title: Volume form

abstract:
In mathematics, a volume form or top-dimensional form is a differential form of degree equal to the differentiable manifold dimension. Thus on a manifold M of dimension n, a volume form is an n
-form. It is an element of the space of sections of the line bundle ⋀ n, denoted as Ω n. A manifold admits a nowhere-vanishing volume form if and only if it is orientable. An orientable manifold has infinitely many volume forms, since multiplying a volume form by a nowhere-vanishing real valued function yields another volume form. On non-orientable manifolds, one may instead define the weaker notion of a density. A volume form provides a means to define the integral of a function on a differentiable manifold. In other words, a volume form gives rise to a measure with respect to which functions can be integrated by the appropriate Lebesgue integral. The absolute value of a volume form is a volume element, which is also known variously as a twisted volume form or pseudo-volume form. It also defines a measure, but exists on any differentiable manifold, orientable or not. Kähler manifolds, being complex manifolds, are naturally oriented, and so possess a volume form. More generally, the n th exterior power of the symplectic form on a symplectic manifold is a volume form. Many classes of manifolds have canonical volume forms: they have extra structure which allows the choice of a preferred volume form. Oriented pseudo-Riemannian manifolds have an associated canonical volume form.

text:
# Volume form

In mathematics, a **volume form** or **top-dimensional form** is a differential form of degree equal to the differentiable manifold dimension. Thus on a manifold $M$ of dimension $n$, a volume form is an $n$-form. It is an element of the space of sections of the line bundle $\textstyle {\bigwedge }^{n}(T^{\*}M)$, denoted as $\Omega ^{n}(M)$. A manifold admits a nowhere-vanishing volume form if and only if it is orientable. An orientable manifold has infinitely many volume forms, since multiplying a volume form by a nowhere-vanishing real valued function yields another volume form. On non-orientable manifolds, one may instead define the weaker notion of a density.

A volume form provides a means to define the integral of a function on a differentiable manifold. In other words, a volume form gives rise to a measure with respect to which functions can be integrated by the appropriate Lebesgue integral. The absolute value of a volume form is a volume element, which is also known variously as a *twisted volume form* or *pseudo-volume form*. It also defines a measure, but exists on any differentiable manifold, orientable or not.

Kähler manifolds, being complex manifolds, are naturally oriented, and so possess a volume form. More generally, the $n$th exterior power of the symplectic form on a symplectic manifold is a volume form. Many classes of manifolds have canonical volume forms: they have extra structure which allows the choice of a preferred volume form. Oriented pseudo-Riemannian manifolds have an associated canonical volume form.

## Orientation

The following will only be about orientability of *differentiable* manifolds (it's a more general notion defined on any topological manifold).

A manifold is orientable if it has a coordinate atlas all of whose transition functions have positive Jacobian determinants. A selection of a maximal such atlas is an orientation on $M.$ A volume form $\omega $ on $M$ gives rise to an orientation in a natural way as the atlas of coordinate charts on $M$ that send $\omega $ to a positive multiple of the Euclidean volume form $dx^{1}\wedge \cdots \wedge dx^{n}.$

A volume form also allows for the specification of a preferred class of frames on $M.$ Call a basis of tangent vectors $(X\_{1},\ldots ,X\_{n})$ right-handed if $\omega \left(X\_{1},X\_{2},\ldots ,X\_{n}\right)\>0.$

The collection of all right-handed frames is acted upon by the group $\mathrm {GL} ^{+}(n)$ of general linear mappings in $n$ dimensions with positive determinant. They form a principal $\mathrm {GL} ^{+}(n)$ sub-bundle of the linear frame bundle of $M,$ and so the orientation associated to a volume form gives a canonical reduction of the frame bundle of $M$ to a sub-bundle with structure group $\mathrm {GL} ^{+}(n).$ That is to say that a volume form gives rise to $\mathrm {GL} ^{+}(n)$-structure on $M.$ More reduction is clearly possible by considering frames that have

Thus a volume form gives rise to an $\mathrm {SL} (n)$-structure as well. Conversely, given an $\mathrm {SL} (n)$-structure, one can recover a volume form by imposing () for the special linear frames and then solving for the required $n$-form $\omega $ by requiring homogeneity in its arguments.

A manifold is orientable if and only if it has a nowhere-vanishing volume form. Indeed, $\mathrm {SL} (n)\to \mathrm {GL} ^{+}(n)$ is a deformation retract since $\mathrm {GL} ^{+}=\mathrm {SL} \times \mathbb {R} ^{+},$ where the positive reals are embedded as scalar matrices. Thus every $\mathrm {GL} ^{+}(n)$-structure is reducible to an $\mathrm {SL} (n)$-structure, and $\mathrm {GL} ^{+}(n)$-structures coincide with orientations on $M.$ More concretely, triviality of the determinant bundle $\Omega ^{n}(M)$ is equivalent to orientability, and a line bundle is trivial if and only if it has a nowhere-vanishing section. Thus, the existence of a volume form is equivalent to orientability.

## Relation to measures

Given a volume form $\omega $ on an oriented manifold, the density $|\omega |$ is a volume pseudo-form on the nonoriented manifold obtained by forgetting the orientation. Densities may also be defined more generally on non-orientable manifolds.

Any volume pseudo-form $\omega $ (and therefore also any volume form) defines a measure on the Borel sets by $\mu \_{\omega }(U)=\int \_{U}\omega .$

The difference is that while a measure can be integrated over a (Borel) *subset*, a volume form can only be integrated over an *oriented* cell. In single variable calculus, writing $\textstyle \int \_{b}^{a}f\\,dx=-\int \_{a}^{b}f\\,dx$ considers $dx$ as a volume form, not simply a measure, and $\textstyle \int \_{b}^{a}$ indicates "integrate over the cell $\[a,b\]$ with the opposite orientation, sometimes denoted $\overline {\[a,b\]}$".

Further, general measures need not be continuous or smooth: they need not be defined by a volume form, or more formally, their Radon–Nikodym derivative with respect to a given volume form need not be absolutely continuous.

## Divergence

Given a volume form $\omega $ on $M,$ one can define the divergence of a vector field $X$ as the unique scalar-valued function, denoted by $\operatorname {div} X,$ satisfying $(\operatorname {div} X)\omega =L\_{X}\omega =d(X\mathbin {\rfloor } \omega ),$ where $L\_{X}$ denotes the Lie derivative along $X$ and $X\mathbin {\rfloor } \omega $ denotes the interior product or the left contraction of $\omega $ along $X.$ If $X$ is a compactly supported vector field and $M$ is a manifold with boundary, then Stokes' theorem implies $\int \_{M}(\operatorname {div} X)\omega =\int \_{\partial M}X\mathbin {\rfloor } \omega ,$ which is a generalization of the divergence theorem.

The solenoidal vector fields are those with $\operatorname {div} X=0.$ It follows from the definition of the Lie derivative that the volume form is preserved under the flow of a solenoidal vector field. Thus solenoidal vector fields are precisely those that have volume-preserving flows. This fact is well-known, for instance, in fluid mechanics where the divergence of a velocity field measures the compressibility of a fluid, which in turn represents the extent to which volume is preserved along flows of the fluid.

## Special cases

### Lie groups

For any Lie group, a natural volume form may be defined by translation. That is, if $\omega \_{e}$ is an element of $\textstyle \bigwedge }^{n}T\_{e}^{\*}G,$ then a left-invariant form may be defined by $\omega \_{g}=L\_{g^{-1}^{\*}\omega \_{e},}$ where $L\_{g}$ is left-translation. As a corollary, every Lie group is orientable. This volume form is unique up to a scalar, and the corresponding measure is known as the Haar measure.

### Symplectic manifolds

Any symplectic manifold (or indeed any almost symplectic manifold) has a natural volume form. If $M$ is a $2n$-dimensional manifold with symplectic form $\omega ,$ then $\omega ^{n}$ is nowhere zero as a consequence of the nondegeneracy of the symplectic form. As a corollary, any symplectic manifold is orientable (indeed, oriented). If the manifold is both symplectic and Riemannian, then the two volume forms agree if the manifold is Kähler.

### Riemannian volume form

Any oriented pseudo-Riemannian (including Riemannian) manifold has a natural volume form. In local coordinates, it can be expressed as $\omega ={\sqrt {|g|}dx^{1}\wedge \dots \wedge dx^{n}}$ where the $dx^{i}$ are 1-forms that form a positively oriented basis for the cotangent bundle of the manifold. Here, $|g|$ is the absolute value of the determinant of the matrix representation of the metric tensor on the manifold.

The volume form is denoted variously by $\omega =\mathrm {vol} \_{n}=\varepsilon ={\star }(1).$

Here, the $\star $ is the Hodge star, thus the last form, $\star }(1),$ emphasizes that the volume form is the Hodge dual of the constant map on the manifold, which equals the Levi-Civita *tensor* $\varepsilon .$

Although the Greek letter $\omega $ is frequently used to denote the volume form, this notation is not universal; the symbol $\omega $ often carries many other meanings in differential geometry (such as a symplectic form).

## Invariants of a volume form

Volume forms are not unique; they form a torsor over non-vanishing functions on the manifold, as follows. Given a non-vanishing function $f$ on $M,$ and a volume form $\omega ,$ $f\omega $ is a volume form on $M.$ Conversely, given two volume forms $\omega ,\omega ',$ their ratio is a non-vanishing function (positive if they define the same orientation, negative if they define opposite orientations).

In coordinates, they are both simply a non-zero function times Lebesgue measure, and their ratio is the ratio of the functions, which is independent of choice of coordinates. Intrinsically, it is the Radon–Nikodym derivative of $\omega '$ with respect to $\omega .$ On an oriented manifold, the proportionality of any two volume forms can be thought of as a geometric form of the Radon–Nikodym theorem.

### No local structure

A volume form on a manifold has no local structure in the sense that it is not possible on small open sets to distinguish between the given volume form and the volume form on Euclidean space (Kobayashi 1972). That is, for every point $p$ in $M,$ there is an open neighborhood $U$ of $p$ and a diffeomorphism $\varphi $ of $U$ onto an open set in $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ such that the volume form on $U$ is the pullback of $dx^{1}\wedge \cdots \wedge dx^{n}$ along $\varphi .$

As a corollary, if $M$ and $N$ are two manifolds, each with volume forms $\omega \_{M},\omega \_{N},$ then for any points $m\in M,n\in N,$ there are open neighborhoods $U$ of $m$ and $V$ of $n$ and a map $f:U\to V$ such that the volume form on $N$ restricted to the neighborhood $V$ pulls back to volume form on $M$ restricted to the neighborhood $U$: $f^{\*}\omega \_{N}\vert \_{V}=\omega \_{M}\vert \_{U}.$

In one dimension, one can prove it thus: given a volume form $\omega $ on $\mathbb {R} ,$ define $f(x):=\int \_{0}^{x}\omega .$ Then the standard Lebesgue measure $dx$ pulls back to $\omega $ under $f$: $\omega =f^{\*}dx.$ Concretely, $\omega =f'\\,dx.$ In higher dimensions, given any point $m\in M,$ it has a neighborhood locally homeomorphic to $\mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} ^{n-1},$ and one can apply the same procedure.

