title: USS Success (AM-310)

abstract: USS Success (AM-310) was an Admirable-class minesweeper built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was awarded four battle stars for service in the Pacific during World War II. She was decommissioned in July 1946 and placed in reserve. While she remained in reserve, Success was reclassified as MSF-310 in February 1955 but never reactivated. In October 1962, she was sold to the Mexican Navy and renamed ARM DM-08. Although she is reported out of service, her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary sources.

text:
# USS Success (AM-310)

**USS *Success* (AM-310)** was an *Admirable*-class minesweeper built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was awarded four battle stars for service in the Pacific during World War II. She was decommissioned in July 1946 and placed in reserve. While she remained in reserve, *Success* was reclassified as **MSF-310** in February 1955 but never reactivated. In October 1962, she was sold to the Mexican Navy and renamed **ARM *DM-08***. Although she is reported out of service, her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary sources.

## U.S. Navy career

*Success* was laid down on 18 February 1944 by Associated Shipbuilders, Seattle, Washington; launched on 11 May 1944; sponsored by Mrs. J. L. McLean; and commissioned on 18 October 1944. *Success* completed fitting out at Seattle, Washington, and sailed for San Pedro, California, on 8 November where she held her shakedown cruise in the harbor of Los Angeles, California. On 11 December, the minesweeper got underway for Hawaii and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 19 December 1944.

She sortied with Task Group (TG) 51, LST Flotilla One, in the screen of Tractor Group Able for Ulithi on 22 January 1945. The group remained there from 3 to 5 February and then steamed to the Mariana Islands where final staging was begun for the invasion of Iwo Jima.

*Success* was detached from the screen to join Mine Division (MinDiv) 36 which sailed for Iwo Jima on the 13th. The division arrived off the island three days before the assault was to begin and started sweeping mines. *Success* operated as a minesweeper and performed antisubmarine patrols there from 16 to 25 February when she departed for Saipan. She sailed from there on 7 March and arrived at Ulithi the next day. MinDiv 36, and *Success* stood out of Ulithi on 19 March, for the Ryukyu Islands. On the 25th, they began sweeping mines in the Kerama Retto area in preparation for the U.S. Army landings there the next day.

*Success* then began clearing the Okinawa area for the impending assault upon that Japanese stronghold. After the landings there on 1 April, the minesweeper also performed antiaircraft and antisubmarine patrols. Five days later, the Japanese launched their heaviest attack by suicide planes against American ships at Okinawa. SS *Hobbs Victory* was crashed by a suicide plane and *Success* picked up 78 survivors. On 15 April, she splashed a "Tony" during an air raid. The ship and her division departed the operating area on 5 May for Ulithi and arrived on the 9th.

The minesweeper was assigned to the screen of a resupply convoy bound for Okinawa which arrived there on 27 May. *Success* patrolled off Okinawa until 12 June. From the 13th to the 20th, she swept mines in the East China Sea. After a brief logistics period at Kerama Retto, she swept mines between Formosa and the coast of China from 4 to 15 July. From the 22nd to the 30th, she again swept the East China Sea. On 13 August, she and *Superior* departed Okinawa to sweep an area near Kyūshū, from the 14th to the 24th before returning to port. She sailed on 30 August for the southwest coast of Korea and swept mines there until 7 September. Two days later she was assigned to the U.S. 5th Fleet and swept the approaches to Sasebo, Japan, which became her base of operations. She cleared mines around the islands there, and then swept known minefields from Kyūshū to Korea until early December.

*Success* returned to Sasebo on 5 December and waited for further orders. She was notified that she would return to the United States, via Eniwetok and Pearl Harbor. The sweeper sailed on 10 December 1945 and arrived at San Diego, California, on 12 January 1946. She was routed from there to the East Coast and arrived at Galveston, Texas, on 3 February for pre-inactivation availability.

*Success* moved to Orange, Texas, where she was decommissioned on 9 July 1946. *Success* received four battle stars for World War II. While she remained in reserve, *Success*'s designation was changed to MSF-310 on 7 February 1955. *Success* was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 May 1962 and sold to Mexico in 1963.

## Mexican Navy career

The former *Success* was acquired by the Mexican Navy in 1963 and renamed ARM *DM-08*. Although she is reported out of service, her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary sources.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Success* (AM-310) |
| Builder | Associated Shipbuilders, Seattle |
| Laid down | 18 February 1944 |
| Launched | 11 May 1944 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. J. L. McLean |
| Commissioned | 18 October 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 9 July 1946 |
| Reclassified | MSF-310, 7 February 1955 |
| Stricken | 1 May 1962 |
| Fate | Transferred to Mexican Navy, 1963 |
| History | |
| Mexico | |
| Name | ARM *DM-08* |
| Acquired | 1963 |
| Fate | unknown |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Admirable*-class minesweeper |
| Displacement | 650 long tons (660 t) |
| Length | 184 ft 6 in (56.24 m) |
| Beam | 33 ft (10 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft 9 in (2.97 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × Cooper Bessemer GSB-8 diesel engines, 1,710 shp (1,280 kW) * National Supply Co. single reduction gear * 2 shafts |
| Speed | 15 knots (28 km/h) |
| Complement | 104 |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Operations: |  |
| Awards: | 4 Battle stars |


title: O. Wayne Rollins

abstract: Orville Wayne Rollins (1912–1991) is the co-founder, with his younger brother John W. Rollins, of Rollins Inc., the US's largest pest control conglomerate.

text:
# O. Wayne Rollins

**Orville Wayne Rollins** (1912–1991) is the co-founder, with his younger brother John W. Rollins, of Rollins Inc., the US's largest pest control conglomerate.

## Early life

Rollins was born in Ringgold, Georgia, in 1912, the son of John William Rollins and Claudia Nance Rollins, a farmer father and a schoolteacher mother. He graduated from Ringgold High School in 1930.

## Career

Rollins worked for Standard-Coosa-Thatcher, a textile mill in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for 15 years, then for the Hercules Power Company as a TNT supervisor.

He returned to Ringgold in 1945, and with his wife and younger brother began to rebuild a mineral springs resort. He then started a radio station to provide cheaper advertising for his brother's Virginia automobile dealership. Rollins Broadcasting was formed in 1948, and grew to control ten radio and four television stations.

In 1964, with company annual revenues of $9 million, he borrowed $60 million in the first leveraged buyout in the US to buy Orkin from its family owners, and move into the pest control business.

In 1982, Rollins received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 1986, he received a Horatio Alger Award for his "rags-to-riches" life story.

## Personal life

He was married to Grace Crum Rollins. She was born on September 20, 1910, and died on August 8, 2009, aged 98.

He had two sons, Gary Rollins and Randall Rollins.

## InfoBox

| O. Wayne Rollins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Orville Wayne Rollins
1912
Ringgold, Georgia, US |
| Died | 1991 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Known for | Founder of Rollins Inc. |
| Spouse | Grace Crum Rollins |
| Children | Gary Rollins
Randall Rollins |
| Relatives | John W. Rollins (brother) |


title: Guo Guirong

abstract: Guo Guirong is a lieutenant general (zhongjiang) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) who served as president of National University of Defense Technology from 1994 to 1996. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was a delegate to the 8th and 10th National People's Congress. He was a representative of the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.

text:
# Guo Guirong

**Guo Guirong** (Chinese: 郭桂蓉; pinyin: *Guō Guìróng*; born 25 October 1937) is a lieutenant general (*zhongjiang*) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) who served as president of National University of Defense Technology from 1994 to 1996. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was a delegate to the 8th and 10th National People's Congress. He was a representative of the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.

## Biography

Guo was born in Chengdu, Sichuan, on 25 October 1937, while his ancestral home in Xuqing County, Shanxi. After graduating from PLA Communication Engineering College (now Xidian University) in 1959, he was accepted to Harbin Institute of Military Engineering. In 1960, he was sent to study at Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy on the expense of the government, earning a vice-doctorate degree in 1965.

