title: Oklahoma State Highway 3

abstract: State Highway 3, also abbreviated as SH-3 or OK-3, is a highway maintained by the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Traveling diagonally through Oklahoma, from the Panhandle to the far southeastern corner of the state, SH-3 is the longest state highway in the Oklahoma road system, at a total length of 615 miles (990 km) via SH-3E.

text:
# Oklahoma State Highway 3

**State Highway 3**, also abbreviated as **SH-3** or **OK-3**, is a highway maintained by the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Traveling diagonally through Oklahoma, from the Panhandle to the far southeastern corner of the state, SH-3 is the longest state highway in the Oklahoma road system, at a total length of 615 miles (990 km) via SH-3E (see below).

## Route description

### In the northwest

SH 3 begins at the Colorado state line 19 mi (31 km) north of Boise City, Oklahoma. At this terminus, it is concurrent with US-287/US-385. It remains concurrent with the two U.S. Routes until reaching Boise City, where it encounters a traffic circle which contains five other highways. After the circle, US-385 splits off, and SH-3 overlaps US-287, US-56, US-64, and US-412, though US-56 and US-287 both split off within the next 8 miles (13 km).

In Guymon, US-64 splits off. At Elmwood, US-270 joins US-412, coming from a concurrency with SH-23. SH-3 remains concurrent with US-270 through Watonga. In Seiling, US-183 leaves the concurrency but is quickly replaced by U.S. Highway 281. SH-33 joins the roadbed 20 miles (32 km) later.

In Watonga, SH-33 and SH-3 split off from US-270 and US-281. SH-3 and SH-33 remain concurrent for an additional 28 miles (45 km), until Kingfisher, where SH-3 joins US-81. It will stay concurrent with US-81 for 13 miles (21 km), through the town of Okarche. 3 miles (4.8 km) after Okarche, SH-3 leaves US-81. This marks the first point that SH-3 has not been part of a concurrency.

### Through Oklahoma City

Beginning at the split from US-81, SH-3 becomes a major artery in the Oklahoma City highway system, commonly known as the *Northwest Expressway* because it is a diagonal route and because it serves the northwestern part of the metro area. It skirts the northern limits of El Reno before entering the Oklahoma City limits. The often-congested Northwest Expressway passes through the suburb of Warr Acres and passes close to Lake Hefner.

At the intersection with the Lake Hefner Parkway (SH-74), SH-3 again re-enters a concurrency. The Lake Hefner Parkway ends very shortly after, and SH-3 becomes concurrent with I-44 through the western side of the city. Near Will Rogers World Airport, SH-3 transfers to I-240 along the southern side of the city. After I-240 ends, SH-3 is transferred onto I-40/US-270, which it remains concurrent with for 16 miles (26 km).

### SH-3E/3W split

In Shawnee, SH-3 splits into two highways, **SH-3E** and **SH-3W**. SH-3W splits off I-40 onto US-177, along with US-270, at milemarker 181 on I-40. It continues along with US-270 and 177 through the west side of Shawnee and continues south of that city until Tecumseh, where US-270 splits off. South of Asher, SH-3W leaves US-177 and veers southeast toward Ada.

SH-3E, the longer of the two split routes, was the original routing of Highway 3 before the two highways were split. It remains on I-40 for 5 miles (8.0 km) after SH-3W splits off. When it does split off, it soon joins SH-18. It follows a route closer to the center of Shawnee. After leaving Shawnee, it heads southeast toward Seminole. Here, it meets US-377/SH-99. SH-3E merges onto this highway, and they will remain concurrent until after they reach Ada.

In Ada, SH-3E and SH-3W are reunited and become SH-3 once again.

### Ada to Atoka

SH-3 then becomes part of the **Richardson Loop**, a freeway around the west and south sides of Ada. Throughout the Richardson Loop, it overlaps SH-1 and US-377/SH-99 at different times. The highway then becomes two-lane once again and heads southeast to the town of Coalgate, where begins an 18-mile (29 km) concurrency with US-75, lasting through Atoka. In Atoka, US-75 splits off to join US-69.

### Antlers to Arkansas

Two miles west of Antlers, the highway has an interchange with the Indian Nation Turnpike, and in Antlers it intersects U.S. Highway 271. After reaching the town of Broken Bow, it turns southward and overlaps US-259 and US-70.

Near Idabel, the highway splits off after being with US-259 for 13 miles (21 km). 28 miles (45 km) later, it becomes AR 32 as it crosses the state line into Arkansas.

## History

The current SH-3 was designated on 15 May 1939. The original highway included all of current SH-3 up to Antlers, where it terminated at US-271. It was extended to the Arkansas state line on 4 August 1952. SH-3 ended there concurrent with US-70 and SH-7, near DeQueen, Arkansas. On 7 January 1963, the highway was given its own alignment from near Idabel to Arkansas, taking over that of SH-21, which was eliminated at that time.

From the highway's commissioning to 1976, there was only one fork of SH-3 between Shawnee and Ada, which was the path of current SH-3E. SH-3W and SH-3E were created on 4 October 1976; the new SH-3W took over all of SH-13. Other than minor realignments, the highway remains essentially the same today.

In the early 1980s, Governor George Nigh was able to obtain $97.1 million to upgrade the highway between Oklahoma City and Colorado, despite opponents labeling the project "the highway to nowhere". House Concurrent Resolution 1067 labeled the highway as "Governor George Nigh's Northwest Passage." ODOT officially so named the highway on 2 February 1981.

* SH-3's concurrency with I-44 in Oklahoma City is an example of a wrong-way concurrency – I-44 West is SH-3 East and vice versa.
* SH-3's concurrency with US-70 is also a wrong-way concurrency, as US-70 is signed as going west and SH-3 as going east.
* The SH-3 bypass around Atoka is named the Cecil B. "Bud" Greathouse Bypass. It was designated by ODOT on 4 October 1982.

## Spurs

SH-3 had two lettered spurs, SH-3A and SH-3B.

SH-3A continued the alignment of the Northwest Expressway for two more miles before ending at I-44 near Penn Square Mall. It was originally known as SH-66A, a spur off US 66, which once ran through the area. The combined effect of US-66 being decommissioned and "3A" being a more logical name for an extension of SH-3 led to the name change. SH-3A was decommissioned in 2009.

SH-3B is entirely in Atoka, Oklahoma and runs between US-75/SH-3 and SH-7.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cimarron |  | 0.00 | 0.00 |  |
US 287 / US 385 north | Continuation into Colorado; western end of US-287/US-385 concurrency |
| |  | 17.6 | | 28.3 |
US 287 south | Eastern end of US-287 concurrency |
| | Boise City | 18.5 | | 29.8 |

US 56 / US 64 / US 412 west / US 385 south (Cimarron Avenue south) / SH-325 west (Main Street west) Clayton NM, Kenton | Traffic circle around Cimarron County courthouse; eastern end of US-385 concurrency; western end of SH-3 concurrency; eastern terminus of SH-325 |
| |  | 20.3 | 32.7 |  | US 287 Amarillo, Denver CO, Stratford TX | Interchange |
| |  | | 26.4 | 42.5 |
US 56 east | Eastern end of US-56 concurrency; former SH-114 |
| |  | | 34.1 | 54.9 | SH-171 |  |
| Texas | Four Corners | | 53.0 | 85.3 |
SH-95 north | Western end of SH-95 concurrency |
| |  | | 58.0 | 93.3 |
SH-95 south | Eastern end of SH-95 concurrency |
| |  | | 76.1 | 122.5 |
SH-136 north | Western end of SH-136 concurrency |
| | Guymon | | 80.4 | 129.4 |

US 64 / US 412 Truck / SH-3 Truck east / SH-136 Truck south (NE 12th Street) | Eastern end of US-64 concurrency; western terminus of US-412 Truck/SH-3 Truck; northern terminus of SH-136 Truck |
| | 81.2 | | 130.7 |
US 54 west (South 2nd Street) | Western end of US-54 concurrency |
| | 81.6 | | 131.3 |

US 412 Truck / SH-3 Truck / SH-136 Truck (US 54 east) Liberal KS | Eastern end of US-54 concurrency; eastern terminus of US-412 Truck/SH-3 Truck; southern terminus of SH-136 Truck |
| | 81.65 | | 131.40 |
SH-136 south (East Street) | Eastern end of SH-136 concurrency |
| |  | | 96.2 | 154.8 |
SH-94 north Hooker | Southern terminus of SH-94 |
| Beaver | Bryan's Corner | | 119.2 | 191.8 | US 83 Liberal Ks., Beaver, Perryton Tx., Turpin |  |
| | Elmwood | | 136.1 | 219.0 |
US 270 west / SH-23 Beaver, Booker Tx. | Western end of US-270 concurrency |
| Harper |  | | 171.3 | 275.7 | US 283 Laverne, Shattuck |  |
| | May | | 179.5 | 288.9 | SH-46 Buffalo, Gage |  |
| Ellis
 | No major junctions | | | | | | | | |
| Woodward |  | | 188.9 | 304.0 |
US 183 north Buffalo | Western end of US-183 concurrency |
| | Woodward | | 202.8 | 326.4 |
SH-15 west (Oklahoma Avenue west) | Eastern terminus of SH-15 |
| | 204.9 | | 329.8 |

US 412 east (Oklahoma Avenue east) / SH-34 north (9th Street north) Enid | Eastern end of US-412 concurrency; western end of SH-34 concurrency |
| |  | | 208.7 | 335.9 |
SH-34 south Elk City, Vici | Eastern end of SH-34 concurrency |
| |  | | 217.5 | 350.0 |
SH-50 north Mooreland | Southern terminus of SH-50 |
| Dewey |  | | 236.0 | 379.8 |
US 183 south Taloga, Clinton | Eastern end of US-183 concurrency |
| | Seiling | | 238.1 | 383.2 |

US 60 east / US 281 north Waynoka, Fairview | Northern end of US-60/US-281 concurrency |
| | 238.7 | | 384.2 |

US 60 / SH-51 west (Shepherd Street) to US 183 Vici | Southern end of US-60 concurrency; western end of SH-51 concurrency |
| | Hucmac | | 247.1 | 397.7 | SH-51 Canton, Southard | Eastern end of SH-51 concurrency |
| Blaine |  | | 266.9 | 429.5 |

SH-33 west / SH-58 north Canton, Thomas | Western end of SH-33 concurrency; southern terminus of SH-58 |
| | Watonga | | 276.5 | 445.0 |

US 270 east / US 281 south / SH-8 (Clarence Nash Boulevard) Okeene, Geary | Eastern end of US-270/US-281 concurrency |
| Kingfisher | Kingfisher | | 304.1 | 489.4 |

