title: The Freightwhaler Sessions

abstract: The Freightwhaler Sessions is an unreleased EP by alt-country artist Ryan Adams' side project band Freightwhaler, recorded in 1996. At the time, Adams was also a member of Whiskeytown. After attending a Freight Whaler concert in Raleigh, NC, No Depression writer David Menconi described the band as such: "...imagine an alternate version of the movie Revenge of the Nerds, in which the long-oppressed geeks form a gutsy roots-rock band instead of a cheeseball synth-pop band." The unreleased EP, which has made the rounds among the file-sharing community, is notable for the song "Bar Lights", which was later re-cut for Pneumonia, Whiskeytown's final album from 2001. Freight Whaler bassist Chris Laney revealed to AnsweringBell.com that two slower songs - "Sometimes That's Hard To Do" and "Picture Of Jesus On The Dashboard" - were recorded after drummer Skillet Gilmore broke his collarbone and couldn't play drums anymore.

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# The Freightwhaler Sessions

***The Freightwhaler Sessions*** is an unreleased EP by alt-country artist Ryan Adams' side project band Freightwhaler (Freight Whaler), recorded in 1996. At the time, Adams was also a member of Whiskeytown.

After attending a Freight Whaler concert in Raleigh, NC, *No Depression* writer David Menconi described the band as such: "...imagine an alternate version of the movie *Revenge of the Nerds*, in which the long-oppressed geeks form a gutsy roots-rock band instead of a cheeseball synth-pop band."

The unreleased EP, which has made the rounds among the file-sharing community, is notable for the song "Bar Lights", which was later re-cut for *Pneumonia*, Whiskeytown's final album from 2001.

Freight Whaler bassist Chris Laney revealed to AnsweringBell.com that two slower songs - "Sometimes That's Hard To Do" and "Picture Of Jesus On The Dashboard" - were recorded after drummer Skillet Gilmore broke his collarbone and couldn't play drums anymore.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "At the Drive In" |  | 4:22 |
| 2. | "Bar Lights" | Ryan Adams | 3:23 |
| 3. | "The Ghosts Are Out Tonight" |  | 4:39 |
| 4. | "Sometimes That's Hard to Do" |  | 5:14 |
| 5. | "Picture of Jesus on the Dashboard" |  | 3:19 |

## Personnel

* Ryan Adams – guitar, vocals
* Sloane Doggett – guitar
* Skillet Gilmore – drums
* Chris Laney – bass guitar
* Nicholas Petti – pedal steel
* Recorded by Wes Lachot

## InfoBox

| The Freightwhaler Sessions | |
| --- | --- |
| EP by Freight Whaler | |
| Released | Unreleased |
| Recorded | 1996 |
| Genre | Alternative country, Country rock |
| Length | 20:59 |


title: The Flower Book (album)

abstract: The Flower Book is a compilation album by the French singer/songwriter Émilie Simon. Released only in the US and Canada, this album takes from all her previous works, and adds two new versions of songs, “I Wanna Be Your Dog (Remix)” and “Desert ”.

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# The Flower Book (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |

***The Flower Book*** is a compilation album by the French singer/songwriter Émilie Simon. Released only in the US and Canada, this album takes from all her previous works, and adds two new versions of songs, “I Wanna Be Your Dog (Remix)” and “Desert (English Version) ”.

## Track listing

1. “Song Of The Storm” from *La Marche de l'Empereur*
2. I Wanna Be Your Dog
3. “Dame De Lotus” from *Végétal*
4. Désert” (English version)
5. Fleur De Saison” from *Végétal*
6. “Le Vieil Amant” from *Végétal*
7. “Sweet Blossom” from *Végétal*
8. “Rose Hybride De Thé” from *Végétal*
9. “Never Fall In Love” from *Végétal*
10. “Flowers” from *Émilie Simon*
11. “Il Pleut” from *Émilie Simon*
12. “Swimming” from *Végétal*
13. “In The Lake” from *Végétal*
14. “My Old Friend” from *Végétal*
15. “To The Dancers In The Rain” from *Émilie Simon*

## InfoBox

| The Flower Book | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Émilie Simon | |
| Released | November 7, 2006 |
| Recorded | 2002–2006 |
| Genre | Pop, trip hop, techno |
| Label | Milan Records |
| Émilie Simon chronology | |
| *Végétal*
(2006) ***The Flower Book***
(2006) *À L’Olympia*
(2007) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Manor of Iron Acton

abstract: The historic manor of Iron Acton was a manor centred on the village of Iron Acton in Gloucestershire, England, situated about 9 miles (14 km) north-east of the centre of the City of Bristol. The manor house, known as Acton Court is a Tudor building which survives today, situated at some distance from the village and parish church of St Michael. It was long the principal seat of the prominent Poyntz family, lords of the manor, whose manorial chapel is contained within the parish church.

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# Manor of Iron Acton

The historic **manor of Iron Acton** was a manor centred on the village of Iron Acton in Gloucestershire, England, situated about 9 miles (14 km) north-east of the centre of the City of Bristol. The manor house, known as Acton Court is a Tudor (16th century) building which survives today, situated at some distance from the village and parish church of St Michael. It was long the principal seat of the prominent Poyntz family, lords of the manor, whose manorial chapel is contained within the parish church.

## Descent of the manor

### de Acton

The de Acton family long held the manor of Iron Acton, from which they took their surname. Their arms were: *Quarterly per fess indented argent and azure*. The arms of Reynold de Acton in the Collins Roll of Arms are blazoned as *Quarterly per fess indented azure and ermine*. The later descent of this family as recorded in the heraldic visitation of Gloucestershire is as follows:

* John de Acton
* Sir John de Acton (died 1312), son, who married a certain Helena, by whom he had one son and two daughters:
    + John de Acton (died 1314), son and heir, see below.
    + Johanna de Acton, wife of a certain Randolph
    + Matilda (or Maud) de Acton, who married (as his second wife) Nicholas Poyntz (died 1311), feudal baron of Curry Mallet in Somerset, by whom she had issue. She survived her husband and remarried to Roger Chandos, by whom she had a son Thomas Chandos.
* John de Acton (died 1314), son and heir, who married a certain Milicent.
* John de Acton (died 1362), son, who married a certain Johanna and died childless, following which his heir to Iron Acton became the descendant of his aunt Matilda (or Maud) de Acton, wife of Nicholas Poyntz (died 1311).

### Poyntz

#### John Poyntz (died 1376)

Effigies believed to represent Sir John Poyntz (died 1376), son of Matilda de Acton, and his wife Elizabeth Clanvowe (died 1372), daughter of Philip Clanvowe; **right**: Clanvowe arms: *Paly of six or and azure, on a fess gules three mullets or*, as quartered by Poyntz

John Poyntz (d. 24 Feb 1376), a younger son of Nicholas Poyntz (died 1311), feudal baron of Curry Mallet in Somerset, by his second wife Matilda (or Maud) de Acton, aunt and heiress in her issue of John de Acton (died 1362) of Iron Acton. he married twice:

* Firstly to Elizabeth Clanvowe, daughter of Philip Clanvowe and aunt and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Clanvowe (died 1410), Member of Parliament, by whom he had issue Robert Poyntz (died 1439), see below.
* Secondly to a certain Margaret, who survived him.

#### Robert Poyntz (1349–1439)

Robert Poyntz (1349–1439), son by his father's first marriage. He was MP for Gloucestershire in 1415 and 1417 and Sheriff of Gloucestershire 1396-7. He was steward between 1405–1416 of the estates of Anne of Gloucester (died 1438), dowager Countess of Stafford in Glos., Hants., and Wilts. and by 1439 was steward of the manor of her son Humphrey Stafford, 6th Earl of Stafford(died 1460) at Thornbury Castle. Robert's surviving ledger stone in Iron Acton Church depicts a knight, almost life-size, wearing a helmet with the body in plate armour with a skirt of traces. He wears a gorget with slight traces of chain-mail, round shoulder pieces, brassarts on the arms, gauntlets with pointed cuffs, legs in plate. His feet rest on a dog. The slab is much worn and was broken in two places in the 19th century. The ledger line contains the following inscription: *Here lyeth Roberd poyntz Lord of Iren Acton and thys stepyl maked who deyde the fiftene day of Junne the year of oure Lord MCCCCXX...*(last XIX worn away) *of whos sowle God have mercy Amen*. He built the steeple of Iron Acton Church, although the church lacks a steeple today, and none is shown in a 19th-century engraving of the church. The church tower itself appears to date from before the time of Robert, so surely cannot have been "the stepyl" referred to. It is however widely accepted that Robert erected the stone preaching cross in the church yard, which displays escutcheons bearing the arms of Acton and FitzNichol, the latter being the family of his second wife. The second slab is incised with the following words within a ledger line: *Here lyeth Anne the firste wife of Roberd Poyntz of whos sowle God have mercy Amen*. In the centre is shown a life-sized lady wearing a dress with tight-fitting body, low in the neck, laced from hands to waist with tight sleeves, full skirt and reticulated head-dress. The third slab retains only part of a female figure with a ledger line containing the words: *...erine the second wyfe of Robert Poyntz*. The slab was re-incised with a Latin inscription to commemorate Elizabeth Poyntz(died 1631), wife of a much later Robert Poyntz.

He married twice:

* Firstly to a certain Anna, without children.
* Secondly to Catherine FitzNichol, a daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas FitzNichol of Hill, Gloucestershire, many times MP for Gloucestershire. She is said to have been murdered by one of her younger sons Maurice Poyntz, who was executed for matricide. By his second wife he left numerous children.

#### Nicholas Poyntz (died 1461)

Nicholas Poyntz (died 1461), son by his father's second wife. He married twice:

* Firstly to Elizabeth Mills, daughter of Sir Edward Mills of Horscomb, Gloucestershire, by whom he had children:
    + John Poyntz (died 1465/1472), eldest son and heir, see below.
    + Humphrey Poyntz (died 1487), of Langley, Yarnscombe, Devon, who married Elizabeth Pollard, of the Pollard family of Langley.
    + Elizabeth Poyntz, wife of John Carne.
* Secondly to Elizabeth Hussey, daughter of Henry Hussey of Sussex, by whom he had children:
    + Henry Poyntz, who founded the Poyntz family of Ockendon, Essex.
    + Alice Poyntz, wife of Maurice Denys (c. 1410 – 1466), Esquire, of Siston, Gloucestershire, twice Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1460 and 1461.
    + Elizabeth Poyntz, a nun at Shaftesbury Abbey
    + Joanne Poyntz, wife of William Dodington
    + Margaret Poyntz, wife of John Lisley of Sussex.

