes the egg, larval, and pupal stages and may also be affected by nutrition and temperature. The first eggs that are laid are all female workers that can care for future reproductive females. After the first eggs are laid, both male and female eggs are laid until mid-September; the laying of male eggs has been shown to be correlated with increased oviposition rate of the dominant females. After the hatching of both male and female eggs, only female adults emerge, though eggs laid after the end of July no longer emerge and reach adulthood. The foundress disappears at the end of July, which is when both the number of laid eggs and the rate at which the growth of the nest declines, though other reproductive females may continue to lay eggs. The brood itself begins to decline towards late August, thus leading to the conclusion that brood declination occurs when reproduction no longer occurs. After reaching the post-enlargement behavior, brood destruction occurs in which wasps begin exhibiting abortive behavior by either throwing larva out or feeding them to existing nest mates; if not aborted, these larvae eventually emerge as abnormal adults. After this destruction, the adult wasps abandon the nests. Prior to hibernation, the wasps cluster together in aggregations to mate and then begin hibernation until the next season.

## Behavior

*Polistes fuscatus* is an eusocial organism that has a hierarchical social system usually centered around one foundress. Although this species is classified as eusocial, its social organization is not as evolved as other eusocial organisms. Foundress-initiated interactions can be placed into two broad categories: solicitations and non-solicitations. Solicitations include “receipt of water, nectar, pulp, or prey from returned foragers,” while non-solicitations include, “antennation, lunging/bumping, chasing, grappling, and biting”. Foundresses spend substantially less time off the nest compared to workers. Workers vary significantly in time spent off the nest, which correlates with foraging efforts. More dominant workers spend less time off the nest compared with less dominant workers. Other eusocial insects, such as soldier termites, have developed guard polymorphs that specialize in nest defense. Paper wasps on the other hand, have only workers and foundresses who defend the nest together. The foundress is the most aggressive defender of the nest since she has the most reproductive investment. In some cases, *Polistes fuscatus* has been shown to share nests with a closely related species, *Polistes metricus*.

### Dominance

*Polistes fuscatus* has a linear dominance hierarchy that revolves around the fertility of each individual wasp; those that are more dominant within the nest generally have the larger or more developed ovaries. The hierarchy is first formed in the pre-emergence period between foundresses in which they fight aggressively to establish dominance until the hierarchy is established, and only later formed among the workers of the colony such that they are integrated into the hierarchy. When the foundress is removed, the second highest ranking female then takes the foundress place in being the primary egg layer.

The posture of wasps is very telling of which is dominant or subordinate. The dominant wasp generally sits higher than the subordinate, whereas the subordinates have a lower stance. For wasps of equal rank, it is not uncommon for them to continuously try to rise higher and begin to aggressively fight each other until they fall due to losing their foothold. This is often called the falling fight, though it is more common for one wasp to act as a subordinate.

Dominance ranking may also affect the location females may be at within the nest and how far away wasps are spaced. In *P. fuscatus*, those who are higher on the dominance ranking make continuous darts at other lower-ranking wasps such that other wasps will not closely sit near the higher ranking wasp.

### Nest recognition

Members of a colony are able to recognize non-resident wasps by how they approach the nest and by their dominance behavior. Members of the colony approach the nest in a swift and purposeful fashion, whereas wasps that are not part of the colony hover by the nest and do not exhibit a specific direction. Oftentimes, they hover by the nest without landing. If spotted, members of the colony begin to act aggressively and alarm others of the possible intruder. Non-resident wasps are often chased out of the nest within the first five minutes of entering.

On occasion, however, resident wasps may mistake other resident wasps as non-resident wasps. This occurs when the mistaken wasp has just come back from foraging and is too full to obtain the velocity necessary to fly towards the nest as if it were a resident of the nest. Sometimes, to obtain the speed necessary, the wasp attempts to approach the nest several times. Dominance relations also allow for members to recognize nest mates as each wasp is of a particular rank; when a non-resident arrives and has no dominance rank, it is conceived as being unfamiliar. Wasps that are not part of the colony are only accepted without aggression when a dominance hierarchy or conflict has not occurred.

### Individual recognition

Individual recognition is highly important in the formation of behavioral interactions between members of different castes within a nest of *P. fuscatus*. The ability to recognize individuals is vital for the existence of a linear dominance hierarchy, which facilitates reproductive suppression and division of labor. Critically, the ability to recognize individuals also helps dictate how one wasp may treat another, whether it be to hold a dominant role or to act submissively within an interaction.

