title: Twists of Terror

abstract: Twists of Terror, originally titled Primal Scream, is a 1997 Canadian made-for-television horror anthology film directed by Douglas Jackson and starring Jennifer Rubin, Françoise Robertson, Nick Mancuso and Joseph Ziegler.

text:
# Twists of Terror

***Twists of Terror***, originally titled ***Primal Scream***, is a 1997 Canadian made-for-television horror anthology film directed by Douglas Jackson and starring Jennifer Rubin, Françoise Robertson, Nick Mancuso and Joseph Ziegler.

## Plot

A collection of three macabre tales, presented by an agoraphobic middle-aged man, named Philip, who lives in a seedy section of Los Angeles. As he sorts through his piles of yellowed newspaper clippings, he relates his paranoid nightmares through three stories.

"The People You Meet" is based on a couple, Joe and Amy, who are on their second honeymoon, when they are forced off the road by a speeding sportscar. They get a lift from an odd local who is not what he seems. They pick up another hiker, who just happens to be a friend of the local, and they kidnap Joe and Amy and take them to an abandoned cabin. It concludes with the man and woman both turning on one another, as they had set each other up.

"The Clinic" finds a workaholic traveling salesman, Crenshaw, who after stopping for gas late one night in a nowhere town is attacked by a vicious dog. He finds sanctuary in a private clinic where he is treated by the young Dr. Roberts and a beautiful nurse. Very strange things seem to be happening in this clinic. Blood on the walls, bone chilling screams, patients dancing in the hall. Crenshaw is told that the hallucinations are caused by a rare form of rabies however it turns out that inmates have taken over the clinic, which is an asylum.

"Stolen Moments" shows a shy and pretty Cindy Craig who has trouble meeting men, living her life in an apartment with a plethora of pets. One evening she goes to a bar and is picked up by two men, they go back to an abandoned house and have sex, but then she murders them and resumes her life as the 'quiet' woman she is.

## Cast

## Production

The film was based on a screenplay by horror novelist John Shirley, known for his work on *The Crow*. It was produced by Canadian studio Filmline International (in conjunction with The Movie Network), with American studio Paramount Pictures later acquiring distribution rights. Filming occurred in Montreal, Quebec and Léry, Quebec. The cast consisted of local actors from Quebec and other parts of Canada, aside from the first segment, which features American actress Jennifer Rubin, who had notably appeared in the horror film *A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors* ten years prior.

Martin Neufeld, who appears in the second segment "The Clinic", later recalled that he was nervous to be working with veteran actor Nick Mancuso, saying on his website, "I had always been a fan of Nick Mancuso since his *Stingray* days, a show that I enjoyed immensely and watched regularly. So when I found out that I would be working with Nick I was very excited. Because 'The Clinic' was pretty much going to be a three hander between Nick, Jayne Heitmeyer and myself. But for some reason, I was extremely nervous on the first day of shooting. I only had a small scene that day with Nick, and yet I kept missing my mark. I wasn't getting into my light, I was struggling to remember my dialogue, I was sweating bullets, it was horrible. I felt terrible. And of course the worse I felt the more self conscious I became. And that is death for any actor. Thankfully Nick was really cool about the whole thing. We finally got the scene in the can and then I was fine. The rest of the shoot went extremely well."

## Release

*Twists of Terror* premiered on The Movie Network in its native Canada on July 2, 1997. Later in 1997, the film was released on video in Germany and Australia (where it received an 18+ rating for an explicit sex scene in the third segment), and then in the UK and Japan in April 1998.

The film made its television premiere in the US, October 17, 1998, on Showtime. It would continue to be aired heavily during the early 2000s, on both The Movie Network and Showtime.

It was released on VHS by Paramount in the US during April 1999, with a DVD later being released in Canada on November 26, 2003. It was also released on LaserDisc in Hong Kong by CIC Video.

## Reception

*Twists of Terror* is included in the 2000 book *Creature Features: The Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Movie Guide*, with author John Stanley writing "This loosely knit trilogy of horror stories, lifting its narrative styles from *Tales from the Crypt* and *Amazing Stories*, captures a surreal quality usually missing from this type of anthology. Scriptwriter John Shirley sets his stories in a dark world where innocence and guilt are turned topsy-turvy, where sex and retribution are the standards of the night. The only connecting link is a storyteller called simply "The Host," but he's an odd duck, having none of the cackling charm of the Cryptkeeper. No, this creepy yarnmeister is in dire need of a shave, haircut, and bath as he wanders through the upper story of a run-down mansion surrounded by old newspapers with screaming headlines that recount the tales he spins."

Allmovie gave the film two out of five stars and claim it "offers up three spooky stories." Reelfilm gave the film two and a half out of four stars in October 2001, and wrote "What really kills *Twists of Terror* is the painfully dull second story, which just seems to go on and on for far too long. And by the time the twist comes, it's really hard to care. The third tale isn't bad, but after that second one, all of my interest had vanished and was replaced by growing irritation. Mancuso was good, though, as was Rubin (she was also in the dreadful *Little Witches* \- it's really a shame that she's getting typecast as a horror chick)."

Canuxploitation.com wrote an unfavorable review, stating "As with much of his work, Jackson manages to put a nice professional sheen on *Twists of Terror*, but like so many Canadian direct-to-video timewasters, the film falls victim to its lack of resources--from an underdeveloped script to unconvincing actors and a wretched synthesizer score. The films trio of terrible tales may not be as flagrantly stupid as those in *Freakshow*, but they also fail to live up to the promise of *The Uncanny*, which managed to integrate an interesting wraparound vignette with its well-thought-out (if not always successful) stories. Too uninteresting and sanitized to recommend to the horror fans that might be interested in it, *Twists of Terror* is a triple disappointment."

Apollo Guide gave a rating of 31/100. Emanuel Levy awarded the film three out of five stars. The book DVD & Video Guide 2005 (Ballantine Books) gave the film two and a half out of five stars.

## InfoBox

| *Twists of Terror* | |
| --- | --- |
| American/UK VHS cover of "Twists of Terror" | |
| Genre | Horror, Thriller |
| Written by | John Shirley |
| Directed by | Douglas Jackson |
| Starring | Jennifer Rubin
Françoise Robertson
Nick Mancuso
Joseph Ziegler |
| Theme music composer | Alan Reeves |
| Country of origin | Canada |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Neil Meron
Craig Zadan |
| Producer | Nicolas Clermont |
| Editor | Glenn Berman |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Budget | $4.7 million |
| Original release | |
| Network | The Movie Network |
| Release | July 2, 1997 (1997-07-02) |


title: Gephyra pusilla

abstract: Gephyra pusilla is a species of snout moth in the genus Gephyra. It was described by Cajetan Felder, Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875 and is known from Brazil.

text:
# Gephyra pusilla

***Gephyra pusilla*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Gephyra*. It was described by Cajetan Felder, Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875 and is known from Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Gephyra pusilla* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Gephyra* |
| Species: | ***G. pusilla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gephyra pusilla***<br>(C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tamyra pusilla* Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 | |


title: Gephyra cynisca

abstract: Gephyra cynisca is a species of snout moth in the genus Gephyra. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1895, and is known from Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama.

text:
# Gephyra cynisca

***Gephyra cynisca*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Gephyra*. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1895, and is known from Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Gephyra cynisca* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Gephyra* |
| Species: | ***G. cynisca*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gephyra cynisca***<br>(H. Druce, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oectoperia cynisca* H. Druce, 1895 * *Replicia inchoalis* Dyar, 1914 | |


title: Promoting Equality in African Schools

abstract: Promoting Equality in African Schools (PEAS) is a UK-based charity that builds, develops and runs low fee secondary schools in Uganda and Zambia.

text:
# Promoting Equality in African Schools

**Promoting Equality in African Schools** (PEAS) is a UK-based charity that builds, develops and runs low fee secondary schools in Uganda and Zambia.

## Overview

PEAS was founded in 2008 by social entrepreneur John Rendel, a Teach First graduate, after visiting Uganda as a student and discovering the huge need for secondary education following the Ugandan governments' free universal primary education (UPE) policy. A similar trend across African has seen a boost in primary enrolment yet demand for secondary education is largely unmet: only about 23% of girls and 27% of boys are enrolled at secondary level, largely due to a lack of schools.

