title: Nataraja Ramakrishna

abstract: Nataraja Ramakrishna was an Indian dance guru. He was the chairman of Andhra Pradesh Sangeeta Nataka Academy. He was also a scholar and musicologist who promoted classical dance in Andhra Pradesh and worldwide.

text:
# Nataraja Ramakrishna

**Nataraja Ramakrishna** (21 March 1923 – 7 June 2011) was an Indian dance guru. He was the chairman of Andhra Pradesh Sangeeta Nataka Academy. He was also a scholar and musicologist who promoted classical dance in Andhra Pradesh and worldwide.

## Early life

Ramakrishna was born in Bali, Indonesia to an ethnic Indian migrant family of Telugu descent from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh whose parents are named, Damayanti Devi who hailed from Nalgonda, and Ramamohan Rao, from East Godavari. His mother was a Veena exponent. Ramakrishna lost his mother at the age of three. The family later returned to India.

From his childhood, Ramakrishna was interested in classical dance forms. He left his family and property for the love of art since his father did not approve of it. He spent his boyhood in Ramakrishna Math at Madras and Mahatma Gandhi's ashram. His elder brother Shyama Sundar was his mentor. During his childhood he came in touch with gurus like Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, Vedantam Laxminarayana Sastry, Naidupeta Rajamma, Pendyala Satyabhama and Jampa Muthyam under whom he learnt various forms of art. His first dance teacher was Sukhdev Kartak in Nagpur.

## Dance and awards

His dance performance before the royal assembly consisting of scholars, poets, art critics and the elite of Nagpur city was his turning point. At the age of 18, he was given the title of ‘Nataraja' in Nagpur, by the then ruler of Maratha. He was the architect of the revival of the Andhra Natyam dance form, a devotional temple dance tradition performed in Andhra Pradesh for over 2000 years until virtually extinct. He is also known for reviving Perini Shivatandavam, 700-year-old dance form and brought international fame to it along with Kuchipudi, another traditional dance form.

On request of the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy he established Nritya Niketan - a dance school at Hyderabad. Other awards bestowed upon him were the Padma Shri in 1992, "Kala Prapoorna" – a doctorate from the Andhra University and a ‘Bharata Kala Prapoorna,'- by Andhra Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi and NTR State Award by Andhra Pradesh State government. He was awarded with Raja-Lakshmi Award in 1991. Over his long career he trained many dancers and wrote and choreographed highly acclaimed dance dramas. He helped to propagate Chindu Yakshaganam (Telugu: చిందు-యక్షగానం), an ancient folk form of Telangana and revived other folk arts like Tappetagullu (Telugu: తప్పెటగుళ్లు) of Srikakulam and Vizianagaram districts, Veera Natyam and Garagalu of East and West Godavari districts, Devadasi dance and dance tradition of temples performing Adhyatma Ramayana.

He also helped and encouraged dance artistes like Dommaras, Guravayyalu, Urumulu and Veedi Bhagavatulu. He also practiced Satvikabhinaya- a dance art. He composed life of Lord Venkateswara as a "Nrutya nataka" (ballet). As a research scholar sponsored by the Government of India, he worked in the then USSR (now Russia) and France to propagate Indian dance art, making a comparative study of Indian and western Classical and folk dances. He was bestowed with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (Academi Ratna) on 21 January 2011. He wrote more than 40 books, many of them highly awarded, and his contribution to the art of dance is widely recognized. With his innumerable performances, lecture demonstrations and through his extensive travels he created an awareness not only of Kuchipudi dance, but also revived the lost and forgotten dance forms of Andhra Pradesh. He was awarded Bharata kala prapoorna award.

## Death

As per his wish, Nataraja Ramakrishna was laid to rest in a plot allotted by Government near the Taramati Baradari in Hyderabad, built by seventh Sultan of Golconda, Abdullah Qutb Shah who as an ode to his favorite courtesan, Taramati.

## InfoBox

| Nataraja Ramakrishna
నటరాజ రామకృష్ణ | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1923-03-21)21 March 1923
Bali, Indonesia (then Dutch East Indies) |
| Died | 7 June 2011(2011-06-07) (aged 88)
Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Known for | Classical dancer, Guru, Writer, Classical Dance Composer, Reviver of Andhra Natyam, Perini Shivatandavam- |
| Parent(s) | Damayanti Devi, Rammohan Rao |
| Awards | Padma Shri
1992
 |


title: Pol de Beer

abstract: Leopold Michiel "Pol" de Beer was a Dutch engineer and politician. A member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, he served in the House of Representatives from 1969 to 1989 and in the Senate from 1995 to 2003. De Beer died in Vlaardingen on 13 March 2024, at the age of 89.

text:
# Pol de Beer

**Leopold Michiel "Pol" de Beer** (6 August 1934 – 13 March 2024) was a Dutch engineer and politician. A member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, he served in the House of Representatives from 1969 to 1989 and in the Senate from 1995 to 2003.

De Beer died in Vlaardingen on 13 March 2024, at the age of 89.

## InfoBox

| Pol de Beer | |
| --- | --- |
| De Beer in 1987 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Senate of the Netherlands | |
| **In office**
5 September 1995  9 June 2003 | |
| **In office**
10 January 1995  12 June 1995 | |
| Member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands | |
| **In office**
5 November 1969  13 September 1989 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Leopold Michiel de Beer
(1934-08-06)6 August 1934
Wenduine, Belgium |
| Died | 13 March 2024(2024-03-13) (aged 89)
Vlaardingen, Netherlands |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Political party | VVD |
| Occupation | Engineer |
|  | |


title: Heinz Russ

abstract: Heinz Russ is an Austrian footballer. He played in two matches for the Austria national football team in 1968.

text:
# Heinz Russ

**Heinz Russ** (born 5 October 1939) is an Austrian footballer. He played in two matches for the Austria national football team in 1968.

## InfoBox

Heinz Russ
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1939-10-05) 5 October 1939 | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1968 | Austria | 2 | (0) |


title: Sabine Heinefetter

abstract: Sabine Heinefetter, marital name Sabine Marquet was a German operatic soprano.

text:
# Sabine Heinefetter

**Sabine Heinefetter**, marital name *Sabine Marquet* (19 August 1809, in Mainz – 18 November 1872, in Achern) was a German operatic soprano.

## Life

After a stage training she sang for the first time 1824/25 in front of an audience in Frankfurt am Main. In 1826 she sang Pamina in *The Magic Flute* at the Staatstheater Mainz. She moved to Kassel where she was further taught by Louis Spohr. In Paris she sang alongside Maria Malibran and Franziska Sontag in the Opéra-Comique. In 1829 she returned to Germany. On guest tours she appeared successfully at the Vienna State Opera, 1832 at La Scala and since 1833 at the Königsstädtisches Theater in Berlin. She belonged to the latter for two years. In 1835 Heinefetter was engaged for half a year at the Morettisches Opernhaus.

Since 1842 the soprano lived retired in Baden, and married in Marseille in 1853.

Heinefetter died at age 63 during a stay in the Illenau lunatic asylum. She had five sisters:

* Eva Heinfetter (ca 1810–unknown), Opera singer
* Fatime Heinefetter (unknown–after 1842), Opera singer
* Kathinka Heinefetter (1819–1858), Opera singer
* Klara Stöckl-Heinefetter (1816–1857), Opera singer
* Nanette Heinefetter (life data unknown), Opera singer

as well as a brother, Johann Baptist Heinefetter (1815–1902), who became a painter.

## Hommage

In April 2016, the square in front of the Staatstheater Mainz was renamed "Geschwister-Heinefetter-Platz.

## Further reading

* Ludwig Eisenberg: *Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert*. Verlag von Paul Liszt, Leipzig 1903, pp. 410 f., (*Sabine Heinefetter* is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive).
* Joseph Kürschner (1880), "Heinefetter", *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 11, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 364–365
* Heinefetter, Schwestern on Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon
* Salomon Wininger: *Große Jüdische National-Biographie.* Volume III, page 38.


title: It Goes Without Saying

abstract: It Goes Without Saying is the only studio album by the British band the Dum Dums, released in the United Kingdom on 18 September 2000.

text:
# It Goes Without Saying

***It Goes Without Saying*** is the only studio album by the British band the Dum Dums, released in the United Kingdom on 18 September 2000.

## Track listing

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Select* |  |
| *Melody Maker* |  |
| *Front* |  |
| *Smash Hits* |  |

1. "The Kind Of Day I've Had"
2. "Everything"
3. "Caught Me in a Trap"
4. "Until My Ship Comes In"
5. "Can't Get You Out of My Thoughts"
6. "You Knock Me Off My Feet"
7. "Killing Me with Kindess"
8. "Lonely Hearts Company"
9. "You Do Something to Me"
10. "Hole in Your Heart"
11. "Army of Two"

## InfoBox

| It Goes Without Saying | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dum Dums | |
| Released | 11 September 2000 |
| Recorded | 1999–2000 |
| Length | 46:08 |
| Label | Good Behaviour |


title: Glass Love Train

abstract: "Glass Love Train" is a song recorded by British singer and songwriter Tanita Tikaram. Earmusic released the song on 22 January 2016 as the lead single from her ninth studio album Closer to the People.

text:
# Glass Love Train

"**Glass Love Train**" is a song recorded by British singer and songwriter Tanita Tikaram. Earmusic released the song on 22 January 2016 as the lead single from her ninth studio album *Closer to the People*.

## Background

Tikaram explained that "The lyrics take the idea of someone travelling, reflecting on a love story – with subtle changes & insights mirroring the way the landscape changes when you are on a train." A newer version of the song was also included in her 2019 compilation album *To Drink the Rainbow* as a bonus track.

## InfoBox

| "Glass Love Train" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Tanita Tikaram | |
| from the album  *Closer to the People* | |
| Released | 22 January 2016 |
| Length | 4:36 |
| Label | Earmusic |
| Songwriter(s) | * Mark Cresswell * Tanita Tikaram |
| Producer(s) | Angie Pollock, Goetz Botzenhardt |
| Tanita Tikaram singles chronology | |
| "Dust on My Shoes"
(2012) "**Glass Love Train**"
(2016) "The Way You Move"
(2016) | |


title: G.719

abstract: G.719 is an ITU-T standard audio coding format providing high quality, moderate bit rate wideband audio coding at low computational load. It was produced through a collaboration between Polycom and Ericsson. G.719 is based on modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coding. It incorporates elements of Polycom's Siren22 codec (22 kHz) and Ericsson codec technology, as well as Polycom's Siren7 and Siren14 codecs, which have been used in videoconferencing systems for many years. As ITU-T Recommendation G.719, it was approved on June 13, 2008. G.719 is optimized for both speech and music. It is based on transform coding with adaptive time-resolution, adaptive bit-allocation and low complexity lattice vector quantization. The computational complexity is quite low for an efficient high-quality compressor. The codec operates on 20 ms frames, and the algorithmic delay end-to-end is 40 ms. The encoder input and decoder output are sampled at 48 kHz. In addition to the nominal bit rates of 32, 48 and 64 kbit/s, the G.719 codec has an inherent feature of flexible rate selection. In fact, it is possible to accommodate any rate between 32 kbit/s and 64 kbit/s by steps of 4 kbit/s. Moreover, the codec can also provide higher rates than 64 kbit/s and up to 128 kbit/s. Amendment 1 of the ITU-T G.719 specification defined the use of the ISO base media file format as container for the G.719 bitstream. It also defined stereo and multichannel use of G.719 bitstreams in the ISO base media file format. It addresses non-conversational use cases of the codec. Thus, media file formats such as MP4 and 3GP can contain G.719-encoded audio. RFC 5404 defined media type audio/G719.

text:
# G.719

**G.719** is an ITU-T standard audio coding format providing high quality, moderate bit rate (32 to 128 kbit/s) wideband (20 Hz - 20 kHz audio bandwidth, 48 kHz audio sample rate) audio coding at low computational load. It was produced through a collaboration between Polycom and Ericsson.