*Polistes fuscatus* can recognize individual nest-mates through specific facial and abdominal markings. One study indicated that if the facial and abdominal markings of a wasp were modified with acrylic paints, reintroduction of the modified individual would cause it to receive increased aggression until it was reintegrated back into the colony (i.e. when the nest-mates felt familiar with that wasp). The study was able to indicate that recognition was specific to the individual given that there was no relationship between specific markings and dominance rank, rather markings were purely used for individual recognition.

The ability to recognize individuals may be used to reduce aggressive interaction between individuals of different dominance ranks, as well as to help foundresses determine and regulate the amount of resources each individual within the nest receives. One mechanism for this reduced aggression occurs where colony members engage in social eavesdropping, where they observe the result of a dominance bout and infer their relative position in the hierarchy without engaging in a fight directly.

Researchers found that when *Polistes fuscatus* paper wasps live isolated, their anterior optic tubercle, the area responsible for processing visual colors, grows more relative to mushroom body. Moreover, they lose the ability to recognize other paper wasps' colored faces.

### Colony defense

A greater part in the division of labor in colony defense is given to the foundress of the colony. Foundresses come into contact and interact with non-resident wasps and returning nest-mates more compared to other resident wasps and are the first to come into contact with the wasp intruders at a much higher rate. Although this finding could be attributed to the foundress's location preference of being at the face of the nest, it was found that even normalizing for the preferred location, foundresses still encountered non-nest mates at a higher rate than expected. In addition, foundress wasps are much less tolerant of non-resident and returning nest mates compared to non-foundress nest mates; however, both the foundress and the colony members become less tolerant of non-resident wasps later on during the colony cycle.

Foundresses may be less tolerant of intruders compared to other colony members due to the consequences of accepting non-nest mates into the colony. Often, female intruders that join the colony attempt to evict the previous foundress and usurp the position. Whereas this result is harmful for the foundress, other members of the nest are not negatively impacted; they would simply remain in the nest and serve the new foundress. Therefore, much of the defense of the colony is left up to the foundress.

### Colony defense against vertebrate predators

*Polistes fuscatus* invests much in the nests. Nests provide locations that members of the colony can return to and act as a central location that can allow for more efficient work in reproduction and foraging behavior. Although nests can provide many benefits, it also has the disadvantage of concentrating all investment in one area; this concentration allows for vertebrate predators to have the ability to destroy an entire nest and therefore destroy all investment. Vertebrate predators of *P. fuscatus* include foxes, rodents, and birds. Judd's study on the defensive behavior of colonies of the paper wasp indicated that the behavior of wasps was highly dependent on reproductive investment. Prior to the emergence of many adult wasps, the wasps acted much more aggressively; however, when the nest no longer contained any brood and, therefore, not much investment, the wasps were much more likely to flee rather than act aggressively against the vertebrate predator.

### Foraging behavior

Edwards indicated in his work that social wasps, “collect water, plant fibers, and carbohydrates, and hunt arthropod prey or scavenge animal proteins.” Water is used for the following processes: nest cooling, construction, and metabolism; plant fibers are used for construction, and carbohydrates and protein is used as food and energy. Water is a vital resource for wasps given its many capabilities, and many wasps will go to a variety of places to obtain it, such as puddles and ponds, or even drinking fountains and faucets. Wasps are able to obtain water by imbibing it and regurgitating it once they return to the nest and are able to use it for construction by mixing it with the masticated plant fibers. These plant fibers are collected from dead wood. By mixing the plant fibers with water, wasps are able to create pulp which is then used to help the construction of nests.

*Polistes fuscatus* is considered to be a generalist prey forager, but may also act as a specialist due to its habit of commonly returning to a specific location or to prey on the same species. They use the scavenged animal protein from both vertebrates and arthropods such as: caterpillars, flies, alate ants, termites, spiders, bees, and other wasps to help the development of their brood. Social wasps collect carbohydrates from nectar, sap, and fruits and may store them within the nest; some wasps may even steal or consume carbohydrates from other carbohydrate foraging or making arthropods. Although the foraging of social wasps is not as developed as some other arthropod species given its weakness in recruitment, the ability to communicate to nest mates of the location of a resource stronghold, it may impact the greater ecosystem.

