title: Vaccinium myrsinites

abstract: Vaccinium myrsinites is a species of flowering plant in the heath family known by the common name shiny blueberry. It is native to the southeastern United States from Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina and Florida. It may occur as far west as Louisiana.

text:
# Vaccinium myrsinites

***Vaccinium myrsinites*** is a species of flowering plant in the heath family known by the common name **shiny blueberry**. It is native to the southeastern United States from Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina and Florida. It may occur as far west as Louisiana.

## Description

*Vaccinium myrsinites* is an erect, branching shrub that reaches one meter (40 inches) in maximum height. It is rhizomatous and can form very large colonies. Colonies measuring one kilometer (0.63 miles ) across and over 1,000 years old have been observed. It is generally evergreen, but some forms are deciduous. The stems have angular green twigs. The leathery, green or grayish green, oval leaves are up to roughly one centimeter (0.4 inches) long and have smooth or vaguely toothed edges. The undersides are glandular. The flowers are urn-shaped or cylindrical, white to pink or red-tinged, and borne in clusters of up to 8. They may be nearly one centimeter long. The fruit is a black or waxy blue berry up to 8 or 9 millimeters in length containing several seeds. Cytology is 2n = 48.

## Distribution

*Vaccinium myrsinites* grows in several habitat types in the southeastern U.S., including prairies, pine barrens, bog margins, flatwoods, Florida scrub, palmetto communities, and rosemary balds. It also grows in disturbed, clearcut, and fallow cultivated areas. Associated plants include scrub palmetto, netted pawpaw, scrubclover, dodder, Florida blazingstar, scrub mint, tree sparkleberry, saw palmetto, Lyonia, dwarf huckleberry, inkberry, bracken fern, several oaks, many species of pine. The best sites are dry, sandy stretches of acidic soils in full sunlight.

In common with many southeastern scrub species, this plant is fire-adapted. It can recover from a fire by sprouting from its rhizome. This is also the way it forms vast colonies of cloned individuals. The plant also reproduces sexually by seed. The seeds are dispersed by animals, which relish the fruits.

*Vaccinium myrsinites* is likely a hybrid of two other blueberry species, small cluster blueberry and Darrow's evergreen blueberry. Individuals may resemble one or the other parent species; the "darrowoid" phase is more common in coastal Florida, while the "tenneloid" phase can be found in southern Georgia and northern Florida. This species also hybridizes with many other blueberries.

The Seminole used *V. myrsinites* for food and for a variety of ceremonial and medicinal purposes, including the treatment of "hog sickness", or unconsciousness.

## InfoBox

| *Vaccinium myrsinites* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | *Vaccinium* |
| Species: | ***V. myrsinites*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vaccinium myrsinites***
Lam. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cyanococcus myrsinites* (Lamarck) Small * *Vaccinium nitidum* Andrews | |


title: Rosamund Musgrave

abstract: Rosamund "Posy" Musgrave is a British former cross-country skier. Born in Cairo, Egypt, due to her father's work in the oil industry, she competed for Great Britain at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. She finished 41st in the women's sprint qualification event and 66th in the women's 10 kilometre classical event. She is the older sister of fellow cross-country skier Andrew Musgrave. In May 2015 she announced her retirement from competition and her appointment as an athlete manager with GMR Marketing. After retiring, Posy has been working for Eurosport commentating on their coverage of cross country skiing. She also coaches and supports the British Nordic Development Squad. Posy got married near her family home at Barra Castle in Aberdeenshire on 3rd July 2021 to Daniel Johnson.

text:
# Rosamund Musgrave

**Rosamund "Posy" Musgrave** (born 28 October 1986) is a British former cross-country skier.

Born in Cairo, Egypt, due to her father's work in the oil industry, she competed for Great Britain at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. She finished 41st in the women's sprint qualification event and 66th in the women's 10 kilometre classical event.

She is the older sister of fellow cross-country skier Andrew Musgrave.

In May 2015 she announced her retirement from competition and her appointment as an athlete manager with GMR Marketing.

After retiring, Posy has been working for Eurosport commentating on their coverage of cross country skiing. She also coaches and supports the British Nordic Development Squad.

Posy got married near her family home at Barra Castle in Aberdeenshire on 3rd July 2021 to Daniel Johnson.


title: Mioara Cortez

abstract: Mioara Cortez is a Romanian operatic soprano. She made her debut in 1973, in Desdemona's Otello at Milan's Piccolo Scala. She has performed in Romania and many opera houses in Europe and Japan.

text:
# Mioara Cortez

**Mioara Cortez** (born 6 February 1949) is a Romanian operatic soprano. She made her debut in 1973, in Desdemona's Otello at Milan's Piccolo Scala. She has performed in Romania and many opera houses in Europe (Paris, Nice, Marseille, Berlin, Athens, Amsterdam, Milan, Bologna, Cagliari, Napoli) and Japan.

## Life and career

Born in Iași, in a family with old music traditions, Mioara Cortez is the younger sister of the noted mezzo-soprano Viorica Cortez, and of Ștefania Șerban, a professor of piano. Their father had Spanish ancestry, and their mother was from Bessarabia.

Cortez first studied at the Milan Conservatory (1971–73), then at the Ciprian Porumbescu Conservatory in Bucharest (1973–78). After graduation, she worked with the Iași Philharmonic Orchestra, and as prima donna at the Iași Romanian National Opera. She also taught at the George Enescu University of Arts of Iași.

Mioara Cortez performed in various roles, among others as Norma (Norma (opera)), Poppaea (L'incoronazione di Poppea), Martha (Tiefland), Micaëla (Carmen), Iphigénie (Iphigénie en Tauride), Mimi (La bohème), Amelia (Un ballo in maschera), Leonora (Il trovatore), Leonora (La forza del destino), Elvira (Ernani), Floria Tosca (Tosca), Sister Angelica (Suor Angelica).

http://iasifun.ziaruldeiasi.ro/soprana-mioara-cortez-prima-dona-operei-din-iasi-la-a-70-a-aniversare-interviu/177491/

https://paginiromanesti.ca/2007/02/28/soprana-spinto-a-dinastiei-cortez/

## InfoBox

| Mioara Cortez | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1949-02-06) 6 February 1949<br>Iași, Romanian People's Republic |
| Education | Ciprian Porumbescu Conservatory |
| Occupation | Opera singer (soprano) |
| Years active | 1973–present |


title: Rafael Escalas

abstract: Rafael Escalas Bestard is a former competitive swimmer from Spain. Escalas competed on the 1980 and 1984 Spanish Olympic teams, and swam competitively in the United States for the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Escalas received an athletic scholarship to attend UCLA, where he competed for coach Ron Ballatore's UCLA Bruins swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition. In 1981 he set the NCAA record in the men's 1,650-yard freestyle. Escalas is the only swimmer to win an NCAA championship after being seeded last. He was also a member of the UCLA's NCAA national championship team in 1982. Escalas also competed in two Olympic Games: 1980 in Moscow, where he placed 6th in the 1500-meter freestyle event, and 1984 in Los Angeles, where he placed 11th in the 1500-meter freestyle. Escalas was also part of Spain's 4x200-meter freestyle relay in Los Angeles. In terms of world rankings, Escalas was ranked third in the world in the 1,500-meter freestyle in 1981, with a time of 15:17.93, which was a Spanish national record for over 19 years. In recent Summer Olympics, Escalas served as Technical Director of the Swimming Competition and Competition Manager of Swimming. A sports center in Palma de Mallorca is named after Rafa and his brother, Juan Enrique: Germans Escalas. Rafa is currently President and CEO of competitive swimwear manufacturer AgonSwim. Experience as an athlete and as a swimwear manufacturer lead Escalas to be the athlete's representative on the FINA Scientific Commission for Suits. The commission was established to maintain the standards of swimwear and limit the impact that advanced technology might have on performance. FINA set January 1, 2010 as the date that polyurethane suits were banned from competitive swimming. Rafa is married to Jennifer Edson Escalas, a professor at Vanderbilt University, and has two daughters: Elena Escalas, who also swims at UCLA, and Marina Escalas.

text:
# Rafael Escalas

**Rafael Escalas Bestard** (born February 24, 1961) is a former competitive swimmer from Spain. Escalas competed on the 1980 and 1984 Spanish Olympic teams, and swam competitively in the United States for the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

Escalas received an athletic scholarship to attend UCLA, where he competed for coach Ron Ballatore's UCLA Bruins swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition. In 1981 he set the NCAA record in the men's 1,650-yard freestyle (time: 14:53.90). Escalas is the only swimmer to win an NCAA championship after being seeded last. He was also a member of the UCLA's NCAA national championship team in 1982.

Escalas also competed in two Olympic Games: 1980 in Moscow, where he placed 6th in the 1500-meter freestyle event, and 1984 in Los Angeles, where he placed 11th in the 1500-meter freestyle. Escalas was also part of Spain's 4x200-meter freestyle relay in Los Angeles. In terms of world rankings, Escalas was ranked third in the world in the 1,500-meter freestyle in 1981, with a time of 15:17.93, which was a Spanish national record for over 19 years.

In recent Summer Olympics, Escalas served as Technical Director of the Swimming Competition (Barcelona 1992) and Competition Manager of Swimming (Atlanta 1996). A sports center in Palma de Mallorca is named after Rafa and his brother, Juan Enrique: Germans Escalas. Rafa is currently President and CEO of competitive swimwear manufacturer AgonSwim.

Experience as an athlete and as a swimwear manufacturer lead Escalas to be the athlete's representative on the FINA Scientific Commission for Suits (he has since stepped down from the committee). The commission was established to maintain the standards of swimwear and limit the impact that advanced technology might have on performance. FINA set January 1, 2010 as the date that polyurethane suits were banned from competitive swimming.

Rafa is married to Jennifer Edson Escalas, a professor at Vanderbilt University, and has two daughters: Elena Escalas, who also swims at UCLA, and Marina Escalas.

1. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Rafael Escalas". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020.
3. "Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!".
4. Faculty profile vanderbilt.edu
5. "2021-22 Swimming & Diving Roster".

## InfoBox

Rafael Bestard
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Rafael Escalas Bestard |
| National team | Spain |
| Born | (1961-02-24) February 24, 1961<br>Palma de Mallorca, Spain |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
| Club | Club Natación Palma |
| College team | University of California, Los Angeles |
|  | |
| Medal record      Men's swimming  Representing Spain  European Championships (LC)  1981 Split  1500 m freestyle  Mediterranean Games  1983 Casablanca  1500 m freestyle | |


title: Maxwell Woodhull House

abstract: The Maxwell Woodhull House is a historic residence located at 2033 G Street in Northwest Washington, D.C.

text:
# Maxwell Woodhull House

The **Maxwell Woodhull House** is a historic residence located at 2033 G Street in Northwest Washington, D.C.

## History

The house was constructed in 1855 for Maxwell Woodhull, who was a commander in the United States Navy.

William Henry Seward lived in the house between 1855 and 1858 during his second term as Senator from New York. Seward later served as Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. He was an outspoken critic of slavery, was responsible for the Alaska Purchase, and was a major figure in the founding of the modern Republican Party.

