title: Yazoo Basin Boogie

abstract: Yazoo Basin Boogie is an album by American guitarist Stefan Grossman, released in 1970. It was reissued on LP in 1974 by Grossman's own label Kicking Mule Records and on CD in 1999 and 2005 by Shanachie Records. It has had various track listings with each reissue. A 1991 reissue with the same title was a compilation including tracks from Yazoo Basin Boogie and Grossman's 1972 release Memphis Jellyroll. The original release was issued with guitar tablature. The track "Adam's Voice" is a child speaking.

text:
# Yazoo Basin Boogie

***Yazoo Basin Boogie*** is an album by American guitarist Stefan Grossman, released in 1970. It was reissued on LP in 1974 by Grossman's own label Kicking Mule Records and on CD in 1999 and 2005 by Shanachie Records. It has had various track listings with each reissue. A 1991 reissue with the same title was a compilation including tracks from *Yazoo Basin Boogie* and Grossman's 1972 release *Memphis Jellyroll*. The original release was issued with guitar tablature. The track "Adam's Voice" is a child speaking.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

In his Allmusic review of the compilation release, critic Cub Koda wrote "Grossman has spent so many years producing videos and how to books on acoustic guitar, it's hard to think of him as a guitarist himself, which is why albums like this are so valuable and reassuring. Grossman can back up everything he says and believes musically, with an encyclopedic knowledge and feel for country-blues, rags, and fiddle tunes as demonstrated here... A must-have for folk-blues guitar enthusiasts."

## Track listing

There were no track lengths noted on the original LP release.

### Side one

1. "Adam's Voice/Tickle Dew" (Stefan Grossman)
2. "Dallas Rag" (Traditional, arrangement by Dave Laibman)
3. "I'm So Glad" (Skip James)
4. "Katz Rag" (Grossman)
5. "Texas Lemon Flavor" (Grossman)
6. "Sunday Rag" (Grossman)
7. "Pig Town Fling" (Traditional)
8. "Red Pepper Rag" (Traditional)

### Side two

1. "House Carpenter" (Traditional)
2. "Maple Leaf Rag" (Scott Joplin, arrangement by Laibman)
3. "Coloured Aristocracy" (Traditional, arrangement by Laibman)
4. "Slow Blues in C" (Grossman)
5. "Aurora's Powder Rag" (Traditional, arrangement by Aurora Block)
6. "County Line" (Grossman)
7. "Last of Callahan/Dervish Boogie" (Traditional, arrangement by Laibman)
8. "Yazoo Basin Boogie" (Grossman)

## Personnel

**Production**

* Stefan Grossman – liner notes, arrangements
* Dave Laibman – arrangements
* Aurora Block – arrangement
* Christina Brown – cover photograph
* Nic Kinsey – remix engineer

## InfoBox

| Yazoo Basin Boogie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Stefan Grossman | |
| Released | 1970 |
| Recorded | Spring 1969, Winter 1970 in Rome, Italy |
| Genre | Folk, blues |
| Label | Transatlantic |
| Producer | Stefan Grossman |
| Stefan Grossman chronology | |
| *The Ragtime Cowboy Jew*
(1970) ***Yazoo Basin Boogie***
(1970) *Those Pleasant Days*
(1971) | |
|  | |
| Alternative Cover | |
|  | |
| Reissue cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Yao Zhou

abstract: Yao Zhou, courtesy name Zixu, was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

text:
# Yao Zhou

**Yao Zhou** (died 242), courtesy name **Zixu**, was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

## Life

Yao Zhou was born in Langzhong (閬中), Baxi Commandery (巴西郡), which is present-day Langzhong, Sichuan. In July 214, after Liu Bei seized control over Yi Province, Yao Zhou served as an Officer of Merit (功曹) and Assistant Scribe (書佐). He was transferred to Ba Commandery along with another scholar Gong Lu. Both were famous and popular with high rank and salary yet they admired Zhang Ni whose status was lower than them due to his accomplishments and became friends with him.

Following Liu Bei's death in June 223, he was appointed as Administrator of Guanghan (廣漢太守). In 227, Zhuge Liang was stationed at Hanzhong and recalled Yao Zhou to serve as Senior Clerk (掾) in his office. While simultaneously, being responsible for the management of civil and military personals.

Zhuge Liang praised him and said: "There is nothing more important and useful than managing people well, allowing those individual to reach their respective office and bring benefice. At this moment, Clerk Yao is at the same time firm yet gentle. He certainly can be assessed as elegant in his handling and supervision of civil and military personals. In the past, auxiliaries wanted for the affairs to be managed as such, today their hopes are fulfilled."

He served as a military officer during Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions. After Zhuge Liang's death, he was appointed as deputy director of the Secretariat (尚書僕射). People at the time admired him for his honesty, sincerity and virtue. He died in 242. Thereafter his death, his work was eulogized.

## InfoBox

| Yao Zhou | |
| --- | --- |
| 姚伷 | |
|  | |
| Deputy Director of the Secretariat
(尚書僕射) | |
| **In office**
234 (234)–242 (242) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Senior Clerk in the Office of the Imperial Chancellor
(掾) | |
| **In office**
227 (227)–234 (234) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Chancellor | Zhuge Liang |
| Administrator of Guanghan
(廣漢太守) | |
| **In office**
223 (223)–227 (227) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Chancellor | Zhuge Liang |
| Assistant Scribe (書佐)
(under Liu Bei) | |
| **In office**
214 (214)–? (?) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown
Langzhong, Sichuan |
| Died | 242
Chengdu, Sichuan |
| Occupation | Official |
| Courtesy name | Zixu (子緒) |
|  | |


title: Yazılı, Kozluk

abstract: Yazılı is a village in the Kozluk District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Arabs and had a population of 396 in 2021. The hamlets of Arkbaşı, Keseli and Köseler are attached to the village.

text:
# Yazılı, Kozluk

**Yazılı** (also known as **Binik**) is a village in the Kozluk District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Arabs and had a population of 396 in 2021.

The hamlets of Arkbaşı, Keseli and Köseler are attached to the village.

## InfoBox

| Yazılı | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| YazılıLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 38°14′10″N 41°32′20″E / 38.236°N 41.539°E / 38.236; 41.539 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Batman |
| District | Kozluk |
| Population (2021) | 396 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Yehuda Berg

abstract: Yehuda Berg is an American author and former teacher of Kabbalah. Until 2014, Berg was a co-director of the Kabbalah Centre, which was founded by his parents Philip Berg and Karen Berg. However, after allegations of sexual assault and allegations of offering drugs from one of his students, he stepped away from the organization. He was later found liable in a civil suit and ordered to pay damages to his victim for inflicting malice and intentional harm. Berg was an international speaker and author. One of his many books, The Power of Kabbalah, became an international best-seller as did another of his books, The 72 Names of God.

text:
# Yehuda Berg

**Yehuda Berg** is an American author and former teacher of Kabbalah. Until 2014, Berg was a co-director of the Kabbalah Centre, which was founded by his parents Philip Berg and Karen Berg. However, after allegations of sexual assault and allegations of offering drugs from one of his students, he stepped away from the organization. He was later found liable in a civil suit and ordered to pay damages to his victim for inflicting malice and intentional harm.

Berg was an international speaker and author. One of his many books, *The Power of Kabbalah*, became an international best-seller as did another of his books, *The 72 Names of God*.

## Biography

Berg was born in 1972 in Jerusalem. Until May 2014, he was co-director of the Kabbalah Centre, founded by his father Rav Shraga Feivel (Philip) Berg. Following accusations of drug abuse and sexual assault, he withdrew from the organization.

## Works

He has written numerous works such as: *The power of Kabbalah*, *The 72 names of god: technology for the soul*, *Kabbalah the power to change everything*, *Satan: an autobiography*, *True prosperity*, *Angelic intelligence*, among others.

## Lawsuit

In 2014, a former student at the Kabbalah Centre brought a lawsuit against him alleging that he had assaulted her sexually. She claimed that Berg offered her alcohol and Vicodin while she visited him at his home and then made sexual advances.

In November 2015 a Los Angeles Superior Court jury found that Berg had acted with malice and was liable for intentional infliction of emotional distress and therefore, he was ordered to pay $135,000, which included a punitive damages component. The Kabbalah Centre itself was also ordered to pay $42,500 for being negligent in its supervision of Berg, who was one of its co-directors at the time of the alleged assault.

## Awards

In 2007, Berg was named Number 4 in *Newsweek's* list of America's Top 50 Rabbis.

## Bibliography

* *The 72 Names of God: Technology for the Soul*. Kabbalah Publishing. 2003. ISBN 1-57189-135-8.
* *The Power of Kabbalah*. Kabbalah Publishing. 2004. ISBN 1-57189-250-8.
* *The Red String Book: The Power of Protection*. Kabbalah Publishing. 2004. ISBN 1-57189-248-6.
* *The Spiritual Rules of Engagement: How Kabbalah Can Help Your Soul Mate Find You*. Kabbalah Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-1-57189-592-9.
* "Yehuda Berg, el líder espiritual de la Kabbalah, se confesó con El País". *Interview* (in Spanish). elpais.
* "El negocio millonario del rabino cabalista y su familia". *Interview* (in Spanish). El observador.
* ""La plenitud se consigue con el amor propio": Yehuda Berg". *Interview* (in Spanish). Anadolu Agency.


title: George Furth

abstract: George Furth was an American librettist, playwright, and actor.

text:
# George Furth

**George Furth** (born **George Schweinfurth**; December 14, 1932 – August 11, 2008) was an American librettist, playwright, and actor.

## Life and career

Furth was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of George and Evelyn (née Tuerk) Schweinfurth. He was of German and Irish ancestry, and was raised as a Christian Scientist. He received a bachelor of science in speech at Northwestern University in 1954 and received his master's degree from Columbia University.

