title: Tostedt

abstract: Tostedt is a municipality in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the central administration of the collective municipality which consists of 9 joint communities.

text:
# Tostedt

**Tostedt** (Low German *Töst*) is a municipality in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the central administration of the collective municipality (Samtgemeinde Tostedt) which consists of 9 joint communities.

## Geography

### Geography

Tostedt is located on the northwestern edge of Lüneburger Heide, 35 km southwest of Hamburg and 55 km east of Bremen. The areas highest point of 70 meters above sea level is to be found at the entrance facing Welle, its lowest point is 43 meters above sea level at the eastend of *Todtglüsingen*.

Near Tostedt the river Este flows towards Hollenstedt, and there are the spring of the river Oste towards Sittensen, as well as the streams *Dohrener Mühlenbach*, *Langeloher Bach* and *Todtglüsinger Bach*.

### Neighboring cities and municipalities

### Municipality

Approximately 10,500 residents live in Tostedt. In the district of *Todtglüsingen* there are another 3,200 residents. The municipality of *Tostedt* includes the villages *Tostedt*, *Todtglüsingen*, *Langeloh*, *Neddernhof* and *Wüstenhöfen* and the farmyards *Dreihausen* and *Tiefenbruch*. The place *Tostedt-Land* belongs partly to the municipality of Tostedt and partly to the municipality of Wistedt.

## History

The first recording of Tostedt go back to 1105. In 1625 the jurisdiction was established in Tostedt. Even today Tostedt is the place of a local court with jurisdiction of the trade register for the entire region of the Elbe-Weser triangle. In the house of the old post office *Am Sande*, where the horses were changed by the stagecoaches, the French Emperor Napoleon once stayed for a stop over. The places Todtglüsingen and Tostedt were united on July 1, 1972.

## Politics

### Council

The members of the council, which was elected in 2011, are:

* CDU 10 seats
* SPD 9 seats
* Green 5 seats
* FDP 1 seat
* Choice community Tostedt 5 seats
* Single candidate 1 seat

### Mayors

The title "mayor" was introduced in 1935.

* Christoph Wicke (1853–1872)
* Joachim Kröger (1872–1898)
* Friedrich Sommerfeld (1899–1904)
* Karl Möller (13. March 1904–27. October 1919)
* Adolf Gerlach (27. October 1919–23. January 1931)
* Claus Hamann (1. February 1931–30. September 1933)
* Otto Mohrmann (1. October 1933–30. September 1934)
* Claus Hamann (1. October 1934–31. May 1945)
* Alexander Daum (11. June 1945–31. August 1945)
* Friedrich Rossmann (1. September 1945–28. September 1946)
* Heinrich Fricke (29. September 1946–7. December 1950)
* Willy Aldag (8. December 1950–15. March 1971)
* Paul Elbers (13. April 1971–18. November 1976)
* Eckart Weithoener (19. November 1976–14. January 1979)
* Ruth Zuther (18. January 1979–5. November 1981)
* Günter Weiß (5. November 1981–27. November 1991)
* Klaus-Dieter Feindt (27. November 1991–31. October 1996)
* Günter Weiß (1. November 1996–21. March 2008)
* Erwin Becker (25. August 2008–1. November 2011)
* Gerhard Netzel (since 2. November 2011)

### Community Partnerships

## Musical life

For over 150 years, there have been the marching band of the shooting club Todtglüsingen, and the one of Tostedt and the Men's Glee Club Tostedt.

## Sport

The most successful sports clubs are the Todtglüsinger sports club, sports club *MTV Tostedt* with a membership in the second National Table Tennis League and the Women's Baseball League team of *Dohren Wild Farmers*. The juniors of Wild Farmers won the German championship in 2010. There is a Tostedt shooting club, a Todtglüsingen shooting club, a tennis club and a riding club.

## Security

There are two volunteer fire departments in Tostedt, the Tostedt firefighters and the firefighters Todtglüsingen which provide fire protection in place. And there is a police station.

## Events

* Since 1973 the *Töster flea market* place has taken on the first weekend of October. It is the largest flea market in northern Germany. About 700 exhibitors who come from Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark, present their goods.
* The *Advertising circle Tostedt*, presents the *Christmas Market*.
* The *maypole* as a common festival takes place in Todtglüsingen on 1 May of the Todtglüsingen shooting club, the fire department and the sports club Todtglüsingen.
* There are Schützenfests in Tostedt and Todtglüsingen.

## Tourism

The *Este bike path* and the *Oste bike path* towards Bremervörde reach the station in Tostedt. The trails E1 European long distance path, *Heidschnuckenweg*, *Freudenthalweg* and *Heidepuzzle-trail* pass by in the eastern forest area *Lohbergen*

## Economy and Infrastructure

### Traffic

Tostedt on the Bundesstraße 75 near the Highway A1 was once a stopover for stagecoaches between Hamburg and Bremen. Tostedt is part of the metropolitan region of Hamburg and a member of the Hamburg Transport Association *HVV*. The Tostedt station is a stopover of *metronome railway company* from Hamburg to Bremen. The station Tostedt is equipped for disabled people. From the station it is 32 minutes to the Hamburg main station and 36 minutes to the Bremen central station.

### Courts and authorities

Tostedt is the place of District Courts Tostedt and the seat of the collective municipality Tostedt.

### Public Institutions

* The public swimming pool of Tostedt is one of the few baths in Germany without charge.
* In Tostedt there is a workshop for handicapped and for mentally disabled people established in 1982.

### Education

Tostedt schools are a Gymnasium, a Realschule, a Hauptschule and several elementary schools. Several kindergarten and a nature kindergarten.

## InfoBox

| Tostedt | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Tostedt within Harburg district | |
| Tostedt Tostedt | |
| Coordinates: 53°17′N 9°43′E / 53.283°N 9.717°E / 53.283; 9.717 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Harburg |
| Municipal assoc. | Tostedt |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gerhard Netzel (SPD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 48.24 km2 (18.63 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 61 m (200 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 14,578 |
| Density | 300/km2 (780/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 21255 |
| Dialling codes | 04182 |
| Vehicle registration | WL |
| Website | www.tostedt.de |


title: Monkwearmouth

abstract: Monkwearmouth is an area of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear in England. Monkwearmouth is located at the north side of the mouth of the River Wear. It was one of the three original settlements on the banks of the River Wear along with Bishopwearmouth and Sunderland. It includes the area around St. Peter's Church, founded in 674 as part of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and was once the main centre of Wearside shipbuilding and coalmining in the town. It is now host to a campus of the University of Sunderland and the National Glass Centre. It is served by the three Church of England churches of the Parish of Monkwearmouth. The first nineteenth-century Catholic church built in Monkwearmouth was St Benet's Church which remains active today. Monkwearmouth is across the river from the Port of Sunderland at Sunderland Docks. The locals of the area were called "Barbary Coasters". The borough stretches from Wearmouth Bridge to the harbour mouth on the north side of the river and is one of the oldest parts of Sunderland. The former railway station, closed in 1968 by the Beeching Axe, is now the Monkwearmouth Station Museum and features a restored booking office dating from the Edwardian period. Since 2002, Monkwearmouth has once again been served by rail transport, this time via St Peter's Tyne and Wear Metro station a few hundred metres south of the old station. Wearmouth Colliery, a coal mine, was closed in December 1993 after it had been in operation for over 100 years. The site is now the home of the Stadium of Light, which opened in July 1997 and is the home of the football club Sunderland A.F.C., who had previously played at Roker Park. Monkwearmouth was part of the Sunderland North parliamentary constituency for elections to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Monkwearmouth is now part of Sunderland Central. In 1891 the civil parish had a population of 9116. On 25 March 1897 the parish was abolished and merged with Sunderland. In 1974 it became part of the metropolitan district of Sunderland.

text:
# Monkwearmouth

**Monkwearmouth** is an area of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear in England. Monkwearmouth is located at the north side of the mouth of the River Wear. It was one of the three original settlements on the banks of the River Wear along with Bishopwearmouth and Sunderland. It includes the area around St. Peter's Church, founded in 674 as part of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and was once the main centre of Wearside shipbuilding and coalmining in the town. It is now host to a campus of the University of Sunderland and the National Glass Centre. It is served by the three Church of England churches of the Parish of Monkwearmouth. The first nineteenth-century Catholic church built in Monkwearmouth was St Benet's Church which remains active today.

Monkwearmouth is across the river from the Port of Sunderland at Sunderland Docks.

The locals of the area were called "Barbary Coasters". The borough stretches from Wearmouth Bridge to the harbour mouth on the north side of the river and is one of the oldest parts of Sunderland.

The former railway station, closed in 1968 by the Beeching Axe, is now the Monkwearmouth Station Museum and features a restored booking office dating from the Edwardian period. Since 2002, Monkwearmouth has once again been served by rail transport, this time via St Peter's Tyne and Wear Metro station a few hundred metres south of the old station.

Wearmouth Colliery, a coal mine, was closed in December 1993 after it had been in operation for over 100 years. The site is now the home of the Stadium of Light, which opened in July 1997 and is the home of the football club Sunderland A.F.C., who had previously played at Roker Park.

Monkwearmouth was part of the Sunderland North parliamentary constituency for elections to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Monkwearmouth is now part of Sunderland Central.

In 1891 the civil parish had a population of 9116. On 25 March 1897 the parish was abolished and merged with Sunderland. In 1974 it became part of the metropolitan district of Sunderland.

