title: Potaninia mongolica

abstract:
Potaninia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rosaceae. It only contains one known species, Potaninia mongolica Maxim. It is native to Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. The genus name of Potaninia is in honour of Grigory Potanin (1835–1920), a Russian ethnographer and natural historian. The Latin specific epithet of mongolica means "coming from of Mongolia", where the plant was found.
Both the genus and the species were first described and published in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, séries 3, Vol.27 on page 465 in 1882.

text:
# Potaninia mongolica

***Potaninia*** is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rosaceae. It only contains one known species, ***Potaninia mongolica*** Maxim.

It is native to Mongolia and Inner Mongolia (in China).

The genus name of *Potaninia* is in honour of Grigory Potanin (1835–1920), a Russian ethnographer and natural historian. The Latin specific epithet of *mongolica* means "coming from of Mongolia", where the plant was found. Both the genus and the species were first described and published in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, séries 3, Vol.27 on page 465 in 1882.

## InfoBox

| *Potaninia mongolica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Potaninia*
Maxim. (1882) |
| Species: | ***P. mongolica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Potaninia mongolica***
Maxim. (1882) | |
|


title: José Larduet

abstract: José Larduet Gómez is a Cuban amateur boxer best known for winning light-heavyweight bronze at the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships. In November 2008 he won gold at the 2008 Youth World Amateur Boxing Championships. He added a Cuban Senior title in January 2009. At the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships he won bronze after being edged by Russian favorite Artur Beterbiyev 6:10.

text:
# José Larduet

**José Larduet Gómez** (born February 23, 1990, in Santiago de Cuba) is a Cuban amateur boxer best known for winning light-heavyweight bronze at the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships.

In November 2008 he won gold at the 2008 Youth World Amateur Boxing Championships.

He added a Cuban Senior title in January 2009 (held at Playa Giron).

At the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships he won bronze after being edged by Russian favorite Artur Beterbiyev 6:10.

## Heavyweight

At the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships he lost his quarterfinal 20:24 to Teymur Mammadov but qualified for the Olympics.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics he lost to Clemente Russo in the quarter finals.

## InfoBox

José Larduet
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | José Larduet Gómez |
| Born | February 23, 1990 (1990-02-23) (age 34)
Santiago de Cuba, Cuba |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |
| Weight class | Light heavyweight,
Super heavyweight |
| Medal record      Men's amateur boxing  Representing  Cuba  World Amateur Championships  2009 Milan  Light heavyweight  Pan American Championship  2017 Tegucigalpa Super heavyweight  Central American and Caribbean Games  2018 Barranquilla Super heavyweight  Youth World Championships  2008 Guadalajara  Light heavyweight | |


title: José Lai

abstract: José Lai Hung-seng is the Roman Catholic Bishop Emeritus of Macau, the first born in the diocese and the second Chinese bishop, the first being Domingos Lam. Lai was appointed on 23 January 2001 Coadjutor and succeeded on 30 June 2003. He was succeeded by Bishop Stephen Lee Bun-sang on 23 January 2016. Lai was born in Macau and attended St. Joseph's Seminary and Church before going to Portugal for further studies at Diocesan Seminary of Leiria from 1967 to 1971 and to Grottaferrata.

text:
# José Lai

| Ordination history of
José Lai | |
| --- | --- |
| History  Priestly ordination  Date 28 October 1972  Place Portuguese Macau  Episcopal consecration  Principal consecrator Domingos Lam (Macau)  Co-consecrators Arquimínio Rodrigues da Costa (Macau em.)
John Tong Hon (Hong Kong aux.)  Date 2 June 2001  Place Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady, Macau | |
|  | |

| Styles of
**José Lai Hung-seng** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | His Excellency
The Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Bishop |

| José Lai | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 黎鴻昇 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Lí Hóngshēng  Wade–Giles Li Hung-sheng  Yale Romanization Lí Húngshēng  IPA \[lǐ ̌ŋʂə́ŋ\]  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Làih Hùhng Sing  Jyutping Lai4 Hung4 Sing1  IPA \[lɐ̏i hʊ̏ŋɕɪ́ŋ\] | |
|  | |

**José Lai Hung-seng** (Chinese: 黎鴻昇; born 14 January 1946, in Macau) is the Roman Catholic Bishop Emeritus of Macau, the first born in the diocese and the second Chinese bishop, the first being Domingos Lam. Lai was appointed on 23 January 2001 Coadjutor and succeeded on 30 June 2003. He was succeeded by Bishop Stephen Lee Bun-sang (Chinese: 李斌生) on 23 January 2016.

Lai was born in Macau and attended St. Joseph's Seminary and Church before going to Portugal for further studies at Diocesan Seminary of Leiria from 1967 to 1971 and to Grottaferrata.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
José Lai Hung-seng | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop Emeritus of Macau | |
|  | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Macau |
| Installed | 30 June 2003 |
| Term ended | 16 January 2016 |
| Predecessor | Domingos Lam |
| Successor | Stephen Lee Bun-sang |
| Previous post(s) | * Coadjutor Bishop of Macau (2001–2003) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 28 October 1972 |
| Consecration | 2 June 2001
by Domingos Lam |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-01-14) 14 January 1946
Portuguese Macau |
| Nationality | Chinese (Macanese) |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Residence | Macau |
| Parents | Joseph Paul Lai Sio Kei
Maria Celestina Tchoi Lao Mei |
| Alma mater | St. Joseph's Seminary and Church
Diocesan Seminary of Leiria (1967–1971) |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Pradeep Kar

abstract: Pradeep Kar is the Founder, Chairman and Managing Director of Microland, a digital transformation company. Kar also founded and sold three technology companies, including Indya.com, which he sold to Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation; Planetasia.com, India’s first internet professional services company and Net Brahma Technologies. Pradeep is also associated with the Bengaluru Literature Festival.

text:
# Pradeep Kar

**Pradeep Kar** (born March 11, 1958) is the Founder, Chairman and Managing Director of Microland, a digital transformation company. Kar also founded and sold three technology companies, including Indya.com, which he sold to Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation; Planetasia.com, India’s first internet professional services company and Net Brahma Technologies.

Pradeep is also associated with the Bengaluru Literature Festival.

## Early life and career

Kar graduated from Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology in 1981, and then received a master's degree in business administration from S.P. Jain Institute of Management & Research. He joined Wipro and soon relocated to US to run Sonata Software for three years. Returning to India he founded Microland, where he has served as the Chairman until now.

He also started Planetasia.com, ITspace.com, Media2India.com, and Indya.com which were sold to take advantage of the dotcom bubble.

Kar has been recognized with the *Indian Express* ‘India Young Business Achiever Award’ and was selected by the World Economic Forum as a ‘Global Leader for Tomorrow’. He has been featured in ‘Newsweek International’ as ‘Stars of Asia’ and in ‘Business India’ as ‘Stars of India’.

## Boards and affiliations

Kar served as a Non-Executive Director of UBM plc., a global events-led marketing and communications services business listed on the London Stock Exchange for 10 years from 2006 to 2016, and is on the Board of Telstra Telecommunications India. He is a member of the Provost's Council of Trinity College, Dublin, and serves as Chairman of the Governing Council of Srishti Institute of Art, Design & Technology, Bangalore. He was President of The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE), Bangalore Chapter and Founding Member of the Bangalore Chapter of the Young Presidents Organization. He chairs the Infrastructure Management Services Forum of NASSCOM, the apex body of the Indian software & services industry

## InfoBox

| Pradeep Kar | |
| --- | --- |
| Kar, during a conference in 2016 | |
| Born | (1958-03-11) March 11, 1958 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology<br>S.P. Jain Institute of Management & Research |
| Occupation(s) | Chairman and Managing Director of Microland |
| Years active | 1989-present |
| Spouse | Kalpana Kar |
| Children | Pranika Kar |
| Website | www.microland.com/about/leaders/pradeep-kar |


title: José María Agüero

abstract: José María Agüero Araya was a Costa Rican professional footballer who played as a defender. He spent his entire club career with Alajuelense and represented the Costa Rica national team.

text:
# José María Agüero

**José María Agüero Araya** (25 June 1947 – 6 September 2023) was a Costa Rican professional footballer who played as a defender. He spent his entire club career with Alajuelense and represented the Costa Rica national team.

## Club career

Agüero was nicknamed "macho" and played his entire career with his hometown club Alajuelense, playing 189 games without scoring a goal. He was two-time champion of the Primera División in 1970 and 1971.

## International career

Agüero earned three caps with the Costa Rica national team, with his debut being on 26 February 1970, in a 2–0 victory against El Salvador.

## Death

Agüero died on 6 September 2023, at the age of 76.

## Honours

**Alajuelense**

## InfoBox

José María Agüero
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | José María Agüero Araya | | |
| Date of birth | (1947-06-25)25 June 1947 | | |
| Place of birth | Alajuela, Costa Rica | | |
| Date of death | 6 September 2023(2023-09-06) (aged 76) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1969–1978 | Alajuelense | 189 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
|  | Costa Rica | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: Prairie Dog Township is a township in Sheridan County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 76.

text:
# Prairie Dog Township, Sheridan County, Kansas

**Prairie Dog Township** is a township in Sheridan County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 76.

## InfoBox

| Prairie Dog Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Prairie Dog Township | |
| Coordinates: 39°31′30″N 100°39′52″W / 39.52500°N 100.66444°W / 39.52500; -100.66444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Sheridan |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.85 sq mi (92.9 km2) |
| Land | 35.84 sq mi (92.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)  0.03% |
| Elevation | 2,897 ft (883 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 76 |
| Density | 2.1/sq mi (0.82/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 471104 |


title: Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River

abstract: Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River is a sandy-braided stream about 120 mi (193 km) long, formed at the confluence of Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek, about 1.8 mi (2.9 km) northeast of Canyon in Randall County, Texas, and flowing east-southeastward to the Red River about 1 mi (2 km) east of the 100th meridian, 8 mi (13 km) south-southwest of Hollis, Oklahoma.

text:
# Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River

**Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River** (from Comanche  *Kecheahquehono* 'Prairie Dog Town River') is a sandy-braided stream about 120 mi (193 km) long, formed at the confluence of Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek, about 1.8 mi (2.9 km) northeast of Canyon in Randall County, Texas, and flowing east-southeastward to the Red River about 1 mi (2 km) east of the 100th meridian, 8 mi (13 km) south-southwest of Hollis, Oklahoma.

