title: PMG Clash of Legends

abstract: The PMG Clash of Legends, Starring Hulk Hogan was an American professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by Memphis Wrestling owner Corey Maclin in conjunction with Hulk Hogan, which took place on April 27, 2007 in the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee. The event attracted a degree of attention after a scheduled match between Hall of Famers Hogan and Jerry Lawler was vetoed by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), resulting in a lawsuit between Maclin and WWE. It was described by the Wrestling Observer as "the biggest indie undertaking in the U.S. geared toward the non-Hispanic market in many years".

text:
# PMG Clash of Legends

The ***PMG Clash of Legends, Starring Hulk Hogan*** was an American professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event (in various territories) promoted by Memphis Wrestling owner Corey Maclin in conjunction with Hulk Hogan, which took place on April 27, 2007 in the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee. The event attracted a degree of attention after a scheduled match between Hall of Famers Hogan and Jerry Lawler was vetoed by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), resulting in a lawsuit between Maclin and WWE. It was described by the Wrestling Observer as "the biggest indie undertaking in the U.S. geared toward the non-Hispanic market in many years".

## History

The *PMG Clash of Legends* had originally been scheduled to take place in the Mid-South Coliseum. However, the Mid-South Coliseum was closed in late 2005 due to failure to comply with disabled accessibility regulations. When the FedExForum was chosen as a replacement, the operators of the FedExForum contacted WWE, which had in the past held events in the FedExForum, to ensure that WWE did not object to an alternative professional wrestling promotion staging an event there. WWE did not object to the event taking place. Following the announcement that Lawler would not be allowed to wrestle at the event, WWE offered to refund Maclin's deposit on the rental of the FedExForum. He declined.

Initially, the sole match announced for the event was the titular "Clash of Legends", a bout between Hogan and Memphis Wrestling mainstay Lawler that had been promoted on the Memphis Wrestling television show *Memphis Wrestling Prime Time* for several months. However, on April 12, 2007, Lawler announced in a news conference that WWE had barred him from wrestling Hogan on the basis that NBC Universal employees (which includes Lawler, on the basis of co-hosting the NBC Universal-owned USA Network's *WWE Raw*, and his appearances on the biannual *Saturday Night's Main Event*) are contractually prohibited from appearing on any of the channels owned by MTV Networks, which includes VH1, the channel on which *Hogan Knows Best*, a reality television series starring Hogan, airs.

Following the cancellation of the Hogan-Lawler match, Memphis Wrestling owner Corey Maclin announced that Hogan would instead wrestle Paul Wight in Wight's first match since leaving WWE in December 2006. When referred to by the ring name he used in WWE, "The Big Show", Wight stated that this was his "slave name" and that he was to be referred to as "'The Great' Paul Wight".

In response to Maclin's announcement, WWE immediately banned all WWE employees from appearing at Memphis Wrestling events, with the result that The Boogeyman, Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin were all obliged to cancel their scheduled appearances at the April 13, 2007 Memphis Wrestling show in Tunica, Mississippi. Robert Gibson was to team with his longtime Rock 'n' Roll Express partner Ricky Morton to face Too Cool II, however WWE pulled Gibson from the event as well, as he was a WWE producer. Gibson would be replaced by Kid Kash, and Bobby Eaton filled Kash's original spot as Koko B. Ware's tag team partner against Bill Dundee and Dutch Mantel.

The event was hosted by Maclin and Lance Russell, and mayor of Memphis W. W. Herenton served as timekeeper. Colin Bowman was brought in at the last minute as the Show Director.

On May 5, 2007, it was revealed that 2,200 fans attended the event, yielding a 104,500 gate.

In January 2008, Maclin filed a claim for punitive damages against WWE and WWE Chairman Vince McMahon in the Shelby County circuit court, alleging that WWE and McMahon had breached section two of the Sherman Antitrust Act.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Moondog Cujo (with Sal Corrente) defeated The Barbarian | Singles match |  |
| 2 | Greg Valentine defeated Mr. Hughes | Singles match |  |
| 3 | Jazz defeated Christi Ricci and Miss Passion | Three Way match |  |
| 4 | Abdullah the Butcher vs. Al Green ended in a no contest | Singles match |  |
| 5 | Bill Dundee and Dutch Mantel (with Jimmy Valiant) defeated The First Family (Koko B. Ware and Bobby Eaton) (with Slick) | Tag team match |  |
| 6 | Brutus Beefcake and Bubba the Love Sponge defeated The New Assassins (Ricky Murdoch and Big Nasty Bill) (with Sal Corrente) | Tag team match |  |
| 7 | Brian Christopher defeated Buff Bagwell | Singles match |  |
| 8 | Ricky Morton and Kid Kash defeated Too Cool 2 (Tim Grind and Flex) (c) | Tag team match for the Memphis Wrestling Southern Tag Team Championship |  |
| 9 | Hulk Hogan defeated Paul Wight | Singles match | 12:15 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match | | | |

## InfoBox

| PMG Clash of Legends | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotion | Memphis Wrestling |
| Date | April 27, 2007 |
| City | Memphis, Tennessee |
| Venue | FedExForum |
| Attendance | 2,200 |


title: PC Bruno

abstract: PC Bruno was a Polish–French–Spanish signals–intelligence station near Paris during World War II, from October 1939 until June 1940. Its function was decryption of cipher messages, most notably German messages enciphered on the Enigma machine. PC Bruno worked in close cooperation with Britain's decryption center at Bletchley Park.

text:
# PC Bruno

***PC Bruno*** was a PolishFrenchSpanish signals–intelligence station near Paris during World War II, from October 1939 until June 1940. Its function was decryption of cipher messages, most notably German messages enciphered on the Enigma machine.

*PC Bruno* worked in close cooperation with Britain's decryption center at Bletchley Park.

## History

In the early 1930s, French military intelligence acquired operation manuals and sample messages for the German Enigma cipher machine. French intelligence officer Captain Gustave Bertrand supplied this material to Poland's *Biuro Szyfrów* ("Cipher Bureau"), which used it as part of their successful effort to break Enigma.

In July 1939 the *Biuro Szyfrów* gave French and British intelligence all their results. Both countries were expanding their decryption efforts in anticipation of war, and this continued after the war started in September 1939.

When Poland was overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union, the key staff of the *Biuro Szyfrów* were evacuated to Romania, and from there eventually reached France. On 20 October 1939 the Poles resumed work, hosted by French intelligence at *PC Bruno*.

*PC Bruno* was located in the Château de Vignolles in Gretz-Armainvilliers, some 40 kilometres southeast of Paris. It was headed by now-Major Bertrand. Its personnel included 15 Poles, 50 Frenchmen, and 7 anti-fascist Spaniards who worked on Spanish and Italian ciphers. The Polish group was led by Lt. Col. Gwido Langer and included the mathematicians who had been breaking Enigma for nearly seven years since December 1932: Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki, and Henryk Zygalski. The Spanish team (*Equipo D* – Team D) was led by Faustino A.V. Camazón, who was aware of the use of the Enigma machine by German forces during the Spanish Civil War.

As late as 3–7 December 1939, when Lt. Col. Langer and French Air Force Capt. Henri Braquenié visited London and Bletchley Park, the British asked that the Polish cryptologists be made available to them in Britain. Langer, however, took the position that they must remain where the Polish army in exile was forming—on French soil.

Bletchley Park and *PC Bruno* worked together against the German message traffic. In the interest of security, they themselves corresponded using the supposedly "unbreakable" Enigma cipher. In early 1940, the two centres read some old Enigma messages, and in March they broke some German daily keys, and read some messages "in real time" (i.e., sometimes as soon as their intended German recipients). During the next few months, the two centres decrypted several thousand Enigma messages, about half at each centre. Some of the messages gave notice of the German invasion of Denmark and Norway and of the German invasions on Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. However, no effective Allied use was made of these warnings.

By June 1940, advancing German forces were approaching *PC Bruno*. Just after midnight on 10 June, Bertrand evacuated the *Bruno* staff from Gretz-Armainvillers. France surrendered on 22 June; on 24 June he flew the 15 Poles and seven Spaniards in three planes to Algeria.

In September 1940, Bertrand secretly returned them to France. He established a new decryption center at Uzès near the Mediterranean Sea coast, in the unoccupied 'Free Zone' of France. This center, codenamed *Cadix*, resumed breaking ciphers. *Cadix* operated until the German occupation of southern France in November 1942.

* Władysław Kozaczuk, *Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two*, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
* Gustave Bertrand, *Enigma ou la plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939–1945* (Enigma: the Greatest Enigma of the War of 1939–1945), Paris, Librairie Plon, 1973.
* Stephen Budiansky, *Battle of Wits*, a general account of World War II cryptology.
* F.H. Hinsley, ed., *British Intelligence in the Second World War*, 4 volumes, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
* F.H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, eds., *Codebreakers: the Inside Story of Bletchley Park*, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-820327-6: a volume of recollections.
* J. Laplace Productor: Ismael Gutiérrez and Playmedia Producciones, RTVE, *Equipo D: los códigos olvidados*, Documentary, Spain 2019, 61 minutes.


title: Golden age of alpinism

abstract: The golden age of alpinism was the decade in mountaineering between Alfred Wills's ascent of the Wetterhorn in 1854 and Edward Whymper's ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865, during which many major peaks in the Alps saw their first ascents.

text:
# Golden age of alpinism

The **golden age of alpinism** was the decade in mountaineering between Alfred Wills's ascent of the Wetterhorn in 1854 and Edward Whymper's ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865, during which many major peaks in the Alps saw their first ascents.

## Prominent figures

With its beginning slightly predating the formation of the Alpine Club in London in 1857, the golden age was dominated by British alpinists and their Swiss and French guides. Prominent figures of the period include Lord Francis Douglas, Paul Grohmann, Florence Crauford Grove, Charles Hudson, E. S. Kennedy, William Mathews, A. W. Moore, John Ball, Leslie Stephen, Francis Fox Tuckett, John Tyndall, Horace Walker and Edward Whymper. Well-known guides of the era include Christian Almer, Jakob Anderegg, Melchior Anderegg, Johann Joseph Bennen (fr), Peter Bohren, Jean-Antoine Carrel, Michel Croz, Ulrich Kaufmann and Johannes Zumtaugwald. Lucy Walker, sister of Horace, attained some notable firsts during the period, including the first ascent of the Balmhorn (1864), and later several first female ascents.

