title: Viral vector

abstract: Viral vectors are modified viruses designed to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside an organism or in cell culture. Viral vectors have widespread applications in basic research, agriculture, and medicine. Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to transport their genomes into infected hosts, a process termed transduction. This capability has been exploited for use as viral vectors, which may integrate their genetic cargo—the transgene—into the host genome, although non-integrative vectors are also commonly used. In addition to agriculture and laboratory research, viral vectors are widely applied in gene therapy: as of 2022, all approved gene therapies were viral vector-based. Further, compared to traditional vaccines, the intracellular antigen expression enabled by viral vector vaccines offers more robust immune activation. Many types of viruses have been developed into viral vector platforms, ranging from retroviruses to cytomegaloviruses. Different viral vector classes vary widely in strengths and limitations, suiting some to specific applications. For instance, relatively non-immunogenic and integrative vectors like lentiviral vectors are commonly employed for gene therapy. Chimeric viral vectors—such as hybrid vectors with qualities of both bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses—have also been developed. Viral vectors were first created in 1972 by Paul Berg. Further development was temporarily halted by a recombinant DNA research moratorium following the Asilomar Conference and stringent National Institutes of Health regulations. Once lifted, the 1980s saw both the first recombinant viral vector gene therapy and the first viral vector vaccine. Although the 1990s saw significant advances in viral vectors, clinical trials had a number of setbacks, culminating in Jesse Gelsinger's death. However, in the 21st century, viral vectors experienced a resurgence and have been globally approved for the treatment of various diseases. They have been administered to billions of patients, notably during the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# Viral vector

**Viral vectors** are modified viruses designed to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside an organism or in cell culture. Viral vectors have widespread applications in basic research, agriculture, and medicine.

Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to transport their genomes into infected hosts, a process termed transduction. This capability has been exploited for use as viral vectors, which may integrate their genetic cargo—the transgene—into the host genome, although non-integrative vectors are also commonly used. In addition to agriculture and laboratory research, viral vectors are widely applied in gene therapy: as of 2022, all approved gene therapies were viral vector-based. Further, compared to traditional vaccines, the intracellular antigen expression enabled by viral vector vaccines offers more robust immune activation.

Many types of viruses have been developed into viral vector platforms, ranging from retroviruses to cytomegaloviruses. Different viral vector classes vary widely in strengths and limitations, suiting some to specific applications. For instance, relatively non-immunogenic and integrative vectors like lentiviral vectors are commonly employed for gene therapy. Chimeric viral vectors—such as hybrid vectors with qualities of both bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses—have also been developed.

Viral vectors were first created in 1972 by Paul Berg. Further development was temporarily halted by a recombinant DNA research moratorium following the Asilomar Conference and stringent National Institutes of Health regulations. Once lifted, the 1980s saw both the first recombinant viral vector gene therapy and the first viral vector vaccine. Although the 1990s saw significant advances in viral vectors, clinical trials had a number of setbacks, culminating in Jesse Gelsinger's death. However, in the 21st century, viral vectors experienced a resurgence and have been globally approved for the treatment of various diseases. They have been administered to billions of patients, notably during the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Characteristics

Viruses, infectious agents composed of a protein coat that encloses a genome, are the most numerous biological entities on Earth. As they cannot replicate independently, they must infect cells and hijack the host's replication machinery in order to produce copies of themselves. Viruses do this by inserting their genome—which can be DNA or RNA, either single-stranded or double-stranded—into the host. Some viruses may integrate their genome directly into that of the host in the form of a provirus.

This ability to transfer foreign genetic material has been exploited by genetic engineers to create viral vectors, which can transduce the desired transgene into a target cell. Viral vectors consists of three components:

1. A protein capsid and sometimes an envelope that encapsidates the genetic payload. This determines the range of cell types that the vector infects, termed its tropism.
2. A genetic payload: the transgene that results in the desired effect when expressed.
3. A "regulatory cassette" that controls transgene expression, whether integrated into a host chromosome or as an episome. The cassette comprises an enhancer, a promoter, and auxiliary elements.

## Applications

### Basic research

Viral vectors are routinely used in a basic research setting and can introduce genes encoding, for instance, complementary DNA, short hairpin RNA, or CRISPR/Cas9 systems for gene editing. Viral vectors are employed for cellular reprogramming, like inducing pluripotent stem cells or differentiating adult somatic cells into different cell types. Researchers also use viral vectors to create transgenic mice and rats for experiments. Viral vectors can be used for *in vivo* imaging via the introduction of a reporter gene. Further, transduction of stem cells can permit the tracing of cell lineage during development.

### Gene therapy

Gene therapy seeks to modulate or otherwise affect gene expression via the introduction of a therapeutic transgene. Gene therapy by viral vectors can be performed by *in vivo* delivery by directly administering the vector to the patient, or *ex vivo* by extracting cells from the patient, transducing them, and then reintroducing the modified cells into the patient. Viral vector gene therapies may also be used for plants, tentatively enhancing crop performance or promoting sustainable production.

There are four broad categories of gene therapy: gene replacement, gene silencing, gene addition, or gene editing. Relative to other non-integrative gene therapy approaches, transgenes introduced by viral vectors offer multi-year long expression.

### Vaccines

For use as vaccine platforms, viral vectors can be engineered to carry a specific antigen associated with an infectious disease or a tumor antigen. Conventional vaccines are not suitable for protection against some pathogens due to unique immune evasion strategies and differences in pathogenesis. Viral vector-based vaccines, for instance, could eventually offer immunity against HIV-1 and malaria.

While traditional subunit vaccines elicit a humoral response, viral vectors allow for intracellular antigen expression that activates MHC pathways via both direct and crosspresentation pathways. This induces a robust adaptive immune response. Viral vector vaccines also have intrinsic adjuvant properties via innate immune system activation and the expression of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, negating the need for any additional adjuvant. In addition to a more robust immune response in comparison to other vaccine types, viral vectors offer efficient gene transduction and can target specific cell types. Pre-existing immunity to the virus used as the vector, however, can be a significant issue.

Prior to 2020, viral vector vaccines were widely administered but confined to veterinary medicine. In the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, viral vector vaccines played a fundamental role and were administered to billions of people, particularly in low and middle-income nations.

## Types

### Retroviruses

Retroviruses—enveloped RNA viruses—are popular viral vector platforms due to their ability to integrate genetic material into the host genome. Retroviral vectors comprise two general classes: gamma retroviral and lentiviral vectors. The fundamental difference between the two are that gamma retroviral vectors can only infect dividing cells, while lentiviral vectors can infect both dividing and resting cells. Notably, retroviral genomes are composed of single-stranded RNA and must be converted to proviral double-stranded DNA, a process known as reverse transcription—before it is integrated into the host genome via viral proteins like integrase.

The most commonly used gammaretroviral vector is a modified Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV), able to transduce various mammalian cell types. MMLV vectors have been associated with some cases of carcinogenesis. Gammaretroviral vectors have been successfully applied to *ex vivo* hematopoietic stem cell to treat multiple genetic diseases.

#### Lentiviral vectors

Most lentiviral vectors are derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), although modified simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and the equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) have also been utilized. As all functional genes are removed or otherwise mutated, the vectors are not cytopathic and can be engineered to be non-integrative.

Lentiviral vectors are able to carry up to 10 kb of foreign genetic material, although 3-4 kb was reported as optimal as of 2023. Relative to other viral vectors, lentiviral vectors possess the greatest transduction capacity, due to the formation of a three-stranded "DNA flap" during retro-transcription of the single-strand lentiviral RNA to DNA within the host.

Although largely non-inflammatory, lentiviral vectors can induce robust adaptive immune responses by memory-type cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells. This is largely due to lentiviral vectors' high tropism for dendritic cells, which activate T cells. However, they can infect all types of antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, as they are the only retroviral vectors able to efficiently transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, make them the most promising vaccine platforms. They have also been trialed as vaccines against cancer.

Lentiviral vectors have been used as *in vivo* therapies, such as directly treating genetic diseases like haemophilia B and for *ex vivo* treatments like immune cell modification in CAR T cell therapy. In 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tisagenlecleucel, a lentiviral vector, for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

### Adenoviruses

Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the family *Adenoviridae*. Their relatively large genomes, of approximately 30-45 kb, make them ideal candidates for genetic delivery; newer adenoviral vectors can carry up to 37 kb of foreign genetic material. Adenoviral vectors display high transduction efficiency and transgene expression, and can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells.

The adenoviral capsid, an icosahedron, features a fibre "knob" at each of its 12 vertices. These fibre proteins mediate cell entry—greatly affecting efficacy and contribute to its broad tropism—notably via coxsackie–adenovirus receptors (CARs). Adenoviral vectors can induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses. Its strong immunogenicity is particularly due to the transduction of dendritic cells (DC), upregulating the expression of both MHC I and II molecules and activating the DCs. They have a strong adjuvant effect, as they display several pathogen-associated molecular patterns. One disadvantage is that pre-existing immunity to adenovirus serotypes is common, reducing efficacy. The use of chimpanzee adenoviruses may circumvent this issue.

While the activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses is an obstacle for many therapeutic applications, it makes adenenoviral vectors an ideal vaccine platform. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic saw the development and use of multiple adenoviral vector vaccines, including Sputnik V, the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, and the Janssen vaccine.

### Adeno-associated viruses

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are relatively small single-stranded DNA viruses belonging to *Parvoviridae* and, like lentiviral vectors, AAVs can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. AAVs, however, require the presence of a "helper virus" such as an adenovirus or herpes simplex virus to replicate within the host, although it can do so independently if cellular stress is induced or the helper virus genes are carried by the vector.

AAVs insert themselves into a specific site in the host genome, particularly *AAVS1* on chromosome 19 in humans. However, recombinant AAVs have been designed that do not integrate. These are instead stored as episomes that, in non-dividing cells, can last for years. One disadvantage is that they are not able to carry large amounts of foreign genetic materials. Furthermore, the need to express the complementary strand for its single-stranded genome may delay transgene expression.

As of 2020, 11 different AAV serotypes—differing by capsid structure and consequently by tropism—had been identified. The tropism of adeno-associated viral vectors can be tailored by creating recombinant versions from multiple serotypes, termed pseudotyping. Due to their ability to infect and induce longlasting effects within nondividing cells, AAVs are commonly used in basic neuroscience research. Following the approval of the AAV Alipogene tiparvovec in Europe in 2012, in 2017, the FDA approved the first AAV-based in vivo gene therapy—voretigene neparvovec—which treated RPE65-associated Leber congenital amaurosis. As of 2020, 230 clinical trials using AAV-based treatments were either underway or had been completed.

