title: Halifax Urban Greenway

abstract: The Halifax Urban Greenway is a concept for a multi-use recreational trail, called a greenway, in Nova Scotia on the southwestern part of the Halifax Peninsula. This proposed greenway is not a rail trail, but is intended to pass through a narrow greenbelt along the edges of an active rail corridor, several dozen feet in elevation above the railway tracks. An extensive deep rock cut was created throughout this part of the Halifax Peninsula in 1916-1918 for Canadian Government Railways access to the Halifax Ocean Terminal. Today, the Canadian National Railway uses the corridor for its freight trains and Via Rail Canada uses it for passenger trains. The areas along the edge of the cut at street level have been preserved from urban development and have resulted in a valuable natural greenspace and appearing as a river of greenery flowing through this part of the city. The vegetation and continuous tree canopy provides habitat for birds, wildflowers and other flora and fauna. The aim of planners is to create a trail system along the top of the rock cut, which would link an area from Chebucto Road to Young Avenue, connecting the Armdale Rotary with Point Pleasant Park.

text:
# Halifax Urban Greenway

The **Halifax Urban Greenway** is a concept for a multi-use recreational trail, called a greenway, in Nova Scotia on the southwestern part of the Halifax Peninsula. This proposed greenway is not a rail trail, but is intended to pass through a narrow greenbelt along the edges of an active rail corridor, several dozen feet in elevation above the railway tracks.

An extensive deep rock cut was created throughout this part of the Halifax Peninsula in 1916-1918 for Canadian Government Railways access to the Halifax Ocean Terminal. Today, the Canadian National Railway uses the corridor for its freight trains and Via Rail Canada uses it for passenger trains.

The areas along the edge of the cut at street level have been preserved from urban development and have resulted in a valuable natural greenspace and appearing as a river of greenery flowing through this part of the city. The vegetation and continuous tree canopy provides habitat for birds, wildflowers and other flora and fauna.

The aim of planners is to create a trail system along the top of the rock cut, which would link an area from Chebucto Road to Young Avenue, connecting the Armdale Rotary with Point Pleasant Park.

## Benefits

Green space and natural habitat in this part of Halifax would be preserved. Residents would be able to walk, bike and jog on the trail which would connect isolated sections of parkland along the corridor as well as water access points on the Northwest Arm.

Major points of interest along the corridor include Conrose Field, Dalhousie University, Saint Mary's University, and Point Pleasant Park. It is hoped that someday the Halifax Urban Greenway would link to other trails heading along the waterfront on its south-eastern end and towards Bedford Basin on its northwestern end.

The Halifax Urban Greenway Association is a community organization that has been set up to work with the railway company, HRM, the universities, volunteers, business, corporations, and foundations to plan for the preservation of the greenway and its development for public access.

## Progress

In the fall of 2009 Phase One of the concept plan was opened to public use.


title: Isopavine

abstract: Isopavine is an alkaloid.

text:
# Isopavine

**Isopavine** is an alkaloid.

## InfoBox

Isopavine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Systematic IUPAC name 10,11-Dihydro-2,3,7,8-tetramethoxy-10,5-iminomethano-5*H*-dibenzo\[a,d\]cycloheptene | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C20H23NO4/c1-22-17-6-11-5-16-14-9-20(25-4)19(24-3)8-13(14)15(10-21-16)12(11)7-18(17)23-2/h6-9,15-16,21H,5,10H2,1-4H3Key: ZNIIISXAGSAJQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * COC1=C(C=C2C3CNC(CC2=C1)C4=CC(=C(C=C34)OC)OC)OC | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C20H23NO4 |
| Molar mass | 341.407 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: The Third Party (album)

abstract: The Third Party is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Jules Shear, released by I.R.S. in 1989.

text:
# The Third Party (album)

***The Third Party*** is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Jules Shear, released by I.R.S. in 1989.

## Background

*The Third Party* was recorded in December 1988 over a period of two weeks at Montezuma Recording, Stockholm, Sweden. In contrast to the material written by Shear for his band Reckless Sleepers, the material that would be recorded for *The Third Party* was more folky and acoustic-based. Shear was initially uncertain whether or not to record or shelve the songs he had written in this style, but decided to record them after his longtime friend Marty Willson-Piper offered him the opportunity to record an album in Stockholm. Shear told Greg Kot of *The Chicago Tribune*: "We recorded underground in an old castle, in two booths with a sliding glass door, so we were right next to each other the whole time. We did it all live basically, recording every day for a few hours and then we'd go eat some herring. It was a calm, fun way to do a record."

Speaking to Barbara Jaeger of *The Record*, Shear said of the album: "As a commercial consideration, I guess it was pretty suicidal to do a record like this. This is a record where, if you don't like the songs, you won't like the record. But I've never liked records that depend more on production than the songs."

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Philadelphia Inquirer* |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

On its release, *Billboard* described the album as showing Shear going a "Dylanesque route". They noted: "Songs are tuneful and often moving, but subdued atmosphere and in-the-raw presentation will make this fine work a tough sell, especially among cautious programmers." Ken Capobianco of *The Boston Globe* noted the album's focus on "the song and Shear's singing". He felt the material was "first rate songwriting", but added "Shear often whines and bend syllables with a bit too much of a Dylanesque bite".

Tom Moon of *The Philadelphia Inquirer* considered the "bare guitar-and-voice setting" to be a "mixed blessing": "Because it strips all artifice from the gentle choruses and stinging verses, it's a good thing. But because *The Third Party* is so spare, it exposes Shear's lack of vocal control and an unnerving tendency to lapse into early-Dylan mannerisms." Anthony DeCurtis, writing for *Rolling Stone*, felt the material was sometimes "wordy" and Shear's vocals sometimes "wearying", but added he is "capable of coming up with telling melodies and memorable images". DeCurtis concluded that *The Third Party* "will not disappoint his cult following, even if it is unlikely to expand it."

Steve Korté of *Trouser Press* noted the album was an "interesting experiment" with "well-crafted songs", but added that "a certain monotony results from Shear's unmelodic singing style and the unvarying guitar arrangements". *Stereo Review* criticized *The Third Party* as "an album that recalls nothing so much as a mediocre Bob Dylan bootleg".

In a retrospective review, Chris Woodstra of AllMusic described *The Third Party* as a "stark, bare-bones acoustic album" which "allow\[s\] Shear's songs to come to the forefront". He noted the "clever craftsmanship" and "back-to-basics approach" on the album, adding that "his clever wordplay and interesting turns of phrase \[are\] allowed the proper platform".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jules Shear

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Don't Want It Now" | 3:27 |
| 2. | "The First Freeze After the Fall" | 3:37 |
| 3. | "Leave Town" | 5:07 |
| 4. | "This Primal Fire" | 3:12 |
| 5. | "Open Your Eyes" | 3:52 |
| 6. | "Big Kid Face" | 3:42 |
| 7. | "The Girl's On Fire" | 3:29 |
| 8. | "And That Was Yesterday" | 3:10 |
| 9. | "The Once Lost Returns" | 2:57 |
| 10. | "She Don't Understand You Now" | 3:18 |
| 11. | "Repetition Repetition Repetition" | 3:34 |

## Personnel

**Musicians**

**Production**

* Jules Shear, Marty Willson-Piper - producers
* Mats Oberg - recording, mixing
* Greg Calbi \- mastering

**Other**

* Donald Krieger, Hugh Brown - art direction
* Hakan Lindell - front cover photography
* Pal Shazar \- back cover photography, insert painting

## InfoBox

| The Third Party | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jules Shear | |
| Released | 1989 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 39:25 |
| Label | I.R.S. |
| Producer | Jules Shear
Marty Willson-Piper |
| Jules Shear chronology | |
| *Demo-itis*
(1986) ***The Third Party***
(1989) *Unplug This*
(1991) | |


title: W. H. Diddle

abstract:
Bill Diddel was an American amateur golfer and renowned golf course designer. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Diddel designed approximately three hundred golf courses, primarily in the Midwest, beginning with Ulen Country Club in Lebanon, Indiana. Diddel designed the golf course at Northwood Club in Dallas, Texas, which was the site of the U.S. Open in 1952. Diddel was one of the founders and a charter member of the American Society of Golf Course Architects. He was elected president of that body in 1954. Diddel was the recipient of numerous awards and recognitions, including:
  - The Fred Waring Sportsmanship Award
  - The American Seniors Golf Association Hall of Honor
  - Indiana Golf Hall of Fame
  - Sagamore of The Wabash
  - Honorary Sergeant of Arms of the Tennessee State Senate Diddel died February 25, 1985, in Zionsville, Indiana.

text:
# W. H. Diddle

**Bill Diddel** (1882–February 25, 1985) was an American amateur golfer and renowned golf course designer. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Diddel designed approximately three hundred golf courses, primarily in the Midwest, beginning with Ulen Country Club in Lebanon, Indiana. Diddel designed the golf course at Northwood Club in Dallas, Texas, which was the site of the U.S. Open in 1952.