### Diet

*Polistes fuscatus* eats arthropod prey, animal proteins, carbohydrates and protein. They will eat caterpillars, flies, ants, termites, spiders, bees, and other wasps. Carbohydrates may include nectar, sap, and fruits.

### Differential egg eating

Egg laying by subordinate females and the oophagy of these eggs by dominant female wasps will occur until two weeks after the first female eggs emerge. Prior to these two weeks, egg layers will continuously eat other female wasps’ eggs approximately eleven minutes post being laid; however, no egg layers would ever eat their own eggs, indicating that they could recognize their own individual eggs. It can be conjectured that subordinate egg layers could not lay eggs as quickly as dominant egg layers given the dominant egg layers’ greater supply of ova from the subordinate egg layers indicating that oophagy and oviposition occur close together. Previous studies have also shown that subordinate egg layers may no longer lay eggs after associating with the higher-ranking females after a certain period; this is probably due to the necessity of expending energy during foraging and inability to invest as much into their own eggs.

## Sexual behavior

### Mating

Prior to hibernation, males and females will undergo mating; they will aggregate together in sunlit areas that are relatively higher in location. Males will sit out waiting to pursue females in order to mate. Once a female is spotted, unlike the usual passive male within the nest, the sexually responsive male will attempt to mount the female and begin performing abdominal stroking. Females will react aggressively in order to struggle free. If the female were to elude the male's hold, the male wasp would return to its position to attempt to copulate again. While copulating, the male exhibits several movements, such as abdominal stroking, extrusion of genitals, grasping the female abdomen, rhythmic antennal vibrations, and grasping of the female antennae. Antennas and antennal movement are important for copulation. Some studies have indicated that females without antenna and females who do not depress their antennae cannot copulate. It has also been proposed that antennal movements help copulation through assisting the attachment of genitals. In addition, research by Post and Jeanne has shown that *Polistes fuscatus* females have no preference on mating with related or unrelated males.

### Reproduction

The mating season for *Polistes fuscatus* is during the spring and summer, after the nest has been abandoned. Venom is released by females that contains a sex pheromone that induces copulatory behavior in males. The continual release of the venom causes males to try to copulate with females when they are unreceptive on the nest, thus interrupting the activities of the colony. After mating has occurred, the foundress will lay an initial generation of infertile female workers. Later on in the life of the nest, male and fertile female offspring are produced.

The eggs capable of becoming foundresses are laid during the summer. Laying these eggs during the summer ensures that the larvae are well-fed due to the great environmental conditions and abundance of food. These eggs hatch before fall and the resulting offspring hibernate during fall and winter. The new foundresses or co-foundresses emerge in the spring to begin new nests and lay eggs. After laying eggs that will later develop into new foundresses, the old foundresses die along with all accompanying workers and males. As opposed to other eusocial insects such as vespid wasps, *Polistes fuscatus* have not been found to preferentially mate with their siblings or have sibling recognition mechanisms to aid in kin selection during reproduction. This is surprising since there are many advantages of inbreeding for haplodiploid organisms.

### Sex allocation

According to Fisher's theory of sex ratio selection, when competition for mates is population wide, parents will evolve to invest equally in both sexes. However, in eusocial hierarchies, there is often conflict between the workers and the foundress to promote their genes within the colony. The foundress favors a 1:1 sex ratio, but the workers favor female progeny because they share approximately 75% (r=0.75) of their genes with their sisters, provided that the foundress only mated once. In *Polistes fuscatus*, the sex ratio is usually 1:1 for several reasons. First, males generally leave the nest to scout for mates soon after they reach adulthood, promoting population competition for mates. Second, the number of workers within a colony is relatively small (generally less than 40) making it less likely for a worker to confront the foundress. Also, since colonies are annual and workers are reared by the foundress's subordinate foundresses, the foundress can manipulate how much food they receive as larvae. *Polistes fuscatus* foundresses likely mate with multiple males so that the relatedness of workers is less than if they all shared the same father's genes. Finally, in the second generation of the foundresses offspring, males are usually reared earlier than reproductive females. Thus when the workers have the opportunity to bias the sex ratio, there are few male larvae present. Additionally, the males have usually completed part of their development, giving them a higher reproductive value than new eggs. Thus the costs of destroying male larvae or replacing the male larvae with their own eggs is not worth the investment.

