title: Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme

abstract: The Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme is a pumped-storage power station in the escarpment of the Little Drakensberg range straddling the border of the KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provinces, South Africa. It is about 22 km (14 mi) North-East of Van Reenen.

text:
# Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme

The **Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme** (previously named Braamhoek) is a pumped-storage power station in the escarpment of the Little Drakensberg range straddling the border of the KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provinces, South Africa. It is about 22 km (14 mi) North-East of Van Reenen.

## Design

The pumped-storage hydroelectric scheme consists of an upper and a lower dam 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) apart and is connected to a power station by tunnels.

The power station uses 4 Francis pump turbines rated at 333 MW each, giving it a total rating of 1332 MW installed capacity.

## Construction

Notable contractors included CMC Impregilo Mavundla Joint Venture and Concor on the dams.

The scheme was built at a cost of US$3.5 billion (25 billion).

Construction began in 2005 and the power station was scheduled to begin operations in late 2015.

* The first two generators were commissioned March 2016.
* The third generator was brought into commercial operation in August 2016.
* The fourth and final one in January 2017.

## Detailed breakdown

The pumped-storage hydroelectric plant uses water from the upper reservoir to generate electricity during the peak demand periods of the day. At night, excess power on the grid generated by conventional coal and nuclear plants is used to pump water to the upper reservoir.

* The upper **Bedford Dam** on Bedford stream, a tributary of the Wilge River, was completed in April 2011. It is a 39 m (128 ft) tall concrete-face rock-fill dam. It has a 22,400,000 m3 (18,200 acre⋅ft) water storage capacity of which 19,200,000 m3 (15,600 acre⋅ft) can be used for power generation.
* The lower **Bramhoek Dam** on Bramhoek stream, a tributary of the Klip River, was completed in November 2011. It is a 41 m (135 ft) tall roller-compacted concrete gravity dam. It has a 26,300,000 m3 (21,300 acre⋅ft) water storage capacity of which 21,900,000 m3 (17,800 acre⋅ft) can be pumped up to the upper reservoir.
* A 2 km (1.2 mi) long headrace tunnel connects the upper reservoir to the underground power station which houses 4 x 333 megawatts (447,000 hp) reversible Francis pump-turbines. The elevation between the two reservoirs affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of 480 m (1,570 ft).
* Water from the power station is discharged down a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long tailrace tunnel to the lower reservoir.

## Storage capacity

The energy storage capacity is 21,000 MWh or 15.8 generating hours.

## InfoBox

| Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | South Africa |
| Location | KwaZulu-Natal/Free State |
| Coordinates | 28°16′54″S 29°35′08″E / 28.28167°S 29.58556°E / -28.28167; 29.58556 |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | 2005 |
| Opening date | 2017 |
| Construction cost | US$3.5 billion (25 billion) |
| Owner(s) | Eskom and CMC Impregilo Mavundla |
| Upper reservoir | |
| Creates | Bedford Reservoir |
| Total capacity | 22,400,000 m3 (18,200 acre⋅ft) |
| Lower reservoir | |
| Creates | Bramhoek Reservoir |
| Total capacity | 26,300,000 m3 (21,300 acre⋅ft) |
| Power Station | |
| Hydraulic head | 480 m (1,570 ft) |
| Pump-generators | 4 x 333 megawatts (447,000 hp) reversible Francis-type |
| Installed capacity | 1,332 MW |


title: Orentano

abstract: Orentano is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Castelfranco di Sotto, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 1,313. Orentano is about 32 km from Pisa and 16 km from Castelfranco di Sotto.

text:
# Orentano

**Orentano** is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Castelfranco di Sotto, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 1,313.

Orentano is about 32 km from Pisa and 16 km from Castelfranco di Sotto.

## InfoBox

| Orentano | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frazione* | |
|  | |
| OrentanoLocation of Orentano in Italy | |
| Coordinates: 43°46′44″N 10°39′43″E / 43.77889°N 10.66194°E / 43.77889; 10.66194 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Tuscany |
| Province | Pisa (PI) |
| *Comune* | Castelfranco di Sotto |
| Elevation | 27 m (89 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,676 |
| Demonym | *Orentanesi* |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 56022 |
| Dialing code | (+39) 0583 |


title: Orhaneli mine

abstract: The Orhaneli mine is a large mine in the west of Turkey in Bursa Province 331 km west of the capital, Ankara. Orhaneli represents one of the largest chromium reserve in Turkey having estimated reserves of 1 million tonnes of chromium ore grading 48% chromium metal. The 1 million tonnes of ore contains 480,000 tonnes of chromium metal.

text:
# Orhaneli mine

The **Orhaneli mine** is a large mine in the west of Turkey in Bursa Province 331 km west of the capital, Ankara. Orhaneli represents one of the largest chromium reserve in Turkey having estimated reserves of 1 million tonnes of chromium ore grading 48% chromium metal. The 1 million tonnes of ore contains 480,000 tonnes of chromium metal.

## InfoBox

Orhaneli mine
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Orhaneli |
| town | Bursa Province |
| Country | Turkey |
| Production | |
| Products | Chromium |
| History | |
| Opened | 1980 |
| Owner | |
| Company | Etibank |


title: Orient Point Light

abstract: Orient Point Light is a sparkplug lighthouse off Orient Point, New York in Plum Gut of Long Island Sound – the deep and narrow gap between Orient Point and Plum Island. It was built in 1899 and was automated in 1954. The lighthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. The lighthouse was sold as excess property in 2013, and is owned by artist Randy Polumbo.

text:
# Orient Point Light

**Orient Point Light** is a sparkplug lighthouse off Orient Point, New York in Plum Gut of Long Island Sound  the deep and narrow gap between Orient Point and Plum Island. It was built in 1899 and was automated in 1954. The lighthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

The lighthouse was sold as excess property in 2013, and is owned by artist Randy Polumbo.

## History

The United States Lighthouse Service placed a daymarker at the site in 1855, announcing that it would be replaced by a beacon, but its completion was delayed by the hardness of the rock and a nighttime collision into the temporary staging by a trading vessel. A stone beacon in the shape of a pyramid with a shaft and iron cage was placed on the rock in 1874, but was carried away by ice in 1896.

Construction of a cast-iron caisson tower on the reef began in October 1898 but was halted for a year by stormy weather. Construction began again in the spring, and by September, most of the project was in place. The lamp was lit on November 10, 1899, but the fifth-order Fresnel lens proved to be too weak and was replaced by a fourth order lens on May 1, 1900. A fog signal went into operation of June 1 of that year, and was upgraded in 1905.

The lighthouse tower is 45 feet (14 m) tall and has six interior decks. A breakwall was added over the next three years to protect the structure, adding 9,000 tons of riprap to the original 803 tons, creating a 25 feet (7.6 m) island that rises 32 feet (9.8 m) from the bottom. Cracks and rust on one side of the tower required additional cast-iron plates to repair, and the additional weight caused the tower to tilt about five degrees out of vertical; possibly assisted by current undermining the foundation on that side as well.

The steamship *Halyoke* missed hitting the lighthouse on August 30, 1912, when its steering went out. Although the current headed the ship directly at the light, the captain put the engines into full reverse, and the ship ran up on the rock but then backed up. No damage was done to the ship or the lighthouse.

On April 5, 1958, the lighthouse was automated, and in 1970 the Coast Guard announced its plans to tear it down. Popular sentiment saved the lighthouse from this fate, and the Coast Guard reversed its decision. Instead, repairs were made: additional concrete for the base, and a new coat of paint and epoxy preservative. The lens was replaced in 1988, and additional major repair work took place in 2000, including the installation of solar panels and batteries.

In June 2011, the General Services Administration made the Orient Point Light, along with 11 others, available at no cost to public organizations willing to preserve them. When no suitable caretaker organization was found, an auction was held in 2011 in which the high bidder failed to provide a required additional deposit; a second auction followed in 2013. The lighthouse was purchased on September 18, 2013, by sculptor Randy Polumbo with a high bid of $252,000. Polumbo, the founder of the eco-construction company Plant, converted part of the lighthouse's interior into an artist's residency he calls "Plum Gut Grotto". According to Polumbo, the lighthouse has structural issues: part of the base is missing, allowing water to seep in.

The Archives Center at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History has a collection (#1055) of souvenir postcards of lighthouses and has digitized 272 of these and made them available online. These include postcards of Orient Point Light with links to customized nautical charts provided by National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.

## InfoBox

Orient Point Light
| (2016) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Off Orient point, north eastern tip of Long Island, NY, Oyster pond reef, Plum gut |
| Coordinates | 41°9′48.393″N 72°13′25.014″W / 41.16344250°N 72.22361500°W / 41.16344250; -72.22361500 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1899 |
| Foundation | Cast iron caisson |
| Construction | Cast iron plate with brick lining |
| Automated | 1954 |
| Height | 16 m (52 ft) |
| Shape | Black conical tower with white band in center, "Spark plug" |
| Heritage | National Register of Historic Places listed place |
| Fog signal | HORN: 2 blasts ev 30s (2s bl-2s si-2s bl-24s si). |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1899 |
| Focal height | 64 feet (20 m) |
| Lens | Fifth order Fresnel lens 1899 (original), Optic (current) |
| Range | 17 nautical miles (31 km; 20 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fixed white light |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orient Point Light Station | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Orient, New York |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Architect | U.S. Lighthouse Board |
| MPS | Light Stations of the United States MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 06001229 |
| Added to NRHP | January 9, 2007 |
|  | |


title: Input-to-state stability

abstract:
Input-to-state stability (ISS) is a stability notion widely used to study stability of nonlinear control systems with external inputs. Roughly speaking, a control system is ISS if it is globally asymptotically stable in the absence of external inputs and if its trajectories are bounded by a function of the size of the input for all sufficiently large times.
The importance of ISS is due to the fact that the concept has bridged the gap between input–output and state-space methods, widely used within the control systems community. ISS unified the Lyapunov and input-output stability theories and revolutionized our view on stabilization of nonlinear systems, design of robust nonlinear observers, stability of nonlinear interconnected control systems, nonlinear detectability theory, and supervisory adaptive control. This made ISS the dominating stability paradigm in nonlinear control theory, with such diverse applications as robotics, mechatronics, systems biology, electrical and aerospace engineering, to name a few. The notion of ISS was introduced for systems described by ordinary differential equations by Eduardo Sontag in 1989. Since that the concept was successfully used for many other classes of control systems including systems governed by partial differential equations, retarded systems, hybrid systems, etc.

text:
# Input-to-state stability

**Input-to-state stability (ISS)** is a stability notion widely used to study stability of nonlinear control systems with external inputs. Roughly speaking, a control system is ISS if it is globally asymptotically stable in the absence of external inputs and if its trajectories are bounded by a function of the size of the input for all sufficiently large times. The importance of ISS is due to the fact that the concept has bridged the gap between input–output and state-space methods, widely used within the control systems community.

ISS unified the Lyapunov and input-output stability theories and revolutionized our view on stabilization of nonlinear systems, design of robust nonlinear observers, stability of nonlinear interconnected control systems, nonlinear detectability theory, and supervisory adaptive control. This made ISS the dominating stability paradigm in nonlinear control theory, with such diverse applications as robotics, mechatronics, systems biology, electrical and aerospace engineering, to name a few.

