title: Star Wars (comic strip)

abstract: A Star Wars comic strip ran in both daily strips and Sunday strips, originally distributed between 1979 and 1984 by two American newspaper publishers, the Los Angeles Times Syndicate and Watertown Daily Times. The comics are set between the original Star Wars film and The Empire Strikes Back, with the exception of an adaptation of Brian Daley's Han Solo at Stars' End (1979). The first run, by Russ Manning, was primarily created before the release of The Empire Strikes Back, while Archie Goodwin and Al Williamson, in their storylines, worked with the benefit of having seen both films, in addition to Return of the Jedi in 1983. In 1991, Russ Cochran published a 2500-copy limited run of a three-volume hardcover boxset of all of Goodwin and Williamson's Star Wars comic strips from between 1981 and 1984. From 1992 to 1994, Dark Horse Comics collected colorized compilations of the newspaper strip in its Classic Star Wars series. Between 2017 and 2018, The Library of American Comics and IDW Publishing published a three-volume reprint series of the complete comic strip.

text:
# Star Wars (comic strip)

A ***Star Wars*** **comic strip** ran in both daily strips and Sunday strips, originally distributed between 1979 and 1984 by two American newspaper publishers, the *Los Angeles Times* Syndicate and *Watertown Daily Times*.

The comics are set between the original *Star Wars* film and *The Empire Strikes Back*, with the exception of an adaptation of Brian Daley's *Han Solo at Stars' End* (1979). The first run, by Russ Manning, was primarily created before the release of *The Empire Strikes Back*, while Archie Goodwin and Al Williamson, in their storylines, worked with the benefit of having seen both films, in addition to *Return of the Jedi* in 1983.

In 1991, Russ Cochran published a 2500-copy limited run of a three-volume hardcover boxset of all of Goodwin and Williamson's *Star Wars* comic strips from between 1981 and 1984. From 1992 to 1994, Dark Horse Comics collected colorized compilations of the newspaper strip in its *Classic Star Wars* series. Between 2017 and 2018, The Library of American Comics and IDW Publishing published a three-volume reprint series of the complete comic strip.

## Overview

In 1978, writer Archie Goodwin and artist Al Williamson proposed an adaptation of the original *Star Wars* film as a daily newspaper comic strip, producing 12 black-and-white samples, but the team ended up not being available to produce the full strip. By the next year, writer and artist Russ Manning was hired to produce both a daily and Sunday strip spun off from the film. These originally told separate stories, which according to Manning were largely made up as he went along. After six months, he was replaced as writer, reportedly because newspapers wanted a story that was "more like a comic book". Subsequently, the daily and Sunday strips no longer told separate stories. Manning left the strip in mid-1980 due to his declining health; he died due to cancer the next year. A new artist, Alfredo Alcala, replaced him for a brief run, working with writer Archie Goodwin on an adaptation of Brian Daley's 1979 novel *Han Solo at Stars' End*. Goodwin would subsequently work on the strip with artist Al Williamson until 1984, when the series ended. According to Goodwin, he and Williamson decided to keep their strip set between the first two *Star Wars* films "Because of the cliffhanger elements in *The Empire Strikes Back*." The strip has 27 storylines in total.

The Sunday page also includes topper panels called *Star Wars Scrapbook*, featuring illustrations of various elements from the franchise; this ran from May 24 to December 27, 1981, and includes early versions of elements which did not make it into the films.

## Story arcs

### *Gambler's World*

(Daily, March 12 – Sept 8, 1979)

Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 travel to a casino world, where they hope a Rebel Alliance contact will help them cut off the Galactic Empire's funneling of gambling profits. The heroes are stalked by Blackhole, a mysterious ally of Darth Vader. While Luke meets the Rebel contact, the droids run into trouble with local thieves, who eventually kidnap Leia and try to ransom her. Blackhole captures one of the thieves for information on the Rebels. Luke frees him, and becoming more sympathetic, the former gangster helps the Rebels escape as Blackhole attacks the den of thieves.

### *The Constancia Affair*

(Sunday, March 11 – July 8, 1979)

C-3PO and R2-D2 are left stranded in space after a Star Destroyer destroys their ship. They are rescued by Han Solo and Chewbacca in the *Millennium Falcon*, while they were taking a girl named Gyla for a pleasure cruise. Avoiding an Imperial entanglement, they enter the ice ring of Constancia, the planet the droids were headed to. Most of the TIE fighters smash into chunks of ice, and the *Falcon* lands at a secret base, where Luke greets them. He has agreed to help protect the planet's inhabitants, who have been persecuted by the Empire because of their telepathic abilities. Han and another freedom fighter board a lifepod and allow themselves to be captured by a medium-sized Imperial fighter. They overtake its crew and help Luke and Chewie (aboard the *Falcon*) destroy the other fighters.

### *The Kashyyyk Depths*

(Sunday, July 15 – Sept 9, 1979)

In a story set before the events of the previous tale, C-3PO and R2-D2 accompany Han and Chewie to Kashyyyk, the Wookiee home planet, to help prepare for Life Day. The holiday may be canceled when a Wookiee elder forbids the collecting of a root normally used to guide their spiritual journey to the Life Tree, because of particular dangers. Han breaks up a fight between Chewie and the elder, proposing that he, Chewbacca, and the droids personally go to the planet's lower levels to collect the root. Here, they encounter Imperial troops sawing through the sentient vegetation, accompanied by some scientists. The plants lash out against the humans, killing the Imperials and all but one scientist, Gyla. Chewbacca calms the plants down and collects the roots he needs, and the group returns to the celebratory village.

### *Tatooine Sojourn*

(Sept 10 – Nov 5, 1979)

A lifepod containing squills, creatures carrying a deadly bacteria, lands on Tatooine and infects some Jawas. The Rebellion sends Luke to investigate, along with C-3PO and R2-D2. As he approaches the planet, he receives a transmission instructing him to go to the Mos Eisley cantina. There, a female humanoid named Anduvil saves him from one of Jabba the Hutt's henchmen. Anduvil tells Luke that other planets have been subject to similar biological attacks. Hiding in the former home of Obi-Wan Kenobi, the group is attacked by Tusken Raiders. The Sand People destroy their landspeeder before Luke can defeat them. They take their banthas to a sandcrawler, the occupants of which have been wiped out by the virus. Luke is bitten by a squill, and stormtroopers capture both him and Anduvil. The Imperials take a readout of Luke's eyes, which appear to reveal a star map. Anduvil vaporizes the stormtroopers and forces the scientist to give Luke the viral antidote. Meanwhile, the droids crash the sandcrawler through the gate of the Imperial base. Anduvil sabotages a TIE fighter engine to demolish the entire base as the small band of rebels escapes.

### *Princess Leia, Imperial Servant*

(Nov 6 – Dec 31, 1979)

When Princess Leia's ship is about to be captured by Darth Vader's Star Destroyer, she is forced to use a small craft to escape to the planet below. The planet is the site of an Imperial mining colony overseen by Grand Moff Tarkin's widow. The colony slaves must wear special boots to prevent detonating the moss which explodes under pressure or above a certain temperature. Lady Tarkin soon spots Leia and forces her to work as a servant, especially because Imperial dignitaries will soon be visiting the colony for a diplomatic event. Leia overhears some workers discussing their stolen moss and plans to escape. She sends a message to their pilot accomplice using Tarkin's transmitter in exchange for letting her escape with them. The Imperial dignitaries arrive, including Lord Vader, but Leia manages to escape her duties. She and the thieves blow up their moss booty in order to defeat stormtroopers in pursuit. Their timely transport arrives in the form of Han, Chewbacca, and the *Falcon*.

### *The Second Kessel Run*

(Jan 1 – Feb 25, 1980)

A scientist from Kessel has just finished building an ionic-powered ship capable of changing the weather, which he hopes to use to make less hospitable worlds paradises. Imperials soon arrive and capture the scientist and his daughter, Mira. They force the scientist to use his invention as a weapon against Rebel worlds, using his daughter as collateral. However, she escapes at a spaceport and stows away aboard the *Millennium Falcon*. Han and Chewie, who have some spice to deliver to Kessel for Jabba the Hutt, first stop at a small Rebel base to check in on Luke. The droids go aboard the *Falcon* and discover Mira, who presents her dilemma. She convinces Luke that if they can let her father know she is safe, he will stop using the device to destroy worlds. The group flies to a planet recently affected by unpredictably bad weather, and learn that Kessel is the Empire's next target. They race there, and Mira uses an untested image-transmitting device to contact her father. Han and Luke take the *Falcon* to the superweapon above, and are able to overpower stormtroopers to reach Mira's father. The scientist sets the weapon to self-destruct, and they escape in the *Falcon*.

### *Bring Me the Children*

(Feb 26 – April 21, 1980)

While Luke is delivering some pre-Imperial literature to a school, the Empire kidnaps a class of kids, except for the teacher's son, Berd, who manages to escape. In space, Darth Vader instructs his officers to transmit a galaxy-wide message that he intends to kill the teacher—in order to lure Rebels. Luke, Leia, and Berd look for Han, hoping he can help. When they find him, he is in the middle of a bar fight. The participants of the brawl pay attention to Berd's plea and are slowly convinced to help. Berd presents his plan to use drones altered to look like bigger ships, drawing the Empire's forces while Han's cohorts sneak to the surface to liberate the prisoners. Luke, Han and Chewie make a surprise attack on a fleet of grounded TIE fighters. The executioners prepare to kill the hostages, but are stopped by Luke and Han. The two realize they are surrounded by stormtroopers, but the smuggler's buddies show up in time to save them.

### *As Long As We Live*

(April 22 – June 16, 1980)

On an industrial world, Luke, and a couple of fighter pilots inform some local engineers that they have compromised the Alliance's weapons systems by letting a targeting component fall into the Empire's hands. Princess Leia is also on the planet to give a speech, hoping to turn up information about the compromised weapons. Hearing of this, the traitorous Mag Doum, who is responsible for selling the parts in question to the Empire, forces two of the engineers (a father and son) to kidnap the princess. Luke pursues, and is led by the father, Kiros, to his son, Zon, and Leia. Zon is attacked by a cave monster, and he leaves behind a fragment of blood-soaked clothing, leading Kiros to think he has perished. Luke, Han, and Chewie reconvene and pick up Leia, who is able to give her speech. She reveals Doum as being responsible for her kidnapping, prompting him to take flight. Doum contacts Vader with the location of the Rebels, and Luke arranges for a device to be used to affect both Rebel and Imperial targeting systems. The Rebels, aware of this, will know to compensate their aim. Luke leads a small group of X-wing pilots, including Zon, to defend themselves. Kiros, who has snuck aboard Doum's ship, takes power of the vessel and takes it for a suicide run against Vader's Star Destroyer. Zon flies alongside him, trying to convince him that the Rebels already have the upper hand, but is shot by a TIE fighter. Both father and son plunge into the Destroyer, forcing the Imperials to retreat.

