title: Government Junta of Bolivia (1861)

abstract: The Government Junta of Bolivia, officially known as the Governmental Junta of the Republic, or also as the Governmental Junta Charged with Supreme Command of the Nation, was a civil-military junta which ruled Bolivia from 14 January to 4 May 1861. It was chaired by a triumvirate of three men; two Bolivians and one Argentine: José María de Achá, Manuel Antonio Sánchez, and Ruperto Fernández, all of whom came to power after a coup d'état which ousted the government of José María Linares, the very president they had previously served under. The junta was dissolved on 4 May 1861 when the National Constituent Assembly elected Achá as the provisional president.

text:
# Government Junta of Bolivia (1861)

The **Government Junta of Bolivia** (Spanish: *Junta de Gobierno*), officially known as the **Governmental Junta of the Republic** (Spanish: *Junta Gubernativa de la República*), or also as the **Governmental Junta Charged with Supreme Command of the Nation** (Spanish: *Junta Gubernativa Encargada del Mando Supremo de la Nación*), was a civil-military junta which ruled Bolivia from 14 January to 4 May 1861. It was chaired by a triumvirate of three men; two Bolivians and one Argentine: José María de Achá, Manuel Antonio Sánchez, and Ruperto Fernández, all of whom came to power after a coup d'état which ousted the government of José María Linares, the very president they had previously served under. The junta was dissolved on 4 May 1861 when the National Constituent Assembly elected Achá as the provisional president.

## History

### 1861 coup d'état

On 14 January 1861, Ruperto Fernández and José María de Achá, ministers of state in the government and war portfolios, joined by Prefect of La Paz Manuel Antonio Sánchez, rebelled against the president they had been serving under, launching a coup d'état which ousted José María Linares. In their manifesto to the nation, the newly formed junta justified its actions as a "regenerative revolution" against the dictatorship President Linares had imposed in 1858.

### National Constituent Assembly

Immediately on 15 January 1861, the junta released the call for the convocation of a constituent assembly. The legislature was tasked with drafting a new constitution, the seventh such charter in Bolivian history, and was to elect a provisional president from among the triumvirs. Legislative elections were carried out in what was considered to be a generally democratic manner, resulting in the establishment of a multi-party assembly with members "from all walks of life". Upon its installation at the Loreto chapel on 1 May, the junta officially ceased its executive functions and transferred them to the assembly, chaired by Adolfo Ballivián. The same day, the assembly redelegated command to the junta until it could finish deliberating on who would lead the provisional government.

Considering that Sánchez had died in April, the assembly was given the choice between Achá and Fernández. The fact that Fernández was of Argentine origin was a factor taken into account and the assembly opted to declare him Bolivian by birth. Nonetheless, on 4 May, the assembly elected Achá provisional president by a vote of 860–16.

## Composition

| Portfolio | Minister | Party | | Prof. | Took office | Left office | Term | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Government Junta
of the Republic | José María de Achá |  | Mil. | Mil. | 14 January 1861 | 4 May 1861 | 110 |  |
| | Ruperto Fernández |  | Ind. | Law. | 14 January 1861 | 4 May 1861 | 110 |  |
| | Manuel Antonio Sánchez |  | Mil. | Mil. | 14 January 1861 | 9 April 1861 | 85 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Ricardo José Bustamante |  | Ind. | Wri. | 21 January 1861 | 4 May 1861 | 103 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Minister of Government
and Justice | Manuel Morris |  | Ind. | Law. | 21 January 1861 | 4 May 1861 | 103 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Minister of War | Pedro Cueto |  | Mil. | Mil. | 21 January 1861 | 4 May 1861 | 103 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Minister of Finance | Juan José Ibargüen |  | Ind. |  | 21 January 1861 | 4 May 1861 | 103 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Minister of Public Instruction
and Worship | Jacinto Villamil |  | Ind. | Law. | 21 January 1861 | 4 May 1861 | 103 |  |

### Structural changes

| Portfolio | Part of | Transferred to | Date | Decree |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Development | Ministry of Development | *None* | 21 January 1861 | Supreme Decree 21-01-1861 |
| Foreign Affairs | Ministry of Finance | Ministry of Foreign Affairs | | |

### Notes

### Footnotes

1. "Decreto Supremo de 14 de enero de 1861". *Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia* (in Spanish). 14 January 1861. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
2. "Decreto Supremo de 21 de enero de 1861". *Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia* (in Spanish). 21 January 1861. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
3. Mesa Gisbert 2003, p. 270
4. Irurozqui 2009, p. 134
5. "Decreto Supremo de 15 de enero de 1861". *Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia* (in Spanish). 15 January 1861. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
6. Irurozqui 2009, p. 135
7. "Ley de 4 de mayo de 1861". *Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia* (in Spanish). 4 May 1861. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
8. Mesa Gisbert 2003, pp. 256–257
9. Moreno 1886, p. 334
10. "Ricardo José Bustamante | Literato, Escritor y Diplomático". *rree.gob.bo* (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2021.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Cabinet of the Governmental Junta
Junta-Achá Cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
25th Cabinet of the Bolivian Republic | |
| 1861 | |
| Date formed | 21 January 1861 |
| Date dissolved | 4 May 1861
(3 months, 1 week and 6 days) |
| People and organisations | |
| Chairman | José María de Achá
Ruperto Fernández
Manuel Antonio Sánchez |
| No. of ministers | 5 |
| History | |
| Election | 1861 legislative |
| Legislature term | 1861–1862 Constituent National Assembly |
| Predecessor | Cabinet of José María Linares |
| Successor | Cabinet of José María de Achá |


title: Gościmowice Pierwsze

abstract: Gościmowice Pierwsze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Moszczenica, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

text:
# Gościmowice Pierwsze

**Gościmowice Pierwsze** (Polish pronunciation: \[ɡɔɕt͡ɕimɔˈvit͡sɛ ˈpjɛrfʂɛ\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Moszczenica, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Gościmowice Pierwsze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Gościmowice Pierwsze | |
| Coordinates: 51°31′33″N 19°39′38″E / 51.52583°N 19.66056°E / 51.52583; 19.66056 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Piotrków |
| Gmina | Moszczenica |


title: Valcheta Department

abstract: Valcheta is a department of the province of Río Negro (Argentina).

text:
# Valcheta Department

**Valcheta** is a department of the province of Río Negro (Argentina).

## InfoBox

| Valcheta Departamento Valcheta | |
| --- | --- |
| Department | |
| Location of Valchete within Río Negro | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Río Negro |
| Capital | Valcheta |
| Area | |
| Total | 20,457 km2 (7,898 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 7,101 |
| Density | 0.35/km2 (0.90/sq mi) |


title: Motairehe

abstract: Motairehe is a settlement located in Katherine Bay, on the northwestern coast Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. The marae Motairehe Marae and its Whakaruruhau meeting house which are affiliated with Ngātiwai Ki Aotea are located here.

text:
# Motairehe

**Motairehe** is a settlement located in Katherine Bay, on the northwestern coast Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. The marae Motairehe Marae and its Whakaruruhau meeting house which are affiliated with Ngātiwai Ki Aotea are located here.

## Marae

Motairehe Marae was first proposed in 1878 and opened in 1983. The corresponding *wharenui* (meeting house) was named Whakaruruhau, (meaning a place of shelter) by Whetu Mcgregor.

36°07′03″S 175°22′34″E / 36.11737°S 175.37613°E / -36.11737; 175.37613


title: Morgan F. Murphy

abstract: Morgan Francis Murphy was an American attorney and United States Representative from Illinois. Murphy attended Chicago parochial schools. He received a Bachelor of Science from Northwestern University in 1955 and was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. Murphy received a J.D. from DePaul University School of Law in 1962. He served in the United States Marine Corps from 1955 to 1957, including a one-year tour of duty in the Far East. He was administrative assistant to Clerk of the Circuit Court of Chicago from 1958 to 1961, was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1962, and commenced practice in Chicago. Murphy was special attorney, Board of Election Commissioners, for the 1964 at-large elections. He was attorney for Chicago Dairymen's Association during 1968 milk strikes, and a trustee-management representative of the Milk Wagon Drivers Union. He was hearing officer for Local Liquor Control Commission, 1969–1970 and delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1968 and 1972. Murphy was elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-second and to the four succeeding Congresses. Murphy was not a candidate for reelection in 1980 to the Ninety-seventh Congress and resumed the practice of law in Chicago. Murphy partnered with union official John Serpico of Lincolnwood, Illinois in Studio Networks, Inc. a venture to purchase a building on Chicago's near west side and develop it as a film studio. Serpico was a former vice president of the Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA) as well as former president of the Central States Joint Board (CSJB), a labor organization made up of as many as eight local unions. Murphy was a board member on the Cook County Zoning Board of Appeals from 2005 to 2014.

text:
# Morgan F. Murphy

**Morgan Francis Murphy** (April 16, 1932 – March 4, 2016) was an American attorney and United States Representative from Illinois.

Murphy attended Chicago parochial schools. He received a Bachelor of Science from Northwestern University in 1955 and was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. Murphy received a J.D. from DePaul University School of Law in 1962. He served in the United States Marine Corps from 1955 to 1957, including a one-year tour of duty in the Far East. He was administrative assistant to Clerk of the Circuit Court of Chicago from 1958 to 1961, was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1962, and commenced practice in Chicago. Murphy was special attorney, Board of Election Commissioners, for the 1964 at-large elections. He was attorney for Chicago Dairymen's Association during 1968 milk strikes, and a trustee-management representative of the Milk Wagon Drivers Union. He was hearing officer for Local Liquor Control Commission, 1969–1970 and delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1968 and 1972. Murphy was elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-second and to the four succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1981). Murphy was not a candidate for reelection in 1980 to the Ninety-seventh Congress and resumed the practice of law in Chicago.

Murphy partnered with union official John Serpico of Lincolnwood, Illinois in Studio Networks, Inc. a venture to purchase a building on Chicago's near west side and develop it as a film studio. Serpico was a former vice president of the Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA) as well as former president of the Central States Joint Board (CSJB), a labor organization made up of as many as eight local unions.

Murphy was a board member on the Cook County Zoning Board of Appeals from 2005 to 2014.

## Personal life

Murphy was a resident of Chicago; he died there on March 4, 2016, at the age of 83. Murphy's niece Mary Judith is married to former Illinois state senator Patrick O'Malley.

