title: Too Stupid to Die

abstract: Too Stupid to Die is an American reality television stunt series similar to Jackass. It premiered on MTV on August 21, 2018, and concluded its run on December 7 of the same year.

text:
# Too Stupid to Die

***Too Stupid to Die*** is an American reality television stunt series similar to *Jackass*. It premiered on MTV on August 21, 2018, and concluded its run on December 7 of the same year.

## Cast

* Zach Holmes
* Coty Saints
* Meggan Wentz
* Tommy Anderson
* Chadwick Allendorf
* Damon Reynolds
* Khyler Vick
* Chad Tepper

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Too Stupid to Quit Being Stupid" | August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21) | 0.42 |
| 2 | "Too Stupid to Drive" | November 2, 2018 (2018-11-02) | 0.40 |
| 3 | "Too Stupid to Love" | November 9, 2018 (2018-11-09) | 0.26 |
| 4 | "Too Stupid to Sweat" | November 16, 2018 (2018-11-16) | 0.37 |
| 5 | "Too Stupid to Work" | November 30, 2018 (2018-11-30) | 0.40 |
| 6 | "Too Stupid to Fail" | November 30, 2018 (2018-11-30) | 0.30 |
| 7 | "Too Stupid for the World" | December 7, 2018 (2018-12-07) | 0.28 |
| 8 | "Too Stupid for Holidays" | December 7, 2018 (2018-12-07) | 0.23 |

## InfoBox

| *Too Stupid to Die* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre |  |
| Created by |  |
| Inspired by |  |
| Starring | * Zach Holmes * Coty Saints * Meggan Wentz * Tommy Anderson * Chadwick Allendorf * Damon Reynolds * Khyler Vick * Chad Tepper |
| Music by | The Big News |
| Opening theme | "Bad Kids" by Black Lips |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producer | Ryan Byrne |
| Production locations | Indiana, U.S. |
| Cinematography |  |
| Editors | * Michael Darrow * Paul Makkos * Ramin Mostazavi * Desireh Sedeghat * Blake West |
| Production company | Gunpowder & Sky |
| Original release | |
| Network | MTV |
| Release | August 21 (2018-08-21)
December 7, 2018 (2018-12-07) |


title: Rujnik

abstract: Rujnik is a village situated in Niš municipality in Serbia.

text:
# Rujnik

**Rujnik** is a village situated in Niš municipality in Serbia.

## InfoBox

| Rujnik | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| RujnikLocation in Serbia | |
| Coordinates: 43°23′31″N 21°52′59″E / 43.39194°N 21.88306°E / 43.39194; 21.88306 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Nišava District |
| Municipality | Niš |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Rubbish (radio series)

abstract: Rubbish is a British radio series written by Tony Bagley, who also wrote Married. It was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in October 2006. A second series began broadcasting on 31 October 2007.

text:
# Rubbish (radio series)

***Rubbish*** is a British radio series written by Tony Bagley, who also wrote *Married*. It was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in October 2006. A second series began broadcasting on 31 October 2007.

## Plot summary

Martin Christmas (Reece Dinsdale) is a "local government officer" in the Sanitation department, whose days revolve around endless recycling initiatives and whose nights revolve around failed relationships and cynical interior monologues.

Much of the program is Martin narrating his life, in between conversations with the various deranged people around him. His boss agonizes over competition with other departments to come top of "greenness" league tables. His smug colleagues constantly swap girlfriends, or as they say, recycle them. Random bursts of insanity break into his world, as with the stranger from another department who accuses Martin of conducting a neo-pagan rite for a woman who had renounced paganism, followed by the pagans in the council attempting to recruit him.

Unwillingly attending a diversity course Martin somehow achieves an inner peace and, to his surprise, beds the instructor, Sarah (Nicola Walker). Much of the rest of the series revolves around their on-and-off relationship, her somewhat masochistic yearnings, and the highs and lows of his moods. She augments her own meagre income by teaching courses in "life editing" and similar fads at adult education colleges, dragging Martin along to make up the numbers, but not to participate.

Ever present is the "Fifth Horseman of the Apocalypse, Embarrassment" who pays regular visits, especially when Martin lets himself be led into temptation, such as by scaling the tower at the local fire station, in the nude, with a couple of adventurous neighbours.

Like the hero of *Married*, Martin is a world-class curmudgeon who deconstructs the world around him in long literate sentences.

1. Campling, Chris (29 February 2024). "Radio Choice". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 29 February 2024.

## InfoBox

*Rubbish*
| Genre | Radio comedy |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Language(s) | English |
| Home station | BBC Radio 4 |
| Starring | Reece Dinsdale<br>Nicola Walker |
| Written by | Tony Bagley |
| Original release | October 2006 (2006-10) |


title: Too Tall Hall

abstract: Jonte "Too Tall" Hall is an American basketball player for the Harlem Globetrotters. At 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m) and 142 pounds (64 kg), he is one of the smallest players in Globetrotter history.

text:
# Too Tall Hall

**Jonte** "**Too Tall**" **Hall** (born July 2, 1982) is an American basketball player for the Harlem Globetrotters. At 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m) and 142 pounds (64 kg), he is one of the smallest players in Globetrotter history.

1. Klingaman, Mike (March 23, 2012). "'Too Tall' Jonte Hall living the dream with the Harlem Globetrotters". *The Baltimore Sun*. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
2. "Former CCBC Catonsville Guard, Jonte "Too Tall" Hall, joins the Harlem Globetrotters". *National Junior College Athletic Association*. October 19, 2011. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
3. Larson, Cindy (January 12, 2012). "5-2 Harlem Globetrotter 'Too Tall'? You bet". *The News-Sentinel*. Fort Wayne, Indiana. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2015.


title: Le Charmel

abstract: Le Charmel is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Le Charmel

**Le Charmel** (French pronunciation: \[ ʃaʁmɛl\]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 223 |  |
| 1968 | 206 | −7.6% |
| 1975 | 180 | −12.6% |
| 1982 | 249 | +38.3% |
| 1990 | 268 | +7.6% |
| 1999 | 282 | +5.2% |
| 2008 | 324 | +14.9% |

## InfoBox

| Le Charmel | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Le Charmel | |
| Le CharmelLe Charmel | |
| Coordinates: 49°06′50″N 3°33′00″E / 49.1139°N 3.55°E / 49.1139; 3.55 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Aisne |
| Arrondissement | Château-Thierry |
| Canton | Fère-en-Tardenois |
| Intercommunality | CA Région de Château-Thierry |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Martial Bailleul |
| Area**1** | 9.83 km2 (3.80 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 326 |
| Density | 33/km2 (86/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 02164 /02850 |
| Elevation | 73–225 m (240–738 ft)
(avg. 180 m or 590 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Rule of four

abstract: The rule of four is a US Supreme Court practice that permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari. It has the specific purpose to prevent a majority of the Court's members from controlling their docket. The rule of four is not required by the US Constitution, any law, or even the Court's own published rules. Rather, it is a custom that has been observed since the Court was given discretion on hearing appeals by the Judiciary Act of 1891, Judiciary Act of 1925, and the Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988. The "Rule of Four" has been explained by various Justices in judicial opinions throughout the years. For example, Justice Felix Frankfurter described the rule as follows: "The 'rule of four' is not a command of Congress. It is a working rule devised by the Court as a practical mode of determining that a case is deserving of review, the theory being that if four Justices find that a legal question of general importance is raised, that is ample proof that the question has such importance. This is a fair enough rule of thumb on the assumption that four Justices find such importance on an individualized screening of the cases sought to be reviewed." The Rule of Four in general has remained constant for some time in which it takes at least four affirmative votes to grant a petition for certiorari, but the ancillary aspects of it have changed throughout the years, and Justices have not always agreed about these aspects. A good example is found in dueling opinions, in Rogers v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., Justice Frankfurter and Justice John Marshall Harlan II discussed their understandings of the conventions surrounding the Rule of Four. In particular, the Justices disagreed as to whether once certiorari has been properly granted by the vote of four Justices, all Justices were then to rule on the merits of the petition, rather than to vote to dismiss it. Justice Frankfurter did not agree that Justices were required to reach the merits of a petition, even if it was properly granted, but Justice Harlan disagreed and felt that even if he disagreed with a grant of certiorari, the Rule of Four "requires that once certiorari has been granted a case should be disposed of on the premise that it is properly heard, in the absence of considerations appearing which were not manifest or fully apprehended at the time certiorari was granted."

text:
# Rule of four

The **rule of four** is a US Supreme Court practice that permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari. It has the specific purpose to prevent a majority of the Court's members from controlling their docket.

The rule of four is not required by the US Constitution, any law, or even the Court's own published rules. Rather, it is a custom that has been observed since the Court was given discretion on hearing appeals by the Judiciary Act of 1891, Judiciary Act of 1925, and the Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988.

