title: Tithing declaration

abstract:
Tithing declaration, formerly called tithing settlement, is the name of a formalized series of meetings held at local congregations of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. During tithing settlement, each member of the church is individually interviewed by the bishop or branch president of the congregation and asked to declare whether he or she has paid a full tithe to the church, which is defined as ten per cent of the member's income. Tithing settlement meetings are generally held in November or December. During the meeting, each member is given a copy of his or her donation record for the year, and asked to confirm it is correct. Each church member declares one of the following tithing statuses, as defined by the church:
  - Full-tithe payers have paid one-tenth of their income as tithing.
  - Part-tithe payers have paid tithing, but the amount is less than one-tenth of their income.
  - Non-tithe payers have not paid tithing during the year and are not exempt from paying tithing.
  - Previously, Exempt members had no income and paid no tithing, but they declare that they would have paid a full tithe if they had income. But it appears that this classification has been recently removed. Church members are invited to make a payment to correct any deficiency before the records are closed for year-end. If a church member does not participate or attend a tithing settlement meeting, the bishop or branch president declares a tithing status in their behalf. Each year, the tithing status of every member is recorded and sent to church headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah. Payment of tithing is a core doctrine of the church for all members, including children. Church members must declare themselves to be "full-tithe payers" in order to receive a temple recommend and attend one of the church's temples. However, that is done in a separate meeting from the tithing settlement. The LDS Church uses the honor system and personal accountability of the individual tithe payer. It is not the church's general position to question the honesty of tithe payers. The church predominantly accepts the status declared by the tithe payer through counsel and consideration of the leaders. It is up to the individual tithe payer to determine and in turn declare to their leaders whether he or she feels they are a full tithe payer or not.

text:
# Tithing declaration

**Tithing declaration**, formerly called **tithing settlement**, is the name of a formalized series of meetings held at local congregations of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). During tithing settlement, each member of the church is individually interviewed by the bishop or branch president of the congregation and asked to declare whether he or she has paid a full tithe to the church, which is defined as ten per cent of the member's income. Tithing settlement meetings are generally held in November or December.

During the meeting, each member is given a copy of his or her donation record for the year, and asked to confirm it is correct.

Each church member declares one of the following tithing statuses, as defined by the church:

* **Full-tithe** payers have paid one-tenth of their income as tithing. (Full-time missionaries and those completely dependent on church welfare assistance are also considered full tithe-payers.)
* **Part-tithe** payers have paid tithing, but the amount is less than one-tenth of their income.
* **Non-tithe** payers have not paid tithing during the year and (in the view of the church) are not exempt from paying tithing.
* Previously, **Exempt** members had no income and paid no tithing, but they declare that they would have paid a full tithe if they had income. But it appears that this classification has been recently removed.

Church members are invited to make a payment to correct any deficiency before the records are closed for year-end. If a church member does not participate or attend a tithing settlement meeting, the bishop or branch president declares a tithing status in their behalf. Each year, the tithing status of every member is recorded and sent to church headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Payment of tithing is a core doctrine of the church for all members, including children. Church members must declare themselves to be "full-tithe payers" in order to receive a temple recommend and attend one of the church's temples. However, that is done in a separate meeting from the tithing settlement.

The LDS Church uses the honor system and personal accountability of the individual tithe payer. It is not the church's general position to question the honesty of tithe payers. The church predominantly accepts the status declared by the tithe payer through counsel and consideration of the leaders. It is up to the individual tithe payer to determine and in turn declare to their leaders whether he or she feels they are a full tithe payer or not.

## Additional reading


title: American Farmland Trust

abstract: American Farmland Trust (AFT) is a non-profit organization in the United States with a mission to protect farmland, promote environmentally sound farming practices, and keep farmers on the land. AFT is staffed by farmers, policy experts, researchers, and scientists, and governed by a board of directors. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., and it has regional offices throughout the country. AFT also runs the Farmland Information Center, an online collection of information on farmland and ranchland protection and stewardship established as a public-private partnership with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.

text:
# American Farmland Trust

**American Farmland Trust** (**AFT**) is a non-profit organization in the United States with a mission to protect farmland, promote environmentally sound farming practices, and keep farmers on the land. AFT is staffed by farmers, policy experts, researchers, and scientists, and governed by a board of directors. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., and it has regional offices throughout the country. AFT also runs the Farmland Information Center, an online collection of information on farmland and ranchland protection and stewardship established as a public-private partnership with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.

## History

A group of farmers, ranchers, and conservationists including Margaret (Peggy) Rockefeller, Patrick Noonan and William K. Reilly, founded AFT in 1980. Norm Berg, former Chief of the Soil Conservation Service (now the Natural Resources Conservation Service), was an AFT senior advisor for 25 years. Otto C. Doering III, a member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize

Jim Moseley, former USDA Deputy Secretary, serve on AFT's board of directors.

AFT was one of the first agricultural land trusts in the nation and is the only one with a national scope. In 1985, AFT protected Wolfe's Neck Farm with an agricultural conservation easement.

In 2000, AFT launched Smart Growth America.

AFT helped create state and local land trusts throughout the country including the Colorado Cattlemen's Agricultural Land Trust in 1995 and the Texas Agricultural Land Trust in 2006.

In 2012, with the Electric Power Research Institute and an expert advisory committee, AFT launched the first and largest water quality credit trading program in the United States to improve water quality in the Ohio River basin. The program received the U.S. Water Prize in 2015.

AFT leads Farm to Institution New York State (FINYS) which connects New York farms to publicly funded institutions in the state.

AFT promotes farming practices that improve soil health as a way to bring about multiple environmental benefits including carbon sequestration. In 2017, AFT became the first United States Climate Alliance Impact Partner in an effort to implement policies and programs that "sequester carbon and reduce greenhouse gases on agricultural lands while improving farm resiliency and productivity."

In 2020, AFT launched the Farmer Relief Fund, which provided grants of up to $1,000 to small and mid-size direct-market producers with demonstrated need due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the same year, AFT became a national sponsor of the Leopold Conservation Award Program, which recognizes the outstanding achievements of more than 100 voluntary conservationists annually.

## Federal policy

AFT has helped shape U.S. farm bills since the 1980s. AFT published the policy document *Soil Conservation in America: What Do We Have to Lose?* in 1984 and was a member of the conservation coalition that played a significant role in the development of the Food Security Act of 1985 which established the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). AFT's work as a proponent of the expansion of government-funded agriculture programs led to the passing of the 2002 Farm Bill and the authorization of the Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program (succeeded by the Agriculture Conservation Easement Program, or ACEP) and the Environmental Quality Incentives Program. AFT advocated to increase funding for the ACEP by supporting the passing of the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 which would increase the program's funding by $2 billion over the span of 10 years.


title: Mountain formation

abstract: Mountain formation refers to the geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains. These processes are associated with large-scale movements of the Earth's crust. Folding, faulting, volcanic activity, igneous intrusion and metamorphism can all be parts of the orogenic process of mountain building. The formation of mountains is not necessarily related to the geological structures found on it. From the late 18th century until its replacement by plate tectonics in the 1960s, geosyncline theory was used to explain much mountain-building. The understanding of specific landscape features in terms of the underlying tectonic processes is called tectonic geomorphology, and the study of geologically young or ongoing processes is called neotectonics.

text:
# Mountain formation

**Mountain formation** refers to the geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains. These processes are associated with large-scale movements of the Earth's crust (tectonic plates). Folding, faulting, volcanic activity, igneous intrusion and metamorphism can all be parts of the orogenic process of mountain building. The formation of mountains is not necessarily related to the geological structures found on it.

From the late 18th century until its replacement by plate tectonics in the 1960s, geosyncline theory was used to explain much mountain-building. The understanding of specific landscape features in terms of the underlying tectonic processes is called *tectonic geomorphology*, and the study of geologically young or ongoing processes is called *neotectonics*.

## Types of mountains

There are five main types of mountains: **volcanic**, **fold**, **plateau**, **fault-block**, and **dome**. A more detailed classification useful on a local scale predates plate tectonics and adds to these categories.

### Volcanic mountains

Movements of tectonic plates create volcanoes along the plate boundaries, which erupt and form mountains. A *volcanic arc system* is a series of volcanoes that form near a subduction zone where the crust of a sinking oceanic plate melts and drags water down with the subducting crust.

Most volcanoes occur in a band encircling the Pacific Ocean (the Pacific Ring of Fire), and in another that extends from the Mediterranean across Asia to join the Pacific band in the Indonesian Archipelago. The most important types of volcanic mountain are *composite cones* or *stratovolcanoes* and *shield volcanoes*.

A shield volcano has a gently sloping cone because of the low viscosity of the emitted material, primarily basalt. Mauna Loa is the classic example, with a slope of 4°-6°. (The relation between slope and viscosity falls under the topic of angle of repose.) A composite volcano or stratovolcano has a more steeply rising cone (33°-40°), because of the higher viscosity of the emitted material, and eruptions are more violent and less frequent than for shield volcanoes. Examples include Vesuvius, Kilimanjaro, Mount Fuji, Mount Shasta, Mount Hood and Mount Rainier.

### Fold mountains

When plates collide or undergo subduction (that is, ride one over another), the plates tend to buckle and fold, forming mountains. Most of the major continental mountain ranges are associated with thrusting and folding or orogenesis. Examples are the Balkan Mountains, the Jura and the Zagros mountains.

### Block mountains

When a fault block is raised or tilted, a block mountain can result. Higher blocks are called *horsts,* and troughs are called *grabens*. A spreading apart of the surface causes tensional forces. When the tensional forces are strong enough to cause a plate to split apart, it does so such that a center block drops down relative to its flanking blocks.

An example is the Sierra Nevada range, where delamination created a block 650 km long and 80 km wide that consists of many individual portions tipped gently west, with east facing slips rising abruptly to produce the highest mountain front in the continental United States.

Another example is the RilaRhodope massif in Bulgaria, including the well defined horsts of Belasitsa (linear horst), Rila mountain (vaulted domed shaped horst) and Pirin mountain—a horst forming a massive anticline situated between the complex graben valleys of the Struma and Mesta rivers.

