title: Indianapolis Indians

abstract: The Indianapolis Indians are a Minor League Baseball team of the International League (IL) and the Triple-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. They are located in Indianapolis, Indiana, and play their home games at Victory Field, which opened in 1996. The Indians previously played at Owen J. Bush Stadium from 1931 to 1996 and at two versions of Washington Park from 1902 to 1931. Indianapolis is the second-oldest minor league franchise in American professional baseball. The team originated in 1902 as members of the American Association (AA), which was an independent league at the time but was granted Class A status in 1903. Since then, the Indians have played at the highest level of Minor League Baseball, though the terminology has changed. Indianapolis remained in the AA until the league disbanded after the 1962 season. They were briefly members of the International League (1963) and Pacific Coast League (1964–1968) before returning to the revived American Association in 1969. When the league dissolved a second time after the 1997 season, the Indians rejoined the IL in 1998. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of the minors in 2021, they were shifted to the Triple-A East, but this was renamed the International League in 2022. Indianapolis has won 14 league championships. They were American Association champions twelve times. The Indians have won the International League championship twice. They have also won two Little World Series, two Junior World Series, two Triple-A Classics, and one Triple-A World Series (2000).

text:
# Indianapolis Indians

The **Indianapolis Indians** are a Minor League Baseball team of the International League (IL) and the Triple-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. They are located in Indianapolis, Indiana, and play their home games at Victory Field, which opened in 1996. The Indians previously played at Owen J. Bush Stadium from 1931 to 1996 and at two versions of Washington Park from 1902 to 1931.

Indianapolis is the second-oldest minor league franchise in American professional baseball (after the Rochester Red Wings). The team originated in 1902 as members of the American Association (AA), which was an independent league at the time but was granted Class A status in 1903. Since then, the Indians have played at the highest level of Minor League Baseball, though the terminology has changed. Indianapolis remained in the AA until the league disbanded after the 1962 season. They were briefly members of the International League (1963) and Pacific Coast League (1964–1968) before returning to the revived American Association in 1969. When the league dissolved a second time after the 1997 season, the Indians rejoined the IL in 1998. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of the minors in 2021, they were shifted to the Triple-A East, but this was renamed the International League in 2022.

Indianapolis has won 14 league championships. They were American Association champions twelve times (1902, 1908, 1917, 1928, 1949, 1956, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1994). The Indians have won the International League championship twice (1963 and 2000). They have also won two Little World Series (1917 and 1928), two Junior World Series (1949 and 1956), two Triple-A Classics (1988 and 1989), and one Triple-A World Series (2000).

## History

### Prior professional baseball in Indianapolis

Indianapolis has been home to professional baseball teams since the late 19th century. The city's first Minor League Baseball team was the Indianapolis Blues, who played in the League Alliance in 1877. They joined the major league ranks in 1878 as members of the National League. After a five-year hiatus, they were followed by several teams called the Indianapolis Hoosiers. The first Hoosiers played in the major league American Association in 1884. The second Hoosiers were members of the minor Western League in 1885. The third Hoosiers were part of the National League from 1887 to 1889. Other minor league Hoosiers played in the Western League/minor American League in 1892 and from 1894 to 1900 and in the Western Association in 1901.

### American Association (1902–1962)

In 1902, Bill Watkins and Charles Ruschaupt established the Indianapolis Indians as charter members of a new minor league American Association (AA). The league was an independent or "outlaw league" outside the umbrella of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues. The circuit was granted Class A status, the highest level of the minors, in 1903. Since then, the Indians have remained at the top level of Minor League Baseball, though the terminology has changed: Class A (1903–1911), Double-A (1912–1945), and Triple-A (since 1946). The Indians' first home ballpark was East Washington Park.

The 1902 Indians, managed by Watkins, won the first American Association championship with a 96–45 record, two games ahead of the second-place Louisville Colonels. The team was ranked as the 27th greatest minor league baseball team of all-time by baseball historians in 2001.

Ruschaupt became the principal owner in 1904, and Indianapolis began playing at West Washington Park in 1905. The Indians won their next AA pennant in 1908 with a 92–61 season, four games ahead of Louisville, under manager Charlie Carr. Sol Meyer and Sol Kiser purchased the team in 1913 but sold the team to James C. McGill and William G. Smith Sr. in 1914. McGill became the principal owner in 1917 and Smith in 1921.

Led by Jack Hendricks, the 1917 Indians won a third AA title with a 90–63 season, which placed them two-and-a-half games ahead of Louisville and the St. Paul Saints. The pennant win qualified Indianapolis for the Little World Series against the champions of the International League, the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Indians won the best-of-seven series, 4–1.

James A. Perry purchased the club in 1927. He died in a plane crash two years later, and his brother, Norman Perry, assumed ownership in 1929. Late in the 1931 season, the team moved to Perry Stadium, which was renamed Victory Field in 1942 and Bush Stadium in 1967. The 1928 Indians, who were managed by Bruno Betzel, won a fourth AA pennant by finishing two-and-a-half games ahead of the Minneapolis Millers at 99–68. They then defeated the Rochester Red Wings, 5–1, in the Little World Series.

From 1936 to 1946, Indianapolis qualified for the American Association playoffs on six occasions, but failed to win a championship. Meanwhile, Frank E. McKinney and Owen J. "Donie" Bush purchased the team in December 1941. The Indians entered into their first major league affiliation in 1939 and 1940 as the top farm club of the Cincinnati Reds. They returned to being an unaffiliated team from 1942 to 1945 before affiliating with the Boston Braves in 1946.

Indianapolis became the Triple-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1947. The 1948 Indians posted a 100–54 record, a franchise high, but were eliminated in the playoff semifinals by St. Paul. The team was ranked as the 85th greatest minor league team in a 2001 ranking. Al López, who had managed the 1948 club, led the 1949 Indians back to the playoffs. They defeated Minneapolis, 4–3, in the semifinals and the Milwaukee Brewers, 4–3, in the final round, to win their first playoff title and fifth AA championship. In the Junior World Series, a successor to the Little World Series, Indianapolis defeated the Montreal Royals, 4–2. They made one more playoff appearance as a Pirates farm club in 1950 but lost in the championship finals.

The Cleveland Indians purchased the team in 1952, and made them their Triple-A affiliate. Over the five-year relationship, Indianapolis qualified for the playoffs three times. They lost in the semifinals in 1953, lost the 1954 finals, and won the American Association championship in 1956. On the heels of a 92–62 campaign, manager Kerby Farrell's Indians defeated Minneapolis, 4–3, in the semifinals before winning their sixth AA title over the Denver Bears, 4–0. They capped off the season by sweeping Rochester, 4–0, to win the Junior World Series.

Having incurred significant financial losses, Cleveland elected to sell the team after the 1955 season. The Indianapolis community rallied to save the Indians by purchasing 20,182 shares of stock valued at $10 each, which allowed Indians, Inc., to purchase the club in December. The affiliation between the major and minor league Indians remained intact until the teams parted ways after the 1956 season.

Indianapolis held a three-year affiliation with the Chicago White Sox from 1957 to 1959, with their only winning season occurring in the final season. This was followed by even shorter stints as the Triple-A affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1960 and the Cincinnati Reds in 1961. The 1961 team qualified for the playoffs but were ousted in the semifinals. The Indians rejoined the Chicago White Sox organization in 1962 and experienced another semifinal playoff exit in the first year of the affiliation. The American Association disbanded after the 1962 season.

### International League (1963)

The Indians became members of the Triple-A International League (IL) in 1963 and retained their affiliation with the White Sox. Led by Rollie Hemsley, the 1963 Indians clinched the Southern Division title with an 86–67 record. They defeated the Syracuse Chiefs, 4–1, in the playoff semifinals before winning the International League championship over the Atlanta Crackers, 4–2. With the addition of Indianapolis and the Little Rock Travelers to the IL, the westernmost teams in the loop, team travel costs increased. At the 1963 Winter Meetings, major league teams refused to continue paying to defray these additional costs, so Indianapolis and Little Rock were expelled from the league.

### Pacific Coast League (1964–1968)

The Pacific Coast League welcomed Indianapolis and Little Rock as members in 1964. Though they became the easternmost teams in the league, its two-division alignment helped to keep travel costs down. The Indians continued to serve as the top farm club of the Chicago White Sox through 1967, but they were unable to return to the postseason during the affiliation. They became part of the Cincinnati Reds' organization for a third time in 1968.

### American Association (1969–1997)

The American Association was revived in 1969, and the Indians rejoined the league as the Triple-A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds. Through 1982, the team qualified for the AA playoffs on three occasions via winning Eastern Division titles. They lost the 1971 league title in a best-of-seven series to the Denver Bears, 4–3. The 1974 championship series also went the full seven games with Indianapolis losing to the Tulsa Oilers. The 1978 team was denied a championship, losing to the Omaha Royals, 4–1. George Scherger managed the 1982 Indians to a fourth Eastern Division title as a Reds affiliate with a 75–61 campaign. They then defeated Omaha, 4–2, for the AA championship.

Indianapolis became part of the Montreal Expos organization in 1984 in what would become one of the most successful periods in team history. Though they were eliminated in the semifinals in 1984, the Indians won four consecutive American Association championships from 1986 to 1989. Manager Joe Sparks was at the helm for the first three of these titles. The 1986 Indians won the division with an 80–62 record. They won the AA championship versus the Denver Zephyrs, 4–3. The 1987 team placed second in the division, which gave them for a playoff berth. They beat the Louisville Redbirds, 3–2, in the semifinals and then won another league championship over Denver, 4–1. Sparks led the 1988 Indians to the Eastern Division title on a 89–53 season. In a single round of playoffs, they defeated Omaha, 3–1, for the league crown. From 1988 to 1991, American Association teams participated in interleague play with teams from the International League in a partnership called the Triple-A Alliance, and the season culminated in the Triple-A Classic, a best-of-seven postseason championship between the leagues' champions. Indianapolis won the first of these against Rochester, 4–2. Manager Tom Runnells' 1989 team ended the season with an 87–59 record and the Eastern Division title. They defeated Omaha, 3–2, for their fourth consecutive American Association championship. In the Triple-A Classic, the Indians swept the Richmond Braves, 4–0.