John Rendel, who has won an Unltd Award for Social Entrepreneurship was named in the Courvoisier Future 500 as one of five young leaders in the public and social sectors, founded Promoting Equality in African Schools (PEAS) in 2004

PEAS has teams in the UK, Uganda and Zambia, working to both raise money (in the UK) and implement the PEAS SmartAid approach. As a result, there are currently 22 schools across the PEAS network in Uganda and Zambia, with several new schools under construction, including one in Zambia. The existing PEAS schools are:

* Onwards and Upwards Secondary School
* Forest High School
* Sarah Ntiiro High School
* Kiira View Secondary School
* Green Shoots Secondary School
* Lamwo Kuc Ki Gen High School
* Hibiscus High School
* Pioneer High School

## Principles

PEAS is a UK charity with no religious or political agenda. It is built on the following principles that aim to eliminate the problems experienced by many development organisations around the world.

* Sustainability – Every PEAS school covers its own running costs through low fees, government subsidies and income generating projects. Even the costs of the PEAS Uganda audit and educational inspection teams in Uganda are funded from excess revenues from the schools.
* Local Ownership – Every PEAS school is run by Ugandans for Ugandans with support from UK partners. Each PEAS school has a local Board of Governors.
* Avoiding Market Distortions – PEAS schools are only built in areas where there is high demand for extra secondary school provision. In many areas, primary school leavers are unable to continue their education. Schools are marketed to those in greatest need and PEAS is working to help improve existing affordable schools at the same time as launching more and more within its network.
* Collaboration with government – PEAS works closely with the Ugandan Ministry of Education and the wider Ugandan government. The success of the schools depends on working within the educational framework laid out by the Ugandan government. In 2011, PEAS engaged further with the Ugandan Government through a Public-Private Partnership: 3 schools have rolled out the Universal Secondary Education (USE) program from the start of 2011. This means that education is free at the point of use for the student, thus expanding access to education to those otherwise unable to afford it.
* Transparency – PEAS never gives or receives bribes. This transparency is upheld through clear accounting and all PEAS annual accounts are available on their website for public perusal.

## Values

PEAS emphasises certain values that form the basis of their approach to education and schools:

* Equal access – PEAS schools are open to all students irrespective of ability and personal characteristics. PEAS schools never discriminate on the basis of ethnicity, religion, gender, physical disability or primary school performance.
* Personal security – PEAS schools are safe places that work to instill positive behavioural management systems, which help Ugandan staff move away from the use of corporal punishment. PEAS carries out risk assessment inspections in all the schools.
* Relevant learning – As a minimum, PEAS schools guarantee that students leave with literacy, numeracy, and at least one vocational skill. The latter is emphasised through Income Generating Projects such as bee-keeping and brick-making.
* Professional development – Through extensive inspection and reciprocal lesson observation, PEAS embeds student-centred learning and professional accountability where staff are responsible for their own success.

PEAS Uganda implements this PEAS vision, supporting each individual school. A Director of Finance financially audits every school, every term, to ensure efficiency and accountability. The Director of Educational Excellence inspects every school, every year, in order to maintain and improve teaching standards to help students learn more. Teachers benefit from continuous professional development, and salaries paid in full, on time, every month, which is a practice still rare in Uganda.

PEAS recently held its first annual teachers conference in Kampala, Uganda, bringing together teachers from across the PEAS network to share experiences and lesson. PEAS also promotes opportunities for the students to practice the skills they have learned, such as through a public speaking competition.

## A unique approach to aid

All PEAS schools operate a SmartAid model, a sustainable way of giving aid that prioritises local ownership and long-term sustainability.

The SmartAid model means that PEAS fundraises the capital for the building and start-up costs of a school. As a result, a PEAS school is able to open debt-free, allowing it to charge fees that are low because they merely need to cover the running costs of the school. The income from the low fees is supplemented by income-generating projects (which also teach the students important business and vocational skills).

PEAS schools typically become financially self-sustaining within a year of opening, allowing them to run independently of UK fundraising, which is the key to sustainable development. This means that funds raised by the PEAS team in the UK can be spent on creating even more new schools allowing PEAS to provide thousands and thousands of new secondary school places for young people.

## Bridges to Africa

Bridges to Africa is a national sponsored walk organised by PEAS, involving students from schools across London and the UK that has been running since 2006. Students join to complete 10 km bridge walks in London, Manchester and Birmingham. The money raised by students is used to help build new affordable secondary schools in Uganda and Zambia through the charity. In the past, the event has been attended by then Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown and Channel 4 new presenter Jon Snow. The walk takes place yearly, in May.

Over 5000 students have walked the bridges of the UK in the past years, helping to raise £100,000.


title: Rockbot (band)

abstract: Rockbot is an American music group from Richmond, Virginia, with a sound self-defined as "Atari rock", combining synth pop, video game sound effects, and heavy metal music. As bassist Jonathan Sullivan, formerly with the group Jack's Mannequin, and guitarist Clark Fraley joined together to form the band, they wished to feature a female singer, and were introduced to New York-based Apollo Smile. Reinforced by Bryan Stiglich on drums, Adam Thomas on Moog synthesizer, and guitarist Steve Burner, Rockbot went on to record debut extended play Joystick in 2002. In 2003, Smile departed the band and was replaced with Kelli Hoosack. That year, they released their first full-length, Atari Rock. In January 2004, Laura Thomas took the vocal role and also added keyboards. In 2006, Thomas, Fraley and guitarist Steve Burner left to form their own band, The Sort.

text:
# Rockbot (band)

**Rockbot** is an American music group from Richmond, Virginia, with a sound self-defined as "Atari rock", combining synth pop, video game sound effects, and heavy metal music. As bassist Jonathan Sullivan, formerly with the group Jack's Mannequin, and guitarist Clark Fraley joined together to form the band, they wished to feature a female singer, and were introduced to New York-based Apollo Smile. Reinforced by Bryan Stiglich on drums, Adam Thomas on Moog synthesizer, and guitarist Steve Burner, Rockbot went on to record debut extended play *Joystick* in 2002. In 2003, Smile departed the band and was replaced with Kelli Hoosack. That year, they released their first full-length, *Atari Rock*. In January 2004, Laura Thomas took the vocal role and also added keyboards.

In 2006, Thomas, Fraley and guitarist Steve Burner left to form their own band, The Sort.

## Discography

### *Atari Rock*

* "Know This"
* "Blaze Green"
* "Just Fine"
* "Dennis Scott"
* "Comes To Us"
* "Cops"
* "Passed Out"
* "Without You"
* "Bomb Song"
* Artist: Rockbot
* Album: Atari Rock
* Released: 2003
* Credits:
    + Jonathan Sullivan - vocals, bass
    + Kelli Hoosack - vocals
    + Clark Fraley - guitar
    + Steve Burner - guitar, vocals
    + Bryan Stiglich - drums
    + Adam Thomas - synth
    + Jenny Vasques - guest vocals on Bomb Song

Recorded by Laferrera @ the Recorditorium. Mastered by rainmaker all songs copyright Rockbot 2003 except "You dropped a bomb on me".