## InfoBox

| Monkwearmouth | |
| --- | --- |
| St Peter's Church | |
| MonkwearmouthLocation within Tyne and Wear | |
| OS grid reference | NZ350549 |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SUNDERLAND |
| Postcode district | SR5, SR6 |
| Dialling code | 0191 |
|  | |
| Police | Northumbria |
| Fire | Tyne and Wear |
| Ambulance | North East |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: The Family (club)

abstract: The Family is a private club in San Francisco, California, formed in 1902 by newspapermen who in protest, left the Bohemian Club due to censorship. It maintains a clubhouse in San Francisco, as well as rural property 35 miles to the south in Woodside. It is an exclusive, invitation-only, all-male club where new members are referred to as "Babies", regular members as "Children" and the club president as the "Father".

text:
# The Family (club)

**The Family** is a private club in San Francisco, California, formed in 1902 by newspapermen who in protest, left the Bohemian Club due to censorship. It maintains a clubhouse in San Francisco, as well as rural property 35 miles to the south in Woodside. It is an exclusive, invitation-only, all-male club where new members are referred to as "Babies", regular members as "Children" and the club president as the "Father".

## About

The Family conducts periodic social events among the redwood and oak trees and open meadows at its rural property on the San Francisco peninsula. The Family Farm entrance is along Portola Road in Woodside.

Among other charitable activities, The Family sponsors a hospital in Guatemala along with volunteer participation from many members. Club rules forbid the use of its facilities or services for the purposes of trade or business. Each member must certify that he will not deduct any part of club payments as business expenses for federal or state income tax purposes. This practice allows for membership to step away from business entirely and instead pursue friendships and the arts.

## History

### The Family Club

The Family Club was formed in 1901 after Ambrose Bierce wrote a poem that seemed to predict President William McKinley's death by an assassin's bullet. The Hearst chain of newspapers including the "San Francisco Examiner" and others owned by William Randolph Hearst published the poem, and some of the Bohemian Club members took offense. When McKinley was assassinated shortly thereafter, opponents of Hearst created a fervor over the poem's publication and banned Hearst newspapers from the premises. A group of 14 reporters, editors, and other Hearst newsmen, in the spirit of true Bohemians and asserting freedom of the press, resigned in protest to the censorship, formed their own club, and called it The Family.

Early public activities by the club included the sponsoring of a horse race called the Family Club Handicap held in Oakland in 1904. A racehorse named Fossil took first place, receiving a silver cup from the Family as well as US$1,000 from the California Jockey Club.

The Family clubhouse was originally located at 228 Post Street, but the building was lost two days after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake in the subsequent calamitous fire, though not before serving as a temporary rest station and meal place for earthquake victims such as the bereft Conreid Metropolitan Opera Company. The club rebuilt at the corner of Powell and Bush Streets, and still conducts meetings at this site two blocks from the peak of Nob Hill.

The Family's clubhouse has been a venue for musical events, such as an annual benefit for San Francisco Sinfonietta, and for black-tie dinner lectures by various experts and personages, such as Stanlee Gatti speaking to benefit horticultural programs, and Charles M. Schulz appearing to promote the Cartoon Art Museum.

### The Family Farm

In 1909, Family club members decided upon the Woodside location for their rural getaways. While summering there in 1912, club members of a variety of religious backgrounds including Judaism, Protestantism and Catholicism pooled their resources to build a Catholic church in nearby Portola Valley: Our Lady of the Wayside Church. Architect member James R. Miller assigned the design of the church to a promising young draftsman at his firm, Timothy L. Pflueger. This was Pflueger's first architectural commission, and was the start of his interaction with The Family. Pflueger would soon join The Family to become a member in good standing, and ultimately designed "The Tavern" at the Family Farm as an indoor performance venue, and a new interior for the City Home clubhouse, both being still in use today.

The annual "Flight Play", as well as a number of other stage and musical performances, are written and performed by club members. Plays aren't published or performed outside of the club, and all original written materials are retained as the sole property of the club. One handwritten musical score, *Thine Enemy*, composed by Meredith Willson for the 1937 Flight Play 20 years before *The Music Man* was staged on Broadway, will be donated by The Family to a museum in the composer's birthplace, Mason City, Iowa.

Artists Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco were guests of architect Timothy Pflueger's at The Family Farm in 1930. The two leftist Mexican muralists argued forcefully with one another about art during one visit.

## Notable members

37°47′23.6″N 122°24′32.5″W / 37.789889°N 122.409028°W / 37.789889; -122.409028

## InfoBox

The Family
|
|  |
| Formation | 1901 (1901) |
| Type | Private Men's Social Club |
| Purpose | Arts, politics, business |
| Location | * San Francisco, California * Woodside, California |


title: Kanahia

abstract:
Kanahia is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula.
  - Species
  - Kanahia carlsbergiana D.V.Field, Friis & M.G.Gilbert - Bale Region of Ethiopia
  - Kanahia delilii Kotschy ex Decne. - Mount Aquaro in Ethiopia
  - Kanahia forskalii Decne. - Yemen
  - Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.) R.Br. 1810 not G.Don 1837 nor K.Schum. 1895 - Arabia, Sudan, Ethiopia
  - Kanahia monroi S.Moore - Zimbabwe

text:
# Kanahia

***Kanahia*** is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula.

Species 1. *Kanahia carlsbergiana* D.V.Field, Friis & M.G.Gilbert \- Bale Region of Ethiopia
2. *Kanahia delilii* Kotschy ex Decne. \- Mount Aquaro in Ethiopia
3. *Kanahia forskalii* Decne. \- Yemen
4. *Kanahia laniflora* (Forssk.) R.Br. 1810 not G.Don 1837 nor K.Schum. 1895 \- Arabia, Sudan, Ethiopia
5. *Kanahia monroi* S.Moore \- Zimbabwe

## InfoBox

| *Kanahia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Kanahia consimilis* N.E.Br. (*Kanahia laniflora*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asclepiadoideae |
| Tribe: | Asclepiadeae |
| Genus: | *Kanahia*
R.Br. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Kanahia laniflora*
(Forssk.) R.Br. | |


title: Grey-headed spinetail

abstract: The grey-headed spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Grey-headed spinetail

The **grey-headed spinetail** (***Cranioleuca semicinerea***) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The grey-headed spinetail's taxonomy is unsettled. The International Ornithological Committee and BirdLife International's *Handbook of the Birds of the World* treat it as monotypic. The Clements taxonomy assigns it two subspecies, the nominate *C. s. semicinerea* (Reichenbach, 1853) and *C. s. goyana* (Pinto, 1936).

This article follows the monotypic model.

## Description

The grey-headed spinetail is 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.3 in) long and weighs 14 to 16 g (0.49 to 0.56 oz). The sexes have the same plumage, which in its range is unique. Adults have a faint whitish supercilium and a gray-brown line through the eye on an otherwise pale gray face. Their forehead is pale buffy gray and their crown and nape are slightly darker gray; the crown has a short crest. Their back, tail, and wings are rufous-brown. Their tail feathers are graduated and lack barbs at the end giving a spiny appearance. Their throat and belly are pale gray and their breast, flanks, and undertail coverts are darker gray. Their iris is amber to dark brown, their bill dusky pinkish with a dark tip, and their legs and feet olive to yellowish green or paler pink-brown.

## Distribution and habitat

The grey-headed spinetail is found in eastern Brazil from Ceará south to Goiás and slightly into Minas Gerais. It inhabits dryer deciduous and semi-deciduous forest and woodlands and the edges of more humid evergreen forest. In elevation it ranges between 500 and 850 m (1,600 and 2,800 ft).

## Behavior

### Movement

The grey-headed spinetail is a year-round resident throughout its range.

### Feeding

The grey-headed spinetail feeds on arthropods. It typically forages in pairs, usually as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It acrobatically gleans prey from bark and debris as it hitches along small branches high in the forest's subcanopy and canopy.

### Breeding

The grey-headed spinetail's nest is an oval ball of moss and rootlets with a side entrance, typically wrapped around a horizontal branch about 5 to 12 m (15 to 40 ft) above the ground. Both parents provision nestlings. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.

### Vocalization

The grey-headed spinetail's song is an "extr. high 'tsit-tsit-tsit-' then bouncing down as \[a\] rattle". Its call is a "high 'trwit' ".

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the grey-headed spinetail as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered rare to uncommon. It occurs in two protected areas but is "\[r\]estricted to \[a\] relatively narrow band of forest intermediate between tropical evergreen forest of the coast and drier caatinga woodland of the interior; this area is heavily used for coffee-growing, timber and agriculture; only a fraction of the original habitat remains."

## InfoBox

| Grey-headed spinetail | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | *Cranioleuca* |
| Species: | ***C. semicinerea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cranioleuca semicinerea***
(Reichenbach, 1853) | |
|
|  | |


title: Vitularia minima

abstract: Vitularia minima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Vitularia minima

***Vitularia minima*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 12 mm and 20 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Madagascar and Mozambique.

## InfoBox

| *Vitularia minima* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| shell of *Vitularia minima* (specimen at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Muricopsinae |
| Genus: | *Vitularia* |
| Species: | ***V. minima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vitularia minima***<br>Bozzetti, 2006 | |
|


title: Vitularia salebrosa

abstract: Vitularia salebrosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Vitularia salebrosa

***Vitularia salebrosa*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 24 mm and 80 mm.

The shell is white or yellowish-brown, sometimes banded. The occasional varix is much thickened, being composed of a number of parallel, close laminae. The outer lip and the columella are tinged with yellow. The operculum is diamond-shaped, with two short sides above and two long ones below, the angles rounded.

## Distribution

*V. salebrosa* is found on the tropical Pacific coast of America, from Baja California to Peru. It lives under rocks in the intertidal and subtidal zones.

## Feeding

This species is an ectoparasite of other molluscs. Members of the species bore a hole through the host's shell and suck its blood or digestive organ (depending on the prey) over a period of months. Consistent with their suctorial feeding habit, they have a long proboscis, reduced buccal mass, and simplified digestive system compared to other Muricids.

Prey include the oyster *Ostrea* cf. *fisheri* , the limpet-like slipper shell *Crucibulum spinosum*, and the vermetid gastropod *Tripsycha (Eualetes) tulipa*.

