title: Excitation (magnetic)

abstract: In electromagnetism, excitation is the process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current. An electric generator or electric motor consists of a rotor spinning in a magnetic field. The magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets or by field coils. In the case of a machine with field coils, a current must flow in the coils to generate (excite) the field, otherwise no power is transferred to or from the rotor. Field coils yield the most flexible form of magnetic flux regulation and de-regulation, but at the expense of a flow of electric current. Hybrid topologies exist, which incorporate both permanent magnets and field coils in the same configuration. The flexible excitation of a rotating electrical machine is employed by either brushless excitation techniques or by the injection of current by carbon brushes.

text:
# Excitation (magnetic)

In electromagnetism, **excitation** is the process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current.

An electric generator or electric motor consists of a rotor spinning in a magnetic field. The magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets or by field coils. In the case of a machine with field coils, a current must flow in the coils to generate (*excite*) the field, otherwise no power is transferred to or from the rotor. Field coils yield the most flexible form of magnetic flux regulation and de-regulation, but at the expense of a flow of electric current. Hybrid topologies exist, which incorporate both permanent magnets and field coils in the same configuration. The flexible excitation of a rotating electrical machine is employed by either brushless excitation techniques or by the injection of current by carbon brushes (static excitation).

## Excitation in generators

For a machine using field coils, as is the case in most large generators, the field must be established by a current in order for the generator to produce electricity. Although some of the generator's own output can be used to maintain the field once it starts up, an external source of current is needed for starting the generator. In any case, it is important to be able to control the field since this will maintain the system voltage.

### Amplifier principle

Except for permanent magnet generators, a generator produces output voltage proportional to the magnetic flux, which is the sum of flux from the magnetization of the structure and the flux proportional to the field produced by the excitation current. If there is no excitation current the flux is tiny and the armature voltage is almost nil.

The field current controls the generated voltage allowing a power system’s voltage to be regulated to remove the effect of increasing armature current causing increased voltage drop in the armature winding conductors. In a system with multiple generators and a constant system voltage the current and power delivered by an individual generator is regulated by the field current. A generator is a current to voltage, or transimpedance amplifier. To avoid damage from progressively larger over-corrections, the field current must be adjusted more slowly than the effect of the adjustment propagates through the power system.

### Separate excitation

For large, or older, generators, it is usual for a separate **exciter** dynamo to be powered in parallel with the main power generator. This is a small permanent-magnet or battery-excited dynamo that produces the field current for the larger generator.

### Self excitation

Modern generators with field coils are usually **self-excited**; i.e., some of the power output from the rotor is used to power the field coils. The rotor iron retains a degree of residual magnetism when the generator is turned off. The generator is started with no load connected; the initial weak field induces a weak current in the rotor coils, which in turn creates an initial field current, increasing the field strength, thus increasing the induced current in the rotor, and so on in a feedback process until the machine "builds up" to full voltage.

#### Starting

Self-excited generators must be started without any external load attached. Any external load will sink the electrical power from the generator before the capacity to generate electrical power can increase.

#### Variants

Multiple versions of self-exitation exist:

* a shunt, the simplest design, uses the main winding for the excitation power;
* an **excitation boost system** (EBS) is a shunt design with a separate small generator added to temporarily provide an energy boost when the main coil voltage drops (for example, due to a fault). The boost generator is not rated for permanent operation;
* an auxiliary winding is not connected to the main one and thus is not subject to voltage changes caused by the change of the load.

#### Field flashing

If the machine does not have enough residual magnetism to build up to full voltage, usually a provision is made to inject current into the field coil from another source. This may be a battery, a *house unit* providing direct current, or rectified current from a source of alternating current power. Since this initial current is required for a very short time, it is called *field flashing*. Even small portable generator sets may occasionally need field flashing to restart.

The **critical field resistance** is the maximum field circuit resistance for a given speed with which the shunt generator would excite. The shunt generator will build up voltage only if field circuit resistance is less than critical field resistance. It is a tangent to the open circuit characteristics of the generator at a given speed.

### Brushless excitation

Brushless excitation creates the magnetic flux on the rotor of electrical machines without the need of carbon brushes. It is typically used for reducing the regular maintenance costs and to reduce the risk of brush-fire. It was developed in the 1950s, as a result of the advances in high-power semiconductor devices. The concept was using a rotating diode rectifier on the shaft of the synchronous machine to harvest induced alternating voltages and rectify them to feed the generator field winding.

Brushless excitation has been historically lacking the fast flux de-regulation, which has been a major drawback. However, new solutions have emerged. Modern rotating circuitry incorporates active de-excitation components on the shaft, extending the passive diode bridge. Moreover, their recent developments in high-performance wireless communication have realized fully controlled topologies on the shaft, such as the thyristor rectifiers and chopper interfaces.

## Sources


title: Jason Motte

abstract: Jason Louis Motte is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, Colorado Rockies, and Atlanta Braves. The Cardinals drafted him as a catcher in 2003 and he converted to pitching in 2006. Motte played a key role in the 2011 World Series championship run, saving five postseason games. In 2012, he led the National League (NL) in saves with 42. Motte had Tommy John surgery to repair an ulnar collateral ligament injury that kept him from playing all of 2013. After returning to the Cardinals midway through the 2014 season, Motte signed a one-year, $4.5 million deal with the Cubs for 2015.

text:
# Jason Motte

**Jason Louis Motte** (born June 22, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, Colorado Rockies, and Atlanta Braves. The Cardinals drafted him as a catcher in 2003 and he converted to pitching in 2006. Motte played a key role in the 2011 World Series championship run, saving five postseason games. In 2012, he led the National League (NL) in saves with 42. Motte had Tommy John surgery to repair an ulnar collateral ligament injury that kept him from playing all of 2013. After returning to the Cardinals midway through the 2014 season, Motte signed a one-year, $4.5 million deal with the Cubs for 2015.

## Early life and amateur career

Motte was born in Port Huron, Michigan. His father, James, worked for Wheelabrator Technologies and moved the family around several times during Motte's childhood including stops in Shreveport, Louisiana, Shelton, Connecticut, Pueblo, Colorado, Pensacola, Florida and, ultimately, Montgomery, New York.

He graduated from Valley Central High School in Montgomery in 2000 and played catcher on the varsity baseball team. Valley Central is also the alma mater of former MLB pitcher Matt Morris. He then attended Iona College in New Rochelle, New York. At Iona, Motte could throw to second base from behind the plate as fast as 1.76 seconds, and was clocked at throwing 85 mph from this position. While Motte never pitched for Iona, the school's pitching coach reported that, with shinguards on, Motte once released a 94 mph pitch from the mound at practice. Despite his arm strength, Motte never threw a single pitch in a game in either high school or college.

## Professional career

### Draft and minor leagues: Catcher (2003–2008)

Cardinals selected Motte in the 19th round of the 2003 Major League Baseball draft as a catcher. In 2003 with the Peoria Chiefs, in 48 games at catcher he committed four errors with five passed balls. Early in his minor league career, he struggled as a hitter. He batted .222 in 2003, .175 in 2004, and .176 in 2005. On June 29, 2005, Motte went on the disabled list (DL) for a thumb fracture while playing for the High-A Palm Beach Cardinals. Entering the 2006 season, Motte had compiled a .188 career batting average. He also had just 21 walks, 13 doubles and four home runs in 209 minor league games as a catcher. However, his arm strength and accuracy were difficult to ignore. Motte threw out 53 of 109 would-be base stealers for a 49% rate. He also recorded 160 assists in his first 181 games. Spurred by the thumb injury, declining batting average, and conspicuous throwing abilities, Motte converted to pitching.

### Conversion to pitcher: 2006

The results as a pitcher showed much more promise than attempting to become a Major League hitter. Between State College and Quad Cities in 2006, Motte pitched his first 39 professional innings. He struck out 38 batters and posted a 3.69 earned run average while allowing 10.6 hits per nine innings pitched. The next season, he improved across the board. Between Palm Beach and Springfield, he totaled 59 innings, 69 strikeouts, a 1.98 ERA, and 6.6 hits per nine innings. That performance made him one of the Cardinals' top pitching prospects and the Cardinals added him to their 40-man roster in early December 2007 to avoid exposing him to the Rule 5 draft.

Motte spent the majority of the 2008 season with the Memphis Redbirds, the St. Louis Cardinals' Triple-A farm team in the Pacific Coast League. His abilities as strikeout pitcher became even more prominent: in 66+23 innings, he struck out 110, a rate of 14.8 strikeouts per nine innings pitched.

### St. Louis Cardinals (2008–2014)

#### 2008–11

The Cardinals called Motte from the minor leagues on September 2, 2008. He recorded a total of 12 appearances, all in relief, with an ERA of 0.82 in his first month in the big leagues. In 11 innings, Motte struck out 16 batters, allowing three walks and five hits. He earned his first save on September 18 against Cincinnati in their ballpark, getting the final out in the ninth inning with a fly ball to left field.

During the 2009 spring training camp, Motte competed with Ryan Franklin and Chris Perez in an attempt to earn the role as the Cardinals' 2009 closer; manager Tony La Russa later said he would not establish a closer. Instead, he would use a mix of relievers in the ninth inning. Motte was called on to save the first game. However, he gave up four runs to the Pittsburgh Pirates in the ninth inning. Pittsburgh won 6–4. After this blown save opportunity, La Russa moved Motte into a middle reliever role. Despite the blown the save on opening day and occasional rough outings that contributed to a 4.59 ERA, Motte recorded 14 holds. Motte became the Cardinals' de facto closer late in the 2011 season – La Russa still had not named him as the closer – helping his team win the Wild Card. Motte pitched in two games against the Philadelphia Phillies in the 2011 National League Division Series (NLDS), in which the Cardinals won the series 3 games to 2. Motte also pitched in three games in the 2011 National League Championship Series (NLCS) against St. Louis' division rival, the Milwaukee Brewers. The Cardinals won this series in six games. Motte was on the mound for the final out of the NLCS winning the Cardinals their 18th pennant. He was also on the mound when the Cardinals defeated the Texas Rangers in the World Series.