The "Rule of Four" has been explained by various Justices in judicial opinions throughout the years. For example, Justice Felix Frankfurter described the rule as follows: "The 'rule of four' is not a command of Congress. It is a working rule devised by the Court as a practical mode of determining that a case is deserving of review, the theory being that if four Justices find that a legal question of general importance is raised, that is ample proof that the question has such importance. This is a fair enough rule of thumb on the assumption that four Justices find such importance on an individualized screening of the cases sought to be reviewed."

The Rule of Four in general has remained constant for some time in which it takes at least four affirmative votes to grant a petition for certiorari, but the ancillary aspects of it have changed throughout the years, and Justices have not always agreed about these aspects.

A good example is found in dueling opinions (for themselves alone, not opinions of the Court), in *Rogers v. Missouri Pac. R. Co.,* Justice Frankfurter and Justice John Marshall Harlan II discussed their understandings of the conventions surrounding the Rule of Four. In particular, the Justices disagreed as to whether once certiorari has been properly granted by the vote of four Justices, all Justices were then to rule on the merits of the petition, rather than to vote to dismiss it. Justice Frankfurter did not agree that Justices were required to reach the merits of a petition, even if it was properly granted, but Justice Harlan disagreed and felt that even if he disagreed with a grant of certiorari, the Rule of Four "requires that once certiorari has been granted a case should be disposed of on the premise that it is properly heard, in the absence of considerations appearing which were not manifest or fully apprehended at the time certiorari was granted."

1. Rogers v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 352 U.S. 521, 529 (1957) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting); U. S. v. Generes, 405 U.S. 93, 115 n.2 (1972) (Douglas, J., dissenting) (discussing history of rule and fact that Congress discussed it at hearings re 1925 Judiciary Act).
2. For examples, see Hamilton v. Texas, 498 U.S. 908, 909 n\* (1990) (Marshall, J., concurring); Thigpen v. Roberts, 468 U.S. 27, 33 (1984) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting); Texas v. Mead, 465 U.S. 1041, 1042 n.1 (1984) (Opinion of Stevens, J., respecting the denial of certiorari); U. S. v. Generes, 405 U.S. 93, 115 n.2 (1972) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
3. Rogers v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 352 U.S. 521, 529 (1957) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting).
4. New York v. Uplinger, 467 U.S. 246, 249 (1984) (Stevens, J., concurring) ("Although the origins of the Rule of Four are somewhat obscure, its administration during the past 60 years has undergone a number of changes.").
5. Rogers v. Missouri Pac. Co., 352 U.S. 521, 528 (1957) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting), and id. at 559 (1957) (Harlan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
6. Id. at 559 (Harlan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).


title: Love in a Sleeper

abstract: Love in a Sleeper is the final studio album released by German euro-disco group Silver Convention, which at the time consisted of vocalists Ramona Wulf, Rhonda Heath and Zenda Jacks. The album managed to chart in the RPM 's disco album chart, peaking #11. The single Spend The Night With Me peaked #80 in the Billboard R&B Singles chart, #10 in Dance Music/Club Play Singles and #12 in Canadian Dance Chart.

text:
# Love in a Sleeper

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Love in a Sleeper*** is the final studio album released by German euro-disco group Silver Convention, which at the time consisted of vocalists Ramona Wulf, Rhonda Heath and Zenda Jacks. The album managed to chart in the RPM 's disco album chart, peaking #11. The single Spend The Night With Me peaked #80 in the Billboard R&B Singles chart, #10 in Dance Music/Club Play Singles and #12 in Canadian Dance Chart.

## Track listing

### Side A

1. "Love In A Sleeper" - 5:33
2. "Mission To Venus" - 4:24
3. "Take Me, Shake Me, Wake Me" - 3:50
4. "Get It Up" - 5:00

### Side B

1. "Acuestate Conmigo" - 4:27 * lead vocals Ramona Wulf.
2. "Spend The Night With Me" - 4:28
3. "City In The Sun" - 3:15
4. "Breakfast In Bed" - 3:48

## Weekly charts

| Chart (1978) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian (Kent Music Report) | 90 |

## InfoBox

| Love in a Sleeper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Silver Convention | |
| Released | 1978 |
| Genre | Euro disco |
| Label | Jupiter Records |
| Producer | Stephan Prager |
| Silver Convention chronology | |
| *Summernights*
(1977) ***Love in a Sleeper***
(1978) | |


title: Fogarty Creek State Recreation Area

abstract: Fogarty Creek State Recreation Area is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

text:
# Fogarty Creek State Recreation Area

**Fogarty Creek State Recreation Area** is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

## History

The park was established in the 1950s, assembled through purchase and donation of land acquired between 1954 and 1978. The park and the creek were named after John Fogarty, a former judge in Lincoln County.

## InfoBox

| Fogarty Creek State Recreation Area | |
| --- | --- |
| View of Fogarty Creek, the US Highway 101 overpass, and the Pacific Ocean | |
|  | |
| Type | Public, state |
| Location | Lincoln County, Oregon |
| Nearest city | Lincoln City |
| Coordinates | 44°50′32″N 124°02′44″W / 44.842335°N 124.04567°W / 44.842335; -124.04567 |
| Area | 165.08 acres (66.81 ha) |
| Created | 1950s |
| Operated by | Oregon Parks and Recreation |


title: Toowoomba North State School

abstract: Toowoomba North State School is a heritage-listed state school at 139 Mort Street, Toowoomba City, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1938 to 1957. It was formerly known as Mort Estate National School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 May 2016.

text:
# Toowoomba North State School

**Toowoomba North State School** is a heritage-listed state school at 139 Mort Street, Toowoomba City, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1938 to 1957. It was formerly known as Mort Estate National School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 May 2016.

## History

Toowoomba North State School (opened in September 1869 as the Mort Estate National School) is located to the northwest of Toowoomba's CBD. It is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture. It retains a Depression-era brick school building (1938, 1950), constructed as a Depression-era work project; a 1950s timber school building with extensions (1951–57, including a vocational training building addition); set in landscaped grounds with assembly and play areas, sporting facilities and mature trees. The school has a strong and ongoing association with the Toowoomba community.

European settlement of the Toowoomba area commenced in 1840 when squatters occupied pastoral runs on the Darling Downs. Near the boundaries of Westbrook, Gowrie and Eton Vale runs and at the junction of two routes to Gorman's and Hodgson's gaps through the Main Range, the small settlement of Drayton (originally known as 'The Springs') evolved from 1842 as a stopping place for pastoralists and travellers. Six kilometres to its northeast, was an area known as "The Swamp", later named Toowoomba, which was first surveyed in 1849 as 12 suburban allotments of Drayton. Further survey and auction took place in 1853 for 1-2 acre allotments. Toowoomba grew rapidly due to its better land and water supply, support from squatters and land speculators, and, from 1855, an easier route to Brisbane via The Toll Road. It was declared a municipality (the Borough of Toowoomba) in July 1860 and continued to develop rapidly during the 1860s with strong promotion of the town by local residents, and successful lobbying for government funding for civic improvements by political representatives.

The provision of state-administered education was important to the colonial governments of Australia. National schools, established in 1848 in New South Wales, were continued in Queensland following the colony's separation in 1859. Following the introduction of the Education Act 1860, which established the Board of General Education and began standardising curriculum, training and facilities, Queensland's national and public schools grew from four in 1860 to 230 by 1875. The State Education Act 1875 provided for free, compulsory and secular primary education and established the Department of Public Instruction. This further standardised the provision of education, and despite difficulties, achieved the remarkable feat of bringing basic literacy to most Queensland children by 1900.

The establishment of schools was considered an essential step in the development of early communities and integral to their success. Locals often donated land and labour for a school's construction and the school community contributed to maintenance and development. Schools became a community focus, a symbol of progress, and a source of pride, with enduring connections formed with past pupils, parents and teachers.

To help ensure consistency and economy, the Queensland Government developed standard plans for its school buildings. From the 1860s until the 1960s, Queensland school buildings were predominantly timber-framed, an easy and cost-effective approach that also enabled the government to provide facilities in remote areas. Standard designs were continually refined in response to changing needs and educational philosophy and Queensland school buildings were particularly innovative in climate control, lighting, and ventilation. Standardisation produced distinctly similar schools across Queensland with complexes of typical components.

Toowoomba North State School opened as the Mort Estate National School on 6 September 1869 on land donated by pastoralist and politician, James Taylor, MLA. The population of Toowoomba at the time was 3000. The school was opened as a Boys School, with an enrolment of 141 boys, and a Girls and Infants School, with a commencing enrolment of 113 pupils. Both were housed in a brick building facing Mort Street. Within a year, the school's enrolments had doubled to 286 enrolled at the Boys School with an average attendance of 140, and 261 enrolled at the Girls and Infants School with an average attendance of 130.

Later the Girls and Infants School was housed in a separate masonry building facing Taylor Street on one acre, donated by James Taylor in 1874, and located behind the Boys School, which faced Mort Street.

