title: Héctor Jiménez

abstract: Héctor Jiménez Gudiño is a Mexican actor and producer. He played Esqueleto in Nacho Libre, Mr. Tumnus in Epic Movie and the cashier in Wild Hogs. He worked in a theater company in Tijuana for eight years, before moving to Mexico City to work for a Swiss company as a theater clown. In 2007, he was nominated in the MTV Movie Awards for Best Fight Scene. He is known in Hollywood circles as "The Mexican Steve Buscemi". On August 23, 2007, Jiménez appeared in the episode of the pre-schooler's show Yo Gabba Gabba! on Nick Jr. for the recurring Dancey Dance segment.

text:
# Héctor Jiménez

**Héctor Jiménez Gudiño** (born December 13, 1973) is a Mexican actor and producer. He played Esqueleto in *Nacho Libre*, Mr. Tumnus in *Epic Movie* and the cashier in *Wild Hogs*. He worked in a theater company in Tijuana for eight years, before moving to Mexico City to work for a Swiss company as a theater clown. In 2007, he was nominated in the MTV Movie Awards for Best Fight Scene. He is known in Hollywood circles as "The Mexican Steve Buscemi". On August 23, 2007, Jiménez appeared in the episode of the pre-schooler's show *Yo Gabba Gabba!* on *Nick Jr.* for the recurring Dancey Dance segment.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Héctor Jiménez | |
| --- | --- |
| Jimenez in December 2006 | |
| Born | (1973-12-13) December 13, 1973<br>Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, producer |
| Years active | 1992–present |


title: Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party

abstract: Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party is a compilation album, released by Priority Records on July 4, 2000. It is composed mainly of previously released songs on the label [with the exceptions of the first two tracks which were previously unreleased]. The album peaked at No. 67 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 155 on the Billboard 200. A sequel, entitled Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party 2, followed a year later.

text:
# Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party*** is a compilation album, released by Priority Records on July 4, 2000. It is composed mainly of previously released songs on the label \[with the exceptions of the first two tracks which were previously unreleased\]. The album peaked at No. 67 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 155 on the *Billboard* 200. A sequel, entitled Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party 2, followed a year later.

## Track listing

1. Everybody Knows (Fred Wreck's House Party!!) (Kurupt Featuring Fredwreck)
2. I Love Cali (Roscoe)
3. Let It Reign (Westside Connection)
4. B Please (Snoop Dogg) Featuring Xzibit)
5. Where My Thugs At (Krayzie Bone)
6. I Want It All (Warren G Featuring Mack 10)
7. Players Holiday (Ant Banks presents T.W.D.Y. Featuring Too Short & Mac Mall)
8. What U See Is What U Get (Xzibit)
9. Girls All Pause (Kurupt)
10. Just Clownin' (WC)
11. We Be Puttin' It Down! \[Remix\] (Bad Azz Featuring Snoop Dogg)
12. Bop Gun (One Nation) (Edit) (Ice Cube Featuring George Clinton)
13. Keep Their Heads Ringin' (Dr. Dre)
14. Backyard Boogie (Mack 10)
15. Big Thangs (Ant Banks presents T.W.D.Y. Featuring Too Short & Ice Cube)
16. 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted (2Pac Featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg)
17. Friday (Ice Cube)
18. Pay Ya Dues (Low Profile)

## InfoBox

| Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Various Artists | |
| Released | July 4, 2000 |
| Recorded | 1990–2000 |
| Genre | G-funk, gangsta rap, West Coast hip hop |
| Length | 77:37 |
| Label | Priority Records |
| Producer | Fredwreck, Fingazz, Crazy Toones, Dr. Dre, DJ U-Neek, Warren G, Ant Banks, Jesse West, Bink Dogg, Battlecat, DJ Pooh, Ice Cube, George Clinton, DJ Bobcat, Daz Dillinger, DJ Aladdin |
| Various Artists chronology | |
| ***Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party***
(2000) *Nuthin' but a Gangsta Party 2*
(2001) | |


title: Norton Radstock

abstract: Norton Radstock is a former civil parish in the Bath and North East Somerset district, in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, which covered the conurbation of Midsomer Norton, Radstock and Westfield. Created in 1933, the parish was abolished in 2011 and replaced by three smaller parishes. The conurbation is 8 miles (13 km) south west of Bath, and the same distance north west of Frome. It had a population of 21,325 at the 2001 census. Besides the towns of Midsomer Norton and Radstock, and the parish of Westfield, the parish encompassed the smaller settlements of Clandown, Haydon, Welton and Writhlington. Norton Radstock was twinned with Ambarès-et-Lagrave in France from September 1982.

text:
# Norton Radstock

**Norton Radstock** is a former civil parish in the Bath and North East Somerset district, in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, which covered the conurbation of Midsomer Norton, Radstock and Westfield. Created in 1933, the parish was abolished in 2011 and replaced by three smaller parishes.

The conurbation is 8 miles (13 km) south west of Bath, and the same distance north west of Frome. It had a population of 21,325 at the 2001 census. Besides the towns of Midsomer Norton and Radstock, and the parish of Westfield, the parish encompassed the smaller settlements of Clandown, Haydon, Welton and Writhlington.

Norton Radstock was twinned with Ambarès-et-Lagrave in France from September 1982.

## Governance

The parish was created on 1 April 1933 from Midsomer Norton, Radstock, Writhlington and Kilmersdon. The Norton-Radstock urban district was created on 1 April 1933 by the merger of Midsomer Norton and Radstock urban districts, along with part of Frome Rural District and contained the parish of Norton Radstock. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a successor parish to the urban district on 1 April 1974.

A 2009 petition by Midsomer Norton residents to Bath and North East Somerset Council triggered a governance review which resulted in the creation of separate town councils for Midsomer Norton and Radstock, and a parish council for Westfield, all effective 1 April 2011.

Norton Radstock was governed by the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset Council and by Norton Radstock Town Council, which elected 14 councillors across the four wards of Midsomer Norton North, Midsomer Norton Redfield, Radstock and Westfield. It was part of the North East Somerset constituency, which elects a Member of Parliament to the House of Commons.

## InfoBox

| Norton Radstock | |
| --- | --- |
| Former Bell Hotel, Radstock | |
| Norton RadstockLocation within Somerset | |
| Population | 21,325 (2001 Census |
| OS grid reference | ST692550 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | RADSTOCK |
| Postcode district | BA3 |
| Dialling code | 01761 |
|  | |
| Police | Avon and Somerset |
| Fire | Avon |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Hưng Hội

abstract: Hưng Hội is a commune (xã) and village in Vĩnh Lợi District, Bạc Liêu Province, in south-western Vietnam.

text:
# Hưng Hội

**Hưng Hội** is a commune () and village in Vĩnh Lợi District, Bạc Liêu Province, in south-western Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| Hưng Hội | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and village | |
| Hưng HộiLocation in Vietnam | |
| Coordinates: 9°20′02″N 105°45′56″E / 9.33389°N 105.76556°E / 9.33389; 105.76556 | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Province | Bạc Liêu Province |
| District | Vĩnh Lợi District |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.9 km2 (10.8 sq mi) |
| Population (1999) | |
| Total | 9,768 |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (Indochina Time) |


title: Nventa Biopharmaceuticals Corporation

abstract: Nventa Biopharmaceuticals Corporation was a Canadian-incorporated biopharmaceutical company headquartered in San Diego, California developing therapeutics for the treatment of viral infections and cancer, focusing on diseases caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Nventa is currently the only company applying heat shock protein (Hsp) technology to target the over 20 million Americans already infected with HPV. Previously headquartered in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, the company’s common stock traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol: NVN.

text:
# Nventa Biopharmaceuticals Corporation

**Nventa Biopharmaceuticals Corporation** was a Canadian-incorporated biopharmaceutical company headquartered in San Diego, California developing therapeutics for the treatment of viral infections and cancer, focusing on diseases caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Nventa is currently the only company applying heat shock protein (Hsp) technology to target the over 20 million Americans already infected with HPV. Previously headquartered in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, the company’s common stock traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol: NVN.

## Development programs

The company’s lead candidate, HspE7, is a novel therapeutic vaccine intended for the treatment of HPV-related diseases. HspE7 is derived from Nventa’s patented CoVal fusion platform that uses recombinant DNA technology to covalently fuse heat shock proteins to target antigens, thereby stimulating cellular immune system responses to specific diseases. Nventa is developing HspE7 in combination with the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist adjuvant Poly-ICLC for multiple indications, including Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (also known as cervical dysplasia or CIN), genital warts, cervical cancer, and head and neck cancers.

According to the annual information form, for the year ending December 31, 2009, provided on Akela Pharma's website, scientific research funding has ceased for HspE7.

Nventa is also developing two additional therapeutic vaccine programs based on its CoVal technology—a Hsp – HBV (hepatitis B) fusion, and prototypes of Hsp fusion proteins with influenza antigens.

In June 2008, Nventa announced the development of a proprietary vaccine adjuvant, Poly IC – Poly Arginine (Poly-ICR), for use with both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines. Poly-ICR is a TLR3 agonist that, when combined with a disease-specific antigen, can induce both cytotoxic (T cell) and antibody (B cell) immune responses against that antigen. As yet unpublished pre-clinical data indicate that Poly-ICR, in combination with a tumor-associated antigen, increases antigen-specific CD8 T-cell levels, while both inducing regression of tumors and preventing tumor growth in mouse models. The company developed Poly-ICR for both internal use and for external licensing opportunities.

## Clinical progress

Nventa originally advanced HspE7 as a single-agent therapy into multiple Phase 2 clinical trials with positive results, including trials in cervical dysplasia and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). These trials were initiated prior to the discovery that potency could be greatly enhanced by addition of a vaccine adjuvant. Nventa is currently developing HspE7 combined with the TH1-directed adjuvant Poly-ICLC. A Phase 1b study is complete, assessing safety and tolerability in 17 patients with CIN.

## Senior management

Gregory M. McKee, President and Chief Executive Officer

Peter Emtage, Ph.D., Vice President, Research and Development

## Merger with Akela Pharma, Inc.

On March 27, 2008, Akela Pharma Inc. and Nventa Biopharmaceuticals Corporation announced the execution of an arrangement agreement to combine the two companies by way of a plan of arrangement under the Business Corporations Act.

The transaction will be effected by an exchange of Akela common shares for the outstanding shares of Nventa on the basis of 0.0355 Akela shares for each Nventa share, resulting in about 70/30 ownership split between Akela and Nventa shareholders, respectively, in the combined entity.

