title: Saint George and the Dragon (book)

abstract: Saint George and the Dragon is a children's book written by Margaret Hodges and illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman. Released by Little, Brown, it was the recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration in 1985. The text is adapted from Edmund Spenser's epic poem The Faerie Queene.

text:
# Saint George and the Dragon (book)

***Saint George and the Dragon*** is a children's book written by Margaret Hodges and illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman. Released by Little, Brown, it was the recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration in 1985. The text is adapted from Edmund Spenser's epic poem *The Faerie Queene.*

## Description

*Saint George and The Dragon* is a small book measuring 9 x 0.1 x 10.1 inches, weighing 5.6 ounces, and is 32 pages long.

## Plot

This story begins with a nameless knight riding around the plain who has never been to battle. Despite this the Queene of Faeries sends him to fight a dragon who has been terrorizing their land. He travels with Una the princess of the land. On his way to the dragon the knight meets an old hermit on top of a hill who explains to him his English heritage and tells him his name is George. George meets the dragon lying down as if it was a hill itself. The dragon sees his sword and prepares for battle. The Dragon fells our hero twice, but each time he rises up stronger. After a hard-fought third battle George eventually emerges triumphant and slays the dragon. The king, promising Una to whoever slays the dragon, fulfills his promise and marries George and Una. Although all is well in the land George still fights other battles for the Queene of Faeries and through these battles George becomes Saint George.

## Characters

* **George** \- Red cross knight hired by the queen of Faeries to defeat the dragon.
* **Queen of Faeries** \- Sends George to fight the dragon.
* **Una** \- The Princess of the land who embarks on the mission with George.
* **Hermit** \- Meets George on top of a hill and informs him that his name is George.
* **Dragon** \- Monster who makes life hard for the people of the land until it gets slain by George.
* **Queen** \- Una's mother.
* **King** \- Promises his daughter Una to whoever slays the dragon.
* **Donkey** \- Una rides alongside George on top of the donkey
* **Dwarf** \- Tasked with carrying the food.

## History

The legend which was developed during the crusades is about George, a man who lived in 3rd century Rome in the area we call Libya today. George was an army commander during the persecution of Christianity under Roman emperor Diocletian. George refused to persecute Christians and was tortured and eventually beheaded. He became known as Saint George when Christian Roman Emperor Constantine devoted a church to him.

## Critical reception

Goodreads.com calls *Saint George and the Dragon* "the perfect way to introduce a classic tale to a whole new generation of readers." Steve Barancik of "The Best Children's Books" says "St. George appears scratched. The dragon loses some bloody appendages. Thus, make your own decisions about sharing the book with younger children." The Catholic Information Center calls *Saint George and the Dragon* "truly marvelous and appropriate for girls and boys of all ages." "The Illustrations are worth the admission alone." This adaptation of *The Faerie Queen* features illustrations that "glitter with color and mesmerizing details," said *PW*. *Kirkus Reviews* calls *Saint George and the Dragon* "a strong narrative, with stagy decor and pictures." In a retrospective essay about the Caldecott Medal-winning books from 1976 to 1985, Barbara Bader described *Saint George and the Dragon* as "a pretentious invocation of past illustrational glories, which it cheapens rather than enhances: the definition of *kitsch*."

## InfoBox

Saint George and the Dragon
| Saint George and the Dragon | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Margaret Hodges |
| Illustrator | Trina Schart Hyman |
| Genre | Children's book |
| Publisher | Little, Brown |
| Publication date | August 23, 1984 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 32 |
| ISBN | 978-0-316-36789-9 |
| OCLC | 10046624 |
| Dewey Decimal | 398.2 19 |
| LC Class | PZ8.1.H69 Sai 1984 |


title: Hell-Bourg

abstract: Hell-Bourg is a small village in the Salazie commune of the French overseas department of Réunion. It is the main community in the island's Cirque de Salazie, and is named for the respected former admiral and island governor Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell. Previously the village had been named Bémaho. It is located 1344 m (4412 ft) above sea level.

text:
# Hell-Bourg

**Hell-Bourg** is a small village in the Salazie commune (administrative division) of the French overseas department of Réunion. It is the main community in the island's Cirque de Salazie, and is named for the respected former admiral and island governor Anne Chrétien Louis de Hell. Previously the village had been named *Bémaho*. It is located 1344 m (4412 ft) above sea level.

## History

### Spa town

Originally Bémaho/Hell-Bourg was founded as a small but prosperous spa town, and prospered as such for most of a century after the 1830 European discovery of a hot spring near the future village. Contrary to many accounts of the time, this spring had obviously been known to both slaves and other locals for some time, and one colonial administrator remarked that it would be difficult to transform the area into an official bona-fide spa if slaves afflicted with leprosy and ulcers were using it. However, the eventual transformation was not to be stopped, especially after construction of a hotel was ordered by colonial authorities in 1839, and a military hospital associated with the spring finished in 1857. A carriage road finally reached the village in 1890.

The spring had been discovered in the bed of the brook *Bras Sec* ('Dry arm'), a tributary of the *Rivière du Mat*. It had a flow of around 800-1,300 litres per hour, and a water temperature of 32°C, and its waters were iron-bearing, only mildly chlorinated and calcic and contained no sulphates. They were soon being recommended for children, weak and anaemic adults, as well as people suffering from gastritis. In 1852, the *Société Anonyme de l'Etablissement Thermal de Salazie* was founded, which built the spa, a casino and a director's house. Many creole-style villas of rich individuals followed.

The thermal baths were soon famous even beyond Réunion - together with other spas at Cilaos, in the island's south, and Antsirabe at Madagascar, they became a goal of travellers from as far as South Africa, Kenya or Mozambique, as well as a vacation spot for rich vanilla plantation owners from the island's east. The popularity was partly due to spas being marketed widely as a cure to many of the health problems and diseases that afflicted Europeans in the colonial tropics.

### Decline

Later, the springs were purchased by the municipality of Salazie, which in turn ceded them to the Colonial administration. However, in 1920 the water temperature dropped and boiling was required to heat it to the accustomated state which in turn destroyed some of the chemical elements. The spa started to lose its attraction. An attempt to clear the springs with dynamite failed disastrously and caused a partial collapse of the spa and the destruction of the casino.

In late September 1942, the Vichy authorities on Réunion relocated from Saint-Denis to Hell-Bourg, fearing a potential Allied invasion. The spring was finally fully blocked by a cyclone-related landslide in 1948 (as were, temporarily, the roads leading to Hell-Bourg) and the village quickly lost the importance which had originally caused it to flourish in the difficult mountainous region.

### Modern days

After some decades of being mostly forgotten and occupied mainly by poorer farmers, tourism has since given the village a modest income. With a partial contribution to the costs from the European Union, some 26 of the traditional Creole villas were restored. Since 1999 it has been the only village on the island to be a member of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ('The most beautiful villages in France'), an award given to about 150 of the most striking small communities in France. In connection with the requirements for the award, there are few to no visible modern elements like telephone or power poles in the village.

The village, with its several small and midsized hotels, which include a small youth hostel, is a base for hiking within the Cirque, especially to the small peak in the caldera center, the Piton d'Anchaing (4–6 hours return) or up to the island's central peak, the Piton des Neiges (2 days return). It is also home to a small museum, several nineteenth century Creole buildings, and a famously colorful local cemetery. The area is also known for growing chou chou.

21°03′57″S 55°31′10″E / 21.065829°S 55.519457°E / -21.065829; 55.519457


title: Regional Organisations of Councils

abstract:
Regional Organisations of Councils (ROCs) – sometimes called Voluntary Regional Organisations of Councils – are voluntary groupings of councils in Australia. ROCs usually involve collaborative partnerships between neighbouring councils in a particular region or area. ROCs vary considerably in size and structure but they have two things in common: their member councils have agreed to work together on one or more common issues and they nominate councillors to represent them on the ROC’s board. Smaller ROCs operate entirely through the staff of their member councils and may not have any formal structure. Others are incorporated associations or companies and have a small staffed secretariat funded mainly through membership fees. ROCs also derive income from fees for managing joint activities for their member councils or from grants from state and federal governments. The activities of ROCs vary from organisation to organisation and include:
  - Research and advocacy on key regional issues to state and federal governments
  - Management of regional tendering and purchase agreements which achieve economies of scale and/or cost savings for member councils
  - Facilitation of cooperative activities between councils such as regional planning, environmental management or economic development
  - Management of regional projects funded by other levels of government
  - Information exchange and best practice initiatives
  - Regional promotion Some of these activities may involve only member councils but many ROCs also develop strategic partnerships with other organisations, regional or state associations or state and federal government agencies. However, ROCs usually have no formal statutory authority and their advocacy can bring them into conflict with state government. Not all councils belong to a ROC, whilst a small number of councils on the borders between two ROCs belong to more than one organisation. The number of ROCs and proportion of participating councils varies from state to state, with NSW and Queensland having the highest number of active ROCs. There are 17 NSW Regional Organisations of Councils and 18 in Queensland.

text:
# Regional Organisations of Councils

**Regional Organisations of Councils (ROCs)** – sometimes called Voluntary Regional Organisations of Councils – are voluntary groupings of councils in Australia. ROCs usually involve collaborative partnerships between neighbouring councils in a particular region or area.

ROCs vary considerably in size and structure but they have two things in common: their member councils have agreed to work together on one or more common issues and they nominate councillors (and in a small number of cases, council staff) to represent them on the ROC’s board.

Smaller ROCs operate entirely through the staff of their member councils and may not have any formal structure. Others are incorporated associations or companies and have a small staffed secretariat funded mainly through membership fees. ROCs also derive income from fees for managing joint activities for their member councils or from grants from state and federal governments.

The activities of ROCs vary from organisation to organisation and include:

* Research and advocacy on key regional issues to state and federal governments
* Management of regional tendering and purchase agreements which achieve economies of scale and/or cost savings for member councils
* Facilitation of cooperative activities between councils such as regional planning, environmental management or economic development
* Management of regional projects funded by other levels of government
* Information exchange and best practice initiatives
* Regional promotion

Some of these activities may involve only member councils but many ROCs also develop strategic partnerships with other organisations, regional or state associations or state and federal government agencies. However, ROCs usually have no formal statutory authority and their advocacy can bring them into conflict with state government.

