title: Joe Goddard (boxer)

abstract: Joe Goddard was an Australian boxer known for his great strength, durability, and punching power. He stood 6' 0" (185 cm) and weighed 12 stone 12 lbs to 14 stone 4 lbs. He was one of the first reported Heavyweight Champions of Australia. Among the men he defeated were Joe Choynski, Peter Maher, and "Denver" Ed Smith. His (incomplete) record comes out to: 28 wins, 12 losses, 8 draws, and 6 no decisions. Goddard was shot in the head by a police constable whom he had attacked with a baseball bat during a fight at the Republican primaries in Pennsauken Township, Philadelphia, New Jersey in July 1902. After spending two months in hospital he recovered sufficiently to be released with the bullet still in his head, only to be arrested for having assaulted the constable and imprisoned when unable to put up $1,000 bail. He was said to have lost his sanity a few days later and transferred to Blackwood Insane Asylum, residing there until December, when he was taken to Cooper Hospital, where he died on 21 January 1903. His body was donated to the Philadelphia Medical College for scientific research. Goddard was the 2006 Inductee for the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame Pioneers category.

text:
# Joe Goddard (boxer)

**Joe Goddard** (25 November 1857 – 21 January 1903) was an Australian boxer known for his great strength, durability, and punching power. He stood 6' 0" (185 cm) and weighed 12 stone 12 lbs to 14 stone 4 lbs (180–200 pounds, 82–91 kg).

He was one of the first reported Heavyweight Champions of Australia. Among the men he defeated were Joe Choynski, Peter Maher, and "Denver" Ed Smith. His (incomplete) record comes out to: 28 wins (22 by knockout), 12 losses, 8 draws, and 6 no decisions.

Goddard was shot in the head by a police constable whom he had attacked with a baseball bat during a fight at the Republican primaries in Pennsauken Township, Philadelphia, New Jersey in July 1902. After spending two months in hospital he recovered sufficiently to be released with the bullet still in his head, only to be arrested for having assaulted the constable and imprisoned when unable to put up $1,000 bail. He was said to have lost his sanity a few days later and transferred to Blackwood Insane Asylum, residing there until December, when he was taken to Cooper Hospital, where he died on 21 January 1903. His body was donated to the Philadelphia Medical College for scientific research.

Goddard was the 2006 Inductee for the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame Pioneers category.

## Professional boxing record

| **33 Wins** (27 Knockouts), **18 Defeats** (7 Knockouts), **12 Draws**, **2 No Contests** | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Res.** | **Record** | **Opponent** | **Type** | **Rd., Time** | **Date** | **Location** | **Notes** |
| Win | debut | Australia Ned Ryan | KO | 3 | 1889-04-04 | Australia Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 0-1-0 | Australia Burridge | NWS |  | 1889-04-13 | Australia Foley's Hall, Sydney, New South Wales |  |
| Win | debut | Australia Harry Mullins | KO | 1 | 1889-08-31 | Australia Apollo Athletics Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 1-0-1 | Australia Owen Sullivan | KO | 11 | 1889-09-30 | Australia Hamilton Hall, Broken Hill, New South Wales |  |
| Win | 7-5-7 | Australia Jim Fogarty | TKO | 4 | 1889-11-09 | Australia Apollo Athletics Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 1-2-0 | Australia Billy Buck | TKO | 4 | 1889-11-09 | Australia Apollo Athletics Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 2-1-1 | Australia Charlie Dunn | KO | 14 | 1889-11-25 | Australia Athletic Hall, Broken Hill, New South Wales |  |
| Draw | 1-1-1 | Australia Owen Sullivan | PTS | 10 | 1889-12-23 | Australia Stewart's Athletic Hall, Adelaide, South Australia |  |
| Win | 4-2-3 | Australia Jack Morris | KO | 2 | 1890-03-01 | Australia Apollo Athletic Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 1-2-0 | Australia Jim Church | KO |  | 1890-05-17 | Australia Crystal Palace, Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | debut | Australia Arthur Hayes | KO |  | 1890-05-19 | Australia Crystal Palace, Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 2-3-2 | Australia Luke Keegan | PTS | 8 | 1890-06-02 | Australia Crystal Palace, Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 15-5-3 | Australia Mick Dooley | RTD | 21 | 1890-06-24 | Australia Sydney Amateur Gymnastic Club, Sydney, New South Wales | vacant Australian heavyweight title |
| Loss | debut | Australia W.H. Watson | PTS | 3 | 1890-08-23 | Australia Melbourne Athletic Club, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Draw | 40-3-2 | Australia Peter Jackson | PTS | 8 | 1890-10-20 | Australia Crystal Palace, Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria | Australian heavyweight title
Commonwealth (British Empire) heavyweight title |
| Win | 15-6-3 | Australia Mick Dooley | KO | 7 | 1890-11-01 | Australia Melbourne Athletic Club, Melbourne, Victoria | Australian heavyweight title |
| Draw | 15-7-3 | Australia Mick Dooley | NWS |  | 1890-11-11 | Australia Apollo Athletic Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | debut | Australia Bill Curran | KO | 3 | 1890-11-15 | Australia Melbourne Athletic Club, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 5-1-0 | USA Joe Choynski | KO | 4 | 1891-02-10 | Australia Sydney Amateur Gymnastic Club, Sydney, New South Wales | Australian heavyweight title |
| Draw | 15-7-3 | Australia Mick Dooley | NWS |  | 1891-04-11 | Australia Gaiety Theatre, Sydney, New South Wales |  |
| Win | 10-4-8 | Australia Bill McCarthy | RTD | 6 | 1891-05-04 | Australia O'Bierne's Athletic Hall, Broken Hill, New South Wales |  |
| Win | 14-7-2 | Australia Tom Lees | TKO | 9 | 1891-05-26 | Australia Skating Rink, Charters Towers, Queensland |  |
| Win | 7-2-0 | USA Joe Choynski | KO | 4 | 1891-07-20 | Australia Melbourne Athletic Club, Melbourne, Victoria | Australian heavyweight title |
| Draw | 14-8-2 | Australia Tom Lees | PTS | 8 | 1891-09-21 | Australia Crystal Palace, Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 18-2-8 | Australia Jack Ashton | PTS | 8 | 1891-10-02 | Australia Crystal Palace, Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 3-1-0 | Australia Ned Ryan | KO | 5 | 1892-01-02 | Australia Melbourne Athletic Club, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 13-3-0 | USA Joe McAuliffe | KO | 15 | 1892-06-30 | USA Pacific A.C., San Francisco, California |  |
| Draw | 16-11-9 | USA Billy Smith | PTS | 8 | 1892-08-25 | USA California A.C., San Francisco, California |  |
| Win | debut | USA Tom Moore | KO | 2 | 1892-09-13 | USA Miner's Bowery Theatre, New York |  |
| Win | debut | USA Dick Wiley | TKO | 1 | 1892-09-19 | USA Ariel A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| NC | 9-0-0 | USA Joe Butler | NC | 3 | 1892-09-21 | USA Ariel A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| NC | 1-3-1 | USA Mike Brennan | ND | 4 | 1892-09-24 | USA Ariel A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Win | 50-3-0 | USA Peter Maher | KO | 3 | 1892-12-08 | USA Coney Island A.C., Brooklyn, New York |  |
| Loss | 30-5-3 | Denver Ed Smith | KO | 18 | 1893-03-03 | USA Olympic A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana |  |
| Win | debut | USA Willis Kennedy | KO | 2 | 1893-06-12 | USA Columbian A.C., Roby, Indiana |  |
| Loss | 31-1-5 | New Zealand Harry Laing | TKO | 12 | 1894-01-01 | Australia Athletic Hall, Melbourne, Victoria | Australian heavyweight title |
| Win | 5-4-1 | Australia Jim Quigley | KO | 2 | 1894-10-22 | Australia Cumberland Athletic Club, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Loss | 6-0-0 | Australia Peter Felix | PTS | 10 | 1895-03-04 | Australia Victoria Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Draw | 15-3-10 | Australia Tut Ryan | PTS | 15 | 1895-05-06 | Australia Victoria Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 4-3-4 | Australia Dan Keely | KO | 2 | 1895-05-25 | Australia Mick Nathan's Athletic Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 0-1-0 | Australia Bill Curran | KO | 3 | 1895-06-08 | Australia Mick Nathan's Athletic Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 22-14"-7 | Australia Edward Starlight Rollins | TKO | 5 | 1895-06-22 | Australia Mick Nathan's Athletic Hall, Melbourne, Victoria |  |
| Win | 5-4-2 | Australia Owen Sullivan | KO | 9 | 1895-08-31 | South Africa The Amphitheatre, Johannesburg, Gauteng |  |
| Draw | 15-3-11 | Australia Tut Ryan | PTS | 13 | 1895-11-23 | South Africa The Amphitheatre, Johannesburg, Gauteng | South African heavyweight title |
| Win | 35-5-4 | USA Denver Ed Smith | KO | 4 | 1896-11-07 | South Africa The Amphitheatre, Johannesburg, Gauteng | South African heavyweight title |
| Win | 18-11-3 | Australia Mick Dooley | KO | 2 | 1897-02-06 | South Africa The Amphitheatre, Johannesburg, Gauteng | South African heavyweight title |
| Draw | 15-3-12 | Australia Tut Ryan | PTS | 20 | 1897-06-05 | South Africa The Amphitheatre, Johannesburg, Gauteng | South African heavyweight title |
| Loss | 25-1-5 | USA Tom Sharkey | KO | 6 | 1897-11-18 | USA Mechanic's Pavilion, San Francisco, California |  |
| Loss | 4-1-2 | USA Theodore Van Buskirk | PTS | 8 | 1898-01-08 | USA Marysville, California |  |
| Loss | 5-0-2 | USA James J. Jeffries | TKO | 3 | 1898-02-28 | USA Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California |  |
| Win | 112-5-3 | USA Peter Meher | KO | 1 | 1898-05-13 | USA Arena A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Loss | 112-6-3 | USA Peter Meyer | RTD | 8 | 1898-07-08 | USA Lenox A.C., New York, New York |  |
| Draw | 10-6-4 | USA Bob Armstrong | NWS | 6 | 1898-08-29 | USA Arena A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Loss | 35-6-4 | USA Joe Choynski | NWS | 6 | 1898-09-12 | USA Arena A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Loss | 15-4-1 | USA Gus Ruhlin | NWS | 6 | 1898-10-14 | USA Arena A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Draw | 5-7-1 | USA Jack McCormick | NWS | 6 | 1898-11-12 | USA Nonpareil A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Loss | 46-2-7 | USA Kid McCoy | DQ | 5 | 1898-12-16 | USA Arena A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Loss | 16-4-1 | USA Gus Ruhlin | DQ | 5 | 1899-03-07 | USA Lenox A.C., New York, New York |  |
| Loss | 9-2-0 | USA Klondike Haynes | DQ | 5 | 1899-06-21 | USA Adelphi Theater, Chicago, Illinois |  |
| Loss | 14-5-0 | USA Charley Stevenson | TKO | 4 | 1899-11-07 | USA Nonpareil A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Loss | 8-11-2 | USA Jack McCormick | KO | 2 | 1899-11-25 | Canada Crescent A.C., Toronto, Ontario |  |
| Loss | 30-3-6 | USA Tom Sharkey | TKO | 4 | 1900-02-13 | USA Industrial Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Draw | 16-5-1 | USA Klondike Haynes | NWS | 6 | 1900-11-06 | USA Star Theater, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
| Loss | 10-5-0 | USA Jim Jeffords | NWS | 6 | 1901-07-04 | USA Lancaster, Pennsylvania |  |
| Loss | 25-8-6 | USA George Cole | DQ | 5 | 1902-04-24 | USA Broadway A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Joe Goddard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Joseph John Goddard
25 November 1857
Pyramul, Colony of New South Wales |
| Died | 21 January 1903
Philadelphia, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Other names | The Wild Man
The Barrier Champion |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Heavyweight |
| Height | 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) |
| Reach | 72 in (183 cm) |
| Stance | Orthodox |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 58 |
| Wins | 32 |
| Wins by KO | 30 |
| Losses | 15 |
| Draws | 7 |
|  | |