In the early years of the "golden age", scientific pursuits were intermixed with the sport. More often than not, the mountaineers carried a variety of instruments up the mountain with them to be used for scientific observations. The physicist John Tyndall was the most prominent of the scientists. Among the non-scientist mountaineers, the literary critic Leslie Stephen was the most prominent. In the later years of the "golden age", the non-scientist pure sportsmen came to dominate the London-based Alpine Club and alpine mountaineering overall.

## First ascents in the golden age

## Sources


title: POMIS Cup

abstract: The POMIS Cup is an international club football tournament kicked off in 1987 to promote the standards of local football in Maldives. This is the only international soccer club tournament held in the Maldives. Due to various reasons, Football Association of Maldives (FAM) was not able to stage the tournament in the years of 2002 and 2004 to 2014. In 2003, two foreign clubs from India and Sri Lanka competed in the cup, Mahindra United and Negombo Youth. On 22 December 2014, Football Association of Maldives (FAM) normalisation committee decided to introduce POMIS Cup again and started in January 2015. In 2015, the top two teams of Dhivehi League played against two foreign teams in the POMIS Cup. From 2016 onward, there will be no pomis cup rebranded to sheikh Jamal cup to participate the tournament along withforeign teams. On 19 January 2015, POMIS Cup committee rebranded the President of Maldives Invitational Soccer Cup to the People of Maldives Invitational Soccer Cup.

text:
# POMIS Cup

The **POMIS Cup** (known fully as **President of Maldives Invitational Soccer Cup**) is an international club football tournament kicked off in 1987 to promote the standards of local football in Maldives. This is the only international soccer club tournament held in the Maldives.

Due to various reasons, Football Association of Maldives (FAM) was not able to stage the tournament in the years of 2002 and 2004 to 2014.

In 2003, two foreign clubs from India and Sri Lanka competed in the cup, Mahindra United and Negombo Youth.

On 22 December 2014, Football Association of Maldives (FAM) normalisation committee decided to introduce POMIS Cup again and started in January 2015. In 2015, the top two teams of Dhivehi League played against two foreign teams in the POMIS Cup.

From 2016 onward, there will be no pomis cup rebranded to sheikh Jamal cup to participate the tournament along withforeign teams. On 19 January 2015, POMIS Cup committee rebranded the President of Maldives Invitational Soccer Cup to the **People of Maldives Invitational Soccer Cup**.

## Previous winners

## Peoples Cup (2015) teams

## Number of titles

| Rank | \# of titles | Club | Year(s) won |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | New Radiant SC | 1994, 1995, 1997 |
| 1 | 3 | Club Valencia | 1992, 1996, 2001 |
| 2 | 2 | Hurriyya SC | 1999 |
| 3 | 1 | Renown Sports Club | 1987 |
| 3 | 1 | Victory Sports Club | 1989 |
| 3 | 1 | Kerala SC | 1993 |
| 3 | 1 | Mahindra United | 2003 |
| 3 | 1 | PDRM FA | 2015 |

## InfoBox

POMIS Cup
| Organising body | Football Association of Maldives |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1987 |
| Region | Maldives |
| Number of teams | 6 |
| Current champions | PDRM FA |
| Most successful club(s) | New Radiant SC <br>Club Valencia |
| *2015* | |


title: POMZ

abstract: The POMZ, POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M are three types of Soviet-made stake mounted anti-personnel fragmentation mine. The POMZ mine was used during the Second World War. It was superseded by the POMZ-2, and later by the improved POMZ-2M. These mines have been used in numerous conflicts, including the Vietnam War and the Korean War.

text:
# POMZ

The **POMZ**, **POMZ-2** and **POMZ-2M** (ПОМЗ, ПОМЗ-2, ПОМЗ-2М) are three types of Soviet-made stake mounted anti-personnel fragmentation mine. The POMZ mine was used during the Second World War. It was superseded by the POMZ-2, and later by the improved POMZ-2M. These mines (and copies thereof) have been used in numerous conflicts, including the Vietnam War and the Korean War.

## Description

The mines consist of a small TNT explosive charge inside a hollow cylindrical-cast iron fragmentation sleeve. The sleeve has large fragments cast into the outside and is open at the bottom to accept the insertion of a wooden or plastic mounting stake. On top is a weather cap, covering a standardised fuze well, which in operation is normally armed with an pull-action fuze *MUV-2* (Rus. MУВ-2) or *VPF* (Rus. ВПФ) pull and tilt tripwire fuze. The tripwire can be set to detonate via both pressure or pressure release.

The POMZ-2M has a threaded fuze well, while the earlier POMZ-2 was unthreaded and the fuze and igniter would sometimes fall out if the mine was disturbed. The POMZ-2 has 6 rows of square preformed fragments, while the POMZ-2M has 5 rows and is slightly shorter.

The crude fragmentation jacket produces an uneven fragmentation effect. The effective radius of the mine is often quoted as four meters at 360 degrees, but a small number of large fragments may be lethal at ranges far exceeding that.

The wooden stakes tend to rot in tropical climates, leaving the mine, if armed, in an extremely unpredictable state.

## Variants

Being of simple construction, these mines have been widely copied, including non-standardised patterns from informal guerrilla workshops. Some mass-produced copies:

## Specification

These specifications of a POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M are typical for their various copies

|  | POMZ-2 | POMZ-2M |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Diameter | 60 mm | |
| Height of case | 130 mm | 107 mm |
| Height of stake | ~300 mm but easily varied | |
| Weight | 2.3 kg | 1.8 kg |
| Charge | 75 g rod of cast TNT | |
| Fuze | MUV series tripwire <br>(2 to 5 kg pull) | |

## Packaging

The POMZ 2M comes packed in a rectangular wooden box which has a clamp in each corner to lock on the lid. It holds eight mine bodies, eight stakes, eight 75g charges, tripwire, and eight MUV series fuzes complete with detonators.

* Eddie Banks, *Brassey's Essential Guide to Anti-Personnel Landmines*, Brassey's, 1998, ISBN 1857532287


title: POMGNT1

abstract: Protein O-linked-mannose beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POMGNT1 gene.

text:
# POMGNT1

**Protein O-linked-mannose beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *POMGNT1* gene.

## Function and expression

The product of the *POMGNT1* gene, protein O-mannose beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (POMGnT1), participates in O-mannosyl glycan synthesis. A mutation in this gene is the cause of muscle-eye-brain disease (MIM 253280).

Transcription of the *POMGNT1* gene gives rise to a 2.7 kb mRNA in different tissues, with higher expression levels in the skeletal muscle, heart, and kidney and lower levels in the brain. POMGnT1 (EC 2.4.1.101) is a protein belonging to the GT13 family of glycosyltransferases according to the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) database. In humans, the main isoform of POMGnT1 contains 660 amino acids whose sequence yields a calculated molecular mass of 75,252 Da (UniProtKB Q8WZA1).

The *POMGNT1* mRNA and its encoded protein is expressed in the neural retina of all mammals studied. POMGnT1 locates in the cytoplasmic fraction in the mouse retina, where it concentrates in the Golgi complex within the myoid of photoreceptor inner segments.

### Further reading

## InfoBox

| POMGNT1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | POMGNT1, GNTI.2, GnT I.2, LGMD2O, MEB, MGAT1.2, gnT-I.2, protein O-linked mannose N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (beta 1,2-), RP76, LGMDR15 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 606822; MGI: 1915523; HomoloGene: 9806; GeneCards: POMGNT1; OMA:POMGNT1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001243766
NM\_001290129
NM\_001290130
NM\_017739   NM\_001290658
NM\_026651
NM\_029786   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001230695
NP\_001277058
NP\_001277059
NP\_060209   NP\_001277587
NP\_080927
NP\_084062   Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 46.19 – 46.22 Mb Chr 4: 115.98 – 116.02 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Godesburg

abstract: The Godesburg is a castle in Bad Godesberg, a formerly independent part of Bonn, Germany. Built in the early 13th century on the Godesberg, a hill of volcanic origin, it was largely destroyed following a siege in 1583 at the start of the Cologne War. In 1891, the German emperor Wilhelm II donated the castle's ruin to the city of Bad Godesberg. In 1959, the ruin was rebuilt according to plans by Gottfried Böhm, to house a hotel and restaurant. Today, the restaurant is still in operation, but the hotel tract has been divided into apartments.

text:
# Godesburg

The **Godesburg** is a castle in Bad Godesberg, a formerly independent part of Bonn, Germany.

Built in the early 13th century on the Godesberg, a hill of volcanic origin, it was largely destroyed following a siege in 1583 at the start of the Cologne War. In 1891, the German emperor Wilhelm II donated the castle's ruin to the city of Bad Godesberg.

In 1959, the ruin was rebuilt according to plans by Gottfried Böhm, to house a hotel and restaurant. Today, the restaurant is still in operation, but the hotel tract has been divided into apartments.

## Location

The site has a controversial history. Growing out of the nineteenth-century *Heimat* movement, historians speculated that in the pre-Christian era, the inhabitants probably used the peak to call to the god *Wotan*, the god of war, death and the hunt, and other attributes, establishing a custom that led eventually to the erection of a house of prayer on the site. They found early mention of the site in 9th century documents, and again in the 12th century, documents continue to refer to it as *Gotensberg*, or *Gotensperg*. first mentioned in documents from the early 8th century, was supposedly built on an old cult site and its name derived from the old Germanic *Wotansberg*, *Woudensberg*, or *Gotansberg*. In the 10th century, documents from the reign of Otto I in 927, and Otto II in 974, suggested that a religious community had been located on the mountain peak, thus the name *Gottesberg*. From this speculation, the idea emerged that the fort itself was established on an ancient cult site.

## Construction

The fortress foundation stones were laid by a vicar upon the order of Dietrich I, the Archbishop of Cologne, who was himself in disputed possession of the Electorate and fighting to keep his position. After Dietrich's death in 1224, his successors finished the fortress; it featured in chronicles of the 13th through 15th centuries as both a symbolic and physical embodiment of the power of the archbishop of Cologne in his many struggles for regional authority with the patricians of the imperial city of Cologne. By the late 14th century, the fortress had become the repository of the Elector's valuables and archives, and by the mid-16th century, was popularly considered the *lieblingssitz*, or the favorite seat (home), of the Electors.