#### John Poyntz (died 1465/1472)

John Poyntz (died 1465/1472), eldest son and heir by his father's first wife. He married Alicia Cocks, of Bristol, who survived him and remarried to Sir Edward Berkeley of Beverstone castle. By his wife he had children:

* Robert Poyntz (died 1520), eldest son and heir, see below
* Thomas Poyntz (died 1501), second son, an Esquire of the Body at the baptism of Prince Arthur, first-born son of King Henry VII. He married the widow of Lord Ferrers of Chartley.
* Maurice Poyntz, third son
* Anne Poyntz
* Elizabeth Poyntz

#### Sir Robert Poyntz (died 1520)

Poyntz Chapel in the Gaunt's Chapel, Bristol, built by Sir Robert Poyntz (died 1520); **left**: view towards east end formerly occupied by an altar, with Spanish floor-tiles; **right**: the fan-vaulted ceiling with Poyntz arms impaling Woodville in centre

Sir Robert Poyntz (died 1520), eldest son and heir, a supporter of the future King Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. He was buried in the Gaunt's Chapel, Bristol, in the magnificent "Chapel of Jesus" (known as the "Poyntz Chapel"), a chantry chapel built by him. He married Margaret Woodville, the illegitimate daughter and only child of Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers (c. 1440-1483), Knight of the Garter (brother of Queen Elizabeth Woodville who married King Edward IV), by his mistress Gwenlina Stradling, daughter of William Stradling of St Donat's Castle, Glamorgan. By Margaret Woodville he had five sons and four daughters including:

#### Sir Anthony Poyntz (c. 1480 – 1533)

Sir Anthony Poyntz (c. 1480 – 1533), eldest son and heir, a diplomat and naval commander. He married twice:

#### Sir Nicholas Poyntz (1510–1556)

Sir Nicholas Poyntz (1510–1556), eldest son and heir by his father's first wife. He was a prominent courtier during the latter part of the reign of King Henry VIII. His portrait drawing by Hans Holbein the Younger survives in the Royal Collection. He added the east wing to the moated manor house of Acton Court, which addition was lavishly decorated to impress King Henry VIII, who with his second wife, Anne Boleyn, visited the house in 1535 during a tour of the West Country. He married Joan Berkeley, daughter of Thomas Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (died 1533), of Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, by whom he had five or six sons and three daughters, including his eldest son and heir Nicholas Poyntz (c. 1528 – 1585).

#### Nicholas Poyntz (c. 1528 – 1585)

Sir Nicholas Poyntz (c. 1528 – 1585), eldest son and heir. He was a Member of Parliament for Totnes, Devon, in 1559 and for Gloucestershire in 1571. He was knighted in 1559 and was appointed Sheriff of Gloucestershire for 1569-70. He married twice:

* Firstly to Anne Verney, daughter of Sir Ralph Verney of Penley, Hertfordshire, by whom he had a son and heir John Poyntz (died 1633) and two daughters.
* Secondly to Margaret Stanley, daughter of Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, and widow of John Jermyn of Rushbrooke, Suffolk, by whom he had a further three sons.

#### Sir John Poyntz (died 1633)

Sir John Poyntz (died 1633), eldest son and heir. He was Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1591 and was knighted before 1593. He was elected Member of Parliament for Gloucestershire in 1593. He died insolvent and intestate in 1633 and was buried at Iron Acton. He married four times:

#### Sir Robert Poyntz (died 1666)

Sir Robert Poyntz (died 1666), KB, son and heir. He was the last Poyntz of Iron Acton. He was appointed Knight of the Order of the Bath on 2 February 1626, at the coronation of Charles I. In 1626 he was elected Knight of the Shire for Gloucestershire and was re-elected in 1628 and sat until 1629 when King Charles I decided to rule without parliament for eleven years. He was High Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1637. He married Francisca Gibbons, a daughter and co-heiress of Geruatus Gibbons of Kent, by whom he left no male children, only two daughters:

* Grissel Poyntz, who married Richard Porter
* Margareta Poyntz, who married firstly Sir Richard Hastings and secondly Samuel Gorges.

## Sources

## Further reading

* Maclean, Sir John, *Historical and Genealogical Memoirs of the Family of Poyntz, or, Eight centuries of an English House*, 2 Volumes, 1886
* The Topographer: March 1821, Volume 5, Issue 1, edited by Stebbing Shaw, *Oxfordshire Visitation*, pp. 45–8, pedigree and heraldry of Poyntz
* Burke, John, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, enjoying Territorial Possessions or High Official Rank, but uninvested with Heritable Honours, Vol 3, 1836, pp. 537–9


title: Manor of Kittisford

abstract: Kittisford is a historic manor near Wellington in Somerset, England. It is situated on the River Tone, south of the village of Bathealton. The surviving manor house is called Kittisford Barton, situated formerly within the historic parish of Kittisford, now amalgamated into the parish of Stawley. It was built in the late 15th or early 16th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.

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# Manor of Kittisford

**Kittisford** is a historic manor near Wellington in Somerset, England. It is situated on the River Tone, south of the village of Bathealton. The surviving manor house is called Kittisford Barton, situated formerly within the historic parish of Kittisford, now amalgamated into the parish of Stawley. It was built in the late 15th or early 16th century. It is a Grade II\* listed building.

## Descent

### Arundel

The Domesday Book of 1086 lists the manor of *Chedesford* as held in-chief from King William the Conqueror by Roger Arundel, whose tenant there was a certain *William*. Immediately before the Norman Conquest of 1066 it had been held by the Saxon *Osmund Stramun*. The Domesday entry may be translated from Latin as follows:

"Wilham holds of Roger, Chedesford. Osmund Stramun held it in the time of King Edward, and gelded for two hides. The arable is seven carucates. In demesne are two carucates, and three servants, and five villanes, and six cottagers, with three ploughs and a half. There is a mill of seven shillings rent, and three acres of meadow, and ten acres of pasture, and twelve acres of wood. It was worth forty shillings, now sixty shillings".

### de Kittisford

The descendants of the Domesday Book tenant "William" later assumed the surname *de Kittisford*, and held this manor till the time of Henry III, when the family died out in the male line. The daughter and heiress of John de Kittisford, the last in the male line, married John de Sydenham, lord of the manor of Sydenham near Bridgwater, Somerset, to whom therefore passed the manor of Kittisford.

### Sydenham

The Sydenham family of Sydenham, about 1/4 mile east of the centre of modern Bridgwater, now the site of Bridgwater College, held Kittisford for several generations. The family split into many prominent branches, the senior branch died out in the male line in the 15th century when Sydenham passed via the heiress to the Cave family, then to the Percival family, later Earl of Egmont. The next senior line was seated in the early 15th century at Combe Sydenham in Somerset, of which family was Simon Sydenham (died 1438), Bishop of Chichester, and later inherited the Somerset manors of Orchard Sydenham (later called Orchard Wyndham) and Brympton d'Evercy, which latter remained the seat of the Sydenham baronets, which title was created in 1641.

### Blewett

In 1481 Kittisford passed to the Blewett family on the marriage of Agnes Sydenham, daughter and heiress of John Sydenham, to Nicholas Blewet of Lottisham. The Blewett family had long been seated at nearby Greenham and at nearby Holcombe Rogus in Devon. Walter Blewet, a descendant of Nicholas, as is recorded in his inquisition post mortem, held at his death the manor of Kittisford, and the advowson of the Church of St. Nicholas thereto belonging and a messuage and one hundred acres of land called South Cothay in the parish of Kittisford, held from the overlord "Eleanor, Countess of Northumberland" (apparently Eleanor Poynings, widow of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland (1421-1461)), by grand serjeanty of one pair of spurs to be paid yearly. His son and heir was Nicholas Blewett (born 1451). In St. Nicholas' Church, Kittisford, survives a monumental brass to Richard Bluett (d.1524) and his wife Agnes Verney. Richard Bluett (d.1524) was the younger son of Walter Bluett of Holcombe Rogus by his wife Jane St Maur, daughter of John St Maur by his wife Elizabeth Brooke, daughter of Thomas Brooke (c.1391-1439), MP for Dorset and Somerset.

### Langdon

In 1791 the owner of the manor of Kittisford was Thomas Langdon.

## Sources

* Collinson, John, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, Vol.3, Bath, 1791, p. 24, *Kittisford*

1. Historic England. "Kittisford Barton (1307955)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
2. Collinson, 1791, p.24
3. Anderson, James, *Genealogical History of the House of Yvery*, Vol.1, 1742, p.63
4. Collinson, 1791, p.24
5. Collinson, 1791, Vol.3, p.86
6. Burke, John & Burke, John Bernard, *A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland and Scotland*, 2nd edition, London, 1841, pp.514-5
7. Pole, Sir William (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, Sir John-William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791, p.473; Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.92
8. Collinson, 1791, p.24
9. Collinson, 1791, p.24
10. Image
11. "Britannia Country Houses: Bluett Family Seats (West Country)". Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
12. Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.92: "Sir Thomas Brooke, Kt., Lord Cobham"
13. "BROOKE, Thomas (C.1391-1439), of Holditch, Dorset and Weycroft, Devon. | History of Parliament Online".
14. Collinson, 1791, p.24


title: Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti

abstract: Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti (M.U.S.S.) is an all-India registered voluntary non-profit social welfare and charitable organization established under Indian Societies Registration Act of 1860 under the leadership & inspiration of Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj. Its primary function is to organize spiritual gatherings all over India and Nepal, at which representatives of other religious and social organizations, as well as political leaders, are also invited to speak. In addition, through its network of more than 3000 Ashrams and centers and its volunteer division, it attempts to serve society at both the spiritual and everyday levels in a variety of ways.

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# Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti

**Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti (M.U.S.S.)** is an all-India registered voluntary non-profit social welfare and charitable organization established under Indian Societies Registration Act of 1860 under the leadership & inspiration of Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj. Its primary function is to organize spiritual gatherings all over India and Nepal, at which representatives of other religious and social organizations, as well as political leaders, are also invited to speak.

In addition, through its network of more than 3000 Ashrams and centers and its volunteer division (Manav Sewa Dal), it attempts to serve society at both the spiritual and everyday levels in a variety of ways.

## Sadbhawana Sammelan

Sadbhawana Sammelan, is a spiritual gathering which is held every year under the leadership of Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj and organized by Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti.