The notion of ISS was introduced for systems described by ordinary differential equations by Eduardo Sontag in 1989.

Since that the concept was successfully used for many other classes of control systems including systems governed by partial differential equations, retarded systems, hybrid systems, etc.

## Definition

Consider a time-invariant system of ordinary differential equations of the form

where $u:\mathbb {R} \_{+}\to \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ is a Lebesgue measurable essentially bounded external input and $f$ is a Lipschitz continuous function w.r.t. the first argument uniformly w.r.t. the second one. This ensures that there exists a unique absolutely continuous solution of the system ().

To define ISS and related properties, we exploit the following classes of comparison functions. We denote by $\mathcal {K}$ the set of continuous increasing functions $\gamma :\mathbb {R} \_{+}\to \mathbb {R} \_{+}$ with $\gamma (0)=0$ and $\mathcal {L}$ the set of continuous strictly decreasing functions $\gamma :\mathbb {R} \_{+}\to \mathbb {R} \_{+}$ with $\lim \_{r\to \infty }\gamma (r)=0$. Then we can denote $\beta \in {\mathcal {K}{\mathcal {L}}}$ as functions where $\beta (\cdot ,t)\in {\mathcal {K}}$ for all $t\geq 0$ and $\beta (r,\cdot )\in {\mathcal {L}}$ for all $r\>0$.

System () is called **globally asymptotically stable at zero (0-GAS)** if the corresponding system with zero input

is globally asymptotically stable, that is there exist $\beta \in {\mathcal {K}{\mathcal {L}}}$ so that for all initial values $x\_{0}$ and all times $t\geq 0$ the following estimate is valid for solutions of (**WithoutInputs**)

System () is called **input-to-state stable (ISS)** if there exist functions $\gamma \in {\mathcal {K}}$ and $\beta \in {\mathcal {K}{\mathcal {L}}}$ so that for all initial values $x\_{0}$, all admissible inputs $u$ and all times $t\geq 0$ the following inequality holds

The function $\gamma $ in the above inequality is called the **gain**.

Clearly, an ISS system is 0-GAS as well as BIBO stable (if we put the output equal to the state of the system). The converse implication is in general not true.

It can be also proved that if $\lim \_{t\rightarrow \infty }|u(t)|=0$, then $\lim \_{t\rightarrow \infty }|x(t)|=0$.

## Characterizations of input-to-state stability property

For an understanding of ISS its restatements in terms of other stability properties are of great importance.

System () is called **globally stable (GS)** if there exist $\gamma ,\sigma \in {\mathcal {K}}$ such that $\forall x\_{0}$, $\forall u$ and $\forall t\geq 0$ it holds that

System () satisfies the **asymptotic gain (AG) property** if there exists $\gamma \in {\mathcal {K}}$: $\forall x\_{0}$, $\forall u$ it holds that

The following statements are equivalent for sufficiently regular right-hand side $f$

1. () is ISS

2. () is GS and has the AG property

3. () is 0-GAS and has the AG property

The proof of this result as well as many other characterizations of ISS can be found in the papers and. Other characterizations of ISS that are valid under very mild restrictions on the regularity of the rhs $f$ and are applicable to more general infinite-dimensional systems, have been shown in.

## ISS-Lyapunov functions

An important tool for the verification of ISS are ISS-Lyapunov functions.

A smooth function $V:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} \_{+}$ is called an ISS-Lyapunov function for (), if $\exists \psi \_{1},\psi \_{2}\in {\mathcal {K}\_{\infty }}$, $\chi \in {\mathcal {K}}$ and positive-definite function $\alpha $, such that:

$$\psi \_{1}(|x|)\leq V(x)\leq \psi \_{2}(|x|),\quad \forall x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$$

and $\forall x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n},\\;\forall u\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ it holds:

$$|x|\geq \chi (|u|)\ \Rightarrow \ \nabla V\cdot f(x,u)\leq -\alpha (|x|),$$

The function $\chi $ is called **Lyapunov gain**.

If a system () is without inputs (i.e. $u\equiv 0$), then the last implication reduces to the condition

$$\nabla V\cdot f(x,u)\leq -\alpha (|x|),\ \forall x\neq 0,$$

which tells us that $V$ is a "classic" Lyapunov function.

An important result due to E. Sontag and Y. Wang is that a system () is ISS if and only if there exists a smooth ISS-Lyapunov function for it.

## Examples

Consider a system

$$\dot {x}=-x^{3}+ux^{2}.$$

Define a candidate ISS-Lyapunov function $V:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} \_{+}$ by $V(x)={\frac {1}{2}x^{2},\quad \forall x\in \mathbb {R} .}$

$\dot {V}(x)=\nabla V\cdot (-x^{3}+ux^{2})=-x^{4}+ux^{3}.$

Choose a Lyapunov gain $\chi $ by

$\chi (r):={\frac {1}{1-\epsilon }r}$.

Then we obtain that for $x,u:\ |x|\geq \chi (|u|)$ it holds

$$\dot {V}(x)\leq -|x|^{4}+(1-\epsilon )|x|^{4}=-\epsilon |x|^{4}.$$

This shows that $V$ is an ISS-Lyapunov function for a considered system with the Lyapunov gain $\chi $.

## Interconnections of ISS systems

One of the main features of the ISS framework is the possibility to study stability properties of interconnections of input-to-state stable systems.

Consider the system given by

Here $u\in L\_{\infty }(\mathbb {R} \_{+},\mathbb {R} ^{m})$, $x\_{i}(t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\_{i}}$ and $f\_{i}$ are Lipschitz continuous in $x\_{i}$ uniformly with respect to the inputs from the $i$-th subsystem.

For the $i$-th subsystem of (**WholeSys**) the definition of an ISS-Lyapunov function can be written as follows.

A smooth function $V\_{i}:\mathbb {R} ^{p\_{i}\to \mathbb {R} \_{+}}$ is an ISS-Lyapunov function (ISS-LF) for the $i$-th subsystem of (**WholeSys**), if there exist functions $\psi \_{i1},\psi \_{i2}\in {\mathcal {K}\_{\infty }}$, $\chi \_{ij},\chi \_{i}\in {\mathcal {K}}$, $j=1,\ldots ,n$, $j\neq i$, $\chi \_{ii}:=0$ and a positive-definite function $\alpha \_{i}$, such that:

$$\psi \_{i1}(|x\_{i}|)\leq V\_{i}(x\_{i})\leq \psi \_{i2}(|x\_{i}|),\quad \forall x\_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\_{i}}$$

and $\forall x\_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\_{i},\\;\forall u\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}}$ it holds

$$V\_{i}(x\_{i})\geq \max\\{\max \_{j=1}^{n}\chi \_{ij}(V\_{j}(x\_{j})),\chi \_{i}(|u|)\\}\ \Rightarrow \ \nabla V\_{i}(x\_{i})\cdot f\_{i}(x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{n},u)\leq -\alpha \_{i}(V\_{i}(x\_{i})).$$

### Cascade interconnections

Cascade interconnections are a special type of interconnection, where the dynamics of the $i$-th subsystem does not depend on the states of the subsystems $1,\ldots ,i-1$. Formally, the cascade interconnection can be written as

$$\left\\{{\begin{array}{l}{\dot {x}\_{i}=f\_{i}(x\_{i},\ldots ,x\_{n},u),\\i=1,\ldots ,n.\end{array}\right.}}}$$

If all subsystems of the above system are ISS, then the whole cascade interconnection is also ISS.

In contrast to cascades of ISS systems, the cascade interconnection of 0-GAS systems is in general not 0-GAS. The following example illustrates this fact. Consider a system given by

Both subsystems of this system are 0-GAS, but for sufficiently large initial states $(x\_{0},y\_{0})$ and for a certain finite time $t^{\*}$ it holds $x(t)\to \infty $ for $t\to t^{\*}$, i.e. the system (**Ex\_GAS**) exhibits finite escape time, and thus is not 0-GAS.

### Feedback interconnections

The interconnection structure of subsystems is characterized by the internal Lyapunov gains $\chi \_{ij}$. The question, whether the interconnection (**WholeSys**) is ISS, depends on the properties of the **gain operator** $\Gamma :\mathbb {R} \_{+}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} \_{+}^{n}$ defined by

$$\Gamma (s):=\left(\max \_{j=1}^{n}\chi \_{1j}(s\_{j}),\ldots ,\max \_{j=1}^{n}\chi \_{nj}(s\_{j})\right),\ s\in \mathbb {R} \_{+}^{n}.$$

The following **small-gain theorem** establishes a sufficient condition for ISS of the interconnection of ISS systems. Let $V\_{i}$ be an ISS-Lyapunov function for $i$-th subsystem of (**WholeSys**) with corresponding gains $\chi \_{ij}$, $i=1,\ldots ,n$. If the nonlinear **small-gain condition**

holds, then the whole interconnection is ISS.

Small-gain condition (**SGC**) holds iff for each cycle in $\Gamma $ (that is for all $(k\_{1},...,k\_{p})\in \\{1,...,n\\}^{p}$, where $k\_{1}=k\_{p}$) and for all $s\>0$ it holds

$$\gamma \_{1}k\_{2}\circ \gamma \_{2}k\_{3}\circ \ldots \circ \gamma \_{p-1}k\_{p}(s)\<s.$$

The small-gain condition in this form is called also cyclic small-gain condition.

### Integral ISS (iISS)

System () is called integral input-to-state stable (ISS) if there exist functions $\alpha ,\gamma \in {\mathcal {K}}$ and $\beta \in {\mathcal {K}{\mathcal {L}}}$ so that for all initial values $x\_{0}$, all admissible inputs $u$ and all times $t\geq 0$ the following inequality holds

In contrast to ISS systems, if a system is integral ISS, its trajectories may be unbounded even for bounded inputs. To see this put $\alpha (r)=\gamma (r)=r$ for all $r\geq 0$ and take $u\equiv c=const$. Then the estimate () takes the form

$$|x(t)|\leq \beta (|x\_{0}|,t)+\int \_{0}^{t}cds=\beta (|x\_{0}|,t)+ct,$$

and the right hand side grows to infinity as $t\to \infty $.

As in the ISS framework, Lyapunov methods play a central role in iISS theory.

A smooth function $V:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} \_{+}$ is called an iISS-Lyapunov function for (), if $\exists \psi \_{1},\psi \_{2}\in {\mathcal {K}\_{\infty }}$, $\chi \in {\mathcal {K}}$ and positive-definite function $\alpha $, such that:

$$\psi \_{1}(|x|)\leq V(x)\leq \psi \_{2}(|x|),\quad \forall x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$$

and $\forall x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n},\\;\forall u\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ it holds:

$$\dot {V}=\nabla V\cdot f(x,u)\leq -\alpha (|x|)+\gamma (|u|).$$

An important result due to D. Angeli, E. Sontag and Y. Wang is that system () is integral ISS if and only if there exists an iISS-Lyapunov function for it.

Note that in the formula above $\alpha $ is assumed to be only positive definite. It can be easily proved, that if $V$ is an iISS-Lyapunov function with $\alpha \in {\mathcal {K}\_{\infty }}$, then $V$ is actually an ISS-Lyapunov function for a system ().