title: Mell Lazarus

abstract: Melvin Lazarus was an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of two comic strips, Miss Peach (1957–2002) and Momma (1970–2016). Additionally, he wrote two novels. For his comic strip Pauline McPeril, he used the pseudonym Fulton, which is also the name of a character in his first novel, The Boss Is Crazy, Too.

text:
# Mell Lazarus

**Melvin Lazarus** (May 3, 1927 – May 24, 2016) was an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of two comic strips, *Miss Peach* (1957–2002) and *Momma* (1970–2016). Additionally, he wrote two novels. For his comic strip *Pauline McPeril* (a 1966-69 collaboration with Jack Rickard), he used the pseudonym **Fulton**, which is also the name of a character in his first novel, *The Boss Is Crazy, Too*.

## Biography

Lazarus was born in Brooklyn, to Sydney Lazarus, a successful glass-blower, and Frances (née Mushkin) Lazarus, nicknamed Frankie. Lazarus, who dropped out of high school, published his first cartoon at 16, and later enlisted in the U.S. Navy.

During his twenties, he worked for Al Capp and his brother Elliott Caplin at the Capp family-owned Toby Press. In the mid-1950s, he created two children's syndicated comic strips for General Features, *Wee Women* and *Li'l Ones*.

*Miss Peach* debuted on February 4, 1957, in the *New York Herald Tribune*, and ended up running for nearly 50 years.

His comic strip *Momma* debuted on October 26, 1970. Although Lazarus based the title character on his own mother, she believed the character was based on his aunt, exclaiming, "You caught Aunt Helen to a tee!"

In 1964, Lazarus talked about his background and working methods:

> I never actually graduated high school. My art teacher flunked me. I have since, however, attended many classes of one kind or another. I frequently lecture at colleges and to other groups around the country. I sold my first cartoon when I was 16. I did commercial art and edited children's magazines prior to February 4, 1957 when my comic, *Miss Peach*, was launched. The characters in *Miss Peach* are not actually modeled on real persons, with the possible exception of Lester, the skinny kid in the strip. Possibly the most loved character is Arthur, the dopey little kid. I make notes all week based on thoughts, conversational fragments, etc. I sift through all these notes on Monday mornings and select several to develop. I then write gags for them. I do six daily strips and a Sunday page.

Lazarus served as president of the National Cartoonists Society for two consecutive terms, from 1989 to 1993.

## Books

His novel *The Boss Is Crazy, Too* (Dial, 1963) concerns Carson Hemple, art director of a comic-book and confession-magazine publishing company, who is told by the owner to help force the company into bankruptcy, and who responds with inventive embezzlement schemes. The book was inspired by his time at Toby Press.

*The Neighborhood Watch* (Doubleday, 1986) is about an impoverished Brooklyn writer who steals from his wealthy neighbors. Its protagonist, widowed father Loring Neiman, having turned to burglary when his book is rejected, discovers he has a knack for it. He prepares to give up the criminal life after becoming romantically involved with a married woman, but a criminally inclined neighbor coerces him into one purportedly final robbery. It was optioned for a movie.

## Awards

Lazarus won the National Cartoonists Society's award for Newspaper Strip, Humor, in 1973 and 1979, both times for *Miss Peach*.

He won the Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year, for *Miss Peach*, in 1981, and the organization's Silver T-Square Award in 2000.

On January 23, 2016, Lazarus became the second recipient of the National Cartoonists Society Medal of Honor, established the year before.

## Personal life

Lazarus was married twice, first to Eileen Lazarus, which ended in divorce; then to Sally Mitchell, daughter of comic-strip gag writer Ed Mitchell. Lazarus lived in Los Angeles from the 1970s until his death on May 24, 2016. from complications from Alzheimer's. He had three daughters, Margie, Suesan and Cathie; six grandchildren and one great grandson.

He made a cameo appearance in the 1992 *Murder She Wrote* episode "The Dead File."

His membership in Mensa was mentioned in the 1999 episode "They Saved Lisa's Brain" of *The Simpsons*.

## InfoBox

| Mell Lazarus | |
| --- | --- |
| Lazarus in 1973 | |
| Born | Melvin Lazarus
(1927-05-03)May 3, 1927
Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Died | May 24, 2016(2016-05-24) (aged 89)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Area(s) | Cartoonist, Novelist |
| Pseudonym(s) | Fulton |
| Notable works | *Miss Peach*
*Momma* |
| Awards | Reuben Award (1981)
Inkpot Award (1976) |
| Spouse(s) | Sally Mitchell |
| Children | Margie, Suesan, Cathie |


title: GTO Records

abstract: GTO Records was a British record label which released many hits during the 1970s. It ran from 1974 to 1981 and mainly concentrated on pop music and disco. The acronym represented the Gem Toby Organization.

text:
# GTO Records

**GTO Records** was a British record label which released many hits during the 1970s. It ran from 1974 to 1981 and mainly concentrated on pop music and disco. The acronym represented the Gem Toby Organization.

## Background

The record label was co-founded by Bell Records UK's Dick Leahy and Gem Records's Laurence Myers in 1974, after Myers had set up GTO Films and Arcade Records in the period between 1972 and 1974. The first GTO release – on 4 July 1974 – was the single "Up in a Puff of Smoke" by Polly Brown, and the label's focus would remain on pop and disco acts such as Billy Ocean, The Dooleys and Heatwave, and released Donna Summer's albums in the UK, all of which proved to be successful. Lulu also briefly recorded for the label. The biggest hit released by the label was Donna Summer's "I Feel Love", which reached No.1 in 1977.

In 1978, the label was sold to CBS Records after achieving a high level of hits for a new label. From this time, the Donna Summer records moved to Casablanca Records, while the hits for other acts began to dry up over the next two years. The label was wrapped up in late 1981 when its roster of acts were either dropped or moved on to Epic Records – also owned by CBS. Prior to the sale and transfer of artists, Epic distributed many of GTO albums, namely Heatwave's output.

The GTO back catalogue is currently owned by Sony Music.

## Hit singles

Top 40 singles

## Hit albums

## InfoBox

| GTO Records | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parent company | CBS Records (from 1978) |
| Founded | 1974 |
| Genre | Pop, Rock, Disco, Hi-NRG |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |


title: Tommy Hays

abstract: Thomas Avery Hays was an American guitarist, band leader and vocalist; and was one of the last living members of the great musicians who created The Bakersfield Sound. Hays started playing the guitar in church when he was 10 years old. He performed on the Billy Mize TV Show, Cousin Herb Show, was a member of the house band for the Lucky Spot and the Blackboard and had his own radio show on KMPC. Tommy played on stage with many of the old timers who were part of creating the Bakersfield Sound. Tommy was in the band that gave Buck Owens his first gig, with Dusty Rhodes, at a bar called the Roundup. Hays had been playing in the honky-tonks in and around Bakersfield for over fifty years. Recognized as one of the original “Bakersfield Sound” pioneers, he helped forge this unique and definitive sound. Driven by the piano, steel and Telecaster guitar, the Bakersfield Sound was a reaction to the early ‘50s and ‘60s sweetening of country music epitomized by the Nashville Sound. Along with the Western Swingsters which also included Big Bill Wilkerson, he released the CD 60 Years of Western Swing in 2006. Hays was inducted into the Western Swing Society Hall of Fame in 2010. Hays lived in Bakersfield, California, and played locally until his death on May 13, 2023, at the age of 93.

text:
# Tommy Hays

**Thomas Avery Hays** (August 12, 1929 – May 13, 2023) was an American guitarist, band leader and vocalist; and was one of the last living members of the great musicians who created The Bakersfield Sound.

Hays started playing the guitar in church when he was 10 years old. He performed on the Billy Mize TV Show, Cousin Herb Show, was a member of the house band for the Lucky Spot and the Blackboard and had his own radio show on KMPC. Tommy played on stage with many of the old timers who were part of creating the Bakersfield Sound. Tommy was in the band that gave Buck Owens his first gig, with Dusty Rhodes, at a bar called the Roundup.

Hays had been playing in the honky-tonks in and around Bakersfield for over fifty years. Recognized as one of the original “Bakersfield Sound” pioneers, he helped forge this unique and definitive sound. Driven by the piano, steel and Telecaster guitar, the Bakersfield Sound was a reaction to the early ‘50s and ‘60s sweetening of country music epitomized by the Nashville Sound.

Along with the Western Swingsters which also included Big Bill Wilkerson, he released the CD *60 Years of Western Swing* in 2006.

Hays was inducted into the Western Swing Society Hall of Fame in 2010.

Hays lived in Bakersfield, California, and played locally until his death on May 13, 2023, at the age of 93.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Tommy Hays | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Thomas Avery Hays |
| Born | (1929-08-12)August 12, 1929
Hartshorne, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Died | May 13, 2023(2023-05-13) (aged 93)
Bakersfield, California, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation(s) | Guitarist, bandleader, singer |
| Instruments | * Vocals * guitar |
| Years active | 19392023 |


title: Mercedes Brea López

abstract: María de las Mercedes Brea López, born in Estrada on 31 May 1950, is a Galician philologist in the department of Romance Philology at the University of Santiago de Compostela.

text:
# Mercedes Brea López

**María de las Mercedes Brea López**, born in Estrada on 31 May 1950, is a Galician philologist in the department of Romance Philology at the University of Santiago de Compostela.