India is crowned by the world’s highest peaks which seem to be saying, ‘Make yourselves lofty like us! Knock down the walls of hatred and nurture noble thoughts in your minds!’ says spritiual master Satpal Maharaj cabinet minister and Ex-Chairman of Parliamentary standing committee on defence. Throughout history, famous explorers and travellers journeyed to India from China, Japan, Tibet, Indonesia and Europe, because India has always been known as the land of spirituality. India’s saints and sages developed a universal spiritual path which can guide the entire human race. India has always exalted the ideal of non-violence. Mahatma Gandhi said, "Real education is the evolution of the spirit", but nowadays we are making zero spiritual progress. Our spiritual heritage teaches us to help one another, to love our fellow man. Whatever you share with others comes back to you multiplied.

While stressing on the spiritual vision for mankind he said Even though India is the land where Divine Masters lived and taught, nowadays the poison of untouchability, prejudice is eating away at society like a cancer. Despite all the laws and legal structures which have been created, man still hates man. Why? Doesn’t he realise the God also dwells in the lowly and the downtrodden? We feel like this because we have lost our spiritual vision. He said We have forgotten the Knowledge which turned a prince Siddhartha into a Buddha. We have lost contact with the experience which changed people into saints and sages. We pay homage to the divine experience that Siddhartha had, due to which he is worshipped around the world. If we have the same experience, our lives will also be transformed. Society and the times can only be changes when we ourselves change. When we change, society will also change and our children will inherit a Golden Age."

## Social initiatives

MUSS is a very 'grassroots' organization. All spiritual and social welfare activities of each district centre around the local ashram. Mahatmas (both male and female) live in these ashrams. They conduct weekly public satsang, usually on Sunday afternoons, in the ashram and also hold programs in private homes and other local venues. These programs aim to promote peace, harmony and goodwill among the diverse sections of Indian society.

Besides its primary objective of spreading spiritual Knowledge, the Society has the following ongoing programs:

* It mobilises medical and relief teams to provide immediate assistance in times of natural disasters such as the earthquakes in Garhwal and Gujarat, the plague in Surat and the cyclones in Gujarat and Orissa
* It provides free and clean drinking water facilities in many towns and villages.
* It runs schools and colleges charging only nominal tuition fees.
* Mahatmas (instructors) from M.U.S.S. hold satsang meetings in prisons. These meetings have helped many inmates rethink their lives and goals and this facilitates their rehabilitation and reintegration into society.
* Dharmshalas (pilgrim accommodation) have been opened at various places of pilgrimage such as Badrinath and Kalimath in the Himalayas. One such dharmshala is situated near the public hospital in Srikot, Garhwal, where relatives of patients can stay free of charge.
* It maintains clinics at many of its ashrams. These offer a variety of treatments. The Delhi Ashram in Punjabi Bagh has a large and well-stocked homeopathic clinic. A small hospital at Satlok Ashram, Muradnagar, offers both homeopathic and Western medical treatment. From time to time, either in conjunction with satsang programs, festivals or at times of natural disasters, medical teams provide free treatment to local people.
* Shri Hans Ayurved Bhavan, at Prem Nagar Ashram Hardwar, manufactures the full range of ayurvedic medicines. In conjunction with the Indian Government, it operated a three-year comprehensive "Village Project" to reacquaint villagers with their traditional low-cost, freely available, safe and environmentally sound methods of healing. Its team of qualified physicians also operates a research centre and a farm to preserve and cultivate medicinal plants.
* *Eye camps* are held from time to time across the country to offer free eye checking and treatment to the poor.
* M.U.S.S. promotes various services such as blood donation camps. It runs cleanliness drives in hospitals and streets as well as anti-drugs and anti-alcohol campaigns.

### Blood donation camps

**Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti** organizes blood donation camps across the various ashrams in India every year. Many participants take part in it with full zeal and vigor. Such camps help in replenish the blood of all blood groups in the blood camps, as many people die due its unavailability. Such a camp was recently held at an Ashram in Punjabi Bagh, Delhi, where 250 Units of blood were collected in association with Lions Club and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital. In the recent held camp, Satpal Maharaj (under whose guidance the camp held) said, blood donation is the true service of humanity (translated from a Hindi version).

### Other activities

#### Facilitation programs

**Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti** organizes many facilitation programs for eradication of the social evils and upliftment of the weaker sections of the society, in one such program organized at Haryana, the Chief Minister, said the spiritual leaders like Shri Ramdev and Shri Satpal Maharaj and some Industrialist have agreed to adopt villages of the state under Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana.

## InfoBox

|
|  |
| Established | 1975 |
| Founder | Shri Satpal Maharaj |
| Founded at | 2/12, East Punjabi Bagh, Delhi - 11026, India |
| Type | Socio-Spiritual |
| Legal status | Non-Profit Organisation |
| Focus | Humanitairan and Socio-Sprititual Activities |
| Headquarters | 2/12, East Punjabi Bagh, Delhi -110026, India |
| Location | * Delhi, India |
| Region | Worldwide |
| Services | Social Activities and Spiritual Awkening |
| Led by | Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj |
| Key people | Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj |
| Main organ | Manav Sewa Dal (M.S.D.) |
| Website | Manav Dharam's Official Website |


title: Manav Singh

abstract: Manav Singh ; was a 17-year-old boy from Gurugram, India, who died by suicide after being falsely accused of sexual harassment by Bhavleen Kaur on her Instagram stories. The boy took his own life by jumping off the 11th floor balcony of his home on May 4, 2020. Following the allegations, he was bullied, shamed, and received threats. The police investigation around the suicide has been claimed to be faulty, leading to the boy's parents filing a petition in a Gurgaon court, which noted that the police had been working at a low pace for 'reasons best known to them'. In June 2021, National Human Rights Commission of India intervened and declared that the investigation had been vitiated and not fair, directing the case to be transferred to the state Criminal Investigation Department (CID). The allegations and the suicide happened on same day as the bois locker room incident, and surfaced to the internet on the next, leading many to assume that they were related.

text:
# Manav Singh

**Manav Singh** \[maːnɛʋ sɪ́ŋɡ\]; (27 November 2002 – 4 May 2020) was a 17-year-old boy from Gurugram, India, who died by suicide after being falsely accused of sexual harassment by Bhavleen Kaur on her Instagram stories. The boy took his own life by jumping off the 11th floor balcony of his home on May 4, 2020. Following the allegations, he was bullied, shamed, and received threats.

The police investigation around the suicide has been claimed to be faulty, leading to the boy's parents filing a petition in a Gurgaon court, which noted that the police had been working at a low pace for 'reasons best known to them'. In June 2021, National Human Rights Commission of India intervened and declared that the investigation had been vitiated and not fair, directing the case to be transferred to the state Criminal Investigation Department (CID).

The allegations and the suicide happened on same day as the bois locker room incident, and surfaced to the internet on the next, leading many to assume that they were related.

## Biography

### Background

A student of Heritage Xperiential Learning School, Gurgaon, he was reportedly doing well academically and wished to study abroad. His father worked in the private sector, while his mother was a homemaker. They were living in a rented condominium in DLF Carlton Estate, Gurugram, and had been living at home since March 2020, when the COVID-19 lockdown began.

### Accusation

Almost an hour before his suicide, Kaur had posted an Instagram story alleging an incident which occurred when Manav was 14–15 years old, accusing him of harassing her, touching her inappropriately and demanding sexual favours. She says she mentioned his name but did not tag him. Soon, her friends took screenshots and started reposting it, tagging Manav. The harassment began immediately. According to Manav's friends, he was shamed, bullied, and threatened. After the story went viral, Manav received threat calls and messages and was the victim of harassment by the girl and her friends. Manav tried to defend himself and maintained that he was innocent. According to a classmate, Manav pleaded with her friends to take it down, contending that it was not true, but they were relentless. After sustained abuse, he panicked and reached out to his friends. Gurgaon police found chats that Manav had with his friends, minutes before his suicide. The boy wrote he was stressed, asking his friends to keep talking to him.

According to an Instagram post by his brother, he had a panic attack, and took his own life.

### Suicide

On 4 May 2020, at about 11:30 in the evening, Manav jumped off the 11th floor balcony of his home in DLF Carlton Estate, in Gurugram. His phone was in his room during dinner, and his family had gone to sleep at 10:30. An hour later, the intercom rang. His mother heard people crying and looked down to see him lying on the ground. The police said a guard saw him in a pool of blood and alerted his parents. He was rushed to a hospital where he was declared dead on arrival.

## Aftermath and investigation

After hearing what happened, Kaur posted another Instagram Story in which she said that it's not her fault that he couldn't handle the pressure, and she even made fun of him and was very happy about his death.

According to father of Manav, Manoj Singh, he had to push the police officers for several days and even beg them to register an FIR but the police were not interested in investigating the case. An initial FIR was filed against 'unknown persons' for abetment of suicide. He alleged that the immense distress, shame, fear and unbearable anxieties cause by the "defamatory, slanderous, illegal post" had led to his son committing suicide, and had sought that a case be registered against all persons who have posted the said illegal post and against Instagram which allowed the public dissemination of such an illegal and obnoxious post. The father blamed online harassment and trolling for his son's suicide.

### Faulty investigation

According to Manoj, after the registration of the FIR, the police was completely passive in investigating the case for 2–3 months and didn't submit details of the probe about the involvement of others in the case. The cops also did not produce Instagram, WhatsApp or Snapchat records. It was at this point that Manoj Singh's lawyer Amish Aggrawala filed a case under the Section 156 clause 3 of the Criminal Procedure Code which empowers the court to direct the police to register an FIR or even monitor the case after the registration. The case reached the Gurgaon court which expressed concern over the slow pace of investigation, noting "the investigating officers are working at a low pace in the present matter for reasons best known to them," directing the Gurugram police to submit a status report every 15 days until the filing of the final report. According to The Times of India, the father had been running 'Pillar to post' to get justice for Manav.

The chargesheet was filed at the end of January. According to Aggrawala, this chargesheet was preceded by 4 months of stretching out of the investigation by the police. Kaur and a friend are currently facing trial under Section 305 (abetment to suicide) and Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code. After the chargesheet was filed, the family's legal counsel filed a protest petition, saying the investigation was faulty, because they had named several witnesses and accused, none of which were examined.