Toowoomba continued to grow throughout the remainder of the 19th and the early 20th century. By the 1870s Toowoomba had consolidated its status as the main urban centre of the Darling Downs. The arrival of the Main Line railway in 1867 secured the town's development and subsequently made it the hub for the Southern and Western railways. The economy diversified to include numerous small-scale manufacturing outlets, while the majority of administrative, service and other government and education functions for the surrounding region were centred on the town. Toowoomba's progress was reflected in improvements to the physical environment. Important capital works were commenced or completed, including the draining of its swamps, improved water supply, gasworks for lighting, extensive tree plantings and the initial development of Queen's Park. Earlier temporary structures were increasingly replaced with more permanent and impressive buildings.

In the first two decades of the 20th century, the school committee made representation to the Department of Public Instruction, through its Minister and local members of parliament, for a new school on the basis that the buildings and grounds were inadequate.

In c.1922 Toowoomba North (Boys, and Girls and Infants Schools) was granted its request for purchase of land for school grounds to supplement its small site. "The Farm", 6373 sqm of land diagonally opposite the school on the corner of Mort and Taylor Streets, which was already rented for sporting activities, was bought. One acre of the Cory Estate to the school's west was purchased, onto which the headmaster's residence was moved, allowing the whole of the existing Taylor Street land to be used for school buildings and grounds. However, the opening of the Newtown State School in October 1924 reduced enrolments at Toowoomba North, making a new school unnecessary.

By the early 1930s the school buildings were in a state of disrepair.

The Great Depression, commencing in 1929 and extending well into the 1930s, had caused a dramatic reduction of building work in Queensland and brought private building work to a standstill. In response, the Queensland Government provided relief work for unemployed Queenslanders, and also embarked on an ambitious and important building programme to provide impetus to the economy.

In June 1932 the Forgan Smith Labor Government came to power from a campaign that advocated increased government spending to counter the effects of the Depression. The government embarked on a large public works building programme designed to promote the employment of local skilled workers, the purchase of local building materials and the production of commodious, low maintenance buildings which would be a long-term asset to the state. This building programme included: government offices, schools and colleges; university buildings; court houses and police stations; hospitals and asylums; and gaols.

Many of the programmes have had lasting beneficial effects for the citizens of Queensland, including the construction of masonry brick school building s across the state. Most were designed in a classical idiom to project a sense of stability and optimism which the government sought to convey through the architecture of its public buildings.

The construction of substantial brick school buildings in prosperous or growing suburban areas and regional centres during the 1930s provided tangible proof of the government's commitment to remedy the unemployment situation. The Queensland Public Works Department (DPW) and Department of Public Instruction (DPI) were extremely enthusiastic about the brick school building s designed in the 1930s. They were considered monuments to progress embodying the most modern principles of the ideal education environment.

A preliminary estimate of the cost of a new brick school building for Toowoomba North was made in January 1936, however, funding was not available in that financial year. In August 1936 a report on the material requirements for North Toowoomba Girls and Infants School recommended that construction of a new building be expedited.

Finally, in February 1937, the Minister for Public Instruction decided that the Toowoomba North Schools' site should be used for the erection of one combined primary school to accommodate approximately 500 children - boys, girls and infants. The building was to be erected at the Mort Street end of the Taylor Street frontage and would use north and south lighting. Accommodation for instruction in Manual Training (woodwork only) and domestic science was to be provided and the building's siting was designed to provide as much ground for playing or sports purposes as possible. The work was to be carried out by the DPW using day labour.

Depression-era brick school building s form a recognisable and important type, exhibiting many common characteristics. Frequently, these buildings were two storeys above an open undercroft and built to accommodate up to 1000 students. They adopted a symmetrical plan form and often exhibited a prominent central entry. The plan arrangement was similar to that of timber buildings, being only one classroom deep, accessed by a long straight verandah or corridor. This linear design could be built in stages if necessary; resulting in some complete designs never being realised. Ideally, the classrooms would face south with the verandah on the north but little concession was made for this and almost all Depression-era brick school building s faced the primary boundary road, regardless of orientation. Classrooms were commonly divided by folding timber partitions and the undercroft was used as covered play space, storage, ablutions and other functions.

Despite their similarities, each Depression-era brick school building was individually designed by a DPW architect, which resulted in a wide range of styles and ornamental features being used within the overall set. These styles, which were derived from contemporary tastes and fashions, included: Arts and Crafts, typified by half-timbered gable-ends; Spanish Mission, with round-arched openings and decorative parapets; and Neo-classical, with pilasters, columns and large triangular pediments. Over time, variations occurred in building size, decorative treatment, and climatic-responsive features. Where other functions, such as infants classes or vocational training, were required, standard rooms designed to accommodate these functions were incorporated into the building plan. The Chief Architect during this period was Andrew Baxter Leven (1885-1966), who was employed by the DPW from 1910 to 1951, and was Chief Architect and Quantity Surveyor from 1933 to 1951.

Toowoomba North State School's brick school building had an authorised cost of £22,090. Erected on the site of the existing Boys School building, the new building, with concrete staircases and asbestos-cement slate roof, was to contain 10 classrooms, providing accommodation for 400 pupils. The undercroft contained a large play area, plus lavatories and a classroom for woodwork. The first floor comprised five classrooms, plus teachers rooms, domestic science rooms, lavatories and storeroom, while the second floor had five classrooms and two teachers rooms. Three classrooms on each floor could be converted into large assembly rooms by means of folding partitions. The building was of brick construction. The foreman of works was F Bentley.

At some point prior to the completion of the building it was decided to construct two extra classrooms at the eastern end of the second floor, above the domestic science rooms. This addition was constructed to match the rest of the building, and brought the total number of classrooms to 12.

Toowoomba North's brick school building was officially opened by the Minister for Public Instruction (Harry Bruce) on 5 November 1938 with the unveiling of the bronze tablet at the main entrance to the school.

The school's 1938 souvenir magazine described the 231-by-34-foot (70 m × 10 m) building:

> "An important feature of the building is that all the...corridors are enclosed with casements.... Provision has...been made in the design for...future extensions that may be required. The whole of the inside of the building, both corridors and classrooms, is painted, the predominant colours being dark red to dado line with light green above. This colour scheme has been varied in some rooms by contrasting tones of brown and cream. Ceilings of rooms are...fibro-cement painted white with contrasting cover-strips of brown. All plaster work is of light stone colour wash below plinth level, whilst the plaster has been lined out to imitate stone work."

In the domestic science room, on the eastern end of the ground floor, the kitchen was tiled to the height of 6 feet (1.8 m) and had a terrazzo floor. The remaining floor was covered by linoleum. The woodwork room was located at the eastern end of the undercroft. The building had a roof fleche for ventilation.

All of the materials used were supplied from within southeast Queensland. Bricks for the building were supplied by John Brazier of Kleinton, while the timber was supplied by Filshie, Broadfoot.

An important component of Queensland state schools was their grounds. The early and continuing commitment to play-based education, particularly in primary school, resulted in the provision of outdoor play space and sporting facilities, such as ovals and tennis courts. Also, trees and gardens were planted to shade and beautify schools. In the 1870s, schools inspector William Boyd was critical of tropical schools and amongst his recommendations stressed the importance of the adding shade trees to playgrounds. Subsequently, Arbor Day celebrations began in Queensland in 1890. Aesthetically designed gardens were encouraged by regional inspectors, and educators believed gardening and Arbor Days instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes, and inspired people to stay on the land.

After completion of Toowoomba North's brick school building, the formation of the school grounds and sports fields was a major task. Initially the school had to wait for demolition of remaining earlier buildings. Then, in 1939 and 1940 the school committee repeatedly prompted the Department of Public Instruction for assistance with levelling of the site and creation of gardens and playing areas such as a vigoro pitch and basketball courts.

The Department of Public Instruction was largely unprepared for the enormous demand for state education that began in the late 1940s and continued well into the 1960s. This was a nationwide occurrence resulting from the unprecedented population growth now termed the "baby boom". Queensland schools were overcrowded and, to cope, many new buildings were constructed and existing buildings were extended.

After World War II the overriding concern for the Department of Public Instruction was the need to erect school buildings as expeditiously and economically as possible. Queensland schools were faced with enormous overcrowding and a lack of resources. However, the Queensland Government and community saw education as a low priority and provided the department with only a small budget. Also, educationalists rejected the previous designs of school buildings, considering them outdated, and favoured "lighter, loosely grouped, flexible" buildings.

In the immediate Post-World War II years, additions to Toowoomba North State School's brick school building were made. In May 1944, the school committee requested enclosure of an area under the school for a combined First Aid, Rest and Reading Room. This was granted in September of that year and the work took place thereafter. In December 1949 the Works Minister (Bill Power) announced additions for Toowoomba North State School and two new classrooms were added at the western end of the second floor to accommodate growth in pupil numbers.