## Career

In 1972 she graduated with a degree in Philosophy and Letters (department of Romance Philology) from the University of Santiago de Compostela, receiving two awards: the 'Premio extraordinario fin de carreira' and the 'Premio nacional fin de carreira'. In 1973 she started to teach classes at the USC. Later, in 1975, she received her doctorate in Romance Philology. In 1983 she started to work at the University of Granada, becoming a professor there in 1984. She returned to the USC in 1986. In 2000 she was elected dean of the Faculty of Philology at the University of Santiago de Compostela. She was also director of the University Press and Vice Chancellor of Staff at the USC.

She also directs the doctoral programme in Arts and Humanities, Social and Legal Sciences, and coordinates the research group GI-1350 at the USC, as well as the *Network of interdisciplinary medieval studies* which is funded by the Xunta de Galicia.

She has published work in journals like *Verba*, *Grial*, *Revista Galega do Ensino* and *Revistas de Lenguas y Literaturas Catalana, Gallega y Vasca*. She is Principal Investigator on the project 'O cancioneiro de xograres galegos'.

## Works

* *Lírica profana galego-portuguesa. Corpus completo das cantigas medievais, con estudio biográfico, análise retórica e bibliografía específica* (1996).
* *Martín Codax, Mendiño e Johan de Cangas* (1998)
* *A cantiga de amigo* (1998, co-authored with Pilar Lorenzo)
* *Cantigas do Mar de Vigo. Edición crítica das cantigas de Meendinho, Johan de Cangas e Martín Códax* (1998; editor)
* "As cantigas da Ría de Vigo", in *Cantigas do Mar. Homenaxe a Johan de Cangas, Mendinho e Martín Códax* (1998)
* "E verra i, mia madre, o meu amigo", in *Día das Letras Galegas 1998. Martín Códax, Mendiño e Johán de Cangas* (1998)
* "Os santuarios á beira do mar", in *Johán de Cangas, Martín Códax, Meendinho. 1200–1350, lírica medieval* (1998)
* "As cantigas de Santa María", in *Proxecto Galicia* (2000)
* "D. Xosé Filgueira Valverde e as Cantigas de Santa María", in *Memorial Filgueira Valverde. Estudios sobre lírica medieval galego-portuguesa* (2002).
* "D. Xosé Filgueira Valverde e a lírica galego-portuguesa" in *Xosé Filgueira Valverde. 1906–1996. Un século de Galicia*, Museo de Pontevedra (2007), ISBN 978-84-95632-34-0:

## InfoBox

| Mercedes Brea López | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 31 May 1950 |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Occupation | Linguist |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Santiago de Compostela |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Santiago de Compostela |
|  | |


title: Tomorrow's Promises

abstract: Tomorrow's Promises is an album by American jazz pianist Don Pullen recorded in 1976 and 1977 and released on the Atlantic label.

text:
# Tomorrow's Promises

***Tomorrow's Promises*** is an album by American jazz pianist Don Pullen recorded in 1976 and 1977 and released on the Atlantic label.

## Reception

The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4½ stars stating "This early Don Pullen recording helped introduce him to jazz listeners. The pianist is heard in a variety of settings... Pullen, a very rhythmic avant-gardist who can play inside or outside, was well-served by this release.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by Don Pullen except as indicated* 1. "Big Alice" – 10:48
2. "Autumn Song" (George Adams) – 5:13
3. "Poodie Pie" (Morgan Burton, Sterling Magee, Don Pullen) – 6:36
4. "Kadji" – 8:16
5. "Last Year's Lies and Tomorrow's Promises" – 5:36
6. "Let's Be Friends" (Ira Warmack) – 7:38

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Tomorrow's Promises | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Don Pullen | |
| Released | 1977 |
| Recorded | 1976 & 1977 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 44:07 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer | İlhan Mimaroğlu |
| Don Pullen chronology | |
| *Healing Force*
(1975) ***Tomorrow's Promises***
(1977) *Montreux Concert*
(1975) | |


title: Gambling in Nigeria

abstract: Gambling in Nigeria is not well regulated. Although there is a gambling law in place, many illegal casinos operate in the country. The legal land-based casinos are located in the two largest cities. The biggest casino is The Federal Palace Hotel in Lagos. Nigerian law focuses on activities to reduce money laundering and illegal gambling.

text:
# Gambling in Nigeria

**Gambling in Nigeria** is not well regulated. Although there is a gambling law in place, many illegal casinos operate in the country. The legal land-based casinos are located in the two largest cities. The biggest casino is The Federal Palace Hotel in Lagos. Nigerian law focuses on activities to reduce money laundering and illegal gambling.

## Gambling law

Gambling in Nigeria is regulated by the National Lottery Regulatory Commission and, for a long time, given the strong presence of the Catholic church in Nigerian civil society, it was discouraged and seen as an anti-social phenomenon. The lottery was legalized with the National Lottery Act, 2005 and gambling is defined by Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code Act enacted in 1990. Thanks to these new regulations, gambling has entered people's ordinary lives, with a focus on betting on the most popular sports in Nigeria.

Several years back, many people in Nigeria perceived gambling as sinful. However, things are beginning to change now. With most of the country's citizens being very religious, the current generation of Nigerian youths is generally more liberal and open to placing bets online.

Technological development and exposure to social media have contributed to this shift toward more liberal thought in Nigeria. Sports betting, in particular, is no longer an activity that individuals undertake behind closed doors and is now acceptable in society.

The law splits the games into two categories: The legal and illegal games. The legal games are lottery, land-based casino, and sports betting. Roulette, dice games, and non-skilled card games are illegal. The law regulates slot machine activity and only licensed operators can provide slot machine gambling. Money laundering activity is covered by the Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act, 2011.

## Online gambling

Sports betting has been popular in Nigeria for several decades, but online sports betting wasn't that popular until the late 2000s. Today, though, Nigeria is home to more than 40 sports betting sites, with estimates indicating that close to 60 million Nigerians actively participate in sports betting. That's close to a third of Nigeria's population.

Online gambling in Nigeria is regulated by the Nigerian Lottery Commission. All bookmakers are required to obtain a license from the gaming commission before operating in Nigeria. Nigerian law does not mention online space and there is no restriction for the people to reach local or foreign gambling sites. Although Internet space is not mentioned exactly in the law, the companies are obliged to follow the regulations and laws as it is for the land-based casinos. All types of online games are available except those that are illegal.

Since the advent of online sports betting, Nigeria is now the second-largest online gambling market in the African continent, with projections indicating that soon, Nigeria will overtake South Africa and take the number position as the largest gambling market in Africa.

## Online Gambling Companies

Nigeria is one of the most competitive markets in gambling in Africa. The size of the population and internet exposure of the residents creates the right conditions for online gambling companies to operate in. Some of the legal bookmakers available online in Nigeria include Bet9ja, 1960bet, Nairabet, Betfair, 9jaPredict, Betway, BetNigeria and others.

Unlike several decades back, when mobile phones were not prevalent, such isn't the case today. According to a recent report, Nigeria is home to more than 100 million internet users and about 169 cell phone customers.

It is no surprise that as the number of mobile phone and internet users in the nation has climbed, so has the rate of sports betting. We may now place bets quite quickly and affordably, whether from the convenience of our homes or while traveling.

Nigeria's internet connectivity is impressive. Internet user penetration in Nigeria slightly increased between 2018 and 2022, from around 26% to 38%. With increased internet penetration and accessibility to affordable smartphones, sports betting in Nigeria is undoubtedly growing.

### Baba Ijebu

Premier Lotto Limited popularly called **Baba Ijebu** is a gaming company that offers lotto services and betting in Nigeria. It is the oldest known Nigerian lotto game operator and was registered in 2001. Baba Ijebu offers over 20 different lotto games which include Diamond, Peoples, Bingo, MSP, Metro, International, Gold, 06, Jackpot, Lucky G, Clubmaster, Super, Tota, Mark 2, Vag, Enugu, Midweek, Fairchance, Fortune, Royal, Bonanza, King, National, Lucky. Baba Ijebu was founded by gaming magnate Sir Kensington Adebukunola Adebutu CON, KJW, FISM who is also its current CEO. In 2017 also, Baba Ijebu signed Quadri Aruna on a three-year endorsement deal worth $75,000.

## Gambling age

The gambling age is defined by the law. People below the age of 18 cannot legally gamble.

## Payment gateways

There is no obstacle when depositing money to foreign or local bookies, although betting limits exist as defined by respective individual bookmakers. Users deposit money using bank cards, e-wallets such as Skrill or Neteller, and most recently USSD services. There is no legal restriction or service blocking.


title: Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 23)

abstract: Gaius Asinius Pollio was a Roman senator and orator active during the Principate. He was ordinary consul for 23 with Gaius Antistius Vetus as his colleague. He was the oldest son of Gaius Asinius Gallus; his brother was Marcus Asinius Agrippa, consul in 25. Pollio's mother was Vipsania Agrippina. Through her, he was the half-brother of the younger Drusus. We know from his coins Pollio was proconsular governor of Asia. In 45, Pollio was exiled as an accuser of a conspiracy and later was put to death on orders from Empress Valeria Messalina. The Asinia Pollionis filia mentioned on an inscription from Tusculum may have been his daughter. Pollio was perhaps the father of Gaius Asinius Placentinus who lived around the middle of the 1st century.

text:
# Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 23)

**Gaius Asinius Pollio** was a Roman senator and orator active during the Principate. He was ordinary consul for 23 with Gaius Antistius Vetus as his colleague. He was the oldest son of Gaius Asinius Gallus; his brother was Marcus Asinius Agrippa, consul in 25. Pollio's mother was Vipsania Agrippina. Through her, he was the half-brother of the younger Drusus.

We know from his coins Pollio was proconsular governor of Asia. In 45, Pollio was exiled as an accuser of a conspiracy and later was put to death on orders from Empress Valeria Messalina.

The *Asinia Pollionis filia* mentioned on an inscription from Tusculum may have been his daughter. Pollio was perhaps the father (or brother) of Gaius Asinius Placentinus who lived around the middle of the 1st century.

* William Smith, *Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology*, Kindle Edition; ASIN: B00LSQHSGY


title: Melodía

abstract: Melodía is the fourth album by Spanish singer Melody. She released it on October 18, 2004, at the age of 14. The album saw her move towards a more teenage demographic. The album was produced by Danilo Ballo and a team led by Emanuele Ruffinengo, who had previously worked with Alejandro Sanz, Ana Belén, Ketama, Malú and Armando Manzanero. Two music videos, for the first single titled "Y ese niño", and for the second single titled "La novia es chiquita", were shot. The album debuted at number 15 in Spain.

text:
# Melodía

***Melodía*** is the fourth album by Spanish singer Melody. She released it on October 18, 2004, at the age of 14. The album saw her move towards a more teenage demographic.

The album was produced by Danilo Ballo and a team led by Emanuele Ruffinengo, who had previously worked with Alejandro Sanz, Ana Belén, Ketama, Malú and Armando Manzanero. Two music videos, for the first single titled "Y ese niño" (composed by Lucas González Gómez from the duo Andy y Lucas), and for the second single titled "La novia es chiquita", were shot.