The public company will retain Akela's name, will operate under Akela's management, and will continue to be listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol AKL.

Nventa noted that it would have the right to nominate two directors to the board of directors of Akela.

On May 22, 2009, Akela and Nventa announced the closing of the arrangement agreement to combine the two companies and that the transaction has been approved by the shareholders of Nventa, the British Columbia Supreme Court and the Toronto Stock Exchange.

1. "Could Our Own Proteins Be Used to Help Us Fight Cancer?". Retrieved 2008-07-01.
2. "Genital HPV Infection: CDC Fact Sheet". 19 January 2021.
3. "Fierce Biotech, Nventa Consolidates Offices Into San Diego". Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
4. Company Press Release, “NVENTA DEVELOPS PROPRIETARY VACCINE ADJUVANT” / June 18, 2008
5. "Drugs.com, Nventa Announces Presentation of Positive HspE7 Data from NCI-Sponsored Clinical Trial in Cervical Dysplasia". Retrieved 2007-03-05.
6. Neefe, JR; Smith, RJ; McClay, J; Van Burik, JA; Wiatrak, BJ; Arnold, J; Berger, B; Neefe, JR (2005). "HspE7 treatment of pediatric recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: final results of an open-label trial". *Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol*. **114** (9): 730–7. doi:10.1177/000348940511400913. PMID 16240938. S2CID 42379118.
7. International HPV Conference Poster: “NVENTA PRESENTS HSPE7 DATA AT INTERNATIONAL HPV CONFERENCE” / Nventa Press Release, November 5, 2007 Archived November 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
8. "ClinicalTrialsFeeds.org, Safety Study to Test the Safety of HspE7 and Poly-ICLC Given in Patients With Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
9. Nature Biotechnology: People
10. Business Week: Executive Profile
11. Business Week: Executive Profile
12. "Latest Canadian News, Headlines and Breaking News".
13. Company Press Release, "Akela and Nventa Announce Closing of Merger" /

## InfoBox

Nventa Biopharmaceuticals
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | TSX: NVN |
| Industry | Biotechnology |
| Founded | 1990 (as Stressgen Biotechnologies) |
| Defunct | 2009 (2009) |
| Fate | Merged |
| Successor | Akela Pharma, Inc |
| Headquarters | San Diego, California, United States |
| Key people | Gregory M. McKee |
| Number of employees | 5 |
| Website | www.nventacorp.com |


title: Nvi

abstract: nvi is a re-implementation of the classic Berkeley text editor, ex/vi, traditionally distributed with BSD and, later, Unix systems. It was originally distributed as part of the Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution (4BSD). Due to licensing disputes between AT&T and the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley, the CSRG was required to replace all Unix-derived portions of BSD source with new and unencumbered code. nvi was one of many components rewritten, despite the fact that the original vi was from UC Berkeley. AT&T had a legal claim over the license.

text:
# Nvi

**nvi** (**new vi**) is a re-implementation of the classic Berkeley text editor, ex/vi, traditionally distributed with BSD and, later, Unix systems. It was originally distributed as part of the Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution (4BSD).

Due to licensing disputes between AT&T and the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley, the CSRG was required to replace all Unix-derived portions of BSD source with new and unencumbered code. nvi was one of many components rewritten, despite the fact that the original vi was from UC Berkeley. AT&T had a legal claim over the license.

## Credits and distribution

nvi was written by Keith Bostic. It is the default vi on all major BSD systems (NetBSD, OpenBSD, and FreeBSD) as well as MINIX.

It was originally derived from the first incarnation of elvis, written by Steve Kirkendall, as noted in the README file included in nvi's sources.

Sven Verdoolaege added support for Unicode in 2000. He also has been developing a GTK+ front end for nvi, but this effort seems to have stalled. The aspects of nvi that are still marked preliminary or unimplemented are, for the time being, likely to remain that way.

BSD projects continue to use nvi version 1.79 due to licensing differences between Berkeley Database 1.85 and the later versions by Sleepycat Software. nvi is unusual because it uses a database to store the text as it is being edited. Sven Verdoolaege's changes after version 1.79 use locking features not available in the Berkeley DB 1.85 database. Reportedly, changes to nvi after 1.79 make it less vi-compatible.

nvi can vary subtly across the BSDs.

nvi is only available on POSIX/Unix platforms due to its reliance on the curses/ncurses library.

An unmaintained, multilingual version by the late Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino is available as nvi-m17n.

A currently-maintained, multibyte version is available as nvi2, and is the default vi on DragonFly BSD.

## InfoBox

nvi
|
|  |
|  | |
| Stable release | 1.81.6  / 18 November 2007 |
|  | |
| Repository | repo.or.cz/nvi.git |
| License | BSD-3-Clause |
| Website | sites.google.com/a/bostic.com/keithbostic/the-berkeley-vi-editor-home-page |


title: Nouvelle Équipe

abstract: Nouvelle Équipe is the name of a group of Luxembourg artists after World War II who focused on innovation in art. After the war, a number of young Luxembourg artists were looking for a new design in art; they wanted to do away with all conventional concepts and traditional forms. Four of them, painters François Gillen, Victor Jungblut, Joseph Probst and sculptor Lucien Wercollier, united to form a "New Group". They organised the first Salon de la Nouvelle Équipe in 1948, held at the Cercle Municipal in Luxembourg City from 20 May to 3 June 1948. Among those present at the opening were Nicolas Margue, minister of education, agriculture and culture, Lambert Schaus, minister of economy, and the Belgian ambassador. The artists displayed 50 works: stained glass, paintings and sculptures. The exhibition was well received and the art critics of the Escher Tageblatt and the Luxemburger Wort were enthusiastic. The latter wrote: "In this Salon there is nothing shabby, nothing conventional, nothing lowly. I am not saying that all conventions are outdated and that every element of every work is vintage. Certain formulas, both in the choice of subject, in his vision, and in the technique of representation, are given by others. Though recent, clichés are no less clichés. But the artists exhibiting here are emerging powerfully from them and are in the process of finding, each for himself, their mode of expression." Two years later, the second salon took place. From 13 May to 5 June 1950, the State Museum in Luxembourg City displayed works by the Nouvelle Èquipe, complemented by ceramics by Colette Probst-Wurth and canvases by sixteen artists from Lyon. The opening took place in the presence of Pierre Frieden, Minister of Education, Culture and Science, Marcelle Campana, Vice-Consul of France and Alphonse Arend, president of Amitiés françaises, among others. This salon was also well received. Art critic Joseph-Émile Muller on the exhibition: "One finds there, above all, researchers, artists who, rejecting routine, laziness and easy success, endeavour to translate their emotions and their ideas into the language of our time with a personal touch." The exhibition was extended for a week and then the work of the Nouvelle Équipe was on display at the town hall of Esch-sur-Alzette. Although it remained at two salons for the Nouvelle Équippe, the renewal of Luxembourg art was underway. During the 1950s, influenced by the Iconomaques, the focus shifted further from traditional figurative art to abstract art. Gillen, Probst and Wercollier also played a role in this.

text:
# Nouvelle Équipe

**Nouvelle Équipe** is the name of a group of Luxembourg artists after World War II who focused on innovation in art.

After the war, a number of young Luxembourg artists were looking for a new design in art; they wanted to do away with all conventional concepts and traditional forms. Four of them, painters François Gillen, Victor Jungblut, Joseph Probst and sculptor Lucien Wercollier, united to form a "New Group" (Nouvelle Équipe). They organised the first Salon de la Nouvelle Équipe in 1948, held at the Cercle Municipal in Luxembourg City from 20 May to 3 June 1948. Among those present at the opening were Nicolas Margue, minister of education, agriculture and culture, Lambert Schaus, minister of economy, and the Belgian ambassador. The artists displayed 50 works: stained glass, paintings and sculptures. The exhibition was well received and the art critics of the *Escher Tageblatt* and the *Luxemburger Wort* were enthusiastic. The latter wrote: "In this Salon there is nothing shabby, nothing conventional, nothing lowly. I am not saying that all conventions are outdated and that every element of every work is vintage. Certain formulas, both in the choice of subject, in his vision, and in the technique of representation, are given by others. Though recent, clichés are no less clichés. But the artists exhibiting here are emerging powerfully from them and are in the process of finding, each for himself, their mode of expression."

Two years later, the second salon took place. From 13 May to 5 June 1950, the State Museum in Luxembourg City displayed works by the Nouvelle Èquipe, complemented by ceramics by Colette Probst-Wurth and canvases by sixteen artists from Lyon. The opening took place in the presence of Pierre Frieden, Minister of Education, Culture and Science, Marcelle Campana, Vice-Consul of France and Alphonse Arend, president of Amitiés françaises, among others. This salon was also well received. Art critic Joseph-Émile Muller on the exhibition: "One finds there, above all, researchers, artists who, rejecting routine, laziness and easy success, endeavour to translate their emotions and their ideas into the language of our time with a personal touch." The exhibition was extended for a week and then the work of the Nouvelle Équipe was on display at the town hall of Esch-sur-Alzette (10 June to 25 June 1950).

Although it remained at two salons for the Nouvelle Équippe, the renewal of Luxembourg art was underway. During the 1950s, influenced by the Iconomaques, the focus shifted further from traditional figurative art to abstract art. Gillen, Probst and Wercollier also played a role in this.


title: Nummular dermatitis

abstract: Nummular dermatitis is one of the many forms of dermatitis. It is characterized by round or oval-shaped itchy lesions. The name comes from the Latin word "nummus," which means "coin."

text:
# Nummular dermatitis

**Nummular dermatitis** (commonly known as **nummular eczema** or **discoid eczema**) is one of the many forms of dermatitis. It is characterized by round or oval-shaped itchy lesions. The name comes from the Latin word "nummus," which means "coin."

## Signs and symptoms

Nummular dermatitis is characterized by chronic or relapsing itchy coin-sized ovoid-shaped red plaques. They can occur on the trunk, limbs, face, and hands.

## Causes

Many contact sensitizers or irritants are known to cause contact dermatitis superimposed on nummular dermatitis. Studies have implicated nickel, cobalt, chromate, and fragrance as likely culprits. Xerosis, or dehydration of skin is also a likely cause. Infection with *Staphylococcus aureus* bacteria or *Candida albicans* may also play a role.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis of nummular dermatitis is largely via clinical observation. Biopsies are typically not necessary, and cannot be used to rule out other atopic dermatitis or other eczemas. However, patch testing may be employed to rule out irritants (contact dermatitis) as a cause. In children, nummular dermatitis is commonly confused with tinea corporis.