#### 2012

He won the NL Player of the Week Award for the first time for his week of September 17–23, after picking up his fifth consecutive save out of five opportunities and league-leading 40th. Motte finished the season with 2.75 ERA and 91 strikeouts in 76 innings, along with a National League-leading 42 saves. Motte is one of five pitchers in Cardinals history to reach 40 or more saves, joining Hall of Fame pitchers Lee Smith and Bruce Sutter, as well as Jason Isringhausen and Trevor Rosenthal.

#### 2013

On January 22, 2013, the St. Louis Cardinals reached a two-year contract with Motte, the financial details of which were not disclosed. The deal effectively bought out the final two years of Motte's arbitration eligibility. At the end of the contract he became a free agent. Motte earned $1.95 million in 2012 and had filed for a salary of $5.5 million for 2013. The Cardinals' counter-offer was reported as $4.5 million.

On March 29, 2013, the Cardinals placed Motte on the DL with a strained elbow. He and the team physician at first hoped that non-surgical rehab treatment could allow him to still pitch at some point in 2013. However, on May 3, the Cardinals announced that Motte would undergo season-ending Tommy John surgery to repair a torn ligament in his elbow.

Manager Mike Matheny called upon Edward Mujica to replace Motte as closer. Eventually, rookie Trevor Rosenthal replaced Mujica by season's end and saved four games in the Cardinals' NL pennant-winning playoffs. Like Adam Wainwright and Chris Carpenter before him – both of whom also rehabilitated through Tommy John surgery – Motte made himself available for the Cardinals relievers during games, especially for the rookies and inexperienced relievers. After the World Series, with Motte still recovering and Rosenthal's convincing finish as closer, Matheny announced Rosenthal would be the closer for 2014. Meanwhile, Motte continued to progress and was throwing off a mound by November. Due to Motte availing himself to the other Cardinals pitchers even while he was unable to pitch, his teammates voted for him to receive the Darryl Kile Good Guy Award. He is the first player to receive the award while not making a single game appearance in the season for which he was awarded.

#### 2014

On May 21, Motte made his return to the mound after missing 2013, pitching 1+13 innings of scoreless relief. However, he struggled for the rest of the season and was ultimately left off the Cardinals' postseason roster. In 29 games he was 1-0 with a 4.68 ERA. He became a free agent after they were eliminated by the San Francisco Giants.

In six seasons with the Cardinals, Motte was 18-13 with 54 saves and a 3.03 ERA with 290 strikeouts in 285 innings. He became a free agent following the season.

### Chicago Cubs (2015)

On December 16, 2014, Motte and the Chicago Cubs agreed to a 1-year, $4.5 million contract. In 57 games with the Cubs in 2015, Motte was 8-1 with a 3.91 ERA and six saves. He became a free agent following the season.

### Colorado Rockies (2016)

On December 8, 2015, Motte signed a two-year, $10 million contract with the Colorado Rockies. In 2016 for the Rockies, in 30 games he was 0-1 with a 4.94 ERA. He was designated for assignment on March 31, 2017, to create room for Stephen Cardullo who had his contract purchased, and released on April 5.

### Atlanta Braves (2017)

On April 9, 2017, Motte signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves. He was called up on April 27 and had a 3.54 ERA in 46 games with 27 strikeouts in 40 innings. He became a free agent following the season.

### Return to St. Louis (2018)

On February 16, 2018, Motte signed a minor league deal to return to the Cardinals, reuniting him with the team that drafted him. He was given an invite to spring training but was released by the Cardinals on March 22.

In nine major league seasons, Motte was 27-15 with 60 saves and a 3.30 ERA in 444 career games. In 19 career postseason games, all with the Cardinals, Motte was 1-1 with a 2.08 ERA and eight saves.

## Coaching career

On June 15, 2018, he joined the University of Memphis coaching staff, although he did not formally announce his retirement. In February 2022, he was named the head baseball coach at Christian Brothers High School in Memphis.

## Pitching profile

Motte's primary pitch is a four-seam fastball, which was clocked in the upper 90s during 2008. In 2012, it was clocked at 102 miles per hour (MPH). He also threw a cut fastball that reached 93 MPH and a sinking fastball that reached 96 MPH, and, rarely, an 85-MPH changeup. His cutter has shown the widest variance of movement of all his pitches, to being anywhere from flat vertically to moving up to eight inches. He also regularly threw a curveball through the 2010 season, but has discontinued it since last throwing it in 2011.

## Personal life

Motte is a Christian. Motte and his wife Caitlin have a daughter and a son. They reside in Memphis, where Motte has coached at the college and high school level. In part due to the traveling required for college baseball, he has currently serving as the head baseball coach at Christian Brothers High School in Memphis.

Motte's brother, James, played in the Minnesota Twins farm system.

The couple runs two foundations: the Jason Motte Foundation, and a cancer awareness foundation called "Strikeout Childhood Cancer." While recovering from Tommy John surgery in 2013, Motte disclosed that his encounters with numerous people stricken with cancer – from his grandfather to Cardinals fans, including many children – moved him to visit and encourage them. As a result, Motte and the Cardinals organized a pediatric cancer awareness day on September 23, 2013, to set aside 5,000 game tickets at the pavilion that cost $10.00 each, with $3.00 per ticket going to the Jason Motte Foundation. An additional 1,000 tickets were donated to pediatric cancer patients just released from the hospital. For those unable to go to Busch Stadium, Motte organized a group of several of his teammates to see the children in person.

## InfoBox

| Jason Motte | |
| --- | --- |
| Motte in 2008 with the Cardinals | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1982-06-22) June 22, 1982<br>Port Huron, Michigan, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 3, 2008, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 1, 2017, for the Atlanta Braves | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 27–15 |
| Earned run average | 3.30 |
| Strikeouts | 375 |
| Saves | 60 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Potwin, Kansas

abstract: Potwin is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States. It is named after the town site land owner Charles Potwin. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 421.

text:
# Potwin, Kansas

**Potwin** is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States. It is named after the town site land owner Charles Potwin. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 421.

## History

### Early history

For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

### 19th century

In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1855, Butler County was established within the Kansas Territory, which included the land for modern day Potwin.

Potwin was incorporated as a town on April 8, 1885. This land, owned by Charles Potwin, whereby the town received its name, became a station for the Missouri Pacific Railroad, instigated by William I. Joseph, known as the Father of Potwin.

Joseph came from West Virginia and, as more settlers arrived, became interested in a railroad to serve the area. After much diligent pursuit, the station was built and Joseph, a land agent for Charles Potwin, began development of a town site around the Potwin station. He opened a land office where the Potwin grocery now stands.

A post office was established in **Ayr** (an extinct town) on July 12, 1875, but it was moved to Potwin on September 22, 1885.

It quickly grew, including some businesses and houses from nearby community of Plum Grove.

### 20th century

During half of the twentieth century, Potwin enjoyed the prosperity of oil fields in the Mid-Continent oil province. In 1920, John (Jack) Vickers (1891–1940) built the Vickers Oil Refinery in Potwin. He got his start in oil fields in Butler County, commencing with the lease on the Parris Farm 10 miles north of Potwin, production reached 16,000 barrels a day during the 1950s. In 1964, distressed economic conditions shut down the oil processing facilities. The company was sold to Swift & Company and the remaining operations were closed in 1970, and later demolished. In 1934, Vickers built a large mansion (named "Vickridge") east of Wichita (now in the city limits), which his estate later become the current site of Kapaun Mt. Carmel High School.

In 1961, Frederic Remington High School was built immediately north of Brainerd. Leading up to this new school, Whitewater, Potwin, Brainerd, Elbing, Furley, Countryside, and Golden Gate schools merged to form a joint rural high school. Heated opposition between Whitewater and Potwin occurred during the discussion for the location of the new high school. Rural voters pushed for a centralized location in neither town. A public vote was passed to build the new school near Brainerd.

From 1960s to 1980s, a Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile site was located north of Potwin. The site was one of eighteen overseen by the 381st Strategic Missile Wing at McConnell Air Force Base in Wichita, Kansas. The Titan II near Potwin likely contained a 9 megaton W-53 nuclear warhead.

### 21st century

In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was constructed along the east city limits of Potwin, north to south through Butler County, with much controversy over tax exemption and environmental concerns (if a leak ever occurs). A pumping station named *Burns* was built 2 miles north of Potwin, and new power lines were built from a high-voltage line 0.3 mile east of De Graff.

In an unusual technical glitch, a farmstead about 4 miles northeast of Potwin became the default geolocation of 600 million IP addresses when the Massachusetts-based digital mapping company MaxMind changed the putative geographic center of the contiguous United States from 39.8333333,-98.585522 to 38.0000,-97.0000. Later, the default geolocation was changed to the middle of Cheney Reservoir in Kansas.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.24 square miles (0.62 km2), all of it land.

### Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Potwin has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 249 |  |  |
| 1920 | 415 |  | 66.7% |
| 1930 | 427 |  | 2.9% |
| 1940 | 487 |  | 14.1% |
| 1950 | 465 |  | −4.5% |
| 1960 | 635 |  | 36.6% |
| 1970 | 497 |  | −21.7% |
| 1980 | 563 |  | 13.3% |
| 1990 | 448 |  | −20.4% |
| 2000 | 457 |  | 2.0% |
| 2010 | 449 |  | −1.8% |
| 2020 | 421 |  | −6.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

The 2020 United States census counted 421 people, 168 households, and 113 families in Potwin. The population density was 1,791.5 per square mile (691.7/km2). There were 195 housing units at an average density of 829.8 per square mile (320.4/km2). The racial makeup was 90.74% (382) white or European American (89.07% non-Hispanic white), 0.48% (2) black or African-American, 2.14% (9) Native American or Alaska Native, 0.0% (0) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 0.95% (4) from other races, and 5.7% (24) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 4.75% (20) of the population.

Of the 168 households, 32.7% had children under the age of 18; 44.6% were married couples living together; 27.4% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 29.2% of households consisted of individuals and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.8 and the average family size was 3.4. The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 12.6% of the population.

22.6% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 102.5 males.

The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $41,618 (with a margin of error of +/- $9,667) and the median family income was $43,750 (+/- $12,064). Males had a median income of $39,115 (+/- $3,013) versus $27,250 (+/- $12,459) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $33,125 (+/- $8,498). Approximately, 7.8% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.9% of those under the age of 18 and 15.3% of those ages 65 or over.

