title: The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

abstract: The Seven Deadly Sins The Seven Deadly Sins is a Japanese fantasy manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki. It was serialized in Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen Magazine from October 2012 to March 2020, with the chapters collected into 41 tankōbon volumes. Featuring a setting similar to the European Middle Ages, the story follows a titular group of knights representing the seven deadly sins. The manga has been licensed by Kodansha USA for English publication in North America, while the chapters were released digitally by Crunchyroll in over 170 countries as they were published in Japan. A-1 Pictures adapted the series into a three-season anime television series that ran from October 2014 to June 2018, and one theatrical film: Prisoners of the Sky. Studio Deen produced two further seasons that ran from October 2019 to June 2021, and a second theatrical film: Cursed by Light. Alfred Imageworks and Marvy Jack then produced a two-part film for Netflix: Grudge of Edinburgh, released in 2022 and 2023. Funimation licensed the home video rights to the first season, while Netflix acquired the English streaming rights to the anime and films. In 2015, The Seven Deadly Sins won the 39th Kodansha Manga Award in the shōnen category. The manga has over 55 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series. In 2021, Suzuki began Four Knights of the Apocalypse as a sequel to the series.

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# The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)

***The Seven Deadly Sins*** (Japanese: 七つの大罪, Hepburn: *Nanatsu no Taizai*) is a Japanese fantasy manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki. It was serialized in Kodansha's *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* from October 2012 to March 2020, with the chapters collected into 41 *tankōbon* volumes. Featuring a setting similar to the European Middle Ages, the story follows a titular group of knights representing the seven deadly sins. The manga has been licensed by Kodansha USA for English publication in North America, while the chapters were released digitally by Crunchyroll in over 170 countries as they were published in Japan.

A-1 Pictures adapted the series into a three-season anime television series that ran from October 2014 to June 2018, and one theatrical film: *Prisoners of the Sky*. Studio Deen produced two further seasons that ran from October 2019 to June 2021, and a second theatrical film: *Cursed by Light*. Alfred Imageworks and Marvy Jack then produced a two-part film for Netflix: *Grudge of Edinburgh*, released in 2022 and 2023. Funimation licensed the home video rights to the first season, while Netflix acquired the English streaming rights to the anime and films.

In 2015, *The Seven Deadly Sins* won the 39th Kodansha Manga Award in the *shōnen* category. The manga has over 55 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series. In 2021, Suzuki began *Four Knights of the Apocalypse* as a sequel to the series.

## Premise

The Seven Deadly Sins are a band of knights in the land of Britannia (ブリタニア, *Buritania*) who had disbanded ten years earlier after being framed for plotting a coup against the Liones Kingdom (リオネス王国, *Rionesu Ōkoku*), the Holy Knights who sequestered them before taking control in the wake of a rebellion they organized. Liones' third princess, Elizabeth Liones, finds the Seven Deadly Sins' leader, Meliodas, before they track down his comrades so they can clear their names and liberate Liones from the Holy Knights, who were manipulated by a demon named Fraudrin into unsealing the Demon Race from their prison.

## Production

*The Seven Deadly Sins* began as a one-shot that was published in Kodansha's *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* on November 22, 2011. Nakaba Suzuki drew more than twenty versions of the pilot chapter. One of these manuscripts, "Chapter X", was released in English on Kodansha USA's website in 2015. For the series, Suzuki borrowed the names of characters from tales about King Arthur, but used his original ideas for their personalities and the story itself. The relationship between Meliodas and Elizabeth was decided on from the beginning, but the author thought up everything else weekly as he went in order to keep it unpredictable. In order to surprise readers, he purposely made the appearances of some of the titular group of knights very different from their wanted posters that appear in the first chapter and had others look the same as their poster, but gave them "horrible" personalities. Although it was decided to make the protagonist of the series a "child", Suzuki struggled with designing Meliodas' profile because the character is actually an adult. He said the most difficult part was his hair; ultimately deciding on "fluffy" hair like a boy from a foreign country, which he had never done before. In the pilot chapter, the character had long, straight hair, which the author said was not as cute. Suzuki said he always made sure to show the subtly different relationships between the members of the titular group of knights. For example, he said that while Ban is Meliodas' best friend, King is only a teammate with whom he does not talk. All seven have such relationships, which the author called realistically human.

## Publication

### Main series

Written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki, *The Seven Deadly Sins* was serialized in Kodansha's *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* from October 10, 2012, to March 25, 2020. Kodansha collected its chapters into 41 individual *tankōbon* volumes, released from February 15, 2013, to May 15, 2020. Suzuki created the three-chapter *The Vampire of Edinburgh* (エジンバラの吸血鬼) manga that was included in limited editions of the anime adaptation's first three home video sets in 2015. A book compiling *The Vampire of Edinburgh* and *A Dangerous Mission* (キケンなお使い) side stories, and the pilot one-shot was published on July 17, 2018, under the title *The Seven Deadly Sins: Original Sins* (七つの大罪 番外編集 ＜原罪＞). Suzuki mentioned that he had plans for additional side stories that would be published after the main series finished. *Hajimari wo Sasou Ame no Mori* (七つの大罪 はじまりを誘う雨の森), a one-shot following Ban's son, was published in *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* on August 5, 2020. In January 2021, Suzuki began *Four Knights of the Apocalypse* as a sequel to *The Seven Deadly Sins*.

In 2013, *The Seven Deadly Sins* was licensed for English language release in North America by Kodansha USA. They published the first volume on March 11, 2014, and the 41st and final volume on January 26, 2021. As the manga was serialized in Japan, it was released simultaneously in English digitally by Crunchyroll in over 170 countries. Kodansha USA published the *Original Sins* book on October 26, 2021, and began re-releasing *The Seven Deadly Sins* in an omnibus format that compiles three of the original volumes into one on February 1, 2022.

### Spin-offs

A special issue of *Weekly Shōnen Magazine*, published on October 19, 2013, featured a small crossover between Suzuki's *The Seven Deadly Sins* and Hiro Mashima's *Fairy Tail*, where each artist drew a *yonkoma* (four-panel comic) of the other's series. An actual crossover chapter between the two ran in the magazine's combined 4/5 issue of 2014, which was released on December 25, 2013. Suzuki wrote the one-shot *A Dangerous Mission* for the November 2014 issue of the *shōjo* manga magazine *Nakayoshi*, released on October 3, 2014. He also created a comedic one-shot depicting how Meliodas and Hawk first met that ran in the October 20, 2014 issue of *Magazine Special*. From February 24 to May 10, 2015, two more spin-off manga by Nakaba were available on the smartphone and tablet application *Manga Box*. *Naku na, Tomo yo* (泣くな 友よ, "Do Not Cry, My Friend") is about Hendrickson and Dreyfus' younger years, while *Gilthunder no Shinjitsu* (ギルサンダーの真実, "Gilthunder's Truth") is set after the Vaizel Fight Festival arc and follows Gilthunder. Suzuki created an original 40-page manga that was distributed during screenings of the *Prisoners of the Sky* film.

A comedic spin-off series by Juichi Yamaki, titled *Mayoe! The Seven Deadly Sins Academy!* (迷え！七つの大罪学園！, *Mayoe! Nanatsu no Taizai Gakuen!*) and imagining the characters as high school students, ran in *Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine* from August 9, 2014, to October 8, 2016. It was collected into four *tankōbon* volumes. *The Seven Deadly Sins Production* (七つの大罪プロダクション, *Nanatsu no Taizai Purodakushon*), a comedic spin-off by Chiemi Sakamoto that imagines the characters as actors performing in a live-action TV show, ran in *Aria* from November 28, 2015, to October 28, 2017. It was collected into four *tankōbon* volumes.

