title: Unrepeatable

abstract: Unrepeatable is the title of a performance by British comedian Eddie Izzard. It was filmed on 14 March 1994 at the Albery Theatre, released on VHS and later DVD, and follows her first show, Live at the Ambassadors. She covers a wide range of topics, including washing routines, cats and dogs, cross dressing, horror movies such as Dracula, and Star Trek, which is typical of her "stream of consciousness" style of comedy.

text:
# Unrepeatable

***Unrepeatable*** is the title of a performance by British comedian Eddie Izzard. It was filmed on 14 March 1994 at the Albery Theatre, released on VHS and later DVD, and follows her first show, *Live at the Ambassadors*.

She covers a wide range of topics, including washing routines, cats and dogs, cross dressing, horror movies such as Dracula, and Star Trek, which is typical of her "stream of consciousness" style of comedy.

## InfoBox

| Unrepeatable | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Video by Eddie Izzard | |
| Released | 1994 |
| Recorded | Albery Theatre, London, United Kingdom |
| Genre | Stand-up comedy |
| Length | 75 minutes |
| Label | Vision Video |
| Director | John Gordillo |
| Eddie Izzard chronology | |
| *Live at the Ambassadors*
(1993) ***Unrepeatable***
(1994) *Definite Article*
(1996) | |


title: United States Army in World War II

abstract: United States Army in World War II is the official history of the ground forces of the United States Army during World War II. The 78-volume work was originally published beginning in 1946.

text:
# United States Army in World War II

***United States Army in World War II*** is the official history of the ground forces of the United States Army during World War II. The 78-volume work was originally published beginning in 1946.

## Overview

The work describes and to a degree evaluates the ground operations of the Army in 21 volumes. Additional volumes address grand strategy; recruitment, organization, and training; the service forces; the technical services; and special studies; again almost exclusively those of the ground forces. Three additional volumes provide a pictorial account. (Air operations, logistics, and training are presented in a separate seven-volume series, *The Army Air Forces in World War II*.) Different authors or teams wrote most of the accounts, though some authors wrote more than one. Most of the authors were serving or retired officers though enlisted personnel and professional historians also contributed.

The volumes devoted to operations are grouped by theater and campaign. (See the list of titles below.) Battles are described at a unit level appropriate to the size of the engagement. In some cases authors detail the actions of units as small as an infantry company, though most battles are presented at the battalion or regimental level. Many accounts of individual heroism are included, especially actions which resulted in the award of the Medal of Honor.

Each volume includes some photographs. Operations volumes include small maps within the text and larger fold-out maps attached inside the back cover. All operations volumes include bibliographical notes, a glossary, a list of code names, and a list of military map symbols. Some include additional features such as a table of equivalent U.S. and German, Italian, or Japanese ranks.

More than two-thirds of the volumes of the history are devoted to subjects other than actual operations. (See the list of titles below.) These provide information which is not appropriate for a purely operational history but is important for an understanding of the Army's activities as a whole during the war.

## Contents

THE WAR DEPARTMENT

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations* | Mark Skinner Watson | 1950 |
| *Washington Command Post: The Operations Division* | Ray S. Cline | 1951 |
| *Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1941–1942* | Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell | 1953 |
| *Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1943–1944* | Maurice Matloff | 1959 |
| *Global Logistics and Strategy: 1940–1943* | Richard M. Leighton and Robert W. Coakley | 1955 |
| *Global Logistics and Strategy: 1944–1945* | Robert W. Coakley and Richard M. Leighton | 1968 |
| *The Army and Economic Mobilization* | R. Elberton Smith | 1959 |
| *The Army and Industrial Manpower* | Byron Fairchild and Jonathan Grossman | 1959 |

THE ARMY GROUND FORCES

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The Organization of Ground Combat Troops* | Kent Roberts Greenfield, Robert R. Palmer, and Bell I. Wiley | 1947 |
| *The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops* | Robert R. Palmer, Bell I. Wiley, and William R. Keast | 1948 |

THE ARMY SERVICE FORCES

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces* | John David Millett | 1954 |

THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The Framework of Hemisphere Defense* | Stetson Conn and Byron Fairchild | 1960 |
| *Guarding the United States and its Outposts* | Stetson Conn, Rose C. Engelman, and Byron Fairchild | 1964 |

THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Strategy and Command: The First Two Years* | Louis Morton | 1962 |
| *The Fall of the Philippines* | Louis Morton | 1953 |
| *Guadalcanal: The First Offensive* | John Miller | 1949 |
| *Victory in Papua* | Samuel Milner | 1957 |
| *CARTWHEEL: The Reduction of Rabaul* | John Miller | 1959 |
| *Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls* | Philip A. Crowl and Edmund G. Love | 1955 |
| *Campaign in the Marianas* | Philip A. Crowl | 1960 |
| *The Approach to the Philippines* | Robert Ross Smith | 1953 |
| *Leyte: The Return to the Philippines* | M. Hamlin Cannon | 1954 |
| *Triumph in the Philippines* | Robert Ross Smith | 1963 |
| *Okinawa: The Last Battle* | Roy E. Appleman, James M. Burns, Russell A. Gugeler, and John Stevens | 1948 |

THE MEDITERRANEAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West* | George F. Howe | 1957 |
| *Sicily and the Surrender of Italy* | Albert N. Garland and Howard McGaw Smyth | 1965 |
| *Salerno to Cassino* | Martin Blumenson | 1969 |
| *Cassino to the Alps* | Ernest F. Fisher, Jr. | 1977 |

THE EUROPEAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The Supreme Command* | Forrest C. Pogue | 1954 |
| *Cross-Channel Attack* | Gordon A. Harrison | 1951 |
| *Breakout and Pursuit* | Martin Blumenson | 1961 |
| *The Lorraine Campaign* | Hugh M. Cole | 1950 |
| *The Siegfried Line Campaign* | Charles B. MacDonald | 1963 |
| *The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge* | Hugh M. Cole | 1965 |
| *Riviera to the Rhine* | Jeffrey J. Clarke and Robert Ross Smith | 1992 |
| *The Last Offensive* | Charles B. MacDonald | 1973 |
| *Logistical Support of the Armies, Volume I* | Roland G. Ruppenthal | 1953 |
| *Logistical Support of the Armies, Volume II* | Roland G. Ruppenthal | 1959 |

THE MIDDLE EAST THEATER

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia* | Thomas Hubbard Vail Motter | 1952 |

THE CHINA-BURMA-INDIA THEATER

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Stillwell’s Mission to China* | Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland | 1953 |
| *Stillwell’s Command Problems* | Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland | 1956 |
| *Time Runs Out in CBI* | Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland | 1959 |

THE TECHNICAL SERVICES

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War* | Leo P. Brophy and George J. B. Fisher | 1959 |
| *The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field* | Leo P. Brophy, Wyndham D. Miles, and Rexmond C. Cochrane | 1959 |
| *The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat* | Brooks E. Kleber and Dale Birdsell | 1966 |
| *The Corps of Engineers: Troops and Equipment* | Blanche D. Coll, Jean E. Keith, and Herbert H. Rosenthal | 1958 |
| *The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States* | Lenore Fine and Jesse A. Remington | 1972 |
| *The Corps of Engineers: The War against Japan* | Karl C. Dod | 1966 |
| *The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany* | Alfred M. Beck, Abe Bortz, Charles W. Lynch, Lida Mayo, and Ralph F. Weld | 1985 |
| *The Medical Department: Hospitalization and Evacuation, Zone of the Interior* | Clarence McKittrick Smith | 1956 |
| *The Medical Department: Medical Service in the Mediterranean and Minor Theaters* | Charles M. Wiltse | 1965 |
| *The Medical Department: Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations* | Graham A. Cosmas and Albert E. Cowdrey | 1992 |
| *The Medical Department: Medical Service in the War against Japan* | Mary Ellen Condon-Rall and Albert E. Cowdrey | 1998 |
| *The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War* | Constance McLaughlin Green, Harry C. Thomson, and Peter C. Roots | 1955 |
| *The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply* | Harry C. Thomson and Lida Mayo | 1960 |
| *The Ordnance Department: On Beachhead and Battlefront* | Lida Mayo | 1968 |
| *The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Volume I* | Erna Risch | 1953 |
| *The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Volume II* | Erna Risch and Chester L. Kieffer | 1955 |
| *The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War against Japan* | Alvin P. Stauffer | 1956 |
| *The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War against Germany* | William F. Ross and Charles F. Romanus | 1965 |
| *The Signal Corps: The Emergency (to December 1941)* | Dulany Terrett | 1956 |
| *The Signal Corps: The Test (December 1941 to July 1943)* | George Raynor Thompson, Dixie R. Harris, Pauline M. Oakes, and Dulany Terrett | 1957 |
| *The Signal Corps: The Outcome (mid-1943 through 1945)* | George Raynor Thompson and Dixie R. Harris | 1966 |
| *The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, and Operations* | Chester Wardlow | 1951 |
| *The Transportation Corps: Movements, Training, and Supply* | Chester Wardlow | 1956 |
| *The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas* | Joseph Bykofsky and Harold Larson | 1957 |

SPECIAL STUDIES

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Chronology: 1941–1945* | Mary H. Williams | 1960 |
| *Buying Aircraft: Matériel Procurement for the Army Air Forces* | I. B. Holley | 1964 |
| *Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors* | Harry L. Coles and Albert K. Weinberg | 1964 |
| *The Employment of Negro Troops* | Ulysses Lee | 1966 |
| *Military Relations between the United States and Canada, 1939–1945* | Stanlye W. Dziuban | 1959 |
| *Rearming the French* | Marcel Vigneras | 1957 |
| *Three Battles: Arnaville, Altuzzo, and Schmidt* | Charles B. MacDonald and Sidney T. Mathews | 1952 |
| *The Women's Army Corps* | Mattie E. Treadwell | 1953 |
| *Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb* | Vincent C. Jones | 1985 |

PICTORIAL RECORD

| Title | Author(s) | Year Published |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The War against Germany and Italy: Mediterranean and Adjacent Areas* | John C. Hatlem and Kenneth E. Hunter | 1951 |
| *The War against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas* | Kenneth E. Hunter | 1951 |
| *The War against Japan* | Kenneth E. Hunter and Margaret E. Tackley | 1952 |

## Publication history

The works were first published by the Historical Division, Department of the Army, from March 28, 1950 called the Office of the Chief of Military History and from June 15, 1973, the Center of Military History. They are in a large format, 7¼” x 10”, with green cloth covers and no dust jackets. The cover has only the eagle insignia of the Army; the title, author, and other data are on the spine. Many volumes have been reprinted by the Center of Military History in the same format beginning in the 1980s, and most are available as PDF downloads.

