title: Toowoomba Post Office

abstract: Toowoomba Post Office is a heritage-listed former post office at 136 Margaret Street, Toowoomba City, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1878 to 1908 by John Gargett. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003.

text:
# Toowoomba Post Office

**Toowoomba Post Office** is a heritage-listed former post office at 136 Margaret Street, Toowoomba City, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1878 to 1908 by John Gargett. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003.

## History

The Toowoomba Post Office, of which construction was completed in 1880, is one of three extant post offices built in the Classic Revival Style, with the other two at Maryborough (1866) and central Brisbane (1871). The fourth building of this type was at Dalby (1867), but is now demolished.

The opening and closing of "Postal Stations" reflected the fortunes of some of the more precarious settlements and indicates some of the difficulties faced by the Postal Department in providing services. Where the establishment of towns was closely connected with the opening of a railway, Post Offices were often at the railway station, where mail was received and sent, and where the Telegraph Office could benefit by the sharing of equipment with the Railway. The Post Office was one of the first Government functions to be established in a locality, and the need for regular communication was closely followed or sometimes preceded by the Police Station.

The period between 1859–1879 marked the separation of the Post and Telegraph Departments and a wide range of buildings appeared throughout Queensland to accommodate both functions. It was also the principal period of colonisation, with Government architect F. D. G. Stanley in charge of design and construction of post offices from 1872–1880, when a series of grand Post and Telegraph buildings were erected in both masonry and timber in the major provincial centres, of which Toowoomba was one.

The first postal service on the Darling Downs comprised a pack-horse mail service from Brisbane to Drayton in 1845, which was subsequently upgraded to a horse-drawn coach. By 1864 there were 42 mail services in Queensland, and the following year, Cobb and Co were appointed the official carriers of the state's mail.

The first Electric Telegraph from Brisbane to Toowoomba was established in 1861 as part of the intercolonial route. Subsequent connections extended the line to Dalby, Roma, Charleville and the far north-east. Toowoomba was located at the junction of a number of telegraph routes and subsequently grew in importance. At this stage, the Telegraph office was located in a room in the 1865 Post Office on the corner of Ruthven and Russell Streets. The current Post Office replaced this structure to accommodate the need for both Post and Telegraph services.

Tenders for a new building to house both the Post and Telegraph offices adjacent to the new courthouse were called in 1877. The tender of John Gargett (also the contractor for the adjacent Court House and Mayor of Toowoomba) for £7250 was accepted. The original tender was for a building constructed of bond brick, however this was later altered to allow for the front tower and one wing (the Court House side) in cut stone at a new price of £8100. The stone used was pale yellow sandstone quarried from Highfields and was similar to that used in the construction of the courthouse, also quarried from Highfields. The new building opened in 1880, with delays due to wet weather, and provided separate facilities for each service, and residential quarters for both the Postmaster and Telegraph Officer. The contract for fitting up the clock was awarded to Mr Schoenle of Ipswich at a cost of £105.

The Toowoomba Post Office is a typical example of the Classical Revival style of architecture popular during this period and forms part of a government precinct which includes the Court House and Police Station. This was a frequent occurrence due to the Queensland Colonial Government's practice of acquiring, or retaining for itself, land suitable for government uses.

Since its construction in 1878, the Toowoomba Post Office has undergone substantial alterations due to changes in communication technology. The original layout comprised a two storeyed front section with single storeyed rear wings forming a U-shaped structure. The ground floor housed the post office and quarters for the Postmaster on the western side, and the telegraph office and quarters for the Telegraph Officer on the eastern side. Additional residential rooms were housed in the front section of the first floor. In 1896, bathrooms were added to both Living Quarters. More substantial additions were made in 1899, when a new mail room and battery were added to the rear of the building and an additional level was constructed over the Telegraph Officer's Living Quarters.

Later additions were also carried out which included the re-arrangement of the ground floor layout and the partial enclosure of the arcade in 1905, and the construction of a new telephone exchange on the first floor over the former Postmaster quarters in 1908. At this stage, the Living Quarters were transformed into workshops and the entire first floor was altered to house the Telephone/Telegraph operations.

In 1960, the first of the newly developed cross bar automatic system in Australia was installed in the Post Office.

The most substantial alterations occurred in 1968 when much of the original fabric, including external cast iron balustrades, timber valances, chimneys and hearths, and 1904 glazing to arcades, was replaced or removed. Everything apart from the 1908 and 1915 telephone exchange sections were removed from the rear of the building and replaced with a flat roofed mail room and loading dock. Little work, apart from general maintenance has been completed since this stage.

In 1999, Australia Post ceased postal operations in the building, relocating to another site. The building was then offered for sale and is now used as a cafe and offices.

## Description

The Toowoomba Post Office is located on Margaret Street, near one of the main intersections in Toowoomba. It is sited adjacent to the Toowoomba Court House and complements it in style, form and material. These two buildings, together with the Police Station in Neil Street form a precinct of Government buildings, creating a landmark in the streetscape.

The Post Office comprises a two-storeyed front section with rear wings at either side which are also two-storeyed. Single storeyed extensions project from the rear of each of the wings. The originally open space formed by the U-shape of the front section and wings is covered with a flat roof with a sky light in the centre.

The front of the building is symmetrically designed around a central clock tower which displays four faces. The front facade and the external side of the western wing are faced with pale yellow sandstone, whilst the rear wings are rendered.

The building dominates the site which is asphalted at the rear and paved with gardens down each side.

The front section comprises the central projecting bay of the clock tower flanked by arcades with projecting sections at each end forming corner entrances. A series of arches divided by engaged pilasters with egg and dart moulding to the capitals are located across the face of each arcade. Simple metal balustrades with square profile balusters are located within each arch, and keystones are located above, at the centre of each arch. The end and central bays also have arched openings, with drip moulds above those at each end, and a key stone above the central arch. Quoins are located on the corners of each of the bays.

There are three entrances into the building; two which are set diagonally at each corner, and a central one under the clock tower. All comprise double timber doors with large arched fanlights above. All doors lead into the post office service area which has been substantially altered. It now consists of a service counter running along the east–west axis with a display area in front.

The first level repeats the pattern of the ground level, with verandahs supported by stone columns with egg and dart moulding, separated by the end and central projecting bays are, which are enclosed. The end bays have a pair of tall, thin windows and the central bay has a more decorative arched window surrounded by a series of carved mouldings.

The main section of the building has a corrugated iron hipped roof, with decorative stone and timber brackets evenly spaced underneath the eaves. The central clock tower projects through the roof and comprises three sections. The base has decorative panels featuring a carved repetitive arch pattern. This is surmounted by the central section in which the clockfaces are located and an upper section of cornice and pierced parapet. Engaged pilasters rise through the base and central sections and are capped with carved acanthus leaves.

The eastern facade is rendered and has a side entrance contained within a recess which has a verandah at the second level. Arched timber valances are located above the ground and first floor levels and a balustrade the same as those at the front is located on the first level. Apart from this section, the eastern side is enclosed, with a variety of windows located along its length.

The western facade has an arcade at ground level which contains post boxes and private mail boxes. The sandstone of the front facade wraps partially around the western facade, with a rendered finish to the remainder of the wing. The double timber doors and winch of an early loading bay survive on the first level.

Internally the building has been substantially altered. The most intact areas are the rooms at the western end on the first level and the clock tower, which still contain early joinery details.

All details to other areas of the building have either been removed or are covered by subsequent additions, making it difficult to define the original layout.

## Heritage listing

Toowoomba Post Office (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

The Toowoomba Post Office is located in Margaret Street and was constructed between 1878 and 1880. As a major staging point on the intercolonial telegraph, is demonstrative of the development of the state of Queensland. The Toowoomba Post Office is evidence of the importance of the town as a major inland centre, and of its recognition as such by the government.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

The Toowoomba Post Office is one of three extant post offices built in the Classic Revival Style. It demonstrates the principal characteristics of this building type with the use of masonry construction, and classical form and detailing.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

Located near one of the main intersections in Toowoomba, it is a landmark in the town and a strong feature in the streetscape. A precinct of Government buildings is formed by the Post Office, the adjacent Toowoomba Court House and the Police Station in Neil Street. The Toowoomba Post Office is of considerable aesthetic significance due to its landmark qualities and for its high degree of design and workmanship, including the exterior stonework.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The place has strong associations with past and present residents of the Darling Downs as the primary centre for communication, by mail, telegraph or telephone since 1880.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

It also has special associations with Government architect F D G Stanley who was responsible for the design and construction of Queensland post offices from 1872–1880.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

Media related to Toowoomba Post Office at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Toowoomba Post Office | |
| --- | --- |
| Toowoomba Post Office, 2014 | |
| Location | 136 Margaret Street, Toowoomba City, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 27°33′42″S 151°57′22″E / 27.5618°S 151.9562°E / -27.5618; 151.9562 |
| Design period | 1870s–1890s (late 19th century) |
| Built | 1878–1908 |
| Architect | Francis Drummond Greville Stanley |
| Architectural style(s) | Classicism |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Toowoomba Post Office (former) |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 24 January 2003 |
| Reference no. | 600847 |
| Significant period | 1878–1908 (fabric)<br>1870s–1990s (historical, social) |
| Significant components | residential accommodation – post master's house/quarters, residential accommodation – telegraph master's house/quarters, tower – clock, post & telegraph office |
| Builders | John Gargett |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Toowoomba Post Office in QueenslandToowoomba Post Office (Australia) | |


title: Norris Foster

abstract: Sir Norris Tildasley Foster CBE was an English barrister. Foster was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham and the University of Oxford and called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1891. He practised in Birmingham. During the First World War he was a member of the Warwickshire County Appeal Tribunal under the Military Service Act 1916, the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, the Birmingham Local War Pensions Committee, and the General Purposes, Finance and Administration Committee of the War Pensions and Citizens Committee. He was knighted in the 1920 New Year Honours and appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours for his services to the Prince of Wales's Fund and his wartime committee work.

text:
# Norris Foster

**Sir Norris Tildasley Foster** CBE (15 December 1855  5 December 1925) was an English barrister.

Foster was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham and the University of Oxford and called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1891. He practised in Birmingham.

During the First World War he was a member of the Warwickshire County Appeal Tribunal under the Military Service Act 1916, the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, the Birmingham Local War Pensions Committee, and the General Purposes, Finance and Administration Committee of the War Pensions and Citizens Committee.

He was knighted in the 1920 New Year Honours and appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours for his services to the Prince of Wales's Fund and his wartime committee work.