### *The Frozen World of Ota*

(June 17 – Aug 10, 1980)

Luke disables a TIE fighter above an ice planet and pursues it to the surface. Its pilot, a man in Mandalorian armor, opens fire on Luke. Elsewhere on the planet, R2-D2 provides Han, Chewie, and Leia with Luke's location. Luke and the mystery man are captured by natives, who ask for help restoring power to their city. The armored man overloads the generator so he and Luke can escape. Han finds Luke's footprints and follows them to a snow-snake which has recently attacked his friend. The natives capture Han and bring him to their city, where Han learns that they have seen Luke. The Mandalorian-armored man reveals himself to be bounty hunter Boba Fett, and he fights the natives in an attempt to capture Han. Luke and Han fight the bounty hunter, while Fett also fights the natives. The off-worlders notice a strange glow in part of the city, and Fett reasons that this is the location of his main bounty, a man called Mole that Vader wants captured. When Han and Fett arrive, they find that Mole has recently rescued Chewbacca from an avalanche. Mole uses a control panel to knock out his unwanted guests with gas. Leia rejoins her friends, and Mole enables a magnetic charge to pin Fett to a wall, using his armor against him.

### *Planet of Kadril*

(Aug 11 – Oct 5, 1980)

The Rebels are working on a trade deal with a lizard-like species when Vader arrives, using a novel knock-out gas weapon against the creatures to force them to give up their natural rock, which protects against the gas. The natives wear cloaks doused with the rock's dust to protect themselves, and use a vibrating crystal to destroy the breathing filters of the Imperials.

### *Han Solo at Stars' End*

(Oct 6, 1980 – Feb 8, 1981)

Some years before the events of the original *Star Wars* film, Han helps the daughter of the missing Doc, an outlaw technician, in exchange for repairs to the *Falcon*. Han and Chewie escort a droid named Bollux to an agricultural planet, where they meet other members of the outlaw group. Blue Max, a small droid lodged within Bollux's abdomen, hacks the location of the Empire-aligned Corporate Authority's prisoners. A traitor in the outlaw group causes Chewbacca's capture and kills the only person who Blue Max shared the prison location with before its erasure, but not before he scrawls this information out. Seeing this, Han uses a canary trap to reveal the traitor, then shoots him in self-defense. The *Falcon* flies to "Stars' End", where the group infiltrates the prison facility by pretending to be entertainers. Han and Blue Max go to a tech station to find Chewbacca and Doc. Han instructs the droid to set off charges within the station, which unexpectedly launches it high into the atmosphere with most of the group aboard, as well as their enemies. The remaining two members of the group arrive in the *Falcon* to rescue their friends.

### *The Bounty Hunter of Ord Mantell*

(Feb 9 – April 19, 1981)

While the Rebel Alliance is still stationed on Yavin 4, Luke and Leia are scouting a planet as a potential new base. After an Imperial scout walker destroys their ship, Han and Chewbacca arrive in the *Falcon* just in time to save them. While evading Imperials escaping the planet, the *Falcon* has to perform a taxing maneuver, forcing them to land for repairs on Ord Mantell. There, Leia is captured by bounty hunter Skorr. Luke goes to help her, but is overpowered. Skorr's men use the Rebels as leverage to force Han to surrender himself. Han arrives in a skyhopper, plausibly to exchange himself for his friends, keeping the *Falcon* running to make it appear that Chewie will come save him. Chewie arrives, but in a cargo flyer, using its tractor beam to rescue the Rebel trio. Skorr uses a homing beacon to track the Rebels, but by the time they realize this, an Imperial fleet has closed in on them. The Rebels plant the homing beacon on an escape pod and send it towards the Imperials, leading Skorr to be captured, and the *Falcon* free to return to Yavin 4.

### *Darth Vader Strikes*

(April 20 – July 26, 1981)

Luke, envious of Leia's apparent interest in Han, accepts a dangerous mission. Acting on a tip from an apparently sympathetic Imperial officer, he goes undercover as a droid mechanic on Darth Vader's new construction project, a Super Star Destroyer. The officer arranges for a group of treasonous Imperial saboteurs to meet Luke underground, where Vader plans to capture the traitors. With help from supply tug operator Tanith Shire, who immediately lusts after Luke, R2-D2 releases steam to cover his master's escape. Luke and the droids follow Tanith to a drone barge, which they use to escape Vader's grasp.

### *The Serpent Masters*

(July 27 – Nov 1, 1981)

Tanith reveals that she has stolen several drone barges by sending them crashing to the planet they are headed for. On the surface, the flying-serpent-riding scavengers of the incoming cargo capture the droids and take Tanith and Luke to work in an underground mine, where Tanith's people have long been enslaved. Luke uses his lightsaber to climb to the level where the droids are about to be dismantled, and learns from them that the serpent masters use a high-pitched noise to control the beasts. R2-D2 is able to emit such a signal so Luke can ride one of the creatures and battle the supreme leader. This results in the defeat of the tyrants, and the liberated slaves are able to use the serpents to escape.

### *Deadly Reunion*

(Nov 2, 1981 – Jan 1, 1982)

Luke, Tanith, and the droids take a short-range vessel to a nearby planet to rendezvous with Leia, who is due to be picked up in the *Falcon*. The Empire also arrives, forcing a mass evacuation. Tanith departs in her ship, while Luke stays to rejoin Leia. Han arrives, and a chase from TIE bombers leads the group to hide amid a mass of derelict ships, while R2-D2 repairs the hyperdrive. They soon learn that an Imperial scientist, doomed from radiation exposure after a Rebel attack on his facility, has been ensnaring others to join him in death. He has done this by initiating the collapse of a dwarf star, forming a powerful gravity well. Han and Luke manage to commandeer the bomb arsenal that the scientist used to create his trap. Using the blast to boost the *Falcon* into hyperdrive (and disintegrate the ship graveyard in the process), the Rebels manage to escape once again.

### *Traitor's Gambit*

(Jan 2 – March 7, 1982)

Yavin 4 is under Imperial attack, so Leia recommends Han take them to a water world where she has a contact sympathetic to the Rebellion. Upon their arrival, Han voices his distrust in the contact, Silver Fyre, whom he knows to be a distrustful pirate. Fyre's second in command, Kraaken, overhears Han and Luke discussing secret Rebel intel stored in the droids. Fyre invites Han and Luke to an underwater hunt, during which Luke is stunned, leaving him prey to a sea monster; Han and Chewbacca swim to save him. They discover that Kraaken arranged the scenario so he could retrieve the data from the droids, but Leia catches him in the act.

### *The Night Beast*

(March 8 – May 16, 1982)

The Rebels return to Yavin with Fyre's forces as reinforcements. A TIE bomber crash awakens a dormant monster in the Massassi ruins. Luke investigates its origin, discovering the temple's original inhabitants left the creature in a stasis chamber to protect their planet when they were forced to leave the galaxy during an ancient war. Luke suspects the creature may be Force-sensitive and eventually succeeds in calming it long enough to lead it onto a transport ship programmed to follow its masters across the stars.

### *The Return of Ben Kenobi*

(May 17 – July 25, 1982)

Luke goes to investigate a Rebel weapons smuggler's report that Ben Kenobi is among the living. This turns out to be an imposter hired by Vader to lure Luke into a trap. However, the actor sympathizes with Luke and foils the dark lord's plot, allowing Skywalker to escape.

### *The Power Gem*

(July 26 – Oct 3, 1982)

Han and Chewie investigate the possibility of retrieving an ancient power gem to penetrate the *Executor*'s magnetic shields. One of them is required to take part in a gladiator-style battle to win the gem from its owner, Raskar. Han instructs Chewie to provoke an unscheduled fight with the champion on the training grounds, while he steals the gem. He reveals to his captors that he knows the gem is diminishing in power, convincing them to award it to Chewie in exchange for the duo's silence.

### *Iceworld*

(Oct 4 – Nov 13, 1982)

Luke and C-3PO evade a group of TIE fighters by hiding their ship in the slipstream of a comet's tail, but are unable to pull free before crashing into an ice planet. A woman riding a tauntaun finds them. Her father, a former Imperial governor in hiding, thinks it best to eliminate any possible leaks as to their location, but Luke locks him up. Luke and the woman go to salvage the communicator from his ship, but the governor attacks them, fatally wounding his daughter. Luke kills the governor in self-defense and discovers that he is more machine than man. The dying girl reveals that they were only robotic replicants, constructed to allow their human counterparts to go into hiding—a plan which not account for the droids deciding to go into hiding as well.

### *It's a Trap*

(Nov 14, 1982 – Jan 23, 1983)

Leia and Han pick up Luke on Hoth, which the Rebels agree would be a good place to hide from the Empire. Now that Vader's Super Star Destroyer, the *Executor*, is fully operational, they will need help from their new allies, the Mon Calamari, to relocate their base. They find wreckage at the rendezvous point, but deduce that Admiral Ackbar and his men took escape pods to a nearby boggy planet—where Imperials are also searching for them. Upon landing, the *Falcon* is dragged underwater by giant worms. Han and Luke meet the Imperial search party in battle, and when they return to the others, Ackbar positions the group at a strategic location on the far side of the lake. As the Imperial ships cross the murky waters, the worms abandon the *Falcon* for their new prey, allowing Mon Calamari divers to return Han's ship to the surface.

### *Doom Mission*

(Jan 24 – April 17, 1983)

The *Falcon* jumps to a debris field which was recently the site of a battle between the Rebels and the *Executor*. Luke notices a Rebel scout ship jump to hyperspace. When they return to Yavin, General Dodonna's son, Vrad, returns in the ship Luke saw—allegedly after taking damage while battling the *Executor*. Luke suspects that Vrad avoided the battle and faked the damage to his ship. Luke and Vrad both volunteer to put the power gem to use against the *Executor*. After Luke confronts Vrad with his suspicions, Vrad abandons Luke on a small planet, stating his intent to flee the Rebellion. Sensing Luke through the Force, Vader approaches in the *Executor*. Han picks up Luke in the *Falcon*, having shared Luke's suspicions of Vrad. The general's son then attacks Vader's flagship, but is destroyed against its shields. This diversion allows the *Falcon* to temporarily cripple Vader's ship so the Rebels can evacuate Yavin.

### *Race for Survival*

(April 18 – July 10, 1983)

Dodonna promotes Luke to commander, and stays behind on Yavin—sacrificing himself—while the Rebel fleet escapes. The Imperials surmise that the Rebels will escape through a weak point in their blockade, and set a trap for them. Luke scouts ahead, sees the waiting Imperials, and warns the others, but his X-wing is wrecked by TIE fighters. Han scouts an alternate path which seems hopeless because it passes through the stellar flares of an unstable star; he rescues Luke and they learn that Leia is leading the fleeting in their direction. Luke uses the Force to sense when the stellar flares are coming, but this allows Vader to sense his location. An ambitious admiral accidentally pilots three Star Destroyers directly into the *Executor*'s shields, allowing the Rebel fleet to escape.