The operations-oriented volumes and some others were reprinted by The National Historical Society during the 1990s in a 50th Anniversary Commemorative Edition series. They are 7” x 9” with a hard cover (without a dust jacket) whose face is a black-and-white photograph with the title superimposed. They omitted the original editions’ fold-out maps but instead printed them in two separate atlases.

Two volumes, ‘’Cross Channel Attack’’ and ‘’The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge’’, were reprinted in the 1990s by Konecky & Konecky in a large 8½” by 11” format. They, too, omitted the fold-out maps. Other publishing houses have also reprinted selected volumes.


title: Upper Nyack Snowshoe Cabin

abstract: The Upper Nyack Snowshoe Cabin, built in 1926 in Glacier National Park, is a significant resource both architecturally and historically as a shelter, usually 8–12 miles apart, for patrolling backcountry rangers. The design is similar to that used in Yellowstone National Park, which was in turn adapted from U.S. Forest Service shelters, which were themselves adaptations of trapper cabins. Upper Nyack retains some original interior furnishings, including hanging beds.

text:
# Upper Nyack Snowshoe Cabin

The **Upper Nyack Snowshoe Cabin**, built in 1926 in Glacier National Park, is a significant resource both architecturally and historically as a shelter, usually 8–12 miles apart, for patrolling backcountry rangers. The design is similar to that used in Yellowstone National Park, which was in turn adapted from U.S. Forest Service shelters, which were themselves adaptations of trapper cabins. Upper Nyack retains some original interior furnishings, including hanging beds.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Upper Nyack Snowshoe Cabin | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | West Glacier, Montana |
| Coordinates | 48°32′52″N 113°34′0″W / 48.54778°N 113.56667°W / 48.54778; -113.56667 |
| Built | 1926 |
| MPS | Glacier National Park MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 86000377 |
| Added to NRHP | February 14, 1986 |


title: Mátyás Várkonyi

abstract: Mátyás Várkonyi is a Hungarian musician. He finished his studies in the academy of Béla Bartók. He was a founding member of the band Generál in 1971. By 1975 General became renowned all over Europe and was voted "Band of the year" in Hungary. All their albums were distributed across Europe. It was the first East European band to top charts in Western Europe – e.g. in the Netherlands with the song "Everybody Join Us" single in 1975. In 1980 he was one of the founders of the Rock Theatre, Hungary's first musical theatre later became its musical director and director of the theatre. In 1986 he won the Ferenc Erkel prize. Awards: Wolves, won first prize for best music and best choreography in Helsinki International Music Festival in 1983. Other plays like the Starmakers, Stars of Eger, Dorian Gray and The puppet show man were huge successes both in the Hungarian and the foreign stages.

text:
# Mátyás Várkonyi

**Mátyás Várkonyi** (born September 4, 1950) is a Hungarian musician. He finished his studies in the academy of Béla Bartók.

He was a founding member of the band Generál in 1971. By 1975 General became renowned all over Europe and was voted "Band of the year" in Hungary. All their albums were distributed across Europe. It was the first East European band to top charts in Western Europe – e.g. in the Netherlands with the song "Everybody Join Us" single in 1975.

In 1980 he was one of the founders of the Rock Theatre, Hungary's first musical theatre later became its musical director and director of the theatre. In 1986 he won the Ferenc Erkel prize. Awards: Wolves, won first prize for best music and best choreography in Helsinki International Music Festival in 1983. Other plays like the Starmakers, Stars of Eger (Egri Csillagok), Dorian Gray and The puppet show man were huge successes both in the Hungarian and the foreign stages.

## Shows

* Örvényben, 1981, musical
* Starmakers, 1981, the first Hungarian Rock opera
* Wolves, 1982, "rock fantasy"
* The puppet show man, 1985, musical
* Félőlény 1989, children's musical
* Dorian Gray 1990, musical
* Rock-Odüsszeia 1994
* Eclipse of the Crescent Moon (Egri Csillagok), 1996, musical
* Will Shakespeare or who you will, 1997, musical
* Mata Hari 2002, musical
* Ifipark 2003, musical

## InfoBox

| Mátyás Várkonyi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1950-09-04) September 4, 1950<br>Budapest, Hungary |
| Occupation | Music composer |


title: Ottawa Tool Library

abstract: Ottawa Tool Library (OTL) is a not for profit tool lending public library system based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Tool libraries lend specialized tools for both experienced and inexperienced community members who are interested in home repair, maintenance, building projects, community projects, gardening and landscaping as well as cooking. The OTL offers annual, short-term, group and gift memberships. See the website for current rates.

text:
# Ottawa Tool Library

**Ottawa Tool Library** (**OTL**) is a not for profit tool lending public library system based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Tool libraries lend specialized tools for both experienced and inexperienced community members who are interested in home repair, maintenance, building projects, community projects, gardening and landscaping as well as cooking. The OTL offers annual, short-term, group and gift memberships. See the website for current rates.

## History

The Ottawa Tool Library (OTL) is a project of The Society for Social Ingenuity (SSI), a registered Canadian non-profit organization based in Ottawa. The OTL was cofounded by Bettina Vollmerhausen and Frederic Sune. The goal is to put tools in the hands of people who want them to do their projects. The mission is to engage and empower the community to participate in sharing resources by providing access to tools and skills for everybody. The OTL opened at 250 City Centre, in 2014, and moved to 877A Boyed Ave. in 2021.

## Governance

The OTL is governed by a Board which is responsible for the strategic planning, financial stability, and oversight of staff and volunteers.

## Services

### Collections

The tool library adapted Share Starter's free "Tool Library Starter Kit" which includes start up guidelines, frequently asked questions, and sample documents. The library uses "Local Tools" from "myTurn.com, PBC", a web-based inventory management system to track loans to Tool Library members and to automatically display tool availability online. The library has over 2,000 specialized tools to lend to members with all skill levels welcomed. The inventory of equipment includes automotive, bicycle, carpentry and woodworking, electrical and soldering, home maintenance, metalworking, plumbing, re-modelling, electronics, garden, kitchen, hand, air and power tools, although no gas-powered tools. The OTL is seeking cash donations as well as donations of hand tools, power tools, garden tools and kitchen tools.

### Training

The Ottawa Tool Library offers workshops open both to Tool Library members and the public on tool related skills and projects. For example, in the Intro to Power Tools workshop, participants build a planter box; and similarly in other hands-on workshops.

## Mission

### Tool library

The Tool library performs the following main tasks:

* **Tool Lending:** to members for use in personal projects, community improvement events, and special events.
* **Tool Advocacy:** for the complete and timely return of all borrowed tools, to guarantee the long-term sustainability of available inventory. Staff also seeks compensation for lost tools and tools returned late.
* **Tool Maintenance:** performing routine maintenance and repairs on all equipment to ensure good condition and to extend the lifespan of the inventory. This function is typically performed by volunteers and community service workers.
*

## Location

* Ottawa Tool Library is located at 877A Boyd Ave., Ottawa. Tool donations can be borrowed from this location, and volunteers are welcomed to help keep this community resource going in Ottawa. Volunteer opportunities include: assisting members, providing tool and equipment knowledge, instructing workshops and tool maintenance. Contact \[info@ottawatoollibrary\].

## InfoBox

| Ottawa Tool Library | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 877A Boyd Ave Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |
| Established | 2014 |
| Collection | |
| Size | 301+ |
| Access and use | |
| Members | 200+ |
| Other information | |
| Director | Bettina Vollmerhausen |
| Employees | 1 |
| Website | Ottawa tool library |


title: Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal

abstract: The Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal (MWDT), also referred to as the Mhadei Water Disputes Tribunal, is a tribunal that adjudicates the dispute over River Mhadei water allocation. The sharing of the waters of this river is a cause of dispute between the governments of Karnataka and Goa. The Karnataka government proposes to divert some water from the Mahadayi river to the Malaprabha River basin as part of the Kalasa-Banduri Nala project, as approximately 188 tmcft of water at 75% dependability is available in the river. Mahadayi Water Tribunal under Interstate River Water Disputes Act has been constituted to decide the sharing of the river waters by the riparian states. In August 2018, Mahadayi Water Tribunal verdict permitted Goa to use 24 tmcft, Karnataka to use 5.4 tmcft and Maharashtra to use 1.33 tmcft for consumptive purposes. The tribunal assessed the water generated in the river catchment area of Karnataka and Maharashtra as 32.11 tmcft and 7.21 tmcft respectively at 75% dependability. The tribunal has apportioned only 40.125 tmcft of Mandovi river water for consumptive uses among the three riparian states. Karnataka approached the Supreme Court alleging injustice is done in allocation of water to the state. Central government issued a gazette notification on 27 February 2020 permitting the Karnataka state to draw 13.42 tmcft of water from the Mahadayi river out of which 8 tmcft is for power generation.

text:
# Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal

The  **Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal (MWDT)**, also referred to as the Mhadei Water Disputes Tribunal, is a tribunal that adjudicates the dispute over River Mhadei water allocation.

The sharing of the waters of this river is a cause of dispute between the governments of Karnataka and Goa. The Karnataka government proposes to divert some water from the Mahadayi river to the Malaprabha River basin as part of the Kalasa-Banduri Nala project, as approximately 188 tmcft of water at 75% dependability is available in the river. Mahadayi Water Tribunal under Interstate River Water Disputes Act has been constituted to decide the sharing of the river waters by the riparian states. In August 2018, Mahadayi Water Tribunal verdict permitted Goa to use 24 tmcft (excluding the 9.395 tmcft prevailing uses), Karnataka to use 5.4 tmcft (including 3.9 tmcft for export outside the basin) and Maharashtra to use 1.33 tmcft for consumptive purposes. The tribunal assessed the water generated in the river catchment area of Karnataka and Maharashtra as 32.11 tmcft and 7.21 tmcft respectively at 75% dependability. The tribunal has apportioned only 40.125 tmcft of Mandovi river water for consumptive uses among the three riparian states. Karnataka approached the Supreme Court alleging injustice is done in allocation of water to the state.