Indianapolis affiliated with Cincinnati for the fourth time in 1993. In 1994, Marc Bombard managed the team to a first-place 86–57 mark. They won the semifinals over Louisville, 3–0, and bested the Nashville Sounds, 3–1, for another league championship. The Indians made return trips to the postseason over the next three years but suffered semifinal eliminations in 1995 and 1997 and a finals loss in 1996. After 66 seasons at Bush Stadium, the Indians left the ballpark for the new $20-million Victory Field in downtown Indianapolis' White River State Park on July 11, 1996.

### International League (1998–present)

The American Association disbanded after the 1997 season, and its teams were absorbed by the two remaining Triple-A leagues—the International League (IL) and Pacific Coast League. Indianapolis returned to the IL, of which they had previously been members in 1963. They remained as affiliates of the Cincinnati Reds through 1999.

In 2000, the team entered into a new partnership with the Milwaukee Brewers. Steve Smith led the 2000 Indians to the Western Division title with an 81–63 record. They defeated the Durham Bulls, 3–2, in the semifinals before winning the International League championship versus the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons, 3–2. The Indians met the Memphis Redbirds, champions of the Pacific Coast League in the Triple-A World Series, winning 3–1. Sub-.500 finishes during the next four seasons kept the team from returning to the postseason as a Brewers affiliate and prompted the team to end their affiliation with Milwaukee.

The Indians became the Triple-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates in 2005 after having previously been in their farm system in 1951. They qualified for the IL playoffs with a wild card berth, advanced to the finals by defeating the Buffalo Bisons, 3–2, but lost the championship to the Toledo Mud Hens, 3–0. the 2016 team finished the season tied for first-place in the Western Division with Toledo. On September 5, the Indians lost a one-game playoff against the Mud Hens for the division title, 4–0, which eliminated them from postseason contention. Indianapolis won back-to-back Western Division titles in 2012 and 2013 but lost in the semifinal round each time.

At the end of the 2015 season, Indianapolis was tied with the Columbus Clippers for first. Per the league's playoff procedures, the teams were declared co-champions of the Western Division, and the Indians lost the tiebreaker to be seeded as the wild card team. The won their semifinals series against the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, 3–0, but lost the IL title versus Columbus Clippers, 3–2. They returned to the postseason in 2017 as Western Division champions but were eliminated in the semifinals by Durham, 3–1. The Indians did not qualify for the postseason from 2018 to 2019. The start of the 2020 season was initially postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic before being cancelled altogether.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Indians were placed in the Triple-A East. They also extended their Professional Development License with Pittsburgh through 2030. No playoffs were held to determine a league champion; instead, the team with the best regular-season record was declared the winner. Indianapolis ended the season in 11th place with a 57–62 record. However, 10 games that had been postponed from the start of the season were reinserted into the schedule as a postseason tournament called the Triple-A Final Stretch in which all 30 Triple-A clubs competed for the highest winning percentage. Indianapolis finished the tournament tied for 18th place with a 4–5 record. In 2022, the Triple-A East became known as the International League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

## Season-by-season records

Key
| **League** | The team's final position in the league standings |
| --- | --- |
| **Division** | The team's final position in the divisional standings |
| **GB** | Games behind the team that finished in first place in the division that season |
|  | Class champions (1904–present) |
|  | League champions (1902–present) |
| * | Division champions (1959–present) |
| ^ | Postseason berth (1933–2020) |