In 1921 it was donated to George Washington University by Maxwell Van Zandt Woodhull, son of the original owner, and a brigadier general in the United States Army. General Woodhull served as a trustee of the university and had an important role in development of the university. The Woodhull Memorial Flagstaff at Arlington National Cemetery is dedicated in memory of the Woodhulls.

The house is designed in the Italianate style, though the architect is unknown. It sits at the intersection of G and 20th streets, in a block known as Square 102. It is a two-story, brick building. The main facade facing G Street contains the front door, set back within an arched entryway. On either side of the entrance, window bays protrude from the main structure. On the second floor, windows sit directly above the first floor door and windows.

Maxwell Van Zandt Woodhull was elected a trustee of the university in 1911, and influenced the University Board to move their primary offices from the central business district to a rented building at 2023 G Street. The next year they purchased the building at 2023 and began renting and purchasing others in the immediate area surrounding the Woodhull House. The university used the buildings surrounding Woodhull's as a starting point in relocating the center of campus to the Foggy Bottom neighborhood, and greatly developed the immediate area. Woodhull was also responsible for establishing a student artillery corps, which helped to maintain the university's enrollment during World War I.

The building served as the headquarters of the George Washington University Police until 2012, when the police moved to the Academic Center.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Maxwell Woodhull House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 2033 G Street, NW, Washington, D.C. |
| Coordinates | 38°53′54″N 77°2′48″W / 38.89833°N 77.04667°W / 38.89833; -77.04667 |
| Built | 1855 |
| NRHP reference No. | 90001543 |
| Added to NRHP | April 12, 1991 |


title: Wakai ki

abstract: Wakai ki (若い樹) is a 1956 Japanese film directed by Ishirō Honda. Wakai ki is about a young girl who moves to Tokyo and endures the rivalries between other high school girls of varying cultural and economic backgrounds.

text:
# Wakai ki

***Wakai ki*** (若い樹) (lit.'A Young Tree') is a 1956 Japanese film directed by Ishirō Honda. *Wakai ki* is about a young girl who moves to Tokyo and endures the rivalries between other high school girls of varying cultural and economic backgrounds.

## Release

*Wakai ki* was released in Japan on January 22, 1956. Any release in the United States is undetermined.

### Footnotes

### Sources

* Galbraith IV, Stuart (2008). *The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography*. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1461673743.
* Ryfle, Steve; Godziszewski, Ed (2017). *Ishiro Honda: A Life in Film, from Godzilla to Kurosawa*. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0819577412.

## InfoBox

| Wakai ki | |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese Movie poster | |
| Directed by | Ishirō Honda |
| Screenplay by | * Ichirō Ikeda * Ishirō Honda |
| Story by | Nobu Koito |
| Produced by | Jin Usami |
| Starring | * Kyoko Aoyama * Shinji Yamada * Shuji Sano * Yoichi Tachikawa |
| Cinematography | Kazuo Yamazaki |
| Music by | Nobuo Iida |
| Production<br>company | Toho |
| Distributed by | Toho |
| Release date | * January 22, 1956 (1956-01-22) (Japan) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | Japan |


title: Pierre Parrant

abstract: Pierre "Pig's Eye" Parrant was the first official resident of the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota. His exploits propelled him to local fame and infamy, with his name briefly adorning the village that became Minnesota's capital city.

text:
# Pierre Parrant

**Pierre** "**Pig's Eye**" **Parrant** was the first official resident of the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota. His exploits propelled him to local fame and infamy, with his name briefly adorning the village that became Minnesota's capital city.

## History

Sources disagree about Parrant's exact history before settling in the Minnesota Territory, but most indicate that he was of French Canadian origin (or perhaps Métis) and born near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, around 1777. For most of his adult life Parrant made his living as a fur trapper while working for a company called McKenzie and Chouteau. During his days as a fur trapper "Pig's Eye" Parrant, so called because he was blind in one eye, started to gain a somewhat dubious reputation with law enforcement, most likely due to his dabbling as a bootlegger. With the onset of age and the fur trade's decline Parrant began seeking new endeavors to earn a living. His search brought him to a fledgling new settlement near a military outpost called Fort Snelling in the Minnesota Territory.

## Pierre Parrant in Minnesota

Arriving at Mendota in 1832, Parrant began to carve out a new life for himself while residing in a squatter's colony near Fort Snelling. His new career found him distilling liquor, which he sold to other squatters, the indigenous people of the area, and even the soldiers at the fort. This new business served "Pig's Eye" (French: *L'Œil de Cochon*) until 1838, when the squatters were forced off the land surrounding the fort due to their strain on surrounding resources. It was at this time that the 60+-year-old Parrant made a claim on a tract of land at the entrance of what was known as Fountain Cave. This cave was situated on the east bank of the Mississippi River just upstream from what is now Downtown Saint Paul. Then, around June 1, 1838, Parrant completed a small shack that, according to an 1892 publication by Albert A. Jones, became "the first habitation, and the first business house of Saint Paul." Thus Parrant became the first inhabitant of the future city of Saint Paul. That such a distinction belongs to a man with Parrant's reputation has irked some historians, such as J. Fletcher Williams, who lamented:

> *Such was the man on whom Fortune, with that blind fatuity that seems to characterize the jade, thrust the honor of being the founder of our good city! Our pride almost revolts at the chronicling of such a humiliation, and leads us to wish that it were on one worthier and nobler that such a distinction had fallen. But history is inexorable, and we must record* facts *as they are.*

Fountain Cave was an excellent location for Parrant's claim, as the spring inside it provided a steady water supply for his still. It was at Fountain Cave that Parrant opened a tavern that became wildly popular with the surrounding community. The bar, known as "Pig's Eye" or "Pig's Eye Pandemonium", was easily accessible to local residents, riverboat crews working on the river, and the soldiers from nearby Fort Snelling. Parrant had become so popular, in fact, that when a nearby resident named Joseph R. Brown sent a letter to a friend in 1839 he gave the return address simply as "Pig's Eye." Not long after, Brown received correspondence at the address he had given. As a result, the growing community around Pierre's bar became known as "Pig's Eye." The city's name might have remained Pig's Eye had it not been for the arrival of a Catholic priest named Lucien Galtier. So aghast was Galtier that the village on the river derived its name from a man of such ill repute that, when he built his small chapel in the area in 1841, he reportedly stated, "Pig's Eye, converted thou shalt be, like Saul; Arise, and be, henceforth, Saint Paul!" It is disputed whether Galtier actually said those words, but the story is part of the city's folklore.

In 1844, Parrant lost his claim at Fountain Cave and was forced to vacate the land. It is not clear why. Some sources indicate that he was involved in a border dispute with a neighbor; others say he was forced to sell his claim because of mounting debts.

## Life after Saint Paul

What happened to Parrant after he left Saint Paul is a mystery. Some sources say he was so upset about losing his claim that he decided to leave the Minnesota area and return to Sault Ste. Marie, only to die along the way in 1844. Others say he eventually settled near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, where he died between 1872 and 1886. The latter account is unlikely since it would mean he lived to at least 95, which was extremely rare at that time.


title: Nathaniel Mehr

abstract: Nathaniel Mehr is a leftwing British journalist whose has written for several publications including The Morning Star newspaper and Tribune magazine and Red Pepper. From 2008 to 2010 Mehr was co-editor of the London Progressive Journal, an online current affairs magazine. His first book, Constructive Bloodbath in Indonesia: The US, Britain and the Mass Killings of 1965-66, was published by Spokesman Books in May 2009. In January 2011, Spokesman Books published a new edition of J.A. Hobson's seminal work, 'Imperialism: A Study', which featured a new introduction by Nathaniel Mehr. Nathaniel Mehr is currently an associate editor of Review 31, an online literary magazine that was launched in October 2011.

text:
# Nathaniel Mehr

**Nathaniel Mehr** is a leftwing British journalist whose has written for several publications including *The Morning Star* newspaper and *Tribune* magazine and *Red Pepper*.

From 2008 to 2010 Mehr was co-editor of the *London Progressive Journal*, an online current affairs magazine. His first book, *Constructive Bloodbath in Indonesia: The US, Britain and the Mass Killings of 1965-66*, was published by Spokesman Books in May 2009. In January 2011, Spokesman Books published a new edition of J.A. Hobson's seminal work, 'Imperialism: A Study', which featured a new introduction by Nathaniel Mehr. Nathaniel Mehr is currently an associate editor of Review 31, an online literary magazine that was launched in October 2011.


title: West Pikeland Township, Pennsylvania

abstract: West Pikeland Township is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,024 at the 2010 census.

text:
# West Pikeland Township, Pennsylvania

**West Pikeland Township** is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,024 at the 2010 census.

## History

The Chester Springs Historic District, Clinger-Moses Mill Complex, Fagley House, Ker-Feal, Lightfoot Mill, and Rice-Pennebecker Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 10.0 square miles (26 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 0.20%, is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 592 |  |  |
| 1940 | 623 |  | 5.2% |
| 1950 | 683 |  | 9.6% |
| 1960 | 782 |  | 14.5% |
| 1970 | 1,420 |  | 81.6% |
| 1980 | 1,536 |  | 8.2% |
| 1990 | 2,323 |  | 51.2% |
| 2000 | 3,551 |  | 52.9% |
| 2010 | 4,024 |  | 13.3% |
| 2020 | 4,024 |  | 0.0% |
|  | | | |

At the 2010 census, the township was 93.2% non-Hispanic White, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 2.7% Asian, and 0.7% were two or more races. 2.3% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,551 people, 1,214 households, and 1,012 families living in the township. The population density was 356.3 inhabitants per square mile (137.6/km2). There were 1,240 housing units at an average density of 124.4 per square mile (48.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 96.11% White, 1.24% African American, 0.03% Native American, 1.89% Asian, 0.37% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.01% of the population.

There were 1,214 households, out of which 45.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.8% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.6% were non-families. 12.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the township the population was spread out, with 30.7% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $105,322, and the median income for a family was $111,760. Males had a median income of $80,611 versus $41,765 for females. The per capita income for the township was $48,616. About 0.5% of families and 0.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Politics

While Chester County is becoming more liberal and Democratic as a whole, West Pikeland remains Republican. Even though Barack Obama was the first Democrat in 44 years to carry Chester County in a presidential election, West Pikeland remained Republican, with John McCain winning the township by about 54%-45%. This was significantly better than the 37% showing of John Kerry in 2004.The township government is governed by a Republican board. In 2012, Mitt Romney carried Chester County by a 0.2% margin over President Obama, and West Pikeland supported Romney by 60%-38% margin.

## Education

West Pikeland Township is within the Downingtown Area School District.

The township is divided between the boundaries of Lionville Elementary School and Pickering Valley Elementary School. All of the township is zoned to Lionville Middle School and Downingtown East High School.

## Transportation

As of 2018, there were 41.67 miles (67.06 km) of public roads in West Pikeland Township, of which 1.10 miles (1.77 km) were maintained by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC), 14.13 miles (22.74 km) were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and 26.44 miles (42.55 km) were maintained by the township.

The Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76) is the most prominent road passing through West Pikeland Township, but the nearest interchange is in neighboring Uwchlan Township. Pennsylvania Route 113 follows Kimberton Road and Pike Springs Road along a southwest-northeast alignment through the center of the township. Pennsylvania Route 401 follows Conestoga Road along a northwest-southeast alignment across southern and western portions of the township.

## InfoBox

| West Pikeland Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Lightfoot Mill, National Historic Landmark | |
| Location in Chester County and the state of Pennsylvania. | |
| Location of Pennsylvania in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 40°05′25″N 75°37′20″W / 40.09028°N 75.62222°W / 40.09028; -75.62222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Chester |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.96 sq mi (25.79 km2) |
| Land | 9.87 sq mi (25.55 km2) |
| Water | 0.09 sq mi (0.24 km2) |
| Elevation | 374 ft (114 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 4,024 |
| Estimate (2016) | 4,083 |
| Density | 413.80/sq mi (159.77/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 610 |
| FIPS code | 42-029-83832 |


title: Ingallston Township, Michigan

abstract: Ingallston Township is a civil township of Menominee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 924 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Ingallston Township, Michigan

**Ingallston Township** is a civil township of Menominee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 924 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

The township is in southern Menominee County, bordered to the southeast by Lake Michigan's Green Bay. State highway M-35 crosses the township from northeast to southwest, following the lakeshore; the highway least southwest 14 miles (23 km) to Menominee, the county seat, and northeast 40 miles (64 km) to Escanaba.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 71.7 square miles (186 km2), of which 70.9 square miles (184 km2) are land and 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), or 1.15%, are water. Hayward Lake is in the northern part of the township. The former community of Greenwoods is located in Ingallston Township, northeast of Carbondale.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,042 people, 456 households, and 316 families residing in the township. By 2020, there were 924 people in the township.

## InfoBox

| Ingallston Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil township | |
| Location within Menominee County and the state of Michigan | |
| Ingallston TownshipIngallston Township | |
| Coordinates: 45°17′30″N 87°27′54″W / 45.29167°N 87.46500°W / 45.29167; -87.46500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Menominee |
| Area | |
| Total | 71.7 sq mi (186 km2) |
| Land | 70.9 sq mi (184 km2) |
| Water | 0.8 sq mi (2 km2) |
| Elevation | 679 ft (207 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 924 |
| Density | 13.0/sq mi (5.0/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 49858 (Menominee)
49893 (Wallace)
49887 (Stephenson) |
| Area code | 906 |
| FIPS code | 26-109-40600 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626513 |


title: Uvaria grandiflora

abstract: Uvaria grandiflora is an Asian liana species in the family Annonaceae and tribe Uvarieae. Its native range includes: China, Indochina, Malesia and New Guinea.

text:
# Uvaria grandiflora

***Uvaria grandiflora*** is an Asian liana species in the family Annonaceae and tribe Uvarieae. Its native range includes: China, Indochina, Malesia and New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Uvaria grandiflora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *U. grandiflora* flower in Singapore Botanic Gardens | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Annonaceae |
| Genus: | *Uvaria* |
| Species: | ***U. grandiflora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uvaria grandiflora***
Roxb. ex Hornem. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Uvaria setigera* (Blanco) Blanco
*Uvaria rhodantha* Hance
*Uvaria purpurea* Blume
*Uvaria platypetala* Champ. ex Benth.
*Uvaria flava* Teijsm. & Binn.
*Uvaria cardinalis* Elmer
*Uva grandiflora* (DC.) Kuntze | |


title: U.S. Route 1 in New Hampshire

abstract: U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a north–south U.S. Route is the U.S. state of New Hampshire through Hampton and Portsmouth. It lies between Interstate 95 (I-95) and New Hampshire Route 1A (NH 1A).

text:
# U.S. Route 1 in New Hampshire

**U.S. Route 1** (**US 1**) is a north–south U.S. Route is the U.S. state of New Hampshire through Hampton and Portsmouth. It lies between Interstate 95 (I-95) and New Hampshire Route 1A (NH 1A).

## Route description

US 1 begins in Seabrook at the border with Salisbury, Massachusetts. The route closely parallels I-95 along Lafayette Road for a majority of its 17-mile (27 km) stretch in the state. US 1 travels through Hampton, North Hampton, and finally enters Portsmouth. The main route turns into downtown while US 1 Bypass (US 1 Byp.) travels toward I-95 and the Spaulding Turnpike made up of US 4 and NH 16 in the general direction toward Concord and the Lakes Region/White Mountains. US 1 Byp. terminates at US 1 in Kittery, Maine, at a rotary intersection with State Route 236 and I-95 with connections to the Maine Turnpike toward Portland. US 1 travels down State Street going toward Maine and Market Street into Portsmouth.

## History

US 1 follows the historic **Lafayette Road** through New Hampshire, named after the Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, who passed over the road in 1825.

For a period of time during the 1950s, a segment of US 1 in Massachusetts and New Hampshire was routed onto what later became I-95. Roadway that had been US 1 was designated as Route 17 from Danvers to Salisbury and NH 17 for a short distance in Seabrook. Once the I-95 designation was adopted, Route 17 and NH 17 were restored to being US 1.

### Memorial Bridge replacement

The original Memorial Bridge, which formerly carried US 1 over the Piscataqua River between New Hampshire and Maine, was closed to motorists in July 2011 due to numerous safety and structural concerns. This was a permanent closure following two instances in 2009 and 2010 when the bridge was closed for emergency repairs. The bridge was, however, left open to pedestrians and bicyclists, as it was the only of the three river bridges allowing for these methods of travel. On January 9, 2012, the bridge was closed to pedestrians and cyclists as well. The middle lift section was removed on February 8, leaving a 300-foot (91 m) gap in US 1.

Over the next two years, the bridge was demolished and removed, and a new drawbridge was constructed in its place. In the interim, access to US 1 on each side of the gap was facilitated by either the Sarah Mildred Long Bridge, which carries US 1 Byp., or the Piscataqua River Bridge which carries I-95. The New Hampshire Department of Transportation operated hourly shuttle service between Portsmouth and Kittery while the new bridge was constructed.

The new bridge was officially dedicated at a ceremony on the New Hampshire side of the span just before noon on August 8, 2013. Former Portsmouth Mayor Eileen Foley cut the red ribbon, 90 years after she performed the same honors for the original span in 1923 when she was five years old. The bridge initially opened to only pedestrians and bicyclists. The new bridge—constructed over two previously existing piers—opened to vehicular traffic at 2:00 pm first with southbound traffic (Maine to New Hampshire), then northbound. Finishing work on the bridge was completed in late 2013.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Rockingham County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Seabrook | 0.000 | 0.000 |
US 1 south (Lafayette Road) Salisbury, Newburyport | Continuation into Massachusetts |
| | 1.466 | 2.359 |

NH 107 north to I-95 Kingston, Boston, MA | Southern terminus of NH 107 |
| Hampton Falls | 3.082 | 4.960 |
NH 84 west (Kensington Road) Kensington | Eastern terminus of NH 84 |
| | 3.121 | 5.023 |
NH 88 west (Exeter Road) Exeter | Eastern terminus of NH 88 |
| Hampton | 4.805 | 7.733 |

NH 101 to I-95 / NH 1A Exeter, Manchester, Hampton Beach | Interchange |
| | 5.407 | 8.702 |
NH 101E east (Winnacunnet Road) | Western terminus of NH 101E |
| | 5.675 | 9.133 | NH 27 (Exeter Road/High Street) Exeter, Hampton Beach |  |
| | 6.957 | 11.196 |
NH 151 north (Post Road) Greenland | Southern terminus of NH 151. |
| North Hampton | 7.996 | 12.868 | NH 111 (Atlantic Avenue) Exeter, Rye Beach |  |
| Portsmouth | 14.662 | 23.596 |
US 1 Byp. north / I-95 / US 4 / NH 16 Dover, Maine | Southern terminus of US 1 Bypass |
| | 15.232 | 24.514 |
NH 33 west (Middle Road) | Eastern terminus of NH 33 (unsigned) |
| | 15.976 | 25.711 |
NH 1A south (Miller Avenue) | Northern terminus of NH 1A (unsigned) |
| | 16.407 | 26.405 |
NH 1B south (Marcy Street) New Castle | Northern terminus of NH 1B (unsigned) |
| | 16.662–
17.044 | 26.815–
27.430 | Memorial Bridge over Piscataqua River | |
| | 17.044 | 27.430 |
US 1 north Kittery | Continuation into Maine |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Auxiliary routes

### U.S. Route 1 Bypass

| U.S. Route 1 Bypass | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | PortsmouthKittery, Maine |
| Length | 4.3 mi (6.9 km) |

**U.S. Route 1 Bypass** (**US 1 Byp.**) is a 4.3-mile (6.9 km) bypass of US 1 in Portsmouth and Kittery, Maine. The route runs for 2.7 miles (4.3 km) in New Hampshire and is mostly a four-lane divided semi-limited-access freeway, although two four-way traffic signals are present south of the Portsmouth traffic circle. The southern terminus is at US 1 (Lafayette Road) just south of downtown. The highway continues northwest to the traffic circle, where it then turns northeast. US 1 Byp. crosses the Sarah Mildred Long Bridge and continues into Kittery, Maine.

### New Hampshire Route 1A

| New Hampshire Route 1A | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | SeabrookPortsmouth |
| Length | 18.32 mi (29.48 km) |

**New Hampshire Route 1A** (**NH 1A**) is an 18.32-mile (29.48 km) auxiliary of US 1 which runs along the Atlantic coastline. It runs from the Massachusetts border north to Rye, then turns toward downtown Portsmouth. The southern terminus of NH 1A is at the state line in Seabrook where it continues south as Route 1A. The northern terminus is at the junction with US 1 (Lafayette Road) in Portsmouth. For the length of the road’s run along the shore, its local name is Ocean Boulevard. In Portsmouth, it is known as Miller Avenue and Sagamore Avenue.

### New Hampshire Route 1B

| New Hampshire Route 1B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Portsmouth |
| Length | 4.808 mi (7.738 km) |

**New Hampshire Route 1B** (**NH 1B**) is a 4.808-mile (7.738 km) auxiliary of US 1 serving the town of New Castle.

The southern terminus is at NH 1A in Portsmouth, near the city's southeastern boundary. The road loops around over Great Island in the Piscataqua River through New Castle and then back into downtown Portsmouth. The northern terminus is at the junction with US 1 at Prescott Park, near the Maine state line. The highway is signed north–south but forms a half-loop for most of its route.
Due to US 1 being routed onto the Memorial Bridge adjacent to the intersection with NH 1B, traffic from NH 1B must loop around State Street and Harbor Place to access US 1 in either direction. Harbor Place defaults onto Daniel Street, which carries US 1 south into Market Square. A hard left onto Wight Avenue will cross over to US 1 north to Maine. Southbound traffic on US 1 must use Chapel and State streets to access NH 1B.

