title: Environment of New York City

abstract: The environment of New York City consists of many interwoven ecosystems as part of the New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary. The climate of New York City shapes the environment with its cool, wet winters and hot, humid summers with plentiful rainfall all year round. As of 2020, New York City held 44,509 acres of urban tree canopy with 24% of its land covered in trees. As of 2020, the population of New York City numbered 8.8 million human beings.

text:
# Environment of New York City

The **environment of New York City** consists of many interwoven ecosystems as part of the New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary. The climate of New York City shapes the environment with its cool, wet winters and hot, humid summers with plentiful rainfall all year round. As of 2020, New York City held 44,509 acres of urban tree canopy with 24% of its land covered in trees. As of 2020, the population of New York City numbered 8.8 million human beings.

## Climate

The climate of New York City features a humid subtropical variety, with parts of the city transitioning into a humid continental climate, giving the city cool, wet winters and hot, humid summers with plentiful rainfall all year round.

In September 1821, a hurricane moved up the east coast of the United States, producing a 13 ft (4.0 m) rise of water  storm surge  in the span of one hour at Battery Park. Water levels reached as far inland as Canal Street. The next hurricane in the city was in August 1893, which knocked down power and telegraph lines, and destroyed several houses. During Hurricane Hazel in 1954, winds at The Battery reached 113 mph (182 km/h). A nor'easter in December 1992 produced record high tides, with a water level of 8.04 ft (2.45 m) at The Battery. Floods inundated low-lying areas, and at least 50 cars on Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive required rescue. The 1992 storm was surpassed by former Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, which rose water levels to 14.06 ft (4.29 m) above the average low tide. Floodwaters covered about 17% of New York City, imparting about $19 billion in damage, including $5 billion to transportation infrastructure. The floods affected the homes of more than 443,000 people and more than 23,400 businesses. There were 43 deaths in the city related to Sandy. In September 2021, former Hurricane Ida set a rainfall record when it dropped 3.15 inches (8.0 cm) of precipitation in one hour. The storm killed 13 people in the city, several of them due to drowning in basement apartments. Floods also shut down roads and the subway.

The hottest day on record in the city was July 9, 1936, when Central Park recorded a high temperature of 106 °F (41 °C). A heat wave in August 1896 killed 1,500 people in the city. The coldest day on record was February 9, 1934, with a temperature of −15 °F (−26 °C). In March 1888, a blizzard dropped 21 in (530 mm) of snowfall, killing 200 people across the city. A tropical storm in 1882 dropped 8.28 in (210 mm) of rainfall on September 23, which was the wettest calendar day on record, going back to 1869. A January 2016 blizzard dropped 30.5 in (77 cm) of snowfall at JFK airport, the highest amount recorded from a single storm. There have been at least 12 tornadoes in the city since 1974.

## Ecosystems

As New York City grew into a city, the surrounding environment was altered by the growing demands of the human population. The ecosystem of New York City is consistently maintained to support a growing population in the city. In the last 400 years since the original ecological systems as researched by the Mannahatta Project, the growth and development of the New York City water supply system, the New York City waste management system, Transportation in New York City, and Food and water in New York City has greatly altered the environment of New York City.

In 2017, CCNY entomologist and Professor of Biology David Lohman discovered a new species of fly living in Central Park. The fly, *Themira lohmanus*, has evolved to only breed on duck dung.

## Pollution

New York's population density has environmental pros and cons. It facilitates the highest mass transit use in the United States, but also concentrates pollution. Gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate the national average was in the 1920s, and greenhouse gas emissions are a fraction of the national average, at 7.1 metric tons per person per year, below San Francisco, at 11.2 metric tons, and the national average, at 24.5 metric tons. New York City accounts for only 1% of United States greenhouse gas emissions while housing 2.7% of its population. In September 2012, New York was named the #1 "America's Dirtiest City," by a *Travel+Leisure* readership survey that rated the environmental quality of 35 prominent cities in the United States.

## Waste management

New York City's waste management system is a refuse removal system primarily run by the New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY). The department maintains the waste collection infrastructure and hires public and private contractors who remove the city's waste. This waste, created by New York City's population of more than eight million, can amount to more than ten thousand tons a day.

Waste management has been an issue for New York City since its New Amsterdam days. As a 1657 New Amsterdam ordinance states, “It has been found, that within this City of Amsterdam in New Netherland many burghers and inhabitants throw their rubbish, filth, ashes, dead animals and suchlike things into the public streets to the great inconvenience of the community".

## Horticulture

The Lenape peoples who inhabited the greater NYC area directly prior to European colonization cultivated the environment and land they lived on in New York City, historians believe they planted sunflowers at the edges of the maize fields alongside their villages. In addition, they relied on the many trees growing on what is now New York City for food, shelter, tool materials, fuel, and medicine. The typical Lenape house, called a longhouse, relied on the bending of the trunks taken from small trees to create a series of arches to serve as the frame. The Lenape used the *Zanthoxylum americanum* tree as medicine for toothaches because chewing on the leaves or bark creates a tingling, or numbing effect in the mouth.

## Further reading

* Burnstein. Daniel Eli. *Next to Godliness: Confronting Dirt and Despair in Progressive Era New York City* (University of Illinois Press, 2006)
* Dow, J. (2020, October 19). *Environmental racism in the Bronx: Why the asthma rate is so high in the borough*. PIX 11 New York.
* Glenna, Leland L. "Value-laden technocratic management and environmental conflicts: The case of the New York City watershed controversy." *Science, technology, & human values* 35.1 (2010): 81–112. online
* Hershkowitz, Allen. *Bronx ecology: Blueprint for a new environmentalism* (Island Press, 2002) online.
* Kiechle, Melanie A. "The air we breathe": nineteenth-century Americans and the search for fresh air" (PhD. Diss. Rutgers University-Graduate School-New Brunswick, 2012) online.
* Lifset, Robert D. *Power on the Hudson: Storm King Mountain and the Emergence of Modern American Environmentalism* (2014)
* Owen, David. "Green Manhattan." *The New Yorker* 80.31 (2004): 111–23. online
* Pfeffer, Max J., and J. Mayone Stycos. "Immigrant environmental behaviors in New York city." *Social Science Quarterly* 83.1 (2002): 64–81.
* Preston, Christopher J., and Steven H. Corey. "Public health and environmentalism: Adding garbage to the history of environmental ethics." *Environmental ethics* 27.1 (2005): 3-21.
* Rochard, Hugo. "Civic environmentalism and urban renaturation politics: case studies from the greater Paris and New York City." *Journée du LIEPP* 2021. online
* Zimring, Carl A.; Corey, Steven H., eds. (2021). *Coastal Metropolis: Environmental Histories of Modern New York City*. Pittsburgh, Pa. ISBN 978-0-8229-8798-7. OCLC 1241662670.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


title: Environment of Pakistan

abstract: This article discusses topics related to the environment of Pakistan.

text:
# Environment of Pakistan

This article discusses topics related to the **environment of Pakistan**.

## Biota

## Climate

## Geography

## Water

## Climate change

## Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.

### Coast Pollution

Pakistan's coastline, which stretches over 1,046 km, is facing severe pollution due to a combination of industrial, port, municipal, and transportation activities in the area. The coastline is being overwhelmed with water-borne pollution being discharged in the shipping process into the marine environment. A recent study found that some of the marine life was contaminated with lead, which if consumed by humans through seafood, has been linked to anemia, kidney failure and brain damage. In fact, the study also discovered that even the mangrove forests protecting the feeder creeks from sea erosion as well as a source of sustenance for fishermen are threatened by this pollution.

### Air pollution

The Air pollution is the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5. The air in Karachi is rapidly polluted by automobile smoke, especially Rickshaws and Buses, industrial emissions, open burning of garbage, house fires, and other particles but the government and environment organizations seems non-serious to tackle the issue timely.

#### Rickshaws

The two-stroke engines on rickshaws and motorcycles are one of the major polluters of air in Karachi and the rest of Pakistan. The two-stroke engines as well as defective or unturned vehicles are major polluters with carbon dioxide emissions. Two-stroke engines as well as defective vehicles using substandard lubricant are major emitters of sulfur dioxide and smoke. Automobiles operating on compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas are major air polluters.

### Light pollution

The Light pollution includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.

### Littering

Littering is the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties.

### Noise pollution

Noise pollution which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar. The noise for Karachi came to 80 dB (A), the General Noise Index x (G.N.I.) to 460, and the noise pollution level (N.P.L.) to 99 dB (A). These values are significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than the available international data.

### Soil contamination

Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

### Radioactive contamination

Radioactive contamination resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment)

### Thermal pollution

Thermal pollution is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.

### Visual pollution

Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open smunicipal solid waste or space debris.

### Water pollution

Water pollution id by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or through spills) into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides); waste disposal and leaching into groundwater; eutrophication and littering.

#### Tanning

Pakistan exports Leather product using Leather production processes including tanning. In addition to the other environmental impacts of leather, the production processes have a high environmental impact, most notably due to:

* the heavy use of polluting chemicals in the tanning process
* air pollution due to the transformation process (hydrogen sulfide during dehairing and ammonia during deliming, solvent vapours).

One tonne of hide or skin generally leads to the production of 20 to 80 m3 of turbid and foul-smelling wastewater, including chromium levels of 100–400 mg/L, sulfide levels of 200–800 mg/L and high levels of fat and other solid wastes, as well as notable pathogen contamination. Pesticides are also often added for hide conservation during transport. With solid wastes representing up to 70% of the wet weight of the original hides, the tanning process comes at a considerable strain on water treatment installations.

## Climate

most part of Pakistan lies in the arid to semi arid climatic zone. However there is a lot of variation observed in Pakistan due to different relief features, from lofty mountains to low-lying areas. for the most part the climate of Pakistan is divided into four major climatic zones

1 High land climate zone (including all the mountainous regions of Pakistan's western and northern mountains) 2 low land climatic zone (including all the plain areas of Pakistan comprising the whole Indus plain except the Indus delta) 3 arid climate zone ( this zone includes the south eastern deserts like Cholistan, Nara and Tharparker ) 4 coastal climate zone ( including the coastal stripe from Makran coast to Karachi coast and Sindh coastal areas of Pakistan)

## Geography

## Water

## Energy

## Protected areas

## Environmental policy

Environmental affairs in Pakistan are managed and regulated by the Ministry of Environment (Pakistan), headed by the Minister for Environment (Pakistan).