## Treatment

One of the keys to treatment and prevention involves keeping the skin moisturized. Lotions, creams, and bath oils may help prevent an outbreak. If the condition flares up, a common treatment involves the application of topical corticosteroids. Oral antihistamines may help lessen itching. Avoidance of irritants is a common strategy. More severe cases sometimes respond to ultraviolet light treatment. If the condition occurs only during the sun-less winter months then vitamin D supplement might be an effective treatment.

## Epidemiology

The prevalence of nummular dermatitis in the United States is approximately 2 per 1,000. It is considered a disease of adulthood, for it is rare in children.

## InfoBox

| Nummular dermatitis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Discoid dermatitis, Discoid eczema, Microbial eczema, Nummular eczema, Nummular neurodermatitis |
|  | |
| Lesions visible on outer thigh | |
| Specialty | Dermatology |
| Differential diagnosis | Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) |


title: I'm Turnt

abstract: "I'm Turnt" is a song performed by Christian hip hop artist Lecrae for his second mixtape Church Clothes 2 (2013). It was released on October 18, 2013, by Reach Records as the second single from the record. An accompanying music video was released on December 17, 2013.

text:
# I'm Turnt

"**I'm Turnt**" is a song performed by Christian hip hop artist Lecrae for his second mixtape *Church Clothes 2* (2013). It was released on October 18, 2013, by Reach Records as the second single from the record. An accompanying music video was released on December 17, 2013.

## Lyrics and style

The song contains a "smooth, snappy, contagious backdrop". Lyrically, Lecrae speaks about "the ways of the club, staying true to himself while having some fun."

## Reception

Jake Rohn from BET wrote: "Lecrae nods again to Lamar (and the shifting consciousness of the mainstream) on the K.E. on the Track-produced, 'I'm Turnt,' satirically flipping a club-friendly sound to create an anti-Molly anthem." In its review of the whole mixtape, HipHopDX wrote: "At worst, songs like 'I’m Turnt' come off just as stylistically unimaginative as anything on the radio or BET. But they’ll earn points for offering substance—even if it occasionally appears in the form of clichés, such as talk of 'being high on the spirit, bro.' " In October 2013, Lecrae performed the song BET's 106 & Park.

### Charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Christian Digital Songs | 6 |
| US Christian Streaming Songs | 13 |
| US Hot Christian Songs | 19 |

## Music video

Filming of the music video took place in November 2013 in Atlanta, Georgia. The video, directed by Steven C Pitts and edited by Kyle Dettman, was released on December 17, 2013. It depicts Lecrae "attending a house party, only it’s turnt up by his faith in the Lord." Jesse James of StupidDope described the video as "a fitting set of visuals".

## InfoBox

| "I'm Turnt" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Lecrae | |
| from the album  *Church Clothes, Vol. 2* | |
| Released | October 18, 2013 (2013-10-18) |
| Genre | Christian hip hop |
| Label | Reach Records |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | K.E. on the Track |
| Lecrae singles chronology | |
| "Round of Applause"
(2013) "**I'm Turnt**"
(2013) "Nuthin'"
(2014) | |


title: I'm Tryin'

abstract: "I'm Tryin'" is a song written by Jeffrey Steele, Chris Wallin, and Anthony Smith and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins. It released in July 2001 as the lead-off single from his album Chrome. It peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts.

text:
# I'm Tryin'

"**I'm Tryin'**" is a song written by Jeffrey Steele, Chris Wallin, and Anthony Smith and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins. It released in July 2001 as the lead-off single from his album *Chrome*. It peaked at number 6 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs charts.

## Content

"I'm Tryin'" is a mid-tempo narrated by a man who has been divorced for two years and is facing troubles in his life, such as working double shifts just to make enough money to pay alimony to his ex-wife. In the chorus, the man expresses his struggles.

The song is composed in the key of A flat major. Jeffrey Steele, Anthony Smith, and Chris Wallin composed the song during a writing session in which they also wrote "3 Seconds" for Sammy Kershaw and Lorrie Morgan. Steele suggested the central premise of the song, and then the other two added lines until they felt the song was completed. Steele told the blog The Boot in 2020 that he came up with the opening line "*This gettin' up early, pullin' double shifts / Gonna make an old man of me long before I ever get rich*", while Wallin suggested the next line in which the narrator is revealed to be recently divorced. Steele also described the song as "very Beatles-ish".

## Music video

The music video was directed by Steven Goldmann, and was filmed in Toronto.

## Personnel

Compiled from liner notes.

## Chart positions

"I'm Tryin'" debuted at number 58 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of July 7, 2001.

| Chart (2001–2002) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 6 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 44 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2001) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 53 |

| Chart (2002) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 50 |

## InfoBox

| "I'm Tryin'" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Trace Adkins | |
| from the album  *Chrome* | |
| B-side | "Chrome" |
| Released | July 2, 2001 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 4:45 (album version) |
| Label | Capitol Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) | Jeffrey Steele
Anthony Smith
Chris Wallin |
| Producer(s) | Dann Huff |
| Trace Adkins singles chronology | |
| "I'm Gonna Love You Anyway"
(2000) "**I'm Tryin'**"
(2001) "Help Me Understand"
(2002) | |


title: Nücü

abstract: Nücü is a village and municipality in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 854.

text:
# Nücü

**Nücü** (also, **Nedzhu** and **Nyudzhyu**) is a village and municipality in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 854.

## InfoBox

| Nücü | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Nücü | |
| Coordinates: 38°51′57″N 48°30′00″E / 38.86583°N 48.50000°E / 38.86583; 48.50000 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Lerik |
| Population | |
| Total | 854 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Hypostomus lexi

abstract: Hypostomus lexi is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Grande River basin in Brazil. The species is large for a loricariid, reaching 46 cm SL, and it is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

text:
# Hypostomus lexi

***Hypostomus lexi*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Grande River basin in Brazil. The species is large for a loricariid, reaching 46 cm (18.1 inches) SL, and it is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

## InfoBox

| *Hypostomus lexi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Hypostomus* |
| Species: | ***H. lexi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypostomus lexi***<br>(Ihering, 1911) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Plecostomus lexi* | |


title: Nowa Bordziłówka

abstract: Nowa Bordziłówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leśna Podlaska, within Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Nowa Bordziłówka

**Nowa Bordziłówka** \[ˈnɔva bɔrd͡ʑiˈwufka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leśna Podlaska, within Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Nowa Bordziłówka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowa Bordziłówka | |
| Coordinates: 52°07′28″N 23°01′11″E / 52.12444°N 23.01972°E / 52.12444; 23.01972 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Biała Podlaska |
| Gmina | Leśna Podlaska |


title: Treadwell House

abstract: The Treadwell House is a historic house at 253 Spielman Highway in the center of Burlington, Connecticut. Built about 1810 for John Treadwell, then the Governor of Connecticut, it is a distinctive local example of Federal period architecture with Greek Revival overlay features. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is now used for commercial purposes.

text:
# Treadwell House

The **Treadwell House** is a historic house at 253 Spielman Highway in the center of Burlington, Connecticut. Built about 1810 for John Treadwell, then the Governor of Connecticut, it is a distinctive local example of Federal period architecture with Greek Revival overlay features. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is now used for commercial purposes.

## Description and history

The Treadwell House stands in the village center of Burlington, on the east side of its triangular green, between George Washington Turnpike and Spielman Highway (Connecticut Route 4). It is a 2+12-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. Its primary facade faces south toward the turnpike, while a secondary facade faces west to the green, with the roof ridge oriented north–south. The south facade is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the right bay. The door and windows are framed by modest mouldings, and there is a half-round opening (presently filled with a louver, but originally with a window) in the gable above. The west facade is also three bays wide, with a more elaborate but false entrance at its center, framed by pilasters and topped by an entablature and cornice. A modernized ell extends eastward from the main block.

The house was built about 1810 for John Treadwell, a Farmington native who was then serving as Governor of Connecticut; however, there is no evidence he ever actually resided here, since his residence was always listed as Farmington. The house is remarkably little-altered, and some of its Greek Revival features are a notably early adoption of that style. The next two owners of the house were ministers at the local Congregational church. The building was purchased by the town in 1970, which used it for storage. Declared surplus in the late 1970s, it was rescued from demolition by local preservationists, and readapted for use as a bank.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Treadwell House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 253 Spielman Hwy.,<br>Burlington, Connecticut |
| Coordinates | 41°46′8″N 72°57′52″W / 41.76889°N 72.96444°W / 41.76889; -72.96444 |
| Area | 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1810 (1810) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 82004395 |
| Added to NRHP | April 27, 1982 |


title: The Summing Up

abstract: The Summing Up is a literary memoir by W. Somerset Maugham, written when he was 64 years old, first published in 1938. It covered his life from 1890 to 1938. The subject matter includes his childhood, his initial success in theater, his transition from theater to fiction writing, and other miscellaneous topics such as travel, and philosophy. It is a small book filled with memorable quotes.

text:
# The Summing Up

***The Summing Up*** is a literary memoir by W. Somerset Maugham, written when he was 64 years old, first published in 1938. It covered his life from 1890 to 1938. The subject matter includes his childhood, his initial success in theater, his transition from theater to fiction writing, and other miscellaneous topics such as travel, and philosophy. It is a small book filled with memorable quotes.


title: Mount Stromlo

abstract: Mount Stromlo is a mountain with an elevation of 770 metres (2,530 ft) AHD that is situated in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The mountain is most notable as the location of the Mount Stromlo Observatory. The mountain forms part of the catchment area of the Cotter River which in turn is the primary water supply for part of ACT.

text:
# Mount Stromlo

**Mount Stromlo** (formerly Mount Strom ) is a mountain with an elevation of 770 metres (2,530 ft) AHD that is situated in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The mountain is most notable as the location of the Mount Stromlo Observatory. The mountain forms part of the catchment area of the Cotter River which in turn is the primary water supply for part of ACT.