## Footnotes


title: Martha Burk

abstract: Martha Gertrude Burk is an American political psychologist, feminist, and former (2000-2005) Chair of the National Council of Women's Organizations.

text:
# Martha Burk

**Martha Gertrude Burk** (born October 18, 1941) is an American political psychologist, feminist, and former (2000-2005) Chair of the National Council of Women's Organizations.

## Career

In 1992, Burk became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). She authored *Cult of Power: Sex Discrimination in Corporate America and What Can Be Done About It*, published by Scribner in 2005, and more recently *Your Money and Your Life: The High Stakes for Women Voters in '08 and Beyond (2008)*, followed by five editions (2012-2020) of *Your Voice, Your Vote: The Savvy Woman's Guide to Power, Politics, and the Change We Need*.

Burk served as Senior Policy Advisor for Women's Issues to New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson from 2007-2010, when he left office due to term limitations. As part of her service under Richardson, she designed and instituted a first in the nation state gender pay equity initiative, which requires state contractors to submit gender pay equity statistics as a condition of bidding.

Burk currently runs the Corporate Accountability Project for the National Council of Women's Organizations, which started the Women on Wall Street project to investigate sex discrimination at companies associated with Augusta National. She is a syndicated columnist, and serves as Money Editor for *Ms.* She also is producer/host of Equal Time With Martha Burk on Santa Fe Public Radio, and sits on the editorial board of the *Journal of Women, Politics & Policy*.

## Controversy with Augusta National Golf Club

Burk is widely known for a disagreement beginning in 2002 with William "Hootie" Johnson, then chairman of Augusta National Golf Club, over admission of female members to Augusta National. Burk contended that hosting the Masters Tournament at a male-only club, constituted sexism because 15% of the club's membership were CEOs, many of them Fortune 500 CEOs. After calls to boycott the companies which sponsored the Masters, Johnson responded by dropping all commercial sponsorship from the tournament in both 2003 and 2004. He argued that he did not want the tournament's sponsors to become associated with a controversy surrounding the club itself. Following the discord, two club members resigned, Thomas H. Wyman, a former CEO of CBS, and John Snow, when President George W. Bush nominated him to serve as Secretary of the Treasury.

By 2011, no woman had been admitted to Augusta National. The controversy was discussed by the International Olympic Committee when re-examining whether golf meets Olympic criteria of a "sport practiced without discrimination with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play." In August 2012, the Augusta National board of directors extended membership to two women, in the wake of two gender discrimination lawsuits facilitated by Burk's organization against companies associated with Augusta National, resulting in $79 million in settlements, and programmatic relief prohibiting these companies from entertaining at or in conjunction with facilities that discriminate on the basis of race or gender.

## Selected bibliography

* Burk, Martha; Hartmann, Heidi I. (10 June 1996). "Beyond the gender gap: what must the women's movement do to recover?". *The Nation*. **262** (23): 18.

## InfoBox

| Martha Burk | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1941-10-18) October 18, 1941 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Political psychologist, feminist |
| Spouse | Ralph Estes |


title: Ruggiero Torelli

abstract: Ruggiero Torelli was an Italian mathematician who introduced Torelli's theorem, a classical result of algebraic geometry over the complex number field.

text:
# Ruggiero Torelli

**Ruggiero Torelli** (7 June 1884 in Naples – 9 September 1915) was an Italian mathematician who introduced Torelli's theorem, a classical result of algebraic geometry over the complex number field.

## Publications

* Ruggiero Torelli (1913). "Sulle varietà di Jacobi". *Rendiconti della Reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei*. **22** (5): 98–103.
* Torelli, Ruggiero (1995), Ciliberto, Ciro; Ribenboim, Paulo; Sernesi, Edoardo (eds.), *Collected papers of Ruggiero Torelli*, Queen's Papers in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 101, Kingston, ON: Queen's University, ISBN 0-88911-707-1, MR 1374332

* Severi, Francesco (1916), "Ruggiero Torelli", *Bollettino di bibliografia e storia delle scienze matematiche*, Obituary, **18**: 11–21


title: Mars 2M No.521

abstract: Mars 2M No.521, also known as Mars M-69 No.521 and sometimes identified by NASA as Mars 1969A, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1969. It consisted of an orbiter. The spacecraft was intended to image the surface of Mars using three cameras, with images being encoded for transmission back to Earth as television signals. It also carried a radiometer, a series of spectrometers, and an instrument to detect water vapour in the atmosphere of Mars. It was one of two Mars 2M spacecraft, along with Mars 2M No.522, which was launched in 1969 as part of the Mars programme. Neither launch was successful. The Mars 2M probes were originally intended to consist of both an orbiter and a lander. Time constraints did not permit the development of a soft lander, so engineers decided to simply use a hard lander that would crash into the Martian surface but gather data during its descent. At first, a modified Luna E-8 bus was to be used for the spacecraft, however it had a number of limitations that made it unsuitable for the long journey to Mars. Halfway through the project, Lavochkin Bureau design chief Georgi Babakin decided to simply discard the Luna E-8 derived probe and design a completely new one from scratch. However, the 2M probes ended significantly heavier than intended and engineers also ran out of time to conduct drop tests of the lander, so that part was abandoned which left only the orbiter. If successful, this would still be a major propaganda success for the Soviets as NASA was nearly three years away from attempting a Mars orbiter. As 1968 drew to a close, the project was lagging behind schedule and the US was also making significant headway in the space race with Mariner 6 and 7 scheduled to launch to Mars early in the next year and Apollo 8 taking astronauts into lunar orbit. The Kremlin wanted the Mars probes readied as soon as possible and the second of the two probes was completed in the middle of January. Despite doubts that the probes were ready to fly, they were delivered to Baikonour.

text:
# Mars 2M No.521

**Mars 2M No.521**, also known as **Mars M-69 No.521** and sometimes identified by NASA as **Mars 1969A**, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1969. It consisted of an orbiter. The spacecraft was intended to image the surface of Mars using three cameras, with images being encoded for transmission back to Earth as television signals. It also carried a radiometer, a series of spectrometers, and an instrument to detect water vapour in the atmosphere of Mars. It was one of two Mars 2M spacecraft, along with Mars 2M No.522, which was launched in 1969 as part of the Mars programme. Neither launch was successful.

The Mars 2M probes were originally intended to consist of both an orbiter and a lander. Time constraints did not permit the development of a soft lander, so engineers decided to simply use a hard lander that would crash into the Martian surface but gather data during its descent. At first, a modified Luna E-8 bus was to be used for the spacecraft, however it had a number of limitations that made it unsuitable for the long journey to Mars. Halfway through the project, Lavochkin Bureau design chief Georgi Babakin decided to simply discard the Luna E-8 derived probe and design a completely new one from scratch.

However, the 2M probes ended significantly heavier than intended and engineers also ran out of time to conduct drop tests of the lander, so that part was abandoned which left only the orbiter. If successful, this would still be a major propaganda success for the Soviets as NASA was nearly three years away from attempting a Mars orbiter.

As 1968 drew to a close, the project was lagging behind schedule and the US was also making significant headway in the space race with Mariner 6 and 7 scheduled to launch to Mars early in the next year and Apollo 8 taking astronauts into lunar orbit. The Kremlin wanted the Mars probes readied as soon as possible and the second of the two probes was completed in the middle of January. Despite doubts that the probes were ready to fly, they were delivered to Baikonour.

## Launch

Mars 2M No.521 was launched at 10:40:45 UTC on March 27, 1969, atop a Proton-K 8K78K carrier rocket with a Blok D upper stage, flying from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/23. First and second stage burn went normally, followed by payload shroud jettison. However, third stage ignition did not occur on time and reports filtered back to the launch center that the booster had exploded. Investigation found that an imbalanced rotor in the third stage oxidizer turbopump had started a fire, which led to loss of thrust and vehicle breakup. The remains of the third stage and probe impacted in the Altai Mountains. Even more difficult for Soviet engineers was the news that Mariner 7 had been successfully launched from Cape Canaveral a few days earlier, and their next Mars launch also failed a few days later.

## Scientific Instruments

The scientific instruments were:

## InfoBox

2M No.521
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mission type | Mars orbiter |
| Mission duration | Failed to orbit |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | 2M |
| Manufacturer | NPO Lavochkin |
| Launch mass | 4,850 kg (10,690 lb) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | March 27, 1969, 10:40:45 (1969-03-27UTC10:40:45Z) UTC |
| Rocket | Proton-K/ s/n 240-01 |
| Launch site | Baikonur 81/23 |
|  | |
| **Mars program** | |


title: Rumex sanguineus

abstract: Rumex sanguineus, commonly known as wood dock, bloody dock or red-veined dock, is a perennial flowering plant species in the family Polygonaceae. Rumex sanguineus is a dicot and can be observed in Europe with at least two varieties.

text:
# Rumex sanguineus

***Rumex sanguineus***, commonly known as **wood dock**, **bloody dock** or **red-veined dock**, is a perennial flowering plant species in the family Polygonaceae. *Rumex sanguineus* is a dicot and can be observed in Europe with at least two varieties.

## Description

The leaves are situated at the base of the plant only. They are deciduous to partially persistent at maturity. The leaf blade is lanceolate with a more or less pointed tip averages 10–30 × 2.5–6 cm. *Rumex sanguineus* flowers in the summer in wet riparian habitat. The flower is terminal and occupies the upper 2/3 of the stem. The inflorescence is lax, interrupted, and broadly paniculate. The pedicel, the stem bearing the inflorescence, is proximal 1/3 and rarely in the middle of the filiform. It is generally larger than the inner tepals with distinctly swollen articulation. There are normally ten to twenty flowers in each well-spaced whorl. The achenes are dark reddish brown to almost black.

It is distinguished from the very similar *Rumex conglomeratus* by a more slender and erect habit.

## Distribution

*Rumex sanguineus* is common in most of Europe south of about 60 degrees north, but not in Russia and rarely in the Mediterranean. It inhabits damp, shady places, especially in woodland. It is an agricultural weed that can be found in the vegetation surrounding arable fields. *Rumex sanguineus* is not native to North America with most reports of *Rumex sanguineus* being confused with *R. conglomeratus* or immature *R. obtusifolius.*

## Use

The wood dock is edible. However, as it contains antinutritive and harmful oxalic acid and its salts (oxalates), it is slightly toxic and should not be eaten in large quantities. (The contents are lower than in the related and better-known sorrel.) It is both used as a wild vegetable and cultivated, with plants and seeds being sold commercially. It contains considerable amounts of vitamin C and carotene. The (preferably young) leaves are eaten, for example, in salads. However, related species such as garden sorrel and French sorrel are generally preferred for use as a vegetable. Wood dock is said to be less flavorsome and more ornamental. Since mainly the leaves are valued, the less conspicuous inflorescences are often removed early to stimulate more vigorous leaf growth and to prevent (possibly heavy) uncontrolled spreading.