### Uplifted passive margins

Unlike orogenic mountains there is no widely accepted geophysical model that explains elevated passive continental margins such as the Scandinavian Mountains, eastern Greenland, the Brazilian Highlands, or Australia's Great Dividing Range. Different elevated passive continental margins most likely share the same mechanism of uplift. This mechanism is possibly related to far-field stresses in Earth's lithosphere. According to this view elevated passive margins can be likened to giant anticlinal lithospheric folds, where folding is caused by horizontal compression acting on a thin to thick crust transition zone (as are all passive margins).

## Models

### Hotspot volcanoes

Hotspots are supplied by a magma source in the Earth's mantle called a mantle plume. Although originally attributed to a melting of subducted oceanic crust, recent evidence belies this connection. The mechanism for plume formation remains a research topic.

### Fault blocks

Several movements of the Earth's crust that lead to mountains are associated with faults. These movements actually are amenable to analysis that can predict, for example, the height of a raised block and the width of an intervening rift between blocks using the rheology of the layers and the forces of isostasy. Early bent plate models predicting fractures and fault movements have evolved into today's kinematic and flexural models.

* 3D fold evolution
* Continental collision – Phenomenon in which mountains can be produced on the boundaries of converging tectonic plates
* Cycle of erosion – Model of geographic landscape evolution
* Inselberg – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
* Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface


title: Geoffrey Leonard Matthews

abstract: Geoffrey Leonard Matthews was an English car designer who designed cars for manufacturers, including Chrysler, Talbot and Citroën.

text:
# Geoffrey Leonard Matthews

**Geoffrey Leonard Matthews** (widely known as **Geoff Matthews**) (September 1946 – 24 January 2015) was an English car designer who designed cars for manufacturers, including Chrysler, Talbot and Citroën.

## Early life

Matthews was born to Joan, who had conceived him with Charlie Mann, a Canadian serviceman based in England while awaiting return to his home country at the end of World War II. Unwilling to raise a child who would be stigmatised as illegitimate, and with Mann now gone, Joan arranged for Matthews to be adopted; he grew up in a family of farm labourers that picked hops for a living. He won a place at grammar school, then went on to study car design at the Royal College of Art.

## Notable achievements

Matthews worked on the exterior design of numerous vehicles, including: the Chrysler Alpine of 1976 (aka Simca 1308), Chrysler Sunbeam, Talbot Tagora, Matra Rancho and the car that would become the Renault Espace.

During the 1980s Matthews moved to France where he was promoted to Chief Exterior Designer at Citroën, where he oversaw the development of the exterior designs for production cars, refreshes and concepts. This involved working on the Citroën AX, BX, series 2 CX as well as XM.

During his time at Citroën, Matthews also spearheaded the EOLE project, which was displayed at the 1986 Geneva Motor Show, and pioneered developments in aerodynamics and design.

## Views on car design

In an interview in 1990 by Gavin Green for *Car* magazine, Matthews was quoted as saying, "There is less room for visionary individuals than there used to be: less room for the very people who gave us the car industry in the first place. The great old men of the car industry – the ones with the vision and power to get things done – have gone. The Ferdinand Porsches, Enzo Ferraris, William Lyonses, Henry Royces. Those men stamped their personalities on their cars."

## Later career

Following his time at Citroën, Matthews took up key positions in a number of companies including; Styling International (a subsidiary of Hawtal Whiting Design), MGA Developments, Geoff Matthews Design, Facel Vega Motors, Connaught Motor Company. Matthews also took up roles within the Automotive Design Courses at Coventry and Swansea University.

He was the subject of a BBC documentary, *This Was My Dad - The Rise & Fall of Geoffrey Matthews*.

## Further reading

Geoff Matthews, 1946-2015: one of the UK's great car designers Archived 30 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine by Andy Wheel, Chief designer - exteriors at Land Rover design, 19 Feb 2015.


title: Homonacna

abstract:
Homonacna is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1961. Species of this genus are:
  - Homonacna alpnista D. S. Fletcher, 1961
  - Homonacna cadoreli
  - Homonacna duberneti
  - Homonacna zebrina

text:
# Homonacna

***Homonacna*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1961.

Species of this genus are:

## InfoBox

| *Homonacna* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | ***Homonacna***
D. S. Fletcher, 1961 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Homonacna alpnista*
D. S. Fletcher, 1961 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chopardiana* Viette, 1963 | |


title: Gérard Holtz

abstract: Gérard Holtz is a French sports journalist.

text:
# Gérard Holtz

**Gérard Holtz** (born 8 December 1946) is a French sports journalist.

## Early life and education

Gérard Holtz was born in Paris and grew up in the area of Belleville. At the age of eight, he nearly died from an accident and contracted tuberculosis. He was sent until the age of ten in a sanitorium in the department of Corrèze to be treated. The doctor diagnosed that he will stay with rachitis and will never be able to do sports again. Holtz will later determine that he will do anything else in life to show the contrary.

Holtz graduated with a DESS of public law and later studied at the French Press Institute before graduating at the Centre de formation des journalistes (CFJ) of Paris in 1972.

## Television career

Holtz attempted the contest for Europe 1 but was not received. Claire Richet, director of the CFJ, let him join the ORTF in 1972 where he is a reporter for the news for 10 years. From 1976 to 1982, he hosted the daily news before becoming a well-known reporter for the sports on Antenne 2 in 1982.

From 1985 to 1992, he presents *Stade 2* where he comments the sport and is well known for his interviews after the race of the Tour de France since 1985 and the comments of the Dakar Rally since 1994. He retired from covering the Tour de France after the 2016 edition, and during post-race interviews after stage 20 in Morzine race leader Chris Froome presented Holtz with an autographed yellow jersey as a gift.

In 1999, he hosts *Les cinglés de la télé* on France 2, a game show based on television culture. He also co-hosts the *Téléthon* with Claude Sérillon and Sophie Davant in 1991, 1998, 2002 and 2003. He hosted the *Journal de 13 heures* on France 2 between September 2000 and July 2001 but also some of them in the evening.

From 2005 to 2008, he hosted again *Stade 2* on Sundays on France 2, and right after the 2008 Summer Olympics. During the Tour de France, he hosts the *Avant Tour* since 2007 and the *Après Tour* since 2008 on France 2. He also hosts the 2012 Summer Olympics on France Télévisions.

## Personal life

Gérard Holtz married Marie-Françoise Buart from 1979 to 2006, with whom he has two sons, Julien (born in 1979) and Antoine (born in 1987). He married again on 19 April 2013 Muriel Mayette, the administrator of the Comédie Française.

## Honours

Gérard Holtz was named Knight of the National Order of Merit by Nicolas Sarkozy on November 23, 2010.

## InfoBox

| Gérard Holtz | |
| --- | --- |
| Gérard Holtz in 2011 | |
| Born | (1946-12-08) 8 December 1946
Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Education | French Press Institute
Centre de formation des journalistes |
| Occupation | Sports journalist |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Spouse(s) | Marie-Françoise Buart (1979-2006)
Muriel Mayette (2013-present) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Hortense Ferne

abstract: Hortense T. Ferne (1885–1976) was an American artist. Her work is included in the collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Chrysler Museum of Art, the Mattatuck Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

text:
# Hortense Ferne

**Hortense T. Ferne** (1885–1976) was an American artist. Her work is included in the collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Chrysler Museum of Art, the Mattatuck Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

## InfoBox

| Hortense T. Ferne | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1885 (1885)
New York City |
| Died | 1976 (aged 8990)
New York City |


title: Pellasimnia hochmuthi

abstract: Pellasimnia hochmuthi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.

text:
# Pellasimnia hochmuthi

***Pellasimnia hochmuthi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 12.9 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the East China Sea.

* Lorenz F. & Fehse D. (2009) The living Ovulidae. A manual of the families of allied cowries: Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks.

## InfoBox

| *Pellasimnia hochmuthi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Pellasimnia hochmuthi* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Ovulidae |
| Genus: | *Pellasimnia* |
| Species: | ***P. hochmuthi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pellasimnia hochmuthi***<br>Lorenz & Fehse, 2009 | |
|


title: Neuroscience nursing

abstract: Neuroscience nursing is a distinctive area within the discipline of nursing. It focuses on the care of individuals with brain, spine and nervous system disorders. Neuroscience nurses work in a wide range of settings from academic medical centers to skilled nursing facilities, rehabilitation units to epilepsy monitoring units. Neuroscience nurses can be found in virtually any setting that nurses practice.

text:
# Neuroscience nursing

**Neuroscience nursing** is a distinctive area within the discipline of nursing. It focuses on the care of individuals with brain, spine and nervous system disorders. Neuroscience nurses work in a wide range of settings from academic medical centers to skilled nursing facilities, rehabilitation units to epilepsy monitoring units. Neuroscience nurses can be found in virtually any setting that nurses practice.

## History

### 19th century

The first reports of nurses providing direct care to patients with neurological diseases came out of France and England in the late 19th century. Nurses observed Sir Victor Horsley's first operation at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic in London. To have the skills necessary to care for the complex patient population nurses at the time knew they needed specialized training. At the time training there was no formal training and to gain specialized knowledge nurses at the time only had informal training that was provided by physicians sharing their knowledge.

Around the same time, neuroscience nursing started to emerge in the United States as a nursing specialty. The emergence of neuroscience nursing is due in part to Dr. Charles Karsner Mills, a physician at Philadelphia General Hospital. He held lectures for nurses on the care of patients with neurological diseases. In 1889 the content of these lectures was collected and *The Nursing and Care of the Nervous and the Insane* was published, thought to be the first textbook on neuroscience nursing.

### 20th century

In 1910, Amy Hilliard became the first superintendent of the nurses at the New York Neurological Institute. She went on to organize the first post-graduate courses that focused on neuroscience nursing. These courses continued to be led by physicians. It was not until the 1960s that neuroscience nursing courses were taught by specialty trained nurses, with the University of California School of Nursing in San Francisco and the New York Medical College in New York leading the way in training neuroscience nurses.