## Environmental issues


title: Luckey Quarter

abstract: "Luckey Quarter" is a short story by American writer Stephen King, originally published in USA Weekend in 1995.

text:
# Luckey Quarter

"**Luckey Quarter**" is a short story by American writer Stephen King, originally published in *USA Weekend* in 1995.

## Plot summary

Darlene Pullen, who is a struggling single mother with two children (a rebellious teenage daughter and a sickly young son) and an unfulfilling job as a chambermaid at The Rancher's Hotel in Carson City, Nevada, is left a tip of a single quarter with a note saying that it is a "luckey \[lucky\] quarter". She takes a quick gamble on it and finds that it brings her some small luck. Moving on to a real casino, she keeps trying her luck, and soon she's winning thousands of dollars.

All seems to be going exceedingly well until she suddenly reappears back in the hotel room, left with nothing but her lucky quarter. All of her success was a fantasy. As her two children come to visit her at work, she lets her son have the quarter, and as he uses it in a gamble, it starts to pay off just as it did when Darlene was fantasizing.

## Publication

"Luckey Quarter" was originally published in the June 30/July 2, 1995 issue of *USA Weekend*. In 1997, it was published in King's limited edition collection *Six Stories*. In 2002, it was collected in King's book *Everything's Eventual*.

## Adaptations

In 2005, "Luckey Quarter" was adapted into a short film produced and directed by Robert Cochrane. In 2023, Luckey Quarter was adapted into a short animated film produced by L.E. Peralta and S. Peralta, written, animated and directed by L.E. Peralta.

## InfoBox

| "Luckey Quarter" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Stephen King | |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Publication | |
| Published in | *USA Weekend* |
| Publisher | Gannett |
| Media type | Print |
| Publication date | 1995 |


title: Luckey Hospital

abstract: Luckey Hospital is a historic hospital building located in Noble Township, Noble County, Indiana. It was built in 1929, and is a three-story, tall brick building with an attached two-story section. It has a tall parapet and rests on a full basement. The building housed a private medical facility until 1961 and now houses a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

text:
# Luckey Hospital

**Luckey Hospital** is a historic hospital building located in Noble Township, Noble County, Indiana. It was built in 1929, and is a three-story, tall brick building with an attached two-story section. It has a tall parapet and rests on a full basement. The building housed a private medical facility until 1961 and now houses a museum.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Luckey Hospital | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Luckey Hospital, January 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | Junction of U.S. Route 33 and State Road 109 at Wolf Lake, Noble Township, Noble County, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 41°20′00″N 85°29′39″W / 41.33333°N 85.49417°W / 41.33333; -85.49417 |
| Area | Less than 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1929 (1929) |
| Built by | Hiatt Brothers |
| Architect | Luckey, Harold |
| NRHP reference No. | 13000090 |
| Added to NRHP | March 20, 2013 |


title: Tapeless production

abstract: In the field of professional broadcasting, an end-to-end workflow is called tapeless when part, or all of it, is made without any use of audio tape recorders or videotape machines; video and audio sources being ingested, recorded, edited and played out entirely on digital video systems. Digital tapeless recording refers to any recording method using digital data recorded to a medium other than audio/videotape. It is popular in sound recording circles using computers or specialized workstations, and has something of a following among video users as well (in particular, among both low-end camcorder users who want the ultimate in light, silent equipment, and among high-end video and film producers doing high-definition video at such a high bitrate that tape simply cannot keep up. It is also common on mid-to-high end portable voice recorders, which record to formats such as MP3 or ATRAC. In the 30 years from the mid-1980s to 2015, tapeless production has moved from being an expensive high-end niche application to being the default workflow for professional production. The availability of low cost disk and high-powered CPUs and GPUs in modern computers has also made it affordable for even amateur productions, and often cheaper than solutions using professional tape formats. It is generally believed that digital tapeless recording is the most robust and easy-to-manage solution for audio and video production. Nevertheless, particularly within the audio world, there has been significant demand for returning to all-analog, even vintage, recording equipment, to achieve a softer, "warmer" sound at the expense of precise sound replication. This has not so much been the case with video production, as vintage equipment is often inoperable or unable to work with current technology, and generally lacks the quality achieved by digital video technology.

text:
# Tapeless production

In the field of professional broadcasting, an end-to-end workflow (from ingest to playout) is called ***tapeless*** when part, or all of it, is made without any use of audio tape recorders or videotape machines; video and audio sources being ingested, recorded, edited and played out entirely on digital video systems.

**Digital tapeless recording** refers to any recording method using digital data recorded to a medium other than audio/videotape (usually hard disk, CD-style or flash memory). It is popular in sound recording circles using computers or specialized workstations, and has something of a following among video users as well (in particular, among both low-end camcorder users who want the ultimate in light, silent equipment, and among high-end video and film producers doing high-definition video at such a high bitrate that tape simply cannot keep up. It is also common on mid-to-high end portable voice recorders, which record to formats such as MP3 or ATRAC.

In the 30 years from the mid-1980s to 2015, tapeless production has moved from being an expensive high-end niche application to being the default workflow for professional production. The availability of low cost disk and high-powered CPUs and GPUs in modern computers has also made it affordable for even amateur productions, and often cheaper than solutions using professional tape formats.

It is generally believed that digital tapeless recording is the most robust and easy-to-manage solution for audio and video production. Nevertheless, particularly within the audio world, there has been significant demand for returning to all-analog, even vintage, recording equipment, to achieve a softer, "warmer" sound at the expense of precise sound replication. This has not so much been the case with video production, as vintage equipment is often inoperable or unable to work with current technology, and generally lacks the quality achieved by digital video technology.


abstract: The Environmental Conservation Acreage Reserve Program (ECARP) was a United States umbrella program authorized by the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 that includes the Conservation Reserve Program, and the Wetland Reserve Program. The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 continued the CRP and WRP and created the Environmental Quality Incentives Program. The goal of the ECARP was to provide long-term protection of environmentally sensitive land. Contracts, easements, and cost-share payments were used to assist landowners and operators of farms and ranches to conserve and enhance soil, water, and related natural resources, including grazing land, wetland, and wildlife habitat. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 replaced ECARP with the Comprehensive Conservation Enhancement Program (CCHP).

text:
# Environmental Conservation Acreage Reserve Program

The **Environmental Conservation Acreage Reserve Program** (ECARP) was a United States umbrella program authorized by the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 (P.L. 101–624) that includes the Conservation Reserve Program, and the Wetland Reserve Program. The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (P.L. 104–127) continued the CRP and WRP and created the Environmental Quality Incentives Program.

The goal of the ECARP was to provide long-term protection of environmentally sensitive land. Contracts, easements, and cost-share payments were used to assist landowners and operators of farms and ranches to conserve and enhance soil, water, and related natural resources, including grazing land, wetland, and wildlife habitat. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. 107–171, Sec. 2006) replaced ECARP with the Comprehensive Conservation Enhancement Program (CCHP).

* This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. *Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition* (PDF). Congressional Research Service.


title: Environmental Communication (journal)

abstract: Environmental Communication is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering environmental communication. It was established in May 2007, with Steve Depoe as founding editor, and is published eight times per year by Routledge. It is the official journal of the International Environmental Communication Association. The editor-in-chief is Shirley Ho. According to the Taylor & Francis Journal Metrics, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.518.

text:
# Environmental Communication (journal)

***Environmental Communication*** is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering environmental communication. It was established in May 2007, with Steve Depoe (University of Cincinnati) as founding editor, and is published eight times per year by Routledge. It is the official journal of the International Environmental Communication Association. The editor-in-chief is Shirley Ho (Nanyang Technological University). According to the *Taylor & Francis Journal Metrics*, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.518.

## InfoBox

*Environmental Communication*
| Discipline | Environmental science
Communication studies |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Shirley Ho |
| Publication details | |
| History | 2007-present |
| Publisher | Routledge |
| Frequency | 8/year |
| Impact factor | 2.469 (2018) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Environ. Commun.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1752-4032 (print)
1752-4040 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 153963063 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Tattoo (Hunter Hayes song)

abstract: "Tattoo" is a song recorded by American country music artist Hunter Hayes as the second single from his second studio album Storyline (2014). Hayes co-wrote the song in a collaboration with Troy Verges and Barry Dean, while the production was handled by Hayes and Dann Huff. It was released to country radio through Atlantic Records on June 16, 2014 as the second single off the album. "Tattoo" was released as an extended play in the UK as Hayes' international musical debut on October 3, 2014, and was re-released as the second single from his international debut album, I Want Crazy (2015), on March 23, 2015.

text:
# Tattoo (Hunter Hayes song)

"**Tattoo**" is a song recorded by American country music artist Hunter Hayes as the second single from his second studio album *Storyline* (2014). Hayes co-wrote the song in a collaboration with Troy Verges and Barry Dean, while the production was handled by Hayes and Dann Huff. It was released to country radio through Atlantic Records on June 16, 2014 as the second single off the album. "Tattoo" was released as an extended play in the UK as Hayes' international musical debut on October 3, 2014, and was re-released as the second single from his international debut album, *I Want Crazy* (2015), on March 23, 2015.

## Live performances

Hayes debuted the song at the 2014 CMT Music Awards on June 4, 2014.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Kristin Barlowe and premiered on July 28, 2014.

