title: Transurbano

abstract: The Transurbano is a public bus system that serves Guatemala City. The system is operated by Siga, and funded by the government of Guatemala. The project was inaugurated during the administration of Alvaro Colom, and was supported by the Asociación de Empresarios de Autobuses Urbanos. The system was established with the goal of replacing privately operated bus service in Guatemala City, eventually amalgamating all urban bus services under the Transurbano umbrella. Service officially began on July 3, 2010, with 15 buses covering 3 routes operating in the southern part of the city between Zone 12 and Zone 21.

text:
# Transurbano

The **Transurbano** is a public bus system that serves Guatemala City. The system is operated by Siga, and funded by the government of Guatemala. The project was inaugurated during the administration of Alvaro Colom, and was supported by the Asociación de Empresarios de Autobuses Urbanos (Association of Urban Bus Operators). The system was established with the goal of replacing privately operated bus service in Guatemala City, eventually amalgamating all urban bus services under the Transurbano umbrella. Service officially began on July 3, 2010, with 15 buses covering 3 routes operating in the southern part of the city between Zone 12 and Zone 21.

## Phases

The system was launched in a series of phases, in order to manage rolling stock distribution and operations. Phase 1 was launched with services operating between Zones 12 and 21 in the southern part of the city. The system took advantage of the CENMA bus terminal to connect to Transmetro service. Phase 2 began shortly afterwards in February 2011. This phase provided more service to core areas of the city, including the historical downtown areas in Zone 1, Zone 2, and under served neighbourhoods in Zone 6, 17, 18, and 24. A majority of the bus drivers for the second phase were hired from private operators that were previously serving some of the target communities. The second phase was further expanded, and complimented with express services between Zone 1 and northern neighbourhoods, after the opening of Centra Norte in Zone 17. Phase 3 serviced the neighbouring city of Mixo, with one route providing regular service between Zone 7 and Mixco. This route was eventually taken over from SIGA by the Mixco municipality as they began operations of their Rutas Express service. Phase 4 was the last phase to start service and covered a number of under served zones, as well as provided local service connections to Transmetro Lines. This phase covers Zone 5, 13, and 15. Since the end of Phase 4, the network has merely focused on its original goal of taking over privately operated service in the city, replacing it with transurbano rolling stock and fare payments.

### Future operations

Due to the reduction in the gas subsidy for public transit operators, such as SIGA, various rolling stock owners and drivers have refused to provide service contracted by SIGA. Some have also chosen to raise fares or used cash instead of the SIGA smart card. This has resulted in a system that is unreliable and comparable to the previously existing model of multiple companies operating several routes. Fully publicly operated systems such as Mixco's Rutas Express, Villa Nueva's TransMIO, and Guatemala's Transmetro have seen success at providing safe and reliable public service at an affordable price. In 2017, the municipality of Guatemala considered a proposal to create a new alternative transit system to the Transurbano, under the Transmetro banner. This proposal would eventually develop into the TuBus system announced ahead of the 16th anniversary of Transmetro operations. This system is set to operate along a previously proposed Transmetro alignment between zone 17 and Centra Atlantida in zone 18, as well as zones 4, 6, 7, 9, and 14.

## Buses

The buses that made up the initial Transurbano fleet were made in Brazil by Busscar, Marcopolo, and CAIO. All buses featured informational LCD screens that displayed weather information and advertisements, security cameras, and GPS tracking. Since the completion of phase 4, SIGA has worked with private bus operators to convert and refurbish buses for Transurbano operation. Guatemala is a notable importer of decommissioned buses from the US. Historically, these have been decommissioned school buses that are transformed into chicken buses for rural passenger service. However, private sector importers have begun importing decommissioned low-floor city buses from the US, which are then leased to SIGA for Transurbano operations. The addition of decommissioned low-floor buses and low-floor articulated buses has also resulted in greater accessibility for users in wheelchairs or with mobility issues, and addressed overcrowding.

## Fare system

Fares are paid through a smart card, using RFID readers which deduct balance every time a user boards a bus. Fares initially were only GTQ1.10. However, the Asociación de Empresarios de Autobuses Urbanos (Association of Urban Bus Operators), who initially supported the Transurbano project, advocated for the end of subsidies for bus operations, which would allow them to increase bus fares in both privately run routes and Transurbano. Fare increases must be approved by the government, and are closely monitored as a way to keep public transit relatively affordable, given there is no line transfer system, and instead users pay a fare every time they enter a vehicle. As of 2021, The smartcard for Transurbano is no longer accepted at Transmetro stations. Meaning riders must use SIGA cards for Transurbano, and Tarjeta Ciudadana (Citizen Card) for Transmetro.

## Routes

### Southern Routes

The following is a list of routes that mainly serve the southern part of Guatemala City.

| Route Number | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| 202 | USA–Santa Lucía–Zona 6 |
| 280 | Guajitos–Petapa–Trébol |
| 281 | Guajitos–Castellana–Terminal |
| 282 | Guajitos–Santa Cecilia–Centro–Parque |
| 283 | Justo Rufino Barrios–Obelisco |
| 284 | Justo Rufino Barrios–Venezuela–Castellana–Terminal |
| 285 | Justo Rufino Barrios–Venezuela–Santa Cecilia–Centro–Parque |
| 286 | Justo Rufino Barrios–Trébol |
| 287 | Justo Rufino Barrios–Santa Cecilia–Centro–Parque |
| 288 | Justo Rufino Barrios–Castellana–Terminal |
| 250 | Nimajuyú–Obelisco |
| 251 | Cerro Gordo–Nimajuyú–Santa Cecilia–Centro–Parque |
| 252 | Loma Blanca–Nimajuyú–Santa Cecilia–Centro–Parque |
| 253 | Loma Blanca–Nimajuyú–Castellana–Terminal |
| 254 | Ciudad Real–Santa Cecilia–Centro–Parque |
| 256 | Villa Hermosa–Trébol |
| 257 | Villa Hermosa–Terminal |
| 256P | Prados Villa Hermosa–Trébol |
| 257P | Prados Villa Hermosa–Terminal |

### Northern routes

The following is a list of routes that mainly serve the northern part of Guatemala City.

| Route Number | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| 260 | Paraíso – Centro Oriente |
| 261 | Paraíso – Centro Occidente |
| 262 | Pinares del Norte – Centro |
| 263 | Pinares del Norte – Centro |
| 264 | Ilusiones – Kennedy – Centro |
| 265 | Ilusiones – Kennedy – Centro |
| 266 | Alameda – Centro 12 avenida |
| 268 | Alameda – Centro 10 avenida |
| 300 | El Limón – Atlántida – Centro |
| 301 | Maya – Centro |
| 302 | Maya – Centro |
| 305 | Prado – Atlántida |
| 306 | Canaán – Atlántida |
| 307 | Rosario – Atlántida |
| 309 | Lomas del Norte – Centro |
| 310P | Las Pilas – Centro |
| 310J | Cantón Jagüey – Centro |
| 311 | Los Ángeles – Centro |
| 311V | Centra Norte – Centro |
| 311O | Los Ocotes – Parroquia |
| 312 | El Chato, Llano Largo – Centro |
| 312F | Fiscal–Centro |

### Santa Catarína Pínula

The following is a list of routes that mainly serve the town of Santa Catarina Pinula from Guatemala City.

| Route Number | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| 110 | Santa Catarina Pinula – Terminal |

### Avenida Reforma

The following is a list of routes that mainly serve a popular red-light district along the CA1 in Guatemala City.

| Route Number | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| 250R | Avenida La Reforma – Tikal Futura |

### Mixco (now Rutas Express)

| Route Number | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| 76A | Colinas de minerva - Valle del sol |

## Infrastructure

Bus stops are simple in construction, in order to allow for fast deployment of routes during the initial phases. A large station would consist of an illuminated sign with the Transurbano system logo, a metal fence facing the road, and a plastic translucent roof. Simpler bus stops were identified only by an illuminated sign on a blue metal pole. Starting February 2013, the municipality of Guatemala took responsibility for adjusting the locations and refurbishing Transurbano bus stops in the northern section of the system. Routes such as 263, 268, and 265 had some stations relocated as a result. Major terminals like CENMA, Centra Norte, and Centra Atlantida are operated and maintained by the municipality of Guatemala.

### Security

Security at bus stops consists of CCTV cameras, and an emergency intercom connected to a local police station. The original rolling stock also featured a GPS system for location tracking of each unit. A women-only service was established in 2011 in order to prevent and reduce assaults on the system. The service was operated during rush hours only with specially designated units.

## Criticism

The system has faced numerous controversies that have had major impacts on its operations and have brought its effectiveness into question. According to passengers, the gates installed inside buses to prevent fare evasion on the initial units are too small, making it quite difficult for people with disabilities, overweight, or mobility devices to get through. The introduction of the fare payment card was also quite controversial, as its deployment faced numerous challenges to getting information about where to get the card, and how to use it. People with disabilities were also quite critical of the service, as it rolled out with conventional units requiring users to climb a set of stairs, and were not fitted with wheelchair lifts. This is despite the project's initial promise of removing accessibility barriers for public transit. Low-floor units were eventually introduced by contracting out some operations to private bus companies who imported decommissioned city buses from the U.S. Additionally, senior citizens were promised free-fares. Initially throughout the day, then reduced to only during off-peak periods. However many contracted operators have refused to honour the complimentary service for seniors as part of disputes regarding fuel subsidies, leading the Human Rights Bureau to intervene begin enforcement on several routes.

## Corruption scandal

Dubbed the **Caso Transurbano**, the corruption scandal saw the eventual conviction of former president Álvaro Colom, a number of individuals who served as ministers during his administration, and former presidential candidate Manuel Baldizón. Transurbano was originally presented as a Public–private partnership to create a transit system that would replace the unorganized services that were offered by a number of individual companies, by bringing all services under the Transurbano umbrella. This meant the government would contract out some operations, rolling stock, and maintenance to private operators while sharing a portion of the fare revenue. According to an investigation by the Public Ministry, working in collaboration with CICIG (International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala), it was determined that large sums of funds destined for the Transurbano project, and its operator SIGA, were funneled to various public officials and private contractors. The funds were then used for the purchase of various luxury goods, including cars, cottages, and helicopters, as well as funding Baldizón's 2011 and 2015 presidential campaigns. in 2018 a judge handed various sentences and fines to eight people found guilty of various instances of money laundering and who were associated with those involved. Ex-president Álvaro Colom was ordered to pay a GTQ 1 million bail, and was prohibited from exiting the country after an appeal for a jail sentence by the Public Ministry and CICIG was rejected. He remained under house arrest until his death in early 2023. In 2022, a judge ruled that Baldizón would have to pay GTQ 1 million, and remain under house arrest after returning to Guatemala from serving a 28-month sentence in the U.S. for money laundering.