A life member of the Actors Studio, Furth made his Broadway debut as an actor in the 1961 play *A Cook for Mr. General*, followed by the musical *Hot Spot* two years later. He was also known for his collaborations with Stephen Sondheim: the highly successful *Company*, the ill-fated *Merrily We Roll Along*, and the equally ill-fated drama *Getting Away with Murder*. Furth wrote the plays *Twigs*, *The Supporting Cast*, and *Precious Sons* as well as the book for the Kander and Ebb musical *The Act*.

One of Furth's latter writing projects was a foray into an area where he had not previously explored. He wrote the lyrics for a musical revue, with music by Doug Katsaros. Furth and Katsaros shaped the work with San Francisco director Mike Ward into *The End-a new musical revue*. The piece was performed at San Francisco's New Conservatory Theatre Center during the summer of 2004 and was billed as a "Pre-U.S. Tour Workshop Production". The piece was reworked twice, with the title changing to *Last Call* and *Happy Hour*, respectively.

Frequently cast as a bespectacled, ineffectual milquetoast, Furth appeared in *The Boston Strangler*, *Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid* (as a devoted railroad employee travelling in the car that contains the safe that Butch and his gang twice rob), *Myra Breckinridge*, *Blazing Saddles*, *Shampoo* (as a bank officer dealing with Warren Beatty’s character’s loan request), *Oh, God!* (as a newspaper editor who refuses to publicize John Denver’s character’s claims that God has communicated with him), *The Cannonball Run*, *The Man with Two Brains*, and *Bulworth*. His many television credits include *Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman*; *Tammy*; *McHale's Navy*; *Ironside*; *I Dream of Jeannie*; *That Girl*; *Green Acres*; *The Monkees*; *Batman*; *The Odd Couple*; *Bonanza*; *Happy Days*; *All in the Family*; *Murphy Brown*; *L.A. Law*; *Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman*; *Murder, She Wrote*; *Little House on the Prairie*; *Love, American Style*; *Adam-12*; *F Troop*; and the 1980 TV movie *The Scarlett O'Hara War*, in which he portrayed George Cukor. He was a regular in the cast of the short-lived 1976 sitcom *The Dumplings*.

He adapted his play *Twigs* as a 1975 television production, starring Carol Burnett. He also worked as a voice actor in several episodes of the animated television series *The Adventures of Don Coyote and Sancho Panda* for Hanna-Barbera Productions.

## Personal life and death

Furth was gay. He and Stephen Sondheim both repeatedly refused to update *Company* to give it a gay slant.

Furth died at a hospital in Santa Monica, California, on August 11, 2008, at age 75.

## Awards

Furth won both the Tony and Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical for *Company* and was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play for *Precious Sons*.

## Filmography

## Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1963 | *The Alfred Hitchcock Hour* | Charlie | Season 2 Episode 6: "Nothing Ever Happens in Linvale" |
| 1964 | *The Alfred Hitchcock Hour* | Jack Terola | Season 2 Episode 21: "Beast in View" |
| 1966 | *The Monkees* | Ronnie Farnsworth | S1:E13, "One Man Shy" |
| 1967 | *The Monkees* | Henry | S2:E11, "A Coffin Too Frequent" |
| 1969 | *I Dream Of Jeannie* | Charlie Farnum, reporter | S4:E26, "Blackmail Order Bride" |

|1971|| "All in the Family" || Whitney Fitzroy IV, lawyer|| S1:E3, "Oh, My Aching Back" |}

## InfoBox

| George Furth | |
| --- | --- |
| George Furth in *The Boston Strangler* (1968) | |
| Born | George Schweinfurth
(1932-12-14)December 14, 1932
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | August 11, 2008(2008-08-11) (aged 75)
Santa Monica, California, U.S. |
| Education |  |
| Occupations | * Librettist * playwright * actor |
| Years active | 1961–1998 |
| Notable work |  |


title: Gold of Taranto

abstract:
The Gold of Taranto refers to a collection of jewellery from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The jewels include gold rings, earrings, and bracelets. The collection is not from a single site or excavation, but several separate finds in the region. It is now in the National Archaeological Museum of Taranto in Italy.
The collection has been displayed in various parts of the world. The collection includes:
  - Diadem from Canosa di Puglia in gold and semi-precious stones with floral motifs decoration;
  - Lion head earrings;
  - Boat shaped earrings;
  - Nutcracker;
  - Silver case from Canosa shaped like a shell. The pieces represent the historical craftsmanship and the techniques used in Magna Graecia, the coastal areas of Southern Italy, between the 4th and 1st centuries BC.

text:
# Gold of Taranto

The **Gold of Taranto** (Ori di Taranto) refers to a collection of jewellery from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The jewels include gold rings, earrings, and bracelets. The collection is not from a single site or excavation, but several separate finds in the region. It is now in the National Archaeological Museum of Taranto in Italy. The collection has been displayed in various parts of the world.

The collection includes:

* Diadem from Canosa di Puglia in gold and semi-precious stones with floral motifs decoration;
* Lion head earrings;
* Boat shaped earrings;
* Nutcracker;
* Silver case from Canosa shaped like a shell.

The pieces represent the historical craftsmanship and the techniques used in Magna Graecia, the coastal areas of Southern Italy, between the 4th and 1st centuries BC.

## Sources

* Ettore M. De Juliis (1984). *Gli ori di Taranto in età ellenistica*. Milano: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.
* Cosimo D'Angela (1989). *Gli ori bizantini del Museo archeologico di Taranto*. Taranto: Scorpione Editrice.
* Amelia D'Amicis, Laura Masiello "Ori del Museo nazionale archeologico di Taranto" Scorpione 2007


title: Mike McKevitt

abstract: James Douglas "Mike" McKevitt was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from Colorado from 1971 to 1973.

text:
# Mike McKevitt

**James Douglas "Mike" McKevitt** (October 26, 1928 – September 28, 2000) was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from Colorado from 1971 to 1973.

## Early life and education

Born in Spokane, Washington, McKevitt graduated from Grant High School in Sacramento, California. He received a B.A. from the University of Idaho (Moscow, Idaho) in 1951, and a law degree from the University of Denver School of Law in 1956.

## Military

He was in the United States Air Force from 1951 to 1953, rising to the rank of captain.

## Career

He was a lawyer in private practice. He served as assistant attorney general, Colorado state attorney general's office from 1958 to 1967. He served as District Attorney, Denver, Colorado from 1967 to 1971, during which time McKevitt became known for prosecuting and harassing Denver's "hippies" and the restaurants where they would eat.

### Congress

McKevitt was elected as a Republican to the Ninety-second Congress (January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973). That year, 20-year incumbent Democrat Byron Rogers had been defeated in the primary by a considerably more liberal Democrat, attorney Craig Barnes. Several of Rogers' more conservative supporters threw their support to McKevitt in the general election. The split in the party combined with McKevitt's popularity to allow McKevitt to win by 10,000 votes. However, McKevitt was a conservative Republican in a strongly Democratic district, and he was defeated for reelection to the Ninety-third Congress in 1972 by liberal Democrat Pat Schroeder.

## Later career

McKevitt remained in Washington for some time after his brief congressional term, serving as Assistant United States Attorney General, Office of Legislation in 1973, a counsel on energy policy the White House from 1973 to 1974, and a member of the Korean War Memorial Commission from 1987 to 1995.

## Death and burial

He died on September 28, 2000, in Washington, D.C. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia.

## Electoral history

1970 United States House of Representatives elections, Colorado's 1st district
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Mike McKevitt** | **84,643** | **51.50%** |
|  | Democratic | Craig S. Barnes | 74,444 | 45.30% |
|  | Raza Unida | Salvadore Carpio, Jr. | 5,257 | 3.20% |
| Majority | | | 10,199 | 6.20% |
| Total votes | | | **164,344** | **100%** |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | | | | |

1972 United States House of Representatives elections, Colorado's 1st district
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Pat Schroeder** | **101,832** | **51.56%** |
|  | Republican | Mike McKevitt (incumbent) | 93,733 | 47.46% |
|  | Raza Unida | Maria Pauline Serna | 1,629 | 0.82% |
|  | Socialist Workers | Fern Gapin | 301 | 0.15% |
| Majority | | | 8,099 | 4.10% |
| Total votes | | | **197,495** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **gain** from Republican | | | | | |

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Mike McKevitt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Korean War Memorial Commission | |
| **In office**
1987–1995 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Counsel at White House Energy Policy Office | |
| **In office**
1973–1974 | |
| President | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | *Position created* |
| Succeeded by | Robert E. Montgomery Jr. |
| United States Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legislation | |
| **In office**
1973–1973 | |
| President | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | *Position created* |
| Succeeded by | W. Vincent Rakestraw |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Colorado's 1st district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1971  January 3, 1973 | |
| Preceded by | Byron Rogers |
| Succeeded by | Pat Schroeder |
| District Attorney for Denver, Colorado | |
| **In office**
1967–1971 | |
| Preceded by | Bert M. Keating |
| Succeeded by | Jarvis W. Secombe |
| Assistant Attorney General for Colorado | |
| **In office**
1958–1967 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Douglas McKevitt
October 26, 1928
Spokane, Washington, U.S. |
| Died | September 28, 2000(2000-09-28) (aged 71)
Washington, D. C., U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Occupation | Attorney |
|  | |


title: Haratch (weekly)

abstract: Haratch ('Forward') was an Armenian language weekly newspaper published from Beirut, Lebanon 1957-1970. Founded in January 1957, it was an organ of the Lebanese Communist Party. It stopped publication in 1970. In 1971 the Communist Party began publishing a new Armenian language weekly, Gantch.

text:
# Haratch (weekly)

***Haratch*** ('Forward') was an Armenian language weekly newspaper published from Beirut, Lebanon 1957-1970. Founded in January 1957, it was an organ of the Lebanese Communist Party. It stopped publication in 1970.

In 1971 the Communist Party began publishing a new Armenian language weekly, *Gantch*.