### Vaccinia

Vaccinia virus, a poxvirus, is another promising candidate for viral vector development. Its use as the smallpox vaccine—first reported by Edward Jenner in 1798—led to the eradication of smallpox and demonstrated vaccinia as safe and effective in humans. Moreover, manufacturing procedures developed to mass-produce smallpox vaccine stockpiles may expedite vaccinia viral vector production.

Vaccinia possesses a large DNA genome and can consequently carry up to 40 kb of foreign DNA. Further, vaccinia are unlikely to integrate into the host genome, decreasing the chance of carcinogenesis. Attenuated strains—replicating and non-replicating—have been developed. Although widely characterized due to its use against smallpox, as of 2019 the function of 50 percent of the vaccinia genome was unknown. This may lead to unpredictable effects.

As a vaccine platform, vaccinia vectors display highly effective transgene expression and create a robust immune response. The virus fast-acting: its life cycle produces mature progeny vaccinia within 6 hours, and has three viral spread mechanisms. Vaccinia also has an adjuvant effect, activating a strong innate response via toll-like receptors. A significant disadvantage that can reduce its efficacy, however, is pre-existing immunity against vaccinia in those who received the smallpox vaccine.

### Herpesviruses

Of the nine herpesviruses that infect humans, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is the most well characterized and most commonly used as a viral vector. HSV-1 offers several advantages: it has broad tropism and can deliver therapeutics via specialized expression systems. Moreover, HSV-1 can cross the blood brain barrier if medically-disrupted, enabling it to target neurological diseases. Also, HSV-1 does not integrate into the host genome and can carry large amounts of foreign DNA. The former feature prevents harmful mutagenesis, as can occur with retroviral and adeno-associated vectors. Replication-deficient strains have been developed.

In 2015, talimogene laherparepvec—an HSV-1 vector that triggers an anti-tumor immune response—was approved by the FDA to treat melanoma. As of 2020, HSV-1 vectors have been experimentally applied against sarcomas and cancers of the brain, colon, prostate, and skin.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a herpesvirus, has also been developed for use as a viral vector. CMV can infect most cell types and can thus proliferate throughout the body. Although a CMV-based vaccine provided significant immunity against SIV—closely related to HIV—in macaques, development of CMV as a reliable vector was reported to still be in early stages as of 2020.

### Plant viruses

Plant viruses are also engineered viral vectors for use in agriculture, horticulture, and biologic production. These vectors have been employed for a range of applications, from increasing the aesthetic quality of ornamental plants to pest biocontrol, rapid expression of recombinant proteins and peptides, and to accelerate crop breeding. The use of engineered plant viruses has been proposed to enhance crop performance and promote sustainable production.

Replicating virus-based vectors are typically used. RNA viruses used for monocots include wheat streak mosaic virus and barley stripe mosaic virus and, for dicots, tobacco rattle virus. Single-stranded DNA viruses like geminiviruses have also been utilized. Viral vectors can be administered to plants via several pathways termed "agro-inoculation", including via rubbing, a biolistic delivery system, agrospray, agroinjection, and even via insect vectors. However, *Agrobacterium*-mediated delivery of viral vectors—in which bacteria are transformed with plasmid DNA encoding the viral vector construct—is the most common approach.

### Bacteriophages

Chimeric vectors combining both bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses have been developed and are capable of infecting eukaryotic cells. Unlike eukaryotic virus-based vectors, such bacteriophage vectors have no innate tropism for eukaryotic cells, allowing them to be engineered to be highly specific for cancer cells.

Bacteriophage vectors are also commonly used in molecular biology. For instance, bacteriophage vectors are used in phage-assisted continuous evolution, promoting rapid mutagenesis of bacteria. Although limited to mycobacteriophages and some phages of gram-negative bacteria, bacteriophages can be used for direct cloning.

## Manufacture

Viral vector manufacturing methods often vary by vector, although most utilize an adherent or suspension-based system with mammalian cells. For viral vector production on a smaller, laboratory setting, static cell culture systems like Petri dishes are typically used.

Those techniques used in the laboratory are difficult to scale, requiring different approaches on an industrial scale. Large single-use disposable culture systems and bioreactors are commonly used by manufacturers. Vessels such as those with gas permeable surfaces are used to maximize cell culture density and solution transducing units. Depending on the vessel, viruses can be directly isolated from the supernatant or isolated via chemical lysis of the cultured cells or microfluidization. In 2017, *The New York Times* reported a manufacturing backlog of inactivated viruses, delaying some gene therapy trials by years.

## History

Paul Berg's creation of the first viral vector in 1972 led to the Asilomar Conference, which established a moratorium on recombinant DNA research.

In 1972, Stanford University biochemist Paul Berg developed the first viral vector, incorporating DNA from the lambda phage into the polyomavirus SV40 to infect kidney cells maintained in culture. The implications of this achievement troubled scientists like Robert Pollack, who convinced Berg not to transduce DNA from SV40 into *E. coli* via a bacteriophage vector. They feared that introducing the purportedly cancer-causing genes of SV40 would create carcinogenic bacterial strains. These concerns and others in the emerging field of recombinant DNA led to the Asilomar Conference of 1975, where attendees agreed to a voluntary moratorium on cloning DNA.

In 1977, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued formal guidelines confining viral DNA cloning to rigid BSL-4 conditions, practically preventing such research. However, the NIH loosened these rules in 1979, permitting Bernard Moss to develop a viral vector utilizing vaccinia. In 1982, Moss reported the first use of a viral vector for transient gene expression. The following year, Moss used the vaccinia vector to express a hepatitis B antigen, creating the first viral vector vaccine.

> Every realm of medicine has its defining moment, often with a human face attached. Polio had Jonas Salk. In vitro fertilization had Louise Brown, the world's first test-tube baby. Transplant surgery had Barney Clark, the Seattle dentist with the artificial heart. AIDS had Magic Johnson. Now gene therapy has Jesse Gelsinger.

Sheryl Gay Stolberg, *The New York Times Magazine*

Although a failed gene therapy attempt utilizing wild-type Shope papilloma virus had been made as early as 1972, Martin Cline attempted the first gene therapy utilizing recombinant DNA in 1980. It proved unsuccessful. In the 1990s, as genetic diseases were further characterized and viral vector technology improved, there was overoptimism about the capabilities the technology. Many clinical trials proved failures. There were some successes, such as the first effective gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID); it employed a retroviral vector.

However, during a 1999 clinical trial at the University of Pennsylvania, Jesse Gelsinger died from a fatal reaction to an adenoviral vector-based gene therapy. It was the first death related to any form of gene therapy. Consequently, the FDA suspended all gene therapy trials at the University of Pennsylvania and investigated 60 others across the US. An anonymous editorial in *Nature Medicine* noted that it represented a "loss of innocence" for viral vectors. Shortly thereafter, the field's reputation was further damaged when 5 children treated with a SCID gene therapy developed leukemia due to an issue with the retroviral vector.

Viral vectors experienced a resurgence when they were successfully employed for *ex vivo* hematopoietic gene delivery in clinical settings. In 2003, China approved the first gene therapy for clinical use: Gendicine, an adenoviral vector encoding p53. In 2012, the European Union issued its first approval of a gene therapy, an adeno-associated viral vector. During the COVID-19 pandemic, viral vector vaccines were used to an unprecedented extent: administered to billions of people. As of 2022, all approved gene therapies were viral vector-based and over 1000 viral vector clinical trials targeting cancer were underway.

In film, viral vectors are often portrayed as unintentionally causing a pandemic and civilizational catastrophe. The 2007 film *I Am Legend* depicts a cancer-targeting viral vector as unleashing a zombie apocalypse. Similarly, a viral vector therapy for Alzheimer's disease in *Rise of the Planet of the Apes* (2011) becomes a deadly pathogen and causes an ape uprising. Other films featuring viral vectors include *The Bourne Legacy* (2012) and *Resident Evil: The Final Chapter* (2016).

## Notes and references

### Notes

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### Works cited

#### Journal articles

#### News articles

#### Books and protocols

* Carmen I (1985). *Cloning and the Constitution: An Inquiry into Governmental Policymaking and Genetic Experimentation*. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299103408.
* Kayser FH, Bienz KA, Eckert J, Zinkernagel RM (2005). *Medical Microbiology* (10 ed.). Thieme. ISBN 1588902455.
* Warnock JN, Daigre C, Al-Rubeai M (2011). "Introduction to Viral Vectors". In Manfredsson FP, Benskey MJ (eds.). *Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Methods and Protocols*. Springer. pp. 1–25. ISBN 9781493990641.


title: Viral synapse

abstract: Viral synapse is a molecularly organized cellular junction that is similar in some aspects to immunological synapses. Many viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) have been shown to instigate the formation of these junctions between the infected ("donor") and uninfected ("target") cell to allow cell-to-cell transmission. As viral synapses allow the virus to spread directly from cell to cell, they also provide a means by which the virus can escape neutralising antibody.

text:
# Viral synapse

**Viral synapse** (or **virological synapse**) is a molecularly organized cellular junction that is similar in some aspects to immunological synapses. Many viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) have been shown to instigate the formation of these junctions between the infected ("donor") and uninfected ("target") cell to allow cell-to-cell transmission. As viral synapses allow the virus to spread directly from cell to cell, they also provide a means by which the virus can escape neutralising antibody.

## Formation and function

Formation of these synapses has been shown to involve reorientation of the cytoskeleton, which is triggered by engagement of ICAM-1 on the infected cell's surface and expression of several viral proteins. Viruses use the microtubule cytoskeleton to migrate to the viral synapse. By recruiting the receptors and viral particles at the point of contact, these synaptic structures significantly enhance the likelihood of a productive infection. Viral synapses are thought to explain how cell-to-cell transfer can operate in the HIV infection even when there is a low number of viral particles and a relatively low number of CD4 receptors. Recent study proposes that the primary “killing units” of CD4 T cells leading to CD4 T-cell depletion and progression to AIDS are **infected cells** (not cell-free viral particles) residing in lymphoid tissues that mediate cell-to-cell spread of the virus via virological synapses. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for the virological synapse in HIV pathogenesis.


title: Muraltia heisteria

abstract: Muraltia heisteria is a shrub in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae) which is native to South Africa and is an emerging invasive species in South Australia. It was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus.

text:
# Muraltia heisteria

***Muraltia heisteria*** is a shrub in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae) which is native to South Africa and is an emerging invasive species in South Australia. It was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus.

## Description

It is a very prickly, erect, sparsely-branched perennial shrub or dwarf shrub which is very rigid and densely branched. It has a height between 20 and 80 centimetres (0.66 and 2.62 ft). It contains hard, thick, spine-tipped, lance-shaped leaves which usually have hairy edges. They are clustered along the stem and are 5 to 10 millimetres (0.20 to 0.39 in) long and 1 to 2 millimetres (0.039 to 0.079 in) wide.

