title: Melrose, South Australia

abstract: Melrose is the oldest town in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The town was once named "Mount Remarkable". The town is known for its proximity to Mount Remarkable and the surrounding National Park, its caravan park and historical sites including Jacka's brewery and Melrose Courthouse.

text:
# Melrose, South Australia

**Melrose** is the oldest town in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The town was once named "Mount Remarkable".

The town is known for its proximity to Mount Remarkable and the surrounding National Park, its caravan park and historical sites including Jacka's brewery and Melrose Courthouse.

## History

Journalist Rodney Cockburn, in his popular book *What's in a Name* asserts that consensus has not yet been reached about the origins of Melrose's name. He gives the explanation that its surveyor named the town after George Melrose, of Rosebank, Mount Pleasant, who assisted him when he was ill. Another explanation suggests a land owner named Alexander Campbell settled in the area in 1844 with his family and named the region after his hometown, Melrose, in Scotland. Historian Geoff Manning found that the town was located on a property claimed by the Mount Remarkable Mining Company and in the 1850s subdivided it into 250 sections of 80 acres (32 ha). Townsites were surveyed at either end, Melrose to the north and Bangor at the southern end. This was in accord with Cockburn's findings, but Manning was convinced that A. L. Elder, a prominent director of the company and a proud Scotsman, named it for Melrose in Roxburghshire.

The first European explorer in the area was Edward John Eyre in 1840; pastoralists settled in the area about a decade later. Copper was discovered and mining started in 1846, but it was not economically viable, and ceased in 1851. The mine was opened again three more times, with the latest closure in 1917.

In 1893 at a time of high unemployment, Wilton Hack founded a communal settlement in the area. At its peak, some 130 settlers were working 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land. By the end of 1895 after a succession of poor seasons around half the settlers had left, and in 1896 the village was closed by the Government.

When it was opened in 1848, the police station in Melrose was not only the first permanent police station in the region, but the base of the largest police district in the world. A constable, two troopers and an Aboriginal tracker were responsible for an area extending to the Timor Sea.

The Wilmington railway line from Gladstone opened near Melrose in 1915 and closed in 1990. The station was almost 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the town. Melrose is also on the Horrocks Highway, formerly known as Main North Road.

### Heritage listings

Melrose has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

#### Jacka's Brewery

Jacka's Brewery was a family business founded by Joseph Jacka in 1877 in Melrose. Several months prior, Joseph and his brother William had leased the land the brewery still resides upon from Joseph's father-in-law. At the time, the Jacka family also owned the North Star Hotel in Melrose, and were already experienced brewers as they had previously owned a brewery in Auburn.

In 1887 Joseph continued brewing in Melrose while his brother William relocated to Burra. Jacka's brewery was a great success and popular amongst the locals. Within the next decade or so, Joseph was able to buy more surrounding land and extend the breweries premises. At this point, Jacka's brewery was distributing beer to Port Pirie and Port Augusta using custom made wagons, wooden casks and teams of eight horses to traverse the Flinders Ranges. William returned to Jacka's Brewery in 1901 after his brother died, to assist his nephew William J.S. Jacka with running the business. The brewery ceased production in 1934 after World War I and the Great Depression rendered it economically inviable.

The brewery was formerly known as T.B. Marshall's Flour Mill.

#### Melrose Cemetery

Melrose Cemetery was established in the 1860s. According to the Virtual War Memorial for Australia, the opening of the cemetery is referenced by local newspapers. This includes the *South Australian Register'*s account of a whooping cough epidemic creating several new graves mere months after the cemetery's opening in 1863. Almost a decade later, the *South Australian Register* again referred to Melrose Cemetery as being "new", as well as a "regular resort for pigs to go about rooting in", suggesting that the council take better care of the grounds.

## Indigenous population

### Nukunu

As of 1974, there are records of the Ngaiawang Indigenous Tribe, also referred to as the Nukunu, being located east of Melrose and Mount Remarkable. The term 'Nukunu' may have been based on the term 'Nokunno' used by the Kaurna tribe, and may refer to a metaphorical assassin that hunts at night. Variations of the name include but are not limited to: Wongaidja, Nukuna, Nookoona, and Nuguna. Furthermore, according to Tiechelmann and Schürmann's 1840 account of the tribe, the Nukunu also practiced both subincision and circumcision as male initiation rites. Efforts are currently being made to revive the Nukunu language.

The presence and influence of the Nukunu people in Melrose is evident in place names. An example of this is the property of 'Bartagunyah', which, according to the Bartagunyah Estate website, means 'home of the Bardi Grubs'.

### Adnyamathanha

Additionally, the Adnyamathanha people lived in the northern Flinders Ranges area for many millennia.

## Tourism and landmarks

Today, Melrose is the base for visitors to the Mount Remarkable National Park and a centre for the local farmers.

Melrose Tennis Club hosts a tennis tournament over the Easter weekend, with finals played on Monday morning. The tournament usually attracts around 200 participants across all the events.

In June, Melrose is home to the *Fat Tyre Festival*, an off-road bike celebration exploring local bike trails and crowding parades of freak bikes.

In August, Melrose is also home to the King of the Mount trail race. This is a race to the summit of Mt Remarkable, during which runners and walkers ascend over 600 metres (2,000 ft) along a 7.7 kilometres (4.8 mi) trail.

Melrose is home to a caravan park visited by 100,000 tourists every year.

The town also has several sites and associated activities that are popular tourist attractions throughout the year.

### Paradise Square

Paradise Square was the first cemetery in Melrose, situated by the Melrose Heritage Centre. According to the Virtual War Memorial for Australia, almost 128 burials took place in Paradise Square until its closure in the 1850s and prior to the establishment of Melrose Cemetery. Several Paradise Square burials were eventually relocated to the new Melrose Cemetery.

In 1890 on Arbor Day, 70 trees were planted on the grounds previously occupied by Paradise Square. The trees were replaced by tennis courts in 1925, which were later removed. Today, gardens provide a tribute to the remaining residents of Paradise Square.

### Bartagunyah Winery and Estate

Bartagunyah Estate and Winery is located approximately 5 km from Melrose. Its close proximity to the town means the winery is considered one of Melrose's tourist attractions. The land the estate sits upon was originally named by the Nukunu people, an Indigenous Australian community native to the Melrose region. The name translates to 'home of the bardy grubs'. The property itself was originally used for livestock in the 1930s, but in 1997 it was converted to a vineyard and winery. Tourists can participate in wine tasting and several ecotourism activities, including but not limited to mountain biking across ridge top trials, camping with a view of the Willochra Plain, and 4WD tours.

### Old Emu Foot

Old Emu Foot has been identified by arborists at the National Register of Big Trees as the largest tree in South Australia, more so for its width than its height. It has also been identified as the largest River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in Australia. Its size was compared with several contenders throughout NSW, Victoria and Western Australia using the American Forests formula.

The tree was nominated as the largest River Red Gum in Australia and largest tree in South Australia by the director of Arbortech, Kym Knight. Knight has estimated the tree's age to be around 400 years.

Old Emu Foot is not considered a tourist attraction as it resides on private property and isn't easily accessible for the general public. It sits roughly 1.2 km from the Melrose Showgrounds in a sheep paddock owned by farmer David McCallum.

It is 35 metres tall, its circumference is 14.82 metres, and its crown is 29 metres. These dimensions afford Old Emu Foot a score of 722 points according to the American Forests formula.

## Creek

On the West side of the Melrose Township, flows the Wilochra Creek heading Northwards. The creek is freshwater and is home to freshwater leeches, ducks, frogs and water insects. In some parts of the creek, depths can reach a maximum of two metres. Bike trails cross the creek several times and follow the creek adjacent to its course.

## Education

Melrose has several educational institutions, including but not limited to:

* Melrose primary school
* Melrose kindergarten
* Terka township
* Wilmington Primary School
* Wilmington Kindergarten
* Booleroo Centre District School

## Notes and references

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Melrose
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Melrose Township with Mount Remarkable in background | |
| Melrose | |
| Coordinates | 32°49′S 138°11′E / 32.817°S 138.183°E / -32.817; 138.183 |
| Population | 342 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 1840 |
| Postcode(s) | 5483 |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | District Council of Mount Remarkable |
| State electorate(s) | Stuart |
| Federal division(s) | Grey |
| Website | Melrose |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  ? ? 550 mm
21.7 in | |
| **Localities around Melrose:**  Wilmington Wilmington Willowie  Wilmington
Baroota Melrose Booleroo Centre  Baroota Bangor
Murray Town Murray Town | |
| Footnotes | Adjoining localities |


title: Palazzo Becchi-Magnani

abstract: The Palazzo Magnani, also known as the Palazzo Becchi-Magnani, is a Neoclassical-style palace located on Corso Giuseppe Garibaldi 29 in the historic center of the town of Reggio Emilia in Italy. The original palace was commissioned in the late 16th century by Count Becchi. The location on the then via della Ghiara, now Corso Garibaldi, became a fashionable location for houses of the wealthy in town. The palace is notable for a fine decorated frieze below the roofline and a marble telamon-like figure at the corner of the building, depicting the god Janus, sculpted in 1576 by Prospero Sogari. By the early nineteenth century, ownership of the palace passed to the aristocratic Chioffi family, who refurbished the facade to its present Neoclassical style. In 1917, after various changes in ownership, the house passed to the Magnani family. Luigi Magnani endowed the Magnani-Rocca Foundation to display his art collections at his villa at Mamiano di Traversetolo. This palace, restored by Ivan Sacchetti, was purchased in 1984 by the town from the estate of Luigi Magnani, and is now used for special exhibits.

text:
# Palazzo Becchi-Magnani

The **Palazzo Magnani**, also known as the *Palazzo Becchi-Magnani*, is a Neoclassical-style palace located on Corso Giuseppe Garibaldi 29 in the historic center of the town of Reggio Emilia in Italy.

The original palace was commissioned in the late 16th century by Count Becchi. The location on the then via della Ghiara, now Corso Garibaldi, became a fashionable location for houses of the wealthy in town. The palace is notable for a fine decorated frieze below the roofline and a marble telamon-like figure at the corner of the building, depicting the god Janus, sculpted in 1576 by Prospero Sogari .

By the early nineteenth century, ownership of the palace passed to the aristocratic Chioffi family, who refurbished the facade to its present Neoclassical style. In 1917, after various changes in ownership, the house passed to the Magnani family. Luigi Magnani endowed the Magnani-Rocca Foundation to display his art collections at his villa at Mamiano di Traversetolo. This palace, restored by Ivan Sacchetti, was purchased in 1984 by the town from the estate of Luigi Magnani, and is now used for special exhibits.

44°41′50″N 10°37′38″E / 44.69712°N 10.627255°E / 44.69712; 10.627255


title: Uppala Gate

abstract: Uppala Gate is a small town in Uppala, Kasaragod district, Kerala. It is located about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north from the Uppala town.

text:
# Uppala Gate

**Uppala Gate** is a small town in Uppala, Kasaragod district, Kerala. It is located about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north from the Uppala town.