The album debuted at number 15 in Spain.

## Track listing

CD – Sony Music SM 5180012
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "La novia es chiquita" | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Agítalo" | 3:18 |
| 3. | "Hay un camino" | 4:30 |
| 4. | "Y ese niño" | 4:30 |
| 5. | "Magnetismo" | 4:27 |
| 6. | "Vete de aquí" | 3:53 |
| 7. | "Eres mi tierra cielo" | 4:14 |
| 8. | "Loca" | 3:21 |
| 9. | "Bandolero" | 3:17 |

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Spain (AFYVE) | 33 |
|

## InfoBox

| Melodía | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Melody | |
| Released | October 18, 2004 (2004-10-18) |
| Genre | Latin pop, rumba |
| Label | Sony Music Entertainment Spain, S.A. |
| Producer |  |
| Melody chronology | |
| *T.Q.M.*
(2003) ***Melodía***
(2004) *Los buenos días*
(2008) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Melodía* | |
| 1. "Y ese niño"
Released: 2004 2. "La novia es chiquita"
Released: 2004 | |
|  | |


title: Gao Conghui

abstract: Gao Conghui, might have been born with or used the name Zhu Conghui (朱從誨), also known by his posthumous name as the Prince Wenxian of Nanping (南平文獻王), courtesy name Zunsheng (遵聖), was a ruler of Jingnan during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China, reigning from 929 to 948.

text:
# Gao Conghui

**Gao Conghui** (Chinese: 高從誨) (891 – December 1, 948), might have been born with or used the name **Zhu Conghui** (朱從誨), also known by his posthumous name as the **Prince Wenxian of Nanping** (南平文獻王), courtesy name **Zunsheng** (遵聖), was a ruler of Jingnan during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China, reigning from 929 to 948.

## Background

Gao Conghui was born in 891, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang. At that time, or shortly after his birth, he might have been known by the surname of Zhu—because his father Gao Jichang had become an adoptive son of Zhu Yourang (朱友讓), who in turn was an adoptive son of the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan). (It was not until later in Gao Jichang's career that his name was changed back to Gao—sometime after 903.) Gao Conghui's mother was a Lady Zhang; it was not clearly stated in the historical accounts whether she was Gao Jichang's wife or concubine, although it was said that Gao Jichang favored her. He was Gao Jichang's oldest son.

Apparently sometime after Gao Jichang was made the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), and sometime after Zhu Quanzhong had seized the Tang throne and established his own Later Liang as its emperor, Gao Jichang sent Gao Conghui to then-capital Luoyang to serve as an imperial attendant, and he later became the supervisor for cavalry supplies. On a later occasion, when he was given a vacation back to his father's post at Jingnan, Gao Jichang kept him at Jingnan and made him a commander of the Jingnan army. At some point, either during his service at the Later Liang capital or after his return to Jingnan, Gao Conghui successively carried the title of prefect of Hao Prefecture (濠州, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui—then under control of Wu) and prefect of Gui Prefecture (歸州, in modern Yichang, Hubei, one of the Jingnan prefectures).

In 925—by which time Later Liang had been conquered by Later Tang, which Gao Jichang then was a vassal of (and had, therefore, changed his name to Gao Jixing, to observe naming taboo for the Later Tang emperor Li Cunxu's grandfather Li Guochang (and Gao Jixing was carrying the Later Tang-created title of Prince of Nanping))—Li Cunxu launched a major attack to destroy Later Tang's southwestern neighbor Former Shu. As part of the attack, he assigned Gao the task of capturing three of Former Shu's eastern prefectures on the border with Jingnan Circuit, Kui (夔州), Zhong (忠州), and Wan (萬州) (all in modern Chongqing). Gao left Gao Conghui in charge of the Jingnan headquarters and attacked west, but was defeated by the Former Shu general Zhang Wu (張武) and forced to return to Jingnan's capital Jiangling Municipality. (Zhang later surrendered his territory to the overall Later Tang commander Li Jiji, not to Gao Jixing.)

In 926—by which time Former Shu had fallen to Later Tang, but Later Tang itself was then overrun with mutinies—Li Cunxu was killed in a mutiny at Luoyang, and his adoptive brother Li Siyuan succeeded him as emperor. Gao Jixing requested that Kui, Zhong, and Wan become part of his territory, and Li Siyuan initially agreed. However, when the imperial government would not agree to Gao's demand that he himself be allowed to commission those prefects without imperial agreement, Gao seized Kui by force—effectively rebelling against the Later Tang imperial government. Gao Conghui was said to have repeatedly urged Gao Jixing against rebelling against Later Tang, but Gao Jixing did not listen. Subsequently, during his (successful) resistance campaign against the Later Tang army sent against him, Gao instead submitted to Wu as a vassal—an overture that Wu initially rejected but later accepted. Apparently as part of Gao's submission to Wu, Gao Conghui was given the title by Wu's emperor Yang Pu of military governor of Zhongyi Circuit (忠義, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei, then under Later Tang control); Yang also gave him the honorary chancellor designation *Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi* (同中書門下平章事).

## Reign

### During Later Tang

Around the new year 929, Gao Jixing fell ill, and put Gao Conghui in charge of Jingnan's headquarters. Gao Jixing died shortly after. Yang Pu thereafter gave him the title of military governor of Jingnan, and bestowed on him the greater honorary chancellor title of *Shizhong* (侍中).

Upon his assumption of Jingnan's governance, however, Gao Conghui believed that it was inadvisable to continue to be inimical to Later Tang and be a vassal to Wu, pointing out that Wu's main territory was much farther away than Later Tang. He therefore, through his southern neighbor Ma Yin the King of Chu, offered apologies to Li Siyuan, and later also made the same request by writing Later Tang's military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, i.e., the same circuit as Zhongyi), An Yuanxin (安元信). When An relayed his request to Li Siyuan, Li Siyuan agreed to his request to resubmit. He then submitted a petition, referring to himself to only to his former Later Tang-approved titles of commander of the Jingnan army and prefect of Gui Prefecture (i.e., not with the ones that Wu had conferred). Li Siyuan accepted his submission, gave him the titles of military governor of Jingnan and *Shizhong*, and formally terminated the campaign against Jingnan. (Later Tang had not pursued the campaign actively for several years, but had never formally terminated the campaign.) Gao also submitted a petition to Yang, apologizing for resubmitting to Later Tang, but asking that his decision be excused because he had been concerned that the tombs of the Gao ancestors, located within Later Tang territory, would be destroyed. Wu sent an army to attack Jingnan, but could not capture it.

In 931, Li Siyuan gave Gao the honorary chancellor title *Zhongshu Ling* (中書令). In 932, he created Gao the Prince of Bohai. In 934, he created Gao the Prince of Nanping—the same title that Gao Jixing had held previously.

It was said that Gao was intelligent, understanding, humble, and willing to listen to others. He particularly trusted Gao Jixing's chief strategist Liang Zhen, treating Liang as an older brother. There was an occasion when people relaying the news to him about the court of Ma Yin's son and successor Ma Xifan, who then carried the title of Prince of Chu, talking of the grandeurs of Ma Xifan's lifestyle. Initially, Gao, impressed, stated, "Prince Ma is truly a man." His staffer Sun Guangxian responded:

> The Son of Heaven and his vassals have different rites. That young milk-stenched boy is arrogant and wasteful. He may enjoy it for some time, but he does not think about the future. His state will soon fall. There is no need to be jealous of him.

Gao initially did not realize the wisdom of Sun's words, but after some time, he did. He stated to Liang, "After I thought about my daily living, I believe that I am already excessive." He thus ended using luxurious items, and spent his time enjoying reading classical literature. He also was merciful in punishments and did not impose great tax burdens, so his people were comforted. Liang, believing that the state was in good hands, sought to retire, and after Gao could not dissuade him from the idea, allowed him to, but built a grand mansion for him on an island and would occasionally visited him to give him many gifts. Liang, in retirement, also still occasionally visited him and gave him advice. After Liang's retirement, he entrusted the affairs of the state to Sun.

In 936, believing that Wu's regent Xu Zhigao was interested in seizing the Wu throne, Gao wrote him to encourage him to do so. Xu eventually did so, in 937, ending Wu and establishing Southern Tang, and thereafter changing his name to Li Bian, as Li was his original family name. Subsequently, Gao requested to establish a liaison office at Southern Tang's capital Jinling, and Li Bian agreed.

### During Later Jin

In 941—by which time Later Tang had fallen, and its former territory was ruled by Shi Jingtang (Li Siyuan's son-in-law) as the emperor of the succeeding Later Jin—Later Jin's military governor of Shannan East, An Congjin, was plotting to rebel against Later Jin, and he sent emissaries to ask for aid from both Gao Conghui and Later Shu's emperor Meng Chang. Meng declined the overture, and Gao wrote An, urging him not to rebel. An, in anger, instead reported to Shi that *Gao* was planning to rebel against Later Jin. At the urging of his commander of the army, Wang Baoyi (王保義), Gao submitted An's letters to Shi, and offered to aid the Later Jin imperial government in coming operations against An. Subsequently, when An did in fact rebel, both Gao and Ma Xifan sent fleets and food supplies to aid the Later Jin commander of the operations against An, Gao Xingzhou. Gao Xingzhou was subsequently able to defeat An, and An committed suicide. After An's defeat, Gao requested Shi's nephew and successor Shi Chonggui that Later Jin gave him Ying Prefecture (郢州, in modern Jingmen, Hubei); Shi Chonggui declined.

### During Liao and Later Han

In a campaign in 946–947, Emperor Taizong of the Khitan Liao dynasty successfully captured Kaifeng and forced Shi Chonggui to surrender, ending Later Jin. Emperor Taizong claimed to also be the emperor of China, and, initially, the Later Jin regional governors submitted to him. Gao Conghui also did so, and offered tributes to him. At the same time, though, Gao also sent emissaries to one of the holdouts, Liu Zhiyuan the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), urging Liu to claim imperial title. He promised to support Liu if Liu would later give him Ying Prefecture, and Liu agreed.

After the Liao subsequently (in stages, both before and after Emperor Taizong's death later in 947) withdrew from Later Jin lands, Liu, who claimed the title of emperor of a new Later Han, entered Kaifeng. He notified Gao of this. Gao sent an emissary to congratulate the new emperor, and at the same time asked him to fulfill his promise of giving Gao Ying Prefecture. Liu refused, and subsequently, when Liu sent an emissary to bestow honors on Gao, Gao refused to accept the honors. When the Later Han general Du Chongwei later rebelled against Liu at Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), Gao took the opportunity to attack Shannan East Circuit, but was repelled by its military governor An Shenqi (安審琦). He then attacked Ying, but was repelled by its prefect Yin Shi (尹實). He thereafter cut off his relationship with Later Han, and instead submitted as a vassal to both Southern Tang and Later Shu.

