title: Patrick J. Monahan

abstract: Patrick J. Monahan is a judge of the Court of Appeal for Ontario. Before his elevation in May 2023, he was a judge of the Superior Court of Justice in Toronto, Ontario. Prior to becoming a judge he was the deputy attorney general for the Province of Ontario. He was also previously the vice president academic and provost at York University in Toronto, Canada, as well as an affiliated scholar with the law firm Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP. From 2003 until July 2009, Monahan was the dean of Osgoode Hall Law School at York University. He has written extensively on constitutional reform and public policy, and served as senior policy advisor to former Ontario premier David Peterson as well as former Ontario attorney general Ian Scott during the Meech Lake Accord negotiations from 1987 to 1990. He has appeared as legal counsel in major public law litigation at the Supreme Court of Canada as well as in lower courts. He was a frequent commentator on constitutional and public policy issues in the national media. He received his LL.B. degree from Osgoode Hall Law School at York University, where he graduated as gold medalist, and an LL.M. degree from Harvard University. On May 19, 2017, Patrick Monahan was appointed by the federal government of Canada as a judge of the Superior Court of Justice in Toronto.

text:
# Patrick J. Monahan

**Patrick J. Monahan** (born 10 June 1954) is a judge of the Court of Appeal for Ontario. Before his elevation in May 2023, he was a judge of the Superior Court of Justice in Toronto, Ontario. Prior to becoming a judge he was the deputy attorney general for the Province of Ontario. He was also previously the vice president academic and provost at York University in Toronto, Canada, as well as an affiliated scholar with the law firm Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP. From 2003 until July 2009, Monahan was the dean of Osgoode Hall Law School at York University. He has written extensively on constitutional reform and public policy, and served as senior policy advisor to former Ontario premier David Peterson as well as former Ontario attorney general Ian Scott during the Meech Lake Accord negotiations from 1987 to 1990. He has appeared as legal counsel in major public law litigation at the Supreme Court of Canada as well as in lower courts. He was a frequent commentator on constitutional and public policy issues in the national media. He received his LL.B. degree from Osgoode Hall Law School at York University, where he graduated as gold medalist, and an LL.M. degree from Harvard University. On May 19, 2017, Patrick Monahan was appointed by the federal government of Canada as a judge of the Superior Court of Justice in Toronto.

1. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-19. Retrieved 2012-12-16.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. "Provost & Vice-President Academic".
3. "Government of Canada announces judicial appointments in the province of Ontario". 19 May 2017.


title: Heber Harold Hatfield

abstract: Heber Harold Hatfield was a produce dealer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Victoria—Carleton in the House of Commons of Canada from 1940 to 1952 as a National Government and then Progressive Conservative member. He was born in Middle Simonds, New Brunswick, the son of George Washington Hatfield and Emily Holmes. Hatfield operated a large-scale potato business. He also served as mayor of Hartland. He died in office at the age of 66. His son Richard went on to become premier of New Brunswick and later served in the Canadian senate. Another son, Frederick Heber ran the produce business following Heber's death in 1952.

text:
# Heber Harold Hatfield

**Heber Harold Hatfield** (April 17, 1885  January 3, 1952) was a produce dealer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Victoria—Carleton in the House of Commons of Canada from 1940 to 1952 as a National Government and then Progressive Conservative member.

He was born in Middle Simonds, New Brunswick, the son of George Washington Hatfield and Emily Holmes. Hatfield operated a large-scale potato business. He also served as mayor of Hartland. He died in office at the age of 66.

His son Richard went on to become premier of New Brunswick and later served in the Canadian senate. Another son, Frederick Heber ran the produce business following Heber's death in 1952.

1. Provincial Archives of New Brunswick
2. "Illness Fatal To Conservative M.P." *The Lethbridge Herald*. Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. 3 January 1952. p. 2. Retrieved 25 December 2016  via Newspapers.com.


title: Richard Hill Tiddeman

abstract: Richard Hill Tiddeman was a British geologist, known as a leading expert on the Carboniferous rocks of the counties of Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Lancashire.

text:
# Richard Hill Tiddeman

**Richard Hill Tiddeman** (11 February 1842 – 20 February 1917) was a British geologist, known as a leading expert on the Carboniferous rocks of the counties of Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Lancashire.

## Biography

Richard Hill Tiddeman, whose father was an Anglican cleric and Oxford alumnus, was educated at Llanrwst Grammar School and matriculated in 1858 at Oriel College, Oxford. There he graduated with a B.A. in 1862 and an M.A. in 1872. He was employed by the Geological Survey of England and Wales from 1864 to 1870 as an Assistant Geologist and from 1870 to 1902 as a Geologist. He served under the Survey's four successive directors Roderick Murchison, Andrew Ramsay, James Geikie, and Jethro Teall. Tiddeman contributed to many of the Survey's memoirs, maps, and other publications.

Although most of Tiddeman's research involved the Carboniferous rocks of North Lancashire, West Yorkshire, and Westmorland, he also worked in North Wales and South Glamorgan. His fame stems primarily from his pioneering research on reef knolls near Settle and the Quaternary deposits of the Victoria Cave (which is often visited from walking tours from Settle). In London in September 1888 at the 4th International Geological Congress, he presented his ideas about the formation of the fossil reef mounds that fringe the Askrigg Block and how geologic fault movements influence sedimentary deposition. At the congress, he and John Edward Marr led a geological excursion near Settle from Monday, September 24th to Saturday, September 29th.

Tiddeman was awarded the Murchison Medal in 1911. At the award ceremony, which Tiddeman was unable to attend due to a sudden attack of influenza, Edmund Johnston Garwood noted the importance of Tiddeman's research for understanding glaciation and the mammalian fauna of the Pleistocene. In 1914 the Yorkshire Geological Society elected Tiddeman as president.

Geike's hypothesis that the Pleistocene consisted of 4 major glacial periods and 3 major interglacial periods was significantly influenced by Tiddeman, as well as Searles V. Wood and John Aitken. In his study of the Victoria Cave, Tiddeman identified pre-glacial cave deposits with hippopotamus, hyena, and human bones. He supervised the excavations from 1873 to 1878 following excavations by William Boyd Dawkins — however, Dawkins disputed Tiddeman's (valid) hypotheses concerning ice ages and interglacial periods.

After his retirement in 1902, Tiddeman lived in Oxford but frequently went to London to attend meetings of the Geological Society. Upon his death in 1917 he was survived by his widow and their two daughters.

## Selected publications

1. Woodward, Henry (1917). "Obituary. Richard Hill Tiddeman". *Geological Magazine*. pp. 238–239.
2. Myerscough, Richard; Wallace, Veronica, eds. (2016). "Chapter. *Yorkshire Geology as seen through the eyes of Notable British Geological Survey Geologists 1862-2000* by Anthony H. Cooper" (PDF). *Famous Geologists of Yorkshire'*. papers presented at the PLACE (People, Landscape & Cultural Environment Education and Research Centre) conference, 3rd October 2015. York: PLACE (People, Landscape & Cultural Environment Education and Research Centre), an educational charity. pp. 46–67. ISBN 978-1-906604-58-5. abstract at place.uk.com
3. *Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886)*. Vol. 4. p. 209.
4. "Richard Hill Tiddeman M.A., F.G.S." *Earthwise, British Geological Survey*. (with a comprehensive publication list)
5. Hull, Edward; Dakyns, John Roche; Tiddeman, Richard Hill; Ward, James Clifton; Gunn, William; Rance, Charles Eugene De (1875). *The Geology of the Burnley Coal-field and of the Country Around Clitheroe, Blackburn, Preston, Chorley, Haslingden, and Todmorden: (Quarter Sheets 88 N.W., 89 N. E., 89 N.W., and 92 S.W., of the 1-inch Geological Maps)*.
6. Dakyns, John Roche; Tiddeman, Richard Hill; Goodchild, John George (1897). *The Geology of the Country Between Appleby, Ullswater, and Haweswater: (Explanation of Quarter-sheet 102 S.W., New Series, Sheet 30)*.
7. "Attermire Scar, Victoria Cave and Jubilee Cave walk from Settle (Full Walk)". *YouTube*. Walks4all.
8. Cox, Beris Mary (2022) \[1888\]. "The fourth International Geological Congress, London". *Episodes Journal of International Geoscience*. **45** (3): 333–343.
9. *Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Geological Society of London*. No. 904, Session 1910–1910. March 1, 1909. pp. 45–46.
10. Spencer, Frank (1997). *History of Physical Anthropology*. Taylor & Francis. p. 417. ISBN 9780815304906.

Works by or about Richard Hill Tiddeman at Wikisource


title: Alva Sibbetts

abstract: William Alva Sibbetts was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Western Canada Hockey League. Previously, he played circa 1922 with a hockey team based in South Edmonton (Strathcona). In 1923, he was working as a mechanic. He also played on the Edmonton Outlaws baseball team. He died in 1980 at Riverside County, California.

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# Alva Sibbetts

**William Alva Sibbetts** (December 29, 1900 – March 4, 1980) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Western Canada Hockey League. Previously, he played circa 1922 with a hockey team based in South Edmonton (Strathcona). In 1923, he was working as a mechanic.

He also played on the Edmonton Outlaws baseball team. He died in 1980 at Riverside County, California.

## InfoBox

| Alva Sibbetts | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1900-12-29)December 29, 1900
Forest, Manitoba, Canada | | |
| Died | March 4, 1980(1980-03-04) (aged 79)
Riverside County, CA, USA | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Played for | Edmonton Eskimos | | |
| Playing career | 19191928 | | |


title: Thermal emittance

abstract: Thermal emittance or thermal emissivity is the ratio of the radiant emittance of heat of a specific object or surface to that of a standard black body. Emissivity and emittivity are both dimensionless quantities given in the range of 0 to 1, representing the comparative/relative emittance with respect to a blackbody operating in similar conditions, but emissivity refers to a material property, while emittivity refers to specific samples or objects. For building products, thermal emittance measurements are taken for wavelengths in the infrared. Determining the thermal emittance and solar reflectance of building materials, especially roofing materials, can be very useful for reducing heating and cooling energy costs in buildings. Combined index Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is often used to determine the overall ability to reflect solar heat and release thermal heat. A roofing surface with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance will reflect solar heat and release absorbed heat readily. High thermal emittance material radiates thermal heat back into the atmosphere more readily than one with a low thermal emittance. In common construction applications, the thermal emittance of a surface is usually higher than 0.8–0.85. High thermal emittance materials are essential to passive daytime radiative cooling, which uses surfaces high in thermal emittance and solar reflectance to lower surface temperatures by dissipating heat to outer space. It has been proposed as a solution to energy crises and global warming.

text:
# Thermal emittance

**Thermal emittance** or **thermal emissivity** ( $\varepsilon $) is the ratio of the radiant emittance of heat of a specific object or surface to that of a standard black body. Emissivity and emittivity are both dimensionless quantities given in the range of 0 to 1, representing the comparative/relative emittance with respect to a blackbody operating in similar conditions, but emissivity refers to a material property (of a homogeneous material), while emittivity refers to specific samples or objects.