* *Genkaimurex varicosus*, an ectoparasite of scallops in Japanese waters.(Herbert, 2009, citing Matsukuma, 1977)

## InfoBox

| *Vitularia salebrosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| shell of *Vitularia salebrosa* (specimen atNaturalis Biodiversity Center) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Muricopsinae |
| Genus: | *Vitularia* |
| Species: | ***V. salebrosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vitularia salebrosa***
(King, 1832) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Murex salebrosa* King, 1832 * *Vitularia extensa* M. Smith, 1947 * *Vitularia salebrosa extensa* M. Smith, 1947 (original combination; junior synonym) | |


title: Vitularia triangularis

abstract: Vitularia triangularis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Vitularia triangularis

***Vitularia triangularis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Vitularia triangularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Vitularia triangularis* (specimen at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Muricopsinae |
| Genus: | *Vitularia* |
| Species: | ***V. triangularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vitularia triangularis***<br>Bozzetti, 2009 | |
|


title: Grove City, Pennsylvania

abstract: Grove City is a borough in southeastern Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States, located approximately 60 miles (97 km) north of Pittsburgh and 75 miles (121 km) south of Erie. At the 2020 census, the population was 7,894. It is part of the Hermitage micropolitan area. It is the home of Grove City College, a private liberal arts college, as well as George Junior Republic. The nearby Grove City Premium Outlets take their name from Grove City. Historically an industrial center, Grove City has manufactured locomotive engines, carriages, gas engines, foundry products, and motor trucks.

text:
# Grove City, Pennsylvania

**Grove City** is a borough in southeastern Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States, located approximately 60 miles (97 km) north of Pittsburgh and 75 miles (121 km) south of Erie. At the 2020 census, the population was 7,894. It is part of the Hermitage micropolitan area. It is the home of Grove City College, a private liberal arts college, as well as George Junior Republic. The nearby Grove City Premium Outlets take their name from Grove City.

Historically an industrial center, Grove City has manufactured locomotive engines, carriages, gas engines, foundry products, and motor trucks.

## History

In 1798, Valentine Cunningham and his family from Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania settled along Wolf Creek, building a gristmill with fellow American Revolutionary War veteran and settler Robert Glenn on the creek in 1799 and naming the area Pine Grove. About a mile north, another community was drafted surrounding a gristmill, named Slabtown. In the early years of the 19th century, Cunningham built a sawmill and schoolhouse in Pine Grove, while Robert Moore built up the area around Slabtown with a sawmill and small businesses. By 1837, Cunningham's sons J.G. and Charles returned to Pine Grove to continue its expansion, formally laying it out around this time.

By the 1850s, a Wolf Creek post office had been formed to serve both communities as they became increasingly merged. Pine Grove Academy, the precursor to Grove City College, was established in 1858. Around the same time, large coal deposits were discovered in the area, kickstarting a mining industry. The Pittsburgh, Shenango and Lake Erie Railroad was extended to Pine Grove in 1872, and Pine Grove Normal Academy was chartered to grant degrees in 1876. On January 1, 1883, the borough of Grove City was incorporated, changing its name as Pine Grove, Schuylkill County was already established. George Junior Republic was established in 1909.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 1,160 |  |  |
| 1900 | 1,599 |  | 37.8% |
| 1910 | 3,674 |  | 129.8% |
| 1920 | 4,944 |  | 34.6% |
| 1930 | 6,156 |  | 24.5% |
| 1940 | 6,296 |  | 2.3% |
| 1950 | 7,411 |  | 17.7% |
| 1960 | 8,368 |  | 12.9% |
| 1970 | 8,312 |  | −0.7% |
| 1980 | 8,162 |  | −1.8% |
| 1990 | 8,240 |  | 1.0% |
| 2000 | 8,024 |  | −2.6% |
| 2010 | 8,322 |  | 3.7% |
| 2020 | 7,894 |  | −5.1% |
| 2021 (est.) | 7,849 |  | −0.6% |
| Sources: | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,024 people, 2,575 households, and 1,560 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,069.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,185.2/km2). There were 2,745 housing units at an average density of 1,035.1 per square mile (399.7/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.32% White, 0.64% African American, 0.06% Native American, 1.08% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander,0.14% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.54% of the population.

There were 2,575 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.4% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 16.7% under the age of 18, 31.8% from 18 to 24, 20.2% from 25 to 44, 14.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $34,598, and the median income for a family was $46,676. Males had a median income of $36,467 versus $21,934 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,365. About 4.8% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Economy

Grove City is home to two locomotive engine production plants for GE Transportation, which was recently purchased by Wabtec. Grove City is also home to two Asphalt Testing Equipment Companies Pine Instrument Company. In 1994, the Grove City Premium Outlets open-air outlet mall opened along Interstate 79. Grove City is also home to The Guthrie Theatre, which was built in 1927 for vaudeville. Admired for its Art Deco architecture, it evolved into a movie house. Now lovingly restored, the Guthrie has been converted into an entertainment destination with live theatre, musical acts, comedy shows, movies, food hall and a full service bar.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Grove City, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough | |
| Guthrie Theatre in downtown Grove City. | |
|  | |
| Nickname: Crossroads of the East | |
| Location of Grove City in Mercer County, Pennsylvania (left) and of Mercer County in Pennsylvania (right) | |
| Grove City, PennsylvaniaLocation of Grove City in Pennsylvania | |
| Coordinates: 41°9′37″N 80°5′13″W / 41.16028°N 80.08694°W / 41.16028; -80.08694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Mercer |
| Settled | 1798 |
| Established | 1883 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Randy L Riddle |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.70 sq mi (7.00 km2) |
| Land | 2.70 sq mi (6.98 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation (center of downtown) | 1,256 ft (383 m) |
| Highest elevation (northeast and eastern border) | 1,340 ft (410 m) |
| Lowest elevation (Wolf Creek) | 1,220 ft (370 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 7,871 |
| Density | 2,919.51/sq mi (1,127.22/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EDT) |
| Zip Code | 16127 |
| Area code | 724 |
| Website | http://grovecityonline.com/ |


title: Music of California

text:
# Music of California

In the United States, California is commonly associated with the film, music, and arts industries; there are numerous world-famous Californian musicians. New genres of music, such as surf rock and third wave ska, have their origins in California.

## Official state symbols

The official state song of California is "I Love You, California", written by F. B. Silverwood and composed by Alfred F. Frankenstein of the Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra. It was designated the state song in 1951. Other songs, including "California, Here I Come", have also been candidates for additional state songs since 1951, but in 1988 the official standing of "I Love You, California" was confirmed.

California also has an official fife and drum band, the California Consolidated Drum Band, which was so designated in 1997.

The state's official folk dance is the square dance, which has been found in California since at least the Gold Rush.

## Indigenous music

Many groups of Indigenous peoples of California lived and continue to live within the current geographic boundaries of California, before and since colonization by Europe.

In the late 19th century, American Indian music began to be incorporated by classical composers throughout the country, known as the Indianist movement. In San Francisco, Carlos Troyer published compositions like Apache Chief Geronimo's Own Medicine song, with a piano accompaniment by Troyer.

## Early foreign influences

The earliest Spanish and English explorers in California encountered Native Americans and established missions to convert them to Christianity. Chanted prayers and hymns were often used, and choirs were eventually formed; many missions formed Native American choirs among recent converts.

As California's European, Asian, and African population increased in the 19th century, the state became the earliest West Coast territory admitted to the United States. As on the East Coast, music at the time was dominated by popular minstrel shows and the sale of sheet music. Performers included the Sacramento-born Hyers Sisters and Black Patti.

Chinese immigrants came to California to work on the transcontinental railroad and soon became a large minority in the state; the San Francisco Chinese Opera House was built in 1880. However, two years later the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in order to prevent more immigration. The visit of King Kalakaua of Hawaii in 1874 saw the Hawaiian national anthem, "Hawaii Ponoi" (written by the king) set to music by Henri Berger. In the 1880s, Carlos Troyer became a prominent composer, incorporating Spanish and Zuni influences. Polish composer Anton de Kontski's "Polish Patrol" and "Awakening the Lion" were also quite popular.

### Spanish and Mexican influence

The state's large Mexican population brought traditional folk guitar to California, including virtuoso Luis T. Romero. The Spanish missions in California brought European music to the area. From the late 18th century to the late 19th century, many visitors to California remarked on the uniqueness of the Spanish language music in California. This music was distinctively Californian, different from both Mexican and Spanish music of the time (though many elements are found throughout these traditions).

With the arrival of many Americans from the East Coast, as well as immigrants from as far away as China, however, Spanish folk music began to dwindle in popularity in California. Charles Fletcher Lummis, himself an immigrant to California, recorded many kinds of Spanish and Native American folk music for the Southwest Society of the Archaeological Institute of America. Later in the 20th century, other revivalists like Gabriel Eulogius Ruiz and Al Pill helped keep Spanish-California traditions alive.

## Mexican and Latin American music in California today

Because of its historical and cultural connections to Mexico and strong Hispanic influences, California hosts numerous Spanish language radio stations, variety music shows and local based Mariachi and Mexican folk music bands. Popular music such as Ranchera, Norteño, son music can be heard on many radio stations across the state from the San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento to the southern end of the Central Valley and down to San Diego.

Southern California has been home to Spanish language singers and musicians for over 100 years. La Pena Cultural Center in Berkeley has worked promote Salsa and traditional Latin American music to encourage a strong cultural connection between Californians and Latin Americans.

Mexican American musical artists from California vary widely in musical genre, from traditional Mexican music to Alternative Metal; among the most celebrated are Zack de la Rocha (of Rage Against the Machine), Chris Montez, Chino Moreno (of the Deftones), Ozomatli, Jenni Rivera, Los Tigres del Norte, Robert Trujillo (of Metallica, Suicidal Tendencies, and Infectious Grooves), La Santa Cecilia, Carlos Santana, and Ritchie Valens.

