title: Gaudo culture

abstract: The Gaudo Culture is an Eneolithic culture from Southern Italy, primarily in the region of Campania, active at the end of the 4th millennium BC, whose typesite necropolis is located near Paestum, not far from the mouth of the river Sele. Its name comes from the Spina-Gaudo necropolis. Objects of this culture are known and have been recovered since Antiquity. During the 5th century BC and/or the 4th century BC, for example, Greek settlers deposited daggers made of flint probably from graves in an ancient sanctuary at the site of Paestum. In the 18th century, objects were also recovered by scholars. For example, a flint dagger and a vase were brought from Italy to England by William Hamilton and are now in the British Museum.

text:
# Gaudo culture

The **Gaudo Culture** is an Eneolithic culture from Southern Italy, primarily in the region of Campania, active at the end of the 4th millennium BC, whose typesite necropolis is located near Paestum, not far from the mouth of the river Sele. Its name comes from the Spina-Gaudo necropolis.

Objects of this culture are known and have been recovered since Antiquity. During the 5th century BC and/or the 4th century BC, for example, Greek settlers deposited daggers made of flint probably from graves in an ancient sanctuary at the site of Paestum. In the 18th century, objects were also recovered by scholars. For example, a flint dagger and a vase were brought from Italy to England by William Hamilton and are now in the British Museum.

## The Necropolis

Though there are some earlier paleolithic findings at the Gaudo site, about one kilometer from more famous Greco-Roman ruins at Paestum, the Gaudo culture is associated primarily with the better established neolithic necropolis. This necropolis occupies about 2000 m2 and contains 34 separate tombs. It was discovered late in the year 1943, during the Allied campaign in Italy, when the construction of the Gaudo Airfield unearthed some of the tombs. A British officer and archeologist, Lieutenant John G. S. Brinson, proceeded to conduct a scientific excavation of the tombs and recorded his findings in a notebook now held in the National Archeological Museum of Naples.

Each tomb is roughly hewn out of rock in an "oven-shaped" design, with either one or two burial chambers of a somewhat oval shape, with a low, curved ceiling, each containing multiple human skeletons in the fetal position, either on their sides or on their backs. The tombs were accessed by a more or less circular shaft from above, at the bottom of which was a kind of vestibule or antechamber. There is evidence that the Gaudo funeral rites would have been carried out by a team of people, and after the conclusion of the rites, the tomb would have to be sealed off by a large stone. The Gaudo people would apparently use tombs repeatedly, perhaps for different generations of people. It has been seen that the body of the most recently deceased would always be placed at the back of his burial chamber, with the previous tenants of that chamber placed beside him. The corpses would be accompanied by fine ceremonial ceramic pots in various forms, such as the "askoi", the curious double "salt cellar", as well as weapons: arrowheads, spearheads, and knives of flint or copper. These accessories were probably symbols of rank. Study of the arrangement of bones and accompanying artifacts has led researchers to believe that the Gaudo society was structured into different family groups or warrior clans of some kind. It is curious that in the access shafts and antechamber of the Gaudo tombs, pottery was also found, but this was of a much coarser grade, a simpler form, larger dimensions, and was sparsely decorated.

Unfortunately, since the Gaudo people are known almost exclusively through their tombs, little is known about the many other facets of their culture, which may have been equally fascinating. Some other Gaudo sites are known throughout Campania however, such as what is thought to be a Gaudo dwelling in Taurasi, and the necropoles at Eboli and Buccino.

A large collection of Gaudo artifacts is on display at the National Archeological Museum of Paestum.

## Genetics

Antonio et al. (2019) analyzed the remains of a male from a Eneolithic site in southern Lazio at foothill of Monti Ausoni, belonging to both Rinaldone and Gaudo culture; he was buried in Monte San Biagio, Italy, between ca. 3500 BC and 2500 BC. He carried the paternal haplogroup H2 (P96), also found in Neolithic Anatolia and in multiple later Neolithic cultures of Europe, while he carried the maternal haplogroup N1a1a1a3, found in many Neolithic cultures of Europe. His autosomal DNA was a mixture of EEF ancestry (85%) and WHG ancestry (15%), similar to other Copper Age samples from Italy and the rest of Europe, including those from the Remedello culture.

1. Bailo ModestiI G., Salerno A. (Eds), 1998, *Pontecagnano II, 5. La necropoli eneolitica, L'età del Rame in Campania nei villaggi dei morti*, Annali dell'Istituto Orientale di Napoli, sezione di Archeologia e Storia Antica, quad. n. 11, Napoli
2. Aurigemma S., Spinazzola V., Maiuri A., 1986, *I primi scavi di Paestum (1907-1939)*, Ente per le antichità e i monumenti della provincia di Salerno, Salerno
3. Barfield L. H., 1985, Sir William Hamilton’s Chalcolithic Collection, in Swaddling J., *Papers of the Sixth British Museum Classical symposium 1983*, p. 229-233
4. Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; M. Moots, Hannah (2019). "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". *Science*. **366** (6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published November 8, 2019): 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. hdl:2318/1715466. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931. Individual R1014 carries five derived alleles (M2936,M2942, M2945, M2955, M2992, M3035) characteristic of the H-haplogroup as well as 35 ancestral alleles that are incompatible with the H3 subgroup, 50 incompatible with H1b1 and 13 incompatible with H1b2. Therefore, R1014 most likely belongs to an ancestral H haplogroup or the H2 (H-P96) branch, the latter of which is present at low levels in modern-day West Asia and Sardinia as well as in early farmers in Neolithic Anatolia (c. 6,500-6,200 BCE) (13) and Copper Age Bulgaria (3,336-3,028 BCE)(14). It is possible that H haplogroup (most likely H2) was already present in Neolithic central Italy, although we were not able to capture it in our limited Neolithic samples of only four males; under this scenario, the observed H haplogroup can be explained by the migration of Near Eastern farmers during Neolithic transition. Alternatively, it could be introduced into Italy after the Neolithic transition by later genetic exchanges with the Balkans or the Near East between 6,000 BCE and 3,500 BCE... Copper Age individuals (R4, R5, R1014) significantly shifted towards WHG and away from Anatolia farmers, suggesting an increase in WHG ancestry with time.

## InfoBox

Gaudo culture
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Horizon | Chalcolithic |
| Geographical range | South Italy |
| Period | 3150-2300 BC |
| Type site | Spina-Gaudo necropolis |
| Preceded by | Neolithic Italy |
| Followed by | Bell Beaker culture |


title: Gaudot Affair

abstract: Gaudot Affair began in 1747, when the King of Prussia, Frederick II, introduced the lease of the tax revenues in Neuchâtel, his principality, to the auction of the rent and tithing, instead of the state administration. In 1766 the opposition to the new system, which conferred considerable advantages to the prince, was published: no one was willing to buy the high-priced tenancies. Frederick II finally proposed the sale of all tithes to the highest bidders, which caused a storm of indignation among the Neuchâtes; they saw in it a disregard for the principle of sovereignty which had been guaranteed to them in 1707, and demanded the restoration of the old system. In May 1767 Frederick II decided to call the Bernese as arbitrators. Both parties stubbornly defended their position. The representative of the General Prosecutor of the Principality, Claude Gaudot (1713-68), was particularly relentless in his condemnation of Neuchâtel. At the beginning of 1768 the Grand Council of Bern accused Neuchâtel of violating the prince's rights. The rage of the citizens of Neuchâtel was so great that Frederick authorized a Bernese military force to intervene. Although Lucerne, Solothurn, Freiburg, and the ambassador of France attempted to moderate, Bern recruited and gathered 9,000 men to the east of the principality to frightened the citizens of Neuchâtel and Valangins. Frederick II appointed Gaudot as the representative of the Bernese lieutenant colonel to Neuchâtel. When he returned to the city, he was lynched by the population on 25 April 1768, without the authorities taking the slightest step to protect him. One month later, 600 soldiers from the four allied estates occupied Neuchâtel. The affair ended in August with the complete subjugation of the city. Robert Scipio von Lentulus was subsequently appointed governor of the city.

text:
# Gaudot Affair

**Gaudot Affair** began in 1747, when the King of Prussia, Frederick II, introduced the lease of the tax revenues in Neuchâtel, his principality, to the auction of the rent and tithing, instead of the state administration. In 1766 the opposition to the new system, which conferred considerable advantages to the prince, was published: no one was willing to buy the high-priced tenancies. Frederick II finally proposed the sale of all tithes to the highest bidders, which caused a storm of indignation among the Neuchâtes; they saw in it a disregard for the principle of sovereignty which had been guaranteed to them in 1707, and demanded the restoration of the old system.

In May 1767 Frederick II decided to call the Bernese as arbitrators. Both parties stubbornly defended their position. The representative of the General Prosecutor of the Principality, Claude Gaudot (1713-68), was particularly relentless in his condemnation of Neuchâtel. At the beginning of 1768 the Grand Council of Bern accused Neuchâtel of violating the prince's rights. The rage of the citizens of Neuchâtel was so great that Frederick authorized a Bernese military force to intervene. Although Lucerne, Solothurn, Freiburg, and the ambassador of France attempted to moderate, Bern recruited and gathered 9,000 men to the east of the principality to frightened the citizens of Neuchâtel and Valangins.

Frederick II appointed Gaudot as the representative of the Bernese lieutenant colonel to Neuchâtel. When he returned to the city, he was lynched by the population on 25 April 1768, without the authorities taking the slightest step to protect him. One month later, 600 soldiers from the four allied estates occupied Neuchâtel. The affair ended in August with the complete subjugation of the city.

Robert Scipio von Lentulus was subsequently appointed governor of the city.


title: Gavilan Mining District

abstract: Gavilan Mining District is a gold mining district 6 miles west of Perris, California and Gavilan Hills and east of Gavilan Peak on the Gavilan Plateau in Riverside County, California. It includes only 2 mines: the Ida Leona Mine and the Gavilan Mine located within yards of each other.

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# Gavilan Mining District

**Gavilan Mining District** is a gold mining district 6 miles west of Perris, California and Gavilan Hills and east of Gavilan Peak on the Gavilan Plateau in Riverside County, California. It includes only 2 mines: the Ida Leona Mine and the Gavilan Mine located within yards of each other.

## History

It is unknown how much gold these mines produced but they were worked from at least 1855 and perhaps earlier by Californio and New Mexican miners from Agua Mansa. The mines were on the property of the Rancho El Sobrante de San Jacinto which by 1893 had come into the hands of an English syndicate, the San Jacinto Estate Limited of London.

