title: Wronów, Pleszew County

abstract: Wronów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gizałki, within Pleszew County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Gizałki, 19 km (12 mi) north of Pleszew, and 74 km (46 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Wronów, Pleszew County

**Wronów** \[ˈvrɔnuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gizałki, within Pleszew County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Gizałki, 19 km (12 mi) north of Pleszew, and 74 km (46 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Wronów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wronów | |
| Coordinates: 52°3′N 17°50′E / 52.050°N 17.833°E / 52.050; 17.833 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Pleszew |
| Gmina | Gizałki |


title: Finca Sonador

abstract: The Finca Sonador project was launched in 1979 to provide a home for Nicaraguan refugees. Salvadorians followed in 1982 and now there are about 700 Salvadorians, Nicaraguans and Costa Ricans people living in the village of Longo Mai in Costa Rica. The village, which comprises a school, two shops, two churches and a great sense of community, is developing into a point of interest for many visitors. Biologists and others research the rainforest, archaeologists study rock paintings and other remains of the land’s earliest inhabitants and others teach, work on the field or simply learn how to bake a tortilla. The village hosts educational groups and individuals who do community service projects, take Spanish classes and learn from locals about history and culture of the region. “Finca Sonador” is a multinational experiment that has proven successful for almost three decades.

text:
# Finca Sonador

The **Finca Sonador** project was launched in 1979 to provide a home for Nicaraguan refugees. Salvadorians followed in 1982 and now there are about 700 Salvadorians, Nicaraguans and Costa Ricans people living in the village of Longo Mai in Costa Rica. The village, which comprises a school, two shops, two churches and a great sense of community, is developing into a point of interest for many visitors. Biologists and others research the rainforest, archaeologists study rock paintings and other remains of the land’s earliest inhabitants and others teach, work on the field or simply learn how to bake a tortilla. The village hosts educational groups and individuals who do community service projects, take Spanish classes and learn from locals about history and culture of the region. “Finca Sonador” is a multinational experiment that has proven successful for almost three decades.

9°13′39″N 83°22′59″W / 9.22750°N 83.38306°W / 9.22750; -83.38306


title: End Times (album)

abstract: End Times is the eighth studio album by American rock band Eels released on January 19, 2010. End Times is the second in a trilogy of concept albums starting with 2009's Hombre Lobo and finishing with Tomorrow Morning, released later in 2010.

text:
# End Times (album)

***End Times*** is the eighth studio album by American rock band Eels released on January 19, 2010. *End Times* is the second in a trilogy of concept albums starting with 2009's *Hombre Lobo* and finishing with *Tomorrow Morning*, released later in 2010.

## Content

The album was self-produced by frontman Mark Oliver Everett and focuses on themes of divorce and aging. The cover was designed by Adrian Tomine.

## Release

*End Times* was released on January 19, 2010. The album was also released in a deluxe edition with a bonus EP.

The music video for "Little Bird" was released on YouTube through the official Eels channel in November 2009 and "In My Younger Days" in December 2009. The single for "A Line in the Dirt" backed with "Little Bird" was released through Eels' online store on January 13, 2010.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Drowned in Sound* |  |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *NME* | 8/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 3.9/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Slant Magazine* |  |
| *Spin* |  |

Critical response to the album has been mostly positive. Will Dean of *The Guardian* called it "a classic break-up album".

*Pitchfork* published a negative review of the album, calling it "by all accounts a break-up album, but one that's plodding, boring, and full of icky self-pity \[...\] Eventually, Everett's disassociation with himself results in a disassociation with the music, as each painfully plain entry becomes simply exhaustively dull."

## Track listing

All songs written by .

1. "The Beginning" – 2:16
2. "Gone Man" – 2:59
3. "In My Younger Days" – 3:25
4. "Mansions of Los Feliz" – 2:49
5. "A Line in the Dirt" – 3:30
6. "End Times" – 2:58
7. "Apple Trees" – 0:40
8. "Paradise Blues" – 3:03
9. "Nowadays" – 3:09
10. "Unhinged" – 2:26
11. "High and Lonesome" – 1:07
12. "I Need a Mother" – 2:39
13. "Little Bird" – 2:34
14. "On My Feet" – 6:21

**Deluxe edition bonus EP**

1. "And Now for the End Times" – 0:19
2. "Some Friend" – 2:42
3. "Walking Cloud" – 2:25
4. "$200 Tattoo" – 2:02
5. "The Man Who Didn't Know He'd Lost His Mind" – 2:36

The short spoken-word introduction is only available on the iTunes Store edition of the album.

## Personnel

**Eels**

**Technical personnel**

* Ryan Boesch – recording and mixing on "Apple Trees", "Gone Man", and "In My Younger Days"
* Robert Carranza – recording, mixing on "A Line in the Dirt"
* Greg Collins – recording and mixing on "Apple Trees"
* Jim Lang – recording and horn arrangements on "A Line in the Dirt" and "Nowadays"

## Charts

## InfoBox

| End Times | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Eels | |
| Released | January 19, 2010 (2010-01-19) |
| Recorded | December 2008 – August 2009 |
| Studio | OneHitsville, U.S.A.; Los Feliz, California, United States |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Length | 39:56 |
| Label | Vagrant, E Works |
| Producer | Mark Oliver Everett |
| Eels chronology | |
| *Hombre Lobo*
(2009) ***End Times***
(2010) *Tomorrow Morning*
(2010) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *End Times* | |
| 1. "A Line in the Dirt"
Released: January 13, 2010 | |
|  | |


title: Mihriban Polat

abstract: Mihriban Polat is a Turkish curler from Erzurum, Turkey.

text:
# Mihriban Polat

**Mihriban Polat** is a Turkish curler from Erzurum, Turkey.

## Career

Polat joined the Turkish national junior women's team in 2016 as the teams' lead. At the 2016 World Junior Curling Championships, her team, led by skip Dilşat Yıldız, won three matches against Hungary, Japan and Russia, placing them eighth in the event. She then moved up to third on the team in 2017. The team had two runner-up finishes at the World Junior-B Curling Championships in both 2017 and 2018, however, Polat did not attend the 2017 World Junior Curling Championships. She would play second on the Turkish team at the 2018 World Junior Curling Championships, where they finished in last place with a 1–8 record. With Yıldız aged out of juniors, Polat took over the junior rink for the 2018–19 season. She skipped the junior team for two seasons, unable to qualify them for the World Junior Curling Championships in both attempts at the World Junior-B Curling Championships.

While still in juniors, Polat skipped the Turkish team to a silver medal at the 2017 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival at home in Erzurum. After finishing the round robin in first place with a 3–1 record and defeating Poland in the semifinal, the team lost 7–2 to Russia's Irina Nizovtseva in the championship game.

Polat joined the Turkish national women's team in 2019 as their lead. She played with the team at the 2019 European Curling Championships, where they topped the round robin in the B Division with a 7–2 record. This earned them the top seed in the playoff round, where they easily defeated England 9–4 in the semifinal. This advanced the Turkish side to the final, which they would drop 5–2 to Italy's Veronica Zappone. Despite the loss, their top two finish not only earned them a berth in the A Division for 2021, but also a spot at the 2020 World Qualification Event for a chance to qualify for the 2020 World Women's Curling Championship. At the event, Yıldız led Turkey to a 4–3 round robin record, enough to earn the third playoff spot. They then faced Italy for the final berth in the World Championship. Again, however, the Italians got the best of Team Turkey, defeating them 8–4 and earning the last spot at the Women's Worlds. The Turkish team did not compete in any international events during the 2020–21 season due to the cancellation of all events because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Berfin Şengül and Ayşe Gözütok joined the Turkish team the following season, shifting Polat to alternate on the team.

The 2021–22 season was a breakout season for Turkish curling, as the nation found relative successful in the international events they attended. At the start of the season, Erzurum hosted the 2021 Pre-Olympic Qualification Event to qualify teams for the 2021 Olympic Qualification Event. In the women's event, the Turkish team succeeded in qualifying for the Olympic Qualification Event, going 5–1 through the round robin and knockout round. Their next event was the 2021 European Curling Championships, where Turkey competed in the A Division. Through the event, Turkey posted three victories against Denmark, Estonia and Italy, enough to finish in seventh place in the group. This seventh-place finish was enough to earn them a direct spot into the 2022 World Women's Curling Championship, the first time Turkey ever qualified for a men's or women's world championship. Next was the Olympic Qualification Event, held December 5 to 18 in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. Polat, with Yıldız, Öznur Polat, Berfin Şengül and Ayşe Gözütok, finished 3–5 through the round robin. Their three victories, however, came against the top three teams in the event. The team defeated the eventual Olympic gold and silver medalists Eve Muirhead and Satsuki Fujisawa, as well as the silver medalists from 2018 in Korea's Kim Eun-jung. Into the new year, Polat and the women's team represented Turkey at the World Championship. After losing multiple close games in extra ends, the Turkish team was able to record their first victory in World Women's Championship history against Czech Republic's Alžběta Baudyšová 7–5 in Draw 17 of the event. The team ultimately finished the event in eleventh place with a 2–10 record, recording their second victory against the Scottish team who had to withdraw before the event began.

Team Yıldız had their best European Championship to date at the 2022 European Curling Championships. After three consecutive losses, the team won five straight games which included wins over higher seeded Germany, Denmark and Norway. In their final game, they lost a narrow 8–7 match to Sweden's Anna Hasselborg, finishing in sixth place and just outside of the playoffs. As they had finished in the top eight, however, they qualified once again for the 2023 World Women's Curling Championship. There, the team of Dilşat Yıldız, Öznur Polat, Polat, Berfin Şengül and İfayet Şafak Çalıkuşu again had a slow start, going 1–4 in their first five games. They then picked up momentum, winning four of their next five games, which included wins against Japan, Korea, Germany and Denmark. Needing to win their next two games to qualify for the playoffs, they fell 10–4 to Canada, eliminating them from contention. They were able to beat Scotland in their final round robin game to finish in eighth place with an even 6–6 record in their second world championship appearance.