Not all councils belong to a ROC, whilst a small number of councils on the borders between two ROCs belong to more than one organisation. The number of ROCs and proportion of participating councils varies from state to state, with NSW and Queensland having the highest number of active ROCs. There are 17 NSW Regional Organisations of Councils and 18 in Queensland.


title: Nephelomys pirrensis

abstract: Nephelomys pirrensis, also known as the Mount Pirre rice rat, is a species of rodent in the genus Nephelomys of family Cricetidae. Its type locality is at Mount Pirri or Pirre in eastern Panama, at an altitude of 4,500 feet (1,400 m), and it has also been recorded on Mount Tacarcuna. N. pirrensis is a relatively large species. The color of the upperparts is brown and becomes lighter towards the sides. The throat is gray and the other parts of the underparts are buffy. The nose, ears, and forefeet are blackish and the thinly haired hindfeet are dark brown. The tail is dark brown above and a little paler below. Juveniles have darker fur. It is similar in size to N. devius, which occurs further west in Costa Rica, but is somewhat darker and has smaller auditory bullae. In six specimens, the total length ranges from 309 to 340 millimetres, the length of the tail vertebrae from 159 to 185 millimetres, and the hindfoot length from 34 to 38 millimetres. It lives in holes under rocks and logs along streams. Several specimens were caught in animal runways. On Mount Tacarcuna, it occurs together with the much more common Isthmomys pirrensis, which is similar in appearance, but has longer ears and a hairier tail. It was first described, in 1913, as a species of Oryzomys, Oryzomys pirrensis, but later synonymized under Oryzomys albigularis. When that species was transferred to the new genus Nephelomys in 2006, N. nimbosus was recognized as a separate species.

text:
# Nephelomys pirrensis

***Nephelomys pirrensis***, also known as the **Mount Pirre rice rat**, is a species of rodent in the genus *Nephelomys* of family Cricetidae. Its type locality is at Mount Pirri or Pirre in eastern Panama, at an altitude of 4,500 feet (1,400 m), and it has also been recorded on Mount Tacarcuna.

*N. pirrensis* is a relatively large species. The color of the upperparts is brown and becomes lighter towards the sides. The throat is gray and the other parts of the underparts are buffy. The nose, ears, and forefeet are blackish and the thinly haired hindfeet are dark brown. The tail is dark brown above and a little paler below. Juveniles have darker fur. It is similar in size to *N. devius*, which occurs further west in Costa Rica, but is somewhat darker and has smaller auditory bullae. In six specimens, the total length ranges from 309 to 340 millimetres (12.17 to 13.39 in), the length of the tail vertebrae from 159 to 185 millimetres (6.26 to 7.28 in), and the hindfoot length from 34 to 38 millimetres (1.34 to 1.50 in).

It lives in holes under rocks and logs along streams. Several specimens were caught in animal runways. On Mount Tacarcuna, it occurs together with the much more common *Isthmomys pirrensis*, which is similar in appearance, but has longer ears and a hairier tail.

It was first described, in 1913, as a species of *Oryzomys*, *Oryzomys pirrensis*, but later synonymized under *Oryzomys albigularis* (currently *Nephelomys albigularis*). When that species was transferred to the new genus *Nephelomys* in 2006, *N. nimbosus* was recognized as a separate species.

## Literature cited

* Goldman, E.A. 1913. Descriptions of new mammals from Panama and Mexico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 60(22):1–20.
* Goldman, E.A. 1918. The rice rats of North America. North American Fauna 43:1–100.
* Goldman, E.A. 1920. The mammals of Panama. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 69(5):1–309.
* Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
* Weksler, M.; Percequillo, A. R.; Voss, R. S. (2006-10-19). "Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)". *American Museum Novitates* (3537). American Museum of Natural History: 1–29. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3537\[1:TNGOOR\]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5815. S2CID 84088556.

## InfoBox

| *Nephelomys pirrensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Skull of the holotype, an adult male from Mount Pirri, Panama | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Sigmodontinae |
| Genus: | *Nephelomys* |
| Species: | ***N. pirrensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nephelomys pirrensis***
(Goldman, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Oryzomys pirrensis* Goldman, 1913
*\[Nephelomys\] pirrensis*: Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss, 2006 | |


title: HammerDB

abstract: HammerDB is an open source database benchmarking application developed by Steve Shaw. HammerDB supports databases such as Oracle, SQL Server, Db2, MySQL and MariaDB. HammerDB is written in TCL and C, and is licensed under the GPL v3.

text:
# HammerDB

**HammerDB** is an open source database benchmarking application developed by Steve Shaw. HammerDB supports databases such as Oracle, SQL Server, Db2, MySQL and MariaDB. HammerDB is written in TCL and , and is licensed under the GPL v3.

## Features

HammerDB is a database load testing and benchmarking tool. HammerDB is used to create a test schema, load it with data and simulate the workload of multiple virtual users against the database for both transactional and analytic scenarios. HammerDB makes it possible to run derived workloads of the industry standard TPROC-C & TPROC-H (known by trademarks TPC-C and TPC-H respectively) so they can compare and contrast systems, databases and database cloud services.

HammerDB supports Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM Db2, TimesTen, MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Greenplum, Postgres Plus Advanced Server, Amazon Aurora and Amazon Redshift. HammerDB also includes deprecated workloads for Redis and Apache Trafodion.

HammerDB is developed in the languages TCL and  \- this is to avoid a common 'feature' of Python called the Global Interpreter Lock or GIL.

HammerDB is hosted on GitHub by TPC-Council. The Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) is described as "a worldwide consortium that establishes standards intended to promote the fast, efficient and reliable execution of e-commerce and database transactions".

1. "HammerDB". *www.hammerdb.com*. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
2. "How to benchmark performance of Citus and Postgres with HammerDB on Azure". *www.citusdata.com*. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
3. "HammerDB". *www.hammerdb.com*. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
4. "Benchmark Amazon RDS SQL Server performance using HammerDB". *Amazon Web Services*. 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
5. "MySQL vs MariaDB vs Aurora performance and cost comparison". *SQLPipe*. 2022-01-17. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
6. "Accelerate Oracle Database with the Next-Gen FlashArray//X". *Pure Storage Blog*. 2020-03-18. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
7. "HammerDB Concepts and Architecture – HammerDB Blog". 30 November 2018. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
8. "TPC - Transaction Processing Performance Council". *GitHub*. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
9. "What is Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC)? - Definition from WhatIs.com". *SearchAppArchitecture*. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
10. "Twitter @Daniel\_Bowers regarding TCP and HammerDB". *Twitter*. Retrieved 2022-04-27.

## InfoBox

HammerDB
| Developer(s) | Steve Shaw |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | 4.4 |
|  | |
| Repository | github.com/TPC-Council/HammerDB |
| Available in | English |
| Type | Load testing |
| License | GPLv3 |
| Website | www.hammerdb.com |


title: Tod Frye

abstract: Tod R. Frye is an American computer programmer once employed by Atari, Inc., and is most notable for developing the home adaptation of Pac-Man for the Atari 2600 video computer system. Following the collapse of Atari he worked at video game and computer game companies such as 3DO and Pronto Games. In 2015 he was working as Senior Embedded Software Engineer for the SunPower Corporation, where he worked in the field of IoT, developing hardware and software systems for monitoring solar power systems. His work extended from 'edge' devices, collecting and transmitting device telemetry, to cloud hosted Big Data systems for storing, analyzing, and reporting device data. Leaving Sunpower in late 2016, Frye joined Bonsai AI, which was developing an artificial intelligence platform, focusing primarily on reinforcement learning.

text:
# Tod Frye

**Tod R. Frye** (born 1955) is an American computer programmer once employed by Atari, Inc., and is most notable for developing the home adaptation of *Pac-Man* for the Atari 2600 video computer system. Following the collapse of Atari he worked at video game and computer game companies such as 3DO and Pronto Games.

In 2015 he was working as Senior Embedded Software Engineer for the SunPower Corporation, where he worked in the field of IoT, developing hardware and software systems for monitoring solar power systems. His work extended from 'edge' devices, collecting and transmitting device telemetry, to cloud hosted Big Data systems for storing, analyzing, and reporting device data.

Leaving Sunpower in late 2016, Frye joined Bonsai AI, which was developing an artificial intelligence platform, focusing primarily on reinforcement learning.

## Atari Pac-Man

Frye landed the 2600 *Pac-Man* project in early 1981. Atari had licensed the arcade games *Defender* and *Pac-Man* and while Frye preferred *Defender*, when fellow programmer Bob Polaro got that assignment, Frye got *Pac-Man* by default. Frye's landing the high-profile title did not pass without critical comment from fellow developers at Atari, as Frye was a newer employee. One Atari employee wrote "Why Frye?" on the Pac-Man arcade machine contained in Atari's in-office arcade room. In response, Frye drew a horizontal line over the "Why", which means "Why not Frye" in logic notation.

Frye's *Pac-Man* port was started in May 1981, and was the most anticipated release for 1982, so marketing pressed Frye to produce the game on a very strict timetable (lead times on the cartridge ROMs was several months, so the code needed to be completed in September 1981 to get the product into stores during the first quarter of 1982). Atari corporate management demanded Frye complete the game in the standard 4K ROM, as the 8K ROM form factor was not quite available at the time. Frye made several decisions which later proved controversial. First, he decided that supporting two-player gameplay was important, which meant 25–30 bytes of the 2600's meager 128 byte memory was utilized to store the second player's game state, score, etc. as opposed to using it for game data and features. Second, due to time constraints, he chose to abandon plans for a flicker-management system which would have minimized the flashing of objects. Finally, his game did not conform to the arcade game's color scheme in order to comply with Atari's official home product policy that only space type games should feature black backgrounds. Frye states that there were no negative comments within Atari about these elements, but upon release the title drew criticism for not closely hewing to the specifics of its arcade counterpart.

*Pac-Man* proved to be a stunning financial coup for Atari, and Frye reportedly received $0.10 in royalties per *Pac-Man* cartridge. Atari would manufacture 12 million cartridges, making Frye a millionaire in the process.

## Notable contributions

Frye contributed to the LCD *Breakout* Atari handheld, the version of *Asteroids* for the Atari 8-bit computers, the *Swordquest* series (*Earthworld*, *Fireworld*, *Waterworld*, and the uncompleted *Airworld*). Unreleased games include *Save Mary*, *Shooting Arcade* and *Xevious* (Atari 2600).