## InfoBox

| *Rumex sanguineus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | *Rumex* |
| Species: | ***R. sanguineus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rumex sanguineus***<br>L. | |
|


title: Tan Wee Beng

abstract: Tan Wee Beng is a Singaporean businessman and commodity broker currently on a most wanted list maintained by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for money laundering.

text:
# Tan Wee Beng

**Tan Wee Beng** (born 14 February 1977) is a Singaporean businessman and commodity broker currently on a most wanted list maintained by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for money laundering.

## Career

### Business

A graduate of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Tan serves as the director of Wee Tiong and the managing director of WT Marine. In 2011, he was named the Emerging Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young. Under his leadership, annual revenue at Wee Tiong reportedly grew by some 131 percent in ten years to more than USD$300m in 2015.

### Alleged money laundering

On 25 October 2018, the United States Department of Justice officially filed charges against Tan for his "conspiring to use the U.S. financial system to conduct millions of dollars’ worth of transactions to finance shipments of goods to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea". At the same time, the United States Department of the Treasury announced sanctions against Tan and the two companies under his leadership. Tan categorically denied the criminal allegations.

## Personal life

The *South China Morning Post* described Tan as a "Ferrari-loving entrepreneur" based on his alleged penchant for sports cars. According to his *Business Times* profile, Tan is also a member of the London-based Refined Sugar Association.

## InfoBox

| Tan Wee Beng | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1977-02-14) 14 February 1977<br>Singapore |
| Other names | * "WB" * Marcus Tan |
| Occupations | * Director of Wee Tiong * Managing director of WT Marine |
|  | |


title: Hold On to Love (Peter Skellern song)

abstract: "Hold On to Love" is a 1975 single by British singer-songwriter Peter Skellern. It reached number 14 in the UK Singles Chart on 29 March 1975, becoming Skellern's second and final top 20 hit, following his debut single "You're a Lady", which made number 3 in 1972. Skellern described the song as a personal love song like his previous hit, but the song possesses more of a rock backing. The song has been praised by the British musician and journalist Bob Stanley, who highlighted its "spacious, squelchy production" and described it as "maybe my favourite single of 1975". The single's B-side was "Too Much, I'm In Love", which received considerable radio play in the years to follow.

text:
# Hold On to Love (Peter Skellern song)

"**Hold On to Love**" is a 1975 single by British singer-songwriter Peter Skellern. It reached number 14 in the UK Singles Chart on 29 March 1975, becoming Skellern's second and final top 20 hit, following his debut single "You're a Lady", which made number 3 in 1972. Skellern described the song as a personal love song like his previous hit, but the song possesses more of a rock backing. The song has been praised by the British musician and journalist Bob Stanley, who highlighted its "spacious, squelchy production" and described it as "maybe my favourite single of 1975". The single's B-side was "Too Much, I'm In Love", which received considerable radio play in the years to follow.

## InfoBox

| "Hold On to Love" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Peter Skellern | |
| from the album  *Hold On To Love* | |
| B-side | "Too Much, I'm In Love" |
| Released | 1975 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 2:54 |
| Label | Decca Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Peter Skellern |
| Producer(s) | Meyer Shagaloff |


title: Flóra Anna Buda

abstract: Flóra Anna Buda is a Hungarian film director and animator based in Paris, France. She is mostly known for writing and directing the multi-award-winning short film 27, which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2023, where it won the Palme d'Or du court métrage. Buda has also written and directed the award-winning short film Entropia (2019), which was her university graduation project at MOME.

text:
# Flóra Anna Buda

**Flóra Anna Buda** (born March 4, 1991) is a Hungarian film director and animator based in Paris, France. She is mostly known for writing and directing the multi-award-winning short film *27*, which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2023, where it won the Palme d'Or du court métrage. Buda has also written and directed the award-winning short film *Entropia* (2019), which was her university graduation project at MOME.

## Career

Buda studied animation at MOME (Budapest, Hungary) and graduated in 2014 with a bachelor's degree in animation and in 2018 with a master's degree in animation.

After completing her studies, she began an internship at MIYU Productions, where she later became a film director.

Between 2018 and 2019, Buda participated in the European-Union-funded programme 'Animation Sans Frontières', an international animation workshop at the École de l'image GOBELINS in Paris, France; the Filmakademie Baden Württemberg in Ludwigsburg, Germany; The Animation Workshop in Viborg, Denmark; the MOME in Budapest, Hungary.

Buda also took part in two artist residencies between 2020 and 2022: she attended the Open Workshop, and international residency for animation directors at The Animation Workshop, and the International residency for animation directors CICLIC, in Vendôme, France.

Her first professional film, *27*, was completed in 2023 and premiered at Cannes Film Festival on the same year.

## Filmography

* *The day when mother nature hit me* (2015) - director, art director, animator
* *Superbia* (2016) - color, clean up
* *Entropia* (2019) - director, art director, script writer
* *Symbiosis* (2019) - background designer
* *Born in Auschwitz* (2021) - animator
* *27* (2023) - director, screenwriter, art director, background designer, layout artist, animator

## Recognition

Buda's Master's final project *Entropia* received the Teddy Bear Award at the 69th Berlinale in 2019.

Her film *27* won the Palme d'Or at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival and the Cristal Award at the 2023 Annecy International Animation Film Festival. In 2023, the film was nominated to the European Film Awards for Best European Short Film, and shortlisted to the 2024 César Awards. On December 21, 2023, *27* was also shortlisted to the 96th Academy Awards.

## InfoBox

| Flóra Anna Buda | |
| --- | --- |
| Buda in 2024 | |
| Born | (1991-03-04) March 4, 1991<br>Budapest, Hungary |
| Citizenship | Hungarian |
| Occupations | * Film director * art director * script writer * visual artist |
| Known for | *27* |
| Awards | Palme d'Or du court métrage, Teddy Bear Award |


title: Estado Aragua gecko

abstract: The Estado Aragua gecko, also known commonly as the ring-necked clawed gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae. The species is endemic to Venezuela.

text:
# Estado Aragua gecko

The **Estado Aragua gecko** (***Gonatodes taniae***), also known commonly as the **ring-necked clawed gecko**, is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae. The species is endemic to Venezuela.

## Etymology

The specific name, *taniae*, is in honor of biologist Tania Cobo who collected the holotype.

## Geographic range

*G. taniae* is found in northwestern Venezuela, in the Venezuelan states of Aragua, Carabobo, and Yaracuy.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of *G. taniae* is forest, at altitudes of 800–1,100 m (2,600–3,600 ft).

## Behavior

*G. taniae* is predominantly diurnal.

## Reproduction

*G.taniae* is oviparous.

## Further reading

* Rivas GA, Molina CR, Ugueto GN, Barros TR, Barrio-Amorós CL, Kok PJR (2012). "Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist". *Zootaxa* **3211**: 1–64.
* Rösler H (2000). "*Kommentierte Liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten Geckotaxa (Reptilia: Gekkonomorpha)*". *Gekkota* **2**: 28–153. (*Gonatodes taniae*, p. 84). (in German).
* Roze J (1963). "*Una nueva especie del genero* Gonatodes *(Sauria: Gekkonidae) de Venezuela*". *Publicaciones Ocasionales del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Caracas, Venezuela, Zoología* **5**: 1–4. (*Gonatodes taniae*, new species). (in Spanish).
* Schmid M, Feichtinger W, Nanda I, Schakowski R, Visbal Garcia R, Manzanilla Puppo J, Fernández Badillo A (1994). "An extaordinarily low diploid chromosome number in the reptile *Gonatodes taniae* (Squamata, Gekkonidae)". *Journal of Heredity* **85** (4): 255–260.

## InfoBox

| Estado Aragua gecko | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Sphaerodactylidae |
| Genus: | *Gonatodes* |
| Species: | ***G. taniae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gonatodes taniae***
Roze, 1963 | |
|


title: Moovar Koil

abstract: Moovar Koil or "The Three temples" is a Hindu temple complex situated in the village of Kodumbalur, 36 kilometres from Pudukkottai in Tamil Nadu, India. These temples were constructed by the Chola feudatory and Irukkuvel chieftain Boothi Vikramakesari as per the inscription. Only two of the three temples have managed to survive. The place was ruled by Irukkuvel chieftains. Kodumbalur was also the site of a fierce battle between the Pandyas and the Pallavas.

text:
# Moovar Koil

**Moovar Koil** or "The Three temples" is a Hindu temple complex situated in the village of Kodumbalur, 36 kilometres from Pudukkottai in Tamil Nadu, India. These temples were constructed by the Chola feudatory and Irukkuvel chieftain Boothi Vikramakesari as per the inscription. Only two of the three temples have managed to survive. The place was ruled by Irukkuvel chieftains. Kodumbalur was also the site of a fierce battle between the Pandyas and the Pallavas.

## Architecture

According to the chief's inscription, he built three temples in the complex one for himself and the other two for his wives, namely, Nangai Varaguna Perumanar and Karrali. Only the basement survives the northern shrine. The basement is moulded like a full blown lotus flower(padma pushkala adisthanas). The other two shrines, namely the central and southern are more or less intact. Each central shrine is 6.4sqmetres at the base and they all face west. The walls are rich in details and there is a small shrine for Nandi in front of the *Maha mandapa*. The two circular pilasters with circular shafts on four sides of the *vimana* indicates the antiquity of the temple. The feature is possibly termed *Vrittasputitas* in *silpa* texts like *Shilparatna*. Such a feature is otherwise found only in few other temples like Neyyadiappar Temple, Tillaistanam, Tiruttalinathar Temple in Thiruputhur, Vijayalaya Choleeswaram in Narthamalai, Anantheswara temple in Udayarkudi and Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam.

According to historian Harle, the temple is counted among the four early extant temples of the Chola Empire, with the other three being Koranganatha Temple in Tiruchirappalli district, Nageswaran temple at Kumbakonam and Brahmapureeswarar temple in Thanjavur district. These temples follow the Pallava architecture which are relatively small in size. They all have a fair-sized porch, locally called *ardhamandapa* attached to the sanctum, both of which are slightly below the ground level in a pit kind of structure. The structures are also predominantly built of stone.