In preparation for the 2023 European Curling Championships, the Turkish women's team played in two tour events. After a fourth-place finish at the Sundbyberg Open, the team advanced to the final of the WCT Tallinn Ladies Challenger where they lost to Evelīna Barone. At the Europeans in Aberdeen, the team did not replicate their success from 2022, instead finishing tied for last in the group with Czechia and Germany at 2–7. However, because their two victories came against these two teams, they finished eighth overall and earned qualification into the 2024 World Women's Curling Championship for a third straight year. Following the European championships, Polat was replaced on the team by İclal Karaman.

## Personal life

Polat is employed as an athlete.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015–16 | Dilşat Yıldız | Semiha Konuksever | Berivan Polat | Mihriban Polat |  |
| 2016–17 | Dilşat Yıldız | Mihriban Polat | Beyzanur Konuksever | Berivan Polat |  |
| | Mihriban Polat | Berivan Polat | Kader Macit | Zeynep Oztemir | Hilal Nevruz |
| 2017–18 | Dilşat Yıldız | Berivan Polat | Mihriban Polat | Zeynep Oztemir | Canan Temuren |
| 2018–19 | Mihriban Polat | Seyda Barış | Kader Macit | Hilal Nevruz | Elanur Parlayanyildiz |
| 2019–20 | Dilşat Yıldız | Öznur Polat | Semiha Konuksever | Mihriban Polat |  |
| | Mihriban Polat | Kader Macit | Hilal Nevruz | Selenay Diler | İfayet Şafak Çalıkuşu |
| 2021–22 | Dilşat Yıldız | Öznur Polat | Berfin Şengül | Ayşe Gözütok | Mihriban Polat |
| | Beyzanur Konuksever | Selenay Diler | İfayet Şafak Çalıkuşu | Mihriban Polat |  |
| 2022–23 | Dilşat Yıldız | Öznur Polat | İfayet Şafak Çalıkuşu | Mihriban Polat | Berfin Şengül |
| 2023–24 | Dilşat Yıldız | Öznur Polat | İfayet Şafak Çalıkuşu | Berfin Şengül | Mihriban Polat |

## InfoBox

| Mihriban Polat | |
| --- | --- |
| Curler | |
| Born | Erzurum, Turkey |
| Team | |
| Curling club | Milli Piyango CA, Erzurum |
| Curling career | |
| Member Association | Turkey |
| World Championship
appearances | 2 (2022, 2023) |
| European Championship
appearances | 4 (2019, 2021, 2022, 2023) |


title: Wender Taxol total synthesis

abstract: Wender Taxol total synthesis in organic chemistry describes a Taxol total synthesis by the group of Paul Wender at Stanford University published in 1997. This synthesis has much in common with the Holton Taxol total synthesis in that it is a linear synthesis starting from a naturally occurring compound with ring construction in the order A,B,C,D. The Wender effort is shorter by approximately 10 steps. Raw materials for the preparation of Taxol by this route include verbenone, prenyl bromide, allyl bromide, propiolic acid, Gilman reagent, and Eschenmoser's salt.

text:
# Wender Taxol total synthesis

**Wender Taxol total synthesis** in organic chemistry describes a Taxol total synthesis (one of six to date) by the group of Paul Wender at Stanford University published in 1997. This synthesis has much in common with the Holton Taxol total synthesis in that it is a linear synthesis starting from a naturally occurring compound with ring construction in the order A,B,C,D. The Wender effort is shorter by approximately 10 steps.

Raw materials for the preparation of Taxol by this route include verbenone, prenyl bromide, allyl bromide, propiolic acid, Gilman reagent, and Eschenmoser's salt.

## AB ring synthesis

The taxol synthesis started from the terpene verbenone **1** in **Scheme 1**, which is the oxidation product of naturally occurring α-pinene and forming ring A. Construction of ring B started with abstraction of the pendant methyl group proton by potassium *tert*-butoxide (conjugated anion is formed) followed by nucleophilic displacement of the bromine atom in prenyl bromide **2** to form diene **3**. Ozonolysis of the prenyl group (more electron-rich than the internal double bond) formed aldehyde **4**, which, after isomerization or photorearrangement to the chrysanthenone **5**, was reacted with the lithium salt (via LDA) of the ethyl ester of propiolic acid **6** in a nucleophilic addition to the alcohol **7**. This compound was not isolated but trapped in situ with trimethylsilyl chloride to the silyl ether **9**. In the next step, Gilman reagent **8** is a methylating reagent in nucleophilic conjugate addition through the alkyne group to the ketone group, which formed the alcohol **10**. The silyl ether protective group was removed by reaction with acetic acid to alcohol **11**, which was then oxidized to the ketone **12** with RuCl2(PPh3)3 and NMO as the sacrificial catalyst. The acyloin group in **13** was introduced by KHMDS and Davis’ oxaziridine (see Holton Taxol total synthesis for another use of this system) and its hydroxyl group together with the ester group were reduced by lithium aluminium hydride to tetrol **14**. Finally, the primary alcohol group was protected as a *tert*-butyldimethylsilyl ether by the corresponding silylchloride and imidazole in triol **15**.

|  |
| --- |
| Scheme 1 |

In the second part (**Scheme 2**) the procedures are still confined to rings A and B. More protective groups were added to triol **15** as reaction with PPTS and 2-methoxypropene gives the acetonide **16**. At this point the double bond in ring A was epoxidized with *m*-CPBA and sodium carbonate to epoxide **17** and a Grob fragmentation (also present in the Holton effort) initiated by DABCO opened up the AB ring system in alcohol **18**, which was not isolated but protected as a TIPS silyl ether **19** with triisopropylsilyl triflate and 2,6-lutidine. The C1 position was next oxidized by the phosphite ester, P(OEt)3 and the strong base KO*t*-Bu, and oxygen to alcohol **20** (the stereochemistry controlled by bowl-shaped AB ring with hydroxylation from unhindered convex direction), the primary alcohol group was deprotected with ammonium chloride in methanol to diol **21** and two reductions first with NaBH4 to triol **22** and then hydrogen gas and Crabtree's catalyst give triol **23**. These positions were protected by trimethylsilyl chloride and pyridine to **24** and then triphosgene to **25** in order to facilitate the oxidation of the primary alcohol group to the aldehyde **26** by PCC.

|  |
| --- |
| Scheme 2 |

## C ring synthesis

The next part constructed the C ring starting from aldehyde **26**, which was extended by one carbon atom to homologue **27** in a Wittig reaction with methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphine (**Scheme 3**). The acetonide group was removed by dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium iodide in dioxane and one hydroxyl group in the resulting diol **28** was protected as the triethylsilyl ether (TES) **29** with the corresponding silyl chloride and pyridine enabling oxidation of the remaining hydroxyl group to the ketone **30** with the Dess-Martin periodinane. Reaction with Eschenmoser's salt placed a methylene group (C20 in the Taxol framework) in the alpha position of the aldehyde to **31** and the next reaction introduced (the still lacking) C6 and C7 as the Grignard reagent of allyl bromide in a nucleophilic addition aided by zinc(II) chloride, which blocked the Grignard from attack on carbonate group, to alcohol **32**. The newly formed alcohol was protected as the BOM ether **33** with BOMCl and N,N-diisopropylethylamine. After removal of the TES protecting group with ammonium fluoride, the carbonate group in **34** was converted to a hydroxybenzoate group by action of phenyllithium and the secondary alcohol to the acetate **35** by in situ reaction with acetic anhydride and DMAP. In the next step the acyloin group had its positions swapped by reaction with triazabicyclodecene (other amine bases fail) forming **36** and in the final steps ring closure of ring C was accomplished by ozonolysis at the allyl group to **37** and Aldol reaction with 4-pyrrolidinopyridine to **38**.

|  |
| --- |
| Scheme 3 |

## D ring synthesis

The final part dealt with the construction of oxetane ring D starting with protection of the alcohol group in **38** (**Scheme 4**). as a TROC alcohol **39** with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate and pyridine. The OBOM group was replaced by a bromine group in three steps: deprotection to **40** with hydrochloric acid and sodium iodide, mesylation to **41** with mesyl chloride, DMAP and pyridine and nucleophilic substitution with inversion of configuration with lithium bromide to bromide **42**. Because the oxidation of the alkene group to the diol **43** with osmium tetroxide was accompanied by the undesired migration of the benzoate group, this step was taken to completion with imidazole as **44**. Two additional countermeasures were required: reprotection of the diol as the carbonate ester **45** with triphosgene and removal of the benzoate group (KCN) to alcohol **46** in preparation of the actual ring closure to the oxetane **47** with N,N-diisopropylethylamine. In the final steps the tertiary alcohol was acylated in **48**, the TIPS group removed in **49** and the benzoate group re-introduced in **50**.

Tail addition of the Ojima lactam **51** was not disclosed in detail but finally taxol **52** was formed in several steps similar to the other efforts.

|  |
| --- |
| Scheme 4 |


title: Monitoring and evaluation

abstract: Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is a combined term for the processes set up by organizations such as companies, government agencies, international organisations and NGOs, with the goal of improving their management of outputs, outcomes and impact. Monitoring includes the continuous assessment of programmes based on early detailed information on the progress or delay of the ongoing assessed activities. Evaluation involves the examination of the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and impact of activities in the light of specified objectives. Monitoring and evaluation processes can be managed by the donors financing the assessed activities, by an independent branch of the implementing organization, by the project managers or implementing team themselves and/or by a private company. The credibility and objectivity of monitoring and evaluation reports depend very much on the independence of the evaluators. Their expertise and independence is of major importance for the process to be successful. Many international organizations such as the United Nations, USAID, the World Bank group and the Organization of American States have been utilizing this process for many years. The process is also growing in popularity in the developing countries where the governments have created their own national M&E systems to assess the development projects, the resource management and the government activities or administration. The developed countries are using this process to assess their own development and cooperation agencies.

text:
# Monitoring and evaluation

**Monitoring and Evaluation** (**M&E**) is a combined term for the processes set up by organizations such as companies, government agencies, international organisations and NGOs, with the goal of improving their management of outputs, outcomes and impact. Monitoring includes the continuous assessment of programmes based on early detailed information on the progress or delay of the ongoing assessed activities. Evaluation involves the examination of the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and impact of activities in the light of specified objectives.

Monitoring and evaluation processes can be managed by the donors financing the assessed activities, by an independent branch of the implementing organization, by the project managers or implementing team themselves and/or by a private company. The credibility and objectivity of monitoring and evaluation reports depend very much on the independence of the evaluators. Their expertise and independence is of major importance for the process to be successful.