### Global structure: volume

A volume form on a connected manifold $M$ has a single global invariant, namely the (overall) volume, denoted $\mu (M),$ which is invariant under volume-form preserving maps; this may be infinite, such as for Lebesgue measure on $\mathbb {R} ^{n}.$ On a disconnected manifold, the volume of each connected component is the invariant.

In symbols, if $f:M\to N$ is a homeomorphism of manifolds that pulls back $\omega \_{N}$ to $\omega \_{M},$ then $\mu (N)=\int \_{N}\omega \_{N}=\int \_{f(M)}\omega \_{N}=\int \_{M}f^{\*}\omega \_{N}=\int \_{M}\omega \_{M}=\mu (M)\\,$ and the manifolds have the same volume.

Volume forms can also be pulled back under covering maps, in which case they multiply volume by the cardinality of the fiber (formally, by integration along the fiber). In the case of an infinite sheeted cover (such as $\mathbb {R} \to S^{1}$), a volume form on a finite volume manifold pulls back to a volume form on an infinite volume manifold.

* Kobayashi, S. (1972), *Transformation Groups in Differential Geometry*, Classics in Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 3-540-58659-8, OCLC 31374337.
* Spivak, Michael (1965), *Calculus on Manifolds*, Reading, Massachusetts: W.A. Benjamin, Inc., ISBN 0-8053-9021-9.


title: Gungartan

abstract: Gungartan is a mountain located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia. With an elevation of 2,068 metres (6,785 ft) above sea level, Gungartan is the highest mountain on mainland Australia not within the Main Range. It is located close to Whites River Hut in Kosciuszko National Park. Many walkers climb to the peak in summer as it offers excellent views of the surrounding national park. The overall climb to the peak is fairly easy and involves only minor scrambling close to the peak. In winter the mountain is generally snow covered and offers excellent backcountry skiing across the saddle in good conditions. In mid-winter the saddle and peak are best avoided during poor weather due to surface ice and high winds created by the funnelling effect of the valley below.

text:
# Gungartan

**Gungartan** is a mountain located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.

With an elevation of 2,068 metres (6,785 ft) above sea level, Gungartan is the highest mountain on mainland Australia not within the Main Range. It is located close to Whites River Hut in Kosciuszko National Park.

Many walkers climb to the peak in summer as it offers excellent views of the surrounding national park. The overall climb to the peak is fairly easy and involves only minor scrambling close to the peak. In winter the mountain is generally snow covered and offers excellent backcountry skiing across the saddle in good conditions. In mid-winter the saddle and peak are best avoided during poor weather due to surface ice and high winds created by the funnelling effect of the valley below.

## Topography

## InfoBox

| Gungartan | |
| --- | --- |
| Gungartan as seen from near Whites River Hut to the southwest of the mountain | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,068 m (6,785 ft) |
| Prominence | 248 m (814 ft) |
| Isolation | 14.32 km (8.90 mi) |
| Coordinates | 36°16′S 148°23′E / 36.267°S 148.383°E / -36.267; 148.383 |
| Geography | |
| GungartanLocation in New South Wales | |
| Location | Snowy Mountains, New South Wales, Australia |
| Parent range | Great Dividing Range |
| Topo map | Geehi Dam |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Walk (hike) |


title: Guido Chiesa

abstract: Guido Chiesa is an Italian film director and screenwriter. Born in Turin, Chiesa graduated in philosophy and letters with a thesis in cinema, then he moved to New York City where he was the correspondent of several music magazines, but also the assistant of film directors such as Michael Cimino, Amos Poe and Jim Jarmusch, among others. Returned in Italy, he made his directorial debut in 1991 with the drama film Il caso Martello. In 2000 he entered the competition at the 57th Venice International Film Festival with the war drama Johnny the Partisan. He competed again at the Venice International Film Festival in 2004, with the drama film Working Slowly.

text:
# Guido Chiesa

**Guido Chiesa** (born 1959) is an Italian film director and screenwriter.

Born in Turin, Chiesa graduated in philosophy and letters with a thesis in cinema, then he moved to New York City where he was the correspondent of several music magazines, but also the assistant of film directors such as Michael Cimino, Amos Poe and Jim Jarmusch, among others. Returned in Italy, he made his directorial debut in 1991 with the drama film *Il caso Martello*. In 2000 he entered the competition at the 57th Venice International Film Festival with the war drama *Johnny the Partisan*. He competed again at the Venice International Film Festival in 2004, with the drama film *Working Slowly (Radio Alice)*.

## Filmography

### As director


title: Guido Chiarelli

abstract: Guido Chiarelli, was an Italian electrical engineer. He is known for his pioneering work in public lighting.

text:
# Guido Chiarelli

**Guido Chiarelli** (24 September 1902 – 7 October 1982), was an Italian electrical engineer. He is known for his pioneering work in public lighting.

## Biography

Guido Chiarelli was born on 24 September 1902 in Caltanissetta. He spent his childhood there and studied at the Technical Institute. He was the eldest in a family of four children and his father encouraged him to become a mining engineer. He began his studies at the University of Palermo, and finished them at the Polytechnic University of Turin after attending a Course in Electrical Engineering. From 1928 to 1968 he worked at the City Hall of Turin where he was able to put into practice the lessons learnt in his engineering courses: he was appointed Chief Engineer in 1956. Guido Chiarelli died in Turin on 7 October 1982 at the age of 80.

## Career

During his career he worked in different fields, designing and building electrical wiring, heating systems, pipeline transport, street clocks, and traffic lights. In the 1950s he also designed a luminous signage column to be positioned at tramway stops. His name, however, is mainly linked to public street and highway lighting for the changes he made. In the early 1960s Guido Chiarelli's plans for lighting Turin were groundbreaking and elevated municipal lighting to an appreciated form of design leading to city becoming known as the Italian "Ville Lumière". In 1961 for the celebrations of the centenary of the Italian unification, he particularly designed and installed several, innovative lighting systems. With Guido Chiarelli's modern applications and creations, for the first time public lighting had also an artistic impact which could be seen in the lighting of the fountains and of the rock garden at Parco del Valentino, created for Expo 61 which attracted over 4 million visitors. In 1961, he also realized the project for the lighting of the Mole Antonelliana, at the end of the work for the reconstruction of the spire. In 1958 he obtained the title of Knight and in 1965 the title of Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. In 2011, for the celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification, his work was commemorated in Turin three times: in June with posters in Palazzo Carignano square, on 8 July at the Lingotto Gallery and during the celebration on 24 July at the Officine Grandi Riparazioni. On June 9, 2012, in Agliè, on the occasion of the awards of "Il Meleto di Guido Gozzano" literary competition, with the poetry reading of *An Evening Sky*, Guido Chiarelli was honoured for his street lighting works.

On July 3, 2019, at the presence of the City Hall authorities, a commemorative plaque for Guido Chiarelli was unveiled in Valentino Park.

On January 4, 2021 Guido Chiarelli's daughter Lidia attended the unveiling of the new plaque at the entrance of the Rock Garden at Valentino Park.

On the occasion of the 120th anniversary of his birth, a major exhibition entitled *Lights for the City* was organized in the courtly salons of the Villa Amoretti in Turin, involving some seventy artists. (October 25-November 5 2022).

A commemorative plaque was unveiled in Caltanissetta on Dec. 28, 2023, in the presence of Prof. Enzo Falzone, historian and scholar of the city, and city authorities in particular Councillors Cettina Andaloro and Marcello Frangiamone. At the request of Marco D'Arma, President of the Providence district, the plaque was placed at 27 Narese Street, where Guido Chiarelli had lived until 1922.

## Publications

* (in Italian) *Il trattamento delle spazzature*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 7, 1931

on line

* (in Italian) *L'illuminazione pubblica di Torino*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 6, 1933

on line

* (in Italian) *La centrale telefonica automatica municipale*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 11, 1933

on line

* (in Italian) *La segnalazione automatica degli incendi*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 11, 1934

on line

* (in Italian) *Le piastre riflettenti per la segnalazione stradale notturna a riflessione*, "L'Industria", n. 5, 1935
* (in Italian) *Trazione elettrica ferroviaria per il nuovo mercato ortofrutticolo*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 12, 1935

on line

* (in Italian) *Vivide luci sulla città*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 2, 1936

on line

* (in Italian) *Illuminazione moderna*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 2, 1938, p. 55

on line

* (in Italian) *Torino sotto la luce blu*, "Il Fiduciario", luglio-settembre 1939.
* *Il trattamento delle spazzature*, "Rivista dell'Istituto Nazionale di Urbanistica", n. 2, 1939

on line

* (in Italian) *L'oscuramento delle luci in caso di guerra*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 1, 1939

on line

* (in Italian) *Luci delle città*, "Illustrazione d'Italia ", 6 ottobre 1946

on line

* (in Italian) *Come si fabbrica il gas*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 2, 1949

on line

* (in Italian) *Il consumo dell'energia elettrica a Torino nell'ultimo venticinquennio*, "Torino" rivista mensile municipale, n. 7, 1951

on line

## Bibliography

* (in Italian) AIDI (Associazione Italiana d'Illuminazione), *Aspetti dell'illuminazione pubblica di Torino*, atti del 1º Convegno Nazionale AIDI (Torino, 11-13 mai 1961), Turin, Ilte, 1961.
* (in Italian) Chiara Aghemo, Luigi Bistagnino, Chiara Ronchetta, *Illuminare la città. Sviluppo dell'illuminazione pubblica a Torino*, Turin, Celid, 1994.
* (in Italian) Alessandro Guido Actis, Marco Bodo, Mario Broglino, *Torino di Luce*, Pinerolo, Alzani, 2006.
* (in Italian) Storia dell'illuminazione pubblica a Torino in storiaindustria.it
* (in Italian) Mario Broglino, Lidia Chiarelli, Enzo Papa, *Torino: Percorsi di luce*, Rotary Club Torino Crocetta - Distretto Rotary 2030, 2011.
* (in Italian) *Piano della luce decorativa - Relazione Illustrativa*, Città di Torino - Iride Servizi, October, 2011.
* (in Italian) Paolo Silvetti, *Torino Città Illuminata (Alla scoperta dei suoi lampioni storici)*, Torino, Daniela Piazza Editore, 2021
* (in Italian) Nico Ivaldi, *Italia 61 L'evento che cambiò Torino*, Sant'Ambrogio (Torino), Susalibri, 2021
* (in Italian) Milo Julini, *Torino Luoghi e Personaggi*, Castellamonte (Torino), Editrice Tipografia Baima-Ronchetti & C, 2023