Near Moovar Koil, located little westerly is a Hindu temple of Muchukundeswarar temple of Early Chola period. The temple complex is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India as a ticketed monument.

## Significance

The temple is very important as it is a living example of early to medieval Chola architecture. The inscription in the temple also gives us a glimpse of the political climate of south India between the 8th and the 10th centuries as well as the relation between the royal houses of Chola and the Irukkuvel. The latter were traditional allies of the Cholas and the chief, Boothi Vikramakesari himself was the son of a Chola princess Anupama and Irukkuvel chieftain Samarabirama.

## InfoBox

| Moovar Koil | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Pudukkottai |
| Location | |
| Location | Kodumbalur |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| Country | India |
| Geographic coordinates | 10°32′32″N 78°31′09″E / 10.542272°N 78.519148°E / 10.542272; 78.519148 |


title: The Solar Film

abstract: The Solar Film is a 1979 short film by Elaine and Saul Bass and produced by Michael Britton. The film was financed through Redford's Wildwood Enterprises with 50-50 funding coming from Philanthropist Norton Simon and Warner Communications and a budget of $402,699.

text:
# The Solar Film

***The Solar Film*** (also known as *A Short Film on Solar Energy*) is a 1979 short film by Elaine and Saul Bass and produced by Michael Britton. The film was financed through Redford's Wildwood Enterprises with 50-50 funding coming from Philanthropist Norton Simon and Warner Communications and a budget of $402,699.

## Summary

This film takes a look at the short history of solar energy, what it is and how can it be used culturally and biologically.

Mike Oldfield's *Tubular Bells* was used in the film.

The film was commissioned by Robert Redford who also served as executive producer.

## Accolades

* *Why Man Creates*, Saul Bass's 1968 Oscar-winning documentary short about creativity

## InfoBox

| The Solar Film | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by |  |
| Release date | * 1979 (1979) |
| Running time | 9 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $402,699 |


title: Rumex skottsbergii

abstract: Rumex skottsbergii, or more commonly known as lava dock, is a shrub of the genus Rumex. The genus comprises approximately 200 species all derived from a single species and are therefore monophyletic. Furthermore, Rumex skottsbergii is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known as pāwale. Pāwale are commonly found in open lava fields that are at low elevations which range from 460-1300m. A similar plant in this genus is Rumex giganteus. Their similarity lies between their erect nature and leaves. However, the difference lies in their inflorescences. The inflorescences is described as being a cluster of flowers from the main stem axis.

text:
# Rumex skottsbergii

***Rumex skottsbergii***, or more commonly known as **lava dock**, is a shrub of the genus *Rumex*. The genus comprises approximately 200 species all derived from a single species and are therefore monophyletic. Furthermore, *Rumex skottsbergii* is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known as *pāwale*. *Pāwale* are commonly found in open lava fields that are at low elevations which range from 460-1300m. A similar plant in this genus is *Rumex giganteus*. Their similarity lies between their erect nature and leaves. However, the difference lies in their inflorescences. The inflorescences is described as being a cluster of flowers from the main stem axis .

## Description

*Rumex skottsbergii* can be identified through their green, narrow, compact inflorescences, erect nature and small leaves. Their stems are usually stiffly erect with 7-10dm long and glabrous. *Rumex skottsbergii* can also be identified through their unisexual flowers and medium-sized yellowish greenish branched inflorescences; their outer tepals are also a distinguishable trait found within this genus.***
***

## Distribution

*Rumex skottsbergii* are found in Hawaii and are species that flourish in low elevation and open lava fields.

## Uses

*Rumex skottsbergii* was used for medicinal purposes and was used to treat a childhood's diseases known as *pāʻaoʻao* and constipation. The childhood disease would cause physical weakening.

## InfoBox

| *Rumex skottsbergii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | *Rumex* |
| Species: | ***R. skottsbergii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rumex skottsbergii***
O. Deg. & I. Deg. | |
|


title: Owen Parsons

abstract: Owen Percy Parsons LRIBA was an English architect who designed both speculative housing for rent and larger private commissions. He was born in Balsall Heath, Birmingham to Councillor Thomas Parsons and Elizabeth Cox. He was articled to the architect John George Bland in 1893, and from 1895 began to practice. On Bland's death in 1898, he succeeded him in the practice at 14 Temple Street, Birmingham. From 1902 onwards he designed a notable series of large private houses in Arts and Crafts styles in upmarket districts of Birmingham including Moseley, Kings Heath, Selly Park, Barnt Green and Four Oaks. In 1911 he was appointed LRIBA. He married Winnifred O'Connor (1884–1956) in 1910 and this marriage produced one son and one daughter. During the Second World War he worked as an assessor under the War Damage Commission. His son Flight Lieutenant Anthony Leslie Parsons (1915–1991) was a prisoner of war at the time. He died of a heart attack on 15 February 1944 at his home, Holmwood, Green Hill Road, Wylde Green, Birmingham.

text:
# Owen Parsons

**Owen Percy Parsons** LRIBA (22 July 1872 – 15 February 1944) was an English architect who designed both speculative housing for rent and larger private commissions.

He was born in Balsall Heath, Birmingham to Councillor Thomas Parsons and Elizabeth Cox. He was articled to the architect John George Bland in 1893, and from 1895 began to practice. On Bland's death in 1898, he succeeded him in the practice at 14 Temple Street, Birmingham.

From 1902 onwards he designed a notable series of large private houses in Arts and Crafts styles in upmarket districts of Birmingham including Moseley, Kings Heath, Selly Park, Barnt Green and Four Oaks. In 1911 he was appointed LRIBA.

He married Winnifred O'Connor (1884–1956) in 1910 and this marriage produced one son and one daughter.

During the Second World War he worked as an assessor under the War Damage Commission. His son Flight Lieutenant Anthony Leslie Parsons (1915–1991) was a prisoner of war at the time.

He died of a heart attack on 15 February 1944 at his home, Holmwood, Green Hill Road, Wylde Green, Birmingham.

## Selected list of works

* *Hindeliffe*, Four Oaks, Birmingham
* *The Lawns*, 16 Bracebridge Road, Four Oaks 1899
* 19 and 21 Salisbury Road, Moseley 1901
* Overdale, Russell Road, Moseley 1901
* 47-65 Selly Park Road, Selly Park, Birmingham 1905
* 130 Oxford Road, Moseley, Birmingham c1907
* *Kilmuir* Amesbury Road, Moseley 1909 Grade II listed.
* *Kingsthorpe*, 40 Wake Green Road, Moseley, Birmingham 1910
* *Holmwood*, 14 Greenhill Road, Sutton Coldfield 1912
* *Ashley Lodge* (now *Tudor Lodge*), 1 Colmore Crescent, Birmingham, Moseley Grade II listed
* Six villas, 336-346 (since renumbered) Bristol Road, Northfield, Birmingham.
* Walmley Golf Club House 1919
* *Tintagel*, Greenhill Road, Sutton Coldfield 1919
* *Donegal*, 3 Beech Hill Road, Sutton Coldfield 1920
* *Talgarth*, 2 Greenhill Road, Sutton Coldfield 1923
* Four villas, 49-61 Fiery Hill Road, Barnt Green 1924
* *Greenhill Cottage*, 10 Greenhill Road, Sutton Coldfield 1924
* Two villas, 35-37 Fiery Hill Road, Barnt Green 1926
* *Culross House*, 5 Luttrell Road, Sutton Coldfield 1928
* *Red Mullion*, 8 Bracebridge Road, Four Oaks 1929

## Bibliography

* Rathbone, Niky; Bassindale, John (2009), "Owen Parsons", in Ballard, Phillada (ed.), *Birmingham's Victorian and Edwardian Architects*, Wetherby: Oblong Creative, pp. 555–566, ISBN 978-0955657627


title: Hold On to 18

abstract: "Hold On to 18" is a song by American glam metal band Black 'n Blue from their eponymous debut album, Black 'n Blue. After being released as a promo in Japan, the song was released as the band's second single. The song was written by Jaime St. James and Tommy Thayer, and was the band's only single to chart, reaching number 50 on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart. An earlier version of the song on the B-side of the single "Chains Around Heaven" was featured on the second and third pressings of the compilation album Metal Massacre (1982) alongside bands such as Metallica and Cirith Ungol.

text:
# Hold On to 18

"**Hold On to 18**" is a song by American glam metal band Black 'n Blue from their eponymous debut album, *Black 'n Blue*. After being released as a promo in Japan, the song was released as the band's second single. The song was written by Jaime St. James and Tommy Thayer, and was the band's only single to chart, reaching number 50 on the *Billboard* Top Rock Tracks chart.

An earlier version of the song on the B-side of the single "Chains Around Heaven" was featured on the second and third pressings of the compilation album *Metal Massacre* (1982) alongside bands such as Metallica and Cirith Ungol.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1984) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Rock Tracks (*Billboard*) | 50 |

## InfoBox

| "Hold On to 18" | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the 2008 digital re-release | |
| Single by Black 'n Blue | |
| from the album  *Black 'n Blue* | |
| B-side | "Chains Around Heaven" |
| Released | August 1984 (August 1984) |
| Recorded | 1984 |
| Genre | Glam metal |
| Length | 4:12 |
| Label | Geffen |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Dieter Dierks |
| Black 'n Blue singles chronology | |
| "School of Hard Knocks"
(1984) "**Hold On to 18**"
(1984) "Miss Mystery"
(1985) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Hold On to 18" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Marry Me (1932 film)

abstract: Marry Me is a 1932 British musical comedy film directed by Wilhelm Thiele and starring Renate Müller, Harry Green and George Robey. It was made by Gainsborough Pictures at Islington Studios. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky. A separate German-language version Girls to Marry was made, also directed by Thiele and starring Müller but with an otherwise different cast.

text:
# Marry Me (1932 film)

***Marry Me*** is a 1932 British musical comedy film directed by Wilhelm Thiele and starring Renate Müller, Harry Green and George Robey. It was made by Gainsborough Pictures at Islington Studios. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky.

A separate German-language version *Girls to Marry* was made, also directed by Thiele and starring Müller but with an otherwise different cast.

## Cast

1. Wood p.75

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *Filmmaking in 1930s Britain*. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
* Wood, Linda. *British Films, 1927-1939*. British Film Institute, 1986.