Season-by-season records
| Season | League | Regular-season | | | | | Postseason | | | MLB affiliate | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Record | Win % | League | Division | GB | Record | Win % | Result | | |
| 1902
 | AA | 96–45 | .681 | 1st |  |  | |  |  | *Won AA championship* | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1903 | AA | 78–61 | .561 | 4th |  | 12+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1904 | AA | 69–85 | .448 | 6th |  | 29+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1905 | AA | 69–83 | .454 | 6th |  | 31 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1906 | AA | 53–96 | .356 | 8th |  | 38+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1907 | AA | 73–80 | .477 | 6th |  | 16+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1908
 | AA | 92–61 | .601 | 1st |  |  |  |  | *Won AA championship* | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1909 | AA | 83–85 | .494 | 4th |  | 10 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1910 | AA | 69–96 | .418 | 7th |  | 36+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1911 | AA | 78–88 | .470 | 7th |  | 21+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1912 | AA | 56–111 | .335 | 8th |  | 50 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1913 | AA | 68–99 | .407 | 8th |  | 32 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1914 | AA | 88–77 | .533 | 3rd |  | 9+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1915 | AA | 81–70 | .536 | 3rd |  | 9+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1916 | AA | 95–71 | .572 | 2nd |  | 5+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1917
 | AA | 90–63 | .588 | 1st |  |  | 4–1 | .800 | *Won AA championship*
*Won Little World Series vs. Toronto Maple Leafs, 4–1* | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1918 | AA | 41–34 | .547 | 3rd |  | 3 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1919 | AA | 85–68 | .556 | 4th |  | 8+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1920 | AA | 83–83 | .500 | 5th |  | 33 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1921 | AA | 83–85 | .494 | 4th |  | 15 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1922 | AA | 87–80 | .521 | 4th |  | 20 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1923 | AA | 72–94 | .434 | 7th |  | 40 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1924 | AA | 92–74 | .554 | 2nd |  | 4 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1925 | AA | 92–74 | .554 | 2nd |  | 13+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1926 | AA | 94–71 | .570 | 2nd |  | 10 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1927 | AA | 70–98 | .417 | 6th |  | 31 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1928
 | AA | 99–68 | .593 | 1st |  |  | 5–1 | .833 | *Won AA championship*
*Won Little World Series vs. Rochester Red Wings, 5–1* | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1929 | AA | 78–89 | .467 | 4th |  | 33 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1930 | AA | 60–93 | .392 | 8th |  | 33 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1931 | AA | 86–80 | .518 | 3rd |  | 17+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1932 | AA | 86–80 | .518 | 5th |  | 13 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1933 | AA | 82–72 | .532 | 6th |  | 20 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1934 | AA | 77–75 | .507 | 5th |  | 9+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1935 | AA | 85–67 | .559 | 2nd |  | 5 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1936
^ | AA | 79–75 | .513 | 4th |  | 11 | 5–5 | .500 | *Won semifinals vs. St. Paul Saints, 4–1*
Lost AA championship vs. Milwaukee Brewers, 4–1 | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1937 | AA | 67–85 | .441 | 6th |  | 22 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1938
^ | AA | 80–74 | .519 | 4th |  | 11+12 | 2–4 | .333 | Lost semifinals vs. Kansas City Blues, 4–2 | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1939
^ | AA | 82–72 | .532 | 3rd |  | 25 | 5–5 | .500 | *Won semifinals vs. Kansas City Blues, 4–1*
Lost AA championship vs. Louisville Colonels, 4–1 | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1940 | AA | 62–84 | .425 | 6th |  | 30 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1942 | AA | 76–78 | .494 | 6th (tie) |  | 8+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1943
^ | AA | 85–67 | .559 | 2nd |  | 5+12 | 3–5 | .375 | *Won semifinals vs. Toledo Mud Hens, 3–2*
Lost AA championship vs. Columbus Red Birds, 3–0 | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1944 | AA | 57–93 | .380 | 6th |  | 43+12 |  |  |  | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1945
^ | AA | 90–63 | .588 | 2nd |  | 2+12 | 2–4 | .333 | Lost semifinals vs. St. Paul Saints, 4–2 | Unaffiliated |  |
| 1946
^ | AA | 88–65 | .575 | 2nd |  | 4 | 4–7 | .364 | *Won semifinals vs. Minneapolis Millers, 4–3*
Lost AA championship vs. Louisville Colonels, 4–0 | Boston Braves |  |
| 1947 | AA | 74–79 | .484 | 6th |  | 19 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 1948
^ | AA | 100–54 | .649 | 1st |  |  | 2–4 | .333 | Lost semifinals vs. St. Paul Saints, 4–2 | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 1949
^ | AA | 93–61 | .604 | 2nd |  | 12 | 12–8 | .600 | *Won semifinals vs. Minneapolis Millers, 4–3*
*Won AA championship vs. Milwaukee Brewers, 4–3*
*Won Junior World Series vs. Montreal Royals, 4–2* | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 1950
^ | AA | 85–67 | .575 | 2nd |  | 4 | 7–4 | .636 | *Won semifinals vs. St. Paul Saints, 4–0*
Lost AA championship vs. Columbus Red Birds, 4–3 | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 1951 | AA | 68–84 | .447 | 7th |  | 26+12 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 1952 | AA | 75–79 | .487 | 6th |  | 26 |  |  |  | Cleveland Indians |  |
| 1953
^ | AA | 82–72 | .532 | 4th |  | 8 | 2–4 | .333 | Lost semifinals vs. Kansas City Blues, 4–2 | Cleveland Indians |  |
| 1954
^ | AA | 95–57 | .625 | 1st |  |  | 5–6 | .455 | *Won semifinals vs. Minneapolis Millers, 4–2*
Lost AA championship vs. Louisville Colonels, 4–1 | Cleveland Indians |  |
| 1955 | AA | 67–86 | .438 | 7th |  | 24+12 |  |  |  | Cleveland Indians |  |
| 1956
^ | AA | 92–62 | .597 | 1st |  |  | 12–3 | .800 | *Won semifinals vs. Minneapolis Millers, 4–3*
*Won AA championship vs. Denver Bears, 4–0*
*Won Junior World Series vs. Rochester Red Wings, 4–0* | Cleveland Indians |  |
| 1957 | AA | 74–80 | .481 | 6th |  | 19 |  |  |  | Chicago White Sox |  |
| 1958 | AA | 72–82 | .468 | 6th |  | 18+12 |  |  |  | Chicago White Sox |  |
| 1959 | AA | 86–76 | .531 | 3rd | 3rd | 11 |  |  |  | Chicago White Sox |  |
| 1960 | AA | 65–89 | .422 | 7th |  | 23 |  |  |  | Philadelphia Phillies |  |
| 1961
^ | AA | 86–64 | .573 | 1st |  |  | 1–4 | .200 | Lost semifinals vs. Houston Buffs, 4–1 | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1962
^ | AA | 89–58 | .605 | 1st |  |  | 0–3 | .000 | Lost semifinals vs. Louisville Colonels, 3–0 | Chicago White Sox |  |
| 1963
* | IL | 86–67 | .562 | 1st | 1st |  | 8–3 | .727 | *Won Southern Division title*
*Won semifinals vs. Syracuse Chiefs, 4–1*
*Won IL championship vs. Atlanta Crackers, 4–2* | Chicago White Sox |  |
| 1964 | PCL | 89–69 | .563 | 4th | 2nd | 7 |  |  |  | Chicago White Sox |  |
| 1965 | PCL | 70–78 | .473 | 8th (tie) | 3rd (tie) | 22+12 |  |  |  | Chicago White Sox |  |
| 1966 | PCL | 80–68 | .541 | 4th | 3rd | 5+12 |  |  |  | Chicago White Sox |  |
| 1967 | PCL | 76–71 | .517 | 5th | 2nd | 8+12 |  |  |  | Chicago White Sox |  |
| 1968 | PCL | 66–78 | .458 | 8th | 5th | 27 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1969 | AA | 74–66 | .529 | 3rd |  | 11 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1970 | AA | 71–69 | .507 | 2nd | 2nd | 3 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1971
* | AA | 84–55 | .604 | 1st | 1st |  | 3–4 | .429 | *Won Eastern Division title*
Lost AA championship vs. Denver Bears, 4–3 | Cincinnati Reds | . |
| 1972 | AA | 61–79 | .436 | 6th | 4th | 22 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1973 | AA | 74–62 | .544 | 2nd | 2nd | 9 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1974
* | AA | 78–57 | .578 | 1st | 1st |  | 3–4 | .429 | *Won Eastern Division title*
Lost AA championship vs. Tulsa Oilers, 4–3 | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1975 | AA | 71–64 | .526 | 4th | 2nd | 5+12 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1976 | AA | 62–73 | .459 | 6th | 3rd | 15+12 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1977 | AA | 72–64 | .529 | 2nd | 2nd | 4+12 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1978
* | AA | 78–57 | .578 | 1st | 1st |  | 1–4 | .200 | *Won Eastern Division title*
Lost AA championship vs. Omaha Royals, 4–1 | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1979 | AA | 67–69 | .493 | 5th | 4th | 11 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1980 | AA | 58–77 | .430 | 8th | 4th | 16+12 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1981 | AA | 62–74 | .456 | 7th | 3rd | 11 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1982
* | AA | 75–61 | .551 | 1st | 1st |  | 4–2 | .667 | *Won Eastern Division title*
*Won AA championship vs. Omaha Royals, 4–2* | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1983 | AA | 64–72 | .471 | 6th (tie) | 3rd | 14+12 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1984
^ | AA | 91–63 | .591 | 1st |  |  | 2–4 | .333 | Lost semifinals vs. Louisville Redbirds, 4–2 | Montreal Expos |  |
| 1985 | AA | 61–81 | .430 | 8th | 4th | 13 |  |  |  | Montreal Expos |  |
| 1986
* | AA | 80–62 | .563 | 1st | 1st |  | 4–3 | .571 | *Won Eastern Division title*
*Won AA championship vs. Denver Zephyrs, 4–3* | Montreal Expos |  |
| 1987
^ | AA | 74–64 | .536 | 3rd |  | 4 | 7–3 | .700 | *Won semifinals vs. Louisville Redbirds, 3–2*
*Won AA championship vs. Denver Zephyrs, 4–1* | Montreal Expos |  |
| 1988
* | AA | 89–53 | .627 | 1st | 1st |  | 7–3 | .700 | *Won Eastern Division title*
*Won AA championship vs. Omaha Royals, 3–1*
*Won Triple-A Classic vs. Rochester Red Wings, 4–2* | Montreal Expos |  |
| 1989
* | AA | 87–59 | .596 | 1st | 1st |  | 7–2 | .778 | *Won Eastern Division title*
*Won AA championship vs. Omaha Royals, 3–2*
*Won Triple-A Classic vs. Richmond Braves, 4–0* | Montreal Expos |  |
| 1990 | AA | 61–85 | .418 | 7th | 4th | 24+12 |  |  |  | Montreal Expos |  |
| 1991 | AA | 75–68 | .524 | 4th | 2nd | 6 |  |  |  | Montreal Expos |  |
| 1992 | AA | 83–61 | .576 | 2nd | 2nd | 4 |  |  |  | Montreal Expos |  |
| 1993 | AA | 66–77 | .462 | 7th | 4th | 15 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1994
^ | AA | 86–57 | .601 | 1st |  |  | 6–1 | .857 | *Won semifinals vs. Louisville Redbirds, 3–0*
*Won AA championship vs. Nashville Sounds, 3–1* | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1995
^ | AA | 88–56 | .611 | 1st |  |  | 0–3 | .000 | Lost semifinals vs. Louisville Redbirds, 3–0 | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1996
^ | AA | 78–66 | .542 | 3rd | 2nd | 6 | 4–5 | .444 | *Won semifinals vs. Buffalo Bisons, 3–2*
Lost AA championship vs. Oklahoma City 89ers, 3–1 | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1997
^ | AA | 85–59 | .590 | 2nd | 2nd | 2 | 2–3 | .400 | Lost semifinals vs. Buffalo Bisons, 3–2 | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1998 | IL | 76–67 | .531 | 6th | 2nd | 12 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 1999 | IL | 75–69 | .521 | 7th | 2nd | 9+12 |  |  |  | Cincinnati Reds |  |
| 2000
* | IL | 81–63 | .563 | 5th | 1st |  | 9–5 | .643 | *Won Western Division title*
*Won semifinals vs. Durham Bulls, 3–2*
*Won IL championship vs. Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons, 3–2*
*Won Triple-A World Series vs. Memphis Redbirds, 3–1* | Milwaukee Brewers |  |
| 2001 | IL | 66–78 | .458 | 11th | 3rd | 18 |  |  |  | Milwaukee Brewers |  |
| 2002 | IL | 67–76 | .469 | 9th | 3rd | 13+12 |  |  |  | Milwaukee Brewers |  |
| 2003 | IL | 64–78 | .451 | 12th | 4th | 14+12 |  |  |  | Milwaukee Brewers |  |
| 2004 | IL | 66–78 | .458 | 11th (tie) | 3rd | 14 |  |  |  | Milwaukee Brewers |  |
| 2005
^ | IL | 78–66 | .542 | 4th | 2nd | 11 | 3–5 | .375 | *Won wild card berth*
*Won semifinals vs. Buffalo Bisons, 3–2*
Lost IL championship vs. Toledo Mud Hens, 3–0 | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2006
^ | IL | 76–66 | .535 | 4th (tie) | 1st (tie) |  | 0–1 | .000 | Lost Western Division title vs. Toledo Mud Hens, 1–0 | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2007 | IL | 70–73 | .490 | 8th | 3rd | 12 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2008 | IL | 68–76 | .472 | 9th | 4th | 20 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2009 | IL | 70–73 | .490 | 9th | 3rd | 14+12 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2010 | IL | 71–73 | .493 | 8th | 3rd | 8+12 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2011 | IL | 76–68 | .528 | 6th | 2nd | 12 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2012
* | IL | 89–55 | .618 | 1st | 1st |  | 1–3 | .250 | *Won Western Division title*
Lost semifinals vs. Charlotte Knights, 3–1 | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2013
* | IL | 80–64 | .556 | 3rd | 1st |  | 0–3 | .000 | *Won Western Division title*
Lost semifinals vs. Durham Bulls, 3–0 | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2014 | IL | 73–71 | .507 | 7th | 2nd | 6 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2015
* | IL | 83–61 | .576 | 1st (tie) | 1st (tie) |  | 5–3 | .625 | *Won Western Division title*
*Won semifinals vs. Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, 3–0*
Lost IL championship vs. Columbus Clippers, 3–2 | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2016 | IL | 70–74 | .486 | 7th | 3rd | 12 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2017
* | IL | 79–63 | .556 | 5th | 1st |  | 1–3 | .250 | *Won Western Division title*
Lost semifinals vs. Durham Bulls, 3–1 | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2018 | IL | 73–67 | .521 | 5th (tie) | 2nd (tie) | 12 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2019 | IL | 66–74 | .471 | 9th (tie) | 2nd (tie) | 15 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2020 | IL | *Season cancelled (COVID-19 pandemic)* | | | | | | | | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2021 | AAAE | 57–62 | .479 | 11th | 4th | 11+12 | 4–5 | .444 | Lost series vs. Omaha Storm Chasers, 2–3
Tied series vs. Nashville Sounds, 2–2
Placed 18th (tie) in the Triple-A Final Stretch | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2022 | IL | 74–75 | .497 | 10th (tie) | 4th (tie) | 17 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2023 | IL | 70–78 | .473 | 12th (tie) | 6th (tie) | 14 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| 2024 | IL | 77–70 | .524 | 6th | 4th | 11+12 |  |  |  | Pittsburgh Pirates |  |
| **Totals** |  | 9,276–8,712 | .516 |  |  |  | 152–140 | .521 |  |  |  |

## Roster

| **Players** | | | | **Coaches/Other** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers**
**Infielders**
**Outfielders**

 |  | **Manager**
**Coaches**
* 35 Cibney Bello (pitching) * 15 Drew Benes (pitching) * 27 Bart Hanegraaf (performance) * 38 Eric Munson (hitting) * 33 Chad Noble (bullpen) * 22 Chris Truby (bench)  **60-day injured list**
7-day injured list
* On Pittsburgh Pirates 40-man roster
~ Development list
\# Rehab assignment
∞ Reserve list
‡ Restricted list
§ Suspended list
† Temporarily inactive list
Roster updated September 28, 2024
Transactions
→ More rosters: MiLB  International League
Pittsburgh Pirates minor league players |

## Achievements

### Awards

The franchise has been awarded these honors by Minor League Baseball.