G.719 is based on modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coding. It incorporates elements of Polycom's Siren22 codec (22 kHz) and Ericsson codec technology, as well as Polycom's Siren7 and Siren14 codecs (G.722.1 and G.722.1 Annex C), which have been used in videoconferencing systems for many years. As ITU-T Recommendation G.719, it was approved on June 13, 2008.

G.719 is optimized for both speech and music. It is based on transform coding with adaptive time-resolution, adaptive bit-allocation and low complexity lattice vector quantization. The computational complexity is quite low (18 floating-point MIPS) for an efficient high-quality compressor. The codec operates on 20 ms frames, and the algorithmic delay end-to-end is 40 ms. The encoder input and decoder output are sampled at 48 kHz.

In addition to the nominal bit rates of 32, 48 and 64 kbit/s, the G.719 codec has an inherent feature of flexible rate selection. In fact, it is possible to accommodate any rate between 32 kbit/s and 64 kbit/s by steps of 4 kbit/s. Moreover, the codec can also provide higher rates than 64 kbit/s and up to 128 kbit/s.

Amendment 1 of the ITU-T G.719 specification defined the use of the ISO base media file format (ISO/IEC 14496-12 a.k.a. MPEG-4 Part 12) as container for the G.719 bitstream. It also defined stereo and multichannel use of G.719 bitstreams in the ISO base media file format. It addresses non-conversational use cases of the codec (e.g. call waiting music playback and recording of teleconferencing sessions, voice mail messages). Thus, media file formats such as MP4 (audio/mp4 or video/mp4) and 3GP (audio/3GPP and video/3GPP) can contain G.719-encoded audio.

RFC 5404 defined media type audio/G719.

## Licensing

G.719 is licensed by Polycom, Inc. and by Ericsson; both licenses are necessary for use. Polycom licensees also receive the right to use G.722.1 (Siren7, Polycom's 7 kHz codec), and G.722.1 Annex C (Siren14, the 14 kHz equivalent).


title: Rectal dilator

abstract: A rectal or anal dilator is a medical device similar to a speculum designed to open and relax the internal/external anal sphincter and rectum in order to facilitate medical inspection or relieve constipation. One early version of a rectal dilator was Dr. Young's Ideal Rectal Dilators, invented in 1892. Rectal dilators are also used as sex toys.

text:
# Rectal dilator

A **rectal** or **anal dilator** is a medical device similar to a speculum designed to open and relax the internal/external anal sphincter and rectum in order to facilitate medical inspection or relieve constipation. One early version of a rectal dilator was Dr. Young's Ideal Rectal Dilators, invented in 1892.

Rectal dilators are also used as sex toys.

* Anal plug, a medical device for treating anal incontinence
* Butt plug, a sex toy resembling an anal dilator
* Proctoscope, another medical device inserted anally
* Vaginal dilator, an equivalent device for dilating the vagina


title: Washboard Sam

abstract: Robert Clifford Brown, known professionally as Washboard Sam, was an American blues musician and singer.

text:
# Washboard Sam

**Robert Clifford Brown** (July 15, 1910  November 6, 1966), known professionally as **Washboard Sam**, was an American blues musician and singer.

## Biography

Brown's date and place of birth are uncertain; many sources state that he was born in 1910 in Walnut Ridge, Arkansas, but the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc suggest that he was born in 1903 or 1904, in Jackson, Tennessee, on the basis of Social Security information. When applying for his musicians union card, he gave his birthdate as July 15, 1914. He was reputedly the half-brother of Big Bill Broonzy. He moved to Memphis, Tennessee, in the 1920s, performing as a street musician with Sleepy John Estes and Hammie Nixon. He moved to Chicago in 1932, performing regularly with Broonzy and other musicians, including Memphis Slim and Tampa Red, in many recording sessions for Lester Melrose of Bluebird Records.

In 1935, he began recording in his own right for both Bluebird and Vocalion Records, becoming one of the most popular Chicago blues performers of the late 1930s and 1940s, selling numerous records and playing to packed audiences. He recorded over 160 tracks in those decades. His strong voice and songwriting talent overcame his stylistic limitations.

By the 1950s, his audience had begun to shrink, largely because he had difficulty adapting to the new electric blues. His final recording session, for RCA Victor, was in 1949. He retired from music for several years and became a Chicago police officer. He recorded a session in 1953 with Broonzy and Memphis Slim. Samuel Charters included Brown's "I've Been Treated Wrong" on the compilation album *The Country Blues* for Folkways Records in 1959. Brown made a modest and short-lived comeback as a live performer in the early 1960s.

He died of heart disease in Chicago, in November 1966, and was buried in an unmarked grave at the Washington Memory Gardens Cemetery, in Homewood, Illinois.

## Memorial

A concert organized by the executive producer Steve Salter, of the Killer Blues organization, was held on September 18, 2009, at the Howmet Playhouse Theater, in Whitehall, Michigan, to raise monies for a headstone for Washboard Sam's grave. The show was a success, and a headstone was placed in October 2009. The concert was recorded by Vinyl Wall Productions and filmed for television broadcast in the central Michigan area by a television crew from Central Michigan University. It featured musical artists such as Washboard Jo and R.B. and Co. and was headlined by the Big House Blues Band.

## InfoBox

| Washboard Sam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Robert Clifford Brown |
| Born | (1910-07-15)July 15, 1910
Walnut Ridge, Arkansas, United States |
| Died | November 6, 1966(1966-11-06) (aged 56)
Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Genres | Blues |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, washboard |
| Years active | 1920s–1960s |
| Labels | Bluebird, Vocalion, RCA Victor, Folkways |


title: Hepatica americana

abstract: Hepatica americana, the round-lobed hepatica, is a herbaceous flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is native to the eastern United States and Canada. It is sometimes considered part of the genus Anemone, as Anemone americana, A. hepatica, or A. nobilis.

text:
# Hepatica americana

***Hepatica americana***, the **round-lobed hepatica**, is a herbaceous flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is native to the eastern United States and Canada.

It is sometimes considered part of the genus *Anemone*, as *Anemone americana*, *A. hepatica*, or *A. nobilis*.

## InfoBox

| *Hepatica americana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | *Hepatica* |
| Species: | ***H. americana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hepatica americana***<br>(DC.) Ker Gawl. | |
|


title: Helenieae

abstract: Helenieae is a tribe of the plant family Asteraceae. The type genus is Helenium, but the best known members of the tribe are the Gaillardia. Helenieae are usually placed in their own tribe, but some authors include this and several other tribes as subtribes within a broader definition of the tribe Heliantheae.

text:
# Helenieae

**Helenieae** is a tribe of the plant family Asteraceae. The type genus is *Helenium*, but the best known members of the tribe are the *Gaillardia*. Helenieae are usually placed in their own tribe, but some authors include this and several other tribes as subtribes within a broader definition of the tribe Heliantheae.

## Subtribes and genera

Helenieae subtribes and genera recognized by the Global Compositae Database:

## InfoBox

| Helenieae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Gaillardia* × *grandiflora*; a hybrid of *Gaillardia aristata* and *Gaillardia pulchella* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Helenieae
Lindl. |
|
| Genera | |
| *Amblyolepis*
*Baileya*
*Balduina*
*Gaillardia*
*Helenium*
*Hymenoxys*
*Marshallia*
*Pelucha*
*Plateilema*
*Psathyrotes*
*Psilostrophe*
*Tetraneuris*
*Trichoptilium* | |


title: Helen Tiffin

abstract: Helen M. Tiffin is an adjunct professor of English at the University of Wollongong, Australia, and an influential writer in post-colonial theory and literary studies. Tiffin returned to Australia from Canada to take up her present post at the University of Tasmania. She was formerly Professor of English and Canada Research Chair in English and Post-Colonial Studies at Queen's University. Prior to her move to Canada, Tiffin held the post of Professor in the School of English, Media Studies, and Art History (EMSAH) at the University of Queensland, where she was a founder member of the Postcolonial Research Group. Tiffin's research and teaching interests include the history of colonial and post-colonial settler societies, literatures in English, Caribbean studies, literary theory, and more recently, the literary and cultural representation of animals. Tiffin was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2009.

text:
# Helen Tiffin

**Helen M. Tiffin** FAHA is an adjunct professor of English at the University of Wollongong, Australia, and an influential writer in post-colonial theory and literary studies.

Tiffin returned to Australia from Canada to take up her present post at the University of Tasmania. She was formerly Professor of English and Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) in English and Post-Colonial Studies at Queen's University. Prior to her move to Canada, Tiffin held the post of Professor in the School of English, Media Studies, and Art History (EMSAH) at the University of Queensland, where she was a founder member of the Postcolonial Research Group.

Tiffin's research and teaching interests include the history of colonial and post-colonial settler societies, literatures in English, Caribbean studies, literary theory, and more recently, the literary and cultural representation of animals.

Tiffin was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2009.

## Principal works

* Robert Cribb, Helen Gilbert and Helen Tiffin. *Wild Man from Borneo: A Cultural History of the Orangutan.* University of Hawai'i Press, 2014: shortlisted for the General History Prize, New South Wales Premier's History Awards 2015.
* Graham Huggan and Helen Tiffin. *Postcolonial Ecocriticism: Literature, Animals, Environment.* Routledge, 2010.
* Helen Tiffin, ed. *Five Emus to the King of Siam: Environment and Empire.* Rodopi, 2007.
* Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. *The Post-Colonial Studies Reader.* Routledge, 2006.
* Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. *The Empire Writes Back: Post-Colonial Literatures, Theory & Practice.* Routledge, 1989; revised edition, 2002.
* Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin. *Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies.* Routledge, 1998.
* Diana Brydon and Helen Tiffin. *Decolonising Fictions: Comparative Studies in Post-Colonial Literatures.* Dangaroo, 1993.
* Gillian Whitlock, Helen Tiffin, John Pengwerne Matthews, eds. *Re-Siting Queen's English: Text and Tradition in Post-colonial Literatures : Essays Presented to John Pengwerne Matthews.* Rodopi, 1992.
* Stephen Slemon and Helen Tiffin, eds. *After Europe: Critical theory and post-colonial writing.* Dangaroo Press, 1990.
* Ian Adam and Helen Tiffin. *Past the Last Post: Theorizing Post-colonialism and Post-modernism.* University of Calgary Press, 1990.
* Chris Tiffin and Helen Tiffin. *South Pacific Stories.* South Pacific Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies, 1980.


title: Saddam Line

abstract:
The Saddam Line consisted of defensive fortifications constructed by Saddam Hussein's Iraqi Army on Kuwait's border with Saudi Arabia after Iraq had invaded and occupied Kuwait in August 1990. The Western media presented fears that it would present a formidable obstacle to the liberation of Kuwait, consisting of "flame trenches" and "sand berms, trench works, anti-tank ditches, barbed wire and minefields", backed by the threat of chemical and biological weapons. The objective of Hussein was to force the coalition to engage in costly trench warfare. However, those fears turned out to be unwarranted. The Coalition assault, beginning at 4 a.m. on February 24, 1991, met "only sporadic resistance", and by 6:45 a.m., troops had broken through the Saddam Line. The US forces charged the Iraqi lines with M1 Abrams tanks modified with minesweeping plows and M728 Combat Engineer Vehicles which buried the trenchlines, and in many cases, buried Iraqi troops alive, the number of which has been estimated to be "in the thousands".
Though the Iraqi Government said they found 44 bodies. So it is unknown the true number. Reference https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/appendix/death.html

text:
# Saddam Line

The **Saddam Line** consisted of defensive fortifications constructed by Saddam Hussein's Iraqi Army on Kuwait's border with Saudi Arabia after Iraq had invaded and occupied Kuwait in August 1990.