### *Joystick*

* "Passed Out"
* "Bong Song"
* "Puzzle"
* "Wack"
* "Breathe"
* Artist: Rockbot
* Album: Joystick
* Released: 2002
* Credits:
    + Jonathan Sullivan - bass, vox, whammy bass
    + Clark Fraley - guitar
    + Apollo Smile - vox
    + Adam Thomas - moog, sinakone
* "all guitars by C. Fraley"
* "all synths by J.Sullivan, C.Fraley"
* Brian Stiglich - drums
* drums "passed out", "breathe", "puzzle" by Justin Riccio
* drums "wack" by Bryan Stiglich
* drums "bong song" by Tony Thaxton
* drums "wack", "bong song" recorded by Ben Catania @ Digital pig studios, RVA
* drums "passed out", "breathe", "puzzle" recorded by Jeremy Smith at The Slave Pit, RVA
* vox recorded by Stephen Tjaden @ Funhouse Studios, NYC
* mixed by lafff @ Sound of Music Studios, RVA
* mastered by Chris Douthit @ Bump your head studios, RVA
* everything else recorded @ teletran 1 studios, Oregon Hill


title: HLA-A66

abstract:
HLA-A66 (A66) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α⁶⁶ subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A66, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A*66 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. A66 and A*66 are almost synonymous in meaning.
A66 is a split antigen of the broad antigen serotype A10. A66 is a sister serotype of A25, A26, A34, and A43. A66 is more common in Africa and Southwest Europe. A66 (A*6601) is believed to have been formed by a single gene conversion between another HLA-A and the A*2601 allele..

text:
# HLA-A66

**HLA-A66** (A66) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α66 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A66, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A\*66 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. A66 and A\*66 are almost synonymous in meaning. A66 is a split antigen of the broad antigen serotype A10. A66 is a sister serotype of A25, A26, A34, and A43.

A66 is more common in Africa and Southwest Europe. A66 (A\*6601) is believed to have been formed by a single gene conversion between another HLA-A and the A\*2601 allele..

## Serotype

A66 recognition of some HLA A\*66 gene products
| A\*66 | **A66** | A10 | A26 | A34 | Sample |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| allele | % | % | % | % | size (N) |
| \*6601 | 20 | 10 | 61 | 8 | 799 |
| \*6602 | 38 | 10 | 4 | 27 | 205 |
| \*6603 | 32 | 7 | 7 | 18 | 28 |
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A66 serotyping is poor. A\*6601 is also sometimes recognized by A25, and A\*6602 is often recognized by A74.

## A\*6601 Frequencies

HLA A\*6601 frequencies
|  |  | freq |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
|  | Cameroon Sawa | 7.7 |
|  | Kenya Luo | 6.8 |
|  | Cameroon Sawa | 7.7 |
|  | Cameroon Bakola Pygmy | 5.8 |
|  | Cameroon Baka Pygmy | 5.0 |
|  | Kenya Nandi | 5.0 |
|  | Zimbabwe Harare Shona | 0.2 |
|  | Cameroon Baka Pygmy | 5.0 |
|  | Cameroon Beti | 4.6 |
|  | Cameroon Bamileke | 4.5 |
|  | India West Bhils | 4.0 |
|  | Zimbabwe Harere Shona | 3.8 |
|  | Uganda Kampala | 3.8 |
|  | India Mumbai Marathas | 2.5 |
|  | Cape Verde Northwestern | 2.5 |
|  | Czech republic | 2.4 |
|  | Morocco Nador Metalsa | 2.1 |
|  | Central Portugal | 2.0 |
|  | India West Parsis | 2.0 |
|  | South African Natal Zulu | 2.0 |
|  | Kenya | 1.7 |
|  | Tunisia Tunis | 1.7 |
|  | Guinea Bissau | 1.5 |
|  | Georgia Tbilisi | 1.4 |
|  | Zambia Lusaka | 1.2 |
|  | Italy Bergamo | 1.1 |
|  | Pakistan Karachi Parsi | 1.1 |
|  | Oman | 0.8 |
|  | Sudanese | 0.8 |
|  | Belgium | 0.5 |
|  | Southeast France | 0.4 |
|  | Mongolia Buriat | 0.4 |
|  | Wales | 0.2 |

HLA A\*6602 frequencies
|  |  | freq |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
|  | South African Natal Zulu | 1.5 |
|  | Cameroon Yaounde | 1.1 |
|  | Cameroon Bamileke | 0.6 |
|  | Senegal Niokholo Mandenka | 0.5 |
|  | Kenya Nandi | 0.4 |
|  | Zimbabwe Harare Shona | 0.2 |
|  | Wales | 0.03 |
| HLA A\*6603 frequencies | | |
|  |  | freq |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
|  | Cameroon Pygmy Baka | 10.0 |
|  | Cameroon Bakola Pygmy | 9.0 |
|  | Cameroon Sawa | 7.7 |
|  | CAR Mbenzele Pygmy | 2.8 |
|  | Zimbabwe Harare Shona | 0.2 |

## InfoBox

| HLA-A66 | |
| --- | --- |
| (MHC Class I,  cell surface antigen) | |
| HLA-A66 | |
| About | |
| Protein | transmembrane receptor/ligand |
| Structure | αβ heterodimer |
| Subunits | HLA-A\*66--, β2-microglobulin |
| Older names | A10 |
| Subtypes | |
| Subtype allele Available structures  A66.1 \*6601   A66.2 \*6602   {{{cNick3}}} \*66{{{cAllele3}}}   {{{cNick4}}} \*66{{{cAllele4}}} | |
| Rare alleles | |
| Subtype allele Available structures  A66.3 \*6603   {{{rnick2}}} \*66{{{rallele2}}}   {{{rnick3}}} \*66{{{rallele3}}} | |
| Alleles link-out to IMGT/HLA database at EBI | |


title: Ilagan Sports Complex

abstract: The City of Ilagan Sports Complex is a sports facility complex situated in Ilagan City, Isabela, Philippines. It was formerly called as Paguirigan Memorial Athletic Stadium before the construction of the new modern sports facility. The groundbreaking of the facility was held in October 2014. It was constructed in preparation for the 2016 Cagayan Valley Regional Athletic Association (CAVRAA) sports tournament. It was formally inaugurated on November 23, 2015. The construction of the sports facility was made possible through the initiative of the city government of Ilagan and was financed by Landbank. The 2016 and 2017 Cagayan Valley Regional Athletic Association (CAVRAA) meet was successfully staged at the sports venue held from February 24 to 29, 2016 and February 22 to 28, 2017, respectively. The sports facility was the chosen venue by the Philippine Athletics Track and Field Association (PATAFA), Inc. for the 2017, 2018 and 2019 Ayala Philippine Athletics Championships, 12th and 14th South East Asia Youth Athletics Championship and the 2017 Philippine National Open Invitational Athletics Championship. It is the first and only Philippine sports complex in this decade to have an International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) certified track and field competition venue.

text:
# Ilagan Sports Complex

The **City of Ilagan Sports Complex** is a sports facility complex situated in Ilagan City, Isabela, Philippines. It was formerly called as Paguirigan Memorial Athletic Stadium before the construction of the new modern sports facility.

The groundbreaking of the facility was held in October 2014. It was constructed in preparation for the 2016 Cagayan Valley Regional Athletic Association (CAVRAA) sports tournament. It was formally inaugurated on November 23, 2015. The construction of the sports facility was made possible through the initiative of the city government of Ilagan and was financed by Landbank.

The 2016 and 2017 Cagayan Valley Regional Athletic Association (CAVRAA) meet was successfully staged at the sports venue held from February 24 to 29, 2016 and February 22 to 28, 2017, respectively. The sports facility was the chosen venue by the *Philippine Athletics Track and Field Association (PATAFA), Inc.* for the *2017, 2018 and 2019 Ayala Philippine Athletics Championships*, *12th and 14th South East Asia Youth Athletics Championship* and the *2017 Philippine National Open Invitational Athletics Championship*. It is the first and only Philippine sports complex in this decade to have an *International Association of Athletics Federations* (IAAF) certified track and field competition venue.

## InfoBox

Ilagan Sports Complex
| The facility during the 12th Southeast Asian Youth Athletic Championship Games in 2017. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | City of Ilagan Sports Complex |
| Location | Ilagan City, Isabela, Philippines |
| Coordinates | 17°8′35.5″N 121°53′14.1″E / 17.143194°N 121.887250°E / 17.143194; 121.887250 |
| Owner | City Government of Ilagan |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | October 2014 |
| Opened | November 2015 |


title: Haida Gwaii: On the Edge of the World

abstract: Haida Gwaii: On the Edge of the World is a 2015 Canadian feature documentary film directed by Charles Wilkinson, and produced by Charles Wilkinson, Tina Schliessler, and Kevin Eastwood for the Knowledge Network. The film premiered on April 28, 2015 at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival where it won the award for Best Canadian Feature Documentary.

text:
# Haida Gwaii: On the Edge of the World

***Haida Gwaii: On the Edge of the World*** is a 2015 Canadian feature documentary film directed by Charles Wilkinson, and produced by Charles Wilkinson, Tina Schliessler, and Kevin Eastwood for the Knowledge Network. The film premiered on April 28, 2015 at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival where it won the award for Best Canadian Feature Documentary.