### Intervention by the National Human Rights Commission

In June 2021, the National Human Rights Commission of India intervened in the case after a petition by the boy's family. The Commission conducted a perusal and declared that there had not been a fair investigation in the matter, citing problems such as the silence of the enquiry report on any arrests, the mobile phones not being sent for forensic on time, and the filing of a final report without the procurement of any "mobile phone data report, snapchat, instagram from FSL, Madhuban." The Commission termed the investigation done by the I.O. as "nothing but vitiated investigation which cannot rise to a valid chargesheet.".

The commission also cited lapses in investigation by the Investigation Officer, stating that they seem to 'fail to follow the basic principle and procedure of law,' and subsequently directed the state's home department to transfer the case to the state CID and away from the Gurgaon Police.

The allegations happened a day after the bois locker room incident, leading many to assume that they were related.

## InfoBox

| Manav Singh | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 27 November 2002 |
| Died | 4 May 2020 (aged 17)<br>Gurugram, Haryana, India |
| Cause of death | Suicide by jumping |
| Education | Class XII |
| Known for | Died by suicide due to false allegation of rape and constant threats, Cybercrime |


title: Manuel Rigal

abstract: Manuel Rigal was a Cuban shortstop in the Negro leagues and Cuban League between 1922 and 1927. A native of Havana, Cuba, Rigal made his Negro league debut in 1922 with the Cuban Stars (West). He played for the Stars again in 1923 and 1927. Rigal also played in the Cuban League for Marianao and the Leopardos de Santa Clara.

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# Manuel Rigal

**Manuel Rigal** (1901  death unknown) was a Cuban shortstop in the Negro leagues and Cuban League between 1922 and 1927.

A native of Havana, Cuba, Rigal made his Negro league debut in 1922 with the Cuban Stars (West). He played for the Stars again in 1923 and 1927. Rigal also played in the Cuban League for Marianao and the Leopardos de Santa Clara.

## InfoBox

| Manuel Rigal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Shortstop** | |
| **Born:** 1901<br>Havana, Cuba | |
| **Died:** Unknown | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| Negro league baseball debut | |
| 1922, for the Cuban Stars (West) | |
| Last appearance | |
| 1927, for the Cuban Stars (West) | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Manuel Rivas Pastor

abstract: Manuel Rivas Pastor is a Spanish chess Grandmaster (1987), four times Spanish Chess Championship winner.

text:
# Manuel Rivas Pastor

**Manuel Rivas Pastor** (born 13 July 1960) is a Spanish chess Grandmaster (1987), four times Spanish Chess Championship winner (1978, 1979, 1981, 1991).

## Biography

From the late 1970s to the early 1990s, Manuel Rivas Pastor was one of Spain's leading chess players. He has competed many times in the finals of Spanish Chess Championships, where winning four gold medals (\[1978, 1979, 1981, 1991). His first international success was in 1977, when he sharing the 7th place in the U20 World Junior Chess Championships in Innsbruck. Manuel Rivas Pastor achieved another significant result at the turn of 1979 and 1980 in Groningen, where he shared the 4th place (with Zurab Azmaiparashvili and James Plaskett) in the European Junior Chess Championship in the same age category.

Manuel Rivas Pastor has achieved several successes in international chess tournaments, including in Medina del Campo (1980, 2nd place), Torremolinos (1983, 1st place), Isla de Santa Catalina (1987, shared 1st place), Salamanca (1989, shared 1st place), Albacete (1989, shared 1st place), Lorca (2005, 1st place), Malaga Open (2006, 2nd place), Almería (2006, 2nd place; 2007, 1st place), Ourense (2008, shared 2nd place), San Cristóbal de La Laguna (2008, shared 2nd place), Seville (2009, 1st place) and in Paul Keres Memorial Tournament (Vancouver, 2010, shared 1st place).

Manuel Rivas Pastor played for Spain in the Chess Olympiads:

Manuel Rivas Pastor played for Spain in the European Team Chess Championships:

* In 1989, at first board in the 9th European Team Chess Championship in Haifa (+4, =0, -3),
* In 1992, at first board in the 10th European Team Chess Championship in Debrecen (+2, =4, -2),

In 1980, he was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title and received the FIDE Grandmaster (GM) title seven years later.

## InfoBox

| Manuel Rivas Pastor | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Spain |
| Born | (1960-07-13) 13 July 1960<br>Jaén, Spain |
| Title | Grandmaster (1987) |
| FIDE rating | 2541 (October 2024) |
| Peak rating | 2559 (September 2011) |


title: Family-friendly

abstract: A family-friendly product or service is one that is considered to be suitable for all members of an average family. Family-friendly restaurants are ones that provide service to families that have young children. Frequently, family-friendly products avoid marketing solely to children and attempt to make the product palatable to adults as well.

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# Family-friendly

A **family-friendly** product or service is one that is considered to be suitable for all members of an average family. Family-friendly restaurants are ones that provide service to families that have young children. Frequently, family-friendly products avoid marketing solely to children and attempt to make the product palatable to adults as well.

## Politics

In politics, new workplace legislation may be introduced to strengthen the family unit through giving parents more flexible family-friendly working hours or educational reforms to helping children with special needs and to give parents more control over how they are schooled.

## Hospitality industry

In the 2010s, hotels in the United States began to concentrate services into narrower concepts such as child-friendliness (where children stay and eat free) and pet-friendliness within the overall family-friendliness customer oriented concept.

## Media

The precise definition of "family-friendly" can vary depending upon the perceived acceptability of content for children — one of the most challenged books in United States libraries is *Captain Underpants*, a book that contains toilet humor that parents read out to children. Consumer advocacy groups representing parents have lobbied against media that contains profanity and criticized what they see as attempts to deny other families the ability to choose what is appropriate for their children. In December 2019 a broad coalition of US consumer groups, including the CDC and the CCFC, called for the Federal Trade Commission to carry out a sweeping review of digital media companies that target children. The values of the individual family, such as their belief in religion, can also affect whether the family perceives a product as family-friendly.

Both the MPAA film rating system and most television content rating systems have ratings for family-friendliness: a G rating in either is universally acceptable for all audiences, while a PG rating suggests that, while generally safe for children to watch, that there should be a parent or guardian present for guidance, since some mild adult-oriented material may be present. The MPAA's film rating system has not been without controversy (itself established after the Hays Code, which required all films to be at least somewhat family-friendly, was abolished), as theater chain interest groups have noted that films rated as high as R (adult-oriented films that persons under 17 cannot watch without an adult) could be interpreted as being family-friendly if the viewer is tolerant of profanity, while others may have far too much graphic violence or borderline-pornographic sexual images to be suitable for children.

The North American Entertainment Software Rating Board, which rates video games, classifies family-friendly content with an E rating.

## Events

A family-friendly (or all-ages) show, event or venue refers to one with no age restrictions for entry. In the United States, as applied to the world of concerts, this can refer to a show or venue where minors are permitted to attend a live performance, since those who are not of legal drinking age are generally not permitted in bars, but are permitted in restaurants which serve alcoholic beverages. In some cases the pop-up retail model is applied, as with the pop-up venues at the Treefort Music Fest.

More ideologically, following the trends of punk rock and embracing to an extent the opposition to drugs and alcohol inherent in the Straight-edge movement, All Ages shows have either no alcohol sales whatsoever, or sales are restricted through a system of wristbands or for patrons legally prohibited from consuming alcohol, generally as a large, black, "X" on the back of each hand. This symbol has been featured on many punk album covers, and the attendant term, "All Ages," was used as the title of a compilation album by North American punk icons Bad Religion. The term in this context does not denote a restriction on the thematic or lyrical content of the music.


title: Kalanchoe beauverdii

abstract: Kalanchoe beauverdii is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae. It goes by the common name Beauverd's widow's-thrill. The species was described and named by Raymondl Hamet in the year 1907. The perennials can grow up to 3 to 5 metres. The species is native to Madagascar. It is also native to Comoros.

text:
# Kalanchoe beauverdii

***Kalanchoe beauverdii*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae. It goes by the common name **Beauverd's widow's-thrill**.

The species was described and named by Raymondl Hamet in the year 1907. The perennials can grow up to 3 to 5 metres.

The species is native to Madagascar. It is also native to Comoros.

## InfoBox

| *Kalanchoe beauverdii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Crassulaceae |
| Genus: | *Kalanchoe* |
| Species: | ***K. beauverdii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Kalanchoe beauverdii***<br>Raym.-Hamet | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bryophyllum beauverdii*  A.Berger * *Bryophyllum beauverdii*  var. parviflora Boiteau & Mannoni * *Bryophyllum costantinii*  (Raym.-Hamet) A.Berger * *Bryophyllum juelii*  A.Berger * *Bryophyllum scandens*  (Perrier) A.Berger * *Kalanchoe beauverdii var. beauverdii* * *Kalanchoe beauverdii var. guignardii*  (Raym.-Hamet & Perrier) Boiteau & Mannoni * *Kalanchoe beauverdii var. juelii*  (Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier) Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo * *Kalanchoe beauverdii var. juelii*  (Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier) Rauh & Hebding * *Kalanchoe beauverdii var. parviflora*  Boiteau & Mannoni * *Kalanchoe beauverdii var. pertinax*  Shtein & Gideon F.Sm. * *Kalanchoe costantini var. unguifera*  Shtein & Gideon F.Sm. * *Kalanchoe costantinii*  Raym.-Hamet * *Kalanchoe guignardii*  Raym.-Hamet & Perrier * *Kalanchoe guignardii var. schistosepala*  Shtein & Gideon F.Sm. * *Kalanchoe juelii*  Raym.-Hamet & Perrier * *Kalanchoe scandens*  H.Perrier | |


title: Peter Singleton Wilkes

abstract: Peter Singleton Wilkes was a prominent Confederate politician who served in the Confederate States Congress during the American Civil War. Wilkes was born in Maury County, Tennessee and later moved to Missouri. He represented that state in the Second Confederate Congress from 1864 to 1865. After the war, he moved to California where he was the law partner of David S. Terry.

text:
# Peter Singleton Wilkes

**Peter Singleton Wilkes** (1827  January 2, 1900) was a prominent Confederate politician who served in the Confederate States Congress during the American Civil War.

Wilkes was born in Maury County, Tennessee and later moved to Missouri. He represented that state in the Second Confederate Congress from 1864 to 1865. After the war, he moved to California where he was the law partner of David S. Terry.


title: Goguryeo–Sui War

abstract: The Goguryeo–Sui War were a series of invasions launched by the Sui dynasty of China against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, between AD 598 and AD 614. It resulted in the defeat of the Sui and was one of the pivotal factors in the collapse of the dynasty, which led to its overthrow by the Tang dynasty in AD 618.

text:
# Goguryeo–Sui War

The **Goguryeo–Sui War** were a series of invasions launched by the Sui dynasty of China against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, between AD 598 and AD 614. It resulted in the defeat of the Sui and was one of the pivotal factors in the collapse of the dynasty, which led to its overthrow by the Tang dynasty in AD 618.