## InfoBox

| Transurbano | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo | |
| Transurbano unit with wheelchair lift | |
| Overview | |
| Owner | SIGA, Private Sector (Partial rolling stock) |
| Locale | Guatemala City, Guatemala |
| Transit type | Local Bus |
| Number of lines | 41 |
| Daily ridership | 270,000 |
| Website | SIGA Transurbano |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | 3 July 2010 |
| Operator(s) | Sistema Integrado Guatemalteco de Autobuses (SIGA) |
| Number of vehicles | About 455 |


abstract: Transurethral needle ablation is a technique that uses low energy radio frequency delivered through two needles to ablate excess prostate tissue. A cystoscope/catheter deploys the needles toward the obstructing prostate tissue and is inserted into the urethra directly through the penis under local anesthetic before the procedure begins. The energy from the probe heats the abnormal prostate tissue without damaging the urethra. The resulting scar tissue later atrophies, reducing the size of the prostate which in turn reduces the constriction of the urethra. It can be done with a local anesthetic on an outpatient basis. It takes about an hour to perform the procedure. It takes about 30 days for the ablated prostate tissue to resorb. Transurethral needle ablation can be used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Some clinical studies have reported that TUNA is safe and effective, improving the urine flow with minimal side effects when compared with other procedures, such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and open prostatectomy. However, other studies have reported that the procedure has a high failure rate, with the majority of patients requiring retreatment. Some patients have reported long-term inflammation of their prostate after undergoing the TUNA process. This is known as chronic prostatitis.

text:
# Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate

**Transurethral needle ablation** (also called **TUNA** or **transurethral radiofrequency ablation**) is a technique that uses low energy radio frequency delivered through two needles to ablate excess prostate tissue. A cystoscope/catheter deploys the needles toward the obstructing prostate tissue and is inserted into the urethra directly through the penis under local anesthetic before the procedure begins. The energy from the probe heats the abnormal prostate tissue without damaging the urethra. The resulting scar tissue later atrophies, reducing the size of the prostate which in turn reduces the constriction of the urethra. It can be done with a local anesthetic on an outpatient basis. It takes about an hour to perform the procedure. It takes about 30 days for the ablated prostate tissue to resorb.

Transurethral needle ablation can be used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Some clinical studies have reported that TUNA is safe and effective, improving the urine flow with minimal side effects when compared with other procedures, such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and open prostatectomy. However, other studies have reported that the procedure has a high failure rate, with the majority of patients requiring retreatment. Some patients have reported long-term inflammation of their prostate after undergoing the TUNA process. This is known as chronic prostatitis.

## Judgements in guidelines

## History

The TUNA system was pioneered by Stuart Denzil Edwards. The device was the main product for a startup company called Vidamed. Vidamed was founded in 1992 by Edwards along with Ron G. Lax, Hugh Sharky and Ingemar Lundquist, in Menlo Park, California, before building an international global corporation headed up by Lyle F. Brotherton. Vidamed was floated in an IPO on the US NASDAQ stock market in 1995 and then acquired by Medtronic in 2001. In 2011, Urologix, Inc. acquired the worldwide exclusive license to Prostiva radiofrequency therapy.

* This article contains text derived from the public domain document at Pueblo.GPO.gov Main Page. Archived at: Publications.USA.gov Main Page on July 16, 2012, and accessed on December 29, 2015.
* This article incorporates public domain material from *Dictionary of Cancer Terms*. U.S. National Cancer Institute.

Notes

## InfoBox

| Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA) | |
| --- | --- |
| ICD-9-CM | 60.97 |


title: Transurethral biopsy

abstract: Transurethral biopsy is a biopsy procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate for examination under a microscope. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the urethra into the prostate, and a small piece of tissue is removed with a cutting loop.

text:
# Transurethral biopsy

**Transurethral biopsy** is a biopsy procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate for examination under a microscope. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the urethra into the prostate, and a small piece of tissue is removed with a cutting loop.

This article incorporates public domain material from *Dictionary of Cancer Terms*. U.S. National Cancer Institute.

## InfoBox

| Transurethral biopsy | |
| --- | --- |
| ICD-9-CM | 60.11 |


title: Travis Releford

abstract: Travis Releford is an American professional basketball player for AEK Larnaca of the Cypriot Division A. He played college basketball at the University of Kansas and has previously represented the United States at the international level.

text:
# Travis Releford

**Travis Releford** (born February 22, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for AEK Larnaca of the Cypriot Division A. He played college basketball at the University of Kansas and has previously represented the United States at the international level.

## High school career

Releford attended Bishop Miege where he was a two-time high school All-American. As a senior, he averaged 24.1 points, 6.0 rebounds and 4.0 assists, earning the Eastern Kansas League (EKL) and Gatorade Player of the Year after guiding the Stags to a 19–3 record.

## College career

After graduating, Releford attended the University of Kansas where he was a starter his junior and senior seasons. In five seasons at Kansas, he won five Big 12 regular-season titles, three league tournament titles, advanced to four Sweet 16s, two Elite Eights, one Final Four and was 158–27 with KU. He ended his college career with 965 points and ranked 10th all-time in games played (138) and tied for 27th in steals (114) in school history.

## Professional career

After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft, Releford signed with Okapi Aalstar of the Ethias League on June 28, 2013. In 42 games, he averaged 7.2 points and 1.9 rebounds per game, helping them win the supercup and make it to league final. Releford also played 3 games in the EuroChallenge where he had averages of 5.3 points, 2.7 rebounds and 2.3 assists per game.

A year later, Releford signed with the Mississauga Power of the Canadian league, where he averaged 21.5 points, 6.0 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 1.3 steals in 15 games. On February 11, 2015, he left Mississauga to play for Maccabi Kiryat Gat of Israel.

On October 31, 2015, Releford was selected by the Idaho Stampede in the third round of the 2015 NBA Development League draft. On November 13, he made his debut for Idaho in a 110–106 loss to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers, recording four points, one rebound, two assists, one steal and two blocks in 23 minutes off the bench. On January 6, 2016, he was waived by Idaho after averaging 4.6 points, 1.6 rebounds and 0.9 assists in 16 games. On March 15, he signed with the Niagara River Lions of the NBL Canada.

On October 14, 2016, Releford signed with Polish club Siarka Tarnobrzeg. On February 27, 2017, he moved to Wilki Morskie Szczecin for the rest of the season.

On November 6, 2017, Releford signed with Limburg United of the Belgian League. In 2018, he signed in Cyprus with AEK Larnaca.

## Personal life

The son of Venita Vann, Releford is the second-oldest child in a family of four boys and two girls, including his younger brother, point guard Trevor Releford, whom he has previously faced on the court. He graduated from Kansas with a degree in African and African American studies.

## InfoBox

Travis Releford
| Releford (right) defending against Scott Christopherson of Iowa State | |
| --- | --- |
| AEK Larnaca | |
| Position | Shooting guard |
| League | Cypriot Division A |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1990-02-22) February 22, 1990<br>Kansas City, Missouri |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) |
| Listed weight | 205 lb (93 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Bishop Miege (Roeland Park, Kansas) |
| College | Kansas (2008–2013) |
| NBA draft | 2013: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2013–present |
| Career history | |
| 2013–2014 | Okapi Aalstar |
| 2014–2015 | Mississauga Power |
| 2015 | Maccabi Kiryat Gat |
| 2015–2016 | Idaho Stampede |
| 2016 | Helsinki Seagulls |
| 2016 | Niagara River Lions |
| 2016–2017 | Siarka Tarnobrzeg |
| 2017 | Wilki Morskie Szczecin |
| 2017–2018 | Limburg United |
| 2018–present | AEK Larnaca |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Second-team All-Big 12 (2013) * Big 12 All-Defensive Team (2013) | |
|  | |
| Stats  at Basketball-Reference.com | |
| Medals      Men's basketball  Representing the  United States  FIBA Americas U-18 Championship  2008 Argentina  Team | |


title: Travis Raven

abstract: Travis Roland Raven was an American football coach. He built John H. Reagan High School of Austin into a Texas high school football powerhouse, winning 4A state championships in 1967, 1968 and 1970. His record at Reagan was 62–10–1 which included a 35-game winning streak from 1967 to 1969. He was chosen as the Texas High School Coach of the Year in 1969. Previously, he had coached at Lockhart High School and Austin High School, where he guided the Maroons to the state baseball championship in 1958. Raven was born and raised in Austin, Texas, where he attended Austin High School. In 1940, he was a member of the State Junior College Championship Team at Schreiner Institute. He entered the University of Texas at Austin in 1941 and graduated in 1948, with service in the United States Army Air Forces from 1943 to 1946. While at University of Texas, he played football and was on one conference championship team and two winning Bowl teams. Raven took over as the Austin school district's athletic director in 1974. This was after a highly publicized scandal in which he faced a felony charge of "compelling prostitution with a minor." He was accused of inducing a 16-year-old girl into prostitution with several prominent men named as clients. He was convicted of the lesser misdemeanor offense of engaging in prostitution and fined two hundred dollars.

text:
# Travis Raven

**Travis Roland Raven** (August 31, 1922  May 11, 2004) was an American football coach. He built John H. Reagan High School of Austin into a Texas high school football powerhouse, winning 4A state championships in 1967, 1968 and 1970. His record at Reagan was 62101 which included a 35-game winning streak from 1967 to 1969. He was chosen as the Texas High School Coach of the Year in 1969. Previously, he had coached at Lockhart High School and Austin High School (Austin, Texas), where he guided the Maroons to the state baseball championship in 1958.

Raven was born and raised in Austin, Texas, where he attended Austin High School. In 1940, he was a member of the State Junior College Championship Team at Schreiner Institute. He entered the University of Texas at Austin in 1941 and graduated in 1948, with service in the United States Army Air Forces from 1943 to 1946. While at University of Texas, he played football and was on one conference championship team and two winning Bowl teams.

Raven took over as the Austin school district's athletic director in 1974. This was after a highly publicized scandal in which he faced a felony charge of "compelling prostitution with a minor." He was accused of inducing a 16-year-old girl into prostitution with several prominent men named as clients. He was convicted of the lesser misdemeanor offense of engaging in prostitution and fined two hundred dollars.


title: Travis Rejman

abstract: Travis Rejman is the American Co-Founder and Executive Director of The Goldin Institute, a Chicago-based non-profit organization that works to foster global grassroots partnerships for sustainable change.

text:
# Travis Rejman

**Travis Rejman** (born in Waterloo, Iowa, United States) is the American Co-Founder and Executive Director of The Goldin Institute, a Chicago-based non-profit organization that works to foster global grassroots partnerships for sustainable change.

## Career

The Goldin Institute focuses on areas of poverty alleviation, gender empowerment, conflict resolution and environmental sustainability. He began working door to door as an environmental community organizer for issues concerning government, business, as well as civil society. Before the foundation of the Institute, Travis worked in the Interfaith field serving as Director of Programs for the Council for a Parliament of the World's Religions. Among the programs he developed were the 1999 Parliament in Cape Town, South Africa and the 2004 Parliament in Barcelona, Spain.

Rejman worked as a part of the organization Public Allies from 1994 to 1995, under the direction of Michelle Obama. Obama was the Founding Executive Director of Public Allies Chicago. Rejman appeared and spoke in the video *South Side Girl* that introduced Michelle Obama at the Democratic National Convention in 2008.