## InfoBox

| Guido Chiarelli | |
| --- | --- |
| Guido Chiarelli as a student at the University of Palermo, 1922 | |
| Born | (1902-09-24)24 September 1902
Caltanissetta |
| Died | 7 October 1982(1982-10-07) (aged 80)
Turin |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Alma mater | Polytechnic University of Turin |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Public street and highway lighting
Traffic Lights
Pipeline transport
Heating systems
Street clocks |
| Institutions | City Hall, Turin |
|  | |


title: Grzybowo, Wągrowiec County

abstract: Grzybowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skoki, within Wągrowiec County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Skoki, 13 km (8 mi) south-west of Wągrowiec, and 36 km (22 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Grzybowo, Wągrowiec County

**Grzybowo** \[ɡʐɨˈbɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skoki, within Wągrowiec County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Skoki, 13 km (8 mi) south-west of Wągrowiec, and 36 km (22 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Grzybowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Grzybowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°42′N 17°6′E / 52.700°N 17.100°E / 52.700; 17.100 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Wągrowiec |
| Gmina | Skoki |


title: Guo Guoting

abstract: Guo Guoting, is a former Chinese lawyer, and chief partner of the Shanghai Tian Yi Law Firm. He was one of few lawyers who would defend dissidents and Falun Gong practitioners. He represented the imprisoned lawyer Zheng Enchong and journalist Shi Tao. Because of these activities, the Shanghai authorities revoked his license to practice law. A year after he lost his right to practice and also his freedom of movement, he left for Canada.

text:
# Guo Guoting

**Guo Guoting** (Chinese: 郭国汀), is a former Chinese lawyer, and chief partner of the Shanghai Tian Yi Law Firm. He was one of few lawyers who would defend dissidents and Falun Gong practitioners. He represented the imprisoned lawyer Zheng Enchong and journalist Shi Tao. Because of these activities, the Shanghai authorities revoked his license to practice law. A year after he lost his right to practice and also his freedom of movement, he left for Canada.


title: Guo Hong

abstract: Guo Hong, is a former goaltender for the China women's national ice hockey team. She was nicknamed The Great Wall of China for her talent in net, often making over 50 saves a game, and has been recognised as one of the best Chinese hockey players in history.

text:
# Guo Hong

**Guo Hong** (Chinese: 郭宏; pinyin: *Guō Hóng*), is a former goaltender for the China women's national ice hockey team. She was nicknamed The Great Wall of China for her talent in net, often making over 50 saves a game, and has been recognised as one of the best Chinese hockey players in history.

## Career

Hong has represented the China women's national ice hockey team for over ten years. She would lead the team to 4th place finishes in the 1994 and 1997 IIHF Women's World Championships.

The 1996 Pacific Rim Tournament showcased one of the best games of her career. In a game against the Canadian National Women’s Team, Hong stopped 38 of 39 shots in a 1–0 loss.

At the 1998 Winter Olympics, she would lead the team to a 4th place finish, losing in the bronze medal game to Finland. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, she registered a save percentage of 88.79 save percentage. She led all goaltenders at the event in saves and shots against.

She would retire in 2004 due to persistent back injuries.

## Career stats

### Olympics

| **Event** | **Wins** | **Losses** | **Shots** | **Save Percentage** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 Winter Olympics | 2 | 4 | 134 |  |
| 2002 Winter Olympics | 1 | 4 | 206 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Guo Hong | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1973-05-01) May 1, 1973<br>Heilongjiang, China | | |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) | | |
| Weight | 146 lb (66 kg; 10 st 6 lb) | | |
| Position | Goaltender | | |
| Caught | Left | | |
| National team | China | | |
| Playing career | 19922002 | | |


title: Vál

abstract: Vál is a village in Fejér County, Hungary.

text:
# Vál

**Vál** is a village in Fejér County, Hungary.

## InfoBox

| Vál | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view | |
|  | |
| VálLocation of Vál | |
| Coordinates: 47°21′49″N 18°40′31″E / 47.36369°N 18.67532°E / 47.36369; 18.67532 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Fejér |
| Area | |
| Total | 40.48 km2 (15.63 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 2,394 |
| Density | 59.14/km2 (153.2/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 2473 |
| Area code | 22 |
| Website | www.val.hu |


title: Võidupüha

abstract: Võidupüha is a public holiday in Estonia which occurs on June 23. The holiday has been celebrated since 1934 and marks the victory of Estonia and neighboring Latvia in the Battle of Cēsis against the Baltische Landeswehr on June 23, 1919.

text:
# Võidupüha

**Võidupüha** (or **Victory Day** in English or the **Victory Day in the Battle of Võnnu** in Estonian) is a public holiday in Estonia which occurs on June 23. The holiday has been celebrated since 1934 and marks the victory of Estonia and neighboring Latvia in the Battle of Cēsis against the Baltische Landeswehr on June 23, 1919.

## History

The battle was part of the 1918–1920 Estonian Liberation War of Independence, in which the new Estonian government fought the Soviet Union's Red Army and the *Baltische Landeswehr*, which consisted of Baltic German nobility from Courland and the Governorate of Livonia who served the German Empire and aimed to establish the United Baltic Duchy. After the fighting began On 19 June, the combined force of the 3rd Division, the Kuperjanov Infantry Partisian Battalion and the Latvian Northern Brigade held out for reinforcements arriving on 21 June despite the fact that they did not have the advantage when it came to weaponry (German troops had 5,500–6,300 infantry, 500–600 cavalry as well as a high number of cannons and mortars). On 23 June, after pushing back the last of the German attacks, the combined contingent staged a large counter-attack which resulted in the recapture of Cēsis (Võnnu in Estonian). After this event, Major General Ernst Põdder ordered his command of the day, "the victories won over our stagnant and surrendered enemy, in cities and in the countryside, flags and armed units in the local garrisons were set up." On 16 February 1934, the Riigikogu decided to turn the 23 of June into a national holiday. The holiday was banned by the new Soviet authorities in Estonia after the USSR re-established Soviet rule over Estonia in 1944. It was also banned by the previous German occupation of Estonia during World War II. It became legal to celebrate Võidupüha again after Estonia regained its independence. The first celebrations of the holiday took place in 1992, in the yard of Kadriorg Palace.

## Observances

| **Võidupüha parades** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | City | President | Notes |
| 1994 | Tartu | Lennart Meri |  |
| 1995 | Pärnu | Lennart Meri |  |
| 1996 | Narva | Lennart Meri |  |
| 1997 | Võru | Lennart Meri |  |
| 1998 | Viljandi | Lennart Meri |  |
| 1999 | Valga | Lennart Meri |  |
| 2000 | Haapsalu | Lennart Meri |  |
| 2001 | Pärnu | Lennart Meri |  |
| 2002 | Põlva | Arnold Rüütel |  |
| 2003 | Jõhvi | Arnold Rüütel |  |
| 2004 | Rakvere | Arnold Rüütel |  |
| 2005 | Paide | Arnold Rüütel |  |
| 2006 | Saaremaa | Arnold Rüütel | The first Fleet Review (Mereparaad) of the Estonian Navy in Estonian history was conducted during the 2006 parade. ETV filmed *Võidupüha Mereparaad* (Victory Day Naval Parade), which was a documentary on the Estonian/NATO naval parade on Võidupüha that year. |
| 2007 | Rapla | Toomas Hendrik Ilves |  |
| 2008 | Tallinn | Toomas Hendrik Ilves |  |
| 2009 | Jõgeva | Toomas Hendrik Ilves |  |
| 2010 | Viljandi | Toomas Hendrik Ilves |  |
| 2011 | Tartu | Toomas Hendrik Ilves |  |
| 2012 | Pärnu | Toomas Hendrik Ilves | It was the biggest parade since 1992. It was the third time Parnu has hosted the parade. |
| 2013 | Haapsalu | Toomas Hendrik Ilves |  |
| 2014 | Valga | Toomas Hendrik Ilves |  |
| 2015 | Kärdla | Toomas Hendrik Ilves | The 2015 parade also saw a rising number of military contingents from NATO countries take part, including Latvia, the United States, Finland, Poland and Sweden. |
| 2016 | Võru | Toomas Hendrik Ilves | Aside from American and Latvian troops, the parade also featured new foreign contingents from Lithuania and Denmark. The Pipe Band of the Sakala Subdivision of Defence League performed in the Victory Day parade alongside the Band of the Estonian Defence Forces to provide musical accompaniment. |
| 2017 | Rakvere | Kersti Kaljulaid |  |
| 2018 | Tallinn | Kersti Kaljulaid | It was attended by Georgian president Giorgi Margvelashvili and Icelandic president Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson. |
| 2019 | Tartu | Kersti Kaljulaid | It marked the centennial jubilee of the Battle of Cēsis. The parade was for the first time, arranged by service branch instead of district units. Aircraft from the Hungarian Air Force and the Royal Air Force also took part in the parade as part of the larger foreign contingents. <br> |
|
| 2020 | *Cancelled due to COVID-19* | | | |
| 2021 | Paide | Kersti Kaljulaid |  |
| 2022 | Kuressaare | Alar Karis |  |
| 2023 | Viljandi | Alar Karis | reopening |  |
| 2024 | Narva |  |  |  |

Joint celebrations are observed by both the Estonian Defence Forces and the Latvian National Armed Forces being that it was a joint victory between the two countries. Despite this, Estonia celebrates Victory Day more as a national holiday and event unlike their Latvian counterparts. Celebrations of Võidupüha has been organized by the Estonian Defence League since 2000. Ceremonially, the holiday is also tied to St John's Day (*Jaaniõhtu*) on June 24, celebrating the summer solstice observances and the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist.

The traditional lighting of a fire by the Estonian President on the morning of Victory Day was restored after the Soviet occupation From this fire, the flame of independence would be carried across the country to light the many other bonfires in other cities. By Estonian laws, all national symbols must be present, which requires that the state flags are not to be lowered on any government buildings during the night that passes between these two days.

Annual military parades have taken place in honor of Võidupüha in different cities of Estonia, with the President of Estonia presiding over the event as Honorary Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Forces.


abstract: Guronasyon Foundation Inc. National High School is a public high school situated at Bilibiran, Binangonan, Rizal, Philippines.

text:
# Guronasyon Foundation National High School

**Guronasyon Foundation Inc. National High School** is a public high school situated at Bilibiran, Binangonan, Rizal, Philippines.

## History

GFINHS was established in 2007 aiming to diminish the increasing enrollment at its mother school, Vicente Madrigal National High School. It was named after the foundation of Congressman Michael John Duavit who donated the land where GFINHS is constructed. It started its operation on June 4, 2007.

