title: Pope Gabriel VIII of Alexandria

abstract: Pope Gabriel VIII of Alexandria was the 97th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. Gabriel VIII was originally from Meer, Egypt and his lay name was Shenouda. He became a monk in the Monastery of Saint Pishoy in Scetes and was ordained on Sunday, 16 Paoni, 1303 A.M.. Avva Zacharias, Bishop of Jerusalem, and Avva Kyrellos El-Khiami led Gabriel's consecration in the Church of Saint Mercurius in Old Cairo. At the time of his ordination the Copts were divided, and they chose for themselves four different patriarchs. Gabriel's papacy was later accepted by the Coptic community. He was contemporary of the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I. During his papacy, Gabriel VIII decreed that the Fast of the Apostles must start on 21 Paoni and end on 5 Epip, and that Advent must start on the first of Koiak. He also suppressed the Fast of Jonah, and allowed the Fast of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary to be optional. The Copts at the time accepted these decisions, but the fasts were reinstituted after his death. Gabriel VIII died on 9 Pashons, 1319 A.M. in the Syrian Monastery. He occupied the Throne of Saint Mark for 15 years, 10 month, and 24 days.

text:
# Pope Gabriel VIII of Alexandria

**Pope Gabriel VIII of Alexandria** was the 97th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

Gabriel VIII was originally from Meer, Egypt and his lay name was Shenouda. He became a monk in the Monastery of Saint Pishoy in Scetes and was ordained on Sunday, 16 Paoni, 1303 A.M. (June 20, 1587 AD). Avva Zacharias, Bishop of Jerusalem, and Avva Kyrellos El-Khiami led Gabriel's consecration in the Church of Saint Mercurius in Old Cairo. At the time of his ordination the Copts were divided, and they chose for themselves four different patriarchs. Gabriel's papacy was later accepted by the Coptic community. He was contemporary of the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I.

During his papacy, Gabriel VIII decreed that the Fast of the Apostles must start on 21 Paoni and end on 5 Epip, and that Advent must start on the first of Koiak. He also suppressed the Fast of Jonah, and allowed the Fast of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary to be optional. The Copts at the time accepted these decisions, but the fasts were reinstituted after his death.

Gabriel VIII died on 9 Pashons, 1319 A.M. (May 14, 1603 AD) in the Syrian Monastery. He occupied the Throne of Saint Mark for 15 years, 10 month, and 24 days.

* Coptic Synexarion

## InfoBox

| Pope
Gabriel VIII of Alexandria | |
| --- | --- |
| Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark | |
| Papacy began | 20 June 1587 |
| Papacy ended | 14 May 1603 |
| Predecessor | John XIV |
| Successor | Mark V |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Shenouda
Meer, Egypt |
| Died | 14 May 1603
Egypt |
| Buried | Syrian Monastery, Egypt |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Denomination | Coptic Orthodox Christian |
| Residence | Church of the Virgin Mary (Haret Zuweila) |


title: Popcorn League

abstract: The Popcorn League, also known as the Popcorn Baseball League, is a semi-professional baseball league based in Taiwan. Founded in 2014, the league started out as a summer independent league. After a hiatus from 2015 to 2016, it became a winter league starting in 2017.

text:
# Popcorn League

The **Popcorn League**, also known as the **Popcorn Baseball League** (Chinese: 爆米花棒球聯盟), is a semi-professional baseball league based in Taiwan. Founded in 2014, the league started out as a summer independent league. After a hiatus from 2015 to 2016, it became a winter league starting in 2017.

## History

In 2014, as a partnership between the Chinese Taipei Baseball Association (CTBA) and sports broadcasting company Videoland Sports, the Popcorn League was established. Videoland Sports had recently lost the bid to carry top-tier Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) games on its local cable network for the first time in 18 years and stated its commitment to improve the level of play in local baseball. According to the CTBA commissioner, the league saw see itself as a "means to provide a steady stream of talented players for the CPBL" and aimed to work with Major League Baseball in the United States by allowing up to four foreign players and one coach on each team to enhance the level of its play.

In the league's first foreign players draft, Chen Chun-hsiu was selected in the first round by Chii Lih Coral. In the inaugural season, the Topco Falcons defeated Taiwan Cooperative Bank at Tianmu Baseball Stadium to win the league's first championship.

The league was inactive for the 2015 and 2016 seasons, returning in 2017. Taiwan Cooperative defeated Taipei Highwealth to win its first championship. In the following season, Taiwan Cooperative Bank defeated Topco Scientific to secure its second consecutive championship. The winning streak ended in the 2019 season, when Taipei Highwealth defeated Taiwan Cooperative Bank in the championship series.

On 19 September 2022, CBTA commissioner Jeffrey Koo Jr., Sports Administration secretary-general Lu Hung-chin, and LabTurbo Biotech general manager Eric Tai announced that LabTurbo Biotech would become the league’s 11th team.

In the 2023 season, four Popcorn League teams became the first to play at the Taipei Dome in a closed-door doubleheader ahead of the venue's official opening. On 14 November, Taipei Highwealth played New Taipei Heran in the morning, and Taiwan Cooperative Bank played Xports in the afternoon. On 18 December, Taiwan Cooperative Bank defeated Taipower to win a third consecutive championship, its fifth in history.

In January 2024, CTBC, which owns the CTBC Brothers, announced that it would sponsor the Taichung team, along with Taiwan Life.

## Current teams

As of 2023, there are 11 active teams:

| Team | Joined | Founded | City |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **LabTurbo Biotech** | 2022 | 2019 | Taipei |
| **New Taipei Heran** | 2017 | 2009 | New Taipei |
| **Pingtung Brown Shrike** | 2021 |  | Pingtung County |
| **Taichung Taiwan Life** | 2014 | 2009 | Taichung |
| **Tainan** | 2017 | 2014 | Tainan |
| **Taipei Highwealth** | 2017 | 2009 | Taipei |
| **Taitung Chii Lih** | 2014 | 2011 | Taitung County |
| **Taiwan Cooperative Bank** | 2014 | 1948 | Taipei |
| **Taiwan Power Company** | 2014 | 1948 | Kaohsiung |
| **Taoyuan Aerotropolis** | 2017 | 2009 | Taoyuan |
| **Xports** | 2014 | 2011 | Taipei |

## Champions

| Season | No. of Teams | League Champion | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | 6 | Topco Scientific Falcons |  |
| 2015 | *None (season cancelled)* | |  |
| 2016 | *None (season cancelled)* | |  |
| 2017 | 10 | Taiwan Cooperative Bank |  |
| 2018 | 9 | Taiwan Cooperative Bank |  |
| 2019 | 10 | Taipei Highwealth |  |
| 2020 | 10 | Taiwan Cooperative Bank |  |
| 2021 | 10 | Taiwan Cooperative Bank |  |
| 2022 | 11 | Taiwan Cooperative Bank |  |
| 2023 | 11 | Taiwan Cooperative Bank |  |
|

## InfoBox

Popcorn League
| Sport | Baseball |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2014 |
| No. of teams | 11 |
| Country | Taiwan |
| Continent | Asia |
| Most titles | Taiwan Cooperative Bank (6) |


title: Joseph Mullens

abstract: Joseph Mullens worked with the London Missionary Society (LMS) in India.

text:
# Joseph Mullens

**Joseph Mullens** (2 September 1820 – 10 July 1879) worked with the London Missionary Society (LMS) in India.

## Life

Joseph Mullens, son of Richard Mullens, was born on 2 September 1820 in London. He studied at Coward College, a dissenting academy that trained people for nonconformist ministry, in 1837 and graduated from the University of London, to which the college was affiliated, in 1841. He then undertook further study in Edinburgh with the intention of working for the LMS in India.

Mullens was ordained at Barbican Chapel as a Congregational minister in September 1843 and soon after sailed for India. He shared the journey with a Swiss missionary, Alphonse François Lacroix, who was returning to Calcutta after taking leave, and joined Lacroix's mission at Bhawanipur, near Calcutta. On 19 June 1845, Mullens married Hannah Catherine, an evangelist daughter of Lacroix who spoke fluent Bengali. In the following year, Mullens became pastor at the church in Bhawanipur.

Probably a more gifted publicist than he was a missionary, Mullens did not restrict himself to promoting the interests and achievements of the LMS but rather did so for Protestant missionaries in general. This ecumenism was later evidenced in 1860 when he attended a conference of Protestant missionaries in Liverpool and pleaded with those present to set aside their doctrinal differences for the greater good of serving the cause of Christianity in India. His efforts in producing statistics relating to work done in India were significant to the fundraising abilities of missionary societies in Britain.

Mullens was secretary at that 1860 conference, having returned to England on leave in 1858 and previously been a significant figure in the similar conferences in India that began in 1855. He returned to India not long after his attendance at Liverpool and his wife, Hannah, died there on 21 November 1861. It was in that year that he was awarded an honorary degree of DD by Williams College, Massachusetts.

Fropm 1865, Mullens was joint foreign secretary of the LMS. He undertook a tour of the society's missions in India and China during that year and the next, and in 1868, having been awarded a further honorary DD, this time from Edinburgh University, he became the sole foreign secretary of the LMS. A tour of the United States and Canada followed in 1870 as he sought further to promote the activities of his society, then in 1873 he made a tour of LMS missionaries based in Madagascar.

Mullens' last significant trip was in 1879, when he began travelling to Lake Tanganyika with two inexperienced missionaries who were to replace the deceased incumbent there. He caught a cold and died on 10 July at Chakombe, being buried at a mission run by the Church Missionary Society at Mpwapwa two days later.

## Publications

Mullens studied Hinduism so that he was in a better position to counter the arguments of Indian people. From these studies, he was able to write works such as *Vedantism, Brahmism and Christianity Examined and Compared* (1852) and *The Religious Aspects of Hindu Philosophy* (1860), which enabled other missionaries to benefit from his learning.

Together with his wife, he prepared *Brief Memorials of the Revd A. F. Lacroix*, which was published in 1862 after her death. He also wrote *Twelve Months in Madagascar*, published in 1875 and based on his 1873 tour to that country.


title: Joseph Mulenga

abstract: Joseph Nyamihana Mulenga was an Ugandan judge. He served as Justice of the Supreme Court of Uganda for twelve years between 1997 and 2009, and was a judge and later President of the East African Court of Justice. Mulenga died in August 2012.

text:
# Joseph Mulenga

**Joseph Nyamihana Mulenga** (died 29 August 2012) was an Ugandan judge. He served as Justice of the Supreme Court of Uganda for twelve years between 1997 and 2009, and was a judge and later President of the East African Court of Justice. Mulenga died in August 2012.