## Track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "Tattoo" – 3:17

1. "Tattoo" (UK version) – 3:21
2. "Invisible" (Acoustic) – 4:36
3. "Counting Stars" (Live) – 5:00

## Chart performance

"Tattoo" debuted at No. 55 on the *Billboard* Country Airplay chart for the week ending June 14, 2014 on unsolicited airplay prior to its official release.

| Chart (2014) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country (*Billboard*) | 49 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (*Billboard*) | 25 |
| US Country Airplay (*Billboard*) | 24 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 31 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2014) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Country Airplay (*Billboard*) | 82 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 91 |
|

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | June 16, 2014 | Country radio | Atlantic Records |  |
| United Kingdom | October 3, 2014 | Digital download (EP) | WEA International Inc. |  |
| | March 23, 2015 | Digital download (single) | |  |
|

## InfoBox

| "Tattoo" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Hunter Hayes | |
| from the album  *Storyline* and *I Want Crazy* | |
| Released | June 16, 2014 (2014-06-16) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:17 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Hunter Hayes singles chronology | |
| "Invisible"
(2014) "**Tattoo**"
(2014) "Light Me Up"
(2015) | |


title: Ludwig Heimrath Sr.

abstract: Ludwig Heimrath, also called Ludwig Heimrath Sr. was a German-born Canadian racing driver. He won the Trans-Am Series championship in 1977, becoming the first person born outside the United States to win the championship since Horst Kwech in 1966.

text:
# Ludwig Heimrath Sr.

**Ludwig Heimrath**, also called **Ludwig Heimrath Sr.** (August 11, 1934 – March 19, 2021) was a German-born Canadian racing driver. He won the Trans-Am Series championship in 1977, becoming the first person born outside the United States to win the championship since Horst Kwech in 1966.

## Career

Ludwig Heimrath emigrated from Germany to Canada in 1956. There, he settled in Toronto, where there was already a large community of Germans, and worked for VW Canada. Encouraged by VW Canada, Heimrath began his racing career in 1958 with a Volkswagen, racing at abandoned airport circuits around Ontario in the newly formed Deutscher Automobil Club. A year later, he switched to a Porsche 356 Super 1500 with which he reached third place in some non-championship races. In 1960, he entered a Porsche 356 Super 90 Speedster and won several races, such as the LASC Green Acres, MMGCC St. Eugene and the Harewood Acres. He drove his first long-distance race with a podium finish together with Francis Bradley at the 6-hour race at Harewood Acres in a Porsche 718 RS 60. Both achieved second place in the overall standings.

In 1961, the Canadian Sports Car Championship (CASC) was founded, in which Heimrath was able to secure the title with a Porsche 718 RS 60. He competed regularly in CASC championship races in the following years until 1967 and was able to repeat this success in 1964 with a Cooper T61M Monaco. In the intervening years 1962 and 1963, as well as in 1965, he became runner up.

At the same time, he drove McLaren Elva racing cars between 1965 and 1968 in races that counted towards the United States Road Racing Championship (USRRC) and Can-Am Championship.

From 1973, Heimrath started with a Porsche 911 S in the Trans-Am Series of the SCCA in the GTU class. In the following year he switched to a Porsche 911 Carrera RSR and drove there successfully in the GTO class until 1976. In 1977, he drove a Porsche 934/5 in the TA2 class of the SCCA. That year, he celebrated one of his greatest successes. At the 6-hour race in Mosport in 1977, which was part of the Trans-Am and the World Sportscar Championship, he achieved overall victory together with Paul Miller.

From 1978 to 1980, Heimrath drove a Porsche 935 in races for the Trans-Am and IMSA championships and was able to achieve several victories in addition to good placements. In 1981 and 1982 he drove a Porsche 924 Carrera GTR, with which he mostly had to give up the race prematurely. From 1981 he contested the long-distance races together with his son Ludwig Heimrath Jr. In 1983 and 1984, he mostly used Porsche 930 and Porsche 934 racing cars in the races.

He contested his last long-distance race with his son and Kees Kroesemeijer for Kremer Racing at the 1000 km race in Mosport in 1985 in a Porsche 956 and finished in fourth place.

In the following year, Heimrath drove in the Canadian Porsche 944 Cup championship and achieved eighth place in the season result. In 1988 and 1989, he competed in the Canadian Porsche 944 Turbo Cup championship and finished in 15th and 8th place respectively. In 1997, he started with a Porsche 968 in the Canadian GT Challenge Cup in the GT2 class and won the championship straight away. In the following years until 2000, he drove in this championship.

Heimrath competed several times in his racing career in the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 12 Hours of Sebring. He achieved his best result in 1962 with Jerry Palivka in a Porsche 718 RSK with 26th place overall and second place in the S1.6 sports car classification. He drove his last 24-hour race together with his son in Daytona in 1984, which both had to finish prematurely.

In addition to the sports car races, Heimrath also contested a few formula races. In 1968 and 1969 he took part in a few runs for the USAC championship without success. In 1970, he started for one season in the Canadian Formula A championship.

In 2000, he was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame. That same year he officially retired from professional motorsport. He continued to compete at local motorsport events.

## Death

Heimrath died on March 19, 2021, of pancreatic cancer.

## InfoBox

| Ludwig Heimrath Sr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Porsche 934/5, Paul Miller and Ludwig Heimrath Sr.'s winning car in the 1977 6 Hours of Mosport. | |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Born | (1934-08-11)August 11, 1934
Germany |
| Died | March 19, 2021(2021-03-19) (aged 86)
Peterborough County, Ontario, Canada |
| Related to | Ludwig Heimrath (son) |
| Championship titles | |
| 1977 | Trans-Am Series |


title: Lucumayo River

abstract: The Lucumayo is a river in Peru located in the Cusco Region, La Convención Province, Huayopata District. Its waters flow to the Urubamba River. Lucumayo river originates in the Urubamba mountain range near mount Veronica. It crosses the district from southeast to northwest along the villages of Chachayoc, Alfamayo, Lucumayo, Huacarumiyoc, Huamanpata, Incatambo, Sarasarayoc, Huamanmarca and Huyro. Some of its numerous little affluents from the right are Alfamayo, Chaquimayo, Incatambo and Sirinayoc. Its main tributary is the Huamanmarca. The village of Wamanmarka lies near the confluence of these rivers, on the right bank of the Luq'umayu. This is where the archaeological site of Huamanmarca is situated. The Tunkimayo is one of the left tributaries. East of Wamanmarka the river turns to the west and keeps this direction up to the confluence with the Vilcanota River as a right affluent. It is east of Pampayoc on the border of the districts of Huayopata, Maranura and Santa Teresa.

text:
# Lucumayo River

The **Lucumayo** (possibly from Quechua *luq'u* old hat that has lost ist form; hollow, depression (of an area), *mayu* river) is a river in Peru located in the Cusco Region, La Convención Province, Huayopata District. Its waters flow to the Urubamba River.

Lucumayo river originates in the Urubamba mountain range near mount Veronica. It crosses the district from southeast to northwest along the villages of Chachayoc, Alfamayo, Lucumayo, Huacarumiyoc, Huamanpata, Incatambo, Sarasarayoc, Huamanmarca and Huyro. Some of its numerous little affluents from the right are Alfamayo, Chaquimayo, Incatambo and Sirinayoc. Its main tributary is the Huamanmarca. The village of Wamanmarka lies near the confluence of these rivers, on the right bank of the Luq'umayu. This is where the archaeological site of Huamanmarca is situated. The Tunkimayo is one of the left tributaries.

East of Wamanmarka the river turns to the west and keeps this direction up to the confluence with the Vilcanota River as a right affluent. It is east of Pampayoc on the border of the districts of Huayopata, Maranura and Santa Teresa.

## InfoBox

| Lucumayo | |
| --- | --- |
| The archaeological site of Huamanmarca with the Lucumayo valley in the background | |
| Etymology | Quechua |
| Location | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Cusco Region |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Huayopata District |
| coordinates | 13°08′31″S 72°18′30″W / 13.14194°S 72.30833°W / -13.14194; -72.30833 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Vilcanota River |
| location | Huayopata, Maranura and Santa Teresa Districts |
| coordinates | 13°00′14.5″S 72°37′29.2″W / 13.004028°S 72.624778°W / -13.004028; -72.624778 |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Tunkimayu |
| right | * Alfamayo * Chaquimayo * Incatambo * Sirinayoc * Huamanmarca |


title: Task Force Helmand

abstract: Task Force Helmand was the name given to a military unit of the International Security Assistance Force in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Task Force Helmand was part of Regional Command Southwest and consisted primarily of personnel from the British Armed Forces, as well as contribution from NATO allies Denmark and Estonia. It was established in April 2006, which coincided with the deployment of Operation Herrick 4. During August 2013 the Headquarters of Task Force Helmand moved from MOB Lashkar Gah to Camp Bastion. On 1 April 2014 the command was disbanded and its responsibilities were turned over to Regional Command Southwest.

text:
# Task Force Helmand

**Task Force Helmand** was the name given to a military unit of the International Security Assistance Force in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Task Force Helmand was part of Regional Command Southwest and consisted primarily of personnel from the British Armed Forces, as well as contribution from NATO allies Denmark and Estonia. It was established in April 2006, which coincided with the deployment of Operation Herrick 4.

During August 2013 the Headquarters of Task Force Helmand moved from MOB Lashkar Gah to Camp Bastion.

On 1 April 2014 the command was disbanded and its responsibilities were turned over to Regional Command Southwest.

## Commanders

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Guards, Coldstream (2016). *10 Years in Afghanistan*. UK: Coldstream Guards.
* Southby-Tailyour, E (2010). *3 Commando Brigade – Helmand Assault*. UK: Ebury Press. ISBN 978-0-09193-776-8.

## InfoBox

| Task Force Helmand | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | April 2006-1 April 2014 |
| Countries |  |
| Role | Combat forces |
| Part of | Regional Command Southwest |
| Garrison/HQ | Kandahar Airfield
(April – November 2006)
MOB Lashkar Gah
(November 2006 – August 2013)
Camp Bastion
(August 2013 – April 2014) |
| Engagements | **War in Afghanistan**
* Helmand province campaign |


title: Task Force Oregon

abstract: Task Force Oregon, was a United States Army division-sized unit composed of three separate infantry brigades, active in Quảng Ngãi and Quảng Tín Provinces, South Vietnam from April to September 1967 when it was redesignated the 23rd Infantry Division (Americal).

text:
# Task Force Oregon

**Task Force Oregon**, was a United States Army division-sized unit composed of three separate infantry brigades, active in Quảng Ngãi and Quảng Tín Provinces, South Vietnam from April to September 1967 when it was redesignated the 23rd Infantry Division (Americal).

