title: La 7 (Castile and León)

abstract: La 7 is a Spanish television channel, launched in 2009. It was founded and started to broadcast in 2009. CYLTV currently broadcasts in Spanish.

text:
# La 7 (Castile and León)

**La 7** is a Spanish television channel, launched in 2009. It was founded and started to broadcast in 2009. CYLTV currently broadcasts in Spanish.

## History

In 2008, the Junta de Castilla y León began the tender for the delivery of DTT broadcast licenses in the region, due to the fact that Castilla y León lacked regional television channels, unlike most of the Spanish autonomous communities.

On January 24, 2009, the two licenses were granted to the company Radio Televisión de Castilla y León.

The channel began its broadcasts on March 9, 2009, with the name CyL7 to invite the public to place it at number 7 on television following the logical channel number. In September 2011 the channel was renamed CyLTV. In 2019 the channel underwent another identity change, when it was renamed La 7, returning to one of the channel's original names.

## Programming

La 7 broadcasts general programming, highlighting news and entertainment programs. The channel must also fulfill some public service functions since it acts as the regional television for Castilla y León despite being privately owned.

## InfoBox

La 7
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Spain |
| Broadcast area | Castile and León |
| Headquarters | Valladolid |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Spanish |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Promecal |
| Sister channels | La 8 |
| History | |
| Launched | 9 March 2009 |
| Former names | *CyLTV*
(2011-2019)
*CyL7*
(2009-2011) |
| Links | |
| Website | www.cyltv.es |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| Digital | Mux 25 (Valladolid) |
|  | |


title: Robert Macfie Thorburn

abstract: Robert Macfie Thorburn FRSE was a 19th-century Swedish-Scots businessman and Swedish politician.

text:
# Robert Macfie Thorburn

**Robert Macfie Thorburn** FRSE (27 April 1828  22 August 1896) was a 19th-century Swedish-Scots businessman and Swedish politician.

## Life

He was born in Kasen near Gothenburg, Sweden, one of ten children of William Thorburn (1780–1851) and his wife Janet Mafie (1790–1863), both from Scotland. Janet was the sister of Robert Andrew Macfie, after whom Robert was named. The family had moved from Scotland to Sweden in 1823 to help resolve financial difficulties in the firm of "Brodie & Thorburn" (set up by his younger brother James Thorburn and fellow Scot, William Brodie). He was probably sent to Edinburgh for schooling, and certainly had a circle of Edinburgh friends.

In 1851, when his father died, he and his brother, William Franklin Thorburn, took over the family import and shipping company, "William Thorburn and Sons" who seemed to deal in tea. He also had interests in the company "Macfie Lindsay & Co" who dealt in sugar.

In 1852, with his cousin William Andrew Macfie (1807–1899), he established the world's first curling club outside Scotland, the Bohuslanska Curling Club. His cousin had come to Uddevalla in Sweden in 1845, to help with the family companies. The company expanded into exporting of Swedish oats to London (as horse feed) and by the 1870s represented one quarter of all exports from Sweden.

In 1878, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Robert Andrew Macfie, Charles Wyville Thomson, John Hutton Balfour and Robert Boog Watson.

He died of a cerebral haemorrhage on 22 August 1896 at his mansion at Uddevalla.

## Family

In 1854, he was married to Alma Mathilda Jacobi (1833–1882) in Sweden. They had at least six children including the Swedish architect Eugen Thorburn.


title: LN

abstract: LN, Ln or ln may refer to:

text:
# LN

**LN**, **Ln** or **ln** may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

## Government, military and politics

## Math, science and technology

* Natural logarithm (ln), or logarithm base *e*, a mathematical function
* ln (Unix), a UNIX command that creates file links
* IBM Lotus Notes, the client of a collaborative client-server platform from IBM
* Lanthanide (of which 'Ln' is an informal name) or lanthanoid, a series of chemical elements
* Liquid nitrogen, the liquefied form of the gas
* Lymph node, an anatomical feature involved in immunological function
* Lightning Network, the decentralized network of Bitcoin to support instant payments

## Places

## Other uses


title: LaFayette L. Patterson

abstract: LaFayette Lee Patterson was a United States representative from Alabama. He served three terms in the U. S. Congress, from 1928 to 1933. Born near Delta in Clay County, Alabama, Patterson attended rural schools. He worked in agriculture and as a teacher in the rural schools. He graduated from Jacksonville State Teachers College in 1922, from Birmingham-Southern College in 1924, and from Stanford University in 1927. From 1924 to 1926 he was the superintendent of education for Tallapoosa County, Alabama. Patterson was elected as a Democrat to the 70th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William B. Bowling. He was reelected to the two succeeding Congresses and served from November 6, 1928, to March 3, 1933. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1932. Patterson moved to Gadsden, Alabama, in 1931. He worked as a field representative for the Agricultural Adjustment Administration from 1933 to 1943, as a special assistant to the War Food Administration from 1943 to 1945, and as a special adviser to the Secretary of Agriculture from 1945 to 1947. He remained active in his political party's affairs, serving as a liaison officer for the Democratic National Committee in 1948 and as a delegate-at-large to the 1952 Democratic National Convention. From 1948 to 1951 he was an assistant professor of history at his alma mater, Jacksonville State College. He moved to Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1952 where he worked in the travel business. He returned to Alabama in 1965, living in Montgomery, and resumed his profession as a teacher. Patterson died in Birmingham on March 3, 1987, at age 98. He was buried at Bethlehem Cemetery in New Site, Alabama.

text:
# LaFayette L. Patterson

**LaFayette Lee Patterson** (August 23, 1888 – March 3, 1987) was a United States representative from Alabama. He served three terms in the U. S. Congress, from 1928 to 1933.

Born near Delta in Clay County, Alabama, Patterson attended rural schools. He worked in agriculture and as a teacher in the rural schools. He graduated from Jacksonville State Teachers College in 1922, from Birmingham-Southern College in 1924, and from Stanford University in 1927. From 1924 to 1926 he was the superintendent of education for Tallapoosa County, Alabama.

Patterson was elected as a Democrat to the 70th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William B. Bowling. He was reelected to the two succeeding Congresses and served from November 6, 1928, to March 3, 1933. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1932.

Patterson moved to Gadsden, Alabama, in 1931. He worked as a field representative for the Agricultural Adjustment Administration from 1933 to 1943, as a special assistant to the War Food Administration from 1943 to 1945, and as a special adviser to the Secretary of Agriculture from 1945 to 1947. He remained active in his political party's affairs, serving as a liaison officer for the Democratic National Committee in 1948 and as a delegate-at-large to the 1952 Democratic National Convention.

From 1948 to 1951 he was an assistant professor of history at his alma mater, Jacksonville State College. He moved to Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1952 where he worked in the travel business. He returned to Alabama in 1965, living in Montgomery, and resumed his profession as a teacher. Patterson died in Birmingham on March 3, 1987, at age 98. He was buried at Bethlehem Cemetery in New Site, Alabama.

*
* United States Congress. "LaFayette L. Patterson (id: P000125)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| LaFayette L. Patterson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Alabama's 5th district | |
| **In office**
November 6, 1928  March 3, 1933 | |
| Preceded by | William B. Bowling |
| Succeeded by | Miles C. Allgood |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | LaFayette Lee Patterson
(1888-08-23)August 23, 1888
Delta, Alabama |
| Died | March 3, 1987(1987-03-03) (aged 98)
Birmingham, Alabama |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | Jacksonville State Teachers College, Birmingham-Southern College, Stanford University |
| Profession | teacher |
|  | |


title: Robert M. Hughes

abstract: Robert Morton Hughes was a Virginia lawyer who served as a president of The Virginia Bar Association and helped establish what became Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery.

text:
# Robert M. Hughes

**Robert Morton Hughes** (September 10, 1855  January 15, 1940) was a Virginia lawyer who served as a president of The Virginia Bar Association and helped establish what became Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery.

## Family

Hughes was born in the house of his mother's adoptive parents, Gov. John B. Floyd and Sally Preston Floyd at Abingdon, Virginia. Through his parents, Judge Robert W. Hughes and Eliza Johnston Hughes, he was related to many of Western Virginia's prominent families. Hughes spent most of his early life in Abingdon.

## Education

Hughes entered the College of William and Mary in 1870 at the age of 15 and graduated with an A. B. degree in 1873. His association with William and Mary continued for the rest of his life. Hughes was president of the Alumni Association for 1892-93, and served on the college's Board of Visitors from 1893 to 1918 and was rector from 1905 to 1918. In 1920, the College awarded him an honorary doctor of laws degree. In 1933, Hughes was the commencement speaker. Washington & Lee University gave him an honorary doctorate of laws degree in 1926. Hughes was a member of the Virginia State Board of Education from 1930-1935. For his part in establishing what became Old Dominion University, in 1959, the Robert M. Hughes Memorial Library was named for him.

## Law

Hughes also attended the University of Virginia Law School and earned a degree in 1877. After being admitted to the bar this same year, Hughes set up practice in Norfolk, Virginia, where he would continue to work until his retirement in 1920. His specialty was admiralty law. Hughes was elected president of the Virginia Bar Association in 1895. He was chairman of the Virginia Board of Bar Examiners from 1910-1923.

## Politics

Hughes was a lifelong Republican, following the lead of his father, but at the wrong moment in Virginia history. An unsuccessful Republican candidate for congress in 1902 and 1904, Hughes also failed in several attempts to be appointed to federal judgeships, beginning in 1897 when he sought to succeed his father as a judge in the district court at Norfolk. Hughes was a staunch conservative and the last years of his life found him ardently opposing the New Deal in general and Roosevelt's attacks on the Supreme Court in particular.

## Historian

Hughes's main interest outside the law was Virginia history and, in particular, the roles played by members of his own family. He felt particularly duty bound to defend the reputations of two close relatives: Gov. Floyd, his adoptive maternal grandfather, and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, his maternal great uncle. Johnston asked Hughes to write his official biography. In the dedication to Hughes's volume on Johnston, he wrote: "I take pride in dedicating to the Army of Tennessee, as a tribute to its constancy and valor, this sketch of the Great Captain, who led it in its palmy days, and with whose renown it is inseparably associated."

