title: Vakhsh, Jayhun District

abstract: Vakhsh is a village in Khatlon Region, Southwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Istiqlol in Jayhun District. It lies 7 km northwest of the district seat Dusti, and approximately 130 kilometers south of the capital, Dushanbe.

text:
# Vakhsh, Jayhun District

**Vakhsh** (Russian and Tajik: Вахш) is a village in Khatlon Region, Southwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Istiqlol (formerly: *Telman*) in Jayhun District. It lies 7 km northwest of the district seat Dusti, and approximately 130 kilometers south of the capital, Dushanbe.

## InfoBox

| Vakhsh Вахш | |
| --- | --- |
| VakhshLocation in Tajikistan | |
| Coordinates: 37°23′07″N 68°36′32″E / 37.38528°N 68.60889°E / 37.38528; 68.60889 | |
| Country | Tajikistan |
| Region | Khatlon Region |
| District | Jayhun District |
| Official languages |  |


title: Graciela Rivera

abstract: Graciela Rivera was the first Puerto Rican to sing a lead role at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.

text:
# Graciela Rivera

**Graciela Rivera** (17 April 1921 – 17 July 2011) was the first Puerto Rican to sing a lead role at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.

## Early years

Graciela Rivera was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. She was the seventh of eight children born to evangelical minister-cabinetmaker Gonzalo Salvador Rivera and Enriqueta Padilla. As a child she enjoyed singing. As a church pastor, her father who would often play in his record player the opera music of Caruso. He owned a piano and when he played she would sing church hymns with her mother. She was considered very talented by her family and teachers alike.

Her family moved to Cataño and later to Santurce, a section of San Juan, where she finished her primary and secondary education. She was a student at Santurce Central High School when she auditioned and participated in school productions of "The Magic Flute", "Il trovatore", "Rigoletto", "Lucia di Lammermoor" and "Aida" (Ms. Rivera believes these were the first operas ever produced by a high school anywhere in the world). She delighted audiences in Puerto Rico with her soprano voice in concerts which she organized. She planned to use the money obtained from these concerts to pay for her studies at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City.

## Broadway

Rivera moved to New York after she graduated from high school. She enrolled at Juilliard's and took voice classes with Lucia Dunham, piano lessons, music theory, harmony and composition, graduating in 1943. Upon the outbreak of World War II, she sang for the American troops overseas as a member of the Red Cross.

In 1945, she was given the role of Adele in the musical "Rosalinda", a Broadway version of Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus. Rivera traveled to France and Germany with the production. That same year she made her operatic debut as Rosina in "The Barber of Seville" by Gioachino Rossini at the New Orleans Opera.

## New York Metropolitan Opera

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| You may listen to Graciela Rivera's interpretation of Manuel Fernández Juncos' version of the "La Borinqueña" on YouTube. | |

In December 1951, she became the first Puerto Rican to sing a lead role at the New York Metropolitan Opera as Lucia in the production of *Lucia di Lammermoor*. She earned accolades for her performance from critics around the world. In 1953, Rivera was proclaimed "Citizen of the Year" by the City of New York.

In 1954, Rivera was featured as a guest singer in *Name That Tune*, and later that year, at an instance of *Your Show of Shows*, serving as a replacement for Marguerite Piazza. In 1956, she performed at the Theater of the University of Puerto Rico and one of her back-up singers was a young fellow Puerto Rican by the name of Justino Diaz, who would eventually also become an opera singer. That same year Rivera was presented with a special recognition by the Government of Puerto Rico.

In 1959, Rivera returned to New York where she had a weekly radio show at WHOM. She traveled regularly between New York and Puerto Rico, in Puerto Rico she participated in the IV Casals Festival.

## Later years and death

She taught Puerto Rican music, Italian and Spanish at the Hostos Community College for 15 years before retiring in 1987. She also held conferences at Hunter College, Rutgers College and Lehman College. In 1993, Rivera earned her Doctorate Degree in Humanities from the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico and in 1996 she was bestowed with a Honoris Causa from Lehman College.

Rivera died on 17 July 2011 at her home in the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey. She was survived by her daughter, Ginny Soto, and son-in-law, Sam Soto, of Mays Landing, N.J.; her daughter-in-law, Jean Marie Zumchak; and her grandchildren, Joseph Zumchak III, and Jacob Zumchak of Port Richey, Fla.; in addition to many nieces and nephews.

## Personal life

In 1940, Rivera met Joseph Zumchak, a LTJG in the U.S. Navy stationed in San Juan. They married in New York in 1941.

## Legacy

The city of Ponce has a small park, Parque Graciela Rivera, in Barrio Primero, dedicated to her memory. The park has a statue called "Estatua de La Labradora" (Statue of the Farmer Woman). The park was rebuilt during the administration of Mayor Francisco Zayas Seijo (2005 - 2009), and dedicated in 2006. The park's architect was Juan R. Dalmau Simbolin. *Estatua de La Labradora*, already existed at the location prior to the 2006 rededication of the park. Rivera is also recognized at the Park for the Illustrious Ponce Citizens.

## InfoBox

| Graciela Rivera | |
| --- | --- |
| Graciela Rivera, circa 1950 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1921-04-17)17 April 1921
Ponce, Puerto Rico |
| Died | 17 July 2011(2011-07-17) (aged 90)
Mays Landing, New Jersey |
| Genres | Opera |
| Occupation | Opera Singer |
| Instrument | Voice |


title: Moruya Airport

abstract: Moruya Airport is an airport located 3.5 NM northeast of Moruya, New South Wales, Australia, at the mouth of the Moruya River. It is one of two airports with regular passenger flights in the state's South Coast region, but also caters to general aviation and tourism operators, as well as emergency services.

text:
# Moruya Airport

**Moruya Airport** (IATA: **MYA**, ICAO: **YMRY**) is an airport located 3.5 NM (6.5 km; 4.0 mi) northeast of Moruya, New South Wales, Australia, at the mouth of the Moruya River. It is one of two airports with regular passenger flights in the state's South Coast region, but also caters to general aviation and tourism operators, as well as emergency services.

## History

First licensed as an aerodrome in 1939, Moruya airport was acquiredby the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as **RAAF Base Moruya** in 1942. Three runways were laid out adjacent to the mouth of the Moruya River. Moruya was home to No. 11 Operational Base Unit to provide support for RAAF aircraft utilising the airfield. With ownership transferred to the Department of Civil Aviation following the war, it was not until the 1960s that the airfield was upgraded with the installation of navigation aids and runway lights.

Between 2005-06 and 2010–11, the number of revenue passengers handled by the airport grew from 16,759 to 20,301.

### 2019-20 bushfire emergency

During the 2019–20 bushfire emergency, the airport and adjacent river were a staging point for aerial firefighting efforts. In December 2019, a catastrophic bushfire cut road links, isolating the town. The resulting highway closures left Moruya Airport as a vital resource in the protection of the local region from the devastating bushfires.

## Operations

Moruya Airport is a regional hub for a variety of emergency services, providing vital services for the local region that otherwise would not exist without the airport. The Westpac Lifesaver Rescue Helicopter Service has maintained a base at Moruya Airport since 2010, providing a search and rescue service with specialist medical crews, while other aeromedical retrieval services including Toll Air Ambulance and the Royal Flying Doctor Service regularly visit the airport. During bushfire seasons, fleets of firefighting aircraft are stationed at Moruya Airport to aid in bushfire protection.

Passenger service is provided by Regional Express using Saab 340 turboprops several times a week to and from Sydney, with most inbound flights continuing to Merimbula to the south. The small terminal is located to the East of the runway, sharing a parking lot with a beachside camping ground.

Other operators include the Moruya Aero Club and a small flying school. A number of tourism focussed businesses are located at Moruya Airport. Skydive Oz conduct parachuting operations from a facility at the airport, regularly hosting the annual NSW & ACT State Skydiving Championship. South Coast Seaplanes, based at the airport offer a charter service and scenic flights. They announced plans for scheduled flights between Moruya and Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra twice per week in 2022, subject to a number of approvals.

## Airport facilities

The airfield has a two sealed runways orientated North to South and Northeast to Southwest. The primary runway, 18/36 measures 1,523 m × 30 m (4,997 ft × 98 ft) and is equipped with pilot-operated lighting for night operations, while the shorter 04/22 is 827 m (2,713 ft) in length and is used mainly by light aircraft. The volume of traffic at the airport is generally low, so there is no control tower. Instead, pilots are required to communicate via a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) to safely co-ordinate arrivals and departures. A Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) previously located at the airport was decommissioned in 2016. Both Avgas and Jet A1 fuel is available.

Eurobodalla Shire Council is planning to enlarge the terminal, increase the size of the apron, extend the runway and build a parallel taxiway.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Rex Airlines | Merimbula, Sydney |

## InfoBox

| Moruya Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Eurobodalla Shire Council |
| Location | Moruya, New South Wales |
| Elevation AMSL | 17 ft / 5 m |
| Coordinates | 35°53′52″S 150°08′40″E / 35.89778°S 150.14444°E / -35.89778; 150.14444 |
| Map | |
| YMRYLocation in New South Wales | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  18/36 1,523 4,997 Asphalt  05/23 827 2,713 Bitumen | |
| Sources: Australian AIP and aerodrome chart | |


title: Grammatica Germanicae Linguae

abstract: Grammatica Germanicae Linguae is a grammar book of the German language written by Johannes Clajus. First published in 1578, it is considered one of the earliest systematic grammar books for the German language. The book was written in Latin and German.

text:
# Grammatica Germanicae Linguae

***Grammatica Germanicae Linguae*** is a grammar book of the German language written by Johannes Clajus. First published in 1578, it is considered one of the earliest systematic grammar books for the German language. The book was written in Latin and German.

## Contents

The *Grammatica Germanicae Linguae* begins with a brief history of the German language, which places its inception in "the year of the world 1756" after the destruction of the tower of Babel. It is then divided into four sections, each discussing different aspects of German.

1. Orthography, which teaches to write correctly.
2. Prosody, which teaches to pronounce correctly.
3. Etymology, which teaches to inflect correctly, and to form one thing from another.
4. Syntax, which teaches to correctly connect words with each other.

## Significance

The significance of Clajus's *Grammatica Germanicae Linguae* lies in its role as one of the earliest and most thorough descriptions of the German language. It has served as a valuable resource for linguists and historians studying the development and standardization of German.