## Biography

Mulenga obtained a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London in 1965. He was called to the bar at Middle Temple the next year.

During fourteen years Mulenga was National Deputy Chairman of the Democratic Party of Uganda.

In the years between 1986 and 1989 he was Minister of Justice and Attorney General, he later was Minister for Regional Co-operation. In 1997 he became a member of the Supreme Court of Uganda where he would serve for twelve years. He also became a judge of the East African Court of Justice where he would become president.

He later started working on a part-time basis for the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. He died on 29 August 2012.


title: Popper and After

abstract: Popper and After: Four Modern Irrationalists is a book about irrationalism by the philosopher David Stove. First published by Pergamon Press in 1982, it has since been reprinted as Anything Goes: Origins of the Cult of Scientific Irrationalism and Scientific Irrationalism: Origins of a Postmodern Cult.

text:
# Popper and After

***Popper and After: Four Modern Irrationalists*** is a book about irrationalism by the philosopher David Stove. First published by Pergamon Press in 1982, it has since been reprinted as ***Anything Goes: Origins of the Cult of Scientific Irrationalism*** and ***Scientific Irrationalism: Origins of a Postmodern Cult***.

## Part one

How Irrationalism About Science is Made Credible

### Neutralizing Success-Words

Stove starts chapter one by clarifying the sort of view that would uncontroversially constitute an irrationalist position regarding science.

> Much more is known now than was known fifty years ago, and much more was known then than in 1580. So there has been a great accumulation or growth of knowledge in the last four hundred years. This is an extremely well-known fact, which I will refer to as (A). A philosopher, in particular, who did not know it, would be uncommonly ignorant. So a writer whose position inclined him to deny (A), or even made him at all reluctant to admit it, would almost inevitably seem, to the philosophers who read him, to be maintaining something extremely implausible.

Stove then advances his reading of the philosophers he is criticising: "Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Feyerabend, are all writers whose position inclines them to deny (A), or at least makes them more or less reluctant to admit it. (That the history of science is not "cumulative", is a point they all agree on)." Popper himself had given a 1963 summary of his thoughts the title "*Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge*", seemingly endorsing (A) in almost identical language. Nonetheless, the question Stove addresses in the chapter is "How do these writers manage to be plausible, while being reluctant to admit so well-known a truth as (A)?"

A general answer to this question is offered: "the constant tendency in these authors to conflate questions of fact with questions of logical value, or the history with the philosophy of science." Stove claims this tendency is "widely recognized", but waives both this general answer (and its supporters) in favour of seeking a more specific account.

Stove's first step in refining the general answer is observing what he calls *mixed strategy* writing in the authors he is examining. He uses this expression, since it is not always clear to him whether the writing expresses "equivocation" or "inconsistency". What is common to the examples Stove offers is that something well-known is *mixed* with something extraordinary, without the clash being resolved; the "irrationalism" is introduced simultaneously with orthodoxy, rendering it more plausible to the reader—disbelief is suspended.

A straightforward example is provided by Thomas Kuhn's description of "paradigm shift", where he asserts the well-known fact that the world is the same after "paradigm shift" as before. Yet, *at the same time*, Kuhn also suggests that solutions to problems achieved under old paradigms are lost, redundant or "un-solutions" under new paradigms—denial of (A) above.

Examining Kuhn's use of the word *solution* more closely, Stove notes that Kuhn sometimes uses it in the ordinary way regarding *practical knowledge*, but at other times in a weaker sense, specific to Kuhn's theory, that a solution is relative to a paradigm, people, place and time. This equivocation on *solution* actually provides Stove with an answer of exactly the type he was looking for. All his authors, with many similar words, show similar equivocation. Stove lists *knowledge*, *discovery*, *facts*, *verified*, *understanding*, *explanation* and notes the list is far from complete. Idiosyncratic weak senses of these words are a characteristic of the writing of his subjects that explains clearly how a reader, presuming ordinary use of language, might believe them to be expressing something more orthodox than is, in fact, their intention.

At this point, Stove coins the expression *neutralizing success words* and provides an uncontroversial example from everyday language to illustrate it.

> Nowadays in Australia a journalist will often write such a sentence as, "The Minister today refuted allegations that he had misled Parliament", when all he means is that the Minister denied these allegations. "To refute" is a verb with 'success-grammar' (in Ryle's sense). To say the Minister refuted the allegations is to ascribe to him a certain cognitive achievement: that of showing the allegations to be false. "To deny", on the other hand, has no success-grammar. So a journalist who used "refuted" when all he meant was "denied" has used a success-word, but without intending to convey the idea of success, of cognitive achievement, which is part of the word's meaning. He has *neutralized* a success-word \[emphasis original\].

Stove also provides a quote from Paul Feyerabend (1975:27) explicitly directing his readers to "neutralize" his success words or not, according to their own preferences.

> My frequent use of such words as 'progress', 'advance', 'improvement' etc., does not mean that I claim to possess special knowledge about what is good and what is bad in the sciences and that I want to impose this knowledge upon my readers. *Everyone can read the terms in his own way* and in accordance with the tradition to which he belongs \[emphasis original\].

### Sabotaging Logical Expressions

Chapter two begins with the following, precisely worded definition of *logical expression*.

> I will call a statement a "logical" one, or a "statement of logic" if and only if it implies something about what the logical relation is between certain propositions; and the word or phrase, in virtue of which it has this implication, I will call a "logical expression".

Stove notes that logical expressions can be sabotaged, just as success-words can be neutralized. He spends some time clarifying the relationship between these phenomena, since they are similar in intention but not, in fact, identical. Rather, they work together in the following way.

> The use of success-words (though neutralized), is of course a device which makes directly for plausibility. Sabotaging logical expressions does not do this, but it is an essential auxiliary to the first device. A writer who often took the implication of truth out of "proved", but never the implication of entailment out of "proof", or who often took the implication of falsity out of "refuted" but never took the implication of inconsistency out of "refutation", would be in a position hopelessly exposed to criticism. Our authors have not been so careless.

He also articulates the distinction in an informal (and wittily expressed) way, that sabotaging logical expressions is like derailing cognitive achievement *en route*, so that it can never arrive anywhere; while neutralizing success-words is more like blowing up any cognitive achievement at the destination, so it can never be recognized as having arrived.

Stove now presents a common method of sabotaging logical expressions in a generalizable form.

> One way to sabotage a logical expression, and the way which is most common in our authors, is to embed a logical statement in a context which can be broadly described as epistemic. A schematic example, and one not likely to occur in our authors, is this: instead of saying "P entails Q", which is of course a logical statement, to say "P entails Q according to most logicians, ancient, medieval, and modern".

This simple pattern of expression makes historical rather than logical assertions (like an encyclopedia documenting debate, without making any truth-claims about *what* is said, only *that* it was said, see *de dicto* and *de re*).

**Example**: * Eeyore: Kanga told me Winnie-the-Pooh said, "Pigs can fly."
* Piglet: Well, do you believe it?
* Eeyore: Yes I do, that's exactly the kind of thing Pooh *would* say. \[**de dicto**\] OR
* Eeyore: I don't know, you tell me, you're a pig. \[**de re**\]

Knowledge about what people say is different to knowledge about the matters they discuss. Stove accuses his subjects of making statements about scientific discourse, when their readers expect statements about the science itself.

## Part two

How irrationalism about science began

### The historical source located

Stove notes that in part one he has only demonstrated *how* an irrational position *might* be expressed, in such a way as it had some appearance of credibility, not *that* such a position is *actually* held by the subjects of his study. He now turns to establishing this second point. The philosophers he is criticising not only use language in unusual ways, but do indeed also make plain language assertions of an irrationalist nature. Stove presents examples of what he believes are the clearest statements of irrationalism in their writing. Ultimately he considers providing examples from Karl Popper suffices. He presents the quotes and paraphrases apparently in ascending order of irrationality.

* "There *are* no such things as good positive reasons."
* "Positive reasons are neither necessary nor possible."
* A scientific theory is, not only never certain, but never even *probable*, in relation to the evidence for it.
* A scientific theory cannot be more probable, in relation to the empirical evidence for it, than it is *a priori*, or in the absence of all empirical evidence.
* The truth of any scientific theory or law-statement is exactly as improbable, both *a priori* and in relation to any possible evidence, as the truth of a self-contradictory proposition.
* "Belief, of course, is never rational: it is rational to suspend belief."

Stove seems to restrain his witticisms in the course of presenting the evidence above. However, as he presents the last quote, he appears to experience his astonishment at such a statement as though again for the first time, expressing this via his characteristically barbed wit. Not only could Popper bring himself to make the last assertion, he is sufficiently comfortable with it to supply *of course*. Not only does Popper consider belief to be irrational, he considers this to be common knowledge!

Returning to serious analysis, Stove next presents Popper's own explicit endorsement of David Hume's scepticism regarding induction.

* "I agree with Hume's opinion that induction is invalid and in no sense justified."
* "*Are we rationally justified in reasoning from repeated instances of which we have experience to instances of which we have had no experience?* Hume's unrelenting answer is: No, we are not justified. ... My own view is that Hume's answer to this problem is right."

This explains where many of Popper's ideas have come from—he shares Hume's scepticism about induction.

Stove considers this establishes what he set out to show in the chapter since, "Popper's philosophy of science is at any rate not more irrationalist than that of Feyerabend, Kuhn, or Lakatos, and at the same time, as a matter of well-known history, Popper's philosophy owes nothing to theirs, while Kuhn's philosophy owes much, and the philosophy of Lakatos and Feyerabend owes nearly everything, to Popper."

However, he explains that establishing both *that* these writers are irrationalists, and *where* their irrationalism comes from historically, still leaves the question of what it is they believe that leads them to accept this irrationalist conclusion. What *implicit* premise grounds their confidence in such an otherwise unattractive conclusion?