Based on his work in Uganda building a National Platform for Child Soldier Reintegration and Prevention, Rejman's perspective on the Kony 2012 campaign was featured in the Huffington Post on March 9, 2012.


title: Tracline 65

abstract: Tracline 65 was a bus route in Birmingham, England which included the first guided busway in the United Kingdom. The existing route 65 bus route was upgraded as part of an experiment to improve bus services, by the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive. A 600-metre section of concrete-edged guideway was installed on Streetly Road in the Short Heath area, a few miles from Erdington village, at the northern terminal of the route. Located in a central reservation once used by Birmingham Corporation trams, it was segregated from the carriageway used by other vehicular traffic. At the southern end of the trackway, buses used ordinary roads to reach the city centre. Fourteen MCW Metrobus Mark II buses were acquired and fitted with guide wheels, which ran along the guideway's concrete edges. The vehicles were painted in a distinct livery, unique to Tracline 65, being silver with black and red detailing. It began operating in 1984. The trial ended in 1987 and all buses had their guide wheels removed and returned to normal services; the last withdrawn on 26 April 2008. The buses retained their distinctive destination display and gap in the front wheel arch where the guide wheels had been. One, fleet number 8110, is preserved at Aston Manor Road Transport Museum.

text:
# Tracline 65

**Tracline 65** was a bus route in Birmingham, England which included the first guided busway in the United Kingdom.

The existing route 65 bus route was upgraded as part of an experiment to improve bus services, by the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive. A 600-metre section of concrete-edged guideway was installed on Streetly Road in the Short Heath area, a few miles from Erdington village, at the northern terminal of the route. Located in a central reservation once used by Birmingham Corporation trams, it was segregated from the carriageway used by other vehicular traffic. At the southern end of the trackway, buses used ordinary roads to reach the city centre.

Fourteen MCW Metrobus Mark II buses were acquired and fitted with guide wheels, which ran along the guideway's concrete edges. The vehicles were painted in a distinct livery, unique to Tracline 65, being silver with black and red detailing. It began operating in 1984. The trial ended in 1987 and all buses had their guide wheels removed and returned to normal services; the last withdrawn on 26 April 2008. The buses retained their distinctive destination display and gap in the front wheel arch where the guide wheels had been. One, fleet number 8110, is preserved at Aston Manor Road Transport Museum.

Media related to Tracline 65 at Wikimedia Commons

52°31′48″N 1°51′31″W / 52.52999°N 1.85856°W / 52.52999; -1.85856

## InfoBox

| Tracline 65 | |
| --- | --- |
| MCW Metrobus at the City Centre end of the route in 1986 | |
| Overview | |
| Operator | West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive<br>West Midlands Travel |
| Vehicle | MCW Metrobus |
| Predecessors | Route 65 |


title: Michael Krassner

abstract: Michael Krassner is an American musician and composer, known for his work in the Boxhead Ensemble and The Lofty Pillars. He has collaborated with numerous musical artists, including Califone, Dirty Three, Gastr del Sol, Fred Lonberg-Holm, Will Oldham, Scott Tuma and Ken Vandermark.

text:
# Michael Krassner

**Michael Krassner** (born 1971) is an American musician and composer, known for his work in the Boxhead Ensemble and The Lofty Pillars. He has collaborated with numerous musical artists, including Califone, Dirty Three, Gastr del Sol, Fred Lonberg-Holm, Will Oldham, Scott Tuma and Ken Vandermark.

## Biography

Michael Krassner grew up in Wisconsin and moved to Arizona when he was a teenager. He began writing music at the age of fourteen after hearing The Velvet Underground. In 1991, Krasner formed the Boxhead Ensemble in Los Angeles to record a soundtrack for Braden King. After relocating to Chicago, the ensemble comprised Charles Kim, Ken Vandermark and members of the post-rock group Gastr del Sol. Under his direction, the group recorded the soundtrack for the film *Dutch Harbor*. The line-up for the group has constantly changed, with Krassner being the only consist member. After the release of his debut solo album in 1999, Krassner formed The Lofty Pillars with singer-songwriter Wil Hendricks, with whom he had been writing songs since 1993.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Michael Krassner | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1971 (age 5253)<br>Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Genres | Post-rock, folk |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, keyboards |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Labels | Atavistic |


title: Michael Meadows

abstract: Michael Ronald Meadows is a British racing driver. He is a two-time champion in Porsche Carrera Cup GB and won the 2018 Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup alongside Raffaele Marciello. Since his retirement in 2020, he has been team manager for the Argenti Motorsport Formula 4 team.

text:
# Michael Meadows

**Michael Ronald Meadows** (born 11 September 1987 in Oxford) is a British racing driver. He is a two-time champion in Porsche Carrera Cup GB and won the 2018 Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup alongside Raffaele Marciello. Since his retirement in 2020, he has been team manager for the Argenti Motorsport Formula 4 team.

## Career

In 2012 and 2013, he became the overall champion in Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain. For the past five years, he has finished in the top two. In 2014, Meadows won more races than Josh Webster, but Webster's greater consistency allowed him to take the overall championship by nine points, ahead of the two-time defending champion Meadows. In 2015, he was beaten by Daniel Cammish, the ex-champion in British Formula Ford. In the ten years he has raced, Meadows has notched up 31 career wins.

Meadows made his debut racing in the 2005 Formula BMW UK series. As well as this, he has appeared in Porsche Supercup, International Formula Master, Blancpain Endurance Series and the British GT Championship.

## Personal life

He was born in Oxford, Oxfordshire but now lives in London. His father is Mercedes-AMG F1 sporting director Ron Meadows, who founded the Argenti Kart Team in 2019.

## Racing record

### Complete Formula BMW UK results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position; races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | DC | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Master Motorsport | DON
1
7 | DON
2
15 | THR
1
10 | THR
2
11 | ROC
1
14 | ROC
2
15 | BHI
1
Ret | BHI
2
16 | OUL
1
5 | OUL
2
13 | CRO
1
5 | CRO
2
Ret | MON
1
Ret | MON
1
21 | KNO
1
8 | KNO
2
Ret | SIL
1
18 | SIL
2
11 | BHGP
1
9 | BHGP
2
8 | 14th | 32 |
| 2006 | Master Motorsport | BHI
1
2 | BHI
2
3 | MON
1
3 | *MON
1*
4 | OUL
1
Ret | OUL
2
Ret | BHGP
1
2 | BHGP
2
5 | THR
1
2 | THR
2
2 | CRO
1
6 | CRO
2
5 | DON
1
8 | DON
2
19 | SNE
1
9 | SNE
2
6 | KNO
1
Ret | KNO
2
11 | SIL
1
3 | SIL
2
3 | 5th | 151 |

### Complete GT World Challenge Europe results

#### GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup

| Year | Team | Car | Class | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Pos. | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Leonard Motorsport AMR | Aston Martin V12 Vantage GT3 | Pro-Am | MNZ | SIL | LEC | SPA
6H
28 | SPA
12H
18 | SPA
24H
37 | *NÜR*
10 | 16th | 17 |
| 2015 | Leonard Motorsport AMR | Aston Martin V12 Vantage GT3 | Pro-Am | MNZ
30 | SIL
14 | LEC
26 | SPA
6H
33 | SPA
12H
15 | SPA
24H
10 | NÜR
22 | 4th | 53 |
| 2016 | Belgian Audi Club Team WRT | Audi R8 LMS | Pro | MNZ
33 | SIL
13 | LEC
Ret | SPA
6H
19 | SPA
12H
11 | SPA
24H
Ret | NÜR
8 | 42nd | 4 |
| 2017 | AKKA ASP | Mercedes-AMG GT3 | Pro | MNZ
Ret | SIL
3 | LEC
10 | SPA
6H
11 | SPA
12H
4 | SPA
24H
3 | CAT
7 | 5th | 43 |
| 2018 | SMP Racing by AKKA ASP | Mercedes-AMG GT3 | Pro | MNZ
Ret | SIL
Ret | LEC
7 | SPA
6H
36 | SPA
12H
23 | SPA
24H
16 | CAT
14 | 41st | 6 |
| 2019 | Mercedes-AMG Team AKKA ASP | Mercedes-AMG GT3 | Pro | MNZ
39 | SIL
Ret | LEC
Ret | SPA
6H | SPA
12H | SPA
24H | CAT
38 | NC | 0 |

* Season still in progress.

#### Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup

| Year | Team | Car | Class | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Pos. | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Belgian Audi Club Team WRT | Audi R8 LMS | Silver | **MIS
QR**
Ret | *MIS
CR*
18 | BRH
QR
15 | BRH
CR
Ret | *NÜR
QR*
28 | NÜR
CR
18 | HUN
QR
12 | *HUN
CR*
11 | CAT
QR
14 | CAT
CR
20 | 3rd | 96 |
| 2017 | AKKA ASP | Mercedes-AMG GT3 | Pro | MIS
QR
3 | MIS
CR
16 | BRH
QR
8 | BRH
CR
7 | ZOL
QR
2 | ZOL
CR
23 | HUN
QR
9 | HUN
CR
12 | NÜR
QR
13 | NÜR
CR
14 | 16th | 16 |
| 2018 | AKKA ASP Team | Mercedes-AMG GT3 | Pro | ZOL
1
8 | ZOL
2
2 | BRH
1
3 | BRH
2
4 | *MIS
1*
2 | **MIS
2**
10 | *HUN
1*
2 | ***HUN
2***
1 | NÜR
1
4 | NÜR
2
1 | 1st | 98 |

1. Lickorish, Stephen (1 October 2020). "Meadows adds 'race-winning team boss' to his CV". *PressReader*. Autosport. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
2. "Five minutes with Michael Meadows - Total 911". 26 March 2014.
3. "Michael Meadows".
4. Lickorish, Stephen (30 January 2020). "Meadows to lead Double R in F4". *PressReader*. Autosport. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

## InfoBox

| Michael Meadows | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1987-09-11) 11 September 1987
Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK |
| Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain career | |
| Debut season | 2010 |
| Current team | Redline Racing |
| Racing licence | FIA Gold |
| Car number | 87 |
| Starts | 113 |
| Wins | 26 |
| Poles | 59 |
| Fastest laps | 30 |
| Best finish | 1st in 2012, 2013 |
| Previous series | |
| 2010-2012
2007-2008
2007
2005-2006 | Porsche Supercup
International Formula Master
British Formula Three
Formula BMW UK |
| Championship titles | |
| 2018
2012-13 | Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup
Porsche Carrera Cup GB |


title: Michael Burleigh

abstract: Michael Burleigh is an English author and historian whose primary focus is on Nazi Germany and related subjects. He has also been active in bringing history to television.

text:
# Michael Burleigh

**Michael Burleigh** (born 3 April 1955) is an English author and historian whose primary focus is on Nazi Germany and related subjects. He has also been active in bringing history to television.

## Early life

Michael Burleigh was born on 3 April 1955. He was awarded a first class honours degree in medieval and modern history from University College London in 1977, winning the Pollard, Dolley and Sir William Mayer Prizes.

## Career

After a PhD in medieval history from Bedford College, London in 1982, he held posts at New College, Oxford, the London School of Economics and then at Cardiff University, where he was a distinguished research professor in modern history. He has also been Professor of History at Washington and Lee University in Virginia, and Kratter Visiting Professor at Stanford University. In 2002 he gave the three Cardinal Basil Hume Memorial Lectures at Heythrop College, University of London.