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 449 people, 181 households, and 130 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,870.8 inhabitants per square mile (722.3/km2). There were 205 housing units at an average density of 854.2 per square mile (329.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.2% White, 0.2% African American, 1.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 2.2% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.6% of the population.

There were 181 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.2% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.94.

The median age in the city was 39.4 years. 25.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 28.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 457 people, 187 households, and 123 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,001.1 inhabitants per square mile (772.6/km2). There were 208 housing units at an average density of 910.8 per square mile (351.7/km2).

The racial makeup of the city was 95.40% White, 1.53% Native American, 0.22% Asian, and 2.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population.

There were 187 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,091, and the median income for a family was $42,500. Males had a median income of $31,544 versus $18,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,254. About 4.7% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

The community is served by Remington USD 206 public school district. The Remington High School mascot is a Bronco.

Potwin High School was closed through school unification. The Potwin High School mascot was Greyhounds.

## Media

### Print

### Radio

Potwin is served by numerous radio stations of the Wichita-Hutchinson listening market area, and satellite radio. See *Media in Wichita, Kansas*.

### Television

Potwin is served by over-the-air ATSC digital TV of the Wichita-Hutchinson viewing market area, cable TV, and satellite TV. See *Media in Wichita, Kansas*.

## Infrastructure

### Transportation

K-196 highway runs along the south side of the city.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Potwin, Kansas | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Potwin water tower (2015) | |
| Location within Butler County and Kansas | |
| KDOT map of Butler County (legend) | |
| Coordinates: 37°56′19″N 97°01′06″W / 37.93861°N 97.01833°W / 37.93861; -97.01833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Butler |
| Founded | 1880s |
| Incorporated | 1885 |
| Named for | Charles Potwin |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor–Council |
| Mayor | Heath Austin |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.23 sq mi (0.61 km2) |
| Land | 0.23 sq mi (0.61 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,345 ft (410 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 421 |
| Density | 1,800/sq mi (690/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 67123 |
| Area code | 620 |
| FIPS code | 20-57300 |
| GNIS ID | 2396263 |
| Website | potwinks.com |


title: Michael Comyn

abstract: Michael Comyn was an Irish barrister, Fianna Fáil Senator and later a judge on the Circuit Court. He was also a member of the British Civil Service, geologist, discoverer and operator of mines, and finally "litigant in one of the longest cases ever heard in the Irish courts". As a lawyer-turned litigant, he recounted that "it was his last case, and he won it: a far cry from his first case as a young barrister...it was a bad case and I did it badly".

text:
# Michael Comyn

**Michael Comyn** (6 June 1871 – 6 October 1952) was an Irish barrister, Fianna Fáil Senator and later a judge on the Circuit Court. He was also a member of the British Civil Service, geologist, discoverer and operator of mines, and finally "litigant in one of the longest cases ever heard in the Irish courts". As a lawyer-turned litigant, he recounted that "it was his last case, and he won it: a far cry from his first case as a young barrister...it was a bad case and I did it badly".

## Early life

Comyn was born at Clareville, Ballyvaughan, County Clare, in 1871, the eldest son and the second of seven children of James Comyn of Kilshanny, a tenant farmer and secretary of the local branch of the Land League. His mother was Ellenora, daughter of Thomas Quin, of Fanta Glebe, Kilfenora, County Clare. In 1879, the Comyn family were evicted from their home by Lord Clanricarde's agent and the family moved to Gortnaboul in Kilshanny parish, County Clare. Comyn attended the local school and was taught by Vere Ryan, father of the republican Frank Ryan. Later he attended Hugh Brady's school in Ruan, County Clare. This school had a reputation for tutoring its students successfully for civil service examinations. He boarded with his aunt (married to Casey) in Ruan during the week.

At the age of 19, Comyn sat for an examination to be an excise officer; 2,500 people entered and 50 were selected. He was assigned to Powers' Distillery, Dublin, for a six-week introduction course. He was later assigned to Lancaster, where he both worked in excise and attended Preston College. He returned to Dublin to study law at University College Dublin. He attended King's Inns while continuing to work during the day. Despite being transferred to Burton Salmon, Yorkshire, in his last year at the King's Inns, which meant he was not able attend the required lectures, he persisted. He was one lecture short at the time of the final examination. He put himself forward for the Victoria Prize, which he won and it enabled him to complete his studies. Comyn was called to the Irish bar in 1898 and joined the Munster Circuit in 1900. He built up a successful practice and he became a King's Counsel in June 1914. *"A barrister at last, but a civil servant still. With no legal back ground, no solicitor acquaintances and no influential friends, the bar looked a particularly hazardous profession".* He decided to join the Munster circuit and presented himself at quarter sessions in his home county Clare.

Comyn was active in nationalist politics. During the 1916 Easter Rising he was in Kansas City, USA, with Arthur Griffith, founder of Sinn Féin. When he returned from the US he became involved in the defense of republican prisoners and was introduced to the Military Courts regime. He would argue several cases before the House of Lords in his time.

### *Re. Clifford and O'Sullivan*

In *Re. Clifford and O'Sullivan'*, 1921 Comyn represented two of the 42 men under sentence of death from a military tribunal for possession of arms. It was a solicitor named James G. Skinner from Mitchelstown, County Cork, who approached Comyn and his brother James with the words: "Do anything but do something"..."Invent something if necessary". It was Michael Comyn who decided to apply for Prohibition (an old and seldom used remedy) which would be new to the authorities. The case proceeded forward to the House of Lords.

Initially, the application was made to the Chancery Division in Ireland. In 1920, two proclamations were announced, one by Viscount French, the Lord Lieutenant, putting certain areas including County Cork under martial law and the second by the British Commander-in-Chief in Ireland Sir Nevil Macready requiring all civilians who did not hold a permit to surrender all arms, ammunition and explosives by 27 December of that year. Failure to comply meant that any unauthorised person found in possession of arms, ammunition or explosives, would become liable to trial by Military Court and on conviction the sentence was death. General Sir E.P. Strickland was appointed by the Commander-in-Chief Macready to be military governor of the martial law area. It was his duty to establish and organise the Military Courts. In April 1921, 42 individuals, including Clifford and O'Sullivan, were arrested near Mitchelstown. On 3 May 1921, 42 civilians were tried by a military court on a charge of being in possession of arms and ammunition. They were sentenced to death "subject to confirmation".

Ten days later, 10 May 1921, Mr. Justice Powell sought a Writ of Prohibition against Sir Nevil Macready and General Strickland to prohibit them; "(1) from further proceeding the trial of applicants, (2) from pronouncing or confirming any judgment upon them, (3) from carrying any judgment upon them into execution and (4) from otherwise interfering with them". The Prohibition sought was that the Military Court was in fact illegal and therefore had no jurisdiction to try the applicants or to adjudicate in any matter related to them. Mr. Justice Powell listened to this unusual application in his division but "felt constrained to dismiss it". In the appeal to the Court of Appeal \- the Crown's case was that the Preliminary objection that Mr. Justice Powell's order was "made in a criminal cause or matter within s.50 of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1877, therefore no appeal lay. "This contention succeeded with O'Connor, M.R., and Lord Justices Ronan and O'Connel, and the appeal was duly dismissed". On 16 June 1921 (just six weeks after the verdict of the Military Court) the case appeared before the House of Lords in London for hearing on the Preliminary objection. Sir John Simon, KC, led Michael Comyn, James Comyn (Michael's nephew), their colleague, Joe McCarthy (later appointed a judge) and Richard O'Sullivan of the English court appeared before the House.

The House of Lords heard the argument but then decided to adjourn the preliminary objection hearing until the hearing of the case on its merits. This hearing over five days took place in July. Delay and elaborate review of the law throughout history, taking account of other wars, civil wars and revolutions was a tactic specifically used. A most detailed review of the conditions in which prisoners were held in custody was cited. A red herring by Comyn drew mention to a link to Comyns' Digest of the 18th century and where to place the apostrophe. On 28 July 1921 (only 10 weeks from the original trial by Military Court), Their Lordships, 4 from Scotland and Lord Atkinson from Ireland, gave judgment, which was most unsatisfactory. James Comyn writes "On the strongly argued Preliminary objection that no appeal lay from Mr. Justice Powell or to them, they ruled against and against the unanimous judgment of the Court of Appeal.... They went on to hold that Prohibition was inappropriate because first, the Military Court was not a judicial tribunal and secondly, the officers constituting it were *functi officio*. They refrained from saying too much about the merits of the case because the use of habeas corpus 'might be attempted'".

James Comyn cites the Clifford and O'Sullivan case as a leading authority in the field of constitutional law. The lives of 42 men were at stake. Michael Comyn revealed later that King George V became aware of the details about the 42 men facing the death penalty. He was reported to be shocked and personally "interfered" to ensure that the sentences of death were not carried out. None of the 42 men were executed. Shortly after the Anglo-Irish Treaty, these men received their freedom.

"In Michael Comyn's view the case had been brought to an end through the intervention of King George V, who, he said, secured a promise from the prime minister that no executions would take place and that Peace would be made". It also notes that no republican prisoner whose case Comyn took up during the "troubles" suffered the death penalty. Other notable cases included his appeal to the House of Lords on behalf of the suffragette Georgina Frost.

After the truce in 1921 it is stated that Comyn met with Arthur Griffith and Austin Stack in London. He is said to have revealed "intelligence" from a highly placed British source that Lloyd George (Prime Minister) "would negotiate on lines that would satisfy Smuts and would go to the country rather than to war if those negotiations failed".

## Civil War

During the Irish War of Independence, Comyn was involved in the defense of Irish republican prisoners at the High Court and before the Military Courts. He also defended Republican prisoners during the Irish Civil War. He also took part in some significant inquests notably the two that arose with the deaths of Cathal Brugha and Harry Boland with the intention to disrupt them on behalf of the IRA. Erskine Childers was one of the principal secretaries to the Irish mission when the Treaty was being negotiated in London. The split between the pro- and the anti-treaty factions resulted in the former becoming the government and the latter under (de Valera) engaged in the hostilities.

