title: Wooden toymaking in the Ore Mountains

abstract: The history of wooden toymaking in the Ore Mountains is closely bound to regional circumstances. The Ore Mountains are located in Central Europe on the border between Germany and the Czech Republic. For many centuries it was a countryside in which the local population eked out a hard existence from the land. Long and harsh winters restricted agriculture; in addition the region had very poor communications. With the onset of ore mining a new line of commerce developed, but the hard labour and high risks involved meant that it was only work for young and strong men. Many were injured or died as a result of accidents. The miners rose early in the morning whilst it was still dark in order to go to work and did not return home again until late in the evening after dark. From those times comes a custom that has survived to the present day, the practice of placing lights in the window. These lights were intended to show the miners the safe way back to the homes of their families. It was not long before the winnings of silver ore fell in many parts of the mountains and numerous pits had to close. This hardship forced its inhabitants to look for other work and, thanks to abundance of timber in the region, the manufacture of wooden toys became an important secondary source of income. Entire families were engaged in wooden toymaking, especially in the harsh winters. Child labour in conditions of poor lighting and equipment was the rule rather than the exception. The children often had to work more than 12 hours a day. Families developed a high degree of specialisation. For example, an experienced turner would be working on turning animal shapes (Reifendrehen), another man carved the animal figures out of it and another family took over the painting and the manufacture of small boxes. Earnings from the individual steps in the process were very low. Production was usually bought by travelling merchants who used their position without mercy, to force down the prices. The majority of these products was taken to the toy markets of Nuremberg and redistributed from there. The formation of associations and cooperatives was in order to ensure a minimum level of income. Production is concentrated today in the toymaking village of Seiffen and its surrounding area in the middle of the so-called "German Christmas Land" as the Ore Mountains are called. A great variety of products has developed, but they are clearly associated with the Ore Mountains and go by the concept of Ore Mountain folk art. They include many typical wooden Ore Mountain products such as Christmas pyramids, wooden Räuchermann incense smokers, nutcrackers, wooden figures, Christmas mountain scenes (Weihnachtsberge) and Ore Mountain candle arches.

text:
# Wooden toymaking in the Ore Mountains

The history of **wooden toymaking in the Ore Mountains** is closely bound to regional circumstances. The Ore Mountains are located in Central Europe on the border between Germany and the Czech Republic. For many centuries it was a countryside in which the local population eked out a hard existence from the land. Long and harsh winters restricted agriculture; in addition the region had very poor communications. With the onset of ore mining a new line of commerce developed, but the hard labour and high risks involved meant that it was only work for young and strong men. Many were injured or died as a result of accidents. The miners rose early in the morning whilst it was still dark in order to go to work and did not return home again until late in the evening after dark. From those times comes a custom that has survived to the present day, the practice of placing lights in the window. These lights were intended to show the miners the safe way back to the homes of their families.

It was not long before the winnings of silver ore fell in many parts of the mountains and numerous pits had to close. This hardship forced its inhabitants to look for other work and, thanks to abundance of timber in the region, the manufacture of wooden toys became an important secondary source of income. Entire families were engaged in wooden toymaking, especially in the harsh winters. Child labour in conditions of poor lighting and equipment was the rule rather than the exception. The children often had to work more than 12 hours a day. Families developed a high degree of specialisation. For example, an experienced turner would be working on turning animal shapes (*Reifendrehen*), another man carved the animal figures out of it and another family took over the painting and the manufacture of small boxes. Earnings from the individual steps in the process were very low. Production was usually bought by travelling merchants who used their position without mercy, to force down the prices. The majority of these products was taken to the toy markets of Nuremberg and redistributed from there. The formation of associations and cooperatives (such as Dregeno) was in order to ensure a minimum level of income.

Production is concentrated today in the toymaking village of Seiffen and its surrounding area in the middle of the so-called "German Christmas Land" as the Ore Mountains are called. A great variety of products has developed, but they are clearly associated with the Ore Mountains and go by the concept of Ore Mountain folk art. They include many typical wooden Ore Mountain products such as Christmas pyramids, wooden *Räuchermann* incense smokers, nutcrackers, wooden figures (Christmas angels, miners, turned animals, etc.), Christmas mountain scenes (*Weihnachtsberg*e) and Ore Mountain candle arches.


title: World Triathlon Cup

abstract: The World Triathlon Cup is an annual series of triathlon races staged around the world. The series is organised by the World Triathlon, the world governing body of the sport. Inaugurated in 1991, the World Cup began as an attempt to create a regular season under its management in tandem with the ITU Triathlon World Championship race. However, this meant that there was a World Cup champion as well as a world champion. Following the 2008 series the ITU reorganized its top level competitions and created the World Triathlon Series, a series of races that was to be the successor of the World Championship. Meanwhile, the World Cup was relegated to become a second tier series, as a result the number of races in the World Cup were reduced. Since the reformat, points earned in World Cup racing are now applied only to an athlete's World Ranking.

text:
# World Triathlon Cup

The **World Triathlon Cup** is an annual series of triathlon races staged around the world. The series is organised by the World Triathlon, the world governing body of the sport. Inaugurated in 1991, the World Cup began as an attempt to create a regular season under its management in tandem with the ITU Triathlon World Championship race. However, this meant that there was a World Cup champion as well as a world champion. Following the 2008 series the ITU reorganized its top level competitions and created the World Triathlon Series, a series of races that was to be the successor of the World Championship. Meanwhile, the World Cup was relegated to become a second tier series, as a result the number of races in the World Cup were reduced. Since the reformat, points earned in World Cup racing are now applied only to an athlete's World Ranking.

## Points

At its founding the first twenty athletes each race would earn points dependent on their placing and the athletes with the most points at the end of the season would be named the World cup champion.

Former Scale (1991-2008)
| Place | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Points | 50 | 44 | 39 | 35 | 31 | 27 | 24 | 21 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |

With the reorganization in 2009 and the discontinuation of the world cup champion title it was decided that world cup points should contribute to an athlete's world series. This was managed by allowing athletes best two world cup placements could be considered as part of their world series ranking. However, due ranking being based on an athlete's four highest scoring appearances that year along with the fact that world series races were worth 2.5 times as much as a world cup meant that no contribution was made to any athlete in the top 10.

(2009-2014)
| Place | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Points | 300 | 278 | 257 | 237 | 220 | 203 | 188 | 174 | 161 | 149 | 138 | 127 | 118 | 109 | 101 | 93 | 86 | 80 | 74 | 68 | 63 | 58 | 54 | 50 | 46 | 43 | 40 | 37 | 34 | 31 |

After 2014 world cup points totals were increased awarding first place 500 points and each subsequent athlete 7.5% less points that the athlete before for the first 50 athletes as long as they made the time cut (5% to the winner's time in the men's event and 8% in the women's event). However the points would no longer contribute to an athlete's world series score and only to an athlete's world ranking.

## Sponsors

BG Group were title sponsors of the series from 2006 to 2008.

## Winners

The World Cup champions are based on the final accumulated point totals as earned in each year's series of World Cup races, with double points awarded for results achieved in the ITU Triathlon World Championship race. The declared champions from 1991 to 2008 are:

| Year | Men's champion | Women's champion |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | Leandro Macedo (BRA) | Karen Smyers (USA) |
| 1992 | Andrew MacMartin (CAN)<br>Brad Beven (AUS) | Melissa Mantak (USA) |
| 1993 | Brad Beven (AUS) | Joanne Ritchie (CAN) |
| 1994 | Brad Beven (AUS) | Jenny Rose (NZL) |
| 1995 | Brad Beven (AUS) | Emma Carney (AUS) |
| 1996 | Miles Stewart (AUS) | Emma Carney (AUS) |
| 1997 | Chris McCormack (AUS) | Emma Carney (AUS) |
| 1998 | Hamish Carter (NZL) | Michellie Jones (AUS) |
| 1999 | Andrew Johns (GBR) | Loretta Harrop (AUS) |
| 2000 | Dmitriy Gaag (KAZ) | Michellie Jones (AUS) |
| 2001 | Chris Hill (AUS) | Siri Lindley (USA) |
| 2002 | Greg Bennett (AUS) | Siri Lindley (USA) |
| 2003 | Greg Bennett (AUS) | Barbara Lindquist (USA) |
| 2004 | Dmitriy Gaag (KAZ) | Anja Dittmer (GER) |
| 2005 | Hunter Kemper (USA) | Annabel Luxford (AUS) |
| 2006 | Javier Gómez (ESP) | Vanessa Fernandes (POR) |
| 2007 | Javier Gómez (ESP) | Vanessa Fernandes (POR) |
| 2008 | Javier Gómez (ESP) | Samantha Warriner (NZL) |


abstract: The World Triathlon Mixed Relay Championships, is an annual team triathlon competition organized by World Triathlon. The competition is completed in teams of four, two men and two women, with each member doing a super-sprint distance triathlon.

text:
# World Triathlon Mixed Relay Championships

The **World Triathlon Mixed Relay Championships**, is an annual team triathlon competition organized by World Triathlon. The competition is completed in teams of four, two men and two women, with each member doing a super-sprint distance triathlon.

## History

The first relay event appeared in 2003 in Tiszaújváros, Hungary as the **ITU Team Relay Championships**, two races were run one for men's teams and one for women's teams every team would have three members who would each complete one leg and the teams combined time would be their total time. Despite being deemed a success the event would not return until 2006. The championship would return in 2006 and 2007 before once again lacking an annual competition in 2008. In 2009, World Triathlon (then known as the International Triathlon Union or ITU) went through a major reorganization of its top level competitions, the men's and women's relay championships where merged and the title would be contested as a mixed relay. The event was initiated with the aim of getting more triathletes as well as the team triathlon discipline on the Olympic programme.

The format appeared at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the 2014 Asian Games, which was considered a significant step towards adding team triathlon to the 2016 Summer Olympic programme. In July 2013, the IOC executive board ruled that they would not add any new disciplines to the 2016 games for fear of putting additional financial pressure on Brazil. In June 2017 with the announcement of mixed gender events being added to the Olympic program the mixed team relay has gained Olympic status and will hold its inaugural Olympic event in the 2020 Olympics. In 2018 it was decided that at three of the events of that years World Triathlon Series would also host a mixed relay event would be held alongside the men's and women's competition one of these would be the World Championship and all three events would grant points towards Olympic qualification and constitute the new mixed relay series. In 2019 the number of mixed relays in World Triathlon Series were increased to five and once again one of these would be the World Championship.

In 2021 the Mixed Relay World Championships were awarded to Bermuda, with the intent of holding a combined World Triathlon Sprint & Mixed Relay Championships, which would also mark the return of a stand alone Sprint Championship after a ten-year hiatus. However, the Bermuda event was cancelled due to Covid-19 restrictions, and the inaugural combined event was instead held as the Montréal leg of the 2022 World Triathlon Championship Series. The event doubled as the first qualifier for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and also included the first age-group mixed relay world championships.