## Background

The Sui dynasty united China in AD 589, defeating the Chen dynasty and ending the division of the country that spanned almost 300 years. After the unification of China, Sui asserted its position as an overlord of neighbouring countries. However, in Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, king Pyeongwon and his successor, Yeongyang, insisted on maintaining an equal relationship with the Sui dynasty.

Emperor Wen of Sui was displeased with the challenge from Goguryeo, which continued small scale raiding into Sui's northern border. Wen sent diplomatic papers in 596 after Sui envoys spotted Goguryeo diplomats in the yurt of the Eastern Turkish Khanate and demanded the Goguryeo to cancel any military alliance with the Turks, stop the annual raiding of Sui border regions, and acknowledge Sui as their overlord. After receiving the message, Yeongyang launched a joint pre-emptive invasion with the Malgal against the Chinese along the border in present-day Hebei province in 597.

## Course of the war

### First invasion in 598

Emperor Wen ordered his fifth and youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), and Admiral Zhou Luohou (周羅睺), to invade and conquer Goguryeo with an army and navy totaling 300,000, mostly composed of horse archers.

Yang Liang's army faced the early rainy season when it reached Goguryeo. The unseasonably heavy rain made the army's progress almost impossible and hampered the transport of provisions. Constant attacks by Goguryeo forces and illness inflicted heavy casualties. Coming to the conclusion that the army could not achieve the objective on its own, Yang decided to combine with Zhou's naval fleet and proceed.

Zhou's navy also came across their own challenges, contending with rough seas, losing many ships despite staying close to the coastline. Whenever they anchored, Goguryeo detachments were present to attack the Sui sailors, and Sui fleet suffered a devastating loss.

### Second invasion in 612

#### Preparations

Emperor Yang of Sui, when he won the throne in 604, built the Grand Canal connecting the north and south of China. The south, economic base of China, and the north, political base of China, were connected by the canal, allowing transportation of troops for the massive military campaign.

After the construction of the canal, Emperor Yang ordered the enlisting of soldiers in 611. He instructed them to gather in present-day Beijing. The force gathered by year's end was one of the greatest in civilization according to the *Book of Sui*, which states that 1,133,800 troops were mobilized and that the support troops multiple times that number. The army began to depart in early 612, and its size made it take 40 days for all of it to depart. The long line of soldiers stretched for about 300 km. The strength and losses may have been inflated by Tang dynasty historians.

#### Campaign in Manchuria

Yeongyang gave up the buffer zone that he had acquired after the war of 598, as the area was not suitable to face such a vast army. The Goguryeo troops retreated behind what is now known as the Liao River. A fortunate event for Goguryeo was that the river melted much sooner than usual. By the time Emperor Yang arrived, the ice had all melted. Undaunted, Emperor Yang ordered the construction of three bridges across the river. The bridges however, were too short to reach the opposite bank in another fortunate turn of events for the defenders, and Goguryeo's attack successfully held off the first assault. After the extension of the bridges however, the Sui forces succeeded in crossing the river, and the army surrounded the fortresses of Goguryeo.

Emperor Yang ordered his generals before the campaigns not to make individual decisions regarding the movement of troops, but to report to him to receive instruction. The order hampered Sui strategy throughout the campaign. During the strategically important campaign against Yodong fortress, the general commanding the siege had to send a messenger to the emperor for the approval of the surrender. When the messenger returned, Goguryeo's troops had again become ready to defend the fortress. Exploiting that flaw in the Sui system, Yodong and other castles of Goguryeo continued to hold on. By June, five months after the start of the campaign, not a single castle, fortress, or citadel has fallen to Sui. Emperor Yang felt that a fundamental change in strategy was needed to seize control of Korea.

#### Campaign against Pyongyang

The new strategy was to keep the fortresses of Goguryeo in Manchuria at bay, while sending a contingent of army and navy to take Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital. An army contingent, allegedly with a strength of 305,000, and a naval fleet of some 120,000 were dispatched.

The Sui navy reached the bay of the Daedong River before the army. Seeing that the Sui army had not arrived yet, Go Geonmu, commander of the defence army of Goguryeo at Pyeongyang and brother of King Yeongyang, sent what few troops remained in the capital to engage the Sui navy in battle. After an engagement, feigning defeat, Goguryeo troops retreated into the city. The Sui naval commander, Lai Huni, considering it to be a chance to add to his merit, led a host of more than 40,000 to lay assault against Pyeongyang.

When the Sui soldiers reached one of the outer castles, however, they found the wall empty and the gate open. Upon entering the castle, Lai, considering the engagement in the outskirts a decisive move of Goguryeo that failed, looted and destroyed the art and fortune of the outer castle.

Once the looting of the castle started, the death-defying corps of Goguryeo, consisting of 500 troops, ambushed the Sui troops. Confused and disoriented, Lai ran to the fleet at the sea, his legion reduced to mere thousands.

#### Sui army's campaign

The army contingent, led by generals Yu Zhongwen and Yuwen Shu, had their own problems. While the supply could be transported safely within China, once it reached Goguryeo territory, there was a danger of ambush by Goguryeo forces. Emperor Yang solved the problem by instructing each soldier to carry food for himself, which greatly increased each soldier's burden. Many resorted to discarding the food. By the time it had reached the Yalu River, the army's shortage of provisions was acute.

Yeongyang decided to assess the strength of the Sui army by ordering his Commander Field Marshal Eulji Mundeok to fake a surrender and peace negotiation terms with the Sui generals. Generals Wu and Yuwen had their own secret order from Emperor Yang to seize Yeongyang or Eulji Mundeok if they should fall into their hands. However, the generals' advisers, notably the assistant director of the Right of the Department of State Affairs, Liu Shilong (劉士龍), convinced them it would be unwise to arrest negotiators from the opposing camp. They ultimately let Eulji return to Goguryeo and Yu Zhongwen later regretted his decision, attempting to lure Eulji Mundeok back. He sent a message that he wished to discuss things further but Eulji Mundeok, aware of Wu's intentions, did not comply.

The two generals argued about the next course of action, with Yu Zhongwen arguing strongly that Eulji Mundeok should be pursued. They did agree that the Goguryeo capital should be captured. Accordingly, the Sui troops began advancing south towards Pyeongyang. Eulji Mundeok maneuvered the Goguryeo troops so that they engaged the Sui army seven times a day, each time faking defeat and retreat. The strategy would draw the Sui army deeper south with the perception of victory. The Sui army eventually advanced to about 20 km from Pyeongyang. Yu Zhongwen later recognized that his advancing troops were suffering from exhaustion, and that fortifications of Pyeongyang made for an impossible campaign.

Yu was caught in a dilemma and could not decide on advance or retreat. Eulji Mundeok sent him for the occasion a poem:

> Your divine plans have plumbed the heavens; Your subtle reckoning has spanned the earth. You win every battle, your military merit is great. Why then not be content and stop the war?

When no response came, Eulji sent a representative. The plan now was to offer Emperor Yeongyang to Emperor Yang escort to submission if the Sui army would withdraw. Seizing the opportunity to retreat, Yu withdrew his troops towards Sui.

#### Battle of Salsu River

When Sui army had reached Salsu (thought to be the present-day Chongchon River), Goguryeo charged the remaining Sui army. Eulji Mundeok defended fortresses against the Sui army and navy for several months and destroyed the Sui troops while retreating into Goguryeo territory. An attack at Salsu (Chongchon River) inflicted massive casualties on the Sui forces. When the Sui army had reached Salsu, Eulji Mundeok's force slaughtering them. The historical text records that Sui soldiers had to run almost 200 km that day to escape death. The Battle of Salsu contributed to the massive overall casualty figure for Sui during the campaign. Out of the initial 305,000 men Emperor Yang crossed the Liao River with to attack Goguryeo, only 2,700 returned.

### Third Invasion in 613

Emperor Yang invaded Liaodong again the following year (613), but was again obliged to retreat without success. While Emperor Yang was away, Yang Xuangan, the son of Emperor Yang's prime minister Yang Su, fomented rebellion against Emperor Yang. Fearing attack from two fronts, Emperor Yang was forced to retreat and use his army to put down Yang Xuangan's rebellion.

### Fourth Invasion in 614

After crushing the revolt, Emperor Yang invaded Goguryeo again in 614. He managed to breach Goguryeo's first line of defence without capturing the frontier fortress, but he could not advance far beyond Liao River because of Goguryeo's constant attacks and obstruction to his supply lines. Yeongyang, seeing a chance to end the exhausting wars, offered peace and returned Yang Xuangan's associate Husi Zheng (斛斯政), who had fled to Goguryeo after Yang Xuangan's rebellion, to Sui. Perceiving the little success in Goguryeo and the increasing internal discontent in China, Emperor Yang accepted Yeongyang's offer of peace and withdrew Sui troops from Goguryeo's territory. However, the king of Goguryeo never showed up to swear allegiance, which infuriated Emperor Yang, who was dissuaded only with difficulty from launching another invasion against Goguryeo.

## Aftermath

The losses that Sui suffered, in terms of lives and resources and consequently in the trust the people had in the Sui state, contributed to the fall of the Sui dynasty. Peasants, farmers, soldiers, aristocrats, and landlords rose up against the emperor along with many of the dynasty's military officers. Yangdi moved the capital to the south in Yangzhou, but the revolts were too widespread. Yuwen Shu's son, Yuwen Huaji, became a powerful Sui general who led a successful coup against Yangdi and personally murdered him. That would complete the transition from Sui to Tang, as the Duke of Tang proclaimed himself emperor of a new dynasty.