### *The Paradise Detour*

(July 11 – Oct 2, 1983)

With its navigational systems damaged, the *Falcon* is forced to land on a nearby planet to make repairs. The surface of the planet is tropical, and Luke follows a woman who seems to be Tanith Shire. He rescues her from a monstrous plant before realizing that she is another woman altogether. He encounters more illusions and realizes that the woman is actually an ancient witch. Luke lets her drain her energy by making various attacks.

### *A New Beginning*

(Oct 3 – Dec 25, 1983)

The *Falcon*'s arrival on Hoth alerts a mysterious ship; Han and Luke are sent to investigate. The ship captures the *Falcon* in a tractor beam, and is revealed to be crewed by pirates led by Han's acquaintance Raskar, who hopes to collect Jabba the Hutt's bounty on Han. Luke suggests that Han pretend he still has the reward money from Leia, but Raskar believes he has it stored on Hoth. Han pilots them down in the *Falcon* and crash-lands in a ravine. Luke then says the treasure is hidden in a cavern, in which they discover lumni-spice, a naturally occurring treasure which Raskar thinks is the collateral they were looking for. A dragon-slug attacks them, but Luke is able to slay it with his lightsaber. Happy to have the valuable spice, Raskar helps Han get the *Falcon* out of the ravine.

### *Showdown*

(Dec 26, 1983 – Feb 5, 1984)

Bounty hunters, including Dengar, Bossk, and Skorr, are waiting aboard Raskar's ship, all working for Boba Fett to collect Jabba's bounty on Han. The hunters take the pirates' ship, with the *Falcon* in its hold, to Ord Mantell to meet Fett. There, Vader meets with Fett, who suggests that he capture Han and use him to lure Luke to Vader. The bounty hunters let the pirates go, but lock them in their hold. Luke, Han, and Chewie break free, but find Skorr waiting to kill them in an act of revenge. Together, Luke and Han are able to defeat him. Raskar, an excellent lockpick, returns to create a diversion for his friends to escape.

### *The Final Trap*

(Feb 6 – March 11, 1984)

While headed back to Hoth, Luke and Han learn that C-3PO and R2-D2 are in distress on another planet. The droids are attacked by a specialized Imperial probe droid. Vader uses a cybernetic Force-empowered device to attack Luke through the probe droid. Han blasts it, freeing Luke, and Vader orders more probes to continue the search for his Rebel prey.

## Collections

In 1991, Russ Cochran published a 2,500-copy limited run of a three-volume hardcover boxset of all of Goodwin and Williamson's *Star Wars* comic strips from 1981 to 1984, signed by both creators and featuring new cover illustrations by the latter. An introduction by Goodwin is included.

Comics from this series were collected twice by Dark Horse Comics. The first collection was released between 1992 and 1994 with the title *Classic Star Wars*. It collected the later years of the strip done by Goodwin and Williamson, excluding the Sunday strips, and it colored the black-and-white daily strips and rearranged them to fit the comic book format. In 1994, Manning's strip was released as *Classic Star Wars: The Early Adventures*, including both daily and Sunday comics, with the exception of two storylines. One of the excluded storylines was later collected in a one-shot comic book, exclusive to Kay-Bee Toys. In 2017 and 2019, most of these were collected in two trade paperback volumes under the title *Marvel Epic Collection:* *Star Wars – The Newspaper Strips*.

In early 2017, a collection series by The Library of American Comics was announced. IDW Publishing President and COO Greg Goldstein stated that this collection would be the first fully complete version of the strip, including all strips in chronological order and with the title headers for all Sunday strips and bonus panels, material which usually had been discarded in the previous collections from other publishers. These were released in three volumes as *Star Wars: The Complete Classic Newspaper Comics*. Each volume contains approximately 600 strips. The daily strips are reproduced in full original newspaper sizing, arranged three to a page; the full-page Sunday strips are arranged one per page with restored color. All the strips have annotated first publication dates. The collection presents the storylines in chronological order. All three volumes are prefaced by an essay by Rich Handley; the first volume also includes an essay about Russ Manning by Henry G. Franke III. The first volume was released in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of the original *Star Wars* film in May 2017, and the third entry was released in September 2018. That year, the first volume was nominated for an Eisner Award in the category "Best Archival Collection/Project—Strips". In 2019, the third volume won the Eisner Award in the same category. The book series is published under license and in cooperation with Marvel Comics and Lucasfilm. Each volume had the MSRP set at $49.99 at release.

*Star Wars: The Complete Classic Newspaper Comics*
| Volume | Release date | Title | Period | **Page count** | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | May 9, 2017 | *Star Wars: The Complete Classic Newspaper Comics – Vol. 1* | 1979–1980 | 260 | 978-1-63140-872-4 |
| 2 | March 13, 2018 | *Star Wars: The Complete Classic Newspaper Comics – Vol. 2* | 1980–1982 | 295 | 978-1-68405-053-6 |
| 3 | September 18, 2018 | *Star Wars: The Complete Classic Newspaper Comics – Vol. 3* | 1982–1984 | 272 | 978-1-68405-329-2 |
|

## Legacy

Williamson's depiction of an Imperial scout walker in *The Bounty Hunter of Ord Mantell* was based on concept art by Joe Johnston for *The Empire Strikes Back*. This design was later reused in issues of Marvel's *Star Wars* (c. 1982) and the first story arc of Dark Horse's *X-wing Rogue Squadron* (c. 1995, drawn by Williamson's assistant Allen Nunis). It was later distinguished as an All Terrain Advance Raider, a variant of the All Terrain Scout Transport (AT-ST).

Admiral Ackbar made his debut in the comic before his film appearance in *Return of the Jedi* (1983). The story arc was incorrectly thought by some to be titled *Revenge of the Jedi* due to an image featuring Ackbar promoting the film using its working title. The story was called *It's a Trap* in the 2018 collection after the character's famous line from the film.

Many other elements have been referenced in later works, including *Star Wars* reference books:

* *The Constancia Affair* asserts that C-3PO was activated hundreds of years before the events of the original film on the planet Affa. *A Guide to the Star Wars Universe* (1994) affirms Affa as the droid's planet of origin.
* The Night Beast's origins as a Massassi warrior are explored in *Tales of the Jedi: The Sith War* (1995–96).
* Characters revealed to be robotic replicants in *Iceworld* appear in person in Ryder Windham's comic *Shadow Stalker* (1997), a spin-off from the 1996 *Shadows of the Empire* multimedia project, and which was published by Dark Horse. *Shadow Stalker* also mentions the froglike Chubbit species from the comic strip.
* Blackhole's black-armored stormtroopers return in the Dark Horse comic *Crimson Empire* (1997–98), and were made into an action figure by Hasbro.
* Two Imperial officers from the comic were featured in the 1998 video game *Star Wars: Rebellion*.
* Tanith Shire is referenced in the *New Jedi Order* novel *Agents of Chaos I: Hero's Trial* (2000) by James Luceno and Windham's young-adult novel *The Life of Luke Skywalker* (2009). The latter also features the witch who impersonated Shire in *The Paradise Detour*.
* The gang from *Gambler's World* appears in Jude Watson's *Jedi Apprentice: The Threat Within* (2002).
* Skorr appears in Scholastic's *Star Wars: Adventures #6 – The Warlords of Balmorra* (2003) by Ryder Windham.
* An Imperial space station featured in *Darth Vader Strikes* and *Race for Survival* appears in the Clone Wars novel *Yoda: Dark Rendezvous* (2004)
* The boggy planet from *It's a Trap* appears in the *Star Wars: Legacy* comic book series (2006–2010).
* Ryder Windham's young-adult novel *A New Hope: The Life of Luke Skywalker* (2009) features Chubbits.
* Chubbits again appear in the Dark Horse comic series *Star Wars: Dark Times* (2009), when they were redesigned somewhat by Doug Wheatley, who added a round membrane behind the eye.

In April 2014, the entire *Star Wars* Expanded Universe was declared non-canon by Disney and rebranded as 'Legends'. The canon live-action streaming television series *The Mandalorian* features a froglike species similar to Chubbits, including aspects of Wheatley's redesign.