## Geography

The Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River is the southernmost of two major forks which form the headwaters of the Red River. It begins as an ephemeral stream on the level surface of the Llano Estacado in Randall County, about 4 mi (6 km) northeast of Canyon, Texas. The stream initially runs northeastward then southeastward across Randall County, flowing through Palo Duro Canyon, where it is fed by springs, providing a base flow that is often increased significantly by runoff from rainstorms. It provides the water for Lake Tanglewood and River Falls prior to flowing through the Palo Duro Canyon State Park. The stream continues in a southeasterly direction through southern Armstrong and northeastern Briscoe County, where it exits Palo Duro Canyon and starts across the rolling red-bed country of central Hall County, where it merges with the Little Red River. The stream continues across Hall and Childress Counties, merging with Buck Creek and forming the Red River proper, 8 mi (13 km) south-southwest of Hollis, Oklahoma. When the Prairie Dog Town Fork crosses the 100th meridian at the eastern edge of Childress County, its south bank becomes the state boundary between Texas and Oklahoma.

## Etymology

The name is derived from its Comanche name, *Kecheahquehono*, which means Prairie Dog Town River. According to a 1959 decision by the United States Board on Geographical Names, this main tributary of the Red River is properly called the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River, and should not be called the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River, Prairie Dog Town Fork of Red River, or the South Fork of the Red River.

## InfoBox

| Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River | |
| --- | --- |
| Prairie Dog Town Fork in Armstrong County | |
| Map of Red River and tributaries | |
| Native name | *Kecheahquehono* (Comanche) |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Randall County, Texas |
| coordinates | 35°00′09″N 101°54′10″W / 35.00250°N 101.90278°W / 35.00250; -101.90278 |
| elevation | 3,471 ft (1,058 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Harmon County, Oklahoma |
| coordinates | 34°34′41″N 99°58′00″W / 34.57806°N 99.96667°W / 34.57806; -99.96667 |
| elevation | 1,545 ft (471 m) |
| Length | 120 mi (190 km) |
| Basin size | 7,630 sq mi (19,800 km2) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Red River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Mulberry Creek |
| right | Little Red River |


title: Prairie Dog State Park

abstract: Prairie Dog State Park is a state park located 4 miles west of Norton, Kansas, United States on Highway 261. Located in western Kansas, the Prairie Dog State Park is named after the creek that feeds into the Keith Sebelius reservoir, and had no prairie dog populations living there when it was established in 1967. Prairie dogs were introduced in the 1980s and the state park now holds a thriving colony of about 300. Prairie Dog State Park is a 1,100-acre (450 ha) park that is located on the north shore of Keith Sebelius Lake in Norton County. The dam was completed for Keith Sebelius Reservoir in 1965 and quickly filled up the following year. One of the last remaining adobe house is located at the Prairie Dog State Park. The renovated house was built sometime in the 1890s. Also located in Prairire Dog State Park is the 1886 Hillmon one room school house. Prairie Dog State Park has many recreation opportunities for campers to enjoy including a 1.4 mile nature trail, viewable prairie dog town, sand volleyball pit, disc golf course, regulation size basketball court, archery range, horse shoe pits, playground, swimbeach, fishing dock, 1886 one room school house, adobe home, and a 30'x70' Lake View shelter.

text:
# Prairie Dog State Park

**Prairie Dog State Park** is a state park located 4 miles west of Norton, Kansas, United States on Highway 261. Located in western Kansas, the Prairie Dog State Park is named after the creek that feeds into the Keith Sebelius reservoir, and had no prairie dog populations living there when it was established in 1967. Prairie dogs were introduced in the 1980s and the state park now holds a thriving colony of about 300.

Prairie Dog State Park is a 1,100-acre (450 ha) park that is located on the north shore of Keith Sebelius Lake in Norton County. The dam was completed for Keith Sebelius Reservoir in 1965 and quickly filled up the following year. One of the last remaining adobe house is located at the Prairie Dog State Park. The renovated house was built sometime in the 1890s. Also located in Prairire Dog State Park is the 1886 Hillmon one room school house.

Prairie Dog State Park has many recreation opportunities for campers to enjoy including a 1.4 mile nature trail, viewable prairie dog town, sand volleyball pit, disc golf course, regulation size basketball court, archery range, horse shoe pits, playground, swimbeach, fishing dock, 1886 one room school house, adobe home, and a 30'x70' Lake View shelter.

## InfoBox

| Prairie Dog State Park | |
| --- | --- |
| A prairie dog | |
| Location of Prairie Dog State Park in Kansas | |
| Location | Norton, Kansas, United States |
| Coordinates | 39°48′25″N 99°57′05″W / 39.80694°N 99.95139°W / 39.80694; -99.95139 |
| Area | 1,150 acres (4.7 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,352 ft (717 m) |
| Established | Unspecified |
| Visitors | 191,972 (in 2022) |
| Governing body | Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism |


title: Josip Modrić

abstract: Josip Modrić is a retired Croatian football defender.

text:
# Josip Modrić

**Josip Modrić** (born 13 August 1979) is a retired Croatian football defender.

## InfoBox

Josip Modrić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1979-08-13) 13 August 1979 | | |
| Place of birth | Croatia | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1999–2004 | Rijeka | 20+ | (0+) |
| 2004–2009 | Zadar | 31+ | (0+) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Josip Ognjanac

abstract: Josip Ognjanac is a Serbian former footballer who played as a forward.

text:
# Josip Ognjanac

**Josip Ognjanac** (Serbian Cyrillic: Јосип Огњанац; born 24 January 1942) is a Serbian former footballer who played as a forward.

## Career

Ognjanac played at the youth level with Red Star Belgrade, and ultimately reached the senior team. He later played with FK Radnički Niš, and Jedinstvo Zemun. Throughout his tenure with Radnički he was named to the Belgrade City All-Star team. Later on, he played abroad for three seasons in Sweden for Malmö FF. In 1968, he ventured out to the United States and settled in Canada where he played in the National Soccer League with the Serbian White Eagles.

In 1970, he played in the North American Soccer League with the Rochester Lancers. He played the remainder of the season with the Serbian White Eagles. In 1971, he returned to the North American Soccer League to play with Montreal Olympique. He finished the 1971 season once more with the Serbian White Eagles. In 1972, he played in the American Soccer League with the New York Greeks.

1. Stolze, Craig (14 February 1970). "Talent Where You Find It". *Newspapers.com*. Democrat and Chronicle. p. 42. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
2. Lewis, Michael (29 December 2021). *Alive and Kicking - The Incredible but True Story f the Rochester Lancers*. Independently Published. p. 96. ISBN 9798475227916.
3. "Lancers Sign First Player for 1970". *newspaperarchive.com*. Newark Courier Gazette. 8 January 1970. p. 30. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
4. "Soccer match called as ousted T-D player refuses to quit field". *The Globe and Mail*. 5 June 1968. p. 31.
5. Loj, Alex (11 April 1970). "Kickoff - Perolli's a Stern Disciplinarian". *Newspapers.com*. Democrat and Chronicle. p. 44. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
6. "NASL-Josip Ognjanac". *www.nasljerseys.com*. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
7. "White Eagles trim Olympia". *The Globe and Mail*. 11 August 1970. p. 26.
8. "Atlanta soccer opener". *Newspapers.com*. Montreal Gazette. 16 April 1971. p. 19. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
9. "Josip Ognjanac | SoccerStats.us". *soccerstats.us*. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
10. Waring, Ed (23 June 1971). "First place is prize: Emeralds defeat Mimico in stylish battle". *The Globe and Mail*. p. 33.

## InfoBox

Josip Ognjanac
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1942-01-24) 24 January 1942 | | |
| Place of birth | Zemun, Independent State of Croatia | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1961 | Red Star Belgrade |  |  |
| 1964 | FK Radnički Niš |  |  |
| 1968–1969 | Serbian White Eagles |  |  |
| 1970 | Rochester Lancers | 9 | (0) |
| 1970 | Serbian White Eagles |  |  |
| 1971 | Montreal Olympique | 4 | (0) |
| 1971 | Serbian White Eagles |  |  |
| 1972 | New York Greeks |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Pratighaat (2019 film)

abstract: Pratighaat is an Indian Assamese language action drama and romance film directed by Achinta Shankar, written by Rajdweep and produced by Narendra N Sinha and Nalini Roy Gayari. The film has been released under the banner of Issue Production and distributed by Norman Studio Works. The film features Amrita Gogoi and Diganta Hazarika in lead roles while Ashramika Saikia as child artist. It is scheduled to release on 6 December 2019

text:
# Pratighaat (2019 film)

**Pratighaat** is an Indian Assamese language action drama and romance film directed by Achinta Shankar, written by Rajdweep and produced by Narendra N Sinha and Nalini Roy Gayari. The film has been released under the banner of *Issue Production* and distributed by Norman Studio Works. The film features Amrita Gogoi and Diganta Hazarika in lead roles while Ashramika Saikia as child artist. It is scheduled to release on 6 December 2019

## Cast

The cast include the following actors in the film

## Soundtrack

The songs are composed by Zubeen Garg, Rahul Dav Nath, Diganta Bharati and Poran Borkotoky respectively.

| Pratighaat | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Zubeen Garg, Rahul Dev Nath, Diganta Bharati, Poran Borkotoky | |
| Released | 21 November 2019 |
| Recorded | 2019 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Label | Times Music |
| Producer | Zubeen Garg |
| Zubeen Garg chronology | |
| *Kanchanjangha*
(2019) ***Pratighaat***
(2019) *Dr. Bezbaruah 2*
(2022) | |

Track List
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Pratighaat" | Sasanka Samir | Zubeen Garg | 4:06 |
| 2. | "Bechera Ei Mon" | Rajdweep | Papon | 3:54 |
| 3. | "Junakore Boroxun" | Diganta Bharati | Dikshu Sarma, Bhaswati Bharati | 4:22 |
| 4. | "Jibon Khupi Khupi" | Rajdweep | Ananya Dutta | 3:39 |

## InfoBox

| Pratighaat | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Achinta Shankar |
| Screenplay by | Rajdweep |
| Produced by | Narendra N Sinha
Nalini Roy Gayari |
| Starring | Amrita Gogoi
Diganta Hazarika
Aimee Baruah
Ashramika Saikia |
| Edited by | Protim Khaound |
| Music by | Zubeen Garg
Rahul Dev Nath
Diganta Bharati
Poran Borkotoky |
| Production
company | Issue Production |
| Distributed by | Narman Studio Works |
| Release date | * 6 December 2019 (2019-12-06) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Assamese |


title: Juan Martínez Silíceo

abstract: Juan Martínez Silíceo (1486–1557) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop, cardinal and mathematician.

text:
# Juan Martínez Silíceo

**Juan Martínez Silíceo** (1486–1557) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop, cardinal and mathematician.