He returned to China in 1965 and that year became professor at Harbin Institute of Military Engineering. In February 1994, he was appointed president of National University of Defense Technology, a position he held until July 1996.

## Honours and awards

* 1993 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) for KD85-466 system
* 1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
* 1999 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class)
* 2006 Science and Technology Progress Award of the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation
* 2007 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class)
* 2008 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class)

## InfoBox

| Guo Guirong | |
| --- | --- |
| 郭桂蓉 | |
|  | |
| President of National University of Defense Technology | |
| **In office**
February 1994  July 1996 | |
| Preceded by | Chen Qizhi |
| Succeeded by | Wen Xisen |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1937-10-25) 25 October 1937
Chengdu, Sichuan, Republic of China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Alma mater | Xidian University
Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | People's Republic of China |
| Branch/service | People's Liberation Army Ground Force |
| Rank | Lieutenant general |
|  | |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Communication |
| Institutions | National University of Defense Technology |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pholoe Painter

abstract: The Pholoe Painter was an ancient Corinthian vase painter in the black-figure style; his real name is unknown. He was active during the Middle Corinthian period and specialised in decorating skyphoi. He is named after a skyphos with an image of Herakles in the cave of Pholos, combating several centaurs. The work is dated to about 580 BC. It was discovered in Corinth and acquired by the Louvre in 1884.

text:
# Pholoe Painter

The **Pholoe Painter** was an ancient Corinthian vase painter in the black-figure style; his real name is unknown. He was active during the Middle Corinthian period (c. 600–575 BC) and specialised in decorating *skyphoi*.

He is named after a *skyphos* with an image of Herakles in the cave of Pholos, combating several centaurs. The work is dated to about 580 BC. It was discovered in Corinth and acquired by the Louvre in 1884.

1. Inventory L 63 (MNC 677)

## Bibliography

* Thomas Mannack: *Griechische Vasenmalerei. Eine Einführung*. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, S. 101, ISBN 3-8062-1743-2.

## InfoBox

| Pholoe Painter | |
| --- | --- |
| Name vase: Herakles, Pholos and centaurs in the cave of Pholos; Louvre. | |
| Born | Unknown<br>Before 600 BCE |
| Known for | Vase painting |


title: Hans Henn

abstract: Hans Henn was a West German bobsledder who competed in the mid-1950s. He won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1955 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz. Henn also finished eighth in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo. He was born in Grimmelshausen and died in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

text:
# Hans Henn

**Hans Henn** (19 December 1926 – 14 August 1993) was a West German bobsledder who competed in the mid-1950s. He won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1955 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz. Henn also finished eighth in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo. He was born in Grimmelshausen and died in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

## InfoBox

Hans Henn
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's Bobsleigh | | |
| Representing  West Germany | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1955 St. Moritz | Four-man |


title: House at 215 School Street

abstract: The House at 215 School Street in Shoreham, Vermont is probably the town's oldest surviving house. The modest single-story Cape was built about 1795, probably by Job Lane Howe, a prominent regional master builder who was a cousin to Oliver Howe, the early town settler for whom it was built. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

text:
# House at 215 School Street

The **House at 215 School Street** in Shoreham, Vermont is probably the town's oldest surviving house. The modest single-story Cape was built about 1795, probably by Job Lane Howe, a prominent regional master builder who was a cousin to Oliver Howe, the early town settler for whom it was built. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## Description and history

215 School Street is located just south of the town common, on the east side of School Street southeast of its junction with Oliver Howe Court. It is a 1+12-story wood frame Cape style structure, with a gabled roof, shingled exterior, and stone foundation. A single-bay attached garage is set back on the right side. The main facade is asymmetrical, with four window bays and the main entrance located to the right of the leftmost window. The door is an original four-panel door. The interior retains a significant number of original features, include plaster walls with wainscoting, doors with strap hinges, and the original massive chimney base in the cellar. (The original chimney was replaced in the 19th century with a narrower brick one.

The house was built about 1795 on a lot assigned to Oliver Howe in the early layout of the town center. It was probably built by Howe's cousin, Job Howe, who is a period builder well known for more high style Federal period houses in the region. The house was owned for many years by members of the locally prominent Bush family, and underwent a major restoration in 2004.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| House at 215 School Street | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 215 School St., Shoreham, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 43°53′33″N 73°18′55″W / 43.89250°N 73.31528°W / 43.89250; -73.31528 |
| Area | 4.2 acres (1.7 ha) |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 05001423 |
| Added to NRHP | December 16, 2005 |


title: Ron Swoboda

abstract: Ronald Alan Swoboda is an American former professional baseball player and television sports color commentator. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder from 1965 through 1973, most notably as a member of the New York Mets team that became known as the Miracle Mets when they rose from being perennial losers to defeat the favored Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series for one of the most improbable upsets in World Series history. Swoboda executed one of the most impressive defensive plays of the series in the ninth inning of Game 4 to help preserve a Mets victory. He also played for the Montreal Expos and the New York Yankees.

text:
# Ron Swoboda

**Ronald Alan Swoboda** (born June 30, 1944) is an American former professional baseball player and television sports color commentator. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder from 1965 through 1973, most notably as a member of the New York Mets team that became known as the Miracle Mets when they rose from being perennial losers to defeat the favored Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series for one of the most improbable upsets in World Series history. Swoboda executed one of the most impressive defensive plays of the series in the ninth inning of Game 4 to help preserve a Mets victory. He also played for the Montreal Expos and the New York Yankees.

## Major league debut

Swoboda was born in Baltimore, Maryland where he graduated from Sparrows Point High School. He then played for one season at the University of Maryland, and after an impressive showing in the AAABA tournament in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Swoboda was offered a $35,000 contract to sign with the New York Mets and scout Pete Gebrian on September 5, 1963.

Swoboda spent only one season in the Mets' farm system in AA with the Williamsport Mets before making the Major League team in spring training, 1965. At the age of 20 he made his major league debut as a pinch hitter in the season opener, and lined out in his only at-bat. He pinch hit, again, in the second game of the season, this time hitting an 11th-inning home run (the Mets still lost, as the Houston Astros had scored four runs in the top of the inning). He homered again in his first at-bat on April 18, giving him two home runs in his first four Major League at-bats.

Swoboda hit 15 home runs by the All-Star break, the most ever by a Mets rookie in the first half of a season until Pete Alonso broke his record with 25 home runs in 2019. He commented during a television interview that he loved hitting fastballs; then he began seeing a lot more breaking balls and hit only four more home runs in the season. Still, his 19 home runs stood as a Mets rookie record until Darryl Strawberry's 26 in 1983. His rookie fielding percentage was a below-league-average .947, however, he had nine outfield assists. For his efforts, he was selected to the 1965 Topps All-Star Rookie Team. His 1966 Topps baseball card was imprinted with a gold trophy symbol. In the 1966 movie *Penelope*, Natalie Wood, as the title character, opens a pack of 1966 Topps baseball cards, sees Swoboda's rookie card, and asks police lieutenant Horatio Bixbee (Peter Falk) "Who's Ron Swoboda?"

## 1966 to 1968

Swoboda wore number 14 as a rookie in 1965. When the Mets acquired third baseman Ken Boyer from the St. Louis Cardinals prior to the start of the 1966 season, they granted him number 14, as he'd worn it in St. Louis. Swoboda wore number 17 briefly during spring training in 1966, then switched to number 4. His home run drought continued through the 1966 season, when he hit only eight home runs and batted .222, with 50 runs batted in.

During his early years with the Mets, Swoboda acquired the nickname "Rocky" as a result of his less-than-reliable fielding. Although he possessed a strong, accurate throwing arm, a fly ball hit in his direction was by no means a sure out. After having spent most of his time in left field his first two seasons, Swoboda was shifted to first base in 1967 to make room for newly acquired Tommy Davis in left. Swoboda's fielding at first was no better, and he was soon shifted to right field. Offensively, he had perhaps his best season, hitting .281 with 13 home runs and 53 RBIs. He led the Mets with six triples and a career-high 59 RBIs in 1968, and also had a career-high 14 outfield assists.