### The key premise of irrationalism identified

In chapter four, Stove presents Hume's argument for scepticism about the unobserved (**A** in diagram and table below), quoting from three primary sources — *A Treatise of Human Nature*, *An Abstract* \[of A Treatise of Human Nature\] and *An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding*. He supports his reading by quotes from the secondary literature, where his interpretation of Hume might otherwise be challenged. He concludes that deductivism (**O** in diagram and table below) is the "key premise of irrationalism". In Stove's words, "Nothing fatal to empiricist philosophy of science ... follows from the admission that arguments from the observed to the unobserved are *not the best*; unless this assumption was combined, as it was with Hume, with the fatal assumption that *only the best will do* \[emphasis original\]." He concludes the chapter with the following diagram and table.

David Hume's scepticism *per* David Stove
| E} | | | | | | | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| H} | E} | | | | | | F} | |  | M+} |  |
| J} |  |  |  | I} | F} | |  | N} | **O**} | |  | C} |  |
| } | | | | |  | M} | } | | | | | | |  | **A** |  |
| H} |  | L |  | K} | D} | | | | | | } | |  |
| G} | E} | | | | | | | | | |  | B} |  |
| F} | | | | | | | | | | |  |
|

| **A** | *Scepticism about the unobserved* | There is no reason to believe any contingent proposition about the unobserved. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B** | *Empiricism* | Any reason to believe a contingent proposition about the unobserved is a proposition about the observed. |
| **C** | *Inductive Scepticism* | No proposition about the observed is a reason to believe a contingent proposition about the observed. |
| **D** | *Impotence of the a priori* | No necessary truth is a reason to believe any contingent proposition. |
| **E** | *Accessibles necessary or observational* | A proposition is directly accessible to knowledge or reasonable belief if and only if it is either a necessary truth or a proposition about the observed. |
| **F** | *Reasons must be accessible* | If P is a reason or part of a reason to believe Q then P is directly accessible to knowledge or reasonable belief. |
| **G** | *Induction is invalid without Resemblance* | Any inductive argument is invalid, and the validator of it is a Resemblance Thesis. |
| **H** | *Resemblance is a contingent feature of the Universe* | A Resemblance Thesis is a contingent proposition about the unobserved. |
| **I** | *Resemblance is not provable a priori* | A Resemblance Thesis is not deducible from necessary truths. |
| **J** | *No contingents provable a priori* | No contingent proposition is deducible from necessary truths. |
| **K** | *Resemblance is not provable* a posteriori | A Resemblance Thesis is not deducible from propositions about the observed. |
| **L** | *Induction to Resemblance is circular if valid* | A Resemblance Thesis is deducible from propositions about the observed only when to the latter is conjoined a Resemblance Thesis. |
| **M** | *The validator of induction not necessary or observational* | Any inductive argument is invalid, and the validator of it is neither a necessary truth nor a proposition about the observed. |
| **M+** | *No validator of induction is necessary or observational* | Any inductive argument is invalid, and any validator of it is neither a necessary truth nor a proposition about the observed. |
| **N** | *Invalidity of induction incurable* | Any inductive argument is invalid, and any validator of it is not a reason or part of a reason to believe its conclusion. |
| **O** | *Deductivism* | P is a reason to believe Q only if the argument from P to Q is valid, or there is a validator of it which is either a necessary truth or a proposition about the observed. |
|

### Further evidence for this identification

Having established that it is specifically deductivism that characterises his subjects, and leads them first to scepticism regarding induction and then to scepticism about any scientific theory, Stove now observes that deductivism is a thesis that *of itself* would incline a proponent towards language like that discussed in part one of *Popper and After*.

> If you are a deductivist, then you cannot allow yourself to use, in earnest, the word "confirms", or any of the weak or non-deductive-logical expressions. To say of an observation-statement O that it confirms a scientific theory T, entails that those two propositions stand in some logical relation such that O is a reason to believe T. But this cannot be so if deductivism is true. ... In other words, he must often sabotage the logical expression "confirms".

Stove provides examples and further evidence before finally turning to a brief, common-sense defense of scientific reasoning.

> Suppose I have come to know that P, "I hold just 999 of 1000 tickets in a fair lottery to be drawn tomorrow"; and suppose that, as a result of acquiring this knowledge, I have come to have a higher degree of belief than I had before in the proposition Q: "I will win the lottery tomorrow". Suppose that I am then reminded by someone of the fact that R, "It is logically possible that P be true and Q false"; and suppose I fully accept this truth, and add it to my stock of knowledge. I acknowledge, in other words, that although I hold nearly all tickets in this fair lottery, I might not win it. Suppose, finally, that on account of adding this truth R to my premise P, I come to have a *lower* degree of belief in Q than I had before being reminded of R. In that case, it will be evident, I am being irrational, ... because R is a necessary truth, and hence its conjunction with P is logically equivalent to P itself, while two arguments cannot differ in logical value if their premises are logically equivalent and they have the same conclusion \[emphasis original\].

Stove modifies this argument to suit induction and concludes the book with some strong words regarding the climate of discourse in the philosophy of science current at the time of publication.

## Reviews

> With a combination of dazzling philosophical acumen and scarifying wit, Stove does for irrationalism in the philosophy of science what the Romans did for Carthage in the Third Punic War. He assaults and destroys it utterly.
>
> Roger Kimball,*The New Criterion*

## Bibliography

* David Charles Stove. *Popper and After*. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982.
* David Charles Stove. *Probability and Hume's Inductive Scepticism*. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.

Relevant entries in the *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*:

Other links:

## InfoBox

Popper and After
| Cover of the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | David Stove |
| Original title | *Popper and After* |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Philosophy of science |
| Publisher | Pergamon Press |
| Publication date | 1982 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 128 |
| ISBN | 978-0-08-026791-3 |
| OCLC | 8996891 |
| Dewey Decimal | 501 19 |
| LC Class | Q175 .S83 1982 |


title: Poppet (comics)

abstract: Poppet was a British weekly girls' comic anthology published by Fleetway Publications from 5 October 1963 to 11 July 1964. The title was short-lived, running for 41 issues before being merged into June.

text:
# Poppet (comics)

***Poppet*** was a British weekly girls' comic anthology published by Fleetway Publications from 5 October 1963 to 11 July 1964. The title was short-lived, running for 41 issues before being merged into *June*.

## Creation

After the successful launch of *June*, Fleetway Publications looked at launching similar titles as the company responded to the runaway sales of rival DC Thomson's *Bunty* and *Judy*. *Poppet* effectively replaced the venerable *Girls' Crystal*, which had been merged into *School Friend* in May 1963 after sales had dropped to 164,000 a week. Having worked on both *Girls' Crystal* and *June*, Jack Hunt was assigned as editor of the new title. *Poppet* was 28 pages, had a painted full-colour front cover with black and white interiors, and priced at 6. The back cover was also in colour, and was used to print pictures of popstars – beginning with The Beatles on the first issue.

## Publishing history

*Poppet* was launched with a promotional campaign that included television advertising. The first issue featured a free 'Clover Leaf Bracelet'; the second came with a 'Horseshoe Ring' and the third a 'Birthday Book'.

The initial line-up consisted of the highwaywoman story "Black Velvet", which had been devised some years before by Leonard Matthews for a boys' adventure feature – however, a belief that male readers wouldn't accept a female-led strip saw the highwaywoman turned into Moll Moonlight, a companion of Dick Turpin and – later – Jack o' Justice; "House of Mystery", a translated version of a Michel Regnier/Paul Cuvelier story from French comic *Line*; young horse-lover Molly Brown and clean-cut private detective Simon Crane. The comic's main draw was "Surprise Corner", a family comedy-drama similar to *Princess* story "The Happy Days", with Sally Starr narrating her family's adventures after they move into the eponymous antiques shop. At 12 pages, the story was the longest regular feature published in a British weekly comic.

*Poppet*'s other area of interest was pop music; the comic launched as Beatlemania was taking hold, and the comic carried features and pinups of the likes of The Beatles, Gerry and the Pacemakers, The Swinging Blue Jeans and Tommy Roe alongside more traditional girls' comic fare like "Looking at Legends" (explaining the history behind various folk tales) and creature feature "Wonders of Nature". January saw the celebrity content cross into the comic with the four-part "The Beatles Story", a Pat Brookman-written history of the group to date. By this point, *Poppet* also featured many reprints from the Fleetway archive; among the devices used was the comic's namesake asking her Uncle Charles to tell her stories. An unusual inclusion was reprints of "Space Family Rollinson" from Knockout; while the latter commenced as a unisex humour title in 1939, by the 1960s, it had morphed into a boys' adventure comic.

Even with these cost-cutting measures, *Poppet* fell below its break-even point and, in July 1964, was merged with *June* after 41 issues. "Surprise Corner" made the journey across and would run for another four years, with Molly Brown and several of the reprints finishing their storylines in the pages of *June*.

In 2018 the rights to the material created for *Poppet* were among those purchased by Rebellion Publishing.

## Stories

### Aggie, She Knows All the Answers

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 20 June 1964

A pigtailed, bespectacled schoolgirl poses themed trivia questions.

* One-page cartoon.

### Black Velvet

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 8 February 1964 **Artist:** Geoff Campion

Daring highwaywoman Black Velvet and her companions – Pearl Damask and Jack Oldacre – right wrongs and investigate mysteries in rural England.

### The Beatles Story

**Published:** 25 January to 8 February 1964 **Writer:** Pat Brookman

The story of how John, Paul, George and the other one worked hard to become the world's foremost popular beat combo.

### Call of the Circus

**Published:** 15 February to 28 March 1964 **Artist:** Robert MacGillivray

Horse expert Jill Logan becomes fascinated with the idea of joining a circus as a rider – much to the disapproval of her fiancé Hugh Fitch.

### Fifi

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 18 April 1964

A small bob cut schoolgirl pits her wits against her friends and neighbours, often coming off worse.

* Quarter-page humour cartoon.

### The Girls of Nut House School

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 14 March 1964

The pupils of Nut House School swap jokes.

* Small humour cartoon.

### Happy Ever After

**Published:** 15 February to 21 March 1964 * Picture strips based on real-life celebrities' romantic lives.

### House of Mystery

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 22 February 1964 **Writer:** Michel Regnier **Artist:** Paul Cuvelier

On holiday in France with her aunt, Pauline Pedin attempts to return a valuable tie pin to the man who dropped it. She is drawn into a mystery surrounding a gothic mansion owned by a strange lady called Medina.

* Reprint of "La Maison du Mystère" from *Line*.

