title: West Midlands Constabulary

abstract: The West Midlands Constabulary was a police force in the West Midlands of England. It was created on 1 April 1966 under the Police Act 1964, with the re-organisation of the Black Country area as the five contiguous county boroughs of Dudley, Walsall, Warley, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton. Dudley Borough Police, Walsall Borough Police and Wolverhampton Borough Police were incorporated wholly into the new force. It also took in parts of the Staffordshire Constabulary and Worcestershire Constabulary. The force was initially headed by Chief Constable Norman W. Goodchild, former Chief Constable of Wolverhampton Borough Police, until 1967, when he was replaced by Edwin Solomon, former Chief Constable of Walsall Borough Police. On 1 April 1974 it amalgamated with the Birmingham City Police and parts of Staffordshire County and Stoke-on-Trent Constabulary, Warwickshire and Coventry Constabulary and West Mercia Constabulary to form the West Midlands Police, because of the Local Government Act 1972 which created the new West Midlands metropolitan county, which covered the West Midlands constabulary area along with Birmingham and Coventry and a few other surrounding towns.

text:
# West Midlands Constabulary

The **West Midlands Constabulary** was a police force in the West Midlands of England.

It was created on 1 April 1966 under the Police Act 1964, with the re-organisation of the Black Country area as the five contiguous county boroughs of Dudley, Walsall, Warley, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton. Dudley Borough Police, Walsall Borough Police and Wolverhampton Borough Police were incorporated wholly into the new force. It also took in parts of the Staffordshire Constabulary and Worcestershire Constabulary.

The force was initially headed by Chief Constable Norman W. Goodchild, former Chief Constable of Wolverhampton Borough Police, until 1967, when he was replaced by Edwin Solomon, former Chief Constable of Walsall Borough Police.

On 1 April 1974 it amalgamated with the Birmingham City Police and parts of Staffordshire County and Stoke-on-Trent Constabulary, Warwickshire and Coventry Constabulary and West Mercia Constabulary to form the West Midlands Police, because of the Local Government Act 1972 which created the new West Midlands metropolitan county, which covered the West Midlands constabulary area along with Birmingham and Coventry and a few other surrounding towns.

## InfoBox

| West Midlands Constabulary | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1 April 1966 (1966-04-01) |
| Preceding agencies |  |
| Dissolved | 31 March 1974 (1974-03-31) |
| Superseding agency | West Midlands Police |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | England, UK |
| Legal jurisdiction | England & Wales |
| Constituting instrument |  |
| General nature |  |
| Operational structure | |
| Agency executives |  |
| Parent agency | Home Office |


title: Infinite Arms

abstract: Infinite Arms is the third album by indie rock band Band of Horses, released on May 18, 2010, on Brown Records, Fat Possum Records and Columbia. Most of the album was recorded in Asheville, North Carolina with some overdubbing done in Los Angeles. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Alternative Album category.

text:
# Infinite Arms

***Infinite Arms*** is the third album by indie rock band Band of Horses, released on May 18, 2010, on Brown Records, Fat Possum Records and Columbia. Most of the album was recorded in Asheville, North Carolina with some overdubbing done in Los Angeles. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Alternative Album category.

## History

Shortly after the release of *Cease to Begin*, keyboard player Ryan Monroe was made a permanent band member. The line-up was further expanded by the addition of Tyler Ramsey (guitar) and Bill Reynolds (bass). The new six piece band toured extensively between the releases of *Cease to Begin* and *Infinite Arms*, although Rob Hampton left the band prior to the recording of *Infinite Arms*.

*Infinite Arms* was made without assistance or funding from a record label, the band having left Sub Pop. Ben Bridwell explained why he eventually decided to have Brown Records, his own label, involved, "Because I did fund the record myself and (we) produced it ourselves, we just really wanted to make sure that we can have our hands in the pie." Several of the tracks were written by Ben Bridwell whilst staying in a cabin in Minnesota near the Canada–US border.

Bridwell explained why he had said that this was the "first" Band of Horses album, "It's the first time the line-up hasn't been this revolving door. With this record it's a real band that I'm part of. No one's going anywhere, everyone's contributing to the songwriting process..."

The track "Blue Beard" features drums by Bridwell, the first time he has played drums on a record since he was in Carissa's Wierd, Bridwell explained, "I didn’t even mean to be playing drums on that song. We all took a stab at it. The song wasn’t developing right. I was the last one to go for it and it ended up being the one." "Evening Kitchen" was written by guitarist Tyler Ramsey and features him sharing lead vocals with Bridwell, while "Older" is written and sung by keyboard player Ryan Monroe. The first single taken from the album is "Compliments" and its official music video was presented on the band's website in April 2010.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 69/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Clash* | 8/10 |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | A− |
| Pitchfork Media | 5.3/10 |
|  |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| Slant Magazine |  |
| *Spin* |  |
| Sputnikmusic | 3.5/5 |
| *Uncut* |  |

Reviews of the album have been generally favourable, it has an overall rating of 69 out of 100 from 31 reviews, on the Metacritic website.  magazine gave *Infinite Arms* a 4/5 rating and described it as "The next Great Americana Album." They noted the influence of Neil Young and drew parallels with "The Great American Novel" in literature. *Q* concluded by saying that, "For all the restlessness of the creative process...this is a strangely domestic affair."

## Commercial performance

*Infinite Arms* proved a major international success for Band of Horses, performing well in charts in Europe, Australasia and North America, reaching the top 10 in the US, Canada, Denmark, Greece, Norway and Sweden.

The album sold 73,000 units in first three weeks in United States. As of September 2012, the album has sold 202,000 copies in United States.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Factory" | Ben Bridwell | 4:35 |
| 2. | "Compliments" | Bridwell | 3:28 |
| 3. | "Laredo" | Bridwell | 3:12 |
| 4. | "Blue Beard" | Band of Horses | 3:22 |
| 5. | "On My Way Back Home" | Bridwell | 3:31 |
| 6. | "Infinite Arms" | Bridwell | 4:08 |
| 7. | "Dilly" | Bridwell, Tyler Ramsey | 3:31 |
| 8. | "Evening Kitchen" | Ramsey | 3:57 |
| 9. | "Older" | Ryan Monroe | 3:28 |
| 10. | "For Annabelle" | Bridwell, Ramsey | 3:06 |
| 11. | "NW Apt." | Bridwell | 3:01 |
| 12. | "Neighbor" | Bridwell | 5:58 |

## Personnel

Band of Horses * Benjamin Bridwell – vocals, guitars, drums, sounds, memotron
* Creighton Barret – drums, thunderdrum, percussion
* Ryan Monroe – keyboards, vocals, percussion, guitar
* Bill Reynolds – bass, tambourine, guitar, percussion, sounds
* Tyler Ramsey – guitar, vocals, percussion, keyboards, piano, theremin

Guest musicians * Jay Widenhouse – trumpet on "Factory"
* Dylan Huber – trumpet #2 on "Factory"
* Dave Wilkens – trombone on "Factory"
* Clint Fore – tuba on "Factory"
* Lauren Brown – strings on "Factory"

Production * Band of Horses – production
* Phil Ek – additional production
* Danny Kadar – engineer (Echo Mountain Recording)
* Bill Reynolds – engineer (Echo Mountain Recording, Perfect Sound Studios)
* Jason Donaghy – engineer (Perfect Sound Studios)
* Benjamin Bridwell – engineer (Perfect Sound Studios)
* Mimi Audia Parker – engineer (East West Studios)
* Dave Sardy – mixing
* Ryan Castle – mix engineer
* Stephen Marcussen – mastering

## Charts

| Chart | Peak
position |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australian Albums Chart | 19 |  |
| Belgian Flanders Albums Chart | 29 |  |
| Belgian Wallonia Albums Chart | 83 |  |
| Canadian Albums Chart | 7 |  |
| Danish Albums Chart | 4 |  |
| Dutch Albums Chart | 64 |  |
| Finnish Albums Chart | 26 |  |
| French Albums Chart | 91 |  |
| German Albums Chart | 88 |  |
| Greek Albums Chart | 4 |  |
| Irish Albums Chart | 21 |  |
| New Zealand Albums Chart | 16 |  |
| Norwegian Albums Chart | 2 |  |
| Swedish Albums Chart | 5 |  |
| Swiss Albums Chart | 29 |  |
| UK Albums Chart | 21 |  |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 7 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Infinite Arms | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Band of Horses | |
| Released | May 18, 2010 (2010-05-18) |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Length | 45:17 |
| Label | Brown Records/
Fat Possum/Columbia |
| Producer | Band of Horses, Phil Ek |
| Band of Horses chronology | |
| *Cease to Begin*
(2007) ***Infinite Arms***
(2010) *Mirage Rock*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Infinite Arms* | |
| 1. "Compliments"
Released: April 1, 2010 2. "Laredo"
Released: April 13, 2010 3. "Factory"
Released: April 20, 2010 4. "Dilly"
Released: February 14, 2011 | |
|  | |


title: Vakrangee Limited

abstract: Vakrangee Limited is a technology company based in Mumbai, India that provides banking, insurance, e-governance, e-commerce, and logistics services. The company is one of the main providers of the software and equipment for voter ID cards and Aadhaar cards. According to Forbes, the company is the largest single systems integrator for all key government projects in India. As of June 2018, its largest owners included the promoter's family, the government of Singapore, Wellington Trust Company, Life Insurance Corporation and Jagdishchander Bansal.

text:
# Vakrangee Limited

**Vakrangee Limited** is a technology company based in Mumbai, India that provides banking, insurance, e-governance, e-commerce, and logistics services. The company is one of the main providers of the software and equipment for voter ID cards and Aadhaar cards.

According to Forbes, the company is the largest single systems integrator for all key government projects in India. As of June 2018, its largest owners included the promoter's family, the government of Singapore, Wellington Trust Company, Life Insurance Corporation and Jagdishchander Bansal.

## History

Vakrangee limited was founded in Marol Naka, Mumbai, 1990 by Dinesh Nandwana, a Chartered Accountant (CA). Though the company commenced its operations as a technology consultancy, it gradually expanded its operations, first by making voter identity cards in 1993, and subsequently as a franchisee for making Aadhaar UID cards in 2010. In July 2017, Forbes India included the company in its "Super 50" list of companies 2017 as it had a market capitalization of more than 240 billion (US$2.9 billion).

## Operations

Vakrangee operates a franchisee network of more than 37,000 centers known as "Vakrangee Kendras" in 16 states of India. These centers undertake a mix of tasks, from voter ids, aadhaar registration, as well as white label ATMs (ATM machines used by different banks). Most of its centers act as "last-mile retail points of sale" and are located in the rural, semi-urban and urban areas that do not have access to technology and often electricity.

Vakrangee also operates e-Governance projects with the Government of India.

### Vakrangee Kendras

As of December 2017, the company operated 44,286 Vakrangee Kendras through a franchisee-based model. Each outlet provides a range of services related to the government of India under various e-governance initiatives of the government. These include disbursement of money under Direct Benefit Transfer scheme, pension and basic banking under National Pension System and Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, processing of passports, microinsurance under Atal Pension Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana and Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, tax and cess collection, enrollment and issuance of Aadhaar card, NREGA Job card, Election card, Passport, birth, death, domicile and land record certificates among other services.

Vakrangee Kendras also provides various other services like banking by acting as banking correspondent for many scheduled commercial banks and insurance as a corporate agent to some insurance companies, utility bill, mobile & DTH payments, ticketing & logistics, e-learning & certifications, and e-commerce through Amazon.in. The company, licensed by the Reserve Bank of India, operates a network of white labeled Vakrangee ATM centers.

### e-Governance Projects

Under this segment, Vakrangee delivers IT and IT enabled services to the Government of India, various state governments, and the Government of Philippines. These projects include collection services, recruitment application processing for government-related services, grievance management services, land records digitization, electoral rolls, among others

## InfoBox

Vakrangee Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as |  |
| ISIN | INE051B01021 |
| Industry | ITES |
| Founded | 28 May 1990 (1990-05-28) |
| Founder | Dinesh Nandwana |
| Headquarters | Vakrangee House, Plot No. 66, Marol Co-Op. Industrial Estate, Off. M. V. Road, Andheri (E), Mumbai – 400 059 |
| Area served | India |
| Key people | * Dinesh Nandwana (Managing Director & CEO) * Nishikant Hayatnagarkar (Whole Time Director) |
| Products |  |
| Revenue | 40 billion (US$480 million) (2017) |
| Operating income | 9.5 billion (US$110 million) (2017) |
| Net income | 3.5 billion (US$42 million) (2017) |
| Total assets | 22.7 billion (US$270 million) (2017) |
| Total equity | 20.6 billion (US$250 million) (2017) |
| Number of employees | 1,706 (2017) |
| Website | www.vakrangee.in |


title: Rostarzewo

abstract: Rostarzewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rakoniewice, within Grodzisk Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Rakoniewice, 16 km (10 mi) south-west of Grodzisk Wielkopolski, and 58 km (36 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Rostarzewo

**Rostarzewo** \[rɔstaˈʐɛvɔ\] (German: *Rothenburg an der Obra*) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rakoniewice, within Grodzisk Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Rakoniewice, 16 km (10 mi) south-west of Grodzisk Wielkopolski, and 58 km (36 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.

## History

The village of Rostarzewo was first mentioned in 1379. It was destroyed in the Great Northern War between 1700 and 1721. In 1746, the deserted village was declared a Hauländerei and was rebuilt by German Protestant settlers from Silesia. In 1752, it was elevated to the status of a town under Magdeburg law. The first German name *Rothenburg* comes from this time.

In 1793, with the Second Partition of Poland the town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia and was incorporated into the Bomst district. In 1905, the town had 1,187 inhabitants, of which 1,032 (86.9%) were Germans and 152 (12.8%) were Poles.

Until the end of World War I in 1918, Rothenburg belonged to the Bomst district in the Prussian Province of Posen in Germany. After the end of the war, the town became part of Poland and the name Rostarzewo was restored. In 1934, Rostarzewo lost its town charter.

## InfoBox

| Rostarzewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rostarzewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°8′N 16°12′E / 52.133°N 16.200°E / 52.133; 16.200 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Grodzisk Wielkopolski |
| Gmina | Rakoniewice |
| Population | 1,400 |


title: USS Billingsley

abstract: USS Billingsley (DD-293) was a Clemson-class destroyer built for the United States Navy during World War I.

text:
# USS Billingsley

**USS *Billingsley* (DD-293)** was a *Clemson*-class destroyer built for the United States Navy during World War I.

## Namesake

William Devotie Billingsley was born on 24 April 1887 in Winona, Mississippi. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1909. On 2 December 1912, he reported for duty at the Aviation Camp, Annapolis, Maryland, and was assigned to the Navy-Wright B-2 for instruction. Ensign Billingsley, designated as Naval Aviator No. 9, was the first naval aviator killed in an airplane crash. On 10 June 1913, while piloting the B-2 at 1,600 feet (490 m) over water near Annapolis, he was thrown from the plane and fell to his death. John Henry Towers, also unseated in the turbulence, was nearly killed in the same accident as he clung to the plane and fell with it into the water.

## Description

The *Clemson* class was a repeat of the preceding *Wickes* class although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced 1,290 long tons (1,311 t) at standard load and 1,389 long tons (1,411 t) at deep load. They had an overall length of 314 feet 4 inches (95.8 m), a beam of 30 feet 11 inches (9.4 m) and a draught of 10 feet 3 inches (3.1 m). They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The *Clemson* class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) intended to reach a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The ships carried a maximum of 371 long tons (377 t) of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km; 2,900 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph).

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

## Construction and career

*Billingsley*, named for William Billingsley, one of the first Navy pilots, Naval Aviator No. 9, was launched 10 December 1919 by Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Squantum, Massachusetts; sponsored by Miss Irene Billingsley, sister of Ensign Billingsley; and commissioned 1 March 1920, Commander Henry D. Cooke in command. *Billingsley* joined Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet, in operations along the east coast and in the Caribbean until the summer of 1920 when she made Naval Reserve training cruises. In reserve until June 1922, she then joined Division 26, Squadron 9, Destroyer Force, at Philadelphia. She cruised along the Atlantic coast until June 1924, when Division 26 joined United States Naval Forces Europe. *Billingsley* cruised in European and Mediterranean waters for the next year and assisted refugees in the Near East. In summer 1924 she acted as plane guard for the North Atlantic crossing of the Army "Around-the-World Flight." Later in the year she returned home and resumed her routine activities along the east coast until the summer of 1929 when she again made Naval Reserve cruises. *Billingsley* reported to Philadelphia Navy Yard in September 1929; was decommissioned 1 May 1930; and sold 17 January 1931.

As of 2005, no other ship in the United States Navy has been named *Billingsley*.

* Friedman, Norman (1982). *U.S. Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-733-X.
* Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Namesake | William Billingsley |
| Builder | Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Squantum Victory Yard |
| Cost | $1,218,366 (hull and machinery) |
| Laid down | 8 September 1919 |
| Launched | 10 December 1919 |
| Commissioned | 1 March 1920 |
| Decommissioned | 1 May 1930 |
| Stricken | 22 October 1930 |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping, 17 January 1931 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Clemson*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | * 1,290 long tons (1,311 t) (standard) * 1,389 long tons (1,411 t) (deep load) |
| Length | 314 ft 4 in (95.8 m) |
| Beam | 30 ft 11 in (9.42 m) |
| Draught | 10 ft 3 in (3.1 m) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 2 shafts, 2 steam turbines |
| Speed | 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) (design) |
| Range | 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km; 2,900 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) (design) |
| Complement | 6 officers, 108 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |


title: Rail Projects Victoria

abstract: Rail Projects Victoria (RPV) was a project team of the Government of Victoria, Australia, responsible for the management of certain major infrastructure projects on the Victorian rail network, such as Metro Tunnel, Regional Rail Revival and Melbourne Airport Rail. Originally established as the Melbourne Metro Rail Authority (MMRA), to deliver the Melbourne Metro Rail Project, the office was later expanded in its responsibilities to include the management and planning of a number of major infrastructure programs on V/Line's regional rail services. In January 2019, it was renamed to RPV to reflect its expanded scope. It also ceased to be an independent office and became a project team within the Department of Transport and Planning's Major Transport Infrastructure Authority (MITA). On 2 April 2024, the Regional Rail Revival and Melbourne Airport Rail projects were transferred to the Level Crossing Removal Project team, and RPV was replaced by Metro Tunnel Project. The Metro Tunnel Project continued to be a project team within the new Victorian Infrastructure Delivery Authority, which had replaced MITA on the same day.

text:
# Rail Projects Victoria

**Rail Projects Victoria** (**RPV**) was a project team of the Government of Victoria, Australia, responsible for the management of certain major infrastructure projects on the Victorian rail network, such as Metro Tunnel, Regional Rail Revival and Melbourne Airport Rail. Originally established as the **Melbourne Metro Rail Authority** (**MMRA**), to deliver the Melbourne Metro Rail Project, the office was later expanded in its responsibilities to include the management and planning of a number of major infrastructure programs on V/Line's regional rail services. In January 2019, it was renamed to RPV to reflect its expanded scope. It also ceased to be an independent office and became a project team within the Department of Transport and Planning's Major Transport Infrastructure Authority (MITA).

On 2 April 2024, the Regional Rail Revival and Melbourne Airport Rail projects were transferred to the Level Crossing Removal Project team, and RPV was replaced by Metro Tunnel Project. The Metro Tunnel Project continued to be a project team within the new Victorian Infrastructure Delivery Authority, which had replaced MITA on the same day.

## Organisational history

For much of the history of the Victorian railway network, construction work was carried out by the Construction Branch of the vertically integrated Victorian Railways (VR). The first major rail infrastructure project in Melbourne to be delivered by an independent entity was the City Loop railway line, which began construction in 1971. The Melbourne Underground Rail Loop Authority (MURLA), established by the *Melbourne Underground Rail Loop Act 1970*, pioneered a new approach to construction management, where the MURLA employed only a small staff and most work was outsourced to a private consortium by contract. The administrative costs of MURLA were jointly met by the VR, the Melbourne City Council and the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works from their annual budgets, separately to the costs of the project itself.

The Metro Tunnel project was first proposed in 2008 by the state government led by John Brumby, following the Eddington Transport Study's recommendation of a new north–south rail connection. It was realigned and rebranded as the Melbourne Rail Link under premier Denis Napthine in 2014, but reverted to closely match its original form when the Liberal government lost the 2014 Victorian election. The establishment of the MMRA was announced in February 2015 with a commitment of $40 million. Premier Daniel Andrews, making the announcement, described the authority's initial task as managing the planning and site investigation works required to formally commence the Metro Tunnel project. The funding was brought forward from a promise made at the 2014 election for $300 million towards the project in the first budget of the new Labor government.

From a machinery of government perspective, the creation of the MMRA was part of the reorganisation of the Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure (DTPLI) into the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR). Responsibility for the Rail Office of the "Moving Victoria" program was transferred to DEDJTR from DTPLI and during this process, the Office was renamed and reconstituted as MMRA, reporting to the newly created Coordinator General, Major Transport Infrastructure Program.

On 10 March 2015, Evan Tattersall was appointed as the chief executive officer of the MMRA. Previously, Tattersall had been involved in the delivery of the Regional Rail Link and the redevelopment of Melbourne's Southern Cross station. Many of the original staff of the MMRA transferred from other rail infrastructure projects in Melbourne, or from international projects such as London's Crossrail.

At the same time as the publication of the Regional Network Development Plan in 2016, a series of major upgrade works for the Ballarat line were announced. In November of that year, Minister for Public Transport Jacinta Allan announced that the Ballarat Line Upgrade would be managed by a dedicated project team established within the MMRA, noting the potential for the projects to together result in electrification of the line to Melton. Planning for the upgrade project was carried out on this basis, with Evan Tattersall describing extension of suburban services as a "long-term aspiration" that could be completed following the opening of the Metro Tunnel.

Prior to the 2017 Victorian Budget, the Andrews government announced that the Ballarat Line Upgrade would be augmented by improvements to each of Victoria's regional passenger rail lines, to be collectively branded as the Regional Rail Revival. Then, in April, the government announced that the MMRA would be renamed Rail Projects Victoria, and begin work on a Melbourne Airport rail link and a high-speed rail line to Geelong. The reorganisation was welcomed by the Public Transport Users Association, who observed that a single rail construction authority would be able to coordinate projects and efficiently manage specialised resources.

In mid-2018, it was reported that RPV would take over the Murray Basin Rail Project from V/Line, following problems with the latter's management of the program.

On 1 January 2019, with the division of DEDJTR into the Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions and the Department of Transport, RPV was abolished as an independent administrative office and incorporated into the new Major Transport Infrastructure Authority as a project team.

On 2 April 2024, the Major Transport Infrastructure Authority merged with Victorian Health Building Authority to form Victorian Infrastructure Delivery Authority (VIDA). The Regional Rail Revival and Melbourne Airport Rail projects were also transferred to the Level Crossing Removal Project, and the RPV project team was replaced by the Metro Tunnel Project to focus on testing and commissioning.

## Projects

### Metro Tunnel

The Metro Tunnel is a pair of 9 km (5.6 mi) rail tunnels between South Kensington in Melbourne's inner north-west and South Yarra in the city's inner south-east. Currently under construction, the tunnels will connect the Sunbury line to the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines through the Melbourne CBD. The project includes five new stations – Arden, Parkville, State Library, Town Hall and Anzac – and will increase the capacity of the inner Melbourne network by releasing train paths in the existing City Loop underground railway. The tunnel is expected to be structurally complete by 2024 and to open in 2025.

RPV is responsible for the delivery of the Metro Tunnel project, including property acquisitions, planning approvals and ensuring positive social outcomes. It appointed a consortium led by Lendlease and John Holland to construct the tunnels in late 2017.

### Regional Rail Revival

Regional Rail Revival is the collective branding for a series of major maintenance and development works overseen by RPV on the regional Victorian rail network. The first works to be announced were the Ballarat Line Upgrade, a $518 million package of works including several new crossing loops on the Ballarat corridor, new stabling facilities for trains at Ararat, and several station upgrades along the route.

The Bendigo line upgrade works include improved signalling north of Bendigo, and works to increase permissible track speed between Bendigo and Echuca. The Gippsland line includes duplication and stabling facilities, as well as the eventual replacement of the rail bridge over the Avon River. The Geelong and Warrnambool lines will also receive lengths of duplication and signalling improvements.

RPV is responsible for planning, procurement and delivery of a rail line to Melbourne Airport. Construction is expected to begin in 2022 along a preferred route via Sunshine in the city's west, with funding from state and federal governments as well as the private sector. An expression of interest process closed in late 2018 and a detailed business case will be completed by RPV in 2019.

### Western Rail Plan

From April 2018, RPV became responsible for planning and managing electrification of lines to Melton and Wyndham Vale, at the same time as investigating a dedicated high-speed alignment to Geelong. This work was later announced as part of the state government's Western Rail Plan, in additional to the possible high-speed electrification of the Geelong and Ballarat lines.

## InfoBox

Rail Projects Victoria
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Project team overview | |
| Formed | 16 February 2015 (2015-02-16) (as Melbourne Metro Rail Authority) |
| Dissolved | 2 April 2024 (2024-04-02) |
| Type | Project team |
| Headquarters | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Employees | 363 (June 2018) |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Project team executive | * Evan Tattersall, CEO |
| Parent department | Department of Transport and Planning |
| Parent authority | Major Transport Infrastructure Authority |
| Website | bigbuild.vic.gov.au/about/mtia/rail-projects-victoria |
| Footnotes | |
|  | |


title: Naja al-Kasaki

abstract: Naja al-Kasaki, or Nadja was a lieutenant serving under the Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, during the tenth Century. In the spring of 958, al-Dawla sent Naja to the Jazira in order to confront an invading Byzantine force led by the general and future emperor John I Tzimiskes. Commanding an army some 10,000 men strong, Naja was soundly defeated by Tzimiskes, who continued to march through the Jazira unopposed, even going on to capture Samosata and defeat al-Dawla himself in battle. In 960, in an attempt to abuse the absence of a Byzantine presence in the east, following their assault on Crete, al-Dawla sent Naja to assault the Armenian fort of Turnīq, where he won a victory against the commander of Hanzit, the patrikios Michael. The next year, Naja once again raided into Armenia, where he defeated the Emir of Melitene, 'Abd Allah, who had accepted Byzantine vassalage. In September of 963, Naja raided around Melitene again. In the same year, Naja was sent to subdue an internal rebellion led by the former governor of Harran, Hibat Allah. After defeating the rebel, Naja himself turned against al-Dawla, swiftly moving towards Mayyafariqin. Naja failed to take the city, however, and he soon retreated to Armenia where he managed to capture a few fortresses around Lake Van. In fall 964, Naja again failed to take Mayyafariqin, and soon resubmitted to the authority of al-Dawla. He was murdered in Mayyafariqin during the winter of 965.

text:
# Naja al-Kasaki

**Naja al-Kasaki**, or **Nadja** was a lieutenant serving under the Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, during the tenth Century. In the spring of 958, al-Dawla sent Naja to the Jazira in order to confront an invading Byzantine force led by the general and future emperor John I Tzimiskes. Commanding an army some 10,000 men strong, Naja was soundly defeated by Tzimiskes, who continued to march through the Jazira unopposed, even going on to capture Samosata and defeat al-Dawla himself in battle. In 960, in an attempt to abuse the absence of a Byzantine presence in the east, following their assault on Crete, al-Dawla sent Naja to assault the Armenian fort of Turnīq, where he won a victory against the commander of Hanzit, the *patrikios* Michael. The next year, Naja once again raided into Armenia, where he defeated the Emir of Melitene, 'Abd Allah, who had accepted Byzantine vassalage. In September of 963, Naja raided around Melitene again. In the same year, Naja was sent to subdue an internal rebellion led by the former governor of Harran, Hibat Allah. After defeating the rebel, Naja himself turned against al-Dawla, swiftly moving towards Mayyafariqin. Naja failed to take the city, however, and he soon retreated to Armenia where he managed to capture a few fortresses around Lake Van. In fall 964, Naja again failed to take Mayyafariqin, and soon resubmitted to the authority of al-Dawla. He was murdered in Mayyafariqin during the winter of 965.

## Sources

* Bianquis, Thierry (1997). "Sayf al-Dawla". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). *The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.* Volume IX: *San–Sze*. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 103–110. doi:10.1163/1573-3912\_islam\_COM\_1010. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.
* Kaldellis, Anthony (2017). *Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190253226.
* Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). *Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt* (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.


title: Piggabeen

abstract: Piggabeen is a town located in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia, in the Tweed Shire. Piggabeen adjoins Cobaki Lakes that is situated 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) to the northeast, Cobaki to the South East and Currumbin Valley that is situated approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the northwest and across the state border of Queensland. Once predominantly a dairy farming town Piggabeen now mainly consists of acreage homesites and small hobby farms. Piggabeen has a valley that leads northwest towards the Queensland border. Piggabeen and its valley are part of the Tweed Shield Volcano and Caldera that is the largest erosion caldera in the southern hemisphere, with Mount Warning being the extinct volcano. Landmarks located in Piggabeen include the Old Piggabeen Hall and School that were both established in 1919, Piggabeen Creek, as well as Campbell Hill,. The Aboriginal meaning for Piggabeen is Bundjulung Piccabeen or bigibin for the Bangalow palms.

text:
# Piggabeen

**Piggabeen** is a town located in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia, in the Tweed Shire.

Piggabeen adjoins Cobaki Lakes that is situated 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) to the northeast, Cobaki to the South East and Currumbin Valley that is situated approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the northwest and across the state border of Queensland.

Once predominantly a dairy farming town Piggabeen now mainly consists of acreage homesites and small hobby farms. Piggabeen has a valley that leads northwest towards the Queensland border. Piggabeen and its valley are part of the Tweed Shield Volcano and Caldera that is the largest erosion caldera in the southern hemisphere, with Mount Warning being the extinct volcano. Landmarks located in Piggabeen include the Old Piggabeen Hall and School that were both established in 1919, Piggabeen Creek, as well as Campbell Hill, (formerly Mount Campbell).

The Aboriginal meaning for Piggabeen (Valley of the Palms) is Bundjulung Piccabeen or bigibin for the Bangalow palms.

## Demographics

In the 2011 census, Piggabeen recorded a population of 327 people, 46.8% female and 53.2% male.

The median age of the Piggabeen population was 42 years, 5 years above the national median of 37.

78.9% of people living in Piggabeen were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 6.4%, New Zealand 5.5%, United States of America 0.9%.

93% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common language was 0.9% Maltese.

## InfoBox

| Piggabeen<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Piggabeen | |
| Coordinates | 28°11′S 153°28′E / 28.183°S 153.467°E / -28.183; 153.467 |
| Population | 327 (2011 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2486 |
| Elevation | 35 m (115 ft) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10) |
| • Summer (DST) | AEDT (UTC+11) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Tweed Shire |
| State electorate(s) | Tweed |
| Federal division(s) | Richmond |
| **Localities around Piggabeen:**  Elanora Currumbin Waters Cobaki Lakes  Currumbin Valley Piggabeen Cobaki  Carool Carool Bilambil | |


title: Hallbankgate

abstract: Hallbankgate is a village in Cumbria, England, 13 miles (21 km) east of Carlisle. A former coal and lead mining village, it straddles the A689 Brampton to Alston road. Limestone is quarried here and it once had a gasworks and a forge. The village has a primary school, a village shop and tea room and a pub. There are three other hamlets in the civil parish, Farlam, Kirkhouse and Tindale.

text:
# Hallbankgate

**Hallbankgate** is a village in Cumbria, England, 13 miles (21 km) east of Carlisle. A former coal and lead mining village, it straddles the A689 Brampton to Alston road. Limestone is quarried here and it once had a gasworks and a forge. The village has a primary school, a village shop and tea room and a pub. There are three other hamlets in the civil parish, Farlam, Kirkhouse and Tindale.

## Mining and quarrying

There were many coal mines surrounding Hallbankgate, exploiting shallow lying seams on a steep incline. The closest was the Roachburn pit, at Coalfell where three men lost their lives in 1908. The subsequent accident report documents a very wet electrically driven pit with fractured seams butting up to a slab of clay- and this was typical of most pits in the area. After the accident the pit closed. It was worked by the Thompson family of Kirkhouse under a lease from Lord Carlisle, and passed under and was connected to their Byrom Pit. It had employed 300 men of which 200 were to lose their jobs and move out of the area. Thompson gave up the lease, which was taken up by the Naworth coal company which worked the other mines in the area. The Gairs mine NY 585 554 is often described as being in Hallbankgate though lies in parish of Castle Carrock. In 1925, it had 55 working underground and 28 above, though two years earlier it had employed 148 underground and 44 above. It output 70,000 tons of household and steam coal. It was a safe mine and worked two seams, known as the Little Limestone Coal and the Little Limestone seam. It was abandoned in 1936. It was operated by the Naworth Coal Company. There were other mines in the area notably the Tindale Drift Mine and the Black Syke Mine in Haltwhistle, and Bishops Hill Colliery at Brampton and the Naworth Colliery and drift mines at Midgeholme. Limestone was quarried at the Silvertop Quarry, and there was a spelter works at Tindale which would process zinc and lead.

## Lord Carlisle's railway

Hallbankgate stood at the top of a railway incline on the "Lord Carlisle's Railway" which linked Brampton Junction with the various mines and quarries in the vicinity of Hallbankgate. The Brampton Railway originated as a wooden wagonway on Tindale Fell. The mainline to Brampton Coal Staithe was built in 1798, and it was in operation in 1799. In 1808 the track was relaid using wrought iron rails, This was the first place where they were used commercially. The gauge was changed to 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge, the gauge used by Stephenson. In 1836, the route below Hallbankgate was realigned to it could link with the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway at Brampton Junction station. The incline from Kirkhouse had at one point a 1 in 17 gradient, adhesion engines could only work slopes up to 1 in 100, so this section of the track was operated as a gravity driven inclined plane. The line was worked by steam, and until 1840 the engine used was The Rocket. There was a passenger service but the line was mainly used to get the coal from the neighbouring mines to Brampton. There was an engine shed built at Hallbankgate, and above the village lines were laid to each pit. The line continued to Halton Lea Gate, but was extended to Lambley and Lambley Junction in 1852. The line finally closed in 1953. Blacksyke junction is just to the east of the village and the site on a level crossing to the west.

Media related to Hallbankgate at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Hallbankgate | |
| --- | --- |
| The Belted Will Inn, at the village centre | |
| HallbankgateLocation in the City of Carlisle district, CumbriaHallbankgateLocation within Cumbria | |
| Population | 60 |
| OS grid reference | NY585595 |
| Civil parish | * Farlam |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BRAMPTON |
| Postcode district | CA8 |
| Dialling code | 016977 |
|  | |
| Police | Cumbria |
| Fire | Cumbria |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: National Route 20 (South Korea)

abstract: National Route 20 is a national highway in South Korea connects Sancheong to Pohang. It was established on 14 March 1981.

text:
# National Route 20 (South Korea)

**National Route 20** is a national highway in South Korea connects Sancheong to Pohang. It was established on 14 March 1981.

## Main stopovers

**South Gyeongsang Province**

**North Gyeongsang Province**

## Major intersections

**IS**: Intersection, **IC**: Interchange

### South Gyeongsang Province

| Name | Hangul name | Connection | Location | | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jungsan-ri | 중산리 |  | Sancheong County | Sicheon-myeon | **Terminus** |
| Jungsan Bridge | 중산교 | | |  |  |
| (Samdang Bridge) | (삼당교 동단) | | | Prefectural Route 1047
(Samsinbong-ro) | Prefectural Route 1047 overlap |
| Sincheon Elementary School | 신천초등학교 | | |  |
| (Oegongma-eul) | (외공마을) | | | National Route 59 | Prefectural Route 1047 overlap
National Route 59 overlap |
| Wonri IS | 원리 교차로 | | | National Route 59
(Jirisan-daero) | National Route 59 overlap |
| No name | (이름 없음) | | | Chinhwangyeong-ro |  |
| Sari IS | 사리 교차로 | | | Nammyeong-ro |  |
| Changchon IS | 창촌삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 1005
(Okdan-ro) | Danseong-myeon |  |
| (Hoam Bridge) | (호암교 남단) | | Prefectural Route 1001
(Hoam-ro) | Prefectural Route 1001 overlap |
| Namsa IS | 남사삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 1001
(Mokhwa-ro) |
| No name | (이름 없음) | | Prefectural Route 1049
(Mokhwa-ro) |  |
| Baeyang Bridge | 배양교 | | Prefectural Route 1049
(Mokhwa-ro)
(Seongcheol-ro) |  |
| Danseong IC | 단성 나들목 | | Tongyeong–Daejeon Expressway
Mokhwa-ro |  |
| Danseong High School IS | 단성중고교앞사거리 | | Gangnubangmok-ro
Jirisan-daero 3362beon-gil |  |
| Danseong Bridge | 단성교 | |  |  |
| |  | |  | Sinan-myeon |  |
| Wonji IS | 원지삼거리 | | Jungchongalcheon-ro |  |
| No name | (이름 없음) | | Wonji-ro |  |
| Hajeong IS | 하정 교차로 | | National Route 3
(Sancheong-daero) |  |
| (Cheonghyeon Bridge) | (청현교 북단) | | Prefectural Route 1006
(Cheonghyeon-ro) | Prefectural Route 1006 overlap |
| Mundae Clinic | 문대보건진료소 | |  |
| Mundae IS | 문대삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 1006
(Sincha-ro) |
| Sinan Bridge | 신안교 | |  |  |
| Dori IS | 도리 교차로 | | Biryang-ro | Saengbiryang-myeon |  |
| Saengbiryang IS | 생비량삼거리 | | Jinsan-ro |  |
| Saengbiryang IS | 생비량 교차로 | | National Route 33
(Daesin-ro) | National Route 33 overlap |
| Songgye Bridge | 송계교 | |  |
| Daeui IS | 대의 교차로 | | National Route 33
(Hapcheon-daero) | Uiryeong County | Daeui-myeon |
| Massang IS | 마쌍 교차로 | | | Daeui-ro |  |
| No nane | (이름 없음) | | | Daeui-ro |  |
| Pyeongchon IS | 평촌 교차로 | | | Missang 2-gil |  |
| Jukjeon IS | 죽전 교차로 | | | Hanti-ro |  |
| Dasa IS | 다사 교차로 | | | Hanti-ro |  |
| Dasa Tunnel | 다사터널 | | |  | Approximately 660m |
| |  | |  | Chilgok-myeon |
| Yangchon IS | 양촌 교차로 | | Hanti-ro |  |
| Sannam IS | 산남 교차로 | | Hanti-ro |  |
| Chilgok IS | 칠곡 교차로 | | Chilgok-ro |  |
| Ibam IS | 입암 교차로 | | Prefectural Route 1013
(Chilgok-ro)
(Jinui-ro) |  |
| Bongdu IS | 봉두 교차로 | | Hongui-ro | Garye-myeon |  |
| Unam Overpass | 운암육교 | |  |  |
| Garye Overpass | 가례육교 | | Hongui-ro |  |
| Garye IS | 가례 교차로 | | Uibyeong-ro |  |
| Namcheon IS | 남천삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 1037
(Byeokhwa-ro) | Uiryeong-eup | Prefectural Route 1037 overlap |
| Seobu IS | 서부삼거리 | | | Prefectural Route 1037
(Uibyeong-ro 8-gil) |
| Uibyeong IS | 의병사거리 | | Chungik-ro |  |
| Guryong IS | 구룡사거리 | | Guryong-ro
Namsan-ro |  |
| Baekya IS | 백야오거리 | | National Route 79
(Uiryeong-daero)
Namgang-ro
Baeksan-ro |  |
| Mujeon IS | 무전삼거리 | | Baeksan-ro |  |
| Gyoam IS | 교암사거리 | | Deokam-ro
Sosang-ro | Yongdeok-myeon |  |
| No name | (이름 없음) | | Yongam-ro |  |
| Jindeungjae | 진등재 | |  |  |
| |  | |  | Jeonggok-myeon |  |
| *Jukjeon-ri* | *죽전리* | | *Prefectural Route 1029* | *Under construction* |
| Jeonggok IS | 정곡삼거리 | | Beopjeong-ro |  |
| Junggyo IS | 중교사거리 | | Prefectural Route 1011
(Beopjeong-ro) |  |
| Jeonggok Middle School | 정곡중학교 | |  |  |
| Yasan IS | 야산삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 1041
(Cheongjeong-ro) | Yugok-myeon | Prefectural Route 1041 overlap |
| Segan IS | 세간삼거리 | | | Prefectural Route 1041
(Hamui-ro) |
| Segan Bridge IS | 세간교삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 60
Prefectural Route 1008
(Bakjin-ro) | Prefectural Route 60 overlap |
| No name | (이름 없음) | | Danwon-ro
Sinbeon-ro | Burim-myeon | Prefectural Route 60 overlap |
| Burim Bridge | 부림교 | | Daehan-ro |  |
| *Uiryeong IC* | *의령 나들목* | | *Hamyang-Ulsan Expressway* | *Under construction* |
| Yeobae Bridge | 여배교 | |  |  |
| Wonjin Bridge | 원진교 |  | Hapcheon County | Cheongdeok-myeon |  |
| Jeokpo IS | 적포삼거리 | | | National Route 24
(Dongbu-ro) | National Route 24 overlap |
| Seokpo Bridge | 적포교 | | |  |
| |  | |  | Changnyeong County | Ibang-myeon |
| Inam IS | 이남삼거리 | | | Prefectural Route 67
Prefectural Route 79
(Ibang-ro) | National Route 24 overlap
Prefectural Route 67, 79 overlap |
| Yueo Bridge | 유어교 | | |  |
| |  | |  | Yueo-myeon |
| Yueo-myeon Office | 유어면사무소 | |  |
| Yueo IS | 유어삼거리 | | National Route 79
Prefectural Route 67
(Yeongsanjangma-ro) |
| No name | (이름 없음) | | Uponeup-gil | National Route 24 overlap |
| Boncho IS | 본초삼거리 | | Gwandong-gil | Daeji-myeon |
| Changnyeong IC
(Changnyeong IC IS) | 창녕 나들목
(창녕IC사거리) | | Jungbu Expressway
Upoyueonong-ro | Changnyeong-eup |
| Orijeong IS | 오리정사거리 | | Prefectural Route 1080
(Upo 2-ro) |
| Myeongdeok Elementary School
Changnyeong Seokbinggo | 명덕초등학교
창녕 석빙고 | |  |
| Songhyeon IS | 송현사거리 | | Cheokgyeongbi-ro
Hwawangsan-ro |
| Changnyeong Gyo-dong and Songhyeon-dong Tombstone | 창녕 교동과 송현동 고분군 | |  |
| Changnyeong Technical High School | 창녕공업고등학교 | |  | Goam-myeon |
| Goam IS | 고암사거리 | | Eonmanmisan-ro
Jungdae-gil |
| Goam IS | 고암사거리 | | National Route 24
(Changmil-ro) |
| Goam-myeon Office
Jungdae Bridge | 고암면사무소
중대교 | |  |  |
||
| Banggoljae | 방골재 | |  |  |
| |  | |  | Seongsan-myeon |  |
| Bangri IS | 방리사거리 | | Prefectural Route 1034
(Seongsan-ro) |  |
| Beotijae IS | 버티재삼거리 | |  |  |
| Beotijae | 버티재 | |  | Continuation into North Gyeongsang Province |
|

### North Gyeongsang Province

| Name | Hangul name | Connection | Location | | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Beotijae | 버티재 |  | Cheongdo County | Punggak-myeon | South Gyeongsang Province \- North Gyeongsang Province border line |
| Geumgok IS | 금곡삼거리 | | | Geumdong-gil |  |
| Punggak Overpass | 풍각육교 | | | Bonggi-ro
Wolbong-gil |  |
| Songseo 1 Bridge | 송서1교 | | |  |  |
| Songseo 2 Bridge | 송서2교 | | |  |  |
| |  | |  | Gaknam-myeon |  |
| Sindang IS | 신당 교차로 | | Prefectural Route 30
Prefectural Route 902
(Gaknam-ro)
(Hanjae-ro)
(Heolti-ro) |  |
| Yeri IS | 예리 교차로 | | Yeri 4-gil |  |
| Gaknam IS | 각남 교차로 | | Prefectural Route 30
(Iseo-ro) |  |
| Seosang IS | 서상 교차로 | | Dojugwan-ro
Yeonji-ro | Hwayang-eup |  |
| Hapcheon IS | 합천삼거리 | | Hwayang-ro |  |
| Hwayang IS | 화양삼거리 | | Hwayang-ro |  |
| Nulmi IS | 눌미사거리 | | Donggo-gil
Dongcheon 3-gil |  |
| Stadium IS
(Cheongdo Public Stadium) | 운동장앞사거리
(청도공설운동장) | |  |  |
| Beomgok IS | 범곡사거리 | | Cheonghwa-ro
Beomgok-gil |  |
| Cheongdo Bridge | 청도대교 | |  |  |
| |  | |  | Cheongdo-eup |  |
| Mogang IS | 모강 교차로 | | National Route 25
(Saemaeul-ro) |  |
| Wondang IS | 원당삼거리 | | Jungang-ro |  |
| Buya IS | 부야 교차로 | | Palchi-gil |  |
| Gomtijae Tunnel | 곰티재터널 | |  | Approximately 1,030m |
| |  | |  | Maejeon-myeon |
| Gomtae IS | 곰태 교차로 | | Gomti-ro |  |
| Gwanha-ri | 관하리 | | Prefectural Route 925
(Gwanbang-ro) |  |
| Maejeon Health Center
Maejeon-myeon Office | 매전보건지소
매전면사무소 | |  |  |
| Maejeon IS | 매전삼거리 | | National Route 58
(Cheongmae-ro) |  |
| Maejeon Bridge IS | 매전교삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 919
(Seonam-ro) |  |
| Donggokjae | 동곡재 | |  |  |
| |  | |  | Geumcheon-myeon |  |
| Donggok IS | 동곡네거리 | | Prefectural Route 69
(Geumcheon-ro) | Prefectural Route 69 overlap |
| Geumcheon-myeon Office | 금천면사무소 | |  |
| Geumcheon IS | 금천네거리 | | Prefectural Route 919
(Seonam-ro) |
| Donggok IS | 동곡삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 919
(Geumcheon-ro) | Prefectural Route 69, 919 overlap |
| Bangji Elementary School | 방지초등학교 | |  | Prefectural Route 69, 919 overlap |
| Daecheon Public Bus Terminal | 대천공용여객자동차터미널 | |  | Unmun-myeon |
| Daecheon IS | 대천삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 69
(Unmun-ri) |
| Unmundaem | 운문댐 | |  | Prefectural Route 919 overlap |
| Unmundaem IS | 운문댐삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 919
(Unyong-ro) |
| Jichon IS | 지촌삼거리 | | Prefectural Route 921
(Unbuk-ro) | Prefectural Route 921 overlap |
| Jichon 2 Bridge | 지촌2교 | |  |
| Sinwon 1 Bridge
Sinwon 2 Bridge | 신원1교
신원2교 | |  |
| |  | |  | Gyeongju City | Sannae-myeon |
| Sannae IS | 산내네거리 | | | Prefectural Route 921
(Munbok-ro) |
| Uigok Bridge | 의곡교 | | |  |  |
| Danggogae | 당고개 | | |  |  |
| |  | |  | Geoncheon-eup |  |
| Geocheon IC | 건천 나들목 | | Gyeongbu Expressway |  |
| (Cheonpo-ri) | (천포리) | | Danseok-ro |  |
| Yongmyeong Overpass | 용명육교 | |  |  |
| North Geoncheon IC | 북건천 나들목 | | National Route 4
National Route 35
(Daegyeong-ro) |  |
| Geoncheo Tunnel | 건천터널 | |  | Right tunnel: Approximately 615m
Left tunnel: Approximately 627m |
| Daegok IS | 대곡 교차로 | | Daegogyongmyeong-gil |  |
| Gyeongju Tunnel | 경주터널 | |  | Right tunnel: Approximately 2,080m
Left tunnel: Approximately 2,060m |
| |  | |  | Hyeongok-myeon |
| Hyeongok IS | 현곡 교차로 | | Prefectural Route 904
(Yongdam-ro) |  |
| Malgubul Tunnel | 말구불터널 | |  | Right tunnel: Approximately 465m
Left tunnel: Approximately 440m |
| |  | |  | Angang-eup |
| Sabang IS | 사방 교차로 | | Anhyeon-ro |  |
| Sabang Bridge | 사방대교 | |  |  |
| Hyeongsangang Bridge | 형산강교 | |  |  |
| |  | |  | Cheonbuk-myeon |  |
| North Gyeongju IC | 북경주 나들목 | | National Route 7
(Saneop-ro) |  |
| No name | (이름 없음) | | Hwasangongdan-gil |  |
| Sinwangsin Bridge | 신왕신교 | |  |  |
| Gangdong Tunnel | 강동터널 | |  | Right tunnel: Approximately 1,215m
Left tunnel: Approximately 1,235m |
| |  | |  | Gangdong-myeon |
| Gangdong Bridge | 강동교 | |  |  |
| Wangsin IC | 왕신 나들목 | | Prefectural Route 945
(Cheongang-ro) |  |
| Gangdongsandan Bridge | 강동산단교 | | Gangdongsandan-ro |  |
| Ubok IS | 우복 교차로 | National Route 31
(Yeongilman-daero) | Pohang City | Nam District Yeonil-eup |  |
| Namseong IS | 남성 교차로 | | Honggye-gil 62beon-gil
Namseong-gil
Namseong-gil 1-gil | Nam District Daesong-myeon |  |
| Namcheon Bridge | 남천교 | | Unje-ro |  |
| (Dongkuk Steel) | (동국제강앞) | | Jangheung-ro | Nam District |  |
| (Pohang Electrical substation) | (포항변전소) | | Goedong-ro
Cheolgang-ro |  |
| Jangheung-dong IS | 장흥동사거리 | | Prefectural Route 20
(Cheolkang-ro) |  |
| Dongkuk Structures & Construction | 동국에스앤씨 | |  |  |
| Hyundai Special Steel Pohang Factory | 현대종합특수강 포항공장 | | Seoman-ro |  |
| POSCO Engineering & Construction
Jenae Bridge
Goedong Station | 포스코건설
제내교
괴동역 | |  |  |
| Hyundai Steel IS | 현대제철삼거리 | | Donghaean-ro | **Terminus** |

## InfoBox

| 20 National Route 20 | |
| --- | --- |
| 국도 제20호선 | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 230.2 km (143.0 mi) |
| Existed | 14 March 1981–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Sancheong County, South Gyeongsang Province |
| East end | Pohang, North Gyeongsang Province |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | South Korea |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: V Gate, Queensland

abstract: V Gate is a rural locality in the Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, V Gate had a population of 40 people.

text:
# V Gate, Queensland

**V Gate** is a rural locality in the Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, V Gate had a population of 40 people.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, V Gate had a population of 29 people.

In the 2021 census, V Gate had a population of 40 people.

## InfoBox

| V Gate
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| V Gate | |
| Coordinates | 26°51′05″S 147°48′58″E / 26.8513°S 147.8161°E / -26.8513; 147.8161 |
| Population | 40 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 0.039/km2 (0.101/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4465 |
| Area | 1,021.7 km2 (394.5 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| LGA(s) | Maranoa Region |
| State electorate(s) | Warrego |
| Federal division(s) | Maranoa |
| **Suburbs around V Gate:**  Mungallala South Womalilla Eurella  Mungallala South V Gate Dunkeld  Bargunyah Bargunyah Dunkeld | |


abstract: District 61A is a district of the Minnesota House of Representatives covering portions of the city of Minneapolis in the Twin Cities metropolitan area including portions of the Phillips, Ventura Village, Seward, and Lyn-Lake neighborhoods. In the Senate, the same area comprises part of District 61.

text:
# Minnesota's 61A House of Representatives district

**District 61A** is a district of the Minnesota House of Representatives covering portions of the city of Minneapolis in the Twin Cities metropolitan area including portions of the Phillips, Ventura Village, Seward, and Lyn-Lake neighborhoods.

In the Senate, the same area comprises part of District 61.

## List of representatives

## InfoBox

| Minnesota's 61A State
House of Representatives
district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Representative | Frank Hornstein
DFLMinneapolis |
| Demographics | 83.6% White
4.4% Black
4.8% Hispanic
4.0% Asian
0.6% Native American
\<0.1% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
2.4% Other
5.0% Multiracial |
| Population | 43,916 |


abstract: The Railway Exchange Building is a historic building in Portland, Oregon, also known as the Oregon Pioneer Building. The structure houses the restaurant Huber's.

text:
# Railway Exchange Building (Portland, Oregon)

The **Railway Exchange Building** is a historic building in Portland, Oregon, also known as the **Oregon Pioneer Building**. The structure houses the restaurant Huber's.

## Description

The six-story reinforced concrete structure has exterior non-bearing walls, a basement with 3-foot brick and stone walls, and a composition roof.

## History

The structure was built in 1910, marking Portland's first fully concrete building. It later became known as the **Builders Exchange Building**, then the Oregon Pioneer Building.

The building once housed the Oregon Liquor Control Commission. It has also housed the Peruvian and Venezuelan consulates.

The **Railway Exchange Building and Huber's Restaurant** were added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1979.

Marriott International's Autograph Collection debuted the Hi-Lo Hotel in the building in 2017.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Railway Exchange Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The building's exterior in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Location | 320 SW Stark Street<br>Portland, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°31′13″N 122°40′30″W / 45.520230°N 122.675022°W / 45.520230; -122.675022 |
| Area | 0.3 acres |
| Built | 1910 |
| Architect | David Chambers Lewis, Harry Goodwin Beckwith |
| NRHP reference No. | 79002132 |
| Added to NRHP | March 13, 1979 |


title: Tick dragging

abstract: Tick dragging is a method for collecting ticks used by parasitologists and other researchers studying tick populations in the wild.

text:
# Tick dragging

**Tick dragging** is a method for collecting ticks used by parasitologists and other researchers studying tick populations in the wild.

## Method

To conduct a tick drag, a researcher uses a 1-square-metre (11 sq ft) strip of white cloth, usually corduroy, mounted on a pole that is tied to a length of rope. The researcher drags the cloth behind themselves through terrain that is suspected of harboring ticks, working in a grid-like pattern. They may also "flag" low-lying bushes and other vegetation by waving the cloth over them.

Tick dragging is one of several methods of harvesting wild ticks for study in the lab. In at least one trial, the tick dragging method proved more successful than more technologically innovative techniques, such as live-baited traps and CO2-baited traps.

The dragging method is a useful way to collect ticks from a large area; CO2 trapping is another method for localized sampling of ticks. Different species of tick also have variable sensitivity or responsiveness to this form of trapping, so its effectiveness can vary with the species of tick the researcher is interested in sampling.

The dragging method has been tested for its repeatability and reliability. It was concluded that the cloth-dragging technique is useful both for surveying ticks' and to estimate and compare abundance between years and areas.

## History

The practice of dragging a large white cloth across suspected tick-infested terrain is described in biological field guides from the early 20th century. More sophisticated methods have been developed, but the dragging method continues to be practised by researchers today.


title: Najabat

abstract: Najabat is a village in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 30°49'0N 74°14'0E with an altitude of 181 metres.

text:
# Najabat

**Najabat** is a village in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 30°49'0N 74°14'0E with an altitude of 181 metres (597 feet).

30°49′0″N 74°14′0″E / 30.81667°N 74.23333°E / 30.81667; 74.23333

## InfoBox

| Najabat | |
| --- | --- |
| Najabat | |
| Coordinates: 30°29′N 74°08′E / 30.49°N 74.14°E / 30.49; 74.14 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Punjab |
| Elevation | 181 m (594 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Hebei Xuechi F.C.

abstract: Hebei Xuechi is a semi-professional Chinese football club, based in Baoding, Hebei Province.

text:
# Hebei Xuechi F.C.

**Hebei Xuechi** (Chinese: 河北雪驰) is a semi-professional Chinese football club, based in Baoding, Hebei Province.

## History

The club was originally founded as a nondescript amateur club named **Qingdao Zhongneng** (not to be confused with the professional football club Qingdao Zhongneng, which was named **Qingdao Etsong Hainiu** at that time, prior to Jonoon Group's takeover of that club in 2004) in Qingdao, Shandong Province in 2003, and changed its name to **Qingdao Changqing** in 2004. In 2005, their name was changed again, to **Qingdao Shark**. In the same year, they were crowned champions of Qingdao City Football League, then participated in the North series of China Amateur Football League, and was ranked 2nd.

In 2006, the club enrolled in China League Two, and appointed former Chinese national team player Li Qiang as manager. In the middle of the season, the club moved to Baoding, Hebei Province and renamed itself **Hebei Xuechi**. At the end of the regular season, the team finished fourth out of the nine clubs in North division and secured a play-off spot, but lost to Anhui Jiufang in the quarter-finals. The club was dissolved afterwards.

## Name history

* **Qingdao Zhongneng F.C.** 青岛中能 2003
* **Qingdao Changqing F.C.** 青岛长青 2004
* **Qingdao Shark F.C.** 青岛海鲨 2005–2006
* **Hebei Xuechi F.C.** 河北雪驰 2006

## Honors

## InfoBox

Hebei Xuechi
河北雪驰
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Hebei Xuechi Football Club
河北雪驰足球俱乐部 |
| Founded | 2003 |
| Dissolved | 2006 |
| Ground | Baoding People's Stadium
Baoding, Hebei, China |
| Capacity | 13,000 |
| Manager | Li Qiang |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: We'wha

abstract: We'wha was a Zuni Native American lhamana from New Mexico, and a notable weaver and potter. As the most famous lhamana on record, We'wha served as a cultural ambassador for Native Americans in general, and the Zuni in particular, serving as a contact point and educator for many European-American settlers, teachers, soldiers, missionaries, and anthropologists. We'wha's adopted family was one of the richest and most influential in Zuni culture, placing We'wha in a privileged position to assert their ceremonial importance as a lhamana. In 1886, We'wha was part of the Zuni delegation to Washington, D.C.; during that visit, We'wha met President Grover Cleveland. In traditional Zuni culture, the lhamana are male-bodied people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. Markedly, We'wha still participated in male Zuni social roles. For instance, We'wha belonged to the male kachina society, a group who performed ritual dances in ceremonial masks. lhamana wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the modern, pan-Indian two-spirit community. We'wha's friendship with anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson would lead to much material on the Zuni being published. Stevenson wrote down her observations of We'wha, using both male and female pronouns at different points in time, writing, "She performs masculine religious and judicial functions at the same time that she performs feminine duties, tending to laundry and the garden". "He was the most intelligent person in the pueblo. Strong character made his word law among both men and women with whom he associated. Though his wrath was dreaded by men as well as women, he was loved by all children, to whom he was ever kind." We'wha lived for part of his life in the role and dress usually associated with men in Zuni culture, and part of her life in roles associated with women, then again in roles and dress associated with men. Friends and relatives have used both male and female pronouns for We'wha, depending on stage of life and current occupation.

text:
# We'wha

**We'wha** (c. 1849–1896, various spellings) was a Zuni Native American *lhamana* from New Mexico, and a notable weaver and potter. As the most famous *lhamana* on record, We'wha served as a cultural ambassador for Native Americans in general, and the Zuni in particular, serving as a contact point and educator for many European-American settlers, teachers, soldiers, missionaries, and anthropologists. We'wha's adopted family was one of the richest and most influential in Zuni culture, placing We'wha in a privileged position to assert their ceremonial importance as a *lhamana.* In 1886, We'wha was part of the Zuni delegation to Washington, D.C.; during that visit, We'wha met President Grover Cleveland.

In traditional Zuni culture, the *lhamana* are male-bodied people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. Markedly, We'wha still participated in male Zuni social roles. For instance, We'wha belonged to the male kachina society, a group who performed ritual dances in ceremonial masks*.* *lhamana* wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing. Some contemporary *lhamana* participate in the modern, pan-Indian two-spirit community.

We'wha's friendship with anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson would lead to much material on the Zuni being published. Stevenson wrote down her observations of We'wha, using both male and female pronouns at different points in time, writing, "She performs masculine religious and judicial functions at the same time that she performs feminine duties, tending to laundry and the garden". "He was the most intelligent person in the pueblo. Strong character made his word law among both men and women with whom he associated. Though his wrath was dreaded by men as well as women, he was loved by all children, to whom he was ever kind." We'wha lived for part of his life in the role and dress usually associated with men in Zuni culture, and part of her life in roles associated with women, then again in roles and dress associated with men. Friends and relatives have used both male and female pronouns for We'wha, depending on stage of life and current occupation.

## Early life

We'wha was born around 1849 in New Mexico as a member of the Zuni people. The Zuni tribe at this time was still free to practice their religious customs and ceremonies. The year of We'wha's birth was the first year the Zuni had interactions with the Americans, and they initially agreed to ally with the colonists in some territorial battles against their traditional rivals the Navajo and Apache. The colonists brought smallpox to the village and in 1853 both of We'wha's parents died from the new illness. We'wha and his brother were then adopted by their aunt on their father's side. We'wha remained a member of her mother's tribal clan known as the *donashi:kwe* (the Badger People). He also retained ceremonial ties to his father's clan, *bichi:kwe* (the Dogwood People). The new adoptive arrangement also added two foster sisters and a brother.

Zuni children could be recognized as *lhamana*, from as early as three or four. However, in We'wha's case, We'wha was first included in religious ceremonies for Zuni boys at the age of twelve. It was not until a few years after this that the tribe recognized We'wha's *lhamana* traits and his religious training was then handed over to female relatives. We'wha then learned the skills of the Zuni women – grinding and making corn meal, making ceremonial pottery, cooking, and various domestic tasks. In 1864, the Zunis and the American troops won a victory over the Navajo, and the Navajo were then sent out to a reservation in New Mexico for four years. Some members of We'wha's tribe then moved into the abandoned Zuni lands of Nutria and Pescado, and became farmers, including We'wha and his adoptive family. While We'wha's family lived in this region, We'wha worked as a farmer, which was considered a traditionally male occupation in Zuni culture.

## Adult life

In the 1870s We'wha was still living and working on the farm. As We'wha's adoptive mother began to get older, We'wha took on more of the household duties, as did his adopted older sister. In 1877 Protestant missionaries began to arrive among the Zuni tribe. These missionaries were part of the "Peace Policy of Grant Administration". The policy was for Native Americans, instead of being moved onto reservations, to be assimilated into American society by indoctrination into Christianity and other colonial beliefs and social structures. These Protestant missionaries were the first white people to live among this particular Zuni tribe and were likely the first white people that We'wha had encountered. At this point, We'wha would have been in his thirties.

The Presbyterian minister and medical doctor assigned to We'wha's tribe was a man named Taylor F. Ealy, who arrived at the village with his wife, two daughters, and an assistant teacher on October 12, 1878. They were assigned to a school built there the year before. We'wha helped Mrs. Ealy care for her two small daughters, along with various teaching responsibilities and housework. Mrs. Ealy's diary included pages talking about We'wha: "We made in all this week five garments; a skirt and two basques for We-Wa \[*sic*\], a dress for Grace (a Zuni), a dress and skirt for her sister, besides one for which they found the calico." That diary entry is dated January 29, 1881, and at this point We'wha is wearing skirts and doing childcare, so likely being perceived in a female role in the community. It is possible We'wha received payment for her work with the Ealys. It would not have been in the form of currency, but rather goods similar to the clothes they made together. In 1881 the Protestant missionaries began to depart the village including the Ealy family. The mission had changed the religious mindset of the Zuni very little and the impact the school had was minimal. The school remained there but had little impact until it was revitalized in 1888.

## We'wha and Stevenson's friendship

Matilda Coxe Stevenson and We'wha met each other in 1879, while they were working with Mrs. Ealy. Stevenson wrote that We'wha was very friendly to outsiders and willing to learn English. We'wha was described by Stevenson as "the most intelligent person in the pueblo. Strong character made his word law among both men and women with whom he associated. Though his wrath was dreaded by men as well as women, he was loved by all children, to whom he was ever kind". By learning English, We'wha was able to interact well with white visitors, and this helped them build a friendship with Stevenson. We'wha was visited by Stevenson in 1881, 1884, 1886, 1891–92, 1895 and 1896. These visits encouraged the cultivation of their friendship.

In 1879, Stevenson introduced commercial laundry soap to We'wha's village (Southwestern tribes already had herbal soaps). She taught them how to wash clothes using this stronger, chemical soap and soon We'wha began washing quantities of clothes for the members of the Protestant mission, earning silver dollars for this service. We'wha then decided to move to Fort Wingate and wash for the soldiers as well as the captain's family. We'wha began to extend the business past the fort, and wash for white settlers as well. Few Zuni people worked for white people for pay. If they did work for pay, "the men wearing female attire being preferred to the women on account of their strength and endurance".

Stevenson refers to her friend We'wha as "he" and at other times as "she", seeming to have made a choice for the latter sometime after 1904, writing in her diary, "As the writer could never think of her faithful and devoted friend in any other light, she will continue to use the feminine gender when referring to We'wha".

We'wha was hired by Stevenson to make Zuni religious pottery that would later be displayed in the National Museum in Washington, D.C. We'wha was a very accomplished potter, and followed the strict religious protocols that went with making Zuni pottery. As a talented weaver, We'wha also created baskets, dresses, blankets, and sashes. It was said that We'wha had an eye for likable patterns and colors. George Wharton James, an expert on Native American weaving styles wrote, "She was an expert weaver, and her pole of soft stuff was laden with the work of her loom-blankets and dresses exquisitely woven, and with a delicate perception of colour-values that delighted the eye of the connoisseur".

We'wha's friendship with Stevenson put We'wha at risk of being accused of witchcraft by the Zuni tribe. The Zuni regarded tribal members who passed on secrets to outsiders with suspicion. However, We'wha's tribe never accused them of witchcraft and continued to trust We'wha as a valued *lhamana.*

## We'wha's visit to Washington D.C.

In December 1885, Matilda Coxe Stevenson and her husband James Stevenson took We'wha to Washington, D.C. This was We'wha's first experience with an American city. She was a part of Washington society alongside the Stevensons during the trip and attended various events. These included activities for high society such as going to the New National Theater for a ball and participating in a tea party with Washington ladies. One of the more notable events was We'wha meeting President Grover Cleveland on June 24, 1886. She left Washington later that month.

We'wha drew special attention from the United States government and press. We'wha drew this attention because most Americans believed We'wha to be a woman, and it was unusual for the United States to receive female Native American delegates. Many other male Native American visitors in the nineteenth century visited the United States with hardly any attention from the public or the press. This attention is what allowed We'wha to meet with and shake the hand of US President Grover Cleveland.

We'wha had their own goals in their visit to the capital. They viewed themselves as a representative of the Zuni tribe and did their best to establish good relations with the United States government and its people to ensure the health of their ongoing alliance.

## Later life

After serving as a cultural ambassador for the Zuni population in Washington, We'wha returned to the pueblo community. But, six years after their time spent in Washington, We'wha served a month in prison. The reason We'wha spent time in prison has been questioned as some attribute it to witchcraft. Will Roscoe wrote that "he spent a month in jail for resisting soldiers sent by that same government to interfere in his community affairs." In this he is referencing the Government We'wha worked with while visiting Washington. Will Roscoe additionally writes on another occasion clarifying the misinterpretation of We'wha and the witchcraft allegation. He states:

> We'wha and other Zuni leaders were never accused of witchcraft--rather a young man was so accused and tried by Zuni leaders, and We'wha, who resisted the soldiers sent to arrest those leaders, was themself arrested.

In 1896, We'wha's family was selected to host the annual Sha'lako festival and he worked to ensure everything was prepared. These preparations included "carefully laying the stone floor in the large room where the bird-god would dance." He died shortly after participating in the festival due to heart failure. After We'wha's death, Stevenson recalled the moment in one of her books:

> It is the custom for a member of the family to hold the prayer plumes near the mouth of the dying and repeat the prayer, but this practice was not observed in We'wha's case. \[...\] The brother offered to hold the plumes and say the prayers, but We'wha feebly extended her hand for them, and clasping the prayer plumes between her hands made a great effort to speak. She said but a few words and then sank back in her chair. Again the brother offered to hold the plumes and pray, but once more she refused.

## Legacy

We'wha's legacy and actions throughout their life have led to We'wha being recognized as a notable person in history.

A modern-day representation of We'wha that exemplifies her importance is when We'wha appeared in a Google Doodle on November 1, 2021, which included some biographical and legacy details, along with a weaving game to help learn about Zuni weaving. The art of the interactive Google doodle was done by Mallery Quetawki, a Zuni individual. Through Mallery's response to a question, they explain that We'wha had a large role in representing Zuni Culture and the core element of art as a weaver.

> "Personally, creating the We:wa Doodle was an honor as We:wa was such a warm and generous individual who exemplified our core values as A:shiwi. To be representing my people on this Doodle is another honor that I will always be thankful for. We are a village filled with talented artists and I am absolutely grateful for this honor to represent our history and to tell it using our art." (Zuni Pueblo guest artist Mallery Quetawki)

We'wha also has a page on The National Women's History Museum's website, published recently as June 2021. This page briefly covers We'wha's life and contributions to the world, describing We'wha as an individual who "left a profound legacy as a ceremonial leader, cultural ambassador, and artist who worked to preserve the Zuni way of life." In the late 2010s, San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk installed a bronze plaque honoring We'wha with the inscription:

> *"Respected Zuni lhamana or two spirit, accomplished potter, weaver and cultural ambassador of the Zuni nation."*

As a skilled artist, We'wha was one of the first of the Zuni to produce Zuni art like pottery and textiles with the intent of selling their work, beginning a process that would see Native American art become a popular fine art sold in the United States and elsewhere. To further extend the Zuni tribe's cultural legacy, We'wha also presented US President Grover Cleveland and First Lady, Frances Cleveland, with a handcrafted wedding gift. Thanks in part to We'wha, the Zuni people's second largest source of income now comes from the selling of Zuni artwork.

Also, Paul Elliott Russell, an American writer and university professor ranked We'wha 53rd in his 1995 book The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present on the Most Important Queer People in the World world history.

We'wha's legacy can be attributed to several spellings of their name as well as several nicknames. Some spellings and ways in which We'wha was referred to include: We'wha, We:wa, Zuni Princess, and many other titles.

## Pronouns

There is significant disagreement about what pronouns one should use in reference to We'wha. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, a contemporary of and close friend of We'wha, varied between masculine and feminine pronouns. Will Roscoe, the scholar who has written the most about We'wha, uses primarily masculine pronouns. The National Women's History Museum's page on We'wha opts to use the gender-neutral pronoun "they", arguing that the Zuni recognized *lhamana* as culturally and socially distinct from both men and women, so neither masculine nor feminine pronouns are appropriate. There is still no consensus.

Roscoe was thus sometimes criticized for having presented We'wha as a homosexual man, on the basis of a Eurocentric vision of homosexuality. However, the Zuni's ultimately still obscure definition of gender identity cannot be compared to Western definitions.

> "What is important to emphasize is the fact that the berdache refers to a "distinct gender status, designated by special terms rather than the words ‘man' or ‘woman.'" Thus the designation of the berdache as simply homosexual, transvestite, and hermaphrodite is simply inappropriate as these terms connote the notion of either lack or excess which deviates from the normal. Even though native communities understand that gender is socially constructed, they view the third gender as a common part of their society." (Bayu Kristanto)

### Sources

## InfoBox

| We'wha | |
| --- | --- |
| We'wha, a Zuni *lhamana*, circa 1886 | |
| Born | c. 1849 |
| Died | 1896 (aged 46–47) |


title: V Festival

abstract: V Festival, often referred to as V Fest or simply V, was an annual music festival held in the United Kingdom during the third weekend in August. The event was held at two parks simultaneously which shared the same bill; artists performed at one location on Saturday and then swapped on Sunday. The sites were located at Hylands Park in Chelmsford and Weston Park in South Staffordshire. In 2017, the final year of this format, the capacity of each site was 90,000. Richard Branson announced on 30 October 2017 that V Festival would be discontinued but that a new festival would replace it. In 2018, a new festival called "Rize" was held in on the same weekend as the "V Festival" but only at Hylands Park. However, on 5 August 2020, it was announced that the "V Festival" was to return to Hylands Park, without an audience, later that month. The "V" represented the Virgin Group, with the event being sponsored by Virgin Media. It was originally televised by Channel 4 from 1997 to 2013, predominantly on its sister channel 4Music, with the exception of the 2003 event with ITV in charge. It was then televised by MTV from 2014 to 2015, and the 2016 edition of the festival was televised by Channel 5. ITV returned to televising the V Festival upon its return in 2020, with coverage hosted by Joel Dommett and Maya Jama.

text:
# V Festival

**V Festival**, often referred to as **V Fest** or simply **V**, was an annual music festival held in the United Kingdom during the third weekend in August. The event was held at two parks simultaneously which shared the same bill; artists performed at one location on Saturday and then swapped on Sunday. The sites were located at Hylands Park in Chelmsford and Weston Park in South Staffordshire. In 2017, the final year of this format, the capacity of each site was 90,000.

Richard Branson announced on 30 October 2017 that V Festival would be discontinued but that a new festival would replace it. In 2018, a new festival called "Rize" was held in on the same weekend as the "V Festival" but only at Hylands Park. However, on 5 August 2020, it was announced that the "V Festival" was to return to Hylands Park, without an audience (due to the COVID-19 pandemic), later that month.

The "V" represented the Virgin Group, with the event being sponsored by Virgin Media.

It was originally televised by Channel 4 from 1997 to 2013, predominantly on its sister channel 4Music, with the exception of the 2003 event with ITV in charge. It was then televised by MTV from 2014 to 2015, and the 2016 edition of the festival was televised by Channel 5. ITV returned to televising the V Festival upon its return in 2020, with coverage hosted by Joel Dommett and Maya Jama.

## History

The idea for V came in 1996 when Pulp's front man Jarvis Cocker said that he would love to play two outdoor venues in two days. Pulp's promoters got together and came up with the idea of putting the gig into Victoria Park Warrington and Hylands Park Chelmsford giving fans in both the North and South a chance to see the band. Then came the idea of adding more bands to the bill, putting on a second stage and letting people camp for the weekend. In the end Victoria Park was just too small for three stages and camping. So in August 1996 there was one day of artists in Victoria Park and two days at Hylands Park with camping. The northern leg of V97 was switched to Temple Newsam, Leeds to provide room for camping and three stages. In 1999 the Northern leg of the festival was moved to Weston Park in Staffordshire, and has remained there since.

Previously it had been held at Temple Newsam in Leeds, before being replaced by Carling's Leeds Festival. Originally, the festival took the name of the current year, with the first festival being named "V96". Since 2003 it has been known as simply the V Festival. Its weekend format, low queuing times and professional organisation have given it a loyal audience. The festival sold out in record time in 2006.

Melanie C, Dido, and N.E.R.D. have all performed at the festival, and both Razorlight and Faithless performed in 2006. V showcases a mix of British and international musicians, from up-and-coming bands such as Coldplay in 2000 and the Kaiser Chiefs in 2003 and 2008, and glam rockers El Presidente in 2005, to veteran crooner Tony Christie. Girls Aloud also performed at the 2006 show, and received rave reviews for their performance. V97 was the first V Festival to be webcast. This was audio-only, and had about 30,000 unique listeners.

## Festivals and line-ups by year

### V96

The first V festival took place on Saturday 17 and Sunday 18 August 1996, and had two stages and one tent.

### V97

This year introduced the NME stage.

### V98

### V99

### V2000

### V2001

### V2002

### V2003

### V2004

### V2005

The 10th V Festival took place from Saturday 20 August to Sunday 21 August 2005, headlining with Oasis, Franz Ferdinand, and Scissor Sisters. Performing acts included:

Chelmsford Saturday/Staffordshire Sunday:

Chelmsford Sunday/Staffordshire Saturday:

### V2006

The 11th V Festival took place on Saturday 19 August and Sunday 20 August.

Tickets for the festival went on sale on Monday 27 February, exclusively to Virgin Mobile customers, and went on general sale on Friday 3 March.

There were complaints from festival-goers in 2006 due to the excessive price of food and merchandise, and lack of prior information about the band schedules, the only timetable available being a programme sold at the festival. Despite knowing the numbers attending, the print run of programmes was sold out.

The "Road To V" competition for 2006 was won by Bombay Bicycle Club and Keith.

### V2007

The line-up for V Festival 2007 was revealed on Virgin Radio on Monday 26 February 2007 and tickets went on sale on 1 March.

The line-up was as follows:

Amy Winehouse was supposed to play but cancelled due to admittance into rehab. She was replaced by Happy Mondays. Babyshambles were four hours late for their set at Weston Park after being held up by traffic. Robyn replaced The Bravery.

### V2008

| Day | V Stage | 4Music Stage | JJB Champion Arena | Virgin Mobile Union | Sessions Stage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hylands Park Saturday / Weston Park Sunday |  |  |  |  |  |
| Hylands Park Sunday / Weston Park Saturday |  |  |  |  |  |

Tickets went on general sale on 7 March 2008 at 10 am, and sold out in 90 minutes.

On 26 June 2008 at 10 am, extra tickets for both venues went on sale.

### V2009

Tickets for V 2009 went on general sale on 6 March 2009. A limited number of tickets went on sale at 10 am on 19 August 2008, following the end of the 2008 festival. Weekend tickets were priced at £132.50 (no camping) and £152.50 (with camping) for the weekend. On 2 March 2009 *NME* confirmed The Killers and Oasis as headliners. However, Oasis did not perform in Chelmsford due to frontman Liam Gallagher having viral laryngitis. Oasis split-up as a band just a few days later, making their Staffordshire show their last.

The event was held on 22 & 23 August 2009.

| Day | V Stage | 4Music Stage | The Arena | Virgin Media Union |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hylands Park Saturday / Weston Park Sunday |  |  |  |  |
| Hylands Park Sunday / Weston Park Saturday |  |  |  |  |

### V2010

The 2010 lineup for V Festival was officially announced on 11 March 2010 through the festival's site and on Absolute Radio. The headliners for both days were Kings of Leon and Kasabian. Tickets went on sale on 5 March 2010 at 9 am, with Virgin Media customers pre-sale tickets being available on 2 March, and Essex residents tickets being available on 4 March from 9 am. General sale tickets became available at 9 am on 5 March 2010. Organisers said they sold out in record time, just one and a half hours. Cheryl Cole was supposed to headline the Arena but had to cancel due to Malaria.

| Day | V Stage | 4Music Stage | Nissan Juke Arena | Virgin Media Union |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hylands Park Saturday / Weston Park Sunday |  |  |  |  |
| Hylands Park Sunday / Weston Park Saturday |  |  |  |  |

Line Up according to the official V Festival programme.

### V2011

| Day | Virgin Media Stage | 4Music Stage | Big Blue Tent | Virgin Media Undercover Stage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hylands Park Saturday / Weston Park Sunday |  |  |  |  |
| Hylands Park Sunday / Weston Park Saturday |  |  |  |  |

* Pendulum headlined the 4Music stage but Primal Scream closed the stage.

### V2012

The final line-up for V Festival 2012 was announced on Tuesday 7 August. In contrast to previous years, some tickets remained on sale until the week of the festival.

Nicki Minaj cancelled her appearance at this weekend's festival because of damage to her vocal cords. LMFAO was moved up to headliner spot whilst DJ Fresh performed in LMFAO's place.

In the week running up to V Festival both Frank Ocean and Dappy were removed from the line up due to undisclosed reasons, they were replaced by The Charlatans and Wiley.

Performers such as Sean Lock and Milton Jones appeared in The Glee Club Comedy Tent.

Pop Artist James Wilkinson was appointed Official Artist to the V Festival. The first person to be appointed in 16 years of the Festival.

| Day | Virgin Media Stage | 4Music Stage | The Arena Stage | Virgin Media Undercover Stage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hylands Park Saturday / Weston Park Sunday |  |  |  |  |
| Hylands Park Sunday / Weston Park Saturday |  |  |  |  |

### V Festival 2013

At the 2013 V Festival, Beyoncé made only her second and third European festival appearances of the calendar year. The other main stage headliner was Kings Of Leon, with headliners on other stages including Jamie Cullum, Basement Jaxx and former Swedish House Mafia DJ Steve Angello.

For the 2013 festival, one stage was renamed: the stage previously known as 'Virgin Media Undercover Tent' now became known as 'Futures Stage'. A poster released by the organisers initially seemed to suggest that the stage previously known as '4Music Stage' had been renamed as 'Stage 2', leading to speculation that Channel 4 had ended their sponsorship of the event, however a revised version of the poster released later reinstated the original name of the stage.

Multiple changes were made to the bill in the days leading up to the festival. Beady Eye were scheduled to headline opposite Beyoncé on the 4Music Stage, however they had to cancel all live shows through August 2013 because of the hospitalisation of member Gem Archer. Thus, their headlining slot on the 4Music Stage was taken over by Steve Angello, whose own previous headlining slot on The Arena Stage was taken over by Ocean Colour Scene. Ocean Colour Scene had themselves previously been scheduled to play an earlier timeslot on the main stage on the opposite day - *that* slot was taken over by Scouting For Girls, whose previous slot on the 4Music Stage was in turn taken over by previously unannounced act Reverend and The Makers. In unrelated developments, Little Mix were removed from the line-up for undisclosed reasons, and their fellow The X Factor winner James Arthur also cancelled his appearance the very day before the festival, citing a throat infection. Finally, on the official V Festival lanyard offered to festival attendees upon their arrival on site, it was confirmed that four previously unannounced acts had been added to the Futures Stage - these were James Bay, Hero Fisher, Gamu Nhengu and Paul McCartney's son James McCartney.

The majority of the line-up, with day and stage splits, was announced on 30 May 2013. With the Comedy Stage line-up announced later, as well as the changed outlines above, the full bill ended up as follows:

| Day | Virgin Media Stage | 4Music Stage | The Arena Stage | Futures Stage | Glee Club Comedy Tent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hylands Park Saturday / Weston Park Sunday |  |  |  |  |  |
| Hylands Park Sunday / Weston Park Saturday |  |  |  |  | * **Jon Richardson** * Paul Chowdhry * Rob Beckett * Andrew O'Neill * Ricky Grover * Imran Yusuf * Joel Dommett * Mark Simmons * Elis James * Fredrik Andersson * Peter Johansson * Angela Barnes * **MC: Kevin McCarthy** |

### V Festival 2014

The 2014 V Festival was the first to be staged with the new shareholders Live Nation and new broadcaster and sponsor MTV, took place over the weekend of 16–17 August 2014. The main stage headliners were Justin Timberlake and The Killers, as announced at 8pm on Monday 3 March 2014, with tickets on general release the following Friday morning. Other high-profile bookings included Paolo Nutini and Ed Sheeran, who had between them released the two biggest-selling albums of the year up to the festival, and festival debutants included Chic featuring Nile Rodgers, Janelle Monáe and Kodaline.

| Day | Virgin Media Stage | MTV Stage | The Arena Stage | Futures Stage | Glee Club Comedy Tent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hylands Park Saturday / Weston Park Sunday |  |  |  |  |  |
| Hylands Park Sunday / Weston Park Saturday |  |  |  |  |  |

* Hylands Park only \**Weston Park Only

Manic Street Preachers had to cancel their show at Chelmsford due to being delayed in Budapest, Hungary at the airport after the Sziget Festival.

### V Festival 2015

#### Lineup

| **Line-up** | |
| --- | --- |
| Saturday 22 August - Hylands Park / Sunday 23 August - Weston Park | Saturday 22 August - Weston Park / Sunday 23 August - Hylands Park |
| **Virgin Media Stage** | |
|  |  |
| **MTV Stage** | |
|  |  |
| **Sure Arena** | |
|  |  |
| **The Dance Tent** | |
|  |  |
| **The Glee Club Comedy Tent** | |
|  | |

### V Festival 2016

#### Lineup

| **Line-up** | |
| --- | --- |
| Saturday 20 August - Hylands Park / Sunday 21 August - Weston Park | Saturday 20 August - Weston Park / Sunday 21 August - Hylands Park |
|  |  |

Most of the line up was released on 22 February 2016.

### V Festival 2017

The 2017 V Festival Line Up was announced on 31 March 2017 with more acts added on 2 April 2017 and the full lineup poster on 20 April.

#### Lineup

| **Line-up** | |
| --- | --- |
| Saturday 19 August - Hylands Park / Sunday 20 August - Weston Park | Saturday 19 August - Weston Park / Sunday 20 August - Hylands Park |
| **Virgin Media Stage** | |
|  |  |
| **Second Stage** | |
|  |  |
| **JBL Dance Arena** | |
|  |  |
| **The Glee Comedy Tent** | |
|  |  |

### V Festival 2020

The 2020 V Festival was announced, alongside the headliners, on 5 August 2020. However, this festival went on hiatus caused by COVID-19 pandemic and a virtual one was held in its place, with performances from the festival's sets being broadcast by ITV2.

#### Lineup

| **Line-up** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Friday 21 August - Hylands Park | Saturday 22 August - Hylands Park | Sunday 23 August - Hylands Park |
| **Virgin Media Stage** | | |
|  |  |  |

## Criticisms and reputation

The festival was noted for its commercial nature in comparison with other British music festivals. The V Festival received criticism for charging £10 to buy a programme - the only way festival-goers can see what time artists are performing - while others have mentioned the fact burgers cost £7 and water bottles are sometimes confiscated at the entrance, costing up to £2 once inside the grounds. Buying four crates on site would cost a person the same price as a ticket. Some fans have referred to the organisers of the event as 'greedy'.

Despite this, the *New Statesman* argues that the commercial nature has some advantages:
"Yet there are undeniable advantages to the \[commercial\] environment. V is a remarkably non-threatening festival, with few of the rougher edges prevalent at other large-scale gatherings."

The *Evening Standard* gave the 2009 festival 3/5 stars after headliners Oasis pulled out of the Hylands Park leg of the festival due to illness. Furthermore, approximately 800 people were injured, mainly due to falls causing sprains and ankle injuries.

In 2012, during Cher Lloyd's performance, the crowd booed and a bottle filled with urine was thrown at her, causing Lloyd to walk off stage. She came back on to finish her set but another bottle was thrown and she ended her set early.

## InfoBox

| V Festival | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Music |
| Frequency | Annually<br>(penultimate weekend in August) |
| Location(s) |  |
| Years active | 1996–2017, 2020 |
| Inaugurated | 17 August 1996 (1996-08-17) |
| Founder | Richard Branson |
| Most recent | 21 August 2020 (2020-08-21) – 23 August 2020 (2020-08-23) |
| Participants | See lineups |
| Attendance | 170,000 (2015) |
| Capacity | 90,000 |
| Organised by | Virgin Group |
| Sponsor | Virgin Media |
| Website | vfestival.com |


title: Lars Grimsrud

abstract: Lars Grimsrud is an aerospace engineer and performance automobile enthusiast who has become a celebrity amongst owners of carbureted Chevrolet Corvettes and GM muscle cars for his skill at tuning their engines. Lars Grimsrud was born in Norway. He makes a living in Aerospace Engineering and has a background in General Aviation. He was an instructor at the GM Training Center. Grimsrud routinely travels from his home in Lafayette, Colorado, to hold technical seminars for ad hoc groups of Corvette forum members. He has been featured by The New York Times for his unique "Tuning for Beer" tuning tours and seminars, which have taken him to over a dozen cities in North America, and once to Europe. Grimsrud was an original founder and president of the GTO Association of America, and contributed technical articles as the editor of The Legend magazine. In addition to being in demand for these personal visits to groups of owners, who invite him to town for informal tuning sessions, he is widely quoted on hundreds of websites, has authored dozens of technical papers which are available at various websites on the Internet, and is also available to rebuild carburetors and distributors through the mail. His vehicles, work and technical articles have been featured by High Performance Pontiac Magazine, Musclecar Magazine, and by Musclecar Review.

text:
# Lars Grimsrud

**Lars Grimsrud** is an aerospace engineer and performance automobile enthusiast who has become a celebrity amongst owners of carbureted Chevrolet Corvettes and GM muscle cars for his skill at tuning their engines.

Lars Grimsrud was born in Norway. He makes a living in Aerospace Engineering and has a background in General Aviation. He was an instructor at the GM Training Center.

Grimsrud routinely travels from his home in Lafayette, Colorado, to hold technical seminars for ad hoc groups of Corvette forum members. He has been featured by *The New York Times* for his unique "Tuning for Beer" tuning tours and seminars, which have taken him to over a dozen cities in North America, and once to Europe.

Grimsrud was an original founder and president of the GTO Association of America (ref. Who's Who in the Midwest), and contributed technical articles as the editor of *The Legend* magazine. In addition to being in demand for these personal visits to groups of owners, who invite him to town for informal tuning sessions, he is widely quoted on hundreds of websites, has authored dozens of technical papers which are available at various websites on the Internet, and is also available to rebuild carburetors and distributors through the mail. His vehicles, work and technical articles have been featured by *High Performance Pontiac Magazine*, *Musclecar Magazine*, and by *Musclecar Review*.