Frye also developed the Red-Blue kernel (frequently misnamed as the Red-vs-Blue kernel) vertical sprite re-use technology used in *Realsports Football* and several other Atari 2600 products.

After parting ways with Atari, Frye later worked for Axlon (one of the many companies founded by Atari Pioneer Nolan Bushnell) and was hired as a programmer alongside fellow Atari employees Rob Zydbel, Bob Smith, and Howard Scott Warshaw at The 3DO Company.

Frye remains active in video games, making technical contributions to classic compilations such as *Midway Arcade Treasures*.

## InfoBox

| Tod Frye | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Tod R. Frye<br>1955 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Computer programmer |
| Known for | *Pac-Man* |


title: J. H. Smidt van Gelder

abstract: Joan Hendrik Smidt van Gelder was the director of the children's hospital in Arnhem, the Netherlands. He was the son of Van Gelder Zonen paper manufacturer Pieter Smidt van Gelder (1851-1934) owner of van de Vereenigde Koninklijke Papierfabrieken der firma Van Gelder Zonen, and Maria Cornelia Kaars Sijpesteijn. Joan Smidt van Gelder Studied Medicine at Rijks Universiteit Leiden, and lived at Breestraat 144, in Leiden. After an arrest warrant was issued by the German occupied forces for his arrest, his home at the Velperweg in Arnhem was commandeered by the Ortskommandantur. His brother Pieter Smidt van Gelder also was an avid art collector.

text:
# J. H. Smidt van Gelder

**Joan Hendrik Smidt van Gelder** (6 April 1887, Amsterdam \- 3 June 1969, Rheden) was the director of the children's hospital in Arnhem, the Netherlands. He was the son of Van Gelder Zonen paper manufacturer Pieter Smidt van Gelder (1851-1934) owner of van de Vereenigde Koninklijke Papierfabrieken der firma Van Gelder Zonen, and Maria Cornelia Kaars Sijpesteijn. Joan Smidt van Gelder Studied Medicine at Rijks Universiteit Leiden, and lived at Breestraat 144, in Leiden. After an arrest warrant was issued by the German occupied forces for his arrest, his home at the Velperweg in Arnhem was commandeered by the Ortskommandantur. His brother Pieter Smidt van Gelder also was an avid art collector.

## Art collection

In 1944, after Operation Market Garden during the Second World War, Nazi forces led by Helmut Temmler looted Arnhem and stole 14 paintings that Smidt van Gelder had sent to a bank in the town for safe keeping. Three other paintings that had been hidden under paving slabs were saved. *The Oyster Meal* by Jacob Ochtervelt was one of the paintings stolen. In 2017, The Mansion House in London, in whose collection the painting by then resided, agreed to return the painting to Smidt van Gelder's daughter, Charlotte Bischoff van Heemskerck, after an investigation by Anne Webber of the Commission for Looted Art in Europe established its looted status. *The Oyster Meal* was restituted to Smidt van Gelder's heir on November 6, 2017.


title: Muhammad Sholeh Ibrahim

abstract: Muhammad Sholeh Ibrahim is an Indonesian man who is the acting leader of Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid since 2014. He has sworn allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State.

text:
# Muhammad Sholeh Ibrahim

**Muhammad Sholeh Ibrahim** (born Sep 1958) is an Indonesian man who is the acting leader of Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid since 2014. He has sworn allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State.

## History

He was born in Demak, Indonesia in September 1958.

## Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid

According to the United States Department of Treasury, he took part in JAT paramilitary training in 2008 and was involved in registering new JAT paramilitary recruits in 2010. In mid-2011, he organised buses to transport JAT supporters from Central Java to Jakarta for the trial of JAT founder Abu Bakar Bashir. Muhammad Sholeh Ibrahim "has supported ISIL and swore allegiance to the group in 2014". He has been involved in raising funds for JAT and served as a leader of their Surakarta office since 2014. He was previously responsible for planning and strategy.

### US and UN sanctions

Muhammad Sholeh Ibrahim is subject to sanctions by both the United States Department of Treasury and the United Nations Security Council. He was listed by the UN on 20 April 2016 pursuant to paragraphs 3 and 5 of resolution 2253 (2015) as being associated with ISIL or Al-Qaida for "participating in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing, or perpetrating of acts or activities by, in conjunction with, under the name of, on behalf of, or in support of" and "recruiting for" Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant.

## InfoBox

| Muhammad Sholeh Ibrahim | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 1958<br>Demak, Indonesia |
| Nationality | Indonesian |
| Years active | 2008-present |
| Known for | acting leader of Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid |


title: Saipung

abstract: Saipung is a village in East Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya, India. It is the headquarters of the Saipung Sub-Division. The population was 1,431 as per the 2011 Indian census. Located about 136 km from the state's capital Shillong, Saipung is inhabited by the Biate people.

text:
# Saipung

**Saipung** is a village in East Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya, India. It is the headquarters of the Saipung Sub-Division. The population was 1,431 as per the 2011 Indian census. Located about 136 km from the state's capital Shillong, Saipung is inhabited by the Biate people.

## Demographics

The inhabitants are Biates, one of the indigenous ethnic tribes of Meghalaya.

As per the Indian 2011 census, the Saipung village had a population of 1431 of which 731 are males while 700 are females. 20.13% of the total population was under 6 years of age. Saipung has a higher literacy rate compared to Meghalaya. In 2011, literacy rate of Saipung village was 92.30% compared to 74.43% of Meghalaya. Male literacy stands at 95.01% while female literacy rate was 89.50%.

The primary language spoken in Saipung is Biate. For interacting with outsiders, English or Khasi is used.

The dominant religion in Saipung is Christianity followed by almost all the inhabitants.

## Education

Educational Institutions in Saipung are:

* Tuinar LP School
* Saipung West Govt LP School
* Saipung East Govt LP School
* Prudence English School
* Thanga Darnei Memorial School
* Saipung Secondary School
* RMSA High School
* Tuinar UP School
* Albert UP English School Private.
* Greenhill UP School

## InfoBox

| Saipung | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SaipungSaipung | |
| Coordinates: 25°18′55″N 92°40′03″E / 25.3154°N 92.6674°E / 25.3154; 92.6674 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Meghalaya |
| District | East Jaintia Hills |
| Government | |
| Body | Saipung Village Committee |
| Village Head | Shri Priceless Darnei |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,431 |
| Languages | |
| Official | English, Biate |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 793200 |
| Telephone code | 03673 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-ML |
| Vehicle registration | ML |
| Sex ratio | 958 /2011 Census |
| Literacy | 92.30%2011 Census |


title: Hammer's Slammers (board game)

abstract: Hammer's Slammers is a board wargame published by Mayfair Games in 1984 that is based on the identically titled collection of military science fiction short stories by David Drake.

text:
# Hammer's Slammers (board game)

***Hammer's Slammers*** is a board wargame published by Mayfair Games in 1984 that is based on the identically titled collection of military science fiction short stories by David Drake.

## Description

*Hammer's Slammers* is a two-player board wargame using a hex grid map where players control various military units including "Hammer's Slammers", a mercenary regiment commanded by Colonel Alois Hammer.

Game play is very similar to *PanzerBlitz*, using an alternating series of turns. The first player has the following phases:

* Rally units
* Paradrop (the other player can attempt counter paradrop fire)
* Movement
* Indirect fire (both players)
* Counter-artillery fire
* Direct fire
* Close assault

The second player then has the same phases, completing one game turn.

The game includes a number of scenarios, as well as rules for designing scenarios.

## Publication history

In 1979, *Hammer's Slammers*, a collection of science fiction short stories by David Drake was published. Five years later, Mayfair Games was busy acquiring licenses to produce board games based on literary pieces such as *The Forever War* based on the novel by Joe Haldeman and *Dragonriders of Pern* based on the novels by Anne McCaffrey. Another license Mayfair acquired was for *Hammer's Slammers*, and a board game followed shortly.

Following the demise of Mayfair, the board game license lapsed, and was acquired in the 21st century by Miniatures Wargames Pireme Publishing Ltd., who produced a set of rules in 2004 for a traditional tabletop miniatures wargame titled *The Hammer's Slammers Handbook*.

## Reception

Dana Lombardy, writing for *Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine*, thought that although the game was slightly more advanced than more basic games, it was still "very good for beginners". Lombardy also gave the game a Solitaire Rating of "Very Good."

In Issue 75 of *The Space Gamer*, Jerry Epperson admired the quality of the components, noting, "The box cover is a beautiful reprint of the original cover art from \[David Drake's book\], the counters are in bright and easily discernible colors, and even the map is of excellent quality." Epperson felt the best thing about this game was "that it will satisfy almost any boardgamer interested in a 'shoot-em-up' game. The rules are short (taking up only seven pages of the 16-page booklet) and simple enough for a beginner, yet the scenarios are complex enough to keep even the advanced player happy." However, Epperson was not happy that the rules for indirect fire, counter artillery fire and morale did not match the effects set in Drake's short stories. Epperson concluded, "If you enjoy the simplicity and groundbreaking innovation that *PanzerBlitz* brought to boardgaming in the early 1970s, you'll love this one. However, if you are looking for anything *new* in game design – disappointment is only $17 away."


title: Nathan Hagarty

abstract: Nathan Matthew Hagarty is an Australian politician. He was elected a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Leppington for the Labor Party in 2023.

text:
# Nathan Hagarty

**Nathan Matthew Hagarty** is an Australian politician. He was elected a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Leppington for the Labor Party in 2023.

## Career

Hagarty has a Bachelor of International Studies from Western Sydney University and holds numerous accreditations in project management and information and communications technology. He has worked across the financial services, education and public sectors in operations, product management and information technology roles. Hagarty was formerly the Treasurer of Local Government NSW, Chair at Western Sydney Migrant Resource Centre, and a Director at Settlement Services International. He is currently a Director of Active Super.

### Politics

Hagarty was elected to Liverpool City Council for the North Ward in 2016. He was named as Labor’s mayoral candidate for Liverpool at the 2021 local election. He was unsuccessful but maintained his seat on Council.

Hagarty was endorsed as the Labor candidate for the new seat of Leppington at the 2023 New South Wales state election and was elected to represent the seat.