US 81 north (Main Street north) / SH-33 east (Broadway Avenue east) | Eastern end of SH-33 concurrency; western end of US-81 concurrency |
| Canadian |  | | 316.4 | 509.2 |
US 81 south El Reno | Trumpet interchange; eastern end of US-81 concurrency |
| | Oklahoma City | | 329.9 | 530.9 | SH-4 (Piedmont Road) Piedmont, Yukon |  |
| | 333.5 | | 536.7 | I-344 / Kilpatrick Turnpike – Exact change required | Diamond interchange |
| | Oklahoma | | 340.4 | 547.8 |
SH-74 north (Lake Hefner Parkway north) | Diamond interchange; west end of freeway section; western end of SH-74 (Lake Hefner Pkwy.) concurrency |
| | 341.1 | 548.9 |  | NW 50th Street |  |
| | 341.9 | 550.2 | 123B |
SH-66 west Warr Acres, Bethany | Stack interchange; exit numbers follow I-44 |
| | 341.9 | 550.2 |  |
I-44 east (SH-66 east) / SH-74 end | Stack interchange; I-44 exit 123B; southern terminus of SH-74; northern end of I-44 concurrency |
| | 342.4 | 551.0 | 123A | NW 36th Street | Westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| | 343.2 | 552.3 | 122 | NW 23rd Street |  |
| | 344.2 | 553.9 | 121A-B | NW 10th Street – Fair Park | Signed as exits 121B (west) and 121A (east); Fair Park signed westbound only |
| | 345.5 | 556.0 | 120A-B | I-40 (US 270) Amarillo, Fort Smith | Full diamond interchange; signed as exits 120B (east) and 120A (west) |
| | 346.3 | 557.3 | 119 | SW 15th Street |  |
| | 347.3 | 558.9 | 118 | SW 29th Street |  |
| | 348.1 | 560.2 | 117A | SW 44th Street | Signed as exit 117B northbound |
| | 348.6 | 561.0 | 116B | SH-152 (Airport Road) | Eastern terminus of SH-152 |
| | 349.4 | 562.3 | 116A | SW 59th Street |  |
| | 350.0 | 563.3 | 1A |
I-44 / US 62 west / I-240 begin Lawton | Exit number follows I-240; southern end of I-44 concurrency; western end of I-240/US-62 concurrency; western terminus of I-240 |
| | Overlap with I-240 | | | | | | | |
| | 366.8 | 590.3 |  |
I-40 west (US 270 west) / I-240 end Oklahoma City | Eastern terminus of I-240; I-40 exit 165; eastern end of I-240 concurrency; western end of I-40/US-270 concurrency |
| | 368.1 | 592.4 | 166 | Choctaw Road | Exit numbers follow I-40 |
| | 371.2 | 597.4 | 169 | Peebly Road |  |
| | 374.0 | 601.9 | 172 | Harrah Newalla Road |  |
| Pottawatomie | McLoud | 378.1 | 608.5 | 176 | SH-102 (McLoud Road) | Western end of SH-102 concurrency |
| | Dale | 380.2 | 611.9 | 178 | SH-102 Dale, Bethel Acres | Eastern end of SH-102 concurrency |
| | Shawnee | 382.9 | 616.2 | 181 |

I-40 / SH-3E east / US 270 / SH-3W east / US 177 Shawnee, Tecumseh | SH-3 east splits into SH-3W and SH-3E; eastern end of I-40/US-270 concurrency; exit number is for US-177/US-270/SH-3W |
| See SH-3E and SH-3W | | | | | | | |
| Pontotoc |  | 440.4 | 708.8 |  |

SH-1 east / SH-3E (J.A. Richardson Loop) / SH-3W / SH-19 west Seminole, McAlester, Shawnee, Pauls Valley | West end of freeway section; northern end of SH-1 concurrency; SH-3 west splits into SH-3W and SH-3E |
| |  | | | Ada | Westbound exit only |
| |  | 440.9 | 709.6 |  | Reeves Road | Eastbound exit only |
| |  | 441.3 | 710.2 |  |
SH-1 west Latta, Roff, Sulphur | Southern end of SH-1 concurrency |
| |  | 442.3 | 711.8 |  | Oak Avenue | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| |  | 443.4 | 713.6 |  | Kerr Lab Road |  |
| | Ada | 444.4 | 715.2 |  |
US 377 / SH-99 north Ada, McAlester | Western end of US-377/SH-99 concurrency; westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| | 445.3 | 716.6 |  | Stonecipher Boulevard |  |
| | Ahloso | 446.2 | 718.1 |  |
US 377 / SH-99 south Fittstown, Tishomingo, Madill | East end of freeway; eastern end of US-377/SH-99 concurrency |
| |  | 454.9 | 732.1 |  | Stonewall | Interchange |
| Coal |  | | 461.5 | 742.7 | SH-48 Lula, Allen, Tupelo |  |
| |  | | 471.1 | 758.2 |
US 75 north Calvin | Western end of US-75 concurrency |
| | Coalgate | | 474.9 | 764.3 |
SH-31 east (Main Street north) | Northern end of SH-31 concurrency |
| | 475.0 | | 764.4 |
SH-31 west (Ohio Avenue) | Southern end of SH-31 concurrency |
| | 475.4 | | 765.1 |
SH-43 east (Lafayette Avenue) | Western terminus of SH-43 |
| Atoka | Atoka | |  |  |

SH-3 Byp. east (Greathouse Drive) Antlers, Wapanucka | Western terminus of SH-3 Byp. |
| | | | 488.2 | 785.7 |
US 69 north (Mississippi Avenue north) McAlester, Tulsa | Western end of US-69 concurrency |
| | | | 489.6 | 787.9 |

US 69 south (Mississippi Avenue south) / US 75 / SH-7 / SH-3 Byp. west (13th Street west) Tishomingo, Durant | Eastern end of US-69/US-75 concurrency; eastern terminus of SH-3 Byp./SH-7 |
| Pushmataha | Antlers | | 519.8 | 836.5 | Indian Nation Turnpike Hugo, Paris, Henryetta, Tulsa | Interchange; Indian Nation Tpk. exit 16 |
| | | | 520.5 | 837.7 |
SH-2 north Moyers, Clayton | Southern terminus of SH-2 |
| | | | 521.5 | 839.3 |
US 271 south Hugo | Western end of US-271 concurrency |
| | | | 522.4 | 840.7 |
US 271 north Wilburton, Poteau, Clayton | Eastern end of US-271 concurrency |
| | Rattan | | 534.2 | 859.7 |
SH-93 south Hugo | Northern terminus of SH-93 |
| | Oleta | | 538.3 | 866.3 |
SH-147 south | Northern terminus of SH-147 |
| McCurtain |  | | 565.9 | 910.7 |
SH-98 south | Northern terminus of SH-98 |
| | Broken Bow | | 577.0 | 928.6 |

US 70 east (Martin Luther King Drive) / US 259 north (Park Drive north) DeQueen Ark., Beavers Bend | Northern end of US-70/US-259 concurrency |
| | Idabel | | 584.8 | 941.1 |
US 70 Byp. begins / US 70 west Southeastern Oklahoma State University McCurtain Campus, Hugo | Southern end of US-70 concurrency; northern end of US-70 Byp. concurrency |
| | 586.7 | | 944.2 |

US 259 south / US 70 Byp. west | Eastern end of US-259 concurrency; southern end of US-70 Byp. concurrency |
| |  | | 615.0 | 989.7 |
AR 32 east | Continuation into Arkansas |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | |

### SH-3E

| County | Location | mi | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pottawatomie |  | 387.0 | 622.8 | 181 |

I-40 / SH-3 west / SH-3W east / US 177 / US 270 Stillwater, Tecumseh | Exit numbers follow I-40; eastern end of I-40 concurrency; SH-3E west and SH-3W merge into SH-3 |
| | Shawnee |  |  | 185 | Kickapoo Street – Shawnee |  |
| | 389.7 | 627.2 |  |

I-40 east / SH-18 north Meeker | Western end of SH-18 concurrency; I-40 exit 186 |
| | | 391.7 | 630.4 |
SH-18 south (Harrison Street south) | Eastern end of SH-18 concurrency |
| | Earlsboro | 397.6 | 639.9 |  |
SH-9A to I-40 Earlsboro |  |
| |  | | 398.9 | 642.0 |
SH-99A east | Western terminus of SH-99A |
| Seminole | Seminole | | 406.5 | 654.2 |
US 270 west / SH-9 Eufaula, Norman | Western end of US-270 concurrency |
| | | | 408.9 | 658.1 |

US 270 east (Broadway Avenue east) / US 377 / SH-99 north (Milt Phillips Avenue north) | eastern end of US-270 concurrency, western end of US-377/SH-99 concurrency |
| | | | 411.4 | 662.1 |
SH-59 west Maud | Western end of SH-59 concurrency |
| | Bowlegs | | 414.1 | 666.4 |
SH-59 east Bowlegs, Wewoka | Eastern end of SH-59 concurrency |
| |  | | 428.5 | 689.6 |

SH-39 west (Broadway Street) / SH-56 east Wewoka, Konawa | Eastern terminus of SH-39; western terminus of SH-56 |
| Canadian River | | |  |  | Haney-Abbott Bridge | |
| Pontotoc | Ada | 439.4 | 707.1 |  |

US 377 / SH-99 south / SH-1 east Agri-Plex, Ada, McAlester | West end of freeway; eastern end of US-377/SH-99 concurrency, western end of SH-1 concurrency |
| |  | 440.4 | 708.8 |  |
SH-3W / SH-19 west Shawnee | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; eastern terminus of SH-19 |
| | | |  | Ada | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| | | |  |
SH-3 east / SH-1 (J.A. Richardson Loop) | SH-3E east and SH-3W merge into SH-3 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | |

### SH-3W

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pottawatomie |  |  |  |
I-40 / SH-3 west (US 270 west) Oklahoma City | Interchange; SH-3W west and SH-3E merge into SH-3; western end of US-270 concurrency; I-40 exit 181 |
| |  | |
I-40 east (SH-3E east) Okemah | Interchange; westbound exit and eastbound entrance; I-40 exit 181 |
| |  | |

US 177 north to SH-270 | Interchange; left entrance eastbound, left exits; western end of US-177 concurrency |
| | Shawnee | 387.3 | 623.3 |

US 270 Bus. east (Kickapoo Spur) | Interchange; western terminus of US-270 Bus. |
| | 388.8 | 625.7 |