## Purpose and composition

In early April 1967 MACV gave instructions to commence the Task Force Oregon plan, which involved the movement of an Army task force to Đức Phổ and Chu Lai area to allow the 1st Marine Division to move north to Danang to support the 3rd Marine Division in northern I Corps.

COMUSMACV General William Westmoreland appointed his chief of staff MG William B. Rosson to command the unit, designated Oregon after Rosson's home state. MG Rosson reported directly to III Marine Amphibious Force which controlled I Corps, however he was generally free to manoeuvre his brigades subject to maintaining the defense of Chu Lai Air Base.

Task Force Oregon originally comprised the following units:

On 1 August 1967 the 3rd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division was redesignated the 3rd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division and the 4th Division's original 3rd Brigade, which had been operating with the 25th Infantry Division in III Corps since entering South Vietnam, was simultaneously redesignated the 3rd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division. As more U.S. Army units arrived in South Vietnam, the 3rd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division and the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division were released back to their parent divisions and two newly arrived brigades, the 11th Infantry Brigade and the 198th Light Infantry Brigade were assigned to Task Force Oregon. In September 1967 Task Force Oregon was redesignated the 23rd Infantry Division (Americal).

## InfoBox

| Task Force Oregon | |
| --- | --- |
| Task Force Oregon Operational Area April - July 1967 | |
| Active | 20 April–September 1967 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Army |
| Size | 3 Infantry Brigades |
| Part of | Regular Army |
| Garrison/HQ | Chu Lai Base Area |
| Engagements | Vietnam War |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | MG William B. Rosson
MG Richard T. Knowles
MG Samuel W. Koster |


title: Epinotia bicolor

abstract: Epinotia bicolor is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and India. The wingspan is 11–14 mm. The larvae feed on Quercus serrata, Quercus glauca, Quercus phillyreoides and Quercus acutissima.

text:
# Epinotia bicolor

***Epinotia bicolor*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Tianjin, Hebei, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu), Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and India.

The wingspan is 11–14 mm.

The larvae feed on *Quercus serrata*, *Quercus glauca*, *Quercus phillyreoides* and *Quercus acutissima*.

## InfoBox

| *Epinotia bicolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Epinotia* |
| Species: | ***E. bicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epinotia bicolor***<br>(Walsingham, 1900) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pelatea bicolor* Walsingham, 1900 | |


title: Epinotia bilunana

abstract: Epinotia bilunana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe, and quite widespread throughout Britain. The wingspan is 13–17 mm. The moth flies from May to August..

text:
# Epinotia bilunana

***Epinotia bilunana*** is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe, and quite widespread throughout Britain.

The wingspan is 13–17 mm. The moth flies from May to August. .

1. *The flight season refers to Belgium and the Netherlands. This may vary in other parts of the range.*

Media related to *Epinotia bilunana* at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Epinotia bilunana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Epinotia* |
| Species: | ***E. bilunana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epinotia bilunana***<br>(Haworth, \[1811\]) | |
|


title: Epinotia brunnichana

abstract: Epinotia brunnichana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in most western, central and northern Europe, the Near East and further east to the eastern Palearctic realm, where it has been recorded from Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Japan. The wingspan is 18–22 millimetres (0.7–0.9 in). Adults are on wing from July to October depending on the location. The larvae roll the leaves of Betula, Corylus and Salix species and feed inside.

text:
# Epinotia brunnichana

***Epinotia brunnichana*** is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in most western, central and northern Europe, the Near East and further east to the eastern Palearctic realm, where it has been recorded from Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Japan.

The wingspan is 18–22 millimetres (0.7–0.9 in).

Adults are on wing from July to October depending on the location.

The larvae roll the leaves of *Betula*, *Corylus* and *Salix* species and feed inside.

## InfoBox

| *Epinotia brunnichana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Epinotia* |
| Species: | ***E. brunnichana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epinotia brunnichana***<br>(Linnaeus, 1767) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phalaena (Tortrix) brunnichana* Linnaeus, 1767 * *Eucosma brunnichana ab. albodorsana* Sheldon, 1935 * *Eucosma brunnichana ab. brunneana* Sheldon, 1935 * *Eucosma brunnichana ab. brunneodorsana* Sheldon, 1935 * *Eucosma brunnichella* Kloet & Hincks, 1945 * *Tortrix brunnichiana*  \[Denis & Schiffermuller\], 1775 * *Epiblema brunnichianum ab. ochreana* Hauder, 1918 * *Ephippiphora rectana* Peyerimhoff, 1863 * *Tortrix sinuana* \[Denis & Schiffermuller\], 1775 | |


title: Ludia mauritiana

abstract: Ludia mauritiana is a species of evergreen tree in the family Salicaceae. It is native to southeastern Africa and Madagascar. It was first described by the German botanist Johann Friedrich Gmelin, the type locality being Mauritius.

text:
# Ludia mauritiana

***Ludia mauritiana*** is a species of evergreen tree in the family Salicaceae. It is native to southeastern Africa and Madagascar. It was first described by the German botanist Johann Friedrich Gmelin, the type locality being Mauritius.

## Description

*Ludia mauritiana* is a small evergreen tree or large shrub growing to a height of 10 m (33 ft) or more. The bark is grey and the twigs have numerous lenticels. The leaves are alternate with short stalks and oblong to obovate blades about 3 to 9 cm (1.2 to 3.5 in) by 2 to 4 cm (0.8 to 1.6 in). The leaves are leathery and glossy, with entire margins, wedge-shaped bases and obtuse apexes. The flowers appear singly in the axils of the leaves. They are bisexual, small and yellowish-white. They are followed by globular, berry-like capsules that turn reddish as they dry.

## Distribution

*Ludia mauritiana* is native to southeastern Africa and is found in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, Mayotte, Mauritius and the Seychelles. It grows in dry, evergreen forests and woodland at elevations of up to 1,750 m (5,700 ft) on the African mainland, and in dry or semi-moist forests on Madagascar at up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft). It grows in varying types of soil including laterite, sandy soils and limestone soils.

## Uses

The wood of this tree is hard and dense. It is used as poles for construction work, railway sleepers and mine props, and to make furniture, implements and tool handles, but the small size of the tree limits the utility of its timber and it is only used locally. It is also made into charcoal and used for firewood.

## InfoBox

| *Ludia mauritiana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Genus: | *Ludia* |
| Species: | ***L. mauritiana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ludia mauritiana***<br>J.F.Gmel. | |
|


title: Ludia's shrew

abstract: Ludia's shrew is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

text:
# Ludia's shrew

**Ludia's shrew** (***Crocidura ludia***) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## InfoBox

| Ludia's shrew | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Eulipotyphla |
| Family: | Soricidae |
| Genus: | *Crocidura* |
| Species: | ***C. ludia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crocidura ludia***
Hollister, 1916 | |
|
|  | |
| Ludia's shrew range | |


title: Ludia (moth)

abstract: Ludia is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae. It was first described by Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren in 1865.

text:
# Ludia (moth)

***Ludia*** is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae. It was first described by Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren in 1865.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Ludia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Bombycoidea |
| Family: | Saturniidae |
| Genus: | ***Ludia***<br>Wallengren, 1865 |
|


title: Epicephala homostola

abstract: Epicephala homostola is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from South Africa and Namibia.

text:
# Epicephala homostola

***Epicephala homostola*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from South Africa and Namibia.

## InfoBox

| *Epicephala homostola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Epicephala* |
| Species: | ***E. homostola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epicephala homostola***<br>Vári, 1961 | |
|


title: Epicephala eugonia

abstract: Epicephala eugonia is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Queensland, Australia.

text:
# Epicephala eugonia

***Epicephala eugonia*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Queensland, Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Epicephala eugonia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Epicephala* |
| Species: | ***E. eugonia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epicephala eugonia***<br>Turner, 1913 | |
|


title: Epiphanias

abstract: "Epiphanias" is a Christmas-themed poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832). The title is the German word for the Christian feast of Epiphany. "Epiphanias" may also refer to various pieces of music to which the poem is set, including by Hugo Wolf.

text:
# Epiphanias

"**Epiphanias**" (German title: "Epiphaniasfest") is a Christmas-themed poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832). The title is the German word for the Christian feast of Epiphany.

"Epiphanias" may also refer to various pieces of music to which the poem is set, including by Hugo Wolf.

* The full text of "Epiphanias" at Wikisource (in English), from *The Works of J. W. von Goethe*, vol. 9. pp. 111–112, F. A. Nicolls (London, Boston, 1900)
* *Goethe's Werke. Vollständige Ausgabe letzter Hand*, Volume 1, p. 151 (in German), J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung, 1827


title: Tan (state)

abstract: Tan was an ancient state located in present-day Shandong Province, China. It is the first state reported to be "extinguished" during the Spring and Autumn period.

text:
# Tan (state)

**Tan** (Chinese: ; pinyin: *Tán*; Wade–Giles: *Tan2*; 1046–684 BCE) was an ancient state located in present-day Shandong Province, China. It is the first state reported to be "extinguished" during the Spring and Autumn period.

## Foundation

In 1046 BCE, Zhou, the last king of the Shang dynasty, was defeated at the Battle of Muye by King Wu, founder of the Zhou dynasty. Following this victory, he founded a number of small subordinate vassal states to be ruled by his brothers and generals. One of these was the State of Tan, which was located just east of present-day Jinan, the capital of the present-day Shandong Province. The Tan rulers, who were reputed to be descendants of Yu the Great (the legendary ancient king and founder of the Xia dynasty), were given the then-new heredity title of *zijue* (*tzu-chueh* – 子爵) or viscount.

## Demise

In February 684 BCE, when rulers of neighboring states went to congratulate Duke Huan of Qi, ruler of the neighboring State of Qi, on defeating the State of Lu and the State of Song, Xian Li, the ruler of Tan declined to go.