#### Junction list

The entire route is in Rockingham County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Portsmouth | 0.000 | 0.000 | NH 1A (Sagamore Avenue) Rye, Portsmouth | Southern terminus of NH 1B |
| | 4.808 | 7.738 | US 1 (State Street / Daniel Street) Portsmouth, Kittery, ME | Northern terminus of NH 1B;
access is via intersecting streets (see above) |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 1 in New HampshireKML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| U.S. Route 1 | |
| --- | --- |
| US 1 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NHDOT | |
| Length | 17.044 mi (27.430 km) |
| Existed | 1926–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 1 in Salisbury, MA |
| Major intersections | NH 101 in Hampton
US 1 Byp. in Portsmouth |
| North end | US 1 in Kittery, ME |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Hampshire |
| Counties | Rockingham |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| I-393   NH 1A | |
| NH 1A   US 2 | |


title: Raiarctus

abstract: Raiarctus is a genus of tardigrades in the family Styraconyxidae. The genus was named and first described by Jeanne Renaud-Mornant in 1981.

text:
# Raiarctus

***Raiarctus*** is a genus of tardigrades in the family Styraconyxidae. The genus was named and first described by Jeanne Renaud-Mornant in 1981.

## Species

The genus includes five species:

## Further reading

* Renaud-Mornant, 1981 : *Raiarctus colurus n. g., n. sp., et R. aureolatus n. sp., tardigrades (Arthrotardigrada) marins nouveaux de sédiments calcaires.*Bulletin from the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A: Zoology, Biology and Animal Ecology, vol. 3, no 2, p. 515-522.
* Data related to Raiarctus at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Raiarctus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Tardigrada |
| Class: | Heterotardigrada |
| Order: | Arthrotardigrada |
| Family: | Styraconyxidae |
| Genus: | *Raiarctus*<br>Renaud-Mornant, 1981 |
|


title: Free India Society

abstract: The Free India Society was a youth organization of Indian students in England, committed to obtaining the independence of India from British rule. Initially an intellectual group, it became a revolutionary outfit under its founding leader, Bhikaji Cama. This organization released a newspaper also called Free India Society to propagate revolutionary ideas. The Free India Society was formed in 1906 under the influence of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's plans and ambitions of removing the British rule from the then occupied India. The Free India society aimed on using non- violent methods such as killing the British officers. Madan Dhingra, under the orders of the founder of this group killed Curzon Wyllie, therefore getting hanged on August 17, 1909.

text:
# Free India Society

The **Free India Society** was a youth organization of Indian students in England, committed to obtaining the independence of India from British rule. Initially an intellectual group, it became a revolutionary outfit under its founding leader, Bhikaji Cama. This organization released a newspaper also called *Free India Society* to propagate revolutionary ideas.

The Free India Society was formed in 1906 under the influence of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's plans and ambitions of removing the British rule from the then occupied India. The Free India society aimed on using non- violent methods such as killing the British officers. Madan Dhingra, under the orders of the founder of this group killed Curzon Wyllie, therefore getting hanged on August 17, 1909.


title: Walraversijde

abstract: Walraversijde is an abandoned medieval fishing village on the Belgian coast, near Ostend. It was rediscovered in 1992 in a dune area, near a medieval dyke. Archeological research showed that it had been occupied, in two phases, between 1200 and 1600. Walraversijde has been studied more thoroughly and more systematically than any other medieval fishing community in Europe. The village has been partially reconstructed and has a museum, Walraversijde Museum, dedicated to the site.

text:
# Walraversijde

**Walraversijde** is an abandoned medieval fishing village on the Belgian coast, near Ostend. It was rediscovered in 1992 in a dune area, near a medieval dyke. Archeological research showed that it had been occupied, in two phases, between 1200 and 1600. Walraversijde has been studied more thoroughly and more systematically than any other medieval fishing community in Europe. The village has been partially reconstructed and has a museum, Walraversijde Museum, dedicated to the site.

## Discovery

Walraversijdeclass=notpageimage|Location of Walraversijde on the Belgian coast

Walraversijde was discovered in 1992 on the Belgian coast by the archeologist Marnix Pieters. It was found in a dune area near a medieval dyke. Prior to discovery, Walraversijde was a lost village, with no obvious remains above ground. Two related sites were excavated, one on a beach and the other on a polder. The beach site was inhabited between 1200 and 1400, and the polder site was inhabited between 1400 and 1600. The excavations also found evidence of activities during the Roman era, such as a Roman dyke.

Walraversijde ceased having a role after the Siege of Ostend of 1601–1604 when a Spanish cavalry camp operated from the site. The artefacts and remains are well preserved, and there have been many finds. The sites have been excavated systematically and thoroughly, and have produced unusually rich findings.

## Early village

The village of the earlier beach phase of Walraversijde was located behind a protective dune belt. The houses were arranged in small, loose groups, the largest house measuring 7 by 12 metres (23 by 39 ft). Written sources indicate the villagers fished, traded salted fish and other goods, and sometimes engaged in piracy. They probably also dug peat to produce salt. However, the dune belt was maintained badly and Walraversijde became vulnerable. In 1394, a flood drowned the town of Ostend and caused heavy sand drifts and floods around the village. Walraversijde ended up in front of the dunes and had to be rebuilt further inland.

## Later village

The new Walraversijde was relocated on a polder protected by a new dyke. At least 100 houses were built, with widths between 3.7 and 8.8 metres (12 and 29 ft) and lengths between 12.4 and 17.5 metres (41 and 57 ft). They were built mainly using brick, often plastered inside and outside. Some houses had stained windows. Floors were brick or sand-covered clay, and roofs were thatched with reeds, straw, or galingale.

There were also community spaces, such as a *draeyplaetsen* for making cordage, a brewery, and a *caetsspel* (gaming house and brothel). Around 1435 a chapel was built. As might be expected for a settlement preoccupied with the sea, the occupation density was much higher than in non-fishing rural communities. No spaces were set aside for stables, gardens, or fields between houses.

Between 1383 and 1413, under the supervision of the admirals of the Count of Flanders and the Duke of Burgundy, privateering and piracy took place between English and Flemish fishing and trading vessels. The fishermen of Walraversijde participated in this privateering to the degree that they were warned not to plunder or damage ships at sea unless ordered to do so by the duke. In addition to acting as privateers under the orders of the duke, Walraversijde fishermen supplied the duke's fleet with vessels and the fishing fleet with guard boats throughout the fifteenth century.

The villagers had commodities one might not expect to find in a medieval fishing community. There were "exotic spices such as paradise grains, cloves, and pepper, exotic fruits such as pomegranates, ivory combs, cast bronze candlesticks, and luxury ceramics." The piracy, privateering and also beachcombing must have played a part in this, as probably also did the piloting of Spanish merchant vessels by Walraversijde fisherman to the port of Bruges.

By the middle of the fifteenth century, Walraversijde reached its heyday, becoming, both economically and politically, the most important village in the region. It was well populated, housing perhaps 500 to 600 people, though half the population was usually away at sea. The village operated about twenty fishing vessels, each crewed with between thirteen and twenty fishermen. The fishermen were individually free and independent, brought their own nets, and shared in the profits. The *sciplieden* (boat captains) owned the fishing vessels and were the central figures in the village at the top of the social hierarchy.

Later in the fifteenth century, larger vessels were developed which could sail to the lucrative offshore fishing grounds of the Doggerbank. Purchasing these vessels required money which the fishermen did not have. Rich fish merchants invested in the fleet, and the new ship owners or wards took control of the offshore fishing. The role of the captains diminished and the independent fishermen were reduced to wage fishermen.

## Restorations and artifacts

## Decline

Towards the end of the fifteenth century, the region became politically unstable. Starting in 1483, Maximilian of Austria warred against a coalition of Bruges and Ghent for ten years. Walraversijde was in the middle of these battles and was probably deserted during this time. The houses in the eastern quarter of the village were ruined and subsequently abandoned. To make matters worse, the fishing fleet became endangered at sea. Different parties in the English Channel and the North Sea became threatening in various ways, and the fisherman had to arrange for armed ships to protect their fleet. Meanwhile, the sand dunes started drifting again, and the village brewery closed.

But this was just a start. In 1568 the Eighty Years' War began, the Sea Beggars blockaded coastal ports while mercenaries plundered and looted the coast itself. In 1571 the dikes that surrounded Ostend were breached in a desperate attempt to defend the town. For eleven further years the region, including Walraversijde, was flooded and uninhabitable. Beyond this, the war still carried on, further destroying the area. By 1598, written sources recount how wasted the area had become, including Walraversijde. The finishing touch was the Siege of Ostend (1601–1604), after which, apart from some isolated houses, the fishing community of Walraversijde ceased to exist. The tower of the chapel remained until the nineteenth century when it collapsed in a storm.

## Walraversijde Museum

Because of the archaeological richness of the findings, the Province of West Flanders decided to present the results in an on-site interactive museum, Walraversijde Museum. The museum opened in 2000 and includes three medieval houses and a bakery/smokehouse. These late medieval buildings have been reconstructed as they are thought to have appeared during the prime of Walraversijde around 1465, together with furniture, fittings, and fixtures. Flemish artists were particularly productive during the 15th century, and their paintings have been helpful guides during reconstruction.

The museum displays artifacts which give a sense of the medieval fishing industry and trade, as well as the risks the fishermen faced at sea, such as piracy, war, and shipwrecks. There are further displays concerning household goods, clothing, hygiene, religious and recreational life, mouth bows and staffs, toys for young and old, including a well-engineered pair of bone glasses. Walraversijde has been studied more thoroughly and systematically than any other medieval fishermen community in Europe. This is, in part, because most other locations are still inhabited.