A comedic *yonkoma* titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: King's Road to Manga* (七つの大罪 キングの漫画道, *Nanatsu no Taizai Kingu no Manga Michi*) and written by Masataka Ono that depicts King as an aspiring manga artist, began on February 20, 2016, in *Magazine Special* before transferring to the *Manga Box* app on February 1, 2017, and ending later that year. Its chapters were collected into three *tankōbon* volumes. Yō Kokukuji's *The Seven Deadly Sins: Seven Days ~The Thief and the Holy Girl~*, a manga adaptation of Mamoru Iwasa's novel *The Seven Deadly Sins: Seven Days*, was serialized in *Shōnen Magazine Edge* from January 17 to September 2017 and shows how Ban and Elaine met in more detail.

## Media

### Anime

In April 2014, the 20th issue of *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* announced that *The Seven Deadly Sins* was being adapted into an anime television series. The staff was revealed in the combined 36/37 issue of the year: created by A-1 Pictures, directed by Tensai Okamura, written by Shōtarō Suga, with Keigo Sasaki providing character designs, and Hiroyuki Sawano composing the music. The series aired on MBS, TBS and other JNN stations for 24 episodes from October 5, 2014, to March 29, 2015.

A second series was confirmed on September 27, 2015, to air in 2016. This turned out to be a four-episode anime television special featuring an original story by Nakaba Suzuki, titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Signs of Holy War* (七つの大罪 聖戦の予兆, *Nanatsu no Taizai: Seisen no Shirushi*), that aired from August 28 to September 18, 2016, on MBS and TBS. The special was produced by A-1 Pictures, directed by Tomokazu Tokoro, and written by Yuniko Ayana and Yuichiro Kido, featuring character designs by Keigo Sasaki. The music was composed by Hiroyuki Sawano and Takafumi Wada.

A third season, titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Revival of The Commandments* (七つの大罪 戒めの復活, *Nanatsu no Taizai: Imashime no Fukkatsu*), was announced at the "Nanatsu no Taizai FES" event in July 2017 and aired for 24 episodes from January 13 to June 30, 2018. Jōji Furuta and Takao Yoshioka replaced Tensai Okamura and Shōtarō Suga as director and series composer, respectively, while the other main staff members returned to reprise their roles.

For the fourth season, the series switched studios; animated by Studio Deen with Susumu Nishizawa and Rintarō Ikeda as director and series composer, respectively. Hiroyuki Sawano, Kohta Yamamoto, and Takafumi Wada returned to reprise their roles as the music composers. Titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Imperial Wrath of the Gods* (七つの大罪 神々の逆鱗, *Nanatsu no Taizai: Kamigami no Gekirin*), it aired for 24 episodes from October 9, 2019, to March 25, 2020, on TV Tokyo and BS TV Tokyo.

A fifth season, titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Dragon's Judgement* (七つの大罪 憤怒の審判, *Nanatsu no Taizai: Funnu no Shinpan*), was slated to premiere in October 2020 on TV Tokyo and BS TV Tokyo. However, it was delayed to January 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A special program that celebrated the "charm" of the anime TV series was released on January 6, 2021, while the fourth season aired for 24 episodes from January 13 to June 23, 2021. The main staff and cast members, from the previous season, reprised their roles.

The *Seven Deadly Sins* was licensed for English streaming by Netflix in 2015 as its second exclusive anime, following their acquisition of *Knights of Sidonia*. All 24 episodes of the first season were released on November 1, 2015, in both subtitled or English dub formats. The *Signs of Holy War* arc was labeled as "Season 2" by Netflix and released on February 17, 2017. The streaming service released "Season 3" in English on October 15, 2018. The first half of "Season 5" was released on June 28, 2021, with the second half following on September 23, 2021. On February 14, 2017, Funimation announced that they acquired the first season for home video distribution for US and Canada. Part One of the first season was released on Blu-Ray on May 15, 2017, with Part Two being released on June 20 of the same year. A set containing the entirety of the first season was released on August 14, 2018. Madman Entertainment imported Funimation's release into Australia and New Zealand, with a release scheduled for January 2019.

#### Original video animation

An original video animation (OVA) titled *Ban's Additional Chapter* (バンの番外編, *Ban no Bangai-hen*) was included with the limited edition of volume 15 of the manga, released on June 17, 2015. A second OVA composed of nine humorous shorts was shipped with the limited edition of the sixteenth volume of the manga, released on August 12, 2015.

#### Films

An anime film, titled *The Seven Deadly Sins the Movie: Prisoners of the Sky*, premiered in Japanese theaters on August 18, 2018. Directed by Yasuto Nishikata, with Noriyuki Abe serving as chief director, it was written by Makoto Uezu and based on an original story by Nakaba Suzuki. The main staff members from the A-1 Pictures anime TV series returned to reprise their roles on the film.

A second anime film titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Cursed by Light* premiered on July 2, 2021. Takayuki Hamana directed the film at Studio Deen, with Rintarō Ikeda writing the script.

A two-part anime film, titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Grudge of Edinburgh*, was announced during Netflix's "Festival Japan" virtual event in November 2021. The film revolves around Meliodas' son, Tristan Liones. Bob Shirahata serves as director, with Noriyuki Abe as supervising director, and Rintarou Ikeda as scriptwriter. It is animated by Alfred Imageworks and Marvy Jack. The first part of the film was released on Netflix on December 20, 2022, with the second part set for an August 2023 release.

### Light novels

Four light novels based on *The Seven Deadly Sins* have been published; *The Seven Deadly Sins -Gaiden- The Seven Wishes of the Royal City from Old Times* (七つの大罪 ―外伝― 昔日の王都 七つの願い, *Nanatsu no Taizai -Gaiden- Sekijitsu no Ōto Nanatsu no Negai*) by Shuka Matsuda on December 17, 2014; *The Seven Deadly Sins: Seven Days* by Mamoru Iwasa on December 26, 2014; *The Seven Deadly Sins: Seven Scars They Left Behind* (七つの大罪 ―外伝― 彼らが残した七つの傷跡, *Nanatsu no Taizai -Gaiden- Karera ga Nokoshita Nanatsu no Kizuato*) by Shuka Matsuda on October 16, 2015; and *The Seven Deadly Sins: Seven-Colored Recollections* (七つの大罪 ―外伝― 七色の追憶, *Nanatsu no Taizai -Gaiden- Nanairo no Tsuioku*) by Shuka Matsuda on October 17, 2016. Vertical released *Seven Scars They Left Behind* in North America in May 2017, with *Seven-Colored Recollections* following in March 2018.

### Video games

A video game titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Unjust Sin* (七つの大罪 真実の冤罪, *Nanatsu no Taizai Shinjitsu no Enzai*) was developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment and released for the Nintendo 3DS on February 11, 2015. A game titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Knights of Britannia* (七つの大罪 ブリタニアの旅人, *Nanatsu no Taizai: Buritania no Tabibito*) was developed by Bandai Namco for the PlayStation 4. It was released in North America and Europe on February 9, 2018. A mobile game titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Grand Cross* (七つの大罪 光と闇の交戦, *Nanatsu no Taizai Hikari to Yami no Gurando Kurosu*) was developed by Netmarble and released in Japan and Korea on June 4, 2019. On March 3, 2020, the game was released globally for Android and iOS. The series also became a part of the game *The King of Fighters All Star* as of March 30 in collaboration with Netmarble's franchise. In January 2022, Netmarble announced an open-world game titled *The Seven Deadly Sins: Origin*. It will be released for Microsoft Windows via Steam, iOS, Android, and consoles.

### Other media

An illustration collection titled *Rainbow of Sin* (七色の罪, *Nanairo no Tsumi*) and an official fan book were both released on February 17, 2015. A guidebook for the anime titled *Ani-Sin* (アニ罪, *Ani-Tsumi*) was released on April 17, 2015, while a second fan book was published on August 17, 2016. Three character guidebooks each focusing on a different couple from *The Seven Deadly Sins* have been released; Meliodas and Elizabeth on October 17, 2016, Ban and Elaine on July 14, 2017, and King and Diane on November 16, 2018. A book where Suzuki discusses the completed series and its creation in depth was released on May 15, 2020, while a character directory profiling over 200 characters from the manga was published on May 17, 2021.