Later in October of that year, the ruler of Qi used this discourtesy as an excuse to attack Xian Li and his three brothers. After ten days, his siege was successful, and Xian Li fled with 200 members of the royal court to the State of Ju, where his son, Qi Yi (祁義), was the ruler. Qi Yi was the first to change his clan name to Tan in memory of their defeated state.

Today, Tancheng claims to be the ancient capital of this State of Tan. However, it has also been argued that it is actually the capital of a State of Tan established during the Tang dynasty. Others argue that the ancient capital is the present-day Mingshui Sub-district of the city of Zhangqiu in Shandong Province.

## InfoBox

| State of Tan | |
| --- | --- |
| 1046 BCE–684 BCE | |
| Tan is in the east | |
| Capital | Mingshui (明水) |
| Common languages | Old Chinese |
| Government | Viscounty |
| History |  |
|  | |
| Established | 1046 BCE |
| Disestablished | 684 BCE |
|  | |


title: Tan-y-groes

abstract: Tan-y-groes is a hamlet in the community of Penbryn, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 11 km (7 mi) east of Cardigan on the A487 trunk road. Tan-y-groes is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones and the Member of Parliament is Ben Lake.

text:
# Tan-y-groes

**Tan-y-groes** (or **Tanygroes**) is a hamlet in the community of Penbryn, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 11 km (7 mi) east of Cardigan on the A487 trunk road. Tan-y-groes is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru) and the Member of Parliament is Ben Lake (Plaid Cymru).

## Etymology

The name derives from the Welsh language and means "under the cross".

## Internal Fire Museum of Power

The Internal Fire Museum of Power in Tan-y-groes displays a collection of internal combustion engines and steam engines, many of which are operational.

## Distillery

The 'In the Welsh Wind' distillery in Tan-y-groes makes gin, whisky and other spirits. It was established in 2018 and in 2021 received permission to extend and develop its building.

## InfoBox

| Tan-y-groes | |
| --- | --- |
| Tan-y-groesLocation within Ceredigion | |
| OS grid reference | SN 2854 4936 |
| Cardiff | 71.9 mi (115.7 km) |
| London | 191.8 mi (308.7 km) |
| Community |  |
| Principal area |  |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Cardigan |
| Postcode district | SA43 |
|  | |
| Police | Dyfed-Powys |
| Fire | Mid and West Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament |  |
|


title: Tantilla schistosa

abstract: Tantilla schistosa, the red Earth centipede snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae. The snake is found in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.

text:
# Tantilla schistosa

***Tantilla schistosa***, the **red Earth centipede snake**, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.

The snake is found in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Tantilla schistosa* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Tantilla* |
| Species: | ***T. schistosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tantilla schistosa***
(Bocourt, 1883) | |
|


title: Eois lilacea

abstract: Eois lilacea is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Eois lilacea

***Eois lilacea*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Eois lilacea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eois* |
| Species: | ***E. lilacea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eois lilacea***<br>(Dognin, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cambogia lilacea* Dognin, 1909 | |


title: Ludwig Trautmann

abstract: Ludwig Trautmann was a German stage and film actor. He appeared in more than 60 films between 1912 and 1953. He was a member of the jury at the 1st Berlin International Film Festival.

text:
# Ludwig Trautmann

**Ludwig Trautmann** (22 November 1885  24 January 1957) was a German stage and film actor. He appeared in more than 60 films between 1912 and 1953. He was a member of the jury at the 1st Berlin International Film Festival.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Ludwig Trautmann | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1885-11-22)22 November 1885
Dachsbach, German Empire |
| Died | 24 January 1957(1957-01-24) (aged 71)
West Berlin, West Germany |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1912–1953 |


title: Luis Moreira

abstract: Luis Hebertson Moreira Ibarra is an Ecuadorian retired football midfielder. He has played for a number of clubs in Ecuador.

text:
# Luis Moreira

**Luis Hebertson Moreira Ibarra** (born September 23, 1978) is an Ecuadorian retired football midfielder. He has played for a number of clubs in Ecuador.

## Honours

### International

## InfoBox

Luis Moreira
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Luis Hebertson Moreira Ibarra | | |
| Date of birth | (1978-09-23) September 23, 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Portoviejo, Ecuador | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Attacking Midfielder, Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Deportivo Quito | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1996–2001 | Emelec |  |  |
| 2001 | Santa Rita Vinces | 10 | (0) |
| 2002 | Emelec | 14 | (0) |
| 2003 | Deportivo Cuenca | 25 | (1) |
| 2004 | Audaz Octubrino | 10 | (0) |
| 2004–2005 | El Nacional | 19 | (1) |
| 2005 | Delfin | 9 | (0) |
| 2006 | LDU Loja |  |  |
| 2007 | Delfin | 11 | (6) |
| 2007 | Deportivo Azogues | 15 | (3) |
| 2008 | Deportivo Quito | 11 | (0) |
| 2009 | Deportivo Azogues |  |  |
| 2010 | Rocafuerte |  |  |
| 2011 | Huaquillas |  |  |
| 2011 | Atlético Audaz | 7 | (2) |
| International career | | | |
| 1999 | Ecuador | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 31 December 2011<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 1 January 2008 | | | |


title: Tara Beier

abstract: Tara Beier is a Canadian-American singer-songwriter. Her music has been often described as a blend of folk, alternative, country, and pop.

text:
# Tara Beier

**Tara Beier** (née Browne) is a Canadian-American singer-songwriter. Her music has been often described as a blend of folk, alternative, country, and pop.

## Early life

Beier was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. Her father is from the Philippines and her mother is Canadian of British, Austrian and Scottish descent. Her great-grandfather was a working pianist in Victoria, Canada.

Throughout her childhood, her family moved often. She attended three different elementary schools and three different high schools. They lived in a horse village for a period of time, where she cultivated a love of animals and nature and became an avid equestrian. She would often sleep in barns to get up early to trail ride. She took horseback riding lessons and would muck barns in exchange for lessons. Her parents eventually separated and later reconciled. She describes her childhood as "difficult and at times confusing," and says that this gave her a great sense of independence from a young age.

She started playing classical piano at the age of 5. Beier attended The Royal Conservatory of Music for over 10 years. She had a very strict piano teacher who later suffered from alcoholism and Tara would sometimes leave her classes crying and in fear. She persevered for the love of music, and has stated, thankful for the strong foundation in music she received due to this experience.

She attended Simon Fraser University, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts in Criminology. Her degree granted her an understanding of society and human behavior. She became an advocate for criminal justice and prison reform. Beier originally planned to go into law before embarking on a career in film and music.

Beier has been open about her complex relationship with her father, mentioning years of psychotherapy and the 12-step recovery program of Adult Children of Alcoholics & Dysfunctional Families that helped her reconcile past traumas, including this relationship. Her song "Forgiveness" reflects her journey towards healing.

## Film and television career

Beier began her career as a theatre actress and wrote poetry as a hobby. She later pursued a career in filmmaking as a producer and writer. She wrote and produced the documentary *I Met A Man From Burma,* which told the story of Ler Wah Lo Bo, a Burmese refugee and former revolutionary fighter. She then wrote and performed in a native rights film entitled *Covered*, a docudrama highlighting a CBC 1966 television interview of Buffy Sainte-Marie.

### Film festivals and accolades

Her film *I Met A Man From Burma* was accepted into the Vancouver International Film Festival Reel Causes Program, dedicated to addressing global social justice issues. After sending the Canadian immigration minister a copy of the film, Beier was told that the film's subject Ler Wah Lo Bo would be upgraded from refugee status to full Canadian citizenship. In 2014, Beier's film *Covered* won the *Best Experimental* category at the ImagineNative Film Festival in Toronto, and was also accepted into the Toronto International Film Festival, Whistler Film Festival and a number of other international film festivals.

## Musical career

Playing the role of Buffy Sainte-Marie inspired Beier to focus on music. In 2016 she released her first album, *Hero & The Sage’’* produced by Bret Higgins, the bassist of the Great Lake Swimmers*.* Songs from the album were well-received and got significant air time on radio stations across Canada and the USA. In 2017, Tara self-produced California 1970, a 6 track EP, at The Village (studio) in Los Angeles, with guitarist Adam Zimmon, drummer Tripp Beam, bassist Eliot Lorango, and keyboardist Sasha Smith. Additional vocals for the EP were recorded at the home studio of Guns N' Roses drummer Matt Sorum in Hollywood.

Tara then released a single called “Forgiveness” with Grammy award-winning producer Doug Boehm. She then toured with her band throughout Toronto, Berlin, Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York. The band played at Riverfest in Ontario, Canada alongside MGMT. They have also played at Canadian Music Week, headlined at the Troubadour in West Hollywood, and at the Rockwood Music Hall in New York City.

### *Super Bloom*

Tara’s second album “Super Bloom” was produced by three-time Grammy-nominated musician Ken Coomer, (original founding drummer of Wilco and Uncle Tupelo) in Nashville in 2019 and released on Manimal Vinyl Records in 2020, a Los Angeles-based record label that had previously released debut albums for Yoko Ono, Moby, Duran Duran, Bat for Lashes, Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros, Carla Bruni, Asia Argento and more. Its premiere was covered by USA Today, and Glamour Magazine featured an interview with Beier about the single, "Hopeless Romantic.””

### Biden’s Nurses Campaign

Tara’s song “Hero & The Sage” off her debut album was selected to back President Joe Biden’s Nurses Campaign during the Presidential Inauguration in 2021. The campaign video is of nurses across the United States who pledge to wear masks for 100 days and ask the public to do the same in order to fight Covid-19.

In July 2021, Beier commemorated her twin pregnancy with a semi-nude photoshoot on the cover of life-fashion journal Harpers Bazaar.

In 2022, Beier released "Her Story," a covers album paying homage to female artists of the 1960s and 1970s. The album, produced by Sara Emily and Danny Berrios, features covers of songs by Joni Mitchell, Sybille Baier, Joan Baez, and Barbara Keith.

Among the notable performances from this album was Beier's rendition of Joni Mitchell's "California," which she performed live on the television show "Daytime Chicago" on WGNTV.