The Western media presented fears that it would present a formidable obstacle to the liberation of Kuwait, consisting of "flame trenches" (ditches filled with oil to be ignited in case of attack) and "sand berms, trench works, anti-tank ditches, barbed wire and minefields", backed by the threat of chemical and biological weapons. The objective of Hussein was to force the coalition to engage in costly trench warfare. However, those fears turned out to be unwarranted. The Coalition assault, beginning at 4 a.m. on February 24, 1991, met "only sporadic resistance", and by 6:45 a.m., troops had broken through the Saddam Line. The US forces charged the Iraqi lines with M1 Abrams tanks modified with minesweeping plows and M728 Combat Engineer Vehicles which buried the trenchlines, and in many cases, buried Iraqi troops alive, the number of which has been estimated to be "in the thousands". Though the Iraqi Government said they found 44 bodies. So it is unknown the true number. Reference https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/appendix/death.html


title: Glass Moon

abstract: Glass Moon was an American rock band from Raleigh, North Carolina. The group released three albums and charted three singles between 1980 and 1984. The American progressive rock group, Glass Moon was formed in the early 1970s by guitarist John Wheliss, with lead vocalist Rodney Barbour on guitar and flute, and Nestor Nunez on bass and vocals. Drummer Chris Jones joined in 1972; David Adams, on vocals and keyboards, in 1974. The band toured the east coast until 1977 when they temporarily disbanded; then reformed as a trio, with Adams as lead vocalist, and Nunez and Jones in 1978. Sideman guitarist Jamie Glaser filled Wheliss' place as session guitarist on the group's recording sessions for their first album, and after live performances with the group in 1981, was elevated to full membership for the group's second album.

text:
# Glass Moon

**Glass Moon** was an American rock band from Raleigh, North Carolina. The group released three albums and charted three singles between 1980 and 1984.

The American progressive rock group, Glass Moon was formed in the early 1970s by guitarist John Wheliss, with lead vocalist Rodney Barbour on guitar and flute, and Nestor Nunez on bass and vocals. Drummer Chris Jones joined in 1972; David Adams, on vocals and keyboards, in 1974. The band toured the east coast until 1977 when they temporarily disbanded; then reformed as a trio, with Adams as lead vocalist, and Nunez and Jones in 1978. Sideman guitarist Jamie Glaser filled Wheliss' place as session guitarist on the group's recording sessions for their first album, and after live performances with the group in 1981, was elevated to full membership for the group's second album.

## Career

In 1980 Glass Moon were the first act signed to Electric Lady Productions, the company formed by Alan Selby, owner of the Electric Lady Studios in New York City, with *Glass Moon*, the band's debut album, recorded at Electric Lady Studios and released by the independent label Radio Records with distribution through RCA Records. Despite the lead single "(I Like) The Way You Play" stalling in the *Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles* chart in *Billboard* at #108, the success of the *Glass Moon* album; which reached #148 on the *Billboard* album chart; was sufficient for Radio Records to have Glass Moon record a second album at Electric Lady Studios in 1981.

Release of this second album, *Growing in the Dark*, was delayed until February 1982, after Radio Records had secured a distribution deal with Atlantic Records. Nunez and Jones departed the band soon after the album was completed due to lack of touring support. In spite of being unable to mount a national tour, *Growing in the Dark* album yielded a *Billboard* Hot 100 single with a remake of the Hollies' "On a Carousel" which peaked at #50 in April 1982. Even though the single had only modest chart performance, Dave Adams would later state: "Needless to say, I made a good living off that song for fourteen years", while praising Atlantic Records, who had eventually agreed to distribute the *Growing in the Dark* album, with "On a Carousel" as its lead single: "The stellar Atlantic promotion team certainly made all the difference in making 'On a Carousel' the hit it became."

In 1984, Dave Adams reformed Glassmoon, with the group's name adjusted to one word, with drummer Doug Morgan, (formerly of 3PM); guitarist Rod Abernethy, (billed while with Glassmoon as Rod Dash), and Bob Patterson on bass. Abernethy and Patterson had appeared in the three 1982 videos prepared to promote the album *Growing in the Dark*, in the absence of departed Glass Moon members. (Abernethy had appeared in all three videos including the first which was for "On a Carousel": Patterson only appeared in the second and third videos which were for the album tracks "Simon" and "Telegram Song".)

In January and February 1984 Glassmoon recorded the album *Sympathetic Vibration* at the Bath, Somerset studio of producer David Lord. Adams co-produced the album which was released by MCA Records (with whom Glassmoon had a two album deal), in June 1984, by which time Abernethy had left the group. With Dick Smith as guitarist, Glassmoon toured into 1986. The *Sympathetic Vibration* single "Cold Kid" having stalled at #103 on the *Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles* chart, MCA cancelled the second album and the group soon afterwards disbanded permanently. Dave Adams would record the solo album *Dancing in My Sleep* in 1986, and would subsequently front a band named Suicide Blonde based in the Raleigh area. Dick Smith went on to tour with both Earth, Wind & Fire, and Kenny Loggins as lead guitarist.

Adams, Jones, Nunez and Abernethy reunited in 2010 for a one-night only benefit performance at Raleigh's Lincoln Theater.

## Members

* John Wheliss (until 1977) - guitar
* Rodney Barbour (until 1977) - vocals, acoustic guitar, flute
* Nestor Nunez (1971–1983) - bass, vocals
* Chris Jones (1972–1983) - drums
* Jamie Glaser (1979-1982) guitar
* Dave Adams - (1974–1986) - vocals, keyboards
* Dick Smith (1984–1986) guitar
* Bobby Patterson (1984–1986) - bass, vocals
* Doug Morgan (1984–1986) - drums
* Rod Abernethy (1984) - guitar (as "Rod Dash")

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | Peak Chart Position (US) | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1980 | *Glass Moon* | 148 | Radio Records |
| | 1982 | *Growing in the Dark* | - |
| 1984 | *Sympathetic Vibration* | - | MCA Records |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | | | | | | | | | |
| "Sympathetic Vibration" released as by "Glassmoon". | | | | | | | | | | |
|

### Singles

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | |
| 1980 | "(I Like) The Way You Play" | 108 | *Glass Moon* |
| | "Solsbury Hill" | - | |
| 1982 | "On a Carousel" | 50 | *Growing in the Dark* |
| | "The Telegram Song" | - | |
| 1984 | "Cold Kid" | 103 | *Sympathetic Vibration* |
| | "Day After Day After Night" | - | |
|
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | | | | | | | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| Glass Moon | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Raleigh, North Carolina, United States |
| Genres | Rock, progressive rock, power pop |
| Labels | Radio Records, MCA Records |
|  | |
| Past members | John Wheliss
Rodney Barbour
Nestor Nunez
Chris Jones
Dave Adams
Dick Smith
Bobby Patterson
Doug Morgan
Rod Abernethy
Don Ruzek |


title: GWR 1000 Class

abstract: The Great Western Railway 1000 Class or County Class was a class of 4-6-0 steam locomotive. Thirty examples were built between 1945 and 1947, but all were withdrawn and scrapped in the early 1960s. A replica locomotive is under construction.

text:
# GWR 1000 Class

The Great Western Railway **1000 Class** or **County Class** was a class of 4-6-0 steam locomotive. Thirty examples were built between 1945 and 1947, but all were withdrawn and scrapped in the early 1960s. A replica locomotive is under construction.

## Background

These locomotives were the final and most powerful development of the two-cylinder Saint Class introduced in 1901 and included several features that had already been used on the successful Modified Hall class.

The Chief Mechanical Engineer of the GWR Frederick W. Hawksworth had hoped to design a new 4-6-2 (Pacific) express locomotive for post war traffic, when he took up office in 1941 but had been prevented by the war from doing so. This scheme was not entirely dead in 1945 when he was given the authority to build another batch of mixed-traffic 4-6-0s. Rather than build more examples of existing designs, Hawksworth introduced the County Class as a testbed for a number of the ideas he hoped to incorporate into the Pacific at a later date. Hawksworth was not subsequently allowed to build his Pacific, as there was no need for further express passenger locomotives.

## Design

In addition to the innovations already adopted for the Modified Hall class, the new class contained several further changes from usual Great Western practice including the use of double chimneys on certain members and a high boiler pressure of 280psi (although this was later lowered in an attempt to reduce maintenance costs). The boiler was a development that used the tooling for the LMS Stanier Class 8F boiler, Hawksworth being able to study this design closely when 8Fs were being built at Swindon as part of the war effort.

The class initially had a tractive effort of 32,580 lbf (144.92 kN), which was 1,000 lbf (4.45 kN) greater than a Castle Class locomotive, although the tractive effort was reduced to 29,090 lbf (129.40 kN) when the boiler pressure was lowered. The class had continuous splashers over the driving wheels and, when named, straight nameplates, making them immediately recognisable from other 4-6-0 classes. They were also fitted with Hawksworth's 4,000 imp gal (18,000 L; 4,800 US gal) slab-sided tenders, but the County tenders had a water tank six inches wider than the tenders built for the Modified Halls and retro-fitted to many earlier designs.

Some of the early design studies for what became the County included outside Walschaerts valve gear which would have been a major break from traditional GWR designs. In the event the standard inside Stephenson link motion of the Churchward and Collett two cylinder classes was used. The GWR 1500 Class, also designed by Hawksworth, used outside Walschaerts as did the steam railcar units designed under Churchward and the narrow gauge Vale of Rheidol 2-6-2T.

## Production

The first batch of twenty were built at Swindon Works and delivered between August 1945 and March 1946 (Lot No. 354). They were originally unnamed and were planned to be numbered in the 9900 series, but this was changed to 1000-1019 before introduction. A second batch of ten further locomotives (1020-1029) were built between April 1946 and April 1947 (Swindon Lot 358). The second batch were given names English and Welsh Counties previously used on the GWR 3800 Class of 4-4-0 tender locomotives that were part of George Jackson Churchward's locomotive standardisation programme in the early days of the 20th century.