Traditional histories used this incident to comment on the peculiar pattern of conduct that both Gao Conghui and his father Gao Jixing had demonstrated throughout Jingnan's existence. As put by the Song dynasty historian Ouyang Xiu in his *New History of the Five Dynasties*:

> Jingnan's territory is small, and its army was weak. It was a small state wedged between Wu and Chu. At the time that Wu claimed imperial title, Southern Han, Min, and Chu all still followed the era names of Later Liang. Their annual tributary emissaries all would journey through Jingnan. Both Gao Jixing and Gao Conghui often detained the emissaries and seized their tributes. If these other circuits wrote rebuking declarations or attacked Jingnan, then they would return the tributes without showing signs of shame. Later, Southern Han, Min, and Shu all claimed imperial titles. Gao Conghui would refer to himself as "subject" to all of them, to take advantage of their bestowments. ... The other states thus all referred to him as "Scoundrel Gao."

However, cutting off relations with Later Han meant that the merchants and the travelers from Later Han stopped visiting Jingnan, which caused economic stress on the small state. In 948, Gao gave in and petitioned Liu's son and successor Liu Chengyou to again submit to Later Han. Liu Chengyou sent an emissary to comfort him.

In late 948, Gao fell ill, and had his son and deputy military governor Gao Baorong take over the affairs of the state. He died shortly after.

## Notes and references

1. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 276.
2. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 288.
3. Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter.
4. *Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms*, vol. 101.
5. 929 was the 4th year of *Tiancheng*.
6. 947 was defined as the 12th year of *Tianfu* by Liu Zhiyuan, the emperor of Later Han.
7. *History of the Five Dynasties*, vol. 133.
8. See *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 263 \[Gao Jichang's advice to Zhu Quanzhong in the 903 campaign—described in his biography as *before* the name change back to Gao\].
9. *Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms*, vol. 102.
10. *New History of the Five Dynasties*, vol. 69.
11. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 273.
12. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 275.
13. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 277.
14. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 278.
15. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 279.
16. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 280.
17. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 281.
18. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 282.
19. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 283.
20. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 285.
21. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 286.
22. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 287.

## InfoBox

| Prince Wenxian of Nanping
南平文獻王 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Prince of Nanping* | |
| Ruler of Jingnan (Nanping) | |
| Reign | 929 – December 1, 948 |
| Predecessor | Gao Jixing, Prince Wuxin of Chu |
| Successor | Gao Baorong, Prince Zhenyi of Nanping |
| *Jiedushi* of Jingnan Circuit
(荊南節度使) | |
| Tenure | 929 – 948 |
| Predecessor | Gao Jixing |
| Successor | Gao Baorong |
|  | |
| Born | 891 |
| Died | December 1, 948
Jingzhou |
| Issue | Gao Baoxun (高保勳) (different person than below)
Gao Baozheng (高保正)
Gao Baorong (高保融), Prince Zhenyi of Nanping
Gao Baoshen (高保紳)
Gao Baoyin (高保寅)
Gao Baoxu (高保緒) (different person than below)
Gao Baoxu (高保勗) (different person than above)
Gao Baojie (高保節)
Gao Baoxun (高保遜) (different person than above)
Gao Baoheng (高保衡)
Gao Baoying (高保膺)
Four other sons |
| Names  Gao Conghui (高從誨)  Era dates  *Adopted the era name of Yang Wu:*
Qianzhen (乾貞): 929
*Adopted the era names of Later Tang:*
Tiancheng (天成): 929–930
Changxing (長興): 930–933
Yingshun (應順): 934
Qingtai (清泰): 934–936
*Adopted the era names of Later Jin:*
Tianfu (天福): 936–944
Kaiyun (開運): 944 –946
*Adopted the era names of Later Han:*
Tianfu (天福): 947
Qianyou (乾祐): 948  Regnal name  932–934: Prince of Bohai (渤海王)
936–948: Prince of Nanping (南平王)  Posthumous name  Prince Wénxiàn (文獻王, "civil and wise") | |
| House | Gao |
| Dynasty | Jingnan |
| Father | Gao Jixing |
| Mother | Lady Zhang |


title: Gao Dezhan

abstract: Gao Dezhan is a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Qixia, Shandong. He was a graduate of Dalian University of Technology. He was governor of Jilin and Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Tianjin. He was an alternate member of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and a full member of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the 9th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. He was Director of the State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China (1987–1993).

text:
# Gao Dezhan

**Gao Dezhan** (Chinese: 高德占) (born 1932) is a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Qixia, Shandong. He was a graduate of Dalian University of Technology. He was governor of Jilin and Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Tianjin. He was an alternate member of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and a full member of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the 9th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. He was Director of the State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China (1987–1993).


title: Gao County

abstract: Gao County or Gaoxian is a county of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of Yibin city and has a population of 526,400 in 2019, 171,000 of which live in the urban area. The county seat is located 48 km from Yibin city. The county is traversed by the Nanguang River (zh:南广河), a tributary of the Yangtze. About half of the land area is covered by forests. On 20 March 1994, 18 people were killed by a landslide in the east of Gao County.

text:
# Gao County

**Gao County** or **Gaoxian** (simplified Chinese: 高县; traditional Chinese: 高縣; pinyin: *Gāo Xiàn*) is a county of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of Yibin city and has a population of 526,400 in 2019, 171,000 of which live in the urban area. The county seat is located 48 km from Yibin city. The county is traversed by the Nanguang River (zh:南广河), a tributary of the Yangtze. About half of the land area is covered by forests.

On 20 March 1994, 18 people were killed by a landslide in the east of Gao County.

## Administrative divisions

Gao County administers 13 towns:

* Wenjiang 文江镇
* Qingfu 庆符镇
* Shahe 沙河镇
* Jiale 嘉乐镇
* Luochang 罗场镇
* Jiaocun 蕉村镇
* Kejiu 可久镇
* Laifu 来复镇
* Yuejiang 月江镇
* Shengtian 胜天镇
* Fuxing 复兴镇
* Luorun 落润镇
* Qingling 庆岭镇

## Climate

| Climate data for Gaoxian, elevation 378 m (1,240 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.6
(69.1) | 24.1
(75.4) | 31.4
(88.5) | 34.8
(94.6) | 38.3
(100.9) | 37.2
(99.0) | 38.4
(101.1) | 41.2
(106.2) | 40.1
(104.2) | 31.4
(88.5) | 26.5
(79.7) | 20.7
(69.3) | 41.2
(106.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.0
(51.8) | 14.0
(57.2) | 18.9
(66.0) | 24.6
(76.3) | 27.9
(82.2) | 29.6
(85.3) | 32.2
(90.0) | 32.1
(89.8) | 27.5
(81.5) | 22.0
(71.6) | 17.9
(64.2) | 12.3
(54.1) | 22.5
(72.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.0
(46.4) | 10.3
(50.5) | 14.3
(57.7) | 19.2
(66.6) | 22.6
(72.7) | 24.8
(76.6) | 27.0
(80.6) | 26.7
(80.1) | 23.1
(73.6) | 18.5
(65.3) | 14.3
(57.7) | 9.4
(48.9) | 18.2
(64.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.0
(42.8) | 7.7
(45.9) | 11.1
(52.0) | 15.4
(59.7) | 18.7
(65.7) | 21.4
(70.5) | 23.4
(74.1) | 23.1
(73.6) | 20.3
(68.5) | 16.3
(61.3) | 12.1
(53.8) | 7.5
(45.5) | 15.3
(59.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.7
(28.9) | 0.2
(32.4) | 1.7
(35.1) | 6.0
(42.8) | 10.5
(50.9) | 15.5
(59.9) | 16.7
(62.1) | 16.9
(62.4) | 13.8
(56.8) | 6.5
(43.7) | 2.9
(37.2) | −1.8
(28.8) | −1.8
(28.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 16.7
(0.66) | 18.0
(0.71) | 31.4
(1.24) | 59.3
(2.33) | 78.8
(3.10) | 137.2
(5.40) | 190.4
(7.50) | 204.1
(8.04) | 106.5
(4.19) | 59.7
(2.35) | 25.1
(0.99) | 16.0
(0.63) | 943.2
(37.14) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.4 | 11.2 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 14.7 | 17.5 | 15.5 | 14.3 | 15.8 | 18.6 | 12.8 | 13.4 | 174.4 |
| Average snowy days | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 80 | 77 | 75 | 74 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 83 | 86 | 84 | 84 | 81 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 35.7 | 48.5 | 88.6 | 123.6 | 126.8 | 107.5 | 162.5 | 167.0 | 92.4 | 53.1 | 55.7 | 37.8 | 1,099.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 11 | 15 | 24 | 32 | 30 | 26 | 38 | 41 | 25 | 15 | 17 | 12 | 24 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Gao County 高县 | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| GaoxianLocation of the seat in Sichuan | |
| Coordinates: 28°26′10″N 104°31′05″E / 28.436°N 104.518°E / 28.436; 104.518 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Sichuan |
| Prefecture-level city | Yibin |
| County seat | Qingfu |
| Area | |
| County | 1,323 km2 (511 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 526,400 |
| Urban | 171,000 |
| Rural | 355,400 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Website | www.gaoxian.gov.cn |


title: Toorongo Falls Reserve

abstract: The Toorongo Falls Reserve protects two waterfalls, Amphitheatre Falls on the Toorongo River and Toorongo Falls on the Little Toorongo River, including the confluence of those two rivers, in West Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. It is located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north-east of the town of Noojee, approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of Melbourne.

text:
# Toorongo Falls Reserve

The **Toorongo Falls Reserve** protects two waterfalls, Amphitheatre Falls on the Toorongo River and Toorongo Falls on the Little Toorongo River, including the confluence of those two rivers, in West Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. It is located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north-east of the town of Noojee, approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of Melbourne.

## Flora and fauna

The Reserve is home to wet forest types, including mountain grey gum, mountain ash, manna gum, blackwood and Austral mulberry. A variety of ferns thrive in the damp conditions including the necklace fern, soft tree fern, and the long fork-fern.

Animals found in the reserve include common and mountain brushtail possum, ringtail possum, sugar glider, and a variety of bats. Red-bellied black snakes are commonly found during warmer periods.

## Waterfalls

### Walking tracks

The reserve contains two bush walking tracks, which total 2.22 kilometres, taking a loop around the two waterfalls, and allowing the visitors to take the wide range of native experiences the area has to offer.

## History

The area is close to a border of two Aboriginal tribes, but is not included within any Registered Aboriginal Party boundary. The Wurundjeri are to the west, and part of the Kulin Nation and the Braiakaulung, part of the Gunai Nation, are to the east. There is purported evidence of Aboriginal heritage, with some culturally significant sites being situated in the reserve.