Burleigh is a member of the Academic Advisory Board of the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Munich and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He founded the journal *Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions* and is on the editorial boards of *Totalitarismus und Demokratie* and *Ethnic and Racial Studies*. Books of his have been translated into Czech, Chinese, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Polish and Spanish.

He has also been active in bringing history to television audiences. In 1991 he won the British Film Institute Award for Archival Achievement for the Channel 4/Domino Films documentary *Selling Murder: The Killing Films of the Third Reich*. In 1993 he gained a New York Film and Television Festival Award Bronze Medal for *Heil Herbie: The Story of the Volkswagen Beetle* (Channel 4/Domino Films).

Burleigh was on the advisory board of, and contributed regularly to, the magazine *Standpoint,* the last issue of which was published in 2021. He won the Samuel Johnson Prize for Non Fiction in 2001 for *The Third Reich: A New History* and the Nonino International Master of His Time Prize in 2012. David Cesarani praised the book's masterful synthesis in *Literary Review*, noting how Burleigh grafts a thorough command of relevant memoirs onto quantitative data and theories of totalitarianism, providing "one arresting anecdote after another to personalise the bigger argument."

His *Small Wars, Far Away Places: The Genesis of the Modern World 1945–65* was long-listed for the Samuel Johnson Prize in 2013. He writes for three English dailies: *The Times*, the *Daily Mail* and the *Daily Telegraph*.

## Personal life

Burleigh has been married since 1991 to Linden Burleigh. They live in South East London.

## Selected works

* *Selling Murder: The Killing Films of the Third Reich*. London: Domino Films
* *Prussian Society and the German Order*. Cambridge University Press, 1984
* *Germany Turns Eastwards: A Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich*. Cambridge University Press, 1988
* *The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945* – with Wolfgang Wippermann. Cambridge University Press, 1991
* *Death and Deliverance: Euthanasia in Germany 1900–1945*. Cambridge University Press, 1994
* *Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide*. Cambridge University Press, 1997
* *Confronting the Nazi Past*. St Martin's Press, 1995
* *The Third Reich: A New History*. Macmillan, 2000
* *Earthly Powers: Religion and Politics in Europe from the French Revolution to the Great War*. HarperCollins, 2005 ISBN 0-00-719572-9
* *Sacred Causes: Religion and Politics from the European Dictators to Al Qaeda*. HarperCollins, 2006 ISBN 978-0-00-719574-9
* *Blood and Rage: A Cultural History of Terrorism*. Harper Collins, 2008
* *Moral Combat: A History of World War II*. Harper, 2010 ISBN 978-0-00-719576-3
* *Small Wars, Far Away Places: The Genesis of the Modern World 1945–65*. Viking Press, 2013
* *Day of the Assassins: A History of Political Assassination*. Picador, 2021. ISBN 978-1-52-903013-6 ISBN 978-1-76-098619-3 ISBN 978-1-52-903015-0 ISBN 978-1-52-903014-3


title: Michael McClune

abstract: Michael McClune is an American professional tennis player. He turned professional in 2007, was represented by IMG and signed a lucrative contract with Nike.

text:
# Michael McClune

**Michael McClune** (born August 22, 1989) is an American professional tennis player.

He turned professional in 2007, was represented by IMG and signed a lucrative contract with Nike.

## Junior career

Michael was a finalist at the 2007 Luxilon Cup held at the 2007 Sony Ericsson Open where he lost to Kei Nishikori. As a Junior, McClune held the No. 1 ranking in the Boys' Singles 12s, 16s, and 18s divisions.

## Pro career

### 2005

McClune attempted to qualify for numerous USTA Pro Circuit events and, as a 15-year-old, received a wildcard to the qualifying round of the ATP event in Los Angeles, California.

### 2006

A breakout year for McClune on the USTA Pro Circuit – he reached the quarterfinals in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Honolulu, Hawaii; the semifinals in McAllen, Texas; and was a finalist in Mansfield, Texas. He also received wildcards to the qualifying rounds of the ATP event in Los Angeles, California, and the ATP Masters Series event in Cincinnati, Ohio.

### 2007

McClune attempted to qualify for ATP events in San Jose, California; Newport, Rhode Island; and Los Angeles, California. He received wildcards to USTA Pro Circuit events in Dallas, Texas and Tallahassee, Florida, where he lost in the first rounds. In May, he received a wildcard to the USTA Pro Circuit event in Carson, California where he reached the second round and lost to Kei Nishikori of Japan.

As a 17-year-old, he was seeded No. 1 at the USTA Boys National 18s Tennis Championships in Kalamazoo, Michigan and won the title by defeating No. 3 seed Ryan Thacher, 6–1, 2–6, 6–4, 6–2. The win guaranteed him a wildcard into the main draw of the 2007 U.S. Open. He lost in the 1st round to the 20th seed Juan Ignacio Chela 6–2, 6–1, 77–60.

He reached the singles semifinals of the USTA Pro Circuit event in Claremont, California and partnered with Nikita Kryvonos to win the doubles title. He also reached the semifinal of the USTA Pro Circuit event in Laguna Niguel, California, where he lost to Nikita Kryvonos. McClune won his first professional title at the USTA Pro Circuit event in Costa Mesa, California, where he defeated Tim Smyczek in the final. A month later, McClune won his second pro title when he won the USTA Pro Circuit event in Mansfield, Texas by defeating Carsten Ball in the final. He followed that win with two quarterfinal showings at USTA Pro Circuit events in Baton Rouge and Nashville. In November, in the $50,000 Knoxville Challenger tournament in Tennessee he lost to Jesse Levine 6–4, 6–1, in the first round.

### 2008

McClune teamed up with Kaes Van't Hof and got a wildcard entry into the U.S. Open. They made it to the second round of the doubles tournament, where they were heavily defeated by Czech duo Martin Damm and Pavel Vízner.

## Personal

McClune lives in California. He was previously coached by Nick Fustar and mentored by ATP player Taylor Dent. His parents are Mickey and Liz and he has a sister, Kristin, who played volleyball at Pepperdine University. In 2010 Michael, along with his mom, Liz, and sister, Kristin, co-founded Events Clique, a web-based startup that enables users to create their own space plans, using free and enhanced paid products and services for the event planning and commercial real estate industries.

## InfoBox

Michael McClune
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | United States |
| Residence | Irvine, California, U.S. |
| Born | (1989-08-22) August 22, 1989
Long Beach, California, U.S. |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (1.90 m) |
| Turned pro | 2007 |
| Plays | Right-handed (one-handed backhand) |
| Coach | Eliot Teltscher |
| Prize money | 143,401 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 1–2 |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 267 (March 1, 2010) |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| Australian Open | Q1 (2011) |
| US Open | 1R (2007) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 1–1 |
| Career titles | 0 |
| Highest ranking | No. 317 (August 24, 2009) |
| Last updated on: August 28, 2008. | |


title: Michael Mosley (actor)

abstract: Michael Mosley is an American television and film actor, best known for his roles as Drew Suffin on Scrubs (2009–2010), Ted Vanderway on Pan Am (2011–2012), Jerry Tyson aka 3XK on Castle, Johnny Farrell on Sirens (2014–2015), Pastor Mason Young on the Netflix crime drama Ozark (2017–2018), and Everett Lynch on Criminal Minds (2019–2020).

text:
# Michael Mosley (actor)

**Michael Mosley** (born September 16, 1978) is an American television and film actor, best known for his roles as Drew Suffin on *Scrubs* (2009–2010), Ted Vanderway on *Pan Am* (2011–2012), Jerry Tyson aka 3XK on *Castle* (2010, 2012, & 2015), Johnny Farrell on *Sirens* (2014–2015), Pastor Mason Young on the Netflix crime drama *Ozark* (2017–2018), and Everett Lynch on *Criminal Minds* (2019–2020).

## Personal life

Mosley was born in Cedar Falls, Iowa. He was engaged to actress Anna Camp by September 2008; they married in 2010 and filed for divorce in 2013.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *The Bog Creatures* | Nick Warren |  |
| 2004 | *Brother to Brother* | White Man #1 on Subway |  |
| 2005 | *Swimmers* | Mike Tyler |  |
| | *Building Girl* | Nick |  |
| 2006 | *The Insurgents* | James |  |
| | *The Big Bad Swim* | Shawn |  |
| | *Bella* | Kevin |  |
| | *Room 314* | David |  |
| 2007 | *Goodbye Baby* | Kevin |  |
| 2008 | *27 Dresses* | Bar Dude |  |
| | *The Accidental Husband* | Declan |  |
| 2009 | *Four Single Fathers* | Ron |  |
| | *The Proposal* | Chuck |  |
| 2010 | *After Lilly* | Philip |  |
| 2011 | *Restive* | Braker |  |
| 2012 | *You're Nobody 'til Somebody Kills You* | Detective Francelli |  |
| 2013 | *Autumn Wanderer* | Rick |  |
| 2015 | *Hot Pursuit* | Det. Dixon |  |
| | *Other People's Children* | Josh |  |
| 2016 | *Fluidic* | Ultra | Project cancelled after filming |
| | *LBJ* | Kenny O'Donnell |  |
| 2017 | *A Crooked Somebody* | Bill Banning |  |
| 2018 | *Peppermint* | Henderson |  |
| 2019 | *Sister Aimee* | Kenny |  |
| 2020 | *Atypical Wednesday* | Randy |  |
| 2022 | *In Sickness and in Health* | George |  |
| 2024 | *Neo-Dome* | TBA |  |
| TBA | *Signing Day* | Walt McFadden | Post-production |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *The Education of Max Bickford* | Quincy | 3 episodes |
| 2002 | *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* | Ronnie the Informant | Episode: "Protection" |
| | *Third Watch* | Stoner #1 | Episode: "The Chosen Few" |
| | *Hack* | Lowlife #1 | Episode: "All Night Long" |
| 2006 | *Conviction* | Detective Calloway | Episode: "Pilot" |
| | *Alpha Mom* | Bob | TV film |
| 2006–2007 | *Kidnapped* | FBI Agent Malcolm Atkins | 13 episodes |
| 2008 | *The Wire* | Raymond Wiley | Episode: "Late Editions" |
| | *Generation Kill* | Gunnery Sgt. Robert Swarr | Episode: "Stay Frosty" |
| 2009 | *The Mentalist* | Sheriff Hardy | Episode: "Red John's Footsteps" |
| | *Kings* | Eli Shepherd | 4 episodes |
| | *Three Rivers* | JC Dawson | Episode: "Place of Life" |
| 2009–2010 | *Scrubs* | Drew Suffin | Main role (season 9) |
| 2010 | *Law & Order: Los Angeles* | Robert Forrester | Episode: "Pasadena" |
| | *The Closer* | Jeff Darby | Episode: "Old Money" |
| 2010–2015 | *Castle* | Jerry Tyson/3XK | 4 episodes |
| 2011 | *Justified* | Kyle Easterly | 3 episodes |
| | *Happy Endings* | Malcolm | Episode: "Your Couples, Friends & Neighbors" |
| | *FutureStates* | Expectant Father | Episode: "Beholder" |
| 2011–2012 | *Pan Am* | Ted Vanderway | 14 episodes |
| 2012 | *30 Rock* | Scott Scottsman | 2 episodes |
| | *Revolution* | Private Richards | Episode: "No Quarter" |
| 2012–2013 | *Last Resort* | Hal Anders | 4 episodes |
| 2012–2014 | *Longmire* | Sean Keegan | 7 episodes |
| 2014–2015 | *Sirens* | Johnny | 23 episodes |
| 2016 | *Elementary* | Al Baxter | Episode: "You've Got Me, Who's Got You?" |
| | *Rush Hour* | Jack Douglas | Episode: "The Dark Night" |
| 2016–2017 | *Fear the Walking Dead: Passage* | Colton | Web series; 9 episodes |
| 2017–2018 | *Ozark* | Pastor Mason Young | 9 episodes |
| 2018 | *Queen Fur* |  | Unsold pilot |
| | *Seven Seconds* | Joe "Fish" Rinaldi | 10 episodes |
| | *FBI* | U.S. Marshal Paul Ackerman | Episode: "Compromised" |
| 2019 | *Brooklyn Nine-Nine* | Franco McCoy | Episode: "The Crime Scene" |
| | *Titans* | Doctor Light / Arthur Light | 4 episodes |
| 2019–2020 | *Criminal Minds* | Everett Lynch | Recurring role (season 15), 6 episodes |
| 2020 | *Next* | C.M. | 10 episodes |
| 2021 | *The Sinner* | Colin Muldoon | Recurring role (season 4), 8 episodes |
| 2022 | *The Girl from Plainville* | Joseph Cataldo | 5 episodes |
| | *The Calling* | Detective Earl Malzone | 8 episodes |
| TBA | *The Savant* | TBA | Miniseries |