Enrolments at Toowoomba North State School grew to such an extent that in September 1951 approval was given for a three-classroom building to be erected to the west of the existing school building. From 1950 the Department of Public Instruction introduced and developed new standard plans for school buildings. These buildings were generally high-set timber-framed structures and the understorey was used as covered play space. Introduced in 1950, the principal type was a long and narrow building with a gable roof. Stairs were often semi-enclosed, connecting the understorey to a north facing verandah running the length of the building. Classrooms opened off the verandah and had extensive areas of windows; almost the entirety of the verandah wall and the opposite classroom wall were glazed, allowing abundant natural light and ventilation. This type was the most commonly constructed in the 1950s in Queensland.

The new building at Toowoomba North State School was orientated east–west and located 100 feet (30 m) from the Depression-era brick building. It was accessed by a single set of stairs, positioned perpendicular to the centre of the north verandah. It had hatroom enclosures at either end of the verandah and, due to the slope of the land, part of the understorey was too low to be used for play space. The building was completed in late 1951 or early 1952.

The building was soon extended. In September 1953, plans for a single classroom addition to the east of the 3-classroom building were drawn and the work subsequently performed. This addition matched the existing building and included a second staircase to the verandah. In October 1955, plans were drawn for two more classrooms to be added to the east of the previous addition. These were built sometime in 1956 and were slightly different to the earlier classrooms. Windows in the southern walls were awning windows instead of casements; external cladding extended to ground level on the south and east sides, forming a semi-enclosed play space beneath; bag racks were built instead of verandah balustrades; and instead of a hat room, the east end of the verandah was enclosed with a glazed screen.

In October 1956 plans for an addition of timber vocational training rooms to the west end of the building were drawn. In 1954 the Department of Public Works had introduced a new standard design for a timber-framed vocational training building. Highset with a verandah along one side, this design comprised a large 21-by-32-foot (6.4 by 9.8 m) room accommodating either manual training or domestic science classes, with smaller rooms opening off it for complementary purposes (e.g., a laundry room, fitting room, storage etc.). The example constructed at Toowoomba North State School comprised a long, lowset building oriented north–south, with a western verandah and a central passageway linking to the north verandah of the classroom wing. It housed a large woodwork and sheet-metal work room, a saw room and teachers room to the north, and a large cookery and dressmaking room to the south, with a laundry, store room and dining room occupying part of the verandah. Completed in 1957, this addition allowed the domestic science and woodwork rooms in the Depression-era brick school building to be converted into four classrooms.

The 1950s timber school building ceased to be used for vocational classes from 1964 when Grade 8 transferred from primary to secondary school. The domestic science room was subsequently converted into a general purpose room. In the 1970s, the large manual training room was divided in two and used as a classroom and library, and the former saw room on the verandah became a janitor's store room. The large domestic science room was divided into a music room and stock room, and a small health room was created adjacent to the classroom wing. At some point the western verandah was enclosed with timber awning windows.

Additions and modifications to the school grounds have been made periodically since the initial make-over of the grounds after the construction of the brick school building . The playground around the brick school building and in front of the timber building was bitumen-sealed in stages, commencing in 1947. Around the same time, concrete garden edging was laid and shrubs along Taylor and Mort Streets planted. On 10 October 1959 the school's swimming pool opened at the western end of the school grounds.

Toowoomba North State School reached its peak enrolment of 1111 in 1963; the largest enrolment of any school in Toowoomba at the time. However, after Queensland's Grade 8 transferred to high school in 1964, enrolment fell to a little over 900 pupils.

Further changes to the school grounds ensued. In 1966 the government purchased "Finchley", a double-storied home with a little over one acre of grounds, which was located on the southern side of the school. The building was demolished and the grounds cleared and levelled for use as a playground. The teachers residence remained on site at the Kingston Street (west) end of the school grounds until 1962 when it was sold. Removal and pruning of established trees along Mort and Taylor Streets and to the south of the brick school building occurred in the mid-1970s. A pre-school centre was added on a site opposite the school in Taylor Street in 1976.

Alterations to the interior of the Depression-era brick school building since the 1960s include the removal of early folding partitions to classrooms, the conversion of the cloakrooms to offices and staff rooms, the replacement of some doors and windows, and the relining of the first floor corridor ceiling. Suspended ceilings, partitions, wet areas and kitchenettes have also been installed in some rooms. Detached fire stairs were constructed at the east and west ends of the building in 2008.

The 1950s building is still used for classrooms and staff purposes, and no longer serves as a vocational training building. Alterations to the vocational section of the building include the insertion of additional partitions and doors and the enclosure of the western verandah. The classroom wing remains largely intact, with internal changes including replacement of some wall and ceiling linings The verandah staircases have been replaced and an additional staircase constructed at the east end of the verandah.

Toowoomba North State School marked the centenary of its establishment with publication of a school history in 1969 and a day of celebrations including a luncheon for early teachers and pupils, a thanksgiving service, the unveiling of a cairn, the official opening of the A E Horne Centenary Library, a march of centenary year pupils and a display of the old and the new in the school buildings.

In 2016, the school continues to operate from its original site. It retains the Department of Public Works Depression-era brick school building and the 1950s timber school building with extensions, set in landscaped grounds with a swimming pool, playing areas and mature shade trees. Toowoomba North State School is important to Toowoomba, as a key social focus for the community, with many social events having been held in the school's grounds and buildings; and as generations of students have been taught there since its establishment.

Toowoomba North State School is important to Toowoomba, as a key social focus for the community with many social events having been held in the school's grounds and buildings; and as generations of students have been taught there since its establishment.

## Description

Toowoomba North State School is located in the Darling Downs city of Toowoomba, northwest of the central business district.  It occupies a long, two hectare site along the northern side of a block bounded by Mort Street to the east, Taylor Street to the north, and Kingston Street to the west. To the south, the school is bounded by Gilbert Street, Dunster Lane and private properties. School buildings are located in the northeast portion of the site, with playing fields to the south and west, and numerous mature trees lining the school perimeter. A 1938 Depression-era brick school building (Block A) is the largest building and stands at the eastern end of the site. To the west is a 1950s timber school building (Block B) which comprises a classroom wing and a former vocational training building.

### Block A – 1938 brick school building

Block A is a substantial, classically detailed, two-storey masonry structure, with an undercroft. The building is symmetrically arranged and orientated east–west, addressing Taylor Street to the north. The main entrance is demarcated by a central projecting bay, accessed by a T-shaped staircase. The building has a hipped roof clad with concrete tiles and has a prominent ventilation flèche in the centre. Recently constructed external stairwells attached to the east and west ends of the building are not of heritage significance.

The building is elegantly composed, with load-bearing face brick walls and rendered decorative elements to the first and second floors; and a rendered base finished to resemble channel-jointed ashlar. The red brick exterior is relieved with contrasting pilasters of a dark brown brick with simple, rendered capitals. The projecting entrance bay features a pediment over a central first floor doorway, which has a rendered aedicule. The pediment is supported by pilasters and a circular accent vent with rendered surround is centred on the face brick tympanum. Beneath the pediment, the words "TOOWOOMBA NORTH STATE SCHOOL" and "1938" are engraved. Smaller pediments are centred on the classroom wings on either side of the entrance bay and over the projecting bays housing the main staircases and former cloakrooms on the southern (rear) side of the building. A secondary entrance leading to the undercroft is located at the base of the eastern bay, with additional entrances at the western end of the building (one each on the north and south facades) and various openings leading to the undercroft.

Window openings are regularly spaced and contain sets of timber, three-light casements with fanlights above. Four bays of windows at the west end of the north façade, which now contain louvres, appear to be the only major replacements. Double-hung sash windows are located on either side of the southern entrance, and grated openings provide light and ventilation to play space in the undercroft. The main entrance doors are large, panelled timber double doors with fanlights above. Other early entrance doors include a half-glazed, boarded door to the girls toilets and half-glazed double doors to the northwest entrance.

The interior layout is approximately symmetrical, with classrooms arranged along the southern side of the building connected by corridors along the north side. Originally comprising the manual training rooms, boys' toilets and play space in the undercroft; five classrooms, domestic science rooms, entrance hall, two teachers rooms, girls toilets and a store room on the first floor; and seven (later nine) classrooms and two teachers rooms on the second floor, the layout of the building remains generally intact. Alterations to the layout include the removal of original folding partitions between classrooms, resulting in some double-sized rooms, and the insertion of partitions in places. The manual training room and domestic science rooms, located at the eastern end of the building, have been converted into classrooms. The first floor corridor has been extended to run the full length of the building; the location of former walls is indicated by changes in the floor surface and small bulkheads across the ceiling. Former cloakrooms, located adjacent to the internal staircases, have been converted for use as staff rooms or other functional spaces.