## 1930s and 1940s

Sidney Robertson Cowell, an ethnographer from San Francisco, collected a trove of American folk songs for the WPA Northern California Folk Music Project (1938–1940), which she initiated.

### West Coast blues

### Western swing

## 1950s and 1960s

### Bakersfield sound

In the 1950s and early 1960s, country music was dominated by the slick Nashville sound that stripped the genre of its gritty roots. The town of Bakersfield saw the rise of the Bakersfield sound as a reaction against Nashville, led by people such as Buck Owens and future star Merle Haggard.

### Folk

California was an important part of the American folk music revival of the late 1950s and early 1960s, led by the San Francisco Bay Area group the Kingston Trio. Their first hit, the 1958 single "Tom Dooley" (a Billboard #1 Hot 100 hit), sold more than 3 million copies and inspired the addition of a "folk" category to the Grammy awards the following year. The Trio's success inspired many pop-folk groups (recognizable by the performance of traditional or traditional-sounding music and use of acoustic rather than electric guitars), including California-based The Limeliters. California venues like the Hungry i promoted the genre and several major albums were recorded there. Folk music faded in popularity after the mid-1960s British Invasion, but merged with the British sound to create folk rock, pioneered by the Los Angeles band the Byrds.

### R&B

R&B group the Robins formed in San Francisco and helped establish the doo-wop sound. Members of the Robins went on to form the Coasters in Los Angeles, alongside the Platters, the Penguins, the Flairs, the Cadets, the Hollywood Flames, and the Blossoms. Johnny Otis was born in Vallejo. Etta James was born in Los Angeles.

### Chicano rock

Chicano artists Ritchie Valens, the Champs, Cannibal & the Headhunters, thee Midniters, the Premiers, the Blendells, and El Chicano emerged from southern California in this period.

### Pop

Vocal group the Lennon Sisters formed in Venice.

The Walker Brothers, formed in Los Angeles in 1964, achieved success in the United Kingdom during the British Invasion.

### Surf rock, sunshine pop, and the California Sound

In the early 1960s, youth in southern California became enamored with surf rock groups, many instrumental, like the Beach Boys, Jan and Dean, the Chantays, Royale Monarchs, the Honeys, the Bel-Airs, the Challengers, and the Surfaris. Surf rock is said to have been invented by Dick Dale with his 1961 (see 1961 in music) album *Let's Go Trippin'*. Surf rock's popularity ended in the mid-1960s with the coming of psychedelic music, however bands like Papa Doo Run Run have continued to perform and tour for the last 40 years.

### Garage rock

The Standells, the Seeds, the Leaves, and the Music Machine formed in the Los Angeles area. Count Five, Syndicate of Sound, and the Chocolate Watchband formed in San Jose.

### Psychedelic rock

The late 1960s saw San Francisco rise as the center for psychedelic rock and a mecca for hippies. Haight-Ashbury became a countercultural capital, and bands like Jefferson Airplane, Loading Zone, Quicksilver Messenger Service, the Ace of Cups, Country Joe and the Fish, Santana, the Charlatans, Big Brother & the Holding Company, and the Grateful Dead helped to launch the blues- and folk-rock scene; other bands, like Moby Grape and the Flamin' Groovies used a more country-influenced sound, while Cold Blood and Sons of Champlin incorporated R&B and Orkustra played a sort of free-form psychedelia. Of all these bands, the Grateful Dead were undoubtedly the longest-lasting of all. They continued recording and performing for several decades under the leadership of Jerry Garcia, experimenting with a wide variety of folk, country, and bluegrass, and becoming a part of the jam band phenomenon.

Hollywood's Sunset Strip area produced bands like the Byrds, the Doors, Love, Buffalo Springfield, Strawberry Alarm Clock, and the Seeds. The Byrds went on to become a major folk-rock act, helping to popularize some of Bob Dylan's compositions and eventually launching the careers of folk-rockers like David Crosby and country-rock fusionist Gram Parsons.

Frank Zappa and Captain Beefheart, both from Antelope Valley, started their aggressively experimental music careers during the late 1960s.

The band Iron Butterfly is another noted California psychedelic band, coming out of San Diego.

#### San Francisco psychedelic scene

This era began in about 1965, when The Matrix, the first folk club in San Francisco, opened; Jefferson Airplane, then a newly formed and unknown band, performed that night. Later that year, a band known as the Warlocks became the Grateful Dead, performing at The Fillmore, which was to become a major musical venue in the area. Jefferson Airplane became the first San Francisco psychedelic band signed to a major label, followed soon after by Sopwith Camel. In 1966, the first acid test was held, and the use of the drug LSD became a more prominent part of psychedelic rock, and music in general. One of the first albums from the scene was Country Joe and the Fish's *Electric Music for the Mind and Body* (1967). A year later, the band Blue Cheer released *Vincebus Eruptum*, which launched a national hit with a cover of Eddie Cochran's "Summertime Blues"; Blue Cheer is now regarded as a progenitor of heavy metal.

### Experimental

The San Francisco Tape Music Center was founded in 1962 by composers Morton Subotnick, born in Los Angeles, and Ramon Sender. Under a commission, synthesizer pioneer Don Buchla, born in South Gate, created his first modular synthesizer in 1963 and started Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments.

The Mothers of Invention was formed in 1964 in Pomona, California, originally known as the Soul Giants, the band's first lineup included Ray Collins, David Coronado, Ray Hunt, Roy Estrada, and Jimmy Carl Black. Frank Zappa was asked to take over as the guitarist following a fight between Collins and Coronado, the band's original saxophonist/leader. Zappa insisted that they perform his original material, and on Mother's Day in 1965, changed their name to the Mothers. Record executives demanded that the name be changed, and so "out of necessity," Zappa later said, "we became the Mothers of Invention."

## 1970s and 1980s

The early part of this era was dominated by country rock acts such as the Eagles and Poco, and singer-songwriters such as Jackson Browne and Joni Mitchell. There were also funk acts that were prominent such as War from the South Central (now South) district of Los Angeles, Sly and the Family Stone and Tower of Power from Oakland. Santana blended rock, jazz, funk, and Latin music. Latin R&B band Tierra formed in Los Angeles in this period. This period also saw a number of difficult-to-classify acts arising who did not sell many records, but proved to be very influential on things to come, such as Kim Fowley, Captain Beefheart, Sparks, and Fanny, all from Los Angeles, who had been active in the 1960s but reached their artistic peaks during this era. Fowley would go on to manage and produce the all-female punk-metal group, the Runaways. The Los Angeles scene of this period also produced the Go-Go's and the Motels. Boundary-stretching singer-songwriters such as Rickie Lee Jones and Warren Zevon (both originally from Chicago but whose careers developed in California) emerged to great critical acclaim.

The Tubes, who mixed progressive rock with wild theatricality, and Journey, formed from among some of Carlos Santana's sidemen and eventually experiencing a peak as one of the most popular AOR acts in the United States, were virtually the only acts from San Francisco to gain any sort of fame in the mid-1970s. During the 1980s, Journey found further success, as did Huey Lewis and the News who combined elements of pub rock with doo-wop and soul, and Starship which formed from its earlier incarnation of Jefferson Starship.

Californians Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham joined Fleetwood Mac in the 1970s and were a key part of the band's multi-platinum success.

### Punk rock in California

#### Los Angeles

Los Angeles' original late 1970s punk scene received less press attention than their counterparts in New York or London, but it included cult bands the Screamers, the Germs, the Weirdos, the Dils, the Bags, 45 Grave (founded by Paul B. Cutler), Nervous Gender, and .

Other Los Angeles-area punk and hardcore groups of the era include Wasted Youth, T.S.O.L., L7, Los Illegals, the Plugz, Cruzados, the Brat, the Controllers, the Hollywood Squares, Super Heroines, the Pandoras, the Droogs, Catholic Discipline, the Mau-Mau's, VOM, Dr. Know (featuring former child star Brandon Cruz), Legal Weapon, Claw Hammer, the Mentors (originally from Seattle), along with future underground stars NOFX.

#### South Bay

In the Los Angeles South Bay, American hardcore punk was born with bands like Black Flag, Circle Jerks, Minutemen and Youth Brigade, who formed in the mid-1970s to early 1980s. SST Records was started by Greg Ginn of Black Flag in Long Beach in 1978. San Pedro, Hermosa Beach, Wilmington, Manhattan Beach, and Hawthorne spawned more locally famous acts like Red Cross (who would later incorporate garage rock, power pop, and glam influences into their sound and change their name to Redd Kross), the Last, Circle Jerks, Saint Vitus, the Descendents, and Saccharine Trust. The famous movie about the hardcore scene, *The Decline of Western Civilization*, was shot in this area, largely in an abandoned church in Hermosa called the Creative Craft Center. The movement fell out of popularity around the mid 1980s. The late 1980s/early 1990s saw a revival in the South Bay punk scene with punk bands like Bad Religion, Down by Law, NOFX, the Offspring, Pennywise, and Ten Foot Pole under the Epitaph Records label.

#### San Fernando Valley

Youth Brigade founded BYO Records in 1982 in Sun Valley. Also of note is the band Bad Religion, who hailed from the western San Fernando Valley and were only marginally associated with hardcore punk rock from the South Bay area. The punk scene in the eastern San Fernando Valley was closely tied in with that of nearby Hollywood and produced bands such as the Dickies, Fear, and the Angry Samoans. The bands Iconoclast and Public Nuisance also hailed from this area. Numerous punks shows in the 1980s, including shows by Circle Jerks and Black Flag, took place in a warehouse on the old site of Devonshire Downs in Northridge.