**Footnotes**

**Citations**

1. Goodwin 2018b, p. 13.
2. Goodwin 2018, pp. 5, 8–11.
3. Kit, Borys (February 12, 2018). "First Look: 'Star Wars' Newspaper Strips Collected". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
4. Manning 2017, p. 6.
5. Manning 2017, pp. 12, 16–17.
6. Manning 2017, p. 13.
7. McCaw, Derek (April 19, 2017). "IDW Presents 'Star Wars The Classic Newspaper Comics'". *FanboyPlanet.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
8. Trate, Robert (April 19, 2017). "Star Wars: The Classic Newspaper Comics, Vol. 1 – Coming from IDW Publishing". *Sci-FiMoviePage.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
9. Manning 2017, pp. 14–15.
10. Greenberger, Robert. "For Your Consideration: IDW's Star Wars: The Classic Newspaper Comics". *WestfieldComics.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
11. Goodwin 2018b, p. 6.
12. Goodwin 2018b, p. 9.
13. Holtz, Allan (2012). *American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide*. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 366. ISBN 978-0472117567.
14. Goodwin 2018b, pp. 4, 8, 9.
15. Manning 2017, p. 19.
16. Manning 2017, p. 14.
17. Baker, Chris (June 29, 2017). "Celebrating Star Wars #22". *Marvel Entertainment*. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
18. Hansen, John (September 23, 2013). "'Star Wars' flashback: 'Classic Star Wars' Issues 1–7 (Goodwin/Williamson newspaper strips, 1981-82) (Comic book reviews)". *Cold Bananas Movie & TV Reviews*. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
19. Hansen, John (March 26, 2015). "'Star Wars' flashback: 'Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell' (1983) (Audio drama review)". *Cold Bananas Movie & TV Reviews*. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
20. "Ord Mantell". *StarWars.com*. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
21. Rickard, Ron (December 27, 2017). "Star Wars Comic Collector: Classic Star Wars #20 (12 Days of Bounty Hunter Covers)". *Star Wars Comic Collector*. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
22. Goodwin, Archie (1994). Cooper, Bob (ed.). *Classic Star Wars: Volume One – In Deadly Pursuit*. Williamson, Al (1st ed.). Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse Comics. pp. i, 192. ISBN 1-56971-017-1. OCLC 31326940.
23. "Star Wars Newspaper HC (1991 Russ Cochran) comic books". *mycomicshop.com*. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
24. Wise, Philip. "Jedi Journals Comics". *Rebelscum.com*. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
25. Bulluck, Vic (1997) \[1980\]. *The Art of The Empire Strikes Back*. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-345-41088-7.
26. Greene, Jamie (February 9, 2018). "Star Wars: The Classic Newspaper Comics Vol. 1". *TheRoarbots.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
27. "Star Wars Legends Epic Collection: The Newspaper Strips Vol. 1 (Trade Paperback)". *Marvel Entertainment*. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
28. "Star Wars Legends Epic Collection: The Newspaper Strips Vol. 2 (Trade Paperback)". *Marvel Entertainment*. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
29. Joseph, Eric (April 19, 2017). "IDW Announces Star Wars: The Classic Newspaper Comics, Vol. 1". *WeGotThisCovered.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
30. VanderPloeg, Scott (December 20, 2018). "Review – Star Wars The Classic Newspaper Comics Vol 2". *ComicBookDaily.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
31. VanderPloeg, Scott (June 12, 2017). "Review – Star Wars: The Complete Classic Newspaper Comics Vol 1". *Comic Book Daily*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
32. Spry, Jeff (April 19, 2017). "IDW to release deluxe edition of vintage Star Wars newspaper strips". *Syfy.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
33. Blackout, Ian (March 1, 2018). "Star Wars: The Classic Newspaper Comics Vol. 2 – Book Review". *Set The Tape*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
34. Goodwin 2018b, inside cover.
35. Brittany, Michele (May 16, 2017). "Fanbase Press – 'Star Wars: The Classic Newspaper Comics Volume I' – Hardcover Book Review". *FanbasePress.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
36. Goodwin 2018, p. 3.
37. Miller, Gordon S. (December 10, 2018). "Book Review: Star Wars: The Complete Classic Newspaper Comics, Vol. 3". *CinemaSentries.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
38. Miller, Gordon S. (May 26, 2017). "Book Review: Star Wars: The Complete Classic Newspaper Comics, Vol. 1". *CinemaSentries.com*. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
39. "Newsarama | GamesRadar+". *www.newsarama.com*. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
40. Polo, Susana (July 20, 2019). "Here are all the Eisner-winning comics and creators of 2019". *Polygon*. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
41. Luceno, James (2004). *Inside the Worlds of Star Wars Trilogy*. Chasemore, Richard., Jenssen, Hans (1st American ed.). New York: Lucas Books/DK. ISBN 0-7566-0307-2. OCLC 57652567.
42. Goodwin 2018b, pp. 7, 60, 61.
43. Sansweet, Stephen J. (1998). *Star Wars Encyclopedia* (1st ed.). New York: Ballantine. p. xix. ISBN 0-345-40227-8. OCLC 36960986.
44. Hansen, John (October 26, 2014). "'Star Wars' flashback: 'The Constancia Affair,' 'The Kashyyyk Depths,' 'Planet of Kadril' and unpublished newspaper strips (1979-80) (Comic book reviews)". *Cold Bananas Movie & TV Reviews*. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
45. Slavicsek, Bill (1994). *A Guide to the Star Wars Universe* (2nd ed.). Del Rey. p. xviii. ISBN 0-345-38625-6.
46. Goodwin 2018b, p. 5.
47. Goodwin 2018b, pp. 4–5.
48. Goodwin 2018, p. 7.
49. Harrison, Mick (2009). *Star Wars: Dark Times #0 – Blue Harvest*. Milwaukee, OR: Dark Horse Comics.
50. "The Legendary *Star Wars Expanded Universe* Turns a New Page". *StarWars.com*. April 25, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
51. Raymond, Nicholas (November 9, 2020). "What Is Frog Lady? The Mandalorian Season 2's New Alien Explained". *Screen Rant*. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

### Sources

## InfoBox

| *Star Wars* | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of IDW Publishing's first volume | |
| Publication information | |
| Format | Newspaper |
| Genre | Science fiction<br>Space opera |
| Creative team | |
| Written by | Russ Manning (1979)<br>Steve Gerber (1979)<br>Don R. Christensen (1980)<br>Archie Goodwin (as Russ Helm) (1979–1980)<br>Archie Goodwin (1980–1984) |
| Artist(s) | Russ Manning (1979–1980)<br>Alfredo Alcala (1980–1981)<br>Rick Hoberg (1980)<br>Dave Stevens (1980)<br>Al Williamson (1981–1984)<br><br>assisting drawers:<br>Alden McWilliams (1981–1982)<br>Carlos Garzon (1981–1982)<br>Brent Anderson (1983)<br>Tom Yeates (1983) |
| Editor(s) | Dean Mullaney |


title: The Scent of Rain and Lightning

abstract: The Scent of Rain and Lightning is a 2017 American drama film directed by Blake Robbins and written by Jeff Robison and Casey Twenter, based on the novel of the same name by Nancy Pickard. The film stars an ensemble cast that includes Maika Monroe, Maggie Grace, Justin Chatwin, Mark Webber, Logan Miller, Will Patton, and Brad Carter. The film had its world premiere at the Atlanta Film Festival on March 25, 2017, and had a limited release on February 16, 2018. It received positive reviews from critics.

text:
# The Scent of Rain and Lightning

***The Scent of Rain and Lightning*** is a 2017 American drama film directed by Blake Robbins and written by Jeff Robison and Casey Twenter, based on the novel of the same name by Nancy Pickard. The film stars an ensemble cast that includes Maika Monroe, Maggie Grace, Justin Chatwin, Mark Webber, Logan Miller, Will Patton, and Brad Carter.

The film had its world premiere at the Atlanta Film Festival on March 25, 2017, and had a limited release on February 16, 2018. It received positive reviews from critics.

## Plot

When a young woman learns her parents' killer has been released from jail, she is forced to revisit old wounds while discovering the destructive power of hate and the true cost of family secrets fully revealing themselves.

## Cast

## Production

On July 23, 2015, it was announced that Nancy Pickard's novel *The Scent of Rain and Lightning* was being adapted into a film, which Blake Robbins would direct, Maggie Grace, Maika Monroe and Brad Carter leading the cast. Casey Twenter, Jeff Robison, and Jeff Johnson would produce the film through No Coast Entertainment, along with Kevin Waller through Gerson Productions and Michael Davis and Grace. On November 5, 2015, it was announced Justin Chatwin, Mark Webber, Logan Miller, Aaron Poole, Will Patton and Bonnie Bedelia had joined the cast.

### Filming

Principal photography on the film began on October 27, 2015, in Oklahoma, and concluded on November 21, 2015, with a total of 21 days of shooting.

## Release

The film had its world premiere at the Atlanta Film Festival on March 25, 2017. Shortly after, SP Releasing acquired distribution rights to the film and set it for a February 16, 2018, release.

## Reception

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100%, based on 8 reviews, and an average rating of 7.6/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, indicating "generally positive reviews".

## InfoBox

| The Scent of Rain and Lightning | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Blake Robbins |
| Written by | Jeff Robison
Casey Twenter |
| Based on | *The Scent of Rain and Lightning*
by Nancy Pickard |
| Produced by | * Michael Davis * Maggie Grace * Jeff Johnson * Blake Robbins * Jeff Robison * Casey Twenter * Kevin Waller * Dan Koetting |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Lyn Moncrief |
| Edited by | Lauren Clark Carroll |
| Music by | * Will Blair * Brooke Blair |
| Production
companies | * No Coast Entertainment * Gerson Productions * KP Remain |
| Distributed by | SP Releasing |
| Release date | * March 25, 2017 (2017-03-25) (Atlanta) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $3 million |


title: Nicolas Sanabria

abstract: Nicolas Sanabria of New York City, was a philatelist concerned primarily with the field of aerophilately. His name is familiar to philatelists because of his Sanabria Catalog.

text:
# Nicolas Sanabria

**Nicolas Sanabria** (November 4, 1889 – December 1, 1945) of New York City, was a philatelist concerned primarily with the field of aerophilately. His name is familiar to philatelists because of his Sanabria Catalog.

## Collecting interests

Sanabria was a dealer, auctioneer, and cataloguer of air mail stamps and air mail postal history of the world.

Sanabria issued his first catalog in 1936, called “Standard Catalog of Airpost Stamps,” after acquiring rights from the Scott Stamp and Coin Company. He later renamed the catalog, in 1940, “Sanabria's Airpost Catalogue.” The catalog became the world standard for listing of airpost (air mail) postage stamps.

He died in 1945 while working on a revised 1946 Sanabria catalog.

## Honors and awards

In 1951, Sanabria was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame.

## Legacy

Air mail stamps were issued by government post offices throughout the world from the beginning of the 20th century until a decade or so after World War II. Sanabria's catalog is a reminiscence of that important niche of philately, called aerophilately.

## InfoBox

| Nicolas Sanabria | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1889-11-04)November 4, 1889 |
| Died | December 1, 1945(1945-12-01) (aged 56) |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Issued several airmail stamp catalogs<br>prominent aerophilatelist |
| Awards | APS Hall of Fame |


title: Hortense Clews

abstract: Hortense Clews was member of the Belgian Resistance during World War II.

text:
# Hortense Clews

**Hortense Clews** (née Daman; 12 August 1926 – 18 December 2006) was member of the Belgian Resistance during World War II.

## Early years

Born as **Hortense Daman** to parents Jacques and Stephanie Daman in the Belgian town of Leuven (Louvain in Belgium) in 1926 where her mother ran a grocery shop.

## World War II

Hortense became involved in the Belgian Resistance when she was 13 after the Nazis had invaded Belgium in 1940.

Her brother François was then 26 and in the Belgian army. When Germany invaded, he was working for the Red Cross as a cover for his work in the Belgian Army of Partisans, part of the larger network of the Belgian Resistance. Daman began helping her brother François with his work with the Belgian Resistance, helping Allied servicemen evade capture.

Her brother asked Daman to distribute Belgium's most popular underground newspaper, *La libre Belgique.*

Daman mainly worked as a courier, which involved carrying messages, explosives and weapons beneath the upper layer in her cycle pannier while pretending to be carrying out grocery deliveries for her mother. Once during these deliveries, Daman was stopped by officers doing ID checks. Thankfully, Daman also had groceries with her, and produced eggs to prove her alibi.

As leaders in the Resistance were being arrested or assassinated, Daman was assigned to go to a certain residence to collect confidential files. On the train home, however, the Secret Field Police were checking ID papers as well as bags and parcels. Though Daman was not discovered during this mission, despite riding the train in close quarters with German officers, she would not be so fortunate in the future.

### Betrayal and arrest

On 14 February 1944, the Gestapo raided the family home after someone informed on the family's resistance work. Hortense was arrested along with her parents, and they were taken to a local prison where they suffered interrogation and vicious beatings by the Gestapo and Belgian SS. Daman was interrogated every day for thirty days. She was sentenced to death without trial and moved to the Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany with her mother; her father was sent to Buchenwald concentration camp.