On June 15, 2007, the school was officially separated from its mother school.

## Curricula

The school uses two curricula, the RBEC Curriculum (for RBEC students) and the K-12 Curriculum (for the K-12 students), both using the zero-based grading system for each period.

### K-12 Program

The implementation of the K-12 program is "phased". The first phase of the implementation will start on SY 2012–2013. During this school year, universal kindergarten will be finally offered, and will now be a part of the compulsory education system; and a new curriculum for Grade 1 and Grade 7 students would be introduced. By SY 2016–2017, Grade 11/Year 5 will be introduced, and Grade 12/Year 6 by SY 2017–2018; with the phased implementation of the new curriculum finished by the SY 2017–2018. Students in 2nd year to 4th year high school this SY 2012-2013 are not included in the program. It is only applicable to students from Kinder to 1st year high school which is now called Grade 7.

### List of Subjects

The table below lists the subjects taken by the students of Guronasyon Foundation Inc. National High School.

| **Subjects** | **Grade Seven** | **Grade Eight** | **Grade Nine** | **Grade Ten** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Science** | General Science | Biology | Chemistry | Physics |
| **Mathematics** | Elementary Algebra | Intermediate Algebra | Geometry | Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry, and Statistics |
| **English** | Grammar and Philippine Literature | Grammar and Afro-Asian Literature | Grammar and American Literature | Grammar and World Literature |
| **Filipino** | Pag-unawa with Ibong Adarna | Gramatika with Florante at Laura | Panitikang Pilipino with Noli Me Tangere | Panitikang Asyano with El Filibusterismo |
| **Social Studies (AP)** | Philippine History and Government | Asian History | World History | Economics |
| **Music, Arts, Physical Education & Health (MAPEH)** | Music, Arts, Physical Education & Health 7 | Music, Arts, Physical Education & Health 8 | Music, Arts, Physical Education & Health 9 | Music, Arts, Physical Education & Health 10, Citizenship Advancement Training I (CAT I) |
| **Technology and Livelihood Education** | Agriculture, Culinary arts, Electronics, Drafting, or Business Management | Agriculture, Culinary arts, Electronics, Drafting, or Business Management | Agriculture, Culinary arts, Electronics, Drafting, or Business Management | Agriculture, Culinary arts, Electronics, Drafting, or Business Management |
| **Values** | Values Education 7 | Values Education 8 | Values Education 9 | Values Education 10 |
|

## InfoBox

| **Guronasyon Foundation Inc. National High School**
Mataas na Paaralang Nasyonal ng Guronasyon Foundation Inc. | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| National Road Brgy. Bilibiran, Binangonan, Rizal
Philippines | |
| Coordinates | 14°29′59″N 121°10′25″E / 14.49979°N 121.17354°E / 14.49979; 121.17354 |
| Information | |
| Type | Comprehensive National High School |
| Established | 2007 as National High School |
| Principal | Michael Garrovillas |
| Grades | 7 to 10 |
| Number of students | 3,000+ (SY 2012-2013) |
| Color(s) | Green and white |
| Nickname | GFINHS |


title: Mütiilation / Deathspell Omega split

text:
# Mütiilation / Deathspell Omega split

This release was a split 10" between Mütiilation and Deathspell Omega. It was Mütiilation's third release on End All Life Productions.

## Track listing

1. Mütiilation – "Beyond the Decay of Time and Flies" (6:33)
2. Deathspell Omega – "Insanity Supreme" (7:39)
3. Deathspell Omega – "For Fire and Void Become One" (7:24)

## Trivia

* The 10" LP was released in only 400 hand-numbered copies.
* Even if Mütiilation was no longer part of The Black Legions, the side of the record features their symbol.

## InfoBox

| Split | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Mütiilation and Deathspell Omega | |
| Released | 2002 |
| Genre | Black metal |
| Label | End All Life Productions
(EAL025) |
| Mütiilation and Deathspell Omega chronology | |
| *Destroy Your Life for Satan*
(2001) ***Split***
(2002) *Majestas Leprosus*
(2003) | |


title: Laboratory Cabin Module

abstract: The Laboratory Cabin Modules (LCM) are components of the Tiangong space station. Based on the Tiangong-2 experimental space module, the LCMs complete the third and final stage of Project 921, the CNSA's program to establish a permanent Chinese space station. While China's small uncrewed spacecraft can provide platforms for zero gravity and exposure to space for scientific research, the LCMs offer a long term environment combined with ready access by human researchers over periods that far exceed the capabilities of Shenzhou spacecraft. Operations are controlled from the Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center in China. The first LCM, Wentian, was launched into orbit on 24 July 2022. The second LCM, Mengtian, was launched into orbit on 31 October 2022.

text:
# Laboratory Cabin Module

The **Laboratory Cabin Modules** (**LCM**) (Chinese: 实验舱) are components of the Tiangong space station. Based on the Tiangong-2 experimental space module, the LCMs complete the third and final stage of Project 921, the CNSA's program to establish a permanent Chinese space station. While China's small uncrewed spacecraft can provide platforms for zero gravity and exposure to space for scientific research, the LCMs offer a long term environment combined with ready access by human researchers over periods that far exceed the capabilities of Shenzhou spacecraft. Operations are controlled from the Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center in China.

The first LCM, *Wentian* (simplified Chinese: 问天; traditional Chinese: 問天; pinyin: *Wèn Tiān*; lit. 'Quest for the Heavens'), was launched into orbit on 24 July 2022. The second LCM, *Mengtian* (simplified Chinese: 梦天; traditional Chinese: 夢天; pinyin: *Mèng Tiān*; lit. 'Dreaming of the Heavens'), was launched into orbit on 31 October 2022.

## Purpose

The first laboratory module provides additional navigation avionics, propulsion and orientation control as backup functions for the *Tianhe* core module (TCM). Both LCMs provide a pressurized environment for researchers to conduct science experiments in freefall or zero gravity which could not be conducted on Earth for more than a few minutes. Experiments can also be placed on the outside of the modules, for exposure to the space environment, cosmic rays, vacuum, and solar winds.

The axial ports of the LCMs are fitted with rendezvous equipment, and each first docked to the axial port of the CCM. A mechanical arm dubbed the Indexing Robotic Arm, somewhat like the Lyappa arm used on the Mir space station, moved *Wentian* to a starboard-side port and *Mengtian* to a port-side port of the CCM. It is different from Lyappa as it works on a different mechanism. Lyappa arm is needed to control the pitch of the spacecraft and redocking in a different plane. But the Indexing Robotic Arm is used when docking is needed in the same plane. In addition to this arm used for docking relocation, the Chinarm on *Tianhe* module can also be used as a backup in place of Indexing Robotic Arm.

*Wentian* was successfully relocated to the starboard port on 30 September 2022 at 04:44 UTC using the indexing robot arm.

In addition to this, *Wentian* houses a small 5 m (16 ft) long robotic arm like the Chinarm as a supplemental to that arm. It is used for manipulating extravehicular payloads and their positioning accuracy is 5 times better than the Chinarm. There are standard adapters (silver squares) on the modules to host the payloads. There is also an adapter by which one of these arms can be grappled by the Chinarm it to work a single robotic arm like Orbiter Servicing Arm with Canadarms.

*Mengtian* also carries a toolbox equipped with a dexterous robotic arm (similar to the Lyappa arm used on the *Mir* space station) installed to assist in cargo transfer and payload release, and can be used to deploy external payloads.

Electrical power is provided by two steerable solar power arrays, which use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Energy is stored to power the station when it passes into the Earth's shadow. Resupply ships will replenish fuel for LCM 1 for station-keeping, to counter the effects of atmospheric drag.

## Dimensions

The length of each module is 17.9 m. They are cylindrical with a maximum diameter of 4.2 m and an on-orbit mass of approximately 20,000 kg (44,000 lb) apiece.

## Launch

Both modules were launched in 2022 on Long March 5B launch vehicles from Wenchang Satellite Launch Center. *Wentian* was launched on 24 July 2022, while *Mengtian* was launched on 31 October 2022. They were inserted into a low Earth orbit with an average altitude of 393 km (244 mi) at an orbital inclination of 42 degrees, centered in the Earth's thermosphere.

## InfoBox

Laboratory Cabin Module
| A model of Tiangong-2, the prototype for the LCMs | |
| --- | --- |
| Module statistics | |
| Launch date | 24 July 2022: *Wentian*
31 October 2022: *Mengtian* |
| Launch vehicle | Long March 5B |
| Mass | ~21,500 kg (47,400 lb)
(*dry mass of each LCM*) |
| Length | 17.9 m (59 ft) |
| Diameter | 4.2 m (14 ft) |


title: Lagoa DOC

abstract: Lagoa is a Portuguese wine region centered on the Lagoa municipality in the Algarve region. The region has Portugal's highest wine classification as a Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC). The region is bordered to the west by the Portimão DOC and to the east by Tavira DOC. The region has been historically known for its fortified wine production but has been expanding its table wine production in recent years.

text:
# Lagoa DOC

**Lagoa** is a Portuguese wine region centered on the Lagoa municipality in the Algarve region. The region has Portugal's highest wine classification as a *Denominação de Origem Controlada* (DOC). The region is bordered to the west by the Portimão DOC and to the east by Tavira DOC. The region has been historically known for its fortified wine production but has been expanding its table wine production in recent years.

## Grapes

The principal grapes of the Lagoa region include Crato Branco, Negra Mole and Periquita.

37°07′57″N 8°27′03″W / 37.1326054°N 8.450888°W / 37.1326054; -8.450888


title: Lada (given name)

abstract: Lada is a Slavic female given name. In Slavic mythology, Lada is the goddess of beauty, love and marriage. It may be related to the word lad (order), the Old Czech lada or Serbian and Croatian mlada (bride). Pronounced lah-dah. Lada is also a shortened name for the Slavic names Ladislava and Wladysława. Lada is also a Polish, Czech surname.

text:
# Lada (given name)

**Lada** (Cyrillic: Лада) is a Slavic female given name. In Slavic mythology, Lada is the goddess of beauty, love and marriage. It may be related to the word *lad* (order), the Old Czech *lada* (girl, maid) or Serbian and Croatian *mlada* (bride). Pronounced *lah-dah*. Lada is also a shortened name for the Slavic names Ladislava and Wladysława.

Lada is also a Polish, Czech surname.

## Name days

* Czech: *7 August*
* Slovenian: *4 May* or *27 June*

## People

### Lada

### Ladislava

## Fictional characters


title: Laatatra

abstract: Laatatra is a small town and rural commune in Sidi Bennour Province of the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 15,046 people living in 2633 households.

text:
# Laatatra

**Laatatra** is a small town and rural commune in Sidi Bennour Province of the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 15,046 people living in 2633 households.