## Professional organization

### American Association of Neuroscience Nursing

In 1968 the American Association of Neurosurgical Nurses (AANN) was founded. The creation of AANN was a collaboration between Barbara Therrien, a nurse instructor at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis Missouri and Dr. Henry Schwartz, the president of the American Association of Neuroscience Surgeons. A colleague of Dr. Henry presented the idea to Agnes M. Marshall. The inaugural AANN education conference was held in Chicago in 1968, with over 100 nurses in attendance. In 1970 AANN applied for membership into the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies and was the first nursing organization accepted. Since the founding of AANN it has been the leading authority in neuroscience nursing. Today AANN has over 5,200 members worldwide.

In 1977 AANN published its first textbook dedicated to educating nurses on the specialty field of neuroscience nursing. It published updates in 1984, 1990, 2004, and 2010. The current version, released in 2016, continues to expand the field of neuroscience nursing by educating new and experienced nurses in this distinct field that requires a combination of knowledge and meticulous assessment skills.

### American Board of Neuroscience Nursing

The American Board of Neuroscience Nursing (ABNN) was created under the supervision of the AANN. It was created to develop certification specifically for neuroscience nursing. The first certification offered by ABNN was the Certified Neuroscience Registered Nurse (CNRN). This certification was developed and initially offered to nurses in 1978. In 2013, ABNN, again in collaboration with AANN, developed and offered a certification as Stroke Certified Registered Nurse (SCRN).

### Journals

*Journal of Neuroscience Nursing* (JNN) is the official journal of AANN. It contains original articles specific to the nursing care and techniques for the specialty population of neurology and neurosurgery. The articles within the journal are applicable to all health care professionals who work across the continuum of care of the neuroscience patients.


title: RiskMetrics

abstract: The RiskMetrics variance model was first established in 1989, when Sir Dennis Weatherstone, the new chairman of J.P. Morgan, asked for a daily report measuring and explaining the risks of his firm. Nearly four years later in 1992, J.P. Morgan launched the RiskMetrics methodology to the marketplace, making the substantive research and analysis that satisfied Sir Dennis Weatherstone's request freely available to all market participants. In 1998, as client demand for the group's risk management expertise exceeded the firm's internal risk management resources, the Corporate Risk Management Department was spun off from J.P. Morgan as RiskMetrics Group with 23 founding employees. The RiskMetrics technical document was revised in 1996. In 2001, it was revised again in Return to RiskMetrics. In 2006, a new method for modeling risk factor returns was introduced (RM2006). On 25 January 2008, RiskMetrics Group listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In June 2010, RiskMetrics was acquired by MSCI for $1.55 billion.

text:
# RiskMetrics

The **RiskMetrics** variance model (also known as **exponential smoother**) was first established in 1989, when Sir Dennis Weatherstone, the new chairman of J.P. Morgan, asked for a daily report measuring and explaining the risks of his firm. Nearly four years later in 1992, J.P. Morgan launched the RiskMetrics methodology to the marketplace, making the substantive research and analysis that satisfied Sir Dennis Weatherstone's request freely available to all market participants.

In 1998, as client demand for the group's risk management expertise exceeded the firm's internal risk management resources, the Corporate Risk Management Department was spun off from J.P. Morgan as RiskMetrics Group with 23 founding employees. The RiskMetrics technical document was revised in 1996. In 2001, it was revised again in *Return to RiskMetrics*. In 2006, a new method for modeling risk factor returns was introduced (RM2006). On 25 January 2008, RiskMetrics Group listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: RISK). In June 2010, RiskMetrics was acquired by MSCI for $1.55 billion.

## Risk measurement process

Portfolio **risk measurement** can be broken down into steps. The first is modeling the market that drives changes in the portfolio's value. The market model must be sufficiently specified so that the portfolio can be revalued using information from the market model. The risk measurements are then extracted from the probability distribution of the changes in portfolio value. The change in value of the portfolio is typically referred to by portfolio managers as profit and loss, or P&L

## Risk factors

Risk management systems are based on models that describe potential changes in the factors affecting portfolio value. These **risk factors** are the building blocks for all pricing functions. In general, the factors driving the prices of financial securities are **equity prices**, **foreign exchange rates**, **commodity prices**, **interest rates**, correlation and volatility. By generating future scenarios for each risk factor, we can infer changes in portfolio value and reprice the portfolio for different "states of the world".

## Portfolio risk measures

### Standard deviation

The first widely used portfolio risk measure was the **standard deviation** of portfolio value, as described by Harry Markowitz. While comparatively easy to calculate, standard deviation is not an ideal risk measure since it penalizes profits as well as losses.

### Value at risk

The 1994 tech doc popularized **VaR** as the risk measure of choice among investment banks looking to be able to measure their portfolio risk for the benefit of banking regulators. VaR is a downside risk measure, meaning that it typically focuses on losses.

### Expected shortfall

A third commonly used risk measure is **expected shortfall**, also known variously as expected tail loss, XLoss, conditional VaR, or CVaR.

### Marginal VaR

The **Marginal VaR** of a position with respect to a portfolio can be thought of as the amount of risk that the position is adding to the portfolio. It can be formally defined as the difference between the VaR of the total portfolio and the VaR of the portfolio without the position.

> To measure the effect of changing positions on portfolio risk, individual VaRs are insufficient. Volatility measures the uncertainty in the return of an asset, taken in isolation. When this asset belongs to a portfolio, however, what matters is the contribution to portfolio risk.
>
> Philippe Jorion (2007)

### Incremental risk

**Incremental risk** statistics provide information regarding the sensitivity of portfolio risk to changes in the position holding sizes in the portfolio.

An important property of incremental risk is subadditivity. That is, the sum of the incremental risks of the positions in a portfolio equals the total risk of the portfolio. This property has important applications in the allocation of risk to different units, where the goal is to keep the sum of the risks equal to the total risk.

Since there are three risk measures covered by RiskMetrics, there are three incremental risk measures: **Incremental VaR** (IVaR), **Incremental Expected Shortfall** (IES), and **Incremental Standard Deviation** (ISD).

Incremental statistics also have applications to portfolio optimization. A portfolio with minimum risk will have incremental risk equal to zero for all positions. Conversely, if the incremental risk is zero for all positions, the portfolio is guaranteed to have minimum risk only if the risk measure is subadditive.

### Coherent risk measures

A coherent risk measure satisfies the following four properties:

**1. Subadditivity**

A risk measure is **subadditive** if for any portfolios A and B, the risk of A+B is never greater than the risk of A plus the risk of B. In other words, the risk of the sum of subportfolios is smaller than or equal to the sum of their individual risks.

Standard deviation and expected shortfall are subadditive, while VaR is not.

Subadditivity is required in connection with aggregation of risks across desks, business units, accounts, or subsidiary companies. This property is important when different business units calculate their risks independently and we want to get an idea of the total risk involved. Lack of subadditivity could also be a matter of concern for regulators, where firms might be motivated to break up into affiliates to satisfy capital requirements.

**2. Translation invariance**

Adding cash to the portfolio decreases its risk by the same amount.

**3. Positive homogeneity of degree 1**

If we double the size of every position in a portfolio, the risk of the portfolio will be twice as large.

**4. Monotonicity**

If losses in portfolio A are larger than losses in portfolio B for all possible risk factor return scenarios, then the risk of portfolio A is higher than the risk of portfolio B.

### Assessing risk measures

The estimation process of any risk measure can be wrong by a considerable margin. If from the imprecise estimate we cannot get a good understanding what the true value could be, then the estimate is virtually worthless. A good risk measurement is to supplement any estimated risk measure with some indicator of their precision, or, of the size of its error.

There are various ways to quantify the error of some estimates. One approach is to estimate a confidence interval of the risk measurement.

## Market models

RiskMetrics describes three models for modeling the risk factors that define financial markets.

### Covariance approach

The first is very similar to the mean-covariance approach of Markowitz. Markowitz assumed that asset covariance matrix $\Sigma $ can be observed. The covariance matrix can be used to compute portfolio variance. RiskMetrics assumes that the market is driven by risk factors with observable covariance. The risk factors are represented by time series of prices or levels of stocks, currencies, commodities, and interest rates. Instruments are evaluated from these risk factors via various pricing models. The portfolio itself is assumed to be some linear combination of these instruments.

### Historical simulation

The second market model assumes that the market only has finitely many possible changes, drawn from a risk factor return sample of a defined historical period. Typically one performs a historical simulation by sampling from past day-on-day risk factor changes, and applying them to the current level of the risk factors to obtain risk factor price scenarios. These perturbed risk factor price scenarios are used to generate a profit (loss) distribution for the portfolio.

This method has the advantage of simplicity, but as a model, it is slow to adapt to changing market conditions. It also suffers from simulation error, as the number of simulations is limited by the historical period (typically between 250 and 500 business days).

### Monte carlo simulation

The third market model assumes that the logarithm of the return, or, log-return, of any risk factor typically follows a normal distribution. Collectively, the log-returns of the risk factors are multivariate normal. Monte Carlo algorithm simulation generates random market scenarios drawn from that multivariate normal distribution. For each scenario, the profit (loss) of the portfolio is computed. This collection of profit (loss) scenarios provides a sampling of the profit (loss) distribution from which one can compute the risk measures of choice.

## Criticism

Nassim Taleb in his book *The Black Swan* (2007) wrote:

> Banks are now more vulnerable to the Black Swan than ever before with "scientists" among their staff taking care of exposures. The giant firm J. P. Morgan put the entire world at risk by introducing in the nineties RiskMetrics, a phony method aiming at managing people’s risks. A related method called “Value-at-Risk,” which relies on the quantitative measurement of risk, has been spreading.