## Synopsis

The film depicts a group of inhabitants living in Haida Gwaii, a remote archipelago off the Northwest coast of Canada. Recently named one of the "Must See Places in the World" by National Geographic, Haida Gwaii is widely regarded as one of the last and most pristine natural places on Earth. It is also one of the only places in North America where natives actually outnumber (and out-vote) non-natives. For over 10,000 years, the Haida people have survived wildly fluctuating sea levels, climate change and natural disasters. The film profiles a unique community of individuals from both groups who are all striving in different ways to restore balance to the islands, turn their economy around, and build a sustainable culture for the next generation.

## Release

*Haida Gwaii: On the Edge of the World* had its world premiere at the TIFF Bell Lightbox on April 28, 2015 as part of Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in Toronto. The Western Canadian premiere took place at The Vancouver Playhouse Theatre on September 29, 2015 as part of the Vancouver International Film Festival.

## Reception

The film was received favourably by several film critics:

Marsha Lederman of *The Globe and Mail* called it a "spectacular-looking documentary" and wrote: "So much more than a profile of \[Haida Gwaii\] and the cast of characters who populate it, this film captures the heart and heartbreak of the clashes it has seen, primarily over logging".

Adrian Mack of the Georgia Straight called it "a surprisingly ebullient (and spectacularly lensed)" film.

Greg Klymkiw of Film Corner said the film "might well provide the most persuasive aesthetic argument to save these islands at all costs". He also wrote: "Hats off to Wilkinson for crafting a film which walks tall, yet softly and carries the big stick of our ultimate salvation, the environment itself and, of course, its people, the Haida."

Jess Rogers of Matinee wrote "The genius of this movie... is that you see most of the sides of this people."

## Awards

At the 2015 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, the film won the Best Canadian Feature Documentary Award.

At the 2015 Vancouver International Film Festival, the film won the award for Most Popular Canadian Documentary, based on audience balloting.

At the 2016 Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards, the film won three awards: best Canadian Documentary, Best British Columbia Film and Best Director of a British Columbia Film.

At the 2016 Directors Guild of Canada Awards, the film won the Allan King Award for Excellence in Documentary.

## InfoBox

| Haida Gwaii: On the Edge of the World | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | Charles Wilkinson |
| Produced by | Tina Schliessler
Charles Wilkinson
Kevin Eastwood
Murray Battle |
| Cinematography | Charles Wilkinson |
| Edited by | Tina Schliessler
Charles Wilkinson |
| Production
company | Shore Films Inc. |
| Distributed by | Knowledge Network |
| Release date | * April 28, 2015 (2015-04-28) (Hot Docs) |
| Running time | 74 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Hadley Fraser

abstract: Robert Hugh "Hadley" Fraser is an English actor and singer. He made his West End debut as Marius Pontmercy in Les Misérables. He also originated the role of Tiernan in the Broadway show The Pirate Queen. Fraser’s other West End credits include Inspector Javert in Les Misérables, Frederick Frankenstein in Young Frankenstein, Anatoly Sergievsky in Chess, Archibald Craven in The Secret Garden, and many others. He also played Raoul de Chagny in The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall, Grantaire in Les Misérables in Concert: The 25th Anniversary, and Billy Bigelow in Carousel at Cadogan Hall.

text:
# Hadley Fraser

**Robert Hugh** "**Hadley**" **Fraser** (born 21 April 1980) is an English actor and singer. He made his West End debut as Marius Pontmercy in *Les Misérables*. He also originated the role of Tiernan in the Broadway show *The Pirate Queen*.

Fraser’s other West End credits include Inspector Javert in *Les Misérables*, Frederick Frankenstein in *Young Frankenstein*, Anatoly Sergievsky in *Chess*, Archibald Craven in *The Secret Garden*, and many others. He also played Raoul de Chagny in *The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall*, Grantaire in *Les Misérables in Concert: The 25th Anniversary*, and Billy Bigelow in *Carousel* at Cadogan Hall.

## Early life and education

Fraser was born in Windsor, Berkshire. He holds a BA from Birmingham University and a Postgraduate Diploma from the Royal Academy of Music. In 2011, he was made an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music, or ARAM.

## Personal life

On 5 October 2014, Hadley married his long-time girlfriend, actress Rosalie Craig. The couple have a daughter.

## Career

Fraser has performed in a number of West End productions and played Gareth in the *Doctor Who* episode "Army of Ghosts" (2006).

In 2009, Fraser played the recurring role of Reed in *The Fresh Beat Band* season 1; in the last 2 seasons, he was replaced by Patrick Levis. In May 2010, he returned to the West End to play the role of El Gallo in *The Fantasticks*.

In October 2010, Fraser sang the *Les Misérables* role of Grantaire in the *25th Anniversary concert* in the West End.

On 23 June 2011, Fraser returned to the West End production of *Les Misérables*, this time to play the role of Javert. He received critical acclaim for the role and remained with the show until June 2012.

On 1 and 2 October 2011, Fraser played Raoul in the 25th anniversary staging of *The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall* in London. He appeared alongside Ramin Karimloo and Sierra Boggess, who played the Phantom and Christine respectively. Fraser also co-starred with Karimloo in the 25th Anniversary concert of *Les Misérables* and they both made their West End debuts in the show in 2002 where Karimloo understudied Fraser. Hadley has written music for a band called "Sheytoons" with Karimloo, including "Heading West" and "Driftwood".

Fraser appeared in the film adaptation of *Les Misérables* as the Army General of the National Guard.

In 2012, Fraser sang "Beyond the Door" on the concept album for *The In-Between*, as the character of Calicus.

Fraser appeared aside Tom Hiddleston in the Donmar Warehouse's production of Coriolanus from 6 December 2013 to 13 February 2014.

In December 2014, he returned to the Donmar Warehouse to play Stine in *City of Angels*, alongside his wife Rosalie Craig as Gabby/Bobbi and Samantha Barks as Mallory/Avril.

An avid musician as well, Fraser can be heard on Scott Alan's releases *Keys* and *Scott Alan LIVE*, as well as his own EP, "Just Let Go", released in August 2014 via social media and digital download (no hardcopy has been released).

He was the co-lyricist and co-book writer (with Josie Rourke) for the verbatim musical *Committee...* (full title *The Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee Takes Oral Evidence on Whitehall's Relationship with Kids Company*) with music by Tom Deering, which premiered at the Donmar Warehouse from 23 June to 12 August 2017.

He played Frederick Frankenstein in the UK premiere of the musical *Young Frankenstein* in August 2017, at the Garrick Theatre in London's West End, following a tryout run at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle. In May 2019, he played Billy Bigelow in a concert of *Carousel*.

In 2022, he received high praise for his performance as Anatoly Sergeivesky in a West End concert run of *Chess*. He also played Archibald Craven in a concert of *The Secret Garden* opposite Mark Feehily as his brother Neville.

In 2024, Fraser played the role of Manny in the new musical *Opening Night* at the Gielgud Theatre in London's West End. On 4 June 2024, it was announced that *Dirty Rotten Scoundrels* would return to the West End for a concert run at the London Palladium on 24 November 2024, marking 20 years since the show premiered. Fraser is set to star as Lawrence Jamieson opposite Ramin Karimloo as Freddy Benson.