In addition, Clajus's work has cultural and historical significance. It provides insights into the intellectual and cultural life of the German-speaking regions during the late Renaissance and the Reformation, a period of significant social, religious, and political change.

1. "Grammatica Germanicae Linguae - Wikisource". *la.wikisource.org* (in Latin). Retrieved 2023-05-09.
2. McLelland, Nicola (2005). "Authority and Audience in Seventeenth-Century German Grammatical Texts". *The Modern Language Review*. **100** (4): 1025–1042. ISSN 0026-7937.

## InfoBox

Grammatica Germanicae Linguae
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Johannes Clajus |
| Language | Latin, German |
| Subject | German language grammar |
| Publication date | 1578 |


title: Vangueria cistifolia

abstract: Vangueria cistifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in Angola and Zambia.

text:
# Vangueria cistifolia

***Vangueria cistifolia*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in Angola and Zambia.

## Taxonomy

There are 2 varieties:

* *V. cistifolia* var. *cistifolia*
* *V. cistifolia* var. *latifolia* (Verdc.) Lantz

## InfoBox

| *Vangueria cistifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Vangueria* |
| Species: | ***V. cistifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vangueria cistifolia***<br>(Welw. ex Hiern) Lantz | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Vampire lifestyle

abstract: The vampire lifestyle, vampire subculture, or vampire community is an alternative lifestyle and subculture based around the mythology of and popular culture based on vampires. Those within the subculture commonly identify with or as vampires, with participants typically taking heavy inspiration from media and pop culture based on vampiric folklore and legend, such as the gothic soap opera Dark Shadows, the tabletop role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade, and the book series The Vampire Chronicles by author Anne Rice. Practices within the vampire community range from blood-drinking from willing donors to organising groups known as 'houses' and 'courts' of self-identified vampires. The vampire subculture largely stemmed from the goth subculture, but also incorporates some elements of the sadomasochism subculture. The Internet provides a prevalent forum of communication for the subculture, along with other media such as glossy magazines devoted to the topic. Participants within the subculture range from those who dress as vampires but understand themselves to be human, to those who assert a need to consume either blood or 'human energy'. Both types of vampires may assert that the consumption of blood or energy is necessary for spiritual or physical nourishment. Though the vampire subculture has considerable overlap with gothic subculture, the vampire community also has overlap with both therian and otherkin communities, and are considered by some to be a part of both, despite the difference in cultural and historical development.

text:
# Vampire lifestyle

The **vampire lifestyle**, **vampire subculture**, or **vampire community** (sometimes spelled as "vampyre") is an alternative lifestyle and subculture based around the mythology of and popular culture based on vampires. Those within the subculture commonly identify with or as vampires, with participants typically taking heavy inspiration from media and pop culture based on vampiric folklore and legend, such as the gothic soap opera *Dark Shadows*, the tabletop role-playing game *Vampire: The Masquerade*, and the book series *The Vampire Chronicles* by author Anne Rice. Practices within the vampire community range from blood-drinking from willing donors to organising groups known as 'houses' and 'courts' of self-identified vampires.

The vampire subculture largely stemmed from the goth subculture, but also incorporates some elements of the sadomasochism subculture. The Internet provides a prevalent forum of communication for the subculture, along with other media such as glossy magazines devoted to the topic.

Participants within the subculture range from those who dress as vampires but understand themselves to be human, to those who assert a need to consume either blood or 'human energy'. Both types of vampires may assert that the consumption of blood or energy (sometimes referred to as auric or pranic energy) is necessary for spiritual or physical nourishment.

Though the vampire subculture has considerable overlap with gothic subculture, the vampire community also has overlap with both therian and otherkin communities, and are considered by some to be a part of both, despite the difference in cultural and historical development.

## Types of vampire lifestylers

There are several types of vampire lifestylers:

* "Sanguinarians": (sometimes referred to as hematophages) consume the blood of others
* "Psychic vampires": claim to attain nourishment from the aura or pranic energy of others in order to balance a spiritual or psychological energy deficiency, such as a damaged aura or chakra
* "Hybrids": both consume blood and assert that they consume psychic energy
* "Blood donors": willingly allow other members of the subculture to drink their blood, and may or may not exhibit subservience toward those who do
* "Blood fetishists": use blood as a stimulant or sexual fetish, sometimes drinking it during the course of sadomasochistic sex
* "Role-players" or "lifestylers": acknowledge that they are human beings roleplaying as vampires. Williams states that they may "dress up in vampire clothing, live a vampire lifestyle (e.g. sleep in coffins), and primarily participate in RPGs such as *Vampire: The Masquerade*"

## Explanations for blood-drinking

Renfield syndrome is a clinical condition marked by a fixation on blood or blood-drinking.

Sex researchers have also documented cases of people with sexual (paraphilic) vampirism and autovampirism.

## Controversy

### Christianity

Some self-proclaimed Christian vampire slayers have arisen in response to the vampire subculture. Online, they swarm vampire websites with hate mail and participate in other similar activities.

## Further reading


title: Grand-Corent

abstract: Grand-Corent is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

text:
# Grand-Corent

**Grand-Corent** (French pronunciation: \[ɡʁɑ̃ kɔʁɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 79 |  |
| 1975 | 60 | −3.85% |
| 1982 | 76 | +3.43% |
| 1990 | 104 | +4.00% |
| 1999 | 111 | +0.73% |
| 2009 | 158 | +3.59% |
| 2014 | 177 | +2.30% |
| 2020 | 184 | +0.65% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Grand-Corent | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Grand-Corent | |
| Grand-CorentGrand-Corent | |
| Coordinates: 46°12′00″N 5°26′00″E / 46.2°N 5.4333°E / 46.2; 5.4333 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Ain |
| Arrondissement | Bourg-en-Bresse |
| Canton | Saint-Étienne-du-Bois |
| Intercommunality | CA Bassin de Bourg-en-Bresse |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Benjamin Raquin |
| Area**1** | 7.13 km2 (2.75 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 184 |
| Density | 26/km2 (67/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 01177 /01250 |
| Elevation | 400–682 m (1,312–2,238 ft)
(avg. 500 m or 1,600 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Vallée des Rouets

abstract: The Vallée des Rouets is a part of the valley of the river Durolle, principally situated on the land of Thiers, in the French department of Puy-de-Dôme in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The area is known for its long artisanal past, as the inhabitants have made use of the locomotive power of the Durolle River since the Middle Ages. The beginning of the 20th century marked the closure of most of the water-powered mills in the valley in favor of the production of cutlery, mainly situated in the Vallée des Usines, located downstream. After multiple years of mobilizing to protect the architectural heritage of Vallée des Rouets, the town hall of Thiers, under the direction of deputy mayor Maurice Adevah-Pœuf, opened a tourist route to the public in 1998. The route was combined with a museum of cutlery featuring the history of the location and fabrication techniques for knives as well as the operation of the last mill in operation in the valley and its water wheel.

text:
# Vallée des Rouets

The **Vallée des Rouets** (French pronunciation: \[vale de ʁwɛ\], “Valley of Mills”) is a part of the valley of the river Durolle, principally situated on the land of Thiers, in the French department of Puy-de-Dôme in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The area is known for its long artisanal past, as the inhabitants have made use of the locomotive power of the Durolle River since the Middle Ages. The beginning of the 20th century marked the closure of most of the water-powered mills in the valley in favor of the production of cutlery, mainly situated in the Vallée des Usines (Valley of Factories), located downstream.

After multiple years of mobilizing to protect the architectural heritage of Vallée des Rouets, the town hall of Thiers, under the direction of deputy mayor Maurice Adevah-Pœuf, opened a tourist route to the public in 1998. The route was combined with a museum of cutlery featuring the history of the location and fabrication techniques for knives as well as the operation of the last mill in operation in the valley and its water wheel.

## Toponymy

The term “Vallée des Rouets” is used to describe the part of the valley of the Durolle where the number of old water wheels is significant. The name of the valley did not become official until the start of the 20th century.

## Geography

### Location

In the east, the valley forms at the height of the Chez Lyonnet mill, still in operation in 2020, near the Membrun Dam. It widens over a distance of 2 km (1.2 mi) until its easternmost point, formed by the first factories in the location known as "the edge of the world".

La vallée des Rouets is located on the eastern bank of the Durolle in the department of Puy-de-Dôme in the administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes).

### Topography

The valley was carved over the centuries by the Durolle.

The valley spreads out from the confluence of the Durolle with the Membrun Dam downstream, until it reaches the Vallée des Usines. The eastern portion of the valley is punctuated by several peaks higher than 600 metres (2,000 ft). The western part of the valley, after the last mill, continues its winding path before gently widening to make room for the larger factories constructed on the banks of the Durolle.

Until the 13th century, the Vallée des Rouets was a site for viticulture, which was practiced on the slopes that dominate the area.

### Geology

The geological history of the Thiers region is characterized by the presence and behavior of a major fault oriented from north to south, which affects the region's bedrock. The fault divides the bedrock in distinct sections, which allows the tectonic collapse of the western section while the eastern section remains more or less in place.

The collapse of the western bedrock allows both sides of the fault to fill with sedimentary rocks, forming the Limagne basin upon which the lower town of Thiers is built. In the east, the bedrock that has not collapsed lies under the Forez mountains, which are made up of igneous rocks that support the upper town. The Vallée des Rouets cuts through these rocks.

The soil of the valley is part of the geographic formation Massif Central. It consists mainly of different granites, sometimes mixed with sand and gravel.

### Hydrography

The valley is drained by the 32 kilometres (20 mi) long river Durolle, the drainage basin of which is 1,456 square kilometres (562 sq mi). The river has been utilized for its locomotive power, particularly to drive the mechanisms to sharpen knife blades. The river is also a trout fishing area, due to the improvement of water quality in the 21st century.

### Demography

The town of Thiers encompasses the majority of the Vallée des Rouets. Further upstream, the Durolle cuts through the towns La Monnerie-le-Montel, Celles-sur-Durolle, Les Salles, Cervières, Noirétable and Chabreloche.