## Operation

The Counties had a mixed reception: some traditionalists regarded them as ‘non-standard, expensive and unnecessary,’ others considered them a successful, free steaming design, well suited to express or freight work and a fitting finale to GW two-cylinder 4-6-0 development. According to O.S. Nock ‘their best and really brilliant work was done north of Wolverhampton where they ran very heavy trains with conspicuous success.’

## British Railways

After the nationalisation of Britain's railways in 1948 all 30 Counties continued to do useful work throughout the Western Region of British Railways, working with Castles on expresses to and from Paddington as well as more menial freight and parcels tasks. BR gave the Counties the power classification 6MT. Speedometers were fitted to the class from 1950 and modified double chimneys from 1956.

## Withdrawal

Withdrawals of the class took place between September 1962 and November 1964. No. 1011 *County of Chester* was the last of the class withdrawn. It was placed in storage before being sold to Cashmore's scrapyard in Newport where it was cut up in March 1965. All were scrapped.

Table of withdrawals
| Year | Quantity in
service at
start of year | Number withdrawn | Quantity
withdrawn | Locomotive numbers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 30 | 9 | 9 | 1003–04/07/15/17–18/22/26/29. |
| 1963 | 21 | 13 | 22 | 1001–02/05–06/08–09/16/19/21/23/25/27–28. |
| 1964 | 8 | 8 | 30 | 1000/10–14/20/24. |

## Preservation

No locomotives of this class survived into preservation. However a replica is being built at the Didcot Railway Centre, home of the Great Western Society. When completed it will take the name and number of No. 1014 *County of Glamorgan* in recognition of the late Dai Woodham's Barry Scrapyard in Glamorganshire from which many withdrawn steam locomotives were saved for preservation. Also Glamorganshire County Council donated the frames and boiler for the project. The replica is based around the frames from Modified Hall Class 7927 *Willington Hall* and the boiler from LMS Stanier 8F 48518. The boiler from the Hall will be used in the replica Grange project at the Llangollen Railway. It will also have a number of smaller original parts off scrapped County locomotives including the chimney from 1006 *County of Cornwall*.

## Models

Hornby Railways manufacture a model of the 10xx in OO gauge. This model was originally made by Dapol.

## Stock list

| Number | Name | Built | Withdrawn | Scrapped | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1000 | *County of Middlesex* | August 1945 | July 1964 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
| 1001 | *County of Buckingham* | September 1945 | May 1963 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
| 1002 | *County of Berks* | September 1945 | September 1963 | Ward, Sheffield |  |
| 1003 | *County of Wilts* | October 1945 | October 1962 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
| 1004 | *County of Somerset* | October 1945 | September 1962 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
| 1005 | *County of Devon* | November 1945 | June 1963 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
| 1006 | *County of Cornwall* | November 1945 | September 1963 | Cooper, Sharpness | Chimney donated to replica 1014 County of Glamorgan project |
| 1007 | *County of Brecknock* | December 1945 | October 1962 | King, Norwich |  |
| 1008 | *County of Cardigan* | December 1945 | October 1963 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
| 1009 | *County of Carmarthen* | December 1945 | February 1963 | Swindon Works |  |
| 1010 | *County of Caernarvon* | January 1946 | July 1964 | Cashmore, Newport | Name originally spelled
*County of Carnarvon* |
| 1011 | *County of Chester* | January 1946 | November 1964 | Cashmore, Newport | Last to be withdrawn. Regulator donated to replica 1014 County of Glamorgan project |
| 1012 | *County of Denbigh* | February 1946 | April 1964 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
| 1013 | *County of Dorset* | February 1946 | July 1964 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
| 1014 | *County of Glamorgan* | February 1946 | April 1964 | Cashmore, Newport | Replica under construction |
| 1015 | *County of Gloucester* | March 1946 | December 1962 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
| 1016 | *County of Hants* | March 1946 | September 1963 | Ward, Sheffield |  |
| 1017 | *County of Hereford* | March 1946 | December 1962 | Ward, Sheffield |  |
| 1018 | *County of Leicester* | March 1946 | September 1962 | King, Norwich |  |
| 1019 | *County of Merioneth* | April 1946 | February 1963 | Cashmore, Great Bridge |  |
| 1020 | *County of Monmouth* | December 1946 | February 1964 | Hayes, Bridgend |  |
| 1021 | *County of Montgomery* | December 1946 | November 1963 | Hayes, Bridgend |  |
| 1022 | *County of Northampton* | December 1946 | October 1962 | Ward, Sheffield |  |
| 1023 | *County of Oxford* | January 1947 | March 1963 | Swindon Works |  |
| 1024 | *County of Pembroke* | January 1947 | April 1964 | Swindon Works | Reverser donated to replica 1014 County of Glamorgan project |
| 1025 | *County of Radnor* | January 1947 | February 1963 | Cashmore, Great Bridge |  |
| 1026 | *County of Salop* | January 1947 | September 1962 | Ward, Sheffield |  |
| 1027 | *County of Stafford* | March 1947 | October 1963 | Cooper, Sharpness |  |
| 1028 | *County of Warwick* | March 1947 | December 1963 | Birds, Risca |  |
| 1029 | *County of Worcester* | April 1947 | December 1962 | Cashmore, Newport |  |
|

1. Champ, Jim (2018). *An Introduction to Great Western Locomotive Development*. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Transport. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-4738-7784-9. OCLC 1029234106. OL 26953051M.
2. le Fleming 1960, p. H37.
3. Nock 1984, pp. 94–96.
4. Nock 1984, p. 97.
5. Marshall, John (1978). *A biographical dictionary of railway engineers*. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 109. ISBN 0715374893.
6. Nock 1984, p. 98.
7. le Fleming 1960, p. H39.
8. "Locomotive - Initial Progress (2005)" (PDF). *1014 The G.W. County Project*. 2005. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
9. le Fleming 1960, p. H38.
* le Fleming, H.M. (November 1960) \[1953\]. White, D.E. (ed.). *Part 8: Modern Passenger Classes*. The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway (2nd ed.). Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-19-3.
* Nock, Oswald Stevens (1984). *British Locomotives of the Twentieth Century*. Vol. 2: 1930-1960. London: Book Club Associates.
* Whitehurst, Brian (1973). *Great Western Engines, Names, Numbers, Types and Classes (1940 to Preservation)*. Oxford, UK: Oxford Publishing Company. pp. 16, 103, 124. ISBN 978-0-9028-8821-0. OCLC 815661.

## InfoBox

| GWR 1000 "County" class | |
| --- | --- |
| 1013 *County of Dorset* at Gloucester Eastgate railway station, 1953. | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer Frederick Hawksworth  Builder GWR Swindon Works  Order number Lots 354, 358  Build date August 1945 – April 1947  Total produced 30 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 4-6-0  UIC 2'Ch2  Gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge  Leading dia. 3 ft 0 in (914 mm)  Driver dia. 6 ft 3 in (1,905 mm)  Minimum curve 8 chains (528 ft; 161 m) normal,
7 chains (462 ft; 141 m) slow  Length 63 ft 0+14 in (19.21 m)  Width 8 ft 11+18 in (2.721 m)  Height 13 ft 5 in (4.089 m)  Axle load 19 long tons 14 cwt (44,100 lb or 20 t) (22.1 short tons) full  Adhesive weight 59 long tons 2 cwt (132,400 lb or 60 t) (66.2 short tons) full  Loco weight 76 long tons 17 cwt (172,100 lb or 78.1 t) (86.1 short tons)full  Tender weight 49 long tons 0 cwt (109,800 lb or 49.8 t) (54.9 short tons) full  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 7 long tons 0 cwt (15,700 lb or 7.1 t) (7.8 short tons)  Water cap. 4,000 imp gal (18,000 L; 4,800 US gal)  Firebox:   Grate area 28.84 sq ft (2.679 m2)  Boiler GWR Standard No. 15  Boiler pressure 280 psi (1.93 MPa) later reduced to 250 psi (1.72 MPa)  Heating surface:   Firebox 169.0 sq ft (15.70 m2)  Tubes and flues 1,545.0 sq ft (143.54 m2)  Superheater:
   Heating area 254.0 sq ft (23.60 m2)  Cylinders Two, outside  Cylinder size 18.5 in × 30 in (470 mm × 762 mm)  Valve gear Stephenson  Valve type piston valves | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 32,580 lbf (144.92 kN), later reduced to 29,090 lbf (129.40 kN) | |
| Career  Operators Great Western Railway
British Railways  Class GWR: 1000  Power class GWR: D
BR: 6MT  Numbers 1000–1029  Axle load class GWR: Red  Retired September 1962 – November 1964  Disposition All original locomotives scrapped; replica under construction | |


title: Washburn's equation

abstract: In physics, Washburn's equation describes capillary flow in a bundle of parallel cylindrical tubes; it is extended with some issues also to imbibition into porous materials. The equation is named after Edward Wight Washburn; also known as Lucas–Washburn equation, considering that Richard Lucas wrote a similar paper three years earlier, or the Bell-Cameron-Lucas-Washburn equation, considering J.M. Bell and F.K. Cameron's discovery of the form of the equation in 1906.

text:
# Washburn's equation

In physics, **Washburn's equation** describes capillary flow in a bundle of parallel cylindrical tubes; it is extended with some issues also to imbibition into porous materials. The equation is named after Edward Wight Washburn; also known as **Lucas–Washburn equation**, considering that Richard Lucas wrote a similar paper three years earlier, or the **Bell-Cameron-Lucas-Washburn equation**, considering J.M. Bell and F.K. Cameron's discovery of the form of the equation in 1906.

## Derivation

In its most general form the Lucas Washburn equation describes the penetration length ( $L$) of a liquid into a capillary pore or tube with time $t$ as $L=(Dt)^{\frac {1}{2}}$, where $D$ is a simplified diffusion coefficient. This relationship, which holds true for a variety of situations, captures the essence of Lucas and Washburn's equation and shows that capillary penetration and fluid transport through porous structures exhibit diffusive behaviour akin to that which occurs in numerous physical and chemical systems. The diffusion coefficient $D$ is governed by the geometry of the capillary as well as the properties of the penetrating fluid. A liquid having a dynamic viscosity $\eta $ and surface tension $\gamma $ will penetrate a distance $L$ into the capillary whose pore radius is $r$ following the relationship:

$L={\sqrt {\frac {\gamma rt\cos(\phi )}{2\eta }}}$

Where $\phi $ is the contact angle between the penetrating liquid and the solid (tube wall).

Washburn's equation is also used commonly to determine the contact angle of a liquid to a powder using a force tensiometer.

In the case of porous materials, many issues have been raised both about the physical meaning of the calculated pore radius $r$ and the real possibility to use this equation for the calculation of the contact angle of the solid. The equation is derived for capillary flow in a cylindrical tube in the absence of a gravitational field, but is sufficiently accurate in many cases when the capillary force is still significantly greater than the gravitational force.