## InfoBox

Haratch
| Type | Weekly |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | January 1957 (1957-01) |
| Political alignment | Communist |
| Language | Armenian |
| Ceased publication | 1970 |
| Headquarters | Beirut |


title: Pamela Floro

abstract: Pamela Floro-Worthington is a Filipino former professional tennis player. Floro, a native of Manila, was a Southeast Asian Games and Fed Cup representative for the Philippines. While playing for the Philippines Fed Cup team in 1997 and 1998 she amassed four doubles wins, all partnering Jennifer Saret. Leaving the tour in 1998, Floro spent the next period of her career in collegiate tennis. She started out at Southern Illinois University, before transferring to the University of Maryland after her sophomore season.

text:
# Pamela Floro

**Pamela Floro-Worthington** (born 18 August 1979) is a Filipino former professional tennis player.

Floro, a native of Manila, was a Southeast Asian Games and Fed Cup representative for the Philippines. While playing for the Philippines Fed Cup team in 1997 and 1998 she amassed four doubles wins, all partnering Jennifer Saret.

Leaving the tour in 1998, Floro spent the next period of her career in collegiate tennis. She started out at Southern Illinois University, before transferring to the University of Maryland after her sophomore season.

## InfoBox

Pamela Floro
| Full name | Pamela Floro-Worthington |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | Philippines |
| Born | (1979-08-18) 18 August 1979 |
| Height | 5 ft 3 in (160 cm) |
| Singles | |
| Highest ranking | No. 987 (23 Jun 1997) |
| Doubles | |
| Highest ranking | No. 566 (15 Sep 1997) |
| Medal record      Southeast Asian Games  1999 Bandar Women's team  1997 Jakarta Women's team | |


title: Lowther Pennington, 3rd Baron Muncaster

abstract:
Lowther Augustus John Pennington, 3rd Baron Muncaster, styled Hon. Lowther Pennington from 1813 to 1818, was a landowner in northern England and an Irish peer. Lowther was the only son of General Lowther Pennington, who married the widow Esther Morrison in January 1802 while on half-pay. The general inherited the barony of Muncaster from his brother in 1813, and died in 1818, leaving Lowther to succeed him in the barony and estates. On 15 December 1828, Muncaster married Frances Catherine Ramsden (1806–1853), the daughter of Sir John Ramsden, 4th Baronet. They had seven children:
  - Hon. Fanny Caroline Pennington
  - Gamel Pennington, 4th Baron Muncaster (1831–1862)
  - Hon. Josslyn Pennington
  - Josslyn Pennington, 5th Baron Muncaster (1834–1917)
  - Hon. Rachel Matilda Pennington
  - Hon. Alan Joseph Pennington, of Ragdale Hall, married on 9 December 1880 Anna Eleanora Hartopp, without children
  - Hon. Louisa Theodosia Pennington, married on 25 November 1858 Edgar Atheling Drummond (1825–1893) and had issue Muncaster died on 30 April 1838 at the Green Park Hotel in Piccadilly, and was buried on 15 May at Warter. His eldest son Gamel succeeded him.

text:
# Lowther Pennington, 3rd Baron Muncaster

**Lowther Augustus John Pennington, 3rd Baron Muncaster** (14 December 1802 – 30 April 1838), styled **Hon. Lowther Pennington** from 1813 to 1818, was a landowner in northern England and an Irish peer.

Lowther was the only son of General Lowther Pennington, who married the widow Esther Morrison in January 1802 while on half-pay. The general inherited the barony of Muncaster from his brother in 1813, and died in 1818, leaving Lowther to succeed him in the barony and estates.

On 15 December 1828, Muncaster married Frances Catherine Ramsden (1806–1853), the daughter of Sir John Ramsden, 4th Baronet. They had seven children:

* Hon. Fanny Caroline Pennington (26 Aug 1829 – 12 July 1864)
* Gamel Pennington, 4th Baron Muncaster (1831–1862)
* Hon. Josslyn Pennington (b. and d. 24 August 1833)
* Josslyn Pennington, 5th Baron Muncaster (1834–1917)
* Hon. Rachel Matilda Pennington (b. and d. March 1836)
* Hon. Alan Joseph Pennington (5 April 1837 – 14 June 1913), of Ragdale Hall, married on 9 December 1880 Anna Eleanora Hartopp, without children
* Hon. Louisa Theodosia Pennington (1838 – 17 June 1886), married on 25 November 1858 Edgar Atheling Drummond (1825–1893) and had issue

Muncaster died on 30 April 1838 at the Green Park Hotel in Piccadilly, and was buried on 15 May at Warter. His eldest son Gamel succeeded him.

* Foster, Joseph (1878). *Pedigree of Sir Josslyn Pennington*. London: Chiswick Press.


title: Phosphatidylinositol deacylase

abstract:
The enzyme phosphatidylinositol deacylase (EC 3.1.1.52) catalyzes the reaction
  - 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol + H2O ⇌ 1-acylglycerophosphoinositol + a carboxylate This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 2-acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include phosphatidylinositol phospholipase A2, and phospholipase A2.

text:
# Phosphatidylinositol deacylase

The enzyme **phosphatidylinositol deacylase** (EC 3.1.1.52) catalyzes the reaction

1-phosphatidyl-D-*myo*-inositol + H2O $\rightleftharpoons $ 1-acylglycerophosphoinositol + a carboxylate

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is **1-phosphatidyl-D-*myo*-inositol 2-acylhydrolase**. Other names in common use include **phosphatidylinositol phospholipase A2**, and **phospholipase A2**.

* Gray NC, Strickland KP (1982). "The purification and characterization of a phospholipase A2 activity from the 106,000 X g pellet (microsomal fraction) of bovine brain acting on phosphatidylinositol". *Can. J. Biochem*. **60** (2): 108–17. doi:10.1139/o82-015. PMID 7083039.
* Gray NC, Strickland KP (1982). "On the specificity of a phospholipase A2 purified from the 106,000 X g pellet of bovine brain". *Lipids*. **17** (2): 91–6. doi:10.1007/BF02535181. PMID 7087686.

## InfoBox

| phosphatidylinositol deacylase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.1.1.52 |
| CAS no. | 81604-94-6 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Fiona Hunter (rugby union)

abstract: Fiona Hunter is a former New Zealand rugby union player. She made her debut for New Zealand on 26 August at RugbyFest 1990 against the Netherlands at Ashburton. She also featured in the match against the Soviet Union, and made appearances for her club Paremata-Plimmerton.

text:
# Fiona Hunter (rugby union)

**Fiona Hunter** (*née* **Johnson**, born 4 August 1970) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. She made her debut for New Zealand on 26 August at RugbyFest 1990 against the Netherlands at Ashburton. She also featured in the match against the Soviet Union, and made appearances for her club Paremata-Plimmerton.

## InfoBox

Fiona Hunter
| Date of birth | (1970-08-04) 4 August 1970 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Darfield, New Zealand |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 76 kg (168 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1990  New Zealand  2  (0) | |


title: May Mann

abstract: May Mann, born May Vasta Randall, was a Hollywood columnist and freelance writer. She wrote a syndicated column about Hollywood gossip and wrote articles on celebrities for fan magazines. Her "Going Hollywood" column was syndicated to 400 newspapers, and contributed to movie magazines Movie Mirror, Silver Screen, Movie Teen, Screenland, and Photoplay. Her columns often featured photos of herself with the celebrity she profiled. She befriended several celebrities like Marilyn Monroe and wrote books about Elvis Presley, Clark Gable, and Jayne Mansfield. She was known as "Hollywood Date Girl" since she wrote about parties that she attended with Hollywood celebrities.

text:
# May Mann

**May Mann**, born **May Vasta Randall**, (September 1, 1908 - April 15, 1995) was a Hollywood columnist and freelance writer. She wrote a syndicated column about Hollywood gossip and wrote articles on celebrities for fan magazines. Her "Going Hollywood" column was syndicated to 400 newspapers, and contributed to movie magazines *Movie Mirror*, *Silver Screen*, *Movie Teen*, *Screenland*, and *Photoplay*. Her columns often featured photos of herself with the celebrity she profiled. She befriended several celebrities like Marilyn Monroe and wrote books about Elvis Presley, Clark Gable, and Jayne Mansfield. She was known as "Hollywood Date Girl" since she wrote about parties that she attended with Hollywood celebrities.

## Biography

May Mann was born to a prominent family in Ogden, Utah. As a child, she loved watching films and reading movie magazines. Her first newspaper publication was in 1934 in *The Ogden Standard-Examiner*. There she wrote as a society columnist. She met with Hollywood celebrities in Union Station in Ogden. The articles she wrote from these meetings were successful, and movie studios paid for her transportation to and from Hollywood in order for her to continue the good publicity. She started her column, "Going Hollywood," in 1936. Mann was Miss Utah in 1938. She attended many parties in Hollywood and thought of herself as a celebrity. In 1938 she wrote an article about Clark Gable for *Screenland* and one about Wallace Beery in *Movie Mirror*. In 1939, she spent several months in New York City writing columns about Broadway during the World's Fair. She spent her vacation time working as a reporter for a New York newspaper. Her columns often featured photos of her with the celebrity she wrote about, which she started when a reader doubted that she had actually met with the celebrity.

In 1956, she became one of Marilyn Monroe's favourite reporters and confidantes. As such she received a telegram from Monroe setting up a call for a specific time to confide to Mann that she and Arthur Miller would be wed 'at midsummer" but was told, 'don't print it yet.'

Mann later reported on Marilyn Monroe's wedding to Arthur Miller (after it was announced) for the New York Tribune. Mann continued to write about Monroe up until Marilyn's death in 1962. Mann reported on what she considered to be an "inept probe" into her close friend, Marilyn Monroe's untimely death. She received a call from chief Parker about the article. Mann relayed, "He said it would be bad for my health if I kept writing stories like that."

She was a regular contributor to *Photoplay* 1972–1977. King Features, Faucett Publications and General Features syndicated her "Going Hollywood" column to 400 newspapers. Mann wrote for movie magazines starting in 1937, and her work appears in *Movie Mirror*, *Silver Screen*, *Movie Teen*, and *Screenland*. Sometimes she used a pen name, Frances Lane, because she claimed that the Associated Press told her she could only write in one A.P. paper. She described herself as liking everyone, even if they disliked her, and "never \[said\] an unkind word about anyone."