### Modifications

The fortification had been originally constructed in the medieval style and in the reign of Siegfried II of Westwald (1275–1295) successfully resisted a five-week siege by Count William of Cleves. Successive archbishops continued to improve the fortifications with stronger walls and expanded moats, adding levels to the central Bergfried, which was cylindrical, not square like many medieval *donjons*, expanded the inner works to include a small residence, dungeons, and chapel, fortified the walls, added a curtain wall, and improved the roads. By the 1580s, it was an elaborate stone fortress, and it had been enhanced partially in the style made popular by Italian military architects. Although the physical location did not permit the star-shaped *trace italienne*, its cordons of thick, rounded walls and massive iron-studded gates still made it a formidable adversary. Its height, some 400 feet (122 m) above the Rhein (Rhine), on the peak of a steep hill, made artillery fire difficult.

Fortifications such as this, and the star-shaped fortresses more commonly found in the flatter lands of the Dutch Provinces, made warfare both difficult and expensive; victory was not simply a matter of winning a battle over the enemy's army, but of traveling from one fortified and armed city to another and investing time and money in one of two outcomes: ideally, with a show of extraordinary force, convincing the city leaders to surrender the city, or reducing the city to rubble and storming the ruins. In the case of the former, when a city capitulated, it would have to quarter troops at its expense, called *execution*, but the soldiers would not be permitted to plunder; in the case of the latter, no quarter was given to the defenders.

## Destruction

## Uses during the Thirty Years' Wars

## Heimat movement

## Renovation and reuse in the 20th century

*This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia article.*

50°41′6.42″N 7°9′2.43″E / 50.6851167°N 7.1506750°E / 50.6851167; 7.1506750


title: Goleta Cultural School

abstract: The Cultural School of Goleta is a multi-purpose venue built by Ken and Miye Ota. The facility consists of a large ballroom with a sprung hardwood floor, two crystal chandeliers, a raised stage and is surrounded by built-in benches for seating. There is also an attached industrial kitchen, audio system, changing room, and storage for the additional chairs and tables. Also present, are removable tatami mats, which when applied to the entire ballroom floor, convert the space into a martial arts dojo, with a shomen at the main wall.

text:
# Goleta Cultural School

The **Cultural School of Goleta** is a multi-purpose venue built by Ken and Miye Ota. The facility consists of a large ballroom with a sprung hardwood floor, two crystal chandeliers, a raised stage and is surrounded by built-in benches for seating. There is also an attached industrial kitchen, audio system, changing room, and storage for the additional chairs and tables. Also present, are removable *tatami* mats, which when applied to the entire ballroom floor, convert the space into a martial arts *dojo*, with a *shomen* at the main wall.

## The Ota's Cotillion

Following their mastery of square dancing, the Otas began ballroom dance training at the local Arthur Murray Dance Studio. From there, progressed to higher levels of instruction, which involved commuting to Los Angeles for lessons from a new group of English instructors teaching International Style.

After achieving their competitive goals, they founded a junior cotillion, where they could teach their son and his friends lessons in dance, manners, and other social graces. The Otas were also contracted to teach these classes by several schools and organizations over the years, including the Junior League of Santa Barbara.

The popularity of their classes grew such that they built the Cultural School on the same property of their Goleta home.

Ken Ota also taught ballroom classes at UC Santa Barbara for credit as well as through the leisure arts program; students would regularly host off-site social dances at the Ota's Cultural School to put their skills into practice.

Over the years, various social and competitive dance clubs have been formed and used the Cultural School as their preferred venue for off-site events.

## Goleta Aikido with Ki

While Ken Ota had a background in Sumo and Judo, the whole Ota family enrolled in Aikido classes under Isao Takahashi in 1963. The Otas then moved onto training in Shin Shin Toitsu Aikido under Koichi Tohei, which is the style they founded their school under.

The Cultural School features a traditional Japanese *shomen*, which includes photos of Morihei Ueshiba, Koichi Tohei, and a large *Ki* symbol painted by Tohei himself.

The Otas offered classes to children and adults in Judo and Aikido, and also consulted local law enforcement. Ken was hired to teach martial arts at UC Santa Barbara and Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, where he became advisor for several clubs, including a women's Judo team. Ken was also contracted by Panther Productions to produce a series of Aikido instructional videos.

Classes were eventually taken over by the Ota's son, Steve Ota, a member of the San Jose State University championship Judo team. Steve Ota served as head instructor and continued to train and receive recognized ranks in Ki Aikido, along with teaching Aikido at UCSB, until his death at the end of 2020.

34°26′06″N 119°49′41″W / 34.4350°N 119.8280°W / 34.4350; -119.8280

## InfoBox

Goleta Cultural School
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Cultural, Entertainment |
| Founded | Goleta, California, United States |
| Headquarters | Goleta, California, United States |
| Area served | Santa Barbara County |
| Key people | Ken and Miye Ota, Founders |
| Services | Ballroom Dance Instruction<br>Martial Arts Instruction |
| Website | http://www.goletaaikido.net |


title: PROteINSECT

abstract: The PROteINSECT project is a European Union initiative, coordinated by the UK Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), that would legalize the use of insects as an alternative protein source in feed for industrial farming. In 2013 PROteINSECT has produced a mapping report with regard to current Legislation & Regulation on using insects in animal feed in the EU, as well as PROteINSECT Partner Countries. PROteINSECT consortium has 3 year (2013-2016) partnership from Europe, Africa and Asia, ranging from feed industry multinationals, research centres and universities, to farmers and experts in policy change and communications.

text:
# PROteINSECT

The **PROteINSECT** project is a European Union initiative, coordinated by the UK Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), that would legalize the use of insects as an alternative protein source in feed for industrial farming.

In 2013 PROteINSECT has produced a mapping report with regard to current Legislation & Regulation on using *insects in animal feed* in the EU, as well as PROteINSECT Partner Countries.

PROteINSECT consortium has 3 year (2013-2016) partnership from Europe, Africa and Asia, ranging from feed industry multinationals, research centres and universities, to farmers and experts in policy change and communications.


title: Padstow Heights

abstract: Padstow Heights, a suburb of local government area of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown, located 22 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the South-western Sydney region. Padstow is a separate suburb to the north and One Tree Point is a locality within Padstow Heights.

text:
# Padstow Heights

**Padstow Heights**, a suburb of local government area of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown, located 22 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the South-western Sydney region. Padstow is a separate suburb to the north and One Tree Point is a locality within Padstow Heights.

## Geography

Padstow Heights is a mostly residential suburb bounded on the east by Salt Pan Creek and to the south by the Georges River. The Alfords Point Bridge links Padstow Heights to Alfords Point in the Sutherland Shire.

## Transport

U-Go Mobility bus route 927 from One Tree Point to Padstow railway station serves Padstow Heights.

## History

The Padstow area was first named Padstow Park Estate after a town called Padstow in Cornwall, England. It was named for being the "holy place of St Petrock" (not to be confused with St Patrick), an important Cornish saint.

## Population

As per the 2021 Census, there were 3,594 people in Padstow Heights. 73.4% of people were born in Australia and 71.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Greek 5.0% and Arabic 4.8%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 28.7%, No Religion 20.6%, Anglican 14.2% and Eastern Orthodox 11.7%.

## Notable residents

33°58′23″S 151°2′6″E / 33.97306°S 151.03500°E / -33.97306; 151.03500

## InfoBox

| Padstow Heights<br>Sydney, New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Henry Kendall Avenue, Padstow Heights | |
|  | |
| Population | 3,594 (2021 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2211 |
| Elevation | 47 m (154 ft) |
| Location | 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Sydney central business district |
| LGA(s) | City of Canterbury-Bankstown |
| State electorate(s) | East Hills |
| Federal division(s) | Banks |
| **Suburbs around Padstow Heights:**  Revesby Padstow Peakhurst  Revesby Heights Padstow Heights Riverwood  Picnic Point Alfords Point Lugarno | |


title: Padstow Coastal Gun Battery

abstract: Padstow Coastal Gun Battery was built in the summer of 1940 at the northern end of the Bodmin Stop Line to defend against a German invasion of Britain. It utilised an old military site first established during the War of American Independence north of Padstow overlooking the Camel Estuary and known as Gun Point. Padstow is a port on the north Cornish coast.

text:
# Padstow Coastal Gun Battery

**Padstow Coastal Gun Battery** was built in the summer of 1940 at the northern end of the Bodmin Stop Line to defend against a German invasion of Britain. It utilised an old military site first established during the War of American Independence north of Padstow overlooking the Camel Estuary and known as Gun Point. Padstow is a port on the north Cornish coast.

## Establishment of the battery

| Date | State of the Battery |
| --- | --- |
| July 1940 | The layout of the battery was detailed by Col Oliver C.F.D, Plymouth, and was constructed under the supervision of Captain Pockles, Royal Engineers, Bodmin, for two 4 inches naval guns. The old magazine from 1870 which was built of a well-built brick arch was uncovered and tested. It was recovered and put to use as Magazine No 1. Magazine No 2 was built from scratch with reinforced concrete roof and sides and an inner brick wall with a cavity and a raised floor. One gun platform was built on top of the old circular barbette and the other on a new platform built towards the northern hedge. |
| 14 August 1940 | Both guns were ready for action. They were 4 inch Breech Loading Mk VII naval guns. |
| 23 August 1940 | Major Kirby, I.G., Plymouth, arrived with a party. All sights were tested, buffer system checked and each gun fired three shells seaward, with a range of 4500 yards. The fall of the shot was observed to be consistent. |

The battery was part of No 19 Coast Artillery Group whose headquarters was at Lanwithan, Lostwithiel.

## Role of the battery

The role of the Coast Battery was:

i) The protection of the port and beaches against attack by sea or landings on the beaches;

ii) The protection of shipping in the approaches to the port;

iii) To form defended posts against landward attack;

iv) To deal with airborne troops landing in the vicinity;

v) To engage landward targets.