## Transportation

Local roads have access to National Highway No.66 which connects to Mangalore in the north and Calicut in the south. The nearest railway station is Manjeshwar on Mangalore-Palakkad line. There is an airport at Mangalore.

## Languages

This locality is an essentially multi-lingual region. The people speak Malayalam, Kannada, Tulu, Beary bashe, Urdu and Konkani. Migrant workers also speak Hindi and Marathi languages.

## Administration

This village is part of Manjeswaram assembly constituency which is again part of Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)

## InfoBox

| Uppala Gate | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Uppala GateUppala Gate | |
| Coordinates: 12°36′N 75°00′E / 12.6°N 75.0°E / 12.6; 75.0 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| Region | Malabar |
| District | Kasaragod |
| Taluk | Manjeshwar |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 671322 |
| Telephone code | 04998 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-14 |


title: The Journals of Knud Rasmussen

abstract: The Journals of Knud Rasmussen is a 2006 Canadian-Danish film directed by Zacharias Kunuk and Norman Cohn. The film is about the pressures on traditional Inuit shamanistic beliefs as documented by Knud Rasmussen during his travels across the Canadian Arctic in the 1920s. Produced by Isuma, the film premiered on September 7, 2006 as the opening film of the Toronto International Film Festival, after pre-release screenings in Inuit communities in Canada and Greenland.

text:
# The Journals of Knud Rasmussen

***The Journals of Knud Rasmussen*** is a 2006 Canadian-Danish film directed by Zacharias Kunuk and Norman Cohn. The film is about the pressures on traditional Inuit shamanistic beliefs as documented by Knud Rasmussen during his travels across the Canadian Arctic in the 1920s.

Produced by Isuma, the film premiered on September 7, 2006 as the opening film of the Toronto International Film Festival, after pre-release screenings in Inuit communities in Canada and Greenland.

## Synopsis

Set primarily in and around Igloolik in 1922, the film depicts the encounter between a group of Inuit in Arctic Canada led by one of the last shamans of the Canadian Inuit, Aua, and three Danish ethnographers and explorers, Knud Rasmussen, Therkel Mathiassen and Peter Freuchen during the latter's "Great Sled Journey" of 1922. The film is shot from the perspective of the Inuit, showing their traditional beliefs and lifestyle. The shaman and his entourage must ultimately decide whether to join the ranks of another group of Inuit who have converted to Christianity.

## Awards

Michelline Amaaq received a Genie Award nomination for Best Costume Design at the 27th Genie Awards in 2007.

The film was a nominee for the Rogers Best Canadian Film Award at the Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2006, and was named to TIFF's annual year-end Canada's Top Ten list for 2006.

## InfoBox

| The Journals of Knud Rasmussen | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Zacharias Kunuk
Norman Cohn |
| Written by | Eugene Ipkarnak
Madeline Ivalu
Herve Paniaq
Pauloosie Qulitalik
Lucy Tulugarjuk
Abraham Ulayuruluk
Louis Uttak |
| Produced by | Lucius Barre
Norman Cohn
Zacharias Kunuk
Elise Lund Larsen
Stephane Rituit
Vibeke Vogel |
| Starring | Natar Ungalaaq
Pierre Lebeau
Leah Angutimarik
Jens Jørn Spottag
Neeve Irngaut |
| Cinematography | Norman Cohn |
| Edited by | Cathrine Ambus
Norman Cohn
Félix Lajeunesse |
| Music by | Richard Lavoie |
| Distributed by | Alliance Atlantis
SF Film |
| Release dates | * March 11, 2006 (2006-03-11) (Igloolik) * September 7, 2006 (2006-09-07) (TIFF) * October 8, 2006 (2006-10-08) (U.S.) * November 10, 2006 (2006-11-10) (Denmark) |
| Running time | 112 minutes |
| Countries | Canada
Denmark |
| Languages | Inuktitut
Danish
English |
| Budget | $6,300,000 (estimated) |


title: Kimiko Hirata

abstract: Kimiko Hirata is a Japanese climate activist. As a founder of the Kiko Network, a non-governmental organization, she has campaigned for emissions reductions for more than 20 years. As of December 2022, her grassroots work has led to the cancellation of 17 planned coal-power plants. Hirata also led landmark coal divestment campaigns against Mizuho Financial Group and Mitsubishi UFJ. She currently serves as executive director for the Tokyo-based think tank, Climate Integrate, which focuses on accelerating decarbonization. In 2021, Hirata became the first Japanese woman to be awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize, nicknamed the "Green Nobel". In 2022, she was named to the BBC 100 list of influential women. She holds a PhD in social sciences from Waseda University, and is the author of Climate Change and Politics (2019) in Japanese, and co-author of many books and articles.

text:
# Kimiko Hirata

**Kimiko Hirata** (平田 仁子, *Hirata Kimiko*, born 1970) is a Japanese climate activist. As a founder of the Kiko Network, a non-governmental organization, she has campaigned for emissions reductions for more than 20 years. As of December 2022, her grassroots work has led to the cancellation of 17 planned coal-power plants. Hirata also led landmark coal divestment campaigns against Mizuho Financial Group and Mitsubishi UFJ. She currently serves as executive director for the Tokyo-based think tank, Climate Integrate, which focuses on accelerating decarbonization.

In 2021, Hirata became the first Japanese woman to be awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize, nicknamed the "Green Nobel". In 2022, she was named to the BBC 100 list of influential women. She holds a PhD in social sciences from Waseda University, and is the author of *Climate Change and Politics* (2019) in Japanese, and co-author of many books and articles.

## Education and early career

Hirata was born in southern Kumamoto prefecture, and studied education at university. She first became aware of the magnitude of climate change during the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, which was covered widely in the Japanese media, and started reading books including *Earth in the Balance* by Al Gore. She became interested in international activism while taking a course taught by Masako Hoshino, an activist who had helped to launch one of Japan's first NGOs.

After graduation, she went to work at a publisher of academic texts. She continued reading about environmental issues and studied English. In 1996, she left her job and moved to the United States for a one-year internship with the Climate Institute. During her year in the US, she also volunteered at the National Water Foundation and for a Smithsonian program focusing on biodiversity, and took a course on NGO management.

She earned a PhD at the Waseda University Graduate School of Social Sciences in 1999. In 2021, she was a visiting associate professor at the Chiba University of Commerce.

## Career as activist

In 1997, she returned to Japan to campaign at COP 3, where the Kyoto Protocol was adopted. She founded Kiko Network, an NGO focused on halting climate change, in 1998. Kiko Network emerged as one of the few organizations actively monitoring Japan's compliance with the Kyoto Protocol.

### Fight against coal power

Following the March 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in Fukushima, the Japanese government shifted policy to allow new coal power plants to be built. Until then, nuclear reactors had generated roughly 30 percent of Japan's electricity, but were shut down by the government in the wake of the disaster. The Japanese public also grew deeply distrustful of nuclear energy. To address the ensuing energy crisis, the government solicited bids for additional coal-fired plants to be built, and by 2015, plans were in place for 50 new plants. Japan thus became the only G7 country planning new coal-fired power stations at the time.

Hirata realized that Kiko Network needed to shift its focus from policy-driven work to grassroots campaigning, and adopted a multi-pronged strategy to fight against coal. Kiko Network launched a website to track the proposed coal power projects nationwide. To raise awareness of the environmental and health hazards of coal power, Hirata worked in tandem with scientists, pollution experts, journalists, lawyers, and local community leaders, as well as other NGOs. In key areas where coal power projects were planned, she cultivated a network of local citizen activists, spoke at public hearings, and helped to drive unprecedented turnout at community forums.

She also enlisted support from international experts in analyzing the costs and risks associated with coal plants, and released their findings. Hirata worked with a researcher from Greenpeace on a report which found that the expected air pollution would lead to 1,000 premature deaths in Japan annually. In addition, the Sustainable Finance Program at Oxford University and Carbon Tracker conducted an investment risk analysis which made the case for canceling the planned coal plants as well as those under construction, and phasing out the existing fleet.

To put additional pressure on Japanese policymakers, Hirata collaborated with NGOs internationally, including the Climate Action Network, which gave Japan multiple "Fossil of the Day" awards for "'doing the most to achieve the least' in terms of the progress on climate change". The international outcry against Japan's coal policy was covered extensively by the Japanese media; Hirata coordinated protests at several COP meetings, and spoke to the press ahead of the G20 summits.

As of December 2022, Hirata's grassroots campaign calling attention to their potential impact in terms of air pollution and climate change had led to the cancellation of 17 out of 50 planned coal-power plants.

### Coal divestment campaign

In 2020, Hirata spearheaded a shareholder campaign to force megabank Mizuho Financial Group, the world's largest private lender to coal developers, to tighten lending to coal companies. Proposed by Kiko Network with the backing of six Nordic funds in mid-March, it was the first shareholder-led climate-change resolution proposed for a listed company in Japan, and called for more climate change disclosures, as well as a plan with defined targets to bring its business in line with the Paris climate accord. One month after the motion was proposed, Mizuho announced that it would stop issuing loans to new coal plants in June of that year, and that it planned to exit coal investments by 2050; one day later, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group also announced that it would stop issuing loans to coal plants in May. Hirata responded that both initiatives fell short of compliance with the Paris Agreement. In June 2020, although the resolution did not pass, it secured higher-than-expected support, with 35 percent of Mizuho shareholders voting in favor.

In 2021, she campaigned for a similar climate resolution at Mitsubishi UFJ filed jointly by Kiko Group, Market Forces, the Rainforest Action Network, and 350.org Japan. The proposal requiring the bank to align its investments with the Paris climate accord won 23 percent of the shareholder vote.

As a result of Hirata's efforts in urging businesses to divest from coal, as of 2021, more than 10 major coal plant developers had announced that they would stop developing or financing new coal projects.

### Decarbonization

Hirata stepped down as international director of Kiko Network in December 2021, although she remains on its board of directors. In January 2022, she established Climate Integrate to focus on accelerating decarbonization by working with partners in Japan and internationally. In July 2022, Climate Integrate released a report, "Getting Lost on the Road to Decarbonization: Japan’s Big Plans for Ammonia".

## Personal life

Hirata lives in Tokyo with her husband and two children.