## InfoBox

| Marry Me | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Wilhelm Thiele |
| Written by | Ernst Angel
Anthony Asquith
Desmond Carter
Frank Eyton
Robert Gilbert
Angus MacPhail
Armin Robinson
Franz Schulz
István Zágon (play) |
| Produced by | Michael Balcon |
| Starring | Renate Müller
Harry Green
George Robey |
| Edited by | Ian Dalrymple |
| Music by | Michael Krauss |
| Production
company | Gainsborough Pictures |
| Distributed by | Ideal Films |
| Release date | * 1932 (1932) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Estado Falcon gecko

abstract: The Estado Falcon gecko is a species of lizard in the Sphaerodactylidae family native to Venezuela.

text:
# Estado Falcon gecko

The **Estado Falcon gecko** (***Gonatodes falconensis***) is a species of lizard in the Sphaerodactylidae family native to Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| Estado Falcon gecko | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Sphaerodactylidae |
| Genus: | *Gonatodes* |
| Species: | ***G. falconensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gonatodes falconensis***
Shreve, 1947 | |
|


title: Household silver

abstract: Household silver or silverware includes tableware, cutlery, and other household items made of sterling silver, silver gilt, Britannia silver, or Sheffield plate silver. Silver is sometimes bought in sets or combined to form sets, such as a set of silver candlesticks or a silver tea set. Historically, silverware was divided into table silver, for eating, and dressing silver for bedrooms and dressing rooms. The grandest form of the latter was the toilet service, typically of 10-30 pieces, often silver-gilt, which was especially a feature of the period from 1650 to about 1780.

text:
# Household silver

**Household silver** or **silverware** (**the silver**, **the plate**, or **silver service**) includes tableware, cutlery, and other household items made of sterling silver, silver gilt, Britannia silver, or Sheffield plate silver. Silver is sometimes bought in sets or combined to form sets, such as a set of silver candlesticks or a silver tea set.

Historically, silverware was divided into table silver, for eating, and dressing silver for bedrooms and dressing rooms. The grandest form of the latter was the toilet service, typically of 10-30 pieces, often silver-gilt, which was especially a feature of the period from 1650 to about 1780.

## History

Elites in most ancient cultures preferred to eat off precious metals ("plate") at the table; China and Japan were two major exceptions, using lacquerware and later fine pottery, especially porcelain. In Europe the elites dined off metal, usually silver for the rich and pewter or latten for the middling classes, from the ancient Greeks and Romans until the 18th century. Another alternative was the trencher, a large flat piece of either bread or wood. In the Middle Ages this was a common way of serving food, the bread also being eaten; even in elite dining it was not fully replaced in France until the 1650s.

Possession of silverware obviously depends on individual wealth; the greater the means, the higher was the quality of tableware that was owned and the more numerous its pieces. The materials used were often controlled by sumptuary laws. In the late Middle Ages and for much of the Early Modern period much of a great person's disposable assets were often in plate, and what was not in use for a given meal was often displayed on a *dressoir de parement* or *buffet* (indeed, similar to a large Welsh dresser) in the dining hall. At the wedding of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and Isabella of Portugal in 1429, there was a dresser 20 feet long on either side of the room, each with five rows of plate. Inventories of King Charles V of France (r. 1364–1380) record that he had 2,500 pieces of plate. Plate was often melted down to finance wars or building, and hardly any of the enormous quantities recorded in the later Middle Ages survives. The French Royal Gold Cup now in the British Museum, in solid gold and decorated with enamel and pearls, is one of few exceptions.

## Maintenance

Silver requires a good deal of care, as it tarnishes and must be hand polished, since careless or machine polishing ruins the patina and can completely erode the silver layer in Sheffield plate.

A silverman or silver butler has expertise and professional knowledge of the management, secure storage, use, and cleaning of all silverware, associated tableware, and other paraphernalia for use at military and other special functions. This expertise covers the maintenance, cleaning, proper use, and presentation of these assets to create aesthetically correct layouts for effective ambience at such splendid occasions. The role of silverman tends now to be restricted to some private houses and large organizations, in particular the military.

One advantage of silverware is that growth of bacteria is inhibited by the oligodynamic effect.

* Strong, Roy, *Feast: A History of Grand Eating*, 2002, Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0224061380


title: Montreal Main

abstract: Montreal Main is a Canadian docufiction film, released in 1974. The film was directed by Frank Vitale, and written by Vitale, Allan Moyle and Stephen Lack. The film centres on Frank (Vitale) and Bozo (Moyle), two friends of ambiguous sexuality living in the bohemian arts community of Montreal, Quebec. Frank develops a friendship with Johnny, a 12-year-old boy, while Bozo is developing a new relationship with Jackie, a friend of Johnny's parents. Although Frank's relationship with Johnny is platonic and non-sexual, the common stereotype of gay men as pedophiles prone to sexually preying on underage boys begins to colour the community's and Johnny's parents' judgement of the friendship, driving a wedge between them as even Frank is increasingly driven to question his own motivations. The film is also a philosophical exploration of the contrast between existentialism and essentialism. The same core group of Vitale, Lack and Moyle also collaborated on the 1978 film The Rubber Gun. The film was rereleased on DVD in 2009, and was the subject of a critical analysis by Thomas Waugh and Jason Garrison in 2011, as part of Arsenal Pulp Press' Queer Film Classics series.

text:
# Montreal Main

***Montreal Main*** is a Canadian docufiction film, released in 1974. The film was directed by Frank Vitale, and written by Vitale, Allan Moyle and Stephen Lack.

The film centres on Frank (Vitale) and Bozo (Moyle), two friends of ambiguous sexuality living in the bohemian arts community of Montreal, Quebec. Frank develops a friendship with Johnny (John Sutherland), a 12-year-old boy, while Bozo is developing a new relationship with Jackie (Jackie Holden), a friend of Johnny's parents. Although Frank's relationship with Johnny is platonic and non-sexual, the common stereotype of gay men as pedophiles prone to sexually preying on underage boys begins to colour the community's and Johnny's parents' judgement of the friendship, driving a wedge between them as even Frank is increasingly driven to question his own motivations.

The film is also a philosophical exploration of the contrast between existentialism and essentialism.

The same core group of Vitale, Lack and Moyle also collaborated on the 1978 film *The Rubber Gun*.

The film was rereleased on DVD in 2009, and was the subject of a critical analysis by Thomas Waugh and Jason Garrison in 2011, as part of Arsenal Pulp Press' Queer Film Classics series.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Montreal Main | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Frank Vitale |
| Written by | Frank Vitale
Stephen Lack
Allan Moyle |
| Starring | Frank Vitale
Stephen Lack
Allan Moyle |
| Production
company | ACPAV |
| Running time | 88 mins. |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Gamfexine

abstract: Gamfexine (WIN-1,344) is a centrally acting stimulant drug, which was tested as an adjunct treatment for withdrawn patients with schizophrenia, but while effective for treating withdrawal it made psychotic symptoms worse.

text:
# Gamfexine

**Gamfexine** (**WIN-1,344**) is a centrally acting stimulant drug, which was tested as an adjunct treatment for withdrawn patients with schizophrenia, but while effective for treating withdrawal it made psychotic symptoms worse.

## InfoBox

Gamfexine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Routes of
administration | Oral |
| ATC code | * none |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * In general: unscheduled |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 1-phenyl-1-cyclohexyl-3-dimethylaminopropane | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C17H27N |
| Molar mass | 245.410 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * c1ccccc1C(CCN(C)C)C2CCCCC2 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C17H27N/c1-18(2)14-13-17(15-9-5-3-6-10-15)16-11-7-4-8-12-16/h3,5-6,9-10,16-17H,4,7-8,11-14H2,1-2H3 N * Key:AJDSHXKJJDQZCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Hollenstedt (Samtgemeinde)

abstract:
Hollenstedt is a Samtgemeinde in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was created as part of municipal reorganization in Lower Saxony on 1 July 1972. Its seat is in the village Hollenstedt. The Samtgemeinde Hollenstedt consists of the following municipalities:
  - Appel
  - Drestedt
  - Halvesbostel
  - Hollenstedt
  - Moisburg
  - Regesbostel
  - Wenzendorf As of March 2024, construction had begun to connect four towns within the collective municipality – Wenzendorf, Winnerstorf, Dierstorf, and Dierstorf-Heide – to a fiber optic network.

text:
# Hollenstedt (Samtgemeinde)

**Hollenstedt** is a *Samtgemeinde* ("collective municipality") in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was created as part of municipal reorganization in Lower Saxony on 1 July 1972. Its seat is in the village Hollenstedt.

The *Samtgemeinde* Hollenstedt consists of the following municipalities:

1. Appel
2. Drestedt
3. Halvesbostel
4. Hollenstedt
5. Moisburg
6. Regesbostel
7. Wenzendorf

As of March 2024, construction had begun to connect four towns within the collective municipality – Wenzendorf, Winnerstorf, Dierstorf, and Dierstorf-Heide – to a fiber optic network.

53°21′58″N 9°42′48″E / 53.366111°N 9.713333°E / 53.366111; 9.713333


title: Fonzworth Bentley

abstract: Derek Watkins, known professionally as Fonzworth Bentley, is an American rapper, actor, television presenter, and author. He is perhaps best known for being Sean Combs' former personal valet and assistant, as first seen in Making the Band 2, and was the host of MTV's From G's to Gents. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia.

text:
# Fonzworth Bentley

**Derek Watkins** (born February 13, 1974), known professionally as **Fonzworth Bentley**, is an American rapper, actor, television presenter, and author. He is perhaps best known for being Sean Combs' former personal valet and assistant, as first seen in *Making the Band 2*, and was the host of MTV's *From G's to Gents*. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia.

## Career

He first appeared rapping on Da Band's 2002 album *Too Hot for TV*, in the track "Cheers to Me, Mr. Bentley (Interlude)". In 2003, Bentley was featured on the "Good Day, Good Sir" skit on OutKast's *Speakerboxxx/The Love Below*. In 2004, he made a cameo in the music video of Kanye West's "The New Workout Plan". Bentley is credited as a songwriter on multiple *Yeezus* tracks including “On Sight,” “Black Skinhead,” “I Am a God,” and “Hold My Liquor.” He is also credited as a producer on West's “Ultralight Beam.”

His debut album, *C.O.L.O.U.R.S.*, was released via iTunes on April 26, 2011.

He was also featured, playing the violin in the "Yes We Can" music video in support of Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.

## Other media work

Bentley was an executive producer for *Borrow My Crew* in 2005, in which he allowed one boy, Cory Cole, to borrow the entourage of P. Diddy for two days. In 2008, he hosted the MTV reality series *From G's to Gents*, which ran for two seasons.

