title: Izzy (singer)

abstract: Israela Silva Claro, known professionally as Izzy, is a Brazilian singer and songwriter based in Miami, Flórida. Daughter of a pastor, singer and songwriter began to explore the horizons of Brazil with her father, singing with the church band and participating in Christian events. in 2013 she signed with Som Livre and released a gospel music EP entitled Sou Assim. In 2021, the singer launched herself into pop and reggaeton music, with her debut single "Diabla". The song earned her millions of views on YouTube and reached the Dominican TOP200 on Spotify.

text:
# Izzy (singer)

**Israela Silva Claro**, known professionally as **Izzy** (previously by the stage name **Izzy La Reina**), is a Brazilian singer and songwriter based in Miami, Flórida.

Daughter of a pastor, singer and songwriter began to explore the horizons of Brazil with her father, singing with the church band and participating in Christian events. in 2013 she signed with Som Livre and released a gospel music EP entitled *Sou Assim*.

In 2021, the singer launched herself into pop and reggaeton music, with her debut single "Diabla". The song earned her millions of views on YouTube and reached the Dominican TOP200 on Spotify.

## Career

### 2012–2015: Gospel career

Izzy La Reina started her career in music in 2012, as a gospel singer. The release of his first single called "Amém Amor", took place at Expo Cristã 2012 by the label Som Livre. In 2013, Israela released the single "Sou Assim", in partnership with Lito Atalaia.

In 2013, the artist was also nominated for the Troféu Promessas 2013, in the "Pra Curtir" category. In October of the same year, the artist released her debut EP called *Sou Assim*, on the Som Livre label, using soul, R&B and pop music styles.

### 2021–present: pop career

In 2021, the artist began a new era in her career, leaving her roots in gospel and going to Latin music. Her first single "Diabla," was released in May 2021.

Also in 2021, she recorded a three-track acoustic project, recorded on a rooftoop in the Lapa neighborhood, the bohemian birthplace of Rio de Janeiro. the project features a new version of Diabla, her first single, released in August 2021. and versions of Triste com T, by singer Pabllo Vittar and Good 4 U, by pop star Olivia Rodrigo. The videos were made available on the artist's YouTube channel.

In 2022, Izzy released 5 singles, including the hit "Pa Ti", a partnership with Dominican rapper Amenazzy. The song "Pa Ti", signed by producer Light GM, reached the 9th position on the Billboard Latin Digital Song Sales chart and reached Dominican TOP50 on Spotify. In November 2022, "Pa Ti" won a Portuguese version in partnership with singer Tainá Costa.

## Discography

### EPs

| EP | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Sou Assim* | * Release: October 21, 2013 * Formats: Digital Download * Label: Som Livre |

### Singles

**List of singles as lead artist, showing album name and year released**

| Year | Single | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | "Diabla" |  |
| | "BOY TOY" | |
| 2022 | "La Oscuridad" | |
| | "Pa Ti" (with Amenazzy) | |
| | "1942" | |
| | "Aléjate" | |
| | "Pa Ti - Remix" (featuring Tainá Costa and DJ RD) | |

## InfoBox

| Izzy | |
| --- | --- |
| Izzy in 2021 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Israela Silva Claro |
| Born | (1996-07-15) July 15, 1996<br>Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Occupations | * Singer * songwriter |
| Years active | 2012–present |
|  | |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres |  |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Labels | * TMG Records (2021 – present) * Som Livre (2015) |
|  | |


title: Thun-l'Évêque

abstract: Thun-l'Évêque is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

text:
# Thun-l'Évêque

**Thun-l'Évêque** (French pronunciation: \[tœ̃ levɛk\]) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

## Heraldry

|  | The arms of Thun-l'Évêque are blazoned :
*Or, 3 lions azure, on a chief gules, a demi-'Notre-Dame-de-Grâce de carnation' issuant from the line of division, vested gules and azure and holding in her left arm the Baby Jesus.* (Boursies, Cattenières, Carnières, Estrun, Maresches, Onnaing, Ors, Orsinval, Thun-l'Évêque and originally, Notre-Dame de Cambrai, use the same arms.)

 |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Thun-l'Évêque | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Thun-l'Évêque | |
|  | |
| Location of Thun-l'Évêque | |
| Thun-l'ÉvêqueThun-l'Évêque | |
| Coordinates: 50°13′38″N 3°17′20″E / 50.2272°N 3.2889°E / 50.2272; 3.2889 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Nord |
| Arrondissement | Cambrai |
| Canton | Cambrai |
| Intercommunality | CA Cambrai |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jacques Denoyelle |
| Area**1** | 5.69 km2 (2.20 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 767 |
| Density | 130/km2 (350/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 59593 /59141 |
| Elevation | 36–76 m (118–249 ft)
(avg. 84 m or 276 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Tricarbon monosulfide

abstract: Tricarbon monosulfide (C3S) or tricarbon sulfur is a reactive molecular substance that has been detected in outer space. Tricarbon monosulfide is a heterocumulene or thiocumulene, consisting of a straight chain of three carbon atoms and a terminal sulfur atom.

text:
# Tricarbon monosulfide

**Tricarbon monosulfide** (C3S) or **tricarbon sulfur** is a reactive molecular substance that has been detected in outer space. Tricarbon monosulfide is a heterocumulene or thiocumulene, consisting of a straight chain of three carbon atoms and a terminal sulfur atom.

## Properties

The dipole moment of tricarbon monosulfide is 3.704 debye. The bond lengths are 1.275 Å, for terminal C=C bond, 1.292 Å for internal bond, and 1.535 Å for the C=S bond. The similar bond lengths between the carbon atoms indicate they each have a double bond nature. The rotational constants for 12C12C12C32S are B0 = 2890.38000 MHz and D0 = 0.00022416.

There is a characteristic infrared absorption band at 2047.5 cm−1 due to stretching of a C=C bond.

## Formation

Along with the related dicarbon monosulfide (CCS), tricarbon monosulfide was made by a glow discharge though carbon disulfide vapour in helium. Microwave emission lines from rotational transitions matched up with previously unknown molecular lines from the Taurus molecular cloud 1. Maximal concentrations occurred with a carbon disulfide pressure of 0.02 torr.

In molecular clouds, the formation mechanism is speculated to be CCS + CH → CCCS + H.

On dust grains, in space the formation mechanism is theorised to be: CCC \+ H2S → C3•HSH → CCCS + H2 when irradiated with visible or UV light. THis reaction has been reproduced in a solid argon matrix.

## Natural occurrence

Tricarbon monosulfide has been detected in molecular clouds in space, such as the Taurus molecular cloud and the Kleinmann–Low Nebula. The ratio of tricarbon monoxide to tricarbon monosulfide reflects the ratio of sulfur to oxygen in the cloud. The ratio of concentration of sulfur to oxygen analogues follows the same pattern. The clouds can be cold and dark, or warm. CCCS has also been found in the stellar envelope of carbon-rich AGB stars, including in IRC+10216.

## InfoBox

Tricarbon monosulfide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 3-Sulfanylidenepropa-1,2-dien-1-ylidene | |
| Other names Tricarbon sulfur | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C3S/c1-2-3-4Key: DYOPWGBKIHJGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * \[CH0\]=C=C=S | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C3S |
| Molar mass | 68.09 g·mol−1 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related carbon sulfides | dicarbon monosulfide
carbon monosulfide
carbon disulfide |
| Related compounds | tricarbon monoxide
carbon subnitride |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Jockey-Club de Paris

abstract: The Jockey Club de Paris is a traditional gentlemen's club and is regarded as the most prestigious of private clubs in Paris. It is best remembered as a gathering place of the elite of nineteenth-century French society. Today it is decidedly but not exclusively aristocratic. The club seat is at 2, rue Rabelais in Paris, near the Champs-Elysées and it hosts the International Federation of Racing Authorities. It has no more official links to the horse-racing industry organisations which are separate professional bodies.

text:
# Jockey-Club de Paris

The **Jockey Club de Paris** is a traditional gentlemen's club and is regarded as the most prestigious of private clubs in Paris. It is best remembered as a gathering place of the elite of nineteenth-century French society. Today it is decidedly but not exclusively aristocratic. The club seat is at 2, rue Rabelais in Paris, near the Champs-Elysées and it hosts the International Federation of Racing Authorities.

It has no more official links to the horse-racing industry organisations which are separate professional bodies.

## Reciprocities with other clubs

## History

The Jockey Club was originally organized as the "Society for the Encouragement of the Improvement of Horse Breeding in France", to provide a single authority for horse racing in the nation, beginning at Chantilly in 1834. It swiftly became the center for the most *sportifs* or "sportsmen" gentlemen of *le Tout-Paris.* At the same time, when aristocrats and men of the *haute bourgeoisie* still formed the governing class, its Anglo-Gallic membership could not fail to give it some political colour: Napoleon III, who had passed some early exile in England, asserted that he had learned to govern an empire through "his intercourse with the calm, self-possessed men of the English turf".

Between 1833 and 1860, the Jockey Club transformed the Champ de Mars into a racecourse, which has since been transferred to Longchamp. One front of the Café de la Paix is in rue Scribe, which ends at the façade of the Opéra Garnier. On the wall is a memorial plaque on the Hotel Scribe, at number 1, which records the former premises of the Jockey Club, which occupied luxurious quarters on the first floor from 1863 to 1913.

During the Second Empire and the Third Republic, the gentlemen of the Jockey Club held numerous boxes at the Opera ("many little suspended salons" in Marcel Proust's phrase), where the required ballet expected in every opera was never in the first act, when the Jockey Club would habitually still be at dinner. One result was the famous fiasco of the "Paris *Tannhäuser*" of 1861, when Wagner insisted on inserting the requisite ballet into the first act, placing it immediately after the overture to get it out of the way. The second act, when the members of the Jockey Club arrived to view their favourites in the corps de ballet, was all but hissed off the stage. Wagner never permitted another production in Paris. Proust made his fictional character Charles Swann a member of the Jockey Club as a signal honor, given Swann's Jewish background.

On the ground floor beneath the Jockey Club was the fashionable Grand Café. There, on 28 December 1895, a stylish crowd in the *Salon Indien* attended the public début of the Lumière brothers' invention, the cinematograph.

The Jockey Club is directed by an annually-elected committee of a president, four vice-presidents and twenty-five members. New members are sponsored by two current members and must receive five-sixths of the members' votes present at the ballot. Hence 'No' votes, called black-balls require five 'Yes' votes, or white balls to be countered. Black and white balls are no more in use but for vocabulary.

## Presidents

## Prix du Jockey Club

Under the patronage of the Jockey Club, the *Prix du Jockey Club* (1,500,000 euros) has been run at the Chantilly Racecourse (at the foot of the Château de Chantilly) on the first Sunday in June since 1836. The race at the *Hippodrome de Chantilly* is the proving-ground of the best of the three-year-olds, the French equivalent of The Derby at Epsom Downs or the Kentucky Derby in the USA.