## InfoBox

| Morgan F. Murphy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Illinois | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1971  January 3, 1981 | |
| Preceded by | William T. Murphy |
| Succeeded by | Gus Savage |
| Constituency | 3rd district (1971–73)
2nd district (1973–81) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Morgan Francis Murphy
(1932-04-16)April 16, 1932
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | March 4, 2016(2016-03-04) (aged 83)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | Northwestern University
DePaul University |
| Profession | lawyer |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Marine Corps |
| Years of service | 19551957 |
|  | |


title: Morgan Femai

abstract:
Morgan Femai is a Zimbabwean senator for Chikomo and Chairperson for Harare in the office of Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai.
He was elected in the 2008 Zimbabwean parliamentary election with 34,484 votes. In May 2012, at a parliamentary HIV awareness workshop in Kadoma, he made several statements about AIDS prevention, such as that women should be compelled to shave their heads, lose weight and bathe less often, in order to appear less attractive. He also suggested female circumcision. He also told the workshop, "Women have got more moisture in their organs as compared to men so there is need to research on how to deal with that moisture because it is conducive for bacteria breeding. There should be a way to suck out that moisture." Gender Activist Betty Makoni said that he should withdraw his statement.

text:
# Morgan Femai

**Morgan Femai** (born 9 September 1949) is a Zimbabwean senator for Chikomo and Chairperson for Harare in the office of Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai. He was elected in the 2008 Zimbabwean parliamentary election with 34,484 votes.

In May 2012, at a parliamentary HIV awareness workshop in Kadoma, he made several statements about AIDS prevention, such as that women should be compelled to shave their heads, lose weight and bathe less often, in order to appear less attractive. He also suggested female circumcision. He also told the workshop, "Women have got more moisture in their organs as compared to men so there is need to research on how to deal with that moisture because it is conducive for bacteria breeding. There should be a way to suck out that moisture."

Gender Activist Betty Makoni said that he should withdraw his statement.


title: Goronwy Edwards

abstract: Sir John Goronwy Edwards was a Welsh historian.

text:
# Goronwy Edwards

**Sir John Goronwy Edwards** FBA FRHistS (14 May 1891  20 June 1976) was a Welsh historian.

## Early life

Edwards, who was proficient in Welsh before he could read English, was educated at Holywell Grammar School before matriculating at Jesus College, Oxford, in 1909. His 1913 essay on Danby gained him proxime accessit in the Stanhope prize competition.

## Career

After obtaining his degree in 1913, he worked for a time at Manchester University under T. F. Tout.

During the First World War he served with the Royal Welch Fusiliers in France and obtained the rank of captain.

In 1919, he returned to Jesus College as Fellow and Tutor in History, where he specialised in medieval English and Welsh history, serving also as Senior Tutor for 13 years. He was highly regarded as a lecturer, tutor and supervisor of research students. He was joint editor of the *English Historical Review* from 1938 and was appointed a Fellow of the British Academy in 1943.

He had hoped to be appointed Principal of the college when it fell vacant on the death of Alfred Hazel in 1944. Instead, the decision was taken to appoint Frederick Ogilvie as principal, with Edwards becoming vice-principal.

In 1948 after 29 years as a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, Edwards accepted the invitation to become Director of the Institute of Historical Research and Professor of History at the University of London. In addition to his continuing scholarship, he also presided over many committees with, it was said, "exemplary patience".

Outside his university Edwards served on the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales and the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts.

He was knighted in July 1960 shortly before his retirement. In retirement he served as president of the Royal Historical Society from 1961 to 1965 and was awarded the Cymmrodorion medal on his eightieth birthday in 1971 to mark his service to Wales.

## Death

He died on 20 June 1976 at the age of 85.

* A long series of letters from him to TF Tout, his former Manchester tutor, including many from the front line in World War I is in the T.F. Tout Collection, John Rylands Library, University of Manchester.


title: Grace Church (Utica, New York)

abstract: Grace Church is an Episcopal church at 193 Genesee Street in Utica, New York, which was established in 1838.

text:
# Grace Church (Utica, New York)

**Grace Church** is an Episcopal church at 193 Genesee Street in Utica, New York, which was established in 1838.

## History

The establishing of Grace Church began in the spring of 1838 as an extension of the venerable Mother Parish of the city, Trinity Church. A group of twenty parish members wrote to their then Rector, the Rev. Pierre A. Proal, with the intention of organizing a new parish and requested his canonical consent. The first service was held on May 21, 1838 at 215 Genesee Street, in an upper room of a house located in the parish, and was accordingly organized under the name of Grace Church, Utica. The first church was constructed at the corner of Broadway and Columbia Streets in 1839, and the first service was conducted in the new building in August of that year. For the next 21 years this was the location of Grace Church. Its organist from 1923 to 1932 was Norman Coke-Jephcott.

The cornerstone of the church was set on July 10, 1856. The construction project faced financial difficulties and by September 1859, it seemed as if the church would never be completed. Through the persistence and experience of Rev. John J. Brandegee, the church's third rector, he was able to procure enough funding to complete the construction and pay the mortgage. The first service was held in the new church on May 20, 1860, and by Easter Day, 1864, the $30,000 mortgage was finally paid.

The church had a long history for its mission to outreach to the neighboring community, but dwindling resources and a shrinking congregation brought the painful realization that the few remaining faithful could no longer hold the parish together. The last rector to serve there was the Rev. David Hopkins, who left in July, 1994. In little time, the vestry agreed to merge with Grace Church, and held the final service on November 20, 1994. The following week later on November 27, 1994, the first Sunday of Advent, the people of Calvary Church were welcomed as members of the Grace Church congregation.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## Sources

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Grace Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Utica, New York |
| Coordinates | 43°6′3″N 75°13′53″W / 43.10083°N 75.23139°W / 43.10083; -75.23139 |
| Built | 1856 |
| Architect | multiple; Richard Upjohn |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival |
| MPS | Historic Churches of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000419 |
| Added to NRHP | May 23, 1997 |


title: Grace Church (Cincinnati, Ohio)

abstract: St. Michael and All Angels Episcopal Church, formerly known as Grace Church, is an historic church in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the only church in the North Avondale neighborhood listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On September 16, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Four of the original stained glass windows carry the signature Tiffany Studios, New York City, but were sold to The Cincinnati Art Museum to fund renovations on the main sanctuary in 2010. St. Michael's Church was closed on Easter Sunday 2008. The building now houses Gabriel's Place, which intends “to provide a safe, beautiful, and spiritually nourishing place for the Avondale Community to gather in mutual respect to learn, interact, and go out in peace." It was dedicated in 2011. Events such as free meals and gardening classes are held there.

text:
# Grace Church (Cincinnati, Ohio)

**St. Michael and All Angels Episcopal Church**, formerly known as **Grace Church**, is an historic church in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the only church in the North Avondale neighborhood listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On September 16, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Four of the original stained glass windows carry the signature Tiffany Studios, New York City, but were sold to The Cincinnati Art Museum to fund renovations on the main sanctuary in 2010.

St. Michael's Church was closed on Easter Sunday 2008.

The building now houses Gabriel's Place, which intends “to provide a safe, beautiful, and spiritually nourishing place for the Avondale Community to gather in mutual respect to learn, interact, and go out in peace." It was dedicated in 2011. Events such as free meals and gardening classes are held there.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Grace Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Front of the church | |
| Location | 3626 Reading Road<br>Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 39°8′55.95″N 84°29′17.69″W / 39.1488750°N 84.4882472°W / 39.1488750; -84.4882472 |
| Architect | James W. McLaughlin; Albert C. Nash |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 82003581 |
| Added to NRHP | September 16, 1982 |


title: Graham Brookhouse

abstract: Graham Raymond Brookhouse is a former British Olympic modern pentathlete.

text:
# Graham Brookhouse

**Graham Raymond Brookhouse** (born 19 June 1962) is a former British Olympic modern pentathlete.

## Seoul Olympics

Brookhouse competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea and won a bronze medal in the team event with a total point tally of 15276.

## Barcelona Olympics

Brookhouse also competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain. He once again competed in the modern pentathlon where he came 8th in the individual event and he also came 6th in the team event. He was one of the oldest competitors in the Modern Pentathlon competition at the age of 30 in 1992.

## Gloucester City Swimming Club

Brookhouse was head coach of Gloucester City Swimming Club from 2001 to 2012 and is now a coach at Lydney Swimming Club lives in Cheltenham. He also runs his own swim school in Stroud.

## InfoBox

Graham Brookhouse
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-06-19) 19 June 1962<br>Birmingham, England |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Modern pentathlon |
| Medal record      Men's modern pentathlon  Representing  United Kingdom  Olympic Games  1988 Seoul Team | |


title: Goualougo Triangle

abstract: The Goualougo Triangle is a 100-square-mile (260 km⁲) region on the southern end of the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, located in the Republic of Congo, in Central Africa. The northern Congo lowland forest ecosystem of the park is one of the most intact fauna habitats of its type in Africa. Populations of several endangered or threatened species are found here, including forest elephants, western lowland gorillas and a high density of common chimpanzees. The discovery of a native chimpanzee population - and, most importantly, of their unhabituated behavior - in the Goualougo Triangle region helped persuade the Congolese government, and the local logging company, to preserve the pristine habitat. The Goualougo Triangle has been dubbed "The Last Place on Earth" by National Geographic magazine, and Time describes it as the "Last Eden." The chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle have had virtually no contact with people. Bomassa village, 34 miles (55 km) away, is the closest human settlement. On initial contact, the chimpanzees still show curiosity and interest in human observers, unlike those at other field research sites. This presents an invaluable opportunity for close observation of a chimpanzee community, one heretofore undisturbed by humans. Analysis of the ecological and geographical requirements for these chimpanzees is essential to developing a management plan to insure conservation of the species. The Republic of Congo government, in collaboration with the New York based Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), initiated the Nouabale-Ndoki/Congo Forest Conservation Project in 1991. When the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park was subsequently created in 1993, the Goualougo Triangle was initially left out, as a part of a logging concession. Initial surveys of the Goualougo Triangle, comprising a forest rich in mahogany and other valuable hardwoods, were conducted that same year by Michael Fay, a conservationist with the WCS. The encroachment of loggers and bush-meat poachers in areas adjacent to the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park imperils conservation efforts throughout the region. Because logging will continue in the vicinity of the park, it is essential for key conservation areas to be identified and protected, before such encroachment permanently compromises the forests and threatens the integrity of the park itself. In July 2001, representatives of the WCS, the Congolese government, and the logging company - which owned legal rights to the Goualougo Triangle - announced the area was to be annexed to the park, so its intact ecosystem and undisturbed wildlife habitats would be protected in perpetuity. Field research enabled by the annexation may lead to better models of human evolution, because the chimpanzees will be protected from any other human interference. Data is being gathered on social organization, feeding ecology and behavior. The chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle still enjoy the possibility of an unbounded and genetically robust future.

text:
# Goualougo Triangle

The **Goualougo Triangle** is a 100-square-mile (260 km2) region on the southern end of the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, located in the Republic of Congo, in Central Africa. The northern Congo lowland forest ecosystem of the park is one of the most intact fauna habitats of its type in Africa. Populations of several endangered or threatened species are found here, including forest elephants, western lowland gorillas and a high density of common chimpanzees.