## Other images

51°12′01″N 2°51′17″E / 51.200359°N 2.854681°E / 51.200359; 2.854681


title: Piezophile

abstract: A piezophile is an organism with optimal growth under high hydrostatic pressure, i.e., an organism that has its maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure equal to or above 10 megapascals, when tested over all permissible temperatures. Originally, the term barophile was used for these organisms, but since the prefix "baro-" stands for weight, the term piezophile was given preference. Like all definitions of extremophiles, the definition of piezophiles is anthropocentric, and humans consider that moderate values for hydrostatic pressure are those around 1 atm, whereas those "extreme" pressures are the normal living conditions for those organisms. Hyperpiezophiles are organisms that have their maximum growth rate above 50 MPa. Though the high hydrostatic pressure has deleterious effects on organisms growing at atmospheric pressure, these organisms which are solely found at high pressure habitats at deep sea in fact need high pressures for their optimum growth. Often their growth is able to continue at much higher pressures compared to those organisms which normally grow at low pressures. The first obligate piezophile found was a psychrophilic bacteria called Colwellia marinimaniae strain M-41. It was isolated from a decaying amphipod Hirondellea gigas from the bottom of Mariana Trench. The first thermophilic piezophilic archaea Pyrococcus yayanosii strain CH1 was isolated from the Ashadze site, a deep sea hydrothermal vent. Strain MT-41 has an optimal growth pressure at 70MPa at 2 °C and strain CH1 has a optimal growth pressure at 52MPa at 98 °C. They are unable to grow at pressures lower than or equal to 20MPa, and both can grow at pressures above 100MPa.The current record for highest hydrostatic pressure where growth was observed is 140MPa shown by Colwellia marinimaniae MTCD1. The term "obligate piezophile" refers to organisms that are unable to grow under lower hydrostatic pressures, such as 0.1 MPa. In contrast, piezotolerant organisms are those that have their maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure under 10 MPa, but that nevertheless are able to grow at lower rates under higher hydrostatic pressures. Most of the Earth's biosphere is subject to high hydrostatic pressure, and the piezosphere comprises the deep sea plus the deep subsurface. The deep sea has a mean temperature around 1 to 3 °C, and it is dominated by psychropiezophiles. In contrast, deep subsurface and hydrothermal vents in the seafloor are dominated by thermopiezophiles that prosper in temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F). Although the study of nutrient acquisition and metabolism within the piezosphere is still in its infancy, it is understood that most of the organic matter present are refractory complex polymers from the eutrophic zone. Both heterotrophic metabolism and autotrophic fixation are present within the piezosphere and additional research suggests significant metabolism of iron-bearing minerals and carbon monoxide. Additional research is required to fully understand and characterize piezosphere metabolism.

text:
# Piezophile

A **piezophile** (from Greek "piezo-" for pressure and "-phile" for loving) is an organism with optimal growth under high hydrostatic pressure, i.e., an organism that has its maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure equal to or above 10 megapascals (99 atm; 1,500 psi), when tested over all permissible temperatures. Originally, the term barophile was used for these organisms, but since the prefix "baro-" stands for weight, the term piezophile was given preference. Like all definitions of extremophiles, the definition of piezophiles is anthropocentric, and humans consider that moderate values for hydrostatic pressure are those around 1 atm (= 0.1 MPa = 14.7 psi), whereas those "extreme" pressures are the normal living conditions for those organisms. **Hyperpiezophiles** are organisms that have their maximum growth rate above 50 MPa (= 493 atm = 7,252 psi).

Though the high hydrostatic pressure has deleterious effects on organisms growing at atmospheric pressure, these organisms which are solely found at high pressure habitats at deep sea in fact need high pressures for their optimum growth. Often their growth is able to continue at much higher pressures (such as 100MPa) compared to those organisms which normally grow at low pressures.

The first obligate piezophile found was a psychrophilic bacteria called *Colwellia marinimaniae* strain M-41. It was isolated from a decaying amphipod *Hirondellea gigas* from the bottom of Mariana Trench. The first thermophilic piezophilic archaea *Pyrococcus yayanosii* strain CH1 was isolated from the Ashadze site, a deep sea hydrothermal vent. Strain MT-41 has an optimal growth pressure at 70MPa at 2 °C and strain CH1 has a optimal growth pressure at 52MPa at 98 °C. They are unable to grow at pressures lower than or equal to 20MPa, and both can grow at pressures above 100MPa.The current record for highest hydrostatic pressure where growth was observed is 140MPa shown by *Colwellia marinimaniae* MTCD1**.** The term **"obligate piezophile"** refers to organisms that are unable to grow under lower hydrostatic pressures, such as 0.1 MPa. In contrast, **piezotolerant** organisms are those that have their maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure under 10 MPa, but that nevertheless are able to grow at lower rates under higher hydrostatic pressures.

Most of the Earth's biosphere (in terms of volume) is subject to high hydrostatic pressure, and the piezosphere comprises the deep sea (at the depth of 1,000 m and greater) plus the deep subsurface (which can extend up to 5,000 m beneath the seafloor or the continental surface). The deep sea has a mean temperature around 1 to 3 °C, and it is dominated by psychropiezophiles. In contrast, deep subsurface and hydrothermal vents in the seafloor are dominated by thermopiezophiles that prosper in temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F).

Although the study of nutrient acquisition and metabolism within the piezosphere is still in its infancy, it is understood that most of the organic matter present are refractory complex polymers from the eutrophic zone. Both heterotrophic metabolism and autotrophic fixation are present within the piezosphere and additional research suggests significant metabolism of iron-bearing minerals and carbon monoxide. Additional research is required to fully understand and characterize piezosphere metabolism.

## Piezophilic adaptations

High pressure has several effects on biological systems. The application of pressure results in equilibrium shifting towards state occupying small volume and it changes intermolecular distances and affects conformations. This also has an effect on the functionality of the cells. Piezophiles employ several mechanisms to adapt themselves to these high hydrostatic pressures. They regulate gene expression according to pressure and also adapt their biomolecules to differences in pressure.

### Nucleic acids

High pressure stabilizes hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions of the DNA. Thus it favours the double stranded duplex structure of the DNA. However, to carry out several processes like DNA replication, transcription and translation, the transition to single-strand structure is necessary, which becomes difficult as high pressure increases the melting temperature, Tm. Thus, these processes may face difficulties.

### Cell membranes

When pressure increases, the fluidity of the cell membrane is decreased as due to restrictions in volume they change their conformation and packing. This decreases the permeability of the cell membrane to water and different molecules. In response to flucatuation in environment, they change their membrane structures. Piezophilic bacteria do so by varying their acyl chain length, by accumulating unsaturated fatty acids, accumulating specific polar headgroups and branched fatty acids. Piezophilic archaea synthesize archaeol and cadarchaeol-based polar lipids, bipolar tetraether lipids, incorporate cyclopentane rings and increase in unsaturation.

### Proteins

The macromolecules bearing the largest effect of pressure are proteins. Just like lipids, they change their conformation and packing to accommodate changes in pressure. This affects their multimeric conformation, stability and also the structure of their catalytic sites, which changes their functionality. In pressure-intolerant species, proteins tend to compact and unfold under high pressures as overall volume is reduced. Piezophilic proteins, however, tend to have less void space and smaller void spaces overall to mitigate compaction and unfolding pressures. There are also changes in the various interactions between amino acids. In general, they are very resistant to pressure.

### Enzymes

Due to the functional nature of enzymes, piezophiles must maintain their activity to survive. High pressures tend to favor enzymes with higher flexibility at the cost of lower stability. Additionally, piezophilic enzymes often have high absolute (distinct from temperature or pressure) and relative catalytic activity. This allows the enzymes to maintain sufficient activity even with decreases due to temperature or pressure effects. Furthermore, some piezophilic enzymes have increasing catalytic activity with increasing pressures, though this is not a generalization for all piezophilic enzymes.

### Overall effect on cells

As a result of high pressure, several functions may be lost in organisms that are pressure-intolerant. Effects can include loss of flagellar motility, enzyme function, and thus metabolism. It can also lead to cell death due to modifications in the cellular structure. High pressures also can cause an imbalance in oxidation and reduction reactions generating relatively high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS). An increased amount of anti-oxidation genes and proteins are found in piezophiles to combat the ROS as they often cause cellular damage.

*


title: Wesco, Missouri

abstract: Wesco is an unincorporated community in southwest Crawford County, Missouri, United States. It is located on the Meramec River, approximately eight miles southwest of Steelville. Wesco was first named Wilson's Mills, after James Wilson, the proprietor of a local mill. A post office called Wilsons Mills was established in 1877, and the name was changed to Wesco in 1907. The present name is a contraction of the Western Electric Supply Company, a telephone utility.

text:
# Wesco, Missouri

**Wesco** is an unincorporated community in southwest Crawford County, Missouri, United States. It is located on the Meramec River, approximately eight miles southwest of Steelville.

Wesco was first named Wilson's Mills, after James Wilson, the proprietor of a local mill. A post office called Wilsons Mills was established in 1877, and the name was changed to Wesco in 1907. The present name is a contraction of the Western Electric Supply Company, a telephone utility.

37°51′34″N 91°25′56″W / 37.85944°N 91.43222°W / 37.85944; -91.43222


title: Hans Sutor

abstract: Hans Sutor was a German footballer who played as a forward for SpVgg Fürth and 1. FC Nürnberg.

text:
# Hans Sutor

**Hans Sutor** (28 June 1895 – 9 March 1976) was a German footballer who played as a forward for SpVgg Fürth and 1. FC Nürnberg.

## Club career

Sutor started his career with Fürth before joining Nürnberg in 1920. He went on to win three German football championships with Nürnberg.

## International career

He was called up to the Germany national team. Sutor won 12 caps and scored two goals between 1920 and 1925.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Hans Sutor
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Hans Sutor | | |
| Date of birth | (1895-06-28)28 June 1895 | | |
| Place of birth | Nuremberg, Germany | | |
| Date of death | 9 March 1976(1976-03-09) (aged 80) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1914–1920 | SpVgg Fürth |  |  |
| 1920–1926 | 1. FC Nürnberg |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1920–1925 | Germany | 12 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ingalls House (Mercer, Maine)

abstract: The Ingalls House is a historic house on Main Street in Mercer, Maine. Built c. 1835–37, it is a particularly elaborate local example of Greek Revival architecture, made more distinctive by the relatively advanced use of stoves as a heating system at the time of its construction. The house was built by a son-in-law of American Revolutionary War General Henry Knox, and was owned for many years by Hannibal Ingalls, a prominent local businessman. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

text:
# Ingalls House (Mercer, Maine)

The **Ingalls House** is a historic house on Main Street in Mercer, Maine. Built c. 1835–37, it is a particularly elaborate local example of Greek Revival architecture, made more distinctive by the relatively advanced use of stoves as a heating system at the time of its construction. The house was built by a son-in-law of American Revolutionary War General Henry Knox, and was owned for many years by Hannibal Ingalls, a prominent local businessman. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

## Description and history

The Ingalls House is set on the south side of Main Street, between its junction with Rome Road and Bog Stream and a short way west of the cluster of buildings that mark the center of the village. It is a 2+12-story wood-frame structure, with a side gable roof clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. It originally had two chimneys, one at either end, but the one on the right has been taken down. The north-facing front facade has a typical 18th-century symmetrical five-bay facade with a center entrance. The entry is flanked by sidelight windows and framed by simple Greek Revival trim. A single-story shed-roof porch extends across the front, supported by fluted Doric columns. Its entablature extends around the sides of the porch, giving them a partially pedimented appearance. The main roof's side gables are also fully pedimented, with a narrow entablature extending around the building, and simple pilasters at the corners.

The interior of the house follows a typical central-hall plan, and has restrained Greek Revival woodwork. Its most unusual feature is the heating system, which was, by the architectural evidence, originally designed for heating provided by stoves rather than open fires. This would have been a technologically advanced choice for central Maine, where many houses were still built with full fireplaces. None of the original stoves was retained when the house heating was modernized in the 20th century.