Until 2004, the course was 2400 meters; since then, it has been run at 2100 meters. In France, only the *Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe* has a richer purse (5,000,000 euros); that race was inaugurated by the Jockey Club in 1863 as the Grand Prix de Paris, and run at the Hippodrome de Longchamp. The racecourse was painted by Édouard Manet, Edgar Degas, and Pablo Picasso, among others.

## Further reading

* Victor Fell Yellin, *Jacques Offenbach and the Paris of His Time*
* Steven Kale, *French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848*
* Joseph-Antoine Roy, *Histoire du Jockey Club de Paris*, Paris, 1958


title: Gmina Konopnica, Łódź Voivodeship

abstract: Gmina Konopnica is a rural gmina in Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Konopnica, which lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) north-east of Wieluń and 66 km (41 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź. The gmina covers an area of 83.06 square kilometres (32.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,897. The gmina contains part of the protected area called Warta-Widawka Landscape Park.

text:
# Gmina Konopnica, Łódź Voivodeship

**Gmina Konopnica** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Konopnica, which lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) north-east of Wieluń and 66 km (41 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 83.06 square kilometres (32.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,897.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Warta-Widawka Landscape Park.

## Villages

Gmina Konopnica contains the villages and settlements of Anielin, Bębnów, Głuchów, Kamyk, Konopnica, Mała Wieś, Piaski, Rychłocice, Sabinów, Strobin, Szynkielów and Wrońsko.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Konopnica is bordered by the gminas of Burzenin, Osjaków, Ostrówek, Rusiec, Widawa and Złoczew.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Konopnica Konopnica Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Konopnica): 51°21′14″N 18°49′24″E / 51.35389°N 18.82333°E / 51.35389; 18.82333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Wieluń |
| Seat | Konopnica |
| Area | |
| Total | 83.06 km2 (32.07 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 3,897 |
| Density | 47/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.konopnica.finn.pl/ |


title: Molecular cellular cognition

abstract: Molecular cellular cognition (MCC) is a branch of neuroscience that involves the study of cognitive processes with approaches that integrate molecular, cellular and behavioral mechanisms. Key goals of MCC studies include the derivation of molecular and cellular explanations of cognitive processes, as well as finding mechanisms and treatments for cognitive disorders. Although closely connected with behavioral genetics, MCC emphasizes the integration of molecular and cellular explanations of behavior, instead of focusing on the connections between genes and behavior. Unlike cognitive neuroscience, which historically has focused on the connection between human brain systems and behavior, the field of MCC has used model organisms, such as mice, to study how molecular, intra-cellular, and inter-cellular processes modulate cognitive function. Methods employed in MCC include transgenic organisms, viral vectors, pharmacology, in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, in vivo imaging, and behavioral analysis. Modeling has become an essential component of the field because of the complexity of the multilevel data generated.

text:
# Molecular cellular cognition

**Molecular cellular cognition** (**MCC**) is a branch of neuroscience that involves the study of cognitive processes with approaches that integrate molecular, cellular and behavioral mechanisms. Key goals of MCC studies include the derivation of molecular and cellular explanations of cognitive processes, as well as finding mechanisms and treatments for cognitive disorders.

Although closely connected with behavioral genetics, MCC emphasizes the integration of molecular and cellular explanations of behavior, instead of focusing on the connections between genes and behavior.

Unlike cognitive neuroscience, which historically has focused on the connection between human brain systems and behavior, the field of MCC has used model organisms, such as mice, to study how molecular (i.e. receptor, kinase activation, phosphatase regulation), intra-cellular (i.e. dendritic processes), and inter-cellular processes (i.e. synaptic plasticity; network representations such as place fields) modulate cognitive function.

Methods employed in MCC include (but are not limited to) transgenic organisms (i.e. mice), viral vectors, pharmacology, *in vitro* and *in vivo* electrophysiology, optogenetics, *in vivo* imaging, and behavioral analysis. Modeling has become an essential component of the field because of the complexity of the multilevel data generated.

## Scientific roots

The field of MCC has its roots in the pioneering pharmacological studies of the role of NMDA receptor in long-term potentiation and spatial learning and in studies that used knockout mice to look at the role of the alpha calcium calmodulin kinase II and FYN kinase in hippocampal long-term potentiation and spatial learning. The field has since expanded to include a large array of molecules including CREB.

## Foundation of the field

MCC became an organized field with the formation of the Molecular Cellular Cognition Society, an organization with no membership fees and meetings that emphasize the participation of junior scientists. Its first meeting took place in Orlando, Florida on November first, 2002. As of 2012, the society had organized numerous meetings in North America, Europe, and Asia, and included more than 4000 members.


title: Goethe Awards

abstract: The Goethe Award, later known as the Comic Fan Art Award, was an American series of comic book fan awards, first presented in 1971 for comics published in 1970. The award originated with the fanzine Newfangles and then shared close ties with The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom. The Goethe Award was named after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; Goethe was the person who encouraged Rodolphe Töpffer, "the father of comic strips," to publish his stories. The Comic Art Convention (CAC) twice hosted the presentation of the awards, at the 1972 and 1974 CACs. The format and balloting of the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards, presented by the Comics Buyer's Guide from 1982 to circa 2010, were in many ways derived from the Goethe Award/Comic Fan Art Award.

text:
# Goethe Awards

The **Goethe Award**, later known as the **Comic Fan Art Award**, was an American series of comic book fan awards, first presented in 1971 for comics published in 1970. The award originated with the fanzine *Newfangles* and then shared close ties with *The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom*.

The Goethe Award was named after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; Goethe was the person who encouraged Rodolphe Töpffer, "the father of comic strips," to publish his stories.

The Comic Art Convention (CAC) twice hosted the presentation of the awards, at the 1972 and 1974 CACs. The format and balloting of the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards, presented by the *Comics Buyer's Guide* from 1982 to circa 2010, were in many ways derived from the Goethe Award/Comic Fan Art Award.

## Overview

The Goethe Awards/Comic Fan Art Awards were tallied yearly for comic books produced during the previous year, and were given out in several categories, separated into people and works, and further divided into professional publications and fanzine/underground publications:

* PEOPLE
    + Favorite Pro Artist/Penciller (1970–1974)
    + Favorite Inker (1974)
    + Favorite Pro Writer (1970–1974)
    + Favorite Pro Editor (1970–1974)
    + Favorite Fan Writer (1970–1973)
    + Favorite Fan Artist (1970–1973)

* WORKS
    + Favorite Pro Comic Book (1970–1974)
    + Favorite Underground Comic/Non-Newsstand Comic (1970–1972)
    + Favorite Comic-Book Story (1970–1973)
    + Favorite Comic-Book Character (1970–1973)
    + Favorite Fanzine (1970–1974)

## History

Don & Maggie Thompson created the **Goethe Awards** in 1971; the Goethe Awards for comics published in 1970 were first published in a 1971 issue of their fanzine *Newfangles*.

Nominations for the 1972 Goethe Awards (for comics published in 1971) ballot were initially published in *The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom (TBG)*, *The Monster Times*, and *Graphic Story World*. Nominations were sent in from 335 readers. Ultimately, there were 7 categories with 4-7 nominees in each category. 700 fans voted for the final nominees. The 1972 Goethe Awards were presented July 3, 1972, at the Comic Art Convention, New York City, in a ceremony emceed by Tony Isabella and Carl Gafford. The award results were also published in *Comic Art News & Reviews* no. 1.

Ballots for the 1973 awards (for works published in 1972) — now renamed the **Comic Fan Art Awards** — were printed in *TBG*, *Comic Crusader*, *The Comic Reader*, the *Gazette Advertiser*, *The Menomonee Falls Gazette*, and *Rocket's Blast Comicollector*. 1,011 fans cast their votes. The results were published in *The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom* #38 (June 15, 1973).

In 1974, the Thompsons grew frustrated with perceived ballot-stuffing and passed the awards to Tony Isabella. The awards for comics published in 1973 were presented at the 1974 Comic Art Convention, held at the Commodore Hotel, New York City. They were later published in *TBG* #63 (Aug. 1, 1974).

The final Comic Fan Art Awards (for comics published in 1974) were co-administered by Ken Gale and were not announced until *TBG* #123 (March 26, 1976).

In 1982, the *Comics Buyer's Guide* (the successor to *The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom*), began presenting their Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards, in many ways modeled on the Goethe Award/Comic Fan Art Award.

## Winners

*Years represent when the work was published, not when the awards were presented*

### People

**Favorite Pro Artist/Penciller**

**Favorite Inker**

**Favorite Pro Writer**

**Favorite Pro Editor**

**Favorite Fan Writer**

**Favorite Fan Artist**

### Works

**Favorite Pro Comic Book**

**Favorite Underground Comic/Non-Newsstand Comic**

**Favorite Comic-Book Story**

**Favorite Comic-Book Character**

**Favorite Fanzine**

## Sources

* 1970 awards (presented in 1971): Thompson, Maggie (August 19, 2005). "Comics Fan Awards 1961-1970". *Comics Buyer's Guide*. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015.
* 1971–1974 awards: Miller, John Jackson (July 19, 2005). "GOETHE/COMIC FAN ART AWARD WINNERS, 1971-74". *Comics Buyer's Guide*. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010.
* 1971 awards (presented in 1972): Seiler, Rick (Sep 1972). "Telegraphics". *Comic Art News & Reviews*. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 3–4.
* 1972 awards (presented in 1973): "1972 Comic Art Awards Results!". *The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom*. No. 38. June 15, 1973. p. 20.
* 1973 awards (presented in 1974): *The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom*. No. 63. Aug 1, 1974. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
* 1974 awards (presented in 1975): *The Buyer's Guide for Comic Fandom*. No. 123. March 26, 1976. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)

## InfoBox

| Goethe Award / Comic Fan Art Award | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | Excellence in comic books, as voted on by fans |
| Venue | Comic Art Convention (1972, 1974) |
| Country | United States of America |
| Presented by | *Newfangles* / *The Buyer's Guide to Comics Fandom* |
| First awarded | 1971 |
| Last awarded | 1975 |


title: Goethe-Schule Buenos Aires

abstract: The Goethe-Schule Buenos Aires belongs to the Goethe School Association, a nonprofit Civil Association that brings together the parents of students. Since it is a German School Abroad (DAS), it is sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany. It is a recognized cultural exchange school that teaches and promotes the German language. It is located in the town of Boulogne, in the province of Buenos Aires, 20 km north of the center of the City of Buenos Aires and includes three levels: kindergarten, primary school and secondary school. The school has more than 1500 students in the three levels. A fourth section of the school is the Humboldt Academy, an educational institution dedicated to teaching foreign languages, mainly German, where courses for adults and children are taught outside of the school’s regular classes.

text:
# Goethe-Schule Buenos Aires

The **Goethe-Schule Buenos Aires** belongs to the Goethe School Association, a nonprofit Civil Association that brings together the parents of students. Since it is a German School Abroad (DAS), it is sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany. It is a recognized cultural exchange school that teaches and promotes the German language. It is located in the town of Boulogne, in the province of Buenos Aires, 20 km north of the center of the City of Buenos Aires and includes three levels: kindergarten, primary school (1st to 6th grade according to the German school system) and secondary school (7th to 12th grade according to the German school system). The school has more than 1500 students in the three levels. A fourth section of the school is the Humboldt Academy, an educational institution dedicated to teaching foreign languages, mainly German, where courses for adults and children are taught outside of the school’s regular classes.