## InfoBox

| Laatatra | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural commune and town | |
| LaatatraLocation in Morocco | |
| Coordinates: 32°37′53″N 8°24′53″W / 32.6315°N 8.4148°W / 32.6315; -8.4148 | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Casablanca-Settat |
| Province | Sidi Bennour |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 15,046 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Roel Campos

abstract: Roel Clark Campos is an American business lawyer. He served as Securities and Exchange Commissioner between 2002 and 2007. He is now a partner with the law firm Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP.

text:
# Roel Campos

**Roel Clark Campos** (born 1949) is an American business lawyer. He served as Securities and Exchange Commissioner between 2002 and 2007. He is now a partner with the law firm Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP.

## Early life and education

Campos earned his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1979, his M.B.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1972, and in 1971 earned his B.S. from the United States Air Force Academy.

## Career

As of 2002, he was general counsel of El Dorado Communications, which he had co-founded in Houston.

He served as Securities and Exchange Commissioner (SEC) between 2002 and 2007. In 2002, Roel was appointed for the first of two times by President George W. Bush, and confirmed by the US Senate to be Commissioner of the SEC. He left the SEC to return to the private sector in September 2007.

Campos was named to then President-elect Barack Obama's economic advisory board, and was considered a possible successor to former SEC chairman Christopher Cox. After the White House nomination, he was nominated to fill an SEC opening in 2002 by Tom Daschle, then Senate Majority Leader. According to the *Wall Street Journal*, he was the first Hispanic to serve to the SEC in SEC history. He was on the President's Intelligence Advisory Board.

He is a current member of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation, an independent and nonpartisan 501(c)(3) research organization. In 2008, Campos was appointed a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Valuation Standards Council, and in December 2011 as interim Chairman.

in 2019, Campos became chair of the Latino Corporate Directors Association (LCDA). In 2020, he was also chair of the Smithsonian Latino Center and Gallery. He was also on the board of the Latino Donor Collaborative and the boards of companies such as Regional Management and Liquidnet.

He joined the leadership board of KPMG in May 2021. He is now a partner with the law firm Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP, and chair of the firm's Securities Enforcement Practice in Washington, DC.

## InfoBox

| Roel Campos | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Commissioner of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission | |
| **In office**
August 22, 2002  September 18, 2007 | |
| Nominated by | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Isaac C. Hunt, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Luis A. Aguilar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1949 (age 7475)
Harlingen, Texas |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Mini Villarreal |
| Alma mater | United States Air Force Academy (BS)
University of California, Los Angeles (MBA)
Harvard University (JD) |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch/service | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1971–1976 |
|  | |


title: Lagos State Model College Kankon

abstract: Lagos State Senior Model College Kankon is a state owned secondary school located along Owode-Apa road of Badagry LGA, Lagos State. It was founded in 1988 during the military administration of Rear Admiral Mike Akhigbe (Rtd).

text:
# Lagos State Model College Kankon

**Lagos State Senior Model College Kankon** is a state owned secondary school located along Owode-Apa road of Badagry LGA, Lagos State. It was founded in 1988 during the military administration of Rear Admiral Mike Akhigbe (Rtd).

## History

LSMC Kankon was one of the five model colleges established in each of the then five divisions of Lagos State. The school moved to its permanent site along Owode-Apa road on November 27, 1989. It was founded in 1988, along with four other model colleges under the military administration of Captain Okhai Mike Akhigbe, the then Military Governor of Lagos state. The College which was established along with four others took off at Government College,Ketu, Epe. The other four Model Colleges include Igbonla, Badore, Meiran and Igbokuta. From the period 1988-1992, the Colleges were given necessary foundation and focus on their mission as pacesetters in academics and co-curricular endeavours. The foundation Principal for Igbonla, Mr. James Akinola Paseda, doubled as the Co-ordinating Principal for the five Model Colleges at inception in February 1988. The pioneer Principal for Kankon was Mr. B.O. Owoade while the Vice-Principal was Mrs. M.O. Omoniyi.

## 2003 renaming

Since 2003, the school was renamed to Lagos State Senior Model College, Kankon. The junior section of the school was no longer under the administrative control of the school.

## Former principals

* Mr. B.O. Owoade, 1988 to 2005
* Chief Mrs. S.O.S. Olley, 2005 to 2011
* Mr. J.M. Ashaka, 2011 to 2013
* Mr. S. O. Fadahunsi, 2013 till date

## InfoBox

| Lagos State Senior Model College Kankon | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Owode-Apa road
Badagry, Lagos State
Nigeria | |
| Information | |
| Type | boarding |
| Established | 19 February 1988 (1988-02-19) |
| Founder | Lagos State Government |
| Status | Open |
| Gender | Mixed |
| Campus type | Urban |
| Website | http://lasmocksenior.com/ |


title: Lagos State Scholarship Board

abstract: The Lagos State Scholarship Board is a governmental body that oversees and manages matters relating to scholarship, education, and bursary in Lagos State. Established in February 1968 by the Lagos State Government, the body aims at providing “educational assistance to deserving students for the development of Lagos State”.

text:
# Lagos State Scholarship Board

The **Lagos State Scholarship Board** is a governmental body that oversees and manages matters relating to scholarship, education , and bursary in Lagos State. Established in February 1968 by the Lagos State Government, the body aims at providing “educational assistance to deserving students for the development of Lagos State”.

## Mission

To become a leading organization in the provision of financial aid to students in Lagos State.

## Awardees selection

Bursary and scholarship awards are only allocated to selected students in basic, secondary and tertiary institutions based on the recommendation from a selected panel of members from the five divisions of the state. Applicants for any of these awards must be Lagos State indigenes.

## Departments

The Lagos State Scholarship Board consists of nine departments headed under the Office of the Special Adviser on Education. They include:

* Board Secretary
* Bursary
* Foreign Scholarship
* Local Scholarship
* Administration/Personnel
* Accounts
* Press & Public Relations
* Planning, Statistics & Budget
* Procurement.

## InfoBox

Lagos State Scholarship Board
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Board overview | |
| Formed | February 1968 (1968-02) |
| Jurisdiction | Lagos State Government |
| Headquarters | 254 Ipaja Rd, Agege, Lagos |
| Board executive | * Mr. Abdur-Rahman Lekki O., Executive Secretary |
| Website | lagosscholarship.org |


title: Lachnagrostis billardierei

abstract: Lachnagrostis billardierei, commonly known as coast blown-grass or sand wind grass, is a species of plant in the true grass family. The genus name means “woolly agrostis” with reference to the closely related genus Agrostis; the specific epithet billardierei honours French botanist Jacques Labillardière (1755-1834).

text:
# Lachnagrostis billardierei

***Lachnagrostis billardierei***, commonly known as **coast blown-grass** or **sand wind grass**, is a species of plant in the true grass family. The genus name means “woolly agrostis” with reference to the closely related genus *Agrostis*; the specific epithet *billardierei* honours French botanist Jacques Labillardière (1755-1834).

## Description

It grows as a smooth, tufted annual or short-lived perennial grass up to about 50 cm in height. It is usually found on sandy, soils along or near the coast. It forms circular tufts of leaf blades and straw-coloured flowers. The seeds are wind-dispersed.

## Distribution

Its principal area of occurrence is south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, though there are also records from the Warren IBRA bioregion of south-western Western Australia. The subspecies *L. b. tenuiseta* was once thought to be endemic to Tasmania (where it is commonly known as **small-awned blown-grass**), though it has subsequently been recorded from New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Lachnagrostis billardierei* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Specimen growing in Kiritehere Beach, North Island of New Zealand | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Lachnagrostis* |
| Species: | ***L. billardierei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lachnagrostis billardierei***<br>(R.Br.) Trin. | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| * *L. b.* subsp. *billardierei* * *L. b.* subsp. *tenuiseta* (D.Morris) S.W.L.Jacobs | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Agrostis billardierei* R.Br. * *Deyeuxia billardierei* (R.Br.) Kunth. * *Calamagrostis billardierei* (R.Br.) Steud. | |


title: Lachnaia italica

abstract: Lachnaia italica is a species of short-horned leaf beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Clytrinae. This species is found in Italy, France, and Slovenia. These beetles are 75–10 millimetres (2.95–0.39 in) long, the head and pronotum are black, the elytra are bright yellow-orange, with six black dots. Adults mainly feeds on Rosaceae (Rubus) and Fagaceae (Quercus) species. Larvae live in nests of red wood ant, feeding on vegetable refuses.

text:
# Lachnaia italica

***Lachnaia italica*** is a species of short-horned leaf beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Clytrinae.

This species is found in Italy, France, and Slovenia.

These beetles are 75–10 millimetres (2.95–0.39 in) long, the head and pronotum are black, the elytra are bright yellow-orange, with six black dots.

Adults mainly feeds on Rosaceae (*Rubus*) and Fagaceae (*Quercus*) species. Larvae live in nests of red wood ant (Formica rufa), feeding on vegetable refuses.

## Subspecies

* *Lachnaia italica italica* (Weise, 1881)
* *Lachnaia italica occidentalis*  (Grasso, 1963)

* Horn A., 1951 - Verzeichnis der Kafer Mitteleuropas (Deutschland, Osterreich, Tschechoslovakei) mit kurzen funistischen Angaben - A. Keren Verlag, Stuttgart

## InfoBox

| *Lachnaia italica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *L. italica* ssp. *italica* | |
|  | |
| *L. italica* – Lateral view | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Subfamily: | Cryptocephalinae |
| Tribe: | Clytrini |
| Genus: | *Lachnaia* |
| Species: | ***L. italica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lachnaia italica***<br>Weise, 1881 | |
|


title: Jürgen Creutzmann

abstract: Jürgen Creutzmann is a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who served as a member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014.

text:
# Jürgen Creutzmann

**Jürgen Creutzmann** (born 4 October 1945 in Speyer, Germany) is a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who served as a member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014.

## Early life and work

Creutzmann was born in Speyer and finished secondary school in Heidelberg in 1966. Subsequently, he studied Business Administration at the University of Mannheim. After working for an audit firm, he began his career at the chemical company BASF in 1973, where he was employed until 2006. Between 1973 and 1988, he was responsible for the consolidated financial statement of the BASF SE Group. As Director Subsidiaries Accounting Services, he was responsible for the accountancy of 50 subsidiaries and holdings of BASF from 1988 until 2006.

Creutzmann is married with two children.

## Political career

### Career in state politics

In 1965, Creutzmann became a member of the Jungdemokraten, then the FDP’s youth organisation, and was elected a member of the executive board of their regional group in Rhineland-Palatinate. He joined the FDP in the subsequent year and was leader of the FDP in Speyer between 1971 and 1973. Creutzmann became a member of the executive board of the FDP Rhineland-Palatinate in 1983 and has been its treasurer since then. In 1998, Creutzmann became a member of the Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate. At first, Creutzmann was spokesman of the FDP’s parliamentary group in the Landtag and its vice chairman between 1999 and 2001. From 2006 until 2009, he was spokesman for European politics. Between 2001 and 2006, he was vice president of the Landtag and subsequently leader of its Committee for European affairs.