Specific  * + Historical business data for RiskMetrics Group:
    + SEC filings


title: Tisiphone (butterfly)

abstract: Tisiphone is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819.

text:
# Tisiphone (butterfly)

***Tisiphone*** is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819.

## Species

Listed alphabetically:

## InfoBox

| *Tisiphone* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tisiphone abeona* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Subtribe: | Hypocystina |
| Genus: | *Tisiphone*<br>Hübner, \[1819\] |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Xenica* Westwood, \[1851\] | |


title: American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 2

abstract: American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 2 is the third studio album by American folk singer Pete Seeger. It was released in 1958 by Folkways Records, and later reissued in 2003 by Smithsonian Folkways.

text:
# American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 2

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 2*** is the third studio album by American folk singer Pete Seeger. It was released in 1958 by Folkways Records, and later reissued in 2003 by Smithsonian Folkways.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Oh, Susanna" | 1:17 |
| 2. | "The Riddle Song" | 2:29 |
| 3. | "Oh, What a Beautiful City" | 3:30 |
| 4. | "Sally Ann" | 1:30 |
| 5. | "House of the Rising Sun" | 2:38 |
| 6. | "Shenandoah" | 1:53 |
| 7. | "The Midnight Special" | 3:07 |
| 8. | "Careless Love" | 3:07 |
| 9. | "Hard Traveling" | 2:46 |
| 10. | "Poor Boy" | 2:15 |
| 11. | "Black Girl (In the Pines)" | 2:34 |
| 12. | "Alabama Bound" | 2:19 |
| 13. | "Stagger Lee" | 2:16 |
| 14. | "Black is the Color of My True Love's Hair" | 2:29 |
| 15. | "Go Tell Aunt Rhodie" | 3:14 |
| 16. | "The Water Is Wide" | 3:37 |
| 17. | "The Fox" | 2:05 |
| 18. | "The Keeper and The Doe" | 2:16 |

## InfoBox

| American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Pete Seeger | |
| Released | 1958 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 45:22 |
| Label | Folkways Records |
| Producer | Moses Asch |
| Pete Seeger chronology | |
| *American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 1*
(1957) ***American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 2***
(1958) *Gazette, Vol. 1*
(1958) | |


title: Velichappadu

abstract: Velichappadu in Malayalam translates as Revealer of Light, is the oracle or mediator between a deity and devotees at a Hindu Temple in Kerala. Prominent in Valluvanad, the Velichappadu, also known as Komaram in some parts, is an integral part of the rituals in a Bhagavathi temple. There are both male and female Velichappadu and often belong to a particular family. People, in Kerala and beyond, have enormous respect for these mediating oracles when they're in their trances and heed to their words.

text:
# Velichappadu

**Velichappadu** in Malayalam translates as Revealer of Light, is the oracle or mediator between a deity and devotees at a Hindu Temple in Kerala. Prominent in Valluvanad, the Velichappadu, also known as Komaram in some parts, is an integral part of the rituals in a Bhagavathi temple. There are both male and female Velichappadu and often belong to a particular family. People, in Kerala and beyond, have enormous respect for these mediating oracles when they're in their trances and heed to their words.

## Appearance

As followers of Goddess Bhadrakali (Kannagi), they are seen dressed in red, body smeared with turmeric powder and adorned with heavy ritual ornaments and garlands. A heavy hooked sword or sickle-shaped sword, chilambu (anklet), and aramani (huge and heavy waist belt studded with bells) are a part of the ensemble. Often, as their identity, a Velichapadu grows long hair, which hangs loose on their forehead and back.

## Performance

The Velichappadu makes their customary appearance in the temple after performing a puja. Here they perform a frantic dance called thullal, usually accompanied by beatings of drums and cymbals, and gets into a trance with the spirit of the presiding deity. The deity is believed to speak through him as the Velichappadu dances, delivering the frenzied forecasts. They may also predict solutions to problems put forward by devotees and hence the name which also translates as "the one who sheds light (on problems)". Their counsel, often delivered in incomprehensible words and abrupt gestures, is translated to the devotees by an assistant. During the thullal a Velichappadu may also cut his forehead with his sword offering his blood to the deity as a symbol of unshakable faith.

## Kodungalloor Bharani

Velichappadus from across the state flock to the annual Kodungalloor Bharani event performing the frenzied dance, thullal, around the temple and singing Bharani Paattu.

### Kakkarissi Natakam

Kakkarissi Natakam is a satirical dance-drama based on the puranic legends of Lord Siva and his consort Parvati when they assumed human forms as Kakkalan and Kakkathi - a nomadic tribe of fortune tellers. The legend only serves as a skeletal framework for the play, which often turns into a subtle critique of contemporary society. The language is a blend of Tamil and Malayalam. The chief characters are Kakkalan, Kakkathi, Vetan, Velichappadu, Thampuraan and the ubiquitous Jester. The Dholak, Ganchira, Chenda and the Harmonium provide the background score.

### Movies

1. *Nirmalyam* \- M. T. Vasudevan Nair's movie adaptation of his short story "Pallivalum Kalchilambum"
2. *Utsavamelam*
3. *Thilakkam*
4. *Veeralipattu*


title: Geoffrey Lilley

abstract: Geoffrey Michael Lilley was an aeronautical scientist known for his work on jet engine noise reduction. His pioneering work led to him being known as the 'father of aeroacoustics', and he played a key role in the development of Concorde.

text:
# Geoffrey Lilley

**Geoffrey Michael Lilley** OBE (16 November 1919 – 20 September 2015) was an aeronautical scientist known for his work on jet engine noise reduction. His pioneering work led to him being known as the 'father of aeroacoustics', and he played a key role in the development of Concorde.

## Life

Lilley was born at Isleworth on 16 November 1919, the youngest of four children. His father Micholl Morland Dessau was an American inventor and rubber magnate who lost his fortune in the Great Depression and left the family. Lilley was his mother's maiden name. He married Lesley Wheeler in 1948 and had three children.

After leaving Isleworth Grammar School at 15, he joined the RAF but failed the eye test to be a pilot. Then in 1936 he became an apprentice engineer with Kodak. At Kodak he was assistant to the Chief Engineer, and in 1938 was involved with the design of the air conditioning system for the new Film Coating and Drying Plant, which was installed and operational in June 1939.

## Career

In 1940 Lilley joined Vickers-Armstrong at Weybridge and Supermarine in Southampton, where he worked briefly with Sir Barnes Wallace. His work covered both aircraft design and high-speed bombs.

During the War period he served during his time off working with the Home Guard in London and studied for a BSc by evening classes. He was awarded MSc from Imperial College London in 1945. After the war he worked on the design of wind tunnels for commercial research, one of which remains in use by British Aerospace.

Lilley helped found the College of Aeronautics in Cranfield in 1946 and his work on aircraft research led to him being appointed *Professor of Experimental Fluid Mechanics* in 1961.

In 1963, Lilley was appointed *Professor of Aerodynamics and Astronautics* at Southampton University.

Lilley was appointed OBE in 1981 for services to government. In 1983 he received the Gold Medal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and the Aeroacoustic Medal of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

After his retirement in 1983, he continued to accept visiting professorships, and worked for NASA at the Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering.

## InfoBox

| Geoffrey Michael Lilley | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1919-11-16)16 November 1919<br>Isleworth |
| Died | 20 September 2015(2015-09-20) (aged 95) |
| Occupation | Aeronautical scientist |
| Spouse | Lesley Wheeler |
| Children | 3 |


title: Homona scutina

abstract: Homona scutina is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java in Indonesia.

text:
# Homona scutina

***Homona scutina*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Homona scutina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Homona* |
| Species: | ***H. scutina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Homona scutina***<br>Diakonoff, 1948 | |
|


title: WREB

abstract: WREB is a radio station licensed to Greencastle, Indiana. WREB broadcasts a classic rock format. WREB began broadcasting on May 16, 1966. On April 1, 2024, WREB changed their format from hot adult contemporary to classic rock, still under the "Giant FM" branding.

text:
# WREB

**WREB** (94.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Greencastle, Indiana. WREB broadcasts a classic rock format. WREB began broadcasting on May 16, 1966.

On April 1, 2024, WREB changed their format from hot adult contemporary to classic rock, still under the "Giant FM" branding.

39°39′40″N 86°53′35″W / 39.661°N 86.893°W / 39.661; -86.893

## InfoBox

WREB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | West-Central Indiana |
| Frequency | 94.3 MHz |
| Branding | Giant FM |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic rock |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | The Original Company, Inc. |
| Operator | 3 Towers Broadcasting, LLC GiantFM |
| History | |
| First air date | May 16, 1966 |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 54600 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | horizontal polarization only:<br>3,000 watts |
| HAAT | 49 meters (161 ft) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | putnamcountypost.com |


title: Hollywood Mood

abstract: Hollywood Mood is a studio album by Russian singer Larisa Dolina, released on 28 April 2008 by Nikitin. The album is the singer's first English-language release. The producer and songwriter is American musician George Duke.

text:
# Hollywood Mood

***Hollywood Mood*** is a studio album by Russian singer Larisa Dolina, released on 28 April 2008 by Nikitin. The album is the singer's first English-language release. The producer and songwriter is American musician George Duke.

## Background

Larisa Dolina met George Duke and Al Jarreau in 2005, both were invited to perform at the singer's anniversary. A month later, an offer was received from George Duke to record an album. Recording took place in New York and Los Angeles at George Duke Studios. The recording was completed in September 2007, but at the beginning of the following year, Dolina specially came to Los Angeles to re-record some of her parts.

According to Dolina, she wanted to make the most diverse album, so she included compositions of the most different styles there. Duke himself liked the idea and wanted to see how far the singer could go in her performance. All the songs on the album were written by Luke specifically for Dolina.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| InterMedia |  |
| *Vzglyad* | 5/10 |

According to Natalya Svetlakova from InterMedia, the music of the album is the so-called "smooth jazz". The voice of Dolina, in her opinion, does not quite fit this style, only moments with a scat look good. The critic calls the lyrical ballad "Lately" and the music hall "Waiting on the Rain" the best songs of *Hollywood Mood*, in which the image of the singer looks most familiar. Guru Ken also gave the album a low rating, noting the vocal enslavement of Dolina, especially in comparison with Al Jarreau. Sergey Sosedov, columnist of the *KM.RU*, on the contrary, praised the singer's "filigree vocal technique" and excellent English pronunciation, and also suggested that the "record would take its rightful place in the soundtracks of jazz gourmets and just connoisseurs of good music."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by George Duke

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "In L.A." | 4:27 |
| 2. | "Waiting on the Rain" | 4:43 |
| 3. | "Wonder Where You Are?" (featuring Al Jarreau) | 5:22 |
| 4. | "I Get the Blues" | 4:02 |
| 5. | "Lost in Brazil" | 4:35 |
| 6. | "Cold Wind" | 3:08 |
| 7. | "Dance (Till the Break of Dawn)" | 4:31 |
| 8. | "Lately" | 5:17 |
| 9. | "Time Stands Still" | 4:34 |
| Total length: | | 40:39 |