## Cultural exchange

### Degrees

As a cultural exchange school, Goethe-Schule contributes to supplementing and expanding the academic offer in Argentina by providing a German option. This means promoting the German language not only by teaching it, offering curricular courses in German and promoting the German culture, but also by offering students the possibility of obtaining a secondary school degree that is valid in Germany. This is what the Central Agency for Schools Abroad (ZfA) determined should be the work of the school in Argentina, and the school’s management and steering committee have adapted and applied these ideas to the circumstances and characteristics of Argentina.

The Goethe-Schule prepares its students for the German International Baccalaureate (DIA).In addition, three orientations are offered (natural or economic sciences or humanities), corresponding to those of the Argentinian Baccalaureate, from which students are required to choose after the 3rd year of secondary school (9th grade, according to the German educational system).Students who decide to study for the German International Baccalaureate must also meet the requirements for the Argentine Baccalaureate. Both degrees are obtained at the end of the 6th year of secondary school (12th grade, according to the German education system). “The German contribution consists, above all, of modern and effective language teaching, the demanding subjects taught in German and the promotion of German culture”. Therefore, after graduation, students are able to enter a higher technical school in Germany.

In addition, during their time at the school, students take exams to obtain the *Deutsches Sprachdiplom* (DSD) I and II in the 4th and 6th year of secondary school, respectively (10th and 12th grade, according to the German education system).Since the Goethe-Schule is defined as a trilingual school, classes are taught in three languages (German, Spanish and English) and, in addition to German exams, students take the *Cambridge Certificate*, so they also obtain international certificates in English. The school is currently considering offering students who do not speak Spanish as their mother tongue the possibility of obtaining the Diploma of Spanish as a Foreign Language (DELE), thus giving them the option of certifying their third language with an internationally recognized diploma.

### Educational Concept

The Goethe-Schule is based on an educational model of openness and comprehensive education, instilling values such as respect and solidarity, tolerance and justice. The students, in their diversity, are the most important thing to the school and they are educated in critical thinking, with a sense of responsibility and independence. Comprehensive education is provided from the point of view of academic, artistic and sports training, which especially takes into account the bicultural identity of its students by providing courses in three languages (German, Spanish and English).The main projects on which Goethe-Schule works on all three levels, from kindergarten to graduation, are DIA 2029 (increasing the number of students with both the Argentine Baccalaureate and the German International Baccalaureate, promoting German learning at all levels), immersion (with the aim of introducing even more kindergarten students and students of the first three years of primary school to the German language), flexible learning (to provide a broad and comprehensive education that guides students in studying for their degrees and prepares them for the challenges of the 21st century) and the documentation of the learning process (so that both students and teachers can reflect on the learning process itself for its continued optimization).On the basis of these central projects, in addition to many other projects that are carried out at the school, the Goethe-Schule designs its strategic plan and its future in Latin America within the next 10 years.

### Contact with Germany

The Goethe-Schule maintains close ties with Germany and aims to strengthen them. The first visit to Germany takes place in the 6th grade of primary school. At the children’s camp, students visit southern Germany for two weeks. In the framework of a two-month voluntary school exchange between the 4th and 5th year of secondary school (10th and 11th grade, according to the German educational system) and on a two-week trip in 6th year (12th grade, according to the German educational system), it offers students, among other things, the possibility of traveling to Germany to visit different universities and colleges. In addition, in order to support outstanding students, students in the 5th year of secondary school (11th grade, according to the German education system) are regularly invited to participate in the *TU9-ING-Woche* study week in Germany at one of the Technical universities that are part of the association of Technical Universities of Germany, *TU9*.Students in the 5th and 6th year of secondary school (11th and 12th grade, according to the German education system) are also offered the possibility of participating in the *Deutsche Schüler Akademie*, which is organized in different parts of Germany. Furthermore, the school organizes lectures by official representatives of colleges and universities, as well as German students and graduates who studied in Germany. Graduates have a broad network of contacts in many German cities.

### Higher Education in Germany

Goethe-Schule students have different ways of entering German universities and colleges. Students who obtain the German International Baccalaureate (*Abitur*) degree have direct access to German colleges. Those who obtain the Argentine Baccalaureate diploma, take the *Deutsches Sprachdiplom* II (DSD II) international exam certifying level C1 and complete the *Studienkolleg*, a preparatory course that generally lasts a year, they can also study in Germany. The school also collaborates with the *Studienkolleg* in Mainz, which offers a five-month preparatory course, and with the University of Applied Sciences in Frankfurt. Another way of entering a German educational institution is to provide certification of a year of studies at an accredited Argentine university. Through the Professional Training Center in Buenos Aires (BBZ), students who obtain the Argentine Baccalaureate degree can also access vocational training, continue their training at a company and then complete undergraduate studies in Germany.

## More information

### Notable Graduates

* Susana Moncayo von Hase (class of 1997): international soprano, soloist at the Colón Theater in Buenos Aires, the Scala of Milan, the Concertgebouw concert hall in Amsterdam, the Grand Teatre de Geneve and the Hebbel Theater in Berlin;
* Jorge Oscar Ramirez (class of 1978): Vice President of the Supervielle Group (Bank);
* Cornelia Schmidt-Liermann (class of 1981): lawyer, National Congresswoman for the City of Buenos Aires from 2011 to 2019;
* Corinne Wasmuht (class of 1981): visual artist in Germany, recipient of the Käthe-Kollwitz award in 2014;
* Rogelio Frigerio (class of 1987): economist and politician, National Minister of Interior, Public Works and Housing from 2015 to 2019;
* Demis Volpi (class of 2003): renowned choreographer and Argentine-German opera director, recipient of the Eril Bruhn Prize in 2011, Award for Best Work of the Year from the Circle of Art Critics of Chile in 2012 and the German Dance Prize (Deutscher Tanzpreis) in 2014.

### Awards and Acknowledgments

#### German School Abroad of Educational Excellence

The *Bund-Länder-Inspektion* (BLI) inspection was carried out successfully at Goethe-Schule in two years and the last time, in 2017, the school obtained the “Excellent German School Abroad” seal of quality. This recognition means that the Goethe-Schule meets the extensive conditions required by the ZfA of all German schools abroad.

#### IHK Competition for German Schools Abroad

A group of Goethe-Schule Buenos Aires students conducted a critical study of the history of their school marked by National Socialism, and for their work they received the second prize in the 6th IHK competition for German Schools Abroad in 2017/2018.With an innovative approach and great commitment and courage, they filmed a bicultural documentary in two languages, with interviews with Argentinians and Germans. This method of studying and addressing such a sensitive historical topic has been inspiring for other German schools abroad.

## InfoBox

| Goethe-Schule Buenos Aires | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Reclus 2250 (B1609DQL) Boulogne, Buenos Aires, Argentina<br>Argentina | |
| Coordinates | 34°28′53″S 58°34′27″W / 34.4813°S 58.5743°W / -34.4813; -58.5743 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private school |
| Website | goethe.edu.ar |


title: Goethe-Zertifikat C2

abstract: The Goethe-Zertifikat C2: Großes Deutsches Sprachdiplom is a Goethe-Institut certificate proving high-level German language ability. The Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung has been integrated into the Goethe-Zertifikat C2 as of 1 January 2012. The ZOP is rated at level C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), the highest of the CEFR levels, signalling a level of language ability comparable to an educated native speaker. The exam Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung requires the examinee to understand difficult texts and to communicate eloquently in both spoken and written language. Possessing a ZOP certification is considered valid proof of German language proficiency for anyone seeking entry into a German Hochschule or university. It is also valued as a qualification proving mastery of German in business contexts. The Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung may only be administered to people at least 16 years old who have not learned German as a native speaker. The requirement for a person undertaking the ZOP is estimated at around 1,000–1,200 hours of German language lessons.

text:
# Goethe-Zertifikat C2

The **Goethe-Zertifikat C2: Großes Deutsches Sprachdiplom** (formerly *Zeugnis über die **Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung***) is a Goethe-Institut certificate proving high-level German language ability.

The *Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung* (pronounced \[t͡sɛnˈtʁaːlə oːbɐˈʃtuːfn̩ˌpʁyːfʊŋ\]; ZOP) has been integrated into the *Goethe-Zertifikat C2* as of 1 January 2012. The ZOP is rated at level C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), the highest of the CEFR levels, signalling a level of language ability comparable to an educated native speaker. The exam *Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung* requires the examinee to understand difficult texts and to communicate eloquently in both spoken and written language.

Possessing a ZOP certification is considered valid proof of German language proficiency for anyone seeking entry into a German Hochschule or university. It is also valued as a qualification proving mastery of German in business contexts.

The *Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung* may only be administered to people at least 16 years old who have not learned German as a native speaker. The requirement for a person undertaking the ZOP is estimated at around 1,000–1,200 hours of German language lessons.


title: The Poltergeist (play)

abstract: The Poltergeist is a 2020 play by Philip Ridley. It won the OnComm Award for "Best Livestream" at the 2021 Offies.

text:
# The Poltergeist (play)

***The Poltergeist*** is a 2020 play by Philip Ridley. It won the OnComm Award for "Best Livestream" at the 2021 Offies.

## Production history

The play premiered at the Southwark Playhouse in London in 2020, starring Joseph Potter and directed by Wiebke Green, who also directed Ridley's *The Beast Will Rise* monologue sequence.

Ridley wrote the play during the UK's first lockdown of the 2020–2021 COVID-19 pandemic. It was originally intended for a socially-distanced performance with an accompanying livestream, but was moved to a livestream-only event when the UK's second lockdown was implemented.

## Critical reception

*The Poltergeist* was received positively by critics. Greg Stewart, writing for *Theatre Weekly*, said: "It will come as no surprise to admirers of Philip Ridley, that he has penned another jewel in the crown of theatre, but add in a tour-de-force performance from Joseph Potter and we quite possibly have one of the most remarkable pieces of theatre of the year. With or without a standing ovation, The Poltergeist is one of those rare and unmissable pieces that will be talked about for years to come." Dave Fargnoli for *The Stage* wrote: "Joseph Potter's performance crackles with intensity, snapping between multiple characters at breakneck speed, mercilessly piercing every line of banal chit-chat with a tirade of caustic asides." Sam Marlowe for  wrote that it was "a terrific, teeth-grindingly tense monologue", "a typically exhilarating, wild Ridley ride, with a phenomenal motormouth performance from Joseph Potter."

## Awards

*The Poltergeist* won the OnComm Award for "Best Livestream" at the 2021 Offies.