It produces small purple, pink, or occasionally white flowers which are thickly studded along the branches and 7 to 12 millimetres (0.28 to 0.47 in) long. Its 5 sepals are 4 to 5 millimetres (0.16 to 0.20 in) long and almost equal in length while its 3 petals are 8 to 10 millimetres (0.31 to 0.39 in) long.

## Taxonomy

It was first described by Carl Linnaeus as part of the Polygala genus in 1753. It was reclassified as a Muraltia in the 1760s. It is named after Lorenz Heister, a German surgeon and botanist.

## Habitat and ecology

It is native to lower rocky mountain slopes with altitudes between 5 and 1,705 metres (16 and 5,594 ft) in Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, and Western Cape and has been introduced to South Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria. The plant has been shown to naturally self-pollinate. It flowers between October and December in native areas, and between June and November in Australia. It serves as the host plant of the insect *Pseudococcus muraltiae*. According to the Red List of South African Plants, it is of least ecological concern and its population is stable.

## Uses

The flowering twigs of the plant are used as an appetite stimulant in the local area and the plant is cultivated in Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Muraltia heisteria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern (SANBI Red List) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Polygalaceae |
| Genus: | *Muraltia* |
| Species: | ***M. heisteria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Muraltia heisteria***
(L.) DC. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Heisteria pungens* P.J.Bergius * *Muraltia albietina* Chodat * *Polygala heisteria* L. * *Polygala stipulacea* Burm.f. | |


title: Muraltia orbicularis

abstract: Muraltia orbicularis is a species of flowering plant from the genus Muraltia. The species is endemic to Cape Peninsula in South Africa.

text:
# Muraltia orbicularis

***Muraltia orbicularis*** is a species of flowering plant from the genus *Muraltia*. The species is endemic to Cape Peninsula in South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Muraltia orbicularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Polygalaceae |
| Genus: | *Muraltia* |
| Species: | ***M. orbicularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Muraltia orbicularis***<br>Hutch. | |
|


abstract: The United Kingdom competed under the name Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The nation was represented by 82 athletes at the 2012 European Athletics Championships held in Helsinki, Finland, between 26 June - 1 July 2012. A preliminary squad of 109 athletes was announced on 18 June 2012. However, due to the proximity of the London Olympics, any athlete who was qualified for the Olympics would not take part in the European Championships. As the Olympic Trials were held less than a week before the European Championships, the complete team was not announced until 25 June 2012. However, automatically selected field athletes were permitted to compete, if the event complimented their training schedule. Reigning European champion, Mo Farah (5,000m), was given special dispensation to defend his title. However, reigning champions Jessica Ennis and Dai Greene were absent due to their Olympic selection and Philips Idowu was injured. Shana Cox and Christine Ohuruogu had qualified for the Olympics, and were taken as part of the relay team, and not permitted to participate individually. A number of high-profile athletes were also seeking Olympic selection following the Olympic trials. Many athletes who won, or finished second, at the Olympic trials, were requiring an Olympic 'A' Standard, to receive automatic selection. Finally, at the Championships, 73 athletes took part in the events.

text:
# Great Britain at the 2012 European Athletics Championships

The United Kingdom competed under the name **Great Britain and Northern Ireland**. The nation was represented by 82 athletes at the 2012 European Athletics Championships held in Helsinki, Finland, between 26 June - 1 July 2012.

A preliminary squad of 109 athletes was announced on 18 June 2012. However, due to the proximity of the London Olympics, any athlete who was qualified for the Olympics would not take part in the European Championships. As the Olympic Trials were held less than a week before the European Championships, the complete team was not announced until 25 June 2012. However, automatically selected field athletes were permitted to compete, if the event complimented their training schedule. Reigning European champion, Mo Farah (5,000m), was given special dispensation to defend his title. However, reigning champions Jessica Ennis and Dai Greene were absent due to their Olympic selection and Philips Idowu was injured. Shana Cox and Christine Ohuruogu had qualified for the Olympics, and were taken as part of the relay team, and not permitted to participate individually. A number of high-profile athletes were also seeking Olympic selection following the Olympic trials. Many athletes who won, or finished second, at the Olympic trials, were requiring an Olympic 'A' Standard, to receive automatic selection.

Finally, at the Championships, 73 athletes took part in the events.

## Medals

| Medal | Name | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Mo Farah | Men's 5000 metres | 27 June |
| Gold | Rhys Williams | Men's 400 metres hurdles | 29 June |
| Gold | Robert Grabarz | Men's high jump | 29 June |
| Gold | Lynsey Sharp | Women's 800 metres | 29 June |
| Silver | Conrad Williams
Nigel Levine
Robert Tobin
Richard Buck Michael Bingham (Heats) Luke Lennon-Ford (Heats) | Men's 4 x 400 metres relay | 1 July |
| Silver | Joanne Pavey | Women's 10,000 metres | 1 July |
| Bronze | Danny Talbot | Men's 200 metres | 30 June |

## Results

### Men

#### Track

| Event | Athletes | Heats | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| 100 m | Harry Aikines-Aryeetey | 10.27 | **8 Q** | 10.30 | **7 Q** | 10.31 | 4 |
| | Mark Lewis-Francis | 10.39 | **16 Q** | 10.36 | 11 | did not advance | |
| 200 m | Chris Clarke | 20.83 | **10 Q** | 20.90 | **9 Q** | 21.26 | 6 |
| | Danny Talbot | 20.82 | **9 Q** | 20.69 | **3 Q** | 20.95 |  |
| 400 m | Richard Buck | 45.83 | **2 Q** | 46.13 | **9 Q** | 45.92 | 5 |
| | Luke Lennon-Ford | Disqualified | | did not advance | | | |
| 800 m | Mukhtar Mohammed | 1:47.13 | **5 Q** | 1:48.84 | 16 | did not advance | |
| | Gareth Warburton | 1:45.80 | **1 Q** | 1:47.37 | 11 | did not advance | |
| 1500 m | Thomas Lancashire | 3:47.80 | 22 |  | | did not advance | |
| 5000 m | Mo Farah |  | | | | 13:29.91 |  |
| | Mitch Goose |  | | | | 14:21.91 | 23 |
| | Rory Fraser |  | | | | 13:51.05 | 14 |
| 10,000 m | Keith Gerrard |  | | | | 28:57.97 | 9 |
| 110 m hurdles | Richard Alleyne | 14.02 | 26 | did not advance | | | |
| | Gianni Frankis | 13.71 | **16 q** | 13.68 | 17 | did not advance | |
| | William Sharman | 13.63 | **11 Q** | 13.55 | 11 | did not advance | |
| 400 m hurdles | Rhys Williams | 50.40 | **9 Q** | 49.63 | **4 Q** | 49.33 |  |
| | Nathan Woodward | 50.02 | **4 Q** | 49.68 | **5 q** | 50.20 | 7 |
| | Richard Yates | 52.12 | 32 | did not advance | | | |
| 3000 m steeplechase | Luke Gunn | did not finish | |  | | did not advance | |
| | Rob Mullett | 8:48.38 | 20 |  | | did not advance | |
| | James Wilkinson | 8:39.19 | 16 |  | | did not advance | |
| 4 × 100 m relay | Christian Malcolm
Dwain Chambers
James Ellington
Mark Lewis-Francis | 38.98 | **1 Q** |  | | did not advance | |
| 4 × 400 m relay | Luke Lennon-Ford*
Michael Bingham*
Conrad Williams
Nigel Levine
Robert Tobin
Richard Buck | 3:05.50 | **3 Q** |  | | 3:01.56 |  |

*Athletes who run the heats but not the final.

#### Combined

| Decathlon | Event | Ashley Bryant | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Results | Points | Rank |
|  | 100 m | 11.08 | 843 | 12 |
| | Long jump | 7.12 | 842 | 15 |
| | Shot put | 13.08 | 672 | 20 |
| | High jump | 1.88 | 696 | 22 |
| | 400 m | 49.29 | 848 | 11 |
| | 110 m hurdles | 14.74 | 881 | 13 |
| | Discus | 39.94 | 663 | 14 |
| | Pole vault | 4.50 | 760 | 17 |
| | Javelin | 66.71 | 839 | 2 |
| | 1500 m | 4:49.16 | 624 | 15 |
| **Final** |  | | 7668 | 12 |

#### Field

| Event | Athletes | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Long jump | JJ Jegede | 8.01 | **5 q** | 8.10 | 4 |
| | Julian Reid | 7.73 | 21 | did not advance | |
| | Chris Tomlinson | 7.84 | 13 | did not advance | |
| Triple jump | Onochie Achike | 16.25 | 15 | did not advance | |
| High jump | Robert Grabarz | 2.23 | **3 q** | 2.31 |  |
| | Samson Oni | 2.23 | **10 q** | No mark |  |
| | Tom Parsons | 2.10 | 28 | did not advance | |
| Pole vault | Max Eaves | 5.30 | 14 | did not advance | |
| | Luke Cutts | 5.10 | 20 | did not advance | |
| | Andrew Sutcliffe | 5.30 | 16 | did not advance | |
| Shot put | Carl Myerscough | 19.30 | 14 | did not advance | |
| Discus throw | Abdul Buhari | 58.57 | 24 | did not advance | |
| | Brett Morse | 58.71 | 23 | did not advance | |
| | Lawrence Okoye | 64.86 | **5 q** | 60.09 | 12 |
| Hammer throw | Mark Dry | 70.27 | 25 | did not advance | |

### Women

#### Track

| Event | Athletes | Heats | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| 100 m | Ashleigh Nelson | 11.43 | **10 Q** | 11.43 | 11 | did not advance | |
| | Jeanette Kwakye | 11.98 | 29 | did not advance | | | |
| 200 m | Abiodun Oyepitan | 23.05 | **4 Q** | 23.22 | 8 | did not advance | |
| 400 m | Kelly Massey | 54.44 | 24 | did not advance | | | |
| | Lee McConnell | 52.58 | **7 Q** | 51.98 | **3 Q** | 52.20 | 5 |
| | Nicola Sanders | did not start | | did not advance | | | |
| 800 m | Jenny Meadows | did not start | |  | | did not advance | |
| | Lynsey Sharp | 2:01.88 | **5 Q** |  | | 2:00.52 |  |
| | Jemma Simpson | 2:01.64 | **4 q** |  | | 2:02.14 | 7 |
| 1500 m | Lynsey Sharp | Disqualified | |  | | did not advance | |
| 5000 m | Julia Bleasdale |  | | | | 15:12.77 | 4 |
| | Helen Clitheroe |  | | | | 15:49.13 | 16 |
| | Stephanie Twell |  | | | | did not start | |
| 10,000 m | Joanne Pavey |  | | | | 31:49.03 |  |
| | Charlotte Purdue |  | | | | 32:28.46 | 6 |
| | Gemma Steel |  | | | | 32:46.32 | 9 |
| 400 m hurdles | Meghan Beesley | 57.18 | **16 q** | 57.32 | 14 | did not advance | |
| 3000 m steeplechase | Hatti Archer | 9:57.00 | 17 |  | | did not advance | |
| 4 × 100 m relay | Anyika Onuora
Montell Douglas
Hayley Jones
Ashleigh Nelson | Disqualified | |  | | did not advance | |
| 4 × 400 m relay | Eilidh Child
Kelly Massey*
Nicola Sanders
Shana Cox
Lee McConnell | 3:29.96 | **3 Q** |  | | 3:26.20 | 4 |

*Athletes who run in the heats but not in the final.