For building products, thermal emittance measurements are taken for wavelengths in the infrared. Determining the thermal emittance and solar reflectance of building materials, especially roofing materials, can be very useful for reducing heating and cooling energy costs in buildings. Combined index Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is often used to determine the overall ability to reflect solar heat and release thermal heat. A roofing surface with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance will reflect solar heat and release absorbed heat readily. High thermal emittance material radiates thermal heat back into the atmosphere more readily than one with a low thermal emittance. In common construction applications, the thermal emittance of a surface is usually higher than 0.8–0.85.

High thermal emittance materials are essential to passive daytime radiative cooling, which uses surfaces high in thermal emittance and solar reflectance to lower surface temperatures by dissipating heat to outer space. It has been proposed as a solution to energy crises and global warming.


title: Gates, North Carolina

abstract: Gates is an unincorporated community in Gates County, North Carolina, United States. Gates is located on North Carolina Highway 37, 7 miles (11 km) north of Gatesville. Gates has a post office with ZIP code 27937. The Freeman House and Joseph Freeman Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Gates, North Carolina

**Gates** is an unincorporated community in Gates County, North Carolina, United States. Gates is located on North Carolina Highway 37, 7 miles (11 km) north of Gatesville. Gates has a post office with ZIP code 27937.

The Freeman House and Joseph Freeman Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## InfoBox

| Gates, North Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| GatesGates | |
| Coordinates: 36°30′13″N 76°46′09″W / 36.50361°N 76.76917°W / 36.50361; -76.76917 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Gates |
| Elevation | 69 ft (21 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 27937 |
| Area code | 252 |
| GNIS feature ID | 985608 |


title: Highland Park, Chattanooga

abstract: Highland Park is a neighborhood in the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee. It originally was a small city developed between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century. It is located two miles east of downtown Chattanooga, and bounded by Willow and Holtzclaw streets on the east and west, and McCallie and Main streets on the north and south. It was incorporated in 1905. Later, when it was incorporated into the City of Chattanooga in 1929, it grew to become a popular middle-class suburb with access to multiple train lines. As employment and much downtown property value in Chattanooga declined throughout the 1970s, Highland Park did as well, but it has had significant recent success due to its proximity to the downtown, its vibrant neighborhood association, and many newly renovated historic houses.

text:
# Highland Park, Chattanooga

**Highland Park** is a neighborhood in the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee. It originally was a small city developed between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century. It is located two miles east of downtown Chattanooga, and bounded by Willow and Holtzclaw streets on the east and west, and McCallie and Main streets on the north and south. It was incorporated in 1905. Later, when it was incorporated into the City of Chattanooga in 1929, it grew to become a popular middle-class suburb with access to multiple train lines. As employment and much downtown property value in Chattanooga declined throughout the 1970s, Highland Park did as well, but it has had significant recent success due to its proximity to the downtown, its vibrant neighborhood association, and many newly renovated historic houses.

## Makeup

The neighborhood has around 900 homes and is home to three parks. Shaw Park is a pocket park owned by the Highland Park Neighborhood Association and located on South Highland Park Avenue and Kirby Avenue. Shaw Park provides the community with a small picnic and playground area with equipment donated by PlayCore in 2007. Tatum Park is a city-owned green park located on Union Avenue between South Holly and South Hickory. The Highland Park Commons is a privately owned public park located on Union Avenue, on the eastern border of the neighborhood, adjacent to the Ridgedale community. The Highland Park Commons has a playground area, pavilions, picnic space, and soccer fields. The park aspires to be a geographic nucleus for the growing Hispanic population in the city. It is also a weekly location for the YMCA Mobile Market.

The homes in the neighborhood consist of a variety of renovated and original middle-class family homes, with the vast majority being built between 1900 and 1930. The creation and development of both the Highland Park Baptist Church and Tennessee Temple University had a significant impact on the neighborhood throughout the middle of the 20th century. Both of those organizations have now either closed or moved out of Highland Park. Redemption Point Church, Chattanooga Girls Leadership Academy, and Chattanooga Preparatory have purchased and operate most of the vacated properties. A few key lots have been purchased by Chattanooga Neighborhood Enterprise, an organization dedicated to supporting neighborhood development and revitalization, and providing quality affordable housing options in the city of Chattanooga.

## Revitalization

The revitalization of the neighborhood started in the early 1990s and continues to the present. In 2001 the neighborhood was awarded "Neighborhood of the Year" by Neighborhoods, USA. The neighborhood and its homes have been featured in *Southern Living* (May 2002), *Victorian Times Magazine* (October 2002), HGTV (September 2006), and the *Financial Times* (April 2010). Highland Park has grown to be one of Chattanooga's largest urban neighborhoods, with an excellent variety of architecture from the 1880s to the 1920s, specifically Queen Anne, Bungalow, and Craftsman, as well as many others.

35°01′59″N 85°16′48″W / 35.033°N 85.280°W / 35.033; -85.280


title: Patrick J. Moore

abstract: Patrick James Moore known as "P.J.", was an American politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, as well as a member of the Common Council, Alderman, and Mayor of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He died in 1936.

text:
# Patrick J. Moore

**Patrick James Moore** (December 22, 1863 – March 10, 1936) known as "P.J.", was an American politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, as well as a member of the Common Council, Alderman, and Mayor of Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

He died in 1936.

1. Howard, Richard T. (1931), *Public officials of Massachusetts (1931-1932)*, Boston, MA: The Boston Review, p. 236
2. "PATRICK JAMES MOORE.; Ex-Pittsfield, Mass, Mayor Served in the State Legislature", *The New York Times*, New York, N.Y., p. Section: BOOKS, Page 23, March 10, 1936

## InfoBox

| Patrick James Moore | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the
Massachusetts House of Representatives
2nd Berkshire District | |
| **In office**
1913–1914 | |
| Mayor of
Pittsfield, Massachusetts | |
| **In office**
1913–1914 | |
| Preceded by | Kelton B. Miller |
| Succeeded by | George W. Faulkner |
| Member of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Board of Aldermen | |
| Member of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Common Council | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | December 22, 1863
Holyoke, Massachusetts |
| Died | March 10, 1936(1936-03-10) (aged 72)
Pittsfield, Massachusetts |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Profession | Attorney |
|  | |


title: Helen Reddy's Greatest Hits

abstract: Helen Reddy's Greatest Hits is a compilation album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy. It was released in 1975 by Capitol Records.

text:
# Helen Reddy's Greatest Hits

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Billboard* | positive |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | B− |
| *Tom Hull – on the Web* | B+ () |

***Helen Reddy's Greatest Hits*** is a compilation album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy. It was released in 1975 by Capitol Records.

## Release and reception

On December 5, 1975, the Recording Industry Association of America awarded the album with Gold certification for sales of 500,000 copies in the United States, and both Platinum and Double Platinum certifications were issued on February 5, 1992. The album debuted on *Billboard'*s Top LP's & Tapes chart in the issue dated the day following Gold certification, December 6, 1975, and made it to number five during its 51 weeks there. In Canada's RPM magazine it reached number 9, and on the album chart in the UK (where it was renamed *The Best of Helen Reddy*) it matched its number five US showing.

In 1987 an expanded edition that was given the title *Helen Reddy's Greatest Hits (And More)* was the first release of the original compilation on compact disc, and on April 14, 1997, that edition was reissued with the title *Love Songs*.

## Track listing

**Side 1**

1. "I Am Woman" (Ray Burton, Helen Reddy) – 3:24
2. "I Don't Know How to Love Him" (Tim Rice, Andrew Lloyd Webber) – 3:15
3. "Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)" (Linda Laurie) – 3:26
4. "Delta Dawn" (Larry Collins, Alex Harvey) – 3:08
5. "You and Me Against the World" (Kenny Ascher, Paul Williams) – 3:08

**Side 2**

1. "Angie Baby" (Alan O'Day) – 3:29
2. "Emotion" (Patti Dahlstrom, Véronique Sanson) – 2:52
3. "Keep On Singing" (Bobby Hart, Danny Janssen) – 3:03
4. "Peaceful" (Kenny Rankin) – 2:50
5. "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" (Harriet Schock) – 3:26

**CD Bonus Tracks**

1. "Somewhere in the Night" (Will Jennings, Richard Kerr) – 3:31
2. "I Can't Hear You No More" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) – 2:48
3. "You're My World" (Umberto Bindi, Gino Paoli, Carl Sigman) – 2:45
4. "The Happy Girls" (Kim Fowley, Rick Henn, Earle Mankey, Helen Reddy) – 4:00
5. "Make Love to Me" (Michael Tinsley, Steven Voice, Peter Yellowstone) – 3:49

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 20,000^ |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 100,000^ |
| Hong Kong (IFPI Hong Kong) | Gold | 10,000* |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Gold | 7,500^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 100,000^ |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000^ |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Personnel

* Helen Reddy – vocals
* Jeff Wald – management
* Francesco Scavullo – photography
* Roy Kohara – art direction

LP release * Tom Catalano – producer (except as noted)
* Larry Marks – producer ("I Don't Know How to Love Him")
* Jay Senter – producer ("I Am Woman")
* Joe Wissert – producer ("Angie Baby", "Emotion", "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady")

CD bonus tracks * Frank Day – producer ("Make Love to Me")
* Kim Fowley – producer ("You're My World", "The Happy Girls")
* Earle Mankey – producer ("You're My World", "The Happy Girls")
* Joe Wissert – producer ("Somewhere in the Night", "I Can't Hear You No More")

* Whitburn, Joel (2010), *Joel Whitburn Presents Top Pop Albums, Seventh Edition*, Record Research Inc., ISBN 0-89820-183-7