## InfoBox

| The Poltergeist | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Philip Ridley |
| Characters | Sasha |
| Genre | Solo performance |


abstract: The Lowering Gasoline Prices to Fuel an America That Works Act of 2014 (H.R. 4899) is a bill that would revise existing laws and policies regarding the development of oil and gas resources on the Outer Continental Shelf. The bill is intended to increase domestic energy production and lower gas prices. The bill was introduced and passed in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

text:
# Lowering Gasoline Prices to Fuel an America That Works Act of 2014

The **Lowering Gasoline Prices to Fuel an America That Works Act of 2014** (H.R. 4899) is a bill that would revise existing laws and policies regarding the development of oil and gas resources on the Outer Continental Shelf. The bill is intended to increase domestic energy production and lower gas prices.

The bill was introduced and passed in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

## Background

The administration of President Barack Obama delayed the sale of some oil and natural gas sales off the coasts of Virginia and South Carolina. This bill would require those sales to go forward.

Louisiana and other states along the Gulf of Mexico will receive 37.5 percent of the off-shore royalty payments paid to the federal government for off-shore leases in that area beginning in 2017. The maximum royalty payout is currently $500 million, but would be increased to $1 billion in 2024 by this bill.

## Provisions of the bill

*This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.*

Lowering Gasoline Prices to Fuel an America That Works Act of 2014 - Amends the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) to direct the United States Secretary of the Interior to implement a leasing program that includes at least 50% of the available unleased acreage within each outer Continental Shelf (OCS) planning area considered to have the largest undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources, with an emphasis on offering the most geologically prospective parts of the planning area.

Directs the Secretary to: (1) submit to Congress a new proposed oil and gas leasing program for the 5-year period from July 15, 2015, to July 15, 2021; and (2) approve a final oil and gas leasing program by July 15, 2016.

Prohibits construction of this Act as authorizing the issuance of a lease under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act to any person designated for the imposition of sanctions pursuant to specified law.

Directs the Secretary to conduct offshore oil and gas Lease Sale 220 on the OCS offshore Virginia within one year after the date of enactment of this Act.

Directs the Secretary to conduct a lease sale within two years after enactment of this Act for certain areas off the coast of South Carolina. Directs the Secretary to offer for sale by December 31, 2015, leases of tracts in the Santa Maria and Santa Barbara/Ventura Basins of the Southern California OCS Planning Area.

Retains the authority of the United States Secretary of Defense (DOD) with the approval of the President of the United States, to designate national defense areas on the OCS.

Establishes in the United States Department of the Interior: (1) an Under Secretary for Energy, Lands, and Minerals; (2) an Assistant Secretary of Ocean Energy and Safety; (3) an Assistant Secretary of Land and Minerals Management; (4) a Bureau of Ocean Energy; (5) an Ocean Energy Safety Service; and (6) an Office of Natural Resources Revenue.

Abolishes the Minerals Management Service.

Directs the Secretary to establish an Outer Continental Shelf Energy Safety Advisory Board.

Establishes in the Treasury the Ocean Energy Enforcement Fund as depository for non-refundable fees collected from the operators of facilities subject to inspection.

Prohibits the Bureau of Ocean Energy and the Ocean Energy Safety Service from developing, proposing, finalizing, administering, or implementing any limitation on activities under their jurisdictions as a result of the coastal and marine spatial planning component of the National Ocean Policy developed under Executive Order 13547.

Redefines the OCS to include all submerged lands lying within the U.S. exclusive economic zone and the Continental Shelf adjacent to any U.S. territory.

Directs the Secretary to promulgate rules regarding the revenue streams contemplated by the Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006, including the timing and methods of disbursements of certain funds under such Act. Increases, for FY2024-FY2055, the maximum amount of qualified OCS revenues distributed to Gulf producing states.

Prescribes requirements for judicial review of any action or decision by a federal official regarding the issuance of an energy lease under this Act.

Federal Lands Jobs and Energy Security Act - Directs the Secretary, when practicable, to encourage the use of U.S. workers and equipment manufactured in the U.S. in all construction related to mineral resource development under this Act.

Streamlining Permitting of American Energy Act of 2014 - Amends the Mineral Leasing Act (MLA) to direct the Secretary to decide whether to issue a permit to drill within 30 days after receiving a permit application, with specified allowable deadline extensions.

Deems a permit application approved if the Secretary has not made a decision by 60 days after its receipt. Prescribes requirements for denial and resubmission of an application.

Requires the Secretary to collect a single $6,500 permit processing fee per application at the time the decision is made whether to issue a permit.

Directs the Secretary to collect a $5,000 documentation fee to accompany each protest for a lease, right of way, or application for permit to drill.

Requires the Secretary to: (1) establish a Federal Permit Streamlining Project in every Bureau of Land Management (BLM) field office with responsibility for permitting energy projects on federal land, and (2) enter into a related memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the United States Secretary of Agriculture, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Chief of the Army Corps of Engineers.

Requires the Secretary to provide matching funding of 50% for joint projects with states to conduct oil and gas resource assessments on federal lands with significant oil and gas potential.

Providing Leasing Certainty for American Energy Act of 2014 - Directs the Secretary, in conducting lease sales under the MLA, to offer for sale at least 25% of the annual nominated acreage not previously made available for lease. Shields such acreage from protest and the test of extraordinary circumstances.

Amends the MLA to prohibit the Secretary from: (1) withdrawing any covered energy project without finding a violation of lease terms by the lessee; (2) delaying indefinitely issuance of project approvals, drilling and seismic permits, and rights of way for activities under a lease; or (3) cancelling or withdrawing any lease parcel after a competitive lease sale has occurred and a winning bidder has made the last payment for the parcel.

Requires federal land managers to follow existing resource management plans and continue to lease actively in areas designated as open when resource management plans are being amended or revised, until such time as a new record of decision is signed.

Declares without force or effect BLM Instruction Memorandum 2010-117 (which establishes a process to ensure orderly, effective, timely, and environmentally responsible leasing of oil and gas resources on federal lands).

Protecting Investment in Oil Shale the Next Generation of Environmental, Energy, and Resource Security Act or the PIONEERS Act - Deems the final regulations regarding oil shale management published by the BLM on November 18, 2008, to satisfy all legal and procedural requirements under any law, including the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and NEPA. Directs the Secretary to implement those regulations, including the oil shale leasing program they authorize, without any other administrative action necessary.

Directs the Secretary to hold a lease sale, within 180 days after enactment of this Act, that offers an additional ten parcels for lease for research, development, and demonstration of oil shale resources under the terms offered in the solicitation of bids published on January 15, 2009.

Requires the Secretary, by January 1, 2016, to hold at least five separate commercial lease sales, in multiple lease blocs, in areas of at least 25,000 acres, which: (1) have been nominated through public comment, and (2) are considered to have the most potential for oil shale development.

Planning for American Energy Act of 2014 - Amends the MLA to direct the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture (USDA) with regard to lands administered by the Forest Service, to publish every four years a Quadrennial Federal Onshore Energy Production Strategy to direct federal land energy development and department resource allocation in order to promote the energy and national security of the United States in accordance with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) mission to promote the multiple use of federal lands.

Requires the Secretary to determine a domestic strategic production objective for the development of energy resources from such lands.

Expresses the sense of Congress that federally recognized Indian tribes may elect to set their own production objectives as part of the Strategy.

Grants the relevant Secretary all necessary authority to make determinations regarding which additional federal lands available for leasing at the time the lease sale occurs will be available to meet the production objectives established by the strategies.

National Petroleum Reserve Alaska Access Act - Amends the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976 to require the mandatory program of competitive leasing of oil and gas in the National Petroleum Reserve (NPR) in Alaska to include at least one lease sale annually in those areas most likely to produce commercial quantities of oil and natural gas each year in the period 2014-2024.

Directs the Secretary to ensure permits according to a specified time line for all surface development activities, including pipelines and roads construction, to: (1) develop and bring into production areas within the NPR that are subject to oil and gas leases, and (2) transport oil and gas from and through the NPR to existing transportation or processing infrastructure on the North Slope of Alaska.

Requires the Secretary to ensure that any federal permitting agency shall issue construction permits for transportation of oil and natural gas under existing federal oil and gas leases with drilling permits within 60 days after enactment of this Act. Requires approval of drilling permits under new federal oil and gas leases within six months after submission of a permit request to the Secretary.

Directs the Secretary to issue: (1) a new proposed integrated activity plan from among the non-adopted alternatives in the NPR Alaska Integrated Activity Plan Record of Decision dated February 21, 2013, and (2) an environmental impact statement under NEPA for issuance of oil and gas leases in the NPR-Alaska to promote efficient and maximum development of oil and natural gas resources of such reserve.

Nullifies the February 21, 2013, Record of Decision, including its integrated activity plan and environmental impact statement.

Prescribes requirements for the new proposed integrated activity plan.

Requires the Secretary to assess all technically recoverable fossil fuel resources within the NPR, including all conventional and unconventional oil and natural gas.

Directs the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the state of Alaska and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, to implement and complete the resource assessment within 24 months after enactment of this Act.

BLM Live Internet Auctions Act - Amends the MLA to authorize the Secretary to conduct onshore oil and gas lease sales through Internet-based live bidding methods.

Requires each individual Internet-based lease sale to conclude within seven days.

Directs the Secretary to analyze the first ten such lease sales and evaluate the effectiveness of different structures for lease sales.

## Congressional Budget Office report

*This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, a public domain source.*

Title I would revise existing laws and policies regarding the development of oil and gas resources on the Outer Continental Shelf. Title I is similar to H.R. 2231, the Offshore Energy and Jobs Act, which was passed by the House of Representatives on June 28, 2013. Differences in the estimates primarily reflect a later assumed enactment date.

Title II would make certain amendments to the Mineral Leasing Act, require the United States Secretary of the Interior to conduct new activities related to oil and gas development on federal lands, and authorize the Secretary to conduct auctions for federal onshore oil and gas leases using Internet-based bidding methods. Title II contains provisions that are similar to those in H.R. 1965, the Federal Lands Jobs and Energy Security Act, which was passed by the House of Representatives on November 20, 2013, H.R. 1394; the Planning for American Energy Act of 2013, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on July 24, 2013; H.R. 1964, the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska Access Act, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on June 12, 2013; and H.R. 555, the BLM Live Internet Auctions Act, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on July 24, 2013. Differences in the estimates primarily reflect a later assumed enactment date.

## Procedural history

The Lowering Gasoline Prices to Fuel an America That Works Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on June 19, 2014 by Rep. Doc Hastings (R-WA). It was referred to the United States House Committee on Natural Resources and the United States House Committee on the Judiciary. The House voted in Roll Call Vote 368 on June 26, 2014 to pass the bill 229-185.

## Debate and discussion

Rep. Hastings, who introduced the bill, argued that "the current turmoil in Iraq has already caused the price of gasoline to increase, and it serves as an important reminder of why we need to increase production here at home" because it is the "best way to protect ourselves from price spikes caused by international conflicts." Hastings blamed President Obama for the high gas prices, saying that "since President Obama took office, gasoline prices have doubled and our federal energy resources have been put under tight lock-and-key." Hastings also argued that the bill would "create over 1 million new American jobs."

Rep. Bill Cassidy (R-LA) supported the bill, arguing that the bill "would allow us to take advantage of our natural resources and expands our energy manufacturing and construction industries."