This shows in particular, that every ISS system is integral ISS. The converse implication is not true, as the following example shows. Consider the system

$$\dot {x}=-\arctan {x}+u.$$

This system is not ISS, since for large enough inputs the trajectories are unbounded. However, it is integral ISS with an iISS-Lyapunov function $V$ defined by

$$V(x)=x\arctan {x}.$$

### Local ISS (LISS)

An important role are also played by local versions of the ISS property. A system () is called **locally ISS (LISS)** if there exist a constant $\rho \>0$ and functions

$\gamma \in {\mathcal {K}}$ and $\beta \in {\mathcal {K}{\mathcal {L}}}$ so that for all $x\_{0}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}:\\;|x\_{0}|\leq \rho $, all admissible inputs $u:\\|u\\|\_{\infty }\leq \rho $ and all times $t\geq 0$ it holds that

An interesting observation is that 0-GAS implies LISS.

### Other stability notions

Many other related to ISS stability notions have been introduced: incremental ISS, input-to-state dynamical stability (ISDS), input-to-state practical stability (ISpS), input-to-output stability (IOS) etc.

## ISS of time-delay systems

Consider the time-invariant time-delay system

Here $x^{t}\in C(\[-\theta ,0\];\mathbb {R} ^{N})$ is the state of the system (**TDS**) at time $t$, $x^{t}(\tau )=x(t+\tau ),\ \tau \in \[-\theta ,0\]$ and $f:C(\[-\theta ,0\];\mathbb {R} ^{N})\times \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ satisfies certain assumptions to guarantee existence and uniqueness of solutions of the system (**TDS**).

System (**TDS**) is ISS if and only if there exist functions $\beta \in {\mathcal {KL}}$ and $\gamma \in {\mathcal {K}}$ such that for every $\xi \in C(\left\[-\theta ,0\right\],\mathbb {R} ^{N})$, every admissible input $u$ and for all $t\in \mathbb {R} \_{+}$, it holds that

In the ISS theory for time-delay systems two different Lyapunov-type sufficient conditions have been proposed: via ISS Lyapunov-Razumikhin functions and by ISS Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. For converse Lyapunov theorems for time-delay systems see.

## ISS of other classes of systems

Input-to-state stability of the systems based on time-invariant ordinary differential equations is a quite developed theory, see a recent monograph. However, ISS theory of other classes of systems is also being investigated for time-variant ODE systems and hybrid systems. In the last time also certain generalizations of ISS concepts to infinite-dimensional systems have been proposed.

## Seminars and online resources on ISS

1. Online Seminar: Input-to-State Stability and its Applications

2. YouTube Channel on ISS


title: Oreobates ayacucho

abstract: Oreobates ayacucho is a species of frogs in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Peru and known from a few localities in the Ayacucho Region in the Peruvian Andes. The species is only known from 11 specimens.

text:
# Oreobates ayacucho

***Oreobates ayacucho*** is a species of frogs in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Peru and known from a few localities in the Ayacucho Region in the Peruvian Andes. The species is only known from 11 specimens.

## Description

The female holotype measures 29 mm (1.1 in) in snout–vent length (SVL). Two adult males measure 19 and 25 mm (0.75 and 0.98 in) SVL. The snout is short and rounded. The tympanic membrane is absent but the tympanic annulus is visible beneath skin, partly covered by supratympanic. Skin on the dorsum is smooth and has small, elongate tubercles, and forms discontinuous occipital and dorsolateral folds. Fingers and toes have knob-shaped terminal phalanges but no webbing. The dorsum and venter are dark brown, with the folds and some warts almost black. The iris is almost black and has some golden reticulation.

The male advertisement call consists of a group of 3–5 pulsed, amplitude-modulated notes. The call lasts less than a second, but is repeated at a rate of 2.5–2.9 calls per minute when males are motivated.

## Habitat and conservation

Individuals have been found in cold puna grassland at elevations of 3,411–3,850 m (11,191–12,631 ft) above sea level. Males have been heard calling by day. Individuals can hide under thick layers of moss near the ground or within piles of stones. The habitat of this species is threatened by overgrazing from cattle and construction of gas projects. Also burning and collection of the grass could be threats.

## InfoBox

| *Oreobates ayacucho* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Oreobates* |
| Species: | ***O. ayacucho*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreobates ayacucho***
(Lehr, 2007) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phrynopus ayacucho* Lehr, 2007 | |


title: Instinet Classic

abstract: The Instinet Classic was a golf tournament on the Champions Tour from 1985 to 2002. It was played in several different cities in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The purse for the 2002 tournament was US$1,500,000, with $225,000 going to the winner. The tournament was founded in 1985 as the United Hospitals Senior Golf Championship.

text:
# Instinet Classic

**The Instinet Classic** was a golf tournament on the Champions Tour from 1985 to 2002. It was played in several different cities in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

The purse for the 2002 tournament was US$1,500,000, with $225,000 going to the winner. The tournament was founded in 1985 as the **United Hospitals Senior Golf Championship**.

## Tournament locations

| Years | City | Course |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000–02 | Princeton, New Jersey | TPC at Jasna Polana |
| 1998–99 | Avondale, Pennsylvania | Hartefeld National Golf club |
| 1992–97 | Malvern, Pennsylvania | Chester Valley Golf club |
| 1991 | Malvern, Pennsylvania | White Manor Country Club |
| 1985–90 | Malvern, Pennsylvania | Chester Valley Golf club |

## Winners

**Bell Atlantic Classic**

**Bell Atlantic/St. Christopher's Classic**

**United Hospitals Classic**

**United Hospitals Senior Golf Championship**

Source:


title: Rafael Freyre

abstract: Rafael Freyre is a municipality and town in the Holguín Province of Cuba.

text:
# Rafael Freyre

**Rafael Freyre** is a municipality and town in the Holguín Province of Cuba.

## Overview

The main municipal settlement (Rafael Freyre itself) developed around the sugar cane factory "Central Santa Lucía". The only middle school in the area, “ESBU Rafael Freyre Torres,” is attended by a few hundred students from small towns near Los Mineros, La Viuda, Cochico, and other nearby towns.

Some of its most popular destinations are the north coast beaches, such as Playa Guardalavaca and Guardalavaca, which are both natural white sand beaches in the bordering municipality of Banes.

In a small village called Bariay, there is a monument that marks the arrival of Christopher Columbus.

## Demographics

In 2022, the municipality of Rafael Freyre had a population of 53,408. With a total area of 620 km2 (240 sq mi), it has a population density of 86/km2 (220/sq mi).

Media related to Rafael Freyre at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Rafael Freyre | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Rafael Freyre municipality (red) within
Holguín Province (yellow) and Cuba | |
| Coordinates: 21°01′41″N 75°59′47″W / 21.02806°N 75.99639°W / 21.02806; -75.99639 | |
| Country | Cuba |
| Province | Holguín |
| Area | |
| Total | 620 km2 (240 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 25 m (82 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 53,408 |
| Density | 86/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Area code | +53-24 |


title: Hadrothemis versuta

abstract: Hadrothemis versuta is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes.

text:
# Hadrothemis versuta

***Hadrothemis versuta*** is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes.

## InfoBox

| *Hadrothemis versuta* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Libellulidae |
| Genus: | *Hadrothemis* |
| Species: | ***H. versuta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hadrothemis versuta***
(Karsch, 1891) | |
|


title: The Meth Lab

abstract: The Meth Lab is the fifth studio album by American rapper and Wu-Tang Clan member Method Man. The album was released on August 21, 2015, under Hanz On Music and Tommy Boy Entertainment. His first album since 2006's 4:21... The Day After, the album features guest appearances from Redman, Hanz On, Streetlife, and Wu-Tang Clan members Raekwon, Inspectah Deck and Masta Killa. It was recorded in Staten Island at Track Stars Studios on VanDuzer Street under the supervision of executive producer Hanz On and producer/engineer Pascal Zumaque.

text:
# The Meth Lab

***The Meth Lab*** is the fifth studio album by American rapper and Wu-Tang Clan member Method Man. The album was released on August 21, 2015, under Hanz On Music and Tommy Boy Entertainment. His first album since 2006's *4:21... The Day After*, the album features guest appearances from Redman, Hanz On, Streetlife, and Wu-Tang Clan members Raekwon, Inspectah Deck and Masta Killa. It was recorded in Staten Island at Track Stars Studios on VanDuzer Street under the supervision of executive producer Hanz On and producer/engineer Pascal Zumaque.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 59/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Billboard* |  |
| Consequence of Sound | B |
| *Exclaim!* | 6/10 |
| HipHopDX |  |
| Pitchfork Media | 4.0/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

*The Meth Lab* received mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 59 based on 11 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". David Jeffries of AllMusic gave the album three and a half stars out of five, saying "Uncle Murda, Streetlife, and Hanz On appear often, making this LP close in structure to the crew-focused Theodore Unit releases from Ghostface, but that's not a complaint as much as a caution. Consider this a Meth-led posse LP aimed at returning fans, and a very good one at that." Paul Cantor of *Billboard* said, "Method's skill and charisma are by far the highlight of *The Meth Lab*, but there's not enough of him to make this unremarkable compilation pop." Del F. Cowie of *Exclaim!* stated, "Too often, the album is weighed down by pedantic, average beats and too many run of the mill guest verses, indicating Meth's generosity is a bit of a weakness. Ultimately, it dilutes *The Meth Lab'*s potency." Andrew Gretchko of HipHopDX said, "*The Meth Lab* may be Method Man’s return to solo work, but without a true connection between the tracks the album feels more like a mixtape than an album, a string of songs that range from uninspiring to a reminder that Method Man was once one of Hip Hop’s elite."

