title: Vardan Mamikonian (musician)

abstract:
Vardan Mamikonian is an Armenian pianist, and also a naturalised French citizen. Mamikonian was born in Armenia into a musical family. He began his piano studies at the Yerevan School of Music at the age of 6. He continued his studies at the Moscow Conservatory and at the prestigious Tchaikovsky Conservatory where he became a student of Valery Kastelsky, the last pupil of legendary teacher Heinrich Neuhaus. Further studies followed with Russian virtuoso Lazar Berman, and in 1981 he was awarded First Prize at the Balis Dvarionas Piano Competition in Vilnius. More first prizes followed - in 1990 at the Lefébure Competition in Saint-Germain-en-Laye and in 1992 at the World Music Masters Competition in Monte Carlo, reserved exclusively for winners of international competitions. In 1991 Mamikonian emigrated to France and has since made his home in Paris. Vardan Mamikonian has attracted the attention of the international public with his elegant technique and superb musicianship. In the USA he has appeared with Robert Spano and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra playing Sergei Rachmaninov’s Concerto No 1; with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Pacific Symphony Orchestra, and National Symphony Orchestra, and with the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra at the Hollywood Bowl. Highlights of recent seasons include a recital on the International Piano Series at London’s Royal Festival Hall; performances of Franz Liszt's Concerto No. 1 in Turin with Eliahu Inbal, with the Berliner Symphoniker, and with the Charleston Symphony and David Stahl; two F. Liszt concertos at the St. Moritz Festival in Switzerland; the opening and closing concerts of the Festival d'Antibes; concerts in Montréal with I Musici de Montréal; and recitals in Los Angeles, at Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco, in Seattle, and at the Kennedy Center. He made a return visit to London’s Wigmore Hall, and toured with the Prague Symphony performing concertos by S. Rachmaninov and Chopin. Other upcoming recital and orchestral engagements include additional performances of the S. Rachmaninov's Paganini Variations and the Chopin Piano Concerti Nos. 1 and 2 with orchestras in Italy, Germany and Sweden. Mamikonian has played recitals at the Musikverein in Vienna, at the Carnegie Hall in New York, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, the Herkulessaal in Munich, Wigmore Hall in London, the Tonhalle in Zurich, at Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco and at the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C., among others. Other engagements have included performances as soloist in Germany and Holland with the Kirov Orchestra, performances at the Grande Theatre Shanghai, the Leipzig Gewandhaus, the Salle Pleyel in Paris, the Philharmonie in Munich, the Alte Oper in Frankfurt, under conductors such as Valery Gergiev, Andrey Boreyko, Vladimir Fedoseev, Robert Spano, Miguel Harth-Bedoya, Eliahu Inbal and Leonard Slatkin. Vardan Mamikonian has recorded extensively for radio and television and has made also numerous recordings for the German label Orfeo. Several of these recordings have received awards from the international press.
During the season 2015-2016 Vardan Mamikonian appeared in prestigious concert series in France, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland and Germany.

text:
# Vardan Mamikonian (musician)

**Vardan Mamikonian** is an Armenian pianist, and also a naturalised French citizen.

Mamikonian was born in Armenia into a musical family. He began his piano studies at the Yerevan School of Music at the age of 6. He continued his studies at the Moscow Conservatory and at the prestigious Tchaikovsky Conservatory where he became a student of Valery Kastelsky, the last pupil of legendary teacher Heinrich Neuhaus. Further studies followed with Russian virtuoso Lazar Berman, and in 1981 he was awarded First Prize at the Balis Dvarionas Piano Competition in Vilnius. More first prizes followed - in 1990 at the Lefébure Competition in Saint-Germain-en-Laye and in 1992 at the World Music Masters Competition in Monte Carlo, reserved exclusively for winners of international competitions. In 1991 Mamikonian emigrated to France and has since made his home in Paris.

Vardan Mamikonian has attracted the attention of the international public with his elegant technique and superb musicianship. In the USA he has appeared with Robert Spano and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra playing Sergei Rachmaninov’s Concerto No 1; with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra (Tchaikovsky's Concerto No. 1), Detroit Symphony Orchestra (S. Rachmaninov's Paganini Variations and Lutoslawski's Paganini Variations), Pacific Symphony Orchestra (Tchaikovsky's Concerto No. 1), and National Symphony Orchestra (S. Rachmaninov's Concerto No. 4), and with the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra at the Hollywood Bowl (S. Rachmaninov Concertos No. 1 and 4.).

Highlights of recent seasons include a recital on the International Piano Series at London’s Royal Festival Hall; performances of Franz Liszt's Concerto No. 1 in Turin with Eliahu Inbal, with the Berliner Symphoniker, and with the Charleston Symphony and David Stahl; two F. Liszt concertos at the St. Moritz Festival in Switzerland; the opening and closing concerts of the Festival d'Antibes; concerts in Montréal with I Musici de Montréal; and recitals in Los Angeles, at Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco, in Seattle, and at the Kennedy Center. He made a return visit to London’s Wigmore Hall, and toured with the Prague Symphony performing concertos by S. Rachmaninov and Chopin. Other upcoming recital and orchestral engagements include additional performances of the S. Rachmaninov's Paganini Variations and the Chopin Piano Concerti Nos. 1 and 2 with orchestras in Italy, Germany and Sweden.

Mamikonian has played recitals at the Musikverein in Vienna, at the Carnegie Hall in New York, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, the Herkulessaal in Munich, Wigmore Hall in London, the Tonhalle in Zurich, at Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco and at the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C., among others. Other engagements have included performances as soloist in Germany and Holland with the Kirov Orchestra, performances at the Grande Theatre Shanghai, the Leipzig Gewandhaus, the Salle Pleyel in Paris, the Philharmonie in Munich, the Alte Oper in Frankfurt, under conductors such as Valery Gergiev, Andrey Boreyko, Vladimir Fedoseev, Robert Spano, Miguel Harth-Bedoya, Eliahu Inbal and Leonard Slatkin.

Vardan Mamikonian has recorded extensively for radio and television and has made also numerous recordings for the German label Orfeo. Several of these recordings have received awards from the international press. During the season 2015-2016 Vardan Mamikonian appeared in prestigious concert series in France, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland and Germany.

California State University, Fresno \- Armenian Studies Program.


title: Obdam railway station

abstract: Obdam is a railway station in Obdam, Netherlands. The station opened in 1898, on the Hoorn - Heerhugowaard line. There are two tracks at this station, creating a passing loop on the otherwise single-track railway.

text:
# Obdam railway station

**Obdam** is a railway station in Obdam, Netherlands. The station opened in 1898, on the Hoorn - Heerhugowaard line. There are two tracks at this station, creating a passing loop on the otherwise single-track railway.

## Train services

The following services currently call at Obdam:

* 2x per hour local service (*sprinter*) Hoorn - Alkmaar - Uitgeest - Haarlem - Amsterdam

## Bus services

| Line | Route |
| --- | --- |
| Connexxion | |
| 131 | Obdam NS - Spanbroek \- Opmeer \- Hoogwoud |

## InfoBox

| Station Obdam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Netherlands |
| Coordinates | 52°40′41″N 4°54′30″E / 52.67806°N 4.90833°E / 52.67806; 4.90833 |
| Line(s) | Heerhugowaard–Hoorn railway |
| History | |
| Opened | 1898 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Nederlandse Spoorwegen Following station  HoornTerminus  NS Sprinter 4800  Heerhugowaardtowards Amsterdam Centraal | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Station ObdamLocation within Netherlands | |


title: Individuals (album)

abstract: Individuals is the second studio album by the Australian power pop group, Sunnyboys. It was released in May 1982 on Mushroom Records, and peaked at No. 23 on the Australian Kent Music Report albums chart.

text:
# Individuals (album)

***Individuals*** is the second studio album by the Australian power pop group, Sunnyboys. It was released in May 1982 on Mushroom Records, and peaked at No. 23 on the Australian Kent Music Report albums chart.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jeremy Oxley unless otherwise shown

Side A
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "This Is Real" | 3:36 |
| 2. | "Individuals" | 4:51 |
| 3. | "It's a Sunny Day" | 4:20 |
| 4. | "Leaf on a Tree" | 3:22 |
| 5. | "You Need a Friend" | 4:47 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "No Love Around" |  | 3:21 |
| 2. | "I'm Not Satisfied" |  | 4:13 |
| 3. | "Days Are Gone" |  | 3:11 |
| 4. | "You Don't Need Me" | Phil Oxley | 3:24 |
| 5. | "Colour of Love" |  | 5:48 |