## Geology

The rock on Mount Stromlo consists of ignimbrite from the Laidlaw Volcanics. This erupted in the upper Silurian period over the top of the Deakin Volcanics rhyodacite which is visible on the surface on the lower slopes in the east and southeast sides. The northern lower slopes are covered with a calcareous shale which is included in the Laidlaw Volcanics as it was deposited at the same time. This is cut off on the northwest side by the Winslade Fault, which heads north east to Cook and Kaleen. A spur fault heads off east from the Winslade Fault to under the Scrivener Dam. On the northwest and north side of these faults are middle Silurian period rhyodacite volcanic deposits from the Walker Volcanics. The northern side was uplifted compared with the southern side.

The name *Stromlo* is taken from the poems of Ossian.

### Landform

Stoney Creek and its tributaries drain the north side of the mountain, The east side drains into the Molonglo River. The south side supplies Blugar Creek that runs into the Murrumbidgee River.

The summit of the mountain where the telescopes are located is elongated in a north–south direction, with a spur running to the southwest where the water treatment plant is situated.

## Observatory history

The first telescope installed at Mount Stromlo was the Oddie telescope which was installed on 8 September 1911. The building housing this telescope was the first construction funded by the Commonwealth Government in Canberra. In January 1913 the first telephone was connected to the Queanbeyan telephone exchange.

Mount Stromlo was devastated by the Canberra bushfires of 2003. The fire, fuelled by the pine plantation that covered the mountain, destroyed or badly damaged much of the observatory and water treatment plant.

Road access is via the Cotter Road on the south side, and Uriarra Road on the east and north. The summit is reached by a road joining Cotter Road just outside Duffy.

## Stromlo Forest Park

Mount Stromlo is renowned for its extensive and well-equipped mountain biking facilities. Following the 2003 bushfires, significant trail reconstruction was undertaken, resulting in over 35 kilometres (22 mi) of cross-country trails, a downhill track, and various other cycling courses. The site hosted the UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships, attracting over 30,000 visitors from 40 countries. Beyond mountain biking, Stromlo Forest Park also features an event pavilion, cafe, kids' play area, road cycling circuit, running track, and equestrian trails.

## InfoBox

| Mount Stromlo | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Stromlo, as viewed from the Telstra Tower. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 770 m (2,530 ft) |
| Coordinates | 35°19′S 149°01′E / 35.317°S 149.017°E / -35.317; 149.017 |
| Geography | |
| Mount StromloLocation of Mount Stromlo in the ACT | |
| Location | Australian Capital Territory, Australia |
| Geology | |
| Volcanic arc/belt | Laidlaw Volcanics |
| Last eruption | Silurian period |


title: Stephen K. White

abstract: Stephen K. White, is James Hart Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia. His research focuses on critical social and political theory, philosophy of social science, and continental political thought. He has contributed to several scholarly works on Jürgen Habermas, including The Cambridge Companion to Habermas, which he edited. He is also a past editor of the journal Political Theory. Recently, White's research has focused upon the concept of weak ontology, which he uses to describe a non-foundationalist approach to normative affirmation extrapolated from the works of George Kateb, Charles Taylor, Judith Butler, and William E. Connolly.

text:
# Stephen K. White

**Stephen K. White** (born 1949), is James Hart Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia. His research focuses on critical social and political theory, philosophy of social science, and continental political thought. He has contributed to several scholarly works on Jürgen Habermas, including *The Cambridge Companion to Habermas*, which he edited. He is also a past editor of the journal *Political Theory*.

Recently, White's research has focused upon the concept of weak ontology, which he uses to describe a non-foundationalist approach to normative affirmation extrapolated from the works of George Kateb, Charles Taylor, Judith Butler, and William E. Connolly.

## Education

White received his Ph.D. from the City University of New York in 1980.

## Selected bibliography

### Books

* White, Stephen (1989). *The recent work of Jürgen Habermas: reason, justice and modernity*. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521389594.
* White, Stephen (1991). *Political theory and postmodernism*. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521409483.
* White, Stephen (2000). *Sustaining affirmation: the strengths of weak ontology in political theory*. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691050331.
* White, Stephen (2002). *Edmund Burke: modernity, politics and aesthetics*. Lanham, Maryland Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742521353.
* White, Stephen (2009). *The ethos of a late-modern citizen*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674032637.
* White, Stephen (2017). *A Democratic Bearing: Admirable Citizens, Uneven Injustice, and Critical Theory*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1316616444.
* Scudder, Mary & White, Stephen (2023). *The two faces of democracy: Decentering agonism and deliberation*. Oxford University Press.

## Edited books

* White, Stephen (1989). *Life-world and politics: between modernity and postmodernity: essays in honor of Fred R. Dallmayr*. Notre Dame, Indianapolis: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 9780268012892.
* White, Stephen (1995). *The Cambridge companion to Habermas*. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521446662.
* White, Stephen; Moon, J. Donald (2004). *What is political theory*. London Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. ISBN 9781412933810.

### Journal articles

## InfoBox

| Stephen K. White | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1949 |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | City University of New York |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Political theory |
| Institutions | University of Virginia |
|  | |


title: The Besnard Lakes Are the Dark Horse

abstract: The Besnard Lakes Are the Dark Horse is the second studio album by the Canadian rock band The Besnard Lakes, released in 2007. The album was The Besnard Lakes' first release on indie label Jagjaguwar and was self-produced by bandleaders Jace Lasek and Olga Goreas. It was nominated for the 2007 Polaris Music Prize.

text:
# The Besnard Lakes Are the Dark Horse

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Drowned in Sound | (9/10) link |
| Pitchfork Media | (8.2/10) link |
|  | March 2007 |
| *Spin* | March 2007 |
| Stylus | (8.3/10) link |
| *Uncut* | March 2007 |

***The Besnard Lakes Are the Dark Horse*** (sometimes referred to as ***...Are the Dark Horse***) is the second studio album by the Canadian rock band The Besnard Lakes, released in 2007 (see 2007 in music). The album was The Besnard Lakes' first release on indie label Jagjaguwar and was self-produced by bandleaders Jace Lasek and Olga Goreas. It was nominated for the 2007 Polaris Music Prize.

## Track listing

All songs written by Olga Goreas, Jace Lasek, and Nicole Lizee.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Disaster" | 5:42 |
| 2. | "For Agent 13" | 5:12 |
| 3. | "And You Lied to Me" | 7:20 |
| 4. | "Devastation" | 5:50 |
| 5. | "Because Tonight" | 7:11 |
| 6. | "Rides the Rails" | 4:56 |
| 7. | "On Bedford and Grand" | 5:06 |
| 8. | "Cedric's War" | 4:05 |

## Personnel

### The Besnard Lakes

* Olga Goreasvocals (except on "Disaster"), bass (except on "Disaster"), drums, organ, synthesizer, glockenspiel
* Jace Lasek – vocals (except on "Devastation"), guitar (except on "Devastation"), organ (on "For Agent 13", "And You Lied to Me", "Because Tonight", "Rides the Rails"), drums, piano, Rhodes, synthesizer, lap steel guitar, tambourine
* Kevin Laing – drums (on "And You Lied to Me", "Devastation", "Cedric's War")
* Nicole Lizée – string, horn, flute, and saxophone arrangements (on "Disaster", "Because Tonight", "Rides the Rails"), Rhodes (on "And You Lied to Me", "On Bedford and Grant"), bass, synthesizer
* Steve Raegele – vocals (on "Rides the Rails"), guitar (on "And You Lied to Me", "Devastation")

### Additional personnel

* Heather Schnarr – violin (on "Disaster", "Because Tonight", "Rides the Rails")
* Sophie Trudeau – violin (on "Disaster", "Rides the Rails")
* Chris SeligmanFrench horn (on "Disaster", "Rides the Rails")
* Billy Boufford – flute (on "Disaster", "Rides the Rails"), soprano saxophone (on "Disaster", "Rides the Rails")
* Jonathan Cummins – guitar (on "And You Lied to Me", "Devastation")
* Eric LaRock – bass (on "Devastation")
* Jerimiah Bullied – guitar (on "Devastation")
* George Donoso III – drums (on "Devastation")
* Jean-Paul Perron – drums (on "Devastation")
* The Fifth String Liberation Singers Choir – vocals (on "Devastation")

## InfoBox

| The Besnard Lakes Are the Dark Horse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Besnard Lakes | |
| Released | February 20, 2007 |
| Recorded | The Breakglass Studios, Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genre | Post-rock
Psychedelic rock
Indie rock
Shoegaze |
| Length | 45:26 |
| Label | Jagjaguwar (U.S.)
Outside Music (Canada) |
| Producer | Jace Lasek, Olga Goreas |
| The Besnard Lakes chronology | |
| *Volume 1*
(2003) ***The Besnard Lakes Are the Dark Horse***
(2007) *The Besnard Lakes Are the Roaring Night*
(2010) | |


title: Martyrs' Cemetery, Korçë

abstract: The Cemetery of the Martyrs, Varrezat e Dëshmorëve, or sometimes Heroes' Cemetery, is a cemetery located above the city of Korca, Albania. The cemetery features a large statue of a soldier with a raised fist, as a memory for fallen soldiers who died during World War II in Albania. The statue is located on top of the Rruga Mbledhja e Beratit. There is also the French Military Cemetery, Korçë, Varrezat franceze në Korçë.

text:
# Martyrs' Cemetery, Korçë

The **Cemetery of the Martyrs**, *Varrezat e Dëshmorëve*, or sometimes **Heroes' Cemetery**, is a cemetery located above the city of Korca, Albania. The cemetery features a large statue of a soldier with a raised fist, as a memory for fallen soldiers who died during World War II in Albania. The statue is located on top of the Rruga Mbledhja e Beratit.