The house was built in 1835-37 by Ebenezer Thatcher, whose wife Julia was the daughter of American Revolutionary War General and Maine land magnate Henry Knox. Later in the 19th century it was owned by Hannibal Ingalls, a prominent local businessman.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ingalls House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Main St., Mercer, Maine |
| Coordinates | 44°40′39″N 69°56′18″W / 44.67750°N 69.93833°W / 44.67750; -69.93833 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1835 (1835) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 75000110 |
| Added to NRHP | June 5, 1975 |


title: Goulburn Valley Grammar School

abstract: Goulburn Valley Grammar School is a private, co-educational school in Victoria situated on a 17 hectare rural site 6 km north of the centre of Shepparton, approximately 190 km north of Melbourne. Students from across Victoria and southern New South Wales attend, with students from Benalla, Seymour, Cobram, Numurkah, Yarrawonga, Tocumwal, Moama, Echuca and Nagambie all undertaking the daily bus trip. The school was founded in 1982 by Vic Ryall, and now admits students from Years 5–12. In 2008 a new principal was appointed, Mark Torriero. He succeeded Ian Rule, who had been in the position of Principal since 1998. The motto of the school is Semper Ulterius, which can be translated from Latin to 'Always further', suggesting there is always something more to know or experience, and the mascot is the pelican. This was appointed to GVGS by late principal David Prest simply because pelicans were a common sight among the school grounds. The lake and wetlands on campus provided an ideal habitat for the animals.

text:
# Goulburn Valley Grammar School

**Goulburn Valley Grammar School** (or GVGS) is a private, co-educational school in Victoria situated on a 17 hectare rural site 6 km north of the centre of Shepparton, approximately 190 km north of Melbourne. Students from across Victoria and southern New South Wales attend, with students from Benalla, Seymour, Cobram, Numurkah, Yarrawonga, Tocumwal, Moama, Echuca and Nagambie all undertaking the daily bus trip.

The school was founded in 1982 by Vic Ryall, and now admits students from Years 5–12. In 2008 a new principal was appointed, Mark Torriero. He succeeded Ian Rule, who had been in the position of Principal since 1998.

The motto of the school is Semper Ulterius, which can be translated from Latin to 'Always further', suggesting there is always something more to know or experience, and the mascot is the pelican. This was appointed to GVGS by late principal David Prest simply because pelicans were a common sight among the school grounds. The lake and wetlands on campus provided an ideal habitat for the animals.

## History

Goulburn Valley Grammar school was founded in 1981 (with first student intake in 1982), as a result of "local parents seeking a school striving for academic excellence and well-rounded development in the independent school tradition".

In 1998, the school launched a fundraising campaign to construct a complex which would operate as "the heart of the school where the whole school community could come together", including a foyer, toilets and kitchen component. The complex, now known as Founders Hall, was hoped for completion in 1999, with a capacity of 510 people.

In 2000, GVGS student Ashlee Good (Year 9) was one of eight Echuca residents to carry the 2000 Summer Olympic torch through Echuca.

## Houses

The school has four houses Dunlop, Fairley, McLennan and Ryall. The houses were names after Edward "Weary" Dunlop, Sir Andrew Fairley (AM), Ian McLennan and founding principal Vic Ryall. The house colours are Blue for Dunlop, Red for Fairley, Green for McLennan and Yellow for Ryall. Students from these houses complete annually in the school Swimming, Athletics, Cross-Country, and Eisteddfod Competitions.

## Principals

| Principal | Years acting |
| --- | --- |
| Victor G Ryall | 1982–1989 |
| Kevin J Bacon | 1990–1991 |
| David Prest AM | 1992–1997 |
| Ian C Rule | 1998–2008 |
| Mark Torriero | 2009–present |

## Notable alumni

### Media

### Sportspeople

## Academic results

### 2007 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2007 results

31% of students gained a score of over 90 on the Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank (ENTER), with 18% scoring over 95. Four students scored over 99 and 57% of students received an ENTER of above 80 placing them in the top 20% of the state. The median score was 81.40.

### 2010 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2010 results

More than half the students (53%) achieved a score of over 80 on the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR), with 17% of students achieved a score of over 90 and 12% scoring over 95. Four Goulburn Valley Grammar School students achieved ATAR scores in excess of 99.

Summary of results:

* 81% of all students achieved an ATAR of 60+, placing them in the top 40% of the State
* 66% of all students achieved an ATAR of 70+, placing them in the top 30% of the State
* 53% of all students achieved an ATAR of 80+, placing them in the top 20% of the State
* 17% of all students achieved an ATAR of 90+, placing them in the top 10% of the State
* 12% of all students achieved an ATAR of 95+, placing them in the top 5% of the State
* 4 students achieved ATAR scores of 99 or above
* 3 perfect study scores of 50 were achieved
* 81 was the Median ATAR score
* 34 was the Median study score
* 17.6% of all study scores were 40 or more

### 2011 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2011 results

Rank (ATAR) placing them in the top 30% of the State. A quarter of students (25%) achieved a score over 90 which placed them in the top 10% of the State. 10% of students achieved a score over 95 placing them in the top 5% of the State. In 2011 three students achieved an ATAR score over 99 placing them in the top 1% of the State, with James O'Callaghan scoring a perfect score of 99.95.

* 3 Students achieved ATAR scores of 99 or above
* 3 perfect study scores of 50 were achieved
* 78 was the Median ATAR score
* 33 was the Median study score
* 14% of all study scores were 40 or more
* 94 students completed year 12 and applied for an ATAR score

### 2015 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2015 results

A total of 98 students completed VCE in 2015 to receive an ATAR. Of these 98, 79 (81%) received an ATAR of over 70, placing them in the top 30% of the state. In total, two students (across three subjects) scored a perfect study score of 50, and five students scored an ATAR of 99 or above, placing them in the top 1% of the state. Henry Fox achieved a score of 99.75, resulting in him receiving the 2015 Dux.

Summary of results:

* 81% of all students achieved an ATAR of 70+, placing them in the top 30% of the State
* 62% of all students achieved an ATAR of 80+, placing them in the top 20% of the State
* 26% of all students achieved an ATAR of 90+, placing them in the top 10% of the State
* 17% of all students achieved an ATAR of 95+, placing them in the top 5% of the State
* 9% of all students achieved an ATAR of 98+, placing them in the top 2% of the State
* 21% of study scores were 40+
* 83.45 was the median ATAR score
* 35 was the median study score

### 2016 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2016 results

A total of 100 students completed VCE in 2015 to receive an ATAR. Of these 100, 78 received an ATAR score above 70, placing them in the top 30% of results Statewide. There were six perfect study-scores of 50, and two ATAR scores of above 99. The dux of 2016 was Janna Lawson with an ATAR of 99.50. GVGS gained a statewide school ranking of #32.

Summary of results:

* 78% of all students achieved an ATAR of 70+, placing them in the top 30% of the State
* 63% of all students achieved an ATAR of 80+, placing them in the top 20% of the State
* 37% of all students achieved an ATAR of 90+, placing them in the top 10% of the State
* 22% of all students achieved an ATAR of 95+, placing them in the top 5% of the State
* 6% of all students achieved an ATAR of 98+, placing them in the top 2% of the State
* 23% of study scores were 40+
* 85.20 was the median ATAR score
* 35 was the median study score

### 2017 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2017 results

A total of 91 students received an ATAR score in 2017. Of these 91, the dux was Mitchell Collins with an ATAR of 99.40.

Summary of results:

* 75% of all students achieved an ATAR of 70+, placing them in the top 30% of the State
* 53% of all students achieved an ATAR of 80+, placing them in the top 20% of the State
* 25% of all students achieved an ATAR of 90+, placing them in the top 10% of the State
* 13% of all students achieved an ATAR of 95+, placing them in the top 5% of the State
* 7% of all students achieved an ATAR of 98+, placing them in the top 2% of the State
* 17% of study scores were 40+
* 81.35 was the median ATAR score
* 34 was the median study score

### 2018 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2018 results

The 2018 dux was Aditya Ryan Bhat with an ATAR of 99.99.

Summary of results:

* 72% of all students achieved an ATAR of 70+, placing them in the top 30% of the State
* 51% of all students achieved an ATAR of 80+, placing them in the top 20% of the State
* 29% of all students achieved an ATAR of 90+, placing them in the top 10% of the State
* 19% of all students achieved an ATAR of 95+, placing them in the top 5% of the State
* 4 students achieved an ATAR of 99+, placing them in the top 2% of the State
* 4 students achieved a perfect study score of 50
* 81.15 was the median ATAR score
* 34 was the median study score

### 2021 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2022 results

The dux of 2021 was Sarah Roberts with an ATAR of 99.8.

Summary of results:

* 72% of all students achieved an ATAR of 70+, placing them in the top 30% of the State
* 57% of all students achieved an ATAR of 80+, placing them in the top 20% of the State
* 34% of all students achieved an ATAR of 90+, placing them in the top 10% of the State
* 21% of all students achieved an ATAR of 95+, placing them in the top 5% of the State
* 17.4% of study scores were 40+
* 34 was the median study score

### 2022 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2022 results

The dux of 2022 was Anna Howell with an ATAR of 99.75.

Summary of results:

* 75% of all students achieved an ATAR of 70+, placing them in the top 30% of the State
* 55% of all students achieved an ATAR of 80+, placing them in the top 20% of the State
* 33% of all students achieved an ATAR of 90+, placing them in the top 10% of the State
* 15% of all students achieved an ATAR of 95+, placing them in the top 5% of the State
* 5 students achieved an ATAR of 99+
* 19.5% of study scores were 40+
* 34 was the median study score

### 2023 Academic results

Summary of Class of 2023 results

The dux of 2023 was Xavier Schmedje with an ATAR of 99.90.

Summary of results:

* 85% of all students achieved an ATAR of 70+, placing them in the top 30% of the State
* 63% of all students achieved an ATAR of 80+, placing them in the top 20% of the State
* 42% of all students achieved an ATAR of 90+, placing them in the top 10% of the State
* 20% of all students achieved an ATAR of 95+, placing them in the top 5% of the State
* 12 students achieved an ATAR of 97+
* 5 students achieved an ATAR of 99+
* 19.2% of study scores were 40+
* 35 was the median study score

## InfoBox

| Goulburn Valley Grammar School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 455 Verney Road
Shepparton, Victoria, 3630
Australia | |
| Coordinates | 36°19′37″S 145°24′48″E / 36.32694°S 145.41333°E / -36.32694; 145.41333 |
| Information | |
| Type | private school |
| Motto | Semper Ulterius
(Always Further) |
| Denomination | Non denominational |
| Founded | 1981 |
| Founder | Victor Ryall |
| Principal | Mark Torriero |
| Teaching staff | 73 (2016) |
| Years offered | 5–12 |
| Gender | Co-educational |
| Enrolment | 693 (2017) |
| Campus type | Rural |
| Houses | Dunlop
Fairley
McLennan
Ryall |
| Colour(s) |
Gold & navy blue |
| Publication | *Nexus* |
| Yearbook | *FullFlight* |
| Website | gvgs.vic.edu.au |


title: Rowland Searchfield

abstract: Rowland Searchfield (Roland) was an English academic and bishop.

text:
# Rowland Searchfield

**Rowland Searchfield** (Roland) (c. 1565  11 October 1622) was an English academic and bishop.

## Life

He was born in 1564 or 1565, and entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1575. He matriculated as fellow at St John's College, Oxford, on 6 July 1582, aged 17. He graduated B.A. on 11 October 1586, M.A. on 2 June 1590, and B.D. in June 1597; he was dispensed from the usual exercises on the grounds of duties at the command of the archbishop of Canterbury. He graduated D.D. on 1 June 1608.