Mann interviewed Mae West, Marilyn Monroe, Clark Gable, Joan Crawford, Jayne Mansfield, and Mary Pickford. Mann also wrote extensively about The Osmonds.

Later in Mann's career, she became involved in charity work, especially with the Ida B. Mayer Cummings Auxiliary, a charity that helped provide for elderly Jewish people.

## Books

Mann's style was that of an adoring fan. She wrote a book on Elvis Presley called *Elvis and the Colonel*, where she claimed to have an exclusive "authorized" interview with Elvis. Writing for *The Daily Herald* in Chicago, John Lampinen wrote that the book was "classic Hollywood pulp" showing only Elvis's "promotional image." After Elvis's death, author and columnist Molly Ivins updated *Elvis and the Colonel*, renaming it *The Private Elvis*.

Mann was good friends with the actress Jayne Mansfield. Mann wrote her biography after reporting that Mansfield's spirit haunted her until she wrote the book.

## Personal life

Mann was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and abstained from smoking or drinking her whole life. Mann was married to David H. Mann, a writer and editor at the Ogden newspaper, for at least two and a half years before they were divorced in 1944. David Mann sued for divorce because of desertion. Mann married Al Leon, a former concert singer who was from San Francisco in 1945. Their wedding was held in Falcon Lair and covered by Louella Parsons. Fellow columnist Cobina Wright sent invitations and managed the wedding. Mann and Leon divorced in 1948. May married Buddy Baer in 1949, and a divorce was granted in 1956.

Mann died in Los Angeles on April 15, 1995.

## Celebrity gowns

An evening gown and shawl that had previously belonged to Marilyn Monroe had been in Mann's possession until 1992 when she gave it to Arlene and Milt Larsen to exhibit at the Magic Castle Museum. In 2017, it was sold for an undisclosed price.

## Works

* "A Date With Clark Gable", *Screenland* magazine, May 1937.
* *Elvis and the Colonel*, Drake Publishers, 1975. ISBN 9780847310043.
* *Jayne Mansfield: A Biography*, Drake Publishers, 1973. ISBN 978-0877494157.
* *My Friend Clark*
* Marilyn Monroe (now thought to have been lost)
* *Princess*, Drake Publishers, 1976. Book about Mann's cat, who made appearances at charity events to help raise money.

## InfoBox

| May Mann | |
| --- | --- |
| Mann with close friend Marilyn Monroe on the set of *Let's Make Love* | |
| Born | May Vasta Randall
(1908-09-01)September 1, 1908
Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Died | April 15, 1995(1995-04-15) (aged 86)
Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Occupation | Journalist |


title: Tierbach (Ette)

abstract: Tierbach is a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the left headstream of the Ette.

text:
# Tierbach (Ette)

**Tierbach** is a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the left headstream of the Ette (the Eselsbach is the right one).

## InfoBox

| Tierbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Baden-Württemberg |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Ette |
| coordinates | 49°20′48″N 9°53′06″E / 49.3466°N 9.8850°E / 49.3466; 9.8850 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | EtteJagstNeckarRhineNorth Sea |


title: French Communist Group

abstract: The French Communist Group was a small organization of French residents in Russia, founded in Moscow in October 1918. One of the founders, Jacques Sadoul, had been a French infantry soldier in Russia during World War I but had joined the Red Army and became an organized communist. Prominent members of the French Communist Group included Jacques Sadoul, Pierre Pascal, Suzanne Girault and Henri Guilbeaux. The group was affiliated to the Federation of Foreign Groups of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Although the organization was small, it was able to play an important role in educational work that enabled mutinies amongst French interventionist troops in Russia in 1919. The French Communist Group published the weekly newspaper La Troisième Internationale between October 1918 and March 1919. The newspaper had as its stated goal to promote "the enlightenment of the workers of France, Belgium and Switzerland about the Russian Revolution; agitation among French soldiers at the front in Russia, the organization of French, Belgian and Swiss workers living in Russia." The group was represented by Jacques Sadoul at the founding congress of the Communist International in March 1919. Sadoul participated as a consultative delegate. The group was torn apart by internal differences and squabbles between Guilbeaux and Sadoul. Victor Serge, who used to assist the meetings of the group in 1920 and 1921, described it as a "little nest of vipers". One of the members of the group, the school teacher Jeanne Labourbe, was executed by French troops in Odessa in 1919. Labourbe would be iconized as a communist martyr. Suzanne Girault, who would later become a leading figure in the French Communist Party, became the secretary of the French Communist Group in Kiev in 1919.

text:
# French Communist Group

The **French Communist Group** was a small organization of French residents in Russia, founded in Moscow in October 1918. One of the founders, Jacques Sadoul, had been a French infantry soldier in Russia during World War I but had joined the Red Army and became an organized communist.

Prominent members of the French Communist Group included Jacques Sadoul, Pierre Pascal, Suzanne Girault and Henri Guilbeaux.

The group was affiliated to the Federation of Foreign Groups of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Although the organization was small, it was able to play an important role in educational work that enabled mutinies amongst French interventionist troops in Russia in 1919.

The French Communist Group published the weekly newspaper *La Troisième Internationale* between October 1918 and March 1919. The newspaper had as its stated goal to promote "the enlightenment of the workers of France, Belgium and Switzerland about the Russian Revolution; agitation among French soldiers at the front in Russia, the organization of French, Belgian and Swiss workers living in Russia."

The group was represented by Jacques Sadoul at the founding congress of the Communist International in March 1919. Sadoul participated as a consultative delegate.

The group was torn apart by internal differences and squabbles between Guilbeaux and Sadoul. Victor Serge, who used to assist the meetings of the group in 1920 and 1921, described it as a "little nest of vipers".

One of the members of the group, the school teacher Jeanne Labourbe, was executed by French troops in Odessa in 1919. Labourbe would be iconized as a communist martyr.

Suzanne Girault, who would later become a leading figure in the French Communist Party, became the secretary of the French Communist Group in Kiev in 1919.


title: Fridolf Stands Up!

abstract: Fridolf Stands Up! is a 1958 Swedish comedy film directed by Torgny Anderberg and starring Douglas Håge, Hjördis Petterson and Lars Ekborg. The film's sets were designed by the art director Bibi Lindström. It was one of a series of films featuring Håge as Fridolf Olsson.

text:
# Fridolf Stands Up!

***Fridolf Stands Up!*** (Swedish: ***Fridolf sticker opp!***) is a 1958 Swedish comedy film directed by Torgny Anderberg and starring Douglas Håge, Hjördis Petterson and Lars Ekborg. The film's sets were designed by the art director Bibi Lindström. It was one of a series of films featuring Håge as Fridolf Olsson.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Krawc, Alfred. *International Directory of Cinematographers, Set- and Costume Designers in Film: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden (from the beginnings to 1984)*. Saur, 1986.

## InfoBox

| Fridolf Stands Up! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Torgny Anderberg |
| Written by | Rune Moberg |
| Produced by | Gunnar Lundin |
| Starring | Douglas Håge
Hjördis Petterson
Lars Ekborg |
| Cinematography | Max Wilén |
| Edited by | Carl-Olov Skeppstedt |
| Music by | Lennart Fors |
| Production
company | Nordisk Tonefilm |
| Distributed by | Nordisk Tonefilm |
| Release date | * 25 August 1958 (1958-08-25) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Country | Sweden |
| Language | Swedish |


title: Maximian of Bagai

abstract: Maximian of Bagai was a 5th century bishop of Bagai in Roman North Africa. His life shows the extent that the religious schism in Roman North Africa could become violent.

text:
# Maximian of Bagai

**Maximian of Bagai** was a 5th century bishop of Bagai in Roman North Africa. His life shows the extent that the religious schism in Roman North Africa could become violent.

## Biography

About 401AD Maximian converted from Donatism to Catholicism. His Bishopric had long been a center of Donatism and Maximian was almost killed by his former colleagues on two occasions. Such that Augustine once said of him *He has more scars than limbs*.

He was first attacked in his cathedral, by a Donatist mob who used clubs and swords, where he was rescued by Catholic supporters after sustaining serious wounds.

A second time he was attacked by a circumcellion mob in a similar way. He had used the civil courts to secure possession of a disputed chapel, but as he was taking possession he was attacked and dragged to the top of a tower from which he was thrown. As fate would have it his fall was broken when he landed in a pile of manure. He was found injured by a sympathetic couple and hidden.

In 404 he appealed to the Roman Emperor Honorius regarding these abuses. The emperor reinstated laws against the Donatists as a result.

Augustine in a letter of 402 states that Maximian had abdicated possibly under duress. and Augustine encouraged Maximian's brother Castorius to replace him.

He is venerated by the Catholic Church as a saint. His feast-day is October 3 according to the Roman Martyrologium.