The discovery of a native chimpanzee (*Pan troglodytes*) population - and, most importantly, of their unhabituated behavior \- in the Goualougo Triangle region helped persuade the Congolese government, and the local logging company, to preserve the pristine habitat.

The Goualougo Triangle has been dubbed "The Last Place on Earth" by *National Geographic* magazine, and *Time* describes it as the "Last Eden."

The chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle have had virtually no contact with people. Bomassa village, 34 miles (55 km) away, is the closest human settlement. On initial contact, the chimpanzees still show curiosity and interest in human observers, unlike those at other field research sites. This presents an invaluable opportunity for close observation of a chimpanzee community, one heretofore undisturbed by humans. Analysis of the ecological and geographical requirements for these chimpanzees is essential to developing a management plan to insure conservation of the species.

The Republic of Congo government, in collaboration with the New York based Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), initiated the Nouabale-Ndoki/Congo Forest Conservation Project in 1991. When the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park was subsequently created in 1993, the Goualougo Triangle was initially left out, as a part of a logging concession. Initial surveys of the Goualougo Triangle, comprising a forest rich in mahogany and other valuable hardwoods, were conducted that same year by Michael Fay, a conservationist with the WCS.

The encroachment of loggers and bush-meat poachers in areas adjacent to the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park imperils conservation efforts throughout the region. Because logging will continue in the vicinity of the park, it is essential for key conservation areas to be identified and protected, before such encroachment permanently compromises the forests and threatens the integrity of the park itself.

In July 2001, representatives of the WCS, the Congolese government, and the logging company - which owned legal rights to the Goualougo Triangle - announced the area was to be annexed to the park, so its intact ecosystem and undisturbed wildlife habitats would be protected in perpetuity.

Field research enabled by the annexation may lead to better models of human evolution, because the chimpanzees will be protected from any other human interference. Data is being gathered on social organization, feeding ecology and behavior. The chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle still enjoy the possibility of an unbounded and genetically robust future.


title: Vaitupu, Wallis and Futuna

abstract: Vaitupu is a village in Wallis and Futuna. It is located in Hihifo District on the northeast coast of Wallis Island in the South Pacific. Its population according to the 2018 census was 406 people.

text:
# Vaitupu, Wallis and Futuna

**Vaitupu** (French pronunciation: \[vajtupu\]) is a village in Wallis and Futuna. It is located in Hihifo District on the northeast coast of Wallis Island in the South Pacific. Its population according to the 2018 census was 406 people.

## InfoBox

| Vaitupu | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| VaitupuLocation in Wallis Island | |
| Coordinates: 13°13′35″S 176°11′15″W / 13.22639°S 176.18750°W / -13.22639; -176.18750 | |
| Country | France |
| Territory | Wallis and Futuna |
| Island | Wallis |
| Chiefdom | Uvea |
| District | Hihifo |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 406 |
| Time zone | UTC+12 |


title: Vaiva

abstract:
Vaiva is a Lithuanian female given name of Baltic origin. It is a shortening of vaivorykštė. A rainbow was considered one of the manifestations of the Pagan destiny goddess Laima. Vaiva's father, according to Baltic mythology, is Perkūnas. The name was popularised by V.Krėvė-Mickevičius tale "Perkūnas, Vaiva ir Straublys" written in 1922. Notable people with the name include:
  - Vaiva Mainelytė, Lithuanian theater and cinema actress

text:
# Vaiva

**Vaiva** is a Lithuanian female given name of Baltic origin. It is a shortening of *vaivorykštė* (English rainbow). A rainbow was considered one of the manifestations of the Pagan destiny goddess Laima. Vaiva's father, according to Baltic mythology, is Perkūnas. The name was popularised by V.Krėvė-Mickevičius tale "Perkūnas, Vaiva ir Straublys" written in 1922.

Notable people with the name include:

## InfoBox

Vaiva
| Gender | Feminine |
| --- | --- |
| Language(s) | Lithuanian |
| Name day | 14 April, 18 June |
| Origin | |
| Language(s) | Lithuanian |
| Word/name | Vaivorykštė<br>Vaivos juosta |
| Other names | |
| Pet form(s) | Vaivutė, Vaivukas, Vaivis |


title: Vaivadiškiai

abstract: Vaivadiškiai is a village in the Jonava district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 167 people.

text:
# Vaivadiškiai

**Vaivadiškiai** is a village in the Jonava district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 167 people.

## InfoBox

| Vaivadiškiai | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| VaivadiškiaiLocation in Lithuania | |
| Coordinates: 55°08′50″N 24°16′30″E / 55.14722°N 24.27500°E / 55.14722; 24.27500 | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| County | Kaunas County |
| Municipality | Jonava |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 167 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Rampi Airport

abstract: Rampi Airport is an airport in Rampi, North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

text:
# Rampi Airport

**Rampi Airport** is an airport in Rampi, North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

## History

In 1979, the Central Sulawesi Christian Church sponsored the construction of a grass airstrip at Rampi, which saw its first landing in 1980 and was used until 1988. After the expiry of the initial contract with the church, the airport initially was abandoned and was reforested, until it was returned to operation with a partnership with the local government in 1990. The second operation period lasted until 1997, and the airport was again unused until 2003 when it was expanded. Subsidized pioneer flights to the airport commenced in 2006.

During its construction in 2003 and more recent works to extend the airport's runway from 1,000 to 1,500 meters, difficulty of land access to Rampi required the employment of significant manual labor by locals, such as the use of wooden carts and shovels, or hauling construction material through the mountainous access route.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Susi Air | Masamba, Palu |

## InfoBox

| Rampi Airport<br>Bandara Rampi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Government |
| Serves | Rampi |
| Location | North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia |
| Time zone | WITA (UTC+08:00) |
| Coordinates | 2°7′39″S 120°17′58″E / 2.12750°S 120.29944°E / -2.12750; 120.29944 |
| Map | |
| RPILocation of the airport in Sulawesi | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  12/30 3,300 1,000 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2020) | |
| Passengers 4,673  Aircraft movement 998 | |


title: Ramphotyphlops hatmaliyeb

abstract: Ramphotyphlops hatmaliyeb is a species of blind snake that is endemic to the Caroline Islands of Micronesia. The specific epithet hatmaliyeb is a transliteration of the Ulithian name for the snake.

text:
# Ramphotyphlops hatmaliyeb

***Ramphotyphlops hatmaliyeb*** is a species of blind snake that is endemic to the Caroline Islands of Micronesia. The specific epithet *hatmaliyeb* is a transliteration of the Ulithian name for the snake.

## Distribution and habitat

The type locality is Giilab Island, Ulithi Atoll, in the Federated States of Micronesia. The snake normally lives beneath debris and rocks on the ground, though it has been recorded climbing *Pisonia* trees at night.

## InfoBox

| *Ramphotyphlops hatmaliyeb* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Typhlopidae |
| Genus: | *Ramphotyphlops* |
| Species: | ***R. hatmaliyeb*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ramphotyphlops hatmaliyeb***<br>Wynn, Reynolds, Buden, Falanruw & Lynch, 2012 | |
|


title: Rajiv Tomar

abstract: Rajiv Tomar is an Indian wrestler. He represented India in the men's freestyle 120 kg category at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, but lost to Steve Mocco of United States in qualifications. He is from Malakpur in Baghpat district in Uttar Pradesh. He is Arjun Award Winner 2010 (Wrestling). He also won Indian style wrestling event, Hind Kesari. Rajiv won Silver Medal in Men's freestyle 125 kg wrestling event in 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. He has won Bharat Kesari Title 32 times. He learnt Kushti in Guru Hanuman Akhara by Coach Shri Mahasingh Rao. He won bronze medal in Asian Championship in year 1998. He was a powerful wrestler in 120 kg in India and world. He won silver medal in Oman in year 2005. He had won Gold medal in Commonwealth games Canada in 2007. He got Arjun Award in 2010. He is a wrestler in Indian Style Dangal wrestling. He got married in 2011 to a Professor in Delhi University.

text:
# Rajiv Tomar

**Rajiv Tomar** (born 31 December 1980) is an Indian wrestler. He represented India in the men's freestyle 120 kg category at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, but lost to Steve Mocco of United States in qualifications.

He is from Malakpur in Baghpat district in Uttar Pradesh.

He is Arjun Award Winner 2010 (Wrestling). He also won Indian style wrestling event, Hind Kesari.

Rajiv won Silver Medal in Men's freestyle 125 kg wrestling event in 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. He has won Bharat Kesari Title 32 times. He learnt Kushti in Guru Hanuman Akhara by Coach Shri Mahasingh Rao. He won bronze medal in Asian Championship in year 1998. He was a powerful wrestler in 120 kg in India and world. He won silver medal in Oman in year 2005. He had won Gold medal in Commonwealth games Canada in 2007. He got Arjun Award in 2010. He is a wrestler in Indian Style Dangal wrestling. He got married in 2011 to a Professor in Delhi University.

## InfoBox

Rajiv Tomar
| Sushil Kumar, Ram Vilas Paswan, Yogeshwar Dutt and Rajiv Tomar, 2008 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Born | (1980-12-31) 31 December 1980<br>Malakpur, Baraut, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Height | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Sport | |
| Country | India |
| Sport | Wrestling |
| Event | 120 kg freestyle |
| Club | Guru Hanuman Akhara |
| Coached by | Maha Singh Rao |
| Medal record      Men's freestyle wrestling  Representing  India  Commonwealth Championships  2005  120 kg  2007  120 kg  2011  120 kg  Commonwealth Games  2014 Glasgow  125 kg  Asian Championships  1998  90 kg | |
| Updated on 4 August 2021 | |


title: Merkin Valdez

abstract: Merkin R. Valdéz Mola is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. Valdez graduated from Escuela Rural Palenque High School in his native Dominican Republic.

text:
# Merkin Valdez

**Merkin R. Valdéz Mola** (born November 10, 1981) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. Valdez graduated from Escuela Rural Palenque High School in his native Dominican Republic.