### Transportation

The main road of the region is departmental route 2089 (formerly national route 89), which follows the right bank of the Durolle around the curve of the river from east to west. It is impossible to access the water by car, due to the steep slope of the bank. The entrance of the valley is served by the Thiers Urban Transport (TUT) network. The Thiers train station is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the tourist information point at the valley's entrance.

## History

### Middle Ages

The hydropower capability of the Durolle has been used by Thiers since the Middle Ages to power flour mills, tanneries, papermakers' mallets, and with the development of cutlery, smelter's pans and grinding wheels. A legend tells that crusaders from Auvergne brought back the secret of metalworking from the Orient. Since the 15th century, a quarter of the population of Thiers has work in the cutlery trade. The products of the valley were exported to many countries in the 17th century, including Spain, Italy, Germany, Turkey, and "the Indies".

### Industrial Revolution

Starting in 1850, only cutlery was able to continue production after the introduction of the machines that would herald the beginning of industrialization. The labor necessary to make a knife was spread out across the village; there was a large division of work. Workers specialized in one trade, transmitted from father to son, which they would acquire great precision in. Iron bars would first go to the hammer mills, where large trip hammers, powered by the river, would pound them flat. The smiths received the metal next and forged the blades of the knives. The pieces were then sent to filers, drillers, sharpeners, and finally polishers who sharpened and polished the blades on grindstones powered by the mills. The manufacturer determined the caliber; then, after the horn carver delivered the handles, all the pieces would be returned to the fitters in the faubourgs of Thiers. This method of production is principally characterized by the division of labor across the region of Thiers and especially in the Vallée.

At the end of the 19th century, foreign competition led the industry of Thiers to modernize by switching to electric power. A new type of factory was created that integrated the various steps of the cutlery manufacturing process. Paper mills that did not keep up with modern production methods were forced to close their doors; by 1860, there were no more than 20.

### Beginning of the 20th century

Problems in the water of the Durolle became more frequent in the early 20th century. To begin with, the flow of the river in summer is low and very irregular, resulting in a commiserate level of unemployment. In effect, the water-powered mills are unable to operate without enough water flow. In winter, the opposite occurs, and the Durolle becomes a torrential flood with considerable force. The town of Thiers is one of the most vulnerable to floods in Puy-de-Dome, and the Vallée des Rouets is the area of the town most affected.

To avoid depending on the unpredictable Durolle, factories downstream began using electric power in 1903. The Durolle could produce an average power of around 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) in 1920, compared to 1,500 horsepower (1,100 kW) from electric sources.

The average locomotive power from electricity:

| year | power in horsepower |
| --- | --- |
| 1903 | 170 |
| 1908 | 803 |
| 1914 | 1,123 |
| 1920 | 1,500 |

The factories' independence from the Durolle allowed them to become "complete factories". As a result, more than 12,000 workers and 550 manufacturers were present in the Durolle valley in 1912. During this period, the Thiers region was the largest production area in France for knives and other bladed tools, far ahead of Châtellerault, Nogent-en-Bassigny, and Paris, and on par with Sheffield in the United Kingdom.

Production from 1912, showing many fluctuations:

| year | production in tonnes |
| --- | --- |
| 1912 | 3,108 tonnes (3,059 long tons; 3,426 short tons) |
| 1918 | 1,210 tonnes (1,190 long tons; 1,330 short tons) |
| 1920 | 2,618 tonnes (2,577 long tons; 2,886 short tons) |

### Gradual closures in the 1930s

Beginning in the 1930s, the mills and the artisanal production of knives that depended on the Durolle were not able to compete with the factories, which produced their knives at a lower cost. The mills gradually closed until the 1970s, when the last operating mill closed its doors in 1976. This mill, Chez Lyonnet, was continuously maintained by the owner until his death, when the town of Thiers and the "Pays Thiernois" association picked up the torch in 1980s.

The mills remained in a state of abandonment after their closure and deteriorated rapidly in the dark and humid environment at the bottom of the gorges of the Durolle where they were built. Only the sturdiest parts remain: the walls, the mill races, and even the water wheels. The gardens located behind the workshops, which supported the workers, disappeared very rapidly.

### Development in the 1980s

In the early 1980s, the *Pays thiernois* association assembled to protect architectural heritage of the Vallée des Rouets. Its members, passionate about the region's history, began by clearing the path to access all the mills. The last mill in the valley to close in 1976 has been preserved since then.

In 1982, the first portion of the cutlery museum opened its doors on Place Lafayette in the medieval city of Thiers. The first year of visits was promising, with the museum seeing 17,000 paying visitors. The structure of the museum was special in that the production association *La Maison des Couteliers* added the exhibits. This enabled visitors to see not just knife collections, but an artisanal company that demonstrates that knife production is still current in Thiers. In 1992, the second part of the museum opened to the public in the *l'Homme des bois* house on Rue de la Coutellerie. This guides visitors through the history and origins of Thiernois cutlery. However, neither of the museum's locations are near the Durolle, so a third part was conceived. In 1994, the town returned to the Chez Lyonnet mill project with the aim of creating a museum. On 19 September 1998, the third part of the museum was officially inaugurated, and the Vallée des Rouets opened to the public.

### Thiernois cutlery in the 21st century

Even if there were no more couteliers working in the valley and fewer than 10 in the Vallée des Usines in January 2015, Thiers remains the largest center of cutlery in France since the 19th century. In fact, while the companies left the Durolle in the second half of the 20th century, they moved to the industrial areas in the rest of the town. For this reason, in 2015, the Puy-de-Dôme Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) counted 78 cutlery manufacturers employing 852 people directly and close to 2,000 people indirectly. Including the 34 artisan couteliers, 94% of cutlery businesses and 99% of cutlery jobs in Auvergne are located in Thiers.

While Thiers still produced 80% of French knife purchases in 2018, the industry moved little by little towards a more artisanal production style. For example, the knife festival Coutellia, which celebrates the art and tradition of knives, shows that this type of production is growing. Thiers is also a member of *Ville et métiers d’art* network, which promotes the installment of professional artisans in the town.

## Protection

The Vallée des Rouets is located near the December 1980 conservation and development plan (*Plan de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur*, PSMV) of Thiers

None of the objects or buildings are included on the list of monuments historiques, but many buildings in direct proximity to the Vallée des Rouets are counted in the Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel (General inventory of cultural heritage), a list of cultural sites in France:

| Mill | Factory | Machine (in Chez Lyonnet) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Douris Mill * Lyonnet Mill * Beaujeu-Guérin Mill | * Chabanne * Marty-Prot * Coste steel factory * Guérin-Prugne | * water wheel * grinding machine * transmission systems * polishing machine * continuous electricity generator |

## Tourism

The Vallée des Rouets is one of the most popular tourist sites in Thiers. The valley also has one star on the Michelin guide with the note "interesting".

As the third part of the Cutlery Museum, the Vallée des Rouets and its museum route complete a scene for visitors. In the first part of the museum, located at 23 Rue de la Coutellerie in Maison de l'Homme des Bois, the history of Thiernois cutlery is mainly presented with the help of artworks. A the second part of the museum, located at 58 Rue de la Coutellerie, couteliers explain and demonstrate how knives are manufactured in the Thiernois tradition in a room designed after 19th century forges. At each stage, collections of knife art are displayed, before the route ends at the museum shop, where knives and related products made by the museum's couteliers are displayed for sale.

Hiking trails are plotted throughout the valley. The trails allow hikers to see the countryside of the valley and its volcanic peaks. Trout fishing is also available in the area. Visitors are educated on local flora and fauna when they arrive at the tourist information point at the site's entrance.

## Administration and visits

Because of the consolidation of the Vallée des Rouets with the Cutlery Museum, the two entities share an administration.

Visits to the mill are organized between 1 June and 30 September. Outside of the summer season, only the hiking paths are open to the public.

In 1998, the date the Vallée des Rouets was opened, the Cutlery Museum counted 50,000 paying entries. In 2015, there were nearly 23,000 visitors. The number of visitors has hovered around 25,000 since 2017, leaving the Cutlery Museum the fourth most visited museum in the former region of Auvergne (now part of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes). In 2016, the Vallée des Rouets over 5,000 monthly visitors between June and September.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Vallée des Rouets | |
| --- | --- |
| Valley of Mills | |
| An old mill with a water wheel preserved near the tourist route. | |
| Vallée des RouetsVallée des Rouets within Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes | |
| Length | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) |
| Geology | |
| Type | River valley |
| Geography | |
| Location | Thiers, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France |
| Population centers | Thiers |
| Coordinates | 45°51′47″N 03°34′50″E / 45.86306°N 3.58056°E / 45.86306; 3.58056 |
| Rivers | Durolle |


title: Vantačići

abstract: Vantačići is a village in Croatia on the island of Krk and in the municipality of Malinska-Dubašnica, in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. In the 2021 census, the village had 186 inhabitants.

text:
# Vantačići

**Vantačići** is a village in Croatia on the island of Krk and in the municipality of Malinska-Dubašnica, in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. In the 2021 census, the village had 186 inhabitants.

Media related to Vantačići at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Vantačići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vantačići port | |
| VantačićiVantačići | |
| Coordinates: 45°06′57″N 14°30′10″E / 45.11585°N 14.50265°E / 45.11585; 14.50265 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Primorje-Gorski Kotar |
| Municipality | Malinska-Dubašnica |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.3 km2 (0.9 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 186 |
| Density | 81/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Grange-de-Vaivre

abstract: Grange-de-Vaivre is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Grange-de-Vaivre

**Grange-de-Vaivre** (French pronunciation: \[ɡʁɑ̃ʒ  vɛvʁ\]) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 44 |  |
| 1975 | 18 | −11.99% |
| 1982 | 34 | +9.51% |
| 1990 | 47 | +4.13% |
| 1999 | 45 | −0.48% |
| 2009 | 51 | +1.26% |
| 2014 | 42 | −3.81% |
| 2020 | 37 | −2.09% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Grange-de-Vaivre | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Grange-de-Vaivre | |
| Location of Grange-de-Vaivre | |
| Grange-de-VaivreGrange-de-Vaivre | |
| Coordinates: 47°00′13″N 5°50′30″E / 47.0036°N 5.8417°E / 47.0036; 5.8417 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Jura |
| Arrondissement | Dole |
| Canton | Mont-sous-Vaudrey |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Claude Masuyer |
| Area**1** | 1.74 km2 (0.67 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 41 |
| Density | 24/km2 (61/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 39259 /39600 |
| Elevation | 245–403 m (804–1,322 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Motobe Dam

abstract: Motobe Dam is a concrete gravity dam located in Saga Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control and water supply. The catchment area of the dam is 2.3 km⁲. The dam impounds about 8 ha of land when full and can store 1140 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1979 and completed in 1988.

text:
# Motobe Dam

**Motobe Dam** is a concrete gravity dam located in Saga Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control and water supply. The catchment area of the dam is 2.3 km2. The dam impounds about 8 ha of land when full and can store 1140 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1979 and completed in 1988.