## InfoBox

| Michael Mosley | |
| --- | --- |
| Mosley in 2015 | |
| Born | (1978-09-16) September 16, 1978<br>Cedar Falls, Iowa, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2001–present |
| Spouse | Anna Camp  (m. 2010; div. 2013) |


title: Mufu

abstract: Mufu, a secretariat, was a system for hiring able advisers, the muliao, by the imperial Chinese provincial officials. It dates back to 229 BC, but was extensively used in the Qing dynasty. The system was also adopted in Japan by the shōgun. The Chinese characters (kanji) for mufu (幕府) are pronounced in Japanese as bakufu.

text:
# Mufu

**Mufu** (Chinese: 幕府; Wade–Giles: *mu-fu*), a secretariat, was a system for hiring able advisers, the **muliao** (Chinese: 幕僚), by the imperial Chinese provincial officials. It dates back to 229 BC, but was extensively used in the Qing dynasty. The system was also adopted in Japan by the *shōgun*. The Chinese characters (kanji) for *mufu* (幕府) are pronounced in Japanese as *bakufu*.

## The term

The first Chinese character *mu* (Chinese: 幕) denotes curtain, and tent, and the second character *fu* (Chinese: 府) denotes home or government, hence *mufu* means "tent government". The *liao* (Chinese: 僚) in *muliao* denotes bureaucrat, official.

## The system

The term *mufu* referred to three different institutions in Chinese history. In the Han dynasty and perhaps as early as the Warring States Period, it referred to the temporary residence of a general commanding in the field. In the Tang dynasty it referred to the office of a jiedushi (military governor), or a unit in the *jinjun* inner palace guards. In the Ming and Qing dynasties it referred to the offices of the regional governors.

In the late Qing, powerful regional governors greatly modified the traditional *mufu* system, transforming it into a professional bureaucracy under their personal authority. These *mufu* could bypass the usual bureaucratic regulations to include members of the emerging capitalist class. Their capital and specialized skills were useful to the running of modern enterprises that were established under the Self-Strengthening Movement, and many Western-trained experts were given considerable responsibilities in this way.

Conventional officials were selected from the successful candidates of the literary imperial examination who had little practical skills to govern, and the Qing central government had no provision to provide them with technical staff since there was no training or recruiting of such experts. To perform their job well, the appointed scholars were forced to hire able men, *muliao*, to staff the *mufu*, to deal with floods, rebellions, finance and foreign affairs. The *mufu* system was the well-oil machine that produced next generation officials.

*Mufu* were staffed by private hires, and headed by the official who responsible for their salaries. The official did not have to report to the central government, unless he wanted to promote one of the members in his *mufu* to a regular position within the government bureaucracy.

## Examples

In Zeng Guofan's *mufu*, his *muliao* included Li Hongzhang. In Li Hongzhang's *mufu*, his *muliao* included Pan Dingxin, Zhou Fu and Liu Bingzhang.


title: Mary Jane Fonder

abstract: Mary Jane Fonder was an American criminal who murdered Rhonda Smith, a fellow congregant, inside their church in Bucks County, Pennsylvania in 2008. Fonder had also been the prime suspect in the possible homicide of her father, Edward Fonder III, who disappeared in 1993.

text:
# Mary Jane Fonder

**Mary Jane Fonder** (July 5, 1942 – June 4, 2018) was an American criminal who murdered Rhonda Smith, a fellow congregant, inside their church in Bucks County, Pennsylvania in 2008. Fonder had also been the prime suspect in the possible homicide of her father, Edward Fonder III, who disappeared in 1993.

## Early life

Fonder was born on July 5, 1942, to Alice and Edward Fonder III of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fonder and her brother, Edward Fonder IV, grew up in West Philadelphia, where their father was a machinist and their mother was a proofreader. Fonder experienced emotional problems during her childhood, beginning with a "nervous breakdown" at eight years old. Her family purchased a second home in Springfield Township, a small rural town in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, when she was twelve.

Fonder attended John Bartram High School in Philadelphia, but had difficulty with her schoolwork due to emotional issues, and was institutionalized for one month at age sixteen after attempting to commit suicide by overdosing on chloral hydrate. Shortly after, Fonder dropped out of high school, finding social interactions increasingly difficult.

Fonder worked various jobs during her early adulthood, including at a ceramics studio, a department store, various knitting factories, and the J. B. Lippincott & Co. publishing company, where she was a punchcard operator. Fonder did not start dating until her late thirties and never formed any serious romantic relationships. In 1987, at age 45, Fonder moved back to the family's country home in Springfield to care for her aging parents. In 1992, her mother had a leg amputated due to circulation problems, but fell into coma due to complications from the surgery eventually dying four months later.

## Father's disappearance

Edward Fonder III became depressed after his wife's death and began fighting with his daughter more often. Mary Jane Fonder later claimed their relationship became damaged beyond repair after two of Edward's elderly cousins visited from the Philadelphia area and harshly criticized how Mary Jane ate chicken.

On August 26, 1993, the 80-year-old Edward Fonder III disappeared from the Springfield Township residence he shared with his daughter. Mary Jane Fonder claimed she had heard the front door open while lying in bed that morning and believed her father was stepping outside to get the newspaper. Fonder claimed she went back to sleep and, after waking up at around 11:00 a.m., found that her father had disappeared. Fonder contacted the police and unsuccessfully searched for her father with the assistance of neighbors. Township police were suspicious of Fonder's claims that her father had wandered off, partially because the elderly man had trouble moving by himself and had no money or access to his medication.

Mary Jane Fonder became the prime suspect in the possible homicide of her father. The investigation was led by Springfield Township police officer Kimberly Triol. During one interview in Fonder's home, Triol discovered a bucket filled with pinkish water along with towels, a mop, and a chicken. She also found the corpse of a dog wrapped in plastic inside Fonder's freezer; it had been given a lethal dose of diabetes medication. Fonder also displayed a Taser gun in a non-threatening manner to Triol during one of their interviews.

Fonder initially cooperated with police in their investigation, but ceased contact with them after she perceived Triol had attempted to elicit a confession from her. In February 1994, about six months after her father's disappearance, Fonder voiced her displeasure with police tactics, claiming they had forced her to hire a lawyer and to ban police from her property.

## Murder of Rhonda Smith

On January 23, 2008, 42-year-old Rhonda Smith was shot as she did temporary work in the office of Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church in Springfield Township. Smith, shot twice in the head, died at a hospital after being disconnected from life support.

Fonder, then 65 years old, became a suspect early on in the investigation after the church's pastor told police about Fonder's history of inappropriate behavior, which included leaving rambling voicemail messages for him and surreptitiously placing food in his kitchen without his knowledge or consent.

According to police and prosecutors, Fonder had called the church on the day of the murder and discovered that Smith would be alone in the church's office that day. Fonder, who often wore a wig, kept an appointment to have her natural hair washed and styled after shooting Smith and left her wig at the hair salon, where police later retrieved it.

On April 1, 2008, Fonder was arrested for Smith's murder, some weeks after fishermen found a .38 caliber revolver on the shore of Lake Nockamixon. During police questioning, Fonder had already admitted to having purchased and registered a .38; she claimed to have thrown it into Lake Nockamixon in 1994, though she gave police two different reasons for having done so. Forensic testing found that the recovered gun and ammunition had been placed in the lake much more recently, contradicting Fonder's claims. The gun found was registered to Fonder and had been used to kill Smith. The 1993 disappearance of Fonder's father was revisited in conjunction with the homicide investigation.

Fonder's trial began on October 21, 2008. Prosecutors argued that Fonder, a member of the Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church for 14 years, was jealous of new member Smith, who had received sympathetic attention and some financial assistance from the church's pastor and congregants. Fonder's defense attorney told the court that his client was not present at the scene of the crime and did not shoot Rhonda Smith. Fonder's attorney further argued that Smith's death might have been suicide, or a homicide committed by a jealous wife or a lover. During closing arguments, Fonder's attorney told the jury that Mary Jane's brother, Edward Fonder IV, was also a likely suspect, pointing out that he had hired a lawyer after finding bullet fragments in his car and notifying police.

On October 30, 2008, a jury found Fonder guilty of first-degree murder and possession of an instrument of crime. On December 5, 2008, she was sentenced to serve life in prison. At her sentencing hearing, Fonder made the following statement:

> I did not kill Rhonda Smith—I thought she was a lovely girl. and I certainly wasn't jealous of this woman for any reason. I'm so sorry she's gone, but in the same respect, I will be gone, too. I'm the second person in the church to be murdered, by the system.

In February 2010, Fonder dropped her appeal against the conviction.

## Death

On June 4, 2018, Fonder died of cardiac arrest at State Correctional Institution – Muncy in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.