37°50′57″S 146°2′46″E / 37.84917°S 146.04611°E / -37.84917; 146.04611


title: Toorpekai

abstract:
Toorpekai was elected to represent Zabul Province in Afghanistan's Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of its National Legislature, in 2005. A report on Kandahar prepared at the Navy Postgraduate School described her working with the UNAMA on health care.
It stated that she was a high school graduate.
It stated she sat on the Communications Committee.
It stated she was a member of the Pashtun ethnic group, from the Suliemankhel tribe.

text:
# Toorpekai

**Toorpekai** was elected to represent Zabul Province in Afghanistan's Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of its National Legislature, in 2005.

A report on Kandahar prepared at the Navy Postgraduate School described her working with the UNAMA on health care. It stated that she was a high school graduate. It stated she sat on the Communications Committee. It stated she was a member of the Pashtun ethnic group, from the Suliemankhel tribe.

1. "Profile: Zabul Profile". Navy Postgraduate School. 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-06-19. Retrieved 2010-06-15.

## InfoBox

| Toorpekai | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Afghan |
| Occupation | legislator |


title: Gamay

abstract: Gamay is a purple-colored grape variety used to make red wines, most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the Loire Valley around Tours. Its full name is Gamay Noir à Jus Blanc. It is a very old cultivar, mentioned as long ago as the 15th century. It has been often cultivated because it makes for abundant production; however, it can produce wines of distinction when planted on acidic soils, which help to soften the grape's naturally high acidity.

text:
# Gamay

**Gamay** is a purple-colored grape variety used to make red wines, most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the Loire Valley around Tours. Its full name is Gamay Noir à Jus Blanc. It is a very old cultivar, mentioned as long ago as the 15th century. It has been often cultivated because it makes for abundant production; however, it can produce wines of distinction when planted on acidic soils, which help to soften the grape's naturally high acidity.

## History

The Gamay grape is thought to have appeared first in the village of the Gamay, south of Beaune, in the 1360s. The grape brought relief to the village growers following the decline of the Black Death. In contrast to the Pinot noir variety, Gamay ripened two weeks earlier and was easier to cultivate. It also produced a strong, fruitier wine in a much larger abundance.

In July 1395, the Duke of Burgundy Philippe the Bold outlawed the cultivation of the grape, referring to it as the "disloyal Gaamez" that in spite of its ability to grow in abundance was full of "very great and horrible harshness", due in part to the variety's occupation of land that could be used for the more "elegant" Pinot Noir. Sixty years later Philippe the Good issued another edict against Gamay in which he stated the reasoning for the ban is that "The Dukes of Burgundy are known as the lords of the best wines in Christendom. We will maintain our reputation".

## Characteristics

Gamay is a very vigorous vine which tends not to root very deeply on alkaline soils resulting in pronounced hydrological stress on the vines over the growing season with a correspondingly high level of acidity in the grapes. The acidity is softened through carbonic maceration, a process that also allows the vibrant youthful fruit expressions reminiscent of bright crushed strawberries and raspberries, as well as deep floral notes of lilac and violets.

Gamay-based wines are typically light bodied and fruity. Wines meant to be drunk after some modest aging tend to have more body and are produced by whole-berry maceration. The latter are produced mostly in the designated 'Cru Beaujolais' areas where the wines typically have the flavor of sour cherries, black pepper, and dried berry, as well as fresh-cut stone and chalk.

## Regional production

In addition to being well suited to the terroir of Beaujolais, Gamay is grown extensively in the Loire Valley around Tours, where it is typically blended with Cabernet Franc and Côt, a local clone of Malbec. These wines are similar to those of Crus Beaujolais but with raspberry notes and the signature fresh-peppery nose of the Cabernet Franc.

Gamay is also the grape of the Beaujolais nouveau, produced exclusively from the more alkaline soils of Southern Beaujolais where the grape is incapable of making drinkable wines without aggressive carbonic maceration. The acid levels of the grape grown in the limestone *Pierres Doreés* of the South are too high for making wines with any appeal beyond the early release Nouveaux.

Gamay is commonly grown in the Niagara Peninsula in Canada, some producers being in the Short Hills Bench, Beamsville Bench and St. David's Bench, as well as in Prince Edward County and British Columbia. Château des Charmes in Niagara-on-the-Lake has a regional clone which they discovered, Gamay Noir Droit, which is a recognized mutation. Gamay is also widely grown in Switzerland in the area of the Lake of Geneva.

It is also grown successfully by a small number of wineries in Australia to make a range of wines including light-bodied red wines suitable for early drinking.

Gamay has also been introduced into Oregon's Willamette Valley wine region, a place known for its wines made from Pinot noir, another Burgundian grape. It was introduced by Amity Vineyards in 1988. In 1991, Rebecca's Vineyard planted Gamay and was one of a few Oregon vineyards selling the grapes. LaBete winery was the first to make a vineyard designate of Gamay from Rebecca's Vineyard. Since then, Rebecca's Vineyard stopped selling Gamay to those who would only blend into their Pinot Noir for flavor and color enhancement, and to only sell to those who would produce stand alone Gamay. Younger wineries like Division Winemaking Co., who are now the largest producer of Gamay in Oregon, have helped raise awareness and availability of the grape in Oregon. Significant new plantings are underway in the Willamette Valley and there's even a festival called I Love Gamay held in nearby Portland. Tasting notes published by the vineyards at Amity, WillaKenzie, Division, Brickhouse, and Methven describe wines that match the basic profiles of Crus Beaujolais.

## Similarly named grapes and offspring

The Gamay name has become attached to other varieties grown in California, which at one time were thought to be the true Gamay. The grape 'Napa Gamay' is now known as Valdiguié, and the name Napa Gamay has not appeared on labels from 2007 onwards. Gamay Beaujolais is considered to be an early ripening Californian clone of Pinot noir. Despite similar names the grapes *Gamay du Rhône* and *Gamay St-Laurent* are not the Beaujolais grape either but rather the southwestern France grape Abouriou.

In 1929, Gamay was crossed with the table grape Seidentraube (also known as *Luglienga bianca*) to produce the white wine grape Regner.

## InfoBox

| Gamay | |
| --- | --- |
| Grape (*Vitis*) | |
|  | |
| Color of berry skin | Purple |
| Also called | Gamay Noir à Jus Blanc Sicily |
| Notable regions | Beaujolais, Loire Valley; Niagara Peninsula; Willamette Valley |
| Notable wines | Bourgogne Passe-Tout-Grains, Beaujolais nouveau |
| VIVC number | 4377 |


title: Gamaya

abstract: Gamaya is a Swiss company which provides drones equipped with hyper-spectral cameras for use in agriculture. The company has 35 employees and is located in Morges, Switzerland. Igor Ivanov is the current company CEO.

text:
# Gamaya

**Gamaya** is a Swiss company which provides drones equipped with hyper-spectral cameras for use in agriculture.

The company has 35 employees and is located in Morges, Switzerland. Igor Ivanov is the current company CEO.

## History

Gamaya was founded in 2015 as an EPFL laboratory spinoff by co-founders Dragos Constantin, Igor Ivanov and Yosef Akhtman.

In 2016, the company raised an investment round of $3.2 million from the Sandoz Family Foundation, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Seed4Equity, and VI Partners.

In 2017, Gamaya received the Swiss Economic Forum Hightech award as well as the Nvidia Inception award.

In 2019, the company raised a second round of investment of CHF 12 million, led by Mahindra & Mahindra.

## Hyperspectral camera technology

Gamaya's hyperspectral camera technology was developed between 2013 and 2015 through the EPFL Leman-Baikal project. It captures 40 different bands of light. Hyperspectral images shot with a drone are then used to generate a survey of the land. The data can be used for detecting invasive species and crop diseases, predicting yields, or for optimising soil treatment and fertilisation.

Gamaya's cameras have been used in a few scientific studies as part of data collection for hyperspectral survey of agricultural crops.

1. Fehrenbacher, Katie (2016-05-23). "This Startup Is Changing Farming With Drones and AI". *Fortune*. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
2. O'Dea, Clare (2020-04-22). "How Swiss technology is changing farming". *SWI swissinfo.ch*. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
3. Thoele, Alexander (2019-07-04). "Une start-up suisse développe des caméras qui «parlent» aux plantes" \[A Swiss startup develops cameras which "talk" to plants\]. *SWI swissinfo.ch* (in French). Retrieved 2020-07-03.
4. "New CEOs for ambitious start-ups". *www.startupticker.ch*. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
5. Zaki, Myret (2017-05-05). "Drones et agriculture: Gamaya remporte le Prix Strategis 2017" \[Drones and agriculture: Gamaya wins the Strategis Award\]. *Bilan* (in French). Retrieved 2020-07-01.
6. "Nestle Chairman Commits to $3.2m Series A for Hyperspectral Drone Imagery Company Gamaya". *AgFunderNews*. 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
7. kaczor, Piotr (2017-06-06). "Deux lauréats romands et un zurichois primés". *Agefi* (in French). Retrieved 2020-07-01.
8. Zeitung, Jungfrau (2017-06-02). "Die besten Jungunternehmen der Schweiz stehen fest". *Jungfrau Zeitung* (in German). Retrieved 2020-07-03.
9. Ohr, Thomas (2017-10-11). "Meet Gamaya: The farmland analytics startup that just won the Inception Awards at GTC Europe". *EU-Startups*. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
10. Ohr, Thomas (2019-07-19). "Swiss AgTech startup Gamaya raises about €10.9 million Series B funding to expand crop intelligence solutions". *EU-Startups*. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
11. Gaur, Vatsala (2019-06-14). "M&M picks up 11.25% in Swiss Agri-tech firm Gamaya". *The Economic Times*. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
12. "Leman-Baikal Project". *EPFL*. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
13. Kite-Powell, Jennifer (2015-08-24). "Sensors, Insects, Drones And Sustainable Nitrogen Define Innovation In European AgTech Start Ups". *Forbes*. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
14. Danilov, Roman; Zelensky, Roman; Ponomarev, Artyom; Ivanisova, Mariya; Gasiyan, Kseniya (2020). "Development of precision methods for remote monitoring of weeds". *BIO Web of Conferences*. **21**: 00003. doi:10.1051/bioconf/20202100003. ISSN 2117-4458.
15. Akhtman, Y.; Golubeva, E.; Tutubalina, O.; Zimin, M. (2017-12-29). "Application of hyperspectral images and ground data for precision farming". *Geography, Environment, Sustainability*. **10** (4): 117–128. doi:10.24057/2071-9388-2017-10-4-117-128. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
16. Förster, Michael; Schmidt, Tobias; Wolf, Roman; Kleinschmit, Birgit; Fassnacht, Fabian E.; Cabezas, Julián; Kattenborn, Teja (2017-06-01). "Detecting the spread of invasive species in central Chile with a Sentinel-2 time-series". *2017 9th International Workshop on the Analysis of Multitemporal Remote Sensing Images (MultiTemp)*. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/Multi-Temp.2017.8035216. ISBN 978-1-5386-3327-4. S2CID 3267718.