### Kendru the Jungle Boy

**Published:** c.April/May to 11 July 1964

Working with her uncle at a village in Indochina, Janet sets up a school for the local children – and grabs the attention of jungle boy Kendru.

### Molly Brown

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 11 July 1964

Horse-loving schoolgirl Molly Brown nurses and trains a succession of equines – including old milkman's horse Lady, Lady's show-jumping foal Champion, and her father-in-law's award-winning Satan.

* Connected serials – the first titled "Looking After Lady", the second "Molly and Champion", and the third "Jumping for Joy". Continued in *June*.

### Rosita and Her Puppets

**Published:** 27 June to 11 July 1964

Despite having a cruel stepmother, Italian village girl Rosita brings joy to the community with her puppet shows.

### Simon Crane – Private Detective

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 11 January 1964

Dashing detective Simon Crane helps girls in distress solve mysteries.

### Space Family

**Published:** c.April/May to 11 July 1964 **Artists:** Graham Coton, Ian Kennedy

Dad and Mom Rollinson and their children Alan, Ann, Tommy, and Janet are kidnapped by Zektron aliens, who then abandon them near Saturn.

* Modified reprints of "The Space-Family Rollinson" from *Knockout*.

### Sue of the Circus

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 11 July 1964

When Carter's Circus arrives in town, Sue Scott applies for a job – and soon finds out there are rum goings-on aplenty when it is targeted by the enigmatic Seventh Clown.

### Surprise Corner

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 11 July 1964 **Writer/s:** Jenny Burton

Sally Starr lives with her family in an antiques store, Surprise Corner, and always finds surprising things happening.

* Later renamed "The Family at Star Corner". Continued in *June*.

### Their Feud at the Holiday Farm

**Published:** 28 March to 18 April 1964

A class of pupils from St. Gwen's School make a working visit to help with the harvest at Glenmead Farm, but Sheila Barton and Trudy Holt soon find themselves targeted by a sinister troublemaker.

### Treasure at Windy Ridge

**Published:** c.April/May to 11 July 1964

In the late 19th century, Jo Stokes travels to the coast to visit her Aunt Ella. Leaving Victoria station, she is given a fan by a young man named Peter Lakin, and is astonished to find it features an exact painting of Ella's home, Westwinds on it.

### Uncle Charles

**Published:** 5 October 1963 to 18 April 1964

Poppet's Uncle Charles tells his niece tales he gathered on his travels around the ~~Fleetway archive~~ world.

1. *Mum's Own Annual: Presenting the Comics of Her Girlhood Days*. Fleetway Editions Limited. 1993. ISBN 9781853862830.
2. *New Society*. New Society Limited. 4 October 1963.
3. Gifford, Denis. *The British Comic Catalogue, 1874-1974*. Mansell. ISBN 9789020048957.
4. "World's Press News and Advertisers' Review". World's Press News Publishing Company, Limited. 9 October 1963.
5. "'Billy Bunter' deal sees Oxford publisher amass huge comic collection". *BBC News*. 28 September 2018.
6. Freeman, John (28 September 2018). "British Comic Heroes under one roof! Rebellion snaps up TI Media's classic comics catalogue". *downthetubes.net*.
7. "La maison du mystère (Line) – ComicWiki". *comicwiki.dk*.
8. Ashford, David; Allen-Clark, John; Holland, Steve (1997). *Knockout Comic – An Illustrated Guide*. CJ Publications.

## InfoBox

| *Poppet* | |
| --- | --- |
| The cover of *Poppet*, dated 16 November 1963, featuring Sally Starr of "The Family at Surprise Corner". | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Fleetway Publications<br>1963 to 1964 |
| Schedule | Weekly (Wednesdays) |
| Format | Ongoing series |
| Publication date | 5 October 1963 – 11 July 1964 |
| No. of issues | 41 |
| Editor(s) | Jack Hunt |


title: Joseph Payne (educationalist)

abstract: Joseph Payne was an English educationalist and the first Professor of Education at the College of Preceptors in London.

text:
# Joseph Payne (educationalist)

**Joseph Payne** (2 March 1808 in Bury St Edmunds  30 April 1876 in Bayswater) was an English educationalist and the first Professor of Education at the College of Preceptors in London.

## Early life

Payne was born in Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk. He came to prominence as one of the most vocal adherents of the methods of Joseph Jacotot in England, publishing in 1830 an exposition of Jacotot's methods and lecturing to other teachers about education while teaching at a school in the New Kent Road, London. In 1838 he established Denmark Hill Grammar School with David Fletcher.

## Career

In 1845 he opened the Mansion grammar school, at Leatherhead in Surrey. The school was very successful in exams and followed a detailed curriculum. Initially the pupils studied spelling and writing, history and geography, French, word and object lessons, arithmetic. As they progressed, English grammar, botany, and physics were added and at the age of 12, Latin German, mathematics, English literature, and physics were introduced. Chemistry would be added in the final two years.

He retired from teaching in 1868 and began to write various textbooks and criticized elementary education in the England. He was also heavily involved in reforms and believed education could transform society. He was a founding member of the College of Preceptors and became its first Professor of science and art of education in 1873. He was one of the founders of the Women's Education Union, and he was also one of the original shareholders of the Girls' Public Day School Company which was created by the Union. Payne was also a member of the council of the Social Science Association and of the committees of the Kindergarten Association. Payne and Caroline Bishop are credited with founding the Froebel Society.

## Family

He married Eliza Dyer in December 1837, and they had four children, John Burnell, Joseph Frank, Mary Eliza and William Payne. His wife died in October 1875 and he retired from the College of Preceptors in December 1875 due to ill health. He died a few months later in April 1876.

## Works

## Primary sources

The Archives of the Institute of Education, University of London holds the papers of Joseph Payne and his family and the records of the College of Preceptors .

## Published Sources

* Aldrich, Richard (1995). *School and society in Victorian Britain: Joseph Payne and the new world of education*.
* Chapman, J V (1985). *Professional roots: the College of Preceptors in British society*.

* College of Preceptors. (1896). *Fifty Years of Progress in Education: A Review of the Work of the College of Preceptors from its Foundation in 1846 to its Jubilee in 1896*. London: C. F. Hodgson Publishing.


title: Jorge Ottati (Senior)

abstract: Professor Jorge Ottati was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. He is an international sports announcer and commentator, with a professional career of almost 40 years in radio, written press and television. One of his sons is Jorge Ottati, also a well-known sportscaster. Ottati has a doctorate in Universal History and has held decision-making positions at the Uruguayan State Department of Culture and Education, having a role in educational projects and the organization of sporting events for Uruguayan high school students. He teaches Sports Journalism at the University of Málaga in Spain and is the President of Círculo de Empresarios Hispanos de Florida. He founded and coached the Men's Basketball Uruguayan University National Team. He played college soccer and professional basketball, and participated in 1999 with success in the World Championship of Basketball for Senior players. Ottati began his career in 1969; he was part of Radio Ariel’s “Clan 10”. After that, he worked for Radio Universal, Radio Oriental, and SODRE as studio host, reporter and color commentator. He's currently a correspondent in the States for Eurosport-Yahoo Spain, and has been a member of the board at the Association of Sports Journalists of Uruguay. In the year 2000, PSN launched in Hollywood, Florida, and Ottati was hired from Uruguay and brought to the United States to be one of the talents of the new 24-hour sports network. Prof. Ottati was the color commentator for 2002 World Cup qualifying rounds, Copa Libertadores, NBA, WNBA and hosted several award-winning shows. Among other prestigious sporting events, Prof. Ottati has attended and covered World Cups, Copas América, Copa Libertadores Finals, NBA All Star Games, Tournaments of the Americas. Due to his unique triple condition of athlete, journalist and educator, Ottati is a college professor of Journalism who permanently speaks at seminars and lectures. Since 2006, Ottati worked for ESPN Deportes Radio, hosting shows such as “Espacio NBA”, “Atacando en Alemania”, “Memorias del Fútbol”, “Destino Copa América” and “Destino Sudáfrica”. He has also been the commentator of live game broadcasts for UEFA Champions League, Copa América Venezuela 2007 and the 2007 NBA Finals.

text:
# Jorge Ottati (Senior)

**Professor Jorge Ottati** was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. He is an international sports announcer and commentator, with a professional career of almost 40 years in radio, written press and television. One of his sons is Jorge Ottati, also a well-known sportscaster.

Ottati has a doctorate in **Universal History** and has held decision-making positions at the **Uruguayan State Department of Culture and Education**, having a role in educational projects and the organization of sporting events for Uruguayan high school students. He teaches Sports Journalism at the University of Málaga in Spain and is the President of **Círculo de Empresarios Hispanos de Florida**. He founded and coached the **Men's Basketball Uruguayan University National Team**. He played college soccer and professional basketball, and participated in 1999 with success in the World Championship of Basketball for Senior players.

Ottati began his career in 1969; he was part of **Radio Ariel**’s “Clan 10”. After that, he worked for **Radio Universal**, **Radio Oriental**, and **SODRE** as studio host, reporter and color commentator. He's currently a correspondent in the States for **Eurosport-Yahoo Spain**, and has been a member of the board at the Association of Sports Journalists of Uruguay.

In the year 2000, **PSN (Panamerican Sports Network)** launched in Hollywood, Florida, and Ottati was hired from Uruguay and brought to the United States to be one of the talents of the new 24-hour sports network. Prof. Ottati was the color commentator for 2002 World Cup qualifying rounds, Copa Libertadores, NBA, WNBA and hosted several award-winning shows. Among other prestigious sporting events, Prof. Ottati has attended and covered World Cups, Copas América, Copa Libertadores Finals, NBA All Star Games, Tournaments of the Americas. Due to his unique triple condition of athlete, journalist and educator, Ottati is a college professor of Journalism who permanently speaks at seminars and lectures.