### Member of the European Parliament, 2009–2014

In 2009, Creutzmann was elected a member of the European Parliament and accordingly resigned his seat in the Landtag. He served the treasurer and member of the executive board of the FDP’s delegation in the European Parliament, which belongs to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE). He was a full member of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection, substitute member of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, and member of the parliament's delegation for relations with Canada. Furthermore, he served as vice chairman of the SME Intergroup, a working group open to all members of parliament which is concerned with the promotion of the interests of small and medium enterprises.


title: Gnathamitermes

abstract: Gnathamitermes is a genus of termites in the family Termitidae. There are about six described species in Gnathamitermes.

text:
# Gnathamitermes

***Gnathamitermes*** is a genus of termites in the family Termitidae. There are about six described species in *Gnathamitermes*.

## Species

These six species belong to the genus *Gnathamitermes*:

## Further reading

* Krishna, Kumar; Grimaldi, David A.; Krishna, Valerie; Engel, Michael S. (2013). "Treatise on the Isoptera of the world". *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History* (377). hdl:2246/6430.

## InfoBox

| *Gnathamitermes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Blattodea |
| Infraorder: | Isoptera |
| Family: | Termitidae |
| Subfamily: | Termitinae |
| Genus: | *Gnathamitermes*<br>Light, 1932 |
|
| Diversity | |
| 4 species | |


title: Gerald MacIntosh Johnston

abstract: Gerald MacIntosh Johnston, known professionally as Gerald Kent, was a Canadian Broadway stage and film actor who was captured at the Dieppe Raid during the Second World War and died in a German POW camp.

text:
# Gerald MacIntosh Johnston

**Gerald MacIntosh Johnston** (1 October 1904 – 5 November 1944), known professionally as **Gerald Kent**, was a Canadian Broadway stage and film actor who was captured at the Dieppe Raid during the Second World War and died in a German POW camp.

## Early life

Gerald MacIntosh Johnston was born on October 1, 1904, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada to James Macintosh Johnston and Clare Maud Mckay Johnston. He attended St. John's College before relocating to New York City in the United States in 1923. Johnston lived with his parents in New York, where he worked as a commercial model and in a stock company. Johnston had two uncles in Scotland.

## Stage and film career

While in New York Johnston began acting in local theater productions. He took the stage name *Gerald Kent* and appeared in numerous productions on and off Broadway. One of his first works was the production *Brass Buttons*. In 1928 producer Jed Harris offered Johnston a part in his Broadway production of *The Royal Family*. The following year Johnston played the leading man opposite Mae West in *Diamond Lil*, which had a run at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco and Biltmore Theatre in Los Angeles. In the credits of Berthold Viertel's 1934 film *Little Friend* Gerald Kent is listed as the Butler.

## World War II and death

Shortly after World War II broke out in Europe Johnston returned to Canada and joined the Canadian military. He served in the first battalion of *The Black Watch of Montreal* as a private; he later joined the commandos under Lord Louis Mountbatten, and in September 1940 Johnston deployed to England. In 1941, while stationed with his unit in Britain, Johnston landed a role in the film *From the Four Corners*, which was directed by Anthony Havelock-Allan and starred Leslie Howard. Johnston played a character based on himself, *Private J. Johnston*, who was a member of *The Black Watch of Canada* regiment. The next year the *Black Watch of Montreal* participated in the disastrous Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942. Johnston's status was unknown for months after the battle and he was listed as missing in action, until it was finally reported in December that he had been captured. Johnston, along with thousands of other Canadians captured at Dieppe, was transferred to Stalag II-D Prisoner-of-war camp located near Stargard in then Germany (now Poland). On November 5, 1944, Johnston was caught attempting to escape and was shot dead by guards after following their command to raise his hands. In January 1945, the Sunday Pictorial, published out of London, reported that Johnston's death occurred during a mass escape of 1,500 Canadian P.O.W's. Several days later the Toronto Daily Star rebuked this story, calling it pure "fabrication" and the "figment of someone's imagination."

Johnston's remains are buried in the Heverlee War Cemetery in Belgium.

## Stage performances

* October–November 1933 – *A Divine Drudge* at Royale Theatre in New York. Role: *Kid Pauker*.

* June–December 1932 – *That's Gratitude*  at Waldorf Theatre in New York. Role: *Clayton Lorimer*.

* February 1932 – *New York to Cherbourg* at Forrest Theatre in New York. Role: *Floyd Warren*.

* 1929 – *Diamond Lil* at Curran Theatre in San Francisco and Biltmore Theatre in Los Angeles. Role: *Salvation Army Captain.*
* 1929 – "Bond Players" at the Show Shop in East Islip, New York.
* 1928 – *The Royal Family* at Selwyn Theatre in New York.

* December 1927 – *Brass Buttons* at Bijou Theatre in New York. Role: *Kid Dickson.*


title: Petr Johana

abstract: Petr Johana is a former Czech professional footballer who lastly played for FK SIAD Most in the Czech National Football League.

text:
# Petr Johana

**Petr Johana** (born 1 November 1976) is a former Czech professional footballer who lastly played for FK SIAD Most in the Czech National Football League.

## Career

Johana has played as a defender for Vestel Manisaspor in the Turkish Super League. Previous clubs he had played for during his career as a player before joining the Turkish League were FC MUS Most, FC Slovan Liberec and Sparta Prague.

He made his debut for the Czech Republic in a June 2001 World Cup qualification match against Denmark and has earned 13 caps, scoring one goal. His final international game was a November 2003 friendly match against Canada.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Petr Johana
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1976-11-01) 1 November 1976 | | |
| Place of birth | Most, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1984–1990 | SFK Meziboří | | |
| 1990–1995 | Chemopetrol Litvínov | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995 | Ústí nad Labem |  |  |
| 1995–1996 | Slavia Karlovy Vary |  |  |
| 1996–2000 | MUS Most | 65 | (4) |
| 2000–2003 | Slovan Liberec | 88 | (9) |
| 2003–2005 | Sparta Prague | 39 | (2) |
| 2005–2007 | Vestel Manisaspor | 35 | (3) |
| 2007–2008 | SIAD Most | 11 | (0) |
| 2008–2010 | Magna Wiener Neustadt | 50 | (7) |
| 2010–2014 | Mladá Boleslav | 67 | (8) |
| 2014 | SIAD Most |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2001–2003 | Czech Republic | 13 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Frank Heffernan

abstract: James Francis Heffernan was a Canadian hockey defenceman and coach. He played several years of senior hockey for amateur clubs before spending part of the 1919–20 season with the Toronto St. Patricks of the National Hockey League. He served as player-coach for part of the season before retiring from playing.

text:
# Frank Heffernan

**James Francis Heffernan** (January 12, 1892 – December 21, 1938) was a Canadian hockey defenceman and coach. He played several years of senior hockey for amateur clubs before spending part of the 1919–20 season with the Toronto St. Patricks of the National Hockey League. He served as player-coach for part of the season before retiring from playing.

## Playing career

From Peterborough, Ontario, Heffernan played junior hockey in his hometown and then played at the senior level in Toronto with the Toronto Rugby and Athletic Association (TR&AA) club (1912 to 1914) and the Toronto Victorias (1914–15). He played in the United States from 1915 to 1918 with the Brooklyn Crescents and the New York Wanderers before returning to Canada and joining the senior amateur Toronto St. Patricks in the Ontario Hockey Association.

In December 1919, a group affiliated with the St. Pats took over the Toronto franchise in the National Hockey League, renaming the team the Toronto St. Patricks with Heffernan as player-coach and co-owner. The NHL credits Heffernan with coaching 12 games, with five wins and seven losses. He was replaced as coach during the season by Harvey Sproule and sold his stake in the team in December 1920. The club would become the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1927. Heffernan was said to be joining the rival Canadian Hockey League, but it never got off the ground.

Heffernan was also a competitive football player with the TR&AA club, winning the Ontario Rugby Football Union senior championship. He died in 1938 in a New York City hotel room and is buried in St. Peter's Catholic Cemetery in his native Peterborough, Ontario.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1910–11 | Peterborough Juniors | OHA Jr | |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1911–12 | Ottawa College | OCHL | |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1912–13 | Toronto R&AA | OHA Sr | | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 |  |
| 1913–14 | Toronto R&AA | OHA Sr | | 6 | 4 | 0 | 4 |  | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 1914–15 | Toronto Victorias | OHA Sr | | 6 | 5 | 0 | 5 |  | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 1915–16 | Brooklyn Crescents | AAHL | | 8 | 7 | 0 | 7 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1916–17 | Springhill Miners | NSAPC | | 2 | 6 | 0 | 6 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1916–17 | Brooklyn Crescents | AAHL | | 8 | 3 | 0 | 3 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1917–18 | New York Wanderers | USNHL | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1918–19 | Toronto St. Patricks | OHA Sr | | 9 | 6 | 3 | 9 |  | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |  |
| 1919–20 | Toronto St. Patricks | NHL | | 19 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 19 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |

### Coaching record

| Team | Year | Regular Season | | | | | | | Post Season |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | G | W | L | T | OTL | Pts | Finish | Result |
| Toronto St. Patricks | 1919–20 | 12 | 5 | 7 | 0 |  | 10 | 3rd in NHL | (resigned) |

## InfoBox

| Frank Heffernan | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1892-01-12)January 12, 1892
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Died | December 21, 1938(1938-12-21) (aged 46)
New York City, New York, U.S. | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 209 lb (95 kg; 14 st 13 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Toronto St. Patricks | | |
| Playing career | 19121920 | | |


title: HMPAC Puffin

abstract: The HMPAC Puffin was a British man-powered aircraft designed by a team headed by John Wimpenny, an aerodynamicist at the de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was built by the Hatfield Man Powered Aircraft Club (HMPAC) on the company's premises in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. On 2 May 1962, Wimpenny, aged 39, piloted the Puffin at the Hatfield Aerodrome, pedalling to power the propeller, achieving a flight distance of 995 yd (910 m), a world record which was to stand for ten years. The Puffin had a wingspan of 85 ft (26 m).

text:
# HMPAC Puffin

The **HMPAC Puffin** was a British man-powered aircraft designed by a team headed by John Wimpenny, an aerodynamicist at the de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was built by the Hatfield Man Powered Aircraft Club (HMPAC) on the company's premises in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. On 2 May 1962, Wimpenny, aged 39, piloted the Puffin at the Hatfield Aerodrome, pedalling to power the propeller, achieving a flight distance of 995 yd (910 m), a world record which was to stand for ten years. The Puffin had a wingspan of 85 ft (26 m).