## Acting credits

### Film and television

List of Hadley Fraser film and television credits
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *Doctor Who* | Gareth | TV series (Army of Ghosts) |
| 2009–2010 | *The Fresh Beat Band* | Reed | TV series – 13 episodes in season 1 |
| 2010 | *The Lost Tribe* | Chris |  |
| 2010 | *Les Misérables: 25th Anniversary Concert* | Grantaire | Live concert at The O2 |
| 2011 | *Convincing Clooney* | Chris |  |
| 2011 | *The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall* | Viscount Raoul de Chagny | Live adaptation of the musical |
| 2012 | *Shackled* | Jesse | Short film |
| 2012 | *Les Misérables* | National Guardsman |  |
| 2014 | *Coriolanus* | Tullus Aufidius | *National Theatre Live* |
| 2014 | *The Wrong Mans* | MI5 Agent | *TV Series* |
| 2014 | *Sons of Liberty* | John Dickinson | *TV Series* |
| 2014 | *Pompidou* | Maitre D' | *TV Series* |
| 2015 | *Holby City* | Sebastian Coulter | *TV Series* |
| 2016 | *The Legend of Tarzan* | Tarzan's father |  |
| 2017 | *Murder on the Orient Express* | British Military Escort |  |
| 2018 | *All Is True* | Shakespeare's son-in-law |  |
| 2022 | *Gentleman Jack* | M. Bradley |
| 2023 | *The Gold* | DC John Fordham | *TV Series* |

### Theatre

List of Hadley Fraser theatre credits
| Year | Title | Role | Theatre | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *Jesus Christ Superstar* | Judas Iscariot | Birmingham University | Birmingham |
| 1999 | *West Side Story* | Riff | | |
| 2002 | *Little Shop of Horrors* | Seymour Krelborn | Northampton Derngate | Northampton |
| 2002–2003 | *Les Misérables* | Marius Pontmercy | Palace Theatre | West End |
| 2003–2004 | *Peter Pan* | Curly | Savoy Theatre | |
| | *The Pirates of Penzance* | Frederic | | |
| 2004 | *The Shaughraun* | Captain Molineaux | Abbey Theatre | Dublin |
| | *Putting It Together* | Young Man | Harrogate Theatre | Harrogate |
| 2005 | *The Far Pavilions* | Ashton Pelham-Martyn | Shaftesbury Theatre | West End |
| | *Longitude* | William Harrison | Greenwich Theatre | Off-West End |
| 2006 | *Assassins* | John Wilkes Booth | Sheffield Crucible | Sheffield |
| | *Pacific Overtures* | Kayama Yasaemon | Leicester Haymarket | Leicester |
| | *My Fair Lady* | Freddy Eynsford-Hill | Larnaca Amphitheatre | Cyprus |
| 2006–2007 | *The Pirate Queen* | Tiernan | Cadillac Palace & Hilton Theatre | Chicago & Broadway |
| 2007 | *The Last Five Years* | Jamie Wellerstein | Theatre Aspen | Colorado |
| 2009 | *A Christmas Carol* | Bob Cratchit | Birmingham Repertory Theatre | Birmingham |
| 2010 | *The Fantasticks* | El Gallo | Duchess Theatre | West End |
| | *Les Misérables* | Grantaire | O2 Arena | London |
| | 2011–2012 | Inspector Javert | Queen's Theatre | West End |
| 2011 | *The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall* | Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny | Royal Albert Hall | London |
| 2013 | *The Pajama Game* | Sid Sorokin | Chichester Minerva Theatre | Chichester |
| | *The Machine* | Garry Kasparov | M.I.F. and Park Avenue Armoury | New York City |
| 2013–2014 | *Coriolanus* | Tullus Aufidius | Donmar Warehouse | Off-West End |
| 2014–2015 | *City of Angels* | Stine | | |
| 2015 | *The Vote* | Alastair Swift | | |
| | *The Winter's Tale* | Polixenes | Garrick Theatre | West End |
| 2015–2016 | *Harlequinade* | | | First Halberdier |
| 2016 | *Long Day's Journey Into Night* | James Tyrone Jr | Bristol Old Vic | Bristol |
| 2017 | *Committee...(a new musical)* | co-lyricist and co-book writer | Donmar Warehouse | Off-West End |
| | *Saint Joan* | Dunois | | |
| 2017–2018 | *Young Frankenstein* | Dr. Frederick Frankenstein | Newcastle Theatre Royal & Garrick Theatre | Newcastle & West End |
| 2019 | *Carousel* | Billy Bigelow | Cadogan Hall | London |
| | *The Deep Blue Sea* | Freddie Page | Chichester Minerva Theatre | Chichester |
| | *The Antipodes* |  | Dorfman Theatre (National Theatre) | London |
| 2020 | *City of Angels* | Stine | Garrick Theatre | West End |
| 2021 | *2:22 A Ghost Story* | Sam | Noël Coward Theatre | |
| 2022 | *Chess* | Anatoly Sergievsky | Theatre Royal Drury Lane | |
| | *The Secret Garden* | Lord Archibald Craven | The London Palladium | |
| 2023 | *The Lehman Trilogy* | Mayer Lehman | Gillian Lynne Theatre | |
| 2024 | *Opening Night* | Manny | Gielgud Theatre | |
| | *Dirty Rotten Scoundrels* | Lawrence Jameson | London Palladium | |

## Discography

***Just Let Go***

* Released: Pre-Release 21 Aug 14
* Format: Digital EP
* Writer: Hadley Fraser
* Tracks: "Just Let Go", "Heading West", "Herne and the Red Kite", "But For Me", "On Constellation Street"

## InfoBox

| Hadley Fraser | |
| --- | --- |
| Fraser in 2013 | |
| Born | Robert Hugh Fraser
(1980-04-21) 21 April 1980
Windsor, Berkshire, England |
| Occupations | * Actor * singer * songwriter |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| Known for |  |
| Spouse | Rosalie Craig (m. 2014) |
| Children | 1 |


title: Gmina Hażlach

abstract: Gmina Hażlach is a rural gmina in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Its seat is the village of Hażlach. The gmina covers an area of 49.02 square kilometres (18.9 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 10,872.

text:
# Gmina Hażlach

**Gmina Hażlach** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Its seat is the village of Hażlach.

The gmina covers an area of 49.02 square kilometres (18.9 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 10,872.

## Villages

|
**Hażlach**
(seat) |
Pogwizdów |
Kończyce Wielkie |
Zamarski |
Rudnik |
Brzezówka |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Hażlach is bordered by the gminas of Cieszyn, Dębowiec, Strumień and Zebrzydowice. It also borders the Czech Republic.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Hażlach Hażlach Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Gmina Hażlach within the Cieszyn County | |
| Coordinates (Hażlach): 49°48′27″N 18°39′23″E / 49.80750°N 18.65639°E / 49.80750; 18.65639 | |
| Country | United States |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Cieszyn |
| Seat | Hażlach |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Grzegorz Sikorski |
| Area | |
| Total | 49.02 km2 (18.93 sq mi) |
| Population (2019-06-30) | |
| Total | 10,872 |
| Density | 220/km2 (570/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.hazlach.pl/ |


title: Vitamin K

abstract: Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. The complete synthesis involves final modification of these so-called "Gla proteins" by the enzyme gamma-glutamyl carboxylase that uses vitamin K as a cofactor. Vitamin K is used in the liver as the intermediate VKH2 to deprotonate a glutamate residue and then is reprocessed into vitamin K through a vitamin K oxide intermediate. The presence of uncarboxylated proteins indicates a vitamin K deficiency. Carboxylation allows them to bind (chelate) calcium ions, which they cannot do otherwise. Without vitamin K, blood coagulation is seriously impaired, and uncontrolled bleeding occurs. Research suggests that deficiency of vitamin K may also weaken bones, potentially contributing to osteoporosis, and may promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues. Chemically, the vitamin K family comprises 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives. Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone). Vitamin K2, in turn, consists of a number of related chemical subtypes, with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms. The two most studied are menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7). Vitamin K1 is made by plants, and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables, being directly involved in photosynthesis. It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins. Animals may also convert it to vitamin K2, variant MK-4. Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K1 into K2. All forms of K2 other than MK-4 can only be produced by bacteria, which use these during anaerobic respiration. Vitamin K3 (menadione), a synthetic form of vitamin K, was used to treat vitamin K deficiency, but because it interferes with the function of glutathione, it is no longer used in this manner in human nutrition.

text:
# Vitamin K

**Vitamin K** is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish *koagulation*, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. The complete synthesis involves final modification of these so-called "Gla proteins" by the enzyme gamma-glutamyl carboxylase that uses vitamin K as a cofactor.