Since 2006, Ottati worked for ESPN Deportes Radio, hosting shows such as “Espacio NBA”, “Atacando en Alemania”, “Memorias del Fútbol”, “Destino Copa América” and “Destino Sudáfrica”. He has also been the commentator of live game broadcasts for UEFA Champions League, Copa América Venezuela 2007 and the 2007 NBA Finals.


title: Thom Michael Mulligan

abstract: Thomas Michael Mulligan is an American actor, film producer, executive director, and playwright. He appeared in two plays, True West (1986) and Burn This (1990), and the horror film Sweet Taste of Souls (2020). Mulligan is executive director of submissions at New Hope Film Festival, wrote the play Just Dirty Laundry (1986) and won Best Picture for Callous (2009) at the Oceanside International Film Festival.

text:
# Thom Michael Mulligan

**Thomas Michael Mulligan** is an American actor, film producer, executive director, and playwright. He appeared in two plays, *True West* (1986) and *Burn This* (1990), and the horror film *Sweet Taste of Souls* (2020). Mulligan is executive director of submissions at New Hope Film Festival, wrote the play *Just Dirty Laundry* (1986) and won Best Picture for *Callous* (2009) at the Oceanside International Film Festival.

## Early life and education

Mulligan grew up in New York City as the son of Janet and John Mulligan. He became interested in acting at the age of seven, and played sports in high school and college.

Mulligan attended Irvington High School. In 1967, he entered the United States Navy as an Electrician's mate 3rd class aboard the USS *Luiseno* stationed at Newport, Rhode Island. He later served in the Vietnam War from 1969-1970. Mulligan initially pursued a career as a Major League Baseball pitcher but by the time he was 30, he had taken up acting in full-time in New York City.

## Career

Mulligan appeared in a charity performance as a guest artist for *Fantasies* at New Oxford High School in 1983. In 1986, his first submitted play, *Just Dirty Laundry*, took place at Theatre on the Towpath in New Hope, Pennsylvania. He had his voice recorded in 1993 for educational purposes about artifacts at the Historical Museum in Clinton, New Jersey. In 1994, Mulligan moved to California to further his acting career.

Mulligan produced and acted in *Callous* which premiered at Riverside International Film Festival in 2009. In 2011, he directed a short play called *Code 7* that tied for first place at New Vision Theatre Company's Summer Shorts program.

Since its inauguration in 2010, Mulligan has been the executive director of submissions of the New Hope Film Festival in New Hope, Pennsylvania and hosted their award ceremony in 2017. In 2020, he starred in *Sweet Taste of Souls* with Honey Lauren. Mulligan is based in Oceanside, California.

## Stage credits

| Year | Title | Role | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | *Anna Christie* |  | New York |  |
| 1986 | *Ghost of a Chance* |  | Theatre on the Towpath, New Hope, Pennsylvania |  |
| | *Just Dirty Laundry* | Randy Miller | Theatre on the Towpath, New Hope, Pennsylvania | playwright |
| | *Camelot* | Various | Theatre on the Towpath, New Hope, Pennsylvania |  |
| | *True West* | Lee | Theatre on the Towpath, New Hope, Pennsylvania |  |
| 1989 | *Same Time, Next Year* | George | Highpoint Dinner Theatre, Chalfont, Pennsylvania |  |
| 1990 | *Burn This* | Pale | N.J. Public Theatre, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey |  |
| 1992 | *Sex, Drugs & Rock & Roll* | Various | Towpath House Restaurant, New Hope, Pennsylvania | by Eric Bogosian |
| | *The Woolgatherer* | Cliff | Towpath House Restaurant, New Hope, Pennsylvania |  |
| 1993 | *Drinking In America* |  | Theatre on the Towpath, New Hope, Pennsylvania |  |
| 1995 | *Guilty Conscience* | Arthur Jamison | OnStage Playhouse, Chula Vista, California |  |

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | *A Gothic Tale* | Pastor |  |
| 2009 | *Callous* | Pete Young |  |
| 2018 | *The Witching Hour* | Jimmy Callahan |  |
| 2019 | *RoboWoman* | Detective Murphy |  |
| 2020 | *Sweet Taste of Souls* | Barney |  |
| | *Arachnado* | Kathi |  |
| 2021 | *Rattlers 2* | Bridger |  |
| | *Apex Predators* | Dr. Juke Westwin |  |
| | *Night Hunter* | Lee Jackson Sr. |  |
| | *Angel Mountain* | Frank |  |
| | *Amityville in the Hood* | Detective White |  |
| 2022 | *The Boss Man* | Soldier |  |
| | *American Bigfoot* | Red Stone |  |
| | *DumbFellas* | Sonny Clamato |  |

| List of awards and nominations | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Accolades
| Event | Year | Award | Title | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New Vision Theatre Company's Summer Shorts | 2011 | 1st Place | *Code 7* | Won |  |
| Big Bear Lake International Film Festival | 2009 | Best Feature | *Callous* | Won |  |
| Riverside International Film Festival | | Best Feature | *Callous* | Won |  |
| Oceanside International Film Festival | | Best Picture | *Callous* | Won |  |

## InfoBox

| Thom Michael Mulligan | |
| --- | --- |
| Mulligan in 2010 | |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 1983–present |
| Known for | * *Callous* * *Just Dirty Laundry* * New Hope Film Festival * *Sex, Drugs & Rock & Roll* |
| Notable credits |  |
| Children | 1 |
| Parents | * Janet Mulligan * John Mulligan |
| Awards | 2009 Best Picture Oceanside International Film Festival |


title: Metius eurypterus

abstract: Metius eurypterus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Jules Putzeys in 1875.

text:
# Metius eurypterus

***Metius eurypterus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Jules Putzeys in 1875.

## InfoBox

| *Metius eurypterus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Metius* |
| Species: | ***M. eurypterus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metius eurypterus***<br>Putzeys, 1875 | |
|


title: Giovanni Battista Traverso

abstract: Giovanni Battista Traverso (1878–1959) was a mycologist and plant pathologist on the early 20th-century. He was born in Pavia, Italy on October 25, 1878, and died on January 22, 1955. He was interested in the flora since his early years what could be seen on his prints that he gave to the catalog of the vascular plants of Pavia in 1898. Traverso completed his major in natural sciences at University of Pavia in July 1900. By that time he was also professor of botany and director of the Italian Cryptogamic Laboratory. His first advisor was Giovanni Briosi, who created a peaceful atmosphere of work at the University of Pavia where Traverso had the opportunity to publish his works with botany and mycology. After his graduation he worked at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Modena, Italy, for a short period of time and moved to Padua, Italy, to work with Pier Andrea Saccardo who was a botany professor. At that time they published some works together: Contributions to the mycology of Sardinia in 1903, and Arrangement and nomenclature of mycological groups in the ‘cryptogamic Italian flora’ in 1907. In 1905 he obtained a degree of general botanist and worked until 1914 as Saccardo’s assistant at the University of Padua, where he started working with mycology and formed the Italian mycological school. Most of his published works are from these years. In 1913 Traverso edited the exsiccata Fungi Italici exsiccati. In 1915 he got a job of vice-director at the Station of Plant Pathology in Rome, Italy. At the Station he had a chance to meet a great professor advisor, Giuseppe Cuboni, who was dedicated to the research new pathways of plant diseases. The greatest of his works on plant pathology are dated from this period, which includes the studies on downy mildew of wheat, “ink disease” on chestnut trees caused by Phytophthora sp., certain bacterial diseases, as well as significant works of mycology, including 77 described species, and published works on the mycological classe of Sordariomycetes, and on the families Xylariaceae, Valsaceae, and Ceratostomataceae. Traverso, succeeding Luigi Meomartini, became a plant pathology professor at the Institute of Agriculture in Milan, Italy, by November 1923; nowadays, this school is named the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences of Milan, the largest school of agriculture in Italy. He taught for 25 years and left the chair in 1948, but continued working as a Dean of the Faculty and then as a professor emeritus, spending the rest of his life in Milan. Between these years he identified 3 more species of fungi Aspergillus kitaii, Flammula carbonaria var. spegazziniana, and Oidium cyanescens, and conserved a herbarium with a mycological collection of more than 1500 species. His works started the Cryptogamic Italian Flora, a series of books which describes and diagnoses fungi. Traverso compiled the first four books of the series, dedicating the first book to the Italian Bibliography of Mycology and the subsequent to the group of the Sordariomycetes, of which he was one of the leading specialists from around the world. He became a follower on Saccardo's works publishing the volumes XIX and XX of the Sylloge Fungorum, an enormous and unique work published that was reprinted in USA in the 60's. In the same book, he had also collaboration on the volumes XVII, XXIII and XXIV. Showing his devotion, Traverso published on the new Italian botanic journal the commemorative papers of Saccardo and Cuboni, tracing their biography. When Traverso died Giacomo Bresadola, a mycologist from Trent, was the one who took care of the funeral and the posthumous publication of Traverso's works with basidiomycetes. Elio Baldacci was Traverso's successor, working as a professor at the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences of Milan. Traverso was a great Italian who honored the country in the sciences and in particular in the field of mycology and plant pathology, his works were well recognized and are still used on the present days.

text:
# Giovanni Battista Traverso

**Giovanni Battista Traverso** (1878–1959) was a mycologist and plant pathologist on the early 20th-century.

He was born in Pavia, Italy on October 25, 1878, and died on January 22, 1955 (Baldacci, 1959). He was interested in the flora since his early years what could be seen on his prints that he gave to the catalog of the vascular plants of Pavia in 1898 (Flora urbica pavese) (Traverso, 1898; Stafleu, and Cowan, 1986).

Traverso completed his major in natural sciences at University of Pavia in July 1900. By that time he was also professor of botany and director of the Italian Cryptogamic Laboratory. His first advisor was Giovanni Briosi, who created a peaceful atmosphere of work at the University of Pavia where Traverso had the opportunity to publish his works with botany and mycology (Baldacci, 1959).

After his graduation he worked at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Modena, Italy, for a short period of time and moved to Padua, Italy, to work with Pier Andrea Saccardo who was a botany professor (Baldacci, 1959). At that time they published some works together: Contributions to the mycology of Sardinia (“Contribuzione all flora micologica della Sardegna”) in 1903, and Arrangement and nomenclature of mycological groups in the ‘cryptogamic Italian flora’ (“Sulla disposizione e nomenclatura dei gruppi micologici da seguirsi nelle ‘Flora italica crytogama’”) in 1907.

In 1905 he obtained a degree of general botanist and worked until 1914 as Saccardo’s assistant at the University of Padua, where he started working with mycology and formed the Italian mycological school (Baldacci, 1959). Most of his published works are from these years. In 1913 Traverso edited the exsiccata *Fungi Italici exsiccati (seu Mycothecae Italicae series altera)*.

In 1915 he got a job of vice-director at the Station of Plant Pathology in Rome, Italy. At the Station he had a chance to meet a great professor advisor, Giuseppe Cuboni, who was dedicated to the research new pathways of plant diseases (Baldacci, 1959).