## Career

### Atlanta Braves

Valdez was signed by the Atlanta Braves as an amateur free agent in 1999. He played with the Braves Dominican League team in 2000 and 2001 and the Gulf Coast Braves in 2002.

### San Francisco Giants

He was traded by the Braves with Damian Moss to the San Francisco Giants for Russ Ortiz on December 17, 2002. He was named San Francisco's Minor League Player of the Year and selected as a Low A All-Star in 2003 when he went 9–5 with a 2.25 ERA for the Hagerstown Suns in the South Atlantic League. In 2004, Valdez pitched for Single-A San Jose Giants, Double-A Norwich Navigators, Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies, and made his Major League debut on August 1, 2004, against the St. Louis Cardinals. He appeared in 2 games for the Giants, working 1.2 innings for a 27.00 ERA. Valdez was selected to the World squad for the All-Star Futures Game for 3 consecutive years (2003–05), held in conjunction with MLB All-Star festivities.

He spent all of 2005 in Norwich, and all of 2006 in Fresno, until injuring his arm. He missed the entire 2007 season after undergoing Tommy John surgery on September 27, 2006.

Valdez returned to the Giants to appear in 17 games in 2007 and 48 games in 2009.

He was designated for assignment on January 14, 2010, by the Giants to make room on the 40 man roster for Aubrey Huff.

### Toronto Blue Jays

On January 20, 2010, he was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for cash considerations. He appeared in two games with the Blue Jays during the season, spending most of the season with the Las Vegas 51s. He became a free agent following the season.

### Los Angeles Dodgers

On February 2, 2011, he was signed to a minor league contract by the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Dodgers assigned him to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes. He opted out of his contract on July 18 and became a free agent. He had appeared in 38 games with the Isotopes with a 4–2 record, 3.58 ERA and 5 saves.

### Texas Rangers

On July 24, 2011, Valdez signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers. He was assigned to the Triple-A Round Rock Express. He had his contract selected on September 1, he cleared waivers and was sent outright to Triple-A and elected free agency on November 4.

### Oakland Athletics

On December 22, 2011, Valdez signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics. He was granted free agency on November 3, 2012.

## Personal life

When Valdez was first traded to the Giants, he went by the name **Manny Mateo**. While in his first year with the organization, however, his real name and real age (nine months older than he previously claimed) were revealed.

Valdez is single and has a son, Merkin Hanier, born August 11, 2006.

## InfoBox

| Merkin Valdez | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1981-11-10) November 10, 1981<br>San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 1, 2004, for the San Francisco Giants | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 25, 2011, for the Texas Rangers | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 3–1 |
| Earned run average | 5.57 |
| Strikeouts | 59 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: The Isle of Voices

abstract: "The Isle of Voices" is a short story written by Robert Louis Stevenson, first published in his collection Island Nights' Entertainments in 1893.

text:
# The Isle of Voices

"**The Isle of Voices**" is a short story written by Robert Louis Stevenson, first published in his collection *Island Nights' Entertainments* in 1893.

## Plot

The protagonist is a man named Keola living on the island of Molokai, Hawaii. Keola and his wife live with her father Kalamake, a notorious sorcerer who appears to have an inexhaustible supply of money despite never doing any work.

One day, Kalamake uses a magic spell to transport Keola to an unfamiliar island where the two of them are invisible to the inhabitants. There he reveals that by burning the leaves of a certain tree, the island's sea-shells can be transformed into coins and the pair transported home.

Keola attempts to blackmail Kalamake for a share of his riches, but Kalamake retaliates by abandoning Keola at sea. He is rescued by a passing ship heading for the Tuamotus islands, but does not get along with the first mate, so jumps overboard when they sight land. To his amazement he discovers he is on the very same island he had earlier visited supernaturally.

Getting to know the inhabitants (who turn out to be cannibals intending to eat him), Keola discovers that not only Kalamake but also a huge variety of other invisible visitors from all parts of the earth are regularly heard there harvesting its shells. He tells the islanders that these unwelcome manifestations could be banished by destroying the tree necessary for their spells. Eventually they attempt to do so, and in the confusion of a huge battle between the invisible wizards and the islanders, Keola is rescued by his wife, who has used her father's incantations to come to the island herself. They are magically transported home to Hawaii, stranding Kalamake on the island, and hope that without his magical supplies he will never be able to return.


title: Mill Creek (Tulare County)

abstract: Mill Creek is a creek in Tulare County, California. It is a distributary of the Kaweah River. It is one of the four main creeks that flow through the city of Visalia.

text:
# Mill Creek (Tulare County)

**Mill Creek** is a creek in Tulare County, California. It is a distributary of the Kaweah River. It is one of the four main creeks that flow through the city of Visalia.

## History

Mill Creek was named after Dr. Mathew's grist mill.

In 1910, Mill Creek, was lined with cement and covered. Roads and buildings were constructed over it and about one-third of a mile of Mill Creek flows below the surface today. The lining and covering of Mill Creek was predicted by some to be the answer to the flooding problem, but flooding continued.

The city of Visalia was built on the banks of Mill Creek. Today, part of the creek that flows through Downtown is underground, enclosed by a concrete conduit. There are plans to resurface the creek.

36°19′27″N 119°18′26″W / 36.324167°N 119.307222°W / 36.324167; -119.307222

## InfoBox

| Mill Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Mill Creek near Mayors Park in Green Acres | |


title: Grove High School

abstract: Grove High School is a public high school in the city of Grove, Oklahoma, United States. It is one of four schools in a school district that includes Grove Lower Elementary School, Grove Upper Elementary School and Grove Middle School. The school mascot is the "Ridgerunner".

text:
# Grove High School

**Grove High School** is a public high school in the city of Grove, Oklahoma, United States. It is one of four schools in a school district that includes Grove Lower Elementary School, Grove Upper Elementary School and Grove Middle School.

The school mascot is the "Ridgerunner".

## Curriculum

The U.S. state of Oklahoma requires students to take four units of English, three units of mathematics and three units of science in order to graduate. Students must also complete a unit of American History, a half unit of Oklahoma History, a half unit of United States Government and an additional unit in social studies courses.

Oklahoma high schools must provide an elective physical education course, unless provided an exemption by the Oklahoma State Department of Education due to undue hardship.

Students are also required to take two units of a non-English language, two units of computer technology and a unit of fine arts or speech.

Grove High School also offers Advanced Placement courses and concurrent enrollment courses through the Northeast Oklahoma Career Tech Center.

## Extracurricular activities

Grove High School offers many extracurricular activities for students including an academic competition team, athletics, a robotics education program, marching band, competitive speech, art, choir, FCCLA, FFA, and a drama program. There are also several community service clubs including Character Counts, Interact. Other groups are the Heritage Club for Native American students, Teen Court, Student Council, Spanish Club, Math Club, and Yearbook.

## Notable alumni

1. https://www.ridgerunners.net/152734\_2
2. "GROVE HS". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
3. Oklahoma High School Graduation Requirements, Oklahoma State Department of Education (accessed April 12, 2013)
4. School Laws of Oklahoma Archived 2013-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, Oklahoma State Department of Education (accessed April 11, 2013)
5. Principal's Message, Grove High School Webpage (accessed April 12, 2013)
6. https://ghs.ridgerunners.net/21371\_1

## InfoBox

| Grove High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 300 Ford Road
Grove, Oklahoma 74344
United States | |
| Coordinates | 36°35′57″N 94°45′02″W / 36.5991562°N 94.7506854°W / 36.5991562; -94.7506854 |
| Information | |
| Type | High School |
| Motto | Together Everyone Achieves More through Growth, Responsibility, Organization, Values, and Education |
| School district | Grove Public Schools |
| Superintendent | Pat Dodson |
| Principal | Bobby Kreutz |
| Faculty | 43.45 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 782 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 18.00 |
| Color(s) |  |
| Team name | Ridgerunners |
| Website | ghs.ridgerunners.net |


abstract: Northside High School was a high school in northern Memphis, Tennessee that closed in 2016. It was operated by Shelby County Schools and was previously in Memphis City Schools. As of September 2019, Urban Renaissance Inc. wants to buy the building to provide space for community groups and small businesses as the meal preparation that had been done there by Shelby County would be moving to another location. This school was built in 1968 in the Memphis City Schools system and served almost 350 students and 200 teachers in its first school year.

text:
# Northside High School (Memphis, Tennessee)

**Northside High School**  was a high school in northern Memphis, Tennessee that closed in 2016. It was operated by Shelby County Schools and was previously in Memphis City Schools.

As of September 2019, Urban Renaissance Inc. wants to buy the building to provide space for community groups and small businesses as the meal preparation that had been done there by Shelby County would be moving to another location.

This school was built in 1968 in the Memphis City Schools system and served almost 350 students and 200 teachers in its first school year.

## Notable alumni

35°09′59″N 90°00′59″W / 35.1665°N 90.0165°W / 35.1665; -90.0165


title: Van Halen III

abstract: Van Halen III is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Van Halen, released on March 17, 1998, by Warner Bros. Records. Produced by Mike Post and Eddie Van Halen, it was the band's first studio album in three years after Balance (1995), the band's only studio album to feature vocalist Gary Cherone, and the last to feature bassist Michael Anthony, who only appears on three of the album's songs while the rest of the bass parts are played by Eddie Van Halen; his son Wolfgang replaced Anthony on subsequent tours and recordings. Eddie Van Halen's extensive involvement in the album's production, instrumentation and writing have led some, including Anthony, to consider Van Halen III more of a solo project than a collective band effort. Clocking in at over 65 minutes, Van Halen III is their longest album. The album reached No. 4 in the United States and achieved Gold status, but was a relative commercial disappointment for the band, whose previous four albums had all been chart-topping, multi-platinum sellers, though the lead single "Without You" performed well on radio. Critical and fan reaction was also largely negative, with criticism directed at its songwriting, production, band performances and length. The lukewarm reception prematurely halted work on a follow-up album with Cherone, who departed soon after. Van Halen III was the band's last studio album for fourteen years until their 2012 comeback A Different Kind of Truth.

text:
# Van Halen III

***Van Halen III*** is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Van Halen, released on March 17, 1998, by Warner Bros. Records. Produced by Mike Post and Eddie Van Halen, it was the band's first studio album in three years after *Balance* (1995), the band's only studio album to feature vocalist Gary Cherone, and the last to feature bassist Michael Anthony, who only appears on three of the album's songs while the rest of the bass parts are played by Eddie Van Halen; his son Wolfgang replaced Anthony on subsequent tours and recordings. Eddie Van Halen's extensive involvement in the album's production, instrumentation and writing have led some, including Anthony, to consider *Van Halen III* more of a solo project than a collective band effort. Clocking in at over 65 minutes, *Van Halen III* is their longest album.