Diddel was one of the founders and a charter member of the American Society of Golf Course Architects. He was elected president of that body in 1954.

Diddel was the recipient of numerous awards and recognitions, including:

Diddel died February 25, 1985, in Zionsville, Indiana.


title: Nick Bain

abstract: Nick R, Bain is a former Republican member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing the 2nd district from 2012 to 2024.

text:
# Nick Bain

**Nick R, Bain** (born September 18, 1979) is a former Republican member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing the 2nd district from 2012 to 2024.

## Early life

Bain was born in Corinth, Mississippi. He parents are Patricia and Tommy Bain. As a child, he had a speech disorder.

He graduated from Alcorn Central High School. He attended the University of Mississippi, graduating with a business degree and a minor in English. There, he was a member of St. Anthony Hall. He received a J.D. from the Mississippi College School of Law.

## Career

Bain was admitted to the Mississippi State Bar in 2006. He opened his law firm specializing in criminal defense, family law, and personal injury law. Bain is also the attorney for the Town of Kossuth in Mississippi. His currently a municipal judge pro tempore for both the City of Corinth and the City of Farmington.

He is also the co-owner of Golden Blessings Adult Daycare.

In 2011, Bain was a successful candidate for district 2 of the Mississippi House of Representatives as a Democrat. His term started in 2012. In 2013, Bain introduced a successful bill to ensure that all Mississippi children would be screened for speech impediments. He was reelected in 2015.

On March 1, 2019, he switched parties and became a Republican. He said he made the switch because "I’m tired of sitting on the sidelines. I’m ready to be part of the policy-making in Mississippi." On November 5, 2019, he was unopposed in the general election and was reelected to the Mississippi House of Representatives as a Republican. His current term expires on January 2, 2024.

Bains serves on the Corrections Committee, the Public Health and Human Services Committee, the Tourism Committee, and the Ways and Means Committee. He is also chair of the Judiciary B Committee and vice chair of the Judiciary En Banc Committee. He previously served on the Agriculture Committee, Energy Committee, and the Transportation Committee.

He is president of the Alcorn County Bar Association and a member Mississippi Bar Association. He is also a member of the Mississippi Municipal Association.

## Personal life

Bain married Lesley Lewis who is a high school librarian. They have three children: Baylee Anna, Brooks, and Baker. The family lives in Corinth, Mississippi.

He is a Christian Baptist and is a member and deacon of the Oakland Baptist Church. He is also a coach with UPWARD basketball. He serves on the board of The Alliance, the Boys and Girls Club of Corinth, Crossroads Museum, and Keep Corinth Beautiful. He is also a member of the National Rifle Association of America, the Rotary Club, and the Second Amendment Foundation.

## InfoBox

| Nick Bain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Mississippi House of Representatives
from the 2nd district | |
| **In office**
2012  January 2, 2024 | |
| Preceded by | E. Harvey Moss |
| Succeeded by | Brad Mattox |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Nick R. Bain
(1979-09-18) September 18, 1979
Corinth, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican (since 2019)
Democratic (until 2019) |
| Spouse | Lesley Lewis |
| Residence(s) | Corinth, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Education | University of Mississippi
Mississippi College School of Law (JD) |
| Occupation | Attorney |
|  | |


title: Monochamus galloprovincialis

abstract: Monochamus galloprovincialis, the pine sawyer beetle, also referred to as the black pine sawyer beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Olivier in 1795, originally under the genus Cerambyx. It has a wide distribution, occurring naturally throughout Europe and the Caucasus. It has also been introduced into the Canary Islands. It serves as a vector for the parasitic nematode species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and also acts as a host to the parasitoid wasp species Dolichomitus tuberculatus. Adult beetles are strong fliers, and in flight mill experiments were, on average, able to fly 16 km over the lifetime of the beetle. The adult male produces an aggregation pheromone to attract females.

text:
# Monochamus galloprovincialis

***Monochamus galloprovincialis***, the **pine sawyer beetle**, also referred to as the **black pine sawyer beetle**, is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Olivier in 1795, originally under the genus *Cerambyx*. It has a wide distribution, occurring naturally throughout Europe and the Caucasus. It has also been introduced into the Canary Islands. It serves as a vector for the parasitic nematode species *Bursaphelenchus xylophilus*, and also acts as a host to the parasitoid wasp species *Dolichomitus tuberculatus*.

Adult beetles are strong fliers, and in flight mill experiments were, on average, able to fly 16 km over the lifetime of the beetle. The adult male produces an aggregation pheromone to attract females.

## Subspecies

* *Monochamus galloprovincialis cinerascens* Motschulsky, 1860
* *Monochamus galloprovincialis galloprovincialis* (Olivier, 1795)
* *Monochamus galloprovincialis pistor* (Germar, 1818)
* *Monochamus galloprovincialis tauricola* Pic, 1912

## InfoBox

| *Monochamus galloprovincialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Lamiini |
| Genus: | *Monochamus* |
| Species: | ***M. galloprovincialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Monochamus galloprovincialis***<br>(Olivier, 1795) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cerambyx galloprovincialis* Olivier, 1795 * *Lamia sutor* (Linnaeus) Rossi, 1790 | |


title: Iaia Fiastri

abstract: Jaja Fiastri o Iaia Fiastri was an Italian screenwriter.

text:
# Iaia Fiastri

**Jaja Fiastri** o **Iaia Fiastri** (born **Maria Grazia Pacelli**; 15 September 1934 – 28 December 2018) was an Italian screenwriter.

## Biography

Fiastri began her screenwriting career in the early 1960s, co-writing the 1964 comedy film *Love and Marriage*, and was later involved in the writing of films directed by Franco Brusati, Dino Risi, Luciano Salce, Steno and others, being a close collaborator of screenwriters Pietro Garinei and Sandro Giovannini.

Fiastri was also a songwriter: she wrote two songs for Caterina Caselli and collaborated with composer Bruno Canfora in the production of the play *Amori miei* (*My Loves*).

Fiastri died in Rome on 28 December 2018, at the age of 84.

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Jaja Fiastri | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Maria Grazia Pacelli
(1934-09-15)15 September 1934
Rome, Italy |
| Died | 28 December 2018(2018-12-28) (aged 84)
Rome, Italy |
| Other names | Iaia Fiastri |
| Occupation(s) | Screenwriter, songwriter |
| Years active | 1964–1997 |


abstract: The International Federation of Women Lawyers (IFWL), in Spanish Federación Internacional de Abogadas (FIDA), is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) that enhances the status of women and children by providing legal aid, legal literacy and education programs, and through advocacy, law reform, research and publications.

text:
# International Federation of Women Lawyers

The **International Federation of Women Lawyers** (**IFWL**), in Spanish *Federación Internacional de Abogadas* (FIDA), is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) that enhances the status of women and children by providing legal aid, legal literacy and education programs, and through advocacy, law reform, research and publications.

## History and activities

The *Federación Internacional de Abogadas* was established in 1944 in Mexico City. It obtained United Nations Consultative status in 1954. It works with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). FIDA publishes *La Abogada Newsletter* four times a year in Spanish and English, for members only. Every two years FIDA publishes *La Abogada Internacional* in English, French and Spanish.

In 2011 UNESCO said of the organization: "The quality of the work of the IFWL, a professional organization whose geographical extension is fair and representativeness relatively balanced, is undoubted. Admitted to Category C in 1961, it has co-operated with UNESCO since 1953 in the context of the consultative arrangements. It received a financial contribution from UNESCO for organizing the international congress of lawyers (1989). Its co-operation with UNESCO, which is operational in nature, has slackened in the last few years. It might consider drawing closer to NGOs that operate in similar fields."