A stage play adaptation, *The Seven Deadly Sins The Stage*, was performed in August 2018. A second stage play, *The Seven Deadly Sins Stage Play: The Treacherous Great Holy Knights* (七つの大罪 The STAGE －裏切りの聖騎士長－, **Nanatsu no Taizai The Stage -Uragiri no Seikishi-chō-**) was announced to be performed in June 2020, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Reception

From left to right, Escanor, Elizabeth, Meliodas, Ban and Gowther in the background.

### Manga

*The Seven Deadly Sins* was named Best Shōnen Manga at the 39th Kodansha Manga Awards alongside *Yowamushi Pedal*. The 2014 edition of Takarajimasha's *Kono Manga ga Sugoi!* list, which surveys people in the manga and publishing industry, named *The Seven Deadly Sins* as the fifth best manga series for male readers. It was also nominated for the 2014 Manga Taishō award and as Best Youth Comic at the 42nd Angoulême International Comics Festival in France.

Jordan Richards of *AIPT Comics* called *The Seven Deadly Sins* a must read for fans of medieval fantasy and traditional *shōnen* action series. He felt the "unique" art helps set it apart from other series in the later category. However, he did note it was hard to tell exactly what happens in some moments. Rebecca Silverman of *Anime News Network* gave the first volume a B grade, calling the art interesting and the story a "neat take on the basic knights-in-shining-armor." She saw influence from Akira Toriyama in Meliodas and 1970s *shōjo* manga in the female characters. However, Silverman felt the art had issues with perspective and commented that Elizabeth lacked character development. Richards noted that Elizabeth's characterization improved in the second volume. He strongly praised the art, character designs and the panel layouts, particularly during action scenes; "Everyone looks so distinct and some of the shots are just phenomenal". Although noting he had said it more than once before, Richards found volume nine of the series to be the best so far, with strong characterization and growth, action and drama throughout, and one of the best double-page spreads he had ever seen in any series. Silverman felt that the plot of volume 14 comes off as darker when compared to the substantial changes made in its anime adaptation.

In a brief review, Jason Thompson claimed that the series follows common *shōnen* manga elements, making its plot twists and dialog predictable. He did however like the art and the series' European setting. Both Silverman and Danica Davidson of *Otaku USA* warned that Meliodas' perverted actions towards Elizabeth, which are used for comedic relief, could possibly be misinterpreted by some readers. Richards found the English translation's retaining of Japanese honorifics to be "kind of jarring", given the manga's heavy use of British and medieval themes and elements.

By August 2014, the collected volumes of *The Seven Deadly Sins* had 5 million copies in circulation. By January 2015, this number had grown to 10 million sold. By June 2018, the series had 28 million copies in circulation; over 37 million copies in circulation by March 2020; over 38 million copies in circulation by November 2022; and over 55 million copies by September 2023. The first collected volume of the series sold 38,581 copies in its first week, ranking thirteenth on the Oricon manga chart. Its second volume ranked fifth, having sold 106,829 in its first week; while its third debuted at fourth with 135,164 copies. The thirteenth volume had the manga's best debut week to date, selling 442,492 for first place on the chart. The series was the ninth best-selling manga of 2014, with over 4.6 million copies sold that year. For the first half of 2015, *The Seven Deadly Sins* was the best-selling manga series. It finished the year in second behind only *One Piece*, with over 10.3 million copies sold. It was the sixth best-selling manga of 2016, with over 5 million copies sold, and seventh in 2017, with close to 3.6 million copies sold. The novel *The Seven Deadly Sins -Gaiden- Sekijitsu no Ōto Nanatsu no Negai* was the 33rd best-selling light novel in the first half of 2015, with 61,939 copies sold. The North American releases of volumes two and four charted on *The New York Times Manga Best Seller* list at seventh and ninth, respectively.

### Anime

Reviewing the first anime for *Anime News Network*, Theron Martin felt that the series has a slow start with typical action fare but the storytelling picks up significantly in the second half. He had strong praise for the music and enjoyed the main cast and their interactions, but not the common archetypal villains. Martin noted that the art has a "semi-cartoonish look" that one would expect in a series that "skews a bit younger," but *The Seven Deadly Sins*' graphic violence and minimal fan service prove it's "anything but a kiddie show." Martin largely compared *Revival of The Commandments* to the anime's first season and to *Dragon Ball Z*. He was positively surprised by the amount of character development within the main cast, but again found the arc's titular villains far less compelling, although he did note the powers they possess make for lively fights.

The first DVD volume of the anime debuted at first place on the Oricon's Japanese animation DVD chart with 3,574 copies sold. With 32,762 copies sold of the five volumes released at the time, *The Seven Deadly Sins* was the 30th best-selling animation in the first half of 2015. In their first weeks of release, the first and second DVD volumes of *Signs of Holy War* sold 1,194 and 1,004 copies for fourth and second place, respectively. In October 2017, Netflix revealed that *The Seven Deadly Sins* anime was the fourth most binge-watched show within its first 24 hours of release on their platform.

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## InfoBox

| The Seven Deadly Sins | |
| --- | --- |
| First *tankōbon* volume cover, featuring Elizabeth Liones (left), Meliodas (center) and Hawk (right) | |
| 七つの大罪<br>(*Nanatsu no Taizai*) | |
| Genre |  |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Nakaba Suzuki |
| Published by | Kodansha |
| English publisher |  |
| Magazine | *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* |
| Demographic | *Shōnen* |
| Original run | October 10, 2012March 25, 2020 |
| Volumes | 41 |
| Further information  Anime television series  Directed by Tensai Okamura  Produced by * Kozue Kaneniwa * Takamitsu Inoue * Kensuke Tateishi * Ryuu Hashimoto * Kyouko Uryuu * Tetsuya Endou  Written by Shōtarō Suga  Music by   Studio A-1 Pictures  Licensed by   Original network JNN (MBS, TBS)  English network   Original run  October 5, 2014  March 29, 2015  Episodes 24 + 2 OVA   Anime television series  *The Seven Deadly Sins: Signs of Holy War*  Directed by Tomokazu Tokoro  Produced by * Kozue Kaneniwa * Kensuke Tateishi * Kyouko Uryuu * Tetsuya Endou * Hiroshi Kamei  Written by Yuniko Ayana  Music by * Hiroyuki Sawano * Takafumi Wada  Studio A-1 Pictures  Licensed by Netflix (streaming)  Original network JNN (MBS, TBS)  English network   Original run  August 28, 2016  September 18, 2016  Episodes 4   Anime television series  *The Seven Deadly Sins: Revival of The Commandments*  Directed by Jōji Furuta  Produced by * Kyouko Uryuu * Kensuke Tateishi * Hiroshi Kamei * Naoto Kase * Yoshinori Hasegawa * Akiko Nabeiwa * Muneyuki Kii * Makoto Furukawa  Written by Takao Yoshioka  Music by   Studio A-1 Pictures  Licensed by Netflix (streaming)  Original network JNN (MBS, TBS)  English network   Original run  January 13, 2018  June 30, 2018  Episodes 24 + OVA   Anime television series  *The Seven Deadly Sins: Wrath of the Gods*  Directed by Susumu Nishizawa  Produced by Yousuke Takabayashi  Written by Rintarou Ikeda  Music by * Hiroyuki Sawano * Kohta Yamamoto * Takafumi Wada  Studio Studio Deen  Licensed by Netflix (streaming)  Original network TV Tokyo, BS TV Tokyo  English network   Original run  October 9, 2019  March 25, 2020  Episodes 24   Anime television series  *The Seven Deadly Sins: Dragon's Judgement*  Directed by Susumu Nishizawa  Produced by Yousuke Takabayashi  Written by Rintarou Ikeda  Music by * Hiroyuki Sawano * Kohta Yamamoto * Takafumi Wada  Studio Studio Deen  Licensed by Netflix (streaming)  Original network TV Tokyo, BS TV Tokyo  Original run  January 13, 2021  June 23, 2021  Episodes 24   Anime films   Sequel   Other manga & light novels   Video games | |


title: Florida Complex League Tigers

abstract: The Florida Complex League Tigers are a Rookie-level affiliate of the Detroit Tigers, competing in the Florida Complex League of Minor League Baseball. Prior to 2021, the team was known as the Gulf Coast League Tigers. The team plays its home games at Joker Marchant Stadium in Lakeland, Florida. The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and various other countries.