#### Field

| Event | Athletes | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Long jump | Abigail Irozuru | 6.19 | 22 | did not advance | |
| High jump | Isobel Pooley | 1.78 | 21 | did not advance | |
| Pole vault | Sally Peake | 4.15 | 20 | did not advance | |
| Shot put | Eden Francis | 16.35 | 14 | did not advance | |
| Discus throw | Jade Nicholls | 51.75 | 22 | did not advance | |
| Javelin throw | Goldie Sayers | 60.90 | **2 Q** | 63.01 | 4 |
| | Laura Whittingham | 52.82 | 19 | did not advance | |
| Hammer throw | Sophie Hitchon | 67.08 | **11 q** | 67.17 | 11 |
| | Sarah Holt | 61.18 | 22 | did not advance | |

## InfoBox

| Great Britain and Northern Ireland at the
2012 European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | GBR |
| National federation | British Athletics |
| Website | www.britishathletics.org.uk |
| in Helsinki | |
| Competitors | 73 |
| Medals
Ranked 5th | Gold 4 Silver 2 Bronze 1 Total 7 |
| European Athletics Championships appearances | |
|  | |


title: Violet worm snake

abstract: The violet worm snake is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

text:
# Violet worm snake

The **violet worm snake** (***Indotyphlops violaceus***) is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

## InfoBox

| Violet worm snake | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Typhlopidae |
| Genus: | *Indotyphlops* |
| Species: | ***I. violaceus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Indotyphlops violaceus***
(Taylor, 1947) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Typhlops violaceus* | |


title: Virginia State Route 695

abstract: State Route 695 in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 695.

text:
# Virginia State Route 695

**State Route 695** (**SR 695**) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 695.

## List

| County | Length
(mi) | Length
(km) | From | Via | To | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Accomack | 15.78 | 25.40 | Dead End | Saxis Road

Temperanceville Road

Wisharts Point Road | Dead End | Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 694 |
| Albemarle | 0.30 | 0.48 | Dead End | Crown Orchard Road | SR 693 (Stillhouse Creek Road/Burnt Mountain Road) |  |
| Alleghany | 0.25 | 0.40 | SR 721 | Pioneer Road | Dead End |  |
| Amelia | 0.40 | 0.64 | Dead End | Flinn Lane | SR 607 (West Creek Road) |  |
| Amherst | 2.30 | 3.70 | Dead End | Wilderness Creek Road | SR 650 (Perch Road) |  |
| Appomattox | 1.69 | 2.72 | SR 635 (Redfields Road) | Mountain Cut Road | US 460 (Richmond Highway) |  |
| Augusta | 6.45 | 10.38 | SR 701 (Howardsville Road) | Arborhill Road

Sugarloaf Road | Dead End | Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 252 |
| Bath | 0.25 | 0.40 | SR 611 (College Lane) | Cave Hill Road | Dead End |  |
| Bedford | 10.01 | 16.11 | US 460/US 221 (Lynchburg Salem Turnpike) | Goose Creek Valley Road | Botetourt County line |  |
| Botetourt | 0.40 | 0.64 | Dead End | Catawba Creek Road | US 220 (Botetourt Road) |  |
| Brunswick | 1.11 | 1.79 | SR 46 (Christanna Highway) | Fox Lane

First Avenue

Union Street | SR 1004 (Belt Road) |  |
| Buchanan | 0.01 | 0.02 | Dead End | Cripple Bridge Road | SR 617 (Little Prater Road) |  |
| Buckingham | 3.97 | 6.39 | SR 678 (Rock Island Road) | White Rock Road

B-A-H Road | Dead End |  |
| Campbell | 4.80 | 7.72 | SR 682 (Leesville Road) | Johnson Creek Road | SR 626 (Johnson Mountain Road) |  |
| Caroline | 0.84 | 1.35 | US 301/SR 2 | Edwards Road | US 301/SR 2/FR 814 (School Street) |  |
| Carroll | 1.00 | 1.61 | North Carolina state line | Chestnut Grove Road | SR 696 (Holly Grove Road) |  |
| Charlotte | 2.80 | 4.51 | SR 617 (Old Well Road) | Rough Creek Road | SR 727 (Red House Road) |  |
| Chesterfield | 0.18 | 0.29 | Dead End | Garnett Lane | SR 707 (LE Gordon Drive) |  |
| Craig | 0.10 | 0.16 | SR 694 | Unnamed roads | Dead End |  |
| Culpeper | 0.58 | 0.93 | US 522 (Sperryville Pike) | Boston Drive | SR 707 (Slate Mills Road) |  |
| Cumberland | 0.25 | 0.40 | Dead End | Lewis Road | SR 699 (Thompson Drive) |  |
| Dickenson | 0.60 | 0.97 | Dead End | Unnamed road | SR 619 (Skeetrock Road) |  |
| Essex | 0.45 | 0.72 | SR 615 (Mussel Swamp Road) | Bell Lane | Dead End |  |
| Fairfax | 7.55 | 12.15 | SR 4363 (Richelieu Drive) | Idylwood Road

Kirby Road | SR 123 (Chain Bridge Road) | Gap between a dead end and a cul-de-sac |
| Fauquier | 0.77 | 1.24 | SR 628 (Blantyre Road) | McRaes Road | Dead End |  |
| Floyd | 0.30 | 0.48 | SR 8 (Webbs Mill Road) | Needmore Lane

Galen Lane | SR 8 (Webbs Mill Road) |  |
| Fluvanna | 0.30 | 0.48 | Dead End | Deer Lane | US 15 (James Madison Highway) |  |
| Franklin | 0.95 | 1.53 | Dead End | Isolane Road | SR 640 (Five Mile Mountain Road) |  |
| Frederick | 3.20 | 5.15 | US 522 (Frederick Pike) | Middle Fork Road | West Virginia state line |  |
| Giles | 0.20 | 0.32 | SR 626 (Mill Road) | Peck Street | SR 623 (Cascade Drive) |  |
| Gloucester | 0.25 | 0.40 | SR 643 (Cuba Road) | Railway Road | Dead End |  |
| Goochland | 0.40 | 0.64 | US 250 (Broad Street Road) | Waddy Drive | Cul-de-Sac |  |
| Grayson | 3.30 | 5.31 | SR 654 (Peach Bottom Road) | Vista Road | SR 691 (Pine Mountain Road) |  |
| Halifax | 0.30 | 0.48 | Dead End | Buckskin Trail | SR 624 (Coles Ferry Road) |  |
| Hanover | 2.29 | 3.69 | SR 657 (Peaks Road) | Cadys Mill Road | US 301/SR 2 (Hanover Courthouse Road) |  |
| Henry | 12.96 | 20.86 | North Carolina state line | George Taylor Road

Spencer-Preston Road | SR 687 (Preston Road) |  |
| Isle of Wight | 0.30 | 0.48 | Dead End | Ramos Way | SR 665 (Campbells Chapel Drive) |  |
| James City | 0.27 | 0.43 | SR 694 (Lake Drive) | Ware Road | SR 694 (Lake Drive) |  |
| King George | 0.55 | 0.89 | Dead End | Goby Lane | SR 218 (Caledon Road) |  |
| Lancaster | 7.69 | 12.38 | SR 3 (Rappahannock Drive) | Chesapeake Drive

Windmill Point Road | Dead End |  |
| Lee | 0.80 | 1.29 | SR 682 | Unnamed road | SR 669 |  |
| Loudoun | 0.70 | 1.13 | SR 662 (Clover Hill Road) | Creek Lane | Dead End |  |
| Louisa | 2.40 | 3.86 | SR 640 (Jack Jouett Road) | Hamilton Road | SR 613 (Poindexter Road) |  |
| Lunenburg | 2.60 | 4.18 | SR 623 (Plantersville Road) | Eubank Road | SR 622 (Ontario Road) |  |
| Madison | 0.80 | 1.29 | Dead End | Yager Mountain Road | SR 655 (Glebe Lane) |  |
| Mathews | 0.10 | 0.16 | Dead End | Wharf Creek Road | SR 633 (Old Ferry Road) |  |
| Mecklenburg | 7.60 | 12.23 | SR 688 (Skipwith Road) | Philbeck Crossroads | SR 605 (Dairy Farm Road) |  |
| Middlesex | 1.06 | 1.71 | US 17 (Tidewater Trail) | Mount Zion Road | SR 602 (Old Virginia Street) |  |
| Montgomery | 3.00 | 4.83 | Dead End | Chestnut Ridge Road | SR 672 (Big Branch Road) |  |
| Nelson | 0.22 | 0.35 | Dead End | Blue Rock Lane | SR 151 (Patrick Henry Highway) |  |
| New Kent | 0.49 | 0.79 | Cul-de-Sac | Holly Pines Lane | SR 600 (Holly Fork Road) |  |
| Northampton | 0.85 | 1.37 | Dead End | Cedar Grove Farm Road | SR 619 (Bayside Road) |  |
| Northumberland | 0.50 | 0.80 | US 360 (Northumberland Highway) | Blundons Road | SR 640 (Hull Neck Road) |  |
| Nottoway | 0.10 | 0.16 | US 360 Bus/US 460 Bus | North Cauthorne Street | Dead End |  |
| Orange | 0.30 | 0.48 | SR 602 (Black Walnut Road) | Pine Tree Road | Dead End |  |
| Page | 0.50 | 0.80 | SR 689 (Ida Road) | Grace Church Lane | SR 689 (Ida Road) |  |
| Patrick | 1.70 | 2.74 | SR 694 (Hardin Reynolds Road) | Mill Creek Road | SR 626 (Abram Penn Highway) |  |
| Pittsylvania | 2.80 | 4.51 | Danville city limits | Twin Arch Road | SR 721 (Livestock Road) |  |
| Prince Edward | 3.77 | 6.07 | US 460 (Prince Edward Highway) | Tuggle Road