Vitamin K is used in the liver as the intermediate VKH2 to deprotonate a glutamate residue and then is reprocessed into vitamin K through a vitamin K oxide intermediate. The presence of uncarboxylated proteins indicates a vitamin K deficiency. Carboxylation allows them to bind (chelate) calcium ions, which they cannot do otherwise. Without vitamin K, blood coagulation is seriously impaired, and uncontrolled bleeding occurs. Research suggests that deficiency of vitamin K may also weaken bones, potentially contributing to osteoporosis, and may promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues.

Chemically, the vitamin K family comprises 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives. Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone). Vitamin K2, in turn, consists of a number of related chemical subtypes, with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms. The two most studied are menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7).

Vitamin K1 is made by plants, and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables, being directly involved in photosynthesis. It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins. Animals may also convert it to vitamin K2, variant MK-4. Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K1 into K2. All forms of K2 other than MK-4 can only be produced by bacteria, which use these during anaerobic respiration. Vitamin K3 (menadione), a synthetic form of vitamin K, was used to treat vitamin K deficiency, but because it interferes with the function of glutathione, it is no longer used in this manner in human nutrition.

## Definition

Vitamin K refers to structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. "Vitamin K" include several chemical compounds. These are similar in structure in that they share a quinone ring, but differ in the length and degree of saturation of the carbon tail and the number of repeating isoprene units in the side chain (see figures in Chemistry section). Plant-sourced forms are primarily vitamin K1. Animal-sourced foods are primarily vitamin K2. Vitamin K has several roles: an essential nutrient absorbed from food, a product synthesized and marketed as part of a multi-vitamin or as a single-vitamin dietary supplement, and a prescription medication for specific purposes.

## Dietary recommendations

The US National Academy of Medicine does not distinguish between K1 and K2 – both are counted as vitamin K. When recommendations were last updated in 1998, sufficient information was not available to establish an estimated average requirement or recommended dietary allowance, terms that exist for most vitamins. In instances such as these, the academy defines adequate intakes (AIs) as amounts that appear to be sufficient to maintain good health, with the understanding that at some later date, AIs will be replaced by more exact information. The current AIs for adult women and men ages 19 and older are 90 and 120 μg/day, respectively, for pregnancy is 90 μg/day, and for lactation is 90 μg/day. For infants up to 12 months, the AI is 2.0–2.5 μg/day; for children ages 1–18 years the AI increases with age from 30 to 75 μg/day. As for safety, the academy sets tolerable upper intake levels (known as "upper limits") for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. Vitamin K has no upper limit, as human data for adverse effects from high doses are not sufficient.

In the European Union, adequate intake is defined the same way as in the US. For women and men over age 18 the adequate intake is set at 70 μg/day, for pregnancy 70 μg/day, and for lactation 70 μg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, adequate intake values increase with age from 12 to 65 μg/day. Japan set adequate intakes for adult women at 65 μg/day and for men at 75 μg/day. The European Union and Japan also reviewed safety and concluded – as had the United States – that there was insufficient evidence to set an upper limit for vitamin K.

For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percentage of daily value. For vitamin K labeling purposes, 100% of the daily value was 80 μg, but on 27 May 2016 it was revised upwards to 120 μg, to bring it into agreement with the highest value for adequate intake. Compliance with the updated labeling regulations was required by 1 January 2020 for manufacturers with US$10 million or more in annual food sales, and by 1 January 2021 for manufacturers with lower volume food sales. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Reference Daily Intake.

### Fortification

According to the Global Fortification Data Exchange, vitamin K deficiency is so rare that no countries require that foods be fortified. The World Health Organization does not have recommendations on vitamin K fortification.

## Sources

Vitamin K1 is primarily from plants, especially leafy green vegetables. Small amounts are provided by animal-sourced foods. Vitamin K2 is primarily from animal-sourced foods, with poultry and eggs much better sources than beef, pork or fish. One exception to the latter is *nattō*, which is made from bacteria-fermented soybeans. It is a rich food source of vitamin K2 variant MK-7, made by the bacteria.

### Vitamin K1

| Plant-sourced | Amount K1
(μg / measure) |
| --- | --- |
| Collard greens boiled, drained, 12 cup | 530 |
| Spinach boiled, drained, 12 cup | 445 |
| Turnip greens boiled, drained, 12 cup | 425 |
| Spinach raw, 1 cup | 145 |
| Brussels sprouts boiled, drained, 12 cup | 110 |
| Kale raw, 1 cup | 82 |
| Broccoli boiled, drained, 12 cup | 81 |
| Asparagus boiled, drained, 4 spears | 48 |
| Kiwifruit peeled, sliced, 12 cup | 36 |
| Chinese cabbage cooked, 12 cup | 29 |
| Blueberries frozen, 12 cup | 21 |

| Plant-sourced | Amount K1
(μg / measure) |
| --- | --- |
| Hazelnuts chopped, 1 cup | 16 |
| Grapes, 12 cup | 11 |
| Tomato products, 1 cup | 9.2 |
| Olive oil, 1 tablespoon | 8.1 |
| Zucchini boiled, drained, 1.0 cup | 7.6 |
| Mango pieces, 1 cup | 6.9 |
| Pears, pieces, 1 cup | 6.2 |
| Potato baked, including skin, one | 6.0 |
| Sweet potato baked, one | 2.6 |
| Bread whole wheat, 1 slice | 2.5 |
| Bread white, 1 slice | 2.2 |
| *Nattō*, 100 g | 34.7 |

| Animal-sourced | Amount K1
(μg / measure) |
| --- | --- |
| Chicken, 113g (4 oz) | 2.7–3.3 |
| Mollusks, 113g (4 oz) | 2.2 |
| Cheese diced, 12 cup | 1.4–1.7 |
| Beef, 113g (4 oz) | 0.9 |
| Pork sausage, 113g (4 oz) | 0.9 |
| Yogurt whole milk, 1 cup | 0.4 |
| Milk whole or low fat, 1 cup | 0.2 |
| Fish, 113g (4 oz) | 0.1 |
| Eggs, one | 0.1 |
| Human milk, 1 liter | 0.85–9.2 (median 2.5) |

### Vitamin K2

Animal-sourced foods are a source of vitamin K2. The MK-4 form is from conversion of plant-sourced vitamin K1 in various tissues in the body.

| Animal Source | Amount K2
MK-4 to MK-7
(μg / 100 g) |
| --- | --- |
| Goose | 31 |
| Chicken | 8.9 |
| Pork | 2.1 |
| Beef | 1.1 |
| Salmon | 0.5 |
| Egg yolk | 32 |
| Egg white | 0.9 |

| Animal Source | Amount K2
MK-4 to MK-7
(μg / 100 g) |
| --- | --- |
| Milk, whole | 0.9 |
| Milk, skim | 0.0 |
| Yogurt, whole milk | 0.9 |
| Butter | 15 |
| Cheese, hard | 8–10 |
| Cheese, soft | 3.6 |

| Fermented Source | Amount K2
MK-4 to MK-7
(μg / 100 g) |
| --- | --- |
| *Nattō* | 1103 (90% MK-7) |

## Vitamin K deficiency

Because vitamin K aids mechanisms for blood clotting, its deficiency may lead to reduced blood clotting, and in severe cases, can result in reduced clotting, increased bleeding, and increased prothrombin time.

Normal diets are usually not deficient in vitamin K, indicating that deficiency is uncommon in healthy children and adults. An exception may be infants who are at an increased risk of deficiency regardless of the vitamin status of the mother during pregnancy and breast feeding due to poor transfer of the vitamin to the placenta and low amounts of the vitamin in breast milk.

Secondary deficiencies can occur in people who consume adequate amounts, but have malabsorption conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or chronic pancreatitis, and in people who have liver damage or disease. Secondary vitamin K deficiency can also occur in people who have a prescription for a vitamin K antagonist drug, such as warfarin. A drug associated with increased risk of vitamin K deficiency is cefamandole, although the mechanism is unknown.