## InfoBox

| Helen Reddy's Greatest Hits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Helen Reddy | |
| Released | 1975 (1975) |
| Recorded | 1971–1975 |
| Genre | Vocal
Pop/Rock |
| Length | 32:11 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer | Tom Catalano
Larry Marks
Jay Senter
Joe Wissert |
| Helen Reddy chronology | |
| *No Way to Treat a Lady*
(1975) ***Helen Reddy's Greatest Hits***
(1975) *Music, Music*
(1976) | |


title: Richard Hill of Hawkstone

abstract: Richard Hill of Hawkstone Hall, Shropshire, was baptised at Hodnet, Shropshire, on 23 March 1655 and died unmarried at Richmond, Surrey, on 11 June 1727, aged 72. He was known as 'the Great Hill', diplomatist, public servant and statesman, who accumulated great wealth through a series of profitable appointments and judicious dealings. He was the second son of Rowland Hill of Hawkstone and his wife, Margaret Whitehall of Doddington, Shropshire. He was educated at Shrewsbury School and admitted to St John's College, Cambridge, and was ordained deacon. In 1675, he worked as a tutor to the sons of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, and then to the children of Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester. Through Hyde, he became acquainted with Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh, paymaster of the forces, by whom he was appointed deputy paymaster of William III to the army in Flanders during the War of the Grand Alliance, 1688–96. In the 1690s and early 18th century he went on to hold several eminent positions. He served as a diplomat during the War of the Spanish Succession, as envoy to Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria in Brussels, and to the duke of Savoy in Turin, whom he persuaded to join the Grand Alliance. Hill made the allies guarantors for the Vaudois, a medieval heretic sect, later Protestants, who had suffered centuries of persecution by the dukes of Savoy, and they were guaranteed toleration, so that the Vaudois pastors placed him 'at the head of our Nehemiahs'. In 1699 he was ambassador at the court of The Hague. Hill returned to England to become a Commissioner of the Admiralty (1702–08). He was appointed a Lord of the Treasury (1699–1702) and Counsellor to Prince George of Denmark, the Prince Consort of Queen Anne. William III 'did often declare that he had never employed two ministers of greater vigilance, capacity and virtue than yourself, my Lord, and the Reverend Mr Hill'. He was given a final appointment to Brussels, but he retired in 1710 due to ill-health, entering holy orders in the Church of England. He refused a bishopric in the hopes of taking that of Ely, and became a fellow of Eton College in 1714. He lived quietly as tenant at Cleveland House, St James's, and at Trumpeters' House at the Old Palace, Richmond, where 'he was much resorted to by the most eminent persons of the time [and] the Royal family shewed him very particular regards'. Hill inherited Hawkstone Hall in 1700 and reordered the mansion and park to his own designs. With the fortune he made from his paymastership, he extended his estates at Tern Hall, Atcham, near Shrewsbury, and at Shenstone, Staffordshire, and systematically purchased estates in many counties, including Shropshire, Staffordshire and Warwickshire, thus adding to his already substantial inheritance with the aim of founding an enduring dynasty. He secured the wealth and influence of the Hills as one of the great families and landowners in 18th- to 19th-century Shropshire, providing liberally for three nephews, especially his protégé Rowland Hill of Hawkstone (1705–1783), who was given a baronetcy in his honour in 1727 and was later father of Richard Hill (1732–1808) and preacher Rowland Hill (1744–1833).

text:
# Richard Hill of Hawkstone

**Richard Hill** of Hawkstone Hall, Shropshire, was baptised at Hodnet, Shropshire, on 23 March 1655 and died unmarried at Richmond, Surrey, on 11 June 1727, aged 72. He was known as 'the Great Hill', diplomatist, public servant and statesman, who accumulated great wealth through a series of profitable appointments and judicious dealings.

He was the second son of Rowland Hill (baptised 1623?) of Hawkstone and his wife, Margaret Whitehall of Doddington, Shropshire. He was educated at Shrewsbury School and admitted to St John's College, Cambridge (BA 1679; MA 1682), and was ordained deacon. In 1675, he worked as a tutor to the sons of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, and then to the children of Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester. Through Hyde, he became acquainted with Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh, paymaster of the forces, by whom he was appointed deputy paymaster of William III to the army in Flanders during the War of the Grand Alliance, 1688–96.

In the 1690s and early 18th century he went on to hold several eminent positions. He served as a diplomat during the War of the Spanish Succession, as envoy to Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria in Brussels, and to the duke of Savoy in Turin, whom he persuaded to join the Grand Alliance. Hill made the allies guarantors for the Vaudois, a medieval heretic sect, later Protestants, who had suffered centuries of persecution by the dukes of Savoy, and they were guaranteed toleration, so that the Vaudois pastors placed him 'at the head of our Nehemiahs' (Diplomatic Correspondence, 2.973).

In 1699 he was ambassador at the court of The Hague. Hill returned to England to become a Commissioner of the Admiralty (1702–08). He was appointed a Lord of the Treasury (1699–1702) and Counsellor to Prince George of Denmark, the Prince Consort of Queen Anne. William III 'did often declare that he had never employed two ministers of greater vigilance, capacity and virtue than yourself, my Lord, and the Reverend Mr Hill' (according to a 1720 dedication to John Robinson, bishop of London, who had been Lord Privy Seal).

He was given a final appointment to Brussels, but he retired in 1710 due to ill-health, entering holy orders in the Church of England. He refused a bishopric in the hopes of taking that of Ely, and became a fellow of Eton College in 1714. He lived quietly as tenant at Cleveland House, St James's, and at Trumpeters' House at the Old Palace, Richmond, where 'he was much resorted to by the most eminent persons of the time \[and\] the Royal family shewed him very particular regards' (Gilbert Burnet, 4.318).

Hill inherited Hawkstone Hall in 1700 and reordered the mansion and park to his own designs. With the fortune he made from his paymastership (subsequently augmented by loans, investments and mortgages), he extended his estates at Tern Hall, Atcham, near Shrewsbury (today Attingham Park), and at Shenstone, Staffordshire, and systematically purchased estates in many counties, including Shropshire, Staffordshire and Warwickshire, thus adding to his already substantial inheritance with the aim of founding an enduring dynasty. He secured the wealth and influence of the Hills as one of the great families and landowners in 18th- to 19th-century Shropshire, providing liberally for three nephews, especially his protégé Rowland Hill of Hawkstone (1705–1783), who was given a baronetcy in his honour in 1727 and was later father of Richard Hill (1732–1808) and preacher Rowland Hill (1744–1833).

* E.M. Jancey, 'The Hon. and Rev. Richard Hill of Hawkstone 1655-1727', *Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society*, 55 (1954-6), 143-158
* Rev. William Blackley (ed.), *The Diplomatic Correspondence of the Rt Hon. Richard Hill, Envoy Extraordinary to the Duke of Savoy*, 1845 \[correspondence when Hill was envoy to Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, discovered at Attingham about 1840\].
* John Cloake, 'The Building of Trumpeters' House', *Richmond History*, 9 (May 1988), 31-39
* Vigne, Randolphe (2004). "Hill, Richard (1655/6–1727)". In Matthew, H. C. G. & Harrison, Brian (eds.). *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 27. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 171–172. ISBN 0-19-861377-6. LCCN 2004005444. OCLC 1035752003  via the Internet Archive.

## InfoBox

| Richard Hill of Hawkstone | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait (before 1700) | |
| Born | 23 March 1655 (baptized)
Hodnet, Shropshire |
| Died | 11 June 1727
Richmond, Surrey |
| Education | Shrewsbury School; St John's College, Cambridge |
| Occupation(s) | diplomatist, statesman, public servant |
| Parent(s) | Rowland Hill and Margaret Whitehall |


title: Alva railway station

abstract: Alva railway station was a station in the village of Alva, in the Scottish county of Clackmannanshire. The station was the terminus of a branch from Cambus on the Stirling to Dunfermline Lower line.

text:
# Alva railway station

**Alva railway station** was a station in the village of Alva, in the Scottish county of Clackmannanshire. The station was the terminus of a branch from Cambus on the Stirling to Dunfermline Lower line.

## History

Opened by the Alva Railway, as part of the North British Railway it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway during the Grouping of 1923, passing on to the Scottish Region of British Railways during the nationalisation of 1948. It was then closed by the British Transport Commission.

## The site today

The east of the site of the station has been overbuilt by a housing estate. The west side of the site is in 2024 a small copse of trees and a path. No remains of the station exist.

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Menstrie and Glenochil |  | North British Railway
Alva Railway |  | Terminus |

56°09′02″N 3°48′10″W / 56.15050°N 3.80291°W / 56.15050; -3.80291

## InfoBox

| Alva
Allamhagh | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the former station (1991) | |
| General information | |
| Location | Alva, Clackmannanshire
Scotland |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Alva Railway |
| Pre-grouping | North British Railway |
| Post-grouping | London and North Eastern Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 3 June 1863 | Station opens |
| 1 November 1954 | Station closes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Thomas Abbt

abstract: Thomas Abbt was a German mathematician and writer.

text:
# Thomas Abbt

**Thomas Abbt** (German: \[apt\]; 25 November 1738 – 3 November 1766) was a German mathematician and writer.

## Biography

Born in Ulm as the son of a wig-maker, Abbt visited a secondary school in Ulm, then moved in 1756 to study theology, philosophy and mathematics at the University of Halle, receiving a Magister degree in 1758. In 1760 he was appointed as an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Frankfurt (Oder), where he wrote his most well-known work *Vom Tode für's Vaterland* (1761).

This highly patriotic tract thematises Frederick II's defeat at Kunersdorf. It also drew the attention of the editors of the famous *Literaturbriefe (Literary Letters)*, started by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. He contributed a large number of historical, political, esthetical and philosophical essays. Abbt was a fervent admirer of Lessing and seconded his educational, prosaic style of writing.

In autumn 1761 he was appointed as full professor of mathematics in Rinteln. In 1763, he entered a competition that was sponsored by the Berlin Academy for an essay on the application of mathematical proofs to metaphysics. Among the competitors were Moses Mendelssohn, who won, and Immanuel Kant. While in Rinteln, Abbt wrote his other famous work, *Vom Verdienste* (1765).

He travelled for nine months to France, where he was able to speak with Voltaire in Ferney. He also climbed in the Alps of Savoy. This travel and the disapproval of the life at the university raised his urge to *trade the Theory for the Life*.

While dealing with the idea to become a historian, he was offered in 1765 at the same time a professorship at the University of Marburg and a post as Councillor of the Court at the court of Count Wilhelm von Schaumburg-Lippe. He decided for the latter. The count was highly interested in the plans of Thomas Abbt, which included a history of Maximilian and a translation of Sallust among others.

However, in 1766, the twenty-seven-year-old Abbt suddenly died of an intestinal illness in Bückeburg. Of him Herder wrote that he "died for Germany and for his language too early!"

## About Abbt

Thomas Abbt wanted to grapple the exigencies of German social and intellectual life in a novel fashion. His work was an early attempt to create a space in which it became possible for individuals to think, talk, and act in reference to a larger socio-political whole. As Abbt finished up his studies, he took his professorship at the University of Frankfurt in 1760, where he began to work on "Dying for the Fatherland" in 1761.

A lot of Abbt's work was an attempt to get the public life in the German society to act more for the good of the country, where he tries to motivate the people that anyone can be great. Even though he tries to motivate the people of Germany with words, Abbt is convinced that we have no one in Germany who equals his talent or can not even compare someone else to his writing. As he was concerned between the human heart and social utility, Abbt continued his word and his patriotism had a way to a fairly wide range of philosophy. He insisted on grounding moral discussion in the common understanding of the mass of human kind.