## Personnel

Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

## InfoBox

| Hollywood Mood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Larisa Dolina | |
| Released | 28 April 2008 (2008-04-28) |
| Recorded | 2007–2008 |
| Studio | Le Gonks West, West Hollywood |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 40:39 |
| Label | Nikitin |
| Producer | George Duke |
| Larisa Dolina chronology | |
| *Obozhzhyonnaya dusha*
(2006) ***Hollywood Mood***
(2008) *Carnival of Jazz II*
(2010) | |


title: Henryków, Zduńska Wola County

abstract: Henryków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zduńska Wola, within Zduńska Wola County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Henryków, Zduńska Wola County

**Henryków** \[xɛnˈrɨkuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zduńska Wola, within Zduńska Wola County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Henryków | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Henryków | |
| Coordinates: 51°36′19″N 18°58′33″E / 51.60528°N 18.97583°E / 51.60528; 18.97583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Zduńska Wola |
| Gmina | Zduńska Wola |


title: Rino Levi

abstract: Rino Levi was a Brazilian architect important to the development of modernism in Brazil. Levi was born to Italian Jewish parents on December 31, 1901, in São Paulo, Brazil. After graduating from Colégio Dante Alighieri in São Paulo, Levi studied in Milan and Rome under Marcello Piacentini. Following his return to São Paulo, Levi established the firm Rino Levi Arquitetos Associados. Levi was known for an architectural practice particularly dissociated from the construction process for his era. In the early 1930s Levi designed a number of modernist houses in São Paulo for Italian clients. Towards the end of the decade, Levi's practice shifted to the design on theaters including the Cine Ufa Palace and Teatro Cultura Artistic. Levi died on a trip to Bahia in September 1965.

text:
# Rino Levi

**Rino Levi** (São Paulo, 1901—Bahia, 1965) was a Brazilian architect important to the development of modernism in Brazil.

Levi was born to Italian Jewish parents on December 31, 1901, in São Paulo, Brazil. After graduating from Colégio Dante Alighieri in São Paulo, Levi studied in Milan and Rome under Marcello Piacentini.

Following his return to São Paulo, Levi established the firm *Rino Levi Arquitetos Associados***.**

Levi was known for an architectural practice particularly dissociated from the construction process for his era.

In the early 1930s Levi designed a number of modernist houses in São Paulo for Italian clients. Towards the end of the decade, Levi's practice shifted to the design on theaters including the Cine Ufa Palace and Teatro Cultura Artistic .

Levi died on a trip to Bahia in September 1965.

## Notable buildings

## InfoBox

| Rino Levi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | December 31, 1901
São Paulo |
| Died | September 29, 1965
Morro do Chapéu, Bahia |


title: Title 54 of the United States Code

abstract:
Title 54 of the United States Code, entitled National Park Service and Related Programs, is the compilation of the general laws regarding the National Park Service. It is the newest title in the United States Code, added on December 19, 2014, when U.S. President Barack Obama signed H.R. 1068 into law. It has three subtitles:
  - Subtitle I: National Park System
  - Subtitle II: Outdoor Recreation Programs
  - Subtitle III: National Preservation Programs

text:
# Title 54 of the United States Code

**Title 54 of the United States Code** (**54 U.S.C.**), entitled **National Park Service and Related Programs**, is the compilation of the general laws regarding the National Park Service. It is the newest title in the United States Code, added on December 19, 2014, when U.S. President Barack Obama signed H.R. 1068 into law. It has three subtitles:

* Subtitle I: National Park System
* Subtitle II: Outdoor Recreation Programs
* Subtitle III: National Preservation Programs

## History

Title 54 was prepared by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives, in accordance with 2 U.S.C. § 285b. It consists of laws previously codified in Title 16 (Conservation).

H.R. 1068 was introduced on March 12, 2013, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives. The bill was reported by the Committee on April 19, 2013, and passed by the House of Representatives on April 23, 2013. No further action was taken for more than a year, until the bill passed in the Senate by unanimous consent on December 15, 2014, and was signed into law by President Obama on December 19.

## Outline of title 54

Title 54

### Subtitle I — National Park System

Subtitle I

### Subtitle II — Outdoor Recreation Programs

Subtitle II

### Subtitle III — National Preservation Programs

Subtitle III


title: Amaury Duval (1760–1838)

abstract: Charles-Alexandre-Amaury Pineux, known as Amaury Duval was a French lawyer, historian, diplomat, writer and scholar. His brother was the playwright Alexandre Duval and one of his two sons was the painter Amaury Duval.

text:
# Amaury Duval (1760–1838)

**Charles-Alexandre-Amaury Pineux**, known as **Amaury Duval** (28 January 1760 in Rennes – 12 November 1838 in Paris) was a French lawyer, historian, diplomat, writer and scholar. His brother was the playwright Alexandre Duval and one of his two sons was the painter Amaury Duval.

## Life

## Main works

* *Paris et ses monuments, mesurés, dessinés et gravés par Baltard, architecte, avec des descriptions historiques par le citoyen Amaury-Duval* (1803–05)
* *Un songe d'Alexandre, fragment d'un poëme d'Arrien, retrouvé et publié par Amaury Duval* (1810)
* *Les Fontaines de Paris anciennes et nouvelles, ouvrage contenant 60 planches dessinées et gravées au trait, par M. Moisy, accompagnées de descriptions historiques et de notes critiques et littéraires, par M. Amaury Duval* (1812)
* *Mémoires historiques, politiques et littéraires sur le royaume de Naples par M. le comte Grégoire Orloff, publiés avec des notes et additions par Amaury Duval* (5 volumes, 1819–31)
* *Monuments des arts du dessin chez les peuples tant anciens que modernes, recueillis par le Baron Vivant Denon, pour servir à l'histoire des arts, lithographiés par ses soins et sous ses yeux, décrits et expliqués par Amaury Duval* (4 volumes, 1829)
* *L'Évêque Gozlin ou le Siège de Paris par les Normands. Chronique du IX siecle* (2 volumes, 1832)
* *Souvenirs (1829–1830)* (1885). on Gallica


title: Versant (band)

abstract: Versant was a Swedish and American band from Vänersborg, Sweden and Newbury Park, California that formed in the summer of 2008. Versant features vocalist Carah Faye Charnow, of the band Shiny Toy Guns, guitarist/keyboardist Daniel Johansson, drummer Richard Ankers, formerly of the band Melody Club, Johan Grettve, and bassist Nicholas Oja. Recently, Versant has announced their relocation from Sweden to California to work on an album.

text:
# Versant (band)

**Versant** was a Swedish and American band from Vänersborg, Sweden and Newbury Park, California that formed in the summer of 2008. Versant features vocalist Carah Faye Charnow, of the band Shiny Toy Guns, guitarist/keyboardist Daniel Johansson, drummer Richard Ankers, formerly of the band Melody Club, Johan Grettve, and bassist Nicholas Oja. Recently, Versant has announced their relocation from Sweden to California to work on an album.

## History

After she was released from Shiny Toy Guns in the summer of 2008, Carah Faye Charnow and Daniel Johansson, who produced the title track of The Sounds' album *Crossing the Rubicon*, formed Versant. Together they searched out bandmates Richard Ankers (no longer a member), Johan Grettve (no longer a member), and Nicholas Oja to complete the line-up.

In 2009, Versant released two demos on their MySpace page; "Push Away" and "Out of Touch".

On February 14, 2009, Versant released a special Valentine's Day video for their fans on Vimeo. The instrumental track in the background appears to be the "roots" of the demo "Quick Escapes", which leaked online in November 2009 but has since been removed. "Quick Escapes" was eventually released as the band's debut single.

In the Fall of 2009, Versant posted a cover contest on their MySpace page. They accepted song submissions from their fans and held a vote for the song that they should perform. On October 9, 2009, Versant released a live video of them performing *S.O.S.* by the Swedish band ABBA on YouTube as their contest winner.

Versant played their first two shows in Sweden in November 2009.

Versant's debut EP *Heartbeats* was digitally self-released on September 21, 2010. The track listing is: 1) "Heartbeats" 2) "Push Away" 3) "Quick Escapes" 4) "Out of Touch". On October 21, 2010, Versant released "Quick Escapes" as their debut single.

On September 24, 2010, the band began selling a limited edition autographed CD version of their EP from their website store. This version was limited to 250 copies, each of which were numbered and autographed by Carah and Daniel. These copies were quick to sell out. The regular (unsigned) CD version of the EP went on sale on November 23, 2010 from their website store.

In early 2011 Carah Faye and Daniel Johansson joined Shiny Toy Guns in time for their third album, *III*, released in October 2012. Faye and Johansson were separated before the album *III* came out, and Daniel went back to Sweden to work on new music.

Chatting with Carah Faye on March 6, 2013 after the Shiny Toy Guns show in Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A., she confirmed that she has no desire to work on new music for Versant because of her breakup with Johansson.

## Band members

**Current members**

* Carah Faye Charnow – vocals
* Daniel Johansson – guitar, keyboards
* Nicholas Oja – bass

**Past members**

* Johan Grettve – guitar, keyboards (2008–2010)
* Richard Ankers – drums (2008–2010)

## Discography

* *Heartbeats EP* (2010)

## InfoBox

| Versant | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Newbury Park, California, United States and Vänersborg, Sweden |
| Genres | Alternative rock
Synthpop |
| Years active | 2008-2012 |
| Labels | Versant Music |
|  | |
| Members | Carah Faye Charnow
Daniel Johansson
Nicholas Oja |
|  | |
| Past members | Johan Grettve
Richard Ankers |
|  | |
| Website | www.versantmusic.com |


title: Michael Peto

abstract: Michael Peto was an internationally recognized Hungarian-British photojournalist of the twentieth century. Emigrating to London before World War II through business, in the postwar years he became one of a generation of Hungarian artists working abroad. During the war, he worked for the British Ministry of Labour. With exiled Hungarians, he also worked to found a postwar socialist government in Hungary, but they were defeated by the Soviet Union. In the early postwar years, he studied photography in Paris with fellow Hungarian émigré Ervin Marton, already a recognized artist. Returning to London, Peto established his career as a photojournalist, covering the 1948 Summer Olympics and starting on staff of The Observer in 1949. He gained recognition in the 1950s and 1960s, capturing British cultural life, including figures ranging from ballet dancers Dame Margot Fonteyn and Rudolph Nureyev to The Beatles. He also traveled internationally and produced many photographs of people and regions around the world. Archive Services at the University of Dundee hold the Michael Peto Collection, which includes thousands of photographs, negatives, slides, publications and papers.

text:
# Michael Peto

**Michael Peto** (also known as **Mihály Petö**) (1908 – 25 December 1970) was an internationally recognized Hungarian-British photojournalist of the twentieth century. Emigrating to London before World War II through business, in the postwar years he became one of a generation of Hungarian artists working abroad. During the war, he worked for the British Ministry of Labour. With exiled Hungarians, he also worked to found a postwar socialist government in Hungary, but they were defeated by the Soviet Union.