In the Irish Civil War in Cork in 1922, Erskine Childers operated the printing press turning out anti-Treaty propaganda. In October 1922, Éamon de Valera made Childers secretary of his shadow "government" so he returned to Dublin. He returned with his typewriter and a small Colt automatic revolver (given to him by Michael Collins). While staying with his cousin Robert Barton (one of the signatories of the treaty) in Wicklow, he was captured by the forces of the Irish Free State Government. His capture made headlines and it is reported that it was noted with satisfaction by Winston Churchill who said he was a "mischief making renegade" and added "Such as he is may all who hate us be". The charge against him was the "illegal possession of arms - the Colt revolver". Erskine Childers was due to stand trial before a Military Court on 17 November 1922. He was imprisoned in Portobello Barracks and ask his long-time friend Michael Comyn to defend him. He had often hidden in Comyn's home in Leeson Park.

At his trial, which was in camera, Childers was convicted. Then with Patrick Lynch, Comyn went to the High Court, presided over by Sir Charles O'Connor, and conducted a spirited fight based purely on technical grounds. It failed and they appealed. Before the appeal was heard, news came in an announcement from London, that Childers had been shot at dawn on 24 November at Beggar's Bush Barracks. It appears that measures to rescue him were known to the Free State authorities and thus forestalled.

The Judges of the Court of Appeal echoed this when the case was held a few days later. It had a profound impact on Comyn when Childers was executed while the case was on appeal. He said "It was a complete negation of justice, the worst I have ever known, to execute a man whose case for life or death was actually under argument and awaiting judgment".

Comyn knew Michael Collins but Comyn decided to take the anti-treaty side during the Civil War. After the Civil War, he became principal legal adviser to de Valera and Fianna Fáil, advising on the formation of the party and the founding of *The Irish Press* newspaper. It is said that on the advice of Gavan Duffy and Comyn to the Irish Free State that they could withhold payment of the land annuities to Britain.

In 1924, Comyn married Marcella Blake-Forster, of Ballykeal House, Kilfenora, County Clare. They had two daughters; Marcella and Eleanor Rose; and a son who died in infancy.

## Political career

In 1926 he became a founder member of Fianna Fáil and in 1928 he was elected as one of six Fianna Fáil Senators to the Free State Seanad under the leadership of Joseph Connolly for three years. He served as senator between 1928 and 1936 and was Leas-Chathaoirleach (deputy chairperson) of the house (1934–1936). "He was a keen debater, he was a hard-working and able legislator, if unforgiving of political opponents. On de Valera's accession to power, he expected to be made attorney general but was passed over in favour of Conor Maguire."

In 1931 he was re-elected for nine years. After the 1934 Seanad election, there was a contest on 12 December 1934 to decide who would be elected Cathaoirleach. Senator MacKean was absent for the vote but all other members were present. General Sir William Hickie chaired the election. The two candidates were the outgoing Cathaoirleach, Thomas Westropp Bennett, and the Fianna Fáil candidate, Comyn. Neither of the two candidates voted and so fifty-six Senators voted in the election, which resulted in a tie of twenty-eight votes each. Westropp Bennett received the votes of all twenty-one members of Fine Gael and seven independents. Comyn received the votes of his eighteen Fianna Fáil colleagues, all the votes of the seven Labour Party Senators and the votes of three independents: Sir Edward Bellingham, Thomas Linehan and Laurence O'Neill. Hickie then gave his casting vote for Westropp Bennett saying he would have done so had he had the opportunity in the division. The following week, however, Comyn defeated the outgoing Leas-Chathaoirleach, Michael F. O'Hanlon of Fine Gael, by twenty-six votes to twenty-five.

In 1932 he took a successful action against de Valera's government for the recovery of £20,000 of IRA fund.

On 24 February 1936, he resigned his seat in the Seanad as he had been appointed a judge on the Eastern Circuit Court. He died in 1952 aged 81 years.

## InfoBox

| Michael Comyn | |
| --- | --- |
| Comyn in 1933 | |
|  | |
| Leas-Chathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann | |
| **In office**
12 December 1934  24 February 1936 | |
| Preceded by | Michael F. O'Hanlon |
| Succeeded by | David Robinson |
| Senator | |
| **In office**
12 December 1928  24 February 1936 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1871-06-06)6 June 1871
Ballyvaughan, County Clare, Ireland |
| Died | 6 October 1952(1952-10-06) (aged 81)
County Clare, Ireland |
| Political party | Fianna Fáil |
| Spouse | Marcella Blake-Forster  (m. 1924) |
| Children | 3 |
| Relatives | James Comyn (nephew) |
| Alma mater | King's Inns |
|  | |


title: Thomas Green Fessenden

abstract: Thomas Green Fessenden was an American author and editor who worked in England and the United States.

text:
# Thomas Green Fessenden

**Thomas Green Fessenden** (April 22, 1771 – November 11, 1837) was an American author and editor who worked in England and the United States.

## Biography

Born and raised on the family farm in Walpole, New Hampshire as oldest of nine children, Fessenden graduated from Dartmouth College in 1796. During his college term wrote a ballad, entitled "Jonathan's Courtship", which was reprinted in England. He studied law in Vermont with Nathaniel Chipman, occupying his leisure in writing humorous poems and other papers for the *Farmer's Weekly Museum* of Walpole, of which Joseph Dennie was then editor.

He went to London in 1801 as agent for a new hydraulic machine. The enterprise proved a failure and involved him in pecuniary difficulties. While in London, he became interested in the construction of a patent mill on the River Thames, and in this enterprise also he was completely ruined. At this time, he formed the acquaintance of Benjamin Douglas Perkins, patentee of the metallic tractors (see Elisha Perkins) which Fessenden advertised in a poem in Hudibrastic verse. The poem, "Terrible Tractoration", was anonymously published in 1803 and satirized the members of the medical profession who opposed the use of the instruments. Nathaniel Hawthorne characterized the poem as "a work of strange, grotesque ideas, aptly expressed". The poem was enlarged and republished in New York in 1806 as "The Minute Philosopher".

Politically aligned with the Federalists, Fessenden was suspicious of democracy and wrote an extended poem criticizing the Democratic-Republican Party.

Fessenden returned to the United States in 1804 and settled in Boston. Later he went to New York City and edited the *Weekly Inspector* for two years. In 1812, he began to practice law in Bellows Falls, Vermont. He moved to Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1815, and was editor of the *Reporter* there. He returned to Bellows Falls from 1816 till 1822 to conduct the *Intelligencer*. In 1822, he went to Boston and founded the *New England Farmer* with which he was connected until his death. He also edited *The Horticultural Register* and *The Silk Manual*. In 1834 he published *The Complete Farmer and Rural Economist*, which was revised, improved and enlarged several times, until the 10th edition in 1857.

Fessenden died in Boston on November 11, 1837, is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery. Hawthorne included a piece on Fessenden in his *Fanshawe, and other Pieces* (Boston, 1876).

## Works

Some of his publications were:

His last satire was a little poem entitled "Wooden Booksellers."

## Family

His father was Thomas Fessenden, a clergyman, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1739, died in 1813. The elder Thomas was the son of Rev. William Fessenden, of Cambridge, and uncle to Samuel Fessenden, the father of William P. Fessenden. After graduation at Harvard in 1758, the elder Thomas became pastor in Walpole, New Hampshire, which charge he held from 1767 until 1813. He was author of *The Science of Sanctity* (1804), and *The Boston Self-styled Gentlemen-Reviewers reviewed* (1806).


title: Giuseppe Cesare Perola

abstract: Giuseppe Cesare Perola (1940–2021) was an Italian astrophysicist who has made significant contributions to the study of extragalactic radio astronomy, radiogalaxies, active galactic nuclei, and the growth of supermassive black holes. He began his scientific career at the University of Milan in 1965, working in the group led by Giuseppe Occhialini and Connie Dilworth. In 1968, Perola received a fellowship from the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) and spent two years at the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands to study and work on extragalactic radio astronomy. He then returned to the University of Milan, where he served as an associate professor of physics for biology students from 1971 to 1980. In 1980, Perola became a full professor in Astronomical and Astrophysical Disciplines, first at "Sapienza" University of Rome until 1992, and then at the newly founded Science Faculty and Physics Department of "Roma Tre" University until his early retirement in 2007. Perola's main fields of interest include the origin of cosmic rays, radiogalaxies and their interaction with the environment, especially within clusters of galaxies, physical properties of active galactic nuclei, the growth of supermassive black holes, and science with space missions, particularly in the X-ray band. He led the group that identified and internationally publicized the scientific goals of the Italian-Dutch BeppoSAX mission before its launch. In recognition of his contributions to astrophysics, Perola received the American Astronomical Society High Energy Astrophysics Division 1998 Bruno Rossi Prize, which he shared with the BeppoSAX team and Jan van Paradijs "for the discovery of the X-ray and optical afterglow of gamma-ray bursts, making possible the solution to the 30 year old problem of fixing the distances to the gamma-ray burst sources".

text:
# Giuseppe Cesare Perola

**Giuseppe Cesare Perola** (1940–2021) was an Italian astrophysicist who has made significant contributions to the study of extragalactic radio astronomy, radiogalaxies, active galactic nuclei, and the growth of supermassive black holes. He began his scientific career at the University of Milan in 1965, working in the group led by Giuseppe Occhialini and Connie Dilworth.

In 1968, Perola received a fellowship from the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) and spent two years at the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands to study and work on extragalactic radio astronomy. He then returned to the University of Milan, where he served as an associate professor of physics for biology students from 1971 to 1980.

In 1980, Perola became a full professor in Astronomical and Astrophysical Disciplines, first at "Sapienza" University of Rome until 1992, and then at the newly founded Science Faculty and Physics Department of "Roma Tre" University until his early retirement in 2007.

Perola's main fields of interest include the origin of cosmic rays, radiogalaxies and their interaction with the environment, especially within clusters of galaxies, physical properties of active galactic nuclei, the growth of supermassive black holes, and science with space missions, particularly in the X-ray band. He led the group that identified and internationally publicized the scientific goals of the Italian-Dutch BeppoSAX mission before its launch.

In recognition of his contributions to astrophysics, Perola received the American Astronomical Society High Energy Astrophysics Division (AAS HEAD) 1998 Bruno Rossi Prize, which he shared with the BeppoSAX team and Jan van Paradijs "for the discovery of the X-ray and optical afterglow of gamma-ray bursts, making possible the solution to the 30 year old problem of fixing the distances to the gamma-ray burst sources".