## InfoBox

| Kimiko Hirata | |
| --- | --- |
| 平田 仁子 | |
| Born | 1970 (age 5354)
Kumamoto prefecture, Japan |
| Organization(s) | Climate Integrate
Kiko Network |
| Awards | 2021 Goldman Environmental Prize |


title: Herzlake

abstract: Herzlake is a municipality in the Emsland district, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

text:
# Herzlake

**Herzlake** is a municipality in the Emsland district, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

## Villages are situated in Herzlake

* Bookhof
* Felsen
* Herzlake
* Neuenlande
* Westrum

External Links

## InfoBox

| Herzlake | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Herzlake within Emsland district | |
| Herzlake Herzlake | |
| Coordinates: 52°42′N 07°35′E / 52.700°N 7.583°E / 52.700; 7.583 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Emsland |
| Municipal assoc. | Herzlake |
| Subdivisions | 5 Ortsteile |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Hans Bösken (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 49.77 km2 (19.22 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 25 m (82 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 4,886 |
| Density | 98/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 49770 |
| Dialling codes | 05962 |
| Vehicle registration | EL |


title: Neurophyseta virginalis

abstract: Neurophyseta virginalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1904. It is found in Ecuador.

text:
# Neurophyseta virginalis

***Neurophyseta virginalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1904. It is found in Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Neurophyseta virginalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Neurophyseta* |
| Species: | ***N. virginalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neurophyseta virginalis***<br>(Dognin, 1904) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Omphaloptera virginalis* Dognin, 1904 | |


title: Victoria Barracks, Beverley

abstract: Victoria Barracks was a military installation in Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

text:
# Victoria Barracks, Beverley

**Victoria Barracks** was a military installation in Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

## History

The barracks were built as the depot of the two battalions of the 15th (The Yorkshire East Riding) Regiment of Foot between 1877 and 1878. Their creation took place as part of the Cardwell Reforms which encouraged the localisation of British military forces. Following the Childers Reforms, the 15th Regiment of Foot evolved to become the East Yorkshire Regiment with its depot at the barracks in 1881.

Many recruits enlisted at the barracks at the start of the First World War and the barracks were significantly extended during the Second World War. The Regiment amalgamated with the West Yorkshire Regiment to form the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire in 1958. Following demolition of the barracks, the Ministry of Defence disposed of the site in 1977 and it is now largely occupied by a Morrisons supermarket.

## InfoBox

| Victoria Barracks | |
| --- | --- |
| Beverley | |
| The building on the right, now converted into flats, is all that remains of the old barracks | |
| Victoria BarracksLocation within East Riding of Yorkshire | |
| Coordinates | 53°49′23″N 0°26′35″W / 53.82313°N 0.44297°W / 53.82313; -0.44297 |
| Type | Barracks |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | British Army |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1877–1878 |
| Built for | War Office |
| In use | 1878-1960 |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | East Yorkshire Regiment |


title: Melrose-Mindoro Area School District

abstract: Melrose-Mindoro School District is centered in the town of Farmington, La Crosse County, Wisconsin. It has 770 students attending 3 schools in grades PK and K-12. According to state standards, 45% of students in this district are considered proficient in math and/or reading. The district has an annual budget of $8,751,000, spending an average of $11,684 per student. The District Office is located at N181 State Rd 108, Melrose, Wisconsin 54642.

text:
# Melrose-Mindoro Area School District

**Melrose-Mindoro School District** is centered in the town of Farmington, La Crosse County, Wisconsin. It has 770 students attending 3 schools in grades PK and K-12. According to state standards, 45% of students in this district are considered proficient in math and/or reading. The district has an annual budget of $8,751,000, spending an average of $11,684 per student. The District Office is located at N181 State Rd 108, Melrose, Wisconsin 54642.


title: Gmina Konopiska

abstract: Gmina Konopiska is a rural gmina in Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Konopiska, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Częstochowa and 53 km (33 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice. The gmina covers an area of 78.11 square kilometres (30.2 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 10,715. The gmina contains part of the protected area called Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park.

text:
# Gmina Konopiska

**Gmina Konopiska** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Konopiska, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Częstochowa and 53 km (33 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.

The gmina covers an area of 78.11 square kilometres (30.2 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 10,715.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park.

## Villages

Gmina Konopiska contains the villages and settlements of Aleksandria, Aleksandria Druga, Hutki, Jamki, Konopiska, Kopalnia, Korzonek, Kowale, Łaziec, Leśniaki, Rększowice, Walaszczyki, Wąsosz and Wygoda.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Konopiska is bordered by the city of Częstochowa and by the gminas of Blachownia, Boronów, Herby, Poczesna, Starcza and Woźniki.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Gmina Konopiska is twinned with:

50°43′32″N 19°0′30″E / 50.72556°N 19.00833°E / 50.72556; 19.00833

## InfoBox

| Gmina Konopiska Konopiska Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Konopiska): 50°43′32″N 19°0′30″E / 50.72556°N 19.00833°E / 50.72556; 19.00833 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Częstochowa |
| Seat | Konopiska |
| Area | |
| Total | 78.11 km2 (30.16 sq mi) |
| Population (2019-06-30) | |
| Total | 10,715 |
| Density | 140/km2 (360/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.konopiska.pl |


title: Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital

abstract: Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital is a large Provincial government funded district general hospital situated in central Mthatha in South Africa. It is a tertiary teaching hospital and forms part of the Mthatha Hospital Complex. The hospital departments include Emergency department, Paediatric ward, Maternity ward, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Out Patients Department, Surgical Services, Medical Services, Operating Theatre & CSSD Services, Pharmacy, Anti-Retroviral (ARV) treatment for HIV/AIDS, Post Trauma Counseling Services, Ophthalmology Out-patients Clinic, Occupational Services, X-ray Services, Physiotherapy, NHLS Laboratory, Oral Health Care Provides, Laundry Services, Kitchen Services and Mortuary.

text:
# Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital

**Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital** is a large Provincial government funded district general hospital situated in central Mthatha in South Africa. It is a tertiary teaching hospital and forms part of the Mthatha Hospital Complex.

The hospital departments include Emergency department, Paediatric ward, Maternity ward, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Out Patients Department, Surgical Services, Medical Services, Operating Theatre & CSSD Services, Pharmacy, Anti-Retroviral (ARV) treatment for HIV/AIDS, Post Trauma Counseling Services, Ophthalmology Out-patients Clinic, Occupational Services, X-ray Services, Physiotherapy, NHLS Laboratory, Oral Health Care Provides, Laundry Services, Kitchen Services and Mortuary.

Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital

## InfoBox

| Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Eastern Cape Department of Health | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Mthatha, King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality, OR Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa |
| Coordinates | 31°35′15″S 28°45′51″E / 31.58739°S 28.76413°E / -31.58739; 28.76413 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | Public |
| Type | District General, Teaching |
| Affiliated university | Walter Sisulu University |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Yes |
| Links | |
| Website | Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital |
| Lists | Hospitals in South Africa |
| Other links | List of hospitals in South Africa |


title: The Hollow Reed

abstract: The Hollow Reed was a vegetarian restaurant in the Old Port district of Portland, Maine. It opened on February 7, 1974, and closed in 1981, and is cited for its influence on the city's notable restaurant culture.

text:
# The Hollow Reed

**The Hollow Reed** was a vegetarian restaurant in the Old Port district of Portland, Maine. It opened on February 7, 1974, and closed in 1981, and is cited for its influence on the city's notable restaurant culture.

## History

The Hollow Reed was opened on 334 Fore Street in the Old Port's Boothby Square on February 7, 1974, by vegetarians and volunteers at the Good Day Market cooperative grocery store Victoria Jahn, Bobbi Goodman and Frank LaTorre. The Hollow Reed was the first vegetarian restaurant in Portland. After a restoration the original brick walls and dark beams were left intact.

The Hollow Reed was an all-vegetarian restaurant during 1974, but in 1975 seafood was added to the menu. Later the restaurant added chicken and meat to the menu. The restaurant's change of the menu was controversial with shoppers at the all-vegetarian Good Day Market and this caused the market to make and sell vegetarian sandwiches. The Hollow Reed closed in 1981.

The restaurant was located in the Samuel Butts House, formerly known as the Mariner's House, a historic colonial-style building built in 1792. It is the second-oldest extant building on the Portland peninsula, after the Wadsworth-Longfellow House.

## Influence

In 2009, Maine writer Elizabeth Peavey wrote about Portland in the 1980s, "when this was a cowboy town — unprettified, unsanitized, still a little dangerous" and said "a trip to the very groovy Hollow Reed in the Old Port was a must." In 2011, the editor of *Portland* magazine, Colin Sargent, wrote about the past 25 years in the city and wrote that "a new wave of restaurants in Portland dazzled diners" and said The Hollow Reed was a "beloved vegetarian restaurant on Fore Street." In 2018, the chef and owner of Fore Street restaurant, Sam Hayward, told the *Portland Press Herald* that The Hollow Reed was one of four restaurants from the Old Port's early days that "deserve some of the credit for the city’s current reputation as a culinary destination." In 2019, organic farmer Mort Mather recalled selling to the Hollow Reed, which he called "one of the first quality restaurants in Portland’s Old Port." In 2024 journalist Avery Yale Kamila wrote that The Hollow Reed was "foundational in building Portland’s food culture."

43°39′24″N 70°15′06″W / 43.6568°N 70.2518°W / 43.6568; -70.2518

## InfoBox

The Hollow Reed
| Industry | Restaurant |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | February 7, 1974 (1974-02-07) |
| Founders | * Victoria Jahn * Bobbi Goodman * Frank LaTorre |
| Defunct | 1981 (1981) |
| Headquarters | Portland, Maine, United States |


title: Haplopappus glutinosus

abstract: Haplopappus glutinosus, known also by the common name sticky haplopappus is a species of plant in the genus Haplopappus in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Chile and Argentina. Haplopappus is derived from Greek and means 'single-down' or 'single feather'. The name is in reference to the single pappus attached to each seed. Glutinosus means 'sticky', 'glutinous', 'viscous', or 'glue-bearing'. Haplopappus glutinosus is an evergreen perennial which forms a cushion. Its leaves are sticky, which is the basis for its species name. In summer, it bears yellow daisy-like flowers which reach up to 2.5 centimeters in diameter.

text:
# Haplopappus glutinosus

***Haplopappus glutinosus***, known also by the common name **sticky haplopappus** is a species of plant in the genus *Haplopappus* in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Chile and Argentina. *Haplopappus* is derived from Greek and means 'single-down' or 'single feather'. The name is in reference to the single pappus attached to each seed. *Glutinosus* means 'sticky', 'glutinous', 'viscous', or 'glue-bearing'.

*Haplopappus glutinosus* is an evergreen perennial which forms a cushion. Its leaves are sticky, which is the basis for its species name (*glutinosus* is a cognate of 'glutinous'). In summer, it bears yellow daisy-like flowers which reach up to 2.5 centimeters in diameter.

## InfoBox

| *Haplopappus glutinosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Haplopappus* |
| Species: | ***H. glutinosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Haplopappus glutinosus***<br>Cass. | |
|


title: Kimiko Hida

abstract: Kimiko Hida Kimiko Hida is a Japanese handball goalkeeper for Sony Semiconductor and the Japanese national team. She represented Japan at the 2013 World Women's Handball Championship in Serbia.

text:
# Kimiko Hida

**Kimiko Hida** (飛田 季実子, *Hida Kimiko*, born 26 September 1977) is a Japanese handball goalkeeper for Sony Semiconductor and the Japanese national team.