The album reached No. 4 in the United States and achieved Gold status, but was a relative commercial disappointment for the band, whose previous four albums had all been chart-topping, multi-platinum sellers, though the lead single "Without You" performed well on radio. Critical and fan reaction was also largely negative, with criticism directed at its songwriting, production, band performances and length. The lukewarm reception prematurely halted work on a follow-up album with Cherone, who departed soon after. *Van Halen III* was the band's last studio album for fourteen years until their 2012 comeback *A Different Kind of Truth*.

## Production

The album's title refers to Van Halen's third recorded line-up, and to the band's first two album titles, *Van Halen* and *Van Halen II*. Vocalist Sammy Hagar left the group in 1996, and was briefly replaced by original frontman David Lee Roth. Eventually, Roth departed and was replaced by Cherone who had performed with the group Extreme before their amicable breakup.

None of its material is featured on *The Best of Both Worlds*, the band's 2004 compilation.

As a producer, Eddie brought his friend Mike Post. The album's final track, "How Many Say I", was an unusual acoustic piano ballad featuring Eddie on lead vocals, and Cherone on backing vocals: Eddie declared he was forced into singing, and added harmonies so he would not perform alone.

*Van Halen III* makes minimal use of Michael Anthony on bass guitar. Anthony only played bass on "Without You", "One I Want" & "Fire in the Hole"; Eddie Van Halen recorded bass for the rest of the album tracks that feature bass. After Michael Anthony's departure from Van Halen, he confirmed that Eddie Van Halen dictated to him how to play bass on this record. Anthony also said by the time of making this album, Eddie was playing the bass more as well as drums. "I don't know if Eddie was basically making a solo record, which is what *Van Halen III* seemed like to me." In recent years, it has been revealed that Alex Van Halen was absent from sessions on the album due to personal problems at the time and did not play on any tracks.

A track entitled "That's Why I Love You" was dropped at the last minute in favor of "Josephina", with "Fire in the Hole" featuring on the *Lethal Weapon 4* film soundtrack.

"I would have preferred to tour with them and then put out a record," Cherone told KNAC. "It would have been a better idea to establish myself first and then hit the studio with the band… There were some great ideas and some little gems but it was not a great record. I had fun but at times it was like being a stranger in a strange land."

The album cover is a still picture from stock footage of Frank "Cannonball" Richards, a vaudeville and sideshow performer known for his act of getting shot in the gut with a cannonball.

## Commercial performance

*Van Halen III* debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 4, with 191,000 copies sold. The album has sold over 800,000 copies as of 2022. The album's only significant radio hit was "Without You", which reached No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart on the March 7, 1998, issue of *Billboard*, and remained there for six weeks. Other songs receiving airplay on rock radio were "Fire in the Hole" and "One I Want".

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Chicago Tribune* |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | B |
| *Los Angeles Times* |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

Reception for *Van Halen III* was mostly mixed to negative. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from *AllMusic* stated the album fails to break away from the formula that Van Halen had exhausted over 20 years and "suffers from the same problems as Hagar-era Van Halen – limp riffs, weak melodies, and plodding, colorless rhythms." *Entertainment Weekly* gave it a B grade rating, saying, "judging from the renewed intensity of Eddie’s guitar playing throughout much of *III*, having a merely competent, relatively ego-free singer seems to have reinvigorated his muse" but goes on to say "How Many Say I", a song Eddie sang lead vocals on, was "cringeworthy" and "unintentionally hilarious". Greg Kot from *Rolling Stone* gave it 2 stars out of 5 noting, "Cherone sounds disconcertingly like Hagar, full of spleen-busting bluster and incapable of understatement", and "When the band plays it heavy, it mires itself in a Seventies tar pit, with only the chorus of 'Without You' achieving any sort of pop resonance." Kot compliments Eddie's vocals saying, "'How Many Say I' finds the guitarist singing in a disarmingly appealing, nicotine-stained voice over a moody piano melody." *Billboard* reviewer Paul Verna summed up *III* as "a wasted opportunity to breathe life into a now-tired formula".

## Track listing

All songs credited to Eddie Van Halen, Michael Anthony, Gary Cherone and Alex Van Halen.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Neworld" (Instrumental) | 1:45 |
| 2. | "Without You" | 6:30 |
| 3. | "One I Want" | 5:30 |
| 4. | "From Afar" | 5:24 |
| 5. | "Dirty Water Dog" | 5:27 |
| 6. | "Once" | 7:42 |
| 7. | "Fire in the Hole" | 5:31 |
| 8. | "Josephina" | 5:42 |
| 9. | "Year to the Day" | 8:34 |
| 10. | "Primary" (Instrumental) | 1:27 |
| 11. | "Ballot or the Bullet" | 5:42 |
| 12. | "How Many Say I" | 6:04 |
| Total length: | | 65:22 |

## Personnel

### Van Halen

### Additional personnel

### Production

* Florian Ammon – programming
* Dan Chavkin – photography
* Ian Dye – programming
* The Edward – mixing, mastering
* Erwin Musper – engineers
* Robbes – mixing, mastering
* Ed Rogers – programming
* F. Scott Schafer – coloring
* Eddy Schreyer – mastering
* Stine Schyberg – art direction
* Paul Wight – programming

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Japan (RIAJ) | Platinum | 200,000^ |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Further reading

* Gill, Chris; Tolinski, Brad (2021). *Eruption—Conversations With Eddie Van Halen*. New York: Hachette Books. pp. 178–218. ISBN 9780306826658.

## InfoBox

| Van Halen III | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Van Halen | |
| Released | March 17, 1998 (1998-03-17) |
| Recorded | March–December 1997 |
| Studio | 5150 Studios, Studio City, California |
| Genre | Hard rock |
| Length | 65:22 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Producer |  |
| Van Halen chronology | |
| *Video Hits Volume I*
(1996) ***Van Halen III***
(1998) *The Best of Both Worlds*
(2004) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Van Halen III* | |
| 1. "Without You"
Released: February 19, 1998 2. "One I Want"
Released: April 1998 3. "Fire in the Hole"
Released: July 1998 4. "Dirty Water Dog"
Released: August 1998 | |
|  | |


title: Graham Burkett

abstract: Graham John Burkett was an Australian politician who served as a Labor Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1983 to 1989, representing the seat of Scarborough.

text:
# Graham Burkett

**Graham John Burkett** (9 November 1936 – 29 July 2014) was an Australian politician who served as a Labor Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1983 to 1989, representing the seat of Scarborough.

## Early life and politics

Born in Perth, Burkett worked as a bank officer and small business owner before entering politics. He was elected to the City of Stirling council in 1973, and served as mayor from 1979 to 1983. At the 1983 state election, Burkett contested the seat of Scarborough for the Labor Party, defeating the sitting Liberal member, Ray Young. He increased his margin at the 1986 election, and afterward was elected deputy speaker to Mike Barnett, having previously served as deputy government whip and deputy chairman of committees. However, a redistribution prior to the 1989 election narrowed his margin in Scarborough, and he subsequently suffered a large swing, losing the seat to the Liberals' George Strickland.

## Later life

After leaving parliament, Burkett worked as a DEA agent for Department of Planning and a community liaison officer for Main Roads. He was elected to the Town of Cambridge council in 1997, and served until 2004. From 2001 to 2004, Burkett additionally worked as chief of staff to Nick Griffiths, the Minister for Government Enterprises in the Gallop government. A later investigation by the Corruption and Crime Commission (CCC) found that he had taken bribes while in the position, and in February 2006 he was sentenced to 14 months in jail for corruption. The CCC also found that Burkett had links to various organised crime figures.

## InfoBox

| Graham Burkett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Assembly
of Western Australia | |
| **In office**
19 February 1983  4 February 1989 | |
| Preceded by | Ray Young |
| Succeeded by | George Strickland |
| Constituency | Scarborough |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1936-11-09)9 November 1936
Maylands, Western Australia, Australia |
| Died | 29 July 2014(2014-07-29) (aged 77)
City Beach, Western Australia, Australia |
| Political party | Labor |
|  | |


title: Graham Burgess (cricketer)

abstract: Graham Iefvion Burgess is a former first-class cricketer who made over 450 appearances for Somerset County Cricket Club between 1966 and 1980. A right-arm medium pace bowler and a right-handed lower middle-order hitter, Burgess is described by Cricinfo as "a good old-fashioned county professional". After his retirement from professional cricket, Burgess qualified as a first-class umpire, and stood in over 500 county cricket matches between 1990 and 2008, when he retired. He also umpired a number of international matches, including Youth Test matches, Youth One Day Internationals and Women's One Day Internationals.

text:
# Graham Burgess (cricketer)

**Graham Iefvion Burgess** (born 5 May 1943) is a former first-class cricketer who made over 450 appearances for Somerset County Cricket Club between 1966 and 1980. A right-arm medium pace bowler and a right-handed lower middle-order hitter, Burgess is described by Cricinfo as "a good old-fashioned county professional". After his retirement from professional cricket, Burgess qualified as a first-class umpire, and stood in over 500 county cricket matches between 1990 and 2008, when he retired. He also umpired a number of international matches, including Youth Test matches, Youth One Day Internationals and Women's One Day Internationals.

## Early career

An education at Millfield School helped to steer all-round sportsman Burgess to a career in cricket. Although the Somerset side at the time was not known for signing local talent, earning it a tag of 'a team of all nations', Burgess became an exception. He appeared for Somerset Second XI regularly between 1963 and 1966, impressing with both bat and ball. He made his debut for the first-team in a match against the touring West Indians in July 1966, and the step-up proved tough. Burgess recorded scores of 1 and 35 with the bat as Somerset followed-on, and opening the bowling, he finished with figures of 0/101. Despite his unimpressive entrance into first-class cricket, Burgess was selected for the County Championship match against Lancashire the day after the conclusion of the West Indians match. Not asked to bowl by his captain, Burgess was free to concentrate solely on his batting, and put on a 145 run partnership for the sixth wicket with Ken Palmer to help Somerset to recover from 29/5. Burgess claimed his first wicket in county cricket during a Gillette Cup match against Warwickshire in early August, a match that was also his List A debut. Burgess finished his first season with 406 runs from 21 innings at an average of 20.30 in first-class cricket.