The California Journal of Mines and Geology, Volume 11, 1893 reports these Gavilan Mines:

"... years ago produced from quartz veins considerable gold, the rock being first crushed in numerous arrastras, the beds of which, to the number of fifty or more, are still scattered all about the neighborhood of the mines." "The veins of the Gavilan Mines are not large, but of good grade, occurring in a granitoid rock. ... The Mexicans worked a large shoot down to the water-line, and judging from the size and number of the dumps these old workings must have been of great extent." "In later years, under American management, the quartz was hauled to a stamp mill in the Pinacate District." "At the time the rancho became the property of the English people nothing had been done in these mines for many years."

M. C. Westbrook and Associates, leased most of the mining area from the English syndicate in 1891, planning a town site at the mines called Westbrook.

"During the past two years the old workings have been investigated and a local company organized at Riverside to operate them under lease."

However, when the report writer visited the mines in 1893:

"At the time of my visit some workmen were industriously engaged in taking down the gallows frame of the hoist and making preparations to vacate the premises, and this in the face of the report that had gone abroad that a good-sized vein of pay rock had been uncovered at the bottom of the mine at the depth of 180 feet. I did not see the alleged ore shoot and could get no satisfaction from the men at work other than vague hints that there was dissension among the Board of Directors."

Shortly afterward Westbrook and Associates sold the lease to the mines to the Gavilan Mining and Milling Company for a period of ten years.

The old Gavilan mine ceased to be mined in the 1890s. The Ida Leona mine continued to be worked and was most active in the 1930s and finally closed in 1942, having produced $50,000.

33°48′03″N 117°20′08″W / 33.80083°N 117.33556°W / 33.80083; -117.33556


title: Gavilan Peak (Arizona)

abstract: Gavilan Peak is northwest of Daisy Mountain, north of Anthem, Arizona and southeast of New River, Arizona. Considering its steepness, it is climbed much less frequently than Daisy Mountain. It was named in the 1880s, when the U.S. Cavalry and the Apaches fought a battle in the area. The name means 'sparrow hawk' in Spanish and 'hawk' in Apache.

text:
# Gavilan Peak (Arizona)

**Gavilan Peak** is northwest of Daisy Mountain, north of Anthem, Arizona and southeast of New River, Arizona. Considering its steepness, it is climbed much less frequently than Daisy Mountain. It was named in the 1880s, when the U.S. Cavalry and the Apaches fought a battle in the area. The name means 'sparrow hawk' in Spanish and 'hawk' in Apache.

## InfoBox

| Gavilan Peak | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,990 ft (911 m)NGVD 29 |
| Prominence | 730 ft (223 m) |
| Coordinates | 33°54′25″N 112°07′27″W / 33.90698°N 112.1240455°W / 33.90698; -112.1240455 |
| Geography | |
| Gavilan Peak | |
| Location | Maricopa County, Arizona, U.S. |
| Topo map | USGS Daisy Mountain |


title: Meşale Tolu

abstract: Meşale Tolu Çorlu is a German journalist and translator of Kurdish descent. She was arrested in Turkey for allegations on spreading propaganda for an illegal organization and her membership in the organization.

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# Meşale Tolu

**Meşale Tolu Çorlu** (born Tolu in 1984) is a German journalist and translator of Kurdish descent. She was arrested in Turkey for allegations on spreading propaganda for an illegal organization and her membership in the organization.

## Early life

Meşale Tolu was born to second-generation emigrated Turkish parents as the youngest of three siblings in Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany in 1984. Her father Ali Rıza Tolu is an auto mechanic. She was reared by her grand mother after her mother died in a road accident during a holiday trip to Turkey in 1990.

She completed her secondary education with the high school diploma *Abitur* at the Anna-Essinger-Gymnasium in Ulm. Tolu studied Ethics and Spanish language at the Goethe University Frankfurt for teaching in a gymnasium.

In 2007, Tolu acquired German citizenship, and renounced her Turkish citizenship. After she gave birth to her son Serkan in Neu-Ulm end 2014, she moved with her husband Suat Çorlu to Istanbul, Turkey to work as a reporter and translator. However, her permanent residence remained in Neu-Ulm, Bavaria, Germany.

## Journalist and translator career

From 2014 on, Tolu Çorlu worked in Istanbul, Turkey for various media. She was employed by the radio station "Özgür Radyo". The radio station was closed by a governmental decree after the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt. She also worked as a translator for the leftist news agency "Etkin Haber Ajansı" (ETHA).

## Arrest in Turkey

Around 4:30 local time on May 1, 2017, an anti-terror squad of the Turkish Police raided the residence of the family Çorlu in Kartal, Istanbul Province. As her husband was already arrested in Ankara on April 5, she was alone at home with her two and half year old son. After her arrest, her residence was searched and devastated. She committed her child to a neighbor's care as she was hauled off by the police. Her brother Hüseyin went the same day to Istanbul to take care of the child. Later, her father took over the care of the little boy in the residence in Istanbul.

Tolu Çorlu was accused of spreading propaganda for the illegal Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Turkey (MLKP) and membership in the organization. She was detained in the Bakırköy Women's Prison on May 6. She was incarcerated in a prison quarter for 24 inmates. After two weeks, her son could stay with her in the prison. Only in the beginning of June, German diplomats were allowed to visit her in the prison. In August, the public prosecutor demanded 15-year sentence in prison for her. The court ruled in a routine session on August 23 that she had to remain in detention due to a possible risk of absconding and a not yet completed collection of evidence. The first court session, at which 18 suspects were involved, took place in Silivri, Istanbul on October 9. She rejected all allegations and complained about her detention. Mid December 2017, the court decided her release from prison. However, she was not allowed to leave the country. She had to report her presence at the police station every Monday. The next court hearing of Tolu Çorlu was set for April 26, 2018.

On August 20, 2018 a Turkish court revoked her ban from leaving the country and Tolu travelled back to Germany on August 26. At that time her husband was still banned from leaving Turkey, but later in October of the same year a Turkish court revoked his travel ban. In 2019 Tolu published a book on her case entitled *„Mein Sohn bleibt bei mir!“: Als politische Geisel in türkischer Haft und warum es noch nicht zu Ende ist* ("My son stays with me!: As a political hostage in Turkish imprisonment and why it hasn't ended yet").

## InfoBox

| Meşale Tolu Çorlu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Meşalle Tolu
1984 (age 3940)
Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Education | Ethics, Spanish language |
| Alma mater | Goethe University Frankfurt |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, translator |
| Children | 1 |


title: Michael Conaghan

abstract: Michael Conaghan is an Irish former Labour Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-Central constituency from 2011 to 2016. He also served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 2004 to 2005.

text:
# Michael Conaghan

**Michael Conaghan** (born 4 September 1944) is an Irish former Labour Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-Central constituency from 2011 to 2016. He also served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 2004 to 2005.

## Biography

Conaghan is originally from County Donegal. He lives in Ballyfermot, Dublin and is married with two children. He is a teacher by profession, and was vice-principal of Inchicore College of Further Education.

Originally a member of Jim Kemmy's Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), he was the unsuccessful DSP candidate in Dublin West at the 1982 by-election and the November 1982, 1987, and 1989 general elections. When the party merged with Labour in 1991, he was elected to Dublin City Council representing the Ballyfermot local electoral area. At the 1997 general election, he was an independent candidate in Dublin Central.

He was Lord Mayor of Dublin from 2004 to 2005.

He was elected as a Labour TD for Dublin South-Central at the 2011 general election, but did not contest the 2016 general election.

## InfoBox

| Michael Conaghan | |
| --- | --- |
| Conaghan in 2008 | |
|  | |
| Teachta Dála | |
| **In office**
February 2011  February 2016 | |
| Constituency | Dublin South-Central |
| Lord Mayor of Dublin | |
| **In office**
June 2004  June 2005 | |
| Preceded by | Royston Brady |
| Succeeded by | Catherine Byrne |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1944-09-04) 4 September 1944
Letterkenny, County Donegal, Ireland |
| Political party | Labour Party |
| Spouse | Marian Conaghan |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | University College Dublin |
|  | |


title: Michael J. Smith (cricketer)

abstract: Michael John Smith was an English cricketer, who played most of his cricket as an opening batsman for Middlesex County Cricket Club. Together with Mike Brearley he formed a successful opening partnership. He also played five One Day Internationals for England in 1973 and 1974. In first-class cricket Smith made 19,814 runs at an average of 31.65 in a career that lasted from 1959 to 1980, a total that included 40 centuries. His highest score was 181 against Lancashire County Cricket Club at Old Trafford in 1967. Although he batted right-handed he took 57 wickets, with a bowling average of 32.73, with slow left-arm deliveries. He also took 218 catches in the field. In 1994 he became the official scorer for Middlesex. In total Smith spent 22 seasons on the staff at Lord's Cricket Ground. He was educated at Enfield Grammar School. Smith was twice married and had three daughters, Debbie, Libby, Emma, and a son, Jonathan.

text:
# Michael J. Smith (cricketer)

**Michael John Smith** (4 January 1942 – 12 November 2004) was an English cricketer, who played most of his cricket as an opening batsman for Middlesex County Cricket Club. Together with Mike Brearley he formed a successful opening partnership. He also played five One Day Internationals for England in 1973 and 1974.

In first-class cricket Smith made 19,814 runs at an average of 31.65 in a career that lasted from 1959 to 1980, a total that included 40 centuries. His highest score was 181 against Lancashire County Cricket Club at Old Trafford in 1967. Although he batted right-handed he took 57 wickets, with a bowling average of 32.73, with slow left-arm deliveries. He also took 218 catches in the field. In 1994 he became the official scorer for Middlesex. In total Smith spent 22 seasons on the staff at Lord's Cricket Ground.

He was educated at Enfield Grammar School. Smith was twice married and had three daughters, Debbie, Libby, Emma, and a son, Jonathan.

## Quotations

Mike Brearley, Smith's fellow opening batsman at Middlesex, in his book *The Art of Captaincy* wrote about how Smith prepared for his innings: "Mike Smith would be having his last-minute 'net' in front of the dressing-room mirror. He clicks his tongue on the roof of his mouth to represent ball on bat as he plays an immaculate forward defensive shot." He also recalled Smith's approach to batting: "You can never trust bowlers: they develop something new each year."