The greatest of his works on plant pathology are dated from this period, which includes the studies on downy mildew of wheat (*Sclerophthora macrospora*), “ink disease” on chestnut trees caused by *Phytophthora sp.*, certain bacterial diseases, as well as significant works of mycology (Baldacci, 1959), including 77 described species, and published works on the mycological classe of Sordariomycetes (or Pyrenomycetes), and on the families Xylariaceae, Valsaceae, and Ceratostomataceae.

Traverso, succeeding Luigi Meomartini, became a plant pathology professor at the Institute of Agriculture (“R. Istituto superiore di Agricoltura”) in Milan, Italy, by November 1923; nowadays, this school is named the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences of Milan (“Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie”), the largest school of agriculture in Italy. He taught for 25 years and left the chair in 1948 (replaced by Elio Baldacci), but continued working as a Dean of the Faculty and then as a professor emeritus, spending the rest of his life in Milan (Baldacci, 1959). Between these years he identified 3 more species of fungi *Aspergillus kitaii*, *Flammula carbonaria* var. *spegazziniana*, and *Oidium cyanescens*, and conserved a herbarium with a mycological collection of more than 1500 species.

His works started the Cryptogamic Italian Flora, a series of books which describes and diagnoses fungi. Traverso compiled the first four books of the series, dedicating the first book to the Italian Bibliography of Mycology and the subsequent to the group of the Sordariomycetes (or Pyrenomycetes), of which he was one of the leading specialists from around the world. He became a follower on Saccardo's works publishing the volumes XIX and XX of the Sylloge Fungorum, an enormous and unique work published that was reprinted in USA in the 60's. In the same book, he had also collaboration on the volumes XVII, XXIII and XXIV (Baldacci, 1959). Showing his devotion, Traverso published on the new Italian botanic journal the commemorative papers of Saccardo and Cuboni, tracing their biography (Traverso, 1920).

When Traverso died Giacomo Bresadola, a mycologist from Trent, was the one who took care of the funeral and the posthumous publication of Traverso's works with basidiomycetes (Baldacci, 1959). Elio Baldacci was Traverso's successor, working as a professor at the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences of Milan (Belli at al., 2007). Traverso was a great Italian who honored the country in the sciences and in particular in the field of mycology and plant pathology (Baldacci, 1959), his works were well recognized and are still used on the present days.

## Species identified

| Some fungal species identified by Traverso |
| --- |
| *Ascochyta asclepiadearum* (1903) |
| *Aspergillus kitaii* (1931) |
| *Cercospora longissima* (1903) |
| *Cercosporella compacta* (1904) |
| *Colletotrichum montemartinii* f. *rohdeae* (1903) |
| *Dendrodochium nectriae* (1902) |
| *Diplodia microspora* subsp. *osmanthi* (1903) |
| *Exosporium meliloti* (1912) |
| *Guignardia quercus-ilicis* (1907) |
| *Leptosphaeria montana* (1912) |
| *Nectria tuberculata* (1902) |
| *Phoma araucariae* (1900) |
| *Phomopsis sidae* (1915) |
| *Phyllosticta sterculicola* (1903) |
| *Sclerospora graminicola* var. *setariae-italicae* (1902) |
| *Septoria montana* (1903) |
| *Uromyces cladomanes* (1921) |


title: Mitrudu

abstract: Mitrudu is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language drama film produced by Sivalenka Krishna Prasad under Vaishavi Cinema banner, directed by Mahadev. Starring Nandamuri Balakrishna, Priyamani and music composed by Mani Sharma. This film was later dubbed into Hindi as Aaj Ka Hindustani and Bhojpuri as Phool Aur Kaante.

text:
# Mitrudu

***Mitrudu*** (transl.Friend) is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language drama film produced by Sivalenka Krishna Prasad under Vaishavi Cinema banner, directed by Mahadev. Starring Nandamuri Balakrishna, Priyamani and music composed by Mani Sharma. This film was later dubbed into Hindi as *Aaj Ka Hindustani* and Bhojpuri as *Phool Aur Kaante*.

## Plot

The film begins with industrialist Sai Krishna, whose beloved only daughter, Indu, is studying abroad and aspires to be a top-tier son-in-law. Muni Swamy approaches him to marry Indu to his infamous son when a brawl erupts. Simultaneously, Sai Krishna finds a prosperous alliance for Indu via advocate Vishwanath and proceeds. In between, enraged Muni Swamy ploys an attempt to kill him, which accelerates a disastrous accident, but he is safe. After one year, Indu lands in India secretly and visits Kumbakonam to meet a powerful astrologer as she has a defect in her horoscope. The astrologer proclaims the remedy is that she should marry an incredible man, and the only way to detect him is through his bravery and strength.

Now, Indu returns to Malaysia, where Aditya is a valor but disparate & despond and waiting to depart from life. Indu is acquainted with and feels him, as declared in her star sign. From there, she shadows him as *white on rice,* confirming him to her destiny. Indu always aids his physically challenged friend Madhu, who upholds a welfare organization for the needy. Indu proposes to Aditya, which he denies but accepts after being observant of her liking, and the two weddings. As a flabbergast, Indu hoodwinked Aditya since her spouse's death is inevitable in the horoscope within a month; ergo, to abscond it, she has made this play. Indeed, she is in love with Madhu, unbeknownst that he is an imposter and regular whom her wealth has entrapped.

Next, Indu & Madhu silently slip to India, but abruptly, Aditya joins them. Surprisingly, he is aware that the entirety still wedlocks Indu, as he genuinely loves her, and squares up Madhu to shield Indu and expose his deplorable shade. After arrival, they receive disavowal from enraged Sai Krishna, on the verge of shooting Indu Aditya bars, and a strange sense starts in her. Later, Sai Krishna allows them because of prints on demand by his true-blue & best friend Keshava. Exploiting it, begrudged Muni Swamy derisions at Sai Krishna. Accordingly, Aditya patiently faces the music he thresholds, and Indu's endearment also hikes. Anyhow, Aditya confronts Muni Swamy and lets his conceit down. Infuriated, Madhu intrigues to slay Aditya when Keshava impedes him, who turns into a treacherous & mastermind behind the scam, being the father of Madhu—subsequently, the knaves plot by revolting Aditya on workers as Sai Krishna is keen on them. Plus, Madhu stabs Keshava to exaggerate his fury. Spotting it, Aditya backfires on him, which Indu distorts and reacts when Aditya is gravely injured. Currently, he is in critical condition, and Sai Krishna is angrily looking forward to his death. Suddenly, Lawyer Viswanath grounds therein retorts on Sai Krishna affirms Aditya is the same whom he yearned to make as his son-in-law and spins back.

Raghavendra Bapineedu, the grandfather of Aditya, is a top-tier region member. On his 80th birthday, his conjoined extended family arrives from abroad, and they spend a jollity time. During their return, a hazardous blast happens in the house because of the misfortune of Sai Krishna's accident. Today, Aditya is left alone, protected by an omnipotent bracelet bestowed by his grandfather, so he has no interest in life. Listening to it, Sai Krishna regrets, and Indu's faithful adoration flourishes on Aditya. All at once, Aditya disappears when Viswanath says that it's exactly one year since his family died. Hence, he has gone to their village to conduct their ceremony. Aditya holds the pain, closes the event, and collapses at his ruined house to leave his breath. Besides, the soothsayer questioned whether the horoscope became real. Then, he proclaims that he has knitted the two as they are footing each other. At this juncture, Indu's willpower is his strength to survive. Concurrently, Indu gets to Aditya, and Madhu enters the scene, colluding with Muni Swamy, where she learns his actual shade. Thus, Indu comprehends the right of their plight in her lying dying. In this light, she attempts suicide. At last, Aditya wakes up, ceases the baddies, and secures Indu. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the uniting of Aditya & Indu.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| Mitrudu | |
| --- | --- |
| Film score by Mani Sharma | |
| Released | 2 April 2009 |
| Recorded | 2009 |
| Genre | Soundtrack |
| Length | 26:36 |
| Label | Lahari Music |
| Producer | Mani Sharma |
| Mani Sharma chronology | |
| *Billa*
(2009) ***Mitrudu***
(2009) *Ek Niranjan*
(2009) | |

Music composed by Mani Sharma. Music released on Lahari Music Company.

Track-List
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Thellavarithey" | Vennelakanti | Rahul Nambiar, Hemachandra, Sravana Bhargavi | 4:58 |
| 2. | "By Birthe" | Anantha Sriram | Shreya Ghoshal | 4:00 |
| 3. | "Dont Touch Me" | Anantha Sriram | Ranjith, Chitra | 4:43 |
| 4. | "Jhummandi Vallantha" | Oruganti | Karthik, Sujatha | 3:59 |
| 5. | "Priyamani" | Veturi | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Saindhavi | 4:24 |
| 6. | "Akasam Nunchi" | Vennelakanti | Vijay Yesudas, Kousalya | 4:30 |
| Total length: | | | | 26:36 |

## Release

The film met with negative reviews from critics.

## InfoBox

| Mitrudu | |
| --- | --- |
| Movie Poster | |
| Directed by | A. Mahadev |
| Written by | M. Ratnam (dialogues) |
| Screenplay by | A. Mahadev |
| Story by | V. Vijayendra Prasad |
| Produced by | Sivalenka Krishna Prasad |
| Starring | Nandamuri Balakrishna
Priyamani |
| Cinematography | B. Balamurugan |
| Edited by | Kola Bhaskar |
| Music by | Mani Sharma |
| Production
company | Sridevi Movies |
| Release date | * 1 May 2009 (2009-05-01) |
| Running time | 154 mins |
| Country | India |
| Language | Telugu |


title: Monazite-(Sm)

abstract: Monazite-(Sm) is an exceedingly rare representative of the monazite group, with samarium being the dominant rare earth element in its structure. It is the samarium analogue of monazite-(Ce), monazite-(La), and monazite-(Nd). It is only the second known mineral with samarium being the mineral-forming element, after florencite-(Sm). The group contains simple rare earth phosphate minerals with the general formula of ATO4, where A = Ce, La, Nd, or Sm (or, rarely, Bi), and B = P or, rarely, As. The A site may also bear Ca and Th.

text:
# Monazite-(Sm)

**Monazite-(Sm)** is an exceedingly rare representative of the monazite group, with samarium being the dominant rare earth element in its structure. It is the samarium analogue of monazite-(Ce), monazite-(La), and monazite-(Nd). It is only the second known mineral with samarium being the mineral-forming element, after florencite-(Sm). The group contains simple rare earth phosphate minerals with the general formula of A*T*O4, where A = Ce, La, Nd, or Sm (or, rarely, Bi), and B = P or, rarely, As. The A site may also bear Ca and Th.