## Later career

Burgess continued to play for Somerset in first-class cricket until 1979 and in limited-over cricket until 1982. The closing stages of his career coincided with increasing success for the county as he played alongside Viv Richards, Ian Botham, Joel Garner, Brian Rose and Vic Marks as the club achieved its first major honours. He was part of the team in 1979 which won, on successive days, the Gillette Cup, and the John Player League. Burgess contributed in Somerset's run to the former, top-scoring with 50 not out in the quarter-final against Kent, and taking 3 for 25 in the semi-final against Middlesex.

## InfoBox

Graham Burgess
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Graham Iefvion Burgess |
| Born | (1943-05-05) 5 May 1943<br>Glastonbury, Somerset, England |
| Nickname | Budgie |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | Bowling all-rounder |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1966–1980 | Somerset |
|  | |
| First-class debut | 16 July 1966 Somerset v West Indians |
| Last First-class | 9 June 1979 Somerset v Oxford University |
| List A debut | 10 August 1966 Somerset v Warwickshire |
| Last List A | 22 May 1982 Minor Counties v Worcestershire |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 252 210  Runs scored 7129 3138  Batting average 18.90 19.73  100s/50s 2/32 0/12  Top score 129 73  Balls bowled 28934 9831  Wickets 474 251  Bowling average 28.57 25.04  5 wickets in innings 18 2  10 wickets in match 2 n/a  Best bowling 7/43 6/25  Catches/stumpings 120/– 53/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 30 January 2010 | |


title: Motorcycle industry in Vietnam

abstract: Motorcycles, scooters, and mopeds are synonymous in Vietnam. The motorcycle industry in Vietnam has been boosted in the 1990s due largely to foreign investment. Currently, Vietnam is considered the center of the motorcycle industry in Asia, with average annual sales of motorcycles in Vietnam reach 3 million units. The key players in the motorcycle industry include foreign brands: Honda, Yamaha, Piaggio, Suzuki, and SYM, and local producers of e-motorbikes: VinFast. In recent years, the domestic motorcycle industry in Vietnam has faced challenges from the government's intention to reduce the number of motorcycles on the streets, the growing market of environmentally-friendly e-motorbikes, and expanding car ownership. The slowdown trends in the local motorcycle market growth have appeared. Under this trend, many motorcycle manufacturers turn to use Vietnam as a base of motorcycle production for exporting to other countries in and beyond the Asian region. In turn, the export industry has been particularly vulnerable to the COVID-19 induced lockdown and global economic decline. At the same time, the motorcycle industry in Vietnam has drawn concerns from the public, the authority, and the academia. The most common worry is that motorcycle emission can worsen air quality and accelerate climate change. Studies have also shown that the persisting motorcycle dominance in transport could slow down the upgrading of urban facilities in accommodating four-wheel vehicles. Finally, the motorcycle taxi, one of the many occupations associating with the motorcycle industry, is seen as incompatible with the state's vision of urban modernity.

text:
# Motorcycle industry in Vietnam

Motorcycles, scooters, and mopeds are synonymous in Vietnam (in Vietnamese: *xe máy*). The **motorcycle industry in Vietnam** has been boosted in the 1990s due largely to foreign investment. Currently, Vietnam is considered the center of the motorcycle industry in Asia, with average annual sales of motorcycles in Vietnam reach 3 million units. The key players in the motorcycle industry include foreign brands: Honda, Yamaha, Piaggio, Suzuki, and SYM, and local producers of e-motorbikes: VinFast.

In recent years, the domestic motorcycle industry in Vietnam has faced challenges from the government's intention to reduce the number of motorcycles on the streets, the growing market of environmentally-friendly e-motorbikes, and expanding car ownership. The slowdown trends in the local motorcycle market growth have appeared. Under this trend, many motorcycle manufacturers turn to use Vietnam as a base of motorcycle production for exporting to other countries in and beyond the Asian region. In turn, the export industry has been particularly vulnerable to the COVID-19 induced lockdown and global economic decline.

At the same time, the motorcycle industry in Vietnam has drawn concerns from the public, the authority, and the academia. The most common worry is that motorcycle emission can worsen air quality and accelerate climate change. Studies have also shown that the persisting motorcycle dominance in transport could slow down the upgrading of urban facilities in accommodating four-wheel vehicles. Finally, the motorcycle taxi, one of the many occupations associating with the motorcycle industry, is seen as incompatible with the state's vision of urban modernity.

## History

While motorcycles were very much present in the roads of Vietnam since colonial times, the current motorcycle dominance on Vietnam's street is a relatively recent phenomenon. The motorcycle industry in Vietnam started to develop only after Vietnam embarked on the market reforms known as doi moi in 1986. Doi moi, therefore, marks a turning point in the development of motorcycle industry in Vietnam.

### Pre *Doi Moi*

Up until the 1980s, bicycles remained the dominant form of transport on Vietnam's street. In those days, motorcycles were prohibitively expensive for the average person due to the shipping fee and import tariffs. A majority of these early motorcycles were European products.

#### 1950s

During the 1950s, most of the motorcycles in both the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ("North Vietnam") and the Republic of Vietnam ("South Vietnam") were imported from France.

One of the popular motorcycle brands in Vietnam during this period was the French-made Mobylette (also known as Moby) by the French manufacturer Motobecane. It had the highest speed of 64 km/h. Mobylette's cute exterior won many fans that Moby enthusiasts still remember it to this day.

#### 1960s and 1970s

The 1960s was called the Italian era, or the era of the European wave, with most of the motorcycles from Europe, particularly Italy. The Italian-made Lambrettas and Vespas ruled the streets of the Republic of Vietnam. These were typically European-style classy and functional designs.

The 1960s also saw the rising of Japan-made motorcycles in the Republic of Vietnam. In this period, the importation of Japan-made Honda motorcycles was subsidized by U.S. dollars to aid in the “nation-building efforts” of the Saigon-led government. Honda 67 and Honda Cubs were the most famous modes. These stylish Japanese motorcycles became popular among civil servants due to its affordability. In Saigon back then, Honda motorcycle was a sign of social status.

#### 1980s

After the end of the Second Indochina War and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's increasing integration into the COMECON Eastern Economic Bloc, motorcycles from Italy and Japan were joined by motorcycles from the USSR (Minsk), GDR (Simson), and Czechoslovakia (Babetta)/JAWA).

Vietnamese who went abroad to the Eastern Bloc as part of the COMECON labour exchange scheme often arranged for the shipment of motorcycles back to Vietnam. For example, after 1977, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam started to dispatched workers to Czechoslovakia under the Vietnam -Czechoslovakia labor exchange scheme. After 3- to 5- year stays in Czechoslovakia, receiving training on industrial skills ranging from heavy industry to Chemical to food productions, these trainees would return to Vietnam as skilled workers. Along with their stays in Czechoslovakia, many of them saved money to buy the Babetta/JAWA mopeds. They shipped it back home since it was one of the best-selling motorcycles on the then Vietnamese market. In the 1980s, one can purchase a house in Vietnam by selling three Czechoslovakia-made Babetta mopeds.

### Post *Doi Moi*

#### 1990s

The motorcycle industry in Vietnam started to develop in the early to mid-1990s when the government launched an import substitution policy of motorcycles by erecting trade barriers and providing incentives for foreign direct investment. During the period, both motorcycle production and motor parts production experienced a rise. Foreign companies and joint ventures were the major players at this stage, while local suppliers’ participation was limited.

Foreign direct investment from Taiwan and Japan was the major booster behind the motorcycle industry's growth in Vietnam in this period. By the late 1990s, the major motorcycle companies in Vietnam included one Taiwanese transnational corporate (VMEP, a subsidiary of Taiwan's Sanyang Motors) and three Japanese transnational corporates (Suzuki, Honda, and Yamaha). These four brands have remained as the key players in Vietnam's motorcycle industry till today.

Besides foreign direct investment in motorcycle production, motor parts production in Vietnam was boosted in the 1990s by the influx of investments from Taiwan and Japan. These parts manufacturers followed the motorcycle companies to invest in Vietnam, producing parts including tires, batteries, electric parts, brakes, and plastic parts. There were 13 Taiwanese suppliers initially following Sanyang's entry to the Vietnamese market, while the number of Japanese parts suppliers was smaller.

In contrast, local suppliers’ participation at this time was rather limited. Although there were numerous local companies producing replacement parts, they were outside the procurement networks of foreign motorcycle companies for two reasons. First, the foreign motorcycle companies were not compelled to increase the local content ratio at this stage. Second, the parts produced by local companies did not meet the quality standards of transnational corporates. Except for a limited number of state-owned machinery companies that started to produce parts for Honda Vietnam in the late 1990s, no local parts suppliers participated in the transnational corporates' procurement network. Throughout the 1990s, Japanese motorcycle companies in Vietnam depended primarily on parts produced in-house and imported from outside Vietnam, especially Thailand. As a result, the hoped-for promotion of local industrialization largely failed to materialize.

#### 2000s

Into the 2000s, the motorcycle industry in Vietnam experienced a big jump in both production and market scale. Honda was the leading brand in this trend and it still enjoys the largest market share in Vietnam today.

This sudden surge of motorcycles in Vietnam was the result of rapid economic expansion that happened in the country after Doi Moi. According to the National Traffic Safety Committee, the number of motor vehicles in Vietnam grew from half a million in the 1990s to almost 14 million at the end of 2004. Motorcycles played an essential role in Vietnamese daily life due to its mobility to transfer people and goods. People drove motorcycles to travel around the city from door to door.

In this period, Honda motorcycles could be found in every street of Vietnam. Three typical Honda modes of from this period were Honda Spacy, Honda Win, and Honda Dream.

* The Honda Dream was a reproduction and upgrade of the Honda Cub that was popular in the South during the 1960s.
* The Honda Win was sturdier and more durable that it was a popular choice for riding up the mountainous region in the North. However, its market was challenged by the Chinese-made imitations in a lower price.
* The Honda Spacy was particularly popular among young females because it had storage space for a handbag. It was the only motorcycle at that time which had this function. Thus, Honda Spacy was considered to provide mobility to women who otherwise would be confined to domestic affairs.