## InfoBox

| Maximian of Bagai | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 4th Century |
| Died | 5th Century |
| Venerated in |  |
| Feast | October 3 |
| Controversy | Donatist controversy |


title: Frederick Pearson (cricketer)

abstract: Frederick Albert Pearson was an English first-class cricketer. He was an all-rounder who played for Worcestershire between 1900 and 1926. He also appeared three times for Auckland in the 1910–11 season, and was twice selected to represent the Players against the Gentlemen, in 1911 at Scarborough and in 1924 at The Oval. He scored 18,495 of his runs for Worcestershire, placing him ninth on the county's all-time list, while his 815 wickets for the county are 12th on that ranking. Born in Brixton, London, Pearson made his first-class debut for Worcestershire against London County in May 1900. He opened the batting, though making little impression as he was dismissed for 7 and 2, and claimed the single wicket of Lionel Wells. He did not have much more success in three further first-class games that season, but caught the eye with match figures of 10–98 in a minor game against a touring West Indian side. 1901 saw him make his maiden century, 108 against Leicestershire, and he finished the year with 945 first-class runs at 21.97, while with the ball he claimed 51 wickets at 31.37 including four occasions on which he took five or more wickets in an innings. Several lean years followed but from 1904 until first-class cricket was interrupted by the First World War Pearson was consistent with the bat, his season's aggregates being within 200 runs either side of a thousand in each English season. His bowling was at first less productive, though he did take 8–42 against Surrey in 1907. In 1910–11, Pearson served a season as coach of the Auckland Cricket Association, and played three games for Auckland, twice taking six wickets in an innings: this included a haul of 6–10 against a Hawke's Bay side whose total of 28 included no score higher than 4 except for Extras (13). After his return to England, his domestic bowling improved: from 1911 to 1914 he took over 40 wickets each season, his tally of 51 in 1913 including a career-best 9–41, although this was in a 12-a-side match for HK Foster's XI against Cambridge University rather than being for his county. After the war, Pearson appeared only once in 1919, but played in 14 of Worcestershire's 18 County Championship matches the following summer and remained a regular part of the side from then until the end of his first-class career. In 1921 he enjoyed an excellent season with the bat, his 1,498 runs at 36.53 being much his highest aggregate and topping his county's averages. His bowling, however, was perhaps the more important factor to Worcestershire, as a weak side depended heavily on him to supplement Fred Root in the attack. From 1921 to 1925 Pearson always passed 50 wickets, and in 1923 he did the "double" by scoring 1,051 runs and taking a career-best 111 wickets, this latter achievement including ten five-wicket hauls. His final first-class match was for Worcestershire against Middlesex at Lord's in early September 1926. Only 109 overs were possible, and Worcestershire did not get to bat. However, Pearson did take 3–56. He died at the age of 83 in Droitwich, Worcestershire.

text:
# Frederick Pearson (cricketer)

**Frederick Albert Pearson** (23 September 1880 – 10 November 1963) was an English first-class cricketer. He was an all-rounder who played for Worcestershire between 1900 and 1926. He also appeared three times for Auckland in the 1910–11 season, and was twice selected to represent the Players against the Gentlemen, in 1911 at Scarborough and in 1924 at The Oval. He scored 18,495 of his runs for Worcestershire, placing him (as of 2007) ninth on the county's all-time list, while his 815 wickets for the county are 12th on that ranking.

Born in Brixton, London, Pearson made his first-class debut for Worcestershire against London County in May 1900. He opened the batting, though making little impression as he was dismissed for 7 and 2, and claimed the single wicket of Lionel Wells. He did not have much more success in three further first-class games that season, but caught the eye with match figures of 10–98 in a minor game against a touring West Indian side.

1901 saw him make his maiden century, 108 against Leicestershire, and he finished the year with 945 first-class runs at 21.97, while with the ball he claimed 51 wickets at 31.37 including four occasions on which he took five or more wickets in an innings. Several lean years followed (indeed, in 1903 he bowled only 24 balls in total) but from 1904 until first-class cricket was interrupted by the First World War Pearson was consistent with the bat, his season's aggregates being within 200 runs either side of a thousand in each English season. His bowling was at first less productive, though he did take 8–42 against Surrey in 1907.

In 1910–11, Pearson served a season as coach of the Auckland Cricket Association, and played three games for Auckland, twice taking six wickets in an innings: this included a haul of 6–10 against a Hawke's Bay side whose total of 28 included no score higher than 4 except for Extras (13). After his return to England, his domestic bowling improved: from 1911 to 1914 he took over 40 wickets each season, his tally of 51 in 1913 including a career-best 9–41, although this was in a 12-a-side match (nevertheless considered first-class) for HK Foster's XI against Cambridge University rather than being for his county.

After the war, Pearson appeared only once in 1919, but played in 14 of Worcestershire's 18 County Championship matches the following summer and remained a regular part of the side from then until the end of his first-class career. In 1921 he enjoyed an excellent season with the bat, his 1,498 runs at 36.53 being much his highest aggregate and topping his county's averages. His bowling, however, was perhaps the more important factor to Worcestershire, as a weak side depended heavily on him to supplement Fred Root in the attack. From 1921 to 1925 Pearson always passed 50 wickets, and in 1923 he did the "double" by scoring 1,051 runs and taking a career-best 111 wickets, this latter achievement including ten five-wicket hauls.

His final first-class match was for Worcestershire against Middlesex at Lord's in early September 1926. Only 109 overs were possible, and Worcestershire did not get to bat. However, Pearson did take 3–56. He died at the age of 83 in Droitwich, Worcestershire.

## InfoBox

Frederick Pearson
| Cricket information | |
| --- | --- |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off-break |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 454  Runs scored 18,735  Batting average 24.23  100s/50s 22/82  Top score 167  Balls bowled 51,060  Wickets 853  Bowling average 28.97  5 wickets in innings 38  10 wickets in match 4  Best bowling 9/41  Catches/stumpings 162/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 8 November 2022 | |


title: Thymbritis

abstract: Thymbritis is a genus of moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It contains the species Thymbritis molybdias, which is found in Sri Lanka. The wingspan is 13–15 mm. The forewings are brownish, sprinkled with dark fuscous and with a bright leaden-metallic spot lying along the upper part of the termen, preceded by a transverse series of five small white marks edged posteriorly with some black scales. There is a black dot in the apex. The hindwings are rather dark grey.

text:
# Thymbritis

***Thymbritis*** is a genus of moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It contains the species ***Thymbritis molybdias***, which is found in Sri Lanka.

The wingspan is 13–15 mm. The forewings are brownish, sprinkled with dark fuscous and with a bright leaden-metallic spot lying along the upper part of the termen, preceded by a transverse series of five small white marks edged posteriorly with some black scales. There is a black dot in the apex. The hindwings are rather dark grey.

## InfoBox

| *Thymbritis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lecithoceridae |
| Subfamily: | Torodorinae |
| Genus: | *Thymbritis*
Meyrick, 1925 |
| Species: | ***T. molybdias*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thymbritis molybdias***
(Meyrick, 1910) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Onebala molybdias* Meyrick, 1910 | |


title: French football league system

abstract: The French football league system, also known as the French football pyramid, is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in France and Monaco, and includes one Spanish side. At the top two levels of the system is the Ligue de Football Professionnel, which consists of two professional national divisions, Ligue 1, Ligue 2. Below that are a number of leagues run by the Fédération Française de Football. At level 3 is the semi-professional Championnat National. Below that is the Championnat National 2, which is divided into four parallel regional divisions, followed by the Championnat National 3, which is divided into eleven parallel regional divisions. Underneath that are many more regional and departmental leagues and divisions. Clubs finishing the season at or near the top of their division may be eligible for promotion to a higher division. Similarly, clubs finishing at or near the bottom of their division may be relegated to a lower division.

text:
# French football league system

The **French football league system**, also known as the **French football pyramid**, is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in France and Monaco, and includes one Spanish side. At the top two levels of the system is the Ligue de Football Professionnel, which consists of two professional national divisions, Ligue 1, Ligue 2. Below that are a number of leagues run by the Fédération Française de Football. At level 3 is the semi-professional Championnat National. Below that is the Championnat National 2 (level 4), which is divided into four parallel regional divisions, followed by the Championnat National 3 (level 5), which is divided into eleven parallel regional divisions. Underneath that are many more regional and departmental leagues and divisions. Clubs finishing the season at or near the top of their division may be eligible for promotion to a higher division. Similarly, clubs finishing at or near the bottom of their division may be relegated to a lower division.

## Men

### National leagues

Starting in 2017–18 there were changes at levels 3 and 4 (in name only) and level 5 (significant restructuring and rename).

| Level | League(s)/Division(s) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Professional leagues** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | **Ligue 1**
*18 clubs
↓ 2 relegation spots + 1 relegation play-off spot* | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | **Ligue 2**
*18 clubs
↑ 2 promotion spots + 1 promotion play-off spot
↓ 2 relegation spots + 1 relegation play-off spot* | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | **Semi-professional leagues** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | **National**
*18 clubs
↑ 2 promotion spots + 1 promotion play-off spot
↓ 3 relegation spots* | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | **National 2**
*48 clubs* divided into 3 groups
*↑ 3 promotion spots
↓ 10 relegation spots (for 2024–25 season)* | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | **Group A**
*16 clubs* | | | **Group B**
*16 clubs* | | | | **Group C**
*16 clubs* | | |
| 5 | **National 3**
*140 clubs* divided into 10 groups (for 2024–25 season) = 14x10
*112 clubs* divided into 8 groups (from 2025–26 season onwards) = 14x8 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | **Group A**
*14 clubs* | **Group B**
*14 clubs* | **Group C**
*14 clubs* | **Group D**
*14 clubs* | **Group E**
*14 clubs* | **Group F**
*14 clubs* | **Group G**
*14 clubs* | **Group H**
*14 clubs* | **Group I**
*14 clubs* | **Group J**
*14 clubs* |

### Regional leagues

As of the 2022–23 season, this is the structure of the amateur regional leagues, operating directly below the national leagues.

| Leagues | Level 6 | Level 7 | Level 8 | Level 9 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Bourgogne-Franche-Comté | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Brittany | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Centre-Val de Loire | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Corsica | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 | Régional 4 |
| Grand Est | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Hauts-de-France | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Méditerranée | Régional 1 | Régional 2 |  |  |
| Normandy | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Nouvelle Aquitaine | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Occitanie | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Paris Île-de-France | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |
| Pays de la Loire | Régional 1 | Régional 2 | Régional 3 |  |

### Departmental leagues

As of the 2019–20 season, this is the structure of the amateur departmental leagues, operating at various levels below the regional leagues.

#### Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 | Level 13 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ain | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Allier | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Cantal | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Drôme-Ardèche | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Haute-Loire | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Haute-Savoie-Pays de Gex | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Isère | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Loire | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Lyon Metropolis-Rhône | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Puy-de-Dôme | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Savoie | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |

#### Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Côte-d'Or | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Doubs-Territoire de Belfort | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Haute-Saône | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Jura | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Nièvre | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Saône-et-Loire | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Yonne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |

#### Brittany region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 | Level 13 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Côtes-d'Armor | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |
| Finistère | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |
| Ille-et-Vilaine | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Morbihan | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |

#### Centre-Val de Loire region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 | Level 13 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cher | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Eure-et-Loir | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |
| Indre | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Indre-et-Loire | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Loiret | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Loir-et-Cher | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |

#### Corsica region

There are no district divisions in Corsica. The system in Corsica goes up to Régional 4.

#### Grand Est region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 | Level 13 | Level 14 | Level 15 | Level 16 | Level 17 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alsace | District 1 | District 2 | District 3 | District 4 | District 5 | District 6 | District 7 | District 8 | District 9 |
| Ardennes | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Aube | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Haute-Marne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Marne | District 1 | District 2 | District 3 | District 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Meurthe-et-Moselle | Division 1 | Division 2 | Division 3 | Division 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Meuse | Division 1 | Division 2 | Division 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Moselle | Division 1 | Division 2 | Division 3 | Division 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Vosges | Division 1 | Division 2 | Division 3 | Division 4 |  |  |  |  |  |

#### Hauts-de-France region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 | Level 13 | Level 14 | Level 15 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aisne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |  |
| Artois | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 | Départemental 6 | Départemental 7 |
| Côte d'Opale | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 | Départemental 6 | Départemental 7 |
| Escaut | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 | Départemental 6 | Départemental 7 |
| Flandres | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 | Départemental 6 | Départemental 7 |
| Oise | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |  |
| Somme | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 | Départemental 6 | Départemental 7 |

#### Méditerranée Region

| Departmental districts | Level 8 | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alpes (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Hautes-Alpes) | District 1 | District 2 | District 3 |  |  |
| Côte d'Azur (Alpes-Maritimes) | District 1 | District 2 | District 3 | District 4 | District 5 |
| Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône) | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |
| Grand Vaucluse | District 1 | District 2 | District 3 | District 4 |  |
| Var | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |

#### Normandy region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Calvados | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Eure | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Manche | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Orne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |
| Seine-Maritime | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |

#### Nouvelle Aquitaine region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 | Level 13 | Level 14 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Charente | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |
| Charente-Maritime | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Corrèze | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Creuse | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Deux-Sèvres | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |
| Dordogne-Périgord (Dordogne) | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Gironde | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Haute-Vienne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |
| Landes | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Lot-et-Garonne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Pyrénées-Atlantiques | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Vienne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 | Départemental 6 |

#### Occitanie region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 | Level 13 | Level 14 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ariège | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Aude | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Aveyron | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 | Départemental 6 |
| Haute-Garonne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |
| Hautes-Pyrénées | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Gard-Lozère | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Gers | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 |  |  |  |
| Hérault | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |
| Lot | Division 1 | Division 2 | Division 3 | Division 4 |  |  |
| Pyrénées-Orientales | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Tarn | Division 1 | Division 2 | Division 3 | Division 4 |  |  |
| Tarn-et-Garonne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |

#### Paris Île-de-France region

Clubs in the arrondissements of Paris are divided between the three surrounding suburban districts. The District of Hauts-de-Seine includes 6th, 7th, 8th, 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th, the District of Seine-Saint-Denis has the 9th, 10th, 11th, 18th, 19th, 20th and the District of Val-de-Marne includes 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 12th and 13th.

| Départemental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 | Level 13 | Level 14 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Essonne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |
| Hauts-de-Seine | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 | Départemental 6 |
| Seine-et-Marne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Seine-Saint-Denis | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |  |
| Val d'Oise | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Val-de-Marne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |  |
| Yvelines | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 | Départemental 6 |

#### Pays de la Loire region

| Departmental districts | Level 9 | Level 10 | Level 11 | Level 12 | Level 13 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loire-Atlantique | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 | Départemental 5 |
| Maine-et-Loire | Première Division | Deuxième Division | Troisième Division | Quatrième Division | Cinquième Division |
| Mayenne | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |
| Sarthe | Départemental 1 | Départemental 2 | Départemental 3 | Départemental 4 |  |
| Vendée | Division 1 | Division 2 | Division 3 | Division 4 | Division 5 |

## Women

### National leagues

**From 2023–24 onwards** :

| Level | League(s)/Division(s) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Première Ligue**
*12 clubs* | | | |
| 2 | **Seconde Ligue**
*12 clubs* | | | |
| 3 | **Division 3 Féminine**
*24 clubs* divided into 2 groups | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | **Group A**
*12 clubs* | | | **Group B**
*12 clubs* | | |
| 4 | Alsace Honneur, Aquitaine Honneur, Atlantique Honneur, Auvergne Honneur, Lower Normandy Honneur, Burgundy Honneur, Brittany Honneur, Centre Honneur, Centre-Ouest Honneur, Champagne-Ardenne Honneur, Corsica Honneur, Franche-Comté Honneur, Languedoc-Roussillon Honneur, Lorraine Honneur, Maine Honneur, Provence Honneur, Midi-Pyrénées Honneur, Nord-Pas-de-Calais Honneur, Upper Normandy Honneur, Paris Honneur, Picardy Honneur, Rhône-Alpes Honneur | | | |

1. "LFP, Ligue 1, L1, Ligue 2, L2 et Coupe de le Ligue" (in French). Ligue de Football Professionnel. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
2. "Ligue 1" (in French). French Football Federation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
3. "Ligue 2" (in French). French Football Federation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
4. "Championnat National" (in French). French Football Federation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
5. "Championnat de France amateur" (in French). French Football Federation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
6. "Championnat de France amateur 2" (in French). French Football Federation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
7. "National 3 : Le visage des futurs groupes se dessine" (in French). foot-national.com. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.


title: French forces in Djibouti

abstract: The French forces in Djibouti (FFDj) is a French overseas military base. It constitutes one of the larger French military contingents outside France. The French military has remained present in Djibouti since the territory's independence. Starting June 1977 the conditions of the French forces were set by the framework of a provisional protocol. A new agreement has been in force since 2014. In December 2023, a new defense cooperation treaty is under discussion for renewal.

text:
# French forces in Djibouti

**The French forces in Djibouti (FFDj)** (French: *Les forces françaises stationnées à Djibouti, lit.* 'The French forces stationed in Djibouti') is a French overseas military base. It constitutes one of the larger French military contingents outside France. The French military has remained present in Djibouti since the territory's independence. Starting June 1977 the conditions of the French forces were set by the framework of a provisional protocol (equivalent to a defense agreement). A new agreement has been in force since 2014. In December 2023, a new defense cooperation treaty is under discussion for renewal.

## History

The base's force was 1,950 strong at the start of 2015. In mid-2018 the force was downsized to 1,450.

## Operations

The general commanding the French forces stationed in Djibouti has a joint staff. At the start of 2015, he commanded around 1,950 soldiers, 1,400 of whom were permanent, belonging to pre-positioned and rotating units which constitute the present forces. During the summer of 2015, the workforce fell to between 1,650 and 1,750 people. The military base is managed by the Djibouti Defense Base Support Group.

### Ground units

On 1 November 1969, the 5th Overseas Interarms Regiment (fr. 5ème Regiment Interarmes d'Outre Mer (RIAOM)) was recreated in Djibouti, then named the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. 5th RIAOM maintains the motto "Proud and strong." On that date, it inherited the pennant and traditions of the Somali Battalion.

The 5th RIAOM is the last combined arms regiment of the French Army. Its location, as well as the missions entrusted to the Republic of Djibouti, a region of the globe in perpetual evolution, with multiple upheavals, imposes a permanent operational posture. It is also the traditional regiment of Djibouti.

Grouped in the Brière de l'Isle district, it is made up of:

* The CCL, which provides operational logistics as well as the implementation of the regiment's command post. It also arms the combat training and hardening centre of Djibouti (CECAD). This centre accommodates permanent units or short-term missions of the 5th RIAOM, other units of the FFDj, units or schools in metropolitan France, Djiboutian, and foreign forces.
* The 1st Infantry Company Acute Mission, equipped with VAB and antitank missiles;
* The 3rd Armoured Squadron in short mission, equipped with AMX-10 RC;
* The 6th Land Battery Unit Artillery - Land Acute Mission equipped with TRF1 and mortar 120 mm.

On 1 August 2008, the Battalion of the Light Air Djibouti (BATALAT) was attached to the 5th RIAOM. After becoming a Detachment of the Light Aviation of the Army (DETALAT) with 70 soldiers, it was equipped at the end of 2014 with four Puma and two Gazelle Hot helicopters.

### Air units

The Squadron of French Somaliland (CFS) was incorporated on 1 April 1933, on the field of Saline, with three Potez 25 TOE biplanes and a Potez 29 detached medical of the 39th of parked aircraft regiment in the Levant. The Djibouti Air Base was transferred to Gabode land in 1935.

In 2011, the Base aérienne 188 Djibouti "Colonel Emile Massart" accommodated around fifteen aircraft, and being a support base with a joint vocation, it also accommodated many support units including an armed ground-air defense section of eight 20-mm twin-tubes and eight firing stations for Mistral missiles. It also hosts two squadrons:

In addition, a detachment from naval aeronautics (Breguet Atlantic, then Breguet Atlantique 2) is permanently stationed there.

The French Navy deploys a CTM landing craft in Djibouti. It also has deployed special forces for training and for combating piracy around the Horn of Africa. Two *Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards* (EDA-S) landing craft are to be delivered to naval forces based in Djibouti by 2025. The landing craft are to replace the CTM craft and better support operations in the region.