Many international organizations such as the United Nations, USAID, the World Bank group and the Organization of American States have been utilizing this process for many years. The process is also growing in popularity in the developing countries where the governments have created their own national M&E systems to assess the development projects, the resource management and the government activities or administration. The developed countries are using this process to assess their own development and cooperation agencies.

## Evaluation

The M&E is separated into two distinguished categories: evaluation and monitoring. An evaluation is a systematic and objective examination concerning the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainabilities of activities in the light of specified objectives. The idea in evaluating projects is to isolate errors in order to avoid repeating them and to underline and promote the successful mechanisms for current and future projects.

An important goal of evaluation is to provide recommendations and lessons to the project managers and implementation teams that have worked on the projects and for the ones that will implement and work on similar projects.

Evaluations are also indirectly a means to report to the donor about the activities implemented. It is a means to verify that the donated funds are being well managed and transparently spent. The evaluators are supposed to check and analyze the budget lines and to report the findings in their work. Monitoring and Evaluation is also useful in the Facilities \[Hospitals\], it enables the donors such as WHO and UNICEF to know whether the funds provided are well utilized in purchasing drugs and also equipment in the Hospitals.

## Monitoring

Monitoring is a continuous assessment that aims at providing all stakeholders with early detailed information on the progress or delay of the ongoing assessed activities. It is an oversight of the activity's implementation stage. Its purpose is to determine if the outputs, deliveries and schedules planned have been reached so that action can be taken to correct the deficiencies as quickly as possible.

Good planning, combined with effective monitoring and evaluation, can play a major role in enhancing the effectiveness of development programs and projects. Good planning helps focus on the results that matter, while monitoring and evaluation help us learn from past successes and challenges and inform decision making so that current and future initiatives are better able to improve people's lives and expand their choices.

## Differences between monitoring and evaluation

In monitoring, the feedback and recommendation is inevitable to the project manager but in evaluation, this is not the case. The common ground for monitoring and evaluation is that they are both management tools. For monitoring, data and information collection for tracking progress according to the terms of reference is gathered periodically which is not the case in evaluations for which the data and information collection is happening during or in view of the evaluation. The monitoring is a short term assessment and does not take into consideration the outcomes and impact unlike the evaluation process which also assesses the outcomes and sometime longer term impact. This impact assessment occurs sometimes after the end of a project, even though it is rare because of its cost and of the difficulty to determine whether the project is responsible for the observed results. Evaluation is a systematic and objective examination which is conducted on monthly and/or yearly basis, unlike Monitoring, which is a continuous assessment, providing stakeholders with early information. Monitoring checks on all the activities on the last \[implementation stage\] unlike Evaluation which entails information on whether the donated funds are well managed and that they are transparently spent.

## Importance

Although evaluations are often retrospective, their purpose is essentially forward looking. Evaluation applies the lessons and recommendations to decisions about current and future programmes. Evaluations can also be used to promote new projects, get support from governments, raise funds from public or private institutions and inform the general public on the different activities.

The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in February 2005 and the follow-up meeting in Accra underlined the importance of the evaluation process and of the ownership of its conduct by the projects' hosting countries. Many developing countries now have M&E systems and the tendency is growing.

## Performance measurement

The credibility of findings and assessments depends to a large extent on the manner in which monitoring and evaluation is conducted. To assess performance, it is necessary to select, before the implementation of the project, indicators which will permit to rate the targeted outputs and outcomes. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), an outcome indicator has two components: the baseline which is the situation before the programme or project begins, and the target which is the expected situation at the end of the project. An output indicator that does not have any baseline as the purpose of the output is to introduce something that does not exist yet.

## In the United Nations

The most important agencies of the United Nations have a monitoring and evaluation unit. All these agencies are supposed to follow the common standards of the United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG). These norms concern the Institutional framework and management of the evaluation function, the competencies and ethics, and the way to conduct evaluations and present reports (design, process, team selection, implementation, reporting and follow up). This group also provides guidelines and relevant documentation to all evaluation organs being part of the United Nations or not.

Most agencies implementing projects and programmes, even if following the common UNEG standards, have their own handbook and guidelines on how to conduct M&E. Indeed, the UN agencies have different specialisations and have different needs and ways of approaching M&E. The Joint Inspection Unit of the United Nations periodically conducts system-wide reviews of the evaluation functions of their 28 Participating Organizations.

## Reference's


title: PSB Insights

abstract: PSB Insights is a consultancy firm founded in 1997 by Mark Penn and Douglas Schoen.

text:
# PSB Insights

**PSB Insights** (formerly **Penn, Schoen & Berland**) is a consultancy firm founded in 1997 by Mark Penn and Douglas Schoen.

## History

Company founders Mark Penn and Douglas Schoen met at the Horace Mann prep school, where they were both students, and they later attended Harvard University together. In 1974, Schoen brought Penn into Hugh Carey's campaign for New York governor, and in 1977, they established the firm. In 1977, Penn and Schoen were hired by consultant David Garth to carry out polling for Ed Koch's campaign for mayor of New York City. The company introduced overnight tracking polls and computer analysis of results, which informed the campaign's media strategy and helped Koch win the election. In the 1980s, they worked for Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin. According to the New York Times, the firm's use of computerized polling analysis and specialized personnel for direct-mail were key innovations in political campaigns of the period.

Michael Berland joined the company in 1990 and it became known as Penn, Schoen & Berland Associates. During the 1990s, the company increasingly focused on corporate clients, but in 1995, Schoen and Penn began working with Bill Clinton, using their experience from the corporate world and previous political clients to advise on his day-to-day communications and his 1996 reelection campaign.

In November 2001, Penn Schoen Berland was acquired by the London-based media and communications company WPP Group plc. Later that year, the company founded its media and entertainment practice. The company then became a division of Burson-Marsteller and part of the Young & Rubicam group of companies.

In July 2012, Mark Penn left both Burson-Marsteller and Penn Schoen Berland Company chairman Donald A. Baer led Penn Schoen Berland following Penn's departure. In October 2012, Burson-Marsteller executive vice president Jay Leveton was named PSB's interim CEO. In December 2019, Peter Horst was named PSB's CEO. In May 2020, PSB rebranded as PSB Insights. The firm has offices in New York City, Washington, Denver, Seattle, Los Angeles, London, and Dubai. Worldwide, PSB has more than 200 consultants.

## Campaigns and elections

### Bill Clinton

PSB was hired by the Clinton administration in 1995 to change the White House political strategy leading up to the 1996 election, the company helped Bill Clinton to develop his "new Democrat" language and policies. For example, the term "bridge to the 21st century" was developed with help from Penn, who advised Clinton to begin using such market-tested phrases.

In 1996, the company worked on Clinton's successful re-election campaign, helping him to win on an updated platform. For the firm's work on the 1996 election, Time magazine dubbed Penn and Schoen "Masters of the Message" in an article focused on the campaign and their influence.

PSB continued to provide polling and advice during Clinton's second term. One notable PSB poll led directly to the policy of placing Social Security first in priorities for spending the budget surplus of 1997. In Clinton's 1998 State of the Union address, he called for Congress to focus first on Social Security in allocating the surplus funds.

### Michael Bloomberg

In 2001 and 2005, PSB provided polling for Michael Bloomberg's New York mayoral campaigns. In the 2001 campaign, the firm carried out polling to gather information about New Yorkers' opinions. PSB was hired again by Bloomberg for his re-election campaign in 2005. The firm provided "voter-list development" and created "the most sophisticated database ever developed for a municipal election", according to The New York Post.

### Tony Blair

Penn was hired by then-Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2005 to provide advice for the upcoming UK general election. He became part of the Labour Party's election team, working on a strategy to gain voters who would traditionally have voted for the Conservative Party. The strategy helped Labour, with Blair in leadership, to win a third term for the first time in the party's history.

### Hillary Clinton

PSB first worked with Hillary Clinton on her successful campaign in 2000 to become New York's junior senator.

In 2007 and 2008, PSB provided Clinton with polling, direct mail, and other services for the Democratic presidential nomination. As part of services provided by the firm, Penn became Clinton's communications adviser, employing a team of 20 employees to carry out the routine campaign work. In April 2008, it was disclosed that, in his role as chief executive of Burson-Marsteller, Penn had met Colombian government representatives to discuss promoting a free-trade agreement opposed by Clinton. Penn stepped down from his role as a chief strategist but he and PSB continued to poll and provide advice for the campaign.

### Venezuela

PSB organized polling during the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004 of President Hugo Chávez and released poll results on election day, predicting that 59 percent of voters were in favor of recalling Chávez. The following day, the referendum results were almost the exact opposite of the poll results: the results showed that 58 percent opposed recalling the president. Schoen stated that he believed the referendum "was a massive fraud" and Penn noted that PSB's two previous exit polls in Venezuela had correctly predicted the final results. The results of the referendum were endorsed by César Gaviria, secretary general of the Organization of American States, and former U.S. president Jimmy Carter, who monitored the vote. Leaders of the opposition refused to accept the results, citing PSB's exit poll as proof of fraud.

The 20,000 responses in the exit poll produced a large amount of data, leading to an extremely low sampling error. According to the Center for Economic and Policy Research, because the chance of sample error in the exit poll was so low and observers did not find any signs of fraud, it may have been the survey's methodology that led to the discrepancy in results. PSB was criticized in the press for how the poll was carried out because the company used members of a Venezuelan group called Súmate for fieldwork. The group had been involved in organizing the recall and was considered anti-Chávez by the Venezuelan government. The company stated that the issues were with the voting, not the exit poll. Following the exit poll, Penn replaced Schoen as PSB's representative for Venezuela.

### Other campaigns and elections

In 1999, the firm carried out polls in Serbia, commissioned by the National Democratic Institute of Washington in support of Slobodan Milošević's Democratic opponents. The polls found that the majority of voters disapproved of Milosevic's performance and wanted him to resign, supporting the view held in the U.S. that he was unlikely to win re-election.

In 2004, PSB organized an exit poll in Ukraine for the presidential election. The poll was commissioned by the Ukrainian ICTV television channel. The firm also conducted polling in Italy in 2006, on behalf of Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia party. Berlusconi stated that in final polls before the election he was tied with opposition leader Romano Prodi, although polls carried out by other firms had shown that Prodi would win by approximately 5 percent. In the final results, Prodi won by less than 0.1 percent of the vote.