Media related to Polistes fuscatus at Wikimedia Commons  Data related to Polistes fuscatus at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Polistes fuscatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Polistes fuscatus* from Virginia; dorsolateral view | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Subfamily: | Polistinae |
| Tribe: | Polistini |
| Genus: | *Polistes* |
| Species: | ***P. fuscatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polistes fuscatus***<br>(Fabricius, 1793) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Polistes exilis* Saussure, 1853 * *Polistes fortunatus* Kirby 1884 * *Polistes laurentianus* Bequard, 1942 * *Polistes pallidipes* Lepeletier, 1836 * *Polistes pallipes* Lepeletier, 1836 * *Polistes variatus* Cresson, 1872 * *Vespa nestor* Fabricius, 1798 | |


title: Tlachichuca

abstract: Tlachichuca (municipality) is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla in south-eastern Mexico. It is the starting point for many climbers wishing to ascend Pico de Orizaba. The municipality covers an area of 459.25 km⁲. The municipality has a total population of 7,181.

text:
# Tlachichuca

**Tlachichuca (municipality)** is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla in south-eastern Mexico. It is the starting point for many climbers wishing to ascend Pico de Orizaba. The municipality covers an area of 459.25 km2. The municipality has a total population of 7,181.

19°06′N 97°25′W / 19.100°N 97.417°W / 19.100; -97.417

## InfoBox

| Tlachichuca (municipality) | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
| Location of the municipality in Puebla | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Puebla |
| Area | |
| Total | 459.25 km2 (177.32 sq mi) |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 7,181 |
| Density | 16/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time) |


title: Hallaç, Şuhut

abstract: Hallaç is a village in the Şuhut District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 630 (2021).

text:
# Hallaç, Şuhut

**Hallaç** is a village in the Şuhut District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 630 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Hallaç | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| HallaçLocation in TurkeyHallaçHallaç (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 38°29′44″N 30°35′14″E / 38.4956°N 30.5872°E / 38.4956; 30.5872 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Afyonkarahisar |
| District | Şuhut |
| Population (2021) | 630 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


# Pakistani cricket team in India in 1952–53

The Pakistan national cricket team toured the republic of India in the 1952–53 season, playing five Tests. The First Test was the first-ever Test for Pakistan after its inception and the second match resulted in Pakistan's first Test victory. India won the series 2–1 with two Tests being drawn.

## The Pakistan team

## Tour matches

### Three-day: North Zone v Pakistanis

* Pakistanis won the toss and elected to bat.
* Prakash Bhandari (North Zone) picked his maiden five-wicket haul in first-class matches.

### Three-day: Central Zone v Pakistanis

* Pakistanis won the toss and elected to bat.
* Khurshid Ahmed scored a century on debut in first-class matches.
* *Mahmood Hussain claimed his first five-wicket haul in first-class matches.*

### Three-day: West Zone v Pakistanis

### Three-day: Bombay v Pakistanis

* Pakistanis won the toss and elected to bat.

### Three-day: South Zone v Pakistanis

* Pakistanis won the toss and elected to bat.

### Three-day: Indian Universities v Pakistanis

* Indian Universities won the toss and elected to bat.
* Hanif Mohammad (Pakistanis) passed 1,000 runs in first-class matches.

### Three-day: East Zone v Pakistanis

* Pakistanis won the toss and elected to bat.
* Raymond Lewis and B. Moitra (both East Zone) played respectively their debut and only first-class matches, while Nazar Mohammad (Pakistanis) played his last.

## Test matches

### 1st Test

* India won the toss and elected to bat.
* This was the first Test match for Pakistan. For all the Pakistani players except Abdul Kardar and Amir Elahi this was the debut Test. Kardar and Elahi had earlier played Test cricket for India.
* *Hemu Adhikari and Ghulam Ahmed broke the record for highest tenth wicket partnership for India, before Sachin Tendulkar and Zaheer Khan surpassed it in 2004 (133).*
* *Vinoo Mankad's 8/52 in Pakistan's first innings and 13/131 in the match were the best bowling figures recorded by an India bowler.*

### 2nd Test

### 3rd Test

### 4th Test

* Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
* No play was possible on the last two days because of rain.
* Ebrahim Maka (Ind) made his debut in Tests.