## Presidents

Before 1960, Luisa A. Perez Peroso, and Rosalind Goodrich Bates both served terms as president of FIDA. (Note: The dates below reflect the conference each woman presided over; they were generally elected at the previous conference.)

| Conference year | President | Host country of conference | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | Josefina Phodaca-Ambrosio | The Philippines |  |
| 1962 | Esther Talamantes | Mexico |  |
| 1964 | Violet Alva | India |  |
| 1967 | Angie Brooks | Liberia |  |
| 1969 | Mehrangiz Manouchehrian | Iran |  |
| 1971 | Filomena Quintana | Chile |  |
| 1973 | Mrs. Beng Oon | Malaysia |  |
| 1975 | Helga Stödter | West Germany |  |
| 1977 | J. Aduke Alakija | Nigeria |  |
| 1979 | Dora Aberlin | United States |  |
| 1982 | Ana Lucia Garcia | Venezuela |  |
| 1984 | Daphne Anne Kok | Australia |  |
| 1986 | Anca Postelnicu | Belgium |  |
| 1988 | Rose Taylor | Ghana |  |
| 1990 | Angela Cuevas de Dolmetsch | Colombia |  |
| 1992 | Eugenia Charles | Bahamas |  |
| 1994 | Nicole Huguenin-Gonon | France |  |
| 1996 | Elsie Leung | Hong Kong |  |
| 1998 | Surinder Kapila | Kenya |  |
| 2000 | Mary Nelson Wilburn | United States |  |
| 2002 | Alvarina Miranda de Almeida | Brazil |  |
| 2005 | Puan Sri Saraswathy Devi | Malaysia |  |
| 2008 | Pirkko K. Koskinen Giovanna Chiara | Italy |  |
| 2011 | Stella Obiageli Ugboma | Nigeria |  |
| 2014 | Sheela Anish | India |  |
| 2017 | Jethlyn A. Burrows | Bahamas |  |
| 2020 | Shadhana Gunaratnam | Switzerland |  |
| 2023 | Carolina Rios Villota | Colombia |  |
|

## Regional affiliates

As of 2011 there were affiliated organizations and individuals in 73 countries:

* Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Togo
* Argentina, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, United States of America, Venezuela
* Bangladesh, Hong Kong/China, India, Indonesia, Iran - Islamic Republic of, Israel, Japan, Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan/China, Thailand
* Australia, New Zealand
* Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

### Ghana

FIDA Ghana was founded in 1974. The association set up the first legal aid program in Ghana in 1985, mainly targeting indigent women and children. To help people understand the law, FIDA Ghana has developed booklets that present some of the existing laws affecting the status of women and children in simple English, and in translations into the Dagbani, Ewe, Ga, and Akan languages.

### Kenya

FIDA Kenya was formed in 1985 after the third United Nations World Conference on Women, which was held in Nairobi. FIDA Kenya was affiliated to the *Federation International De Abogadas* until 1993. As of 2011 FIDA Kenya had over 600 members. FIDA Kenya prepared a "shadow report" on the Kenyan Government's 2007 report on the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. The report questioned the accuracy of the government's report and raised concerns about lack of government commitment to the advancement of women.

### Nigeria

FIDA-Nigeria was founded in May 1982 to promote the welfare of women and children and remove harmful laws. It provides free legal services to women and children, provides education and publications to help explain the law, and runs seminars, workshops and conferences.

Pamphlets cover subjects such as juvenile delinquency, rights of women, forced and early marriages and the effects of female circumcision.

### United States

FIDA USA was re-established in September 2020. It publishes news, articles, and journal articles discussing the rights of women and children in the US. FIDA USA participates in conferences and events organized under the agenda of the United Nations.

## InfoBox

International Federation of Women Lawyers
|
|  |
| Formation | 1944 |
| Type | Professional association |
| Purpose | To promote legal professionalism |
| Official language | Spanish, English |
| President | Carolina Rios Villota |
| Website | www.fidafederation.org |


title: Imafuku Masakazu

abstract: Imafuku Masakazu Imafuku Masakazu was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period who served the Takeda clan. He was also known as Imafuku Ichizaemon-no-jō (今福市左衛門尉) and held the court title of Chikuzen no kami. Masakazu was the son of Imafuku Jōkansai (今福浄閑斎), the Takeda retainer who had built Kunōzan Castle and served as its warden. Masakazu's landholding, starting in 1563, was in the Suwa District of Shinano province. He was active under both Takeda Shingen and Shingen's son Katsuyori as a commander of infantry samurai-taishō (侍大将). He also served for a time as the warden of Takashima Castle. Masakazu was killed in 1582 while leading a counterattack against Kiso Yoshimasa, a former Takeda vassal who had turned traitor during the Tokugawa/Oda attacks on Shinano and Kai.

text:
# Imafuku Masakazu

**Imafuku Masakazu** (今福 昌和, died 1582) was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period who served the Takeda clan. He was also known as Imafuku Ichizaemon-no-jō (今福市左衛門尉) and held the court title of *Chikuzen no kami*. Masakazu was the son of **Imafuku Jōkansai** (今福浄閑斎), the Takeda retainer who had built Kunōzan Castle and served as its warden. Masakazu's landholding, starting in 1563, was in the Suwa District of Shinano province. He was active under both Takeda Shingen and Shingen's son Katsuyori as a commander of infantry samurai-taishō (侍大将). He also served for a time as the warden of Takashima Castle. Masakazu was killed in 1582 while leading a counterattack against Kiso Yoshimasa, a former Takeda vassal who had turned traitor during the Tokugawa/Oda attacks on Shinano and Kai.

* Naramoto Tatsuya (1992). *Nihon no kassen: monoshiri jiten*. (Tokyo: Shufu to seikatsusha).


title: Han Oen Lee

abstract: Han Oen Lee, Luitenant der Chinezen (1856—1893) was a magnate of Chinese descent in the Dutch East Indies, who governed the Chinese community of Bekasi as its Luitenant der Chinezen, an important administrative post in the Dutch colonial bureaucracy. He was also the Landheer (landlord) of the particuliere land of Gaboes. Today, he is best known as the father of the late colonial statesman Hok Hoei Kan (1881—1951). Born in Surabaya, East Java, Dutch East Indies in 1856, Han Oen Lee Sia came from the influential Han family of Lasem, part of the 'Cabang Atas' gentry of colonial Indonesia. His father, Han Tjoei Hing Sia, was a local landlord and a great-grandson of Han Khee Bing, Luitenant der Chinezen (1749—1768), who was in turn the eldest son of Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen of Surabaya (1727—1778), an important ally and comprador of the Dutch East India Company. As the issue of a long line of Chinese officers, Han bore the hereditary title of Sia from birth. On March 8, 1876, Han married the heiress Kan Oe Nio (1850—1910), who was six years his senior, at the bride's hometown of Batavia, capital of the Dutch East Indies. Han's wife was a daughter of one of the colony's wealthiest tycoons, Kan Keng Tjong (1797—1871), and Jo Heng Nio (1827—1900), as well as a sister-in-law of Lie Tjoe Hong, the 3rd Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia. Han and his wife had three children: Han Khing Bie Sia (1878—1864), Han Khing Tjiang Sia and Han Tek Nio (1883—1969). On April 15, 1886, Han Oen Lee Sia was appointed by the Dutch colonial government to the post of Luitenant der Chinezen of Bekasi, a district located east of Batavia, in the region of Han's private domain of Gaboes. There, Luitenant Han Oen Lee introduced a new variety of rice from Fujian in southern China, which had larger grains and produced a more plentiful harvest. Han also operated a steam-powered rice mill on the estate. Luitenant Han Oen Lee served in his government position until his untimely death due to a major fire in Batavia's Chinese quarter, Glodok, in 1893. Family lore recounts how the Luitenant climbed up to the roof of his family house, holding two sacred family krises, named Pangeran Api and Pangeran Angin, thus magically diverting the fire away. Jakarta folklore has it that the fire leapt over the Molenvliet canal thanks to the magical power of the krises. Han, however, died from fire-related injuries a few days later. On his death, his eldest son, Han Khing Bie Sia, inherited Gaboes. His younger son, Han Khing Tjiang Sia, was adopted by his childless brother-in-law, Kan Tjeng Soen (1855—1896), renamed Kan Hok Hoei Sia and was made the principal heir of the name and fortune of the latter's maternal grandfather, Kan Keng Tjong. Han's youngest son, as Hok Hoei Kan, became a leading politician of the late colonial period.

text:
# Han Oen Lee

**Han Oen Lee, Luitenant der Chinezen** (1856—1893) was a magnate of Chinese descent in the Dutch East Indies, who governed the Chinese community of Bekasi as its *Luitenant der Chinezen*, an important administrative post in the Dutch colonial bureaucracy. He was also the *Landheer* (landlord) of the *particuliere land* (private domain) of Gaboes. Today, he is best known as the father of the late colonial statesman Hok Hoei Kan (1881—1951).