In October 2023, Hagarty signed an open letter which condemned attacks against Israeli and Palestinian civilians during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

## InfoBox

| Nathan HagartyMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Government Whip in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
17 October 2023 | |
| Deputy | Janelle Saffin |
| Preceded by | Steve Whan |
| Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
for Leppington | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
25 March 2023 | |
| Preceded by | *electorate established* |
| Councillor of the City of Liverpool
for North Ward | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2016 - 13 December 2023 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Labor Party |
| Residence | Green Valley, New South Wales |
| Alma mater | Western Sydney University |
|  | |


title: Regional Paraguaya

abstract: Regional Paraguaya Líneas Aéreas, was a regional airline based at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport, in Asuncion, and was intended to be the new flag carrier of Paraguay. It officially announced its operations would launch on November 2, 2008 with chartered services.

text:
# Regional Paraguaya

**Regional Paraguaya Líneas Aéreas** (officially *AeroRegional Paraguaya S.A.*), was a regional airline based at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport, in Asuncion, and was intended to be the new flag carrier of Paraguay.

It officially announced its operations would launch on November 2, 2008 with chartered services.

## Destinations

By April 2009, the airline planned to operate scheduled flights to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Germany, Spain, Uruguay.

## Fleet

The Regional Paraguaya fleet includes the following aircraft (as of March 2009):

Regional Paraguaya fleet
| Aircraft | In<br>service | Orders | Passengers | | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | C | Y | Total | |
| Boeing 737-200 | 2 | 2 |  | 120 | 120 |  |
| Boeing 767-300ER |  | 1 | 18 | 220 | 238 |  |
| Total | 2 | 3 |  | | | | |

## Controversy

In June 2009, Regional Paraguaya released a new livery that was closely identical to the livery of Gulf Air, the flag carrier of Bahrain. After Gulf Air considered taking legal actions, Regional Paraguaya immediately revised its livery.

## InfoBox

Regional Paraguaya
| IATA ICAO Call sign  P7 REP REGIOPAR | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2007 |
| Ceased operations | August 2010 |
| Hubs | Silvio Pettirossi International Airport |
| Fleet size | 2 |
| Destinations | 2 |
| Headquarters | Asunción, Paraguay |
| Key people | Salvador Sturno (President) |
| Website | regionalparaguaya.com.py |


title: Poliosia albida

abstract: Poliosia albida is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1914. It is found in the Gambia and Uganda.

text:
# Poliosia albida

***Poliosia albida*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1914. It is found in the Gambia and Uganda.

## InfoBox

| *Poliosia albida* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Poliosia* |
| Species: | ***P. albida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Poliosia albida***<br>Hampson, 1914 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leptilema albida* (Hampson, 1914) | |


title: Nephelomys meridensis

abstract: Nephelomys meridensis, also known as the Mérida oryzomys, is a species of rodent in the genus Nephelomys of family Cricetidae. It is found in cloud forest in the Sierra Nevada de Mérida of western Venezuela at elevations from 1100 to 4000 m. It is solitary, nocturnal and terrestrial, and has a varied diet. N. meridensis has thick fur, which is about 11 mm long at the back. The color of the upperparts is rufous, with brown on the head, and becomes lighter towards the sides. The coloration of the underparts, which is well demarcated from that of the upper parts, is greyish, with a pure white area at the chest. The very large ears are covered with thin dark hairs. The hand and feet, whitish in color, are sparsely haired. The tail is brown above and somewhat paler below, and is not well-furred. The incisive foramina, openings in the palate before the molars, are short. In the holotype, the head and body length is 139 millimetres (5.47 in), the tail length is 143 millimetres (5.63 in), the hindfoot length is 30.7 millimetres (1.21 in), the ear length is 21 millimetres (0.83 in), and the skull length is 34.5 millimetres (1.36 in). It was first described in 1894 by Oldfield Thomas, who named it Oryzomys meridensis and considered it to be close to O. albigularis and O. velutinus. In the next two decades, various other species were described in the group of O. albigularis and O. meridensis, which were eventually, in 1944, all consolidated under O. albigularis by Philip Hershkovitz. Because of differences in karyotype and morphology, it was reinstated as a species separate from both O. albigularis and the other Venezuelan member of the group, O. caracolus, in the 1990s. When the species of the O. albigularis group were reclassified into the new genus Nephelomys in 2006, it was retained as a species, now named Nephelomys meridensis. In Táchira, populations with a different karyotype occur, which may represent a different species.

text:
# Nephelomys meridensis

***Nephelomys meridensis***, also known as the **Mérida oryzomys**, is a species of rodent in the genus *Nephelomys* of family Cricetidae. It is found in cloud forest in the Sierra Nevada de Mérida of western Venezuela at elevations from 1100 to 4000 m. It is solitary, nocturnal and terrestrial, and has a varied diet.

*N. meridensis* has thick fur, which is about 11 mm long at the back. The color of the upperparts is rufous, with brown on the head, and becomes lighter towards the sides. The coloration of the underparts, which is well demarcated from that of the upper parts, is greyish, with a pure white area at the chest. The very large ears are covered with thin dark hairs. The hand and feet, whitish in color, are sparsely haired. The tail is brown above and somewhat paler below, and is not well-furred. The incisive foramina, openings in the palate before the molars, are short. In the holotype, the head and body length is 139 millimetres (5.47 in), the tail length is 143 millimetres (5.63 in), the hindfoot length is 30.7 millimetres (1.21 in), the ear length is 21 millimetres (0.83 in), and the skull length is 34.5 millimetres (1.36 in).

It was first described in 1894 by Oldfield Thomas, who named it *Oryzomys meridensis* and considered it to be close to *O. albigularis* (currently *Nephelomys albigularis*) and *O. velutinus* (currently included in *Hylaeamys megacephalus*). In the next two decades, various other species were described in the group of *O. albigularis* and *O. meridensis*, which were eventually, in 1944, all consolidated under *O. albigularis* by Philip Hershkovitz. Because of differences in karyotype and morphology, it was reinstated as a species separate from both *O. albigularis* and the other Venezuelan member of the group, *O. caracolus*, in the 1990s. When the species of the *O. albigularis* group were reclassified into the new genus *Nephelomys* in 2006, it was retained as a species, now named *Nephelomys meridensis*. In Táchira, populations with a different karyotype occur, which may represent a different species.

## Literature cited

## InfoBox

| *Nephelomys meridensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Sigmodontinae |
| Genus: | *Nephelomys* |
| Species: | ***N. meridensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nephelomys meridensis***
(Thomas, 1894) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Oryzomys meridensis* Thomas, 1894
*\[Nephelomys\] meridensis*: Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss, 2006 | |


title: Tomb of Thutmose

abstract: The Tomb of Thutmose is a small, decorated rock-cut tomb in Saqqara in Egypt that dates to the time shortly after the Amarna Period. The tomb is of special importance as one of the tomb owners was the sculptor Thutmose, often presumed to be the person who made the famous Nefertiti Bust. Another of the persons buried here was a certain Kenana.

text:
# Tomb of Thutmose

The **Tomb of Thutmose** is a small, decorated rock-cut tomb in Saqqara in Egypt that dates to the time shortly after the Amarna Period (about 1350–1330 BC). The tomb is of special importance as one of the tomb owners was the sculptor Thutmose, often presumed to be the person who made the famous Nefertiti Bust. Another of the persons buried here was a certain Kenana.

## Description

The burial place was found on 24 November 1996 by the *Mission Archeologique Francaise de Bubaseion*, under the direction of Alain Zivie. It received the number I.19 and lies directly next to the much larger tomb of Maia, nurse of Tutankhamun. The entrance to the tomb chapel is cut into the rocks at Saqqara and faces south. The whole tomb chapel consists of an entrance corridor, the main chamber, and a large niche on the western side where there opens a shaft to the underground burial chambers. The whole tomb is approximately 4.20 meter long. The main chamber is approximately 2.60 by 2 m big. A pillar stands in the middle of the main chamber. The burial chambers had been looted previously.

All walls of the tomb chapel were decorated with paintings or sunken relief. The facade of the tomb chapel is undecorated. The short corridor to the main chamber is decorated on both sides with reliefs, showing Osiris on the western side. On the opposite side only the figure of a woman is preserved. Next to the figure of Osiris on the western wall, two figures are painted. These are the *draughtsman at the place of Truth* Kenana and his son Pay who had the same title. The southern wall of the main chamber is occupied by the door. On the western side of it is shown Amenemwia, or Raemwia, who was the father of Thutmose. On the western wall are shown Thutmose and his wife standing in front of a priest. The northern wall has a relief showing Osiris and two people in front of him. Perhaps they represent Thutmose and his father, but captions are not preserved. The whole eastern wall is dedicated to Kenana and his family. Kenana and his wife are sitting on the left side. In front of them is depicted their whole family. Sixteen people are shown in two registers, divided by gender with men in the top and women below. The niche on the western side also is decorated. On the southern wall are shown the coffins of Thutmose and his wife Ineni, remarkably depicted from the front. On the western wall are shown the son of Thutmose, Itju and his wife and on the northern wall appear Kenena and his wife.

1. An extensive article in the July-August 2018 edition of *Biblical Archaeology Review* provides great detail by Zivie and many images of artifacts recovered in the tombː Zivie, Alain, *Pharaoh's Man, Abdiel, the vizier with a Semitic name*, *Biblical Archaeology Review*, July-August 2018, page 23,ff
2. Alain Zivie: *La tombe de Thoutmes, directeur des peintres dans la Place de Maât*, Toulouse 2013, ISBN 9782913805040, 22
3. Alain Zivie: *La tombe de Thoutmes, directeur des peintres dans la Place de Maât*, Toulouse 2013, ISBN 9782913805040


title: Hell-Ship Morgan

abstract: Hell-Ship Morgan is a 1936 American romantic drama film directed by D. Ross Lederman and written by Harold Shumate.

text:
# Hell-Ship Morgan

***Hell-Ship Morgan*** is a 1936 American romantic drama film directed by D. Ross Lederman and written by Harold Shumate.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Hell-Ship Morgan | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card | |
| Directed by | D. Ross Lederman |
| Written by | Harold Shumate |
| Produced by | Irving Briskin |
| Starring | George Bancroft
Ann Sothern
Victor Jory |
| Cinematography | Henry Freulich |
| Edited by | Otto Meyer |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * February 8, 1936 (1936-02-08) |
| Running time | 65 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Sainte-Colombe, Manche

abstract: Sainte-Colombe is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.

text:
# Sainte-Colombe, Manche

**Sainte-Colombe** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃t kɔlɔ̃b\] ) is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.