## InfoBox

| Giuseppe Cesare Perola | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1940 |
| Died | 17 July 2021(2021-07-17) (aged 80–81)<br>Ariccia |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Known for |  |
| Awards | 1998 Bruno Rossi Prize |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | astrophysics |
| Institutions |  |
| Academic advisors | Giuseppe Occhialini Connie Dilworth |
|  | |


title: Gisle Kverndokk

abstract: Gisle Kverndokk is a Norwegian contemporary composer.

text:
# Gisle Kverndokk

**Gisle Kverndokk** (born 3 February 1967 in Trondheim, raised in Skien) is a Norwegian contemporary composer.

## Education

In his teens, Kverndokk studied composition with Ragnar Søderlind. After having completed high school, Kverndokk enrolled at the Norwegian Academy of Music from which he graduated with diploma in 1994, having studied under the tutorship of Olav Anton Thommessen, Lasse Thoresen and Alfred Janson. Kverndokk has also studied at the Juilliard School in New York with John Corigliano and David Diamond.

## Career

1992 saw Kverndokk being bestowed with one of the main prizes of the Juilliard Composers Competition with his orchestral work *Selene*. For his work *Initiasjon for fiolin og orkester*, Kverndokk received the 1993 First Prize in the category for composers under the age of 30 at the International Rostrum of Composers held in Paris. Kverndokk has composed two solo concertos, both premiered by the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra; *Concerto for oboe and orchestra* (1996) and *Concerto for flute and orchestra* (1998). His *Peer Gynt Fantasi* was composed for violinist Arve Tellefsen and the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra for a summer concert premiere at Oslo's Holmenkollen in 2000. During the 1999-2000 concert season, Kverndokk served as the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra’s composer in residence. February 2003 saw his *The Crystal Cabinet* for violin, piano and orchestra premiered by the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra.

Kverndokk’s first opera, *The Falcon Tower*, was premiered in 1990 with a cast of singers and musicians from the Norwegian Academy of Music. The opera’s libretto was based on Erik Fosnes Hansen’s novel by the same name. Kverndokk’s children’s opera *George’s Magical Medicine* was commissioned by the Kristiansund Opera and premiered in 1995 and was bestowed with a Work of the Year Prize from the Norwegian Society of Composers in the same year. The opera has subsequently seen performances domestically by the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet, Bergen’s Opera Vest and by the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra and internationally at the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival. The children’s operas Max and Moritz and Supersize Girl, commissioned by the New York Opera Society, saw premieres in Washington, D.C. in 2010 and 2013 respectively.

With librettist and singer Øystein Wiik, Kverndokk has penned a number of musicals. Their first joint project was the musical *Sofie’s World*, premiered at the Schlossfestspielen Ettlingen, Germany in 1998. 2001 saw the premiere of the musical *Vincent*, which depicted the life of painter Vincent van Gogh, again at the Schlossfestspielen Ettlingen. 2002 saw the premiere of musical *Dangerous Liaisons*, a work based on Pierre Choderlos de Laclos's novel of the same name, at the Theater Pforzheim, Germany. In autumn 2003, Kverndokk and Wiik’s musical *Homeless*, based on Hector Malot’s novel, premiered at Oslo’s Det Norske Teatret. Theater Erfurt premiered the musical "MartinL." at the DomStufen-Festspiele in 2008. This work was later nominated for the Nordic Council Music Prize.

Kverndokk has composed a number of church music works including *Te Deum* (2010) for the Norwegian Soloist's Choir, *Mass* (2007) for Nordic Voices, *Nidaros Mass* (2010) for Nidaros Cathedral Choir and *Sommerens Maria* (2011). Autumn 2015 saw the release of the album *Fuge der Zeit*, which featured a mass penned by Kverndokk for Nordic Voices based on the work *Missa Brevis*, originally commissioned by the 2002 Fartein Valen Dagene.

2005 saw Kverndokk debuting as a film composer with the score for Danish motion picture *Chinaman*, produced by Fine & Mellow.

Kverndokk's most recently composed orchestral work is *Symphonic Dances* written for the Stavanger Symphony Orchestra in commemoration of Norway's Centenary Celebration of its Constitution in 2014. In later years, Kverndokk has also composed a number of chamber music works, including *Three Pictures* (2012) for Tine Thing Helseth, the string quartet *La Nouvelle Athènes* (2014) for the Danish String Quartet and *Offertorium* (2015) for Trio ClariNord. Kverndokk's latest chamber work, *Offertorium* for clarinet, cello and piano, was premiered at the Ultima Oslo Contemporary Music Festival in September 2015.

## Production

### Selected works

* *Upon this handful of earth* (2017)
* *Ruth Maier* (2015)
* *Symfoniske Danser* (2014)
* *Supersize Girl* (2013)
* *Påske* (2012)
* *Nidarosmesse* (2010)
* *Jorden rundt på 80 dager* (2007)
* *Den fjerde nattevakt* (2005)
* *The Crystal Cabinet* (2003)
* *Frendelaus* (2003)
* *Bokken Lasson – sensibel suksess* (2000)
* *Sofies Verden* (1998)
* *...in the night before the town-crier begins to cry* (1994)
* *Initasjon* (1993)
* *Selene for orchestra* (1992)
* *Ho som ber god frukt* (1991)
* *Klaversonate* (1991)
* *Falketårnet* (1990)

### Discography

* Nordic Voices, *Fuge der Zeit* (2015)
* Kirkens Korskole Nøtterøy, *Sommerens Maria* (2015)
* De Unges Orkesterforbund, *Minuetto Libero* (2014)
* Guro Kleven Hagen, Sara Chen, Miriam Helms Ålien, Madelene Berg, Ann Hou Sæter, Christopher Tun Andersen, Victoria Putterman, Melinda Csenki, Sonoko Miriam Shimano Welde, *Nine Solos for Nine Violinists* (2012)
* Peter Herresthal, Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, Peter Kates, *Catch Light* (2012)
* *Musical Forever 2* (2011)
* Dan Styffe, *Revisited* (2003)
* Steinar Hannevold, Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, Dimitri Kitajenko, *Concerto for oboe and orchestra* (2001)
* Kyberia, *Navigations* (2000)
* Norwegian Radio Orchestra, *Bokken Lasson – sensible suksess* (2000)
* *Songs from Sophie's World* (1999)
* Øystein Wiik, *Too Many Mornings* 1991)


title: Gisle Saga

abstract: Gisle Saga is a Norwegian music producer and songwriter.

text:
# Gisle Saga

**Gisle Saga** is a Norwegian music producer and songwriter.

## Career

### Early work

Gisle Saga (born May 9, 1974) had two major hits on the Norwegian chart VG-lista with the band El More. "Everybody" reached no 9 and "Close to you" reached no 2. "Close to you" was the official Norwegian Big Brother theme of the 2002 season.

### Present

Gisle Saga is running the music production company Privilege Production.

## InfoBox

| Gisle Saga | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Gisle Saga |
| Born | (1974-05-09) May 9, 1974 |
| Origin | Tønsberg, Norway |
| Genres | Hip hop, pop, rock, R&B, urban |
| Occupation(s) | songwriter, record producer |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Labels | Privilege Production |
|  | |
| Website | www.privilegeproduction.com |


title: Glaucium flavum

abstract: Glaucium flavum, the yellow horned poppy, yellow hornpoppy or sea poppy, is a summer flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is native to Europe, Northern Africa, Macaronesia and temperate zones in Western Asia. The plant grows on the seashore and is never found inland. All parts of the plant, including the seeds, are toxic. It is classed as a noxious weed in some areas of North America, where it is an introduced species. It is grown in gardens as a short-lived perennial but usually grown as a biennial.

text:
# Glaucium flavum

***Glaucium flavum***, the **yellow horned poppy**, **yellow hornpoppy** or **sea poppy**, is a summer flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is native to Europe, Northern Africa, Macaronesia and temperate zones in Western Asia. The plant grows on the seashore and is never found inland. All parts of the plant, including the seeds, are toxic. It is classed as a noxious weed in some areas of North America, where it is an introduced species. It is grown in gardens as a short-lived perennial but usually grown as a biennial.

## Description

It has thick, leathery deeply segmented, wavy, bluish-grey leaves, which are coated in a layer of water-retaining wax. The sepal, petals and stamen have a similar structure and form to the red poppy (*Papaver rhoeas*), except the sepals are not hairy. It grows up to 30–90 cm (1–3 ft) tall, on branched, grey stems. It blooms in summer, between June and October. It has bright yellow or orange flowers, that are 7.5 cm (3 in) across. Later, it produces a very long, upright, thin, distinctive horn shaped capsule, which is 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long. It is divided into two chambers, which split open to reveal the seeds.

## Taxonomy

It was first published and described by Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz in 'Stirp. Austr. Fasc.' (Stirpium Austriarum) vol.2 on page 133 in 1763. The species epithet *flavum* is Latin for yellow and indicates its flower colour.

It is commonly known as *sea-poppy*, *horned-poppy*, and *yellow horned-poppy*.

*G. flavum* was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 25 May 1995, then updated on 9 May 2011, and is an accepted name by the Royal Horticultural Society.

## Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate regions of North Africa, Europe and parts of Western Asia.

### Range

It is found in North Africa, within Macaronesia, Canary Islands, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia and Morocco. Within Western Asia it is found in the Caucasus, Georgia, Cyprus, Egypt (in the Sinai), Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. In eastern Europe, it is found within Ukraine. In middle Europe, it is in Belgium, Germany, Netherlands and Slovakia. In northern Europe, in Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom. In south-eastern Europe, within Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Sicily and Malta, North Macedonia, Romania, and Slovenia. In southwestern Europe, it is found in France, Portugal and Spain.

### Habitat

It grows in coastal habitats on shingle banks and beaches, but can also be found on cliff tops and in sand dunes.

## Toxicity

It produces an orange foul-smelling sap, if cut open. All parts of the plant, including the seeds, are toxic, and can cause a wide range of symptoms if eaten, and respiratory failure, resulting in death.

## Culture

It is referenced in various poems.

A poppy grows upon the shore,
Bursts her twin cups in summer late:
Her leaves are glaucus-green and hoar,
Her petals yellow, delicate.
She has no lovers like the red,
That dances with the noble corn:
Her blossoms on the waves are shed,
Where she stands shivering and forlorn.

*Shorter Poems* Robert Bridges.