Minor League Baseball awards
| Award | Season | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| John H. Johnson President's Award | 1988 |  |

Eighteen players and nine managers won league awards in recognition for their performance with Indianapolis in the American Association.

American Association awards
| Award | Recipient | Season | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Most Valuable Player | Stew Hofferth | 1943 |  |
| Most Valuable Player | Stan Wentzel | 1945 |  |
| Most Valuable Player | Les Fleming | 1948 |  |
| Most Valuable Player | Nanny Fernandez | 1949 |  |
| Most Valuable Player | Herb Score | 1954 |  |
| Most Valuable Player | Cliff Cook | 1961 |  |
| Most Valuable Player | Bernie Carbo | 1969 |  |
| Most Valuable Player | Champ Summers | 1978 |  |
| Most Valuable Player | Eric Owens | 1995 |  |
| Most Valuable Pitcher | Joe Hesketh | 1984 |  |
| Most Valuable Pitcher | Pascual Pérez | 1987 |  |
| Most Valuable Pitcher | Bob Sebra | 1988 |  |
| Most Valuable Pitcher | Mark Gardner | 1989 |  |
| Rookie of the Year | Herb Score | 1954 |  |
| Rookie of the Year | Cam Carreon | 1959 |  |
| Rookie of the Year | Chico Ruiz | 1961 |  |
| Rookie of the Year | Ken Griffey Sr. | 1973 |  |
| Rookie of the Year | Andrés Galarraga | 1985 |  |
| Rookie of the Year | Willie Greene | 1993 |  |
| Rookie of the Year | Eric Owens | 1995 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Kerby Farrell | 1954 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Kerby Farrell | 1956 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Cot Deal | 1961 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Luke Appling | 1962 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Vern Rapp | 1971 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Vern Rapp | 1974 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Buck Rogers | 1984 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Joe Sparks | 1986 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Joe Sparks | 1987 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Joe Sparks | 1988 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Tom Runnells | 1989 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Marc Bombard | 1994 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Marc Bombard | 1995 |  |
| Manager of the Year | Dave Miley | 1997 |  |

One player won a league award in recognition for his performance with Indianapolis in the Pacific Coast League.

Pacific Coast League awards
| Award | Recipient | Season | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Most Valuable Player | Duane Josephson | 1966 |  |

Seven players have won league awards in recognition for their performance with Indianapolis in the International League.

International League awards
| Award | Recipient | Season | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Most Valuable Player | Don Buford | 1963 |  |
| Most Valuable Player | Roberto Petagine | 1998 |  |
| Most Valuable Pitcher | Fritz Ackley | 1963 |  |
| Most Valuable Pitcher | Ben Hendrickson | 2004 |  |
| Most Valuable Pitcher | Zach Duke | 2005 |  |
| Most Valuable Pitcher | Steven Brault | 2017 |  |
| Most Valuable Pitcher | Mitch Keller | 2019 |  |
| Rookie of the Year | Don Buford | 1963 |  |

### Hall of Famers

Thirteen former Indians have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame based on their performance in or contributions to Major League Baseball.

Hall of Famers
| Name | Season(s) | Position | Inducted | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Luke Appling | 1962 | Manager | 1964 |  |
| Mordecai Brown | 1919 | Pitcher | 1949 |  |
| Gabby Hartnett | 1942 | Catcher / Manager | 1955 |  |
| Randy Johnson | 1988–1989 | Pitcher | 2015 |  |
| Harmon Killebrew | 1958 | Third baseman | 1984 |  |
| Nap Lajoie | 1918 | First baseman / Manager | 1937 |  |
| Al López | 1948 / 1948–1950 | Catcher / Manager | 1977 |  |
| Rube Marquard | 1908 | Pitcher | 1971 |  |
| Joe McCarthy | 1911 | Third baseman | 1957 |  |
| Minnie Miñoso | 1964 | Outfielder | 2022 |  |
| Ray Schalk | 1938–1939 | Manager | 1955 |  |
| Bob Uecker
(Ford C. Frick Award recipient) | 1960 | Catcher | 2003 |  |
| Larry Walker | 1989 | Outfielder | 2020 |  |

## Radio and television

Howard Kellman is the long-standing "Voice of the Tribe", calling play-by-play for all but two seasons (1975 and 1980) since 1974. All Indians home and road games are broadcast on WNDE Fox Sports 1260 AM. Live audio broadcasts are also available online through the team's website and the MiLB First Pitch app. Some home games can be viewed on WTTV.2 The Dot, WISH-TV 8, and MyINDY-TV 23. All home and road games can be viewed through the MiLB.TV subscription feature of the official website of Minor League Baseball, with audio provided by a radio simulcast.

## Name controversy

In July 2020, a year before Major League Baseball's similarly-named Cleveland Indians changed their name to the "Guardians" in 2021 (which took effect in the 2022 MLB season), Indianapolis management said it would form a committee to determine whether a change was necessary, based on dialogue with local organizations and community members. By the time Cleveland changed their name in July 2021, Indianapolis announced that they had no immediate plans for a name change. Although they acknowledged that, when the team was initially formed, the name was a play on Indianapolis itself, the moniker had evolved to include more Native American references in their logo and marketing. Meanwhile, the primary newspaper covering the team, the *Indianapolis Star*, started to report stories and results about the team using only the city's name, without the supposedly controversial nickname. In addition, Carolina Castoreno-Santana, executive director of the American Indian Center of Indiana, said the Indianapolis Indians should change their name, arguing that the indigenous people were "overwhelmingly" in favor of changing the name. In February 2023, it was announced that the Indianapolis Indians would retain their long-held nickname and partner with local Indian tribes (the Miami Nation of Indiana). “We are grateful to the Indianapolis Indians for the opportunity to share our story with Hoosiers throughout central Indiana,” said Brian Buchanan, chief of the Miami Nation of Indians. “When the history of Indiana is studied, the major influence of Native American people is seen in the names of Indiana cities, state parks, rivers, food, celebrations and other cultural points of interest.”