## InfoBox

| Sainte-Colombe | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church of Sainte-Colombe | |
| Location of Sainte-Colombe | |
| Sainte-ColombeSainte-Colombe | |
| Coordinates: 49°25′21″N 1°31′16″W / 49.4225°N 1.5211°W / 49.4225; -1.5211 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Manche |
| Arrondissement | Cherbourg |
| Canton | Bricquebec-en-Cotentin |
| Intercommunality | CA Cotentin |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Francis Crespin |
| Area**1** | 4.99 km2 (1.93 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 184 |
| Density | 37/km2 (96/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 50457 /50390 |
| Elevation | 30 m (98 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Weevil (band)

abstract: Weevil were a British indietronica duo from London, formed in 1999, consisting of Jonny Pilcher and Tom Betts.

text:
# Weevil (band)

**Weevil** were a British indietronica duo from London, formed in 1999, consisting of Jonny Pilcher and Tom Betts.

## History

After releasing their self-titled debut album in 2001, were signed by Wichita Recordings. In 2004 they toured as part of Wichita's 'The Music Machines' touring package along with Bravecaptain and Her Space Holiday. Second album *Drunk on Light* was released in 2004, prompting comparisons with The Postal Service, Four Tet, and Aphex Twin. *Les Inrockuptibles* described the album as having elements of shoegazing and "cut and paste electronica". "Halfsmile" was released as a single in June 2004.

Portions of "Bytecry" from the album *Drunk On Light* were used for the Mac OS X Tiger intro video, which usually plays on the first bootup of any Mac installed with Mac OS X 10.4.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Weevil* (2001), Where It's At Is Where You Are
* *Drunk On Light* (2004), Wichita
* *Unreleased* (2007), Orphan

### Singles, EPs

* *Fragile* EP (2001), Orphan
* "Half-Smile"/"Lapsed" Single (2004), Wichita
* *No-Harm* EP (2004), Wichita

## InfoBox

| Weevil | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | London, England |
| Genres | Indietronica |
| Years active | 1999 (1999)–2007 (2007) |
| Labels | Wichita Recordings |
|  | |
| Past members | Jonny Pilcher
Tom Betts
Ambrose Seddon |


title: Redruth and Chasewater Railway

abstract: The Redruth and Chasewater Railway was an early mineral railway line in Cornwall, England, UK. It opened in 1825 and was built to convey the output from copper mines in the Gwennap area to wharves on Restronguet Creek around Devoran, and to bring in coal to fuel mine engines; later it carried timber for pit props and also house coal. A little over 9 miles (14 km) long, it was built to a 4 ft (1,219 mm) narrow gauge and used horse traction at first, later using steam locomotives. Solely dependent on the economy of the mines it served, it prospered when they did, and when they declined, the railway declined too; it finally closed in 1915. It never carried passengers. Much of its route can still be traced, and part of it forms the course of the Redruth and Chasewater Railway Trail, an outdoor leisure facility.

text:
# Redruth and Chasewater Railway

The **Redruth and Chasewater Railway** was an early mineral railway line in Cornwall, England, UK. It opened in 1825 and was built to convey the output from copper mines in the Gwennap area to wharves on Restronguet Creek (off the Fal Estuary) around Devoran, and to bring in coal to fuel mine engines; later it carried timber for pit props and also house coal.

A little over 9 miles (14 km) long, it was built to a 4 ft (1,219 mm) narrow gauge and used horse traction at first, later using steam locomotives. Solely dependent on the economy of the mines it served, it prospered when they did, and when they declined, the railway declined too; it finally closed in 1915. It never carried passengers.

Much of its route can still be traced, and part of it forms the course of the Redruth and Chasewater Railway Trail, an outdoor leisure facility.

## History

### Antecedents

Prior to the nineteenth century, much mineral extraction had taken place in the Cornish peninsula, but this had been limited by the non-existence of industrial methods; thus the depth to which shafts could be sunk, and at which water inundation overwhelmed the workings, and the cost of transporting extracted minerals to market, all proved limiting factors, and many mines were abandoned as exhausted using available methods. (Transport of minerals was chiefly done on the backs of mules.)

As the industrial revolution gathered pace, steam engine power became available to overcome these limitations, and new seams were developed at greater depths, and in some cases abandoned mines were re-opened. Moreover copper began to supersede tin as the dominant mineral for exploitation. Because the process of smelting copper required large quantities of coal – in the proportion of 18 to 1 – the copper ore was transported by sea to South Wales, where Swansea was dominant.

The focus, then, was on transporting copper and tin ore to a sea port for onward movement, and to bring in coal to fuel the increasing number of steam engines operating at the mines. In 1809 a privately owned tramway was constructed to connect the harbour at Portreath on the north coast, with mines around St Day and Scorrier; at first called the Portreath Tramway, with later extensions it became known as the Poldice Tramway. It was a horse-worked plateway and it was an immediate success financially. However it was in private ownership, as was the harbour at Portreath, and was not made available to the proprietors of competing mines.

### Consolidated Mines

In 1819, the dynamic entrepreneur John Taylor took a lease on the dormant Consolidated Mines (usually referred to as *Consols*). These were a group of five mines that had been abandoned in 1811 and flooded, and Taylor installed two 90-inch pumping engines – then the largest of their kind in the world – and within a year opened a 1 mile (1.6 km) long copper lode, itself the largest in the world. Consols had become the prime copper mine in Cornwall, and remained so until 1840, gaining its shareholders huge capital gains.

The issue of transporting the extracted minerals to market had always been prominent, and canal and other schemes had been proposed but never implemented, and Taylor now promoted a railway to transport his mine's output to Point on Restronguet Creek. He obtained financial backing in London without any support from Cornish interests.

### The railway gets its act

| Redruth and Chasewater Railway Act 1824 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act for making and maintaining a Railway or Tramroad from the Town of Redruth in the County of Cornwall, to Point Quay in the Parish of Feock, in the same County, with several Branches therefrom; and also for restoring, improving and maintaining the Navigation of Restrongett Creek, in the same County. |
| Citation | 5 Geo. 4. c. cxxi |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 17 June 1824 |

Notwithstanding obstruction from the Portreath interests, Taylor got his act of Parliament, the **Redruth and Chasewater Railway Act 1824** (5 Geo. 4. c. cxxi), on 17 June 1824, with a capital of £22,500, and authority to increase this by another £10,000 if necessary. The railway was to be a toll operation, allowing any carrier to convey his vehicles on the line on payment of the toll, and the terms of the act did not envisage actual train operation by the company itself.

The act specified the main line to be from Redruth (50°14′02″N 5°13′20″W / 50.23389°N 5.22222°W / 50.23389; -5.22222) to Point (50°12′31″N 5°05′06″W / 50.20861°N 5.08500°W / 50.20861; -5.08500), with several branches, including one from Twelveheads to Chacewater. There were also to be improvements to the harbour at Narabo (near Devoran). The route went via Carharrack and down the Carnon Valley, via Bissoe.

### Construction and opening

Actual construction of the railway proceeded swiftly, being conducted by William Brunton, son of the Scottish inventor of the same name. Considerable earthworks were necessary in places – crossing the Carnon Valley in particular – in order to avoid excessive gradients, and there was a 600 feet vertical interval between the summit of the line and the wharves at Devoran. In fact there was a gradient of 1 in 35 falling from Lanner to Carharrack.

The track gauge was 4 ft (1,219 mm) this was commonly employed in South Wales, with which the engineering of the mines had close contact at that time, and edge rails were used: a considerable technical advance, and the first such use in Cornwall (The Poldice and other tramways had used plateways, in which the plates are flanged and the wagon wheels are plain; in an edge rail system, the flanges are on the wheels of the vehicles). The rails were wrought iron, carried in cast iron chairs supported on granite blocks.

As parts of the line were completed, hauliers were allowed to use them forthwith, and this took place from 1824; it was not until 30 January 1826 that the line was considered substantially complete (although the Chacewater branch had not been started, and in fact was never built) and an official opening took place, when some of the proprietors travelled from Wheal Buller to Devoran (by gravity) and then back to Redruth (pulled by a horse).

In 1827 extensions were constructed and opened; from Wheal Buller junction to Redruth itself, serving the Pen-an-Drea mine and the town itself, and an additional 1 mile (1.6 km) from Devoran to Point Quay.

### Operation: first years

Built as a horse-operated tramway, the early operations followed that model, with short groups of wagons hauled by horses. Although the line had been designed with a view to gravitational operation for loaded traffic towards Devoran, it appears that this was not done, and the wagons were hauled in both directions.

The line was single throughout, with numerous passing places. In the event of two "trains" meeting between passing places, the advantage was to be decided by lot.

Tonnages carried exceeded expectations, at over 58,000 tons annually and the company was financially very successful, with annual profits of over £2,000. Additional passing places were installed in 1831 and the wharves at Devoran were much extended.

Renewal of rails became necessary in 1831 – this on a railway with no locomotive traction – and considerable difficulty was experienced with displacement of the stone blocks, causing gauge widening problems.

Inwards traffic of coal steadily increased as the mines mechanised: by 1835 Consols and United mines had sixteen engines working, consuming 15,000 tons of coal annually.

### First challenges

In 1839, the West Cornwall Railway opened its lines, to Tresavean, near the mines served by the Redruth company, and to Portreath, giving improved access to that port, which gave easier access to Welsh ports as it lay on the north coast of Cornwall.

In the same year, Taylor's lease of the Consols mines came to an end; in the final months he extracted as much material as possible without the development work normally used to maintain future extraction, and when the new lessees took over, they found it impossible to maintain the volume of extraction that Taylor had achieved. This directly affected the railway's carryings and its profitability.

In 1840 profits fell by 20%, though with increased tonnages carried, reflecting the downward pressure of rates. In the following year, a severe winter led to great difficulties with displacement of the stone blocks, and with embankment subsidence, costing considerable expenditure on repairs.

In 1848 Thomas Hall was appointed engineer and superintendent of the railway for the next 20 years.

### Locomotive operation

By the early 1850s, trade in general was more buoyant, and the company decided to apply for parliamentary authority to build a branch line to Wheal Busy (a little over 2 miles (3.2 km) long). The junction was to be near Hale Mills, and the act of Parliament was obtained on 9 May 1853, but this line was never completed.