Abbt's writing is much different from normal writing, everything he writes, he has a goal within it to send a message. He envisions a type of writing that leaves a lasting impression on the reader, as he tries to make the reader go into his or her resolution and action. His writing is clear that he writes with the literature of an awakening, as he tries to motivate his readers to make a lasting and meaningful impact on the world, which is a big part on why he wrote "On Dying for the Fatherland".

## Abbt's beliefs

In his writings he likes to express that there is an enlightened judgement for moral behavior and discussion. Within moral behavior, comes equality and Abbt emphasizes how the great women of the world are made of the same stuff as the great men. He believes that women should be relevant members of the informal public sphere, as it will bring good-heartedness and good-will. This is where here pushes for equality as he believes all help is needed, no matter what gender. Abbt also emphasizes that true religion is very strong, not a weakness, which will help transition things into a common good. As he believes that greatness is generally "in-born", it makes him less interested in reducing everyone to the same level, and would rather show how everyone can contribute.

He argued that patriotism in modern monarchies could be grounded in an aesthetic passion of enthusiasm generated through sensuous examples of great virtue. As Abbt believes this, he wants people in Germany to love their country and defend it as he wants everyone to do something good and impactful to benefit their homeland or "fatherland".

## Understanding Abbt's writing

Abbt was a different type of writer in his time, his primary audience was the middle and higher orders in Germany. After his death in 1770, he was honored for his writing on "Problem of Publikum", where he described and taught pure virtue along with innocence. This writing of his began to evolve as it was looked at as a vision which seemed to hold unlimited promise. In understanding Abbts writing, it is important to realize that there was a relationship between the German public sphere and the Enlightenment discourse within it. His vision of the informal public sphere existing more or less independently of government based on natural, human impulses, resonates with Shaftesbury in this regard.

In Abbt's book "On Dying for the Fatherland", he attempts to show a sense of public-spiritedness among his fellowship in every order. The love for a Fatherland is a big message that Abbt writes, where he writes for a stronger impetus to sacrifice, then it is a desire for honor, and Abbt tries to show how that is possible. It is hard to pick up certain points in his writing, as explained, but Abbt makes connections by numerous rhetorical flourishes and examples drawn from history within social orders in monarchical society, reorienting citizenship around a political virtue. He wants his readers to be able to take what he is saying from this book and take action in becoming a stronger community or whole. Abbt argues that love of fatherland is a greater spring to action in polity; to enable souls in a polity by honoring the love of fatherland. With more souls taking actions, the stronger and more love the fatherland will feel, which could lead them to be more successful. This was a main message throughout the book, as he wanted to show a new way of thinking between individuals and society.

The example of King fighting for his country on the battlefield that Abbt wrote about was to inspire monarchical subjects to follow his example as well as regenerate patriotism. He wrote as a pervasive patriotic culture of remembrance and emulation of dead heroes.

## Who influenced or was influenced by Abbt

Aufklärer like Abbt were concerned with nurturing a healthy social organism with their own individual development and emancipation. Other writers and philosophers such as Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant tried tying "Enlightenment" directly to "Problem of Publikum", but found difficulty in the isolated individual. This project was begun by Abbt, which was carried on by Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottfried Herder who had different thoughts on it. Herder differed from Kant's more rationalist project, but the statues of the "Problem of Publikum" was a problem of the Aufklärer and of modern German history.

In the early 1760s Abbt and Moses Mendelssohn had been engaged in a translation of Shaftesbury, as they express their interest in the "public" as the measure of all "true" virtue. Alexander Pope has an impact on Abbt through his visions of world and society as an ordered whole, which helped influence him to write "On Dying for the Fatherland". Abbt argues that Pope's teaching point to him was "the principle that makes us obedient to the creator, and into citizens of the whole world". Certain principles that Abbt wanted to take away from Pope were that he wanted the German people to either take leadership or make sure they obey their leader, in the good for their country. In Abbt's short life, the figure of Frederick the Great looms over the text in this regard as Abbt admired him very much. He was then able to rise to the top of German academic life, to a position of an enlightened administration, as he "died for Germany and for his language too early" as he was looked at as a true positive influential model to the German society.

## Main message sent to his readers

Between Abbt's two famous works of "On Dying for the Fatherland (1761) and "On Merit" (1765), he tries to "overcome the basic German problem of a fragmented public sphere with enlightened argument designed to lead readers to locate themselves and their well-being in an enlarged societal frame." As he tried to fix this German problem within the public, his enlightened argument is pointed at people in leadership positions or people that have the opportunity to make a difference, in doing something positive for their community around them.

Abbt wrote that Germans lack a common interest, as he asks about the "volk" even though you are not supposed to ask about the "volk" as you are supposed to let it be as it has to pay for its dues. But, he wanted to show his readers what not to do by mentioning them.

The main message he wanted to get to his readers in "On Dying for the Fatherland", was to rouse fellow-citizenship to sacrificial duty for their Fatherland. Just like "The Merit", this novel brings readers a sense of their place or role in a larger society. Abbt emphasizes the equality of all members of society, as it is a common theme that also leads into "The Merit". He keeps this common theme present because he believes that the characteristics of great women, are found in great men as well, which helps influence his readers to take positive actions. Another main message from the novel of "On Dying for the Fatherland" was to sacrifice duty to their fatherland, reading in context of the Seven Years' War. This war had a large impact on Abbt, as it occurred while he made his most famous wiritngs, and was a present event for a quarter of his lifetime. The Seven Years' War was also an event that influenced Abbt's writing, especially "On Dying for the Fatherland", which is why he discusses protecting your homeland so much, along with encouraging people to take action in making positive impacts. He wanted to bring his readers to a sense of their place or role in the larger societal whole, by inspiring virtuous action based. Abbt's purpose was to help the reader see the presence of a fatherland in "well-ordered monarchies".

As Abbt reassures the reader that there is no reason to worry about dissolution of the corporate orders in the novel, "On Dying for the Fatherland" the readers have their own reasons for being that will continue to justify their existence. He also touches base a lot on citizenship, as he describes that in a state of war that nothing during the war takes away from their bonds. Abbt, Moses Mendelssohn, and Shaftesbury wanted to emphasize the social solidarity to the readers to make sure that if their readers are taking their writing seriously, that they will take action in creating a psychological sense of unity in groups or classes.

## Abbt receiving recognition

Abbt was honored for being the writer of "The Publikum" and a teacher of virtue and innocence, where people understood his points and listened to them. He took Professorship in Philosophy in 1760, which is when he wrote famous novel, "On Dying for the Fatherland", brought Abbt a lot of instant recognition. After writing it, he came into contact with Aufklärer and Moses Mendelssohn, who asked him to become a regular contributor to the "letters concerning the newest literature". In accepting this offer, Abbt's work became more public and often more present to readers eyes, where he could have easier access in influencing people. This novel also gave him the title of a full professorship in mathematics at the University of Rinteln.

In 1765, when Abbt published his famous and most important work of "The Merit", it brought interest from Margrave of Schaumburg-Lippe the enlightened Prince at the time offered Abbt a position in court. He accepted this offer and spent the last year of his life working with the Prince. The Prince bestowed on him the office on counsellor of the court, regency, and consistory of Buckeburgh. The Margrave of Schaumburg-Lippe caused Abbt to be interred, with great pomp, in his private chapel, and honoured his tomb by an affecting epitaph from his own pen.

In Abbt's life he rose to the top of German academics at such a young age which moved to a position of enlightened administration and free scholarly activity. He had so much going for him at the age of 28 as he could have influenced so many more people and learned much more if it were not for the sudden illness that led to his death.

## References and sources

References Sources * *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* \- online version at Wikisource
* Eva Piirimäe, "Dying for the fatherland: Thomas Abbt's theory of aesthetic patriotism," *History of European Ideas*, 35,2 (2009), 194–208.

## Further reading

* Bender, A. (1922). *Thomas Abbt*.

.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Abbt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1738-11-25)25 November 1738
Ulm, Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 3 November 1766(1766-11-03) (aged 27)
Bückeburg, Holy Roman Empire |


title: Van Duzer Corridor AVA

abstract: The Van Duzer Corridor AVA, a sub-appellation of the Willamette Valley AVA located within Polk County, Oregon, in the United States, is an American Viticultural Area approved by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau on December 13, 2018 and effective January 14, 2019. The Van Duzer Corridor AVA lies entirely within the established Willamette Valley AVA and covers approximately 59,871 acres (24,229 ha). When the petition was submitted there were 17 commercially-producing vineyards covering a total of approximately 1,000 acres (400 ha), as well as six wineries, within the AVA. The distinguishing features of the Van Duzer Corridor AVA are its topography, climate, and soils.

text:
# Van Duzer Corridor AVA

The **Van Duzer Corridor AVA**, a sub-appellation of the Willamette Valley AVA located within Polk County, Oregon, in the United States, is an American Viticultural Area approved by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau on December 13, 2018 and effective January 14, 2019.

The Van Duzer Corridor AVA lies entirely within the established Willamette Valley AVA and covers approximately 59,871 acres (24,229 ha). When the petition was submitted there were 17 (now 18) commercially-producing vineyards covering a total of approximately 1,000 acres (400 ha), as well as six wineries (now 9), within the AVA.

The distinguishing features of the Van Duzer Corridor AVA are its topography, climate, and soils.

## Topography

Topography is characterized by low elevations and gently rolling hills. The low elevations allow cool breezes to flow relatively unimpeded from the Pacific Ocean, through the Oregon Coast Range, forming a wind corridor gap known as the Van Duzer corridor. The western end of the Van Duzer Corridor wind gap is narrow and squeezed by high elevations to the north and south, leaving little room for viticulture. However, the eastern end of the Van Duzer Corridor wind gap, where the Van Duzer Corridor AVA is located, features the same low elevations and rolling hills as the western portion, with the distinction of having a wider area suitable for vineyards. Within the Van Duzer Corridor AVA, the elevation does not impede the eastward-flowing marine air, allowing higher wind speeds to flow through. In contrast, the surrounding regions all have higher elevations.

## Climate

Climate is characterized by consistent high wind speeds and low cumulative growing degree-day (GDD) accumulations. The consistently high winds in the AVA contribute to thicker grape skins, and raise the levels of phenolic compounds in the fruit. In contrast, the wind speeds to the north and south southeast of the AVA are slower. The Van Duzer Corridor has lower GDD accumulations than surrounding regions to the north and southeast, indicating that its temperatures are generally cooler. The cooler temperatures ripen the fruit slowly, creating a longer hang time than for the same grape varietal grown in a region with higher GDD accumulations. The longer hang time contributes to a reduced acidity level.