Born in Surabaya, East Java, Dutch East Indies in 1856, Han Oen Lee Sia came from the influential Han family of Lasem, part of the 'Cabang Atas' gentry of colonial Indonesia. His father, Han Tjoei Hing Sia (died in 1882), was a local landlord and a great-grandson of Han Khee Bing, Luitenant der Chinezen (1749—1768), who was in turn the eldest son of Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen of Surabaya (1727—1778), an important ally and comprador of the Dutch East India Company. As the issue of a long line of Chinese officers, Han bore the hereditary title of *Sia* from birth.

On March 8, 1876, Han married the heiress Kan Oe Nio (1850—1910), who was six years his senior, at the bride's hometown of Batavia, capital of the Dutch East Indies. Han's wife was a daughter of one of the colony's wealthiest tycoons, Kan Keng Tjong (1797—1871), and Jo Heng Nio (1827—1900), as well as a sister-in-law of Lie Tjoe Hong, the 3rd Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia. Han and his wife had three children: Han Khing Bie Sia (1878—1864), Han Khing Tjiang Sia (later known as Hok Hoei Kan) and Han Tek Nio (1883—1969).

On April 15, 1886, Han Oen Lee Sia was appointed by the Dutch colonial government to the post of Luitenant der Chinezen of Bekasi, a district located east of Batavia, in the region of Han's private domain of Gaboes (now in Bekasi Regency). There, Luitenant Han Oen Lee introduced a new variety of rice from Fujian in southern China, which had larger grains and produced a more plentiful harvest. Han also operated a steam-powered rice mill on the estate.

Luitenant Han Oen Lee served in his government position until his untimely death due to a major fire in Batavia's Chinese quarter, Glodok, in 1893. Family lore recounts how the Luitenant climbed up to the roof of his family house, holding two sacred family krises, named *Pangeran Api* (prince of fire) and *Pangeran Angin* (prince of wind), thus magically diverting the fire away. Jakarta folklore has it that the fire leapt over the Molenvliet canal thanks to the magical power of the krises. Han, however, died from fire-related injuries a few days later.

On his death, his eldest son, Han Khing Bie Sia, inherited Gaboes. His younger son, Han Khing Tjiang Sia, was adopted by his childless brother-in-law, Kan Tjeng Soen (1855—1896), renamed Kan Hok Hoei Sia and was made the principal heir of the name and fortune of the latter's maternal grandfather, Kan Keng Tjong. Han's youngest son, as Hok Hoei Kan, became a leading politician of the late colonial period.

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Han Oen Lee,
Luitenant der Chinezen | |
| --- | --- |
| Han Oen Lee, Luitenant der Chinezen | |
|  | |
| Luitenant der Chinezen of Bekasi | |
| **In office**
1886  1893 (died in office) | |
| Preceded by | Luitenant Tan Kang Ie |
| Constituency | Bekasi |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1856
Surabaya, East Java, Dutch East Indies |
| Died | 1893
Batavia, Dutch East Indies |
| Spouse | Kan Oe Nio |
| Relations |  |
| Children | * Han Khing Bie (1878—1964) * Hok Hoei Kan (1881—1951) * Han Tek Nio (1883—1969) |
| Parent | Han Tjoei Hing Sia (father) |
| Occupation | Mandarin |
| Known for | Role as the first Luitenant der Chinezen of Bekasi and a leading, colonial landlord |
|  | |


title: Ozarka

abstract: Ozarka is a brand of spring water which is bottled and sold in the South Central United States, including Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, New Mexico, Mississippi, and portions of Tennessee, Kansas and Missouri. The Ozarka Spring Water Company was founded in Eureka Springs, Arkansas in 1905, and was the town’s primary source of jobs and economic stability, until it was bought and relocated away from Eureka Springs, leaving the town in economic turmoil. Ozarka is now a division of BlueTriton Brands. Ozarka's slogan is Born Better. The Ozarka water is selected from natural springs sources in Texas. It is found in Kroger, Walmart, and other retailers in Texas. It is no longer sourced from the Ozark mountain town of Eureka Springs, Arkansas, the mountain range from which it derived its name.

text:
# Ozarka

**Ozarka** is a brand of spring water which is bottled and sold in the South Central United States, including Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, New Mexico, Mississippi, and portions of Tennessee, Kansas and Missouri. The Ozarka Spring Water Company was founded in Eureka Springs, Arkansas in 1905, and was the town’s primary source of jobs and economic stability, until it was bought and relocated away from Eureka Springs, leaving the town in economic turmoil. Ozarka is now a division of BlueTriton Brands. Ozarka's slogan is Born Better. The Ozarka water is selected from natural springs sources in Texas. It is found in Kroger, Walmart, and other retailers in Texas. It is no longer sourced from the Ozark mountain town of Eureka Springs, Arkansas, the mountain range from which it derived its name.

## InfoBox

Ozarka
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Market | South Central United States |
| Produced by | BlueTriton Brands |
| Introduced | 1905 (1905) |
| Type | Still |
| pH | 5.6-6.6 |
| Bromine (Br) | 0.017-0.11 |
| Calcium (Ca) | 1.9-5.9 |
| Chloride (Cl) | 2.6-26 |
| Fluoride (F) | 0 |
| Magnesium (Mg) | 0.85-1.8 |
| Nitrate (NO3) | 0 |
| Potassium (K) | 0-3 |
| Sodium (Na) | 2.4-13 |
| Sulfate (SO4) | 1.9-6.8 |
| TDS | 30-110 |
| Website | www.ozarkawater.com |
| All concentrations in milligrams per liter (mg/L); pH without units | |


title: The Sonic Dawn

abstract: The Sonic Dawn is a psychedelic rock band, based in Copenhagen, Denmark. They are known as a prolific live act, having toured the European continent numerous times, and have released four full-length albums internationally. The Sonic Dawn describe their sound as "a psychedelic mixture of styles, from jazzy sitar pop to heavy acid rock." They have recently appeared alongside artists such as Graveyard and Brant Bjork.

text:
# The Sonic Dawn

**The Sonic Dawn** is a psychedelic rock band, based in Copenhagen, Denmark. They are known as a prolific live act, having toured the European continent numerous times, and have released four full-length albums internationally. The Sonic Dawn describe their sound as "a psychedelic mixture of styles, from jazzy sitar pop to heavy acid rock." They have recently appeared alongside artists such as Graveyard and Brant Bjork.

## Biography

The band was formed in Copenhagen by Emil Bureau (guitar, vocals), Jonas Waaben (drums, perc., backing vocals) and Niels Fuglede (bass guitar) in the summer 2013. Initially the group was named The Mind Flowers, which was later changed to The Sonic Dawn, because of legal issues with ownership of the name in the United States.

Following their first concert 9 January 2014, in Copenhagen, the band was signed by the local psychedelia and stoner rock label, Levitation Records (now defunct). The record debut was a 7-inch vinyl split featuring their single Down the Line, released in May 2014. The single aired on national radio in Denmark, but failed to chart. Same year the band toured Denmark, performing with Spids Nøgenhat, label mates The Hedgehogs and more.

In 2015, The Sonic Dawn expanded to Europe, with tour dates abroad in Germany, France, The Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Via these touring efforts The Sonic Dawn landed their first international record deal with German Nasoni Records, known for releasing Colour Haze among others, who released Perception on 31 October 2015. Musically, the album can be described as a mix of rock and blues songwriting, with a psychedelic sound. It prominently features the Swedish organist Erik 'Errka' Petersson on keys, a studio collaboration that continued on the group's next album as well. While Perception did not gain the interest of mainstream media, it established The Sonic Dawn as a name in the underground, one such critic speculating that The Sonic Dawn might be "the next big band of the current retro rock wave" (Eclipsed Rock Magazine, March 2016). Nasoni printed two limited editions of the LP on colored vinyl, which are both sold out. A remastered audiophile edition, cut at Abbey Road Studios in London, was released in late 2017.