text:
# Florida Complex League Tigers

The **Florida Complex League Tigers** are a Rookie-level affiliate of the Detroit Tigers, competing in the Florida Complex League of Minor League Baseball. Prior to 2021, the team was known as the **Gulf Coast League Tigers**. The team plays its home games at Joker Marchant Stadium in Lakeland, Florida. The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and various other countries.

## History

The team first played in the Gulf Coast League (GCL) during the 1968 season. After then being absent for over 25 years, the team returned to the league in 1995 and has competed continuously since then.

Starting with the 2016 season, the team has fielded two squads in the league, differentiated with "East" and "West" suffixes. The second team was created due to the cancellation of the Venezuelan Summer League, which left the Tigers with a roster full of players with no team. Most of these players were assigned to one of the two GCL squads, although some were assigned to the Tigers affiliate in the Dominican Summer League.

Prior to the 2021 season, the Gulf Coast League was renamed as the Florida Complex League (FCL).

## Rosters

| **Players** | | | | **Coaches/Other** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pitchers**
* -- Bryce Alewine * 56 Ignacio Briceno * 7 Ulices Campos * 24 Blake Dickerson * -- Lucas Elissalt * -- Owen Hall * -- Michael Massey * 33 Dylan McCall * 15 Eliseo Mota * -- Dawson Price * 54 Moises Rodriguez * 93 Johnathan Rogers * -- R. J. Sales * -- Ethan Schiefelbein * -- Zach Swanson * -- Shay Timmer * 37 Riley Valentine * 12 Paul Wilson |  | **Catchers**
* -- Hunter Dobbins * 14 Enrique Jimenez * 30 Samuel Rojas * -- Gabriel Rosado  **Infielders**
* -- Abel Bastidas * 53 Angel Cruz * 81 Raudy De Los Santos * 78 Yimmy Diaz * 21 Juan Hernandez * 35 Jesus Machado * 48 Reylin Perez * -- Bryce Rainer * 91 Manuel Sequera * -- Jude Warwick  **Outfielders**
* 39 Anibal Salas
 |  | **Manager**
* 13 Salvador Paniagua  **Coaches**
* 31 Tyler Anderson (pitching) * 60 Rafael Gil (hitting) * 17 Chase Glaum (hitting) * 36 Willians Moreno (pitching)  **60-day injured list**
* 43 Jaison Brete * 94 Jack Bushell (full season) * 26 Brady Cerkownyk (full season) * 87 Jatnk Diaz (full season) * 29 Andrew Dunford * 8 Frank Moreno (full season) * 40 Albert Oliva (full season) * -- Andres Ramos (full season) * 59 Carson Rucker (full season) * -- Samuell Sanchez (full season)  7-day injured list
* On Detroit Tigers 40-man roster
~ Development list
\# Rehab assignment
∞ Reserve list
‡ Restricted list
§ Suspended list
† Temporarily inactive list
Roster updated September 18, 2024
Transactions
→ More rosters: MiLB  Florida Complex League
Detroit Tigers minor league players |

## Season-by-season

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 27-36 | 7th | Wayne Blackburn | No playoffs until 1983 |
|  |
| 1995 | 33-24 | 6th | Kevin Bradshaw | Lost League Finals
vs. GCL Royals (2 games to 0)
Won in first round
vs. GCL Marlins (1 game to 0) |
| 1996 | 26-34 | 12th | Kevin Bradshaw |  |
| 1997 | 31-29 | 7th | Kevin Bradshaw |  |
| 1998 | 28-32 | 8th(t) | Kevin Bradshaw |  |
| 1999 | 29-31 | 8th(t) | Gary Green |  |
| 2000 | 34-26 | 5th(t) | Kevin Bradshaw |  |
| 2001 | 34-26 | 5th | Howard Bushong |  |
| 2002 | 23-37 | 13th | Howard Bushong |  |
| 2003 | 28-29 | 5th | Howard Bushong |  |
| 2004 | 24-36 | 9th | Kevin Bradshaw |  |
| 2005 | 24-30 | 9th(t) | Kevin Bradshaw |  |
| 2006 | 32-18 | 2nd | Kevin Bradshaw | Lost in 1st round
vs. GCL Dodgers (1 game to 0) |
| 2007 | 28-32 | 9th(t) | Benny Castillo |  |
| 2008 | 27-31 | 12th | Basilio Cabrera |  |
| 2009 | 29-31 | 9th | Basilio Cabrera |  |
| 2010 | 29-30 | 9th | Basilio Cabrera |  |
| 2011 | 29-31 | 7th | Basilio Cabrera |  |
| 2012 | 36-24 | 1st(t) | Basilio Cabrera | Lost in 1st round
vs. GCL Red Sox (1 game to 0) |
| 2013 | 32-28 | 5th | Basilio Cabrera |  |
| 2014 | 34-25 | 6th | Basilio Cabrera |  |
| 2015 | 36-23 | 3rd | Basilio Cabrera | Lost in 1st round
vs. GCL Blue Jays (1 game to 0) |

### GCL Tigers East

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | 21-37 | 16th | Rafael Gil |  |
| 2017 | 14-45 | 17th | Jesus Garces |  |
| 2018 | 26-28 | 10th | Luis López |  |
| 2019 | 19-29 | 14th | Luis López | *Playoffs cancelled due to Hurricane Dorian* |

### GCL Tigers West

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | 30-28 | 7th | Rafael Martinez |  |
| 2017 | 29-28 | 9th | Rafael Gil |  |
| 2018 | 37-16 | 2nd | Brayan Peña | **League Champions**
vs. GCL Cardinals(2 games to 1)
Won in first round
vs. GCL Red Sox (1 game to 0) |
| 2019 | 30-20 | 3rd | Gary Cathcart | *Playoffs cancelled due to Hurricane Dorian* |

## InfoBox

| Florida Complex League Tigers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Team logo Cap insignia | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Rookie |
| League | Florida Complex League |
| Division | North Division |
| Previous leagues | Gulf Coast League (1968, 1995–2020) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | Detroit Tigers |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles (2) | * 2018 * 2024 |
| Division titles (5) | * 1995 * 2006 * 2012 * 2015 * 2018 |
| Team data | |
| Name | FCL Tigers East & West |
| Previous names | * GCL Tigers East & West (2016–2020) * GCL Tigers (1968, 1995–2015) |
| Ballpark | Joker Marchant Stadium |
| Owner(s)/
Operator(s) | Detroit Tigers |


title: Florida Council of 100

abstract: The Florida Council of 100 is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization of Florida business leaders who advise the state's governor. It was founded in 1961 and is headquartered in Tampa, Florida.

text:
# Florida Council of 100

The **Florida Council of 100** is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization of Florida business leaders who advise the state's governor. It was founded in 1961 and is headquartered in Tampa, Florida.

## History

The association was founded in 1961 at the request of then Governor Farris Bryant, who asked for advice on problems confronting the state from a business point of view. The council was the first of its kind in the United States, and its website states that it "works with the Governor, the Chief Justice, the Legislature, as well as with private organizations, to achieve quality of life improvements for the people of Florida."

