title: To Have You Back Again

abstract: "To Have You Back Again" is a song written by Annie Roboff and Arnie Roman, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless. It was released in January 1998 as the second single from her album Long Stretch of Lonesome. The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 12 during the week of May 9, 1998.

text:
# To Have You Back Again

"**To Have You Back Again**" is a song written by Annie Roboff and Arnie Roman, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless. It was released in January 1998 as the second single from her album *Long Stretch of Lonesome*.

The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 12 during the week of May 9, 1998.

## Chart positions

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 17 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 12 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1998) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 91 |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 69 |

## InfoBox

| "To Have You Back Again" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Patty Loveless | |
| from the album  *Long Stretch of Lonesome* | |
| Released | January 31, 1998 (1998-01-31) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 4:35 |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Annie Roboff, Arnie Roman |
| Producer(s) | Emory Gordy Jr. |
| Patty Loveless singles chronology | |
| "You Don't Seem to Miss Me"
(1997) "**To Have You Back Again**"
(1998) "High on Love"
(1998) | |


title: What Price Innocence?

abstract: What Price Innocence? is a 1933 American pre-Code drama film written and directed by, and co-starring, Willard Mack. Produced on a low budget for Columbia Pictures, it has been classed as an exploitation film and "sex hygiene film" because it touches on teenage pregnancy and morality in a didactic manner. The film features a teenaged Betty Grable in an early film role.

text:
# What Price Innocence?

***What Price Innocence?*** is a 1933 American pre-Code drama film written and directed by, and co-starring, Willard Mack. Produced on a low budget for Columbia Pictures, it has been classed as an exploitation film and "sex hygiene film" because it touches on teenage pregnancy and morality in a didactic manner. The film features a teenaged Betty Grable in an early film role.

## Plot

Dr. Dan Davidge, a kindly, old family doctor, travels from house to house, observing the children he has brought into the world as they grow into adults. His favorite is seventeen-year-old Ruth Harper, a pretty, lively youngster who is far more innocent than her "flapper" friends. Davidge asks Ruth's father John if the girl has been informed about the facts of life, and the disconcerted father fatefully defers to his repressed and judgmental wife, Amy.

Believing her own example of quiet and respectable life is sufficient, Amy refuses to discuss sex with her daughter. Ruth is deeply in love with Tommy Harrow, a carefree boy several years older than she, and she becomes confused by the pressure he puts on her and her feelings toward him.

Despite the doctor's urging, Amy still refuses to address Ruth's questions and concerns. One evening after a wild party, Tommy persuades Ruth to accompany him home. Time passes as Ruth, who is now even more in love with Tommy, grows upset by his coolness toward her after their intimate night. She goes to Davidge, who quickly realizes that her "little attack of anemia" is what it seems—pregnancy.

Davidge confronts Tommy, who callously refuses to accept his responsibilities, then informs John and Amy about Ruth's pregnancy. The bewildered John attempts to offer sympathy, but Amy, furious over the potential scandal, castigates Ruth. The distraught girl is sent to a country resort, where, overwhelmed by the rejection she has experienced from Tommy and her mother, she drowns herself.

## Cast

## Production

Mack's taking on multiple roles in the film (as lead actor, director and writer) was unusual in American filmmaking at the time, though it was not uncommon in low-budget, exploitation film production.

## Release and reception

In addition to producing and releasing this film, Columbia Pictures reissued the previously banned sex-hygiene film *Damaged Lives*. The film was also known by the title *Shall We Tell Our Daughter?*. In at least one theater, the Strand in Lewiston, Maine, it played on a double bill with the comedy *Diplomaniacs*. It was paired with *Samarang* when it played at the Edwards Theatre in Sarasota. It appeared on a double bill with *The Masquerader* in San Jose's Liberty Theatre, along with a shorts program that featured Disney's *The Pied Piper*.

*What Price Innocence?* received mixed reviews. A critic for *The New York Times* wrote: "Judged on general entertainment standards, it is an embarrassing film. ... The film is presented with a certain blunt skill and it is produced with a certain sincerity. But it has none of the subtlety, indirection or dramatic power needed to make the theme palatable for the public screens." Other reviewers commended the film for its frank treatment of its subject, and for Willard Mack's performance. The *Baltimore Afro-American*: "Whether you accept (Dr. Davidge's) views of not, you will find the story an interesting and skillfully treated one." The *Sarasota Herald-Tribune* lauded the performances of Parker, Mack and Gombell in this "moving, human photodrama."

In Canada, *What Price Innocence?* was given a good review when it played in Montreal on a double bill with *Saturday's Millions*. The film was well reviewed in Australia, when it played at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney. "Willard Mack's impersonation as Dr. Dan Davidge," wrote the author of the Sydney Morning Herald review, "is the best thing in the play."

## InfoBox

| What Price Innocence? | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Willard Mack |
| Written by | Willard Mack |
| Produced by | Bryan Foy |
| Starring | Jean Parker
Minna Gombell
Willard Mack
Betty Grable
Bryant Washburn
Ben Alexander
Louise Beavers |
| Cinematography | Joseph A. Valentine |
| Edited by | Arthur Hilton |
| Production
company | Bryan Foy Productions |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * June 24, 1933 (1933-06-24) |
| Running time | 64 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Parachuting Rat

abstract: Parachuting Rat was a series of artworks in Melbourne, Australia, created by Banksy. On 26 April 2010, one was painted over by council contractors, leading to local and international coverage and debate on the nature of street art and its preservation, and new measures for its protection. Another was accidentally destroyed in May 2012 by building work. As of 2015, there was one still remaining.

text:
# Parachuting Rat

***Parachuting Rat*** was a series of artworks in Melbourne, Australia, created by Banksy. On 26 April 2010, one was painted over by council contractors, leading to local and international coverage and debate on the nature of street art and its preservation, and new measures for its protection.

Another was accidentally destroyed in May 2012 by building work. As of 2015, there was one still remaining.

## Concept

*Parachuting Rat* was a black rat with aviator glasses descending by parachute. Banksy's *oeuvre* is largely directed towards anti-capitalist and anti-war themes, and this piece was painted in 2003. Banksy's work is described as distinctive in style, satirical, and provocative. Banksy himself has written, in connection with his works involving rats, 'they exist without permission. They are hated, hunted and persecuted … if you are dirty, insignificant and unloved then rats are the ultimate role model'; that 'you can win the rat race but you're still a rat'; and also that he had been painting rats for three years before someone told him that the word is an anagram of art.

## Medium

*Parachuting Rat* was executed using stencils and spray paint. While earlier in his career Banksy painted freehand, in his later work from the mid-noughties he adopted the use of stencils in order to accelerate the creative process and reduce the likelihood of being caught. His works generally appear anonymously and overnight. Banksy has written that 'graffiti…is the most honest artform available. There is no elitism or hype … nobody is put off by the price of admission. A wall has always been the best place to publish your work'.

## Context

Melbourne is recognised as the street art capital of Australia. Banksy, who spent a few months in the city earlier in his career, described the city's street art as 'arguably Australia's most significant contribution to the arts since they stole all the Aborigines' pencils'. *Parachuting Rat* is one of a number of works he executed in the city in 2003.

*Parachuting Rat* adorned the wall above a doorway of a council building behind the Forum Theatre in Hosier Lane, a tourist attraction which attracts up to a thousand people a day because of its street art. While Hosier Lane had at the time five approved areas for street art, *Parachuting Rat* was not in one of these. It was allowed to remain 'by exception' because the council was aware of the popularity of Banksy's works.

## Removal

While Melbourne has a policy of encouraging street art, it also has a problem with gangs tagging walls and public property. Melbourne's deputy Lord Mayor Susan Riley sent cleaners to Hosier Lane after residents complained about squalid conditions in the alley. The cleaners were instructed to tidy up the rat-infested garbage and remove all graffiti from unapproved street art sites. Leaving alone the approved sites, the cleaners painted over *Parachuting Rat*, by then thought to be the only remaining work by Banksy on public view in the city, with a thick layer of battleship-grey paint. Challenged at the time by a local resident, the cleaners replied 'we are just doing what we're told'.

Another was destroyed in May 2012 by builders working on plumbing. The building owner, who knows Banksy through a New York contact, said that he laughed at the fact that "TV Cameras took an interest in his work" in an email she sent them about the incident.

## Reaction

### Melbourne Council

Robert Doyle, Lord Mayor of Melbourne, who had recently posed for a publicity photo before Hosier Lane's street art, praised such art as 'legitimate expression of artistic intent', although he also said *Parachuting Rat* 'was not the Mona Lisa' and declared it an 'honest mistake' by the cleaners. Melbourne City Council CEO Kathy Alexander said it was not an error on the part of the cleaners since they had been instructed to clean all unapproved areas, and had not been informed of its cultural significance. She also highlighted that there was no legal permit for the *Parachuting Rat*, and acknowledged that the council should have acted sooner to approve and protect all known Banksy works.

The council subsequently discussed whether it should invite artists to restore their damaged works and announced that it would issue retrospective legal permits to ensure other famous and significant works of street art are protected. The difficulty of protecting street art was also acknowledged. The council had previously attempted to protect 'Diving Bell' by Banksy by erecting a perspex sheet; its vandalism in 2008 was linked to discontent within the street art community over bureaucratic interference.

### Art world

*Parachuting Rat* was potentially worth tens of thousands of pounds. An ABC debate suggested that street art is by nature ephemeral; that it should not be heritage-listed and protected with glass; that in restoring a painting you see not the artist's work but a representation of that work; and also raised the questions of ownership, public art, finance, and the egalitarianism of the selective preservation of works of art.