2015 Reissue
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Individuals" |  | 4:51 |
| 2. | "It's a Sunny Day" |  | 4:20 |
| 3. | "Leaf on a Tree" |  | 3:22 |
| 4. | "You Need a Friend" |  | 4:47 |
| 5. | "No Love Around" |  | 3:21 |
| 6. | "I'm Not Satisfied" |  | 4:13 |
| 7. | "Days Are Gone" |  | 3:11 |
| 8. | "You Don't Need Me" | Phil Oxley | 3:24 |
| 9. | "Colour of Love" |  | 5:48 |
| 10. | "Pain" |  |  |
| 11. | "This Is Real" |  | 3:36 |
| 12. | "I'm Not Satisfied" (live) |  |  |
| 13. | "I'm Shakin'" (live) |  |  |
| 14. | "Alone With You" (live) |  |  |
| 15. | "Trouble in My Brain" (live) |  |  |
| 16. | "You Need A Friend" (live) |  |  |
| 17. | "Show Me Some Discipline" (7" version) |  |  |

## Charts

| Chart (1982) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia Kent Music Report Album Chart | 26 |

## Release history

| Date | Region | Label | Format | Catalogue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 1982 | Australia | Mushroom | LP | L37835 |
| 14 October 1997 | | | CD | MUSH32357.2 |
| 6 March 2015 | | Feel Presents | CD / DD | FEEL 013 |
|

## Personnel

Sunnyboys

## InfoBox

| Individuals | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sunnyboys | |
| Released | May 1982 (1982-05) |
| Recorded | 1982 |
| Studio | Mandrill Studios, Auckland, New Zealand |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Mushroom |
| Producer | Lobby Loyde |
| Sunnyboys chronology | |
| *Sunnyboys*
(1981) ***Individuals***
(1982) *Get Some Fun*
(1984) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Individuals* | |
| 1. "You Need a Friend"
Released: April 1982 2. "This is Real"
Released: August 1982 | |
|  | |


title: Sacco-Vanzetti Story

abstract: "Sacco-Vanzetti Story" is a two-part American television play that was broadcast on June 3, 1960, and June 10, 1960, as part of the NBC Sunday Showcase series. The play tells the story of the arrest, trial, conviction, and execution of Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti in the famed criminal case of the 1920s. It was written by Reginald Rose, directed by Sidney Lumet, and starred Martin Balsam as Sacco and Steven Hill as Vanzetti. The production received four Primetime Emmy Awards nominations, including "Program of the Year" and for best writing and directorial achievement in a drama.

text:
# Sacco-Vanzetti Story

"**Sacco-Vanzetti Story**" is a two-part American television play that was broadcast on June 3, 1960, and June 10, 1960, as part of the *NBC Sunday Showcase* series.

The play tells the story of the arrest, trial, conviction, and execution of Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti in the famed criminal case of the 1920s. It was written by Reginald Rose, directed by Sidney Lumet, and starred Martin Balsam as Sacco and Steven Hill as Vanzetti. The production received four Primetime Emmy Awards nominations, including "Program of the Year" and for best writing and directorial achievement in a drama.

## Plot

The play tells the story, in semi-documentary form, of the Italian-born anarchists, Sacco and Vanzetti, who were arrested, tried, and executed for the murder of a guard and the paymaster during the robbery of a shoe factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts.

The first hour was aired on June 3, 1960, covering the events occurring between the arrest and conviction. The production opens with the two men in their jail cells and uses flashbacks depicting the police investigation. It then reenacts portions of the trial, focusing on abuses by the presiding judge and prosecutor, and suggests that the men were convicted because of their radical political beliefs and due to prejudice against foreigners.

The second hour was aired on June 10, 1960, covering the six years following the convictions, including appeals, the confession of Celestino Medeiros that he was the actual killer, public protests, the commission established by Gov. Alvan T. Fuller to assess the fairness of the trial, and the execution in 1927.

## Cast

The cast included over 150 performers, including the following principal roles:

## Production

The idea for the production came from Reginald Rose who wrote the teleplay. Rose had won acclaim for his award-winning teleplay, *Twelve Angry Men* (1954).

Robert Alan Aurthur was the producer, and Sidney Lumet directed. Jan Scott was the art director. The play was produced on videotape rather than being broadcast live.

Lumet struggled with Rose and Aurthur as to how to present Vanzetti's address to the judge with Rose and Aurthur advocating a more feisty approach and Lumet favoring a simpler approach. Lumet prevailed and recalled Hill's performance as "just brilliant, it was just underplayed and so simple and so direct."

Rose later wrote a stage play based on his Sacco-Vanzetti teleplay. The stage play was titled *This Agony, This Triumph* and staged by the USC drama department in 1970.

### Emmy nominations

The production was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards, but did not win in any category. The nominations were:

* Program of the Year
* Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Drama
* Reginald Rose, for Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama
* Sidney Lumet, for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Drama

## Reception

In *The New York Times*, Jack Gould praised the acting of Balsam and Hill. However, he found the overall production to be "workman-like" and "disappointingly superficial."

In the *New York Daily News*, Ben Gross praised NBC and the program's sponsor for their courage in presenting the play and called it "a blasting indictment of Massachusetts justice" and "one of the most controversial ever seen on television."

Critic Charlie Wadsworth praised Rose's teleplay as "an outstanding piece of writing". He also praised the performances of Balsam and Hill as "magnificent".

On the day after the first part was aired, *The Boston Globe* published a front-page response by its legal editor, Joseph M. Harvey. Harvey criticized the production for presenting "only the defense side of the case" and damaging public perceptions as to how justice is administered in Massachusetts. He added that, while the production may have been "stirring" and "absorbing" as a drama, "the script was guilty of shameless distortions and omissions."

In another front-page presentation following the second part, *The Boston Globe'*s TV critic, Percy Shain gave the production four stars and wrote that it left a "nauseating picture" of Governor Alvan T. Fuller.

In the *Los Angeles Times*, Cecil Smith called it "a powerful piece of work, skillfully written by Rose and ably directed by Sidney Lumet, which -- agree with its premise or not -- should stir the blood."

Larry Wolters of the *Chicago Tribune* praised Lumet's "matchless direction" and called it "a great TV project."

## InfoBox

| "**Sacco-Vanzetti Story**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *NBC Sunday Showcase* episode | |
| Directed by | Sidney Lumet |
| Written by | Reginald Rose |
| Original air date | June 3, 1960 (1960-06-03) |


title: Open Voting Consortium

abstract: The Open Voting Consortium (OVC) is a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to the development, maintenance, and delivery of trustable and open voting systems for use in public elections. OVC was founded in December 12, 2003 by Alan Dechert, Dr. Arthur Keller and computer science professor Dr. Doug Jones. The purpose of the group is to disseminate information about existing electronic voting systems as well as to develop standards and software to demonstrate the use of off-the-shelf components with an open source election system. The group has developed a proof of concept prototype demonstrating an open voting system. Alan Dechert has testified before the California General Assembly.

text:
# Open Voting Consortium

The **Open Voting Consortium** (**OVC**) is a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to the development, maintenance, and delivery of trustable and open voting systems for use in public elections.

OVC was founded in December 12, 2003 by Alan Dechert, Dr. Arthur Keller and computer science professor Dr. Doug Jones. The purpose of the group is to disseminate information about existing electronic voting systems as well as to develop standards and software to demonstrate the use of off-the-shelf components with an open source election system. The group has developed a proof of concept prototype demonstrating an open voting system. Alan Dechert has testified before the California General Assembly.

## Founding and focus

An August 2008, *San Francisco Chronicle* article says that software engineer Alan Dechert was "outraged" that the results of the 2000 United States presidential election were thrown into confusion "because nobody could figure out how Florida's voters had voted," which convinced him and a few like-minded colleagues to found OVC with the goal of delivering "trustable and open voting systems… In addition to lobbying against proprietary voting machines, they have spent the last several years working with scientists and engineers around the world to design and build a voting machine of their own." Dechert told the newspaper that the OVC voting machine, based on the Linux operating system, could be certified for use by 2010.

Some of the group's early work included developing a system that would not be subject to the perceived security flaws in touch-screen voting machines, including those supplied by Diebold Election Systems (renamed Premier Election Solutions, acquired by Election Systems & Software), by creating a system that would allow voters to use a touchscreen while simultaneously producing a paper record. A 2004 Associated Press article grouped the OVC with the "harshest e-voting critics" and said it was pressuring voting machine companies to publish their software online, which OVC argued would lead to greater voter confidence and expose any flaws. "Open source is the only way to build robust systems that people can believe in," said Ed Cherlin, a software engineer and OVC member. In 2013, SB 360 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown, allowing the state of California to self-certify open source election systems.


title: Wang Xiao (footballer, born 1979)

abstract: Wang Xiao is a retired Chinese football player who previously played for Yunnan Hongta and Tianjin Teda F.C. as a centre-back.

text:
# Wang Xiao (footballer, born 1979)

**Wang Xiao** (Chinese: 王霄; pinyin: *Wáng Xiāo*; born 30 August 1979) is a retired Chinese football player who previously played for Yunnan Hongta and Tianjin Teda F.C. as a centre-back.