In his paper from 1921 Washburn applies Poiseuille's Law for fluid motion in a circular tube. Inserting the expression for the differential volume in terms of the length $l$ of fluid in the tube $dV=\pi r^{2}dl$, one obtains

$$\frac {\delta l}{\delta t}={\frac {\sum P}{8r^{2}\eta l}(r^{4}+4\epsilon r^{3})}$$

where $\sum P$ is the sum over the participating pressures, such as the atmospheric pressure $P\_{A}$, the hydrostatic pressure $P\_{h}$ and the equivalent pressure due to capillary forces $P\_{c}$. $\eta $ is the viscosity of the liquid, and $\epsilon $ is the coefficient of slip, which is assumed to be 0 for wetting materials. $r$ is the radius of the capillary. The pressures in turn can be written as

$$P\_{h}=hg\rho -lg\rho \sin \psi $$

$$P\_{c}={\frac {2\gamma }{r}\cos \phi }$$

where $\rho $ is the density of the liquid and $\gamma $ its surface tension. $\psi $ is the angle of the tube with respect to the horizontal axis. $\phi $ is the contact angle of the liquid on the capillary material. Substituting these expressions leads to the first-order differential equation for the distance the fluid penetrates into the tube $l$:

$$\frac {\delta l}{\delta t}={\frac {\[P\_{A}+g\rho (h-l\sin \psi )+{\frac {2\gamma }{r}\cos \phi \](r^{4}+4\epsilon r^{3})}{8r^{2}\eta l}}}$$

### Washburn's constant

The **Washburn constant** may be included in Washburn's equation.

It is calculated as follows:

$\frac {10^{4}\left\[\mathrm {\frac {\mu m}{cm} \right\]\left\[\mathrm {\frac {N}{m^{2} \right\]}{68947.6\left\[\mathrm {\frac {dynes}{cm^{2} \right\]}=0.1450(38)}}}}}$

### Fluid inertia

In the derivation of Washburn's equation, the inertia of the liquid is ignored as negligible. This is apparent in the dependence of length $L$ to the square root of time, $L\propto {\sqrt {t}}$, which gives an arbitrarily large velocity *dL/dt* for small values of *t*. An improved version of Washburn's equation, called Bosanquet equation, takes the inertia of the liquid into account.

## Applications

### Inkjet printing

The penetration of a liquid into the substrate flowing under its own capillary pressure can be calculated using a simplified version of Washburn's equation:

$$l=\left\[{\frac {r\cos \theta }{2}\right\]^{\frac {1}{2}\left\[{\frac {\gamma }{\eta }\right\]^{\frac {1}{2}t^{\frac {1}{2}}}}}}$$

where the surface tension-to-viscosity ratio $\left\[{\tfrac {\gamma }{\eta }\right\]^{\frac {1}{2}}}$ represents the speed of ink penetration into the substrate. In reality, the evaporation of solvents limits the extent of liquid penetration in a porous layer and thus, for the meaningful modelling of inkjet printing physics it is appropriate to utilise models which account for evaporation effects in limited capillary penetration.

### Food

According to physicist and Ig Nobel prize winner Len Fisher, the Washburn equation can be extremely accurate for more complex materials including biscuits. Following an informal celebration called national biscuit dunking day, some newspaper articles quoted the equation as *Fisher's equation*.

### Novel capillary pump

The flow behaviour in traditional capillary follows the Washburn's equation. Recently, novel capillary pumps with a constant pumping flow rate independent of the liquid viscosity were developed, which have a significant advantage over the traditional capillary pump (of which the flow behaviour is Washburn behaviour, namely the flow rate is not constant). These new concepts of capillary pump are of great potential to improve the performance of lateral flow test.


title: Pointe Sud de Moming

abstract: The Pointe Sud de Moming is a mountain of the Swiss Pennine Alps, located west of Täsch in the canton of Valais. It lies on the range between the Weisshorn and the Zinalrothorn, south of the Col de Moming.

text:
# Pointe Sud de Moming

The **Pointe Sud de Moming** (3,963 m) is a mountain of the Swiss Pennine Alps, located west of Täsch in the canton of Valais. It lies on the range between the Weisshorn and the Zinalrothorn, south of the Col de Moming.

## InfoBox

| Pointe Sud de Moming | |
| --- | --- |
| Pointe Sud de Moming (centre) and Zinalrothorn (right) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,963 m (13,002 ft) |
| Prominence | 70 m (230 ft) |
| Parent peak | Zinalrothorn |
| Coordinates | 46°4′22.5″N 7°41′43″E / 46.072917°N 7.69528°E / 46.072917; 7.69528 |
| Geography | |
| Pointe Sud de MomingLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | Valais, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Pennine Alps |


title: Negima! Magister Negi Magi

abstract: Magical Teacher Negima! Negima! Magister Negi Magi, known in Japan as Magical Teacher Negima!, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ken Akamatsu. It was serialized in Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen Magazine from February 2003 to March 2012, with its chapters collected into 38 tankōbon volumes. Negima! was adapted into a 26-episode anime television series produced by Xebec that was broadcast on TV Tokyo from January to June 2005. A second 26-episode series produced by Shaft titled Negima!?, which is alternate retelling, was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 2006 to March 2007. In addition, four different sets of original video animations, an anime film and a live-action television series have also been produced. In North America, the manga was licensed for English language release by Del Rey Manga and later by Kodansha USA. In the UK the first sixteen volumes were published by Tanoshimi. Both anime and the second OVAs were licensed by Funimation. Sentai Filmworks re-licensed the series in 2018. In 2023, Sentai lost the streaming rights to Negima and it was removed from HIDIVE. Akamatsu collaborated with an artist named Yui to write the spin-off Negiho in 2010. In 2013, Akamatsu began a sequel/spin off titled UQ Holder! that focuses on Negi's grandson, Tōta Konoe. Due to the two anime series and live action TV shows having plots that are totally different from that of the Manga and the existence of spin-off manga that are fresh new takes of the Negima plot, Negima has become subject to Transmedia storytelling.

text:
# Negima! Magister Negi Magi

***Negima! Magister Negi Magi***, known in Japan as ***Magical Teacher Negima!*** (Japanese: 魔法先生ネギま!, Hepburn: *Mahō Sensei Negima!*), is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ken Akamatsu. It was serialized in Kodansha's *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* from February 2003 to March 2012, with its chapters collected into 38 *tankōbon* volumes.

*Negima!* was adapted into a 26-episode anime television series produced by Xebec that was broadcast on TV Tokyo from January to June 2005. A second 26-episode series produced by Shaft titled *Negima!?*, which is alternate retelling, was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 2006 to March 2007. In addition, four different sets of original video animations, an anime film and a live-action television series have also been produced.

In North America, the manga was licensed for English language release by Del Rey Manga and later by Kodansha USA. In the UK the first sixteen volumes were published by Tanoshimi. Both anime and the second OVAs were licensed by Funimation. Sentai Filmworks re-licensed the series in 2018. In 2023, Sentai lost the streaming rights to Negima and it was removed from HIDIVE.

Akamatsu collaborated with an artist named Yui to write the spin-off *Negiho* in 2010. In 2013, Akamatsu began a sequel/spin off titled *UQ Holder!* that focuses on Negi's grandson, Tōta Konoe. Due to the two anime series and live action TV shows having plots that are totally different from that of the Manga and the existence of spin-off manga that are fresh new takes of the Negima plot, Negima has become subject to Transmedia storytelling.

## Plot

While looking for clues about his missing father Nagi, Negi Springfield becomes the English and homeroom teacher for Mahora Academy Class 2A (later 3A). Negi soon becomes acquainted with most of his new students including his roommates Asuna Kagurazaka and Konoka Konoe. Negi faces his first real challenge in his student Evangeline A.K. McDowell who is an immortal vampiress and one of his father's enemies. To help Negi confront Eva, Asuna agrees to become his temporary partner by performing a "Pactio", a kind of magical contract sealed with a kiss.

After dealing with Evangeline, Negi takes the class on a trip to Kyoto while searching for more information on his father's whereabouts but is forced to fight against Eastern mages aiming to kidnap Konoka with the help of other students who also become his partners including Nodoka Miyazaki, Konoka's childhood friend Setsuna Sakurazaki, and lastly with Konoka herself. The arc also introduces Fate Averruncus, another mage who looks to be around Negi's age but proves himself to be far stronger than him. Seeing his own weakness after the events in Kyoto, Negi begins to train with several students in order to become stronger while Kotaro Inugami, one of the foes he confronted there unexpectedly reappears and finds himself a family with Negi's students Natsumi and Chizuru. Kotaro also joins Negi against Wilheim, an old evil from the past who like Fate Averruncus, seems to be a pawn of an even stronger enemy.

During Mahora's cultural festival, Negi manages to partake in simultaneous events thanks to his student Chao Lingshen's latest invention, the time machine *Casseopeia*. One of these events is the "Mahora Martial Arts Tournament" where he confronts a series of increasingly stronger enemies including a former member of "Ala Rubra" (Crimson Wing), a legendary brigade led by his father. After the tournament, Negi takes part in more activities at the festival until Chao she reveals herself as a time-traveler who claims she must change the present to avert a great catastrophe in the future. Despite that, Negi and his allies confront Chao and stop her. After giving, Chao bids farewell before returning to her own time.

After the festival, Negi decides to go to the Mundus Magicus (Magic World) to look for his father. His partners decide to accompany him and together they form their own brigade, the Ala Alba (White Wing). They are joined by Negi's childhood friend Anya and accidentally by other students who are oblivious to his secret. As they arrive, the team is ambushed by a group of mysterious enemies led by Fate Averruncus, leaving Negi and his group defeated and scattered across Mundus Magicus. After meeting Jack Rakan, another member of Ala Rubra, Negi decides to train in order to become stronger and specializes in Dark Magic, like Evangeline. Meanwhile, Negi's lost companions start to learn the ropes of their new environment and eventually reunite with him.

During another clash with Fate and his companions, Asuna is captured by the enemy and held captive along with Anya, with a body double posing as the real Asuna. Later Negi has an encounter with Kurt Gödel, a former member of Ala Rubra who reveals to him the story of his parents including how his mother was unjustly tried and sentenced to death before being saved by Nagi at the brink of her execution. He also learns that the Magic World is actually a magically created, inhabitable version of Mars, and just like the world itself, the majority of its inhabitants are created by magic. During another clash with Fate, Negi also learns that the main objective of his group "Cosmo Entelecheia" is to make use of Asuna's secret powers to erase the magically created inhabitants of Mundus Magicus and transfer the rest of its population to Earth before it eventually collapses.

By joining forces with the various armies of the Magic World, the members of Ala Alba storm Cosmo Entelecheia's stronghold where Asuna and Anya are being held captive, to stop their plans. During the confrontation a magic gate is opened to Earth just above Mahora, having Negi's remaining students who stayed behind along with the academy's faculty members joining the fight. After rescuing Asuna and convincing Fate to accept a plan to save the people of the Magic World without the need of any sacrifices, Negi discovers that the true leader of Cosmo Entelecheia is none other than his father Nagi, possessed by the Mage of the Beginning, who vanishes after asking his son to look for him and release him once and for all.