**Specific**

1. "Rowdie". *Indianapolis Indians*. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
2. Indianapolis Indians Media Guide 2022, p. 192.
3. "Front Office Staff". *Indianapolis Indians*. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
4. "Broadcast Information". *Indianapolis Indians*. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
5. "Indianapolis, Indiana Encyclopedia". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
6. "Notable Events in American Association History". *Triple-A Baseball*. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
7. "American Association (AAA) Encyclopedia and History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
8. "1902 Indianapolis Indians Roster". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
9. "1902 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
10. Weiss, Bill; Wright, Marshall (2001). "27. 1902 Indianapolis Indians". *Minor League Baseball*. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
11. "1907 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
12. "1908 Indianapolis Indians Roster". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
13. "1917 Indianapolis Indians Roster". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
14. "1917 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
15. "Triple-A Baseball Interleague Post-Season Play Results". *Triple-A Baseball*. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
16. Rippel, Elena; Curtain, Abby. "Bush Stadium". *Discover Indiana*. The Public History Program at IUPUI. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
17. "1928 Indianapolis Indians Roster". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
18. "1928 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
19. "American Association Playoff Results". *Triple-A Baseball*. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
20. "Cincinnati Reds Minor League Affiliates". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
21. "Atlanta Braves Minor League Affiliates". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
22. "Pittsburgh Pirates Minor League Affiliates". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
23. "1948 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
24. Weiss, Bill; Wright, Marshall (2001). "85. 1948 Indianapolis Indians". *Minor League Baseball*. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
25. "Al Lopez". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
26. "1949 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
27. "Cleveland Guardians Minor League Affiliates". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
28. "1956 Indianapolis Indians Roster". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
29. "1956 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
30. "Indianapolis Indians Franchise for Sale". *The Herald*. Jasper. October 28, 1955. p. 2  via Newspapers.com.
31. "Fans Opened Their Purses for Indians". *The Indianapolis News*. Indianapolis. December 31, 1955. p. 21  via Newspapers.com.
32. "Chicago White Sox Minor League Affiliates". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
33. "Philadelphia Phillies Minor League Affiliates". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
34. Indianapolis Indians Media Guide 2022, p. 123.
35. "1963 Indianapolis Indians Roster". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
36. "1963 International League Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
37. "Tribe Joined First 12-Team League". *The Indianapolis News*. Indianapolis. December 3, 1963. p. 21  via Newspapers.com.
38. "1971 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
39. "1974 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
40. "1978 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
41. "1982 Indianapolis Indians Statistics". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
42. "1982 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
43. "Washington Nationals Minor League Affiliates". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
44. "Joe Sparks Minor League Baseball Coaching Records". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
45. "1986 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
46. "1987 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
47. "1988 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
48. "1989 Indianapolis Indians Statistics". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
49. "1989 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
50. "1994 Indianapolis Indians Statistics". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
51. "1994 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
52. "Owen J. Bush Stadium". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
53. "Victory Field". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
54. "Notable Events in American Association History". *Triple-A Baseball*. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
55. "Milwaukee Brewers Minor League Affiliates". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
56. "2000 Indianapolis Indians Roster". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
57. "2000 International League Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
58. Indianapolis Indians Media Guide 2022, p. 124.
59. "Tribe Becomes Pirates Affiliate". *The Indianapolis Star*. Indianapolis. September 14, 2004. p. D1  via Newspapers.com.
60. "2005 International League Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
61. "Toledo 4, Indianapolis 0". *The Daily Journal*. Franklin. September 6, 2006. p. B3  via Newspapers.com.
62. "2012 International League Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
63. "2012 International League Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
64. Wagner, John (September 9, 2015). "International League Playoff Preview". *Minor League Baseball*. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
65. "International League Playoff Procedures". *International League*. Minor League Baseball. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
66. "2015 International League Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
67. "2017 International League Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
68. "A Message From Pat O'Conner". *Minor League Baseball*. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
69. "2020 Minor League Baseball Season Shelved". *Minor League Baseball*. June 30, 2020. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
70. Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). "MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues". *Major League Baseball*. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
71. Kayser, Anna (February 12, 2021). "Indianapolis Indians Accept PDL Agreement, Remain as Pittsburgh's Triple-A Affiliate". *Minor League Baseball*. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
72. "MiLB Announces 'Triple-A Final Stretch' for 2021". *Minor League Baseball*. July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
73. "2021 Triple-A East Standings". *Minor League Baseball*. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
74. "2021 Triple-A Final Stretch Standings". *Minor League Baseball*. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
75. "Historical League Names to Return in 2022". *Minor League Baseball*. March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
76. "1903 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
77. "1904 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
78. "1905 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
79. "1906 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
80. "1908 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
81. "1909 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
82. "1910 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
83. "1911 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
84. "1912 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
85. "1913 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
86. "1914 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
87. "1915 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
88. "1916 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
89. "Kansas City Takes Pennant". *The Lexington Herald*. Lexington. July 22, 1918. p. 3  via Newspapers.com.
90. "1918 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
91. "1919 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
92. "1920 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
93. "1921 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
94. "1922 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
95. "1923 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
96. "1924 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
97. "1925 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
98. "1926 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
99. "1927 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
100. "1929 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
101. "1930 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
102. "1931 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
103. "1932 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
104. "1933 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
105. "1934 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
106. "1935 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
107. "1936 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
108. "1937 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
109. "1938 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
110. "1939 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
111. "1940 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
112. "1942 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
113. "1943 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
114. "1944 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
115. "1945 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
116. "1946 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
117. "1947 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
118. "1950 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
119. "1951 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
120. "1952 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
121. "1953 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
122. "1954 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
123. "1955 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
124. "1957 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
125. "1958 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
126. "1959 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
127. "1960 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
128. "1961 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
129. "1962 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
130. "1964 Pacific Coast League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
131. "1965 Pacific Coast League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
132. "1966 Pacific Coast League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
133. "1967 Pacific Coast League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
134. "1968 Pacific Coast League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
135. "1969 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
136. "1970 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
137. "1971 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
138. "1972 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
139. "1973 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
140. "1974 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
141. "1975 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
142. "1976 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
143. "1977 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
144. "1978 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
145. "1979 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
146. "1980 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
147. "1981 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
148. "1982 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
149. "1983 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
150. "1984 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
151. "1984 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
152. "1985 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
153. "1986 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
154. "1987 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
155. "1988 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
156. "1989 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
157. "1990 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
158. "1991 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
159. "1992 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
160. "1993 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
161. "1994 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
162. "1995 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
163. "1995 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
164. "Indians Head to AA Title Series". *TheKokomo Tribune*. Kokomo. September 11, 1996. p. B3  via Newspapers.com.
165. "1996 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
166. "1996 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
167. "1997 American Association Standings". *Stats Crew*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
168. "1997 American Association". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
169. "1998 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
170. "1999 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
171. "2000 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
172. "2001 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
173. "2002 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
174. "2003 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
175. "2004 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
176. "2005 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
177. "2006 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
178. "2007 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
179. "2008 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
180. "2009 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
181. "2010 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
182. "2011 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
183. "2012 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
184. "2013 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
185. "2014 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
186. "2015 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
187. "2016 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
188. "2017 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
189. "2018 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
190. "2019 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
191. Glaspie, Akeem (June 30, 2020). "For the First Time in Nearly 120 Years, Indy Indians Won't Have a Season". *Indianapolis Star*. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
192. "2021 Schedule". *Indianapolis Indians*. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
193. "2022 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
194. "2023 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
195. "2024 International League". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Archived from the original on September 23, 2024. Retrieved September 24, 2024.
196. "Minor League Baseball Award Winners". *Minor League Baseball*. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
197. "American Association Special Award Winners". *Triple-A Baseball*. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
198. "Pacific Coast League Award Winners". *Pacific Coast League*. Minor League Baseball. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
199. "International League Award Winners". *International League*. Minor League Baseball. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
200. Indianapolis Indians Media Guide 2022, p. 125.
201. "Luke Appling Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
202. "Mordecai Brown Minor & Cuban Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
203. "Gabby Hartnett Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
204. "Randy Johnson Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
205. "Harmon Killebrew Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
206. "Nap Lajoie Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
207. "Al Lopez Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
208. "Rube Marquard Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
209. "Joe McCarthy Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
210. "Minnie Minoso Minor, Winter, Mexican & Independent Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
211. "Ray Schalk Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
212. "Bob Uecker Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
213. "Larry Walker Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
214. Indianapolis Indians Media Guide 2022, p. 199.
215. "MiLB.tv". *Minor League Baseball*. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
216. Shuey, Mickey (July 28, 2020). "Indianapolis Indians to Weigh Name Change After 118 Years With Same Moniker". *Indianapolis Business Journal*. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
217. Davis, Chris (July 23, 2021). "Indianapolis Indians Have No Immediate Plans for a Name Change". *WIBC*. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
218. Abshier, Holden (July 26, 2021). "Indigenous People Say Indianapolis Indians Should Change Team Name". *Indiana Public Media*. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
219. Hunsinger Benbow, Dana (February 22, 2023). "Indianapolis Indians will keep name, partner with local tribe: 'We want to be respectful'". *Indianapolis Star*. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
220. Schroeder, Joe (February 22, 2023). "Indianapolis Indians keep team name and partner with local tribe, other groups respond". *FOX59 News*. Retrieved April 26, 2023.

**General**

## InfoBox

| Indianapolis Indians | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Team logo Cap insignia | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Triple-A (1946–present) |
| Previous classes |  |
| League | International League (1998–present) |
| Division | West Division |
| Previous leagues |  |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | Pittsburgh Pirates (2005–present) |
| Previous teams |  |
| Minor league titles | |
| Class titles (7) | * 1917 * 1928 * 1949 * 1956 * 1988 * 1989 * 2000 |
| League titles (14) | * 1902 * 1908 * 1917 * 1928 * 1949 * 1956 * 1963 * 1982 * 1986 * 1987 * 1988 * 1989 * 1994 * 2000 |
| Division titles (13) | * 1963 * 1971 * 1974 * 1978 * 1982 * 1986 * 1988 * 1989 * 2000 * 2012 * 2013 * 2015 * 2017 |
| Wild card berths (1) | * 2005 |
| Team data | |
| Name | Indianapolis Indians (1902–present) |
| Colors | Red, black, silver, white
 |
| Mascot | Rowdie |
| Ballpark | Victory Field (1996–present) |
| Previous parks |  |
| Owner(s)/
Operator(s) | Indians, Inc. |
| President | Randy Lewandowski |
| General manager | Randy Lewandowski |
| Manager | Miguel Pérez |
| Media | MiLB.TV and Fox Sports 1260 AM |
| Website | milb.com/indianapolis |


title: John T. Reed

abstract: John Theodore "Jack" Reed is an American businessman, author, and former real estate investor. Reed has written and self-published books on real estate investing, football coaching, baseball coaching, success, and self-publishing. Reed, who claims many years of experience in property management, considers real estate investment a hands-on business. He has been writing and publishing "nuts-and-bolts guides devoid of motivational or promotional filler" since 1979. Reed also publishes the Real Estate Investor’s Monthly newsletter. The most popular feature on John Reed's website is his real estate "guru" rating, with his opinions of the legitimacy of their claims. Those whom Reed critiques include Robert G. Allen, Robert Kiyosaki, Carleton Sheets and Russ Whitney. Whitney sued Reed for three years, later withdrawing some of the suits and settling another on confidential terms. Reed was born in New Jersey and graduated from the United States Military Academy with a B.S. degree in 1968. He was commissioned as a United States Army officer, served in Vietnam from 1969 to 1970 and left active duty in 1972 as a first lieutenant. Reed later earned an M.B.A. degree from the Harvard Business School in 1977.

text:
# John T. Reed

**John Theodore "Jack" Reed** (born July 5, 1946) is an American businessman, author, and former real estate investor. Reed has written and self-published books on real estate investing, football coaching, baseball coaching, success, and self-publishing.

Reed, who claims many years of experience in property management, considers real estate investment a hands-on business. He has been writing and publishing "nuts-and-bolts guides devoid of motivational or promotional filler" since 1979. Reed also publishes the *Real Estate Investor’s Monthly* newsletter.

The most popular feature on John Reed's website is his real estate "guru" rating, with his opinions of the legitimacy of their claims. Those whom Reed critiques include Robert G. Allen, Robert Kiyosaki, Carleton Sheets and Russ Whitney. Whitney sued Reed for three years, later withdrawing some of the suits and settling another on confidential terms.

Reed was born in New Jersey and graduated from the United States Military Academy with a B.S. degree in 1968. He was commissioned as a United States Army officer, served in Vietnam from 1969 to 1970 and left active duty in 1972 as a first lieutenant. Reed later earned an M.B.A. degree from the Harvard Business School in 1977.


title: Hemiconus pissarroi

abstract: Hemiconus pissarroi is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails.

text:
# Hemiconus pissarroi

***Hemiconus pissarroi*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in France.

* Tracey S., Craig B., Belliard L. & Gain O. (2017). One, four or forty species? - early Conidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) that led to a radiation and biodiversity peak in the late Lutetian Eocene of the Cotentin, NW France. Carnets de Voyages Paléontologiques dans le Bassin Anglo-Parisien. 3: 1-38

## InfoBox

| *Hemiconus pissarroi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Hemiconus* |
| Species: | ***H. pissarroi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hemiconus pissarroi***<br>Tracey & Craig, 2017 | |
|


title: Vasudevapuram Tavanur

abstract: Sri Vasudevapuram Temple is one of three ancient temples (Maha-Kshetram) on the Southern bank of holy river Bharathapuzha. It sits east of the other two, Maha-Shiva Temple and Brahma temple. These temples along with the famous Thirunavaya Maha-Vishnu temple across the river form the trilogy in Sanatana Dharma). Tavanur is called Muvaankara (മൂവ്വാങ്കര). Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are the presiding deities, so it was initially known as Muvalankara, and then Muvaankara. Vasudevapuram Tavanur is situated in the middle of a wooded area resembling that of Sabarimala.

text:
# Vasudevapuram Tavanur

Sri **Vasudevapuram Temple** is one of three ancient temples (Maha-Kshetram) on the Southern bank of holy river Bharathapuzha. It sits east of the other two, Maha-Shiva Temple and Brahma temple. These temples along with the famous Thirunavaya Maha-Vishnu temple across the river form the trilogy in Sanatana Dharma). Tavanur is called Muvaankara (മൂവ്വാങ്കര). Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are the presiding deities, so it was initially known as Muvalankara, and then Muvaankara. Vasudevapuram Tavanur is situated in the middle of a wooded area resembling that of Sabarimala.