## Miracle Mets

By May 21, 1969, the Mets won their third game in a row for a .500 winning percentage 36 games into the season for the first time in franchise history. This was followed by a five-game losing streak that saw the team fall into fourth place in the newly aligned National League East.

The Mets then went on an eleven-game winning streak that brought them back into second place, seven games behind the Chicago Cubs. On September 10 the Mets swept a doubleheader against the Montreal Expos. Coupled with a loss by the Cubs, the Mets found themselves in first place for the first time in franchise history. On September 13, Swoboda hit a grand slam against the Pittsburgh Pirates to propel the Mets to a 5–2 victory. Two days later, as the St. Louis Cardinals' Steve Carlton struck out a record nineteen Mets batters in a losing effort, the Mets defeated the Cards 4–3 at Busch Memorial Stadium on a pair of two-run home runs by Swoboda. On September 24, facing Carlton and the Cardinals again, this time at Shea Stadium, the Mets clinched the NL East as Donn Clendenon hit two home runs in a 6–0 Mets victory. The Mets won 38 of their last 50 games, and finished the season with 100 wins against 62 losses, eight games ahead of the second-place Cubs.

### 1969 World Series

Swoboda did not appear in the Mets' 1969 National League Championship Series three-game sweep of the Atlanta Braves to reach the World Series. The Mets were heavy underdogs heading into the 1969 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles. In Game 4, Swoboda, not known for his fielding, made a spectacular catch of a ball hit by Brooks Robinson in the ninth inning to stop an Orioles rally. The Mets won the game 2–1 in ten innings, and subsequently, the World Series. For the World Series, Swoboda batted .400. His only RBI was the game winner of the fifth and final game.

A photograph of Swoboda, stretched almost horizontally, just inches off the ground, became an iconic image for Mets fans. The Right Field entrance gate of Citi Field, the current home of the Mets, features a metal silhouette of a baseball player making a diving catch similar to the one Swoboda made during the 1969 Series.

## Trades

In March 1971, Swoboda and minor-leaguer Rich Hacker were traded to the Montreal Expos in exchange for young outfielder Don Hahn. Three months later, the Expos traded Swoboda to the New York Yankees in exchange for outfielder Ron Woods. Swoboda played in his final major league game on September 30, 1973, at the age of 29 and was released by the Yankees at the end of the 1973 season. He was signed by the Atlanta Braves during spring training of 1974. The Braves, however, released him on March 25, 1974, after which Swoboda retired from baseball. He attempted an unsuccessful comeback with the Mets during spring training in 1976.

## Post retirement

After his retirement from baseball, Swoboda worked as a television sportscaster in New York City on WCBS-TV, on WISN-TV in Milwaukee, and for many years at WVUE in New Orleans. He also worked at Cox Sports Television. Swoboda was the color commentator for telecasts of games played by the New Orleans Baby Cakes, the AAA farm club of the Miami Marlins before the team relocated to Wichita, Kansas after the 2019 season.He was also a recipient of the Thurman Munson Award in February 2009.

He appeared as himself in a 1999 episode of *Everybody Loves Raymond* along with several other members of the 1969 Mets. Swoboda was referenced by Homer Simpson in the episode MoneyBart.

Swoboda is mostly remembered for his dramatic defensive gem during the 1969 World Series. In a guest column for the *New York Daily News*, Swoboda wrote, "I'm kidded, occasionally, by folks who wonder: 'How long are you going to keep living off of one catch?' My answer: 'How long have I got left?'"

On June 11, 2019, Swoboda released his memoir entitled *Here's the Catch: A Memoir of the Miracle Mets and More* (Thomas Dunne Books).

Swoboda met his wife, Cecilia, at the University of Maryland. They were married on October 9, 1965, and had two sons, Ron, Jr. (September 13, 1966 – January 27, 2020) and Brian Christopher.

He is mentioned in the 1987 song "Steve and Edie" by Dramarama

## InfoBox

| Ron Swoboda | |
| --- | --- |
| Swoboda in 1970 | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1944-06-30) June 30, 1944<br>Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 12, 1965, for the New York Mets | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 30, 1973, for the New York Yankees | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .242 |
| Home runs | 73 |
| Runs batted in | 344 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Mineral industry of Kazakhstan

abstract: The mineral industry of Kazakhstan is one of the most competitive and fastest growing sectors of the country. Kazakhstan ranks second to Russia among the countries of the CIS in its quantity of mineral production. It is endowed with large reserves of a wide range of metallic ores, industrial minerals, and fuels, and its metallurgical sector is a major producer of a large number of metals from domestic and imported raw materials. In 2005, its metal mining sector produced bauxite, chromite, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc ores, and its metallurgical sector produced such metals as beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, copper, ferroalloys, lead, magnesium, rhenium, steel, titanium, and zinc. The country produced significant amounts of other nonferrous and industrial mineral products, such as alumina, arsenic, barite, gold, molybdenum, phosphate rock, and tungsten. The country was a large producer of mineral fuels, including coal, natural gas, oil, and uranium. The country's economy is heavily dependent on the production of minerals. Output from Kazakhstan's mineral and natural resources sector for 2004 accounted for 74.1% of the value of industrial production, of which 43.1% came from the oil and gas condensate extraction. In 2004, the mineral extraction sector accounted for 32% of the GDP, employed 191,000 employees, and accounted for 33.1% of capital investment and 64.5% of direct foreign investment, of which 63.5% was in the oil sector. Kazakhstan's mining industry is estimated at US$29.5 billion by 2017.

text:
# Mineral industry of Kazakhstan

**The mineral industry of Kazakhstan** is one of the most competitive and fastest growing sectors of the country. Kazakhstan ranks second to Russia among the countries of the CIS in its quantity of mineral production. It is endowed with large reserves of a wide range of metallic ores, industrial minerals, and fuels, and its metallurgical sector is a major producer of a large number of metals from domestic and imported raw materials. In 2005, its metal mining sector produced bauxite, chromite, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc ores, and its metallurgical sector produced such metals as beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, copper, ferroalloys, lead, magnesium, rhenium, steel, titanium, and zinc. The country produced significant amounts of other nonferrous and industrial mineral products, such as alumina, arsenic, barite, gold, molybdenum, phosphate rock, and tungsten. The country was a large producer of mineral fuels, including coal, natural gas, oil, and uranium. The country's economy is heavily dependent on the production of minerals. Output from Kazakhstan's mineral and natural resources sector for 2004 accounted for 74.1% of the value of industrial production, of which 43.1% came from the oil and gas condensate extraction. In 2004, the mineral extraction sector accounted for 32% of the GDP, employed 191,000 employees, and accounted for 33.1% of capital investment and 64.5% of direct foreign investment, of which 63.5% was in the oil sector. Kazakhstan's mining industry is estimated at US$29.5 billion by 2017.

## Environment

Kazakhstan faces a number of environmental challenges, including industrial pollution, land degradation and desertification, and contamination from its former role in nuclear weapons development and testing in the Semipalatinsk region. Significant improvements in the environmental situation of the northern Aral Sea area has been made owing to dam construction and river flow regulation.

## Structure

Kazakhstan law holds that no sector of the economy is fully closed to investors, and, in 2005, a large number of Kazakhstan's mineral production enterprises had significant foreign ownership. In 2005, the government also maintained ownership in a number of mineral production enterprises; the percentage of ownership varied depending on the enterprise. Despite being open to foreign investment and even listed on Western stock exchanges, the ownership structure of some major mineral producing enterprises was not entirely transparent.