The classrooms and teachers rooms/offices have plaster walls with picture rails, chamfered skirting boards, and flat-sheeted ceilings with timber battens arranged in a square pattern. Bulkheads run north–south across the ceilings and in some instances indicate the location of former folding doors between classrooms. One set of timber folding doors with original door hardware survives in the westernmost classroom on the second floor. Brass plaques commemorating the official opening of the school are located in the entrance hall.

Corridors have plastered walls, concrete floors (coloured red with uncoloured, coved concrete edging), and bulkheads between different sections of the building. The second floor corridor ceiling retains its flat-sheeted ceiling with batten cover strips, however the ground floor ceiling has been replaced. Internal corridor windows are generally three-light, double hung sashes with three-light fanlights above. Classroom doors are panelled double doors with three-light fanlights above. A variety of other early internal timber doors survive, including half-glazed double and single doors and four-panelled doors. The internal staircases have red concrete steps (matching the corridor floors) and metal balustrades with timber posts and top rails.

The male and female toilets have concrete floors and similar plaster walls and battened ceilings to the classrooms. Both retain early cubicle partitions with panelled timber doors.

Due to the slope of the land, the undercroft is partially underground at the western end and inaccessible past the western internal staircase. The central area of the undercroft is largely open play space, punctuated by rectangular columns of brown brick with rounded corners. The floor is concrete and steel I-beams support the timber framing of the floor above. Early timber benches survive along some walls. Beneath the entrance bay, the space has been enclosed with partitions and boarded timber doors to form a tuck shop and storage space. Further storage areas have been fenced off at the western end of the play space. The former Manual Training rooms at the eastern end of the undercroft continue to be used as classrooms and storage space.

### Block B – 1950s timber school building

Block B is a T-shaped timber building comprising a former vocational training building (1957) at the western end (orientated north–south) attached to a classroom wing (1951, 53, 56) of six classrooms (orientated east–west). Both sections of the building have gable roofs clad in corrugated metal sheeting. Due to the sloping site, the building is lowset at the western end and highset at the eastern end, with play space beneath five of the classrooms. A verandah along the north side of the classroom wing is linked by a passageway through the centre of the vocational training building to an enclosed western verandah.

The classroom wing is clad in chamferboards and has large banks of windows along the southern wall. From east to west, the dates of construction for the classrooms are: two classrooms in 1956; one classroom in 1953; and three classrooms in 1951. The different stages of the building's construction are evident by the joinery used: the 1951 and 1953 classrooms have banks of three-light casement windows and fanlights in their southern walls, while the 1956 classrooms have timber awning windows. The westernmost classroom stands on round timber stumps, and the remainder of the classrooms are supported by a combination of round metal poles (modern), square timber posts, square concrete stumps, and timber-framed perimeter and bracing walls.

Windows and fanlights to the north verandah have been replaced with sliding aluminium windows, however the openings and timber mullions remain. All classrooms are accessed by timber double doors, most with modern hardware, however those accessing the 1956 classrooms are half-glazed board doors with no fanlight and one retains early hardware. The north verandah has a timber floor, bag rack balustrades and a raked ceiling lined with flat sheeting with cover strips. Original glazed screens survive at the far eastern corner. Three sets of stairs provide access - two sets attached to and running parallel with the verandah, and one set added at the eastern end which comes up through the verandah floor, surrounded by a timber rail balustrade.

All classrooms measure 21 by 24 feet (6.4 by 7.3 m) and have flat internal wall and ceiling linings. Sections of early linings are distinguished by the use of batten or curved cover strips. In the 1956 section, a large opening between the classrooms remains, however folding doors (shown on the original plans) have been removed. Early, half-glazed double doors survive in the centre of the wall between the 1953 and eastern 1951 classrooms. Between the 1951 classrooms, one connecting door has been enclosed, and the other has been removed and a large opening created in its place.

The vocational training building is clad in weatherboards and stands on square concrete stumps. Windows are predominantly timber awning windows, with double-hung sash windows in the passageway and verandah walls.

The interior of the vocational training building generally has flat wall and ceiling linings with cover strips. The layout of original rooms – domestic science rooms to the south and manual training rooms to the north – is largely intact, although later partitions have divided up the two larger training rooms. A series of rooms, formerly used for storage and as smaller training rooms, remain in the verandah space. Alterations to the building include the full enclosure of the verandah, installation of a bathroom off the south side of the passageway, the removal of the fitting room partitions in the southeast corner of the domestic science room, and the insertion of additional doors and openings. The building has a variety of doors, most of which are modern, with early examples including half-glazed double and single doors. The verandah has a raked ceiling, and both the passageway and verandah have chamferboard cladding to the walls.

The understorey of the classroom wing has a concrete floor and low, off-form concrete retaining walls surround the western end of the space. Timber bracing walls beneath the 1956 classrooms are lined with diagonal timber boards. A store room with chamferboard-clad walls and timber board doors is located in the southwest corner.

### Grounds

The school grounds contain mature trees, including rows of camphor laurels (*Cinnamomum camphora*) along the western and northern boundaries, and individual feature trees, including camphor laurels, pines, eucalypts, a flame tree (*Brachychiton acerifolius*) and maples (Acer, sp.) adjacent to other boundaries and south of Blocks A and B. A swimming pool (1959) is located at the western end of the grounds. Set back from the streets and surrounded by gardens, pathways and a playing field, Block A is a prominent feature and makes an important contribution to the streetscape.

## Heritage listing

Toowoomba North State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 May 2016 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

Toowoomba North State School (established in 1869) is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture in Queensland.

The place retains an excellent, representative example of a government designed Depression-era brick school building (1938, extended 1949) that was an architectural response to prevailing government educational philosophies, and a Department of Public Works-designed 1950s timber school building (1951) with extensions (1953, 1956, 1957) that was a response to acute building shortages and population growth in the post-World War II period; set in landscaped grounds with assembly and play areas, sporting facilities and mature trees.

The Depression-era brick school building is the result of the State Government's building programme during the 1930s that stimulated the economy and provided work for men unemployed as a result of the Great Depression.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

Toowoomba North State School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of Queensland state schools. These include teaching buildings constructed to standard designs by the Queensland Government; and generous, landscaped sites, with mature trees, assembly and play areas, and sporting facilities. The school is a good, intact example of a suburban school complex, comprising a Depression-era brick school building and a Department of Public Works-designed 1950s timber school building comprising a classroom wing and vocational training building.

The Depression-era brick school building is a good, intact example of its type. It demonstrates the principal characteristics of Depression-era brick schools, including: its two-storey form with undercroft; high-quality design with classical influence and detailing; face brick exterior; and symmetrical arrangement either side of a projecting entrance bay. The building plan comprises a typical linear layout of classrooms, offices and store rooms, accessed by long corridors.

The 1950s timber school building combines two standard DPW timber building types that demonstrate the evolution of timber classrooms in the post-war period - a classroom wing and a former vocational training building.

Designed to be extended over time, the classroom wing illustrates the evolution of a standard, modular classroom type, particularly through differences in window types between the earlier (1951, 53) and later (1956) sections. Characteristics of this type include its highset form with a north verandah, flat internal linings and classroom dimensions.

The former vocational training building retains the characteristics of its type, comprising a long timber building with verandah, and large rooms for manual training and domestic science classes, supplemented by smaller storage and training rooms.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

Through its elegant composition of formal and decorative elements, substantial size, face brick exterior and high quality materials, the Depression-era brick school building at Toowoomba North State School has aesthetic significance due to its expressive attributes, by which the Department of Public Works sought to convey the concepts of progress and permanence.

The building's assertive massing, classically influenced design, and elegant composition contribute to its dignified streetscape presence, and contrast with the surrounding small-scale residences and commercial premises. Prominently sited on a corner, the building is a landmark for the area.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

Schools have always played an important part in Queensland communities. They typically retain significant and enduring connections with former pupils, parents, and teachers; provide a venue for social interaction and volunteer work; and are a source of pride, symbolising local progress and aspirations.

Toowoomba North State School has a strong and ongoing association with the Toowoomba community. It was established in 1869 through the fundraising efforts of the local community and generations of Toowoomba children have been taught there. The place is important for its contribution to the educational development of Toowoomba and is a prominent community focal point and gathering place for social and commemorative events with widespread community support.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on Toowoomba North State School, an entry in the Queensland Heritage Register published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 4.0 AU licence, accessed on 11 February 2018.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Toowoomba North State School | |
| --- | --- |
| Main entrance, Taylor Street | |
| Location | 139 Mort Street, Toowoomba City, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 27°33′25″S 151°56′55″E / 27.5569°S 151.9485°E / -27.5569; 151.9485 |
| Design period | 1939–1945 (World War II) |
| Built | 19381949, 19511957 |
| Architectural style(s) | Classicism |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Toowoomba North State School |
| Type | state heritage |
| Designated | 6 May 2016 |
| Reference no. | 650024 |
| Type | Education, research, scientific facility: School-state |
| Theme | Educating Queenslanders: Providing primary schooling |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Toowoomba North State School in Queensland | |


title: Yao Li-ming

abstract: Yao Li-ming is a Taiwanese political scientist, politician, and political commentator.

text:
# Yao Li-ming

**Yao Li-ming** (Chinese: 姚立明; born 15 January 1952) is a Taiwanese political scientist, politician, and political commentator.