## InfoBox

Gamaya
| Industry | Farming technology |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2015 |
| Founder | Dragos Constantin, Igor Ivanov and Yosef Akhtman |
| Headquarters | Morges, Switzerland |
| Key people | Igor Ivanov (CEO) |
| Services | Hyperspectral cameras, precision faming |
| Website | www.gamaya.com |


title: Tony DeSouza

abstract: Anton Nicolas de Souza is a Peruvian professional mixed martial artist and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt.

text:
# Tony DeSouza

**Anton Nicolas de Souza** (born July 26, 1974) is a Peruvian professional mixed martial artist and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt.

## Biography and career

His style of fighting is a blend of freestyle wrestling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. De Souza competed in wrestling throughout his high school and college years in Los Angeles. He learned Brazilian jiu jitsu under John Lewis and André Pederneiras. De Souza's trademark submission is a modified guillotine choke known as the Peruvian Necktie. C.B. Dollaway used this choke to defeat Jesse Taylor at *UFC: Silva vs. Irvin*.

He calls his style of fighting Cholitzu, which came about by fusing the words jiu jitsu and cholo, a term which generally refers to people with various amounts of Amerindian racial ancestry.

He appeared on *The Ultimate Fighter 5*, the fifth season of the Ultimate Fighting Championship produced reality television series *The Ultimate Fighter*. On the show, DeSouza was the wrestling coach of Team Penn, the team coached by B.J. Penn. He coached next to BJ Penn. He managed to expand jiu-jitsu to Gray Maynard and Joe Lauzon.

To date, DeSouza has a professional mixed martial arts record of eleven wins and four losses. DeSouza lives in Cuzco, Peru.

## Mixed martial arts record

Professional record breakdown
| **15 matches** | **11 wins** | **4 losses** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **By knockout** | 2 | 4 |
| **By submission** | 6 | 0 |
| **By decision** | 3 | 0 |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 11–4 | Luis Perrogon | Submission (rear naked choke) | MMA Nemesis 1 | December 13, 2012 | 1 | 1:20 | La Paz, Bolivia |  |
| Loss | 10–4 | Roan Carneiro | TKO (punches) | UFC 79 | December 29, 2007 | 2 | 3:33 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |  |
| Loss | 10–3 | Thiago Alves | KO (knee) | UFC 66: Liddell vs. Ortiz | December 30, 2006 | 2 | 1:10 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | Alves tested positive for banned diuretics. |
| Win | 10–2 | Dustin Hazelett | Submission (kimura) | Ortiz vs. Shamrock 3: The Final Chapter | October 10, 2006 | 1 | 3:59 | Hollywood, Florida, United States |  |
| Win | 9–2 | Fabricio Monteiro | Decision (majority) | Gold Fighters Championship 1 | May 20, 2006 | 3 | 5:00 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |  |
| Win | 8–2 | Vitelmo Kubis Bandeira | Submission (kneebar) | Jungle Fight 6 | April 29, 2006 | 1 | 4:38 | Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil |  |
| Loss | 7–2 | Angelo Diaz | TKO (cut) | South American Open | April 15, 2005 | 1 | N/A | Lima, Peru |  |
| Win | 7–1 | Carlos Lima | Submission (arm triangle choke) | Jungle Fight 3 | October 23, 2004 | 2 | 0:32 | Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil |  |
| Win | 6–1 | Luiz Azeredo | Decision (split) | Meca World Vale Tudo 11 | June 5, 2004 | 3 | 5:00 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |  |
| Win | 5–1 | Chatt Lavender | TKO (cut) | World Fighting Alliance 1 | November 3, 2001 | 1 | 3:24 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |  |
| Loss | 4–1 | Jutaro Nakao | KO (punch) | UFC 33 | September 28, 2001 | 2 | 0:15 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |  |
| Win | 4–0 | Paul Rodriguez | Submission (guillotine choke) | UFC 32 | June 29, 2001 | 1 | 1:05 | Rutherford, New Jersey, United States |  |
| Win | 3–0 | Steve Berger | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 31 | May 4, 2001 | 3 | 5:00 | Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States |  |
| Win | 2–0 | Kenneth Tanario | Submission (toe hold) | Gladiator Challenge 1 | December 9, 2000 | 1 | 0:56 | California, United States |  |
| Win | 1–0 | Ben Melendez | TKO (Submission to strikes) | CFF - The Cobra Classic 2000 | August 26, 2000 | 1 | 0:55 | Anza, California, United States |  |

1. http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2007\_Results/12-29-07MMA.pdf
2. MIXED MARTIAL ARTS SHOW RESULTS DATE: SEPTEMBER 28, 2001
3. "Tony DeSouza ("The Peruvian Savage")". Tapology. Retrieved 2012-02-20.

## InfoBox

| Tony De Souza | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Anton Nicolas de Souza
(1974-07-26) July 26, 1974
Lima, Peru |
| Other names | Peruvian Savage, Peruvian Mad Man, El Mendigo |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight | 175 lb (79 kg; 12.5 st) |
| Division | Welterweight |
| Style | Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Boxing |
| Stance | Southpaw |
| Fighting out of | Lima, Peru |
| Team | Nova União
Attitude and Fitness Fight Club
Sniper Gym |
| Rank | Black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu |
| Years active | 2000–2007, 2012–present |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record | |
| **Total** | 15 |
| **Wins** | 11 |
| By knockout | 1 |
| By submission | 7 |
| By decision | 3 |
| **Losses** | 4 |
| By knockout | 4 |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog | |


title: Memorial Park, Lower Hutt

abstract: Memorial Park is a venue for football matches in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. It is the home of Petone FC who have been based there since 1961 as well as Capital Football who look after the game for the Wellington Region. The ground was also the training base and home ground for the National Women's team Capital Football who play in New Zealand's highest level domestic competition, the National Women's League. It was the first ground in Wellington to have a fully floodlit training pitch which was established in 1979. In 2012, Capital Football, New Zealand Football and Hutt City Council announced that Memorial Park would get an artificial pitch with the aim of making the ground the 'Home of Football' for the Wellington Region. Work was started on Tuesday 23 October 2012 and was official opened on 25 May 2013 by Lower Hutt Mayor Ray Wallace, New Zealand Football chairman Frank van Hattum, Capital Football chief executive Richard Reid and Petone Football club chairman Craig Deadman.

text:
# Memorial Park, Lower Hutt

**Memorial Park** is a venue for football matches in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. It is the home of Petone FC who have been based there since 1961 as well as Capital Football who look after the game for the Wellington Region.

The ground was also the training base and home ground for the National Women's team **Capital Football** who play in New Zealand's highest level domestic competition, the National Women's League.

It was the first ground in Wellington to have a fully floodlit training pitch which was established in 1979. In 2012, Capital Football, New Zealand Football and Hutt City Council announced that Memorial Park would get an artificial pitch with the aim of making the ground the 'Home of Football' for the Wellington Region. Work was started on Tuesday 23 October 2012 and was official opened on 25 May 2013 by Lower Hutt Mayor Ray Wallace, New Zealand Football chairman Frank van Hattum, Capital Football chief executive Richard Reid and Petone Football club chairman Craig Deadman.

41°13′26″S 174°53′40″E / 41.2238345°S 174.8943302°E / -41.2238345; 174.8943302


title: Mendero College

abstract: Mendero College is a new private college offering Bachelor of Science in Nursing at Barangay Tiguma, Pagadian City, Mindanao, in the Philippines. It was founded in June 2008. The base hospital of the college is Pagadian City Medical Center or Mendero Hospital.

text:
# Mendero College

**Mendero College** is a new private college offering Bachelor of Science in Nursing at Barangay Tiguma, Pagadian City, Mindanao, in the Philippines. It was founded in June 2008. The base hospital of the college is Pagadian City Medical Center or Mendero Hospital (also referred to by the acronym PCMC).

## InfoBox

Mendero College
| Type | Private non-sectarian college |
| --- | --- |
| Established | June 2008 |
| Dean | Abegail T. Cabrales, RN, MN |
| Location | Barangay Tiguma, Pagadian City, Mindanao, Philippines |
| Colours |  |


title: Toshihiro Mori

abstract:
Toshihiro Mori is a Japanese master of Shotokan karate.
He has won the JKA's version of the world championships for kumite. He has also won the JKA All-Japan championships for kumite on 2 occasions.
He is currently an instructor of the Japan Karate Association.

text:
# Toshihiro Mori

**Toshihiro Mori** (*Mori Toshihiro*) is a Japanese master of Shotokan karate. He has won the JKA's version of the world championships for kumite. He has also won the JKA All-Japan championships for kumite on 2 occasions. He is currently an instructor of the Japan Karate Association.

## Biography

Toshihiro Mori was born in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan on . He studied at Tohoku Gakuin University.

## Competition

Toshihiro Mori has had considerable success in karate competition.

### Major Tournament Success

* 25th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1982) - 2nd Place Kumite
* 24th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1981) - 3rd Place Kumite
* 3rd IAKF World Karate Championship (Bremen, 1980) - 1st Place Kumite
* 23rd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1980) - 1st Place Kumite
* 22nd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1979) - 2nd Place Kumite
* 21st JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1978) - 1st Place Kumite

## InfoBox

| Toshihiro Mori | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Miyagi Prefecture, Japan |
| Style | Shotokan Karate |
| Teacher(s) | Masatoshi Nakayama |
| Rank | 9th Dan karate (JKA) |


title: Menegazzia norsorediata

abstract: Menegazzia norsorediata is a species of lichen from South America. It was described as new to science in 1996.

text:
# Menegazzia norsorediata

***Menegazzia norsorediata*** is a species of lichen from South America. It was described as new to science in 1996.

## InfoBox

| *Menegazzia norsorediata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Parmeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Menegazzia* |
| Species: | ***M. norsorediata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Menegazzia norsorediata***<br>Adler & Calvelo (1996) | |
|


title: Menegazzia pertransita

abstract: Menegazzia pertransita is a species of foliose lichen in the large lichen family Parmeliaceae. It is found in New Zealand, Australia, and South America. The lichen was first formally described by Scottish physician and bryologist James Stirton in 1877 as Parmelia pertransita. Swedish lichenologist Rolf Santesson transferred it to the genus Menegazzia in 1942.

text:
# Menegazzia pertransita

***Menegazzia pertransita*** is a species of foliose lichen in the large lichen family Parmeliaceae. It is found in New Zealand, Australia, and South America. The lichen was first formally described by Scottish physician and bryologist James Stirton in 1877 as *Parmelia pertransita*. Swedish lichenologist Rolf Santesson transferred it to the genus *Menegazzia* in 1942.