Sea Poppies:

Amber husk
fluted with gold,
fruit on the sand
marked with a rich grain,
treasure
spilled near the shrub-pines
to bleach on the boulders:
your stalk has caught root
among wet pebbles
and drift flung by the sea
and grated shells
and split conch-shells.
Beautiful, widespread,
fire upon leaf,
what meadow yields
so fragrant a leaf
as your bright leaf?

H.D.

## Uses

Glaucine is the main alkaloid component in *Glaucium flavum*. Glaucine has bronchodilator and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE4 inhibitor and calcium channel blocker, and is used medically as an antitussive in some countries. Glaucine may produce side effects such as sedation, fatigue, and a hallucinogenic effect characterised by colourful visual images, and as a recreational drug. For a detailed bibliography on glaucine and *Glaucium flavum* see: National Agricultural Library.

In the past, it was known in Hampshire, UK, as 'squatmore', and the roots were used to treat bruises, and pains in the breast, stomach and intestines.

## Other sources

* Pink, A. (2004). *Gardening for the Million*  via Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
* Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas,
* Boulos, L. Flora of Egypt checklist. 1995 (L Egypt)
* Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning. 1998 (Cooper & Johnson ed2)
* Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965–1988 (F Turk)
* Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23, 1988) (Import Medicinal Pl)
* Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2. 1991 (Glea Cron ed2)
* Greuter, W. et al., eds. Med-Checklist. 1984- (L Medit)
* Grey-Wilson, C. Poppies: The poppy family in the wild and in cultivation. 1993 (Poppies) 41.
* Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. (pers. comm.)
* Hansen, A. & P. Sunding Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17. 1993 (L Macar ed4)
* Holm, L. et al. A geographical atlas of world weeds. 1979 (Atlas WWeed)
* Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres. 2004 (L Canarias)
* Janick, J. & J. Simon, eds. Advances in new crops. 1990 (Adv New Crops)
* Kartesz, J. T. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 1994 (L US Can ed2)
* Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. Flora SSSR. 1934–1964 (F USSR)
* Lazarides, M. & B. Hince CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia. 1993 (Econ Pl Aust)
* Mabberley, D. J. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, ed. 2. 1997 (Pl Book)
* Mouterde, P. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. 1966- (F Liban)
* Personal Care Products Council International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient (INCI)
* Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. Flora europaea, second edition. 1993 (F Eur ed2)
* Wiersema, J. H. & B. León World economic plants: a standard reference (on-line edition) \[medicinal plants only\]. (World Econ Pl Med)
* Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan Flora palaestina. 1966- (F Palest)

Media related to Glaucium flavum at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Glaucium flavum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Papaveraceae |
| Genus: | *Glaucium* |
| Species: | ***G. flavum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Glaucium flavum***
Crantz | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| Synonyms * Chelidonium fulvum * Poir. * Chelidonium glaucium * L. * Chelidonium glaucum * Hill * Chelidonium littorale * Salisb. * Glaucium corniculatum var. braunianum * Kuntze * Glaucium corniculatum var. flavum * (Crantz) Kuntze * Glaucium corniculatum var. fulvum * (Sm.) Kuntze * Glaucium corniculatum f. grandiflorum * Kuntze * Glaucium corniculatum var. mauritanicum * Kuntze * Glaucium corniculatum f. sublobatum * Kuntze * Glaucium corniculatum var. tricolor * (Godr.) Kuntze * Glaucium fischeri * Bernh. * Glaucium flavum var. fulvum * (Sm.) Fedde * Glaucium flavum f. obtusilobum * Fedde * Glaucium flavum var. plenum * Halácsy * Glaucium flavum var. serpieri * (Heldr.) Halácsy * Glaucium flavum f. subleiocarpum * Kuzmanov & Gegova * Glaucium fulvum * Sm. * Glaucium glaucium (L.) * H.Karst. \[Invalid\] * Glaucium glaucum * Moench * Glaucium littorale * Salisb. * Glaucium luteum * Crantz \[Illegitimate\] * Glaucium luteum * Scop. * Glaucium luteum var. glabratum * Willk. & Lange * Glaucium luteum var. vestitum * Willk. & Lange * Glaucium maculatum * Szov. * Glaucium richardsonii * Bernh. ex Fedde * Glaucium serpieri * Heldr. | |


title: Giuseppe Allevi

abstract: Giuseppe Allevi, sometimes given as Giuseppe Levi, was an Italian composer of the Baroque period. He was most likely born in the city of Piacenza. His ballet Le ninfe del Po premiered in that city for Carnival in 1644. It was given in honor of Francesco I d'Este and Maria Caterina Farnese, the Duke and Duchess of Modena, who were visiting the city. By 1652 he was working as the maestro di cappella at the Piacenza Cathedral; a position he held until his death on July 18, 1670. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians states that some sources have incorrectly given his year of death as 1668. As a composer he mainly wrote concertato motets.

text:
# Giuseppe Allevi

**Giuseppe Allevi**, sometimes given as **Giuseppe Levi**, (born 1603 or 1604 – died July 18, 1670) was an Italian composer of the Baroque period. He was most likely born in the city of Piacenza. His ballet *Le ninfe del Po* premiered in that city for Carnival in 1644. It was given in honor of Francesco I d'Este and Maria Caterina Farnese, the Duke and Duchess of Modena, who were visiting the city. By 1652 he was working as the maestro di cappella at the Piacenza Cathedral; a position he held until his death on July 18, 1670. *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians* states that some sources have incorrectly given his year of death as 1668. As a composer he mainly wrote concertato motets.


title: Giro Feminino de Ciclismo

abstract: The Giro Feminino de Ciclismo is a women's staged cycle race which takes place in Brazil and is currently rated by the UCI as 2.2.

text:
# Giro Feminino de Ciclismo

The **Giro Feminino de Ciclismo** is a women's staged cycle race which takes place in Brazil and is currently rated by the UCI as 2.2.

## InfoBox

Giro Feminino de Ciclismo
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | November |
| Region | Brazil |
| Discipline | Road |
| Type | Stage race |
| History | |
| First edition | 2014 (2014) |


title: Giuseppe de Carolis

abstract: Giuseppe de Carolis (1652–1742) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Aquino e Pontecorvo (1725–1742) and Bishop of Aquino (1699–1725).

text:
# Giuseppe de Carolis

**Giuseppe de Carolis** (1652–1742) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Aquino e Pontecorvo (1725–1742) and Bishop of Aquino (1699–1725).

## Biography

Giuseppe de Carolis was born on 5 Oct 1699 in Pofi, Italy. On 5 Oct 1699, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XII as Bishop of Aquino. On 11 Oct 1699, he was consecrated bishop by Pier Matteo Petrucci, Cardinal-Priest of San Marcello al Corso, with Giovanni Andrea Monreale, Archbishop of Reggio Calabria, and Tommaso Guzzoni, Bishop of Sora, serving as co-consecrators. On 23 Jun 1725, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Benedict XIII as Bishop of Aquino e Pontecorvo after the diocese was merged with the Diocese of Aquino. On 13 Jul 1725, he was named Titular Archbishop of *Tyana*. He served as Bishop of Aquino e Pontecorvo until his death on 5 Jan 1742.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Giuseppe de Carolis | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Aquino e Pontecorvo
Titular Archbishop of Tyana | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Aquino e Pontecorvo |
| In office | 1725–1742 |
| Predecessor | Giovanni Ferrari (bishop) |
| Successor | Francesco Antonio Spadea |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 11 Oct 1699
by Pier Matteo Petrucci |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 14 Jul 1652
Pofi, Italy |
| Died | 5 Jan 1742 (age 89) |


title: Giuseppe de Rossi (prelate)

abstract: Giuseppe de Rossi, O.F.M. Conv. (1610–1659) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Umbriatico (1655–1659).

text:
# Giuseppe de Rossi (prelate)

**Giuseppe de Rossi, O.F.M. Conv.** (1610–1659) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Umbriatico (1655–1659).

## Biography

Giuseppe de Rossi was born in Naples, Italy and ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor Conventual. On 9 July 1655, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VII as Bishop of Umbriatico. On 11 July 1655, he was consecrated bishop by Francesco Maria Brancaccio, Bishop of Viterbo e Tuscania. He served as Bishop of Umbriatico until his death in 1659.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Giuseppe de Rossi | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Umbriatico | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Umbriatico |
| In office | 1655–1659 |
| Predecessor | Tommaso Tomassoni |
| Successor | Antonio Ricciulli (iuniore) |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 11 July 1655
by Francesco Maria Brancaccio |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1610
Naples, Italy |
| Died | 1659 (age 49)
Rome, Italy |


title: Gladstone Court House

abstract: Gladstone Court House is a heritage-listed courthouse at 16 Yarroon Street, Gladstone, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Raymond Claire Nowland and built from 1940 to 1942. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 May 1998.

text:
# Gladstone Court House

**Gladstone Court House** is a heritage-listed courthouse at 16 Yarroon Street, Gladstone, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Raymond Claire Nowland and built from 1940 to 1942. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 May 1998.

## History

Gladstone Court House, a two-storeyed masonry building, was erected in 1940–42. The building was designed in the office of the Queensland Department of Public Works, and replaced an 1873–1874 courthouse and lands office. The 1940s building was at least the third purpose-designed courthouse in Gladstone.

Gladstone was established by the New South Wales government in 1853–1854, possibly in an attempt to create a more centralised alternative to Brisbane as the capital of any future northern colony. When Captain Maurice Charles O'Connell, first Government Resident and Police Magistrate of the Port Curtis District, arrived in March 1854, the township of Gladstone had been laid out near Auckland Inlet, and the first slab buildings had been erected. O'Connell and his family set up residence (initially in tents) at Barney Point, a couple of miles south of Auckland Inlet, and around The Residency there soon developed a small residential settlement.

O'Connell first conducted court matters from his tent office at Barney Point. Within a few months he had acquired a slab and shingled building on the rise of Auckland Hill - illegally erected by storekeeper Richard Palmer on a crown reserve, prior to O'Connell's arrival - as Gladstone's first court house and public building. About 1860 this building appears to have been replaced with a purpose-designed court house and watch house. This in turn was demolished in 1873-1874 and replaced with a two-storeyed timber building, which accommodated both the courthouse and the lands office. The 1873-1874 building was situated on the present court house reserve, but at the northern end of the block, overlooking Auckland Inlet, and was accessed via a lane from Auckland Street. The building was extended in 1882–1883, and served as the Gladstone Court House until the early 1940s, when it was replaced with a two-storeyed brick building.