Her life and music have been discussed in American Songwriter, ET Canada, GQ, the New York Times, Harper Bazaar and NBC news. She has also appeared on the cover of LaPalme Magazine, British Thoughts Magazine and Contrast Magazine, among others. She has appeared in interviews in television shows such as Bloom NBC, Spectrum News, Jason Carter, and Chicago Daytime, WGN-TV.

## Discography

### Albums

### Singles & EPs

* *California 1970* (2017)
* *Forgiveness* (2017)
* *Doctor Brown* (2018)
* *Flying Saucer* (2019)
* *Caged Man* (2020)
* *Free Yourself* (2021)
* *Do You Hear What I Hear* (2021)
* *Freedom Island'* (2022)

## Personal life

While working on a Nivea television commercial, Tara met Dennis Beier, a commercial film producer. The two married and currently reside in Los Angeles, CA and Joshua Tree, CA and have previously resided in Hamburg, Berlin, and Toronto. Tara and Dennis are parents to twin sons, Austin and River, born in 2021 via in vitro fertilization (IVF). Tara has openly discussed her IVF journey, including in an interview with Harper's Bazaar Vietnam aiming to inspire and support women facing fertility challenges and to celebrate femininity and motherhood.

Beier is an advocate for environmental conservation, emphasizing the reduction of plastic waste. She often conveys this message through her active presence on social media platforms, especially Instagram.

## InfoBox

| Tara Beier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Tara Browne |
| Born | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Genres | Folk, Alternative, Country, Rock and Pop. |
| Occupation(s) | Singer-songwriter and actress. |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Labels |  |


title: Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa

abstract: Tassilo, Baron von Heydebrand und der Lasa was a German chess master, chess historian and theoretician of the nineteenth century, a member of the Berlin Chess Club and a founder of the Berlin Chess School.

text:
# Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa

**Tassilo, Baron von Heydebrand und der Lasa** (known in English as **Baron von der Lasa**; 17 October 1818  27 July 1899) was a German chess master, chess historian and theoretician of the nineteenth century, a member of the Berlin Chess Club and a founder of the Berlin Chess School (the Berlin Pleiades).

## Name

His name is usually abbreviated as "von der Lasa", as this is how he signed his letters. However both contemporary and more recent writers have used other abbreviations, such as "von Heydebrandt" (which is a misspelling) and "Der Lasa". The Prussian King (later Emperor) William I made a joke out of the confusion by saying, "Good morning, dear Heydebrand. What is von der Lasa doing?"

## Biography

Von der Lasa was born 17 October 1818 in Berlin. He studied law in Bonn and Berlin. From 1845 he was a diplomat in the service of Prussia. His career took him to Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Rio de Janeiro, among other places. He retired from the diplomatic service in 1864, and thereafter devoted himself to the world of chess.

He played several matches and defeated the strongest masters in the period 18431853. He won against Henry Thomas Buckle 2-1 (1843), Adolf Anderssen 4-2 (1845), Johann Löwenthal 6-1 (1846), John William Schulten 4-1 (1850), Anderssen 10-5 (1851), and Howard Staunton 7-6 (1853).

To the modern chess world he is known above all as the main author of the *Handbuch des Schachspiels* (first published in 1843). His friend Paul Rudolf von Bilguer, responsible for the original plan, had died in 1840, with the work still in the early stages. Von der Lasa took over, and, in a noble gesture of friendship, put his friend's name as author. In later editions of the *Handbuch*, in German commonly called *der Bilguer*, von der Lasa was named as co-author.

In 1850 von der Lasa published in the *Deutsche Schachzeitung* (*German Chess Magazine*) a call for an international chess tournament, the first ever, to be held in Trier. Instead the first such tournament was held in 1851 in London. Von der Lasa did not play in tournaments, being usually busy as an organizer, but played well in off-hand games against such leading masters as Howard Staunton and Adolf Anderssen. He was also a renowned chess investigator and theoretician, publishing numerous articles in the *German Chess Magazine* and, in 1897, his great work *Zur Geschichte und Literatur des Schachspiels, Forschungen* (*Researches in the History and Literature of Chess*). In the course of his researches he traveled extensively (including a trip around the world in 188788) and accumulated a comprehensive chess library, to which he published a catalog in 1896. In 1898 the German Chess Federation saluted his tireless efforts and accomplishments by conferring on him its first honorary membership.

One of von der Lasa's last services was to encourage H. J. R. Murray to pursue further researches into the early history of chess. Von der Lasa died on 27 July 1899 in Storchnest bei Lissa, Posen (then in Prussia, now Osieczna in Poland). His library is still intact at Kórnik Castle near Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Tassilo, Baron von Heydebrand und der Lasa |
| Country | Germany |
| Born | (1818-10-17)17 October 1818
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 27 July 1899(1899-07-27) (aged 80)
Storchnest bei Lissa, German Empire
(now Osieczna, Poland) |


title: Luis Marcoleta

abstract: Luis Antonio Marcoleta Yáñez is a Chilean former footballer and manager. He is the current manager of Santiago Morning.

text:
# Luis Marcoleta

**Luis Antonio Marcoleta Yáñez** (born 2 February 1959) is a Chilean former footballer and manager. He is the current manager of Santiago Morning.

## Honours

### Club

#### Player

América de Cali

### Manager

Naval Ñublense Curicó Unido San Marcos de Arica

## InfoBox

Luis Marcoleta
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Luis Antonio Marcoleta Yáñez | | |
| Date of birth | (1959-02-02) 2 February 1959 | | |
| Place of birth | Antofagasta, Chile | | |
| Height | 1.89 m (6 ft 2+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Santiago Morning (manager) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1978–1981 | Deportes Antofagasta | 65 | (22) |
| 1981–1982 | Magallanes | 47 | (15) |
| 1983 | América de Cali | 28 | (16) |
| 1984 | Audax Italiano | 21 | (8) |
| 1985 | Deportes Iquique | 24 | (9) |
| 1986 | Deportes Antofagasta | 16 | (3) |
| 1987 | San Luis | 14 | (2) |
| 1987 | Unión La Calera | 13 | (1) |
| 1988–1989 | Deportes Valdivia | 53 | (37) |
| 1989 | Palestino | 9 | (0) |
| 1990 | Lozapenco | - | (-) |
| 1991 | Huachipato | 8 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1998 | Deportes Valdivia | | |
| 1999 | Naval | | |
| 2000 | Universidad de Concepción | | |
| 2002 | Deportes Antofagasta | | |
| 2003 | Unión La Calera | | |
| 2004 | Deportes Concepción | | |
| 2004–2007 | Ñublense | | |
| 2008–2010 | Curicó Unido | | |
| 2010–2011 | Ñublense | | |
| 2012–2013 | San Marcos | | |
| 2014 | Everton | | |
| 2015–2018 | Curicó Unido | | |
| 2018–2019 | Deportes La Serena | | |
| 2020–2021 | Rangers | | |
| 2021–2023 | Deportes Valdivia | | |
| 2023- | Santiago Morning | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Taxation in Missouri

abstract: Taxation in Missouri primarily takes the form of income taxes, sales taxes, and property taxes. The Missouri Department of Revenue administers and collects the income and sales taxes, including local sales taxes, whereas property taxes are entirely administered by local jurisdictions. In addition to the aforementioned taxes, excise taxes are imposed on cigarettes and tobacco products, motor vehicle leases, and locally administered income taxes within the cities of Kansas City and St. Louis.

text:
# Taxation in Missouri

**Taxation in Missouri** primarily takes the form of income taxes, sales taxes, and property taxes. The Missouri Department of Revenue administers and collects the income and sales taxes, including local sales taxes, whereas property taxes are entirely administered by local jurisdictions. In addition to the aforementioned taxes, excise taxes are imposed on cigarettes and tobacco products, motor vehicle leases, and locally administered income taxes within the cities of Kansas City and St. Louis.

## Income tax

Missouri imposes an income tax, including an individual income tax, a corporate income tax, and a bank franchise tax. Kansas City and St. Louis impose their own "earnings taxes" on income.

### Individual income tax

Most individuals who are residents of Missouri and have to file a federal income tax return are required to file a Missouri individual income tax return. Additionally, nonresidents of Missouri are required to file a Missouri individual income tax return if they have Missouri income of at least $600 in a year.

Missouri statutes identify the rate of tax:

| Income | Rate |
| --- | --- |
| Not over $1,000.00 | 1 1/2% |
| Over $1,000 but not over $2,000 | $15 plus 2% of excess over $1,000 |
| Over $2,000 but not over $3,000 | $35 plus 2 1/2% of excess over $2,000 |
| Over $3,000 but not over $4,000 | $60 plus 3% of excess over $3,000 |
| Over $4,000 but not over $5,000 | $90 plus 3 1/2% of excess over $4,000 |
| Over $5,000 but not over $6,000 | $125 plus 4% of excess over $5,000 |
| Over $6,000 but not over $7,000 | $165 plus 4 1/2% of excess over $6,000 |
| Over $7,000 but not over $8,000 | $210 plus 5% of excess over $7,000 |
| Over $8,000 but not over $9,000 | $260 plus 5 1/2% of excess over $8,000 |
| Over $9,000 | $315 plus 6% of excess over $9,000 |

### Corporate income tax

Missouri imposes a tax on the income of corporations doing business in the state, at the rate of 6.25%.

### Taxation of pass-through entities

Missouri does not impose an income tax on entities that have or elect for pass-through treatment under federal law. Consequently, partners of partnerships, members and managers of limited liability companies, and shareholders of S-corporations report their share of the partnership, limited liability company, or S-corporation's income.

### Financial institutions tax

This is a tax for the privilege of operating a bank, consumer credit or loan business, savings and loan association, or credit union in Missouri. The tax rate is 7 percent of net income.

### Earnings taxes

St. Louis and Kansas City are permitted to impose an Earnings Tax on all individuals and businesses doing business within their city limits. All other municipalities are prohibited from imposing a tax on income. The earnings tax is one percent of income for residents, and one percent of income earned inside the city for nonresidents who work inside the city.