The full Council meets twice each year and has continued to provide that perspective to each governor over the last 50+ years. However, the relationship between the Council and the Governor changed in 1999 with the inauguration of Jeb Bush. Bush directly requested the support and involvement of the council as soon as the election was over. He used the council to promote controversial ideas to state residents and politicians alike. They also defended Bush for his plan to eliminate job security for state workers.

Charlie Crist was not a typical pro-business Republican governor, so the Council concentrated on educational issues during most of his term. Florida's new governor in 2011, Rick Scott, has a business background similar to Jeb Bush. He met with the council two weeks after winning the election and acknowledged that he is depending on those business leaders to allow him to fulfill his campaign promise of 700,000 new jobs in seven years.

## Membership

According to the group's website, membership is by invitation from the existing council members, who select recognized and successful leaders from all types of Florida businesses, not elected public service. Those chosen must demonstrate a commitment to the state and believe in the goals of the council. Additionally, they should exhibit character and have been involved in public policy issues. The Council claims that they are committed to diversity of their membership.

The majority of Council members are Republicans, and many are major political campaign donors. In 1998, membership dues were $3,000 per year, generating half a million dollars that year.

## Objectives

As business leaders, the members of the Council feel responsibility and have the determination to improve Florida. The council's 1998 mission statement elaborates: "To be a forum of strategic thinkers and leaders having a major positive effect on Florida public policy which enhances the quality of life and economic well-being of all Floridians."

The council's non-profit filing with the Internal Revenue Service states that their purpose is to "educate the community and promote economic development to provide a better standard of living for all Floridians."

Chairman Al Hoffman was more direct: "We want to be a force in shaping public policy. We want to be influential."

## Projects

When the council identifies a subject as critically important to the state, they form a task force to research the issue, define problems and possible solutions in a position paper or report. Outside organizations are frequently utilized as a resource to assist in the process. The council partnered with the Florida Chamber of Commerce in creating the study, *Closing the Talent Gap: A Business Perspective* in January 2010.

The council's website permits access to at least 26 Reports & Position Papers created since 1996.

In 2012 the council, together with NBC News, National Journal and the St. Petersburg Times jointly sponsored a nationally televised debate of the leading Republican presidential candidates prior to the 2012 Republican National Convention in Tampa.

## Concerns

The intimate relationship between the council and then Governor Bush raised questions among Bush's critics, who saw potential conflicts. Florida State University Public Administration professor Lance deHaven-Smith commented:

> "A group of un-elected officials who in their own right have enormous resources and power have become very influential in government without the larger electorate knowing much about it. There had been a sense that the government had been captured by the largest businesses and some of the businesses were like a shadow government -- it was exercised in back rooms and through financial contributions and indirect dealings."

The "privatization of public policy" goes against Florida's Sunshine Laws, which separated business and government by requiring that government meetings be open to the public and other rules which limit campaign contributions.

Burke Kibler, a Democrat, longtime member and former chairman of the council stated: "It's clear that the current leadership tends to be more activist in the sense of wanting the council to help and benefit the program of the governor because most of them politically are attuned with what Governor Bush wants."

Little was published about the council before the Bush years. Research and interview requests for a 1998 article in Florida Today caused concern among members, who considered it an intrusion. Chairman Hoffman insisted, "We're not a secret organization -- we're a closed organization."

St. Petersburg Times publisher Andy Barnes, a Council member, pointed out that the council doesn't control the process of their recommendations becoming law. He added that most council members run private companies and make decisions without scrutiny. The council is not a philanthropic organization; state policy affects their businesses and they are motivated by self-interest, but they believe that what's good for business is good for the state.

Alex Sink, former president of the Florida division of Bank of America, gave up her Council leadership position because her Democratic husband ran against Bush in 1998. She warned that Republican domination of the council could limit their ability to look at issues from more than one point of view.

## InfoBox

Florida Council of 100
|
|  |
| Formation | 1961 |
| Type | Non-profit |
| Legal status | Foundation |
| Purpose | improve the quality of life for Floridians |
| Headquarters | Tampa, Florida |
| Region served | Florida |
| Chairman | Sydney Kitson |
| Executive Director | Bob Ward |
| Main organ | Board of Directors |
| Revenue (2019) | $1,971,813 |
| Expenses (2019) | $1,937,393 |
| Website | www.fc100.org |


title: The Sex Magicians

abstract: The Sex Magicians is the first novel by Robert Anton Wilson, released in 1973. It revolves around the goings-on at the Orgasm Research Foundation. The Illuminati take a major role in its plot; its main protagonists are Josie Welch and Dr. Roger Prong. The book was long out-of-print until a new edition was published by Hilaritas Press in 2024. Portions of it were recycled into sex-scenes in Wilson's later Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy. The character Markoff Chaney reappears in The Illuminatus! Trilogy as well as Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy, an extended version of his introduction is reused in the former one. This work also incorporates various other plot points found in Wilson's later works, such as the Fernando Poo crisis. Although The Sex Magicians predates The Illuminatus! Trilogy based on its publication date, it remains unclear if the actual contents of The Sex Magicians were written before or during the writing process of The Illuminatus! Trilogy. Given the significant amount of time it took to find a publisher for Illuminatus, it is possible that its content was actually reused in The Sex Magicians, rather than the other way around. Illuminatus! was published in 1975, and it took five years for its author to get published. Being published in 1973, The Sex Magicians may have content reused from Illuminatus! while the latter was waiting to be published. It is possible that The Sex Magicians paved the way for Illuminatus! to be published. The book is very pornographic, with numerous hardcore scenes. However, the author also developed the logics of sex magic underlying the seemingly gruesome sexual scenes.

text:
# The Sex Magicians

***The Sex Magicians*** is the first novel by Robert Anton Wilson, released in 1973. It revolves around the goings-on at the Orgasm Research Foundation. The Illuminati take a major role in its plot; its main protagonists are Josie Welch and Dr. Roger Prong.

The book was long out-of-print until a new edition was published by Hilaritas Press in 2024. Portions of it were recycled into sex-scenes in Wilson's later *Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy*. The character Markoff Chaney reappears in *The Illuminatus! Trilogy* as well as *Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy*, an extended version of his introduction is reused in the former one.

This work also incorporates various other plot points found in Wilson's later works, such as the Fernando Poo crisis.

Although *The Sex Magicians* predates *The Illuminatus! Trilogy* based on its publication date, it remains unclear if the actual contents of *The Sex Magicians* were written before or during the writing process of *The Illuminatus! Trilogy*. Given the significant amount of time it took to find a publisher for Illuminatus, it is possible that its content was actually reused in *The Sex Magicians*, rather than the other way around. *Illuminatus!* was published in 1975, and it took five years for its author to get published. Being published in 1973, *The Sex Magicians* may have content reused from *Illuminatus!* while the latter was waiting to be published. It is possible that *The Sex Magicians* paved the way for *Illuminatus!* to be published.

The book is very pornographic, with numerous hardcore scenes. However, the author also developed the logics of sex magic underlying the seemingly gruesome sexual scenes.

*The Sex Magicians* at Hilaritas Press

## InfoBox

The Sex Magicians
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Robert Anton Wilson |
| Language | English |
| Genre | counterculture, erotica, fantasy |
| Publisher | Sheffield House |
| Publication date | 1973 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 195 |


title: Markup rule

abstract: A markup rule is the pricing practice of a producer with market power, where a firm charges a fixed mark-up over its marginal cost.

text:
# Markup rule

A **markup rule** is the pricing practice of a producer with market power, where a firm charges a fixed mark-up over its marginal cost.