Rep. Peter DeFazio (D-OR) opposed the bill, arguing that it did not solve the true cause of high gas prices which he blamed on "Big Oil in the United States and speculation on Wall Street." DeFazio called the bill the "drill everywhere" bill.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.

## InfoBox

Lowering Gasoline Prices to Fuel an America That Works Act of 2014
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | To lower gasoline prices for the American family by increasing domestic onshore and offshore energy exploration and production, to streamline and improve onshore and offshore energy permitting and administration, and for other purposes. |
| Announced in | the 113th United States Congress |
| Sponsored by | Rep. Doc Hastings (R-WA) |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |


title: George Ross (American politician)

abstract: George Ross Jr was a Founding Father of the United States who signed the Continental Association and the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Pennsylvania. He was also the uncle of the man who married Betsy Griscom in 1773, more famous under her married name, Betsy Ross. In 1952, Ross, George Washington, and Robert Morris appeared on a three-cent stamp commemorating Betsy Ross.

text:
# George Ross (American politician)

**George Ross Jr** (May 10, 1730 – July 14, 1779) was a Founding Father of the United States who signed the Continental Association and the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Pennsylvania. He was also the uncle of the man who married Betsy Griscom in 1773, more famous under her married name, Betsy Ross. In 1952, Ross, George Washington, and Robert Morris appeared on a three-cent stamp commemorating Betsy Ross.

## Early life and family

Ross was born on May 10, 1730, in New Castle, Delaware. He was educated at home and later studied law with his brother, before being admitted to the bar in Philadelphia.

His father was Rev. George Ross (1679–1754), who had 2 wives and 16 children, and was an Anglican clergyman who had emigrated from Scotland. Their paternal line goes back to Farquhar Ó Beólláin (1173–1251) whom King Alexander II of Scotland named 1st Earl of Ross in 1226 after great victories in battle.

George's sister Gertrude married Thomas Till, the son of William Till, a prominent Sussex County judge and politician; after his death, she married George Read, another signer of the Declaration of Independence.

## Career

Ross was a member of the committee of safety and was elected to the Continental Congress. He was a colonel in the Pennsylvania militia (1775–1776) and vice-president of the first constitutional convention for Pennsylvania. Ross was the last of the Pennsylvania delegation to affix his signature to the Declaration of Independence. He had been loyal to the king, but he became disgusted with Tory politics and began to support the cause of the Patriots.

In 1750, he was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar (member of Pennsylvania) when he was 20 years old, and he established his own practice in Lancaster, where he married Ann Lawler in 1751. Together they had two sons and a daughter.

Initially a Tory, he served as Crown prosecutor for 12 years from 1768 to 1776. His sympathies began to change, and he became a strong supporter of the colonial assemblies in their disputes with Parliament. In 1768 he was elected to the provincial legislature of Pennsylvania. He was elected to Continental Congress in 1774, 1776, and 1777. He was a colonel in the Continental Army in 1776. In 1776, he undertook negotiations with the northwestern Indians on behalf of his colony, and that year he acted as vice president of the state constitutional convention, so then that led to helping draft a declaration of rights. He was re-elected to the Continental Congress in January 1777 but resigned that same year because of poor health. He was vice president of the Pennsylvania constitutional convention and was the Judge of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania in 1779. In 1778, while he was acting as admiralty judge, a congressional court of appeals overruled his decision in a case involving a dispute between a citizen of Connecticut and the state of Pennsylvania. He refused to acknowledge the authority of the higher court to counter state decisions, which initiated a dispute between manifestation of the states' rights controversy and did not subside until 1809.

He resigned from the Continental Congress in 1777 because of poor health and was appointed to the Pennsylvania Court of Admiralty where he died in 1779 at age 49. He was buried at Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia.

https://www.mysticstamp.com/Products/United-States/1004/USA/# http://www.ushistory.org/betsy/more/weisgerber.htm

## InfoBox

| George Ross | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1730-05-10)May 10, 1730
New Castle, Delaware Colony |
| Died | July 14, 1779(1779-07-14) (aged 49)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Resting place | Christ Church Burial Ground, Philadelphia |
| Known for | signer of the United States Declaration of Independence |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: West Side Story Reimagined

abstract: West Side Story Reimagined is an album by Bobby Sanabria, released in 2018. It was recorded live at Dizzy’s Club Coca-Cola in Manhattan. A large portion of the proceeds from the album went toward helping musicians in Puerto Rico who had been affected by Hurricane Maria.

text:
# West Side Story Reimagined

***West Side Story Reimagined*** is an album by Bobby Sanabria, released in 2018. It was recorded live at Dizzy’s Club Coca-Cola in Manhattan. A large portion of the proceeds from the album went toward helping musicians in Puerto Rico who had been affected by Hurricane Maria.

## Reception

*West Side Story Reimagined* was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Latin Jazz album.

In 2019, the album won the Jazz Journalists Award for best Record of 2018.

## Track listing

Act 1 1. Intro – (:33)
2. Prologue – arranged by Jeremy Fletcher (7:39)
3. Intro Jet Song – (:12)
4. Jet Song – arranged by Niko Siebold (6:03)
5. Intro America – (:09)
6. America – arranged by Jeff Lederer (6:34)
7. Gee, Officer Krupke Intro – (:15)
8. Gee, Officer Krupke – arranged by Jeremy Fletcher (6:00)
9. Tonight – arranged by Matt Wong (5:49)
10. Gym Scene – Blues/Mambo – arranged by Danny Rivera
11. Gym Scene – Cha Cha Cha – arranged by Nate Sparks (4:45)

Act 2 1. Maria – arranged by Eugene Marlow, vocals/rhythm arranged by Bobby Sanabria (8:15)
2. Intro Cool – (:07)
3. Cool – arranged by Andrew Neesley (5:50)
4. The Rumble/Rumba – arranged by Takao Heisho (5:38)
5. One Hand, One Heart – arranged by Jeremy Fletcher (5:03)
6. Somewhere – arranged by Jeremy Fletcher (3:55)
7. Intro Epilogue/Finale – (1:14)
8. Epilogue/Finale – arranged by Jeremy Fletcher (2:52)
9. Outro – (2:21)

## InfoBox

| West Side Story Reimagined | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Bobby Sanabria | |
| Released | 2018 (2018) |
| Recorded | November 19, 2017 |
| Venue | Dizzy’s Club Coca-Cola, Manhattan |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 1:19:38 |
| Label | Jazzheads |


title: Harkavy

abstract:
Harkavy is a Jewish surname. Variants in Russian language include Garkavy/Garkavyi (ru:Гаркавый), ru:Гарькавый) and Gorkavy (ru:Горькавый). The Dictionary of American Family Names suggests that the surname is derived from the Belarusian word 'harkavyj' for a person who pronounces uvular R instead of voiced alveolar trill R In fact a derogatory epithet for a Jew is "гаркавы", or "burry". Another meaning of the Belarusian word "гаркавы" is "slightly bitter". Notable people with the surname include:
  - Abraham Harkavy (1839–1919), Russian Jewish historian and orientalist
  - Alexander Harkavy (1863–1939), Russian Jewish writer and lexicographer, known for his Jewish-English Dictionary
  - Harold Harkavy (1915–1965), American bridge player
  - Ilya Garkavyi (1888-1397), Soviet Red Army commander
  - Juliana Harkavy, American Jewish actress
  - Yehoshafat Harkabi (1921–1994), head of Israeli Military Intelligence Directorate (1955-59), military historian, and recipient of the first Israel Prize for political science (1993)
  - Shlomo Harkavy, Orthodox rabbi in Belarus

text:
# Harkavy

**Harkavy** is a Jewish surname. Variants in Russian language include Garkavy/Garkavyi (ru:Гаркавый), ru:Гарькавый) and Gorkavy (ru:Горькавый). The *Dictionary of American Family Names* suggests that the surname is derived from the Belarusian word 'harkavyj' for a person who pronounces uvular R (see wikt:burr, Etymology 2) instead of voiced alveolar trill R (thus hinting at Jewish accent) In fact a derogatory epithet for a Jew is "гаркавы" (Russian "картавый"), or "burry". Another meaning of the Belarusian word "гаркавы" is "slightly bitter" (in taste).

Notable people with the surname include:

* Abraham Harkavy (1839–1919), Russian Jewish historian and orientalist
* Alexander Harkavy (1863–1939), Russian Jewish writer and lexicographer, known for his *Jewish-English Dictionary*
* Harold Harkavy (1915–1965), American bridge player
* Ilya Garkavyi (1888-1397), Soviet Red Army commander
* Juliana Harkavy (born 1985), American Jewish actress
* Yehoshafat Harkabi (1921–1994), head of Israeli Military Intelligence Directorate (1955-59), military historian, and recipient of the first Israel Prize for political science (1993)
* Shlomo Harkavy (c. 1870–c. 1942), Orthodox rabbi in Belarus

## Further reading

Elhanan Harkavy, Dor yesharim. Kolel seder ha-yaḥaś le-mishpaḥat Harḳaṿi ..., a genealogical account of the Harkavy family, New York, 1903 (Google Books, free, in Hebrew)


abstract: This list includes properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Chowan County, North Carolina. Click the "Map of all coordinates" link to the right to view an online map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Chowan County, North Carolina