### Concentration camp inmate

At Ravensbrück, Hortense was subjected to experiments including infecting her leg with gangrene (the German doctors deciding not to amputate) and attempted sterilisation.

Whilst at Ravensbrück, her life was saved by the actions of British secret agent Violette Szabo, also a prisoner there. Szabo did not survive the war.

## Post-war

At the end of the war, Hortense and her mother were taken under the protection of the Swedish Red Cross and reunited with her father and her brother.

In 1946, she met and married Sydney Clews, a staff sergeant in the British Army; they eventually settled in Newcastle-under-Lyme in Staffordshire. Sixteen years later, despite the experiments that had been carried out at Ravensbrück, she gave birth to daughter Julia and, seven years later, son Christopher.

## Legacy

Daman received the top awards of the Belgian government for her service. In 1989, Mark Bles wrote her biography titled *Child at War.*

## Death

Hortense Daman Clews died in Newcastle-under-Lyme, England in 2006, aged 80.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Hortense Daman Clews | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 12 August 1926 (1926-08-12)
Leuven, Belgium |
| Died | 18 December 2006 (2006-12-19) (aged 80)
Newcastle-under-Lyme, England |
| Allegiance | Belgium |
| Service/branch | Belgian Resistance |
| Rank | Courier |
| Awards | Croix de Guerre
Order of Leopold II |


title: Elephant joke

abstract:
An elephant joke is a joke cycle, almost always an absurd riddle or conundrum and often a sequence of such, that involves an elephant. Elephant jokes were a fad in the 1960s, with many people constructing large numbers of them according to a set formula. Sometimes they involve parodies or puns. Examples of elephant jokes are:
  - Q: Why did the elephant paint its toenails red?
  - A: So it could hide in a cherry tree.
  - Q: How can you tell that an elephant is in the bathtub with you?
  - A: By the smell of peanuts on its breath.
  - Q: Why does an elephant have round flat feet?
  - A: So that it can walk across lily pads.
  - Q: Why don't elephants use computers?
  - A: They're afraid of the mouse!

text:
# Elephant joke

An **elephant joke** is a joke cycle, almost always an absurd riddle or conundrum and often a sequence of such, that involves an elephant. Elephant jokes were a fad in the 1960s, with many people constructing large numbers of them according to a set formula. Sometimes they involve parodies or puns.

Examples of elephant jokes are:

**Q**: Why did the elephant paint its toenails red? **A**: So it could hide in a cherry tree. **Q**: How can you tell that an elephant is in the bathtub with you? **A**: By the smell of peanuts on its breath. **Q**: Why does an elephant have round flat feet? **A**: So that it can walk across lily pads. **Q**: Why don't elephants use computers? **A**: They're afraid of the mouse!

## History

In 1960, L. M. Becker Co of Appleton, Wisconsin, released a set of 50 trading cards titled "Elephant Jokes". They were recorded in mid-1962 in Texas and gradually spread across the US, reaching California in early 1963. By July 1963, elephant jokes were ubiquitous and could be found in newspaper columns, and in *Time* and *Seventeen* magazines, with millions of people working to construct more jokes according to the same formula.

Both elephant jokes and Tom Swifties were in vogue in 1963, and were reported in the US national press. While Tom Swifties were marketed to literate adults and gradually fell out of fashion over subsequent decades, elephant jokes have lasted among younger audiences, circulating through generations of schoolchildren.

Prolific science fiction writer Isaac Asimov was of the opinion that these jokes are "favorites of youngsters and of unsophisticated adults". However, he finds one joke uncharacteristically sophisticated enough to include in his book of favorite jokes. The joke was told in the aftermath of the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald by Jack Ruby, who had walked into Dallas police headquarters carrying a gun:

**Q**: What did the Dallas chief of police say when the elephant walked into the police station? **A**: Nothing! He didn't notice.

## Structure

Elephant jokes rely upon absurdity and incongruity for their humor, and a contrast with the normal presumptions of knowledge about elephants. They rely upon absurdist reasoning such as that it would be the relatively incidental evidence regarding the smell of an elephant's breath or the presence of footprints in the butter that would allow for the detection of an elephant in one's bathtub or refrigerator. One key to the construction of an elephant joke is that the joke answers are somewhat appropriate if one merely overlooks the obvious absurdities inherent to the questions. If elephants were capable of climbing trees and if painting an elephant's toenails was an effective camouflage mechanism, then red *would* be the appropriate color for a cherry tree. If the common connotation that questions requesting the time are expected to be answered in terms of hours and minutes is ignored, then by the implied destruction of one's fence from being sat on by an elephant, it *would* be time to build a new fence. The appropriateness of the answer, when accounting for the absurd incongruences existing between the implied premise of the question and the normal assumptions said question invokes, distinguishes elephant jokes as jokes rather than nonsensical riddles.

### As a riddle

Elephant jokes are often parodies of conventional children's riddles. Consider the following commonly recited child's riddle:

**Q**: What is black and white and red all over? **A**: A newspaper.

Traditionally the challenge of solving this riddle relies on recognizing the ambiguity stemming from the riddle being generally shared aloud as opposed to in writing. Thus the appropriate homophone, "red" or "read", must be inferred. If "red" is assumed, then the problem arises regarding whether or not any object satisfying the condition of being "red all over" would necessarily preclude said object from also satisfying the requirement of being "black and white". However, if instead "read" is assumed, then there is no implied mutual exclusivity preventing a solution, conventionally a newspaper, from satisfying both required conditions. Compare the traditional riddle, which is solved by a well-known item that can be reasonably determined from the riddle, with the elephant joke parody:

**Q**: What is black and white and red all over? **A**: An elephant dressed as a nun suffering from sunburn.

The absurdity of an elephant wearing a nun costume makes it nearly impossible for anyone not familiar with the punchline to independently think of the parody answer. Ignoring how unlikely one is to ever encounter an elephant dressed as a nun, then the answer is somewhat appropriate. A nun costume *would* likely be both "black and white" and a sunburn *would* cause an elephant to be, somewhat, "red all over". Humor arises from the irony of ignoring the expected answer for the outlandish, yet appropriate, elephant answer.

A turnabout to the "Blind men and an elephant" parable is a joke about four blind elephants who feel a human. The first reports that humans are flat, and the other three agree.

### Series of elephant jokes

A series of elephant jokes can be constructed. Linking the appropriateness of each subsequent answer to the logically absurd structure of the preceding joke, the overall absurdity of a series can continuously compound. For example:

**Q**: How do you shoot a blue elephant? **A**: With a blue elephant gun. **Q**: How do you shoot a yellow elephant? **A**: Have you ever seen a yellow elephant? **Q**: How do you shoot a red elephant? **A**: Hold his trunk shut until he turns blue, and then shoot him with the blue elephant gun. **Q**: How do you shoot a purple elephant? **A**: Paint him red, hold his trunk shut until he turns blue, and then shoot him with the blue elephant gun.

The absurdity of the first riddle's answer subverts the audience's initial expectations. The second and third riddles reinforce the expectation for this logically absurd structure. The final riddle concludes by again absurdly subverting the audience's expected framework. The humor for independent elephant jokes relies on absurd answers that ignore expectations, yet have a certain appropriateness. Here the absurdity is compounded when the appropriateness of the final riddle's answer is dependent upon undermining the logically absurd structure built from the preceding riddles.

One short example involves a displacement of a concept from one animal's features to those of an elephant, in terms of function:

**Q**: Why do ducks have flat feet? **A**: To stamp out burning fires. **Q**: Why do elephants have flat feet? **A**: To stamp out burning ducks.

In another example:

**Q**: How many elephants will fit into a Mini? **A**: Four: Two in the front, two in the back. **Q**: How can you fit five elephants into a Mini? **A**: Don't be silly; there isn't room for five elephants in a Mini. **Q**: Well, can you fit five elephants into a Volkswagen Beetle? **A**: Sure: Two in front, two in the back, one in the glove box, and pack the trunks in the boot (British English for "trunk"). **Q**: How many giraffes will fit into a Mini? **A**: None. It's full of elephants. **Q**: How do you get two whales in a Mini? **A**: Along the M4 and across the Severn Bridge. **Q**: How do you know there is an elephant in your refrigerator? **A**: There are footprints in the butter. **Q**: How do you know there are two elephants in your refrigerator? **A**: You can hear giggling when you close the door. **Q**: How do you know there are three elephants in your refrigerator? **A**: You can't close the door. **Q**: How do you know there are four elephants in your refrigerator? **A**: There's an empty Mini parked outside.

Elephant jokes thus not only deliberately undermine the conventions of riddles, they even act to undermine themselves. This even extends to undermining the implied premise, expected by those that are familiar with elephant jokes, that an elephant joke is automatically illogical, or even involves elephants at all. For example:

**Q**: What do elephants have that nothing else has? **A**: Baby elephants. **Q**: What is gray, has four legs, and a trunk? **A**: A mouse going on vacation. **Q**: What is brown, has four legs, and a trunk? **A**: A mouse coming back from vacation. **Q**: What has eight legs, two trunks, four eyes, and two tails? **A**: Two elephants.

There can even be an off-color tinge:

**Q**: Why is an elephant big, grey and wrinkly? **A**: Because if it were small, white and smooth it would be an aspirin. **Q**: Why are golf balls small and white? **A**: Because if they were big and grey they would be elephants.

One time Gong Show act Mike Elephant is remembered for the following joke:

**Q**: What's the difference between an elephant and a plum? **A**: Their color. **Q**: What did Tarzan say to Jane when he saw the elephants coming? **A**: "Here come the elephants." **Q**: What did Jane say to Tarzan when she saw the elephants coming? **A**: "Here come the plums." She was color-blind.

Some may be regional:

**Q**: How do you get a herd of Addo elephants out of your bedroom? **A**: Sit outside and scream like an orange. (In the early days of the park, surplus oranges were used to tempt Addo elephants to viewing sites for tourists.)

Elephant jokes can also use their inherent absurdity to point up the inherent absurdity in some current events. One such joke from the early 1960s refers to an incident in President Kennedy's on-again-off-again support for Cuban exiles' attempts to overthrow Fidel Castro:

**Q**: How do you get 2,000 elephants to invade Cuba? **A**: Promise them air support!

## Symbolism

Elephant jokes are seen by many commentators as symbolic of the culture of the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s. Elliott Oring notes that elephant jokes dismiss conventional questions and answers, repudiate established wisdom, and reject the authority of traditional knowledge. He draws a parallel between this and the counterculture of the 1960s, stating that "*disestablishment* was the purpose of both," pointing to the sexual revolution and noting that "\[p\]erhaps it was no accident that many of the elephant jokes emphasized the intrusion of sex into the most innocuous areas."