#### Orange County

In Orange County, the band Middle Class, from Santa Ana, was probably the most influential; their "Out of Vogue" is sometimes considered the first hardcore recording. The original hardcore bands in Orange County came from the Fullerton area, where the Adolescents, Agent Orange, Social Distortion, and D.I. formed. Social Distortion would later incorporate blues, country, and early rock influences into their sound and become one of America's premier roots rock bands. Farther south, Huntington Beach was also an influential center of hardcore, and is known as the origin of slam dancing, credited to Jimmy Trash the singer of The Crowd who created The Slam Dance at the Cuckoos Nest. Huntington band T.S.O.L. had a reputation for being aggressive and sometimes violent, while Uniform Choice became known as a prominent straight edge band from the West Coast, Love Canal from Huntington Beach was the complete opposite bringing a more humorous version of hardcore punk to the scene. Another Orange County band of note is the U.S. Bombs fronted by Duane Peters. True Sounds of Liberty (TSOL) was perhaps the most infamous for violence, and for an abrupt and unpopular change towards proto-Gothic rock and, much later, Aerosmith-style heavy metal as the scene developed; future underground stars the Vandals evolved from TSOL's eventual breakdown. Other Orange County bands included Channel 3 (CH3), White Mice, the Offspring, Big Drill Car, Guttermouth, Suicidal Tendencies (who were from Venice but were associated with Orange County hardcore), China White and Shattered Faith.

The area had a big hand in the third wave ska scene with this region giving rise to Save Ferris, Reel Big Fish, and the scenes' most well-known act the Gwen Stefani-fronted No Doubt who would go on to pop super-stardom.

#### San Diego

The Zeros formed in Chula Vista in 1976. The Neutrons gained limited success, eventually changing their name to Battalion of Saints. The Donkey Show was a ska band that saw some notoriety during the late 1980s, helping to establish the genre known as third wave ska. The Dils were originally from Carlsbad, a San Diego suburb, later moving to San Francisco.

#### San Francisco

Outside of New York, London, Detroit, Cleveland, and Boston, San Francisco probably had the earliest punk scene, at least as far back as 1976. The scene was aided by San Francisco's famously laid back attitude towards alternative lifestyles, and the legendary record label Alternative Tentacles. Crime and the Nuns were first, followed by Chrome, the Mutants, the Units, the Contractions, Angst, the Sleepers, Pop-O-Pies, Frightwig, Crucifix, Negative Trend, the Avengers, Toiling Midgets, Flipper and Romeo Void. The most influential San Francisco hardcore band was Dead Kennedys, whose frontman, Jello Biafra, became a noted social activist. Many hardcore bands moved to San Francisco, including legends MDC, as well as D.R.I., Tales of Terror (from Sacramento, who made Kurt Cobain's Top 50 list of favorite bands and essential listening), the Dicks, and Rhythm Pigs (all from Texas).

#### Berkeley

Berkeley experienced a hardcore boom led by Fang. Berkeley also saw hardcore fusing with heavy metal to form thrash metal and bands like Possessed, Faith No More, Metallica, and Exodus.

Also in the mid-late 1980s hardcore, pop punk, and ska punk bands gained a following with bands such as Operation Ivy, Crimpshrine, The Mr. T Experience, the Lookouts, Isocracy, Green Day, Blatz, and Plaid Retina. These bands played at the infamous Gilman Street Project and released records on Lookout! Records.

#### San Jose

San Jose's most famous hardcore band was the Faction, who played with local bands such as Los Olvidados. It is also from where some members of Rancid hailed. Punk rock band No Use for a Name is also from San Jose. As the punk rock drought in San Jose left the area thirsty, 2005 spawned from its sewers the gutter punk outfit Medicated Motherfuckers. Quenching the thirst of those in the Bay Area with shameless intoxicated tales of debauchery.

### Heavy metal

#### Glam metal

Glam metal arose along the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles in the 1980s with bands like Quiet Riot, Mötley Crüe, and later Pennsylvania immigrants Poison and quickly became known for anthemic hard rock and power ballads, as well as band members' distinctively feminine make-up, hair, and clothing in spite of the scene's macho posturing. This scene would die out in the 1990s due to grunge.

#### Thrash metal

The Bay Area thrash scene was centered around Los Angeles and San Francisco in the 1980s and 1990s. Bands associated with this scene include Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer, Exodus, Vio-lence, Suicidal Tendencies, Dark Angel, Death Angel, D.R.I., Testament, Forbidden, Defiance, and Evildead.

### Alternative rock

Kim Gordon of Sonic Youth grew up in Los Angeles, where she attended Otis Art Institute, before moving to New York.

Wall of Voodoo multiple-drum-machine and Farfisa organ laden recordings with wild guitars and clever and desert wise road lyrics out of central Hollywood Boulevard and Selma Avenue wild life started the New wave trend in Southern California late 1970s early 1980s.

The Cretones added power pop guitar riffs and thoughtful lyrics with a touch of humor and sarcasm in the late 1970s early 1980s. They attracted the attention of Linda Ronstadt, who recorded three of their songs on her new wave album *Mad Love*, titled after the Cretones' song.

At the same time that gothic rock began in the United Kingdom, a parallel death rock scene evolved in Los Angeles out of the punk scene, with bands like 45 Grave and Christian Death.

Inspired by bands like the Gun Club and Ohio transplants the Cramps, cowpunk bands such as Tex & the Horseheads, and Blood on the Saddle arose from Los Angeles in the 1980s.

The Paisley Underground scene would arise out of Los Angeles in the mid-1980s around Redd Kross, The Three O'Clock (originally The Salvation Army), the Bangles, the Dream Syndicate, the Long Ryders, Rain Parade, Opal, Mazzy Star, and others.

Faith No More and Primus formed in San Francisco in the 80s. Los Angeles' Red Hot Chili Peppers steadily built up media attention with their first recordings in the mid-to-late-1980s, and went on to become one of the world's premier rock bands in the following decade. Santa Cruz spawned Camper Van Beethoven in the mid-1980s. Jane's Addiction would arise out of Venice in the late 1980s.

### Experimental

The Los Angeles Free Music Society was formed in 1973 and produced the group Smegma.

The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo was an American surrealist street theatre troupe, formed by performer and director Richard Elfman in 1972. The group was led by Richard until 1976, when his brother Danny Elfman took over. The group evolved into an experimental musical theatre group, performing songs from the 1930s-40s and original material. In 1979, Danny Elfman wished to pursue a new direction as a dedicated rock band and the group reformed as Oingo Boingo. Several Mystic Knights band members continued with the new band including Steve Bartek, Leon Schneiderman, Dale Turner, and Sam 'Sluggo' Phipps.

Mr. Bungle is an experimental band formed in Eureka, California, in 1985. Having gone through many incarnations throughout their career, the band is best known for music created during their most experimental era. During this time, they developed a highly eclectic style, cycling through several musical genres, often within the course of a single song, including heavy metal, avant-garde jazz, ska, disco, and funk, which is further enhanced by lead vocalist Mike Patton's versatile singing style. This period also saw the band utilizing unconventional song structures and samples; playing a wide array of instruments; dressing up in masks, jumpsuits, and other costumes; and performing a diverse selection of cover songs during live performances.

### Hip hop

During the 1980s, hip hop music flourished in Los Angeles and surrounding areas, especially Watts and Compton. Derived from New York City, hip hop drew upon primarily East Coast influences, though early 1970s black nationalist poets the Watts Prophets were also notable. The earliest forms of Los Angeles hip hop were hardcore hip hop artists like Ice-T (whose mid-80s "6 in the Mornin'" is arguably the first West Coast gangsta rap track). Among the most popular electro hop groups was the World Class Wrecking Cru, which included future star Dr. Dre, DJ Yela, and others and also featured singer Michel'le, an early pioneer in combining soulful R&B singing with hip-hop beats. In 1988, Dr. Dre, along with Eazy-E and Ice Cube, released *Straight Outta Compton* under the name N.W.A The album took many hip hop fans by surprise, as it single-handedly placed West Coast hip hop on the map and quickly moved gangsta rap into the mainstream. The main gangsta rap and west coast hip hop cities were Long Beach, San Francisco, Oakland, Vallejo, Pittsburg Sacramento, Richmond, East Palo Alto, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Bakersfield, Fresno, Compton, and Inglewood.

## 1990s and 2000s

### Hip hop

Called "The Golden Age of Hip hop", the 1990s saw the rise of such legendary rappers as 2Pac, Cypress Hill, Dr. Dre, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, Kid Frost, Snoop Dogg, Yo-Yo.

In the 1990s Ice Cube released six albums and the first five albums all went platinum, and the last one, *War & Peace*, went gold. Cube became an icon for West Coast hip hop for his songs about social and political issues. In 1992, Dr. Dre's solo debut, *The Chronic*, made West Coast hip hop and Death Row Records the dominant sound in hip hop, drawing primarily upon George Clinton's P-Funk for samples and the general, slow, lazy funk, which G-funk music was founded in Los Angeles and Long Beach. Death Row Records soon acquired Tupac Shakur, Warren G and Snoop Doggy Dogg as a feud developed between the East and West Coasts. In the mid-90s, Shakur and his rival Notorious B.I.G. were both shot and killed. Death Row Records CEO Suge Knight was imprisoned, and most of the label's acts tried to leave. The lack of leadership helped put New York, Atlanta, and New Orleans on the top of the hip hop charts, leaving local would-be legends and underground MC's (emcees) to work under self-financed productions.