## Life and career

Yao is of Mainland Chinese descent. He attended the Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University before studying law at Fu Jen Catholic University, and subsequently earned a doctorate in the subject at Bielefeld University. Prior to serving in the Third Legislative Yuan, Yao hosted a political talk show for the Public Television Service and was an adjunct instructor at National Sun Yat-sen University. He represented Kaohsiung County in the Legislative Yuan from 1996 to 1999. After Yao withdrew from the New Party during his legislative term, he remained in office as a political independent. Subsequently, Lin joined the Chinese Culture University faculty as a political scientist and professor of administrative management. Aside from academia, Yao resumed his media career as a political commentator. Later, Yao served as secretary-general of the Home Party, and was ranked second on the Home Party party list for the January 2008 legislative elections, but was not elected to the Legislative Yuan. He was also on the board of the Congress Watch Foundation. He later became chairman of the Congress Watch Foundation. Yao and former legislative colleague Chien Ta led a commemoration of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre held at Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in June 2009. Yao was a founding board member of the Thinking Taiwan Foundation, established by Tsai Ing-wen in 2012. Independent mayoral candidate Ko Wen-je offered Yao the position of campaign director before the 2014 Taipei mayoral election, which Yao accepted. In his role as campaign manager, Yao filed a lawsuit against Lo Shu-lei for defamation, as Lo had claimed that Ko was involved in corruption, tax evasion, and money laundering while working as a physician at National Taiwan University Hospital. Ko's campaign later alleged that opposing candidate Sean Lien's campaign had wiretapped Ko's campaign office. In response, Lien's campaign manager Alex Tsai filed a lawsuit against Yao and other members of Ko's campaign staff. After Ko won the Taipei mayoralty, Yao again returned to political commentary. Yao later appeared alongside Ko in a February 2015 rally organized to support Tsai's recall as a legislator. Prior to the 2018 Taipei City Council election, Yao opined that there were many swing voters in Taipei, negating the city as a Kuomintang stronghold. Yao Li-ming split with Ko, and offered his support and services as a campaign manager to Pasuya Yao instead. During the 2024 Taiwanese presidential election cycle, Yao worked for William Lai's campaign. In August, Lai appointed Yao Vice President of the Judicial Yuan.

## InfoBox

| Yao Li-ming | |
| --- | --- |
| 姚立明 | |
| Official portrait, 2024 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Yuan | |
| **In office**
1 February 1996  31 January 1999 | |
| Constituency | Kaohsiung County |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-01-15) 15 January 1952
Taipei, Taiwan |
| Nationality | Taiwan |
| Political party | Independent |
| Other political
affiliations | New Party (1993–1997)
Home Party (2007–2014) |
|  | |


title: Holcocera hemiteles

abstract: Holcocera hemiteles is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It was described by Walsingham in 1912. It is found in Guatemala.

text:
# Holcocera hemiteles

***Holcocera hemiteles*** is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It was described by Walsingham in 1912. It is found in Guatemala.

## InfoBox

| *Holcocera hemiteles* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Blastobasidae |
| Genus: | *Holcocera* |
| Species: | ***H. hemiteles*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Holcocera hemiteles***<br>Walsingham, 1912 | |
|


title: Upsala Studenters IF

abstract: Upsala Studenters IF is a Swedish sport club from Uppsala founded in 1908. They club has had sections in basketball, table tennis, athletics, fencing, handball, volleyball, bandy and tennis The handball team was promoted to Allsvenskan in 1937. They won the Swedish championship, decided by a straight knockout tournament, in 1939. After that season, they withdrew from Allsvenskan and never returned. They did, however, play in the last edition of the Swedish championship tournament in 1952. In 2012, the handball team merged with HK71 and formed Uppsala HK.

text:
# Upsala Studenters IF

**Upsala Studenters IF** is a Swedish sport club from Uppsala founded in 1908. They club has had sections in basketball, table tennis, athletics, fencing, handball, volleyball, bandy and tennis The handball team was promoted to Allsvenskan in 1937. They won the Swedish championship, decided by a straight knockout tournament, in 1939. After that season, they withdrew from Allsvenskan and never returned. They did, however, play in the last edition of the Swedish championship tournament in 1952 (after that the Swedish champions title was awarded to the league winners). In 2012, the handball team merged with HK71 and formed Uppsala HK.


title: Estadio Óscar Quiteño

abstract: Estadio Óscar Quiteño is a multi-purpose stadium in Santa Ana, El Salvador. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home stadium of Club Deportivo FAS. The stadium holds 17,500 people and was built in 1963.

text:
# Estadio Óscar Quiteño

**Estadio Óscar Quiteño** is a multi-purpose stadium in Santa Ana, El Salvador.

It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home stadium of Club Deportivo FAS.

The stadium holds 17,500 people and was built in 1963.

## Inauguration

The stadium was inaugurated on February 3, 1963 and built by the Institute of Rural Development. It sports the name of the goalkeeper  *'Óscar Alberto Quiteño'* , who died in a friendly match against Orión of Costa Rica; The said Santana stadium was named Óscar Quiteño (in honor of Óscar Alberto Quiteño) on May 15, 1977; Thanks to the initiative of Professor Fidel Antonio Magaña. The opening match of the stadium faced C.D. FAS and the Gold of Mexico, which was won by the latter.

## History

The first football scene of Santa Ana was the field of the Finca Model, where FAS won its first 5 championships. It was the October 17, 1962 when a meeting was held to begin the preparation for the construction of the new stadium, which was inaugurated February 3, 1963. The property belongs to the Municipal Hall of Santa Ana, but it is administered as comodato by C.D. FAS.

## Design

It has a capacity to accommodate 17,500 people, with the latest extensions that have been made and is the largest stadium in the western area of El Salvador. It has 4 lighting towers on each side, east and west each tower has 2 lines of 6 fans and 28 halogen for a total of 40 per tower. In addition it has 10 access doors and 6 to the court, which is covered with grass Bermuda Neozelandeza and has an extension of 105 x 70 meters.

In June 2014, remodeling work was done so that the Club Deportivo FAS team could play their games for the CONCACAF Champions League tournament, as a local, these works included the remodeling in the substitute players bench and Technical staff, as well as the engravings of the court, general interior and exterior painting, new luminaires as well as an asphalt layer repair on the track.

## Current events

The stadium has been waiting for 3 years to be remodeled, of the National Institute of Sports of El Salvador, but the delay of the works has the stadium in bad condition, even so it is acceptable for matches of football of the local team, with the renovations and extensions that are made the stadium will increase its capacity to 22,500 fans, even with that capacity would still be the third of the country, but for a short time their capacity will be relieved to the fourth place when the Estadio Juan Francisco Barraza of San Miguel is finished its capacity would increase to 20 thousand. The Estadio Oscar Quiteño has its surroundings to be able to continue expanding its infrastructure and to be able to turn it into a stadium of first level, the proposals are varied, acceptable and modern.

## Facilities and capacity

The Olympic Oscar Alberto Quiteño has a capacity to accommodate 17,500 people comfortably seated and is the third largest stadium in El Salvador.

* *'The Stadium has the following specifications:'*
* Olympic track for athletics (not a regulation track)
* 6 entrance tickets to the stadium.
* 5 lockers available for ticket sales.
* It has good drainage.
* 2 dressing rooms for local and visiting team
* A High Tribune
* Movable internal sound system
* Cabins for radio and television.
* 4 towers of lighting on each side, east and west. Each tower has 2 lines of 6 fans and 28 halogen for a total of 40 per tower.
* Own parking for 150 vehicles.

| Location | Capacity according to the Mayor's Office of Santa Ana |
| --- | --- |
| General (SOL) | 8,000 |
| North Sector | 1,500 |
| South Sector | 2,700 |
| Low Tribune | 4,800 |
| High Tribune | 500 |
| TOTAL | **17,500** |
|

Estadio Óscar Quiteño was named after a goalkeeper who died in 1964, during a friendly match against Orión of Costa Rica.

