title: Rubén Ortiz Torres

abstract: Rubén Ortiz Torres is a Mexican photographer, painter, sculptor, film and video producer.

text:
# Rubén Ortiz Torres

**Rubén Ortiz Torres** (born February 27, 1964) is a Mexican photographer, painter, sculptor, film and video producer.

## Biography

He was the subject of the mid-career survey show *Desmothernismo* at the Huntington Beach Art Center, a show which toured to the Museo Universitario de Ciencias y Arte in Mexico City. His low-rider/video installation "Alien Toy" was shown as part of the InSite show in San Diego in 1997 then in 1998 at Track 16 in Los Angeles. He co-directed the feature-length experimental documentary *Frontierland* with Jesse Lerner in 1995.

Ortiz has been a Faculty Member in the Department of Visual Arts at the University of California, San Diego. Ortiz publishes a blog entitled *For The Record*. He received his MFA from the California Institute of the Arts in 1992.

"Customization characterizes the art of Rubén Ortiz Torres in almost all media and offers an alternative avenue for approaching the issues of globalization so central to our current 'New World Order' and the various, sometimes conflicted, responses to this newest form of Euro-American dominance." (Chavoya)

Ortiz is noted as "one of the first artists in Mexico to position himself with-in Post-Modernisim." (Debroise p296)

## Works

* Alien Toyz(1997/1998)
* Hi n' Lo (2008)

### Photographic series

* MexiPunx
    + Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man
    + La última cena (The Last Supper)
* Apparitions
* Hall of Mirrors
* American Monarchy
* Raza Cósmica
* Adoration of The Magi
* Naturaleza Life Still Muerta
* The Past is not What it Used to Be
    + Apocalipsis Maya

## Education

* 1993– Grant, National Council for Culture and Arts, National System for Creators, Mexico City, Mexico.
* 1990-1992- Master in Plastic Arts,California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, CA, USA.
* 1983-1988- Bachelor in Visual Arts, Escuela de Artes Plásticas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
* 1981– School of Design, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.

## Film and video

* 1986: "La Ciudad Rota" 3/4", Mexico City
* 1991: "How to Read Macho Mouse" 3/4", 8min 21 sec., L.A. Chingadera Productions (produced in collaboration with Aaron Anish), Cal Arts, Valencia, CA
* 1991: "The Fence", 10 min 13 sec., ChiL.A.ngo Productions, Cal Arts, Valencia, CA
* 1992: "Custom Mambo", 3/4" 5 min 13 sec., ChiL.A.ngo Productions, Cal Arts, Valencia, CA
* 1995: "Frontierland" (produced in collaboration with Jesse Lerner) 16mm/Betacam SP, 77min. ITVS, U.S. Mexico Fund for Culture, Banff Center for the Arts
* 1997: "Alien Toy", 3/4" SP, 8 mins., Raza Cosmica Productions, Los Angeles
* 2000: "La Zamba Del Chevy" 3D DVD 5 min. 56 sec., Raza Cósmica Productions, Los Angeles
* 2001: "Spectacle/ Spaztec Aztec Visits the Alamo" (produced in collaboration with Jimmy Mendiola\_, 3D, DVD 5 min. 5 sec.
* 2002: "El Bodhisattva" (produced in collaboration with Eduardo Abaroa), DV 5 min. 55 sec. (continuous loop), Calimocho Styles, Los Angeles
* 2003: "Second Generation" (produced in collaboration with Eduardo Abaroa), DV 5 min. 39 sec. (continuous loop), Calimocho Styles, Los Angeles
* 2003: "Backyard Boogie Woogie" Looping DVD, Raza Cósmica Productions, Los Angeles
* 2003: P2-3D (produced in collaboration with Yoshua Okón), 3D DVD, 14 min., Calimocho Styles, Los Angeles
* 2003: "Mapping of the Mascott Genome" (produced in collaboration with Jimmy Mendiola) 2 synched DVDs on vertical Monitors, Bad Ass Pictures, Los Angeles
* 2004: "If Manhattan Doesn't Go to the Mountain ...", DV 60 min. (continuous loop), Raza Cósmica Productions, New York
* 2005: "Manhattan Dub" (with Music by Double Horizontal), DV 6 min. 2 sec., Lo Rez Crimez Productions, New York
* 2006: "The Dream of Reason Still Produces Monsters" DV 13 min. 7 sec., (continuous loop, projected in corner), Raza Cosmica Productions, Los Angeles
* 2012 "Retrospective in a New York Minute" DV 1 minute (continuous loop), Raza Cósmica Productions, Los Angeles

## Books

* 1990: *Posturas Tes Ensayos Sobre Realismo, Arte e Identidad en Cierto Arte de Fin de Siglo*, Universidad Nacional Autóma de México, Mexico City, 90pp.
* 1993: *The Big Sweep/La Gran Limpieza* (with Steve Callis, Leslie Ernst and Sandra Ramirez), California Classics Books, Los Angeles 64pp.
* 1997: *Murder in My Suite/Bienvendos al Hotel California*, (with Steve Callis, Leslie Ernst and Sandra Ramirez) John Brown Books, Salem, OR, 64pp.
* 1998: *Desmothernismo* (with essays by Tyler Stallings and David Green), co-published by Smart Art Press, Santa Monica, CA, Huntington Beach Art Center, Huntington Beach, CA, and Travesísas, Guadalajara Mexico 72pp.

## Public collections

## Collaborators

* Eduardo Abaroa (Calimocho Styles)
* Aaron Anish (Chingaladeria Productions)
* Dewey Ambrosino (Lo Rez Crimez)
* Steven Callis (The Big Sweep, Murder in My Suite)
* Jesse Lerner (Frontierland)
* Konstantinos Mavromacalis (Lo Rez Crimez)
* Jimmy Mendiola (The A-Files, Bad Ass Pictures)
* Yoshua Okon (P2-3D)
* Francesco Siqueiros (Blood and Oil)
* Jay S. Johnson (Hi n' Lo)

## Awards and grants

* 2000– Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, New York, USA.
* 1999– Prize, Comfort Tiffany Foundation, New York, USA.
* 1999– Grant, UC Mexus, University of California in San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
* 1999– National Fund for Culture and Arts (FONCA), Artes Visuales, Mexico City.
* 1997– Prize, Andrea Frank Foundation, New York, USA.
* 1997– National System of Art Creators, National Council for Culture and Arts, Mexico City.
* 1996– Special mention, Festival Cinematográfico Internacional del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.
* 1996– Special Jury Prize, Cinefestival, San Antonio, TX, USA.
* 1995– Memory/History Residence Program, The Banff Center for the Arts, Banff, Canada.
* 1993– National System of Art Creators, National Council for Culture and Arts, Mexico City.
* 1993– I.T.V.S., P.B.S. (Grant shared with Jesse Lerner), Saint Paul, MN, USA.
* 1993– US-Mexico Fund for Culture (Prize shared with Jesse Lerner)
* 1990– Fulbright Grant, USA.
* 1987– Salón Nacional de Pintura, Mexico City.
* 1986– Encuentro Nacional de Arte Joven, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
* 1985– Special Prize (shared with Diego Toledo and Emmanuel Lubezki), Sección de Espacios Alternativos, Mexico City.
* 1985– First Prize, Pinturas, BSO, Milan, Italy.
* 1985– Honorable Mention, Cuarto Encuentro Nacional de Arte Joven, Casa de la Cultura de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico, and Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City.
* 1983– First Honorable Mention in Illustration, Punto de Partida, UNAM, Mexico City.


title: Mircea Snegur

abstract: Mircea Snegur was a Moldovan agronomist and politician who served as the first President of Moldova from 1990 to 1997. Prior to that, he served as the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR from 1989 to 1990 and chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 27 April to 3 September 1990.

text:
# Mircea Snegur

**Mircea Snegur** (pronounced \[ˈmirtʃe̯a ˈsneɡur\]; 17 January 1940 – 13 September 2023) was a Moldovan agronomist and politician who served as the first President of Moldova from 1990 to 1997. Prior to that, he served as the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR from 1989 to 1990 and chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 27 April to 3 September 1990.

## Early life and education

Snegur was born on 17 January 1940 in Trifănești, then Kingdom of Romania. In 1957, Snegur graduated from the high school in Frumușica, Florești District, and went on to study at the Agricultural State University of Moldova, from which he graduated in 1961, and where he completed a PhD in agricultural sciences at the university's Department of Animal Husbandry in 1972.

## Professional career

As a trained agronomist, Snegur worked as the director of kolkhoz in the village of Lunga, Florești District, from 1961 to 1968. From 1968 to 1973, he was the director of the Experimental Station of Field Crops. From 1973 to 1978, Snegur was the director of the Main Agricultural Science Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture. From 1978 to 1981, he worked as the general director of the Selectia Research Institute of Field Crops in Bălți.

## Early political career

Snegur was a member of the Communist Party of Moldova from 1964 until 1990.

In 1981, he became the secretary of the Communist Party committee of Edineț District, an office he held until 1985. That year, he became Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, serving until 1989. On 26 March 1989 Snegur was elected member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union in the 11th and 12th convocations.

On 29 July 1989, Snegur was appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Moldavia, serving in this role until 27 April 1990. During his term, he supported the bill to make Moldovan the official language and the return of the tricolor flag of Moldova. On 27 April, he became the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Moldavian SSR. On 3 September, he became President of the Moldavian SSR.

## Presidency (1991–1997)

On 23 May 1991, Snegur became the president of the Republic of Moldova, still a constituent republic of the USSR. on 27 August 1991, Moldova declared its independence from the Soviet Union and Snegur became the first president of Moldova as an independent state. Snegur decided to run as an independent candidate in the December 1991 presidential election, running unopposed after the Popular Front's efforts to organize a voter boycott failed.

On 3 September 1991, Snegur created the National Army of Moldova. In December 1991, Snegur signed the act that made Moldova a full member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and on 2 March 1992, Moldova became a member of the United Nations. In July, Snegur signed with Russian president Boris Yeltsin a treaty to mark the end of the Transnistrian War. On 29 June 1994, a new Constitution of Moldova was adopted, and on 26 June 1995, Moldova was admitted as a member of the Council of Europe.

### Unification with Romania

In an address to the Parliament of Romania in February 1991, Snegur spoke of a common identity of Moldovans and Romanians, referring to the "Romanians of both sides of the Prut River". Despite this Snegur proved to be opposed to immediate reunification with Romania, which led to a split with the Popular Front of Moldova in October 1991. He instead sported the idea of a political union that would keep the political sovereignty of each state whilst engaging in economic and military cooperation (known as the "one people, two States" plan).

### Later years of presidency (1995–1997)

In 1995, Snegur founded the Party of Rebirth and Conciliation of Moldova with former members of the Agrarian Party of Moldova. Snegur ran as the Party of Rebirth and Conciliation's candidate in the 1996 presidential election, where he won a plurality, but not a majority, of votes in the first round. However, Parliamentary speaker Petru Lucinschi surprised the nation with an upset victory over Snegur in the second round. Snegur continued as President until 15 January 1997.

He published his memoirs in the book "Labyrinth of Destiny: memoirs" in 2007.

## Personal life

In 1960, he married Georgeta Snegur (23 April 1937 – 23 December 2019), and had a daughter, Natalia Gherman, who was acting prime minister of Moldova in 2015, and a son.

### Death

Snegur died on 13 September 2023, at age 83. President Maia Sandu declared mourning day for 16 September with a nationwide minute of silence at 12:00 PM. The state funeral took place on 16 September, with an early memorial service in the Nativity Cathedral of Chișinău, and the coffin was laid to rest at the Palace of the Republic, from where the funeral procession left, passing through Great National Assembly Square until arriving at the Central Cemetery, where he was buried.

## Honours and awards

## InfoBox

| Mircea SnegurOR | |
| --- | --- |
| Snegur in 1996 | |
|  | |
| 1st President of Moldova | |
| **In office**
3 September 1990  15 January 1997 | |
| Prime Minister |  |
| Succeeded by | Petru Lucinschi |
| Member of the Moldovan Parliament | |
| **In office**
21 April 1998  20 March 2001 | |
| Parliamentary group | Democratic Convention |
| **In office**
17 April 1990  3 September 1990 | |
| Constituency | Nisporeni |
| Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of SSR Moldova | |
| **In office**
27 April 1990  3 September 1990 | |
| Premier |  |
| Preceded by | Ion Ciobanu |
| Succeeded by | Alexandru Moșanu |
| Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR | |
| **In office**
29 July 1989  17 April 1990 | |
| Premier |  |
| Preceded by | Alexandru Mocanu |
| People's Deputy of the Soviet Union | |
| **In office**
26 March 1989  29 July 1989 | |
| Constituency | Soroca |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1940-01-17)17 January 1940
Trifănești, Kingdom of Romania |
| Died | 13 September 2023(2023-09-13) (aged 83)
Chișinău, Moldova |
| Resting place | Chișinău Central Cemetery |
| Nationality | Moldovan |
| Political party | Independent |
| Other political
affiliations | PRCM (1995–2002)
PCM (1964–1990) |
| Spouse | Georgeta Snegur  (m. 1960; died 2019) |
| Children | 2, including Natalia Gherman |
| Alma mater | State Agrarian University of Moldova |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Oman women's national futsal team

abstract: The Oman women's national futsal team represents Oman in international women's futsal competitions and is controlled by the Oman Football Association.

text:
# Oman women's national futsal team

The **Oman women's national futsal team** represents Oman in international women's futsal competitions and is controlled by the Oman Football Association.

## History

The Oman Football Association inaugurated its first women's national futsal team in May 2022. This followed the launch of the women's futsal league for the 2019–20 season. Plans to establish a women's national futsal team was announced as early as 2019.

Their first tournament was the 2022 WAFF Women's Futsal Championship.

## Results and fixtures

Legend

Win   Draw   Lose   Fixture

## Competitive record

### WAFF Women's Futsal Championship

| WAFF Women's Futsal Championship record | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hosts / Year | Result | GP | W | D* | L | GS | GA | GD |
| 2008 | *Did not enter (team did not exist)* | | | | | | | |
| 2012 | |
| 2022 | Group stage | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 11 | -10 |
| **Total** | **1/3** | **2** | **0** | **0** | **2** | **1** | **11** | **-10** |

## InfoBox

Oman
| Association | Oman Football Association |
| --- | --- |
| Confederation | AFC (Asia) |
| FIFA code | OMA |
| First international | |
| Oman 1–6 Kuwait
(Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 18 June 2022) | |
| Biggest defeat | |
| Oman 1–6 Kuwait
(Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 18 June 2022)
Saudi Arabia 5–0 Oman
(Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 20 June 2022) | |
| AFC Women's Futsal Championship | |
| Appearances | 0 |


title: Oligodranes

abstract: Oligodranes is a genus of bee flies in the family Bombyliidae, the sole genus of the subfamily Oligodraninae.

text:
# Oligodranes

***Oligodranes*** is a genus of bee flies in the family Bombyliidae, the sole genus of the subfamily **Oligodraninae**.

## Species

These three species belong to the genus *Oligodranes*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## InfoBox

| *Oligodranes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Bombyliidae |
| Subfamily: | Oligodraninae
Evenhuis, 1990 |
| Genus: | *Oligodranes*
Loew, 1844 |
|


abstract: The Anglo-Australian Near-Earth Asteroid Survey (AANEAS) operated from 1990 to 1996, becoming one of the most prolific programs of its type in the world. Apart from leading to the discovery of 38 near-Earth asteroids, 9 comets, 63 supernovae, several other astronomical phenomena and the delivery of a substantial proportion of all NEA astrometry obtained worldwide, AANEAS also led to many other scientific advances which were reported in the refereed literature.

text:
# Anglo-Australian Near-Earth Asteroid Survey

The **Anglo-Australian Near-Earth Asteroid Survey** (**AANEAS**) operated from 1990 to 1996, becoming one of the most prolific programs of its type in the world. Apart from leading to the discovery of 38 near-Earth asteroids, 9 comets, 63 supernovae, several other astronomical phenomena and the delivery of a substantial proportion of all NEA astrometry obtained worldwide (e.g., 30% in 1994–95), AANEAS also led to many other scientific advances which were reported in the refereed literature.


title: Hymn of the 3rd Galaxy

abstract: Hymn of the 3rd Galaxy is the third album by American experimental power trio Free Form Funky Frēqs, featuring guitarist Vernon Reid, electric bassist Jamaaladeen Tacuma, and drummer Grant Calvin Weston. It was recorded during 2020–2021 at the musicians' home studios, and was released in 2022 by Ropeadope Records. The album title pays tribute to the 1973 Return to Forever recording Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy. Reid reflected: "That record was very important in my development... Bill Connors' playing on it is so full of fire, but it's also emotionally vulnerable in a way. I was very affected by the compositions, as well." The titles of most of the individual tracks refer to parts of the Milky Way galaxy. The musicians are adamant about performing and recording without preconceptions, soundchecks, or rehearsals, and because they play together so infrequently, they are able to assign a number to each encounter, with Hymn of the 3rd Galaxy being the result of meeting number 73. Unlike the previous two FFFF albums, the recording was assembled in an asynchronous fashion, with the musicians contributing tracks from their home studios. In an effort to preserve spontaneity, they insisted that there be no fixes, overdubs, or retakes; Tacuma recalled: "I just closed my eyes and pretended I was onstage with those guys."

text:
# Hymn of the 3rd Galaxy

***Hymn of the 3rd Galaxy*** is the third album by American experimental power trio Free Form Funky Frēqs, featuring guitarist Vernon Reid, electric bassist Jamaaladeen Tacuma, and drummer Grant Calvin Weston. It was recorded during 2020–2021 at the musicians' home studios, and was released in 2022 by Ropeadope Records.

The album title pays tribute to the 1973 Return to Forever recording *Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy*. Reid reflected: "That record was very important in my development... Bill Connors' playing on it is so full of fire, but it's also emotionally vulnerable in a way. I was very affected by the compositions, as well." The titles of most of the individual tracks refer to parts of the Milky Way galaxy.

The musicians are adamant about performing and recording without preconceptions, soundchecks, or rehearsals, and because they play together so infrequently, they are able to assign a number to each encounter, with *Hymn of the 3rd Galaxy* being the result of meeting number 73. Unlike the previous two FFFF albums, the recording was assembled in an asynchronous fashion, with the musicians contributing tracks from their home studios. In an effort to preserve spontaneity, they insisted that there be no fixes, overdubs, or retakes; Tacuma recalled: "I just closed my eyes and pretended I was onstage with those guys."

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Tom Hull – on the Web | B+ |

In an article for *NPR Music*, Kevin Whitehead noted that the musicians are "heedless of category, blending jazz, funk, R&B, rock and a little space music," and praised their "lively, rhythmic crosstalk." He wrote: "These days, a few top jazz guitarists demonstrate their restraint and good taste on record. So it's bracing to hear Vernon Reid crank it up to 11 and wail so often on the album."

*The New York City Jazz Record'*s John Pietaro stated: "the new album... has impeccable sound, and the improvisations are muscular, melodic and beautifully head-arranged... the selections carry the ear through space and a sound-array of chromatic basslines and pained blues melodies snagged in a sound thicket... Ornette's spirit is never far off, wrapped in decades of voluminous, liberating music."

David R. Adler of *Premier Guitar* commented: "what explains FFFF's ability to create together on the fly is musical intelligence and empathetic listening." He described Reid's contribution as "an amalgam of raw, plugged-in lead guitar crunch and otherwordly sonic glitter: notes that start as notes but become starbursts, or decay like pyrotechnic embers; chordal shapes that overlap and gather into big nebulous clouds."

## Track listing

All music composed by Vernon Reid, Jamaaladeen Tacuma, and Grant Calvin Weston.

1. "Earth" – 3:06
2. "Galactic Bar" – 2:10
3. "Near Arm" – 6:49
4. "Far 3 kpc" – 3:48
5. "Outer Arm" – 5:23
6. "Orion Spur" – 4:39
7. "Perseus Arm" – 2:57
8. "Sagittarius Arm" – 2:57
9. "Scutum Centaurus" – 3:57
10. "Sun" – 5:30
11. "Galactic Longitude" – 0:35

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Hymn of the 3rd Galaxy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Free Form Funky Frēqs | |
| Released | 2022 |
| Recorded | 2020–2021 |
| Studio | Sound Scape Recording Lab, Philadelphia; Tacuma Express Studios, Philadelphia; DharmaLab Shaolin, Staten Island, New York |
| Genre | Jazz-funk |
| Label | Ropeadope |
| Producer | Grant Calvin Weston, Jamaaladeen Tacuma, Vernon Reid |
| Free Form Funky Frēqs chronology | |
| *Bon Vivant*
(2013) ***Hymn of the 3rd Galaxy***
(2022) | |


title: United States v. Gotcher

abstract: United States v. Gotcher, 401 F.2d 118, is a tax case from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.

text:
# United States v. Gotcher

**United States v. Gotcher**, 401 F.2d 118 (5th Cir. 1968), is a tax case from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.

## Facts

This case involved a twelve-day expense-paid trip to Germany for Mr. and Mrs. Gotcher to tour Volkswagen facilities in Germany. The trip cost $1,372.30. Mr. Gotcher’s employer, Economy Motors, paid $348.73 while the remainder, $1,023.53, was paid by Volkswagen of Germany and Volkswagen of America. Mr. and Mrs. Gotcher failed to include any part of the $1,372.30 in gross income for income tax purposes for 1960. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue assessed a tax deficiency after determining the taxpayers (the Gotchers) had realized income of $1,372.30 from the trip. The Gotchers paid the deficiency and filed suit for a refund. The district court held that the cost of the trip was not income, or in the alternative, that the cost of the trip was income and deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense.

## Issue

At issue was whether the cost of the trip was taxable income to Mr. and Mrs. Gotcher under Section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code.

## Analysis and holding

For an item to constitute taxable income to the taxpayer, there must be economic gain to the taxpayer, and the economic gain must primarily benefit the taxpayer personally. The Gotchers received an indirect economic gain by receiving a benefit (the value of the trip) without any reduction in their wealth. The court considered the specific details of the trip, including the purpose of the trip, time spent in meetings, the location of day trips, and whether the trip was an award for past service. The court conducted this analysis for the purpose of determining whether the primary benefit of the trip was to the Gotchers or whether the primary benefit of the trip was to Volkswagen and the employers.

The court referenced Section 119 of the Internal Revenue Code, which excludes from the gross income of an employee "the value of meals and lodging furnished to him for the convenience of the employer," as guidance for the decision. The court also cited the case *McDonell v. Commissioner*, 26 T.C.M. 115, Tax Ct. Mem. 1967-18. *McDonnell* held that a taxpayer received no income when he was required by his employer to go on a business trip and that he was serving a legitimate business purpose even if he enjoyed the trip.

The Fifth Circuit reversed in part and affirmed in part the lower court decision. The court found that the agenda was related primarily to business, the details of the trip were primarily controlled by Volkswagen, and that Mr. Gotcher's attendance was prompted by business considerations, primarily, to induce Mr. Gotcher to take interest in a Volkswagen dealership when Volkswagen was attempting to expand in the United States. Thus, the primary benefit of the trip was to Volkswagen as far as Mr. Gotcher was concerned, and thus the cost of trip was not income to him.

However, the Court found that for Mrs. Gotcher, the trip was primarily a vacation. She did not attend discussions with Volkswagen or their dealers or make tours with her husband. Thus, the expenses attributable to Mrs. Gotcher should be included in Mr. Gotcher's income. Her attendance was primarily to his personal benefit, and there was no evidence on the record that her presence served a bona fide business purpose.

## Impact of decision

For income tax purposes, the case is notable for the articulation of the "primary benefit to the provider doctrine." If individual receives an economic gain, but the primary benefit is to the provider of the gain, then such gain is not income to the individual. The articulation of the doctrine is open to question, as almost all payments could be characterized as providing the primary benefit to the provider. A business only pays employees for the benefit of labor which will provide greater returns than expenses and contract consideration is only furnished to receive a preferred gain. However, employee income (as compensation for services) and contract consideration (as compensation for services, gains from dealings in property, and many other categories) are regularly taxed.

That this case attributes income only to Mrs. Gotcher, clearly diminishes any benefit derived from her presence in Germany to Mr. Gotcher's employer, or the Volkswagens. Although the evidence was nonexistent as to her presence being necessary to her husband’s conducting of business in this case, one can imagine other scenarios where a spouse performs significant work to advance the conducting of his or her partner's business.

Examples might include: companies that expect attendees to bring his or her spouse, partners who organize social events for other spouses while the attendees are in meetings, partners who engage in unofficial accounting, transcribing, or decision-making with his or her attendee partner, etc. The statement, "a single trip by a wife with her husband to Europe has been specifically rejected as not being the exceptional type of case justifying a deduction," has insidious ramifications for tax (and social) consequences of women (or men) that perform legitimate work on behalf of their partner or spouse. It creates a presumption wherein a partner or spouse's presence is not seen as necessary to the conducting of business.

Perhaps the concurring opinion articulates even more clearly the popular belief about women's informal work performed on behalf of their partner’s business. It states, "Attributing income to the little wife who was neither an employee, a prospective employee, nor a dealer, for the value of a trip she neither planned nor chose still bothers me."

Text of *United States v. Gotcher,* 401 F.2d 118 (5th Cir. 1968) is available from: CourtListener  Google Scholar  Justia  Leagle  OpenJurist

## InfoBox

| United States v. Gotcher | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit |
| Full case name | *United States of America v. John William Gotcher, et ux* |
| Decided | August 27, 1968 |
| Citation | 401 F.2d 118 |
| Case history | |
| Prior history | 259 F. Supp. 340 (E.D. Tex.) |
| Subsequent history | Rehearing denied, October 28, 1968 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | John R. Brown, Griffin Bell, Homer Thornberry |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Thornberry, joined by Brown, Bell |
| Concurrence | Brown |
| Laws applied | |
| Internal Revenue Code | |


title: Harry Miller (cricketer)

abstract: Harry Rayment Miller was an English cricketer. Miller was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Gravesend, Kent. Miller made a single first-class appearance for Warwickshire against Worcestershire at Edgbaston in the 1928 County Championship. Worcestershire made 312 in their first-innings, with Miller bowling 7 wicketless overs, while in response Warwickshire made 402/8 declared in their first-innings, with Miller scoring 8 runs before he was dismissed by Jack Bowles. In their second-innings, Worcestershire scored 112/3, with Miller taking the wicket of Bernard Quaife with figures of 1/15 from 6 overs. He died at Inverness, Inverness-shire, Scotland on 1 September 1966.

text:
# Harry Miller (cricketer)

**Harry Rayment Miller** (22 February 1907  1 September 1966) was an English cricketer. Miller was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Gravesend, Kent.

Miller made a single first-class appearance for Warwickshire against Worcestershire at Edgbaston in the 1928 County Championship. Worcestershire made 312 in their first-innings, with Miller bowling 7 wicketless overs, while in response Warwickshire made 402/8 declared in their first-innings, with Miller scoring 8 runs before he was dismissed by Jack Bowles. In their second-innings, Worcestershire scored 112/3, with Miller taking the wicket of Bernard Quaife with figures of 1/15 from 6 overs.

He died at Inverness, Inverness-shire, Scotland on 1 September 1966.

## InfoBox

Harry Miller
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Harry Rayment Miller |
| Born | (1907-02-22)22 February 1907
Gravesend, Kent, England |
| Died | 1 September 1966(1966-09-01) (aged 59)
Inverness, Inverness-shire, Scotland |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1928 | Warwickshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 1  Runs scored 8  Batting average 8.00  100s/50s /  Top score 8  Balls bowled 78  Wickets 1  Bowling average 38.00  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 1/15  Catches/stumpings 1/ | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 28 December 2011 | |


title: Pin Gin Hill, Queensland

abstract: Pin Gin Hill is a rural locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Pin Gin Hill had a population of 191 people.

text:
# Pin Gin Hill, Queensland

**Pin Gin Hill** is a rural locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Pin Gin Hill had a population of 191 people.

## Geography

The South Johnstone River forms the south-western and southern boundary of the locality, while the Johnstone River forms the north-western boundary.

Pin Gin Hill is in the east of the locality (17°33′47″S 145°57′19″E / 17.5630°S 145.9552°E / -17.5630; 145.9552 (Pin Gin Hill)), rising to 184 metres (604 ft) above sea level.

The Palmerston Highway enters the locality from the north-east (Stoters Hill) and exits to the west (Coorumba).

The South Johnstone sugar mill operates a cane tramway route through the locality.

The land use is a mixture of grazing on native vegetation, growing sugarcane and other tropical crops, and some rural residential housing.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Pin Gin Hill had a population of 175 people.

In the 2021 census, Pin Gin Hill had a population of 191 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Pin Gin Hill. The nearest government primary schools are Mundoo State School in Wangan to the east and Goondi State School in Goondi Bend to the north-east. The nearest government secondary school is Innisfail State College in Innisfail Estate, Innisfail, to the north-east.

## InfoBox

| Pin Gin Hill
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Pin Gin Hill | |
| Coordinates | 17°33′51″S 145°57′07″E / 17.5641°S 145.9519°E / -17.5641; 145.9519 (Pin Gin Hill (centre of locality)) |
| Population | 191 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 11.24/km2 (29.10/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4860 |
| Area | 17.0 km2 (6.6 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Cassowary Coast Region |
| State electorate(s) | Hill |
| Federal division(s) | Kennedy |
| **Suburbs around Pin Gin Hill:**  Ngatjan Upper Daradgee Stoters Hill
Bamboo Creek  Coorumba Pin Gin Hill Currajah  No 6 Branch No 6 Branch No 6 Branch | |


title: H. Cooper Cliffe

abstract: Henry Cooper Cliffe was a British stage and screen actor a member of a distinguished family of English actors, his father was Clifford Cooper, mother Agnes Kemble, and his brother was Frank Kemble Cooper. Frank's daughter Violet was a niece. His wife was Alice Belmore. He had an illustrious career on stage in classical roles. Late in life, he began appearing in silent film in the 1910s.

text:
# H. Cooper Cliffe

**Henry Cooper Cliffe** (19 July 1862 – 1 May 1939) was a British stage and screen actor a member of a distinguished family of English actors, his father was Clifford Cooper, mother Agnes Kemble, and his brother was Frank Kemble Cooper. Frank's daughter Violet was a niece. His wife was Alice Belmore. He had an illustrious career on stage in classical roles. Late in life, he began appearing in silent film in the 1910s.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| H. Cooper Cliffe | |
| --- | --- |
| Cliffe in costume, c.1896 | |
| Born | Henry Cooper
19 July 1862
Oxford, Oxfordshire, England |
| Died | 2 May 1939 (aged 76)
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1879–1934 |
| Spouse | Alice Belmont Cooper |
| Relatives | Violet Kemble-Cooper (niece)
Lillian Kemble-Cooper (niece) |


title: Rural Municipality of Headingley

abstract: Headingley is a rural municipality in Manitoba, Canada. It is located directly west of Winnipeg and had a population of 3,579 people as of the 2016 census. The Trans-Canada Highway and the Assiniboine River run through the municipality. The unincorporated community of Headingley is situated within the municipality along Manitoba Provincial Road 334 near the Trans-Canada Highway. The municipality takes its name from the suburb of Headingley in the city of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England.

text:
# Rural Municipality of Headingley

**Headingley** (sometimes spelled **Headingly**) is a rural municipality in Manitoba, Canada. It is located directly west of Winnipeg and had a population of 3,579 people as of the 2016 census.

The Trans-Canada Highway and the Assiniboine River run through the municipality. The unincorporated community of Headingley is situated within the municipality along Manitoba Provincial Road 334 near the Trans-Canada Highway.

The municipality takes its name from the suburb of Headingley in the city of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England.

## History

The first permanent European residents of the present-day Headingley area are figured to have been Oliver Gowler (1814–1865) and his wife, Mary (Nee Lady Neville Braybrooke) (1816–1878), who came to Canada together in the fall of 1836, hired by the Hudson ’s Bay Company to work on their experimental farm at Red River.

First owning a farm in Fort Garry in 1846, the Gowlers fled westward after the 1852 Red River flood, whereupon they began the first farm on Headingley soil. There, Oliver Gowler eventually became one of the most successful early farmers in what would become western Canada. James Cunningham, a member of Manitoba’s first Legislature (1870), also arrived in the area in 1853 following the 1852 flood.

In November 1852, Reverend Griffith Owen Corbett was sent from England and was tasked with organizing a new parish west of the Parish of St. James, itself created in 1850. Corbett established the parish of Headingley, naming it after his sponsoring parish of the same name in Leeds, England, and immediately built a house where he conducted services.

In 1869, the area saw its first rope ferry, established at the Headingley Grand Passage. In the late 1860s, Reverend George Young, the first Methodist missionary in Red River, began to visit Headingley regularly.

Following the passing of the federal *Manitoba Act* on 12 May 1870, which created the Province of Manitoba, provincial elections were held in November that year, upon which John Taylor was declared the first M.L.A of Headingley, with a majority of one vote—though the new Attorney General appointed James Cunningham to the seat on a "technicality."

At this time, the area was divided, with north Headingley belonging to the Rural Municipality of Assiniboia and south Headingley to the RM of Charleswood.

In November 1904, telegraph service was extended to Headingley, but were still missing modern conveniences of a streetcar and voice telephone service. In 1911, Headingley received its first telephones, with 13 phones being listed in the first phone book.

In the early part of the 20th century, an interurban train, Route 29, operated by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company, Manitoba served the Headingley area; however, this line was discontinued in the 1930s. After the interurban cars stopped service, a diesel bus service was implemented. In the numbering of Winnipeg Transit routes since June 1984, *Route 81 Headingley* was the bus that serviced the area.

The Headingley Correctional Institution, a provincial gaol, was opened in October 1930 with an inmate population consisting of both males and females until 1931, when females were sent to Portage la Prairie. Capital punishment, via hangings, was carried out at the Institution from 1932 to 1952, wherein a total of 25 hangings took place.

### Secession from Winnipeg to present day

From 1 January 1972 until 31 December 1992, Headingley was part of the City of Winnipeg. Initial discussions about Headingley seceding from Winnipeg began in March 1987 over concerns about municipal tax rates. A referendum was held on 14 November 1991 asking Headingley residents if they wanted to break away from Winnipeg.

It seceded from the larger city in 1993 after extensive complaints that the local needs of the mostly-rural community were not being met as part of a large urban city: they were not receiving water, sewage, access roads. Headingley residents wanted the City and Province to spend $4 million on extending water services to the community. As a result of the breakup, it is the only municipality besides Winnipeg in Statistics Canada's Manitoba Census Division No. 11.

In May 1993, the new municipality established its fire department, the Headingley Fire and Rescue Service, with Alan Gaye as Acting Fire Chief along with 20 volunteer firefighters. The department became operational by September 15 that year, using a 1966 F800 Ford Fire truck purchased for $7,800 from Winkler's department.

In 2013, the Manitoba government decided to divide a 1.7-kilometre (1.1 mi) section of the Trans-Canada Highway that runs through Headingley, because it was notorious for vehicle accidents.

#### Mayors/reeves

Since 1992, the Rural Municipality of Headingley has been led by the following reeves/mayors.

| Term | Reeve |
| --- | --- |
| 1992-1995 | Jarl J. Johner |
| 1996-1999 | John M. Curry |
| 2000-2016 | Wilfred Remi Taillieu (1948–2016) |
| 2017-*incumbent* | John Mauseth |

## Local services

Police service in Headingley is provided by the Stonewall/Headingley RCMP detachment, along with the **Headingley Highway Patrol** who are responsible for the highway system in and around the Headingley region. A provincial jail is also located in the municipality, called the Headingley Correctional Institution.

In terms of health services, Headingley falls within the jurisdiction of Manitoba's Southern Regional Health Authority.

The municipality is serviced by a 25-member volunteer fire department, which includes a first responders unit and operates out of the **Headingley Fire Hall**. Headingley is also a member of the Boyne River Mutual Aid Fire District, which provides backup and support services on an as-required basis.

For education, Headingley is home to Phoenix School, an elementary school (K-5) of the St. James-Assiniboia School Division.

### Water

The Cartier Regional Water Co-op manages the water supply to the R.M. of Headingley, as well as several other nearby rural municipalities such as Cartier, Rosser, Macdonald. The **Headingley Water Treatment Plant** is one of two operated by the Co-op, the other being located in Cartier. Intake source water comes from the Assiniboine River via a pipe, from where it is then moved to a facility on the site of the Headingley Correctional Centre River Intake Building where debris and silt are removed.

## Recreation and local business

Camp Manitou is a summer camp and year-round outdoor recreation facility located in Headingley.

Headingley has two community centres: the older Phoenix Community Centre (153 Seekings Street), and the newer $1.8-million **Headingley Community Centre** (5353 Portage Avenue). Headingley also houses four small churches, including Headingley United Church and Holy Trinity Anglican Church.

The **Headingley Grand Trunk Trail** is the abandoned rail line that runs through both the Rural Municipalities of Headingley and Cartier from the Perimeter Highway to Beaudry Provincial Park. The railway bed was originally built by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and was used from 1894 to 1972. The municipality is also home to a heritage museum about the Canadian petroleum industry, called Jim's Vintage Garages Heritage Museum.

Local businesses located in Headingley include T&T Seeds, Shelmerdine's Nurseries, Flying J, The Gates on Roblin, and Taillieu Construction.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Headingley had a population of 4,331 living in 1,307 of its 1,342 total private dwellings, a change of 21% from its 2016 population of 3,579. With a land area of 107.53 km2 (41.52 sq mi), it had a population density of 40.3/km2 (104.3/sq mi) in 2021.

Total Headingley population
| Year | Total |
| --- | --- |
| 1996 | 1587 |
| 2001 | 1907 |
| 2006 | 2726 |
| 2011 | 3215 |
| 2016 | 3579 |

Distribution (%) of Headingley population by broad age groups
| Group | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 to 14 years | 15.9 | 14.2 | 17.8 |
| 15 to 64 years | 71.9 | 74.1 | 69.4 |
| 65 years and over | 12.2 | 11.5 | 12.7 |
| 85 years and over | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| **Average age of the population** | **39.3** | **38.5** | **40.3** |
| **Median age of the population** | **40.1** | **37.7** | **42.7** |

Visible minority population, 2016
| Identity | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| South Asian | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chinese | 20 | 15 | 0 |
| Black | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Filipino | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Latin American | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Arab | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Southeast Asian | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| West Asian | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| Korean | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Japanese | 20 | 10 | 10 |
| Visible minority, "not included elsewhere" | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Multiple visible minorities | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| ***Total visible minority population*** | ***55*** | ***35*** | ***25*** |
| **Not a visible minority** | **2,970** | **1,505** | **1,465** |

Aboriginal population, 2016
| Identity | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population by identity | | | |
| Aboriginal identity | 190 | 100 | 90 |
| Single Aboriginal responses | 190 | 100 | 90 |
| *First Nations (North American Indian)* | *20* | *15* | *0* |
| *Métis* | *165* | *85* | *80* |
| *Inuk (Inuit)* | *0* | *0* | *0* |
| Multiple Aboriginal responses | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Non-Aboriginal identity | 2,835 | 1,445 | 1,395 |
| Population by status | | | |
| Registered or Treaty Indian (Status Indians) | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| Not a Registered or Treaty Indian | 3,015 | 1,535 | 1,480 |
| Population by ancestry | | | |
| Aboriginal ancestry (only) | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Single Aboriginal ancestry (only) | 10 | 10 | 0 |
| *Métis single ancestry* | *10* | *10* | *0* |
| Multiple Aboriginal ancestries (only) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestries | 290 | 175 | 110 |
| Single Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestriesCensus data footnote92 | 280 | 170 | 110 |
| *First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Aboriginal ancestries* | *80* | *60* | *20* |
| *Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries* | *200* | *115* | *90* |
| *Inuit and non-Aboriginal ancestries* | *0* | *0* | *0* |
| Multiple Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestriesCensus data footnote93 | 10 | 10 | 0 |
| *First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and non-Aboriginal ancestries* | *10* | *10* | *0* |
| Non-Aboriginal ancestry (only) | 2,735 | 1,360 | 1,375 |

2016 Census footnotes:

1. "The *Employment Equity Act* defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'"
2. Such as, 'East Indian,' 'Pakistani,' 'Sri Lankan', etc.
3. Such as, 'Vietnamese,' 'Cambodian,' 'Laotian,' 'Thai,' etc.
4. Such as, 'Afghan,' 'Iranian,' etc.
5. "Includes persons with a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc."
6. "Includes persons who gave more than one visible minority group by checking two or more mark-in responses, e.g., 'Black' and 'South Asian.'"
7. "Includes persons who reported 'Yes' to the Aboriginal group question..., as well as persons who were not considered to be members of a visible minority group."
8. "Aboriginal identity refers to whether the person identified with the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. This includes those who are First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or those who are Registered or Treaty Indians (that is, registered under the *Indian Act of Canada*) and/or those who have membership in a First Nation or Indian band."
9. "'Single Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are in only one Aboriginal group, that is First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit)."
10. "'Multiple Aboriginal responses' includes persons who are any two or all three of the following: First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit)."
11. "includes persons who are not First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) but who have Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or Membership in a First Nation or Indian band."
12. "includes persons who are a Registered or Treaty Indian. Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the *Indian Act of Canada*. Treaty Indians are persons who belong to a First Nation or Indian band that signed a treaty with the Crown. Registered or Treaty Indians are sometimes also called Status Indians."
13. "includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry."
14. "includes persons who have only one of First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuit ancestry. It excludes persons with non-Aboriginal ancestry."
15. "includes persons who have First Nations (North American Indian), Métis and/or Inuit ancestry, as well as non-Aboriginal ancestry."

## Notable people

## Further reading

* Peterson, Murray and Taillieu, Georgia. 2003. *Headingley pioneers, past and present: a historic look at life in Headingley, Manitoba*. Headingley Historical Society. ISBN 9780973338409

## InfoBox

| Rural Municipality of Headingley | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location of the RM of Headingley in Manitoba | |
| Coordinates: 49°52′05″N 97°23′27″W / 49.86806°N 97.39083°W / 49.86806; -97.39083 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Manitoba |
| Region | Winnipeg Metro Region |
| First settled | 1880 |
| Incorporated | May 9, 1992 (May 9, 1992) |
| Named for | Headingley, England |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jim Robson |
| MLA | Kathleen Cook (Roblin) |
| MP | Marty Morantz (Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley |
| Area | |
| Municipality | 107.53 km2 (41.52 sq mi) |
| Metro | 5,306.79 km2 (2,048.96 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 238 m (781 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Municipality | 4,431 |
| Density | 41/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Metro | 778,489 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Forward sortation area | R4H and R4J |
| Area codes | Area codes 204 and 431 |
| Website | rmofheadingley.ca |
|  | |


title: Illya Chymchyuri

abstract: Illya Chymchyuri is a Ukrainian judoka.

text:
# Illya Chymchyuri

**Illya Chymchyuri** (born 19 April 1973) is a Ukrainian judoka.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Place | Weight class |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | European Judo Championships | 7th | Half middleweight (81 kg) |
| 2001 | World Judo Championships | 7th | Lightweight (73 kg) |
| 1998 | European Judo Championships | 3rd | Lightweight (73 kg) |
| 1997 | World Judo Championships | 7th | Lightweight (71 kg) |
| 1996 | European Judo Championships | 3rd | Lightweight (71 kg) |

## InfoBox

Illya Chymchyuri
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's judo | | |
| Representing  Ukraine | | |
| European Championships | | |
|  | 1996 The Hague | 71 kg |
|  | 1998 Oviedo | 73 kg |


title: Icel of Mercia

abstract: Icel, also spelt Icil, is a possible king of Mercia. He was supposedly the son of Eomer (443–489), last King of the Angles in Angeln. Icel supposedly led his people across the North Sea to Britain around 515 during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. Icel was the eponymous ancestor of his grandfather's family, the Iclingas.

text:
# Icel of Mercia

**Icel** (c. 460  c. 535), also spelt **Icil**, is a possible king of Mercia. He was supposedly the son of Eomer (443–489), last King of the Angles in Angeln. Icel supposedly led his people across the North Sea to Britain around 515 during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. Icel was the eponymous ancestor of his grandfather's family, the Iclingas.

## History

Icel was born before 489, probably around 460. He became king of Anglia upon his father's death in 489. He was the last king of Anglia, migrating to England around 515. During the same year, he became king of Mercia.

By 527, Icel had worked his way through East Anglia and into Mercia, as it has been reported in the 13th century manuscript known as the *Flores Historiarum*: “*Pagans came from Germany and occupied East Anglia, that is, the country of the East Angles; and some of them invaded Mercia, and waged war against the British.*” By his death c. 535, it is reported that Icel held large portions of both East Anglia and Mercia, and therefore could be considered the first true king of Mercia. Icel was succeeded by Cnebba shortly after his death.

## InfoBox

| Icel | |
| --- | --- |
| King of Mercia | |
| Reign | c. 515 – c. 535 |
| Predecessor | Title established |
| Successor | Cnebba |
|  | |
| Born | before 489 (possibly 460)
Denmark or Germany |
| Died | c. 535
Mercia |
| Issue | Cnebba |
| House | Angles, Icelingas |
| Father | Eomer |


title: Anne (band)

abstract: Anne was an American dream pop band from Portland, Oregon.

text:
# Anne (band)

**Anne** was an American dream pop band from Portland, Oregon.

## History

Anne began in 2010 with the release of a demo. Following this, they released a mixtape titled *Mixtape One*. In 2011, Anne released their first full-length album, *Dream Punx*, via A389 Recordings. In 2012, Anne released a split with the band Whirr. In 2012, Anne released an EP on Run for Cover Records titled *Power Exchange*. In 2013, Anne released an EP titled *Jerusalem*. In 2014, Anne released their second full-length album titled *Pulling Chain* via Run for Cover Records.

## Band members

* David Lindell (Vocals/Instrumentation)
* Andrew Zilar (Drums)
* Jared Ridabok (Drums)

## Discography

**Studio albums**

* *Dream Punx* (2011, A389 Recordings)
* *Pulling Chain* (2014, Run for Cover)

**EPs**

* *Power Exchange* (2012, Run for Cover)

**Splits**

* *Anne/Whirr* (2012, Run for Cover)

**Mixtapes**

* *Mixtape One* (2010, self-released)
* *Mixtape Two* (2012, Run for Cover)

**Demos**

* *Demo* (2010, self-released)


title: Harry Miller (writer)

abstract: Harry Miller MBE was a journalist, writer, photographer and naturalist who lived most of his life in Madras, India. He was a popularizer of wildlife, nature and science, with numerous articles in local newspapers including The Hindu and The Indian Express. Born as Harry Colin Miller in Swansea, Wales, he came from a poor Welsh family. He was a self-made man, who counted among his close friends the Dalai Lama, Sir Arthur C. Clarke, and Queen Frederica of the Hellenes. He was married to an Indian from an illustrious Tamil Brahmin family, Revati Parthasarathy. He lived and worked in India for about forty years for the Indian Express and also wrote for the National Geographic, and he was also a photographer. He had two children Nisha and Robin. Robin died in 1991. Nisha lives in Chennai and has one daughter Tara Top-Teagarden.

text:
# Harry Miller (writer)

**Harry Miller MBE** (1923 – 5 October 1998) was a journalist, writer, photographer and naturalist who lived most of his life in Madras, India. He was a popularizer of wildlife, nature and science, with numerous articles in local newspapers including *The Hindu* and *The Indian Express*.

Born as Harry Colin Miller in Swansea, Wales, he came from a poor Welsh family. He was a self-made man, who counted among his close friends the Dalai Lama, Sir Arthur C. Clarke, and Queen Frederica of the Hellenes. He was married to an Indian from an illustrious Tamil Brahmin family, Revati Parthasarathy. He lived and worked in India for about forty years for the *Indian Express* and also wrote for the *National Geographic*, and he was also a photographer. He had two children Nisha and Robin. Robin died in 1991. Nisha lives in Chennai and has one daughter Tara Top-Teagarden.


title: Not About Heroes

abstract: Not About Heroes is a drama by Stephen MacDonald about the real-life relationship between the poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon first performed in 1982 at the Edinburgh Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland. The play has only two characters: Owen and Sassoon. The story of their friendship is told in a series of flashbacks, narrated by Sassoon who survived World War I. Most of the scenes take place during their time as fellow-patients at Craiglockhart War Hospital near Edinburgh in 1917. The title is a quotation from the preface Wilfred Owen wrote in preparation for the publication of his collected poems: "This book is not about heroes. English poetry is not yet fit to speak of them. Nor is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, might, majesty, dominion, or power, except War. Above all I am not concerned with Poetry. My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity."

text:
# Not About Heroes

***Not About Heroes*** is a drama by Stephen MacDonald about the real-life relationship between the poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon first performed in 1982 at the Edinburgh Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland.

The play has only two characters: Owen and Sassoon. The story of their friendship is told in a series of flashbacks, narrated by Sassoon who survived World War I (in which Owen was killed). Most of the scenes take place during their time as fellow-patients at Craiglockhart War Hospital near Edinburgh in 1917.

The title is a quotation from the preface Wilfred Owen wrote in preparation for the publication of his collected poems:

> "This book is not about heroes. English poetry is not yet fit to speak of them. Nor is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, might, majesty, dominion, or power, except War. Above all I am not concerned with Poetry. My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity."

## Synopsis

The action is replayed through the eyes of an older Siegfried Sassoon, as he recalls his relationship with Wilfred Owen, beginning some fourteen years earlier. Owen introduces himself hesitantly to Sassoon when the latter arrives at Craiglockhart in 1917, having been diagnosed as suffering from "war neurosis" as a result of his protest against the war. The course of their friendship is shown through extracts from the real diaries and letters of the two men, right up to their last meeting at the Chelsea Physic Garden, when Sassoon was recovering from a head wound that would end his military career while Owen waited to return to the Western Front, where he would be killed shortly afterwards.

## Past productions

*Not About Heroes* had its première at the Edinburgh Festival in 1982 and won a Fringe First award. Directed by Eric Standidge, Sassoon was played by the author and Owen by David Learner. It toured and came to the King's Head, was adapted for Yorkshire TV and BBC Radio 4, and was published by Faber and Faber, all in 1983. A new production at the Royal National Theatre in 1986 celebrated the centenary of Sassoon's birth with the author again playing Sassoon and Simon Dutton playing Owen. A national tour took place the following year with Paul Shelley as Siegfried Sassoon and Stephen McGann as Wilfred Owen. In 1992, the author directed a revised text for the Citizen's, Glasgow  a production which afterwards was seen in Shrewsbury as part of the celebrations marking the centenary of Owen's birth.

A production by Dianne Wiest at the Williamstown Theatre Festival transferred to New York City in 1985. Edward Herrmann and Dylan Baker both won OBIE awards. The 1987 Stratford Ontario production, with Nicholas Pennell and Henry Czerny, was revived the following year. *Not About Heroes* was also performed in the early 1990s at The Round House Theatre in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C.

Stephen McGann played Owen in a production at the Oxford Playhouse in 1987, opposite Paul Shelley as Sassoon. Jonas Armstrong played Owen in a 2000 production at the Edinburgh Fringe.

In October/November 2008, Rowan Tree Theatre Co. in the Scottish Borders, mounted a production of the play to mark the 90th anniversary of the end of the Great War and in celebration of the company's twenty-first birthday. One performance was given in Craiglockhart Hospital, the site of the actual meeting of the two poets. Sassoon was played by Oliver Bisset, and Owen by Matthew Burgess. The play was directed by John Haswell and produced by Judy Steel.

Notable productions of *Not About Heroes* in recent years have included a version mounted for the 2002 Hay-on-Wye literary festival, starring Roger Moss and Owen Sheers. It was directed by Cathy Gill and produced by the novelist, Louis de Bernières. The following year, Peter Dickson and Andrew Butterworth starred in a production at the Crescent Theatre, Birmingham. In 2005 MADHouse Productions staged a poignant version in the intimate surroundings of the Barons Court Theatre in west London. This production starred Dov Citron as Sassoon and Martin Scully as Owen and was directed by Ian Flintoff. In 2006, Feelgood Theatre Productions premiered a site specific production in the setting of the Imperial War Museum North starring Dan Willis and Sam Ellis. Directed by Caroline Clegg, this production went on to be the first theatre company to perform in the Cabinet War Rooms (Churchill's bunker), followed by a national tour and short sell-out season at Trafalgar Studios, Whitehall, London. Inspired by *Not About Heroes* at Trafalgar Feelgood created Eloquent Protest a peace event using poetry, song and textas "an artists response to war". Hosted by retired politician and peace campaigner Tony Benn this became a pivotal event for four years, with stars such as Janie Dee, Johnnie Fiori, Sam West, Robert Powell, Jason Isaacs, Roy Bailey, Julian Littman, Clive Rowe, Peter Straker, Jane Milligan and David Harsent. RGP Productions produced the play in Sydney, followed by a season at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra in 2007, starring Roger Gimblett as Sassoon and Patrick Magee as Owen, with direction by Carla Moore. To mark the centenary of the declaration of World War One RGP Productions remounted their 2007 production of the play at the Sydney Opera House in August 2014. The play was broadcast on BBC Radio 7 in November 2007 and November 2008.


title: Urubu (album)

abstract: Urubu is the ninth album by Antônio Carlos Jobim.

text:
# Urubu (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Urubu*** is the ninth album by Antônio Carlos Jobim.

## Track listing

1. "Bôto (Porpoise)" (Antônio Carlos Jobim, Jararaca) – 6:07
2. "Ligia" – 4:13
3. "Correnteza" (Antônio Carlos Jobim, Luiz Bonfá) – 2:41
4. "Angela" – 2:50
5. "Saudade do Brasil" – 7:27
6. "Valse" (Paulo Jobim) – 3:14
7. "Arquitetura de Morar (Architecture to Live)" – 8:08
8. "O Homem (Man)" – 2:31

All songs composed by Antônio Carlos Jobim, except where indicated. The album was arranged/conducted/produced by Claus Ogerman.

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Urubu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Antônio Carlos Jobim | |
| Released | November 1976 |
| Recorded | October 16–23, 1975 |
| Genre | Bossa nova, jazz, classical music |
| Length | 37:14 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Producer | Claus Ogerman |
| Antônio Carlos Jobim chronology | |
| *Elis & Tom*
(1974) ***Urubu***
(1976) *Terra Brasilis*
(1980) | |


title: Mirror Image (novel)

abstract: Mirror Image is the 45th novel by Danielle Steel. It's about identical twins Victoria and Olivia Henderson, born in 1893. The novel is set during the First World War. The book, considered historical fiction, was published by Delacorte on November 3, 1998.

text:
# Mirror Image (novel)

***Mirror Image*** is the 45th novel by Danielle Steel. It's about identical twins Victoria and Olivia Henderson, born in 1893. The novel is set during the First World War. The book, considered historical fiction, was published by Delacorte on November 3, 1998.

## Plot summary

When Victoria's reputation is seriously at risk, the only way to save it is by marrying the handsome lawyer Charles Dawson, who also happens to work for the girls' father, Edward Henderson. Shy, serious Olivia is inclined to stay and help their father, who is ill, but free-spirited Victoria needs her the most when her marriage seems to be failing. Charles's 10-year-old son, Geoffrey, who is still distraught after losing his mother Susan, Charles' first wife, on the *Titanic*, complicates the situation.

When Victoria proposes an unthinkable plan, Olivia is forced to accept, leaving her with a marriage she never thought she could have and her sister going off to help in France, when World War I is in full throttle.

## InfoBox

Mirror Image
| First ed. cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Danielle Steel |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Romance |
| Publisher | Delacorte Press |
| Publication date | 1998 (first edition) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 426 p. |
| ISBN | 0385315090 |
| OCLC | 777720221 |


title: Piletocera microdontalis

abstract: Piletocera microdontalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1907. It is found in Papua New Guinea, where it has been recorded from Woodlark Island.

text:
# Piletocera microdontalis

***Piletocera microdontalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1907. It is found in Papua New Guinea, where it has been recorded from Woodlark Island.

## InfoBox

| *Piletocera microdontalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Piletocera* |
| Species: | ***P. microdontalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Piletocera microdontalis***<br>Hampson, 1907 | |
|


title: Gürün District

abstract: Gürün District is a district of the Sivas Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of Gürün. Its area is 2,632 km⁲, and its population is 18,009 (2022).

text:
# Gürün District

**Gürün District** is a district of the Sivas Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of Gürün. Its area is 2,632 km2, and its population is 18,009 (2022).

## Composition

There is one municipality in Gürün District:

There are 60 villages in Gürün District:

## InfoBox

| Gürün District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Map showing Gürün District in Sivas Province | |
| Gürün DistrictLocation in TurkeyGürün DistrictGürün District (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 38°43′N 37°17′E / 38.717°N 37.283°E / 38.717; 37.283 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Sivas |
| Seat | Gürün |
| Government | |
| Kaymakam | Halil Yazıcı |
| Area | 2,632 km2 (1,016 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | 18,009 |
| Density | 6.8/km2 (18/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Website | www.gurun.gov.tr |


abstract: The Rural Municipality of Heart's Hill No. 352 is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 13 and SARM Division No. 6. Located in the west-central portion of the province, it is adjacent to the Alberta boundary.

text:
# Rural Municipality of Heart's Hill No. 352

The **Rural Municipality of Heart's Hill No. 352** (2016 population: 244) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 13 and SARM Division No. 6. Located in the west-central portion of the province, it is adjacent to the Alberta boundary.

## History

The RM of Heart's Hill No. 352 incorporated as a rural municipality on November 15, 1910.

## Geography

### Communities and localities

The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.

Localities

## Demographics

Population history
(1981–2016)
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | 552 |  |
| 1986 | 507 | −8.2% |
| 1991 | 410 | −19.1% |
| 1996 | 359 | −12.4% |
| 2001 | 307 | −14.5% |
| 2006 | 285 | −7.2% |
| 2011 | 260 | −8.8% |
| 2016 | 244 | −6.2% |
| *Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics* | | |

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Heart's Hill No. 352 had a population of 234 living in 92 of its 116 total private dwellings, a change of -4.1% from its 2016 population of 244. With a land area of 826.01 km2 (318.92 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.3/km2 (0.7/sq mi) in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Heart's Hill No. 352 recorded a population of 244 living in 91 of its 112 total private dwellings, a -6.2% change from its 2011 population of 260. With a land area of 838.37 km2 (323.70 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.3/km2 (0.8/sq mi) in 2016.

## Government

The RM of Heart's Hill No. 352 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the first Thursday after the first Monday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Gordon Stang while its administrator is Calvin Giggs. The RM's office is located in Luseland.

## Transportation

## InfoBox

| Heart's Hill No. 352 | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural municipality | |
| Rural Municipality of Heart's Hill No. 352 | |
| Location of the RM of Heart's Hill No. 352 in Saskatchewan | |
| Coordinates: 52°00′40″N 109°47′06″W / 52.011°N 109.785°W / 52.011; -109.785 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Census division | 13 |
| SARM division |  |
| Formed | November 15, 1910 |
| Government | |
| Reeve | Gordon Stang |
| Governing body | RM of Heart's Hill No. 352 Council |
| Administrator | Calvin Giggs |
| Office location | Luseland |
| Area (2016) | |
| Land | 838.37 km2 (323.70 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 244 |
| Density | 0.3/km2 (0.8/sq mi) |
| Time zone | CST |
| Summer (DST) | CST |
| Area code(s) | 306 and 639 |


abstract: The Rural Municipality of Willow Bunch No. 42 is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 3 and SARM Division No. 2. It is located in the south central portion of the province.

text:
# Rural Municipality of Willow Bunch No. 42

The **Rural Municipality of Willow Bunch No. 42** (2016 population: 306) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 3 and SARM Division No. 2. It is located in the south central portion of the province.

## History

The RM of Willow Bunch No. 42 incorporated as a rural municipality on November 21, 1912.

Heritage properties

There is one historical building located within the RM.

* *Grand Valley Lutheran Church* \- Constructed in 1916, in Grand Valley

## Geography

### Communities and localities

The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.

Towns

The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.

Organized hamlets Localities

## Jean Louis Legare Regional Park

**Jean Louis Legare Regional Park** (49°22′27″N 105°39′26″W / 49.3741°N 105.6573°W / 49.3741; -105.6573) is a regional park in the RM of Willow Bunch, 1.6 km (0.99 mi) south-west of Willow Bunch in the Big Muddy Valley. Established in 1961, the park was named after Jean-Louis Légaré, who was one of the original settlers of Willow Bunch. The park has a campground, golf course, a picnic area, and hiking trails. The trails go through the coulees and valleys of the Big Muddy Valley. Access to the park is from Highway 36.

The campground has 45 campsites (41 of which have electric hookups), washrooms, showers, and a sani-dump. The Willow Bunch Golf Course is a par 36, 9-hole, grass greens course with 3,176 total yards. There is a licensed clubhouse with cart and club rentals.

## Demographics

Population history
(1981–2016)
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | 629 |  |
| 1986 | 605 | −3.8% |
| 1991 | 535 | −11.6% |
| 1996 | 514 | −3.9% |
| 2001 | 439 | −14.6% |
| 2006 | 407 | −7.3% |
| 2011 | 361 | −11.3% |
| 2016 | 306 | −15.2% |
| *Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics* | | |

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Willow Bunch No. 42 had a population of 285 living in 139 of its 163 total private dwellings, a change of -6.9% from its 2016 population of 306. With a land area of 1,037.04 km2 (400.40 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.3/km2 (0.7/sq mi) in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Willow Bunch No. 42 recorded a population of 306 living in 154 of its 175 total private dwellings, a -15.2% change from its 2011 population of 361. With a land area of 1,047.77 km2 (404.55 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.3/km2 (0.8/sq mi) in 2016.

## Government

The RM of Willow Bunch No. 42 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Monday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Denis Bellefleur while its administrator is Sharleine Eger. The RM's office is located in Willow Bunch.

## Transportation

The RM is a part owner of the Fife Lake Railway. The Willow Bunch Airport was an airport located within the municipality. The airport closed in 2009.

## InfoBox

| Willow Bunch No. 42 | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural municipality | |
| Rural Municipality of Willow Bunch No. 42 | |
| **Willow Bunch**Scout Lake*Lisieux**Pick-
thall**Gye**St. Victor* | |
| Location of the RM of Willow Bunch No. 42 in Saskatchewan | |
| Coordinates: 49°21′29″N 105°45′47″W / 49.358°N 105.763°W / 49.358; -105.763 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Census division |  |
| SARM division |  |
| Federal riding | Cypress Hills—Grasslands |
| Provincial riding | Wood River |
| Formed | November 21, 1912 |
| Government | |
| Reeve | Denis Bellefleur |
| Governing body | RM of Willow Bunch No. 42 Council |
| Administrator | Sharleine Eger |
| Office location | Willow Bunch |
| Area (2016) | |
| Land | 1,047.77 km2 (404.55 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 306 |
| Density | 0.3/km2 (0.8/sq mi) |
| Time zone | CST |
| Summer (DST) | CST |
| Postal code | S0H 4K0 |
| Area code(s) | 306 and 639 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Rudolf Nelson

abstract: Rudolf Nelson was a German composer of hit songs, film music, operetta and vaudeville, and the founder and director of the Nelson Revue, a significant cabaret troupe on the 1930s Berlin nightlife scene.

text:
# Rudolf Nelson

**Rudolf Nelson** (4 April 1878 – 5 February 1960) was a German composer of hit songs, film music, operetta and vaudeville, and the founder and director of the Nelson Revue, a significant cabaret troupe on the 1930s Berlin nightlife scene.

## Biography

Issued from a poor Prussian Jewish family, and raised in Berlin, Nelson began piano lessons at a very young age.

After secondary school, while simultaneously earning a living as an apprentice and subsequently clerk, he received a scholarship from Heinrich von Herzogenberg to the Stern Conservatory.

Nelson first came into public view during this same period when, in a contest organized by the newspaper *Die Woche*, he was awarded first prize for the best composition of a walse.

But the real turning point came when Nelson discovered the *Überbrettl*, Berlin’s first cabaret founded by Ernst von Wolzogen. Inspired by the genre, he began his cabaret career at the Potsdamer Straße cabaret *Roland*, accompanying his own compositions on the piano.

In 1904, he joined forces with Paul Schneider-Duncker in the famed *Chat Noir* on Unter den Linden, Berlin’s most fashionable avenue, going on to direct it on his own from 1907 – 1914. It also is here that Nelson composed his most famous hit song Das Ladenmädel, as well as from 1908 onwards wrote his famous operetta works, notably *Miss Dudelsack*.

In 1910, Nelson gave birth to a son, Herbert. Herbert Nelson would later become one of many collaborative lyricists, a list that included Kurt Tucholsky and Friedrich Hollander.

In 1920, Nelson married singer Käthe Erlholz, and in the same year opened the Nelson-Theater on Kurfürstendamm (associated with the *Sans Soucis* restaurant). The revues he staged here are legend, presenting numerous top stars of the period, including names such as Josephine Baker, who appeared on 14 January 1926, Weintraubs Syncopators and comic Max Ehrlich. During these years, Nelson also composed revues for Berlin’s famed Metropol-Theater in the Admiralspalast.

Forced by the Nazis in 1933 to flee Germany – after stopping for stage appearances in Vienna and Zurich – Nelson founded a new theater troupe in Amsterdam, until after the German occupation he was interned in Westerbork concentration camp. Nelson survived the Holocaust, and in 1949 returned to Berlin where he reopened the Nelson-Revue-Gastspiel.

## Works

### Revues

* *Chauffeur ins Metropol!*
* *Hoheit amüsiert sich*
* *Wenn die Nacht beginnt*
* *Karussell*
* *Seifenblasen*
* *Was träumt Berlin?*
* *Die Peruanerin*
* *Halloh, halloh*
* *Zwölf Monate*
* *Total Manoli*
* *Bitte zahlen!*
* *Wir stehn verkehrt*
* *Confetti*
* *Madame Revue*
* *Es geht schon besser*
* *Die Nacht der Nächte*
* *Du u. ich*
* *Die Lichter v. Berlin*
* *Quick*
* *Der rote Faden*
* *Glück muß man haben*
* *Es hat geklingelt*
* *Etwas für Sie*
* *Rudolf Nelson erzählt*

### Operettas

## Awards

## Sources

* Keller O., Die Operette. Wien 1926
* Westermeyer K., Die Operette im Wandel der Zeiten. München 1931
* Bernauer R., Das Theater meines Lebens. Berlin 1955
* Schaeffers W., Tingeltangel. Ein Leben für die Kleinkunst. Hamburg 1959
* Jean-Marc Warszawski http://www.musicologie.org

## InfoBox

| Rudolf Nelson | |
| --- | --- |
| Rudolf Nelson in 1953 | |
| Born | Rudolf Lewysohn
(1878-04-04)4 April 1878
Berlin |
| Died | 5 February 1960(1960-02-05) (aged 81)
Berlin |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater | Stern Conservatory |
| Occupation | Composer |
| Spouse | Käthe Erlholz |


title: Lazar Horowitz

abstract: Lazar Horowitz, or Eleazar HaLevi Ish Horowitz, Eleasar ben David Josua Hoeschel Horowitz, aka El'azar Hurwitz was an Orthodox Rabbi who led the Jewish community of Vienna during the Vormärz period and became the first Chief Rabbi of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Vienna in 1852, while retaining his title and position as Chief Rabbi of Vienna. As such, Horowitz was the last Chief Rabbi of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde who was also Chief Rabbi of Vienna. Born in Bavaria, Horowitz was a student of Moses Sofer of Pressburg before moving to Vienna in 1828 to serve as the community's supervisor of Kosher meat. There, he collaborated with Reform Jewish rabbis of his day, such as Isaak Noah Mannheimer and Adolph Jellinek regarding synagogue protocol in the central synagogues of Vienna. In 1829, he drafted the bylaws of the central Stadttempel. Although he himself was an Orthodox Rabbi, he prayed occasionally in the Stadttempel where Isaac Noah Mannheimer, who tried to introduce reforms, served as its pulpit rabbi. Horwitz wrote a book of halakhic responsa called "Yad Eleazar." His responsum regarding metzitzah b'peh was strongly influenced by the Hatam Sofer's rulings, according to Meir Hershkovitz in his 1972 article on Horwitz. In 1863, Horowitz, along with Isaac Noah Mannheimer, defended Heinrich Graetz, in Viennese court when Graetz was accused of heresy for an article published by Leopold Kompert in a local journal. Graetz had written that the chapters in Isaiah referring to the Messiah were meant to be interpreted non-literally, and that they referred to a national Messiah instead of a personal one. Isaac Hirsch Weiss published a pamphlet entitled Neẓaḥ Yisrael in support of the testimony. On the other hand, rabbis such Azriel Hildesheimer, criticized Horowitz for defending Graetz. See Heinrich Graetz #The Kompert Affair.

text:
# Lazar Horowitz

**Lazar Horowitz**, or **Eleazar HaLevi Ish Horowitz**, **Eleasar ben David Josua Hoeschel Horowitz**, aka El'azar **Hurwitz** (1803/1804, Floß, Upper Palatinate \- June 11, 1868, Vöslau) was an Orthodox Rabbi who led the Jewish community of Vienna during the *Vormärz* period and became the first Chief Rabbi of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Vienna in 1852, while retaining his title and position as Chief Rabbi of Vienna. As such, Horowitz was the last Chief Rabbi of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde who was also Chief Rabbi of Vienna.

Born in Bavaria, Horowitz was a student of Moses Sofer of Pressburg before moving to Vienna in 1828 to serve as the community's supervisor of Kosher meat. There, he collaborated with Reform Jewish rabbis of his day, such as Isaak Noah Mannheimer and Adolph Jellinek regarding synagogue protocol in the central synagogues of Vienna. In 1829, he drafted the bylaws of the central Stadttempel. Although he himself was an Orthodox Rabbi, he prayed occasionally in the Stadttempel where Isaac Noah Mannheimer, who tried to introduce reforms, served as its pulpit rabbi.

Horwitz wrote a book of halakhic responsa called *"Yad Eleazar."*

His responsum regarding *metzitzah b'peh* was strongly influenced by the Hatam Sofer's rulings, according to Meir Hershkovitz in his 1972 article on Horwitz.

In 1863, Horowitz, along with Isaac Noah Mannheimer, defended Heinrich Graetz, in Viennese court when Graetz was accused of heresy for an article published by Leopold Kompert in a local journal. Graetz had written that the chapters in Isaiah referring to the Messiah were meant to be interpreted non-literally, and that they referred to a national Messiah instead of a personal one. Isaac Hirsch Weiss published a pamphlet entitled *Neẓaḥ Yisrael* in support of the testimony. On the other hand, rabbis such Azriel Hildesheimer, criticized Horowitz for defending Graetz. See Heinrich Graetz #The Kompert Affair.


title: Ololygon rizibilis

abstract:
Ololygon rizibilis is a species of frog in the family Hylidae.
It is endemic to Brazil.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Ololygon rizibilis

***Ololygon rizibilis*** is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Ololygon rizibilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | *Ololygon* |
| Species: | ***O. rizibilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ololygon rizibilis***
(Bokermann, 1964) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Scinax rizibilis* (Bokermann, 1964) | |


title: Now I'm a Cowboy

abstract: Now I'm a Cowboy is the 1994 second album by British rock band the Auteurs. On 2 June 2014 Now I'm a Cowboy was reissued alongside After Murder Park and How I Learned to Love the Bootboys. The reissue features unreleased songs and liner notes written by Luke Haines. It was released through 3 Loop Music.

text:
# Now I'm a Cowboy

***Now I'm a Cowboy*** is the 1994 second album by British rock band the Auteurs. On 2 June 2014 *Now I'm a Cowboy* was reissued alongside *After Murder Park* and *How I Learned to Love the Bootboys*. The reissue features unreleased songs and liner notes written by Luke Haines. It was released through 3 Loop Music.

## Background

The Auteurs released their debut studio album *New Wave* in early 1993, through Hut Records, a subsidiary of major label Virgin Records. It reached number 35 on the UK Albums Chart. Celloist James Banbury joined the band around this time, and by mid-1993, drummer Glenn Collins was replaced by Barny C. Rockford.

"Lenny Valentino" was released as the lead single in November 1993, followed by "Chinese Bakery" Promotion of *Now I'm a Cowboy* was stunted as a result of Haines breaking both of his ankles. "Lenny Valentino" was released to modern rock radio stations in the United States in June 1994.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Alternative Rock* | 8/10 |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 7/10 |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | A− |

Author Dave Thompson wrote in his book *Alternative Rock* (2000) that "'Lenny Valentino' says it all casual, camp, and knowing – the rest of the album simply follows in its semi-sordid wake and there's a sinister edge coming through which remains deliciously shocking long after the initial fission has faded."

In 2003, *Mojo* placed the album at number 40 on its list of the "Top 50 Eccentric Albums".

## Track listing

All songs written by Luke Haines.

Original 1994 CD/LP (CDHUT16/HUTLPX16) 1. "Lenny Valentino" – 2:20
2. "Brainchild" – 3:43
3. "I'm a Rich Man's Toy" – 2:54
4. "New French Girlfriend" – 4:15
5. "The Upper Classes" – 6:45
6. "Chinese Bakery" – 3:05
7. "A Sister Like You" – 2:48
8. "Underground Movies" – 3:32
9. "Life Classes / Life Model" – 4:02
10. "Modern History" – 5:36
11. "Daughter of a Child" – 2:36

* Free one-sided 7" (HUTL16)

1. "Modern History" (acoustic version) – 3:24

2014 expanded edition disc 1 bonus tracks 1. "Lenny Valentino (single version)"
2. "Vacant Lot"
3. "Car Crazy"
4. "Disney World"
5. "Lenny Valentino (original mix)"
6. "Underground Movies (alternative mix)"
7. "Brainchild (original version)"

2014 expanded edition disc 2 1. "Government Bookstore"
2. "Everything You Say Will Destroy You"
3. "Chinese Bakery (acoustic)"
4. "Modern History (acoustic)"
5. "Upper Classes (BBC Radio 1 evening session 1994)"
6. "Rich Man's Toy (BBC Radio 1 evening session 1994)"
7. "Underground Movies (BBC Radio 1 evening session 1994)"
8. "Everything You Say Will Destroy You (BBC Radio 1 evening session 1994)"
9. "Lenny Valentino (Mark Radcliffe BBC Radio 1 session 1994)"
10. "Chinese Bakery (Mark Radcliffe BBC Radio 1 Session 1994)"
11. "New French Girlfriend (Mark Radcliffe BBC Radio 1 session 1994)"
12. "Modern History (Mark Radcliffe BBC Radio 1 session 1994)"
13. "How Could I Be Wrong (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
14. "Don't Trust The Stars (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
15. "The Upper Classes (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
16. "New French Girlfriend (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
17. "Showgirl (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
18. "Lenny Valentino (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
19. "Modern History (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"
20. "Early Years (live at Leeds Town & Country 1993)"

## Personnel

Adapted from the album booklet.

### Additional musicians

* Louise Elliot – sax
* Belinda Sykes – oboe
* Joe Beckett – percussion

### Production

* Phil Vinall – producer, engineer
* Luke Haines – producer
* Pete Hoffman – assistant engineer
* Giles Hall – assistant engineer
* Stefan De Batselier – photography
* Peter Barrett – sleeve design
* Andrew Biscomb – sleeve design

**Citations**

**Sources**

## InfoBox

| Now I'm a Cowboy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by the Auteurs | |
| Released | 9 May 1994 (1994-05-09) |
| Recorded | 199394 |
| Studio | Townhouse, Protocol, Milo |
| Genre | Alternative rock, indie pop, baroque pop |
| Length | 41:42 |
| Label | Hut |
| Producer | Phil Vinall, Luke Haines |
| The Auteurs chronology | |
| *New Wave*
(1993) ***Now I'm a Cowboy***
(1994) *After Murder Park*
(1996) | |


title: Hyperolius castaneus

abstract: Hyperolius castaneus is a species of frogs in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in the highlands of western Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda as well as eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Common names of this species include Ahl's reed frog, brown reed frog, and montane reed frog. The status of the putative subspecies Hyperolius castaneus rhodogaster is unclear, and it may actually be a distinct species. Also Hyperolius constellatus, now a distinct species, was formerly recognized as a subspecies of H. castaneus.

text:
# Hyperolius castaneus

***Hyperolius castaneus*** is a species of frogs in the family Hyperoliidae. It is found in the highlands of western Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda as well as eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Common names of this species include **Ahl's reed frog**, **brown reed frog**, and **montane reed frog**. The status of the putative subspecies *Hyperolius castaneus rhodogaster* is unclear, and it may actually be a distinct species. Also *Hyperolius constellatus*, now a distinct species, was formerly recognized as a subspecies of *H. castaneus*.

## Description

Adult males measure 20–26 mm (0.79–1.02 in) and adult females 27–32 mm (1.1–1.3 in) in snout–vent length. The color pattern is highly variable. The dorsum in adult males is consistently tan to brown. There are varying levels of yellow or brown spots, or yellow blotches that may cover most of the dorsum. The yellow spots might have dark brown centers or edging. Most specimens have a brown or dark brown canthal stripe that runs from the nostril through the eye to at least the forelimb insertion, sometimes further to the inguinal region of the hind limb. The throat is canary yellow. The belly is grayish blue or white. The limbs are salmon red to red, with the concealed parts of the thighs being bright orangish red. In adult females, the dorsal ground color varies from orangish brown to mustard yellow. The canthal region is dark brown in most individuals, and that coloration may extend from the posterior of the orbit to the forelimb insertion. The dorsum may be completely without patterns, or the patterns can resemble the males ones, or may include large brown blotches with neon yellowish green borders. The abdomen is white with a light pink to grayish blue throat; the limbs have similar color. The hands and feet may be salmon red. In both males and females, the flanks and dorsum may have a lighter brown coloration than the remainder of the dorsum, or range from light gray to salmon red. Juveniles and subadults have coloring that transitions from a lime green dorsum (often with a white dorsolateral line) to the adult coloration described above.

## Habitat and conservation

*Hyperolius castaneus* occurs in swamps in montane grassland and forest at elevations of 1,600–2,850 m (5,250–9,350 ft) above sea level.

## Conservation

First assessed as "vulnerable" in 2004, this species is now listed as "least concern" due to the discovery that it occurs more widely than previously thought (now a 73,498 km² estimated extent of occurrence) and because, despite ongoing habitat loss, there is currently an abundance of suitable habitats within its range. It is considered to be an abundant species. It is present in several national parks.

## InfoBox

| *Hyperolius castaneus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hyperoliidae |
| Genus: | *Hyperolius* |
| Species: | ***H. castaneus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hyperolius castaneus***
Ahl, 1931 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Hyperolius latifrons* Ahl, 1931
*Hyperolius rugegensis* Ahl, 1931
*Hyperolius ventrimaculatus* Ahl, 1931
*Hyperolius rugegensis* Ahl, 1931
*Hyperolius adolphi-friederici* Ahl, 1931
*Hyperolius castaneus rhodogaster* Laurent, 1951 | |


title: Oldrich Majda

abstract: Oldrich Majda was a Slovak artist, painter, Illustrator and sculptor.

text:
# Oldrich Majda

**Oldrich Majda** (5 April 1930 – 2006) was a Slovak artist, painter, Illustrator and sculptor.

## Life

Majda was born with a heart defect, the doctor's prognosis him a life expectancy of ten years. He already started to paint when he was ten years old. From 1949 to 1953 he studied at the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, architecture, and at the Academy of Performing Arts Bratislava, scenography. Until 1968 he worked in various newsrooms in diverse newspapers and magazines as technical and graphical editor. Since the normalization 1970–1990 he was unable to work in the new society and he could no longer exhibit his works for 20 years. He began as a painter and stage builders in the decoration workshop of the Slovak National Theater. In 1970 he leased a piece of land and built there a refuge, where he created most of his sculptures. In the course of further 35 years he dug under his retreat facility catacombs of over 250 m length with rooms and sculptures on the walls. In 1990 he worked as an illustrator, but mostly he devoted himself to his art. After 1990, he had over 40 independent exhibitions abroad and in Slovakia. His artistic path has been very influenced by French Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. Above all he has prevailed as a landscape painter, but also different styles and with the inlaid patchwork; his sculptures are less known.

The number of his works are estimated to be about 4000 examples. Many of his works were donated for charitable purposes such as in Osaka, Japan, under the leadership of Mrs. Matabe. The proceeds went to the Children's Hospital of Lehnice in Slovakia. In 2008 he got the citizen honor – Award of Suchohrad

## Illustrations

* *Atomy života* (English : Atoms of Life) Juraj Bober, Mladé letá publishing house, 1961
* *Od kryštálky k tranzistoru* (English: From crystals to Transistor) Karol Dubecký, Mladé letá publishing house, 1962, the second part in 1964
* *Minerály* (English : Minerals) Olga Belešová, Mladé letá publishing house, 1978
* *Tiene storočia* (English : Shadow of the century) František Višváder, Obzor publishing house, 1989, ISBN 978-80-215-0042-6.
* *Kniha Králov* (English : Book of Kings) František Višváder with other KLEIO publishing house, 1998, ISBN 978-80-967862-0-6.

## Publications about Oldrich Majda

* *Stopy v Piesku* (English : Footprints in the Sand) Peter Pálfy, 1996 Is a documentary about the catacombs of Oldrich Majda
* *Oldrich Majda.* (Biography from František Višváder) Michal Vaška publishing house 2008, ISBN 978-80-7165-674-6.
* *Encyklopédia Suchohradu -Dimburka* (English: Encyclopedia Suchohrad Dimburg) commune office Suchohrad, 2011, ISBN 978-80-970873-1-9.

## Exhibitions

* Germany: Tübingen
* France: Vesoul
* Japan: Osaka
* Austria: Vienna
* Czech Republic: Prague
* Slovakia: Bratislava – (Slovak National Museum, Obrazy a plastiky (paintings and sculptures), 1999), Slovakian radio in the Slovak radio building (pyramid), 2009.) Rajec, Šahy, Štúrovo, – (City Gallery J.Barta, 1999) Banská Bystrica, Nitra, Topoľčany, Dunajská Streda, Dubnica nad Váhom – (House of Culture Dubnica nad Váhom, Posol ukrytých Kras (The Messenger of hidden Beauty), 2009) Skalica, – (Záhorské Muzeum Skalica, 1996, 1997, Obrazy a plastiky (paintings and sculptures) 2008.) – (Gallery at Františkánov, Akty a kone (Akt and horses), 2012)

1. "Neskrotná túžba tvoriť". *Hospodársky denník* (in Slovak). 29 June 2000. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
2. movie about catacombs
3. Slovak National Museum , 1999
4. Šebanová, Dáša (31 March 2009). "Oldrich Majda vystavuje v rozhlase". *Bratislavské noviny* (in Slovak). Retrieved 19 October 2014.
5. Sturovo 1999
6. Archived 15 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Culture House Dubnica nad Váhom 2009
7. Archived 15 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Skalica 2008
8. "Mesto Skalica". Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014. Skalica 2012


title: Noumory Keita

abstract: Noumory Keïta is a Malian volleyball player who has played in Serbia and South Korea. He currently plays for Verona Volley in the Italian SuperLega.

text:
# Noumory Keita

**Noumory Keïta** (born 26 June 2001) is a Malian volleyball player who has played in Serbia and South Korea.

He currently plays for Verona Volley in the Italian SuperLega.

* at *Volleybox*

## InfoBox

| Noumory Keïta | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Malian |
| Born | (2001-06-26) 26 June 2001 |
| Height | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 91 kg (201 lb) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Opposite |
| Current club | Uijeongbu KB Insurance Stars |
| Number | 9 |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2018–2019
2019–2020
2020–  Mladi Radnik Požarevac
OK Niš
Uijeongbu KB Insurance Stars | |
| National team | |
| Mali | |