## Track listing

*The Meth Lab* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" | Clifford Smith, Jr. | RZA | 0:18 |
| 2. | "The Meth Lab" (featuring Hanz On and Streetlife) |  | Cee the Architek | 2:54 |
| 3. | "Straight Gutta" (featuring Redman, Hanz On and Streetlife) |  | Ron Browz | 3:59 |
| 4. | "Bang Zoom" (featuring Hanz On, Streetlife and Eazy Get Rite) | * Smith, Jr. * Charles * Eazy Get Rite | Level 13 | 3:47 |
| 5. | "50 Shots" (featuring Mack Wilds, Streetlife and Cory Gunz) |  | * P. Version * Don't Panic Ent. | 3:58 |
| 6. | "The Pledge" (Hanz On and Streetlife) | Charles | Mathematics | 1:10 |
| 7. | "2 Minutes of Your Time" |  | Mathematics | 2:06 |
| 8. | "Worldwide" (featuring Hanz On, Uncle Murda and Chedda Bang) |  | * P. Version * Don't Panic Ent. | 3:27 |
| 9. | "Soundcheck" (featuring Hanz On and Carlton Fisk) | * Smith, Jr. * George Cooney | * P. Version * Code Red | 2:27 |
| 10. | "Water" (featuring Chedda Bang) | * Smith, Jr. * Chedda Bang | * P. Version * Code Red | 3:25 |
| 11. | "Lifestyles" (Cardi, Eazy Get Rite and Freaky Marciano) | * Eazy Get Rite * Freaky Marciano | P. Version | 4:10 |
| 12. | "The Purple Tape" (featuring Raekwon and Inspectah Deck) |  | * Akie Bermiss * J57 | 3:24 |
| 13. | "Intelligent Meth" (featuring Masta Killa, Streetlife and iNTeLL) | * Smith, Jr. * Charles * Dontae L. Hawkins | 4th Disciple | 4:01 |
| 14. | "Symphony" (featuring Hanz On, Streetlife, Kash Verrazano, Carlton Fisk and Killa Sin) | * Smith, Jr. * Jeryl Grant * Charles * Cooney * Kash Verrazano * Messado | Daez | 3:20 |
| 15. | "What You Getting Into" (featuring Streetlife and Donny Cacsh) | * Smith, Jr. * Charles * Donny Cacsh | P. Version | 3:38 |
| 16. | "Another Winter" (featuring Hanz On, Streetlife and Carlton Fisk) | * Smith, Jr. * Charles * Cooney * ANSON | 4th Disciple | 3:32 |
| 17. | "Rain All Day" (featuring Hanz On and Dro Pesci) | * Smith, Jr. * Frederick J. Gatto | Daez | 2:42 |
| 18. | "So Staten" (featuring Hanz On and Hue Hef) | * Smith, Jr. * Hue Hef * Pascal Zumaque * Zartical * Isaac Hanson * Taylor Hanson * Zac Hanson | * P. Version * Zartical | 3:43 |
| 19. | "Outro" | Smith, Jr. |  | 0:15 |
| Total length: | | | | 55:36 |

Deluxe edition bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20. | "The Meth Lab" (Instrumental) | Cee the Architek | 2:37 |
| 21. | "Straight Gutta" (Instrumental) | Ron Browz | 3:36 |
| 22. | "Bang Zoom" (Instrumental) | Level 13 | 3:49 |
| 23. | "50 Shots" (Instrumental) | * P. Version * Don't Panic Ent. | 3:56 |
| 24. | "The Pledge" (Instrumental) | Mathematics | 0:52 |
| 25. | "2 Minutes of Your Time" (Instrumental) | Mathematics | 2:09 |
| 26. | "Worldwide" (Instrumental) | * P. Version * Don't Panic Ent. | 3:02 |
| 27. | "Soundcheck" (Instrumental) | * P. Version * Code Red | 2:13 |
| 28. | "Water" (Instrumental) | * P. Version * Code Red | 3:24 |
| 29. | "Lifestyles" (Instrumental) | P. Version | 2:52 |
| 30. | "The Purple Tape" (Instrumental) | * Akie Bermiss * J57 | 3:25 |
| 31. | "Intelligent Meth" (Instrumental) | 4th Disciple | 4:03 |
| 32. | "Symphony" (Instrumental) | Daez | 3:23 |
| 33. | "What You Getting Into" (Instrumental) | P. Version | 3:39 |
| 34. | "Another Winter" (Instrumental) | 4th Disciple | 3:33 |
| 35. | "Rain All Day" (Instrumental) | Daez | 2:46 |
| 36. | "So Staten" (Instrumental) | * P. Version * Zartical | 3:43 |
| Total length: | | | 109:38 |

## Charts

| Chart (2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 80 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 77 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 183 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 133 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 38 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 12 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 57 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 4 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 6 |
| US Top Rap Albums (*Billboard*) | 4 |

## InfoBox

| The Meth Lab | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Method Man | |
| Released | August 21, 2015 |
| Recorded | 2013–2015 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 55:36 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Method Man chronology | |
| *4:21... The Day After*
(2006) ***The Meth Lab***
(2015) *Meth Lab Season 2: The Lithium*
(2018) | |


title: Polar forests of the Cretaceous

abstract: Cretaceous polar forests were temperate forests that grew at polar latitudes during the final period of the Mesozoic Era, known as the Cretaceous Period 145–66 Ma. During this period, global average temperature was about 10 °C (18 °F) higher and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were approximately 1000 parts per million (ppm), 2.5 times the current concentration in Earth's atmosphere. The abundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide had a very significant impact on global climate and Earth's natural systems as its concentration is considered one of the main factors in the development of a pronounced greenhouse Earth during the Cretaceous, with a very low average global temperature gradient. As a consequence, high paleolatitudes in both hemispheres were much warmer than at present. This temperature gradient was partly responsible for the lack of continental ice sheets in polar regions. As a response to elevated global temperatures, the Earth's hydrologic cycle was significantly enhanced due to greater volume of moisture evaporation from the surface of the ocean. In turn, the absolute sea level during this time period stood at elevations much higher than the present level. Continental encroachment of seawater formed widespread shallow seas, including expanses of epeiric seas. An increase in surface area between shallow, warm epeiric seawater and the atmosphere permits higher evaporation rates and more precipitation at various latitudes, producing a more temperate global climate. A widespread temperate climate also had significant effects on high latitude ecosystems.

text:
# Polar forests of the Cretaceous

**Cretaceous polar forests** were temperate forests that grew at polar latitudes during the final period of the Mesozoic Era, known as the Cretaceous Period 145–66 Ma. During this period, global average temperature was about 10 °C (18 °F) higher and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were approximately 1000 parts per million (ppm), 2.5 times the current concentration in Earth's atmosphere. The abundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide had a very significant impact on global climate and Earth's natural systems as its concentration is considered one of the main factors in the development of a pronounced greenhouse Earth during the Cretaceous, with a very low average global temperature gradient. As a consequence, high paleolatitudes in both hemispheres were much warmer than at present. This temperature gradient was partly responsible for the lack of continental ice sheets in polar regions.

As a response to elevated global temperatures, the Earth's hydrologic cycle was significantly enhanced due to greater volume of moisture evaporation from the surface of the ocean. In turn, the absolute sea level during this time period stood at elevations much higher than the present level. Continental encroachment of seawater formed widespread shallow seas, including expanses of epeiric seas.

An increase in surface area between shallow, warm epeiric seawater and the atmosphere permits higher evaporation rates and more precipitation at various latitudes, producing a more temperate global climate. A widespread temperate climate also had significant effects on high latitude ecosystems.

## Cretaceous polar forests

During the Cretaceous, temperate forests thrived at polar latitudes, as there was a notable difference from current conditions at high latitudes during the Cretaceous polar seasons. The duration of summer sunlight and winter darkness lasted for approximately 5 months each. This variation in light is thought to have played a critical role in the composition and evolution of polar forests. Fossilized flora evidence suggests the presence of paleoforests up to latitudes of 85° in both Northern and Southern hemispheres. The dominant forms of vegetation at these high latitudes during the previous 100 million years were rapidly evolving and ultimately being replaced during a time known as the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. During the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, conifers, cycads and ferns were selectively replaced by angiosperms and gymnosperms, becoming the main species dominating the high paleolatitudes. In this Cretaceous greenhouse world, Arctic conifer forests were considered predominantly deciduous, while those that grew on Antarctica contained a significantly greater proportion of evergreens.

A 2019 study revealed that the first angiosperm blooms made it to Australia 126 million years ago, which also revised the date of southern Australia's polar vertebrates to 126-110 million years ago.

## Forest diversification

In the early Cretaceous, approximately 130 million years ago, there was a major diversification of angiosperms that set in motion a large evolutionary change in high paleolatitude forest composition. The diversification of angiosperms is in close connection with pollen and nectar collecting insects. It is thought that the diversification of these insects would have a substantial impact on the rate of angiosperm speciation. Whatever the mechanism for the diversification, the early Cretaceous angiosperm "takeover" denotes an important transition of the ecosystem. By the end of the Cretaceous, the composition of polar forest regions had diversified by approximately 50-80%. This transition from conifers, cycads and ferns to predominantly angiosperms reflects an interesting evolutionary adaptation to the regional polar climate and quite possibly numerous other factors like sea-floor spreading rates, eustatic sea level and high global temperatures.

## Ecological productivity

Poleward displacement of the temperate zone during the Cretaceous significantly elevated terrestrial forest primary productivity. At high to mid paleolatitudes, forest productivity was estimated to be twice as much relative to lower paleolatitudes. Terrestrial productivity in the high paleolatitudes is strongly linked to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Results from the experiments on deciduous and evergreen tree growth under various carbon dioxide concentrations show differing impacts.

There are four main factors that contribute to net forest productivity: carbon dioxide concentration, root respiration rates, temperature and photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide alone tends to decrease leaf and root respiration by lowering the light compensation point of photosynthesis, allowing for a net positive gain in carbon intake during the course of a day. The reduction of root respiration tends to initiate root growth and ultimately results in an improvement in nutrient and water uptake efficiency. When photosynthesis is added to the effects of carbon dioxide, depending on regional temperature, forest productivity is drastically increased. The combination of all four physiological factors results in a significant net increase in forest productivity. According to experimental results, tree species with long lived evergreen foliage tend to benefit the greatest in a carbon dioxide rich environment because of their longer growing season and adaptations like canopy development that allow them to thrive in the temperate polar paleolatitudes of the Cretaceous.

## Fossilized forest

The composition and structure of high latitude Cretaceous forests was composed primarily of deciduous conifers, ferns, angiosperms and gymnosperms. The most abundant and globally widespread plant taxa were the araucarioid and podocarpoid conifers, extending approximately 80° into both hemispheres and composing more than 90% of the canopy generating evergreen vegetation. Other types of conifers, although abundant in occurrence, were restricted to mid and low latitudes in both hemispheres, confined mainly by regional climates. As global climate evolved, the rise of angiosperms began to put pressure on conifers at higher latitudes by growing taller and ultimately winning the battle for sunlight. The rapid evolution of diverse angiosperm species 25 million years later eventually became the dominant tree type by the mid-Cretaceous. By the Late Cretaceous, a temperate climate in both the Northern and Southern hemisphere was ideal for the rapid diversification and distribution of various angiosperms and to a lesser extent, conifers. Studies on the mid-Cretaceous paleorecord conclude that forest compositions in Northern hemisphere high paleolatitudes were mainly populated by mixed evergreen and deciduous tree types. In contrast, the Southern hemisphere was composed primarily of evergreens.

Museum Ledge is a prominent locality for fossilized wood found on the southwest shoulder of Mount Glossopteris.

## Paleoclimate proxies

A paleoclimate indicator, also known as a paleoclimate proxy, can reveal important information about what global climate may have been like in the past. Paleoclimate studies on tree growth rings, deep sea cores, ice cores and paleosols are just a few of the many common proxies used to evaluate the major forcings on paleoclimates.

## Paleothermometry

One of the most important and valuable tools for paleothermometry reconstruction is the analysis of isotope-ratio mass spectrometry data on stable isotopes like those of hydrogen and oxygen. Studies on marine (planktonic/benthic) foraminifera and bulk carbonate isotope ratios during the mid-Cretaceous suggest a continual warming period from ~100 Ma to 66 Ma. During this period, the southern high latitudes were as cool as 16 °C (61 °F) and as warm as 32 °C (90 °F). Paleotemperatures of Cretaceous northern high latitudes were deduced from oxygen isotope analysis of well-preserved brachiopod and molluscan shells. Results from studies show temperature fluctuations that correspond to seasonal variation ranging from 10 to 22 °C (50 to 72 °F).