In their paper, *On elephantasy and elephanticide*, Abrahams and Dundes consider elephant jokes to be convenient disguises for racism, and symbolised the nervousness of white people about the civil rights movement. Whilst blatantly racialist jokes became less acceptable, elephant jokes were a useful proxy. One example Abrahams and Dundes provide is the joke:

**Q**: What is big and grey and comes in quarts? **A**: An elephant.

They state that the "big and grey and comes in quarts" is in fact a reference "to the supposed mammoth nature of black sexuality." Similarly, the joke about an elephant in the bathtub is argued to be a reference to the increased intrusion of black people into "the most intimate areas of white life."

Oring strongly disagrees with this view, writing: "The Civil Rights movement, of course, was an integral part of the countercultural revolution. But there is no reason to view it as the single force conditioning the joke cycle. Much more than the relations between the races was being turned on its ear. Reducing elephant jokes to a mere front for racial aggression, it seems to me, not only misses the larger sense of what the jokes are about, but the larger sense of what was going on in the society at the time." and continuing: "Elephant joking is more than a description of the episodic career of an animal with a phallic nose. What engenders the humor in such jokes is the violation of categories of expectation, and not images of subjugation, degradation, or feminization of the elephant."

Charles Gruner agrees with Oring that Abrahams' and Dundes' explanation (that "the elephant is an ambivalent father figure" that is, in reality, "the black man (perceived as a sexual threat) that stands hidden behind the image of the elephant") is an "explanation from Freudian Monsterland \[that\] holds no water."

Gruner however disagrees with Oring about the chronological topicality of the elephant joke and its relation to social upheavals, arguing from personal experience of "one of the best motion picture sight gags in history", where Jimmy Durante in the 1962 movie *Billy Rose's Jumbo* is attempting to sneak an elephant unseen through a circus. Upon coming around a tent and being faced with a crowd of people and a policeman who demands "Where do you think you are you going with that elephant?" Durante backs against the elephant, arms wide, and asks, innocently, "What elephant?" Gunder proposes that the success of this sight gag spawned in comic writers the idea of "hiding the elephant by all sorts of ridiculous means," and thus, by extension to "other silly, stupid comparisons", the whole genre of elephant jokes.

* Blind men and an elephant – Parable illustrating ontologic reasoning
* Elephant in the room – English idiom of an obvious major problem that no one mentions
* Elephant test – Classification based on observable evidence
* Meta-joke – Humor that alludes to itself
* Newspaper riddle – riddle joke or conundrum

### Notes

### Specific

1. Ed Cray and Marilyn Eisenberg Herzog (January 1967). "The Absurd Elephant: A Recent Riddle Fad". *Western Folklore*. **26** (1): 27–36. doi:10.2307/1498485. JSTOR 1498485.
2. Isaac Asimov (1991). "Shaggy Dog". *Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor: A Lifetime Collection of Favorite Jokes, Anecdotes, and...* Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 59–61. ISBN 978-0-395-57226-9.
3. Elliott Oring (1992). "To Skin an Elephant". *Jokes and Their Relations*. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 16–28. ISBN 978-0-8131-1774-4.
4. "Elephant's Fear". *FunnyJokes.net*. 20 July 2023.
5. "1960 L.M. Becker Elephant Jokes".
6. Thomas Jackson Rice (1996). "The (Tom) Swiftean Culture of "Scylla and Charybdis"". In R. Brandon Kershner (ed.). *Joyce and Popular Culture*. University Press of Florida. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0-8130-1396-1.
7. Mac E. Barrick (1997). Joseph Boskin (ed.). *The Helen Keller Joke Cycle*. Wayne State University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-8143-2597-1.
8. Elliott Oring (2003). *Engaging Humor*. University of Illinois. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-252-02786-4.
9. Ritchie, David (2005-10-01). "Frame-Shifting in Humor and Irony". *Metaphor and Symbol*. **20** (4): 275–294. doi:10.1207/s15327868ms2004\_3. ISSN 1092-6488. S2CID 52202687.
10. Anna Rothmann (1964). *The Elephant Shrew and Company*. Tafelberg-Uitg.
11. Maurice M. Manring (1998). "Cracking Jokes in the Confederate Supermarket". *Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima*. University of Virginia Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8139-1811-2.
12. Charles R. Gruner (1997). *The Game of Humor: A Comprehensive Theory of Why We Laugh*. Transaction Publishers. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-7658-0659-8.

### General

* Bronnie Cunningham, ed. (1974). *The Puffin Joke Book*. Harmondsworth, England: Puffin Books. pp. 52, 122, 169. ISBN 978-0-14-030663-7.

## Further reading


title: Gooding (band)

abstract: Gooding is an American rock band based out of Nashville, Tennessee. They began their formation when Steven Gooding moved to Wichita, Kansas and met current drummer Jesse Reichenberger. Many years later at The University of Kansas, Gooding and Reichenberger met Billy Driver, their future bass player. Since the late 2000s, they have had two fourth members, first Jenny Wood, and currently Erin O'Neill, both whom were featured on guitar and vocals.

text:
# Gooding (band)

**Gooding** is an American rock band based out of Nashville, Tennessee. They began their formation when Steven Gooding moved to Wichita, Kansas and met current drummer Jesse Reichenberger. Many years later at The University of Kansas, Gooding and Reichenberger met Billy Driver, their future bass player. Since the late 2000s, they have had two fourth members, first Jenny Wood, and currently Erin O'Neill, both whom were featured on guitar and vocals.

## Members

* Steven Gooding – front man, lead guitar, vocals
* Jesse Reichenberger – drums
* Billy Driver – bass, vocals
* Erin O’Neill – guitar, vocals
* Kevin- Drums

## Funding the Future

In recent years, Gooding has made it a part of their tours to contribute back to the communities they have received help from in the past, from military bases to Walter Reed Hospital. In the last few years, Gooding has worked to create *Funding the Future LIVE*, a non-profit charitable organization dedicated to teaching and inspiring children to become financially literate. Gooding has performed at more than 80 high schools, and at the Conference of World Affairs for four years. For their contributions, they were invited to a private tour of the White House.

In April 2015, Gooding was praised by the *Wall Street Journal* for being a "Trojan Horse" of financial literacy.

## Music

The music of Gooding has been featured in more than 200 films, including *Walk the Line*, *Ice Age 2*, *Iron Man 2*; TV shows such as *CSI*, *Portlandia*, *Cold Case*, *Numbers*, *The Closer*, *Katie*, *The Good Wife*, *The Daily Show* and *The Colbert Report*; video games; and commercials for Dodge, Jeep, Chrysler, Marriot, Adobe, and Cisco.

Their singles "Mountain" and "Hey Hey" reached the top 50 in the AAA charts.

| Release year | Album name | Producer | Lineup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Winter's Return | Gooding | Gooding |
| 1998 | Songs from the unrealized film script Factory Blue | Gooding | Gooding |
| 1999 | Disarray | Gooding | Gooding |
| 2000 | 3X | Gooding | Gooding |
| 2003 | Soldiermaking | Gooding and Vivek | Gooding, Billy Driver, Jesse Reichenberger |
| 2005 | Angel/Devil | Gooding | Gooding, Billy Driver, Jesse Reichenberger |
| 2010 | *The Return* | Gooding | Gooding, Billy Driver, Jesse Rich |
| 2011 | *The Sky Eats The Land* | Gooding | Gooding, Billy Driver, Jesse Rich |
| 2012 | *Buffalo* | Gooding | Gooding, Billy Driver, Jesse Rich |
| 2014 | *We Are The Dark Stars* | Kendall Stephens | Gooding, Billy Driver, Jesse Rich, Jenny Wood |
| 2015 | *Live at the Murdock Theatre, Wichita, KS* | Gooding | Gooding, Billy Driver, Jesse Rich, Jenny Wood |


abstract: Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council who served from 1913 to 1917 were appointed for life by the Governor on the advice of the Premier. This list includes members between the election on 6 December 1913 and the election on 24 March 1917. The President was Sir Francis Suttor until his death in April 1915 and then Fred Flowers. At the Easter 1916 NSW Labor Conference, the Holman government was censured "for refusing to endeavour to carry out and give effect to the first plank of the Labour platform - abolitlon of the Upper House". The Labor split in November 1916 over conscription completely recast the party composition of the Legislative Assembly. Premier Holman, and twenty of his supporters were expelled from the party for defying party policy and supporting conscription. They joined a grand coalition with the members of the various conservative parties. By 1917, this had coalesced into the Nationalist Party of Australia. No members of the Legislative Council were expelled at the time, however 4 members joined the Nationalist party and 2 sat as independents.

text:
# Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 1913–1917

**Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council** who served from 1913 to 1917 were appointed for life by the Governor on the advice of the Premier. This list includes members between the election on 6 December 1913 and the election on 24 March 1917. The President was Sir Francis Suttor until his death in April 1915 and then Fred Flowers.

At the Easter 1916 NSW Labor Conference, the Holman government was censured "for refusing to endeavour to carry out and give effect to the first plank of the Labour platform - abolitlon of the Upper House". The Labor split in November 1916 over conscription completely recast the party composition of the Legislative Assembly. Premier Holman, and twenty of his supporters were expelled from the party for defying party policy and supporting conscription. They joined a grand coalition with the members of the various conservative parties. By 1917, this had coalesced into the Nationalist Party of Australia. No members of the Legislative Council were expelled at the time, however 4 members joined the Nationalist party and 2 sat as independents.