## Soils

Soils are primarily uplifted marine sedimentary loams and silts with alluvial overlay, as well as some uplifted basalt. The soils are typically shallow, well-drained, and have a bedrock of siltstone. The high silt and clay levels in the soils balance the overall pH level of the soil by buffering against a sudden increase or decrease in soil pH. The buffering effect is beneficial to vineyards because it boosts the ability of the soils to maintain a stable pH level. In contrast, the soils immediately outside the northern and western boundaries contain soils from different soil series. Farther north and west, the soils contain higher concentrations of basalt and other volcanic materials. In contrast, east of the Van Duzer Corridor AVA, within the Eola-Amity Hills AVA the soils contain larger amounts of volcanic material than the AVA. Additionally, south of the AVA, the soils contain large concentrations of Ice Age loess, which is not found in the Van Duzer Corridor AVA.

44°59′08″N 123°16′43″W / 44.9856°N 123.2787°W / 44.9856; -123.2787

## InfoBox

Van Duzer Corridor AVA
| **Wine region** | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | American Viticultural Area |
| Year established | 2019 |
| Country | United States |
| Part of | Oregon, Willamette Valley AVA |
| Other regions in Oregon, Willamette Valley AVA | Chehalem Mountains AVA, Dundee Hills AVA, Eola-Amity Hills AVA, Laurelwood District AVA, Lower Long Tom AVA, McMinnville AVA, Ribbon Ridge AVA, Tualatin Hills AVA, Yamhill-Carlton District AVA |
| Climate region | Maritine |
| Soil conditions | Marine sediment with basalt over siltstone bedrock |
| Total area | 59,871 acres (24,229 ha) |
| Size of planted vineyards | 1,000 acres (405 ha) |
| No. of vineyards | 18 |
| Varietals produced | Pinot noir, Pinot gris, Pinot blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling, Viognier |
| No. of wineries | 9 |


title: Metlink

abstract: Metlink was the marketing body and umbrella brand for public train, tram and bus transport operators in Melbourne, Australia. On 2 April 2012, the operations of Metlink were transferred to the newly created public transport planning and management authority, Public Transport Victoria.

text:
# Metlink

**Metlink** was the marketing body and umbrella brand for public train, tram and bus transport operators in Melbourne, Australia. On 2 April 2012, the operations of Metlink were transferred to the newly created public transport planning and management authority, Public Transport Victoria.

## History

In 1999, the public transport system in Melbourne was disaggregated and privatised. Immediately after privatisation, there was no active system-wide branding or marketing. As a result, branding, marketing and the provision of customer information became fragmented and disjointed.

In 2003, the Victorian Government and operators joined forces to create ‘Metlink’ which provided a single identity for Melbourne's public transport system. Metlink involved the provision of integrated signage, consumer information and advertising.

## Responsibilities

Metlink was responsible for the promotion of travel by public transport. It published timetables, maps and guides, operated a multi-modal website, provided a journey planner, call centre, market research and data collection. Metlink also accepted and processed customer feedback, and tracked lost property.

As well as establishing a common brand for Melbourne's public transport network, the Metlink initiative was intended to better integrate information about train, tram and bus transport in Melbourne, and therefore provide passengers with better information about connecting services.

Following changes to the privatisation of Melbourne's public transport system in April 2004, the Metlink brand was transferred to a new company, Metlink Victoria Pty Ltd, the role of which was also to perform several minor functions previously performed by the State Government and the franchise operators. Metlink's ownership was then handed over to the two remaining major metropolitan operators - Yarra Trams and Connex Melbourne \- the latter replaced by new train franchisee Metro Trains Melbourne in 2009. Representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and V/Line had input into Metlink, but they did not have a controlling interest.

Metlink also had responsibility for the Revenue Clearing House, the passenger information website (formerly Victrip), the 131 638 (131 MET) telephone information service, and the public transport information centre *Met Shop* on Swanston Street.

## Branding

Metlink developed a master style guide for timetables, maps and other customer information, to complement the graphic design style of signage. The Metlink brand signage was implemented in 2003, with progressive replacement of the heterogeneous signage previously used by the various (some defunct) public transport operators at railway stations, tram and bus stops throughout Melbourne.

Under the Metlink branding system, railway station signage and timetables were colour-coded **Blue**, tram stop signs and timetables were colour-coded **Green**, and the bus network was colour-coded **Orange**. Additionally, the regional train and coach network was colour-coded **Purple**. This colour scheme has also been adopted by the successor public transport operator, Public Transport Victoria.

## Marketing

Metlink also acted as a marketing entity for public transport, and released several television advertisements. However, this was not an exclusive arrangement, as a separate set of TV advertisements was produced by former train operator Connex (featuring Sheena Easton and a trainload of passengers singing her 1980 hit *Morning Train (9 to 5)*) during April and May 2004. In mid-2005 Connex launched another independent print and television advertising campaign, this time focusing on its safety initiatives, and featuring Humpty Dumpty. In 2006, Connex launched a TV campaign *Don't Hold Others Back* focusing on encouraging courtesy on the Melbourne Rail Network.

Metlink was also active in encouraging use of "value Metcards" (pre-purchased multi-trip and periodical tickets) and ran a humorous campaign promoting this called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later). In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring comedian Frank Woodley, to promote improvements in bus services and, following that, the "Take it Easy, Take the bus" campaign.

Viclink
|
|  |
| Company type | Transportation authority |
| Industry | Public transport |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Defunct | 2 April 2012 |
| Fate | Merged |
| Successor | Public Transport Victoria |
| Headquarters | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Area served | Victoria |
| Parent | Department of Transport |
| Website | www.viclink.com.au |

Victoria's regional bus and rail services were brought under an associated brand to Metlink called **Viclink**. Related signage upgrades at regional railway stations began in October 2006, and were also rolled out for major regional city bus networks. The Viclink brand was subsumed by the new public transport umbrella organisation, Public Transport Victoria, on 2 April 2012.

## Legislation and governance

### Transport Integration Act

The prime transport-related statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act 2010. The act established the Department of Transport as the integration agency for Victoria's transport system. The act also establishes and sets the charters of the State agencies charged with providing public transport rail services and managing network access for freight services, namely the former Director of Public Transport and V/Line. In addition, the act establishes VicTrack which owns the public rail network and associated infrastructure. Another important statute is the Rail Management Act 1996 which confers powers on rail operators and provides for an access scheme for the state's rail network.

### Rail Safety Act

The safety of rail transport operations in Melbourne is regulated by the Rail Safety Act 2006 which applies to all commercial passenger operations. The Act establishes a framework containing safety duties for all rail industry participants and requires operators who manage infrastructure and rolling stock to obtain accreditation prior to commencing operations. Accredited operators are also required to have a safety management system to guide their operations. Sanctions applying to the safety scheme established under the Rail Safety Act are contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983. The safety regulator for the rail system in Melbourne including trams is the Director, Transport Safety (trading as Transport Safety Victoria) whose office is established under the Transport Integration Act 2010.

### Ticketing and conduct

Ticketing requirements for trains, trams and buses in Melbourne are mainly contained in the Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006 and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual. Rules about safe and fair conduct on trains, trams and buses in Melbourne are generally contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 and the Transport (Conduct) Regulations 2005.

## InfoBox

Metlink
|
|  |
| Company type | Transportation authority |
| Industry | Public transport |
| Founded | 2003 |
| Defunct | 2 April 2012 |
| Fate | Merged |
| Successor | Public Transport Victoria |
| Headquarters | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Area served | Melbourne |
| Parent | Department of Transport |
| Website | www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au |


title: Nicholas Fish II

abstract: Nicholas Fish II was a United States diplomat who served as the ambassador to Switzerland from 1877 to 1881 and the ambassador to Belgium from 1882 to 1885. In a widely reported crime of the time known as the "sensation of the day," Fish was murdered while leaving a New York City bar. Fish was a member of the long prominent, and wealthy, Fish family that was closely associated with politics from the Revolutionary War times through modern times with members serving as Lt. Governors and Governors of New York, members of the U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, and many diplomats.

text:
# Nicholas Fish II

**Nicholas Fish II** (February 19, 1846September 16, 1902) was a United States diplomat who served as the ambassador to Switzerland from 1877 to 1881 and the ambassador to Belgium from 1882 to 1885. In a widely reported crime of the time known as the "sensation of the day," Fish was murdered while leaving a New York City bar.

Fish was a member of the long prominent, and wealthy, Fish family that was closely associated with politics from the Revolutionary War times through modern times with members serving as Lt. Governors and Governors of New York, members of the U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, and many diplomats.

## Early life

Fish was born in New York City on February 19, 1846. He was the eldest son of six children born to Hamilton Fish (1808–1893) and Julia Ursin Niemcewiez (née Kean) Fish (1816–1887). His father served as Governor of New York from 1849 to 1851, U.S. Senator from New York from 1851 to 1857 and the Secretary of State under Presidents Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes from 1869 until his retirement in 1877. His siblings included Sarah Morris Fish, Julia Kean Fish, Susan Le Roy Fish, Hamilton Fish II, Stuyvesant Fish, and Edith Livingston Fish.

His maternal uncle was U.S. Senator John Kean and he was a great-grandson of Continental Congressmen John Kean and Susan Livingston Kean (herself the daughter of New York State Treasurer Peter Van Brugh Livingston). Her family was also associated with the Wadsworths, the Kings, and the Duers. His paternal grandparents were American Revolutionary War soldier Nicholas Fish and Elizabeth (née Stuyvesant) Fish, a descendant of Peter Stuyvesant and the daughter of Margaret (née Livingston) Stuyvesant.

He was educated at Columbia University, earning a Bachelor of Arts in 1867 and a Master of Arts in 1871. While there, he was a member of the Fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall).

He also attended Harvard Law School earning a Bachelor of Laws in 1869.

## Career

Following his graduation from law school, he practiced law in New York City, then went into the diplomatic service.

Appointed as the Second Secretary of Legation at Berlin (1871), he became Secretary (1874) and acted in the continued absence of his chief as chargé d'affaires, held the latter position in Switzerland (1877–81) and then served as minister to Belgium (1882–86). He returned to New York City in 1887 and became a member of the banking firm of Harriman & Co. at 120 Broadway, of which his brother Stuyvesant was the President.

Following the death of his father, he became a member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati in 1894 and later served as president of the New York Society from 1901 until his death the next year. He was also a member of the New-York Historical Society and the Union Club of the City of New York, beginning in 1873.

In the 1896 presidential election, he was a presidential elector.

## Family

In 1869, Fish married Clemence Smith Bryce (1847–1908), the daughter of Major James Smith Bryce. She was the sister of Lloyd Stephens Bryce, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Minister to the Netherlands, who was married to Edith Cooper, the daughter of New York Mayor Edward Cooper. Together, they were the parents of two children:

Together, they lived at 53 Irving Place near Grammercy Park in New York City and maintained a residence in Tuxedo Park, New York.