US 270 Bus. west / SH-18 north (Farrall Avenue) | Interchange; southern terminus of SH-18, eastern terminus of US-270 Bus. |
| | Tecumseh | 392.4 | 631.5 | Tecumseh | Interchange |
| | 394.6 | 635.0 |
US 270 east / SH-9 Tecumseh, Seminole | Eastbound exit split into "US-270 / SH-9 east – Seminole" and "SH-9 west – Tecumseh"; eastern end of US-270 concurrency |
| | Chisney | 401.4 | 646.0 |
SH-59B west Macomb | Eastern terminus of SH-59B |
| | Pearson | 406.4 | 654.0 |
SH-59 east Pearson, St. Louis | Northern end of SH-59 concurrency |
| | Asher | 412.4 | 663.7 | SH-39 Konawa, Lexington, Purcell |  |
| Canadian River | |  |  | PottawatomiePontotoc county line | |
| PontotocMcClain
county line |  | 415.1 | 668.0 |

US 177 south / SH-59 west Stratford, Sulphur | Southern end of US-177/SH-59 concurrency |
| Pontotoc |  | 421.0 | 677.5 |
SH-59A west | Eastern terminus of SH-59A |
| |  | 431.9 | 695.1 |
SH-19 west Stratford, Pauls Valley | Interchange |
| |  | 433.4 | 697.5 |
SH-3E west / SH-1 (J.A. Richardson Loop) / Main Street McAlester, Seminole, Ada | Interchange; eastbound left exit and westbound entrance (left entrance from Main St.) |
| | |  |
SH-3 east / SH-1 (J.A. Richardson Loop) / SH-19 end Roff, Coalgate | Interchange; SH-3W east and SH-3E merge into SH-3; eastern terminus of SH-19 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Oklahoma State Highway 3KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Highway 3 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 615.0 mi (989.7 km) |
| Existed | 1939–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | US 287 / US 385 Colorado state line *(concurrent with US-287/385)* |
| Major intersections | I-344 / Kilpatrick Turnpike near Oklahoma City
I-44 in Oklahoma City
I-40 in Oklahoma City
I-35 in Oklahoma City
I-40 in Shawnee
Indian Nation Turnpike in Antlers |
| East end | AR 32 at the Arkansas state line |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Oklahoma State Highway System** | |
| SH-2   SH-4 | |


title: Oklahoma State Highway 37

abstract: State Highway 37 is a designation for two separate highways in the state of Oklahoma. The northern section runs between Hinton and Moore in central Oklahoma, while the southern section runs from the Texas state line at the Red River to Idabel, in southeastern Oklahoma. The northern section of SH-37 runs 65.8 miles (105.9 km) from US-281 in Hinton to Sunnylane Road in Moore. The southern section of SH-37 is 12.54 miles (20.18 km) long.

text:
# Oklahoma State Highway 37

**State Highway 37** (abbreviated **SH-37**) is a designation for two separate highways in the state of Oklahoma. The northern section runs between Hinton and Moore in central Oklahoma, while the southern section runs from the Texas state line at the Red River to Idabel, in southeastern Oklahoma. The northern section of SH-37 runs 65.8 miles (105.9 km) from US-281 in Hinton to Sunnylane Road (former SH-77H) in Moore. The southern section of SH-37 is 12.54 miles (20.18 km) long.

## Route descriptions

### Central Oklahoma

The SH-37 in Central Oklahoma begins at US-281 in Hinton, Caddo County. It runs in a zigzag pattern for four miles (6.4 km) to the southeast before crossing into Canadian County. The Canadian County section runs in an irregular path to the southeast for 14 miles (23 km), before re-entering Caddo County.

Back in Caddo County, SH-37 runs three miles (5 km) south to the town of Cogar, where it joins SH-152 and turns to the east. This concurrency goes two miles (3 km) before entering Grady County.

In Grady County, SH-37/SH-152 goes 8.8 miles (14.2 km) to the east to US-81. There, SH-152 turns to the north, and SH-37 joins US-81 for a one-and-a-half-mile concurrency to Minco, where SH-37 splits off and heads east once again.

SH-37 runs for 16.6 miles (26.7 km) in Grady County, serving as the northern terminus for SH-92 on the west edge of Tuttle, and intersecting SH-4 in Tuttle before crossing into McClain County.

One mile into McClain County, SH-37 serves as the northern terminus for SH-76, then joins I-44 for a brief concurrency three miles later. SH-37 overlaps I-44 for three miles (5 km), running north across the Canadian River into Cleveland County and Oklahoma City, where it runs east along S.W. 134th Street into the city of Moore, where it becomes S. 4th Street. SH-37 then continues eastward as a mostly hidden designation through the south side of the city.

SH-37 ends at Sunnylane Road, formerly SH-77H, on the east side of Moore.

### Southeastern Oklahoma

The southeastern SH-37 begins where TX-37 crosses the Red River into Oklahoma, and heads north for two miles (3 km) to a junction with SH-98. At this point, SH-37 heads east for 10+12 miles (16.9 km) to its terminus at US-70 Bypass in Idabel.

## History

### Central Oklahoma

The portion of SH-37 in Moore between Janeway Avenue (just west of I-35) and its eastern terminus at Sunnylane Road was in the damage path of the EF-5 tornado that hit Moore on 20 May 2013.

### Southeastern Oklahoma

The southeastern SH-37 was originally numbered as SH-57.

## Junction lists

### Central Oklahoma

| County | Location | mi | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caddo | Hinton | 0.0 | 0.0 |  | US 281 / SH-8 | Western terminus |
| Canadian
 | No major junctions | | | | | | | |
| Caddo | Cogar | 21.2 | 34.1 |  | SH-152 | Western end of SH-152 concurrency |
| Grady |  | 31.9 | 51.3 |  | US 81 / SH-152 | Eastern end of SH-152 concurrency, northern end of US-81 concurrency |
| | Minco | 33.3 | 53.6 |  | US 81 | Southern end of US-81 concurrency |
| | Tuttle | 41.3 | 66.5 |  | SH-92 | Northern terminus of SH-92 |
| |  | 46.6 | 75.0 |  | SH-4 |  |
| McClain | Newcastle | 50.6 | 81.4 |  | SH-76 | Northern terminus of SH-76 |
| | | 53.6 | 86.3 |  | I-44 / US 62 | Interchange, I-44 exit 108, Southern end of I-44 / US-62 concurrency |
| | | 54.9 | 88.4 | 108A | Frontage Road | Southbound exit and northbound entrance |
| Cleveland | Oklahoma City | 56.2 | 90.4 | 109 | SW 149th Street |  |
| | | 56.9 | 91.6 |  | I-44 / US 62 | Interchange, I-44 exit 110, Northern end of I-44 / US-62 concurrency |
| | Moore | 63.0 | 101.4 |  | I-35 / US 77 | Interchange, I-35 exit 117 |
| | 65.8 | 105.9 |  | Sunnylane Road | Eastern terminus; Road continues as SE 134th Street |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | |

### Southeastern Oklahoma

The entire route is in McCurtain County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Red River | 0.00 | 0.00 |
SH 37 south | Continuation into Texas |
|  |  |  |
SH-98 north Valliant |  |
| Idabel | 12.54 | 20.18 |
US 70 Byp. (Jumper Memorial Highway) | Eastern terminus; road continues as Martin Luther King Drive |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| State Highway 37 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Section 1 | |
| Length | 65.8 mi (105.9 km) |
| West end | US 281 / SH-8 in Hinton |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | Sunnylane Road in Moore |
| Section 2 | |
| Length | 12.54 mi (20.18 km) |
| West end | SH 37 at the Texas state line |
| East end |
US 70 Byp. in Idabel |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Oklahoma State Highway System** | |
| SH-36   SH-38 | |


title: Ida Mae

abstract: Ida Mae is an English alternative rock duo composed of husband and wife, Chris Turpin and Stephanie Jean Ward. The duo has released three studio albums and toured with notable acts such as Greta Van Fleet, Gary Clark Jr., Brandi Carlile, Willie Nelson, Lucinda Williams and more.

text:
# Ida Mae

**Ida Mae** is an English alternative rock duo composed of husband and wife, Chris Turpin and Stephanie Jean Ward. The duo has released three studio albums and toured with notable acts such as Greta Van Fleet, Gary Clark Jr., Brandi Carlile, Willie Nelson, Lucinda Williams and more.

## Career

Turpin and Ward met while studying in Bath, where they founded and fronted the alternative rock band Kill It Kid. After three studio albums that were received with commercial success, Kill It Kid disbanded in 2015.

After marrying in 2016, the duo recorded their debut album *Chasing Lights* at Real World Studios in Bath with Ethan Johns (Kings of Leon, Ray LaMontagne). The album was released on June 7, 2019, and was met with praise from Billboard, The Independent, and more.

The success of *Chasing Lights* led Ida Mae to national touring opportunities with Greta Van Fleet, Willie Nelson, Alison Krauss, Marcus King, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Josh Ritter, Nick Mulvey and more.

The band released their second album, *Click Click Domino*, on July 16, 2021. The album was self-produced and included features from Marcus King and Jake Kizska from Greta Van Fleet.

Their latest album, *Thunder Above You*, was released on October 6, 2023. The album was recorded in less than a week with mostly live takes while Stephanie was pregnant with their first child.

## Discography

**Studio Albums**

* Chasing Lights (2019)
* Click Click Domino (2021)
* Thunder Above You (2023)

**Live Albums**

* Live in Memphis (2020)
* Live Under the Chalk Horse (2022)

## InfoBox

| Ida Mae | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | England |
| Genres | Alternative rock, blues, americana |
| Years active | 2019-present |
| Labels | Thirty Tigers |
|  | |
| Members | Christopher Turpin<br>Stephanie Jean Ward |
|  | |
| Website | www.idamaemusic.com |


title: Oldroydia

abstract:
Oldroydia is a genus of chitons belonging to the family Leptochitonidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America. Species:
  - Oldroydia bidentata
  - Oldroydia percrassa

text:
# Oldroydia

***Oldroydia*** is a genus of chitons belonging to the family Leptochitonidae.

The species of this genus are found in Northern America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Oldroydia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Polyplacophora |
| Order: | Lepidopleurida |
| Family: | Leptochitonidae |
| Genus: | *Oldroydia*<br>Dall, 1894 |
|


abstract: The IfM – Small and Medium Sized Companies and Entrepreneurship in Mannheim, Germany is an economic and entrepreneurship research institute and associated with the University of Mannheim. Under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Michael Woywode, president of the institute, IfM employs a staff of about 30 researchers. The IfM was established in Mannheim in 1987 and is still headquartered there. The institute is organized as an NGO with a legal form of gGmbH.

text:
# IfM – Small and Medium Sized Companies and Entrepreneurship

The **IfM – Small and Medium Sized Companies and Entrepreneurship** (in German: *Institut für Mittelstandsforschung*) in Mannheim, Germany is an economic and entrepreneurship research institute and associated with the University of Mannheim. Under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Michael Woywode, president of the institute, IfM employs a staff of about 30 researchers. The IfM was established in Mannheim in 1987 and is still headquartered there. The institute is organized as an NGO with a legal form of gGmbH.