## Medical uses

### Treating vitamin deficiency in newborns

Vitamin K is given as an injection to newborns to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding. The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this appears to be a consequence of poor transfer of the vitamin across the placenta, and thus low fetal plasma vitamin K. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at between 1 in 60 and 1 in 250.

Human milk contains 0.85–9.2 μg/L (median 2.5 μg/L) of vitamin K1, while infant formula is formulated in range of 24–175 μg/L. Late onset bleeding, with onset 2 to 12 weeks after birth, can be a consequence of exclusive breastfeeding, especially if there was no preventive treatment. Late onset prevalence reported at 35 cases per 100,000 live births in infants who had not received prophylaxis at or shortly after birth. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding occurs more frequently in the Asian population compared to the Caucasian population.

Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe, leading to hospitalization, brain damage, and death. Intramuscular injection, typically given shortly after birth, is more effective in preventing vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration, which calls for weekly dosing up to three months of age.

### Managing warfarin therapy

Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug. It functions by inhibiting an enzyme that is responsible for recycling vitamin K to a functional state. As a consequence, proteins that should be modified by vitamin K are not, including proteins essential to blood clotting, and are thus not functional. The purpose of the drug is to reduce risk of inappropriate blood clotting, which can have serious, potentially fatal consequences. The proper anticoagulant action of warfarin is a function of vitamin K intake and drug dose. Due to differing absorption of the drug and amounts of vitamin K in the diet, dosing must be monitored and customized for each patient. Some foods are so high in vitamin K1 that medical advice is to avoid those (examples: collard greens, spinach, turnip greens) entirely, and for foods with a modestly high vitamin content, keep consumption as consistent as possible, so that the combination of vitamin intake and warfarin keep the anti-clotting activity in the therapeutic range.

Vitamin K is a treatment for bleeding events caused by overdose of the drug. The vitamin can be administered by mouth, intravenously or subcutaneously. Oral vitamin K is used in situations when a person's International normalized ratio is greater than 10 but there is no active bleeding. The newer anticoagulants apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban are not vitamin K antagonists.

### Treating rodenticide poisoning

Coumarin is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a precursor reagent in the synthesis of a number of synthetic anticoagulant pharmaceuticals. One subset, 4-hydroxycoumarins, act as vitamin K antagonists. They block the regeneration and recycling of vitamin K. Some of the 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant class of chemicals are designed to have high potency and long residence times in the body, and these are used specifically as second generation rodenticides ("rat poison"). Death occurs after a period of several days to two weeks, usually from internal hemorrhaging. For humans, and for animals that have consumed either the rodenticide or rats poisoned by the rodenticide, treatment is prolonged administration of large amounts of vitamin K. This dosing must sometimes be continued for up to nine months in cases of poisoning by "superwarfarin" rodenticides such as brodifacoum. Oral vitamin K1 is preferred over other vitamin K1 routes of administration because it has fewer side effects.

### Methods of assessment

An increase in prothrombin time, a coagulation assay, has been used as an indicator of vitamin K status, but it lacks sufficient sensitivity and specificity for this application. Serum phylloquinone is the most commonly used marker of vitamin K status. Concentrations \<0.15 μg/L are indicative of deficiency. Disadvantages include exclusion of the other vitamin K vitamers and interference from recent dietary intake. Vitamin K is required for the gamma-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues within the Gla domain of the 17 vitamin K–dependent proteins. Thus, a rise in uncarboxylated versions of these proteins is an indirect but sensitive and specific marker for vitamin K deficiency. If uncarboxylated prothrombin is being measured, this "Protein induced by Vitamin K Absence/antagonism (PIVKA-II)" is elevated in vitamin K deficiency.

The test is used to assess risk of vitamin K–deficient bleeding in newborn infants. Osteocalcin is involved in calcification of bone tissue. The ratio of uncarboxylated osteocalcin to carboxylated osteocalcin increases with vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K2 has been shown to lower this ratio and improve lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density. Matrix Gla protein must undergo vitamin K dependent phosphorylation and carboxylation. Elevated plasma concentration of dephosphorylated, uncarboxylated MGP is indicative of vitamin K deficiency.

### Side effects

No known toxicity is associated with high oral doses of the vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 forms of vitamin K, so regulatory agencies from US, Japan and European Union concur that no tolerable upper intake levels needs to be set. However, vitamin K1 has been associated with severe adverse reactions such as bronchospasm and cardiac arrest when given intravenously. The reaction is described as a nonimmune-mediated anaphylactoid reaction, with incidence of 3 per 10,000 treatments. The majority of reactions occurred when polyoxyethylated castor oil was used as the solubilizing agent.

## Non-human uses

Menadione, a natural compound sometimes referred to as vitamin K3, is used in the pet food industry because once consumed it is converted to vitamin K2. The US Food and Drug Administration has banned this form from sale as a human dietary supplement because overdoses have been shown to cause allergic reactions, hemolytic anemia, and cytotoxicity in liver cells.

4-amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol ("K5") is not natural and hence not a "vitamin". Research with "K5" suggests it may inhibit fungal growth in fruit juices.

## Chemistry

The structure of phylloquinone, Vitamin K1, is marked by the presence of a phytyl sidechain. Vitamin K1 has an (E) trans double bond responsible for its biological activity, and two chiral centers on the phytyl sidechain. Vitamin K1 appears as a yellow viscous liquid at room temperature due to its absorption of violet light in the UV-visible spectra obtained by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The structures of menaquinones, vitamin K2, are marked by the polyisoprenyl side chain present in the molecule that can contain four to 13 isoprenyl units. MK-4 is the most common form. The large size of Vitamin K1 gives many different peaks in mass spectroscopy, most of which involve derivatives of the naphthoquinone ring base and the alkyl side chain.

### Conversion of vitamin K1 to vitamin K2

In animals, the MK-4 form of vitamin K2 is produced by conversion of vitamin K1 in the testes, pancreas, and arterial walls. While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for this transformation, the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, as it occurs in germ-free rats and in parenterally administered K1 in rats. There is evidence that the conversion proceeds by removal of the phytyl tail of K1 to produce menadione (also referred to as vitamin K3) as an intermediate, which is then prenylated to produce MK-4.

## Physiology

In animals, vitamin K is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues. The modified residues are often (but not always) situated within specific protein domains called Gla domains. Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium, and are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins.

17 human proteins with Gla domains have been discovered; they play key roles in the regulation of three physiological processes:

### Absorption

Vitamin K is absorbed through the jejunum and ileum in the small intestine. The process requires bile and pancreatic juices. Estimates for absorption are on the order of 80% for vitamin K1 in its free form (as a dietary supplement) but much lower when present in foods. For example, the absorption of vitamin K from kale and spinach – foods identified as having a high vitamin K content – are on the order of 4% to 17% regardless of whether raw or cooked. Less information is available for absorption of vitamin K2 from foods.

The intestinal membrane protein Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) mediates cholesterol absorption. Animal studies show that it also factors into absorption of vitamins E and K1. The same study predicts potential interaction between SR-BI and CD36 proteins as well. The drug ezetimibe inhibits NPC1L1 causing a reduction in cholesterol absorption in humans, and in animal studies, also reduces vitamin E and vitamin K1 absorption. An expected consequence would be that administration of ezetimibe to people who take warfarin (a vitamin K antagonist) would potentiate the warfarin effect. This has been confirmed in humans.

## Biochemistry

### Function in animals

Vitamin K hydroquinoneVitamin K epoxideIn both cases R represents the isoprenoid side chain.

Vitamin K is distributed differently within animals depending on its specific homologue. Vitamin K1 is mainly present in the liver, heart and pancreas, while MK-4 is better represented in the kidneys, brain and pancreas. The liver also contains longer chain homologues MK-7 to MK-13.