In the 1990s, underground hip hop flourished in the San Francisco Bay Area. Early pioneers included Too Short and E-40; their success helped pave the way for new performers like RBL Posse, whose 1992 "Don't Gimme No Bammer" achieved some crossover success. The Bay Area's thriving underground rap scene has produced literally hundreds of artists, some of the better known being Andre Nickatina, the Coup, Michael Franti, the Conscious Daughters, Paris, Blackalicious, Ya Boy, and San Quinn. The Bay Area is also home to the relatively new "Hyphy" subgenre. Mac Dre was one of the notable innovators. San Francisco was very impressive in hip hop, boasting west coast legends Rappin' 4-Tay, RBL Posse, Andre Nickatina, JT The Bigga Figga, Cougnut, and more. San Francisco and Oakland were some of the homes of the late global rapping legend Tupac Shakur. The inner-city of San Francisco's neighborhoods' crime inspired the rap scene of San Francisco.

Madlib and brother Oh No were born in Oxnard. Dilated Peoples, Jurassic 5, and Flying Lotus are from Los Angeles. The Alchemist is from Beverly Hills.

### Indie rock

The early 1990s saw the emergence of Pavement, an influential indie rock band from Stockton. In the mid-1990s, Beck came out of the Silver Lake (a neighborhood in Los Angeles) indie rock scene. Queercore bands Tribe 8, Pansy Division, Cypher in the Snow, the Little Deaths, and Sta-Prest formed in San Francisco in the 1990s and recorded for local label Outpunk among others. San Francisco also produced the Trashwomen and Fabulous Disaster. Los Angeles and southern California also produced Longstocking, Best Revenge, Red Aunts, Quetzal, the Muffs, and Emily's Sassy Lime in the 1990s.

The 2000s brought the emergence of Ariel Pink, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Or, the Whale, the Aislers Set, the Botticellis, Scissors for Lefty, Deerhoof, Icebird, The Dodos, the Quails, the Curtains, I the Mighty, La Plebe, Erase Errata, the Phantom Limbs, the Donnas, Hunx and His Punx, Shannon and the Clams, Sic Alps, and the Union Trade from the San Francisco Bay Area and the Quarter After, Scarling., Best Coast, Warpaint, Autolux, Two Tears, Giant Drag, Brian Jonestown Massacre, HEALTH, Fool's Gold, No Age, Foot Village, the Warlocks, Silver Daggers, Tearist, Mika Miko, and Ty Segall from Los Angeles. She Wants Revenge formed in the San Fernando Valley. Groups from San Diego include the Album Leaf, Three Mile Pilot, Pinback, Thingy, the Soft Pack, and the Black Heart Procession.

### Hardcore punk and metalcore

The early-to-mid 1990s would see the birth of several bands in the San Diego, California music scene, some of which would lead a post-hardcore movement associated with the independent label Gravity Records. This movement would eventually become known as the "San Diego sound". Gravity was founded in 1991 by Matt Anderson, member of the band Heroin, as a means to release the music of his band and of other related San Diego groups, which also included Antioch Arrow and Clikatat Ikatowi. The label's earlier releases are known for the definition of "a new sound in hardcore rooted in tradition but boasting a chaotic sound that showcased a new approach" to the genre. Heroin were known for being innovators of early 1990s hardcore and for making dynamic landscapes "out of one minute blasts of noisy vitriol". These bands were influenced by acts like Fugazi and The Nation of Ulysses, while also helping propagate an offshoot of hardcore that "grafted spastic intensity to willfully experimental dissonance and dynamics". This movement has been associated to the development of the subgenre of screamo, while it also should be noticed that this term has been, as with the case of emo, the subject of controversy. The label also featured releases by non-San Diego bands that included Mohinder (from Cupertino, California), Angel Hair and its subsequent related project The VSS (from Boulder, Colorado), groups that have also been associated with this sound. The VSS was known for their use of synthesizers "vying with post-hardcore's rabid atonality".

Outside the Gravity roster, another band that played an important role in the development of the "San Diego sound" was Drive Like Jehu. This group, founded by former members of Pitchfork, was known, according to Steve Huey, for their lengthy and multisectioned compositions based on the innovations brought by the releases on Dischord, incorporating elements such as "odd time signatures played an important role on its development in spite of the band's music not resembling the sound such term would later signify. In a similar manner, Swing Kids, composed of former members of hardcore bands from the San Diego scene such as Unbroken, Struggle and Spanakorzo, have been described by journalist Zach Baron as the moment in which the "hardcore" sound of bands like Unbroken effectively became "post-hardcore", known for "covering Joy Division songs" and for its sonic "jazz-quoting" and "guitar feedback" experimentation features. They were also one of the first bands released under the independent label Three One G, founded by the band's vocalist Justin Pearson and later known for releasing the works of several other post-hardcore, noise rock, mathcore and grindcore groups.

As metalcore became the popular subgenre of hardcore in the late 1990s to early 2000s, bands such as Avenged Sevenfold, As I Lay Dying, Atreyu, Confide, Dayseeker, Deadseraphim, Death By Stereo, Bleeding Through, Eighteen Visions, In Fear and Faith, In This Moment, Of Mice & Men, Phinehas, Stick to Your Guns, and Throwdown made their mark in Southern California. A Skylit Drive and Jamie's Elsewhere made their mark in Northern California.

Highly influential Post-hardcore luminaries, Drive Like Jehu (and the subsequent band, Hot Snakes) hail from San Diego. Rocket from the Crypt gained notoriety in the 1990s with vocalist and taste-maker John Reis' Swami Records and Swami Sound System radio show being very influential in the area. Hardcore bands Unbroken, Swing Kids, Some Girls, and Over My Dead Body also formed in San Diego during this period.

### Pop Rock

New Radicals, known for their hit "You Get What you Give", were formed out of Los Angeles.

### Pop punk

Pop punk band Blink-182 formed in Poway. Lit formed in Orange County. Eve 6 formed in La Crescenta-Montrose.

### Alternative rock

California has produced many of the most genre-defying music artists/bands. Alternative rock is one of the more broadly defined music genres, more inclusive than others. These are some of the most popular Alternative rock bands from California (in alphanumeric order), Audioslave, Bad Religion, Beck\*, Counting Crows, Green Day\*, Hole, Jane's Addiction, No Doubt, Rage Against the Machine, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Social Distortion, Stone Temple Pilots, Sublime, Tom Waits\*, Weezer (\*Grammy winners for Best Alternative Music Album).

### Desert rock

Desert Rock was formed by a group of closely related bands and musicians from Palm Desert in Southern California, including San Bernardino, Redlands, Palm Springs, and Indio. Their hard rock sound  which was often described as desert rock  contains elements of psychedelia, blues, heavy metal and other genres, such as hardcore, as well as distinctive repetitive drum beats; typically performed with electric guitar, bass guitar, and a drum kit. The musicians often play in multiple bands simultaneously, and there is a high rate of collaboration between bands. The Palm Desert Scene is also notable for producing stoner rock pioneers Kyuss. The term "stoner rock" is sometimes used interchangeably with "desert rock." However, not all Desert Rock bands are "stoner rock." Notable Desert Rock style acts include Queens of the Stone Age, Kyuss, Sleep, Truckfighters, Eagles of Death Metal, Fatso Jetson, and Fu Manchu.

### Nu metal and alternative metal

California was at the forefront for the emergence of these two genres in the 1990s with nu metal bands such as Korn, Linkin Park, Papa Roach and P.O.D all coming from California along with alternative metal bands such as A Perfect Circle, Audioslave, Deftones, Faith No More, Jane's Addiction, Rage Against the Machine, System of a Down, and Tool.

### Christian Rock

Southern California saw the rise of Christian hardcore, specifically Spirit-filled hardcore (SFHXC) during the mid-90s including No Innocent Victim, and Unashamed. Jason Dunn of No Innocent Victim started Facedown Records. Switchfoot is a Christian Alternative band based out of San Diego.

### Experimental

The Smell, opened in 1998, is an all-ages, punk rock/noise/experimental venue in downtown Los Angeles, home to many of the area's avant-garde performers and artists.

Grouper (Liz Harris) was born in Northern California and grew up around the San Francisco Bay area and in Oregon where she is now based. Holly Herndon, born in Tennessee, is based in San Francisco. Herndon studied electronic music at Mills College in Oakland.

## 2010s

### Hip hop

Experimental hip hop acts Death Grips from Sacramento and clipping. from L.A. formed in 2010.

Kendrick Lamar, from Compton, had his major-label debut and breakout in 2012 with *Good Kid, M.A.A.D City*. *To Pimp a Butterfly* followed in 2015 to further acclaim. Lamar won the 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his 2017 album *DAMN*.

### Rock

Los Angeles band Haim garnered much success on both sides of the Atlantic upon the release of their debut album *Days Are Gone* in 2013. Gemini Syndrome are also based out of Los Angeles and formed in 2010. Being as an Ocean based out of Alpine were formed in 2011.

## Jazz in California

Influential jazz musicians from California include Dave Brubeck, Vince Guaraldi, Jimmy Giuffre, Carla Bley, and Cal Tjader, while vocal jazz legends Etta James, Jo Stafford, and Ivie Anderson also call California home. Other California jazz musicians include Larry Bunker, Buddy Collette, Eric Dolphy, Dexter Gordon, Chico Hamilton, Charles Mingus, Britt Woodman, Teddy Edwards, Vi Redd, Leroy Vinnegar, Gerald Wilson, Hampton Hawes, Billy Higgins, Mary Stallings, Butch Morris, David Murray, Joanne Brackeen, Gretchen Parlato, Bobby Hutcherson, Willie Jones III, Joshua Redman, Kamasi Washington, and Yellowjackets.

Los Angeles' Central Avenue is a historically significant place for jazz.

A revival of swing and big band music was led by Big Bad Voodoo Daddy in the 1990s.

## Classical music in California

California has a number of established orchestras, including the San Francisco Symphony (1911), Los Angeles Philharmonic Association (1919), San Diego Symphony (1910), Fremont Symphony Orchestra, Oakland East Bay Symphony (formed in 1988 by combining two older organizations), Coachella Valley Symphony, Peninsula Symphony Orchestra (1949), and the Fresno Philharmonic Association (1954).