She represented Japan at the 2013 World Women's Handball Championship in Serbia.

## InfoBox

| Kimiko Hida | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1977-09-26) 26 September 1977 | | |
| Nationality | Japanese | | |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Playing position | Goalkeeper | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Sony Semiconductor | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Japan | 118 | (0) |


title: Herzliebster Jesu

abstract: "Herzliebster Jesu" is a Lutheran Passion hymn in German, written in 1630 by Johann Heermann, in 15 stanzas of 4 lines, first published in Devoti Musica Cordis in Breslau. As the original headline reveals, it is based on Augustine of Hippo; this means the seventh chapter of the so-called "Meditationes Divi Augustini", presently ascribed to John of Fécamp.

text:
# Herzliebster Jesu

"**Herzliebster Jesu**" (often translated into English as "**Ah, Holy Jesus**", sometimes as "**O Dearest Jesus**") is a Lutheran Passion hymn in German, written in 1630 by Johann Heermann, in 15 stanzas of 4 lines, first published in *Devoti Musica Cordis* in Breslau. As the original headline reveals, it is based on Augustine of Hippo; this means the seventh chapter of the so-called "Meditationes Divi Augustini", presently ascribed to John of Fécamp.

## Melody and musical settings

The tune, Zahn No. 983, was written ten years later by Johann Crüger and first appeared in Crüger's *Neues vollkömmliches Gesangbuch Augsburgischer Confession*.

The tune has been used many times, including settings by J.S. Bach: one of the Neumeister Chorales for organ, BWV 1093, two movements of the St John Passion, and three of the *St Matthew Passion*. Johannes Brahms used it for one of his Eleven Chorale Preludes for organ, Op. 122: No. 2.). Max Reger's *Passion*, No. 4 from his organ pieces *Sieben Stücke*, Op. 145 (1915–1916), uses this melody. Mauricio Kagel quoted the hymn, paraphrased as "Herzliebster Johann, was hast du verbrochen", in his oratorio *Sankt-Bach-Passion* telling Bach's life, composed for the tricentenary of Bach's birth in 1985.

Christian Fürchtegott Gellert wrote his Passion hymn "Herr, stärke mich, dein Leiden zu bedenken" (Lord, strengthen me to reflect on your suffering) to the same melody, first published in 1757.

## Translations

The most common English translation of this hymn was written by Robert Bridges in 1897 and begins with the first line "Ah, holy Jesus, how hast thou offended?" However, several Lutheran hymnals use a translation written in 1863 by Catherine Winkworth which begins "O dearest Jesus, what law hast thou broken?" An alternative translation in modern English from the Choral Niagara website is also shown below for comparison.

| Original German | Bridges translation |
| --- | --- |
| Herzliebster Jesu, was hast du verbrochen,
Daß man ein solch scharf Urteil hat gesprochen?
Was ist die Schuld? In was für Missetaten
Bist du geraten? | Ah, holy Jesus, how hast Thou offended,
That man to judge Thee hath in hate pretended?
By foes derided, by Thine own rejected,
O most afflicted. |
| Winkworth translation | Choral Niagara translation |
| O dearest Jesus, what law hast Thou broken
That such sharp sentence should on Thee be spoken?
Of what great crime hast Thou to make confession,
What dark transgression? | Beloved Jesus, what have you done wrong
that they have pronounced so hard a sentence?
What is your guilt, into what sort of misdeeds
have you fallen? |

## InfoBox

| "Herzliebster Jesu" | |
| --- | --- |
| Lutheran Passion hymn | |
| Johann Heermann, the poet | |
| English | "O dearest Jesus" |
| Catalogue | Zahn 983 |
| Genre | Hymn |
| Written | 1630 (1630) |
| Text | by Johann Heermann |
| Language | German |
| Meter | 11.11.11.5 |
| Melody | by Johann Crüger |
| Published | 1630 (1630) |


title: Netherlands–Palestine relations

abstract: Netherlands–Palestine relations refers to the relationship between Netherlands and Palestine. Netherlands does not recognize Palestine. Netherlands supports a two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict. The Palestine mission in the Netherlands is located in The Hague.

text:
# Netherlands–Palestine relations

**Netherlands–Palestine** relations refers to the relationship between Netherlands and Palestine. Netherlands does not recognize Palestine.

Netherlands supports a two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict. The Palestine mission in the Netherlands is located in The Hague.

## History

The Dutch representative office in the occupied Palestinian territories was opened in Jericho in 1994. It was moved to the city of Al-Bireh in 1996.

In November 2014, Bert Koenders, Foreign Minister of Netherlands, said that Netherlands would not recognize Palestine as it believed it would not help the peace process. Netherlands had provided funding for United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA).

The Party for Freedom, under the leadership of Geert Wilders, emerged victorious in the legislative elections of November 2023, securing approximately 23 percent of the total votes cast. In 2010, Wilders stated that the two-state solution had already been put into action, arguing that there has been a Palestinian state in Jordan since 1946. He also maintained that it is Jordan's responsibility to welcome and accept all Palestinian refugees who wish to reside there willingly. He called for Jordan to be renamed Palestine. Wilders reiterated his position after the win.

Mark Rutte, Prime Minister of Netherlands, invited Mahmoud Abbas, President of Palestine, to discuss the Israel-Hamas war. Dutch human rights organization sued their government for supplying Israel with military parts during the conflict alleging the parts were used for human rights violations. Half the population of Netherlands believe Palestinians live under apartheid in Israel according to a poll. Dutch parliament struggled to pass a motion to review aid to Palestinians.

## InfoBox

Dutch-Palestinian relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
Netherlands |
Palestine |
|  | |


title: MultiCare Deaconess Hospital

abstract: MultiCare Deaconess Hospital—more commonly known as Deaconess Hospital and formerly known as Deaconess Medical Center—is a 388-bed non-profit general medical and surgical hospital in the northwest United States, located in Spokane, Washington. Established in 1896, the hospital has 1,604 employees, and operates a Level III trauma center and Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Deaconess Hospital is rated as a "high performing" hospital in two adult procedures and conditions according to U.S. News & World Report. In 2019, the hospital performed 3,381 inpatient surgeries, 6,547 outpatient surgeries, delivered 1,384 babies, and had 55,889 Emergency Department visits.

text:
# MultiCare Deaconess Hospital

**MultiCare Deaconess Hospital**—more commonly known as **Deaconess Hospital** and formerly known as **Deaconess Medical Center**—is a 388-bed non-profit general medical and surgical hospital in the northwest United States, located in Spokane, Washington. Established in 1896, the hospital has 1,604 employees, and operates a Level III trauma center and Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Deaconess Hospital is rated as a "high performing" hospital in two adult procedures and conditions according to *U.S. News & World Report*. In 2019, the hospital performed 3,381 inpatient surgeries, 6,547 outpatient surgeries, delivered 1,384 babies, and had 55,889 Emergency Department visits.

## History

Deaconess Hospital was established 128 years ago in 1896 as one of the first hospitals in Spokane. One of its early specialties was orthopedic surgery. It is located immediately south of Interstate 90 at Fourth Avenue, on the west side of Lewis and Clark High School in the Cliff/Cannon neighborhood.

The Tennessee-based for-profit Community Health Systems bought both Deaconess and Valley Hospitals in Spokane for $270 million in 2008, and followed the purchase up with the $50 million acquisition of the Rockwood Clinic primary, specialty, and urgent care system that services the region to create an integrated clinic and hospital network. The state health department of approval of the sale to CHS and its conversion to for-profit status came with stipulations that it invest $100 million in both facilities in five years and increase the amount of charity care among other criteria. The Rockwood Health System (formerly Empire Health Services), the previous owners of the properties sued CHS for allegedly failing to meet its obligations under the agreement and Washington state law in providing free of cost charity care to low-income people which resulted in a $50 million settlement to forgive medical debt in 2019. Tacoma-based not-for-profit provider, MultiCare bought the holdings from CHS in 2016.

In 2011, the name of the hospital was changed from Deaconess Medical Center back to Deaconess Hospital. The hospital opened the MultiCare Deaconess Cancer Center in a new facility on their campus in 2021, which is designed to provide comprehensive care with a team-based approach.

## InfoBox

| MultiCare Deaconess Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| MultiCare Health System | |
| Patient tower in 2007 | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 800 W 5th Avenue, <br>Spokane, Washington, United States |
| Coordinates | 47°39′06″N 117°25′25″W / 47.65167°N 117.42361°W / 47.65167; -117.42361 |
| Organization | |
| Care system | Private |
| Funding | Not-for-profit |
| Type | General |
| Services | |
| Standards | Joint Commission |
| Emergency department | III |
| Beds | 388 |
| Helipad | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | 1896, 128 years ago |
| Links | |
| Website | www.multicare.org/deaconess-hospital/ |
| Lists | Hospitals in Washington State |


title: Goethe (grape)

abstract: Goethe is one of the collection of grape varieties known as Rogers' Hybrids, created by Edward Staniford Rogers of Salem, Massachusetts, in the mid-19th century, and is the result of a cross of Carter, a selection of Vitis labrusca, and Black Hamburg, a selection of Vitis vinifera. It was originally known as Rogers No. 1, until Rogers named it after Johann Wolfgang Goethe, the German author, artist, and scientist. Goethe is female, and thus requires a second grape variety as a pollen source. Fruit is a pale red, ripens late, and is prone to rot. Hedrick considered it the most vinifera-like of the Rogers' Hybrids, but while of high quality, it rarely reaches full maturity in shorter-seasoned climates, and only achieved a measure of popularity in the Mid-Atlantic and Mid-West United States.

text:
# Goethe (grape)

**Goethe** is one of the collection of grape varieties known as Rogers' Hybrids, created by Edward Staniford Rogers of Salem, Massachusetts, in the mid-19th century, and is the result of a cross of Carter, a selection of Vitis labrusca, and Black Hamburg (there are two varieties known by this name, but in this case it was probably Schiava Grossa), a selection of Vitis vinifera. It was originally known as Rogers No. 1, until Rogers named it after Johann Wolfgang Goethe, the German author, artist, and scientist.

Goethe is female, and thus requires a second grape variety as a pollen source. Fruit is a pale red, ripens late, and is prone to rot. Hedrick considered it the most vinifera-like of the Rogers' Hybrids, but while of high quality, it rarely reaches full maturity in shorter-seasoned climates, and only achieved a measure of popularity in the Mid-Atlantic and Mid-West United States.