Central government issued a gazette notification on 27 February 2020 permitting the Karnataka state to draw 13.42 tmcft of water from the Mahadayi river out of which 8 tmcft is for power generation.


title: Old Style 1752

abstract:
This is the calendar for Old Style 1752, a leap year which began on 1 January, and dropped 3–13 September to transition to the Gregorian calendar. Previously, the Old Style calendar in England had begun on 25 March and ended with the following March, on 24 March. Because the Gregorian calendar did not have leap day in 1700, the original 10-day difference in calendars had expanded to an 11-day difference, and to compensate, 2 September was followed by 14 September, as skipping 11 days beyond 3 September. Year 1753, in England followed the full Gregorian calendar. Note, below, the shortened length of September. With the omission of 3–13 September, then 14 September 1752 became the first day to match the New Style date of the Gregorian calendar, as adopted c.1582 by some Catholic territories. Scotland followed this same plan, in converting to Gregorian dates in 1752, along with England, Wales, Ireland, the American colonies, and related regions. Other nations, such as Russia and Sweden, continued to use the Julian calendar, in 1752.
Although the Swedish calendar had tried a gradual transition, beginning in 1700, to drop 11 leap days during 40 years, Sweden returned to the Julian calendar and finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Other nations did not change to the Gregorian system until more than 150 years later.
There were many different transition plans used by various other nations.

text:
# Old Style 1752

This is the calendar for **Old Style 1752**, a leap year which began on 1 January, and dropped 3–13 September to transition to the Gregorian calendar. Previously, the Old Style calendar in England (and related regions) had begun on 25 March and ended with the following March, on 24 March. Because the Gregorian calendar did not have leap day in 1700, the original 10-day difference in calendars had expanded to an 11-day difference, and to compensate, 2 September was followed by 14 September, as skipping 11 days beyond 3 September. Year 1753, in England (and related regions) followed the full Gregorian calendar. Note, below, the shortened length of September.

With the omission of 3–13 September, then 14 September 1752 became the first day to match the New Style date of the Gregorian calendar, as adopted c.1582 by some Catholic territories. Scotland followed this same plan, in converting to Gregorian dates in 1752, along with England, Wales, Ireland, the American colonies, and related regions.

Other nations, such as Russia and Sweden, continued to use the Julian calendar, in 1752. Although the Swedish calendar had tried a gradual transition, beginning in 1700, to drop 11 leap days during 40 years, Sweden returned to the Julian calendar and finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Other nations did not change to the Gregorian system until more than 150 years later. There were many different transition plans used by various other nations (see: Gregorian calendar#Adoption).

* Old Style 1751 \- first Old Style year to end on 31 December in England and related regions


title: Turner, Montana

abstract: Turner is an unincorporated village in Blaine County, Montana, United States. Turner is located on Montana State Highway 241, 41.5 miles (66.8 km) east-northeast of Chinook. It is 12 miles south of the Canadian border. Its population was 61 as of the 2010 census. Turner has the post office serving ZIP code 59542, and other businesses and services. Its name is the reference name for the US-Canada border crossing 12 miles to its north. Since 1980, Turner has been a part of the CDP which also bears its name. Google Maps drove along the outskirts of the village but did not videograph it in any detail.

text:
# Turner, Montana

**Turner** is an unincorporated village in Blaine County, Montana, United States. Turner is located on Montana State Highway 241, 41.5 miles (66.8 km) east-northeast of Chinook. It is 12 miles south of the Canadian border. Its population was 61 as of the 2010 census.

Turner has the post office serving ZIP code 59542, and other businesses and services. Its name is the reference name for the US-Canada border crossing 12 miles to its north. Since 1980, Turner has been a part of the CDP which also bears its name. Google Maps drove along the outskirts of the village but did not videograph it in any detail.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 90 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## History

In 1912, Henry Turner built a store and opened a post office. In 1928 the town moved about two miles to the location of the Great Northern Railway's new line between Saco and Hogeland.

## Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Turner has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

## Infrastructure

Turner Airport is a public use airport located 1 mile northeast of town.

## Trivia

Turner is the farthest community in the continental U.S. from a Major League Baseball park; it lies 646.93 miles (1,041.13 km) from Safeco Field in Seattle, the nearest park.

## Education

Turner educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. Turner High School had 18 students in 2021. They are known as the Turner Tornadoes.

## InfoBox

| Turner, Montana | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place & Unincorporated community | |
| Turner, MontanaTurner, Montana | |
| Coordinates: 48°50′37″N 108°24′25″W / 48.84361°N 108.40694°W / 48.84361; -108.40694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Blaine |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.45 sq mi (1.15 km2) |
| Land | 0.45 sq mi (1.15 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 3,041 ft (927 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 90 |
| Density | 202.25/sq mi (78.16/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 59542 |
| Area code | 406 |
| GNIS feature ID | 777808 |


title: Thomas Harding (sailor)

abstract:
Thomas Harding was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for attempting to save an officer from drowning. Harding was born in 1837 in Middletown, Connecticut. He served during the Civil War as a captain of the forecastle on the USS Dacotah. On June 9, 1864, the blockade runner Pevensey was chased down, run aground near Beaufort, North Carolina, and suffered a boiler explosion. Harding and others took a small boat from Dacotah to Pevensey and loaded it with some of the blockade runner's cargo of arms and uniforms. While returning to Dacotah through heavy surf, the small boat began to take on water and sank. Harding tried to help an officer who could not swim, Acting Master's Mate Jarvis G. Farrar, but was unsuccessful and Farrar drowned. For this attempt, Harding was awarded the Medal of Honor six months later on December 31, 1864. Harding's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Served as captain of the forecastle on board the U.S.S. Dacotah on the occasion of the destruction of the blockade runner Pevensey, near Beauford [sic], N.C., 9 June 1864. "Learning that one of the officers in the boat, which was in danger of being, and subsequently was, swamped, could not swim, Harding remarked to him: 'If we are swamped, sir, I shall carry you to the beach or I will never go there myself.' He did not succeed in carrying out his promise, but made desperate efforts to do so, while others thought only of themselves. Such conduct is worthy of appreciation and admiration--a sailor risking his own life to save that of an officer."

text:
# Thomas Harding (sailor)

**Thomas Harding** (born 1837, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for attempting to save an officer from drowning.

Harding was born in 1837 in Middletown, Connecticut. He served during the Civil War as a captain of the forecastle on the USS *Dacotah*. On June 9, 1864, the blockade runner *Pevensey* was chased down, run aground near Beaufort, North Carolina, and suffered a boiler explosion. Harding and others took a small boat from *Dacotah* to *Pevensey* and loaded it with some of the blockade runner's cargo of arms and uniforms. While returning to *Dacotah* through heavy surf, the small boat began to take on water and sank. Harding tried to help an officer who could not swim, Acting Master's Mate Jarvis G. Farrar, but was unsuccessful and Farrar drowned. For this attempt, Harding was awarded the Medal of Honor six months later on December 31, 1864.

Harding's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

> Served as captain of the forecastle on board the U.S.S. *Dacotah* on the occasion of the destruction of the blockade runner *Pevensey*, near Beauford \[*sic*\], N.C., 9 June 1864. "Learning that one of the officers in the boat, which was in danger of being, and subsequently was, swamped, could not swim, Harding remarked to him: 'If we are swamped, sir, I shall carry you to the beach or I will never go there myself.' He did not succeed in carrying out his promise, but made desperate efforts to do so, while others thought only of themselves. Such conduct is worthy of appreciation and admiration--a sailor risking his own life to save that of an officer."

## InfoBox

| Thomas Harding | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1837<br>Middletown, Connecticut |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Rank | Captain of the forecastle |
| Unit | USS *Dacotah* |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |


title: Meic Torcaill

abstract: The Meic Torcaill, also known as the Meic Turcaill, the Mac Torcaill dynasty, the Mac Turcaill dynasty, and the Mac Turcaill family, were a leading Norse-Gaelic family in mediaeval Dublin. The kindred produced several eminent men and kings of Dublin before the Norman conquest of the kingdom in 1170. Afterwards the family fell from prominence, losing possession of their extensive lands in the region. In time the Meic Torcaill lost precedence to other Dublin families, such as the Harolds and Archbolds.

text:
# Meic Torcaill

The **Meic Torcaill**, also known as the **Meic Turcaill**, the **Mac Torcaill dynasty**, the **Mac Turcaill dynasty**, and the **Mac Turcaill family**, were a leading Norse-Gaelic family in mediaeval Dublin. The kindred produced several eminent men and kings of Dublin before the Norman conquest of the kingdom in 1170. Afterwards the family fell from prominence, losing possession of their extensive lands in the region. In time the Meic Torcaill lost precedence to other Dublin families, such as the Harolds and Archbolds.

## Norse-Gaelic Dublin

| Simplified family tree illustrating one of several possible lines of descent of the Meic Torcall kings of Dublin. |
| --- |
| Torcall
(fl. 1133)   Ragnall
King of Dublin  Brodar
King of Dublin   unnamed
(died 1138)  Ragnall
(fl. 1167)  Ascall
King of Dublin |

The origins of the Meic Torcaill are uncertain. A possible family predecessor may have been a certain Torcall mac Éola, whose slaying in Wales in 1093 is recorded by the *Annals of Inisfallen*. It is possible that this man was the eponymous ancestor of the family. A son of his may have been the Torfind mac Torcaill whose death in 1124 is recorded by both the *Annals of Ulster*, and the *Annals of Loch Cé*. Torcall mac Éola may have also been related to a certain twelfth-century Manx bishop, "*Hamondus filius Iole*", recorded by the *Chronicle of Mann*.

Whatever their precise origins, the Meic Torcaill can certainly be traced back to an early twelfth century. The first member of the family is a certain Torcall, whose rise to power appears to have occurred by 1133, as evidenced by the *Annals of Loch Cé*, at about a time when Dublin was closely aligned with Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster (died 1171). The latter lost control of the Dublin in 1141, however, as the *Annals of the Four Masters* reveals that the town was seized and held by Conchobar Ua Briain, King of Munster (died 1142). Following Conchobar's ousting, the same source indicates that the Dubliner's installed a certain Islesman, Ottar mac meic Ottair (died 1148), as King of Dublin in 1142. The head of the Meic Torcaill during this period appears to have been Torcall's son, Ragnall (died 1146). The *Annals of the Four Masters* records that the son of an unnamed member of the Meic Torcaill was slain in 1138, and it is possible that this man was in fact a son of Ragnall. If so, his death may well have weakened the family, and allowed the Meic Ottair to seize power.

Two years after Ottar's installation, he and an unnamed member of the Meic Torcaill (who may well have been Ragnall himself), and an unnamed son of a certain Erulb, are noted in the context of mercenary operations in Wales by the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts *Brenhinedd y Saesson*, *Brut y Tywysogyon*, and the "B" and "C" versions of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century *Annales Cambriæ*.

In 1146, several sources, such as the *Annals of Tigernach*, *Chronicon Scotorum*, and *Mac Carthaigh's Book*, record the slaying of the aforesaid Ragnall, styling him King of Dublin. If these sources are to be believed, Ragnall's reign would appear to begin at some point after the aforesaid operations in Wales, and interrupted the reign of Ottar, who died as king in 1148. The *Annals of the Four Masters*, however, accord Ragnall the title *mórmáer*, which could indicate that he was merely a subordinate within Ottar's regime. Although Ottar may well have enjoyed the cooperation of the Meic Torcaill in the early part of his reign, the *Annals of Tigernach* and *Chronicon Scotorum* reveal that they were responsible for his slaying in 1148.