## Derivation of the markup rule

Mathematically, the markup rule can be derived for a firm with price-setting power by maximizing the following expression for profit:

$$\pi =P(Q)\cdot Q-C(Q)$$

where Q = quantity sold, P(Q) = inverse demand function, and thereby the price at which Q can be sold given the existing demand C(Q) = total cost of producing Q. $\pi $ = economic profit

Profit maximization means that the derivative of $\pi $ with respect to Q is set equal to 0:

$$P'(Q)\cdot Q+P-C'(Q)=0$$

where P'(Q) = the derivative of the inverse demand function. C'(Q) = marginal cost–the derivative of total cost with respect to output.

This yields:

$$P'(Q)\cdot Q+P=C'(Q)$$

or "marginal revenue" = "marginal cost".

$$P\cdot (P'(Q)\cdot Q/P+1)=MC$$

By definition $P'(Q)\cdot Q/P$ is the reciprocal of the price elasticity of demand (or $1/\epsilon $). Hence

$$P\cdot (1+1/{\epsilon })=P\cdot \left({\frac {1+\epsilon }{\epsilon }\right)=MC}$$

Letting $\eta $ be the reciprocal of the price elasticity of demand,

$$P=\left({\frac {1}{1+\eta }\right)\cdot MC}$$

Thus a firm with market power chooses the output quantity at which the corresponding price satisfies this rule. Since for a price-setting firm $\eta \<0$ this means that a firm with market power will charge a price above marginal cost and thus earn a monopoly rent. On the other hand, a competitive firm by definition faces a perfectly elastic demand; hence it has $\eta =0$ which means that it sets the quantity such that marginal cost equals the price.

The rule also implies that, absent menu costs, a firm with market power will never choose a point on the inelastic portion of its demand curve (where $\epsilon \geq -1$ and $\eta \leq -1$). Intuitively, this is because starting from such a point, a reduction in quantity and the associated increase in price along the demand curve would yield both an increase in revenues (because demand is inelastic at the starting point) and a decrease in costs (because output has decreased); thus the original point was not profit-maximizing.


title: Fogarty

abstract: Fogarty is a surname of Irish origin. The name Fogarty in Ireland is derived from the native Irish Ó Fogartaigh Sept who were located in County Tipperary where the name is still very prevalent to this very day. According to historian C. Thomas Cairney, the O'Fogartys were one of the chiefly families of the Dal gCais or Dalcassians who were a tribe of the Erainn who were the second wave of Celts to settle in Ireland between about 500 and 100 BC. The barony of Eliogarty that still exists was named after them. This name, with variant spellings (O) Fogerty, Foggarty, Fogaty, Gogarty and Go(g)erty, is an Anglicized form of the old Irish "Ó Fogartaigh". The Irish prefix "Ó" indicates "male descendant of", plus the personal byname "Fogartach" meaning "banished" or "exiled". The Fogartys are of the ancient population group, Dál gCais, otherwise known as the Dalcassians, who inhabited county Clare with adjacent parts of counties Limerick and Tipperary. Eliogarty, the name of a barony in Co. Tipperary, locates the sept, and indicates their importance. The majority of present-day namebearers are found in county Tipperary and Malachy O' Fogarty, of the University of Paris, who flourished in 1700, was born at Castle Fogarty in that county. Another notable namebearer was Archbishop Fogarty, who for fifty-one years was Bishop of Killaloe. A Coat of Arms granted to the family depicts two gold lions rampant on a blue shield supporting a gold sheaf of corn, the latter denoting plenty and the Harvest of One's Hopes. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of O' Fogarty, King of Ely, County Tipperary, which was dated 1072, "The Annals of Ulster", during the reign of High King of Ireland, "with opposition", 1022 - 1166. Notable people with the surname include:

text:
# Fogarty

**Fogarty** is a surname of Irish origin. The name Fogarty in Ireland is derived from the native Irish Ó Fogartaigh Sept who were located in County Tipperary where the name is still very prevalent to this very day.

According to historian C. Thomas Cairney, the O'Fogartys were one of the chiefly families of the Dal gCais or Dalcassians who were a tribe of the Erainn who were the second wave of Celts to settle in Ireland between about 500 and 100 BC.

The barony of Eliogarty that still exists was named after them. This name, with variant spellings (O) Fogerty, Foggarty, Fogaty, Gogarty and Go(g)erty, is an Anglicized form of the old Irish "Ó Fogartaigh". The Irish prefix "Ó" indicates "male descendant of", plus the personal byname "Fogartach" meaning "banished" or "exiled". The Fogartys are of the ancient population group, Dál gCais, otherwise known as the Dalcassians, who inhabited county Clare with adjacent parts of counties Limerick and Tipperary. Eliogarty, the name of a barony in Co. Tipperary, locates the sept, and indicates their importance. The majority of present-day namebearers are found in county Tipperary and Malachy O' Fogarty, of the University of Paris, who flourished in 1700, was born at Castle Fogarty in that county. Another notable namebearer was Archbishop Fogarty (1858 - 1955), who for fifty-one years was Bishop of Killaloe. A Coat of Arms granted to the family depicts two gold lions rampant on a blue shield supporting a gold sheaf of corn, the latter denoting plenty and the Harvest of One's Hopes. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of O' Fogarty, King of Ely, County Tipperary, which was dated 1072, "The Annals of Ulster", during the reign of High King of Ireland, "with opposition", 1022 - 1166.

Notable people with the surname include:

## Sportspeople

## Politicians

## Other people

* Laffan, Thomas (1911). *Tipperary Families : Being The Hearth Money Records for 1665-1667*. James Duffy & Co.


title: Marpha

abstract: Marpha is a village in Mustang District in the Dhawalagiri Zone of northern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1630 people living in 434 individual households. The village is a part of the trekking industry, and has a nearby Tibetan refugee camp. Tibetans from the camp work in the village, supporting the tourist and trekking service sector. It is in a scenic location and apples are an important crop for the area. Formerly, Marpha was a village development committee (VDC), which were local-level administrative units. In 2017, the government of Nepal restructured local government in line with the 2015 constitution and VDCs were discontinued.

text:
# Marpha

**Marpha**  is a village in Mustang District in the Dhawalagiri Zone of northern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1630 people living in 434 individual households.

The village is a part of the trekking industry, and has a nearby Tibetan refugee camp. Tibetans from the camp work in the village, supporting the tourist and trekking service sector. It is in a scenic location and apples are an important crop for the area.

Formerly, Marpha was a village development committee (VDC), which were local-level administrative units. In 2017, the government of Nepal restructured local government in line with the 2015 constitution and VDCs were discontinued.

## Sights

Marpha is a pretty stone lined village which has survived the transition to the current time, by catering to trekkers and tourists. The village is a common overnight halt on the Annapurna Circuit, less crowded and touristy than Jomsom to the north.

The name itself reflects the "mar" meaning hard working and "pha" meaning people. Tourism and mule rearing are the means of survival of the people of this place. Although it has an original Safe Water Drinking station, it now also sports numerous guest houses and small hotels.

The village is the apple capital in the nation, with Marpha brandy and jams produced from local fruits.

Dominating the village is the Nyingma monastery from which there are good views of the village and the Gandaki River valley. Above the monastery is a chorten painted onto the cliff face and a number of small stone chortens on the ledges below. Legend says that the villagers became afflicted with leprosy and all attempts to control it had failed. A local monk, originally from Tukuche, south of Marpha, advised the villagers to build the chorten and hold religious rituals at the site. Since that time the leprosy stopped and Marpha flourished once more.

On the southern outskirts of Marpha, on the opposite bank of the Gandaki River is a Tibetan refugee camp and Chhairo gompa, the first Nyingma monastery to be established in Mustang District.

Many of the souvenir shops in Marpha are run by residents of the Tibetan refugee camp.