He was appointed rector of the university on 21 April 1596, and was licensed to preach on 17 February 1606. In 1601 he was made vicar of Evenley, Northamptonshire, and rector of Burthrop, Gloucestershire, and in 1606 he became vicar of Charlbury, Oxfordshire, succeeding his father-in-law Ralph Hutchinson.

On 18 March 1619 he was elected bishop of Bristol, being consecrated on 9 May following, and receiving back the temporalities on the 28th. He died on 11 October 1622 and was buried in Bristol Cathedral. The diarist John Manningham described him as 'a dissembled Christian'.

By his wife Anne, daughter of Ralph and Mary Hutchinson, he had one or more sons.


title: Gigantothea

abstract: Gigantothea is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Gigantothea

***Gigantothea*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Gigantothea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Gigantothea*** |
|


title: Raiamas senegalensis

abstract: Raiamas senegalensis is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus Raiamas from western Africa east to the River Nile. It sometimes is found in the aquarium trade.

text:
# Raiamas senegalensis

***Raiamas senegalensis*** (**silver fish**,  **Senegal trout barb** or **Senegal minnow**) is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus *Raiamas* from western Africa east to the River Nile. It sometimes is found in the aquarium trade.

## Description

*Raiamas senegalensis* has eleven dorsal soft rays and 16 anal soft rays. It is usually marked with less than 15 vertical bars on its sides and a round spot on caudal peduncle. The background colour is silvery with a greyish green dorsum, the vertical bars decrease in size towards the head. The maximum total length is 245 mm (9.6 in). It is not sexually dimorphic.

## Distribution

*Raiamas senegalensis* is found in western Africa as far east at the Nile basin. It is found in the basins of the Nile, Lake Chad, Niger, Gambia, Senegal, Volta and the coastal basins of Sassandra, Bandama, Comoé, Tano, Pra, Ouémé, Ogun and Sanaga, which seems to represent its southern distributional limit; it is also known from the Cross River in Cameroon. This means that the countries this species has been recorded in are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan and Togo.

## Habitat and ecology

*Raiamas senegalensis* is a freshwater demersal fish. It is predatory planktophage of non insect plankton during the day but switches to insect plankton at night

## Human use

*Raiamas senegalensis* is traded within the aquarium trade.

## Conservation status

*Raiamas senegalensis* has a wide distribution, there are no known major widespread threats so it is therefore listed as Least Concern.

## InfoBox

| *Raiamas senegalensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Danioninae |
| Genus: | *Raiamas* |
| Species: | ***R. senegalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Raiamas senegalensis***
(Steindachner, 1870) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Barilius senegalensis* Steindachner, 1870 * *Barilius loati* Boulenger, 1901 * *Raiamas loati* (Boulenger, 1901) * *Barilius macrostoma* Boulenger, 1913 * *Raiamas macrostoma* (Boulenger, 1913) | |


title: Thyce

abstract: Thyce is a genus of May beetles and junebugs in the family Scarabaeidae. There are at least two described species in Thyce.

text:
# Thyce

***Thyce*** is a genus of May beetles and junebugs in the family Scarabaeidae. There are at least two described species in *Thyce*.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus *Thyce*:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Thyce* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Tribe: | Melolonthini |
| Genus: | *Thyce*<br>LeConte, 1856 |
|


title: Walraven I van Brederode

abstract: Walraven I van Brederode was Burgrave of Stavoren from 1400 to 1401, lord of Brederode from 1402 to 1417, and Stadtholder of Holland from 1416 to 1417.

text:
# Walraven I van Brederode

**Walraven I van Brederode** (Santpoort, ca.1370/73  Gorinchem, 1 December 1417) was Burgrave of Stavoren from 1400 to 1401, lord of Brederode from 1402 to 1417, and Stadtholder of Holland from 1416 to 1417.

## Life

Walraven was the son of Reinoud I van Brederode and Jolanda van Gennep. In 1396 Walraven took part in the campaigns against the West Frisians, under the command of Albert of Bavaria. Walraven was made Burgrave of Stavoren on 8 September 1400, but he kept the function for only a short time before relinquishing it again. In 1402 the lordship of Brederode was turned over to him by his older brother, Jan I van Brederode, who had decided to enter a monastic life in the monastery at Zelheim. In the same year he participated in the siege of Gorinchem, where he was taken captive. He only managed to escape in 1409, having grown much animosity against Jan V van Arkel, who had held him captive for years. He rejoined the Count of Holland, William VI and participated in the Arkel wars. On 11 August 1414 he married Johanna van Vianen, a daughter of Henry II van Vianen. As a result of the marriage he received the title of lord of Vianen and Ameide. He was a member of the council of the count of Holland, and after the death of William VI he received the temporary function of Stadtholder.

In 1417 the Hook and Cod wars broke out again, and the Cod faction, led by William van Arkel, initiated a new siege of Gorinchem. Walraven quickly moved an army to relieve Gorinchem, but in the narrow streets of the city he was struck by an arrow and died. He was buried in Vianen.

## Family

Walraven van Brederode and his wife Johanna van Vianen had at least three children:

* Kuijc en van Brederode Family tree.
* Johannes a Leydis, Opusculum de gestis regalium abbatum monasterii sancti Athalberti ordinis sancti Benedicti in Egmonda (written between 1477 and 1484).
* Willem Procurator, (translated by M. Gumbert-Hepp; J.P. Gumbert (ed.), Kroniek. Hilversum, Publisher Verloren, 2001


title: Heihachiro Okawa

abstract: Heihachiro Okawa Heihachiro Okawa, also credited as Henry Okawa (ヘンリー大川), was a Japanese film actor active from the 1930s to 1971. With hopes of starting a business, he traveled to the United States in 1923 and studied at Columbia University. He also studied at the Paramount Studios acting school and eventually began working in Hollywood, appearing in films by Howard Hawks and William Wellman. He returned to Japan in 1933 and co-starred in the Photo Chemical Laboratories (PCL) film Horoyoi jinsei. He later appeared in foreign films under the name Henry Okawa. He is best known for Moyuru ōzora (1940), Dawn of Freedom (1944) Tokyo File 212 (1951), Floating Clouds (1955) and The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957).

text:
# Heihachiro Okawa

**Heihachiro Okawa** (Japanese: 大川 平八郎, Hepburn: *Ōkawa Heihachirō*, 9 September 1905 – 27 May 1971), also credited as **Henry Okawa** (ヘンリー大川), was a Japanese film actor active from the 1930s to 1971. With hopes of starting a business, he traveled to the United States in 1923 and studied at Columbia University. He also studied at the Paramount Studios acting school and eventually began working in Hollywood, appearing in films by Howard Hawks and William Wellman. He returned to Japan in 1933 and co-starred in the Photo Chemical Laboratories (PCL) film *Horoyoi jinsei*. He later appeared in foreign films under the name Henry Okawa.

He is best known for *Moyuru ōzora* (1940), *Dawn of Freedom* (1944) *Tokyo File 212* (1951), *Floating Clouds* (1955) and *The Bridge on the River Kwai* (1957).

## Partial filmography

* *Ongaku kigeki horoyoi jinsei* (1933) - Asao
* *Junjô no miyako* (1933)
* *Sakura Ondo - namida no haha* (1934)
* *Odoriko nikki* (1934)
* *Namiko no isshô* (1934)
* *Arupusu taishô* (1934)
* *Kinu no dorogutsu* (1935)
* *Three Sisters With Maiden Hearts* (1935) - Aoyama
* *Wife! Be Like a Rose!* (1935) - Seiji, Kimiko's boyfriend
* *Saakasu goningumi* (1935) - Kokichi
* *The Girl in the Rumor* (1935) - Shintaro
* *Ani imôto* (1936) - Student, Obata
* *Kimi to yuku michi* (1936) - Asaji Amanuma
* *Ren'ai no sekinin* (1936)
* *Ashita no namikimichi* (1936) - Ogawa
* *Nyonin aishû* (1937)
* *Nampû no oka* (1937)
* *Hokushi no sora wo tsuku* (1937)
* *Kafuku zempen* (1937)
* *Kafuku kôhen* (1937)
* *Tetsuwan toshi* (1938)
* *Jinsei keiba* (1938)
* *Tsuruhachi Tsurujirô* (1938) - Matsuzaki
* *Gekka no wakamusha* (1938)
* *Rônin fubuki* (1939) - Gengo Ôtaka
* *Higuchi Ichiyo* (1939)
* *Nonki Yokocho* (1939)
* *Shimai no Yakusoku* (1940)
* *Ungetsu no Kudan no haha* (1940)
* *Totsugu hi made* (1940)
* *Onna no machi* (1940) - Shinjiro Ine's husband
* *Shanhai no tsuki* (1941) - Takeshi Yoshino
* *Warau chikyû ni asa ga kuru* (1942)
* *The Sky of Hope* (1942) - Okada
* *Matte ita otoko* (1942)
* *Nankai no hanataba* (1942) - Harada, pilot
* *Tsubasa no gaika* (1942)
* *Ano hata o ute* (1944)
* *Tokyo File 212* (1951)
* *Oriental Evil* (1951)
* *Dancing Girl* (1951) – Koyama
* *Shanghai gaeri no Lil* (1952) - Takada
* *Asa no hamon* (1952)
* *Geisha Girl* (1952) - Police Inspector
* *Eagle of the Pacific* (1953)
* *Watashi no subete o* (1954)
* *Doyoubi no tenshi* (1954)
* *Yurei otoko* (1954)
* *Floating Clouds* (1955) - Isha
* *Ai no rekishi* (1955) - Clerk
* *Three Stripes in the Sun* (1955) - Father Yoshida
* *The Bridge on the River Kwai* (1957) - Captain Kanematsu
* *Stopover Tokyo* (1957) - Lt. Afumi (uncredited)
* *The Mysterians* (1957) - Person at Board Meeting
* *The Wind Cannot Read* (1958) - Lt. Nakamura
* *Songoku:* *The Road to the West* (1959)
* *The Big Wave* (1961) - Yukio's Father
* *Marines, Let's Go* (1961) - Yoshida (hotel manager)
* *Chūshingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki* (1962) - Kyûdayû Mase
* *Kokusai himitsu keisatsu: shirei dai hachigo* (1963) - Quyen
* *Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster* (1964) - Astronomer
* *Destroy All Monsters* (1968) - Engineer
* *Hændeligt uheld* (1971) - Kawasaki (final film role)


abstract: The third series of Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker started on 8 October 2023 and aired for eight episodes. The series is again hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with Tom Dyckhoff and Sophie Sellu continuing to act as judges. Filming took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park.

text:
# Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker series 3

The third series of ***Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker*** (known in some territories as ***Good With Wood***) started on 8 October 2023 and aired for eight episodes. The series is again hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with Tom Dyckhoff and Sophie Sellu continuing to act as judges. Filming took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park.