## Organization and Research

The IfM Mannheim has defined four core research areas:

* Management Concepts and Information/Communication Technology
* Family businesses
* Contemporary Self-Responsibility
* Entrepreneurship

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

IfM – Small and Medium Sized Companies and Entrepreneurship
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | IfM |
| Formation | 1987 |
| Type | NGO, gGmbH |
| Purpose | Research |
| Location |  |
| Director | Michael Woywode |
| Affiliations | University of Mannheim |
| Staff | 30 |
| Website | ifm.uni-mannheim.de |


title: Old Style Saloon No. 10

abstract: The Old Style Saloon No. 10 is located in Deadwood, South Dakota, United States. The original location is best known as the site where the American Old West legend Wild Bill Hickok was assassinated by the Coward Jack McCall while playing a game of poker on August 2, 1876. Saloon No. 10 was originally located on placer claim number 10 from which its name is derived. Fire swept through the mining camp in 1879 destroying the original structure, and a bar was later built at its former location.

text:
# Old Style Saloon No. 10

The **Old Style Saloon No. 10** is located in Deadwood, South Dakota, United States. The original location is best known as the site where the American Old West legend Wild Bill Hickok was assassinated by the Coward Jack McCall while playing a game of poker on August 2, 1876. Saloon No. 10 was originally located on placer claim number 10 from which its name is derived. Fire swept through the mining camp in 1879 destroying the original structure, and a bar was later built at its former location.

## Murder of Wild Bill Hickok

On the afternoon of August 2nd, 1876 Wild Bill wandered into Saloon No. 10 for a game of poker. The only chair left at the game was one which would place Wild Bill's back to the door, something he was uneasy with doing. Jack McCall entered the Saloon shortly after, he and Wild Bill exchanged greetings McCall walked around the table stopping to check each players hand. Finally positioning himself behind Wild Bill he pulled out his pistol and shot Wild Bill in the back of the head exclaiming "Take that damn you". Wild Bill fell forward and let his hand fall to the table, black aces and eights and the nine of diamonds which would come to be known as the Deadman's Hand. The Saloon still stages a re-enactment of the shooting during the summer months.

## Notable patrons

The Saloon was frequented by many American Old West characters including: Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, Colorado Charlie Utter, Texas Jack, California Joe, Buffalo Bill Cody, Doc Holliday, Poker Alice, Wyatt Earp & Potato Creek Johnny.

## Further reading

* The New York Times Style Magazine "The Old Style Saloon No. 10 stages a re-enactment of the murder of Wild Bill Hickok". (Maura, Egan. *Kiss, Kiss,Bang Bang, There's gold in them there Hills*. The New York Times Style Magazine, Winter 2005, p. 54.)
* *International Gaming & Wagering Business*. BMT Publications. 1992.
* Marion L. Head (June 1, 2009). *Explorer's Guide South Dakota (Explorer's Complete)*. Countryman Press. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-1-58157-823-2.
* *State Legislatures*. National Conference of State Legislatures. 1991. p. lxxxiii.
* Katherine Jensen; Audie L. Blevins (1998). *The Last Gamble: Betting on the Future in Four Rocky Mountain Mining Towns*. University of Arizona Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-8165-1854-8.
* Sara E. Quay (January 1, 2002). *Westward Expansion*. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 233–. ISBN 978-0-313-31235-9.
* Thadd Turner (March 2000). "A visit with Wild Bill Hickok". *Trail's End Magazine*. pp. 40–43.
* Mary Elizabeth Anderson (December 1995). "Deadwood". *Wild West Magazine*. pp. 40–44, 96.
* Darla J. Schultz (June 1993). "The Deadwood of Legend & Lore". *Home & Away Magazine*. p. 27.

44°23′10″N 103°43′08″W / 44.386011°N 103.718824°W / 44.386011; -103.718824

## InfoBox

| Present Day Saloon No.10 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Old West |
| Location | Deadwood, South Dakota, South Dakota, United States |
| Opened | c.1876 |


title: Iffley Lock

abstract: Iffley Lock is a lock on the River Thames in England near the village of Iffley, Oxfordshire. It is on the southern outskirts of Oxford. The original lock was built by the Oxford-Burcot Commission in 1631 and the Thames Navigation Commission replaced this in 1793. The lock has a set of rollers to allow punts and rowing boats to be moved between the water levels. In addition the lock and weir streams there is stream further to the east which used to be the Mill Stream. The weir is downstream of the lock, where the weir stream is joined by the mill stream.

text:
# Iffley Lock

| Iffley Lock |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

**Iffley Lock** is a lock on the River Thames in England near the village of Iffley, Oxfordshire. It is on the southern outskirts of Oxford. The original lock was built by the Oxford-Burcot Commission in 1631 and the Thames Navigation Commission replaced this in 1793. The lock has a set of rollers to allow punts and rowing boats to be moved between the water levels.

In addition the lock and weir streams there is stream further to the east which used to be the Mill Stream.

The weir is downstream of the lock, where the weir stream is joined by the mill stream.

## History

A weir was owned by Lincoln College as early as 1302 and this weir may have carried the bridge which is referenced earlier than this. Iffley Lock was the pound lock furthest upstream that was built by the Oxford-Burcot Commission in 1631. In 1790 the Thames Commissioners took over Iffley and the other Oxford-Burcot locks at Sandford and Swift Ditch. The Commission rebuilt the lock in 1793, and the keeper was instructed to take tolls for "punts, pleasure boats, skiffs and wherries" at a charge of sixpence for punts and skiffs and one shilling for four oared craft. However access to the lock was awkward for barge traffic heading for the Thames and Severn Canal which had to enter backwards and take down their masts. Improvements and enlargements were made to the lock in 1802 and 1806 and the stone lockhouse was built in 1810. In 1826, it was ordered that no craft should pass through the lock during the hours of divine service. In the middle of the 19th century there was a problem with water levels below the water and a witness to a parliamentary enquiry reported that cows and horses were sometimes driven into the river to create sufficient draught. The lock was repaired in 1866, and ten years later the lock was being blamed for flooding in Oxford. Although the boat slide was promised in 1885, at the same time the Thames Conservancy were considering removing the lock. However there were many petitions to retain it and it survived.

The latest rebuilding took place in 1927.

## Access to the lock

The lock can be reached on foot on the track from Donnington Bridge on the western side or from Iffley village on the eastern side. The lock can be crossed on foot.

## Reach above the lock

The river at this point and around Oxford in general is sometimes known as the Isis. Donnington Bridge crosses the river upstream of the lock and then the River Cherwell joins the Thames on the northern side. Boathouses of Oxford University colleges line the bank on the northern side, followed by Christ Church Meadow. This upstream stretch of the river is used for rowing, and is the location of the University rowing regattas of Torpids and Summer Eights. After Christ Church Meadow is Folly Bridge where are the landing stages for pleasure boats. After Folly Bridge, the river runs through suburbs where it is crossed by Grandpont Bridge. Beyond this is the Gasworks Bridge, a converted railway bridge, and the Osney Rail Bridge.

The Thames Path stays on the western side towards South Hinksey until it reaches Osney Lock.

1. "Environment Agency Distances between locks on the River Thames". *web page*. Environmental Agency. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012. Distances given in km

## InfoBox

| Iffley Lock | |
| --- | --- |
| Iffley Lock from downstream | |
|  | |
| 51°43′42.45″N 1°14′25.21″W / 51.7284583°N 1.2403361°W / 51.7284583; -1.2403361 | |
| Waterway | River Thames |
| County | Oxfordshire |
| Maintained by | Environment Agency |
| Operation | Hydraulic |
| First built | 1631 |
| Latest built | 1927 |
| Length | 46.96 m (154 ft 1 in) |
| Width | 6.47 m (21 ft 3 in) |
| Fall | 0.81 m (2 ft 8 in) |
| Above sea level | 178' |
| Distance to <br>Teddington Lock | 91 miles |


title: Old Wire Road

abstract: The Old Wire Road is a historic road in Missouri and Arkansas. Several local roads are still known by this name. It followed an old Native American route, the Great Osage Trail across the Ozarks and became a road along a telegraph line from St. Louis, Missouri, to Fort Smith, Arkansas. This route was also used by the Butterfield Overland Mail. It was known simply as the "Wire Road" while the telegraph line was up, but when the line was later removed, it became known as the "Old Wire Road". In St. Louis, where the road begins at Jefferson Barracks, it is called Telegraph Road. From St. Louis to Springfield, Missouri, it became designated Route 14 which, in turn, later became U.S. Route 66 and still later Interstate 44. At Springfield, it turned southwest and passed through what is now Wilson's Creek National Battlefield. From the Battlefield it meandered southwest through Christian and Stone counties in Missouri towards the Arkansas state line. It passed near Pea Ridge, Arkansas, and through Fayetteville, Arkansas, on its way to Fort Smith, Arkansas. It was used as part of the Trail of Tears and during the Civil War, when Confederate soldiers often cut the telegraph line.

text:
# Old Wire Road

**The Old Wire Road** is a historic road in Missouri and Arkansas. Several local roads are still known by this name. It followed an old Native American route, the Great Osage Trail across the Ozarks and became a road along a telegraph line from St. Louis, Missouri, to Fort Smith, Arkansas. This route was also used by the Butterfield Overland Mail. It was known simply as the "Wire Road" while the telegraph line was up, but when the line was later removed, it became known as the "Old Wire Road". In St. Louis, where the road begins at Jefferson Barracks, it is called Telegraph Road. From St. Louis to Springfield, Missouri, it became designated Route 14 which, in turn, later became U.S. Route 66 and still later Interstate 44.

At Springfield, it turned southwest and passed through what is now Wilson's Creek National Battlefield. From the Battlefield it meandered southwest through Christian and Stone counties in Missouri towards the Arkansas state line. It passed near Pea Ridge, Arkansas, and through Fayetteville, Arkansas, on its way to Fort Smith, Arkansas.

It was used as part of the Trail of Tears and during the Civil War, when Confederate soldiers often cut the telegraph line.


title: Old Wives' Tales (album)

abstract: Old Wives' Tales is an album by the American musician Exene Cervenka, released in 1989. Cervenka told the Los Angeles Times that she considered the album to be "for and about women." "He's Got a She" peaked at No. 17 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart. Cervenka promoted the album by touring with the Oyster Band.

text:
# Old Wives' Tales (album)

***Old Wives' Tales*** is an album by the American musician Exene Cervenka, released in 1989. Cervenka told the *Los Angeles Times* that she considered the album to be "for and about women."