PSB's South Asia office, led by former CEO of Genesis Burson-Marsteller (GBM) and Asia Pacific Board Member of Burson-Marsteller (B-M) Ashwani Singla, was appointed as the pollster for the 2014 Lok Sabha elections by the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP). The firm carried out three waves of polling, including over three hundred thousand interviews, to generate a campaign strategy to win the mandate of the people of India to form the government. BJP scored an unprecedented victory, securing a single party majority not seen for the last three decades in election history.

## Corporate work

PSB's corporate work has focused on leveraging the experience gained in political campaigns to guide its research, advice, and communications for numerous Fortune 500 companies. The company's major corporate clients have included AT&T, Ford, McDonald’s, Citibank, Facebook, and Microsoft.

### Notable corporate work

In 1993, PSB advised AT&T and analyzed its advertising strategy to help refocus the phone company and to compete with MCI Inc. The research by PSB, including polling data on lifestyle and behavior, found that AT&T's strategies had previously not included niche groups such as immigrants making calls to their home country. Following PSB's advice, AT&T used niche-market details in commercials and specially targeted offers to gain these customers.

Microsoft has been a client of PSB since the 1990s. Penn advised Bill Gates on the campaign to prevent Microsoft from being broken up, which was mandated by the 2000 court decision in the anti-trust case brought by the U.S. Justice Department. The company also provided key research into consumer opinions about Microsoft following the court case.

In 2004, PSB carried out research for McDonald's in the UK when the fast food company was concerned about negative public opinion following the release of the film Super Size Me. PSB's surveys of consumers and stakeholder groups found that food quality was a high priority among these audiences. The results led to the initiation of an advertising campaign focusing on food quality.

From the early 1990s, PSB has conducted surveys of fans for Major League Baseball. According to MLB commissioner Bud Selig, the research led to changes in the structure of the sport including expansion of playoffs and interleague play. In 1997, while MLB was deciding whether to pursue geographic realignment of teams, PSB carried out research including surveys and focus groups of fans. The company found that a majority of fans were in favor of such realignment.

The company conducted research for Ford in 2009 and 2010, focusing on its in-car electronics. A 2009 PSB poll to support Ford's sales case for built-in electronics found that 93 percent of those surveyed agree with the idea of a nationwide ban on texting while driving. In 2010, Ford introduced technology to allow parents to prevent teenage drivers from listening to explicit radio content based on PSB survey data.

In 2015, Ford was preparing to introduce a redesigned F-150 truck, featuring an aluminum body. PSB conducted research to determine the most effective messages to promote the new F-150 while neutralizing any potential attacks on its durability and safety. By describing the materials as “military-grade aluminum alloys” and emphasizing that the same materials are used by the US Military in their advanced attack vehicles, Ford was able to position their #1 selling vehicle as the toughest truck on the market.

## Entertainment and media

The company's entertainment and media practice was founded in 2001 and provides research for magazine publishers, film studios, and video game publishers, including marketing positioning, test screenings, focus groups, creative advertising testing, and box office tracking. In 2012, PSB expanded this area of its business with the acquisition of First Movies International, an entertainment market research company. Major entertainment and media clients of PSB include Disney, Paramount Pictures, and Condé Nast, for whom the company carried out research to decide on a name for its former business magazine, Condé Nast Portfolio.

## Public research

### Aspen Institute studies

PSB has also conducted studies for the Aspen Institute and the related Aspen Ideas Festival. Partnering with *Time* magazine and the Aspen Institute in 2011, PSB polled Americans on their opinions of the decade following the September 11th terrorist attacks. The following year, the company conducted polls on Americans' attitudes towards the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which was commissioned by *The Atlantic* and the Aspen Institute.

### Global Corporate Reputation Index

In 2012, the company released its "Global Corporate Reputation Index" at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. The index listed the top 25 consumer companies by reputation. The research for the index was conducted in partnership with Burson-Marsteller, Landor Associates, and Brand Asset Consulting, and consisted of 40,000 interviews in 6 countries, focusing on the qualities associated with nearly 6,000 companies.

### Arab Youth Survey

For 11 years, ASDA’A, BCW, and PSB have presented evidence-based insights into the attitudes of Arab youth via its Arab Youth Survey, providing public and private sector organizations with data and analysis to make effective decisions and policies. It is the largest survey of its kind, conducted in 15 Arab states and territories with 3,300 face-to-face interviews with young Arabs ages 18–24.

## Selected awards

Mark Penn was named Pollster of the year in 1996 and 2000 by the American Association of Political Consultants, for the company's political polling. PSB received a Telly Award in 2008 for its work on Dominion's "Every Day" Campaign, a Pollie Award in 2009 for Television Advertising for its "3AM" commercial for Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign, and a Reed Award in 2011 for Best Radio Ad from *Campaigns and Elections* magazine for work done for the National Association of Convenience Stores. In 2012 PSB was awarded a David Ogilvy Award from the Advertising Research Foundation for its work on "Justin Bieber: Never Say Never".

Official website

## InfoBox

PSB
|
|  |
| Company type | Public relations |
| Founded | 1977 (1977) |
| Founder | Mark Penn and Douglas Schoen |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Dave Gordon, CEO |
| Services | Market research, strategic communications, advertising |
| Parent | WPP plc |
| Website | www.psbinsights.com |


title: It Grows on You

abstract: "It Grows on You" is a short story by American writer Stephen King, originally published in Marshroots in 1973. It was nominated for the 1983 Locus Award for "Best Short Story".

text:
# It Grows on You

"**It Grows on You**" is a short story by American writer Stephen King, originally published in *Marshroots* in 1973. It was nominated for the 1983 Locus Award for "Best Short Story".

## Plot summary

The story recounts bizarre and inexplicable events that have taken place in a notorious house in the town of Castle Rock, Maine. The house seems to take on a life of its own as new wings are added, growing in a way that seems proportionate to the awful events that occurred there. The new wings added seem to be connected to the deaths of men who, as boys, were molested by the house owner's wife.

## Publication

King wrote "It Grows on You" in 1973. It was influenced by Sherwood Anderson's *Winesburg, Ohio*, Thornton Wilder's *Our Town*, and the works of Davis Grubb such as "Where the Woodbine Twineth". King sought to "capture that world of dirt roads, abandoned houses, and general stores full of old men, old baked bean supper posters, and old flypaper" and to depict "...a house that would grow every time some old campaigner in the town kicked the bucket \[...\] a kind of rambling New England memorial that was half-crypt, half living organism."

"It Grows on You" was originally published in volume three, number one of the University of Maine publication *Marshroots* in autumn 1973. In August 1982, a revised version was published in *Whispers*; this version was nominated for the Locus Award for "Best Short Story" in 1983 . In 1992, it was included in the anthology *Death* edited by Stuart Schiff. In October 1993, a further revised version was collected in King's book *Nightmares & Dreamscapes*. In the notes to *Nightmares & Dreamscapes*, King suggested that "It Grows on You" could serve as a sequel to his 1991 work *Needful Things*, which is also set in Castle Rock.

## InfoBox

| "It Grows on You" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Stephen King | |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Horror, fantasy |
| Publication | |
| Published in | *Marshroots* |
| Publication type | Periodical |
| Publisher | University of Maine |
| Media type | Print (magazine and paperback) |
| Publication date | Autumn 1973 |


title: PCDH10

abstract: Protocadherin-10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH10 gene. This gene belongs to the protocadherin gene family, a subfamily of the cadherin superfamily. The mRNA encodes a cadherin-related neuronal receptor thought to play a role in the establishment and function of specific cell-cell connections in the brain. This family member contains 6 extracellular cadherin domains, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail differing from those of the classical cadherins. Alternatively spliced transcripts encode isoforms with unique cytoplasmic domains.

text:
# PCDH10

**Protocadherin-10** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *PCDH10* gene.

This gene belongs to the protocadherin gene family, a subfamily of the cadherin superfamily. The mRNA encodes a cadherin-related neuronal receptor thought to play a role in the establishment and function of specific cell-cell connections in the brain. This family member contains 6 extracellular cadherin domains, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail differing from those of the classical cadherins. Alternatively spliced transcripts encode isoforms with unique cytoplasmic domains.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| PCDH10 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | PCDH10, OL-PCDH, PCDH19, protocadherin 10 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 608286; MGI: 1338042; HomoloGene: 74967; GeneCards: PCDH10; OMA:PCDH10 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_020815
NM\_032961   NM\_001098170
NM\_001098171
NM\_001098172
NM\_011043   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_065866
NP\_116586   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 133.15 – 133.21 Mb Chr 3: 45.33 – 45.39 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Travel Air 1000

abstract: The Travel Air 1000 was an American single-engined biplane, the first product of the newly formed Travel Air Manufacturing Company of Wichita, Kansas. It led to a line of Travel Air biplanes produced until 1930 when the company was bought by Curtiss-Wright.

text:
# Travel Air 1000

The **Travel Air 1000** was an American single-engined biplane, the first product of the newly formed Travel Air Manufacturing Company of Wichita, Kansas. It led to a line of Travel Air biplanes produced until 1930 when the company was bought by Curtiss-Wright.

## Design and development

The Travel Air Company was formed in early 1925. The Travel Air 1000 was the first design by the company. A conventional biplane with two open cockpits in tandem, with the pilot at the rear. It was powered by a 90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OX-5 engine and had a conventional landing gear with a tailskid. The Travel Air 1000 registered *NC241* first flew on 13 March 1925 flown by Walter Beech. With some minor changes it was developed into the Travel Air 2000.

## Aircraft on display

The Travel Air 1000 is owned by the Experimental Aircraft Association and is on display at the Beechcraft Heritage Museum in Tullahoma, Tennessee.