The function of vitamin K2 in the animal cell is to add a carboxylic acid functional group to a glutamate (Glu) amino acid residue in a protein, to form a gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residue. This is a somewhat uncommon posttranslational modification of the protein, which is then known as a "Gla protein". The presence of two −COOH (carboxylic acid) groups on the same carbon in the gamma-carboxyglutamate residue allows it to chelate calcium ions. The binding of calcium ions in this way very often triggers the function or binding of Gla-protein enzymes, such as the so-called vitamin K–dependent clotting factors discussed below.

Within the cell, vitamin K participates in a cyclic process. The vitamin undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone (quinol), catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla; this enzyme is called gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or the vitamin K–dependent carboxylase. The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time. The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled. Vitamin K epoxide is then restored to vitamin K by VKOR. The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle. Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K because, in part, vitamin K2 is continuously recycled in cells.

Warfarin and other 4-hydroxycoumarins block the action of VKOR. This results in decreased concentrations of vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in tissues, such that the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by the glutamyl carboxylase is inefficient. This results in the production of clotting factors with inadequate Gla. Without Gla on the amino termini of these factors, they no longer bind stably to the blood vessel endothelium and cannot activate clotting to allow formation of a clot during tissue injury. As it is impossible to predict what dose of warfarin will give the desired degree of clotting suppression, warfarin treatment must be carefully monitored to avoid underdose and overdose.

#### Gamma-carboxyglutamate proteins

The following human Gla-containing proteins ("Gla proteins") have been characterized to the level of primary structure: blood coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X, anticoagulant protein C and protein S, and the factor X-targeting protein Z. The bone Gla protein osteocalcin, the calcification-inhibiting matrix Gla protein (MGP), the cell growth regulating growth arrest specific gene 6 protein, and the four transmembrane Gla proteins, the function of which is at present unknown. The Gla domain is responsible for high-affinity binding of calcium ions (Ca2+) to Gla proteins, which is often necessary for their conformation, and always necessary for their function.

Gla proteins are known to occur in a wide variety of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish. The venom of a number of Australian snakes acts by activating the human blood-clotting system. In some cases, activation is accomplished by snake Gla-containing enzymes that bind to the endothelium of human blood vessels and catalyze the conversion of procoagulant clotting factors into activated ones, leading to unwanted and potentially deadly clotting.

Another interesting class of invertebrate Gla-containing proteins is synthesized by the fish-hunting snail *Conus geographus*. These snails produce a venom containing hundreds of neuroactive peptides, or conotoxins, which is sufficiently toxic to kill an adult human. Several of the conotoxins contain two to five Gla residues.

### Function in plants and cyanobacteria

Vitamin K1 is an important chemical in green plants (including land plants and green algae) and some species of cyanobacteria, where it functions as an electron acceptor transferring one electron in photosystem I during photosynthesis. For this reason, vitamin K1 is found in large quantities in the photosynthetic tissues of plants (green leaves, and dark green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce, kale, and spinach), but it occurs in far smaller quantities in other plant tissues.

Detection of VKORC1 homologues active on the K1-epioxide suggest that K1 may have a non-redox function in these organisms. In plants but not cyanobacteria, knockout of this gene show growth restriction similar to mutants lacking the ability to produce K1.

### Function in other bacteria

Many bacteria, including *Escherichia coli* found in the large intestine, can synthesize vitamin K2 (MK-7 up to MK-11), but not vitamin K1. In the vitamin K2 synthesizing bacteria, menaquinone transfers two electrons between two different small molecules, during oxygen-independent metabolic energy production processes (anaerobic respiration). For example, a small molecule with an excess of electrons (also called an electron donor) such as lactate, formate, or NADH, with the help of an enzyme, passes two electrons to menaquinone. The menaquinone, with the help of another enzyme, then transfers these two electrons to a suitable oxidant, such as fumarate or nitrate (also called an electron acceptor). Adding two electrons to fumarate or nitrate converts the molecule to succinate or nitrite plus water, respectively.

Some of these reactions generate a cellular energy source, ATP, in a manner similar to eukaryotic cell aerobic respiration, except the final electron acceptor is not molecular oxygen, but fumarate or nitrate. In aerobic respiration, the final oxidant is molecular oxygen, which accepts four electrons from an electron donor such as NADH to be converted to water. *E. coli*, as facultative anaerobes, can carry out both aerobic respiration and menaquinone-mediated anaerobic respiration.

## History

In 1929, Danish scientist Henrik Dam investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol-depleted diet. He initially replicated experiments reported by scientists at the Ontario Agricultural College. McFarlane, Graham and Richardson, working on the chick feed program at OAC, used chloroform to remove all fat from chick chow. They noticed that chicks fed only fat-depleted chow developed hemorrhages and started bleeding from tag sites. Dam found that these defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet. It appeared that – together with the cholesterol – a second compound was extracted from the food, and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin. The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported in a German journal, in which it was designated as *Koagulationsvitamin*. Edward Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University did much of the research that led to the discovery of the structure and chemical nature of vitamin K. Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on vitamin K1 and K2 published in 1939. Several laboratories synthesized the compound(s) in 1939.

For several decades, the vitamin K–deficient chick model was the only method of quantifying vitamin K in various foods: the chicks were made vitamin K–deficient and subsequently fed with known amounts of vitamin K–containing food. The extent to which blood coagulation was restored by the diet was taken as a measure for its vitamin K content. Three groups of physicians independently found this: Biochemical Institute, University of Copenhagen (Dam and Johannes Glavind), University of Iowa Department of Pathology (Emory Warner, Kenneth Brinkhous, and Harry Pratt Smith), and the Mayo Clinic (Hugh Butt, Albert Snell, and Arnold Osterberg).

The first published report of successful treatment with vitamin K of life-threatening hemorrhage in a jaundiced patient with prothrombin deficiency was made in 1938 by Smith, Warner, and Brinkhous.

The precise function of vitamin K was not discovered until 1974, when prothrombin, a blood coagulation protein, was confirmed to be vitamin K dependent. When the vitamin is present, prothrombin has amino acids near the amino terminus of the protein as γ-carboxyglutamate instead of glutamate, and is able to bind calcium, part of the clotting process.

## Research

### Osteoporosis

Vitamin K is required for the gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin in bone. The risk of osteoporosis, assessed via bone mineral density and fractures, was not affected for people on warfarin therapy – a vitamin K antagonist. Studies investigating whether vitamin K supplementation reduces risk of bone fractures have shown mixed results.

### Cardiovascular health

Matrix Gla protein is a vitamin K-dependent protein found in bone, but also in soft tissues such as arteries, where it appears to function as an anti-calcification protein. In animal studies, animals that lack the gene for MGP exhibit calcification of arteries and other soft tissues. In humans, Keutel syndrome is a rare recessive genetic disorder associated with abnormalities in the gene coding for MGP and characterized by abnormal diffuse cartilage calcification. These observations led to a theory that in humans, inadequately carboxylated MGP, due to low dietary intake of the vitamin, could result in increased risk of arterial calcification and coronary heart disease.

In meta-analyses of population studies, low intake of vitamin K was associated with inactive MGP, arterial calcification and arterial stiffness. Lower dietary intakes of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 were also associated with higher coronary heart disease. When blood concentration of circulating vitamin K1 was assessed there was an increased risk in all cause mortality linked to low concentration. In contrast to these population studies, a review of randomized trials using supplementation with either vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 reported no role in mitigating vascular calcification or reducing arterial stiffness. The trials were too short to assess any impact on coronary heart disease or mortality.

### Other

Population studies suggest that vitamin K status may have roles in inflammation, brain function, endocrine function and an anti-cancer effect. For all of these, there is not sufficient evidence from intervention trials to draw any conclusions. From a review of observational trials, long-term use of vitamin K antagonists as anticoagulation therapy is associated with lower cancer incidence in general. There are conflicting reviews as to whether agonists reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Vitamin K | |
| --- | --- |
| *Drug class* | |
| Vitamin K structures. | |
| Class identifiers | |
| Use | Vitamin K deficiency, Warfarin overdose |
| ATC code | B02BA |
| Biological target | Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase |
| Clinical data | |
| Drugs.com | Medical Encyclopedia |
| External links | |
| MeSH | D014812 |
| Legal status | |
| In Wikidata | |