## InfoBox

| Monazite-(Sm) | |
| --- | --- |
| General | |
| Category | Phosphate mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | SmPO4 |
| IMA symbol | Mnz-Sm |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | Prismatic: 2/*m* |
| Space group | *P*21/*m* |
| Unit cell | a = 6.725, b = 6.936, c = 6.448 Å; β = 104.02° |
| Identification | |
| References |  |


title: New York City Police Academy

abstract: The New York City Police Academy is the police academy of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). It is located in College Point, Queens. Within the organization of the New York City Police Department, the Chief of Training oversees the Training Bureau, which includes the Police Academy, the NYPD Cadet Corps, and other units.

text:
# New York City Police Academy

The **New York City Police Academy** is the police academy of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). It is located in College Point, Queens.

Within the organization of the New York City Police Department, the Chief of Training oversees the Training Bureau, which includes the Police Academy, the NYPD Cadet Corps, and other units.

## History

The old Police Academy opened in 1964 and was located at 235 East 20th Street in Manhattan, in the Gramercy Park area. Within 25 years, however, the facility was regarded as antiquated and obsolete, and no longer had capacity for larger classes of police trainees. Jeremy Travis (then the special counsel to the police commissioner, and years later the president of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice) urged construction of a new facility in 1985.

In 1989, Mayor Edward I. Koch promised a new facility to be located in the South Bronx, and in 1992, during the mayoralty of David N. Dinkins, architects were chosen and plans were released. However, Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani canceled the plans for a new facility. In 2007, plans for a new police training center were revived under Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly, with the new facility to be located on a 35-acre tract in College Point, Queens, that previously housed a police tow parking lot owned by the city. Seven other locations, including the decommissioned Flushing Airport, the Seaview Hospital and Farm Colony in Staten Island, and Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, were considered before the College Point site was ultimately chosen. Groundbreaking officially occurred in December 2009. Phase One opened in December 2015.

After the NYPD moved its academy to Queens, the fate of the old academy building was initially unclear. In 2008 and 2013, local residents and Manhattan Community Board 6 pushed to convert the eight-story building into a public school. In October 2016, however, the NYPD opened its Candidate Assessment Center in the old building; the center recruits applicants to join the police department.

## Description

The new facility is located at 130-30 28th Avenue, was constructed at a cost of $950 million, and has three buildings with a combined 730,000 square feet of space. It is not easily accessible by public transit; the closest New York City Subway station, Flushing–Main Street, is more than one mile away. Perkins & Will, Tactical Design, and Michael Fieldman were the project's architects, and Turner and STV were the construction managers.

The three buildings at the academy are a classroom and office building (eight stories, with an atrium, cafeteria, auditorium, and library); a "physical and tactical training" building, including a large gymnasium and swimming pool; and a central utilities plant. The training facilities include simulated locations, such as a mock subway station, mock courthouses, and mock precinct houses. The main police academy site does not include a firing range (the NYPD range is located at Rodman's Neck in the Bronx), nor is the facility used for driving instruction (NYPD officers train in driving at Floyd Bennett Field).

## InfoBox

| New York City Police Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1964 (1964)–present |
| Country | United States |
| Agency | New York City Police Department |
| Type | Police academy |
| Part of | NYPD Training Bureau |
| Headquarters | College Point, Queens,
New York City, New York, U.S.
40°46′19″N 73°50′23″W / 40.77194°N 73.83972°W / 40.77194; -73.83972 |


title: Goos–Hänchen effect

abstract: The Goos–Hänchen effect (named after Hermann Fritz Gustav Goos and Hilda Hänchen is an optical phenomenon in which linearly polarized light undergoes a small lateral shift when totally internally reflected. The shift is perpendicular to the direction of propagation in the plane containing the incident and reflected beams. This effect is the linear polarization analog of the Imbert–Fedorov effect. Acoustic analog of the Goos–Hänchen effect is known as Schoch displacement.

text:
# Goos–Hänchen effect

The **Goos–Hänchen effect** (named after Hermann Fritz Gustav Goos (1883  1968) and Hilda Hänchen (1919  2013) is an optical phenomenon in which linearly polarized light undergoes a small lateral shift when totally internally reflected. The shift is perpendicular to the direction of propagation in the plane containing the incident and reflected beams. This effect is the linear polarization analog of the Imbert–Fedorov effect.

Acoustic analog of the Goos–Hänchen effect is known as Schoch displacement.

## Description

This effect occurs because the reflections of a finite sized beam will interfere along a line transverse to the average propagation direction. As shown in the figure, the superposition of two plane waves with slightly different angles of incidence but with the same frequency or wavelength is given by

$$\mathbf {\underline {E} (x,z,t)=\mathbf {\underline {E} ^{TE/TM}\left(e^{j\mathbf {k} \_{1}\cdot \mathbf {r} }+e^{j\mathbf {k} \_{2}\cdot \mathbf {r} }\right)\cdot e^{-j\omega t}}}$$

where

$$\mathbf {k} \_{1}=k\left(\cos {\left(\theta \_{0}+\Delta \theta \right)}\mathbf {\hat {x} +\sin {\left(\theta \_{0}+\Delta \theta \right)}\mathbf {\hat {z} \right)}}$$

and

$$\mathbf {k} \_{2}=k\left(\cos {\left(\theta \_{0}-\Delta \theta \right)}\mathbf {\hat {x} +\sin {\left(\theta \_{0}-\Delta \theta \right)}\mathbf {\hat {z} \right)}}$$

with

$k={\begin{matrix}{\frac {\omega }{c}\end{matrix}n\_{1}}}$.

It can be shown that the two waves generate an interference pattern transverse to the average propagation direction,

$$\mathbf {k} \_{0}=k\left(\cos {\theta \_{0}\mathbf {\hat {x} +\sin {\theta \_{0}\mathbf {\hat {z} \right)}}}}$$

and on the interface along the $(y,z)$ plane.

Both waves are reflected from the surface and undergo different phase shifts, which leads to a lateral shift of the finite beam. Therefore, the Goos–Hänchen effect is a coherence phenomenon.

## Research

This effect continues to be a topic of scientific research, for example in the context of nanophotonics applications. A negative *Goos–Hänchen shift* was shown by Walter J. Wild and Lee Giles. Sensitive detection of biological molecules is achieved based on measuring the Goos–Hänchen shift, where the signal of lateral change is in a linear relation with the concentration of target molecules. The work by M. Merano et al. studied the Goos–Hänchen effect experimentally for the case of an optical beam reflecting from a metal surface (gold) at 826 nm. They report a substantial, negative lateral shift of the reflected beam in the plane of incidence for a p-polarization and a smaller, positive shift for the s-polarization case.

## Generation of giant Goos-Hänchen shift

It is known that the value of lateral position Goos-Hänchen shift is only 5-10 μm at a total internal reflection interface of water and air, which is very difficult to be experimentally measured. In order to generate a giant Goos-Hänchen shift up to 100 μm, surface plasmon resonance techniques were applied based on an interface between metal/dielectric. The electrons on the metallic surface are strongly resonant with the optical waves under specific excitation condition. The light has been fully absorbed by the metallic nanostructures and create an extreme dark point the resonance angle. Thus, a giant Goos-Hänchen position shift is generated by this singular dark point at the totally internally reflected interface. This giant Goos-Hänchen shift has been applied not only for highly sensitive detection of biological molecules but also for the observation of Photonic Spin Hall Effect that are important in quantum information processing and communications.

Books


title: The Abolition of Work

abstract: "The Abolition of Work" is an essay written by Bob Black in 1985. It was part of Black's first book, an anthology of essays entitled The Abolition of Work and Other Essays published by Loompanics Unlimited. It is an exposition of Black's "type 3 anarchism" – a blend of post-Situationist theory and individualist anarchism – focusing on a critique of the work ethic.

text:
# The Abolition of Work

"**The Abolition of Work**" is an essay written by Bob Black in 1985. It was part of Black's first book, an anthology of essays entitled *The Abolition of Work and Other Essays* published by Loompanics Unlimited. It is an exposition of Black's "type 3 anarchism" – a blend of post-Situationist theory and individualist anarchism – focusing on a critique of the work ethic.

## Influence

"The Abolition of Work" was a significant influence on futurist and design critic Bruce Sterling, who at the time was a leading cyberpunk science fiction author and called it "one of the seminal underground documents of the 1980s". The essay's critique of work formed the basis for the anti-labor faction in Sterling's 1988 novel *Islands in the Net*.

## Further reading

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| The Abolition of Work, a free mp3 recording from the Audio Anarchy project. Part of the *Anti-Work Essays* series. | |

## InfoBox

The Abolition of Work and Other Essays
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Bob Black |
| Cover artist | Donna Kossy |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Critique of work |
| Genre | Social criticism |
| Published | 1986 |
| Publisher | Loompanics |
| Publication place | United States |
| ISBN | 0-915179-41-5 |
| OCLC | 15135277 |


title: Francisco Villar Liebana

abstract: Francisco Villar Liébana is a Spanish linguist, full professor of Indoeuropean linguistics at the University of Salamanca, beginning in 1979.

text:
# Francisco Villar Liebana

**Francisco Villar Liébana** (born 23 May 1942, in Torredonjimeno, Jaén) is a Spanish linguist, full professor of Indoeuropean linguistics at the University of Salamanca, beginning in 1979.

## Biography

He was a disciple of Francisco Rodrigues Adrados, though later in his career he developed independent views and ideas. He was Professor of Indoeuropean linguistics from 1967 till 1979 at the Complutense University of Madrid, when he became a tenured Professor in the same discipline at the University of Salamanca.

## Scope and focus of his work

Francisco Villar Liebana has completed several studies on the Paleohispanic languages, particularly on Celtiberian phonetics and morphology, contributing to the understanding and appreciation of the Botorrita Bronzes (one of the most relevant testimonies of celtiberian writings), and more generally on Continental Celtic and to the development of studies about the Tartessian and Lusitanian languages.