In 2007, Bentley authored an etiquette book, *Advance Your Swagger: How to Use Manners, Confidence and Style to Get Ahead*.

In May 2009, Bentley hosted one of the afterparties following the White House Correspondents' Dinner in Washington, D.C.

## Public service

In 2007, Bentley contributed to KnowHow2GO. Bentley's involvement in the campaign has included creation of a radio public service advertisement ("Wanna Go?") and participation in the 2007 YMCA Black and Hispanic Achievers Teen Leadership Summit in Orlando, Florida. Bentley sang as a member of the chorus for "We Are The World", a remake of the original for Haiti, in February 2010.

## Works

### Television

* *From G's to Gents* (2008–09)
* *Top Ten Gentlemen's Club* (2008)
* *Confessions of a Celebrity Assistant* (2006, the E! Channel)
* *VH1 Fashion Rocks* (2006)
* *All Shades of Fine: 25 Hottest Women of the Past 25 Years* (2005)
* *P. Diddy Presents the Bad Boys of Comedy* (2005)
* *Caleta Condor, Chile* (2005)
* *Before, During and After the Sunset* (2005)
* *Borrow My Crew* (2005)
* *Fade to Black* (2004)
* *Making the Band 2* (2002–2003, series)

### Films

## InfoBox

| Fonzworth Bentley | |
| --- | --- |
| Bentley in December 2010 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Derek Watkins |
| Also known as | Farnsworth Bentley |
| Born | (1974-02-13) February 13, 1974<br>Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Occupations | * Rapper * record producer * songwriter * actor * television presenter * fashion designer |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Labels |  |


title: Marry Waterson

abstract: Maria Gilhooley, who records under the name Marry Waterson, is a singer, songwriter and visual artist. A member of the Waterson-Knight-Carthy family musical dynasty, Waterson is described as having "thrived on communal music making while developing highly original and distinctly English performance styles of [her] own."

text:
# Marry Waterson

**Maria Gilhooley** (née **Knight**), who records under the name **Marry Waterson**, is a singer, songwriter and visual artist. A member of the Waterson-Knight-Carthy family musical dynasty, Waterson is described as having "thrived on communal music making while developing highly original and distinctly English performance styles of \[her\] own."

## Early life and Waterson family

Waterson is the daughter of Lal Waterson and George Knight and was born in the city of Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. She made her recording debut as a guest on the album *A True Hearted Girl* by Lal and Norma Waterson in 1977. In 1988 she formed an occasional singing partnership with her mother Lal, aunt Norma and cousin Eliza Carthy under the name The Waterdaughters. She has since been a guest performer on numerous Watersons and Waterson–Carthy recordings and has often performed live with her family at festivals and special performances.

## Later musical career

On 12 May 2007, Waterson appeared with the Waterson family at a special concert at the Royal Albert Hall entitled *A Mighty River of Song*, and on 25 October 2007, she appeared at the BBC Radio 2 Electric Proms concert *Once in a Blue Moon: A Tribute to Lal Waterson* at Cecil Sharp House in London.

In 2007, Waterson replaced Eliza Carthy in Blue Murder, and made her concert debut with that group on 23 November at the Met Theatre in Bury, Greater Manchester.

In January 2010, Waterson performed at the Sydney Opera House in a line-up of rock, punk, pop and folk musicians under the musical direction of Hal Willner as part of his *Rogue's Gallery* project.

After signing to One Little Indian Records, in 2011 Waterson released the album *The Days That Shaped Me*, co-written with her brother Oliver Knight. The album was nominated for a Radio 2 Folk Award. During that year she both recorded and toured with her brother, billed as Marry Waterson & Oliver Knight. A second album by the siblings, *Hidden*, was released in 2012.

In October 2013, Waterson curated a tour with The Barbican bringing *Bright Phoebus*, by Lal and Mike Waterson, to the stage for the first time. She performed with a cast which included Jarvis Cocker and Richard Hawley amongst others. Also in 2013, Waterson designed and produced *Teach Me to Be a Summer's Morning*, a book and CD celebrating the works of Lal Waterson, released on the Fledg'ling Records imprint.

In 2015, Waterson released a third album, this time collaborating with guitarist David A. Jaycock, entitles *Two Wolves*. This album, produced by Neill MacColl, featured performances by Kate St John and Kami Thompson, one song for which Waterson shared writing credit with her late mother Lal Waterson, and another which incorporated a recording of her late uncle Mike Waterson.

## Reception

One review of *The Days That shaped Me*, Waterson's first album with Oliver Knight, noted that the brother and sister "have thrived on communal music making while developing highly original and distinctly English performance styles of their own." A review in *The Independent* called the album's songs "unadorned, sometimes courtly, always hard to read." Robin Denselow, in reviewing *Hidden* for *The Guardian*, described Waterson's singing as "no-nonsense, sometimes deadpan, but effectively varied" and stated that the album "sounds better each time you play it." Later reviewing *Two Wolves* for the website Freaky party, Denselow said that Waterson's "singing is plaintive and quietly powerful, and the songs are slow but varied".

## Other artistic pursuits

Waterson currently lives in Robin Hood's Bay, where she animates music videos, recently producing stage loops for Marc Almond. She has also worked as a graphic designer. Previously she developed a successful practice as a sculptor, working largely in sandstone. Her work has been exhibited at numerous locations in Yorkshire and the northeast of England, and she has completed several commissions.

## Discography

### With Oliver Knight

* Marry Waterson & Oliver Knight: *The Days That Shaped Me* (2011)
* Marry Waterson & Oliver Knight: *Hidden* (2012)

### With David Jaycock

* Marry Waterson & David A Jaycock: *Two Wolves* (2015)
* Marry Waterson & David A Jaycock: *Death Had Quicker Wings Than Love* (2017)

### With Emily Barker

* Marry Waterson and Emily Barker: *A Window to Other Ways* (2019)

### With Hack-Poets Guild (Lisa Knapp and Nathaniel Mann)

* Hack-Poets Guild: *Blackletter Garland* (2023)

### Collaborations and guest appearances

* Lal & Norma Waterson: *A True Hearted Girl* (1977)
* Mike Waterson: *Mike Waterson* (1977)
* Lal Waterson & Oliver Knight: *Once in a Blue Moon* (1996)
* Lal Waterson & Oliver Knight: *Bed of Roses* (1998)
* Oliver Knight: *Mysterious Day* (2002)
* The Watersons: *A Mighty River of Song* (2004)
* Various artists: *Evolving Tradition 4* (2004)
* Various artists: *Rubber Folk: A Folk Tribute to the Beatles* (2006)
* James Yorkston: *When The Haar Rolls In* (2008)
* Kathryn Williams: *The Quickening* (2009)
* Topic Records (70th anniversary boxed set): *Three Score & Ten* (2009)
* Eliza Carthy & Norma Waterson: *Gift* (2010)
* James Yorkston: *I was A Cat From A Book* (2011)
* Various artists: *BBC Folk Awards* (2012)
* Lisa Knapp: *Hidden Seam* (2013)
* (Lush) Fresh Handmade Sound: *Hard Days Night Treatment* (2014)
* A tribute to Ewan MacColl: *Joy of Living* (2015)

### DVDs

* The Waterson Family: *Live At Hull Truck* (2011)
* James Yorkston: *I Was A Cat From A Book*, album & DVD (2011)

## InfoBox

| Marry Waterson | |
| --- | --- |
| Waterson in 2016 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Maria Knight |
| Born | Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England |
| Genres | Folk |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, songwriter |
| Instrument | Vocalist |
| Labels | Topic Records |


title: Hollenstein Wagon and Carriage Factory

abstract: The Hollenstein Wagon and Carriage Factory is located in Mayville, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

text:
# Hollenstein Wagon and Carriage Factory

The **Hollenstein Wagon and Carriage Factory** is located in Mayville, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## History

The factory was built by John J. Hollenstein, Sr. and his wife, Dominica, who moved to the United States from Switzerland. In addition to being a factory, the building also served as the Hollenstein's home. Hollenstein ran the business until 1908, when he sold the factory to his son. Afterwards, the building was bought and sold by multiple owners and served various purposes.

It is now the **Hollenstein Wagon & Carriage Factory Museum** of the Mayville Historical Society.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hollenstein Wagon and Carriage Factory | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Hollenstein Wagon and Carriage Factory | |
|  | |
| Location | Mayville, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 43°29′46″N 88°32′32″W / 43.496°N 88.54231°W / 43.496; -88.54231 |
| Built | 1876 |
| NRHP reference No. | 79000070 |
| Added to NRHP | July 27, 1979 |


title: North East London NHS Foundation Trust

abstract: North East London NHS Foundation Trust (NELFT) is an NHS foundation trust which provides mental and community health services. It runs Foxglove Ward, Goodmayes Hospital and Sunflowers Court in Ilford, Phoenix House in Basildon, Heronwood & Galleon Inpatient Facility in Wanstead, Grays Court Community Hospital in Dagenham, and Hawkwell Court in Chingford. Altogether it operates from more than 150 sites.

text:
# North East London NHS Foundation Trust

**North East London NHS Foundation Trust** (**NELFT**) is an NHS foundation trust which provides mental and community health services. It runs Foxglove Ward, Goodmayes Hospital and Sunflowers Court in Ilford, Phoenix House in Basildon, Heronwood & Galleon Inpatient Facility in Wanstead, Grays Court Community Hospital in Dagenham, and Hawkwell Court in Chingford. Altogether it operates from more than 150 sites.

## History

The trust was established as the **North East London Mental Health NHS Trust** on 5 June 2000, and became operational on 1 April 2001. It became an NHS foundation trust in 2008.

In April 2014 Staff at Hawkwell Court in Colvin Gardens, Chingford planned to shut down the facility, which offers long-term stay for older patients with mental health problems and learning disabilities. It was saved from closure a decade ago after relatives of service users and Chingford MP Iain Duncan Smith intervened.

In April 2014 as part of the redevelopment of Goodmayes Hospital it closed and proposed to demolish the Goodmayes Hospital Staff Social Club, provoking a protest from Mr Fin Robinson. He was supposed to hand the keys back but said he will remain inside, with the doors chained shut, "until they do the right thing".

## Services

The trust provides community health and mental health services, including forensic services, psychiatric intensive care units and services for people with learning difficulties in the North East London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Havering, Redbridge and Waltham Forest, as well as some services for people in Essex and Kent.

## Patient entertainment

The Trust receives hospital radio services operated by Bedrock Radio

In 1977 The Goodmayes Hospitals Radio Association was formed as a registered charity to provide entertainment and information to the patients and staff, with studios located within the original Goodmayes Hospital building.