## Puffin II

An improved version of the Puffin was developed and built in 1965 as the HMPAC Puffin II. First flown on 27 August 1965, the Puffin II utilized the transmission components of the Puffin I in a completely new airframe.

After it had been damaged, the Puffin II airframe was given to Liverpool University, who used it to build the Liverpuffin.

## Specifications

*Data from* Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1962–63

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 20 ft (6.1 m) (excluding nose boom)
* **Wingspan:** 84 ft (26 m)
* **Height:** 9 ft 4 in (2.84 m)
* **Wing area:** 330 sq ft (31 m2)
* **Empty weight:** 118 lb (54 kg)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Human athlete
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed wooden, 9 ft (2.7 m) diameter

* Taylor, John W. R. (1962). *Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1962–63*. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Puffin | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Human-Powered Aircraft |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Manufacturer | Hatfield Man Powered Aircraft Club (HMPAC) |
| Designer | John Wimpenny |
| First flight | 16 November 1961 |
| Number built | 2 |


title: Igor Nenezić

abstract: Igor Nenezić is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper, and works as a goalkeeper coach, for NK Dekani.

text:
# Igor Nenezić

**Igor Nenezić** (born 23 March 1984) is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper, and works as a goalkeeper coach, for NK Dekani.

## Club career

Nenezić was born in Kranj and played football with NK Triglav Kranj before starting his professional career with NK Primorje. After spending five years with Triglav Kranj and five years with Primorje, Nenezić transferred to FC Koper. Nenezić moved abroad for the first time in his career in 2014 to play for Iranian club Rah Ahan.

On 11 January 2017, he returned to FC Koper.

## International career

Nenezić played for youth selections of Slovenian national football team, and was also called up several times for the senior team by Matjaž Kek, during Slovenia's EURO 2008 qualifying campaign as a replacement goalkeeper, but failed to make an appearance.

## Coaching and later career

In the summer 2022, Nenezić was appointed goalkeeper coach of NK Dekani. In February 2023, 38-year old Nenezić was registered as a player for the team, beside his coaching duties. Among other things, he sat on the bench in a match against NK Rogaška on 15 April 2023.

## Honours

### Club

Koper

## InfoBox

Igor Nenezić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Igor Nenezić | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-03-23) 23 March 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | Kranj, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Dekani | | |
| Number | 22 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–2003 | Triglav Kranj | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003–2005 | Triglav Kranj | 16 | (0) |
| 2005–2009 | Primorje | 83 | (0) |
| 2009–2014 | Koper | 70 | (0) |
| 2014–2016 | Rah Ahan | 30 | (0) |
| 2017–2019 | Koper | 17 | (0) |
| 2019 | Izola | 9 | (0) |
| 2019–2020 | Koper | 19 | (0) |
| 2020 | Dekani | 0 | (0) |
| 2021 | Koper | 0 | (0) |
| 2023– | Dekani | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2001 | Slovenia U17 | 12 | (0) |
| 2003–2005 | Slovenia U20 | 3 | (0) |
| 2004–2006 | Slovenia U21 | 7 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2022– | Dekani (goalkeeper coach) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 19 August 2019 | | | |


abstract: The Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey statistical leaders are individual statistical leaders of the Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey program in various categories, including goals, assists, points, and saves. Within those areas, the lists identify single-game, single-season, and career leaders. The Mavericks represent the University of Nebraska Omaha in the NCAA's National Collegiate Hockey Conference. Omaha began competing in intercollegiate ice hockey in 1997. These lists are updated through the end of the 2020–21 season.

text:
# Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey statistical leaders

The **Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey statistical leaders** are individual statistical leaders of the Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey program in various categories, including goals, assists, points, and saves. Within those areas, the lists identify single-game, single-season, and career leaders. The Mavericks represent the University of Nebraska Omaha in the NCAA's National Collegiate Hockey Conference.

Omaha began competing in intercollegiate ice hockey in 1997. These lists are updated through the end of the 2020–21 season.

## Goals

## Assists

## Points

## Saves


title: Warrumbungles

abstract: The Warrumbungles is a mountain range in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The nearest town is Coonabarabran. The area is easiest accessed from the Newell Highway which is the major road link directly between Melbourne, Victoria and Brisbane, Queensland and cuts across inland New South Wales from the north to the south. As the range is between the moist eastern coastal zone and the dryer plains to the west, it has provided protection for flora and fauna suited to both habitats. There are over 120 bird species identified on the range, including lories and lorikeets, rosellas and parrots. The centre of the range has served as an area of protection for a healthy and content colony of grey kangaroos. These animals have become fairly tame due to constant visitor attention and are easily approached. The Siding Spring Observatory is located on Mount Woorut, an eastern peak. The area has little to no light pollution to disturb astronomical viewing. In 2016, the International Dark-Sky Association declared the Warrumbungle National Park as Australia's first International Dark Sky Park. The Warrumbungles hosted the 2006 World Rogaining Championships.

text:
# Warrumbungles

The **Warrumbungles** is a mountain range in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The nearest town is Coonabarabran. The area is easiest accessed from the Newell Highway which is the major road link directly between Melbourne, Victoria and Brisbane, Queensland and cuts across inland New South Wales from the north to the south.

As the range is between the moist eastern coastal zone and the dryer plains to the west, it has provided protection for flora and fauna suited to both habitats. There are over 120 bird species identified on the range, including lories and lorikeets, rosellas and parrots. The centre of the range has served as an area of protection for a healthy and content colony of grey kangaroos. These animals have become fairly tame due to constant visitor attention and are easily approached.

The Siding Spring Observatory is located on Mount Woorut, an eastern peak. The area has little to no light pollution to disturb astronomical viewing. In 2016, the International Dark-Sky Association declared the Warrumbungle National Park as Australia's first International Dark Sky Park.

The Warrumbungles hosted the 2006 World Rogaining Championships.

## Geology

The base of the region was formed 180 million years ago. At that time a lake was formed that allowed sediment to slowly compress into sandstone. The Warrumbungles are the remnants of a large heavily eroded shield volcano which was active from 13 to 17 million years ago. The volcano is estimated to have been 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) high and 50 kilometres (31 mi) wide. It formed as volcanic explosions occurred over millions of years. The remaining complex rocky formations are what is left after millions of years of erosion.

### Physiography

This area is also known as the Warrumbungle-Liverpool Basalt Ranges, which is a distinct physiographic section of the larger Hunter-Hawkesbury Sunkland province, which in turn is part of the larger East Australian Cordillera physiographic division.

### Formations

The Warrumbungles - panorama

The main features of the Warrumbungle mountains are a series of huge jagged outcrops in a roughly circular pattern, surrounded by hilly bush and woodland forest. Dykes, plugs and domes are common and mostly made from trachyte. The Grand High Tops is a section of the range where volcanic remnants are especially clustered. These vents and rocky formations are all named - Belougery Spire, Belougery Split Rock, Crater Bluff, Bluff Mountain, The Breadknife and Mount Exmouth. Pyroclastic rock is found in this area. The Breadknife, a straight wall of jagged rock nearly 100 metres (330 ft) high, is particularly rare. There is an extensive network of nine walking tracks across the central peaks.

Towards the southeast a broad belt of basalt outcrops extends towards the Liverpool Range. Near Chalk Mountain are outcrops of diatomite. Outer stretches of the volcano are made up of hawaiite and mugearite.

## History

The first European to sight and explore the area was John Oxley in 1818 on second expedition through New South Wales. Oxley named the range the Arbuthnot Range. The Gamilaroi name Warrumbungles which means 'crooked mountains' became the most common name.

Belougery Spire was first ascended by Eric Dark and Osmar White in 1932, and Crater Bluff by Dark and Dorothy English (better known by her later married name, Dorothy 'Dot' Butler) in 1936. The Breadknife was not ascended until 1954, by Russ Kippax and Bill Peascod. Climbing on the Breadknife has since been banned, to protect the walking track along its base from rockfall. *Lieben*, on Crater Bluff, was the most difficult rock climb in Australia for many years after its first ascent by Bryden Allen and Ted Batty in 1962. It was graded 17 – the hardest grade in the Ewbank system at the time – but is generally agreed to be much harder.

By 1953, 3,360 hectares (8,300 acres) of the range was recognised for its natural heritage and preserved as Warrumbungle National Park. In 2011, it was reported that the national park is contained within 23,311 hectares (57,600 acres).

* Colyvan, Mark (1994). *The Warrumbungles*. Wild Publications (insert in Rock Magazine no. 20).

Media related to Warrumbungle National Park at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Warrumbungles | |
| --- | --- |
| Completing a circuit around the jagged Breadknife is a steep hike taking about five hours. | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Mount Exmouth |
| Elevation | 1,206 m (3,957 ft) |
| Geography | |
| Location of the Warrumbungle Range in New South Wales | |
| Country | Australia |
| State | New South Wales |
| Range coordinates | 31°12′S 148°54′E / 31.200°S 148.900°E / -31.200; 148.900 |
| Geology | |
| Formed by | Shield volcano |
| Age of rock | Cenozoic |


title: Lacrimal gland

abstract: The lacrimal glands are paired exocrine glands, one for each eye, found in most terrestrial vertebrates and some marine mammals, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. In humans, they are situated in the upper lateral region of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis. The lacrimal gland produces tears which are secreted by the lacrimal ducts, and flow over the ocular surface, and then into canals that connect to the lacrimal sac. From that sac, the tears drain through the lacrimal duct into the nose. Anatomists divide the gland into two sections, a palpebral lobe, or portion, and an orbital lobe or portion. The smaller palpebral lobe lies close to the eye, along the inner surface of the eyelid; if the upper eyelid is everted, the palpebral portion can be seen. The orbital lobe of the gland, contains fine interlobular ducts that connect the orbital lobe and the palpebral lobe. They unite to form three to five main secretory ducts, joining five to seven ducts in the palpebral portion before the secreted fluid may enter on the surface of the eye. Tears secreted collect in the fornix conjunctiva of the upper lid, and pass over the eye surface to the lacrimal puncta, small holes found at the inner corner of the eyelids. These pass the tears through the lacrimal canaliculi on to the lacrimal sac, in turn to the nasolacrimal duct, which dumps them out into the nose. Lacrimal glands are also present in other mammals, such as horses.

text:
# Lacrimal gland

The **lacrimal glands** are paired exocrine glands, one for each eye, found in most terrestrial vertebrates and some marine mammals, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. In humans, they are situated in the upper lateral region of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis. The lacrimal gland produces tears which are secreted by the lacrimal ducts, and flow over the ocular surface, and then into canals that connect to the lacrimal sac. From that sac, the tears drain through the lacrimal duct into the nose.

Anatomists divide the gland into two sections, a palpebral lobe, or portion, and an orbital lobe or portion. The smaller *palpebral lobe* lies close to the eye, along the inner surface of the eyelid; if the upper eyelid is everted, the palpebral portion can be seen.

The orbital lobe of the gland, contains fine **interlobular ducts** that connect the orbital lobe and the palpebral lobe. They unite to form three to five main secretory ducts, joining five to seven ducts in the palpebral portion before the secreted fluid may enter on the surface of the eye. Tears secreted collect in the fornix conjunctiva of the upper lid, and pass over the eye surface to the lacrimal puncta, small holes found at the inner corner of the eyelids. These pass the tears through the lacrimal canaliculi on to the lacrimal sac, in turn to the nasolacrimal duct, which dumps them out into the nose.

Lacrimal glands are also present in other mammals, such as horses.

## Structure

### Histology

The lacrimal gland is a compound tubuloacinar gland, it is made up of many lobules separated by connective tissue, each lobule contains many acini. The acini composed of large serous cells which, produce a watery serous secretion, serous cells are filled with lightly stained secretory granules and surrounded by well-developed myoepithelial cells and a sparse, vascular stroma. Each acinus consists of a grape-like mass of *lacrimal gland cells* with their apices pointed to a central lumen.

The central lumen of many of the units converge to form intralobular ducts, and then they unite to form interlobular ducts. The gland lacks striated ducts.

### Blood supply

The lacrimal gland receives blood from the lacrimal artery, which is a branch of the ophthalmic artery. Blood from the gland drains to the superior ophthalmic vein.

### Lymphatic drainage

No lymphatic vessels have been observed draining the lacrimal gland.

### Nerve supply

The lacrimal gland is innervated by the lacrimal nerve, which is the smallest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). After the lacrimal nerve branches from the ophthalmic nerve it receives a communicating branch from the zygomatic nerve. This communicating branch carries postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the pterygopalatine ganglion. The lacrimal nerve passes anteriorly in the orbit and through the lacrimal gland providing parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to it.

#### Parasympathetic innervation

The parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland is a complex pathway which traverses through numerous structures in the head. Ultimately this two-neuron pathway involving both a preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic neuron increases the secretion of lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal gland. The preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in the superior salivatory nucleus. They project axons which exit the brainstem as part of the facial nerve (CN VII). Within the facial canal at the geniculate ganglion the axons branch from the facial nerve forming the greater petrosal nerve. This nerve exits the facial canal through the hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve in the petrous part of the temporal bone. It emerges to the middle cranial fossa and travels anteromedially to enter the foramen lacerum. Within the foramen lacerum it joins to the deep petrosal nerve to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal and then passes through this canal. It emerges in the pterygopalatine fossa and enters the pterygopalatine ganglion where the preganglionic parasympathetic axons synapse with the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. The postganglionic neurons then send axons which travel with the zygomatic nerve to enter the inferior orbital fissure. As the zygomatic nerve travels anteriorly in the orbit it sends a communicating branch to the lacrimal nerve which carries the postganglionic parasympathetic axons. The lacrimal nerve completes this long pathway by travelling through the lacrimal gland and sending branches to which it provides parasympathetic innervation to increase the secretion of lacrimal fluid.

#### Sympathetic innervation

Sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland is of less physiologic importance than the parasympathetic innervation, however there are noradrenergic axons found within the lacrimal gland. Their cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion.

## Clinical significance

In contrast to the normal moisture of the eyes or even crying, there can be persistent dryness, scratching, itchiness and burning in the eyes, which are signs of dry eye syndrome (DES) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). With this syndrome, the lacrimal glands produce less lacrimal fluid, which mainly occurs with aging or certain medications. The Schirmer test, conducted by placing a thin strip of filter paper at the edge of the eye, can be used to determine the level of dryness of the eye. Many medications or diseases that cause dry eye syndrome can also cause hyposalivation with xerostomia. Treatment varies according to aetiology and includes avoidance of exacerbating factors, tear stimulation and supplementation, increasing tear retention, eyelid cleansing, and treatment of eye inflammation.

In addition, the following can be associated with lacrimal gland pathology:

## Additional images

## InfoBox

| Lacrimal gland | |
| --- | --- |
| Lacrimal apparatus of the right eye. The **lacrimal gland** is to the upper left. The right side of the picture is towards the nose. | |
| Tear system.

a = lacrimal gland
b = superior lacrimal punctum
c = superior lacrimal canal
d = lacrimal sac
e = inferior lacrimal punctum
f = inferior lacrimal canal
g = nasolacrimal canal | |
| Details | |
| Artery | Lacrimal artery |
| Vein | Superior ophthalmic vein |
| Nerve | Lacrimal nerve |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *glandula lacrimalis* |
| TA98 | A15.2.07.057 |
| TA2 | 6846 |
| FMA | 59101 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Pseudorhabdosynochus argus

abstract: Pseudorhabdosynochus argus is a diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of groupers. It was described in 2007.

text:
# Pseudorhabdosynochus argus

***Pseudorhabdosynochus argus*** is a diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of groupers. It was described in 2007.

## Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from the mythological Argus Panoptes; it was given in reference to the species' type-host, *Cephalopholis argus*.

## Description

*Pseudorhabdosynochus argus* is a small monogenean. The species has the general characteristics of other species of *Pseudorhabdosynochus*, with a flat body and a posterior haptor, which is the organ by which the monogenean attaches itself to the gill of is host. The haptor bears two squamodiscs, one ventral and one dorsal. The sclerotized male copulatory organ, or "quadriloculate organ", has the shape of a bean with four internal chambers, as in other species of *Pseudorhabdosynochus*. The vagina includes a sclerotized part, which is a complex structure.

## Hosts and localities

The grouper *Cephalopholis argus* is the type-host of *Pseudorhabdosynochus argus*. The type-locality is the barrier reef off Nouméa, New Caledonia. The parasite has also been found in the same fish species near Heron Island, off Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudorhabdosynochus argus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Monogenea |
| Order: | Dactylogyridea |
| Family: | Diplectanidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudorhabdosynochus* |
| Species: | ***P. argus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudorhabdosynochus argus***<br>Justine, 2007 | |
|


title: Gnathacmaeops brachypterus

abstract: Gnathacmaeops brachypterus is a species of long-horned beetle in the subfamily Lepturinae. This beetle is distributed in China, and Kazakhstan.

text:
# Gnathacmaeops brachypterus

***Gnathacmaeops brachypterus*** is a species of long-horned beetle in the subfamily Lepturinae. This beetle is distributed in China, and Kazakhstan.

## InfoBox

| *Gnathacmaeops brachypterus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Gnathacmaeops* |
| Species: | ***G. brachypterus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gnathacmaeops brachypterus***<br>(K. Daniel & J. Daniel, 1899) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acmaeops brachyptera* K. Daniel & J. Daniel, 1899 | |


title: Gerald M. Loeb

abstract: Gerald Martin Loeb was a founding partner of E.F. Hutton & Co., a renowned Wall Street trader and brokerage firm. He was the author of the books The Battle For Investment Survival and The Battle For Stock Market Profits. Loeb promoted a view of the market as too risky to hold stocks for the long term in contrast to well known value investors. He also created the Gerald Loeb Award, given annually for excellence in various categories of financial journalism. He was married to Rose Lobree Benjamin.

text:
# Gerald M. Loeb

**Gerald Martin Loeb** (July 24, 1899 – April 13, 1974) was a founding partner of E.F. Hutton & Co., a renowned Wall Street trader and brokerage firm. He was the author of the books *The Battle For Investment Survival* and *The Battle For Stock Market Profits*. Loeb promoted a view of the market as too risky to hold stocks for the long term in contrast to well known value investors. He also created the Gerald Loeb Award, given annually for excellence in various categories of financial journalism.

He was married to Rose Lobree Benjamin.

## Early life

Loeb was born to Dahlia H. Levy and Solomon E. Loeb on July 24, 1899, in San Francisco, California. His brother, Sydney, was born on December 14, 1903. Solomon was a wealthy wine merchant from New Orleans. Dahlia was the daughter of Herman M. Levy, a wealthy merchant who made his fortune selling goods to miners during the California gold rush and the Comstock Lode silver rush in Nevada.

Two family tragedies struck Loeb when he was eight years old. First, his maternal grandfather died on June 25, 1908. Then, a week later on the 4th of July, his father was killed in a train collision in downtown Oakland while returning from a day trip to Santa Cruz to make arrangements for an upcoming family vacation there. A local train struck the smoking car of a Southern Pacific Railroad (SPR) train after the SPR train's engineer ignored the stop signal at the intersection of two tracks, killing several people in the car. SPR paid Dahlia and her children an $8,000 settlement (equivalent to $270,000 in 2023) split evenly among the three. The deaths of Loeb's father and grandfather made his mother very wealthy.

Loeb was afflicted with polio around the time of his father's death. The disease interfered with his schooling and derailed his ambitions to become an architect.

Loeb graduated from Lowell High School in San Francisco.

## Career and writing

Loeb began his career in 1921, working in the bond department of a securities firm in San Francisco. He moved to New York in 1924 after joining E. F. Hutton & Co., and became vice-chairman of the board when the company incorporated in 1962.

Although he had largely avoided personal losses, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 greatly affected Loeb's investing style, making him skeptical of holding stocks for the long term. Loeb offered a contrarian investing viewpoint, in books and columns in *Barron's*, *The Wall Street Journal*, and *Investor Magazine*. *Forbes* magazine called Loeb "the most quoted man on Wall Street."

Loeb's first book, *The Battle for Investment Survival* (1935), sold over 200,000 copies during the Great Depression. Loeb updated the book in 1957 and 1965, as it attained the status of a classic financial text. In 1971, Loeb published *The Battle for Stock Market Profits* as a follow-up to his original book where he depicted the market as a battlefield. Loeb's books are still widely read today and hailed by many as a staple for investment professionals.

## Personal life

Loeb married Rose Lobree Benjamin on April 11, 1947, in San Francisco. Rose, the widow of Shanghai real estate developer Maurice Benjamin, was born in 1900 or 1901 in Brentwood, California, to Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Lobree.

## Further reading

* Boik, John (2004). *Lessons from the Greatest Stock Traders of All Time*. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 47–67, "Chapter 3: Gerald M. Loeb". ISBN 0-07-143788-6.
* Loeb, Gerald M. (1960). *Loeb's Checklist for Buying Stocks*. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-42705-9.
* Martin, Ralph G. (1965). *The Wizard of Wall Street: The Story of Gerald M. Loeb*. W. Morrow. p. 192 pages.

## InfoBox

| Gerald M. Loeb | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Gerald Martin Loeb
(1899-07-24)July 24, 1899
San Francisco |
| Died | April 13, 1974(1974-04-13) (aged 74) |
| Occupation(s) | Stockbroker, Investment banker |
| Years active | 1921–1974 |
| Employer | E.F. Hutton & Co. |
| Known for | Wall Street Trader, author |