## Sales tax

Missouri imposes a tax on all retail sales of tangible personal property and specified services. The state tax is four percent, plus one-eighth of one percent dedicated to the Department of Conservation and one-tenth of one percent dedicated to the Department of Natural Resources. The state tax on food however, is one percent. (Food is still subject to the Department of Conservation and Department of Natural Resources sales taxes, as well as local sales taxes.) Missouri also imposes a use tax on tangible personal property that is stored, used, or consumed in Missouri but not subject to the sales tax.

In addition to the state sales tax rate, counties, cities, and other political subdivisions are permitted to impose their own sales taxes. Counties and cities are also permitted to impose a use tax, although many do not. Consequently, in most parts of the state the sales tax rate is higher than the use tax rate.

### Motor vehicles

Until 2013, Missouri imposed a Highway Use Tax on all motor vehicles titled in Missouri but not bought in Missouri. As a result of litigation over the proper local tax to impose on such motor vehicles – sales tax or use tax – the General Assembly amended the sales tax statute so that sales tax is imposed on the privilege of titling new and used motor vehicles. Furthermore, motor vehicle leasing companies may elect to collect use tax on their lease receipts as opposed to pay sales tax when titling the vehicle in Missouri.

### Tobacco taxes

Missouri imposes a tax on the sale of cigarettes paid by the wholesaler and passed on to the final purchaser. The tax rate is 8 1⁄2 mills per cigarette or 17 cents per pack of 20. St. Louis County and Jackson County also impose their own cigarette taxes. The tax rate is 2 1⁄2 mills per cigarette or 5 cents per pack of 20.

Missouri also imposes a tax upon the first sale of tobacco products, other than cigarettes, within the state. The tax rate is 10 percent of the manufacturer's invoice price.


title: Flying Bluenose

abstract: The Flying Bluenose was a Canadian luxury passenger train operated by the Dominion Atlantic Railway between Halifax, Nova Scotia and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia from 1891 to 1936. It was a boat train scheduled to connect with passenger steamships to Boston and ran only during the summer months.

text:
# Flying Bluenose

| Dominion Atlantic - *The Flying Bluenose* route |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The ***Flying Bluenose*** was a Canadian luxury passenger train operated by the Dominion Atlantic Railway between Halifax, Nova Scotia and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia from 1891 to 1936. It was a boat train scheduled to connect with passenger steamships to Boston and ran only during the summer months.

## History

This summertime fast luxury train was the premier passenger service on the Dominion Atlantic Railway. It began in 1891 when the "missing gap" between Digby and Annapolis Royal was completed linking Halifax and Yarmouth by rail for the first time. This created an opportunity for a fast luxury service aimed at American tourists connecting Halifax with passenger steamers at Yarmouth. The name *Flying Bluenose* combined two earlier trains of the Windsor and Annapolis Railway, the *Flying Acadian* and the *Bluenose*.

The name was taken from an affectionate nickname for Nova Scotians and predated the name of the famous racing schooner Bluenose by many years. The Dominion Atlantic purchased the first Pullman parlour cars in all of Canada, the "Haligonian" and "Mayflower" for the run. After the Canadian Pacific Railway purchased the Dominion Atlantic in 1912, buffet observation cars were added, carrying the Dominion Atlantic's "land of Evangeline" herald on drumheads. The train successfully tapped a growing tourism market from New England and was an immediate success. It was joined by the *New Yorker* in the 1920s, a similar fast summer-only train which connected to New York steamships at Yarmouth. Famous in its day, the *Flying Bluenose* inspired the author Zillah K. Macdonald to write a children's book *The Bluenose Express* in 1928 personalizing the train's adventures in a style that predated the famous Thomas the Tank Engine characters created by British railway enthusiast Rev. Wilbert Awdry in 1942. A steep decline in travel during the Great Depression eroded the market for the *Flying Bluenose* and it was cancelled about 1936. Equipment and services were transferred to the Dominion Atlantic's daily fast passenger trains which continued many of the traditions of the *Flying Bluenose* such as open observation cars, fresh Digby scallops and flower arrangements from the Grand Pre memorial gardens. VIA Rail's *Evangeline* Dayliner maintained the route of the *Flying Bluenose* until 1989, minus the luxurious elements of the older train.

## Route

The *Flying Bluenose* ran through Nova Scotia's scenic Annapolis Valley offering many fine views of the Annapolis Basin, Minas Basin and Cape Blomidon. It crossed several large tidal rivers. The train connected to fast passenger steamers at Yarmouth but also the DAR ferries at Digby to Saint John, New Brunswick such as SS *Princess Helene* and the MV *Kipawo* ferry at Wolfville. In Halifax, it connected to ocean liners of various lines as well as the transcontinental trains of the Intercolonial Railway of Canada and later Canadian National Railway trains such as the *Ocean Limited*.

* Ness, Gary. *Canadian Pacific's Dominion Atlantic Railway Vol. II*. p. 7.
* Wagner, Robert. *A Century of Deluxe Passenger Cars in Canada*.
* Woodworth, Marguerite. *History of the Dominion Atlantic Railway*. p. 106.


abstract: The Medical Intelligence and Language Engineering Laboratory, also known as the MILE lab, is a research laboratory at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the Department of Electrical Engineering. The lab is known for its work on Image processing, online handwriting recognition, Text-To-Speech and Optical character recognition systems, all of which are focused mainly on documents and speech in Indian languages. The lab is headed by A. G. Ramakrishnan.

text:
# Medical intelligence and language engineering lab

The **Medical Intelligence and Language Engineering Laboratory**, also known as the **MILE lab**, is a research laboratory at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the Department of Electrical Engineering. The lab is known for its work on Image processing, online handwriting recognition, Text-To-Speech and Optical character recognition systems, all of which are focused mainly on documents and speech in Indian languages. The lab is headed by A. G. Ramakrishnan.

## Research focus

One of the commitments of the MILE lab is the development of technology for people with visual impairment to harness knowledge from any available printed material in Indian languages. The lab is working towards reaching this goal. Its work so far has included: document mosaicing of coloured, camera captured images ; text extraction from complex colour images, including camera captured images; document layout analysis; detection of broken and merged characters; OCR technology for Tamil and Kannada; text to speech conversion in Tamil and Kannada; pitch modification using discrete cosine transform in the source domain; automated part of speech tagging; phrase prediction and prosody modeling.

Mozhi Vallan, the Tamil OCR product developed by MILE Lab, is being used by Worth Trust and Karna Vidya Technology Centre, Chennai for the conversion of printed school and college books to Braille format. Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai is using it to convert their printed philosophical books in Tamil to computer readable text. Lipi Gnani, the Kannada OCR developed by MILE Lab is being used by Braille Transcription Centers of Mitrajyothi and Canara Bank Relief & Welfare Society, Bangalore for similar purposes. Also, Thirukkural, the Tamil TTS system developed by MILE Lab is being used by some school teachers in Singapore for assignments. Madhura, the Kannada TTS developed by the lab, is being used by two blind students, integrated with a screen reader, to read aloud text OCR'ed with Lipi Gnani from Kannada books. Currently, the lab is researching on machine listening and a novel temporal feature named as plosion index has been proposed, which has been shown to be extremely effective in detecting closure-burst transitions of stop consonants and affricates from continuous speech, even in noise. Another feature proposed is DCTILPR, which is a voice source based feature vector that improves the recognition performance of a speaker identification system.

In the early days, significant work was carried out in medical signal and image processing. A unique algorithm was proposed for ECG compression by treating each cardiac cycle as a vector, and applying linear prediction on the discrete wavelet transform of this vector, after normalizing its period using multirate processing based interpolation. The maturity of the fetal lung was predicted using image texture features obtained from the liver and lung regions of the ultrasound images obtained from pregnant women An effective technique was proposed for lossless compression of 3D magnetic resonance images of the brain. Each MRI slice was represented by uniform or adaptive mesh; affine transformation was applied between the corresponding mesh elements of adjacent slices and context-based entropy coding, on the residues.


title: Ylivieska

abstract: Ylivieska is a town and municipality of Northern Ostrobothnia region, Finland. It has a population of 15,375, and it serves as the administrative centre for Kalajokilaakso and Pyhäjokilaakso, an area with a population of about 90,000 inhabitants. Ylivieska is also the commercial center of the Oulu South region, the southern part of the late Oulu province. The municipality is unilingually Finnish. The word Yli means "upper", while the word Vieska is supposed to mean a "shallow ford".

text:
# Ylivieska

**Ylivieska** (Finnish pronunciation: \[ˈyliˌʋie̯skɑ\]) is a town and municipality of Northern Ostrobothnia region, Finland. It has a population of 15,375 (31 August 2024), and it serves as the administrative centre for Kalajokilaakso and Pyhäjokilaakso, an area with a population of about 90,000 inhabitants. Ylivieska is also the commercial center of the Oulu South region, the southern part of the late Oulu province.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish. The word *Yli* means "upper", while the word *Vieska* is supposed to mean a "shallow ford".

## Geography

Ylivieska is located in Northern Ostrobothnia about 130 kilometres (80 mi) south of the city of Oulu. Other close cities near Ylivieska are Vaasa (199 km or 124 mi) and Kokkola (79 km or 49 mi); the neighbouring municipalities are Oulainen, Haapavesi, Nivala, Sievi, Kalajoki, Alavieska and Merijärvi.

The town is characterized by the Kalajoki River, which runs SE–NW through the town centre. The agricultural and economical area of the Kalajoki river basin is known as Kalajokilaakso.

Ylivieska is situated along the Ostrobothnia railway, which leads from Helsinki, the national capital, to Rovaniemi in the north of the country. The railway was opened in 1886 and it has had a significant role in the town's economical development. Ylivieska is junction station with services to Iisalmi and other Eastern Finland. There are also coach services to Jyväskylä and Kajaani.

## History

Ylivieska is the home of a spreading agricultural technology called moist grain crimping, developed in the late 1960s by two local brothers.

Its church burned down on 26 March 2016.