## Club career

### Yunnan Hongta

Wang was born in Shenyang, Liaoning. He originally began his football career with the Liaoning F.C. youth team in 1994 until 1998 when he spent a short period with the Chinese national youth team. He would return to Liaoning F.C. youth team the following year and would remain with them until 2000 when he left after being unable to break into their senior team. He would instead move to Yunnan Hongta in 2001 to begin his professional football career and in his debut season he quickly established himself as a regular for the senior team. An integral member of the Yunnan team for the following seasons Wang Xiao time at the club was cut short when Chongqing Lifan F.C. decided to merge with Yunnan and Wang Xiao was allowed to leave.

### Tianjin Teda F.C.

Wang transferred to Tianjin Teda F.C. at the beginning of the 2004 Chinese Super League season and would make his club debut when he played in their first game on the season on May 15, 2004 against Chongqing Lifan F.C. in a 0–0 draw. By the following season he had established himself as a key member of the team and by the 2006 league season he had become the team's captain after Yu Genwei retired. His reputation at Tianjin would grow when he was able to lead them to their first continental cup campaign in the 2009 AFC Champions League, however his poor performance within the campaign saw him stripped of the captaincy and it given to Cao Yang. Injury and suspensions would then see Wang Xiao miss much of the league season to end a disappointing 2009 league season. During 2010, he became the team captain again after former captain Cao Yang got injured at the beginning of the season 2010. Later he got injured after several games, his teammate Marko Zorić took his armband. After fighting with serious injuries, he had announced his retirement at the end of the season.

## Coaching career

After retirement from playing, Wang became the assistant coach with Tianjin Teda. He left the club in 2015 after changes in the club management.

In July 2021, Wang joined Guangxi Pingguo Haliao F.C. as manager and coach. In October, Wang returned to Tianjin for investigations in incidents during his tenure with Tianjin Teda.

## International career

Wang Xiao would make his official senior debut on October 28, 2007 against Myanmar in a FIFA World Cup qualification game that China won 4–0. Under the recently appointed Chinese head coach Vladimir Petrović he was an integral member of his team and was named as the vice captain for Chinese National Team in their unsuccessful 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign. After Vladimir Petrović left Wang Xiao would play one further game for China on January 14, 2009 against Syria in an AFC Asian Cup qualification game that China lost 3–2.

## InfoBox

Wang Xiao
王霄
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1979-08-30) 30 August 1979 | | |
| Place of birth | Shenyang, Liaoning, China | | |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1994–2000 | Liaoning | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2001–2003 | Yunnan Hongta | 68 | (0) |
| 2004–2010 | Tianjin Teda | 118 | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 2007–2010 | China | 13 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2011–2015 | Tianjin Teda (Assistant Coach) | | |
| ?–2021 | Hebei Zhuoao | | |
| 2022 | Zhuhai Qinao | | |
| 2023 | Guangxi Pingguo Haliao | | |
| 2023- | Guangxi Pingguo Haliao (Sporting Director) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: John R. Taylor III

abstract: John R. Taylor III is an American computer game designer, serial entrepreneur and massively multiplayer online game pioneer. He is a co-founder of the game company Kesmai, which they founded in 1981. In 2011, Taylor was awarded the Online Game Legend Award by the Computer Game Developers Association.

text:
# John R. Taylor III

**John R. Taylor III** (born January 13, 1957) is an American computer game designer, serial entrepreneur and massively multiplayer online game pioneer. He is a co-founder (with his University of Virginia classmate Kelton Flinn) of the game company Kesmai, which they founded in 1981. In 2011, Taylor was awarded the Online Game Legend Award by the Computer Game Developers Association.

## Game development and career history

### Early career

In the late 1970s Taylor co-founded the Charlottesville, VA-based company Amber Electronics to design and build high end audio equipment for the consumer audiophile market. The business was sold and as of 2012, Amber Electronics operates in Australia. After Amber Electronics, Taylor spent five years at General Electric’s Industrial Electronics Development Lab, where he developed test systems for Computer Numerical Controls and motion control systems for advanced robotics.

### Founding of Kesmai

In 1981, along with Dr. Kelton Flinn, Taylor founded Kesmai, the oldest US online multiplayer game company. The name Kesmai was generated from an auto-name generation program, while they were trying to name the island featured in Kesmai's first online role playing game. In 1982, the company was incorporated and Taylor and Flinn decided to name the company Kesmai as well. Taylor and Dr. Flinn's efforts demonstrated the commercial viability of the online game industry.

Taylor was instrumental in pioneering the design of text-based MUDs and role-playing games as well as the first multiplayer flight simulation game with a graphical interface - *Air Warrior*. He, along with Dr. Flinn also designed and developed a massively online gaming enabling technology called ARIES. Taylor expanded the business into the publishing of third party online games via distribution agreements with U.S., Japanese and European online providers. Kesmai's major titles include:

* MegaWars III (1983) — *MegaWars III* was the first game Kesmai published for CompuServe in 1983. Ironically, the reason they wanted to go to CompuServe was to have enough computation power to do *Island of Kesmai*, but it proved too computationally expensive. Consequently, *MegaWars III* was developed. *MegaWars* III, was an adaptation of a game called *"S"*. Another irony: Not one of the *MegaWars* games are related to each other except by name; the original was based on the old university mainframe game *DECWAR*.
* Island of Kesmai (1985) — The rewrite of Flinn and Taylor's old text action adventure game went live at the end of 1985 after a long internal test cycle. It cost $6 an hour at 300 baud (the slow dial-up modems of the day), $12 for 1200 baud (the fast dial-up modems).
* Stellar Warrior (1985) — This rewrite of *Mega Wars III* introduced substantially simplified game play to expand its potential audience, and debuted on the GEnie online service the same day that *Islands of Kesmai* went live on CompuServe.
* Air Warrior (1986) — This game, offered on GEnie, is a key milestone in the history of computer games because it was the first commercial multiplayer online game to add graphics, displaying a 3D airplane dogfight environment. The original game was developed for the Apple Macintosh, and was followed by Amiga and Atari ST versions; the IBM PC version debuted in 1987. In another major innovation, Kesmai combined Mac, Amiga, Atari ST, and IBM PC players all in the same game, flying against each other.
* Multiplayer BattleTech: EGA (1991) — This title takes the *Air Warrior* concept to a futuristic land-based combat using heavily armed giant robots called Mechs. The game was very popular with players who fought for supremacy over the *BattleTech* universe. The game was technologically challenging for computers at the time due to the need for the computer to draw more terrain than it needed to draw when planes are flying in the air where much of the background is plain blue sky.

### News Corporation and Electronic Arts

In 1994, Taylor negotiated the sale of Kesmai Corporation to Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. Taylor remained at News Corporation for six years and was instrumental in developing Kesmai's GameStorm, a pay-for-play web based gaming service. News Corporation sold its online game business to Electronic Arts where Taylor was General Manager of EA Virginia and also Chief Production Officer for EA.com.

### Castle Hill Studios and Video Gaming Technologies, Inc.

In 2001, Taylor co-founded Castle Hill Studios in 2001, a game development and technology company. Castle Hill worked with Microsoft, Electronic Arts and others to develop online gaming concepts and designs based on top-rated television, movie and gaming properties. In 2003, Taylor joined Video Gaming Technologies, a Class II casino gaming company, as Vice President of Engineering. He returned to Castle Hill in 2010 and now develops and manages intellectual properties for gaming systems.

## Personal life

Taylor graduated from the University of Virginia in 1980 with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering with Distinction and a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science with Distinction. He received a master's in Computer Science from the university in 1985.

In October 2011, Taylor was awarded the Online Game Legend Award Archived 2019-05-13 at the Wayback Machine by the Computer Game Developers Association.

Taylor is active in his community and has been involved in the Boy Scouts of America since 1998. He was awarded the Silver Beaver Award by the Virginia Headwaters Council (formerly Stonewall Jackson Council).


title: Hell-O (Glee)

abstract: "Hell-O" is the fourteenth episode of the American television series Glee. The episode premiered on the Fox network on April 13, 2010. It was written by series creator Ian Brennan and directed by Brad Falchuk. In "Hell-O", cheer-leading coach Sue Sylvester attempts to sabotage the relationship between glee club members Finn Hudson and Rachel Berry. Glee club director Will Schuester attempts to begin a relationship with school guidance counsellor Emma Pillsbury, but several obstacles come between them, including the coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline. "Hell-O" introduces special guest stars Idina Menzel as Shelby Corcoran, the coach of Vocal Adrenaline, and Jonathan Groff as Jesse St. James, the group's lead singer. Glee fans had previously lobbied for Menzel to be cast as Rachel's biological mother. The episode features cover versions of six songs, five of which were released as singles, available for digital download. The episode was watched by 13.66 million American viewers, making it the second-highest-rated episode of the entire series, after the season 2 post-Super Bowl XLV episode "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle", and received mixed reviews from television critics. Vanity Fair's Brett Berk and the Houston Chronicle's Bobby Hankinson felt the episode was haphazard and uneven, while IGN's Eric Goldman observed that "Hell-O" reset the events of the preceding episode "Sectionals", and in doing so felt rushed. David Hinckley of the Daily News agreed with this assessment, but felt that resetting character development was a positive move in the long term.

text:
# Hell-O (Glee)

"**Hell-O**" is the fourteenth episode of the American television series *Glee*. The episode premiered on the Fox network on April 13, 2010. It was written by series creator Ian Brennan and directed by Brad Falchuk. In "Hell-O", cheer-leading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) attempts to sabotage the relationship between glee club members Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith) and Rachel Berry (Lea Michele). Glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) attempts to begin a relationship with school guidance counsellor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays), but several obstacles come between them, including the coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline.