## Trade

In 2005, fuel and oil products comprised 69% of the value of exports. Ferrous and nonferrous metals were other significant export products. The value of commodity exports from the mineral extraction sectors increased considerably in 2005, owing to an increase in the price of oil and other mineral commodities.

Kazakhstan exports minerals to Russia, China, the United States, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, South Korea, UAE.

## Mineral Resources

Kazakhstan's mineral resource base is characterized by a large number of oilfields and gasfields and by a large variety of mineral resources. The country ranks among the world's leading countries in its reserves of chromite, wolfram, lead, zinc, manganese, silver and uranium. It also has significant reserves of bauxite, copper, gold, iron ore, coal, natural gas and petroleum. According to data reported from Kazakhstan, the country is one of the 10 leading countries in the world for a significant number of mineral resources. Within the CIS (based on the reserve classification system that was used in the Soviet Union and then by many of its successor states), Kazakhstan ranked first in its reserves of chromite and lead, possessing 97% and 38%, respectively, of all CIS reserves. The country ranked second in manganese, nickel, oil, phosphate rock, silver, and zinc, and third in coal, gas, gold, and tin.

Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has been perceived globally as a supplier of mineral commodities, which include oil, nonferrous metals, and uranium. Kazakhstan has been developing a rich mineral resource endowment. Intensive raw materials production and exports have helped the economy to overcome economic crises and ensured high rates of economic growth during the past 3 years.

The economy of Kazakhstan has been growing owing to the state policy of attracting foreign investment into its extraction industries. Kazakhstan was the first CIS country assigned with investment sovereign rating, and the World Bank has listed Kazakhstan among the 20 most attractive countries for investment. As a small economy with large fuel and mineral resources, however, Kazakhstan has not been particularly attractive for investment in the manufacturing sector, which makes the country highly vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices.

In view of the danger of the economy not using effectively the excess profits from the extracting sectors and foreseeing a possible negative effect from a sharp downfall of oil prices, the government established the National Fund to accumulate surplus oil revenues. The revenues in the Fund are to be used for the overall development of the national economy. The establishment of the Fund drew on the experience of the Government Pension Fund of Norway.

### Chromium

Kazakhstan is the world's second ranked chromite producer, after South Africa. Production was centered in the Aqtobe region of northwestern Kazakhstan at the Khromtau complex. Chromite production was significantly expanding with the aid of Western investment. London-based Oriel Resources Plc acquired 100% of the Voskhod chromite project in February 2005 and, based on the positive results of a feasibility study, planned to fast-track development of the Voskhod project. Discovered in 1963, the Voskhod chromite deposit lies within the Khromtau District of the Aqtobe Region. Although surrounded by a group of existing mines, it had never been worked. The ore grade reportedly averages 48% Cr2O3 with concentrate upgraded to 57% Cr2O3. Production from Voskhod was expected to be 900,000 t/yr; production would begin in 2008 and continue for 14 years. The Voskhod Mine was projected to be one of the world's leading suppliers of high-grade chromite. Oriel subsequently was awarded an extension to the Voskhod contract license area to include the Karaagash deposit which has, according to the former Soviet reserve classification system, C2 and P1 classified resources of some 7.8 Mt. Assuming positive results of a confirmatory drilling program, these resources could extend mining beyond Voskhod's projected 20-year life.

### Copper

Kazakhmys plc, which was the firm that controlled most copper mining and metal production in the country, was engaged in a number of projects to ensure growth in the short term and provide for reserve replacement in the longer term. The majority of these projects was expected to begin production in the near or medium term and would include both new mine development and expansion of existing mines. The new mines included the Artemovskoye (which was part of the East Region complex), which was completed ahead of schedule and had the capacity to produce 28,000 t/yr of copper and 98,000 t/yr of zinc; the Zhaman-Aybat (which was part of the Zhezkazgan mining-metallurgical complex), which was under construction and has reserves of 75.3 Mt of ore that contains 1.069 Mt of copper; and the Aktogay (which was part of the Balkhash mining-metallurgical complex), which was being evaluated for development of an open pit to mine that was expected to produce 1.614 Gt of ore at an average grade of 0.36% copper, or 5.810 Mt of copper. Expansion of existing mines would include that of the East Saryoba underground mine (which was part of the Zhezkazgan complex), the Akbastau and the Kosmurun Mines (which were part of the East Region complex), and the Taksura open pit (which was part of the North Mine).

### Lead and Zinc

Kazzinc JSC operated most of the country's lead and zinc mining and metallurgical enterprises. It also produced copper and precious metals. It employed about 22,000 people in mining, beneficiation, metallurgy, power generation, and auxiliary production. The company was established in 1997 through the merger of eastern Kazakhstan's three main nonferrous metals companies—Leninogorsk (now Ridder) Polymetallic complex, Ust-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc complex, and Zyryanovsk Lead Complex. The controlling block of shares in Kazzinc was sold by the state to the private sector, with Glencore International AG of Switzerland becoming the company's main investor. In addition to Kazzinc, ZAO Yuzhpolimetal Corp. produced about 60,000 t/yr of lead metal from its Shymkent lead plant; and Kazakhmys produced more than 20,000 t/yr of zinc metal at the Balkhash zinc plant (Notarov, 2005). Kazzinc's development strategy called for it to join the ranks of the world's leading producers of lead and zinc. Almost all Kazakhstan's lead and zinc production was exported, which placed Kazakhstan already among the world's leading lead and zinc exporting countries. In 2005, Kazakhstan's lead and zinc producing enterprises were operating below capacity. The Ust-Kamenogorsk complex had the capacity to produce more than 150,000 t/yr of lead and 240,000 t/yr of zinc; the Ridder complex, 25,000 t/yr of lead and 110,000 t/yr of zinc; and the Balkhash zinc plant, 100,000 t/yr of zinc. The Shymkent lead plant was working far below capacity owing to a lack of raw material.

Kazzinc mined lead-zinc ores from the Maeeyevskoye, the Ridder-Sokol’noye, and the Tishinskoye deposits, and processed lead and zinc at the Ridder and the Ust-Kamenogorsk complexes. Plans called for beginning mining in 2006 at the Shaimreden deposit in Kustanay oblast, which would enable Kazzinc to produce an additional 60,000 t/yr of zinc (Notarov, 2005). In the fourth quarter of 2004, Kazzinc began production at the new Shubinsky mining subsidiary, which would operate the Shubinsky underground mine in the vicinity of Ridder. Reserves at the Shubinskoe deposit were estimated to be 1.5 Mt of lead-zinc and copper ores.

### Petroleum

Kazakhstan has the Caspian Sea region's largest recoverable crude oil reserves. In 2005, its production accounted for almost two-thirds of the approximately 2 Mbbl/d that was produced by CIS countries in the Caspian region. The country was poised to become an even more significant supplier to world oil markets in the next decade. Kazakhstan produced approximately 1.29 Mbbl/d of oil in 2005 and consumed 222,000 Mbbl/d, resulting in net exports of more than 1 Mbbl/d. The Kazakhstan Government projected increasing production levels to about 3.5 Mbbl/d by 2015, which would come mainly from production of about 1 Mbbl/d from the to-be-developed offshore Kashagan field, 700,000 Mbbl/d from the onshore Tengiz field, 600,000 Mbbl/d from the to-be-developed onshore Kurmangazy field, and 500,000 Mbbl/d from the onshore Karachaganak field. The remainder would come from the development of smaller fields. Major growth would come from an approximately 75% increase in production from the Tengiz field and by development of the Kashagan field, which would add an additional 1 Mbbl/d after 2010.

### Uranium

Kazakhstan was the top country in the world in volume of uranium production. The company Kazatomprom was the fourth ranked uranium producer in the world as of 2009.

Approximately one-fifth of the world's uranium reserves are located in Kazakhstan. Total resources of uranium are more than 1.5 Mt, and more than 1.1 Mt can be mined by in situ leaching. Kazakhstan has an expanding uranium mining sector, producing about 24,000 tonnes of uranium in 2016, but then reducing slightly.