## Sources

* Asmolov, Konstantin V. "The System of Military Activity of Koguryô." *Korea Journal* 32:2 (Summer 1992): 103–116.
* Gabriel, Richard A. and Boose, Donald W. "The Korean Way of War: Salsu River." In Richard A. Gabriel and Donald W. Boose. *The Great Battles of Antiquity: A Strategic and Tactical Guide to Great Battles that Shaped the Development of War*. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1994.
* Graff, David A., Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900. ISBN 0-415-23954-0

## InfoBox

| Goguryeo–Sui War | |
| --- | --- |
| Date 598, 612–614  Location Manchuria, Northern Korean Peninsula, Yellow Sea  Result Goguryeo victory  Territorial
changes | |
| Belligerents | |
| Goguryeo
Eastern Turkic Khaganate | Sui dynasty |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| King Yeongyang
Eulji Mundeok
Go Geonmu
Kang I-sik (?) | Emperor Yang of Sui
Yang Liang
Gao Jiong
Yuwen Shu
Yu Zhongwen
Qutu Tong
Lai Hu'er
Zhou Luohou
Yuchi Yichen
Huang Junhan
Ashina Danai |
| Strength | |
| 345,000 troops est. | Nominally 1,133,800 combat troops with around 2,000,000 support troops during the second invasion of 612, according to the *Book of Sui* and *Samguk Sagi*. |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | At least 302,300 casualties |


title: Van Dyne Crotty

abstract: Van Dyne Crotty Inc. was a uniform laundering and rental company in the United States, trading from 1935 to 2006. Founded by Lloyd Van Dyne and Fergus Crotty, on January 1, 1935, during the height of the Great Depression, the company grew from a $500 loan into one of the premier privately owned uniform companies in the United States. Van Dyne Crotty remained a family-owned and operated business, run by Van Dyne and Crotty, and then by 2 further generations of the Crotty family, until its sale in 2006 to Cintas Corporation (Nasdaq: CTAS).

text:
# Van Dyne Crotty

**Van Dyne Crotty** Inc. was a uniform laundering and rental company in the United States, trading from 1935 to 2006. Founded by Lloyd Van Dyne and Fergus Crotty, on January 1, 1935, during the height of the Great Depression, the company grew from a $500 loan into one of the premier privately owned uniform companies in the United States. Van Dyne Crotty remained a family-owned and operated business, run by Van Dyne and Crotty, and then by 2 further generations of the Crotty family, until its sale in 2006 to Cintas Corporation (Nasdaq: CTAS).

## Establishment

In 1934, Lloyd Van Dyne and Fergus Crotty met at a small business on Richard Street in Dayton, OH, that washed rags for local gas stations and industrial customers. Van Dyne and Crotty helped run the office and sales for the company, and within a year decided they could do a better job running the business on their own. On New Year's Day, 1935, Van Dyne and Crotty secured a $500 loan from their landlady and purchased the business, renaming it "Van Dyne-Crotty."

## First Generation

Van Dyne and Crotty grew the business over the next three decades, despite several large setbacks. During World War II, the company's only plant had to be shut down, due to wartime restrictions. Just a few years later, a fire destroyed the entire facility. Van Dyne and Crotty continued to operate a lean and successful business, however. Lloyd Van Dyne was known for saying “you have to hit rock bottom before you can go up.”

Van Dyne and Crotty expanded the business by growing their clientele from full service gas stations to manufacturing plants like NCR, Delco Products, Frigidaire and the numerous tool and die shops that supported the automotive manufacturing industry in Southwest Ohio; and later by introducing new innovations to the industry, such as the first standardized industrial wiping cloth, and new advances in dry cleaning technology.

In the space of a few decades, Van Dyne and Crotty were able to grow their initial $500 investment into a $2–3 million business. Van Dyne-Crotty is also credited as being the first company east of the Mississippi River to rent an entrance mat, also known as a "walk off mat." Lloyd Van Dyne died on April 28, 1962, and Fergus Crotty followed just months later. The company was passed on to Fergus' three sons: Robert, Frank and L. William Crotty.

## Second Generation

Robert Crotty left the family business, and in the early 1970s, L. William (Bill) Crotty and his brother Frank divided the company (then generating $8–10 million in revenue per year) into Van Dyne Crotty Company in Columbus, Ohio (led by Frank) and Van Dyne Crotty Inc. (led by L. William). Over the next two decades, both brothers grew their companies geographically. L. William Crotty expanded to Cincinnati and Lima, OH, with an additional glove renovation drop-off location in Toledo, and Frank added an office in Akron, OH.

Through the 1970s and 1980s, Van Dyne Crotty Inc. continued to grow geographically, and to diversify into new markets, including glove renovation for heavy industry and textile leasing. Building on the foundation of his father and Lloyd Van Dyne, Bill continued to run the company in a way that rewarded employees for performance.

In the late 1970s, Bill’s three sons joined the family business, with Dan Crotty leading the Toledo office, Kevin Crotty in Lima and Robert at the corporate office in Dayton, OH. Bill grew the privately held Van Dyne Crotty Inc. from $4 million per year in revenues to $25–30 million.

In 1991, leadership of the company passed to his sons. Daniel (Dan) Crotty became President and eventually CEO, Kevin Crotty was Executive VP, and Robert (Bob) Crotty became VP of Sales and Marketing. During this time the company expanded its operations into Florida, purchasing Warren Uniform in Pompano Beach.

## Third Generation

Under the leadership of Dan, Kevin and Bob, the company became laser-focused in the highly competitive uniform rental industry. The marketing tagline was changed from "The Very Fabric of American Industry" to "First in Lasting Impressions" and finally into "Uniforms That Work®".

Van Dyne Crotty’s uniform business grew during the 1990s and the company grew to encompass 7 distinct brands within the apparel industry, as well as two subsidiary companies:

* Uniforms That Work® - Van Dyne Crotty’s primary uniform rental brand
* Floor Mat Systems – industrial floor mat rental
* Health and Hygiene Services – commercial restroom supplies
* VDC Direct – direct marketing of a full line of apparel via catalog sales
* Corporate Apparel Programs – dedicated sales and service to high-volume chain and national accounts
* GOCasual.com – online sales of business casual apparel
* Industrial Services – furnishing and cleaning reusable textiles for the printing industry
* First Aid Select – first aid and safety products
* Ritz Safety – industrial safety supply distributor, purchased in 1999 from the Merkl family

In 1998, Chairman Bill Crotty established the L. William Crotty Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership at The University of Dayton School of Business Administration. Ranked as one of the top programs in the country for students who want to learn how to start their own business, this Center continues to operate and help prepare young entrepreneurs today.

By 2000, the third generation of Crotty’s had grown Van Dyne Crotty to some 20 locations. Under the leadership of Dan, Kevin and Bob, Van Dyne Crotty became known as a leader in innovation and technology in the apparel rental industry. Their 12 processing locations (many of which were built from the ground up) served as examples of quality, lasting engineering. The company eventually grew to around 1,300 employees and was organized into three key product families: Apparel Solutions, Facility Solutions and First Aid & Safety Services. Under the leadership of the third generation Crotty’s, the company grew from $30 million in annual sales to $130 million. During the 2000s, a new generation of the Crotty family was being raised in the family business, as Colin Crotty (son of Kevin) joined as a General Manager.

Van Dyne Crotty was sold on February 10, 2006 to publicly traded Cintas Corporation (Nasdaq: CTAS). The sale included 20 uniform rental operations and 5 Select First Aid operations. The Ritz Safety division was retained by Daniel and Robert Crotty, and has continued to expand through organic growth, geographic expansion and strategic acquisitions.


title: Multiclavula caput-serpentis

abstract: Multiclavula caput-serpentis is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling) basidiolichen in the family Hydnaceae. Found in Panama, it was formally described as a new species in 2021 by Hermine Lotz-Winter and Kai Reschke. The type specimen was collected between Cerro Punta and Bajo Boquete at an elevation of 2,350 m (7,710 ft); here, in a cloud forest on the north slopes of the Volcán Barú, it was found growing on moist, loamy soil. The species epithet, which combines the Latin roots caput ("head") and serpens ("snake"), alludes to the shape of the fruitbodies.

text:
# Multiclavula caput-serpentis

***Multiclavula caput-serpentis*** is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling) basidiolichen in the family Hydnaceae. Found in Panama, it was formally described as a new species in 2021 by Hermine Lotz-Winter and Kai Reschke. The type specimen was collected between Cerro Punta and Bajo Boquete (Sendero Los Quetzales, Chiriquí Province) at an elevation of 2,350 m (7,710 ft); here, in a cloud forest on the north slopes of the Volcán Barú, it was found growing on moist, loamy soil. The species epithet, which combines the Latin roots *caput* ("head") and *serpens* ("snake"), alludes to the shape of the fruitbodies.

## InfoBox

| *Multiclavula caput-serpentis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Cantharellales |
| Family: | Hydnaceae |
| Genus: | *Multiclavula* |
| Species: | ***M. caput-serpentis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Multiclavula caput-serpentis***<br>Lotz-Winter & Reschke (2021) | |
|


title: Nikita Gale

abstract: Nikita Gale is an American visual artist based in Los Angeles, California.

text:
# Nikita Gale

**Nikita Gale** (born 1983, Anchorage, Alaska) is an American visual artist based in Los Angeles, California.

## Education

Gale received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Anthropology with a focus on Archaeological Studies from Yale University in 2006 and a Master of Fine Arts degree (MFA) in New Genres from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2016.

## Career

In 2018, the Pérez Art Museum Miami acquired Gale's *AN ABUNDANT LOSS* for its permanent collection.

As of 2021, Gale has served on the Board of Directors for GREX, the West Coast affiliate of the A. K. Rice Institute for the Study of Social Systems (AKRI).

In 2022 Gale was commissioned by BMW to create new artworks for BMW Open Work at Frieze London.

## Art Practices

The artist's many artworks show how different elements effect each other, for example noise and visibility to configurate what is seen and by who and how those effect the final outcome. Her sculptures blur the lines to bring attention to important matters like race issues. Her works address both technology and natural life.

## Artwork

* *US VS US* Created in 2020, Nikita Gale produced US VS US. Amidst the protest of the Black Lives Matter Movement, this interactive slideshow which consists of 200 flowers, representing the killings of innocent people, and LAPD equipment gear. Gale’s artwork allows the audience to visit a web page and scroll down to view the images. In between, Gale uses June Jordan’s poem, “Letter to the Local Police,” which “satirically takes up the voice of an insipid suburban resident writing a letter to the police to level a complaint about roses” (nikitagale.com). Gale connects her work, which is about corruption and abuse towards innocent lives, with Jordan’s poem, which displays her environment as a façade to what is actually going on in the world.
* *Tempo Rubato (Stolen Time)* 2023-2024 Shown at the Whitney Biennial, the work consists of a modified player piano which silently replays piano performances by pop musicians. The sound of the piano keys moving is picked up, amplified and relayed through loudspeakers. Spotlights illuminate the mechanical performance. Gale says the work aims to examine how music and the labor of producing music is turned into intellectual property. By silencing the sound performance, which is protected by copyright law, the piece draws attention to the work of creating the performance which, the artist found, has a much more uncertain legal status. This unclear status deprives artists of just compensation, Gale claims.