## InfoBox

| Motobe Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Motobe Dam in Japan | |
| Location | Saga Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 33°16′00″N 130°0′34″E / 33.26667°N 130.00944°E / 33.26667; 130.00944 |
| Construction began | 1979 |
| Opening date | 1988 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 42.1m |
| Length | 130m |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 1140 thousand cubic meters |
| Catchment area | 2.3 sq. km |
| Surface area | 8 hectares |


title: Motobu-ryū

abstract: Motobu-ryū Motobu-ryū (本部流) is a karate school founded in 1922 by Motobu Chōki from Okinawa. Its official name is Nihon Denryū Heihō Motobu Kenpō, or Motobu Kenpō for short. Motobu-ryū has the characteristics of koryū karate, the martial art known as tī or tōdī, which predates the birth of modern karate, and emphasizes kumite rather than kata. Motobu Udundī (本部御殿手), also sometimes called Motobu-ryū, is the martial art of the Motobu family, a branch of the Ryukyuan royal family. The Motobu family, called the Motobu Udun, was one of the most prominent families in Okinawa and had the right of succession to the throne. Motobu Udundī is a comprehensive martial art that includes not only karate, but also a jujutsu-like technique called tuitī and many weapons arts. Motobu Chōsei is the inheritor of both Motobu-ryū and Motobu Udundī.

text:
# Motobu-ryū

***Motobu-ryū*** (本部流) is a karate school founded in 1922 by Motobu Chōki from Okinawa. Its official name is *Nihon Denryū Heihō Motobu Kenpō* ("Japan Traditional Fighting Tactics Motobu Kenpō"), or Motobu Kenpō for short. Motobu-ryū has the characteristics of koryū (old style) karate, the martial art known as  or *tōdī*, which predates the birth of modern karate, and emphasizes kumite rather than kata.

Motobu Udundī (本部御殿手), also sometimes called Motobu-ryū, is the martial art of the Motobu family, a branch of the Ryukyuan royal family. The Motobu family, called the *Motobu Udun* (literally Motobu Palace), was one of the most prominent families in Okinawa and had the right of succession to the throne. Motobu Udundī is a comprehensive martial art that includes not only karate, but also a jujutsu-like technique called tuitī and many weapons arts.

Motobu Chōsei is the inheritor of both Motobu-ryū (his father's art) and Motobu Udundī (the art of his uncle, Motobu Chōyū).

## Motobu Kenpō

### History

Motobu Chōki's father, Prince Motobu Chōshin (*Motobu Aji Chōsin*) was a descendant of Shō Kōshin, aka Prince Motobu Chōhei (1655 - 1687), the sixth son of Shō Shitsu (1629–1668), the King of Ryukyu. Chōki was the third son of the *Motobu Udun* ("Motobu Palace"), one of the cadet branches of the Ryūkyūan royal family.

As the last of three sons, Motobu Chōki was not entitled to an education in his family's style of  (an earlier name for karate). Instead, he and his brother, Chōyū, invited Ankō Itosu to the *Motobu Udun* as a karate teacher and began formal karate lessons. However, being five years younger than Chōyū, he always lost to his brother in kumite. Therefore, in addition to Itosu, he also trained under legendary masters such as Matsumura Sōkon, Sakuma, and Kōsaku Matsumora.

From the age of 19 or 20 (c. 1890), Motobu, along with his older brother Chōyū and his friend Kentsū Yabu, began studying under Kōsaku Matsumora. He was taught by Matsumora, especially *irikumi*, an ancient form of kumite, and Matsumora praised him as being very talented in the martial arts. Yabu was a good friend of Motobu's and they practiced karate together throughout their lives. He is reported to have been very agile, which gained him the nickname *Motobu no Saru*, or "Motobu the Monkey."

Motobu emphasized kumite and criticized karate practitioners who practiced only kata, so he was slandered by them as a self-taught street fighter. In reality, however, he had learned *koryū* kumite from the great karate teachers mentioned above. Some of his karate teachers found his habit of testing his fighting prowess via street fights in the *Tsuji* (red-light district) undesirable, but his noble birth (as a descendant of the royal Okinawan Shō family) may have made it hard for them to refuse.

Around 1921, Motobu moved to Osaka, and in November 1922, he participated in a judo versus boxing match in Kyoto, knocking out a foreign boxer. He was 52 years old at the time. This unexpected victory enhanced his fame. Among other things, a feature article on the match in King, a popular magazine with a circulation of one million at the time, made Motobu's name and the Okinawan martial art of karate widely known to much of the Japanese public. Until then, karate was an unknown martial art in Japan.

The King article detailed Motobu's surprising victory, although the illustrations clearly show Funakoshi Gichin as the Okinawan fighter in question. The two were often at odds in their opinions about how karate ought to be taught and used.

In 1923 Motobu opened a dojo in Osaka. Around 1927, Motobu moved to Tokyo to establish the Daidōkan dojo and also became the first Shihan of the karate club at Toyo University. In 1936, Motobu temporarily closed his Daidokan dojo and returned to Okinawa, where he attended the karate masters' roundtable discussion held in Naha in October. The following year, he returned to mainland Japan and resumed teaching karate. 1942, he taught karate at Tottori Agricultural High School. He then returned to Okinawa, where he died in 1944.

Motobu Chōki was succeeded by his son Chōsei, who opened a dojo in Osaka in 1948 and began teaching karate. In 1977, he formed the Nihon Karatedō Motobu-kai (Japan Karatedō Motobu Association) with some of his father's students.

### Kata

Motobu Chōki learned *naihanchi* and *channan* (prototype of pinan) from Itosu. He also learned *koryū naihanchi* from Sakuma and Matsumura, but reported various differences between *koryu naihanchi* and Itosu's modified Naihanchi. Motobu distanced himself from Itosu's modified version, saying he follows the teachings of Sakuma and Matsumura.

Motobu also taught *shirokuma*, *seisan*, and *passai* kata. Of these, *shirokuma* and *seisan* are still taught at Motobu Kenpō. Motobu Chōsei also studied karate under Motobu Chōmei, Motobu Choyū's oldest son. He also studied under Uehara Seikichi, who was a student of Chōyū. Thus, the current Motobu Kenpō inherits Chōyū's kata. Thus, the kata currently inherited by Motobu Kenpō are as follows.

* Naihanchi Shodan
* Naihanchi Nidan
* Shirokuma
* Seisan
* Passai gwa (passai sho variation). Ko ryu motobu udundi no passai not was part of choki motobu ryu kenpo).
* Ufukun: it's an itosu no kushanku variation. (Kūsankū Dai)

### Kumite

Motobu Kenpō is characterized by its emphasis on kumite as well as kata. Motobu Chōki learned *kakidi* (*kakede* in Japanese), an ancient form of kumite from Sakuma and Kōsaku Matsumora, and it is practiced at Motobu Kenpō to this day. He also favored kumite matches based on this *kakidi* form, called *kakidamishi* (*kakedameshi* in Japanese). *Kakidamishi* is often mistaken for brawling, but it was a rules-based kumite match.

Motobu published 12 *yakusoku kumite* (pre-arranged kumite) in 1926, which are the oldest *yakusoku kumite* in existence and are still practiced in Motobu Kenpō. Unlike modern karate, many techniques of punching and kicking are used from holding the opponent's arm. Punching techniques include not only the straight punch (*choku-zuki*), but also the back fist strike (*uraken-uchi*) and the elbow strike (*hiji-uchi*). Kicking techniques include the knee kick (*hiza-geri*) and the side kick (*sokutō-geri*) as well as the front kick (*choku-geri*).

Motobu Chōsei, who succeeded his father Chōki, created 50 *ippon kumite* (one-step kumite) kumite in 1950 based on the basic kumite techniques he learned from his father.

### Philosophy

Motobu Chōki's emphasis on *naihanchi* has given rise to the myth that he only knew the kata, when in fact he mastered and taught multiple kata as described above. However, it is also true that he believed that *naihanchi* contained all of the principles of karate. Below are some of Motobu's sayings on *naihanchi* and the principles of karate.

* All is spontaneity and transformation.
* *Kamae* is on the inside, not on the outside.
* *Me-oto-de* is a principle of karate that must be adhered to at all times. Even in everyday life -- for example, when pouring alcohol, holding a cup, or picking up chopsticks -- students of kenpō must follow this principle so as to make it a part of themselves.
* One must become able to discern the strength of another in a glance.
* Against an opponent of inferior strength, one does not have to defend against attacks one by one. One should instead oneself instantly attack.
* *Karate* is *sente*, or making the first move.
* *Kassen*, or engaging an opponent, is strategy.
* One cannot understand the true meaning of something without putting it into practice.
* The way the legs, hips, and lower back are used in the *naihanchi* kata is the basis of *karate*.
* In the *naihanchi kata*, twisting to either the right or the left is a stance that can be used in actual confrontation. Thinking of twisting to either the right or left in the *naihanchi kata*, one can start to understand one by one the meaning of the movements contained therein.
* A defending arm must always be able to instantly transform into an attacking arm. Defending with one arm and attacking with the other is not true *bujutsu*. Achieved with further development, the *waza* of defending and attacking at the same time is true *bujutsu*.
* Against true *karate*, a series of strikes cannot be used. That is because if an opponent's strike is blocked with true *karate*, the opponent will not be able to make a second move.

### Students

Motobu trained many students who went on to become noteworthy practitioners of karate in their own right, including:

## Motobu Udundī

### History

Motobu Udundī is a martial art that has been passed down through the Motobu family, a branch of the Ryukyuan royal family that was known as the *Motobu Udun* (Motobu Palace) during the Ryukyu Kingdom. Dī (literally meaning "hand") means martial arts in the Okinawan dialect. Thus, Motobu Udundī means martial arts of the royal Motobu family.