The seaward roles take precedence over all others and will be maintained up until the last moment.

The tasks of the battery in order of priority were:

i) Engagements of enemy transports and landing craft;

ii) Engagement of enemy warships attacking the port or defences;

iii) Engagement of targets on or adjacent to landing beaches;

iv) Support of the examination service where in force.

## CASLs

The battery was served by two Coastal Artillery Search Lights. One was positioned north of the battery and the other south on the southern side of St George's Cove. A generator house and fuel store were constructed in the Cove.

## Life of the battery

In 1940, the Garrison had 4 officers and 101 Other Ranks. The detachments of 21 men each were on duty for 24 hours from 1300 hours on one day to 1300 hours the next. The troops were billeted at Prideaux Place, Padstow which had sleeping accommodation for 120 men & 4 officers, a cookhouse & dining hall and an officer's mess & kitchen. Prideaux Place served as the Battery Headquarters. Water at the site was a problem and to begin with, the battery had to transport water for drinking and washing from Prideaux Place in dustbins. Later, the old Victorian water tank was cleaned and that was then used. In August 1940, an ADS Advance Dressing Station was set up at Tregirls Farm. Sick Parade was held daily at 1000 hours at the Fisherman's Institute in the town. On the night of 7 September 1940, the battery was at the utmost readiness following the issue of Codeword Cromwell, meaning invasion imminent. The Resident Naval Officer in overall charge of the defence of Padstow, Rear Admiral Gordon Campbell, V.C., and the officer in charge of the land forces, Lt Dare Wilson of the 8th Battalion Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, kept watch from the control bunker of the underwater minefield laid across the estuary. No invasion arrived. On Saturday 5 October 1940, Padstow was bombed at 8pm but the battery was not hit. Three people – three generations from one family - were killed in New Street, Padstow. Six houses were extensively damaged and 61 other buildings suffered minor damage. The fin of one of the bombs is on display at Padstow Museum. On 8 October 1940, Major Kirby, I.G., from Plymouth, arrived with a towing launch. Two rafts 20 yards apart were attached to the launch. The targets were engaged as they came into view from Pentire Head to Newland Rock. The average range was 4400 yards and five hits were registered out of 13 shots. On 15 February 1941, both guns fired 10 rounds practice shells together in 3 series at a single Hans Kay target pulled behind a launch travelling at a speed of about 10 knots. Six hits were registered. By May 1941, two War Shelters had been built to accommodate the Watch on Duty whilst the Reserve Watch slept in two huts erected at the bottom of the field by St George's Cove. In May 1942, the two naval guns were returned to sea to help in the Battle of the Atlantic. They left Padstow from the town railway station. They were replaced by two French 138mm naval guns. These required new gun houses. No 1 was built south of the old barbette and magazine. Its platform can easily be found today with mounting bolts still in place. No 2 was built just north of the old northern gun house and its location can easily be found by the ready use lockers that are still extant. The Battery Observation Post was also extended at this time. On 11 May 1942, both 138mm guns had been proofed and were ready for action. On 17 March 1943, the examination service was discontinued as such and the majority of Officers, NCO's and men were released for service overseas and the guns put into care and preservation. In November 1943, the strength was reduced to one NCO and two men and the ammunition removed to Fort Picklecombe for storage. The guns were removed in July 1945.

## Remains of the battery

Much of the 1870 barbette and No 1 Magazine can still be found at Gun Point, along with the large Victorian water tank. The 1940 concrete gun platform is still on top of the barbette although some of the concrete block cladding has fallen victim to coastal erosion. The gun platforms for the 1942 guns can still be found. No 2 Magazine still exists underground but has been filled so it is not accessible. The Engine House and Fuel shed still stand at St George's Cove. Prideaux Place still remains and is a tourist attraction and events venue today.

Gun Point is referenced in Major Dare Wilson's autobiography ‘Tempting The Fates’, which details his work on preparing the landward defences for Padstow.

Gun Point is also referenced in the historical novel ‘No Small Stir’ by Cornish author Phil Hadley where Major Isaac Trevennel meets Rear Admiral Campbell to discuss the defences of Padstow.

1. "Padstow", *Wikipedia*, 2 November 2020, retrieved 6 November 2020
2. Defences of Padstow by Tim Parr. Leaflet Published by Padstow Museum
3. National Archives \- WO 192-151 Padstow Battery (1870-1945) Fort Record Book 1941-1945
4. "No Small Stir - The Bodmin Stop Line: Part 1 The Camel Estuary - YouTube". *www.youtube.com*. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
5. "Prideaux Place", *Wikipedia*, 18 October 2020, retrieved 6 November 2020
6. Wilson, Dare (2006). *Tempting The Fates*. ISBN 978-1844154357.
7. "Gordon Campbell (Royal Navy officer)", *Wikipedia*, 3 July 2020, retrieved 6 November 2020
8. "BBC - WW2 People's War - "When Bombs Fell" - The air-raids on Cornwall during WW2 : Part 2 - 1940 (complete year)". *www.bbc.co.uk*. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
9. "BBC - WW2 People's War - My Memories of WW2: A Child in Padstow". *www.bbc.co.uk*. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
10. "Padstow Museum". *www.padstowmuseum.co.uk*. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
11. "Heritage Gateway - Results". *www.heritagegateway.org.uk*. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
12. "Prideaux Place Padstow | A Beautiful Historic House in Padstow, Cornwall". *Prideaux Place*.

## InfoBox

| Padstow Coastal Gun Battery | |
| --- | --- |
| Padstow, Cornwall in United Kingdom | |
| The old barbette | |
| Padstow Coastal Gun Battery | |
| Coordinates | 50°32′47.73″N 4°56′4.71″W / 50.5465917°N 4.9346417°W / 50.5465917; -4.9346417 |
| Site information | |
| Condition | Ruined |


title: Paddle ball

abstract: Paddle ball is a one-person game played with a paddle and an attached ball. Using the flat paddle with the small rubber ball attached at the center via an elastic string, the player tries to hit the ball with the paddle in succession as many times as possible. The paddle is similar in size and shape to a table tennis racket. It is usually made from either wood or plastic.

text:
# Paddle ball

**Paddle ball** is a one-person game played with a paddle and an attached ball. Using the flat paddle with the small rubber ball attached at the center via an elastic string, the player tries to hit the ball with the paddle in succession as many times as possible.

The paddle (sometimes called a **bolo bat**) is similar in size and shape to a table tennis racket. It is usually made from either wood or plastic.

## History

Created and patented (U.S. patent 1,529,600) by William R. Lind in the 1920s, the paddle ball was one of several recreational products to follow the invention of soft rubber.

In 1937, the Fli-Back Company was founded in High Point, North Carolina with the paddle-ball as their main product. The paddle logo depicted a cowboy playing paddle ball while riding a bucking bronco. In that year, the toy was featured in *Newsweek*. This first successful mass-marketing of the toy allowed the company to diversify into other toys, including the yo-yo and spinning tops.

In the 1950s, Duncan Toys Company manufactured the "Hi-Li Paddle Ball Toy" that sold millions of units. The paddle reads “Duncan’s Official Hi-Li, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off., Champion No. 99.”

In 1972, the Ohio Art Company, the makers of the popular Etch-A-Sketch, purchased the Fli-Back Company. They continued to make Fli-Back paddle ball games in High Point until 1983.

In 2000, Yomega received a trademark for "Extreme 180° APB", their paddle ball featuring adjustable cord lengths and ball types.

## In film

Paddle balls have been depicted in several motion pictures. In an early demonstration of 3-D effects, the carnival barker in *House of Wax* is shown doing tricks with a paddle ball to gain the attention of potential customers.

In *The Misfits*, Marilyn Monroe is depicted provocatively whacking a paddle ball while wearing a polka-dot dress in a saloon in Dayton, Nevada.

In *Blazing Saddles*, Mel Brooks (in his cameo as the cross-eyed governor) and Harvey Korman use a paddle ball to great comedic effect. Korman's character performs tricks with relative ease and hands the paddle to Brooks, who can barely manage one hit. This was a deliberate anachronism, as the paddle ball would not be invented until fifty years after the film was (mostly) set.

In the Pixar/Disney animated movie *WALL-E*, there is a brief scene in a montage where the titular robot loses control of a paddle ball and is struck repeatedly in the head. The paddle ball ends up in the "Don't Keep" pile.

In the Paramount Pictures film Sonic the Hedgehog (film), Sonic is seen with a paddleball, making fast hits before ditching the game. In the DreamWorks Animation film Over the Hedge (film), RJ uses a paddleball by hitting it a few times, and then making the attached ball to get tied on the ceiling in order to go over Vincent to steal his food.

## Records

The record for the most paddle balls controlled simultaneously by one person is 7. This was achieved by Steve Langley on the set of *Lo Show Dei Record* in Milan, Italy, on 8 April 2011. Langley controlled all paddles for 10 seconds, with all balls bouncing simultaneously.

The record for the most people controlling paddle balls at once is 443. Also achieved by Steve Langley, this record was set at O.P. Earle Elementary School and Landrum Middle School in Landrum, South Carolina, on 30 November 2012.

The record for the most people in a paddle ball relay is 162, achieved by a team from Nike Digital Sport in Las Vegas, Nevada, on 20 February 2013. The attempt was held on the plaza of the Fashion Show Mall on the Las Vegas Strip. Each participant was required to have full control of their device before the next person was allowed to begin.