In 1993 the station began broadcasting into neighbouring King George Hospital, In 2004 the station's on-air name became 'The Jumbo Sound' and began streaming online in 2006 to serve all NELFT locations.

In April 2016, flood damage caused by a failed radiator forced The Jumbo Sound off-air creating an estimated £30,000 of damage. Volunteers of the Goodmayes Hospital Radio Association (Jumbo Sound) voted to merge with Bedrock Radio.

## Performance

The trust NELFT took over children and young people's specialist and targeted mental health services in Kent in 2017. In May 2018 there were 3,869 young people in Kent waiting for treatment. 144 had been waiting more than a year, with 19 more in Medway. 1,481 had been waiting for more than 18 weeks for treatment to start. In 2019 the Trust was downgraded by the CQC from Good to Requires Improvement.

There have been numerous deaths as a result of NELFT's failings. In the first half of 2021 alone, there was a coroner who found failings in the care of Paul Tufton leading to his death. In May an inquest found neglect in the care of Neil Challinor-Mooney, again leading to a death. In June, Ellis Murphy-Richards' suicide was deemed to have been because of failings in care. In July, Anita Mandalia took an overdose as a result of NELFT failing to refer her for mental health treatment. There have been hundreds of NELFT's mental health patients who have gone missing; in the two years prior to 2020, 100+ such patients went missing.

NELFT, together with Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and other mental health providers in Essex were subject an independent inquiry set up by Parliament into mental health services in Essex following numerous failings of these services. The inquiry was upgraded to a statutory inquiry in 2023 given the lack of cooperation the inquiry got from the trusts and is now the Lampard Inquiry.

## InfoBox

| North East London NHS Foundation Trust | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | NHS foundation trust |
| Established | 5 June 2000 |
| Headquarters | Rainham, London, England |
| Hospitals | Goodmayes Hospital |
| Staff | 7,441 WTE (2022) |
| Website | www.nelft.nhs.uk |


abstract: "That's How You Know" is a song recorded by American country music artist Lari White, who co-wrote the song with her husband Chuck Cannon. It was released in January 1995 as the third single from the album Wishes. The song reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It features a harmony vocal from Hal Ketchum.

text:
# That's How You Know (When You're in Love)

"**That's How You Know (When You're in Love)**" is a song recorded by American country music artist Lari White, who co-wrote the song with her husband Chuck Cannon. It was released in January 1995 as the third single from the album *Wishes*. The song reached number 10 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It features a harmony vocal from Hal Ketchum.

## Critical reception

*Billboard* gave the single a positive review, saying that it was an "uplifting slice of country-pop".

## Chart performance

| Chart (1995) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 18 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 10 |

## InfoBox

| "That's How You Know (When You're in Love)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Lari White | |
| from the album  *Wishes* | |
| B-side | "If I'm Not Already Crazy" |
| Released | January 21, 1995 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:39 |
| Label | RCA Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) | Lari White, Chuck Cannon |
| Producer(s) | Garth Fundis |
| Lari White singles chronology | |
| "Now I Know"
(1994) "**That's How You Know (When You're in Love)**"
(1995) "Ready, Willing and Able"
(1996) | |


title: House at 9 Linden Street

abstract: The House at 9 Linden Street in Brookline, Massachusetts, USA, is a locally rare example of transitional Greek Revival and Italianate styling, and one of the few surviving houses from the original development of the Linden Street area in the 1840s. The 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame house was built in 1843 for Isaac Rich, a partner in a successful merchant firm and a co-founder of Boston University. The house's mansard roof is a later addition, probably dating to the 1860s. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

text:
# House at 9 Linden Street

The **House at 9 Linden Street** in Brookline, Massachusetts, USA, is a locally rare example of transitional Greek Revival and Italianate styling, and one of the few surviving houses from the original development of the Linden Street area in the 1840s. The 2+12-story wood-frame house was built in 1843 for Isaac Rich, a partner in a successful merchant firm and a co-founder of Boston University. The house's mansard roof is a later addition, probably dating to the 1860s.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| House at 9 Linden Street | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 9 Linden St., Brookline, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°20′4.82″N 71°7′6.04″W / 42.3346722°N 71.1183444°W / 42.3346722; -71.1183444 |
| Built | 1844 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Italianate |
| MPS | Brookline MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 85003293 |
| Added to NRHP | October 17, 1985 |


title: Rural Municipality of Hillsdale No. 440

abstract: The Rural Municipality of Hillsdale No. 440 is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 13 and SARM Division No. 6.

text:
# Rural Municipality of Hillsdale No. 440

The **Rural Municipality of Hillsdale No. 440** (2016 population: 553) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 13 and SARM Division No. 6.

## History

The RM of Hillsdale No. 440 incorporated as a rural municipality on January 1, 1913.

## Geography

### Communities and localities

The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.

Villages

The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.

Localities

### Lakes and rivers

The following is a list of notable lakes and rivers in the RM:

## Demographics

Population history
(1981–2016)
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | 713 |  |
| 1986 | 692 | −2.9% |
| 1991 | 610 | −11.8% |
| 1996 | 615 | +0.8% |
| 2001 | 566 | −8.0% |
| 2006 | 530 | −6.4% |
| 2011 | 563 | +6.2% |
| 2016 | 553 | −1.8% |
| *Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics* | | |

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Hillsdale No. 440 had a population of 528 living in 158 of its 181 total private dwellings, a change of -4.5% from its 2016 population of 553. With a land area of 1,014.77 km2 (391.80 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.5/km2 (1.3/sq mi) in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Hillsdale No. 440 recorded a population of 553 living in 162 of its 178 total private dwellings, a -1.8% change from its 2011 population of 563. With a land area of 1,028.72 km2 (397.19 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.5/km2 (1.4/sq mi) in 2016.

## Government

The RM of Hillsdale No. 440 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the first Thursday after the first Tuesday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Glenn Goodfellow while its administrator is Janet L. Hollingshead. The RM's office is located in Neilburg.

## Transportation

The following is a list of Saskatchewan highways in the RM:

## InfoBox

| Hillsdale No. 440 | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural municipality | |
| Rural Municipality of Hillsdale No. 440 | |
| Location of the RM of Hillsdale No. 440 in Saskatchewan | |
| Coordinates: 52°48′32″N 109°27′50″W / 52.809°N 109.464°W / 52.809; -109.464 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Census division | 13 |
| SARM division |  |
| Formed | January 1, 1913 |
| Government | |
| Reeve | Glenn Goodfellow |
| Governing body | RM of Hillsdale No. 440 Council |
| Administrator | Janet L. Hollingshead |
| Office location | Neilburg |
| Area (2016) | |
| Land | 1,028.72 km2 (397.19 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 553 |
| Density | 0.5/km2 (1/sq mi) |
| Time zone | CST |
| Summer (DST) | CST |
| Area code(s) | 306 and 639 |


title: Marshall Bloom

abstract: Marshall Irving Bloom was an American journalist and activist, best known as co-founder in 1967 of the Liberation News Service, the "Associated Press" of the underground press.

text:
# Marshall Bloom

**Marshall Irving Bloom** (July 16, 1944 – November 1, 1969) was an American journalist and activist, best known as co-founder in 1967 of the Liberation News Service, the "Associated Press" of the underground press.

## Early life and education

Marshall Bloom was born in Denver, Colorado. He attended Amherst College and graduated in 1966. While there, he served as chairman of *The Student* publication and received the Samuel Bowles Prize for his accomplishments in journalism. During the summer of 1965, Bloom worked as a Montgomery, Alabama, correspondent for *The Southern Courier*, reporting on the Civil rights movement.

Bloom was one of the 20 Amherst graduates who walked out during their own commencement to protest the awarding of an honorary degree to Defense Secretary Robert McNamara.

Bloom achieved some national notoriety in England, where he attended the London School of Economics as a graduate student and was elected as president of its student union. He had a prominent role in the sit-ins and demonstrations there in the spring of 1967, protesting the appointment of Sir Walter Adams as the school's next director. Bloom was suspended and his suspension sparked further demonstrations.

## Liberation News Service

In the summer of 1967, Bloom was elected director of the United States Student Press Association (USSPA), which ran the Collegiate Press Service (CPS) news service. At an organizational meeting in Minneapolis in August, however, Bloom was purged from the USSPA because of his radical politics, which included a push to send student editors to Cuba and defy the U.S. travel ban. (Others thought that Bloom's purging was additionally because of what historian John McMillian refers to as his "effeminate demeanor"). As a result, Bloom and his colleague Ray Mungo formed the Liberation News Service.

The inaugural issue of the Liberation News Service, a mimeographed news packet, was sent in the summer of 1967. By February 1968, LNS was becoming the hub for alternative journalism in the United States, supplying the growing movement media with interpretive coverage of current events and reports on movement activities and the Sixties counterculture.

In 1968, the LNS moved to New York, and in August, an internal split developed. In August 1968, a successful fundraising event led to an ugly fight over control of the organization's funds. Bloom's intention was to abandon political activism in an urban setting, and supplant it with a Thoreauvian lifestyle. Aspiring to contribute to the counterculture phenomenon of rural communes in the late '60s, Bloom, Mungo, and their LNS colleague Steve Diamond left New York for Massachusetts, where they used the $6,000 cash from the fundraiser to make the down payment on a farm in Montague which was to be the new headquarters of LNS.

An angry posse of LNSers trailed them from New York, leading to a tense six-hour standoff at the farm. The dispute ended with Bloom writing a check for the money to the New York group, but soon afterward Bloom filed kidnapping charges against 13 people. The charges were later dismissed.

For the next six months, Bloom published the "LNS of the New Age," with subscribers receiving rival news packets from LNS-Montague and LNS-New York. But Bloom's group was understaffed, underfunded, and isolated on a remote (and cold) country farm, and the project died when the ink froze in the mimeograph. Only the New York headquarters group survived the split.

Bloom's former political colleagues, Ray Mungo and Verandah Porche, were later among the founders of a similar rural commune in southern Vermont.

## Death

On November 1, 1969, Bloom committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. He was found dead in his car with the tailpipe connected to the window. Many theories have emerged as to why he killed himself; Allen Young and Amy Stevens have both suggested that it was because he was unhappily closeted.