Motobu Chōyū (1865 - 1928), the 12th head of the Motobu family, inherited this martial art from his father, Chōshin, but at the age of 14 the Ryukyu Kingdom fell. He had three sons, but the downfall of the family combined with the emigration of his sons to mainland Japan made the succession of Motobu Udundī difficult.

Chōyū decided to teach Motobu Udundī to his student Uehara Seikichi, and asked Uehara to teach this martial art to his second son Chōmō, who lived in Wakayama. Uehara taught Chōmo this martial art and then emigrated to the Philippines. Chōmō, who inherited Motobu Udundī, died in Osaka in 1945 as a result of an air raid.

Upon his return from the Philippines, Uehara learned of Chōmō's death and searched for a new member of the Motobu family to succeed Motobu Udundī, but was unable to find one. In 1976, he met Motobu Chōki's son Chōsei for the first time and asked him to succeed Motobu Udundī. Chōsei accepted the offer and studied under Uehara, and in 2003 Motobu Chōsei officially succeeded Motobu Udundī as the Sōke.

### Kata

Motobu Udundī has two kata of *Shuri sanchin* called *motode* (*mutudī* in Okinawan dialect, meaning "basic hand") or *motode sanchin*. The *motode ichi* is performed with open hands, and the *motode ni* is performed with fists. There are also three kata called *kasshindī* (meaning "battle hand"), created by Uehara Seikichi.

* Motode Ichi
* Motode Ni
* Kasshindī San
* Kasshindī Yon
* Kasshindī Go

### Kumite

Since the modification of Ankō Itosu, the thrusting techniques of karate have maingly changed from *nukite* (spear hand) thrusting with the fingertips to fists. However, in Motobu Udundī, *nukite* is still common and retains the characteristics of the old style. Kicking techniques also differ from general Okinawan karate in that there are high kicking techniques. There is a high kicking technique called *bō geri* (*bō jiri* in the Okinawan dialect, literally stick kick).

Motobu Udundī does not use common karate blocking techniques such as *age uke* (high block), *chūdan uke* (middle block), and *gedan barai* (low block). Instead, the techniques are either used to dodge an opponent's attack with *tai sabaki* or *tsuki uke* (punch block), which is both a defense and an attack at the same time.

### Tuitī

In Okinawa, jujutsu techniques such as joint locking and throwing techniques are called *tuitī* (*torite* in Japanese). The name *tuitī* (*torite*) is mentioned in the 10 precepts of Ankō Itosu, a technique that declined in Okinawa in the early 20th century. *oshi-te* (pushing hand), *ogami-te* (praying hand), and *koneri-te* (kneading hand).

### Weapons

Because the Motobu family was Ryukyuan royalty, Motobu Udundī uses swords, spears, and naginata in addition to the weapons (farming and fishing tools) commonly used in Okinawan kobudō.

* *Tachi* (sword)
* *Tantō* (short sword)
* *Yari* (spear)
* *Naginata* (pole sword)
* (6 ft staff)
* (3 ft staff)
* *Tanbō* (short staff)
* *Torisashi Bō* (stick for catching birds)
* *Uēku* (oar)
* *Sai*
* *Nunchaku*
* *Tonfā*
* *Kama* (sickle)
* *Hōki* (broom)

https://www.motobu-ryu.org/motobu-kenpo/motobu-choki-sensei/

http://www.fightingarts.com/reading/article.php?id=211

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfXWu4AteXg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0JWBSa7qfM

## InfoBox

Motobu-ryū
(本部流)
| Motobu-ryū in 1926. | |
| --- | --- |
| Date founded | 1922 |
| Country of origin | Japan |
| Founder | Motobu Chōki<br>(1870–1944) |
| Current head | Motobu Chōsei |
| Arts taught | Karate, Kobudō |
| Ancestor schools | Shuri-teTomari-te |
| Descendant schools | Wadō-ryūShindō jinen-ryūMatsubayashi Ryu • Nihon Kenpo KaratedoTōon-ryū |
| Official website | Motobu-ryu |


title: Grand-Saint-Esprit, Quebec

abstract: Grand-Saint-Esprit is a municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of the province of Quebec in Canada. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 471.

text:
# Grand-Saint-Esprit, Quebec

**Grand-Saint-Esprit** is a municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of the province of Quebec in Canada. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 471.

## Demographics

### Population

**Population trend:**

| Census | Population | Change (%) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | 471 | 1.1% |
| 2006 | 466 | 4.7% |
| 2001 | 489 | 2.0% |
| 1996 | 499 | 10.3% |
| 1991 | 556 | N/A |

### Language

**Mother tongue language (2006)**

| Language | Population | Pct (%) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| French only | 465 | 100.00% |
| English only | 0 | 0.00% |
| Both English and French | 0 | 0.00% |
| Other languages | 0 | 0.00% |

## InfoBox

| Grand-Saint-Esprit | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Motto(s): Liberté et Bienveillance
("Freedom and Benevolence") | |
| Location within Nicolet-Yamaska RCM. | |
| Grand-Saint-EspritLocation in southern Quebec. | |
| Coordinates: 46°11′N 72°30′W / 46.183°N 72.500°W / 46.183; -72.500 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Centre-du-Québec |
| RCM | Nicolet-Yamaska |
| Constituted | May 14, 1938 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Julien Boudreault |
| Federal riding | Bas-Richelieu—Nicolet—Bécancour |
| Prov. riding | Nicolet-Bécancour |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.20 km2 (10.50 sq mi) |
| Land | 27.14 km2 (10.48 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 471 |
| Density | 17.4/km2 (45/sq mi) |
| Pop 2006-2011 | 1.1% |
| Dwellings | 207 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | J0G 1B0 |
| Area code | 819 |
| Highways | R-226 |
| Website | www.grandsaintesprit.qc.ca |


title: Graham Urwin

abstract: Graham Edward Urwin is an English former footballer who played as an outside right in the Football League for Darlington and in non-league football for South Shields. Urwin appeared only once for Darlington's first team, playing the whole of the Fourth Division match at home to Southend United on 21 October 1967 as replacement for regular winger Don Ratcliffe.

text:
# Graham Urwin

**Graham Edward Urwin** (born 15 February 1949) is an English former footballer who played as an outside right in the Football League for Darlington and in non-league football for South Shields. Urwin appeared only once for Darlington's first team, playing the whole of the Fourth Division match at home to Southend United on 21 October 1967 as replacement for regular winger Don Ratcliffe.

## InfoBox

Graham Urwin
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Graham Edward Urwin | | |
| Date of birth | (1949-02-15)15 February 1949 | | |
| Place of birth | South Shields, England | | |
| Position(s) | Outside right | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1967–1968 | Darlington | 1 | (0) |
|  | South Shields |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Grant Wood Cultural District

abstract: The Grant Wood Cultural District is a historic district in downtown Cedar Rapids, Iowa that was certified in 2010 by the Iowa State Historical Society. It includes Grant Wood's studio, the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art, the Veterans Memorial Building, the U.S. Cellular Center, and numerous other points of interest. It includes "a natural chain of sites beginning with the Masonic Library and 5 Turner Alley east of the Cedar River, past the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art and new Cedar Rapids Public Library location, Paramount Theatre, Orchestra Iowa, Mays Island and over to the west side of the Cedar River where the proposed Amphitheatre will be located." From 1924 to 1935, Grant Wood's studio was located at 5 Turner Alley.

text:
# Grant Wood Cultural District

The **Grant Wood Cultural District** is a historic district in downtown Cedar Rapids, Iowa that was certified in 2010 by the Iowa State Historical Society.

It includes Grant Wood's studio, the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art, the Veterans Memorial Building, the U.S. Cellular Center, and numerous other points of interest.

It includes "a natural chain of sites beginning with the Masonic Library and 5 Turner Alley east of the Cedar River, past the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art and new Cedar Rapids Public Library location, Paramount Theatre, Orchestra Iowa, Mays Island and over to the west side of the Cedar River where the proposed Amphitheatre will be located." From 1924 to 1935, Grant Wood's studio was located at 5 Turner Alley.

41°58′56.5″N 91°39′39.5″W / 41.982361°N 91.660972°W / 41.982361; -91.660972


title: Everything's Fine (Matt Corby album)

abstract: Everything's Fine is the third studio album by Australian singer Matt Corby, released on 24 March 2023 through Island Records Australia. The album was announced on 11 January 2023, alongside second single, "Reelin'". In a press statement Corby said the album's title was "not ironic, but intended to represent acceptance". On 15 February 2023, Corby released the album's third single "Big Smoke" and announced Everything's Fine tour dates, commencing in Melbourne on 22 May 2023. The album's artwork was created by illustrator Niqui Toldi. At the 2023 ARIA Music Awards, the album was nominated for Album of the Year, Best Produced Release and Best Engineered Release. At the 2023 J Awards, the album was nominated for Australian Album of the Year.

text:
# Everything's Fine (Matt Corby album)

***Everything's Fine*** is the third studio album by Australian singer Matt Corby, released on 24 March 2023 through Island Records Australia. The album was announced on 11 January 2023, alongside second single, "Reelin'".

In a press statement Corby said the album's title was "not ironic, but intended to represent acceptance". On 15 February 2023, Corby released the album's third single "Big Smoke" and announced *Everything's Fine* tour dates, commencing in Melbourne on 22 May 2023.

The album's artwork was created by illustrator Niqui Toldi.

At the 2023 ARIA Music Awards, the album was nominated for Album of the Year, Best Produced Release and Best Engineered Release.

At the 2023 J Awards, the album was nominated for Australian Album of the Year.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *American Songwriter* |  |
| *Rolling Stone Australia* |  |

Jade Kennedy from *Rolling Stone Australia* called the album a "triumph" saying "Corby's soulful vocals bring everything together with finesse. The auditory equivalent to hot cocoa: satisfying and sweet."

Alli Patton from *American Songwriter* felt that "Overall, *Everything's Fine* is more than just fine. The album is a groovy, spacey, soul-stirring message of hope where dreamy, drifting vocals meet easy, inoffensive sounds. It's a passionate, but also a perceptive record, one that understands and lets listeners know it will all be okay."