### 5th Test

* India won the toss and elected to field.
* Deepak Shodhan (Ind) made his debut in Tests.

## Aftermath

In 2003, to mark the 50th anniversary of the tour, the surviving members of the Pakistani team were awarded a commemorative medallion, a cash prize of 250,000 rupees, and a current green Pakistan blazer.

## Further reading

* "Pakistan in India, 1952", *Wisden* 1953, pp. 872–83
* Abdul Kardar, *Inaugural Test Matches*, 1954

## InfoBox

| Pakistan cricket team in India in 1952-53 | |
| --- | --- |
| Captains Abdul Kardar (left) and Lala Amarnath (right) with Indian President Rajendra Prasad (center) on the day of the first test, 16 October 1952 | |
| Date | 10 October 1952 – 24 December 1952 |
| Location | India |
| Result | India won the 5-Test series 2-1 |
| Teams  India  Pakistan  Captains  Lala Amarnath Abdul Kardar  Most runs  Polly Umrigar (258)
Vijay Hazare (223)
Vinoo Mankad (129) Waqar Hasan (357)
Hanif Mohammad (287)
Nazar Mohammad (277)  Most wickets  Vinoo Mankad (25)
Ghulam Ahmed (12)
Lala Amarnath (9) Fazal Mahmood (20)
Mahmood Hussain (12)
Amir Elahi (7) | |
|


title: Neaux

abstract: Neaux is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

text:
# Neaux

**Neaux** is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 374 |  |
| 1975 | 364 | −0.39% |
| 1982 | 383 | +0.73% |
| 1990 | 446 | +1.92% |
| 1999 | 443 | −0.07% |
| 2009 | 511 | +1.44% |
| 2014 | 494 | −0.67% |
| 2020 | 482 | −0.41% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Neaux | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Neaux | |
| NeauxNeaux | |
| Coordinates: 45°57′47″N 4°10′51″E / 45.9631°N 4.1808°E / 45.9631; 4.1808 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Loire |
| Arrondissement | Roanne |
| Canton | Le Coteau |
| Intercommunality | Pays entre Loire et Rhône |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Dominique Givre |
| Area**1** | 17.36 km2 (6.70 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 477 |
| Density | 27/km2 (71/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 42153 /42470 |
| Elevation | 294–606 m (965–1,988 ft)
(avg. 400 m or 1,300 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract: Saint Paul Catholic Church is a Catholic parish in Ellicott City, Maryland, county seat of Howard County. The parish was founded in 1838 and is part of the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Famous baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, who was raised in southwest Baltimore and attended old St. Mary's Industrial School on Wilkens Avenue – George Herman Ruth (1895–1948) was married here in October 1914 to Miss Margaret Helen Woodford. It is a two-story ashlar granite church which faces north, three bays wide and four bays deep. Its front facade includes two twin Roman arch windows each topped by a rose window, enclosed within a Roman arch lintel with keystone.

text:
# Saint Paul Catholic Church (Ellicott City, Maryland)

**Saint Paul Catholic Church** is a Catholic parish in Ellicott City, Maryland, county seat of Howard County. The parish was founded in 1838 and is part of the Archdiocese of Baltimore.

Famous baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees (and briefly Boston Braves), who was raised in southwest Baltimore and attended old St. Mary's Industrial School on Wilkens Avenue – George Herman ("Babe Ruth") Ruth (1895–1948) was married here in October 1914 to Miss Margaret Helen Woodford.

It is a two-story ashlar granite church which faces north, three bays wide and four bays deep. Its front facade includes two twin Roman arch windows each topped by a rose window, enclosed within a Roman arch lintel with keystone.

## History

Saint Paul Catholic Church was constructed on land in then Ellicott Mills acquired from George Ellicott, an early settler of the Ellicott family in the region along the rushing waters and falls of the upper Patapsco River.

The first priest and pastor of the church was the Rev. Henry B. Coskery, who served briefly for two years in 1838 to 1839. Prior to the establishment of the parish, he celebrated Mass at the nearby Castle Angelo. The church was dedicated on December 13, 1838, as the only Roman Catholic parish between Baltimore and Frederick, Maryland, 30 miles to the west. It is now the oldest active Catholic parish between Baltimore and Pittsburgh.