Upon Perception's release the band toured Europe extensively. One notable performance was their opening of Freak Valley Festival 2016, sharing the stage with Graveyard, Dead Meadow and others.

On 21 April 2017, The Sonic Dawn released the second album, Into the Long Night, on Italian Heavy Psych Sounds, record label of Nick Oliveri (former Queens of the Stone Age) and Nebula. The album was recorded during one month's isolation in a remote house by the North Sea in Denmark. A mini documentary by filmmaker Bolette Søs covers the unusual recording process. The song l'Espion charted on Danish national radio, two weeks as No. 1 on DR P3's music chart, Barometerlisten, remaining in rotation for eight weeks total. Also in Sweden the album got some national airplay, while underground radio shows and podcasts continued their interest in the band's psychedelic sound. On the release date Uffe Lorenzen (Baby Woodrose's front man) opened for The Sonic Dawn with a solo set.

As an album *Into the Long Night* is more explorative and varied in sound, showing both a more sensitive and jazzy quality, while taking the psychedelic aspect further at the same time, as noted by several critics, with Classic Rock Magazine stating that "Denmark is entering the world market for psychedelic drugs." The album explores a wider instrumentation, notably featuring Danish jazz legend Morten Grønvad on vibraphone and percussion. Upon the release of into the Long Night, The Sonic Dawn played around 60 European shows, including 15 dates with Brant Bjork (formerly of Kyuss and Fu Manchu), who handpicked them as tour support on his Mankind Woman album tour.

On 1 February 2019, The Sonic Dawn's third album, Eclipse, was released on Heavy Psych Sounds Records. Their biggest work to date, with the album's 13 tracks picked among over 40 candidates, according to the group itself. Reviewers called it "one of the best psychedelic pop albums of the decade" and "The Sonic Dawn’s preliminary masterpiece". The album was recorded to tape at The Village Recording in Copenhagen with producer, Thomas Vang, known for his work with Roger Waters. The album singles Forever 1969 and Psychedelic Ranger received moderate national airplay across Europe. The Sonic Dawn toured Europe for five weeks in the spring 2019 and has announced two weeks of fall/winter tour, in support of Eclipse.

## Discography

* "Down the Line" b/w "Blue Jay" (7-inch split with The Roaring 420s). Levitation Records, 2014.
* *Perception* (CD/LP). Nasoni Records, 2015.
* *Into the Long Night* (CD/LP). Heavy Psych Sounds, 2017.
* *Eclipse* (CD/LP). Heavy Psych Sounds, 2019.
* *Enter the Mirage* (CD/LP). Heavy Psych Sounds, 2020.

## InfoBox

| The Sonic Dawn | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Genres | Psychedelic rock |
| Years active | 2013–present |
| Labels | Heavy Psych Sounds, Nasoni Records |
|  | |
| Members | Emil Bureau
Jonas Waaben
Niels 'Bird' Fuglede
 |
|  | |
| Website | thesonicdawn.com |


title: Hiram Hyde

abstract: Hiram Hyde was a stagecoach operator and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Truro township in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1855 to 1859 as a Liberal-Conservative member. He was born in Richmond County, New York, the son of Roswell Hyde, and came to British North America in 1833. He operated a stagecoach there and transported British troops to battle during the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837. Hyde came to Nova Scotia in 1841 and was hired by Samuel Cunard to transport mail between Halifax and Truro. He later established his own business servicing that route. In 1851, he won a contract to transport mail between West River and Sydney but he lost the contract to one of his drivers in 1860. He later operated a route between Pictou and Arichat. Hyde built the first telegraph line in the province during the 1850s. He was married twice: his wife Esther Ann died in 1882. Hyde died in Truro at the age of 90.

text:
# Hiram Hyde

**Hiram Hyde** (September 25, 1817  December 18, 1907) was a stagecoach operator and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Truro township in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1855 to 1859 as a Liberal-Conservative member.

He was born in Richmond County, New York, the son of Roswell Hyde, and came to British North America in 1833. He operated a stagecoach there and transported British troops to battle during the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837. Hyde came to Nova Scotia in 1841 and was hired by Samuel Cunard to transport mail between Halifax and Truro. He later established his own business servicing that route. In 1851, he won a contract to transport mail between West River and Sydney but he lost the contract to one of his drivers in 1860. He later operated a route between Pictou and Arichat. Hyde built the first telegraph line in the province during the 1850s. He was married twice: his wife Esther Ann died in 1882. Hyde died in Truro at the age of 90.

* *A Directory of the Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1758-1958*, Public Archives of Nova Scotia (1958)


title: Unión del Norte

abstract: Unión del Norte is a corregimiento in Montijo District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 697 as of 2010. It was created by Law 42 of April 30, 2003.

text:
# Unión del Norte

**Unión del Norte**  is a corregimiento in Montijo District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 697 as of 2010. It was created by Law 42 of April 30, 2003.

## InfoBox

| Unión del Norte | |
| --- | --- |
| Corregimiento | |
| Country | Panama |
| Province | Veraguas |
| District | Montijo |
| Established | April 30, 2003 |
| Area | |
| Land | 35.2 km2 (13.6 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 697 |
| Density | 19.8/km2 (51/sq mi) |
|  | Population density calculated based on land area. |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |


title: Iaido

abstract: Iaidō Iaidō (居合道), abbreviated iai (居合), is a Japanese martial art that emphasizes being aware and capable of quickly drawing the sword and responding to sudden attacks. Iaido consists of four main components: the smooth, controlled movements of drawing the sword from its scabbard, striking or cutting an opponent, shaking blood from the blade, and replacing the sword in the scabbard. While beginning practitioners of iaido may start learning with a wooden sword depending on the teaching style of a particular instructor, most of the practitioners use a blunt-edged sword called an iaitō or mogitō. Few, more experienced, iaido practitioners use a sharp-edged sword (shinken). Practitioners of iaido are called iaidoka.

text:
# Iaido

***Iaidō*** (居合道), abbreviated *iai* (居合), is a Japanese martial art that emphasizes being aware and capable of quickly drawing the sword and responding to sudden attacks.

Iaido consists of four main components: the smooth, controlled movements of drawing the sword from its scabbard (or saya), striking or cutting an opponent, shaking blood from the blade, and replacing the sword in the scabbard. While beginning practitioners of iaido may start learning with a wooden sword (bokutō 木刀) depending on the teaching style of a particular instructor, most of the practitioners use a blunt-edged sword called an iaitō or *mogitō*. Few, more experienced, iaido practitioners use a sharp-edged sword (*shinken*).

Practitioners of iaido are called *iaidoka*.

## Origins of the name

The term "iaido" appears in 1932 and consists of the kanji  (i),  (ai), and  (dō). The origin of the first two characters, *iai* (居合), is believed to come from saying *Tsune ni ite, kyū ni awasu* (常に居て、急に合わす), which can be roughly translated as "being constantly (prepared), match/meet (the opposition) immediately". Thus the primary emphasis in 'iai' is on the psychological state of being present (居). The secondary emphasis is on drawing the sword and responding by harmonising with a sudden attack as quickly as possible (合).

The last character, , is generally translated into English as the way or path. The term "iaido" approximately translates into English as "the way of mental presence and immediate reaction", and was popularized by Nakayama Hakudo.

The term emerged from iaijutsu and the general trend to replace the suffix *-jutsu* () ("the art of") with *-dō* () in Japanese martial arts in order to emphasize the philosophical or spiritual aspects of the practice.

## Purpose

Iaido encompasses hundreds of styles of swordsmanship, all of which subscribe to non-combative aims and purposes. Iaido is an intrinsic form of Japanese modern budo.

Iaido is a reflection of the morals of the classical warrior and to build a spiritually harmonious person possessed of high intellect, sensitivity, and resolute will. Iaido is for the most part performed solo as an issue of kata, executing changed strategies against single or various fanciful rivals. Every kata starts and finishes with the sword sheathed. Regardless of the sword method, creative ability and concentration are required to maintain the feeling of a genuine battle and to keep the kata new. Iaidoka are often expected to practice kendo to maintain the combative spirit. It is normal for high-ranking kendoka to hold high rank in iaido as well, and vice versa.

To perform the kata appropriately, iaidoka likewise learn carriage, development, grip and swing. At times iaidoka will practice complementary kata from kendo or kenjutsu. Unlike kendo, iaido practice never involves sparring.