13°58′35″N 89°34′08″W / 13.97645°N 89.56884°W / 13.97645; -89.56884

## InfoBox

Estadio Óscar Quiteño
| *Cubil Felino*
"Feline Den"
*La Cueva del Tigre*
"The Tiger Cave" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Full name | Stadium Olympic Oscar Alberto Quiteño |
| Former names | Stadium Santaneco |
| Location | Santa Ana, El Salvador |
| Coordinates | 13°58′36″N 89°34′10″W / 13.9768°N 89.5695°W / 13.9768; -89.5695 |
| Owner | Municipal Office of Santa Ana |
| Operator | Club Deportivo FAS |
| Capacity | 17,500 |
| Record attendance | 20,000 |
| Field size | 105 × 70 |
| Field shape | lawn Bermuda New Zealander |
| Surface | Lawn |
| Scoreboard | electronic |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | March 1960 |
| Built | December 1962 |
| Opened | January 1963 |
| Renovated | 2007 – 2010 |
| Construction cost | 1,250,000 Colones |
| Architect | Antonio Portillo |
| Project manager | Municipal Office of Santa Ana |
| Structural engineer | Antonio Portillo |
| Services engineer | Municipal Office of Santa Ana |
| General contractor | Municipal Office of Santa Ana |
| Main contractors | Institute of rural colonization of Santa Ana |
| Tenants | |
| C.D. FAS (1963present) | |
| Website | |
| www.clubdeportivofas.com | |
| League of El Salvador (football) – Cup of Nations – Classification of CONCACAF 2012 El Salvador national football team | |


title: Norberto Aroldi

abstract: Norberto Aroldi was an Argentine film actor, poet and screenwriter. Born in Buenos Aires, he starred in the Cinema of Argentina in the 1960s and 1970s and wrote for films such as Aconcagua (1964) and El Andador (1967). A lifelong smoker, he died of lung cancer on 19 May 1978

text:
# Norberto Aroldi

**Norberto Aroldi** (12 August 1931 – 19 May 1978) was an Argentine film actor, poet and screenwriter.

Born in Buenos Aires, he starred in the Cinema of Argentina in the 1960s and 1970s and wrote for films such as *Aconcagua* (1964) and *El Andador* (1967).

A lifelong smoker, he died of lung cancer on 19 May 1978

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Norberto Aroldi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1931-08-12)12 August 1931
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Died | 19 May 1978(1978-05-19) (aged 46)
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Years active | 1960- 1978 |


title: Rule of law in the United Kingdom

abstract: The rule of law is one of the longest established common law fundamental principles of the governance of the United Kingdom, dating to Magna Carta of 1215, particularly jurisprudence following its late 13th century re-drafting. At a minimum, it subjects an otherwise absolute monarch (executive) and all free people within its jurisdictions, primarily those of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, to legal doctrines known as the general principles of law. It has evolved to work only alongside equal application of the law to all free people 'equality before the law' and within the framework of the constitutional monarchy supports the legal doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Exactly what it entails beyond this and the way that different aspects of the rule of law principle are applied, depends on the specific situation and era. Among recognised academics in this field are Albert Dicey, Joseph Raz and Trevor Allan, who have proposed contrasting ideas about the scope of the rule of law: specifically, whether the emphasis is on legal form or substantive content and normatively if it should be.

text:
# Rule of law in the United Kingdom

The rule of law is one of the longest established common law fundamental principles of the governance of the United Kingdom, dating to Magna Carta of 1215, particularly jurisprudence following its late 13th century re-drafting. At a minimum, it subjects an otherwise absolute monarch (executive) and all free people within its jurisdictions, primarily those of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, to legal doctrines known as the general principles of law. It has evolved to work only alongside equal application of the law to all free people 'equality before the law' and within the framework of the constitutional monarchy supports the legal doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Exactly what it entails beyond this and the way that different aspects of the rule of law principle are applied, depends on the specific situation and era.

Among recognised academics in this field are Albert Dicey, Joseph Raz (building on thoughts by Friedrich Hayek) and Trevor Allan, who have proposed contrasting ideas about the scope of the rule of law: specifically, whether the emphasis is on legal form or substantive content and normatively if it should be.

## Ideas

The rule of law is emphasised through many separate ideas. Among them are that law and order in contrast to anarchy; the running of government in line with the law (i.e. "legal government") and normative discussion about the rights of the state as compared to the individual. Albert Venn Dicey described the rule of law as acting in three ways: the predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power; equality before the law; and, that constitutional laws are not the source but the consequence of the rights of individuals.

The specific checking of arbitrary power is its oldest and most definitive concept as a consequence of Magna Carta and its byproduct, the first representative Parliament of England (and soon officially thereafter known as of England of Wales), which denied for the first time from the King the completely unfettered powers formerly exercised by the most powerful absolute monarchs on the throne. The key clause in the document has been consistently translated from identical, though abbreviated, Latin.

> *To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice.*

This was by the 14th century interpreted by Parliament as guaranteeing trial by jury.

Similarly, in Scotland, a parliament evolved. Before its union with England and Wales in 1707 the Parliament of Scotland was long portrayed as a constitutionally defective body that acted merely as a rubber stamp for royal decisions, but research during the early 21st century has found that it played an active role in Scottish affairs, and was sometimes a thorn in the side of the Scottish crown.

The enforcement of the doctrine of habeas corpus was widely achieved in the 17th century, however with slavery primarily in the colonies continuing, it was not until the successes of abolitionism in the United Kingdom, the Slave Trade Act of 1807 and Slavery Abolition Act 1833, that equality before the law throughout the Empire was in a formal legal sense achieved in this respect.

The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 imposed constraints on the monarch and it fell to Parliament under the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty to impose its own constitutional conventions involving the people, the monarch (or Secretaries of State in cabinet and Privy Council) and the court system. All of these three groups of institutions have proven wary of upsetting or offending the others, adopting conventions designed to ensure their long-term integrity and hence self-preservation.

After ordinary executive decisions were delegated, such as to a recognised Prime Minister and cabinet system from the mid 18th century, following on from the Bill of Rights 1689 in the Glorious Revolution, the highest courts laid down jurisprudence entrenching the growing doctrines of the Enrolled bill rule and Parliamentary sovereignty. In return Parliament has acquiesced in the senior courts' ability to declare unlawful new legislation based on older Treaty-based legislation for instance the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 in the Factortame I and IV decisions and executive actions in judicial reviews often based on the Human Rights Act 1998 (and in turn or separately the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenants). These developments have entrenched the doctrine of the rule of law as part of the constitution.

## Prevention of crime

Law and order requires the prevention of crime as well as the contribution of authorities, and as such it does not matter by what means these are achieved, or what the characteristics of the law are. This concept of the rule of the law can, therefore, be upheld by even the most tyrannical dictatorship. Such a regime may allow for the normal operation of courts between private parties, and the limited questioning of the government within the dictatorial framework. Whether the rule of law can truly exist without democracy is debated. Freedom of expression and action seems to be what the prevention of crime allows citizens; therefore, limiting it by autocratic means has been considered incompatible with the rule of law. However, the picture is much clearer in the other direction: for democracy to thrive, the rule of law (in this limited sense) must be observed.

Public authorities must act within the law assigned to them, a second approach to the rule of law. Any actions taken outside the law are *ultra vires* and cannot be sanctioned by the courts. *Entick v Carrington* was a landmark case in terms of the English law, with the famous dictum of Camden LJ: "If this is law it would be found in our books, but no such law ever existed in this country". Joseph Raz identifies government following the law as a tautology: if the will of those inside the government were expressed outside their legal constraints, they would no longer be acting as the government. He therefore characterises this legal form argument as one of mere obedience to the law; ensuring those in government follow the laws as those outside it should. He rejects that as the sole conception of the rule of law. In the 2008 case of *R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (No 2)*, an Order in Council of the British government was found to have no basis in law by a minority of judges on final appeal. Additional powers can be granted to actors on behalf of the government only through parliament. In the United Kingdom, sanctions for departing from these rules come through ordinary court procedure; in other countries they may be assigned to designated courts. Government departments are directly liable for damage caused by their acts; however, the sovereign retains immunity from prosecution. This immunity runs wider that the Head of State of other countries, for example, the President of the United States may be impeached then put on trial. In *M v Home Office* the Home Secretary was found to be liable for contempt of court. On the other hand, Acts of Parliament that contravene basic rights  such as the indefinite detention without trial of suspected terrorists  whilst adhering to this concept of the rule of law.

This is identified by Dicey as part of his first conception: "a man may with us be punished for a breach of law, but he can be punished for nothing else".

## Substantive content

Any substantive version of the rule of law as it applies to the United Kingdom asks normative questions about what rules the government *should be* under, rather than merely ensuring it follows those it *is* under. The rule of law is thus likely to be invoked when considering controversial powers of the government that stray from precedent, depart from the European Convention of Human Rights as embodied in the Human Rights Act 1998, and break new legislative ground.

This interpretation is particularly controversial. If the rule of law is to enforce specific "constitutional" or "core" rights, what they should be is difficult to decide. Among them are questions of whether ideas such as the right not to be held indefinitely without trial, deemed contrary to the Convention in *A v Home Secretary*, could ever be deemed appropriate if circumstances changed. In *R. ex parte (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office (2008)*, the defendant public prosecution body chief was deemed to allow national security considerations to take precedence over a thorough investigation into alleged bribery in certain arms deals, which is that departure from completely equal application of the law (including its application to the Crown) in order to protect life may result in a perceived breach of the modern-day rule of law.