There is also the French Military Cemetery, Korçë, *Varrezat franceze në Korçë.*

40°37′08″N 20°47′23″E / 40.61889°N 20.78972°E / 40.61889; 20.78972


title: Taxation in Latvia

abstract: In Latvia, taxes are levied by both national and local governments. Tax revenue stood at 28.1% of the GDP in 2013. In 2023, a decade later, that number fell to 21.77%, as the economy of Latvia grew, the 2013 Latvian economic crisis came to an end, and trading expanded with other Baltic nations. The most important revenue sources include income tax, social security, corporate tax and value added tax, which are all applied on the national level. Income taxes are levied at a flat rate of 23% on all income. A long range of tax allowances is given including a standard allowance of €900 per year and €1980 per year for every dependent. Social security contributions are levied on all employment income and are mandatory for most workers. The employee pays 10.5-11% of the wage, while the employer contributes 22.59-24.09%. There was no maximum ceiling for social security in year 2013 because of the economic crisis in Latvia, but the ceiling was reinstated in 2014 at €46,600 of yearly income. The standard rate for VAT is 21%; for medications and heating expenses, a reduced rate of 12% applies. Some goods and services are also exempt from VAT, this include education, medical care, financial transactions and rent. Excise taxes apply on different luxury goods and things harmful to the environment. Wine is subject to excise duty of €64.03 per 100 litres. Coffee is subject to excise at €142.29 per 100 kg. Taxation in Latvia has gone through major reforms since leaving the Soviet Union in 1991 and making a transition from a centrally run economy to a market economy. The fiscal system in Latvia in the early 1990s was similar to other former communist states with high public spending and a tax system that relied on tax base definitions characteristic of central planning. Since then a long range of reforms has been made, including introducing VAT in 1992 and social security contributions.

text:
# Taxation in Latvia

In Latvia, taxes are levied by both national and local governments. Tax revenue stood at 28.1% of the GDP in 2013. In 2023, a decade later, that number fell to 21.77%, as the economy of Latvia grew, the 2013 Latvian economic crisis came to an end, and trading expanded with other Baltic nations. The most important revenue sources include income tax, social security, corporate tax and value added tax, which are all applied on the national level. Income taxes are levied at a flat rate of 23% on all income. A long range of tax allowances is given including a standard allowance of €900 per year and €1980 per year for every dependent.

Social security contributions are levied on all employment income and are mandatory for most workers. The employee pays 10.5-11% of the wage, while the employer contributes 22.59-24.09%. There was no maximum ceiling for social security in year 2013 because of the economic crisis in Latvia, but the ceiling was reinstated in 2014 at €46,600 of yearly income. The standard rate for VAT is 21%; for medications and heating expenses, a reduced rate of 12% applies. Some goods and services are also exempt from VAT, this include education, medical care, financial transactions and rent.

Excise taxes apply on different luxury goods and things harmful to the environment. Wine is subject to excise duty of €64.03 per 100 litres. Coffee is subject to excise at €142.29 per 100 kg.

Taxation in Latvia has gone through major reforms since leaving the Soviet Union in 1991 and making a transition from a centrally run economy to a market economy. The fiscal system in Latvia in the early 1990s was similar to other former communist states with high public spending (45-50% GDP) and a tax system that relied on tax base definitions characteristic of central planning. Since then a long range of reforms has been made, including introducing VAT in 1992 and social security contributions.


title: Theodora Greene

abstract: Theodora Whatmough Greene was a chemist, most well known for authoring the book Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, which summarises the use of protecting groups in organic synthesis.

text:
# Theodora Greene

**Theodora Whatmough Greene** (19 November 1931 – 14 July 2005) was a chemist, most well known for authoring the book *Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis*, which summarises the use of protecting groups in organic synthesis.

## Early life and education

Theodora Whatmough was born in Boston in 1931. She completed a bachelor's degree at Radcliffe College and followed by a master's degree at Harvard. In 1953, she married fellow chemist Frederick Greene, with whom she had four children.

## *Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis*

In 1975, at the age of 44, Greene returned to science to undertake a PhD under the supervision of EJ Corey. She received her PhD on 5 June 1980 whereupon she adapted her thesis into a book, *Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis* (John Wiley & Sons), published in 1981 and co-authored with Peter G. M. Wuts. *Protective Groups*, now in its fifth edition, has found its place as a common reference textbook in organic chemistry labs, where it is used as a guide for the selection of protecting groups.

1. Katrina Krämer (11 February 2020). "Theodora Greene's protecting groups". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
2. Peter G. M. Wuts Theodora W. Greene (2006). *Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Fourth Edition*. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/0470053488. ISBN 9780470053485. S2CID 83393227.

## InfoBox

| Theodora Whatmough Greene | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1931<br>Boston |
| Died | 2005 |
| Nationality | American |
| Spouse | Frederick Greene |
| Children | 4 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Doctoral advisor | EJ Corey |
|  | |


title: Ian Colin

abstract: Ian Colin Marmaduke de Collieur Wetherell (1912–1987), most often credited simply as Ian Colin, was a British film and television actor. During the 1930s, Colin was a leading man in quota quickies. He later acted predominantly in television shows such as The Quatermass Experiment, Emergency-Ward 10 and Coronation Street. He was the son of M. A. Wetherell and Lena McNaughton. In his youth, he was involved, with his father, also an actor, screenwriter, director, producer, and big-game hunter, in creating the hoax "surgeon's photograph" of the Loch Ness Monster -- he bought the materials and took the picture.

text:
# Ian Colin

**Ian Colin Marmaduke de Collieur Wetherell** (1912–1987), most often credited simply as **Ian Colin**, was a British film and television actor. During the 1930s, Colin was a leading man in quota quickies. He later acted predominantly in television shows such as *The Quatermass Experiment*, *Emergency-Ward 10* and *Coronation Street*.

He was the son of M. A. Wetherell and Lena McNaughton. In his youth, he was involved, with his father, also an actor, screenwriter, director, producer, and big-game hunter, in creating the hoax "surgeon's photograph" of the Loch Ness Monster -- he bought the materials and took the picture.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *History of the British Film: Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985 .*

## InfoBox

| Ian Colin | |
| --- | --- |
| in *The Invisible Man* ep: *Odds Against Death* (1958) | |
| Born | Ian Colin Marmaduke de Collieur Wetherell
(1912-05-16)16 May 1912
Livingstone, Northern Rhodesia |
| Died | 1987(1987-00-00) (aged 76–77) |
| Occupation(s) | Film actor
Television actor |
| Years active | 1933–1967 |
| Spouse | June Moir   (m. 1949; died 1984) |
| Children | Peter Wetherell |


title: Trembita

abstract: The trembita is a type of an alpine horn made of wood. It is common among Ukrainian highlanders Hutsuls who live in western Ukraine, eastern Poland, Slovakia, and northern Romania. In Poland it is known as a trombita, a bazuna, or a ligawka. Trembita is also one of the Ukrainian folk musical instruments.

text:
# Trembita

The **trembita** (from the old Germanic *trumba*, "to trumpet", in Ukrainian *трембíта*) is a type of an alpine horn made of wood. It is common among Ukrainian highlanders Hutsuls who live in western Ukraine, eastern Poland, Slovakia, and northern Romania. In Poland it is known as a **trombita** (in the south), a **bazuna** (in the north), or a **ligawka** (in central Poland). Trembita is also one of the Ukrainian folk musical instruments.

## Etymology

The word "trembita" is believed to be derived from Romanian *trîmbiță*. In the Romanian language itself, it is probably a Slavicism \- from Proto-Slavic *\*trǫbica* \< *\*trǫba* (in Ukrainian *труба*).

The variant "trombita" is apparently borrowed from Hungarian *trombita*, where it comes from Italian *trombetta*.

## Description

A trembita was used primarily by mountain dwellers known as Hutsuls and Gorals in the Carpathians, it was used as a signaling device to announce deaths, funerals, weddings.

The tube is made from a long straight piece of pine or spruce (preferably one that has been struck by lightning) which is split in two in order to carve out the core. The halves are once again joined together and then wrapped in birch bark or osier rings. It is also used by shepherds for signaling and communication in the forested mountains and for guiding sheep and dogs. The *trembita* has a timbre that is much brighter than that of the alpenhorn due to its narrow bore and very minor flare.

The trembita has no lateral openings and therefore gives the pure natural harmonic series of the open pipe. The upper harmonics are the more readily obtained by reason of the small diameter of the bore in relation to the length.

The notes of the natural harmonic series overlap, but do not exactly correspond, to notes found in the familiar chromatic scale in standard Western equal temperament. Most prominently within the trembita's range, the 7th and 11th harmonics are particularly noticeable because they fall between adjacent notes in the chromatic scale.

In the hands of a skilled composer or arranger, the natural harmonics can be used to haunting melancholy effect or, by contrast, to create a charming pastoral flavor.

## Modern use

The trembita is often used in Ukrainian ethnographic ensembles and as an episodic instrument in the Ukrainian folk instrument orchestra.

The trembita was shown on 2004 Eurovision Song Contest by the Ukrainian winner of the contest Ruslana during her performance of the song "Wild Dances".

It is also used by Ukrainian band ONUKA.

The longest trembita (8.35 m) was made by Polish folk musician Józef Chmiel, located in the Czech Republic.

## Similar instruments

## Sources

Media related to Trembita at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Trembita
| A Ukrainian highlander playing the trembita | |
| --- | --- |
| Classification |  |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 423.121-12 |
| Playing range | |
| c1-g4 | |
| Related instruments | |
|  | |


title: Stephen Kabamba

abstract: Stephen Kabamba is a Zambian footballer.

text:
# Stephen Kabamba

**Stephen Kabamba** (born 25 December 1990) is a Zambian footballer.

## InfoBox

Stephen Kabamba
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Stephen Kabamba | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-12-25) 25 December 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Chipata, Zambia | | |
| Height | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Green Buffaloes | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010– | Zambia | 16 | (0) |
| ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15:50, 11 February 2016 (UTC) | | | |


title: The Stamp-Collector's Magazine

abstract: The Stamp-Collector's Magazine was one of the earliest philatelic magazines. It was published in twelve volumes between February 1863 and 1874.

text:
# The Stamp-Collector's Magazine

***The Stamp-Collector's Magazine*** was one of the earliest philatelic magazines. It was published in twelve volumes between February 1863 and 1874.

## Contributors

Among its regular contributors was the first female philatelist of note, Adelaide Lucy Fenton, who wrote under a variety of pen-names, including *Herbert Camoens*, the name of a Portuguese poet which she chose partly because it also included the name of the Belgian dealer Jean-Baptiste Moens, *Fentonia*, *Celestina*, *Virginia* and *SJV* after the name of her home, St. John's Villa in Clifton, Bristol. Bound copies of *The Stamp-Collector's Magazine* were presented to Miss Fenton by the Editor in gratitude for her contributions and they are now in the library of The Royal Philatelic Society London complete with Miss Fenton's marginal notes.