## Domestic industry

Vietnam is considered the center of the motorcycle industry in Asia. Since 2010, the average annual sales of motorcycles in Vietnam reach 3 million units. Although the sales of motorcycles remained a significant part of the market, the slowdown trend has already appeared. The leader in this segment, local brand VinFast, is already the third-largest player in the market, exceeding 100,000 annual sales.

Noteworthy, though they failed to cut a piece of cake in the emerging e-scooter market, Japanese motorcycle producers still dominate the scene.

At least three factors contribute to this new dynamic of the motorcycle industry in Vietnam: 1) the government's intention to reduce the number of motorcycles on the streets; 2) the growing market for environmental-friendly e-motorbikes; and 3) the expanding car ownership in the country.

### Government's intention to reduce motorcycles on streets

One reason for the drop in motorcycle sales is the government's attempt to clear motorcycles on the streets. This is because the numerous motorcycles, resulting in traffic congestion, air pollution, fatal accidents, and other significant consequences.

Following the line, in 2017, Hanoi city authority approved a plan to ban the motorcycles that swarm its streets by 2030 in an attempt to reduce traffic jams and pollution. Ho Chi Minh city authority, though decided not to ban motorcycles, approved a project “Strengthening public transport in combination with controlling motor vehicles in Ho Chi Minh City” in 2018 to restrict motorcycles from entering the central districts of the city.\[2\]

### Government's preference for e-motorbikes

Besides, the government presents a preference towards the environmental-friendly e-motorbikes. However, no serious efforts have been enabled toward this end before the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Nevertheless, the sales of e-motorbikes perform relatively well in recent years.

VinFast is the champion in the local e-motorbike market. It is a sub-corporate of VinGroup, which was founded in 2017. The company produces only electric vehicles in the two and four-wheelers. With only two-year existence, VinFast has doubled its sales from 2019 to 2020 and is building a new plant.

### Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic

Furthermore, in 2020, the pandemic has hit the motorcycle industry. The lockdown and the consequent economic decline have impacted motorcycles’ sales.

### Expanding car ownership

In recent years, the growing car ownership in Vietnam is also viewed to have post challenges on the motorcycle industry. Studies have concluded that the increasing car market results from economic development and the weakened role of motorcycles as a sign of social distinction.

In the late 1970s and 1980s, the motorcycle was a sign of social status in Vietnam because it was expensive and exclusive for those wealthy and resourceful families. However, more than three decades after the economic reform, Vietnam has been through a steady economic growth that significantly enhances the affordability of motorcycles among ordinary people. Meanwhile, the expansion of the motorcycle industry in the 1990s under inflows of foreign investment resulting in a larger availability of motorcycles in the market. In nowadays Vietnam, almost every household owns at least one motorbike. The massive ownership represents a normalization of motorcycles in Vietnamese society. As a result, motorbikes have changed from an aspirational and positional good to a mere mode of transport.

In contrast, cars are now a new sign of social status due to its exclusiveness. Since the late 2000s, cars have been increasingly available in the market thanks to the state development strategy promoting automobiles as a spearhead industry. Unlike motorbikes, which can be made cheaper to win a price war, car sales have to uphold a much higher price to recover the production costs. The increasing availability yet high price allows the middle-class to purchase cars while restricting this accessibility to this class and those in above. These two characteristics enable cars to be interpreted as a new symbol of the middle class.

Under this assumption of cars as a new symbol of social status, many relatively well-off Vietnamese now have greater interests to purchase a car. In particular, they tend to use cars instead of motorcycles on informal occasions to demonstrate their identity as a successful person.

## Export industry

Vietnam is not only a significant motorcycle producer but also a major motorcycle exporter in the region. In 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic caused the economic decline globally, the export sales of Vietnam-made motorcycles also fell.

VinFast, the local e-motorbikes producer, has also followed the lead with its initiative to go global by 2022.

## Local and foreign motorcycle brands

### Local brands

VinFast

VinFast was founded in 2017 as a member of VinGroup. It is the largest Vietnamese producer of electric vehicles, including e-motorbikes.

### Foreign brands

Vietnam has been an attractive destination for foreign motorcycle manufacturers.

Japan

Honda set up its first plant in Phuc Thang, Vinh Phuc Province in 1998. The second one in the same area in 2008. The latest one was built in 2014 in Ha Nam Province.

Its plant locates in the Thang Long industrial area of Hanoi, responsible for engine components production.

Taiwan

SYM established its subsidiary in Vietnam in 1993, called Vietnam Manufacturing & Export Processing (VMEP). SYM also has a plant in the Bien Hoa area.

Germany Belarus South Korea

**Italy**

## Concerns regarding the motorcycle industry

### Air Pollution

The motorcycle industry in Vietnam has often been blamed for causing air pollution. Since 2012, many studies have connected the worsened air condition in Vietnam with its constantly increasing number of motorcycles. In the flowing years, the central government, as well as the city authorities of the two most populated cities in Vietnam – Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh promulgated a series of policies aiming to reduce the number of motorcycles or to restrict the emission of motor vehicles.

In 2015, the Vietnamese government announced the target to shift 100% motorized two-wheelers park from internal combustion engines (ICEs) to electric vehicles (EVs) by 2030. It was a part of the government's attempt to combat air pollution and reduce Green House Gas Pollution caused by the horning motorcycles on the streets.

Despite all these new regulations and schemes, changes have yet to come. Into 2021, the air pollution index in Ho Chi Minh City continues to be at the Unhealthy Level according to the ASEAN standard.

### Infrastructure construction

Another concern on the motorcycle industry stems from its precise influences on city infrastructures and urban planning. In large cities, the chronic lack of transport infrastructure, such as inadequate road space, limited numbers of traffic lights, have caused severe traffic congestion. Studies have indicated that this road design has to do with the dominance of motorcycle transport in Vietnam.

Research shows that two conditions significantly stimulate motorbike use in transport: 1) high population density nearby home; 2) immigrants new to the location. Both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh are highly populated cities, with the population per square mile at 5,900 and 10,610. Meanwhile, both cities absorb a large number of migrants. According to the *2015 National Internal Migration Survey*, respective 0.4 and 0.5 percent of the population aged 15–59 had arrived in the city less than 12 months prior to the survey, ranking the 1st and 2nd as single city figures.\[3\]

Studies discovered that this dominance of motorcycles on streets had sunk the eagerness to upgrade road conditions in coping with the increasing car presence on the street. One reason is that though car ownership is rising, many people use cars or motorcycles depending on occasions instead of completely getting rid of motorcycles. The built infrastructure was designed to suit motorcycle transport and thus, has reduced the necessity to make a change.\[9\] Besides, a bulk of efforts are needed to accommodate cars due to the differences in space required. For example, the street space required cars are much larger than that of motorcycles. Thus, cars cannot travel through numerous narrow alleys around the cities. In addition, the parking lots for motorcycles are significantly smaller than that of cars. The former motorcycle parking areas are not enough to accommodate car parking.

### Urban modernity

Urban modernity is also a concern around the motorcycle industry. Favoring the four-wheel vehicles, the government sees the motorcycle as a slow-mobility and less-productive form of transport. They consider motorcycles to detract from the state's vision of a clean, organized, modern urban space. This preference towards cars has impacted the considerable number of motorcycle taxis (in Vietnamese: xe ôm) in the cities. Many studies have examined the interaction between the state and motorcycle taxi drivers, representing the conflict of interest to beautify the urban scene and defend one's livelihood.

While the state tries to enforce regulations and fines to clear motorcycle taxis on streets, motorcycle taxi drivers develop tactics to avoid being caught or fined by the traffic policies. For example, immediate information about the new police stops is shared among drivers to help each other reroute and avoid being pulled over by the traffic police. Moreover, motorcycle taxi drivers learn to perform a particular identity, such as too poor to pay the fine or a retired soldier who struggles for life. In doing so, they increase the chance to avoid fines when being pulled over by traffic police.

* \[1\] In 2014, there were more than 43 million registered motorcycles in Vietnam.
* \[2\] The level of restriction on motorcycles in Ho Chi Minh city is ambiguous. In March 2019, the city authority announced not to ban motorcycles on streets but to restrict its entrance to certain districts. However, in April 2019, local editorial inclined to see that this restriction would turn into a banning regulation.
* \[3\] National Internal Migration Survey is conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam every five years since 2015. The latest one is supposed to conduct in 2020, but the findings have not yet been released online.
* \[4\] Compare to cars and other vehicles, motorbikes typically have lower upfront costs and require less maintenance. This is the main reason why there are still so many motorbikes in Vietnam.


title: Mortuary cult

abstract: A mortuary cult is a ceremonial and religious form of a cult fostered over a certain duration of time, often lasting for generations or even dynasties. It concerns deceased peoples kept in the memories of their bereaved members, mostly family members or loyal servants.

text:
# Mortuary cult

A **mortuary cult** (also called a **funerary cult** or **death cult**) is a ceremonial and religious form of a cult fostered over a certain duration of time, often lasting for generations or even dynasties. It concerns deceased peoples kept in the memories of their bereaved members, mostly family members or loyal servants.

## Forms of mortuary cults

The most common form of a mortuary cult is a tomb with gravestone which is visited by the bereaved frequently. A further, well known, form of a mortuary cult is a shrine with a picture or bust of the deceased, which is also visited and cared frequently. The Japanese Shintō religion is well known for its memorial shrines erected for mortuary cults. Another, more unusual, form of mortuary cult is an urn with ash, deposed at the home of the yet-living bereaved. Especially ancient cultures are known for their mortuary cults, because they left behind extraordinary memorials, which were used for mortuary cults during the epochs in which they were created.

### Ancient Egypt

A famous form of mortuary cults is handed down by the Ancient Egyptians. The Egyptians fostered a very intense form of death cult because they were of the belief that the soul (Egypt. *Ba*) and consciousness (Egypt. *Ka*) frequently returned to the world of the living in attempt to guard and guide them. To hold the power of the soul and consciousness up eternally, the Egyptians erected shrines (so-called *House-of-the-Ka*) and mortuary temples, wherein they performed prayers and ceremonies over several dynasties. The mortuary cults for deceased kings were particularly costly and long-lasting. Early private tombs of the first four dynasties contained so-called slab steles with the stylized depiction of the deceased, sitting on an offering table. The steles also presented inscriptions with the name and title of the deceased, along with lists of offering food and grave goods the deceased could magically use in the otherworld. Private tombs (especially mastabas) also contained false doors, of which the Egyptians believed that the *Ba*, *Ka,* and shadow of the deceased could use false doors as a portal between the world of living and the world of the dead. Additionally, in later times the Egyptians erected *Ka* statues with the name of the deceased on the base. Royal statues were richly decorated and oversized and every day mortuary priests performed ritual purifications on these *Ka* statues.