## InfoBox

| Goethe | |
| --- | --- |
| Grape (*Vitis*) | |
| Illustration of Goethe grapes from the 1908 book *The Grapes of New York* | |
| Color of berry skin | Rose |
| Also called | Rogers No. 1 |
| Sex of flowers | Female |
| VIVC number | 4851 |


title: The Headless Republic

abstract: The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought is a book by the political scientist Jesse Goldhammer that explores the purportedly sacrificial significance given to revolutionary violence during the French Revolution. The work argues that revolutionaries who overthrew the Ancien Régime believed that sacrifice, defined as "a public spectacle of ritual violence", was necessary for the foundation of a new regime. Goldhammer shows how the insurgents "consistently referred to their acts of violence in sacrificial terms and used sacrificial themes to imagine different relationships between bloodshed and political beginnings." The categorization of the violence during the French Revolution as "sacrificial" was not made by the revolutionaries themselves: instead, this was done by intellectuals responding to it. The three writers whose views Goldhammer examines are Joseph de Maistre, Georges Sorel, and Georges Bataille. The specific episodes of violence that Goldhammer regards as sacrificial are the regicide, the insurrectionary events of August 10, 1792, the September Massacres in the same year, the Terror, and the execution of Robespierre. Goldhammer argues that the revolutionaries made reference to ancient Roman and Christian traditions of sacrifice in order to guide their "sacrilegious plan to end the French monarchy." The logic of sacrifice is conceptualized in Goldhammer's book as the slaying of a scapegoat in order to prevent further, "potentially limitless" violence. The sacrificial act establishes the boundaries between the sacred and the profane.

text:
# The Headless Republic

***The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought*** is a book by the political scientist Jesse Goldhammer that explores the purportedly sacrificial significance given to revolutionary violence during the French Revolution. The work argues that revolutionaries who overthrew the Ancien Régime believed that sacrifice, defined as "a public spectacle of ritual violence", was necessary for the foundation of a new regime. Goldhammer shows how the insurgents "consistently referred to their acts of violence in sacrificial terms and used sacrificial themes to imagine different relationships between bloodshed and political beginnings."

The categorization of the violence during the French Revolution as "sacrificial" was not made by the revolutionaries themselves: instead, this was done by intellectuals responding to it (in particular the execution of Louis XVI). The three writers whose views Goldhammer examines are Joseph de Maistre, Georges Sorel, and Georges Bataille.

The specific episodes of violence that Goldhammer regards as sacrificial are the regicide, the insurrectionary events of August 10, 1792, the September Massacres in the same year, the Terror, and the execution of Robespierre. Goldhammer argues that the revolutionaries made reference to ancient Roman and Christian traditions of sacrifice in order to guide their "sacrilegious plan to end the French monarchy."

The logic of sacrifice is conceptualized in Goldhammer's book as the slaying of a scapegoat in order to prevent further, "potentially limitless" violence. The sacrificial act establishes the boundaries between the sacred and the profane.

## Reception

The political scientist James Martel described *The Headless Republic* as "a thorough and engaging explication of the logic of sacrifice in French political thought." William Safran described the book as an "unusual and provocative study in intellectual history. ... The author is aware that a mix of policies and rationales can be subsumed under the rubric of sacrifice and that, as in the case of the al Qaeda suicide bombings, the distinction between self-sacrifice or martyrdom and the killing of others as a political strategy can become confused and perverted."

## InfoBox

The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jesse Goldhammer |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Cornell University Press |
| Publication date | May 15, 2005 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 218 |
| ISBN | 978-0-8014-4150-9 |


title: West Bengal State Co-Operative Bank

abstract: The West Bengal State Co-operative Bank (WBSTCB) is an Indian provincial co-operative bank based in Kolkata. Its primary area of operation is to provide agricultural loans, controlling the District Cooperative Banks and other cooperative societies. It also includes a range of services to the sector, including locker facilities, bank guarantee, bills, letter of credit, insurance, ancillary services, deposit schemes and loan schemes. It acts as an intermediary for the implementation and funding of different schemes for the government in the fields of Agriculture, fisheries, rural development etc. Along with all the other 33 State Co-operatives it forms the National Federation of State Co-operative Banks Ltd. (NAFSCOB).

text:
# West Bengal State Co-Operative Bank

The **West Bengal State Co-operative Bank** (WBSTCB) is an Indian provincial co-operative bank based in Kolkata. Its primary area of operation is to provide agricultural loans, controlling the District Cooperative Banks and other cooperative societies. It also includes a range of services to the sector, including locker facilities, bank guarantee, bills, letter of credit, insurance, ancillary services, deposit schemes and loan schemes. It acts as an intermediary for the implementation and funding of different schemes for the government in the fields of Agriculture, fisheries, rural development etc. Along with all the other 33 State Co-operatives it forms the National Federation of State Co-operative Banks Ltd. (NAFSCOB).

## History

WSTCB was established in 1918 as the *Bengal Provincial Co-op. Federation Ltd*. The current name was adopted in 1967. The bank suffered a set-back in 2000, when it applied to get a NABARD licence. The bank had planned to expand in 2008. These plans met with set backs, with the Government holding back plans that allowed the bank to expand. The bank also suffered financially when the farm loan waiver scheme, a government policy, affected the earning of the bank substantially for 2008.

In 2012, the bank endured a bank scam, losing Rs 160, prompting the Government to establish a strategy to deal with financial scams. The bank went through en expansion of its ATM network in 2014.

## Operations

The WBCCB is registered as an Apex Co-operative Society along with its counterpart The West Bengal State Agricultural and Rural Development Bank Ltd. for the state of West Bengal. Its primary area of operation is to provide short term agricultural loans, control of District Central Cooperative Banks, financing of PACS. It also includes a range of services to the sector, including locker facilities, bank guarantee, bills, letter of credit, insurance, ancillary services, deposit schemes and loan schemes. The Bank is financed by NABARD and the Department of Cooperation, West Bengal. The Bank is based in Kolkata, West Bengal.

## Elections

As per the West Bengal Cooperative Societies Act, 2006 the Government may initiate election for the appointment of directors. Elections are done by the Cooperative Election Commission for every five years.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

The West Bengal State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
|
|  |
| Formerly | Bengal Provincial Cooperative Federation Ltd. (1918-1923) The Bengal Provincial Cooperative Bank Ltd. (1923-1947)<br>The West Bengal Provincial Cooperative Bank Ltd. (1947-1964) |
| Company type | Cooperative bank |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1918 (1918) |
| Headquarters | 24A, Waterloo Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Area served | West Bengal |
| Key people | * Anupam Mukhopadhyay, Special Officer * Nilanjan Sinha (Managing Director) |
| Products | Banking |
| Owner | Department of Cooperation, Government of West Bengal |
| Website | www.wbstcb.com |


title: Hersir

abstract: A hersir was a local Viking military commander of a hundred, of about 100 men, and owed allegiance to a jarl or king. They were also aspiring landowners, and, like the middle class in many feudal societies, supported the kings in their centralization of power. Originally, the term Hersir referred to a wealthy farmer who owned land and had the status of a leader. Throughout the Viking Age, Hersir was eventually redefined as someone who organized and led raids. In the 10th century, the influence of Hersirs began to decrease due to the development of effective national monarchies in Scandinavia. Hersir was again redefined later on to mean a local leader or representative. The independence of the Hersir as a military leader eventually vanished, to be replaced only by the title of a royal representative. The "Hávamál", which was the mythical advice of the supreme creator Odin to humankind, contains a number of verses emphasizing the virtue of cautious consideration and strategical attack. This theme, in its oral form, was one of the major influences on the mind of the Viking Hersir.

text:
# Hersir

A **hersir** was a local Viking military commander of a *hundred* (a county subdivision), of about 100 men, and owed allegiance to a jarl or king. They were also aspiring landowners, and, like the middle class in many feudal societies, supported the kings in their centralization of power. Originally, the term Hersir referred to a wealthy farmer who owned land and had the status of a leader. Throughout the Viking Age, Hersir was eventually redefined as someone who organized and led raids. In the 10th century, the influence of Hersirs began to decrease due to the development of effective national monarchies in Scandinavia. Hersir was again redefined later on to mean a local leader or representative. The independence of the Hersir as a military leader eventually vanished, to be replaced only by the title of a royal representative. The "Hávamál", which was the mythical advice of the supreme creator Odin to humankind, contains a number of verses emphasizing the virtue of cautious consideration and strategical attack. This theme, in its oral form, was one of the major influences on the mind of the Viking Hersir.

## Equipment

The main weapon of the Hersirs was the Viking sword. This sword is clearly distinguished by its “Type H” hilt. It was the most prominent type of hilt during the Viking Age. The material of the hilt ranged, depending on the wealth of the owner, from polished steel and with decorative wire inlays of silver, copper, and/or tin. The pommel and upper guard of the sword are formed in two separate parts, then bolted together with a twisted sterling silver wire between the pommel and upper guard. The blade is classified as a Geibig Type 3, which is defined by a moderate taper in width and a fuller taper in width towards the point. The type can be dated to the period between second half of the 8th century to the second half of the 10th century. The sword is designed to symbolize power and authority, as well as cool level-headedness.

For long-distance travel, men would often be on horseback. For overseas journeys, Viking longboats were capable of transporting thirty people to their destination, which would even include the reaches of inner Russia.

Hersirs were always equipped with a shield, which was normally wooden and that accompanied the sword.

## Dress

Armour was often used as means of displaying wealth as much as functional battle purposes. The hersir was often equipped with a rounded or conical helmet and a short mail coat. The type of helmet, sword, and ringmail corselet worn by the Viking, demonstrated the wealth of the warrior. Armour finds from this period are rare. Perhaps the most famous example is the mail coat and helmet found at Gjermundbu. Hersirs are typically thought to be very well groomed.

Shoes and boots were typically made from cattle, seals, or reindeer. Hersirs usually wore more elegant boots than that of the ordinary military personnel. There are two main types of Viking shoe. The first and most common is by thonging around the top of the shoe. This can be seen in the Jorvik II ankle boot. The Jorvik I type is closed by a flap crossing over and closing with a button. The Hedeby shoe is an early type of turn shoe. This is the least common type found, but could be less costly, but less protective. Any of these types of shoes may have been worn by the Hersir.

Baggy trousers made out of linen or woven wool that were either mid-calf or just below the knee were the typically worn. Tight fitting trousers became the popular style during the late 10th century. Tunics were usually knee length and gathered at the waist with a belt. The sleeves of the tunic were to the wrist or longer. From the elbow to the shoulder, the sleeve was tight fitting. The overtunic would be constructed along the same pattern as the undertunic and made of wool. A richer Hersir would have had a tunic dyed in a bright color with tablet woven strips around the neck and cuffs. There is some evidence the undertunic would be longer than the overtunic, showing a contrasting color at the sleeves and hem.