Peter Anderson, the Scottish philatelist, appeared in the magazine's pages in May 1869, then only about sixteen years of age.


title: Mount Stromlo Hydro-Power Station

abstract: The Mount Stromlo Hydro-Power Station is a small hydro-electric power station installed on the Bendora Gravity Main in Canberra, Australia. It produces about 200 megawatt-hours (720 GJ) megawatt hours of electricity per month. Production of energy depends on the water flow into the nearby Mount Stromlo Water Treatment Plant. It was constructed in 2000 and is operated by Icon Water, the water and sewerage utility of the Australian Capital Territory.

text:
# Mount Stromlo Hydro-Power Station

The **Mount Stromlo Hydro-Power Station** is a small hydro-electric power station installed on the Bendora Gravity Main in Canberra, Australia. It produces about 200 megawatt-hours (720 GJ) megawatt hours of electricity per month. Production of energy depends on the water flow into the nearby Mount Stromlo Water Treatment Plant.

It was constructed in 2000 and is operated by Icon Water, the water and sewerage utility of the Australian Capital Territory.

35°19′42.65″S 149°0′5.08″E / 35.3285139°S 149.0014111°E / -35.3285139; 149.0014111


title: Martyrs' Day (Afghanistan)

abstract: In May 2012, the National Assembly of Afghanistan accepted September 9 as "a new national holiday to honour national hero Ahmad Shah Massoud and those who died fighting for the country." The date was set as a Shahrivar 18. After the Taliban victory in 2021, its status is unclear.

text:
# Martyrs' Day (Afghanistan)

In May 2012, the National Assembly of Afghanistan accepted September 9 (or September 8, variable per Solar Hijri calendar) as "a new national holiday to honour national hero Ahmad Shah Massoud and those who died fighting for the country." The date was set as a Shahrivar 18. After the Taliban victory in 2021, its status is unclear.

## History

Ahmad Shah Massoud was an Afghan military leader from Panjshir Valley. He was a leader of the resistance against the Soviet invasion and the Taliban. He was assassinated on September 9, 2001 in a suicide attack. Massoud Day is a holiday in Afghanistan that occurs each year as a commemoration of his death.

It has also been recognised officially by San Diego County, California, home to the highest concentration of Afghani immigrants and refugees.

The holiday is celebrated as ***Haftai Shahid***, or "Martyr Week". It is also observed as **Massoud Day**.


title: The Berzerker (album)

abstract: The Berzerker was the first album of the band The Berzerker. There is no human drummer on this album, as a drum machine was used. Videos were made of the first two tracks, but neither of them were ever aired on MTV. "Forever" contains epilepsy-inducing imagery and "Reality" contains extremely grisly images taken from a medical school. The Berzerker frontman Luke says that the video for "Reality" was filmed in four days on a budget of $340.

text:
# The Berzerker (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Kerrang!* |  |

***The Berzerker*** was the first album of the band The Berzerker. There is no human drummer on this album, as a drum machine was used.

Videos were made of the first two tracks, but neither of them were ever aired on MTV. "Forever" contains epilepsy-inducing imagery and "Reality" contains extremely grisly images taken from a medical school. The Berzerker frontman Luke says that the video for "Reality" was filmed in four days on a budget of $340.

## Track listing

1. "Reality" – 1:18
2. "Forever" – 2:41
3. "Burnt" – 2:53
4. "Pain" – 2:14
5. "Cannibal Rights" – 2:08
6. "Massacre" – 3:26
7. "Chronological Order of Putrefaction" – 2:48
8. "Deform" – 2:44
9. "Slit down" – 1:38
10. "February" – 4:07
11. "Mono Grind" – 1:01
12. "Ignorance" – 2:01
13. "Humanity" – 1:43
14. "95" – 3:52
15. "Ode To Nash" – 5:43

Released also as a limited 2-disc edition. Track listing for disc 2:

1. "Incarnated Solvent Abuse (Live)" – 4:43
2. "Cannibal Rights (Live)" – 2:06
3. "Deform (Live)" – 2:45
4. "Intro Commentary" – 0:57
5. "Isolated vocal tracks from "Massacre"" – 1:16
6. "Forever commentary" – 1:00
7. "Isolated guitar tracks from "Forever"" – 2:42
8. "Cannibal Rights commentary" – 0:31
9. "Isolated drum and sample tracks from "Cannibal Rights"" – 2:12
10. "February commentary" – 0:32
11. "Isolated vocal and keyboard tracks from "February"" – 2:02
12. "Burnt commentary" – 0:51
13. "Isolated bass tracks from "Burnt"" – 3:00
14. "Deform commentary" – 0:42
15. "Deform (Demo)" – 2:45
16. "Untitled (Demo)" – 1:11

## Personnel

* Luke Kenny – vocals, samples, drum programming
* Ed Lacey – guitar, bass
* Jay – guitar, bass
* Sam Bean – guitar, bass, vocals
* Toby – additional vocals

## InfoBox

| The Berzerker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Berzerker | |
| Released | April 10, 2000 (2000-04-10) |
| Genre | Industrial death metal, grindcore |
| Length | 40:55 |
| Label | Earache |
| The Berzerker chronology | |
| ***The Berzerker***
(2000) *Dissimulate*
(2002) | |


title: Taxation in Malta

abstract: Taxation in Malta is levied by the State and it is administered by the Commissioner for Tax and Customs. The total tax revenues in 2014 amounted to €2.747 Billion, which represents 34.6% of the Maltese GDP. The main sources of tax revenue were value-added tax, income tax, and social security contributions.

text:
# Taxation in Malta

**Taxation in Malta** is levied by the State and it is administered by the Commissioner for Tax and Customs (il-Kummissarju tat-Taxxa u d-Dwana). The total tax revenues in 2014 amounted to €2.747 Billion, which represents 34.6% of the Maltese GDP. The main sources of tax revenue were value-added tax, income tax, and social security contributions.

## Indirect taxes

### Value Added Tax

Value Added Tax is levied at the generic rate of 18% on the supply of goods and services. Reduced rates of 7% and 5% also apply whereas the supply of some goods and services is exempt from value added tax.

The reduced rate of 7% applies to certain accommodation services whereas the reduced rate of 5% applies on the supply of electricity, certain confectionery and similar items, certain medical accessories, certain printed matter, certain items which are for the exclusive used of disabled persons, importation of certain works of art, collector's items and antiques, minor repairs of bicycles, shoes and leather goods and clothing and household linen, domestic care services, admission to museums, art exhibitions, concerts and theatres, and usage of sporting facilities.

As for the exempt goods and services, some are exempt with credit whereas some are exempt without credit. A supply of good or service is deemed to be exempt with credit if the supplier is able to claim input value added tax incurred when purchasing the relevant good or service himself.

Supplies which are exempt with credit include the supply of exports and like transactions, international goods traffic, certain intra-community supplies, international transport and ancillary services, brokers and other intermediaries, certain sea vessels and aircraft, gold to the Central Bank of Malta, certain food, pharmaceutical goods, certain transport, and goods on board of cruise liners.

Conversely, those supplies which are exempt but without credit include the supply of certain immovable property, insurance services, credit, banking and other services, cultural and religious services, sports, services related to certain exempt services, services supplied by independent groups, services by non-profit making organisations to their members, lotteries, postal services, health and welfare, education, goods in respect of which the supplier had not qualified for input tax credits, broadcasting and water.

### Import Duties

Import duties are payable on the importation of dutiable goods in Malta which were grown, produced or manufactured in a country which is not a Member state of the European Union which are made available for consumption in Malta. The rate of duty is dependent on the type of good and in certain cases, the use thereof and is chargeable on the customs value of the imported goods.

### Excise Duty

Excise duty is payable on the production, extraction or importation of certain products from countries which are not Member states of the European Union which are made available for consumption in Malta. The rate of excise duty depends on the type of good which is subject to excise. These include certain alcoholic beverages, certain manufactured tobacco items, certain energy products, mobile telephony services, cement, pneumatic tyres and certain ammunition cartridges.

### Duty on Documents and Transfers

Duty is payable on policies of insurance and transfers of immovable properties situated in Malta and certain securities. The rate of stamp duty on policies of insurance ranges from 0.1% to 11% whereas the applicable general rates on transfers of immovable properties and securities are 5% and 2% respectively. The duty payable is calculated on the dutiable value of the document or transfer in question and in practice it is paid by the transferee. Certain important exemptions are also provided by law.

## Direct taxes

The liability to tax in Malta depends on whether the person deriving the said income is domiciled and ordinarily resident in Malta. Persons who are both domiciled and ordinarily resident in Malta are liable to tax in Malta on all of their income and capital gains. Persons who are either domiciled or ordinarily resident in Malta are liable to tax in Malta on income and capital gains arising in Malta and income arising outside Malta and remitted to Malta. Persons who neither domiciled nor ordinarily resident in Malta are only liable to tax in Malta on income and capital gains arising in Malta.

Malta income tax is imposed on all persons, be they individuals or bodies of persons like companies, and on all sources of taxable income. Accordingly, Maltese tax law does not contemplate any separate corporate income tax.

### Income Tax for Individuals

Resident individuals are subject to tax in Malta at progressive rates. Married individuals have the option to use the single rates whereas parents are entitled to utilise the parent rates. The 2017 income tax bands for resident individuals are the following:

| **Rates** | **Single Rates** | | | **Married Rates** | | | **Parent Rates** | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | From | To | Subtract | From | To | Subtract | From | To | Subtract |
| 0% | €0 | €9,100 | €0 | €0 | €12,700 | €0 | €0 | €10,500 | €0 |
| 15% | €9,101 | €14,500 | €1,365 | €12,701 | €21,200 | €1,905 | €10,501 | €15,800 | €1,575 |
| 25% | €14,501 | €19,500 | €2,815 | €21,201 | €28,700 | €4,025 | €15,801 | €21,200 | €3,155 |
| 25% | €19,501 | €60,000 | €2,725 | €28,701 | €60,000 | €3,905 | €21,201 | €60,000 | €3,050 |
| 35% | €60,001 | and over | €8,725 | €60,001 | and over | €9,905 | €60,001 | and over | €9,050 |
|

Non-resident individuals are also subject to tax in Malta at progressive rates. The first €700 are exempt from tax whereas they are subject to tax at the rate of 20% on the next €2,400, 30% on the next €4,700 and 35% on the remaining income.

### Income Tax for Companies

Resident and non-resident companies are subject to tax at the rate of 35%. However, shareholders are entitled to claim a refund of the tax paid in Malta on some of the dividends they receive from Maltese companies. 5% is the effective tax rate for non resident & non domiciled shareholders.

### Other Information

Malta has transposed a number of directives adopted by the European Union where taxation is concerned, most notably the Parent Subsidiary Directive, the Mergers Directive, the Interests and Royalties Directive and, more recently, the Directive on Administrative Cooperation. Malta has also enacted the Common Reporting Standard.