## InfoBox

Mike Smith
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Michael John Smith |
| Born | (1942-01-04)4 January 1942
Enfield, Middlesex, England |
| Died | 12 November 2004(2004-11-12) (aged 62)
Enfield, London, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left-arm orthodox |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| ODI debut | 5 September 1973 v West Indies |
| Last ODI | 2 September 1974 v Pakistan |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1959–1980 | Middlesex |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition ODI FC LA  Matches 5 422 229  Runs scored 70 19,814 5,957  Batting average 14.00 31.65 26.95  100s/50s 0/0 40/86 4/30  Top score 31 181 123  Balls bowled  4,125 56  Wickets  57 2  Bowling average  32.73 27.50  5 wickets in innings  0 0  10 wickets in match  0   Best bowling  4/13 1/5  Catches/stumpings 1/– 218/– 61/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 3 November 2022 | |


title: Michael J. Snarskis

abstract: Michael Jay Snarskis was an American archeologist who founded the scientific study of archaeology in Costa Rica. At that time, almost all artifacts available to collectors were shorn of their provenance and historical significance by huaquero looters, whom Snarskis described as "the tomb-robbers ... who have [made] such studies more difficult."

text:
# Michael J. Snarskis

**Michael Jay Snarskis** (April 12, 1945 – January 24, 2011) was an American archeologist who founded the scientific study of archaeology in Costa Rica. At that time, almost all artifacts available to collectors were shorn of their provenance and historical significance by huaquero looters, whom Snarskis described as "the tomb-robbers ... who have \[made\] such studies more difficult."

## Early life and education

Michael Snarskis was born in Davenport, Iowa, on April 12, 1945, the son of Edward and Alice Cressey Snarskis. He attended Washington Senior High School in Cedar Rapids, then State University of Iowa (1963–1964) and Yale University (1964–1967), majoring in Spanish. After one year of law school, Snarskis joined the Peace Corps, serving in Costa Rica. His interest in archeology awakened in Costa Rica, and on his return he studied archeology at Columbia University. After three years of field work in Costa Rica, he received his Ph.D. in 1978 with a dissertation on *The Archaeology of the Central Atlantic Watershed of Costa Rica*.

## Career

When Snarskis received his Ph.D. in 1978, there was almost no scientific archeology in Costa Rica. Snarskis founded the Archeology Department at the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica in San José, Costa Rica, and directed it for 10 years, hiring the first Costa Rican archeology students to work there. He became a professor of archaeology at the Universidad de Costa Rica, remaining there for 14 years. As an archeologist and conservationist, Snarskis worked for the Tayutic Foundation, which seeks to preserve and explore the Guayabo National Monument. The Jade Museum and the Gold Museum, both in San José, Costa Rica, had Snarskis as their technical advisor.

Snarskis founded and edited VÍNCULOS: Revisita de Antropologia del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, a professional journal that won awards for scientific excellence and which continues to be published today, one of the longest runs for a scientific journal in Latin America.

From 1986 to 1997 Snarskis took on an international mission job as chief editor and head of publications for the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA).

Michael Snarskis died quietly, apparently while reading a book, at his home in Costa Rica on January 24, 2011.

## Contributions to Pre-Columbian archaeology

Highlights of excavation projects directed by Snarskis include

* Discovery of the first Paleoindian quarry and workshop site some 12,000 years old, first of its kind known, and with both Clovis and fishtail fluted spear points, diagnostic of Paleoindian hunters in North and South America respectively.
* The oldest known pottery in the country, two very different complexes from around 2000 BC
* The first clear house foundations found in the lowland Caribbean rain forest, from about the first century AD.
* An extraordinary 33 cm Olmec jade clamshell pendant, found just 15 minutes away from the National Museum in a San José suburb, one of the best Olmec jades known, and evidence of ancient long-distance trade with Mesoamerica.
* Several effigy vessels of Usulatan pottery made in El Salvador, along with many other local high status ceramics and 65 jade pendants in a burial ground on a high terrace overlooking the Pacific

The overlapping of northern (Mesoamerican) and southern (northern South American) cultural spheres of influence revealed by Snarskis's work make Costa Rican archaeology remarkably rich and varied, and of great importance for understanding cultural diffusion in the region.

## Publications

* The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1985. ISBN 9780297786276.
* La Ceramica Precolombina en Costa Rica = \[Pre-Columbian Ceramics in Costa Rica\] by Michael J. Snarskis 1982
* "Central America: the Lower Caribbean", in *The Archaeology of Lower Central America*, Lange, F. W. and Stone, D. Z., Eds., University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1984.
* The Archaeology of Costa Rica". In *Between Continents/Between Seas: Precolumbian Art of Costa Rica*, pp. 15–84. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 1981
* The Archaeology of Costa Rica, ArqueoCostaRica, the online journal of Costa Rican Archaeology
* Costa Rica 10,000 Years Ago: Evidence of the Earliest Known Peoples, by Michael J. Snarskis, ArqueoCostaRica.net Website
* The First Farmers in Costa Rica: Tropical Archaic Period in Lower Central America, by Michael J. Snarskis
* Costa Rica's First Potters: The Earliest Known Archaeological Ceramics, by Michael J. Snarskis
* The Rise of Chiefdoms: A Surge in Population and Complexity in Pre-Columbian Costa Rica, by Michael J. Snarskis
* The Rise of Chiefdoms, Part II: Symbols of Power, Status and Wealth in Pre-Columbian Costa Rica, by Michael J. Snarskis
* Archaeologists and Huaqueros, by Michael J. Snarskis
* "Turrialba: A Paleo-Indian Quarry and Workshop Site in Eastern Costa Rica" in *American Antiquity*, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1979, by Michael J. Snarskis
* "From Jade to Gold in Costa Rica: How, Why, and When", by Michael J. Snarskis. In *Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia*, Jeffrey Quilter and John W. Hoopes, Editors

## InfoBox

| Michael J. Snarskis | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1945-04-12)12 April 1945
Davenport, Iowa, United States |
| Died | 24 January 2011(2011-01-24) (aged 65)
Montelimar, Goicoechea, Costa Rica |
| Citizenship | American |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Numerous archeological discoveries in Costa Rica |
| Spouse | Jennifer Walter |


title: Townsite-city-region (hieroglyph)

abstract: The Egyptian hieroglyph Townsite-city-region is Gardiner sign listed no. O49 for the intersection of a town's streets. In some Egyptian hieroglyph books it is called a city plan. It is used in Egyptian hieroglyphs as a determinative in the names of town or city placenames. Also, as an ideogram in the Egyptian word "city", niwt.

text:
# Townsite-city-region (hieroglyph)

|  |
| --- |
| Townsite
City

*Crossroads*
*"Intersection"*
in hieroglyphs |
|  |
|  |
|  |

The Egyptian hieroglyph **Townsite-city-region** is Gardiner sign listed no. O49 for the intersection of a town's streets. In some Egyptian hieroglyph books it is called a **city plan**.

It is used in Egyptian hieroglyphs as a determinative in the names of town or city placenames. Also, as an ideogram in the Egyptian word "city", *niwt*.

## Origin and history

Betrò's modern Egyptian book, *Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt* uses the "crossroads", "intersection" hieroglyph with the name of *City Plan*. The oldest use of placenames is from the original cosmetic palettes of the early years of Ancient Egypt. The Narmer Palette has a bull with a broken-open Fortress (hieroglyph) enclosure. The Bull Palette contains two cities identified with internal iconographic hieroglyphs.

Betrò uses the Libyan Palette as her extensive explanation of the *City Plan*. The Libyan Palette contains seven cities, fortress-protected; the seven cities are identified inside an approximatecircularenclosure with iconography, with some signs to become hieroglyphs, and similarly identified *externally* with the similar hieroglyphic iconography, also to be used as hieroglyphs. (see list: Libyan Palette)

The Fortress (hieroglyph) iconography was still being used in Ramesses II's time to identify placenames of defeated locations, referring to the Nine bows. The Fortress (hieroglyph) is shown in three non-Gardiner's sign listed forms-(all vertical); the category is *Buildings and Parts of Buildings*.

* Betrò, 1995. *Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt,* Betrò, Maria Carmela, c. 1995, 1996-(English), Abbeville Press Publishers, New York, London, Paris (hardcover, ISBN 0-7892-0232-8)
* Budge. *An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary,* E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1978, (c 1920), Dover edition, 1978. (In two volumes, 1314 pages.) (softcover, ISBN 0-486-23615-3)
* Schulz, Seidel, 1998. *Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs,* Editors, Regine Schulz, Matthias Seidel, Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Cologne, English translation version, 538 pages. (hardcover, ISBN 3-89508-913-3)


title: Gay Sheerin

abstract: Gay Sheerin is a former Gaelic footballer and manager. He played as a goalkeeper for the St Ronan's club and at senior level for the Roscommon county team.

text:
# Gay Sheerin

**Gay Sheerin** (born 1955/1956) is a former Gaelic footballer and manager. He played as a goalkeeper for the St Ronan's club and at senior level for the Roscommon county team.

## Career

Sheerin played half-back as an under-16 player until he was assigned to be goalkeeper. His club, St Ronan's, kept him there. Afterwards, he was called into the county minor team, and there he was assigned permanently as a goalkeeper. A year later, he was assigned to be an outfielder with them, before resuming his former position of goalkeeper at inter-county level.

Sheerin got into the senior inter-county team in the spring of 1977 for the National League. Roscommon won the Connacht Senior Football Championship (SFC) in 1977. By then, Sheerin was replaced with first choice goalkeeper Gerry O'Dowd. Sheerin earned the Number One Jersey by 1978, and he received his first of five Connacht SFC medals that same year. Afterwards, Roscommon faced off against Kerry, but did not reach a favorable conclusion.Sheerin was dropped from the county team in 1979, and replaced with John McDermott of Roscommon Gaels.Afterwards, in May 1980, a challenge match against Cavan was held to open the Cloone pitch. After this, Sheerin resumed his former position again, and was a goalkeeper for the 1980 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final.

He returned in 1985 after a leave to build his house. In 1985, 1988, and 1989, Roscommon lost three Connacht SFC finals to Mayo, each in Dr Hyde Park. Sheerin rated the 1986 Connacht final loss to the Galway as the worst. In the early 1990s, Roscommon won two consecutive Connacht titles, defeating Galway in 1990 and Mayo in 1991 with the help of a replay. Cork and Meath both defeated them in the All-Ireland SFC semi-finals of those years.