## Military tactics

Vikings were very skilled sailors. Sailing instructions passed down from generation to generation paired with the advancements in technology allowed for the Vikings to dominate the waters. A common military tactic first used in 866, was the transfer from boat to land by the use of captured horses. Despite the fact that Vikings often used horses, they were not cavalry men primarily due to the low number of horses in Scandinavia. Horses were often used for overland routes but the Vikings always fought on foot. Ordinarily, they would align themselves in a shield wall formation with the Hersir at the front and archers and slingers in the back. In the shield wall, the Vikings would stand close together in order to overlap their shields, thus creating a wall out of shields. Another formation that was also used, called the *Svinfylking*, was a variation to the shield wall but with several wedge-like formations pointing towards the enemy, creating a zig-zag pattern.

## Religious views

Hersirs' religious beliefs are somewhat unclear although they seemed to lie somewhere between Christianity and Paganism. Sometimes, Hersirs would be baptised, although it was most often not done for religious purposes. In many cases, Hersirs would be baptised in order to improve trade with the Christians or in obedience to a new king.

## Hersirs in history

Hersir was the name of a man in *Rígsþula* whose daughter Erna married Jarl, the first earl.

A Swedish hersir, Jarlabanke Ingefastsson, has become notable for the about 20 Jarlabanke Runestones that he raised together with his relatives.

Ketill Flatnose was a Norwegian hersir of the 9th century.

Aud the Deep-minded Ketilsdóttir (Auður Djúpúðga Ketilsdóttir) Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir) was the daughter of Ketill "Flatnose" Bjornsson.

In the Sagas of Icelanders there is mention of several hersirs, such as a powerful hersir in Sognefjord called Bjorn"Buna"Grimsson, who lived at Aurland and the father of Ketill "Flatnose" Bjornsson. As related in Egil's Saga, he was a traveler, adventurer, and Viking raider.

Thorgerdur Eylaugsdottir (Þorgerður Eylaugsdóttir) was a female Hersir of Sogn. In Landnáma Björns lineage is traced to his foremothers rather than his forefathers. Only his father Grímur is mentioned in Bjorns lineage that continues to grandmother Hervör and great-grandmother Thorgerdur Eylaugsdóttir hersir. This is rare in the stories of the Icelanders indicating the importance if Thorgerdur.


title: Netjeraperef

abstract: Netjeraperef is the name of an ancient Egyptian high official and prince. He lived and worked at the transition time between 3rd and 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom period.

text:
# Netjeraperef

**Netjeraperef** is the name of an ancient Egyptian high official and prince. He lived and worked at the transition time between 3rd and 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom period.

## Identity

### Family

Netjeraperef was most possibly a son of king (pharaoh) Sneferu. However, this suggestion is disputed, because the elite title "son of the king" was often merely an honorary title during the Old Kingdom, given to rightful officials of extraordinary ranks. "Real" princes bore the title "bodily son of the king".

### Titles

As a high-ranking official and priest, Netjeraperef held many bureaucratic and priestly titles:

* Son of the King (Egyptian: *Sa-nesw*).
* Overseer of the phyles of Lower Egypt (Egyptian: *Imy-ra-zau-Shemaw*).
* Overseer of the commissioners (Egyptian: *Imy-ra-wpwt*).
* Chief of the nomes (Egyptian: *Heqa-sepawt*).
* God's servant of the pyramid Snefru, the blessed, appears (Egyptian: *Hem-netjer-Kha-khenty-Snefru*).

### Career

It is noteworthy to mention, that the first three titles *Imy-ra-shemaw, Imy-ra-wpwt* and *Heqa-sepawt* are common titles for officials of Lower Egypt. Thus, Netjeraperef held office in northern territories.

Possible contemporary office partners of Netjeraperef may have been Khabawsokar, Metjen, Pehernefer and Akhetaa. These are likewise known for their unusually richly decorated tomb chapels and for their accurately reported careers. However, it is not proven that these officials were related to each other in any way.

## Tomb

Netjeraperef was buried in mastaba *I/1* at Dahshur, which was excavated by the German Archaeological Institut, Cairo. The tomb was made of mudbricks and measured once around 35.10m x 18.90m. The inner structure comprised a stairway with a few steps leading into a straight corridor. The corridor in turn led into a hallway stretching left and right, forming a T-shaped chamber arrangement. It is noteworthy to mention that the terrain of Dahshur provided a rather soft and loose ground, a circumstance that forbade any deeper underground chamber building and thus forced the tomb builders to create chambers inside the mastaba and over ground level. A similar case happened during the construction of the Bent Pyramid, when the walls and ceilings of chambers under ground level started to form cracks. At the central chamber of Netjeraperef's tomb, an altar was placed in an offering chapel. A special feature of Netjeraperef's offering chapel are the two stelae (once set each left and right of the altar), of which one is nearly completely preserved. This arrangement was a clear copy of Sneferu's stele sanctuaries at his pyramids at Meidum and Dahshur. The stelae both once bore the names and titles of Netjeraperef. One of the stelae, however, was stolen during restoration work in Middle Kingdom period and re-used as a door frame for Sneferu's valley temple at Meidum.

## InfoBox

| Netjeraperef in hieroglyphs | |
| --- | --- |
| **Personal name:**

Netjer-aperef
*nṯr-ʳpr-f*
*He who works for a god* | |
| **Honorary title A:**

Sa-neswt
*s3-nsw.t*
*Son of the king* | |
|  | |


title: Villanueva de Alcorón

abstract: Villanueva de Alcorón is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 269 inhabitants.

text:
# Villanueva de Alcorón

**Villanueva de Alcorón** is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 269 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Villanueva de Alcorón, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Villanueva de Alcorón, SpainVillanueva de Alcorón, SpainVillanueva de Alcorón, Spain | |
| Coordinates: 40°40′48″N 2°15′07″W / 40.68000°N 2.25194°W / 40.68000; -2.25194 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile-La Mancha |
| Province | Guadalajara |
| Municipality | Villanueva de Alcorón |
| Area | |
| Total | 99 km2 (38 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 162 |
| Density | 1.6/km2 (4.2/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: GOLGA5

abstract: Golgin subfamily A member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOLGA5 gene. The Golgi apparatus, which participates in glycosylation and transport of proteins and lipids in the secretory pathway, consists of a series of stacked cisternae. Interactions between the Golgi and microtubules are thought to be important for the reorganization of the Golgi after it fragments during mitosis. This gene encodes a member of the golgin family of proteins, whose members localize to the Golgi. This protein is a coiled-coil membrane protein that has been postulated to play a role in vesicle tethering and docking. Translocations involving this gene and the ret proto-oncogene have been found in tumor tissues; the chimeric sequences have been designated RET-II and PTC5.

text:
# GOLGA5

**Golgin subfamily A member 5** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *GOLGA5* gene.

The Golgi apparatus, which participates in glycosylation and transport of proteins and lipids in the secretory pathway, consists of a series of stacked cisternae (flattened membrane sacs). Interactions between the Golgi and microtubules are thought to be important for the reorganization of the Golgi after it fragments during mitosis. This gene encodes a member of the golgin family of proteins, whose members localize to the Golgi. This protein is a coiled-coil membrane protein that has been postulated to play a role in vesicle tethering and docking. Translocations involving this gene and the ret proto-oncogene have been found in tumor tissues; the chimeric sequences have been designated RET-II and PTC5.

## Interactions

GOLGA5 has been shown to interact with RAB1A.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| GOLGA5 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | GOLGA5, GOLIM5, RFG5, ret-II, golgin A5, GOLGIN 84 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 606918; MGI: 1351475; HomoloGene: 38009; GeneCards: GOLGA5; OMA:GOLGA5 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_005113   NM\_001199004
NM\_013747   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_005104   NP\_001185933
NP\_038775   Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 92.79 – 92.84 Mb Chr 12: 102.44 – 102.46 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: J. K. Raymond-Millet

abstract: J.K. Raymond-Millet was a French film director and journalist.

text:
# J. K. Raymond-Millet

**J.K. Raymond-Millet** (12 September 1902 – 15 August 1974) was a French film director and journalist.

## Biography

J.K. Raymond-Millet was a documentary filmmaker and the creator of Les Films J.K. Raymond-Millet. On 29 September 1923, he married Marcelle Robert, alias Monique Muntcho in Paris. Together with Robert, he produced various films under different film production banners: Les Films de la Colombe, Les Films J.K.Raymond-Millet. He also authored poetry and travelogues.

He produced several documentaries in the Interwar period, notably *Aude, belle inconnue* under the Vichy regime, and continued his career after the Second World War.

In 1947, he produced and directed *Télévision, oeil de demain* which predicted smartphones and video calling. The film was based on a premise from the science fiction author René Barjavel.

## Filmography

* 1925 : *Géants d'acier, pieuvres mécaniques*
* 1926 : *L'Industrie vinicole en Oranie*
* 1929 : *Promenade en Afrique équatoriale française*
* 1930 : *France-Congo sur un cargo*
* 1932 : *À la rencontre du soleil*
* 1934 : *Le Manioc*
* 1935 : *La Chanson du Manioc*
* 1935 : *L'Ile de la Réunion*
* 1936 : *Concert Caraïbe*
* 1937 : *Au pays du vrai rhum*
* 1937 : *Aude, belle inconnue*
* 1937 : *Occitanie*
* 1939 : *L'Albigeois*
* 1940 : *La Haute-Vallée de la Garonne*
* 1940 : *Terres vermeilles*
* 1943 : *L'Ariège, rivière de France*
* 1943 : *Gens et coutumes d'Armagnac*
* 1944 : *Au Pays du Magnan*
* 1944 : *Le Chemin de Madagascar*
* 1944 : *Terres créoles*
* 1944 : *Voyage mauve*
* 1945 : *L'Ennemi secret*
* 1945 : *Les Heures passent*
* 1945 : *Naissance d'un spectacle*
* 1945 : *La Vallée du Têt*
* 1947 : *Divertissement espagnol*
* 1947 : *La Télévision, œil de demain*
* 1948 : *Il était une montagne*
* 1948 : *La Source du sourire*
* 1949 : *Minarets dans le soleil*
* 1949 : *Sedan*
* 1951 : *Cheveux noirs, capes grises*
* 1951 : *La Grande île au coeur des Saintes-Eaux*
* 1951 : *Réalités malgaches*
* 1951 : *Terre du sucre et du rhum*
* 1952 : *Pêcheurs et pescadous*
* 1952 : *Sud*
* 1953 : *Nommé à Majunga*
* 1953 : *Plein ciel malgache*
* 1953 : *Tamatave la Marine*
* 1954 : *Modern Magascar*
* 1958 : *Vertiges*
* 1958 : *Un Village d'Algérie*
* 1960 : *La Démographie Algérienne*
* 1960 : *L'Economie Algérienne*
* 1964 : *La Jeunesse de Monsieur Pasteur*
* 1967 : *Chronique du païs du Tarn*
* 1972 : *Paris d'une fenêtre*

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| J.K. Raymond-Millet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1902-09-12)12 September 1902
Toulouse, France |
| Died | 15 August 1974(1974-08-15) (aged 71)
Beauvais, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, journalist |


title: Goethe Basin

abstract: Goethe Basin is an impact basin at 81.4° N, 54.3° W on Mercury approximately 317 kilometers in diameter. It is named after German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

text:
# Goethe Basin

**Goethe Basin** is an impact basin at 81.4° N, 54.3° W on Mercury approximately 317 kilometers in diameter. It is named after German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

## Description

Goethe was not listed as an impact basin by Wood and Head because they considered the *Mariner 10* photography too poor to confirm basin structures. However, most workers, beginning with Murray and others, have identified it as a basin. Goethe is bounded on its north and east sides by a gently sloping wall and discontinuous, low, hummocky rim material that may consist of ejecta deposits. These materials are similar to those occurring around the Caloris Basin in the Tolstoj quadrangle.