| Name | Party | | Years in office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| James Ashton |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1907–1934 |
| George Beeby |  | Nationalist | 1916–1917 |
| Joseph Beeston |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1908–1921 |
| Reginald Black | | | 1900–1928 |
| Alexander Brown | | | 1892–1926 |
| Joseph Browne |  | Independent | 1912–1932 |
| Frank Bryant |  | Labor / Independent | 1912–1934 |
| James Burns |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1908–1923 |
| Nicholas Buzacott |  | Labor / Nationalist | 1899–1933 |
| Sir Joseph Carruthers |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1908–1932 |
| John Creed | | | 1885–1930 |
| Henry Dangar | | | 1883–1917 |
| William Dick | | | 1907–1932 |
| Henry Doyle |  | Independent | 1912–1929 |
| George Earp |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1900–1933 |
| John Farleigh | | | 1908–1934 |
| Ernest Farrar |  | Labor / Nationalist | 1912–1952 |
| Jack FitzGerald | | | 1915–1922 |
| Robert Fitzgerald |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1901–1933 |
| Fred Flowers |  | Labor / Independent Labor | 1900–1928 |
| Edmund Fosbery |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1904–1919 |
| James Gannon | | | 1904–1924 |
| John Garland | | | 1908–1921 |
| James Gormly | | | 1904–1922 |
| Henry Gullett |  | Liberal Reform | 1908–1914 |
| John Hepher |  | Labor | 1899–1932 |
| Louis Heydon |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1889–1918 |
| William Hill | | | 1900–1919 |
| William Holborow | | | 1899–1917 |
| Thomas Holden |  | Independent Labor | 1912–1934 |
| Sir Thomas Hughes |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1908–1930 |
| Alfred Hunt |  | Nationalist | 1916–1930 |
| William Hurley |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1904–1924 |
| Henry Kater |  | Independent | 1889–1924 |
| Edward Kavanagh |  | Labor | 1912–1934 |
| Alexander Kethel |  | Liberal Reform | 1895–1916 |
| Kenneth Mackay | | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1899–1934 |
| Charles Mackellar | | 1885–1903, 1903–1925 |
| Sir Normand MacLaurin |  | Independent | 1889–1914 |
| Sir Samuel McCaughey | | | 1899–1919 |
| John Meagher | | | 1900–1920 |
| Alfred Meeks |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1900–1932 |
| Henry Moses | | | 1885–1923 |
| John Nash | | | 1900–1925 |
| Broughton O'Conor | | | 1908–1940 |
| Charles Pilcher |  | Liberal Reform | 1891–1916 |
| Charles Roberts |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1890–1925 |
| William Robson | | | 1900–1920 |
| Andrew Sinclair |  | Independent Labor / Nationalist | 1912–1934 |
| Fergus Smith |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1895–1924 |
| Joynton Smith |  | Independent | 1912–1934 |
| Sir Francis Suttor | | | 1889–1891, 1900–1915 |
| Sir Allen Taylor |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1912–1940 |
| John Travers |  | Independent | 1908–1934 |
| Arthur Trethowan |  | Nationalist | 1916–1937 |
| William Trickett |  | Liberal Reform | 1888–1916 |
| John Wetherspoon | | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1908–1928 |
| James White | | 1908–1927 |
| James Wilson |  | Labor | 1899–1925 |
| Frederick Winchcombe |  | Liberal Reform / Nationalist | 1907–1917 |

1. "Part 3 Members of the Legislative Council" (PDF). *NSW Parliamentary Record*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
2. "Part 10 Officers of the Parliament" (PDF). *NSW Parliamentary Record*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
3. "The PLL: State ministry censured". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. 27 April 1916. p. 9. Retrieved 24 July 2021  via Trove.
4. "PLL expulsions". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. 7 November 1916. p. 7. Retrieved 7 May 2020  via Trove.
5. "Proceedings in the Assembly: censure motion defeated". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. 11 November 1916. p. 13. Retrieved 7 May 2020  via Trove.
"No state crisis". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. 13 November 1916. p. 6. Retrieved 7 May 2020  via Trove.
6. "The Labor conference". *Singleton Argus*. 30 January 1913. p. 4. Retrieved 14 August 2021  via Trove.
7. "Mr F. H. Bryant, M.L.C." *The Australian Worker*. 1 September 1921. p. 12. Retrieved 8 August 2021  via Trove.
8. "Mr. Travers' reply". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. 19 January 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 14 August 2021  via Trove.


title: Tenterfield Saddler

abstract: "Tenterfield Saddler" is a song written by Peter Allen in 1970. It was released in 1972 as the second single from his second studio album of the same name. "Tenterfield Saddler" tells the moving story of the musician's life, from his much-loved grandfather, George Woolnough, his troubled relationship with his father and moving to New York to marry Liza Minnelli, "a girl with an interesting face". The lyric "been all 'round the world and lives no special place", is compared to a lyric of another of his songs, "no matter how far or how wide I roam, I still call Australia home" in "I Still Call Australia Home".

text:
# Tenterfield Saddler

"**Tenterfield Saddler**" is a song written by Peter Allen in 1970. It was released in 1972 as the second single from his second studio album of the same name.

"Tenterfield Saddler" tells the moving story of the musician's life, from his much-loved grandfather, George Woolnough, his troubled relationship with his father and moving to New York to marry Liza Minnelli, "a girl with an interesting face".

The lyric "been all 'round the world and lives no special place", is compared to a lyric of another of his songs, "no matter how far or how wide I roam, I still call Australia home" in "I Still Call Australia Home".

## Charts

"Tenterfield Saddler" made its ARIA chart debut in September 2015 following the screening of the Peter Allen Australian mini-series, *Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door*.

| Chart (2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 53 |
|

## Cover versions

1. "Song's sad note". Andrew Hornery with Daniel Dasey. 20 October 2003. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
2. "TENTERFIELD SADDLER by PETER ALLEN". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
3. Ryan, Gavin (26 September 2015). "ARIA Singles: Justin Bieber Maintains Top Spot After Four Weeks". Noise11. Retrieved 26 September 2015.

## InfoBox

| "Tenterfield Saddler" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Peter Allen | |
| from the album  *Tenterfield Saddler* | |
| Released | April 1972 |
| Recorded | 1971 |
| Genre | Pop, Country |
| Length | 3:36 |
| Label | A&M |
| Songwriter(s) | Peter Allen |
| Producer(s) | Peter Allen, Brooks Arthur |
| Peter Allen singles chronology | |
| "Just Ask Me I've Been There"
(1972) "**Tenterfield Saddler**"
(1972) "I Honestly Love You"
(1977) | |


title: Lasy, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Lasy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stary Targ, within Sztum County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Stary Targ, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Sztum, and 52 km (32 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Lasy, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Lasy** \[ˈlasɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stary Targ, within Sztum County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Stary Targ, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Sztum, and 52 km (32 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For the history of the region, see *History of Pomerania*.

## InfoBox

| Lasy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Lasy | |
| Coordinates: 54°0′40″N 19°7′51″E / 54.01111°N 19.13083°E / 54.01111; 19.13083 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Sztum |
| Gmina | Stary Targ |


title: Outline of Rwanda

abstract: Rwanda is a small landlocked sovereign country located in the Great Lakes region of east-central Africa, bordered by Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. Home to approximately 10.1 million people, Rwanda supports the densest population in continental Africa, with most of the population engaged in subsistence agriculture. A verdant country of fertile and hilly terrain, the small republic bears the title "Land of a Thousand Hills". The country attracted international concern for the infamous Rwandan genocide of 1994. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Rwanda:

text:
# Outline of Rwanda

The Flag of RwandaThe Coat of arms of Rwanda

**Rwanda** is a small landlocked sovereign country located in the Great Lakes region of east-central Africa, bordered by Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. Home to approximately 10.1 million people, Rwanda supports the densest population in continental Africa, with most of the population engaged in subsistence agriculture. A verdant country of fertile and hilly terrain, the small republic bears the title "Land of a Thousand Hills". The country attracted international concern for the infamous Rwandan genocide of 1994.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Rwanda:

## General reference

## Geography of Rwanda

Burundi 290 km  Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km  Tanzania 217 km  Uganda 169 km * Coastline: *none*

### Environment of Rwanda

#### Natural geographic features of Rwanda

### Regions of Rwanda

Regions of Rwanda

#### Ecoregions of Rwanda

List of ecoregions in Rwanda

#### Administrative divisions of Rwanda

Administrative divisions of Rwanda

##### Provinces of Rwanda

Provinces of Rwanda

##### Districts of Rwanda

Districts of Rwanda

### Demography of Rwanda

Demographics of Rwanda

## Government and politics of Rwanda

Politics of Rwanda

### Branches of the government of Rwanda

Government of Rwanda

#### Executive branch of the government of Rwanda

#### Legislative branch of the government of Rwanda

#### Judicial branch of the government of Rwanda

Court system of Rwanda

### Foreign relations of Rwanda

Foreign relations of Rwanda

#### International organization membership

The Republic of Rwanda is a member of:

### Law and order in Rwanda

Law of Rwanda

### Military of Rwanda

Military of Rwanda

### Local government in Rwanda

Local government in Rwanda

## History of Rwanda

History of Rwanda

## Culture of Rwanda

Culture of Rwanda

### Art in Rwanda

### Sports in Rwanda

Sports in Rwanda

## Economy and infrastructure of Rwanda

Economy of Rwanda

## Education in Rwanda

Education in Rwanda

Rwanda

Wikimedia Atlas of Rwanda


title: Walter Fairservis

abstract: Walter Ashlin Fairservis Jr. was an American archaeologist.

text:
# Walter Fairservis

**Walter Ashlin Fairservis Jr.** (1921 – 1994) was an American archaeologist.

## Biograph

He was born in Brooklyn, New York, United States, in 1921. His mother, Edith Yeager, was an actress. His wife, Jano, was an artist and illustrator. He received B.A. and M.A. degrees in anthropology from Columbia University and a second M.A. and a Ph.D. from Harvard University. He died in Sharon, Connecticut in 1994.

## Works

Some of his notable books are:

* *Before the Buddha Came*
* *The Roots of Ancient India*
* *Cave Paintings of the Great Hunters*
* *The Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile and the Doomed Monuments of Nubia*
* *The Archeology of the Southern Gobi-Mongolia*
* *The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script*
* *The Threshold of Civilization: An Experiment in Prehistory*
* *The Origins of Oriental Civilization*
* *Asia: Traditions and Treasures*

"Walter A. Fairservis, Jr. papers". Hollis Archival Collection, ID: 2004.35. Cambridge, MA, US: Peabody Museum Archives, Harvard Library. OCLC 961836414.


title: Fleishman Is in Trouble

abstract: Fleishman Is in Trouble is a 2019 novel by American author Taffy Brodesser-Akner. The debut novel was published on June 18, 2019, by Random House. It tells the story of a Manhattan couple undergoing a bitter divorce. Brodesser-Akner also wrote the screenplay for a television miniseries based on the novel, which was released on Hulu in 2022.

text:
# Fleishman Is in Trouble

***Fleishman Is in Trouble***  is a 2019 novel by American author Taffy Brodesser-Akner. The debut novel was published on June 18, 2019, by Random House. It tells the story of a Manhattan couple undergoing a bitter divorce. Brodesser-Akner also wrote the screenplay for a television miniseries based on the novel, which was released on Hulu in 2022.

## Writing

Brodesser-Akner was working as a staff writer at *The New York Times* during the writing of the novel. Its narrative style mirrors that of her celebrity profiles, by having the titular character's troubles presented through the eyes and ears of an intermediary, who has been seen as a stand-in for the author herself. She has stated that having the male as the center of the plot was a conscious decision so as to look at male sexuality from an outside perspective. The book has drawn comparisons to Philip Roth and John Updike, albeit from a feminist perspective. Brodesser-Akner has acknowledged the influence of those authors on her writing.