Fairgrounds Road | US 15 Bus/US 460 | Gap between SR 768 and US 15 Bus/US 460 |
| Prince George | 1.40 | 2.25 | SR 618 (Hitchcock Road) | Easy Street | SR 635 (Centennial Road) |  |
| Prince William | 1.39 | 2.24 | Dead End | Sinclair Mill Road | SR 234 (Dumfries Road) |  |
| Pulaski | 0.34 | 0.55 | SR 114 (Peppers Ferry Boulevard) | Old Peppers Ferry Loop | SR 114 (Peppers Ferry Boulevard) |  |
| Richmond | 0.15 | 0.24 | US 360 (Richmond Road) | Church Lane | SR 629 (Bell Drive) |  |
| Roanoke | 1.02 | 1.64 | Dead End | Ridgelea Road | SR 694 (Twelve O'Clock Knob Road) |  |
| Rockbridge | 0.20 | 0.32 | Dead End | Hartsook Road | SR 608 (Forge Road) |  |
| Rockingham | 1.60 | 2.57 | US 340 (East Side Highway) | Old Country Road | SR 253 (Port Republic Road) |  |
| Russell | 0.12 | 0.19 | SR 683 (Memorial Drive) | Trout Farm Road | SR 615 (Red Oak Ridge Road) |  |
| Scott | 1.20 | 1.93 | Tennessee state line | Unnamed road | SR 618 |  |
| Shenandoah | 0.60 | 0.97 | SR 698 (Palmyra Church Road) | Swann Road | Dead End |  |
| Smyth | 1.85 | 2.98 | SR 16 (Sugar Grove Highway) | Dickeys Creek Road

Teas Road

Slemp Creek Road | SR 16 (Sugar Grove Highway) | Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 601

Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 16 |
| Southampton | 0.10 | 0.16 | US 58 (Southampton Parkway) | Old Belford Road | SR 652 (Old Belfield Road) |  |
| Spotsylvania | 0.16 | 0.26 | US 1 (Jefferson Davis Highway) | Mosby Street | US 1 Bus |  |
| Stafford | 0.09 | 0.14 | Dead End | Manse Road | US 17 (Warrenton Road) |  |
| Tazewell | 0.50 | 0.80 | Dead End | Dairy Barn Road | SR 644 (Abbs Valley Road) |  |
| Washington | 4.30 | 6.92 | SR 692 (Whites Mill Road) | Chip Ridge Road

Grandview Road | Dead End | Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 700 |
| Westmoreland | 0.90 | 1.45 | SR 668 (Taylor Town Road) | Edge Hill Road | Dead End |  |
| Wise | 0.50 | 0.80 | Dead End | Unnamed road | US 23 |  |
| Wythe | 0.36 | 0.58 | Dead End | Earles Road | SR 616 (Murphyville Road) |  |
| York | 0.07 | 0.11 | SR 619 (Anchor Drive) | Misty Drive | Dead End |  |

## InfoBox

| State Route 695 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Viscount Clifden

abstract: Viscount Clifden, of Gowran in the County of Kilkenny, Ireland, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 12 January 1781 for James Agar, 1st Baron Clifden. He had already been created Baron Clifden, of Gowran in the County of Kilkenny, in 1776, also in the Peerage of Ireland. The Viscounts also held the titles of Baron Mendip in the Peerage of Great Britain from 1802 to 1974 and Baron Dover from 1836 to 1899, when this title became extinct, and Baron Robartes from 1899 to 1974, when this title became extinct, the two latter titles which were in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The interrelated histories of the peerages follow below.

text:
# Viscount Clifden

**Viscount Clifden**, of Gowran in the County of Kilkenny, Ireland, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 12 January 1781 for James Agar, 1st Baron Clifden. He had already been created **Baron Clifden**, of Gowran in the County of Kilkenny, in 1776, also in the Peerage of Ireland. The Viscounts also held the titles of Baron Mendip in the Peerage of Great Britain from 1802 to 1974 (a title which is still extant and now held by the Earl of Normanton) and Baron Dover from 1836 to 1899, when this title became extinct, and *Baron Robartes* from 1899 to 1974, when this title became extinct, the two latter titles which were in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The interrelated histories of the peerages follow below.

## Viscount Clifden

James Agar, 1st Viscount Clifden was the son of Henry Agar of Gowran Castle and the elder brother of Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton. His mother was Anne Ellis, daughter of Welbore Ellis, Bishop of Meath, and sister of the politician Welbore Ellis, who in 1794 was created *Baron Mendip* in the Peerage of Great Britain with remainder to his three nephews Lord Clifden, the future Lord Normanton and another brother of theirs. Lord Clifden was succeeded by his son, the second Viscount. He represented County Kilkenny in the Irish House of Commons and Heytesbury in the British House of Commons.

In 1802, he succeeded his great-uncle Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip as second Baron Mendip according to the special remainder, and in 1804 assumed by royal license the additional arms and surname Ellis. The titles were to remain united until the extinction of the barony and viscountcy of Clifden in 1974. Lord Clifden's only son George James Welbore Agar-Ellis was created *Baron Dover* in 1831 (see below), but predeceased his father. He was therefore succeeded by his grandson, the third Viscount, who had already succeeded his father as second Baron Dover in 1833. His only son, the fourth Viscount, died unmarried at an early age, when the titles passed to his uncle, the fifth Viscount. He had previously represented County Kilkenny in Parliament as a Liberal.

On his death, the barony of Dover became extinct, while he was succeeded in the other titles by his kinsman the second Baron Robartes, who became the sixth Viscount. He was the son of Thomas James Agar-Robartes, who was created Baron Robartes in 1869 (see below), son of Hon. Charles Bagenal-Agar, youngest son of the first Viscount Clifden. The sixth Viscount had earlier represented Cornwall East in Parliament as a Liberal and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire from 1906 to 1915. His eldest son Captain the Hon. Thomas Agar-Robartes sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for Bodmin and St Austell, but was killed in the First World War, predeceasing his father, unmarried.

Lord Clifden was therefore succeeded by his second son, the seventh Viscount. He sat as a Liberal in the House of Lords and served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip) from 1940 to 1945 in the war-time coalition of Winston Churchill. On the death of his younger brother, the eighth Viscount, the barony and viscountcy of Clifden and barony of Robartes became extinct, while he was succeeded in the barony of Mendip according to the special remainder by his distant relative the sixth Earl of Normanton.

The family seats were Gowran Castle in Ireland and Holdenby House in Northamptonshire, while the family's townhouse was Dover House in Whitehall, London. When the titles were inherited by the Robartes-Agar branch of the family in Agar-Robartes, the family seat was at Lanhydrock House in Cornwall.

## Baron Mendip

The title of **Baron Mendip**, of Mendip in the County of Somerset, was created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1794 for the politician Welbore Ellis, with remainder to the three eldest sons of his sister Anne Ellis, wife of Henry Agar (which included James Agar, 1st Viscount Clifden and Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton). Lord Mendip died childless and was succeeded according to the special remainder by his great-nephew the second Viscount Clifden, who became the second Baron Mendip as well.

## Baron Dover

The title of **Baron Dover**, of Dover in the County of Kent, was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1831 for the Whig politician the Hon. George Agar-Ellis, only son of the second Viscount Clifden. Agar-Ellis represented Heytesbury, Seaford, Ludgershall and Okehampton in the House of Commons and served under Lord Grey as First Commissioner of Woods and Forests from 1830 to 1831. On Lord Dover's early death in 1833, the title passed to his eldest son, the second Baron. In 1836 he also succeeded his grandfather as third Viscount Clifden.

## Baron Robartes

The title of **Baron Robartes**, of Lanhydrock, and of Truro in the County of Cornwall, was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1869 for Thomas Agar-Robartes, who had previously represented Cornwall East in Parliament. He was the son of Hon. Charles Bagenal-Agar, youngest son of James Agar, 1st Viscount Clifden (see above). His mother was Anna Maria Hunt, great-niece and heiress of Henry Robartes, 3rd Earl of Radnor (whose titles became extinct in 1757). On 30 March 1822, he assumed the additional surname and arms of Robartes by royal licence. Lord Robartes' son, the second Baron, succeeded his kinsman as sixth Viscount Clifden in 1899. For further history of the peerages, see the Viscount Clifden above.

## Viscounts Clifden (1781–1974)

## Barons Mendip (1794–present)

## Barons Dover (1831–1899)

*For further Barons Dover, see "Viscounts Clifden" above*

## Barons Robartes (1869–1974)

*For further Barons Robartes, see "Viscounts Clifden" above*

### Books

## InfoBox

| Viscountcy Clifden | |
| --- | --- |
|
*Quarterly, 1st and 4th: Or, a cross sable charged with five crescents argent* (for Ellis) *2nd and 3rd: Azure, a lion rampant or* (for Agar) | |
| Creation date | 12 January 1781 |
| Created by | George III of Great Britain |
| Peerage | Peerage of Ireland |
| First holder | James Agar, 1st Baron Clifden |
| Last holder | Arthur Agar-Robartes, 8th Viscount Clifden |
| Remainder to | Heirs male of the first Viscount's body lawfully begotten |
| Subsidiary titles | Baron Clifden
Baron Mendip
Baron Robartes (1899–1974) |
| Extinction date | 22 December 1974 |
| Former seat(s) | Gowran Castle
Holdenby House
Dover House
Lanhydrock House |


title: Grevillea fulgens

abstract: Grevillea fulgens is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to an area near Ravensthorpe in the south-west of Western Australia. It is a spreading to straggling shrub with simple or pinnatifid leaves, and deep pink or reddish flowers.

text:
# Grevillea fulgens

***Grevillea fulgens*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to an area near Ravensthorpe in the south-west of Western Australia. It is a spreading to straggling shrub with simple or pinnatifid leaves, and deep pink or reddish flowers.

## Description

*Grevillea fulgens* is a spreading to straggling shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.5–3 m (1 ft 8 in – 9 ft 10 in) but does not form a lignotuber. Its leaves are linear, 40–110 mm (1.6–4.3 in) long and 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) wide, sometimes with a few teeth, or pinnatifid with up to eleven more or less triangular lobes 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) long and 1.0–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in) wide. The edges of the leaves are rolled under, obscuring most of the lower surface. The flowers are arranged singly or in small groups in leaf axils or the ends of branches on a rachis 0.5–2 mm (0.020–0.079 in) long. The flowers are deep pink or reddish and partly hairy, the pistil 23–26 mm (0.91–1.02 in) long, the style red. Flowering occurs from June to October and the fruit is an oval follicle 12–15 mm (0.47–0.59 in) long.

## Taxonomy

*Grevillea fulgens* was first formally described in 1964 by Charles Gardner in the *Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia*. The specific epithet (*fulgens*) means "shining".

## Distribution and habitat

*Grevillea fulgens* grows in shrubland or mallee heath in shallow gravelly soil on laterite, and is found in an area near Ravensthorpe in the Esperance Plains bioregion of south-western Western Australia. It is known to be a disturbance opportunist in the gravel soils of the Ravensthorpe Range.