### Death and burial

Fish was fatally assaulted in New York City on September 16, 1902, after spending several hours in the company of two women at the Ehrhard Brothers saloon at 265 West 34th Street, off of Eighth Avenue. According to *The New York Times*, the two women he was with that night "were well known in that vicinity. They live in West Thirty-fourth Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and are usually accompanied by two men, one a salesman of jewelry." Fish died from blunt force trauma to the head after being struck while exiting the saloon. Thomas J. Sharkey was convicted of manslaughter and subsequently sentenced to ten years in prison. Fish was buried at Saint Philip's Church Cemetery in Garrison, New York. In 1903, his widow sold their home in Irving Place. She died in 1908.

### Descendants

Through his daughter Elizabeth, he was the grandfather of Hamilton Fish Potter (d. 1978), a member of the New York State Assembly, and the great-grandfather of Hamilton Fish Potter, Jr. (d. 1997), also a Harvard lawyer who worked in banking.

## InfoBox

| Nicholas Fish II | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Ambassador to Belgium | |
| **In office**
April 28, 1882  July 3, 1885 | |
| Preceded by | James O. Putnam |
| Succeeded by | Lambert Tree |
| United States Ambassador to Switzerland | |
| **In office**
June 20, 1877  May 11, 1881 | |
| Preceded by | George Schneider |
| Succeeded by | Michael J. Cramer |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1846-02-19)February 19, 1846
New York City |
| Died | September 16, 1902(1902-09-16) (aged 56)
New York City |
| Resting place | Saint Philip's Church Cemetery
Garrison, New York |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Clemence Smith Bryce
(m. 1869) |
| Children | 2, including Hamilton Fish II |
| Parent(s) | Hamilton Fish (1808-1893)
Julia Ursin Niemcewiez (née Kean) Fish (1816–1887) |
| Alma mater | Columbia University
Harvard Law School |
| Profession | Lawyer, diplomat, banker |
|  | |


title: Gungganyji

abstract: The Guŋgañji, also transcribed Gungganyji, Gunggandji, Kongkandji, and other variations, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of Queensland.

text:
# Gungganyji

The **Guŋgañji**, also transcribed **Gungganyji**, **Gunggandji**, **Kongkandji**, and other variations, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of Queensland.

## Language

The Guŋgañji speak Gungay, a dialect of the Yidiny language.

## Country

Norman Tindale's estimate of Guŋgañji lands sets them at 390 square kilometres (150 sq mi). They are rainforest people, living around the Cape Grafton peninsula, west of the Prior Range, and their southern extension runs down to Palmer Point (*Wararitji*) and the mouth of Mulgrave River.

## Alternative names

* *Kunggandji, Kunggandyi*
* *Kungganji, Kungandji, Koongangie*
* *Goonganji, Goonganjee*
* *Gunggay*
* *Kooganji*
* *Koo-gun-ji*
* *Gurugulu*

### Citations

1. Dixon 2015, p. 11.
2. Tindale 1974, p. 177.

## Sources

* "AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS. 14 May 2024.
* Dixon, R. M. W. (2011). *Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02504-1.
* Dixon, R. M. W. (2015). *Edible Gender, Mother-in-law Style, and Other Grammatical Wonders: Studies in Dyirbal, Yidiñ, and Warrgamay*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-198-70290-0.
* Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Kongkandji (QLD)". *Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names*. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.


title: Hiroshi Shimizu (professor)

abstract: Hiroshi Shimizu is a Japanese management scholar, specializing in innovation and entreprenuership research. He is currently a professor at the School of Commerce, Waseda University.

text:
# Hiroshi Shimizu (professor)

**Hiroshi Shimizu** (born May 29, 1973) is a Japanese management scholar, specializing in innovation and entreprenuership research. He is currently a professor at the School of Commerce, Waseda University.

## Career

Shimizu was born in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan in 1973.

He graduated from the Faculty of Commerce, Chuo University in 1997 and went on to study for a Master's degree in Commerce at Hitotsubashi University, where he completed his studies in 1999. He studied at Northwestern University's School of History during his PhD studies and completed his MA at Northwestern University's History Department in 2002; from 2004 he studied at the London School of Economics and Political Science, where he obtained his Ph.D in 2007 (Economic History).

After working as a post-doctoral fellow at Eindhoven University of Technology, he became a full-time lecturer at the Institute of Innovation Research, Hitotsubashi University in 2008. Associate Professor in 2011 and Professor in 2017 at the same school. Professor, School of Commerce and Management, Waseda University, in 2012.

## Awards

He is the recipient of the 59th Nikkei and Economic Book Culture Award in 2016. The award was established by the Nikkei to contribute to the advancement of scholarship and knowledge in the fields of economics and management/accounting, as well as its general dissemination and application.

In 2017 he was awarded the 33rd Takamiya Prize by The Academic Association for Organizational Science in Japan.

In 2021, he received the Schumpeter Prize from the International Schumpeter Society for his book, *General Purpose Technology, Spin-Out, and Innovation: Technological Development of Laser Diodes in the United States and Japan*

## Publications


title: Pather

abstract: Pather is a suburb of Wishaw, Scotland and was initially built as a council estate. It is situated around ½ miles (0.8 km) from the town centre. Pather can be entered by vehicle from Caledonian Road into either Lomond Drive or Tarbert Avenue. Pedestrian access is also available from Dimsdale at the top of the estate and from Thornlie Gill onto Lomond Drive as well as at The Tunnel area on Caladonian Road. Back road walks to and from Overtown and Gowkthrapple are also available.

text:
# Pather

**Pather** is a suburb of Wishaw, Scotland and was initially built as a council estate. It is situated around ½ miles (0.8 km) from the town centre.

Pather can be entered by vehicle from Caledonian Road into either Lomond Drive or Tarbert Avenue. Pedestrian access is also available from Dimsdale at the top of the estate and from Thornlie Gill onto Lomond Drive as well as at The Tunnel area on Caladonian Road. Back road walks to and from Overtown and Gowkthrapple are also available.

## Street names

All the streets in Pather are named after Scottish Lochs except Hospital Road, which is an offshoot of the road that used to pass the now demolished Wishaw Hospital. Examples of this include Tarbert Avenue, Lomond Drive, Earn Crescent, Ness Street, Etive Street, and Sunart Street.

## Education

There is a non-denominational primary school within the estate Thornlie Primary. The majority of the children from the area attend this school or the Roman Catholic Primary School, Saint Thomas' Primary which is located directly in front of Pather on Caladonian Road.

## Shops, services and facilities

Shops in Pather include a post office, PremierStore convenience store and a hairdressers/barber shop on Rannoch Drive. There is also a convenience shop located at the top end of the estate. There is also a small arcade of shops on Caledonian Road at the entrance to Lomond Drive, Braw Dogs grooming, Sewing Workshop, Shopsmart convenience store and atm, June's Bridal wear and Kilt hire, also a Daytoday convenience store further along next to St Thomas'.

In the park adjacent to Thornlie Primary School there is now a large play and recreation area, funded by various groups and organised by Pather Action Group, a local community organisation, it is open to all residents of the area.

Pather is only a short walk into the town centre and main shopping area of Wishaw. Pather is also only a few minutes away from Wishaw Sports Centre and Wishaw Train Station as well as Tesco extra supermarket and McDonald's and other fast food establishments and petrol filling stations and the local recycling centre is not far.

Pather Park is a very good dog walking area with dog waste bins provided, there are 3 football pitches and a changing Pavilion, the Park stretches from Caledonian Road to the "Old Roads" area at the now gone Pather Farm - the complete length of the estate. There is also a BMX bike park at the top end.

Pather Community Centre is located at the bottom of the estate and holds various activities and another good dog walking area is available to the rear.

## Transport

Pather is separated from the main part of Wishaw and Gowkthrapple by the two railway lines, one of which is the main West Coast line between Glasgow and London and the other is the Lanark Line which runs between Lanark and Glasgow Central High Level, which run parallel along the length of the scheme proper. It is served by First Glasgow service 242, Monday to Saturday Daytime to Holytown/Maxim Park (Mon-Fri early and late peak buses extend from Holytown to Maxim Park). Monday to Saturday evening bus services are provided by Stuarts Coaches who run service 248 between Wishaw Hospital & Holytown, via Pather, Wishaw Coltness, Cleland, Newarthill, & New Stevenston. Sunday only bus service 193 is provided by First Glasgow and runs between Pather and Cleland via Netherton, Wishaw Hosp, Wishaw, & Coltness. Pather can be entered by Tarbert or Lomond Drive by Caledonian Road (B754)

## Religion

Pather residents have a mix of religious and spiritual beliefs and practices. Various places of worship are available.

## InfoBox

| Pather | |
| --- | --- |
| PatherLocation within North Lanarkshire | |
| OS grid reference | NS792546 |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | WISHAW |
| Postcode district | ML2 |
| Dialling code | 01698 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: Konrad Maurer

abstract: Konrad Maurer, since 1876 Konrad von Maurer was a German legal historian. He was the son of legal historian and statesman Georg Ludwig von Maurer (1790–1872). Maurer is considered one of the most significant researchers of Nordic legal and constitutional history.

text:
# Konrad Maurer

**Konrad Maurer**, since 1876 **Konrad von Maurer** (April 29, 1823 – September 16, 1902) was a German legal historian. He was the son of legal historian and statesman Georg Ludwig von Maurer (1790–1872). Maurer is considered one of the most significant researchers of Nordic legal and constitutional history.

## Biography

Konrad Heinrich Maurer was born in 1823 in Frankenthal (Palatinate), as the only son of Georg Ludwig von Maurer und Friederike Maurer née Heydweiller. In 1826 the family moved to Munich (Bavaria), where his father was appointed professor of German legal history. Here, Konrad Maurer's mother died when he was seven. His father never remarried. Konrad Maurer spent two years of his childhood in Greece where his father was appointed a member of the council of regency of king Otto of Greece. Afterwards the family returned to Munich.

Bowing to his father's wish, Konrad Maurer studied law at the Universities of Munich, Leipzig and Berlin, earning his doctorate in 1845. In 1847 he became an associate professor, and in 1855 a full professor of legal history at the University of Munich.

Maurer was a leading authority of Germanic/Nordic legal and constitutional history. He had a special interest in Icelandic literature, history, language and culture and was an outspoken advocate for Icelandic political independence from Danish rule, supporting Jón Sigurðsson in his cause.

In 1858, Maurer undertook a personal travel to Iceland. Inspired by his contacts to Jacob Grimm (from the Brothers Grimm), he used the opportunity to collect Icelandic folk tales and published them after his return under the title *Isländische Volkssagen der Gegenwart*. This was the first detailed publication of Icelandic folk tales in German.