## InfoBox

| Mary Jane Fonder | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-07-05)July 5, 1942
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. |
| Died | June 4, 2018(2018-06-04) (aged 75)
State Correctional Institution – Muncy |
| Criminal status | Deceased |
| Parent(s) | Edward and Alice Fonder |
|  | |
| Motive | Jealousy |
| Criminal charge | First-degree murder |
| Penalty | Life without parole (died in prison) |
| Details | |
| Victims | Rhonda Smith |
| Country | United States |
| State(s) | Pennsylvania |
|  | |


title: Renato Miracco

abstract: Renato Miracco is a scholar, art critic, and curator from Naples, Italy. He previously served as the Cultural Attaché of the Italian Embassy in Washington, and he is a former member of the Board of Guarantors for the Italian Academy at Columbia University. Miracco has curated numerous important exhibitions on Italian art worldwide and has published widely. From 2019 to 2024 he is serving as Guest Curator at the Phillips Collection in Washington DC, the first American Museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art. Currently, Miracco serves on the Board of IA&A in Washington DC. Miracco was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for Cultural Achievements in 2018. Now an American citizen, Miracco continues his prolific work in curation, art criticism, and cultural diplomacy endeavors.

text:
# Renato Miracco

**Renato Miracco** (born 1953) is a scholar, art critic, and curator from Naples, Italy. He previously served as the Cultural Attaché of the Italian Embassy in Washington, and he is a former member of the Board of Guarantors for the Italian Academy at Columbia University. Miracco has curated numerous important exhibitions on Italian art worldwide and has published widely. From 2019 to 2024 he is serving as Guest Curator at the Phillips Collection in Washington DC, the first American Museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art. Currently, Miracco serves on the Board of IA&A (International Art & Artists Foundation) in Washington DC. Miracco was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for Cultural Achievements in 2018. Now an American citizen, Miracco continues his prolific work in curation, art criticism, and cultural diplomacy endeavors.

## Career highlights

During his tenure as the Cultural Attaché of the Italian Embassy from 2009 to 2017, Miracco made significant contributions to cultural exchange and diplomacy through the arts, bridging Italy and the United States. In 2013, he organized a series of more than 300 events to celebrate and explore the impact of Italian culture in the United States. As Attaché, Miracco supervised all of the Italian Embassy's exhibitions, organized the Italy@150 program in partnership with over 80 museums across the United States, and helped organize a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Archaeology between the governments of Italy and the United States.

Miracco's influential prior positions include serving as Director of *Chiara Fama* for Cultural Affairs for the Italian Cultural Institute in New York (2007-2009), acting as an Advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy, and organizing an exhibition at the Quirinale Palace in Rome for the President of Italy.

Miracco has lectured at Pratt Institute and other universities and institutions across the globe and has curated exhibitions at prestigious museums and collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Phillips Collection, the National Gallery of Art, the Morgan Library and Museum, the Estorick Collection, and the Tate Modern.

Miracco's notable curated exhibitions include "*An Italian Impressionist in Paris: Guiseppe de Nittis*" at the Phillips Collection, which was declared among the 10 best exhibitions in 2023 by the Washington Post. Since 2018, he has been the Curator of the Pinacoteca De Nittis in Barletta, Italy. Additionally, Miracco is the Curator and Editor of the Catalogue SOLMI Ship of Fools, Venice Biennale 2024, Palazzo Dona dalle Rose from April 18 to July 2024.

Miracco is a prolific author and critic known for publishing numerous exhibition catalogues and art books that highlight Italian and American art, Impressionism, and cultural heritage. His recent notable publication, *Giuseppe De Nittis: La Donazione di Léontine Gruvelle De Nittis* (2023), in both Italian and English, revisits De Nittis's connections with French artists like Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte, emphasizing his unique contributions to Impressionism and his innovative visual systems that closely intertwine images and narrative.

## Exhibitions

Selected exhibition history
| Exhibition | Institution or Location | Year(s) | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *SOLMI Ship of Fools* | Venice Biennale 2024 | 2024 | Curator |
| *Henri de Toulouse Lautrec, L’altra realta’ nella Parigi di Fine Ottocento* | Palazzo Della Marra, Barletta, Italy | 2024 | Curator |
| *De Nittis, La Strada da Napoli a Brindisi* | Editrice Rotas, Barletta, Italy | 2023 | Curator |
| *An Italian Impressionist in Paris: Giuseppe De Nittis* | The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. | 2022-2023 | Curator |
| *Bice Lazzari Modernist Pioneer* | The Estorick Collection, London, UK | 2022 | Curator |
| Bice Lazzari: *The Poetry of Mark-Making* | The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. | 2018-2019 | Curator |
| *Rereading De Nittis, Today* | *Pinacoteca De Nittis Palazzo della Marra, Barletta, Italy* | 2018 | Curator |
| *Saving Art, Preserving Heritage* | Embassy of Italy in Washington, D.C. | 2018 | Curator |
| *War &Art WWI-USA in Italy Destruction and Protection of Italian Cultural Heritage During World War I* | Secretary of Defense, Pentagon, Virginia | 2017-2019 | Curator |
| *Massimiliano Gatti: The Day Memory Dissolved* | The Italian Academy at Columbia University, New York | 2016 | Curator |
| *Afro-Cuba: Mystery and Magic of Afro-Cuban Spirituality* | The OAS AMA | Art Museum of the Americas, Washington, D.C. | 2016 | Curator |
| *Le Onde: Waves of Italian Influence (1914–1971)* | Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C. | 2015-2016 | Curator & Gallery Talk |
| *Gemme dell'impressionismo: dipinti della National Gallery of art di Washington* | Ara Pacis, Rome, Italy | 2014 | Co-curator |
| *Next Stop: Italy* | The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. | 2013 | Curator |
| *Italian Paper Exhibition* | Italian Embassy in Washington, D.C. | 2013 | Curator |
| Giorgio de Chirico*: Myth and Archaeology* | The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. | 2013 | Curator |
| Paolo Ventura: *Selected Works* | The Italian Academy at Columbia University, New York | 2013 | Curator |
| *Costantino Nivola* | Italian Embassy in Washington, D.C. | 2012 | Curator |
| *Paintings from the Academia Carrara* | Italian Embassy in Washington, D.C. | 2011-12 | Curator |
| *Spirit Into Shape: Contemporary Italian Sculpture* | Meridian International Center, Washington, D.C. | 2011 | Curator |
| *Giorgio Morandi, 1890-1964* | Museum of Modern Art of Bologna, Bologna, Italy | 2009 | Curator |
| *Giorgio Morandi, 1890-1964* | The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York | 2008 | Curator |
| Renato D’Agostin: *Metropolis* | Leica Gallery, New York | 2008 | Curator |
| *I lavoratori in cammino: da Pelizza da Volpedo a Ceroli* | Italian Chamber of Deputies, Rome, Italy | 2007-2008 | Curator |
| *The Artworks collected by Arturo Toscanini* | New York Philharmonic Lincoln Center, New York | 2007 | Curator |
| *Piety and Pragmatism: Spiritualism in Futurist Art* | The Estorick Collection, London, UK | 2007 | Curator |
| *Female Italian and Russian Avant-Garde Art, 1910-1935* | Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia | 2007 | Curator |
| *Mirko Dalla Mitologia all’Archetipo 1937- 1957* | New York University, New York | 2007 | Curator |
| *Lucio Fontana At the roots of Spatialism* | New York University, New York; Italian Cultural Institute, LA | 2006 | Curator |
| Giulio Aristide Sartorio 1860-1932 | Chiostro del Bramante, Rome, Italy | 2006 | Curator |
| *Il Fregio di Giulio Aristide Sartorio* | Palazzo Montecitorio, Rome, Italy | 2006 | Curator |
| *Beyond Painting: Burri, Fontana, Manzoni* | Tate Modern, London, UK | 2005-2006 | Curator |
| Bice Lazzari: *Abstract Emotion* (L'emozione Astratta) | Biennale Ca Pesaro, Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia, Venice, Italy | 2005 | Curator |
| *Futurist Skies: Italian Aeropainting* | The Estorick Collection, London, UK | 2005 | Curator |
| *Italian Still Life, 1910-1960* | Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, and Peru | 2005 | Curator |
| Federico Zandomeneghi: *Impressionista Veneziano* | Chiostro del Bramante, Rome, Italy | 2005 | Curator |
| *Sironi Monumentale Cartoni e studi 1931-1940* | MART Rovereto | 2005-2024 | Curator |
| *De Nittis: Impressionista Italiano* | Chiostro del Bramante, Rome; Fondazione Mazzotta, Milan, Italy | 2004 | Curator |
| *I Tesori del Mare* | Museo Fattori, Livorno, Italy | 2004 | Co-curator |
| *Il Respiro dell Anima, Giorgio Morandi e la Natura Morta in Italia* | Europalia Bruges Groeningemuseum, Arentshuis, Bruges, Belgium | 2003-2004 | Curator |
| *Futurismo 1909-1926* | Museum of Ixelles, Ixelles, Belgium | 2003-2004 | Curator |
| *Aerea cielos futuristas* | Museo Municipal de Arte Contemporaneo, Madrid, Spain | 2003 | Curator |
| *Italian Art 1950-1970: Capolavori della Collezione Farnesina* | India Museum Contemporary Art, New Delhi | 2003 | Curator |
| *Giulio Aristide Sartorio Impressioni di Guerra 1917-1918* | Palazzo Montecitorio, Deputy Chambers, Rome, Italy | 2002 | Curator |
| *Light and Painting in Italy 1850-1914* | Fondazione Adriano Olivetti, Ivrea, Italy; Estorick Collection, London, UK; Museum of Modern Art Brussels, Brussels, Belgium | 2002 | Curator |
| Carlo Carrá: *Works on Paper* | The Estorick Collection, London, UK | 2001-2002 | Curator |
| Carlo Carrá: *1900-1965: Las Mutaciones del Espiritu* | Buenos Aires, Argentina; Santiago, Chile; Córdoba, Argentina | 2001 | Curator |
| *Il Ritratto Italiano* | Rome, Italy | 1998 | Curator |
| *Sironi: Il Lavoro e l'Arte* | Accademia Carrara, Bergamo, Italy | 1997 | Curator |
| *Mario Sironi: el Trabajo y el Arte* | Mexico City, Mexico; Buenos Aires, Argentina | 1996-1998 | Curator |

## Publications

Selected publication history
| Publication | Publisher | Year | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *SOLMI Ship Of Fools* | Venice Biennale | 2024 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Henri de Toulouse Lautrec, L’altra realta’ nella Parigi di Fine Ottocento* | ed, Rotas | 2024 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Italian and American Art, An Interaction 1930-1980* | 5 Continents Editions | 2024 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giuseppe De Nittis La Donazione di Léontine Gruvelle De Nittis* | Gangemi Ediitore | 2023 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *De Nittis, La Strada da Napoli a Brindisi Editrice Rotas* | Rotas Edition | 2023 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Bice Lazzari Modernist Pioneer* | Estorick Collection | 2022 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Rileggere De Nittis, ogg, Guida al Percorso della Mostra* (Italian & English) | Pinacoteca De Nittis, Barletta, Italy | 2021 | Author & Curator |
| *Oscar Wilde's Italian Dream 1875-1900* | Damiani Editore | 2020 | Author |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] War &Art WWI-USA in Italy Destruction and Protection of Italian Cultural Heritage During World War I | Gangemi Editore, Rome | 2017 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *War & Art: WWI – USA in Italy* | Gangemi Editore | 2015 | Author & Curator |
| *Italian Treasures in the US: An Itinerary of Art* | Gangemi Editore | 2015 | Author |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Le Onde Waves of Italian Influence (1914-1971)* | Gangemi Editore | 2015 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Gemme dell'impressionismo: dipinti della National Gallery of art di Washington* | National Gallery of Art | 2014 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *War & Art: Destruction and Protection of Italian Cultural Heritage During World War I* | Gangemi Editore | 2014 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giorgio de Chirico: Myth and Archaeology* | Silvana Editorale | 2013 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Costantino Nivola: 100 Years of Creativity* | Charta/Italian Cultural Institute | 2012 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Andrea Bianconi* | Charta | 2011 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giuseppe Ripa: Liminal* | Charta | 2011 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giulio Rimondi: Beirut Nocturne* | Beirut Museum | 2011 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giuseppe Ripa: Moondance* | Charta | 2010 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Lucio Fontana: At the Roots of Spatialism* | Gangemi Editore | 2010 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Instant Book: Italian Artists-New York* | Charta/Italian Cultural Institute | 2010 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Federico Solmi* | Charta | 2010 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Michele Ciacciofera: Silence* | Charta | 2010 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Piety and Pragmatism: Spiritualism in Futuristic Art* | Gangemi Editore | 2010 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Harry Bertoia. D ecisi che una sedia non poteva bastare* | Silvana Editoriale | 2009 | Contributor & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Fausto Melotti With Photos by Ugo Mulas* | Charta/Italian Cultural Institute | 2009 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giorgio Morandi: 1890-1964: Nothing Is More Abstract Than Reality* | Skira | 2008 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Paolo Mussat Sartor: Luoghi D'arte E Di Artisti: 1968-2008* | JRP Ringier | 2008 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giorgio Morandi* | Charta/Italian Cultural Institute | 2008 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *The Artworks Collected by La Colezione d'Arte di Arturo Toscanini* | Mazzotta | 2007 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] Lucio Fontana: At the roots of Spatialism | Gangemi Editore | 2006 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giulio Aristide Sartorio 1860-1932* | Chiostro del Bramante | 2006 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giorgio Morandi e a natureza-morta na Italia* | Mazzotta | 2006 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Achille Perilli Works on Paper 1946-1957* | Estorick Collection, London | 2006 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Italian Abstraction 1910-1960* | Estorick Collection, London | 2006 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Beyond Painting: Burri, Fontana, Manzoni* | Tate Publishing | 2005 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Afro - the Memory's Alphabet* | Italian Cultural Institute London | 2005 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Sironi Monumentale Cartoni e studi 1931-1940* | Mart Rovereto | 2005 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *I Tesori del Mare* | Comune de Livorno | 2004 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Le souffle de l'âme* | Exhibitions International | 2004 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Il Respiro dell Anima, Giorgio Morandi e la Natura Morta in Italia* | Europalia Bruges Groeningemuseum | 2003-2004 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Painting Light: Italian Divisionism, 1885-1910* | Estorik Collection, London | 2003 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giulio Aristide Sartorio Impressioni di Guerra 1917-1918* | Chamber of Deputies, Rome | 2002 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Mario Sironi: Between Futurism and the Urban Landscape 1914-1920* | Estorick Foundation, London | 2002 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Giacomo Balla 1894-1910* | Delta Graphic on behalf of Pinacotrca de Estado, San Polo, Brazil | 2000 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Sironi: Il Lavoro e l'Arte* | Newton | 1997 | Author & Curator |
| \[Exhibition catalogue\] *Il Metalibro* | Edizioni Colonnese | 1984 | Author & Curator |
| *Oscar Wilde: Verso il Sole* | Edizioni Colonnese | 1981 | Author |


title: HDMS Justitia (1777)

abstract: HDMS Justitia was a Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy ship-of-the-line, built to a design by Henrik Gerner. Although launched in 1777, she was not fully commissioned until 1780. The British Royal Navy seized her in 1807, together with the rest of the Danish fleet after the second battle of Copenhagen. The British never commissioned Justitia. A renaming to Orford in 1809 was cancelled. She was broken up in 1817.

text:
# HDMS Justitia (1777)

**HDMS *Justitia*** was a Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy ship-of-the-line, built to a design by Henrik Gerner. Although launched in 1777, she was not fully commissioned until 1780. The British Royal Navy seized her in 1807, together with the rest of the Danish fleet after the second battle of Copenhagen. The British never commissioned *Justitia*. A renaming to *Orford* in 1809 was cancelled. She was broken up in 1817.

## HDMS *Justitia* (1777)

HDMS *Justitia* served in the home fleet based in Copenhagen for the whole of its active life in the Danish navy, when new acting as flagship to the admiral commanding the home squadron. Her captains and admirals include

* Admiral on the flagship *Justitia* \- Vice Admiral Carl Friderich de Fontenay (1781 and 1782).
* Flag captains on *Justitia* \- Hans Georg Krog (1780), Johan Peter Wleugel (1782),
* Captains when *Justitia* was not the flagship - Hans Schiønnebøl (1781), Anton Friderich Lützow (1789), and Svend Martin Ursin (1800).
* In 1786 Lorentz Henrik Fisker was second in command of *Justitia* in the home squadron
* In 1788 Commodore Just Bille put forward proposals for the testing of the new 36 pound cannon in HDMS Justitia. These trials took place in June and July 1788, with Poul de Løvenørn as the official observer.
* In 1788 Peder Janus Bording was Captain of HDMS *Justitia* in the home squadron which served alongside the Russian squadron involved with the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) commanded by the Russian vice admiral von Dessen. In August of that year Justitia accompanied ship-of-the-line *Lovisa Augusta* and the frigate ***Møen*** on a secret mission to the North Sea (for which details are lacking!), and later on artillery trials.

*Justitia* does not appear to have been involved in the 1801 battle of Copenhagen but was present at the 1807 battle when the majority of the Danish fleet was surrendered to the British. At that point the Royal Danish Navy struck her from the lists.

## HMS *Justitia*

*Justitia* was one of the many ships the British Royal Navy seized after the battle. She arrived at Portsmouth on 5 December 1807 and then was laid up.

## Fate

The "Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy" first offered *Justitia*, of 74 guns and 1758 tons, for sale and breaking up in July 1814. The successful purchaser had to give a bond to complete the breaking up within one year. However she did not sell.

In February 1817 the Navy used her for experiments with Robert Seppings diagonal braces. She was then broken up at Portsmouth in March 1817.

## Citations

1. Winfield (2008), p. 91.
2. Three decks
3. Royal Danish Naval Museum - shiplist Justitia
4. Balsved - Danish Naval History
5. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 1 page 391
6. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 2 page 53
7. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 2 page 723
8. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 2 page 455
9. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 2 page 149
10. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 2 page 667
11. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 1 page 374
12. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 1 page 120
13. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 2 page 157
14. Topsøe-Jensen Vol 1 page 172
15. "No. 16920". *The London Gazette*. 25 July 1814. p. 1510{.
* Balsved - Danish Naval History website
* Threedecks website - Justitia (1777)
* (in Danish)T. A. Topsøe-Jensen og Emil Marquard (1935) "Officerer i den dansk-norske Søetat 1660-1814 og den danske Søetat 1814-1932“. Two volumes. Volume 1 and Volume 2 Hard copies are listed in libraries Stockholm, Odense, Ballerup and Copenhagen
* Winfield, Rif (2008). *British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.

## InfoBox

| An illustration of *Justitia* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Denmark & Norway | |
| Name | Justitia |
| Namesake | Justitia |
| Builder | Henrik Gerner, Nyholm, Copenhagen |
| Laid down | 8 June 1776 |
| Launched | 2 September 1777 |
| Commissioned | 1780 |
| Out of service | 1807 |
| Fate | Taken by the British at second Battle of Copenhagen (1807) |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Prindsesse Sophia Frederica Class ship of the line |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Justitia* |
| Acquired | By capture by the British at second Battle of Copenhagen (1807) |
| Fate | Broken up 1817 |
| General characteristics (British service) | |
| Tons burthen | 17581194 (bm) |
| Length | * Overall: 174 ft 3 in (53.1 m) * Keel: 124 ft 2+12 in (37.9 m) |
| Depth of hold | 19 ft 9 in (6.0 m) |
| Complement | 590 |
| Armament | * Lower deck: 28 × 32-pounder guns * Upper deck: 28 × 18-pounder guns * QD: 4 × 12-pounder guns + 2 × 32-pounder carronades * Fc: 2 × 12-pounder guns + 2 × 32-pounder carronades * Round house:6 × 18-pounder carronades |


title: Oberried am Brienzersee railway station

abstract: Oberried am Brienzersee railway station is a Swiss railway station in the village and municipality of Oberried am Brienzersee and the canton of Bern. Oberried is a stop on the Brünig line, owned by the Zentralbahn, that operates between Interlaken and Lucerne.

text:
# Oberried am Brienzersee railway station

**Oberried am Brienzersee railway station** is a Swiss railway station in the village and municipality of Oberried am Brienzersee and the canton of Bern. Oberried is a stop on the Brünig line, owned by the Zentralbahn, that operates between Interlaken and Lucerne.

## Services

The following services stop at Oberried am Brienzersee:

## InfoBox

| Oberried am Brienzersee | |
| --- | --- |
| The station building in 2018 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Hauptstrasse
Oberried am Brienzersee
Switzerland |
| Coordinates | 46°44′11.591″N 7°57′32.094″E / 46.73655306°N 7.95891500°E / 46.73655306; 7.95891500 |
| Elevation | 589 m (1,932 ft) |
| Owned by | Zentralbahn |
| Line(s) | Brünig line |
| Train operators | Zentralbahn |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Zentralbahn Following station  Niederriedtowards Interlaken Ost  Regio  Ebligentowards Meiringen | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Oberried am BrienzerseeLocation within SwitzerlandOberried am BrienzerseeOberried am Brienzersee (Canton of Bern) | |


title: Uesslingen-Buch

abstract: Uesslingen-Buch is a municipality in the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. It was formed in 1995 from the union of the municipalities of Uesslingen and Buch bei Frauenfeld.

text:
# Uesslingen-Buch

**Uesslingen-Buch** is a municipality in the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

It was formed in 1995 from the union of the municipalities of Uesslingen and Buch bei Frauenfeld.

## Geography

Uesslingen-Buch has an area, as of 2009, of 14.01 square kilometers (5.41 sq mi). Of this area, 10.58 km2 (4.08 sq mi) or 75.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.93 km2 (0.75 sq mi) or 13.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.09 km2 (0.42 sq mi) or 7.8% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.36 km2 (0.14 sq mi) or 2.6% is either rivers or lakes and 0.04 km2 (9.9 acres) or 0.3% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 3.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 0.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.1%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 4.2%. Out of the forested land, 11.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 70.0% is used for growing crops, while 5.5% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 1.0% is in lakes and 1.6% is in rivers and streams.

In 1995 the municipality was created when Buch bei Frauenfeld and Uesslingen merged.

## Demographics

Uesslingen-Buch has a population (as of December 2020) of 1,096. As of 2008, 4.8% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 1.3%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (97.2%), with Italian being second most common ( 0.6%) and English being third ( 0.4%).

As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 50.9% male and 49.1% female. The population was made up of 502 Swiss men (48.0% of the population), and 30 (2.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 493 Swiss women (47.2%), and 20 (1.9%) non-Swiss women.

In 2008 there were 6 live births to Swiss citizens and births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 4 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population remained the same. There were 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland to another country, 2 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 1 non-Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was a decrease of 6 and the non-Swiss population change was a decrease of 1 people. This represents a population growth rate of -0.7%.

The age distribution, as of 2009, in Uesslingen-Buch is; 104 children or 9.9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 160 teenagers or 15.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 110 people or 10.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 110 people or 10.5% are between 30 and 39, 223 people or 21.2% are between 40 and 49, and 141 people or 13.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 102 people or 9.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 71 people or 6.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 29 people or 2.8% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 2 people or 0.2% who are 90 and older.

As of 2000, there were 369 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. In 2000 there were 155 single family homes (or 80.7% of the total) out of a total of 192 inhabited buildings. There were 27 two family buildings (14.1%), 4 three family buildings (2.1%) and 6 multi-family buildings (or 3.1%). There were 212 (or 20.4%) persons who were part of a couple without children, and 672 (or 64.6%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 38 (or 3.7%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 13 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 3 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 8 who lived in a household made up of unrelated persons, and 10 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.

The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 0.47%. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 1.9 new units per 1000 residents. In 2000 there were 403 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 6 room apartment of which there were 125. There were 9 single room apartments and 125 apartments with six or more rooms. As of 2000 the average price to rent an average apartment in Uesslingen-Buch was 1235.70 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$990, £560, €790 approx. exchange rate from 2000). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 530.00 CHF (US$420, £240, €340), a two-room apartment was about 908.24 CHF (US$730, £410, €580), a three-room apartment was about 1111.67 CHF (US$890, £500, €710) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2005.00 CHF (US$1600, £900, €1280). The average apartment price in Uesslingen-Buch was 110.7% of the national average of 1116 CHF.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 47.99% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (18.48%), the Green Party (11.23%) and the SP (8.61%). In the federal election, a total of 426 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 54.5%.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1950 | 799 |
| 1960 | 778 |
| 1980 | 830 |
| 1990 | 918 |
| 2000 | 1,041 |
|

## Heritage sites of national significance

The Catholic St Sebastians Chapel is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The hamlets of Iselisberg and Trüttlikon are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

## Economy

As of 2007, Uesslingen-Buch had an unemployment rate of 0.63%. As of 2005, there were 178 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 70 businesses involved in this sector. 60 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 11 businesses in this sector. 105 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 31 businesses in this sector.

In 2000 there were 758 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 354 or about 46.7% of the residents worked outside Uesslingen-Buch while 76 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 480 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 6.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 48.8% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 308 or 29.6% were Roman Catholic, while 585 or 56.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there is 1 individual who belongs to the Orthodox Church, and there are 25 individuals (or about 2.40% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There were 10 (or about 0.96% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 1 individuals (or about 0.10% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 81 (or about 7.78% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 30 individuals (or about 2.88% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Uesslingen-Buch about 80.5% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

Uesslingen-Buch is home to the Uesslingen primary school district. In the 2008/2009 school year there were 66 students. There were 26 children in the kindergarten, and the average class size was 26 kindergartners. Of the children in kindergarten, 14 or 53.8% were female. The lower and upper primary levels begin at about age 5-6 and last for 6 years. There were 23 children in who were at the lower primary level and 17 children in the upper primary level. The average class size in the primary school was 20 students. At the lower primary level, there were 10 children or 43.5% of the total population who were female, . In the upper primary level, there were 11 or 64.7% who were female, 2 or 11.8% were not Swiss citizens and 2 or 11.8% did not speak German natively.

## InfoBox

| Uesslingen-Buch | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Uesslingen-Buch | |
| Uesslingen-BuchUesslingen-Buch | |
| Coordinates: 47°35′N 8°49′E / 47.583°N 8.817°E / 47.583; 8.817 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Thurgau |
| District | Frauenfeld |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.0 km2 (5.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 465 m (1,526 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 1,088 |
| Density | 78/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 8524 |
| SFOS number | 4616 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-TG |
| Localities | Berlingerhof, Buch bei Frauenfeld, Dietingen, Iselisberg, Trüttlikon, Uesslingen, Vorderhorben, Hinterhorben, Wyden |
| Surrounded by | Altikon (ZH), Ellikon an der Thur (ZH), Frauenfeld, Hüttwilen, Neunforn, Warth-Weiningen |
| Website | www.uesslingen-buch.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Võilaid

abstract: Võilaid is a small, uninhabited Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. Its coordinates are 58°30′56″N 23°22′12″E. Võilaid lies southeast of the Estonian island of Muhu in the Gulf of Riga. The island is 2.5 km⁲ and uninhabited. In the spring and summer months, the island is used for grazing livestock and horseback-riding excursions. The highest point is 3.6 m above the sea level. At low tides the water level is shallow enough to enable passage to the island of Muhu by foot. Võilaid, along with other areas in Estonia, such as Manilaid, Kihnu, Ruhnu, Harilaid, Käina, Kassari, Saarnaki laid, Saastna, Salmi, Penijõe, Põgari-Sassi, Haeska, Kumari, Tahu, was selected by the LIFE-Nature project's "Boreal Baltic Coastal Meadow Preservation in Estonia" as having the most viable coastal meadows in the country. The island was named after the village Võiküla on the island of Muhu. Together with Muhu and the neighbouring small lands of Kesselaid, Viirelaid and Suurlaid it forms Muhu Parish, the rural municipality within Saare County.

text:
# Võilaid

**Võilaid** is a small, uninhabited Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. Its coordinates are 58°30′56″N 23°22′12″E / 58.51556°N 23.37000°E / 58.51556; 23.37000.

Võilaid lies southeast of the Estonian island of Muhu in the Gulf of Riga. The island is 2.5 km2 and uninhabited. In the spring and summer months, the island is used for grazing livestock and horseback-riding excursions. The highest point is 3.6 m above the sea level. At low tides the water level is shallow enough to enable passage to the island of Muhu by foot.

Võilaid, along with other areas in Estonia, such as Manilaid, Kihnu, Ruhnu, Harilaid, Käina, Kassari, Saarnaki laid, Saastna, Salmi, Penijõe, Põgari-Sassi, Haeska, Kumari, Tahu, was selected by the LIFE-Nature project's "Boreal Baltic Coastal Meadow Preservation in Estonia" as having the most viable coastal meadows in the country.

The island was named after the village Võiküla on the island of Muhu. Together with Muhu and the neighbouring small lands of Kesselaid, Viirelaid and Suurlaid it forms Muhu Parish (Estonian: *Muhu vald*), the rural municipality within Saare County.

## InfoBox

Võilaid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Baltic Sea |
| Area | 2.5 km2 (0.97 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Estonia** | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |


title: Poncey-sur-l'Ignon

abstract: Poncey-sur-l'Ignon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

text:
# Poncey-sur-l'Ignon

**Poncey-sur-l'Ignon** (French pronunciation: \[pɔ̃sɛ syʁ liɲɔ̃\]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 100 |  |
| 1968 | 122 | +22.0% |
| 1975 | 105 | −13.9% |
| 1982 | 107 | +1.9% |
| 1990 | 66 | −38.3% |
| 1999 | 81 | +22.7% |
| 2008 | 85 | +4.9% |

## InfoBox

| Poncey-sur-l'Ignon | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Poncey-sur-l'Ignon | |
| Location of Poncey-sur-l'Ignon | |
| Poncey-sur-l'IgnonPoncey-sur-l'Ignon | |
| Coordinates: 47°29′43″N 4°45′43″E / 47.4953°N 4.7619°E / 47.4953; 4.7619 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Côte-d'Or |
| Arrondissement | Dijon |
| Canton | Is-sur-Tille |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Eliane Lépine |
| Area**1** | 16.35 km2 (6.31 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 84 |
| Density | 5.1/km2 (13/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 21494 /21440 |
| Elevation | 383–529 m (1,257–1,736 ft)
(avg. 430 m or 1,410 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Rengginang

abstract: Rengginang or ranginang is a variety of Indonesian thick rice crackers, made from cooked glutinous sticky rice and seasoned with spices, made into a flat and rounded shape, and then sun-dried. The sun-dried rengginang is deep-fried with ample cooking oil to produce a crispy rice cracker. This cracker is quite different from other types of traditional Asian crackers such as the Indonesian krupuk and the Japanese senbei or beika; while most traditional crackers' ingredients are ground into a fine paste, rengginang retains the shapes of its rice grains. It is similar to Japanese arare, and yet it differs because arare are individually separated larger rice pellets, while rengginang rice granules are stuck together in a flat-rounded shape. Rengginang is traditionally made from dried leftover rice. In Suriname, it is known as brong-brong. Rengginang can be plain, or flavoured sweet, salty or savoury. The most common rengginang are deep fried with added pinches of salt for a traditional salty taste. Sweet rengginang uses thick liquified coconut sugar-coated or poured upon it. Other variants have other ingredients added to enrich the taste, such as dried prawn, terasi, or lorjuk.

text:
# Rengginang

***Rengginang*** or ***ranginang*** is a variety of Indonesian thick rice crackers, made from cooked glutinous sticky rice and seasoned with spices, made into a flat and rounded shape, and then sun-dried. The sun-dried *rengginang* is deep-fried with ample cooking oil to produce a crispy rice cracker.

This cracker is quite different from other types of traditional Asian crackers such as the Indonesian *krupuk* and the Japanese *senbei* or *beika*; while most traditional crackers' ingredients are ground into a fine paste, *rengginang* retains the shapes of its rice grains. It is similar to Japanese *arare*, and yet it differs because *arare* are individually separated larger rice pellets, while *rengginang* rice granules are stuck together in a flat-rounded shape. *Rengginang* is traditionally made from dried leftover rice. In Suriname, it is known as *brong-brong*.

*Rengginang* can be plain, or flavoured sweet, salty or savoury. The most common *rengginang* are deep fried with added pinches of salt for a traditional salty taste. Sweet *rengginang* uses thick liquified coconut sugar-coated or poured upon it. Other variants have other ingredients added to enrich the taste, such as dried prawn, *terasi* (shrimp paste), or *lorjuk* (razor clam).

## Similar crackers

In Central Java, especially in the Wonogiri Regency, there is an almost identical rice cracker called *intip* made from scorched rice, the hardened semi-burnt rice sticks to the inner bottom of rice-cooking vessels. These cooking vessels are filled with water to loosen up the stuck rice. After it is separated from the cooking vessel, the stuck rice is sun-dried until it loses all of its liquid contents. The dried sticky rice is later deep-fried in a lot of cooking oil to create a crispy rice cracker. There is no significant difference between *rengginang* and *intip* other than its size; because *intip* is created from the inner bottom of the cooking vessel, it is larger than a *rengginang*.

## InfoBox

Rengginang
| Rengginang | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names | Ranginang, intip (Javanese) |
| Type | Rice cracker |
| Course | Snack |
| Place of origin | Indonesia |
| Region or state | West Java, Banten |
| Created by | Sundanese cuisine |
| Serving temperature | Room temperature |
| Main ingredients | Rice |