## Biography

Juan Martínez Silíceo was born in Villagarcía de la Torre in 1486, the son of Juan Martínez Guijeno, a poor laborer, and Juana Muñoz. His last name is also given as **Guijarro**.

Martínez studied grammar in Llerena, a small town near Villagarcía de la Torre, and then studied philosophy in Seville. To support himself, he served as a sacristan in the parish church in his home town. He then became the tutor of two sons of a gentleman in Valencia. He then moved on to the University of Paris to complete his studies. Afterwards, he became professor of moral philosophy at the *Colegio de San Bartolomé*, University of Salamanca.

After he was ordained as a priest, he became a professor of Christian theology. He then became the canon theologian of the cathedral chapter of the Cathedral of Coria. In July 1534, he was named tutor to Philip, Prince of Asturias, later becoming the prince's almoner and confessor.

On 23 February 1541 he was elected Bishop of Cartagena; he was consecrated as a bishop later that year. (He did not, however, enter his see until 1544.) In 1543, Prince Philip despatched him to Badajoz to retrieve the prince's fiancée, Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal. On 8 January 1546 he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Toledo.

Pope Paul IV made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of 20 December 1555. He received the red hat and the titular church of Santi Nereo e Achilleo on 1 February 1556. He became a renowned mathematician for his time after publishing "Arithmética", firstly printed in Paris and afterwards all across Spain. Apart from "Arithmética" he also publish "Arte calculatorio".

He died in Toledo on 31 May 1557. He was buried in the church of the *Colegio de Doncellas Nobles*, a girls' school he had founded in Toledo.

## *Limpieza de sangre* Statutes and Anti-Semitism

Siliceo successfully fought to impose the *limpieza de sangre* ("purity of blood") statutes on the Archdiocese of Toledo in order to exclude the Conversos, those Spaniards descended from Jews who had converted to Catholicism, from holding official positions within the Church hierarchy. He used both theological and racist arguments in order to convince Charles V, King of Spain as well as the Pope to approve the exclusionary, racist rules. French scholar of Anti-Semitism, the late Leon Poliakov describes Siliceo as precursor of modern anti-semitic ideas: the idea that Christ appeared among the Jews because of their "perversity" and "as to the Jewish origins of the Mother of God, the theology of Siliceo simply ignored them...anticipating the 'Aryan Christ' of Nazi theology."

1. Miranda, Salvador. "MARTÍNEZ SILÍCEO, Juan (1486-1557)". *The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church*. Florida International University Libraries. OCLC 53276621.
2. "Grandes Matemáticos. Vidas de Grandes Hombres" Ezequiel Solana, 1932, Madrid.
3. Poliakov, Leo, The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 2, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003, pages 225-227

## Works

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Juan Martínez Silíceo | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Toledo
Primate of Spain | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Toledo |
| Appointed | 8 January 1546 |
| Term ended | 31 May 1557 |
| Predecessor | Juan Pardo de Tavera |
| Successor | Bartolomé Carranza |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo
(1556-1557) |
| Previous post(s) |  |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 1541 |
| Created cardinal | 20 December 1555
by Pope Paul IV |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Juan García de Loaysa y Mendoza
1486
Villagarcía de la Torre, Spain |
| Died | 31 May 1557(1557-05-31) (aged 70–71)
Toledo, Spain |
| Buried | Real Colegio de Doncellas Nobles |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Juan Martínez Oliver

abstract: Juan Martínez Oliver is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer. He won a stage in the 1988 Tour de France. He also competed in the two events at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Juan Martínez Oliver

**Juan Martínez Oliver** (born 4 February 1962 in Almeria) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer. He won a stage in the 1988 Tour de France. He also competed in the two events at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

## Major results

1987 Memorial Manuel Galera 1988 Fuengirola - Mijas Tour de France: Winner stage 21

## InfoBox

Juan Martínez Oliver
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Juan Martínez Oliver |
| Born | (1962-02-04) 4 February 1962<br>Almeria, Spain |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Retired |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Major wins | |
| 1 stage 1988 Tour de France | |
|  | |


title: Prehistoric Autopsy

abstract: Prehistoric Autopsy is a 2012 British television documentary film series shown in three one-hour episodes on BBC Two. The series is about human evolution and is narrated by biologist George McGavin and anatomist Alice Roberts. Graeme Thomson is the series producer and Jane Aldous is the executive producer.

text:
# Prehistoric Autopsy

***Prehistoric Autopsy*** is a 2012 British television documentary film series shown in three one-hour episodes on BBC Two. The series is about human evolution and is narrated by biologist George McGavin and anatomist Alice Roberts. Graeme Thomson is the series producer and Jane Aldous is the executive producer.

## Episodes

| No. | Episode | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Neanderthal" | 22 October 2012 (2012-10-22) |
| Neanderthal hominids were a species of archaic humans in the genus *Homo* that date possibly to 600,000 years ago, but more likely to 250,000 years ago, and went extinct about 40,000 years ago. This episode presents an attempt to reconstruct the way Neanderthals looked, based on available fossil evidence, especially those related to 70,000 year-old La Ferrassie 1. | | | |
| 2 | "Homo erectus" | 23 October 2012 (2012-10-23) |
| *Homo erectus* hominids were a species of extinct humans in the genus Homo that dates to 1.9 million years ago and went extinct as recently as 35,000 years ago. This episode presents an attempt to reconstruct the way Homo erectus looked, based on available fossil evidence, especially those related to 1.6 million-year-old Nariokotome Boy. | | | |
| 3 | "Lucy" | 24 October 2012 (2012-10-24) |
| Lucy is an example of *Australopithecus afarensis*, a hominin in the genus Australopithecus that dates to 3.9 million years ago and went extinct about 2.9 million years ago. This episode presents an attempt to reconstruct the way Australopithecus afarensis looked, based on available fossil evidence, especially those related to 3.2 million-year-old Lucy. | | | |

## Participants

The documentary film series is narrated by George McGavin and Alice Roberts and includes the following participants (alphabetized by last name):

## InfoBox

| *Prehistoric Autopsy* | |
| --- | --- |
| Film cover | |
| Genre | Documentary film |
| Directed by | Natalie Humphreys
(creative director) |
| Narrated by | George McGavin
Alice Roberts |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | Three one-hour episodes |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Jane Aldous |
| Producer | Graeme Thomson |
| Cinematography | Vic Kusin
Phil Piotrowsky |
| Editors | Paul Conti
John Steventon
John Wilson |
| Running time | 3 h (180 min) |
| Production company | BBC |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC |
| Release | 22 October (2012-10-22)
24 October 2012 (2012-10-24) |


title: Prauserella alba

abstract: Prauserella alba is a moderately halophilic bacterium from the genus Prauserella which has been isolated from saline soil in China.

text:
# Prauserella alba

***Prauserella alba*** is a moderately halophilic bacterium from the genus *Prauserella* which has been isolated from saline soil in China.

## InfoBox

| *Prauserella alba* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Pseudonocardiales |
| Family: | Pseudonocardiaceae |
| Genus: | *Prauserella* |
| Species: | ***P. alba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prauserella alba***
Li *et al*. 2003 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| BCRC 16313
CCRC 16313
CCRCC 16313
CCTCC AA001016
CIP 107981
DSM 44590
JCM 13022
KCTC 19002
YIM 90005 | |


title: Juan Reyes Mejía-González

abstract: Juan Reyes Mejía-González, commonly referred to by his alias R1, is a Mexican drug lord and high-ranking member in the Gulf Cartel who allegedly heads Los Rojos, a faction within the cartel. Mejía González was often accredited as the "second-in-command" in the Gulf organization. He is responsible for controlling the flow of cocaine from Central America and South America to the drug corridors between Nuevo Laredo and Reynosa, Tamaulipas. In March 2008, Mejía González was indicted in Washington, D.C., and placed as one of the most-wanted fugitives by the U.S. government. Mejía González is allegedly responsible for ordering the assassination of Samuel Flores Borrego, a drug lord of the Metros faction in the Gulf cartel, on 2 September 2011. Flores Borrego's assassination triggered a series of confrontations between the two factions in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The Metros faction emerged victorious in early 2012, and Mejía González has fallen off the radar and has not been heard of since then.

text:
# Juan Reyes Mejía-González

**Juan Reyes Mejía-González** (born 18 November 1975), commonly referred to by his alias **R1**, is a Mexican drug lord and high-ranking member in the Gulf Cartel who allegedly heads Los Rojos, a faction within the cartel.

Mejía González was often accredited as the "second-in-command" in the Gulf organization. He is responsible for controlling the flow of cocaine from Central America and South America to the drug corridors between Nuevo Laredo and Reynosa, Tamaulipas. In March 2008, Mejía González was indicted in Washington, D.C., and placed as one of the most-wanted fugitives by the U.S. government.

Mejía González is allegedly responsible for ordering the assassination of Samuel Flores Borrego, a drug lord of the Metros faction in the Gulf cartel, on 2 September 2011. Flores Borrego's assassination triggered a series of confrontations between the two factions in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The Metros faction emerged victorious in early 2012, and Mejía González has fallen off the radar and has not been heard of since then.

## Kingpin Act sanction

On 24 March 2010, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Mejía González under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (sometimes referred to simply as the "Kingpin Act"), for his involvement in drug trafficking along with fifty-three other international criminals and ten foreign entities. The act prohibited U.S. citizens and companies from doing any kind of business activity with him, and virtually froze all his assets in the U.S.

## Gulf cartel infighting

### Background

In the late 1990s, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, the former leader of the Gulf cartel, had other similar groups besides Los Zetas established in several cities in Tamaulipas. Each of these groups were identified by their radio codes: the Rojos were based in Reynosa; the Metros were headquartered in Matamoros; and the Lobos were established in Laredo. The infighting between the Metros and the Rojos of the Gulf cartel began in 2010, when Mejía González was overlooked as the candidate of the regional boss of Reynosa and was sent to La Frontera Chica, an area that encompasses Miguel Alemán, Camargo and Ciudad Mier, Tamaulipas – directly across the U.S.–Mexico border from Starr County, Texas. The area that Mejía González wanted was given to Flores Borrego, suggesting that the Metros were above the Rojos.