## Manager

In 1997 Sheerin managed Roscommon. He was appointed before the league opened. Under his management, Roscommon advanced to a Connacht final in 2001 that they lost to ultimate champion Galway. Galway won the 2001 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship title. Sheerin later quit the job in 2000 after three seasons due to Leitrim defeating Roscommon in the Connacht SFC semi-final. He was later assigned as a selector for Roscommon. In February 2017, he disagreed with the Roscommon manager at the time, Kevin McStay, over allowing players from the Mayo county football team to join Roscommon. Roscommon later won the 2017 Connacht Senior Football Championship.

## Personal life

In August 1978, Sheerin had barely started an apprenticeship before returning to football. He left the inter-county game in 1983 to build his house. His trade was plastering, but he also worked as a Lakeland Dairies sales representative.

Sheerin's inspirations include Brian McAlinden of Armagh, Paddy Linden Monaghan, and Martin Furlong of Offaly. He is married with two children.


title: Transport in Barbados

abstract: Barbados is a relatively small country with a length of 21 miles (34 km) and a width of 14 miles (23 km). Barbados has 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) of public paved roads, two active marine ports in, remnants of a railway system, and one airport; the Sir Grantley Adams International Airport, located in Christ Church.

text:
# Transport in Barbados

Barbados is a relatively small country with a length of 21 miles (34 km) and a width of 14 miles (23 km). Barbados has 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) of public paved roads, two active marine ports in (Bridgetown Port and Port Saint Charles), remnants of a railway system, and one airport; the Sir Grantley Adams International Airport, located in Christ Church.

## Roadways

As a former British colony, Barbados was heavily influenced by the English culture and customs, which carried over into the infrastructure of Barbados. Similar to the driving habits in the United Kingdom, people in Barbados also drive on the left side of the road. Barbados has a very dependable highway system of main roads that stem from the country's capital, Bridgetown. The highways are identified by the numbers one to seven. H1 signifies the first highway that runs north. The numbering continues sequentially in a clockwise direction. The most popular highway throughout the island is the A. B. C. Highway (Adams/Barrow/Cummins).

Throughout the Barbados roadways, the most prominent traffic junctions are the two lane roundabouts. Like roundabouts seen in the United States vehicles in the inner most lane of the roundabout have the right of way, however, in Barbados the traffic moves in clockwise direction. The speed limit on all roads is 60 km/h (37 mph) unless otherwise posted. The speed limit on the ABC Highway and the Spring Garden Highway is 80 km/h (50 mph).

In 2010, an assessment released by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) of the United Kingdom, ranked Barbados 6th in the world, and the top spot in the Western Hemisphere for road network density.

### Road incidents

In terms of traffic and accidents, the 2010 EIU report found that Barbados had 63.1 vehicles per kilometre of road (101.5/mi) on the island. A rank that placed Barbados as 23rd globally for number of vehicles, by the total surface area of roads. For accident totals, Barbados placed 12th globally for road victims per 100,000 people; and 23rd globally (which was shared with The United States, Greece, Tunisia, Estonia and Georgia), for actual road fatalities per 100,000 people.

## Public transport

The Ministry of Transport & Works of Barbados oversees the affairs of the nation's roads, highways, and the public transport system. Public transport services in Barbados include buses, minibuses, share taxis (locally known as ZRs), taxis, and car rentals.

Vehicle registration plates are assigned to different types of vehicles; e.g. BM, B, ZR, Z & H, as shown below.

### Buses (BM)

The bus services in Barbados are available to all, however locals are the predominant group that use the public buses. The Barbados Transport Board is a government organization that is responsible for bus transportation. The Board started as an organization on 24 August 1955 and has operated ever since. There are currently three hundred and four (304) buses in use around the island.

The government sets the fares (current adult fare (as of March 2019): $3.50 BBD). Adults have to pay the full fare, but the public bus is free for all children in school uniforms, students with an institution ID that are under the age of eighteen and senior citizens with Barbados ID. Public government buses run on an exact fare system and are unable to give change. Payment is made for each one-way journey on a single bus; no transfers are given.

Some bus services run on a direct route to their destinations, however many services require a connection through Bridgetown.

### Minibuses (B)

There are also privately operated Mini- and Midibuses that are yellow with a blue stripe. They operate mainly on the west and south coastline. The most popular routes are BridgetownSpeightstown and BridgetownSam Lord's Castle.

Minibus fares are the same as government bus fares, but are usually able to give change.

### ZR Buses (ZR)

The ZRs (pronounced "Zed-Rs"), are privately owned mini-vans that run on specific predetermined routes. They are recognized by their white exterior and maroon stripe down the side. ZRs are independently owned

ZR bus fares are the same as government bus fares, but are usually able to give change.

### Taxis (Z)

Taxi services are also available to all. Taxis, similarly to those in the United States and other first world countries, provide transportation at a predetermined government rate. However, the fares are not metered, and it is advisable to agree on the cost before entering a taxi.

### Car rental (H)

Car rental in Barbados is provided through any of several local vehicle rental agencies; international rental-agencies are not well represented in Barbados.

They offer a wide variety of vehicles from luxury cars to vans, and also smaller open top cars.

Non-nationals who wish to drive in Barbados must be in possession of a Visitor Driving Permit issued by the Barbados Revenue Authority. Such permits are only issued to persons in possession of a valid foreign driving licence.

## Railway

A proposal for a railway system in Barbados was first made in 1845 by Britain. It was not until 1881 that construction began on the new 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge Barbados Railway by an independent company for the purpose of transporting sugar cane across the island to the seaport of Bridgetown. It was later converted to 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge by Everard Calthrop.

From the early 20th century on, the railway system carried produce to and from factories to the city and also passengers to and from the city. However, complications arose. There was a lack of funding for the maintenance and upkeep of the system. Also, the poor designs of the tracks and cars posed a challenge against the high tides of the Atlantic Ocean. To keep the railway in use, the government of Barbados took over in 1916; however, it continued to decay. By 1937 the railway was shut down due to safety issues.

There are still remnants of the railway today and many can be seen by the coastlines. And every year there is a marathon run & walk along the old route from Bridgetown to Carrington on the East Coast.

In 1881 a horse-drawn tramway, the Barbados Tramway Company, was constructed around Bridgetown by the Scottish railway engineer Robert Fairlie and ceased operations in 1925.

## Waterways

Barbados also provides ports for large cruise ships and transportation of goods into and out of the country. The main ports reside in Bridgetown, Saint Michael (Deep Water Harbour), and in Speightstown, St. Peter (the Port Charles Marina). These are regulated by the Barbados Port Authority. Large cruise ships dock at the Deep Water Harbour at the southwestern end of the island.

### Boating

Boating to and from Barbados requires following all International and local laws. If arriving in Barbados it is important to remember that legally you must enter an approved port of entry, which means stopping by the Harbour-master first at Bridgetown. Laws also protect the coral reefs, and boaters should be careful not to drop anchor outside of areas approved by the government of Barbados in order to protect the corals and possibly other undersea infrastructure that might be present around the island.

Barbados currently no longer has the Schooner vessel that once operated between Speightstown and Bridgetown. However, in recent years, with many heavy traffic problems on the island, there have been calls to revive it.

### Notes

### Further reading

* Horsford, Jim (2001). *From the Caribbean to the Atlantic : a brief history of the Barbados Railway*. Alcester, Warwickshire: Paul Catchpole. ISBN 1900340127.


title: Mexilana

abstract: Mexilana saluposi is a species of crustacean in the family Cirolanidae, the only species in the genus Mexilana. It is endemic to Mexico.

text:
# Mexilana

***Mexilana saluposi*** is a species of crustacean in the family Cirolanidae, the only species in the genus ***Mexilana***. It is endemic to Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Mexilana saluposi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Crustacea |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Family: | Cirolanidae |
| Genus: | ***Mexilana***
Bowman, 1975 |
| Species: | ***M. saluposi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mexilana saluposi***
Bowman, 1975 | |
|


title: Trabala burchardii

abstract: Trabala burchardii is a moth of the family Lasiocampidae. The species was first described by Hermann Dewitz in 1881. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria and Ghana.

text:
# Trabala burchardii

***Trabala burchardii*** is a moth of the family Lasiocampidae. The species was first described by Hermann Dewitz in 1881. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria and Ghana.

## InfoBox

| *Trabala burchardii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lasiocampidae |
| Genus: | *Trabala* |
| Species: | ***T. burchardii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trabala burchardii***<br>(Dewitz, 1881) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amydona burchardii* Dewitz, 1881 | |


title: The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde

abstract:
"The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde" is a fairy tale written by Mary De Morgan (1850–1907) in her collection of short stories called "The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde and Other Stories." This collection of fairy tales originally published in 1880. Mary de Morgan helped to make the Victorian era prominent in literature. In her short stories, she is able to use "mystery, pathos, and comedy" to create entertaining and imaginative literature for all to enjoy. In addition, de Morgan uses both female and male protagonists in her writing exhibiting her belief in equality among the sexes. In many of her works, Mary de Morgan uses elements from the folk tales of medieval England.
This is apparent in the universality of her literature, as it was easily relatable to all in Victorian England despite the different socioeconomic classes. The fairy tale of "The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde" is about a young wicked princess named Fiorimonde. With the help of a witch, Fiorimonde uses magic to maintain her beauty. When the King wishes her to marry, Fiorimonde, not wishing her suitors to discover her secret, transforms them into beautiful beads on a necklace. Her maid Yolande, and a friend of one of the suitors, learn of the Princess' wickedness and wish to free her suitors from her curse. She is only defeated when she herself is transformed into a bead on the necklace.

text:
# The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde

"**The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde**" is a fairy tale written by Mary De Morgan (1850–1907) in her collection of short stories called "The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde and Other Stories." This collection of fairy tales originally published in 1880. Mary de Morgan helped to make the Victorian era prominent in literature. In her short stories, she is able to use "mystery, pathos, and comedy" to create entertaining and imaginative literature for all to enjoy. In addition, de Morgan uses both female and male protagonists in her writing exhibiting her belief in equality among the sexes. In many of her works, Mary de Morgan uses elements from the folk tales of medieval England. This is apparent in the universality of her literature, as it was easily relatable to all in Victorian England despite the different socioeconomic classes.

The fairy tale of "The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde" is about a young wicked princess named Fiorimonde. With the help of a witch, Fiorimonde uses magic to maintain her beauty. When the King wishes her to marry, Fiorimonde, not wishing her suitors to discover her secret, transforms them into beautiful beads on a necklace. Her maid Yolande, and a friend of one of the suitors, learn of the Princess' wickedness and wish to free her suitors from her curse. She is only defeated when she herself is transformed into a bead on the necklace.