## Specifications

*Data from*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Capacity:** 2
* **Length:** 23 ft 6 in (7.16 m)
* **Wingspan:** 33 ft 0 in (10.06 m)
* **Empty weight:** 1,300 lb (590 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 2,050 lb (930 kg)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Curtiss OX-5 , 90 hp (67 kW)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 96.5 mph (155.3 km/h, 83.9 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 85 mph (137 km/h, 74 kn)
* **Minimum control speed:** 38 mph (61 km/h, 33 kn)
* **Range:** 450 mi (720 km, 390 nmi)

### Notes

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Travel Air 1000 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Travel Air 1000 at the Beechcraft Heritage Museum | |
| Role | Single-engined Biplane |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Travel Air |
| First flight | 13 March 1925 |
| Status | Preserved |
| Number built | 1 |
| Developed into | Travel Air 2000 |


title: Michael Steinberg (filmmaker)

abstract: Michael Steinberg is a director, writer and producer. He is a graduate of the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. He has directed three films that all premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and has written and/or produced four other award-winning features since his debut in 1992. In addition, Steinberg has written, directed, and/or produced several television projects since 2000.

text:
# Michael Steinberg (filmmaker)

**Michael Steinberg** (born 15 May 1959) is a director, writer and producer. He is a graduate of the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. He has directed three films that all premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and has written and/or produced four other award-winning features since his debut in 1992. In addition, Steinberg has written, directed, and/or produced several television projects since 2000.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | *Teenage Theater intros for Rhino Video starring Mamie Van Doren* | Director | Intros to films in the *Teenage Theater* anthology from Rhino Video |
| 1988 | *Nightwatch* | Director, writer, producer, editor | Short film |
| 1992 | *The Waterdance* | Director | Won the IFP Spirit Award for "Best First Feature" and the "Audience Award" at the Sundance Film Festival. The film is included in the book "The Best 1000 Films of All Time" published by The New York Times. |
| 1993 | *Bodies, Rest & Motion* | Director | Runner-up for the "Audience Award" at the Sundance Film Festival. It was selected for the "Un Certain Regard" section at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. |
| 1994 | *Sleep with Me* | Producer, co-writer | Selected as the "Opening Night Gala Premiere" for the Toronto International Film Festival and the "Un Certain Regard" section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival. |
| 1998 | *There's Something About Mary* | Producer | Steinberg was nominated for a Golden Globe as a producer and the film won an MTV Award for "Best Movie" of the year. The movie is No. 27 on AFI's list of "Greatest American Comedies". |
| 1998 | *Wicked* | Director | Julia Stiles won a "Best Actress" award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival and the film was nominated for a Crystal Globe in the Main Competition. |
| 1999 | *The Caseys* | Director, writer, executive producer | Unsold pilot broadcast as a TV movie |
| 2005 | *The Cave* | Co-writer | *The Cave* was released by Screen Gems on 2,195 screens and has grossed $33,296,457 theatrically. |
| 2008 | *Hell Ride* | Producer | Premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2008 under the "Quentin Tarantino Presents" banner. The film is an homage to the original outlaw biker films of the 1960s and 1970s. |

## InfoBox

| Michael Steinberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1959-05-15) 15 May 1959
Rapid City, South Dakota, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Film and TV director
Film and TV producer
Film and TV Writer |
| Years active | 1992  present |


title: Geoffrey Lemprière

abstract: Geoffrey Raoul Lemprière was an Australian woolbuyer and soldier. He was born at Elsternwick, the eldest son of woolbroker Audley Raoul Lemprière and Adelaide Maude, née Greene. His father was a grandson of Thomas Lempriere. He attended Grange Hill Open Air School in Sandringham and Geelong Grammar School before studying in Switzerland at L'Ecole de Commerce in Neuchâtel. After a period in Europe he returned to Australia and was elected a director of his father's firm, A. R. Lemprière Pty Ltd, when the latter died in 1931. He was based in Belgium during this period, but returned to Australia when World War II broke out. After twelve months in the Australian Imperial Force he transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force in July 1941 and was posted to Rabaul. During the evacuation of New Britain he was captured by the Japanese and sent to a prisoner of war camp in Japan; he was mentioned in despatches for his conduct as a prisoner of war. He resumed his old position after the war, but retired in 1955. After a period on the Australian trade mission to India, he settled in Tasmania and became state president of the Liberal Party, serving on its federal executive from 1961 to 1965. Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1969, Lemprière died at Shearwater in 1977. He never married. His brothers William and Peter were also well-known wool buyers, while artist Helen Lempriere was his cousin.

text:
# Geoffrey Lemprière

**Geoffrey Raoul Lemprière** OBE (3 May 1904  20 March 1977) was an Australian woolbuyer and soldier.

He was born at Elsternwick, the eldest son of woolbroker Audley Raoul Lemprière and Adelaide Maude, *née* Greene. His father was a grandson of Thomas Lempriere. He attended Grange Hill Open Air School in Sandringham and Geelong Grammar School before studying in Switzerland at L'Ecole de Commerce in Neuchâtel. After a period in Europe he returned to Australia and was elected a director of his father's firm, A. R. Lemprière Pty Ltd, when the latter died in 1931. He was based in Belgium during this period, but returned to Australia when World War II broke out. After twelve months in the Australian Imperial Force he transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force in July 1941 and was posted to Rabaul. During the evacuation of New Britain he was captured by the Japanese and sent to a prisoner of war camp in Japan; he was mentioned in despatches for his conduct as a prisoner of war.

He resumed his old position after the war, but retired in 1955. After a period on the Australian trade mission to India, he settled in Tasmania and became state president of the Liberal Party, serving on its federal executive from 1961 to 1965. Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1969, Lemprière died at Shearwater in 1977. He never married. His brothers William and Peter were also well-known wool buyers, while artist Helen Lempriere (whose maternal family was that of singer Nellie Melba) was his cousin.

## InfoBox

| Geoffrey LemprièreOBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1904-05-03)3 May 1904
Elsternwick, Victoria |
| Died | 20 March 1977(1977-03-20) (aged 72)
Shearwater, Tasmania |


title: General Thomas Hills

abstract: The General Thomas Hills are a mountain range in Esmeralda County, Nevada.

text:
# General Thomas Hills

The **General Thomas Hills** are a mountain range in Esmeralda County, Nevada.

## InfoBox

| General Thomas Hills | |
| --- | --- |
| General Thomas HillsLocation of General Thomas Hills in Nevada | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,991 m (6,532 ft) |
| Geography | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| District | Esmeralda County |
| Range coordinates | 37°57′41.756″N 117°24′16.315″W / 37.96159889°N 117.40453194°W / 37.96159889; -117.40453194 |
| Topo map | USGS Paymaster Canyon |


abstract: General Tests of English Language Proficiency (G-TELP) are English language tests, developed by the International Testing Services Center (ITSC) in 1985. They comprehensively evaluate the practical English use ability of test takers who do not speak English as their native language. There are different forms of the exam: The G-TELP Test consists of areas such as grammar, listening, reading and vocabulary totaling a possible 99 score. There are also the G-TELP Speaking and Writing Tests. The G-TELP speaking test is composed of tasks that assess content, grammar, fluency, vocabulary, and pronunciation of content. The G-TELP Writing test is composed of tasks that assess grammar, vocabulary, organization, substance, and style. Both assessments use a score scale of Level 1 to Level 11.

text:
# General Tests of English Language Proficiency

**General Tests of English Language Proficiency** (**G-TELP**) are English language tests, developed by the International Testing Services Center (ITSC) in 1985. They comprehensively evaluate the practical English use ability of test takers who do not speak English as their native language.

There are different forms of the exam: The G-TELP Test consists of areas such as grammar, listening, reading and vocabulary totaling a possible 99 score. There are also the G-TELP Speaking and Writing Tests. The G-TELP speaking test is composed of tasks that assess content, grammar, fluency, vocabulary, and pronunciation of content. The G-TELP Writing test is composed of tasks that assess grammar, vocabulary, organization, substance, and style. Both assessments use a score scale of Level 1 to Level 11.

## History

In 1983, the International Testing Services Center under San Diego State University conducted research on the development of an English test with professors, linguists, and evaluation experts from the University of California, Los Angeles, Georgetown University, and Rado International College. For about three years after the completion of development, feasibility was verified and completed through sample surveys and preliminary test trials in countries around the world, including the United States, China, Japan, and Saudi Arabia, and the test began officially in 1985.

ITSC develops, administers, and evaluates G-TELP tests for people of all ages. ITSC is a research-oriented, independent educational measurement and evaluation organization that aims to provide equal educational opportunities to people all over the world.

Currently, tests are being conducted in the United States, China, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Argentina and Saudi Arabia. San Diego State University, Georgetown University, and Lado International College administered G-TELP as a college admission test.

## Characteristics

G-TELP test includes the following features:

* The G-TELP is made by licensed and qualified agents in many countries. The test is a comprehensive English proficiency assessment to measure competence in grammar, listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and vocabulary. It assesses general English language proficiency instead of focusing on merely academic or business contexts, with multiple-choice four-choice questions.

* The G-TELP provides score quickly. Conveniently, test takers receive the announcement of results within a week of the test date. It also provides comprehensive analysis and diagnosis through absolute evaluation.

* The G-TELP is criterion-referenced rather than norm-referenced like other commonly-used tests are. The criterion referenced method analyzes the language abilities of A and B in addition to the simple comparison between A and B. The strengths and weaknesses of each structure and question information type are analyzed and diagnosed in detail. The test enhances the educational outcomes by suggesting the learning direction of the examinees.

* The G-TELP Level Test consists of 5 levels from Level One, the highest level, Level Five, the lowest. By focusing on a specific level of proficiency, each test achieves more extensive sampling of performance than a single test which assesses multiple levels. Listening skills are more emphasized at the lowest level, Level Five, and reading skills are more emphasized at the highest level.