Trevor Allan sees the rule of law as, primarily, a vehicle for the protection of rights against "irresponsible legislative encroachment" in the face of a government with a large authority, backed by (normally) a significant majority in the House of Commons. The rule of law is contrasted with rule by men, and the arbitrary power one man might exercise over the other  the people require protection from the government. This leads him to support the "core" features of the rule of law, including government acting within its legal authority. Noting that this is not incompatible with wide discretionary powers on the part of the government, Allan then goes on to accept Raz's complaint, below, that too wide a definition is to expound a complete social philosophy. He instead chooses a conception that is not so wide, whilst being not as limited as Raz's.

## Opposition to substantive content

In particular, Joseph Raz has argued that the rule of law should be limited to formal values  although formal values wider than merely maintaining law and order. These include transparency of law making, non-retroactive law, the independence of the judiciary and wide access to the courts, and the right to a fair trial. He suggests that the rule of law has become a by-word for general political ideals, separate from its actual meaning: "if the rule of law is the rule of good law then to explain its nature is to expound a complete social philosophy". Instead, he identifies principles of "open and relatively stable" lawmaking, and laws that the public can live their lives by. This concept is a merely formal one, he identifies, because this could be achieved through dictatorship, democracy, or any other means. He expresses confidence that this conception is not so restricted an approach as to be meaningless. Raz drew on similar ideas expressed by Friedrich Hayek, including "stripped of all technicalities, \[the rule of law\] means that government in all its actions is bound by rules fixed and announced beforehand – rules which make it possible to foresee with fair certainty how the authority will use its coercive powers in given circumstances and to plan one’s individual affairs on the basis of this knowledge." Raz identifies eight principles instead: prospective, open and clear laws; relatively stable laws; laws based on stable, open and open and clear rules; the independence of the judiciary; the principles of natural justice (unbiased judiciary); judicial review of implementation; accessible courts; and no perversion of the law by policing discretion. However, he considers the list incomplete.


title: Tan Twan Eng

abstract: Tan Twan Eng is a Malaysian novelist who writes in English. He published his first novel, The Gift of Rain, in 2007. He is best known for his 2012 book The Garden of Evening Mists which won the Man Asian Literary Prize and Walter Scott Prize for Historical Fiction, and was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize, making Tan the first Malaysian to be recognised by all three awards.

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# Tan Twan Eng

| Tan Twan Eng | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 陳團英 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Chén Tuányīng |
| Jyutping | Can4 Tyun4 Jing1 |
| Hokkien POJ | Tân Thoân-eng |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |

**Tan Twan Eng** (Chinese: 陳團英, b. 1972) is a Malaysian novelist who writes in English. He published his first novel, *The Gift of Rain*, in 2007. He is best known for his 2012 book *The Garden of Evening Mists* which won the Man Asian Literary Prize and Walter Scott Prize for Historical Fiction, and was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize, making Tan the first Malaysian to be recognised by all three awards.

## Background and life

Tan was born in Penang and grew up in Kuala Lumpur.

Tan attended a school in Petaling Jaya, where teachers used a cane to discipline the children for speaking in class or failing to do homework.

He is of the Straits Chinese descent. Tan speaks mainly English, Penang Hokkien, and some Cantonese.

Tan studied law at the University of London and later worked as an advocate and solicitor in intellectual property law in one of Kuala Lumpur's leading law firms before becoming a full-time writer.

He has a first-dan ranking in aikido and lives in Malaysia.

## Career

His first novel, *The Gift of Rain*, published in 2007, was long-listed for the Man Booker Prize. It is set in Penang before and during the Japanese occupation of Malaya in World War II. *The Gift of Rain* has been translated into Italian, Spanish, Greek, Romanian, Czech, Serbian, French, Russian and Hungarian.

His second novel, *The Garden of Evening Mists*, was published in 2012. It was shortlisted for the 2012 Man Booker Prize and won the Man Asian Literary Prize, and the Walter Scott Prize for Historical Fiction. The novel was adapted into a film starring Hiroshi Abe, Lee Sin-je, John Hannah, David Oakes and Sylvia Chang, which was released in 2020.

Tan has spoken at literary festivals, including the Singapore Writers Festival, the Ubud Writers Festival in Bali, the Asia Man Booker Festival in Hong Kong, the Shanghai International Literary Festival, the Perth Writers Festival, the Abbotsford Convent in Melbourne, Australia, the Franschhoek Literary Festival in South Africa, the Borders Book Festival in Melrose, Scotland, the George Town Literary Festival in Penang, the Head Read Literary Festival in Tallinn, and many more.

He is one of the judges of the International Booker Prize 2023, the first Malaysian author to be appointed to that role.

His 2023 novel, *The House of Doors*, was longlisted for the Booker Prize and shortlisted for the 2024 Walter Scott Prize.

## Works

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Tan Twan Eng | |
| --- | --- |
| 陳團英 | |
| Born | 1972 (age 5152)<br>George Town, Penang, Malaysia |
| Nationality | Malaysian |
| Education | Bachelor of Laws |
| Alma mater | University of London |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Notable work |  |
| Website | www.tantwaneng.com |


title: Markus Kronthaler

abstract: Markus Kronthaler was an Austrian gendarme and mountaineer. Kronthaler was born in Kufstein, Tyrol. He was an officer in the alpine section of Austria's Gendarmerie, which he left in 2003 to become a professional climber. Surviving a free fall of 150 meters (450 ft) into snow in January 2006, Kronthaler led a new expedition to Chogolisa and Broad Peak, Pakistan, in May 2006. He died of exhaustion on Broad Peak after reaching the summit on 8 July. His body was left on the mountain. In the summer of 2007, an Austrian mountaineering team climbed Broad Peak to retrieve Kronthaler's corpse, which was brought to Austria and cremated. This was the highest-ever body recovery from a mountain. His urn was buried in Kufstein.

text:
# Markus Kronthaler

**Markus Kronthaler** (5 April 1967 – 8 July 2006) was an Austrian gendarme and mountaineer.

Kronthaler was born in Kufstein, Tyrol. He was an officer in the alpine section of Austria's Gendarmerie, which he left in 2003 to become a professional climber. Surviving a free fall of 150 meters (450 ft) into snow in January 2006, Kronthaler led a new expedition to Chogolisa and Broad Peak, Pakistan, in May 2006. He died of exhaustion on Broad Peak after reaching the summit on 8 July. His body was left on the mountain.

In the summer of 2007, an Austrian mountaineering team climbed Broad Peak to retrieve Kronthaler's corpse, which was brought to Austria and cremated. This was the highest-ever body recovery from a mountain. His urn was buried in Kufstein.

## Expeditions

## InfoBox

Markus Kronthaler
| Markus Kronthaler at Camp One, Nanga Parbat, 2004 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Born | (1967-04-05)5 April 1967
Kufstein, Tyrol, Austria |
| Died | 8 July 2006(2006-07-08) (aged 39)
Broad Peak, Karakoram, Pakistan |
| Occupation(s) | Gendarme, mountaineer |
|  | |
| Climbing career | |
| Major ascents |  |
|  | |


title: Flókadalur (Skagafirði)

abstract: Flókadalur is both a valley and region in Skagafjarðarsýsla that was named after Flóki Vilgerðarson, who is said to have settled the land there when he returned to Iceland, and gave the land its name. In front of Flókadalur is the lake Hópsvatn, which is separated from the sea by a low, gravelly isthmus. Inside the valley is Flókadalsvatn. Through Flókadalur runs Flókadalsá. Several towns are in the valley, which is grassy but snowy in the winter.

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# Flókadalur (Skagafirði)

**Flókadalur** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[ˈflouːkaˌtaːlʏr̥\] ) is both a valley and region in Skagafjarðarsýsla that was named after Flóki Vilgerðarson, who is said to have settled the land there when he returned to Iceland, and gave the land its name.

In front of Flókadalur is the lake Hópsvatn \[ˈhoupsˌvahtn̥\], which is separated from the sea by a low, gravelly isthmus. Inside the valley is Flókadalsvatn \[ˈflouːkaˌtalsˌvahtn̥\]. Through Flókadalur runs Flókadalsá \[ˈflouːkaˌtalsˌauː\]. Several towns are in the valley, which is grassy but snowy in the winter.

## InfoBox

| Flókadalur | |
| --- | --- |
| Flókadalur | |
| Naming | |
| English translation | Flóki's valley |
| Geography | |
| Country | Iceland |
| State/Province | Skagafjörður |
| Coordinates | 65°59′51″N 19°9′4″W / 65.99750°N 19.15111°W / 65.99750; -19.15111 66°1′37.880″N 19°9′3.514″W / 66.02718889°N 19.15097611°W / 66.02718889; -19.15097611 |
| River | Flókadalsá |
| Lake | Hópsvatn |