"Hell-O" introduces special guest stars Idina Menzel as Shelby Corcoran, the coach of Vocal Adrenaline, and Jonathan Groff as Jesse St. James, the group's lead singer. *Glee* fans had previously lobbied for Menzel to be cast as Rachel's biological mother. The episode features cover versions of six songs, five of which were released as singles, available for digital download.

The episode was watched by 13.66 million American viewers, making it the second-highest-rated episode of the entire series, after the season 2 post-Super Bowl XLV episode "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle", and received mixed reviews from television critics. *Vanity Fair*'s Brett Berk and the *Houston Chronicle*'s Bobby Hankinson felt the episode was haphazard and uneven, while *IGN*'s Eric Goldman observed that "Hell-O" reset the events of the preceding episode "Sectionals", and in doing so felt rushed. David Hinckley of the *Daily News* agreed with this assessment, but felt that resetting character development was a positive move in the long term.

## Plot

Following the suspension from her position at William McKinley High School, cheer-leading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) blackmails Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba), slipping him a date rape drug and taking an incriminating photograph of them in a compromising position. He allows her to return to work at the school, where she immediately returns to plotting to bring down New Directions. Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith) and Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) are now dating, although Finn still is not over his ex-girlfriend Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron). He expresses his feelings through a performance of the Doors' "Hello, I Love You" as part of the week assignment of performing songs with the word "Hello" in the title.

Sue enlists cheerleaders Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) and Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris) to seduce Finn. He breaks up with Rachel, who angrily sings "Gives You Hell" in retaliation, and goes on a date with both Brittany and Santana, but comes to the realization that he does want to be with Rachel. In the interim, Rachel meets Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), the lead singer of New Directions' rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline, at a local music library. The two perform an impromptu duet of Lionel Richie's "Hello", and Rachel becomes enamoured with him. Eventually, the New Directions members learn about the blossoming relationship and conclude that Jesse is using Rachel, and threaten to expel her from the club unless she breaks up with him. Rachel asks Jesse to keep their relationship a secret and turns Finn down when he asks her to get back together with him.

Glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) begins dating guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays). Emma suffers from mysophobia and is uncomfortable kissing Will. She admits that she is still a virgin, and requests that they take their relationship slowly. While dancing, Will sings Neil Diamond's "Hello Again" to her. When Emma is preparing dinner for Will several nights later, his ex-wife Terri Schuester (Jessalyn Gilsig) arrives at the apartment, and tells Emma that she and Will danced to "Hello Again" at their prom in 1993, leaving Emma distressed.

On a visit to Carmel High School, Will meets Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), the coach of Vocal Adrenaline, while she has the club perform a rendition of "Highway to Hell". She flirts with Will and eventually seduces him. However, Will is unable to continue and tells her about his relationship problems. Shelby suggests that as Will had been with Terri since he was 15 and has immediately moved on to a new relationship, he ought to take some time out for himself. She later observes as Jesse and Rachel kiss, and exchanges knowing looks with Jesse.

When Emma later confronts Will with a copy of his high school yearbook, confirming that "Hello Again" was his and Terri's song, he is apologetic. He and Emma decide to put their relationship on hold in order to deal with their separate issues. New Directions performs "Hello, Goodbye", with Emma watching.

## Production

Idina Menzel (*left*) was cast in *Glee* following a fan campaign based on her resemblance to Lea Michele (*right*).

*Glee* was originally commissioned by Fox for a thirteen-episode run, culminating with "Sectionals". On September 21, 2009, the network announced an extension of the first season, ordering a further nine episodes, of which "Hell-O" is the first. The episode's airdate was set for April 13, 2010, with the announcement made that *Glee* would move from Wednesdays to the 9:00 pm Tuesday time-slot. However, due to a scheduling conflict with *American Idol*, *Glee*'s return was pushed back to 9:30 pm, and then later to 9:28 pm for "Hell-O", before moving to the earlier timeslot from the next episode, "The Power of Madonna", onwards. "Hell-O" was written by Ian Brennan and directed by Brad Falchuk. It was exclusively screened for the first time for around 2,000 *Glee* fans at the Paley Festival on March 13, 2010, which was Paley's largest ever audience.

During its initial run of episodes, *Glee* fans lobbied for Broadway actress Idina Menzel to be cast as the biological mother of Rachel Berry, due to the strong resemblance between Menzel and Michele. On December 17, 2009, series creator Ryan Murphy commented that he had met with Menzel, but had not yet decided upon a role for her. The actress was ultimately cast as the coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline, with Murphy comparing her character to Faye Dunaway's character Diana Christensen in *Network*. Menzel makes her first appearance in "Hell-O". The episode also introduces Groff as Jesse St. James, the lead singer of Vocal Adrenaline, and Rachel's new love-interest.

"Hell-O" features cover versions of six songs, five of which were released as singles, available for digital download. Monteith performs the Doors' "Hello, I Love You", Michele sings "Gives You Hell" by the All-American Rejects, Michele and Groff duet on Lionel Richie's "Hello", Jesse and Vocal Adrenaline perform AC/DC's "Highway to Hell", and New Directions sing "Hello, Goodbye" by The Beatles. Each of these songs were released as singles. The episode also includes Morrison performing Neil Diamond's "Hello Again". Diamond previously licensed his song "Sweet Caroline" for use in the *Glee* episode "Mash-Up". He experienced some trepidation over the decision, and retracted clearance after the performance had already been recorded. *Glee*'s music supervisor P.J. Bloom was able to convince him to reverse his decision, and Diamond went on to also license *Glee* the song "Hello Again". "Gives You Hell" charted at number one on the Irish Singles Chart, while "Hello, Goodbye" reached number 45.

A scene with Rachel and Jesse that included a performance of the song "Montage, Part 1: Hello Twelve, Hello Thirteen, Hello Love" from *A Chorus Line* was filmed for the episode, but was cut before it aired. Over two years later, on August 3, 2012, Murphy uploaded the complete scene to his YouTube page. An instrumental version of the song was played in the following episode, "The Power of Madonna", as background in the scene near the beginning in which Rachel and Jesse were making out.

## Reception

### Ratings

In its original broadcast, "Hell-O" was watched by 13.66 million American viewers and attained a 5.6/15 rating/share in the 18-49 demographic. This was a 46 percent increase on *Glee*'s previous series high, and made it the most watched episode of the series since its premiere. In Canada, *Glee* was the ninth most-watched show of the week, bringing in 2.12 million viewers. In the United Kingdom, "Hell-O" also attained *Glee*'s ratings high at the time. It was watched by 2.041 million viewers, and was the second most-watched show of the week on the non-terrestrial channels, beaten only by the Sky News general election debate. In Australia, *Glee* again attained a new ratings high, watched by 1.27 million viewers, making "Hell-O" the 17th most-viewed program of the week.

### Critical response

The episode received mixed reviews from critics. Lisa Respers France of CNN was pleased with the series' return, and praised the "drama, treachery, tension, romance, and best of all, the diabolical deliciousness that is Cheerio coach Sue Sylvester." Emily VanDerWerff of *The A.V. Club* graded the episode "A−". She felt that "Hell-O" had "clumsy moments" but overall found it "a vastly enjoyable hour of television, reintroducing a show that's starting to realize just how far it can go."

*IGN*'s Eric Goldman rated the episode 8.5/10. He commented that in resetting the events of "Sectionals", it "felt a bit rushed", but concluded: "*Glee* continues to work because it has its cake and eats it too. It's an over the top, overly cheerful musical – but also a biting comedy that always winks at the audience and acknowledges how cheesy musical theater can be, even while also proving how fun it is." The *Daily News*' David Hinckley shared Goldman's concerns about resetting the characters, and while he believed that doing so was the right long-term move, he commented that: "the immediate effect is to make the episode feel a little jerky." Hinckley felt that the episode's greatest problems were its pace and execution, observing: "Too many twists and turns feel a little too sudden, leaving us not quite sure how we got from here to there."