The act also permitted the use of locomotives. This necessitated the relaying of much of the track, and this was done with 50 lb per yard bullhead rails, re-using the original stone blocks. Two locomotives were acquired from Neilson & Co; they were named *Miner* and *Smelter*; they were 0-4-0 saddle tanks and they were delivered in November 1854. New larger capacity wagons were also acquired with a payload of over 4 tons. The new locomotives and wagons cost £5,565.

Although crude in appearance, the locomotives were successful operationally, being able to take 8 loaded wagons (50 tons gross) up to Wheal Fortune loop. However locomotive operation caused considerable friction with the existing horse hauliers, who operated the upper part of the line; in addition the weight of the locomotives caused subsidence problems in the weaker parts of the track.

In 1855 the company made a loss of £548. This was taken hard, although it was brought about by the considerable expenditure on one-off items (charged to current account) — the locomotives and rolling stock, the work on the Wheal Busy extension, and major repairs to the company's steam tug, kept at Devoran.

The locomotives were now regularly working up to Tingtang (west of the Consols); traffic was increasing markedly on the Wheal Buller branch (and declining on the Redruth main line) and the decision was taken to operate the locomotives to Wheal Buller, involving relaying the track, as soon as the traffic justified it. In fact this was done by 1857, and they took over operation of the whole line.

The locomotives were worked very hard and continuously, and in 1858 a decision was taken to acquire a third: in September 1859 *Spitfire*, an 0-6-0 saddle tank from Neilson started work. She usually operated the section above Nangiles loop, making four round trips daily, with the earlier locomotives feeding traffic up to her. The traffic was almost entirely coal upwards and copper ore downwards. Shunting on the quays at Devoran, and on the eastward extension to Point, was in the charge of horses.

### Decline of copper extraction

By the late 1860s copper mining in the area was declining, and by 1870 it became a depression, when the Clifford Amalgamated Mines closed. This resulted in a disastrous loss of income, and decline continued. Catastrophe struck in the heavy winter of 1876–77 when the Great County Adit (a common drainage system formerly used by several deep mines) which had fallen into disrepair and become blocked, suddenly burst and caused the instant silting of Devoran Harbour, forcing vessels to discharge by tender.

It was plain that the company had no trading future, and on 18 July 1879 it passed into receivership, continuing to trade, however.

## Miscellaneous

Today the restored Count House of Old Wheal Buller Mine overlooks the trackbeds of two early and unrecorded sidings, and beyond, to the Buller branch of the railway).

### Route

Writing in 1831, Priestley said:

> The main line of this railway commences at the extensive tin works on the east side of the town of Redruth, whence it takes a south-easterly course round the mountain of Cam Marth; thence north-easterly by Carrarath to Twelve Heads, whence it takes a south-eastward course by Nangiles and Carnon Gate to Point Quay, situate on an estuary branching out of Carreg Road. Its length is nine miles, two furlongs and four chains; in the first mile and seven chains of which, to Wheel \[sic\] Beauchamp, there is a rise of 103 feet; from thence to its termination it is one gradual inclination with a fall of 555 feet to high-water-mark. From Carnon Gate there is a branch to Narrabo of one mile one furlong; another branch from Nangiles to Wheel Fortune of three furlongs and five chains; another from Twelve Heads to Wheel Bissey, two miles, two furlongs and five chains in length; and another from Wheel Beauchamp to Wheel Buller, of two furlongs four chains in length. The total length of main line and branches is thirteen miles, three furlongs and eight chains.

Reference Kidner

### Success

Initially the line was generally successful. It served both Great Consols and United Mines, the two largest in the area, and traffic by the 1830s was well in excess of 60,000 tons annually with the company reporting profits approaching £3,000. Copper ore transported down to ships for onward movement to South Wales was supplemented by coal carried in the other direction to serve the ever-deeper mines.

Initially the railway company had not been carriers, and up to 1854 the line was worked throughout by horses, but in November 1854 two tank engines, *Miner* and *Smelter* were delivered and began working between Devoran and Carharrack, making the Redruth and Chasewater one of the first narrow gauge railways to introduce steam locomotives. They were delivered as 0-4-0ST's, but were rough riders due to excessive overhang at the rear, so were soon rebuilt as 0-4-2ST's. At this time the remainder of the railway was operated by the company's own horses. By 1859 traffic had increased to 90,000 tons annually leading to the acquisition of a third engine, *Spitfire*. Spitfire was named after an incident where *Miner* and *Smelter* working hard uphill would scatter cinders and sparks. As a result, a nearby thatched cottage was in danger. The company was persuaded to rebuild it at a safe distance from the line and replace the thatch with slates. The owner was a valued shareholder in the company. The acquisition of *Spitfire* enabled the whole line from Devoran to Redruth to be worked by steam except the final 1+12 miles (2.4 km) from Devoran to Point Quay which remained horse-worked until final closure.

### Decline

The railway workshops, like the offices, were located in Devoran, and *Miner* was substantially rebuilt here in 1869, but traffic began to decline as the copper mines closed and in 1879 a receiver was appointed. *Smelter* was relegated to the status of reserve engine; but lack of maintenance meant that the line deteriorated and derailments were common. Spitfire was rebuilt, but this was a disaster compared to that of Miner. A new firebox was ordered, it was slightly too big, and apparently the frames were forced apart to accommodate it, with subsequent wear on the rear springs and bearings.

The coming of the Great Western Railway eventually ended the R&C as the last major customer of the R&C, Basset Mines, switched to using the GWR. The R&C, in the following six months only carried around 6,500 tons of goods as opposed to some 22,000 for the previous year. The extension to Chacewater that gave the railway its name was never completed despite works starting in 1853. Closure of the line finally came on 25 September 1915 when *Miner* took the last train down to Devoran. The line was dismantled, locomotives, wagons and rails became scrap.

As the line depended on the mines, so did the port of Devoran rely on the railway, less than a year after its closure, the last commercial vessel called at Devoran.

## Locomotives

| Name | Builder | Type | Date | Works number | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Miner* | Neilson | built as 0-4-0 altered to 0-4-2ST | 1854 | probably 81 | Rebuilt in 1869 as an 0-6-0ST |
| *Smelter* | Neilson | built as 0-4-0 altered to 0-4-2ST | 1854 | probably 82 |  |
| *Spitfire* | Neilson | 0-6-0ST | 1859 | 540 |  |

The three locomotives were of an unusual design. The boiler was surmounted by a square tank from which projected a tall chimney; the cabs were open with sides lower than the top of the tanks.

## Ships

In 1848, the company purchased the steam tug *Sydney*. On 6 March, she sprang a leak and sank at Falmouth.

## Today

Most of the route of the railway is now followed by the *Redruth and Chacewater Railway Trail* which links up with the Great Flat Lode Trail at Redruth. It featured in the BBC TV programme "Railway Walks", first broadcast on BBC Four on 16 October 2008.

* Fairclough, Tony (1970). *The Story of Cornwall's Railways*. Truro: Tor Mark Press.
* The History of the Count House of Old Wheal Buller mine which overlooks the Buller branch of the Redruth and Chasewater Railway.

## InfoBox

Redruth and Chasewater Railway
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Devoran |
| Locale | England, UK |
| Dates of operation | 18251915 |
| Successor | Abandoned |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft (1,219 mm) |
| Length | 9 miles (14 km) |


title: Poliopastea vittata

abstract: Poliopastea vittata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in Pará, Brazil.

text:
# Poliopastea vittata

***Poliopastea vittata*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in Pará, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Poliopastea vittata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Poliopastea* |
| Species: | ***P. vittata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Poliopastea vittata***<br>(Walker, 1854) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euchromia vittata* Walker, 1854 * *Macrocneme alesa* Druce, 1890 * *Macrocneme caurensis* Klages, 1906 * *Macrocneme nigritarsia ab. trinitatensis* Strand, 1917 * *Macrocneme vittata* | |


title: Nephelomys pectoralis

abstract: Nephelomys pectoralis is a species of rodent in the genus Nephelomys of family Cricetidae. Its type locality is 40 miles (64 km) west of the city of Popayán, Cauca Department, Colombia, at an altitude of 10,340 feet (3,150 m). American zoologist Joel Asaph Allen first described it in 1912 on the basis of 112 specimens from several locations in the Cordillera Occidental. He classified it as a species of Oryzomys, Oryzomys pectoralis, but later subsumed into the species Oryzomys albigularis. When that species was transferred to the new genus Nephelomys in 2006, N. pectoralis was recognized as a separate species. N. pectoralis is larger than various other Nephelomys species, but smaller than N. maculiventer. Its upperparts are yellowish brown, and at the sides there is a distinct yellow line. Younger specimens may have some black hairs interspersed in the fur of the upperparts. The hairs of the underparts are grey at the bases and white at the tips, but those in a region of variable size on the chest are completely white. The underparts become lighter in color with age. The ears are dark brown and mostly naked. The tail is grayish brown and there is scarcely any difference in color between the upper and lower side. The hindfeet are covered with thin pale hairs. Juvenile individuals are dark brown to blackish, with the underparts dark gray in color, except for the well-defined white patch at the chest. In 41 specimens, the total length ranges from 300 to 330 millimetres, the head and body length from 136 to 166 millimetres, the hindfoot length from 33.5 to 38 millimetres, and the skull length from 34 to 37 millimetres.

text:
# Nephelomys pectoralis

***Nephelomys pectoralis*** is a species of rodent in the genus *Nephelomys* of family Cricetidae. Its type locality is 40 miles (64 km) west of the city of Popayán, Cauca Department, Colombia, at an altitude of 10,340 feet (3,150 m). American zoologist Joel Asaph Allen first described it in 1912 on the basis of 112 specimens from several locations in the Cordillera Occidental. He classified it as a species of *Oryzomys*, *Oryzomys pectoralis*, but later subsumed into the species *Oryzomys albigularis*. When that species was transferred to the new genus *Nephelomys* in 2006, *N. pectoralis* was recognized as a separate species.

*N. pectoralis* is larger than various other *Nephelomys* species, but smaller than *N. maculiventer*. Its upperparts are yellowish brown, and at the sides there is a distinct yellow line. Younger specimens may have some black hairs interspersed in the fur of the upperparts. The hairs of the underparts are grey at the bases and white at the tips, but those in a region of variable size on the chest are completely white. The underparts become lighter in color with age. The ears are dark brown and mostly naked. The tail is grayish brown and there is scarcely any difference in color between the upper and lower side. The hindfeet are covered with thin pale hairs. Juvenile individuals are dark brown to blackish, with the underparts dark gray in color, except for the well-defined white patch at the chest. In 41 specimens, the total length ranges from 300 to 330 millimetres (11.81 to 12.99 in), the head and body length from 136 to 166 millimetres (5.35 to 6.54 in), the hindfoot length from 33.5 to 38 millimetres (1.32 to 1.50 in), and the skull length from 34 to 37 millimetres (1.34 to 1.46 in).