At the Stepnogorsk mining and chemical complex, which was Kazatomprom's main production enterprise, plans called for increasing production by expanding the volumes of uranium production in Mining Group No. 1, further developing the Vostok field, and completing development of the Zvezdnoye field.

## Mines

## Outlook

The large predicted oil resources of the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian shelf will require a significant amount of investment to develop. The required cumulative investment could be as much as $160 billion, of which about $10 billion would be for the initial stage of exploration, including field appraisal. Western companies already have invested more than $7 billion. A constraint to obtaining investment funds to develop the Caspian shelf is the lack of resolution of the territorial status of the Caspian Sea in regards to the demarcation lines and the ownership rights of the bordering states. This issue may have been partially resolved, however, with the agreement between Kazakhstan and Russia to partition the seafloor of the Caspian along the midline between the two countries. Similar agreements have been concluded between Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, and between Azerbaijan and Russia. Also, in the energy sector, Kieltyka will play an increasingly important role as one of the world's main suppliers of uranium.

Although Kazakhstan has adequate lead and zinc reserves to allow it to expand production through the next decade, expansion will depend on Kazakhstan's companies being able to acquire financing and the participation of foreign firms in developing large lead and zinc deposits.

Moreover, Kazakhstan is facing a critical depletion of its minerals. The fields discovered by Soviet geologists have been developed too intensely in the last decades, while geological exploration has not yet covered all the promising areas. Kazakhstan is facing inability to restock the depleted reserves and the tendency is worsening. The depletion of reserves of many of main minerals greatly exceeds the speed of their growth after exploration. Reserves increase in case of some metals (iron, manganese, gold, zinc) due mainly through re-evaluation and additional exploration of the already discovered fields. However, the existing registered reserves of recently discovered copper and gold fields have low quality and cannot be considered equivalent to the depleted reserves.


title: Oakley stone

abstract: Oakley stone is the trade name of a building stone that occurs in the mountains of southern Idaho in the western United States. It is more properly known as Rocky Mountain quartzite or Idaho quartzite, a metamorphic rock. The stone is quarried south of the city of Oakley in Cassia County, northeast of the three-state border with Nevada and Utah. The quarries are located on the west slope of Middle Mountain in the Albion Mountains, northwest of the City of Rocks National Reserve. Oakley stone is micaceous, meaning it is a mica-bearing stone. This mineral gives the product a fish-scale-like sheen. The stone is noted for its great variety of colors, ranging from white and silver to browns, yellows, and golds. Another stone in the area, Elba Quartzite, is a green micaceous quartzite. The green color of the rock is the result of chromium in the mica which is also known as fuchsite. The original sedimentary rock from which the quartzite formed was a quartz-rich sandstone. During the metamorphic process, the pressure caused the layers of clay within the sandstone to thin and flatten into the mica-rich layers. The space between planes of parting or foliation are consistent which makes it uniform in thickness. The outcroppings of the stone usually lie parallel to the ground and occur in large plates that can be easily split into thin veneers. Beginning in 1948, the stone was mined and sold in large quantities throughout the United States. It used for interior decoration, fireplace mantels, decks and patios, or facing buildings. A variant is "builders" which are naturally occurring brick-shaped pieces used to face building exteriors, building property walls, or fireplaces. There are about a dozen companies in the Oakley area quarrying the stone. Archie Boyd Teater's Studio designed by Frank Lloyd Wright used the stone in both the exterior and interior of the building.

text:
# Oakley stone

Oakley stoneclass=notpageimage|Location in the United States **Oakley stone** class=notpageimage|Location of Oakley stone quarries in southern Idaho

**Oakley stone** is the trade name of a building stone that occurs in the mountains of southern Idaho in the western United States. It is more properly known as **Rocky Mountain quartzite** or **Idaho quartzite**, a metamorphic rock. The stone is quarried south of the city of Oakley in Cassia County, northeast of the three-state border with Nevada and Utah. The quarries are located on the west slope of Middle Mountain in the Albion Mountains, northwest of the City of Rocks National Reserve.

Oakley stone is micaceous, meaning it is a mica-bearing stone. This mineral gives the product a fish-scale-like sheen. The stone is noted for its great variety of colors, ranging from white and silver to browns, yellows, and golds. Another stone in the area, Elba Quartzite, is a green micaceous quartzite. The green color of the rock is the result of chromium in the mica which is also known as fuchsite. The original sedimentary rock from which the quartzite formed was a quartz-rich sandstone. During the metamorphic process, the pressure caused the layers of clay within the sandstone to thin and flatten into the mica-rich layers. The space between planes of parting or foliation are consistent which makes it uniform in thickness.

The outcroppings of the stone usually lie parallel to the ground and occur in large plates that can be easily split into thin veneers. Beginning in 1948, the stone was mined and sold in large quantities throughout the United States. It used for interior decoration, fireplace mantels, decks and patios, or facing buildings. A variant is "builders" which are naturally occurring brick-shaped pieces used to face building exteriors, building property walls, or fireplaces. There are about a dozen companies in the Oakley area quarrying the stone.

Archie Boyd Teater's Studio designed by Frank Lloyd Wright used the stone in both the exterior and interior of the building.

## Geography

The staging area for quarried Oakley stone is located at 42°8′20.4″N 113°53′24″W / 42.139000°N 113.89000°W / 42.139000; -113.89000 (42.139, -113.89), at an elevation of 5,600 feet (1,705 m) above sea level. The quarries are to the east and Middle Mountain is to the southeast, with a summit over 8,400 feet (2,560 m).


title: Pyramiden (album)

abstract: Pyramiden is the third solo album by Swedish musician Peter Morén of the band Peter Bjorn And John, and his second in Swedish. So far, two singles have been released, both digital only. The album is named after the Russian ghost town of Pyramiden, which also partly inspired the album. While Morén's second album I Spåren Av Tåren focused more on soul and classic baroque-pop influences, Pyramiden has a more new wave and modern indie rock style, interlaced with acoustic influences. The album is notably more political than Moren's previous work, with the title having a double meaning in the form of career pyramids and pyramid schemes, and the idea of the pyramid as a type of grave. An English-language version of "Säg Mitt Namn" was released on the Volym 1 compilation album by INGRID and is included in the Broken Swenglish Vol. 1 EP released by Morén in late 2013, along with 'Constant Reaction' and an English-language rewrite of 'Erik M. Nilsson' entitled 'Going Places'. The second EP in the series included translations of the title track, 'Odyssén', and 'Capri, Cannes & Brighton'.

text:
# Pyramiden (album)

***Pyramiden*** is the third solo album by Swedish musician Peter Morén of the band Peter Bjorn And John, and his second in Swedish. So far, two singles have been released, both digital only. The album is named after the Russian ghost town of Pyramiden, which also partly inspired the album. While Morén's second album I Spåren Av Tåren focused more on soul and classic baroque-pop influences, Pyramiden has a more new wave and modern indie rock style, interlaced with acoustic influences. The album is notably more political than Moren's previous work, with the title having a double meaning in the form of career pyramids and pyramid schemes, and the idea of the pyramid as a type of grave.

An English-language version of "Säg Mitt Namn" was released on the Volym 1 compilation album by INGRID and is included in the Broken Swenglish Vol. 1 EP released by Morén in late 2013, along with 'Constant Reaction' ('Orsak Och Verkan') and an English-language rewrite of 'Erik M. Nilsson' entitled 'Going Places'. The second EP in the series included translations of the title track, 'Odyssén' (as 'The Odyssey'), and 'Capri, Cannes & Brighton'.