1. "Bolo Bat (Rat-Tat-Tat)". *Future Museum*. Future Museum Project Partners. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
2. "Fli-Back to North Carolina | NC Museum of History". *www.ncmuseumofhistory.org*. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
3. Jarvis, Michael T. (21 April 2002). "One-Man Swat Team". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
4. "Duncan Hi-Li Paddle Ball Toy". *Smithsonian Museum of American History*. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
5. "Paddle Ball King to Attempt Guinness World Record at the High Point Museum". *High Point Museum*. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
6. "EXTREME 180° APB - Trademark Details". *Justia*. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
7. Hairdisc. "House of Wax 3D - 1953 - Paddle Ball". *Daily Motion*. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
8. Beggs, Scott. "Marilyn Monroe Plays Paddle Ball With the Vintage Trailer of the Day Read". *Film School Rejects*. Reject Media. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
9. "Blazing Saddles". *Larsen on Film*. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
10. *WALL-E: A Robot's Tale*. Disney Electronic Content. 26 July 2011. p. 80. ISBN 978-1423157687.
11. "Most paddleballs controlled simultaneously". *Guinness World Records*. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
12. "Most people in a paddle ball relay". *Guinness World Records*. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
13. "Most people in a paddle ball relay". *Guinness World Records*. Retrieved 19 November 2015.


title: Paddle River

abstract: The Paddle River is a short river in northern Alberta, Canada. Known as Pimiskāw sīpiy by the Cree, the river was named because of its slow speed. During the fur trade era, a canoe could be easily paddled up the river, in contrast to the more arduous task of ascending a swifter river like the Pembina River that required poling or tracking.

text:
# Paddle River

The **Paddle River** is a short river in northern Alberta, Canada. Known as Pimiskāw sīpiy (Paddle River) by the Cree, the river was named because of its slow speed. During the fur trade era, a canoe could be easily *paddled* up the river, in contrast to the more arduous task of ascending a swifter river like the Pembina River that required poling or tracking.

## Course

The river generally flows in an eastward direction from its headwaters, although there are significant meanders and a large number of oxbow lakes along its course. It passes near the hamlet of Rochfort Bridge, and brushes the municipality of Barrhead before joining the Pembina River near Manola, Alberta. It is bridged by many secondary highways, as well as Alberta Highway 43 and Alberta Highway 33.

## Flooding

Throughout the history of European settlement along the Paddle River, flooding has been a constant issue. Both farmers and ranchers were attracted to the floodplain of the river due to the high quality of its soils. As human settlement increased, the economic costs associated with flooding became much more pronounced. Residents of the area eventually formed the 'Paddle River Drainage Association' to petition the provincial government for flood control. The Alberta Government eventually constructed a dam on the river near Rochfort Bridge to mitigate some of the worst effects of the flooding.

## Tributaries

* Little Paddle River
* Romeo Creek
* Connor Creek
* Maxwell Lake
* Kipp Lake
* Neville Lake

## InfoBox

| Paddle River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Paddle River Headwaters |
| coordinates | 53°55′19″N 115°39′13″W / 53.92194°N 115.65361°W / 53.92194; -115.65361 |
| elevation | 896 m (2,940 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Pembina River |
| coordinates | 54°06′21″N 114°14′54″W / 54.10583°N 114.24833°W / 54.10583; -114.24833 |
| elevation | 627 m (2,057 ft) |


title: Goldeneye shovelnose ray

abstract: The goldeneye shovelnose ray is a species of fish in the Rhinobatidae family. It is endemic to north-western Australia. Its natural habitat is open seas.

text:
# Goldeneye shovelnose ray

The **goldeneye shovelnose ray** (***Rhinobatos sainsburyi***) is a species of fish in the Rhinobatidae family. It is endemic to north-western Australia (Monte Bello Islands to Melville Island). Its natural habitat is open seas.

## InfoBox

| Goldeneye shovelnose ray | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Rhinopristiformes |
| Family: | Rhinobatidae |
| Genus: | *Rhinobatos* |
| Species: | ***R. sainsburyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhinobatos sainsburyi***
Last, 2004 | |
|


title: Gojen Gadi

abstract: Gojen Gadi is an Indian politician from the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Gadi was elected from Basar seat in the 2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, standing as a People's Party of Arunachal candidate. he lost the 2019 MLA election to Mr Gokar basar of NPP

text:
# Gojen Gadi

**Gojen Gadi** is an Indian politician from the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Gadi was elected from Basar seat in the 2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, standing as a People's Party of Arunachal candidate. he lost the 2019 MLA election to Mr Gokar basar of NPP

## Electoral performance

| Election | Constituency | Party | | Result | Votes % | Opposition Candidate | Opposition Party | | Opposition vote % | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Basar |  | BJP | Lost | 47.84% | Gokar Basar |  | NPP | 49.63% |  |
| 2014 | Basar |  | INC | Won | 56.45% | Togo Basar |  | PPA | 42.35% |  |
| 2009 | Basar |  | INC | Won | 60.86% | Dakter Basar |  | AITC | 38.35% |  |
| 2004 | Basar |  | Independent | Won | 64.38% | Eken Riba |  | INC | 35.62% |  |
| 1999 | Basar |  | Independent | Lost | 32.89% | Eken Riba |  | INC | 36.68% |  |
| 1995 | Basar |  | INC | Lost | 44.74% | Tomo Riba |  | Independent | 52.72% |  |


title: Gonatotrichus silhouettensis

abstract: Gonatotrichus silhouettensis is a species of millipede in the family Siphonophoridae. The species is endemic to Silhouette Island in Seychelles.

text:
# Gonatotrichus silhouettensis

***Gonatotrichus silhouettensis*** is a species of millipede in the family Siphonophoridae. The species is endemic to Silhouette Island in Seychelles.

## InfoBox

| *Gonatotrichus silhouettensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Order: | Siphonophorida |
| Family: | Siphonophoridae |
| Genus: | *Gonatotrichus* |
| Species: | ***G. silhouettensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gonatotrichus silhouettensis***
(Mauriès, 1980) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Siphonophorella silhouettensis* Mauries, 1980 * *Siphonophora silhouettensis* (Mauries, 1980) | |


abstract: Jefferson Township is a township in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,116 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Jefferson Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 1,218 |  |  |
| 2010 | 1,162 |  | −4.6% |
| 2020 | 1,116 |  | −4.0% |
| 2021 (est.) | 1,114 |  | −0.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

**Jefferson Township** is a township in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,116 at the 2020 census.

## History

The Meadowcroft Rockshelter and Pine Bank Covered Bridge are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 24.2 square miles (63 km2), 24.2 square miles (63 km2) of which is land and 0.04% of which is water.

## Surrounding communities

Jefferson Township has five borders: the townships of Hanover to the north, Smith to the northeast, Cross Creek from the east to south-southeast, and Independence to the south, and Brooke County, West Virginia to the west.

## Demographics

At the 2000 census, there were 1,218 people, 469 households, and 354 families living in the township. The population density was 50.3 inhabitants per square mile (19.4/km2). There were 494 housing units at an average density of 20.4/sq mi (7.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.52% White, 0.90% African American, 0.16% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.74%.

Of the 469 households 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.0% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.5% were non-families. 21.5% of households were one person and 11.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.05.

The age distribution was 23.5% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.9 males.

The median household income was $47,500 and the median family income was $54,663. Males had a median income of $38,214 versus $28,500 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,609. About 3.6% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Attractions

Meadowcroft Rockshelter is located along the southern boundary of the township.

## InfoBox

| Jefferson Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Meadowcroft Rockshelter, one of North America's most significant archaeological sites, in Jefferson Township | |
| Location of Jefferson Township in Washington County, Pennsylvania | |
| Location of Washington County in Pennsylvania | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Washington County |
| Area | |
| Total | 22.64 sq mi (58.64 km2) |
| Land | 22.63 sq mi (58.60 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.04 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,116 |
| Estimate (2021) | 1,114 |
| Density | 50.69/sq mi (19.57/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EDT) |
| Area code | 724 |


title: Moutori

abstract: Moutori is a town in the Diébougou Department of Bougouriba Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The town has a population of 1,455.

text:
# Moutori

**Moutori** is a town in the Diébougou Department of Bougouriba Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The town has a population of 1,455.

## InfoBox

| Moutori | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Sud-Ouest Region |
| Province | Bougouriba Province |
| Department | Diébougou Department |
| Population (2005 est.) | |
| Total | 1,455 |


title: Prodoxus praedictus

abstract: Prodoxus praedictus is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in the United States in the southern part of the Mojave Desert and bordering areas of the Colorado Desert, as well as in the central portion of the Joshua Tree National Park in California. The wingspan is 10-10.9 mm for males and 11.4-12.8 mm for females. Adults are on wing from late March to early April.

text:
# Prodoxus praedictus

***Prodoxus praedictus*** is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in the United States in the southern part of the Mojave Desert and bordering areas of the Colorado Desert, as well as in the central portion of the Joshua Tree National Park in California.

The wingspan is 10-10.9 mm for males and 11.4-12.8 mm for females. Adults are on wing from late March to early April.

## InfoBox

| *Prodoxus praedictus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Prodoxidae |
| Genus: | *Prodoxus* |
| Species: | ***P. praedictus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prodoxus praedictus***<br>Pellmyr, 2009 | |
|


title: The Bite in the Apple

abstract: The Bite in the Apple: A Memoir of My Life with Steve Jobs is a 2013 book by Chrisann Brennan. She is an American painter, Steve Jobs's high school girlfriend, an early employee of Apple Inc. before it went public, and the mother of Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs. It was released on October 29, 2013.

text:
# The Bite in the Apple

***The Bite in the Apple: A Memoir of My Life with Steve Jobs*** is a 2013 book by Chrisann Brennan. She is an American painter, Steve Jobs's high school girlfriend, an early employee of Apple Inc. before it went public, and the mother of Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs. It was released on October 29, 2013.

### Interviews and presentations

## InfoBox

The Bite in the Apple: A Memoir of My Life with Steve Jobs
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Chrisann Brennan |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Steve Jobs |
| Genre | Memoir |
| Publisher | St. Martin's Press |
| Publication date | October 29, 2013 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 320 |
| ISBN | 9781250038760 |


title: Mfinda

abstract: Mfinda is a spiritual concept of the forest in Kongo religion.

text:
# Mfinda

**Mfinda** is a spiritual concept of the forest in Kongo religion.

## Belief

Nature is essential to Kongo spirituality. While simbi (pl. bisimbi) nature spirits later became more associated with water, or *kalûnga*, they were also known to dwell in the forest, or *mfinda* (*finda* in Hoodoo). The Kingdom of Kongo used the term *chibila*, which referred to sacred groves, where they would venerate these forest spirits. The Kingdom of Loango called them *bakisi banthandu*, or spirits of the wilderness. The Kingdom of Ndongo preferred the name *xibila* (pl. *bibila*).