After being celebrated as heroes for stopping Cosmo Entelecheia, Negi and his friends return to the academy, but instead of resuming his duties as a teacher, Negi leaves Fate as his substitute and with the help of some of his students he starts working on his plan to terraform Mars for the people of the decaying Magic World to relocate there. The plan involves sealing Asuna's body for one hundred years, and she bids farewell to Negi and the other students after she graduates from middle school. Waking up 30 years after the estimated time, Asuna finds that Negi's plan was a success and that Negi and all her classmates had happy and bountiful lives, but had long since died, all except for the immortal Evangeline, and Chao who exists in this time and has since invented a device to jump between realities. These two appear before Asuna to take her back to the present so she can live out her days with Negi and the others.

Seven Years later, Negi and gang defeat the Mage of the Beginning for good and Negi's father was no longer possessed by him. Negi finally reunites with his father as Ala Alba and Ala Rubra bond together as they celebrate their victory.

## Media

### Manga

*Negima! Magister Negi Magi*, written and illustrated by Ken Akamatsu, was serialized in Kodansha's *shōnen* manga magazine *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* from February 26, 2003, to March 14, 2012. Kodansha collected its 355 individual chapters in thirty-eight *tankōbon* volumes, released from July 16, 2003, to May 17, 2012.

#### English version

In North America, the series was licensed for English language release by Del Rey Manga. Del Rey announced that the series would be censored, however, it was later stated that it would be uncensored but shrink-wrapped with a label stating "Contains Explicit Content, Ages 16+" on the volumes' cover. Akamatsu stated that he was not angry with the edits, but rather amused. From volume 13 onwards the manga was published without the shrink-wrap. Del Rey published the first 28 volumes from April 27, 2004, to October 26, 2010. In October 2010, Kodansha USA announced that they would take over Del Rey titles, including *Negima!*. Kodansha USA release the remaining 29–38 volumes from May 17, 2011, to April 23, 2013. Kodansha also republished the first twenty-seven volumes in nine omnibus volumes from June 14, 2011, to February 11, 2014.

In the United Kingdom, the first sixteen volumes of the manga were published by Tanoshimi from August 3, 2006, to December 6, 2007.

### Anime

#### Introduction original video animations

Before the beginning of the series, three original video animations (OVAs) were produced to introduce the characters. The first two were released on DVD bundled with two drama CDs, with the third being sold separately.

The first OVA is a re-enactment of the first chapter, where Negi first learns of his job as a teacher and is introduced to the students of Mahora Academy 2-A. It ends with profiles of the Baka Rangers (Asuna, Makie, Yue, Ku Fei and Kaede) as well as Ayaka.

The second OVA is a re-enactment of the "love potion" incident of chapter 2, with profiles at the end of Nodoka, Konoka, the cheerleaders (Misa, Madoka, Sakurako) as well as Kazumi.

The third OVA is a re-enactment of chapter 13: Negi's Mahora tour with the Narutaki twins. The tour shows Negi to several of the students (Yuna, Akira, Chao, Satsuki, Satomi, Chizuru, Natsumi, Zazie) as well as others that he ends up missing (Sayo, Evangeline, Chachamaru, Chisame, Misora, Ako). After being chewed out by Haruna for completely skipping her, a final scene introduces Setsuna and Mana.

#### Television series

The anime began airing in Japan on January 6, 2005, and ended June 29, 2005. The anime follows the story of the manga to a certain degree but also creates its own reasons for certain events happening - most of which take place towards the end of the series - which differ from the original story, as the situations addressed had yet to occur in the source material. The differences between the manga and anime are significant, and most events in the manga never occur in the anime, again due in part to the manga being incomplete during the series' production. Starting in episode 22 and continuing until the end of the series, original work was created so the series would have a conclusion. At one time it aired as part of the Funimation programming block on CoLours TV.

A second series was announced on May 9, 2006, by Shaft and directed by Akiyuki Shinbo, the director of *Pani Poni Dash!* and *Tsukuyomi -Moon Phase-*. It started airing in Japan on October 4, 2006. *Negima!?* is an alternate story with different character designs and an all new storyline, albeit with the same characters. The show also focuses more towards breaking the fourth wall, action, and comedy, and less on the original series' fanservice.

#### Spring and Summer OVAs

Two OVAs directed by Akiyuki Shinbo and produced by Shaft have been released, a Spring OVA and a Summer OVA. Both OVA's were released on DVD in English dub on October 14, 2008.

The Spring OVA called *Negima!? Haru* was shown to a private audience in Japan in April 2006 and was released for the public in DVD on October 25, 2006. It is based on the trip to the Southern Islands in volume 7 of the manga. The story is about how Negi makes up to Asuna after saying to Asuna that she should not mind his business.

The Summer (Natsu) OVA was also shown to a private audience in September 2006, and the DVD was released on November 22, 2006. The beginning is about Nodoka and Yue practicing casting a spell. While training, Yue convinces Nodoka that they cast a spell of the red string of fate on Nodoka. A spell which shows them who her future partner will be. One end connects to Nodoka and the other end connects to Negi. Unfortunately, this spell is not a fate connection, but just a tie-up. The rest of the OVA are about how Nodoka and Negi spend the rest of the day trying to take their bath while their hands are tied together.

#### *White Wing* OADs

A third set of OVAs (officially an "OAD" or "Original Animation Disc" as these are limited edition OVA releases that are only sold with the purchase of specific volumes of the manga) called *Magical Teacher Negima! ~The White Wing~* (魔法先生ネギま!〜白き翼 ALA ALBA〜, *Mahō Sensei Negima! ~Shiroki Tsubasa Ala Alba~*) was announced by Ken Akamatsu on his website days after the end of the live-action adaptation's airing. Production was handled by Shaft in cooperation with Studio Pastoral and the entire cast from *Negima!?* reprised their roles. The new OVAs cover chapters 176 to 183, and are shown in three parts:

1. The first OAD covers chapters 176 and 177 and was released on August 12, 2008, together with the release of Volume 23 of the manga.
2. The second OAD covers chapters 178 to 180 and was released on November 17, 2008, together with the release of Volume 24 of the manga.
    1. A limited edition Negima audio drama CD was released on December 19, 2008, and covers chapter 181.
3. The third OAD shows chapters 181 to 183 and was released on February 17, 2009, together with the release of Volume 25 of the manga.

Just like previous Negima adaptations by Shaft, Akiyuki Shinbo served as the director, together with the same staff as his previous works.

From the *Negi no Ochakai* event that was held in May 2008, Ken Akamatsu mentioned that if pre-orders for the first of the OADs exceed 50,000 the staff would consider a film adaptation, and if it exceeded 100,000 views, the staff would consider a third animated series. The counter on the official website reached 82,581 before the first OAD was released. The total sales of three volumes was 245,000 copies.

#### *Another World* OADs

A fourth set of OADs was announced in the *Mahō Sensei Negima: Ala Alba* event held on February 11, 2009. The series is officially titled *Magical Teacher Negima! ~Another World~* (魔法先生ネギま！もうひとつの世界, *Mahō Sensei Negima: Mō Hitotsu no Sekai*). This OAD series, covering the *Journey to Magic World* arc, was exclusively bundled with the manga starting with volume 27. The first episode, adapting chapters 184 through 188, was released on September 17, 2009; the second, which adapts chapters 189 through 192, was released on December 17, 2009. The third, covering chapters 193–204, was released on May 17, 2010, the fourth on August 17, 2010, and the fifth was released on November 17, 2010. Just like the previous OAD adaption, this series is produced by Shaft in cooperation with Studio Pastoral.

#### Film

Akamatsu announced in his web diary that they can now initiate "the project" freely because the number of the pre-orders of the new OAD Mahou Sensei Negima! Mō Hitotsu no Sekai was large enough. He said he could not explicitly disclose what "the project" is from now since the sales data turned Akamatsu's personal desire into a real project. He had been saying that the final chapter of the OAD series will be released as a movie if the sales are successful. Weekly Shōnen Magazine announced a "full-length" anime that would be premiered in 2011 and used the term "Negima Saga Final".

On May 17, 2011, the official site opened with the new title *Mahō Sensei Negima: Anime Final* and was released in Japanese theaters on August 27, 2011, as a double-bill with Hayate the Combat Butler! Heaven Is a Place on Earth. The movie provided an alternate ending to the *Journey to Magic World* arc. A CD was released on August 24, 2011, featuring the theme songs of the movie along with the off vocal versions.

### Live-action series

A live-action series of *Mahō Sensei Negima!*, distinguished from the manga, first anime television series (*Negima**!***, having an exclamation mark) and the second anime television series (*Negima**!?***, having the equivalent of an interrobang) by having two exclamation marks joined at the dot (or, *Negima**!!***). The cast of all of the 31 girls was released in July 2007, while it is announced later that actress Yukina Kashiwa would play Negi, Hiroshi would portray Takamichi T. Takahata, former AV star Nao Oikawa as Shizuna Minamoto, and Gajirō Satō as the school dean. It started in TV Tokyo's late-night timeslot on October 3, 2007, and ran for 25 episodes. The 26th announced episode was a DVD exclusive.

Like *Negima!?*, the live-action series has an entirely different storyline from the manga and the first anime series.

### Music

A large amount of music related to *Negima!* has been released. Aside from the numerous opening and ending theme songs used in the two anime adaptations, four OVA sets and the film, several character songs have been released.

### Video games

Negi Springfield appears as a playable character in the 2009 PlayStation Portable fighting game *Sunday vs Magazine: Shūketsu! Chōjō Daikessen*.