Within a few days ten replacement parachute rats, in fluorescent shades of pink, blue, green and purple were created in Hosier Lane using stencils, along with another rat in the lifts of 121 Exhibition Street, the offices of the Department of Justice. An anonymous expert in Banksy and Melbourne's street art observed 'I think \[Banksy\] delights in placing authorities and councils in this funny position of trying to preserve his work because it's worth so much money now'. He also claimed that there were a number of other works by Banksy in the city and argued that the locations should remain undisclosed in order to protect them from destruction. Later in 2010 an image of a rat stolen from an electricity meter box outside the home of a well-known underwear designer was claimed to be by Banksy; the authenticity of this work was questioned, with some calling it a fake.


title: Goronwy Owen (poet)

abstract: Goronwy Owen was one of the 18th century's most notable Welsh poets. He mastered the 24 traditional bardic metres and, although forced by circumstances into exile, played an important role in the literary and antiquarian movement in Wales often described as the Welsh 18th-century Renaissance.

text:
# Goronwy Owen (poet)

**Goronwy Owen** (1 January 1723 – July 1769) was one of the 18th century's most notable Welsh poets. He mastered the 24 traditional bardic metres and, although forced by circumstances into exile, played an important role in the literary and antiquarian movement in Wales often described as the Welsh 18th-century Renaissance.

## Life

Owen was born on New Year's Day, 1723, in the parish of Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf in Anglesey. During his childhood he lived at his ancestral home, "Y Dafarn Goch". He was later educated at Friars School, Bangor, and Jesus College, Oxford, although he did not remain long at the college. He was admitted to the college as a servitor on 3 June 1742 but, whilst his name remained on the college's books until March 1748 (albeit with some omissions), he only resided in the college for about one week in the Midsummer Term of 1744 and incurred a debt of 15 1 which was never paid.

In January 1746 he was ordained and served for a time as curate of St Mary's Church, Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf. As a young man, he left Anglesey for the last time, wandering to Denbighshire; to Oswestry where he was made a master at Oswestry School and curate of nearby Selattyn in 1746; he was master of the grammar school at Donnington and curate of nearby Uppington close to Shrewsbury from 1748 to 1753; he then moved to Walton, Liverpool and then to Northolt, Middlesex. In November 1757, he emigrated, together with his young family, to take a post at the College of William & Mary, at Williamsburg, in the Colony of Virginia.

Rev. Owen began teaching about 9 April 1758 and was, in all probability, professor of Latin. Before the end of the first summer he had married Mrs. Clayton, sister of the college president, but she died within the year. He resigned from the college and on 25 August 1760 applied to become Vicar of St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, at Lawrenceville, Brunswick County, Virginia, to which he was appointed a year later and where he remained for the rest of his life. In 1761, he bought a tobacco and cotton plantation, and in 1763 married Joan Simmonds, his third wife. He died early in July 1769, and was buried on his plantation.

## Work

Following his emigration, Rev. Owen was most noted as an émigré bard, writing with *hiraeth* ("longing") for his native district in Anglesey.

He learnt much of his poetic craft from Lewis Morris, a fellow Anglesey man who, with his brothers and others, was a key figure in the Welsh literary circle referred to by Saunders Lewis as a "school of Welsh Augustans".

During the 1790s revival of the Eisteddfod tradition under the patronage of the London-based Gwyneddigion Society, the Gwyneddigion reacted to centuries of incomprehensible Welsh poetry composed in strict meter by holding up the poetry of Rev. Goronwy Owen as a far better model for the poets competing at future Eisteddfodau.

Rev. Owen had often expressed the desire to compose an epic work of Christian poetry which would be the equal of John Milton's *Paradise Lost*. Rev. Owen felt, however, that the rules of Welsh poetry in strict meter prevented him from doing so. Therefore, by holding Rev. Owen up as a model, the Gwyneddigion ensured that his literary legacy is that, as late as 1930, both the adjudicators and the poets composing submissions to the National Eisteddfod of Wales were aspiring to produce the Welsh national epic that Rev. Owen had longed to write in vain.

According to Eisteddfod historian Hywel Teifi Edwards, however, a Welsh national epic never materialized.

The town of Benllech in Anglesey named its village hall and its primary school, *Ysgol Goronwy Owen*, in his honour.

## Bibliography

### Published works

* *Dewisol Ganiadau yr Oes Hon* (1759). ("Selected songs of this age") Anthology. Includes a few of his poems.
* *Diddanwch Teuluaidd* (1763, 1817). ("A seemly diversion") Anthology in three parts. Includes most of his poems together with works by Lewis Morris and Huw Huws.
* *Corph y Gainc* (1810). Selections.
* John Jones (ed.), *Gronoviana* (Llanrwst, 1860). Complete poems and a selection of literary correspondence.
* Rev. Robert Jones (ed.), *Poetical Works of Goronwy Owen* (1876).
* Isaac Foulkes (ed.), *Holl Waith Barddonol Goronwy Owen* (1878). Complete poems.
* Isaac Foulkes (ed.), *Gwaith Goronwy Owen* (1902). Essentially a new edition of the above.
* W. J. Gruffydd (ed.), *Cywyddau Goronwy Owen* (1907). Annotated edition of the poems.
* J. H. Davies (ed.), *The Letters of Goronwy Owen* (1924).
* Dafydd Wyn Wiliam (ed.), *Llythyrau Goronwy Owen* (The Letters of Goronwy Owen) (2014). Annotated edition of the Letters.

Individual poems have also been published in numerous anthologies and other sources, including *The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse*.

### Biographies and studies

* Bedwyr Lewis Jones, in *Gwŷr Môn* (1979), ed. Bedwyr Lewis Jones, Cyngor Gwlad Gwynedd. ISBN 0-903935-07-4
* Alan Llwyd, *Goronwy Ddiafael, Goronwy Ddu. Cofiant Goronwy Owen 1723-1769* (Cyhoeddiadau Barddas, 1997).
* W. D. Williams, *Goronwy Owen* (Cardiff, 1951).

1. Prys Morgan, *The Eighteenth Century Renaissance* (Christopher Davies, Swansea, 1981).
2. Baker, J. N. L. (1971). *Jesus College, Oxford 15711971*. London: Oxonian Press Ltd. p. 43. ISBN 0-9502164-0-2.
3. Dickins, Gordon (1987). *An Illustrated Literary Guide to Shropshire*. Shropshire Libraries. pp. 54, 108.
4. Saunders Lewis, *A School of Welsh Augustans* (Cardiff, 1924; reprinted by Cedric Chivers, Bath, 1969).
5. Edwards (2016), *The Eisteddfod*, pages 14-15.
6. Edwards (2016), *The Eisteddfod*, pages 14–15.
7. Edwards (2016), *The Eisteddfod*, pages 29-31.
8. Edwards (2016), *The Eisteddfod*, page 30.


title: Pseudomerulius

abstract: Pseudomerulius is a genus of fungi in the Tapinellaceae family. The genus is widespread and contains two species. P. aureus is noted as being inedible.

text:
# Pseudomerulius

***Pseudomerulius*** is a genus of fungi in the Tapinellaceae family. The genus is widespread and contains two species. *P. aureus* is noted as being inedible.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudomerulius* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pseudomerulius aureus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Tapinellaceae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudomerulius***
Jülich |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pseudomerulius aureus*
(Fr.) Jülich | |
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Hosoi Kōtaku

abstract: Hosoi Kōtaku was a Confucian scholar, calligrapher and seal carver in early Edo period Japan. He went by many pseudonyms during his career, including the pen-names of Jirō Tayū, Hirosawa, Tamagawa, Shiyosai, Shōrin-an, and Kisshō-dō. His calligraphy was highly praised in the pre-war period.

text:
# Hosoi Kōtaku

**Hosoi Kōtaku** (細井広沢, *November 3, 1658 - February 4, 1736*) was a Confucian scholar, calligrapher and seal carver in early Edo period Japan. He went by many pseudonyms during his career, including the pen-names of Jirō Tayū, Hirosawa, Tamagawa, Shiyosai, Shōrin-an, and Kisshō-dō. His calligraphy was highly praised in the pre-war period.

## Biography

Hosoi was born in Kakegawa, Tōtōmi Province as the second son of a samurai in the service of Matsudaira Nobuyuki. His father was subsequently transferred with his lord to Akashi Domain in Harima province, but Hosoi remained at the domain's Edo residence for studies. He was a disciple of the Cheng–Zhu school under Confucian scholar Sakai Seikan from 1672, and the calligrapher Kitajima Tetsuzan from 1677. He also studied military science, *waka* poetry, astronomy, land surveying and mathematics, and with his reputation for diverse knowledge was able to obtain a position with a *kokudaka* of 200 *koku* under Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, the senior advisor to Shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi. He also learned Japanese swordsmanship in the dōjō of Horiuchi Masaharu where he became close friends with Horibe Takatsune, a samurai from Akō Domain.

During the Akō incident of 1701, in which the 47 former samurai of the dissolved Akō Domain fulfilled their vendetta against Kira Yoshinaka, Hosoi assisted the attackers by copyediting the proclamation made by the Akō *ronin* when they stormed Kira's residence. He was also entrusted with the compilation of Horibe's personal diary, in which it is apparent that he cooperated closely with the Akō *ronin* in planning the attack.

However, in 1702, he was expelled by Yanagisawa under pressure from Matsudaira Terusada, the *daimyō* of Takasaki Domain. Hosoi had successfully argued a legal dispute between a friend and Matsudaira Terusada, and the outraged Matsudaira pressured Yanagisawa to expel Hosoi. Although Yanagisawa succumbed to this political pressure, he continue to support Hosoi with an annual stipend of 50 *ryō* and continued to consult with him unofficially. Around 15 years later, in the Kyōhō era (1716-1736), he received an official post to assist in the editing of the shogunate's legislation.

Hosoi wrote many books on diverse topics during his career, but is especially noted for establishing a distinctive style of calligraphy and of seal carving. His many disciples included the painter Yanagisawa Kien. He died on February 4, 1736, and his grave is at the temple of Mangan-ji in Setagaya, Tokyo. His grave was designated a National Historic Site in 1949.

## InfoBox

| Hosoi Kōtaku | |
| --- | --- |
| 細井広沢 | |
| Calligraphy by Hosoi Kōtaku | |
| Born | (1811-05-13)May 13, 1811
Kakegawa, Tōtōmi Province, Japan |
| Died | February 4, 1736(1736-02-04) (aged 77)
Edo, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |


title: Arthur Lennard

abstract: Arthur Lennard was a British music hall singer, stage and silent film actor.

text:
# Arthur Lennard

**Arthur Lennard** (born **Arthur Edward Hall**; 8 March 1867 – 14 January 1954) was a British music hall singer, stage and silent film actor.