## InfoBox

| *Menegazzia pertransita* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Menegazzia pertransita* growing on a tree in New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Parmeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Menegazzia* |
| Species: | ***M. pertransita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Menegazzia pertransita***<br>(Stirt.) R.Sant. (1942) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Parmelia pertransita* Stirt. (1877) * *Parmelia weindorferi* f. *endocitrina* Hillmann (1938) * *Menegazzia weindorferi* f. *endocitrina* (Hillmann) R.Sant. (1942) | |


title: Merchants Building

abstract: The Merchants Building is a commercial building located at 206 East Grand River Avenue in Downtown Detroit. It is also known as the Broadway Merchants Building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

text:
# Merchants Building

The **Merchants Building** is a commercial building located at 206 East Grand River Avenue (at Broadway Street) in Downtown Detroit. It is also known as the **Broadway Merchants Building**. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## History

The Merchants Building was designed by Bonnah & Chaffee in 1922 for John Barlum (who also constructed the Barlum Tower). Throughout its history, the building has housed many business, including at least three furriers, Midwest Woolen Co., Kroger Grocery & Bakery, NY Life Insurance Co., a jeweler and shoe repair shop. The lowrise building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 1983.

## Description

The Merchants Building stands at 8 floors in height. It is built from steel and reinforced concrete, and wrapped with terra cotta. The façade is divided vertically into three sections: the bottom two stories are the storefront area, the middle five floors are divided by metal spandrel panels with raised panels, and the top floor windows are divided by terra cotta shields.

* Other buildings designed by Bonnah & Chaffee:

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Merchants Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 206 East Grand River Avenue
Detroit, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 42°20′5″N 83°2′45″W / 42.33472°N 83.04583°W / 42.33472; -83.04583 |
| Built | 1922 |
| Built by | Misch, Otto & Co. |
| Architect | Bonnah & Chaffee |
| Part of | Broadway Avenue Historic District (ID04000656) |
| NRHP reference No. | 83003732 |
| Added to NRHP | November 25, 1983 |


title: Meridianul Românesc

abstract: Meridianul Românesc is a Romanian-American newspaper published weekly in the Romanian language. It has no political or religious affiliation, but aims to be the voice of the Romanian-American community, as stated in its editorial policy. It was founded in March, 1973 by Marius Ligi. The newspaper is published from Anaheim, California by Meridianul Românesc Incorporated. The standard length of an issue is 36 pages, at a current retail price of $1.25 an issue. The newspaper has contributing writers from the United States, Romania, Israel, France, and Germany, among others.

text:
# Meridianul Românesc

***Meridianul Românesc*** is a Romanian-American newspaper published weekly in the Romanian language. It has no political or religious affiliation, but aims to be the voice of the Romanian-American community, as stated in its editorial policy. It was founded in March, 1973 by Marius Ligi. The newspaper is published from Anaheim, California by Meridianul Românesc Incorporated. The standard length of an issue is 36 pages, at a current retail price of $1.25 an issue.

The newspaper has contributing writers from the United States, Romania, Israel, France, and Germany, among others.


title: Gao Sheng (footballer)

abstract: Takahiro Ko Gao Sheng is a Chinese football coach and former player who played as a defensive midfielder.

text:
# Gao Sheng (footballer)

**Gao Sheng** (simplified Chinese: 高升; traditional Chinese: 高昇; pinyin: *Gāo Shēng*; born 10 May 1962) is a Chinese football coach and former player who played as a defensive midfielder.

## Playing career

Born in Shenyang, Gao began his football career for his hometown football club Liaoning's youth team and later graduated to the senior team in 1983. He quickly made an impression within the team to win many trophies including 1989–90 Asian Club Championship. He accepted Shen Xiangfu's invitation and joined Japanese club Fujitsu in 1991. He retired at Fujitsu in 1995.

## Managerial career

Gao became a football coach of Fujitsu (later changed the club name as Kawasaki Frontale) youth team system after his retirement. He back to Liaoning in December 2011 when he joined Liaoning Xingguang, Liaoning's youth team, and served under his former teammate Tang Yaodong as an assistant coach. He was appointed as the assistant coach of Liaoning Zhongyu in January 2003 after Li Shubin was called up into China national team. He resigned from Liaoning in late 2006 and re-joined Kawasaki Frontale. He accepted the invitation of Takeshi Okada to become the assistant coach of Hangzhou Greentown in the Chinese Super League in 2012. He left the club after Okada's resign in November 2013. On 27 November 2013, he signed a three-year contract with another Super League club Liaoning Whowin and became their new manager. On 9 April 2014, he resigned from Liaoning after winning only once in the first five matches of the season.

## Personal life

Gao married to a Japanese woman in the 1990s. His son, Takahiro Ko (高 宇洋, *Kō Takahiro*), is currently playing for Gamba Osaka.

## Career statistics

### International goals

*Scores and results list China's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Gao goal.*

List of international goals scored by Gao Sheng
| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 June 1988 | Mizuho Athletic Stadium, Nagoya, Japan | Japan | 2–0 | 3–0 | 1988 Kirin Cup |
| 2 | 4 December 1988 | Qatar SC Stadium, Doha, Qatar | Syria | 1–0 | 3–0 | 1988 AFC Asian Cup |
| 3 | 27 July 1990 | Workers Stadium, Beijing, China | North Korea | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1990 Dynasty Cup |

## Honours

### Player

**Liaoning**

## InfoBox

Gao Sheng
高升
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gao Sheng | | |
| Date of birth | (1962-05-10) 10 May 1962 | | |
| Place of birth | Shenyang, Liaoning, China | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1976–1983 | Liaoning | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1983–1991 | Liaoning |  |  |
| 1991–1995 | Fujitsu |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1983–1990 | China |  | (3) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1996–2001 | Kawasaki Frontale Youth | | |
| 2002 | Liaoning Xingguang (Assistant Coach) | | |
| 2003–2006 | Liaoning Zhongyu (Assistant Coach) | | |
| 2007–2011 | Kawasaki Frontale Youth | | |
| 2012–2013 | Hangzhou Greentown (Assistant Coach) | | |
| 2013–2014 | Liaoning Whowin | | |
| 2016–2017 | Hangzhou Greentown (Assistant Coach) | | |
| 2019–2020 | Tianjin Tianhai (Assistant Coach) | | |
| 2021- | China U14 | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Garrett, Pennsylvania

abstract: Garrett is a borough in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 416 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Garrett, Pennsylvania

**Garrett** is a borough in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 416 at the 2020 census.

## History

Garrett was first settled in 1869 and was incorporated in 1900. Garrett is named for the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad John Work Garrett. John W. Garrett served as president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 1858–1884 and was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 31, 1820. He was the second son of Elizabeth Stouffer and Robert Garrett. He married Rachel Ann Harrison, the daughter of Thomas Harrison, a Baltimore merchant. They had one daughter, Mary and two sons, Robert and Thomas Harrison Garrett.

During the height of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Garrett served as the junction of its Pittsburgh Division with its Berlin branch. The Berlin Branch Railroad was originally built by the Buffalo Valley Railroad Company in 1871. This 8.5 mile branch line connected Berlin to the main B&O line (also known as the Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad) as it passed through Garrett, and it was taken over by the B&O itself in 1880. There were seven stations located along the Berlin branch as it ran northeast along the Buffalo Creek valley: Garrett, Burkholder, Buchle, Bitner, Pine Hill, Hanger's, and Berlin. A view of Garrett appeared in a collection of photographs from along the B&O's lines that was published in book form in 1872 and digitized by the DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University.

The Western Maryland Railroad ran in an East to West direction on the Brooklyn side of Garrett. It is the current site of the Great Allegheny Passage. A 150-mile system of biking and hiking trails connecting Cumberland, Maryland and Pittsburgh that was constructed on the former Western Maryland railroad bed. The Connellsville Extension of the Western Maryland Railroad was built west from Cumberland, Maryland, to Connellsville, Pennsylvania, beginning around 1906 and was completed in 1912.

In 1964, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) jointly filed for permission to acquire control of the Western Maryland Railway with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). In 1973, as part of the Chessie System, the Western Maryland ownership went to C&O and it was operated by the B&O. In 1987, it was merged into the C&O which itself became part of CSX Transportation.

## Geography

Garrett is located at 39°51′49″N 79°3′40″W / 39.86361°N 79.06111°W / 39.86361; -79.06111 (39.863563, -79.061159). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all land. Garrett is located along Summit Township's border with Brothersvalley Township.

Garrett sits at the confluence of the Buffalo Creek and the Casselman River. The Casselman River is believed to be named for the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel or Hesse-Cassel in Germany. An imperial immediacy (German: *Reichsfreiheit* or *Reichsunmittelbarkeit*) which was a privileged feudal and political status, a form of statehood, which a city, religious entity or feudal principality of minor lordship could attain within the Holy Roman Empire.

## Transportation

The eastern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 653 is at the Mason Dixon Highway in Garrett; from there, Pennsylvania Route 653 runs northwest to Rockwood.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 253 |  |  |
| 1900 | 488 |  |  |
| 1910 | 848 |  | 73.8% |
| 1920 | 850 |  | 0.2% |
| 1930 | 878 |  | 3.3% |
| 1940 | 872 |  | −0.7% |
| 1950 | 761 |  | −12.7% |
| 1960 | 617 |  | −18.9% |
| 1970 | 616 |  | −0.2% |
| 1980 | 563 |  | −8.6% |
| 1990 | 520 |  | −7.6% |
| 2000 | 449 |  | −13.7% |
| 2010 | 456 |  | 1.6% |
| 2020 | 416 |  | −8.8% |
| 2021 (est.) | 413 |  | −0.7% |
| Sources: | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 449 people, 168 households, and 128 families residing in the borough. The population density was 606.3 inhabitants per square mile (234.1/km2). There were 180 housing units at an average density of 243.0 per square mile (93.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.55% White, and 0.45% from two or more races.

There were 168 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $24,609, and the median income for a family was $27,375. Males had a median income of $23,542 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $10,935. About 12.1% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.

Notable landmarks in Garrett include a 10 MW wind farm, the first large-scale wind facility constructed in the eastern U.S.

Media related to Garrett, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Garrett, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough | |
| Garrett looking east on PA 653 (Jackson Street) in 2014 | |
| Motto(s): The Town that goes on and on | |
| Location of Garrett in Somerset County, Pennsylvania | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 39°51′49″N 79°03′40″W / 39.86361°N 79.06111°W / 39.86361; -79.06111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Somerset |
| Settled | 1869 |
| Incorporated | 1900 |
| Government | |
| Type | Borough Council |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.51 sq mi (1.31 km2) |
| Land | 0.51 sq mi (1.31 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 415 |
| Density | 820.16/sq mi (316.88/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Zip Code | 15542 |
| Area code | 814 |
| FIPS code | 42-28520 |