## Explanatory notes

1. Brenner 2007, p. 89
2. Thompson, Jason (2012). *Manga: The Complete Guide*. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-345-53944-1.
3. Ressler, Karen (February 4, 2018). "Sentai Filmworks Licenses Both Negima TV Anime". Anime News Network. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
4. AI Love Network main. *ailove.net* (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 4, 2003. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
5. マガジン「君のいる町」一挙3話掲載、「ネギま」は完結. *Natalie* (in Japanese). March 14, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
6. 魔法先生ネギま！（１） (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
7. 魔法先生ネギま！（３８）＜完＞ (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
8. Mays, Jonathan (August 28, 2003). "Del Rey announces Tsubasa, XXXHolic manga". *Anime News Network*.
9. Macdonald, Christopher (February 27, 2004). "Del Rey to Censor Akamatsu Manga". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
10. Macdonald, Christopher (February 27, 2004). "Negima to not be censored". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
11. Phillips, George (February 29, 2004). "Akamatsu's Thoughts on Negima". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
12. "Negima! 1". Del Rey Manga. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
13. "Negima! 28". Del Rey Manga. Archived from the original on October 29, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
14. Manry, Gia (October 3, 2010). "Kodansha USA to Take Over Del Rey Manga Titles (Update 3)". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
15. "Negima! 29". Penguin Random House. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
16. "Negima! 38". Penguin Random House. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
17. "Negima! Omnibus 1". Penguin Random House. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
18. "Negima! Omnibus 9". Penguin Random House. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
19. *Negima Volume 1*. ASIN 0099504154.
20. *Negima Volume 16*. Penguin Random House. 6 December 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
21. When Funimation Entertainment reduced its programing on CoLours TV, Negima was one of the shows that was eliminated from the lineup.
22. "Ken Akamatsu's 2008's diary" (in Japanese). 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
23. "*Mahō Sensei Negima: Ala Alba* announcement in official blog". 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
24. "Regarding the counter in official blog" (in Japanese). 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
25. "*Negima*'s 2nd Original Anime DVD Series Reportedly Announced". *Anime News Network*. 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
26. "News article on *Neko to Negima! to Seiyū-san* blog" (in Japanese). 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
27. "Ken Akamatsu's Blog" (in Japanese). 2009-08-13. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
28. "Hayate, Negima Films Double-Billed on August 27". *Anime News Network*. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
29. "『劇場版 ハヤテのごとく！ HEAVEN IS A PLACE ON EARTH』／『劇場版 魔法先生ネギま！ ANIME FINAL』8月27日より同時上映にて公開！公式サイトオープン ！" (in Japanese). animeanime.jp. May 17, 2011. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
30. "Ken Akamatsu's blog". *Ken Akamatsu* (in Japanese). Retrieved May 18, 2007.
31. "Anime News Network News". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
32. "Negima! Live Action". *Cast List*. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
33. "Negima! Drama Lead Selected". *Anime News Service*. Archived from the original on 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
34. "Negima! Live Action Cast". *Mainichi Interactive*. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
35. "Konami Mashes Manga Characters Together For PSP Fighter". *Siliconera*. January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2023.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Negima! Magister Negi Magi | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the first *tankōbon* volume, featuring Negi Springfield (left) and Asuna Kagurazaka (right) | |
| 魔法先生ネギま!<br>(*Mahō Sensei Negima!*) | |
| Genre | Adventure, fantasy, harem |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Ken Akamatsu |
| Published by | Kodansha |
| English publisher |  |
| Imprint | Shōnen Magazine Comics |
| Magazine | *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* |
| Demographic | *Shōnen* |
| Original run | February 26, 2003March 14, 2012 |
| Volumes | 38 |
| Further information  Original video animation  *Mahō Sensei Negima! Introduction Film*  Directed by Hiroshi Nishikiori  Studio Xebec  Released  August 25, 2004  March 24, 2005  Episodes 3  Anime television series  Directed by   Produced by * Shinichi Ikeda (Yomiko Advertising) * Takatoshi Chino (Xebec) * Yōsuke Gorōmaro (#14–26, King Records)  Written by Ichirō Ōkouchi  Music by Shinkichi Mitsumune  Studio Xebec  Licensed by   Original network TV Tokyo  English network   Original run  January 6, 2005  June 29, 2005  Episodes 26   Original video animation  *Negima!? Magister Negi Magi: Spring*  Directed by   Produced by Gō Nakanishi (King Records)  Written by Kenichi Kanemaki  Music by Kei Haneoka  Studio Shaft  Licensed by * NA: Sentai Filmworks (expired) * UK: Manga Entertainment  Released October 25, 2006  Runtime 25 minutes  Original video animation  *Negima!? Magister Negi Magi: Summer*  Directed by   Produced by Gō Nakanishi (King Records)  Written by Katsuhiko Takayama  Music by Kei Haneoka  Studio Shaft  Licensed by * NA: Sentai Filmworks (expired) * UK: Manga Entertainment  Released November 22, 2006  Runtime 28 minutes  Television drama  *Magister Negi Magi Mahō Sensei Negima!*  Directed by Ryu Kaneda  Studio Deep Side  Original network TV Tokyo  Original run  October 4, 2006  March 27, 2007  Episodes 26   Original video animation  *Mahō Sensei Negima!: Shiroki Tsubasa Ala Alba*  Directed by   Produced by * Gō Nakanishi (King Records) * Yōichi Ishimoto * Noboru Ōno  Written by Ken Akamatsu  Music by Hajime Kikuchi  Studio Shaft<br>Studio Pastoral  Released  August 17, 2008  February 17, 2009  Runtime 30 minutes  Episodes 3  Original video animation  *Mahō Sensei Negima!: Mō Hitotsu no Sekai*  Directed by   Produced by * Gō Nakanishi (King Records) * Noboru Ōno * Kensuke Tateishi (Kodansha)  Written by Ken Akamatsu  Music by Kei Haneoka  Studio Shaft<br>Studio Pastoral  Released  September 17, 2009  November 17, 2010  Runtime 29 minutes  Episodes 5  Anime film  *Mahō Sensei Negima! Anime Final*  Directed by Akiyuki Shinbo  Produced by * Noboru Ōno * Kensuke Tateishi (Kodansha) * Haruki Hayashi (King Records)  Written by   Music by Kei Haneoka  Studio Shaft<br>Studio Pastoral  Released August 27, 2011  Runtime 76 minutes  Related | |


title: Heinrich von Winkelried

abstract:
Heinrich von Winkelried, known as Schrutan or Strut "the giant", was a medieval knight in what is now Central Switzerland. As Strut von Winkelried he became the subject of a legend which makes him a dragonslayer.
The legendary Strut is placed a generation before the historical character, with a flouruit in the 1240s, and his death due to poisoning by dragon-blood recorded for 1250.

text:
# Heinrich von Winkelried

**Heinrich von Winkelried** (d. after 1303), known as *Schrutan* or *Strut* "the giant", was a medieval knight in what is now Central Switzerland.

As *Strut von Winkelried* he became the subject of a legend which makes him a dragonslayer. The legendary *Strut* is placed a generation before the historical character, with a *flouruit* in the 1240s, and his death due to poisoning by dragon-blood recorded for 1250.

## Historical character

*Heinrich von Winkelried, genannt Schrutan* is recorded in a document dated 22 April 1275. After this date and until 1303, his name figures repeatedly as that of a witness on official documents. Nothing beyond this is known about his life. The Winkelried family is well attested in 13th and 14th century, the first known member being the knight Rudolf von Winkelried, attested 1248 as a follower of Frederick II. Heinrich therefore may have been a son of Rudolf's. The home castle of the Winkelried may have been at Ennetmoos near Stans. The modern municipality of Ennetmoos has chosen dragon for its coat of arms due to the legend of Schrutan.

The nickname *Schrutan* (also *Strutan, Struthan, Struth*, etc.) is derived from German legend, where it is given to a giant, in particular one of the guardians of the Rosengarten in Heldenbuch literature, but it also occurs as the name of a knight at Etzel's court in the Nibelungenlied (v. 1880). Why the historical knight was given this nickname is not known, but it was not uncommon at the time for members of the knightly classes of the Holy Roman Empire to adopt pseudonyms taken from heroic fiction. Heinrich's sons would have been Rudolf and Walther von Winkelried, both d. c. 1325. Hermann von Liebenau further assumes that one *Heinrich genannt Schrutan* who was buried with his wife Mechthild in Colmar, Alsace must be identical with the knight, who therefore would have left Switzerland at some point after 1303, but Oechsli (1898) does not accept the identity and ascribes the equality in name to coincidence.

## Legend

The legend is first mentioned by Etterlin (1507), without the given name *Strut* and without a fixed year (but placed "before the time of king Rudolf). It is expanded into greater detail in the *Chronicon Helveticum* by Aegidius Tschudi (d. 1570), compiled in the 16th century and first printed in 1734. Tschudi now fixes the year of the event as 1250 and specifies the identity of the hero as one *Struth von Winkelriedt* (which name he emphasizes is recorded in the annals of Stans), who had been knighted by emperor Frederick at the battle of *Favenz* (1239). The legend was later included by the Brothers Grimm in their collection of German legends (*Deutsche Sagen* 1865, no. 218).

According to the story as reported by Tschudi, a dragon lived in a cave near Stans (the *Drachenloch* near the top of Mueterschwandenberg), destroying cattle and causing much damage to the people of *Wilen*, to the point where the village had to be abandoned and came to be known as *Ödwilen* (deserted Wilen). The people of Unterwalden made several expeditions trying to kill the dragon with crossbows, but each time the dragon saw he was at a disadvantage, he quickly retired into his cave or ran up a steep slope like a lizard, where he was unreachable. At this point, Winkelried, who had been banished from Unterwalden for manslaughter, asked whether he would be allowed back into the land if he would kill the dragon. This was accepted, and Struth attacked the dragon single-handedly, armed with a spear, to the point of which he had attached sharp barbs. The dragon seeing that the attacker was alone came from his hiding-place and attacked with open jaws, and Winkelried was able to transfix the monster with his spear, hacking at it with his sword until it died. Glad for his victory, Winkelried lifted his sword over his head, thanking God, and the dragon's blood dripped from his sword blade on his body, poisoning him so that he died a few days later.

Toponymy referring to a dragon is found in Ennetmoos, where the historical Winkelried family originated. A *Drachenried* (dragon's fen) and *Drachenloch* (dragon's cave) are to the west of the village, and a *Drachenkapelle* (dragon chapel), also known as *Winkelriedkapelle* dedicated to Struth is south of the village, next to *Wychried*, the probable site of the original Winkelried estate. The story is probably a recontextualisation of a much older dragon myth, put into a new historical context in late medieval folklore. The "dragon" toponymy in this place has been associated with the older dragon narrative in the Nibelung cycle in 19th-century scholarship.

* Hermann von Liebenau: *Die Winkelriede von Stans bis auf Arnold Winkelried den Helden von Sempach. Nebst Beilagen (13 gedruckten Urkunden)*, Zürich 1856


abstract: Vermillion Township is one of five townships in Vermillion County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 856 and it contained 406 housing units.

text:
# Vermillion Township, Vermillion County, Indiana

**Vermillion Township** is one of five townships in Vermillion County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 856 (down from 924 at 2010) and it contained 406 housing units.

## History

Vermillion Township took its name from Vermillion County, which was named after the Vermilion River.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 50.98 square miles (132.0 km2), of which 50.51 square miles (130.8 km2) (or 99.08%) is land and 0.47 square miles (1.2 km2) (or 0.92%) is water.

### Cities

### Unincorporated towns

(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Cemeteries

The township contains twelve cemeteries: Carmack, Johnson, Johnson, Juliet, Lebanon, Memorial Chapel, Miller, Old Hopewell, Thomas, Walnut Hill, Wimsett and Zener.

### Landmarks

## School districts

* North Vermillion Community School Corporation

## Political districts

1. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
2. "Census Bureau profile: Vermillion Township, Vermillion County, Indiana". United States Census Bureau. May 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
3. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
4. *History of Parke and Vermillion Counties, Indiana*. B.F. Bowen & Cos. 1913. p. 423.
5. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.