In the early postwar years, he studied photography in Paris with fellow Hungarian émigré Ervin Marton, already a recognized artist. Returning to London, Peto established his career as a photojournalist, covering the 1948 Summer Olympics and starting on staff of *The Observer* in 1949. He gained recognition in the 1950s and 1960s, capturing British cultural life, including figures ranging from ballet dancers Dame Margot Fonteyn and Rudolph Nureyev to The Beatles. He also traveled internationally and produced many photographs of people and regions around the world. Archive Services at the University of Dundee hold the Michael Peto Collection, which includes thousands of photographs, negatives, slides, publications and papers.

## Early life and education

He was born Mihály Petö in the small town of Bata, Austria-Hungary in 1908. His father had a general store, where the young Petö began to work after completing his secondary education. With an interest in Hungarian arts and crafts, he developed his own business and exported items to western European countries.

## Career

In the 1930s, Petö moved to Budapest, where he continued to work in his family's export business of Hungarian craft products. Through this, he was able to reach Great Britain before World War II. During the war, he lived in London and worked for the Ministry of Labour. He strongly backed the Allied war effort. In his free time, Petö worked with other Hungarians, planning for the postwar future of their country. He worked as personal secretary to Count Mihály Károlyi, who had been president of the short-lived Hungarian Democratic Republic. As the leader of the New Democratic Hungary, he was trying to create the next postwar government. They hoped to establish a socialist Hungary after its liberation at the end of the war, but did not anticipate the postwar domination by the Soviet Union. During the war Peto also advocated the development of an international exchange school of teachers and pupils once the conflict was over. this reflected his strong interest in the education of adults and children. Peto favoured progressive education systems and was a strong supporter of A S Neill, becoming involved with his Summerhill School in 1944.

In the early post-war years, Peto became interested in photography and went to Paris, where he connected with the Hungarian arts community. He studied technique with the well-known photographer Ervin Marton, who encouraged him to continue and became his friend, as did others in the art circle. Peto soon returned to London and gained work as a photojournalist, where his friend, the artist Josef Herman, also supported his new venture.

In 1948, Peto took notable photographs of athletes in the Olympics. By 1949, Peto joined the newspaper *The Observer* as a photojournalist. Much of his work reflects his subsequent travels throughout Europe, the Middle East, and countries in Asia, including India. Major exhibitions have been held of his work in London, Liverpool, Dundee (where the archive collection of his prints and negatives is held) and other cities.

Peto's major interest lay in the study of the human form in its natural surroundings. He is considered by some to be one of the supreme masters of this aspect of photographic art. He photographed portraits and candid shots of many famous figures from the worlds of politics, art and entertainment. During the 1950s and 1960s, Peto photographed many figures of the London arts scenes. His photographs of the ballet partnership of Dame Margot Fonteyn and the young Russian refugee dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who joined her at the Royal Ballet, were known internationally. In 1962 he was featured in the fifth episode of the Granada Television produced schools television series Art in the Making. So far it is not known whether or not this episode survives.

He was commissioned in 1965 to take still photographs of The Beatles during the making of their film *Help!*. During the digitisation of the Michael Peto Collection, which is held by Archive Services, University of Dundee, in 2002, 500 previously unpublished photographs of the Beatles taken during the making of *Help!* were reported to have been uncovered. His photographs became known for their candid and expressive quality.

Peto also photographed several prominent British political figures of the 1950s and 1960s including Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Harold Wilson and Edward Heath. He also photographed world leaders such as Israel's P.M.Golda Meir and Soviet Union's first secretary Nikita Khrushchev. He also toured the Middle East with Save the Children.

Michael Peto died at age 62 on Christmas Day 1970. The Michael Peto Photographic Collection is now held and administered by Archive Services at the University of Dundee, Scotland, which holds the copyright.

## Legacy and honors

* 1960, bronze medal by the International Organisation of Journalists at Interpress-Foto, Berlin
* 1970, bronze medal at the Budapest International Exposition of Photographic Art.
* After Peto's death, his stepson Michael Fodor donated his entire works, an estimated 130,000 photographic prints and negatives, to the University of Dundee, Scotland. Fodor was a student at the University at the time. A different photograph from the collection can be viewed on the University of Dundee Archive Services website each week and archive of previous images is also available.
* 2006, Genesis Publications published *Now These Days Are Gone*, a collection of Peto's photographs of the Beatles. An exhibition of some of these photographs was held at Hoopers Gallery, Clerkenwell, in January 2006 to mark the book's launch.
* 2007, An exhibition of Peto's work was held at the University of Dundee as part of the University's 40th anniversary celebrations.
* 2007–2008, *Now These Days Are Gone: The Beatles Photographs of Michael Peto*, 18 August 2007 to 2 March 2008, National Conservation Centre, Liverpool.
* 2008, An exhibition of Peto's Beatles photographs was held at Cavan County Museum.
* 2009 An exhibition of Peto's photographs of India was at the University of Dundee and was opened by Dr Arun Gandhi.
* 2011, Peto's photographs of the Beatles were exhibited in Dundee, as part of the Scottish Beatles Weekend.
* 2011, An exhibition of Peto's work was held at the Proud Gallery, Camden.


title: No. 1452 Flight RAF

abstract: No. 1452 (Fighter) Flight was formed at RAF West Malling on 22 May 1941, equipped with Turbinlite Douglas Boston and Douglas Havoc aircraft. On operations they co-operated at first with the Boulton Paul Defiants of 264 Squadron and later with the Hawker Hurricanes of 32 Squadron. The flight was replaced with 531 Squadron on 8 September 1942 but officially disbanded as late as 22 January 1943. 531 Sqn, which had taken over men and machines, carried on flying the Turbinlite Bostons and Havocs till the system was abandoned on 25 January 1943, when Turbinlite squadrons were, due to lack of success on their part and the rapid development of AI radar, thought to be superfluous.

text:
# No. 1452 Flight RAF

**No. 1452 (Fighter) Flight** was formed at RAF West Malling on 22 May 1941, equipped with Turbinlite Douglas Boston and Douglas Havoc aircraft. On operations they co-operated at first with the Boulton Paul Defiants of 264 Squadron and later with the Hawker Hurricanes of 32 Squadron. The flight was replaced with 531 Squadron on 8 September 1942 (not on 2 September due to administrative reasons) but officially disbanded as late as 22 January 1943.

531 Sqn, which had taken over men and machines, carried on flying the Turbinlite Bostons and Havocs till the system was abandoned on 25 January 1943, when Turbinlite squadrons were, due to lack of success on their part and the rapid development of AI radar, thought to be superfluous.

## Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated by no. 1452 Flight RAF, data from
| From | To | Aircraft | Version |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 July 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Havoc | Mk.I (Turbinlite) |
| 7 July 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Havoc | Mk.I |
| 7 July 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Havoc | Mk.II (Turbinlite) |
| 7 July 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Havoc | Mk.II |
| 7 July 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Boston | Mk.II (Turbinlite) |
| 7 July 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Boston | Mk.III (Turbinlite) |

## Flight bases

Bases and airfields used by no. 1452 Flight RAF, data from
| From | To | Base |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7 July 1941 | 8 September 1942 | RAF West Malling, Kent |

## Commanding officers

Officers commanding no. 1457 Flight RAF, data from
| From | To | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7 July 1941 | April 1942 | S/Ldr. J.E. Marschall, DFC |
| April 1942 | 8 September 1942 | S/Ldr. G.R. Turner |

Notes Bibliography  * Delve, Ken. *The Source Book of the RAF*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.
* Halley, James J. *The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918-1988*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
* Jefford, C.G. *RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
* Lake, Alan. *Flying Units of the RAF*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.
* Rawlings, John D.R. *Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London: Macdonald & Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 1969 (2nd edition 1976, reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
* Sturtivant, Ray, ISO and John Hamlin. *RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2007. ISBN 0-85130-365-X.

## InfoBox

| No. 1452 Flight RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| An A-20 Havoc of the USAAF, like the ones used by the flight | |
| Active | 7 Jul 1941 – 8 Sep 1942 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Role | Night Fighter (Turbinlite) |
| Part of | No. 11 Group RAF, Fighter Command |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Badge heraldry | No known badge |
| Squadron Codes | No known identification code for the flight is known to have been carried |


title: No. 25 Squadron PAF

abstract: The No. 25 Squadron, nicknamed Eagles, is a tactical attack squadron from the No. 34 Wing of the Pakistan Air Force's Central Air Command. It is currently deployed at Rafiqui Airbase and operates ROSE upgraded Dassault Mirage-5EF aircraft.

text:
# No. 25 Squadron PAF

The **No. 25 Squadron**, nicknamed ***Eagles***, is a tactical attack squadron from the No. 34 Wing of the Pakistan Air Force's Central Air Command. It is currently deployed at Rafiqui Airbase and operates ROSE upgraded Dassault Mirage-5EF aircraft.

## History

The No. 25 Squadron was raised in January 1966 at Sargodha Airbase under the command of Wing Commander Tawab (who later rose to command the BAF) and was one of the first two PAF squadrons to be equipped with the newly inducted Shenyang F-6 fighters; the other being the No. 23 Squadron "Talons". The squadron was tasked with Fighter conversion duties after which the squadron trained a large number of pilots on the Shenyang F-6.

In 1967, the squadron took part in a large firepower demonstration in honour of the Shah of Iran while in 1968, the squadron presented an aerobatics display for the Soviet defence minister "Andrei Grechko". The squadron under the leadership of Squadron Leader Imtiaz Bhatti also won the 1968 Inter squadron armament competition.