1838, is also the year that the Howard or Western District was set up from adjacent Anne Arundel County, because of the distance to the county seat and state capital of Annapolis on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay to the southeast. By 1851, the District was officially separated from Anne Arundel and erected into the 22nd jurisdiction of the state of Maryland as the newly named Howard County with its seat of government and courthouse set up in newly renamed Ellicott City., on the banks of the Patapsco on the eastern border of the new county adjacent to older Baltimore County, It was named after Colonel John Eager Howard (1752–1827), a Baltimorean and Marylander militia officer in the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War,

Father Coskery also established the ministry of the Christian Brothers' religious order to come and staff and support the nearby Rock Hill College (a boys boarding school / secondary school) in 1857, which had been founded three decades earlier in 1824. The stone structures of its buildings were erected outside Ellicott City following the American Civil War (1861–1865) with the guidance and help of Baltimore City's municipal architect George A. Frederick (1842–1924). He also designed the historic monumental Baltimore City Hall (under construction 1867–1875, renovated 1974–1975), plus numerous other City buildings, such as the old Baltimore City College's first structure in 1874–1875 at North Howard and West Centre Streets (replacement second building built in 1892–1899 and still standing). Some of the other designed municipal facilities and pavilions were especially notable in the several large parks such as Druid Hill and Patterson. But a half-century later the stone edifice of Rock Hill was tragically damaged in an accidental fire starting in a chimney in November 1923, when the school / college was 99 years old, leaving only gutted ruins and the stone facade walls.

The Rev. Augustin Verot (1804-1876), originally from France in 1830, after serving 23 years on the faculty of St. Mary's College and theological seminary (founded 1791 in Downtown Baltimore on North Paca Street, He was sent to Ellicott City shortly after the erection of the river town's designation as the county seat of the recently separated Howard County two years earlier in 1851. He served as fourth pastor of the St. Paul's church from 1853 to 1858, and was succeeded immediately by the fifth parish priest of the Rev. John Samuel Foley (1833–1918), who served here for five more years during the beginning of the tragic Civil War until 1863. Both later became ordained to the additional ministry of bishops (Father Verat later as Bishop of Savannah in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Savannah (Savannah, Georgia), and later also as vicar for adjacent Florida, subsequently Bishop of St. Augustine in the Diocese of St. Augustine); and Father Foley subsequently as Archbishop of Detroit in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit (Detroit, Michigan).

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), after nearby battles, the basement of the church served as a hospital for both United States Army / Union Army / Federal / Northern / "Yankees" troops and opposing Confederate States Army / Rebels / Southern soldiers and officers.

During the long ninth pastorate of the Rev. Peter Tarro (1883–1907), several structural improvements and additions of liturgical furniture were made to the church building. Three marble altars were added to the church nave / chancel, as were new pews, a confessional, Statues and artwork Stations of the Cross, stained-glass windows, a baptistery, and a prominent spire on the roof to landmark the church.

In the early 1900s, many couples who eloped to become married came to St. Paul's to have their private ceremonies. One of the most famous occurred on October 14, 1914, George Herman ("Babe Ruth") Ruth (1895–1948), and his bride Miss Margaret Helen Woodford were married in St. Paul's by the church's 12th pastor, the Rev. Thomas Dolan. He was 19 at the time and she was 17. He had just finished playing a short 1914 season with his home town team, the Baltimore Orioles (then playing 1903–1953 "in exile" in the International League "Triple AAA" minor league level) after being discovered and signed to a contract by longtime legendary owner / manager Jack Dunn (1872–1928), while he was completing at the St. Mary's Industrial School on Wilkens and Caton Avenues in the southwest City. Ruth had just been dubbed with his soon-to-be-famous nickname as "Dunnie's Babe" and was traded further north (initially as a pitcher) with the Boston Red Sox of the American League. His most famous sports seasons would occur in the subsequent decades with the "Bronx Bombers" of the New York Yankees Ruth, who was known to fabricate certain elements of his personal history, later claimed that he "married \[his\] first wife in Elkton." (the county seat of Cecil County in the northeast corner of the state, a well-known famed longtime "marriage mill" in those days for those couples coming from East Coast cities, with to a courthouse or churches with little or no waiting period or medical tests required). However, the marriage certificate on file here lists "Ellicott City" as the place of his marriage. For the curious or rabid baseball fans, a copy of the Ruths' 1914 Ellicott City, Howard County marriage certificate is exhibited by St. Paul's in the church narthex.