## Literature cited

* Allen, J.A. 1912. Mammals from western Colombia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 31:71-95.
* Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
* Weksler, M.; Percequillo, A. R.; Voss, R. S. (2006-10-19). "Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)". *American Museum Novitates* (3537). American Museum of Natural History: 1–29. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3537\[1:TNGOOR\]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5815. S2CID 84088556.

## InfoBox

| *Nephelomys pectoralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Sigmodontinae |
| Genus: | *Nephelomys* |
| Species: | ***N. pectoralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nephelomys pectoralis***
(J.A. Allen, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Oryzomys pectoralis* J.A. Allen, 1912
*\[Nephelomys\] pectoralis*: Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss, 2006 | |


title: Tomb of Ture Malmgren

abstract: The tomb of Ture Malmgren is a structure located in Uddevalla, Bohuslän, Sweden. It is located by the foot of Fjällsätern, near the center of the residential district of Tureborg. Carved into the sheer cliff face, it was intended as the final resting place of the local politician and publicist Ture Malmgren. Despite his own wishes, Malmgren was instead interred elsewhere after his death in 1922, effectively rendering the empty rock-cut tomb a cenotaph of sorts.

text:
# Tomb of Ture Malmgren

The **tomb of Ture Malmgren** (referred to in Swedish as *Tures grav*) is a structure located in Uddevalla, Bohuslän, Sweden. It is located by the foot of Fjällsätern, near the center of the residential district of Tureborg (which is named for Tureborg Castle, a ruin atop the mountain's summit). Carved into the sheer cliff face, it was intended as the final resting place of the local politician and publicist Ture Malmgren. Despite his own wishes, Malmgren was instead interred elsewhere after his death in 1922, effectively rendering the empty rock-cut tomb a cenotaph of sorts.

## History

Ture Malmgren (born in 1851) is primarily known as the founder of the regional newspaper *Bohusläningen*, which remains in publication today. Other than his career as a publicist and journalist, he maintained extensive business connections, and was involved in many fields of politics, often radical. Among other things, he was the first chairman of the Uddevalla Suffrage Association, chaired the Uddevalla City Council for many years, and campaigned as a candidate for the Riksdag. In addition to these engagements he was also a keen builder, and constructed several large buildings. Of these, only Villa Elfkullen still stands – his large mock castle Tureborg burned down in 1950, and the faux-medieval summer residence Fjällhyddan was demolished later in the 20th century.

Aside from these three main buildings, many other minor structures created by Malmgren are dotted around the surrounding landscape. One of these is a vaulted cavern cut into the grey rock of Fjällsätern at some point between the 1890s and the 1920s. Following his death on 3 August 1922, the local authorities decided against burying him in his intended final resting place, and instead he was buried at the nearby Eastern Cemetery. There, where he was joined by his wife Hilma Malmgren following her death in 1942, a large tombstone bearing his portrait was raised. The old tomb is now bricked up.


title: Ivy Renfroe

abstract: Ivy Leigh Renfroe is an American softball player. Renfroe is the oldest of three softball playing sisters, all enrolled with Tennessee. Renfroe was a pitcher for the Tennessee Lady Volunteers from 2010 to 2013. Renfroe earned a Women's College World Series All-Tournament team honors in 2010. Renfroe also earned an All-SEC honor all four years of her career.

text:
# Ivy Renfroe

**Ivy Leigh Renfroe** (born February 16, 1991) is an American softball player. Renfroe is the oldest of three softball playing sisters, all enrolled with Tennessee. Renfroe was a pitcher for the Tennessee Lady Volunteers from 2010 to 2013. Renfroe earned a Women's College World Series All-Tournament team honors in 2010. Renfroe also earned an All-SEC honor all four years of her career.

## Early life

Renfroe was born on February 16, 1991, in Jackson, Tennessee. Renfroe is a 2009 graduate of Trinity Christian Academy. Her siblings are Ellen Renfroe and Anna Renfroe. She is the daughter of Marty and Emily Renfroe.

## 2010 – 2011 (Tennessee)

As a freshman at the University of Tennessee, Renfroe recorded a 31–6 record as the team's ace. Just the second pitcher in school history to have 30+ wins, including a win at the women's college world series (Monica Abbott). Renfroe was an All-SEC performer (2nd Team), as well as an All-SEC freshman performer. She was named to the All-Southeast region team as well. Renfroe was also named to the Women's College World Series All-Tournament team with a 2–2 record in the tournament. In 2011, as a sophomore, Renfroe continued her excellent performance in the circle, recording a 19–4 record, as she shared the ace position with her sister Ellen. She was named an All-SEC preseason member. She was also on the Top 50 USA Softball Player of the Year Watchlist.

## 2012 – 2013 (Tennessee)

During Renfroe's Junior year in 2012, she continued to be successful. She had a 25–9 record in her Junior campaign and helped the team to a Women's College World Series appearance. Although the Lady Vols were sent home in consecutive games, Renfroe still had an excellent season. In addition to her 25 wins, Renfroe was named to the SEC spring Academic Honor Roll. Renfroe entered her Senior year in 2013 with high hopes, and pitched to the expectations. Renfroe ended her career with a strong campaign, recording a 22–5 record. An All-SEC performer, Renfroe started 21 games, the least over her career, however threw in 20 games in relief, as she prefers. Renfroe helped the Lady Vols finish runner-up in the Women's College World Series, with a 1–1 record, including a win over Texas in the Semifinals to move Tennessee into the championship series against the Oklahoma Sooners.

## Career statistics

### Tennessee Lady Vols

| Year |  |  | GP | GS | CG | Sh | SV | IP |  |  | ER | BB | SO | ERA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 31 | 6 | 56 | 39 | 15 | 6 | 5 | 232.1 | 202 | 94 | 80 | 79 | 235 | 2.41 |
| 2011 | 19 | 4 | 37 | 25 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 152.1 | 119 | 57 | 45 | 61 | 157 | 2.07 |
| 2012 | 25 | 9 | 42 | 30 | 17 | 9 | 3 | 214.1 | 146 | 59 | 55 | 50 | 197 | 1.80 |
| 2013 | 22 | 5 | 41 | 21 | 12 | 6 | 1 | 150.2 | 111 | 47 | 38 | 50 | 148 | 1.07 |

## InfoBox

Ivy Renfroe
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Ivy Leigh Renfroe |
| Nationality | American |
| Born | February 16, 1991 (1991-02-16) (age 33)<br>Jackson, Tennessee |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) |
| Sport | |
| College team | Tennessee Lady Volunteers |


title: Molin (surname)

abstract: Molin is a surname.

text:
# Molin (surname)

**Molin** is a surname.

## Geographical distribution

As of 2014, 33.1% of all known bearers of the surname *Molin* were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:1,916), 11.9% of Italy (1:33,153), 10.7% of France (1:40,186), 8.0% of the United States (1:290,162), 7.6% of Brazil (1:172,293), 4.1% of Russia (1:225,103), 3.5% of Denmark (1:10,338), 3.2% of the Philippines (1:204,106), 2.9% of Bangladesh, 1.2% of Spain (1:258,832), 1.1% of Poland (1:213,532), 1.1% of the Czech Republic (1:62,920), 1.1% of Finland (1:33,517), 1.0% of the Netherlands (1:104,207), 1.0% of Haiti (1:68,928) and 1.0% of Austria (1:57,529).

In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1,916) in the following counties:

In Italy, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:33,153) in only one region: Veneto (1:2,909)

In France, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:40,186) in the following regions:

## People


title: Hemiconus tremletti

abstract: Hemiconus tremletti is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

text:
# Hemiconus tremletti

***Hemiconus tremletti*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in France.

* Tracey S., Craig B., Belliard L. & Gain O. (2017). One, four or forty species? - early Conidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) that led to a radiation and biodiversity peak in the late Lutetian Eocene of the Cotentin, NW France. Carnets de Voyages Paléontologiques dans le Bassin Anglo-Parisien. 3: 1-38

## InfoBox

| *Hemiconus tremletti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Hemiconus* |
| Species: | ***H. tremletti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hemiconus tremletti***<br>Le Renard, 1994 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Conus nodulosus* Deshayes, 1865 (invalid: junior homonym of *Conus nodulosus* G. B. Sowerby II, 1864) | |


title: Mulla Idriz Gjilani

abstract: Mulla Idriz Gjilani was an Albanian patriot, a Muslim preacher, master orator and freedom fighter. He was born in the village of Velekinca in Gjilan, Ottoman Empire,. The Gjilani family who have inhabited his birth region for centuries give their name to the town of Gjilani in Kosovo. He took the first lessons in mejtep of Cernica, and graduated in 1911 to continue the high school in madrasah of “Atik” in Gjilan. After a long break, he graduated in 1926. At age 25, he became imam with title of Mullah and served in Karadak and Hogosht. In 1941, he took the post of bashvaiz, Ulama in Vakuf of Shkupi. On January 20, 2015, he was posthumously awarded the "Honor of the Nation" decoration by the President of the Republic of Albania Bujar Nishani on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the massacre of Gjilan.

text:
# Mulla Idriz Gjilani

**Mulla Idriz Gjilani** was an Albanian patriot, a Muslim preacher, master orator and freedom fighter. He was born in the village of Velekinca in Gjilan, Ottoman Empire, (now Gjilan, Kosovo). The Gjilani family who have inhabited his birth region for centuries give their name to the town of Gjilani in Kosovo.

He took the first lessons in mejtep of Cernica, and graduated in 1911 to continue the high school in madrasah of “Atik” in Gjilan. After a long break, he graduated in 1926. At age 25, he became imam with title of Mullah and served in Karadak and Hogosht. In 1941, he took the post of bashvaiz, Ulama in Vakuf of Shkupi.

On January 20, 2015, he was posthumously awarded the "Honor of the Nation" decoration by the President of the Republic of Albania Bujar Nishani on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the massacre of Gjilan.