## InfoBox

| Vermillion Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Vermillion County | |
| Coordinates: 39°52′16″N 87°27′19″W / 39.87111°N 87.45528°W / 39.87111; -87.45528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Vermillion |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 50.98 sq mi (132.0 km2) |
| Land | 50.51 sq mi (130.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.47 sq mi (1.2 km2)  0.92% |
| Elevation | 610 ft (186 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 856 |
| Density | 17/sq mi (6.5/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 47847, 47854 47928, 47966 |
| Area code | 765 |
| GNIS feature ID | 453954 |


title: SS Stanbell

abstract: Stanbell was a 9,804 GRT tanker which was built by Sir J Laing & Sons, Sunderland in 1943 as Empire Beresford for the Ministry of War Transport. Postwar she was sold into merchant service and renamed Stanbell. She was converted to a bulk carrier and later sold to new owners and renamed Kelantan, serving until scrapped in 1965.

text:
# SS Stanbell

***Stanbell*** was a 9,804 GRT tanker which was built by Sir J Laing & Sons, Sunderland in 1943 as ***Empire Beresford*** for the Ministry of War Transport. Postwar she was sold into merchant service and renamed *Stanbell*. She was converted to a bulk carrier and later sold to new owners and renamed ***Kelantan***, serving until scrapped in 1965.

## Description

*Empire Beresford* was built by Sir J Laing & Sons, Sunderland. She was yard number 753 and was launched on 15 September 1943 with completion in December. She was 484 feet (147.52 m) long, with a beam of 68 feet 3 inches (20.80 m) and a depth of 36 feet 1 inch (11.00 m). Her GRT was 9,804, with a NRT of 5,793.

## Career

*Empire Beresford* was placed under the management of J A Billmeir & Co Ltd, who traded as the Stanhope Steamship Co Ltd. Her port of registry was Sunderland. *Empire Beresford* was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War.

HX 313

Convoy HX 313 departed New York on 10 October 1944 and arrived at Liverpool on 24 October. *Empire Beresford* was listed as a member of this convoy but did not sail in it, she joined the following convoy, HX 314.

HX 314

Convoy HX 314 departed New York on 15 October 1944 and arrived at Liverpool on 29 October. *Empire Beresford* was bound for Killingholme.

In 1945, Billmeir's purchased *Empire Beresford* from the MoWT and renamed her *Stanbell*. On 13 December 1953, *Stanbell* was in collision with SS *Marine Courier* off Cape Henry, Virginia. The master of *Marine Courier* was found to have been at fault and his licence was suspended for a month.

In 1955, *Stanbell* was converted to a bulk carrier. She was now 10,341 GRT, 5,623 NRT and 14,810 DWT. In 1960, *Stanbell* was sold to the Malaya Shipping Co Ltd, Hong Kong and renamed *Kelantan*. She was initially placed under the management of United Shipping & Investment Co Ltd, Hong Kong but management was later transferred to Gibson Shipping Co Inc, Macao. *Kelantan* was scrapped in March 1965 at Hirao, Japan.

## Official Numbers and Code Letters

Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. *Empire Beresford* had the UK Official Number 180053 and the Code Letters GFMY.

## Propulsion

The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of 27 inches (69 cm), 44 inches (110 cm) and 76 inches (190 cm) bore by 51 inches (130 cm) stroke. It was built by North East Marine Engineering Co Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * *Empire Beresford* (1943-45) * *Stanbell* (1945-60) * *Kelantan* (1960-65) |
| Owner | * Ministry of War Transport (1943-45) * Stanhope Steamship Co Ltd (1945-60) * Malaya Shipping Co, Hong Kong (1960-65) |
| Operator | * J A Billmeir & Co Ltd (Stanhope Steamship Co Ltd) (1943-60) * United Shipping & Investment Co Ltd, Hong Kong (1960- ) * Gibson Shipping Co Inc, Macao. ( -1965) |
| Port of registry | * Sunderland (1943-60) * Hong Kong (1960-65) |
| Builder | Sir J Laing & Sons, Sunderland. |
| Launched | 15 September 1943 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | * 9,805 GRT, 5,793 NRT (1943-55) * 10,341 GRT, 5,623 NRT, 14,810 DWT (1955-65) |
| Length | 484 ft (147.52 m) |
| Beam | 68 ft 3 in (20.80 m) |
| Depth | 36 ft 1 in (11.00 m) |
| Propulsion | One triple expansion steam engine. 674 hp (503 kW) |


title: Uninitialized variable

abstract: In computing, an uninitialized variable is a variable that is declared but is not set to a definite known value before it is used. It will have some value, but not a predictable one. As such, it is a programming error and a common source of bugs in software.

text:
# Uninitialized variable

In computing, an **uninitialized variable** is a variable that is declared but is not set to a definite known value before it is used. It will have *some* value, but not a predictable one. As such, it is a programming error and a common source of bugs in software.

## Example of the C language

A common assumption made by novice programmers is that all variables are set to a known value, such as zero, when they are declared. While this is true for many languages, it is not true for all of them, and so the potential for error is there. Languages such as  use stack space for variables, and the collection of variables allocated for a subroutine is known as a stack frame. While the computer will set aside the appropriate amount of space for the stack frame, it usually does so simply by adjusting the value of the stack pointer, and does not set the memory itself to any new state (typically out of efficiency concerns). Therefore, whatever contents of that memory at the time will appear as initial values of the variables which occupy those addresses.

Here's a simple example in C:

```
void count( void )
{
    int k, i;

    for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    {
        k = k + 1;
    }

    printf("%d", k);
}

```

The final value of `k` is undefined. The answer that it must be 10 assumes that it started at zero, which may or may not be true. Note that in the example, the variable `i` is initialized to zero by the first clause of the `for` statement.

Another example can be when dealing with structs. In the code snippet below, we have a `struct student` which contains some variables describing the information about a student. The function `register_student` leaks memory contents because it fails to fully initialize the members of `struct student new_student`. If we take a closer look, in the beginning, `age`, `semester` and `student_number` are initialized. But the initialization of the `first_name` and `last_name` members are incorrect. This is because if the length of `first_name` and `last_name` character arrays are less than 16 bytes, during the `strcpy`, we fail to fully initialize the entire 16 bytes of memory reserved for each of these members. Hence after `memcpy()`'ing the resulted struct to `output`, we leak some stack memory to the caller.

```
struct student {
    unsigned int age;
    unsigned int semester;
    char first_name[16];
    char last_name[16];
    unsigned int student_number;
};

int register_student(struct student *output, int age, char *first_name, char *last_name)
{
    // If any of these pointers are Null, we fail.
    if (!output || !first_name || !last_name)
    {
        printf("Error!\n");
        return -1;
    }

    // We make sure the length of the strings are less than 16 bytes (including the null-byte)
    // in order to avoid overflows
    if (strlen(first_name) > 15 ||  strlen(last_name) > 15) {
      printf("first_name and last_name cannot be longer than 16 characters!\n");
      return -1;
    }

    // Initializing the members
    struct student new_student;
    new_student.age = age;
    new_student.semester = 1;
    new_student.student_number = get_new_student_number();

    strcpy(new_student.first_name, first_name);
    strcpy(new_student.last_name, last_name);

    //copying the result to output
    memcpy(output, &new_student, sizeof(struct student));
    return 0;
}

```

In any case, even when a variable is *implicitly* initialized to a *default* value like 0, this is typically not the *correct* value. Initialized does not mean correct if the value is a default one. (However, default initialization to  is a right practice for pointers and arrays of pointers, since it makes them invalid before they are actually initialized to their correct value.) In C, variables with static storage duration that are not initialized explicitly are initialized to zero (or null, for pointers).

Not only are uninitialized variables a frequent cause of bugs, but this kind of bug is particularly serious because it may not be reproducible: for instance, a variable may remain uninitialized only in some branch of the program. In some cases, programs with uninitialized variables may even pass software tests.

## Impacts

Uninitialized variables are powerful bugs since they can be exploited to leak arbitrary memory or to achieve arbitrary memory overwrite or to gain code execution, depending on the case. When exploiting a software which utilizes address space layout randomization (ASLR), it is often required to know the base address of the software in memory. Exploiting an uninitialized variable in a way to force the software to leak a pointer from its address space can be used to bypass ASLR.

## Use in languages

Uninitialized variables are a particular problem in languages such as assembly language, C, and C++, which were designed for systems programming. The development of these languages involved a design philosophy in which conflicts between performance and safety were generally resolved in favor of performance. The programmer was given the burden of being aware of dangerous issues such as uninitialized variables.

In other languages, variables are often initialized to known values when created. Examples include:

* VHDL initializes all standard variables into special 'U' value. It is used in simulation, for debugging, to let the user to know when the don't care initial values, through the multi-valued logic, affect the output.
* Java does not have uninitialized variables. Fields of classes and objects that do not have an explicit initializer and elements of arrays are automatically initialized with the default value for their type (false for boolean, 0 for all numerical types, null for all reference types). Local variables in Java must be definitely assigned to before they are accessed, or it is a compile error.
* Python initializes local variables to `NULL` (distinct from `None`) and raises an `UnboundLocalError` when such a variable is accessed before being (re)initialized to a valid value.
* initializes all variables unless explicitly specified by the programmer not to.

Even in languages where uninitialized variables are allowed, many compilers will attempt to identify the use of uninitialized variables and report them as compile-time errors. Some languages assist this task by offering constructs to handle the initializedness of variables; for example, C# has a special flavour of call-by-reference parameters to subroutines (specified as `out` instead of the usual `ref`), asserting that the variable is allowed to be uninitialized on entry but will be initizalized afterwards.

## Further reading


title: Kerry Chamberlain

abstract: Kerry Chamberlain is a Professor of Social and Health Psychology at Massey University, New Zealand. He is a critical health psychologist who has been prominent internationally in promoting qualitative research within health psychology. His main research interests include health in everyday life and understanding of disadvantage.

text:
# Kerry Chamberlain

**Kerry Chamberlain** is a Professor of Social and Health Psychology at Massey University, New Zealand. He is a critical health psychologist who has been prominent internationally in promoting qualitative research within health psychology. His main research interests include health in everyday life and understanding of disadvantage.

## Career

Chamberlain has an MA from University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Chamberlain has published extensively on qualitative research, health psychology and quality of life. His research interests include:

* food and health
* media and health
* the meanings of medication
* everyday illness

"He utilises mainly qualitative research methodologies in his research, predominantly critical discursive approaches, and innovative approaches, such as photo-elicitation, diaries, maps, and the use of material objects like personal possessions and photographs, to reveal the materiality and social practices of everyday life." He has received a Marsden grant to fund his research of the social meaning of medications.

Chamberlain was one of the founding members, and as of 2018 is the Communication Co-ordinator of the International Society of Critical Health Psychology. In 2011, he became a Fellow of the European Health Psychology Society. He "was awarded the fellowship in recognition of his research publications in health psychology, his work in establishing health psychology in New Zealand, his contributions to establishing and developing the International Society of Critical Health Psychology, and his support of the activities of the European Health Psychology Society." Chamberlain is the associate editor of the society's journal *Psychology and Health.*

## NZ Skeptics

Chamberlain was one of the seven founding members of NZ Skeptics. The organisation was founded on February 6, 1986, at University of Canterbury.

## InfoBox

| Kerry Chamberlain | |
| --- | --- |
| Chamberlain in 2007 | |
| Occupation | Professor |
| Known for | Research into health and everyday life |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | MA |
| Alma mater | University of Canterbury |
| Academic work | |
| Doctoral students | Antonia Lyons |
| Notable works | Qualitative Health Psychology: Theories and Methods, Existential Meaning: Optimizing Human Development Across the Life Span, Health Psychology: A Critical Introduction |
|  | |