Unconfirmed information released by *The Monitor* indicated that two leaders of the Rojos, Mejía González and Rafael Cárdenas Vela, teamed up to kill Flores Borrego. Cárdenas Vela had held a grudge on Flores Borrego and the Metros because he believed that they had led the Mexican military to track down and kill his uncle Antonio Cárdenas Guillén (*Tony Tormenta*) on 5 November 2010. Other sources indicate that the infighting could have been caused by the suspicions that the Rojos were "too soft" on the Gulf cartel's bitter enemy, Los Zetas. When the Gulf cartel and Los Zetas split in early 2010, some members of the Rojos stayed with the Gulf cartel, while others decided to leave and join the forces of Los Zetas.

InSight Crime explains that the fundamental disagreement between the Rojos and the Metros was over leadership. Those who were more loyal to the Cárdenas family stayed with the Rojos, while those loyal to Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez, like Flores Borrego, defended the Metros.

Originally, the Gulf cartel was running smoothly, but the infighting between the two factions in the Gulf cartel triggered when Flores Borrego was killed on 2 September 2011. When the Rojos turned on the Metros, the largest faction in the Gulf cartel, firefights broke throughout Tamaulipas and drug loads were stolen among each other, but the Metros managed to retain control of the major cities that stretched from Matamoros to Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas.

## Supposed death references

Los Zetas put up a banner in the state of Zacatecas on 20 September 2012 alleging that Mejía González was dead and speaking out against the alliance between the Gulf Cartel and the Knights Templar Cartel.

## Family

On 20 May 2011, Romeo Eduardo Mejía González, Mejía González's brother, was arrested in Reynosa along with two other cartel members.

## Indictments

Mejía González was charged in a Federal indictment in 2008 with money laundering and drug trafficking conspiracies, and the U.S. Department of State is currently offering up to $5 million US dollars for information leading to his arrest.

## InfoBox

| Juan Mejía González | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1975-11-18) 18 November 1975
Ciudad Mier, Tamaulipas, Mexico |
| Other names | *El R1*
*El Quique*
*El Kike* |
| Occupation(s) | Gulf Cartel's drug lord and leader of Los Rojos |
| Known for | Drug trafficking
money laundering |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) |
| Notes | |
| \*The U.S. Department of State offers up to $5 million US dollars for information leading to his arrest/conviction. | |


title: Juan Revi

abstract: Juan Revi Auriqto is an Indonesian former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He is of Chinese descent.

text:
# Juan Revi

**Juan Revi Auriqto** (born 4 June 1986) is an Indonesian former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He is of Chinese descent.

## Honours

### Club

Arema Persik Kediri

## InfoBox

Juan Revi
| Revi with Arema in 2010 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Juan Revi Auriqto | | |
| Date of birth | (1986-06-04) 4 June 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Surabaya, Indonesia | | |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2004 | Persema Malang | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2008 | Persikoba Batu | 27 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Deltras Sidoarjo | 20 | (0) |
| 2009–2011 | Arema Indonesia | 44 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Deltras Sidoarjo | 13 | (1) |
| 2012–2013 | PSS Sleman | 15 | (3) |
| 2014–2016 | Arema Cronus | 40 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | Persela Lamongan | 14 | (0) |
| 2017–2019 | Arema FC | 2 | (0) |
| 2018 | Semen Padang (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 2019 | Persik Kediri | 8 | (0) |
| 2020 | PS Hizbul Wathan Sidoarjo | 1 | (0) |
| Total |  | **188** | **(4)** |
| International career | | | |
| 2013 | Indonesia | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Pramod Agarwal

abstract: Pramod Agarwal is an Indian businessman.

text:
# Pramod Agarwal

**Pramod Agarwal** (born September 1954) is an Indian businessman.

## Early life

Agarwal was born in Bombay in September 1954. His family originates in a small municipality near Bhiwani, in Haryana State in northern India.

He began schooling in Hill Grange High School and went on to graduate with a bachelor’s degree in commerce from Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai. He then quickly began to build his business portfolio. At age 17, he began working for his family’s firm; and at 22, left India for Hong Kong, where he began Texuna International Ltd (1981), which was involved in the textile and cotton trades.

Agarwal diversified into fertilizers, steel, and other commodities. He invested in the ‘opening-up’ of former Soviet Union markets in the late 1980s and early 1990s, making several investments in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Russia, including a high-profile partnership with Tvoi Dom, a large Russian retail and department store.

## Career

After over 30 years in the global commodities business, Agarwal founded Zamin Group in 2004, an international mining group that supplies direct reduction and blast furnace iron ore pellet fines to the global steel industry.

With Zamin group, Agarwal invested heavily in South American economies. In 2013 the Bamin iron ore project in the Brazilian state of Bahia was sold to the Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation (ENRC) for over US$ 1 Billion. Agarwal described Zamin Group’s growing influence in Brazil as “a significant milestone for Zamin in its ambition to become a global player in iron ore mining.”

Zamin is suing Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation for $220 million, and is being counter-sued for $115 million, resulting from their joint venture in the Bamin iron-ore project in Bahia, Brazil, dating back to 2010. This dispute "promises to be one of the most unusual and juicy cases seen in the capital for some time", as there are "allegations of improper conduct by federal and state courts in foreign jurisdictions."

In 2007, Zamin group purchased the mining rights to a large area in central Uruguay with a potential yield of over 5 billion tonnes of iron ore. This project, which came to be known as 'Valentines', reflects Zamin’s business strategy “to partner with regional and national governments to develop assets and clearly defined infrastructure and logistics solutions.” Valentines was set to generate $1.4 billion in exports annually for a period of 20 years. The $3bn site has 2.5 billion tonnes of indicated and inferred iron ore deposits and is the biggest project in Uruguay’s history. However, a change in Uruguay's mining laws has delayed its development.

## Personal life

Agarwal is the father of two daughters. Vinita was married to Muqit Teja in 2012, the wedding being held at the San Clemente Palace, Venice, with celebrations designed by the Italian Cirque du Soleil theatre director Franco Dragone, starring the pop singer Shakira. The 2015 wedding of Ritika and Rohan Mehta, son of the Indian tycoon Yogesh Mehta, was held in Apulia. The 800 guests were sung to by the pop group Florence and the Machine and the Bollywood actor, Pritam.

Despite the wedding making headlines, Agarwal himself does not lead an extravagant lifestyle. In an interview with the Hindustan times he asserted that the majority of his time is taken up by work and "I am happiest doing that. I don’t fancy luxury cars though I have them, neither am I a movie buff. I love gardening and that is one of my hobbies.” A vegetarian who doesn't consume alcohol, his favourite musicians include the new-age musician Jeff Clarkson.

In October 2013, Agarwal purchased 9, Cornwall Terrace, overlooking London's Regent's Park, from the developer Christian Candy, using a Guernsey-registered shell company aptly named "9 Cornwall Terrace Ltd." He paid £37.5 million for the terraced mansion, taking a £29 million mortgage from Royal Bank of Canada. As of April 2016, it is for sale with Savills for £32 million. Agarwal now lives at his nine-bedroom "country" house with four acres of grounds in Mill Hill, north London.

## InfoBox

| Pramod Agarwal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | September 1954 (age 70)
Bombay, India |
| Known for | Founder, Zamin Ferrous
 |
| Spouse | Vijaya Agarwal |
| Children | 2 |


title: Pramlintide/insulin A21G

abstract: Pramlintide/insulin A21G is a combination of the amylin analogue pramlintide and an insulin analog. It is being developed by Adocia for diabetes.

text:
# Pramlintide/insulin A21G

**Pramlintide/insulin A21G** (development name ADO09) is a combination of the amylin analogue pramlintide and an insulin analog. It is being developed by Adocia for diabetes.

## InfoBox

Pramlintide/insulin A21G
| Combination of | |
| --- | --- |
| Pramlintide | Amylin analog |
| Insulin A21G | Insulin analog |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | ADO09 |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * Investigational |


title: Prayagraj–Haridwar Express

abstract: The 14229/14230 Prayagraj Haridwar Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways - North Central Railway zone that runs between Prayagraj Junction and Haridwar Junction in India. It operates as train number 14229 from Prayagraj Junction to Haridwar Junction and as train number 14230 in the reverse direction serving the states of Uttar Pradesh & Uttarakhand.

text:
# Prayagraj–Haridwar Express

The 14229/14230 Prayagraj Haridwar Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways \- North Central Railway zone that runs between Prayagraj Junction and Haridwar Junction in India.

It operates as train number 14229 from Prayagraj Junction to Haridwar Junction and as train number 14230 in the reverse direction serving the states of Uttar Pradesh & Uttarakhand.

## Coaches

14115/16 Prayagraj Haridwar Express presently has 1 AC 2 tier, 1 AC 3 tier, 6 Sleeper Class, 6 Second Class seating & 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not have a Pantry car coach.

As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

## Service

The 14115 Prayagraj Haridwar Express covers the distance of 725 kilometres in 14 hours 40 mins (49.43 km/h) and in 15 hours 20 mins as 14116 Haridwar Prayagraj Express (47.28 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below 55 km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a superfast surcharge.

## Routeing

The 14115 / 16 Prayag Ghat Haridwar Express runs from Prayag Ghat Railway Station via Lucknow Junction, Hardoi, Shahjehanpur, Bareilly Junction, Najibabad Junction to Haridwar Junction.

## Traction

As the route is fully electrified, a WAP 4 locomotive from the Lucknow shed powers the train for its entire journey.

## Timings

14115 Prayagraj Haridwar Express leaves Prayagraj Junction every Tuesday, Thursday & Sunday at 23:35 hrs IST and reaches Haridwar Junction at 14:15 hrs IST the next day.

14116 Haridwar Prayagraj Express leaves Haridwar Junction every Monday, Wednesday & Friday at 16:25 hrs IST and reaches Prayagraj Junction at 07:45 hrs IST the next day.

* "Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry". indianrail.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
* "IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System". irctc.co.in. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
* "\[IRFCA\] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet". irfca.org. Retrieved 5 April 2014.