20th century avant garde composer John Cage was born in Los Angeles. Lou Harrison, a contemporary and sometimes collaborator of Cage's, grew up around San Francisco, where he met William Colvig in 1967, with whom he helped develop American gamelan. Composer Jody Diamond, of Pasadena, founded the American Gamelan Institute in Berkeley in 1981. Other notable composers from California include David Cope, Henry Cowell, Harry Partch, Terry Riley, Terry Jennings, and Harold Budd. See: West Coast school.

Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky lived in Los Angeles from the 1940s-1960s.

## Music festivals and organizations

California hosts many well-known music festivals in a wide variety of fields, including the Stern Grove Festival, the Hootenanny at Irvine Park, Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Harmony Sweepstakes A Cappella Festival, High Sierra Music Festival, BottleRock Napa Valley and Facedown Fest. There are multiple jazz festivals including the Monterey Jazz Festival (one of the oldest jazz festivals in the world), the San Jose Jazz Festival, the San Francisco Jazz Festival, and the Playboy Jazz Festival in Los Angeles. The Monterey Pop Festival, held in 1967, is perhaps the most famous concert in California's history; the show launched the international careers of performers like Jimi Hendrix, the Who, Otis Redding, and Janis Joplin.

Music organizations in the state include the Community Arts Music Association. There is also an organization that gives out California Music Awards.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| State song | "I Love You, California" |
| --- | --- |


title: Very long chain fatty acid

abstract:
A very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) is a fatty acid with 22 or more carbons. Their biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. VLCFA's can represent up to a few percent of the total fatty acid content of a cell. Unlike most fatty acids, VLCFAs are too long to be metabolized in the mitochondria, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in plants and must be metabolized in peroxisomes. Certain peroxisomal disorders, such as adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome, can be associated with an accumulation of VLCFAs.
Enzymes that produce VLCFAs are the targets of herbicides including pyroxasulfone.

text:
# Very long chain fatty acid

A **very-long-chain fatty acid** (**VLCFA**) is a fatty acid with 22 or more carbons. Their biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. VLCFA's can represent up to a few percent of the total fatty acid content of a cell.

Unlike most fatty acids, VLCFAs are too long to be metabolized in the mitochondria, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in plants and must be metabolized in peroxisomes.

Certain peroxisomal disorders, such as adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome, can be associated with an accumulation of VLCFAs. Enzymes that produce VLCFAs are the targets of herbicides including pyroxasulfone.

## Major VLCFAs

Some of the more common saturated VLCFAs: lignoceric acid (C24), cerotic acid (C26), montanic acid (C28), melissic acid (C30), lacceroic acid (C32), ghedoic acid (C34), and the odd-chain fatty acid ceroplastic acid (C35). Several monounsaturated VLCFAs are also known: nervonic acid (Δ15-24:1), ximenic acid (Δ17-26:1), and lumequeic acid (Δ21-30:1).

## Bibliography


abstract: North American fraternity and sorority housing refers largely to the houses or housing areas in which fraternity and sorority members live and work together. In addition to serving as housing, fraternity and sorority housing may also serve to host social gatherings, meetings, and functions that benefit the community.

text:
# North American fraternity and sorority housing

North American **fraternity and sorority housing** refers largely to the houses or housing areas in which fraternity and sorority members live and work together. In addition to serving as housing, fraternity and sorority housing may also serve to host social gatherings, meetings, and functions that benefit the community.

## History

The first fraternity house seems to have been located at Alpha Epsilon of Chi Psi at the University of Michigan around 1846. As fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods.

Fraternity chapter housing initially existed in two forms: lodges that served as meeting rooms and houses that had boarding rooms. The lodges came first and were largely replaced by houses with living accommodations. Lodges were often no more than rented rooms above stores or taverns. The idea of substantial fraternity housing caught on quickly, but was accomplished with much greater ease in the North as southern college students had far less available money for construction. The first fraternity house in the South was likely one rented by members of Beta Theta Pi at Hampden–Sydney College from at least 1856. Alpha Tau Omega was then the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880, its chapter at The University of the South acquired one.

Early chapters of women's fraternities often rented houses where they could live together, usually with a chaperone. This was in a day before colleges and universities had housing available. The first chapter house built by a women's fraternity was the one Alpha Phi erected at Syracuse University in 1886.

Many colleges eventually came to support fraternity and sorority housing as they allowed increased enrollment without the construction of costly dormitories. The nature of this benefit varied between campuses as some houses were paid for entirely by alumni, some were rented, and some were built on land leased from the college. It was further recognized that, while fraternities having chapter houses did not raise academic performance, it did tend to keep it from falling as the chapters could not afford (financially) to have members leaving school and no longer paying for their rooms.

The Inter-Sorority Congress of 1913 saw the establishment of uniform rules and regulations regarding life in chapter houses.

The number of houses owned by fraternities and sororities grew from 772 in 1915 to 928 in 1920.

## Design

Fraternity and sorority houses range in size from three to twenty bedrooms or more. They can usually be identified by large Greek letters or flags on the front of the house. The larger chapter houses generally have a large meeting room, a large dining room, a commercial kitchen, and a study room. There is usually a lounge of some sort, access to which is often restricted to fully initiated members. Fraternities and sororities will also often maintain a chapter room, to which only initiates may ever be admitted and even whose existence may be kept secret. The walls of the house may be decorated with pictures of past chapter events, awards, and trophies, decorative (or historic) paddles, or composite photos of members from past years.

In some fraternities or sororities, only the representatives live in the houses while in others the entire fraternity or sorority may live in the house. Other, larger fraternities or sororities may have more than one house to accommodate all of its members.

At many colleges, Greek houses are placed on the same street which is traditionally referred to as "Greek Row."

## Policies

Fraternity and sorority houses are typically owned either by a corporation of alumni, the sponsoring national organization, or the host college. For this reason, such houses may be subject to the rules of the host college, the national organization, or both.

Due to the increase in widely publicized alcohol-related deaths on college campuses, many national organizations and host colleges have implemented **dry housing** policies in which the consumption and possession of alcohol are prohibited on house property. Some colleges make this policy conditional on overall grade performance.

In addition to banning alcohol, many university-owned fraternity and sorority houses have smoking bans in place inside.

Because of residential requirements, some college campuses and national chapter administrations also prohibit members of the opposite sex on certain floors of fraternity and sorority houses.

## National Register chapter houses

The following chapter houses are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Demolished structures are indicated in *italics*.