This list includes properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Chowan County, North Carolina. Click the "Map of all coordinates" link to the right to view an online map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Albania |  | May 13, 1976
(#76001313) | U.S. 17 W of jct. with NC 32
36°03′37″N 76°37′08″W / 36.060278°N 76.618889°W / 36.060278; -76.618889 (Albania) | Edenton |  |
| 2 | Athol |  | May 22, 1980
(#80002808) | SE of Edenton on SR 1114
36°00′43″N 76°33′38″W / 36.011944°N 76.560556°W / 36.011944; -76.560556 (Athol) | Edenton |  |
| 3 | Barker House |  | March 24, 1972
(#72000931) | S Terminus of Broad St.
36°03′22″N 76°36′34″W / 36.056097°N 76.609344°W / 36.056097; -76.609344 (Barker House) | Edenton |  |
| 4 | Chowan County Courthouse |  | April 15, 1970
(#70000447) | E. King St.
36°03′28″N 76°36′30″W / 36.057778°N 76.608333°W / 36.057778; -76.608333 (Chowan County Courthouse) | Edenton |  |
| 5 | Cullins-Baker House |  | April 29, 1982
(#82003442) | NC 32
36°17′41″N 76°39′01″W / 36.294722°N 76.650278°W / 36.294722; -76.650278 (Cullins-Baker House) | Smalls Crossroads |  |
| 6 | Cupola House |  | April 15, 1970
(#70000889) | 408 S. Broad St.
36°03′28″N 76°36′38″W / 36.057778°N 76.610556°W / 36.057778; -76.610556 (Cupola House) | Edenton |  |
| 7 | Edenton Cotton Mill Historic District |  | February 5, 1999
(#99000089) | Bounded by E. Church St., Bount's Creek, Queen Anne's Creek, and Wood Ave.
36°03′37″N 76°36′08″W / 36.060278°N 76.602222°W / 36.060278; -76.602222 (Edenton Cotton Mill Historic District) | Edenton |  |
| 8 | Edenton Historic District |  | July 16, 1973
(#73001316) | Roughly bounded by E. and W. Freemason, S. Oakum, E. and W. Water, and Mosely Sts.; also both sides of the 300 block of E. King St.; also roughly bounded by Filberts Creek, W. Hicks St., Park Ave., the railroad right of way, and the original Edenton Historic District
36°03′35″N 76°36′37″W / 36.059722°N 76.610278°W / 36.059722; -76.610278 (Edenton Historic District) | Edenton | Second and third sets of boundaries represent boundary increases of October 5, 2001 and September 28, 2007 respectively |
| 9 | Edenton Peanut Factory |  | September 20, 1979
(#79003328) | E. Church St.
36°03′37″N 76°36′09″W / 36.060278°N 76.602500°W / 36.060278; -76.602500 (Edenton Peanut Factory) | Edenton |  |
| 10 | Edenton Station, United States Fish and Fisheries Commission |  | September 14, 2002
(#02000961) | 200 blk. Old Fish Hatchery Rd.
36°03′21″N 76°37′33″W / 36.055897°N 76.625731°W / 36.055897; -76.625731 (Edenton Station, United States Fish and Fisheries Commission) | Edenton |  |
| 11 | Golden Asro and Ruth Holley Frinks House |  | August 8, 2023
(#100009229) | 122 West Peterson St.
36°03′59″N 76°36′31″W / 36.0665°N 76.6087°W / 36.0665; -76.6087 (Golden Asro and Ruth Holley Frinks House) | Edenton |  |
| 12 | Greenfield Plantation |  | May 6, 1976
(#76001316) | E of Edenton on SR 1109
36°03′13″N 76°26′33″W / 36.053611°N 76.4425°W / 36.053611; -76.4425 (Greenfield Plantation) | Somer |  |
| 13 | Hayes Plantation |  | February 26, 1974
(#74001341) | E. Water St. Extension
36°03′00″N 76°36′08″W / 36.05°N 76.602222°W / 36.05; -76.602222 (Hayes Plantation) | Edenton |  |
| 14 | Hicks Field |  | September 13, 1995
(#95001050) | Jct. of Freemason and Woodard Sts., NE corner
36°03′54″N 76°36′20″W / 36.065°N 76.605556°W / 36.065; -76.605556 (Hicks Field) | Edenton |  |
| 15 | James Iredell House |  | February 26, 1970
(#70000449) | 107 E. Church St.
36°03′38″N 76°36′25″W / 36.060556°N 76.606944°W / 36.060556; -76.606944 (James Iredell House) | Edenton |  |
| 16 | Cullen and Elizabeth Jones House |  | May 3, 2006
(#06000340) | 2732 Rocky Hock Rd.
36°10′57″N 76°41′25″W / 36.1825°N 76.690278°W / 36.1825; -76.690278 (Cullen and Elizabeth Jones House) | Edenton |  |
| 17 | Susan J. Armistead Moore House |  | May 18, 2005
(#05000436) | NC 32, 0.25 miles W of jct. with NC 37
36°01′50″N 76°32′16″W / 36.030556°N 76.537778°W / 36.030556; -76.537778 (Susan J. Armistead Moore House) | Edenton |  |
| 18 | Mulberry Hill |  | May 13, 1976
(#76001314) | SE of Edenton on SR 1114
36°00′38″N 76°32′11″W / 36.010556°N 76.536389°W / 36.010556; -76.536389 (Mulberry Hill) | Edenton |  |
| 19 | Pembroke Hall |  | November 7, 1976
(#76001315) | W. King St.
36°03′29″N 76°36′41″W / 36.058056°N 76.611389°W / 36.058056; -76.611389 (Pembroke Hall) | Edenton |  |
| 20 | St. Paul's Episcopal Church and Churchyard |  | May 29, 1975
(#75001248) | W. Church and Broad Sts.
36°03′42″N 76°36′34″W / 36.061667°N 76.609444°W / 36.061667; -76.609444 (St. Paul's Episcopal Church and Churchyard) | Edenton |  |
| 21 | Sandy Point |  | April 25, 1985
(#85000875) | Off NC 32 East of NC 1114
36°00′40″N 76°31′15″W / 36.011111°N 76.520833°W / 36.011111; -76.520833 (Sandy Point) | Edenton |  |
| 22 | Shelton Plantation House |  | October 29, 1974
(#74001342) | Off NC 32
36°04′56″N 76°37′47″W / 36.082222°N 76.629722°W / 36.082222; -76.629722 (Shelton Plantation House) | Edenton |  |
| 23 | Speight House and Cotton Gin |  | September 22, 1980
(#80002809) | E. Church St.
36°03′47″N 76°35′42″W / 36.063056°N 76.595000°W / 36.063056; -76.595000 (Speight House and Cotton Gin) | Edenton |  |
| 24 | Strawberry Hill |  | May 22, 1980
(#80002810) | Church St.
36°03′41″N 76°35′46″W / 36.061389°N 76.596111°W / 36.061389; -76.596111 (Strawberry Hill) | Edenton |  |
| 25 | Wessington House |  | March 20, 1973
(#73001317) | 120 W. King St.
36°03′32″N 76°36′42″W / 36.058889°N 76.611667°W / 36.058889; -76.611667 (Wessington House) | Edenton |  |


title: Happiness (1924 film)

abstract: Happiness is a 1924 American silent comedy film directed by King Vidor and starring stage actress Laurette Taylor in one of her rare film appearances. The film is based on the 1914 Broadway play of the same name written by Taylor's husband J. Hartley Manners.

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# Happiness (1924 film)

***Happiness*** is a 1924 American silent comedy film directed by King Vidor and starring stage actress Laurette Taylor in one of her rare film appearances. The film is based on the 1914 Broadway play of the same name written by Taylor's husband J. Hartley Manners.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine review, Jenny Wray, the sole support of her mother, obtains work in a modiste's shop. She is called on to deliver several gowns to Mrs. Chrystal Pole. Mrs. Pole, who is bored with life, becomes interested in Jenny's philosophy of happiness, and induces her to make her home at the Pole mansion. However, Jenny soon tires of it and returns to Brooklyn. She continues to cultivate the friendship of Mrs. Pole, who aids her in her efforts to have her own modiste's shop. Fermoy MacDonough, an electrician, falls in love with Jenny and they marry. In several years Jenny has a shop of her own and continues to spread happiness.

## Cast

## Production

*Happiness* marked the second and final cinematic collaboration between Vidor and well-known stage actress Laurette Taylor. Based on the one-act play of the same name by Taylor's husband J. Hartley Manners the film adaption was a box office success, due in part to Vidor's personal interest in the theme and Taylor's, restrained performance

Taylor would make one more movie with M-G-M studios in 1924, *One Night in Rome*, directed by Clarence Badger.

## Theme

Manners' vehicle for Laurette Taylor is largely a facsimile of his 1912 play *Peg o' My Heart*, with the setting moved from rural British Isles to the urban New York City.

The film version introduces a new facet to Manners' "creaky" scenario. Vidor's identification with the Populist movement and its pro-agrarian and pro-nativist ideals is enlarged in *Happiness* to include a broader spectrum of the working class, including poor and urban immigrants. The entrepreneurial Jenny (Taylor) struggles in this Brooklyn lower-class milieu to ultimately achieve social and financial security. Vidor makes explicit his political philosophy when the now successful Jenny encounters her early alter-ego, a poor, but ambitious girl (also named Jenny) on the streets of Brooklyn, with the inter-title "And the endless chain of Jennys goes on in all big cities..."

## Preservation

Prints of *Happiness* are preserved at George Eastman House and Gosfilmofond (Russian State archives) Moscow.

## Footnotes

* Baxter, John. 1976. *King Vidor*. Simon & Schuster, Inc. Monarch Film Studies. LOC Card Number 75-23544.
* Brownlow, Kevin and Kobal, John. 1979. *Hollywood: The Pioneers*. Alfred A. Knopf Inc. A Borzoi Book, New York. ISBN 0-394-50851-3

## InfoBox

| Happiness | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card | |
| Directed by | King Vidor |
| Screenplay by | J. Hartley Manners |
| Based on | *Happiness*
by J. Hartley Manners |
| Starring | Laurette Taylor |
| Cinematography | Chester A. Lyons |
| Production
company | Metro Pictures |
| Distributed by | Metro Pictures |
| Release date | * March 10, 1924 (1924-03-10) |
| Running time | 76 minutes ; 8 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Harald Christensen (resistance member)

abstract: Harald Christensen was a member of the Danish resistance executed by the German occupying power.

text:
# Harald Christensen (resistance member)

**Harald Christensen** (28 May 1915 – 27 February 1945) was a member of the Danish resistance executed by the German occupying power.

## Biography

Harald Christensen was born in Faaborg 28 May 1915 as the eighth child of factory worker Niels Christensen and wife Maren Christine née Madsen and baptized in Faaborg church the seventh Sunday after Trinity.

In 1916 Christensen was living with his parents and siblings in Vestergade 29, Fåborg with his father supporting the family as a worker at Fåborg's wood wool factory with a permanently injured knee.

On 27 February 1945 Christensen and nine other resistance members were executed in Ryvangen.

## After his death

On 30 June 1945 at Vestre Kirkegaard a memorial service was held for him, as well as for the killed member of the resistance Estvan Svend Aage Wehlast.

On 29 August Christensen and 105 other victims of the occupation were given a state funeral in the memorial park founded at the execution and burial site in Ryvangen where he was executed. Bishop Hans Fuglsang-Damgaard led the service with participation from the royal family, the government and representatives of the resistance movement.

In 1950 his remains were moved, prior to the official inauguration of the Ryvangen Memorial Park on 5 May 1950. Remarkably, a second resistance member to also be removed from the memorial park was the above-mentioned Estvan Svend Aage Wehlast.

The official list of resistance members buried in Ryvangen does not include Christensen, nor Wehlast.

## InfoBox

| Harald Christensen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1915-05-28)28 May 1915<br>Vestergade 29, Fåborg |
| Died | 27 February 1945(1945-02-27) (aged 29) |
| Cause of death | Execution by firing squad |
| Resting place | Ryvangen Memorial Park (until 1950) |
| Occupation | Auto mechanic |
| Known for | Executed as member of the Danish resistance movement |
| Parent(s) | Niels Christensen and Maren Christine née Madsen |
| Website | "Modstandsdatabasen" \[Resistance Database\]. *Harald Christensen* (in Danish). Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet. Retrieved 28 May 2015. |


title: Harald Christensen (cyclist)

abstract: Harald Christensen was a Danish cyclist who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal in the tandem event.

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# Harald Christensen (cyclist)

**Harald Christensen** (9 April 1907  27 November 1994) was a Danish cyclist who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal in the tandem event.