Later in 1980, the squadron received a batch of Shenyang FT-6 trainer jets to facilitate their training program. 6 years later it was shifted to Mianwali Airbase to replace the 14 OCU which had been selected as PAF's third F-16 squadron. The No. 25 Squadron performed its OCU duties till 1995 when it was nominated for the Dassault Mirage 5EF ROSE-IIs after which its assets were transferred to the No. 17 and No. 23 Squadrons which were based at Samungli.

After the squadron's last F-6 had taken off for Samungli Airbase, it was transferred to Minhas where it started trials for upgraded Mirage 5s under Project ROSE. Upon receiving its first batch of ROSE-II upgraded Mirages from Dassault in September 1998, it was designated as a Tactical Attack (TA) squadron and assigned the Night Strike role.

### Operational history

#### 1971 War

After hostilities broke out in 1971, the squadron was one of three PAF units operating F-6 fighters. The No. 25 Squadron was on high alert since the Indian invasion in East Pakistan and flew several Combat Air Patrol & Close Air Support sorties throughout the war. On 4 December, Flight Lieutenant Syed Shahid Raza shot down a Hawker Hunter near Murid Airbase. On 5 December, the Officer Commanding; Wing Commander Saad A. Hatmi and his wingman Flight Lieutenant Javed Qazi each chased down an Indian Hawker Hunter and shot them down over Sakesar. All of the Indian warplanes belonged to the No. 27 Squadron IAF.

Later during the Battle of Shakargarh, the squadron flew several CAS missions against Indian forces invading the Shakargarh area of Pakistan during which an F-6 flown by Flight Lieutenant Syed Shahid Raza was lost to enemy ground fire, though he was seen ejecting, Raza was never found and declared MIA by the PAF. He was later awarded the Tamgha-i-Jurat.

#### Operation Bedaar

In the 1990s, while based at Samungli Airbase, the Squadron provided vital air defence to Pakistan's nuclear assets notably from Indian and Israeli attacks. After the Chagai-II nuclear detonations, the mission was accomplished.

#### War on Terror

The No. 25 Squadron while equipped with Dassault Mirage 5EF ROSE-IIs took active part in the KPK Insurgency. The Close Air Support provided by the squadron's Mirages in several Counterinsurgency operations by the Government of Pakistan in the former FATA regions played an important role in flushing out most of the terrorist groups.

#### 2019 Air Alert

In 2019, Pakistan launched Operation Swift Retort against various Indian military targets in Indian Held Kashmir. The heightened tensions between the two countries resulted in the No. 25 Squadron along with other squadrons being put on high alert exercises. In one of these exercises, the Squadron's Dassault Mirage-IIIDP jets performed runway operations on the M1 Motorway.

## Aircraft flown

| No. 25 Squadron
*Eagles* | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Role | Operational | Aircraft | Notes |
| Air Superiority | 1966-1995 | Shenyang F-6C |  |
| Tactical Attack | 1996–Present | Dassault Mirage-5EF ROSE-II |  |

## Officer Commanders

Following is the list of known OCs of the No. 25 Squadron.

| Rank | Name | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wing Commander | Muhammad Ghulam Tawab | January 1966 | unknown |
| Squadron Leader | Imtiaz Bhatti | unknown | unknown |
| Wing Commander | Saad A. Hatmi | unknown | unknown |
| Wing Commander | Malik Nazar Hussein | July 1988 | October 1988 |
| Wing Commander | Yalmaz Arshi | October 1988 | January 1990 |
| Wing Commander | Shahid Nisar Khan | January 1990 | July 1991 |
| Wing Commander | Naeem Ashraf | July 1991 | July 1993 |
| Wing Commander | Tahir Ehsan Malik | July 1993 | December 1994 |
| Wing Commander | Zafar Yasin | December 1994 | June 1997 |
| Wing Commander | Waqar Haider | June 1997 | February 1999 |
| Wing Commander | Jawed Ahmed | February 1999 | July 2000 |
| Wing Commander | Abrar Ghalib | July 2000 | December 2001 |
| Wing Commander | Tariq Nazir | December 2001 | April 2003 |
| Wing Commander | M Ilyas Sultan | April 2003 | July 2004 |
| Wing Commander | Aamir Bin Naeem | Jul-2004 | December 2005 |
| Wing Commander | Hamid Randhawa | December 2005 | unknown |
|

## InfoBox

| No. 25 Squadron Eagles | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Active | Since January 1966 (1966-01) |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Allegiance | Pakistan Armed Forces |
| Branch | Pakistan Air Force |
| Role | Night Strike |
| Part of |  |
| Airbase | PAF Base Rafiqui |
| Nickname(s) | *Night Strike Eagles* |
| Motto(s) | فضاؤں میں ہیبت کی یلغار ہم
(Urdu for 'We are the onslaught of terror in the sky') |
| Mascot(s) | An Eagle |
| Aircraft | Dassault Mirage-5EF ROSE-II |
| Engagements |  |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Imtiaz Bhatti
Mushaf Ali Mir |
| Insignia | |
| Patch |  |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Attack | Dassault Mirage 5EF ROSE-II |
| Fighter | Shenyang F-6C |
| Trainer | Shenyang FT-6 |


title: Pennant station

abstract: Pennant was a station on the Port Authority of Allegheny County's light rail network, located in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The street level stop was located in an especially hilly portion of a neighborhood known for its rolling terrain, and providing access to commuters within walking distance. On February 2, 2021, Port Authority announced in a news release that Pennant station would close permanently, due to deteriorating pedestrian infrastructure and low ridership. According to the release, the stairs connecting Pennant station to Platt Avenue were found to be in poor condition in a routine inspection in fall 2020, and in another recent inspection, Port Authority engineers found further deterioration. The permanent closure went into effect on Monday, February 15, 2021.

text:
# Pennant station

**Pennant** was a station on the Port Authority of Allegheny County's light rail network, located in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The street level stop was located in an especially hilly portion of a neighborhood known for its rolling terrain, and providing access to commuters within walking distance.

On February 2, 2021, Port Authority announced in a news release that Pennant station would close permanently, due to deteriorating pedestrian infrastructure and low ridership. According to the release, the stairs connecting Pennant station to Platt Avenue were found to be in poor condition in a routine inspection in fall 2020, and in another recent inspection, Port Authority engineers found further deterioration. The permanent closure went into effect on Monday, February 15, 2021.

1. Grata, Joe (May 17, 1987). "Newest LRT Link Opening Friday". *The Pittsburgh Press*. pp. A1, A16. Retrieved April 28, 2024  via Newspapers.com.
2. "System Map Winter 2018". *Port Authority*.
3. "Port Authority to Close Pennant Station in Beechview". *KDKA-TV*. February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Pennant | |
| --- | --- |
| Former Pittsburgh Light Rail station | |
| Looking south in 2017 | |
| General information | |
| Location | off of Platt Avenue<br>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°24′41″N 80°00′53″W / 40.4114°N 80.0147°W / 40.4114; -80.0147 |
| Owned by | Port Authority |
| Tracks | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | May 22, 1987 |
| Closed | February 15, 2021 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2018 | 8 (weekday boardings) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services | |
| Preceding station Port Authority of Allegheny County Following station  Dawntoward Allegheny  Red Line  Westfieldtoward South Hills Village  TraymoreClosed 2012toward Allegheny  Red LineOverbrook Junctionvia Beechview  Westfieldtoward Overbrook Junction or South Hills Village | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Kuwait at the 2002 Asian Games

abstract: Kuwait participated in the 2002 Asian Games held in Busan, South Korea, from September 29 to October 14, 2002. Athletes from Kuwait won overall eight medals, and clinched 20th spot in the medal table.

text:
# Kuwait at the 2002 Asian Games

**Kuwait** participated in the **2002 Asian Games** held in Busan, South Korea, from September 29 to October 14, 2002. Athletes from Kuwait won overall eight medals (including two golds), and clinched 20th spot in the medal table.

## InfoBox

| Kuwait at the
2002 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | KUW |
| NOC | Kuwait Olympic Committee |
| in Busan | |
| Medals
Ranked 20th | Gold 2 Silver 1 Bronze 5 Total 8 |
| Asian Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Athletes from Kuwait (2010) | |


title: Togolok

abstract: Togolok is an archaeological site in the Murghab Delta, Turkmenistan, located about 10–15 km south of Gonur. Togolok 21 is an Indo-Iranian temple and fortress dated to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC, belonging to the late phase of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). Togolok 1 area has also been excavated. According to the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, the Togolok temple contained rooms where traces of ephedra and hemp were found along with implements for the preparation of a hallucinogenic beverage.

text:
# Togolok

38°07′N 62°00′E / 38.12°N 62.00°E / 38.12; 62.00

**Togolok** is an archaeological site in the Murghab Delta, Turkmenistan, located about 1015 km south of Gonur (or about 40 km north of Mary, Turkmenistan). **Togolok 21** is an Indo-Iranian temple and fortress dated to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC, belonging to the late phase of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). **Togolok 1** area has also been excavated.

According to the *Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture* (page 495), the Togolok temple contained rooms where traces of ephedra and hemp were found along with implements for the preparation of a hallucinogenic beverage (later known as *soma* in India and as *haoma* in Iran).

## Togolok Depe

The name 'Togolok' is also applied to another much older site in Turkmenistan known as 'Togolok Depe'. This settlement started in the Neolithic during the Jeitun period around 7000 BC. It is located in the Kopet-Dag foothills near the ancient Jeitun settlement. The site has been excavated and published in 1964 in Russian.

## InfoBox

Togolok
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Murghab Delta, Turkmenistan |
| Type | Archaeological site |
| History | |
| Founded | First half of the 2nd millennium BC |
| Periods | Late phase of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) |
| Cultures | Indo-Iranian |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruins |


title: Home Invasion (album)

abstract: Home Invasion is the fifth studio album by American rapper Ice-T, released on March 23, 1993, via Rhyme $yndicate/Priority Records. It was originally set for release in 1992 as part of his deal with Sire/Warner Bros. Records, and supposed to be his first official release through his own Rhyme $yndicate record label, now in full control of the content as part of a new distribution deal with Priority Records.

text:
# Home Invasion (album)

***Home Invasion*** is the fifth studio album by American rapper Ice-T, released on March 23, 1993, via Rhyme $yndicate/Priority Records. It was originally set for release in 1992 as part of his deal with Sire/Warner Bros. Records, and supposed to be his first official release through his own Rhyme $yndicate record label, now in full control of the content as part of a new distribution deal with Priority Records.