## Moral and religious influences

The metaphysical aspects of iaido have been influenced by several philosophical and religious currents. Iaido blends the ethics of Confucianism, methods of Zen, philosophical Taoism, the purifying rites of Shinto and aspects of bushido.

## Tōhō-gata techniques

A set of five koryu iaido forms

1. *Mae-giri* from Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū School
2. *Zengo-giri* from Mugai-ryū School
3. *Kiri-age* from Shindō Munen-ryū School
4. *Shihō-giri* from Suiō-ryū School
5. *Kissaki-gaeshi* from Hōki-ryū School

## Seitei-gata techniques

The 12 official kata currently recognised by the All Japan Kendo Federation are (in Romanised form):

1. *Mae*
2. *Ushiro*
3. *Ukenagashi*
4. *Tsuka-ate*
5. *Kesagiri*
6. *Morote-tsuki*
7. *Sanpōgiri*
8. *Ganmen-ate*
9. *Soete-zuki*
10. *Shihōgiri*
11. *Sōgiri*
12. *Nukiuchi*

Because iaido is practiced with a weapon, it is almost entirely practiced using solitary forms, or kata performed against one or more imaginary opponents. Multiple-person kata exist in some schools of iaido; for safety, iaidoka usually use bokken for such kata practice. Iaido does include competition in the form of kata, but does not use sparring of any kind. Because of this non-fighting practice, and iaido's emphasis on precise, controlled, fluid motion, it is sometimes referred to as "moving Zen." Most of the styles and schools do not practice *tameshigiri*, cutting techniques.

A part of iaido is *nukitsuke*. This is a quick draw of the sword, accomplished by simultaneously drawing the sword from the *saya* and also moving the *saya* back in *saya-biki*.

## History

Iaido started in the mid-1500s. Hayashizaki Jinsuke Shigenobu (1542 - 1621) is generally acknowledged as the organizer of Iaido. There were many different Koryu (customary schools), however just a few remain practiced today. Just about every one of them additionally concentrate on more seasoned school created amid 16-seventeenth century, in the same way as Muso-Shinden-ryu, Hoki-ryu, Muso-Jikiden-Eishin-ryu, Shinto-Munen-ryu, Tamiya-ryu, Yagyu-Shinkage-ryu, Mugai-ryu, Sekiguchi-ryu, et cetera.

After the collapse of the Japanese feudal system in 1868, the founders of the modern disciplines borrowed from the theory and the practice of classical disciplines as they had studied or practiced. The founding in 1895 of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK) 大日本武徳会 (lit. "Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society") in Kyoto, Japan. was also an important contribution to the development of modern Japanese swordsmanship. In 1932 DNBK officially approved and recognized the Japanese discipline, *iaido*; this year was the first time the term *iaido* appeared in Japan. After this initiative the modern forms of swordsmanship is organised in several iaido organisations. During the post-war occupation of Japan, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai and its affiliates were disbanded by the Allies of World War II in the period 1945–1950. However, in 1950, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai was reestablished and the practice of the Japanese martial disciplines began again.

The Zen Nippon Iaido Renmei, All Japan Iaido Federation (全日本居合道連盟, *Zen Nippon Iaido Renmei*) (ZNIR) was founded in 1948.

In 1952, the Kokusai Budoin, International Martial Arts Federation (国際武道院・国際武道連盟, *Kokusai Budoin Kokusai Budo Renmei*) (IMAF) was founded in Tokyo, Japan. IMAF is a Japanese organization promoting international Budō, and has seven divisions representing the various Japanese martial arts, including iaido.

Also in 1952, the All Japan Kendo Federation (ZNKR) was founded.

Upon formation of various organizations overseeing martial arts, a problem of commonality appeared. Since members of the organization were drawn from various backgrounds, and had experience practicing different schools of iaido, there arose a need for a common set of kata, that would be known by all members of organization, and that could be used for fair grading of practitioner's skill. Two of the largest Japanese organizations, All Japan Kendo Federation (ZNKR) and All Japan Iaido Federation (ZNIR), each created their own representative set of kata for this purpose.

## Kata under the respective iaido organizations

### Tōhō Iaido

The All Japan Iaido Federation (ZNIR, *Zen Nihon Iaido Renmei*, founded 1948) has a set of five koryu iaido forms, called Tōhō, contributed from the five major schools whose teachers were involved in the creation of the organization.

* Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū School founded during the late Muromachi period (c.1590). ('Mae-giri')
* Mugai-ryū School founded in 1695. ('Zengo-giri')
* Shindō Munen-ryū School founded in the early 1700s. ('Kiri-age')
* Suiō-ryū School founded during the late Sengoku period (c.1600). ('Shihō-giri')
* Hōki-ryū School founded during the late Muromachi period (c.1590). ('Kissaki-gaeshi')

### Seitei Iaido

Seitei or Zen Nippon Kendo Renmei Iaido (制定) are technical forms based on *seitei-gata*, or standard forms of sword-drawing techniques, created by the Zen Nihon Kendo Renmei (All Japan Kendo Federation). This standard set of iaido kata was created in 1969 by a committee formed by the All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF, *Zen Nippon Kendo Renmei* or ZNKR). The twelve Seitei iaido forms (*seitei-gata*) are standardised for the tuition, promotion and propagation of iaido at the iaido clubs, that are members of the regional Kendo federations. All dojos, that are members of the regional Kendo federations teach this set. Since member federations of International Kendo Federation (FIK) uses seitei gata as a standard for their iaido exams and *shiai*, *seitei iaido* has become the most widely practised form of iaido in Japan and the rest of the world.

#### Other organizations

Single-style federations usually do not have a standardized "grading" set of kata, and use kata from their koryu curriculum for grading and demonstrations.

## Schools

Many iaido organisations promote sword technique from the seiza (sitting position) and refer to their art as *iaido*. One of the popular versions of these is the Musō Shinden-ryū 夢想神伝流, an iaido system created by Nakayama Hakudō (1872–1958) in 1932. The Musō Shinden-ryū is an interpretation of one of the Jinsuke-Eishin lines, called Shimomura-ha.

The other line of Jinsuke-Eishin, called Tanimura-ha, was created by Gotō Magobei Masasuke (died 1898) and Ōe Masaji Shikei (1852–1927). It was Ōe Masaji Shikei who began formally referring to his iaido branch as the Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū 無双直伝英信流 during the Taishō era (1912–1926).

Another popular iai school mostly found worldwide is Mugai ryu. Mugai-ryū (無外流) or "Outer Nothingness School" is a Japanese koryū martial art school founded by Tsuji Gettan Sukemochi (辻月丹資茂) on 23 June 1680. Its formal name is Mugai Shinden Kenpō (無外真伝剣法). Actually in the beginning, Mugai Ryu started as kenjutsu only school, but sent and recommended its disciples to learn another koryu named "Jikyo-ryu iaijutsu", and after Jikyo ryu vanished without any successor. It is renamed Mugai ryu iaijutsu/iaido up until today.

Another popular Iaido school is **Toyama-ryū** (戸山流), which was established in 1925 in Japan. It was created by the Japanese army during World War II to create a simplified form. This style emphasizes the most important aspects of drawing and cutting. After the war it became obsolete, but was revived after 1952.

## Ranks

Ranking in iaido depends on the school and/or the member federations to which a particular school belongs. Iaido as it is practiced by the International Kendo Federation (FIK) and All Japan Iaido Federation (ZNIR) uses the kyu-dan system, created in 1883.

Modern kendo is almost entirely governed by the FIK, including the ranking system. Iaido is commonly associated with either the FIK or the ZNIR, although there are many extant koryū which may potentially use the menkyo system of grading, or a different system entirely. Iaido as governed by the FIK establishes 10th dan as the maximum attainable rank, though there are no living 10th practitioners in Kendo, there still remains many in Iaido. While there are some living 9th dan practitioners of kendo, the All Japan Kendo Federation only currently awards up to 8th dan. Most other member federations of the FIK have followed suit.

## International Iaido Sport Competition

Iaido, in its modern form, is practiced as a competitive sport, separately regulated by the All Japan Kendo Federation and All Japan Iaido Federations.

An iaido competition consists of two or more iaidoka performing their kata next to each other and simultaneously. The competitors will be judged by a panel of judges according to the standardized regulations.

The European Kendo Federation has arranged European iaido championships since 1993, and this competition continues to be held every year with a few exceptions.