The Kongo people also believed that some ancestors inhabited the forest after death and maintained their spiritual presence in their descendants' lives. These particular ancestors were believed to have died, traveled to Mpémba, and then were reborn as bisimbi. Thus, *The Great Mfinda* existed as a meeting point between the physical world and the spiritual world. The living saw it as a source of physical nourishment through hunting and spiritual nourishment through contact with the ancestors. One expert on Kongo religion, Dr. Fu-Kiau, even described some precolonial Kongo cosmograms with mfinda as a bridge between the two worlds.

### Nganga

Mfinda is also where Kongo secret societies, such as *Kinkimba* and *Lemba*, initiated new healers. Expert healers, known as banganga (sing. nganga) underwent extensive training to commune with the ancestors in the spiritual realm and seek guidance from them. These new initiates learned how to locate nature spirits and build a connection. Once they became official banganga, it became their duty to seek them out in the forest and venerated them with shrines, sacred trees, and *minkisi* (sing. *nkisi*). In return, the ancestor or nature spirit would pass on untold history, advise the nganga, or allow them to harness their powers for healing or protection.

### American diaspora

The concept of mfinda as a spiritual space also emerged in the colonial United States through trans-Atlantic slavery and became known locally as *finda*. Bakongo descendants saw the wilderness as a symbol of freedom but also sorrow. Because early enslaved Bakongo had no ancestors on this side of kalûnga (which became synonymous with the Atlantic Ocean), it meant they had no blood tie to the new lands in which they were transported. Thus, banganga had no way to connect to the spiritual world. To remedy this, some Bakongo and Mbundu willingly committed acts of sacrificial suicide so that they could become ancestors or simbi and connect the living to *Mpémba*, the spiritual world. The finda then became a sacred space, where sightings of "cymbee" spirits were often recorded by Black Americans. Today, the finda is still a significant element in Hoodoo.


title: Montebello station (Quebec)

abstract: Montebello station was a Canadian Pacific railway station in Montebello, Quebec, which served the nearby Château Montebello hotel and the community of Montebello. Like the hotel, it was built of Red Cedar logs. The building now serves as a tourist information centre.

text:
# Montebello station (Quebec)

**Montebello station** was a Canadian Pacific railway station in Montebello, Quebec, which served the nearby Château Montebello hotel and the community of Montebello. Like the hotel, it was built of Red Cedar logs.

The building now serves as a tourist information centre.

| Preceding station | Canadian Pacific Railway | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Papineauvilletoward Ottawa |  | OttawaMontreal<br>via Montebello |  | Fassetttoward Montreal Place Viger |

45°38′59″N 74°56′33″W / 45.6498°N 74.9426°W / 45.6498; -74.9426


title: Thisizima sedilis

abstract: Thisizima sedilis is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in Bhutan, Sikkim, Burma and Thailand.

text:
# Thisizima sedilis

***Thisizima sedilis*** is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in Bhutan, Sikkim, Burma and Thailand.

## InfoBox

| *Thisizima sedilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | *Thisizima* |
| Species: | ***T. sedilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thisizima sedilis***<br>Meyrick, 1907 | |
|


title: Frank Carbone (politician)

abstract: Francesco Giuseppe Carbone is an Australian politician. He has served as mayor of Fairfield in New South Wales since 2012. Prior to being elected mayor, he served as a councillor for the Fairfield Ward between 2008 and 2012. Carbone has been re-elected as mayor in 2016, and 2021 NSW local government elections.

text:
# Frank Carbone (politician)

**Francesco Giuseppe Carbone** (born 26 March 1970) is an Australian politician. He has served as mayor of Fairfield in New South Wales since 2012.

Prior to being elected mayor, he served as a councillor for the Fairfield Ward between 2008 and 2012.

Carbone has been re-elected as mayor in 2016, and 2021 NSW local government elections.

## Early life

Carbone was born at Fairfield Hospital on 26 March 1970. He attended Harrington Street Public School in Cabramatta West, and later Bonnyrigg High School, where he completed his Higher School Certificate.

Prior to entering politics, Carbone owned and operated a jewellery business in Canley Heights with his brother Pasquale.

## Political career

In 2008, Carbone was preselected by the Labor Party to stand on their ticket in the Fairfield Ward for the NSW local government election held on 13 September. During his first term on the Fairfield City Council, Carbone attracted media attention when it was revealed that part of a public park in Canley Vale would be rezoned and turned into a cul-de-sac to serve a number of residential and commercial properties in which he and his brother owned shares.

Owing to changes in NSW Government legislation, preventing state parliamentarians serving on local councils, former mayor Nick Lalich announced his intention to step down from Fairfield City Council to focus his efforts on being MP for Cabramatta. That allowed Carbone to become mayor of Fairfield City on 21 March 2012.

Six months later, at the 2012 NSW local government elections, Carbone was elected mayor with 71.3% of the vote after preferences. During his first term as mayor, Carbone oversaw major projects, including the Fairfield Showground redevelopment, Fairfield Adventure Park, Aquatopia Water Park, and the Fairfield Youth and Community Centre.

Leading up to the 2016 NSW local government elections, Carbone came under pressure from colleagues in the Labor Party, with state parliamentarians Nick Lalich (Cabramatta MP), Hugh McDermott (Prospect MP) and Guy Zangari (Fairfield MP) writing to ALP head office asking that Carbone be disendorsed, claiming that his property interests conflicted with his civic duties. Carbone was cleared by a candidate review panel, but the Labor Party still decided to dump him as its mayoral candidate for Fairfield City, opting instead for Lalich's partner, Del Bennett, which led to Carbone standing for mayor without ALP endorsement. His decision to stand as an independent saw him expelled from the Labor Party for running against their endorsed candidate.

During the 2016 mayoral election, Carbone found an ally in former Liberal Party member Dai Le, who had also been suspended from her party over standing against endorsed candidates. The combined Carbone–Le independent ticket also ran candidates in all Fairfield City Council wards and appealed to disenfranchised voters.

Carbone was ultimately successful in retaining mayoralty of the City of Fairfield and becoming the first popularly elected independent mayor in Fairfield's history, claiming victory over Labor's Del Bennett by just 135 votes. A recount was ordered by the returning officer which increased Carbone's margin of victory to 233 votes.

Throughout Carbone's second term as mayor, he continued the transformation of Fairfield City, signing up to the Western Sydney City Deal between the Australian and NSW Governments, allowing the fast-tracking of projects such as the Fairfield Showground redevelopment, Deerbrush Park all-abilities playground, and Aquatopia Water Park upgrade.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Carbone was vocal in opposing NSW Government restrictions, including curfews, mandatory 'surveillance testing', permits for authorized workers, and limiting exercise to one hour a day no more than 5 km from a person's home. The restrictions were applied to "LGAs of Concern", which initially included Canterbury-Bankstown, Fairfield, and Liverpool, but were later expanded to also include Bayside, Blacktown, Burwood, Campbelltown, Cumberland, Georges River, Parramatta, and Strathfield). During that period, Carbone and other mayors regularly locked horns with NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian over her handling of restrictions for their communities, given that Sydney's affluent eastern and northern suburbs came under a separate set of rules, which prompted accusations of a double standard designed to segregate Sydney.

At the 2021 NSW local government elections, Carbone was re-elected mayor with 73.5% of the vote. He also teamed up again with Dai Le fielding candidates in all Fairfield City Council wards, and between them their team won 10 of the available 12 seats on Fairfield City Council.

In 2022, Carbone flirted with the idea of running for the federal electorate of Fowler against Labor frontbencher Kristina Keneally. Ultimately he did not stand for election but instead supported his Deputy Mayor Dai Le, who went on to win the seat with a swing of 16%, becoming the first refugee and Vietnamese Australian to be elected to the Australian House of Representatives.

At the 2024 NSW local government elections, Carbone was re-elected mayor with a 10% swing capturing 81.4% of the vote.

## Personal life

Carbone is married to Gina and has two children.

## InfoBox

| Frank Carbone | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Mayor of Fairfield | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
21 March 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Nick Lalich |
| Councillor of the Fairfield City Council
for Fairfield Ward | |
| **In office**
13 September 2008  8 September 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Watkins |
| Succeeded by | Charbel Saliba |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francesco Giuseppe Carbone
(1970-03-26) 26 March 1970
Prairiewood, New South Wales, Australia |
| Political party | Western Sydney Community (since 2023) |
| Other political
affiliations |  |
| Children | 2 |
| Occupation | * Businessman * Politician |
| Website | mayorfrankcarbone.com.au |
|  | |


title: Franco-Swedish Treaty

abstract: The Franco-Swedish Treaty (1738) was a treaty of amity signed between France and Sweden.

text:
# Franco-Swedish Treaty

The **Franco-Swedish Treaty (1738)** was a treaty of amity signed between France and Sweden.

## Stipulations

* Sweden promises not to conclude any alliance without first notifying France.
* In addition to paying a subsidy of 90,000, France pays 200,000 livres referred to as pensions and gratuities for Swedish ministers in French sources.

## InfoBox

Franco-Swedish Treaty (1738)
| Type | Amity treaty |
| --- | --- |
| Signed | December 1738 |
| Parties |  |


abstract: The Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance was a bilateral treaty between France and the Soviet Union with the aim of enveloping Nazi Germany in 1935 to reduce the threat from Central Europe. It was pursued by Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet foreign minister, and Louis Barthou, the French foreign minister, who was assassinated in October 1934, before negotiations had been finished. His successor, Pierre Laval, was sceptical of the desirability and of the value of an alliance with the Soviet Union. However, after the declaration of German rearmament in March 1935, the French government forced the reluctant foreign minister to complete the arrangements with Moscow that Barthou had begun.

text:
# Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance

| Foreign alliances of France |
| --- |
|  | |

The **Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance** was a bilateral treaty between France and the Soviet Union with the aim of enveloping Nazi Germany in 1935 to reduce the threat from Central Europe. It was pursued by Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet foreign minister, and Louis Barthou, the French foreign minister, who was assassinated in October 1934, before negotiations had been finished.

His successor, Pierre Laval, was sceptical of the desirability and of the value of an alliance with the Soviet Union. However, after the declaration of German rearmament in March 1935, the French government forced the reluctant foreign minister to complete the arrangements with Moscow that Barthou had begun.