On its west side, Goethe is bounded by at least three subparallel ridges or tilted blocks, which are separated by narrow troughs partly filled with smooth plains material. If an inner concentric ring ever existed, it is buried under the smooth plains material that now extends across the basin. A narrow, concentric structural bench, in part resurfaced by smooth plains material, is recognizable at the base of a gently sloping and much degraded basin wall. Although rectilinear mountain massifs and the radially lineated facies of basin ejecta of the Caloris Group surround the Caloris Basin, similar units cannot be unambiguously recognized around the Goethe Basin (FDS 164). However, hilly and hummocky remnants resembling basin deposits and ejecta protrude above the gently sloping basin wall. They extend southwest and north of the basin beyond a much subdued, low, barely perceptible rim crest for a distance of one-half to one-third of the basin radius.

Goethe is older than the smooth plains material by which its wall, rim crest, and most of its ejecta were partly buried. The outlines of the rim crests of several adjacent craters are recognizable through the smooth plains material that partly fills the Goethe Basin. These buried craters probably were formed on the basin floor after excavation of the basin and were subsequently flooded to their rims by smooth plains material.

The terrain northwest of crater Despréz (located west of Goethe) is more hummocky than that farther south, suggesting that smooth plains material northwest of Despréz is so thin that the older and rougher topography of buried intercrater plains material protrudes through it. The density and size of ghost craters within the Goethe Basin are similar to those of the craters superposed over intercrater plains material near the terminator. These ghost craters and the original intercrater plains material they characterize are younger than the Goethe Basin, as they were not obliterated by the impact that formed it. Therefore, Goethe may have impacted onto a surface older than intercrater material and been partly filled by this material at a later date. If so, the Goethe impact basin may be older than some intercrater plains material and large craters nearby. It is also much older than the Caloris Basin.

The craters Angelou, Fuller, and Laxness lie within Goethe. The two prominent ghost craters are unnamed as of July 2020.

## InfoBox

Goethe Basin
| Part of Goethe Basin (the rim is in the bottom). Two ghost craters with numerous grabens are seen near the top. | |
| --- | --- |
| Feature type | Impact crater |
| Location | Borealis quadrangle, Mercury |
| Coordinates | 81°24′N 54°18′W / 81.4°N 54.3°W / 81.4; -54.3 |
| Diameter | 317.17 km |
| Eponym | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe |


title: Nellore Lok Sabha constituency

abstract: Nellore Lok Sabha constituency is one of the twenty-five Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh in India. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to Nellore district.

text:
# Nellore Lok Sabha constituency

**Nellore Lok Sabha constituency** is one of the twenty-five Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh in India. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to Nellore district.

## Assembly segments

Following the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies, since 2008, it comprises the following Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly segments

| # | Name | District | Members | Party | | Leading
(in 2024) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 109 | Kandukur | Nellore | Inturi Nageswara Rao |  | TDP |  | TDP |
| 114 | Kavali | | Dagumati Venkata Krishna Reddy |  | TDP |  | TDP |
| 115 | Atmakur | | Anam Ramanarayana Reddy |  | TDP |  | TDP |
| 116 | Kovuru | | Vemireddy Prashanti Reddy |  | TDP |  | TDP |
| 117 | Nellore City | | Ponguru Narayana |  | TDP |  | TDP |
| 118 | Nellore Rural | | Kotamreddy Sridhar Reddy |  | TDP |  | TDP |
| 123 | Udayagiri | | Kakarla Suresh |  | TDP |  | TDP |

Following the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies, from 1976-2008, it comprises the following Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly segments

| Constituency number | Name | Reserved for (SC/ST/None) | District |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 126 | Allur | None | Nellore |
| 127 | Kovur | None | Nellore |
| 128 | Atmakur | None | Nellore |
| 129 | Rapur | None | Nellore |
| 130 | Nellore | None | Nellore |
| 131 | Sarvepall | None | Nellore |
| 132 | Gudur | SC | Nellore |

## Members of Parliament

^ indicates bye-election

| Year | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | Bezawada Ramachandra Reddy |  | Independent |
| 1957 | B. Anjanappa |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1962 | | | |
| 1967 | | | |
| 1971 | Doddavarapu Kamakshiah | | |
| 1977 | | | |
| 1980 | | | |
| 1983 | Puchalapalli Penchalaiah | | |
| 1984 | | | |
| 1989 | | | |
| 1991 | Padmashree Kudumula | | |
| 1996 | Panabaka Lakshmi | | |
| 1998 | | | |
| 1999 | Vukkala Rajeswaramma |  | Telugu Desam Party |
| 2004 | Panabaka Lakshmi |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2009 | Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy | | |
| 2012^ | |  | YSR Congress Party |
| 2014 | | |
| 2019 | | | Adala Prabhakara Reddy |
| 2024 | Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy |  | Telugu Desam Party |

## Election results

### General Election 1989

General Election, 1989: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Puchalapalli Penchalaiah** | **377,602** | **52.83** | **+8.52** |
|  | TDP | M. Nagabhushanamma | 305,763 | 42.78 | −11.31 |
| Majority | | | 71,839 | 10.05 |  |
| Turnout | | | 714,775 | 67.15 | +3.34 |
|  | INC **gain** from TDP | | Swing |  |  |

### General Election 1991

General Election, 1991: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Padmashree Kudumula** | **268,626** | **45.68** | **−7.15** |
|  | TDP | M. Nagabhushanamma | 223,769 | 38.05 | −4.73 |
|  | BJP | Gaddam Laxmi Narayana | 85,306 | 14.51 |  |
| Majority | | | 44,857 | 7.63 |  |
| Turnout | | | 588,098 | 55.10 | −12.05 |
|  | INC **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### General Election 1996

General Election, 1996: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Panabaka Lakshmi** | **269,498** | **39.62** | **−6.06** |
|  | CPI(M) | T P Bhanu Raju | 201,313 | 29.59 |  |
|  | NTRTDP(LP) | Pasam Suneel Kumar | 103,947 | 15.28 |  |
|  | BJP | Gaddam Laxmi Narayana | 83,585 | 12.29 |  |
| Majority | | | 68,185 | 10.03 |  |
| Turnout | | | 680,230 | 57.51 | +2.41 |
|  | INC **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### General Election 1998

General Election, 1998: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Panabaka Lakshmi** | **296,731** | **40.06** | **+0.44** |
|  | CPI(M) | Buduru Swarnalatha | 250,204 | 33.78 | +4.19 |
|  | BJP | Karupothala Balakondaiah | 175,074 | 23.63 | +11.35 |
| Majority | | | 46,527 | 6.28 |  |
| Turnout | | | 740,792 | 63.52 | +6.01 |
|  | INC **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### General Election 1999

General Election, 1999: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **TDP** | **Vukkala Rajeswaramma** | **381,166** | **49.51** |  |
|  | INC | Panabaka Lakshmi | 340,713 | 44.26 | +4.20 |
| Majority | | | 40,453 | 5.25 |  |
| Turnout | | | 769,832 | 66.07 | +2.55 |
|  | TDP **gain** from INC | | Swing |  |  |

### General Election 2004

General Election, 2004: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Panabaka Lakshmi** | **450,129** | **53.81** |  |
|  | BJP | Balakondaiah Karupotala | 321,905 | 38.48 |  |
| Majority | | | 128,224 | 15.33 |  |
| Turnout | | | 836,502 | 72.54 | +6.47 |
|  | INC **gain** from TDP | | Swing |  |  |

### General Election 2009

General Election, 2009: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy** | **430,235** | **42.92** |  |
|  | TDP | Vanteru Venu Gopala Reddy | 375,242 | 37.43 |  |
|  | PRP | Jana Ramachandraiah | 138,111 | 13.78 |  |
|  | BJP | Bathina Narasimha Rao | 16,727 | 1.67 |  |
|  | LSP | Vemuri Bhaskara Rao | 10,751 | 1.07 |  |
| Majority | | | 54,993 | 5.49 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,002,419 | 69.09 | −3.45 |
|  | INC **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

#### By-Election 2012

Bye-election, 2012: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **YSRCP** | **Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy** | **535,436** | **54.60** |  |
|  | INC | T. Subbarami Reddy | 243,691 | 24.85 |  |
|  | TDP | Vanteru Venugopal Reddy | 154,103 | 15.71 |  |
|  | CPI(M) | Chandra Rajagopal | 17,952 | 1.83 |  |
|  | IND. | Meda Malla Reddy | 6,876 | 0.70 |  |
| Majority | | | 291,745 | 29.75 |  |
| Turnout | | | 980,970 | 72.56 |  |
|  | YSRCP **gain** from INC | | Swing |  |  |

### General Election 2014

2014 Indian general elections: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **YSRCP** | **Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy** | **576,396** | **48.53** |  |
|  | TDP | Adala Prabhakara Reddy | 562,918 | 47.40 |  |
|  | INC | Narayana Reddy Vakati | 22,870 | 1.93 |  |
|  | JSP | Syed Haneef | 5,578 | 0.47 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 5,549 | 0.47 |  |
| Majority | | | 13,478 | 1.13 |  |
| Turnout | | | 11,88,855 | 74.02 | +6.28 |
|  | YSRCP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### General Election 2019

2019 Indian general elections: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **YSRCP** | **Adala Prabhakara Reddy** | **683,830** | **53.04** |  |
|  | TDP | Beeda Masthan Rao | 535,259 | 41.52 |  |
|  | CPI(M) | Chandra Rajagopal | 18,830 | 1.46 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 17,161 | 1.33 |  |
|  | BJP | Sannapureddy Suresh Reddy | 12,513 | 0.97 |  |
| Majority | | | 148,571 | 11.54 |  |
| Turnout | | | 12,87,036 | 76.94 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 16,72,845 |  |  |
|  | YSRCP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### General Election 2024

General Election, 2024: Nellore
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **TDP** | **Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy** | **766,202** | **55.70** |  |
|  | YSRCP | V. Vijayasai Reddy | 5,20,300 | 37.82 |  |
|  | INC | Koppula Raju | 54,844 | 3.99 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 15,577 | 1.13 |  |
| Majority | | | 2,45,902 | 17.88 |  |
| Turnout | | | 13,75,649 |  |  |
|  | TDP **gain** from YSRCP | | Swing |  |  |

14°24′N 80°00′E / 14.4°N 80.0°E / 14.4; 80.0

## InfoBox

| Nellore | |
| --- | --- |
| Lok Sabha constituency | |
| Interactive Map Outlining Nellore Lok Sabha constituency | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | South India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| Assembly constituencies | Kandukur
Kavali
Atmakur
Kovuru
Nellore City
Nellore Rural
Udayagiri |
| Established | 1952 |
| Total electors | 16,79,359 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Parliament | |
| 18th Lok Sabha | |
| **Incumbent**  **Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy** | |
| Party | TDP |
| Elected year | 2024 |


title: The Lights of New York

abstract: The Lights of New York is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by Charles Brabin and starring Clarence Nordstrom, Margaret Seddon and Frank Currier.

text:
# The Lights of New York

***The Lights of New York*** is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by Charles Brabin and starring Clarence Nordstrom, Margaret Seddon and Frank Currier.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Solomon, Aubrey. *The Fox Film Corporation, 1915-1935: A History and Filmography*. McFarland, 2011.