## Summary

Fiorimonde is a beautiful princess whose father is a powerful yet kind king. The princess is a most beautiful yet cruel woman, who practices black magic and witchcraft. Every night, while the rest of the castle sleeps, Princess Fiorimonde travels to a small hut on the side of a mountain where an old and ugly witch teaches her sorcery, and whose magic maintains the Princess' beauty.

As she grows older, the princess's widowed father, with no male heir to his throne, decides it is time for the princess to marry. The Princess knows that should she be wed, her husband will discover her secret that she visits the witch each night and will force her to stop practicing magic, which will cause her to lose her beauty.

That night, the princess goes to the old Witch's hut and asks for advice. The witch offers Fiorimonde a magic gold thread which will turn her suitors into beads should they wrap their fingers around it. Fiorimonde is warned that should she wrap her fingers around the thread, she too will become a bead, and only by the thread being cut and a bead being extracted from the thread, can a bead return to its human form.

The next day, Fiorimonde's father announces that a foreign king has come to marry his daughter. Fiorimonde tricks this king, and all other suitors who come after him, and turns them into beads. Fiorimonde gains the reputation of a princess whose suitors mysteriously disappear. Only Yolande, the Princess' maid, knows what has happened to the suitors, but dares not directly confront her, knowing that she is a sorceress.

One day, after many suitors have come and gone, Prince Florestan tries his luck with the Princess, despite the warnings of his friend Gervaise that all who go to marry Princess Fiorimonde go missing. Prince Florestan goes missing as well. Gervaise however, is told by the Princess's maid, Yolande, of the Princess's sorcery. That night, in an effort to save Prince Florestan and the others, Gervaise and Yolande go to cut the thread from the sleeping Princess's neck. However, Yolande herself becomes a bead in the process.

A few days later, Gervaise returns to Princess Fiorimonde's palace disguised as a Prince. Upon arrival, Gervaise begins to provoke the Princess by saying that he has seen a more beautiful woman than her. Angered, the Princess asks Gervaise to bring this woman to her. Gervaise refuses and leaves. However, he comes back the next day with the necklace, claiming it is a magical necklace. The vain princess believes that Gervaise's necklace must be the source of the mysterious woman's beauty and agrees to exchange necklaces. However, as soon as her fingers wrap around the necklace, she herself becomes a bead.

Gervaise then cuts the golden thread and removes each bead on the necklace at a time, which allows for the returning Princes to tell their stories to the King. Therefore, this proves the wickedness of the princess. Finally, Gervaise removes the beads that are Yolande and his dear friend Prince Florestan. In his humility, the King asks how he can ever repay Gervaise and the other Princes who have been subject to his daughters' cruelty. Gervaise only requests that the bead representing Princess Fiorimonde never be removed from the gold thread, and that the necklace be hung as a warning for others who are as wicked as she is. Agreeing to Gervaise's advice, the King and his court hang the necklace at the town-hall for all to see the princess' punishment. The princes all return to their kingdoms. Gervaise marries Yolande and brings her back to his home with Prince Florestan and they all live happily ever after.

## Publication

"The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde and Other Stories" was written in 1880 and published in London by Macmillan & Co in 1886.


title: Michael J. Walsh

abstract:
Michael J. Walsh is an American designer and creative director who has worked or consulted at the School of Visual Arts, Harry N. Abrams, the Walt Disney Company, Time Inc, Turner Broadcasting, Time Warner and The Washington Post Magazine, among others. He has won over 300 awards for design and art direction in American and international awards competitions for digital, video, exhibition design, multimedia projects and print projects. Work Represented in the Following Collections
AIGA Archives at the Denver Art Museum—Permanent Collection
Columbia University—Permanent Collection at Butler Library
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum—Permanent Collection
International Center of Photography (ICP) Library
Library of Congress—Permanent Collection & Special Collections Reading Room
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Thomas J. Watson Library
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) —Permanent Collection, Library & Archives
The Wolfsonian Museum—Florida International University Collection of Art & Design
Yale University—Robert B. Haas Family Arts Library Work Featured in the Following Publications
Becoming A Graphic Designer Steven Heller /Teresa Fernandes, <Wiley Publishers> New Ornamental Type: Decorative Lettering in the Digital Age Steven Heller/Gail Anderson, <Thames & Hudson Publishers> The Language of Graphic Design: An Illustrated Handbook for Understanding Fundamental Design Principles Richard Poulin, <Rockport Publishers> Visible Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics in the Visual Arts
David Crow, <Ava Academia Publishing, United Kingdom> Awards and honors include: American Illustration
American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA)
AIGA 50 books/50 covers
American Photography American Association of Museums (AAM) Applied Arts Art Direction Magazine Art Directors Club (ADC), New York & D.C.,
Art Direction & Design (AD&D) UK Benjamin Franklin Book Awards PMA
Communication Arts Magazine
Cooper-Hewitt National Design Award Creativity Magazine
The Creative Review Annual UK International Davey Awards
Design Observer/American Institute of Graphic Arts Graphis Design Annual
Graphis Poster Competition
Higher Education 25th Annual Advertising Awards
HOW In-HOWse Design Awards, Best of Show
HOW International Design Awards
HOW Magazine “Perfect 10’’ Awards
HOW Promotion & Marketing Design Awards
I.D. Annual Design Review
LERN International Awards Literary Marketplace (LMP), Individual Achievement award
New York Book Show
One Show Design
Print Magazine Creativity + Commerce Business
Red Dot Award Society of Newspaper Designers (SND)
Society of Publication Designers (SPD)
Summit International Creative awards
Sunday Magazine National Cover competitions
Type Directors Club
University & College Designers Association (UCDA)W3 Web design awards
Webby Awards Web Marketing Association University & College Designers Association, GRAPHIS, and the Red Dot International Design Awards.

text:
# Michael J. Walsh

**Michael J. Walsh** (fl. since 2003) is an American designer and creative director who has worked or consulted at the School of Visual Arts, Harry N. Abrams, the Walt Disney Company, Time Inc, Turner Broadcasting, Time Warner and *The Washington Post Magazine*, among others. He has won over 300 awards for design and art direction in American and international awards competitions for digital, video, exhibition design, multimedia projects and print projects.

**Work Represented in the Following Collections** AIGA Archives at the Denver Art Museum—Permanent Collection Columbia University—Permanent Collection at Butler Library Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum—Permanent Collection International Center of Photography (ICP) Library Library of Congress—Permanent Collection & Special Collections Reading Room Metropolitan Museum of Art, Thomas J. Watson Library Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) —Permanent Collection, Library & Archives The Wolfsonian Museum—Florida International University Collection of Art & Design Yale University—Robert B. Haas Family Arts Library

**Work Featured in the Following Publications** Becoming A Graphic Designer (4th Edition) Steven Heller /Teresa Fernandes, \<Wiley Publishers\>

New Ornamental Type: Decorative Lettering in the Digital Age Steven Heller/Gail Anderson, \<Thames & Hudson Publishers\>

The Language of Graphic Design: An Illustrated Handbook for Understanding Fundamental Design Principles Richard Poulin, \<Rockport Publishers\>

Visible Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics in the Visual Arts (2nd edition) David Crow, \<Ava Academia Publishing, United Kingdom\>

**Awards and honors include:** American Illustration American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) AIGA 50 books/50 covers American Photography American Association of Museums (AAM) Applied Arts Art Direction Magazine Art Directors Club (ADC), New York & D.C., Art Direction & Design (AD&D) UK Benjamin Franklin Book Awards PMA Communication Arts Magazine Cooper-Hewitt National Design Award Creativity Magazine The Creative Review Annual UK International Davey Awards Design Observer/American Institute of Graphic Arts Graphis Design Annual Graphis Poster Competition Higher Education 25th Annual Advertising Awards HOW In-HOWse Design Awards, Best of Show HOW International Design Awards HOW Magazine “Perfect 10’’ Awards HOW Promotion & Marketing Design Awards I.D. Annual Design Review LERN International Awards Literary Marketplace (LMP), Individual Achievement award New York Book Show One Show Design Print Magazine Creativity + Commerce Business Red Dot Award Society of Newspaper Designers (SND) Society of Publication Designers (SPD) Summit International Creative awards Sunday Magazine National Cover competitions Type Directors Club University & College Designers Association (UCDA)W3 Web design awards Webby Awards Web Marketing Association University & College Designers Association (Excellence 2005, Gold 2006, Excellence 2009, Excellence 2010, Excellence 2012, Excellence 2013, Excellence 2014), GRAPHIS (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015), and the Red Dot International Design Awards.


title: FindSounds

abstract:
FindSounds is a website run by the Comparisonics Corporation. It searches an index of over 1,000,000 sounds on the internet, with 100,000 users and 1,000,000 searches each month. The index mainly consists of sound effects and musical instrument samples. Results are in AIFF, AU and WAV formats, in both mono and stereo. The site offers the FindSounds Palette, a program which also searches the FindSounds index. The website has been shown on television: TechTV; in newspapers: The New York Times; in magazines: Electronic Musician, Mix, Online, PC World, Popular Science Video Systems, Yahoo! Internet Life; and on countless websites, such as Yahoo's Pick of the Day, and USAToday.com. The New York Times wrote:
Although professional sound and video producers often use this site, it's a hoot for any visitor with an audio player. You can search for a sound by typing in a phrase like "footsteps on gravel" or browse the Sound Types section for several hundred categorized examples.

text:
# FindSounds

**FindSounds** is a website run by the Comparisonics Corporation. It searches an index of over 1,000,000 sounds on the internet, with 100,000 users and 1,000,000 searches each month. The index mainly consists of sound effects and musical instrument samples. Results are in AIFF, AU and WAV formats, in both mono and stereo.

The site offers the **FindSounds Palette**, a program which also searches the FindSounds index.

The website has been shown on television: TechTV; in newspapers: The New York Times; in magazines: Electronic Musician, Mix, Online, PC World, Popular Science Video Systems, Yahoo! Internet Life; and on countless websites, such as Yahoo's Pick of the Day, and USAToday.com.