The St. Paul's Church is included in the territory . jurisdiction of the local designated Ellicott City Historic District. In a 1977 draft text nomination . application documents for the historic Roman Catholic church to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places, maintained by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior, (which appears never to have been officially submitted or acted upon), it was noted in the descriptive details that "In addition to its historical merit it is an outstanding example of American eclectic architecture, blending elements of the Gothic and Romanesque style architecture in its fenestration and entrances with simple granite stone architecture so indigenous to Howard County geology."

St. Paul's Church created a chapel for the young men students of the nearby Rock Hill College also run by the Christian Brothers religious order two years after they arrived in 1859 by parish priest Father Augusta Venot's invitation. The side chapel eventually however later became part of the church nave proper after the school closed in 1924 and was merged with another Roman Catholic high school / secondary school (Calvert Hall College, founded 1845) then in downtown Baltimore, also led and staffed by the Christian Brothers in November 1923 after the devastating accidental fire damaged its 60 years old stone buildings.

In the modern 21st century, St. Paul's served as a refuge for people during the devastating Ellicott City flood on the upper Patapsco River that took place on July 30, 2016. The church's pastor, the Rev. Warren Tanghe, opened one of the church's buildings to people fleeing the floodwaters. Over 50 people stayed in the church. 2 people died in the flood. The parish also hosted later flood recovery activity in 2017 with an assistance program.

## School

What is now Resurrection-St. Paul School was founded originally as St. Paul Parish School in 1922 at the direction of the St. Paul's then pastor, the Rev. Michael Ryan. In its early days it was staffed by the religious and educational order of the School Sisters of Notre Dame (S.S.N.D.)s in 1966, due to the growth of the school population and the lack of space on the St. Paul's property, the location was moved to Paulskirk Drive in Ellicott City, and the school was renamed St. Paul the Apostle School. In 1974, the Church of the Resurrection parish was established on the same property as the school, and it was renamed Resurrection School. In January 1990, the name was changed once more to Resurrection-St. Paul School. It is now fully supported by both parishes, and teaches students from Pre-Kindergarten through the 8th grade of Middle school.

In 2016, the school's enrollment was 425 students.

## Pastors

The following men served as pastor of St. Paul's:

* 1st – Rev. Henry B. Coskery (1838–1839)
* 2nd – Rev. B.S. Piot, SS. (1840–?)
* 3rd – Rev. B.J. McManus
* 4th – Rev. Augustin Verot (1853–1858)
* 5th – Rev. John Samuel Foley (1858–1863)
* 6th – Rev. T. O'Neill (1864–1870)
* 7th – Rev. William E. Starr (1870–1873)
* 8th – Rev. John J. Dougherty (1873–1883)
* 9th – Rev. Peter Tarro, D.D. (1883–1907)
* 10th – Rev. Michael Ryan (1907–1912)
* 11th – Rev. D.C. Keenan (1912–1914)
* 12th – Rev. Thomas S. Dolan (1914–1920)
* 13th – Rev. Michael Ryan (same as above; 1920–1953)
* 14th – Rev. Nicholas Dohony (1962–1986)
* 15th – Rev. Donald Croghan (1986–1992)
* 16th – Rev. Tom Donaghy (1992–2003)
* 17th – Rev. Michael Jendrek (2003–2008)
* 18th – Rev. Matthew T. Buening (2009–2015)
* 19th – Rev. Samuel Young (2015)
* 20th – Rev. Warren V. Tanghe (2016–2019)
* 21st – Msgr. John Dietzenbach (2020–present)

39°16′0.3″N 76°47′45.7″W / 39.266750°N 76.796028°W / 39.266750; -76.796028

## InfoBox

| Saint Paul Catholic Church, Ellicott City | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 3755 St Paul Street Ellicott City, Maryland, 21043 |
| Country | United States |
| Denomination | Catholic Church |
| Sui iuris church | Latin Church |
| Website | www.stpaulec.org |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Dedicated | December 13, 1838 |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Administration | |
| Archdiocese | Archdiocese of Baltimore |
| Clergy | |
| Archbishop | William E. Lori |
| Pastor(s) | Msgr. John Dietzenbach |
| Deacon(s) | Rev. Mr. George Krause, Rev. Mr Joe Knepper |