## Exhibitions and projects

**Solo exhibitions**

* *Nikita Gale: PRIVATE DANCER*, California African American Museum, Los Angeles, CA, 2021
* *Wild Frictions. Politische Poesien der Störung (Wild Frictions. Political poetries of disorder)*, Kunstraum Kreuzberg, Berlin, Germany, 2021
* *IN A DREAM YOU CLIMB THE STAIRS*, Chisenhale, London, UK, 2022
* *TAKERS*, LAXART, Los Angeles, California, 2022
* *Nikita Gale: END OF SUBJECT*, 52 Walker (David Zwirner), New York, NY, 2022. Curated by Ebony L. Haynes. Reviewed in *Art in America.*
* *BENEATH TONGUES*, Swiss Institute, New York, NY, 2022

**Performances**

* *Nikita Gale, AUDIENCING*, MoMA PS1, New York, NY, 2020
* Performa 23, Performa, New York, NY

**Group exhibitions**

* *Fictions, The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY, 2017-2018*
* *Made in L.A. 2018*, Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, CA, 2018
* *Whitney Biennial 2024*, The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY, 2024

## InfoBox

| Nikita Gale | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nikita Gale
1983 (age 4041)
Anchorage, Alaska, US |
| Occupation | Installation artist |
| Known for | Installations |


title: Tropheus polli

abstract: Tropheus polli is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it is only known from the central eastern portion of the coast in areas with rocky substrates. This species can reach a total length of 16.5 cm (6.5 in). It can also be found in the aquarium trade. The specific name honours the ichthyologist Max Poll. It is considered by some authorities to be a synonym of Tropheus annectens.

text:
# Tropheus polli

***Tropheus polli*** is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it is only known from the central eastern portion of the coast in areas with rocky substrates. This species can reach a total length of 16.5 cm (6.5 in). It can also be found in the aquarium trade. The specific name honours the ichthyologist Max Poll. It is considered by some authorities to be a synonym of *Tropheus annectens*.

## InfoBox

| *Tropheus polli* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Genus: | *Tropheus* |
| Species: | ***T. polli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tropheus polli***<br>G. S. Axelrod, 1977 | |
|


title: Mihail Sava

abstract: Mihail Sava is a Moldovan freestyle wrestler. He won one of the bronze medals in the 70 kg event at the 2020 European Wrestling Championships held in Rome, Italy.

text:
# Mihail Sava

**Mihail Sava** (born 3 September 1991) is a Moldovan freestyle wrestler. He won one of the bronze medals in the 70 kg event at the 2020 European Wrestling Championships held in Rome, Italy.

## Career

In 2014, he won one of the bronze medals in the 65 kg event at the World Wrestling Championships held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. In his bronze medal match he defeated Mustafa Kaya of Turkey.

In 2015, he competed in the men's freestyle 65 kg event at the European Games without winning a medal. In 2016, he won the silver medal in the men's 65 kg event at the 2016 World University Wrestling Championships held in Çorum, Turkey. He also competed in the 70 kg event at the 2018 World Wrestling Championships without winning a medal. He was eliminated in his second match by Adam Batirov.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Venue | Result | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | World Championships | Tashkent, Uzbekistan | 3rd | Freestyle 65 kg |
| 2020 | European Championships | Rome, Italy | 3rd | Freestyle 70 kg |

## InfoBox

Mihail Sava
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Native name | Mihail Sava |
| Nationality | Moldova |
| Born | (1991-09-03) 3 September 1991 |
| Height | 167 cm (5.48 ft; 66 in) |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Moldova |
| Sport | Amateur wrestling |
| Weight class | 65–70 kg |
| Event | Freestyle |
| Medal record      Men's freestyle wrestling   Representing   Moldova   World Championships   2014 Tashkent  65 kg  European Championships   2020 Rome  70 kg  World University Championships  2016 Corum 65 kg  2014 Pecs 65 kg | |


title: Middle-distance running

abstract: Middle-distance running events are track races longer than sprints, ranging from 500 metres up to two miles. The standard middle distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The 1500 m came about as a result of running 3+3⁄4 laps of a 400 m outdoor track or 7+1⁄2 laps of a 200 m indoor track, which were commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century. Middle-distance running is unique in that it typically requires attributes found in both sprinters and long-distance runners, including combinations of both footspeed and aerobic endurance. Middle-distance racing is commonly reported to be a highly intense physical experience, requiring large amounts of anaerobic exertion from the body.

text:
# Middle-distance running

**Middle-distance running** events are track races longer than sprints, ranging from 500 metres up to two miles (3218.688 metres). The standard middle distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The 1500 m came about as a result of running 3+34 laps of a 400 m outdoor track or 7+12 laps of a 200 m indoor track, which were commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century.

Middle-distance running is unique in that it typically requires attributes found in both sprinters and long-distance runners, including combinations of both footspeed *and* aerobic endurance. Middle-distance racing is commonly reported to be a highly intense physical experience, requiring large amounts of anaerobic exertion from the body.

## Events

### 500 metres

A very uncommon middle-distance event that is sometimes run by sprinters for muscle stamina training.

### 600 yards

This was a popular distance, particularly indoors, when imperial distances were common. In the era of wooden 11 lap to a mile tracks (common prior to metrication), this was one lap longer than a quarter-mile.

In 1882, American Lon Myers set what was then a world record at 600 yards (548.64 m), running it in 1:11.4.

The event was a common event for most American students because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the President's Award on Physical Fitness. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Martin McGrady, who had minimal success at longer or shorter races, made his reputation, set world records and drew many fans to arenas to watch him race elite competitors, including Olympians, at this unusual distance.

### 600 metres

This middle distance length is rather uncommon and is mainly run by sprinters wishing to test their endurance at a longer distance. Like other middle-distance races, it evolved from the 600 yard race. The 600 m is also used as an early season stepping stone by 800 m runners before they have reached full race fitness.

Johnny Gray (United States) holds the record for men: 1:12.81 set at Santa Monica on 24 May 1986.

Caster Semenya (South Africa) holds the women's record: 1:21.77 set at Berlin on 27 August 2017.

### 800 metres

The 800 m consists of two laps around a standard 400 m track and has always been an Olympic event. It was included in the first women's track programme in 1928 but was suspended until 1960.

David Rudisha (Kenya) is the current recordholder: 1:40.91, London, 9 August 2012. Jarmila Kratochvílová (Czechoslovakia) set the current women's record: 1:53.28, Munich, 26 July 1983.

### 880 yards

The 880-yard (804.67 m) run, or half-mile, was the forebear to the 800 m distance and has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s.

### 1000 metres

This distance is not commonly raced, though it is more common than the 500 m event is for sprinters. This is commonly raced as an indoor men's heptathlon event, or as an indoor high school event. In 1881, Lon Myers set what was then a world record at 1000 yards, running it in 2:13.0.

The men's record is held by Noah Ngeny (Kenya) (2:11.96, Rieti, 5 September 1999), while Svetlana Masterkova (Russia) set the women's record (2:28.98, Brussels, 23 August 1996).

See also 1000 metres world record progression.

### 1200 metres

Three laps. A distance seldom raced on its own, but commonly raced as part of the distance medley relay.

There are no recorded world records or world bests. However, Hicham El Guerrouj (Morocco) is believed to be the fastest man at this distance: 2:44.75, Rieti, 2002.

This distance is short of three quarters of a mile (1,320 yards or 1,207m) by about 7 metres.

### 1500 metres

Also known as the metric mile, this is a premier middle-distance race, covering three and three-quarters laps around a standard Olympic-sized track. In recent years, races over this distance have become more of a prolonged sprint, with each lap averaging 55 seconds for the world record performance by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco: 3:26.00 on 14 July 1998 at Rome (two 1:50 min 800 m performances back to back). Thus, speed is necessary, and it seems that the more aerobic conditioning, the better.

Faith Kipyegon from Kenya holds the women's world record: 3:49.04 set in Paris on 7 July 2024.

This is a difficult distance at which to compete mentally, in addition to being one of the more tactical middle-distance track events. The distance is often witness to some of the most tactical, physical races in the sport, as many championship races are won in the final few metres.

### 1600 metres

At exactly four laps of a normal 400 m track, this distance is raced as a near replacement for the mile (it is, in fact, 9.344 m, about 30.6 feet, shorter; however, it is still colloquially referred to as "the mile"). The 1600 meters is the official distance for this range of races in US high schools. While this race is rarely run outside high school and collegiate invitational competitions, it has been held at the international level. The 1500 m, however, is the most common distance run at the college and international levels. The final leg of a distance medley relay is 1600 metres.

An accurate way to run an actual mile on a metric track is to run the additional 9.344 meters before starting the first marked 400-meter lap. Many tracks, especially high-level tracks, will have a waterfall starting line drawn 9.344 meters back for this purpose. Otherwise, on a metric track, there will be a relay zone 10 meters before the common start/finish line, frequently marked by a triangle pointed toward the finish. In many configurations, that triangle is about half a meter wide, making its point extremely close to the mile start line, which would be slightly less than two feet from the marked relay zone (the widest part of the triangle, or line).

When converted down to 1600m, Hicham El Guerrouj ran an equivalent of a 3:41.83 1600m in his 1999 world record mile of 3:43.13.

Likewise, when converted down to 1600m, Faith Kipyegon ran an equivalent of a 4:06.20 1600m in her 2023 world record mile of 4:07.64.

### Mile

This length of middle-distance race, 1,760 yards (1,609.344 m), is very common in countries that do not use the metric system, and is still often referred to as the "Blue Riband" of the track. When World Athletics (then known as the International Amateur Athletic Federation) decided in 1976 to recognize only world records for metric distances, it made an exception for the mile, and records are kept to this day.

Historically, the mile took the place that the 1500 m has today. It is still raced on the world-class level, but usually only on select occasions, like the famous Wanamaker Mile, held annually at the Millrose Games. Running a mile in less than four minutes is a famously difficult achievement, long thought impossible by the scientific community. The first man to break the four-minute barrier was Englishman Roger Bannister at Oxford in 1954.

The current record holders are Hicham El Guerrouj (Morocco) (3:43.13, Rome, 7 July 1999) and Faith Kipyegon (Kenya) (4:07.64, Monaco, 21 July 2023).