## Conservation status

*Grevillea fulgens* is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to a combination of factors. It has a severely limited distribution with an estimated extent of occurrence of approximately 260 km2. It is threatened by open-cut nickel mining which is causing a continuous decline in habitat. Despite these threats and the species' endangered status, its population is currently stable and it is locally common within its restricted distribution.

It is also classified as "Priority Three" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.

## InfoBox

| *Grevillea fulgens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In the Australian National Botanic Gardens | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
|
Priority Three — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | *Grevillea* |
| Species: | ***G. fulgens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Grevillea fulgens***
C.A.Gardner | |
|


title: Gregory Snyder

abstract: Gregory M. Snyder is a former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He is now commissioned as a judge in the Court of Common Pleas of York County, Pennsylvania.

text:
# Gregory Snyder

**Gregory M. Snyder** (born April 11, 1953) is a former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He is now commissioned as a judge in the Court of Common Pleas of York County, Pennsylvania.

## InfoBox

| Gregory Snyder | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the 94th district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 1983  November 30, 1992 | |
| Preceded by | John Hope Anderson |
| Succeeded by | Stan Saylor |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1953-04-11) April 11, 1953
York County, Pennsylvania |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Ward 3, Bạc Liêu

abstract: Ward 3 is a ward of Bạc Liêu city in Bạc Liêu Province, Vietnam.

text:
# Ward 3, Bạc Liêu

**Ward 3** (*Phường 3*) is a ward of Bạc Liêu city in Bạc Liêu Province, Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| Ward 3 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Ward 3Location in Vietnam | |
| Coordinates: 9°17′14″N 105°43′08″E / 9.2872°N 105.7188°E / 9.2872; 105.7188 | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Province | Bạc Liêu |
| City | Bạc Liêu |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (Indochina Time) |


title: Miembeni, Moshi Mjini

abstract: Miembeni is an administrative ward in Moshi District of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 1.8 km⁲ (0.69 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 799 m (2,621 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 15,220.

text:
# Miembeni, Moshi Mjini

**Miembeni** is an administrative ward in Moshi District of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 1.8 km2 (0.69 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 799 m (2,621 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 15,220.

## InfoBox

| Miembeni Ward *Kata ya Miembeni* (Swahili) | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Kata ya Miembeni, Wilaya ya Moshi Mjini | |
| Miembeni Ward | |
| Coordinates: 3°21′22.8″S 37°21′13.9″E / 3.356333°S 37.353861°E / -3.356333; 37.353861 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Kilimanjaro Region |
| District | Moshi District |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.8 km2 (0.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 799 m (2,621 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 15,220 |
| Density | 8,500/km2 (22,000/sq mi) |


title: Prophecy (Albert Ayler album)

abstract: Prophecy is a live album by American free jazz saxophonist Albert Ayler recorded in New York City on June 14, 1964 and first released in 1975 on the ESP-Disk label.

text:
# Prophecy (Albert Ayler album)

***Prophecy*** is a live album by American free jazz saxophonist Albert Ayler recorded in New York City on June 14, 1964 and first released in 1975 on the ESP-Disk label.

## Background

The album features Ayler's trio, with bassist Gary Peacock and drummer Sunny Murray, and contains five tracks representing roughly half of that evening's concert, which was taped by Paul Haines. A recording of the entire concert, including five additional pieces, was released by the German label In Respect as *Albert Smiles With Sunny*. According to Sunny Murray, Bernard Stollman, founder of ESP-Disk, "released *Prophecy* after Albert died, without Albert's signature, but because I also had a copy of the same tape I released mine through a company in Germany... as a correct move for me and Al... \[M\]y tape was better quality than his and also at the correct speed, so mine sounds better." (According to Val Wilmer, Ayler's recordings for ESP-Disk were made "against the advice of Cecil Taylor and other musicians who thought that artists should hold out for a price commensurate with their talent." Ayler justified his decision, stating: "I felt my art was so important that I had to get it out. At that time I was musically out of this world. I knew I had to play this music for the people.")

The additional tracks from *Albert Smiles with Sunny* were reissued by Revenant Records on *Holy Ghost: Rare & Unissued Recordings (1962–70)*. In addition, all of the June 14, 1964 tracks, plus the single May 1, 1965 track from the album *Bells*, were reissued by ESP-Disk as *Bells & Prophecy: Expanded Edition*.

The Ayler trio would go on to record *Spiritual Unity* less than a month later.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating: "Ayler alternated the simple march-like themes with wild and very free improvisations which owe little if anything to the bop tradition, or even his contemporaries in the avant-garde. Ayler always had his own individual message, and his ESP sessions find him in consistently explorative form".

The authors of *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* awarded the album 3½ stars, and stated that the album "was an important session in laying down some of the basic language of the saxophonist's career."

All About Jazz commented: "Though the trio had honed a group sound and method comprising slow and loping or extremely fast themes; Murray's constant percussive chatter and vocal wailing providing an alternate pure-sound springboard; Peacock's constant harmonic filigree creating yet another aural web, these are presented in *Prophecy* as a much looser framework".

## Track listing

*All compositions by Albert Ayler*

1. "Spirits" - 7:15
2. "Wizard" - 8:00
3. "Ghosts (First Variation)" - 10:00
4. "Prophecy" - 6:35
5. "Ghosts (Second Variation)" - 7:40

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Prophecy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Albert Ayler | |
| Released | 1975 |
| Recorded | June 14, 1964 at the Cellar Café, West 90th Street, New York City |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Length | 41:55 |
| Label | ESP-Disk ESP 3030 |
| Albert Ayler chronology | |
| *Swing Low Sweet Spiritual*
(1964) ***Prophecy***
(1975) *Spiritual Unity*
(1964) | |


title: Obfusc

abstract: Obfusc is the name given to the musical output of Joseph X. Burke, an American, Chicago-based graphic designer and photographer. Originally formed in Brooklyn in 2005 as an electronic music project, Obfusc has since evolved to include a greater array of live instrumentation and post-rock influence. Burke is most notably associated with London-based Boltfish Recordings, but has also released music through Static Caravan Recordings, Expanding Electronic Diversity, INSTALL Sound, and several other DIY labels. His music has been licensed for placement in the Netflix series "House of Cards", CBS Television's "CSI: Miami", the media campaign for Ustwo Games' "Monument Valley", and various web series, short films, and promotional videos.

text:
# Obfusc

**Obfusc** is the name given to the musical output of **Joseph X. Burke** (born 1981), an American, Chicago-based graphic designer and photographer. Originally formed in Brooklyn in 2005 as an electronic music project, Obfusc has since evolved to include a greater array of live instrumentation and post-rock influence. Burke is most notably associated with London-based Boltfish Recordings, but has also released music through Static Caravan Recordings, Expanding Electronic Diversity, INSTALL Sound, and several other DIY labels. His music has been licensed for placement in the Netflix series "House of Cards", CBS Television's "CSI: Miami", the media campaign for Ustwo Games' "Monument Valley", and various web series, short films, and promotional videos.

## Discography

### Albums

### EPs

* *Infinite Glimpse*, 2016 (on Obfusc Music) - Digital
* *Wrought From The Walls*, 2005 (Self-Released) - CD-R, Digital

### Singles

* "Inverted Island" (Day Mix) b/w "Oceanic Glow" (Night Mix), 2009 (on Static Caravan Recordings) - 7" Vinyl

### Split releases

### Soundtracks

* *Monument Valley (Original Soundtrack: Volumes I & II)* (with Stafford Bawler & Grigori), 2016 (on iam8bit) - 2 x 12" Vinyl
* *Monument Valley (Original Soundtrack)* (with Stafford Bawler & Grigori), 2014 (on Ustwo Games) - Digital
* *Neo Cab (Original Soundtrack)* (with Chris Ward & Vincent Perea), 2019 (on Obfusc Music) \- Digital

### Music videos

## InfoBox

| Obfusc | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Joseph X. Burke |
| Born | 1981 (age 4243) |
| Origin | Brooklyn, New York, United States |
| Genres | Electronic, IDM, ambient, downtempo |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Labels | Boltfish Recordings
Static Caravan Recordings
Expanding Electronic Diversity
INSTALL Sound |
|  | |
| Website | Obfusc.net |


title: NGC 249

abstract: NGC 249 is an emission nebula in the constellation Tucana. It was discovered on 5 September 1826 by the astronomer James Dunlop.

text:
# NGC 249

**NGC 249** is an emission nebula in the constellation Tucana. It was discovered on 5 September 1826 by the astronomer James Dunlop.

* Media related to NGC 249 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

NGC 249
| Emission nebula | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 249 (right) and NGC 261 (left) with DECam | |
| Observation data: J2000 epoch | |
| Right ascension | 00h 45m 10.9s |
| Declination | −73° 04 17 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 15.0 |
| Apparent dimensions (V) | 1.10 × 0.70 |
| Constellation | Tucana |
|


title: Penicillium osmophilum

abstract: Penicillium osmophilum is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from agricultural soil in Wageningen in the Netherlands

text:
# Penicillium osmophilum

***Penicillium osmophilum*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Penicillium* which was isolated from agricultural soil in Wageningen in the Netherlands

## Further reading

* Stock, A. C.; Veenbaas-Rijks, J. W. (1974). "*Eupenicillium osmophilum* sp. nov". *Antonie van Leeuwenhoek*. **40**: 1–5. doi:10.1007/BF00394547.
* John F. Peberdy (2013). *Penicillium and Acremonium*. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9058231593.

## InfoBox

| *Penicillium osmophilum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Eurotiales |
| Family: | Aspergillaceae |
| Genus: | *Penicillium* |
| Species: | ***P. osmophilum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Penicillium osmophilum***<br>Stolk & Veenb.-Rijks 1974 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| ATCC 48362, CBS 462.72, FRR 1969, IBT 14679, IMI 189583 | |
| Synonyms | |
| Eupenicillium osmophilum | |


abstract: Kuramae Kokugikan Carnival for 10,000 People Vol. 2: Candies Live is the second live album by Japanese idol trio Candies. Recorded live at the Kuramae Kokugikan on October 11, 1976, the album was released through CBS Sony on December 5, 1976.

text:
# Kuramae Kokugikan Carnival for 10,000 People Vol. 2: Candies Live

***Kuramae Kokugikan Carnival for 10,000 People Vol. 2: Candies Live*** (蔵前国技館10,000人カーニバルVol.2 キャンディーズ・ライブ, *Kuramae Kokugikan Ichiman-nin Kānibaru Vol. 2 Kyandīzu Raibu*) is the second live album by Japanese idol trio Candies. Recorded live at the Kuramae Kokugikan on October 11, 1976, the album was released through CBS Sony on December 5, 1976.