## InfoBox

| French forces in Djibouti | |
| --- | --- |
| Djibouti | |
| Site information | |
| Operator | France |
| Controlled by | French Armed Forces |
| Condition | Operational |
| Site history | |
| Built for | Military Airbase, Joint base |
| Garrison information | |
| Current<br>commander | Eric Gernez |
| Occupants | 1,450 soldiers (2018) |


title: FreedomBox

abstract: FreedomBox is a free software home server operating system based on Debian, backed by the FreedomBox Foundation. Launched in 2010, FreedomBox has grown from a software system to an ecosystem including a DIY community as well as some commercial products.

text:
# FreedomBox

**FreedomBox** is a free software home server operating system based on Debian, backed by the FreedomBox Foundation.

Launched in 2010, FreedomBox has grown from a software system to an ecosystem including a DIY community as well as some commercial products.

## History

The project was announced by Eben Moglen, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, in a speech called "Freedom in the Cloud" at the New York ISOC meeting on February 2, 2010. In this speech, Moglen predicted the damage that Facebook would do to society; "Mr. Zuckerberg has attained an unenviable record: he has done more harm to the human race than anybody else his age." In direct response to the threat posed by Facebook in 2010, Moglen argued that FreedomBox should provide the foundation for an alternative Web.

As Steven J. Vaughan Nichols notes, "\[Moglen\] saw the mess we were heading toward almost 10 years ago. That was before Facebook proved itself to be totally incompetent with security and sold off your data to Cambridge Analytica to scam 50 million US Facebook users with personalized anti-Clinton and pro-Trump propaganda in the 2016 election."

On February 4, 2011, Moglen formed the FreedomBox Foundation to become the organizational headquarters of the project, and on February 18, 2011, the foundation started a campaign to raise $60,000 in 30 days on the crowdfunding service, Kickstarter. The goal was met on February 22, and on March 19, 2011, the campaign ended after collecting $86,724 from 1,007 backers. The early developers aimed to create and preserve personal privacy by providing a secure platform for building decentralized digital applications. They targeted the FreedomBox software for plug computers and single-board computers that can easily be located in individual residences or offices. After 2011, the FreedomBox project continued to grow under different leadership.

In 2017, the project was so successful that "the private sector global technology company ThoughtWorks had hired two developers in India to work on FreedomBox full-time." The FreedomBox project now has a software ecosystem of its own, with contributions from over 60 developers throughout the project's history.

In 2019, the FreedomBox Foundation announced that the first commercial FreedomBox product would be sold by Olimex, a hardware manufacturer. The pioneer edition of FreedomBox home server developed in partnership with Olimex.

## FreedomBox and Debian

FreedomBox is a Debian Pure Blend, and all of its applications are installed as Debian packages. The FreedomBox project itself distributes its software through Debian repositories.

FreedomBox also features automatic software updates powered by Debian.

## Hardware neutrality

FreedomBox is designed to be hardware neutral: Its developers aim for it to be installable on almost any computer hardware. One of the benefits of being a Debian Pure Blend is that FreedomBox inherits the diverse hardware compatibility of Debian.

As of April 2019, FreedomBox is packaged in custom operating system images for 11 single-board computers. The hardware currently put forward for use with the FreedomBox software is explained on the Hardware page. OSHW designs are preferred, like the Olimex A20 OLinuXino Lime 2 or the BeagleBone Black. Closed-source boards like the DreamPlug, Cubietruck and the Raspberry Pi are possible options, while more are on the way. There is also a VirtualBox image. FreedomBox can additionally be installed over a clean Debian installation.

## Commercial product

On April 22, 2019, the FreedomBox Foundation announced plans to sell a home server kit called a "FreedomBox" as a commercial product. Production and sales were managed by hardware company Olimex. The product is designed to make it easier for laypeople to host their own servers.

### Press reviews

* "Eben Moglen Is Reshaping Internet With a Freedom Box — The New York Times." \[Online\].

\<!-20240104 nytimes throws error(s) for this URL. \*Pls FIXME" -\> Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/nyregion/16about.html. \[accessed 2016-10-06\].

\<!- 20240104 Gigaom throws 403 forbidden for this URL \*Pls FIXME\* -\>

## InfoBox

FreedomBox
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Latest release | 24.21 / 8 October 2024 |
| Repository | salsa.debian.org/freedombox-team/ |
| Default<br>user interface | Web interface |
| License | Free software (AGPLv3) |
| Official website | freedombox.org |


title: Friedrich Bayer

abstract: Friedrich Bayer was the founder of what would become Bayer, a German chemical and pharmaceutical company. He founded the dyestuff factory Friedrich Bayer along with Johann Friedrich Weskott in 1863 in Elberfeld, a flourishing city in the early industrialised region of the Wuppertal or Wupper Valley. Friedrich Bayer changed the spelling of his surname from Beyer in his early twenties, due to the publicity gained by a fraudulent merchant from Leipzig bearing the same name. Friedrich Beyer from Barmen feared that the bad reputation of his namesake could damage his business and consequently changed his surname to Bayer.

text:
# Friedrich Bayer

**Friedrich Bayer** (born Friedrich Beyer, 6 June 1825 in Barmen now Wuppertal – 6 May 1880 in Würzburg) was the founder of what would become Bayer, a German chemical and pharmaceutical company. He founded the dyestuff factory *Friedrich Bayer* along with Johann Friedrich Weskott in 1863 in Elberfeld, a flourishing city in the early industrialised region of the *Wuppertal* or Wupper Valley.

Friedrich Bayer changed the spelling of his surname from Beyer in his early twenties, due to the publicity gained by a fraudulent merchant from Leipzig bearing the same name. Friedrich Beyer from Barmen feared that the bad reputation of his namesake could damage his business and consequently changed his surname to Bayer.

1. "Friedrich Bayer | German businessman \[1825–1880\]". *www.britannica.com*. May 2024.
2. Thomas Käding (2013-05-21). "Eigentlich müsste es Beyer heißen". *www.ksta.de*. Leverkusener Anzeiger. Retrieved 2015-05-26.


title: Maxine Kurtz

abstract:
Maxine Kurtz was an American city planner. When Kurtz became the director of the Denver Planning Office in 1947, she became the first woman to direct the planning department of a major American city. Kurtz is also known for persuading the government of Denver and its neighboring suburbs to enter a historic water sharing agreement in return for concessions in sanitation, zoning and building. Kurtz was the author of two books about her experiences in city planning and human rights:
  - Invisible Cage, A Memoir (2005)
  - City of Destiny: Denver in the Making, with Ralph Conant

text:
# Maxine Kurtz

**Maxine Kurtz** (October 17, 1921 – November 4, 2008 ) was an American city planner.

When Kurtz became the director of the Denver Planning Office in 1947, she became the first woman to direct the planning department of a major American city. Kurtz is also known for persuading the government of Denver and its neighboring suburbs to enter a historic water sharing agreement in return for concessions in sanitation, zoning and building.

Kurtz was the author of two books about her experiences in city planning and human rights:

* *Invisible Cage, A Memoir* (2005)
* *City of Destiny: Denver in the Making*, with Ralph Conant


title: Friends of the Anson Air Museum

abstract: Friends of the Anson Air Museum is an Australian aviation museum located in Ballarat, Victoria. It is housed in the gym of the former Royal Australian Air Force base at what is now Ballarat Airport. It houses an Avro Anson aircraft currently under restoration and an exhibition on World War II and Australia's part in it.

text:
# Friends of the Anson Air Museum

37°31′08″S 143°47′16″E / 37.5188°S 143.7878°E / -37.5188; 143.7878 **Friends of the Anson Air Museum** is an Australian aviation museum located in Ballarat, Victoria. It is housed in the gym of the former Royal Australian Air Force base at what is now Ballarat Airport. It houses an Avro Anson aircraft currently under restoration and an exhibition on World War II and Australia's part in it.


abstract: The Friends of the Boundary Waters, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is a non-profit organization formed in May 1976, with a mission to "To protect, preserve and restore the wilderness character of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and the Quetico-Superior Ecosystem." The Friends have played a pivotal role in increasing the size of the wilderness area and limiting motor usage in accordance with the Wilderness Act. It has also had a major role in establishing the nation's first acid rain laws to protect Minnesota's aquatic ecosystems, increased buffer zones for aircraft flying over wilderness areas, and raised public awareness on the issues surrounding copper-nickel and other non-taconite mining and logging near the wilderness area.

text:
# Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness

The **Friends of the Boundary Waters**, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is a non-profit organization formed in May 1976, with a mission to "To protect, preserve and restore the wilderness character of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and the Quetico-Superior Ecosystem."

The Friends have played a pivotal role in increasing the size of the wilderness area and limiting motor usage in accordance with the Wilderness Act. It has also had a major role in establishing the nation's first acid rain laws to protect Minnesota's aquatic ecosystems, increased buffer zones for aircraft flying over wilderness areas, and raised public awareness on the issues surrounding copper-nickel and other non-taconite mining and logging near the wilderness area.

## History

### Battles to Establish the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

In May 1976 The Friends of the Boundary Waters was formed with Bud Heinselman as chairman in opposition to Representative James Oberstar's bill that would have split the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness into two areas. The proposed bill would have kept 625,000 acres (253,000 ha; 977 sq mi) as wilderness, while 527,000 acres (213,000 ha; 823 sq mi) would have been declared a National Recreation Area that would remain open to motorized use, logging, and mining. The Friends of the Boundary Waters supported Representative Bruce Vento's bill that kept all of the Boundary Waters as wilderness. This bill was a precursor to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act which was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 21, 1978. The act increased the size of the wilderness area by 50,000 acres (20,000 ha; 78 sq mi) and created the 1,098,057 acres (444,368 ha; 1,715.714 sq mi) wilderness in Northern Minnesota.

The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act (Public Law 95-495) was contested in court from 1978 to 1982 by the National Association of Property Owners, The State of Minnesota, and other property owners within the wilderness area.

The Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness joined with Audubon of Duluth, Izaak Walton League, League of Women Voters, MECCA, Minnesota Rovers, Minnesota Ornithologists Union, Wilderness Society, Wilderness Inquiry, and the Sierra Club in favor of the wilderness designation.

The ruling was eventually upheld and declared constitutional by the Supreme Court by a decision of 8 to 1 on March 8, 1982.