## Track listing

1. "Erik M. Nilsson" – 3:55
2. "Odyssén" – 3:33
3. "Budbäraren" – 3:26
4. "Capri, Cannes & Brighton" – 4:30
5. "Tröstpriset" – 3:30
6. "Säg Mitt Namn" – 3:16
7. "Opportunistens Klagan" – 4:21
8. "Orsak Och Verkan" – 2:36
9. "Var Den Du Är" – 3:36
10. "Innan Jag Landar" – 4:37
11. "Pyramiden" – 4:33
12. "Älskar Hur Du Älskar (I Love How You Love) (Paris Sisters Cover)" (Bonus track) – 2:24

## InfoBox

| Pyramiden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Peter Morén | |
| Released | 19 September 2012 (Sweden)
25 September 2012 (International) |
| Genre | Indie rock, new wave |
| Length | 44.3 Minutes |
| Label | INGRID |
| Producer | Tobias Fröberg |
| Peter Morén chronology | |
| *I Spåren Av Tåren*
(2010) ***Pyramiden***
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Pyramiden* | |
| 1. "Odyssén (w/ b-side Vinstintressen)"
Released: 14 June 2012 2. "Säg Mitt Namn (Say My Name)"
Released: 14 August 2012 3. "Tröstpriset"
Released: Autumn 2012 | |
|  | |


title: USS Sudbury

abstract: USS Sudbury (ID-2149) was the cargo ship Sudbury under construction for the Shawmut Steamship Company that was taken over by the United States Navy on completion and in commission from 1918 to 1919. After naval service the ship was returned to Shawmut and operated by that company until its merger with companies that included the American Ship and Commerce Navigation Company and operated by that company until 1927. The ship was acquired by the Munson Steamship Line and operated by that company until sold to Cia Genovese di Nav a Vapori SA, Genoa, Italy and renamed Capo Alba. The ship was in the Atlantic in 1941, taking refuge in the Canary Islands. The ship, along with a tanker, escaped Tenerife 1 April 1941 to the continent and was taken over by Germany 8 September 1943. Capo Alba was damaged by bombing at Nantes March 1944 and scuttled there 18 August 1944. The hulk was raised and broken up in 1946.

text:
# USS Sudbury

**USS *Sudbury* (ID-2149)** was the cargo ship *Sudbury* under construction for the Shawmut Steamship Company that was taken over by the United States Navy on completion and in commission from 1918 to 1919. After naval service the ship was returned to Shawmut and operated by that company until its merger with companies that included the American Ship and Commerce Navigation Company and operated by that company until 1927. The ship was acquired by the Munson Steamship Line and operated by that company until sold to Cia Genovese di Nav a Vapori SA, Genoa, Italy and renamed *Capo Alba*.

The ship was in the Atlantic in 1941, taking refuge in the Canary Islands. The ship, along with a tanker, escaped Tenerife 1 April 1941 to the continent and was taken over by Germany 8 September 1943. *Capo Alba* was damaged by bombing at Nantes March 1944 and scuttled there 18 August 1944. The hulk was raised and broken up in 1946.

## Civilian cargo ship

### Construction

*Sudbury* was built as a commercial cargo ship for the Shawmut Steamship Company in 1917 by the Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation, Chester, Pennsylvania as hull number 340. The ship, first of five new ships being built for Shawmut after the company sold all its older ships to France, was launched 29 September 1917.

*Sudbury* was an oil fueled, steam turbine driven ship with three Babcock & Wilcox boilers supplying steam to one Westinghouse turbine and fuel capacity of 955 tons of fuel oil. The ship was 5,075 GRT, 10,400 tons displacement, 402 ft 1 in (122.6 m) length overall, 384 ft 8 in (117.2 m) registered length, 51 ft 2 in (15.6 m) breadth, 27 ft 7 in (8.4 m) depth with a mean draft of 23 ft 10.5 in (7.3 m). When completed in March 1918 and registered *Sudbury* was issued official number 215991 with signal letters LJQV and Boston as home port.

## World War I Navy cargo ship

The U.S. Navy acquired *Sudbury* for World War I service on 5 March 1918, before any operation by Shawmut, and commissioned her the same day at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as USS *Sudbury* with the naval registry Identification Number (Id. No.) 2149. There is a discrepancy between the contemporary (1918) *Ships' Data U.S. Naval Vessels* and *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships* on complement. The first has 10 officers, 52 men while the second has complement as 104. The ship was armed with one 5-inch, 51 caliber gun and one 6 pounder gun.

Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, *Sudbury* loaded a cargo of United States Army supplies and departed Philadelphia on 20 March 1918 for New York City, where she joined a convoy that got underway for France on 24 March 1918. She arrived at Brest, France, on 8 April 1918. From there, she proceeded to Bordeaux, France, unloaded her cargo, and departed on 5 May 1918 for New York City. On the return from this maiden voyage there was a turbine casualty in which teeth were broken on the starboard unit and the vessel could make only 9 kn (10 mph; 17 km/h) using the low pressure turbine alone. The problem proved to be faulty material.

*Sudbury* made three more voyages to France in 1918. On 10 January 1919, *Sudbury* departed Philadelphia for Trieste. She completed the round-trip by arriving at Philadelphia on 3 April 1919 where, on 11 April 1919, *Sudbury* was decommissioned, stricken from the Navy List, and returned to the USSB.

## Post war cargo ship

The Shawmut Line again operated the ship until 1925 but the line had already been absorbed into W. Avril Harriman's interests which included the American Ship and Commerce Corporation. By 1925 the ship, with home port of New York, was operating under the American Ship and Commerce Navigation Company. in 1927 the ship was renamed *Munbeaver* owned by the Sudbury Steam Ship Corporation. In 1930 the ship was operating for the Munson Steamship Line which operated the ship until sometime in 1937 when it is registered to Cia Genovese di Nav a Vapori SA, Genoa, Italy as *Capo Alba*.

## Fate

On 29 March 1941 *Capo Alba* was among the Italian shipping showing activity in the Canary Islands preparing to sail from Tenerife and on 1 April the ship sailed with the tanker *Burano*. The ship escaped successfully and was taken over by the German Navy 8 September 1943. *Capo Alba* was bombed and damaged at Nantes March 1944 and eventually scuttled there 18 August 1944. The hulk was raised and broken up in 1946.

## Footnotes

1. McKellar, Norman L. "Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Requisitioned Steel Ships, Part II" (PDF). *Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921*. ShipScribe. p. 383b. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
2. "*Sudbury* Launched". *Weekly Commercial News*. Vol. 55, no. 16. October 20, 1917. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
3. *A Souvenir of New York City, Old and New*. New York, N.Y.: New York Commercial. p. 300. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
4. *Fiftieth Annual List of Merchant Vessels of the United States, Year ended June 30, 1918*. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Navigation. 1918. p. 66. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
5. Construction & Repair Bureau (Navy) (November 1, 1918). *Ships' Data U.S. Naval Vessels*. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 520–525. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
6. Naval History And Heritage Command. "Sudbury". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
7. Hodgkinson, Francis (February 1919). "Progress in Turbine Ship Propulsion". *Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers*. Vol. 31. p. 199. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
8. "Shawmut S. S. Company Absorbed by Harriman Interests". *The Nautical Gazette*. Vol. 99, no. 10. September 4, 1920. p. 301. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
9. *Merchant Vessels of the United States, Year ended June 30, 1926*. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Navigation. 1926. pp. 44–45. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
10. *Merchant Vessels of the United States, Year ended June 30, 1928*. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Navigation. 1928. pp. 138–139. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
11. Lloyds. "Lloyd's Register 1937" (PDF). Lloyd's Register (through PlimsollShipData). Retrieved 7 November 2018.
12. Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff Admiralty (4 April 1941). "Weekly Intelligence Report, Number 56 — Italian Shipping" (PDF). p. 15. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
13. "War Cabinet — Weekly Résumé (No. 83) 27 March—3 April" (PDF). 3 April 1941. p. 5. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
14. Bertke, Donald A.; Kindell, Don; Smith, Gordon (2009). *Il Duce Deposed*. World War II Sea War. Vol. 10. p. 317. ISBN 9781937470173. LCCN 2010900455. Retrieved 7 November 2018.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | * *Sudbury* (1917–1927) * *Munbeaver* (1927–1938) * *Capo Alba* (1938–1944) |
| Builder | Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation, Chester, Pennsylvania |
| Yard number | 340 |
| Launched | 29 September 1917 |
| Completed | March 1918 |
| Acquired | 5 March 1918 |
| Commissioned | 5 March 1918 |
| Decommissioned | 11 April 1919 |
| Maiden voyage | 20 March 1918 |
| Stricken | 11 April 1919 |
| Identification | * Official Number: 215991 * Signal letters" LJQV |
| Fate | Scuttled Nantes, France 18 August 1944, raised and broken up 1946. |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Cargo ship |
| Tonnage | 5,075 GRT |
| Displacement | 10,400 tons |
| Length | * 402 ft 1 in (122.6 m) LOA * 384 ft 8 in (117.2 m) Registered |
| Beam | 51 ft 2 in (15.6 m) |
| Draft | 23 ft 10.5 in (7.3 m) (mean) |
| Depth | 27 ft 7 in (8.4 m) |
| Depth of hold | 25 ft 7 in (7.8 m) |
| Propulsion | 1 Westinghouse steam turbine |
| Speed | 11 kn (13 mph; 20 km/h) |
| Complement | * 52 (1918 reference) * 104 (DANFS) |
| Armament |  |