## Dendrochronology on Cretaceous wood

Growth ring measurements during the Cretaceous can also provide details of what the climate might have been like in various geographic locations on Earth. Pattern analysis of tree rings or growth rings from Cretaceous fossil woods are mainly used to make inferences into paleoclimate and forest productivity. One very useful scientific method used for tree growth ring dating is dendrochronology. However, most of the studies conducted on fossilized wood rely on the idea that processes related to tree growth rates that operated in the past are identical to the processes that operate in the present, uniformitarianism. On this basis, forest productivity can be inferred from the analysis of growth rings in Cretaceous trees. Analysis of forest productivity from the Cretaceous shows that annual tree growth rates at low paleolatitudes were significantly elevated relative to the present. In the polar paleolatitudes, growth rate analysis also indicates elevated productivity, but even more significantly improved relative to today. Dendrochronology of fossilized wood growth rings from high paleolatitudes suggests the presence of greenhouse-like climatic conditions on a global scale during this time period.

## Further reading


title: Oklahoma State Highway 34

abstract: State Highway 34 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It runs for 188.3 miles (303.0 km) south-to-north in the western part of the state. The highway begins northeast of Eldorado, in the southwest corner of the state, and extends north to the Kansas state line between Woodward and Coldwater, Kansas. SH-34 has always been a lengthy highway, starting with its commissioning in June 1931, when it was a border-to-border highway stretching from Texas to Kansas. Most of SH-34 has followed the same basic corridor since its inception, with the exception of the portion of highway north of Woodward. The southernmost portion of highway, connecting it to Texas, became solely SH-6 in 1987. There are three letter-suffixed spur highways branching from SH-34. SH-34A and SH-34B serve small towns in Greer County off the mainline of SH-34, while SH-34C serves Boiling Springs State Park.

text:
# Oklahoma State Highway 34

**State Highway 34** (abbreviated **SH-34**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It runs for 188.3 miles (303.0 km) south-to-north in the western part of the state. The highway begins northeast of Eldorado, in the southwest corner of the state, and extends north to the Kansas state line between Woodward and Coldwater, Kansas.

SH-34 has always been a lengthy highway, starting with its commissioning in June 1931, when it was a border-to-border highway stretching from Texas to Kansas. Most of SH-34 has followed the same basic corridor since its inception, with the exception of the portion of highway north of Woodward. The southernmost portion of highway, connecting it to Texas, became solely SH-6 in 1987.

There are three letter-suffixed spur highways branching from SH-34. SH-34A and SH-34B serve small towns in Greer County off the mainline of SH-34, while SH-34C serves Boiling Springs State Park.

## Route description

For much of its extent, State Highway 34 passes through rural areas, running through the plains of western Oklahoma. The highway begins at SH-6 six miles (10 km) northeast of Eldorado. Heading north from there, it intersects U.S. Route 62 (US-62) just east of Duke. The highway continues north into Greer County to its county seat of Mangum, where SH-34 joins US-283. Two miles (3 km) north of Mangum, SH-9 joins for a four-mile (6 km) concurrency with SH-34 and US-283. Thereafter, SH-9 splits off to the east.

Nine miles (14 km) north of Mangum, SH-34B branches off to the west, connecting to the town of Brinkman, and four miles (6 km) later, SH-34A branches off to the west to the town of Willow. US-283 splits off to the northwest two miles (3 km) after that, and SH-34 continues north, crossing into Beckham County. SH-34 then bridges over the North Fork of the Red River. In Carter, the highway serves as the western terminus of SH-55. Five miles (8 km) north of Carter, SH-34 crosses SH-152.

SH-34 continues on to an interchange with Interstate 40 (I-40) west of Elk City. Here, the highway begins a concurrency with eastbound I-40. SH-34 accesses I-40 from exit 32, a partial diamond interchange, with no access to or from I-40 eastbound; the missing movements must be completed via another partial interchange further to the east, also numbered as exit 32, which serves Business I-40 (I-40 BUS). SH-34 follows I-40 to the east for 6 miles (9.7 km). While concurrent with I-40, SH-34 has an interchange with SH-6, its northernmost junction with the latter highway. SH-34 exits the interstate from the left at exit 41 on the east side of Elk City, turning back to the north and intersecting I-40 BUS. The highway continues north out of Elk City, exiting Beckham County.

After leaving Beckham County, SH-34 enters Roger Mills County. SH-73's western terminus is at SH-34 at nine miles (14 km) north of Elk City. North of this junction, SH-34 lies along the Roger Mills–Custer county line, which it continues to follow as it passes through the east side of Hammon, where it meets State Highway 33. North of town, the route crosses over the Washita River, and shortly thereafter turns northeast to fully enter Custer County. Northwest of Moorewood, the highway crosses into Dewey County.

In Dewey County, SH-34 crosses SH-47, two miles (3 km) south of Leedey, and crosses the Canadian River near the unincorporated settlement of Trail. The highway then passes through Camargo. Just east of Vici, SH-34 joins US-60 and SH-51 for a one-mile (1.6 km) concurrency, then SH-34 heads north again at Vici. The highway passes through Sharon north of Vici, then joins US-183/US-270/SH-3 four miles (6 km) southeast of Woodward. At Woodward, SH-34 again sets off to the north alone, and right after crossing the North Canadian River, SH-34C branches to the east about two miles (3 km) north of Woodward, connecting to Boiling Springs State Park.

SH-34 joins US-64 in far eastern Harper County for a four-mile (6 km) concurrency to the east, crossing the Cimarron River 17 miles (27 km) east of Buffalo. The highway then turns back to the north, where it is 10 miles (20 km) to its terminus at the Kansas state line.

## History

State Highway 34 was first designated on June 15, 1931. At that time, the highway began at the free bridge over the Red River north of Quanah, Texas, and followed what is today SH-6 to the point that is now SH-34's southern terminus. There, it turned north, following its current alignment. Its 1931 alignment did not differ significantly from that of the present day (although it followed US-66 through Elk City prior to the establishment of I-40) until it got to Woodward. Rather than continue north out of town, the SH-34 of that day instead turned west, then north, passing through Fort Supply and crossing into Harper County just north of that town. It then began a concurrency with US-60 in Buffalo, turning east and connecting with its final segment, bringing it to the Kansas state line. Thus, SH-34 started life as a border-to-border highway.

SH-34 was rerouted north of Buffalo on January 30, 1934. The new alignment continued due north out of Buffalo to the Kansas state line along a new road. The old portion of SH-34 between US-64 and the Kansas state line became part of SH-50.

The next major change to SH-34 occurred in 1954. On November 1 of that year, the highway was realigned to follow a new road extending north of Woodward, intersecting US-64 east of Buffalo, and following existing highways north to the state line. This would put SH-34 on its present-day route north of Woodward. SH-50 would remain concurrent with SH-34 north of US-64 until November 9, 1964.

The next major change to SH-34 would be brought about by the establishment of the southern part of State Highway 6. The new highway was introduced on July 7, 1975. SH-34 remained in place; the two highways were concurrent from northwest of Eldorado to the Red River bridge, where they both ended. On January 5, 1987, the redundant section of SH-34 was removed, truncating it to its current southern terminus.

The final modification to SH-34 occurred just under a month later, on February 2, 1987, when SH-34 was realigned in Elk City to follow I-40 instead of the old alignment of the now-dead US-66, which had become a business loop of I-40. No further changes have taken place since then.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jackson |  | 0.0 | 0.0 |  | SH-6 | Southern terminus |
| | Duke | 10.5 | 16.9 |  | US 62 |  |
| Greer | Mangum | 26.4 | 42.5 |  | US 283 | Southern end of US-283 concurrency |
| |  | 28.3 | 45.5 |  | SH-9 | Southern end of SH-9 concurrency |
| |  | 32.3 | 52.0 |  | SH-9 | Northern end of SH-9 concurrency |
| |  | 35.8 | 57.6 |  | SH-34B | Eastern terminus of SH-34B |
| |  | 38.7 | 62.3 |  | SH-34A | Eastern terminus of SH-34A |
| |  | 40.5 | 65.2 |  | US 283 | Northern end of US-283 concurrency |
| Beckham | Carter | 50.4 | 81.1 |  | SH-55 | Western terminus of SH-55 |
| |  | 55.4 | 89.2 |  | SH-152 |  |
| |  | 62.1 | 99.9 |  | I-40 | Western end of I-40 concurrency, I-40 exit 32 |
| | Elk City | 63.9 | 102.8 | 34 | Merritt Road |  |
| | 67.8 | 109.1 | 38 | SH-6 |  |
| | 69.5 | 111.8 | 40 | East 7th Street |  |
| | 70.2 | 113.0 |  | I-40 | Eastern end of I-40 concurrency, exit 41 |
| | 70.7 | 113.8 |  | I-40 BL |  |
| Roger MillsCuster
county line |  | 79.7 | 128.3 |  | SH-73 | Western terminus of SH-73 |
| | Hammon | 85.7 | 137.9 |  | SH-33 |  |
| Custer
 | No major junctions | | | | | | | |
| Dewey |  | 100.1 | 161.1 |  | SH-47 |  |
| | Vici | 122.6 | 197.3 |  | US 60 / SH-51 | Eastern end of US-60/SH-51 concurrency |
| | 123.6 | 198.9 |  | US 60 / SH-51 | Western end of US-60/SH-51 concurrency |
| Woodward |  | 141.0 | 226.9 |  | US 183 / US 270 / SH-3 | Southern end of US-183/US-270/SH-3 concurrency |
| | Woodward | 144.8 | 233.0 |  | US 183 / US 270 / US 412 / SH-3 | Northern end of US-183/US-270/SH-3 concurrency |
| |  | 146.3 | 235.4 |  | SH-34C | Western terminus of SH-34C |
| |  | 174.4 | 280.7 |  | US 64 | Western end of US-64 concurrency |
| Woods |  | 177.9 | 286.3 |  | US 64 | Eastern end of US-64 concurrency |
| Oklahoma–Kansas state line | | 188.3 | 303.0 | K-1 continues north into Kansas | | |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | |

## Spurs

### SH-34A

| State Highway 34A | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Willow |
| Length | 1.00 mi (1.61 km) |
| Existed | c.1943–present |

**SH-34A** is a 1.00-mile (1.61 km) spur connecting SH-34 with Willow, north of Mangum. The highway begins at the west edge of Willow and follows Main Street east as it bisects the town. East of the town limits, the highway intersects US-283/SH-34 and ends.

SH-34A first appeared on the 1944 state highway map.

### SH-34B

| State Highway 34B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Brinkman |
| Length | 1.03 mi (1.66 km) |
| Existed | c.1943–present |

**SH-34B** is a 1.03-mile (1.66 km) spur connecting SH-34 with Brinkman, north of Mangum. The highway follows Main Street from unincorporated Brinkman to US-283/SH-34.

SH-34B first appeared on the 1944 state highway map.

### SH-34C

| State Highway 34C | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Boiling Springs State Park |
| Length | 4.52 mi (7.27 km) |
| Existed | c.1947–present |

**SH-34C** is a 4.52-mile (7.27 km) spur connecting SH-34 with Boiling Springs State Park north of Woodward. The highway heads east from SH-34, curving northeast near the park's golf course, before making a sharp turn toward the northeast. The highway ends on the west side of the park, with an access road continuing through it; on the east side of the park, the access road intersects SH-50B at its western terminus.