### Acid Rain Awareness

In November 1979 the Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness co-sponsored the world's first International Acid Rain Conference in Toronto, Ontario. This conference was the first of its kind and brought awareness to the detrimental effects of mercury pollution, mercury in fish, and acidification of the lakes and rivers of the United States.

The Friends sponsored a local conference in February 1980 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and this influenced the State of Minnesota to study the effects of acid rain. In 1982 The State of Minnesota passed the Acid Deposition Control Act which represented the world's most stringent acid rain laws. This act recognized that acid rain and mercury pollution posed a major threat to the Boundary Waters and the extremely fragile ecosystem which is represents. In 1986, Minnesota become the only state to set a specific standard to protect its sensitive aquatic ecosystems at about 10 lbs/acre of sulfate thanks in part to the efforts of the Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness. In 1990 the federal government set their standards for acid deposition, four years behind the State of Minnesota.

### Past Issues

In 1988 the Friends filed a Lawsuit over the Minnesota Air National Guard's flights above the BWCAW. Sonic booms and jet noise had the potential to disrupt wildlife and threaten the wilderness character of the area. The Minnesota Air National Guard eventually settled in November 1989 and the flight area's northern boundary was redrawn. This was the first time in history that the military had changed a flight path due to a wilderness area and set a precedent for other wilderness areas around the country.

The Friends have fought an ongoing issue to close the motor portages between Vermillion & Trout Lake and the portage between Moose & Basswood lakes. These motor portages, under the 1964 Wilderness Act, are mechanical in nature and have no place in a wilderness area. The portages are still operating and the issue is unresolved.

The Friends filed a lawsuit on June 22, 2010, against AT&T to stop construction of a 450-foot telecommunications tower 15 miles east of Ely on the Fernberg Road. The tower would be lit at night and visible within the wilderness area, compromising the wilderness character of the area. The Friends case argued that the construction of an unlit 199-foot tower would serve residents of the area equally well, without intruding on the wilderness. In April 2011, the Friends, represented by a pro bono legal team from Robins Kaplan Miller & Ciresi, argued in Hennepin County District Court and in August the court ruled in favor of the Friends under the Minnesota Environmental Rights Act. AT&T appealed that decision, and the Minnesota Court of Appeals overturned the District Court in June 2012. The Minnesota Supreme Court declined to hear the case on appeal, and construction of the tower was completed in 2013. In response, the Friends announced that they would remain vigilant against other visual intrusions on the wilderness, and work with local governments to prevent similar towers from being constructed.

### Current Issues

Proposed copper-nickel mines near the BWCAW have the potential to pollute the waters and watershed of the Boundary Waters. Mining Truth, a coalition of the Friends, Conservation Minnesota, and the Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy, was formed in 2012 to raise awareness of the risks of copper-nickel mining proposals. In September 2013, Mining Truth announced that they had delivered over 12,000 petitions to Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton, asking him to require yes answers to four questions before permitting any copper-nickel mine. In March 2014, The Friends of the Boundary Waters filed comments critical of the supplemental draft Environmental Impact Statement of the PolyMet mine proposal with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Additionally, Mining Truth organized thousands of public comments concerned about the environmental impact of the mine plan.

Logging and mining proposals in forest management plans have the potential to affect the wilderness area. The Friends analyze and review proposals and advocate for the highest level of protection of the Boundary Waters.

The Friends continue to work for clean air legislation to protect the sensitive Superior-Quetico ecosystem and eliminate haze created by coal-fired power plants.

## Papers

Papers relating to the Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness are available for research use. They include files and papers of Miron (Bud) Heinselman of St. Paul, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist who was active in the environmental movement and was an expert on the ecology of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness of northern Minnesota. The collection consists primarily of Heinselman's records of the Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness and includes newspaper clippings, research files, teaching materials, correspondence, news releases, studies and reports, legal files, articles, speeches, newsletters, fact sheets, maps, legislative files, drafts of bills, photographs, and scrapbooks.


title: Friends of society

abstract: A "friends of" is type of not-for-profit society created solely to support some other organization or enterprise, typically through fundraising, lobbying, and publicity. They are very common in the galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) sector. They have a long history going back to the 19th century, particularly in Western Europe. The first know friends of a museum society is the Vorarlberger Landesmuseumverein of Austria, set up in 1857. Other early examples include the Société des amis des monuments parisiens, the Société des amis des monuments rouennais, and the Société des amis du Louvre, the later of which became so popular that it has an American counterpart, the American Friends of the Louvre, based in New York.

text:
# Friends of society

A **"friends of"** is type of not-for-profit society created solely to support some other organization or enterprise, typically through fundraising, lobbying, and publicity. They are very common in the galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) sector. They have a long history going back to the 19th century, particularly in Western Europe.

The first know friends of a museum society is the Vorarlberger Landesmuseumverein of Austria, set up in 1857. Other early examples include the Société des amis des monuments parisiens ("Friends of Parisien Monuments", 1885), the Société des amis des monuments rouennais ("Friends of Rouennais Monuments", founded 1886), and the Société des amis du Louvre ("Friends of the Louvre", founded 1897), the later of which became so popular that it has an American counterpart, the American Friends of the Louvre, based in New York.

## World Federation of the Friends of Museums

The World Federation of Friends of Museums was conceived in 1967 by Luis Monreal, the then-curator of the Barcelona Museums (1965–1974) and later the secretary general of the International Council of Museums (1974–1985). The Barcelona Friends invited friends groups from around the world to meet in Barcelona in 1972 to coincide with their 40th anniversary. They agreed to create a global federation that would hold world congresses every three years. The first world congress was held in 1975 in Brussels. Subsequent hosts have been,

* 1978 | Florence, Italy
* 1981 | Birmingham, U.K.
* 1984 | Paris, France
* 1987 | Toronto, Canada
* 1990 | Cordoba, Spain
* 1993 | Treviso, Italy
* 1996 | Oaxaca, Mexico
* 1999 | Sydney, Australia
* 2002 | Buenos Aires, Argentina
* 2005 | Sevilla, Spain
* 2008 | Jerusalem, Israel
* 2011 | Genoa, Italy
* 2014 | Berlin, Germany
* 2017 | Verona, Italy
* 2019 | Montreal, Canada
* 2022 | Marseilles, France

Member organization include 18 national friends federations, 27 associate members (friends groups outside of a national federation).


title: McClain Airlines

abstract: McClain Airlines was an airline based in the United States that operated Boeing 727-100 aircraft in an all first class configuration. The airline intended to operate Los Angeles (LAX)— Chicago (ORD) flights. The airline was headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. The airline was started by Thomas McClain and Brenda Bearden. Thomas McClain was a former U.S. Air Force pilot who went on to become an executive at Trans World Airlines (TWA) after he completed his MBA at Harvard Business School. Brenda Bearden was also an executive at TWA, and that is where the two met. The airline was to be acquired by Air1 in 1984, before McClain Airlines began service, but Air1 went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy later that year before the acquisition was completed. Prior to entering bankruptcy, Air1 operated Boeing 727-100 and 727-200 jetliners configured with all premium service cabins in scheduled service from a hub in St. Louis nonstop to Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston Hobby Airport, Kansas City, Los Angeles, New York City Newark Airport, and Washington, D.C. McClain Airlines later discontinued all scheduled flights and charter services. The airline initially operated service on a short flight between Rockford, Illinois and Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD) in order to maintain its landing slots in Chicago, which were difficult to obtain. McClain Airlines aircraft were painted dark blue, with a gold phoenix on the tail. The airline did not suffer any fatal accidents during its operation. The airline ceased operations and went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy on February 23, 1987.

text:
# McClain Airlines

**McClain Airlines** was an airline based in the United States that operated Boeing 727-100 aircraft in an all first class configuration. The airline intended to operate Los Angeles (LAX) Chicago (ORD) flights. The airline was headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona.

The airline was started by Thomas McClain and Brenda Bearden (Brenda McClain at the time). Thomas McClain was a former U.S. Air Force pilot who went on to become an executive at Trans World Airlines (TWA) after he completed his MBA at Harvard Business School. Brenda Bearden was also an executive at TWA, and that is where the two met.

The airline was to be acquired by **Air1** in 1984, before McClain Airlines began service, but Air1 went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy later that year before the acquisition was completed. Prior to entering bankruptcy, Air1 operated Boeing 727-100 and 727-200 jetliners configured with all premium service cabins in scheduled service from a hub in St. Louis nonstop to Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston Hobby Airport, Kansas City, Los Angeles, New York City Newark Airport, and Washington, D.C.

McClain Airlines later discontinued all scheduled flights and charter services.

The airline initially operated service on a short flight between Rockford, Illinois and Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD) in order to maintain its landing slots in Chicago, which were difficult to obtain.

McClain Airlines aircraft were painted dark blue, with a gold phoenix on the tail. The airline did not suffer any fatal accidents during its operation.

The airline ceased operations and went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy on February 23, 1987.

## InfoBox

McClain Airlines
| IATA ICAO Call sign  - - - | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1984 |
| Ceased operations | February 23, 1987 |
| Fleet size | unknown Boeing 727 |
| Destinations | Rockford, Illinois, O'Hare International Airport |
| Headquarters | Phoenix, Arizona, United States |
| Key people | Thomas McClain |


abstract: McDougald Township is a township in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 236 at the 2000 census.

text:
# McDougald Township, Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota

**McDougald Township** is a township in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 236 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.3 square miles (91.4 km2), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 236 people, 90 households, and 69 families residing in the township. The population density was 6.7 people per square mile (2.6/km2). There were 108 housing units at an average density of 3.1/sq mi (1.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 96.19% White, 0.42% African American, 2.54% Native American and 0.85% Asian.

There were 90 households, out of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.9% were married couples living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the township the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.2 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $29,688, and the median income for a family was $36,719. Males had a median income of $29,922 versus $14,271 for females. The per capita income for the township was $13,468. None of the families and 3.3% of the population were living below the poverty line.

48°45′19″N 94°53′17″W / 48.75528°N 94.88806°W / 48.75528; -94.88806