"He's Got a She" peaked at No. 17 on *Billboard'*s Modern Rock Tracks chart. Cervenka promoted the album by touring with the Oyster Band.

## Production

The album was produced by the former  guitarist Tony Gilkyson. Unlike in X, Cervenka contributed to both the album's music and lyrics; Cervenka had to reacquaint herself with playing the guitar. The songs were written in northern Idaho.

"Gravel" and "Famous Barmaid" include poetry recitations. Gilkyson's sister, Eliza, provided backing vocals on the album.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Chicago Tribune* |  |
| Robert Christgau | B |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide* |  |
| *Orlando Sentinel* |  |
| *Ottawa Citizen* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

The *Chicago Reader* called the album "a surpassingly melodic manifesto on what can only be called post-postpunk feminism and romanticism." *The New York Times* thought that, "as in X, Ms. Cervenka's lyrics conjure an American panorama of prosaic hopes and romantic friction." *The Globe and Mail* wrote that it is the "casual musical eclecticism, along with Exene's ability to toss off lines like 'She believes in a God who's all thumbs,' that make *Old Wives' Tales* interesting."

Robert Christgau stated: "Always a notebook-toter, she goes for the roots and poetry you'd expect—in other words, folk-rock." *Trouser Press* determined that "the tasteful and varied mixture of folk, country, recitation and sturdy rock isn’t that great a stylistic leap from the essence of X." The *Orlando Sentinel* concluded that if Cervenka "didn't have a punk-rock past, her solo debut might win her a place among country-Western New Traditionalists such as Lyle Lovett and K.D. Lang." The *Toronto Star* opined that, while Cervenka "doggedly wrestles with the empty romance of poverty-stricken America," the album "comes replete with suspect vocals and arrangements."

AllMusic called *Old Wives' Tales* "a charming, timeless album of mostly quiet, quirky folk music." *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* deemed the songs "wordy and pretentious."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "She Wanted" |  |
| 2. | "Biggest Memory" |  |
| 3. | "Here Come the Crucifiers" |  |
| 4. | "Cocktail Trees" |  |
| 5. | "Famous Barmaid" |  |
| 6. | "Leave Heaven Alone" |  |
| 7. | "Good Luck" |  |
| 8. | "White Trash Wife" |  |
| 9. | "He's Got a She" |  |
| 10. | "Gravel" |  |
| 11. | "Coyote on the Town" |  |

## InfoBox

| Old Wives' Tales | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Exene Cervenka | |
| Released | 1989 |
| Genre | Folk, folk rock |
| Label | Rhino |
| Producer | Tony Gilkyson |
| Exene Cervenka chronology | |
| ***Old Wives' Tales***
(1989) *Running Sacred*
(1990) | |


title: Ijumu

abstract: Ìjùmú is a Local Government Area in Kogi State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Iyara. Other towns in the local government include Ayetoro Gbede, Iyah-Gbede, Ayegunle Gbede, Araromi Gbede, Ayere, Ayeh Gbede, Okoro Gbede, Odokoro Gbede, Ekinrin-Adde, Egbeda Egga, Iyamoye, Ogidi, Ikoyi, Otungba, Oton-Ade, Origa, and others. The people of Ìjùmú speak the Okun dialect of the Yoruba language. The main occupation is farming among men, while women are engaged in trade. Education is the major industry in Ìjùmú. It has an area of 1,306 km⁲ and a population of 119,929 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 261. The current chairman of the local government is Hon. Taufiq Isa. The current National President of the Ijumu Development Union (IDU) is Mr Kayode Olorunmaiye. He was elected during the IDU Annual Congress at Iyara in December 2020 for a term of two years, taking over from the previous National President, Mr Taiye Atibioke

text:
# Ijumu

**Ìjùmú** is a Local Government Area in Kogi State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Iyara. Other towns in the local government include Ayetoro Gbede, Iyah-Gbede, Ayegunle Gbede, Araromi Gbede, Ayere, Ayeh Gbede, Okoro Gbede, Odokoro Gbede, Ekinrin-Adde, Egbeda Egga, Iyamoye, Ogidi, Ikoyi, Otungba, Oton-Ade, Origa, and others. The people of Ìjùmú speak the Okun dialect of the Yoruba language. The main occupation is farming among men, while women are engaged in trade. Education is the major industry in Ìjùmú.

It has an area of 1,306 km2 and a population of 119,929 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 261.

The current chairman of the local government is Hon. Taufiq Isa. The current National President of the Ijumu Development Union (IDU) is Mr Kayode Olorunmaiye. He was elected during the IDU Annual Congress at Iyara in December 2020 for a term of two years, taking over from the previous National President, Mr Taiye Atibioke

## Languages

Ìjùmú is highly linguistically diverse. Some of the local Volta–Niger languages spoken in Ijumu LGA are:

## Notable people

* Smart Adeyemi, a Senator representing Kogi West, and a past National President of the Nigerian Union of Journalists from 1999 to 2006.
* S. A. Ajayi, a Nigerian statesman, pioneer politician in old Kabba Province and the founding father of Ijumu Local Government.
* Shola Ameobi, an Ayetoro Gbede born English footballer, playing for Newcastle United as a striker.
* David Jemibewon, a retired Nigerian Army Major-General who served as military governor of the defunct Western State (Aug 1975 – March 1976), as governor of Oyo State after it was created from part of the old Western State (March 1976 -July 1978), and later as Minister of Police Affairs (1999 to 2000).
* Samuel Jemigbon (4 March 1934 – 17 June 2009), was a Christian clergyman who was Chairman of the Lagos, Western/Northern Area Territory and Vice-President of The Apostolic Church Nigeria.
* Dino Melaye, a former Senator of Kogi West District in the National Assembly.
* Nike Davies-Okundaye, also known as Nike Okundaye, Nike Twins Seven Seven and Nike Olaniyi, is a batik and Adire textile designer.
* Bayo Ojo, a former Attorney General of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
* Folashade Yemi-Esan, a Nigerian civil servant and current head of the civil service of the federation since 28 February 2020.

## InfoBox

| Ìjùmú | |
| --- | --- |
| LGA | |
| Art & Gallery at Ijumu | |
| ÌjùmúLocation in Nigeria | |
| Coordinates: 7°51′N 5°58′E / 7.850°N 5.967°E / 7.850; 5.967 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Kogi State |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,306 km2 (504 sq mi) |
| Population (2006 census) | |
| Total | 119,929 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
| 3-digit postal code prefix | 261 |
| ISO 3166 code | NG.KO.IJ |
|  | |


title: Gentianella quinquefolia

abstract: Gentianella quinquefolia, commonly called agueweed, is a flowering plant in the gentian family. It is native to eastern North America.

text:
# Gentianella quinquefolia

***Gentianella quinquefolia***, commonly called **agueweed**, is a flowering plant in the gentian family. It is native to eastern North America.

## Subspecies

There are two subspecies:

* *Gentianella quinquefolia* ssp. *occidentalis* \- a more western variety, with larger flowers. Found in dry calcareous areas.
* *Gentianella quinquefolia* ssp. *quinquefolia* \- primarily Appalachian, with smaller flowers. Found in forests and Appalachian balds.

## InfoBox

| *Gentianella quinquefolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Subspecies *quinquefolia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Gentianaceae |
| Genus: | *Gentianella* |
| Species: | ***G. quinquefolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gentianella quinquefolia***<br>(L.) Small | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Ohio, Texas

abstract: Ohio is an unincorporated community in Hamilton County, in the U.S. state of Texas.

text:
# Ohio, Texas

**Ohio** is an unincorporated community in Hamilton County, in the U.S. state of Texas.

## History

A post office called Ohio was established in 1882, and remained in operation until 1920. The community was named by settlers from Ohio who settled in the area during the early 1900s. Ohio was shown on maps until 1948. Since 1990 a few scattered houses remain in the area.

31°32′22″N 98°05′10″W / 31.53944°N 98.08611°W / 31.53944; -98.08611


title: Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven

abstract: "Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven" is a song by Canadian singer and songwriter Bryan Adams from his sixth studio album, Waking up the Neighbours (1991). Penned by Robert Lange and Bryan Adams, the song became Adams' third chart-topper in his native Canada, reached No. 13 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and peaked at No. 8 in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven

"**Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven**" is a song by Canadian singer and songwriter Bryan Adams from his sixth studio album, *Waking up the Neighbours* (1991). Penned by Robert Lange and Bryan Adams, the song became Adams' third chart-topper in his native Canada, reached No. 13 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100, and peaked at No. 8 in the United Kingdom.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick, *Billboard's* reviewer, positively reviewed the song, reporting that the "anthemic chorus sounds like it was penned to be chanted in arenas".

## Music video

The video is shot in a barley field in the middle of the night with dolphins flying over Bryan Adams and his band.

## Track listings

**Canadian and US cassette single, Japanese mini-CD single**

1. "Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven"
2. "Summer of '69" (live)

**UK 7-inch and cassette single**

1. "Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven"
2. "Somebody" (live)

**UK 12-inch single**

A1. "Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven" A2. "Somebody" (live) B1. "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" (single version)

**UK and Australian CD single, Australian cassette single**

1. "Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven"
2. "Somebody" (live)
3. "Heat of the Night" (live)

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Bryan Adams | |
| from the album  *Waking Up the Neighbours* | |
| B-side |  |
| Released | February 10, 1992 (1992-02-10) |
| Studio |  |
| Length | 5:49 |
| Label | A&M |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Robert Lange * Bryan Adams |
| Bryan Adams singles chronology | |
| "There Will Never Be Another Tonight"
(1991) "**Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven**"
(1992) "All I Want Is You"
(1992) | |


title: Nyoiseau

abstract: Nyoiseau is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 15 December 2016, it was merged into the new commune Segré-en-Anjou Bleu.

text:
# Nyoiseau

**Nyoiseau** (French pronunciation: \[niwazo\] ) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 15 December 2016, it was merged into the new commune Segré-en-Anjou Bleu.

## Geography

The river Oudon flows through the middle of the commune and forms part of its northern border.