## Results

### 4 x 4 Mixed relay

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | Switzerland Magali Messmer
Lukas Salvisberg
Daniela Ryf
Ruedi Wild | Australia Emma Moffatt
Courtney Atkinson
Emma Snowsill
Brad Kahlefeldt | Canada Lauren Campbell
Brent McMahon
Kathy Tremblay
Simon Whitfield |
| 2010 | Switzerland Nicola Spirig
Sven Riederer
Daniela Ryf
Ruedi Wild | France Jessica Harrison
Frédéric Belaubre
Carole Péon
David Hauss | New Zealand Kate Mcllroy
Tony Dodds
Nicky Samuels
Ryan Sissons |
| 2011 | Great Britain Jodie Stimpson
Jonathan Brownlee
Helen Jenkins
Alistair Brownlee | Switzerland Melanie Hauss
Ruedi Wild
Nicola Spirig
Sven Riederer | Germany Anja Dittmer
Maik Petzold
Svenja Balzen
Steffen Justus |
| 2012 | Great Britain Vicky Holland
William Clake
Non Stanford
Jonathan Brownlee | France Jessica Harrison
Tony Moulai
Carole Péon
Vincent Luis | Russia Irina Abysova
Dmitry Polyanskiy
Alexandra Razarenova
Alexander Bryukhankov |
| 2013 | Germany Anja Knapp
Jan Frodeno
Anne Haug
Franz Loeschke | New Zealand Andrea Hewitt
Tony Dodds
Kate McIlroy
Ryan Sissons | United States Sarah Groff
Ben Kanute
Gwen Jorgensen
Cameron Dye |
| 2014 | Great Britain Lucy Hall
Jonathan Brownlee
Vicky Holland
Alistair Brownlee | France Cassandre Beaugrand
Dorian Coninx
Audrey Merle
Vincent Luis | Hungary Zsófia Kovács
Tamás Tóth
Margit Vanek
Ákos Vanek |
| 2015 | France Jeanne Lehair
Dorian Coninx
Audrey Merle
Vincent Luis | Australia Gillian Backhouse
Aaron Royle
Emma Jackson
Ryan Baillie | Great Britain Vicky Holland
Gordon Benson
Non Stanford
Mark Buckingham |
| 2016 | United States Gwen Jorgensen
Ben Kanute
Kirsten Kasper
Joe Maloy | Australia Charlotte McShane
Jacob Birtwhistle
Emma Jackson
Ryan Bailie | Germany Laura Lindemann
Jonathan Zipf
Hanna Philippin
Gregor Buchholz |
| 2017 | Australia Charlotte McShane
Matthew Hausser
Ashleigh Gentle
Jacob Birtwhistle | United States Kirsten Kasper
Ben Kanute
Katie Zaferes
Matthew Mcelroy | Netherlands Maaike Caelers
Marco Van Der Stel
Rachel Klamer
Jorik Van Egdom |
| 2018 | France Léonie Périault
Dorian Coninx
Cassandre Beaugrand
Vincent Luis | Australia Natalie Van Coevorden
Aaron Royle
Ashleigh Gentle
Jacob Birtwhistle | United States Kirsten Kasper
Ben Kanute
Katie Zaferes
Kevin McDowell |
| 2019 | France Émilie Morier
Léo Bergère
Cassandre Beaugrand
Vincent Luis | Germany Laura Lindemann
Valentin Wernz
Nina Eim
Justus Nieschlag | Australia Natalie Van Coevorden
Aaron Royle
Emma Jeffcoat
Jacob Birtwhistle |
| 2020 | France Léonie Périault
Léo Bergère
Cassandre Beaugrand
Dorian Coninx | United States Taylor Spivey
Kevin McDowell
Katie Zaferes
Morgan Pearson | Great Britain Georgia Taylor-Brown
Barclay Izzard
Jessica Learmonth
Alex Yee |
| 2021 | not held | | |
| 2022 | France Pierre Le Corre
Emma Lombardi
Vincent Luis
Cassandre Beaugrand | Great Britain Alex Yee
Sophie Coldwell
Sam Dickinson
Georgia Taylor-Brown | United States Seth Rider
Taylor Spivey
Kevin McDowell
Summer Rappaport |
| 2023 | Germany Tim Hellwig
Annika Koch
Simon Henseleit
Laura Lindemann | New Zealand Hayden Wilde
Ainsley Thorpe
Tayler Reid
Nicole van der Kaay | Switzerland Max Studer
Julie Derron
Sylvain Fridelance
Cathia Schär |
| 2024 | Germany Henry Graf
Lisa Tertsch
Lasse Lührs
Annika Koch | Switzerland Max Studer
Julie Derron
Simon Westermann
Cathia Schär | New Zealand Tayler Reid
Ainsley Thorpe
Dylan McCullough
Nicole van der Kaay |

## Team Relay Championships

Before the creation of the mixed team relay, single gendered relay races were held intermittently.

### Men's championship

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Australia
Simon Thompson
Richie Cunningham
Brad Kahlefeldt | Spain
Clemente Alonso McKernan
José María Merchán
Iván Raña | Ukraine
Vladimir Turbayevskiy
Andriy Glushchenko
Maxim Kriat |
| 2006 | United States
Brian Fleischmann
Andy Potts
Matt Reed | Germany
Jan Frodeno
Maik Petzold
Daniel Unger | Canada
Kyle Jones
Colin Jenkins
Paul Tichelaar |
| 2007 | Russia | Germany | Spain |

### Women's championship

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Australia
Nikki Butterfield
Mirinda Carfrae
Pip Taylor | Spain
Ainhoa Murúa
Pilar Hidalgo
Ana Burgos | Italy
Beatrice Lanza
Silvia Gemignani
Nadia Cortassa |
| 2006 | Italy
Daniela Chmet
Beatrice Lanza
Nadia Cortassa | United States
Sarah True
Mary Beth Ellis
Michelle Lindsay | Spain
Ana Burgos
Zuriñe Rodríguez
Ainhoa Murúa |
| 2007 | Russia
Irina Abysova
Evgeniya Matveeva
Anastasiya Polyanskaya | Ukraine
Inna Tutukina
Yuliya Yelistratova
Olesya Prystayko | Italy
Daniela Chmet
Charlotte Bonin
Nadia Cortassa |


title: World Approval

abstract: World Approval is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2017 Breeders' Cup Mile. A minor stakes winner at age three, he won his first Grade I race at age four in the United Nations Stakes. At age five, he won five of six starts including the Grade I Fourstardave Handicap and Woodbine Mile before his victory at the Breeders' Cup.

text:
# World Approval

**World Approval** (foaled February 23, 2012) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2017 Breeders' Cup Mile. A minor stakes winner at age three, he won his first Grade I race at age four in the United Nations Stakes. At age five, he won five of six starts including the Grade I Fourstardave Handicap and Woodbine Mile before his victory at the Breeders' Cup.

## Background

World Approval was bred in Florida by Live Oak Stud, which is owned by Charlotte Weber, the granddaughter of Campbell Soup founder John T. Dorrance. World Approval raced as a homebred for Weber's Live Oak Plantation. His sire is Northern Afleet, best known as the sire of dual classic winner Afleet Alex. World Approval's dam is Win Approval, a daughter of Canadian Triple Crown champion With Approval. Win Approval previously produced Breeders' Cup Mile winner Miesque's Approval and multiple stakes winners Za Approval and Revved Up.

World Approval was originally trained by Christophe Clement, but after two unsuccessful starts was transferred to the barn of Mark Casse. Casse has won numerous Sovereign Awards as the outstanding trainer in Canada.

World Approval is an attractive gray gelding, known around the backstretch for his difficult temperament. "He lures you in a little bit with his beauty and then it's like he strikes at any time", said Casse.

## Racing career

World Approval made two starts at age two, finishing fourth on October 16, 2014, at Belmont Park and third on November 26 at Aqueduct, both races over the main (dirt) track.

He made his three-year-old debut on the turf March 14, 2015 at Gulfstream Park, winning the race with a late outside run by 1+14 lengths. In his stakes debut on April 4, he won the Sophomore Turf Stakes at Tampa Bay Downs. After two losses, he was shipped to Arlington Park where he won his first graded stakes, the American Derby. His next start came at saratoga Race Course in the National Museum of Racing Hall of Fame Stakes where he finished fourth, but then took the Saranac Stakes in his next start, also at Saratoga. He closed his three-year-old season with a fourth-place finish in the Hill Prince Stakes.

### 2016: four-year-old campaign

At age four, World Approval won only twice in eight starts but was consistently in the money in top level stakes company. He started the year on March 5, 2016, in an allowance optional claiming race, where he set the early pace and then drew away in the stretch to win by 2+12 lengths. He then finished second in the Muniz Memorial Handicap after racing near the back of the field in the early running and then being floated wide in the final turn. He made his first start in Grade I company in the Turf Classic Stakes on May 7, losing by a neck to Divisidero after a determined closing drive. In the Manhattan Stakes on June 11, he set the early pace but was caught in the stretch by Flintshire and Ironicus to finish third.

On July 3, World Approval was entered in the Grade I United Nations Stakes at Monmouth Park, where he went off as the 2.7-1 second choice behind Man o' War Stakes winner Wake Forest. In his first start at 1+38 miles, he received a "perfect trip" while rating behind the early pacesetter Cement Clement, then took command of the race entering the stretch. Despite a late run from Money Multiplier, he held on to win by 1+14 lengths. "The only question was whether he could go that far," said jockey Florent Geroux. "But he showed he can do it and he did it well. When I asked him at the quarter pole, he responded nicely."

In the Arlington Million on August 13, World Approval was in contention until late in the race, when he weakened to finish seventh in a blanket finish. He then entered the Northern Dancer Stakes where he set a slow pace and led for much of the race but was outkicked near the finish line to finish third. "It's hard to believe the pace was that slow," Casse said. "They certainly sprinted home. I'm not sure that's exactly how he wants to run but I understand that \[jockey Julien Leparoux\] had no other choice."

World Approval finished his four-year-old season on October 16 in the Canadian International at a distance of 1+12 miles. He led for most of the race but tired in the stretch to finish eighth.

### 2017: five-year-old campaign

World Approval made his five-year-old debut on April 2 in the EG Vodka Turf Classic, a stakes race for Florida-bred horses run at a distance of 1+18 miles. After rating behind the early leader Go Around, he pulled away in deep stretch to win by 2+14 lengths.

He was scheduled to make his next start in the Turf Classic Stakes at Churchill Downs but was scratched due to soft going. Instead he was entered in the Grade II Dixie Stakes on May 20 at Pimlico Race Course, where he went off as the 5-2 favorite on a turf course rated as good. Benefiting from a perfect trip, he again stalked the early pace before drawing away at the top of the stretch to win by 2+14 lengths.

On June 10, World Approval was entered in the Grade I Manhattan Handicap at a distance of 1+14 miles over Belmont Park's inner turf course. The race attracted multiple stakes winners from the United States and Europe but was won by long-shot Ascend, who won easily in his graded stakes debut. World Approval finished fifth after being outkicked in a blanket finish for second place. Casse later stated that the race was an eye-opener in that the distance of the race was simply too long for the horse against top quality opposition.

Accordingly, his next start was at a distance of only one mile in the Fourstardave Handicap at Saratoga on August 12. Some late rain softened up the turf course but Casse felt the horse had run so well in the Dixie Stakes that it wouldn't be a problem. Casse told jockey Manny Franco that the horse liked to run at a target, so Franco settled behind the early leaders for the first six furlongs. Turning into the stretch, he swung World Approval four-wide and the horse responded with a convincing 2+14 length win. "I just tried to stay out of trouble," said Franco, who earned his first Grade I win at Saratoga. "I sensed the pace was good enough because they were fighting for the lead on the first turn."

World Approval followed up with another Grade I win in the Woodbine Mile on September 16 as the 2-1 favorite. He was ridden for the first time by John Velazquez, who quickly realized that no one was interested in setting a decent pace. Accordingly, he went to the early lead and was soon joined by Dragon Bay. Velazquez gave World Approval his head and the horse relaxed as they raced down the backstretch. When Velazquez finally asked him to run, World Approval responded by running the final quarter mile in 22.74 seconds to win by 2+14 lengths. "I wasn't sure how he would quicken with not having the target," said Casse, who had watched the race from Lexington. "But there wasn't a whole lot of speed and Johnny realized that and rode him accordingly."