## History

Vasudevapuram Tavanur belonged to Maravanchery Mana and was later handed to a registered trust of devotees. Sri Vasudevapuram temple was built for Vilwamangalam Swamiyar's mother for offering prayer during her old age. Vilwamangalam Swamiyar was so great a devotee of Sri Krishna that he was said to possess the ability to "see" him. He was instrumental in setting up temples in Kerala such as Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvaarppu, and Cherthala Kaarthiaayani. The Krishna idol (*murti*) made of jet black stone is in the form of the youthful Krishna with butter in both hands. It is believed by devotees to have been the idol worshiped by Vilwamangalam Swamiyar.

## Legends

As a child Krishna appeared to Vilwamangalam Swamiyar, a mahatma who was a devout Brahmin and a *yathi varyan*. He worshiped Krishna in child form. After the disappearance of his mortal body, the idol of the youthful Krishna was installed in the temple and the village was dedicated to Krishna. This temple was renamed Vasudevapuram. Later a devotee of Lord Shiva brought a Shiva lingam and installed it in the temple for his worship. Ganapathi and Shasta idols were also installed.

## Festivals

* Ashtami Rohini: The birthday of Lord Krishna, celebrated in Chingam (August–September) . It is celebrated every year with cultural programs, procession, and special poojas including Guru pooja (Yatheeswara pooja). The devotees are given a special feast.

* Niraputhari: This takes place in the month of Chingam. Puthari means "new rice". It is the formal beginning of the use of rice after the new harvest season. It is a tradition in Sanatana Dharma that any food, item or work is offered (dedicated) to Lord before it is used. Puthari payasam is offered to Lord.

* Kuchela Dinam: The first Wednesday of the month of Dhanu (December) is celebrated. It is based on the belief that on this day Kuchela, an ardent devotee of Lord Krishna, offered Avil (parched rice) to him and in return attained eternal bliss and material prosperity. Avil offering is considered auspicious on this day.

10°51′5″N 75°59′14″E / 10.85139°N 75.98722°E / 10.85139; 75.98722


title: Miss Tulip Stays the Night

abstract: Miss Tulip Stays the Night is a 1955 British comedy crime film starring Diana Dors, Patrick Holt, Jack Hulbert and Cicely Courtneidge. It was the last major feature film directed by Leslie Arliss. The screenplay concerns a crime writer and his wife who stay at a country house where a mysterious corpse appears.

text:
# Miss Tulip Stays the Night

***Miss Tulip Stays the Night*** (also known as ***Dead by Morning***) is a 1955 British comedy crime film starring Diana Dors, Patrick Holt, Jack Hulbert and Cicely Courtneidge. It was the last major feature film directed by Leslie Arliss. The screenplay concerns a crime writer and his wife who stay at a country house where a mysterious corpse appears.

## Plot

Novelist Andrew Dax and his wife Kate are sleeping peacefully in their new cottage when a mysterious older lady arrives, apparently stranded in a storm. She hands Andrew her gun and some jewellery for safe keeping, and asks for a bed for the night. She is shot during the night and Andrew is accused of the crime. He must act as a detective to defend himself.

## Cast

## Production

The script was based on a radio play by Nan Marriott-Watson that had been performed on Australian radio in 1948.

Ron Randell was reportedly offered the lead. The casting of Jack Hulbert and Cicely Courtnidge was announced in August 1954 and marked the first time they had appeared in a film together since 1939. Diana Dors was paid £1,500 for her work.

*Miss Tulip Stays the Night* was the first film produced by Jaywell, the company formed by producer and screenwriter Bill Luckwell. Producer John O. Douglas handled sound on Hulbert's early films and director Leslie Arliss had written scripts for Courtidge and Hulbert.

The film was shot at the studio at Walton-on-Thames in July 1954.

## Reception

The *Monthly Film Bulletin* called *Miss Tulip Stays the Night* "a remarkably poor piece of craftsmanship in almost every sense."

*The Guardian* wrote: "The stupendous silliness of its plot and dialogue gives a certain wild period charm to '*Miss Tulip Stays the Night*.'"

Critic John Stratten of the *Manchester Evening News* wrote: "Miss Diana Dors may not like to be reminded of \[the film\], which belongs to a period before she was concerned with being a super-charged emotional actress. But, despite some pretty heavy-handed direction, it is good homely fun."

The *Walsall Observer* wrote that the film "... has a weak story, though the acting cannot be given the same description. ... The conclusion is not by any means brilliant and nothing particularly outstanding happens at any point in the film."

1. Hulberts in a light case of murder Author: Cecil Wilson Date: Wednesday, July 28, 1954 Publication: Daily Mail (London, England) p 3
2. "Miss Tulip Stays the Night". *BFI*. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009.
3. British Adventure Film Director Leslie Arliss Dies at Age 86: \[FINAL Edition\] The Washington Post 3 Jan 1988: d13.
4. "The Week in Wireless". *The Age*. No. 29057. Victoria, Australia. 12 June 1948. p. 7. Retrieved 10 July 2020  via National Library of Australia.
5. "Comedy Thriller Over 2GB". *ABC Weekly*. Vol. 10. 8 May 1948. p. 22.
6. "Australian Ron Randell's new movie offers". *The Australian Women's Weekly*. Vol. 22, no. 5. Australia. 30 June 1954. p. 26. Retrieved 10 July 2020  via National Library of Australia.
7. "London". *Variety*. 4 August 1954. p. 62.
8. Diana Dors is sued . . . then sues back Author: By Daily Mail Reporter Date: Tuesday, Jan. 15, 1957 Publication: Daily Mail (London, England) Issue: 18892 page 5
9. Dors, Diana (1960). *Swingin' Dors*. World Distributors. p. 110.
10. MISS TULIP STAYS THE NIGHT Monthly Film Bulletin; London Vol. 22, Iss. 252, (Jan 1, 1955): 124.
11. FALSE EVIDENCE OF MURDER: Death Penalty Problem W. L. W. The Manchester Guardian (1901-1959); Manchester (UK) \[Manchester (UK)\]13 Nov 1956: 5.
12. Stratten, John (10 November 1956). "Plenty of Punch—and names to watch". *Manchester Evening News*. p. 2.
13. "Guide to Local Entertainment". *Walsall Observer*. 19 October 1956. p. 13.

## InfoBox

| Miss Tulip Stays the Night | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Leslie Arliss |
| Written by | John O. Douglas
**uncredited**
Jack Hulbert
Bill Luckwell |
| Based on | play by Nan Marriott-Watson |
| Produced by | John O. Douglas
Bill Luckwell
**associate**
Derek Winn |
| Starring | Diana Dors
Patrick Holt
Jack Hulbert
Cicely Courtneidge |
| Cinematography | Kenneth Talbot |
| Edited by | Sam Simmonds |
| Production
company | Jaywell |
| Distributed by | Adelphi Films Ltd. (UK) |
| Release date | * July 1955 (1955-07) (UK) |
| Running time | 68 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Budget | £40,000 |


title: Saburtalo Line

abstract: The Saburtalo Line is a line of the Tbilisi Metro in Georgia. The line was first opened in 1979, running originally from Station Square, where Tbilisi Central Railway station is located to Delisi and has since extended to the western residential districts of the city, near Tbilisi State University’s X and XI buildings. It is a second line of the system and runs from the east and west direction of Tbilisi, in contrast to the First Line which runs north-south axis of the city. The line is named after Saburtalo, the district, and neighbourhood of Tbilisi, where 5 of 7 stations of this line are located. Alternatively, the line is being referred to simply as 2nd Line.

text:
# Saburtalo Line

The **Saburtalo Line** (Georgian: საბურთალოს ხაზი, romanized: saburtalos khazi) is a line of the Tbilisi Metro in Georgia. The line was first opened in 1979, running originally from Station Square, where Tbilisi Central Railway station is located to Delisi and has since extended to the western residential districts of the city, near Tbilisi State University’s X and XI buildings. It is a second line of the system and runs from the east and west direction of Tbilisi, in contrast to the First Line which runs north-south axis of the city. The line is named after Saburtalo, the district, and neighbourhood of Tbilisi, where 5 of 7 stations of this line are located. Alternatively, the line is being referred to simply as **2nd Line**.

## History

| Segment | Date opened |
| --- | --- |
| Station SquareDelisi | September 22, 1979 |
| DelisiVazha-Pshavela | April 3, 2000 |
| Vazha-PshavelaState University | October 16, 2017 |
|

### Name changes

| Station | Previous name(s) | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Medical University | Komkavshiri | 1979–1992 |
| Viktor Gotsiridze | Delisi | 1979–1995 |
| Delisi | Viktor Gotsiridze | 1995–2006 |

## Transfers

| # | Transfer to | At |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Akhmeteli–Varketili Line (First Line) | Station Square |

Station Square is the eastern terminus and the transfer station to the First Line. The Station Square platforms of the Saburtalo line and the First line are placed parallel to each other and are connected by a 50-meter relatively narrow corridor. Since Station Square is the terminus station of the Saburtalo line, the platform and transfer corridor at rush hours may be extremely congested.

## Rolling stock

The line is served by the Nadzaladevi (No.1) depot. Currently, 9 four-carriage trains are assigned to it. All are the 81-714/717 versions with .5 modifications. Additional Ema-502M cars were supplied, causing an inconsistency in the cars' design.

## Recent developments and potential expansions

The western extension of the line has been frozen for some time before Vazha-Pshavela station opened in the year 2000. It was the first metro station to be opened in independent Georgia. Construction of the State University station (Sakhelmtsipo Universiteti), which dates back to the Soviet era and was suspended for 22 years, was restarted in July 2015 and was completed in October 2017. In perspective, the line might continue to the east.