## InfoBox

Harald Christensen
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1907-04-09)9 April 1907
Kolding, Denmark |
| Died | 27 November 1994(1994-11-27) (aged 87)
Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Medal record      Representing  DEN  Men's cycling  Olympic Games  1932 Los Angeles  Tandem | |


title: National Library of Laos

abstract: The National Library of Laos is a library located in Vientiane, Laos. First established on 1 July 1956, it moved to its current location in 1988. The National Library plays an important role in preserving materials about Laos. Since 1989, it has operated the Lao Ancient Manuscript Preservation Project which documents ancient text written in Lao and Sanskrit. Starting in October 2007, the library has collaborated with the University of Passau and the Berlin State Library to create the Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts (ໂຄງການຫໍສະໝຸດດິຈິຕອລໜັງສືໃບລານລາວ). The government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic has granted permission for the manuscript collection to be made accessible via the Internet. A new national library was completed in 2017.

text:
# National Library of Laos

The **National Library of Laos** (Lao language: ຫໍສະໝຸດແຫ່ງຊາດ) is a library located in Vientiane, Laos. First established on 1 July 1956, it moved to its current location in 1988. The National Library plays an important role in preserving materials about Laos.

Since 1989, it has operated the Lao Ancient Manuscript Preservation Project which documents ancient text written in Lao and Sanskrit. Starting in October 2007, the library has collaborated with the University of Passau and the Berlin State Library (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz) to create the **Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts** (ໂຄງການຫໍສະໝຸດດິຈິຕອລໜັງສືໃບລານລາວ). The government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic has granted permission for the manuscript collection to be made accessible via the Internet.

A new national library was completed in 2017.

17°57′50″N 102°36′28″E / 17.9640°N 102.6079°E / 17.9640; 102.6079

## InfoBox

| National Library of Laos | |
| --- | --- |
| ຫໍສະໝຸດແຫ່ງຊາດ | |
| The Library building | |
|  | |
| Location | Vientiane, Laos, Laos |
| Type | Public, National library. |
| Established | 1956 (1956) |


title: Happy (Alexia album)

abstract: Happy is the third studio album by Italian singer Alexia released in 1999, and would be her final studio album to be written and produced by Robyx and the DWA team. The album continued to see Alexia have a broad range of styles, though the move away from eurodance was not as dramatic as it had been with The Party. It was Alexia's first album on the Sony Epic label. Alexia's management team had boasted that every track on the album was good enough to be released as a single, yet only two tracks were released as singles. Initially, "Change Your Life" was planned as the lead single, but instead "Goodbye" was released. "Happy" followed as the second single. Sony Music Finland announced plans to release "Baby Baby Baby" as the third single in early 2000, though DWA denied this. No record can be found of the track being released physically or as a radio promo, though the Italian Alexia Wikipedia page lists the song as a radio promotional CD and the track was included on Alexia's Hits album. All the tracks on the album were written by Alexia and Robyx except "Shake You Up" which was written by Francesco Alberti and Andrea Fascetti. The album went gold in Italy a month after its release.

text:
# Happy (Alexia album)

***Happy*** is the third studio album by Italian singer Alexia released in 1999, and would be her final studio album to be written and produced by Robyx and the DWA team. The album continued to see Alexia have a broad range of styles, though the move away from eurodance was not as dramatic as it had been with *The Party*. It was Alexia's first album on the Sony Epic label. Alexia's management team had boasted that every track on the album was good enough to be released as a single, yet only two tracks were released as singles.

Initially, "Change Your Life" was planned as the lead single, but instead "Goodbye" was released. "Happy" followed as the second single. Sony Music Finland announced plans to release "Baby Baby Baby" as the third single in early 2000, though DWA denied this. No record can be found of the track being released physically or as a radio promo, though the Italian Alexia Wikipedia page lists the song as a radio promotional CD and the track was included on Alexia's *Hits* album.

All the tracks on the album were written by Alexia and Robyx except "Shake You Up" which was written by Francesco Alberti and Andrea Fascetti. The album went gold in Italy a month after its release.

## Release

The album was released on CD, cassette and Minidisc through Epic, firstly in Italy in late August then throughout Europe (Sony Code 494999). The Canadian release was in February 2000.

## Track listing

All tracks written & composed by Roberto Zanetti & Alessia Aquilani except as noted.

1. "Happy" - 3:14
2. "Change Your Life" - 3:08
3. "Goodbye" - 3:01
4. "Baby Baby Baby" - 3:12 (Gianni Bini; Marco Galeotti)
5. "Te Amo" - 3:34
6. "Giddy Up" - 2:49
7. "I Want You" - 3:23
8. "Save a Prayer" - 3:41
9. "Shake You Up" - 2:40 (Andrea Fascetti; Francesco Alberti)
10. "Close to You" - 2:42
11. "The Rain" - 3:27
12. "Let the Music Play" - 3:00

## InfoBox

| Happy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Alexia | |
| Released | 1999 |
| Genre | Europop |
| Label | Sony Music |
| Producer | Robyx |
| Alexia chronology | |
| *The Party*
(1998) ***Happy***
(1999) *The Hits*
(2000) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Happy* | |
| 1. "Goodbye"
Released: 1999 2. "Happy"
Released: 1999 | |
|  | |


title: Happy (Ashanti song)

abstract: "Happy" is a song by American singer Ashanti from her self-titled debut album (2002). The track was written by Ashanti, Chink Santana, and Irv Gotti, with production overseen by the latter two, as well. The song contains a sample of Gap Band's "Outstanding" (1982), written by Raymond Calhoun. "Happy" was released as the album's second single on June 17, 2002, reaching #8 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and #6 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Globally, the single reached the Top 10 in the Netherlands, while reaching the Top 20 in Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.

text:
# Happy (Ashanti song)

"**Happy**" is a song by American singer Ashanti from her self-titled debut album (2002). The track was written by Ashanti, Chink Santana, and Irv Gotti, with production overseen by the latter two, as well. The song contains a sample of Gap Band's "Outstanding" (1982), written by Raymond Calhoun. "Happy" was released as the album's second single on June 17, 2002, reaching #8 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 and #6 on the *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Globally, the single reached the Top 10 in the Netherlands, while reaching the Top 20 in Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.

## Remix

The remix of "Happy", titled "I'm So Happy", was produced by Santana and features rapper Charli Baltimore and further integrates a sample of "Outstanding". This version was later included on the Murder Inc. remix-compilation *Irv Gotti Presents: The Remixes*.

## Track listings

## Credits and personnel

Credits are adapted from the UK CD single liner notes.

**Studios**

* Recorded at Crackhouse Studios (New York City)
* Mixed at Sound Castle Studios (Los Angeles)
* Mastered at Sony Music Studios (London, England)

**Personnel**

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | June 17, 2002 |  | Murder Inc. |  |
| Australia | September 30, 2002 | | CD |  |
| United Kingdom | November 11, 2002 | | * CD * cassette |  |

## InfoBox

| "Happy" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Ashanti featuring Ja Rule | |
| from the album  *Ashanti* | |
| B-side | * "I'm So Happy" * "Call" |
| Released | June 17, 2002 (2002-06-17) |
| Studio | Crackhouse (New York City) |
| Length | 4:22 |
| Label | Murder Inc. |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Ashanti singles chronology | |
| "Down 4 U"
(2002) "**Happy**"
(2002) "Baby"
(2002) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Happy" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Harald von Boehmer

abstract: Harald von Boehmer was a German-Swiss immunologist and author best known for his work on T cells.

text:
# Harald von Boehmer

**Harald von Boehmer** (30 November 1942 – 24 June 2018) was a German-Swiss immunologist and author best known for his work on T cells.

## Career

The youngest of Hasso von Boehmer's three children, von Boehmer obtained an M.D. from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (1968) and a Ph.D. from Melbourne University, Australia (1974). He was a member of the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland (1973–1996), director of Unité INSERM 373 at the René Descartes University in Paris, France and is Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University, Cambridge and Chief of the Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. He was an adjunct professor at the University of Florida.

Von Boehmer studied the role of T lymphocytes in the immune system. In particular he addressed the contribution of the T cell receptor (TCR) to recognition by T cells of peptide-MHC complexes by transfer of TCR alpha and beta genes from one T cell clone to another. Questions concerned with the role of positive and negative selection of developing T cells by peptide-MHC complexes in the thymus in generating an effective and self-tolerant immune system were analyzed in TCR transgenic mice. The same experimental system served the purpose to study the impact of TCR-ligation on developing T cells by MHC class I and MHC class II ligands on the intrathymic generation of CD8 killer and CD4 helper cells, respectively. Further studies were concerned with the structure and function of the pre-T cell receptor and its role in controlling survival and differentiation of developing T cells that have succeeded in productive TCR beta rearrangement. Harald von Boehmer studied the generation and function of regulatory T cells that have an essential role in preventing autoimmunity with the goal to exploit these cells in the prevention of and interference with unwanted immune reactions.

Harald von Boehmer was elected as a Senior Member of the Institut Universitaire de France (1997), was awarded the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine jointly with Nicole Le Douarin and Gottfried Schatz in Geneva (1990) and received an honorary Medical Degree from the University of Technology, Munich (2002).

Harald von Boehmer retired at the end of 2012 and was a guest professor at the Institute for Immunology of Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich beginning January 2013.

In February 2013 Harald von Boehmer, MD, PhD, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Harvard Medical School (USA), did receive the Helmholtz International Fellow Award for having excelled in the field of Immunology.

Von Boehmer died on June 24, 2018, at the age of 75.