The next Meic Torcaill monarch was Ragnall's brother, Brodar (died 1160), whose slaying in 1160, at the hands of the Meic Gilla Sechnaill of South Brega, is revealed by the thirteenth-century *Cottonian Annals*, the *Annals of the Four Masters*, the *Annals of Ulster*, and the *Annals of Tigernach*.

Following Diarmait's acquisition of dominance over Dublin in 1162, Diarmait is reported to have made several grants to churches in Fine Gall. One such grant, to Áed Ua Cáellaide, Bishop of Louth, dating between 1162 and 1166, concerned the lands of Baldoyle, and was witnessed by several members of the Meic Torcaill: a certain Echmarcach and Aralt.

The last King of Dublin was Ragnall's son, Ascall (died 1171). In 1167, the *Annals of the Four Masters* record that a certain Ragnall mac Ragnaill, styled *tigerna Gall* ("lord of the foreigners"), attended a great assembly convened by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht (died 1198). The latter's name and title suggest that he was either an otherwise unattested brother of Ascall, or else an annalist's mistake for Ascall himself. Whatever the case, according to *Expugnatio Hibernica*, Ascall was driven from the kingship in 1170 by the forces of Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke. The following year he was finally defeated in an attempt to retake Dublin. Although a multitude of Irish sources—such as the *Annals of the Four Masters*, the *Annals of Ulster*, the *Annals of Loch Cé*, the *Annals of Tigernach*, and *Mac Carthaigh's Book* — place his death in the context of the military defeat, *Expugnatio Hibernica* and the twelfth- to thirteenth-century *La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande* reveal that he was publicly executed.

## Diminishment

The power of the Meic Torcaill before the fall of Dublin is apparent in the lands associated with them. A charter post-dating Ascall's fall reveals that he granted the church of St Brigid and the surrounding lands to the Church of the Holy Trinity. Another member of the family, a man named Sitric, is also stated to have granted the church and lands of Tully to the Church of the Holy Trinity. With the fall of the last Meic Torcaill monarch, and the consolidation of the English control of Dublin, the family's territories were evidently declared forfeit. Lands lost by the family at this point include a tract from Tully to Bray, stretching to Glencullen, granted to Walter de Ridlesford. Walter's grant included a significant part of the territory in Uí Briúin Chualann and much of the lands named "*Odurchill*" in the Latin charter, a reference to Meic Torcaill territories in what is today south Dublin and north-east County Wicklow. Other Meic Torcaill lands included holdings in north Dublin at Portrane, Malahide, Portmarnock, and Kilbarrack. Furthermore, Richard is recorded to have granted lands, formerly possessed by the Meic Torcaill, to the abbey of St Mary at Dublin.

Not all losses were final, however, as a certain Hamund Mac Torcaill, and his brothers, are recorded to have been confirmed in their Kinsealy lands in 1174. This partial restoration of family lands is one part of a process in which leading Dublin families were incorporated into the new English regime, and it is probable that this was also about the time of that the Harold family was also 'rehabilitated'.

In time, the Harolds and Archbolds began to fill the vacuum of the diminished Meic Torcaill. A certain "*G. Mactorail*" is recorded to have witnessed a grant of Thomas, Abbot of Glendalough to Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Archbishop of Dublin (died 1180) between 1172 and 1181. Another grant, to St Mary's Abbey, Dublin between 1172 and 1181, was witnessed by a certain Alan Mac Torcaill.

The Meic Torcaill may well be remembered in several Irish place names. For example, the earthwork of Rathturtle, located near Blessington, appears to be derived from the Irish *Rath Torcaill*, and therefore may refer to a member of the family. Whether the hilltop was the site of a Norse fortress is uncertain, however, since the site has not been excavated, and appears to be similar to an Anglo-Norman ringwork.

Another name seemingly referring to a member of the Meic Torcaill is that of the townslands Curtlestown Upper (*Baile Mhic Thorcail Uachtarach*) and Curtlestown Lower (*Baile Mhic Thorcail Íochtarach*), located near Powerscourt.

## Citations

### Primary sources

### Secondary sources


title: Summer at Mount Hope

abstract: Summer at Mount Hope is a black comedy romantic novel, written by Australian author Rosalie Ham. Like Ham's debut novel The Dressmaker, it is also set in small rural community but in 1890s Australia. The novel centred on protagonist Phoeba Crupp and her struggle with money and male companionship. Ham also wrote this novel like her debut one while studying her creative writing course at RMIT University. The novel was first published by Duffy & Snellgrove on June 1, 2005. It was later re-published on January 9, 2010.

text:
# Summer at Mount Hope

***Summer at Mount Hope*** is a black comedy romantic novel, written by Australian author Rosalie Ham. Like Ham's debut novel The Dressmaker, it is also set in small rural community but in 1890s Australia. The novel centred on protagonist Phoeba Crupp and her struggle with money and male companionship.

Ham also wrote this novel like her debut one while studying her creative writing course at RMIT University. The novel was first published by Duffy & Snellgrove on June 1, 2005. It was later re-published on January 9, 2010.

## Setting and themes

The novel is set in small rural Australian community at Mount Hope located to the north of Pyramid Hill in northern Victoria, Australia. The town is set between Melbourne and Geelong in the year 1894, during the period of drought and depression.

The novel explores a number of themes from pastoralists and squatters, to itinerants and suffragettes campaigning for women's rights, and the advent of new technology. But like Ham's first novel, it also focused on gossip and privations in small communities and their effects.

## Plot

In 1894, Phoeba Crupp is an independent woman who does not pay any attention to her mother and sister's concern of getting married, while her father is completely focused on his vineyard. Phoeba is content to spend her time with her best friends Hadley and Henrietta, until she is forced into a world of men and money.

## Characters

* **Phoeba Crupp** : Protagonist of the novel, unconventional, intelligent and independent woman who does not bend to societies rules.
* **Hadley Pearson** : Phoeba's childhood friend, lives on a neighbouring farm who is in love with her and wants to marry her.
* **Lilith Crupp** : Phoeba's younger sister, an open flirt whose only ambition is to find a suitable bachelor for marriage.
* **Henrietta Pearson** : Phoeba's plain and unmarriageable best friend, and Hadley's sister.
* **Mrs. Crupp** : Phoeba's mother, she detests her husbands travelling for the vineyard and wants to marry her two daughters off.
* **Mr. Crupp** :Phoeba's father, he is fond of his elder daughter but mostly focused on his vineyard.
* **Mrs. Pearson** : Hadley and Henrietta's mother.

## Reception

The novel was largely compared to Jane Austen's work and especially her 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice by many critics.

The Sydney Morning Herald comparing it to Austin's work said "Summer at Mount Hope bears a passing resemblance to the Jane Austen oeuvre insofar as there are daughters to be married and eligible bachelors to be found." But finally said that "(it) is more unabashed romance set against a backdrop of grapes, dust and drought than a historical document. This is light summer reading; a period-drama with the requisite sunny, fluffy-cloud ending." Gillian Mary Dooley in a review for "Writers’ Radio" a radio program by Radio Adelaide said that "There are so many echoes of Pride and Prejudice in this novel that it’s hard to believe they’re not deliberate." But ultimately concluded that "it is an engaging novel with likeable and plausible characters living in a world created with intelligence, imagination, humour and verve." Peter Pierce of The Bulletin said, "The novel is a delight. Complex beneath its witty surface, and one of the surprising fictional treats of the year." While Liam Davidson in his review titled "Jane Austen Meets Steele Rudd" for The Australian said "While it’s the social and romantic intrigue that carries the story, it’s Ham’s wickedly black humour and finely researched social observation that deliver the real joy of the book."

## InfoBox

Summer at Mount Hope
| Cover of first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Rosalie Ham |
| Genre | Black comedy, Romance |
| Publisher | Duffy & Snellgrove |
| Publication date | June 1, 2005 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | 223 pp (first edition) |
| ISBN | 978-0975192160 |


title: Mark Dean Veca

abstract: Mark Dean Veca is an American artist based in Altadena, California. He creates paintings, drawings and large-scale installations.

text:
# Mark Dean Veca

**Mark Dean Veca** is an American artist (born 1963) based in Altadena, California. He creates paintings, drawings and large-scale installations.

## Biography

Mark Dean Veca was born in Shreveport, Louisiana, and received his Bachelor of Fine Arts from Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles in 1985.

Veca has exhibited throughout the United States, Europe, and Japan at institutions such as the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, PS 1 Contemporary Art Center, the Brooklyn Museum, the Bronx Museum of the Arts, and the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. His work has been reviewed in numerous publications including *The New York Times*, *Artforum*, *Art in America*, *Art Review*, *Juxtapoz*, and *Flash Art*.

Veca conducted one-on-one master critiques with undergraduate and graduate Fine Arts students at Otis College of Art and Design in the fall of 2008 as part of the Jennifer Howard Coleman Distinguished Lectureship and Residency. Awards and honors include a C.O.L.A. 2011 Individual Artist Fellowship, Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant, and three New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowships. His work is included in numerous public collections including the Deutsche Bank Collection, Frederick R. Weisman Art Foundation Collection, and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In April 2018, the Crocker Art Museum announced Mark Dean Veca as the second recipient of the John S. Knudsen Endowment Fund's $25,000 prize. Also upcoming, Veca has been commissioned to create a major new work of permanent public art for the new Los Angeles Metro station at Wilshire Boulevard and La Brea Avenue, opening in 2023.

He currently lives in Los Angeles.

## Veca's work

Veca is known for creating paintings, drawings and installations that portray surreal cartoons, psychedelic landscapes, and pop culture iconography while also being inspired by long-established decorative motifs.

He is widely recognized for his all-encompassing installations that surround the viewer and incite a sense of awe. Revealing fantastical, humorous, aggressive, or sexual imagery with both frenzy and pattern-like precision, his works often recall a modernized type of toile painting.

In the 1998 catalogue for Veca's *El Gloominator* exhibition, Steve Mitchell asserts, "Veca works in the meticulous tradition of the fresco painter to produce an image that paradoxically evokes the immediacy of the graffiti artist."

Carlo McCormick states in a *Juxtapoz* magazine article that within the artist's installation work, "confines create ideas, obstacles dictate illusions, and the proliferation of optic information ignites a kind of brain-searing explosion."

In 2004, Veca was commissioned by Nike to design an installation as well as a limited edition product series. Entitled *Pulsation*, the work was exhibited at 255 in New York.