The New York Times wrote:

> Although professional sound and video producers often use this site, it's a hoot for any visitor with an audio player. You can search for a sound by typing in a phrase like "footsteps on gravel" or browse the Sound Types section for several hundred categorized examples ("burp" yielded 143 sonic belches).


title: Mfanzile Dlamini

abstract: Mfanzile Dlamini is a Liswati former footballer who played as a striker.

text:
# Mfanzile Dlamini

**Mfanzile Dlamini** (born 18 February 1983) is a Liswati former footballer who played as a striker.

## International goals

*Scores and results list Swaziland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Dlamini goal.*

List of international goals scored by Mfanzile Dlamini
| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 August 1998 | Somhlolo National Stadium, Lobamba, Eswatini | Madagascar | 1-1 | 1-2 | 2000 African Cup of Nations qualification |  |
| 2 | 2 July 2000 | Somhlolo National Stadium, Lobamba, Eswatini | Kenya | 2-1 | 3-2 | 2002 African Cup of Nations qualification |  |
| 3 | 21 April 2002 | Somhlolo National Stadium, Lobamba, Eswatini | Namibia | 1-0 | 2-1 | 2002 COSAFA Cup |  |
| 4 | | | | 2-1 | | | |
| 5 | 19 March 2003 | Somhlolo National Stadium, Lobamba, Eswatini | Lesotho | 1-0 | 1-0 | Friendly |  |
| 6 | 30 March 2003 | Somhlolo National Stadium, Lobamba, Eswatini | DR Congo | 1-0 | 1-1 | 2004 African Cup of Nations qualification |  |
| 7 | 13 July 2003 | Somhlolo National Stadium, Lobamba, Eswatini | Madagascar | 2-0 | 2-0 | 2003 COSAFA Cup |  |
| 8 | 23 July 2008 | Witbank Stadium, eMalahleni, South Africa | Seychelles | 1-0 | 1-0 | 2008 COSAFA Cup qualification |  |
| 9 | 18 October 2009 | Barbourfields Stadium, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe | Seychelles | 2-1 | 2-1 | 2009 COSAFA Cup |  |

## InfoBox

Mfanzile Dlamini
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1983-02-18) 18 February 1983 | | |
| Place of birth | Bhunya, Swaziland | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Bhunya Police | | |
|  | Mhlambanyatsi Rovers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2000–2001 | Mhlambanyatsi Rovers |  |  |
| 2001–2003 | Tembisa Classic |  |  |
|  | Louisiana Outlaws |  |  |
| 2003–2007 | Mhlambanyatsi Rovers |  |  |
| 2007– | Royal Leopards |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1998–2009 | Swaziland | 35 | (9) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Tre gringos

abstract: Tre gringos is a song originally recorded by Just D on 1995 album Plast. Originally, the song had a doo-wop arrangement. During the Grammis Awards ceremony in 1996 gala, Just D performed the song together with Thorleifs. The song was now turned into a dansband song with a saxophone arrangement. This version was also released as a single, topping the Swedish singles chart. The song also stayed at Svensktoppen for a total of 13 weeks between 16 March and 8 June 1996, peaking at second position. The Just D and Thorleifs recording charted at Trackslistan for 9 weeks between 9 March and 4 May 1996. Lyrical the song describes a group of people noticing an advertising for a saxophone, and travel with the Stockholm metro blueline from Fridhemsplan out to a suburb to buy it. Once there, they encounter a cultural life originating at warmer places, and the song lyrics describe modern life changing world, making people feel like it's "shrinking". At Dansbandskampen 2008, the song was performed by Nizeguys.

text:
# Tre gringos

**Tre gringos** (*Three gringo's*) is a song originally recorded by Just D on 1995 album *Plast*. Originally, the song had a doo-wop arrangement.

During the Grammis Awards ceremony in 1996 gala, Just D performed the song together with Thorleifs. The song was now turned into a dansband song with a saxophone arrangement. This version was also released as a single, topping the Swedish singles chart. The song also stayed at Svensktoppen for a total of 13 weeks between 16 March and 8 June 1996, peaking at second position.

The Just D and Thorleifs recording charted at Trackslistan for 9 weeks between 9 March and 4 May 1996.

Lyrical the song describes a group of people noticing an advertising for a saxophone, and travel with the Stockholm metro blueline from Fridhemsplan out to a suburb to buy it. Once there, they encounter a cultural life originating at warmer places, and the song lyrics describe modern life changing world, making people feel like it's "shrinking".

At Dansbandskampen 2008, the song was performed by Nizeguys.

## InfoBox

| "Tre gringos" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Just D | |
| Language | Swedish |
| Released | 1995 |
| Genre | hip hop |
| Label | Telegram |
| Songwriter(s) | Just D |


title: Travis Reed

abstract: Travis Reed is an American retired professional basketball player. Reed played college basketball for UCLA and Long Beach State. He played professionally in the Netherlands, Estonia, Romania, Australia and Germany.

text:
# Travis Reed

**Travis Reed** (born August 6, 1979) is an American retired professional basketball player. Reed played college basketball for UCLA and Long Beach State. He played professionally in the Netherlands, Estonia, Romania, Australia and Germany.

## Professional career

He is left-handed and was known as a very effective player around the basket. He became an MVP of the Dutch League in the 2003–04 season, and won Dutch championship the same season with Hanzevast Capitals Groningen. In 2006, Reed joined BC Kalev/Cramo and with the team he won two Estonian Cups and two Estonian Championship silver medals. Eurobasket.com voted him 2006–07 Baltic Basketball League Player of the Year. Also was first team all league in Australian league.

## Honours

### Club

**Hanzevast Capitals**

**BC Kalev/Cramo**

### Individual

**EBBC Den Bosch**

**Hanzevast Capitals**

**BC Kalev/Cramo**

## InfoBox

Travis Reed
| Reed playing for Kalev in 2007 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1979-08-06) August 6, 1979<br>Los Angeles, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) |
| Listed weight | 226 lb (103 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | A. B. Miller (Fontana, California) |
| College |  |
| NBA draft | 2002: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2002–2012 |
| Position | Center / power forward |
| Number | 13 |
| Career history | |
| 2002–2003 | Den Bosch |
| 2003–2006 | Hanzevast Capitals |
| 2006–2008 | Kalev |
| 2008–2009 | Mureș |
| 2009–2010 | Tallinna Kalev |
| 2010–2011 | Rockhampton Rockets |
| 2011–2012 | Saar-Pfalz Braves |
| 2012 | Rockhampton Rockets |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: FindLaw

abstract: FindLaw is a business of Thomson Reuters that provides online legal information in the form of state laws, case law and codes, legal blogs and articles, a lawyer directory, DIY legal services and products, and other legal resources. The company also provides online marketing services for law firms. FindLaw was created by Stacy Stern, Martin Roscheisen, and Tim Stanley in 1995, and was acquired by Thomson West in 2001. FindLaw.com began in Silicon Valley in 1995 when the original founders compiled a list of attorney resources for a group of law librarians in Northern California. Based on the positive sentiment from the librarians, the founders decided to publish this information as a public legal resource on the domain FindLaw.com. Though there was a formal launch of FindLaw.com on January 9, 1996, the domain was first registered December 13. 1995. The website soon offered a wide array of legal content and resources for both attorneys and consumers, including a lawyer directory, an online career center and message boards like the famous "Greedy Associates" which exists today on the FindLaw.com website as a popular blog.

text:
# FindLaw

**FindLaw** is a business of Thomson Reuters that provides online legal information in the form of state laws, case law and codes, legal blogs and articles, a lawyer directory, DIY legal services and products, and other legal resources. The company also provides online marketing services for law firms. FindLaw was created by Stacy Stern, Martin Roscheisen, and Tim Stanley in 1995, and was acquired by Thomson West in 2001.

**FindLaw.com** began in Silicon Valley in 1995 when the original founders compiled a list of attorney resources for a group of law librarians in Northern California. Based on the positive sentiment from the librarians, the founders decided to publish this information as a public legal resource on the domain FindLaw.com. Though there was a formal launch of FindLaw.com on January 9, 1996, the domain was first registered December 13. 1995. The website soon offered a wide array of legal content and resources for both attorneys and consumers, including a lawyer directory, an online career center and message boards like the famous "Greedy Associates" which exists today on the FindLaw.com website as a popular blog.

## History

### 1995-2001: early years

In 1995, two attorneys compiled a list of lawyer resources for a group of California law librarians and then published that list online. The attorneys registered the domain findlaw.com on December 13, 1995. They had an official public launch of the website in January 1996. By June 1996, there was an interactive online continuing legal education course offering. The following year saw the launch of LegalMinds, followed the year after by JusticeMail (sunsetted in 2021).

FindLaw.com won gold medals for best legal website in 1997, 1998, and 1999.

By end of 1999, FindLaw had both acquired LawyerMarketing.com to launch FindLaw Lawyer Marketing and made available free access to legal briefs. In 1999 it also launched its FirmSite service, providing website design and content services for attorneys.

In the start of 2000, FindLaw created partnerships with The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN Interactive, Earthlink, Quicken, USA Today, and other media for sharing content.

By midyear of 2000, FindLaw offered the first legal portal to support personalization through “My FindLaw." By October of the same year, FindLaw launched an extensive and comprehensive lawyers and law firm directory for the entire United States.

### 2002–present: growth under Thomson Reuters

In 2001, Thomson West (formerly West Publishing company, currently Thomson Reuters) acquired FindLaw.

FindLaw surpassed $100 million in yearly revenue in 2007, and $200 million in 2012.

It launched Web Advantage and video services in 2008. In 2009, FindLaw expanded internationally by acquiring Contract Law in the UK (divested in 2012). It began providing website services to international law firms the following year.

Between 2010 and 2013, FindLaw significantly increased its footprint in the online legal network and directory space by acquiring SuperLawyers (2010), a business that recognizes the top attorneys in the U.S., and LawInfo.com (2013). The LawInfo acquisition included Abogado.com, a Spanish language website that provides legal information and a lawyer directory to Spanish speakers in the U.S.

Also in 2010, FindLaw provided a blog option to its website clients, allowing for consistent, fresh content. The posts were later promoted on Facebook when FindLaw launched social media services (2015).

FindLaw debuted do-it-yourself estate planning and business formation services in 2022, allowing consumers to create simple estate plans and form simple business entities.

Today, FindLaw.com receives more than 100 million visits a year.

In October 2024, Thomson Reuters announced it would sell FindLaw to Internet Brands.

## Products and services of FindLaw.com

FindLaw.com is a free legal information website.

The website FindLaw.com includes extensive legal information presented in the form of U.S. case law found on caselaw.findlaw.com, and in comprehensive review like in the case of Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969) that helped define first amendment rights of students in the United States. FindLaw.com also presents state and federal statutes like in the legal summary of California Marijuana Laws that details the legality of possession and use of cannabis in the state of California. U.S. codes are published on codes.findlaw.com and present common codes like New York’s consolidated laws for labor laws. FindLaw.com also offers legal articles and blogs on a wide range of historical and new legal cases and codes like the 2022 overturn of Roe v Wade.