## Social

Hughes was the fourth president of The Poetry Society of Virginia. Most of his poetry remained unpublished, as per his wishes. Following is one of his poems:

**January 1st, 1915**

Come, fill your cups, the dying year
Shall promptly be forgotten
With such a brew why need we care
For falling price of cotton?
Here's to the New Year's natal day!
What has it in its keeping,
Naught spared from fratricidal fray
But widow's eyes for weeping?
Or peace, and Christian love outpoured
To nurse the maimed and needy,
And plenty, lavishing her hoard
In noble succor speedy?
No matter. Friends still gather round;
Home ties are still unbroken;
Then may the new-born year abound
With blessings yet unspoken!


title: Robert Stiller

abstract: Robert Reuven Stiller was a Polish polyglot, writer, poet, translator, and editor.

text:
# Robert Stiller

**Robert Reuven Stiller** (25 January 1928 – 10 December 2016) was a Polish polyglot, writer, poet, translator, and editor.

## Life

Robert Stiller was born in Warsaw, Poland, to Polish parents and spent his early childhood in what is now Belarus. His father was of Jewish-Austrian descent.

At Warsaw University, Stiller studied Polish, other Slavic, and Indian languages and literatures; and at the University of Iceland, in Reykjavík, Old Norse. His scholarly activities also spanned English, German, Russian, Polynesian, Jewish, and Scandinavian literatures.

As a literary critic, he specialized in the arts of translation and editing. He served as an editor at several journals and publishing houses.

Most of Stiller's publications, including some 300 books, are translations of prose and poetry from thirty-odd languages, chiefly English, German, Russian, and Malay, as well as from French, Spanish, Middle High German, Old English, Old Norse, Icelandic, Swedish, Dutch, Yiddish, Hebrew, Latin, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Lusatian, Sanskrit, Chinese, and others. His translations were often accompanied by extensive critical essays and commentaries.

Stiller did literary research (six years, altogether) in England, Iceland, Denmark, Germany, France, Netherlands, Russia, Ukraine, the United States, Central Asia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam.

In addition to his translations, he was a poet, playwright, and the author of books and essays about language.

Of Stiller's literary *oeuvre*, particularly notable is his version of Vladimir Nabokov's *Lolita*, in which he succeeded in conveying at once both the sense and the sound of the original, despite all its formal literary complexities.

Also noteworthy is Stiller's *Anthology of Malay Literature*, which includes nearly 80 pages of introduction and over 500 pages of the most varied writings, translated from the Malay.

Shortly after the 2006 death of his old friend, famed science-fiction writer Stanisław Lem, Stiller published a book of reminiscences, *Lemie! po co umarłeś? Opowieść w reminiscencjach* (Lem, What Did You Die For? A Story in Reminiscences), Kraków, vis-à-vis/etiuda, 2006.

In 2009 Stiller published a 685-page volume of his collected poetry, *Poetyka pierwszej dziewiątki* (Katowice, Wydawnictwo KOS), which included a CD of his readings of selected poems.

Stiller lived in Józefów, near Warsaw, with his sixth wife, Nina, née Gajewska, a singer, dancer, and actress.

## Translations

### From English

Stiller translated, into Polish, works by Peter Cheyney, Frank Norris, Vachel Lindsay, Lewis Carroll, Eric Hoffer, Ayn Rand, John le Carré, Edward Lear, Farley Mowat, Anthony Hope, Anthony Burgess, David Morrell, Vladimir Nabokov, Robert Alley, Herman Wouk, Hilaire Belloc, Ian Fleming, John Lennon, Lynn Barber, Angel Smith, Joshua Trachtenberg, Todd Strasser, Ron Hansen, Wesley O. Hagood, Ronald Brownrigg, William Manchester, James Webb, and Andrew Holmes.

### From German

German authors translated by Stiller into Polish included Johannes R. Becher, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Heinrich Heine, Bertolt Brecht, Ludwig Achim von Arnim, Clemens Brentano, Rainer Bũttner, Siegfried Rabe, the Brothers Grimm, Horst Herrmann, Hans Hellmut Kirst, Esther Vilar, Wilhelmine Schrõder-Devrient, Micha Josef Bin Gorion (Micha Josef Berdyczewski), Karlheinz Deschner, Manfred Lurker, Wolfgang Kossak, Eugen Drewermann, Henriette von Schirach, Wilhelm Busch, Wolfgang Ott, and Lothar-Günther Buchheim.

### From other languages

Stiller translated, from **French**, works by Henri Fauconnier, Marie-Catherine d'Aulnoy, Alfred de Musset, George Sand, and Pierre Louỹ.

**Russian** authors translated by Stiller included Demyan Bedny, Moris Simashko, and Lidia Chukovskaya.

**Czech** writers translated by Stiller included Fráňa Šrámek; **Yiddish** writers, Itzig Manger; **Indian** writers, Rabindranath Tagore, Kālidāsa, and Bilhana; and **Chinese** writers, Sun Zi, Wu Qi, and Tan Daoji.

## Awards


title: Robert Stirling

abstract: Robert Stirling was a Scottish clergyman and engineer. He invented the Stirling engine and was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame in 2014.

text:
# Robert Stirling

**Robert Stirling** (25 October 1790 – 6 June 1878) was a Scottish clergyman and engineer. He invented the Stirling engine and was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame in 2014.

## Early life

Robert Stirling was born at Cloag Farm, a location in Scotland near the village of Methven, Perthshire. A member of the Dublane side of the Stirling family, Robert was born to Patrick and Agnes Stirling. He was one of eight children that Patrick and Agnes shared.

His grandfather was Michael Stirling, most famously known for his invention of the threshing machine. Robert's father, Patrick, also spent time experimenting and innovating with industrial agricultural equipment.

Though Robert, like his father and grandfather, had a natural inclination for engineering, he began attending Edinburgh University in 1805 at the age of fifteen to study divinity in hopes of becoming a minister. His brother James, who would play a major role in Stirling's future engineering endeavours, also attended Edinburgh at the age of 14.

He finished his studies at University of Edinburgh and continued in November 1809 to study at Glasgow University where, according to Keith Laidler, he studied the classics, philosophy, theology and mathematics, but probably very little science. In 1814, he returned to Edinburgh University studying divinity for a final time.

Robert was licensed to preach in the Church of Scotland in 1816 by the Presbytery of Dumbarton. In September 1816, the commissioner of the Duke of Portland granted Stirling the title of Minister as the second charge for the Laigh Kirk parish in Kilmarnock. Finally, in February 1824, Stirling was appointed as the minister of nearby Galston Parish Church where he continued his ministry until 1878.

In July 1819, Robert Stirling married Jane Rankine. Together, they had seven children, five sons and two daughters.

## Engineering and science

### History

Robert Stirling is considered as one of the fathers of hot air engines. Few before him ventured to build air engines, Guillaume Amontons being the first one to build a working hot air engine in 1699.

Amontons was followed in 1807 by George Cayley whose engine was of those in which the fire is enclosed, and fed by air pumped in beneath the grate in sufficient quantity to maintain combustion, while by far the largest portion of the air enters above the fire, to be heated and expanded; the whole, together with the products of combustion, then acts on the piston, and passes through the working cylinder; and the operation being one of simple mixture only, no heating surface of metal is required, the air to be heated being brought into immediate contact with the fire.

Stirling came up with a first patent for an air engine in 1816. The principle of the Stirling Air Engine differs from Cayley's, in which the air is forced through the furnace and exhausted, whereas in Stirling's engine the air works in a closed circuit. It was to it that the inventor devoted most of his attention. A two horse-power Stirling hot air engine, built in 1818 for pumping water at an Ayrshire quarry, continued to work for some time, until a careless attendant allowed the heater to become overheated. This experiment proved to the inventor that, owing to the low working pressure obtainable, the engine could only be adapted to small powers for which there was at that time no demand.

The Stirling 1816 patent was also about an "Economiser", the predecessor of the regenerator. In this patent (# 4081) he describes the "economiser" technology and several applications where such technology can be used. Out of them came a new arrangement for a hot air engine. In 1818, one engine was built to pump water from a quarry in Ayrshire, but due to technical issues, the engine was abandoned for a time.

Stirling patented a second hot air engine, together with his brother James, in 1827. They inverted the design so that the hot ends of the displacers were underneath the machinery and they added a compressed air pump so the air within could be increased in pressure to around 20 atmospheres.

The two Stirling brothers were followed shortly after in 1828 by Parkinson & Crossley and in 1829 and Arnott. These precursors, to whom John Ericsson should be added, have brought to the world the hot air engine technology and its enormous advantages over the steam engine. Each of them came with his own specific technology, and although the Stirling engine and the Parkinson & Crossley engines were quite similar, Robert Stirling distinguished himself by inventing the regenerator, the first example of a Regenerative heat exchanger.

Parkinson and Crosley introduced the principle of using air of greater density than that of the atmosphere, and so obtained an engine of greater power in the same compass. James Stirling followed this same idea when he built the famous Dundee engine.

The Stirling patent of 1827 has been the base of the Stirling third patent of 1840. The changes against the 1827 patent were minor but essential. It was this third patent that gave the birth to the Dundee engine.

James Stirling gave a presentation of his engine before the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1845. The first engine of this kind which, after various modifications, was efficiently constructed and heated, had a cylinder of 12 inches (approx. 30 cm) in diameter, with a length of stroke of 2 feet (approx. 61 cm), and made 40 strokes or revolutions in a minute (40 rpm). This engine moved all the machinery at the Dundee Foundry Company's works for eight or ten months, and was previously found capable of raising 700,000 lbs one foot in a minute (approx. 21 HP).

Finding this power insufficient for their works, the Dundee Foundry Company erected the second engine, with a cylinder of 16 inches (approx. 40 cm) in diameter, a stroke of 4 feet (approx. 1.20 m), and making 28 strokes in a minute. This engine has now been in continual operation for upwards of two years, and has not only performed the work of the foundry in the most satisfactory manner, but has been tested (by a friction brake on a third mover) to the extent of lifting nearly 1,500,000 lbs (approx. 45 HP).

This gives a consumption of 2.7 lbs. (approx. 1.22 kg) per horse-power per hour; but when the engine was not fully burdened, the consumption was considerably under 2.5 lbs. (approx. 1.13 kg) per horse-power per hour. This performance was at the level of the best steam engines whose efficiency was about 10%. After James Stirling, such efficiency was possible only thanks to the use of the economiser (or regenerator).

### Hot air engine

Robert Stirling's best known invention is the heat engine now referred to as the Stirling engine. In 1816 the Stirling brothers applied for a patent in both Scotland and England for a device they invented, a Heat Economiser. The function of this invention was to store and release heat as air circulated through its mechanisms. This differed from most heat engines which used steam as their method of storing and releasing energy.

While in Kilmarnock, he collaborated with another inventor, Thomas Morton, who provided workshop facilities for Stirling's research. By 1818 Stirling had incorporated this Heat Economiser into a piston engine that created a closed cycle heat engine, which was powered by air, a contrast to the steam engines that were predominant at the time. This updated version of the heat engine was used to pump water from a quarry. Stirling's heat engine was able to run well but was limited by the weaker metals available at the time. Due to the flimsiness of the materials used, the air vessels were eventually crushed by the high pressure of the heated air.

In 1824 Stirling sought to improve the efficiency of the heat engine by attempting to separate the air present in the economizer. This was done by making the plungers in the air engine from thin plates of metal. This was to improve airflow and offer better heating and cooling of the engine. Although this idea received a patent, it was ultimately unsuccessful in improving the heat engine's overall efficiency.

In 1840 Stirling received another patent for the heat engine after altering the design in a new attempt to increase durability. The improvements added by Stirling included the addition of rods or plates in the passage through which hot air travelled to the cold section of the engine. By having these surfaces, the air was able to be cooled to a lower temperature when travelling from the hot section of the engine to the cold section of the engine. Additionally, Stirling added cupped leather collars around the piston rods to seal gaps and minimize the leakage of air from the engine. After developing these improvements, Stirling built two of these heat engines to use at an iron foundry he managed in Dundee. One of these air engines was started in March 1843 where it ran until December 1845 when an air vessel failed. The air vessel failure could be attributed to the metals being unable to withstand the high temperatures at which the engine was running. After replacing the air vessel a couple times, the air engine was dismantled in 1847 after Stirling left the Dundee iron foundry.

In 1876 Robert Stirling wrote a letter acknowledging the importance of Henry Bessemer's new invention, the Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel. Stirling was optimistic that the new steel would improve the performance of the air engines.

Robert Stirling's development of the hot air engine was in part motivated by safety. His engine was designed to fail far less catastrophically than the steam engines of the time while obtaining greater efficiency. Though the Stirling engine is rarely used today, its seemingly perpetual motion capability continues to draw the interest of research institutions like Los Alamos National Laboratory and NASA.

## Personal life and death

On 10 July 1819, Stirling married Jane Rankine at Kilmarnock. They had seven children:

* Patrick Stirling, born 29 June 1820, became a locomotive engineer
* Jane Stirling, born 25 September 1821, housewife
* William Stirling born 14 November 1822, became a civil engineer and railway engineer in South America
* Robert Stirling, born 16 December 1824, became a railway engineer in Peru.
* David Stirling, born 12 October 1828, became the Minister of Craigie, Ayrshire
* James Stirling, born 2 October 1835, became a locomotive engineer
* Agnes Stirling, born 22 July 1838, became an artist

Rev. Robert Stirling died in Galston, East Ayrshire on 6 June 1878. He is buried in Galston Cemetery where a new gravestone was erected in December 2014 by public subscription replacing the original stone which was in a ruined state. It was rededicated on Sunday 3 May 2015.

## Honours

On 11 January 1840, Stirling was awarded the title Doctor of Divinity by the University of St. Andrews for his excellence in ministry.

On 3 October 2014 Stirling was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

| Robert Stirling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1790-10-25)25 October 1790
Methven, Perthshire, Scotland |
| Died | 6 June 1878(1878-06-06) (aged 87)
Galston, East Ayrshire, Scotland |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Children | 7, including Patrick Stirling and James Stirling |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Institutions | University of Edinburgh
University of Glasgow |
| Projects | Stirling engine |
|  | |


title: Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick

abstract: Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick KB, PC was an English naval officer, politician and peer who commanded the Parliamentarian navy during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. A Puritan, he was also lord of the Manor of Hunningham.

text:
# Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick

**Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick** KB, PC (May/June 1587  19 April 1658) was an English naval officer, politician and peer who commanded the Parliamentarian navy during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. A Puritan, he was also lord of the Manor of Hunningham.

## Personal details

Robert Rich was the eldest son and third of seven children born to Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick (1559–1619) and his first wife Penelope (1563–1607). His parents separated soon after his brother Henry's birth, although they did not formally divorce until 1605, when Penelope married her long-time partner, Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy (1563-1606). Penelope was a sister of the Earl of Essex, executed for treason in 1601, making Rich a cousin to future Parliamentarian general Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex.

He had two sisters, Essex (1585-1658) and Lettice (1587-1619) and a younger brother Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland (1590–1649). He also had a number of half brothers and sisters, including Penelope (1592-?), Isabella, Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport (1597-1666), and Charles (1605-1627). Almost certainly fathered by Charles Mountjoy, these children were brought up within the Rich family and appear in its pedigree, with the exception of Mountjoy, who was legitimised after his father's death.

Robert Rich married three times, first in February 1605 to Frances Hatton (1590–1623) Lady of the Manor of Hunningham, daughter and heiress of Sir William Hatton (1560–1597) Lord of the Manor of Hunningham, formerly "Newport", the granddaughter of Francis Gawdy. Their children included Anne (1604–1642), Robert (1611–1659), Lucy (1615–after 1635), Frances (1621–1692) and Charles (1623?–1673). Sometime before January 1626, he married Susan Rowe (1582–1646), a daughter of Sir Henry Rowe, Lord Mayor of London, and widow of William Holliday (c.1565–1624), Alderman of London, a wealthy London merchant and chairman of the East India Company. In March 1646, he made his third and last marriage to Eleanor Wortley (died 1667); neither of these produced children.

## Career

He succeeded to his father's title as Earl of Warwick in 1619. Early developing interest in colonial ventures, he joined the Guinea, New England, and Virginia companies, as well as the Virginia Company's offspring, the Somers Isles Company (the Somers Isles, or Bermuda, was at first the more secure of the Virginia Company's two settlements, being impossible to attack overland and almost impregnable against attack from the ocean due to its encircling reef, and was attractive as a base of operations for Warwick's privateers, though his ship the *Warwick* was lost at Castle Harbour in November 1619).

He was also instrumental in the establishment of the ill-fated Providence Island colony in the West Indies (which was also linked with his privateering activities). Warwick's enterprises involved him in disputes with the East India Company (1617) and with the Virginia Company, which in 1624 was suppressed as a result of his action. In August 1619, the *White Lion*, a privateer ship sponsored by him and operating under a Dutch letter of marque, attacked the Portuguese slave ship *São João Bautista* and captured approximately 20 African slaves. The *White Lion* proceeded to sail to Old Point Comfort in the English colony of Virginia, where its crew sold the Africans to the colony's settlers, including Governor George Yeardley. This event is considered by historians to be a major event in slavery in the colonial history of the United States. In 1627, he commanded an unsuccessful privateering expedition against the Spanish. He sat as a Member of Parliament for Maldon for 1604 to 1611 and for Essex in the short-lived Addled Parliament of 1614.

## Colonial ventures

Warwick's Puritan connections and sympathies gradually estranged him from the court but promoted his association with the New England colonies. In 1628 he indirectly procured the patent for the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and in 1631 he was granted the "Saybrook" patent in Connecticut. Forced to resign the presidency of the Council for New England in the same year, he continued to manage the Somers Isles Company (the Somers Isles being one of the colonies that sided with the Crown) and Providence Island Company, the latter of which, founded in 1630, administered Old Providence on the Mosquito Coast. Meanwhile, in England, Warwick opposed the forced loan of 1626, the payment of ship money, and Laud's church policy.

His Richneck Plantation was located in what is now the independent city of Newport News, Virginia. The Warwick River, Warwick Towne, Warwick River Shire, and Warwick County, Virginia are all believed named for him, as are Warwick, Rhode Island and Warwick Parish in Bermuda (alias The Somers Isles). The oldest school in Bermuda, Warwick Academy, was built on land in Warwick Parish given by the Earl of Warwick; the school was begun in the 1650s (its early records were lost with those of the Warwick Vestry in a twentieth-century shipwreck), though the school places its founding officially in 1662.

## The Long Parliament

By the summer of 1640 Warwick had emerged as the centre of the resistance to Charles I. This was the result of decades of resisting actions including opposing Charles I's compulsory loans during the 1620s and in January 1637 – 12 years into Charles I’s personal rule – personally presenting the case for a new parliament to the king.

In September 1640, Warwick signed the Petition of Twelve to Charles I, asking the king to summon another parliament.

Over the early part of the new parliament, Warwick led one wing of the opposition to Charles I. The Warwick House group pushed for further reform than the more conciliatory Bedford House group, and in particular urged the need for the execution of the Earl of Stratford.

## Civil War period

In 1642, following the dismissal of the Earl of Northumberland as Lord High Admiral, Warwick was appointed commander of the fleet by Parliament. In 1643, he was appointed head of a commission for the government of the colonies, which the next year incorporated Providence Plantations, afterwards Rhode Island, and in this capacity, he exerted himself to secure religious liberty.

As commander of the fleet, in 1648, Warwick retook the 'Castles of the Downs' (at Walmer, Deal, and Sandown) for Parliament, and became Deal Castle's captain 1648–53. The subject was criticized for not recapturing the royalist fleet in 1648 when Prince Rupert suffered mutiny and disarray in Hellevoetsluis. However, he was dismissed from office on the abolition of the House of Lords in 1649. He retired from national public life, but was intimately associated with the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, whose daughter Francis married his grandson and heir, also Robert Rich, in 1657 (the marriage was a short one as the grandson died the following year).

## Sources

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableEarl of WarwickKB PC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Lord Lieutenant of Essex | |
| **In office**
1625–1642 | |
| Governor of Guernsey | |
| **In office**
1643–1645 | |
| Member of Parliament
for Essex | |
| **In office**
April 1614  June 1614 | |
| Member of Parliament
for Maldon | |
| **In office**
February 1610  February 1611 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May/June 1587
Leez Priory, Essex |
| Died | 18 April 1658(1658-04-18) (aged 70)
Holborn, London |
| Resting place | Holy Cross Church, Felsted |
| Spouse(s) | Frances Hatton (m. 1605)
Susan Rowe (m. c.1625)
Eleanor Wortley (m. 1646) |
| Children | 5, including Anne, Robert and Charles |
| Parent(s) | Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick
Penelope Devereux |
| Alma mater | Emmanuel College, Cambridge |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | Royal Navy |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Battles/wars | Wars of the Three Kingdoms |
|  | |


title: Robin L. Garrell

abstract: Robin L. Garrell is an American chemist, academic and former president of The Graduate Center, CUNY. Until 2020, Garrell served as vice provost for graduate education and dean of graduate division at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Prior to this role, Garrell was assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh from 1984 to 1991, then joined the faculty in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at UCLA, where she became full professor and held a joint appointment in bioengineering. Garrell assumed her current position at The Graduate Center on August 1, 2020. </ref> On August 28, 2023 she announced that she would be stepping down as president of the CUNY Graduate Center effective September 29, 2023.

text:
# Robin L. Garrell

**Robin L. Garrell** is an American chemist, academic and former president of The Graduate Center, CUNY. Until 2020, Garrell served as vice provost for graduate education and dean of graduate division at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Prior to this role, Garrell was assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh from 1984 to 1991, then joined the faculty in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at UCLA, where she became full professor and held a joint appointment in bioengineering. Garrell assumed her current position at The Graduate Center on August 1, 2020. \</ref\> On August 28, 2023 she announced that she would be stepping down as president of the CUNY Graduate Center effective September 29, 2023.

## Biography

A native of Detroit, Michigan, Robin L. Garrell received her B.S. degree in biochemistry with honors and distinction from Cornell University in 1978. While at Cornell, she worked with Stuart J. Edelstein to elucidate the structure of sickle cell hemoglobin fibers. Garrell enrolled in the PhD program in macromolecular science and engineering at the University of Michigan, where she worked with Samuel Krimm to develop surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a technique for characterizing adsorption at liquid-metal interfaces. Garrell earned her M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Michigan in 1979 and 1984. She was then appointed assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh, the first woman on the chemistry faculty. Garrell joined the faculty of University of California, Los Angeles in 1991, going on to become full professor in chemistry. She also held a joint appointment in bioengineering and was a member of the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI). She is currently professor and vice provost and dean emerita.

Garrell served as chair of the UCLA College of Letters and Science Faculty Executive Committee (2003-2007) and chair of the UCLA Academic Senate (2009-2010), as well as special assistant for strategic initiatives in the office of the vice provost for intellectual property and industry relations (2010-2011). From 2011 through 2020, she served as vice provost for graduate education and dean of the graduate division. While at UCLA, Garrell co-led a multi-year project in partnership with UC Davis and funded by the Andrew G. Mellon Foundation, to advance holistic admissions in humanities and social science doctoral programs. Through grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF IGERT Materials Creation Training Program, NSF AGEP California Alliance) Garrell advanced interdisciplinary training and developed longitudinal and interinstitutional mentoring networks that support the advancement of diverse STEM scholars into faculty careers.

In March 2020, Garrell was appointed the president of The Graduate Center, CUNY in New York City. She assumed office in August 2020. In the academic year 2022–2023, Garrell faced criticism to her leadership at The Graduate Center by different sectors of the institution, including a Statement of No Confidence signed by over 700 staff, faculty, and students, supported by the PSC local chapter, and by a resolution adopted at the Doctoral and Graduate Students Council, and followed by a Motion of No Confidence in the Senior Administration that took place in the Graduate Center's Graduate Council. The confrontations escalated to organized activism by the community. She resigned from her position as president in Fall 2023.

Garrell's leadership roles in science and higher education have included serving on and chairing the NIH Enabling Bioanalytical and Imaging Technologies Study Section, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Committee on Opportunities in Science, and the TOEFL Board of the Educational Testing Service (ETS), and also as a member of the ETS GRE Governing Board.  In 2017, Garrell was elected to the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC).  She previously served as President of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy (1999), and chaired the UCLA Academic Senate (2009–10) and the UCLA College Faculty Executive Committee (2003-2007). In the University of California system, Garrell led the development of system-wide policies on international activities, copyright and fair use. Garrell has served on the Advisory Boards of C&EN, Accounts of Chemical Research and Applied Spectroscopy, among other journals.

## Honors and awards

Garrell has received the National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award (1985), Iota Sigma Pi Agnes Fay Morgan Award (1996), Gold Medal Award in the 2007 Masscal Pioneering Micro and Thermal Analysis Technology Competition, and the Benedetti-Pichler Award from the American Microchemical Society (2007). UCLA honors include UCLA the Hanson Dow Award for Excellence in Teaching (1997) and Herbert Newby McCoy Award for Outstanding Research (1995), both from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; the UCLA Distinguished Teaching Award (2003), the UCLA Gold Shield Faculty Prize (2009), the Graduate Students Association of UCLA James Lu Valle Distinguished Service Award for Administrators (2015), and the inaugural UCLA Centennial Award for Leadership in the Physical Sciences (2020). Garrell was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2002 and Fellow in the Society for Applied Spectroscopy in 2009.

## Research

Garrell's research has centered on physical phenomena at liquid-solid interfaces, including adsorption, adhesion, wetting and electromechanical actuation. She pioneered surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a tool for characterizing the behavior of biomolecules at liquid-metal interfaces, determined structures and stabilities of self-assembled monolayers, and enabled widespread use of SERS in sensors and diagnostics.  Garrell also made significant advances in droplet microfluidics, showed how electric fields can be used to manipulate liquids and perform reactions on-chip, and developed multi-step processing of biological samples for MALDI-MS proteomics analysis and preparing three-dimensional cell cultures for *in situ* assays.

Garrell's research on mussel adhesive protein was featured in two television documentaries: *Biomimicry* (written by Janine Benyus, directed by Paul Lang, produced by Michael Allder for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and based in part on the book *Biomimicry, Innovation Inspired by Nature*, by Janine Benyus) and *The History of Glue* documentary episode in the Modern Marvels Series, History Channel (Actuality Productions, ©2005).

## Selected publications

* Garrell, Robin L. (15 March 1989). "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy". *Analytical Chemistry*. **61** (6): 401A–411A. doi:10.1021/ac00181a001.
* Herne, Tonya M.; Ahern, Angela; Garrell, Robin L. (January 1991). "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of peptides: preferential N-terminal adsorption on colloidal silver". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **113** (3): 846–854. doi:10.1021/ja00003a018. ISSN 0002-7863.
* Szafranski, Cory A.; Tanner, Weslene; Laibinis, Paul E.; Garrell, Robin L. (27 May 1998). "Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Aromatic Thiols and Disulfides on Gold Electrodes". *Langmuir*. **14** (13): 3570–3579. doi:10.1021/la9702502.
* Moon, Hyejin; Cho, Sung Kwon; Garrell, Robin L.; Kim, Chang-Jin “CJ” (October 2002). "Low voltage electrowetting-on-dielectric". *Journal of Applied Physics*. **92** (7): 4080–4087. Bibcode:2002JAP....92.4080M. doi:10.1063/1.1504171.
* Shapiro, Benjamin; Moon, Hyejin; Garrell, Robin L.; Kim, Chang-Jin “CJ” (May 2003). "Equilibrium behavior of sessile drops under surface tension, applied external fields, and material variations". *Journal of Applied Physics*. **93** (9): 5794–5811. Bibcode:2003JAP....93.5794S. doi:10.1063/1.1563828. S2CID 17264712.
* Yoon, Jeong-Yeol; Garrell, Robin L. (26 August 2003). "Preventing Biomolecular Adsorption in Electrowetting-Based Biofluidic Chips". *Analytical Chemistry*. **75** (19): 5097–5102. doi:10.1021/ac0342673. PMID 27669630.
* Wheeler, Aaron R.; Moon, Hyejin; Kim, Chang-Jin “CJ”; Loo, Joseph A.; Garrell, Robin L. (3 July 2004). "Electrowetting-Based Microfluidics for Analysis of Peptides and Proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry". *Analytical Chemistry*. **76** (16): 4833–4838. doi:10.1021/ac0498112. PMID 15307795.
* Chatterjee, Debalina; Hetayothin, Boonta; Wheeler, Aaron R.; King, Daniel J.; Garrell, Robin L. (2006). "Droplet-based microfluidics with nonaqueous solvents and solutions". *Lab on a Chip*. **6** (2): 199–206. doi:10.1039/B515566E. PMID 16450028.
* Moon, Hyejin; Wheeler, Aaron R.; Garrell, Robin L.; Loo, Joseph A.; Kim, Chang-Jin ?CJ? (2006). "An integrated digital microfluidic chip for multiplexed proteomic sample preparation and analysis by MALDI-MS". *Lab on a Chip*. **6** (9): 1213–1219. doi:10.1039/B601954D. PMID 16929401.
* Tucker-Schwartz, Alexander K.; Farrell, Richard A.; Garrell, Robin L. (5 July 2011). "Thiol–ene Click Reaction as a General Route to Functional Trialkoxysilanes for Surface Coating Applications". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **133** (29): 11026–11029. doi:10.1021/ja202292q. PMID 21728292.
* Fisher, Aaron J.; Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo; Patt, Colette; Young, Ira; Eppig, Andrew; Garrell, Robin L.; Rees, Douglas C.; Nelson, Tenea W.; Richards, Mark A. (9 January 2019). "Structure and belonging: Pathways to success for underrepresented minority and women PhD students in STEM fields". *PLOS ONE*. **14** (1): e0209279. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1409279F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209279. PMC 6326412. PMID 30625173.

## InfoBox

| Robin L. Garrell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of The Graduate Center, CUNY | |
| **In office**
August 1, 2020  September 29, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Chase F. Robinson |
| Succeeded by | Joshua Brumberg |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Cornell University (B.A.)
University of Michigan (M.S.Ph.D.) |
| Occupation | University administrator, Chemist |
|  | |


title: Robin L. Rosenberg

abstract: Robin Lee Rosenberg is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida and former Florida circuit court judge.

text:
# Robin L. Rosenberg

**Robin Lee Rosenberg** (born January 22, 1962) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida and former Florida circuit court judge.

## Biography

Rosenberg received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 from Princeton University. She received a Master of Arts degree and Juris Doctor in 1989 from Duke University and Duke University School of Law. She began her legal career as a law clerk to Judge James Carriger Paine of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida from 1989 to 1990. She served as a trial attorney in the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice from 1990 to 1994. While on leave from that position, she worked at a non profit organization in the Czech Republic from 1993 to 1994. She was an associate at the law firm of Foley & Lardner from 1994 to 1995. She served as an assistant city attorney for the City of West Palm Beach, Florida, from 1995 to 1997. She was a partner at Holland & Knight LLP, from 1997 to 1999. She served as vice president and general counsel at the Slim Fast Foods Company from 1999 to 2001. She was a partner at the law firm of Rosenberg & McAuliffe, PL, from 2001 to 2006, and concurrently managed ARC Mediation, a full service dispute resolution firm, from 2002 to 2006. From 2007 to 2014, she was a circuit court judge in the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit.

### Federal judicial service

On February 26, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Rosenberg to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, to the seat vacated by Judge Adalberto Jordan, who was elevated to the court of appeals on February 24, 2012. She received a hearing before the United States Senate Judiciary Committee on May 20, 2014. On June 19, 2014 her nomination was reported out of committee by a voice vote. On July 16, 2014, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid filed a motion to invoke cloture on Rosenberg's nomination. On July 22, 2014 the Senate invoked cloture on her nomination by a 58–42 vote. Later that day, Rosenberg was confirmed by a 100–0 vote. She received her judicial commission on July 24, 2014.

## Personal life

Rosenberg is married to former Florida State Attorney for Palm Beach County Michael McAuliffe.

## InfoBox

| Robin L. Rosenberg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
July 24, 2014 | |
| Appointed by | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | Adalberto Jordan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robin Lee Rosenberg
(1962-01-22) January 22, 1962
West Palm Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Education | Princeton University (BA)
Duke University (MA, JD) |
|  | |


title: Olav Orheim

abstract: Olav Orheim is a Norwegian glaciologist. He served as director of the Norwegian Polar Institute from 1993 to 2005. He was appointed associate professor in glaciology at the University of Bergen in 1989. Orheim was a central participant in the establishment of the research station Troll in Queen Maud Land in Antarctica. Orheim has probably landed atop more icebergs than anyone in the world and was once stranded overnight on one with David Attenborough, the English broadcaster and voice of the nature series "Planet Earth".

text:
# Olav Orheim

**Olav Orheim** (born 22 February 1942) is a Norwegian glaciologist. He served as director of the Norwegian Polar Institute from 1993 to 2005. He was appointed associate professor in glaciology at the University of Bergen in 1989. Orheim was a central participant in the establishment of the research station Troll in Queen Maud Land in Antarctica. Orheim has probably landed atop more icebergs than anyone in the world and was once stranded overnight on one with David Attenborough, the English broadcaster and voice of the nature series "Planet Earth".

## InfoBox

| Olav Orheim | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-02-22) 22 February 1942<br>Bergen, Norway |
| Alma mater | Ohio State University |
| Occupation | Glaciologist |
| Employer | Norwegian Polar Institute |


title: WXRR

abstract: WXRR is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. Licensed to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States, the station serves the Laurel-Hattiesburg area. The station is currently owned by Blakeney Communications. The station's previous call letters were WHSY as Y104 a Rock format when it was owned by Charlie Holt. The station was purchased in 1994 by Blakeney Communications. In its present form, the station signed on for the first time April 1, 1995.

text:
# WXRR

**WXRR** (104.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. Licensed to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States, the station serves the Laurel-Hattiesburg area. The station is currently owned by Blakeney Communications.

The station's previous call letters were WHSY as Y104 a Rock format when it was owned by Charlie Holt. The station was purchased in 1994 by Blakeney Communications. In its present form, the station signed on for the first time April 1, 1995.

## Programming

*The Morning Crew on Rock 104* is the most listened-to local morning radio show in the Laurel-Hattiesburg market, and is currently the longest-running locally produced morning radio program in the market, having been on the air since 2002.  Composed of Tom Colt, Flyin' Bryan Hicks, Tanner Watson and previously Andy Webb. "The Morning Crew" can be heard live each weekday morning from 6:00 AM to 10:00 AM, with a "Best Of" pre-show hour weekdays at 5:00 AM. *The Morning Crew on Rock 104* were awarded the "Mississippi Association of Broadcasters' Radio Personalities of the Year" title in 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2010 (2010 being the last year the MAB gave out the award). The show's signature features include "News Not Making the News", the "Stupid Question of the Day", and Andy's acerbically funny truck-driving uncle, "Ray Wallbanger". Each day's show also allows "The Morning Crew" to offer their take on (and often irreverently skewer) the day's local and national news headlines.

WXRR is currently in a multi-year contract as the flagship station for The University of Southern Mississippi football and men's basketball. In addition to carrying live coverage of the football and basketball teams' games, WXRR also airs talk shows with the head coaches of the teams.

## Birthplace of rock and roll

The station often identifies itself as "broadcasting from the birthplace of rock & roll." Hattiesburg was home to The Graves Brothers, Blind Roosevelt Graves and Uaroy Graves, who, along with piano player Cooney Vaughn, recorded two songs in 1936 that featured "fully formed rock & roll guitar riffs and a stomping rock & roll beat."

## InfoBox

WXRR
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Laurel-Hattiesburg |
| Frequency | 104.5 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | *Rock 104* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic rock |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Blakeney Communications |
| Sister stations | WBBN, WKZW, WBBL |
| History | |
| First air date | 1967 (as WHSY-FM) |
| Former call signs | WHSY-FM (1967–1995) |
| Call sign meaning | W**X**XX **R**ock and **R**oll, (WXXX was area |
| Technical information | |
| Facility ID | 29549 |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 100,000 watts |
| HAAT | 299 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 31°25′52″N 89°8′51″W / 31.43111°N 89.14750°W / 31.43111; -89.14750 |
| Links | |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | rock104fm.com |


title: Perforation

abstract: A perforation is a small hole in a thin material or web. There is usually more than one perforation in an organized fashion, where all of the holes collectively are called a perforation. The process of creating perforations is called perforating, which involves removing bits of the workpiece with a tool. Old-fashioned lick-and-stick postage stamps are perforated. When a tool makes small cuts in the material it is called 'rouletting', because that tool often resembles a roulette wheel, with blades around the edge. Raffle tickets are a good example of rouletting. Perforations are usually used to allow easy separation of two sections of the material, such as allowing paper to be torn easily along the line. Packaging with perforations in paperboard or plastic film is easy for consumers to open. Other purposes include filtrating fluids, sound deadening, allowing light or fluids to pass through, and to create an aesthetic design. Various applications include plastic films to allow the packages to breathe, medical films, micro perforated plate and sound and vapor barriers.

text:
# Perforation

A **perforation** is a small hole in a thin material or web. There is usually more than one perforation in an organized fashion, where all of the holes collectively are called a *perforation*. The process of creating perforations is called **perforating**, which involves removing bits of the workpiece with a tool. Old-fashioned lick-and-stick postage stamps are perforated. When a tool makes small cuts in the material (without removing anything) it is called 'rouletting', because that tool often resembles a roulette wheel, with blades around the edge. Raffle tickets are a good example of rouletting.

Perforations are usually used to allow easy separation of two sections of the material, such as allowing paper to be torn easily along the line. Packaging with perforations in paperboard or plastic film is easy for consumers to open. Other purposes include filtrating fluids, sound deadening, allowing light or fluids to pass through, and to create an aesthetic design.

Various applications include plastic films to allow the packages to breathe, medical films, micro perforated plate and sound and vapor barriers.

## Processes

### Pins and needles

Rotary pinned perforation rollers are precision tools that can be used to perforate a wide variety of materials. The pins or needles can be used cold or heated. Cold perforation tools include needle punches.

There are a handful of manufacturers that specialize in hot and cold needle perforation tooling and equipment. In materials that have elasticity this can result in a "volcano" hole that is preferred in many applications.

Pinned rollers can be made from a variety of materials, including plastic, steel, and aluminum.

In more brittle films, cold perforation can cause slitting rather than creating a round hole, which can jeopardize the material's integrity under pressure. The solution to this is often heating the pin; i.e. hot pin perforation. Hot perforation melts a hole in the material, causing a reinforced ring around the hole. Hot needle perforation also assists when high density pin patterns are utilized, as the heat aids the perforation of the material.

### Die and punch

Die and punch sets can be used for thicker materials or materials that require large holes; this process is the most common for metalworking. The workpiece is sheared by pressing (either by machine or hand tool) the punch through the workpiece and into the die. The middle section of the workpiece is scrap; commonly known as the chad in paper and similar materials. The punch and die are shaped to produce the desired shaped hole. The clearance (the distance between the outside circumference of the punch and the inner circumference of the die) must be properly maintained to ensure a clean cut. Burrs are produced on the side of the workpiece that is against the die.

Common applications are fruit and vegetable bags, hole punching and ticket punching.

### Laser perforation

Laser cutting can place many precise holes in a web. Laser perforations look similar in many respects to hot needle perforations. However, laser systems are expensive. The big advantage of laser perforation is the consistency of the hole size, compared to mechanical perforation. This is very important in modified atmosphere packaging for fresh produce. The laser perforation is often carried out on roll slitting machines (slitter rewinder) as the printed material is slit down to the finished roll size.

## Applications

Perforation frequently refers to the practice of creating a long series of holes or slits so that paper or plastics can be torn more easily along a given line: this is used in easy-open packaging. Since the creation of perforation devices in the 1840s and 1850s, it has seen use in several areas.

Postage stamps are one common application of this, where small round holes are cut in lines to create individual pieces. Perforations on stamps are rather large, in the order of a millimeter, in comparison other perforated materials often have smaller holes.

It is common for cheque-books, notebooks and legal pads to have perforations making it easier to tear out individual pages or leaves. Perforation is used in ways to separate loose leaf (or even a form of graph paper from a ringed binder). A fine perforation next to the rings allows the page to be separated from the book with no confetti.

Screwcaps on glass or plastic bottles are sealed with a ring at the bottom of the cap attached by perforation. Twisting the cap has the effect of rupturing the material between the perforations and indicating that the original seal has been broken.

The edges of film stock are perforated to allow it to be moved precise distances at a time continuously. Similarly, punched cards for use in looms and later in computers input and output devices in some cases were perforated to ensure correct positioning of the card in the device, and to encode information.

Perforation of steel strips is used in the manufacture of some zesters and rasps.

Historically, perforation patterns other than linear were used to mark stamps. A series of patents had been issued in the late 19th century for perforation machines to be used on rail lines for ticketing. Libraries and private collections used similar perforating stamps to mark ownership of books. End sheets, title pages, and image plates were punched with the namesake of the collection. Today, similarly elaborate perforation patterns continue to be used in orienteering.

Bread bags for some bread often have micro-perforations in the plastic, which is supposed to keep the bread fresh by releasing excess moisture. Similarly, bags of concrete use small perforations to allow air to escape while they are being filled.


title: Ward Chipman

abstract: Ward Chipman was a New Brunswick lawyer, judge, and political figure. He briefly served as administrator for New Brunswick from 1823 until his death in 1824.

text:
# Ward Chipman

**Ward Chipman** (July 30, 1754  February 9, 1824) was a New Brunswick lawyer, judge, and political figure. He briefly served as administrator for New Brunswick from 1823 until his death in 1824.

## Early life

He was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts in 1754 and studied at Harvard College. He taught school in Boston, then articled in law with Jonathan Sewall. He practiced law in the Vice-Admiralty Court and also was a clerk-solicitor in the Boston customhouse. However, he remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution and withdrew to Halifax and then London. In 1777, he became deputy to muster master general Edward Winslow; at the same time, he was admitted to the bar in New York and resided for a time in Staten Island.

## Career

At the end of the war, he returned to London and lobbied for a grant of land in Nova Scotia. He became part of a group of loyalists urging that Nova Scotia be partitioned, which led to the creation of New Brunswick. Chipman was named solicitor general for the new province. He prepared a charter for the city of Saint John for Governor Thomas Carleton and served as recorder for the city from 1785 to 1809, which also made him a justice of the peace. In 1785, he was one of the founders of the New Brunswick bar and set up practice in Saint John. Chipman's clients included Benedict Arnold. Also in 1785, he ran as a pro-government candidate for the Legislative Assembly and was elected, although he is said to have the support of the local sheriff in the inspection of the ballots; he was defeated in the 1793 election for the 2nd New Brunswick Legislature, but returned in Northumberland County. He was defeated again in 1795.

In 1800, he pleaded the case of Nancy Morton, an enslaved Black woman, in *R v Jones*; the court was divided with respect to Chipman's assertion that slavery was illegal in New Brunswick, so no decision was made and the woman was returned to her master. Chipman also supported the settlement of several hundred Black refugees in the province following the War of 1812.

He was also a gentleman farmer and was known for the quality of his potato crops.

Chipman represented the British in the negotiations held to establish the province's boundary with the state of Maine. In 1806, he was named to the Council. He was named a puisne judge in the province's Supreme Court in 1808. In 1815, he was named to a second commission charged with settling the boundary with Maine as it applied to islands in Passamaquoddy Bay. In 1823, Chipman was named colonial administrator after the death of Lieutenant Governor George Stracey Smyth; he died in office at Fredericton in 1824.

## Legacy

The Ward Chipman Library at the University of New Brunswick was named in his honour.

## InfoBox

| Ward Chipman | |
| --- | --- |
| portrait by Gilbert Stuart | |
| Born | (1754-07-30)July 30, 1754
Marblehead, Massachusetts |
| Died | February 9, 1824(1824-02-09) (aged 69)
Fredericton |
| Occupation(s) | Lawyer, Judge, Politician |
| Known for | Law, Politics |


title: Viscera (EP)

abstract: Viscera is the third extended play from My Epic. Facedown Records released the EP on May 6, 2016.

text:
# Viscera (EP)

***Viscera*** is the third extended play from My Epic. Facedown Records released the EP on May 6, 2016.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Jesus Freak Hideout |

 |
| *New Noise Magazine* |  |
| New Release Today |  |

Christopher Smith writes, "*Viscera* doesn't have quite the same lyrical mastery as *Broken Voice*, nor the musical epicness of *Behold*, but it is nonetheless a captivating and thought-provoking mini-album." Dylan O'Connor says, "if you have the patience to sit through longer songs with a slow burn, *Viscera* is a rewarding listen." David Craft states, "don't let this gem pass you by." Fryberger opines, "Viscera is an EP that feels like a full-length record, as its five songs are full of not only minutes and seconds, but more depth than a lot of full-length records these days."

Mary Nikkel describes, "Full of hard-edged guitar tones, otherworldly vocals and lyrics that are both vividly poetic and intensely human, *Viscera* is the best yet from My Epic." Nicholas Senior believes, "*Viscera* is a great example of a good band evolving into a great one...*Viscera* sees the band merging their pasts quite well, with *Yet*'s post-Thrice-style grunge building upon the graceful beauty of *Behold*." Chad Brown suggests, "those who remain, sink in, so-to-speak, and allow themselves to be swept up by the tangible emotions, sweeping melodies, and poetic lyricism will be rewarded by one of 2016’s most satisfying and frankly beautiful releases."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ghost Story" (featuring Shane Ochsner) | 6:08 |
| 2. | "Memoir" | 6:37 |
| 3. | "Cesura" | 1:37 |
| 4. | "Wive's Tale" | 4:00 |
| 5. | "Open Letter" | 7:56 |
| Total length: | | 26:18 |

## Chart performance

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Christian Albums (*Billboard*) | 21 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 15 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 6 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 37 |
| US Top Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 48 |

## InfoBox

| Viscera | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by My Epic | |
| Released | May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 26:18 |
| Label | Facedown |
| My Epic chronology | |
| *Behold*
(2013) ***Viscera***
(2016) *Ultraviolet*
(2018) | |


title: Turkowice, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Turkowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Turek, within Turek County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Turek and 118 km (73 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Turkowice, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Turkowice** \[turkɔˈvit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Turek, within Turek County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Turek and 118 km (73 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Turkowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Turkowice | |
| Coordinates: 51°59′N 18°30′E / 51.983°N 18.500°E / 51.983; 18.500 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Turek |
| Gmina | Turek |
| Population | 776 |


title: Global Effect

abstract: Global Effect is a 1992 video game published by EA/Millennium Interactive.

text:
# Global Effect

***Global Effect*** is a 1992 video game published by EA/Millennium Interactive.

## Gameplay

*Global Effect* is a game in which world construction and maintenance is simulated, and multiple scenarios are included for creating worlds, saving worlds, and ruling worlds. Services available to the player include waste disposal, fuel sources, power stations, and supplies of food and water. The player must keep the world environmentally clean while opposing an adversary trying to destroy it. The player must build a thriving civilization by developing the natural resources of the world. The game also allows the player to wage a thermonuclear war against neighboring civilizations. The world is generated by the computer, with its continents, oceans, and ice caps, and mineral deposits beneath the land.

## Reception

M. Evan Brooks reviewed the game for *Computer Gaming World*, and stated that "A lifetime member of the Sierra Club with a Ph.D. in ecological engineering might have the drive and stamina to delve into the mechanics and playability of this product. As for the rest of us, *Global Effect* is closer to *SimChernobyl* than to *SimCity*."

Scott A. May for *Compute!* said that while "Tenacious players might eventually enjoy this complex model of environmental cause and effect", other players would not find it rewarding.

Steve White for *Amiga Action* called the game "probably the best planet simulator around".

Dan Slingsby for *CU Amiga* found that while it can be fun to create and nurture an environment, "It's just that I can think of many better games to spend my money."

Neil Jackson for *Amiga Format* quipped that "Unless you're intending to use it as a demonstration tool at the Earth Summit, give it a miss."

Martin Pond for *Zero* found the game "great fun to play" and that it would be just as fun to play as "a bit of a fascist meathead" as to play with the goal of protecting the environment.

## Reviews

## InfoBox

| Global Effect | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Millennium Interactive Ltd. |
| Publisher(s) | Millennium Interactive Ltd. |
| Platform(s) | Acorn 32-bit, Amiga, Amiga CD32, Atari ST, DOS |
| Release | 1992 |
| Genre(s) | Strategy |


title: Progressive wage

abstract: The Progressive Wage Model (PWM), also known as the progressive wage for short, is a wage structure in Singapore, advocated by the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), the sole national trade union in Singapore. The objective of the Progressive Wage Model has been to increase the salaries of workers through the enhancement of skills and improving productivity. Progressive wage is enforced via business licensing, as opposed to legislation. This model was designed to enable rank-and-file workers to climb the wage ladder and provides for a minimum wage, improving overall productivity and in turn creating increased sustainable economic growth. As of 2021, the Progressive Wage Model has been estimated cover around 85,000 workers in the country, with the aim of reaching up to 218,000 workers.

text:
# Progressive wage

The **Progressive Wage Model** (**PWM**), also known as the **progressive wage** for short, is a wage structure in Singapore, advocated by the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), the sole national trade union in Singapore. The objective of the Progressive Wage Model has been to increase the salaries of workers through the enhancement of skills and improving productivity.

Progressive wage is enforced via business licensing, as opposed to legislation. This model was designed to enable rank-and-file workers to climb the wage ladder and provides for a minimum wage, improving overall productivity and in turn creating increased sustainable economic growth.

As of 2021, the Progressive Wage Model has been estimated cover around 85,000 workers in the country, with the aim of reaching up to 218,000 workers.

## History

While the concept was only introduced by the labour movement in June 2012, this remuneration model is actually an amalgamation of various existing programmes and initiatives over the years by the labour movement to help workers in Singapore upgrade and up-skill themselves to be able to earn higher wages. These programmes and initiatives include the Skills Redevelopment Programme, the Job Redevelopment Programme, the Best Sourcing Initiatives, and the inclusive growth Programme, among others. All of these already help workers in Singapore improve themselves to be able to take on better-paying jobs. However, the Progressive Wage Model takes things a step further by ensuring employers' commitment to their employees' career growth, better wages and increased productivity.

The Progressive Wage Model requirements was made compulsory for three sectors, the cleaning sector in 2015 as well as landscaping and security sectors in 2016. The Progressive Wage Model was made mandatory for the lift and escalator maintenance sector in 2019 and for the retail sector in 2022. It was also made compulsory for the food services sector and waste management sector in 2023 together with the implementation of Occupational Progressive Wages (OPWs) for administrators and drivers.

## Principles

The Progressive Wage Model is based on the key objectives of helping Singaporean workers climb the four ladders of skills upgrading, productivity improvement, career advancement and wage progression. Thus far, seven unionised clusters in Singapore have implemented or are planning to implement a Progressive Wage Model to help workers. The Tripartite Cluster for Cleaners, a working committee formed representatives of the tripartite partners, is pushing for the Progressive Wage Model to help about 10,000 cleaners across various industries. These workers are set to earn a higher entry-level basic wage of between S$1,000 and S$1,200. About half of all cleaners employed under government contracts, or over 3,500 cleaners, currently earn basic wages of at least $1,000 per month. The median wage of cleaners in the civil service was between S$675 and S$950 prior to the introduction of the Progressive Wage Model.

Minister of State Josephine Teo was reported saying that the government plans to engage only cleaning companies accredited under the National Environment Agency's Enhanced Clean Mark Accreditation Scheme for all contracts called from 1 April 2013.

According to NTUC Secretary-General Lim Swee Say, the reason why Singapore can adopt this method of wage improvements through re-skilling and upgrading of workers is based on these factors: the availability of workfare supplements to help the worker while undergoing training to reach the next step of the wage ladder; the establishment of a comprehensive employee training framework in the country; and the government's financial capacity to pay for such training programmes.

## Overview

The Progressive Wage Model is an enhancement to a basic minimum wage model to help increase the salaries of workers in Singapore. NTUC Secretary-General Lim Swee Say was reported saying that he believed that the shortcomings of a minimum wage system outweigh the benefits. He noted that if the minimum wage was set too low, it would not help workers. On the other hand, if the minimum wage was set too high, that could result in higher unemployment as employers may not be able to afford to pay their workers. He felt the Progressive Wage Model would be a more sustainable approach to helping workers earn better wages.

Labour MP Patrick Tay delivered a speech at the 2013 Budget Debate in Parliament highlighting how the Progressive Wage Model does not only apply to low wage workers but also to Professional, Managers, and Executives (PMEs). He gave the example of how Singapore Power, a unionised company of The Union of Power and Gas Employees, has implemented a structured path for Technicians to progress to Senior Technician, and thereafter to Technical Officer, Senior Technical Officer and to an Engineer which earns as much as S$7,000 per month.

Singapore's union clusters representing various sectors are working alongside their respective tripartite partners, which include industry players and government officials, to design Progressive Wage Models tailored to meet the needs of each sub-sector. These clusters have set individual targets for progressive wage increases to help especially low-income earners, women and mature workers, the most vulnerable groups of the workforce.

NTUC estimates that the Progressive Wage Model can help about 100,000 workers in the next two to three years from end-2012.

### Response

In 2018, during the Institute of Policy Studies's 30th anniversary conference, Ambassador-at-Large Tommy Koh pointed out that the PWM had improved wages in certain sectors but these workers still do not earn a living wage. In another roundtable discussion with Koh, former Minister Lim Boon Heng pointed out that the scheme, coupled with the PWM is Singapore's way of adopting a sectorial approach that creates a de facto sectorial minimum wage. Koh's position, however, is that the PWM needs to scale beyond the selected sectors.

1. "Singapore's model of minimum wage taking shape: Lim Swee Say".
2. "Efforts to improve cleaners wages". NTUC. 18 October 2012. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014.
3. "PROGRESSIVE WAGE MODEL TO COVER UP TO 218,000 WORKERS". THE STRAITS TIMES. 4 March 2021.
4. "WHAT IS THE PROGRESSIVE WAGE MODEL". MOM.
5. "RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE TRIPARTITE CLUSTER FOR CLEANERS ON PROGRESSIVE WAGES" (PDF). NTUC.
6. migration (6 March 2013). "Budget 2013: Singapore's approach is "more than a minimum wage model"".
7. Robin Chan (7 March 2013). "S'pore Wage Model Better: Swee Say". *The Straits Times*. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
8. "Welcome to NTUC U Portal". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
9. "Welcome to NTUC U Portal". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
10. Auto, Hermes (28 October 2018). "Tommy Koh's post on ST report sparks online debate | The Straits Times". *www.straitstimes.com*. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
11. "The Sunday Times' Roundtable: Be willing to pay more to lift low-wage workers' income, says ST panel on minimum wage". THE STRAITS TIMES. 2 December 2018.


title: WXRS (AM)

abstract: WXRS is an AM radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to Swainsboro, Georgia, United States, the station is currently owned by Radiojones, LLC and features programming from Premiere Networks and United Stations Radio Networks.

text:
# WXRS (AM)

**WXRS** (1590 kHz) is an AM radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to Swainsboro, Georgia, United States, the station is currently owned by Radiojones, LLC and features programming from Premiere Networks and United Stations Radio Networks.

## InfoBox

WXRS
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 1590 kHz |
| Branding | *The Rocket 93.5 & 97.1* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic hits |
| Affiliations | Premiere Networks
United Stations Radio Networks |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Radiojones, LLC |
| Sister stations | WEDB, WJAT, WXRS-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | 1978 |
| Former call signs | WXRS (1978–2006)
WRJS (2006–2009) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 36203 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 2,500 watts day
23 watts night |
| Transmitter coordinates | 32°33′25.00″N 82°20′29.00″W / 32.5569444°N 82.3413889°W / 32.5569444; -82.3413889 |
| Translator(s) | 93.5 W228EB (Swainsboro)
97.1 W246BQ (Swainsboro) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | therocket971.com |


title: La Libération de Paris

abstract: La Libération de Paris is a short historical documentary film shot in secret by small units of the French Resistance during the Battle for Paris in August 1944.

text:
# La Libération de Paris

***La Libération de Paris*** (*The Liberation of Paris*) is a short historical documentary film shot in secret by small units of the French Resistance during the Battle for Paris in August 1944.

## Production

In 1943, a group of French filmmakers, which included Louis Daquin, Jean Grémillon, Jacques Becker, and Pierre Renoir (Jean's brother), founded the Comité de libération du cinéma français. Technicians from this group filmed the uprising in Paris from its beginnings on August 19, 1944, and the footage was developed and edited for the film, which was released to French theaters on September 1, 1944, immediately after the German departure from the occupied territories.

1. Le Journal de la Résistance : La Libération de Paris, National Audiovisual Institute, September 1st, 1944
2. Hoffmann, Hilmar (1997-01-01). *The Triumph of Propaganda*. John A. Broadwin and Volker Rolf Berghahn, translators. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781571811226. Retrieved 2009-08-05.

## InfoBox

| La Libération de Paris
l'insurrection Nationale inséparable de la Libération Nationale | |
| --- | --- |
| Titlescreen | |
| Directed by | André Zwobada |
| Written by | Pierre Bost |
| Starring | Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque
Charles de Gaulle
Georges Bidault
Alexandre Parodi
Marie-Pierre Koenig
Alphonse Juin
Brigitte Servan-Schreiber |
| Narrated by | Pierre Blanchar |
| Distributed by | Le Comité de Libération du Cinéma Français
France Libre Actualités |
| Release date | * September 1, 1944 (1944-09-01) |
| Running time | 31:27 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Idlewild (novel)

abstract: Idlewild is a science fiction novel by American writer Nick Sagan, published in 2003. It is the first of a trilogy, with sequels Edenborn and Everfree. The story is split between two settings: the middle of the 21st century and a generation later. It is a picture of the last ten people on earth, a near-complete pantheon of gods and goddesses.

text:
# Idlewild (novel)

***Idlewild*** is a science fiction novel by American writer Nick Sagan, published in 2003. It is the first of a trilogy, with sequels *Edenborn* and *Everfree*. The story is split between two settings: the middle of the 21st century (told through interludes and distinguished from the main story by italics) and a generation later. It is a picture of the last ten people on earth, a near-complete pantheon of gods and goddesses.

## Plot

The backstory is revealed in interludes throughout the book. In the middle of the 21st century, a retrovirus called *Black Ep* renders all of humanity infertile, and causes people to die. In the lab of a major German-American genetic research facility, a group of scientists are working on a project to save humanity by raising ten genetically altered children in immersive virtual reality. To test the efficiency of the software, one of the scientists, Halfway Jim, uses a program designed to be as close to a real child as possible, to run through the virtual lives the children will lead. Out of sentimentality, Jim's dying act is to integrate this program, which he names Malachi, into the virtual reality environment.

The main story follows one of the virtual "students," a young man named Halloween, who wakes up with total amnesia and must piece together what he can of the world around him. Halloween meets nine other students: Jasmine, Mercutio, Pandora, Simone, Isaac, Lazarus, Vashti, Tyler, Champagne, and Fantasia. Fan, Mercutio, Hal, and Tyler are known as the "clods," who misbehave, while Simone, Isaac, Lazarus, Vashti, Champagne, and Pan are the "pets," who study and follow all of the rules. The digital teacher of the school is named Maestro, but the clods call him Mae$tro (pronounced 'Maeshtro') and do not respect him. Each student is given a digital world that they may edit to their liking and a "Nanny," a digital being that can help a student with anything they need help with.

Mercutio asks Halloween if he'd like some food, and they decide to dine at the Taj Mahal. Mercutio begins to order a steak, but halfway through his order, the entire world freezes up. Mercutio has triggered a jammer so that he and Hal can escape the virtual world, and they both wake up in their beds in the school. They decide to visit their favorite diner, Twain's, and enjoy a nice meal before Merc decides to head back to IVR. Halloween calls his parents and reports that he is dropping out. After a long discussion with both his parents and Ellison, the school's headmaster, Halloween is sent back to the virtual world.

Halloween "graduates" all of the remaining students, waking them up from the virtual world. They decide to fulfill Gedaechtnis' plans for them to rebuild the world, but Halloween rejects the plan. The book ends with Halloween standing in the woods of Michigan, angry at the world for robbing him of his illusions, the girl he loved and his two best friends.

## Reception

*Kirkus Reviews* wrote that while the book "might seem a rather lumbering affair when laid out", it "nips along quite nicely, deftly sidestepping the overly drawn-out or too-fraught-with-meaning scenarios one might expect from this apocalyptic masquerade." *Publishers Weekly* wrote that "Despite a compelling twist near the middle, the low tension and meandering plot will likely frustrate the primary target audience, mainstream fans of such futuristic action films as The Matrix and Minority Report." Ann Kim of *Library Journal* wrote that despite "occasionally reading more like a drawn-out short story rather than a novel", the book is a "fine debut by a writer with potential to grow".

Sally Estes of *Booklist* wrote that Sagan "captures perfectly the voice and actions of a rebellious, extremely intelligent teenager." Gerald Jonas of *The New York Times* wrote that the book is "long on visuals, short on narrative logic and, surprisingly, weak on science."

## Sequels

A sequel, *Edenborn*, was published in 2004. A second sequel, *Everfree*, was published in May 2006.

## Bibliographical information

## InfoBox

Idlewild
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Nick Sagan |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Putnam (US)<br>Bantam Books (UK) |
| Publication date | 2003 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 295 |
| ISBN | 0-399-15097-8 |
| OCLC | 51652945 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.6 21 |
| LC Class | PS3619.A36 I35 2003 |
| Followed by | *Edenborn* |


title: Old Style 1751

abstract: This is the calendar for Old Style 1751, which began on Monday, 25 March, in England. The Old Style year 1751 ended on 31 December, unlike England's typical Old Style calendar, which ended with the following March, on 24 March. Hence, 1751 was the final year to begin on 25 March, and Old Style 1752 began on 1 January (Wednesday), in England, Wales, Ireland, or the American colonies (etc.), as a transition year to the New Style (N.S.) Gregorian calendar. However, both calendars had been in dual use in some regions, for many years. Note that Scotland already used a calendar beginning 1 January to 31 December, as adopted since 1600, while England had continued to begin the new year on 25 March, until 1752.

text:
# Old Style 1751

This is the calendar for **Old Style 1751**, which began on Monday, 25 March, in England (and related regions). The Old Style year 1751 ended on 31 December, unlike England's typical Old Style calendar, which ended with the following March, on 24 March. Hence, 1751 was the final year to begin on 25 March, and Old Style 1752 began on 1 January (Wednesday), in England, Wales, Ireland, or the American colonies (etc.), as a transition year to the New Style (N.S.) Gregorian calendar. However, both calendars had been in dual use in some regions, for many years.

Note that Scotland already used a calendar beginning 1 January to 31 December, as adopted since 1600, while England (and related regions) had continued to begin the new year on 25 March, until 1752.

| Century | Old Style Year | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Sixteenth century**: | 1510 | 1521 | 1527 | 1538 | 1549 | 1555 | 1566 | 1577 | 1583 | 1594 |
| **Seventeenth century**: | 1605 | 1611 | 1622 | 1633 | 1639 | 1650 | 1661 | 1667 | 1678 | 1689 | 1695 |
| **Eighteenth century**: | 1706 | 1717 | 1723 | 1734 | 1745 | 1751 |


title: Olenegorsk Radar Station

abstract: Olenegorsk Radar Station is the site of a Soviet and Russian early warning radar. It is located near Olenegorsk on the Kola Peninsula, north of the Arctic Circle in north west Russia. It is considered to be a key part of the Russian early warning system against ballistic missile attack, and provides coverage of ballistic missile launches in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea. The station is operated by the Russian Space Forces. The military town for the station is called Olenegorsk-1 and is at the village of Protoki. The station is 19 kilometres (12 mi) east of Olenya airbase and 27 kilometres (17 mi) east of Olenegorsk. 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the south east there was a military tropospheric scatter radio relay station.

text:
# Olenegorsk Radar Station

**Olenegorsk Radar Station** (also described as **Olenegorsk-1** (Russian: Оленегорск-1) or **Murmansk**) is the site of a Soviet and Russian early warning radar. It is located near Olenegorsk on the Kola Peninsula, north of the Arctic Circle in north west Russia. It is considered to be a key part of the Russian early warning system against ballistic missile attack, and provides coverage of ballistic missile launches in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea. The station is operated by the Russian Space Forces.

The military town for the station is called Olenegorsk-1 and is at the village of Protoki (Russian: Протоки). The station is 19 kilometres (12 mi) east of Olenya airbase and 27 kilometres (17 mi) east of Olenegorsk. 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the south east there was a military tropospheric scatter radio relay station.

## Radar

Olenegorsk was the site of one of the first two early warning radars in the Soviet Union, the other being at Skrunda-1. The Dnestr-M radar (NATO codename: "Hen House") was started in 1963 and completed in 1969, entering service in 1971.

A Daugava radar (NATO codename:"Pechora") was later built next to it. This is a prototype Daryal receiver, a phased array receiver which worked with the Dnestr acting as a transmitter. The Daugava, which is still operational, was implemented in Olenegorsk to minimise interference caused by the Northern Lights.

## Voronezh

It is planned to replace the Dnestr-M/Daugava radars at Olenegorsk with the new generation of Russian early warning radar systems, the Voronezh radar. According to news reports a new Voronezh radar will start construction in 2017, replacing both existing radars.

## InfoBox

| Olenegorsk Radar Station | |
| --- | --- |
| *Оленегорск РЛС* | |
| Murmansk, NW Russia | |
| An image of the site from landsat. The Dnepr is the wide V-shaped building, and the Daugava is the block to the north east. | |
| Olenegorsk Radar Station | |
| Coordinates | 68°06′51″N 33°54′37″E / 68.1141°N 33.9102°E / 68.1141; 33.9102 |
| Type | Radar Station |
| Code | RO-1 |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Russian Aerospace Forces |
| Controlled by | Russian Space Forces |
| Condition | operational |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1963 (1963) |
| Built by | Soviet Union |
| Garrison information | |
| Garrison | 57th Independent Radio-Technical Unit |


title: Perumba River

abstract: The Perumba River is a 51 km long river which flows through the Kannur and Kasargod districts of the Malabar region in Kerala, India. The town of Payyannur is situated on the banks of this river subsequently the river is locally known as Payyannur River.

text:
# Perumba River

The **Perumba River** is a 51 km long river which flows through the Kannur and Kasargod districts of the Malabar region in Kerala, India. The town of Payyannur is situated on the banks of this river subsequently the river is locally known as Payyannur River.

## Course

The Perumba River originates in the foothills of the Western Ghats near Thimiry in the hilly eastern part of the Kannur district. The river then flows through several hilly towns of Kannur district namely, Vellora, Palathadathil, Panapuzha, Kuttur and Mathamangalam. Then it enters into the Malabar plains where it flows through the towns of Kadannappally, Kanayi, Kandankaly and Kungimangalam. At reaching Kungimangalam it splits into two distributaries, one flows towards north passing through Payyannur and empties into the Kavvai estuary along with the Kuppam river.The second distributary turns south flowing through Theckumbad, Palakode, Madayi and eventually emptying into the Arabian Sea near the Ezhimala hill.

## Tributaries

* Vannathipuzha: This tributary originates from Alakkode-Eramam-Kuttoor region of Western Ghats and flows through Mathamangalam. The Perumba River is also known as Panappuzha near Mathamangalam.
* Kallamkulam Totti/Pangadam Thodu: Two arms of this tributary originate from the east and south side of Kallamkunnu near Echilamvayal. It flows through Thotti and Orikkamvay Vayal. It then flows through Korom and merges with the Perumba River near Korom kaipad.


title: Ward Chamberlin

abstract: Ward Chamberlin was the president of the US TV channel WETA for fifteen years. During his career he was also executive vice president at WNET in New York and senior vice president for PBS. He retired from public broadcasting in 2003. Ward was one of the founders of AFS Intercultural Programs and is among the veterans featured in Ken Burns' documentary The War.

text:
# Ward Chamberlin

**Ward Chamberlin** (4 August 1921 – 23 February 2017) was the president of the US TV channel WETA for fifteen years. During his career he was also executive vice president at WNET in New York and senior vice president for PBS. He retired from public broadcasting in 2003. Ward was one of the founders of AFS Intercultural Programs and is among the veterans featured in Ken Burns' documentary *The War*.

## InfoBox

| Ward Chamberlin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 4 August 1921 |
| Died | February 23, 2017(2017-02-23) (aged 95) |
| Occupation | Public broadcasting executive |
| Spouse | Anne Chamberlin (m. 1945; divorced) |


title: Greater tubercle

abstract: The greater tubercle of the humerus is the outward part the upper end of that bone, adjacent to the large rounded prominence of the humerus head. It provides attachment points for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles, three of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, a muscle group that stabilizes the shoulder joint. In doing so the tubercle acts as a location for the transfer of forces from the rotator cuff muscles to the humerus.

text:
# Greater tubercle

The **greater tubercle** of the humerus is the outward part the upper end of that bone, adjacent to the large rounded prominence of the humerus head. It provides attachment points for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles, three of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, a muscle group that stabilizes the shoulder joint. In doing so the tubercle acts as a location for the transfer of forces from the rotator cuff muscles to the humerus.

## Structure

The upper surface of the greater tubercle is rounded, and marked by three flat impressions:

The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body of the humerus. It can be described as having a cranial and a caudal part.

Between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle is the bicipital groove (intertubercular sulcus).

## Function

All three of the muscles that attach to the greater tubercle are part of the rotator cuff, a muscle group that stabilizes the shoulder joint. The greater tubercle therefore acts as a location for the transfer of forces from the rotator cuff muscles to the humerus.

The fourth muscle of the rotator cuff (subscapularis muscle) does not attach to the greater tubercle, but instead attaches to the lesser tubercle.

## Clinical significance

The greater tubercle is usually the easiest part of the humerus to palpate. It can be a useful surface landmark during surgery.

## Additional images

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 209 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

1. Glass, Kati G.; Watkins, Jeffrey P. (2019-01-01), Auer, Jörg A.; Stick, John A.; Kümmerle, Jan M.; Prange, Timo (eds.), "Chapter 97 - Humerus", *Equine Surgery (Fifth Edition)*, W.B. Saunders, pp. 1690–1699, ISBN 978-0-323-48420-6, retrieved 2021-01-08
2. Johnson, Kenneth A. (2014-01-01), Johnson, Kenneth A. (ed.), "Section 5 - The Forelimb", *Piermattei's Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat (Fifth Edition)*, St. Louis: W.B. Saunders, pp. 158–309, ISBN 978-1-4377-1634-4, retrieved 2021-01-08

## InfoBox

| Greater tubercle | |
| --- | --- |
| Left humerus. Anterior view. (Greater tubercle visible at right.) | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *tuberculum majus humeri* |
| TA98 | A02.4.04.005 |
| TA2 | 1184 |
| FMA | 23390 |
| Anatomical terms of bone | |