Malta has also seventy Double Tax Treaty arrangements in force and five Tax Information Exchange Agreements, one of which is FATCA with the United States of America.

## Social Security Contributions

Employed and self-employed individuals are required to pay social security contributions in Malta. The way how the relevant contributions are collected and the rate thereof depends on whether the person is employed or self-employed.

### Employed Individuals

An employed individual is liable to a social security contribution of 10%, but up to a maximum of €42.57, of his/her basic weekly wage. An equal contribution is also contributed by the State and the individual's employer, who is also liable to pay contributions for each employee of 0.3% of the corresponding basic weekly wage to the Maternity Fund.

Employers are also obliged to withhold the relevant the social security contributions from the individual's basic wage and remit the relevant amounts to the State.

### Self-employed Individuals

Self-employed individuals are required to pay social security contributions in three installments at the rate of 15% of the annual net income derived in the preceding year. The amount payable is dependent on whether the individual is deemed to be self-occupied or self-employed. Furthermore, half of the contribution effected by the self-employed is also contributed by the State.

### Other Information

Malta has also transposed the EU Posted Workers Directive and has concluded a number of Social Security Reciprocal Agreements with a number of countries, including Australia and Canada.


title: Theodora Pallidou

abstract: Theodora Pallidou is a Greek individual rhythmic gymnast. She represents her nation at international competitions. She participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. She also competed at world championships, including at the 2003 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.

text:
# Theodora Pallidou

**Theodora Pallidou** (born 14 September 1988) is a Greek individual rhythmic gymnast. She represents her nation at international competitions.

She participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. She also competed at world championships, including at the 2003 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.

## InfoBox

| Theodora Pallidou | |
| --- | --- |
| Country represented | Greece |
| Born | (1988-09-14) 14 September 1988 |
| Discipline | Rhythmic gymnastics |
| Level | Senior International Elite |
| Years on national team | 2003-2004 (?) |


title: Gelinbuğday, Araban

abstract: Gelinbuğday is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Araban, Gaziantep Province, Turkey Its population is 241 (2022). The village is inhabited by Turkmens of the Qiziq tribe.

text:
# Gelinbuğday, Araban

**Gelinbuğday** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Araban, Gaziantep Province, Turkey Its population is 241 (2022). The village is inhabited by Turkmens of the Qiziq tribe.

## InfoBox

| Gelinbuğday | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| GelinbuğdayLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 37°24′17″N 37°34′49″E / 37.40472°N 37.58028°E / 37.40472; 37.58028 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Gaziantep |
| District | Araban |
| Population (2022) | 241 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: HârnMaster

abstract: HârnMaster is a fantasy role-playing game based in the fantasy world of Hârn. The system, like the world, was designed primarily by N. Robin Crossby.

text:
# HârnMaster

***HârnMaster*** is a fantasy role-playing game based in the fantasy world of Hârn. The system, like the world, was designed primarily by N. Robin Crossby.

## History

*Hârnmaster* was published as a role-playing game using the Hârn setting by Columbia Games in 1986. All previously published *Hârn* supplements were intended to be system independent but Columbia gauged reader interest and decided to produce a game system specifically for the Hârn setting. N. Robin Crossby led the design and based the new game on notes for designs that he had saved from the 1970s. Columbia began to focus on supporting the *Hârnmaster* role-playing game rather than just the setting, and published their first ever Hârn adventures, *100 Bushels of Rye* (1988) and *The Staff of Fanon* (1988), and the rules supplement*Pilots' Almanac* (1988), followed books about magic and other supplements for the game. Columbia also resumed publication wargames including the Hârn miniatures wargame *Battle Lust* (1992), designed to be compatible with *Hârnmaster*. Columbia produced a few more adventures along with a second edition (1996) of *Hârnmaster* which was a simpler version of the game with the magic systems moved into the supplements *Hârnmaster Magic* (1997) and *Hârnmaster Religion* (1998), and the rulebooks *Hârnmaster Manor* (1999) and *Hârnmaster Barbarians* (2000) to finish the line. Crossby created his own version of the game, *Hârnmaster Gold* (1998), using rules that he intended to increase realism. When the d20 System came out, Columbia reprinted some of their setting material including *Trobridge Inn* (2001) and *Evael: Kingdom of the Elves* (2002) with dual game statistics for *Hârnmaster* and d20. Keléstia Productions began publication with the *Hârnmaster Gold Player Edition* (2003), and additional rule books afte that. Columbia began work on a more streamlined third edition of *Hârnmaster* (2003).

## Description

There are now multiple versions of HârnMaster available through the original publishers and through various third-party vendors. Each version has different strengths:

HârnMaster was originally published in 1986 by Columbia Games and is out of print. The third edition of HârnMaster, is the latest and was released in 2002 by Columbia Games.

HârnMaster Core Rules was published by Columbia Games and later supplemented by HârnMaster Religion, HârnMaster Magic, HârnMaster Barbarians, and HârnManor (a set of rules for developing consistent medieval manors for use as role-playing settings or as settings for collaborative fiction). The Core Rules were well-suited for a gamist style of play, but many players felt it suffered from some complexities that interfered with play.

HârnMaster Core was seen by some as an oversimplification of the original. Some fans appreciated the change as it made play move faster at the expense of realism. Others preferred the realism of the original. Original author N. Robin Crossby responded with the even more detailed HârnMaster Gold.

HârnMaster Gold Player's Edition and GM's Edition are published by Kelestia Productions and is known for exceptional realism. It is best suited for a realist style of play, and is not well-suited for those who prefer a fast-paced game.

Many players wanted a still faster, better-balanced game with more social options for characters. Columbia Games HârnMaster 3rd Edition fixed many of the difficulties of the Core Rules while remaining compatible with the Magic, Religion, and other expansions. It is suited for a faster-paced game than HârnMaster Gold.

In addition to the multiple versions of HârnMaster published by Kelestia Productions and Columbia Games, there are numerous house rules available through the dedicated fan community.

## Rules

Hârnmaster characters are described primarily by their attributes and skills. Attributes are initially generated in the range of 3-18 and may be modified by race, background, gender, or medical conditions. Compared to many other games, Hârnmaster has a very large and detailed set of attributes. In addition to the common qualities of Strength, Stamina, and Intelligence, etc., Hârnmaster attributes independently measure a character's eyesight, hearing, and sense of smell, his physical attractiveness (to a member of the same species), both manual and bodily dexterity, willpower, and psychic strength. In addition to these basic attributes, a number of derived attributes (such as Endurance, derived from Strength, Stamina, and Will) are used to describe a character's basic qualities and abilities.

Attributes are also used as a basis for the skill system, which is the core mechanism for combat and non-combat task resolution. The Hârnmaster system provides no character classes, instead using a character's background (which is generated in great detail) to determine his initial skills. A character generally begins play with several sets of skills:

* Automatic skills, which any character can attempt to use without training. This includes common tasks such as climbing and jumping, common knowledge, and basic social skills.
* Family skills, determined by the player character's family background. Characters are assumed to have worked in the occupation of their parent (or other guardian) until the age of 10-12, and have basic skills in these occupations.
* Occupational skills, derived from the character's employment. These skills can be entirely distinct from family skills (if the character did not follow his parents' occupation), or can be an improvement to the family skills that were already gained (someone who was raised by fishermen begins play as a better fisherman than one who was raised by woodcarvers).
* Optional militia skills, which can represent rudimentary combat training for a character whose primary occupation is not combat related.

Each skill is improved independently, in response to use in play or to study and training. There are no theoretical limitations on what skills a character can learn; a priest or wizard is free to learn combat skills of any type, and a knight or soldier is free to focus on knowledge skills or stealth and thievery. In practice, skill acquisition and advancement can be limited by in-game circumstances, such as the availability of a teacher or social norms (non-noble characters, for instance, are prohibited from owning certain weapons- making it difficult for non-noble characters to attain proficiency with these weapons).

While attributes are rated on a 3-18 scale, skills are rated from 1-95 and attempts to use skills are resolved with a 1d100 roll. Attributes are tested directly by multiplying the attribute by a number between 1 and 5 (depending on the difficulty of the task), and rolling a 1d100. Penalties to skill or attribute checks- due to fatigue, injury, encumbrance, or other circumstances- decrease the 'target' number that the player must roll under in order to succeed. Successes or failures by rolls that end in 5 are considered to be Critical Success or Critical Failure; other successes and failures are rated as Marginal. Conflicts between two characters- such as combat- are resolved by cross referencing the degrees of success and failure of each party on a chart. For example, in combat, a Critical Success for an attacker combined with Critical Failure for a defender would mean that a particularly fierce blow had been struck. Critical Success for a defender and Critical Failure for the attacker might indicate that not only had a blow been blocked or dodged, but that the attacker may have been thrown off balance, disarmed, or put at a tactical disadvantage. More moderate results would result in more modest successes for one party, or a temporary stalemate.

In combat, each injury is tracked individually, rather than subtracting from a pool of Hit Points or Life Points. More serious injuries introduce the risk of a character being knocked unconscious from shock, being instantly killed, or (optionally) losing a limb. A character may also be killed or knocked unconscious by blood loss or a combination of lesser injuries. Unhealed injuries penalize a characters actions, including combat actions, reducing their overall effectiveness. Each injury heals at a different rate, depending on its severity, and open wounds have the potential to become infected, slowing healing and possibly causing death. Permanent injuries- either in the form of amputated or otherwise lost limbs- or attribute penalties caused by poorly-healed injuries are also a possibility. The combat and injury system is quite lethal, compared to many roleplaying systems. Even for veteran characters, combat with a skilled opponent or a sneak attack by an opponent armed with a modest weapon can lead to death in a single strike; an unarmed blow to the neck or a bowshot to the eye can be fatal.

The magic system is based around six elemental principles: Lyahvi (Air/Light/Illusion), Peleahn (Fire), Jmorvi (Metal/Artifice), Fyrvia (Life/Growth/Decay), Odivshe (Water/Cold), and Savorya (Mind/Spirit/Knowledge). The principles are arranged in a wheel, with Lyahvi being opposed to Fyrvia, Peleahn to Odivshe, and Jmorvi to Savorya. Mages, known as *Shek-Pvar,* begin their careers attuned to one of the elements, and are said to be in that elemental *convocation*. Spells are learned as skills, with substantial bonuses for spells in one's own convocation, substantial penalties for spells in the opposing convocation, and smaller effects for the other convocations; there are also *neutral* spells which are not part of any convocation, and *common* spells for which a version exists in each convocation. Eventually a mage can become a *grey mage*, losing both the penalties and bonuses based on spells' elemental alignment. The system also has rules for researching and learning new spells as well as creating spells "on the fly" (usually with a large chance of failure).