## Track listing

Side A
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Proud Mary" (*Puraudo Mearī* (プラウド・メアリー)) |  | Fogerty | 2:22 |
| 2. | "Anata ni Muchū" ((あなたに夢中, "Crazy for You")) | Michio Yamagami | Kōichi Morita | 0:39 |
| 3. | "Do You Love Me" | Berry Gordy Jr. | Gordy | 1:04 |
| 4. | "Abunai Doyōbi" ((危い土曜日, "Perilous Saturday")) | Kazumi Yasui | Morita | 1:01 |
| 5. | "Koi no Ayatsuri Ningyō" ((恋のあやつり人形, "Love Doll")) | Machiko Ryū | Kōji Makaino | 3:24 |
| 6. | "The House of the Rising Sun" | Traditional | Traditional | 2:42 |
| 7. | "Never My Love" |  | * Don Addrisi * Dick Addrisi | 4:23 |
| 8. | "Yozora no Hoshi" ((夜空の星, "Stars in the Night Sky")) | Tokiko Iwatani | Kōsaku Dan | 1:59 |
| 9. | "Omoide no Nagisa" ((想い出の渚, "Beach of Memories")) | Shigeki Torizuka | Kunihiko Kase | 2:53 |
| 10. | "(They Long to Be) Close to You" | Hal David | Burt Bacharach | 4:48 |
| 11. | "Sir Duke" | Stevie Wonder | Wonder | 4:02 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Haru Ichiban" ((春一番, "Spring's First Breeze")) | Yūsuke Hoguchi | Hoguchi | 3:22 |
| 2. | "Natsu ga Kita!" ((夏が来た!, "Summer Has Come!")) | Hoguchi | Hoguchi | 3:00 |
| 3. | "Heart no Ace ga Detekonai" (*Hāto no Ēsu ga Detekonai* (ハートのエースが出てこない, "Show the Ace of Hearts")) | Ryū | Morita | 3:14 |
| 4. | "Sono Ki ni Sasenaide" ((その気にさせないで, "Don't Come On to Me")) | Kazuya Senke | Hoguchi | 2:41 |
| 5. | "Dancing Jumping Love" (*Danshingu Janpingu Rabu* (ダンシィング・ジャンピング・ラブ)) | Yukinojo Mori | Kōji Nishimura | 5:35 |
| 6. | "Mezame" ((めざめ, "Awakening")) | Reijirō Koroku | Koroku | 5:29 |
| 7. | "Sayonara no Nai Carnival" (*Sayonara no nai Kānibaru* (さよならのないカーニバル, "A Carnival Without a Farewell")) | Mori | Naoki Watanabe | 4:51 |

## Personnel

* Candies

## InfoBox

| Kuramae Kokugikan Carnival for 10,000 People Vol. 2: Candies Live | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Candies | |
| Released | December 5, 1976 (1976-12-05) |
| Recorded | October 11, 1976 (1976-10-11) |
| Venue | Kuramae Kokugikan |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 55:46 |
| Language | * Japanese * English |
| Label | CBS Sony |
| Producer |  |
| Candies chronology | |
| *Candies Best Hits*
(1976) ***Kuramae Kokugikan Carnival for 10,000 People Vol. 2: Candies Live***
(1976) *Candies 1½: Yasashii Akuma*
(1977) | |


title: Rio, Louisiana

abstract: Rio is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Washington Parish, Louisiana, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 137. Rio is located at the junction of Louisiana highways 1074 and 1075, 7.2 miles (11.6 km) south-southwest of Bogalusa.

text:
# Rio, Louisiana

**Rio** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Washington Parish, Louisiana, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 137.

Rio is located at the junction of Louisiana highways 1074 and 1075, 7.2 miles (11.6 km) south-southwest of Bogalusa.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 137 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 | | | |

### 2020 census

**Rio CDP, Louisiana – Demographic Profile**
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 119 | 86.86% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 1 | 0.73% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 1 | 0.73% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 1 | 0.73% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 13 | 9.49% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 2 | 1.46% |
| **Total** | **137** | **100.00%** |

*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.*

## Education

It is in Bogalusa City Schools, which operates Bogalusa High School.

## InfoBox

| Rio, Louisiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Rio, LouisianaRio, Louisiana | |
| Coordinates: 30°41′35″N 89°53′24″W / 30.69306°N 89.89000°W / 30.69306; -89.89000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Louisiana |
| Parish | Washington |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.13 sq mi (2.94 km2) |
| Land | 1.13 sq mi (2.94 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 98 ft (30 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 137 |
| Density | 120.92/sq mi (46.68/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 985 |
| GNIS feature ID | 543624 |


title: Kuzörenemirler, Bolu

abstract: Kuzörenemirler is a village in the Bolu District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 125 (2021).

text:
# Kuzörenemirler, Bolu

**Kuzörenemirler** is a village in the Bolu District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 125 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Kuzörenemirler | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| KuzörenemirlerLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°45′N 31°56′E / 40.750°N 31.933°E / 40.750; 31.933 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Bolu |
| District | Bolu |
| Population (2021) | 125 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Rissoina tenuistriata

abstract: Rissoina tenuistriata is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoinidae.

text:
# Rissoina tenuistriata

***Rissoina tenuistriata*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoinidae.

## Description

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off the Aldabra Atoll.

* Taylor, J.D. (1973). *Provisional list of the mollusca of Aldabra Atoll*.

## InfoBox

| *Rissoina tenuistriata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Rissoinidae |
| Genus: | *Rissoina* |
| Species: | ***R. tenuistriata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rissoina tenuistriata***<br>Pease | |
|


title: Rissoina tongunensis

abstract: Rissoina tongunensis is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoinidae.

text:
# Rissoina tongunensis

***Rissoina tongunensis*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoinidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Rissoina tongunensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Rissoinidae |
| Genus: | *Rissoina* |
| Species: | ***R. tongunensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rissoina tongunensis***<br>Wen-Der Chen, 2008 | |
|


title: Rissoina rissoi

abstract: Rissoina rissoi is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoinidae.

text:
# Rissoina rissoi

***Rissoina rissoi*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoinidae.

## Description

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Red Sea and in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar.

* Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). *Contribution à l'étude de la faune de Madagascar: Mollusca marina testacea. Faune des colonies françaises, III (fasc. 4).* Société d'Editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: Paris. 321–636, plates IV-VII pp.

## InfoBox

| *Rissoina rissoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Rissoinidae |
| Genus: | *Rissoina* |
| Species: | ***R. rissoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rissoina rissoi***<br>Audouin, 1827 | |
|


title: Rissoina spirata

abstract: Rissoina spirata, the spiral risso, is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Rissoinidae.

text:
# Rissoina spirata

***Rissoina spirata***, the **spiral risso**, is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Rissoinidae.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 7 mm and 15 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Red Sea, in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar and the Aldabra Atoll; in the Central Pacific; in the Mediterranean Sea.

* Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). *Contribution à l'étude de la faune de Madagascar: Mollusca marina testacea*. Faune des colonies françaises, III(fasc. 4). Société d'Editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: Paris. 321-636, plates IV-VII pp.
* Taylor, J.D. (1973). *Provisional list of the mollusca of Aldabra Atoll.*
* Streftaris, N.; Zenetos, A.; Papathanassiou, E. (2005). G*lobalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas.* Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 43: 419-453

## InfoBox

| *Rissoina spirata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Rissoinidae |
| Genus: | *Rissoina* |
| Species: | ***R. spirata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rissoina spirata***<br>Sowerby G.B. I, 1820 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Zebina spirata* *(Sowerby I, 1825)* | |


title: Riolunato

abstract: Riolunato is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Modena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Bologna and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Modena. It is overlooked from the south by the Monte Cimone. Its fraction Le Polle, about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) high, is one of the most important stations in the Monte Cimone Ski resort. Riolunato borders the following municipalities: Fiumalbo, Frassinoro, Lama Mocogno, Montecreto, Palagano, Pievepelago, Sestola.

text:
# Riolunato

**Riolunato** (Riolunatese: *Ardodlà*) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Modena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Bologna and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Modena. It is overlooked from the south by the Monte Cimone. Its fraction *Le Polle*, about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) high, is one of the most important stations in the *Monte Cimone Ski resort*.

Riolunato borders the following municipalities: Fiumalbo, Frassinoro, Lama Mocogno, Montecreto, Palagano, Pievepelago, Sestola.

## Traditions

"Maggio delle Ragazze" (May of the Girls). The event takes place every three years in two different moments. The first is during the night between 30 April and 1 May, and the second is usually the second Sunday of May. During the first part, the village's young men sing traditional refrains (hymns to spring and youth) in order to wish for a good season of prosperity and happiness.

## Twin towns

Media related to Riolunato at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Riolunato | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Riolunato | |
|  | |
| Location of Riolunato | |
| RiolunatoLocation of Riolunato in ItalyRiolunatoRiolunato (Emilia-Romagna) | |
| Coordinates: 44°14′N 10°39′E / 44.233°N 10.650°E / 44.233; 10.650 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Emilia-Romagna |
| Province | Modena (MO) |
| *Frazioni* | Serpiano, Castello, Groppo, Castellino di Brocco, Centocroci. |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Daniela Contri |
| Area | |
| Total | 45.2 km2 (17.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 715 m (2,346 ft) |
| Population (31 May 2007) | |
| Total | 734 |
| Density | 16/km2 (42/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 41020 |
| Dialing code | 0536 |
| Patron saint | James, son of Zebedee |
| Saint day | 25 July |
| Website | http://www.comune.riolunato.mo.it/ |


title: Kyo (band)

abstract: Kyo is a French rock band with lead vocals by Benoît Poher. The band was first active from 1997 to 2005 with three albums Kyo (2000), Le Chemin (2003) and 300 Lésions (2004) and a string of singles. It announced a hiatus in 2005 without a definite break-up. In 2006, Kyo was involved in launching "L'Or de nos vies" written by Kyo and its lead singer Benoît Poher for the Fighting AIDS charity in 2006. Kyo launched a comeback in 2013 with the album L'équilibre and remains active.

text:
# Kyo (band)

**Kyo** is a French rock band with lead vocals by Benoît Poher. The band was first active from 1997 to 2005 with three albums *Kyo* (2000), *Le Chemin* (2003) and *300 Lésions* (2004) and a string of singles. It announced a hiatus in 2005 without a definite break-up. In 2006, Kyo was involved in launching "L'Or de nos vies" written by Kyo and its lead singer Benoît Poher for the Fighting AIDS charity in 2006. Kyo launched a comeback in 2013 with the album *L'équilibre* and remains active.