title: O. W. Gardner House

abstract: The O. W. Gardner House is a historic house in Winchester, Massachusetts. The 1+1⁄2-story wood-frame house was built c. 1840 by Oliver W. Gardner, and was originally one of a pair built in the area. It is one of Winchester's finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture, with elaborate scroll-sawn vergeboard in its steep gables, which also occurs in miniature on the gable-roofed portico that shelters the door. It has windows topped by label mouldings, and some windows are topped by a Gothic pointed-arch. The corner boards have elaborately grooved pilasters. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# O. W. Gardner House

The **O. W. Gardner House** is a historic house in Winchester, Massachusetts. The 1+12-story wood-frame house was built c. 1840 by Oliver W. Gardner, and was originally one of a pair built in the area (the other is no longer extant). It is one of Winchester's finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture, with elaborate scroll-sawn vergeboard in its steep gables, which also occurs in miniature on the gable-roofed portico that shelters the door. It has windows topped by label mouldings, and some windows are topped by a Gothic pointed-arch. The corner boards have elaborately grooved pilasters.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| O. W. Gardner House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 5 Myrtle Street,<br>Winchester, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°27′8″N 71°7′59″W / 42.45222°N 71.13306°W / 42.45222; -71.13306 |
| Built | 1840 |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival |
| MPS | Winchester MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89000791 |
| Added to NRHP | July 5, 1989 |


title: NASA X-38

abstract: The X-38 is an experimental re-entry vehicle designed by NASA to research a possible emergency crew return vehicle (CRV) for the International Space Station (ISS). The 1995–2002 program also developed concepts for a crew return vehicle design that could be modified for other uses, such as a possible joint U.S. and international human spacecraft that could be launched on the French Ariane 5 booster. The program would eventually develop a total of three test prototype flight demonstrators for the proposed Crew Return Vehicle, each having incremental improvements on its predecessor. All three were wingless lifting body vehicles used in drop tests. The X-38 program was canceled in 2002 due to budget cuts.

text:
# NASA X-38

The **X-38** is an experimental re-entry vehicle designed by NASA to research a possible emergency crew return vehicle (CRV) for the International Space Station (ISS). The 1995–2002 program also developed concepts for a crew return vehicle design that could be modified for other uses, such as a possible joint U.S. and international human spacecraft that could be launched on the French Ariane 5 booster.

The program would eventually develop a total of three test prototype flight demonstrators for the proposed Crew Return Vehicle, each having incremental improvements on its predecessor. All three were wingless lifting body vehicles used in drop tests. The X-38 program was canceled in 2002 due to budget cuts.

## History

With crew being taken to the ISS by space shuttle, the maximum crew size for the ISS would be dependent on crew rescue capacity. Since it is imperative that the crew members be able to return to Earth in case of an unexpected emergency, a Crew Return Vehicle able to hold up to seven crew members was initially planned by the ISS program leadership. This would have allowed the full complement of seven astronauts to live and work on the ISS.

During the early years of ISS on-orbit construction, the crew was limited to three, corresponding to a single Russian Soyuz TMA vehicle that could be docked to the station at any given time. Later in May 2009 provisions were added for a total of two docked Soyuz vehicles simultaneously and the ISS crew was increased to 6 members. NASA has designed several crew return vehicles over the years with varying levels of detail.

A small, in-house development study of the X-38 concept first began at Johnson Space Center (JSC) in early 1995; however, several types of emergency scenarios were recognized by NASA as early as 1992 that drove the need for crew return from the International Space Station:

1. A serious illness or injury to a station astronaut
2. A fire or collision with space debris
3. Grounding of the space shuttle so that it could not deliver life-sustaining supplies.

In early 1996, a contract was awarded to Scaled Composites, Inc., of Mojave, Calif., for the construction of three full-scale atmospheric test airframes. The first vehicle airframe was delivered to JSC in September 1996.

## Development

In an unusual move for an X-plane, the program involved the European Space Agency and the German Space Agency DLR. It was originally called **X-35**. The program manager was John Muratore, while the Flight Test Engineer was future NASA astronaut Michael E. Fossum.

Rob Meyerson, who later went on to become President of Blue Origin, was an early member of the team.

The X-38 design used a wingless lifting body concept originally developed by the U.S. Air Force in the mid-1960s during the X-24 program. R. Dale Reed worked for NASA from 1955-2000 and is considered the Father of the Lifting Body Programs. He met with Muratore (1992-93) and shared his design of the X-24A that he used to present the concept of the X-38 to NASA (Wingless Flight, Chapter 9, pages 186-88).

The X-38 program used uncrewed mockups to test the CRV design. Flight models were indicated with the letter V for "Vehicle" followed by a number.

* X-38 V-131
* X-38 V-132
* X-38 V-131-R, which was the V-131 prototype reworked with a modified shell.
* X-38 V-201, which was an orbital prototype to be launched by the Space Shuttle.
* X-38 V-121, V-133 and V-301 were also foreseen, but were never built.

The X-38 V-131 and V-132 shared the aerodynamic shape of the X-24A. This shape had to be enlarged for the Crew Return Vehicle needs (crew of seven astronauts) and redesigned, especially in the rear part, which became thicker.

The X-38 V-131-R was designed at 80 percent of the size of a CRV \[24.5 ft long (7.5 m), 11.6 ft wide (3.5 m), 8.4 ft high (2.6 m)\], and featured the final redesigned shape (Two later versions, V-133 and V-201, were planned at 100 percent of the CRV size). The 80% scale versions were flown at 15,000 to 24,000 pound weight. The X-38 V-201 orbital prototype was 90 percent complete, but never flown.

In drop tests the V-131, V-132 and V-131-R were dropped by a B-52 from altitudes of up to 45,000 ft (13,700 m), gliding at near transonic speeds before deploying a drogue parachute to slow them to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). The later prototypes had their descent continue under a 7,500-square-foot (700 m2) parafoil wing, the largest ever made. Flight control was mostly autonomous, backed up by a ground-based pilot.

## Design

The X-38 was intended to be semi-permanently docked to the ISS. If the crew became sick or injured during the course of their mission, they would enter the rescue vehicle through a hatched docking mechanism. With execution of a short procedure, the crew return vehicles would automatically fly the crew members safely to Earth. Once undocked, the vehicle would be deorbited using a deorbital propulsion system (DPS). The eight-thruster DPS would adjust the spacecraft's attitude and retrofire to slow the X-38 down, allowing gravitational attraction to pull it back into Earth's atmosphere. A DPS module was developed by Aerojet and delivered to Johnson Space Center in 2002 for V-201.