He has also contributed to the development of the Indoeuropean Linguistics, supporting the Kurgan hypothesis proposed by Marita Gimbutas, and opposing to the Neolithic hypothesis proposed on the basis of archeology, by Colin Renfrew. Other contributions concern Indoeuropean Dialectology and reconstruction of the spread of Indoeuropean languages in Eurasia, with a particular focus on the contributions coming from studies on populations genetic and prehistoric Indoeuropean toponymy in Europe and Occidental Asia; in this context, he led a multi-disciplinary team dedicated to inquire on the origins of Indoeuropean through an ethnic-linguistic and toponymic study of the neolithic farmers and the mesolithic populations.

Among his many publications and books, particularly important is *Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa*. Lenguaje e historia (1991), translated into several languages and considered a reference text book for current Indoeuropean studies. During 1977-78, he translated Kalidasa's Meghdoot and The Brihadaranyak (Upanisad del Gran Aranyak) to Spanish.

## Works

* *Lenguas y pueblos indoeuropeos*, Madrid, Istmo, 1971.
* *Origen de la flexión nominal indoeuropea*, Madrid, Instituto "Antonio de Nebrija", 1974. ISBN 978-84-00-03988-2.
* *Dativo y locativo en el singular de la flexión nominal indoeuropea*, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1981. ISBN 978-84-7481-146-9.
* *Ergatividad, acusatividad y género en la familia lingüística indoeuropea*, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1983. ISBN 978-84-7481-249-7.
* *Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa. Lenguaje e historia*, Madrid, Gredos, 1991 (19962). ISBN 978-88-15-12706-8.
* *Estudios de celtibérico y de toponimia prerromana*, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1995. ISBN 978-84-7481-809-3.
* *Indoeuropeos y no indoeuropeos en la Hispania prerromana. Las poblaciones y las lenguas prerromanas de Andalucía, Cataluña y Aragón según la información que nos proporciona la toponimia*, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2000. ISBN 978-84-7800-968-8.
* *El IV bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca): arqueología y lingüística*, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2001. ISBN 978-84-7800-875-9.
* *Vascos, celtas e indoeuropeos. Genes y lengua* (con Blanca M. Prosper), Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2005. ISBN 978-84-7800-530-7.
* *Indoeuropeos, iberos, vascos y sus parientes, Estratigrafía y cronología de las poblaciones prehistóricas*, Universidad de Salamanca,2014. Estudios Filológicos.


title: Pei Hwa Secondary School

abstract: Pei Hwa Secondary School (PHSS) is a co-educational government-aided secondary school in Fernvale Link, Singapore within walking distance of Fernvale and Layar LRT stations. Re-established in 2005, Pei Hwa Secondary School was first founded in 1934 as Pei Hwa Public School.

text:
# Pei Hwa Secondary School

**Pei Hwa Secondary School** (**PHSS**) (Chinese: 培华中学; pinyin: *Péihuá Zhōngxué*) is a co-educational government-aided secondary school in Fernvale Link, Singapore within walking distance of Fernvale and Layar LRT stations. Re-established in 2005, Pei Hwa Secondary School was first founded in 1934 as Pei Hwa Public School.

## History

### Pei Hwa Public School

Pei Hwa Public School along Yio Chu Kang Road was founded in 1934 as Hwa Keow School by Ang Gong Pin, who felt a need for a school in proximity to their villages because most schools were located in the cities and not everyone had the means to send their children to and from the city. Pei Hwa Public School started as a small village school with 17 classrooms and a dormitory for the principal and teachers.

In 1935, the elders in the village with the support of shop owners started to raise funds for the construction of a school campus. A few months later, two classrooms, an office and two dormitories were erected at the opposite of the school premises. The school was registered in 1936 as Pei Hwa Public School.

The school was forced to close due to the Japanese Occupation, and re-opened on 8 October 1945 with about two hundred pupils. It took two years to repair the damages caused during the occupation. With an increase in student population over the late 1940s and early 1950s, facilities were insufficient to meet the demands of the education system. The School Management Committee formed a School Construction Sub-committee, which looked for an alternative site and began a donation drive and fund raising. A collective sum of more than seventy thousand dollars was raised from enterprises and the general public and used to purchase a five-acre site along Yio Chu Kang Rd from Hock Ann Company.

Building construction began in June 1954 and was completed in December, costing $130,000. The new school comprised a two-storey building with twelve classrooms, an office, a library, a store room, a visitors' lounge, a bookshop and a canteen.

### Transformation as a government-aided school

Pei Hua Public became a government-aided school in 1955 and the second phase of the school construction, which included an assembly hall, was completed in 1961. The school continued to be upgraded throughout the 1970s, including a library, language laboratories, and science and music rooms, and stayed as a well- equipped Chinese school in the Yio Chu Kang area. In 1978, it started to register pupils for the English stream and in the following year, pre-primary education was introduced. The school reached its peak by having 34 classes and was one of 28 primary schools receiving prioritised attention from the Ministry.

As a traditional Chinese school, the students took Chinese as their main language together with Mathematics, Moral Education, Physical Education and Arts and Crafts. Extra-Curriculum Activities (ECAs) were also rolled out along with Ministry of Education guidelines since 1979.

In the late 1980s, the enrolment to the school began to dwindle as many of the surrounding villages were gradually relocated under the redevelopment scheme to new HDB housing estates. Efforts were made to alleviate the situation. The library was re-renovated, and more books in English were added to boost the pupils' standard in English. Many projects in English were implemented. Outdoor activities and games were encouraged and the school participated in competitions. At the end of 1990, the decision was made to close Pei Hwa Public School. Pupils and teachers thereafter were transferred to other schools by the Ministry of Education.

### Re-establishment as Pei Hwa Secondary School

In 2004, the idea of resurrecting Pei Hwa arose from a group of former students who had since started the Pei Hwa Foundation, a philanthropic organization founded on the principles of contribution to the community for the betterment of those living there. The re-established school is located at 21 Fernvale Link, a 15-minute drive from the original site of the Pei Hwa Public School. The school was officially opened on 28 July 2007 by then Minister for Education Tharman Shammugaratnam, along with members of the Pei Hwa Foundation and the School Advisory Committee.

## Principals

| Name of principal | Years served |
| --- | --- |
| Chong Hoi Neng | 2005–2008 |
| Lim Ai Poo | 2009–2015 |
| Belinda Chan | 2016–2021 |
| Mohd Azhar B. Terimo | 2022-present |

## Academic information

As a government secondary school, Pei Hwa Secondary School offers three academic streams, namely the four-year Express course, as well as the Normal Course, comprising Normal (Academic) and Normal (Technical) academic tracks. Since 2020, the Singapore government selected Pei Hwa as one of 28 schools for its Subject-Based Banding pilot programme.

### GCE O Level Express Course

The Express Course is a nationwide four-year programme that leads up to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examination.

#### Academic subjects

The examinable academic subjects for Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level offered by Pei Hwa Secondary School for upper secondary level (via streaming in Secondary 2 level), as of 2022, are listed below.

*Notes:*

1. *Subjects indicated with ' * ' are mandatory subjects.*
2. *All students in Singapore are required to undertake a Mother Tongue Language as an examinable subject, as indicated by ' ^ '.*
3. *"SPA" in Pure Science subjects refers to the incorporation of School-based Science Practical Assessment, which 20% of the subject result in the national examination are determined by school-based practical examinations, supervised by the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board. The SPA Assessment has been replaced by one Practical Assessment in the 2018 O Levels.*

| Sciences | **Language & Humanities** | **Arts & Aesthetics** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Additional Mathematics * Mathematics\* * Physics (SPA) * Chemistry (SPA)\* * Biology (SPA) * Science (Combined) | * English Language\* * English Literature * Mother Tongue Language\* ^ * Higher Mother Tongue Language * Geography * History * Combined Humanities (Social Studies & another humanities subject at elective level)\* * Principles of Accounts | * Art * Design & Technology * Music * FCE |

### Normal/Express Course

The Normal Course is a nationwide 4-year programme leading to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination, which runs either the Normal (Academic) curriculum or Normal (Technical) curriculum, abbreviated as N(A) and N(T) respectively.

#### Normal (Academic) Course

In the Normal (Academic) Course, students offer 5-8 subjects in the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination. Compulsory subjects include:

* English Language
* Mother Tongue Language
* Mathematics
* Combined Humanities

A 5th year leading to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examination is available to N(A) students who perform well in their Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination. Students can move from one course to another based on their performance and the assessment of the school principal and teachers.

#### Normal (Technical) Course

The Normal (Technical) Course prepares students for a technical-vocational education at the Institute of Technical Education. Students will offer 5-7 subjects in the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination. The curriculum is tailored towards strengthening students' proficiency in English and Mathematics. Students take English Language, Mathematics, Basic Mother Tongue and Computer Applications as compulsory subjects.

## InfoBox

| Pei Hwa Secondary School
培华中学
Sekolah Menengah Pei Hwa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 21 Fernvale Link, Singapore 797702
Sengkang West, Fernvale
Singapore | |
| Coordinates | 1°23′26″N 103°52′43″E / 1.3906°N 103.8785°E / 1.3906; 103.8785 |
| Information | |
| Type | Government-aided
Co-educational |
| Motto | Nurturing Talents |
| Established | 2005 (first founded: 1934) |
| School code | 3073 |
| Principal | Mohd Azhar B. Terimo |
| Enrolment | approx. 1400+ (October 2023) |
| Colour(s) | Green   White |
| Website | http://www.peihwasec.moe.edu.sg/ |


title: Metcalfa

abstract: Metcalfa is a genus of planthoppers in the Flatidae family and the tribe Nephesini. Species are essentially North American in origin, but M. pruinosa has been introduced to Europe.

text:
# Metcalfa

***Metcalfa*** is a genus of planthoppers in the Flatidae family and the tribe Nephesini. Species are essentially North American in origin, but *M. pruinosa* has been introduced to Europe (including Britain).

## Description

Usually, adults of *Metcalfa* are 5.5 to 8 mm in length and 2 to 3 mm in width at the widest point.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Metcalfa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Metcalfa pruinosa* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Flatidae |
| Tribe: | Nephesini |
| Genus: | *Metcalfa*<br>Caldwell & Martorell, 1951 |
|