Maurer read lectures in Munich, Oslo, and Kopenhagen. In 1865, he was appointed a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and in 1876 he was awarded (nonhereditary) knighthood of the Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown. By this he was officially given the title "(Ritter) von Maurer"; however he did not like the title and always preferred to be called just Maurer. In the same year, Maurer was offered his own chair at the University of Christiania, which he declined.

Throughout his life Maurer was a close friend to the Icelandic scholar Guðbrandur Vigfússon, the Norwegian folklorist Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, playwright Henrik Ibsen and writer Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. He retired in 1888 and died 1902 in Munich, where he was buried in Alter Südfriedhof. His considerable library, which he had inherited from his father and expanded to over 9000 volumes, was sold in 1904, for the major part to Harvard University and the rest to the bar association of New York. A part of it is today in the libraries of Yale Law School and George Washington University Law School.

Maurer had eight children. His eldest son Ludwig Maurer became a mathematician.

## Awards

## Konrad Maurer societies

On 18 September 2016, the German non-profit society *Konrad-Maurer-Gesellschaft e. V.* was founded in Munich, with the aim to keep the memory of the scholar and person Konrad Maurer alive and to continue his work. On 21 February 2019, the Icelandic Konrad Maurer society *Konrad Maurer Félag á Íslandi* was founded in Reykjavík.

## Selected publications

* *Ueber das Wesen des ältesten Adels der deutschen Stämme in seinem Verhältniß zur gemeinen Freiheit*, 1846.
* *Die Bekehrung des Norwegischen Stammes zum Christenthume, in ihrem geschichtlichen Verlaufe quellenmäßig geschildert*, 1855/56.
* *Die Gull-Þóris Saga oder Þorskfirðínga Saga*, 1858.
* *Isländische Volkssagen der Gegenwart. Vorwiegend nach mündlicher Überlieferung gesammelt und verdeutscht* (Icelandic Folk Tales of the Present, Chiefly Collected through Oral Tradition/German text only; Open Library free edition), 1860.
* *Island, von seiner ersten Entdeckung bis zum Untergange des Freistaats*, 1874.
* *Vorlesungen über altnordische Rechtsgeschichte* (Old Norse lectures on legal history), 5 volumes, 1907-1910 (posthumous).

* *This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia.*

## InfoBox

| Konrad Maurer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Konrad Maurer<br>(1823-04-29)29 April 1823 |
| Died | 6 September 1902(1902-09-06) (aged 79) |


title: Proboscis (butterfly)

abstract: Proboscis is a genus of butterflies from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The species in the genus Proboscis occur in South America.

text:
# Proboscis (butterfly)

***Proboscis*** is a genus of butterflies from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The species in the genus *Proboscis* occur in South America.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Proboscis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Tribe: | Satyrini |
| Genus: | *Proboscis*<br>Thieme, 1907 |
|


title: This Is the Night (2021 film)

abstract: This Is the Night is a 2021 American drama film written and directed by James DeMonaco. It stars Frank Grillo, Lucius Hoyos, Jonah Hauer-King, Bobby Cannavale, and Naomi Watts. Jason Blum served as producer under his Blumhouse Productions banner and Sebastien Lemercier served as producer under his Man in a Tree Productions banner. The film released at the Angelika Film Center for a limited run on September 17, 2021, and was digitally released on September 21, 2021, by Universal Pictures.

text:
# This Is the Night (2021 film)

***This Is the Night*** is a 2021 American drama film written and directed by James DeMonaco. It stars Frank Grillo, Lucius Hoyos, Jonah Hauer-King, Bobby Cannavale, and Naomi Watts. Jason Blum served as producer under his Blumhouse Productions banner and Sebastien Lemercier served as producer under his Man in a Tree Productions banner.

The film released at the Angelika Film Center for a limited run on September 17, 2021, and was digitally released on September 21, 2021, by Universal Pictures.

## Plot

In 1982, a family must confront its greatest challenges and the family realizes that the only way to live is like there's no tomorrow.

## Cast

In addition, Frankie Montero plays gang leader Gus Giammarino, a brief but pivotal role.

## Production

On May 15, 2018, Blumhouse Productions and Man in a Tree Productions announced James DeMonaco would be writing and directing a drama film titled *Once Upon a Time in Staten Island*, with Naomi Watts, Frank Grillo and Bobby Cannavale starring in the film. On August 4, 2020, it was announced the film was re-titled *This Is the Night*.

Principal photography began on May 30, 2018.

## Release

The film had a one-week theatrical run at the Angelika Film Center on September 17, 2021, and was digitally released on September 21, 2021, by Universal Pictures.

## Reception

### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 13% of 8 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 3.3/10.

## InfoBox

| This Is the Night | |
| --- | --- |
| Official poster | |
| Directed by | James DeMonaco |
| Written by | James DeMonaco |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Anastas Michos |
| Edited by | Keith Fraase |
| Music by | Nathan Whitehead |
| Production<br>companies |  |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * September 17, 2021 (2021-09-17) |
| Running time | 108 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Van Halen World Vacation Tour

abstract: The World Vacation Tour was the second concert tour by American hard rock band Van Halen in support of their second studio album Van Halen II.

text:
# Van Halen World Vacation Tour

The **World Vacation Tour** was the second concert tour by American hard rock band Van Halen in support of their second studio album Van Halen II.

## Background

The band began their first full headlining tour in Fresno on March 25, 1979. The band were performing in arenas throughout the United States, where they had performed previously as an opening act. The band was set to perform in Spokane on April 14, but had postponed their show to April 19 due to an illness from one of the band members. The tour was a financial success for the band, aside from the additional costs of having extra lighting and sound equipment. The band had also toured Europe for two weeks and Asia during this tour, playing to larger audiences than they previously had on their first tour. The tour concluded on October 7, 1979 with a performance at the Forum in Inglewood where Eddie and Alex lived.

## Reception

Nelson George, a reviewer for the magazine *Billboard*, gave the performance in New York City on May 12, 1979 a positive review. He opened with the acknowledgement of a sold out young and dedicated crowd as well as recognizing the two studio albums released by the band having also achieved gold. He praised the usage of backlights and colored light combinations, stating that the show despite being in its frenzy was well choreographed and slick with the noting of Roth's energy on stage. However, he criticized the sound based on how Eddie and Michael were washing away the vocals of Roth with the buzzing of their cordless guitars.

Music critic Bob Ross from the St. Petersburg Times, had also gave the band's performance a positive review after attending the Lakeland show, opening with a headline that Van Halen was "irresistibly entertaining". He noted on the excitement from the audience that the band had generated from 6,000 fans. He praised the energy, enthusiasm and simplicity techniques. When talking about Eddie Van Halen, he noted him as interesting a lead guitarist, comparing him to many other rising guitarists from other band in the decade. Commenting on Eddie's abilities during the show, he said the feedback never faltered, and his performance was a reminder that great rock music is fun, super-tight and never pompous. Ross concluded his review, agreeing with bassist Michael Anthony that Van Halen shouldn't change the basic sound the band developed.

Posting his review in the Leader-Post, Mike McVean gave the Regina, Saskatchewan performance he attended a positive review, opening that the 5,750 euphoric fans in attendance weren't disappointed - which ranged from 12 to 18 year olds having compared them to being like cattle going to the slaughterhouse. He noted that the band had put on a "cranium-splitting show" which featured a minimum of definition and clarity of lyric and a maximum of energy throughout the performance, sticking to what the show was about as he cited: "heavy metal hard rock". He praised both the quality of Eddie Van Halen's guitar work and David Lee Roth's vocals, comparing them to being a Robert Plant-style presence but criticized that the guitar riffs and leaps were of much relevance stating that one brick does not make a wall of sound. Concert attendee Verna Mogk was very disappointed with McVean's review, stating that they did not feel like a cow being led to the slaughterhouse, and did not appreciate being referred to that way. They noted on the fantastic musical abilities of the band with evidence of the loud applause the audience gave to them, remarking that McVean should check with his family physician for migrane relief after his "cranium-splitting" comment, with hopes the band did not read the review he made, following an "excellent and entertaining show".

However, Ted Drozdowski from the Morning Record and Journal gave the New Haven performance a negative review, opening his review with stating the band was miserably poor in concert with the simple statement: "Van Halen stinks!" He stated that the band was very disorganized and immature with no sense of timing, featured a hate-inspired stage presence as well as noting on an ugly light show. Despite the stage show was he quoted as "sad", he stated that the band was nowhere near the quality and perfection of their studio recordings. He criticized that the band was trying to be a copy of Led Zeppelin, with the band's lack of intelligence preventing even a mediocre copy. Having noted on the various issues that the band members had, as well as Roth's performance, comparing him to a prancing fool who behaved like a headless chicken, he also referred to Eddie Van Halen's guitar playing, also accusing him of cheating to achieve his claim to fame. He concluded his review, stating it was a terrible performing band and a waste of the price on a concert ticket.

## Setlist

1. "Light Up the Sky"
2. "Somebody Get Me a Doctor"
3. Alex Van Halen drum solo
4. "Runnin' with the Devil"
5. "Dance the Night Away"
6. "Beautiful Girls"
7. "On Fire"
8. Michael Anthony bass solo
9. "You're No Good"
10. "Jamie's Cryin'"
11. "Fools" (Intro) and "Feel Your Love Tonight"
12. "Outta Love Again"
13. "Ice Cream Man"
14. "Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love"
15. Eddie Van Halen guitar solo, "Spanish Fly" and "Eruption"
16. "You Really Got Me"

**Encore**

1.
2. "Bottoms Up!"
3. "Growth", "Atomic Punk"