Bobby Hankinson of *The Houston Chronicle* wrote that he was "only so-so" about the episode, which he deemed "uneven", but was still pleased that the series was back. *Vanity Fair*'s Brett Berk called the episode "a bit haphazard", and commented: "this kind of spiraling frenzy is not only unsustainable, but ultimately dizzying and, dare I say it, a little boring." Randee Dawn of *The Hollywood Reporter* reported that "Hell-O" had a "stagy quality", and was "not an episode that would have sold the series early on". Dawn felt that there were too many musical performances, commenting: "They might be fun performances, but they're not all necessary, and yes, it is possible to have too much music even on a successful narrative musical TV series."

## InfoBox

| "**Hell-O**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Glee* episode | |
|  | |
| Episode no. | Season 1
Episode 14 |
| Directed by | Brad Falchuk |
| Written by | Ian Brennan |
| Featured music | "Hello, I Love You"
"Gives You Hell"
"Hello"
"Hello Again"
"Highway to Hell"
"Hello, Goodbye" |
| Production code | 1ARC13 |
| Original air date | April 13, 2010 (2010-04-13) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Veddel

abstract: Veddel is a quarter (Stadtteil) in the Hamburg-Mitte borough of the Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg on the homonymous island in the Elbe river, in northern Germany. In 2020, the population was 4,356.

text:
# Veddel

**Veddel** () is a quarter (*Stadtteil*) in the Hamburg-Mitte borough of the Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg on the homonymous island in the Elbe river, in northern Germany. In 2020, the population was 4,356.

## History

## Geography

Veddel has an area of 4.4 km2 (1.7 sq mi).

## Demographics

In 2006 in the Veddel quarter were living 4,944 people. The population density was 1,136/km2 (2,942/sq mi). 22% were children under the age of 18, and 7.5% were 65 years of age or older. Resident aliens were 51.1% of the population. 407 people were registered as unemployed.

In 1999 there were 2,106 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 40.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.25.

### References

Media related to Veddel at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Veddel | |
| --- | --- |
| Quarter of Hamburg | |
| Location of Veddel in Hamburg | |
| Veddel Veddel | |
| Coordinates: 53°31′N 10°2′E / 53.517°N 10.033°E / 53.517; 10.033 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Hamburg |
| City | Hamburg |
| Borough | Hamburg-Mitte |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.4 km2 (1.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 4,290 |
| Density | 980/km2 (2,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Dialling codes | 040 |
| Vehicle registration | HH |


title: Uanda

abstract: Uanda is a heritage-listed detached house at 27 Clifton Street, Wilston, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Nellie McCredie and built in 1928. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000.

text:
# Uanda

**Uanda** is a heritage-listed detached house at 27 Clifton Street, Wilston, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Nellie McCredie and built in 1928. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000.

## History

Uanda, a low-set timber cottage built in 1928, is situated on two blocks originally part of Suburban Allotment No. 21 granted to Michael O'Neill in 1855. The Allotment slopes down from Newmarket Road to Enoggera Creek. The land subsequently passed through the hands of several owners until the boom in residential development in the area during the 1920s and 1930s following the extension of the electric tramline to Windsor in 1914 and the Grange in 1928. The area became known as the Langley Bank Estate and the portion of the Estate between Vardon and Granville Streets was re-subdivided and additional streets added, including Clifton Street, before being offered for sale again as the "model Darrima Estate" in 1928.

In April 1928, re-subdivisions 47 and 48 were purchased by Richard Jack, a young wool classer of Brisbane. By this time about 20 homes had been built in Clifton Street. The Brisbane City Council Building Application Register for 26 April 1928 records Jack's application for construction of the house at a cost of £799. The entry records that the architect was N. McCredie and the builder HW Dillecate of Milton. The house was constructed promptly and Richard Jack and his family were living in the house by October 1928. The house is named on the 1934 detail plan for the Brisbane City Council Water Supply and Sewerage Department as Uanda. The name is thought to have an association with a property near Hughenden which had some special attachment for the Jacks. The Jacks remained in the house until 1960 when the property was sold. It was sold again in 1966 when it was converted to a duplex. The property has since changed hands several times.

When constructed the house was rectangular in plan with a central projecting open front porch containing the entry steps and door to the south. The porch was flanked by bay windows and the house contained an entry hall, two bedrooms, kitchen, dining nook, living room, bathroom, sleepout verandah to the south east and laundry under. The kitchen had built-in cupboards; the bathroom had a laundry chute connecting to a cupboard in the laundry beneath the house; the lounge opened onto the entry hall through 4 large glass paneled doors; the lounge and main bedroom were wallpapered; other walls throughout the house were lined with vertical tongue and groove boards; and the living room had a plate rail. The house was originally painted cream with dark green to the bay windows.

Uanda is currently the only identified work of architect and potter Nellie McCredie. The career of Nellie McCredie is typical of the careers of women who entered the architectural profession prior to World War Two. These early women architects were rarely able to sustain their careers and as a result, examples of their work are extremely rare. Only three Brisbane buildings, including Uanda, have been identified. The other two were designed by Elina Mottram who practiced in Brisbane from 1924 to 1926.

Nellie McCredie was a member of a leading architectural family with associations with Queensland as well as New South Wales. She was the niece of well-known Sydney architects Arthur Latimer and George McCredie who from 1889 to 1893 opened a Brisbane office, as McCredie Brothers and Chambers. Nellie McCredie's cousin, Leith C. McCredie, was also an architect and worked in the 1920s in the Sydney firm of Robertson and Marks.

Nellie McCredie graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Sydney in 1923, one of Australia's earliest architectural graduates. After graduating, she worked briefly for Dorman, Long and Company, contractors for the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Later she worked with several unidentified architects in Cairns for about 10 months, then came south to Brisbane where she was employed from November 1925 to early 1929 as a Draftswoman in the Workers' Dwellings Branch of the State Advances Corporation. It has not been possible to identify any of the work produced by the Workers' Dwellings Branch as work by McCredie as government drawings of the period were rarely signed by their designers. It was during this time that she designed Uanda as a private commission.

Nellie McCredie was concerned with improving the quality of life of the average Australian. In her Bachelor of Architecture thesis she advocates simple, chaste buildings in "appropriate" settings generously planted with trees, illustrating her ideas with "a pretty suburban cottage" not unlike Uanda in its symmetry, central entrance porch and simple hipped roof. In her preference for simple, classic buildings McCredie reflects the ideals of her university teachers, including Professor Leslie Wilkinson.

Like many of her women contemporaries, her practice of architecture was not to be sustained. Having studied pottery in Brisbane under the master craftsman, LJ Harvey, McCredie returned to Sydney in 1932 where she became a professional potter, setting up a commercial pottery at Epping in partnership with her younger brother Robert Reginald (Bob) McCredie. She exhibited actively with the New South Wales Society of Arts and Crafts into the 1950s and in 1951 won the Society's Elizabeth Soderberg Memorial Award for pottery. Pottery by the McCredies is well regarded for its simplicity and craftsmanship. It is represented in five public collections in Australia: National Gallery of Australia, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Powerhouse Museum (Sydney), Art Gallery of South Australia and Shepparton Art Gallery.

At some point the verandah was enclosed and in 1966, the house was converted into a duplex. When the house was sold in 1998, the owner intended to demolish it (there being no heritage listing at that time) to construct two residences for their family. However, when the Brisbane City Council Heritage Unit initiated research on the house, they discovered it was the work of one of Brisbane's few female architects in the period between the First World War and the Second World War and proposed that the property be heritage-listed, resulting in a court case to determine if the property could be demolished. The relatively short architectural career of Nellie McCredie was put forward as an argument that she was neither a serious nor significant architect and therefore the property's association with her was not grounds for a heritage listing. The resultant court case acknowledged that the property had been bought in good faith with the intention of demolition based on professional advice that there was no barrier to doing so, but ultimately decided that the property should be heritage-listed for its association with Nellie McCredie and not demolished.

## Description

Constructed in 1928 across two blocks of land, Uanda is a low-set, hip-roofed, single-storey timber cottage set in a leafy street among timber houses of the same era. Rectangular in plan with a central projecting front porch flanked by bay windows, the house is clad with weatherboards and has a simple valance of timber palings to the lower level. The bay windows have bell-curved, shingle-clad skirts and multi-paned sash windows below flat projecting roofs and are supported on exposed timbers with a bird-mouth detail to the ends. The roof is tiled and has short projecting eaves with v-j boarded soffit. The house is elevated on concrete stumps, approximately one metre above the ground at the front and higher at the back as the ground slopes away.

The porch is now enclosed with weatherboards, glass louvres and casement windows and contains two entrance doors, each with a concrete stair with steel balustrade. Internally, there is evidence of the original pair of timber framed doors in the southern wall. On the exterior, there is evidence of twin corner verandah posts with decorative cappings. The porch is generously proportioned and has had an internal dividing wall recently removed. The floors are covered with linoleum and the ceiling is timber v-j boarding.