## InfoBox

Prayag Ghat Haridwar Express
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Service type | Express |
| Current operator(s) | North Central Railways |
| Route | |
| Termini | Prayag Ghat Railway station
Haridwar Junction |
| Stops | 13 |
| Distance travelled | 725 km (450 mi) |
| Average journey time | 14 hours 40 minutes as 14115 Prayagraj Haridwar Express, 15 hours 20 minutes as 14116 Haridwar Prayagraj Express. |
| Service frequency | 3 days a week. 14115 Prayagraj Haridwar Express – Tuesday, Thursday & Sunday. 14116 Haridwar Prayagraj Express – Monday, Wednesday & Friday. |
| Train number(s) | 14115/14116 |
| On-board services | |
| Class(es) | AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, Second Class seating |
| Seating arrangements | Yes |
| Sleeping arrangements | Yes |
| Catering facilities | No Pantry car coach attached |
| Technical | |
| Rolling stock | Standard Indian Railways coaches |
| Track gauge | 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) |
| Operating speed | 110 km/h (68 mph) maximum
48.33 km/h (30 mph), including halts |


title: José Maldonado Román

abstract: José Maldonado, a.k.a. "Aguila Blanca", was a Puerto Rican revolutionary who fought with the Cuban Liberation Army and whose controversial exploits in Puerto Rico have contributed to making him part of Puerto Rican lore.

text:
# José Maldonado Román

**José Maldonado** (1874 – 1932), a.k.a. "**Aguila Blanca**" (White Eagle), was a Puerto Rican revolutionary who fought with the Cuban Liberation Army and whose controversial exploits in Puerto Rico have contributed to making him part of Puerto Rican lore.

## Early years

Maldonado (birth name: **José Maldonado Román**) was born in the town of Juana Díaz when Puerto Rico was still a Spanish colony. During this era, the economic situation for the common laborer was a difficult one. Most of the land was owned by wealthy landlords, loyal to the Spanish Crown, who at times were cruel and did not provide any type of medical or basic rights to their workers. Maldonado was incarcerated at the age of 11 and he began to resent the established authorities of the time. He later became known among his friends either as Don "Pepe" or by the nicknames "Aguila Blanca" (White Eagle) and "Aguila Azul" (Blue Eagle).

## Folk-hero

Maldonado committed various criminal acts which made him an outlaw in the eyes of the Spanish authorities. According to *La Democracia* a local political newspaper at the time, Maldonado was accused of robbery twice and sent to prison in 1887 and again in 1889. From 1890 to 1891, he was briefly incarcerated for aggravated assault. Maldonado, who operated in the areas of Juana Díaz and Ponce, continued his assault and robbing spree. He was captured and sent to jail once more in 1896. Even though his acts were considered criminal by the authorities, he gained the admiration of the common *Jibaro* (humble farmer) who viewed his acts as being against the rich and powerful, and against the Spanish Crown which they considered oppressive.

## Revolutionary

On March 24, 1897, Maldonado, joined Fidel Vélez and his men at Susúa Alta, just outside Yauco. Vélez, a Puerto Rican revolutionary, and his men unfurled the Puerto Rican flag for the first time on Puerto Rican soil and marched towards the town of Yauco. In the insurrection against Spanish rule which became known as the "Intentona de Yauco", they planned to attack the barracks of the Spanish Civil Guard with the aim of gaining control of the Guards arms and ammunition which were stored there.

The plan did not succeed because when the rebels arrived they were ambushed by the Spanish forces who had set up positions and were waiting for them. A firefight ensued upon the arrival of the group and the rebels quickly retreated. On March 26, another group headed by José Nicolás Quiñones Torres and Ramón Torres attempted to fight the Spaniards in a barrio called "Quebradas" of Yauco, however said revolt, the last against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico, also failed. Over 150 rebels were arrested, accused of various crimes against the state and sent to prison in the City of Ponce.

Maldonado escaped and hid in a sugar cane field. While in hiding, he shot a person known as Emilio, who betrayed him and threatened to tell the authorities of his whereabouts. Maldonado then met with fellow rebel Abelardo Moscoso and went into exile in New York City where he met with the Cuban Revolutionary Committee and joined the Cuban Liberation Army. Maldonado fought in Cuba against the Spaniards and was wounded.

After his return to Puerto Rico, Maldonado and his men continued to harass the Spanish Civil Guard. According to Edwin A. Emerson, Jr., an American spy pretending to be a German journalist, in a story published by *Century Magazine* in September 1898, he (Emerson) met "Águila Blanca" with the help of a local. Emerson was trying to make his way back to a ship which would take him away from Puerto Rico when he realized that an attack on San Juan by the United States was sure to occur. Emerson stated that he came upon Don "Pepe," as Maldonado was also known, and six of his men. Maldonado and his men, who were armed with machetes and rifles, asked Emerson what were his plans to which Emerson replied that he would like to reach the coast. Two Spanish soldiers arrived and Emerson, together with Don "Pepe" and his men, chased after them. After the chase, the insurgents asked Emerson when will the Americans come to help liberate them from the Spaniards, to which Emerson answered "very soon."

After the Spanish–American War Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, ratified on December 10, 1898. The United States established a military government and appointed Major General Nelson A. Miles, the first head of the military government, established on the island, acting as both head of the army of occupation and administrator of civil affairs. Many Puerto Ricans, among them Maldonado, believed that Puerto Rico would gain its independence however, almost immediately, the United States began the "Americanization" process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and polity and did not apply democratic principles to the colony. Puerto Rico was classified as an "unincorporated territory" which meant that the protections of the United States Constitution did not automatically apply because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not part of the U.S. In 1899, the New York Times published a description of Puerto Ricans as "uneducated, simple-minded and harmless people who were only interested in wine, women, music and dancing" and recommended that Spanish should be abolished in the island's schools and only English should be taught. Schools became the primary vehicle of Americanization, and initially all classes were taught in English, which also made for a large dropout rate.

Maldonado and his men continued to harass the wealthy plantation owners with the exception that now he also harassed the American military authorities. On August 16, 1898, Major General Guy Vernon Henry sent a message from Utuado to General Miles in Ponce, telling him that the "White Eagle" and his men were operating in the area of Jayuya and that he needed reinforcements to pursue them. On December 18, General John Rutter Brooke received a telegraph, at the United States Army General Headquarters in San Juan, stating that "White Eagle" and his men set fire to a plantation in the town of Juana Díaz and that they were headed towards San Juan.

On December 26, 1898, Maldonado wrote a letter to Eugenio Deschamps, the editor of the newspaper *Correo de Puerto Rico* requesting that he be pardoned and in which he explained his situation and why he acted against the authorities. He went on trial and with the help and testimony of Deschamps was exonerated against all the charges against him. A crowd of admirers gathered at Plaza Las Delicias in Ponce and received the news of Maldonado's exoneration with cheers.

The United States considered anyone to oppose their rule and authority in the island to be an Anti-American and as such labeled Maldonado a bandit. In 1905, the editor of the *Our Islands and Their People*, a U.S. based publication, published the photo, which was taken during the Intentona de Yauco of 1897, where Fidel Vélez and Maldonado unfurled the Puerto Rican flag, under the title of "White Eagle and his band of Outlaws".

## Later years

In March 1899, Maldonado was involved in a fight in the City of Ponce and was arrested. His men tried in vain to liberate him and the incident erupted into an armed confrontation between Maldonado's men and the local authorities in which Maldonado lost the sight from one of his eyes from the wounds received. Maldonado received support from the local press and was exonerated from all wrongdoing. He later married Juana Estrada and became a professional barber. According to his granddaughter Margarita Maldonado Colón, Maldonado was a generous man with the less fortunate and he was often visited by the president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, Pedro Albizu Campos.

In the later years of his life (until 1930), Maldonado worked as a government employee. In his book *War Against All Puerto Ricans*, Denis states that Maldonado owned a barber shop which he named Salón Boricua and which was located at 351 Calle Colton (Colton Street), Esquina Barbosa (at the corner of Barbosa Street) in *Barrio Obrero*. The word *Boricua* is synonymous with Puerto Rican and is a self-referential term which Puerto Ricans commonly employ. The word is derived from the word Borinquen (the name which the native Taínos gave to the island before the arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors). And that among his employees was Vidal Santiago Díaz who in 1932, purchased the barbershop from Maldonado.

Maldonado died January 17, 1932, due to throat cancer in his home in Toa Baja. Regarding his death, Denis states that Maldonado was treated for throat cancer at the Presbyterian Hospital in San Juan and that Maldonado died of the illness in 1932 in said hospital, which has been disputed.

## Legacy

Puerto Rican folksinger Roy Brown wrote and dedicated to Maldonado a song titled "*Águila Blanca.*" Ángel Pacheco Alvarado, a folk singer from Peñuelas, Puerto Rico honored Maldonado's memory with a song composed of three verses of which the first one is the following:

| Spanish
(original version) | English
translation |
| --- | --- |
| Era José Maldonado
o Pepe, "El Águila Blanca"
hombre de palabra franca
y de espíritu elevado
Muchas veces fue acusado
Por la insensata opinión
De bandolero y ladrón
Porque con limpia hidalguía
Los abusos combatía
De la hispánica opresión. | He was José Maldonado
or Pepe, "The White Eagle"
man of clear word
and of high spirit.
Many times was he accused
By the senseless opinion
Of bandit and thief
Because with clean nobility
He fought the abuses
Of the Hispanic oppression |
|

1.

## Further reading

* "Aguila"; by: Reynaldo Marcos Padua; Publisher: Ediciones Huracan; 1ST edition (January 2008); ISBN 978-1-932913-35-4

## InfoBox

| José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado | |
| --- | --- |
| Puerto Rican revolutionary. | |
| Born | 1874 (1874)
Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico |
| Died | 1932 (aged 5758)
San Juan, Puerto Rico |


title: Juan Caro Sureda

abstract: Juan Caro Sureda (1775–1826) was a Spanish military commander, the younger brother of Pedro Caro y Sureda, Marquis of La Romana, and José Caro Sureda.

text:
# Juan Caro Sureda

**Juan Caro Sureda** (1775–1826) was a Spanish military commander, the younger brother of Pedro Caro y Sureda, Marquis of La Romana, and José Caro Sureda.

## Early career

Enlisting as a cadet in the Infantry Regiment of Cantabria in 1787, in 1790 he transferred to the Soria Regiment and was promoted to lieutenant.

In 1793 he participated in the War of the Pyrenees as aide-de-camp to General Ventura Caro, his uncle.