## Ratification

The pact was concluded in Paris on 2 May 1935 and ratified by the French government in February 1936. Ratifications were exchanged in Moscow on 27 March 1936, and the pact went into effect the same day. It was registered in *League of Nations Treaty Series* on 18 April 1936.

Laval had taken the precaution of ensuring that the bilateral treaty agreement was strictly compatible with the multilateral provisions of the League of Nations Covenant and the Locarno Treaties. That in practice meant that military assistance could be rendered by one signatory to the other only after both an allegation of unprovoked aggression had been submitted to the League of Nations, and the approval of the other signatories of the Locarno Pact (the United Kingdom, Italy and Belgium) being attained.

The Franco-Soviet Pact was no longer what Barthou had originally planned, but it remained to serve the purpose of acting as a hollow diplomatic threat of a two-front war if Germany pursued an aggressive foreign policy. Most of the Locarno powers felt that the pact would act only as a means of dragging them into a suicidal war with Germany for the Soviets' benefit.

The pact marked a large-scale shift in Soviet policy in the Seventh Congress of the Comintern from a pro-revisionist stance against the Treaty of Versailles to a more western-oriented foreign policy, as had been championed by Litvinov.

## Aftermath

On 16 May 1935 the Czechoslovak–Soviet Treaty of Alliance was signed after the Soviet treaty with France, which was Czechoslovakia's main ally.

Adolf Hitler justified the remilitarisation of the Rhineland by the ratification of the Franco-Soviet Pact by the French Parliament and claimed that he felt threatened by it. In the UK parliament the former British Prime Minister David Lloyd George who was sympathetic to Germany stated that "if Herr Hitler had allowed that to go without protecting his country he would have been a traitor to the Fatherland".

The Franco-Soviet Treaty's military provisions were practically useless because of their multiple conditions, such as the requirement for Britain and Italy to approve any action. Their effectiveness was undermined even further by the French government's insistent refusal to accept a military convention stipulating how both armies would co-ordinate their actions in the event of a war against Germany. The result was a symbolic pact of friendship and mutual assistance that had little consequence other than raising the prestige of both parties.

However, after 1936, the French lost interest, and all of Europe realised that the pact was a dead letter. By 1938, the appeasement policies implemented by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier ended collective security and further encouraged German aggression. The German *Anschluss* of Austria in 1938 and Munich Agreement, which led to the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939, demonstrated the impossibility of establishing a collective security system in Europe, a policy advocated by Litvinov. That and the reluctance of the British and the French governments to sign a full-scale anti-German political and military alliance with the Soviets led to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany in late August 1939, which indicated the Soviet Union's decisive break with France by becoming an economic ally of Germany.

## Text

Article 1 In the event that France or the U.S.S.R. are subjected to the threat or the danger of aggression on the part of a European state, the U.S.S.R. and France engage themselves reciprocally to proceed to an immediate mutual consultation on measures to take in order to observe the provisions of Article 10 of the League of Nations Pact. Article 2 In the event that, in the circumstances described in Article 15, paragraph 7, of the League of Nations Pact, France or the U.S.S.R. may be, in spite of the genuinely pacific intentions of the two countries, and subject of unprovoked aggression on the part of a European state, the U.S.S.R. and France will immediately lend each other reciprocal aid and assistance. Article 3 Taking into consideration the fact that, according to Article 16 of the League of Nations Pact, every member of the League that resorts to war contrary to the engagements assumed in Articles 12, 13 or 15 of the Pact is *ipso facto* considered as having committed an act of war against all the other members of the League, France and the U.S.S.R. engage themselves reciprocally, \[should either of them be the object of unprovoked aggression\], to lend immediate aid and assistance in activating the application of Article 16 of the Pact. The same obligation is assumed in the event that either France or the U.S.S.R. is the object of aggression on the part of a European state in the circumstances described in Article 17, paragraphs 1 and 3, of the League of Nations Pact.

***Protocole de Signature***

Article 1 It is understood that the effect of Article 3 is to oblige each Contracting Party to lend immediate assistance to the other in conforming immediately to the recommendations of the Council of the League of Nations as soon as they are announced under Article 16 of the Pact. It equally understood that the two Contracting Parties will act in concert to elicit the recommendations of the Council with all the celerity that circumstances require and that, if nevertheless, the Council, for any reason whatever, does not make any recommendation or does not arrive at a unanimous decision, the obligation of assistance will nonetheless be implemented....    * Pavel A. Zhilin, "The USSR and collective security 1935–1939." *Scandinavian Journal of History* 2.1-4 (1977): 147-159.
* Ragsdale, Hugh. *The Soviets, the Munich Crisis, and the Coming of World War II*
* Azeau, Henri (1969). Le Pacte Franco soviétique \[du\] 2 mai 1935. Presses de la Cité.


title: Thomas Crompton (Parliamentarian)

abstract: Thomas Crompton was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1647 and 1660. Crompton was the son of Sir Thomas Crompton of Stafford. He subscribed at the University of Oxford on 1 July 1614 and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1621. In 1647, Crompton was elected Member of Parliament for Staffordshire in the Long Parliament and survived Pride's Purge to sit in the Rump Parliament. He was elected MP for Staffordshire again in 1654 for the First Protectorate Parliament, in 1656 for he Second Protectorate Parliament and in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was also restored in 1659 as a member of the Rump Parliament.

text:
# Thomas Crompton (Parliamentarian)

**Thomas Crompton** was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1647 and 1660.

Crompton was the son of Sir Thomas Crompton of Stafford. He subscribed at the University of Oxford on 1 July 1614 and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1621.

In 1647, Crompton was elected Member of Parliament for Staffordshire in the Long Parliament and survived Pride's Purge to sit in the Rump Parliament. He was elected MP for Staffordshire again in 1654 for the First Protectorate Parliament, in 1656 for he Second Protectorate Parliament and in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was also restored in 1659 as a member of the Rump Parliament.


title: Massimo Marino (TV presenter)

abstract: Massimo Marino was an Italian television presenter and actor. He made his television debut in 1995, conducting the ViviRoma television program on the Teleambiente and Teledonna stations. Between 2009 and 2010, he was a guest on several television programs, including La vita in diretta, while Rai 3 dedicated a service to him in an episode of Gente di Notte in 2005. He was a guest of Simona Ventura in La Grande Notte on Monday. He was the protagonist in The Ten Commandments of episode entitled "Arrivederci Roma" on 12 September 2015, presented by Domenico Iannacone. In 2008, Marino made his cinema debut in the film Grande, grosso e... Verdone, followed by Una estate al mare (2008), A Natale mi sposo (2010) and Una cella in due e Matrimonio a Parigi (2011). Since 1989, Marino was a publisher of the free press magazine ViviRoma. Marino died in Rome on 19 April 2019, at the age of 59.

text:
# Massimo Marino (TV presenter)

**Massimo Marino** (8 February 1960 – 19 April 2019) was an Italian television presenter and actor. He made his television debut in 1995, conducting the *ViviRoma* television program on the Teleambiente and Teledonna stations. Between 2009 and 2010, he was a guest on several television programs, including *La vita in diretta*, while Rai 3 dedicated a service to him in an episode of *Gente di Notte* in 2005. He was a guest of Simona Ventura in La Grande Notte on Monday. He was the protagonist in *The Ten Commandments* of episode entitled "Arrivederci Roma" on 12 September 2015, presented by Domenico Iannacone.

In 2008, Marino made his cinema debut in the film *Grande, grosso e ... Verdone*, followed by *Una estate al mare* (2008), *A Natale mi sposo* (2010) and *Una cella in due e Matrimonio a Parigi* (2011). Since 1989, Marino was a publisher of the free press magazine *ViviRoma*.

Marino died in Rome on 19 April 2019, at the age of 59.

## InfoBox

| Massimo Marino | |
| --- | --- |
| Marino in May 2012 | |
| Born | (1960-02-06)6 February 1960
Rome, Italy |
| Died | 19 April 2019(2019-04-19) (aged 59)
Rome, Italy |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, television presenter |
| Years active | 1995-2019 |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |


title: Glenroy T. Johnson

abstract: Glenroy T. Johnson is a West Indian former cricket umpire. At the international level, he only officiated in six ODI games, from 1989 to 2001.

text:
# Glenroy T. Johnson

**Glenroy T. Johnson** is a West Indian former cricket umpire. At the international level, he only officiated in six ODI games, from 1989 to 2001.

## InfoBox

Glenroy T. Johnson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Glenroy T. Johnson |
| Umpiring information | |
| ODIs umpired | 6 (1989–2001) |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 20 May 2014 | |


abstract: Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a statute requiring suspects to disclose their names during a valid Terry stop does not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first requires reasonable suspicion of criminal involvement, and does not violate the Fifth Amendment if there is no allegation that their names could have caused an incrimination. Under the rubric of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the minimal intrusion on a suspect's privacy, and the legitimate need of law enforcement officers to quickly dispel suspicion that an individual is engaged in criminal activity, justified requiring a suspect to disclose his or her name. The Court also held that the identification requirement did not violate Hiibel's Fifth Amendment rights since he did not articulate a reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him; however, the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment privilege might apply in a situation where there was an articulated reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating. The Hiibel decision was narrow in that it applied only to states that have stop and identify statutes. Consequently, individuals in states without such statutes cannot be lawfully arrested solely for refusing to identify themselves during a Terry stop.

text:
# Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada

***Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada***, 542 U.S. 177 (2004), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a statute requiring suspects to disclose their names during a valid Terry stop does not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first requires reasonable suspicion of criminal involvement, and does not violate the Fifth Amendment if there is no allegation that their names could have caused an incrimination.

Under the rubric of *Terry v. Ohio*, 392 U.S.  (1968), the minimal intrusion on a suspect's privacy, and the legitimate need of law enforcement officers to quickly dispel suspicion that an individual is engaged in criminal activity, justified requiring a suspect to disclose his or her name. The Court also held that the identification requirement did not violate Hiibel's Fifth Amendment rights since he did not articulate a reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him; however, the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment privilege might apply in a situation where there *was* an articulated reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating.

The *Hiibel* decision was narrow in that it applied only to states that have stop and identify statutes. Consequently, individuals in states without such statutes cannot be lawfully arrested solely for refusing to identify themselves during a Terry stop.