## Plot

Toby, a 41-year-old hepatologist, is undergoing a bitter divorce from his wife Rachel, a successful talent agent in New York. One day, she drops off their children, 11-year-old Hannah and 9-year-old Solly, at Toby's house while he is still sleeping and takes off. She does not respond to texts or calls from him for the following weeks. The story, narrated by Toby's college friend Libby (a former writer for a men's magazine), follows their lives over this period and the events that led to the breakdown of their 14-year-marriage, as well as reflections of Libby's own life.

## Themes

*Fleishman Is in Trouble* deals with the themes of gender roles, marriage and divorce, online dating, midlife crises, and class anxiety. The novel mocks the affluent Manhattan professional class and its pretensions while embracing their anxieties, especially those relating to marriage and gender. An underlying theme of the book is the relegation of women to the background in a male-centric society. At one point in the book, the narrator says that "the only way to get someone to listen to a woman \[is\] to tell her story through a man", which is what the book in itself does. The novel also deals with the nature of marriage and relationships, in particular the strain that arises in marriages in which the wife is the primary breadwinner. It has been seen as a larger commentary on marriage in modern America and the way in which it appears to strip people of their identities and force them into routines. Brodesser-Akner also parodies the app-based dating culture, from grammatically poor sexts to the names of dating apps (such as Hr, Choose, Forage and Reach). In particular, the novel focuses on the generation that got married before the advent of dating apps and who, upon divorcing, had to adjust to new dating practices.

## Television series

In March 2021, FX ordered a limited series of the novel. Brodesser-Akner adapted her novel for the small screen. It premiered on Hulu on November 22, 2022, starring Jesse Eisenberg as the title character, Claire Danes as his ex-wife, and Lizzy Caplan and Adam Brody as Fleishman's best friends.

## Reception

The book received mostly positive reviews from critics. *The Guardian* called it "an honest, powerful, human story with no apologies", while *Rolling Stone* praised its "unsparing yet sympathetic depiction of the way we live now". *The Washington Post* opined that the novel "slices through the demeaning rules of the patriarchy just as effectively as she slays the fatuous optimism of that 'girl-power' propaganda fed to modern girls".

The BBC praised its "enjoyable satirical touch", but found it "laborious to read and ultimately not very interesting". *The Harvard Crimson* panned its writing as "lazy" and further said that the book "rarely \[shows\] more than the various characters' selfish desires to run away from the lives they've willingly signed up for". Similarly, Kay Hymowitz also criticized the characterization in the book, commenting: "What's telling about our current cultural moment is that Rachel's shallow, snobbish status obsessions didn't attract any attention from the book's many reviewers; it's as if those obsessions are so obviously acceptable that they don't notice their corrupting effect. Instead, they endorsed the novel's supposed depiction of 'the impossible pressures that talented women endure'."

## Honors and awards

The novel was selected for the longlist for the Women's Prize for Fiction 2020.

## InfoBox

Fleishman Is in Trouble
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Taffy Brodesser-Akner |
| Language | English |
| Published | June 18, 2019 |
| Publisher | Random House |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type |  |
| Pages | 384 |
| ISBN | 978-0-5255-1087-1 |


title: His Best Friend (1918 film)

abstract: His Best Friend is a 1918 German silent film directed by Uwe Jens Krafft and starring Max Landa as the detective Joe Deebs.

text:
# His Best Friend (1918 film)

***His Best Friend*** (German:***Sein bester Freund***) is a 1918 German silent film directed by Uwe Jens Krafft and starring Max Landa as the detective Joe Deebs.

## Cast

In alphabetical order

## Bibliography

* James Robert Parish & Kingsley Canham. *Film Directors Guide: Western Europe*. Scarecrow Press, 1976.

## InfoBox

| His Best Friend | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Uwe Jens Krafft |
| Written by | Richard Hutter
Joe May |
| Produced by | Joe May |
| Starring | Max Landa |
| Cinematography | Curt Courant |
| Production
company | May-Film |
| Release date | * 15 February 1918 (1918-02-15) |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages | Silent
German intertitles |


title: No. 25 Squadron IAF

text:
# No. 25 Squadron IAF

No. 25 Squadron is a unit of the Indian Air Force assigned to South Western Air Command. The Squadron participates in operations involving air, land and airdrop of troops, equipment, supplies, and support or augment special operations forces, when appropriate.

## History

The No. 25 Squadron were raised in 1963 at Chandigarh and moved to the present location. 25 Squadron also played a vital role in the Indo-Pak conflicts of 1965 and 1971, Operation Parakram, Operation Vijay and Kargil Operation in 1999.

### Lineage

* Constituted as **No. 25 Squadron (Himalayan Eagles)** on 1 March 1963

### Assignments

### Aircraft

## InfoBox

| No. 25 Squadron IAF | |
| --- | --- |
| Crest of No. 25 Squadron | |
| Active | 1 March 1963- Present |
| Country | India |
| Role | Transport |
| Garrison/HQ | AFS Vadodara |
| Nickname(s) | "Himalayan Eagles" |
| Motto(s) | *Satvadeena hi Sidhvayah*<br>In power lies victory |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Transport | Antonov AN-32 |


title: Flatterer (horse)

abstract: Flatterer (1979–2014) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was a specialist steeplechaser who was the first to win the title of American Champion Steeplechase Horse on a record four occasions. In a racing career which lasted from 1982 through 1988 when he turned 8, he ran fifty-one times and won twenty-four races including many of America's most important steeplechases including the Colonial Cup. Flatterer also became one of the few American-trained horses to compete successfully in the United Kingdom, placing second in the Champion Hurdle in 1987 and also in France, placing second in the French Champion Hurdle1986. Flatterer was the first American steeplechaser to live to the age of 35.

text:
# Flatterer (horse)

**Flatterer** (19792014) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was a specialist steeplechaser who was the first to win the title of American Champion Steeplechase Horse on a record four occasions. In a racing career which lasted from 1982 through 1988 when he turned 8, he ran fifty-one times and won twenty-four races including many of America's most important steeplechases including the Colonial Cup (four times). Flatterer also became one of the few American-trained horses to compete successfully in the United Kingdom, placing second in the Champion Hurdle in 1987 and also in France, placing second in the French Champion Hurdle1986. Flatterer was the first American steeplechaser to live to the age of 35.

## Background

Flatterer, who was foaled June 5, 1979, was a dark bay horse who was bred in Pennsylvania by William L. Pape and Jonathan E. Sheppard. Flatterer was originally intended for a career in flat racing, but was unable to show much potential in this area having eighteen starts only four wins, placing second twice, and third twice. After showing that he was unsuitable for flat racing, Flatterer was given his chance at Steeplechasing. He was trained by Jonathan E. Sheppard and ridden in most of his races by Jerry Fishback, who led him to 9 victories. He was sired by Mo Bay out of the mare Horizontal by Nade, a horse with the pedigree including Nasrullah who shows up in four other champion steeplechasing horses.

## Racing career

Flatterer did not begin his racing career until he was a three-year-old in 1982, when he won four flat races from eighteen starts, this is where trainer Jonathan E. Sheppard decided "He simply wasn't quite fast enough to have any sort of breather in flat races, he had to go all out to keep up. We'd eventually lose him in claiming races. I thought jumping races might suit him just fine.". As a four-year-old, Flatterer was switched over to the world of steeplechasing and won six of his ten starts where he earned $93,064. In 1983, he was placed to compete for the Eclipse Award in the Colonial Cup, where he placed first, and continued winning for three more years after that in 1984, 1985, and 1986. In between these four years, Flatterer took his chance in other races. These races included the Temple Gwathmey in 1983 and 1985, Grand National 1983, New York Turf Writers Cup 1984, and placed first in all of these events. Later he was sent overseas to France where he placed second at the French Champion Hurdle in 1986 and later the next year also came in second during the English Champion Hurdle. After these two races trainer Sheppard claimed “That was another remarkable effort. The two best races he ran might have been two of the few races he actually lost. They were superb efforts. On your own ground, doing your own thing against horses you run against at home, running in top-class races is difficult. To do it away from home, on unfamiliar ground and over unfamiliar fences is something special.”

In 1987 at the age of eight, Flatterer competed in his final races. He had started in five, won two of them, came second in one, and also placed third in one. During this final stretch, he earned a total of $79,602. Over his entire steeplechasing career, Flatterer earned a grand total of $538,708 United States Dollars.

## Retirement

Flatterer was retired from racing after his final races in 1987, he was 8. He returned to his owner William Pape's farm (My Way Farm) in Unionville, PA where he remained active doing dressage work and spending much of his time with a younger mare named My Tombola. Owner William Pape shares that “The two of them get along extremely well, and these older guys, with the younger women…well, it moves them up and keeps them sound.” In 2014, Flatterer died at the age of 35 becoming one of the longest living thoroughbreds, and author Barbara Livingston from the Daily Racing Form claims that "Thoroughbreds rarely reach the benchmark of 30, let alone 33".

In 1994 Flatterer was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Flatterer (USA), Dark Bay or Brown gelding, 1979
| Sire
Mo Bay (USA) dk b 1969 | Cyane br 1959 | Turn-To br 1951 | Royal Charger ch 1942 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Source Sucree br 1940 |
| | Your Game br 1948 | Beau Pere br 1927 |
| | Winkle II b 1939 |
| | Rum Bottle Bay b 1959 | Thinking Cap b 1952 | Rosemont b 1932 |
| | | Carmargo b 1944 |
| | Sea Snack b 1943 | Hard Tack ch 1926 |
| | Miss Ferdinand b 1937 |
| Dam
Horizontal (USA) dk b 1970 | Nade dk br 1958 | Nasrullah b 1940 | Nearco (ITY) br 1935 |
| | | Mumtaz Begum (FR) b 1932 |
| | Dentifrice br 1947 | Reaping Reward br 1934 |
| | Gino Patty dk b 1938 |
| | Lucie Deedes dk b 1963 | Kentucky Pride dk b 1955 | Bull Lea br 1935 |
| | | Blue Delight br 1938 |
| | Bithynia dk b 1957 | Hannibal br 1949 |
| | Widdimere br 1946 |

## InfoBox

| Flatterer | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Mo Bay |
| Grandsire | Cyane |
| Dam | Horizontal |
| Damsire | Nade |
| Sex | Gelding |
| Foaled | 1979 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Dark Bay |
| Breeder | Jonathan E. Sheppard and William L. Pape |
| Owner | William L. Pape |
| Trainer | Jonathan E. Sheppard |
| Record | 51: 24-7-5 |
| Earnings | 538,708 |
| Major wins | |
| Colonial Cup (1983, 1984, 1985, 1986)
Iroquois Steeplechase (1987)
Temple Gwathmey Steeplechase(1983,1985)
American Grand National (1983)
New York Turf Writers Cup (1984) | |
| Awards | |
| Eclipse Award for Outstanding Steeplechase horse
(1983, 1984, 1985, 1986) | |
| Honours | |
| United States Racing Hall of Fame inductee (1994) | |