In 1794 he was promoted to captain of the Regiment of Valencia Volunteers and in 1798 he was attached to the Regiment of Spanish Hussars. The following year, he went to Mahón, under the orders of his elder brother, the Marquis of La Romana, and in 1807 went with him as part of the Division of the North, and returning to Spain at the outbreak of the Peninsular War.

## Peninsular War

In October 1808 he was promoted to brigadier and given the command of the Cavalry of the Army of the Left, as well as that Army's vanguard and command of the guerrilla forced attached to it.

In 1809, he saw action at the Battle of Lugo (May 1809) under Mendizábal, and on 22 May, at the head of 200 horsemen, attacked a French force twice the size of his own. He then transferred to the Army of Catalonia.

General Henry O'Donnell, who had installed himself at Tarragona and had strengthened its garrison with 6,000 men, sent Caro to attack Villafranca and Manresa. At Villafranca, Caro captured the 800 French soldiers posted there. Wounded, he had to hand over his command to Campoverde. He then saw further action at Vic.

In August 1810 he was one of the senior officers that forced his older brother, José Caro Sureda, the despotic captain general of Valencia, to resign his command and flee to Mallorca.

He was given command of the Cavalry of the 2nd Army and after resisting the French attack at Alcalà de Xivert, he returned to the Army of Catalonia and was appointed commander-in-chief of the 7,000-strong garrison at Tarragona, the only stronghold still under Spanish control in Catalonia. In May, he was relieved of his command by Juan de Contreras, and the place was besieged and finally fell, at the end of June.

Appointed military governor of Valencia, the following October he was given command of the Cavalry of Blake's Army of Valencia at the Battle of Saguntum, where he was wounded, taken prisoner and sent to France for the remainder of the war.

## Post-war career

On his return to Spain, he was appointed military governor of the Citadel of Barcelona in June 1814, and in May 1815 he was promoted to lieutenant general. In September 1819 he was appointed military governor of Málaga, post from which he was dismissed the following year and confined to barracks. He was captain general of Catalonia from 1825 to 1826.

1. (in Spanish). Isabel Sánchez, José Luis. "Juan Caro Sureda". Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
2. (in Spanish). Martín-Lanuza, Alberto. "José Caro Sureda". Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
3. Oman, Charles (1908). *A History of the Peninsular War*, Vol. III, pp. 295, 494, footnote 597. *Project Gutenberg*. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

## InfoBox

| Juan Caro | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 5 April 1775
Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands |
| Died | 25 December 1826(1826-12-25) (aged 51)
Alcalá de Henares, Madrid |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Judy Gamin

abstract: Judith Margaret Gamin was an Australian politician. She was a National Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, representing the district of South Coast from 1988 to 1989, and the district of Burleigh from 1992 to 2001.

text:
# Judy Gamin

**Judith Margaret Gamin** (18 July 1930 – 7 August 2022) was an Australian politician. She was a National Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, representing the district of South Coast from 1988 to 1989, and the district of Burleigh from 1992 to 2001.

## Personal life

Gamin was the daughter of Sir George Fisher, a long time chairman of Mount Isa Mines Limited and the first Chancellor of James Cook University of North Queensland, who died in 2007. Gamin was also aunt to LNP Senator for Queensland, Susan McDonald.

## InfoBox

| Judy Gamin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
for South Coast | |
| **In office**
20 August 1988  2 December 1989 | |
| Preceded by | Russ Hinze |
| Succeeded by | Bob Quinn |
| Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
for Burleigh | |
| **In office**
19 September 1992  17 February 2001 | |
| Preceded by | New seat |
| Succeeded by | Christine Smith |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1930-07-18)18 July 1930
Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 7 August 2022(2022-08-07) (aged 92)
Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia |
| Political party | National Party |
| Relations | George Fisher (father) |
|  | |


title: Predix (software)

abstract: Predix, known as Predix Platform is an industrial IoT software platform from GE Digital. It provides edge-to-cloud data connectivity, processing, analytics, and services to support industrial applications. The Platform has both edge and cloud components. Predix Cloud is hosted on AWS.

text:
# Predix (software)

**Predix**, known as **Predix Platform** is an industrial IoT software platform from GE Digital. It provides edge-to-cloud data connectivity, processing, analytics, and services to support industrial applications. The Platform has both edge and cloud components. Predix Cloud is hosted on AWS.

## Overview

Predix Platform collects and transfers OT and IT data to the cloud by direct connector software or Predix Edge – an on-premises software product that also supports local analytics and applications processing. Predix Edge deployments can be managed at the local level and/or centrally from Predix Cloud.

In addition to data ingestion, processing and storage, Predix Platform provides a framework for operationalizing streaming and batch analytics processing.

Predix Essentials is a packaged and pre-configured version of the Predix Platform intended to immediately support GE Digital applications and typical IIoT use cases such as condition-based monitoring.

In November 2016, Forrester Research said GE Digital's Predix was one of eleven significant IoT packages.

## InfoBox

Predix (Predix Platform)
|
|  |
| Original author(s) | GE Digital |
| Developer(s) | GE Digital |
| Website | www.ge.com/digital/iiot-platform |


title: Juan Gualterio Roederer

abstract: Juan G. Roederer is a professor of physics emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). His research fields are space physics, psychoacoustics, science policy and information theory. He conducted pioneering research on solar cosmic rays, on the theory of earth's radiation belts, neural networks for pitch processing, and currently on the foundations of information theory. He is also an accomplished organist.

text:
# Juan Gualterio Roederer

**Juan G. Roederer** is a professor of physics emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). His research fields are space physics, psychoacoustics, science policy and information theory. He conducted pioneering research on solar cosmic rays, on the theory of earth's radiation belts, neural networks for pitch processing, and currently on the foundations of information theory. He is also an accomplished organist.

## Career

Roederer was born in Trieste, Italy, on September 2, 1929. He lived as a child in Vienna, Austria, where he went to primary school. In 1939 his family emigrated to Argentina where he completed his education. In high school he met physicist Beatriz Cougnet who would become his wife and research partner.

Roederer earned a Ph.D. in physical-mathematical sciences at University of Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1952 where he studied with Estrella Mazzoli de Mathov. From 1953 to 1955 he worked as guest research scientist at Werner Heisenberg's Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen, Germany. From 1959 to 1966 he was professor of physics at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1967 he moved to the United States where he became professor of physics at the University of Denver, Colorado. In 1977 he was appointed director of the Geophysical Institute at UAF, a post he held until 1986; during that time he also served four years as dean of the College of Environmental Sciences. From 1987 until 2014 he taught and conducted research at the University of Alaska, which conferred him emeritus status in 1993. A visiting staff member of the Los Alamos National Laboratory since 1978, he was chairman of its advisory committee on Earth and Space Sciences from 1983 to 1988. From 1986 to 1992 he served two United States presidents as chairman of the U.S. Arctic Research Commission. Between 1997 and 2003 he was senior adviser to the director of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy. He now lives in Boulder, Colorado, where one of his activities is writing politically oriented letters to the local newspaper The Daily Camera. He served as member and chairman of several United States Academy of Sciences/National Research Council committees, and was president of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy and of the ICSU Committee on Solar Terrestrial Physics

## Publications

Roederer is author of 250 articles in scientific journals. He is author and editor of various books

* Roederer, J.G., 2015: Electromagnetismo Elemental, Eudeba, Buenos Aires, 419 pp.
* Roederer, J.G., 1962: Mecanica Elemental, Eudeba, Buenos Aires. Last Edition 2002.
* Roederer, J.G., 1970: Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation. Springer, Berlin, 187 pp. (translated into Russian).
* Roederer, J.G., 1973: Physics and Psychophysics of Music. Springer, New York, 161 pp. (translated into German, Japanese, Spanish and Portuguese). Fourth Edition 2008, 226 pp.
* Roederer, J.G. (ed.), 1983: Progress in Solar-Terrestrial Physics. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands/Boston, USA, 442 pp.
* Malone, T.F., Roederer, J.G. (eds.), 1985: Global Change : The Proceedings of a Symposium. Cambridge University Press, 512 pp.
* Roederer, J.G., 2005: Information and its Role in Nature. Springer, Heidelberg, 250 pp.
* Roederer, J.G., Zhang, H., 2014: Dynamics of Magnetically Trapped Particles. Springer, Heidelberg, 192 pp.

## Awards and honors

* Fellow of the American Geophysical Union (1977)
* Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1980)
* Senior Research Fellow of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1964–1966)
* Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science of Argentina (1983)
* Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Science of Austria (1985)
* Associate Fellow of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (1990)
* Edward A. Flinn III Award of the American Geophysical Union (2000)
* Honorary Member of the Argentina Physical Association
* Honorary Member of the Argentine Association of Geodesists and Geophysicists
* Recipient of the medal "100 Years of International Geophysics" of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences (awarded to 100 geophysicists worldwide)
* Recipient of four NASA Group Achievement Awards for his collaboration in the Galileo Mission to Jupiter

## InfoBox

| Juan G. Roederer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1929-09-02) September 2, 1929<br>Trieste, Italy |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Buenos Aires, Argentina (Ph.D. in 1952) |
| Known for | Solar cosmic rays, Theory of earth’s radiation belts, Neural networks for pitch processing, Foundations of information theory |
| Awards | AGU Fellow (1977), AAAS (1980), Edward A. Flinn III Award of the AGU (2000), Recipient of the medal "100 Years of International Geophysics" of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences (awarded to 100 geophysicists worldwide), NASA four Group Achievement Awards, Galileo Mission |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Space physics, Psychoacoustics, Information theory |
| Institutions | University of Alaska-Fairbanks |
|  | |


title: Juanjo Muko Nsue

abstract: Juan José "Juanjo" Mouko Nsue is an Equatorial Guinean fashion stylist and former footballer who played as a forward for the Equatorial Guinea national team. He is based in London, England and Paris, France.

text:
# Juanjo Muko Nsue

**Juan José "Juanjo" Mouko Nsue** (also spelt **Juanjose Mouko Nsue**) (born 14 January 1993) is an Equatorial Guinean fashion stylist and former footballer who played as a forward for the Equatorial Guinea national team. He is based in London, England and Paris, France.

## Club career

After graduate from Atlético Madrid, he moved to England. There, he played at Arlesey Town in the Southern League Premier Division after playing for Farnborough and Whyteleafe.