Site preparation for the brick building, which was to face Yarroon Street and the town rather than the harbour, was carried out in the second half of 1940, and plans for the new Courthouse were prepared by the Queensland Department of Public Works in late 1940 and early 1941. A plan dated December 1940 showing front and rear elevations and ground and first floor plans, was drawn by architect Thomas Robert Gladwin, who had been employed as assistant architect in the architectural office of the Public Works Department since 1924. The design of the building is attributed to Raymond Clare Nowland who was also the designer of Stanthorpe Courthouse (1941) and Charleville Courthouse (1945). All three courthouses are similar in planning, elevational treatment, materials and detailing. These were two-storeyed masonry buildings in stripped-classical style, H-shaped in plan, generally incorporating the courtroom on the upper floor, and government public offices on the ground floor.

The new Gladstone Court House was completed in late 1942, at a cost of nearly 16,000. Like the Mackay Courthouse and Charleville court house, it was a combined court house/public offices, providing court facilities (court room, offices for the Judge, police magistrate/warden and police, and rooms for the jury, witnesses and solicitor) as well as offices for the land ranger, forestry officer, stock and dairy inspectors and mining registrar.

Alterations to the fabric of the building have been fairly minimal. Between 1966 and 1972, a single-storeyed brick extension, containing staffroom and toilets, was erected at the rear of the building. Some minor internal refurbishment has been undertaken. The former police office on the ground floor has been converted to a small courtroom, but it is unclear at what date - possibly the mid-1970s. This does not appear to have involved the removal of any partition walls. In the early 1980s, a suspended acoustic ceiling was installed in the courtroom and a new judge's toilet was provided.

## Description

Prominently situated on Auckland Hill with the main entrance addressing Yarroon Street, the Gladstone Court House is a two-storeyed brick building with a hipped corrugated iron roof. Designed in a stripped classical style, the red face brickwork contrasts with rendered string courses at floor and window levels. A rendered masonry fence appears to have been designed with the building.

The building is H-shaped in plan with the main entrance centrally positioned. A flight of stairs leads to a verandah and portico with two Doric columns supporting an entablature with "COURT HOUSE" in raised lettering. The entrance doorway contains a two-leafed, eight-panelled door with fanlight and architrave. On the southern section of the main elevation a masonry ramp gives access to the verandah. All the windows throughout the building are timber framed with either six or twelve panes. At the rear of the building a single-storeyed extension encloses the space between the wings of the building.

Internally the ground floor contains a central corridor with a large general office on the right hand side and a Magistrate's Court on the left-hand side. The space occupied by the Magistrate's Court was previously an office. An enclosed verandah at the rear of the building gives access to two staircases and the extension which is a lunchroom. On the upper level the main courtroom occupies the cross section of the H with the other two wings containing offices. The courtroom contains all the original court room furniture and has a suspended ceiling with modern light fittings, air conditioning and fans. The purpose-built silky oak courtroom furniture includes a judges' bench, witness dock, public gallery, jury benches, tables, benches and chairs. The furniture is sombre and plain with decorative battened panels to the front of the judges' bench, sides of jury benches, chair backs and other associated small benches/tables.

The design and detailing of the building is robust and both internally and externally it remains intact. It retains most of its original fixtures and finishes including joinery, hardware, plaster ceilings, timber floors and concrete passageways and staircases.

## Heritage listing

Gladstone Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 May 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

Gladstone Court House, erected in the early 1940s, is important in illustrating the pattern of development of Gladstone as a regional centre. As one of a group of employment-generating public buildings erected in Gladstone during the interwar period, \[including the 1929 Commonwealth Bank Building, the 1932 Post Office and the 1934 Town Council Chambers\], the court house is significant in illustrating a more positive impact of the interwar economic depression on regional Queensland.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

The two-storeyed brick courthouse remains substantially intact, and is a good example of interwar Queensland public works design. The courtroom is important for its collection of intact purpose-built furniture.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

Prominently positioned on the rise of Auckland Hill, Gladstone Court House remains an integral component of the Gladstone townscape, and has landmark status.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

As a group, these buildings contributed significantly to the development of a 20th-century image for Gladstone, and remain important public landmarks.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

The building is important for its association with the Department of Public Works and in particular with the work of architect Raymond Clare Nowland. The court house, and the reserve on which it is located, is significant for its strong association with the dispensing of justice in the Port Curtis District since at least the 1870s.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

Media related to Gladstone Court House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Gladstone Court House | |
| --- | --- |
| Gladstone Court House, 1998 | |
| Location | 16 Yarroon Street, Gladstone, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 23°50′22″S 151°15′18″E / 23.8395°S 151.2549°E / -23.8395; 151.2549 |
| Design period | 1939–1945 (World War II) |
| Built | 1940–1942 |
| Architect | Raymond Clare Nowland |
| Architectural style(s) | Classicism |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Gladstone Court House |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 29 May 1998 |
| Reference no. | 601332 |
| Significant period | 1940s (historical)
1940s (fabric)
1942–ongoing (social) |
| Significant components | court house, office/s |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Gladstone Court House in QueenslandGladstone Court House (Australia) | |


title: Glenlawn Collegiate

abstract: Glenlawn Collegiate is a public English-language secondary school in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, located at 770 St. Mary's Road, Elm Park in the suburb of St. Vital. It is part of the Louis Riel School Division.

text:
# Glenlawn Collegiate

**Glenlawn Collegiate** is a public English-language secondary school in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, located at 770 St. Mary's Road, Elm Park in the suburb of St. Vital. It is part of the Louis Riel School Division.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Glenlawn Collegiate | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 770 St. Mary's Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2M 3N7
Canada | |
| Coordinates | 49°51′10″N 97°06′46″W / 49.8527°N 97.1128°W / 49.8527; -97.1128 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public secondary (English language) |
| School district | Louis Riel School Division |
| Principal | Dionne Potapinski |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Enrollment | 1100 (2024) |
| Campus | Suburban |
| Mascot | Arthur the Lion |
| Website | www.lrsd.net/schools/GCI/ |


title: Gladys Mora

abstract: Gladys Alicia Mora Romero is a Colombian taekwondo practitioner. She is a two-time Olympian, and a four-time medalist at the Pan American Taekwondo Championships. She also won a bronze medal for the 51 kg class at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games in Cartagena, Colombia. Mora made her official debut for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where she competed in the women's flyweight category (49 kg). She first defeated Indonesia's Juana Wangsa Putri by a superiority decision in the preliminary rounds, before losing out her next match to Chinese Taipei's Chen Shih-Hsin, with a sudden death score of 0–1. Because her opponent advanced further into the final match, Mora took advantage of the repechage rounds by defeating Nepal's Sangina Baidya and Guatemala's Euda Carías. She progressed to the bronze medal match, but narrowly lost the medal to Thailand's Yaowapa Boorapolchai, with a score of 1–2. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Mora qualified for the second time in the women's 49 kg class, after winning the championship title from the Pan American Qualification Tournament in Cali, Colombia. Unfortunately, she lost the first preliminary round match to another Chinese Taipei taekwondo practitioner Yang Shu-Chun, with a score of 0–(-1).

text:
# Gladys Mora

**Gladys Alicia Mora Romero** (born July 31, 1980, in Barranquilla) is a Colombian taekwondo practitioner. She is a two-time Olympian, and a four-time medalist at the Pan American Taekwondo Championships. She also won a bronze medal for the 51 kg class at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games in Cartagena, Colombia.

Mora made her official debut for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where she competed in the women's flyweight category (49 kg). She first defeated Indonesia's Juana Wangsa Putri by a superiority decision in the preliminary rounds, before losing out her next match to Chinese Taipei's Chen Shih-Hsin, with a sudden death score of 0–1. Because her opponent advanced further into the final match, Mora took advantage of the repechage rounds by defeating Nepal's Sangina Baidya and Guatemala's Euda Carías. She progressed to the bronze medal match, but narrowly lost the medal to Thailand's Yaowapa Boorapolchai, with a score of 1–2.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Mora qualified for the second time in the women's 49 kg class, after winning the championship title from the Pan American Qualification Tournament in Cali, Colombia. Unfortunately, she lost the first preliminary round match to another Chinese Taipei taekwondo practitioner Yang Shu-Chun, with a score of 0–(-1).

## Results

## Medal count

|  | gold | Silver | Bronze | PAR | Σ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Olympic Games |  |  |  | **2** | **2** |
| World Championships |  |  |  | **4** | **4** |
| Olympic Games qualification World |  |  |  | **2** | **2** |
| Student World Championships |  |  |  | **1** | **1** |
| Continental Tournaments | **2** | **1** | **3** | **2** | **8** |
| Open Tournaments | **1** | **3** | **1** |  | **5** |