The road that is currently SH-34C first appeared on the 1948 state highway map as **SH-15A**. At this time, the highway began at US-183/US-270/SH-15/SH-34 in Woodward and headed north, then turned east north of the city and headed to Boiling Springs State Park. When SH-34 was realigned north of Woodward on November 1, 1954, it took over the portion of SH-15A in Woodward, severing the highway's link to its parent. SH-15A had been renumbered as SH-34C by 1956. By 1957, the highway was extended east, passing through the park and continuing onward to SH-50. However, by 1959, the road through the park had been removed from the state highway system; the segment of highway east of the park was renumbered to SH-50B.

Template:Attached KML/Oklahoma State Highway 34KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Highway 34 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 188.3 mi (303.0 km) |
| Existed | June 15, 1931–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SH-6 northeast of Eldorado |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | K-1 at the Kansas state line |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Oklahoma State Highway System** | |
| SH-33   I-35 | |


title: Hermann von Kaulbach

abstract: Hermann von Kaulbach was a German painter of the Munich School.

text:
# Hermann von Kaulbach

**Hermann von Kaulbach** (26 July 1846 in Munich  9 December 1909 in Munich) was a German painter of the Munich School.

## Life

Kaulbach was the son of painter Wilhelm von Kaulbach. He was originally a medical student at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich but, perhaps inspired by his father, quit school to study painting instead. In 1867, he became a student of Karl von Piloty. Under his influence, Kaulbach devoted himself almost entirely to historical themes. Ultimately though, he became best known for his portraits of children. He made two study trips to Rome, in 1880 and 1891. In 1886, he was appointed a Professor of History Painting at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich. In 1906 he published a picture book, with children as the motif, that sold 135,000 copies.

He was married to Sophie Schroll, the daughter of an engraver, and they had three children. Many of his works are on display at the Museum in Bad Arolsen (his father's birthplace). His letters and other papers are in the collection of the German Literature Archive (part of the Museum of Modern Literature) in Marbach am Neckar. He is buried in the Alter Südfriedhof in Munich.

## Criticism

Although his work was generally well received, he was occasionally criticized for giving too much attention to detail, while missing the significance of the painting's main subject. His portrait of Lucrezia Borgia created a controversy because it was considered "too lewd", and his version of the *Coronation of St.Elizabeth by Emperor Frederick II* was dismissed by some critics as "costume painting".

## Major works

* "Hansel und Gretel bei der Hexe" (Hansel and Gretel with the Witch; 1872, in the Municipal Gallery, Riga)
* "Mozarts Letzte Tage" (Mozart's Last Days; 1878, in the Municipal Gallery, Vienna)
* Portrait of Anton Bruckner, (1885, in the Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseum – Schlossmuseum, Linz)
* "Krönung der heiligen Elisabeth durch Kaiser Friedrich II" (Coronation of St.Elisabeth by Emperor Frederick II; 1886, in the Museum at Wiesbaden)
* "An der Grabstätte des Freundes" (At the Tomb of a Friend; 1888, in the Neue Pinakothek, Munich)

## Publications

* Hermann Kaulbach: *Bilderbuch. Mit 45 Bildern von Professor Hermann Kaulbach in München und einem Porträt des Künstlers* (Text by Adelheid Stier), Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, First Edition, 1906

## Further reading

* Friedrich von Boetticher, *Malerwerke des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts: Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte*, Dresden, 1891 (Neudruck 1974), Vol. 1, Part 2, S. 688
* Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon: *Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker*, K.G. Saur, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-598-22740-X, S. 144


title: Gmina Herby

abstract: Gmina Herby is a rural gmina (municipality) in Lubliniec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Herby, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Lubliniec and 57 km (35 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice. Until 1993 it also included the area which now makes up Gmina Boronów. The gmina covers an area of 50.47 square kilometres (19.5 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 6,808. The gmina contains part of the protected area called Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park.

text:
# Gmina Herby

**Gmina Herby** is a rural gmina (municipality) in Lubliniec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Herby, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Lubliniec and 57 km (35 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice. Until 1993 it also included the area which now makes up Gmina Boronów.

The gmina covers an area of 50.47 square kilometres (19.5 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 6,808.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park.

## History

For several centuries Herby lay on the border of Lesser Poland and Silesia. Therefore, since the 13th century, one part of it belonged to the Holy Roman Empire and overlapping to the Kingdom of Prussia. The other part remained in Poland in the age of the Jagiellons and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the late 18th and in the 19th century, this part belonged to the Russian Empire.

## Villages

Gmina Herby contains the villages and settlements of Brasowe, Braszczok, Chwostek, Cztery Kopy, Drapacz, Głąby, Hadra, Herby, Kalina, Kierzki, Kolonia Lisów, Łebki, Łęg, Lisów, Mochała, Niwy, Oleksiki, Olszyna, Otrzęsie, Pietrzaki, Piłka, Pustkowie, Tanina and Turza.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Herby is bordered by the gminas of Blachownia, Boronów, Ciasna, Kochanowice, Konopiska, Koszęcin, Przystajń and Wręczyca Wielka.

## Traffic

Herby is situated at the crossing of Polish Coal Trunk-Line and the relation CzęstochowaOpole

50°45′10″N 18°53′15″E / 50.75278°N 18.88750°E / 50.75278; 18.88750

## InfoBox

| Gmina Herby Herby Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Herby): 50°45′10″N 18°53′15″E / 50.75278°N 18.88750°E / 50.75278; 18.88750 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Lubliniec |
| Seat | Herby |
| Area | |
| Total | 50.47 km2 (19.49 sq mi) |
| Population (2019-06-30) | |
| Total | 6,808 |
| Density | 130/km2 (350/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.herby.pl |


title: Vida Parayum Munpe

abstract: Vida Parayum Munpe is a 1981 Malayalam-language drama film directed by Mohan, written by John Paul and produced by Innocent and David Kachappilli. The film stars Prem Nazir and Nedumudi Venu in lead roles, while Lakshmi, Innocent, Bharath Gopy, and Sankaradi play supporting roles. The film is a loose adaptation of the Hrishikesh Mukherjee's 1971 Anand, which was itself an adaptation of Akira Kurosawa's 1952 classic Ikiru. The film was produced and distributed by Innocent and David Kachappilli under the banner of Sathru Films, in their first production venture. They would go on to produce K. G. George's Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback. The film features original songs composed by M. B. Sreenivasan, with lyrics written by Kavalam Narayana Panicker. The cinematography of the film was done by U. Rajagopal, while the editing was done by G. Venkittaraman. The film premiered at the Lulu Theatre on 10 September 1981 to widespread critical acclaim. The film was a commercial success and went on to become the third highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year. The film won four Kerala State Film Awards: Second Best Film, Best Actor for Nedumudi Venu, Best Music Director for M. B. Sreenivasan, and Special Jury Award for Nazir. Nedumudi Venu also won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film. The film was screened at the 26th International Film Festival of Kerala in the Unforgettable Venuchettan section on 19 March 2022.

text:
# Vida Parayum Munpe

***Vida Parayum Munpe*** (transl.Before the Final Adieu) is a 1981 Malayalam-language drama film directed by Mohan, written by John Paul and produced by Innocent and David Kachappilli. The film stars Prem Nazir and Nedumudi Venu in lead roles, while Lakshmi, Innocent, Bharath Gopy, and Sankaradi play supporting roles. The film is a loose adaptation of the Hrishikesh Mukherjee's 1971 *Anand*, which was itself an adaptation of Akira Kurosawa's 1952 classic *Ikiru.*

The film was produced and distributed by Innocent and David Kachappilli under the banner of Sathru Films, in their first production venture. They would go on to produce K. G. George's *Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback*. The film features original songs composed by M. B. Sreenivasan, with lyrics written by Kavalam Narayana Panicker. The cinematography of the film was done by U. Rajagopal, while the editing was done by G. Venkittaraman.

The film premiered at the Lulu Theatre on 10 September 1981 to widespread critical acclaim. The film was a commercial success and went on to become the third highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year. The film won four Kerala State Film Awards: Second Best Film, Best Actor for Nedumudi Venu, Best Music Director for M. B. Sreenivasan, and Special Jury Award for Nazir. Nedumudi Venu also won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film. The film was screened at the 26th International Film Festival of Kerala in the *Unforgettable Venuchettan* section on 19 March 2022.

## Cast

## Production

### Development

In an interview with *Onmanorama* Innocent, the producer of the film says that: "John Paul has been there with me right from the beginning of my film career. Once David Kachapally and I decided to produce a film directed by Mohan. The writer was there at the Trissur bus stand and it was my duty to pick him up. Mohan had correctly described him to me. But within minutes after meeting him, we felt like we knew each other for a long time. That meeting resulted in *Vida Parayum Munpe*. Then we produced Bharathan’s *Ormmakkayi*. It was John who told me to do the role of a Church verger in *Kathodu Kathoram*. In life, we will meet certain people whom we want to emulate. John Paul was one such man."

### Casting

Nedumudi Venu first saw the director when he was editing *Sujatha*, the Tamil remake of *Shalini Ente Koottukari*, at Vijaya Vauhini Studios in Madras. Mohan writes in his memoirs, that: "John Paul had recommended Venu for the role of Xavier. Nedumudi Venu came to see me wearing a saffron dhoti with beard and hair that wasn't the form I wanted for the character of Xavier in my film but the height and weight were exactly the same moreover, I had already seen *Thakara* and had already decided that Venu would do the role of Xavier that's why we didn't have a conversation about his attire." Nedumudi Venu was who suggested Bharat Gopy for the role of Dr. Thomas. Bharat Gopy had by then only acted in art-house films. John Paul, in his memoirs on Bharat Gopy, recalls how Bharat Gopy was apprehensive of acting in the film, along with Prem Nazir. He somehow had this pre-conceived notion that it would be virtually impossible to get along with a star. But Prem Nazir turned out to be a true gentleman, to the point of even inquiring about Gopy's relatives back in Chirayinkeezhu. The role of Madhavan Kutty played by Prem Nazir was initially planned to be given to Sukumaran, who was a regular in Mohan's films however it was eventually given to Prem Nazir.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by M. B. Sreenivasan and the lyrics were written by Kavalam Narayana Panicker.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Anantha Snehathin" | K. J. Yesudas, Chorus | Kavalam Narayana Panicker |
| 2 | "Ullala Chillala" | K. J. Yesudas | Kavalam Narayana Panicker |

## Release

The Lulu and Mymoon theatres were inaugurated a week prior to the scheduled release of *Vida Parayum Munpe*. The owner of the theatres, Siyad Koker wanted the film to premiere the film as the opening film of the Lulu and Mymoon theatres. The producers of the film was initially reluctant as if the film received negative reviews from critics the film would fail at the box office. However, on the insistence of Mohan they agreed and the film was released as the opening film of the Lulu and Mymoon theatres.

## Reception

### Critical response

P. K. Ajith Kumar of *The Hindu* rated Nedumudi Venu's performance in the film as one of the best in his career, writing: "Mohan, a director who has contributed greatly to Malayalam cinema during its golden period in the 1980s, often brought the best out of Venu. This film had the actor playing a young man who successfully hides the pains of his life from his colleagues."