## InfoBox

| Marshall Bloom | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1944-07-16)July 16, 1944
Denver, Colorado, U.S. |
| Died | November 1, 1969(1969-11-01) (aged 25)
Montague, Massachusetts |
| Cause of death | Suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning |
| Education | London School of Economics |
| Alma mater | Amherst College, 1966 |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, activist |
| Known for | Liberation News Service |
| Awards | Samuel Bowles Prize |


title: Gao Shengtai

abstract: Gao Shengtai was the founder and the only emperor of the short-lived Dazhong Kingdom from 1094 until his death in 1096. He was from Cang Mountain in the present-day southern Chinese province of Yunnan.

text:
# Gao Shengtai

| Gao Shengtai | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 高昇泰 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Gāo Shēngtài | |
|  | |

**Gao Shengtai** (died 1096) was the founder and the only emperor of the short-lived Dazhong Kingdom from 1094 until his death in 1096. He was from Cang Mountain in the present-day southern Chinese province of Yunnan.

## Life

In 1080, Duan Lianyi, the 12th ruler of the Dali Kingdom, was overthrown and killed by Yang Yizhen, who seized the throne from him. Gao Shengtai and his father, Gao Zhisheng, the Marquis of Shanchan (in present-day Kunming, Yunnan), led military forces to attack Yang Yizhen and defeated him. They restored the Dali monarchy by installing Duan Shouhui on the throne.

However, in 1081, Gao Zhisheng and Gao Shengtai forced Duan Shouhui to abdicate and replaced him with Duan Zhengming.

In 1094, Gao Shengtai forced Duan Zhengming to relinquish the throne to him, after which he renamed the Dali Kingdom to "Dazhong Kingdom" with the era name "Shangzhi".

### Death

He died of illness in 1096. Before his death, he instructed his son, Gao Taiming, to return the throne to the Duan family. Duan Zhengchun, Duan Zhengming's younger brother, became the new ruler and he restored the kingdom's former name. In spite of this power transition, Gao Shengtai's relatives and descendants still occupied highly influential positions in the Dali Kingdom after his death. Gao Shengtai was given the posthumous name "Emperor Fuyou Shengde Biaozheng".

## In fiction

Gao Shengtai is fictionalised as a minor character in the wuxia novel *Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils* by Louis Cha.

## InfoBox

| Gao Shengtai
高昇泰 | |
| --- | --- |
| Emperor of Dazhong | |
| Reign | 1094–1096 |
| Predecessor | Duan Zhengming (of Dali) |
| Successor | Emperor Zhongzong (of Dali) |
|  | |
| Died | 1096 |
| Issue | Gao Taiming (高泰明)
Gao Taiyun (高泰運)
Gao Taihui (高泰慧) |
| Full name   Era dates  Shangzhi (上治): 1094–1096  Posthumous name  Emperor Fuyou Shengde Biaozheng (富有聖德表正皇帝) | |
| Dynasty | Dazhong (大中) |
| Father | Gao Zhisheng (高智昇) |


title: Owen Philipps, 1st Baron Kylsant

abstract: Owen Cosby Philipps, 1st Baron Kylsant, known as Sir Owen Philipps between 1909 and 1923, was a British businessman and politician, jailed in 1931 for producing a document with intent to deceive.

text:
# Owen Philipps, 1st Baron Kylsant

**Owen Cosby Philipps, 1st Baron Kylsant** (25 March 1863 – 5 June 1937), known as **Sir Owen Philipps** between 1909 and 1923, was a British businessman and politician, jailed in 1931 for producing a document with intent to deceive.

## Background

Philipps was the third of five sons of the Reverend Sir James Erasmus Philipps, 12th Baronet, of Picton Castle, and his wife the Hon. Mary, daughter of the Hon. and Rev. Samuel Best and sister of the fifth Baron Wynford. Born in Warminster vicarage, Wiltshire, and educated at Newton College, Newton Abbot, Devon, he became an apprentice with a Newcastle upon Tyne shipping firm, Dent & Co, in 1880 and upon completion of his apprenticeship he moved to the Glasgow shipping firm Allan & Gow in 1886.

## Shipping career

With financial assistance from his eldest brother John Philipps (who was later created the 1st Viscount St Davids), Philipps set up his own shipping firm Philipps & Co in 1888, bought his first ship in 1889 and by the end of the nineteenth century the two brothers owned two shipping lines (King Line Ltd and the Scottish Steamship Company), a finance company (the London Maritime Investment Company), and the London and Thames Haven Petroleum Wharf. Taking advantage of a low share price, the brothers acquired shares in the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, and by 1902 Owen had become chairman and managing director of the line. Over the next twenty years he and the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company acquired a controlling interest in more than twenty other companies, including the Union-Castle Line and the Pacific Steam Navigation Company. Acquisitions continued, culminating in the purchase of the White Star in 1927.

Lord Kylsant gained a reputation for acting unilaterally and autocratically, without consulting other board members. At the same time, the complex share structure of the companies within the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company group allowed him to continue his control of the group while hiding trading losses in individual firms by moving reserves around. In 1924 Kylsant also became chairman of Harland and Wolff, the Belfast shipbuilders.

## Political career

Since his time in Scotland, Philipps had been interested in politics and after two unsuccessful attempts to stand for Parliament he was elected as Member of Parliament for Pembroke and Haverfordwest as a Liberal in 1906. Reelected at the General Election in January 1910 he declined to stand again at the second general election in December 1910. It was immediately reported that he would seek the nomination for the West Carmarthenshire constituency, especially in view of his plans to live in the constituency, at Coomb Mansion, the birthplace of Lady Philipps. It was envisaged that the contest for the nomination would be between Philipps and John Hinds. However, he eventually trailed a distant third at the selection conference held at Water Street Chapel, Carmarthen, and the nomination went to Hinds.

He later left the Liberal Party and joined the Conservative Party, being elected unopposed as the Member for City of Chester at a by-election in 1916. Re-elected at the 1918 General Election he served until 1922, but did not stand again.

## Other offices and honours

In 1904, Philipps was High Sheriff of Pembrokeshire and became a deputy lieutenant for Pembrokeshire in 1917, and Lord Lieutenant of Haverfordwest in 1924. In 1909, Philipps was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), later raised to Knight Grand Cross (GCMG) in 1918.

In 1912 he was invested as a Knight of Grace of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem and raised to a Knight of Justice in 1916.

On 14 February 1923, he was elevated to the peerage as **Baron Kylsant**, of Carmarthen in the County of Carmarthen and of Amroth in the County of Pembroke.

Following his conviction he resigned all his knighthoods and lieutenancies; when he attempted to resign from his clubs, however, the offer was firmly refused.

## Downfall and trial

In 1928, Lord Kylsant applied to extend the government guarantee on a loan from the Midland Bank. When the application was refused, his shipping group defaulted on part of the next repayment. Much of the group's finances were based on debenture stock paying fixed interest at five per cent, and the main trustee of this stock was Kylsant's older brother, the 1st Viscount St Davids, who was unhappy with the way debenture stock was being issued, especially a £2,000,000 issue in 1928. Lord St Davids made his concerns public, and the stock market values of the whole group declined sharply. Worried by these revelations and fearing an economic crisis, the British government appointed the accountant William McLintock to investigate the group's finances. His report issued in early 1930 revealed that Royal Mail Steam Packet Company had liabilities in excess of £10,000,000. This was enough for the banks to act, and much of Kylsant's powers were removed to trustees appointed by the banks, although Kylsant remained chairman until November 1930. In February 1931, Kylsant and his wife went to the Union of South Africa on holiday, and in his absence McLintock revealed that for several years the Royal Mail Steam Packet group had been paying dividends to stockholders despite trading at a loss. McLintock did not report this activity as fraudulent, although politicians used the term when the matter was discussed in the House of Commons.

On his return from South Africa, Kylsant was arrested and charged with making false statements with regard to company accounts for 1926 and 1927, contrary to section 84 of the Larceny Act 1861. The company auditor, Harold John Morland, was charged with aiding and abetting the same offences. Kylsant was also charged with issuing a document (the prospectus issued for the 1928 debenture stock issue) with intent to deceive, contrary to section 84 of the Larceny Act 1861. Both men were committed for trial at the Old Bailey.

The trial took place in July 1931 and lasted for nine days, presided over by Mr Justice Wright. Both men pleaded not guilty to all charges. At the end of the trial, while both men were found not guilty of the first two charges, Kylsant was found guilty of the final charge of issuing a document with intent to deceive. Morland was discharged and Kylsant was sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment. After one night in prison he was released on bail, pending an appeal against the conviction. Kylsant's appeal against the conviction and sentence was heard in November 1931, when it was dismissed, and he subsequently served ten months in Wormwood Scrubs prison before being released in August 1932.

In his obituary, *The Times* reported:

> Lord Kylsant bore his trial with great dignity, cast no blame on any colleagues, and on return to ordinary life retired to his residence in South Wales. On his return to Coomb he was given a warm welcome and his car was drawn by 40 men at a running pace for about a quarter of a mile to the entrance of the house, and passed under an arch of laurel and evergreen which had been built over the gates. All who knew him acquitted him of any desire to act criminally, and they laid the responsibility on the assumption of duties beyond the power of any individual to bear and on a certain financial recklessness and a belief in the future which events showed was unjustified.

## Personal life

Owen Philipps married at Carmarthen on 16 September 1902 Mai Alice Magdalene Morris, daughter of Thomas Morris, of Coomb, Carmarthenshire. They had three daughters. When Lord Kylsant died at the age of 74, the barony became extinct as he had no sons. His daughter Nesta Philipps, who had married George Coventry, later the 10th Earl of Coventry, inherited her father's house, Amroth Castle in Pembrokeshire.

## InfoBox

| The Lord Kylsant | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord Kylsant, picture taken in the 1920s | |
| Born | Owen Cosby Philipps
(1863-03-25)25 March 1863
Warminster, Wiltshire |
| Died | 5 June 1937(1937-06-05) (aged 74)
Llangynog, Carmarthenshire |
| Known for | Business man, politician |
| Title | Baron Kylsant, of Carmarthen in the County of Carmarthen and of Amroth in the County of Pembroke |
| Political party | Liberal Member of Parliament (1906–1910)
Conservative Member of Parliament (1916–1922) |
| Board member of | Chairman and Chief Executive of Royal Mail Steam Packet Company |
| Criminal charge | Publishing a document with intent to induce a person to advance property (section 84 Larceny Act 1861) |
| Criminal penalty | Twelve months' imprisonment |
| Spouse | Mai Alice Magdalene Morris (1902–1937) |
| Children | Three daughters |
| Awards | KCMG (1909)
KStJ (1926)
GCMG (1918) |