On November 4, World Approval entered the Breeders' Cup Mile at Del Mar, going off as the slight 5-2 favorite on a day dominated by longshot winners. The field of fourteen also included a strong European contingent featuring Ribchester (Lockinge Stakes, Queen Anne, Prix du Moulin de Longchamp), Roly Poly (Falmouth Stakes, Prix Rothschild, Sun Chariot), Suedois (Shadwell Turf Mile), Lancaster Bomber and Zelzal, plus several American-based stakes winners like Blackjackcat and Midnight Storm. World Approval stalked the early pace set by Midnight Storm and Heart to Heart, then swung wide to get racing room as the field turned into the stretch. He wore down the tiring front runners and drew off to win by 1+14 lengths, with Lancaster Bomber prevailing in a blanket finish for second place.

World Approval raced three times in 2018, winning the Grade III Tampa Bay Stakes while unplaced in his other two starts.

## Retirement

World Approval was officially retired on February 26, 2019. He will be pastured next to his dam and stakes-winning siblings Za Approval and Revved Up. Charlotte Weber commented on her pride in the achievement of the family. "I am proud and privileged to have experienced this Sport of Kings with such outstanding racehorses," she said, "and shall protect them as we grow older together."

## Honors and assessment

World Approval was voted American Champion Male Turf Horse for 2017 and was finalist for Horse of the Year. In the 2017 World's Best Racehorse Rankings, World Approval was rated the twelfth-best horse in the world, and the best turf horse in the United States.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of World Approval, gray gelding, February 23, 2012
| Sire
Northern Afleet
bay 1993 | Afleet
chestnut 1984 | Mr. Prospector | Raise a Native |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Gold Digger |
| | Polite Lady | Venetian Jester |
| | Friendly Ways |
| | Nuryette
bay 1986 | Nureyev | Northern Dancer |
| | | Special |
| | Stellarette | Tentam |
| | Square Angel |
| Dam
Win Approval
gray 1992 | With Approval
gray 1986 | Caro (IRE) | Fortino II (FR) |
| | | Champord |
| | Passing Mood | Buckpasser |
| | Cool Mood |
| | Negotiator
gray 1974 | Hoist the Flag | Tom Rolfe |
| | | Wavy Navy |
| | Geneva II | Gulf-Weed |
| | Anglioflia (family: 7) |

## InfoBox

| World Approval | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Northern Afleet |
| Grandsire | Afleet |
| Dam | Win Approval |
| Damsire | With Approval |
| Sex | Gelding |
| Foaled | February 23, 2012 |
| Country | United States |
| Color | Gray |
| Breeder | Live Oak Stud |
| Owner | Live Oak Plantation |
| Trainer | Christophe Clement (2014)
Mark Casse (2015-present) |
| Record | 27: 12-2-4 |
| Earnings | $3,062,363 |
| Major wins | |
| American Derby (2015)
Saranac Stakes (2015)
United Nations Stakes(2016)
Dixie Handicap (2017)
Fourstardave Handicap (2017)
Woodbine Mile (2017)
Tampa Bay Stakes (2018)

**Breeders' Cup wins:**
Breeders' Cup Mile (2017) | |
| Awards | |
| American Champion Male Turf Horse (2017) | |
| Last updated on 1 February 2021 | |


abstract: The World Aquatics Junior Artistic Swimming Championships is an international, synchronized swimming event organized by World Aquatics held every 2 years. It was first held in 1989, and 2012 saw its thirteenth edition. The event features competition in five artistic swimming event categories. Free Combination was added to the program beginning in 2002 and Highlight was added to the program starting in the 2022 edition. For the editions of the Championships between 1989 and 2016, inclusive, the name of the Championships at the time of competition was FINA World Junior Artistic Swimming Championships, but following a name change of the sport from synchronised swimming to artistic swimming in 2017, which corresponded with a change in performance evaluation criteria, the name of the Championships at the time of competition was changed to FINA World Junior Artistic Swimming Championships for all subsequent editions.

text:
# World Aquatics Artistic Swimming Junior Championships

The **World Aquatics Junior Artistic Swimming Championships** is an international, synchronized swimming event organized by World Aquatics held every 2 years. It was first held in 1989, and 2012 saw its thirteenth edition.

The event features competition in five artistic swimming event categories (Solo, Duet, Team, Free Combination, Highlight). Free Combination was added to the program beginning in 2002 and Highlight was added to the program starting in the 2022 edition.

For the editions of the Championships between 1989 and 2016, inclusive, the name of the Championships at the time of competition was FINA World Junior Artistic Swimming Championships, but following a name change of the sport from synchronised swimming to artistic swimming in 2017, which corresponded with a change in performance evaluation criteria, the name of the Championships at the time of competition was changed to FINA World Junior Artistic Swimming Championships for all subsequent editions (2018 and 2022).

## Editions

| Edition | Year | Events | Location | Dates | Nations |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1989 | S, D, T | Cali,  Colombia | 17–23 July |  |
| 2 | 1991 | S, D, T | Salerno,  Italy | 25–28 July |  |
| 3 | 1993 | S, D, T | Leeds,  United Kingdom | 27–30 August |  |
| 4 | 1995 | S, D, T | Bonn,  Germany | 20–23 July | 28 |
| 5 | 1997 | S, D, T | Moscow,  Russia | 29 June – 3 July | 27 |
| 6 | 1999 | S, D, T | Cali,  Colombia | 7–11 July | 15 |
| 7 | 2001 | S, D, T | Federal Way,  United States | 15–19 August | 28 |
| 8 | 2002 | S, D, T, FC | Montreal,  Canada | 15–18 August | 29 |
| 9 | 2004 | S, D, T, FC | Moscow,  Russia | 21–25 July | 31 |
| 10 | 2006 | S, D, T, FC | Foshan,  China | 7–11 October |  |
| 11 | 2008 | S, D, T, FC | St. Petersburg,  Russia | 8–13 July | 26 |
| 12 | 2010 | S, D, T, FC | Indianapolis,  United States | 9–15 August | 25 |
| 13 | 2012 | S, D, T, FC | Volos,  Greece | 12–16 September | 33 |
| 14 | 2014 | S, D, T, FC | Helsinki,  Finland | 30 July – 3 August | 34 |
| 15 | 2016 | Fig, S, D, T, FC | Kazan,  Russia | 9–13 July | 34 |
| 16 | 2018 | TS, FS, TD, FD, MDT, MDF, TT, FT, FC | Budapest,  Hungary | 18–22 July | 41 |
| 17 | 2022 | TS, FS, TD, FD, MDT, MDF, MH, TT, FT, FC, MTS, MFS | Quebec City,  Canada | 23–27 August | 25 |
| 18 | 2024 | TS, FS, TD, FD, MDT, MDF, A, TT, FT, MTS, MFS | Lima,  Peru | 28 August – 1 September | 35 |

*Event codes: Fig= Solo Figures, S= Solo, TS= Technical Solo, FS= Free Solo, D= Duet, TD=Technical Duet, FD= Free Duet, T= Team, TT= Technical Team, FT= Free Team, FC= Free Combination, MDT= Mixed Duet Technical, MDF= Mixed Duet Free, MH= Mixed Highlight, A= Acrobatic, MTS= Man Technical Solo, MFS= Man Free Solo*

## Medal table

Updated after 2022 Championship.

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia (RUS) | 51 | 4 | 2 | 57 |
| 2 | Japan (JPN) | 13 | 21 | 22 | 56 |
| 3 | Spain (ESP) | 4 | 8 | 7 | 19 |
| 4 | United States (USA) | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
| 5 | Canada (CAN) | 2 | 11 | 9 | 22 |
| 6 | China (CHN) | 1 | 10 | 11 | 22 |
| 7 | South Korea (KOR) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 8 | Ukraine (UKR) | 0 | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 9 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 2 | 9 | 11 |
| 10 | France (FRA) | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 11 | Soviet Union (URS) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 12 | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 13 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 14 | Greece (GRE) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (14 entries) | | 75 | 75 | 75 | 225 |


title: Woodloes Homestead

abstract: Woodloes Homestead was built in 1871 by architect Francis Bird. The homestead is situated on the banks of the Canning River in Cannington. Bird was partner in the Mason-Bird Timber Company, cut timber in the Darling Range and transported it via a horse-drawn railway to Mason's Landing, near Woodloes Homestead. Woodloes Homestead was classified by the National Trust in 1988, nominated to the Register of The National Estate in 1991 and permanently added to Western Australian State Heritage register on 21 January 1997.

text:
# Woodloes Homestead

**Woodloes Homestead** was built in 1871 by architect Francis Bird. The homestead is situated on the banks of the Canning River in Cannington. Bird was partner in the Mason-Bird Timber Company, cut timber in the Darling Range and transported it via a horse-drawn railway to Mason's Landing, near Woodloes Homestead. Woodloes Homestead was classified by the National Trust in 1988, nominated to the Register of The National Estate in 1991 and permanently added to Western Australian State Heritage register on 21 January 1997.

## Design

Woodloes Homestead is a square planned Victorian Georgian home with verandahs on all four sides. Originally it had a timber shingled roof that has since been replaced by corrugated iron before being returned to being timber shingled. The walls are made of limestone rubble with brick quoining at the entrance ways. The floors are made of timber and the building includes an attic and cellar with central hallway and rear kitchen.

## Owners

The homestead was originally built by Bird for himself in 1871. In 1882 Bird sold Woodloes to Joseph Shaw. The property was subsequently sold another 10 times some of whom subdivided off parcels of the land. The City of Canning brought the property in 1974 to preserve it, provide a venue for the Canning Historical society and create a museum. In 1990 due to the widening of nearby Albany Highway the *Church with the Chimney* was shifted to the site.

## InfoBox

| Woodloes Homestead | |
| --- | --- |
| The Woodloes Homestead in 2021 | |
| Woodloes HomesteadLocation of Woodloes Homestead in Perth, Western Australia | |
| General information | |
| Type | Homestead |
| Location | Cannington, Western Australia |
| Coordinates | 32°01′38″S 115°56′31″E / 32.027342°S 115.941911°E / -32.027342; 115.941911 (Woodloes Homestead) |
| Western Australia Heritage Register | |
| Designated | 21 January 1997 |
| Reference no. | 433 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wright Meridian

abstract: The Wright Meridian was a low floor single-decker bus body built on the MAN NL273F chassis by Wrightbus. The body was essentially the same as the Eclipse. The first production vehicle was launched as a demonstrator in October 2007. It was later purchased by Whitelaw's Coaches of Stonehouse who ordered a further five. Two Meridians entered service with Newbury Buses in May 2008. Four entered service with South Lancs Travel in April 2009, around the same time that Premiere Travel of Nottingham acquired two.

text:
# Wright Meridian

The **Wright Meridian** was a low floor single-decker bus body built on the MAN NL273F chassis by Wrightbus. The body was essentially the same as the Eclipse.

The first production vehicle was launched as a demonstrator in October 2007. It was later purchased by Whitelaw's Coaches of Stonehouse who ordered a further five. Two Meridians entered service with Newbury Buses in May 2008.

Four entered service with South Lancs Travel in April 2009, around the same time that Premiere Travel of Nottingham acquired two.