## Organisations

Many national and regional organisations manage and promote iaido activities. The following is a list of international organisations which include iaido:

Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK), established in 1895 in Kyoto, approved and recognized the discipline iaido.

The International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF) was established in Kyoto in 1952 and is dedicated to the promotion and development of the martial arts worldwide, including iaido.

International Kendo Federation (FIK), established in 1970, an international organization for Kendo, Iaido and Jodo practitioners, which many national Kendo federations are a member of.

All Japan Iaido Federation (or Zen Nippon Iaido Renmei) (ZNIR) was established in 1954 "in accordance with the Japanese bushido spirit to pass on the time-honoured system of Kobudo Iaido".

The World Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū Iaido Federation, established in Tokyo in 2011, is dedicated to ensuring the orthodox transmission of MJER Iaido to future generations worldwide, as well as promoting and preserving the development of other schools.

Zen Nihon Toyama Ryu Iaido Renmei (ZNTIR) established in Machida Japan after WW II was created as "Toyama-Ryu Shinko kai" established by Tokutomi Tasaburo and Nakamura Taizaburo who were Gunto Soho instructors at the Toyama Ryu Military Academy for the Japanese Imperial Army. Over time the "Toyama-Ryu Shinko-Kai" was renamed as Zen Nihon Toyama Ryu Iaido Renmei, and practice eight kata from a derivative of Gunto Soho.

Murayama City, the birthplace of iaido, operates a number of iaido experience and training programs. This includes training with some of the iaido masters and english speaking teachers in Yamagata.

Following organisations are national Iaido federations in Japan:

(Wayback Machine copy)

(Wayback Machine copy) Iaido in the United States is under the auspices of the All-US Kendo Federation Archived 2020-02-17 at the Wayback Machine (AUSKF) and the various regional Kendo federations that are members of the AUSKF.

Iaido Training in Japan

## InfoBox

Iaidō
居合道
いあいどう
| Focus | Weaponry |
| --- | --- |
| Hardness | Forms competitions only. |
| Country of origin | Japan |
| Parenthood | Iaijutsu |
| Olympic sport | No |


title: Iron oxide cycle

abstract:
For chemical reactions, the iron oxide cycle (Fe3O4/FeO) is the original two-step thermochemical cycle proposed for use for hydrogen production.
It is based on the reduction and subsequent oxidation of iron ions, particularly the reduction and oxidation between Fe3+ and Fe2+. The ferrites, or iron oxide, begins in the form of a spinel and depending on the reaction conditions, dopant metals and support material forms either Wüstites or different spinels.

text:
# Iron oxide cycle

For chemical reactions, the **iron oxide cycle** (Fe3O4/FeO) is the original two-step thermochemical cycle proposed for use for hydrogen production. It is based on the reduction and subsequent oxidation of iron ions, particularly the reduction and oxidation between Fe3+ and Fe2+. The ferrites, or iron oxide, begins in the form of a spinel and depending on the reaction conditions, dopant metals and support material forms either Wüstites or different spinels.

## Process description

The thermochemical two-step water splitting process uses two redox steps. The steps of solar hydrogen production by iron based two-step cycle are:

$$\begin{cases}{\ce {M^{II}Fe2^{III}O4 -\> M^{II}O + 2Fe^{II}O + 1/2O2}&{\ce {(Reduction)}\\\{\ce {M^{II}O + 2Fe^{II}O + H2O -\> M^{II}Fe2^{III}O4 + H2}&{\ce {(Oxidation)}\end{cases}}}}}$$

Where M can by any number of metals, often Fe itself, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn or mixtures thereof.

The endothermic reduction step (1) is carried out at high temperatures greater than 1400 °C, though the "Hercynite cycle" is capable of temperatures as low as 1200 °C. The oxidative water splitting step (2) occurs at a lower ~1000 °C temperature which produces the original ferrite material in addition to hydrogen gas. The temperature level is realized by using geothermal heat from magma or a solar power tower and a set of heliostats to collect the solar thermal energy.

## Hercynite cycle

Like the traditional iron oxide cycle, the hercynite is based on the oxidation and reduction of iron atoms. However unlike the traditional cycle, the ferrite material reacts with a second metal oxide, aluminum oxide, rather than simply decomposing. The reactions take place via the following two reactions:

$$\begin{cases}{\ce {M^{II}Fe2^{III}O4 + 3Al2O3 -\> M^{II}Al2^{III}O4 + 2Fe^{II}Al2^{III}O4 + 1/2O2}&{\ce {(Reduction)}\\\{\ce {M^{II}Al2^{III}O4 + 2Fe^{II}Al2^{III}O4 + H2O -\> M^{II}Fe2^{III}O4 + 3Al2O3 + H2}&{\ce {(Oxidation)}\end{cases}}}}}$$

The reduction step of the hercynite reaction takes place at temperature ~ 200 °C lower than the traditional water splitting cycle (1200 °C). This leads to lower radiation losses, which scale as temperature to the fourth power.

## Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of the ferrite cycles are: they have lower reduction temperatures than other 2-step systems, no metallic gasses are produced, high specific H2 production capacity, non-toxicity of the elements used and abundance of the constituent elements.

The disadvantages of the ferrite cycles are: similar reduction and melting temperature of the spinels (except for the hercynite cycle as aluminates have very high melting temperatures), and slow rates of the oxidation, or water splitting, reaction.


title: Imafuji Chōtatsurō

abstract: Imafuji Chōtatsurō (今藤長龍郎)(born 1969) is a Japanese shamisen player in the nagauta tradition. He is classically trained as an accompanist to kabuki chanters, but performs in a number of related styles as well, such as buyō. He is a part-time lecturer at Kunitachi College of Music, heads the shamisen section of the Tricycle performance troupe of which he is a founding member, and is involved in a number of other organizations and projects which aim to keep Japan's traditional performing arts alive and to pass them on to the next generations. The son of Hisayuki Imafuji, Chōtatsurō is part of a long and prestigious lineage of nagauta artists. He is the nephew of Tōsha Meishō and Yoshio Nakagawa, and is also related to Tōsha Shūhō of the Tōsha school of traditional musicians.

text:
# Imafuji Chōtatsurō

**Imafuji Chōtatsurō** (今藤長龍郎)(born 1969) is a Japanese shamisen player in the *nagauta* tradition. He is classically trained as an accompanist to kabuki chanters, but performs in a number of related styles as well, such as *buyō* (traditional Japanese dance). He is a part-time lecturer at Kunitachi College of Music, heads the shamisen section of the Tricycle performance troupe of which he is a founding member, and is involved in a number of other organizations and projects which aim to keep Japan's traditional performing arts alive and to pass them on to the next generations.

The son of Hisayuki Imafuji, Chōtatsurō is part of a long and prestigious lineage of *nagauta* artists. He is the nephew of Tōsha Meishō and Yoshio Nakagawa, and is also related to Tōsha Shūhō of the Tōsha school of traditional musicians.

## Biography

Born in Tokyo in 1969, he first began learning the piano at the age of four. He began studying under Imafuji Ryōko at the age of ten, and made his stage debut the following year, in 1980. In 1985, he was granted the name Chōtatsurō by Imafuji Chōjūrō, and attended university at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music. Upon his graduation in 1991, he began to study formally under his uncle Tōsha Meishō and his father. The same year, he appeared on NHK programs on both traditional Japanese and Western music, as well as performing at the National Theater and Kabuki-za.

Chōtatsurō does not regularly perform at the mainstream kabuki theaters, generally being involved in projects more related directly to music and dance than to theatre. However, he has performed at the Kabuki-za, and has worked with the great kabuki actors Nakamura Kantarō II, Nakamura Shichinosuke II, and Nakamura Shidō II among others. He performed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, and has made tours to England twice, in 2005 and 2007. In 2005, he was presented with the Award of the Foundation for the Development of Traditional Japanese Culture. Today he continues to teach both at Kunitachi College of Music and more privately, is a member of a league of composers of new works in the traditional style, and is involved in a number of other projects that encourage and support the traditional arts.

## InfoBox

| Imafuji Chōtatsurō<br>今藤長龍郎 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1969 |
| Origin | Tokyo, Japan |
| Genres | *Nagauta* |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, songwriter, educator |
| Instrument | Shamisen |
| Years active | 1980–present |


title: Joshipura

abstract: Joshipura is a city and a municipality in Junagadh district in the Indian state of Gujarat.

text:
# Joshipura

**Joshipura** is a city and a municipality in Junagadh district in the Indian state of Gujarat.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Joshipura had a population of 28,757. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Joshipura has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 74%. In Joshipura, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

The city is well connected with the state highway.

## InfoBox

| Joshipura | |
| --- | --- |
| city | |
| JoshipuraLocation in Gujarat, IndiaJoshipuraJoshipura (India) | |
| Coordinates: 21°33′26″N 70°26′52″E / 21.55711°N 70.44772°E / 21.55711; 70.44772 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Gujarat |
| District | Junagadh |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 28,756 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Gujarati, Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | GJ |
| Website | gujaratindia.com |


title: Han Ok-kyung

abstract: Han Ok-Kyung is a South Korean former field hockey player who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Han Ok-kyung

**Han Ok-Kyung** (born 27 September 1965) is a South Korean former field hockey player who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Han Ok-kyung
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Women's field hockey | | |
| Representing  South Korea | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1988 Seoul | Team |
| Asian Games | | |
|  | 1986 Seoul | Team |
|  | 1982 Delhi | Team |


title: Ozarkcollenia

abstract: Ozarkcollenia is an extinct genus of stromatolite-making cyanobacteria from Missouri, United States. It was related to Collenia. Ozarkcollenia may have formed in a lake of volcanic origin. The fossils of Ozarkcollenia laminata have been dated to the Proterozoic eon, about 1.5 billion years ago. It occurs in parts of Missouri's Ozark Mountains.

text:
# Ozarkcollenia

***Ozarkcollenia*** is an extinct genus of stromatolite-making cyanobacteria from Missouri, United States. It was related to *Collenia*. *Ozarkcollenia* may have formed in a lake of volcanic origin. The fossils of *Ozarkcollenia laminata* have been dated to the Proterozoic eon, about 1.5 billion years ago. It occurs in parts of Missouri's Ozark Mountains.

## InfoBox

| *Ozarkcollenia*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ozarkcollenia laminata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Cyanobacteria |
| Order: | Kanithosia |
| (unranked): | Stromatolithina |
| Genus: | ***Ozarkcollenia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Ozarkcollenia laminata*****
 | |
|


title: The Tinted Venus

abstract: The Tinted Venus is a 1921 British silent fantasy film directed by Cecil Hepworth and starring Alma Taylor, George Dewhurst and Maud Cressall. The Tinted Venus is based on the 1885 novella by F. Anstey, in which a statue of Venus becomes human and responds to social mores and repressed sexuality in Victorian England. The novella is also the basis for the 1941 stage musical fantasy, One Touch of Venus, by composer Kurt Weill, with book by S. J. Perelman and Ogden Nash, and lyrics by Nash. A 1948 film, One Touch of Venus, is based on Guthrie's book and the musical.

text:
# The Tinted Venus

***The Tinted Venus*** is a 1921 British silent fantasy film directed by Cecil Hepworth and starring Alma Taylor, George Dewhurst and Maud Cressall.

***The Tinted Venus*** is based on the 1885 novella by F. Anstey (pseudonym of Thomas Anstey Guthrie), in which a statue of Venus becomes human and responds to social mores and repressed sexuality in Victorian England. The novella is also the basis for the 1941 stage musical fantasy, *One Touch of Venus*, by composer Kurt Weill, with book by S. J. Perelman and Ogden Nash, and lyrics by Nash. A 1948 film, *One Touch of Venus*, is based on Guthrie's book and the musical.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Palmer, Scott.  *British Film Actors' Credits, 1895-1987*. McFarland, 1988.

## InfoBox

| The Tinted Venus | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Cecil M. Hepworth |
| Written by | Blanche McIntosh |
| Starring | Alma Taylor
George Dewhurst
Maud Cressall |
| Production
company | Hepworth Picture Plays |
| Distributed by | Hepworth Pictures |
| Release date | * April 1921 (1921-04) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Nick Mansfield

abstract: Nick James Mansfield is an Australian philosopher and Dean of Higher Degree Research at the Macquarie University. He is known for his research on subjectivity and sovereignty. Mansfield is one of the founding general editors of the journal Derrida Today.

text:
# Nick Mansfield

**Nick James Mansfield** (born 1959) is an Australian philosopher and Dean of Higher Degree Research at the Macquarie University. He is known for his research on subjectivity and sovereignty. Mansfield is one of the founding general editors of the journal *Derrida Today*.

## Bibliography

* *The God who Deconstructs Himself: Sovereignty and Subjectivity Between Freud, Bataille, and Derrida*
* *Subjectivity: Theories of the Self from Freud to Haraway*
* *Cultural Studies and Critical Theory*
* *Masochism: The Art of Power*
* *Theorizing war: From Hobbes to Badiou*
* *Subjectivity: a Theoretical Introduction*

## InfoBox

| Nick Mansfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1959 |
|  | |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Continental |
| Main interests | subjectivity
aesthetics
radical sexuality |
|  | |


title: Gonna Love Ya

abstract: "Gonna Love Ya" is a song by Swedish EDM producer Avicii featuring Swedish singer Sandro Cavazza. It was released on 1 October 2015 as a promotional single from the album Stories.

text:
# Gonna Love Ya

"**Gonna Love Ya**" is a song by Swedish EDM producer Avicii featuring Swedish singer Sandro Cavazza. It was released on 1 October 2015 as a promotional single from the album Stories.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Norway (VG-lista) | 25 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 3 |
| US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (*Billboard*) | 32 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2015) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 72 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sweden (GLF) | 3× Platinum | 120,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Gonna Love Ya" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Avicii featuring Sandro Cavazza | |
| from the album  *Stories* | |
| Released | 1 October 2015 |
| Recorded | 2014 |
| Genre | Tropical house |
| Length | 3:36 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
|  | |
| Audio | |
| "Avicii - Gonna Love Ya" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Iad (river)

abstract: The Iad is a left tributary of the river Crișul Repede in Romania. It discharges into the Crișul Repede near Bulz. Its length is 46 km (29 mi) and its basin size is 220 km⁲ (85 sq mi).

text:
# Iad (river)

The **Iad** (also: *Iada*) is a left tributary of the river Crișul Repede in Romania. It discharges into the Crișul Repede near Bulz. Its length is 46 km (29 mi) and its basin size is 220 km2 (85 sq mi).

## Tributaries

The following rivers are tributaries to the Iad:

* Left: Leșu
* Right: Cârligate, Valea Runcului, Guga, Valea Lupului, Dașor, Sărăcel

## InfoBox

| Iad
Iada | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Bihor County |
| Villages | Remeți, Munteni, Bulz |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Crișul Repede |
| location | Bulz |
| coordinates | 46°55′25″N 22°39′01″E / 46.92357°N 22.65024°E / 46.92357; 22.65024 |
| Length | 46 km (29 mi) |
| Basin size | 220 km2 (85 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Crișul RepedeKörösTiszaDanubeBlack Sea |


title: One World (The Feelers album)

abstract: One World is the fourth album released by New Zealand rock band The Feelers. It was released on 13 November 2006 and debuted at number one. The first single from the album, "One World", debuted at number 33 on the New Zealand singles chart. Other songs released as singles include "On a High", "Nothing's More Real", and "Never Get Me Down".

text:
# One World (The Feelers album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| XtraMSN |  |
| Allmusic |  |

***One World*** is the fourth album released by New Zealand rock band The Feelers. It was released on 13 November 2006 and debuted at number one. The first single from the album, "One World" (catalogue number 5101170362), debuted at number 33 on the New Zealand singles chart. Other songs released as singles include "On a High", "Nothing's More Real", and "Never Get Me Down".

## Track listing

All songs written by James Reid, except tracks 7 & 8;written by Reid & Hamish Gee.

1. Weak And The Wounded - 5:25
2. On A High - 4:09
3. One World - 4:23
4. Trying To Get By - 3:39
5. Nothing's More Real - 5:27
6. Last Goodbye - 4:20
7. Southgate - 3:42
8. Washed Away - 5:08
9. No-One's Listening - 3:27
10. Never Get Me Down - 4:49
11. Pretty Place - 4:37
12. Warrior - 4:45
13. We Raised Hell - 3:35

## InfoBox

| One World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Feelers | |
| Released | 13 November 2006 (2006-11-13) |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 57:33 |
| Label | Warner |
| The Feelers chronology | |
| *Playground Battle*
(2003) ***One World***
(2006) *Hope Nature Forgives*
(2011) | |