### Results international

|  | result | year | tournament | city | weight | category |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | PAR | 1999 | World Championships | Edmonton | -51 | senior |  | 10.00 | 0 |
|  | 3. | 2002 | Pan American Championships | Quito | -51 | senior |  | 10.00 | 3 |
|  | PAR | 2003 | Olympic Games qualification World | Paris | -49 | senior |  | 7.00 | 0 |
|  | 3. | 2004 | Olympic Games qualification Pan America | Querétaro | -49 | senior |  | 10.00 | 9 |
|  | PAR | 2004 | Olympic Games | Athen | -49 | senior |  | 20.00 | 15 |
|  | PAR | 2004 | Pan American Championships | Santo Domingo | -51 | senior |  | 6.00 | 0 |
|  | PAR | 2005 | World Championships | Madrid | -51 | senior |  | 10.00 | 5 |
|  | 3. | 2006 | US Open | Dallas, Texas | -51 | senior |  | 3.00 | 0 |
|  | PAR | 2006 | Student World Championships | Valencia | -51 | senior |  | 2.00 | 0 |
|  | 1. | 2006 | Pan American Championships | Buenes Aires | -51 | senior |  | 30.00 | 12 |
|  | 2. | 2007 | US Open | Orlando | -51 | senior |  | 5.00 | 0 |
|  | PAR | 2007 | World Championships | Peking | -51 | senior |  | 10.00 | 5 |
|  | PAR | 2007 | Pan Am Games | Rio de Janeiro | -49 | senior |  | 6.00 | 3 |
|  | PAR | 2007 | Olympic Games qualification World | Manchester | -49 | senior |  | 7.00 | 3 |
|  | 1. | 2007 | Olympic Games qualification Pan America | Cali | -49 | senior |  | 30.00 | 3 |
|  | 2. | 2008 | Spanish Open | Alicante | -51 | senior |  | 5.00 | 0 |
|  | 2. | 2008 | Austrian Open | Innsbruck | -51 | senior |  | 5.00 | 0 |
|  | PAR | 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing | -49 | senior |  | 20.00 | 0 |
|  | 2. | 2008 | Pan American Championships | Cagus | -51 | senior |  | 20.00 | 6 |
|  | 1. | 2009 | Costa Rica Open | Cartago | -53 | senior |  | 7.00 | 0 |
|  | PAR | 2009 | World Championships | Kopenhagen | -53 | senior |  | 10.00 | 0 |
|  | 3. | 2012 | Pan American Championships | Sucre | -53 | senior |  | 10.00 | 6 |

| **Olympic Games qualification Pan America**, Querétaro -49 senior | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3rd place Fight | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 4 | : | 0 | SOLANO, Johana |  |
| 1/08-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 2 | : | 0 | SEGURA MOORE, Barbara |  |
| 1/04-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 2 | : | 0 | CONTRERAS LOYOLA, Yeny |  |
| 1/02-Finale | |  | GONDA, Ivett | 4 | : | 1 | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia |  |
| **Olympic Games**, Athen -49 senior | | | | | | | | |
| 3rd place Fight | |  | BOORAPOLCHAI, Yaowapa | 2 | : | 1 | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia |  |
| 1/08-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 2 | : | 2 | WANGSA PUTRI, Juana |  |
| 1/04-Trostrunde | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 5 | : | 1 | BAIDYA, Sangina |  |
| 1/04-Finale | |  | CHEN, Shih-Hsin | 1 | : | 0 | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia |  |
| 1/02-Trostrunde | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 2 | : | 0 | CARIAS MORALES, Euda Maria |  |

| **Pan American Championships**, Buenes Aires -51 senior
**Trainer / Coaches:**
SALAZAR MOLINA, Reynaldo (Headcoach)
SANCHEZ, Yolman (coach)
FORERO, Rene (Assistantcoach) | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1/08-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 10 | : | 3 | SEPULVEDA, Lorena |  |
| 1/04-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 7 | : | 0 | DIEZ CANSECO VERDE, Lizbeth Julissa |  |
| 1/02-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 10 | : | 4 | DeVITO, Simone |  |
| 1/01-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 7 | : | 6 | GUACARE, Gladys |  |

| **Pan American Championships**, Cagus -51 senior | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1/16-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 7 | : | 0 | COTO VARGAS, Nancy |  |
| 1/02-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 5 | : | 0 | TURCOTTE, Annie-Pier |  |
| 1/01-Finale | |  | CRAIG, Charlotte | 1 | : | 0 | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia |  |

| **Pan American Championships**, Sucre -53 senior | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1/08-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 4 | : | 2 | STAMBAUGH, Victoria |  |
| 1/04-Finale | |  | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia | 8 | : | 1 | GUADALUPE, Katherine |  |
| 1/02-Finale | |  | DeVITO, Simone | 5 | : | 4 | MORA ROMERO, Gladys Alicia |  |

## InfoBox

Gladys Mora
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Gladys Alicia Mora Romero |
| Nationality | Colombia |
| Citizenship | Colombian, American |
| Born | (1980-07-31) 31 July 1980
Barranquilla, Colombia |
| Education | Psychologist degree and Master degree in Human resources |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 49 kg (108 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Taekwondo |
| Event | 49 kg |
| Coached by | Yolman sanchez |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Olympic finals | Athens 2004. semifinals. |
| National finals | from 1999 to 2012 |
| Highest world ranking | 9th |
| Medal record    * 4th place Athens 2004. Olympic diploma. * 9th place Beijing 2008 * 1rs place panamerican taekwondo championship. Argentina 2006. * 1rs place panamerican qualification championship. Cali Colombia 2007. Qualified to the olympics Beijing 2008. * Special recognition athlete off the year 2004. Winner. * Multiple times panamerican medalist. * National champion 1999 to 2012. * 5th place word championship. France 2003.  Women's taekwondo  Representing  Colombia  Central American and Caribbean Games  2006 Cartagena  51 kg | |


title: Glenea caninia

abstract: Glenea caninia is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Heller in 1926 on the basis of a specimen obtained from Karwar by T.R.D. Bell. It is known from peninsular India in the Western Ghats and associated mountain forests. These beetles are about 1.1 to 1.5 cm long. The forehead and cheeks clothed in yellowish white pubescence. The elytra have a broad post-median band of yellow hairs. The species is closely related to G. galathea of which this was once considered as a subspecies.

text:
# Glenea caninia

***Glenea caninia*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Heller in 1926 on the basis of a specimen obtained from Karwar by T.R.D. Bell. It is known from peninsular India in the Western Ghats and associated mountain forests.

These beetles are about 1.1 to 1.5 cm long. The forehead and cheeks clothed in yellowish white pubescence. The elytra have a broad post-median band of yellow hairs. The species is closely related to *G. galathea* of which this was once considered as a subspecies.

## InfoBox

| *Glenea caninia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Glenea* |
| Species: | ***G. caninia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Glenea caninia***<br>Heller, 1926 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Glenea travancorana* | |


title: Glamoč Fortress

abstract: Glamoč fortress is a medieval fortress located on the north slopes of Staretina mountain just above town of Glamoč. The construction of the fortress started as early as 14th century.

text:
# Glamoč Fortress

**Glamoč fortress** (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: *Glamočka tvrđava* / Гламочка тврђава) is a medieval fortress located on the north slopes of Staretina mountain just above town of Glamoč. The construction of the fortress started as early as 14th century.

## InfoBox

| Glamoč Fortress | |
| --- | --- |
| *Glamočka tvrđava
Гламочка тврђава* | |
| Glamoč, Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Glamoč Fortress | |
| Coordinates | 44°02′31″N 16°50′38″E / 44.041969°N 16.84401°E / 44.041969; 16.84401 |
| Site information | |
| Open to
the public | Yes |
| Condition | Ruined |
| Site history | |
| Built | circa 14th century |
| In use | until 1882 (until 1882) |
| Materials | stone |
| Garrison information | |
| Past
commanders | Tvrtko I of Bosnia, Grgur Stjepanić, Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia, Pavao Maštrović Klešić |


title: Globoko pri Šmarju

abstract: Globoko pri Šmarju is a settlement in the Municipality of Šmarje pri Jelšah in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills southwest of Šmarje. The municipality is included in the Savinja Statistical Region and is part of the traditional region of Styria.

text:
# Globoko pri Šmarju

**Globoko pri Šmarju** (pronounced \[ɡlɔˈbɔːkɔ pɾi ˈʃmaːɾju\]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Šmarje pri Jelšah in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills southwest of Šmarje. The municipality is included in the Savinja Statistical Region and is part of the traditional region of Styria.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from *Globoko* to *Globoko pri Šmarju* in 1953.

## InfoBox

| Globoko pri Šmarju | |
| --- | --- |
| Globoko pri ŠmarjuLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°13′15.77″N 15°29′58.47″E / 46.2210472°N 15.4995750°E / 46.2210472; 15.4995750 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Savinja |
| Municipality | Šmarje pri Jelšah |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.62 km2 (0.24 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 335.4 m (1,100.4 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 68 |
|  | |


title: Globoid (botany)

abstract: A globoid is a spherical crystalline inclusion in a protein body found in seed tissues that contains phytate and other nutrients for plant growth. These are found in several plants, including wheat and the genus Cucurbita. These nutrients are eventually completely depleted during seedling growth. In Cucurbita maxima, globoids form as early as the 3rd day of seedling growth. They are located in conjunction with a larger crystalloid. They are electron–dense and vary widely in size.

text:
# Globoid (botany)

A **globoid** is a spherical crystalline inclusion in a protein body found in seed tissues that contains phytate and other nutrients for plant growth. These are found in several plants, including wheat and the genus *Cucurbita*. These nutrients are eventually completely depleted during seedling growth. In *Cucurbita maxima*, globoids form as early as the 3rd day of seedling growth. They are located in conjunction with a larger crystalloid. They are electron–dense and vary widely in size.


title: Oxyptilus chrysodactyla

abstract: Oxyptilus chrysodactyla is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in most of Europe, except most of the Balkan Peninsula, Great Britain, Ireland and Portugal. The wingspan is 15–21 millimetres (0.59–0.83 in). Adults are brown. The larvae feed on Hieracium umbellatum, Hieracium amplexicaule, Hieracium sabaudum and Picris hieracioides. They feed in the heart of their host plant and later spin the top-leaves together.

text:
# Oxyptilus chrysodactyla

***Oxyptilus chrysodactyla*** is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in most of Europe, except most of the Balkan Peninsula, Great Britain, Ireland and Portugal.

The wingspan is 15–21 millimetres (0.59–0.83 in). Adults are brown.

The larvae feed on *Hieracium umbellatum*, *Hieracium amplexicaule*, *Hieracium sabaudum* and *Picris hieracioides*. They feed in the heart of their host plant and later spin the top-leaves together.

## InfoBox

| *Oxyptilus chrysodactyla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Oxyptilus* |
| Species: | ***O. chrysodactyla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxyptilus chrysodactyla***<br>(Denis & Schiffermuller, 1775) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Alycita chrysodactyla* Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 * *Alucita chrysodactyla* * *Pterophorus hieracii* Zeller, 1841 | |


title: Oxyptilus epidectis

abstract: Oxyptilus epidectis is a moth of the family Pterophoridae, that is known from Mauritius, India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Biophytum sensitivum.

text:
# Oxyptilus epidectis

***Oxyptilus epidectis*** is a moth of the family Pterophoridae, that is known from Mauritius, India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.

The larvae have been recorded feeding on *Biophytum sensitivum*.

## InfoBox

| *Oxyptilus epidectis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Oxyptilus* |
| Species: | ***O. epidectis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxyptilus epidectis***<br>Meyrick, 1908 | |
|