## InfoBox

| Nyoiseau | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Segré-en-Anjou Bleu | |
| Location of Nyoiseau | |
| NyoiseauNyoiseau | |
| Coordinates: 47°43′02″N 0°54′54″W / 47.7172°N 0.915°W / 47.7172; -0.915 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Maine-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Segré |
| Canton | Segré |
| Commune | Segré-en-Anjou Bleu |
| Area**1** | 15.55 km2 (6.00 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 1,185 |
| Density | 76/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Nyoisien, Nyoisienne |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 49500 |
| Elevation | 22–97 m (72–318 ft)
(avg. 53 m or 174 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: There's Gonna Be a Showdown

abstract: There's Gonna Be a Showdown is a 1969 album by American funk band Archie Bell & the Drells, released by the record label Atlantic. It was their last album released on Atlantic, and preceded a six-year gap before the recording of its follow-up, Dance Your Troubles Away, which appeared on producers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff's own label, Philadelphia International.

text:
# There's Gonna Be a Showdown

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***There's Gonna Be a Showdown*** is a 1969 album by American funk band Archie Bell & the Drells, released by the record label Atlantic. It was their last album released on Atlantic, and preceded a six-year gap before the recording of its follow-up, *Dance Your Troubles Away*, which appeared on producers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff's own label, Philadelphia International.

## Track listing

1. "I Love My Baby" (Kenneth Gamble, Thom Bell)
2. "Houston Texas" (Bobby Martin, Kenneth Gamble, Thom Bell)
3. "(There's Gonna Be A) Showdown" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff)
4. "Giving Up Dancing" (Bobby Martin, Kenneth Gamble, Thom Bell)
5. "Girl You're Too Young" (Archie Bell, Kenneth Gamble, Thom Bell)
6. "Mama Didn't Teach Me That Way" (Archie Bell)
7. "Do the Handjive" (Kenneth Gamble, Thom Bell)
8. "My Balloon's Going Up" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff)
9. "Here I Go Again" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff)
10. "Go for What You Know" (Melvin Steals, Mervin Steals)
11. "Green Power" (Melvin Steals, Mervin Steals)
12. "Just a Little Closer" (Archie Bell)

## InfoBox

| There's Gonna Be a Showdown | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Archie Bell & the Drells | |
| Released | 1969 |
| Genre | Funk, soul, R&B |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer | Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff, L.J.F. Productions |
| Archie Bell & the Drells chronology | |
| *I Can't Stop Dancing*
(1968) ***There's Gonna Be a Showdown***
(1969) *Dance Your Troubles Away*
(1976) | |


title: Murder of Michal Sela

abstract: Michal Sela was an Israeli social worker who worked with at-risk youth in Jerusalem. After she was murdered by her husband in 2019, she has been featured in public education and awareness campaigns, and her sister Lili Ben Ami founded the Michal Sela Forum, a nonprofit organization focused on the development of technology and services to prevent domestic violence and abuse.

text:
# Murder of Michal Sela

**Michal Sela** (Hebrew: מיכל סלה) was an Israeli social worker who worked with at-risk youth in Jerusalem. After she was murdered by her husband in 2019, she has been featured in public education and awareness campaigns, and her sister Lili Ben Ami founded the Michal Sela Forum, a nonprofit organization focused on the development of technology and services to prevent domestic violence and abuse.

## Murder

Sela was stabbed to death on October 2, 2019, at her home in Motza. In 2021, her husband Eliran Malul was convicted of murder. In December 2021, Malul was sentenced to life in prison.

Sela and Malul had a daughter who was eight months old at the time of Sela's death. Family members of Sela publicly advocated for an amendment to the Guardianship Law in Israel to automatically remove guardianship rights for the children of parents who murder or attempt to murder the other parent in domestic abuse situations. The amendment was enacted in 2021 and resulted in the removal of guardianship rights from Eliran Malul.

## Victim

Sela was born in Moshav Beit Zeit, the fourth of six children born to Daniela and Raphael Sela. She earned her Master of Social Work degree from the Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem a few days before her death. Sela worked with at-risk youth as a social worker in Jerusalem.

## Legacy

Sela was one of the victims featured in the installation titled She's Gone, which displays the clothing of women murdered by their partners, and was shown in Tel Aviv in 2019 as well as in the United Nations office in Geneva in 2022. In 2021, an artificial version of Sela appeared in a video created by artificial intelligence as part of an Israeli public education campaign against domestic violence.

### Michal Sela Forum

In 2020, Lili Ben Ami, her sister, founded the nonprofit Michal Sela Forum (MSF) to develop technology to help prevent domestic violence. In 2020, MSF hosted a Safe@Home hackathon focused on developing technology. Following the hackathon, MSF continued an accelerator phase of the project.

In 2021, MSF co-sponsored a United Nations event titled "Terror at Home: Fighting Domestic Violence with Innovation and Technology" and received a $300,000 grant from Google.org to continue developing technology after the 2021 Safe@Home hackathon. In 2021, the Forum participated in a collaboration between Israel and Australia titled Preventing Domestic Violence through Innovation and Technology. MSF has also developed a defense dog project, to distribute trained "Michal Sela dogs" to women threatened with harm.

In 2022, MSF partnered with Meta to develop the Hebrew-language interface for technology designed to reduce the spread of revenge porn. Also in 2022, MSF partnered with the Ministry of Public Security in Israel to develop and deploy a pilot program to protect women and children at risk of harm, including a Sayeret Michal ("Michal Special Forces") security program and services that include trained defense dogs.


title: Thoms Place, Wrangell

abstract: Thoms Place is a former census-designated place (CDP) on Wrangell Island in the city of Wrangell, Alaska, United States.The population was 22 at the 2000 census, at which time it was an unincorporated part of the former Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area, Alaska. It is now included in the City and Borough of Wrangell, which became a borough on June 1, 2008.

text:
# Thoms Place, Wrangell

**Thoms Place** is a former census-designated place (CDP) on Wrangell Island in the city of Wrangell, Alaska, United States.The population was 22 at the 2000 census, at which time it was an unincorporated part of the former Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area, Alaska. It is now included in the City and Borough of Wrangell, which became a borough on June 1, 2008.

## Geography

Thoms Place is located at 56°11′42″N 132°11′53″W / 56.19500°N 132.19806°W / 56.19500; -132.19806 (56.195077, -132.198042).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 10.6 square miles (27 km2), all of it land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 22 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Thoms Place appeared once on the 2000 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP). In 2008, it was consolidated into the city of Wrangell.

As of the Census of 2000, there were 22 people, 13 households, and 7 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2.1 people per square mile (0.81 people/km2). There were 30 housing units at an average density of 2.8 per square mile (1.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 86.36% White and 13.64% Native American.

There were 13 households, out of which none had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, and 38.5% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.69 and the average family size was 2.13.

In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 9.1% from 25 to 44, 77.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 175.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 175.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $0 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,086. 33.3% of families and 31.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

1. Boundary of the City and Borough of Wrangell, Wrangell. Accessed 2009-01-22.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wrangell City and Borough
3. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
4. "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.

## InfoBox

| Thoms Place, Alaska | |
| --- | --- |
| Former census-designated place | |
| Location of Thoms Place, Alaska | |
| Coordinates: 56°11′42″N 132°11′53″W / 56.19500°N 132.19806°W / 56.19500; -132.19806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Wrangell |
| Government | |
| State senator | Bert Stedman () |
| State rep. | Dan Ortiz () |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.7 sq mi (27.6 km2) |
| Land | 10.7 sq mi (27.6 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 410 ft (125 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 22 |
| Density | 2.1/sq mi (0.8/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-9 (Alaska (AKST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-8 (AKDT) |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-76970 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1865568 |


title: Thomsen

abstract: Thomsen is a Danish patronymic surname meaning 'son of Tom', itself derived from the Aramaic תום or Tôm, meaning "twin". There are many varied surname spellings, with the first historical record believed to be found in 1252. Thomsen is uncommon as a given name. People with the surname Thomsen include:

text:
# Thomsen

**Thomsen** is a Danish patronymic surname meaning 'son of Tom (or Thomas)', itself derived from the Aramaic תום or *Tôm*, meaning "twin". There are many varied surname spellings, with the first historical record believed to be found in 1252. Thomsen is uncommon as a given name.

People with the surname Thomsen include:

## B

* Britta Thomsen (born 1954), Danish politician and member of the European Parliament

## C

## E

## F

* Finn Thomsen (born 1955), Danish motorcycle speedway rider
* Fred Thomsen (1897–1986), American college football player and coach

## G

* Gerhard Thomsen (1899-1934), German mathematician who worked in various branches of geometry
* Grímur Thomsen (1820–1896), Icelandic poet and editor
* Grover C. Thomsen, Danish-American chemist who created the soft drink Big Red (drink) in 1937
* Gunnar H. Thomsen, Faroese musician and member of Týr (band), a Faroese heavy metal band active 1998–present

## H

## I

## K

## L

## M

## P

* Philipp Thomsen, a perpetually drunken Kriegsmarine submarine commander in the book and film *Das Boot*
* Pia Thomsen, Danish cricketer
* Poul Mathias Thomsen, Danish economist working for the International Monetary Fund

## S

## T

## U

## V

## InfoBox

Thomsen
| Origin | |
| --- | --- |
| Meaning | *son of Thomas* |
| Region of origin | Denmark |
| Other names | |
| Variant form(s) | Thomason, Thomson, Thompson |


title: Three Thieves (1966 film)

abstract: Three Thieves also known as 3 Robbers is a 1966 Egyptian film. It tells 3 separate stories about three thieves. The film is written by Ihsan Abdel Quddous and produced by Salah Zulfikar. Yehia Chahine played the role of the judge.

text:
# Three Thieves (1966 film)

**Three Thieves** also known as **3 Robbers** (Egyptian Arabic: ثلاثة لصوص translit: *Thalathat lousous* french:*Trois voleurs*) is a 1966 Egyptian film. It tells 3 separate stories about three thieves. The film is written by Ihsan Abdel Quddous and produced by Salah Zulfikar. Yehia Chahine played the role of the judge.

## First story: The gold thief

### Plot

The events revolve around Mohsen, an employee who is transferred to Cairo. He searches for an apartment to live in. He finds an apartment, but is surprised by its high price. He requires that he buy meat from the owner of the apartment who owns a butcher's shop. He gets to know the butcher's wife and goes to her apartment and gives him some of her gold. The wife is against someone else who comes to buy another apartment, the wife refuses to meet Mohsen and he decides to steal the wife's gold.

### Cast

### Staff

* Directed by: Fatin Abdel Wahab
* Screenplay and dialogue: Abdel Rehim Haggag
* Cinematography: Mahmoud Fahmy
* Editing: Rashida Abdel Salam

## Second story: The bus thief

### Plot

The events revolve around "Al-Usta Fahmy", a driver who delivers goods. His wife feels sick, so he takes her to the doctor, who tells him that she has a rheumatic heart disease. His wife feels tired during his work, so he buys medicine and takes the bus to go to his wife. He asks the driver to speed up because of his wife's fatigue and her need for treatment, but he tells him If he wants to speed up, he must take a taxi, then the driver leaves the bus and goes to drink tea, so Fahmy asks him to go back to the bus, but the driver tells him that he is taking a break.