## Climate

Marpha has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) with cold, dry winters and mild, slightly wet summers.

| Climate data for Marpha (Thakmarpha), elevation 2,566 m (8,419 ft), (1976–2005) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.3
(50.5) | 11.3
(52.3) | 14.4
(57.9) | 17.5
(63.5) | 19.3
(66.7) | 21.0
(69.8) | 21.2
(70.2) | 21.2
(70.2) | 19.7
(67.5) | 16.9
(62.4) | 13.9
(57.0) | 11.7
(53.1) | 16.5
(61.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.0
(28.4) | 0.8
(33.4) | 1.9
(35.4) | 4.8
(40.6) | 7.9
(46.2) | 11.4
(52.5) | 13.2
(55.8) | 13.0
(55.4) | 10.6
(51.1) | 5.2
(41.4) | 1.4
(34.5) | −1.1
(30.0) | 5.6
(42.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 7.3
(0.29) | 15.3
(0.60) | 31.4
(1.24) | 29.5
(1.16) | 32.9
(1.30) | 47.0
(1.85) | 67.2
(2.65) | 63.4
(2.50) | 49.4
(1.94) | 34.7
(1.37) | 7.0
(0.28) | 13.2
(0.52) | 402.4
(15.84) |
| Source: Agricultural Extension in South Asia | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

http://www.marphamonastery.com Website of Marpha Monastery

## InfoBox

| Marpha मार्फा | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Goats in Marpha | |
| MarphaLocation in NepalMarphaMarpha (Nepal) | |
| Coordinates: 28°47′24″N 83°40′48″E / 28.79000°N 83.68000°E / 28.79000; 83.68000 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Dhawalagiri Zone |
| District | Mustang District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 1,630 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Marpessa Hennink

abstract: Marpessa Hennink is a Dutch fashion model. She is best known for her work as a runway model, which earned her the moniker “The Catwalk Contessa”.

text:
# Marpessa Hennink

**Marpessa Hennink** (born 12 July 1964) is a Dutch fashion model. She is best known for her work as a runway model, which earned her the moniker “The Catwalk Contessa”.

## Early life

Hennink was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands to a Dutch mother and a Dutch / Surinamese father of African ancestry.

From as young as the age of four, Hennink expressed an interest in fashion and began working as a model after she turned sixteen, having been discovered by a magazine editor in her native Amsterdam. This happened despite being rejected, deemed “too exotic” by the Eileen Ford agency during a casting call.

## Career

Amongst the many magazines that Hennink has been featured in are various international editions of *Vogue,* as well as other publications such as *Elle*, *Glamour*, *Time*, *Vanity Fair,* *Marie Claire*, *L'Officiel*, Harpers & Queen and *Photo*.

She credited the late fashion illustrator Antonio Lopez with recommending her to some of the prominent designers, such as Azzedine Alaia, and Karl Lagerfeld of the fashion house Chanel. Most notably, Hennink walked the runway for Dolce & Gabbana's first fashion show in 1985, at the beginning of their career as designers. The same year, she appeared in the music video for Bryan Ferry's song, "Slave to Love", directed by Jean-Baptiste Mondino.

Hennink went on to walk the runway for many other designers including Versace, Christian Lacroix, Valentino, Christian Dior, Gianfranco Ferré, Oscar de la Renta, Calvin Klein, Issey Miyake, Moschino, Claude Montana, Salvatore Ferragamo, Comme des Garçons, Lanvin, Thierry Mugler, Donna Karan, Trussardi, Mila Schön, Rifat Özbek, and Bruce Oldfield.

In 1987, Hennink was chosen by Dolce & Gabbana to star in the advertising campaign for their Fall/Winter collection. It was the first campaign for the label, and Hennink agreed to do it for free. The campaign was photographed in Sicily by Ferdinando Scianna of Magnum Photos. The photographs from the campaign made such an impression that Hennink came to be seen as an icon of Mediterranean femininity.

In October of that year, Hennink was named "Model of the Year" during the “Oscars de la Mode” in Paris. After which she was given the nickname "the Catwalk Contessa".

In 1993, after the publication of the book “Marpessa, *uno sguardo*”, by Ferdinando Scianna, Hennink retired from modeling, having also been put off by the arrival of the grunge fashion trend.

Upon her retirement, she moved to Ibiza, Spain, where she began a career as an interior decorator. She made a return to the fashion runways in 2004, where she closed the Fall/Winter show for designer Antonio Marras. In January 2011, Hennink was chosen to walk in a special fashion show held by designer Alberta Ferretti in Florence, Italy. Then, in May 2011, she walked in the "Fashion for Relief" benefit show in Cannes, France. The following year, Dolce & Gabbana launched a line of made-to-measure clothing called "Alta Moda", and chose Hennink as the global ambassador for that line.

## Personal life

Hennink speaks six languages. In her spare time, she enjoys interior decorating and photography. She considers Inès de La Fressange, Diana Vreeland, and Madeleine Castaing as her style icons. In 2005, Hennink gave birth to a daughter called Ariel Hennink.

In 2021, she was one of the guests at Lady Kitty Spencer's wedding.

## InfoBox

| Marpessa Hennink | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1964-07-12) 12 July 1964<br>Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| Years active | 1982–1997 |
| Children | 1 |
| **Modeling information** | |
| Height | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) |
| Hair color | Light brown |
| Eye color | Green |
|  | |


title: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

abstract: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histopathologic finding of scarring (sclerosis) of glomeruli and damage to renal podocytes. This process damages the filtration function of the kidney, resulting in protein presence in the urine due to protein loss. FSGS is a leading cause of excess protein loss—nephrotic syndrome—in children and adults in the US. Signs and symptoms include proteinuria and edema. Kidney failure is a common long-term complication of the disease. FSGS can be classified as primary, secondary, or genetic, depending on whether a particular toxic or pathologic stressor or genetic predisposition can be identified as the cause. Diagnosis is established by renal biopsy, and treatment consists of glucocorticoids and other immune-modulatory drugs. Response to therapy is variable, with a significant portion of patients progressing to end-stage kidney failure. An American epidemiological study 20 years ago demonstrated that FSGS is estimated to occur in 7 persons per million, with cisgender male African-Americans at higher risk.

text:
# Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

**Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis** (**FSGS**) is a histopathologic finding of scarring (sclerosis) of glomeruli and damage to renal podocytes. This process damages the filtration function of the kidney, resulting in protein presence in the urine due to protein loss. FSGS is a leading cause of excess protein loss—nephrotic syndrome—in children and adults in the US. Signs and symptoms include proteinuria and edema. Kidney failure is a common long-term complication of the disease. FSGS can be classified as primary, secondary, or genetic, depending on whether a particular toxic or pathologic stressor or genetic predisposition can be identified as the cause. Diagnosis is established by renal biopsy, and treatment consists of glucocorticoids and other immune-modulatory drugs. Response to therapy is variable, with a significant portion of patients progressing to end-stage kidney failure. An American epidemiological study 20 years ago demonstrated that FSGS is estimated to occur in 7 persons per million, with cisgender male African-Americans at higher risk.

## Signs and symptoms

The most common symptoms are a result of abnormal loss of protein from the glomerulus of the kidney, and include:

* Frothy urine (due to excess protein)
* Excess water retention (pitting edema, due to loss of serum albumin)
* Susceptibility to infection (due to loss of serum antibodies)

Common signs are also due to loss of blood proteins by the glomerulus of the kidney, including:

## Pathophysiology

FSGS is primarily a disease of the renal glomerulus, the site of filtration of ions and solutes. Podocytes are specialized cells lining the Bowman's capsule that contribute to the filtration barrier, preventing molecules larger than 5 nm from being filtered. FSGS involves damage to the renal podocytes such that larger molecules, most notably proteins, are filtered and lost through the kidney. Thus, many of the signs and symptoms of FSGS are related to protein loss.

On histology, FSGS manifests as scarring (sclerosis) to segments of glomeruli; moreover, only a portion of glomeruli are affected. The focal and segmental nature of disease seen on histology help to distinguish FSGS from other types of glomerular sclerosis.