## Woodworkers

| Woodworker | Age | Occupation | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ade |  | Trainee carpenter | Birmingham |
| Caroline |  | Veterinary nurse | Tyne and Wear |
| Clare |  | Tradeswoman | Glasgow |
| David |  | Assistant head teacher | Preston |
| Jen |  | Teacher | Aberdeen |
| Leo |  | Music teacher | Liverpool |
| Nate |  | Housing manager | Kent |
| Nathanael | 18 | Woodworker | Chester |
| Paula |  | Carer | Oxford |
| Wolfgang |  | IT manager | West Midlands |
|

## Results and eliminations

| Elimination chart | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Woodworker | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Nathanael | WINNER |  | | | | | | WINNER |
| Jen |  | | | | | WINNER |  | RUNNER-UP |
|
|
|
| Wolfgang |  | WINNER |  | WINNER |  | | WINNER | RUNNER-UP |
|
| Caroline |  | | IMMUNITY |  | WINNER | IMMUNITY | OUT |
|
|
| Clare |  | | WINNER |  | IMMUNITY | OUT |
|
|
|
| Leo |  | | | IMMUNITY | OUT |
|
|
|
| Nate |  | IMMUNITY |  | OUT |
|
|
|
|
|
| David |  | | OUT |
|
|
|
|
|
| Paula | IMMUNITY | OUT |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ade | OUT |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

**Colour key:**

Woodworker got through to the next round.   Woodworker was eliminated.   Woodworker won immunity from elimination.   Woodworker of the week.   Woodworker won both immunity from elimination and woodworker of the week.   Woodworker was a series runner-up.   Woodworker was the series winner.

## Episodes

Woodworker eliminated   Woodworker of the week   Woodworker won immunity   Winner

### Episode 1

The Big Build was to create a bench for the garden of their dreams. The Bespoke Brief was to make a wooden greetings card.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Garden Bench) | Skills Test
(Greetings Card) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ade |  |  |
| Caroline |  |  |
| Clare |  |  |
| David |  |  |
| Jen |  |  |
| Leo |  |  |
| Nate |  |  |
| Nathanael |  |  |
| Paula |  | IMMUNITY |
| Wolfgang |  |  |
|

### Episode 2

The Big Build was to create a pair of freestanding lamps, which must be different and follow a theme. The Bespoke Brief was to make two chopsticks and a chopstick rest.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Freestanding Lamps) | Skills Test
(Chopsticks and Chopstick Rest) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caroline |  |  |
| Clare |  |  |
| David |  |  |
| Jen |  |  |
| Leo |  |  |
| Nate |  | IMMUNITY |
| Nathanael |  |  |
| Paula |  |  |
| Wolfgang |  |  |
|

### Episode 3

The Big Build was to create a coffee table, and an ornament to go with it. The Bespoke Brief was to make matching wooden dice.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Coffee Table) | Skills Test
(Dice) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caroline |  | IMMUNITY |
| Clare |  |  |
| David |  |  |
| Jen |  |  |
| Leo |  |  |
| Nate |  |  |
| Nathanael |  |  |
| Wolfgang |  |  |
|

### Episode 4

The Big Build was to create a freestanding bookshelf inspired by nature. The Bespoke Brief was to make a candelabra, using wooden offcuts.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Bookshelf) | Skills Test
(Candelabra) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caroline | Natural wood uprights |  |
| Clare | Wave and jagged coastline |  |
| Jen | Topographical map |  |
| Leo | Trees (live edge oak shelves) | IMMUNITY |
| Nate | Two countries come together |  |
| Nathanael | River Dee meanders |  |
| Wolfgang | Weathered rock shards |  |
|

### Episode 5

The Big Build was to create a super-sized bug. The Bespoke Brief was to make a doghouse, using two sheets of plywood.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Super-sized Bug) | Skills Test
(Doghouse) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caroline |  |  |
| Clare |  | IMMUNITY |
| Jen |  |  |
| Leo |  |  |
| Nathanael |  |  |
| Wolfgang |  |  |
|

### Episode 6

The Big Build was to make a four-poster bed for a honeymoon suite. The Bespoke Brief was to make an Indian block print, suitable for printing on fabric.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Four-poster Bed) | Skills Test
(Indian Block Print) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caroline |  | IMMUNITY |
| Clare |  |  |
| Jen |  |  |
| Nathanael |  |  |
| Wolfgang |  |  |
|

### Episode 7: Semi-Final

The Big Build was to make a hanging chair, inspired by a holiday destination. The Bespoke Brief was to make a chair leg, turned on a pole lathe.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Hanging Chair) | Skills Test
(Chair Leg) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caroline |  |  |
| Jen |  |  |
| Nathanael |  |  |
| Wolfgang |  | IMMUNITY |
|

### Episode 8: Final

The Big Build was to build a kitchen island. The Bespoke Brief was to make an accessory to compliment it.

| Woodworker | Big Build
(Kitchen Island) | Skills Test
(Kitchen Accessory) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jen |  |  |
| Nathanael |  |  |
| Wolfgang |  |
|
|

## InfoBox

| *Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 3 | |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Release | |
| Original network | Channel 4 |
| Original release | 8 October (2023-10-08)
26 November 2023 (2023-11-26) |
| Series chronology | |


title: Hans Stüwe

abstract: Hans Stüwe was a German film actor.

text:
# Hans Stüwe

**Hans Stüwe** (14 May 1901 – 13 May 1976) was a German film actor.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1925 | *Die Aßmanns* | Assessor von Bühren |  |
| 1926 | *Des Königs Befehl* |  |  |
| 1927 | *Prinz Louis Ferdinand* | Luis Ferdinand |  |
| 1927 | *Potsdam* |  |  |
| 1927 | *Feme* | Joachim Burthe |  |
| 1927 | *The Bordello in Rio* | Ernst Verloost |  |
| 1927 | *Assassination* | NadtDr. Themal |  |
| 1927 | *The Transformation of Dr. Bessel* | Alexander, ihr Sohn |  |
| 1928 | *The Prince of Rogues* | Hannes Bückler - Schinderhannes |  |
| 1928 | *The Sinner* | Gaston |  |
| 1928 | *Pawns of Passion* | Bruno Bronek, Maler |  |
| 1928 | *Villa Falconieri* | Cola Graf Campana, Schriftsteller |  |
| 1928 | *Anastasia, the False Czar's Daughter* | Iwan Wolkoff |  |
| 1929 | *Cagliostro* | Cagliostro |  |
| 1929 | *Flucht in die Fremdenlegion* | Georg Leitron |  |
| 1929 | *Hungarian Nights* | Capt. Arpad Bartok |  |
| 1929 | *Poison Gas* | Arnold Horn, ein Erfinder |  |
| 1929 | *It's You I Have Loved* | Dr. Hubert Baumgart |  |
| 1930 | *Die Jugendgeliebte* | Johann Wolfgang Goethe |  |
| 1930 | *Der Walzerkönig* | Johann Strauß |  |
| 1930 | *Echo of a Dream* | Puiu Faranga / Mironescu |  |
| 1930 | *Retreat on the Rhine* | Oskar Graf von Rastenfeld |  |
| 1931 | *Ash Wednesday* | Leutnant v. Linken |  |
| 1931 | *A Woman Branded* | Dr.Kurt Rehmann - Ilses Verlobter |  |
| 1931 | *The Woman They Talk About* | René Bennett |  |
| 1931 | *Alarm at Midnight* | Kriminalkommissar Bremer |  |
| 1932 | *The Dancer of Sanssouci* | Baron Cocceji |  |
| 1932 | *Tannenberg* | Rittmeister von Arndt - Gutsbesitzer |  |
| 1932 | *Trenck* | Freiherr von der Trenck |  |
| 1933 | *The Master Detective* | Max Müller |  |
| 1933 | *Johannisnacht* | Heinrich Radegast, Schriftsteller |  |
| 1934 | *At the Strasbourg* | Ruedi Pfister, Sohn |  |
| 1934 | *You Are Adorable, Rosmarie* | Frank Quick |  |
| 1934 | *Nocturno* | Karl |  |
| 1935 | *The Private Life of Louis XIV* | Philipp von Orleans, sein Bruder |  |
| 1935 | *The Saint and Her Fool* | Graf Harro Thorstein |  |
| 1936 | *Schloß Vogelöd* | Andreas, Leopolds Bruder |  |
| 1936 | *Heißes Blut* | Tibor von Dénes |  |
| 1936 | *Back in the Country* | Lüder Volkmann |  |
| 1937 | *Millionenerbschaft* | Michael Korff |  |
| 1938 | *The Tiger of Eschnapur* | Architekt Fürbringer |  |
| 1938 | *The Indian Tomb* | Peter Fürbringer, Architekt |  |
| 1939 | *The Life and Loves of Tschaikovsky* | Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowsky |  |
| 1939 | *Three Fathers for Anna* | Dr. Bruck |  |
| 1940 | *Passion* | Hans Strobel |  |
| 1941 | *Der Weg ins Freie* | Detlev von Blossin - Antonias Mann |  |
| 1943 | *Back Then* | Jan Meiners, Reichsanwalt |  |
| 1944 | *The Enchanted Day* | Professor Albrecht Götz |  |
| 1948 | *Gaspary's Sons* | Robert Gaspary |  |
| 1951 | *The Heath is Green* | Lüder Lüdersen |  |
| 1952 | *At the Well in Front of the Gate* | Georg Straaten |  |
| 1953 | *Come Back* | Konrad Frisius |  |
| 1953 | *Ave Maria* | Dietrich Gontard |  |
| 1953 | *When The Village Music Plays on Sunday Nights* | Gutsbesitzer Ertl |  |
| 1954 | *Daybreak* | Oberst Gaffron |  |
| 1955 | *The Ambassador's Wife* | Christian Lundvall |  |
| 1957 | *Blaue Jungs* | Brugger Carlos | (final film role) |

## Bibliography

* O'Brien, Mary-Elizabeth. *Nazi Cinema as Enchantment: The Politics of Entertainment in the Third Reich*. Camden House, 2004.

## InfoBox

| Hans Stüwe | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1901-05-14)14 May 1901
Halle, Province of Saxony, Prussia, German Empire |
| Died | 13 May 1976(1976-05-13) (aged 74)
West Berlin, West Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1927–1955 |


title: Oreta ancora

abstract: Oreta ancora is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Hong-Fu Chu and Lin-Yao Wang in 1987. It is found in China and Nepal. The length of the forewings is 16–19 mm.

text:
# Oreta ancora

***Oreta ancora*** is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Hong-Fu Chu and Lin-Yao Wang in 1987. It is found in China (Sichuan, Tibet) and Nepal.

The length of the forewings is 16–19 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Oreta ancora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Drepanidae |
| Genus: | *Oreta* |
| Species: | ***O. ancora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreta ancora***<br>Chu and Wang, 1987 | |
|