### Cast

* Farid Shawqi: (Fahmy)
* Nabila Ebeid: (Buthaina - Fahmy's wife)
* Abdel Moneim Ibrahim: (Al Kamsari)
* Adly Kasseb: (bus driver)
* Adel Emam: (riding the bus)
* Suheir Al-Baroni: (dancer - riding the bus)
* Mohamed Shawky: (shop - passenger on the bus)
* Dr. Shadid: (Awad - a passenger on the bus)

### staff

## Third story: His aunt’s thief

### plot

The events revolve around "Moneim", a young man who lives with his aunt Tawheeda. He proposes to a girl, but he cannot find an apartment to marry with. His aunt Tawheeda refuses to marry Nahid in her apartment. He proposes to Nahid another person and owns an apartment. Monem thinks of marrying Nahid in the apartment after his aunt's death. Nahid's mother tells him that she will betroth her daughter to the other person if he does not find an apartment or if his aunt does not die. Monem disguises himself as a ghost and frightens his aunt, so she loses consciousness and thinks that she is dead and runs away. His aunt comes to him and tells him that she agreed. On his marriage to Nahid, she gives him the key to the apartment and tells him that she gave him her money and gives him the key to the safe. When he goes to take the money, his aunt reports him to the police and he is arrested.

### Cast

* Hassan Youssef: (Moneim)
* Madiha Salem: (Nahed - Monem's fiancée)
* Negma Ibrahim: (Tawheed - Monem's aunt)
* Mimi Chakib: (Nahed's mother)
* Ihsan Sharif: (Farida - Monem's aunt)
* Abu Bakr Ezzat: (Mohamed Al-Arian)

### staff

* Directed by: Kamal El Sheikh
* Screenplay and dialogue: Abdel Rehim Haggag
* Photography: Kamal Karim
* Editing: Galal Mustafa

## InfoBox

| Three Thieves | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| ثلاث لصوص | |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by | Ihsan Abdel Quddous |
| Produced by | Salah Zulfikar |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | * Mahmoud Fahmy * Mustafa Hassan * Kamal Karim |
| Edited by | Rachida Abdel Salam |
| Production<br>companies |  |
| Distributed by | Filmentaj |
| Release date | * 1966 (1966) |
| Country | Egypt |
| Language | Egyptian Arabic |


title: Thondavada

abstract: Thondavada is a outgrowth village of Tirupati City. It is situated in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a part of Tirupati urban agglomeration and located in Chandragiri mandal. It falls in the jurisdictional limit of Tirupati Urban Development Authority.

text:
# Thondavada

**Thondavada** is a outgrowth village of Tirupati City. It is situated in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a part of Tirupati urban agglomeration and located in Chandragiri mandal. It falls in the jurisdictional limit of Tirupati Urban Development Authority.

## InfoBox

| Thondavada | |
| --- | --- |
| Dynamic map | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Tirupati |
| Mandal | Chandragiri |
| Telugu | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ZIP Code | 517505 |
| Vehicle registration | AP |


title: Thoughts Become Things (Dakota album)

abstract: Thoughts Become Things is the first studio album by Markus Schulz under his alias Dakota and was released on 29 June 2009. Re-Swirl, the ninth track, is a remake of a 1999 track Swirl.

text:
# Thoughts Become Things (Dakota album)

***Thoughts Become Things*** is the first studio album by Markus Schulz under his alias *Dakota* and was released on 29 June 2009.

*Re-Swirl*, the ninth track, is a remake of a 1999 track *Swirl*.

## Track listing

1. "Chinook" (09:05)
2. "Johnny the Fox" (07:33)
3. "Sin City" (08:03)
4. "The Doorway" (05:03)
5. "Koolhaus" (08:33)
6. "Steel Libido" (06:33)
7. "Lima" (07:40)
8. "Roxy '84" (08:03)
9. "Re-Swirl" (08:33)
10. "Mr. Cappuccino" (08:08)

## InfoBox

| Thoughts Become Things | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dakota (Markus Schulz) | |
| Released | 29 June 2009 |
| Genre | Trance |
| Label | Armada Music |
| Dakota (Markus Schulz) chronology | |
| ***Thoughts Become Things***
(2009) *Thoughts Become Things II*
(2011) | |


title: Thoughts Become Things II

abstract: Thoughts Become Things II is the second studio album by Markus Schulz under his alias Dakota and was released on 1 July 2011.

text:
# Thoughts Become Things II

***Thoughts Become Things II*** is the second studio album by Markus Schulz under his alias *Dakota* and was released on 1 July 2011.

## Track list

1. "Gypsy Room" (07:41)
2. "Red Star" (06:00)
3. "Sleepwalkers" (05:31)
4. "I'm Where It Went Wrong" (04:30)
5. "Sinners" (04:19)
6. "Terrace 5 a.m." (06:05)
7. "Katowice" (04:13)
8. "Tears" (04:28)
9. "Suggestion No. 5" (05:00)
10. "In a Green Valley" (04:31)
11. "Miami" (06:39)
12. "Cape Town" (04:36)
13. "Saints" (06:15)
14. "Apollo" (08:44)

## InfoBox

| Markus Schulz presents Dakota -
Thoughts Become Things II | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dakota (Markus Schulz) | |
| Released | 1 July 2011 |
| Genre | Trance |
| Label | Armada Music |
| Dakota (Markus Schulz) chronology | |
| *Thoughts Become Things*
(2009) ***Markus Schulz presents Dakota -
Thoughts Become Things II***
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Thoughts Become Things II* | |
| 1. "Sinners" 2. "Katowice" 3. "Saints / In A Green Valley" | |
|  | |


title: Thorectes hispanus

abstract: Thorectes hispanus is a species of beetle in the Geotrupidae family. It is endemic to areas of Spain and Portugal.

text:
# Thorectes hispanus

**Thorectes hispanus** is a species of beetle in the Geotrupidae family. It is endemic to areas of Spain and Portugal.

## InfoBox

| Thorectes hispanus | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Geotrupidae |
| Genus: | *Thorectes* |
| Species: | ***T. hispanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| **Thorectes hispanus**
(Reitter, 1892) | |
|


title: Through the Hill

abstract: Through the Hill is an album composed and performed by Andy Partridge and Harold Budd.

text:
# Through the Hill

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Through the Hill*** is an album composed and performed by Andy Partridge and Harold Budd.

## Track listing

* **Prelude**

1. "Hand 19" – 1:22
* **Geography**

2. "Through the Hill" – 4:07 3. "Great Valley of Gongs" – 3:09 4. "Western Island of Apples" – 3:05 5. "Anima Mundi" – 4:46 * **Interlude**

6. "Hand 20" – 3:02 * **Structures**

7. "The Place of Odd Glances" – 3:19 8. "Well for the Sweat of the Moon" – 3:26 9. "Tenochtitlan's Numberless Bridges" – 3:57 10. "Ceramic Avenue" – 5:20 * **Interlude**

11. "Hand 21" – 1:55 * **Artifacts**

12. "Missing Pieces to the Game of Salt and Onyx" – 6:01 13. "Mantle of Peacock Bones" – 2:09 14. "Bronze Coins Showing Genitals" - 4:20 15. "Bearded Aphrodite" - 2:36 * **Postlude**

16. "Hand 22" - 2:25
* **Bonus Track (Only on 2005 Re-Release)**

17. "Bruegel" - 2:40

## InfoBox

| Through the Hill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Andy Partridge and Harold Budd | |
| Released | 1994-07-08 (Original)
2003-11-25 (Re-Release)

2005-08-30 (Re-Release) |
| Genre | Ambient |
| Length | 57:39 |
| Label | All Saints Records, Gyroscope (1994)
Hannibal (2005) |
| Harold Budd chronology | |
| *She Is a Phantom*
(1994) ***Through the Hill***
(1994) *Glyph*
(1995) | |
|  | |
| Reissue cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Thornton Riseborough

abstract: Thornton Riseborough is a former civil parish, now in the parish of Normanby, in North Yorkshire, England. In 1971 the parish had a population of 18. Until 1974 it was in the North Riding of Yorkshire.

text:
# Thornton Riseborough

**Thornton Riseborough** is a former civil parish, now in the parish of Normanby, in North Yorkshire, England. In 1971 the parish had a population of 18. Until 1974 it was in the North Riding of Yorkshire.

## History

The name "Thornton Riseborough" means 'Thorn-tree farm/settlement below brushwood hill'. Thornton Riseborough was recorded in the Domesday Book as *Tornentun*/*Tornitun*. Thornton-Risebrough was formerly a township in the parish of Normanby, in 1866 Thornton Risebrough became a separate civil parish, in 1894 it became part of Kirkby Moorside Rural District and in 1934 it became part of Pickering Rural District. In 1974 it became part of the non-metropolitan district of Ryedale and the county of North Yorkshire. On 1 April 1986 the parish was abolished and merged with Normanby. In 2023 the area became part of North Yorkshire district.

## InfoBox

| Thornton Riseborough | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Thornton RiseboroughLocation within North Yorkshire | |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | North Yorkshire |
| Fire | North Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
|


title: Thornton Redbacks FC

abstract: Thornton Redbacks FC is a semi-professional football club based in Thornton in the Hunter Region, New South Wales. Thornton Redbacks FC currently competes in the Northern NSW Football Northern League One with senior teams in First Grade, Reserve Grade and U18's and whilst junior teams range from U13 to U16. The Northern NSW Football Northern League One is the second tier of football sitting under the NNSWF National Premier Leagues.

text:
# Thornton Redbacks FC

**Thornton Redbacks FC** is a semi-professional football club based in Thornton in the Hunter Region, New South Wales. Thornton Redbacks FC currently competes in the Northern NSW Football Northern League One with senior teams in First Grade, Reserve Grade and U18's and whilst junior teams range from U13 to U16.

The Northern NSW Football Northern League One is the second tier of football sitting under the NNSWF National Premier Leagues.

## InfoBox

Thornton Redbacks FC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Thornton Redbacks FC |
| Nickname(s) | Redbacks |
| Founded | 1978 |
| Ground | Thornton Park |
| Capacity | 400 |
| Coordinates | 32°46′39.7″S 151°38′30.2″E / 32.777694°S 151.641722°E / -32.777694; 151.641722 |
| President | Mark Whitchurch |
| Head Coach | Gary Wand / Gerard Carey |
| League | NNSW State League 1 |
| 2024 | 8th of 9 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Through the Storm (Yolanda Adams album)

abstract: Through the Storm is the second studio album by American gospel singer Yolanda Adams. It was released by Tribute Records on December 26, 1991 in the United States.

text:
# Through the Storm (Yolanda Adams album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Cross Rhythms* |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

***Through the Storm*** is the second studio album by American gospel singer Yolanda Adams. It was released by Tribute Records on December 26, 1991 in the United States.