## Biography

He was born in Plumstead, and first appeared on stage at Holborn in 1887. A tenor, he sang ballads, such as the popular "Skylark", as well as topical songs and parodies. He performed in variety shows and pantomimes before retiring from the stage in 1916.

He then enjoyed a brief career as a silent film actor, appearing in nine films in the early 1920s including *Fires of Innocence* (1922).

He died in 1954 and was buried at St Nicolas Church, Shoreham-by-Sea.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *The History of the British Film 1918-1929*. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.

## InfoBox

| Arthur Lennard | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Arthur Edward Hall
(1867-03-08)8 March 1867
Plumstead, London, England |
| Died | 14 January 1954(1954-01-14) (aged 86)
Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, actor |
| Years active | 1887-1922 |


title: Tollgate, Oregon

abstract: Tollgate is an unincorporated community in Umatilla County, Oregon, United States. It lies between Weston and Elgin on Oregon Route 204. The area was first homesteaded by David J. Woodward. After co-forming the Summerville and Walla Walla Road Co., Woodward purchased land near the headwater of Lookingglass Creek. A road leading east from the city of Milton and the city of Walla Walla, Washington to the city of Summerville and the Grande Ronde Valley crossed Woodward's property. Woodward installed a toll gate across this portion of the road and charged travelers a fee for access through the gate. The toll road was frequently used as a means to move farm products from Union County to Umatilla County and Walla Walla County. In 1915 Umatilla County, working with other local counties, became interested in improving the toll road. These counties formed the Blue Mountain Highway Association. Among the group's goals was to gravel the road and abolish the toll. Woodward resisted abolishing the toll and the committee moved to create a new route which bypassed the Woodwards land. In 1922 this new route was completed and called the Weston-Elgin Highway, which later became Highway 204, which still runs by the Langdon Lake. In 1940 a postoffice was established and would continue serving the community until 1954. Today mail for the Tollgate community is routed through a post office in Weston. The Spout Springs Ski Area and Andes Prairie, which is the only designated sledding and winter camping area in the Blue Mountains, also are within the community. Langdon Lake has remained a private lake and has limited access to the public.

text:
# Tollgate, Oregon

**Tollgate** is an unincorporated community in Umatilla County, Oregon, United States. It lies between Weston and Elgin on Oregon Route 204.

The area was first homesteaded by David J. Woodward. After co-forming the Summerville and Walla Walla Road Co., Woodward purchased land near the headwater of Lookingglass Creek (later dammed in 1922 to create Langdon Lake). A road leading east from the city of Milton and the city of Walla Walla, Washington to the city of Summerville and the Grande Ronde Valley crossed Woodward's property. Woodward installed a toll gate across this portion of the road and charged travelers a fee for access through the gate. The toll road was frequently used as a means to move farm products from Union County to Umatilla County and Walla Walla County.

In 1915 Umatilla County, working with other local counties, became interested in improving the toll road. These counties formed the Blue Mountain Highway Association. Among the group's goals was to gravel the road and abolish the toll. Woodward resisted abolishing the toll and the committee moved to create a new route which bypassed the Woodwards land. In 1922 this new route was completed and called the Weston-Elgin Highway, which later became Highway 204, which still runs by the Langdon Lake.

In 1940 a postoffice was established and would continue serving the community until 1954. Today mail for the Tollgate community is routed through a post office in Weston.

The Spout Springs Ski Area and Andes Prairie, which is the only designated sledding and winter camping area in the Blue Mountains, also are within the community. Langdon Lake has remained a private lake and has limited access to the public.

## Notable residents

1. Tollgate trail finders snowmobile club
2. Jubilee Lake and campground (USFS)

## InfoBox

| Tollgate, Oregon | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Downtown Tollgate | |
| Location of Tollgate, Oregon | |
| Coordinates: 45°46′50″N 118°05′34″W / 45.78056°N 118.09278°W / 45.78056; -118.09278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Umatilla |
| Elevation | 4,879 ft (1,487 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 97886 |
| Area code | 541 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1116542 |


title: Headquarters Historic District

abstract: The Headquarters Historic District of Glacier National Park comprises the administrative and housing buildings near West Glacier, Montana on the west side of the park. The area contains a mixture of styles, ranging from National Park Service Rustic to more modern structures built immediately after World War II. Many of the buildings were built by labor from the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Post-World War II development consists primarily of housing developed under the Mission 66 initiative. Significant buildings in the National Park Service Rustic style include the Superintendent's Residence (1923), the original Administration Building (1923), and a number of residences. Shared facilities included a messhall, bunkhouses and utility buildings.

text:
# Headquarters Historic District

The **Headquarters Historic District** of Glacier National Park comprises the administrative and housing buildings near West Glacier, Montana on the west side of the park. The area contains a mixture of styles, ranging from National Park Service Rustic to more modern structures built immediately after World War II.

Many of the buildings were built by labor from the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Post-World War II development consists primarily of housing developed under the Mission 66 initiative. Significant buildings in the National Park Service Rustic style include the Superintendent's Residence (1923), the original Administration Building (1923), and a number of residences. Shared facilities included a messhall, bunkhouses and utility buildings.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | E of Glacier Rt. 1 at crossing of Middle Fork of the Flathead R., Glacier NP, West Glacier, Montana |
| Coordinates | 48°30′6″N 113°58′47″W / 48.50167°N 113.97972°W / 48.50167; -113.97972 |
| Architect | National Park Service; NPS Landscape Division |
| MPS | Glacier National Park MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 95001569 |
| Added to NRHP | January 19, 1996 |


title: What Price Porky

abstract: What Price Porky is a 1938 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Bob Clampett. The cartoon was released on February 26, 1938, and stars Porky Pig and Daffy Duck. The film is a war comedy, depicting a war between chickens and ducks over food supplies.

text:
# What Price Porky

***What Price Porky*** is a 1938 Warner Bros. *Looney Tunes* cartoon directed by Bob Clampett. The cartoon was released on February 26, 1938, and stars Porky Pig and Daffy Duck.

The film is a war comedy, depicting a war between chickens and ducks over food supplies.

## Plot

When Porky goes to feed his hens and chickens, a group of ducks steal the corn he sets out. After sending a document filled with insults from the ducks' "ducktator" (Daffy Duck, a.k.a. "General Quacko"), war erupts between the chickens and the ducks. Newborn chicks form battalions from the moment they hatch, with the chickens digging trenches. The ducks goose-step in the marsh, saluting their general, as they use swans and geese as battlecarriers and airplanes. Porky manages to turn the tide with a machine gun improvised from a wringer washer and a bag of corn.

## Production notes

The copyright date in the opening credits reads 1937.

## Home media

*What Price Porky* is available on the DVD release of *The Dawn Patrol*, the *Looney Tunes Golden Collection Volume 5*, Disc 4 and the *Porky Pig 101*, Disc 2.

1. https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/animator-breakdown-what-price-porky-1938/
2. Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). *Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons*. Henry Holt and Co. p. 68. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
3. Lenburg, Jeff (1999). *The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons*. Checkmark Books. pp. 70–72. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.

## InfoBox

| What Price Porky | |
| --- | --- |
| Title screen | |
| Directed by | Robert Clampett |
| Story by | Robert Clampett |
| Produced by | Leon Schlesinger |
| Music by | Carl W. Stalling |
| Animation by | Chuck Jones
Bob Cannon
John Carey (unc.)
Jerry Hatchock (unc.)
Izzy Ellis (unc.)
Norm McCabe (unc.) |
| Color process | Black-and-white
Color (1968 Korean redrawn three-strip color edition and 1995 3D computer color version) |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Release date | * February 26, 1938 (1938-02-26) |
| Running time | 7:00 |
| Language | English |


title: Pardeh Sar

abstract: Pardeh Sar is a village in the Ardabil Province of Iran.

text:
# Pardeh Sar

**Pardeh Sar** is a village in the Ardabil Province of Iran.

1. "استان اردبیل". *دانشنامه شهری ایران* (in Persian). 2018-05-06. Retrieved 2020-01-06.

## InfoBox

| Pardeh Sar | |
| --- | --- |
| Pardeh SarLocation in Iran | |
| Coordinates: 37°16′25″N 48°59′28″E / 37.27361°N 48.99111°E / 37.27361; 48.99111 | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Ardabil Province |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+4:30 (IRDT) |


title: Interim Control Module

abstract: The Interim Control Module (ICM) is a NASA-constructed module designed to serve as a temporary "tug" for the International Space Station in case the Zvezda service module was destroyed or not launched for an extended period of time.

text:
# Interim Control Module

The **Interim Control Module** (**ICM**) is a NASA-constructed module designed to serve as a temporary "tug" for the International Space Station in case the Zvezda service module was destroyed or not launched for an extended period of time.

## History

It was derived from a formerly-classified Titan Launch Dispenser used to distribute reconnaissance satellites to different orbits. It would have been able to prolong the lifespan of the Zarya module by providing equivalent propulsion capabilities to the Service Module, although not any of the other life support capabilities.

> In 1997 NASA requested that the Naval Research Laboratory study the feasibility of adapting an existing, heritage spaceflight system to provide low-cost, contingency propulsion operations for the International Space Station (ISS).
>
> After determining that the system could be adapted in time to meet NASA's schedule requirements, NRL was granted authority to proceed with the Interim Control Module (ICM). From its inception ICM was a contingency option for attitude control and reboost of the ISS that would allow NASA to preserve the on-orbit construction schedule in case of delays in the launch of the Russian Service Module.
>
> ICM was to launch on board the Space Shuttle, deploy from the Shuttle's cargo bay, and mate with the ISS at the Russian Control Module (called Zarya). Once on orbit ICM would provide sufficient fuel for one to three years of operation.
>
> NRL Spacecraft Engineering Department,

After the successful launch of Zvezda, ICM was placed in a caretaker status at NRL's Payload Processing Facility in Washington, D.C. Should it become necessary to complete and launch ICM, it was estimated that it would take between two and two-and-a-half years to do so.