## Test formats and content

This is a comprehensive English proficiency assessment consisting of three areas: grammar, listening, and reading and vocabulary. Each item is composed of multiple choice questions. Scoring is carried out in the absolute evaluation method, and the test is composed of five levels, so it is possible to evaluate each level.

| Level | Questionnaire method and time | Evaluation standard |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Level 1 | * Listening: 30 questions (about 30 minutes) * Reading and Vocabulary: 60 questions (70 minutes) | * Able to communicate on an equal basis with foreigners who speak their native language * Able to interpret international conferences |
| Level 2 | * Grammar: 26 questions (20 minutes) * Listening: 26 questions (about 30 minutes) * Reading and Vocabulary: 28 questions (40 minutes) | * Able to communicate without difficulty in daily life and business counseling * Able to attend meetings and seminars with foreigners, and study abroad |
| Level 3 | * Grammar: 22 questions (20 minutes) * Listening: 24 questions (about 20 minutes) * Reading and Vocabulary: 24 questions (40 minutes) | * Able to travel overseas and simple business trips |
| Level 4 | * Grammar: 20 questions (20 minutes) * Listening: 20 questions (about 15 minutes) * Reading and Vocabulary: 20 questions (25 minutes) | * Able to communicate through short sentences of basic vocabulary |
| Level 5 | * Grammar: 16 questions (15 minutes) * Listening: 16 questions (about 15 minutes) * Reading and Vocabulary: 18 questions (25 minutes) | * Able to listen and understand daily greetings and introductions |

## Test scores

The G-TELP's personal score report includes the Overall Proficiency, which indicates whether the grade is Mastery, the Skill Area Scores, which are grammar, listening, reading, and vocabulary scores, and the Task/Structure Score. Linking G-TELP score ranges to other scores. The comparison scores are provided by G-TELP Korea, the company that performs the G-TELP tests.

## G-TELP Speaking

*G-TELP Speaking* is an internationally recognized English Speaking test developed by the evaluation experts of the International Testing Services Center. The Speaking test assesses grammar, vocabulary, organization, substance, and style. The G-TELP Speaking Test takes approximately 30 minutes to complete. The test has about 30 questions and a score range between Level 1 and Level 11, with test takers grouped into eleven proficiency levels for Speaking.

## G-TELP Writing

*G-TELP Writing* is a test that evaluates practical English writing skills of non-native English speakers in everyday life. The writing topics of G-TELP Writing are based on real life and consist of problems that can occur frequently in daily life, such as responding to letters or inquiries, writing reports, and writing journals. In addition, the writing topics and questions are structured so that the test takers can improve the correct composition, expression, and style of writing in English.

The test lasts about 60 minutes and consists of 5 areas. It is composed of tasks that assess grammar, vocabulary, organization, substance, and style. The test has a score range between level 1 and the level 11, with test takers grouped into eleven proficiency levels for Writing.

## G-TELP Business

*G-TELP Business* is evaluates the ability to use English in a business setting containing business-oriented materials, topics and situations. The examinee's proficiency is measured through his/her responses to the various work-related situations and conditions presented.

### G-TELP Business Speaking

*G-TELP Business Speaking* evaluates an examinee’s ability to use English to communicate in a business setting. The test includes Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced sections that evaluate proficiency at eleven levels of practical ability. The test assesses Content, grammar, fluency, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The G-TELP Business Speaking Test takes approximately 35 minutes to complete. The test has about 30 questions and a score range between Level 1 and Level 11.

### G-TELP Business Writing

*G-TELP Business Writing* evaluates an examinee’s ability to write clearly and effectively in a business setting. The test lasts about 60 minutes and consists of 5 areas. It is composed of tasks that assess grammar, vocabulary, organization, style, and substance. The test has a score range between level 1 and the level 11.

## G-TELP Jr.

*G-TELP Jr.* is a test that evaluates the practical English proficiency of elementary and middle school students. It consists of a total of 5 grades and evaluates grammar, listening, reading comprehension and vocabulary. It is scored in an absolute evaluation method.

## Countries

This is a global English proficiency evaluation certification test conducted internationally. Test takers can take G-TELP in more than 14 countries.

## Use of the test result

### Asia

#### South Korea

In South Korea, it is used when hiring national civil servants, police officers, maritime police officers, firefighters, military officers, etc. In the case of educational institutions, it is being used as graduation requirements for major universities such as Kyungpook National University, Kyunghee University, Dongguk University, Sungkyunkwan University, Chung-Ang University, Daewon Foreign Languages High School, Korea University, Sogang University Sungbo High School, Yoido Girls High School, Youngnam University and Hanyang University, as well as for language talent selection tests and competitions. CJ Group, LG Group, SK Group, Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, Mirae Asset Financial Group, Hanwha Group, Hyundai Corporation,3M Korea, BC Card, Daewoo Motors, Inc., DHL Korea, Digital Equipment Korea, Hyundai Shipping, KIA Group Korea Bank, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Exchange Bank Credit Card, Kunyoung Group, Kyongki Bank, Kyunghylang Dally Newspaper Inc., LG Electronics Academy, Longterm Credit Bank, Ministry of Agriculture, R.O.K., Ministry of General Affairs, R.O.K., Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.K., National Assembly,P & G Korea Research Institute, Agricultural Development, Center, R.O.K., Pohang Steel Company Human Resources Development, Center Rochet Electric Co., Samsung General Training Institute, Samsung Human Resources Development Center, Samyang Group Sangyong Group, Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee, Sheraton Walker Hill Hotel, Shilla Hotel, Shinhan Bank, Sunkyong Group, Swiss Grand Hotel, etc. are using it for recruitment and promotion of new employees.

In the case of Gwangju Metropolitan City, Gwacheon, Gunpo, Gimpo, Ansan, Anyang, and Pocheon, local governments themselves are implementing a policy to support the test fee for young people living in the area.

#### China

In China, it was used as a system to evaluate the communication skills of hotel and lodging establishments in the China National Tourism Administration, \[21\] and is being used at the government level, such as being used for the 2008 Summer Olympics Organizing Committee's English Language Proficiency Test and Volunteer Selection Test. Also it was used Beijing Second College, Ladder College at East China Normal University, Shanghai National Tourism Administration, Department of Personnel and Education, Beijing, P.R.C., Shanghai Examination Authority, Shanghai Municipal and Government.

#### Japan

In Japan, it is used at Tokyo Metropolitan University, Keio University, Nihon University, Kagoshima University, Tokyo Seitoku University, Tokyo City University, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Nihon University, Fukuoka Prefectural University, Hokkai Gakuen University, and Nagasaki University.

Also it is used at Aichi Gakuin Junior College, Atomi Junior College, AYUSA International Japan, Baika College, Baiko Gakuin Women's Junior College, Biwako Seikel Sports University, Chuo University, Doshisya University, Eiti University, Fukuoka International University, Future University, Hakodate, Gakushuin University, Gakushuin Women's College, Helan Jogakuin University, Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University Hiroshima Syudo University, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamisawa, Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Ibaraki University, Ikuei Women's College, International Buddhist University Jumonji Gakuen Women's College, Jumonji Gakuen Women's University, Kansai International University Kansai University of International Studies, Kanto Gakuin University, Kawarnura Gakuen Woman's University, Keio Gijuku University Keisen University, Kinjo Gakuin University, Kinran College, Kobe City College of Nursing, Kobe International University, Kobe Jogakuin College, Kobe Shinwa Women's UniversityKokusai Aviation College, Konan Women's University, Kove Shinwa Women's University, Kumamoto University, Kyoei University, Kyoto Gakuen University, Kyoto Koka Women's University, Kyoto Seika University, Kyoto Tachibana Women's University, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Meikai University, Meisei University, Mukogawa Women's College, Musashino Women's University, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagasaki Wesleyan University, Nagoya Gakuin University Nagoya Keizai University, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Neopt College, Nihon College, Nihon University, Nippon Institute of Technology, Notre Dame Women's College of Kyoto, Oita Tomei High School, Osaka Aoyama College, Osaka Chiyoda Junior College, Osaka City University, Osaka Economic University, Osaka International University, Osaka Sangyo University, Osaka Seikei College, Osaka Seikei University, Osaka Seikei Women's College, Osaka Shoin Women's University, Osaka University of Arts Junior College, Otani Junior College Otemae University, Otemon Gakuin University, Otsuma Women's University, Ritsumeikan University, Sagami Women's College, Saitama Medical School, Saitama Prefectual University, Saniku Gakuin College, Sanyo Gakuen University, Sapientia University, Sapporo International Junior College, Seibold University of Nagasaki, Seijo University, Senshu University, Shobi Gakuen University, Shobi University, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Takachiho University, Takasaki City University of Economics, Takasaki University of Commerce, Takushoku University, Tensi University, Tezukayama University, Toho University, Tohoku Institute of Technology Toin University of Yokohama, Toita Women's College, Tokiwakai Gakuen University, Tokiwakai University, Tokyo Christian University, Tokyo Kasei Gakuin Women's University, Tokyo Seitoku University, Tokyo Toritu University, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo University, TOP English Schools, Tottori University of Environmental Studies, Toyama Prefectual College, Tsukuba International University, University of Marketing and Distribution Science, Wakayama Shinai Women's College, Wako University, Wayo Women's University, and Yamanashi College of Nursing

#### Taiwan

In Taiwan, it is being used at National Tainan University, Taipei National University of Arts,Chern Gong High School, Chiang Shu High School Chung Shan High School, Keelung Girls High School, Ming Tao High School, San Hsin High School Shing Ming High School, Tainan Junior High School of Home Economics, Taipei First Girls High School Taipei National College of Business, Wen Tzao Junior College, URUGUAY, Victoria College Western Road, YES., and Chinese Culture University.

### America

#### United States

In United States, it is used as a qualification for official language proficiency in the Korean-American college student training program also known as WEST, American Language Institute, San Diego State University, AYUSA International USA, California State University, Los Angeles, Georgetown University, National Education Corporation, Spartan School of Aeronautics, University of Delaware, University of South Florida

#### Canada

In Canada, it is used when selecting exchange students at the University of Victoria.

#### Argentina

In Argentina, it is used at Academia Argentina School, Asociación Educativa Pío León, Buenos Aires English centre, centro educativo latinoamericano, Academia de Inglés Juan XXIII, Argentina School, Asociación Educativa Pio León, Asociación Puntana Eva Perón, B. H. Mondos, Bridge English, Buenos Aires English Centre (B.A.E.), Centro de Inglés Americano, Centro Educativo Latinoamericano, Colegio Alemán, Colegio Aula XXI, Colegio Goyena, Colegio Manuel Belgrano, Colegio North Hills, Colegio Pellegrini, Colegio San Pedro Apóstol, Colegio Sarmiento, Colegio Schönthal, Colegio Siglo XXI, Columbia School, Compu-English, CR Language School, Cultural Inglesa Oxford, Dover High School, English Institute, Escuela Agropecuaria, Escuela Arco Iris, Escuela de Capacitación N° 10 "Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, Escuela de Lenguas (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Escuela del Sol, Escuelas Técnicas ORT 1, Escuelas Técnicas ORT 2, Ideas Institute Network, IICANA IICANA (Filial La Rioja), IICANA (Nuestra Señora del Carmen), Instituto Dialogue, Instituto Británico., Instituto Cardoso, Instituto Corazón de María, Instituto Newman, Instituto Saint Michael's, instituto Saint Thomas More, Instituto William Blake, Instituto Windsor, L.E.A. Institute, Landmark, Language Classroom, Language Network, Lincoln Institute, Link, Lugano English Institute, New Model International School, Pravia English Teaching Studio, Princeton School, Proyecto 3, Salem, St. John's School, T. S. Eliot Bilingual Studies, Thomas Jefferson College, Traductorado Superior "Lenguas Vivas" and Unidad Educativa Maryland.