FSGS can be classified by the putative cause of damage to podocytes. Primary FSGS involves cases in which no cause is readily identifiable. It is presumed that a set of unidentified circulating factors in the blood contribute to podocyte damage in these cases.

Secondary FSGS is caused by an identifiable stress or toxin that injures podocytes. Many causes of secondary FSGS contribute to podocyte injury through hyperfiltration, which is a scenario of excess filtration by renal glomeruli. Hyperfiltration can be caused by obesity, diabetes or loss of the contralateral kidney, among other causes.

Secondary FSGS can also be caused by toxins, including anabolic steroids and heroin.

A number of genes have been implicated in FSGS. These include: *NPHS1*, which encodes the protein nephrin that contributes to the filtration barrier; *NPHS2*, which encodes the protein podocin found in podocytes; and *INF2*, which encodes the actin-binding protein formin.

The pathogenesis of HIV-associated FSGS is unclear, but may be due to the presence of the G1/G2 risk alleles of the APOL1 gene. There is some data to suggest that HIV can infect tubular epithelial cells and podocytes, but much remains to be known.

Gain of function mutations in APOL1 have also been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis of FSGS is made by renal biopsy that includes at least fifteen serial cuts with at least eight glomeruli. Histologic features include sclerosis (scarring) of a portion (average: 15%) of the glomerular space, with only a portion of glomeruli manifesting any sclerosis.

Other tests helpful in the diagnosis include urine protein, urinalysis, serum albumin, and serum lipids. A clinical picture of proteinuria, low blood protein levels (albumin, antibodies), and high blood cholesterol would support a diagnosis of FSGS, although these do not help to distinguish between FSGS and other causes of proteinuria.

### Classification

Five mutually exclusive variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis may be distinguished by the pathologic findings seen on renal biopsy:

1. Collapsing variant
2. Glomerular tip lesion variant
3. Cellular variant
4. Perihilar variant
5. Not otherwise specified (NOS) variant

Recognition of these variants may have prognostic value in individuals with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The collapsing variant is associated with higher rate of progression to end-stage renal disease, whereas the glomerular tip lesion variant has a low rate of progression to end-stage renal disease in most patients. The cellular variant shows similar clinical presentation to collapsing and glomerular tip variant but has intermediate outcomes between the other two variants.

## Treatment

First-line treatment for primary FSGS consists of anti-inflammatory drugs. Specifically, glucocorticoids are begun in patients manifesting with nephrotic-range proteinuria (\>3.5 g/day). For patients who maintain nephrotic-range proteinuria despite glucocorticoids, or for patients who demonstrate glucocorticoid intolerance, calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus) are initiated. Successful treatment is defined as a drop in proteinuria to sub-nephrotic ranges.

The treatment of secondary FSGS involves addressing the particular toxic or stress agent.

## Prognosis

The majority of untreated cases of FSGS will progress to end-stage kidney disease. Important prognostic factors include the degree of proteinuria and initial response to therapy.

Patients with nephrotic-range (\>3.5 g/day) proteinuria have over a 50% rate of progression to end-stage kidney disease at 10 years. Only 15% of patients with sub-nephrotic ranges of proteinuria progress to end-stage renal failure at 10 years.

Initial response to therapy also dictates long-term outcomes. Those defined as having a "complete response" typically manifest a proteinuria of \<300 mg/day; those with a "partial response" manifest a sub-nephrotic range of proteinuria, \<3.5 g/day. Either complete or partial response is associated with 80% kidney survival at 10 years, compared with about 50% among non-responsive patients.

## Epidemiology

FSGS accounts for 35% of all cases of nephrotic syndrome, making it one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in the United States. FSGS accounts for 2% of all cases of kidney failure. African American patients have four times the likelihood of developing FSGS. Men are about two times as likely to develop FSGS compared to women.

## Notable cases

1. "focal segmental glomerulosclerosis" at *Dorland's Medical Dictionary.*
2. Rosenberg AZ, Kopp JB (March 2017). "Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis". *Clin J Am Soc Nephrol*. **12** (3): 502–517. doi:10.2215/CJN.05960616. PMC 5338705. PMID 28242845.
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4. Kitiyakara C, Eggers P, Kopp JB (November 2004). "Twenty-one-year trend in ESRD due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the United States". *Am J Kidney Dis*. **44** (5): 815–25. doi:10.1016/S0272-6386(04)01081-9. PMID 15492947.
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## InfoBox

| Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | focal glomerular sclerosis, focal nodular glomerulosclerosis |
|  | |
| Light micrograph of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, hilar variant. Kidney biopsy. PAS stain. | |
| Specialty | Nephrology |


title: Focale

abstract: The focale, also known as a sudarium, was a woolen or linen scarf worn by ancient Roman military personnel. It protected the neck from chafing by the armor and was used for warmth. The focale is depicted widely in military scenes from Roman art, such as the relief sculpture on the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum and Trajan's Column. It is shown loosely knotted in the front, but is sometimes visible with the ends tucked inside the cuirass. In Latin literature, focale is a general word for a scarf or wrapping for the throat. A focale was one of the gifts that might be given for the December festival of Saturnalia, according to Martial. In one of his satires, Horace lists focalia among the "badges of illness" (insignia morbi). In describing the correct attire for public speaking, Quintilian advises against wearing a focale, unless required by poor health. Although a sudarium often is used as a handkerchief, it can be worn like the focale as a neckerchief. When Suetonius describes the overly casual attire of Nero, the emperor is barefoot, unbelted, and dressed in evening wear (synthesis), with a sudarium around his neck. The sudarium may be the precursor to the focale. In late antiquity, orarium might be synonymous with focale, as in the description of military attire in the Vision of Dorotheus, and in a papyrus listing military clothes. From the sudarium derives the name of the Near Eastern sudra, a similar piece of cloth with various functions over time. The focale is sometimes seen as one of the precursors of the necktie. Cesare Vecellio (1530–1606) mentions the focale, calling it a cravata (cravat), as worn by Roman soldiers in his book on the history of fashion. It has been compared to the amice (amictus) worn by Roman Catholic priests, which is depicted from the 6th century onward, as in the Ravenna mosaics.

text:
# Focale

The ***focale*** (plural *focalia*), also known as a ***sudarium*** ("sweat cloth"), was a woolen or linen scarf worn by ancient Roman military personnel. It protected the neck from chafing by the armor and was used for warmth. The *focale* is depicted widely in military scenes from Roman art, such as the relief sculpture on the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum and Trajan's Column. It is shown loosely knotted in the front, but is sometimes visible with the ends tucked inside the cuirass.

In Latin literature, *focale* is a general word for a scarf or wrapping for the throat. A *focale* was one of the gifts that might be given for the December festival of Saturnalia, according to Martial. In one of his satires, Horace lists *focalia* among the "badges of illness" *(insignia morbi)*. In describing the correct attire for public speaking, Quintilian advises against wearing a *focale*, unless required by poor health.

Although a *sudarium* often is used as a handkerchief, it can be worn like the *focale* as a neckerchief. When Suetonius describes the overly casual attire of Nero, the emperor is barefoot, unbelted, and dressed in evening wear *(synthesis)*, with a *sudarium* around his neck. The *sudarium* may be the precursor to the *focale.* In late antiquity, *orarium* (Greek *orarion*) might be synonymous with *focale*, as in the description of military attire in the *Vision of Dorotheus*, and in a papyrus (dated 350–450 AD) listing military clothes. From the *sudarium* derives the name of the Near Eastern sudra, a similar piece of cloth with various functions over time.

The *focale* is sometimes seen as one of the precursors of the necktie. Cesare Vecellio (1530–1606) mentions the *focale*, calling it a *cravata* (cravat), as worn by Roman soldiers in his book on the history of fashion. It has been compared to the *amice* *(amictus)* worn by Roman Catholic priests, which is depicted from the 6th century onward, as in the Ravenna mosaics.