## International career

Juanjo was called by the Equatoguinean senior national team for the first time in October 2010 for a friendly match against Botswana. However, he was unable to attend.

Juanjo made his debut on 8 February 2011, when he played a friendly match against Chad.

## InfoBox

Juanjo Mouko
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Juan José Mouko Nsue | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-01-14) 14 January 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Malabo, Equatorial Guinea | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2009–2012 | Atlético Madrid | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013 | Whyteleafe |  |  |
| 2013 | Farnborough | 2 | (0) |
| 2014 | Arlesey Town | 11 | (3) |
| International career | | | |
| 2011 | Equatorial Guinea | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 April 2014<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 11 October 2011 | | | |


title: Juan José Chaux Mosquera

abstract: Juan José Chaux Mosquera was a Colombian lawyer, politician and diplomat, member of the Colombian Liberal Party. He was one of the most powerful men in Cauca, Colombia starting the 21st-century.

text:
# Juan José Chaux Mosquera

**Juan José Chaux Mosquera** (Popayán, September 6, 1957-Cali, July 19, 2021) was a Colombian lawyer, politician and diplomat, member of the Colombian Liberal Party. He was one of the most powerful men in Cauca, Colombia starting the 21st-century.

## Trayectory

Chaux Mosquera was born in 1957 in Popayán, department of Cauca. He is married to Mónica Donado and had two children, María Alejandra and Francisco.

Held several public positions, being Representative to the Chamber (1990–1991; 1991–1994; 1994–1998) and Senator (1998–2002) for Liberalism, governor of Cauca, councilor of Popayán and served as Colombia's ambassador to the Dominican Republic in the administration of Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Later was investigated for his alleged ties to paramilitaries.

The new ambassador, he advanced his law studies at the Javeriana University, was Governor of Cauca between 2004 and 2007, Senator of the Republic in the period 1998–2002, Representative to the Chamber between 1990 and 1998, and Councilor of the city of Popayan.

He also held the executive direction of the Corporation for the Reconstruction and Development of the Department of Cauca (CRC).

Chaux Mosquera was investigated for links to paramilitaries, specifically with the Calima Bloc. He faced a process in the Supreme Court of Justice for 'parapolitics', since he allegedly sought support from the armed groups.

The JEP court accepted the leader at the end of 2020, this being one of the first cases of parapolitics admitted in this jurisdiction. The ex-governor had promised to tell the truth in detail.

He suffered heart complications after being admitted to a clinic for surgery. With his death, several issues remain pending within the framework of his submission to the Special Jurisdiction for Peace, JEP.

1. Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (July 19, 2021). "Murió Juan José Chaux, exgobernador y exsenador del Cauca". *El Tiempo* (in Spanish). Retrieved June 8, 2023.
2. "Falleció Juan José Chaux Mosquera, exgobernador del Cauca". *RCN Radio* (in Spanish). July 19, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
3. URBANO, ANÁLISIS. "Uribe, el asesino que nos puso la mafia". *www.lanuevaprensa.com.co* (in European Spanish). Retrieved June 8, 2023.
4. "Juan Jose Chaux Mosquera | Perfil congresista". *Congreso Visible* (in Spanish). Retrieved June 8, 2023.

## InfoBox

| Juan José Chaux Mosquera | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ambassador of Colombia in the Dominican Republic | |
| **In office**
May 13, 2008  September 15, 2008 | |
| President | Álvaro Uribe Vélez |
| Succeeded by | Mario Montoya Uribe |
| Governor of Cauca | |
| **In office**
March 3, 2004  December 31, 2007 | |
| Senator of the Republic of Colombia
Member of the Colombian House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
July 20, 1998  July 20, 2002 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1957
Popayán, Cauca, Colombia |
| Died | July 19, 2021
Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia |
| Political party | Colombian Liberal Party |
| Alma mater | Javeriana University |
| Occupation | Lawyer, politician, diplomat |
|  | |


title: Prempura, Bhopal (census code 482362)

abstract: Prempura is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block. It is situated near Dobra, around 8 km from the Raja Bhoj Airport.

text:
# Prempura, Bhopal (census code 482362)

**Prempura** is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block. It is situated near Dobra, around 8 km from the Raja Bhoj Airport.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Prempura has 3 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 36.36%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 16 | 7 | 9 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 5 | 2 | 3 |
| Scheduled caste | 16 | 7 | 9 |
| Scheduled tribe | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Literates | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Workers (all) | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| Main workers (total) | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Non-workers | 7 | 2 | 5 |

## InfoBox

| Prempura | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| PrempuraPrempura | |
| Coordinates: 23°20′24″N 77°20′42″E / 23.34012806°N 77.34497309°E / 23.34012806; 77.34497309 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Bhopal |
| Tehsil | Huzur |
| Elevation | 492 m (1,614 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 16 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | MP-IN |
| 2011 census code | 482362 |


title: Prempura, Bhopal (census code 482424)

abstract: Prempura is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.

text:
# Prempura, Bhopal (census code 482424)

**Prempura** is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Prempura has 339 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 56.56%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 1602 | 879 | 723 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 237 | 136 | 101 |
| Scheduled caste | 269 | 152 | 117 |
| Scheduled tribe | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Literates | 772 | 479 | 293 |
| Workers (all) | 511 | 415 | 96 |
| Main workers (total) | 495 | 404 | 91 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 271 | 249 | 22 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 100 | 69 | 31 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Main workers: Other | 121 | 84 | 37 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 16 | 11 | 5 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 14 | 9 | 5 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Non-workers | 1091 | 464 | 627 |

## InfoBox

| Prempura | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| PrempuraPrempura | |
| Coordinates: 23°21′36″N 77°33′30″E / 23.36010415°N 77.55830526°E / 23.36010415; 77.55830526 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Bhopal |
| Tehsil | Huzur |
| Elevation | 460 m (1,510 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,602 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Area code | 0755 |
| ISO 3166 code | MP-IN |
| 2011 census code | 482424 |


title: Juan Ignacio Martínez

abstract: Juan Ignacio Martínez Jiménez, is a Spanish football coach and former player, who played as a left back, and currently manages Foolad in the Persian Gulf Pro League. Having only played as high as Segunda División B, he began managing at age 33 and led Levante, Valladolid and Almería in La Liga, and four clubs in the Segunda División. Abroad, he had spells in Kuwait, China and Iran.

text:
# Juan Ignacio Martínez

**Juan Ignacio Martínez Jiménez** (Spanish pronunciation: \[xwaniɣˈnaθjo maɾˈtineθ xiˈmeneθ\]; born 23 June 1964), is a Spanish football coach and former player, who played as a left back, and currently manages Foolad in the Persian Gulf Pro League.

Having only played as high as Segunda División B, he began managing at age 33 and led Levante, Valladolid and Almería in La Liga, and four clubs in the Segunda División. Abroad, he had spells in Kuwait, China and Iran.

## Playing career

Martínez was born in Alicante. After playing youth football for both Alicante CF and Elche CF he competed only at amateur level during his career, never in higher than the third division. He played for Elche CF Ilicitano, CD Benicarló, UD Melilla – due to his compulsory military service – Alicante, UD Vall de Uxó, UD Almansa and FC Torrevieja.

Martínez ended his career in 1990, at only 26.

## Coaching career

Martínez began managing in 1997, his first stop being precisely Alicante. In the following years, he coached several teams in the lower leagues – also working in youth and women's football – his longest spell being three years with AD Mar Menor-San Javier in the fourth level, which he led to two consecutive playoff appearances albeit without any promotion.

In the 2005–06 season, Martínez led FC Cartagena to the first position in division three. He first reached the professionals in the 2007–08 campaign, coaching UD Salamanca to a final seventh place in the second tier.

After another season in the second division, with Albacete Balompié, Martínez returned to Cartagena (recently returned to that level). He led the Murcian club to the fifth position in his first year, and the 13th in his second.

Affectionately known as "JIM" (his full name's initials), Martínez was appointed at Levante UD on 9 June 2011, replacing Getafe CF-bound Luis García. After two draws in the first two La Liga rounds he coached the team to seven consecutive wins, including a 1–0 home victory against Real Madrid.

Martínez also led the Valencians to their first continental competition ever, by finishing sixth in 2011–12. After ranking only 11th in the following season he opted to not renew his contract, and signed a two-year deal with fellow league side Real Valladolid.

On 24 May 2014, after the latter's relegation, Martínez was relieved of his duties. On 11 December he was appointed at the helm of UD Almería, replacing fired Francisco; on 5 April 2015, he was sacked by the Andalusians after a heavy 1–4 home loss to his previous club Levante.

After one month as working as a personal assistant to Lorca FC's new Chinese owner Xu Genbao, Martínez moved abroad in November 2016 to manage Shanghai Shenxin F.C. on an annual salary of €600,000. He left a year later, having finished seventh in China League One and reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup, where they were beaten by Super League's Shanghai Greenland Shenhua FC. He remained in the country with Meizhou Meixian Techand F.C. of the same league, being dismissed in September with the team third from bottom after 24 games.

Martínez was hired by Al-Arabi SC of the Kuwaiti Premier League in June 2019, working alongside Darko Nestorović. On 14 December 2020, he returned to his home country after being named at the helm of Real Zaragoza in the second division.

Martínez left Zaragoza on 30 May 2022, after avoiding relegation. On 6 September 2023, he signed for Foolad F.C. who had lost their first four games of the Persian Gulf Pro League season.

## Personal life

Martínez's cousin, José Bordalás, is also a football coach.