## InfoBox

| The Lights of New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Charles Brabin |
| Written by | Charles Brabin |
| Produced by | William Fox |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | George W. Lane |
| Production<br>company | Fox Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Fox Film Corporation |
| Release date | * November 12, 1922 (1922-11-12) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages |  |


title: Hans Schikkelstad

abstract: Hans Hansen Schikkelstad was a Norwegian farmer, businessperson and politician. He was the founder of the business which became O. Mustad & Søn. Hans Schikkelstad was born in the parish of Vardal in the present municipality of Gjøvik in Oppland, Norway. He was raised on the Bråstad farm and in 1809 purchased the nearby Schikkelstad farm. In 1832 he had started the company Brusveen Spiger og Ståltrådfabrikk in Vardal. The factory produced wire and nails. In 1843 the company was taken over by his son-in-law Ole Mustad, who changed the name of the company to O. Mustad, and gradually expanded into other fields. When his son Hans Mustad became co-owner in 1874, the name of the company was changed to O. Mustad & Son A.S. Schikkelstad was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1833, representing the constituency of Kristians Amt. He served only one term. Hans Schikkelstad was married to Marthe Gulbrandsdatter Etnestrand. They had three children including Anne Marie Schikkelstad (1816–90), who married Ole Mustad. Schikkelstad was also a great-grandfather of Sigbjørn Mustad, and thus grandfather of Kristian Mauritz Mustad. Both these people became members of Parliament.

text:
# Hans Schikkelstad

**Hans Hansen Schikkelstad** (4 September 1789 – 29 March 1843) was a Norwegian farmer, businessperson and politician. He was the founder of the business which became O. Mustad & Søn.

Hans Schikkelstad was born in the parish of Vardal in the present municipality of Gjøvik in Oppland, Norway. He was raised on the Bråstad farm and in 1809 purchased the nearby Schikkelstad farm.

In 1832 he had started the company *Brusveen Spiger og Ståltrådfabrikk* in Vardal. The factory produced wire and nails. In 1843 the company was taken over by his son-in-law Ole Mustad, who changed the name of the company to *O. Mustad*, and gradually expanded into other fields. When his son Hans Mustad became co-owner in 1874, the name of the company was changed to O. Mustad & Son A.S.

Schikkelstad was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1833, representing the constituency of Kristians Amt (now Oppland). He served only one term.

Hans Schikkelstad was married to Marthe Gulbrandsdatter Etnestrand (1794–ca. 1875). They had three children including Anne Marie Schikkelstad (1816–90), who married Ole Mustad. Schikkelstad was also a great-grandfather of Sigbjørn Mustad, and thus grandfather of Kristian Mauritz Mustad. Both these people became members of Parliament.


title: Reina Mundial del Banano 2014

abstract: Reina Mundial del Banano 2014 is the 30th edition of the traditional contest of Reina Mundial del Banano. It will held in Machala, Ecuador on September 27, 2014. At the end of the event Manou Volkmer, Reina Mundial del Banano 2013 from Germany will crown her successor as Reina Mundial del Banano 2014. 18 contests all around the World will be compete for this title.

text:
# Reina Mundial del Banano 2014

**Reina Mundial del Banano 2014** is the 30th edition of the traditional contest of Reina Mundial del Banano. It will held in Machala, Ecuador on September 27, 2014. At the end of the event Manou Volkmer, Reina Mundial del Banano 2013 from Germany will crown her successor as Reina Mundial del Banano 2014. 18 contests all around the World will be compete for this title.

## Results

### Placements

| Final Results | Contestant |
| --- | --- |
| **Reina Mundial del Banano 2014** | * **USA** \- Susan Romanishin |
| **Virreina Mundial del Banano** |  |
| **1st runner-up** |  |
| **2nd runner-up** |  |
| **3rd runner-up** |  |

### Special awards

| Final Results | Contestant |
| --- | --- |
| **Miss Friendship** |  |
| **Miss Photogenic** |  |
| **Best National Costume** |  |
| **Best Fantasy Costume** |  |

## Contestants

* All the 18 contestants in this competition:

| Country | Contestant | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Argentina** | Antonella Krüger | Zárate |
| **Brazil** | Alessah Freitas | Martins Soares |
| **Chile** | Michelle Andreus | Las Condes |
| **Colombia** | Ivonne Palencia | Cartagena |
| **Costa Rica** | Hellen Morales | San José |
| **Dominican Republic** | Kimberly Peña | Santo Domingo |
| **Ecuador** | Nicole Velásquez | Manta |
| **El Salvador** | Stefani Palma | San Salvador |
| **Germany** | Emine Aliu | Gütersloh |
| **Guatemala** | Ilse Renate Klug | Alta Verapaz Department |
| **Honduras** | Esthefany Perdomo | La Ceiba |
| **Mexico** | Jessica Lerma | Sonora |
| **Nicaragua** | Christian Fajardo | Panama City |
| **Panama** | Sasha Nikyta Kam | Panama City |
| **Peru** | Maria Jose Cruz | Moquegua |
| **Taiwan** | Xiao-Wen Chen | Taipei |
| **United States** | Susan Romanishin | California |
| **Venezuela** | Axel Carolina Aldana | Caracas |

### Returns

### Withdraws

## Crossovers

Miss World * 2011:  Argentina: Antonella Cecilia Kruger (*Top 36-Beach Beauty; Top 20-Top Model; Top 20 Beauty With A Purpose*)

Miss International Miss Intercontinental Pageant Miss Queen Intercontinental Miss Latin America Reinado Internacional del Café Miss Caraïbes Hibiscus Miss Teen Universe * 2012:  Panama: Sasha Nikyta Kam (*Winner*)

Miss Mesoamérica Reina Internacional de los Mares y el Turismo * 2012:  Argentina: Antonella Cecilia Kruger (*Winner*)

## InfoBox

| Reina Mundial del Banano 2014 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | September 27, 2014 |
| Entertainment | Fanny Lú and Tito Nieves |
| Venue | Machala, Ecuador |
| Broadcaster | TC Televisión |
| Entrants | 18 |
| Withdrawals | Puerto Rico |
| Returns | Chile |


title: Polynesian longfinned eel

abstract: The Polynesian longfinned eel, also known as the Pacific long-finned eel, is an eel in the family Anguillidae. It was described by Johann Jakob Kaup in 1856. It is a tropical eel found in freshwaters in the Pacific, including Sulawesi, Indonesia; the Society Islands, and Pitcairn. The eels spend most of their lives in freshwater, but migrate to the ocean to breed. Males can reach a maximum total length of 100 centimetres, while females can reach a maximum TL of 165 centimetres and a maximum weight of 9,000 grams. The Polynesian longfinned eel is commercial in fisheries.

text:
# Polynesian longfinned eel

The **Polynesian longfinned eel** (*Anguilla megastoma*), also known as the **Pacific long-finned eel**, is an eel in the family Anguillidae. It was described by Johann Jakob Kaup in 1856. It is a tropical eel found in freshwaters in the Pacific, including Sulawesi, Indonesia; the Society Islands, and Pitcairn. The eels spend most of their lives in freshwater, but migrate to the ocean to breed. Males can reach a maximum total length of 100 centimetres, while females can reach a maximum TL of 165 centimetres and a maximum weight of 9,000 grams.

The Polynesian longfinned eel is commercial in fisheries.

## InfoBox

| Polynesian longfinned eel | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Anguilliformes |
| Family: | Anguillidae |
| Genus: | *Anguilla* |
| Species: | ***A. megastoma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anguilla megastoma***
Kaup, 1856 | |
|


title: Netkey

abstract: Netkey is a company that provides applications and management software for self-service kiosks and digital signage. The Netkey software suite consists of packaged applications, an integrated development environment (IDE) for the assembly of kiosk applications, and server software providing kiosk and digital signage remote monitoring, content management and scheduling, data and usage capture, and reporting. The company also has a professional services group that provides business consulting, software configuration and installation, customization, and application design.

text:
# Netkey

**Netkey** is a company that provides applications and management software for self-service kiosks and digital signage. The Netkey software suite consists of packaged applications, an integrated development environment (IDE) for the assembly of kiosk applications, and server software providing kiosk and digital signage remote monitoring, content management and scheduling, data and usage capture, and reporting. The company also has a professional services group that provides business consulting, software configuration and installation, customization, and application design.

## History

Netkey was founded by Alex Richardson in 1983 at Yale University’s Science Park technology incubator. The original name of the company was Lexitech. In 2000, Alex Richardson changed the name of the company from Lexitech to Netkey after raising substantial Venture Capital from five (5) leading institutional venture capital firms. Richardson established Netkey's software development center, its operational management team, recruited both its Board and Advisory Board of Directors, and established its worldwide direct and indirect sales organization. He also established the company's IP (Intellectual Property) program. Richardson is co-holder of two multi-channel technology patents. In 2006, he was inducted into the Kiosk Industry Hall of Fame and in 2007 received the Kioskcom "Kiosk Innovator of the Year" award for his interactive store window innovations. The company has been awarded three patents for technology related to kiosk software. In 2002, the company was named the "premier provider of kiosk software" and the market share and technology leader by industry analysts Frost & Sullivan. In 2007 Netkey acquired Webpavement, a provider of digital signage software. On November 2, 2009, it was announced that NCR Corporation purchased Netkey.

## Notable clients

Netkey's customers include:

## InfoBox

NCR Netkey, Inc
|
|  |
| Company type | Public NYSE: NCR |
| Industry | Computer software |
| Founded | 1983 |
| Headquarters | East Haven, Connecticut |
| Key people | Dusty Lutz, general manager |
| Products | NCR Netkey Software Platform, NCR Netkey Applications, kiosk software, digital signage software, professional services |
| Website | www.ncr.com/netkey |