Michael Major from *BroadwayWorld* called it "Corby's most innovative, sonically adventurous and resonant album yet." *Beat Magazine* called the album "an absolute swoonfest".

## Track listing

*Everything's Fine* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Problems" |  |  | 3:32 |
| 2. | "For Real" | * Corby * Dunn * Alex Henriksson | * Corby * Dunn * Henriksson | 4:02 |
| 3. | "Carry On" | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | * Corby * Collins | 3:52 |
| 4. | "Reelin'" | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | 3:28 |
| 5. | "Big Smoke" | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | 3:38 |
| 6. | "Lover" | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | 3:23 |
| 7. | "Reruns" | * Corby * Dunn | * Corby * Collins | 3:16 |
| 8. | "Words I Say" | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | 2:46 |
| 9. | "Mainies" | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | * Corby * Collins | 4:12 |
| 10. | "Better Than That" | * Corby * Dunn * Henriksson | * Corby * Henriksson | 3:41 |
| 11. | "Everything's Fine" | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | * Corby * Collins * Dunn | 4:29 |
| Total length: | | | | 40:19 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *Everything's Fine*
| Chart (2023) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 8 |

## InfoBox

| Everything's Fine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Matt Corby | |
| Released | 24 March 2023 |
| Studio | Rainbow Valley Studios |
| Length | 40:19 |
| Label | Island Australia |
| Producer | * Matt Corby * Chris Collins * Nat Dunn * Alex Henriksson |
| Matt Corby chronology | |
| *Rainbow Valley*
(2018) ***Everything's Fine***
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Everything's Fine* | |
| 1. "Problems"
Released: 4 November 2022 2. "Reelin'"
Released: 13 January 2023 3. "Big Smoke"
Released: 15 February 2023 | |
|  | |


title: Gmina Liw

abstract: Gmina Liw is a rural gmina in Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It takes its name from the village of Liw. The administrative seat of the gmina is the town of Węgrów, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina. The gmina covers an area of 169.56 square kilometres (65.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,677.

text:
# Gmina Liw

**Gmina Liw** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It takes its name from the village of Liw (the site of a castle; formerly a town). The administrative seat of the gmina is the town of Węgrów, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 169.56 square kilometres (65.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,677 (7,616 in 2013).

## Villages

Gmina Liw contains the villages and settlements of Borzychy, Janowo, Jarnice, Jarnice-Pieńki, Jartypory, Krypy, Kucyk, Liw, Ludwinów, Ossolin, Pierzchały, Połazie, Popielów, Ruchenka, Ruchna, Śnice, Starawieś, Szaruty, Tończa, Tończa-Janówki, Witanki, Wyszków, Zając and Zawady.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Liw is bordered by the town of Węgrów and by the gminas of Bielany, Grębków, Korytnica, Miedzna, Mokobody, Sokołów Podlaski, Stoczek and Wierzbno.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Liw Liw Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
| Liw castle | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Węgrów): 52°24′N 22°1′E / 52.400°N 22.017°E / 52.400; 22.017 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Masovian |
| County | Węgrów |
| Seat | Węgrów |
| Area | |
| Total | 169.56 km2 (65.47 sq mi) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 7,616 |
| Density | 45/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.liw.pl/ |


title: Good Thing (Rebecka Törnqvist album)

abstract: Good Thing is a 1995 album by Rebecka Törnqvist.

text:
# Good Thing (Rebecka Törnqvist album)

***Good Thing*** is a 1995 album by Rebecka Törnqvist.

## Track listing

All song written by Rebecka Törnqvist and Pål Svenre except as noted.

1. "Good Thing" – 3:45
2. "Just as Long" – 4:39
3. "Sleep Tight" – 3:25
4. "Julio's Rainbow" (Rebecka Törnqvist, Esbjörn Svensson) – 4:37
5. "You and Your Great Love" – 4:09
6. "Forever More" – 4:35
7. "I Do" (Rebecka Törnqvist) – 4:31
8. "Monster Walk" – 5:10
9. "Love Song" – 3:04
10. "Larger Than Life" (Rebecka Törnqvist, Pål Svenre, Markus Wikström) – 5:34
11. "I Don't Know Why" (Shawn Colvin) – 5:28

## Charts

| Chart (1995) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 1 |

## InfoBox

| Good Thing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rebecka Törnqvist | |
| Released | 1995 |
| Recorded | Atlantis & EMI Studios, Stockholm, Sweden |
| Genre | pop, jazz |
| Length | 49:08 |
| Label | EMI |
| Producer | Pål Svenre, Alar Suurna, Rebecka Törnqvist |
| Rebecka Törnqvist chronology | |
| *A Night Like This*
(1993) ***Good Thing***
(1995) *The Stockholm Kaza Session*
(1996) | |


title: Frank Barrington Craig

abstract: Frank Barrington Craig, also known as Barry Craig, was a British painter of portraits and landscapes and also an art teacher.

text:
# Frank Barrington Craig

**Frank Barrington Craig** (2 March 1902 – 4 February 1951), also known as **Barry Craig**, was a British painter of portraits and landscapes and also an art teacher.

## Biography

Craig was born in Hampstead in north London into a family of artists. He was educated at Rugby School. His father was the artist Frank Craig and, in due course, his own son, Adam, would become a painter. Craig studied at the Slade School of Art between 1919 and 1924. His fellow students included Rodney Joseph Burn, Walter Thomas Monnington and Mary Potter. Craig moved to South Africa and worked as professor of painting at the Michaelis School of Fine Art in Cape Town from 1926 to 1933. Upon returning to Britain, Craig taught at Saint Martin's School of Art in London until 1950.

During the Second World War, Craig undertook camouflage work for the British Government. He also had one painting, on a camouflage subject, purchased by the War Artists Advisory Committee, WAAC, in June 1943 and he was subsequently commissioned to paint portraits of a fire-guarding team based in Weston-Super-Mare by WAAC. From 1946 when he was elected a member, Craig exhibited regularly with the New English Art Club. He exhibited at the Royal Academy and had exhibitions at the Goupil Gallery and the Cooling Galleries. Craig often painted landscapes in Provence and Brittany, and an example of the former is held in the UK Government Art Collection. Craig died in Chelsea and a retrospective exhibition of his work was held in 1987 at the New Art Centre.

## InfoBox

| Frank Barrington Craig | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 2 March 1902<br>Hampstead, London, England |
| Died | 4 February 1951(1951-02-04) (aged 48) |
| Known for | Portrait painting |


title: Townsmen

abstract: Townsmen is a city-building video game series developed and published by HandyGames. They generally have feudal settings, and some include combat. The first six games were Java-based. Later entries were released for more platforms, including Windows, PlayStation 5, Android, and iOS, and they do not have any combat.

text:
# Townsmen

***Townsmen*** is a city-building video game series developed and published by HandyGames. They generally have feudal settings, and some include combat. The first six games were Java-based. Later entries were released for more platforms, including Windows, PlayStation 5, Android, and iOS, and they do not have any combat.

## *Townsmen* (2004)

The first game in the series was published in September 2004. It is a city-building game similar to the *SimCity* series and is played on a single screen. *IGN* called it a "pleasant little surprise" that "offers hours of play", though they criticized the lack of in-game help screens. *GameSpot* recommended it to people who enjoy complex games, though they called its controls "virtually impenetrable".

## *Townsmen 2*

After declaring their independence from a corrupt kingdom, players build up their town, gather resources, and construct tools. *IGN* said that for those willing to put into the effort necessary for the micromanagement and difficulty, it "could be quite a rewarding experience". It was released in Europe in December 2004.

## *Townsmen 3*

Depending on the hardware, *Townsmen 3* includes up to 14 missions. As players build up their town, they can choose either friendly or hostile actions with other settlements. This choice affects what bonuses they get. *Pocket Gamer* said it is "one of the best resource management sims available on mobile", though they criticized the balance of the bonuses received, which they said were weighted toward hostility. *GamePro* said every mobile gamer should own it.

## *Townsmen 4*

Players control a monk in charge of improving a small town. Players are given objectives, which they can then complete as they see fit. *Pocket Gamer* called it "a mobile strategy classic" for what they felt was complex gameplay that rivaled that of Windows games. It was released in Europe in March 2007, and a deal with Gamevil to publish it in the United States was signed in December 2008, after *Townsmen 5* had been released.

## *Townsmen 5*

Players control a robber baron in a feudal fantasy land. They are opposed by a wizard, who players must defeat in combat after making their town prosperous. It was the first *Townsmen* game to be published by Disney Mobile Studios and was released in January 2008. According to *Pocket Gamer*'s analysis, *Townsmen 5* was the highest rated mobile game on five sites (including their own) for the first three months of 2008. In their review, *Pocket Gamer* said *Townsman 5* is "great fun and dangerously engrossing".

## *Townsmen 6*

The sixth entry is set in revolutionary France. Amid the city-building aspects, players must also fend off attacks by the King of France, who believes the player's town to be fomenting rebellion. It was released in July 2009. *Pocket Gamer* called it the best so far and "a complete triumph".

## *Townsmen* (2012)

The 2012 reboot is free-to-play on iOS and Android. Compared to the previous Java-based games, it removes combat. *Pocket Gamer* said the freemium model made it unenjoyable. They later said that it had not initially impressed them, but years of support made it one of the best city-building games on mobile devices. Headup Games published it on Windows in November 2016. *GameStar* said the Windows version is a good port but recommended that advanced users play a more complex game.

## *Townsmen VR*

*Townsmen VR* was released in February 2018 for Windows, using HTC Vive and Occulus Rift. It was released for PlayStation VR2 in January 2023. It was nominated for best technical achievement and the Cologne special prize for innovation at the Deutscher Entwicklerpreis and received positive reviews on Metacritic. In a roundup of the best VR games for the PlayStation 5, *Sports Illustrated* said it has awkward controls but "shows the potential of the god game genre in VR".

## *Townsmen: A Kingdom Rebuilt*

*Townsmen: A Kingdom Rebuilt* received mixed reviews on Metacritic. It was released on the Nintendo Switch in November 2018. *Nintendo World Report* called the Switch version "wonderfully complex" despite looking like generic mobile game. *Digitally Downloaded* said the scenarios were better than expected, but they called it "a complete misfire" for fans of sandbox games. A Windows version was released in 2019. Owners of the 2016 Windows version of *Townsmen* on Steam received it for free. It was published by Netflix for Android and iOS in May 2022. These versions require a current Netflix subscription, but Netflix subscribers can play it for free. It is also available for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.