#### Mexico

In Mexico, it is used at Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior (BANCOMEX), Banco Nacional de México (BANAMEX), CETAC, Mexicali Universidad de Guadalajara, General Electric de México, S. A., Instituto de Lenguas Extranjeras ILE, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Subsecretaria de Educación e Investigación Tecnológicas de México (SEIT, national adoption of G-TELP for all,university-level Institutos Tecnológicos and all CECATI and vocational centers)

### Europe

#### United Kingdom

In United Kingdom, it is used as a qualification for the official language proficiency of a working holiday visa.

## InfoBox

General Tests of English Language Proficiency
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Acronym | G-TELP |
| Type | Paper-based standardized test. |
| Administrator | International Testing Services Center |
| Skills tested | Reading, listening, speaking and writing of the English language. |
| Purpose | To assess the English language proficiency of non-native English speakers. |
| Year started | 1985 (1985) |
| Duration | Level 1: 100 minutes
Level 2: 90 minutes
Level 3: 80 minutes
Level 4: 60 minutes
Level 5: 55 minutes |
| Score validity | 2 years |
| Languages | English |
| Website | itsc-group.com |


title: Triambak Sharma

abstract: Triambak Sharma is an Indian cartoonist. In 1996, he founded Cartoon Watch, India's only monthly cartoon magazine, which connected well known Indian cartoonists like Abid Surti, R.K.Laxman, Sudhir Tailang, Pran and many others. He established an animation academy in 2009 at Raipur.

text:
# Triambak Sharma

**Triambak Sharma** (born 5 September 1970) is an Indian cartoonist. In 1996, he founded *Cartoon Watch*, India's only monthly cartoon magazine, which connected well known Indian cartoonists like Abid Surti, R.K.Laxman, Sudhir Tailang, Pran and many others. He established an animation academy in 2009 at Raipur.

## Early life and education

Triambak was born in 1970 at Durg Chhattisgarh. He attended schools in Durg and Bhilai. Triambak took keen interest in painting, dramas, literary activities etc. He amazingly did good campaign to popularise cartoon art. After graduating from the Kalyan College, Bhilai started working in 1989, he left for Raipur for higher studies and completed Bachelor of Journalism course at Chhattisgarh College.

## Career

Triambak's cartoons were published in the Nava Bharat and Central Chronicle. Then he joined Dainik Bhaskar and The Hitavada. He observed that after the closure of the popular *Shankar's Weekly*, no cartoon magazine survived a lot. Thus he started the only monthly cartoon magazine of India named Cartoon Watch. After 12 years of publication, Triambak had a chance of organising a two-week-long cartoon exhibition at Nehru Center in London. He spent the period in various Art schools, cartoon museums utilising the opportunity to study the advanced techniques in cartooning. He also visited Bahrain and Nepal.

He instituted an annual Competition for budding cartoonists. Annual Lifetime Achievement Award for Senior Cartoonist is also awarded by Cartoon watch. These awards are presented by Governor, chief ministers and other ministers. **Cartoon Character PRince** : He has created a Cartoon character PRince, which is being used every month in the ezine PR-e-Sense. This cartoon character PRince was launched by Former Indian President Dr APJ Abdul Kalam in July 2008.

### Honours and awards

## InfoBox

| Triambak Sharma | |
| --- | --- |
| Triambak Sharma | |
| Born | (1970-09-05) 5 September 1970<br>Chhattisgarh, Durg-Bhilai |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Cartoonist, writer |
| Known for | Cartoon Watch magazine |


title: Michigan Jake

abstract: Michigan Jake was a barbershop quartet that formed in 1995. The quartet borrowed the name from Michigan J. Frog, the singing frog in the 1955 Merrie Melodies short One Froggy Evening. The original line-up comprised the section leaders of the Louisville Times chorus of Louisville, Kentucky. After a few changes in the line-up, Michigan Jake won the 2001 International Quartet Contest in Nashville, along with becoming the first barbershop quartet to win a Harmony Award from the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. They announced their retirement on July 1, 2004.

text:
# Michigan Jake

**Michigan Jake** was a barbershop quartet that formed in 1995. The quartet borrowed the name from Michigan J. Frog, the singing frog in the 1955 Merrie Melodies short *One Froggy Evening*.

The original line-up comprised the section leaders of the *Louisville Times* chorus of Louisville, Kentucky. After a few changes in the line-up, Michigan Jake won the 2001 International Quartet Contest in Nashville, along with becoming the first barbershop quartet to win a Harmony Award from the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. They announced their retirement on July 1, 2004.

## Discography

* *Steppin Out* with the Louisville Times Chorus (CD, cassette; 1997)
* *For the Record* (CD/cassette; 2000)
* *How Rhythm Was Born* (CD; 2004)

## InfoBox

| **Michigan Jake** | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Louisville, Kentucky |
| Genres | Barbershop |
| Years active | 1995–2004 |
|  | |
| Past members | * Drew Kirkman tenor (since 1998) * Mark Hale lead * Joel Wilson baritone (since 1998) * Greg Hollander bass * Christopher Hale – tenor (to 1998) * Gary Davis – baritone (to 1998) |
|  | |
| Website | Official site |


title: Gennadij Raivich

abstract: Gennadij Raivich is a professor of perinatal neuroscience, specialising in maternal and fetal medicine. He was born in New Zealand and is a qualified doctor in Germany; although he has taught in the UK he has never practised there. In April 2013, it was revealed Raivich had been arrested by police in connection with sexual assaults. These related to his activities as a private sperm donor, often using the pseudonym 'Frank Qualman', during which he had fathered 58 children. A trial at Blackfriars Crown Court in London ended with Raivich being found guilty of two counts of sexual assault. However, he was cleared of a further eight counts of sexual assault and sexual assault by digital penetration because the jury was unable to reach a verdict. Following the trial Raivich was given a nine-month prison sentence, suspended for two years, and ordered to pay £5,000 in prosecution costs. At the time of his arrest, Raivich was employed by the University College London (UCL)'s Institute for Women's Health. Following the commencement of the case against him, Raivich continued to publish scientific papers; one co-authored with UCL staff was published almost a year later in March 2014. Reporting for Times Higher Education, Jack Grove reported that: "A UCL spokesman said that the institution 'took steps to ensure UCL’s interests were protected' when it became aware of the matter. But it has refused to say whether he was suspended ahead of the court case or if his role in maternal medicine had been restricted". Grove added that immediately after Raivich's conviction the college had refused to say what action it would be taking in relation to his employment. Raivich subsequently resigned from his post at UCL in September 2014.

text:
# Gennadij Raivich

**Gennadij Raivich** is a professor of perinatal neuroscience, specialising in maternal and fetal medicine. He was born in New Zealand and is a qualified doctor in Germany; although he has taught in the UK he has never practised there.

In April 2013, it was revealed Raivich had been arrested by police in connection with sexual assaults. These related to his activities as a private sperm donor, often using the pseudonym 'Frank Qualman', during which he had fathered 58 children. A trial at Blackfriars Crown Court in London ended with Raivich being found guilty of two counts of sexual assault. However, he was cleared of a further eight counts of sexual assault and sexual assault by digital penetration because the jury was unable to reach a verdict.

Following the trial Raivich was given a nine-month prison sentence, suspended for two years, and ordered to pay £5,000 in prosecution costs.

At the time of his arrest, Raivich was employed by the University College London (UCL)'s Institute for Women's Health. Following the commencement of the case against him, Raivich continued to publish scientific papers; one co-authored with UCL staff was published almost a year later in March 2014. Reporting for Times Higher Education, Jack Grove reported that: "A UCL spokesman said that the institution 'took steps to ensure UCL’s interests were protected' when it became aware of the matter. But it has refused to say whether he was suspended ahead of the court case or if his role in maternal medicine had been restricted". Grove added that immediately after Raivich's conviction the college had refused to say what action it would be taking in relation to his employment. Raivich subsequently resigned from his post at UCL in September 2014.

## Publications

* Raivich, Gennadij, et al. "Neuroglial activation repertoire in the injured brain: graded response, molecular mechanisms and cues to physiological function." *Brain Research Reviews* 30.1 (1999): 77–105.
* Raivich, Gennadij, et al. "The AP-1 transcription factor c-Jun is required for efficient axonal regeneration." *Neuron* 43.1 (2004): 57–67.
* Raivich, Gennadij, et al. "Immune surveillance in the injured nervous system: T-lymphocytes invade the axotomized mouse facial motor nucleus and aggregate around sites of neuronal degeneration." *The Journal of Neuroscience* 18.15 (1998): 5804–5816.
* Raivich, Gennadij, and Richard Banati. "Brain microglia and blood-derived macrophages: molecular profiles and functional roles in multiple sclerosis and animal models of autoimmune demyelinating disease." *Brain Research Reviews* 46.3 (2004): 261–281.
* Raivich, Gennadij, et al. "Inhibition of Posttraumatic Microglial Proliferation in a Genetic Model of Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor Deficiency in the Mouse." *European Journal of Neuroscience* 6.10 (1994): 1615–1618.
* Raivich, Gennadij. "Like cops on the beat: the active role of resting microglia." *Trends in Neurosciences* 28.11 (2005): 571–573.
* Raivich, Gennadij, Rainer Hellweg, and Georg W. Kreutzberg. "NGF receptor-mediated reduction in axonal NGF uptake and retrograde transport following sciatic nerve injury and during regeneration." *Neuron* 7.1 (1991): 151–164.