The original planning of the house is clearly discernible; public rooms with decorative details are located towards the front of the house and service rooms are at the back, although there are now two kitchens and two bathrooms dating from when the house was converted to a duplex. The principal rooms at the front of the house are lined in a compressed timber-fibre sheet material (known commercially as "beaver board") with decorative joinery, in particular, ornate cornices and architraves and a plate rail in the former living room, now divided into two smaller rooms. The ceilings have a grid-like pattern of timber strips and floors are timber boarding. Several of the interior doors are timber with four horizontal panels and some original hardware and there is also a multi-paned, timber and glass door between the front bedroom and hall.

The original kitchen is located in the north-west corner of the house, is lined vertical timber v-j boarding and contains some of the original joinery, including a set of tall cupboards. There is a set of three casement windows over the sink and a small timber sash window next to the back door. A toilet is located on the landing outside the backdoor of the kitchen next to a set of timber steps. The second kitchen is located in the north-east corner in the former sleep-out. This room has a door and stairs to the back garden. On the exterior of this room there are several timber decorative details including timber capitals and panels of early, painted timber slatted blinds. The two bathrooms are located between the kitchens. Both have terrazzo floors, baths and small cabinets. The top of the laundry chute remains in one of the bathrooms, however, the chute itself and cupboard in the laundry on the ground floor have been removed.

Two laundry hoists are located on a concrete slab in the back garden. A timber framed and fibro garage is located on the western side of the site.

## Heritage listing

Uanda was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

Uanda, a low set, single storey timber house built in 1928, is historically important for its association with the entry of women into the professions in Queensland, particularly into the architectural profession.

**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**

As one of a small number of surviving intact examples of the work of pioneer women architects in Queensland and the only remaining architectural work of Nellie McCredie, Uanda demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

Uanda has aesthetic significance derived from its careful, symmetrical composition, interior detailing and its contribution to the streetscape – in form and massing sympathetic to its neighbours and contributing a modest presence to a leafy suburban street.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

Uanda has a strong and special association with the work of Nellie McCredie, an important pioneer woman architect, potter and member of a leading architectural family with associations with Brisbane.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

## Further reading

* McKay, Judith (February 2008), "Designing women: pioneer architects", *Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland (1988)*, **20** (5): 169–177, ISSN 1447-1345

Media related to Uanda at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Uanda | |
| --- | --- |
| 2015 | |
| Location | 27 Clifton Street, Wilston, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 27°26′17″S 153°01′13″E / 27.438°S 153.0202°E / -27.438; 153.0202 |
| Design period | 1919–1930s (interwar period) |
| Built | 1928 |
| Architect | Nellie McCredie |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Uanda |
| Type | state heritage (built, landscape) |
| Designated | 24 March 2000 |
| Reference no. | 601156 |
| Significant period | 1920s (fabric, historical) |
| Significant components | residential accommodation – main house, furniture/fittings, garage |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Uanda in QueenslandUanda (Australia) | |


title: Indivisibility of labor

abstract: In macroeconomics, indivisibility of labor is the idea that labor cannot be used in continuous units but must be purchased from workers in blocks of time, such as eight hours a day or forty hours a week. This model can result in differences in the number of hours worked even though the workers are assumed to be identical: some workers may be unemployed while others are fully employed or even overemployed. The opposite presumption would be that labor may be purchased in continuous units, that workers are identical, and workers' utility functions as concave in leisure and income. Under this model, an optimal outcome is for all workers to work some of the time: all workers are at least partially employed and none are unemployed.

text:
# Indivisibility of labor

In macroeconomics, **indivisibility of labor** is the idea that labor cannot be used in continuous units but must be purchased from workers in blocks of time, such as eight hours a day or forty hours a week. This model can result in differences in the number of hours worked even though the workers are assumed to be identical: some workers may be unemployed while others are fully employed or even overemployed.

The opposite presumption would be that labor may be purchased in continuous units, that workers are identical, and workers' utility functions as concave in leisure and income. Under this model, an optimal outcome is for all workers to work some of the time: all workers are at least partially employed and none are unemployed.

## Selling

Labor is sold in blocks rather than in continuous units because there are fixed costs to the employer attributable to each employee and fixed costs to the employee attributable to each employer.

The concept of labor as indivisible has been introduced by Richard Rogerson and Gary Hansen, the latter of who describes wages as "lumpy" in an attempt to supplement real business cycle theory. Because costs occur in lumps, there is unemployment. It has since then been used in variety of economic theories, especially in real business cycle theory.


title: Ophiostoma wageneri

abstract: Ophiostoma wageneri is a plant pathogen. Leptographium wageneri var. pseudotsugae develops on Douglas-fir.

text:
# Ophiostoma wageneri

***Ophiostoma wageneri*** is a plant pathogen. *Leptographium wageneri* var. *pseudotsugae* develops on Douglas-fir.

## InfoBox

| *Ophiostoma wageneri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ophiostoma wageneri* hyphae. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Ophiostomatales |
| Family: | Ophiostomataceae |
| Genus: | *Ophiostoma* |
| Species: | ***O. wageneri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophiostoma wageneri***
(Goheen & F.W. Cobb) T.C. Harr., (1987) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Ceratocystis wageneri* Goheen & F.W. Cobb, (1978)
*Grosmannia wageneri* (Goheen & F.W. Cobb) Zipfel, (2006)
*Leptographium wageneri* (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf., (1985)
*Leptographium wageneri var. ponderosum* (T.C. Harr. & F.W. Cobb) T.C. Harr. & F.W. Cobb, (1987)
*Leptographium wageneri var. pseudotsugae* T.C. Harr. & F.W. Cobb, (1987)
*Leptographium wageneri var. wageneri* (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf., (1985)
*Verticicladiella wageneri* W.B. Kendr. \[as 'wagenerii'\], (1962)
*Verticicladiella wageneri var. ponderosa* T.C. Harr. & F.W. Cobb, (1986) | |


title: Wang Xiaodong (born 1960)

abstract: Wang Xiaodong is a Chinese politician and current Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary and Governor of Hubei province. Originally from Jiangxi province, Wang spent his early career in his home province and in Guizhou. He was transferred to Hubei in 2011.

text:
# Wang Xiaodong (born 1960)

**Wang Xiaodong** (Chinese: 王晓东; born 3 January 1960) is a Chinese politician and current Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary and Governor of Hubei province. Originally from Jiangxi province, Wang spent his early career in his home province and in Guizhou. He was transferred to Hubei in 2011.

## Biography

Wang was born in Xinfeng County, Jiangxi province. Wang joined the Chinese Communist Party in January 1983. He graduated from Jiangxi University with a degree in Marxist philosophy. He began his career in rural work in Jiangxi province, then worked as a party functionary in the General Office of the Jiangxi party committee, the Jiangxi social and education commission, the provincial policy research office, and the director of the Guizhou party general office. He became a member of the Guizhou party standing committee in December 2000 while Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Guiyang, then in May 2007 became executive deputy governor of Guizhou.

In December 2011 he became a member of the Hubei party standing committee, then named executive deputy governor of Hubei. In April 2016 he was named Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary of Hubei. After serving for over 16 years in a deputy provincial-ministerial position, Wang was elevated to acting governor of Hubei in September 2016.

As the deputy secretary and governor of Hubei Province, Wang has been involved in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 23 June 2021, he was transferred to Beijing and appointed deputy director of the Agricultural and Rural Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

## InfoBox

| Wang Xiaodong | |
| --- | --- |
| 王晓东 | |
|  | |
| Governor of Hubei | |
| **In office**
September 2016  7 May 2021 | |
| Leader | Jiang ChaoliangYing Yong
(Party secretary) |
| Preceded by | Wang Guosheng |
| Succeeded by | Wang Zhonglin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-01-03) 3 January 1960
Xinfeng County, Jiangxi |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Alma mater | Jiangxi University |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wáng Xiǎodōng | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: John Townsend (New York City)

abstract: John Townsend (1789–1863) was an American politician from New York.

text:
# John Townsend (New York City)

**John Townsend** (1789–1863) was an American politician from New York.

## Life

He was the son of Israel Townsend (1742–1832) and Phebe (Weeks) Townsend (1752–1836). The family lived in Armonk, a hamlet in the Town of North Castle, Westchester County, New York. John Townsend married Eliza P. Horton, and they had six children.

He fought in the War of 1812, and was an associate judge of the Westchester County Court from 1816 to 1834. Afterwards he removed to New York City.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co.) in 1846; and a member of the New York State Senate (1st D.) in 1847.