The ancient Egyptians believed in life after death and that the body was needed to house the *Ba* and shadow, whenever they would visit the world of the living. They used elaborate mummification and embalming techniques to preserve the body eternally. The special house for embalming was called in early times "where life endures", in later dynasties it was called "beautiful house". At first, the deceased was washed, shaved and then prepared for the "opening the body". Embalmers made a cut in the left side of the torso to remove internal organs, the only organ left in the body was the heart. All removed organs were burnt in early times, from the late Old Kingdom onward the embalmers dried and put them in special vessels called canopic jars. The brain of the deceased was destroyed, removed and discarded, because the Egyptians didn't know the functions and importance of the brain. The body was then covered in natron salts to absorb all moisture. After 40 days, the flesh would shrink, and the skin would darken, leaving only hair, skin and bones. The dried body cavity was stuffed with resins, sawdust and/or linen to give and keep shape. The whole body was then wrapped in many layers of linen bandages. During the process, priests placed magical protective amulets between the linen layers. The entire mummification process took about 70 days.

### Ancient Rome

The Ancient Romans celebrated their mortuary cult at the end of every year. This feast was called *Parentalia* (derived from lat. *parens* and meaning "concerning the parents"). To celebrate it, the crypt or tomb was visited, the bereaved family members prayed, sang and ate food at the tomb, as if the deceased were still alive. Some weeks after that, another feast was celebrated: *Caristia*, the "feast of reconciliation". To strengthen the memorising effect of a mortuary cult the Ancient Romans placed palatial stelae at the burial site. The inscriptions on the stelae were full of hymns and glorifications in attempt to hold up an always positive picture of the deceased.

### Ancient Greece

Similar to the Ancient Romans, the Ancient Greek also fostered a frequently repeated mortuary cult. But at Greece the cult was celebrated at the death day of the deceased. An interesting custom was the offering of coins. The Ancient Greeks were of the belief that the deceased had to cross the death river in Hades. The ferryman of that river, Kharon, required a coin from the deceased as an obolus. To assure that the deceased never were without coins, the bereaved offered a drachma coin made of silver.

### Easter Island

A very obscure mortuary cult was fostered by the natives of the Easter Islands. Because almost no inscription survived from the height of the Easter Island culture and attempts to translate the Rongorongo language were undertaken for a long time, the only knowledge about the mortuary cult of the Easter Islands is based on reconstructions. The only remains of the mortuary cults are the most famous at the same time: giant statues made of volcanic stone, called *Moai*, were placed on flat platforms, bedighted with a wooden plaquette and crowned with a cylindric stone made of red stone. According to travelling reports from the 17th century the Moai were memorial statues of deceased kings, noblemen and priests. But at the visits of the first Europeans, most of the mortuary cults were already abandoned.


title: Parafurnishius

abstract: Parafurnishius is an extinct genus of conodont in the family Ellisoniidae. The type species, P. xuanhanensis, has been described by Yang et al in 2014 in the Early Triassic (Induan) Feixianguan Formation of northeastern Sichuan Province, Southwest China.

text:
# Parafurnishius

***Parafurnishius*** is an extinct genus of conodont in the family Ellisoniidae.

The type species, *P. xuanhanensis*, has been described by Yang *et al* in 2014 in the Early Triassic (Induan) Feixianguan Formation of northeastern Sichuan Province, Southwest China.

## InfoBox

| *Parafurnishius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Conodonta |
| Order: | Prioniodinida |
| Family: | Ellisoniidae |
| Genus: | *Parafurnishius* |
|
| Type species | |
| *Parafurnishius xuanhanensis*<br> | |


title: Villa Hidalgo, Zacatecas

abstract: Villa Hidalgo is a town and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. Prior to 1934, the settlement was known as Santa Rita. In 2020, the municipality reported a total population of 19,446.

text:
# Villa Hidalgo, Zacatecas

**Villa Hidalgo** is a town and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. Prior to 1934, the settlement was known as **Santa Rita**.

In 2020, the municipality reported a total population of 19,446.

## InfoBox

| Villa Hidalgo | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Villa HidalgoVilla Hidalgo | |
| Coordinates: 22°21′14″N 101°42′47″W / 22.35389°N 101.71306°W / 22.35389; -101.71306 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Zacatecas |
| Time zone | UTC-6 |


title: Villa Hidalgo Municipality, Oaxaca

abstract: Villa Hidalgo Municipality is a municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Villa Alta District in the center of the Sierra Norte Region. Its municipal seat is Hidalgo Yalalag, which is located 104 km (65 mi) from Oaxaca City. As of 2020, the municipality had a population of 1,885.

text:
# Villa Hidalgo Municipality, Oaxaca

**Villa Hidalgo Municipality** is a municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Villa Alta District in the center of the Sierra Norte Region. Its municipal seat is Hidalgo Yalalag, which is located 104 km (65 mi) from Oaxaca City.

As of 2020, the municipality had a population of 1,885.

## InfoBox

| Villa Hidalgo Municipality | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Villa Hidalgo MunicipalityLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 17°10′52″N 96°10′08″W / 17.18111°N 96.16889°W / 17.18111; -96.16889 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Oaxaca |
| Municipal seat | Hidalgo Yalalag |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,885 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time) |


title: Mr Praline

abstract: Mr Praline is a fictional character from the television show Monty Python's Flying Circus, played by comedian John Cleese.

text:
# Mr Praline

**Mr Praline** is a fictional character from the television show *Monty Python's Flying Circus*, played by comedian John Cleese.

## Appearances

The Monty Python team consciously decided to avoid recurring characters. Along with the Nude Organist (Terry Jones and Terry Gilliam), Michael Palin's "It's" man, the Gumbys, and Graham Chapman's Colonel, Mr Praline was one of the few deemed popular and useful enough for multiple appearances. Praline's initial appearance was in a first series episode during a vox pop segment, to announce that he would be appearing later in the show. This he did as a Police Inspector, following up on the case of Whizzo's Chocolates (hence his name, praline being a kind of hazelnut confection), which produced such gems as Cockroach Cluster, Anthrax Ripple, and the titular Crunchy Frog.

Praline's defining moment came in two episodes later, when he attempted to return his recently purchased dead parrot to the pet shop from which he had bought it, not half an hour ago at that very boutique. This segment has been called the comedy team's single best-known sketch, and it led to Praline's appearance in the team's first theatrical release, *And Now for Something Completely Different* (1971) which included a remake of the sketch.

In a second series episode Praline had more pet trouble, this time trying to buy a fish licence for his pet halibut, Eric. In this sketch, he mentions that he also has a cat and a dog named Eric among others and has acquired a (fraudulent) licence for the cat. This final sketch led to Praline singing the song "Eric the Half-a-Bee" on the *Monty Python's Previous Record* album.

Cleese eventually got so fed up with "doing the one with the parrot", that he vowed never again to perform the sketch; conversely, the Eric the Half-a-Bee segment is one of Cleese's personal favourites.

In episode 18, "Live from the Grill-o-mat", Praline appears with his flatmate Brooky (Eric Idle) as the host of a new chat show. However, the show in the sketch is cancelled and they later appear in "The Seven Brides For Seven Brothers Sketch".

A *Variety* photo shoot during the filming of *Monty Python's Life of Brian* in Tunisia resulted in the character's post-TV-series appearance. The comedy team was photographed in costume against mosques and palm trees; Michael Palin noted in his diary: "Nostalgia time. John was dressed in his Pacamac as Praline, complete with dead parrot."

## Character

Robert Ross' *Monty Python Encyclopedia* notes that Mr Praline has become a beloved figure within the Python canon. He has been discussed in Python-related literature as well as works not specifically dealing with the comedy team. Praline has an incredulous tone and exaggerated, somewhat high-pitched English accent with Scottish elements. Ross describes Praline's character as "slightly creepy", with a "British air of oppressed madness". *Literature Through Film: Realism, Magic, and the Art of Adaptation* (2004) holds Praline up as an example of a "Sancho-like realist". The 2006 book *The Best British Stand-Up and Comedy Routines* describes the disgruntled Mr Praline as "all plastered down hair and plastic raincoat".

Edward Slowik writes that in the "Fish Licence" sketch, Praline provides an example of Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist concept of "bad faith". In this concept, a denial of individual freedom can result when a person fails to accept that past choices and behaviour determine one's character. By declaring "I am not a loony!" when his actions have shown he is clearly insane, Praline exhibits Sartrean "bad faith".

## Bibliography


title: Mulligrubs

abstract: Mulligrubs was an Australian children's television series that aired on Network Ten from 3 October 1988 to 27 December 1996. The series was made by affiliate ADS in Adelaide and was aimed at pre-schoolers. About 550 episodes were made, with about 425 being stored intact at the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia. The show was best remembered for the face on a blue screen that appeared occasionally during the program. The actress who played the part of 'the face' was Diana Kidd.

text:
# Mulligrubs

***Mulligrubs*** was an Australian children's television series that aired on Network Ten from 3 October 1988 to 27 December 1996. The series was made by affiliate ADS in Adelaide and was aimed at pre-schoolers.

About 550 episodes were made, with about 425 being stored intact at the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia.

The show was best remembered for the face (made up of just eyes, eyebrows, nostrils and mouth) on a blue screen that appeared occasionally during the program. The actress who played the part of 'the face' was Diana Kidd (born circa. 1951–1952).

## InfoBox

| *Mulligrubs* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | pre-school television series |
| Starring | Diana Kidd as Mulligrub
Jo England
Megan Harris
Gina Zoia
John Schumann
Coin Pyrlis
Ray Wheeler
Nick Vall
Bernard Edlington
Sue Harris |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 9 |
| No. of episodes | 550 |
| Production | |
| Production locations | Adelaide, South Australia |
| Running time | 30 minutes (no ads) |
| Original release | |
| Network | Network Ten |
| Release | 3 October 1988 (1988-10-03)
27 December 1996 (1996-12-27) |
| Related | |
|  | |