## Track listing

Credits taken from the album's liner notes.

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You Know That I Know" |  |  | 4:15 |
| 2. | "My Everything" | * Adams * Tankard | * Tankard * Adams\[A\] | 4:41 |
| 3. | "Through the Storm" | V. Michael McKay | * Tankard * Adams\[A\] | 4:56 |
| 4. | "I'm Free" | Curtis | * Tankard * Adams\[A\] | 5:46 |
| 5. | "Even Me" | Roberta Martin | * Tankard * Adams\[A\] | 5:26 |
| 6. | "Forever with Me" | * Adams * Tankard | * Tankard * Adams\[A\] | 4:14 |
| 7. | "The Only Way" |  | Warren | 5:25 |
| 8. | "Just a Prayer Away" | Curtis | * Tankard * Adams\[A\] | 4:36 |
| 9. | "A Message to You" | * Adams * Tankard | * Tankard * Adams\[A\] | 5:22 |
| 10. | "Let Thy Will Be Done" | Armirris Palmore | * Tankard * Adams\[A\] | 5:00 |

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1991) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Gospel Albums (*Billboard*) | 8 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1992) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Gospel Albums (*Billboard*) | 10 |
|

## InfoBox

| Through the Storm | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Yolanda Adams | |
| Released | December 26, 1991 |
| Studio | Hummingbird Recording in Nashville, Tennessee except "The Only Way", recorded at Digital Recorders |
| Genre | Gospel |
| Length | 49:31 |
| Label | Tribute |
| Producer |  |
| Yolanda Adams chronology | |
| *Just as I Am*
(1987) ***Through the Storm***
(1991) *Save the World*
(1993) | |


title: Three-photon microscopy

abstract: Three-photon microscopy (3PEF) is a high-resolution fluorescence microscopy based on nonlinear excitation effect. Different from two-photon excitation microscopy, it uses three exciting photons. It typically uses 1300 nm or longer wavelength lasers to excite the fluorescent dyes with three simultaneously absorbed photons. The fluorescent dyes then emit one photon whose energy is three times the energy of each incident photon. Compared to two-photon microscopy, three-photon microscopy reduces the fluorescence away from the focal plane by 1 / z 4, which is much faster than that of two-photon microscopy by 1 / z 2. In addition, three-photon microscopy employs near-infrared light with less tissue scattering effect. This causes three-photon microscopy to have higher resolution than conventional microscopy.

text:
# Three-photon microscopy

**Three-photon microscopy** (**3PEF**) is a high-resolution fluorescence microscopy based on nonlinear excitation effect. Different from two-photon excitation microscopy, it uses three exciting photons. It typically uses 1300 nm or longer wavelength lasers to excite the fluorescent dyes with three simultaneously absorbed photons. The fluorescent dyes then emit one photon whose energy is (slightly smaller than) three times the energy of each incident photon. Compared to two-photon microscopy, three-photon microscopy reduces the fluorescence away from the focal plane by $1/z^{4}$, which is much faster than that of two-photon microscopy by $1/z^{2}$. In addition, three-photon microscopy employs near-infrared light with less tissue scattering effect. This causes three-photon microscopy to have higher resolution than conventional microscopy.

## Concept

Three-photon excited fluorescence was first observed by Singh and Bradley in 1964 when they estimated the three-photon absorption cross section of naphthalene crystals. In 1996, Stefan W. Hell designed experiments to validate the feasibility of applying three-photon excitation to scanning fluorescence microscopy, which further proved the concept of three-photon excited fluorescence.

Three-photon microscopy shares a few similarities with Two-photon excitation microscopy. Both of them employ the point scanning method. Both are able to image 3D samples by adjusting the position of the focus lens along the axial and lateral directions. The structures of both systems do not require a pinhole to block out-focus light. However, three-photon microscopy differs from Two-photon excitation microscopy in their Point spread function, resolution, penetration depth, resistance to out-of-focus light and strength of photobleaching.

In three-photon excitation, the fluorophore absorbs three photons almost simultaneously. The wavelength of the excitation laser is about 1200 nm or more in three photon microscopy with the emission wavelength slightly longer than one-third of the excitation wavelength. Three photon microscopy has deeper tissue penetration because of the longer excitation wavelengths and the higher order nonlinear excitation. However, a three-photon microscope needs a laser with higher power due to relatively smaller cross-section of the dyes for three-photon excitation, which is on the order of $10^{-82}{\text{cm}^{6}(s/{\text{photon})^{2}}}$. This is much smaller than the typical two-photon excitation cross-sections of $10^{-49}{\text{cm}^{4}s/{\text{photon}}}$. The Ultrashort pulses are usually around 100 fs.

## Resolution

For three photon fluorescence scanning microscopy, the three dimensional intensity point-spread function (IPSF) can be denoted as,

$h\_{i}(\nu ,u)=\left|I\_{1}(\nu /3,u/3)\right|^{3}I\_{2}(\nu ,u)\otimes \_{3}D$,

where $\otimes \_{3}$ denotes the 3-D convolution operation, $D$ denotes the intensity sensitivity of an incoherent detector, and $I\_{1}(\nu ,u)$, $I\_{2}(\nu ,u)$ denotes the 3-D IPSF for the objective lens and collector lens in single-photon fluorescence, respectively. The 3-D IPSF $I\_{1}(\nu ,u)$ can be expressed in

$I\_{1}(\nu ,u)=\left|\int \_{0}^{1}2J\_{0}(\nu \rho )\exp(iu/2)\rho d\rho \right|^{2}$,

where $J\_{0}$ is a Bessel function of the first kind of order zero. The axial and radial coordinates $u$ and $\nu $ are defined by

$u=(8\pi /\lambda \_{f})z\sin ^{2}(\alpha \_{0}/2)$ and $\nu =(2\pi /\lambda \_{f})r\ \sin \ \alpha \_{0}$,

where $\alpha \_{0}$ is the numerical aperture of the objective lens, $z$ is the real defocus, and $r$ is the radial coordinates.

## Coupling with other multiphoton techniques

Correlative images can be obtained using different multiphoton schemes such as 2PEF, 3PEF, and third-harmonic generation (THG), in parallel (since the corresponding wavelengths are different, they can be easily separated onto different detectors). A multichannel image is then constructed.

3PEF is also compared to 2PEF: it generally gives a smaller degradation of the signal-to-background ratio (SBR) with depth, even if the emitted signal is smaller than with 2PEF.

## Development

After three-photon excited fluorescence was observed by Singh and Bradley and further validated by Hell, Chris Xu and Watt W. Webb reported measurement of excitation cross sections of several native chromophores and biological indicators, and implemented three-photon excited fluorescence in Laser Scanning Microscopy of living cells. In November 1996, David Wokosin applied three photon excitation fluorescence for fixed in vivo biological specimen imaging.

In 2010s, three photon microscopy was applied for deep tissue imaging using excitation wavelengths beyond 1060 nm. In January 2013, Horton, Wang, Kobat and Xu invented in vivo deep imaging of an intact mouse brain by employing point scanning method to three photon microscope at the long wavelength window of 1700 nm. In February 2017, Dimitre Ouzounov, Tainyu Wang, and Chris Xu demonstrated deep activity imaging of GCaMP6-labeled neurons in the hippocampus of an intact, adult mouse brain using three-photon microscopy at the 1300 nm wavelength window. In May 2017, Rowlands applied wide-field three-photon excitation to three photon microscope for larger penetration depth. In Oct 2018, T Wang, D Ouzounov, and C Xu were able to image vasculature and GCaMP6 calcium activity using three photon microscope through the intact mouse skull.

## Applications

Three-photon microscopy has similar application fields with two-photon excitation microscopy including neuroscience, and oncology. However, compared to standard single-photon or two-photon excitation, three-photon excitation has several benefits such as the use of longer wavelengths reduces the effects of light scattering and increasing the penetration depth of the illumination beam into the sample. The nonlinear nature of three photon microscopy confines the excitation target to a smaller volume, reducing out-of-focus light as well as minimizing photobleaching on the biological sample. These advantages of three-photon microscopy gives it an edge in visualize in vivo and ex vivo tissue morphology and physiology at a cellular level deep within scattering tissue and Rapid volumetric imaging. In the recent study, Xu has demonstrated the potential of three-photon imaging for noninvasive studies of live biological systems. The paper used three-photon fluorescence microscopy at a spectral excitation window of 1,320 nm to imaging the mouse brain structure and function through the intact skull with high spatial and temporal resolution(The lateral and axial FWHM was 0.96μm and 4.6μm) and large FOVs (hundreds of micrometers), and at substantial depth(\>500 μm). This work demonstrates the advantage of higher-order nonlinear excitation for imaging through a highly scattering layer, in addition to the previously reported advantage of 3PM for deep imaging of densely labeled samples. Localized isomerization of photoswitchable drugs *in vivo* using three-photon excitation at 1560 nm has also been reported and used to control neuronal activity in a pharmacologically specific way.


title: Thujsa Jawira (Pacajes)

abstract: Thujsa Jawira is a river in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It is a left tributary of the Desaguadero River. The confluence is in the Caquiaviri Municipality of the Pacajes Province south of the village of Nasa Q'ara (Nazacara).

text:
# Thujsa Jawira (Pacajes)

**Thujsa Jawira** (Aymara *thujsa* smelling, *jawira* river, "smelling river", also spelled *Tujsa Jahuira*) is a river in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It is a left tributary of the Desaguadero River. The confluence is in the Caquiaviri Municipality of the Pacajes Province south of the village of Nasa Q'ara *(Nazacara)*.

1. Radio San Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P. Ludovico Bertonio 1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary)
2. Bolivian IGM map 1:50,000 Supullullu 5843-II
3. Bolivian IGM map 1:50,000 Nazacara 5843-III
4. "Caquiaviri". INE, Bolivia. Retrieved December 9, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Thujsa Jawira | |
| --- | --- |
| Etymology | Aymara |
| Location | |
| Country | Bolivia |
| Region | La Paz Department,<br>Pacajes Province |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Caquiaviri Municipality |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Caquiaviri Municipality |
| coordinates | 16°56′45″S 68°46′15″W / 16.94583°S 68.77083°W / -16.94583; -68.77083 |