Since the ICM was mothballed, a variety of new uses for it have been proposed. Most seriously, it was proposed for use as part of a robotic servicing mission for the Hubble Space Telescope, before the final Shuttle servicing mission was approved. The ICM has also been suggested as an integral part of a new telescope based on unused spy satellite hardware, and even for use in its original role in the event of removal of the Russian Orbital Segment of the ISS.


title: Goronwy Owen (politician)

abstract: Goronwy Owen was a Welsh Liberal politician and businessman.

text:
# Goronwy Owen (politician)

**Goronwy Owen** (22 June 1881  26 September 1963) was a Welsh Liberal politician and businessman.

## Education, war & business

Owen was born at Penllwyn, Aberystwyth. He was educated at Ardwyn Grammar School and the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth where he gained an MA degree. He worked as a schoolteacher in London until 1914 but then joined the London Welsh Battalion (15th Royal Welch Fusiliers) as an officer. He served in France and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1916. He was promoted to Brigade Major and twice mentioned in dispatches. By 1948 however he was being referred to as having achieved the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the war, he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn but the law was a subordinate interest to business and politics. He became a member of the London Stock Exchange and went into the oil business. He became president of British Controlled Oilfields which had interests in Venezuela and the Caribbean and was on the board of the Trinidad Petroleum Development Company as well as having interests in other commercial and trading companies.

## Politics

Owen was elected as Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Caernarvonshire at the 1923 general election. He defended the seat at the 1929 general election as a Liberal, beating Labour, Conservative and Welsh nationalist opposition with a majority of 3,460. At the 1931 election he was styled an Independent Liberal. He held his seat against Labour and two nationalist opponents but by the much narrower majority of 694. At the next election in 1935, Owen again stood as an Independent Liberal against Labour and nationalist opposition, increasing his majority to 1,497. At Labour's landslide victory in the 1945 general election, he again had no Conservative candidate to contend with but he once more faced Labour and Welsh nationalist challenge. He was beaten by the similarly named Labour candidate Goronwy Owen Roberts by a majority of over 6,000.

## The Lloyd George Family Group of MPs

Goronwy Owen was distantly related to David Lloyd George by marriage; his wife Gladwyn, whom he married in 1925, was the sister of Edna, the wife of Gwilym Lloyd George. During the Liberal splits of the 1930s Owen was therefore part of Lloyd George's so-called 'family group' of four Independent Liberal MPs, which also comprised Lloyd George, his daughter Lady Megan Lloyd George, and his son Gwilym. In August 1931 the Lloyd George family group initially supported the formation of the National government. Gwilym became a junior minister at the Board of Trade and Owen became a government whip, taking the post of Comptroller of the Household. However they broke with the coalition over the issue of Free Trade and resigned their government posts in October. For a brief time also in 1931 Owen was Liberal Chief Whip in the House of Commons. He was knighted in the New Years Honours List of 1944 for political and public services. The family group re-took the Liberal Whip immediately after the 1935 General Election.

## North Wales

Owen had a home in north Wales and played an active part in local and political life there. He was a councillor and Alderman of Caernarfonshire County Council, Chairman of the Agricultural Wages Committee for Caernarfonshire, Anglesey, Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire. He was a magistrate and deputy lieutenant for Caernarfonshire. He was also sometime president of the North Wales Liberal Federation. Owen was sometime Chairman of Caernarvonshire and Anglesey Territorial and Auxiliary Forces Association and County Army Welfare Officer. He was Chairman of Gwynedd Police Authority from 1955 to 1956, having served as Vice-Chairman from 1954 to 1955).

* Obituary, The Times: 27 September 1963

## Sources

### Books and Journals

* Jones, J. Graham (June 1993). "The Liberal Party and Wales, 1945-79" (PDF). *Welsh History Review*. **16** (3): 326–55. Retrieved 24 January 2017.

## InfoBox

| Goronwy Owen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Liberal Chief Whip | |
| **In office**
1931–1932 | |
| Leader | Sir Herbert Samuel |
| Preceded by | Archibald Sinclair |
| Succeeded by | Walter Rea |
| Member of Parliament
for Caernarvonshire | |
| **In office**
6 December 1923  5 July 1945 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Jones |
| Succeeded by | Goronwy Roberts |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Goronwy Owen
(1881-06-22)22 June 1881
Colomendy, Denbighshire, Wales, UK |
| Died | 26 September 1963(1963-09-26) (aged 82) |
| Political party | Liberal |
|  | |


title: Pseudomertensia

abstract: Pseudomertensia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. They are perennial herbs with blue or bluish purple flowers. Their natural range is from Iran to the Himalayas. None have been found in China or Russia. P. echioides, and the type species for the genus, P. elongata, are occasionally cultivated as ornamentals. Most sources list about 12 species, but some include as many as 14. Pseudomertensia was once thought to be closely related to Mertensia, but molecular phylogenetic studies have placed it close to Myosotis.

text:
# Pseudomertensia

***Pseudomertensia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. They are perennial herbs with blue or bluish purple flowers. Their natural range is from Iran to the Himalayas. None have been found in China or Russia. *P. echioides*, and the type species for the genus, *P. elongata*, are occasionally cultivated as ornamentals.

Most sources list about 12 species, but some include as many as 14. *Pseudomertensia* was once thought to be closely related to *Mertensia*, but molecular phylogenetic studies have placed it close to *Myosotis*.

## Species

Author citations are from Tropicos.

## History

In 1967, Harald Udo von Riedl erected the genus *Pseudomertensia* for eight species which, at that time, were recognized in *Mertensia*. The genus is named for its apparent, but false, relationship with *Mertensia*.

The species recognized by Riedl were *P. chitralensis, P. echioides, P. efornicata, P. elongata, P. parviflora, P. edelbergii, P. primuloides,* and *P. lindelofioides*. The first five of these are still universally recognized. Some authors treat *P. edelbergii* as a variety of *P. trollii*, and *P. primuloides* as a variety of *P. moltkioides*. Some authors believe that *P. lindelofioides* is misplaced in *Pseudomertensia*, and they place it in *Lindelofia* as *Lindelofia olgea*. It is indigenous to Turkestan and Afghanistan. *Lindelofia longiflora* has been sampled in molecular phylogenetic studies, but *L. olgea* has not.

The distinctive Pakistani species, *Pseudomertensia sericophylla* is placed by some authors in a monospecific genus as *Decalepidanthus sericophyllus*. *Decalepidanthus* is occasionally misspelled. It means "flower with ten scales".

After *Pseudomertensia* was established in 1967, six more species were described in 1970 by es:Syed Muhammad Anwar Kazmi in the second of a series of seven articles revising the Boraginaceae of Pakistan. A few more species were added later, the last of these being *P. flavescens* in 1996.

The segregation of *Pseudomertensia* from *Mertensia* has been confirmed by cladistic analysis of DNA sequences. These place *Pseudomertensia* closest to *Myosotis*, at least among the genera that have been sampled so far. The sampling of genera in taxonomic studies of Boraginaceae has not been sufficient to determine whether *Pseudomertensia* and *Myosotis* are sister groups.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudomertensia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pseudomertensia echioides* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Subfamily: | Boraginoideae |
| Genus: | *Pseudomertensia*
Riedl |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pseudomertensia elongata*
(Decaisne) Riedl | |
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Non-blocking linked list

abstract:
A non-blocking linked list is an example of non-blocking data structures designed to implement a linked list in shared memory using synchronization primitives:
  - Compare-and-swap
  - Fetch-and-add
  - Load-link/store-conditional Several strategies for implementing non-blocking lists have been suggested.

text:
# Non-blocking linked list

A **non-blocking linked list** is an example of non-blocking data structures designed to implement a linked list in shared memory using synchronization primitives:

Several strategies for implementing non-blocking lists have been suggested.

## Review: linked lists

(Singly) linked lists are fundamental data structures that are widely used as is, or to build other data structures. They consist of "nodes", or "links", that are put in some order indicated by a "next" pointer on each node. The last node in the list (the "tail") has a nil next pointer. The first node (the "head") is a sentinel: it stores no interesting information and is only used for its next pointer.

The operations that must be supported on lists are as follows.

* Given a node n that is not yet part of the list, and a pointer p to a node in the list (perhaps the head), *insert* n after p.
* Given a pointer p, *delete* p.next from the list.

Both operations must support concurrent use: two or more threads of execution must be able to perform insertions and deletions without interfering with each other's work (see diagram).

## Harris's solution

In a 2001 paper, Harris gives a solution to concurrent maintenance of ordered linked list that is non-blocking, using a compare-and-swap (cas) primitive. Insertion of n after p is simple:

1. next ← p.next
2. n.next ← next
3. cas(address-of(p.next), next, n)
4. If the cas was not successful, go back to 1.

Deletion of p.next is more involved. The naive solution of resetting this pointer with a single CAS runs the risk of losing data when another thread is simultaneously inserting (see diagram). This is specific case of the ABA problem. Instead, two invocations of cas are needed for a correct algorithm. The first marks the pointer p.next as deleted, changing its value but in such a way that the original pointer can still be reconstructed. The second actually deletes the node by resetting p.next.

## Operations on lock-free linked lists

### Insert

### Delete (Naive approach)

* search for the right spot in the list
* delete using Compare-and-swap

### Contains

* search for a specific value in the list and return whether it is present or not
* this is a read only operation, does not pose any concurrency issues

## Problems

### Concurrent insert and delete

* a process deleting node B requires an atomic action on the node's predecessor
* concurrently another process tries to insert a node C after node B (B.next=C)
* node B is deleted from the list but C is gone along with it

#### Solutions

* Harris
    + place a 'mark' in the next pointer of the soon-to-be deleted node
    + fail when we try to CAS the 'mark'
    + when detected go back to start of the list and restart
* Zhang et al.
    + search the list to see if the value to be deleted exists, if exists mark the node logically deleted
    + a subsequent traversal of the list will do garbage collection of logically deleted nodes

### Concurrent deletions

* two processes concurrently delete an adjacent node: node B and node C respectively
* the delete of node C is undone by the delete of node B

#### Solutions

Valois

* make use of auxiliary nodes which contain only a next field
* each regular node must have an auxiliary node as its predecessor and successor
* deletion will result in an extra auxiliary node being left behind, which means the delete will have to keep trying to clean up the extra auxiliary nodes
* use an extra 'back\_link' field so the delete operation can traverse back to a node that has not been deleted from the list

## Further reading

* *High Performance Dynamic Lock-Free Hash Tables and List-Based Sets*, Maged M. Michael
* Fomitchev, Mikhail; Ruppert, Eric (2004). *Lock-free linked lists and skip lists* (PDF). Proc. Annual ACM Symp. on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC). pp. 50–59. doi:10.1145/1011767.1011776. ISBN 1581138024.
* *Two-handed emulation: how to build non-blocking implementations of complex data-structures using DCAS*, Michael Greewald
* *Highly-Concurrent Multi-word Synchronization*, Hagit Attiya, Eshcar Hillel
* *Lock-free deques and doubly linked lists*, Håkan Sundell, Philippas Tsigas


title: Refraction microtremor

abstract: Refraction microtremor (ReMi) is a surface-performed geophysical survey developed by Dr. John Louie based on previously existing principles of evaluating surface waves and in particular Rayleigh waves. The refraction microtremor technology was developed at the University of Nevada and is owned by the State of Nevada. Optim of Reno, Nevada has the exclusive license to develop the technology, and SeisOpt® ReMi™ has been available commercially from Optim since 2004. Since Rayleigh waves are dispersive, the propagating waves are measured along a linear seismic array and evaluated relative to wave frequency and slowness. Due to the dispersive characteristics of higher frequency waves travelling through the more shallow conditions and lower frequency waves passing through deeper materials, a 1-D subsurface profile can be generated based on the velocity with depth.

text:
# Refraction microtremor

**Refraction microtremor (ReMi)** is a surface-performed geophysical survey developed by Dr. John Louie (and others) based on previously existing principles of evaluating surface waves and in particular Rayleigh waves. The refraction microtremor technology was developed at the University of Nevada and is owned by the State of Nevada. Optim of Reno, Nevada has the exclusive license to develop the technology, and SeisOpt® ReMi™ has been available commercially from Optim since 2004. Since Rayleigh waves are dispersive, the propagating waves are measured along a linear seismic array and evaluated relative to wave frequency and slowness (or the inverse of the velocity). Due to the dispersive characteristics of higher frequency waves travelling through the more shallow conditions and lower frequency waves passing through deeper materials, a 1-D subsurface profile can be generated based on the velocity with depth.

## Equipment and Field Procedures

The method utilizes equipment typically employed in seismic refraction surveys. This equipment consists of a seismograph, geophones placed in an array, and a seismic source. An array consists of 6 to 48+ geophones placed at some interval along the ground surface to measure the propagating waves and are connected to a seismograph that records the data. Rayleigh waves are generated from seismic sources described to be active, passive, or a combination of both. For example, active sources can be generated sources from a sledge hammer striking a plate or other sources that are created near the traverse. Passive sources can be nearby highway traffic, construction equipment working in the distance, etc. Several recordings (typically 15 to 60+ seconds long) are captured and stored for later analysis. As multiple traverses are performed along the ground surface, the 1-D profiles can be compiled to generate a 2-D profile of the subsurface conditions. It is worth noting that since seismic traverses typically "average" conditions along the traverse length to some extent, the expectations and limitations of geophysical methods should be realized.


title: Pamela Armstrong

abstract: Pamela Armstrong is a British journalist and news presenter.

text:
# Pamela Armstrong

**Pamela Armstrong** (born 25 August 1951 in Kalimantan, Borneo) is a British journalist and news presenter.

## Background

Armstrong's career in journalism started with Capital Radio where she presented the daily news and current affairs programme *London Today*.

She also spent six months reporting on Operation Drake, the expedition that retraced the round-the-world voyage of the great explorer. She sailed in a square-rigged brigantine from Panama to Papua New Guinea taking in the Galapagos, Tahiti and Fiji on the way.

She presented two series of the health programme *Wellbeing* on Channel 4. It proved highly popular and was one of the channel's earliest successes. She worked for ITN as a newscaster from 1983 to 1986. After leaving ITV in 1986, she joined the BBC where she co-presented *Breakfast Time* as well as hosting Britain's first chat show to be broadcast five days a week, *The Pamela Armstrong Show*.

## Education

Armstrong was educated in Sarawak, Indonesia and Britain.

## Books

Armstrong has written a book, *Beating the Biological Clock*. She now works as an after dinner speaker and in corporate communications.


title: Tollgate House, Mitchel Troy

abstract: Tollgate House, near the village of Mitchel Troy in Monmouthshire, Wales, is a tollhouse dating from the early 19th century. Attributed to the architect Sir Jeffry Wyatville, it is a Grade II listed building.

text:
# Tollgate House, Mitchel Troy

**Tollgate House**, near the village of Mitchel Troy in Monmouthshire, Wales, is a tollhouse dating from the early 19th century. Attributed to the architect Sir Jeffry Wyatville, it is a Grade II listed building.

## History and description

In the Early modern period, before responsibility for the construction and maintenance of roads was transferred to local government, roadbuilding was undertaken as a private commercial activity by turnpike trusts. The trusts built the roads, under agreements made with local landowners and with the sanction of private Acts of Parliament, and recouped the construction and maintenance costs by the raising of tolls. To enable the collection of the tolls, tollhouses were built, frequently at the junctions of roads, which provided accommodation for a toll-keeper and were designed to enable them to man gates placed at the junctions at which tolls were collected from users of the roads.

The 18th and 19th centuries saw a huge expansion in the construction of toll roads in Wales and elsewhere, as the demands of industry and commerce drove a need for greatly improved communication routes. South Wales experienced particularly rapid expansion, due to the burgeoning coal and iron industries. The toll road from Monmouth into South Wales was constructed in the early 19th century and Tollgate House at Mitchel Troy, the first tollhouse on the road out of the town, was built in around 1810. The design is attributed to Sir Jeffry Wyatville by Cadw, although the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) goes no further than to note that Wyatville did design toll houses along the route.

The building is a rough rectangle, with three bays giving easy sight out to the approaching roads. Unusually, it is of two-storeys, as tollhouses were more commonly single-storey structures. It is built of local whitewashed stone. Tollgate House is a Grade II listed building.

## Footnotes

1. "Tollhouse at St. Fagans National Museum of History". Museum Wales. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
2. "Researching the History of British Toll Houses". Buildinghistory.org. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
3. "Tollgate House, Mitchel Troy (20887)". *Coflein*. RCAHMW. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
4. Cadw. "Tollgate House aka Monmouth Toll House (Grade II) (2867)". *National Historic Assets of Wales*. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
5. Stroud, Dorothy (6 June 1953). "Windsor Restored: the Work of Sir Jeffry Wyatville 1824-40". History Today. Retrieved 15 October 2023.

## InfoBox

| Tollgate House | |
| --- | --- |
| On the road from Monmouth to Mitchel Troy | |
| Type | Tollhouse |
| Location | Mitchel Troy, Monmouthshire |
| Coordinates | 51°48′00″N 2°43′08″W / 51.8°N 2.719°W / 51.8; -2.719 |
| Built | c.1810 |
| Architect | Jeffry Wyatville |
| Architectural style(s) | Neoclassical |
| Governing body | Privately owned |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | Tollgate House aka Monmouth Toll House |
| Designated | 23 April 1992 |
| Reference no. | 2867 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Tollgate House in Monmouthshire | |


title: Healthcare in London

abstract: Healthcare in London, which consumes about a fifth of the NHS budget in England, is in many respects distinct from that in the rest of the United Kingdom, or England.

text:
# Healthcare in London

**Healthcare in London**, which consumes about a fifth of the NHS budget in England, is in many respects distinct from that in the rest of the United Kingdom, or England.

## History

### Early history

The earliest state hospitals in the UK were set up in London under the management of the Metropolitan Asylums Board which was established by the Metropolitan Poor Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c. 6). They supplemented the pattern of voluntary hospitals which had developed in the case of St Bartholomew's Hospital since 1123. Florence Nightingale campaigned to establish accommodation in infirmaries for the sick separate from that provided by workhouses. She had formulated her schemes for immediate application to London because it was obvious that sweeping reforms could not be absorbed at once throughout the country. In 1860, she proved successful in her campaign and founded, in London, the world's first secular nursing school connected to a fully serving hospital and medical school (St. Thomas' Hospital).

Sanatorium benefit was a particular feature of the National Insurance Act 1911. The Metropolitan Asylums Board had established some 8,500 isolation beds and it was agreed that these beds could be used to meet the obligations of the London County Council. The Board was eventually dissolved in March 1930 as a result of the Local Government Act 1929 and its 24,000 beds transferred to the Council. The Local Government Act permitted, but did not compel, local authorities to take over Poor Law institutions, and to bring some measure of order into an expanded municipal hospital system. This opportunity was exploited by the LCC, which by 1936 had become a stronghold for members of the Socialist Medical Association. Somerville Hastings, President of the SMA, was chairman of the LCC's hospital committee. "The LCC constituted a crucible for experiment, a state within the medical state" which informed the Ministry of Health during the evolution of its thinking on a comprehensive health service. The expansion of health services by the LCC resulted in the maternal death rate per thousand births falling dramatically, from 7.2 in 1932 to 2.49 in 1937 and London under Labour going from well above to below the national average.

### Patterns of deprivation

Attempts to map deprivation in the city date back at least to London Labour and the London Poor in the 1840s, if not to Defoe's *A Journal of the Plague Year* of 1722. More recently there has been some powerful use of the London Underground as a method of illustration. Life expectancy famously varies, often by several years, between one tube station and the next.

London has the highest rates of childhood obesity of any comparable global city. Healthy eating messages in schools are overwhelmed by the temptations of more than 8,000 fast food outlets – with around 800 more opening every year.

### Internal market

London illustrated the difficulties which would flow from the market model. The 1990 NHS reforms precipitated a crisis in London which necessitated emergency action in the form of the Tomlinson review of London health services. There were severe restrictions on competition. Purchasers were instructed to maintain a "steady state" and the terminology was altered to play down market connotations.

### Proposals for reorganisation

In 1993 the Tomlinson review of London hospitals was published and concluded that there were too many hospitals in central London. It recommended that services should be delivered closer to where people lived and that funds should be made available to raise the standard of GP premises in inner London. Several hospitals were threatened with closure. Although Tomlinson claimed that he had "found an acceptance of the need for change" in fact the proposals were largely rejected.

Frank Dobson commissioned Sir Leslie Turnberg and a panel to undertake a strategic review of health services in the capital in 1997. The report particularly stressed the degree to which primary care in the capital was lagging behind the rest of the country, but the focus of the government continued to be on hospitals.

In December 2006 NHS London asked Lord Darzi to "develop a strategy to meet Londoners' health needs over the next five to ten years". His report *Healthcare for London: A Framework for Action* was published on 11 July 2007. It recommended the development of academic health science centres and the introduction of more primary services in one place: polyclinics. The plan for moving care from hospitals to GP-led polyclinics was largely thwarted by GP opposition, but his call for trauma, acute stroke and heart attack services to be centralised in specialist units was seen as successful and was widely copied.

In September 2013, Lord Darzi was appointed by the Mayor of London Boris Johnson to lead a review of health and wellbeing and services in London after NHS London was abolished leaving the capital with no strategic direction in health. The Mayor has no formal responsibility for the NHS. The London Health Commission which reported in October 2014 proposed the toughest measures seen in the UK to tackle the "obesity emergency" that leaves one in three 10-year-olds overweight or obese including Ofsted-style ratings highlighting the best and worst schools at promoting healthy eating, and requiring chain restaurants to include "traffic light" calorie warnings on menus. He called for the Mayor to rewrite the London Plan to give borough councils greater protecting in banning takeaways from within 400m of the school gates.

London is submitting proposals for greater local control of the NHS and social care following developments in Manchester.

Capital funding for the Shaping a Healthier Future programme in north west London was turned down by NHS Improvement in November 2017 and in March 2019 Matt Hancock announced that the A&E departments in Charing Cross Hospital and Ealing Hospital would not be downgraded as planned by the Shaping a Healthier Future programme.

## Management structures

> There have been two main patterns for London's health service planning – the "starfish" with a radial organisation reflecting the transport links and the "doughnut" with the élite hospitals, the cream, in the middle.
>
> Geoffrey Rivett, National Health Service History

There have been attempts to create authorities across Greater London, but in general the conurbation has been divided into sectors, often extending into the suburbs and rural areas which look to the city for specialist provision. The city was divided into four-quarters in 1946 to establish regional hospital boards and this pattern was repeated with the establishment of regional health authorities in 1974. In each case the regions extended into the home counties. The teaching hospitals, of which a majority were in London, were not integrated into the regional structure until 1974 but reported directly to the minister. To fulfil their teaching responsibilities the 12 undergraduate teaching hospitals needed access to virtually all the beds in inner London.

In 1974 16 area health authorities were established in London, most covering two boroughs. All but two of the primary care trusts in London were co-terminous with the London boroughs. The City of London was combined with Hackney, and Merton and Sutton were combined.

NHS London was established as a strategic health authority in 2006 responsible for the performance of 31 primary care trusts (PCTs), in 6 clusters, 20 acute trusts, three mental health trusts and the London Ambulance Service. A further 16 trusts in London were self-governing foundation trusts. It was abolished in 2013.

In March 2016 five sustainability and transformation plan footprints were established covering the capital:

* North West London led by Dr Mohini Parmar, the Chair of Ealing Clinical Commissioning Group
* North Central London led by David Sloman, the Chief Executive of Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust
* North East London led by Jane Milligan, the Chief Officer of Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group. In November 2017 it was announced that she was to be the accountable officer for Waltham Forest, Newham, Tower Hamlets, City and Hackney, Barking and Dagenham, Havering, and Redbridge CCGs.
* South East London led by Amanda Pritchard, the Chief Executive of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
* South West London led by Kathryn Magson, the Chief Officer of Richmond Clinical Commissioning Group.

A London Health and Care Devolution Programme Board, chaired by Will Tuckley, chief executive of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets was established in 2017. It includes the 32 clinical commissioning groups across London, 33 local authorities, the Greater London Authority, NHS England London Region and Public Health England London Region. There have been five pilots across London since December 2015 to test how greater collaboration, integration and devolution will work in practice. Plans are to focus on childhood obesity, mental ill-health and health inequalities. The London Health and Care Strategic Partnership Board met in shadow form for the first time in May 2017.

## Commissioning

The 32 London clinical commissioning groups agreed to pool 0.15 per cent of their budgets to create a shared fund to make improvements to healthcare across London in April 2015. This is intended to finance 13 programmes:

* develop an urgent and emergency care network across the city;
* address the poorer health outcomes in London for children and young people compared to the rest of the country;
* address the life expectancy gap for people with severe and lasting mental health issues;
* improve early detection of cancer;
* invest in primary care;
* give CCGs greater control over specialised commissioning;
* improve homeless healthcare services.

The CCGs in Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea, Hammersmith and Fulham, Ealing, Harrow, Brent, Hounslow and Hillingdon appointed a common Chief Officer, Mark Easton, in May 2018. This covers the North West London sustainability and transformation partnership area.

The eight CCGs in North West London: Brent; Central London (Westminster); Ealing; Hammersmith and Fulham; Harrow; Hillingdon; Hounslow; and West London, and the six CCGs in south west London: Croydon; Kingston; Merton; Richmond; Sutton; and Wandsworth, are planning to merge into single organisations covering each of their Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships.

## Clinical services

### Primary care

The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported on the special difficulties of providing primary care services in London. In 1977 31% of London GPs were single-handed compared with the English average of 16%. 35% of London GP practices had fewer than 2,000 patients compared with the national figure of almost 20%. The Commission considered that teaching hospitals had a responsibility to improve the quality of primary care services in their surrounding areas.

According to Clare Gerada, chair of the London primary care clinical board primary care in London has had "virtually no investment" in over a decade. A third of all GP practices in London are not compliant with the Disability Discrimination Act.

Out-of-hours services are provided by: Grabadoc in Greenwich and Bexley; Partnership of East London Co-operatives (PELC) Limited in Waltham Forest, Barking & Dagenham, Redbridge, and Havering; South East London Doctors' Co-operative (SELDOC) in Sutton, Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham; Care UK in Kingston, Harrow, Hillingdon, Merton, Islington, Camden and Ealing; KCW Co-operative in Kensington & Chelsea; East Berkshire Primary Care Out Of Hours Services Limited in Richmond; Virgin Care in Croydon; Newham GP Co-operative in Newham; Barts Health NHS Trust in Tower Hamlets; City & Hackney Urgent Healthcare Social Enterprise in the City and Hackney; London Central and West Unscheduled Care Collaborative in Westminster, Ealing, Hounslow, and Hammersmith; Barndoc Healthcare Ltd in Barnet, Enfield, Haringey & Brent; Emdoc and Greenbrook Healthcare in Bromley.

The Londonwide Local Medical Committee which represents GPs in 27 of the 32 London boroughs produced a report for the Health Committee in September 2015 describing a crisis in primary care where "saturation point has been hit even by the most competently working practices in London. General practice in London is beset by blockages in flow, diverting staff from consulting, co-ordinating or planning care, and both reducing access to patients and demotivating professionals".

In August 2018 there were 1,311 GP practices in London.

### Community services

Croydon CCG commissioned a 10-year contract to improve older people's care in Croydon worth £1.8bn in May 2015. It will be delivered by a partnership of Croydon Health Services NHS Trust, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, the Croydon GPs Group, which aims to include all the GP practices in the borough, Age UK Croydon, and Croydon Council's adult social care.

### Secondary care

Secondary and Tertiary care in London is provided by a number of local or specialist acute NHS trusts.

**North East London**

**North and North West Central London**

**West London**

**South West London**

**South Central and South East London**

GPs have been asked to reduce the number of patients they refer to consultants to cut costs. Patients should be sent to local hospitals with long waiting times rather than to specialist hospitals with expertise treating their conditions. Patients seeing more than one consultant may have the number of consultants they see reduced. Doctors are asked to find alternative ways of treating patients. Andy Slaughter MP said this amounted to rationing, Slaughter added, “GPs are being told not to refer patients to consultants unless absolutely necessary and then only to those at the local hospital trust where waiting times could run to six months or more. The restrictions on consultant-to-consultant referrals will hit those with the most complex and difficult conditions hardest.” Martin Marshall of the Royal College of GPs said, “GPs are keen to work with CCGs but what is paramount is that any initiatives do not lower the standard of care that patients receive … it is important that GPs do not feel under pressure not to refer against their expert judgement on the basis of cost, or because they are concerned they will be penalised in some way.” There is concern this cost saving measure may be extended beyond London.

A tender for a centralised pathology service to serve Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust and Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust for 15 years was won by Synlab Group in January 2020.

There is a 14.8% vacancy rate for nurses in London, the highest in the country. Acute hospitals and mental health care are particularly short of nurses. Austerity is blamed.

Patients in London who suffered stroke were found to be much more likely to get thrombectomy in 2022 than those in other parts of England. 42% of thrombectomy units only operated during office hours and Monday to Friday, largely due to a shortage of interventional neuroradiologists.

### Mental health services

Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, East London NHS Foundation Trust and West London Mental Health NHS Trust established the North London Forensic Consortium in April 2018. It plans to bring back half of the 110 forensic patients currently out of the area and set up a new joint bed management system to stop more patients being sent out of the area when a local bed is not available. It has responsibility for a specialised commissioning budget of £113 million and about 700 forensic mental health beds.


title: Westmalle

abstract: Westmalle is a village in the Belgian province of Antwerp which is part of the municipality of Malle.

text:
# Westmalle

**Westmalle** is a village in the Belgian province of Antwerp which is part of the municipality of Malle.

## History

## Tourism

Westmalle is primarily known for the Trappist Abbey of Westmalle of the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (O.C.S.O.: Ordo Cisterciensium reformatorum), and its brewery. The Trappist monks operate a brewery and also make cheese. In addition, the Monasterium Magnificat of Westmalle is the only monastery of the Annunciade Order in Belgium. Westmalle Castle dates back to 1100. The Scherpenberg windmill is still operational and is open to visitors.

The statue of the "Pedaalstompers" commemorates the world record of the longest bicycle.

## Notable inhabitants

## InfoBox

| Westmalle | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Former railway station | |
| WestmalleLocation in Belgium | |
| Coordinates: 51°17′N 4°41′E / 51.283°N 4.683°E / 51.283; 4.683 | |
| Country | Belgium |
| Region | Flemish Region |
| Province | Antwerp |
| Municipality | Malle |
| Area | |
| Total | 23.26 km2 (8.98 sq mi) |
| Land | 23.26 km2 (8.981 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 8,229 |
| Density | 350/km2 (920/sq mi) |
| Time zone | CET |


title: Parag Tyagi

abstract: Parag Tyagi is an Indian actor from Modinagar. He made his television debut as Vinod Karanjkar in Zee TV's Pavitra Rishta and went on to appear in Brahmarakshas, Jodha Akbar and Shakti Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki. He is married to Shefali Zariwala. The two together participated in Nach Baliye. He has also worked in Hindi and Telugu cinema. His first film was A Wednesday (2008).

text:
# Parag Tyagi

**Parag Tyagi** is an Indian actor from Modinagar. He made his television debut as Vinod Karanjkar in Zee TV's *Pavitra Rishta* and went on to appear in *Brahmarakshas*, *Jodha Akbar* and *Shakti Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki*. He is married to Shefali Zariwala. The two together participated in *Nach Baliye*. He has also worked in Hindi and Telugu cinema. His first film was *A Wednesday* (2008).

## Filmography

### Films

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | *A Wednesday!* | Aakash Duraivanshi |
| 2017 | *Sarkar 3* | Raman Guru |
| 2018 | *Agnyaathavaasi* | Parag Saran |
| 2019 | *Venky Mama* | Goon |
| 2020 | *Ruler* | Bhuvneshwara |
| 2022 | *Sarkaru Vaari Paata* | Bihari |
| 2023 | *Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan* | Yogeshwar Kodati |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009–2013 | *Pavitra Rishta* | Vinod Karanjkar |  |
| 2012–2013 | *Nach Baliye 5* | Contestant | 7th place |
| 2013–2014 | *Jodha Akbar* | Mirza Sharifuddin |  |
| 2015 | *Kalash* | Abhay Singh Deol |  |
| | *Nach Baliye 7* | Contestant | 7th place |
| 2015–2016 | *Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do* | Kailash Khurana |  |
| 2016 | *Brahmarakshas* | Brahmarakshas/Sanjay |  |
| 2017 | *Kaala Teeka* | Thakur Dev Sinha |  |
| 2019 | *Aghori* | Rudranath/Aghori |  |
| 2020–2021 | *Shakti Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki* | DSP Santbaksh Singh |  |
| | *Naagin 5* | Head of Cheel Clan / Balwant Singhania |  |
| 2021 | Paapnashini Ganga | Maharaj Tarakasur |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Parag Tyagi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 27th November |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Known for |  |
| Spouse | Shefali Zariwala (m. 2014) |


title: Interim Committee

abstract: The Interim Committee was a secret high-level group created in May 1945 by United States Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of President Harry S. Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy. Composed of prominent political, scientific and industrial figures, the Interim Committee had broad terms of reference which included advising the President on wartime controls and the release of information, and making recommendations on post-war controls and policies related to nuclear energy, including legislation. Its first duty was to advise on the manner in which nuclear weapons should be employed against Japan. Later, it advised on legislation for the control and regulation of nuclear energy. It was named "Interim" in anticipation of a permanent body that would later replace it after the war, where the development of nuclear technology would be placed firmly under civilian control. The Atomic Energy Commission was enacted in 1946 to serve this function.

text:
# Interim Committee

The **Interim Committee** was a secret high-level group created in May 1945 by United States Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of President Harry S. Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy. Composed of prominent political, scientific and industrial figures, the Interim Committee had broad terms of reference which included advising the President on wartime controls and the release of information, and making recommendations on post-war controls and policies related to nuclear energy, including legislation. Its first duty was to advise on the manner in which nuclear weapons should be employed against Japan. Later, it advised on legislation for the control and regulation of nuclear energy. It was named "Interim" in anticipation of a permanent body that would later replace it after the war, where the development of nuclear technology would be placed firmly under civilian control. The Atomic Energy Commission was enacted in 1946 to serve this function.

## Composition

Stimson himself was chairman. The other members were: James F. Byrnes, former US Senator and soon to be Secretary of State, as President Truman's personal representative; Ralph A. Bard, Under Secretary of the Navy; William L. Clayton, Assistant Secretary of State; Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and president of the Carnegie Institution; Karl T. Compton, Chief of the Office of Field Service in the Office of Scientific Research and Development and president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology; James B. Conant, Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee and president of Harvard University; and George L. Harrison, an assistant to Stimson and president of the New York Life Insurance Company. Harrison chaired the committee when Stimson was absent, but Byrnes, as the President's personal representative, was probably its most influential member.

The Interim Committee held its first meeting on 9 May 1945. Stimson began by outlining its broad terms of reference, which included advising the President on wartime controls and the release of information, and making recommendations on post-war controls and policies related to nuclear energy, including legislation. The Interim Committee was not specifically charged with making recommendations on the military use of nuclear weapons but the composition of the committee and the close relationship between the wartime use of nuclear weapons and post-war policies regarding them inevitably led to the Interim Committee's involvement.

## Decision on use of atomic bombs

The most immediate of the committee's tasks, one that has been the focus of much subsequent controversy, was to make recommendations concerning the use of the atomic bomb against Japan. The committee's consensus, arrived at in a meeting held June 1, 1945, is described as follows in the meeting's log:

> Mr. Byrnes recommended, and the Committee agreed, that the Secretary of War should be advised that, while recognizing that the final selection of the target was essentially a military decision, the present view of the Committee was that the bomb should be used against Japan as soon as possible; that it be used on a war plant surrounded by workers’ homes; and that it be used without prior warning.

One member, Bard, later dissented from this decision and in a memorandum to Stimson laid out a case for a warning to Japan before using the bomb.

In arriving at its conclusion, the committee was advised by a Scientific Panel of four physicists from the Manhattan Project: Enrico Fermi and Arthur H. Compton of the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago; Ernest O. Lawrence of the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley; and J. Robert Oppenheimer, who directed the bomb assembly program at Los Alamos. Reinforcing the decision arrived at on June 1, the scientists wrote in a formal report on June 16:

> The opinions of our scientific colleagues on the initial use of these weapons are not unanimous: they range from the proposal of a purely technical demonstration to that of the military application best designed to induce surrender. Those who advocate a purely technical demonstration would wish to outlaw the use of atomic weapons, and have feared that if we use the weapons now our position in future negotiations will be prejudiced. Others emphasize the opportunity of saving American lives by immediate military use, and believe that such use will improve the international prospects, in that they are more concerned with the prevention of war than with the elimination of this specific weapon. We find ourselves closer to these latter views; we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use.

Although the committee's recommendation was addressed to Stimson, Byrnes went directly from the June 1 meeting to brief Truman, who reportedly concurred with the committee's opinion. Reviewing the Scientific Panel's report on June 21, the committee reaffirmed its position:

> ...that the weapon be used against Japan at the earliest opportunity, that it be used without warning, and that it be used on a dual target, namely, a military installation or war plant surrounded by or adjacent to homes or other buildings most susceptible to damage.

## Press releases

The Interim Committee was given responsibility for the preparation of separate prepared statements for the President and the Secretary of War to be released when nuclear weapons were used. The job of drafting them was given to William Laurence. Laurence submitted them to Arthur W. Page for review, and he in turn passed them on to the Interim Committee. At its meeting on July 6, the Interim Committee considered and adopted a set of British suggestions. The final draft of President Truman's speech was handed to him at the Potsdam Conference on August 1. Following the dropping of an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, Truman read out the press release, which declared that:

> With this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction to supplement the growing power of our armed forces. In their present form these bombs are now in production and even more powerful forms are in development.
>
> It is an atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. The force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far East.

## Post-war legislation

In July 1944, before the Interim Committee was formed, Bush, Conant, and Irvin Stewart had produced a proposal for legislation to control nuclear energy. Conant submitted the proposals to the Interim Committee at its meeting on July 9, 1945. Harrison brought in two experienced lawyers, Kenneth Royall and William L. Marbury, to take up the job of drafting the legislation. Their draft bill would have created a nine-man commission consisting of five civilian and four military members. It granted the commission broad powers to acquire property, to operate facilities, to conduct research and to regulate all forms of nuclear energy. The Royall-Marbury bill was reviewed by the Interim Committee at its July 19 meeting and revised in line with their suggestions. The bill was forwarded to the President in August. The Interim Committee met again on September 28 to discuss legislative strategy. The Royall-Marbury bill was introduced into the United States Congress by the chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee, Andrew J. May, and the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, Senator Edwin C. Johnson, on October 3. It then became known as the May-Johnson bill.

The May-Johnson bill soon ran into difficulties. Although the Interim Committee was discharged in November, it met one more time in December to discuss amendments to the May-Johnson bill. On December 20, 1945, Senator Brien McMahon introduced an alternative Senate bill on atomic energy, which quickly became known as the McMahon bill. This was initially a very liberal bill towards the control of scientific research, and was broadly supported by scientists. McMahon framed the controversy as a question of military versus civilian control of atomic energy, although the May-Johnson bill also provided for civilian control of atomic energy. In 1946, several major revisions were made to the McMahon bill to appease the more conservative elements in the Senate. The resulting bill passed both the Senate and the House without major modifications. On August 1, 1946, Truman signed the McMahon bill into law as the Atomic Energy Act of 1946.

## Further reading


# Motor racing at the 1900 Summer Olympics

Motor racing was contested at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Fourteen events were held in conjunction with the 1900 World's Fair. These events have generally not been classified as official, although the IOC has never decided which events were "Olympic" and which were not.

Entries were by manufacturers rather than drivers and competitors' names were not adequately reported at the time. The exceptions are the two classes of the Paris-Toulouse-Paris race, one class of which was won by Louis Renault. Most events had only French competitors but there were some international entries.

## Medal summary

| **Event** | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 seater car – Under 400 kg – 815 km – Race A | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | none |
| 2 seater car – Under 400 kg – 815 km – Race B | *Unknown driver*
Car – Renault
France | *Unknown driver*
Car – Outhenin-Chaldenre
France | *Unknown driver*
Car – Fernandez
France
*Unknown driver*
Car – Hanzer
France |
| 2 seater car – Over 400 kg | *Unknown driver*
Car – Peugeot
France | *Unknown driver*
Car – Delahaye
France | *Unknown driver*
Car – Serpollet
France
*Unknown driver*
Car – Rochet-Petit
France |
| 4 seater car – Over 400 kg | *Unknown driver*
Car – de Dietrich
France
*Unknown driver*
Car – Delahaye
France |  | *Unknown driver*
Car – Brouhot
France
*Unknown driver*
Car – Hurtu
France |
| 6 seater car – Over 400 kg | *Unknown driver*
Car – Panhard-Levassor
France | *Unknown driver*
Car – Brouhot
France | *Unknown driver*
Car – Serpollet
France
*Unknown driver*
Car – Georges Richard
France |
| 7 seater car | not awarded | *Unknown driver*
Car – Panhard-Levassor
France | none |
| Taxi – Petrol – 300 km | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France |
| Taxi – Electric – 300 km | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France |
| Delivery Van – 500 to 1200 kg – Petrol – 300 km | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France |
| Delivery Van – 500 to 1200 kg – Electric – 300 km | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | *Unknown driver*
*Unknown car*
France | none |
| Small Truck – Over 1000 kg – 300 km | *Unknown driver*
Car – de Dion-Bouton
France
*Unknown driver*
Car – Peugeot
France | none | *Unknown driver*
Car – Riker Electric
United States |
| Truck | *Unknown driver*
Car – de Dion-Bouton (I)
France
*Unknown driver*
Car – Peugeot
France
*Unknown driver*
Car – de Dion-Bouton (II)
France
*Unknown driver*
Car – Panhard-Levassor
France | none | none |
| Fire Truck | Gilbert Brown
Car – *Unknown truck*
USA | none | none |
| Paris-Toulouse-Paris – Small Car | Louis Renault
Car – Renault
France | Schrader
Car – Renault-Aster
France | Grus
Car – Renault
France |
| Paris-Toulouse-Paris – Large Car | "Levegh" (Alfred Velghe)
Car – Mors
France | Pinson
Car – Panhard-Levassor
France | Carl Voight
Car – Panhard-Levassor
Germany |


title: Psathyrella piluliformis

abstract: Psathyrella piluliformis is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. It produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) with broadly convex caps measuring 2–5 cm in diameter. The caps are chestnut to reddish brown, the color fading with age and with dry weather. The closely spaced gills have an adnate attachment to the stipe. They are initially tan until the spores mature, when the gills turn dark brown. Fragments of the partial veil may remain on the cap margin, and as a wispy band of hairs on the stipe. The stipe is 2–7 cm tall and 3–7 mm wide, white, smooth, hollow, and bulging at the base. Fruiting occurs in clusters at the base of hardwood stumps. It is considered edible but of low quality, with fragile flesh and being difficult to identify. Similar species include Psathyrella carbonicola, P. longipes, P. longistriata, P. multipedata, P. spadicea, and Parasola conopilus.

text:
# Psathyrella piluliformis

***Psathyrella piluliformis*** is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. It produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) with broadly convex caps measuring 2–5 cm (34–2 inches) in diameter. The caps are chestnut to reddish brown, the color fading with age and with dry weather. The closely spaced gills have an adnate attachment to the stipe. They are initially tan until the spores mature, when the gills turn dark brown. Fragments of the partial veil may remain on the cap margin, and as a wispy band of hairs on the stipe. The stipe is 2–7 cm tall and 3–7 mm wide, white, smooth, hollow, and bulging at the base. Fruiting occurs in clusters at the base of hardwood stumps.

It is considered edible but of low quality, with fragile flesh and being difficult to identify. Similar species include *Psathyrella carbonicola*, *P. longipes*, *P. longistriata*, *P. multipedata*, *P. spadicea*, and *Parasola conopilus*.

Media related to Psathyrella piluliformis at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Psathyrella piluliformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Psathyrellaceae |
| Genus: | *Psathyrella* |
| Species: | ***P. piluliformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psathyrella piluliformis***<br>(Bull.) P.D.Orton (1969) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Agaricus piluliformis* Bull. (1783) * *Psathyrella hydrophila* (Bull.) Maire | |


title: Raymond P. Martinez

abstract: Raymond P. Martinez was a Senior Advisor at the U.S. Department of Transportation and the former Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. From 2010 to 2018, Martinez served as the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission Chair and Chief Administrator in the Cabinet of Governor Chris Christie. He previously served as Deputy Chief of Protocol for the United States Department of State and as Commissioner of the New York Department of Motor Vehicles in the Cabinet of Governor George Pataki. Martinez was an aide in the New York State Senate and worked as an attorney in private practice, including working for Citibank. He also served in the Reagan administration as first lady Nancy Reagan’s deputy director of scheduling and advance, and was a special assistant in the New York office of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

text:
# Raymond P. Martinez

**Raymond P. Martinez** was a Senior Advisor at the U.S. Department of Transportation and the former Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. From 2010 to 2018, Martinez served as the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission Chair and Chief Administrator in the Cabinet of Governor Chris Christie. He previously served as Deputy Chief of Protocol for the United States Department of State and as Commissioner of the New York Department of Motor Vehicles in the Cabinet of Governor George Pataki.

Martinez was an aide in the New York State Senate and worked as an attorney in private practice, including working for Citibank. He also served in the Reagan administration as first lady Nancy Reagan’s deputy director of scheduling and advance, and was a special assistant in the New York office of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

## Biography

Martinez is a graduate of St. John's University School of Law and C.W. Post College of Long Island University.

From 1989 through 2005, Martinez served on numerous White House advance teams for domestic and international trips of Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush. In President Ronald Reagan's administration, he was Deputy Director for Scheduling and Advance at the White House for First Lady Nancy Reagan and also served as a Special Assistant at the New York Regional Office of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Previously, Martinez worked as a Legislative Aide for the New York State Senate.

Martinez served as Commissioner of the New York Department of Motor Vehicles under Governor George Pataki from December 2000 to December 2005; as Assistant General Counsel to the Long Island (New York) Power Authority; as Special Counsel and Deputy Chief of Staff for the New York State Attorney General; and as an attorney in private practice.

Martinez was sworn in as Deputy Chief of Protocol of the United States on December 12, 2005. As Deputy Chief, Martinez served as the chief operating officer of the Office of the Chief of Protocol, as well as Acting Chief of Protocol in the absence of the Chief. In this role, Martinez oversaw the visits of chiefs of state, heads of government and other international dignitaries who were in the United States to meet with the President, Vice President or Secretary of State. He also accompanied delegations representing the President at official ceremonies abroad.

On February 1, 2010, Martinez was nominated to the position of Chief Administrator of the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission by Governor Chris Christie and he was confirmed by the State Senate. In that position he directed approximately 2,400 employees at 71 locations throughout the state.

In 2017 Martinez was nominated by the President to serve as the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and he was unanimously confirmed to that position by the United States Senate. In 2019 Martinez was appointed a Senior Advisor at the Department and tasked with overseeing the redevelopment of the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center in Cambridge, MA for the USDOT. The initiative is a $750 million project coordinated between the USDOT, the U.S General Services Administration and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology intended to deliver a new national research center for the Department of Transportation and add new development on a central 14-acre (5.7 ha) parcel in the middle of the Kendall Square neighborhood of Cambridge. He retired in October 2019.

This article incorporates public domain material from *U.S. Deputy Chief of Protocol*. The White House.

## InfoBox

| Raymond P. Martinez | |
| --- | --- |
| Martinez in 2018 | |
|  | |
| 6th Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration | |
| **In office**
February 28, 2018  October 31, 2019 | |
| President | Donald Trump |
| Preceded by | T. F. Scott Darling III |
| Succeeded by | Jim Mullen (acting) |
| New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission Chair & Chief Administrator | |
| **In office**
February 1, 2010  January 16, 2018 | |
| Governor | Chris Christie |
| Preceded by | Shawn B. Sheekey |
| Succeeded by | Brenda Sue Fulton |
| Deputy Chief of Protocol of the United States | |
| **In office**
December 12, 2005  January 20, 2009 | |
| President | George W. Bush |
| Commissioner of the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles | |
| **In office**
2000–2005 | |
| Governor | George Pataki |
| Preceded by | Richard E. Jackson |
| Succeeded by | Nancy Naples |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
| Alma mater | B.S. C.W. Post
J.D. St. John's University |
| Profession | Attorney |
|  | |


abstract: "Paradise" is a song written by Bob McDill and Roger Murrah. It was originally recorded by the band Pirates of the Mississippi for their 1995 album Paradise, released on Giant Records. It was later recorded by American country music artist John Anderson. His version served as the title track from the album, Paradise, and was released in December 1995 as the album's first single. The song reached No. 26 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

text:
# Paradise (Pirates of the Mississippi song)

"**Paradise**" is a song written by Bob McDill and Roger Murrah. It was originally recorded by the band Pirates of the Mississippi for their 1995 album *Paradise*, released on Giant Records.

It was later recorded by American country music artist John Anderson. His version served as the title track from the album, *Paradise*, and was released in December 1995 as the album's first single. The song reached No. 26 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1995–1996) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 26 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 21 |

## InfoBox

| "Paradise" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by John Anderson | |
| from the album  *Paradise* | |
| B-side | "Bad Weather" |
| Released | December 9, 1995 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:46 |
| Label | BNA |
| Songwriter(s) | Bob McDill, Roger Murrah |
| Producer(s) | James Stroud, John Anderson |
| John Anderson singles chronology | |
| "Mississippi Moon"
(1995) "**Paradise**"
(1995) "Long Hard Lesson Learned"
(1996) | |