1. Grove, Jack (14 August 2014). "University College London silent on fate of convicted professor". *Times Higher Education*. London. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
2. Brown, Raymond (30 September 2014). "Prof Gennadij Raivich who fathered 58 children via his fertility clinic sentenced over molesting Cambridgeshire woman". *Cambridge News*. Cambridge. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
3. "UCL professor walks free from court after sexually assaulting woman who needed sperm donor". *London Evening Standard*. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
4. "The week in higher education - 9 October 2014". *Times Higher Education*. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2015.

## InfoBox

| Gennadij Raivich | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | New Zealand |
| Nationality | New Zealand, Germany |
| Occupation | Professor of Perinatal Neuroscience |
| Employer | Formerly employed by University College London (UCL) |
| Known for | Maternal and fetal medicine, scientific research |
| Notable work | List of scientific publications (see article) |
| Criminal charges | Two counts of sexual assault (convicted) |
| Criminal penalty | Nine-month prison sentence, suspended for two years; £5,000 in prosecution costs |


title: Michal Brož

abstract: Michal Brož is a Czech athlete specialising in the 400 metres hurdles. He represented his country at four consecutive European Championships reaching the semifinals on each occasion. His personal best in the event is 49.78 seconds set in Tampere in 2013.

text:
# Michal Brož

**Michal Brož** (born 16 June 1992) is a Czech athlete specialising in the 400 metres hurdles. He represented his country at four consecutive European Championships reaching the semifinals on each occasion.

His personal best in the event is 49.78 seconds set in Tampere in 2013.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing the  Czech Republic | | | | | |
| 2009 | World Youth Championships | Brixen, Italy | 24th (sf) | 110 m hurdles (91.4 cm) | 14.93 |
| 2011 | European Junior Championships | Tallinn, Estonia | 12th (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 52.50 |
| | | | 5th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:10.20 |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 21st (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 51.35 |
| 2013 | European U23 Championships | Tampere, Finland | 5th | 400 m hurdles | 49.78 |
| 2014 | European Championships | Zürich, Switzerland | 17th (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 50.39 |
| 2015 | Universiade | Gwangju, South Korea | 13th (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 51.27 |
| 2016 | European Championships | Amsterdam, Netherlands | 22nd (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 50.85 |
| 2018 | European Championships | Berlin, Germany | 19th (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 50.31 |

## InfoBox

Michal Brož
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-06-16) 16 June 1992 |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 73 kg (161 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | 400 metres hurdles |
| Club | TJ Dukla Praha |


title: Travis Jayner

abstract: Travis Jayner is a Canadian-born American short track speed skater who is a member of the US Olympic Team for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia. He earned a bronze medal in the 5000-meter relay with teammates Apolo Ohno, J.R. Celski, Jordan Malone and Simon Cho. He is currently the Short Track Speedskating Elite Athlete Representative for the US Speedskating Board of Directors.

text:
# Travis Jayner

**Travis Jayner** (born May 9, 1982 in Riverview, New Brunswick) is a Canadian-born American short track speed skater who is a member of the US Olympic Team for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia. He earned a bronze medal in the 5000-meter relay with teammates Apolo Ohno, J.R. Celski, Jordan Malone and Simon Cho.

He is currently the Short Track Speedskating Elite Athlete Representative for the US Speedskating Board of Directors.

## Early life

Jayner's father, Jack Jayner, was a U.S. and North American short track champion in high school, and Canadian short track champion 11 years later, early in his business career as an architect. In 1975, he founded a speed skating club in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, and introduced Travis and his brother Alex to the sport when they were five years old.

Born to unilingual English-speaking parents, Jayner successfully completed the Early Total French Immersion Option of Frank L. Bowser Elementary School in Riverview, New Brunswick – in which only French is spoken in Grades 1, 2, and 3. He cultivated this grounding with speed skaters from Quebec whom he met regularly at youth-age competitions, training camps, and sport summer schools, both in Quebec and New Brunswick cities, achieving fluency in French by the end of high school.

He avidly participated in many sports including volleyball, soccer, cross country running, high-jumping and ball hockey (as goaltender) – earning high school letters while maintaining academic honors.

Jayner graduated in 2000 from Riverview High School. Accepted by both McGill and Concordia Universities, he promptly moved to Montreal and took an apartment off-campus (with Quebec skater Olivier Jean) to be near the National Training Center in the Maurice Richard Arena. They were coached by Dany Lemay and Yves Hamelin. Off-season they inline road-raced often – including the 24-hour team event on the city's Formula One high performance auto track.

During these years Jayner's academics focused on engineering and urban studies while, as a skater, he moved up the ranks, participating in several CanAm competitions. As a result of contacts established at these cross-border invitational meets, Jayner played host to Ryan Bedford (of Michigan) and Jordan Malone (of Texas) in Montreal – showing them around town, introducing them to the local short track skating scene and advising them on dealing with the French language – during times when they sought diverse independence in their training programs and experience.

At the 2003 Canada Winter Games in Bathurst/Campbellton, Jayner represented his home province of New Brunswick, winning a silver medal in the men's short track 3000m.

In 2004, circumstances resulted in Jayner's move to Midland, Michigan – where Ryan Bedford and his family returned hosting favors. Jayner subsequently skated and dryland-trained in the summer in Marquette, Michigan, with Shani Davis – who was active in both short track and long track pursuits at that time. That fall, Jayner accepted an invitation to train at the USA National Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado – in a program directed by Derek Campbell.

## Professional career

In September 2005, Jayner qualified for his first World Cup Team – a tour of 4 competitions – the final two being Olympic Qualifier events – determining the Nation Quotas for the 2006 Olympic Games in Torino, Italy. The USA qualified a maximum Olympic squad.

## InfoBox

Travis Jayner
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1982-05-09) May 9, 1982<br>Riverview, New Brunswick, Canada |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 74.8 kg (165 lb; 11.78 st) |
| Sport | |
| Country | United States |
| Sport | Speed skating |
| Club | APTE |
| Medal record      Men's short track speed skating  Representing the  United States  Winter Olympics  2010 Vancouver  5000 m relay  World Championships  2010 Sofia  5000 m relay  2007 Milan  5000 m relay  2011 Sheffield  5000 m relay  World Team Championships  2009 Heerenveen  overall  World Cup  2008 Vancouver  5000 m relay  2009 Marquette  5000 m relay  2010 Montreal  1500 m 2  2010 Quebec  1000 m 2  2010 Quebec  5000 m relay  2010 Changchun  5000 m relay  2011 Moscow  1500 m  2007 Saguenay  5000 m relay  2009 Montreal  1500 m  2010 Montreal  1000 m  2010 Montreal  5000 m relay  2011 Moscow  1000 m 2 | |


title: Travis Janssen

abstract: Travis Janssen is an American college baseball coach and former second baseman who is the head baseball coach at Oxford High School. Janssen played college baseball at New Mexico State from 1995 to 1996, before playing professionally. He then served as the head coach of the Northeastern State (2012–2015) and the Austin Peay Governors (2016–2022).

text:
# Travis Janssen

**Travis Janssen** is an American college baseball coach and former second baseman who is the head baseball coach at Oxford High School. Janssen played college baseball at New Mexico State from 1995 to 1996, before playing professionally. He then served as the head coach of the Northeastern State (2012–2015) and the Austin Peay Governors (2016–2022).

## Playing career

Janssen attended Manhattan High School in Manhattan, Kansas. Janssen was on the second ever Manhattan baseball team, and helped lead the team to a state championship as a senior in 1992. Janssen then committed to Butler Community College, where he was a member of the Butler Grizzles baseball team. After two seasons at Butler, Janssen transferred to New Mexico State University where he continued his baseball career. In 1995, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

## Coaching career

Janssen served as a graduate assistant with the Kansas State Wildcats baseball program in 1997. In 1998, he moved on to Butler where he spent a season. In 1999, he joined the Arkansas Razorbacks baseball team as an assistant.

On June 29, 2011, Janssen was named the head coach of the Northeastern State University baseball team.

On September 16, 2015, Janssen was named the head coach of the Austin Peay Governors baseball program. On April 25, 2022, Janssen was relieved of his duties as head coach of the Governors.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Northeastern State RiverHawks**  *(Independent)* (2012) | | | | | | | | |
| 2012 | Northeastern State | 25–24 | 0–0 |  |  |
| **Northeastern State RiverHawks**  *(Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association)* (2013–2015) | | | | | | | | |
| 2013 | Northeastern State | 28–23 | 25–20 | 6th | MIAA Tournament |
| 2014 | Northeastern State | 26–28 | 20–20 | 8th | MIAA Tournament |
| 2015 | Northeastern State | 25–24 | 17–19 | 8th |  |
| **Northeastern State:** | | 104–99 | 47–33 |  | | | | |
| **Austin Peay Governors**  *(Ohio Valley Conference)* (2016–2022) | | | | | | | | |
| 2016 | Austin Peay | 30–23 | 17–9 | 3rd | Ohio Valley Tournament |
| 2017 | Austin Peay | 28–30 | 13–16 | 7th | Ohio Valley Tournament |
| 2018 | Austin Peay | 30–27 | 17–13 | 5th | Ohio Valley Tournament |
| 2019 | Austin Peay | 32–25 | 19–11 | T-2nd | Ohio Valley Tournament |
| 2020 | Austin Peay | 7–10 | 1–2 |  | Season canceled due to COVID-19 |
| 2021 | Austin Peay | 23–33 | 16–14 | T-4th | Ohio Valley Tournament |
| 2022 | Austin Peay | 15–25 | 7–8 |  |  |
| **Austin Peay:** | | 165–173 | 90–68 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 269–272 |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Travis Janssen
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1974-07-05) July 5, 1974
Manhattan, Kansas |
| Playing career | |
| 1993–1996 | Butler C. C. |
| 1995–1996 | New Mexico State |
| 1996 | Adirondack Lumberjacks |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Second baseman |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1997 | Kansas State (GA) |
| 1998 | Butler C. C. (asst.) |
| 1999–2001 | Arkansas (asst.) |
| 2002–2003 | Northwestern State (asst.) |
| 2004–2005 | Hawaii (asst.) |
| 2006–2011 | Jacksonville State (asst.) |
| 2012–2015 | Northeastern State |
| 2016–2022 | Austin Peay |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 269–272 |
| Tournaments | OVC: 6–10
NCAA: 0–0 |
|  | |