The website FindLaw.com also includes a free attorney directory on lawyers.findlaw.com that allows consumers to browse and select lawyers by their geographical location and practice areas of the law.

The website FindLaw.com also offers DIY services and products for consumers in need of legal assistance.

The company also published the magazine Writ, whose contributors (mostly legal academics) argued, explained, and debated legal matters of topical interest.

## InfoBox

FindLaw
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of business | Legal |
| Headquarters | Eagan, Minnesota |
| Owner | West (Thomson Reuters) |
| Founder(s) | Stacy Stern, Martin Roscheisen, Tim Stanley |
| Key people | ⦁ Steve Hasker (President & CEO, Thomson Reuters) ⦁ Wendy F. Gomes (Executive Assistant to the CEO, Thomson Reuters) ⦁ Paul Fischer (President, Legal Professionals, Thomson Reuters) ⦁ Mary Alice Vuicic (Chief People Officer, Thomson Reuters) ⦁ Kirsty Roth (Chief Operations & Technology Officer, Thomson Reuters)<br>⦁ David F. Wong (Chief Product Officer, Thomson Reuters) |
| URL | www.findlaw.com |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Launched | December 13, 1995 |


title: Michael May (cricketer)

abstract: Michael Robert May is a former English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1989 and 1999. He made his debut appearances for Derbyshire at the 1989 Second XI Trophy, but made no contribution with either bat or ball. He appeared steadily in the same competition until 1996, when he began to make an impact in the first team, debuting against a combined team of Indian batsmen and bowlers from around the country. He almost managed to score a half century on debut, turning out the next week for his debut County championship match. He played in the County Championship regularly for two seasons, before making his final appearances as a cricketer in the Second XI trophy in July 1999. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler. He left Derbyshire in 1999 and emigrated to Australia.

text:
# Michael May (cricketer)

**Michael Robert May** (born 22 July 1971) is a former English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1989 and 1999.

He made his debut appearances for Derbyshire at the 1989 Second XI Trophy, but made no contribution with either bat or ball. He appeared steadily in the same competition until 1996, when he began to make an impact in the first team, debuting against a combined team of Indian batsmen and bowlers from around the country. He almost managed to score a half century on debut, turning out the next week for his debut County championship match. He played in the County Championship regularly for two seasons, before making his final appearances as a cricketer in the Second XI trophy in July 1999. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler.

He left Derbyshire in 1999 and emigrated to Australia.


title: The Muppets Movie Adventures

abstract: The Muppets Movie Adventures is a 2014 platform game developed by Virtual Toys and published by Sony Computer Entertainment, exclusively for the PlayStation Vita handheld system. The title is based on the films The Muppets and Muppets Most Wanted. The game centres around the production of a movie, with characters from The Muppets era serving as the characters in the respective film. The Muppets Movie Adventures was released in Europe on November 5, 2014, with physical copies arriving a short time later. The North American version arrived a year later. Upon launch, the title received mixed to negative reviews. The game is narrated by Cheryl Henson, daughter of The Muppets era creator Jim Henson and the current president of the Jim Henson Foundation.

text:
# The Muppets Movie Adventures

***The Muppets Movie Adventures*** is a 2014 platform game developed by Virtual Toys and published by Sony Computer Entertainment, exclusively for the PlayStation Vita handheld system. The title is based on the films The Muppets and Muppets Most Wanted. The game centres around the production of a movie, with characters from The Muppets era serving as the characters in the respective film. *The Muppets Movie Adventures* was released in Europe on November 5, 2014, with physical copies arriving a short time later. The North American version arrived a year later. Upon launch, the title received mixed to negative reviews.

The game is narrated by Cheryl Henson, daughter of The Muppets era creator Jim Henson and the current president of the Jim Henson Foundation.

## Gameplay

*The Muppets Movie Adventures* is a 2-dimensional side-scrolling platform game in which players traverse landscapes based on famous films, jumping across obstacles and exploring the terrain. Enemies appear in each chapter, who have the ability to swing or throw projectiles at the player (these vary depending on the stage). If hit, the player loses half of a heart; with three hearts being available, the gamer may receive a maximum of five hits before restarting from a nearby checkpoint. Hearts are scattered throughout the level. When collected, the life bar is restored to maximum capacity. Controlled characters also house weapons however, which allows the player to attack and defeat enemies. Mini-games in the style of dots and boxes are also scattered throughout levels. These puzzles must be solved in order for the player to progress through the stage.

Each stage features a different player character and is centered around a particular movie genre (for example, level three is a western film), and features a unique story not related to other levels. At the end of each stage is a boss battle. Scattered throughout each level are collectibles as well.

## Stages/Synopsis

There are a total of five stages in *The Muppets Movie Adventures*. Each stage is locked (with the exception of the first one) until the level before it is completed.

**Stage One:** *Greenlegs: The Swashbuckling Pirate Frog*
**Based on:** Original Story?
**Theme:** Pirate

The players control Kermit the Frog playing the role of "Captain Greenlegs" who is the captain of the pirate ship called the Rapid Mosquito. Greenlegs is described as a pirate Robin Hood, as he donates portions of his loot to those in need. This action has garnered the captain considered popularity with the public, including "being voted pirate of the year the last ten years by Pirate Monthly Magazine". However, the tyrannical Guard Chief Sweetums is jealous of Greenlegs, feeling he should be the hero of the citizens. Guard Chief Sweetums captures Greenelegs, tying him over a pool of sharks to eliminate the pirate. However, Greenlegs escapes. The player then assumes control, with the task of traversing though the local town on route to your ship, in order to make a safe getaway. Even when Captain Greenlegs defeats Guard Chief Sweetums, he encounters him again where it is stated that he is his twin brother due to this being a low-budget movie and that they couldn't afford another actor. Following the defeat of Guard Chief Sweetums and his twin brother, Captain Greenlegs returns to the Rapid Mosquito and sets sail for bold new adventures.

**Stage Two:** *The Wizard of the Green Earth*
**Based on:** *The Wizard of Oz (1939)*
**Theme:** Fantasy

The players control Miss Piggy, who plays the role of "Princess Miss Piggy". Piggy reigns over the paradise-like land of Green Earth which is described as a land of "fantasy, magic and powerful warriors". Despite this beauty, "Evil Wizard Uncle Deadly" has been barred from Green Earth ever since he proposed to transform a portion of Green Earth into a parking garage with narrow spaces, overpriced rates, and gas-guzzling cars that belch smoke and make annoying screeching sounds with their brakes. Princess Miss Piggy demanded that Green Earth would remain pure. In order to entice Miss Piggy to allow construction, Evil Wizard Uncle Deadly has his minions bring gifts to the princess. When this fails, Evil Wizard Uncle Deadly sends his chicken henchmen to kidnap the famed court musician "Kermit the Court Musician Frog" who Princess Miss Piggy likes. The level revolves entirely around Miss Piggy climbing the Black Tower in order to save Kermit and stop Evil Wixard Uncle Deadly. After fighting her way past the army of chickens and orcs (portrayed by blue versions of Timmy Monster), Princess Miss Piggy confronts Evil Wizard Uncle Deadly and defeats him by deflecting the green energy balls back towards him. Princess Miss Piggy frees Kermit the Court Musician Frog and they live happily ever after.

**Stage Three:** *The Good, the Bad and the Animal*
**Based on:** *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)*
**Theme:** Western

The players control Animal (dressed identically as the Man with No Name), a retired sheriff who's forced back into action after an incident at a local town named Frogstone. The town residence have been longing for tomato sauce to add onto their pasta which is a traditional meal. One day, sauce is discovered to be under the town (similar in vain to when oil is struck) by a local dog. Seeing an opportunity for profit, Constantine (dressed in a fashion similar to Angel Eyes), a pasta tycoon, attempts to steal the sauce with the help of his henchrats. This is when Animal comes in upon being informed by a local woman (portrayed by Janice). Throughout the level, Animal progresses through both towns and moving trains leading to Animal's meatball shootout with Constantine. Upon defeating Constantine, Sheriff Animal throws Constantine in jail where he will learn the error of his ways.

**Stage Four:** *The Night of the Walking Veggies*
**Based on:** *Night of the Living Dead (1968)*
**Theme:** Horror

The players control Gonzo as Dr. Von Gonzo, the legendary hero of paranormality. With a local town called Marshtown facing a drought, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew builds a machine in his castle which is intended to grow the vegetables itself where he plans to make them grow strong and healthy. However, the absence of Honeydew's helpful and hapless assistant Beaker, who is away on vacation, causes an error in the machine which now makes the vegetables become Vampire Veggies (portrayed by the Singing Food) where its energies affects the crops. Dr. Honeydew tries to stop the machine, but gets injured in the process. When the Vampire Veggies go on a rampage in Marshtown, Dr. Von Gonzo is called in by Camilla the Chicken to shut down the machine and save the town. Throughout the stage, the player must guide Dr. Von Gonzo through the castle in which Dr. Honeydew lives while fighting Vampire Veggies in an effort to turn off the creation. After Dr. Von Gonzo shuts down the machine, Marshtown is saved just as Beaker returns from his vacation to join in on the celebration.

**Stage Five:** *The Koozebane Menace*
**Based on:** *Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)* (title), *Star Trek series (1966–)* (level)
**Theme:** Science fiction

The players control Kermit as Commander Kirmit in a role similar to Captain Kirk. Traveling in his spacecraft alongside First Mate Miss Piggy in Far Off Sector 355 in the outer reaches of outer space, Commander Kermit are lost in a remote part of the galaxy while exploring deep space. They then receive a distress signal from aliens asking for assistance and are hit by a meteorite and crash land on the nearby planet Koozebane. Commander Kermit wakes up to find Miss Piggy missing, but notices multiple footprints leading away from the ship. Having concluded his passenger was taken, Commander Kermit sets out to find Miss Piggy while also collecting parts to repair his ship's broken generator. Commander Kermit possesses the ability to boost and hover with his space boots in this mission, while also using a bubble gun similar in appearance and execution to the Phasers from Star Trek to fend off the native fauna. The end villain is revealed to be a giant-sized Pepe the King Prawn who is madly in love with First Mate Miss Piggy and has since become the king of Koozebane following a cheap vacation. After using his molecular reducer to reduce Pepe back to his original size making the planet Koozebane not a menace, Commander Kermit rescues First Mate Piggy and they resume their mission to explore the galaxy and look for good places to eat.