## Background

*Home Invasion* was the first album that Ice-T released following the controversy over the Body Count song "Cop Killer". Sire/Warner Bros. Records had stood by freedom of expression during the controversy, although some within the Time Warner conglomerate now favored a more pragmatic policy. The album was originally set for a November 15, 1992, release, but the Rodney King riots were still fresh in people's minds, an election was in process, and politically-minded releases by 2Pac, Ice Cube and Dr. Dre were causing controversy, so Ice-T agreed to postpone *Home Invasion*'s release, in addition to removing the song "Ricochet", which had already appeared on the soundtrack to the film of the same name.

With the album's release postponed to February 14, 1993, Sire/Warner Bros. told Ice-T that it would not release the album with its current artwork, painted by Dave Halili (cover artist for *Body Count*), which depicted a white boy seemingly immersed in black culture, surrounded by images of violence, mayhem and disorder. Although the catalog number 45119 was already assigned to it and the single "Gotta Lotta Love" was released, the album was still deferred. Ice-T initially agreed, opting for an all-black cover and a name change to *The Black Album*. He later realized that his future output would be continuously monitored and censored, so he left the label amicably, signing a distribution deal with Priority Records, which released the album with the originally intended artwork. Due to the postponed release of the album, tracks were altered to keep the topics up-to-date.

## Variants

Some copies of the album as originally planned for release on Sire Records have been leaked and are in circulation. These have a few differences.

* The tracks "It's On", "That's How I'm Livin'", "I Ain't New Ta This" and "Race War" are absent.
* The track *Hits the Fan* is called *Shit Hits the Fan*.
* The track "Ricochet", previously featured in the *Ricochet* soundtrack, is included.
* There is one more track before "Ain't A Damn Thing Changed" called "Imagine That": this is a spoof that features pro-police, pro-government and pro-tax rap.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | B+ |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Spin Alternative Record Guide* | 7/10 |

The album peaked at #9 on *Billboard* magazine's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at #14 on the *Billboard* 200. *Home Invasion* was met with mixed reviews from music critics. Robert Christgau gave the album a B+, saying "At first it sounds as if the bad guys won—from sexy stories to O.G. kissoffs, he spends too much time proving he's still Ice Motherfucking T. But in fact he contextualizes himself as shrewdly as ever". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album two and a half stars out of five, saying "Given the fact that most of *Home Invasion* was recorded during and after the "Cop Killer" media firestorm, it comes as no surprise that the album is an uneven, muddled affair, not the clean, focused attack of *O.G. Original Gangster*". On June 1, 1993, the album was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America. It is Ice-T's last studio album to receive a certification from the RIAA.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Warning" (Intro) |  | 0:36 |
| 2. | "It's On" |  | 4:56 |
| 3. | "Ice M.F. T" | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 3:41 |
| 4. | "Home Invasion" | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 2:59 |
| 5. | "G-Style" | * Hen-Gee * LP | 4:29 |
| 6. | "Addicted To Danger" | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 3:27 |
| 7. | "Question And Answer" (Interlude) |  | 0:33 |
| 8. | "Watch The Ice Break" | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 4:24 |
| 9. | "Race War" | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 4:50 |
| 10. | "That's How I'm Livin'" | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 4:39 |
| 11. | "I Ain't New Ta This" | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 5:01 |
| 12. | "Pimp Behind the Wheels" (featuring DJ Evil E) | * Hen-Gee * LP | 3:05 |
| 13. | "Gotta Lotta Love" |  | 5:24 |
| 14. | "Hit The Fan" | * Ice-T * Trekan | 4:47 |
| 15. | "Depths of Hell" (featuring Daddy Nitro) | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 5:15 |
| 16. | "99 Problems" (featuring Brother Marquis) | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 4:50 |
| 17. | "Funky Gripsta" (featuring Gripsta) | * DJ Aladdin * Ice-T * Wolf | 4:47 |
| 18. | "Message to the Soldier" | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 5:36 |
| 19. | "Ain't a Damn Thing Changed" (Outro) |  | 0:36 |
| Total length: | | | 73:55 |

The Last Temptation of Ice bonus disc
| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "That's How I'm Livin'" (On The Rox Remix) | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 5:43 |
| 2. | "Gotta Lotta Love" (Tubular Bells Mix) | * Ice-T * Donald D | 5:35 |
| 3. | "I Ain't New Ta This" (Radio Version) | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 4:15 |
| 4. | "Ricochet" | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin | 5:52 |
| 5. | "Addicted To Danger" (Nut Shop Mix) | The Beatnuts | 4:08 |
| 6. | "G Style" (Remix) | * Hen-Gee * LP | 3:50 |
| 7. | "Race War" (Full Muthafuckin' Assassin Remix) | * Ice-T * DJ Aladdin * SLEJ Da Ruff Edge | 4:13 |
| Total length: | | | 33:36 |

## Personnel

* Tracy Lauren Marrow – main artist, producer (tracks: 2–4, 6, 8–11, 13, 15–18, 20–23, 26), executive producer, design
* Eric Garcia – featured artist (track 12)
* Daddy Nitro – featured artist (track 15)
* Mark D. Ross – featured artist (track 16)
* Brandi Younger – featured artist (track 17)
* Lloyd "Mooseman" Roberts III – bass (tracks: 9, 15)
* Alphonso Henderson – producer (tracks: 2–4, 6, 8–11, 15–18, 20, 22–23, 26), mixing
* Shafiq "SLJ" Husayn – producer (tracks: 2–4, 6, 8–11, 15–16, 18, 20, 22, 26)
* Wendel Winston – producer (tracks: 5, 12, 25)
* Henry Garcia – producer (tracks: 5, 12, 25)
* Donald Lamont – producer (tracks: 13, 21)
* Trekan – producer (track 14)
* Wolf – producer (track 17)
* The Beatnuts – producers (track 24)
* Tom Baker – mastering
* Tony Pizarro – engineering & mixing
* Kev D – assistant engineering & management
* Jorge Hinojosa – management
* Mickey Benson – management
* Steve Stewart – management
* David M. Halili – album cover painting & lettering
* Dirk Walter – design supervisor
* Jesse Frohman – photography

## Charts

| Chart (1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 16 |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 30 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 35 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 20 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 27 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 37 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 24 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 15 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 14 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 9 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 100,000^ |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Home Invasion | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ice-T | |
| Released | March 23, 1993 |
| Recorded | 1992 |
| Studio | * Syndicate West (Los Angeles) * Conway (Hollywood) * Sound Castle (Los Angeles) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 1:13:55 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Ice-T chronology | |
| *O.G. Original Gangster*
(1991) ***Home Invasion***
(1993) *Ice-T VI: Return of the Real*
(1996) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Home Invasion* | |
| 1. "I Ain't New Ta This"
Released: April 14, 1993 2. "That's How I'm Livin'"
Released: September 21, 1993 3. "Gotta Lotta Love"
Released: 1994 | |
|  | |


title: Versant Ventures

abstract: Versant Ventures ("Versant") is an American Venture capital firm headquartered in San Francisco, California. It is focused on making investments in the healthcare and biotechnology industries.

text:
# Versant Ventures

**Versant Ventures** ("Versant") is an American Venture capital firm headquartered in San Francisco, California. It is focused on making investments in the healthcare and biotechnology industries.

## Background

In 1999 at the end of the Dot-com bubble, several partners from Brentwood Associates joined with partners from Institutional Venture Partners and Crosspoint Ventures to create two separate industry-focused firms, Redpoint Ventures which focused on technology and Palladium Venture Capital which focused on healthcare. Palladium Venture Capital was later renamed to Versant Ventures. Versant was established in Menlo Park.

After its establishment, Versant raised $250 million for its first fund, Versant Venture Capital I.

In the mid-2000s, Versant launched EuroVentures, a business incubator based in Basel, Switzerland that formed startup companies by acquiring assets from European drug companies.

In 2011, Versant launched Inception, an incubator based in San Diego that would help create companies using discoveries from academia.

In 2013, Inception expanded into Canada and opened offices in Vancouver and Montreal. Versant also launched another incubator named Blueline Bioscience in Toronto.

In 2015, Versant launched Highline Therapeutics, an incubator based in New York that would launch drug companies out of medical research centers in the state.

In 2017, Versant set up another incubator in Basel named Ridgeline that would help give entrepreneurs access to scientists and wet labs.

Versant invests in companies based in the United States, Canada and Europe. It deploys half its funds towards outside companies and half to developing companies in-house.

Versant is headquartered in San francisco with additional offices in Basel, New York, San Diego, Toronto and Vancouver.

## InfoBox

Versant Venture Management, LLC
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Venture capital |
| Founded | 1999 (1999) |
| Headquarters | One Sansome Street, San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Key people | Brad Bolzon (Chairman) |
| AUM | US$4.2 billion (2023) |
| Website | www.versantventures.com |
| **Footnotes / references**<br> | |


title: Homaloxestis lochitis

abstract: Homaloxestis lochitis is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is found in southern India. The wingspan is about 9 mm. The forewings are pale whitish ochreous with a black dot on the base of the costa. The discal stigmata are moderate and black, with a black dot on the dorsum beneath the second and small black marginal dots or marks around the posterior part of the costa and termen. The hindwings are light grey.

text:
# Homaloxestis lochitis

***Homaloxestis lochitis*** is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is found in southern India.

The wingspan is about 9 mm. The forewings are pale whitish ochreous with a black dot on the base of the costa. The discal stigmata are moderate and black, with a black dot on the dorsum beneath the second and small black marginal dots or marks around the posterior part of the costa and termen. The hindwings are light grey.

## InfoBox

| *Homaloxestis lochitis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lecithoceridae |
| Genus: | *Homaloxestis* |
| Species: | ***H. lochitis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Homaloxestis lochitis***<br>Meyrick, 1918 | |
|