### 2000 metres

The men's world record is held by Norway's Jakob Ingebrigtsen, who ran a time of 4:43.13 in 2023, beating the previous record held by Hicham El Guerrouj (Morocco) (4:44.79, Berlin, 7 September 1999).

Jessica Hull of Australia is the women's world record holder, with her time of 5:19.70, ran in 2024.

The 2000m is not an official world record event indoors.

### 3000 metres

Truly on the borderline between middle and longer distances, the 3000 m (7.5 laps) is a standard race in the United States. Between 1983 and 1993 it was a world championship event for women at the outdoor World Athletics Championships and Olympics. The 1984 Olympic race was famous for the controversial collision between Mary Decker and Zola Budd. The race has been a fixture at the World Athletics Indoor Championships since its inception in 1985 as the longest race for both men and women. This race requires decent speed, but a lack of natural quickness can be made up for with superior aerobic conditioning and race tactics. The records at this distance were set by Jakob Ingebrigtsen (Norway) (7:17.55, Silesia, 25 August 2024) and Junxia Wang (China) (8:06.11, Beijing, 13 September 1993).

### 3200 metres

At exactly eight laps on a standard 400 m track, this event is typically run only in American high schools, along with the 1600 m. It is colloquially called the "two-mile", as the distance is only 18.688 metres shorter. In college, the typical runner of this event would convert to the 5,000-metre run (or potentially the 3,000-metre run during the indoor season). In most eastern American high schools, colleges, and middle schools, this event is usually considered a long-distance event, depending on the region. It is the longest track distance run in most high school competitions.

Jakob Ingebrigtsen ran an equivalent of a 7:51.35 3200m in his 2023 world best of 7:54.10 in the two mile run.

Meseret Defar ran an equivalent of an 8:55.45 3200m in her 2007 world best of 8:58.58 in the two mile run.

### Two miles

This length of long middle-distance or short long-distance race was 3,520 yards (3,218.688 m).

Historically, the two-mile took the place that the 3000 m and the 3200 m have today. The first man to break the four-minute barrier for both miles was Daniel Komen (Kenya) at Hechtel, Belgium on 19 July 1997 in a time of 7:58.61. The current world record in the two-mile is held by Jakob Ingebrigtsen, who ran 7:54.10 in the 2023 Paris Diamond League meet on 9 June 2023, although the distance's world record is not tracked by the International Olympic Committee. Meseret Defar (Ethiopia) is the fastest woman: 8:58.58, Brussels, Belgium, 14 September 2007.

### 2000 metres steeplechase

Another race is only run in high school or Master meets. The typical specialist in this event would move up to the 3000-metre steeplechase in college.

### 3,000-metre steeplechase

A 3,000-metre steeplechase is a distance event requiring greater strength, stamina, and agility than the flat 3,000-metre event. This is because athletes are required to jump over five barriers per lap, after a flat first 200 m to allow for settling in. One barrier per lap is placed in front of a water pit, meaning that runners are also forced to deal with the chafing of wet shoes as they race. The world records are held by Lamecha Girma (Ethiopia) (7:52.11, Paris. 9 June 2023) and Gulnara Samitova (Russia) (8:58.81, Beijing, 17 August 2008).

## Notes and references

Media related to Middle-distance running at Wikimedia Commons


title: Miia (singer)

abstract: Mia Virik Kristensen, known mononymously as Miia, is a Norwegian singer.

text:
# Miia (singer)

**Mia Virik Kristensen** (born 24 November 1997), known mononymously as **Miia** (stylized in all caps), is a Norwegian singer.

## Biography

Miia comes from the town of Kragerø. She attended the music branch of secondary school in Nøtterøy. Her uncle is the musician Joachim Rygg. As a 14-year-old, she released the song "In the Light of Love". At the age of 17, she recorded the single "Dynasty" in a Los Angeles studio. The song was featured by Billboard, among others, and was used in an episode of *Keeping Up with the Kardashians*. While the song gained international fame, it did not achieve a breakthrough in Norway. After school, she began studying history in Oslo. In 2018, she took part in the music show *Muitte mu*, broadcast on NRK, in which celebrities were supposed to learn Joik. She released her debut EP *Inner Voices Speaking* in November 2023.

Miia competed in Melodi Grand Prix 2024 with the song "Green Lights". She advanced from her semi-final to the grand final, where she finished 6th out of 9 finalists.

## Musical style

Miia cites songs by singers Adele, Sia and Lana Del Rey as her inspiration.

## Discography

### EPs

* 2023: *Inner Voices Speaking*

### Singles

* 2016: "Dynasty"
* 2016: "Sledgehammer"
* 2018: "Beautiful Creature"
* 2019: "How to Lose Something Good"
* 2023: "Oxide"
* 2023: "Skin of a Fool"
* 2023: "Can’t Remember a Smile"
* 2023: "How Do I Love You"
* 2024: "Green Lights"

## InfoBox

| Miia | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Mia Virik Brubakken |
| Born | (1997-11-24) 24 November 1997 |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | * Singer |


title: Ts'A-Le-Moleka

abstract: Ts'A-Le-Moleka is a community council located in the Butha-Buthe District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 18,737.

text:
# Ts'A-Le-Moleka

**Ts'A-Le-Moleka** is a community council located in the Butha-Buthe District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 18,737.

## Villages

The community of Ts'A Le Moleka includes the villages of Ha Biafa, Ha Fako, Ha Komoho, Ha Lekanyane, Ha Letsika, Ha Makhoahla, Ha Makhotla, Ha Makuini, Ha Malefane, Ha Maleholo, Ha Malofo, Ha Manamela, Ha Masek'hou, Ha Matjeka, Ha Mohlanka, Ha Mokhatla (Manamela), Ha Molibeli (Manamela), Ha Moshoeshoe (Kololong), Ha Motabola, Ha Motinyane (Qalo), Ha Motjanyela, Ha Motsoari (Qalo), Ha Mpaki, Ha Ntsoana (Serutle), Ha Pokane, Ha Qophela, Ha Sebophe, Ha Selomo, Khilibitling, Kotsonkoaneng, Liforong (Ha Leboea), Likhahleng, Liphakoeng, Maholong, Majakaneng, Makong, Malimong (Ha Leboea), Maloseng, Mamphaneng, Manamela, Mantlakane, Mantloaneng, Marabeng, Masite, Matsatsaneng, Mothae, Qalo, Rolosela, Sebothoane (Serutle), Sekoting, Sekubu Mission, Seliba-Setšo (Manamela), Sephokong, Taung, Tebe-Tebe (Serutle), Thajaneng and Tikathole (Ha Leboea).

Sekubu Mission was founded in 1877 by Francis Richard Townley Balfour.

## InfoBox

| Ts'A-Le-Moleka | |
| --- | --- |
| Community Council | |
| Ts'A-Le-MolekaGeographic Center of Community | |
| Coordinates: 28°45′40″S 28°20′07″E / 28.76111°S 28.33528°E / -28.76111; 28.33528 | |
| Country | Lesotho |
| District | Butha-Buthe District |
| Elevation | 5,791 ft (1,765 m) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 18,737 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (CAT) |
| Coordinates computed from Lesotho Villages file. | |


title: Miers Bluff

abstract: Miers Bluff is the point forming the southwest extremity of Hurd Peninsula, the southeast side of the entrance to South Bay and the northwest side of the entrance to False Bay, on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The name "Elephant Point", given by Robert Fildes in 1820–22 to another feature, has been for a number of years applied in error to this bluff. It is now approved as originally intended and a new name has been substituted for the feature here described. The point is named after John Miers, British engineer and botanist who travelled to Chile in 1818 and was responsible for the publication in 1820 of the first chart of the South Shetland Islands, based on the work of William Smith.

text:
# Miers Bluff

**Miers Bluff** is the point forming the southwest extremity of Hurd Peninsula, the southeast side of the entrance to South Bay and the northwest side of the entrance to False Bay, on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The name "Elephant Point", given by Robert Fildes in 1820–22 to another feature, has been for a number of years applied in error to this bluff. It is now approved as originally intended and a new name has been substituted for the feature here described.

The point is named after John Miers, British engineer and botanist who travelled to Chile in 1818 and was responsible for the publication in 1820 of the first chart of the South Shetland Islands, based on the work of William Smith.

## Location

The point is located at (62°43′12.3″S 60°26′11.3″W / 62.720083°S 60.436472°W / -62.720083; -60.436472) which is 6.6 kilometres (4.1 mi) northwest of Barnard Point, 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) southeast of Hannah Point and 7.8 kilometres (4.8 mi) southwest of Napier Peak (British mapping in 1968, detailed Spanish mapping in 1991, and Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009). The U.S. Geological Survey gives the location as 62°43′S 60°27′W / 62.717°S 60.450°W / -62.717; -60.450.

## Maps

* Isla Livingston: Península Hurd. Mapa topográfico de escala 1:25 000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.
* L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-954-92032-9-5 (First edition 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4)
* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. ISBN 978-619-90008-3-0

This article incorporates public domain material from "Miers Bluff". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Mika Järvinen

abstract: Mika Järvinen is a Finnish professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for Vaasan Sport in Liiga. He is the only goaltender who has scored a goal in the SM-liiga, done while playing for KalPa against Lukko on December 4, 2008.

text:
# Mika Järvinen

**Mika Järvinen** (born November 15, 1988) is a Finnish professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for Vaasan Sport in Liiga.

He is the only goaltender who has scored a goal in the SM-liiga, done while playing for KalPa against Lukko on December 4, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Mika Järvinen | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1988-11-15) November 15, 1988<br>Hämeenlinna, Finland | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) | | |
| Weight | 174 lb (79 kg; 12 st 6 lb) | | |
| Position | Goaltender | | |
| Catches | Left | | |
| Liiga team | *Vaasan Sport* | | |
| National team | Finland | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 2007present | | |


title: TruValu Supermarket

abstract: TruValu Supermarket is a nationwide and one of the largest supermarket chain in Trinidad and Tobago. Eastern Commercial Lands trading as TruValu Supermarket. Tru Valu was established in 1978 and providing a wide variety of local and international products. The company is owned by CL Financial.

text:
# TruValu Supermarket

**TruValu Supermarket** is a nationwide and one of the largest supermarket chain in Trinidad and Tobago. Eastern Commercial Lands trading as TruValu Supermarket. Tru Valu was established in 1978 and providing a wide variety of local and international products. The company is owned by CL Financial.

## InfoBox

TruValu Supermarket
| Company type | subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Retail (Grocery) |
| Headquarters | Trinidad & Tobago |