Once all the stages are done, the Muppets get together for a group photo at the world premiere of their films.

## Development

The game was announced on August 8, 2014, on Play France, a French website dedicated to PlayStation video game systems. A series of screenshots accompanied the announcement, depicting scenes from the first three stages. The game was released on the PlayStation Store in Australia and Europe a few months later on November 5, 2014. Physical copies would follow later on November 7 in Europe. The game was released in Spain on November 11. Australia's physicals came on November 14. The game would not be released in North America for nearly a year until it launched as a download-only title on September 1, 2015. Virtual Toys and Sony would later collaborate on two more licensed PlayStation Vita exclusive titles aimed at children: *Looney Tunes Galactic Sports* and *Phineas and Ferb: Day of Doofenshmirtz*. Based on the *Looney Tunes* and *Phineas and Ferb* franchises, the games were released in 2015.

## Reception

*The Muppets Movie Adventures* received mixed to negative reviews upon release. The title currently holds a score of 48 on review aggregator Metacritic, based on 12 reviews.

The Vita Lounge's Brad Gruetzmacher, reviewing for both the website and magazine held mixed feelings towards the game. Gruetzmacher praised the animated cutscenes and introductions given by the director at the start of each stage, appreciating their humor directed at all ages. He felt mixed feelings towards the controls, applauding the simplicity of the two-button system (one for jumping, another for attacking) whilst taking issue with the touch screen controls, saying they were "shoe-horned" in. Gruetzmacher also criticized the game for a lack of replay value, short length and easy difficulty. He ultimately awarded the title 2.8/5 stars, giving high marks to the execution but scored the lasting appeal low.

## InfoBox

| The Muppets Movie Adventures | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art for the European version | |
| Developer(s) | Virtual Toys |
| Publisher(s) | Sony Computer Entertainment |
| Composer(s) | Victor David Peral |
| Engine | Unity |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation Vita |
| Release | * EU: November 5, 2014 * AU: November 5, 2014 * NA: September 1, 2015 |
| Genre(s) | Platform |
| Mode(s) | Single player |


title: Michael J. Nelson

abstract: Michael John Nelson is an American comedian and writer, most known for his work on the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 (MST3K). Nelson was the head writer of the series for most of the show's original eleven-year run, and spent half of that time as the on-air host, also named Mike Nelson. In addition to writing books, Nelson is currently part of the online movie riffing site RiffTrax, and was previously part of the straight-to-DVD Film Crew with fellow MST3K alumni, Bill Corbett and Kevin Murphy.

text:
# Michael J. Nelson

**Michael John Nelson** (born October 11, 1964) is an American comedian and writer, most known for his work on the television series *Mystery Science Theater 3000* (*MST3K*). Nelson was the head writer of the series for most of the show's original eleven-year run, and spent half of that time as the on-air host, also named Mike Nelson. In addition to writing books, Nelson is currently part of the online movie riffing site RiffTrax, and was previously part of the straight-to-DVD *Film Crew* with fellow *MST3K* alumni, Bill Corbett and Kevin Murphy.

## Early life

Michael John Nelson was born in the Chicago suburb of St. Charles, Illinois. His ancestry is Danish, German, and Irish. He lived in Geneva, Illinois, until the age of twelve, when his family moved to north-western Wisconsin. He studied theatre and music at the University of Wisconsin–River Falls, but he left before graduating and moved to the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area.

## Career

### *Mystery Science Theater 3000*

Nelson was working as a waiter at T.G.I. Friday's and doing occasional stand-up comedy when he was offered a job on *Mystery Science Theater 3000*, typing the suggestions in the writing room. The writers told him to feel free to make some comments on the movies they were watching, and Nelson impressed them so much with his wit and comedic timing that they made him a staff writer, and, later, head writer. Nelson also appeared frequently in the show's host segments, often playing characters from the movies being mocked such as Torgo from the infamous *Manos: The Hands of Fate*.

When series creator and host Joel Hodgson decided to leave halfway through the fifth season, he chose Nelson as his replacement, reportedly because he thought Nelson was a natural leader, a gifted comedian, and a gifted muse, and also because Nelson simply looked good standing next to the puppets. Nelson remained as host for another five and a half seasons (surviving the show's switching networks from Comedy Central to the Sci-Fi Channel) until the original run ended in 1999.

### Post-*MST3K*

**Writing**

Since the series ended, Nelson has worked steadily as a writer, publishing several books (as of March 2006): *Mike Nelson's Movie Megacheese*, *Mike Nelson's Mind Over Matters* and *Mike Nelson's Death Rat!*, the last being his first novel. His other works include a series of pop-culture humor books, *Happy Kitty Bunny Pony*, *Goth-Icky*, and *Love Sick*, as well as a monthly column for *Home Theater Magazine*. He also wrote for the short-lived game show *Let's Bowl*. He has commentary tracks for DVD releases of several films, including *Reefer Madness*, *The Little Shop of Horrors*, *House on Haunted Hill*, *Plan 9 from Outer Space*, *Carnival of Souls*, and *Night of the Living Dead*. With his *MST3K* co-stars Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett, he was part of a comedy team called "The Film Crew", which has created comedy segments for National Public Radio. The first Film Crew DVD, *Hollywood After Dark*, was released July 10, 2007, and three more followed in the months after.

**Legend Films | RiffTrax**

In 2006, Nelson was appointed Chief Content Producer for Legend Films. He is responsible for building and leading the company's creative content, providing continuous commentaries, and developing other premium web-based programming. "I'm very excited. Legend Films is such a great fit for me—talented people who consistently put out a great product. Plus, there are Flaming Hot Cheetos in the lunch room vending machine. That made it an easy choice to join the team," enthused Nelson.

One of the projects put together by Nelson and Legend Films was RiffTrax, a website offering the purchase of downloadable audio commentaries once again costarring two former *MST3K* cast members Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett. The first commentary made available through the service was for *Road House*. In a September 2006 interview, Nelson said he felt that Rifftrax may be the closest thing to a reunion of the *Mystery Science Theater 3000* team. In 2016, additional MST3K alumni, Joel Hodgson, Trace Beaulieu, and Frank Conniff, all appeared for a live reunion at the State Theatre in Minneapolis with Nelson, Murphy and Corbett. They were also joined by the newest host, Jonah Ray.

**Voice work**

In 2013, Nelson agreed to do voiceover work for *Armikrog*. Nelson voices the lead character, Tommynaut.

**Podcasts**

In 2016, Nelson and David Berge started the podcast *Like Trees Walking*. They look at life and faith from a Christian perspective, with a lightly humorous, offbeat approach.

Since 2017, he has created, with Conor Lastowka, the podcast *372 Pages We'll Never Get Back*, which analyses books of contested quality.

## Personal life

Nelson has described the role of Christianity in his family as "the very centerpiece of our lives. We're heavily involved in our church, my wife works with youth groups and churches as her profession, and almost every career and life decision I make depends upon it." He studies Christian apologetics and cites William Lane Craig and C.S. Lewis as influences.

Nelson has suffered from chronic debilitating headaches for most of his adult life; he wrote a short piece about his experience for the *New York Times* in 2007.

## InfoBox

| Michael J. Nelson | |
| --- | --- |
| Nelson at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con | |
| Born | (1964-10-11) October 11, 1964
St. Charles, Illinois, U.S. |
| Occupations | * Comedian * writer |
| Notable work | *Mystery Science Theater 3000*
RiffTrax |
| Spouse | Bridget Jones (m. 1989) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Mariano Rubio

abstract: Mariano Rubio was a Spanish economist who served as the governor of Bank of Spain in the period 1984–1992. He involved in a scandal known as Ibercorp incident and was forced to resign from the office.

text:
# Mariano Rubio

**Mariano Rubio** (14 November 1931–4 October 1999) was a Spanish economist who served as the governor of Bank of Spain in the period 1984–1992. He involved in a scandal known as Ibercorp incident and was forced to resign from the office.

## Early life and education

Rubio was born in Burgos on 14 November 1931. He studied law, but he did not complete his studies. He later graduated from the University of Madrid receiving a bachelor's degree in economics. During his undergraduate studies he was part of the University Socialist Association and arrested due to his anti-Francoist activities.

## Career

Following his release from the prison Rubio left Spain for Paris where he worked at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. He returned to Spain in 1963 and began to work at the treasury. In 1965 he was appointed deputy director of the research department of the Bank of Spain. Ángel Madroñero, the head of the department, was instrumental in his appointment.

Rubio became general director of financial policy department of the ministry of finance in 1970 and remained in the office until his resignation in 1972. Next year he was named as the head of Enagás company. Between 1977 and 1984 he was deputy governor of the Bank of Spain. He succeeded J. R. Álvarez Rendueles as governor of the bank in July 1984. Rubio's appointment was supported by the Economy Minister Carlos Solchaga. Rubio had to resign from the office in July 1992 due to his involvement in a scandal known as Ibercorp case and was replaced by Luis Angel Rojo in the post. Rubio was accused of employing some confidential information to gain dividends in the stock market and of falsifying official documents.

During his tenure as governor of the bank Spanish credit market was radically transformed and became much more liberal than the previous periods.

## Later years, personal life and death

Following the Ibercorp case Carlos Solchaga resigned from the office. Miguel Boyer also implicated in the case, and both Boyer and Rubio in addition to others, including their wives, were taken to the court. Rubio arrested and jailed due to his involvement in the scandal in 1994.

Rubio married twice. He first married Isabel Azcárate. His second wife was Uruguay-born author Carmen Posadas with who he wed in January 1988. He died of colon cancer in Madrid on 4 October 1999.

## InfoBox

| Mariano Rubio | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Mariano Rubio Jiménez
14 November 1931
Burgos |
| Died | 4 October 1999(1999-10-04) (aged 67)
Madrid |
| Occupation | Economist |
| Years active | 1960s–July 1992 |
| Known for |  |
| Spouses | *   Isabel Azcárate (divorced) *   Carmen Posadas (m. 1988) |


title: Gayraliaceae

abstract: Gayraliaceae is a family of green algae in the order Ulotrichales.

text:
# Gayraliaceae

**Gayraliaceae** is a family of green algae in the order Ulotrichales.

## InfoBox

| Gayraliaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Gayralia oxysperma* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Viridiplantae |
| Division: | Chlorophyta |
| Class: | UTC clade |
| Order: | Ulotrichales |
| Family: | Gayraliaceae<br>K.L.Vinogradova |
|
| Genera | |
|  | |