## Biography

He was born in Velekinca in Gjilanat the time of the Ottoman Empire, Hajrullah Hasani's son of brotherhood Kurteshi and Sale Smakaj from Cërnica. The first lessons he received at the Mullah Halim Cernica's mejtep, after completing his studies in Ruzhdih of Gjilan for administrative work in 1911. The Balkan War prevented schooling and then could not attend the previous school because the school was closed. He attended his education at the Atar Medrese in Gjilan. After military service in 1924-225, he graduated in 1926 with Ixhezetnamé becoming an imam and received the title of mullah. He was in contact with the "National Defense of Kosovo" Committee and supported the Democratic Party of Ferhat Bey Drago, where he helped with the non-expulsion of the Albanian population in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He was the head of the imam at the Padić mosque in Karadak in 1927-32 and later in Hogosht of the Lower Moravian until 1938 when he went to the post of member of Mexhlis Ulema in Skopje, who administered the religious-religious life of Albanian lands under the state administration of Yugoslavia.

During the Second World War, as the first of the faithful of the Islamic religion in the Gjilan / Gnjilane Prefecture, Mufti and Sub-Mufti, and as a military imam of the IV Regiment of the Albanian Kingdom Army in Pristina. He commanded a paramilitary force under the flag of the Albanian Kingdom fighting for ethnic Albania against the Yugoslavs and the Bulgarians, which he handed over by the fall of 1944. After that he lived hiding from the Yugoslav Partisan Regime until the night of 25-26 November 1949, when Mulla Idrizi was burned alive by the Partisans. Months before his death he professed that Islam and Albanianism do harmonize.

1. "Nishani honors personalities on 70th anniversary of Gjilan massacre". *arkiva.ata.gov.al*. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019.
2. Elsie, Robert (2013). *A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History*. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781780764313.
3. Islame, Koha (2 December 2012). "Figura e Kombit".

## InfoBox

| Mulla Idriz Gjilani | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1901-06-04)June 4, 1901
Velekinca, Gjilan, Ottoman Empire, (Today: Kosovo) |
| Died | November 26, 1949(1949-11-26) (aged 48) |
| Allegiance | Italian protectorate of Albania
Albania (German client)
Second League of Prizren |
| Service/branch | Royal Albanian Army |
| Years of service | 1941–1945 |
| Rank | Commander |
| Unit | IV Regiment of the Royal Albanian Army |
| Known for | Fighting Partisans, Serbs and Bulgarians, Being Burned alive by the Partisans |
| Battles/wars | World War II in Yugoslavia |
| Children | Isa Mullaidrizi (Hajrullahu) |


title: National Bloc (Mandatory Palestine)

abstract: The National Bloc was a Nablus-based party established in 1935 in the British Mandate for Palestine by Abd al-Latif Salah, a lawyer and former official in the Ottoman Senate at Istanbul. Salah generally took an anti-Husayni stance. Its program called for an independent Palestine with an Arab majority and a unification of the political efforts of the Palestinian Arabs. It had limited membership mainly from areas around Nablus and Jaffa. It was one of the parties banned by the British in October 1937.

text:
# National Bloc (Mandatory Palestine)

The **National Bloc** (*al-Kutla al-Wataniyya* الكتلة الوطنية) was a Nablus-based party established in 1935 in the British Mandate for Palestine by Abd al-Latif Salah, a lawyer and former official in the Ottoman Senate at Istanbul. Salah generally took an anti-Husayni stance.

Its program called for an independent Palestine with an Arab majority and a unification of the political efforts of the Palestinian Arabs. It had limited membership mainly from areas around Nablus and Jaffa. It was one of the parties banned by the British in October 1937.

## Bibliography

* Kupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987). *The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine*. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-07929-7

## InfoBox

| National Bloc הגוש הלאומי | |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Abd al-Latif Salah |
| Founded | 1935 |
| Dissolved | October 1937 (Banned) |
| Ideology | Palestinian nationalism
Arab nationalism
Anti-Zionism |
|  | |


title: Register of interests

abstract: A Register of Interests is a record kept, usually by a government body, of financial interests of its members. The register documents interests which may potentially unethically or unlawfully influence members' official duties. The term is in use in most Commonwealth countries.

text:
# Register of interests

A **Register of Interests** is a record kept, usually by a government body, of financial interests of its members. The register documents interests which may potentially unethically or unlawfully influence members' official duties.

The term is in use in most Commonwealth countries.

## Jurisdiction

### Australia

In 2019 Australia, it required "MPs to declare shares, directorships, real estate, gifts and more to demonstrate they represent their constituents without bias."

### United Kingdom

The UK has had a register of interests since 1974. The UK register was reviewed and enhanced after the Cash for Questions scandal of 1994. This led to the Nolan enquiry which gave birth to the Report on Standards in Local Government. All holders of public office in the UK are bound to this code. The Parliamentary Register has evolved in latter years a Code of Conduct, and as of 2017, had also evolved into:

* Register of Members' Financial Interests
* Register of Interests of Members' Secretaries and Research Assistants
* Register of Journalists' Interests
* Register of All-Party Parliamentary Groups


title: Nerdette

abstract: Nerdette is a weekly talk podcast produced and distributed by WBEZ/Chicago Public Media. It was created in 2013 by Tricia Bobeda and Greta Johnsen, and is now hosted by Johnsen. It is an interview show featuring conversations with journalists, advice columnists, authors, astronauts, and more. Previous guests include Tom Hanks, Bill Nye, George R.R. Martin, Margaret Atwood, Roxane Gay, and Lizzo. An offshoot podcast, Nerdette Recaps with Peter Sagal, includes Bobeda, Johnsen, and Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! host Sagal discussing shows like Game of Thrones (2016-2020) and His Dark Materials (2019), and a handful of movies from the 1990s (2020).

text:
# Nerdette

***Nerdette*** is a weekly talk podcast produced and distributed by WBEZ/Chicago Public Media.

It was created in 2013 by Tricia Bobeda and Greta Johnsen, and is now hosted by Johnsen. It is an interview show featuring conversations with journalists, advice columnists, authors, astronauts, and more. Previous guests include Tom Hanks, Bill Nye, George R.R. Martin, Margaret Atwood, Roxane Gay, and Lizzo.

An offshoot podcast, *Nerdette Recaps with Peter Sagal*, includes Bobeda, Johnsen, and *Wait Wait ... Don't Tell Me!* host Sagal discussing shows like *Game of Thrones* (2016-2020) and *His Dark Materials* (2019), and a handful of movies from the 1990s (2020).

## History

Johnsen was a host and reporter at WBEZ when she launched it in late May 2013 with Bobeda, a producer at WBEZ at the time.

The duo described it as "a safe space for nerding out about all the things you're watching, reading, listening to and encountering IRL (in real life)." Bobeda's first interaction with Johnsen was when Johnsen overheard Bobeda in a debate in the WBEZ newsroom about *Star Wars*.

In April 2016, a spin-off of *Nerdette* was launched in partnership with Peter Sagal, host of NPR’s *Wait Wait...Don’t Tell Me!* to recap season 5 of the HBO series *Game of Thrones*. *Nerdette Recaps Game of Thrones with Peter Sagal* continued with each Game of Thrones season until the final season aired in 2019. *Nerdette Recaps* continued beyond *Game of Thrones* with seasons including recaps of HBO's *His Dark Materials* in 2019 and reviews of 1990s movies in 2020.

In 2018, Bobeda left the show and Johnsen became the sole host.

In addition to its weekly talk episodes, *Nerdette* also started a monthly book club in 2020.

## Production

Greta Johnsen hosts and produces the podcast, along with producer Isabel Carter and executive producer Brendan Banaszak.

### Format

The format typically includes discussion between Greta Johnsen and a panel of guests to discuss relevant cultural topics. Topics have included re-entry to society after the COVID-19 pandemic, along with other pop culture news of the week.

Twice a month, *Nerdette* has two book club episodes—one is a conversation with the author, and the other is a panel discussion that includes voice recordings from the audience.

Episodes are usually 20–40 minutes long and released one to two times a week: The regular episodes are every Friday, and book club episodes come out on Tuesdays.

## Reception

*Nerdette* was named Best Culture Podcast by the *Chicago Reader* in 2017.

## InfoBox

| *Nerdette* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Presentation | |
| Hosted by | * Greta Johnsen * Tricia Bobeda (until 2018) |
| Genre | Culture |
| Format | * Interview * panel discussion |
| Language | English |
| Updates | Weekly |
| Length | 20–40 minutes |
| Publication | |
| Original release | 2013 |
| Provider | WBEZ |
| Related | |
| Website | www.wbez.org/shows/nerdette/b2c2c10b-1e7f-43ca-b3ad-55d6fd33722c |


title: Muhammed Babandede

abstract: Muhammed Babandede born in Jigawa State, Nigeria in 1963 is a former Comptroller General (CG) of the Nigeria Immigration Service NIS, before his appointment by President Mohammadu Buhari, he was the Deputy Comptroller General (DCG) of NIS, Operations & Passports. Babandede holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and Islamic Studies, he has master's degree in Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice at the Ahmadu Bello University, ABU Zaria. He served as Assistant Comptroller General ACG passport at the Immigration Headquarters. His appointment came after President Mohammadu Buhari sacked the former Immigration boss Martin Abeshi. Babandede has an award of Member of the Order of the Federal Republic, MFR, in 2014. He is currently the longest service NIS top officer. Babandede tested positive for COVID-19 after returning from the United Kingdom on 22 March 2020.

text:
# Muhammed Babandede

**Muhammed Babandede** born in Jigawa State, Nigeria in 1963 is a former Comptroller General (CG) of the Nigeria Immigration Service NIS, before his appointment by President Mohammadu Buhari, he was the Deputy Comptroller General (DCG) of NIS, Operations & Passports.

Babandede holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and Islamic Studies, he has master's degree in Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice at the Ahmadu Bello University, ABU Zaria.

He served as Assistant Comptroller General ACG passport at the Immigration Headquarters. His appointment came after President Mohammadu Buhari sacked the former Immigration boss Martin Abeshi.

Babandede has an award of Member of the Order of the Federal Republic, MFR, in 2014. He is currently the longest service NIS top officer.

Babandede tested positive for COVID-19 after returning from the United Kingdom on 22 March 2020.

## InfoBox

| Muhammed Babandede | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Comptroller-General of Nigeria Immigration Service | |
| **In office**<br>May 2016  September 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Martin Abeshi |
| Succeeded by | Idris Isah Jere |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jigawa, Nigeria |
|  | |