1. "Townsmen \[2004\]". *IGN*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
2. Buchanan, Levi (2018-11-23) \[2004-09-27\]. "*Townsmen*". *IGN*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
3. Palley, Stephen (2004-04-28). "*Townsmen* Review". *GameSpot*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
4. Buchanan, Levi (2018-11-24) \[2004-12-13\]. "*Townsmen 2: Fear of the King*". *IGN*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
5. Buchanan, Levi (2012-05-19) \[2004-11-10\]. "*Townsmen 2*". *IGN*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
6. James, Chris (2006-04-12). "*Townsmen 3*". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
7. "*Townsmen 3* (Mobiles Spielen)". *GamePro* (in German). 2006-02-27. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
8. Morris, Ian (2019-07-25) \[2007-03-16\]. "*Townsmen 4*". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
9. Dredge, Stuart (2019-07-25) \[2008-12-19\]. "Gamevil takes *Townsmen 4* to America". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
10. Leonard, Chris (2008-01-28). "*Townsmen 5*". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
11. Dredge, Stuart (2019-07-25) \[2008-01-16\]. "Townsmen 5 heads for mobile". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
12. Dredge, Stuart (2019-07-25) \[2008-06-17\]. "*Townsmen 5* rules the mobile game roost". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
13. McFerran, Damien (2021-06-12) \[2009-07-20\]. "*Townsmen 6*". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
14. Mundy, Jon (2019-07-25) \[2009-07-15\]. "Townsmen 6 out now for mobile". *Pocket Gamer*.
15. Wilson, Will (2019-07-25) \[2012-03-02\]. "MWC 2012: First look at city-building game Townsmen for Android and iOS". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
16. Devlin, Paul (2012-08-14). "*Townsmen*". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
17. Hadley, Jupiter (2023-04-03). "*Townsmen*". *Pocket Gamer*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
18. Schneider, Christian Fritz (2016-11-23). "*Townsmen* \- Erstes PC-Gameplay: Was musste geändert werden?". *GameStar* (in German). Retrieved 2023-07-25.
19. Deppe, Martin (2017-06-30). "*Townsmen* im Test - Die Simpel-Siedler". *GameStar* (in German). Retrieved 2023-07-25.
20. Carbotte, Kevin (2018-02-08). "Handy Games' 'Townsmen VR,' 'Devil And The Fairy' Let You Play God". *Tom's Hardware*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
21. Barker, Sammy (2023-01-25). "Townsmen VR Settles on PSVR2 for Launch Day". *Push Square*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
22. Kleffmann, Marcel (2018-11-05). "Deutscher Entwicklerpreis 2018: Die Nominierten stehen fest". *4Players* (in German). Retrieved 2023-07-25.
23. "*Townsmen VR* (PS5)". *Metacritic*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
24. McKeand, Kirk (2023-03-03). "The best PSVR 2 games on PS5". *Sports Illustrated*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
25. "*Townsmen: A Kingdom Rebuilt* (PC)". *Metacritic*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
26. "*Townsmen: A Kingdom Rebuilt* (Switch)". *Metacritic*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
27. Lloyd, David (2018-11-08). "*Townsmen* (Switch) Review". *Nintendo World Report*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
28. Sainsbury, Matt (2018-11-12). "Review: *Townsmen* (Nintendo Switch)". *Digitally Downloaded*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
29. Kleffmann, Marcel (2019-02-26). "Townsmen - A Kingdom Rebuilt: Überarbeitete Version des Aufbau-Strategiespiels erschienen". *4Players* (in German). Retrieved 2023-07-25.
30. Bankhurst, Adam (2022-04-30). "New to Netflix in May 2022: Stranger Things Season 4, Jackass 4.5, and More". *IGN*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
31. "*Townsmen: A Kingdom Rebuilt*". *IGN*. Retrieved 2023-07-25.

## InfoBox

| Townsmen | |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | HandyGames |
| Publisher(s) |  |
| Platform(s) |  |
| First release | *Townsmen*
2004 |
| Latest release | *Townsmen: A Kingdom Rebuilt*
2019 |


title: Uncommon Ritual

abstract: Uncommon Ritual is the second album released by Sony Classical of string trios, following Appalachia Waltz, with unusual instrumentation and influences from bluegrass and folk music to create an Americana-style of traditional classical music. Uncommon Ritual adds jazz, blues, and elements from world music to the mix. Regarding the genre-defying nature of the music, New York Times music critic Ben Ratliff wrote, "Despite its inclusion of Bach and Pablo de Sarasate's "Zigeunerweisen", Uncommon Ritual is not a classical album. But neither does it belong to bluegrass, traditional Irish music, jazz or any of the other traditions it lightly borrows from. It's sort of a chamberized health shake of music that's acceptable to a National Public Radio listenership: it comes with an unmistakable patina of culture, the pieces are brief and funny and the sound of the music is comfortably familiar." The trio includes double-bassist and composer Edgar Meyer, banjoist and composer Béla Fleck, and mandolin player Mike Marshall. The album is noted for the variety of instruments used, and the performers' ability to change instruments fluently within songs. The pairing of these three musicians was new for the recording of this album; however, Meyer and Fleck's musical relationship dates back to the mid '80s.

text:
# Uncommon Ritual

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *The Strad* | (measured favorable) |
| Allmusic |  |

***Uncommon Ritual*** is the second album released by Sony Classical of string trios, following Appalachia Waltz, with unusual instrumentation and influences from bluegrass and folk music to create an Americana-style of traditional classical music. *Uncommon Ritual* adds jazz, blues, and elements from world music to the mix. Regarding the genre-defying nature of the music, New York Times music critic Ben Ratliff wrote, "Despite its inclusion of Bach and Pablo de Sarasate's "Zigeunerweisen", *Uncommon Ritual* is not a classical album. But neither does it belong to bluegrass, traditional Irish music, jazz or any of the other traditions it lightly borrows from. It's sort of a chamberized health shake of music that's acceptable to a National Public Radio listenership: it comes with an unmistakable patina of culture, the pieces are brief and funny and the sound of the music is comfortably familiar." The trio includes double-bassist and composer Edgar Meyer, banjoist and composer Béla Fleck, and mandolin player Mike Marshall. The album is noted for the variety of instruments used, and the performers' ability to change instruments fluently within songs. The pairing of these three musicians was new for the recording of this album; however, Meyer and Fleck's musical relationship dates back to the mid '80s.

## Track listing

1. "Uncommon Ritual" (Edgar Meyer)
2. "Seesaw" (Béla Fleck)
3. "Sliding Down" (Meyer)
4. "Chromium Picolinate" (Meyer, Fleck)
5. "Contramonkey" (Meyer)
6. "Chance Meeting" (Meyer)
7. "Zigeunerweisen" (Pablo de Sarasate \- arr: Mike Marshall, Meyer)
8. "Travis" (Fleck)
9. "Old Tyme" (Meyer)
10. "Contrapunctus VIII from *The Art of the Fugue*" (Johann Sebastian Bach \- arr: Fleck, Marshall, Meyer)
11. Third movement from *Amalgamations for solo bass* (Meyer)
12. "By the River" (Meyer)
13. "Big Country" (Fleck)
14. "Barnyard Disturbance" (Meyer)
15. "In the Garden" (Meyer)
16. "Child's Play" (Marshall)
17. "The Big Cheese" (Fleck, Marshall, Meyer)

## Personnel

* Edgar Meyer, bass; piano and mandocello on "Sliding Down"
* Béla Fleck, banjo; mandolin on "Sliding Down"; guitar on "Sliding Down", "Travis", and "By the River"
* Mike Marshall, mandolin; mandocello on "Uncommon Ritual" and "Travis"; mandola on "Sliding Down", "Travis", and "In the Garden"; guitar on "Sliding Down" and "Big Country"

## InfoBox

| Uncommon Ritual | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Edgar Meyer, Béla Fleck, Mike Marshall | |
| Released | September 30, 1997 |
| Recorded | November 1996, February 1997 |
| Genre | Classical |
| Length | 77:31 |
| Label | Sony Classical |
| Producer | Edgar Meyer and Béla Fleck, with association with Mike Marshall |


title: Nick Halloran

abstract: Nicholas Halloran is an American professional ice hockey forward who currently plays for Tappara Tampere in the Liiga.

text:
# Nick Halloran

**Nicholas Halloran** (born May 13, 1997) is an American professional ice hockey forward who currently plays for Tappara Tampere in the Liiga.

## Early life

Halloran was born on May 13, 1997, in Draper, Utah to parents Michael Halloran and Cheryl Gilger.

## Career

### Early career

Growing up, Halloran played for the Colorado Thunderbirds and Colorado Rampage 16U AAA in the Tier 1 Elite Hockey League (T1EHL). He made his U15 Midget Minor debut with the Thunderbirds during the 2012–13 season and moved to Colorado with his mother for his first two seasons in the T1EHL. He advanced to the Colorado Rampage 18U AAA during the 2014–15 season where he recorded 26 points in 24 games and earned a selection by the Sioux Falls Stampede in the 2015 United States Hockey League (USHL) Entry Draft. Halloran declined and chose to play with the Trail Smoke Eaters in the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) where he led the team with 45 points in 53 regular-season games.

While with the Trail Smoke Eaters, Halloran committed to play NCAA Division 1 ice hockey with the Colorado College Tigers men's ice hockey, following after his brother who also earned a college hockey opportunity after playing in the BCHL. When speaking of his decision to play at Colorado College, he admitted that his years playing with the Thunderbirds and Rampage influenced his choice.

### Collegiate

Halloran played with the Colorado College Tigers from 2016 until 2020 while majoring in economics. He made his collegiate debut on October 14, 2016, against the UMass Lowell River Hawks, where he scored his first goal in an eventual 8–5 loss. Later that month, he was named NCHC Rookie of the Week after scoring three of the team's five goals over a two-game weekend against Boston College and New Hampshire. Halloran ended the season with a selection to the 2016–17 NCHC's Academic All-Conference Team and tied for sixth on the team with five goals in 29 games.