### Box office

Expectations for *Vida Parayum Munpe* were low. But defying expectations it was a commercial success. The film was declared a *hit* at the box office in its lifetime run. However, despite the film being an audience favorite, the film was unexpectedly withdrawn from theatres on the 95th day due to a fight between the distributors and theatre owners. The film was replaced by another film in theatres in retaliation for the distributors' refusal to give the film as their next release in another theatre. Regarding the incident director Mohan in an interview with a Magazine says:

> "The incident had caused great disappointment and pain to all the crew members of the film. The shields to be presented on the 100th day had been prepared. For a long time, the shields prepared for the 100th-day anniversary celebrations had been lying in the corner of the verandah of the flat in Mahalingpur, which we had used as an office."

Mohan, *Madhyamik Weekly*

## InfoBox

| Vida Parayum Munpe | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Mohan |
| Written by | John Paul
Mohan (dialogues) |
| Screenplay by | John Paul |
| Produced by | Innocent
David Kachappilli |
| Starring | Prem Nazir
Nedumudi Venu
Lakshmi
Innocent |
| Cinematography | U. Rajagopal |
| Edited by | G. Venkittaraman |
| Music by | M. B. Sreenivasan |
| Production
company | Sathru Films |
| Distributed by | Sathru Films |
| Release date | * 10 September 1981 (1981-09-10) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Orthoclydon pseudostinaria

abstract: Orthoclydon pseudostinaria is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as critically endangered by the Department of Conservation.

text:
# Orthoclydon pseudostinaria

***Orthoclydon pseudostinaria*** is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as critically endangered by the Department of Conservation.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described by George Vernon Hudson in 1918 under the name *Xanthorhoe pseudostinaria*. Hudson subsequently placed the species within the genus *Orthoclydon*.

## Description

Hudson described the species as follows:

> The expansion of the wings is 1+18 inches. The fore wings are rather broad with the apex very slightly projecting and the termen slightly bowed ; cream-coloured with bright brown markings ; there is a narrow line along the costa ; a faint slightly curved line on the inner edge of the median band ; a small blackish discal dot; a straight, oblique, very strongly marked line from near the apex to the dorsum at 34, and a very faint wavy subterminal line ; a dark brown terminal line is situated below the apex, where the cilia are also dark brown. The hind wings are cream-coloured with a conspicuous brown line across the middle and very faint traces of one basal and two subterminal lines. Except as above indicated the cilia of all the wings are cream-coloured.

## Distribution

*Orthoclydon pseudostinaria* is endemic to New Zealand. Hudson first collected the species at Otira. The moth was subsequently also found to be present at Gouland Downs near Nelson as well as in the Nelson district, Mount Grey and White Rock in Canterbury.

## Plant hosts

The plant host of *O. pseudostinaria* is unknown. Given the rarity of the moth species it has been hypothesized that the host plant is also uncommon.

## Conservation status

In 1928 Hudson regarded this species as being very rare and this moth is now classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being Nationally Critical.

## InfoBox

| *Orthoclydon pseudostinaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|  | |
| Male | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Nationally Critical (NZ TCS) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Orthoclydon* |
| Species: | ***O. pseudostinaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthoclydon pseudostinaria***
(Hudson, 1918) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Xanthorhoe pseudostinaria* Hudson, 1918 | |


title: Instinctual (song)

abstract: Instinctual is a 1988 single by British dance trio Imagination. The single went to number one on the dance charts for one week and was the most successful of six entries on the chart. "Instinctual" charted at number sixty-two on the UK chart, however unlike previous chart entries by Imagination, the single did not place on the soul singles chart.

text:
# Instinctual (song)

**Instinctual** is a 1988 single by British dance trio Imagination. The single went to number one on the dance charts for one week and was the most successful of six entries on the chart. "Instinctual" charted at number sixty-two on the UK chart, however unlike previous chart entries by Imagination, the single did not place on the soul singles chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1988) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.K. | 62 |
| U.S. Dance | 1 |

1. Whitburn, Joel (2004). *Hot Dance/Disco: 1974-2003*. Record Research. p. 127.
2. "Instinctual (UK)". *Official Charts*. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
3. "Instinctual (US Dance)". *Billboard*. Retrieved December 19, 2019.

## InfoBox

| "Instinctual (song)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Imagination | |
| B-side | "Touch (Part Two)" |
| Released | 1988 |
| Recorded | 1987 |
| Genre | Post-disco, Funk |
| Length | * 3:50 (7" version) * 5:51 (12" version) |
| Label | RCA Records |
| Songwriter(s) | * Arthur Baker * Paul Gurvitz |
| Producer(s) | Arthur Baker |
| Imagination singles chronology | |
| "I Know What Love Is"
(1987) "**Instinctual (song)**"
(1988) "Hold Me in Your Arms"
(1988) | |


title: Antonio Maria Magro

abstract: Antonio Maria Magro is an Italian film director, actor and screenwriter.

text:
# Antonio Maria Magro

**Antonio Maria Magro** (born 5 June 1954) is an Italian film director, actor and screenwriter.

## Life and career

Born in Catanzaro, he soon moved to Bologna, where he grew up. In 1980, he joined the Compagnia di Prosa Radiofonica di Firenze, the national radio acting company, in which he took part, as leading actor, to more than 300 plays. He then joined the Compagnia di prosa della RadioTelevisione Svizzera, the main Swiss-Italian radio acting company in Lugano, playing, throughout his career as a voice actor, along with top Italian actors like Vittorio Gassman, Giorgio Albertazzi, Arnoldo Foà, Salvo Randone or Giancarlo Dettori.

His first work as film director and screenwriter is 1976’s *Decadenza*, his first feature film starring Italian actor Raf Vallone. Over the following years, he directed many documentaries and TV commercials and, thanks to his distinguish work, in 1990 the University of Ferrara charged him of shooting a television film to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the foundation of the university: *L’ulivo e l’alloro*, which he wrote and directed and made him win the Special Jury Prize at the Vienna International Film Festival in 1992. In 1992, he shot two feature films he wrote and directed for his newborn film production company: *Dov’era lei a quell’ora* with world-famous Swedish actress Anita Ekberg, Italian actors Oreste Lionello, Dalila di Lazzaro, Riccardo Fogli and *Storie di seduzione*, co-starring with Florence Guérin and with Carrol Baker and Marina Suma.

For television, he wrote, directed and hosted *I viaggi dell’anima* for Rai 2, a 53-episode program. In 2003, he starred in *I salmoni del San Lorenzo*, an Italian-Hungarian feature film (co-produced by Rai Cinema and Cinema-Film KFT Budapest), directed by András Ferenc.

## Personal life

Antonio has a daughter, Maria Elena. He married the model and singer Patrizia Deitos in 2017.

## Filmography

### Written and directed

### Actor

## InfoBox

| Antonio Maria Magro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1954-06-05) 5 June 1954<br>Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, actor, screenwriter |
| Years active | 1976–present |


title: The Maid's Last Prayer

abstract: The Maid's Last Prayer: Or, Any Rather Than Fail is a 1693 comedy play by the Irish writer Thomas Southerne. It was first staged at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane by the United Company. The original cast included George Powell as Granger, John Bowman as Gayman, John Verbruggen as Garnish, Thomas Doggett as Lord Malepert, George Bright as Sir Ruff Rancounter, William Bowen as Sir Symphony, Cave Underhill as Drydrubb, William Pinkethman as Porter, Carey Perin as Christian, Elizabeth Barry as Lady Malepert, Anne Bracegirdle as Lady Trickitt, Susanna Mountfort as Lady Susan Malepert, Jane Rogers as Maria, Mary Betterton as Wishwell, Elinor Leigh as Siam and Mary Kent as Florence. It included music composed by Henry Purcell. The published version was dedicated to Charles Boyle.

text:
# The Maid's Last Prayer

***The Maid's Last Prayer: Or, Any Rather Than Fail*** is a 1693 comedy play by the Irish writer Thomas Southerne. It was first staged at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane by the United Company.

The original cast included George Powell as Granger, John Bowman as Gayman, John Verbruggen as Garnish, Thomas Doggett as Lord Malepert, George Bright as Sir Ruff Rancounter, William Bowen as Sir Symphony, Cave Underhill as Drydrubb, William Pinkethman as Porter, Carey Perin as Christian, Elizabeth Barry as Lady Malepert, Anne Bracegirdle as Lady Trickitt, Susanna Mountfort as Lady Susan Malepert, Jane Rogers as Maria, Mary Betterton as Wishwell, Elinor Leigh as Siam and Mary Kent as Florence. It included music composed by Henry Purcell. The published version was dedicated to Charles Boyle.

## Bibliography

* Van Lennep, W. *The London Stage, 1660-1800: Volume One, 1660-1700*. Southern Illinois University Press, 1960.

## InfoBox

| The Maid's Last Prayer | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Thomas Southerne |
| Date premiered | February 1693 |
| Place premiered | Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Restoration Comedy |
| Setting | London, Present Day |


title: Jonathan Charney

abstract: Jonathan I. Charney was an American academic, author, lawyer and the Lee S. and Charles A. Spier Professor at Vanderbilt University School of Law in Nashville, Tennessee. He was also co-editor-in-chief of the American Journal of International Law.

text:
# Jonathan Charney

**Jonathan I. Charney** (1943 – September 7, 2002) was an American academic, author, lawyer and the Lee S. and Charles A. Spier Professor at Vanderbilt University School of Law in Nashville, Tennessee. He was also co-editor-in-chief of the American Journal of International Law.

## Early life

Charney earned his BA in 1965 from New York University. His JD was awarded by the University of Wisconsin School of Law.

## Career

Charney joined the faculty of Vanderbilt Law School in 1972.

In addition to his academic career, he was a member of the US delegation which negotiated the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982. Charney was a member of the US delegation at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOSIII); and he served on the US Advisory Committee on the Law of the Sea.

## Selected works

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Jonathan Charney, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 50+ works in 70+ publications in 5 languages and 800+ library holdings.

* *The New nationalism and the use of common spaces: issues in marine pollution and the exploitation of Antarctica* (1981)
* *International maritime boundaries* (1996)
* *Politics, values, and functions: international law in the 21st century: essays in honor of Professor Louis Henkin* (1997)
* *Politics, values and functions* (1998)
* *La contribution de l'académie au développement de la science et de la pratique du droit international privé* (*The contribution of the academy to the development of the science and practice of public international law*) (1999)
* *Conférences prononcées à l'occasion du soixante-quinzième anniversaire de l'Académie* (*Addresses delivered on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the Academy by A.V.M Struycken*) (1999)

## Honors


title: Old Low Light

abstract: Old Low Light is Kathryn Williams' third album, released on EastWest Records on 30 September 2002. The Guardian newspaper regarded it as a disappointing follow-up to the Mercury-nominated Little Black Numbers with The Independent suggesting Williams "applies a subtle measured approach to songs whose ambiguities linger long after they have finished". The track "Old Low Light #2" does not appear on this album but is on her fifth album release, 'Over Fly Over'.

text:
# Old Low Light

**Old Low Light** is Kathryn Williams' third album, released on EastWest Records on 30 September 2002. *The Guardian* newspaper regarded it as a disappointing follow-up to the Mercury-nominated *Little Black Numbers* with *The Independent* suggesting Williams "applies a subtle measured approach to songs whose ambiguities linger long after they have finished". The track "Old Low Light #2" does not appear on this album but is on her fifth album release, 'Over Fly Over'.