## Sources


title: Hell-Bent for Heaven

abstract: Hell-Bent for Heaven is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by J. Stuart Blackton and written by Marian Constance Blackton. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize-winning play Hell-Bent Fer Heaven by Hatcher Hughes. The film stars Patsy Ruth Miller, John Harron, Gayne Whitman, Gardner James, Wilfrid North, and Evelyn Selbie. The film was released by Warner Bros. on May 1, 1926.

text:
# Hell-Bent for Heaven

***Hell-Bent for Heaven*** is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by J. Stuart Blackton and written by Marian Constance Blackton. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize-winning play *Hell-Bent Fer Heaven* by Hatcher Hughes. The film stars Patsy Ruth Miller, John Harron, Gayne Whitman, Gardner James, Wilfrid North, and Evelyn Selbie. The film was released by Warner Bros. on May 1, 1926.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Hell-Bent for Heaven | |
| --- | --- |
| Advertisement using the play's title | |
| Directed by | J. Stuart Blackton |
| Screenplay by | Marian Constance Blackton |
| Based on | *Hell-Bent Fer Heaven*
by Hatcher Hughes |
| Produced by | J. Stuart Blackton |
| Starring | Patsy Ruth Miller
John Harron
Gayne Whitman
Gardner James |
| Cinematography | Nicholas Musuraca |
| Production
company | Warner Bros. |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * May 1, 1926 (1926-05-01) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Veddel station

abstract: Veddel (BallinStadt) is a rapid transit station on the Harburg S-Bahn line and served by the trains of Hamburg S-Bahn. The railway station is located in the Veddel, Borough of Hamburg-Mitte, Hamburg, Germany. The station is managed by DB Station&Service, a subsidiary of the German railway company Deutsche Bahn AG. The station is listed as a Halt point (Haltepunkt), a passenger stop situated on an open stretch of line, and lacking specific signals.

text:
# Veddel station

**Veddel (BallinStadt)** is a rapid transit station on the Harburg S-Bahn line and served by the trains of Hamburg S-Bahn. The railway station is located in the Veddel, Borough of Hamburg-Mitte, Hamburg, Germany. The station is managed by DB Station&Service, a subsidiary of the German railway company Deutsche Bahn AG. The station is listed as a Halt point (*Haltepunkt*), a passenger stop situated on an open stretch of line, and lacking specific signals.

## History

On 1 December 1897, the *Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn* started its service on the *Rollbahn* line. In 1983  after 10 years of construction, the first part of Hamburg's southern S-Bahn line from Central Station toward Harburg were completed and opened with the new Veddel station.

## Layout

The station is not fully accessible for handicapped persons. Before 1983, the station building was a brick building with an island platform and one entrance. Since the new S-Bahn line, it has exits on both ends of an island platform and a simple flat roof.

## Services

### Trains

The rapid transit trains of the lines S3 and S5 of the Hamburg S-Bahn are calling the station.

### Facilities at the station

There are no lockboxes and no personnel are attending the station, but there are SOS and information telephones, ticket machines, toilets and a small shop.

## InfoBox

| Veddel (BallinStadt) | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamburg S-Bahn station | |
| Entrance to Veddel station in February 2010 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Wilhelmsburger Platz 10
21109 Hamburg
Germany |
| Coordinates | 53°31′18″N 10°0′48″E / 53.52167°N 10.01333°E / 53.52167; 10.01333 |
| Owned by | DB Station&Service |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 side tracks |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Parking | Park and ride (677 slots) |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | ds100: AVLS
DB station code:6399
Type: Hp Category: 4 |
| Fare zone | HVV: A/108 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 December 1897 (1897-12-01) |
| Rebuilt | 19731983 |
| Electrified | main line 6 April 1965 (1965-04-06), 15 kV AC system (overhead)
23 September 1983 (1983-09-23), 1200 V DC system (3rd rail) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Hamburg S-Bahn Following station  Elbbrückentowards Pinneberg  S3  Wilhelmsburgtowards Hamburg-Neugraben  Elbbrückentowards Elbgaustraße  S5  Wilhelmsburgtowards Stade | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  VeddelLocation in HamburgVeddelLocation in Schleswig-HolsteinVeddelLocation in GermanyVeddelLocation in Europe | |


title: Miss Turkey 2017

abstract: The Miss Turkey 2017 held on September 21, 2017 in the Grand Hotel de Pera in Istanbul, Turkey concluded with the crowning of Itır Esen as the Miss World Turkey 2017. Miss Turkey organizers said the 18-year-old Itir Esen was dethroned on Friday, a day after she won the contest and the right to represent Turkey at the Miss World contest in China. The organizers said in an emailed statement that her title was revoked because of a tweet in July that they described as unacceptable. Runner-up Asli Sumen will now represent Turkey in China and also Pınar Tartan who was crowned Miss Supranational Turkey 2017 will now compete at Miss Universe 2017 after this dethroned happened.

text:
# Miss Turkey 2017

The **Miss Turkey 2017** held on September 21, 2017 in the Grand Hotel de Pera in Istanbul, Turkey concluded with the crowning of Itır Esen as the Miss World Turkey 2017. Miss Turkey organizers said the 18-year-old Itir Esen was dethroned on Friday, a day after she won the contest and the right to represent Turkey at the Miss World contest in China. The organizers said in an emailed statement that her title was revoked because of a tweet in July that they described as unacceptable. Runner-up Asli Sumen will now represent Turkey in China and also Pınar Tartan who was crowned Miss Supranational Turkey 2017 will now compete at Miss Universe 2017 after this dethroned happened.

## Winner and runners-up

| Final Results | Contestant |
| --- | --- |
| **Miss Turkey/ World 2017*** *(Dethroned)* | * **1****Itır Esen** |
| **Miss Turkey/ Universe 2017*** *(Assumed Miss Turkey/ World title)* | * **12****Aslı Sümen** |
| **Miss Turkey/ Supranational 2017*** *(Assumed Miss Turkey/ Universe title)* | * **20****Pınar Tartan** |
| **Top 10** | * **3** – Gözde Baddal * **4** – Özge Türk Yılmaz * **6** – Ceren Baykan * **8** – Beril Altuntaş * **10** – Buse Çekmeceli * **15** – Suna Yıldırım * **19****Yasemin Çoklar**
*(Assumed Miss Turkey/ Supranational title)* |

## Contestants

The official Top 20 Candidates of Miss Turkey 2017:

| No. | Name | Age | Height | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Itır Esen | 18 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | Istanbul |
| 2 | Alara Kaya | 21 | 177 cm (5 ft 9+12 in) | Istanbul |
| 3 | Gözde Baddal | 23 | 177 cm (5 ft 9+12 in) | İzmir |
| 4 | Özge Türk Yılmaz | 21 | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) | Istanbul |
| 5 | Emire Cansu Kurtaran | 21 | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | Bursa |
| 6 | Ceren Baykan | 20 | 176 cm (5 ft 9+12 in) | Istanbul |
| 7 | Ekinsu Kansu | 21 | 177 cm (5 ft 9+12 in) | Ankara |
| 8 | Beril Altuntaş | 18 | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) | Giresun |
| 9 | Deniz Görgülü | 20 | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) | Bursa |
| 10 | Buse Çekmeceli | 21 | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | Istanbul |
| 11 | Merve Argun | 19 | 172 cm (5 ft 7+12 in) | Istanbul |
| 12 | Aslı Sümen | 23 | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) | Mersin |
| 13 | Hazal Karasıkı | 21 | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) | Balıkesir |
| 14 | Bahar Gençalp | 20 | 174 cm (5 ft 8+12 in) | Istanbul |
| 15 | Suna Yıldırım | 23 | 177 cm (5 ft 9+12 in) | Giresun |
| 16 | Bahar Merve Zırhlı | 20 | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) | Istanbul |
| 17 | Betül Ekşi | 19 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | Istanbul |
| 18 | Andrea Raema Mungiu | 20 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | Istanbul |
| 19 | Yasemin Çoklar | 19 | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | Istanbul |
| 20 | Pınar Tartan | 20 | 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) | İzmir |
|

## InfoBox

| Miss Turkey 2017 | |
| --- | --- |
| Aslı Sümen, Miss Turkey 2017, in 2019 | |
| Date | September 21, 2017 |
| Venue | Grand Hotel de Pera, Istanbul, Turkey |
| Broadcaster | 1AN TV |
| Entrants | 20 |
| Placements | 10 |
| Winner | Itır Esen (Dethroned)
Replaced by Aslı Sümen
Istanbul \- **1** |


title: Obdam

abstract: Obdam is a village and former municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland and the region of West-Frisia. The municipality ceased to exist on 1 January 2007 when it merged with Wester-Koggenland to form the new municipality of Koggenland.

text:
# Obdam

**Obdam** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ɔbˈdɑm\] ) is a village and former municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland and the region of West-Frisia. The municipality ceased to exist on 1 January 2007 when it merged with Wester-Koggenland to form the new municipality of Koggenland.

## Population centres

The area of the former municipality contains the following small towns and villages: Berkmeer, Hensbroek, Obdam and Wogmeer (partly).

## Train services

Obden has a railway station. It has regular direct services to Hoorn and, by changing trains there, services to Amsterdam.

