title: Hyborian War

abstract: Hyborian War is a play-by-mail game published by Reality Simulations, Inc. It takes place during the Hyborian Age in the world of Conan the Barbarian created by Robert E. Howard. The game has been continuously available for worldwide play since its inception in 1985 and has changed little in its overall format. It uses a computer program to adjudicate player orders. Although it relies on postal mail or email and has turnaround times which are relatively long for the digital age of video games, Hyborian War has remained active into the 21st century. The game is set within the heroic fantasy genre, also known as sword and sorcery. The central figure is Conan of Cimmeria, appearing in the game as a wandering hero whom players can employ until fortune takes him elsewhere. Game designer Edward Schoonover wove multiple aspects of Howard's stories into Hyborian War including diverse landscapes and cultures, grand armies, large-scale battles, wizards tipping the scales of power, and stories of courageous and heroic deeds. Gameplay is multifaceted: play-by-mail commentator Mike Scheid described it as "marvelously complex". There are 36 kingdoms available to players in small, medium, and large sizes, each with different victory conditions. A central focus of the game is conquest and expansion through military action and diplomacy. Intrigue, magic and other tools of statecraft in a fantasy setting are available to players. They can also collaborate to progress their game goals. A number of fan-based websites support the game with reference material and provide forums for player communication. The game has had an active player base since 1985. Its nadir for ratings and customer service was in the late 1980s and the 1990s, while its high points were in its early years and in the 21st century—periods during which it won multiple awards.

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# Hyborian War

***Hyborian War*** is a play-by-mail game published by Reality Simulations, Inc. It takes place during the Hyborian Age in the world of Conan the Barbarian created by Robert E. Howard. The game has been continuously available for worldwide play since its inception in 1985 and has changed little in its overall format. It uses a computer program to adjudicate player orders. Although it relies on postal mail or email and has turnaround times which are relatively long for the digital age of video games, *Hyborian War* has remained active into the 21st century.

The game is set within the heroic fantasy genre, also known as sword and sorcery. The central figure is Conan of Cimmeria, appearing in the game as a wandering hero whom players can employ until fortune takes him elsewhere. Game designer Edward Schoonover wove multiple aspects of Howard's stories into *Hyborian War* including diverse landscapes and cultures, grand armies, large-scale battles, wizards tipping the scales of power, and stories of courageous and heroic deeds.

Gameplay is multifaceted: play-by-mail commentator Mike Scheid described it as "marvelously complex". There are 36 kingdoms available to players in small, medium, and large sizes, each with different victory conditions. A central focus of the game is conquest and expansion through military action and diplomacy. Intrigue, magic and other tools of statecraft in a fantasy setting are available to players. They can also collaborate to progress their game goals. A number of fan-based websites support the game with reference material and provide forums for player communication. The game has had an active player base since 1985. Its nadir for ratings and customer service was in the late 1980s and the 1990s, while its high points were in its early years and in the 21st century—periods during which it won multiple awards.

## Play-by-mail genre

Play-by-mail (PBM) games feature a number of differences from tabletop games. The typical PBM game involves many more players than an average tabletop game can support. PBM game lengths are usually longer, depending on a number of factors. Turnaround time is how long a player has to prepare and submit "orders" (moves and changes to make in the game) and the company has to process them and send back turn results. The average turnaround time in the 1980s was two weeks, but some modern PBM games are play-by-email (PBEM) with shorter turnaround times of twice per week or faster. Open ended games allow players to strengthen their positions without end, with players continually entering and leaving the game. Examples include *Heroic Fantasy* and *Monster Island*. Conversely, closed end games typically have all players starting on equal terms, with rapid, intense, player vs. player gameplay that ends when a player or group achieves some victory condition or is unopposed. Examples include *Hyborian War* and *It's a Crime*. The complexity of PBM games can range from the relatively simple to the PBM game *Empyrean Challenge*, once described as "the most complex game system on Earth".

Once a player has chosen a game and receives an initial game setup, gameplay begins. This generally involves players filling out order sheets for a game (see example image) and sending them to the gaming company. The company processes the turns and returns the results to the player, who completes a subsequent order sheet. Diplomacy is also frequently an important—sometimes indispensable—part of gameplay. The initial choice of a PBM game requires consideration as there is a wide array of possible roles to play, from pirates to space characters to "previously unknown creatures". Close identification with a role typically increases a player's game satisfaction.

### History

Some games have long been played by mail, such as chess and Go, and more recently *Diplomacy*. The professional PBM industry began in 1970 when Flying Buffalo Inc. launched its first multi-player PBM game, *Nuclear Destruction*, in the United States. Flying Buffalo dominated the industry from 1970 to 1975, with Schubel & Son and Superior Simulations introducing games later in the decade. By 1980, the PBM field was growing but still nascent; there were only two sizable commercial PBM companies, and a few small ones.

In the 1980s, the PBM industry grew rapidly. Many small PBM companies opened as there were few barriers to entry, although most of these companies failed. Three independent PBM gaming magazines also began in the early 1980s: *Gaming Universal*, *Paper Mayhem*, and the UK-based *Flagship*. It was in this environment that Reality Simulations, Inc. (RSI) offered *Hyborian War* for play in 1985. The game has garnered numerous articles in the specialist PBM and gaming press since its release. In periodic PBM Game Ratings votes in *Paper Mayhem*, *Hyborian War* invariably attracted a relatively large number of votes, regardless of its final standing.

The 1990s brought additional changes to the PBM world. In the early 1990s, email became an option to transmit turn orders and results. In 1994, David Webber, *Paper Mayhem's* editor in chief expressed concern about disappointing growth in the PBM community and a reduction in play by established gamers. By the end of the 1990s, the number of PBM publications had also declined. *Gaming Universal's* final publication run ended in 1988. *Paper Mayhem* ceased publication unexpectedly in early 1998 after Webber's death. *Flagship* also later ceased publication. In the 21st century, a single PBM magazine exists—*Suspense and Decision*—which began publication in November 2013. This online magazine is supported by a smaller PBM community than in previous decades.

## Setting

Robert E. Howard created Conan, among other characters, while writing articles for the pulp magazine *Weird Tales* in the 1920s and 1930s. While doing so, he created what would become the sword and sorcery genre. It was not until after Howard's death in 1936 that Conan's star would reach its greatest heights. Conan has been published globally and featured in media including cartoons, comic books, role-playing games, toys, and motion pictures. Universal Pictures released the film *Conan the Barbarian* in 1982 and its sequel *Conan the Destroyer* in 1984, the latter a year before RSI offered *Hyborian War* for play.

*Hyborian War* takes place during the fictional Hyborian Age created by Howard who described it as occurring after the sinking of Atlantis, in "an Age undreamed of". Aspects of this setting that influenced *Hyborian War* game designer, Edward Schoonover, included its vast, diverse landscapes and its "splendid cultures". Another notable feature of Howard's stories that finds echoes in the game are the large-scale battles, with grand armies clashing in massive engagements and the fate of empires hanging in the balance. Howard also narrowed his storytelling focus to battlefield leaders to highlight individual feats of military skill, personal courage, and inspiration; providing a balance between grand, sweeping conflicts and personal battlefield deeds. Magic is also part of the Hyborian Age, with wizards wielding great, but not overwhelming, power.

The central figure of the Hyborian Age is Conan of Cimmeria, one of the northern, barbarian countries. Schoonover described Conan as Howard's "grim, brooding, bloodthirsty, and riveting hero". Conan fights in his first battle at age 15, already strong in stature. Soon after, he began his travels through the Hyborian Age nations as a mercenary, a pirate, "a kozak, a penniless vagabond, \[and\] a general". His adventures involved romances with women such as the pirate queen Bêlit and the mercenary Valeria; as well as fights with evil magicians such as Thoth-Amon. Later in life, he seized the throne of the mightiest kingdom of the age, Aquilonia, and ruled as its king.

## Gameplay

According to RSI, players in each game of *Hyborian War* are able to create an "alternate history" of the Hyborian Age. As in Howard's tales, Conan adventures through the lands of the Hyborian Age, but the events that surround him depend on the decisions of the players. To begin, players request a setup package and express kingdom preferences. There are numerous non-player kingdoms (those run by computer) within the game and 36 playable kingdoms available in three sizes—small, medium, and large—each with varying costs per turn. The setup kit includes a game map by Liz Danforth and a set of detailed game rules, while initial kingdom reports come in varying lengths. Orders are submitted by mail or email for simultaneous processing every 16 or 28 days for regular or slow games, respectively—the latter noted as suitable for international players or those needing more time for turns, as all turn results are sent back by postal mail. Turn results run to dozens of pages, providing detailed descriptions of kingdom facts and events in a narrative fashion.

Gameplay is multifaceted: PBM commentator Mike Scheid described it as "marvelously complex". Players must account for multiple interrelated factors, including balancing the ambition to expand with the management of their royal courts, diplomacy, economics, and the loyalty of subjects while conscripting troops. The game begins when Conan is sixteen years old and spans a period of about two hundred years. Conan appears in the game as a wandering hero whom players can use, when available before fortune takes him elsewhere. Players take an indirect role—that of power behind the throne of one of the playable kingdoms. The primary elements of gameplay include troops, provinces, and characters; the latter are able to conduct tasks such as adventuring, assassinating or kidnapping characters from other kingdoms, commanding large armies or navies, using magic, spying, and negotiating treaties.

Conquest and expansion to gain provinces and sea zones through military operations and diplomatic activities play a central role in *Hyborian War*. Military activities such as raids and invasions figure prominently, and there are hundreds of troop types and naval units: from standard infantry, cavalry and archer units, to more unusual unit types such as mammoths, undead, infantry, and mounted flying reptiles. Players can also augment their armies with magic. Invasions result in either open field battles, with large swirling masses of unorganized troops, or in set-piece battles with more options to arrange forces. In set-piece battles, different troop types are optimal for the center, the left and right lines, and the flanks. Terrain types also drive allowable battle configurations. The order for a set-piece battle pictured here shows eight units in columns and represents a battle occurring in the province of Xachotl in open, tundra, or oasis terrain. Only the victor of an invasion battle controls the province or sea zone.

Players may interact, both before and during games, to further their goals. RSI designed the game so players could conduct all necessary diplomacy within the game. This includes activities via the player command sheet such as negotiating peace treaties, disrupting external alliances and avoiding the influence of other kingdoms to prevent unwanted peace negotiations. Players not electing a privacy option can request the mailing address for the players of two other kingdoms per turn. Players can then use mail or online forums to conduct diplomatic activities outside the structure of the game.

Games usually last at least thirty turns but can continue for up to fifty. The game can end in two ways: one is by the map being dominated by a few players; the other is by an ice age beginning. At the start of an ice age, the four northern, "barbarian" countries of Asgard, Pictland, Vanaheim, and Conan's homeland of Cimmeria, are forced south and are each given a large kingdom to migrate to as well as the ability to freely move within the borders of any kingdom—friendly or enemy. This more unconstrained gameplay continues until the glacier encroachment of the ice age reaches an advanced stage.

Each kingdom has unique victory conditions, with some relying on wealth, some on mere survival, some requiring minimal expansion, and others requiring domination of half of the map. An initial goal a player can pursue is achieving imperial status, which provides a player with ten new military units. Pursuing this intermediate goal typically places players in competition for the same resources, whereas winning the game does not require achieving the status of empire. The player with the highest rating at the game conclusion is the winner; but, ratings are based on optimal performance from available starting resources, not on having the largest kingdom. For example, in Game No. 38—played in the late 1980s—gamer Mark Sheron noted that the small kingdom of Khoraja placed first over the large kingdom of Vendhya as Khoraja's relative improvement was superior, even though Vendhya's final territory size was more than twice that of Khoraja. This type of result is not unusual, and victory is not dependent on how large a kingdom becomes, but on how skillfully a kingdom has been played, among other factors.

## Game analysis

Analysis of game results has provided insights on victory trends and kingdom choices. For example—from a 1994 look at the first 200 *Hyborian War* games, of which 175 had listed winners—an assumption in the early years of play that large kingdoms were easier to win with was proven false, and a belief that some countries were easier to play and win with was proven true. Out of the 8 large, 8 small, and 20 medium playable kingdoms, the large countries were the most challenging to win with—the kingdom of Turan ended up as the most winning "large" choice, while the large kingdom of Nemedia scored the worst of all countries, regardless of size, with a single win out of 175. For medium kingdoms, Uttara Kuru was the easiest to win with, while the countries of Asgard, Cimmeria, and Zembabwei provided decent showings. Brythunia, Kosala, and Zamora were extremely challenging medium kingdoms to take first place with. The small kingdoms had the largest playability spread with Amazonia on the most playable end with 17 victories and Kusan and Punt with one victory each. Rick Cote suggests that this type of analysis allows players to play the odds on easier countries or to "champion a dark horse" for a more challenging game.

A more comprehensive 21st century listing with more than 400 *Hyborian War* victory listings appears to validate these trends. In this listing, Uttara Kuru (medium kingdom) remains the top winning kingdom with 34 wins, followed by Amazonia (small) with 32, Turan (large) with 25, Asgard (medium) with 23, and Cimmeria (medium) with 22. Rounding out the bottom of this list is Nemedia (large) with one win, Hyperborea (large) with two wins, Pictland (medium) and Khauran (medium) tied with three wins each, and Ophir (medium), Juma's Kingdom (small) Punt (small), and Zamora (medium) tied with four wins each.

## Development

Game designer Edward Schoonover created *Hyborian War* for gameplay within the world of Conan, as an homage to both the character and his creator, Robert E. Howard. A year of research reportedly went into game development. Schoonover designed the game with "sweeping history, great battles", and other aspects such as kingdoms, grand armies, and diverse leaders reflecting elements of Howard's Hyborian Age. In the Conan stories magic plays an important, but not decisive, role—a factor which Schoonover replicated in the game design.

In 1985, RSI opened the game for play. Over time, RSI moved the game to a new mini-computer system—later named ICARUS—and processed the game there as of March 30, 1986. Program modifications continued in the early years after release in order to further improve gameplay. After the game's first four years, Schoonover said *Hyborian War* was a "very good game" but would continue to receive programming improvement, not because it wasn't commercially successful, but because the game deserved high standards as a tribute to Conan and Howard.

The basic tenets of the game remain largely similar to their original form. However, over the years players have recommended additional changes, and RSI has made game improvements. Charles Mosteller, in the September 2017 issue of *Suspense and Decision*, an online play-by-mail magazine, noted that in his communications with RSI leadership that the company appeared to be receptive to future game adjustments.

New possibilities emerged for players with the advent of the internet. While the play-by-mail format remained, RSI added an option to submit turns orders by email. Multiple online fan sites also emerged, providing collections of reference material and commentaries about the game as well as forums for players to collaborate. These websites allow the organization of specifically-formatted games (such as no contact between players) and to practice interpersonal game statecraft—in some cases before a game begins.

## Reception and legacy

*Hyborian War* opened in 1985 to a generally positive reception. It was reviewed in 1987 in *Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer*, with the comment that minor improvements were still needed but RSI deserved credit for delivering the game at the promised level of quality. Reviewer Bud Link said in the August/September 1987 issue of *Gaming Universal* it was "perhaps one of the finest demonstrations of creative writing in the rulebook and turn reports, upon a continuing basis". In the same year, Link also published "The Hyborian Chronicles", one of several fiction articles to be written about the game in the 1980s and 1990s. The game tied for the No. 1 spot for Best Play By Mail Game of 1987 in *Paper Mayhem*, a magazine for play-by-mail games. The following year, it had slipped to the No. 2 spot for Best PBM Game of 1988. In 1989, it was tied for No. 5, and in 1990 tied for No. 8.

In 1988, Vickie Lloyd's review in *Paper Mayhem* noted that the game had several positive aspects with some challenges in gameplay remaining. Other observers noted significant issues with RSI's customer service during this period. In reviews of play-by-mail games in the late 1980s and early 1990s, *Paper Mayhem* readers ranked *Hyborian War* consistently in the bottom 25 percent of games based on playability, design, and product understanding. In 1991, reviewer Rick Cote noted this trend, while also identifying that RSI had made improvements to the game over the previous years.

In the digital age, *Hyborian War* has secured a largely positive reputation. In 2008, the game won the Origins Award for Best Play By Mail Game. In January 2014, reviewer J.D. gave the game a 7 out of 10 in the online magazine *Suspense and Decision*, noting drawbacks such as "forced peace treaties", troop type issues, and character skill gaps in certain kingdoms—balanced by the game accounting for the factors of actual warfare along with diplomacy, intrigue, and other positives which retain players. In March 2014, reviewer Robert Paquin identified the diversity of the 36 playable kingdoms as a "major drawing point", noting that he had "yet to encounter such a gaming experience quite like this one anywhere else". Though most play-by-mail companies have fallen by the wayside, RSI's *Hyborian War* continues to remain active into the 21st century.

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* Reality Simulations Inc. "Player Interaction and Diplomacy". *Reality.com*. Reality Simulations. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
* Reality Simulations Inc. "Questions and Answers about Hyborian War". *Reality.com*. Reality Simulations. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
* Reality Simulations Inc. "Setting". *Reality.com*. Reality Simulations. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
* Reality Simulations Inc. "Set-up Rules". *Reality.com*. Reality Simulations. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
* Reality Simulations Inc. "Troops". *Reality.com*. Reality Simulations. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
* Reality Simulations Inc. "Victory Conditions". *Reality.com*. Reality Simulations. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
* Road of Kings Staff Member (Crom) (October 25, 2018). "Road of Kings: HW039—Privacy, Semi-random Positions". *Road of Kings*. www.warbarron.com. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
* Road of Kings Staff Member (Crom) (April 11, 2020). "Open Kingdoms in Upcoming HW Games". *Road of Kings*. www.warbarron.com. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
* Road of Kings Staff Member (Crom) (August 1, 2009). "Startups of the Hyborian Kingdoms". *Road of Kings*. www.warbarron.com. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
* Scheid, Mike (November–December 1987). "Hyborian War: How to Get the Most from Your Characters". *Paper Mayhem*. No. 27. p. 13.
* Sheron, Mark (July–August 1988). "Is Bigger Really Better? A Look at Kingdom Size in Hyborian War". *Paper Mayhem*. No. 31. p. 40.
* Sheron, Mark (January–February 1988). "Close But No Cigar (Which is OK, Because I Don't Smoke)". *Paper Mayhem*. No. 40. p. 40.
* Schoonover, Edward (October–November 1990). "PBM Corner". *White Wolf Magazine*. No. 23. p. 40.
* Schultz, Mark in "Foreword" in Howard, Robert E. (2002). *The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian*. New York: Random House. pp. xv–xvi. ISBN 9780345461513.
* *Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer* editors (February–March 1987). "It Lives, Igor. It Lives!!!". *Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer*. No. 77. Diverse Talents. p. 45.
* "The 2008 Origins Awards—Presented at Origins 2009". *GAMA*. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012.
* Townsend, Jim (January–February 1987). "How to Win in PBM—An Organizational Viewpoint". *Paper Mayhem*. No. 22. p. 29.
* Townsend, Jim (March–April 1987). "A Real Look at Heroic Fantasy". *Paper Mayhem*. No. 23. p. 24.
* Townsend, Jim (1988). "The PBM Corner". *White Wolf Magazine*. No. 11. p. 20.
* Webber, David (March–April 1988). "Where We're Headed". *Paper Mayhem*. No. 29. p. 2.
* Webber, David (March–April 1994). "Where We're Headed". *Paper Mayhem*. No. 65. p. 2.

## Further reading

* Akers-Sassman, J. (Winter 1987). "Despite Conan-Sized Errors, Hyborian War Has a Promising Future". *Flagship*. No. 17. pp. 34–35.
* Akers-Sassman, J. (Spring 1987). "The Bad and the Ugly". *Flagship*. No. 18. pp. 36, 37–38.

## InfoBox

*Hyborian War*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Designers |  |
| Illustrators |  |
| Publishers | Reality Simulations, Inc. |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Genres | Fantasy, sword and sorcery |
| Languages | English |
| Players | 36 |
| Playing time | Months to years |
| Materials required | Set-up kit, game map, order sheets, turn results, paper, pencil |
| Media type | Play-by-mail or email with computer-adjudicated turns |
| Website | reality.com/hwpcont.htm |


title: Rohrberg, Austria

abstract: Rohrberg is a municipality in the Schwaz district in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

text:
# Rohrberg, Austria

**Rohrberg** is a municipality in the Schwaz district in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

## Geography

Rohrberg lies in the Ziller valley with scattered settlements on the steep surrounding slopes.

## InfoBox

| Rohrberg | |
| --- | --- |
| View of Rohrberg | |
|  | |
| RohrbergLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 47°14′15″N 11°53′56″E / 47.23750°N 11.89889°E / 47.23750; 11.89889 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Tyrol |
| District | Schwaz |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Johann Schreyer |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.16 km2 (3.92 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 675 m (2,215 ft) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 574 |
| Density | 56/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 6280 |
| Area code | 05282 |
| Vehicle registration | SZ |
| Website | www.rohrberg.tirol.gv.at |


title: Tuna Fishing (painting)

abstract: Tuna Fishing was painted by Salvador Dalí in 1966–1967 and is seen by many as one of Dalí's last masterpieces.

text:
# Tuna Fishing (painting)

***Tuna Fishing (Homage to Meissonier)*** was painted by Salvador Dalí in 1966–1967 and is seen by many as one of Dalí's last masterpieces.

## Description

*Tuna Fishing* is a large canvas (roughly four metres by three metres) it depicts the Almadraba, a traditional form of tuna fishing which involves herding schools of tuna into smaller and smaller nets, before hauling them ashore with grappling hooks and slaughtering them (the word *almadraba* means "slaughter") The scene is filled chaotically with the violent struggle of the men in the picture and the big fish: In the centre a golden knife is stabbed into the fish and the azure-blue sea becomes red with blood.

The painting is a dedication to Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, a 19th-century French painter who specialised in battle scenes. Dali once stated "*Tuna Fishing* is the most ambitious picture I have painted because it bears the subtitle *Homage to Meissonier*."

## Background

Robert Descharnes wrote that Dali applied all of his "pictorial tendencies" to the painting including elements of surrealism, pointillism, action painting, tachism, pop art, op art, classicism, "quintessential pompierism" \[19th century academic painting\], and even elements of the psychedelic sub-culture that was just coming into vogue at that time. In later years, Dali often divided his time between Paris and New York, while spending summers in Port Lligat, Spain, where he concentrated on oil paintings. He worked on *Tuna Fishing* for two consecutive summers there in 1966 and 1967. The French entrepreneur Paul Richard sailed his yacht to Dali's studio in Port Lligat with the intention of buying a couple of watercolors from the artist however, he wound up purchasing the recently completed monumental oil painting for $280,000 \[= \> $2,000,000 in 2021\]. It was later exhibited at the Hôtel Meurice in Paris in the winter of 1967, as part of his *Homage to Meissonier*, an exhibition Dali curated celebrating the work of several late 19th century Salon painters. The painting is currently on display the Fondation Pernod Ricard in Paris.

## Dali's perspective

After the Second World War, Dali developed an interest in contemporary scientific research that often found expression in his later work. References to nuclear physics, the work of Crick and Watson on deoxyribonucleic acid, Dennis Gabor and holography, Buckminster Fuller and geodesic domes, among many others appeared in his paintings and his writings. In *Tuna Fishing*, Dali wanted to include a theory on the limitations of the universe by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, with stories about tuna fishing his father had told him as a boy, among other ideas for the painting.

> "This epic topic was related to me by my father who, although a notary in Figueras in Catalonia, possessed a narrative gift worthy of Homer. He had shown me in his desk, at the same time, an engraving by Swedish 'pompier' artist depicting tuna-fishing, which I also used in working out this oil. But, finally I decided on this subject, which had tempted me all my life, after having read in Teilhard de Chardin that, according to him, the universe and the cosmos were probably limited, which has been confirmed by the latest scientific discoveries. I realized then that is precisely this limitation, contraction, and limit to the cosmos and the universe which makes energy possible. Therefore, the protons, anti-protons, photons, pi-mesons, neutrons, all the elementary particles only possess this formidable hyperaesthetic energy because of these same limits and contractions of the universe. This, in a certain way, relieves us of the terrible anguish stemming from Pascal's theory that human beings were insignificant beside the cosmos, and brings us back to the idea that all the cosmos and all the universe converge in one point, which, in the present case, is the *Tuna-Fishing*. This accounts for the terrifying energy in this picture! Because all these fish, all those tuna, and the human beings in the act of killing them, personify the limited universe. In other words, since the Dalinian cosmos is limited to the space in the tuna-fishing, all the elements acquire from it the maximum of hyperaesthetic energy." **Salvador Dalí**

## InfoBox

| Tuna Fishing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Salvador Dalí |
| Year | 1966–67 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 302 cm × 404 cm (119.65 in × 159.06 in) |
| Location | Fondation Pernod Ricard, Paris |


title: Psychic apparatus

abstract: In psychoanalytic theory, the term psychic apparatus refers to the mental structures and mechanisms of the psyche. In Freud's 'topographical' model of the psyche, it refers to three systems – the Unconscious, the Pre-conscious, and the Conscious. In his later 'structural model', Freud described the psychic apparatus in terms of the id, ego and super-ego.

text:
# Psychic apparatus

In psychoanalytic theory, the term **psychic apparatus** (also **psychical apparatus**, **mental apparatus**) refers to the mental structures and mechanisms of the psyche. In Freud's 'topographical' model of the psyche, it refers to three systems – the Unconscious, the Pre-conscious, and the Conscious. In his later 'structural model', Freud described the psychic apparatus in terms of the id, ego and super-ego.

## Definitions

The apparatus, as defined by Freud, includes pre-conscious, conscious, and unconscious components. Regarding this, Freud stated:

> We assume that mental life is the function of an apparatus to which we ascribe the characteristics of being extended in space and of being made up of several portions \[Id, ego and super-ego\].
>
> Freud, *An Outline of Psychoanalysis* (1940)

As a psychologist, Sigmund Freud used the German terms ***psychischer Apparat*** and ***seelischer Apparat***, about the functioning of which he elaborates:

> We picture the unknown apparatus, which serves the activities of the mind, as being really like an instrument constructed of several parts (which we speak of as 'agencies'), each of which performs a particular function, and which have a fixed, spatial relation to one another: it being understood that by 'spatial relation'—'in front of' and 'behind', 'superficial' and 'deep'—we merely mean, in the first instance, a representation of the regular succession of the functions.
>
> Freud, *The Question of Lay Analysis* (1926).

Freud proposed the psychic apparatus as solely a theoretic construct explaining the functioning of the mind, and not a neurologic structure of the brain.

> It is a hypothesis, like so many others in the sciences: the very earliest ones have always been rather rough. 'Open to revision', we can say in such cases ... the value of a 'fiction' of this kind ... depends on how much one can achieve with its help.
>
> Freud, *The Question of Lay Analysis* (1926)

Freud's model was not concerned with describing psychic life in terms of physical substance:

> That is not a subject of psychological interest. Psychology can be as indifferent to it as, for instance, optics can be to the question of whether the walls of a telescope are made of metal or cardboard. We shall leave entirely to one side the **material** line of approach.
>
> Freud, *The Question of Lay Analysis* (1926)

The psychic apparatus controls the relationship between apparatuses within the unconscious (neural, language, and memory), the basic drives of the person, and the constant stream of stimuli emanating from the external world on a day-to-day basis. Though seemingly related, it was never specified by Freud whether the introduction of the Id, ego, and superego was intended to replace or expand the psychoanalytic model of the psychic apparatus. It has been theorized that it may have been a temporary placeholder prior to the conception and public introduction of ideas such as the id, ego, and superego, making it a foundation upon which Freud could further his expansion of a physiological and mental correspondence in relation to human functioning. However, the most commonly held belief within the psychoanalytic community is that the model of the psychic apparatus was intended by Freud to be the "whole" in which many parts- such as the id, ego, and superego- function throughout, in search of pleasure and avoidance of pain. This following of the pleasure principal is seen to be a “central element in the organization and structuring of the psychic apparatus.” Psychoanalyst and theorist Hans Loewald argued that the interactions between the external world and our internal systems- such as the psychic apparatus and ego- lead from being fluid systems to highly differentiated systems.


title: Now I Can Dance (book)

abstract: Now I Can Dance is an autobiography by Australian singer-songwriter Tina Arena. Arena says, "I don't know what I would do if I couldn't write and sing. It makes me who I am, regardless of where I happen to be or what language I'm speaking. It has done since I wrote my first song and sang it to myself in the shower. It's as natural for me as breathing." The title of her memoir, Now I Can Dance is taken from the third single from Arena's third studio album In Deep (1997). The track was written by Arena while living in L.A. and is a love letter from her to her family, as she explained in her autobiography. The song was successful in her native Australia, reaching #13 on the ARIA Singles Chart. In 2017, Arena updated her autobiography with the release of a new edition of Now I Can Dance (book), with new content covering her relocation from France back to Australia, being inducted into the 2015 ARIA Hall of Fame, the release of new music, and new musical ventures. Publisher: HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty Ltd 2nd Edition.

text:
# Now I Can Dance (book)

***Now I Can Dance*** is an autobiography by Australian singer-songwriter Tina Arena. Arena says, "I don't know what I would do if I couldn't write and sing. It makes me who I am, regardless of where I happen to be or what language I'm speaking. It has done since I wrote my first song and sang it to myself in the shower. It's as natural for me as breathing."

The title of her memoir, Now I Can Dance is taken from the third single from Arena's third studio album *In Deep* (1997). The track was written by Arena while living in L.A. and is a love letter from her to her family, as she explained in her autobiography. The song was successful in her native Australia, reaching #13 on the ARIA Singles Chart.

In 2017, Arena updated her autobiography with the release of a new edition of *Now I Can Dance (book)*, with new content covering her relocation from France back to Australia, being inducted into the 2015 ARIA Hall of Fame, the release of new music, and new musical ventures. Publisher: HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty Ltd 2nd Edition (May 22, 2017).

## Reception

ABC shop describe the book as an honest, gritty, funny, frank and totally revealing autobiography from much loved songstress Tina Arena, who is about to celebrate a phenomenally successful 40 years as a singer/songwriter."

Harper Collins said "Tina has amassed a cache of amazing stories. The artist who gave us "Chains", "Sorrento Moon" and "Symphony of Life" has sold eight million albums, won a swag of awards, encountered extraordinary people, fallen in and out of love, and experienced incredible highs and lows."

## InfoBox

Now I Can Dance
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tina Arena |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Tina Arena |
| Genre | Non-fiction, memoir |
| Publisher | Harper Collins Publishing |
| Publication date | 14 October 2013 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Hardcover, paperback, digital eBook |
| Pages | 336 pages |
| ISBN | 9780732297565 |


abstract: Grooverider Presents: The Prototype Years is a drum and bass compilation album by DJ Grooverider. It was released in 1997 on his label, Prototype Recordings. A second CD containing a DJ mix of every track on the first CD, including 4 other tracks released on Prototype Recordings, was included with the CD version of the album. "Subway" by Ed Rush appears on the compilation vinyl disc, but not on the compilation CD, for unknown reasons. "Subway" is later included in the DJ mix CD.

text:
# Grooverider Presents: The Prototype Years

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Grooverider Presents: The Prototype Years*** is a drum and bass compilation album by DJ Grooverider. It was released in 1997 on his label, Prototype Recordings.

A second CD containing a DJ mix of every track on the first CD, including 4 other tracks released on Prototype Recordings, was included with the CD version of the album. "Subway" by Ed Rush appears on the compilation vinyl disc, but not on the compilation CD, for unknown reasons. "Subway" is later included in the DJ mix CD.

## Track listing

First Cd / Vinyl 1:

1. Codename John - Dreams of Heaven
2. John B - Secrets
3. Optical - Grey Odyssey
4. Matrix - Mute
5. Codename John - Deep inside
6. Dillinja - Silver Blade
7. Ed Rush & Fierce - Locust
8. Codename John - Warned
9. Boymerang - Still
10. Lemon D - City Lights

Mix CD / Vinyl:

1. Optical - Grey Odyssey
2. Ed Rush - Subway
3. Matrix - Mute
4. Lemon D - Going Gets Tuff (also known as "Going Gets Tough")
5. John B - Secrets
6. Dillinja - Silver Blade
7. Codename John - Dreams of Heaven
8. Boymerang - Still
9. Cybotron feat. Dillinja - Threshold
10. Codename John - Deep Inside
11. Ed Rush & Fierce - Locust
12. Lemon D - City Lights
13. Codename John - Warned
14. Boymerang, Dom & Roland, Optical - Still VIP Mix

## InfoBox

| Grooverider Presents: The Prototype Years | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by DJ Grooverider | |
| Released | 1997 (1997) |
| Genre | Drum and bass |
| Label | Prototype Recordings |


title: Georgina Ice

abstract: The Georgina Ice are a Junior ice hockey team based in Keswick, Ontario, Canada. Starting with the 2016-17 season they play in the Provincial Junior Hockey League. Their prior league, the Central Ontario Junior C Hockey League of the Ontario Hockey Association amalgamated with the other Southern Ontario junior hockey leagues. It then became the Orr Division in the East conference.

text:
# Georgina Ice

The **Georgina Ice** are a Junior ice hockey team based in Keswick, Ontario, Canada. Starting with the 2016-17 season they play in the Provincial Junior Hockey League. Their prior league, the Central Ontario Junior C Hockey League of the Ontario Hockey Association amalgamated with the other Southern Ontario junior hockey leagues. It then became the Orr Division in the East conference.

## History

The Ice were founded in 1994. They have always played in the Central "C" league until the re-organization of junior "C" hockey in 2016-17 when the Ice became part of the Provincial Junior Hockey League (PJHL). The Ice play most of their home games at the Georgina Ice Palace in Keswick. Each year they play a handful of games in Sutton at the Sutton Arena.

The Georgina Ice have developed many young junior players that have risen to higher levels of hockey including Junior, College and professional leagues including the National Hockey League. The inaugural team saw players such as Jason Robinson, Jimmy Wilson and Todd Hamblin go on to play for the Stouffville Spirit of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League.

In the second year the franchise was affiliated with Stouffville Spirit over the course of their 13-year existence the Ice have also been affiliated with the 2002–03 Dudley Hewitt Cup and Royal Bank Cup winning Aurora Tigers. The Ice reformed their affiliation with the Newmarket Hurricanes in 2006.

In 2002–03 The Ice made the ultimate journey advancing to the Clarence Schmalz Cup. The Ice lost the series in 4 games to the Grimsby Peach Kings. Grimsby was making their first of two consecutive runs at the Ontario Championship.

2006 saw Ice alumnus David McIntyre drafted by the Dallas Stars in the 5th round of the NHL Entry Draft. Kyle Orr, also an Ice alumnus signed a pro contract with the Arizona Sundogs of the Central Hockey League. Justin Soryal, who played for the Ice in 2003–04, now plays for the Connecticut Whale in the American Hockey League.

In 2004, The Ice retired Jersey No. 94 in honor of all time Ice leading scorer Trevor Sedore who finished his junior career after 240 games with 179 goals and 172 assists for 351 points. Sedore was named league MVP 3 times in 7 seasons.

Also in 2004 the Georgina Ice honored longtime head coach Steve Sedore for his 25 years of coaching. He has been a constant fixture with the Ice over their 13 years. He was the head coach in the first season and has held various positions since. Steve is the longest serving and winningest coach in Ice History and has held coaching positions with the Stouffville Spirit, Couchiching Terriers and the Newmarket Hurricanes. He has also been involved in minor hockey with Georgina and York Simcoe.

Aside from Steve the Ice have been led by Mike Sedore, Paul Sinclair and Peter Hughes. Mike returned to the Ice in 2006 after Pete stepped down to assume the assistant coaching role. Mike last served as head coach in 1995–96 taking over for Steve when he took on the head coaching duties with the Spirit.

Heading into the 2006–07 Season the Ice have compiled a regular season record of 236-204-30-18. Since entering the league in 1994 they have played regular season games against the Port Perry Mojacks, Uxbridge Bruins, Lakefield Chiefs and Little Britain Merchants all of which remain in the league today. The Bowmanville Eagles left the COJCHL in 1995 and the Bobcaygeon Bullets left shortly after. For a period of time The Central League also played crossover games with the Empire B Junior C League.

In 2008 The Ice took home the coveted Cougar beating the No. 1 ranked Lakefield Chiefs 4 games to none to capture their second COJCHL title.

In 2019-2020 notable changes came to the ICE program, namely new ownership under Joseph Cornacchia, former Head Coach and General Manager of the U18 AAA Markham Waxers and OJHL Markham Waxers. Joe was able to assemble a management group and coaching staff in Keswick that prioritized local players from Georgina and the York Simcoe Area. While immediate success on the ice took time, momentum off the ice was significant. The staff aimed to put together the best show in Keswick on Friday nights.

The 2020-2021 season had early promise with strong player signings and an increased buzz around town that the ICE were committed to putting a skilled team together. In the end, the puck never dropped as Covid-19 cancelled the season.

2021-2022 saw a roster with increased talent joining the club from the U18 AAA York Simcoe Express program. Player signings like Cameron McClachrie, Austin Paulmert and Justin Diliso showed enhanced confidence from the community in the ICE’s ability to develop players. The most notable signing was 17 year old OHL Sarnia Sting drafted goaltender, Nicholas Surzycia. Nick chose to play the ’21-’22 season with the ICE where he posted a .935 save %, won the PJHL Rookie Of The Year Award and brought the ICE to the playoffs where they won their first playoff game in 11 seasons. The biggest win off the ice was the brand-new player dressing room built by Joe; a state-of-the-art changeroom to show his commitment to the players and community. To this day, the room is the crown jewel to the ICE and it’s shared with Georgina Blaze and Georgina Golden Hawk teams.

2022-2023 was Head Coach/General Manager Darren Price’s sophomore season behind the bench. Price quickly announced big player signings such as Captain, Mike McCullough, Jack Mayo and local AAA all-star, Ronnie Wiersema who went on the win PJHL Rookie Of The Year with 42 PTS and 72 PIMS. The ’22-’23 season also saw the return of Steve Sedore as an Assistant, bringing many years of experience in the PJHL and OJHL. The ICE continued to see local confidence with the program as another Sarnia Sting OHL drafted player, 16 year old ‘AP’ Michael Denney signed with the team. Denney assisted the ICE in defeating the North Kawartha Knights in the first round, 4 games to 1. The ICE went on to lose 4 straight games to the mighty, Clarington Eagles who went on to appear in the Schmalz Cup Finals. Friday night home games for the ICE have seen increased attendance, averaging over 500 people due to team success and an established social media presence online.

## Captains

* 2023-2024: Mike McCullough
* 2022-2023: Mike McCullough
* 2021-2022: Blake Gowan
* 2020-2021: No Captain - Season lost to Covid
* 2019-2020: Jesse King-Norris
* 2018-2019: Josh Lemmon
* 2017-2018: Justin Wain
* 2016-2017: Justin Wain
* 2015-2016: Bradley Boudreau
* 2014-2015: Brett Theissen
* 2013-2014: Luke Vanderkooy
* 2012-2013: Scott Sandercock
* 2011-2012: Scott Sedore
* 2010-2011: Braedon Collins
* 2009-2010: Brendan Berryman
* 2008-2009: Brock Van Der Gulik
* 2007-2008: Andrew Lamoureux

## Season-by-season results

| **Season** | **GP** | **W** | **L** | **T** | **OTL** | **GF** | **GA** | **P** | **Results** | **Playoffs** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994–95 | 36 | 19 | 13 | 2 | 2 | 167 | 154 | 42 | 3rd COJCHL | Lost semi-final |
| 1995–96 | 42 | 16 | 23 | 2 | 1 | 174 | 199 | 42 | 4th COJCHL | Lost semi-final |
| 1996–97 | 40 | 19 | 14 | 3 | 4 | 183 | 164 | 45 | 3rd COJCHL |  |
| 1997–98 | 40 | 15 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 177 | 203 | 33 | 5th COJCHL |  |
| 1998–99 | 40 | 22 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 185 | 130 | 48 | 3rd COJCHL |  |
| 1999–00 | 40 | 20 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 172 | 167 | 44 | 3rd COJCHL |  |
| 2000–01 | 40 | 27 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 195 | 143 | 55 | 2nd COJCHL |  |
| 2001–02 | 42 | 24 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 193 | 152 | 51 | 2nd COJCHL |  |
| 2002–03 | 38 | 22 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 162 | 137 | 50 | 1st COJCHL | Won League - Lost CSC Final |
| 2003–04 | 38 | 22 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 170 | 134 | 50 | 1st COJCHL |  |
| 2004–05 | 40 | 10 | 26 | 1 | 3 | 116 | 181 | 24 | 5th COJCHL |  |
| 2005–06 | 42 | 10 | 29 | 1 | 2 | 133 | 230 | 23 | 5th COJCHL | Lost quarter-final |
| 2006-07 | 40 | 10 | 25 | 4 | 1 | 158 | 213 | 25 | 5th COJCHL | Lost quarter-final |
| 2007-08 | 40 | 24 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 168 | 127 | 51 | 2nd COJCHL | Won League - Lost CSC QF |
| 2008-09 | 40 | 15 | 20 | 4 | 1 | 183 | 197 | 35 | 4th COJCHL |  |
| 2009-10 | 40 | 19 | 16 | - | 5 | 170 | 175 | 43 | 4th COJCHL | Lost quarter-final |
| 2010-11 | 40 | 19 | 17 | - | 4 | 163 | 156 | 42 | 3rd COJCHL | Lost semi-final |
| 2011-12 | 40 | 14 | 24 | - | 2 | 141 | 183 | 30 | 6th COJCHL | Lost semi-final |
| 2012-13 | 40 | 11 | 26 | - | 3 | 124 | 221 | 25 | 6th COJCHL |  |
| 2013-14 | 40 | 8 | 28 | - | 4 | 95 | 211 | 20 | 6th COJCHL | DNQ |
| 2014-15 | 42 | 8 | 32 | - | 2 | 113 | 246 | 18 | 6th COJCHL | DNQ |
| 2015-16 | 42 | 0 | 40 | 1 | 1 | 71 | 288 | 2 | 7th of 7 COJCHL | DNQ |
| 2016-17 | 42 | 3 | 39 | 0 | - | 115 | 280 | 6 | 7th of 7
Orr Div-PJHL | DNQ |
| 2017-18 | 41 | 10 | 28 | 1 | 2 | 120 | 245 | 23 | 6th of 7
Orr Div-PJHL | Lost div quarter-finals, 0-4 (Mojacks) |
| 2018-19 | 41 | 9 | 30 | 2 | - | 109 | 247 | 20 | 7th of 7
Orr Div-PJHL | - |
| 2019-20 | 42 | 2 | 38 | 1 | 1 | 103 | 286 | 6 | 7th of 7
Orr Div-PJHL | - |
| 2020-21 | Season Lost due to COVID-19 pandemic | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021-22 | 32 | 8 | 23 | 0 | 1 | 68 | 133 | 17 | 7th of 7
Orr Div-PJHL | Lost div quarter-finals, 1-4 (Merchants) |
| 2022-23 | 40 | 22 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 144 | 141 | 47 | 4th of 7
Orr Div-PJHL | Won Div Quarterfinals, 4-1 (Knights)
Lost div semi-finals, 0-4 (Eagles} |
| 2023-24 | 42 | 30 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 220 | 118 | 60 | 2nd of 7
Orr Div-PJHL | Won Div Quarterfinals, 4-0 (Merchants)
Won Div Semifinals, 4-0 (Bruins)
Lost Div. Finals, 0-4 (Eagles) |

## Schmalz Cup Finals appearances

*2003*: **Grimsby Peach Kings** defeated Georgina Ice *4-games-to-0*

## 2017–2018 Team Staff

* General Manager - Steve Sedore
* Assistant Manager -
* Head Coach - Steve Sedore
* Assistant Coach - Steve Knispel
* Assistant Coach - Mark Watson
* Assistant Coach -
* Trainer - Amy Collett
* Assistant Trainer -

## 2019–20 Team Staff

* President & General Manager - Joseph Cornacchia
* Director of Hockey Operations - Michael Cornacchia
* Assistant General Manager - Padraig Kenny
* Head Coach - Mark Watson
* Assistant Coach - Scott Sandercock
* Equipment Manager - Brad Sedore
* Trainer - Donna Giancola

## 2020–21 Team Staff

* President - Joseph Cornacchia
* Director of Hockey Operations - Michael Cornacchia
* General Manager - Paul Dossey
* Assistant General Manager/Asst. Coach - Padraig Kenny
* Head Coach - Mark Watson
* Assistant Coach - Scott Sandercock
* Equipment Manager - Brad Sedore
* Trainer - Donna Giancola

## 2021–22 Team Staff

* President - Joseph Cornacchia
* Director of Hockey Operations - Michael Cornacchia
* Assistant General Manager - Padraig Kenny
* Head Coach - Darren Price
* Assistant Coach - Terry O'Brien
* Equipment Manager - Dave Mullett

## Home arena

The Georgina Ice Palace in Keswick has been the main home of the Georgina Ice since 1996–97 season. Prior to that the Ice played the bulk of their games at the Sutton Arena where they continue to play a handful of games each season.

The Ice Palace is located at 90 Wexford Drive just west of Woodbine Avenue in Keswick. It has a twin ice pad and also has a library, multi-use facility and a skatepark.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Georgina Ice | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Keswick, Ontario |
| League | Provincial Junior Hockey League |
| Conference | East |
| Division | Orr |
| Founded | 1994 |
| Home arena | Georgina Ice Palace |
| Colours | Royal Blue, White |
| President | Joseph Cornacchia |
| General manager | Darren Price |
| Head coach | Darren Price |
| Affiliate | None |
| Championships | |
| League champions | 2003 and 2008 |


title: Jim Sullivan (boxer)

abstract: Jim Sullivan was a British boxer who was British middleweight champion between 1910 and 1912. He went on to challenge for the European title.

text:
# Jim Sullivan (boxer)

**Jim Sullivan** (7 June 1886 – 22 July 1949) was a British boxer who was British middleweight champion between 1910 and 1912. He went on to challenge for the European title.

## Career

From Bermondsey, Jim Sullivan began his professional career in 1908. After early fights which included two draws and two wins against Curly Watson, Sullivan fought Tom Thomas for the British middleweight title in November 1910, winning a 20-round points decision.

In June 1911 he fought Billy Papke for the British version of the World middleweight title, losing after being knocked down at the end of the ninth round and failing to come out of his corner for the tenth. Sullivan was denied a rematch after Papke sailed back to America a month later.

Sullivan travelled to America hoping to fight but the trip was marred by illness and he returned home.

His next fight was against Georges Carpentier in February 1912 for the European title in Monte Carlo; Carpentier won by a second round knockout.

On 12 April 1912, after suffering ill-health for some time, Sullivan relinquished his British title and announced his retirement from boxing, intending to undertake a sea voyage to regain his health. His retirement was shortlived and he returned with a first round knockout of Pat Bradley in July 1912. He travelled to Australia in 1913 where he beat Reggie Midwood in April and there were plans for a fight with Australian champion Dave Smith but Sullivan suffered a poisoned foot and was beaten in Sydney by Bradley in July and in October by Jerry Jerome.

Back in England, Sullivan's title had still not been taken by another fighter by 1914. Pat O'Keeffe took the title with a win over Harry Reeve, and Sullivan beat Jack Harrison in an eliminator to challenge O'Keeffe for the title. Sullivan fought O'Keeffe for the British title twice in 1914, losing both fights on points.

Sullivan served in the British Army during World War I and by 1916 had reached the rank of corporal in the London Scottish. He challenged O'Keeffe again in February 1916 in a non-title catchweight contest and was once again beaten on points in what was at the time considered one of the best fights ever seen in England; Unable to split the fighters after twenty rounds, the referee ordered an extra round with O'Keeffe being declared the victor at the end. In March 1917 he lost to Harry Reeve after being knocked out in the eleventh round.

He saw active service in France and in December 1917 was reported to have been wounded in action. By 1919 he was a Director of Physical Training in the Army and featured in newspaper adverts endorsing Reudel Bath Saltrates.

By 1920 he was back in the UK and working in Oxford training "Varsity men", and had begun preparing for a return to boxing. He fought Tom Gummer in March 1920 for the vacant British title; He retired in the fourteenth round. His final fight was a defeat to Archie Northrope on 30 November 1920, the fight being stopped in the fourth round due to a cut over Sullivan's eye.

On 13 January 1927 Sullivan was erroneously reported to have died "after a short and painful illness" by several newspapers. He was in fact alive and well.

Sullivan's son Jimmy followed him into a career as a boxer and had his first fight in May 1929.

In August 1933, Jim Sullivan suffered burns after a car caught fire while being filled with petrol; His nine-year-old son was critically injured in the same incident after suffering severe burns.

Jim Sullivan died on 22 July 1949, aged 63, in the Atkinson Hospital in Wimbledon.

## Video

Video: Jim Sullivan training for fight against Pat O'Keeffe on YouTube

## InfoBox

| Jim Sullivan | |
| --- | --- |
| Sullivan (left) vs O'Keeffe (right). Sullivans white shorts dark with blood. 21 February 1916. | |
| Born | (1886-06-07)7 June 1886
Bermondsey, London |
| Died | 22 July 1949(1949-07-22) (aged 63)
Wimbledon |
| Nationality | British |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Middleweight |
| Stance | Orthodox |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 44 |
| Wins | 27 |
| Wins by KO | 15 |
| Losses | 14 |
| Draws | 3 |
|  | |


title: Hog Island (Rhode Island)

abstract: Hog Island is an American island in Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island. It lies at the entrance to the harbor of Bristol and is part of the town of Portsmouth. The 60 ft (18 m) tall Hog Island Shoal Lighthouse stands off the south end, warning ships of the dangerous shoals around the island. It has a land area of approximately 0.3 sq mi, making it the fifth-largest island in Narragansett Bay. It is home to a small summer vacation colony, with no regular year-round residents, and there are approximately 100 homes on it.

text:
# Hog Island (Rhode Island)

**Hog Island** is an American island in Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island. It lies at the entrance to the harbor of Bristol and is part of the town of Portsmouth. The 60 ft (18 m) tall Hog Island Shoal Lighthouse stands off the south end, warning ships of the dangerous shoals around the island. It has a land area of approximately 0.3 sq mi (78 ha; 190 acres), making it the fifth-largest island in Narragansett Bay. It is home to a small summer vacation colony, with no regular year-round residents, and there are approximately 100 homes on it.

* Hog Island: Block Group 7, Census Tract 401.03, Newport County, Rhode Island United States Census Bureau
* Hog Island Shoal Lighthouse
* Frederic Denlson (1879). *The Past and the Present: Narragansett Sea and Shore*. Providence, RI: J.A. & R.A. Reid.
* George L. Seavey, *Rhode Island's Coastal Natural Areas*, ISBN 9780938412137


title: Hyborhabdus

abstract: Hyborhabdini is a beetle tribe in the family Cerambycidae described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1911. Its only genus, Hyborhabdus, and only species, Hyborhabdus singularis, were described by the same author in the same year.

text:
# Hyborhabdus

**Hyborhabdini** is a beetle tribe in the family Cerambycidae described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1911. Its only genus, ***Hyborhabdus***, and only species, ***Hyborhabdus singularis***, were described by the same author in the same year.

## InfoBox

| *Hyborhabdus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Hyborhabdini
Aurivillius, 1911 |
| Genus: | *Hyborhabdus*
Aurivillius, 1911 |
| Species: | ***H. singularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hyborhabdus singularis***
Aurivillius, 1911 | |
|


title: Lake Naomi

abstract: Lake Naomi is a 277-acre (1.12 km⁲) lake with private beaches and marinas located in Pocono Pines, Pennsylvania in the Pocono Mountains of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The community of Lake Naomi Club is a resort community that includes 1,400 families who own property surrounding Lake Naomi.

text:
# Lake Naomi

**Lake Naomi** is a 277-acre (1.12 km2) lake with private beaches and marinas located in Pocono Pines, Pennsylvania in the Pocono Mountains of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The community of Lake Naomi Club is a resort community that includes 1,400 families who own property surrounding Lake Naomi.

## History

In September 1895, a 14-foot (4.3 m) dam was constructed across Tunkhannock Creek and water began backing-up forming "Lake Naomi", a lake more than a mile long and about one-third of a mile wide. The Ice Company was granted a 99-year lease for "the exclusive use of the water and its privileges." It was chartered for the purpose of "erecting a dam, for pleasure, boating, skating, fishing and the cutting, storing and selling of ice."

In 1902, visitors came from many of the surrounding metropolitan areas including New York City and Philadelphia. In the same year the first bathing beach was created and some lots on the north side of the lake were subdivided and sold to summer cottagers. A sailing camp for girls was set up on the northwest side of the lake. A Lutheran retreat, Lutherland, was erected on the southern side of the lake. The Millers and others utilized southern and eastern sides of the lake for swimming, sailing, skating, fishing. In 1921, a boathouse and beach were constructed on the site of today's Lake Naomi Clubhouse. In 1938, a famous Pennsylvania Supreme Court case took place over who owned the water rights to Lake Naomi, as the surrounding lands were soon owned by many different parties. See Miller v. Lutheran Conference & Camp Ass'n, 331 Pa. 241 (Pa. 1938).

In 1963, the Logan Steele family purchased 2,600 acres (11 km2) surrounding the lake which eventually was turned into a resort community called the Lake Naomi Club. Logan Steel died in the 1980s and the club is now owned by its members and run by a board of governors.

## Lake Naomi Club

Lake Naomi Club is a recreational community in the Pocono Mountains of Northeastern Pennsylvania. It includes a 277-acre lake with non-motorized boating, fishing, swimming and sailing. Lake Naomi Club also offers an outdoor Olympic-sized pool, a second outdoor pool with an aquatic climbing wall, a nine-hole executive golf course, a tennis center and a clubhouse with restaurant and pub. The recreational staff offers activities for all ages. Additionally, there is a 56,000-square-foot community center with an indoor pool and a splash park, indoor tennis, a fitness center, a game room and a teen area.

## Climate

According to the Trewartha climate classification system, Lake Naomi has a Temperate Continental (*Dc*) Climate with warm summers (*b*), cold winters (*o*) and year-around precipitation. *Dcbo* climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0 °C), four to seven months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10 °C), all months with an average mean temperature \< 72.0 °F (22 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although humidity levels are typically comfortable even during the summer months at Lake Naomi, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values \> 93 °F (34 °C). The annual peak in thunderstorm activity is July. During the winter months, the plant hardiness zone is 5b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −14.1 °F (−26 °C). Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values \< −14 °F (−26 °C). Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥ 12 inches (30 cm) of snow are somewhat frequent, particularly during nor’easters from December through March.

| Climate data for Lake Naomi. Elevation 1831 ft (558 m). 1981-2010 Averages (1981-2018 Records) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 61.2
(16.2) | 72.0
(22.2) | 81.2
(27.3) | 87.0
(30.6) | 89.4
(31.9) | 89.3
(31.8) | 93.7
(34.3) | 91.9
(33.3) | 89.3
(31.8) | 82.0
(27.8) | 74.4
(23.6) | 65.9
(18.8) | 93.7
(34.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 31.1
(−0.5) | 34.8
(1.6) | 43.1
(6.2) | 55.6
(13.1) | 66.6
(19.2) | 74.5
(23.6) | 78.6
(25.9) | 77.1
(25.1) | 70.0
(21.1) | 58.3
(14.6) | 47.5
(8.6) | 35.5
(1.9) | 56.2
(13.4) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 22.7
(−5.2) | 25.6
(−3.6) | 33.1
(0.6) | 44.7
(7.1) | 55.0
(12.8) | 63.4
(17.4) | 67.9
(19.9) | 66.4
(19.1) | 59.3
(15.2) | 47.9
(8.8) | 38.6
(3.7) | 27.7
(−2.4) | 46.1
(7.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 14.2
(−9.9) | 16.5
(−8.6) | 23.1
(−4.9) | 33.7
(0.9) | 43.4
(6.3) | 52.3
(11.3) | 57.1
(13.9) | 55.8
(13.2) | 48.7
(9.3) | 37.4
(3.0) | 29.7
(−1.3) | 19.9
(−6.7) | 36.1
(2.3) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −22.8
(−30.4) | −14.0
(−25.6) | −7.5
(−21.9) | 9.9
(−12.3) | 26.7
(−2.9) | 32.3
(0.2) | 37.0
(2.8) | 33.1
(0.6) | 27.0
(−2.8) | 16.2
(−8.8) | −1.8
(−18.8) | −14.9
(−26.1) | −22.8
(−30.4) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.86
(98) | 3.31
(84) | 4.23
(107) | 4.62
(117) | 4.65
(118) | 5.05
(128) | 4.78
(121) | 4.30
(109) | 5.14
(131) | 5.20
(132) | 4.57
(116) | 4.45
(113) | 54.16
(1,376) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 18.9
(48) | 13.6
(35) | 14.1
(36) | 3.4
(8.6) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.1
(0.25) | 3.6
(9.1) | 11.3
(29) | 65.0
(165) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74.5 | 68.9 | 64.4 | 60.6 | 62.4 | 72.2 | 71.9 | 75.2 | 76.2 | 72.3 | 71.3 | 75.3 | 70.4 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 15.8
(−9.0) | 16.8
(−8.4) | 22.4
(−5.3) | 31.9
(−0.1) | 42.4
(5.8) | 54.3
(12.4) | 58.5
(14.7) | 58.3
(14.6) | 51.8
(11.0) | 39.4
(4.1) | 30.1
(−1.1) | 20.9
(−6.2) | 37.0
(2.8) |
| Source: PRISM | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Ecology

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Lake Naomi would have dominant vegetation types of Appalachian Oak (*104*) and Northern Hardwoods (*106*) with a dominant vegetation form of Northern Hardwood Forest (*23*).

41°06′40″N 75°27′32″W / 41.111°N 75.459°W / 41.111; -75.459


title: Tubu Kevichüsa

abstract: Perietsü Kevichüsa Meru, commonly known as Tubu Kevichüsa was a politician from Nagaland, India who served as the General Secretary of Naga National Council until his assassination in June 1996 by armed men from the NSCN-IM. His brother Chalie Kevichüsa was also assassinated by the NSCN-IM in September 1992.

text:
# Tubu Kevichüsa

**Perietsü Kevichüsa Meru** (/ˈkɛvisə/; 30 March 1948 – 4 June 1996), commonly known as **Tubu Kevichüsa** was a politician from Nagaland, India who served as the General Secretary of Naga National Council until his assassination in June 1996 by armed men from the NSCN-IM. His brother Chalie Kevichüsa was also assassinated by the NSCN-IM in September 1992.

## Early life

Perietsü Tubu Kevichüsa was born on 30 March 1948 in Kohima to a prominent family with significant political influence in Nagaland throughout the last half of the 20th century. His mother and father were Germanthangi and Kevichüsa Angami. His mother is Mizo, originating from present-day Mizoram. His father is Angami Naga, originating from Khonoma.

## Career

Kevichüsa began his career as a lawyer but left India in the 1980s to work with the separatist Federal Government of Nagaland under Angami Zapu Phizo.

On 9 July 1983, Kevichüsa wrote a letter to Isak Chishi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah, with an intention to remind them that the formation of NSCN was wrong.

His letter is quoted as follow:

> *“You simply just cannot expect the people to accept a manifesto drafted in a remote jungle hideout as a gospel truth! Our people have a strong sense of tradition and the only ism that they know is Naga Nationalism so that a Socialist manifesto is an obscure to them as some ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic. As for the intellectuals and pseudo intellectuals, a Socialist manifesto is just another piece of literature which they come across daily, to be read, discarded and forgotten”*.
>
> *“What I am trying to say is that while both of you (Isak C. are Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah) capable leaders, none of you are theoreticians. Hence your attempt to provide a new theoretical basis for the Nagas is bound to fail. With certain exceptions, theoreticians cannot be leaders and leaders cannot be theoreticians. And what I am trying to plead for is that we, just cannot ignore tradition and we must never pollute the spirit of Naga Nationalism with other forms of ism”*.

## Assassination

On 4 June 1996, around midnight Kevichüsa was assassinated by armed rebels from the NSCN-IM at his personal residence at Burma Camp, Dimapur.

### Funeral

At the funeral, Razhukhrielie Kevichüsa, the eldest brother said:

> *“We forgive those who have done this.”*

Khrielie Kevichüsa also said the same at the funeral of Tubu's elder brother Chalie Kevichüsa in 1992.

On his tombstone at the Kevichüsa's Family Burial Ground is engraved, the Bible verse Isaiah 49:4 from the New International Version:

> I have labored in vain; I have spent my strength for nothing at all. Yet what is due me is in the Lord’s hand, and my reward is with my God.

### NSCN-IM's response

Deepak Dewan, the Political Editor of *North East Sun* asked Thuingaleng Muivah in Bangkok, Thailand, on the killing of Kevichüsa, Muivah said:

> *“His brother* (Tubu) *deserved to be shot. And we don't make any secret of it. You know how Tubu behaved. How he started condemning everybody. He did not have any regard for any national workers. And he started projecting himself as a person who was all in all.”*
>
> — (Quote: *North East Sun*, 1-14 August 1998 issue, page 15)

## InfoBox

| Tubu Kevichüsa | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Perietsü Kevichüsa Meru
(1948-03-30)30 March 1948 |
| Died | 4 June 1996(1996-06-04) (aged 48)
Dimapur, Nagaland |
| Occupation | General Secretary of Naga National Council |
| Parents |  |
| Relatives |  |
| Family | Kevichüsa family |


title: Public administration of Java

abstract: In the past, Javanese administrative practices regulated public affairs and set behavioral norms in a succession of the island's notable empires, including Sailendra Mataram, Majapahit, the Demak confederacy, and seventeenth-century Mataram. This tradition continued before succumbing first to colonial practices, and subsequently to global standardization. Today these administrative practices survive in modified form as dominant elements of Indonesia's public administration.

text:
# Public administration of Java

In the past, **Javanese administrative practices** regulated public affairs and set behavioral norms in a succession of the island's notable empires, including Sailendra Mataram, Majapahit, the Demak confederacy, and seventeenth-century Mataram. This tradition continued before succumbing first to colonial practices, and subsequently to global standardization. Today these administrative practices survive in modified form as dominant elements of Indonesia's public administration.

## Javanese Administration

Javanese administration can be characterized as authoritarian, self-sufficient, and law-abiding. Its authoritarian nature meant that stability of the realm was dependent upon the abilities of whoever was in charge. Whether it was the *raja*, *susuhunan*, or *sultan*, he was somewhat of a semi-deified figure, and the administrative chain-of command led directly to him as master (*gusti*). All others, including the realm's highest officials, were his servants (*kawula*). The only exception was the royal family (*sentana*), whose more prominent members became the forerunners of an administrative system.

In theory, this was supposed to be a highly centralized form of administration, but it's dark weakness was that it was very unstable. Without a delegation of authority, the officials could only act as occasional substitutes for the king, rather than as authoritative stand-ins with well-defined duties and responsibilities. One part of this problem was the officials' lack of functional specialization: administrative self-sufficiency applied to everyone. As decreed by the king, local administration was to function with as little as possible input from the head. While the authority wielded by individual territorial rulers was recognized, in reality they were bound to the ruler by grants of titles (although only for the life-time of the holder) and marriage alliances, which raised the individual's status to that of the royal family. In other words, the local rulers from each territory had authority of their own, but due to certain decrees, they were essentially made to be part of the royal family, regardless of their "peasant" or "common" origin.

Local administrators collected taxes and received payment directly before the remainder was passed to the capital as the king's dues. Everyone in the realm was subjected to Javanese law. In practice this meant that traditions from the past would continue to be practiced in the present. As the head of the administration the king was the instrument of law, not its initiator, and was subjected to its contents.

## Colonial modifications

All of this was radically changed by the advent of the colonial state, which was also authoritarian, but in a different manner. The order of importance from the least authority/importance to the most now became: Sultan, *susuhunan*, or *raja*; colonial officials; the Governor General; the Colonial Office; the Netherlands government; and finally the Dutch Parliament. Administrative self-sufficiency was replaced by a centralized colonial hierarchy in which native officials were first placed at a relatively low level. These bureaucratic nobles (known as priyayi) were bound to the Dutch crown through the hereditary ranks and positions (enforced by marks of honor), which allowed almost unlimited exploitation of the Dutch colony's Native (*inlander*) subjects.

In contrast to this was the 'white-only' Dutch administrative corps, which was developing towards a rational European bureaucracy. Dutch Indies law had replaced Javanese law. The relatively small part that was still applicable to the Javanese (not Dutch or those who were 'honorary whites') was divided into five different customary law regions(*adatrechtskringen*) from the earlier universal, or at least Java-wide, ideal. Law became man made—through Dutch Parliament, administrative decree, or statutory custom (i.e. custom made into binding precedent) which was absolute, and obligatory.

## Global standards

With the exception of the last decade, authoritarian rule has been the norm rather than the exception during the lifetime of the Republic. Leaders have dictated administrative policy, with conformity being equated with loyalty to the regime. This was worsened by the fact that experienced administrators from the colonial period could not be recruited for service in the Republic of Indonesia (which was established in 1945). The newly developing European bureaucracy was repatriated after an internment from 1942-45 by the Japanese occupational forces; the bureaucratic nobles were corrupted from the power that had received, and had oriented themselves toward Dutch colonial priorities. As a result, when administrators were recruited, the administration was run on the basis of political criteria rather than training, experience, or seniority.

The most important rule of administrative conduct has become "as long as the boss is satisfied" (*asal Bapak senang*), an idea strengthened by the fact that the administrative elite has reserved for itself the right to interpret however they like the great number of vaguely worded laws and regulations. Dating from 1999, de-centralization laws have raised questions about administrative self-sufficiency vs. centralized control. Regardless of their contributions to regional and local self-rule, the laws have often contributed more to decentralize corruption than improve the government. Using licenses, laws, and certain authority to take away more than their fair share of local resources is reminiscent of traditional Javanese administration, as is the predominance of favoring family members (nepotism) and certain privileged groups of people.

The rule of law remains an ideal rather than a reality, as Indonesia's judicial institutions are one of the least trusted by its own citizens. Despite the undeniably impressive advances in political democracy during the present Reformation Era, the prevalence of a dysfunctional administrative system pervaded by corruption, collusion, and nepotism) calls into question the Republic's ability to attain its expressed desire of creating a modern, rational, Western way of administration.

* Dwiyanto, Agus (ed). 2002. *Reformasi birokrasi publik di Indonesia*. Yoyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
* Hoadley, Mason C. 2006. *Public Administration. Indonesian Norms v Western Forms*. Jakarta: Ilmu Graha.
* Mertono, Soemarsaid. 1968. *State and Statecraft in Old Java. A study of the later Mataram period, 16th to 19th century*. Ithaca, New York: Modern Indonesia Project.
* Rohdewohdl, Rainer. 1995. *Public Administration in Indonesia*. Melbourne, Australia.
* Sutjipto, F.A. 1968. Struktur birokrasi Mataram. *Majalah ilmu-ilmu sastra Indonesia* 4:1/2, 51-70.


title: Now I've Found You

abstract: "Now I've Found You" is a song by Sean Maguire, released as a single in June 1995. Produced by Mike Percy and Tim Lever from Dead or Alive, it was the first single from Maguire's second album, Spirit, which was released a year later. "Now I've Found You" reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Now I've Found You

"**Now I've Found You**" is a song by Sean Maguire, released as a single in June 1995. Produced by Mike Percy and Tim Lever from Dead or Alive, it was the first single from Maguire's second album, *Spirit*, which was released a year later. "Now I've Found You" reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listings

**CD1**

1. "Now I've Found You"
2. "Once in a Lifetime"
3. "Now I've Found You" (extended mix)
4. "Now I've Found You" (Republica mix)

**CD2**

1. "Now I've Found You"
2. "Lead Me by the Hand"
3. "Now I've Found You" (extended mix)
4. "Now I've Found You" (Republica dub)

## InfoBox

| "Now I've Found You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Sean Maguire | |
| from the album  *Spirit* | |
| B-side | * "Once in a Lifetime" * "Lead Me by the Hand" |
| Released | 12 June 1995 (1995-06-12) |
| Label | Parlophone |
| Songwriter(s) | Glyn Poole |
| Producer(s) | * Mike Percy * Tim Lever |
| Sean Maguire singles chronology | |
| "Suddenly"
(1995) "**Now I've Found You**"
(1995) "You to Me Are Everything"
(1995) | |
|  | |
| CD2 | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Groovie Ghoulies

abstract: The Groovie Ghoulies were an American pop punk band from Sacramento, California, United States, whose music took inspiration from horror movies. They released numerous albums, EPs, and singles, and toured internationally. The band's name was taken from the 1970s animated television series Groovie Goolies, a spinoff of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.

text:
# Groovie Ghoulies

The **Groovie Ghoulies** were an American pop punk band from Sacramento, California, United States, whose music took inspiration from horror movies. They released numerous albums, EPs, and singles, and toured internationally. The band's name was taken from the 1970s animated television series *Groovie Goolies*, a spinoff of *Sabrina, the Teenage Witch*.

## History

Though the group's lineup fluctuated significantly throughout their career, bassist/vocalist Jeff Alexander better known under the punk name Kepi Ghoulie remained a constant fixture. Guitarist Rochelle "Roach" Sparman was also a longtime member. Alexander and Sparman were married but eventually divorced, which lead to difficulties in keeping the band together and its eventual breakup. The Groovie Ghoulies' music is best classified as pop-punk and is heavily influenced by early punk groups such as the Ramones, the Misfits, and The Dickies, 1960s garage rock and bubblegum artists such as The Troggs and The Monkees, and 1950s rock and roll artists such as Chuck Berry and Jerry Lee Lewis. Throughout their career the Groovie Ghoulies recorded cover versions of songs by several of these artists as well as other influences including KISS, Daniel Johnston and Neil Diamond.

The Groovie Ghoulies announced their breakup on May 9, 2007, just days prior to the release of their ninth studio album *99 Lives*.

In 2008, two tribute albums were released. *Let's Go Ghoulie* from US-based Knowhere Records and *When The Kids Go Go Go Crazy* on German label Kamikaze Records each featured artists from Europe and North America.

Lead singer Kepi has recorded cover versions of Groovie Ghoulies songs on various releases since the band's breakup. *Fun In The Dark* with The Accelerators was released in 2015; *Re-Animation Festival*, with The Copyrights, was released in 2019.

In September of 2022, Kepi announced that the entire Groovie Ghoulies back catalogue would be released via Pirates Press.

## Former band members

* Jeff (Kepi) Alexander – bass, lead vocals (original and final line up)
* Rochelle (Roach) Sparman – guitar, backing vocals (final line up)
* Nora (Scampi) Fasano – drums, backing vocals (final line up)
* John (Rudge) Rudgers – guitar (original line up)
* Geolyn Carvin – guitar, backing vocals (original line up)
* John (Vetty) Vetter – bass (original line up)
* John Phillip (Johny) Sosa – drums (original line up)
* John Harris – drums
* Dan (Panic) Sullivan – drums
* Wendy Powell – drums, backing vocals
* B-Face Rat – bass
* Matt K. Shrugg – drums
* Jaz Brown – drums
* Dan Reynoso (Danny Secretion) – drums
* Jason Patrone – bass (quit after 2 weeks)
* Skid Jones – guitar
* Amy – Drums
* Brian – Drums
* Dave – Drums
* Andrew Phillips – guitar

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Title | Label | Format | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1989 | *Appetite for Adrenochrome* | Crimson Corpse Records | LP/CD | First album. Re-released in 1996 by Lookout! Records, in 2003 by Springman Records, and in 2015 by Green Door Records and Eccentric Pop Records. |
| 1994 | *Born in the Basement* | Green Door Records | LP/CD | Re-released in 1996 by Lookout! Records and in 2004 by Springman Records. |
| 1996 | *World Contact Day* | Lookout! Records | LP/CD | Re-released in 2002 by Springman Records. |
| 1997 | *Re-Animation Festival* | Lookout! Records | LP/CD | Re-released in 2003 by Springman Records. |
| 1999 | *Fun in the Dark* | Lookout! Records | LP/CD | Re-released in 2003 by Springman Records. |
| 2000 | *Travels with My Amp* | Lookout! Records | LP/CD |  |
| 2002 | *Go! Stories* | Stardumb Records | LP/CD | Re-released with bonus tracks in 2002 by Green Door Records. |
| 2003 | *Monster Club* | Stardumb Records | CD | Re-released in 2004 by Green Door Records. |
| 2007 | *99 Lives* | Green Door Records | CD | Final album. |
| 2014 | *Flying Saucer Rock N Roll* | Green Door Records, Eccentric Pop Records | LP/CD | First three 7"s remastered onto a full-length LP |

### EPs

| Year | Title | Label | Format | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | "Planet Brian Jones" | Supersonic RefrigeRecords | 7" | Italy Release |
| 2001 | *Freaks on Parade* | Stardumb Records | CD | Re-released on vinyl by Surfin' Ki Records in 2014. |
| 2001 | Summer Fun with the Groovie Ghoulies | Green Door Records | CD | 2001 tour CD with Fanzine |
| 2002 | Summer Fun 2002 | Green Door Records | CD | 2002 tour CD with Fanzine |
| 2005 | *Berry'd Alive* | Green Door Records | CD/10" | Covers of songs originally performed by Chuck Berry. |

### Singles

| Year | Title | Label | Format | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | "Flying Saucer" | Crimson Corpse Records | 7" | Groovie Ghoulies first release |
| 1988 | "Don't Go Out Into the Rain" | Crimson Corpse Records | 7" | Side B: Dead Moon/Child of the Moon |
| 1988 | "Armageddon 2000" | Crimson Corpse Records | 7" |
| 1990 | "Hello Hello" | Crimson Corpse Records | 7" |
| 1992 | "Lost Generation" | Gift of Life | 7" |
| 1992 | "Christmas on Mars" | Crimson Corpse Records | 7" |
| 1995 | "The Beast with 5 Hands" | Green Door Records | 7" |
| 1996 | "Island of Pogo Pogo" | Lookout! Records | 7" | Lookout No. 146 Side B:"Gates of Steel" |
| 1997 | "Magic 8 Ball" | What Else? | 7" |
| 1997 | "Running With Bigfoot" | Lookout! Records | CD/ 7" | Lookout No. 177 |
| 1997 | "Graveyard Girlfriend" | Lookout! Records | 7" | Side B: Trick or Treat (Chuck Berry)/Devil Town (Daniel Johnston) |
| 2000 | "Vampire Girl" | Supersonic RefrigeRecords | 7" | Picture Disc Italy Release |

### Splits

| Year | Title | Label | Format | Other information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | Cake Sprit EP | Stingray | 7" | 4 way split Groovie Ghoulies/The Spazzys/Dazes/Mach Pelican |
| 1997 | 3 for the Price of One | Sell Out | 7" | Groovie Ghoulies/Wankin' Teenagers/Receivers split |
| 1998 | *Chronic for the Troops* | Delmonico | CD/7" | Split with Chixdiggit! |
| 1998 | "Funny Funny" | Gearhead Records | 7" | RPM No. 007 – b/w The Donnas "Wig-Wam Bam" |
| 1999 | Wedding Invitation | What Else? | 12" | heart shaped vinyl made for a wedding invitation. Lynrd's Innards/Groovie Ghoulies/Slingshot Episode split |
| 2004 | 'Til Death do us Party | Springman Records | 7" | Split with the Secretions |

### Compilation albums

* *Tantrum* – 1990 LP/CD
* *Gabba Gabba Hey* – 1991 CD
* *Groin Thunder* – 1992 CD
* *Heide Sez* – 1996 CD
* *Team Mint* – 1996 CD
* *Back Asswards* – 1996 CD
* *More Bounce to the Ounce* – 1997 CD
* *The Last Great Thing You Did* – 1997 CD
* *Psycho Sisters* – 1998 CD
* *Forward Til Death* – 1999 CD
* *Built For Speed* – 1999 CD
* *Short Music For Short People* – 1999 CD
* *Runnin' On Fumes* – 2000 CD
* *Lookout! Freakout* – 2000 CD
* *3 Chord Rocket Science* – 2001 CD
* *A Tribute to NOFX* – 2002 CD
* *A Punk Tribute to AC/DC* – 2002 CD
* *Third Strike Punk Rock Strike Volume Three* – 2002 CD
* *A Fistful of Rock N Roll Vol. No. 10* – 2002 CD
* *Pop Punk Loves You* – 2002 CD
* *The Rocky Horror Punk Rock Show* – 2003 CD
* *Punk Rock High School Int.* – 2004 CD
* *MolokoPlus No. 26* – 2004 CD
* *Volume 4: Pop Punk* – 2005 CD
* *Backyard City Rockers 3* – 2005 CD

## InfoBox

| Groovie Ghoulies | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Sacramento, California, United States |
| Genres | Punk rock, pop punk, horror punk |
| Years active | 1983–2007 |
| Labels | Lookout!, Springman, Stardumb, Green Door, Eccentric Pop |
|  | |
| Past members | Kepi
Roach
Scampi
Wendy |
|  | |
| Website | groovie-ghoulies.com |


title: Tunnu Ki Tina

abstract: Tunnu Ki Tina is a 1997 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film about a middle class Indian boy who dreams big and wants to marry a rich girl in college life. When he faces reality, however, he feels great pain. Major characters were portrayed by Renuka Shahane, Rohini Hattangadi, Rajeshwari Sachdev, and Sunil Barve.

text:
# Tunnu Ki Tina

***Tunnu Ki Tina*** (transl.Tunnu's Tina) is a 1997 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film about a middle class Indian boy who dreams big and wants to marry a rich girl in college life. When he faces reality, however, he feels great pain. Major characters were portrayed by Renuka Shahane, Rohini Hattangadi, Rajeshwari Sachdev, and Sunil Barve.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Tunnu Ki Tina | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Paresh Kamdar |
| Written by | Paresh Kamdar |
| Produced by | National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) |
| Starring | Sunil Barve
Rajeshwari Sachdev
Rohini Hattangadi |
| Cinematography | K. K. Mahajan |
| Edited by | Paresh Kamdar |
| Music by | Vishal Bhardwaj |
| Distributed by | NFDC |
| Release date | * 1997 (1997) |
| Running time | 120 min |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


abstract: Washington Township is one of twenty townships in Allen County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 36,092.

text:
# Washington Township, Allen County, Indiana

**Washington Township** is one of twenty townships in Allen County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 36,092.

## Geography

Washington Township covers an area of 31.74 square miles (82.21 km2); 0.062 square miles (0.16 km2), or 0.20 percent of this is water.

### Cities and towns

### Unincorporated towns

### Adjacent townships

The township is adjacent to these Indiana townships:

### Major highways

### Airports

* Smith Field

### Cemeteries

The township contains three cemeteries: Bethel, Hatfield, and Saint Pauls.

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Washington Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location of Washington Township in Allen County, Indiana | |
| Coordinates: 41°08′09″N 85°10′28″W / 41.13583°N 85.17444°W / 41.13583; -85.17444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Allen |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 31.74 sq mi (82.21 km2) |
| Land | 31.68 sq mi (82.05 km2) |
| Water | 0.06 sq mi (0.16 km2) |
| Elevation | 820 ft (250 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 38,434 |
| Density | 1,139/sq mi (439.9/km2) |
| FIPS code | 18-80342 |
| GNIS feature ID | 453981 |