| Name | Fraternity or Sorority | Architect | Affiliation | Location | Year Completed | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity House | Alpha Delta Phi | Ralph W. Varney | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1925 |  |
| Alpha House | Alpha Phi Alpha |  |  | Detroit, Michigan | 1912 |  |
| Alpha Phi Fraternity House-Beta Alpha Chapter | Alpha Phi | Charles Harris (1937 remodel) | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1909 |  |
| Alpha Rho Chi Fraternity House | Alpha Rho Chi | Royer, Danley, and Smith | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1928 |  |
| Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity House | Alpha Tau Omega | Lehman "Monk" Ferris | University of Nevada | Reno, Nevada | 1929 |  |
| Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity House (Maltese Manor) | Alpha Tau Omega |  | Purdue University | West Lafayette, Indiana | 1920 |  |
| *Beta Theta Pi Fraternity House* | Beta Theta Pi | Frederick J. Klein | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1912 |  |
| Beta Theta Pi Fraternity House | Beta Theta Pi |  | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Chapel Hill, North Carolina | 1929 |  |
| Harold C. Bradley House | Sigma Phi Society | Louis H. Sullivan and George Grant Elmslie | ,University of Wisconsin–Madison | Madison, Wisconsin, | 1909 |  |
| Chi Omega Chapter House | Chi Omega | Charles L. Ellis | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville, Arkansas | 1927 |  |
| Chi Psi Fraternity House | Chi Psi | Richard Sundeleaf | University of Oregon | Eugene, Oregon | 1935 |  |
| Colonials Club House | Colonial Club, Theta Delta Chi, | Proudfoot & Bird; Woodburn & O'Neil | Iowa State University | Ames, Iowa | 1910 |  |
| Deke House | Delta Kappa Epsilon | William Henry Miller | Cornell University | Ithaca, New York | 1893 |  |
| Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity House | Delta Kappa Epsilon | E. G. Oldefest | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1906 |  |
| Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity House | Delta Kappa Epsilon | Robert Frost Daggett | DePauw University | Greencastle, Indiana | 1926 |  |
| Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building | St. Anthony Hall | Henry Hornbostel and George Carnegie Palmer | Columbia University | Manhattan, New York City, New York | 1898 |  |
| Delta Tau Delta Founders House | Delta Tau Delta |  | Bethany College | Bethany, West Virginia | 1858 |  |
| Delta Upsilon Chapter House | Delta Upsilon | Alexander M. Linn | Iowa State University | Ames, Iowa | 1930 |  |
| Delta Upsilon Fraternity House | Delta Upsilon | Albert Kahn | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor, Michigan | 1903 |  |
| Delta Upsilon Fraternity House | Delta Upsilon | Leonard Steube | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1927 |  |
| Dr. William Gifford House | Tau Kappa Epsilon | William W. Sabin | Cleveland State University | Cleveland, Ohio | c.1901 |  |
| Hancock House | Alpha Phi Alpha | M. H. Pettigo | Bluefield State University | Bluefield, West Virginia | 1907 |  |
| Iowa Beta Chapter of Sigma Phi Epsilon | Sigma Phi Epsilon | Amos B. Emery | Iowa State University | Ames, Iowa | 1931 |  |
| Kappa Delta Rho Fraternity House | Kappa Delta Rho |  | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1928 |  |
| Kappa Sigma Fraternity House | Kappa Sigma | Archie H. Hubbard | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1911 |  |
| Kappa Sigma Fraternity, Gamma Theta Chapter | Kappa Sigma |  | University of Idaho | Moscow, Idaho | 1916 |  |
| Llenroc | Delta Phi | Nichols & Brown | Cornell University | Ithaca, New York | 1865 |  |
| Old Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity House | Alpha Tau Omega | George Lill | University of Oregon | Eugene, Oregon | 1910 |  |
| Old Beta Theta Pi Fraternity House | Beta Theta Pi, Delta Zeta |  | University of Oregon | Eugene, Oregon | 1906 |  |
| Omega Chapter of the Chi Phi Fraternity | Chi Phi |  | Georgia Tech | Atlanta, Georgia | 1929 |  |
| Parish Apartments | Sigma Pi, Xi Psi Phi, Xi Psi Phi | Myron Edwards Pugh | University of Iowa | Iowa City, Iowa | 1929 |  |
| Phi Delta Theta Fraternity House | Phi Delta Theta | Howard Van Doren Shaw | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1922 |  |
| Phi Delta Theta Fraternity House | Phi Delta Theta | Martin I. Aitken | University of Nebraska-Lincoln | Lincoln, Nebraska | 1937 |  |
| Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity House | Phi Gamma Delta | Carl Stravs and Madsen Brothers | University of Minnesota | Minneapolis, Minnesota | 1912 |  |
| Phi Gamma Delta House | Phi Gamma Delta | Crowell & Lancaster | University of Maine | Orono, Maine | 1925 |  |
| Pi Chapter House of Psi Upsilon Fraternity | Psi Upsilon | Wellington W. Taber | Syracuse University | Syracuse, New York | 1898 |  |
| Porcellian Club | Porcellian Club | William York Peters | Harvard University | Cambridge, Massachusetts |  |  |
| Saint Anthony Hall | St. Anthony Hall | J. Cleaveland Cady. | Trinity College | Hartford, Connecticut | 1878 |  |
| St. Anthony Hall House | St. Anthony Hall | Cope and Stewardson | University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | 1907 |  |
| Sigma Alpha Epsilon Chapter House | Sigma Alpha Epsilon | Russell S. Potter | Miami University | Oxford, Ohio | 1938 |  |
| Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity House | Sigma Alpha Epsilon | George Dean and Albert Dean | University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | Champaign, Illinois | 1907 |  |
| Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity House | Sigma Alpha Epsilon | Fred Wallace; Marshall and Brown | University of Missouri | Columbia, Missouri | 1908 |  |
| Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity House | Sigma Alpha Epsilon | Charles I. Carpenter | University of Idaho | Moscow, Idaho | 1932 |  |
| Sigma Sigma–Delta Chi Fraternity House | Sigma Sigma, Delta Chi, Triangle Fraternity |  | Iowa State University | Ames, Iowa | 1924 |  |
| Theta Xi Fraternity Chapter House | Theta Xi | Joseph M. Lawlor | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Troy, New York | 1931 |  |
| Thorsen House | Sigma Phi Society | Greene & Greene | University of California, Berkeley | Berkeley, California | 1909 |  |
| Welch Hall | Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Alpha Sigma Phi | David Frederick Wallace (1929 renovation) | University of Missouri | Columbia, Missouri | 1820, 1907 |  |
| Xi Chapter, Psi Upsilon Fraternity | Psi Upsilon | Colin C. Wilson | Wesleyan University | Middletown, Connecticut | 1891 |  |
| Zeta Psi Fraternity House at Lafayette College | Zeta Psi | James Barnes Baker and William Marsh Micler | Lafayette College | Easton, Pennsylvania | 1910 |  |

## Notable chapter houses by size

| Rank | Size | Fraternity or Sorority | University | Location | Year Completed | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 55,500 sq ft (5,160 m2) | Phi Gamma Delta | Indiana University | Bloomington, Indiana | 2016 |  |
| 2 | 46,356 sq ft (4,306.6 m2) | Kappa Kappa Gamma | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville, Arkansas | 2013 |  |
| 3 | 43,000 sq ft (4,000 m2) | Delta Delta Delta | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville, Arkansas | 2019 |  |
| 4 | 42,000 sq ft (3,900 m2) | Pi Beta Phi | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville, Arkansas | 2016 |  |
| 5 | 40,352 sq ft (3,748.8 m2) | Delta Chi | Florida State University | Tallahassee, Florida | 2005 |  |
| 6 (tie) | 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2) | Kappa Delta | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville, Arkansas | 2019 |  |
| 6 (tie) | 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2) | Alpha Chi Omega | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | 2014 |  |
| 6 (tie) | 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2) | Delta Upsilon | University of Missouri | Columbia, Missouri | 2015 |  |
| 6 (tie) | 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2) | Gamma Phi Beta | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | 2015 |  |
| 10 | 39,500 sq ft (3,670 m2) | Pi Kappa Alpha | Florida State University | Tallahassee, Florida | 2005 |  |
| 11 | 39,444 sq ft (3,664.5 m2) | Phi Mu | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | 2016 |  |
| 12 | 39,264 sq ft (3,647.7 m2) | Sigma Pi | Florida State University | Tallahassee, Florida | 2005 |  |
| 13 | 38,853 sq ft (3,609.6 m2) | FarmHouse | Oklahoma State University | Stillwater, Oklahoma | 2012 |  |
| 14 | 38,000 sq ft (3,500 m2) | Pi Kappa Alpha | Oklahoma State University | Stillwater, Oklahoma | 2017 |  |
| 15 | 36,884 sq ft (3,426.6 m2) | Delta Tau Delta | Indiana University | Bloomington, IN | 2016 |  |
| 16 | 36,818 sq ft (3,420.5 m2) | Alpha Gamma Rho | Oklahoma State University | Stillwater, Oklahoma | 2015 |  |
| 17 (tie) | 36,000 sq ft (3,344.5 m2) | Alpha Chi Omega | University of Oklahoma | Norman, Oklahoma | 2023 |  |
| 17 (tie) | 36,000 sq ft (3,344.5 m2) | Beta Theta Pi | University of Oklahoma | Norman, Oklahoma | 2015 |  |
| 19 | 35,000 sq ft (3,300 m2) | Phi Kappa Psi | University of Kansas | Lawrence, Kansas | 2005 |  |
| 20 | 34,800 sq ft (3,230 m2) | Delta Gamma | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | 2012 |  |
| 21 | 34,000 sq ft (3,200 m2) | Alpha Delta Pi | Oklahoma State University | Stillwater, Oklahoma | 2021 |  |
| 22 | 33,783 sq ft (3,138.5 m2) | Alpha Tau Omega | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | 2011 |  |
| 23 | 33,557 sq ft (3,117.5 m2) | Chi Omega | University of Missouri | Columbia, Missouri | 2013 |  |
| 24 | 32,445 sq ft (3,014.2 m2) | Beta Theta Pi | University of Missouri | Columbia, Missouri | 2012 |  |
| 25 | 32,400 sq ft (3,010 m2) | Sigma Kappa | Indiana University | Bloomington, Indiana | 2005 |  |
| 26 (tie) | 31,000 sq ft (2,900 m2) | Pi Kappa Phi | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | 2014 |  |
| 26(tie) | 31,000 sq ft (2,900 m2) | Phi Kappa Psi | Indiana University | Bloomington, Indiana | 2014 |  |
| 28 | 30,534 sq ft (2,836.7 m2) | Kappa Alpha Theta | Oklahoma State University | Stillwater, Oklahoma |  |  |
| 29 (tie) | 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) | Pi Kappa Alpha | Missouri Science & Technology | Rolla, Missouri | 2007 |  |
| 29 (tie) | 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) | Alpha Omicron Pi | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville, Arkansas | 2009 |  |
| 31 | 29,100 sq ft (2,700 m2) | Kappa Sigma | University of Oklahoma | Norman, Oklahoma | 2014 |  |
| 32 (tie) | 29,000 sq ft (2,700 m2) | Phi Gamma Delta | University of Oklahoma | Norman, Oklahoma | 2008 |  |
| 32 (tie) | 29,000 sq ft (2,700 m2) | Alpha Tau Omega | Kansas State University | Manhattan, Kansas | 2013 |  |
| 34 | 28,500 sq ft (2,650 m2) | Kappa Sigma | Missouri Science & Technology | Rolla, Missouri | 2011 |  |
| 35 | 28,070 sq ft (2,608 m2) | Sigma Sigma Sigma | University of Missouri | Columbia, Missouri | 2012 |  |
| 36 | 28,051 sq ft (2,606.0 m2) | Sigma Nu | University of Oklahoma | Norman, Oklahoma | 2017 |  |
| 37 | 28,000 sq ft (2,600 m2) | Pi Kappa Alpha | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville, Arkansas | 2015 |  |
| 38 (tie) | 27,000 sq ft (2,500 m2) | Pi Kappa Alpha | University of Illinois | Champaign, Illinois | 2011 |  |
| 39 (tie) | 27,000 sq ft (2,500 m2) | Sigma Chi | University of New Mexico | Albuquerque, New Mexico | 1951 |  |
| 40 | 26,600 sq ft (2,470 m2) | Alpha Chi Omega | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville, Arkansas | 2018 |  |
| 41 | 26,500 sq ft (2,460 m2) | Sigma Chi | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | 2012 |  |
| 42 | 26,000 sq ft (2,400 m2) | Phi Sigma Kappa | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Troy, New York | 2011 |  |
| 43 | 25,814 sq ft (2,398.2 m2) | Phi Gamma Delta | University of Arizona | Tucson, Arizona | 2004 |  |
| 44 | 25,425 sq ft (2,362.1 m2) | Sigma Alpha Epsilon | University of Cincinnati | Cincinnati, Ohio | 1925 |  |
| 45 | 25,000 sq ft (2,300 m2) | Kappa Sigma | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville, Arkansas | 1931 |  |

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