## Biography

Since attending collège Notre-Dame in Yvelines, the two brothers, Fabien and Florian Dubos, and two friends Nicolas Chassagne and Benoît Poher, discovered they had the same passion for bands such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden.

At that time the band was named Spiritus Sanctus and they recorded their first demo on DAT with Dominique Gire.

In 1997, they met their future manager Yves Michel Akle, who convinced of their potential, introduced them to Sony BMG where they performed and were offered a contract. Their big break came when they performed during a big concert of David Hallyday, son of famous French rocker Johnny Hallyday, also appearing in the music video of one of David Hallyday's music videos as a backing band.

They have since released three albums and one DVD entitled *Kyosphere*. After limited success of self-titled debut album *Kyo* that sold around 40,000 copies, their sophomore album *Le Chemin* sold in comparison 1.5 million copies, and peaked at number 2 on the French Albums Chart. They retreated to a house in Brittany, where they worked on their new album *300 Lésions*. That album went gold in four days with sales reaching upwards of 500,000 copies, and peaked at number 1 on the French Albums Chart.

In 2005, the band announced a hiatus, but without a definite break.

Fight Aids charity single

The band would be instrumental in launching Fight Aids single "L'Or de nos vies", co-written by Kyo and their lead singer Benoît "Ben" Poher and produced by François Delabrière and Kyo. Seventeen artists pitched in including Anggun, Bénabar, Amel Bent, Patrick Bruel, Corneille, Emma Daumas, Jenifer, Kyo, Leslie, Emmanuel Moire, M. Pokora, Roch Voisine, Stéphanie de Monaco, Tété. The revenues from the sale of the single and downloads was donated to F.A.M. (Fight Aids Monaco) charity, in support of building a house called "maison de vie" (house of life) near Avignon which offers both psychological and material aid to persons living with either HIV and AIDS and their families. The song released on 28 July 2006 received wide media coverage and reached number 5 in SNEP, the French singles chart. NRJ 12 also broadcast on 15 August 2006, a 24-minute documentary about "making of" of the music video and interviews with participating artists.

Comeback (2013–2014)

In June 2013, it was revealed that Kyo was planning a comeback and were in the process of recording material at Gang Studio with producer Mark Plati. The singles "Le Graal" and "L'équilibre", from the upcoming album, were pre-released at the end of January 2014.

**2017**

In October 2017, Kyo launch a new single "Ton Mec" and announce a new album "Dans la Peau", for December 2017.

* The song "Le Chemin" was used as the ending of the second episode of the anime OVA Strait Jacket.
* The song "Contact" from *300 Lésions* was used in the soundtrack for the video game FIFA 06.

## Members

* Benoît Poher \- Lead vocals
    + Benoît "Ben" Poher born June 27, 1979, in Yvelines (in the Paris area), France is a singer, songwriter and lyricist who continued in the French rock band Empyr alongside Florian Dubos, another member of Kyo. He has also co-written for a number of artists including Johnny Hallyday, Jenifer, as well as a number of musical comedies and television series.
* Fabien Dubos - Drums
    + Fabien "Fab" Dubos born 3 June 1978 is the older brother of bassist of band Florian\> He was a massive fan of Japanese manga. He named the band after character Kyo Kusanagi in SNK Playmore's *The King of Fighters* video game series. With a hiatus of the band, he joined as singer, guitarist and drummer for the French rock and rap formation Crew Z.
* Florian Dubos - Guitar / Backing Vocals / Bass
    + Florian "Flo" Dubos born 26 March 1980 and younger brother of Fabien Dubos. Also joined Benoît Poher in Empyr as bass player
* Nicolas Chassagne - Guitar
    + Nicolas "Nico" Chassagne born on 24 December 1978
* Jocelyn Moze - Drums

Joined in 2018 after Fabien Dubos left the band

## Awards

* NRJ Music Awards
    + *Best French Song* (2004)
    + *Best French Album* (2004)
    + *Best French Band* (2004)
    + *Best Musical Site* (2004)
* Victoires de la musique
    + *Best Group Revelation of the Year* (2004)
    + *Best Group Revelation Shows of the Year* (2004)
    + *Best Album Revelation of the Year* (2004)
* MTV Europe Music Awards
    + *French Band of the Year* (2003)
    + *Best French Artists* (2005)
* World Music Awards
    + *World's Best Selling French Artist* (2004)
* Prix Roger Seiller of Sacem
    + *Best French band* (2004)

## Discography

### Albums

**Studio albums**

| Year | Album | Peak positions | | | | Certification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FRA
 | BEL
(Fl)
 | BEL
(Wa)
 | SWI
 | |
| 2000 | *Kyo* |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003 | *Le Chemin* | 2 |  | 1 | 10 |  |
| 2004 | *Kyo* (rerelease) | 71 |  | 75 |  |  |
| 2004 | *300 Lésions* | 1 |  | 1 | 2 |  |
| 2014 | *L'equilibre* | 2 | 99 | 3 | 20 |  |
| 2017 | *Dans la peau* | 29 |  | 19 | 58 |  |
| 2021 | *La part des lions* |  |  | 10 |  |  |

**Compilation albums**

| Year | Album | Peak positions | | | Certification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FRA
 | BEL
(Wa)
 | SWI
 | |
| 2007 | *Best Of* |  | 38 |  |  |

### Singles

| Year | Album | Peak positions | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FRA
 | BEL
(Wa)
 | NED
 | SWI
 | |
| 2000 | "Il est temps" |  |  |  |  |  |
| | "Je n'veux pas oublier" |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003 | "Le Chemin" (feat. Sita) | 12 | 4 | 60 | 14 | *Le chemin* |
| | "Dernière danse" | 6 | 4 |  | 14 | |
| | "Je cours" | 20 | 8 |  | 41 | |
| 2004 | "Je saigne encore"
(2 versions) | 13 | 12 |  | 39 | |
| 2005 | "Contact" | 8 | 11 |  | 37 | *300 Lésions* |
| | "Sarah" | 33 | 31 |  | 65 | |
| 2014 | "Le Graal" | 11 | 17 |  |  | *L'équilibre* |
| | "L'équilibre" | 44 | 52\* |  |  | |
| 2017 | "Ton mec" | 34
 | 34 |  |  |  |
| | "Plan A" | 162
 |  |  |  |  |
| 2021 | "Mon époque" |  | 28 |  |  |  |
| 2022 | "Stand Up" |  | 42 |  |  |  |

\*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts. Added 50 positions to actual Ultratip position at #2 in Belgium

**Collective single by Fight AIDS**

| Year | Single | Peak positions | | | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FRA
 | BEL
(Wa) | SWI | |
| 2006 | "L'Or de nos vies"
(Fight Aids) | 5 | 64\*
(Ultratip) | 43 | Written by Benoît Poher and Kyo
Produced by François Delabrière and Kyo
Vocals by Anggun, Bénabar, Amel Bent, Patrick Bruel, Corneille, Emma Daumas, Jenifer, Kyo, Leslie, Emmanuel Moire, M. Pokora, Roch Voisine, Stéphanie de Monaco, Tété |

\*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.nAdded 50 positions to actual Ultratip position at #14 in Belgium

## DVDs

* 2004: *Kyosphère*

## Filmography

* 2004: *Kyosphère*
* 2005: *Sad Day*

## InfoBox

| Kyo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Yvelines, Île-de-France, France |
| Genres | Rock
Pop rock
Alternative rock |
| Years active | 1997– 2005
2013-present (comeback) |
| Labels | Sony Records |
|  | |
| Members | Benoît Poher
Florian Dubos
Fabien Dubos
Nicolas Chassagne |
|  | |
| Website | www.kyomusic.com |


title: Kylix paziana

abstract: Kylix paziana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

text:
# Kylix paziana

***Kylix paziana*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 12 mm and 17 mm; its diameter is 5 mm.

(Original description) The small, acute shell is pale olivaceous. It contains 10 whorls, of which the first in the protoconch is smooth and the second obscurely peripherally keeled. The subsequent whorls are normally sculptured. The suture is distinct The periphery of the upper whorls is nearer the succeeding than the preceding suture. The anal fasciole is constricted but crossed by the ribs. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the upper whorls 4 or 5, on the body whorl about 14) strong cords with narrower groove-like interspaces, extending from the fasciole to the siphonal canal. The cords are not swollen where they cross the ribs. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 13, on the body whorl 10) rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, strongest at the shoulder, extending from suture to the base. The incremental lines are rather strong on the fasciole. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded with a callous margin. The outer lip is arcuate and thin. The inner lip is simple. The siphonal canal is slightly recurved.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the demersal zone of the Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California, Western Mexico, to Panama.

* "*Kylix paziana*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Kylix paziana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original image of a shell of *Kylix paziana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Drilliidae |
| Genus: | *Kylix* |
| Species: | ***K. paziana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Kylix paziana***<br>(Dall, 1919) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Clathrodrillia paziana* Dall, 1919 | |


title: Riverview House (Vassalboro, Maine)

abstract: The Riverview House is a historic house on United States Route 201 in southern Vassalboro, Maine. Built in 1796, this modest 1+1⁄2-story Cape house is believed to be one of the oldest surviving buildings in the town. It has additionally been home to several prominent local politicians. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

text:
# Riverview House (Vassalboro, Maine)

The **Riverview House** is a historic house on United States Route 201 in southern Vassalboro, Maine. Built in 1796, this modest 1+12-story Cape house is believed to be one of the oldest surviving buildings in the town. It has additionally been home to several prominent local politicians. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

## Description and history

The Riverview House stands on the east side of US 201, a short way south of its junction with Cushnoc Street, a former alignment of the main road paralleling the Kennebec River to the north. The house is a single-story wood frame Cape, set on a granite foundation, with a side gable roof and clapboarded exterior. An ell extending to the rear appears to be an original part of the house. The front facade is three bays wide, with windows in the outer bays and the entrance in the center, with flanking sidelight windows and a semi-oval transom window above. The door is sheltered by a Greek Revival porch, which is supported by paired columns and has a cutout gabled pediment that shows the transom window. The interior has evidence of two large chimneys, each with a cooking fireplace.

The house was probably built about 1796, when it is mentioned in town tax records, and was certainly standing by 1821. Its modest features contrast it with a much more elaborate Greek Revival house that stands nearby, but is still possessed of unusually high ceilings and a comparatively elaborate interior, the result of 1830s renovations. The house was owned for many years by the Brown family, which sent three of its members to the state legislature.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Riverview House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | US 201, 0.15 mi S. of Cushnoc St., Vassalboro, Maine |
| Coordinates | 44°22′54″N 69°43′7″W / 44.38167°N 69.71861°W / 44.38167; -69.71861 |
| Area | 9.1 acres (3.7 ha) |
| Built | 1796 (1796) |
| Architectural style | Federal, Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 01000369 |
| Added to NRHP | April 12, 2001 |