Older potential development plans included either making the Saburtalo line a circular line continuing in the east towards the direction of Sabcho (Nowadays, Chitaia) Square, Saarbrücken Square, and to Rustaveli station as a transfer station and then towards the direction of Vake and back to Saburtalo. Alternative development option included continuing towards Kukia and eastern Tbilisi Sea settlements.

1. These are Technical University, Medical University, Delisi, Vazha-Pshavela, and State University stations.

## InfoBox

| Saburtalo Line | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Other name(s) | Line Two |
| Native name | საბურთალოს ხაზი |
| Line number | 2 |
| Stations |  |
| Service | |
| Type | Rapid transit |
| System | Tbilisi Metro |
| Operator(s) | Tbilisi Transport Company |
| Depot(s) | Nazaladevi Electrodepot |
| Rolling stock | 81-717M/714M (Tbilisi ZREPS) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1979 |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 1520mm |
| Electrification | 750v (minimum) third rail |
| Route map | |


title: Rad Racer

abstract: Highway Star Rad Racer, known as Highway Star in Japan, is a racing video game developed and published by Square for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1987. In this game, players drive a Ferrari 328 or a generic Formula One racing machine through a racecourse. The game was released in North America and Europe months after its debut. The title became well known for being one of two titles from Square that made use of stereoscopic 3D, which was made possible by wearing a pair of anaglyph glasses. Square president Masafumi Miyamoto initially conceived the game as an opportunity for developer Nasir Gebelli to demonstrate his 3D programming skills. Gebelli developed, and often drew by hand, the graphics for the game's 3D mode. The game sold 1.96 million copies and is considered one of the best racing games on the NES, but was criticized as being derivative of other racing games from the period. Reviewers widely compared the game to Out Run, though opined that Rad Racer was different in some ways, and they praised the sense of speed. The game appeared in the 1989 film The Wizard and was one of three games to feature a unique competition course in the 1990 Nintendo World Championship.

text:
# Rad Racer

***Rad Racer***, known as ***Highway Star*** in Japan, is a racing video game developed and published by Square for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1987. In this game, players drive a Ferrari 328 or a generic Formula One racing machine through a racecourse. The game was released in North America and Europe months after its debut. The title became well known for being one of two titles from Square that made use of stereoscopic 3D, which was made possible by wearing a pair of anaglyph glasses. Square president Masafumi Miyamoto initially conceived the game as an opportunity for developer Nasir Gebelli to demonstrate his 3D programming skills. Gebelli developed, and often drew by hand, the graphics for the game's 3D mode.

The game sold 1.96 million copies and is considered one of the best racing games on the NES, but was criticized as being derivative of other racing games from the period. Reviewers widely compared the game to *Out Run*, though opined that *Rad Racer* was different in some ways, and they praised the sense of speed. The game appeared in the 1989 film *The Wizard* and was one of three games to feature a unique competition course in the 1990 Nintendo World Championship.

## Gameplay

*Rad Racer* is a racing game in which the player races in a "Transamerica" race from the West Coast to the East Coast. The gameplay is sprite-based, and the player controls the car from a "behind the vehicle" perspective. At the start of the game, the player chooses between two types of car to race, either a 328 Twin Turbo or an F1 Machine, though both cars perform exactly the same. The objective is to complete eight driving stages of varying skylines, environments, and locations, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Athens. Competitors' vehicles get faster as the stages progress and include Volkswagen Beetles to Ferrari Testarossas. The player's car can accelerate to 100 km/h, which turbo can then be activated to accelerate to a maximum of 255 km/h. The player can brake, steer, and change the background music while driving. Hitting any obstacles or other cars may cause the player's vehicle to flip and crash. Players have a limited amount of time to reach the next "checkpoint" in the course, which is indicated by a checkered flag; passing the flag adds additional time or may signal the end of the course. Players have a simulated dashboard that contains a progress bar, speedometer, tachometer, score, and time remaining. Unlike in *Out Run* where the game ends immediately, when time runs out, the player's vehicle coasts and decelerates down to 0 km/h before the game ends, giving the player an extra five to ten seconds to possibly reach the next checkpoint.

Players can activate a 3D mode during play by pressing the "Select" button and wearing 3D glasses. Players could also use the Power Glove to control their vehicle. The game was also compatible with the Famicom 3D, an accessory to the original Famicom released in Japan that utilized LCD "shutter glasses" to simulate 3D.

## Development and release

The root cause for the game's development was the then-President of Square Masafumi Miyamoto wanting to implement newly hired programmer Nasir Gebelli's skills with 3D programming previously used to develop games for the Apple II. *Rad Racer* was the second title by Square to use anaglyph-based 3D: Gebelli worked on both titles and was influenced by his work on the first 3D game titled *The 3-D Battles of WorldRunner*. Two game programmers had left Square as Gebelli was hired, resulting in Gebelli to begin programming the game by himself. Gebelli remained in Japan to figure out how to create realistic background movement of the game's scenery while the rest of Square was on vacation in Hawaii.

Game developer Takashi Tokita worked on *Rad Racer* with Gebelli, alongside developer Hiromichi Tanaka and artist Kazuko Shibuya who had previously worked on *The 3-D Battles of WorldRunner* with Gebelli. Akitoshi Kawazu also contributed to the development as his first game under Square. Hironobu Sakaguchi and Akitoshi Kawazu both worked on *Rad Racer*, causing developer Koichi Ishii to plan for the original *Final Fantasy* by himself briefly.

Though Gebelli found the work challenging, he was able to simulate the moving road in what Tokita described as a "tricky" bit of programming. To make the roads look like they were turning in 3D on a typical television, most of which at the time used cathode-ray tubes, the developers integrated scrolling by individual scanlines. *Final Fantasy III* used this method to create game effects for the enemy Odin. Since the game was not programmed to display single sprites but was drawn line by line, Gebelli came several times a week memorizing Shibuya's instructions on how the courses should be drawn. Shibuya would point out how many pixels and what color the lines had to be to create roads to Gebelli. Square produced six different versions of *Rad Racer* for different regions to accommodate the different 3D viewing systems needed if players were using either a typical television or the Famicom 3D System and a different version required for the PAL region. At the time, programmers usually worked on games individually, which Tokita described having someone to work with as an asset. Tokita designed and wrote the program for the billboards that appear in the game. Tokita also made all four levels and during the process, he learned that the middle two levels shared assets, which saved time and memory. Shibuya worked on the character sprites in which Final Fantasy developer Koichi Ishii stated that the sprites of *3-D Battles of WorldRunner* and *Rad Racer* typify Kazuko Shibuya’s pixel art style. Akitoshi Kawazu’s designed the *Rad Racer*'s ending that indicated with dots how far the player's progress.

*Rad Racer* was released in Japan on August 7, 1987. It was later released in North America in October 1987 and in Europe on January 15, 1988. In August 1987, Nintendo released an arcade machine called *Playchoice-10* that contained up to ten popular NES titles. Amongst the eligible NES games, *Rad Racer* was also available on the arcade machine.

## Reception

*Rad Racer* was met with favorable reviews, enjoyed commercial success, and sold 1.96 million copies. It also ranked 8th on *Nintendo Power'*s player's poll *Top 30*. *Famitsu* praised the sense of speed but felt the game was slightly monotonous. Japanese publication *Family Computer Magazine* applauded the variety of game landscapes found in different levels. British magazine *Computer and Video Games* called it an "extremely playable racing game" and said "things get very fast and competitive as you get further into the game."

Retrospective reviews gave the title a more mixed reception. Skyler Miller of *GameSpot*, in his article *The History of Square*, commented that the game bears more than a passing resemblance to *Out Run*," but went on to say that "it's more than just a clone" and credited the game with "effectively convey\[ing\] the proper sense of speed." He continued to criticize the 3D effect, stating it created some sense of depth to the gameplay but was hindered by a pronounced screen flickering. He concluded that the game does not require 3D features and that it stands on its own as a "fine racing game". Craig Harris of *IGN* stated in his retrospective that the game's simplicity and "race or die" focus make it one of the best racing games of its time. He also mentioned how the power glove does not improve player control, though felt the experience was still fun. *Hardcore Gaming 101*’s Jeremy Peeples and Neil Foster praised the game's sense of speed and arcade levels of difficulty, but criticized the lack of personality and faulty collision physics.

*Rad Racer* was ranked number 57 on *IGN*'s Top 100 Nintendo Entertainment System games and was called "iconic" and one of the NES's premier racing games. *Maxim* included the game amongst thirteen others in their greatest 8-bit video games of all time list.

### Legacy

Due to most of *Rad Racer*'s sales being from the United States, *Rad Racer II* was developed and released only in North America for the NES and the arcade. The sequel featured eight new tracks and new music but similar gameplay. *Hardcore Gamer 101* said that steering was looser than the first game and rival cars more aggressive, leading to a less enjoyable playing experience. Despite the efforts of Square to make unique games with 3D features such as *Rad Racer* and *3-D Worldrunner*, and high sales, the company was in financial trouble. These events are what led to a final attempt at a breakout hit, *Final Fantasy*. *Rad Racer* appeared in a scene in the movie *The Wizard*. It was also one of three games, including *Super Mario Bros.* and *Tetris*, featured at the 1990 Nintendo World Championship with an exclusive racing level to complete as one of the rounds of competition. The limited-edition release of the game's cartridge used in the tournament is now one of the rarest and most valuable Nintendo games available.