## Awards

## Selected publications

Selected papers from

1. von Boehmer, H., Sprent, J. and Nabholz, M..: *Tolerance to histocompatibility determinants in tetraparental bone marrow chimeras.* J. Exp. Med. 141, 322 (1975). *Graft-versus-host disease-free allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after T cell removal (used later to cure human immunodeficiency).*
2. von Boehmer, H., Hudson, L. and Sprent, J.: *Collaboration of histo-incompatible T and B lymphocytes using cells from tetraparental bone manow chimeras.* J. Exp. Med. 1421989 (1975); von Boehmer, H. and Haaso W.: *Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize allogeneic toleruted, TNP-conjugated cells.* Nature 261, 141 (1976). *Allo-MHC-restricted CD4 and CD8 T cells in hemopoietic chimeras reveal plasticity of MHC-restricted antigen recognition.*
3. Dembic, Z., Haas, W., Weiss, S., McCubrey, J., Kiefer, H., von Boehmer, H. and Steinmetz, M.: *Transfer of specificity by marine alpha and beta T cell receptor genes.* Nature 329, 232 (1986). *Transfer of alpha and beta TCR genes shows MHC-restricted antigen recognition by a single receptor.*
4. Kisielow, P., Blüthmann, H., Staerz, U. D., Steinmetz, M. and von Boehmer, H.: *Tolerance in T cell receptor transgenic mice: deletion of nonmatare CD4+8+ thymoqttes.* Nature 333, 742-746 (1988); Swat, W., Ignatowicz, L., von Boehmer, H. and Kisielow, P.: *Clonal deletion of immature CD4+8+ thymocytes in suspension culture by extrathymic antigen-presenting cells.* Nature 351, 150 (1991). *Central tolerance by deletion of immature T cells in TCR transgenic mice.*
5. Teho H. S., Kisielow, P., Scott, 8., Kishi, H., Uematsu, Y., Blüthmann, H. and von Boehmer, H.: *Thymic MHC antigens and the specfficity of the ap T cell receptor determine the CD4/CD6 phenotype of T cells.* Nature 335, 229 (1988); Scott, 8., Blüthmann, H., Teh, H. S. and von Boehmer, H.: *The generation of mature T cells requires an interaction of the alpha beta T cell receptor with major histocompatibility antigens.* Nature 338, 591 (1989). *Essential role of T cell receptor-mediated positive selection in T cell survival and lineage fate (CD4/8) determination.*
6. Rocha, B. and von Boehmer, H.: *Peripheral selection of the T cell repertoire.* Science 251, 1225 (1991). *Peripheral tolerance by deletion of and reversible anergy in matureT cells.*
7. Borgulya, P., Kishi, H., Uematsu, Y. and von Boehmer, H.: *Exclusion and inclusion of alpha and beta T cell receptor alleles.* Cell 69, 529 (1992); Aifantis, I., Buer, J., von Boehmer, H. and Azogui, O.: *Essential role of the pre-T cell receptor in allelic exclusion of the T cell receptor beta locus.* Immunity 7, 601-607 (1997). *Pre-TCR-mediated feedback on TCRbeta rearrangement as essential mechanism for TCRbeta allelic exclusion. Lack of TCRalpha allelic exclusion.*
8. Bruno, L., Kirberg, J. and von Boehmer, H.: *On the cellular basis of immunological T cell memory.* Immunity 2,37-43 (1995). *T cell memory rests with memory cells that differ in phenotype and function from naive T cells and survive in the absence of antigen.*
9. Groettrup, M., Ungewiss, K., Azogui, O., Palacios, R., Owen, M. J., Hayday, A. C. and von Boehmer, H.: *A novel disulfide-linked heterodimer on pre-T cells consists of the T cell receptor beta chain and a 33 kd glycoprotein.* Cell 75, 283-294 (1993); Saint-Ruf, C., Ungewiss, K., Groettrup, M., Bruno, L., Fehling, H. J. and von Boehmer, H.: *Analysis and expression of a cloned pre-T cell receptor gene.* Science 266,1208-1212 (1994); Fehling, H.J., Krotkova, A., Saint-Ruf, C. and von Boehmer, H.: *Crucial role of the pre-T cell receptor in development of alpha beta but not gamma delta T cells.* Nature 375, 795-798 (1995). *Discovery of the pre-TCR. Cloning and targeting of the Ptcra gene.*
10. Apostolou, I., Sarukhan, A., Klein, L. and von Boehmer, H.: *Origin of regulatory T cells with known specificity for antigen.* Nat. Immunol. 3, 756-63 (2002); Kretschmer, K., Apostolou, I., Hawiger, D., Khazaie, K-, Nussenzweig, M. C. and von Boehmer, H.: *Inducing and expanding regulatory T cells by foreign antigen.* Nat. Immunol. 6, 1219-1227 (2005). Marson, A.°, Kretschmer, K.°, Frampton, G. M., Jacobsen, E. S., Polansky, J., MacIsaac, K. D., Levine, S. S., Fraenkel, E., von Boehmer, H., Young, R. A.: *Foxp3 occupancy and regulation of key target genes during T-cell stimulation.* Nature 445, 931-5 (2007). *Antigen-dependent intra- and extra-thymic generation of regulatory T cells and Foxp3-dependent gene regulation.*

## InfoBox

| Harald von Boehmer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1942-11-30)November 30, 1942<br>Guben, Germany |
| Died | June 24, 2018(2018-06-24) (aged 75) |
| Occupation | Immunologist |
| Awards | Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine (1990) |


title: Western Canadian Triple Crown

abstract:
The Western Canadian Triple Crown was established in 2023, and consists of three races across three Canadian tracks. It consists of the Manitoba Derby, the Canadian Derby, and the British Columbia Derby.
Announced on May 9, 2023, the Western Canadian Triple Crown adds a bonus incentive of $100,000 CAD to any horse who can win all three races. The first iteration of the Western Canadian Triple Crown started with the Manitoba Derby on August 7, 2023 at Assiniboia Downs in Winnipeg, Manitoba, where Mano Dura was the winner. The second leg, the Canadian Derby, was won by Abeliefinthislivin at Century Mile Racetrack and Casino in Edmonton, Alberta, and Accidental Hero won the third leg at Hastings Racecourse in the British Columbia Derby in Vancouver, British Columbia.

text:
# Western Canadian Triple Crown

The **Western Canadian Triple Crown** was established in 2023, and consists of three races across three Canadian tracks. It consists of the Manitoba Derby, the Canadian Derby, and the British Columbia Derby. Announced on May 9, 2023, the Western Canadian Triple Crown adds a bonus incentive of $100,000 CAD to any horse who can win all three races.

The first iteration of the Western Canadian Triple Crown started with the Manitoba Derby on August 7, 2023 at Assiniboia Downs in Winnipeg, Manitoba, where Mano Dura was the winner. The second leg, the Canadian Derby, was won by Abeliefinthislivin at Century Mile Racetrack and Casino in Edmonton, Alberta, and Accidental Hero won the third leg at Hastings Racecourse in the British Columbia Derby in Vancouver, British Columbia.

## Race Information

Western Canadian Triple Crown Races
|  | Manitoba Derby | Canadian Derby | British Columbia Derby |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date | August 7, 2023 | August 26, 2023 | September 16, 2023 |
| Current Track | Assiniboia Downs | Century Mile Racetrack and Casino | Hastings Racecourse |
| Location | Winnipeg, Manitoba | Edmonton, Alberta | Vancouver, British Columbia |
| Distance | 1+18 miles (9.0 furlongs; 1,800 m) | 1+14 miles (10 furlongs; 2,000 m) | 1+18 miles (9.0 furlongs; 1,800 m) |
| Background | The first “Derby” was run in 1930, although from 1930 to 1933 it was known as the Manitoba Stakes. In 1934 the name of the race was officially changed to the Manitoba Derby. In 1936 the Derby was opened to all horses bred in Canada. The race was run annually at old Polo Park race track with the exception of 1937 when it was run at Whittier Park in St. Boniface. In 1941 the Manitoba Derby was changed to the Canadian Derby. The new Canadian Derby was run at Polo Park until it closed in 1956 and the race was relocated to Edmonton. In 1960, the Manitoba Derby was resurrected. | In 1941 the Manitoba Derby was changed to the Canadian Derby. In 1956, Polo Park Racetrack was closed and the race was moved to Northlands Park in Edmonton, Alberta. In 2019, the race moved to its present location at the Century Mile Racetrack and Casino south of Edmonton. The Canadian Derby was contested at 1 mile from 1930 to 1933, 1+14 miles (10 furlongs; 2,000 m) from 1934 to 1956, and 1+38 miles (11 furlongs; 2,200 m) miles from 1957 until 2018. The race returned to 1 1⁄4 miles in 2019 when it was moved to Century Mile Racetrack. | Prior to 1961 (with the exception of 1949 and 1956), the BC Derby was run at Lansdowne Park Racetrack in Richmond, British Columbia. The BC Derby was not run in 2020 or 2021 owing to factors relating to the Covid 19 pandemic. |
| Purse | $125,000 CAD (2023) | $200,000 CAD (2023) | $125,000 CAD (2023) |

## Individual race winners

Full list of race winners
| Year | Manitoba Derby | Canadian Derby | British Columbia Derby |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | Mano Dura | Abeliefinthislivin | Accidental Hero |


title: Western Spaces

abstract: Western Spaces is a collaborative album by the American ambient musicians Steve Roach and Kevin Braheny. This album is the first of Steve Roach’s many musical tributes to the Southwestern Desert. On several tracks Kevin Braheny uses his trademark sound created by playing a cello preset on his Steiner EWI. This album was originally released on the Innovative Communications label by Chameleon Records as a Steve Roach/Kevin Braheny/Richard Burmer album and was released later the same year on the Fortuna label as a Steve Roach/Kevin Braheny album, with Burmer's solo contributions replaced by two pieces from Roach. The liner notes contain a poem by Roach's wife Linda Kohanov from which many of the song titles and perhaps the album title were derived.

text:
# Western Spaces

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
|  | favorable |

***Western Spaces*** is a collaborative album by the American ambient musicians Steve Roach and Kevin Braheny. This album is the first of Steve Roach’s many musical tributes to the Southwestern Desert.

On several tracks Kevin Braheny uses his trademark sound created by playing a cello preset on his Steiner EWI (Electronic Woodwind Instrument). This album was originally released on the Innovative Communications label by Chameleon Records as a Steve Roach/Kevin Braheny/Richard Burmer album and was released later the same year on the Fortuna label as a Steve Roach/Kevin Braheny album, with Burmer's solo contributions (“A Story from the Rain” and “Across the View”) replaced by two pieces from Roach.

The liner notes contain a poem by Roach's wife Linda Kohanov from which many of the song titles and perhaps the album title were derived.

## Track listings

### Innovative Communications (Chameleon Records)

1. ”The Breathing Stone” (Roach) (6:46)
2. ”Desert Walkabout” (Braheny) (7:03)
3. ”A Story from the Rain” (Burmer) (7:08)
4. ”Desert Prayer” (Roach, Braheny) (12:33)
5. ”Across the View” (Burmer) (4:40)
6. ”In the Heat of Venus” (Roach, Brennan) (22:42)
7. ”Western Spaces” (Roach, Braheny, Burmer) (6:07)

### Fortuna

1. "The Breathing Stone" (Roach) (6:46)
2. "Desert Walkabout" (Braheny) (7:03)
3. "New Moon at Forbidden Mesa" (Roach, Brennan) (5:40)
4. "Desert Prayer" (Roach, Braheny) (12:33)
5. "In the Heat of Venus" (Roach, Brennan) (22:33)
6. "The Slow Turning" (Roach) (7:40)
7. "Western Spaces" (Roach, Braheny, Burmer) (6:07)

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Western Spaces | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Steve Roach, Kevin Braheny and Richard Burmer | |
| Released | 1987, 1990 |
| Recorded | The Timeroom and Kevin Braheny's studio, Los Angeles |
| Genre | Ambient |
| Length | 68:51 |
| Label | Innovative Communications, Fortuna |
| Producer | Steve Roach, Chuck Oken, Jr. |
| Steve Roach chronology | |
| *Quiet Music 3*
(1986) ***Western Spaces***
(1987) *The Leaving Time*
(1988) | |
|  | |
| Kevin Braheny chronology | |
| *Lullaby for the Hearts of Space*
(1980) ***Western Spaces***
(1987) *Galaxies*
(1988) | |
| Richard Burmer chronology | |
| *Bhakti Point*
(1987) ***Western Spaces***
(1987) *On the Third Extreme*
(1988) | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Innovative Communications release. | |
|  | |
|  | |