Following the jettison of the DPS, the X-38 would have glided from orbit and used a steerable parafoil for its final descent and landing. The high speeds at which lifting body aircraft operate can make them challenging to land. The parafoil would have been used to slow the vehicle and make landing easier. The landing gear consisted of skids rather than wheels: the skids worked like sleds so the vehicle would have slid to a stop on the ground.

Both the shape and size of the X-38 were different from that of the Space Shuttle. The Crew Return Vehicle would have fitted into the payload bay of the shuttle. This does not, however, mean that it would have been small. The X-38 weighed 10,660 kg and was 9.1 meters long. The battery system, lasting nine hours, was to be used for power and life support. If the Crew Return Vehicle was needed, it would only take two to three hours for it to reach Earth.

The parafoil parachute, employed for landing, was derived from technology developed by the U.S. Army. This massive parafoil deploys in 5 stages for optimum performance. A drag chute would have been released from the rear of the X-38. This drag chute would have been used to stabilize and slow the vehicle down. The parafoil (area of 687 square meters) was then released. It would open in five steps (a process called staging). While the staging process only takes 45 seconds, it is important for a successful chute deployment. Staging prevents high-speed winds from tearing the parafoil.

The spacecraft's landing was to be completely automated. Mission Control would have sent coordinates to the onboard computer system. This system would also have used wind sensors and the Global Positioning System (a satellite-based coordinate system) to coordinate a safe trip home. Since the Crew Return Vehicle was designed with medical emergencies in mind, it made sense that the vehicle could find its way home automatically in the event that crew members were incapacitated or injured. If there was a need, the crew would have the capability to operate the vehicle by switching to the backup systems. In addition, seven high-altitude low-opening (HALO) parachute packs were included in the crew cabin, a measure designed to provide for the ability to bail out of the craft.

An Advanced Docking Berthing System (ADBS) was designed for the X-38 and the work on it led to the Low Impact Docking System the Johnson Space Center later created for the planned vehicles in Project Constellation.

The X-38 vehicle was also known as the X-35 (but that designation was already allocated by the USAF to Lockheed Martin's entry in the Joint Strike Fighter Program) and the X-CRV (experimental - Crew Return Vehicle).

## Cancellation

Severe cost overruns plagued the ISS program during its development and construction during the late 1990s and early 2000s. To bring costs under control the International Space Station Management and Cost Evaluation (IMCE) Task Force was created. The task force introduced a new concept known as "American Core Complete", whereby the U.S. would unilaterally reduce the previously agreed-upon American contributions to the ISS while retaining its role as the controlling member of the International partners. Core Complete (as opposed to the originally planned "Station Complete") deleted the American Habitation Module, the American CRV, and Node-3 from the ISS design without any negotiations with international partners. NASA Administrator, Sean O'Keefe, appointed by President George W. Bush, stated in December 2001 that he intended to adhere to the recommendations of the IMCE, including the implementation of Core Complete. The X-38 project cancellation was announced on April 29, 2002 as a cost-cutting measure in accordance with the IMCE's recommendations.

The Core Complete concept was roundly criticized by many experts at the time since a majority of development work on the X-38 had been completed. The prototype space vehicle was approximately 90% complete at the time it was cancelled.

## Legacy and vehicle redeployment

The X-38 V-132 is now on permanent loan from NASA to the Strategic Air and Space Museum at Ashland, Nebraska.

As of October 2015 the 90% complete X-38 V-201, having been moved out of Building 220 at Johnson Space Center, is now sitting outside Building 49 wrapped in construction webbing at Johnson Space Center.

As of January 2024, the X-38 V-131R is on loan from NASA to the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.

## Specifications

*Data from*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** Seven astronauts
* **Length:** 30 ft (9.1 m)
* **Wingspan:** 14 ft 6 in (4.42 m)
* **Height:** 7 ft 3 in (2.22 m)
* **Empty weight:** 23,500 lb (10,659 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 25,000 lb (11,340 kg)

**Related development**

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

## InfoBox

| X-38 | |
| --- | --- |
| X-38, Vehicle 132 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Crew Return Vehicle |
| Designer | NASA, ESA, DLR, Dassault Aviation |
| Built by | Scaled Composites (prototypes) |
| Status | Canceled 29 April 2002 |
| Primary users | NASA ESA |
| Number built | 2 atmospheric prototypes
1 orbital prototype (90 % complete) |
| History | |
| First flight | 1999 |
| Developed from | Martin-Marietta X-24 |


title: Philippine E. Von Overstolz

abstract: Philippine Espenschied Von Overstolz was a musician, linguist and artist.

text:
# Philippine E. Von Overstolz

**Philippine Espenschied Von Overstolz** (May 1, 1847 – September 6, 1925) was a musician, linguist and artist.

## Early life

Philippine Espenschied Von Overstolz was born on May 1, 1847, in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Louis Espenschied (1821-1887), a wagon-maker owner of Louis Espenschied Wagon Co., and Catherine Weber (1824-1887). She was of German-Spanish descent. Her father was one of the first settlers of St. Louis. Through the affluence of her highly-cultured parents she was enable to enjoy rare advantages of education and full development of the talent she possessed. In early childhood, she had a well-equipped art studio, and it was at the time the only private studio in St. Louis. At the age of eight years, she won medals and other premiums for pencil-drawings and several studies in oil, and she continued to win premiums offered to young artists until her thirteenth year, when a serious illness caused by the effects of oils prevented further paint work. She took up the study of vocal music. In instrumental music, she commanded a knowledge of harp, piano, organ, violin, mandolin and banjo, and her proficiency was marked. She had an aptitude for language, and in Germany she was pronounced an exceptional German scholar for one born and bred an American.

## Career

Her talent for modeling was evident, and without any instruction she achieved success. Busts of herself in bronze and marble were made by the distinguished sculptor, Frederick Ruckstull, and exhibited in the Paris Salon. Other were displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. In her husband, Henry Overstolz, Overstolz found help and encouragement in both art and literature. One of his legacies to her was a large library and a collection of paintings, valued at $100,000 ($100,000 in 1893 are $2,591,699.31 in 2017), which was widely exhibited in large fairs and expositions and requested for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893.

She was a patron of arts and helped young artists like William Merritt Chase, William Henry Howe, Wiemer, Tracey, George Chambers (son), Joseph Rusling Meeker, Frederick Ruckstull.

Later in life, Overstolz undertook the study of medicine as an additional provision for herself and live children against possible adversity and graduated from a western medical college.

## Personal life

In 1875 Philippine E. Von Overstolz married Henry Clemens Overstolz (1822-1887), a member of the oldest living German family in the world, and twice mayor of St. Louis. The Overstolz ancestry was direct from the Roman family named Superbus, and whose home, "The Tempel-Haus," on the banks of the Rhine, No. 43 Rhein-Strasse, Cologne, Germany, was retained by the royal rulers of Germany. They had six children, among whom: Charles Henry von Overstoltz (1880-1941), Ida von Overstoltz (1878-1961), Marie E. von Overstoltz, Catherine Philippine von Overstoltz, and Lucile Alice von Overstoltz Koeck (1876–1948).

In 1894 she remarried to Dr. Otto Edward Forster (1858-1920), a graduate of the Washington University Medical School in 1881. Forster was the son of Marquand Forster, a millionaire brewer. Despite being 11 years younger than her, Dr. Forster died in 1920, five years before his wife.

An anecdote says that she was the only young lady with whom President Ulysses Grant danced during his occupancy.

She died on September 6, 1925, and is buried with her first husband at Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, Missouri.

## InfoBox

| Philippine Espenschied Von Overstolz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1847-05-01)May 1, 1847<br>St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | September 6, 1925(1925-09-06) (aged 78) |