## Background of the case

Nevada has a "stop-and-identify" law that allows police officers to detain any person they encounter "under circumstances which reasonably indicate that the person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a crime"; the person may be detained only to "ascertain his identity and the suspicious circumstances surrounding his presence abroad." In turn, the law requires the person detained to "identify himself", but does not compel the person to answer any other questions put to him by the officer. The Nevada Supreme Court has interpreted that "identify himself" to mean to merely state his name. As of April 2008, 23 other states have similar laws.

On the evening of May 21, 2000, the sheriff's department in Humboldt County, Nevada received a report that a man had assaulted a woman in a red and silver GMC truck on Grass Valley Road. The responding deputy found a truck parked on the side of the road. A man was smoking a cigarette beside the truck, and a young woman was sitting inside it. The deputy observed skid marks in the gravel behind the vehicle, leading him to believe the vehicle had come to a sudden stop.

The deputy explained to the man that there had been a report of a fight between the man and the young woman, and asked the man if he had any identification on him. The man protested that he had no reason to provide identification, and became ill-tempered when the deputy continued to press him for his identification. The man then asked the deputy what crime he was being accused of, as the deputy continued his requests for identification, stating that he was "conducting an investigation". The man persisted in his refusal to provide identification, asking instead to be handcuffed and taken to jail. The deputy continued to ask for the man's identification, stating that the man would face arrest if he did not cooperate and provide identification. In response, the man declared he would not cooperate because he had not committed any crime. He then turned around and was arrested by the deputy.

That man was Larry Dudley Hiibel, the petitioner in this case, and the young woman was his daughter Mimi Hiibel. Larry Hiibel was charged with "willfully resist\[ing\], delay\[ing\], or obstruct\[ing\] a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his office." In the Justice Court for Union Township, Nevada, Hiibel was convicted of this charge and fined $250. He appealed to the Sixth Judicial District Court, which affirmed the conviction. He then appealed to the Nevada Supreme Court, arguing that the requirement that he identify himself to any police officer upon request violated the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures and his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination. The Nevada Supreme Court rejected these arguments, and Hiibel asked the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the case.

## Majority opinion

Stop-and-identify laws have their roots in early English vagrancy laws under which suspected vagrants were subject to arrest unless they gave a "good account" of themselves; this practice, in turn, derived from the common-law power of any person to arrest suspicious persons and detain them until they gave "a good account" of themselves. Modern stop-and-identify laws combine aspects of the old vagrancy laws with a guide for police officers conducting investigatory stops, such as those authorized under *Terry v. Ohio*, 392 U.S.  (1968).

However, the Court has identified a constitutional difficulty with many modern vagrancy laws. In *Papachristou v. Jacksonville*, 405 U.S. 156 (1972), the Court held that a traditional vagrancy law was void for vagueness because its "broad scope and imprecise terms denied proper notice to potential offenders and permitted police officers to exercise unfettered discretion in the enforcement of the law." In *Brown v. Texas*, 443 U.S. 47 (1979), the Court struck down the application of Texas's stop-and-identify statute against Brown. They held that the Fourth Amendment requires reasonable suspicion to believe that an individual had committed, was committing, or was going to commit a crime before an individual can be required to identify himself, and that the presence of an individual in a known drug area cannot establish reasonable suspicion without more. And in *Kolender v. Lawson*, 461 U.S. 352 (1983), the Court struck down a California stop-and-identify law that required a suspect to provide "credible and reliable identification" upon request. The words "credible and reliable" were vague because they "provided no standard for determining what a suspect must do to comply with \[the law\], resulting in virtually unrestrained power to arrest and charge persons with a violation."

"The present case begins where our prior cases left off. Here there is no question that the initial stop was based on reasonable suspicion, satisfying the Fourth Amendment requirements noted in *Brown*. Further, the petitioner has not alleged that the statute is unconstitutionally vague, as in *Kolender*. Here the Nevada statute is narrower and precise." The Nevada Supreme Court had held that the Nevada statute required only that the suspect divulge his name; presumably, he could do so without handing over any documents whatsoever. As long as the suspect tells the officer his name, he has satisfied the dictates of the Nevada stop-and-identify law.

The narrow requirements of Nevada's stop-and-identify law meant that it did not run afoul of the Fourth Amendment. "In the ordinary course a police officer is free to ask a person for identification without implicating the Fourth Amendment." Since *Terry*, it has been clear that a police officer who reasonably suspects that a person is involved in criminal activity may detain a person long enough to dispel that suspicion. Questions related to a person's identity are a "routine and accepted part of many *Terry* stops." Knowing a person's identity may, of course, help to clear a suspect and divert the attention of the police to another suspect. On the other hand, knowing the suspect's name may just as quickly confirm to the officer that the person is wanted for another, unrelated crime. In cases such as this, where the police are investigating a domestic dispute, officers "need to know whom they are dealing with in order to assess the situation, the threat to their own safety, and possible danger to the potential victim." "The request for identity has an immediate relation to the purpose, rationale, and practical demands of a *Terry* stop. The threat of criminal sanction helps ensure that the request for identity does not become a legal nullity." Balancing the intrusion into the individual's privacy against the extent to which the stop-and-identify law promotes legitimate government interests, the Court concluded that the Fourth Amendment did not prohibit Nevada from making it a crime for a person detained under conditions of *Terry* to refuse to disclose his name to a police officer upon request.

Furthermore, the officer's request that Hiibel identify himself did not implicate Hiibel's Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. There was no "articulated real and appreciable fear that \[Hiibel's\] name would be used to incriminate him, or that it 'would furnish a link in the chain of evidence needed to prosecute' him." Because Hiibel did not articulate reasonable belief that his name could be used as an incriminating piece of evidence, he could not invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege in refusing to disclose it.

## Dissenting opinions

Justice Stevens opined that the Court's precedent required it to strike down Nevada's stop-and-identify law. Under the Court's *Terry* jurisprudence, a suspect has always had the right to refuse to answer questions put to him by police officers during a *Terry* stop. And the Fifth Amendment privilege had always attached during custodial interrogations because information extorted by the police during such interrogations is unavoidably testimonial. Why else would the police ask for a person's name, if not to determine whether that person was either wanted for committing a crime or directly suspected of committing a crime? "The officer in this case told \[Hiibel\] that he was conducting an investigation and needed to see some identification. As the target of that investigation, \[Hiibel\], in my view, acted well within his rights when he opted to stand mute. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent."

Justice Breyer noted that

> the Court wrote that an 'officer may ask the \[*Terry*\] detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer's suspicions. *But the detainee is not obliged to respond*.' *Berkemer v. McCarty*, 468 U.S. 420 (1984) (emphasis added).... the Court's statement in *Berkemer*, while technically dicta, is the kind of strong dicta that the legal community typically takes as a statement of the law. And that law has remained undisturbed for more than 20 years. There is no good reason now to reject this generation-old statement of the law.

Justice Breyer also expressed a "slippery-slope" concern that the majority's opinion would lead to allowing the police to ask follow-up questions, such as what the person's license number is, or where a person lives, without running afoul of constitutional protections.

## InfoBox

| Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued March 22, 2004
Decided June 21, 2004 | |
| Full case name | *Larry D. Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt County, et al.* |
| Citations | 542 U.S. 177 (*more*)124 S. Ct. 2451; 159 L. Ed. 2d 292; 2004 U.S. LEXIS 4385; 72 U.S.L.W. 4509; 17 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 406 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *Defendant convicted*, Justice Court of Union Township, Humboldt County; *affirmed*, Sixth Judicial District Court, Humboldt County; *affirmed*, 59 P.3d 1201 (Nev. 2002); *cert. granted*, 540 U.S. 965 (2003). |
| Subsequent | Rehearing denied, 542 U.S. 960 (2004). |
| Holding | |
| Laws requiring suspects to identify themselves during investigative stops by law enforcement officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment, and do not necessarily violate the Fifth Amendment. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice William Rehnquist  Associate Justices John P. Stevens **·**  Sandra Day O'Connor
Antonin Scalia **·**  Anthony Kennedy
David Souter **·**  Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg **·**  Stephen Breyer | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Kennedy, joined by Rehnquist, O'Connor, Scalia, Thomas |
| Dissent | Stevens |
| Dissent | Breyer, joined by Souter, Ginsburg |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. amends. IV, ; Nev. Rev. Stat. § 171.123(3) | |


title: Gonioterma chlorina

abstract: Gonioterma chlorina is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by William D. Kearfott in 1911. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil. The wingspan is 24–27 mm. The forewings are shining chlorina green, in males in certain lights and from certain angles, a lighter, whitish shade is visible, especially between upper edge of the cell and the costa, at the end of the cell and in a narrow terminal line. In the females, this white shade is permanent and parallels the costa from the extreme base to the middle of the termen. It is interrupted at the middle of the costa and sends a narrow curved spur to the dot at the end of the cell, and then to the hindmargin. It is somewhat speckled through its length by the ground color. In the females, the terminal whitish line is much more distinct. There is a dark brown, almost black, spot on the fold at two-fifths of the wing length from the base and at the end of the cell is a more intense dot of the ground color, surrounded by whitish scales. The hindwings are dull ocherous brown.

text:
# Gonioterma chlorina

***Gonioterma chlorina*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by William D. Kearfott in 1911. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil.

The wingspan is 24–27 mm. The forewings are shining chlorina green, in males in certain lights and from certain angles, a lighter, whitish shade is visible, especially between upper edge of the cell and the costa, at the end of the cell and in a narrow terminal line. In the females, this white shade is permanent and parallels the costa from the extreme base to the middle of the termen. It is interrupted at the middle of the costa and sends a narrow curved spur to the dot at the end of the cell, and then to the hindmargin. It is somewhat speckled through its length by the ground color. In the females, the terminal whitish line is much more distinct. There is a dark brown, almost black, spot on the fold at two-fifths of the wing length from the base and at the end of the cell is a more intense dot of the ground color, surrounded by whitish scales. The hindwings are dull ocherous brown.

## InfoBox

| *Gonioterma chlorina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Gonioterma* |
| Species: | ***G. chlorina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gonioterma chlorina***<br>(Kearfott, 1911) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Stenoma chlorina* Kearfott, 1911 | |