## Track listing

1. "Little Black Numbers" – 2:54
2. "White, Blue and Red" – 2:24
3. "Mirrorball" – 5:03
4. "Devices" – 3:20
5. "Daydream and Saunter" – 3:57
6. "Beatles" – 3:40
7. "Wolf" – 3:39
8. "Tradition" – 3:21
9. "Swimmer" – 2:41
10. "On For You" – 2:42
11. "No One Takes You Home" – 5:27
12. "3AM Phonecall" – 2:24

## Personnel

* Kathryn Williams – vocals, shaker and guitar
* Laura Reid – strings, backing vocals and organ
* Johnny Bridgwood – double bass and backing vocals
* Alex Tustin – drums, backing vocals and percussion
* Graham Hardy – flugelhorn and trumpet
* Gail Hutchinson – viola
* David Scott – piano and backing vocals

## Recording details

* Recorded at Monnow Valley, Wild Trax and Head studios
* Produced by Head and Kathryn Williams
* Artwork photography by Neil De Flohic and Margaret Williams

## InfoBox

| Old Low Light | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kathryn Williams | |
| Released | 30 September 2002 |
| Label | CAW / EastWest Records |
| Producer | Head, Dave Maughan, Kathryn Williams |
| Kathryn Williams chronology | |
| *Little Black Numbers*
(2000) ***Old Low Light***
(2002) *Relations*
(2004) | |


title: Hermann von Hanneken (soldier)

abstract: Hermann Konstantin Albert Julius von Hanneken was a German General of the Infantry who was supreme commander of the German forces in Denmark from 29 September 1942 to January 1945.

text:
# Hermann von Hanneken (soldier)

**Hermann Konstantin Albert Julius von Hanneken** (5 January 1890 – 22 July 1981) was a German General of the Infantry who was supreme commander of the German forces in Denmark from 29 September 1942 to January 1945.

## Early career

On 19 July 1908 after training in a cadet school, von Hanneken joined the Königin Augusta Garde Grenadier Regiment No. 4 as a *Fähnrich*. A little over a year later, on 19 August 1909, he was promoted to *Leutnant*.

On 1 October 1913 until the start of World War I, he was a part of the Oldenburg Infantry Regiment No. 91.

## World War I

Soon after the start of the Great War, von Hanneken became the Adjutant of the III. Battalion of the 79th Reserve-Infantry-Regiment until 3 January 1915. von Hanneken was then transferred to the 260th Reserve-Infantry-Regiment as the Regiments-Adjutant, being promoted on 24 July 1915 to *Oberleutnant*. From 10 July 1916 he served as leader of the regiments Machine Gun-Company. After 16 November 1916 he was made a temporary adjutant of the 37th Infantry-Division until 11 December 1916 in which he was transferred to the staff of the 78th-Reserve-Division. On 17 April 1917 von Hanneken into the Department "Foreign Armies" with the Chief of the General Staff of the Field Army. It was while he was during this time, on 15 July 1918, that he was promoted to *Hauptmann*. On 15 August 1918 von Hanneken was transferred into the Operations-Department of the Supreme Army Command, where he would stay until 24 September 1918. After this point, he was made a General-Staff-Officer of the 88th Infantry-Division.

## Interbellum

After the war, in 1918, von Hanneken was among the officers who joined the German Reichswehr. Then he took a job in the Reichswehr Ministry where he was the next year. Then from 1924 to 1927, he was transferred to Reichwaffenamt (materiel command). From 1927 he led troops as a company commander, and it continued until in 1930 when he was promoted to *Major*. Three years later he was again promoted to *Oberstleutnant*. From 1935, he had command of a regiment and was thus promoted to *Oberst*.

A year later, in 1936, he was transferred to Heereswaffenamt (materiel command), where he became Chief of Staff. On 3 July 1937, he became responsible for the purchase of iron and steel. On 1 September 1939 he was appointed Head of Section II (Industrial) in the ministry of commercial. In 1940 he received the position as vice Secretary of State. That same year he was promoted to *Generalleutnant* and in 1941 he was *General der Infanterie*.

## World War II

After the outbreak of World War II a supply crisis in the iron and steel division caused him problems, and only Hans Kehrl could save him. Delivery time had increased dramatically because over a period of two years von Hanneken had approved supplies that exceeded the amount of iron and steel that could be delivered. Hans Kehrl said nothing about this in its public records, but his caseworker Arnold Köster did in return. Kehrl wrote in his memoirs that von Hanneken was not sufficiently decisive and was afraid of conflict.

von Hanneken was also responsible for addressing the issues of coal to the steel industry. So on 6 June 1941 he raised at the 11th meeting in Generalrat der Wirtschaft the problem that the demand for coal in the last four years had risen faster than supply. The European countries which were dependent on German coal only got 60% of the claimed amounts. From April 1941 domestic coal consumers had to accept a reduction of supplies of around 10%. This led to many closures of companies or reduction of operations. Domestic energy suppliers had to accept a reduction in coal consumption of 20%.

In March / April 1942, von Hanneken was denied responsibility for the distribution of iron and steel, which were transferred to the so-called central planning. As a result of further changes in the tasks of Section II largely transferred to other bodies so Hanneken went on holiday in August 1942 and left Section II in October.

On 12 October 1942, he took over the duties of Erich Lüdke as commander of the German forces in Denmark. He was responsible for defending the invasion and took a tougher line against the Danish resistance movement, which brought him into conflict with Werner Best.

On 29 August 1943, von Hanneken imposed martial law in Denmark. It was the result of growing unrest, strikes and sabotage in the months before. Simultaneously, the Danish army and navy were dissolved and their personnel interned. von Hanneken was made aware of but was not otherwise involved in the action against the Danish Jews in early October 1943 led by Günther Pancke. On 19 September 1944, he backtracked over the dissolution of the Danish police.

In January 1945, he was relieved of his command and replaced by Georg Lindemann. He was accused of corruption, and subsequently sentenced by the German national court-martial to eight years imprisonment. He was, however, pardoned by Adolf Hitler, who thought that they could not afford the luxury of letting von Hanneken sit in jail. Instead, von Hanneken was demoted to Major and sent to the front. At the end of the war he became an American prisoner. From there, he was extradited to Denmark and held awaiting trial.

At the Court he was acquitted on 9 May 1949. He was expelled from Denmark and lived thereafter a quite low-profile lifestyle until his death in 1981.

## Decorations and awards

## Footnotes

* "von Hanneken, Hermann Konstantin Albert Julius" (in German). lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
* "von Hanneken". generals.dk. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
* Kehrl, Hans (1973). *Krisenmanager im Dritten Reich* (in German). Düsseldorf.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Klee, Ernst (2003). *Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich* (in German). Frankfurt/Main.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Michaelis, Herbert; et al. (1979). *Ursachen und Folgen – Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 bis zur staatichen Neuordnung Deutschlands in der Gegenwart* (in German). Berlin.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Riedel, Hans (1973). *Eisen und Kohle für das Dritte Reich – Paul Pleiger in der NS-Wirtschaft* (in German). Frankfurt/Main.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Drostrup, Ole (1997). *Den hæmmede kriger – et portræt af general von Hanneken* (in Danish). Odense.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Mouritzsen, Dan (2003). *Gefechtsstand Silkeborg Bad* (in Danish). Silkeborg.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## InfoBox

| Hermann von Hanneken | |
| --- | --- |
| von Hanneken in 1942 | |
| Born | (1890-01-05)5 January 1890
Gotha, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, German Empire |
| Died | 22 July 1981(1981-07-22) (aged 91)
Herford, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany |
| Allegiance | German Empire (1908-1918)
Weimar Republic (1918-1933)
Nazi Germany (1933-1945) |
| Service/branch | Imperial German Army
Reichsheer
German Army |
| Years of service | 1908–45 |
| Rank | General of the Infantry |
| Commands | Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Denmark |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of War Merit Cross with Swords
German Cross in Gold |


title: Glass Mountain (California)

abstract:
Glass Mountain, on the Inyo National Forest, is one of the tallest peaks in Mono County, California. The peak lies 20 miles (32 km) southeast of the shoreline of Mono Lake and is the highest point on the four-mile (6.4 km) long sinuous Glass Mountain Ridge. The Glass Mountain Ridge forms the northeast boundary of Long Valley Caldera. It consists of a sequence of lava domes, flows, and welded pyroclastic flows of rhyolite composition that were erupted between 2.1 and 0.8 million years ago.
Obsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass, can be found on the mountain.

text:
# Glass Mountain (California)

**Glass Mountain**, on the Inyo National Forest, is one of the tallest peaks in Mono County, California. The peak lies 20 miles (32 km) southeast of the shoreline of Mono Lake and is the highest point on the four-mile (6.4 km) long sinuous Glass Mountain Ridge.

The Glass Mountain Ridge forms the northeast boundary of Long Valley Caldera. It consists of a sequence of lava domes, flows, and welded pyroclastic flows of rhyolite composition that were erupted between 2.1 and 0.8 million years ago. Obsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass, can be found on the mountain.

## InfoBox

| Glass Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 11,128 ft (3,392 m)NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 3,180 ft (969 m) |
| Coordinates | 37°46′30″N 118°42′31″W / 37.774932603°N 118.708512367°W / 37.774932603; -118.708512367 |
| Geography | |
| Glass Mountain in relation to the Long Valley Caldera | |
| Location | Mono County, California, U.S. |
| Parent range | Glass Mountain Range |
| Topo map | USGS Glass Mountain |


title: Vilém of Talmberk and Miličín

abstract: Vilém of Talmberk and Miličín was a Moravian nobleman, an associate of the regional court, and first documented member of the Talmberk family. Vilém was closely related to Hroznata of Úžice, possibly his nephew. He was first mentioned in 1297. He later acquired the lands of Miličín. Vilém was not part of the resistance against the king that other members of his family joined, and did not have his property confiscated in 1291. Vilém had two sons, Diviš and Nezamysl, who were mentioned in 1316 and 1336.

text:
# Vilém of Talmberk and Miličín

**Vilém of Talmberk and Miličín** was a Moravian nobleman, an associate of the regional court, and first documented member of the Talmberk family.

Vilém was closely related to Hroznata of Úžice, possibly his nephew. He was first mentioned in 1297. He later acquired the lands of Miličín. Vilém was not part of the resistance against the king that other members of his family joined, and did not have his property confiscated in 1291.

Vilém had two sons, Diviš and Nezamysl, who were mentioned in 1316 and 1336.

## InfoBox

| Vilém of Talmberk and Miličín | |
| --- | --- |
| Burgrave of Prague | |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Nationality | Moravian |
| Noble family | Talmberk family |


title: Orthogonius punctatellus

abstract: Orthogonius punctatellus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

text:
# Orthogonius punctatellus

***Orthogonius punctatellus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

## InfoBox

| *Orthogonius punctatellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Orthogonius* |
| Species: | ***O. punctatellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthogonius punctatellus***<br>Tian & Deuve, 2006 | |
|