Media related to Wright Meridian at Wikimedia Commons
Buses portal

## InfoBox

| Wright Meridian | |
| --- | --- |
| South Lancs Travel Wright Meridian bodied MAN NL273F | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Wrightbus |
| Production | 2007 - 2009 |
| Assembly | Ballymena, Northern Ireland |
| Body and chassis | |
| Doors | 1 or 2 |
| Floor type | Low floor<br>Low entry |
| Chassis | MAN NL273F |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | MAN |


abstract:
This article includes the world record progression for the 4×50 metres medley relay and it shows the chronological history of world record times in that competitive short course swimming event. The 4×50 metres medley relay is a medley race in which each of four swimmers on a team swims a 50-metre leg of the relay, each swimming a different stroke, in the following sequence:
  - Backstroke;
  - Breaststroke;
  - Butterfly; and
  - Freestyle. Swimming world records are recognized by and maintained by FINA, the international competitive swimming and aquatics federation that overseas the sport in international competition. World records in the medley relay event were first recognized by FINA in 1953. The long course world records are historically older than the short course records. FINA amended its regulations governing the recognition of world records in 1956; specifically, FINA mandated that only record times that were contested in 50-metre pools were eligible for recognition after that time. The short-course world records have been separately recognized since 1991. On July 25, 2013, FINA Technical Swimming Congress voted to allow world records in the long course mixed 400 free relay and mixed 400 medley relay, as well as in six events in short course meters: the mixed 200 medley and 200 free relays, as well as the men's and women's 200 free relays and the men's and women's 200 medley relays. In October 2013 FINA decided to establish "standards" before something can be recognized as the first world record in these events. But later on March 13, 2014, FINA has officially ratified the eight world records set by Indiana University swimmers at the IU Relay Rally held on September 26, 2013, in Bloomington. It is possible to set an individual world record in the 50 metres backstroke by swimming the backstroke first leg of the 4×50-metre medley relay, except in the mixed relay. Swimming the other three legs of the medley relay cannot qualify as world records as FINA criteria require a "static start" for world record recognition – swimming relay exchanges are characterized as "dynamic".

text:
# World record progression 4 × 50 metres medley relay

This article includes the **world record progression for the 4×50 metres medley relay** and it shows the chronological history of world record times in that competitive short course swimming event. The 4×50 metres medley relay is a medley race in which each of four swimmers on a team swims a 50-metre leg of the relay, each swimming a different stroke, in the following sequence:

1. Backstroke (this can only be the first stroke, due to the necessity of starting this leg in the pool rather than by diving in);
2. Breaststroke;
3. Butterfly; and
4. Freestyle ("freestyle" means any stroke other than backstroke, breaststroke or butterfly – most swimmers use the front crawl).

Swimming world records are recognized by and maintained by FINA ("Fédération Internationale de Natation"), the international competitive swimming and aquatics federation that overseas the sport in international competition. World records in the medley relay event were first recognized by FINA in 1953. The long course (50-metre pool) world records are historically older than the short course (25-metre pool) records. FINA amended its regulations governing the recognition of world records in 1956; specifically, FINA mandated that only record times that were contested in 50-metre (or 55-yard) pools were eligible for recognition after that time. The short-course world records have been separately recognized since 1991. On July 25, 2013, FINA Technical Swimming Congress voted to allow world records in the long course mixed 400 free relay and mixed 400 medley relay, as well as in six events in short course meters: the mixed 200 medley and 200 free relays, as well as the men's and women's 200 free relays and the men's and women's 200 medley relays. In October 2013 FINA decided to establish "standards" before something can be recognized as the first world record in these events. But later on March 13, 2014, FINA has officially ratified the eight world records set by Indiana University swimmers at the IU Relay Rally held on September 26, 2013, in Bloomington.

It is possible to set an individual world record in the 50 metres backstroke by swimming the backstroke first leg of the 4×50-metre medley relay, except in the mixed relay. Swimming the other three legs of the medley relay cannot qualify as world records as FINA criteria require a "static start" for world record recognition – swimming relay exchanges are characterized as "dynamic".

## Men

| # | Time |  | Name | Nationality | Date | Meet | Location | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1:50.07 |  |  | Indiana University Hoosiers | 26 September 2013 | IU Fall Frenzy | Bloomington, United States |  |
| 2 | 1:33.65 | h |  | Italy | 12 December 2013 | European Championships | Herning, Denmark |  |
| 3 | 1:32.38 | '#' |  | Russia | 12 December 2013 | European Championships | Herning, Denmark |  |
| 4 | 1:32.83 |  |  | Italy | 12 December 2013 | European Championships | Herning, Denmark |  |
| 5 | 1:32.78 | h |  | Russia | 4 December 2014 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar |  |
| 6 | 1:30.51 |  |  | Brazil | 4 December 2014 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar |  |
| 7 | 1:30.44 |  |  | Russia | 17 December 2017 | European Championships | Copenhagen, Denmark |  |
| 8 | 1:30.14 |  |  | Italy | 3 November 2021 | European Championships | Kazan, Russia |  |
| 9 | 1:29.72 |  |  | Italy | 17 December 2022 | World Championships | Melbourne, Australia |  |

Legend: **#** – Record awaiting ratification by FINA;
Records not set in finals: **h** – heat

## Women

| # | Time |  | Name | Nationality | Date | Meet | Location | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2:04.34 |  |  | Indiana University Hoosiers | 26 September 2013 | IU Fall Frenzy | Bloomington, United States |  |
| 2 | 1:45.92 | h |  | Denmark | 15 December 2013 | European Championships | Herning, Denmark |  |
| 3 | 1:44.67 | '#' |  | Russia | 15 December 2013 | European Championships | Herning, Denmark |  |
| 4 | 1:44.81 |  |  | Denmark | 15 December 2013 | European Championships | Herning, Denmark |  |
| 5 | 1:44.04 |  |  | Denmark | 5 December 2014 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar |  |
| 6 | 1:43.27 |  |  | United States | 7 December 2016 | World Championships | Windsor, Canada |  |
| 7 | 1:42.38 |  |  | United States | 12 December 2018 | World Championships | Hangzhou, China |  |
| 8 | 1:42.38 | = |  | Sweden | 17 December 2021 | World Championships | Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates |  |
| 9 | 1:42.35 |  |  | Australia | 17 December 2022 | World Championships | Melbourne, Australia |  |

Legend: **#** – Record awaiting ratification by FINA;
Records not set in finals: **h** – heat

## Mixed

| # | Time |  | Name | Nationality | Date | Meet | Location | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1:49.87 |  |  | Indiana University Hoosiers | 26 September 2013 | IU Fall Frenzy | Bloomington, United States |  |
| 2 | 1:47.61 |  |  | Iowa University | 28 September 2013 | Water Carnival | Ann Arbor, United States |  |
| 3 | 1:41.70 |  |  | Russia | 12 October 2013 | World Cup | Moscow, Russia |  |
| 4 | 1:39.54 |  |  | France | 20 October 2013 | World Cup | Doha, Qatar |  |
| 5 | 1:39.08 | h |  | Australia | 5 November 2013 | World Cup | Singapore, Singapore |  |
| 6 | 1:38.02 |  |  | Australia | 5 November 2013 | World Cup | Singapore, Singapore |  |
| 7 | 1:37.84 |  |  | Australia | 9 November 2013 | World Cup | Tokyo, Japan |  |
| 8 | 1:37.63 | '#' |  | Russia | 13 December 2013 | European Championships | Herning, Denmark |  |
| 9 | 1:37.17 |  |  | United States | 21 December 2013 | Duel in the Pool | Glasgow, United Kingdom |  |
| 10 | 1:36.40 |  |  | United States | 13 December 2018 | World Championships | Hangzhou, China |  |
| 11 | 1:36.22 |  |  | Russia | 5 December 2019 | European Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom |  |
| 12 | 1:36.18 |  |  | Netherlands | 7 November 2021 | European Championships | Kazan, Russia |  |
| 13 | 1:35.15 |  |  | United States | 14 December 2022 | World Championships | Melbourne, Australia |  |

Legend: **#** – Record awaiting ratification by FINA;
Records not set in finals: **h** – heat

## All-time top 10 by country

### Men

* Correct as of December 2023

| Pos | Time | Swimmer | Nationality | Date | Venue | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1:29.72 | Lorenzo Mora (22.65)
Nicolò Martinenghi (24.95)
Matteo Rivolta (21.60)
Leonardo Deplano (20.52) | Italy | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 2 | 1:30.37 | Ryan Murphy (22.61)
Nic Fink (25.24)
Shaine Casas (22.13)
Michael Andrew (20.39) | United States | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 3 | 1:30.44 | Kliment Kolesnikov (22.83)
Kirill Prigoda (25.26)
Aleksandr Popkov (22.11)
Vladimir Morozov (20.24) | Russia | 17 December 2017 | Copenhagen |
| 4 | 1:30.51 | Guilherme Guido (23.42)
Felipe França Silva (25.33)
Nicholas Santos (21.68)
César Cielo (20.08) | Brazil | 4 December 2014 | Doha |  |
| 5 | 1:30.81 | Isaac Cooper (22.66)
Grayson Bell (25.92)
Matthew Temple (21.75)
Kyle Chalmers (20.48) | Australia | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 6 | 1:31.25 | Benjamin Stasiulis (23.41)
Giacomo Perez-Dortona (25.74)
Mehdy Metella (22.06)
Florent Manaudou (20.04) | France | 4 December 2014 | Doha |  |
| 7 | 1:31.28 | Takeshi Kawamoto (22.93)
Yuya Hinomoto (25.64)
Yuya Tanaka (22.13)
Masahiro Kawane (20.58) | Japan | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 8 | 1:31.79 | Ole Braunschweig (23.09)
Lucas Matzerath (25.87)
Marius Kusch (21.72)
Josha Salchow (21.11) | Germany | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 9 | 1:32.06 | Pavel Sankovich (23.16)
Ilya Shymanovich (25.48)
Yauhen Tsurkin (22.23)
Anton Latkin (21.19) | Belarus | 17 December 2017 | Copenhagen |
| 10 | 1:32.10 | Richárd Bohus (23.42)
Dávid Horváth (26.64)
Szebasztián Szabó (21.77)
Maksim Lobanovskij (20.27) | Hungary | 8 December 2019 | Glasgow |  |

### Women

* Correct as of December 2023

| Pos | Time | Swimmer | Nationality | Date | Venue | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1:42.35 | Mollie O'Callaghan (25.49)
Chelsea Hodges (29.11)
Emma McKeon (24.43)
Madison Wilson (23.32) | Australia | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 2 | 1:42.38 | Olivia Smoliga (25.97)
Katie Meili (29.29)
Kelsi Dahlia (24.02)
Mallory Comerford (23.10) | United States | 12 December 2018 | Hangzhou |  |
| | Louise Hansson (25.91)
Sophie Hansson (29.07)
Sarah Sjöström (23.96)
Michelle Coleman (23.44) | Sweden | 17 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 4 | 1:42.69 | Hinkelien Schreuder (26.32)
Moniek Nijhuis (29.16)
Inge Dekker (24.51)
Ranomi Kromowidjojo (22.70) | Netherlands | 12 December 2009 | Istanbul |  |
| 5 | 1:43.56 | Kylie Masse (25.84)
Sydney Pickrem (29.69)
Maggie Mac Neil (24.40)
Taylor Ruck (23.63) | Canada | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 6 | 1:43.96 | Analia Pigrée (26.49)
Charlotte Bonnet (29.64)
Mélanie Henique (24.78)
Beryl Gastadello (23.24) | France | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 7 | 1:43.97 | Costanza Cocconcelli (26.87)
Benedetta Pilato (28.75)
Silvia di Pietro (25.19)
Jasmine Nocentini (23.16) | Italy | 7 December 2023 | Otopeni |  |
| 8 | 1:44.04 | Mie Nielsen (26.39)
Rikke Pedersen (29.56)
Jeanette Ottesen (24.09)
Pernille Blume (24.00) | Denmark | 5 December 2014 | Doha |  |
| 9 | 1:44.19 | Maria Kameneva (26.42)
Nika Godun (29.47)
Arina Surkova (24.49)
Daria Klepikova (23.81) | Russia | 4 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 10 | 1:44.31 | Fu Yuanhui (26.20)
Suo Ran (29.63)
Wang Yichun (24.84)
Wu Yue (23.64) | China | 12 December 2018 | Hangzhou |  |

### Mixed

* Correct as of December 2023

| Pos | Time | Swimmer | Nationality | Date | Venue | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1:35.15 | Ryan Murphy (22.37)
Nic Fink (24.96)
Kate Douglass (24.09)
Torri Huske (23.73) | United States | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 2 | 1:36.01 | Lorenzo Mora (22.59)
Nicolò Martinenghi (24.83)
Silvia Di Pietro (24.52)
Costanza Cocconcelli (24.07) | Italy | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 3 | 1:36.11 | Kliment Kolesnikov (22.60)
Kirill Prigoda (25.34)
Arina Surkova (24.85)
Maria Kameneva (23.32) | Russia | 16 December 2022 | Saint Petersburg |  |
| 4 | 1:36.18 | Kira Toussaint (25.99)
Arno Kamminga (25.54)
Maaike de Waard (24.50)
Thom de Boer (20.15) | Netherlands | 7 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 5 | 1:36.93 | Kylie Masse (25.71)
Javier Acevedo (25.95)
Ilya Kharun (22.12)
Maggie Mac Neil (23.15) | Canada | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 6 | 1:37.07 | Medi Harris (26.60)
Adam Peaty (25.24)
Ben Proud (21.93)
Anna Hopkin (23.30) | Great Britain | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 7 | 1:37.14 | Mewen Tomac (22.83)
Florent Manaudou (25.70)
Béryl Gastaldello (24.92)
Charlotte Bonnet (23.69) | France | 10 December 2023 | Otopeni |  |
| 8 | 1:37.31 | Wang Gukailai (23.74)
Yan Zibei (25.41)
Zhang Yufei (24.54)
Wu Qingfeng (23.62) | China | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 9 | 1:37.74 | Pavel Sankovich (22.89)
Ilya Shymanovich (25.32)
Anastasiya Shkurdai (25.28)
Yuliya Khitraya (24.25) | Belarus | 14 December 2017 | Copenhagen |  |
| 10 | 1:37.83 | Christian Diener (22.94)
Fabian Schwingenschlögl (25.31)
Aliena Schmidtke (25.22)
Jessica Steiger (24.36) | Germany | 14 December 2017 | Copenhagen |  |

## All-time top 25

### Men

* Correct as of December 2023

| Pos | Time | Swimmer | Nationality | Date | Venue | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1:29.72 | Lorenzo Mora (22.65)
Nicolò Martinenghi (24.95)
Matteo Rivolta (21.60)
Leonardo Deplano (20.52) | Italy | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 2 | 1:30.14 | Michele Lamberti (22.62)
Nicolò Martinenghi (25.14)
Marco Orsi (22.17)
Lorenzo Zazzeri (20.21) | Italy | 2 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 3 | 1:30.37 | Ryan Murphy (22.61)
Nic Fink (25.24)
Shaine Casas (22.13)
Michael Andrew (20.39) | United States | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 4 | 1:30.44 | Kliment Kolesnikov (22.83)
Kirill Prigoda (25.26)
Aleksandr Popkov (22.11)
Vladimir Morozov (20.24) | Russia | 17 December 2017 | Copenhagen |
| 5 | 1:30.51 | Guilherme Guido (23.42)
Felipe França Silva (25.33)
Nicholas Santos (21.68)
César Cielo (20.08) | Brazil | 4 December 2014 | Doha |  |
| | Kliment Kolesnikov (22.76)
Kirill Strelnikov (25.62)
Andrey Minakov (21.76)
Vladimir Morozov (20.37) | Russia | 20 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| | Shaine Casas (23.11)
Nic Fink (25.13)
Tom Shields (21.75)
Ryan Held (20.52) | United States | 20 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 8 | 1:30.78 | Lorenzo Mora (23.24)
Nicolò Martinenghi (25.30)
Matteo Rivolta (21.95)
Lorenzo Zazzeri (20.29) | Italy | 20 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| | Lorenzo Mora (22.98)
Nicolò Martinenghi (25.32)
Thomas Ceccon (22.05)
Lorenzo Zazzeri (20.43) | Italy | 6 December 2023 | Otopeni |  |
| 10 | 1:30.79 | Kliment Kolesnikov (22.58)
Oleg Kostin (25.51)
Wladimir Morozov (22.18)
Vladislav Grinev (20.52) | Russia | 2 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 11 | 1:30.81 | Isaac Cooper (22.66)
Grayson Bell (25.92)
Matthew Temple (21.75)
Kyle Chalmers (20.48) | Australia | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 12 | 1:30.90 | Ryan Murphy (22.73)
Michael Andrew (26.16)
Caeleb Dressel (21.70)
Ryan Held (20.31) | United States | 15 December 2018 | Hangzhou |
| 13 | 1:31.25 | Benjamin Stasiulis (23.41)
Giacomo Perez-Dortona (25.74)
Mehdy Metella (22.06)
Florent Manaudou (20.04) | France | 4 December 2014 | Doha |  |
| 14 | 1:31.28 | Takeshi Kawamoto (22.93)
Yuya Hinomoto (25.64)
Yuya Tanaka (22.13)
Masahiro Kawane (20.58) | Japan | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 15 | 1:31.41 | Mewen Tomac (22.96)
Carl Aitkaci (26.01)
Maxime Grousset (21.90)
Florent Manaudou (20.54) | France | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 16 | 1:31.54 | Simone Sabbioni (23.40)
Fabio Scozzoli (25.51)
Marco Orsi (22.23)
Santo Condorelli (20.40) | Italy | 15 December 2018 | Hangzhou |
| 17 | 1:31.71 | Simone Sabbioni (23.29)
Fabio Scozzoli (25.88)
Matteo Rivolta (22.19)
Marco Orsi (20.35) | Italy | 6 December 2015 | Netanya |  |
| 18 | 1:31.79 | Ole Braunschweig (23.09)
Lucas Matzerath (25.87)
Marius Kusch (21.72)
Josha Salchow (21.11) | Germany | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 19 | 1:31.80 | Stanislav Donets (22.86)
Sergey Geybel (26.16)
Yevgeny Korotyshkin (22.29)
Sergey Fesikov (20.49) | Russia | 10 December 2009 | Istanbul |  |
| | Christian Diener (23.21)
Fabian Schwingenschlögl (25.65)
Marius Kusch (21.92)
Damian Wierling (21.02) | Germany | 15 December 2018 | Hangzhou |
| 21 | 1:31.83 | Eugene Godsoe (23.11)
Cody Miller (26.04)
Tom Shields (21.99)
Josh Schneider (20.69) | United States | 4 December 2014 | Doha |  |
| 22 | 1:31.91 | Gabriel Fantoni (22.84)
João Gomes Júnior (25.52)
Vinicius Lanza (22.45)
Gabriel Santos (21.10) | Brazil | 20 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 23 | 1:32.02 | Thomas Rupprath (23.28)
Hendrik Feldwehr (26.16)
Johannes Dietrich (21.75)
Stefan Herbst (20.83) | Germany | 10 December 2009 | Istanbul |  |
| 24 | 1:32.06 | Pavel Sankovich (23.16)
Ilya Shymanovich (25.48)
Yauhen Tsurkin (22.23)
Anton Latkin (21.19) | Belarus | 17 December 2017 | Copenhagen |
| 25 | 1:32.08 | Stanislav Donets (23.04)
Stanislav Lakhtyukhov (26.63)
Yevgeny Korotyshkin (22.08)
Yevgeny Lagunov (20.33) | Russia | 10 December 2009 | Istanbul |  |

### Women

* Correct as of December 2023.

| Pos | Time | Swimmer | Nationality/ Club | Date | Venue | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1:42.35 | Mollie O'Callaghan (25.49)
Chelsea Hodges (29.11)
Emma McKeon (24.43)
Madison Wilson (23.32) | Australia | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 2 | 1:42.38 | Olivia Smoliga (25.97)
Katie Meili (29.29)
Kelsi Dahlia (24.02)
Mallory Comerford (23.10) | United States | 12 December 2018 | Hangzhou |
| | 1:42.38 | Louise Hansson (25.91)
Sophie Hansson (29.07)
Sarah Sjöström (23.96)
Michelle Coleman (23.44) | Sweden | 17 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 4 | 1:42.41 | Claire Curzan (25.75)
Lilly King (29.00)
Torri Huske (24.94)
Kate Douglass (22.72) | United States | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 5 | 1:42.43 | Louise Hansson (25.86)
Klara Thormalm (29.34)
Sara Junevik (24.06)
Michelle Coleman (23.17) | Sweden | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 6 | 1:42.69 | Hinkelien Schreuder (26.32)
Moniek Nijhuis (29.16)
Inge Dekker (24.51)
Ranomi Kromowidjojo (22.70) | Netherlands | 12 December 2009 | Istanbul |
| 7 | 1:43.26 | Louise Hansson (26.47)
Sophie Hansson (28.96)
Sara Juvenik (24.76)
Michelle Coleman (23.07) | Sweden | 7 December 2023 | Otopeni |  |
| 8 | 1:43.56 | Kylie Masse (25.84)
Sydney Pickrem (29.69)
Maggie Mac Neil (24.40)
Taylor Ruck (23.63) | Canada | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 9 | 1:43.61 | Rhyan White (26.33)
Lydia Jacoby (29.62)
Claire Curzan (24.56)
Abbey Weitzeil (23.10) | United States | 17 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 10 | 1:43.72 | Kira Toussaint (26.20)
Tes Schouten (29.81)
Maaike de Waard (24.39)
Marrit Steenbergen (23.32) | Netherlands | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 11 | 1:43.96 | Analia Pigrée (26.30)
Charlotte Bonnet (29.64)
Mélanie Henique (24.78)
Beryl Gastadello (23.24) | France | 17 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 12 | 1:43.97 | Costanza Cocconcelli (26.87)
Benedetta Pilato (28.75)
Silvia di Pietro (25.19)
Jasmine Nocentini (23.16) | Italy | 7 December 2023 | Otopeni |  |
| 13 | 1:44.04 | Mie Nielsen (26.39)
Rikke Pedersen (29.56)
Jeanette Ottesen (24.09)
Pernille Blume (24.00) | Denmark | 5 December 2014 | Doha |
| 14 | 1:44.16 | Kira Toussaint (26.08)
Kim Busch (30.59)
Maaike de Waard (24.51)
Ranomi Kromowidjojo (22.85) | Netherlands | 17 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| | Kylie Masse (25.92)
Sydney Pickrem (29.89)
Maggie Mac Neil (24.85)
Kayla Sanchez (23.50) | Canada | 17 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 16 | 1:44.19 | Maria Kameneva (26.42)
Nika Godun (29.47)
Arina Surkova (24.49)
Daria Klepikova (23.81) | Russia | 4 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 17 | 1:44.31 | Fu Yuanhui (26.20)
Suo Ran (29.63)
Wang Yichun (24.84)
Wu Yue (23.64) | China | 12 December 2018 | Hangzhou |
| 18 | 1:44.32 | Hanna Rosvall (26.57)
Emelie Fast (29.96)
Sara Junevik (24.85)
Sarah Sjöström (22.94) | Sweden | 4 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 19 | 1:44.43 | Hanna Rosvall (26.96)
Sophie Hansson (29.30)
Sarah Sjöström (24.27)
Michelle Coleman (23.90) | Sweden | 17 December 2017 | Copenhagen |
| | Wan Letian (26.41)
Tang Qianting (28.96)
Yu Yiting (25.28)
Cheng Yujie (23.78) | China | 17 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 21 | 1:44.46 | Silvia Scalia (26.59)
Arianna Castiglioni (29.36)
Elena di Liddo (24.97)
Silvia di Pietro (23.54) | Italy | 4 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 22 | 1:44.50 | Katharine Berkoff (25.88)
Emily Escobedo (30.32)
Claire Curzan (24.87)
Kate Douglass (23.43) | United States | 17 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 23 | 1:44.51 | Maria Kameneva (26.32)
Nika Godun (29.56)
Arina Surkova (24.63)
Rozaliya Nasretdinova (24.00) | Russia | 17 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 24 | 1:44.67 | Daria Ustinova (27.57)
Yuliya Yefimova (28.30)
Svetlana Chimrova (25.15)
Rozaliya Nasretdinova (23.65) | Russia | 15 December 2013 | Herning |  |
| | Kathleen Dawson (26.97)
Imogen Clark (28.66)
Keanna Macinnes (25.69)
Anna Hopkin (23.35) | Great Britain | 7 December 2023 | Otopeni |  |

### Mixed

* Correct as of December 2023

| Pos | Time | Swimmer | Nationality | Date | Venue | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1:35.15 | Ryan Murphy (22.37)
Nic Fink (24.96)
Kate Douglass (24.09)
Torri Huske (23.73) | United States | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 2 | 1:36.01 | Lorenzo Mora (22.59)
Nicolò Martinenghi (24.83)
Silvia Di Pietro (24.52)
Costanza Cocconcelli (24.07) | Italy | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 3 | 1:36.11 | Kliment Kolesnikov (22.60)
Kirill Prigoda (25.34)
Arina Surkova (24.85)
Maria Kameneva (23.32) | Russia | 16 December 2022 | Saint Petersburg |  |
| 4 | 1:36.18 | Kira Toussaint (25.99)
Arno Kamminga (25.54)
Maaike de Waard (24.50)
Thom de Boer (20.15) | Netherlands | 7 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 5 | 1:36.20 | Kira Toussaint (26.21)
Arno Kamminga (25.40)
Ranomi Kromowidjojo (24.36)
Thom de Boer (20.23) | Netherlands | 18 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 6 | 1:36.22 | Kliment Kolesnikov (22.67)
Vladimir Morozov (25.40)
Arina Surkova (24.94)
Maria Kameneva (23.21) | Russia | 5 December 2019 | Glasgow |  |
| 7 | 1:36.39 | Michele Lamberti (22.72)
Nicolò Martinenghi (25.13)
Elena di Liddo (25.09)
Silvia di Pietro (23.45) | Italy | 7 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 8 | 1:36.40 | Olivia Smoliga (25.85)
Michael Andrew (25.75)
Kelsi Dahlia (24.74)
Caeleb Dressel (20.09) | United States | 13 December 2018 | Hangzhou |  |
| 9 | 1:36.42 | Kliment Kolesnikov (22.47)
Oleg Kostin (25.58)
Arina Surkova (24.88)
Maria Kameneva (23.49) | Russia | 7 November 2021 | Kazan |  |
| 10 | 1:36.58 | Lorenzo Mora (23.01)
Nicolò Martinenghi (24.87)
Silvia Di Pietro (25.32)
Jasmine Nocentini (23.38) | Italy | 10 December 2023 | Otopeni |  |
| 11 | 1:36.93 | Kylie Masse (25.71)
Javier Acevedo (25.95)
Ilya Kharun (22.12)
Maggie Mac Neil (23.15) | Canada | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 12 | 1:37.04 | Shaine Casas (23.16)
Nic Fink (25.82)
Claire Curzan (24.85)
Abbey Weitzeil (23.21) | United States | 18 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 13 | 1:37.07 | Medi Harris (26.60)
Adam Peaty (25.24)
Ben Proud (21.93)
Anna Hopkin (23.30) | Great Britain | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 14 | 1:37.12 | Kira Toussaint (25.87)
Arno Kamminga (25.53)
Joeri Verlinden (22.48)
Femke Heemskerk (23.24) | Netherlands | 5 December 2019 | Glasgow |  |
| 15 | 1:37.14 | Mewen Tomac (22.83)
Florent Manaudou (25.70)
Béryl Gastaldello (24.92)
Charlotte Bonnet (23.69) | France | 10 December 2023 | Otopeni |  |
| 16 | 1:37.26 | Etiene Medeiros (25.83)
Felipe França Silva (25.45)
Nicholas Santos (21.81)
Larissa Oliveira (24.17) | Italy | 4 December 2014 | Doha |  |
| 17 | 1:37.29 | Lorenzo Mora (23.28)
Nicolò Martinenghi (25.60)
Elena Di Liddo (24.91)
Silvia Di Pietro (23.50) | Italy | 18 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 18 | 1:37.31 | Wang Gukailai (23.74)
Yan Zibei (25.41)
Zhang Yufei (24.54)
Wu Qingfeng (23.62) | China | 14 December 2022 | Melbourne |  |
| 19 | 1:37.44 | Pavel Samusenko (22.95)
Kirill Strelnikov (26.02)
Arina Surkova (25.14)
Maria Kameneva (23.33) | Russia | 18 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 20 | 1:37.46 | Chris Walker-Hebborn (23.42)
Adam Peaty (25.89)
Siobhan-Marie O'Connor (25.10)
Fran Halsall (23.05) | Great Britain | 4 December 2014 | Doha |  |
| 21 | 1:37.63 | Vitaly Melnikov (23.70)
Yuliya Efimova (28.39)
Svetlana Chimrova (25.29)
Vladimir Morozov (20.25) | Russia | 13 December 2013 | Herning |  |
| 22 | 1:37.71 | Kira Toussaint (26.13)
Arno Kamminga (26.03)
Joeri Verlinden (22.46)
Ranomi Kromowidjojo (23.09) | Netherlands | 14 December 2017 | Copenhagen |  |
| 23 | 1:37.74 | Pavel Sankovich (22.89)
Ilya Shymanovich (25.32)
Anastasiya Shkurdai (25.28)
Yuliya Khitraya (24.25) | Belarus | 14 December 2017 | Copenhagen |  |
| | Shaine Casas (23.15)
Nic Fink (25.70)
Kate Douglass (24.60)
Katharine Berkoff (24.29) | United States | 18 December 2021 | Abu Dhabi |  |
| 25 | 1:37.75 | Jérémy Stravius (22.94)
Theo Bussiere (26.25)
Mélanie Henique (25.39)
Charlotte Bonnet (23.17) | France | 14 December 2017 | Copenhagen |  |


title: Writing Drama

abstract: Writing Drama is a treatise by French writer and filmmaker Yves Lavandier, originally published in 1994, revised in 1997, 2004, 2008, 2011 and 2014. The English version was translated from the French by Bernard Besserglik and published in 2005. The book exists also in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.

text:
# Writing Drama

***Writing Drama*** (French: La dramaturgie) is a treatise by French writer and filmmaker Yves Lavandier, originally published in 1994, revised in 1997, 2004, 2008, 2011 and 2014. The English version was translated from the French by Bernard Besserglik and published in 2005. The book exists also in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.

## Content

*Writing Drama* explores the mechanisms of dramatic story telling. The author makes a clear distinction between what is written to be seen and/or heard (theater, cinema, television, radio, opera and to a lesser extent comic books) and what is written to be read (literature).

The book's principle is the same as Aristotle's *Poetics*. Yves Lavandier examines works by major scriptwriters and playwrights (Samuel Beckett, Bertolt Brecht, Charles Chaplin, Hergé, Alfred Hitchcock, Henrik Ibsen, Ernst Lubitsch, Molière, Dino Risi, William Shakespeare, Sophocles, Orson Welles, Billy Wilder, etc.) in order to answer three questions:

* what do dramatic works consist of?
* why is this so?
* how does one go about writing them?

The author scans all the tools of dramatic narrative: conflict, protagonist, obstacles, suspense, characterisation, three-act structure, preparation, dramatic irony, comedy, activity, dialogue. A play written by Molière, *The School for Wives*, and a film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, *North by Northwest*, are analysed in detail. Several appendices deal with writing for children, drama and literature, short films, documentaries, etc.

In the course of pages, Yves Lavandier develops several governing ideas. According to him:

* Drama preexists theater and film. Life being full of conflicts and ruled by causality, one can say that life is Aristotelian.
* The art of narrative can be taught, like every other human activity.
* It takes two to speak the language of drama: writer and receiver. This is why dramatic irony—which consists in giving the audience an item of information that at least one of the characters is unaware of—is a fundamental mechanism, omnipresent in all genres (tragedy, comedy, melodrama, suspense, thriller, etc.) and all types of narratives.
* All the great storytellers know the rules of narration, at least unconsciously.
* One can respect the rules and take the spectator into account while keeping one's liberty and authenticity.
* Rules are called “recipes” by those who fear or despise them.
* Drama should not be placed in the same basket as literature, Molière and William Shakespeare beside Gustave Flaubert and Franz Kafka.
* Dialogue, in theater or radio, is the visible part of the iceberg. Even in radio, structure and characterisation are paramount.
* Theater is, as well as film, an art of the image.
* To write a good story, three things are needed: conflict, conflict and conflict.
* The spectacular and the sensational are cheap ways to generate emotion and often mingle with voyeurism and omnipotence.
* When an actor is brilliant, he, of course, deserves all the plaudits he gets. But praise is also due to the director who directed him as well as to the writer who created his role in the first place.
* The most powerful language of drama is structure, far before dialogue.
* Nonetheless, the dialogue is inevitable when one tells a human story, even in silent movies where dialogues were numerous, either written on intertitles or guessed by the audience.
* The three-act structure (dramatic acts, not logistical ones) relies simply on a universal triad: before-during-after. One can find the three-act structure in the vast majority of dramatic works, including in a narrative as deconstructed as *21 Grams*.
* Suspense should not be mistaken with mystery, Alfred Hitchcock with Agatha Christie.
* Comedy is a noble, useful and difficult treatment. Its lightness is only an appearance, politeness.
* As the mockery of human limitations, comedy may be disparaging but also demanding or compassionate.
* The basics of the narrative are the pattern of a fractal structure.
* TV series are highly respectable and can produce masterpieces of human art such as *The Sopranos*.
* Children need good drama. To write for children is a wonderful school of narration.
* Writers of drama will always be indispensable and keep on responding to a triple human need of emotion, meaning and distraction.

*Writing Drama* is considered a reference textbook amongst European playwrights and scriptwriters.

According to Jacques Audiard, *Writing Drama* is on par with Aristotle's *Poetics*. Francis Veber said it is "the most thorough and challenging work of its kind to come out since the birth of scriptwriting". In 2006, Frédéric Beigbeder called Yves Lavandier the "living god of screenwriters".

## InfoBox

Writing Drama
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Yves Lavandier |
| Original title | *La dramaturgie* |
| Translator | Bernard Besserglik |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Screenwriting, storytelling |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publication date | 1994 |
| Publication place | France |
| Published in English | 2005 |
| ISBN | 9782910606015 |


title: Wow Hydrate

abstract: Wow Hydrate is a sugar-free sports drink that uses push-cap to preserve the ingredients within it. It gained significant media coverage from its partnership with heavyweight boxer Tyson Fury. In March 2020 Fury announced that the company would donate thousands of its products to NHS workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fury's former trainer Ben Davison is also a partner of Wow Hydrate. In February 2020 the company announced a two-year sponsorship deal with boxing promoters Matchroom. Chelsea and England footballer Ruben Loftus-Cheek, Crystal Palace player Patrick Van Aanholt and boxer Joe Cordina are also ambassadors for the brand. Club partners include Southampton FC, rugby league club Castleford Tigers and Essex County Cricket Club. In January 2024, the brand announced a partnership with West Ham United Women's team.

text:
# Wow Hydrate

**Wow Hydrate** is a sugar-free sports drink that uses push-cap to preserve the ingredients within it. It gained significant media coverage from its partnership with heavyweight boxer Tyson Fury.

In March 2020 Fury announced that the company would donate thousands of its products to NHS workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fury's former trainer Ben Davison is also a partner of Wow Hydrate.

In February 2020 the company announced a two-year sponsorship deal with boxing promoters Matchroom. Chelsea and England footballer Ruben Loftus-Cheek, Crystal Palace player Patrick Van Aanholt and boxer Joe Cordina are also ambassadors for the brand. Club partners include Southampton FC, rugby league club Castleford Tigers and Essex County Cricket Club.

In January 2024, the brand announced a partnership with West Ham United Women's team.


title: Wow Oh Wow

abstract: "Wow Oh Wow" is a song by Irish hip pop duo Jedward. It is the third single released from their second album, Victory. It was released as a digital download on 18 November 2011. The song is written by Oritsé Williams of boy band JLS, and songwriters Johannes Joergensen, Savan Kotecha, Daniel Klein of Deekay.

text:
# Wow Oh Wow

"**Wow Oh Wow**" is a song by Irish hip pop duo Jedward. It is the third single released from their second album, *Victory*. It was released as a digital download on 18 November 2011. The song is written by Oritsé Williams of boy band JLS, and songwriters Johannes Joergensen, Savan Kotecha, Daniel Klein of Deekay.

## Background

In September 2011, "Wow Oh Wow" was announced as the third single from *Victory*. Jedward debuted the song on Irish chat show *The Late Late Show*. The song was released as a digital-only single.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Dale "Rage" Resteghini and filmed in Los Angeles, California in October 2011. The video stars actress Tara Reid, who Jedward had previously met as housemates on *Celebrity Big Brother*. Filmed on Venice Beach and at W Club in Hollywood, John and Edward are smitten by a girl, both on the beach and in a nightclub.

## Track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "Wow Oh Wow" - 3:20

## InfoBox

| "Wow Oh Wow" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Jedward | |
| from the album  *Victory* | |
| Released | 18 November 2011 (2011-11-18) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:20 |
| Label | Universal Music Group |
| Songwriter(s) | Oritsé Williams, Johannes Joergensen, Savan Kotecha, Daniel Klein |
| Producer(s) | Deekay |
| Jedward singles chronology | |
| "Bad Behaviour"
(2011) "**Wow Oh Wow**"
(2011) "Waterline"
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Wow Oh Wow" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Wyoming, New York

abstract: Wyoming is a village in Wyoming County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the village has a total population of 434. The Village of Wyoming lies within the Town of Middlebury by the eastern town line. Wyoming is located on New York State Route 19.

text:
# Wyoming, New York

**Wyoming** is a village in Wyoming County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the village has a total population of 434.

The Village of Wyoming lies within the Town of Middlebury by the eastern town line. Wyoming is located on New York State Route 19.

## History

The Village of *Newell's Settlement* was founded in 1809 by Silas Newell. It was later renamed to *Wyoming* in 1829, to be incorporated in 1875 . However, on Revolutionary War muster roll taken for March, April, May, and June 1779, of Lieutenant Colonel William Smith's company, a regiment of foot it states the regiment was mustered in Wyoming  . Signed and dated by Nehemiah Wade, D.C.M. on June 30, 1779 . It was one of the earliest locations where natural gas was developed . While the field was never a large producer, it still provides gas for the village streetlights and some homes to this day. The downtown historic district is known as the "Gaslight Village."

Middlebury Academy was built in 1817 and was chartered by the NY Regents in 1819, and is believed  to be the first institution of higher education west of the Genesee in New York. It still stands in downtown Wyoming, maintained as a museum by the Middlebury Historical Society. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as of 1980. Also on the National Register of Historic Places are the Bryant Fleming House and Wyoming Village Historic District.

Another historic place is Hillside Inn, a classic Greek revival mansion built by Dr. Pliny Hayes as a Water Cure establishment in 1851. It overlooks the Village of Wyoming, and until 2012, was a bed and breakfast inn. It also has been a spa (with mineral springs) and has hosted many famous people including Susan B. Anthony, John Muir, and Presidents Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt .

## Geography

Wyoming is located at 42°49′31″N 78°5′7″W / 42.82528°N 78.08528°W / 42.82528; -78.08528 (42.825204, -78.085227).

Oatka Creek flows northward past the east side of the village.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all land.

### Climate

| Climate data for Wyoming, New York (1991–2020) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 30.0
(−1.1) | 31.3
(−0.4) | 38.4
(3.6) | 53.2
(11.8) | 65.3
(18.5) | 73.1
(22.8) | 76.5
(24.7) | 75.2
(24.0) | 68.1
(20.1) | 56.6
(13.7) | 45.2
(7.3) | 34.9
(1.6) | 54.0
(12.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 22.6
(−5.2) | 23.0
(−5.0) | 30.4
(−0.9) | 42.8
(6.0) | 55.3
(12.9) | 64.3
(17.9) | 67.8
(19.9) | 66.4
(19.1) | 59.6
(15.3) | 48.4
(9.1) | 37.7
(3.2) | 28.2
(−2.1) | 45.5
(7.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 15.2
(−9.3) | 14.6
(−9.7) | 22.4
(−5.3) | 32.3
(0.2) | 45.2
(7.3) | 55.5
(13.1) | 59.1
(15.1) | 57.6
(14.2) | 51.0
(10.6) | 40.2
(4.6) | 30.1
(−1.1) | 21.4
(−5.9) | 37.1
(2.8) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.53
(90) | 2.72
(69) | 3.09
(78) | 3.39
(86) | 3.35
(85) | 4.00
(102) | 4.76
(121) | 3.60
(91) | 3.40
(86) | 3.75
(95) | 3.38
(86) | 2.81
(71) | 41.78
(1,060) |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870 | 338 |  |  |
| 1880 | 387 |  | 14.5% |
| 1890 | 525 |  | 35.7% |
| 1920 | 386 |  |  |
| 1930 | 376 |  | −2.6% |
| 1940 | 430 |  | 14.4% |
| 1950 | 508 |  | 18.1% |
| 1960 | 526 |  | 3.5% |
| 1970 | 514 |  | −2.3% |
| 1980 | 507 |  | −1.4% |
| 1990 | 478 |  | −5.7% |
| 2000 | 513 |  | 7.3% |
| 2010 | 434 |  | −15.4% |
| 2020 | 377 |  | −13.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 513 people, 176 households, and 133 families residing in the village. The population density was 763.2 inhabitants per square mile (294.7/km2). There were 179 housing units at an average density of 266.3 units per square mile (102.8 units/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.88% White, 0.39% African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.97% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.39% of the population.

There were 176 households, out of which 44.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 32.6% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $46,875. Males had a median income of $34,643 versus $25,357 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,925. About 6.4% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Wyoming, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nickname: Gaslight Village | |
| Wyoming, New YorkLocation within the state of New York | |
| Coordinates: 42°49′31″N 78°5′7″W / 42.82528°N 78.08528°W / 42.82528; -78.08528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Wyoming |
| Settled | 1809 (1809) |
| Incorporated | July 31, 1875 (1875-07-31) |
| Named for | Lenape word meaning "broad bottom lands" |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Nathan Norton |
| Town Council | Village Board (5 members) |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.70 sq mi (1.80 km2) |
| Land | 0.70 sq mi (1.80 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 988 ft (301 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 377 |
| Density | 540.89/sq mi (208.91/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 14591 |
| Area code | 585 |
| FIPS code | 36-83371 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0971788 |
| Website | www.middleburyny.com |


title: Wrenshall School District

abstract: Wrenshall School District, ISD #100 is a school district headquartered in Wrenshall, Minnesota. It is entirely in Carlton County. It is divided into elementary and secondary divisions.

text:
# Wrenshall School District

**Wrenshall School District, ISD #100** is a school district headquartered in Wrenshall, Minnesota. It is entirely in Carlton County. It is divided into elementary and secondary divisions.

## History

In 2019 the Wrenshall district and the Carlton School District were in talks on the possibility of consolidating. By September 2020 a study was released stating that if Carlton and Wrenshall consolidated, the taxpayer in the former Carlton zone would pay two and one half times the rate that a Wrenshall zone taxpayer would. Some legislation that would have facilitated the merger was, in 2020, not passed by the Minnesota Legislature. Additionally the compositions of the school boards changed.

The two school boards chose not to hold further discussions on consolidation after February 2021. On June 21, 2021, the Carlton School Board stated that it no longer wished to consolidate with Wrenshall.

## Athletics

The Carlton and Wrensall school districts have a shared athletics team. By August 2021 the fact that Carlton was now in negotiations with Cloquet over a tuition agreement could impact the Carlton-Wrenshall team.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Wrenshall School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 207 Pioneer Drive Wrenshall, Minnesota, 55797<br>United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | PreK–12 |
| NCES District ID | 2744190 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 378 |
| Teachers | 30.97 |
| Staff | 30.96 |
| Student–teacher ratio | 12.21 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.isd100.org |


title: Wójtowo, Lidzbark County

abstract: Wójtowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubomino, within Lidzbark County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Lubomino, 26 km (16 mi) west of Lidzbark Warmiński, and 38 km (24 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn. Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, and in 1772–1945 it belonged to Prussia and Germany.

text:
# Wójtowo, Lidzbark County

**Wójtowo** \[vui̯ˈtɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubomino, within Lidzbark County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Lubomino, 26 km (16 mi) west of Lidzbark Warmiński, and 38 km (24 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, and in 1772–1945 it belonged to Prussia and Germany (East Prussia).

## InfoBox

| Wójtowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wójtowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°4′N 20°12′E / 54.067°N 20.200°E / 54.067; 20.200 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Lidzbark |
| Gmina | Lubomino |


title: Lowcountry Regional Airport

abstract: Lowcountry Regional Airport is a public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Walterboro, a city in Colleton County, South Carolina, United States. It is owned by the city and county. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. It does not have scheduled commercial airline service.

text:
# Lowcountry Regional Airport

**Lowcountry Regional Airport** (IATA: **RBW**, ICAO: **KRBW**, FAA LID: **RBW**) is a public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Walterboro, a city in Colleton County, South Carolina, United States. It is owned by the city and county. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a *general aviation* facility. It does not have scheduled commercial airline service.

## History

The airport was dedicated June 15, 1933 as the C.C. Anderson Landing Field. In 1942 the United States Army Air Forces indicated a need for the airfield as a training airfield and control was turned over to the USAAF in February 1942. An immediate construction program began to turn the civil airport into a military airfield. Construction involved runways and airplane hangars, with three concrete runways, several taxiways and a large parking apron and a control tower. Several large hangars were also constructed. Buildings were ultimately utilitarian and quickly assembled. Most base buildings, not meant for long-term use, were constructed of temporary or semi-permanent materials. Although some hangars had steel frames and the occasional brick or tile brick building could be seen, most support buildings sat on concrete foundations but were of frame construction clad in little more than plywood and tarpaper. **Walterboro Army Airfield** was assigned to Third Air Force III Air Support Command, and activated on August 15, 1942. The 305th Air Base Group was the station host unit.

Initially Walterboro AAF was used primarily for training of B-25 Mitchell medium bomber pilots and aircrews, acting a sub-base of Columbia Army Airfield for follow-on training prior to the units being deployed to overseas combat theaters. Units assigned to the airfield during World War II were:

Walterboro AAF also hosted the largest camouflage school in the United States, as well as a 250-person Prisoner of War Camp. In 1944 it was reassigned to First Air Force and became an advanced combat training base for individual fighters, primarily the black trainees graduating from Tuskegee Army Air Field in Tuskegee, Alabama. Over 500 of the famed Tuskegee Airmen trained at Walterboro Army Air Field between April 1944 and October 1945 including individuals training as replacement pilots for the 332nd Fighter Squadron and the entire 447th Bombardment Group. A memorial has been erected at the site commemorating their service.

The base closed on October 31, 1945, and returned to its origins as a local airfield.

## Facilities and aircraft

Lowcountry Regional Airport covers an area of 1,400 acres (567 ha) at an elevation of 101 feet (31 m) above mean sea level. It has three runways with asphalt/concrete surfaces: 5/23 is 6,002 by 100 feet (1,829 by 30 m); 17/35 is 5,705 by 100 feet (1,739 by 30 m); 9/27 is 5,408 by 100 feet (1,648 by 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending May 19, 2023, the airport had 13,597 aircraft operations, an average of 38 per day: 72% general aviation, 23% air taxi, and 4% military. At that time there were 21 aircraft based at this airport: 17 single-engine and 4 multi-engine.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for RBW PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective August 10, 2023.
2. "2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A" (PDF). *National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems*. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on September 27, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Lowcountry Regional Airport<br>Walterboro Army Airfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Orthophoto from USGS | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | City of Walterboro & Colleton County |
| Serves | Walterboro, South Carolina |
| Elevation AMSL | 101 ft / 31 m |
| Coordinates | 32°55′16″N 80°38′26″W / 32.92111°N 80.64056°W / 32.92111; -80.64056 |
| Website | LowCountryAirport.com |
| Map | |
| **RBW**Location of airport in South Carolina | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  5/23 6,002 1,829 Asphalt/concrete  17/35 5,705 1,739 Asphalt/concrete  9/27 5,408 1,648 Asphalt/concrete | |
| Statistics (2023) | |
| Aircraft operations (year ending 5/19/2023) 13,597  Based aircraft 21 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: PIAS4

abstract: E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS4 is one of several protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) proteins. It is also known as protein inhibitor of activated STAT protein gamma, and is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIAS4 gene.

text:
# PIAS4

**E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS4** is one of several protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) proteins. It is also known as **protein inhibitor of activated STAT protein gamma** (PIASg or PIASy), and is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *PIAS4* gene.

## Interactions

PIAS4 has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 and Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1. PIAS4 has been shown to be responsible for the SUMOylation of inhibited Werner syndrome helicase (WRN) trapped on DNA in microsatellite unstable cancer cells.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| PIAS4 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | PIAS4, PIASY, Piasg, ZMIZ6, PIAS-gamma, protein inhibitor of activated STAT 4 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 605989; MGI: 2136940; HomoloGene: 104136; GeneCards: PIAS4; OMA:PIAS4 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_015897<br>NM\_016149   NM\_021501   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_056981   NP\_067476   Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 4.01 – 4.04 Mb Chr 10: 80.99 – 81 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Michael Meacher

abstract: Michael Hugh Meacher was a British politician who served as a government minister under Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Tony Blair. A member of the Labour Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Oldham West and Royton, previously Oldham West, from 1970 until his death in 2015. Before entering politics, Meacher was a lecturer in social administration at the University of Essex and the University of York.

text:
# Michael Meacher

**Michael Hugh Meacher** (4 November 1939 – 20 October 2015) was a British politician who served as a government minister under Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Tony Blair. A member of the Labour Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Oldham West and Royton, previously Oldham West, from 1970 until his death in 2015.

Before entering politics, Meacher was a lecturer in social administration at the University of Essex and the University of York.

## Early life and education

Meacher was born in Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire on 4 November 1939, into a family with links to brewing and agriculture. He was the only child of (George) Hubert Meacher and his wife Doris (née Foxell). His father worked in finance, before a breakdown saw him return to the family farm. With the family having little money, his mother took in lodgers and worked for a local doctor; she had aspirations for Michael to become an Anglican priest. Hubert Meacher's first cousin was the judge Clement Bailhache.

Meacher was educated at Berkhamsted School, at the time an all-boys independent school, to which he won a scholarship. He then studied at New College, Oxford where he graduated with a first-class honours degree in classics and divinity, and at the London School of Economics, where he gained a Diploma in Social Administration.

## Life and career

Meacher became a researcher and lecturer in social administration at the Essex and York universities and wrote a book about elderly people's treatment in mental hospitals. He was the Labour Party candidate for Colchester at the 1966 general election, and fought the 1968 Oldham West by-election following the resignation of Labour MP Leslie Hale but lost to Conservative candidate Bruce Campbell.

### In Parliament

#### Junior minister and Shadow Cabinet

Meacher was first elected to Parliament in 1970 for Oldham West, reversing his previous defeat, and served as a junior minister under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan (Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Industry, 1974–75; Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Health and Social Security, 1975–79).

During Labour's time in opposition, he was in the Shadow cabinet for fourteen years, and concurrently lectured at the LSE. He was seen as a figure on the left and an ally of Tony Benn, and stood as the left's candidate against Roy Hattersley in the 1983 deputy leadership election.

#### Blair Ministry

Meacher was an elected member of the Shadow Cabinet from 1983 to 1997, but Tony Blair refused to appoint him to the Cabinet, and instead made him Minister of State for the Environment, first at the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1997–2001), then at the renamed Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2001–2003).

Despite Blair's hostility, Meacher gained a reputation for being a politician who was on top of a complex brief and was one of the longest serving ministers in the same job in the Labour Government, from 1997 to 2003. He was criticised for hypocrisy when he condemned second home owners; according to the BBC and Channel 4's *The Mark Thomas Comedy Product*, he and his wife owned more than five homes themselves.

#### Political activities after 2003

Meacher was sacked in June 2003, and replaced by Elliot Morley. He subsequently attacked the Labour government on a number of issues, particularly over genetically modified food and the 2003 Iraq War, though in the run-up to the invasion he had accepted reports by the intelligence services and government, saying that Iraq had chemical weapons.

Meacher claimed that a supposed absence of prevention by United States authorities of the September 11 attacks was "suspicious" and "offered an extremely convenient pretext" for subsequent military action in Afghanistan and Iraq. This was seen as giving "credence to conspiracy theories" as claimed by *The Guardian*. Meacher also wrote a foreword for David Ray Griffin's book *The New Pearl Harbor*.

In May 2005, Meacher introduced an early day motion on climate change, which called upon the government to commit to yearly CO2 emission reductions of 3%.

In June 2006 various articles appeared in the British media claiming Meacher would stand as a stalking horse against Tony Blair in order to initiate a leadership contest; others suggested, especially after Gordon Brown came out in support of the Trident missile programme and nuclear energy, that Meacher would challenge Brown from the left.

On 23 September 2006, Meacher became the sixth Labour MP to start a blog. Meacher also wrote articles for ePolitix.com, which included criticism of Blair and Brown for perceived right-wing policies, including privatisation. He also called for a more conciliatory policy in the Middle East, attempts to tackle income inequality, and a greater commitment to reducing energy use.

On 22 February 2007, Meacher declared that he would be standing, challenging Brown and John McDonnell. However, on 14 May, after talks with McDonnell, he announced he would stand aside in order to back McDonnell as the "candidate of the left".

In December 2013, Meacher attacked the firm Atos and its Work Capability Assessments of disabled people carried out on behalf of the Department for Work and Pensions, in a sustained campaign documented through his blog. Meacher was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the leadership election of 2015.

## Leadership bid

On 22 February 2007, Meacher declared his intention to stand for the leadership of the Labour Party. The decisions of both Meacher and John McDonnell to run for the leadership were controversial with many accusing Meacher of trying to split the nominations and keep McDonnell off the ballot paper, although neither candidate was thought to have any chance of winning the contest.

On 21 April 2007, *The Guardian* claimed that Meacher had the support of no more than three MPs and that his campaign was "virtually dead in the water".

On 27 April 2007, it was reported that Meacher had reached an agreement with McDonnell that upon the day Blair announced his resignation, whichever of the two had fewer nominations would step aside and allow the other to challenge Gordon Brown. On 14 May 2007, Meacher agreed to stand aside to allow McDonnell to be the sole leadership candidate of the left. Subsequent articles reported that Meacher had 21 declarations of support while McDonnell had 24. In the Labour Party's leadership nomination process, McDonnell received nominations from 29 MPs.

## Outside Parliament

Meacher appeared as himself in one episode of the BBC drama serial *Edge of Darkness* (1985).

In June 1988, Meacher lost a libel action against journalist Alan Watkins, who had written an article in November 1984 that included the remark that Meacher "likes to claim that he is the son of an agricultural labourer, though I understand that his father was an accountant who retired to work on the family farm because the life suited him better."

Meacher was a member of Political Leaders for 9/11 Truth, which petitioned President Obama for an independent investigation into the September 11 attacks not led by "individuals closely aligned with, or even employed by, the Bush-Cheney administration."

Meacher was a member of the Fabian Society.

## Personal life

Meacher married Molly Reid in 1962; they had four children and divorced in 1987. The following year, he married Lucianne Sawyer. In January 2001, he faced claims of political hypocrisy, when it was revealed that he and Lucianne owned at least nine buy to let properties as investments.

Meacher died from lung cancer at St George's Hospital in London on 20 October 2015, at the age of 75, and was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.

Articles Videos

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableMichael Meacher | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, c.1997–1999 | |
|  | |
| Minister of State for the Environment | |
| **In office**
2 May 1997  13 June 2003 | |
| Prime Minister | Tony Blair |
| Preceded by | John Gummer |
| Succeeded by | Elliot Morley |
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Trade | |
| **In office**
5 April 1976  4 May 1979 | |
| Prime Minister | James Callaghan |
| Preceded by | Stanley Clinton Davis |
| Succeeded by | Norman Tebbit |
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Health and Social Security | |
| **In office**
12 June 1975  5 April 1976 | |
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson |
| Preceded by | Alec Jones |
| Succeeded by | Eric Deakins |
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Industry | |
| **In office**
7 March 1974  12 June 1975 | |
| Prime Minister | Harold Wilson |
| Preceded by | Peter Emery |
| Succeeded by | Gerald Kaufman |
| Shadow Cabinet portfolios
1983–1997   Shadow Secretary of State  1989–1992 Social Security  1987–1989 Employment  1983–1987 Health and Social Services  1993–1994 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster  1994–1995 Transport  Shadow Minister  1992–1993 Overseas Development  1993–1994 Citizen's Charter  1996–1997 Environmental Protection | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Oldham West and Royton
Oldham West (1970–97) | |
| **In office**
18 June 1970  20 October 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Bruce Campbell |
| Succeeded by | Jim McMahon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michael Hugh Meacher
(1939-11-04)4 November 1939
Hemel Hempstead, England |
| Died | 20 October 2015(2015-10-20) (aged 75)
London, England |
| Political party | Labour |
| Spouses | *   Molly Reid  (m. 1962; div. 1987) *   Lucianne Sawyer (m. 1988) |
| Children | 4 |
| Alma mater | New College, Oxford
London School of Economics |
|  | |