## Economy

Employment by industry (2005)

* Services 66.1%
* Industry 28.5%
* Agriculture and forestry 5.4%
* Unemployment 11%

Agriculture and animal husbandry, mainly milking cows, used to be the main sources of livelihood in Ylivieska. In recent decades, the role of agriculture has reduced following the development of industry and services. Currently, Ylivieska is home to about 30 industrial enterprises, some of which are also internationally recognized in their respective niche markets.

Regionally, Ylivieska has become an important place for car buyers. There are several stores and agents selling new and used cars, and purchases average about 6,000 cars per year. Thus, the local car sales entrepreneurs have created the concept of Ylivieska being the "Autolaakso" or "car valley" of the Kalajokilaakso and neighbouring regions.

## Culture

The Ylivieska City Library operates through the library building, the bookmobile, the home library and the Joki Libraries online library and other offices.

The Culture Center Akustiikka is a cultural center in the town center. There is a 405-seat concert hall, an exhibition hall, a recording studio, and meeting and video conference rooms. There are many different concerts and events in Akustiikka, 15 exhibitions a year in the exhibition hall. Akustiikka also serves as Ylivieska's cinema.

The Pro Ylivieska Medal is a recognition given to a person or community in Ylivieska in recognition of merit in the field of science, sports, art or other cultural work for long-term and significant work in society or significant national achievements.

The Home Region Museum of Ylivieska features traditional countryside lifestyle, some old buildings, and as a curiosity, a 700-piece collection of milk jugs, with jugs from 15 countries.

The specialty foods of Ylivieska are maitorieska, a simple flat bread made of barley flour, milk and salt, and pepu, which has the same ingredients as the maitorieska, but instead of being formed into flat breads and baked, is boiled and pan fried. At the neighbouring municipality Sievi, a specialty food is mutti, which is unfried pepu.

## Notable people

## International relations

### Twin towns — sister cities

Ylivieska is twinned with:

### Friendship

Media related to Ylivieska at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ylivieska, Finland | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| *Ylivieskan kaupunki*
*Ylivieska stad* | |
| The second oldest concrete bridge in Finland, built in 1912 and named humorously as Savisilta ("clay bridge") is located in Ylivieska. | |
|  | |
| Location of Ylivieska in Finland | |
| Coordinates: 64°04.5′N 024°32′E / 64.0750°N 24.533°E / 64.0750; 24.533 | |
| Country | Finland |
| Region | North Ostrobothnia |
| Sub-region | Ylivieska |
| Charter | 1867 |
| Market town | 1965 |
| City rights | 1971 |
| Government | |
| Town manager | Maria Sorvisto |
| Area (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 573.42 km2 (221.40 sq mi) |
| Land | 569.83 km2 (220.01 sq mi) |
| Water | 4.56 km2 (1.76 sq mi) |
| Rank | 150th largest in Finland |
| Population (2024-08-31) | |
| Total | 15,375 |
| Rank | 71st largest in Finland |
| Density | 26.98/km2 (69.9/sq mi) |
| Population by native language | |
| Finnish | 97.6% (official) |
| Swedish | 0.3% |
| Others | 2.1% |
| Population by age | |
| 0 to 14 | 21% |
| 15 to 64 | 58.6% |
| 65 or older | 20.5% |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (EEST) |
| Website | www.ylivieska.fi/en/ |


title: Miguelita Creek

abstract: Miguelita Creek, originating in East Foothills, California, above the San Jose Country Club, is a tributary of Lower Silver Creek, which is a tributary of Coyote Creek, a river in Santa Clara County, California.

text:
# Miguelita Creek

37°22′54″N 121°49′18″W / 37.3816064°N 121.8216201°W / 37.3816064; -121.8216201

**Miguelita Creek**, originating in East Foothills, California, above the San Jose Country Club, is a tributary of Lower Silver Creek, which is a tributary of Coyote Creek, a river in Santa Clara County, California.

## Course

The creek flows along the south side of Miguelita Road, through a canyon under Alum Rock Road, and into the San Jose Country Club, where several small golf-cart bridges cross it. Then it runs into the city limits of San Jose, between Holmes Drive and Fairway Drive, to a culvert at Fairway Drive and McKee Road, where it runs underground.

The GNIS has two entries for Miguelita Creek. For feature ID 228642, the mouth coordinates are where the creek goes underground at Fairway Drive, and source is near Miguelita Drive. Feature ID 228641, the lower creek, has mouth coordinates where Lower Silver Creek enters Coyote Creek, and source near Lanning Way, where the creek re-emerges from underground. The lower creek segment merges with Lower Silver Creek near King Road and Schulte Drive.

According to historical maps, the upper creek originally ran north to Penitencia Creek, before the lower channel was built to divert it straight to Coyote Creek.


title: Monkwearmouth Colliery

abstract: Monkwearmouth Colliery was a major North Sea coal mine located on the north bank of the River Wear, located in Sunderland. It was the largest mine in Sunderland and one of the most important in County Durham in northeast England. First opened in 1835 and in spite of the many accidents at the pit, the mine was the last to remain operating in the County Durham Coalfield. The last shift left the pit on 10 December 1993, ending over 80 years of commercial coal mining in the region. The Colliery site was cleared soon afterwards, and the Stadium of Light, the stadium of Sunderland A.F.C., was built over it, opening in July 1997 to replace nearby Roker Park.

text:
# Monkwearmouth Colliery

54°54′52″N 1°23′18″W / 54.91444°N 1.38833°W / 54.91444; -1.38833

**Monkwearmouth Colliery** (or Wearmouth Colliery) was a major North Sea coal mine located on the north bank of the River Wear, located in Sunderland. It was the largest mine in Sunderland and one of the most important in County Durham in northeast England. First opened in 1835 and in spite of the many accidents at the pit, the mine was the last to remain operating in the County Durham Coalfield. The last shift left the pit on 10 December 1993, ending over 80 years of commercial coal mining in the region. The Colliery site was cleared soon afterwards, and the Stadium of Light, the stadium of Sunderland A.F.C., was built over it, opening in July 1997 to replace nearby Roker Park.


title: George Traill (British Army officer)

abstract: George Balfour Traill was a British Indian Army and British Army officer and an English first-class cricketer.

text:
# George Traill (British Army officer)

**George Balfour Traill** CB (20 June 1833 — 20 November 1913) was a British Indian Army and British Army officer and an English first-class cricketer.

## Life

The son of James Traill senior (1794–1873), a Metropolitan police magistrate, and his wife Caroline Whateley, he was the younger brother of James Christie Traill, born in June 1833 at Lewisham. He was commissioned into the British Indian Army as a cornet in December 1852. He served during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and was present at the Siege of Delhi, the Battle of Agra and the Siege of Lucknow. He was promoted to lieutenant during the rebellion in July 1857, with promotion to second captain following in October 1861, with Traill having transferred from the Bengal Artillery to the Royal Artillery.

As his military career progressed, Traill gained the rank of captain in December 1869, before being promoted to major in July 1874. A further promotion to lieutenant colonel followed, with Traill being appointed to the Staff as an Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General in Ireland in April 1882. He was promoted to colonel in December of that year, before retiring in December 1887 and being granted the honorary rank of major-general. On occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Indian Rebellion, Traill was made a Member of the Order of the Bath in the 1907 Birthday Honours. He died at Battersea Park in November 1913.

## Cricketer

Traill played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against Middlesex at Islington in 1864. Batting twice in the match, he was ended the MCC's first innings not out on 1, while in their second innings he opened the batting and was dismissed for 4 runs by V. E. Walker.

His brothers James and William both played first-class cricket.

## Family

Traill married in 1876 Juliana Evans, 4th daughter of Edward Bourchier Hartopp, as her second husband. She had previously been married to Charles Shuttleworth Holden of Aston Hall, Derbyshire, who died in 1872. Edward Charles Shuttleworth Holden (1865–1916) was her son by the first marriage.

## InfoBox

George Traill
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | George Balfour Traill |
| Born | 20 June 1833
Lewisham, Kent, England |
| Died | 20 November 1913(1913-11-20) (aged 80)
Battersea, London, England |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Relations | James Traill (brother)
William Traill (brother)
William Hartopp (brother-in-law) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1864 | Marylebone Cricket Club |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 1  Runs scored 5  Batting average 5.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 4  Catches/stumpings –/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 19 October 2021 | |


title: Harold Wright (greyhound trainer)

abstract:
Harold Wright (1884–1974) was a notable greyhound trainer, famed for training nine winners of the Waterloo Cup. Born in Ditton, Lancashire he was the eldest son of Joe Wright, who achieved training success with two Waterloo Cup winners in the late 19th century. He established his kennels initially at Preston Brook, Cheshire and then later at Formby, Lancashire. Among the noted owners that he trained for were; Lord Tweedmouth, the Duke of Leeds, Major Hugh Peel, of Bryn-Y-Pys, Overton-on-Dee and Colonel J.E. Dennis. The following is a list of the Waterloo Cup winning greyhounds that he trained:
  - 1912 Tide Time
  - 1922 Guards Brigade
  - 1934 Bryn Truthful
  - 1935 Dee Rock
  - 1940 Dee Flint
  - 1941 Swinging Light
  - 1942 Swinging Light
  - 1945 Bryn Tritoma
  - 1946 Maesydd Michael

text:
# Harold Wright (greyhound trainer)

**Harold Wright** (18841974) was a notable greyhound trainer, famed for training nine winners of the Waterloo Cup. Born in Ditton, Lancashire he was the eldest son of Joe Wright, who achieved training success with two Waterloo Cup winners in the late 19th century. He established his kennels initially at Preston Brook, Cheshire and then later at Formby, Lancashire. Among the noted owners that he trained for were; Lord Tweedmouth, the Duke of Leeds, Major Hugh Peel, of Bryn-Y-Pys, Overton-on-Dee and Colonel J.E. Dennis.

The following is a list of the Waterloo Cup winning greyhounds that he trained:

* 1912 Tide Time
* 1922 Guards Brigade
* 1934 Bryn Truthful
* 1935 Dee Rock
* 1940 Dee Flint
* 1941 Swinging Light
* 1942 Swinging Light
* 1945 Bryn Tritoma
* 1946 Maesydd Michael