Notes Citations  1. Barder, Ollie. "Hironobu Sakaguchi Talks About His Admiration For 'Dragon Quest' And Upcoming Projects". *Forbes*. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
2. Fletcher, J.C. (June 17, 2016). "Square Enix offers chance to meet Nobuo Uematsu in London". Retrieved May 12, 2020.
3. Nintendo staff (1987). *Rad Racer* Instruction Manual. Nintendo of America. p. 2.
4. Harris, Craig (July 15, 2010). "Legacy Games for Nintendo 3DS". *IGN*. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
5. Foster, Neil (November 19, 2017). "Rad Racer". *Hardcore Gaming 101*. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
6. Baker, Christopher Michael. "Rad Racer - Overview". *Allgame*. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
7. Nintendo staff (1987). *Rad Racer* Instruction Manual. Nintendo of America. p. 4.
8. Nintendo staff (1987). *Rad Racer* Instruction Manual. Nintendo of America. p. 5.
9. Peeples, Jeremy (August 2, 2013). "Graveyard: Rad Racer". *Hardcore Gamer*. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
10. Buchanan, Levi. "57. Rad Racing". *IGN*. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
11. Plunkett, Luke (April 30, 2010). "Nintendo's First 3D Technology Shot A Spaceship at Mario's Face". *Kotaku*. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
12. "Square Enix's Rad Racer could be the 3DS's next 3D Classic". *gamesTM*. Archived from the original on June 12, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
13. ""The Man Behind the Fantasies"". *Next Generation*. No. 50. Imagine Media. February 1999. pp. 89, 90.
14. Romero, John (May 20, 2018). "Episode 4 - Nasir Gebelli - Part 2 of 3". *Apple Time Warp Podcast*. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
15. Marchiafava, Jeff (July 1, 2010). "A Look Back at 3D Console Gaming". *Game Informer*. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
16. Wawro, Alex (March 22, 2017). "Watch John Romero's '90s chat with Nasir Gebelli about coding Final Fantasy". Gamasutra. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
17. Jeriaska (April 28, 2011). "Interview: Serializing RPG Storylines On Final Fantasy Legends". *Gamasutra*. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
18. 4Gamer (March 1, 2013). "Kazuko Shibuya – Square Developer Interview". *Shmuplations.com*. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2020.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
19. "Final Fantasy III 30th Anniversary Special Interview Vol.1". Square Enix. April 27, 2020. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
20. "Final Fantasy III 30th Anniversary Special Interview Vol.2". Nintendo. May 1, 2020. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
21. Szczepaniak, John (February 1, 2018). *The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers*. Vol. 3. SMG Szczepaniak. p. 212.
22. Parish, Jeremy (January 1, 2010). "What's the Deal with Square Enix's Akitoshi Kawazu?". *1UP.com*. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
23. "フアミコンソフト 全タイトルスト". *大好き! ファミコン倶楽部mini* (in Japanese). Kasakura Publishing. December 15, 2016. p. 94. ISBN 9784773058192.
24. "Rad Racer (NES) (1987)". *Nintendo Life*. January 1, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
25. "Recent Nintendo Releases". *Insider's Guide to the Nintendo World Championships 1990*. Minoru Arakawa. p. 6. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
26. "Nintendo's 'PlayChoice-10'". *Cashbox*. August 30, 1986. p. 41. ISSN 0008-7289. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
27. Retrobates (January 6, 2014). "Nintendo PlayChoice 10". *Retro Gamer*. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
28. "Complete Games Guide" (PDF). *Computer and Video Games* (Complete Guide to Consoles): 46–77. October 16, 1989.
29. "NEW GAMES CROSS REVIEW: ハイウェイスター". *Famitsu* (in Japanese). No. 27. ASCII Corporation. July 10, 1987. p. 15.
30. Kalata, Kurt (November 19, 2017). "Rad Racer II". *Hardcore Gaming 101*. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
31. ""Player's Poll Top 30"". *Nintendo Power*. Vol. 1, no. July/August 1988. Nintendo of America.
32. 和書 (June 16, 2005). "6月16日増刊号特別付録 クロスレビュー優良ソフトパーフェクトカタログ 上巻". *Family Computer Magazine* (in Japanese). **1**. Enterbrain: 8.
33. Miller, Skyler (December 15, 2001). "The History of Square". *GameSpot*. CNET. Archived from the original on December 19, 2001. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
34. Sciarrino, John (August 1, 2016). "Here are the greatest 8-bit video games of all time". *Maxim*. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
35. "Rad Racer II". *Arcade Museum*. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
36. "Rad Racer II". Square Enix. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012.
37. Fahs, Travis (June 26, 2009). "IGN Presents the History of Final Fantasy". *IGN*. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
38. Buchanan, Levi (June 18, 2008). "The 90-Minute Super Mario Bros. 3 Commercial". *IGN*. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
39. Grubb, Jeff (April 21, 2014). "NES Remix 2 is great for players who bring the right memories (review)". *Venture Beat*. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
40. Machkovech, Sam (August 8, 2019). "$13,000 NES cartridge found at the bottom of a Safeway sack". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Rad Racer | |
| --- | --- |
| North American box art | |
| Developer(s) | Square |
| Publisher(s) |  |
| Designer(s) | Hironobu Sakaguchi |
| Programmer(s) | Nasir Gebelli |
| Composer(s) | Nobuo Uematsu |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo Entertainment System, Arcade (PlayChoice-10) |
| Release | * JP: August 7, 1987 * NA: October 1987 * EU: January 15, 1988 |
| Genre(s) | Racing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Indoleacetate decarboxylase

abstract: Indoleacetate decarboxylase (IAD) is a glycyl radical enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of indoleacetate to form skatole, which is a malodorous organic compound that gives animal faeces their characteristic smell. This decarboxylation is the last step of the tryptophan fermentation in some types of anaerobic bacteria. Tryptophan (Trp), Tyrosine (Tyr) and Phenylalanine (Phe) are aromatic aminoacids that can be degraded by certain types of fermenting bacteria. These bacteria create indoleacetate, p-hydroxyphenylacetate and phenylacetate, respectively. In addition, some bacteria carry out a further step, decarboxylating these compounds and creating skatole, cresol and toluene, respectively, which are volatile aromatic compounds. Out of these three compounds, skatole is the most noticeable as its distinct faecal malodour is detectable at the lowest concentration of 0.00056 parts per million (0.0030 mg/m⁳).

text:
# Indoleacetate decarboxylase

**Indoleacetate decarboxylase** (**IAD**) is a glycyl radical enzyme (therefore member of the GRE superfamily ) that catalyses the decarboxylation of indoleacetate to form skatole, which is a malodorous organic compound that gives animal faeces their characteristic smell. This decarboxylation is the last step of the tryptophan fermentation in some types of anaerobic bacteria.

Tryptophan (Trp), Tyrosine (Tyr) and Phenylalanine (Phe) are aromatic aminoacids that can be degraded by certain types of fermenting bacteria. These bacteria create indoleacetate, p-hydroxyphenylacetate and phenylacetate, respectively. In addition, some bacteria carry out a further step, decarboxylating these compounds and creating skatole, cresol and toluene, respectively, which are volatile aromatic compounds. Out of these three compounds, skatole is the most noticeable as its distinct faecal malodour is detectable at the lowest concentration of 0.00056 parts per million (0.0030 mg/m3).

## Discovery

The study that led to the discovery of the indoleacetate decarboxylase enzyme was published in 2018., and was carried out by an international research team, co-led by Huimin Zhao, from the A\*STAR Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences.

The researchers compared the genoma of two skatole producers bacteria, *Clostridium scatologenes* (*Cs*) and *Olsenella scatoligenes* (*Os*), isolated from acidic sediment and swine manure respectively, in order to identify a candidate GRE with IAD activity. The team found two proteins that share approximately half of the sequence identity, suggesting they might have the same function as well: A0A0E3M8P3 in *Cs* (CsIAD) and A0A100YXA1 in *Os* (OsIAD). To confirm their biochemical activity, the researchers recombinantly produced the enzyme OsIAD and its protein neighborhood, in which it was its activating enzyme, OsIADAE. Once the enzyme was conveniently activated, it was incubated with indoleacetate, and this process resulted in the generation of skatole, proving that OsAID was an IAD. This enzyme was also incubated with phenylacetate and p-hydroxyphenylacetate and there was no activity, indicating high substrate specificity.

## Structure

The structure of the IAD hasn't been discovered yet, but as a glycyl radical enzyme (GRE) it is known that its core structure is formed by a 10-stranded β-barrel surrounded by α-helices.

## Reaction mechanism

Indoleacetate decarboxylase takes part in the tryptophan fermentation, which involves two steps. The first one consists of the degradation of the amino acid into indole-3-acetate. And in the second step, IAD catalyzes the decarboxylation of the indole-3-acetate to form the final product, skatole.

The decarboxylation of indole-3-acetate is chemically difficult since it leaves an unstable carbanion because of the direct elimination of CO2. This chemical reaction is promoted by 1-electron oxidation of indole-3-acetate through a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), which requires the transfer of the indolic-NH proton to a suitably positioned base, producing an indoleacetate anion radical intermediate.

## Biological relevance

The discovery of IAD provides a way to identify the skatole-producing bacteria and helps us understand the fermentation pathways and their products, which had not been found in previous studies.

Fermentation of aromatic amino acids (in this case tryptophan) leads to a large variety of products that remain with their stable aromatic rings. When this fermentation takes place in the human or animal gut, these compounds can accumulate in the host bloodstream and have global physiological or pathological effects.

Several analysis in humans showed the presence of IAD in two more bacteria: *Olsenella uli* from the gingival crevice, and *Faecalicatena contorta* from gangrenous appendicitis. This enzyme also contributes to halitosis, since it is present in certain sequenced human oral bacteria, and this discovery could open some doors to treat this condition. Furthermore, the mosquitoes that cause Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus are known to be attracted by skatole, so blocking the production of this molecule might help to combat the spread of this infections

In the farming industry, skatole is a major component of the manure smell and the source of some bovine respiratory diseases. Skatole causes acute bovine pulmonary edema (ABPD, a condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs) and emphysema (condition that causes shortness of breath) in cattle. It is also responsible for the intense offensive odor and taste that can be evident when cooking or eating pork. Many ruminants are susceptible to ABPE, a disease in which skatole acts as a very selective pneumotoxin that causes the degeneration of certain lung tissues. Therefore, by knowing the IAD mechanism, the skatole products could be suppressed and with them the unpleasant smell of animal feaces and the other pathological effects that has on many living creatures.

## InfoBox

| Indoleacetate decarboxylase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 4.1.1.115 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |