title: Thomas-Institut

abstract: The Thomas-Institut is a research Institute whose function is to study medieval philosophy by preparing critical editions as well as historical and systematic studies of medieval authors.

text:
# Thomas-Institut

The **Thomas-Institut** is a research Institute whose function is to study medieval philosophy by preparing critical editions as well as historical and systematic studies of medieval authors.

## General information

The Thomas-Institut was founded in 1950 by Josef Koch, then Professor for medieval philosophy at the University of Cologne. Forming part of the Faculty of Humanities and, more particularly, the Philosophy Department, the Thomas-Institut is a research Institute whose function it is to serve the study of medieval philosophy by preparing critical editions and historical and systematic studies of medieval authors. The director of the Institute is the professor holding the chair in medieval philosophy at the university.

Since communicating the results of this work is an essential part of the task of the Institute, the staff gives various courses in medieval philosophy at the University of Cologne. Jointly with twenty other departments - from History and Philology to Byzantine, Jewish and Islamic Studies - the Thomas-Institute organizes an extensive programme for medieval studies, the Zentrum für Mittelalterstudien (ZfMs).

Since its beginnings the Thomas-Institut has attached importance to international cooperation and exchange, and many of the projects pursued at the Thomas-Institut are international collaborations. The Mediaevistentagung, taking place every two years, has become one of the foremost conferences on medieval studies in Europe, furthering international and interdisciplinary research. The proceedings are published in the Miscellanea Mediaevalia series, edited by the Institute and published by de Gruyter.

In addition to its own projects the Thomas-Institut sponsors several ongoing editions which are funded and organized by other institutions. The most important at present are the Averroes Latinus project of the International Union of Academies, funded by the Nordrhein-Westfäische Akademie der Wissenschaften, and the critical edition of the works of Nicolaus Cusanus with the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. The Thomas-Institut likewise participates in the Aristoteles Latinus project organized by the International Union of Academies, it hosts the Meister Eckhart Archiv and has recently started the critical edition of Durandus of St. Pourçain.

Since its beginnings the Thomas-Institut has edited the Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters (STGMA) published by Brill, one of the most renowned series in medieval philosophy and medieval studies. In 1997, together with the De Wulf-Mansion Centre in Leuven, the Thomas-Institut took over the journal Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie médiévales. For further information about the publications of the Thomas-Institut, see

## Research

### Main areas of expertise

* Conditions of Scientific Discourse in Medieval Arabic, Hebrew, Byzantine and Latin Culture

Scientific discourse in the Middle Ages has its common ground in the reception of Greek learning from late Antiquity. It is diversified, however, according to the sociological and institutional as well as religious and theological framework in which Greek science is integrated. Besides that, the processes of rationalisation taking place in various fields of knowledge exercise a considerable influence. Key-words like "Reception of Dionysius", "Reception of Aristotle", and "Averroism" refer us to a complex structure of medieval bodies of knowledge. This structure has to be understood as the result of far-reaching processes of reception and transformation, transmission and translation. Inquiries in this area demand a combination of philosophical, philological, and historiographical competences. Research at the Thomas-Institut focuses on the contexts of transmission, on the attempts to define the meaning of "philosophy" (for example in the relationship of "Philosophy and Wisdom"), and on the formation of epistemological and institutional canons.

* Intellect, Mind and Soul: Concepts, Stratifications and Boundaries. A Critical Evaluation of the Medieval Debates

The debate on intellect, mind and soul is currently one of those philosophical topics generating the most innovative questions. Medieval philosophy is of central importance in this respect, since it furnishes a rich tradition of investigation in this area. The problem was dealt with in all the medieval philosophical and theological cultures and languages. While differences abounded in every milieu, some solutions were adopted across boundaries. The medieval contribution is interesting from the point of view of the history of ideas, but the reception of traditions from Antiquity also engendered new theories. The confrontation of these theories in epistemological debates from the 13th century to the Renaissance lead to the development of new models. One may think for instance of "augustinisme avicennisant", the Averroistic theory of intellect, and the combination of Aristotelian and pseudo-Dionysian noetics. When one examines the modern debate on the background just sketched, it becomes clear that medieval philosophy provides models and perspectives both richer in arguments and truly interdisciplinary. This topic has already been made the object of research by an international network of institutions working on medieval philosophy (the EGSAMP members Leuven, Amsterdam, Pisa, Lecce, Bari, Sofia) in which the Thomas-Institut participates.

### Ongoing research projects

* The Relationship between Philosophy and Wisdom
    + Philosophy and Wisdom in the Middle Ages

A Contribution to the Development of the Western Concept of Philosophy Behind the terminological opposition of philosophy and wisdom, into whose reasons this project enquires, emerges another problem: the origin of philosophy. Thus the medieval debate is representative of a basic discourse, which always anew attempts to determine the essence of philosophy. The Middle Ages, and especially the 13th century are of prime importance for the reconstruction of the affaire de cœur of philosophy and wisdom. In the second half of this century the reception of an Aristotelian idea of philosophical wisdom sparks a major controversy about the identity of philosophy, a controversy that presages many of the questions asked in the modern era. The results which have been reached in a number of case-studies will be assembled and assessed in context.

* + "Rhizomatics": the Art of Living and Wisdom as Bridges for a Transcultural Philosophy

In this project "rhizomatics" and nomadism as developed by the French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari are employed to address transcultural issues. At the heart of this project are the concept of philosophy, its relation to wisdom, methodology and ethics and possible forms and constructions of philosophy. Besides the French and German Literature on Deleuze the project will take into account the reception and resonance of his ideas in Spanish-American thought.

* + New Perspectives in the Historiography of Medieval Philosophy

What is medieval philosophy? This question has been answered in a variety of ways even before Gilson's influential attempts to give a definitive reply. Such answers are always bound up with a certain idea of philosophy and its resulting mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion. But if one takes into account the dynamics proper to different cultural frameworks which transferred the philosophical inheritance from late Antiquity into modernity, one must try to describe its interactions more closely, disregarding the classical narratives of medieval philosophy. In order to realise this, new methodological approaches will be attempted. This project forms part of the InterLink-project (Bari-Köln-Sofia-Leuven-Paris) "Soggetto e statuto della filosofia nel Medioevo. Nuove prospettive di ricerca nell'edizione critica dei testi e nelle metodologie di indagine storiografica".

* Thomas Aquinas in Philosophical Context
    + Thomas Aquinas, In librum Beati Dionysii De divinis nominibus expositione, Book IV, Lectiones 1-10

Thomas Aquinas's commentary on Dionysius is an exemplary case for the study of the encounter of the Latin and the Byzantine Middle Ages. Of special interest are Thomas's first ten "Lectiones" on the fourth book of his model. Here, central themes of Neoplatonism are treated: the Good, light, beauty, and love. A translation and commentary on the basis of a revised Latin text is in preparation.

* + Edith Stein's Translations of Aquinas's Works De veritate and De ente et essentia

Edith Stein's translations of Aquinas are not only an important document for the intellectual development of Husserl's former assistant but also show in an exemplary case the encounter of Neoscholasticism and modern philosophy at the beginning of the 20th century. In the framework of the new edition of the works of Edith Stein her translation of the Quaestiones disputatae de veritate and her yet unpublished translation of De ente et essential will be edited alongside a number of further "Thomistica" (ESGA 24).

* + Thomas Aquinas, Quaestio disputata "De libero arbitrio" (De malo VI)

This text is a key to understanding Aquinas's teaching on free choice as foundation of truly human, that is to say responsible and autonomous action. A German translation of this text on the basis of the Editio Leonina is currently in preparation and will be published, together with an extensive introduction, by Reclam.

* The Medieval Theory of Transcendentals

The project is dedicated to the historical development of the theory of transcendentals from its formation in the thirteenth century (Philip the Chancellor) up to its treatment in the Disputationes metaphysicae by Francesco Suárez. It likewise deals with the significance of the theory of transcendentals for medieval philosophy in general.

* The "Super"-Transcendental and the Splitting of Metaphysics

In search of the origins and motives of the splitting of metaphysics in the 17th and 18th century into a *metaphysica generalis* and *metaphysica specialis*, conceived for the first time by Francis of Marchia at the beginning of the 14th century, this project enquires into the relationship between the first object of the human intellect and the proper object of metaphysics as they present themselves in conceptions of metaphysics after the time of Duns Scotus. Especially the attempt to define the primum obiectum intellectus as "super-transcendental" has a constitutive function for the legitimating of a twofold metaphysics.

* Radicalisation in lieu of Abolition of the Science of Being. On the Development of First Philosophy from the Late Middle Ages to the 18th Century

According to the account of the development of first philosophy predominant today, this discipline underwent a transformation since the late Middle Ages, in the course of which the Aristotelian theory of being was dissolved and reformed as an onto-logic of that which can be thought, thus immediately preparing Kant's transcendental philosophy. This interpretation needs to be revised in order to show that the said transformation did not exceed the boundaries of the traditional concept of science. On the contrary, in the teachings of the main representatives of the discipline up to Wolff and Baumgarten one finds a new concept of the theory of being as a theory of the universal and necessary structure of reality which is common to God and every possible world. Thus we do not encounter abolition but rather a radicalisation of tendencies which have shaped the development of first philosophy since the medieval reception of Aristotle and his Arabic interpreters. These tendencies are: the turn from a theological to an ontological concept of first philosophy, from its conception as practical wisdom to the idea of a universal theoretical science, from transcendent being as the starting point of thought to the transcategorical and thus transcendental content of being as such.

* Master Eckhart: Historical and Systematical Perspectives

As part of the research on the medieval theory of transcendentia, this project examines the peculiar form which the theory of transcendentals takes in Meister Eckhart. The project attempts at the same time to reconstruct Eckhart's Opus propositionum, especially the 9th tractate: "De natura superioris, et inferioris eius oppositi".

* A Mystical Treatise between Convention and Provocation - Possibilities and Limits of Expression in the "Theologia deutsch" ("The Francfurt")

The treatise written in the 14th century which became popular in the 16th under the title Theologia deutsch, has been considered in scholarship mainly from two perspectives: on the one hand as a key text of the Reformation - it was first edited by Martin Luther - on the other hand as a document of timeless Christian spirituality that can inspire and direct even the life of modern readers. Both approaches have invested the Theologia deutsch with an aura which obfuscates its specific theologico-philosophical profile. Originally it was an anonymous treatise from the context of the so-called "German Mysticism" of the 14th century, transmitted in only a few manuscripts. This is where the planned investigation begins: Disregarding its reception during the Reformation, the Theologia deutsch is examined it its original formative context and thus as a mystical treatise of a special type, which does not at all transmit a timeless spirituality but rather - like other Latin and colloquial texts - sounds out possibilities of expression. The study centres on the Christology and the doctrine of God of the Theologia deutsch. Besides that it discusses - since according to the prologue the author was an anonymous Knight of the German Order from Francfurt - the problems of authorship, authority, and authenticity.

In the beginnings of the University of Paris around the year 1200 the Magister William of Auxerre wrote his explanation of liturgy which attempts to elucidate all the cultic-ritual actions and objects of Christian liturgy and to suggest their hidden meaning. The edition of the yet unpublished Summa de officiis ecclesiasticis makes use of the possibilities of digital data processing and further develops in this medium the methodological standards and formats of presentation established for printed editions. The edition is accompanied by a study on the concept of time which forms the basis of William's interpretation of the liturgy and according to which several levels of time and meaning become intertwined during the ritual.

* Ibn Bâjja's Kitâb al-nafs: The First Western Commentary on the De anima

Ibn Bâjja (ob. 1139), known to the Latin scholastics as "Avempace", was - as the predecessor of Averroes - the first Spanish-Arabic philosopher to comment in a systematical manner upon the writings of Aristotle. Thus he prepared the work of "the Commentator" with respect to both method and content. This is true especially in the field of psychology and the doctrine of intellect where Ibn Bâjja, as a follower of Alexander of Aphrodisias and Alfarabi, formed an Aristotelian counterbalance to the psychology of Avicenna, which was more strongly influenced by Neoplatonism and by the medical tradition. With the preparation of the critical edition and German translation of the Kitâb al-nafs Ibn Bâjja's most central writing on psychology shall be rendered accessible in a reliable form supplemented with guides to its sources. The edition will be accompanied by a study which - for the first time - examines in detail the philosophical questions and solutions of this early period of the reception of De anima. It enquires into the conceptual and historical background of problems like the concept of intention (ma'nâ) or the so-called "conjunction with the Active Intellect" - ideas which came to exercise a longstanding and varied influence.

* "The Birth of a World". Investigations into Themes in the Thought of Michel Foucault

Starting from an analysis of the opposition of truth and fiction dictated by the traditional idea of philosophy and science, and an examination of the concomitant confrontation of philosophy and science on the one hand and literature on the other hand this study investigates the peculiar status which Michel Foucault gives to the concept of knowledge. This concept of knowledge corresponds in Foucault's writings to a specific concept of fiction in a way that has yet to be clearly defined. To this end Foucault's early texts (apparently dismissed by him later), the long Binswanger-introduction (1954), and the Archéologie du savoir are all searched for a motif which can be called - employing an expression by Foucault himself - the "Birth of a World". The investigation into this theme renders visible elements of "structure" and "history". In the course of this reading the evolution of the foundational thought-structures leading to Foucault's specific concept of knowledge will be examined.

### Edition projects

* The Commentary on the Sentences by Durandus of St. Pourçain (a S. Porciano)

As J. Koch has shown, the commentary on the Sentences by Durandus of St. Pourçain (1275–1334) is preserved in three recensions. While the last redaction was printed in the 16th century, the first two versions remain unpublished. Of particular interest is the first, because it contains the sharpest polemic against Thomas Aquinas and because it engendered the most critical response by his contemporaries (such as Petrus de Palude and Petrus Aureoli). In the first place a computerised copy of the third version will be made, which can serve as an effective research instrument. The project centres, nevertheless, on the critical edition of the first version which will be made on the basis of a complete collation of all manuscripts.

* Critical Edition of the Commentaries on Book V and VI of the Nicomachean Ethics in the Latin Translation by Robert Grosseteste

The project consists in the study of the Latin reception of the commentaries on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics composed and assembled in twelfth century Constantinople at the initiative of Princess Anna Comnena. The critical edition of the texts of the commentaries on book V (Anonymous and Michael of Ephesus) and book VI (Eustratius of Nicaea) will complete Mercken's edition of the commentaries on books I-IV (CLCAG 6.1) and VII-X (CLCAG 6.3). The edition of the text will be introduced by a study of the sources of the Greek original text and its Latin reception in the thirteenth and fourteenth century.

* Averroes: Collected Works

The Latin translation of three of the most important works of Averroes, the Long Commentaries on De caelo, Physica, and Metaphysica, will be edited and published in the series "Bibliotheca" affiliated with the Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie médiévales. This "editio minor" is based on the early printings and some few manuscripts. It is further intended to make these commentaries eventually available on CD-Rom. The edition of the Long Commentary on De caelo on the basis of F. Carmody's edition, revised by R. Arnzen, has already been published. At the moment the edition of the Long Commentary on the Metaphysica (by Dag N. Hasse, Würzburg) and of the Long Commentary on the Physica are in preparation.

### Collaborations

* Historical-Critical Edition of the Arabic-Latin Translations of Averroes's (Ibn Rushd's) Commentaries on Aristotle

This project forms part of the edition of the Opera omnia, supervised by the International Union of Academies (Director: Gerhard Endress; responsible for the Averroes Latinus: Andreas Speer). It is funded by the Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

* + Middle Commentary on the Categoriae

This Middle Commentary on the Categoriae forms part of the group of Middle Commentaries which Averroes devoted to the Organon and whose Latin translation is attributed to William of Luna. Prepared by a large number of publications, the work currently in progress continues the edition of the Middle Commentary on Peri Hermeneias which has already been published. At the moment the text is prepared for printing, the apparatus and the Latin-Arabic glossary are being adapted to the definite text. At the same time some parts of the introduction are developed further; for example, the question whether there were any double translations is examined, as is the Hebrew-Latin translation from the Renaissance. Did its author, Jacob Mantino, make use of the medieval Arabic-Latin translation or its editio princeps?

* + Long Commentary on the Physica

Averroes completed his Long Commentary on the Physics around the year 1186. Like a number of other works by Averroes, it was translated from Arabic to Latin at the beginning of the 13th century, most probably by Michael Scot. More than sixty medieval manuscripts, complete and fragmentary, preserve the versio vulgata of the text. The detailed documentation of its textual history evolves continually. With the exception of a few manuscripts the dependences and interrelations in the manuscript tradition have been established on the basis of a comparison of approximately 1100 positions. The results concerning the filiation of the manuscripts can thus be established.

* + Long Commentary on the Physica, Book VII, according to Ms. Vienna, Austrian National Library, Lat. 2334

In the manuscript of the Austrian National Library, Vienna lat. 2334, the seventh and part of the eight book of the Long Commentary are preserved in a translation which differs considerably from the one by Michel Scot, both in vocabulary and in syntax. This text will be edited separately. In order to prove that the translator was not Michel Scot, but probably Hermannus Alemannus, this edition will be accompanied by a detailed comparison of technical terms and of important portions of the text. The study has been approved by the Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie and will be published by F. Schöningh, Paderborn (ISBN 978-3-506-76316-7)

* + Arabic Concepts of Metaphysics, Considering in particular Averroes's Epitome on Aristotle's Metaphysics

The project comprises two parts: First, a historical-critical edition of the Arabic text of Averroes's Epitome on the Metaphysics which is based on all available Arabic manuscripts and which takes into account the Hebrew translation from the 13th century, as well as the Latin translation from the 16th based on the latter. The edition will be introduced by a philological study and accompanied by an English translation, in order to render the text available for a larger group of scholars in medieval philosophy. The second part consists in a historical and philosophical analysis of Arabic concepts of metaphysics, its foundations, objects, parts, and methods. Averroes's concept of metaphysics will be investigated in the historical and philosophical context of competing ideas. Of special interest is the question whether in the post-Avicennian tradition metaphysics was conceived as ontology and/or universal science in contradistinction from theology.

* + Averroes-Database

The bibliography of secondary literature on Averroes published since 1980 contains at present 1043 titles. It is constantly updated and accessible via internet. The bibliography of Averroes's works provides information on the relevant manuscripts, editions, and translations. It is still in preparation, but the sections on Logic, Philosophy of Nature, Psychology and the Doctrine of Intellect are already \[online http://www.thomasinst.uni-koeln.de/averroes\].

* Historical-Critical Edition of the Opera omnia of Nicolaus Cusanus

1. Reformatio generalis (Bd. XV, Fasc. 2), ed. Hans Gerhard Senger, in press
2. De usu communionis; Epistolae ad Bohemos; Intentio (Bd. XV, Fasz. 1), edd. Stefan Nottelmann, Hans Gerhard Senger, in press
3. Sermones CXCIII-CCIII (Bd. XVIII, Fasc. 5), edd. Silvia Donati, Isabelle Mandrella, Hamburg 2005
4. Sermones CCLVIII-CCLXVII (Bd. XIX, Fasc. 5), edd. Heide D. Riemann, Harald Schwaetzer, Franz-Bernhard Stammkötter, Hamburg 2005
5. Sermones CCLXVIII-CCLXXXII (Bd. XIX, Fasc. 6), ed. Heide D. Riemann, Hamburg 2005
6. Sermones CCLXXXIII-CCXCIII (Bd. XIX, Fasc. 7), edd. Silvia Donati, Heide D. Riemann, Hamburg 2005

* Historical-Critical Edition of Aristotle's Meteorology in the Latin Translation by William of Moerbeke

This project is part of the Aristoteles Latinus, edited by the International Union of Academies and directed by Carlos Steel. The Latin text of the Meteorology has already been published on the CD-ROM version of the Aristoteles Latinus (Édition CD-ROM des traductions gréco-latines d'Aristote) in 2003.

* Historical-Critical Edition of Book I and II of the Commentary on the Physics by Aegidius Romanus

The Augustinian monk Aegidius Romanus (ca. 1243/7-1316) was a prominent figure at the University of Paris in the late 13th century. His philosophical works consist mainly in commentaries on Aristotle. In the late 13th and during the 14th century Aegidius's commentaries were well known; their impact can be compared with the paraphrases by Albert the Great and the commentaries by Thomas Aquinas. This project centres on the edition of book I and II of his commentary on the Physics (ca. 1274/75). They are devoted to some central issues in Aristotle's philosophy of nature, namely the problems of the principles of change, the concept of nature, and the concepts of necessity and chance. Aegidius's commentary is extant in thirty manuscripts. The manuscript tradition is complex because it is partly a University tradition, dependent on one exemplar from the university milieu, and partly independent. The text of books I and II has been established on the basis of eight manuscripts, and the sources have been traced. At present the historical and philological introduction is in preparation. The edition will be part of Aegidii Romani Opera omnia, edited by the Unione Accademica Nazionale, directed by Francesco Del Punta.

## History

The foundation of the Thomas-Institut on October 10, 1950, grew out of efforts to reinstall a centre for the study of medieval philosophy in Germany after World War II, one that would be able to inspire research into a philosophical tradition representing positive ideas and humanistic values. It was hoped that the discussion of the problems of our time would benefit from the results of such studies. Nevertheless, the Thomas-Institut was not conceived as part of the movement of Neo-Scholasticism, but rather as an institution which would conduct research in medieval philosophy much in the same way that elsewhere research in ancient and modern philosophy was done - never as a narrowly historical enterprise, but always in touch with contemporary questions and perspectives.

Josef Koch (1885–1967), then one of the rare German scholars internationally renowned in the field of medieval philosophy, had been chosen in 1948 to become a professor at the University of Cologne with a view to the Institute's founding. In close connection with the founding of the Institute stood the creation of the Mediaevistentagung, and the series Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, both of which were devised by Koch and are still carried on today.

The development of the Institute was boosted by a grant from the American High Commissioner for Germany, arranged by Professor John O. Riedl of the Educational and Cultural Relation Division, and later of Marquette University in Milwaukee - a personal friend of founder Josef Koch. The Institute was able to move into three rooms in Universitätsstraße 22, where later it was allowed to expand considerably, and where it is still housed today. Since 1952 the Thomas-Institut has been maintained by the University of Cologne and has become an integral part of the Philosophy Department.

The first tasks of the newly created Institute consisted in building up a research library and in procuring the necessary microfilm copies of medieval manuscripts in order to render critical editions possible. The collection concentrated at first on Meister Eckhart and Nicolaus Cusanus, who were then studied by Koch and editions of whose works were prepared at the Institute in continuation of projects begun before the war. The fund of manuscript copies grew steadily and was enriched by every new project. The library was designed to include not only primary texts from the Middle Ages and bibliographical material but a historical section spanning from Antiquity to contemporary philosophy that permits the systematic studies intended by the aims described in 1950.

In 1954 Koch was succeeded in the director's office by Paul Wilpert (1906–1967), an expert in Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas and already affiliated with the Cusanus edition since the 1940s. It was Wilpert who created the Miscellanea Mediaevalia series in 1962, thus providing an organ for the publications of the Institute, first and foremost the proceedings of the Mediaevistentagungen. In 1961 Wilpert organized in Cologne the 2nd International Congress of Medieval Philosophy of the Société Internationale pour l'Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale (S.I.E.P.M), whose vice chairman he had become in the founding year of the organization, 1958. With the activities of Wilpert's collaborator, Gudrun Vuillemin-Diem, the Thomas-Institut took part in the Aristoteles Latinus project of the International Union of Academies. Ms. Vuillemin-Diem has continued working with the Thomas-Institut under its subsequent directors, and has published to date the four medieval recensions of the Metaphysics.

After Wilpert's sudden death, Albert Zimmermann (1928–2017), a pupil of Josef Koch's, became the third director of the Thomas-Institut. His fields of research are especially the Aristotelian philosophy of nature in the Middle Ages and Latin Averroism. When the International Union of Academies took over the Averrois Opera project from the Medieval Academy of America, Zimmermann became its general editor in 1974 (until 1996) and the Thomas-Institut took the responsibility for the edition of the Latin translations of Averroes's commentaries. The project currently employs two editors, Roland Hissette and Horst Schmieja, and is funded by the Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften. In 1992 Zimmermann was elected president of the S.I.E.P.M.

Zimmermann retired in 1993 and was followed in office in 1994 by Jan Adrianus Aertsen, formerly a professor at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (since 1984). His main area of research is the history of the Doctrine of Transcendentals. In 1997 Aertsen was elected vice chairman of the S.I.E.P.M. The 4th Symposium Averroicum, combined with the sixth conference of the editors of Averroes's works, was held in Cologne in 1996 in collaboration with Gerhard Endreß (Bochum). In 1997 the Thomas-Institut under the lead of Jan A. Aertsen and Andreas Speer organized the 10th International Congress of Medieval Philosophy in Erfurt. Following a suggestion by Jan A. Aertsen and a conference in Cologne co-organized by the Thomas-Institut, a Gesellschaft für Philosophie des Mittelalters und der Renaissance (GPMR) was set up in 2003, for which the Thomas-Institut currently provides the office.

The present director of the Thomas-Institut, Andreas Speer, formerly professor at Würzburg (2000), was appointed in 2004.

## Activities

### Mediaevistentagung

Already on October 11, 1950, one day after the foundation of the Thomas-Institut, the first Mediaevistentagung took place. Josef Koch had invited scholars from Germany and from the Institut supérieur de philosophie of Louvain with the declared aim to assemble - not for a "congress" but in "friendly discussion" - all those interested in medieval studies: philosophers, theologians, historians, philologists, art- and music-historians. This interdisciplinary approach has since determined the programmes of the Mediaevistentagungen, which until 1960 were held every year. Since 1960 the Thomas-Institut organizes those conferences every two years in the second week of September. Beginning with the second conference in 1951, which was devoted to medieval symbolism, every Mediaevistentagung has been centred on a global topic that stood in relation with the work done at the Institute or with current interests in the field of medieval studies. Since 1952, the results have been documented; the first proceedings were published in the series Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters (vols. 3 and 5), since 1956 they are published in the Miscellanea Mediaevalia series created especially for that purpose. While remaining true to its original concept, the Mediaevistentagung has become more fully international, bigger - the record was set with circa 300 participants in 1994 - and, not to mention, longer - it now lasts a week. In 2004 a workshop was introduced to precede the main conference. It provides a forum for younger scholars to present their works in progress or, alternatively, presents an opportunity to share different approaches and projects in open discussion.

### Forschungskolloquium

The "Forschungskolloquium" is a series of loosely connected lectures by our collaborators, guests, or invitees. It affords an opportunity to present a particular field of research to the colleagues and at the same time to the wider public.

### Köln-Bonner Philosophisches Kolloquium

The "Köln-Bonner Philosophisches Kolloquium", organized together with the Philosophy Department of Bonn University, is a semester long reading course for graduate and older undergraduate students (taking place every two weeks). The course examines a systematic topic (e.g. Aristotelian psychology, concepts of metaphysics) throughout ancient and medieval philosophy.

## Further reading

* Meuthen, Erich. "Das Thomas-Institut. Vor- und Gründungsgeschichte". In: Ende und Vollendung. Eschatologische Perspektiven im Mittelalter. Hrsg. Von Jan A. Aertsen und Martin Pickavé, mit einem Beitrag zur Geschichte des Thomas-Instituts der Universität zu Köln anläßlich des 50. Jahrestages der Institutsgründung. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 2002. 3-20.
* Koch, Josef. "Das Thomas-Institut. Forschungsstelle für besondere philosophische Aufgaben an der Universität Köln". In: Mitteilungsblatt der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen 4 (1955): 8-14.
* Kluxen, Wolfgang. "50 Jahre Thomas-Institut: Erinnerung an die Anfänge". Ibid. 21-28.
* Speer, Andreas. "50 Jahre Kölner Mediaevistentagungen: ein Überblick". In: Ende und Vollendung. Eschatologische Perspektiven im Mittelalter. Hrsg. Von Jan A. Aertsen und Martin Pickavé, mit einem Beitrag zur Geschichte des Thomas-Instituts der Universität zu Köln anläßlich des 50. Jahrestages der Institutsgründung. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 2002. 36-47.
* Zimmermann, Albert. "Staunen, vertrauen, lernen - Student am Thomas-Institut". Ibid. 29-35.

## InfoBox

Thomas-Institut, University of Cologne
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Research Institute, in particular in the field of medieval philosophy |
| Established | 1950 |
| Director | Andreas Speer |
| Location | Cologne, NRW, Germany |
| Website | www.thomasinstitut.uni-koeln.de |


title: Thomas-Jacques Taschereau

abstract: Thomas-Jacques Taschereau was the patriarch of the illustrious Taschereau family in New France (Canada). It is believed that he may have come from some level of nobility in France and his family descended from a line of royal municipal officials. He arrived in New France in 1726 as a private secretary to the Intendant of New France, Claude-Thomas Dupuy. In 1728 he married a young Canadian girl from nobility, Marie-Claire, daughter of Joseph de Fleury de La Gorgendière. They returned briefly to France and then came back to Canada in 1732. It was then that his most important contribution to the Taschereau family's future took place, mainly establishing their seigneury of Sainte-Marie-de-la-Nouvelle-Beauce. Shortly after he died, but by this point, Taschereau's seigneury was nonetheless well established. His wife was able to raise and educate their remaining 8 children. The youngest, Gabriel-Elzéar Taschereau, carried on the name and became the second seigneur of Sainte-Marie. One of Gabriel-Elzéar's sisters, Marie-Anne-Louise Taschereau, joined the Ursuline order in Quebec and became superior of the convent.

text:
# Thomas-Jacques Taschereau

**Thomas-Jacques Taschereau** (August 26, 1680 – September 25, 1749) was the patriarch of the illustrious Taschereau family in New France (Canada). It is believed that he may have come from some level of nobility in France and his family descended from a line of royal municipal officials. He arrived in New France in 1726 as a private secretary to the Intendant of New France, Claude-Thomas Dupuy.

In 1728 he married a young Canadian girl from nobility, Marie-Claire, daughter of Joseph de Fleury de La Gorgendière. They returned briefly to France and then came back to Canada in 1732. It was then that his most important contribution to the Taschereau family's future took place, mainly establishing their seigneury of Sainte-Marie-de-la-Nouvelle-Beauce. Shortly after he died, but by this point, Taschereau's seigneury was nonetheless well established.

His wife was able to raise and educate their remaining 8 children. The youngest, Gabriel-Elzéar Taschereau, carried on the name and became the second seigneur of Sainte-Marie. One of Gabriel-Elzéar's sisters, Marie-Anne-Louise Taschereau, joined the Ursuline order in Quebec and became superior of the convent.

* (http://www.republiquelibre.org/cousture/1759B.HTM)
* Provost, Honorius (1974). "Taschereau, Thomas-Jacques". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). *Dictionary of Canadian Biography*. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.


abstract: Thomas Claude Bernard Renart de Fuschamberg, marquis d'Amblimont was a French Navy officer, nobleman and colonial administrator who served as governor general of the French Antilles. He is best known for his 1674 defense of Martinique against Dutch forces under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, where he was captain of a warship that played a critical role in driving the Dutch land forces off their beachhead.

text:
# Thomas-Claude Renart de Fuchsamberg Amblimont

**Thomas Claude Bernard Renart de Fuschamberg, marquis d'Amblimont** (1642 – 17 August 1700) was a French Navy officer, nobleman and colonial administrator who served as governor general of the French Antilles. He is best known for his 1674 defense of Martinique against Dutch forces under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, where he was captain of a warship that played a critical role in driving the Dutch land forces off their beachhead.

## Early years (1642–74)

Thomas Claude Renart de Fuchsamberg was born on 21 March 1642 in Mouzon, Ardennes. He came from a Saxon family that had settled in Mouzon. His father was Nicolas Renart, sieur des Mahomets. His mother, born Marin, was dame d'Amblimont. His father died in the siege of Mouzon in 1653. When his older brother died in the Battle of Valenciennes (1656) he inherited the seigneury of Amblimont, near Mouzon.

Amblimont obtained a position as captain in the regiment of Jean-Armand de Joyeuse, Marquis de Grandpré. He joined that regiment on 20 September 1656. In November 1663 Amblimont transferred to the navy as *lieutenant de vaisseau*. In 1669 he was *capitaine de vaisseau* in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime. That year he participated in the Cretan War as aide-de-camp of Almeiras.

## Defense of Martinique (1674)

The Third Anglo-Dutch War was launched by the English and French in 1672, but the allies were outmatched by the Dutch forces under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, who inflicted several defeats. After the English had withdrawn from their alliance with France, de Ruyter appeared off Martinique on 16 July 1674 with a fleet that included 18 warships, support vessels and 15 troop transports with 3,400 soldiers. The French were expecting de Ruyter but thought Fort Royal (now Fort-de-France) was impregnable, so had concentrated their forces up the coast at Saint-Pierre. De Ruyter directed his force to Fort Royal, but was becalmed on the first day, giving the French time for urgent efforts to improve the defenses.

The governor of Martinique Antoine André de Sainte-Marthe arrived to take command at dawn, by which time the French had booms across the harbour mouth and enough men to work the batteries. Two armed ship were anchored off the fort: the 44-gun royal frigate *Jeux* under Amblimont and the 22-gun merchantman *Saint Eustache*. At the start of the attempted Invasion of Martinique de Ruyter's force was greeted by heavy gunfire when it entered the harbour in the morning on 20 July. 1,000 Dutch troops were landed at 9:00 a.m. but found themselves trapped below high cliffs, exposed to fire from the French batteries and from the two armed ships. They broke into a rum warehouse and all discipline was lost.

The commanders of the Dutch land forces tried to take shelter below a cliff, but Amblimont at once landed six guns from the *Jeux* and opened fire on the new position. Dutch morale collapsed when their commander Van Uyttenhowe was badly wounded. The Dutch troops escaped by boat around 1:00 a.m., made a second assault at 2:00 p.m., and again were forced to retreat. The Dutch had lost 143 dead and 318 wounded against 15 French dead. They abandoned the effort, sailed north that night, and eventually returned to Europe in disarray. King Louis XIV of France ennobled Sainte-Marthe for his victory against the Dutch. The king had a medal struck to commemorate this feat of arms. Amblimont was made the first marquis d'Amblimont by letters patent.

## Later career (1674–96)

AvesBarb-
adosCuraçaoGrenadaGuadeloupeMartiniqueOrchilaRoquesSt. ChristopheSt. VincentTobagoclass=notpageimage|Islands in the Lesser Antilles

In 1677 Amblimont cruised in the Antilles in the *Alycon* in the squadron of Admiral Jean II d'Estrées and assisted in the seizure of Tobago. On 7 May 1678 d'Estrées launched an expedition from Saint Christopher Island against the Dutch base of Curaçao. He had 18 of the king's warships supported by more than 12 buccaneer vessels. His course was down the Lesser Antilles and then west past the Orchila, Roques and Aves islands. The fleet strayed too far south when near the Aves Archipelago and during the night of 11–12 May 1678 the fleet began to strike the reefs. Amblimont's *Défenseur* (50) was among the warships that sank. Others were the flagship *Terrible* (70), *Belliqueux* (70), *Tonnant* (66), *Bourbon* (56), *Prince* and *Hercule*. Six other ships sank, 500 men were drowned and the French lost most of their guns. The shattered remnants of the force had to retreat towards Saint-Domingue (Haiti).

In 1680 Aublimont was made a commander of the Order of Saint Lazarus. In 1683, sailing with Jean Bart on the *Modéré*, he helped capture two Spanish vessels in the vicinity of Cádiz. In 1686, still on the *Modéré*, he was part of a small squadron under Job Forant(fr) and engaged in battle near Cape Finisterre. On 2 May 1687 Amblimont left La Rochelle on the 52-gun *Arc-en-ciel* in command of a squadron with two other warships, *Perle* and *Profond*, and two transports carrying twelve companies of marine troops to combat the Iroquois threat. The flotilla made a fast passage and reached Quebec City on 29 May 1687.

In January 1688 Amblimont married Catherine Balarin de Parisot. Their son, Claude Thomas Renart de Fuschamberg d'Amblimont, also became a squadron leader.

Amblimont distinguished himself at the start of the Nine Years' War (1688–97) in a battle where, with four frigates, he attacked five English vessels, sank two, burned a third and took a fourth. On 27 July 1689 as commander of the *Profond* Amblimont destroyed a Dutch squadron off the Texel. On 24 May 1692 on the *Victorieux* he took part in the Battle of La Hougue, for which he was promoted to squadron commander. He was promoted to *chef d'escadre* in January 1693. He was made a commander of the Order of Saint Louis when that order was established later in 1693.

## Governor general of the Antilles (1696–1700)

Charles de Courbon de Blénac, governor general of the French Antilles, died on 10 June 1696 and was succeeded as interim governor general by Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut. Amblimont was appointed governor general on 1 September 1696, and was received in Martinique on 14 March 1697. He died in Martinique on 17 August 1700. Guitaut was again interim governor until Charles Desnotz took office on 23 May 1701.

## Citations

1. Pierfit.
2. Thomas Claude Renard de Fuchsamberg Amblimont –BnF.
3. Perissat 2015, p. 1.
4. Lerot 1866, p. 5.
5. Vergé-Franceschi 1990, p. 481.
6. Rickard 2000.
7. Marley 1998, p. 178.
8. Marley 1998, p. 179.
9. Marley 1998, pp. 178–179.
10. Guët 1893, p. 164.
11. Marley 1998, p. 288.
12. Marley 1998, p. 289.
13. Lerot 1866, p. 6.
14. Falardeau 2017.
15. Saint-Méry 1784, p. xxxii.

## Sources

* Falardeau, Yves (January 2017), *Le passé militaire de Guillaume Falardeau* (in French), Orléans, Ontario: Amicale Falardeau, retrieved 2018-09-09
* Guët, Isidore (1893), *Origines de la Martinique. Le colonel François de Collart et la Martinique de son temps; colonisation, sièges, révoltes et combats de 1625 à1720*, Vannes: Lafolye, retrieved 2018-08-27
* Lerot, P. (1866), *Les gloires maritimes de la France: notices biographiques sur les plus célèbres marins, découvreurs,...* (in French), A. Bertrand, retrieved 2018-09-09
* Marley, David (1998), *Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present*, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0-87436-837-6, retrieved 2018-08-26
* Perissat, Frederic (14 December 2015), "Arrete No 2015-816" (PDF), *Recuil des actes administratifs*, retrieved 2018-09-09
* Pierfit, "Thomas Claude RENART de FUCHSAMBERG d'AMBLIMONT Chef d'escadre d'AMBLIMONT", *Geneanet* (in French), retrieved 2018-09-08
* Rickard, J. (12 December 2000), "Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674)", *History of War*, retrieved 2018-08-24
* Saint-Méry, Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de (1784), *Loix et constitutions des colonies françoises de l'Amerique sous le vent...* (in French), L'Auteur, retrieved 2018-09-03
* *Thomas Claude Renard de Fuchsamberg Amblimont (marquis d', 1642-1700)* (in French), BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France, retrieved 2018-09-08
* Vergé-Franceschi, Michel (1990), *Les Officiers généraux de la marine royale (1715-1774): Introduction. Sources. Bibliographie. Roturiers anoblis* (in French), Librairie de l'Inde, ISBN 978-2-905455-04-8

## Further reading

* Louis Charpentier (2 May 1928), *D'Amblimont, chef d'escadre de Louis XIV*, Paris: Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, p. 117

## InfoBox

| Thomas Claude Bernard Renart de Fuschamberg, marquis d'Amblimont | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Governor general of the French Antilles | |
| **In office**
14 March 1697  17 August 1700 | |
| Preceded by | Charles de Courbon de Blénac
Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut (acting)
Charles Desnotz |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1642 |
| Died | 17 August 1700
Martinique |
| Nationality | French |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of France |
| Branch/service | France Army
French Navy |
| Years of service | 1656–1663
1663–1700 |
| Rank | Chef d'escadre |
| Battles/wars | Cretan War
Anglo-Dutch Wars
Franco-Dutch War Nine Years' War |
|  | |


title: Matt Levett

abstract: Matt Levett is an Australian actor known for his recurring role in the Australian period drama A Place to Call Home. Levett is also notable for his role in the 2014 mini series Devil's Playground; where he portrayed Brendan Mahony.

text:
# Matt Levett

**Matt Levett** is an Australian actor known for his recurring role in the Australian period drama *A Place to Call Home*. Levett is also notable for his role in the 2014 mini series *Devil's Playground*; where he portrayed Brendan Mahony.

## Career

Matt Levett had guest roles in the television series *The Cooks* and *All Saints* in 2005 and *Home and Away* and *Two Twisted* in 2006. He graduated from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) in 2009.

He first on screen role was in the highly controversial Australian short *Boys Grammar* opposite Jai Courtney and Adam J. Yeend. His first supporting role in a TV series was in *Bed of Roses* as Sean Smithwick. This was followed by a role in *Winners and Losers* as Spencer Campbell and *Dance Academy* as Brick.

Matt Levett's short film *Unwanted Middle Son* was a finalist in the 2012 Tropfest short film festival.

His best known role is as Andrew Swanson in television drama series *A Place To Call Home* from 2013 and a role in the miniseries *Devil's Playground* in 2014. In 2015, he was awarded the prestigious Heath Ledger Scholarship in Los Angeles. In 2016, he joined the cast of *The Secret Daughter*.

## InfoBox

| Matt Levett | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: Matric Pass

abstract: Matric Pass is a humorous and satirical play penned by G.C. Tongbra. Written in 1964, it is a drama based on a particular societal trend that permeates throughout in the Manipuri society, that of glorifying the certificate holders of twelfth standard(XII). The book ably and clearly depicts the Manipuri society in the mid 20th century. It tries to grasp the prevalent stereotypes and conceptions of that time. The play revolves around a boy, brought up by his widowed mother, who faces a stiff challenge to produce his 10th class pass certificate to authenticate his false claim. The production of which is required not only to get him married but also get a job, while saving his mother's face. The book has been on the syllabus for the UPSC Civil Services Examination.

text:
# Matric Pass

***Matric Pass*** is a humorous and satirical play penned by G.C. Tongbra. Written in 1964, it is a drama based on a particular societal trend that permeates throughout in the Manipuri society, that of glorifying the certificate holders of twelfth standard(XII). The book ably and clearly depicts the Manipuri society in the mid 20th century. It tries to grasp the prevalent stereotypes and conceptions of that time. The play revolves around a boy, brought up by his widowed mother, who faces a stiff challenge to produce his 10th class pass certificate to authenticate his false claim. The production of which is required not only to get him married but also get a job, while saving his mother's face.

The book has been on the syllabus for the UPSC Civil Services Examination.

## Plot

The play opens in Delhi where Pratap is preparing to compete in the final of lawn-tennis tournament. His highly active romantic life (Womaniser to be precise) involving multiple of girls are exposed one after another while he’s walking through with his partner Kulachandra( a senior to him). Kulachandra come to know that Pratap actually tricked these girls through faked royal identities and is an insolvent. Tongbra picturised Pratap as a highly carefree and ‘damn it’ attitude kind of guy. Pratap apologised to Kulachandra for the defeat and own responsibility for it, for he wasn’t concentrating to the match. He is trying to flee Delhi, for which he even doesn’t have a penny. After some meets here and there with the ladies, he somehow managed to leave Delhi (probably with Kulachandra’s help).

Back home(in Manipur ), Gunabati, pratap’s mother was inappropriately and blindly appreciative of her son. She save none to express her delight at her son’s miraculous metamorphosis from a wasted boy to a promising Matriculate. In the endeavour to maintain her son’s study, she exploited all the available means, ranging from selling household items to credit from all possible sources. The writer even goes on to make the mother borrow watches, bucket from others and put them under mortgage. She is helped by a widower Tomal, who is survived by none. Tomal is an interesting character through which the writer tried to drive home the importance of a married life, a social life. A life of a human without all those responsibilities and familial chores makes one lose the inherent flavor of life.

Matric pass : Geetchandra Tongbra


title: Matricaria occidentalis

abstract: Matricaria occidentalis, commonly known as valley mayweed, is an annual plant native to North America. It is in the family Asteraceae.

text:
# Matricaria occidentalis

***Matricaria occidentalis***, commonly known as **valley mayweed**, is an annual plant native to North America. It is in the family Asteraceae.

## Description

The stem is either branching or below the corymbose summit. It is 15–45 cm (5.9–17.7 in) high; not strongly scented; heads as much as 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in diameter, conical in shape and greenish yellow in color; achenes are sharply angled. It is used as substitute for chamomile. It is extremely similar to pineapple weed.

## Distribution and habitat

Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non wetlands. It is native to California and Oregon.

## InfoBox

| *Matricaria occidentalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Matricaria occidentalis | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Matricaria* |
| Species: | ***M. occidentalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Matricaria occidentalis***<br>(Greene) Rydb. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Chamomilla occidentalis* Greene | |


title: Matthias Wagner

abstract: Matthias Wagner is a German programmer who has created utilities for games made by Westwood Studios, Electronic Arts and Petroglyph.

text:
# Matthias Wagner

**Matthias Wagner** (or **Matze**) is a German programmer who has created utilities for games made by Westwood Studios, Electronic Arts and Petroglyph.

## Westwood Studios

FinalSun

FinalSun is an advanced map editor for Tiberian Sun.

FinalAler

FinalAlert is a map editor for Red Alert 2 that went through numerous revisions. First came FinalAlert, developed independently by Wagner. It was later replaced by FinalAlert 2, a collaboration between Wagner and Westwood Studios, which was in turn upgraded to FinalAlert 2 Yuri's Revenge to allow support for Yuri's Revenge \- this version was still an official utility. Wagner later released a tweaked version which had some bug fixes and included tunnels - leftover code from Tiberian Sun \- although this version was no longer classed as an official Westwood utility.

## Electronic Arts

### FinalBIG

FinalBIG is a utility for the modification of BIG files used by Command & Conquer: Generals and BFME.

## Petroglyph

FinalBIG for Empire at War

This version of FinalBIG now includes support for MEG files used by Empire at War.


title: Matsuki

abstract:
松木 Matsuki is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
  - Kenjiro Matsuki, Japanese baseball player and manager
  - Kenko Matsuki, Japanese politician
  - Miyu Matsuki, Japanese voice actress
  - Samizu Matsuki, Japanese artist and educator
  - Tatsuyu Matsuki, original name Zhao Dayu, China-born Japanese footballer and manager
  - Yasutaro Matsuki, Japanese footballer and manager Matsuki is also a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
  - Matsuki Miyazaki, Japanese physician

text:
# Matsuki

**Matsuki** (written: 松木 or 松来) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* Kenjiro Matsuki (松木 謙治郎, 1909–1986), Japanese baseball player and manager
* Kenko Matsuki (松木 謙公, born 1959), Japanese politician
* Miyu Matsuki (松来 未祐, 1977-2015), Japanese voice actress
* Samizu Matsuki (born 1936), Japanese artist and educator
* Tatsuyu Matsuki (松木 達裕, 1961–2015), original name **Zhao Dayu**, China-born Japanese footballer and manager
* Yasutaro Matsuki (松木 安太郎, born 1957), Japanese footballer and manager

**Matsuki** (written: 松記) is also a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:


title: Franz Mozart

abstract: Franz Mozart was a mason. He was father of the bookbinder Johann Georg Mozart, the grandfather of Leopold Mozart, and the great-grandfather of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The son of bricklayer David Mozart (1621–1685), Franz worked as a master mason and lived in the Fuggerei beginning in 1681. He was born in Augsburg and died there. A commemorative plaque at his house there, Mittlere Gasse Nr. 14, commemorates him today. Franz Mozart is not to be confused with his great-great-grandson Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, the youngest son of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

text:
# Franz Mozart

**Franz Mozart** (3 October 1649 – 1693 or 1694) was a mason. He was father of the bookbinder Johann Georg Mozart, the grandfather of Leopold Mozart, and the great-grandfather of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

The son of bricklayer David Mozart (1621–1685), Franz worked as a master mason and lived in the Fuggerei beginning in 1681. He was born in Augsburg and died there. A commemorative plaque at his house there, Mittlere Gasse Nr. 14, commemorates him today.

Franz Mozart is not to be confused with his great-great-grandson Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, the youngest son of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

## InfoBox

| Franz Mozart | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1649-10-03)3 October 1649
Augsburg |
| Died | 1693 or 1694(1694-00-00) (aged 44–45)
Augsburg |
| Occupation | Bricklayer |
| Children | 3 including Johann Georg Mozart, Franz Mozart (sculptor) |
| Father | David Mozart |
| Relatives | Leopold Mozart (grandson), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Great grandson), Hans Georg Mozart (brother) |


title: Frank Richter Sr.

abstract: Franz Xavier Richter, commonly known as Frank Richter, was a pioneer settler, miner and rancher in 19th century Washington and British Columbia.

text:
# Frank Richter Sr.

**Franz Xavier Richter**, commonly known as **Frank Richter** (1837 1910), was a pioneer settler, miner and rancher in 19th century Washington and British Columbia.

## Biography

Born in Friedland, Bohemia, then part of the Austrian Empire, Richter was the son weaver and farmer at Mildenau. At the age of 16 he emigrated to Galveston, Texas, and after a misadventure where he was wounded and captured by Indians, following the lure of the gold rushes westward, he came to Rich Bar, Washington and with the take from his placer claim opened a small store and operated a small riverboat. Hearing of good grazing land northwards in British Columbia, he sold out his mine holdings in Washington and bought 42 head of cattle with a man by the name of King, and they drove them to the Cawston area south of the Keremeos, which is located in the Similkameen Valley of British Columbia's Southern Interior in October 1864.

He pre-empted land six miles (10 km) down the Similkameen Valley from Keremeos and founded the "R" Ranch. He also worked for a while for the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Similkameen (Fort Keremeos). With his cattle business thriving he sold the "R" ranch and started a new ranch on what is now known as the Richter Pass. In 1898 he purchased another property at Keremeos Centre, where he also operated a thriving store. In addition to an opulent new residence, Richter planted 30 acres (120,000 m2) of fruit trees on the new property, which was to become the foundation of the Similkameen's still-thriving orchard industry and, alongside the Oblate priests of Okanagan Mission, is reckoned to be the founder of BC's fruit industry. The house and the Richter household became social pillars of British Columbia society and important guests were common at the Richter ranch. Among those hosted by Richter was Earl Grey in 1908.

Eventually the Richter holdings comprised 10,000 acres (40 km²) of land and 1,500 head of cattle.

FX Richter's relationship with Lucy Simla (Sʔímlaʔxʷ) (1846-1903) was a 'marriage of the land'. She was a member of the Okanagan First Nation in Vernon BC. Lucy Simla and Franz Xavier Richter had 5 sons together: Charles 1869-1949, William 1872-1922, Joseph 1874-1971, Edward 1876-1966, Hans 1877-1961. For schooling the boys had to ride on horseback to Okanagan Mission, known as Father Pandosy's Mission, and board there while attending.

Richter married Florence Elizabeth Loudon in 1894 prior to the death of his first partner Lucy Simla.

In 1910, Richter was to return to his native Austria but fell ill at a Christmas Dinner at St. Joseph's Hospital in Victoria and died within moments, of "a stroke of apoplexy". He is buried in the Keremeos cemetery.

Richter had six sons and five daughters.

Richter's youngest son, Frank Richter, Jr., was a Member of the Legislative Assembly and Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Mines in the Social Credit government of W.A.C. Bennett, representing the Similkameen riding from 1953 to 1966 and its successor riding Boundary-Similkameen from 1966 to 1975.

## Legacy

Richter Pass, Richter Mountain, Richter Creek and Richter Lake, all in the small mountain range at the southeast end of the Thompson Plateau between the lower Similkameen and South Okanagan, are named for him. The Richter Ranch in the same area continues in operation to this day.

* *Encyclopedia of Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of British Columbia: Volume 2, The Similkameen, Boundary and Okanagan*, T.W. Paterson, Sunfire Publications, Langley B.C. (1981) ISBN 0-88983-027-4
* *Strangers Entertained: A History of the Ethnic Groups of British Columbia*, John Norris, British Columbia Centenenial '71 Committee, Evergreen Press, Vancouver (1971) (no ISBN)
* "Richter Mountain". *BC Geographical Names*.

* "The Richters". *The Winds of Change - Keremeos and the Similkameen Valley*. South Similkameen Museum. Retrieved 2011-12-19.


title: Matthew Warnock

abstract: Matthew Warnock is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He began his AFL career playing for Melbourne where he wore the No. 1 guernsey, and was recruited from the Sandringham Zebras in the Victorian Football League (VFL). On 17 October 2011, after 55 games with Melbourne, Warnock was traded to Gold Coast in a complex three-team trade that also included the Brisbane Lions. Matthew's younger brother Robert Warnock played for Fremantle and Carlton.

text:
# Matthew Warnock

**Matthew Warnock** (born 3 April 1984) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He began his AFL career playing for Melbourne where he wore the No. 1 guernsey (previously No. 37), and was recruited from the Sandringham Zebras in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

On 17 October 2011, after 55 games with Melbourne, Warnock was traded to Gold Coast in a complex three-team trade that also included the Brisbane Lions. Matthew's younger brother Robert Warnock played for Fremantle and Carlton.

## Statistics

*Statistics are correct as of round 22, 2010* (29 August 2010)

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Goals | Behinds | Kicks | Marks | Handballs | Disposals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | Melbourne | 37 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 10 |
| 2007 | Melbourne | 37 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 20 |
| 2008 | Melbourne | 37 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 87 | 67 | 121 | 208 |
| 2009 | Melbourne | 37 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 70 | 108 | 191 |
| 2010 | Melbourne | 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 41 | 83 | 146 |
| Totals | | | **51** | **1** | **0** | **249** | **191** | **326** | **575** |

## InfoBox

| Matthew Warnock | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Warnock with Melbourne in 2009 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Matthew Warnock | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-04-03) 3 April 1984 | | |
| Original team(s) | Sandringham (VFL) | | |
| Draft | No. 26, 2005 Rookie Draft, Melbourne | | |
| Height | 194 cm (6 ft 4 in) | | |
| Weight | 95 kg (209 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2005–2011 | Melbourne | 55 (1) |
| 2012–2014 | Gold Coast | 32 (0) |
| Total |  | **87 (1)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2014. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Fred A. Petersen

abstract: Fred A. Petersen (1808-1885) was an American architect. He was one of the original 13 founders of the American Institute of Architects. He was born in Prussia. He was a political refugee having escaped from imprisonment for his involvement in the German Revolution of 1848. In 1855 he patented the first fireproof hollow brick tile for Cooper Union, a building he designed. He died in Orange, New Jersey.

text:
# Fred A. Petersen

**Fred A. Petersen** (1808-1885) was an American architect. He was one of the original 13 founders of the American Institute of Architects. He was born in Prussia. He was a political refugee having escaped from imprisonment for his involvement in the German Revolution of 1848. In 1855 he patented the first fireproof hollow brick tile for Cooper Union, a building he designed. He died in Orange, New Jersey.


title: Matthieu Ory

abstract: Matthieu Ory was a French Dominican theologian and Inquisitor.

text:
# Matthieu Ory

**Matthieu Ory** (1492 at Caulnes – 1557 at Paris) was a French Dominican theologian and Inquisitor.

## Life

Entering the Dominican Order at the age of eighteen, he studied in the convent of St-Jacques, Paris, and at the Sorbonne, obtaining the licentiate in theology, 6 February 1527. His reputation for learning and eloquence led to his appointment as grand inquisitor for France (1534), an office which he held until his death.

Compelled to pronounce upon false accusations made against Ignatius Loyola and "The Spiritual", he detected the fraud. Instead of condemning Loyola, he praised and assisted him, and kept for himself a copy of the *Exercises*. He was indefatigable in preaching, and held several offices in his order. Some writers erroneously call Ory a Spaniard and write his name Ortiz.

## Works

The only fully authenticated printed work of Ory is his "Alexipharmacum" (Paris, 1544; Venice, 1551–58). In the second part he uses against the heretics five words of St. Paul, viz. grace, justification, sin, liberty, law (no exclusive reference to 1 Corinthians 14:19). Other works attributed to him are: *Opusculum de imaginibus*, and *Septem scholae contra haereticos*, but Jacques Échard does not assign the places or dates of their publication.

* Quétif and Jacques Échard, *Scriptores ordinis prædicatorum recensiti, notisque historicis illustrati ad annum 1700 auctoribus*, II (Paris, 1721), 162;
* Sixtus Senensis, *Bibliotheca Sancta* (Venice, 1566; Lyons, 1591);
* Niccolò Orlandini, *Historiae Societatis Jesu pars prima, sive Ignatius* (Rome, 1615);
* Thompson, *Saint Ignatius Loyola* (London, 1910), 65; in the alphabetical index to this work Ory is called Ortiz.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Matthieu Ory". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Mendelssohn House, Leipzig

abstract: Mendelssohn House is a museum in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany. The composer Felix Mendelssohn lived here from 1845 until his death in 1847; it now contains a collection about the life and work of the composer.

text:
# Mendelssohn House, Leipzig

**Mendelssohn House** is a museum in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany. The composer Felix Mendelssohn lived here from 1845 until his death in 1847; it now contains a collection about the life and work of the composer.

## Background

Mendelssohn was born in Hamburg in 1809, and in 1811 the family moved to Berlin.

He moved to Leipzig in 1835, when he was appointed director of the Gewandhaus Orchestra. In 1841 he left the city to take up the post of court composer to Friedrich Wilhelm IV in Berlin; during his time there he remained guest conductor of the orchestra in Leipzig. He resigned from his posts in Berlin in 1844 and returned to Leipzig; he moved with his family in 1845 to an apartment on the second floor of this building (its address, then Königstraße 5, is now Goldschmidtstraße 12).

During the time he lived here, his daughter Elisabeth was born. He was joint director, with Niels Gade, of the 1845–46 season of Gewandhaus concerts. In 1846 he completed his oratorio *Elijah*, and conducted its premiere in Birmingham, England.

Mendelssohn died in Leipzig on 4 November 1847.

## The museum

The International Mendelssohn Foundation was founded in 1991, with Kurt Masur as chairman; its purpose was to save and restore Mendelssohn's last home in Leipzig. The museum was opened in 1997.

It has been restored to the appearance it had during the composer's time here, furnished in the style of late Biedermeier. There is information about Mendelssohn's life and work, particularly about his time in Leipzig; there are written documents, music scores, and watercolours painted by the composer. The museum has a music salon where concerts are held.

The museum is included in the *Blaubuch* (Blue Book) of the Federal Government, as an important cultural site.

## Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Foundation

The Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Foundation was formed in 2003, supported by the town council of Leipzig. It aims to support complete editions of Mendelssohn's works (of music, letters and paintings), and to support young musicians.

The International Mendelssohn Academy at the Mendelssohn House was founded by Kurt Masur in 2008. It offers courses, led by highly regarded musicians, in singing, conducting or other aspects of music making.

## InfoBox

| Mendelssohn House | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | Mendelssohn-Haus
Goldschmidtstraße 12
04103 Leipzig |
| Country | Germany |
| Coordinates | 51°20′10″N 12°23′0″E / 51.33611°N 12.38333°E / 51.33611; 12.38333 |
| Website | |
| https://www.mendelssohn-stiftung.de/en/ | |


title: Tachymenis

abstract: Tachymenis is a genus of venomous snakes belonging to the family Colubridae. Species in the genus Tachymenis are commonly known as slender snakes or short-tailed snakes and are primarily found in southern South America. Tachymenis are rear-fanged (opisthoglyphous) and are capable of producing a medically significant bite, with at least one species, T. peruviana, responsible for human fatalities.

text:
# Tachymenis

***Tachymenis*** is a genus of venomous snakes belonging to the family Colubridae. Species in the genus *Tachymenis* are commonly known as **slender snakes** or **short-tailed snakes** and are primarily found in southern South America. *Tachymenis* are rear-fanged (opisthoglyphous) and are capable of producing a medically significant bite, with at least one species, *T. peruviana*, responsible for human fatalities.

## Species

The following species are recognized by the Reptile Database.

## Further reading

* Boulenger GA (1896). *Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ...* London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Genus *Tachymenis*, pp. 117–118; *T. peruviana*, p. 118; *T. affinis*, new species, p. 119 + Plate VII, figure 1 \[three views\]).
* Freiberg M (1982). *Snakes of South America*. Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. 189 pp. ISBN 0-87666-912-7. (*Tachymenis*, pp. 75, 76, 111).
* Wiegmann AFA (1835). "*Beiträge zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde, von Dr. F.J.F. Meyen, siebente Abhandlung. Amphibien* ". *Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae* **17**: 185-268. (*Tachymenis*, new genus, pp. 251–252; *T. peruviana*, new species, pp. 252–253 + Plate XX, figure 1). (in German and Latin).

## InfoBox

| *Tachymenis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tachymenis peruviana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Subfamily: | Dipsadinae |
| Genus: | *Tachymenis*<br>Wiegmann, 1835 |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Warwick Tidy

abstract: Warwick Nigel Tidy is a former English cricketer. A right-handed batsman who bowled leg breaks and googlies, he played first-class cricket on 36 occasions for Warwickshire between 1970 and 1974, taking 81 wickets at 34.25 with a best of 5 for 24. He played just one List A match against Middlesex in the 1970 John Player League. Born in Birmingham, Tidy moved to South West England in 1978 and played club cricket for Plymouth Cricket Club in the "A" Division of the Devon Cricket League between 1979 and 1987.

text:
# Warwick Tidy

**Warwick Nigel Tidy** (born 10 February 1953) is a former English cricketer. A right-handed batsman who bowled leg breaks and googlies, he played first-class cricket on 36 occasions for Warwickshire between 1970 and 1974, taking 81 wickets at 34.25 with a best of 5 for 24. He played just one List A match against Middlesex in the 1970 John Player League.

Born in Birmingham, Tidy moved to South West England in 1978 (having played club cricket for Sutton Coldfield) and played club cricket for Plymouth Cricket Club in the "A" Division of the Devon Cricket League between 1979 and 1987.


title: Glayton Modise

abstract: Glayton M. Modise was the leader of one of Africa's mega churches, the International Pentecostal Holiness Church. Glayton was the only son of Frederick Samuel Modise (1914–1998) who founded the IPHC in 1962. After his father died in 1998, Glayton took over the church until his death on 9 February 2016.

text:
# Glayton Modise

**Glayton M. Modise** (13 August 1940–9 February 2016) was the leader of one of Africa's mega churches, the International Pentecostal Holiness Church. Glayton was the only son of Frederick Samuel Modise (1914–1998) who founded the IPHC in 1962. After his father died in 1998, Glayton took over the church until his death on 9 February 2016.

## Early life

Modise was born in Soweto, South Africa and initially was under the Zion Christian Church (ZCC) where his father was a minister. After his father received his calling in 1962 to start preaching the Gospel, Modise was one of the people who oversaw some of the smaller branches and the growth of the church. After his father died in 1998, the church grew exponentially.

## Beliefs

Modise happened to have seen a vision from God, who instructed him to purchase a hill in Cape Town, South Africa and rename the hill Mount Zion. The hill, which was known as Blaauwberg Hill, was purchased for R100 million and was renamed Mount Zion. Glayton also continued his father's legacy of having a bursary scheme; the bursary scheme was known as FS Modise bursary scheme but was later renamed to FS Modise MG bursary scheme.

## InfoBox

| The ComforterReverend Glayton M. Modise | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Glayton Modise
(1940-08-13)August 13, 1940 |
| Died | February 9, 2016(2016-02-09) (aged 75)
Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Years active | 1998–2016 |
| Spouses | Miriam Modise. Nozipho Pearl Modise |
| Parent(s) | Frederick Samuel Modise
Bertha Modise |
|  | |
| Religion | Pentecostal Christianity |
| Church | International Pentecostal Holiness Church |
| Ordained | 3 October 1998 |
| Title | His Grace, Comforter, Priest in Chief |
|  | |


title: Weldona, Colorado

abstract: Weldona is an unincorporated town, a post office, and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Morgan County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Fort Morgan, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The Weldona post office has the ZIP Code 80653. At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Weldona CDP was 113.

text:
# Weldona, Colorado

**Weldona** is an unincorporated town, a post office, and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Morgan County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Fort Morgan, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The Weldona post office has the ZIP Code 80653. At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Weldona CDP was 113.

## History

The Weldona post office has been in operation since 1907. The community was named after one General Weldon.

## Geography

The Weldona CDP has an area of 100 acres (0.406 km2), all land.

## Demographics

The United States Census Bureau initially defined the Weldona CDP for the United States Census 2010.

Weldona CDP, Colorado
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 139 |  |
| 2020 | 113 | −18.7% |
| Source: United States Census Bureau | | |

## Education

The Weldon Valley School District RE-20J serves Weldona.

## InfoBox

| Weldona, Colorado | |
| --- | --- |
| Census Designated Place | |
| Weldona and Colorado State Highway 144. | |
| Nickname: The Valley | |
| Motto: none | |
| Location of the Weldona CDP in Morgan County, Colorado. | |
| WeldonaLocation of the Weldona CDP in the United States. | |
| Coordinates: 40°20′54″N 103°58′10″W / 40.3484079°N 103.9693650°W / 40.3484079; -103.9693650 (Weldona CDP, Colorado) | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Morgan County |
| Government | |
| Type | unincorporated town |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.157 sq mi (0.406 km2) |
| Land | 0.157 sq mi (0.406 km2) |
| Water | 0.000 sq mi (0.000 km2) |
| Elevation | 4,354 ft (1,327 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 113 |
| Density | 720/sq mi (280/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP Code | 80653 |
| Area code | 970 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2583315 |


abstract: This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first, second, or third place and the number of starters in the James W. Murphy Stakes, an American stakes race for three-year-olds at one mile on the turf held at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. A # indicates that the race was run in two divisions. The years in which two divisions were run include: 1986, 1985, 1981, 1975, 1974, 1973, 1971, 1969 and 1968.

text:
# James W. Murphy Stakes top three finishers

This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first, second, or third place and the number of starters in the James W. Murphy Stakes, an American stakes race for three-year-olds at one mile on the turf held at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland.

| **Year**
 | **Winner**
 | **Second**
 | **Third**
 | **Starters** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | **Joe** | Ready To Perform | Crabs N Beer | 8 |
| 2021 | **T D Dance** | Arzak | Charles Chrome | 8 |
| 2020 | **Don Juan Kitten** | Bye Bye Melvin | Reconvene | 14 |
| 2019 | **English Bee** | Real News | Shootin the Breeze | 10 |
| 2018 | **Tap Daddy** | Threes over Deuces | Takedown | 8 |
| 2017 | **Yoshida** | Chubby Star | Mo Maverick | 13 |
| 2016 | **Morengo Road** | Aquaphobia | Conquest Windycity | 9 |
| 2015 | **Woodwin W** | Force the Pass | All I Karabout | 8 |
| 2014 | **Wallyanna** | Open the Bank | Thunder Strike | 11 |
| 2013 | **Redwood Kitten** | Shining Copper | Notacatbutallama | 11 |
| 2012 | **Skyring** | Easy Crossing | Mr. Handsome | 12 |
| 2011 | **Chinglish** | Humble and Hungry | Master Dunker | 10 |
| 2010 | **Beau Choix** | Manhattan Fox | Cat Park | 8 |
| 2009 | **Affirmatif** | Lonely Whistle | Hero's Image | n/a |
| 2008 | **Termsofengagement** | M J's Enchanteur | Malibu kid | n/a |
| 2007 | **Rebel Yeller** | Encaustic | Brahms Melody | n/a |
| 2006 | **Rock Lobster** | Extra Blend | Unbridled Behavior | n/a |
| 2005 | **English Channel** | United | Holy Ground | n/a |
| 2004 | **Artie Schiller** | Lipan | Timo | n/a |
| 2003 | **Gang** | Sigint | Breanna's Smile | n/a |
| 2002 | **Mr. O'Brien** | Regal Sanction | February Storm | n/a |
| 2001 | **Unaccountedlea** | Ronnie's Hot Rod | What's Your Wish | n/a |
| 2000 | **Blaze and Blues** | Dixie Run | Lightning Paces | n/a |
| 1999 | **Holditholditholdit** | Pettit's Quest | Hush Itsa Secret | n/a |
| 1998 | **Poolman** | Mister Business | East of Easy | n/a |
| 1997 | **Two Smart** | Fearless Play | De Casperis | n/a |
| 1996 | **Allied Forces** | Optic Nerve | Currency Arbitrage | n/a |
| 1995 | **Ops Smile** | Hold What You Got | Count de Monnaie | n/a |
| 1994 | **Honorable Flight** | Takeitlikeaman | Electric Image | n/a |
| 1993 | **P. J. Higgins** | Raglan Road | Logroller | n/a |
| 1992 | **Binary Light** | Dash for Dotty | Western Miner | n/a |
| 1991 | **Link** | Valley Crossing | Futurist | n/a |
| 1990 | **Baron de Vaux** | Highland Devotion | Libor | n/a |
| 1989 | **Pulverizing** | Ligature | Buck Leader | n/a |
| 1988 | **Freezees** | Russian Diplomacy | Gospel Note | n/a |
| 1987 | **Phantom Jet** | Green Book | Irish Bear | n/a |
| 1986 # | **Tropical Whip** | Ivybridge | Rock Crystal | n/a |
| 1986 # | **Fork Union Cadet** | Miracle Wood | Kalli | n/a |
| 1985 # | **Tent Up** | Knighthood | Chimichanga | n/a |
| 1985 # | **Rappashod** | Forward Observer | Bea Quality | n/a |
| 1984 | **Nagurski** | D. White | Light Spirits | n/a |
| 1983 | **Disarco's Rib** | Now's the Time | Austin C. | n/a |
| 1982 | **Give Me Strength** | Count Disco | A Magic Spray | n/a |
| 1981 # | **Thirty Eight Paces** | Michael's Lad | Sanguine Sword | n/a |
| 1981 # | **Timely Counsel** | Able To | Boston Tea | n/a |
| 1980 | **Blue Ensign** | Knight Landing | Lively King | n/a |
| 1979 | **Smarten** | Durham Ranger | Buck's Chief | n/a |
| 1978 | **Iron Legend** | Horatius | Scotchman | n/a |
| 1977 | **Important Reason** | Counter Punch | Iron Constitution | n/a |
| 1976 | **Impeccable** | End Table | Strawberry Landing | n/a |
| 1975 # | **Dancing Champ** | Dr's Enjoy Dollars | Galley Ho | n/a |
| 1975 # | **Naturally Bold** | Talc | Wicked Park | n/a |
| 1974 # | **Neapolitan Way** | Jato Ribot | Ground Breaker | n/a |
| 1974 # | **Conesba** | Cast in Bronze | Talkative Turn | n/a |
| 1973 # | **Roman Numerals** | Bold Nix | Silver Doctor | n/a |
| 1973 # | **London Company** | Quill's Boy | Shane's Prince | n/a |
| 1972 | **Dubassoff** | Lucky Bidder | The Badger | n/a |
| 1971 # | **Lord Hussar** | Chateauvira | Warino | n/a |
| 1971 # | **Bold Statement** | Sense a Fear | Seminole Joe | n/a |
| 1970 | **Needle's Noose** | Oh Fudge | Pass the Drink | n/a |
| 1969 # | **Greengrass Greene** | Versifier | Native Scout | n/a |
| 1969 # | **Spring Morn** | Teetotum | Symona II | n/a |
| 1968 # | **Mara Lark** | Tough Sledding | St. Jude II | n/a |
| 1968 # | **Hand to Hand** | Go Marching | Sir Beau | n/a |
| 1967 | **Top Bid** | Charles Elliott | Celtic Air | n/a |
| 1966 | **Exhibitionist** | Green Felt | Greek Jab | n/a |
|

A **#** indicates that the race was run in two divisions. The years in which two divisions were run include: 1986, 1985, 1981, 1975, 1974, 1973, 1971, 1969 and 1968.


title: Geological Society of America

abstract: The Geological Society of America (GSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences.

text:
# Geological Society of America

The **Geological Society of America** (**GSA**) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences.

## History

The society was founded in Ithaca, New York, in 1888 by Alexander Winchell, John J. Stevenson, Charles H. Hitchcock, John R. Procter and Edward Orton and has been headquartered at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado, US, since 1967.

GSA began with 100 members under its first president, James Hall. In 1889 Mary Emilie Holmes became its first female member. It grew slowly but steadily to 600 members until 1931, when a nearly $4 million endowment from 1930 president R. A. F. Penrose Jr. jumpstarted GSA's growth. As of December 2017, GSA had more than 25,000 members in over 100 countries.

The society has six regional sections in North America, three interdisciplinary interest groups, and eighteen specialty divisions.

## Activities

The stated mission of GSA is "to advance geoscience research and discovery, service to society, stewardship of Earth, and the geosciences profession". Its main activities are sponsoring scientific meetings and publishing scientific literature, particularly the peer-reviewed journals *Geological Society of America Bulletin*, published continuously since 1889, and *Geology*, published since 1973. In 2005, GSA introduced its online-only journal *Geosphere*, and in February 2009, GSA began publishing *Lithosphere* (both also peer-reviewed). *Geosphere* and *Lithosphere* are open access as of 2018. GSA's monthly news and science magazine, *GSA Today*, is also open access online. GSA also publishes three book series: *Special Papers*, *Memoirs*, and *Field Guides*. A third major activity is awarding research grants to graduate students.

## Position statements

GSA issues Position Statements "in support of and consistent with the GSA's Vision and Mission to develop consensus on significant professional, technical, and societal issues of relevance to the geosciences community. Position Statements, developed and adopted through a well-defined process, provide the basis for statements made on behalf of the GSA before government bodies and agencies and communicated to the media and the general public."

For example, in 2006, the GSA adopted a Position Statement on *Global Climate Change*:

The Geological Society of America (GSA) supports the scientific conclusions that Earth's climate is changing; the climate changes are due in part to human activities; and the probable consequences of the climate changes will be significant and blind to geopolitical boundaries. Furthermore, the potential implications of global climate change and the time scale over which such changes will likely occur require active, effective, long-term planning. Current predictions of the consequences of global climate change include: (1) rising sea level, (2) significant alteration of global and regional climatic patterns with an impact on water availability, (3) fundamental changes in global temperature distribution, (4) melting of polar ice, and (5) major changes in the distribution of plant and animal species. While the precise magnitude and rate of climate change cannot be predicted with absolute certainty, significant change will affect the planet and stress its inhabitants.

## Past presidents

Past presidents of the Geological Society of America:

1. Editor (August 26, 1938) "The Semi-Centennial Meeting of the Geological Society of America" *Science* (New Series) 88(2278): p. 183
2. Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society, p. 79, ISBN 0-8137-1155-X
3. Edwin Butt Eckel (1982). *The Geological Society of America: Life History of a Learned Society*. Geological Society of America. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8137-1155-3.
4. Editor, 2017, GSA Divisions: GSA Today, v. 27, no. 8, p. 21–24.
5. "GSA Today". *GSA Today*. ISSN 1052-5173.
6. "GSA Books - Process".
7. Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society, p. 121, ISBN 0-8137-1155-X.
8. GSA Position Statements
9. *Global Climate Change*
10. "GSA Leaders, Past & Present". *www.geosociety.org/*. Retrieved December 29, 2018.

## InfoBox

The Geological Society of America, Inc.
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | GSA |
| Formation | 1888 (1888) |
| Type | Scientific society |
| Legal status | Non-profit 501(c)(3) |
| Headquarters | Boulder, Colorado, United States |
| Coordinates | 40°02′14.1″N 105°14′59.8″W / 40.037250°N 105.249944°W / 40.037250; -105.249944 |
| Region served | Worldwide |
| Website | www.geosociety.org |


title: Margaret Millard

abstract: Dame Margaret Mary Millard is a New Zealand rural community leader. She was the first woman to serve as a provincial president of Federated Farmers, was chair of Rural Women New Zealand between 1999 and 2001, and instigated the establishment of the Rural Family Support Trust. She was a Manawatu-Wanganui regional councillor from 1989 to 1992, and has also served on the Massey University Council.

text:
# Margaret Millard

**Dame Margaret Mary Millard** DNZM JP (née **Doherty**; born 1939) is a New Zealand rural community leader. She was the first woman to serve as a provincial president of Federated Farmers, was chair of Rural Women New Zealand (formerly the Women's Division of Federated Farmers) between 1999 and 2001, and instigated the establishment of the Rural Family Support Trust. She was a Manawatu-Wanganui regional councillor from 1989 to 1992, and has also served on the Massey University Council.

## Biography

Millard was born in 1939 in Woodville and was raised there. After living and working in Wellington for 10 years, she married Eddie Millard, a farmer from Bainesse, near Palmerston North, in 1969.

After her marriage, Millard became actively involved in rural life. She joined the Women's Division of Federated Farmers, now known as Rural Women New Zealand, and served at national level for 20 years as a councillor, treasurer, home health chair, and finally as president from 1999 until 2001. In 1987, she was elected the Manawatu/Rangitikei provincial president of Federated Farmers, becoming the first woman to hold such a position in New Zealand, and served a two-year term. Also in 1987, concerned about difficulties experienced by farmers and their families during an economic recession, she launched the Rural Family Support Trust.

Millard was elected as a Manawatu-Wanganui regional councillor in 1989, serving one three-year term. She has served as a member of the Massey University Council, and was appointed as chair of the Open Polytechnic of New Zealand in 1995. She is also a justice of the peace.

Millard represented New Zealand at the 1993 UNESCO symposium on women in development and the 1995 United Nationals conference on women. In 2001, she was the leader of the New Zealand delegation to the Associated Country Women of the World conference held in Canada.

## Honours and awards

In 1993, Millard was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal. In the 2002 New Year Honours, she was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the rural community, and in 2009, following the restoration of titular honours by the New Zealand government, she accepted redesignation as a Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit.

## InfoBox

| Dame Margaret MillardDNZM JP | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Margaret Mary Doherty
1939 (age 8485)
Woodville, New Zealand |
| Spouse | Eddie Millard (m. 1969) |


title: Unidos (political party)

abstract: Unidos was a political party in Guatemala.

text:
# Unidos (political party)

**Unidos** (lit. *United*) was a political party in Guatemala.

## History

The political party was registered by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal in 2015 with the necessary affiliates. On September 25, 2015, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal authorized its registration to qualify it as a political party. On February 21, 2016, it held its first Assembly.

## Electoral history

### Presidential elections

| Election date | Party candidate | Number of votes | Percentage of votes | Number of votes | Percentage of votes | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First round | | Second round | | |
| **2019** | Luis Velásquez | 26,724 | 0.62 |  |  | Lost |

### Legislative elections

| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | 25,258 | 0.63 (#26) | 0 / 160 | New | Extra-parliamentary |
|

## InfoBox

| United Unidos | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Secretary-General | Francisco Lemus Miranda |
| Founded | 2015 |
| Dissolved | February 27, 2020 |
| Ideology | Right-wing |
| Colors | Blue and red |
| Seats in Congress | 0 / 158 |
|  | |


title: Giulio Antonio Acquaviva

abstract: Giulio Antonio Acquaviva was an Italian nobleman and condottiere. He was 7th Duke of Atri and 1st of Teramo, Count of Conversano and San Flaviano and Lord of Padula and Roseto.

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# Giulio Antonio Acquaviva

**Giulio Antonio Acquaviva** (c. 1425 – February 7, 1481) was an Italian nobleman and condottiere. He was 7th Duke of Atri and 1st of Teramo, Count of Conversano and San Flaviano and Lord of Padula and Roseto.

## Life

Giulio Antonio Acquaviva was born at Atri, the son of Giosia Acquaviva, 6th Duke of Atri and Count of San Flaviano, and his wife Antonella Migliorati. He was a member of a patrician family of the Kingdom of Naples with large estates in Abruzzo, and held the titles of Duke of Atri, Count of San Flaviano and Giulianova, Lord of Forcella, Roseto, Padula, and was the first Duke of Teramo. By his marriage with Caterina del Balzo Orsini, his family obtained the title of counts of Conversano, which they retained until the early nineteenth century.

After the battle of San Flaviano (or Battle of Tordino) between Francesco Sforza and Niccolò Piccinino on 25 July 1460, San Flaviano was sacked by Matteo di Capua's soldiers the following year and reduced to rubble. Instead of restoring the city, in 1471 Giulio Antonio Acquaviva preferred to build a new one higher up near the ancient city: Giulianova. It was an interesting example of renaissance ideal city, applying the theory of the most important architects of the time, as Leon Battista Alberti and Francesco Di Giorgio Martini.

In 1478 he commanded the fleet that supported the Neapolitan army of King Ferrante of Aragon, which had joined the coalition formed by Pope Sixtus IV against the Republic of Florence. For having guided and advised the Duke of Calabria, son of the King, he was awarded the Order of the Ermine. Moreover, with the privilege of the King of Naples on April 30, 1479, he received the honour of being able to add the name of Aragon to his surname and to add to the family coat of arms the insignia of the royal house. In 1479 he obtained from the Neapolitan king the surname "Acquaviva of Aragon".

In 1480 he went to Apulia to fight the Turks, who had taken Otranto and threatened Brindisi. During the campaign for the reconquest of Otranto in 1481, he lost his life in an ambush at Serrano. His body was beheaded and his head was taken by the Turks and sent to Constantinople to the Sultan as a war trophy and never returned for any ransom. The body is buried, together with his wife, in the church of Santa Maria dell'Isola in Conversano, in a funeral monument by the Apulian sculptor Nuzzo Barba.

Giulio Antonio died at Minervino di Lecce, and was succeeded in Conversano by his son Andrea Matteo. Another son was Belisario Acquaviva. His latter day descendants include: Giulio Antonio Acquaviva (c 1808- 1836), Naples Italy, Príncipe Giuseppe Colonna Acquaviva (c 1835-1905), Naples Campania, Italy; Maria Acquaviva (c 1855- 1905) Naples, and Anna Maria Acquaviva di Lorenzo (c 1883- 1956), Naples Campania, Italy.

## Family

Giulio Antonio Acquaviva married Caterina Orsini del Balzo in 1456, the natural daughter of the Prince of Taranto Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, Countess of Conversano and Lady of Bitetto, Casamassima, Castellana, Gioia del Colle, Noci and Turi. They had four children:

* Giovanni Antonio (1457-1479), Marquis of Bitonto, died during his stay in Pisa;
* Andrea Matteo (1458-1529), married for the first time Isabella Todeschini Piccolomini d'Aragona, daughter of Antonio, 1st Duke of Amalfi and Count of Celano, and remained a widower in his second marriage in 1509 Caterina Della Ratta. Duke of Atri (from 1481) and Count of Conversano and Giulia, he was one of the richest and most powerful feudal lords of the Kingdom of Naples. From 1509 the Acquaviva family succeeded the Della Ratta family as counts (later princes) of Caserta, who had maintained this title since 1310.
* Donato, bishop of Conversano from 1499 to 1528;
* Belisario (1464-1528), 1st Duke of Nardò (from 12 March 1497) and 14th Count of Conversano. He was a leader in the service of the King of the Kingdom of Naples and of the Emperor Charles V. He married Sveva Sanseverino of the princes of Bisignano; his daughter Andreana was duchess of Galatina and married Ferdinand Castriota Scanderbeg (descendant of the Albanian leader Giorgio Castriota Scanderbeg).

Giulio Antonio Acquaviva then remarried with Maria Spinelli.

His illegitimate son, Sulpicio, became Bishop of Conversano from 1483 until his death in 1494;


title: Modeste, Louisiana

abstract: Modeste, Louisiana is an unincorporated village in Ascension, Parish, Louisiana. The community is located along the Mississippi River on Louisiana Highway 405, north of the parish seat of Donaldsonville, between Hohen Solms, and Philadelphia Point, due south and across the river from Geismar. Modeste was the home of sugar cane plantation owner Leonard Julien (1910-1994) that invented a sugarcane-planting machine Julien lived in the old Babin Place that he purchased from Dr. John Harvey Lowery.

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# Modeste, Louisiana

**Modeste, Louisiana** is an unincorporated village in Ascension, Parish, Louisiana. The community is located along the Mississippi River on Louisiana Highway 405, north of the parish seat of Donaldsonville, between Hohen Solms (area of the Germania-Elise Plantation), and Philadelphia Point, due south and across the river from Geismar.

Modeste was the home of sugar cane plantation owner Leonard Julien (1910-1994) that invented a sugarcane-planting machine Julien lived in the old Babin Place that he purchased from Dr. John Harvey Lowery.

## InfoBox

| Modeste | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| ModesteLocation of Modeste in Louisiana | |
| Coordinates: 30°10′16″N 91°0′53″W / 30.17111°N 91.01472°W / 30.17111; -91.01472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Louisiana |
| Parish | Ascension |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 225 |


title: Międzylesie, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Międzylesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gardeja, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) north-east of Gardeja, 15 km (9 mi) east of Kwidzyn, and 83 km (52 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

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# Międzylesie, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Międzylesie** \[mjɛnd͡zɨˈlɛɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gardeja, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) north-east of Gardeja, 15 km (9 mi) east of Kwidzyn, and 83 km (52 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Międzylesie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Międzylesie | |
| Coordinates: 53°41′15″N 19°8′20″E / 53.68750°N 19.13889°E / 53.68750; 19.13889 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kwidzyn |
| Gmina | Gardeja |
| Population | 20 |