Veca's 2007 solo exhibition, *Imbroglio* (October 20 – November 17, 2007), was held at the Jonathan LeVine Gallery and was his most ambitious New York exhibition thus far. Veca presented 17 new paintings on panel, which were incorporated into an installation.

In 2012, Veca's solo exhibition Raging Opulence was described as "MAD Magazine meets Versailles in Mark Dean Veca’s loud yet regal salon installation". Veca's signature style "grounded in mesmerizing line-work and psychedelic patterns" was perfectly displayed in his 2017 show PSYCHOBIODELICA, which was "an exhibit that looks into how Veca's art has found its place in the world of gig posters".

His most recent exhibition was in 2020 at California State University Northridge; the exhibition was a duo show entitled Graphic Subversion with Mark Steven Greenfield. The exhibition was focused on graphic language, with Veca utilizing specific cultural icons. In regards to Graphic Subversion, curator Betty Brown stated "their work urges us to not to accept media images as neutral, but to explore the nature of their history and impact, and what they communicate both overtly and covertly."

Veca has also been commissioned to create a permanent public art work for the new Metro Station in Los Angeles, which will be opening in 2023.

## Awards

Most recently, Veca was awarded a An artist Residency at The MacDowell Colony in 2019. Additionally, in 2018, Veca was awarded the John S. Knudsen Prize. In 2011, Veca was awarded the Individual Artist Fellowship with C.O.L.A.; Veca additionally earned a painting fellowship with New York Foundation in 2008. Veca was also the Honoree of the fall 2008 Jennifer Howard Coleman Distinguished Lectureship and Residency at Otis College of Art and Design. In 2006, he was awarded a Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant. Amongst his many honors, Veca has thrice received the New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship in painting and has carried out artist residencies for institutions such as the Bronx Museum, the MacDowell Colony, and Villa Montalvo.

## Solo exhibitions

* *El Gloominator*, State University of New York at Buffalo Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY, 1998
* *Picturing Florida*, Schmidt Center Gallery, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL (with Ellen Harvey), 2006
* Ben Maltz Gallery, Otis College of Art and Design, Los Angeles, October 11 – December 6, 2008
* *Paintings, Wall Drawings, and Collaborations*, University Art Gallery, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, January 30–15 March 2009
* *Revenge of Phantasmagoria*, Instituto Cultural de Cabañas, Guadalajara, Mexico. Organized by the Ben Maltz Gallery at Otis College of Art and Design, 2009/10.
* *As Cold As They Come*, Jonathan Le Vine Gallery, New York, NY, 2009
* *When the Shit Hits the Fan*, Western Project, Los Angeles, CA, 2010
* *Impulse*, The Lab Gallery, New York, NY, 2011
* *Mark Dean Veca: Raging Opulence*, San Jose Museum of Art, San Jose, CA, 2012
* *Mark Dean Veca: Twenty Years*, Western Project, Los Angeles, CA, 2013
* *Made for You and Me*, Cristin Tierney Gallery, New York, 2013
* *Divinity Degenerate*, Harris Art Gallery, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, 2013
* *Everlast*, Western Project, Los Angeles, CA, 2014
* *Le Poppy Den*, David B. Smith Gallery, Denver, CO, 2014
* *Pony Show*, Site:Lab, Grand Rapids, MI, 2015
* *Mark Dean Veca: The Mundane and the Sublime*, Duke Art Gallery, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA (catalogue with essay by David Pagel), 2016
* *PsychoBioDelica: The Graphic World of Mark Dean Veca*, Haight Street Art Center, San Francisco, CA, and Agent Ink Gallery, Santa Rosa, CA, 2017
* *Passaggio di Pop*, Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, CA, 2018
* *The Troubled Teens (Work of a Decade)*, Jason Vass Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, 2019
* *35-Year Mid-Career Survey*, Museum of Art and History, Lancaster, CA (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic), 2020
* *Graphic Subversion*, California State University Northridge Main Art Gallery, Northridge, CA (with Mark Steven Greenfield) (catalog) 2020

## Footnotes

1. "Update: Mark Dean Veca C.O.L.A. Fellowship Exhibition « Arrested Motion".
2. "Mark Dean Veca".
3. ""Maddest Hatter" Artist Mark Dean Veca to Create New Installation at Crocker Art Museum After Winning Knudsen Prize".
4. Stather, Martin; Heraeus, Stefanie; & Frisoni, Claude. "Mark Dean Veca" *Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo!* (Bielefeld, Germany: Bielefelder Kunstverein Museum Waldhof, 2006). 74.
5. Gladman, Randy, *Mark Dean Veca* Archived 2008-02-25 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-02-14.
6. Mitchell, Steve. "That Which Illuminates Embodies the Suggestion of Darkness" *Mark Dean Veca: El Gloominator* (Buffalo, NY: University at Buffalo Art Gallery, 1998): 14.
7. McCormick, Carlo (March 2006). "Mark Dean Veca; Secret Symmetries". *Juxtapoz*: 56.
8. Rubin, Josh, *Mark Dean Veca*. Retrieved on 2008-02-14.
9. Seldin, Malena. *Mark Dean Veca: Imbroglio* Media Release (New York, NY: Jonathan LeVine Gallery, October 2007): 1.
10. "Exhibitions + Collection". 27 August 2012.
11. "PSYCHOBIODELICA: The Graphic World of Mark Dean Veca".
12. "Mark Dean Veca & Mark Steven Greenfield: 'Graphic Subversion'". March 2020.
13. "Mark Dean Veca - Artist".
14. "UB Art Galleries » Mark Dean Veca: El Gloominator".
15. "Picturing Florida".
16. "2008".
17. http://uag.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/20091\_Mark-Dean-Veca
18. "Archived copy" (PDF). *www.otis.edu*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
19. "Mark Dean VecaAs Cold as They Come".
20. "Mark Dean Veca: When the Shit Hits the Fan / New Paintings / 2010".
21. "Impulse, 2010".
22. "Exhibitions + Collection". 27 August 2012.
23. "Mark Dean Veca: 20 Years - Work from the New Monograph".
24. "Mark Dean Veca: Made for You and Me | January 31 - March 9, 2013".
25. "Picturing Florida".
26. "Opening Night: "EVERLAST" by Mark Dean Veca at Western Project". 22 October 2014.
27. "2014".
28. "Pony Show, 2015".
29. "Pony Show, 2015".
30. "PSYCHOBIODELICA: The Graphic World of Mark Dean Veca".
31. "Find Spring Color in "Passaggio di Pop"!".
32. ""The Troubled Teens (Work of a Decade)" by Artist Mark Dean Veca".
33. "Mark Dean Veca & Mark Steven Greenfield: 'Graphic Subversion'". March 2020.


title: W. A. B. Douglas

abstract: William Alexander Binny "Alec" Douglas is a Canadian naval historian, who was director of Directorate of History, National Defence Headquarters (Canada), 1973–1993, then director general history, 1993–94.

text:
# W. A. B. Douglas

**William Alexander Binny "Alec" Douglas** (born 4 June 1929) is a Canadian naval historian, who was director of Directorate of History, National Defence Headquarters (Canada), 1973–1993, then director general history, 1993–94.

## Early life and education

Born in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, the son of a British engineer working in Southern Rhodesia, Douglas left as a youngster for England and after the outbreak of World War II was evacuated to Canada with other children during the "Blitz". Reaching college age while in Canada, he joined the Canadian University Naval Training Divisions to help finance his undergraduate education at the University of Toronto, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1951.

## Career

After training in HMCS *Ottawa* (DDH 229) and HMCS *Swansea* (K328) in 1951–1954, Douglas qualified for lieutenant with the Royal Navy, then served as a watchkeeping officer in HMCS *Quebec* (C66), HMCS *Penetang* (K676), and HMCS *Outremont* (K322) between 1955 and 1957. He then served as navigating and operations officer in HMCS *Ottawa* (DDH 229) and HMCS *Kootenay* (DDE 258) in 1958–1960. Assigned to staff duty in 1960, he became navigation equipment and trials officer on the staff of Flag Officer, Atlantic Coast, then, as a lieutenant commander became squadron navigator and operations officer with the 7th Canadian Escort Squadron in 1961–1964. During this period, he earned a Master of Arts degree in history at Dalhousie University in 1962, with a thesis on "Halifax as an element of sea power, 1749–1766". In 1964, he was posted as naval staff officer and associate professor of military studies at the Royal Military College of Canada. In 1967 he was assigned as an historian at the Directorate of History, National Defence Headquarters, in Ottawa. Promoted to commander in 1970, he became senior historian in the Directorate. During this period he completed graduate studies at Queen's University under Sydney F. Wise, earning a Ph.D. in 1973 with a thesis on "Nova Scotia and the Royal Navy, 1713–1766". After retiring from active service in 1973, he was appointed director of Directorate of History, National Defence Headquarters, serving until 1993, becoming director general history, in 1993–94.

Among his appointments, he was a member of the Public Service Commission Committee of Peers for the Canadian Government Historical Research Group, 1973–1994; national commissioner of Canadian National Commission for Military History; chairman of Canadian Commission for the History of the Second World War, 1973–1984; vice president, 1976–1981, and member of council of North American Society for Oceanic History, 1973–1985; director of Ontario Historical Society, 1975–1983; secretary, 1984–89, and president, 1990–1993 of Canadian Nautical Research Society; adjunct professor at Carleton University, 1985– ; visiting professor of history at Duke University, 1988–89, 2001–02; vice-president of International Commission for Maritime History, 1995–2000; visiting research fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1996.

In 1988 he was the first recipient, along with Norman Hillmer, of the C.P. Stacey Prize for their work *The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, Volume II: The Creation of a National Air Force*.

## Publications

* *Out of the Shadows: Canada in the Second World War* by W A B Douglas and Brereton Greenhous. (Toronto; New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
* *Gunfire on the Lakes: The Naval War of 1812–1814 on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain = Canonnades sur les lacs: la guerre navale de 1812–1814 sur les Grands Lacs et le lac Champlain.* (Ottawa: National Museum of Man, 1977).
* Douglas, W. A. B. (1986). *The Creation of a National Air Force*. Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Vol. II. Toronto: University of Toronto Press in Co-operation with the Dept. of National Defence and the Canadian Govt. Pub. Centre, Supply and Services. ISBN 0-80202-584-6.
* *The RCN in Transition, 1910–1985,* edited by W.A.B. Douglas (Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press, 1988).
* *No Higher Purpose* The official operational history of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943, by W.A.B. Douglas, et al. v. 2, pt. 1. (St. Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell, 2002).
* *A Blue Water Navy* The official operational history of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1943–1945, volume II, part 2 (St. Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell, 2007).

## InfoBox

| W. A. B. Douglas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Director of Directorate of History, National Defence Headquarters (Canada) | |
| **In office**
1973–1993 | |
| Director general history | |
| **In office**
1993–94 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1929-06-04) June 4, 1929 |
|  | |


title: Upper Ojai, California

abstract: Upper Ojai is a rural valley with several unincorporated communities in Ventura County, California. It is located east of city of Ojai on State Route 150, between Ojai and Santa Paula. Upper Ojai is at an elevation of 800 feet (240 m) above Ojai, thereby getting its name. It is home to the Besant Hill School, a private boarding school for grades 9 to 12; and the Topa Institute retreat center.

text:
# Upper Ojai, California

**Upper Ojai** (/ˈh/ ) is a rural valley with several unincorporated communities in Ventura County, California.

It is located east of city of Ojai on State Route 150 (Ojai−Santa Paula Road), between Ojai and Santa Paula.

Upper Ojai is at an elevation of 800 feet (240 m) above Ojai, thereby getting its name.

It is home to the Besant Hill School, a private boarding school for grades 9 to 12; and the Topa Institute retreat center.

34°26′10″N 119°10′01″W / 34.436°N 119.167°W / 34.436; -119.167


abstract: The Upper Oak Creek Descent Ruts of the Woodbury Cutoff, Ox Bow Trail of the California Road are remnants of the Ox Bow Trail located in southeastern Butler County, Nebraska, United States. They are one of the few trail remnants left of the Ox Bow Trail, which originated at Nebraska City, Nebraska and connected to the Oregon Trail and the Mormon Trail. In 1992, they were listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Upper Oak Creek Descent Ruts of the Woodbury Cutoff, Ox Bow Trail of the California Road

The **Upper Oak Creek Descent Ruts of the Woodbury Cutoff, Ox Bow Trail of the California Road** are remnants of the Ox Bow Trail located in southeastern Butler County, Nebraska, United States. They are one of the few trail remnants left of the Ox Bow Trail, which originated at Nebraska City, Nebraska and connected to the Oregon Trail and the Mormon Trail. In 1992, they were listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

## Background

During the early 1840s, early American pioneers began migrating west to places such in Oregon, California, and Utah, which would later become states of the United States. They followed the Oregon and Mormon trails, which followed on either side of the Platte River in what is now modern day Nebraska. The Oregon Trail ran along the south side of the Platte and the Mormon Trail ran along the North side.

Both the Oregon and Mormon trails had multiple starting points along the Missouri River. The major starting points included Independence, St. Joseph, Nebraska City, and Council Bluffs-Omaha. From each of these locations (and others) there were multiple routes to the main Oregon and Mormon trails.

As American pioneers increasingly began moving west in the 1840s, the US army began searching for sites to build forts for protection of the pioneers. Lt. Daniel Phineas Woodbury was charged with finding new locations for forts along the Platte river. He found and supervised the building of Fort Kearney and he established one of several alternate trails from Nebraska City to Fort Kearney. The route that he discovered in 1847 would come to be known as the *Woodbury cutoff* or *Woodbury trail*. The Upper Oak Creek Descent Ruts are along the Woodbury Trail in Butler county, Nebraska.

## Description

The ruts were created from 1847 to 1860 by the wagon wheels of the wagons pioneers used to move westward. The segment of preserved ruts is approximately .25 miles (0.40 km) in length running through unploughed prairie. This segment of ruts is one of the few remaining remnants of the Woodbuy Cutoff due to extensive agriculture in eastern Nebraska where the trail once ran. The ruts are approximately 20 feet (6.1 m) wide at their eastern edge and run southwest along a ridge for about .125 miles (0.201 km) at which point the trail curves to the west. As the trail turns west, it descends 110 feet (34 m) to Oak Creek. As of 1992, the total length of the remaining wagon wheel ruts was 2,315 feet (706 m).

## Further reading

* Bresee, Floyd (1937). *Overland Freighting in the Platte Valley, 1850-1870* (Masters Thesis). University of Nebraska.
* Mattes, Merrill, J. (1969). *The Great Platte River Road*. Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Sheldon, Addison, E. (1930). *Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society*. Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Creating Upper Oak Creek Descent Ruts of the Woodbury Cutoff, Ox Bow Trail of the California Road | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The descent ruts can be seen as parallel striations in the ground, roughly parallel to the fence and lying between the fence in the background and the deeply-eroded swale in the foreground. | |
|  | |
| Location | Rural southeastern Butler County, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 41°7′59.39″N 96°58′28.31″W / 41.1331639°N 96.9745306°W / 41.1331639; -96.9745306 |
| Built | 1847 |
| Architect | Daniel Phineas Woodbury |
| NRHP reference No. | 92001572 |
| Added to NRHP | November 27, 1992 |


title: United States v. Graham

abstract: United States v. Graham, 846 F. Supp. 2d 384, was a Maryland District Court case in which the Court held that historical cell site location data is not protected by the Fourth Amendment. Reacting to the precedent established by the recent Supreme Court case United States v. Jones in conjunction with the application of the third party doctrine, Judge Richard D. Bennett found that "information voluntarily disclosed to a third party ceases to enjoy Fourth Amendment protection" because that information no longer belongs to the consumer, but rather to the telecommunications company that handles the transmissions records. The historical cell site location data is then not subject to the privacy protections afforded by the Fourth Amendment standard of probable cause, but rather to the Stored Communications Act, which governs the voluntary or compelled disclosure of stored electronic communications records. A three judge panel of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the district court on the Fourth Amendment issue in August 2015, but the full court en banc upheld the district court in May 2016. Its validity has grave doubt after the Supreme Court of the United States decided Carpenter v. United States in 2018.

text:
# United States v. Graham

***United States v. Graham***, 846 F. Supp. 2d 384 (D. Md. 2012), was a Maryland District Court case in which the Court held that historical cell site location data is not protected by the Fourth Amendment. Reacting to the precedent established by the recent Supreme Court case *United States v. Jones* in conjunction with the application of the third party doctrine, Judge Richard D. Bennett found that "information voluntarily disclosed to a third party ceases to enjoy Fourth Amendment protection" because that information no longer belongs to the consumer, but rather to the telecommunications company that handles the transmissions records. The historical cell site location data is then not subject to the privacy protections afforded by the Fourth Amendment standard of probable cause, but rather to the Stored Communications Act, which governs the voluntary or compelled disclosure of stored electronic communications records.

A three judge panel of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the district court on the Fourth Amendment issue in August 2015, but the full court *en banc* upheld the district court in May 2016. Its validity has grave doubt after the Supreme Court of the United States decided *Carpenter v. United States* in 2018.

## Background

With the increase in usage of cellular phones by the public, the government turned to the exploitation of cellular phone technology to track the movements of suspects. This phenomenon led to suits by defendants who claimed that use of such technology to track their movements amounted to an invasion of their privacy.

The courts were divided over whether such tracking amounted to intruding in a person's personal sphere. Some courts decided that such tracking to obtain cell site location data implicated the Fourth Amendment, and applied the 'probable cause' standard stipulated under the Fourth Amendment to such cases- *In re Application of the United States* \[809 F. Supp. 2d 113 (E.D.N.Y. 2011)\], *In re Application of the United States* \[747 F. Supp. 2d 827 (S.D. Tex. 2010)\]. These courts however also clarified that the Fourth Amendment is not implicated if the request for acquisition of cell site location information is for a short period of time.

Other cases were decided in favor of applying the 'specific and articulable facts' standard under the Stored Communications Act since the courts believed that such acquisition of historical cell site location data did not implicate the Fourth Amendment- *United States v. Dye* (N.D. Ohio Apr. 27, 2011), *United States v. Velasquez* (N.D. Cal Oct, 22, 2010), *In re Application of the United States for Historical Cell Site Data*, 724 F.3d 600 (5th Cir. 2013).

## Facts

The Defendants, Aaron Graham and Eric Jordan, were charged for a series of armed robberies of commercial entities including a Burger King restaurant and a McDonald's restaurant in Baltimore, Maryland on February 5, 2011. Ten minutes after the McDonald's robbery, the defendants were found and arrested by the police and, upon request, provided their cell phone numbers to the officers at the scene. Two cell phones were recovered from the Defendant's car, which matched the numbers that the Defendants had provided earlier. Before Baltimore Detective Christopher Woerner searched the contents of the phones, he requested search warrants for the devices from the Circuit Court.

On March 25, 2011, Magistrate Judge Susan K. Gauvey granted the government's request to order Sprint/Nextel, Inc. to "disclose to the government 'the identification and address of cellular towers (cell site locations) related to the use of' the Defendants' cellular telephones" pursuant to the Stored Communications Act. The order requested the disclosure of geographic data for August 10–15, 2010; September 18–20, 2010; January 21–23, 2011; and February 4–5, 2011 dates important for linking the defendants to the robberies. Gauvey determined that the goal of linking the suspects to the robberies fit the standard of the government offering "specific and articulable facts." On July 15, 2011, the government was granted a second order from Magistrate Judge Paul W. Grimm for the cell site location for the period of July 1, 2010 through February 6, 2011. Spring/Nextel, Inc. provided the data to the government pursuant to this order.

On December 8, 2011, Judge Bennett of the District Court held a hearing to determine if the Cellular Phone Data and Historical Cell Site Location Data should be granted the motion to suppress at the Defendant's request.

## Court Proceedings

### Defendants' Claims

The Defendants argued that the historical cell site location data acquired without a warrant was in violation of the Fourth Amendment because the "length of time and extent of the cellular phone monitoring intruded on the Defendants' expectation of privacy." The Defendants claimed that the data granted to the government allowed the "government to paint an intimate picture of the Defendants' whereabouts over an extensive period of time". They contended that the implications of this technology allow the government to retroactively surveil a suspect through a device he carries with him twenty-four hours a day, even to constitutionally protected places such as the home.

### Plaintiff's Claims

In response to the Defendants' claims, the government argued that they lacked standing because Defendant Jordan used a fictitious name and address when subscribing to the phone service and this demonstrated a lack of privacy interest in the location records. The government also contended that the records were the proprietary business records of the cell phone carriers and that the Defendants voluntarily gave their records to the cellular service company. The government analogized the cell site location data to the pen register and used the third-party doctrine established by the Supreme Court case *Smith v. Maryland* to argue that the defendants had voluntarily given their information to the third party which did not implicate the Fourth Amendment based on precedent.

The government also contended that the Stored Communications Act's "lower 'specific and articulable facts' standard provides adequate privacy protections... and notwithstanding recent cases \[*United States v. Antoine Jones*\], the majority of courts have concluded that "the government's acquisition of cell site location data without a warrant does not violate the Fourth Amendment". Lastly, the government argued that, if the Court were to conclude that the acquisition of the cell site location data was unconstitutional, the appropriate remedy would not be suppression of the evidence.

## Opinion of the Court

### 'Specific and Articulable Facts' Standard

The court reiterated that the 'specific and articulable facts' standard stipulated in the Stored Communications Act, is lower than the threshold requirement established by the 'probable cause' standard under the Fourth Amendment. The 'specific and articulable facts' standard is defined in section 2703(d) of the Act. It states that the governmental entity seeking the information must offer specific and articulable facts that "there are reasonable grounds to believe that the contents of a wire or electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation."

### Expectation of Privacy

Regarding the government's argument about the defendant's lack of standing because of the fictitious name he used, the Court considered the issue combined with the legitimacy of the expectation of privacy in the historical cell site location data. The court cited *Katz v. United States*, wherein it was stated that any object that a person knowingly exposes to the public, cannot rightfully be claimed as the subject of a Fourth Amendment protection. However, anything that a person strives to protect as private, even if such object is situated in an area accessible to the public, may fall under the purview of the Fourth Amendment.

In *Katz v. United States*, Justice Harlan evolved a two-prong test to determine when an object may be the subject of a Fourth Amendment protection. He stated that protection may be extended to those areas where a person has a subjective expectation of privacy, and that expectation is also objectively reasonable. Justice Rehnquist reiterated this principle in *Rakas v. Illinois*, when he stated that a 'legitimate expectation of privacy' cannot be confined to a mere subjective expectation of something being kept private. He stated that a legitimate expectation of privacy "must have a source outside of the Fourth Amendment, either by reference to concepts of real or personal property or to understandings that are recognized and permitted by society."

The court in this case declined to consider the issue of the defendants' 'standing' separately from the issue of the legitimate expectation of privacy in the historical cell site location data. The court pronounced that the real and substantial issue to be decided in the case was whether the defendants had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the historical cell site location data or not.

### Third Party Doctrine

In *Katz v. United States*, the Supreme Court held that the "Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public...is not subject of Fourth Amendment protection." First the Court cited *Smith v. Maryland* where the Supreme Court held that "a person has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties," and that the users of third party services are aware that they are conveying their information to the companies in order for the service to work. Using the reasoning of *United States v. Miller*, the Court determined that historical cell site location records were not the Defendant's private papers, but were the business records of the cellular providers. Coupling this logic with the Fourth Circuit's in *United States v. Bynum*, which "concluded that because Bynum voluntarily conveyed his location to his internet company, he enjoyed no reasonable expectation of privacy in that information," the Court determined that the third-party doctrine was applicable to historical cell site location information and that the Fourth Amendment was therefore not implicated.

### Mosaic Theory

Next, the Court considered the question of time - if there was an exception to the third-party doctrine if the records requested were "cumulative." Judge Bennett cited multiple past orders in various districts which held that there was no Fourth Amendment violation if the request was for a concrete and short period of time. Citing the mosaic theory of the Fourth Amendment created in *United States v. Maynard* (the D.C. Circuit case leading to the Supreme Court *United States v. Antoine Jones* case), the court found that "individual investigatory steps taken by law enforcement do not amount to a Fourth Amendment violation, but when viewed in the aggregate...infringe on a person's reasonable expectations of privacy." However, Judge Bennett disagreed with this reasoning and stated that Congress expressly intended to require only "specific and articulable facts" in its enactment of the Stored Communications Act for the precise purpose that individuals do not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in information conveyed to third parties. Therefore, citing the majority opinion in *U.S. v. Jones*, Judge Bennett reasoned that if technology is altered in the future to intrude on the reasonable expectation of privacy, the legislature would be the body best fit to address this issue.

### Differences from *United States v. Jones*

Because the *Jones* case set the Supreme Court precedent for surveillance by the government using certain electronic devices to be violations of the Fourth Amendment, Judge Bennett elucidated the distinctions between *U.S. v. Jones* and the case at hand. A GPS device was the issue in Jones, and Judge Bennett noted that unlike GPS information, historical cell site location data is only *retroactive*, not *prospective* \- it does not give the government the ability to track the precise movements of the suspect in real time. The next difference between the two and from *Smith v. Maryland* that Judge Bennett noted was that historical cell site location can "only reveal which cellular towers were used to route a particular call" and therefore can only give a general location where a cell phone was used and only where the closest cellular tower was. Also, Judge Bennett separates the cases because the GPS surveillance was conducted without a valid warrant in *Jones,* but in this case, the Stored Communications Act had the standard of "specific and articulable facts," which enabled the judicial branch to prevent and remedy executive overreaching.

Lastly, Judge Bennett specified that the majority opinion in *Jones* ultimately did not consider whether the "search" in the case violated the individual's reasonable expectation of privacy and therefore, until a higher court analyzes this question or Congress comes up with a solution other than the Stored Communications Act, Judges must apply the facts of the case to the law as is currently interpreted.

### Appropriate Remedy

Because the officers pursuing the historical cell site location data relied in good faith on the Stored Communications Act and the orders issued by the Magistrate Judges, the exclusionary rule does not apply as per *Illinois v. Krull*. There was no challenge to whether the Stored Communication Act applied to this case. Therefore, the data would still be admissible in the trial as evidence and suppression would not be an appropriate remedy.

### Holding

The court held that the Fourth Amendment is not implicated in the acquisition of historical cell site location data because of the application of the third party doctrine. The court stated that such information is created and kept by third parties as part of their ordinary course of business. Judge Bennett concluded that the Defendants' Fourth Amendment rights were not violated when the government, according to the standards of the Stored Communications Act, acquired their historical cell site location data. The Defendants' Motion to Suppress Evidence of historical cell site data was therefore denied.

## Court of Appeals

In August 2015, a three-judge panel of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals voted 2-1 to overturn the district court ruling that Fourth Amendment rights were not violated. "We conclude that the government's warrantless procurement of the CSLI \[cell site location information\] was an unreasonable search in violation of Appellants' Fourth Amendment rights. Nevertheless, because the government relied in good faith on court orders issued in accordance with Title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, or the Stored Communications Act ("SCA"), we hold the court's admission of the challenged evidence must be sustained." The government asked the court to rehear the case en banc. Oral arguments in the appeal were heard March 23, 2016.

In May 2016, the full 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, voted 12-3 that the government can get the information without a warrant under a decades-old legal theory that it had already been disclosed to a third party, in this case a telephone company.

Some commentators have expressed the opinion that the decision does not postulate a general rule with respect to surveillance measures through new technology. They have reflected the view that in drawing a difference between prospective and historical data, Judge Bennett may have rendered a narrow decision, which is particular to historical data.

In a subsequent case decided September 23, 2014, Judge Bennett noted that "*United States v. Graham* is currently on appeal to the Fourth Circuit and has been pending before that Court for nearly two years."

## InfoBox

| United States v. Graham | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | United States District Court for the District of Maryland |
| Full case name | *United States of America v. Aaron Graham, and Eric Jordan* |
| Decided | March 1, 2012 |
| Docket nos. | 1:11-cr-00094 |
| Citation | 846 F. Supp. 2d 384 (D. Md. 2012) |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Richard D. Bennett |
| Keywords | |
| U.S. Const. Amend. IV, Stored Communications Act | |


title: Ursus Breweries

abstract: Ursus Breweries, a subsidiary of Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd., is a Romanian beer producer. The company is based in Bucharest and owns 3 breweries in Timișoara, Buzău and Brașov as well as a craft mini-brewery in Cluj-Napoca and employs around 1,400 people. Ursus Breweries’ brands are: Ursus, Timișoreana, Ciucaș, Grolsch, Peroni Nastro Azzurro, Redd's, Stejar, Azuga, Pilsner Urquell, St. Stefanus and cider brand Kingswood. The company was owned by SABMiller from 1996 until March 2017, and by Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd since March 2017.

text:
# Ursus Breweries

**Ursus Breweries**, a subsidiary of Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd., is a Romanian beer producer. The company is based in Bucharest and owns 3 breweries in Timișoara, Buzău and Brașov as well as a craft mini-brewery in Cluj-Napoca and employs around 1,400 people. Ursus Breweries’ brands are: Ursus, Timișoreana, Ciucaș, Grolsch, Peroni Nastro Azzurro, Redd's, Stejar, Azuga, Pilsner Urquell, St. Stefanus and cider brand Kingswood.

The company was owned by SABMiller from 1996 until March 2017, and by Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd since March 2017.

## History

"Bear" in the Mug

Brewing in Cluj began in the Monastery Estate – granted by Stephen Báthory in 1581 to the Jesuits of Cluj, later owned by the Transylvanian Roman Catholic Status, and eventually managed by the Transylvanian Catholic Study Fund in 1868. The exact starting date is lost to history, but what is certain is that by the early 1800s, there was already a brewery, a house where beer was brewed. There were even establishments connected to it that sold the fine drink—essentially a pub network. The brewery was operated by tenants. In 1828, one such lease likely expired, as the Transylvanian Gazette announced: “The Monastery Estate’s brewery, with all the necessary good tools and buildings, located on the corner of the square of the Honorable Free Royal City of Cluj, and with the right to free beer sales in the five villages of the Estate, will be leased to the highest bidder on December 20th.” In today’s terms: the lease rights of the brewery and the beer outlets in Cluj and five other villages were auctioned off.

In 1868, the new manager of the estate, the Catholic Study Fund, leased the Monastery Brewery to the highest bidder, who turned out to be Elek Sigmond, a miller and distiller, and Domokos Biasini, owner of hotels, restaurants, and the former Transylvanian express carriage service. The new entrepreneurs promised to build a modern beer hall and improve transportation from the city center with omnibus services. In 1873, Elek Sigmond’s son, Dezső—later president of the Cluj Chamber of Commerce and Industry—took over the management of the breweries, including the Monastery Brewery. In 1876, the Cluj Court registered the company Sigmond Brothers, which carried on the business empire, with Dezső and his brother Ákos as owners. According to the chamber’s records, their brewery in Monastery produced 2,268, 2,058, 1,890, 1,806, 1,680, 3,696, and 4,158 hectoliters annually between 1881 and 1888.

The 1894 Cluj guide published by the Transylvanian Carpathian Association mentioned the Sigmond Brewery among the city’s notable spots, frequently visited by locals.

For unknown reasons, the Sigmond brothers sold their Cluj distillery and brewery at the turn of the century. The buyer was the company Czell Frigyes and Sons.

The Czell family members were notable citizens of one of Brașov’s suburbs. The elder Frigyes Czell moved to the city center and began working in wool weaving. His son, Frigyes, born in 1816, continued his father’s trade, learning the techniques of finer wool weaving in Vienna and Brno. Returning home, he established a workshop and later a factory, amassing significant wealth. During the 1850s, during a crisis in the domestic spinning and weaving industry, he decided to switch to distillation. In 1854, he established a distillery in Keresztényfalva (Brașov County), which by the 1880s had become one of the largest such companies in Hungary. In 1892, he purchased the bankrupt distillery in Dirste (a former independent village, now part of Brașov) and converted it into a brewery. Production began in 1894, as the Brașov Chamber of Commerce registered their trademark that year. On May 23, 1899, the court registered Czell Frigyes and Sons’ brewery branch, marking the beginning of modern industrial beer production in Cluj.

The local newspaper Magyar Polgár published an advertisement from Czell Frigyes and Sons on April 27, 1901, announcing the reopening of their beer hall at the Monastery Brewery. Two days later, the paper reported that "the Monastery Brewery changed hands, with the distillery and brewery going to the reputable Czell Frigyes and Sons company. The new owner has completely renovated the beer hall, which now meets the standards of the era. It has become one of the most pleasant places for excursions."

The beer industry flourished for almost two decades but was overshadowed by World War I and the subsequent change of regime. On December 19, 1918, Károlyi Mihály's government decided to surrender Cluj without a fight. On Christmas Eve morning, Romanian occupiers arrived, and Cluj, along with Transylvania, became part of the Romanian Kingdom. Nevertheless, brewing and beer drinking continued. The company advertised their beers, which were still of pre-war quality. They resumed brewing their Apát beer, developed to replace missing German brands during the war. This double-malt specialty was said to be as nutritious as the best Munich beers it was designed to replace.

During this time, the city’s intellectual and administrative elite was replaced, with many Hungarians displaced by Romanian authorities. Between 1918 and 1924, nearly 190,000 officials, teachers, and clerks fled to Hungary, becoming the so-called “wagon dwellers.” Romanian workers and consumers soon dominated the local market. The Czell Frigyes and Sons company responded by rebranding their products. In 1923, they renamed their double-malt dark beer Hercules and their light beer Monastery. By June 1924, they introduced a new name for their light beer—Ursus—which remains today, though with some interruptions. The new bear logo, featuring a bear holding two beer bottles, was also registered, though later modified to avoid reminding drinkers of the Hungarian past.

With the new brand came a new beer hall. In 1926, an elegant restaurant and beer hall named the Ursus Beer Hall opened on the site of the old Czell beer hall in the main square. "Even the old establishment was known and loved by everyone: locals and visitors alike, and it was almost proverbial that the best beer could be found here, one that was as good as milk... – informed the public in a paid advertisement in the city’s theater magazine. – The old Czell already had a very good clientele, but the renovated, beautifully furnished new restaurant is expected to attract even more guests. The premises continue to be owned by the Cluj Czell brewery, and the Czell family strives to ensure that both the kitchen and the drinks, as well as the service, remain impeccable.”

With the appearance of the new name, the Czell Frigyes and Sons empire split into two: Czell Károly of Brașov, and the company group of Dr. Czell Vilmos, which owned the Cluj brewery. The latter encountered financial difficulties in 1926 due to high interest rates that it could not manage. As a result, three financial institutions from Brașov took over the Kolozsmonostor brewery in exchange for loans previously extended. The company had to take loans because its factories were destroyed during the war and had to be rebuilt. Additionally, under the Romanian land reform, their estates were confiscated, ending their raw material production. Furthermore, beer consumption in the country had fallen by fifty percent due to financial difficulties compared to the previous period. The restructuring efforts were unsuccessful, and the company requested a six-month payment moratorium from the court. In 1927, the Cluj brewery was re-established under the name Ursus Brewery Joint Stock Company with new capital injection. However, this did not solve the problem even temporarily. The main shareholder, the Brașov General Savings Bank, which also provided overdraft loans, did not want to further increase its losses and decided to sell. The buyer was the Turda Brewery, owned equally by Farkas Imre of Bisztra (whose nephew, Farkas Ferenc, later became a minister in the government of Imre Nagy) and Simon Lázár. They hoped to eliminate competition and reduce costs through rationalizing production. The deal was called a merger, and the new company was named Ursus United Cluj and Turda Breweries Inc.

The economic crisis continued to worsen, and people were slowly giving up even on eating, let alone drinking beer. In May 1930, 75% less beer was consumed in Transylvania than in the same period the previous year. Manufacturers tried to encourage the remaining citizens with incomes to drink beer through price cuts, production restrictions, and promotional campaigns. As a result, in March 1931, the Ursus Brewery organized a spectacular parade through the streets of Cluj. The beer king sat on top of the first truck, dressed in a purple cloak with a crown on his head, while the second and third vehicles had signs in Hungarian, German, and Romanian informing the public that beer had become cheaper. On the platform of the middle truck, a tavern was set up, where girls and boys in festive attire sat around tables with beer pitchers, while a gypsy band played in the corner, naturally.

Even grander ideas were conceived to overcome the crisis. The Transylvanian and Banat Brewers' Association—also referred to as the beer cartel in the press—developed market-regulating measures for its members. They lowered prices and introduced production quotas. Any violators faced penalties, which were secured by depositing promissory notes. We won’t delve into how one capital group outwitted the others here, but what matters is that the owners' meeting dissolved the association. The crisis worsened, and production continued to decline.

The return of Northern Transylvania and Székely Land, the introduction of Hungarian administration, the government’s economic development measures, new market opportunities, and, not least, the wartime boom reversed the trend. Beer consumption also slowly began to increase. Hungarian breweries had already agreed in December 1940 that the Cluj factory could also supply Budapest. According to the Transylvanian volume of the Christian Hungarian Public Almanac, published in 1941, Ursus United Cluj and Turda Breweries Inc. produced 32,000 hectoliters that year, which was half of its capacity. Their dark beer was marketed under the Gloria brand, while their light beer was sold as Ursus. After some personnel changes, the board members became Imre Farkas of Bisztra, Dr. András Somodi, József Sacelláry, Bálint Török, Dr. János Popescu, and Gábor Farkas.

On August 23, Romania switched sides and attacked its former allies. To avoid destruction, the wartime leadership decided to evacuate Székely Land and later Cluj without a fight. The first Soviet units arrived in the treasure city at dawn on October 11, followed by nearly six months of military administration, after which Romania reoccupied the area.

The brewery was nationalized in 1948 and later developed into a large socialist enterprise. By 1974, its production had reached 424,000 hectoliters annually. The Ceaușescu regime also brought its "golden age" here. Anyone who tasted Cluj beer in the 1980s may still remember what it was like…"

In 1996, the South African Breweries purchased Vulturul Buzau. A year later, South African Breweries acquired Pitber Pitesti and Ursus S.A. Cluj-Napoca. In 2001, Ursus S.A. bought the majority stake of Timisoreana Beer S.A. In 2002, Ursus S.A. and Timisoreana SA merged into a single integrated company, named Romania Beer Company S.A. In 2004, SABMiller plc (formerly named South African Breweries) acquired the majority stake of Aurora Brasov, a company that merged in the same year with Romania Beer Company S.A. A year later, in 2005, the new name of SABMiller's operations in Romania became Ursus Breweries.

In 2014, Igor Tikhonov was appointed CEO of Ursus Breweries.

On the 31st of March, 2017 Asahi Group Holdings Ltd. had completed the purchase of Ursus Breweries in a transaction that included the former SABMiller Central and Eastern European businesses and brands. Its CEO stated that the acquisition would not change Ursus Breweries' line of business.

## Breweries

* **Cluj–Napoca Craft Mini-Brewery**: The modern history of the Cluj-Napoca brewery, which has a bear as its emblem, started in 1878. On 7 July 2011, the old brewery was replaced by a craft Mini-Brewery. The brewery is open to the public. The craft Mini-Brewery is actually named "Fabrica de Bere Ursus".
* **Timișoara Brewery**: Established in 1718 at the initiative of the Austrian authorities ruled by Prince Eugene of Savoy. The brewery provided beer in a town that did not have drinkable water. The Timișoara brewery introduced the beer filter in 1920 in Romania, and aluminum kegs (instead of wooden kegs) in 1968.
* **Brașov Brewery**: In 1892, Friedrich Czell & Sons Corporation acquired the Darste distilling plant and built a new brewery. In 1922, Alexandru Petit wrote in the Brasov's Monograph about the increased manpower of 130 employees and a rise in the annual beer and malt productivity to 40.000 hl and 80-90 wagons respectively. Following the nationalization in 1948, the Darste brewery and alcohol plant changed its name into "Aurora". In 1995, S.C. Aurora S.A. became a private company with 100% Romanian private capital.
* **Buzău Brewery**: The brewery in Buzau became operational in 1978 and had a production capacity of 500,000 hl/year. In 1991 the company became a joint-stock company and changed its name to S.C. "Vulturul S.A." Buzau and in 1996 the brewery was purchased by the South African Breweries. Ursus Breweries started two investment projects in 2005 with a total value of EUR 50 million for the expansion and development of the brewery. The investment project was completed in 2009, the last investment stage being of EUR 42 million.

## Brands

* Ursus Premium, Ursus Fără Alcool, Ursus Nefiltrată, Ursus La Tank, Ursus Retro Carpatin, Ursus Black Grizly, Ursus Cherry Lager Cireșar, Pale Ale Panda, Ursus Cooler Cireșe, Ursus Cooler Grepfrut, Ursus Cooler Lămâie, Ursus Cooler Mango și Lime
* Timișoreana, Timișoreana Nepasteurizată
* Ciucaș, Ciucas Malzbier
* Stejar
* Azuga Nepasteurizată
* Peroni Nastro Azzurro
* Grolsch, Grolsch Weizen
* Redd's
* Pilsner Urquell
* Efes, Efes Draft
* St. Stefanus

1. (in Romanian) Cristina Dobreanu, Custodele berii de tradiţie, *Forbes.ro*, 23 February 2015
2. (in Romanian) Mădălina Panaete, Japonezii de la Asahi au finalizat achiziţia producătorului Ursus şi Timişoreana, *Zf.ro*, 31 Mamrch 2017
3. (in Romanian) Brandurile de bere Ursus Breweries, cumparate de japonezii de la Asahi intr-o tranzactie de peste 7 mld. euro, *Wall-street.ro*, 13 December 2016
4. (in Romanian) Florentina Dragu, Japonezii de la Asahi au finalizat preluarea Ursus Breweries, *Profit.ro*, 31 March 2017

## InfoBox

Ursus Breweries
|
|  |
| Industry | Alcoholic beverage |
| Headquarters | Romania |
| Number of locations | Timișoara, Buzău and Brașov |
| Key people | Michał Mrowiec, President Ursus Breweries |
| Products | Beer |
| Owner | Asahi Breweries |
| Website | Ursus-breweries.ro |