## Tour dates

List of concerts, showing date, city, country and venue
| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North America | | | |
| March 25, 1979 | Fresno | United States | Selland Arena |
| March 26, 1979 | Redding | | Redding Civic Auditorium |
| March 27, 1979 | Central Point | | Compton Arena |
| March 29, 1979 | Missoula | | Adams Field House |
| March 30, 1979 | Caldwell | | O'Connor Field House |
| March 31, 1979 | Logan | | Smith Spectrum |
| April 3, 1979 | Tacoma | | UPS Memorial Field House |
| April 5, 1979 | San Rafael | | Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium |
| April 6, 1979 | San Jose | | San Jose Performing Arts Theater |
| April 7, 1979 | | |
| April 8, 1979 | Los Angeles | | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
(*California World Music Festival* #2) |
| April 10, 1979 | Reno | | Centennial Coliseum |
| April 12, 1979 | Seattle | | Seattle Center Arena |
| April 13, 1979 | | |
| ~~April 14, 1979~~ | ~~Spokane~~ | | ~~Spokane Coliseum~~ |
| April 16, 1979 | Portland | | Jantzen Beach Ice Arena |
| April 17, 1979 | | |
| April 18, 1979 | Vancouver | Canada | Pacific Coliseum |
| April 19, 1979 | Spokane | United States | Spokane Coliseum |
| April 21, 1979 | Boulder | | Balch Fieldhouse |
| April 22, 1979 | | |
| April 24, 1979 | Kansas City | | Kansas City Music Hall |
| April 26, 1979 | Chicago | | Aragon Ballroom |
| April 27, 1979 | | |
| April 28, 1979 | St. Louis | | Checkerdome |
| April 29, 1979 | Indianapolis | | Market Square Arena |
| May 1, 1979 | Detroit | | Detroit Masonic Temple |
| May 2, 1979 | | |
| May 3, 1979 | Kalamazoo | | Wings Stadium |
| May 5, 1979 | Cincinnati | | Riverfront Coliseum |
| May 6, 1979 | Louisville | | Louisville Gardens |
| May 7, 1979 | Pittsburgh | | Stanley Theatre |
| May 8, 1979 | Toledo | | Toledo Sports Arena |
| May 9, 1979 | Buffalo | | Buffalo Memorial Auditorium |
| May 11, 1979 | Washington, D.C. | | Warner Theatre |
| May 12, 1979 | New York City | | Palladium |
| May 13, 1979 | Boston | | Orpheum Theatre |
| May 15, 1979 | Toronto | Canada | Maple Leaf Gardens |
| May 16, 1979 | London | | London Gardens |
| May 17, 1979 | Syracuse | United States | Manley Field House |
| May 18, 1979 | Rochester | | Rochester Community War Memorial Arena
("Don Kirshner's Rock Concert") |
| May 19, 1979 | Philadelphia | | Spectrum |
| May 30, 1979 | Atlanta | | Fox Theatre |
| May 31, 1979 | Charlotte | | Charlotte Coliseum |
| June 1, 1979 | Norfolk | | Scope Arena |
| June 2, 1979 | Raleigh | | Carter–Finley Stadium
(*June Jam*) |
| June 4, 1979 | Knoxville | | Knoxville Civic Coliseum |
| June 5, 1979 | Birmingham | | Boutwell Memorial Auditorium |
| June 7, 1979 | Memphis | | Mid-South Coliseum |
| June 8, 1979 | Little Rock | | Barton Coliseum |
| June 9, 1979 | Dallas | | Cotton Bowl
(*Texxas Jam*) |
| June 10, 1979 | New Orleans | | The Superdome
(*A Day of Rock 'N' Roll*) |
| Europe | | | |
| June 14, 1979 | Brussels | Belgium | Forest National |
| June 15, 1979 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Jaap Edenhal |
| June 17, 1979 | Düsseldorf | West Germany | Philips Hall |
| June 18, 1979 | Offenbach | | Stadthalle Offenbach |
| June 19, 1979 | Munich | | Circus Krone Building |
| June 21, 1979 | Lyon | France | Palais des Sports de Gerland |
| June 22, 1979 | Paris | | Pavillon de Paris |
| June 25, 1979 | Birmingham | England | Birmingham Odeon |
| June 26, 1979 | Newcastle | | Newcastle City Hall |
| June 27, 1979 | Manchester | | Manchester Apollo Theatre |
| June 28, 1979 | London | | Rainbow Theatre |
| June 29, 1979 | | |
| North America | | | |
| July 5, 1979 | Jacksonville | United States | Jacksonville Exhibition Hall |
| July 6, 1979 | West Palm Beach | | West Palm Beach Auditorium |
| July 7, 1979 | Miami | | Miami Jai-Alai Fronton Arena |
| July 8, 1979 | Lakeland | | Lakeland Civic Center |
| July 10, 1979 | Corpus Christi | | Corpus Christi Memorial Coliseum |
| July 11, 1979 | Houston | | Houston Music Hall |
| July 12, 1979 | | |
| July 14, 1979 | Amarillo | | Amarillo Civic Center |
| July 15, 1979 | Midland | | Chaparral Center |
| July 16, 1979 | Austin | | Austin Municipal Auditorium |
| July 17, 1979 | San Antonio | | San Antonio Convention Center |
| July 19, 1979 | Wichita | | Century II Concert Hall |
| July 20, 1979 | Tulsa | | Tulsa Assembly Center |
| July 21, 1979 | Oklahoma City | | Gaylord Performing Arts Theater |
| July 22, 1979 | Lincoln | | Pershing Memorial Auditorium |
| July 24, 1979 | Saint Paul | | St. Paul Civic Auditorium |
| July 25, 1979 | | |
| July 26, 1979 | Dubuque | | Five Flags Arena |
| July 27, 1979 | Springfield | | Illinois State Armory |
| July 28, 1979 | Trotwood | | Hara Arena |
| August 10, 1979 | Portland | | Cumberland County Civic Center |
| August 11, 1979 | Asbury Park | | Asbury Park Convention Hall |
| August 12, 1979 | New Haven | | New Haven Coliseum |
| August 14, 1979 | Cleveland | | Cleveland Music Hall |
| August 15, 1979 | | |
| August 17, 1979 | Springfield | | Springfield Civic Center |
| August 18, 1979 | South Yarmouth | | Cape Cod Coliseum |
| August 20, 1979 | Madison | | Dane County Veterans Memorial Coliseum |
| August 21, 1979 | Milwaukee | | Milwaukee Auditorium |
| August 25, 1979 | Oakland | | Oakland Civic Auditorium |
| August 26, 1979 | | |
| Japan | | | |
| September 3, 1979 | Kyoto | Japan | Kyoto Kaikan |
| September 5, 1979 | Fukuoka | | Fukuoka Kyuden Kinen Gymnasium |
| September 7, 1979 | Nagoya | | Nagoya Civic Assembly Hall |
| September 8, 1979 | Kurashiki | | Kurashiki Civic Cultural Hall |
| September 10, 1979 | Osaka | | Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium |
| September 11, 1979 | | |
| September 13, 1979 | Tokyo | | Nippon Budokan |
| North America | | | |
| September 18, 1979 | Edmonton | Canada | Northlands Coliseum |
| September 19, 1979 | Calgary | | Stampede Corral |
| September 22, 1979 | Regina | | Agridome |
| September 23, 1979 | Winnipeg | | Winnipeg Convention Centre |
| September 25, 1979 | Duluth | United States | Duluth Arena |
| September 27, 1979 | Bismarck | | Bismarck Civic Center |
| September 28, 1979 | Rapid City | | Rushmore Plaza Civic Center |
| September 29, 1979 | Billings | | MetraPark Arena |
| October 2, 1979 | Tucson | | Tucson Community Center |
| October 3, 1979 | Phoenix | | Phoenix Exhibition Hall |
| October 6, 1979 | San Diego | | San Diego Sports Arena |
| October 7, 1979 | Inglewood | | The Forum |

### Box office score data

List of box office score data with date, city, venue, attendance, gross, references
| Date
(1979) | City | Venue | Attendance | Gross | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 3 | Tacoma, United States | UPS Memorial Field House | 4,200 | $35,158 |  |
| April 5 | San Rafael, United States | Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium | 2,028 | $16,974 | |
| May 7 | Pittsburgh, United States | Stanley Theatre | 3,697 | $30,058 |  |
| May 13 | Boston, United States | Orpheum Theatre | 2,000 | $28,729 | |
| July 10 | Corpus Christi, United States | Memorial Coliseum | 6,113 | $45,985 |  |
| July 15 | Midland, United States | Chaparral Center | 4,076 | $33,581 | |
| August 11 | Asbury Park, United States | Convention Hall | 3,946 | $35,652 |  |
| August 12 | New Haven, United States | Coliseum | 7,400 | $60,750 | |
| September 27 | Bismarck, United States | Civic Center | 6,119 | $52,529 |  |
| September 28 | Rapid City, United States | Rushmore Plaza | 6,831 | $57,946 | |
| September 29 | Billings, United States | MetraPark Arena | 9,151 | $77,516 | |

## Personnel

### Citations

### General sources

* Tolinski, Brad; Gill, Chris (2021). *Eruption: Conversations with Eddie Van Halen* (First ed.). New York, New York: Hachette Books. ISBN 9780306826672.
* Christopher, Michael (2021). *Van Halen: The Eruption and the Aftershock*. Lanham, Maryland: Backbeat. ISBN 9781493062102.

## InfoBox

World Vacation Tour
| Tour by Van Halen | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | * North America * Europe * Japan |
| Associated album | *Van Halen II* |
| Start date | March 25, 1979 (1979-03-25) |
| End date | October 7, 1979 (1979-10-07) |
| Legs | 5 |
| No. of shows | 108 |
| Van Halen concert chronology | |


title: Gawnaha railway station

abstract: Gawnaha railway station is a small railway station on Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line in West Champaran district, Bihar. Its code is GAH. It serves Gawnaha village. Gawnaha station is located near the Indo-Nepal border. It is connected with the Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines at Narkatiaganj Junction, 23 km away.

text:
# Gawnaha railway station

**Gawnaha railway station** (also **Gaunaha**) is a small railway station on Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line in West Champaran district, Bihar. Its code is **GAH**. It serves Gawnaha village.

Gawnaha station is located near the Indo-Nepal border. It is connected with the Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines at Narkatiaganj Junction, 23 km away.

## Gauge conversion

Presently services are suspended on Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line since 2015, as it is undergoing gauge conversion, from metre to broad gauge. It is expected that the first stretch between Narkatiaganj Junction and Amolwa (13 km) to be completed in March 2020 and by June 2020, up to Gawnaha station (23 km). The last section between Gawnaha and Bhikhna Thori (13 km) passes through dense forest and needs a special permit from the Forest Department allowing construction works. As of August 2019, the permit has not been given. According to the Forest Department, Gawnaha – Bhikhna Thori section should be closed and the railway land transferred to them.

## InfoBox

| Gawnaha railway station | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station | |
| General information | |
| Location | West Champaran district, Bihar<br>India |
| Coordinates | 27°17′21″N 84°31′06″E / 27.2893°N 84.5184°E / 27.2893; 84.5184 |
| Elevation | 108 metres (354 ft) |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Operated by | East Central Railway |
| Line(s) | Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Auto stand |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on ground station) |
| Parking | No |
| Bicycle facilities | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Closed (line under gauge conversion) |
| Station code | GAH |
| Zone(s) | East Central Railway |
| Division(s) | Samastipur |
| History | |
| Electrified | No |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Indian Railways Following station  Bhitiharwa Ashramtowards ?   Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line  Bhikhna Thoritowards ? | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Gawnaha railway stationLocation within IndiaGawnaha railway stationGawnaha railway station (Bihar) | |