Characters track a piety level with their patron deity, if any (Hârn has ten well-detailed major deities and a larger number of lesser ones). Characters with high piety scores and proper priestly training may then petition their deity for miracles appropriate to the deity's nature (healing, divination, sustenance, etc.).

There are also rules for psionic abilities (telepathy, telekinesis, precognition, etc.) which are handled in the same way as other skills.

## Reception

In Issue 6 of *The Games Machine* (May 1988), John Woods was pleased by the quality of *Harnmaster*, commenting that "The layout of the book has a business-like feel that suits the style of the rules well." He liked the open-ended feel of the character generation rules, and thought the "complex but understandable" combat system "is the most thorough and realistic fantasy combat system I’ve seen." He admitted that its complexity would slow play down somewhat, but he pointed out that the gruesomely realistic consequences of combat wounds would force most players "to avoid combat wherever possible - a very satisfactory situation. Too many GMs and players rely on monster-bashing to the exclusion of role-playing, and it is good to see a system that encourages the opposite trend." He recommended this for players willing to put in the time and effort to learn it well, saying, "*Harnmaster* is a system for the purist. Whilst the rules are exceedingly clearly written throughout, they will take time and effort to master, and compared to simpler systems will always require more work and thought from players and GMs alike in play." He concluded, "If you enjoy realism in role-playing, give *Harnmaster* a try."

In the March 1989 edition of *Games International* (Issue #3), Jake Thornton questioned why this game had not achieved the same level of market saturation as some other role-playing games, since he believed that it did just as good a job of outlining its mechanics. He did admit that the magic system was rather unexciting, but commented that "Happily the mechanics for combat are more interesting." He concluded by giving the game an average rating of 3.5 out of 5, saying, "*Harnmaster* is not a particularly innovative game, relying in general on tried and trusted ideas. Despite this, the clarity of writing and layout together with the sheer volume of ready made background and support material must make it an attractive alternative for those who like a wealth of detail but haven't got the time themselves."

In the October 1989 edition of *Dragon*, Ken Rolston reviewed both *HârnMaster* and its first supplementary adventure, *Araka-Kalai*, published in 1987. Rolston called *HârnMaster* "a comprehensive, logical, authentic 'medieval' fantasy campaign setting \[with\] epic scale and original concept"; he considered it "state of the art" compared to all other major competitors. Rolston's only criticism "was the absence of published examples of adventures", apparently "perceived as a virtue by Columbia Games." In considering the adventure *Araka-Kalai*, Rolston commented that "The graphics are excellent, with color maps, abundant diagrams of locations and buildings, and appropriate, expressive illustrations of scenes, characters, and creatures. The style of presentation is clear and detailed, and is dry with an occasional droll impulse. It is well organized for reading and reference. And the campaign materials — well, they’re voluminous, historically and socially plausible, and full of dramatic fantasy adventure and thematic hooks." He felt the setting was so original that it was "more distinguished as a campaign setting than an adventure supplement" and gave it a thumbs up, saying, "This is a strongly recommended adventure setting."

In Issue 13 of *Arcane* (December 1996), Andy Butcher reviewed the second edition of *Harmaster*, and thought the streamlining of the rules, with complexities shunted off into an "optional rules" section made the game "easier to learn and understand, it gives referees the chance to customise the level of detail used in their games." Butcher also liked the new three-ring binder format, allowing future additions to be added to various parts of the binder. However, Butcher still felt the Harnmaster system's weakness was the lack of religion and magic, saying, "It would have been better to drop the psionic rules and campaign background sections and at least present the basics of the magic and religion rules." He concluded by giving the second edition of *Harnmaster* a below-average rating 6 out of 10, commenting, "A detailed fantasy system that's logically structured and well designed. Unfortunately, the presentation and high quality of the writing and design don't quite make up for the lack of rules for magic and religion. If you want to run a historically based 'low fantasy' campaign, though, it could be what you're looking for."

## InfoBox

HârnMaster
| Cover of 3rd edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Designers | N. Robin Crossby |
| Publishers | Columbia Games, Kelestia Productions |
| Publication | * 1986 (1st edition) * 1996 (2nd edition) * 2002 (3rd edition) |
| Genres | Fantasy |
| Systems | Custom |


title: Westall UFO

abstract: The Westall UFO was a reported UFO sighting in Australia that occurred on 6 April 1966 in Melbourne, Victoria. The object was observed by multiple individuals, including students at Westall High School. Specific details vary between accounts, which increases the difficulty of identification. The sighting has been commemorated with documentaries, reunions, and a local UFO playground.

text:
# Westall UFO

The **Westall UFO** was a reported UFO sighting in Australia that occurred on 6 April 1966 in Melbourne, Victoria. The object was observed by multiple individuals, including students at Westall High School. Specific details vary between accounts, which increases the difficulty of identification. The sighting has been commemorated with documentaries, reunions, and a local UFO playground.

## Reports

On Wednesday, 6 April 1966, students and a teacher from Westall High School, now Westall Secondary College, reported seeing a flying object. It was described as round with a domed top, and white, grey, or silver in colour. According to the students, the object descended behind a row of trees and into the Grange, an open area south of the school. Some accounts describe the object as being pursued by five unidentified aircraft. Shaun Matthews was on vacation at the Grange and reported seeing an object with a slight purple hue and about twice the size of a family car.

Some witnesses reported seeing the object take off after landing, and some reported seeing it hover rather than land. When students walked to the Grange after the sighting, some reported a landing site, but the details varied between reports. Students described a circle of grass variously as burnt, "boiled", or pressed down. One student interviewed by a local newspaper described a vague circular area flattened by the wind. Students also reported varying numbers of circles from one to three. On 9 April 1966, Air Force personnel and UFO enthusiasts visited the field but reported nothing of interest. The landowner burned the field to discourage people from entering the property.

## Explanations

Australian newspaper *The Age* described it at the time as a weather balloon: "Object Perhaps Balloon – An unidentified flying object seen over the Clayton-Moorabbin area yesterday morning might have been a weather balloon. Hundreds of children and a number of teachers at Westall School, Clayton, watched the object during morning break. The Weather Bureau released a balloon at Laverton at 8:30 am and the westerly wind blowing at the time could have moved it into the area where the sighting was reported". The newspaper also said a number of small aeroplanes circled around it. However, a check later showed that no commercial, private, or RAAF pilots had reported anything unusual in the area.

According to Keith Basterfield, a runaway balloon from the HIBAL high-altitude balloon project used to monitor radiation levels after British nuclear tests at Maralinga is a likely explanation. Basterfield located documents in the National Archives and former Department of Supply indicating a test balloon launched from Mildura may have been blown off course "and came down in Clayton South in a paddock near Westall High School, alarming and baffling hundreds of eyewitnesses, including teachers and students". Basterfield said HIBAL balloons had a white silver appearance and featured a parachute and gas tube trailing from the top, which is consistent with witness descriptions of the object. There were also reports that after the incident, "men in suits" cautioned witnesses not to discuss details of the secret government exercise.

According to skeptic Brian Dunning, "the weather balloon is a likely explanation for the first half of the event". Dunning suggested a nylon target drogue, like a wind sock, towed by one plane for the others to chase and known to be in use by the local RAAF at the time, was "at least one very reasonable possibility for the second half". Dunning added, as years have passed, "descriptions of what was actually seen have now become diluted with made-up descriptions by an unknown number of students who didn't see anything, and there's no way to know which is which".

## Media coverage

The documentary *Westall '66* focuses on the sighting. It is based on interviews that ufologist Shane Ryan conducted with residents. *Westall '66* was incorporated into the national history curriculum as a lesson on critical analysis of popular portrayals of historical events. *The Phenomenon*, a documentary film directed and co-produced by ufologist James Fox, includes content related to the Westall UFO case.

## Local culture

* A witness reunion was held at Westall Tennis Club Hall, on 8 April 2006, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the incident.
* The City of Kingston created a children's play space, Grange Reserve UFO Park at The Grange Reserve in Clayton South Melway. The park features a silver UFO with red slides to reflect the 1966 Westall UFO Incident.

## InfoBox

Clayton South UFO Encounter
| Location of Australia **Westall High****The Grange** Location within Melbourne | |
| --- | --- |
| Time | 6 April 1966 (1966-04-06) |
| Location | Westall High School and The Grange in Clayton South, Victoria, Australia |
| Coordinates | 37°56′28″S 145°08′2″E / 37.94111°S 145.13389°E / -37.94111; 145.13389 |
| Also known as | Westall High School UFOs |


abstract: The Three Chimneys is a 9,882-foot elevation (3,012 m) mountain summit located in Tuolumne County, California, United States.

text:
# The Three Chimneys (Tuolumne County, California)

**The Three Chimneys** is a 9,882-foot elevation (3,012 m) mountain summit located in Tuolumne County, California, United States.

## Description

The Three Chimneys is set on the boundary of the Emigrant Wilderness on land managed by Stanislaus National Forest. The landform is part of the Sierra Nevada mountain range and is situated four miles northwest of Granite Dome. Topographic relief is modest as the north aspect rises 1,900 feet (580 m) above Long Valley in one mile (1.6 km). Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains into tributaries of the Stanislaus River. The landform's descriptive toponym has been officially adopted by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Three Chimneys is located in an alpine climate zone. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel east toward the Sierra Nevada mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks (orographic lift), causing moisture in the form of rain or snowfall to drop onto the range.

## InfoBox

| The Three Chimneys | |
| --- | --- |
| Southwest aspect | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 9,882 ft (3,012 m) |
| Prominence | 482 ft (147 m) |
| Parent peak | Peak 9896 |
| Isolation | 1.32 mi (2.12 km) |
| Coordinates | 38°15′12″N 119°48′06″W / 38.2532586°N 119.8016833°W / 38.2532586; -119.8016833 |
| Geography | |
| The Three ChimneysLocation in CaliforniaThe Three ChimneysThe Three Chimneys (the United States) | |
| Location | Emigrant Wilderness |
| Country | United States of America |
| State | California |
| County | Tuolumne |
| Parent range | Sierra Nevada |
| Topo map | USGS *Dardanelle* |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Volcanic plug |