Following his freshman campaign, Halloran proceeded to have a breakout sophomore season while playing on a line with Mason Bergh and Trey Bradley (often called the 13-14-15 line for their uniform numbers). His 45 points placed him third overall in the conference and 15th in the country while also earning him the Thayer Tutt Award as team MVP and M.B. Hopper Award as the team's leading scorer. As a result of his play, Halloran won back-to-back NCHC Player of the Month accolades for December and January. was named a Hobey Baker Award nominee, and became the first Tiger since 2012 to be selected as a Second-team All-America. After his successful season, Tigers coach Mike Haviland estimated that 10 to 15 professional teams took an interest in Halloran and said "we \[the team\] didn’t know if he’d come back for that junior year." It was later revealed that Halloran had played through a torn labrum and required surgery to remove a bone spur during the offseason.

Leading up to his third year at Colorado College, Halloran was selected for the NCHC Preseason All-Conference Team as voted on by local and select media members. He was also praised by Air Force Falcons coach Frank Serratore who speculated that he would end his collegiate career early to pursue a professional one. This would never come to fruition as he struggled at the beginning of the season and underwent a second surgery in January which cut his season short. Although he finished the season early, Halloran was named to his third Academic All-Conference Team for maintaining a 3.0 cumulative GPA or better during the semesters.

Halloran announced he would rejoin the Tigers for his fourth and final season and said "I definitely feel like a new person. My hip was really bothering me, and it was a tough decision to get it fixed. But ultimately, I believe it was the right one. I’m flying now." Similar to his sophomore season, Halloran meshed well with Chris Wilkie and together they accounted for 41.6% of their team's goal total by January. As a result of their outstanding play, both Wilkie and Halloran were nominated for the 2020 Hobey Baker Award. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, his senior season was cut short and he moved his classes online so he could return home.

### Professional

Halloran concluded his collegiate career by signing an American Hockey League (AHL) contract with the Ontario Reign for the 2020–21 season on May 14, 2020. When asked what his first purchase would be with his first check, Halloran said he would open a savings account. With the season shortened due to the pandemic, Halloran made just 15 appearances, collecting 8 points, in his lone season with the Reign.

As a free agent, Halloran embarked on a European career by splitting the following 2021–22 season between Finnish club, SaiPa of the Liiga and Swedish club, Örebro HK of the SHL.

In showing his offensive acumen, Halloran as a free agent opted to continue in the SHL, securing a one-year contract with Timrå IK on May 18, 2022. In the 2022–23 season, Halloran contributed offensively for Timrå in adding 7 goals and 15 points in 27 appearances. On January 24, 2023, Halloran opted to leave the club and sign for the remainder of the season with Swedish second tier club, Modo Hockey of the HockeyAllsvenskan.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2014–15 | Colorado Rampage | T1EHL | | 24 | 11 | 15 | 26 | 14 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015–16 | Trail Smoke Eaters | BCHL | | 53 | 21 | 24 | 45 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Colorado College | NCHC | | 29 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 22 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | Colorado College | NCHC | | 37 | 19 | 26 | 45 | 33 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Colorado College | NCHC | | 20 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | Colorado College | NCHC | | 33 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | Ontario Reign | AHL | | 15 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021–22 | SaiPa | Liiga | | 25 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021–22 | Örebro HK | SHL | | 20 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 10 | | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 2022–23 | Timrå IK | SHL | | 27 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2023–24 | Tappara | Liiga | | 60 | 19 | 24 | 43 | 43 | | 16 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 2 |
| Liiga totals | | | | 85 | 26 | 34 | 60 | 59 | | 16 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 2 |
| SHL totals | | | | 47 | 13 | 14 | 27 | 20 | | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |

## Awards and honors

| Award | Year | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- |
| College | | |
| NCHC First All-Star Team | 2018 |  |
| NCAA West Second All-American Team | 2018 |  |

## InfoBox

| Nick Halloran | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1997-05-13) May 13, 1997
Draper, Utah, U.S. | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) | | |
| Weight | 174 lb (79 kg; 12 st 6 lb) | | |
| Position | Right Wing | | |
| Shoots | Right | | |
| Liiga team
Former teams | *Tappara Tampere*
Ontario Reign
SaiPa
Örebro HK
Timrå IK | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 2021present | | |


title: Penny's Bay Highway

abstract: Penny's Bay Highway is a section of expressway on Lantau Island in Hong Kong. The road links North Lantau Highway to Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and Penny's Bay Quarantine Centre in Penny's Bay. It is approximately 1.5 km, starting from the North Lantau Highway's junction in Yam O and ending at Penny's Bay to link with Magic Road and Sunny Bay Road. The road was opened in 2005 to connect Hong Kong Disneyland, which opened in the same year, to the rest of Hong Kong via the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System. From the north terminus at North Lantau Highway, it passes parallel to Sunny Bay Road through a valley before reaching its southern terminus, a roundabout intersecting with Sunny Bay Road and Magic Road.

text:
# Penny's Bay Highway

**Penny's Bay Highway** (Chinese: 竹篙灣公路; Cantonese Yale: *juk1 gou1 waan1 gung1 lou6*) is a section of expressway on Lantau Island in Hong Kong. The road links North Lantau Highway to Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and Penny's Bay Quarantine Centre in Penny's Bay. It is approximately 1.5 km, starting from the North Lantau Highway's junction in Yam O and ending at Penny's Bay to link with Magic Road (to Hong Kong Disneyland Resort) and Sunny Bay Road (to Yam O).

The road was opened in 2005 to connect Hong Kong Disneyland, which opened in the same year, to the rest of Hong Kong via the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System. From the north terminus at North Lantau Highway, it passes parallel to Sunny Bay Road through a valley before reaching its southern terminus, a roundabout intersecting with Sunny Bay Road and Magic Road.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Tsuen Wan District.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Penny's Bay | 0.0 | 0.0 | Sunny Bay Road / Magic Road – Disneyland | Eastern terminus |
| Yam O | 1.5 | 0.93 | Route 8 west (North Lantau Highway) Tung Chung, Hong Kong International Airport | Western terminus |
| | | Route 8 east (Lantau Link) Tsing Yi, Tsuen Wan, Kowloon | |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Other expressways and major road infrastructure on Lantau Island include:

22°19′32″N 114°02′07″E / 22.325663°N 114.035357°E / 22.325663; 114.035357

## InfoBox

| Penny's Bay Highway | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 1.5 km (0.93 mi) |
| Existed | 2005–present |
| Major junctions | |
| East end | Magic Road / Sunny Bay Road at Penny's Bay |
| West end | Route 8 at Yam O (Sunny Bay) |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | China |
| Special administrative region | Hong Kong |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Pennville, Pennsylvania

abstract: Pennville is a census-designated place (CDP) in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,947 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Pennville, Pennsylvania

**Pennville** is a census-designated place (CDP) in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,947 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Pennville is located in Penn Township, adjacent to the borough of Hanover.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 2,430 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 1,964 people, 659 households, and 461 families living in the CDP. The population density was 2,718.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,049.5/km2). There were 682 housing units at an average density of 943.9 per square mile (364.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.01% White, 0.46% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.51% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.92%.

Of the 659 households 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 22.8% of households were one person and 8.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.94.

The age distribution was 21.1% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 28.0% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.2 males.

The median household income was $38,934 and the median family income was $47,841. Males had a median income of $36,231 versus $21,520 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,252. None of the families and 3.3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 13.7% of those over 64.

## InfoBox

| Pennville | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location in York County and the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. | |
| Coordinates: 39°47′12″N 76°59′31″W / 39.78667°N 76.99194°W / 39.78667; -76.99194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | York |
| Township | Penn |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.95 sq mi (2.47 km2) |
| Land | 0.95 sq mi (2.47 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 584 ft (178 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,430 |
| Density | 2,544.50/sq mi (982.54/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 17331 |
| Area code | 717 |
| FIPS code | 42-59296 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2389662 |


title: Pentila bennetti

abstract: Pentila bennetti is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea. The habitat consists of forests.

text:
# Pentila bennetti

***Pentila bennetti*** is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea. The habitat consists of forests.

## InfoBox

| *Pentila bennetti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Pentila* |
| Species: | ***P. bennetti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pentila bennetti***<br>Collins & Larsen, 2003 | |
|


title: Jay Loeffler

abstract: Jay Steven Loeffler was an American physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, where he served as chair of the Department of Radiation Oncology since 2000. He was the Herman and Joan Suit Professor of Radiation Oncology and professor of neurosurgery at Harvard Medical School.

text:
# Jay Loeffler

**Jay Steven Loeffler** (December 27, 1955 – June 22, 2023) was an American physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, where he served as chair of the Department of Radiation Oncology since 2000. He was the Herman and Joan Suit Professor of Radiation Oncology and professor of neurosurgery at Harvard Medical School.

## Education and training

Born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Loeffler attended The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, Williams College, and the Alpert Medical School at Brown University. After medical school, he trained at the former Harvard Joint Center for Radiation Therapy in Boston serving as Chief Resident. He worked in the Laboratory of Radiobiology under John B. Little at the Harvard School of Public Health. He was an attending physician at the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana–Farber Cancer Institute specializing in neuro-oncology and was the founding director of the Brain Tumor Center. In 1996, he was recruited to the Massachusetts General Hospital to be the director of the Francis Burr Proton Therapy Center before assuming the role as department chair.

## Research

Loeffler has spent his career in the clinical investigation of specialized radiation delivery technologies such as stereotactic radiation and proton therapy. He is an author of over 400 publications, co-editor of nine books and holds funding from the National Cancer Institute in proton therapy. His h-index according to Google Scholar is 101 with 37,323 citations (as of November 11, 2019). His work helped develop the use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), now the mainstay treatment for benign and malignant intracranial tumors. This pivotal research paved the way for the eventual development of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), also known as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), which is now widely used for malignancies throughout the body.

## Awards

Loeffler is a Fellow or the American College of Radiology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and American Association of the Advancement of Science. He is a Member of the National Academy of Medicine. He received the Jacob Fabrikant Award for Lifetime Achievement in the field of stereotactic radiosurgery.

## InfoBox

| Dr. Jay Steven Loeffler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1955-12-27) December 27, 1955<br>Carlisle, Pennsylvania |
| Spouse | Nancy Jane Tarbell |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School |
|  | |