## Managerial statistics

*As of 3 January 2024*

Managerial record by team and tenure
| Team | Nat | From | To | Record | | | | | | | | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win % | |
| Alicante |  | 1 January 1997 | 1 July 1997 | 21 | 2 | 4 | 15 | 20 | 53 | −33 | 009.52 |  |
| Orihuela |  | 1 July 1997 | 30 June 1998 | 37 | 18 | 6 | 13 | 56 | 41 | +15 | 048.65 |  |
| Torrevieja |  | 30 June 1999 | 1 July 2001 | 66 | 29 | 18 | 19 | 123 | 94 | +29 | 043.94 |  |
| Mar Menor-San Javier |  | 1 July 2002 | 19 March 2005 | 113 | 72 | 29 | 12 | 270 | 101 | +169 | 063.72 |  |
| Cartagena |  | 19 March 2005 | 30 June 2006 | 50 | 25 | 15 | 10 | 64 | 42 | +22 | 050.00 |  |
| Alcoyano |  | 13 November 2006 | 30 June 2007 | 28 | 14 | 8 | 6 | 30 | 19 | +11 | 050.00 |  |
| Salamanca |  | 30 June 2007 | 7 July 2008 | 43 | 13 | 18 | 12 | 53 | 46 | +7 | 030.23 |  |
| Albacete |  | 7 July 2008 | 28 April 2009 | 35 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 37 | 47 | −10 | 028.57 |  |
| Cartagena |  | 2 July 2009 | 9 June 2011 | 87 | 35 | 19 | 33 | 110 | 119 | −9 | 040.23 |  |
| Levante |  | 9 June 2011 | 5 June 2013 | 98 | 38 | 20 | 40 | 126 | 132 | −6 | 038.78 |  |
| Valladolid |  | 17 June 2013 | 21 May 2014 | 40 | 7 | 16 | 17 | 39 | 63 | −24 | 017.50 |  |
| Almería |  | 13 December 2014 | 5 April 2015 | 17 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 15 | 25 | −10 | 029.41 |  |
| Shanghai Shenxin |  | 26 November 2016 | 28 November 2017 | 37 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 65 | 52 | +13 | 035.14 |  |
| Meizhou Meixian Techand |  | 2 January 2018 | 24 September 2018 | 25 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 33 | 35 | −2 | 024.00 |  |
| Al-Arabi |  | 25 June 2019 | 13 October 2019 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 10 | −5 | 000.00 |  |
| Zaragoza |  | 14 December 2020 | 30 May 2022 | 71 | 25 | 27 | 19 | 69 | 73 | −4 | 035.21 |  |
| Foolad |  | 5 September 2023 | *13 February 2024* | 10 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 8 | −3 | 040.00 |  |
| Total | | | | 784 | 316 | 222 | 246 | 1,120 | 960 | +160 | 040.31 |  |

## InfoBox

Juan Ignacio Martínez
| Martínez during a press conference in 2013 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Juan Ignacio Martínez Jiménez | | |
| Date of birth | (1964-06-23) 23 June 1964 | | |
| Place of birth | Alicante, Spain | | |
| Position(s) | Left back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Alicante | | |
| 1982–1983 | Elche | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1983–1984 | Ilicitano |  |  |
| 1984–1985 | Benicarló |  |  |
| 1985–1986 | Melilla |  |  |
| 1986–1987 | Alicante |  |  |
| 1987–1988 | Vall de Uxó |  |  |
| 1988 | Almansa |  |  |
| 1988–1990 | Torrevieja | 21 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1997 | Alicante | | |
| 1997–1998 | Orihuela | | |
| 1999–2001 | Torrevieja | | |
| 2002–2005 | Mar Menor-San Javier | | |
| 2005–2006 | Cartagena | | |
| 2006–2007 | Alcoyano | | |
| 2007–2008 | Salamanca | | |
| 2008–2009 | Albacete | | |
| 2009–2011 | Cartagena | | |
| 2011–2013 | Levante | | |
| 2013–2014 | Valladolid | | |
| 2014–2015 | Almería | | |
| 2017 | Shanghai Shenxin | | |
| 2018 | Meizhou Meixian Techand | | |
| 2019 | Al-Arabi | | |
| 2020–2022 | Zaragoza | | |
| 2023–2024 | Foolad | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Power and Propulsion Element

abstract: The Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), previously known as the Asteroid Redirect Vehicle propulsion system, is a planned solar electric ion propulsion module being developed by Maxar Technologies for NASA. It is one of the major components of the Lunar Gateway. The PPE will allow access to the entire lunar surface and a wide range of lunar orbits and double as a space tug for visiting craft. The PPE originally started development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a part of the now cancelled Asteroid Redirect Mission, but is now led and managed by the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center, in Cleveland, Ohio. When ARM was cancelled, the solar electric propulsion was repurposed as the PPE for the Gateway. The PPE is designed to be able to transfer the reusable Gateway to lunar orbit. It will also serve as the communications center of the Gateway. The PPE is intended to have a launch mass of 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) with propellant accounting for half that mass and the capability to generate 50 kW of solar electric power using Roll Out Solar Arrays for its Hall-effect thrusters, which can be supplemented by chemical propulsion. It is currently planned to launch on a Falcon Heavy no earlier than 2027 along with the HALO module.

text:
# Power and Propulsion Element

The **Power and Propulsion Element** (**PPE**), previously known as the **Asteroid Redirect Vehicle propulsion system**, is a planned solar electric ion propulsion module being developed by Maxar Technologies for NASA. It is one of the major components of the Lunar Gateway. The PPE will allow access to the entire lunar surface and a wide range of lunar orbits and double as a space tug for visiting craft.

The PPE originally started development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a part of the now cancelled Asteroid Redirect Mission, but is now led and managed by the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center, in Cleveland, Ohio. When ARM was cancelled, the solar electric propulsion was repurposed as the PPE for the Gateway. The PPE is designed to be able to transfer the reusable Gateway to lunar orbit. It will also serve as the communications center of the Gateway. The PPE is intended to have a launch mass of 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) with propellant accounting for half that mass and the capability to generate 50 kW of solar electric power using Roll Out Solar Arrays for its Hall-effect thrusters, which can be supplemented by chemical propulsion. It is currently planned to launch on a Falcon Heavy no earlier than 2027 along with the HALO module.

## Development

### Asteroid Redirect Vehicle bus

The **Asteroid Redirect Vehicle** was a robotic, high performance solar electric spacecraft for the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM). The mission was to send the spacecraft to a near-Earth asteroid and capture a multi-ton boulder from the surface with a grappling device. It would then transport the asteroid into orbit around the Moon where crewed missions to study it could be conducted more easily. The mission was cancelled in early 2017 and the spacecraft's propulsion segment became the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) for the Deep Space Gateway, now known as the Gateway.

### Reusable Space Tug missions

During the Asteroid Redirect Mission, space tug missions were purposed to separate Mars logistics that can spend a longer time in space than the crew into a separate mission, which could have reduced the costs by as much as 60% (if using advanced solar electric propulsion (ion engines) ). They would also reduce the overall mission risk by enabling check-out of critical systems at Mars before the crew departs Earth. This way if something goes wrong in those logistics, the crew is not in danger and the hardware can simply be fixed or relaunched.

Not only would the solar electric propulsion (SEP) technologies and designs be applied to future missions, but the ARM spacecraft would be left in a stable orbit for reuse. The project had baselined any of multiple refueling capabilities. The asteroid-specific payload was at one end of the spacecraft bus, either for possible removal and replacement via future servicing, or as a separable, reusable spacecraft, leaving a qualified space tug in cislunar space. This made adaption for Gateway easy, as the propulsion system was already designed to be multi-mission reusable. When the ARM was cancelled however, development on the bus and any reusable tug ideas died, temporarily.

### Power and Propulsion Element

In 2017, a year after the Artemis program came into existence, the ARM space tug/propulsion bus was repurposed as the main propulsion system for the Gateway space station. It officially became known as the Power and Propulsion Element or PPE. The PPE will be a smaller version of the Asteroid Redirect bus. In 2018, the Gateway was split off from Artemis as a separate program to allow a Moon landing by 2024 without having to wait for the Gateway to be completed.

### Commercial company studies

On 1 November 2017, NASA commissioned 5 studies lasting four months into affordable ways to develop the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), hopefully leveraging private companies' plans. These studies had a combined budget of US$2.4 million. The companies performing the PPE studies were Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Orbital ATK, Sierra Nevada and Space Systems/Loral. These awards are in addition to the ongoing set of NextSTEP-2 awards made in 2016 to study development and make ground prototypes of habitat modules that could be used on the Gateway as well as other commercial applications, so the Gateway is likely to incorporate components developed under NextSTEP as well.

### Contract awarded

In May 2019, Maxar Technologies was contracted by NASA to manufacture this module, which will also supply the station with electrical power and is based on Maxar's SSL 1300 series satellite bus. The PPE will use Busek 6 kW Hall-effect thrusters and NASA Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS) Hall-effect thrusters. Maxar was awarded a firm-fixed price contract of US$375 million to build the PPE. Maxar's SSL business unit, previously known as Space Systems/Loral, will lead the project. Maxar stated they will receive help from Blue Origin and Draper Laboratory on the project, with Blue Origin assisting in human-rating and safety aspect while Draper will work with trajectory and navigation development. NASA is supplying the PPE with a S-band communications system to provide a radio link with nearby vehicles and a passive docking adapter to receive the Gateway's future Utilization Module. Maxar stated they are experienced dealing with high power components from making satellites. They did mention that their satellites are around 20 to 30 kilowatts, while the PPE will be about 60 kilowatts, but they say much of the technology they have already developed will still be applicable. After a one-year demonstration period, NASA would then "exercise a contract option to take over control of the spacecraft". Its expected service time is about 15 years.

### To be launched with HALO

As originally planned, PPE would be compatible with the International Docking System Standard (IDSS). This meant that any IDSS capable spacecraft could theoretically dock to the PPE, such as Orion, the International Space Station, Dragon 2, Dream Chaser, and Boeing Starliner.

In 2020, NASA announced that the PPE would be integrated before launch with HALO, the renamed Utilization Module. In February 2021 NASA contracted with SpaceX for launch of the integrated elements by a Falcon Heavy launch vehicle.

In mid 2024, the HALO module reached significant completion and entered into the stress test phase in Thales Alenia's facilities. Upon successful completion of the stress tests, it is planned to be shipped to the US Northrop Grumman facilities to undergo final launch preparation and integration with the Power and Propulsion Element.

### PPE construction

* Zarya (Functional Cargo Block; FGB/ФГБ), the International Space Station power, propulsion, control, and storage, module
* Artemis Program

## InfoBox

Power and Propulsion Element
| Artist's impression of the PPE, attached to HALO, firing its engines in lunar orbit. | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | PPE<br>Asteroid Redirect Vehicle |
|  | |
| Mission type | Power and propulsion module |
| Operator | Northrop Grumman / NASA |
| Mission duration | 15 years (planned) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | PPE |
| Manufacturer | Maxar Technologies |
| Launch mass | 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) |
| Power | 60 kW |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 2027 (planned) |
| Rocket | Falcon Heavy |
| Launch site | Kennedy Space Center, LC-39A |
| Contractor | SpaceX |
|  | |
| Lunar Gateway | |