## Chronology

## Local government

Before the merger, the last municipal council of Obdam, elected in 2002, consisted of 13 seats, which were divided as follows:

* CDA \- 5 seats
* Gemeente Partij Obdam - 4 seats
* PvdA \- 2 seats
* VVD \- 2 seats

## InfoBox

| Obdam | |
| --- | --- |
| Village and former municipality | |
| Former town hall | |
|  | |
| ObdamLocation in the NetherlandsObdamLocation in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands | |
| Coordinates: 52°40′28″N 4°54′14″E / 52.67444°N 4.90389°E / 52.67444; 4.90389 | |
| Country | Kingdom of the Netherlands |
| Constituent country | Netherlands |
| Province | North Holland |
| Municipality | Koggenland |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.25 km2 (4.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 5,925 |
| Density | 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 1713 |
| Dialing code | 0226 |
| Website | www.obdam.nl |


title: Rad Plzen cis. 9 Z.C.B.J. (SD10-6)

abstract: The Rad Plzen cis. 9 ZCBJ (SD10-6) is a building located in Morse Bluff, Nebraska that was built in 1911. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 20, 1986. The building historically served as a meeting hall for the Czech community. It was the meeting hall for the ZCBJ Lodge Plzen, a branch of the Zapadni Ceska Bratrska Jednota. The ZCBJ Lodge Plzen was originally organized on June 6, 1880 as a branch of the Czech-Slovak Protective Society, but was incorporated into ZCBJ in 1897. The ZCBJ evolved into the Western Fraternal Life Association (WFLA). As membership in the Morse Bluff area declined, the organization found it increasingly difficult to maintain the hall. In 2001, the building was transferred to Morse Bluff American Legion Post 340; the WFLA retained the right to use the hall, as long as it continued to operate in the area. Beside Legion and WFLA activities, the hall is rented out for events such as wedding receptions, reunions, and graduation parties.

text:
# Rad Plzen cis. 9 Z.C.B.J. (SD10-6)

The **Rad Plzen cis. 9 ZCBJ (SD10-6)** is a building located in Morse Bluff, Nebraska that was built in 1911. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 20, 1986. The building historically served as a meeting hall for the Czech community. It was the meeting hall for the ZCBJ Lodge Plzen, a branch of the Zapadni Ceska Bratrska Jednota. The ZCBJ Lodge Plzen was originally organized on June 6, 1880 as a branch of the Czech-Slovak Protective Society, but was incorporated into ZCBJ in 1897.

The ZCBJ evolved into the Western Fraternal Life Association (WFLA). As membership in the Morse Bluff area declined, the organization found it increasingly difficult to maintain the hall. In 2001, the building was transferred to Morse Bluff American Legion Post 340; the WFLA retained the right to use the hall, as long as it continued to operate in the area. Beside Legion and WFLA activities, the hall is rented out for events such as wedding receptions, reunions, and graduation parties.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rad Plzen cis. 9 Z.C.B.J. (SD10-6) | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Morse Bluff ZCBJ hall, now occupied by an American Legion post | |
|  | |
| Location | Off Nebraska Highway 79, Morse Bluff, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 41°25′52″N 96°45′58″W / 41.43111°N 96.76611°W / 41.43111; -96.76611 |
| Built | 1911 |
| Architect | Et al., Shavlik, J.P. |
| Architectural style | Renaissance Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 86000440 |
| Added to NRHP | March 20, 1986 |


title: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

abstract: Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO EC 1.13.11.52) is a heme-containing enzyme physiologically expressed in a number of tissues and cells, such as the small intestine, lungs, female genital tract or placenta. In humans is encoded by the IDO1 gene. IDO is involved in tryptophan metabolism. It is one of three enzymes that catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway, the O2-dependent oxidation of L-tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine, the others being indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). IDO is an important part of the immune system and plays a part in natural defense against various pathogens. It is produced by the cells in response to inflammation and has an immunosuppressive function because of its ability to limit T-cell function and engage mechanisms of immune tolerance. Emerging evidence suggests that IDO becomes activated during tumor development, helping malignant cells escape eradication by the immune system. Expression of IDO has been described in a number of types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukemia, ovarian cancer or colorectal cancer. IDO is part of the malignant transformation process and plays a key role in suppressing the anti-tumor immune response in the body, so inhibiting it could increase the effect of chemotherapy as well as other immunotherapeutic protocols. Furthermore, there is data implicating a role for IDO1 in the modulation of vascular tone in conditions of inflammation via a novel pathway involving singlet oxygen.

text:
# Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

| Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase | |
| --- | --- |
| crystal structure of 4-phenylimidazole bound form of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | IDO |
| Pfam | PF01231 |
| Pfam clan | CL0380 |
| InterPro | IPR000898 |
| PROSITE | PDOC00684 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

| Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.13.11.52 |
| CAS no. | 9014-51-1 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |

**Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase** (**IDO** or **INDO** EC 1.13.11.52) is a heme-containing enzyme physiologically expressed in a number of tissues and cells, such as the small intestine, lungs, female genital tract or placenta. In humans is encoded by the *IDO1* gene. IDO is involved in tryptophan metabolism. It is one of three enzymes that catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway, the O2-dependent oxidation of L-tryptophan to *N*-formylkynurenine, the others being indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). IDO is an important part of the immune system and plays a part in natural defense against various pathogens. It is produced by the cells in response to inflammation and has an immunosuppressive function because of its ability to limit T-cell function and engage mechanisms of immune tolerance. Emerging evidence suggests that IDO becomes activated during tumor development, helping malignant cells escape eradication by the immune system. Expression of IDO has been described in a number of types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukemia, ovarian cancer or colorectal cancer. IDO is part of the malignant transformation process and plays a key role in suppressing the anti-tumor immune response in the body, so inhibiting it could increase the effect of chemotherapy as well as other immunotherapeutic protocols. Furthermore, there is data implicating a role for IDO1 in the modulation of vascular tone in conditions of inflammation via a novel pathway involving singlet oxygen.

## Physiological function

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway.

IDO is an important molecule in the mechanisms of tolerance and its physiological functions include the suppression of potentially dangerous inflammatory processes in the body. IDO also plays a role in natural defense against microorganisms. Expression of IDO is induced by interferon-gamma, which explains why the expression increases during inflammatory diseases or even during tumorigenesis. Since tryptophan is essential for the survival of pathogens, the activity of enzyme IDO destroys them. Microorganisms susceptible to tryptophan deficiency include bacteria of genus *Streptococcus* or viruses such as herpes simplex or measles.

One of the organs with high IDO expression is the placenta. In the 1990s, the immunosuppressive function of this enzyme was first described in mice due to the study of placental tryptophan metabolism. Thus, mammalian placenta, due to intensive tryptophan catabolism has the ability to suppress T cell activity, thereby contributing to its position of immunologically privileged tissue.

## Clinical significance

IDO is an immune checkpoint molecule in the sense that it is an immunomodulatory enzyme produced by alternatively activated macrophages and other immunoregulatory cells. IDO is known to suppress T and NK cells, generate Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and also supports angiogenesis.

These mechanisms are crucial in the process of carcinogenesis. IDO allows tumor cells to escape the immune system by two main mechanisms. The first mechanism is based on tryptophan depletion from the tumor microenvironment. The second mechanism is based on the production of catabolic products called kynurenins, that are cytotoxic for T lymphocytes and NK cells. Overexpression of human IDO (hIDO) is described in a variety of human tumor cell lineages and is often associated with poor prognosis. Tumors with increased production of IDO include prostate, ovarian, lung or pancreatic cancer or acute myeloid leukemia. Expression of IDO is under physiological conditions regulated by the *Bin1* gene, which can be damaged by tumor transformation.

Emerging clinical studies suggest that combination of IDO inhibitors with classical chemotherapy and radiotherapy could restore immune control and provide a therapeutic response to generally resistant tumors. Enzyme IDO used by tumors to escape immune surveillance is currently in focus of research and drug discovery efforts, as well as efforts to understand if it could be used as a biomarker for prognosis.

### Inhibitors

COX-2 inhibitors down-regulate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, leading to a reduction in kynurenine levels as well as reducing proinflammatory cytokine activity.

1-Methyltryptophan is a racemic compound that weakly inhibits indoleamine dioxygenase, but is also a very slow substrate. The specific racemer 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (known as indoximod) is in clinical trials for various cancers.

Epacadostat (INCB24360), navoximod (GDC-0919), and linrodostat (BMS-986205) are potent inhibitors of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme and are in clinical trials for various cancers.

## InfoBox

| IDO1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | IDO1, IDO, IDO-1, INDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 147435; MGI: 96416; HomoloGene: 48082; GeneCards: IDO1; OMA:IDO1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_002164   NM\_008324
NM\_001293690   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_002155   NP\_001280619
NP\_032350   Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 39.9 – 39.93 Mb Chr 8: 25.07 – 25.09 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |