title: Internalizing disorder

abstract: An internalizing disorder is one type of emotional and behavioral disorder, along with externalizing disorders, and lower incidence disorders. People who have an internalizing disorder will keep their problems to themselves, or internalize the problems.

text:
# Internalizing disorder

An **internalizing disorder** (or **internalising disorder**) is one type of emotional and behavioral disorder, along with externalizing disorders, and lower incidence disorders. People who have an internalizing disorder will keep their problems to themselves, or internalize the problems.

## Signs and symptoms

Behaviors that are apparent in those with internalizing disorders include depression, withdrawal, anxiety, and loneliness. There are also behavioral characteristics involved with internalizing disorders. Some behavioral abnormalities include poor self-esteem, suicidal behaviors, decreased academic progress, and social withdrawal. Internalizing one's problems, like sadness, can cause the problems to grow into larger burdens such as social withdrawal, suicidal behaviors or thoughts, and other unexplained physical symptoms.

## DSM-5

The internalizing disorders, with high levels of negative affectivity, include depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, trauma and stressor-related disorders, and dissociative disorders, bulimia, and anorexia come under this category, as do dysthymia, and somatic disorders (in Huberty 2017) and posttraumatic stress disorder (in Huberty 2004).

## Treatment

Some treatments for internalizing disorders include antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychotherapy.

## Source

*Internalizing Disorder*. Encyclopedia of Adolescence: sciencedirect.com. 2011. \- Huberty 2004, 2017


title: Ioichthys

abstract: Ioichthys kashkini is a species of barreleye known only from the Arabian Sea where it has been recovered from a depth of 700 metres (2,300 ft).

text:
# Ioichthys

***Ioichthys kashkini*** is a species of barreleye known only from the Arabian Sea where it has been recovered from a depth of 700 metres (2,300 ft).

## Names

The scientific name is *Ioichthys kashkini*. Species in this family are commonly known as barreleyes or spookfishes.

## Size

This species grows to a length of 23.2 centimetres (9.1 in) SL.

## Location

*Ioichthys kashkini* can be found in a marine environment and in a tropical climate. They are distributed in Western Indian Ocean and in the Arabian Sea.

## InfoBox

| *Ioichthys* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Argentiniformes |
| Family: | Opisthoproctidae |
| Genus: | *Ioichthys*
Parin, 2004 |
| Species: | ***I. kashkini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ioichthys kashkini***
Parin, 2004 | |
|


title: Oshie Ridge

abstract: Oshie Ridge is found in Obanliku Local Government of Cross River State in Nigeria.The ridge is about 1,716 metres or 5,630 feet high above sealevel. The word Oshie or Ushie denotes justice in the various languages spoken by the former and current inhabitants of the Oshie ridge. In fact, the name Oshie also spelt Ushie, is a popular male name for the Bekwarra, Obudu and Obanliku people. Oshie Ridge is one of the two ridges making the Sankwala Mountains with the other ridge known as Sankwala.

text:
# Oshie Ridge

**Oshie Ridge** is found in Obanliku Local Government of Cross River State in Nigeria.The ridge is about 1,716 metres or 5,630 feet high above sealevel. The word Oshie or Ushie denotes justice in the various languages spoken by the former and current inhabitants of the Oshie ridge. In fact, the name Oshie also spelt Ushie, is a popular male name for the Bekwarra, Obudu and Obanliku people.

Oshie Ridge is one of the two ridges making the Sankwala Mountains with the other ridge known as Sankwala.

## The Oshie Plateau

Oshie Ridge has a relatively flat top, forming a plateau on the ridge. The plateau is known as the Obudu Plateau.

The Plateau has a ranch developed on it by three Scottish ranchers named McCaughley, Hugh Jones and Crawfeild in 1951, after McCaughley first explored the sankwala mountain ranges in 1949 and invited his remaining two fellow ranchers Hugh Jones and Crawfeild to develop the ranch. The ranch contains cattle and is popularly known as the Obudu Cattle Ranch.

Sankwala Mountains

Obudu Cattle Ranch

## InfoBox

| Oshie Ridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Oshie RidgeLocation of Oshie Ridge in Nigeria (near the border with Cameroon) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,716 m (5,630 ft) |
| Coordinates | 6°21′N 9°20′E / 6.350°N 9.333°E / 6.350; 9.333 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Nigeria |


title: Oshigambo River

abstract:
The Oshigambo River is an ephemeral river in central northern Namibia, flowing into Etosha Pan. It almost never carries surface water
but flowed and broke its banks in 2006, flooding Oshigambo, a village it cuts through.
Students at the Oshigambo High School were affected by the 2011 flood. The bridge connecting the female hostel to the school was under water due to the heavy rains. The flooding claimed several lives during the past few years.

text:
# Oshigambo River

The **Oshigambo River** is an ephemeral river in central northern Namibia, flowing into Etosha Pan. It almost never carries surface water but flowed and broke its banks in 2006, flooding Oshigambo, a village it cuts through. Students at the Oshigambo High School were affected by the 2011 flood. The bridge connecting the female hostel to the school was under water due to the heavy rains. The flooding claimed several lives during the past few years.

17°47′00″S 16°04′00″E / 17.7833°S 16.0667°E / -17.7833; 16.0667


title: Otukpo

abstract: Otukpo is a town in Benue State, Nigeria located in the Middle Belt Region of Nigeria. It is also the eponymous name of a subgroup of the Idoma people. Otukpo is the headquarters of the Otukpo Local Government Area. It is the headquarters of the Idoma Nation, and remains an important town in Idomaland, an area mainly populated by the Idoma speaking people, though with numerous local dialects spoken in the diverse reaches of Idoma land. Otukpo Idoma language is the umbrella lingua. Otukpo is the seat of the Och' Idoma, the Paramount Ruler Idoma of the Idoma Nation. The Traditional Ruler of Idoma is Agabaidu Odogbo John Elaigwu. Though his legitimacy as Och Idoma has been questioned by some Section of the Idoma Elites, Traditional District Heads, and Youth. As at the time of publication the case is said to be in court. Agabaidu Elaigwu Odogbo was a card-carrying member of the PDP and a close ally with the Deputy Governorship candidate and Chairman John Ngbede. It is said Ngbede was very instrumental to his emergence as king.

text:
# Otukpo

**Otukpo** is a town in Benue State, Nigeria located in the Middle Belt Region of Nigeria. It is also the eponymous name of a subgroup of the Idoma people. Otukpo is the headquarters of the Otukpo Local Government Area. It is the headquarters of the Idoma Nation, and remains an important town in Idomaland, an area mainly populated by the Idoma speaking people, though with numerous local dialects spoken in the diverse reaches of Idoma land. Otukpo Idoma language is the umbrella lingua.

Otukpo is the seat of the Och' Idoma, the Paramount Ruler Idoma of the Idoma Nation. The Traditional Ruler of Idoma is Agabaidu Odogbo John Elaigwu. Though his legitimacy as Och Idoma has been questioned by some Section of the Idoma Elites, Traditional District Heads, and Youth. As at the time of publication the case is said to be in court. Agabaidu Elaigwu Odogbo was a card-carrying member of the PDP and a close ally with the Deputy Governorship candidate and Chairman John Ngbede. It is said Ngbede was very instrumental to his emergence as king.

## Climate

Otukpo has a tropical savanna climate. It is warm every month with both a wet and dry season. The average annual temperature for Otukpo is 64° degrees and there is about 244 inch of rain in a year. It is dry for 169 days a year with an average humidity of 61% and an UV-index of 7. The climate is tropical in Otukpo. The average annual temperature in Otukpo is 27.2 °C. In the month of August, the average temperature is 25.5 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year.

## Religion

The people of Otukpo are predominantly Christians. Christianity came into the town during the colonial era. The Roman Catholic church is the pioneer church in the land and is popularly referred to as Church 'ufada' (the Reverend Father's church). The Methodist church is also popular in the area. Of late, there has been proliferation of Pentecostal churches in Otukpo. There is also the presence of traditional worship (Alekwu) in Otukpo. Although traditional worship is gradually going extinct, the Alekwu (ancestral) Onyonkpo and Achukwu deities are held sacred in many villages of Otukpo. There is also the practice of Islam by the indigenous people of Otukpo. The Abu family in Otukpo town are the first indigenous Idoma people in Otukpo that embraced and practised Islam. Other Idoma indigenes that practised Islam in Otukpo are the Sule Ujor family, Sule Audu and the Samsudeen Amali family. Also, the family of professor samsudeen Amali of Upu village are of the Islamic faith.

## Transport

Otukpo is served by a train station on the national railway network as well as numerous bus and taxi services such as Benue Links, Ejifa Transport, Silver Travels, Pleasure Travels, Calculux and Ifesinachi which travel to every major city in Nigeria daily.

## Some prominent places in otukpo

* Ogobia,
* Upu,
* Otukpoicho,
* Otobi,
* Adoka,
* Oyagede, and
* Akpa-Igede.

07°11′35″N 08°08′47″E / 7.19306°N 8.14639°E / 7.19306; 8.14639

http://www.idoma.info/history.php

## InfoBox

| Otukpo | |
| --- | --- |
| LGA and Town | |
| Otukpo | |
| Coordinates: 7°11′35″N 8°8′47″E / 7.19306°N 8.14639°E / 7.19306; 8.14639 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Benue State |
| Local Government Headquarters | Otukpo |
| Government | |
| Type | Democracy |
| Local Government Chairman and the Head of the Local Government Council | Prince Maxwell Ogiri |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
|  | |


title: Interleukin 33

abstract: Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL33 gene. Interleukin 33 is a member of the IL-1 family that potently drives production of T helper-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines. IL33 is a ligand for ST2 (IL1RL1), an IL-1 family receptor that is highly expressed on Th2 cells, mast cells and group 2 innate lymphocytes. IL-33 is expressed by a wide variety of cell types, including fibroblasts, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.

text:
# Interleukin 33

**Interleukin 33** (**IL-33**) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *IL33* gene.

Interleukin 33 is a member of the IL-1 family that potently drives production of T helper-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines (e.g., IL-4). IL33 is a ligand for ST2 (IL1RL1), an IL-1 family receptor that is highly expressed on Th2 cells, mast cells and group 2 innate lymphocytes.

IL-33 is expressed by a wide variety of cell types, including fibroblasts, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.

## Structure

IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines, a determination based in part on the molecules β-trefoil structure, a conserved structure type described in other IL-1 cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and IL-18. In this structure, the 12 β-strands of the β-trefoil are arranged in three pseudorepeats of four β-strand units, of which the first and last β-strands are antiparallel staves in a six-stranded β-barrel, while the second and third β-strands of each repeat form a β-hairpin sitting atop the β-barrel. IL-33 is a ligand that binds to a high-affinity receptor family member ST2. The complex of these two molecules with IL-1RAcP indicates a ternary complex formation. The binding area appears to be a mix of polar and non-polar regions that create a specific binding between ligand and receptor. The interface between the molecules has been shown to be extensive. Structural data on the IL-33 molecule was determined by solution NMR and small angle X-ray scattering.

## Function

Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a cytokine belonging to the IL-1 superfamily. IL-33 induces helper T cells, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils to produce type 2 cytokines. This cytokine was previously named NF-HEV 'nuclear factor (NF) in high endothelial venules' (HEVs) since it was originally identified in these specialized cells. IL-33 acts intracellularly as a nuclear factor and extracellularly as a cytokine.

### Role as alarmin

Alarmins, also known as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are endogenous molecules that are released by stressed, damaged, or dying cells. They play a crucial role in the immune response by alerting the immune system to tissue damage or danger. The bioactive pro-inflammatory form of IL-33 is released from necrotic but not apoptotic cells, classifying it as alarmin. IL-33 released from damaged tissue during viral infection directly stimulates cytotoxic CD8+ T cells for the efficient generation of a memory–recall response and antiviral immunity.

### Nuclear role

IL-33 is constitutively located in the nucleus of structural cells of humans and mice and has a helix-turn-helix domain presumably allowing it to bind to DNA. There is a paucity of research into the nuclear role of IL-33 but amino acids 40-58 in human IL-33 are sufficient for nuclear localisation and histone binding. IL-33 also interacts with the histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 and murine appears to IL-33 interact to NF-κB.

### Cytokine role

As a cytokine, IL-33 interacts with the receptors ST2 (also known as IL1RL1) and IL-1 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL1RAP), activating intracellular molecules in the NF-κB and MAP kinase signaling pathways that drive production of type 2 cytokines (e.g. IL-5 and IL-13) from polarized Th2 cells. The induction of type 2 cytokines by IL-33 *in vivo* is believed to induce the severe pathological changes observed in mucosal organs following administration of IL-33. IL-33 is also effective in reversing Alzheimer-like symptoms in APP/PS1 mice, by reversing the buildup and preventing the new formation of amyloid plaques.

### Regulation

Extracellularly, IL-33 is rapidly oxidised. The oxidation process results in the formation of two disulphide bridges and a change in the conformation of the molecule, which prevents it from binding to its receptor, ST2. This is believed to limit the range and duration of the action of IL-33.

## Clinical significance

IL-33 has been associated with several disease states through Genome Wide Association Studies: asthma, allergy, endometriosis, and hay fever. In particular, a single-nucleotide polymorphism rs928413 (A/G), is located in the 5′ upstream region of IL33 gene, and its minor “G” allele was identified as a susceptible variant for early childhood asthma and atopic asthma development. The rs928413(G) allele creates a binding site for the cAMP responsive element-binding protein 1 transcription factor that may explain the negative effect of the rs928413 minor “G” allele on asthma development. “T” allele of the polymorphism rs4742170 located in the second intron of IL33 gene was linked to specific wheezing phenotype (intermediate-onset wheeze). Risk “T” rs4742170 allele disrupts binding of GR transcription factor to IL33 putative enhancer that may explain the negative effect of the rs4742170 (T) risk allele on the development of wheezing phenotype that strongly correlates with allergic sensitization in childhood.

This protein is one of many that acts as a cytokine and signals inflammation in the body by acting upon macrophages, neutrophils, B cells, Th2 cells, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells. This protein is also thought to cause the itching that is associated with dermatitis. The IL-33 protein resides in keratinocytes of the skin and when subjected to irritation or allergic conditions will communicate with nearby sensory neurons and initiate an itchy feeling. In IL-33 knockout mice, it was discovered that nuclear IL-33 is associated with wound healing as mice without the protein healed significantly slower than mice with the IL-33 protein. Elevated levels of IL-33 are associated with asthma.

In mice, IL-33 was found to effect the production of methionine-enkephalin peptides in group 2 innate lymphocytes, in turn promoting the emergence of beige adipocytes, which leads to increased energy expenditure and decreased adiposity.

Elevated levels of IL-33 have been reported in some patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinomas. The source of elevated serum levels of IL-33 during the early stages could be bronchial and vascular epithelium. IL-33 knockdown showed lower growth of nonsmall cell lung carcinomas, while overexpression of IL-33 resulted in increased growth. Blocking of IL-33 reduced the growth of human nonsmall cell lung carcinomas. I mice model blocking of IL-33 inhibited tumor growth in immunodeficient mice.

In the mouse colon carcinoma model, IL-33 was expressed by tumor stromal cells, while the colon carcinoma cells did not express ST2 with or without IL-33 stimulation. The IL-33 knockout model had higher tumor growth than wild type. Similarly, IFN- γ expression was increased in the IL-33 knockout model as well as the number of T regulatory cells and CD8+ T cells.

Age-related macular degeneration is a retinal disease leading to neovascularization and thus impaired vision. Current treatment includes administration of anti-VEGF but is not sufficient. Retinal pigment epithelial cells can express IL-33 at both mRNA and protein levels. IL-33 expression is upregulated during inflammatory stimuli. IL-33 can inhibit fibroblasts and endothelial cells that express ST2, which can lead to reduced angiogenesis.

In a mouse model of chronic asthma, anti-IL-33 administration decreased antigen-induced immune response. Similar results were found in ST2 deficient mice. IL-33 activated innate lymphoid cells 2 remained in the lymph nodes for several weeks. CD4 + Th2 cells were formed after repeated exposure to IL-33. This type of cells highly produced IL-5.

Chronic inflammation is characteristic for IBD ( inflammatory bowel disease). Under normal conditions, IL-33 is present in healthy intestinal tissue, but during inflammatory conditions its expression is increased. However, IL-33 has also a protective role under inflammatory conditions and is involved in wound healing.

In brain, IL-33 is expressed in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and is implicated in the pathophysiology of intracerebral hemorrhage.

* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: *O95760* (Interleukin-33) at the PDBe-KB.

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| IL33 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | IL33, C9orf26, DVS27, IL1F11, NF-HEV, NFEHEV, Interleukin 33, IL-33, IL-1F11 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 608678; MGI: 1924375; HomoloGene: 14126; GeneCards: IL33; OMA:IL33 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)      NM\_001164724
NM\_133775
NM\_001360725   RefSeq (protein)      NP\_001158196
NP\_598536
NP\_001347654   Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 6.22 – 6.26 Mb Chr 19: 29.9 – 29.94 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Interleukin 36 receptor antagonist

abstract: Interleukin 36 receptor antagonist (IL-36RA) is a member of the interleukin-36 family of cytokines. It was previously named Interleukin-1 family member 5 (IL1F5). The protein is known to inhibit the effects of Interleukin-36 cytokines via competing with their receptor IL-36R/IL1RL2 and thereby inhibiting their proinflammatory effects.

text:
# Interleukin 36 receptor antagonist

**Interleukin 36 receptor antagonist** (IL-36RA) is a member of the interleukin-36 family of cytokines. It was previously named **Interleukin-1 family member 5** (IL1F5).

The protein is known to inhibit the effects of Interleukin-36 cytokines (IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ) via competing with their receptor IL-36R/IL1RL2 and thereby inhibiting their proinflammatory effects.

## Roles in disease

Mutations in the IL-36RN gene resulting in a decrease or production of defective IL-36RA protein have been shown to cause inflammatory skin diseases including generalised pustular psoriasis, acrodermatitis continua suppurativa Hallopeau (ACH) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP).

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| IL36RN | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | IL36RN, FIL1, FIL1(DELTA), FIL1D, IL1F5, IL1HY1, IL1L1, IL1RP3, IL36RA, PSORP, IL-36Ra, PSORS14, interleukin 36 receptor antagonist | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 605507; MGI: 1859325; HomoloGene: 10453; GeneCards: IL36RN; OMA:IL36RN - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_173170
NM\_012275   NM\_001146087
NM\_001146088
NM\_019451   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_036407
NP\_775262   NP\_001139559
NP\_001139560
NP\_062324   Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 113.06 – 113.07 Mb Chr 2: 24.17 – 24.17 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Interleukin 3

abstract: Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene localized on chromosome 5q31.1. Sometimes also called colony-stimulating factor, multi-CSF, mast cell growth factor, MULTI-CSF, MCGF; MGC79398, MGC79399: after removal of the signal peptide sequence, the mature protein contains 133 amino acids in its polypeptide chain. IL-3 is produced as a monomer by activated T cells, monocytes/macrophages and stroma cells. The major function of IL-3 cytokine is to regulate the concentrations of various blood-cell types. It induces proliferation and differentiation in both early pluripotent stem cells and committed progenitors. It also has many more specific effects like the regeneration of platelets and potentially aids in early antibody isotype switching.

text:
# Interleukin 3

**Interleukin 3** (**IL-3**) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *IL3* gene localized on chromosome 5q31.1. Sometimes also called colony-stimulating factor, multi-CSF, mast cell growth factor, MULTI-CSF, MCGF; MGC79398, MGC79399: after removal of the signal peptide sequence, the mature protein contains 133 amino acids in its polypeptide chain. IL-3 is produced as a monomer by activated T cells, monocytes/macrophages and stroma cells. The major function of IL-3 cytokine is to regulate the concentrations of various blood-cell types. It induces proliferation and differentiation in both early pluripotent stem cells and committed progenitors. It also has many more specific effects like the regeneration of platelets and potentially aids in early antibody isotype switching.

## Function

Interleukin 3 is an interleukin, a type of biological signal (cytokine) that can improve the body's natural response to disease as part of the immune system. In conjunction with other β common chain cytokines GM-CSF and IL-5, IL-3 works to regulate the inflammatory response in order to clear pathogens by changing the abundance of various cell populations via binding at the interleukin-3 receptor.

IL-3 is mainly produced by activated T cells with the goal of initiating proliferation of various other immune cell types. However, IL-3 has also been shown to be produced in IgG+ B cells and may be involved in earlier antibody isotype switching. IL-3 is capable of stimulating differentiation of immature myelomonocytic cells causing changes to the macrophage and granulocyte populations. IL-3 signaling is able to give rise to widest array of cell lineages which is why it has been independently named “multi-CSF” in some older literature.

IL-3 also induces various effector functions in both immature and mature cells that more precisely modulate the body’s defense against microbial pathogens. IL-3 is also involved in the reconstruction of platelets via the development of megakaryocytes.

Interleukin 3 stimulates the differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid progenitor cells or, with the addition of IL-7, into lymphoid progenitor cells. In addition, IL-3 stimulates proliferation of all cells in the myeloid lineage (granulocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells), in conjunction with other cytokines, e.g., Erythropoietin (EPO), Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-6.

IL-3 is secreted by basophils and activated T cells to support growth and differentiation of T cells from the bone marrow in an immune response. Activated T cells can either induce their own proliferation and differentiation (autocrine signaling), or that of other T cells (paracrine signaling) – both involve IL-2 binding to the IL-2 receptor on T cells (upregulated upon cell activation, under the induction of macrophage-secreted IL-1). The human IL-3 gene encodes a protein 152 amino acids long, and the naturally occurring IL-3 is glycosylated. The human IL-3 gene is located on chromosome 5, only 9 kilobases from the GM-CSF gene, and its function is quite similar to GM-CSF.

## Receptor

IL-3 is a T cell-derived, pluripotent and hematopoietic factor required for survival and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. The signal transmission is ensured by high affinity between cell surface interleukin-3 receptor and IL-3. This high affinity receptor contains α and β subunits. IL-3 shares the β subunit with IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This β subunit sharing explains the biological functional similarities of different hematopoietic growth factors.

IL-3 receptors can be found on a variety of cell types including many immature myelomonocytic cells in the hemopoietic system such as hemopoietic progenitor cells, as well as certain myeloid progenitors, basophils, and eosinophils.

IL-3/Receptor complex induces JAK2/STAT5 cell signalization pathway. It can stimulate transcription factor c‑myc (activation of gene expression) and Ras pathway (suppression of apoptosis).

## Discovery

In the early 1960s Ginsberg and Sachs discovered that IL-3 is a potent mast cell growth factor produced from activated T cells. Interleukin 3 was originally discovered in mice and later isolated from humans. The cytokine was originally discovered via the observation that it induced the synthesis of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in hematopoietic cells and termed it interleukin-3 (IL-3).

## Disease

IL-3 is produced by T cells only after stimulation with antigens or other specific impulses.

However, it was observed that IL-3 is present in the myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B. It is thought that this genetic change is the key in development of this leukemia type.

## Immunological therapy

Human IL-3 was first cloned in 1986 and since then clinical trials are ongoing. Post-chemotherapy, IL-3 application reduces chemotherapy delays and promotes regeneration of granulocytes and platelets. However, only IL-3 treatment in bone marrow failure disorders such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and aplastic anemia (AA) was disappointing.

It has been shown that combination of IL-3, GM-CSF and stem cell factor enhances peripheral blood stem cells during high-dose chemotherapy.

Other studies showed that IL-3 could be a future perspective therapeutic agent in lymphohematopoietic disorders and solid cancers.

## Interactions

Interleukin 3 has been shown to interact with IL3RA.

## Further reading

* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: *P08700* (Interleukin-3) at the PDBe-KB.

## InfoBox

| IL3 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Human UniProt search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | IL3, interleukin 3, IL-3, MCGF, MULTI-CSF | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 147740; HomoloGene: 47938; GeneCards: IL3; OMA:IL3 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_000588   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_000579   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 132.06 – 132.06 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Interleukin 36

abstract: Interleukin 36, or IL-36, is a group of cytokines in the IL-1 family with pro-inflammatory effects. The role of IL-36 in inflammatory diseases is under investigation. There are four members of the IL-36 family which bind to the IL-36 receptor with varying affinities. IL36A, IL36B, and IL36G are IL-36 receptor agonists. IL36RA is an IL-36 receptor antagonist, inhibiting IL-36R signaling. The agonists are known to activate NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Erk1/2 and JNK through IL-36R/IL-1RAcP, which targets the IL-8 promotor and results in IL-6 secretion and induces various proinflammatory mediators. Binding of the IL-36R agonists to IL-1Rrp2 recruits IL-1RAcP, activating the signaling pathway. IL-36Ra binds to IL-36R, preventing the recruitment of IL-1RAcP.

text:
# Interleukin 36

**Interleukin 36**, or **IL-36**, is a group of cytokines in the IL-1 family with pro-inflammatory effects. The role of IL-36 in inflammatory diseases is under investigation.

There are four members of the IL-36 family which bind to the IL-36 receptor (IL1RL2/IL-1Rrp2/IL-36 receptor dimer) with varying affinities. IL36A, IL36B, and IL36G are IL-36 receptor agonists. IL36RA is an IL-36 receptor antagonist, inhibiting IL-36R signaling. The agonists are known to activate NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Erk1/2 and JNK through IL-36R/IL-1RAcP, which targets the IL-8 promotor and results in IL-6 secretion and induces various proinflammatory mediators. Binding of the IL-36R agonists to IL-1Rrp2 recruits IL-1RAcP, activating the signaling pathway. IL-36Ra binds to IL-36R, preventing the recruitment of IL-1RAcP.

## Function

IL-36 has been found to activate T cell proliferation and release of IL-2. Before the functions of the IL-36 cytokines were determined, they were named as derivatives of IL-1F; they were renamed to their current designations in 2010.

Due to their predominant expression in epithelial tissues, IL-36 cytokines are believed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases, especially that of psoriasis. IL-36 has also been linked to psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and Sjögren's syndrome.

IL-36 must be cleaved at the N-terminus to become active, probable enzymes mediating the activation could be neutrophil granule-derived proteases, elastase, and cathepsin G, although they may activate the cytokines differentially.

IL-36 is expressed by many cells types, most predominantly keratinocytes, respiratory epithelium, various nervous tissue, and monocytes.

## Genes and expression

The genes encoding for the IL-36 cytokines are found on chromosome 2q14.1. All three are located in a cluster with other members of IL-1 family and the gene order from centromere to telomere is *IL-1A-IL-1B-IL-37-IL-36G-IL-36A-IL-36B-IL-36RN-IL1F10-IL-1RN*, and only *IL-1A*, *IL*-*1B* and *IL-36B.* All of them probably arose from a common ancestral gene, which is most likely a primordial IL-1 receptor antagonist gene.

All three genes are mainly expressed in keratinocytes, bronchial epithelium, brain tissue, and monocytes/macrophages. In the epidermis IL-36 cytokine expression is limited to granular layer keratinocytes with little to no expression in basal layer keratinocytes.

IL-36Ra is constitutively expressed in keratinocytes, whereas IL-36γ expression in keratinocytes is rapidly induced after stimulation with TNF or PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate).

## Clinical significance

IL-36-alpha functions primarily in skin and demonstrates increased expression in psoriasis. In addition, decreased expression of this gene has been linked to a poor prognosis in both hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer patients.

IL-36 cytokines may play a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders such as folliculitis and eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. In addition, in acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, IL-36 (mainly IL-36 gamma) was overexpressed in skin lesions.

Studies revealed that T cells were sufficient to cause skin inflammation after *Staphylococcus aureus* exposure on mice, mediating the skin inflammation via IL-36-controlled, IL-17-dependent T cell responses.

IL-36 is significantly involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis leading to it being targeted therapeutically. Human psoriatic skin plaques displayed elevated IL-36beta. In addition, It was found that serum IL-36 levels are higher in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and its levels positively correlate with disease activity, suggesting that serum IL-36 levels might serve as useful biomarkers in patients with psoriasis.


title: Interporto Futebol Clube

abstract: Interporto Futebol Clube, or Interporto, as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football team from Porto Nacional in Tocantins, founded on 13 July 1990. Interporto is currently ranked third among Tocantins teams in CBF's national club ranking, at 147th place overall.

text:
# Interporto Futebol Clube

**Interporto Futebol Clube**, or **Interporto**, as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football team from Porto Nacional in Tocantins, founded on 13 July 1990.

Interporto is currently ranked third among Tocantins teams in CBF's national club ranking, at 147th place overall.

## History

The club was founded on June 13, 1990. Interporto won the Copa Tocantins in 1998, the Campeonato Tocantinense in 1999, and the Campeonato Tocantinense Second Level in 2009. They competed in the Copa do Brasil for the first time in 1999, when they were eliminated in the First Round by Gama, and in 2000, when they were eliminated in the First Round by Bahia.

## Honours

## Stadium

Interporto Futebol Clube play their home games at Estádio General Sampaio. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 2,000 people.

## InfoBox

Interporto
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Interporto Futebol Clube |
| Nickname(s) | *Tigre* (Tiger) |
| Founded | 13 July 1990 (1990-07-13) |
| Ground | Estádio General Sampaio |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| President | Werberson Tita |
| Head coach | Wladimir Ferreira |
| League | Campeonato Brasileiro Série D<br>Campeonato Tocantinense |
| 2022 | Tocantinense, 2nd of 10 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ostrinia avarialis

abstract: Ostrinia avarialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1970 and is found in Afghanistan.

text:
# Ostrinia avarialis

***Ostrinia avarialis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1970 and is found in Afghanistan.

## InfoBox

| *Ostrinia avarialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Ostrinia* |
| Species: | ***O. avarialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ostrinia avarialis***<br>Amsel, 1970 | |
|


title: Ostrinia erythrialis

abstract: Ostrinia erythrialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1913. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Nigeria and South Africa.

text:
# Ostrinia erythrialis

***Ostrinia erythrialis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1913. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Nigeria and South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Ostrinia erythrialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Ostrinia* |
| Species: | ***O. erythrialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ostrinia erythrialis***<br>(Hampson, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pionea erythrialis* Hampson, 1913 * *Eupolemarcha incensa* Meyrick, 1937 * *Mecyna endochlora* Meyrick, 1935 | |


title: Mfaz'Omnyama

abstract: Mphatheni Khumalo popularly known as Mfaz’ Omnyama (1959–2001) was a South African performer of Maskandi music, guitar player, and lyricist. He is known for his hit singles such as Khula Tshitshi Lami, Ngisebenzile Mama and Ngiyashisa Bhe.

text:
# Mfaz'Omnyama

**Mphatheni Khumalo** popularly known as **Mfaz’ Omnyama** (1959–2001) was a South African performer of Maskandi music, guitar player, and lyricist.

He is known for his hit singles such as *Khula Tshitshi Lami*, *Ngisebenzile Mama* and *Ngiyashisa Bhe*.

## Early life and music career

Khumalo was born in rural Nongoma, KwaZulu-Natal. He was a left-handed self-taught master of the string and stage, and released many top-selling albums in his time.

Khumalo was discovered by former Ukhozi FM presenter and host Bodloza Nzimande while working in a mine in North West province which employed labourers from the Eastern Cape, specifically from Pondoland.

He was a solo musician and later became part of a music group called “Izingqungqulu Zomhlaba” consisting of Phuzekhemisi and Ihhashi Elimhlophe. Busi Mhlongo did several cover versions of his songs in his memory.

## Death

Mpatheni Khumalo died at the age of 42 in 2001, at St. Benedict Hospital in KwaZulu-Natal after struggling from pancreatic cancer. He left eight children and his wife.

## Discography

### Studio albums

* *Emazweni Baba* (1995)
* *Amagugu* (1996)
* *Khula Tshitshi Lami* (1997)
* *Ngiyashisa Bhe!!* (1999)
* *Ngisebenzile Mama* (2000)
* *Ngihlanze Ngedela* (2001)

## International Performances

## InfoBox

| Mfaz’ Omnyama | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Mpatheni khumalo |
| Born | 1959<br>Nongoma, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |
| Origin | KwaZulu-Natal |
| Died | St Benedict Hospital |
| Genres | maskandi |
| Occupations | * singer * producer |
| Instrument | guitar |
| Labels | Gallo Record Company |


title: Wabasso, Minnesota

abstract: Wabasso is a city in Redwood County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 739 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Wabasso, Minnesota

**Wabasso** (/wəˈbæs/) is a city in Redwood County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 739 at the 2020 census.

## History

Wabasso was platted in 1889. Wabasso is a name derived from ‘waabooz’ (IPA: \[waːbʊːs\]), the Ojibwe word for “snowshoe hare” or more generally "rabbit". The city was incorporated in 1900. A post office called Wabasso has been in operation since 1900.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.86 square miles (2.23 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 178 |  |  |
| 1910 | 343 |  | 92.7% |
| 1920 | 459 |  | 33.8% |
| 1930 | 482 |  | 5.0% |
| 1940 | 604 |  | 25.3% |
| 1950 | 693 |  | 14.7% |
| 1960 | 789 |  | 13.9% |
| 1970 | 738 |  | −6.5% |
| 1980 | 745 |  | 0.9% |
| 1990 | 684 |  | −8.2% |
| 2000 | 643 |  | −6.0% |
| 2010 | 696 |  | 8.2% |
| 2020 | 739 |  | 6.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 696 people, 282 households, and 181 families living in the city. The population density was 809.3 inhabitants per square mile (312.5/km2). There were 308 housing units at an average density of 358.1 per square mile (138.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.4% White, 0.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.

There were 282 households, of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.8% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the city was 43.7 years. 23.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.6% were from 45 to 64; and 23.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census Archived 2015-04-11 at the Wayback Machine of 2000, there were 643 people, 271 households, and 178 families living in the city. The population density was 815.1 inhabitants per square mile (314.7/km2). There were 297 housing units at an average density of 376.5 per square mile (145.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.4% White, and 0.16% from all other races.

There were 271 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,972, and the median income for a family was $44,773. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $20,139 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,013. About 5.1% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Wabasso Public School (K-12)

St. Anne's School (Catholic K-6)

**Knowledge Bowl**

In 2018 the Wabasso Knowledge Bowl team, nicknamed the Killer Rabbits of Caerbannog in reference to the *Monty Python and the Holy Grail* character, went to the State Competition, making them the smallest school in the state to ever do so.

## Notable person

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wabasso, Minnesota
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
5. Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). *A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways*. p. 134.
6. Upham, Warren (1920). *Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance*. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 452.
7. "Redwood County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
8. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
9. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
10. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Wabasso | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Buildings on Wabasso's Main Street | |
| Cities and townships of Redwood County | |
| Coordinates: 44°24′09″N 95°15′19″W / 44.40250°N 95.25528°W / 44.40250; -95.25528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Redwood |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.85 sq mi (2.20 km2) |
| Land | 0.85 sq mi (2.20 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,079 ft (329 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 739 |
| Density | 869.41/sq mi (335.53/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 56293 |
| Area code | 507 |
| FIPS code | 27-67396 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2397157 |
| Website | www.wabasso.org |


title: G.722

abstract: G.722 is an ITU-T standard 7 kHz wideband audio codec operating at 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s. It was approved by ITU-T in November 1988. Technology of the codec is based on sub-band ADPCM (SB-ADPCM). The corresponding narrow-band codec based on the same technology is G.726. G.722 provides improved speech quality due to a wider speech bandwidth of 50–7000 Hz compared to narrowband speech coders like G.711 which in general are optimized for POTS wireline quality of 300–3400 Hz. G.722 sample audio data at a rate of 16 kHz, double that of traditional telephony interfaces, which results in superior audio quality and clarity. Other ITU-T 7 kHz wideband codecs include G.722.1 and G.722.2. These codecs are not variants of G.722 and they use different patented compression technologies. G.722.1 is based on Siren codecs and offers lower bit-rate compressions. It uses a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) audio coding data compression algorithm. A more recent G.722.2, also known as AMR-WB is based on ACELP and offers even lower bit-rate compressions, as well as the ability to quickly adapt to varying compressions as the network topography mutates. In the latter case, bandwidth is automatically conserved when network congestion is high. When congestion returns to a normal level, a lower-compression, higher-quality bitrate is restored.

text:
# G.722

**G.722** is an ITU-T standard 7 kHz wideband audio codec operating at 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s. It was approved by ITU-T in November 1988. Technology of the codec is based on sub-band ADPCM (SB-ADPCM). The corresponding narrow-band codec based on the same technology is G.726.

G.722 provides improved speech quality due to a wider speech bandwidth of 50–7000 Hz compared to narrowband speech coders like G.711 which in general are optimized for POTS wireline quality of 300–3400 Hz. G.722 sample audio data at a rate of 16 kHz (using 14 bits), double that of traditional telephony interfaces, which results in superior audio quality and clarity.

Other ITU-T 7 kHz wideband codecs include G.722.1 and G.722.2. These codecs are not variants of G.722 and they use different patented compression technologies. G.722.1 is based on Siren codecs and offers lower bit-rate compressions (24 kbit/s or 32 kbit/s). It uses a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) audio coding data compression algorithm. A more recent G.722.2, also known as AMR-WB ("Adaptive Multirate Wideband") is based on ACELP and offers even lower bit-rate compressions (6.6 kbit/s to 23.85 kbit/s), as well as the ability to quickly adapt to varying compressions as the network topography mutates. In the latter case, bandwidth is automatically conserved when network congestion is high. When congestion returns to a normal level, a lower-compression, higher-quality bitrate is restored.

## Applications

G.722 is an ITU standard codec that provides 7 kHz wideband audio at data rates from 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s. This is useful for voice over IP applications, such as on a local area network where network bandwidth is readily available, and offers a significant improvement in speech quality over older narrowband codecs such as G.711, without an excessive increase in implementation complexity. Environments where bandwidth is more constrained may prefer one of the more bitrate-efficient codecs, such as G.722.1 (Siren7) or G.722.2 (AMR-WB).

G.722 has also been widely used by radio broadcasters for sending commentary-grade audio over a single 56 or 64 kbit/s ISDN B-channel (the least significant bit is dropped on 56 kb circuits).

G.722 works by having the inbound voice signal pass through a digital filter that splits the audio signal into 0 Hz-to-4 kHz and 4 kHz-to-8 kHz audio bands. These sub-bands are then encoded using sub-band ADPCM. Most of the human voice energy is concentrated in the lower half of the audio band (0–4 kHz), so 48 kbit/s of the bandwidth is dedicated to the lower sub-band and the other 16 kbit/s is allocated to the higher sub-band.

### RTP encapsulation

G.722 VoIP is typically carried in RTP payload type 9. Note that IANA records the clock rate for type 9 G.722 as 8 kHz (instead of 16 kHz), RFC 3551 clarifies that this is due to a historical error and is retained in order to maintain backward compatibility. Consequently, correct implementations represent the value 8,000 where required but encode and decode audio at 16 kHz.

Whilst G.722 allows for bitrates of 64, 56 and 48 kbit/s, in practice, data is encoded at 64 kbit/s, with bits from the lower sub-band being used to encode auxiliary data. The greater the number of bits allocated to aux data, the lower the bit rate.

e.8

1. "G.722 : 7 kHz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s". *www.itu.int*. Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
2. "Recommendation ITU-T G.722: 7 kHz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s". ITU-T Test Signals for Telecommunication Systems. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
3. Lutzky, Manfred; Schuller, Gerald; Gayer, Marc; Krämer, Ulrich; Wabnik, Stefan (May 2004). *A guideline to audio codec delay* (PDF). 116th AES Convention. *Fraunhofer IIS*. Audio Engineering Society. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
4. Ogunfunmi, Tokunbo; Togneri, Roberto; Narasimha, Madihally (Sim) (2014-10-14). *Speech and Audio Processing for Coding, Enhancement and Recognition*. Springer. p. 108. ISBN 9781493914562.
5. "Wideband Audio and IP Telephony". Cisco Systems. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
6. "Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Parameters". *www.iana.org*.
7. RFC 3551 Request For Comments 3551: RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control. Schulzrinne & Casener, July 2003. Also Internet Standard 65.
8. *Appendix B. Protocols for VoIP - Codecs*, asteriskdocs.org

## InfoBox

G.722
| 7 kHz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Status | In force |
| Year started | 1988 |
| Latest version | (09/12)<br>September 2012 |
| Organization | ITU-T |
| Base standards | G.711 |
| Related standards | G.722.1, G.722.2, G.726 |
| Domain | audio compression |
| License | Freely available |
| Website | https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.722 |


title: The Gentle Terror

abstract: The Gentle Terror is a 1961 British thriller film directed by Frank Marshall.

text:
# The Gentle Terror

***The Gentle Terror*** is a 1961 British thriller film directed by Frank Marshall.

## Plot

A mild mannered bookkeeping clerk (Terence Alexander) is accused of embezzlement. To clear his name he must catch the true culprit.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Gentle Terror | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Frank Marshall |
| Written by | Mark Grantham |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Stephen Dade |
| Edited by | John Dunsford |
| Music by | Bill LeSage |
| Release date | * 1961 (1961) |
| Running time | 67 min. |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: German submarine U-423

abstract: German submarine U-423 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She carried out one patrol. She did not sink or damage any ships. She was sunk by a Norwegian aircraft northwest of the Faroe Islands on 17 June 1944.

text:
# German submarine U-423

**German submarine *U-423*** was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II.

She carried out one patrol. She did not sink or damage any ships.

She was sunk by a Norwegian aircraft northwest of the Faroe Islands on 17 June 1944.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-423* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-423* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The submarine was laid down on 16 March 1942 at the Danziger Werft (yard) at Danzig (now Gdansk), as yard number 124, launched on 7 November and commissioned on 3 March under the command of *Oberleutnant zur See* Joachim Methner.

She served with the 8th U-boat Flotilla from 3 March 1943 until her loss.

### Patrol and loss

The boat's only patrol commenced with her departure from Kiel on 9 June 1944. On 17 June, she was sunk northeast of the Faroe Islands by depth charges dropped from a Norwegian PBY Catalina flying boat of No. 333 Squadron RAF.

Fifty-three men went down with the U-boat; there were no survivors.

## Bibliography

* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary*. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945* \[*German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945*\]. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
* Kemp, Paul (1999). *U-Boats Destroyed – German Submarine Losses in the World Wars*. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-423* |
| Ordered | 10 April 1941 |
| Builder | Danziger Werft, Danzig |
| Yard number | 124 |
| Laid down | 16 March 1942 |
| Launched | 7 November 1942 |
| Commissioned | 3 March 1943 |
| Fate | Sunk by a Norwegian aircraft northeast of the Faroe Islands on 17 June 1944 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 50 367 |
| Commanders: | * *Oblt.z.S.* Joachim Methner * 3 March – 26 September 1943 * *Oblt.z.S.* Hinrich Kelling * 27 September – October 1943 * *Oblt.z.S.* Klaus Hackländer * October 1943 – 17 June 1944 |
| Operations: | * 1 patrol: * 9 – 17 June 1944 |
| Victories: | None |


title: Theta Cygni

abstract: Theta Cygni is a star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.5, so it can be seen with the naked eye in sufficiently dark skies. Based upon parallax measurements, it is at a distance of about 59.8 light-years from the Earth. It is suspected of hosting an extrasolar planet.

text:
# Theta Cygni

**Theta Cygni** (θ Cygni, θ Cyg) is a star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.5, so it can be seen with the naked eye in sufficiently dark skies. Based upon parallax measurements, it is at a distance of about 59.8 light-years (18.3 parsecs) from the Earth. It is suspected of hosting an extrasolar planet.

## Properties

The spectrum of the primary star matches a stellar classification of F3 V. The luminosity class 'V' is associated with a category of stars called main sequence, which, like the Sun, are generating energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen at their cores. The outer envelope of this star is radiating 4.2 times the luminosity of the Sun at an effective temperature of about 6,381 K, which gives it the yellow-white hue typical of F-type stars. Theta Cygni is larger than the Sun, with about 38% more mass and a 58% greater radius. The estimated age of this star is probably in the range of 0.6–1.9 billion years.

## Companions

θ Cygni has several faint companions. The closest is θ Cygni B, a 13th magnitude red dwarf around 3" distant, and believed to be in orbit around 46 AU from θ Cygni. A 12th magnitude star around an arc minute distant is catalogued as component C and is believed to be an optical companion. Component D is a magnitude 12.5 star also thought to be an optical companion. GJ 765B, not to be confused with θ Cygni B, is 13th magnitude and a possible subdwarf companion. GSC 03564-00642 is another 13th magnitude red dwarf and thought to be a common proper montion companion to θ Cygni.

θ Cygni B has an apparent visual magnitude of 13.03, which is too faint to be seen without a telescope. It has a stellar classification of M3 V and an estimated mass of about 0.33 times the mass of the Sun. θ Cygni A and B are traveling together through space with a high proper motion of 0.261 arcseconds per year, or 0.4° per century. It is possible that θ Cygni B is itself a close binary containing two red dwarfs, each of which would be fainter and less massive than calculated for a single star.

## Possible planetary companion

Radial velocity variations of Theta Cygni have been detected by the ELODIE team while searching of extrasolar planets. Desort et al. (2009) infer these variations are not caused by a dim stellar companion roughly 80 Astronomical Units away from the star, but suggest instead the presence of a perturbing planetary object, twice as massive as Jupiter and orbiting around the primary star in roughly 150 days. This extrasolar planet has yet to be confirmed. Observations made at Lick Observatory show evidence for radial velocity variation at this period as well as at yearly aliases, however these signals have not reached statistical significance.

The Theta Cygni planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **b** (unconfirmed) | ≈2.3 *M*J | 0.635 | 154.5 | 0 |  |  |

## InfoBox

θ Cygni
| Location of θ Cygni (circled) | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 | |
| Constellation | Cygnus |
|
| Right ascension | 19h 36m 26.53436s |
| Declination | +50° 13 15.9646 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 4.490/13.03 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | F3 V + M3 V |
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| U−B color index | –0.03 |
| B−V color index | +0.38 |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | –27.4 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: –8.87 mas/yr
Dec.: +262.45 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 54.54 ± 0.15 mas |
| **Distance** | 59.8 ± 0.2 ly
(18.34 ± 0.05 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 3.14 |
|  | |
| Details | |
| θ Cyg A | |
| **Mass** | 1.4±0.02 |
| **Radius** | 1.462±0.013 |
| **Luminosity** | 4.232±0.035 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.254±0.01 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 6853±29 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | −0.02±0.06 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 7 km/s |
| **Age** | 1.0 - 1.6 Gyr |
| θ Cyg B | |
| **Mass** | 0.35 |
| **Radius** | 0.36 |
| **Luminosity** | 0.01 |
| **Temperature** | 3,000 - 3,500 |
|  | |
| GSC 03564-00642 | |
| **Radius** | 0.28 |
| **Luminosity** | 0.013 |
| **Temperature** | 3,700 |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| 13 Cyg,  Cyg, BD+49 3062, GJ 765, HD 185395, HR 7469, SAO 31815, HIP 96441 | |
| **B**: 2MASS 19362771+5013419, KIC 11918644 | |
| **GJ 765B**: 2MASS 19362286+5013034, KIC 11918614 | |
| **GSC 03564-00642**: 2MASS J19361440+5013096, KIC 11918550 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | θ Cygni |
|  | θ Cygni B |
|  | θ Cygni C |
|  | θ Cygni D |
|  | GJ 765B |
|  | GSC 03564-00642 |


title: Namphan Township

abstract: Namphan Township, also known as Na-hpan, is a township of the Wa Self-Administered Division of Shan State, formerly and conterminously part of Matman District. Prior to 2011, it was part of Hopang District and Lashio District. Its capital is Namphan.

text:
# Namphan Township

**Namphan Township**, also known as *Na-hpan*, is a township of the Wa Self-Administered Division of Shan State, formerly and conterminously part of Matman District. Prior to 2011, it was part of Hopang District and Lashio District. Its capital is Namphan.

## Demographics

The total population before 1995 was 48,466 and 37,024 of them were Wa people.

## InfoBox

| Namphan | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Namphan | |
| Coordinates: 22°36′0″N 99°5′0″E / 22.60000°N 99.08333°E / 22.60000; 99.08333 | |
| Country | Burma |
| State | Shan State |
| Self-Administered Division | Wa |
| District | Matman District |
| Time zone | UTC+6:30 (MMT) |


title: Park Township, Pine County, Minnesota

abstract: Park Township is a township in Pine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 37 at the 2000 census.

text:
# Park Township, Pine County, Minnesota

**Park Township** is a township in Pine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 37 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.8 square miles (95.2 km2), of which 36.6 square miles (94.9 km2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.4 km2) (0.38%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 37 people, 18 households, and 10 families residing in the township. The population density was 1.0 people per square mile (0.4/km2). There were 67 housing units at an average density of 1.8/sq mi (0.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 89.19% White, 2.70% African American, and 8.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.70% of the population.

There were 18 households, out of which 5.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% were non-families. 44.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the township the population was spread out, with 13.5% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 27.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $42,000, and the median income for a family was $58,125. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $24,792 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,398. None of the population or the families were below the poverty line.

## InfoBox

| Park Township, Minnesota | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Park Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaPark Township, MinnesotaPark Township, Minnesota (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 46°16′49″N 92°31′15″W / 46.28028°N 92.52083°W / 46.28028; -92.52083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Pine |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.8 sq mi (95.2 km2) |
| Land | 36.6 sq mi (94.9 km2) |
| Water | 0.1 sq mi (0.4 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,250 ft (381 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 37 |
| Density | 1.0/sq mi (0.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 27-49660 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0665253 |


title: G.709

abstract:
ITU-T Recommendation G.709 Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network (OTN) describes a means of communicating data over an optical network. It is a standardized method for transparent transport of services over optical wavelengths in DWDM systems. It is also known as Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) standard. The first edition of this protocol was approved in 2001. The G.709 OTUk signal is positioned as a server layer signal for various client signals, e.g. SDH/SONET, ATM, IP, Ethernet, Fibre Channel and OTN ODUk. Work on support for InfiniBand and Common Public Radio Interface client signals is currently in progress. The frame structure defined in G.709 is constructed of 4 areas:
  - OPUk is the area in which payload is mapped.
  - ODUk contains the OPUk with additional overhead bytes.
  - OTUk is the section and includes framing, TTI, BIP8 and GCC0 bytes.
  - FEC – The standard FEC code is a Reed–Solomon coding calculated across the payload (OPU) columns. This allows detection and correction of bit errors due to signal impairments during transmission. The FEC code also extends the distance the optical signal can travel before requiring regeneration. G.709 offers advanced OAM&P capabilities such as Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM), End to End performance monitoring, connectivity monitoring, signal quality supervision and General Communication Channel (GCC).

text:
# G.709

**ITU-T Recommendation G.709** *Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network (OTN)* describes a means of communicating data over an optical network. It is a standardized method for transparent transport of services over optical wavelengths in DWDM systems. It is also known as Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) standard. The first edition of this protocol was approved in 2001.

The G.709 OTUk signal is positioned as a server layer signal for various client signals, e.g. SDH/SONET, ATM, IP, Ethernet, Fibre Channel and OTN ODUk (where k=0, 1, 2, 2e, 3, 3e2, 4 or flex). Work on support for InfiniBand and Common Public Radio Interface client signals is currently in progress.

The frame structure defined in G.709 is constructed of 4 areas:

1. OPUk is the area in which payload is mapped.
2. ODUk contains the OPUk with additional overhead bytes (e.g. TTI, BIP8, GCC1/2, TCM etc.).
3. OTUk is the section and includes framing, TTI, BIP8 and GCC0 bytes.
4. FEC – The standard FEC code (described in G.975) is a Reed–Solomon coding calculated across the payload (OPU) columns. This allows detection and correction of bit errors due to signal impairments during transmission. The FEC code also extends the distance the optical signal can travel before requiring regeneration.

G.709 offers advanced OAM&P capabilities such as Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM), End to End performance monitoring, connectivity monitoring, signal quality supervision and General Communication Channel (GCC).

## Typical client signals and corresponding G.709 rates

| Client Signal Type | Client Signal | OTN Line Signal (G.709) | OTUk Line Rate (kbit/s) | OPUk Payload Rate (kbit/s) | OTUk frame period (μs) | OTUk frequency accuracy (ppm) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SONET/SDH | STS-48/STM-16 | OTU1 | 2,666,057 | 2,488,320 | 48.971 | ± 20 |
| SONET/SDH | STS-192/STM-64 | OTU2 | 10,709,225 | 10,037,629 | 12.191 | ± 20 |
| Ethernet/Fibre Channel | 10GBASE-R/10GFC | OTU2e | 11,095,727 | 10,356,012 | 11.766 | ±100 |
| SONET/SDH/Ethernet | STS-768/STM-256/Transcoded 40GBASE-R | OTU3 | 43,018,413 | 40,150,519 | 3.034 | ±20 |
| Ethernet | Up to 4 10GBASE-R | OTU3e2 | 44,583,355 | 41,611,131 | 2.928 | ±20 |
| Ethernet | 100GBASE-R | OTU4 | 111,809,973 | 100,376,298 | 1.167 | ±20 |
|

Unlike SDH/SONET, the line rate is increased by maintaining the G.709 frame structure (4 rows x 4080 columns) and decreasing the frame period (in SDH/SONET the frame structure is increased and the frame period of 125 μs is maintained).

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

G.709
| Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network (OTN)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Status | In force |
| Year started | 2001 |
| Latest version | 6.0<br>June 2020 |
| Organization | ITU-T |
| License | Freely available |
| Website | https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.709 |


abstract: International University for Graduate Studies is a private university in Portsmouth, Dominica. In 2004, the Chronicle of Higher Education published an op-ed questioning the legitimacy of the institution. In 2015 IUGS became accredited by the National Accreditation Board of Dominica.

text:
# International University for Graduate Studies

**International University for Graduate Studies** is a private university in Portsmouth, Dominica.

In 2004, the Chronicle of Higher Education published an op-ed questioning the legitimacy of the institution. In 2015 IUGS became accredited by the National Accreditation Board of Dominica.

## InfoBox

International University for Graduate Studies
| Type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1979 |
| Administrative staff | Joyette Daniel |
| Location | Portsmouth, Dominica |
| Website | iugrad.edu.dm |


title: Tre må man være

abstract: Tre må man være is a 1959 Danish family film directed by Sven Methling and starring Poul Reichhardt.

text:
# Tre må man være

***Tre må man være*** is a 1959 Danish family film directed by Sven Methling and starring Poul Reichhardt.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Tre må man være | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sven Methling |
| Written by | Jens Locher<br>Fleming Lynge |
| Produced by | Preben Philipsen |
| Starring | Poul Reichhardt |
| Cinematography | Kjeld Arnholtz |
| Edited by | Edith Schlüssel |
| Release date | * 13 February 1959 (1959-02-13) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | Denmark |
| Language | Danish |


title: WGBX-TV

abstract: WGBX-TV, branded GBH 44, is the secondary PBS member television station in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is owned by the WGBH Educational Foundation, alongside WGBH-TV, WFXZ-CD, and multiple public radio stations in Boston and on Cape Cod. WGBX-TV, WGBH-TV and the WGBH and WCRB radio stations share studios on Guest Street in northwest Boston's Brighton neighborhood; WGBX-TV's transmitter is located on Cedar Street in Needham, Massachusetts. WGBX-TV began broadcasting in September 1967 as a source of experimental, alternative, and additional educational programming, in addition to repeats of shows aired by WGBH-TV. It also provided an outlet for specialty telecourses and instructional material. In the 1960s and 1970s, such programs as The Most Dangerous Game, Catch 44, and Club 44 attracted national attention or moved to the parent station. WGBX-TV provided the first gavel-to-gavel telecast of an American state legislature in 1984 when the Massachusetts House of Representatives agreed to have their sessions televised in full, and it was a test bed for experimentation with new digital audio standards in the late 1980s. In the 1990s, WGBX-TV programming was revamped to feature themed nights and increase awareness of its identity. WGBX-TV itself broadcasts standard-definition versions of WGBX and WGBH and several multicast services. WBTS-CD, NBC Boston, shares the channel, allowing the station to broadcast at high power to the Boston area.

text:
# WGBX-TV

**WGBX-TV** (channel 44), branded **GBH 44**, is the secondary PBS member television station in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is owned by the WGBH Educational Foundation, alongside WGBH-TV (channel 2), WFXZ-CD (channel 24), and multiple public radio stations in Boston and on Cape Cod. WGBX-TV, WGBH-TV and the WGBH and WCRB radio stations share studios on Guest Street in northwest Boston's Brighton neighborhood; WGBX-TV's transmitter is located on Cedar Street (southwest of I-95/MA 128) in Needham, Massachusetts.

WGBX-TV began broadcasting in September 1967 as a source of experimental, alternative, and additional educational programming, in addition to repeats of shows aired by WGBH-TV. It also provided an outlet for specialty telecourses and instructional material. In the 1960s and 1970s, such programs as *The Most Dangerous Game*, *Catch 44*, and *Club 44* attracted national attention or moved to the parent station. WGBX-TV provided the first gavel-to-gavel telecast of an American state legislature in 1984 when the Massachusetts House of Representatives agreed to have their sessions televised in full, and it was a test bed for experimentation with new digital audio standards in the late 1980s. In the 1990s, WGBX-TV programming was revamped to feature themed nights and increase awareness of its identity.

WGBX-TV itself broadcasts standard-definition versions of WGBX and WGBH (both in high definition from the WGBH-TV multiplex) and several multicast services. WBTS-CD, NBC Boston, shares the channel, allowing the station to broadcast at high power to the Boston area.

## History

### Early years

Channel 44 had originally been allotted to Boston as a commercial television channel. Two companies, Integrated Communications Systems and United Artists Broadcasting, applied for the channel in 1963. They were soon joined by the WGBH Educational Foundation, which proposed a non-commercial educational station. All three applications were designated for comparative hearing in February 1964, but in July, the FCC reserved channel 44 for educational use in Boston and transferred channel 25 from Barnstable to serve as a new commercial channel. The two commercial applicants then switched their proposals to channel 25, leaving WGBH alone in its channel 44 application and allowing the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to award the construction permit in October.

The Department of Health, Education and Welfare awarded a $725,000 grant for the construction of WGBX-TV in January 1966; the station was projected to provide specialized educational programming. WGBX-TV began broadcasting on September 25, 1967, two weeks after the station aired its first test pattern.

In addition to replays and additional PBS programs as well as college telecourses, WGBX has offered a wide range of innovative programs and services in its history. The very first program broadcast by the station was a teacher in-service program designed to help first-grade instructors teach drama. On *The Most Dangerous Game*, telecast in 1967, viewers could call a telephone number to control the movement of a fictional country, Transania, in a hypothetical foreign policy crisis. A monthly series on the intersection of law enforcement and critical justice was distributed to other educational stations. In 1968, WGBX-TV and WBZ-TV broadcast *Read Your Way Up: A TV Read-In*, an adult literacy program. In November 1970, the station debuted a public-access show, *Catch 44*. The program attracted widespread national and international interest; other public stations copied the format, as did the BBC, which launched *Open Door* in 1973. In 1973, as part of an initiative by the WGBH Educational Foundation, it and nine other public stations in northeastern cities began airing an open-captioned version of the *ABC Evening News*.

WGBX began airing live, gavel-to-gavel coverage of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1984, making it the first state legislative chamber to have full, unedited proceedings televised. The Massachusetts State Senate joined the House on WGBX in 1994. Legislative coverage on channel 44 continued through 2006; the contracts with each chamber were not renewed for 2007.

Beginning in 1986 and continuing through at least 1988, with special FCC permission, it was the only station in the United States authorized to broadcast pulse-code modulation (PCM) digital audio on its video signal; the audio programs, primarily simulcasts of WGBH-FM aired overnight but also including specially recorded concerts, could then be decoded from the video tape by residents with the appropriate decoder equipment.

In 1987, weekend programming on WGBX was expanded to add 18 additional hours, primarily replays of programs aired by WGBH, as part of celebrations for the 20th anniversary of channel 44. However, the station's reputation as "the other Channel 2" continued. In January 1995, WGBH relaunched WGBX under the brand GBH44, to bring it closer to the main station. It increased emphasis on independent and offbeat programming, including the use of themed nights, to counterprogram WGBH-TV, though it would continue to air shows bumped off of the channel 2 schedule, and it would continue to broadcast the main WGBH lineup during the station's annual auction. By 1997, WGBX-TV was the 26th-most-watched public television station in prime time, demonstrating that the changes had given channel 44 an identity and increased recognition.

### Digital television transition

In 1999, the tower used by WGBX-TV in Needham, owned by WBZ-TV, was overhauled to support digital broadcasting for its tenants, including WBZ, WGBH and WGBX, and WCVB-TV. However, WGBX-TV did not begin digital broadcasts on its own channel until January 1, 2003.

WGBX-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 44, on April 23, 2009. The WGBH Educational Foundation had previously warned that defective equipment might force the station to close prior to the June transition date. The station's digital signal continued to be broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 43, using virtual channel 44.

On January 16, 2017, WGBX switched its fourth subchannel from a locally programmed loop of children's programming (which looped twice a day) to the relaunched national PBS Kids channel.

### Repack and channel share

On January 18, 2018, WGBX began a channel share with Nashua, New Hampshire–licensed WYCN-CD (channel 15, now WBTS-CD), which was acquired by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal. Though WBTS-CD is a Class A low-power station, it is broadcast by a full-power station, providing the station a full-market signal. WYCN-CD had been a "zombie station"—a license without a transmitter—after selling its spectrum in the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction. Moving WYCN-CD to the WGBX multiplex gave it full-market coverage.

## Subchannels

Subchannels of WGBX-TV and WBTS-CD
| License | Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| WGBX-TV | 2.2 | 480i | 16:9 | World | World |
| | | 2.3 | WGBH-SD | PBS (WGBH-TV) |
| | | 44.2 | WGBX-SD | PBS |
| | | 44.3 | Create | Create |
| | | 44.4 | Kids | PBS Kids |
| WBTS-CD | | 15.1 | 1080i | WBTS-CD | NBC |
| | | 15.2 | 480i | Cozi | Cozi TV |

Simulcast of subchannels of another station

There is no channel 44.1 on the WGBX-TV multiplex, as it is broadcast by WGBH-TV.

## InfoBox

WGBX-TV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | GBH 44 |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | WGBH Educational Foundation |
| Sister stations | * **TV:** * **Radio:** * |
| History | |
| First air date | September 25, 1967 (1967-09-25) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 44 (UHF, 1967–2009) * **Digital:** 43 (UHF, 2002–2019) |
| Former affiliations | NET (1967–1970) |
| Call sign meaning | "Great Blue experimental" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 72098 |
| ERP | 922 kW |
| HAAT | 388.3 m (1,274.0 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 42°18′37″N 71°14′12″W / 42.31028°N 71.23667°W / 42.31028; -71.23667 (WGBX-TV) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | www.wgbh.org |


title: Waci language

abstract: Waci is a Gbe language of Togo and Benin. It is part of a dialect continuum which also includes Ewe and Mina also known as Gɛn. It is scattered in an area Capo designates as Ewe speaking.

text:
# Waci language

**Waci** (also spelled *Ouatchi*) is a Gbe language of Togo and Benin. It is part of a dialect continuum which also includes Ewe and Mina also known as Gɛn. It is scattered in an area Capo designates as Ewe speaking.

* Capo, Hounkpati B.C. (1988). *Renaissance du Gbe (réflexions critiques et constructives sur L'EVE, le FON, le GEN, l AJA, le GUN, etc.)*. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. ISBN 9783871188473. OCLC 19892995.

## Further reading

* Anson, G. M. (1972). *Description synchronique d'un parler Ewe: Le Watyi* (PhD thesis). Université de Nice.
* Capo, Hounkpati B. Christophe (1991). *A comparative phonology of Gbe*. Publications in African languages and linguistics. Vol. 14. Foris. doi:10.1515/9783110870534. ISBN 9783110133929.
* Capo, Hounkpatin B. C. (1980). "Un regroupement des parles gbe". *Africana Marburgensia*. **13** (1): 2–23.
* Capo, Hounkpati B. Christophe (1977). *Etude phonologique comparée du wacígbe et du gengbe* (MA thesis). Université Nationale du Bénin.
* Faton, Gabriele R. (2018). Waci Speakers in Togo and Benin: A Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2018–003.
* Lokossa, Augustine A.; Capo, Hounkpati B. Christophe (1978). *Precis grammatical du Gengbe et du Wacigbe*. Kome: Sous-Comm. des Langues Waci et Gen.
* Manoukian, Madeline (1952). *The Ewe-speaking people of Togoland and the Gold Coast*. Ethnographic survey of Africa, Western Africa. Vol. 6. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute. OCLC 3385440.
* Sagbo, D. (1976). *La situation interlinguistique au Dahomey* (MA thesis). Université de Nantes.

## InfoBox

| Waci, Ouatchi | |
| --- | --- |
| Waci gbe | |
| Native to | Togo, Benin |
| Region | Maritime, Mono |
| Native speakers | 920,000 (2019–2021) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Official status | |
| Recognised minority<br>language in | Benin |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `wci` |
| *Glottolog* | `waci1239` |


title: Wadwick

abstract: Wadwick is a hamlet and civil parish situated in the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in the Basingstoke and Deane district of Hampshire, England. It is in the civil parish of St Mary Bourne. Its nearest town is Andover, which lies approximately 6.1 miles (10 km) south-west, although it lies 2 miles closer to Whitchurch. Media related to Wadwick, Hampshire at Wikimedia Commons

text:
# Wadwick

**Wadwick** is a hamlet and civil parish situated in the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in the Basingstoke and Deane district of Hampshire, England. It is in the civil parish of St Mary Bourne. Its nearest town is Andover, which lies approximately 6.1 miles (10 km) south-west, although it lies 2 miles closer to Whitchurch.

Media related to Wadwick, Hampshire at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Wadwick | |
| --- | --- |
| WadwickLocation within Hampshire | |
| OS grid reference | SU4317153083 |
| Civil parish | * Wadwick |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ANDOVER |
| Postcode district | SP11 |
| Dialling code | 01264 |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Wakonda State Bank

abstract: The Wakonda State Bank, later the Wakonda Public Library, is a historic bank building at 118 Ohio Street in Wakonda, South Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 due to being a rare surviving local example of early 20th-century architecture.

text:
# Wakonda State Bank

The **Wakonda State Bank**, later the **Wakonda Public Library**, is a historic bank building at 118 Ohio Street in Wakonda, South Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 due to being a rare surviving local example of early 20th-century architecture.

## History

The community of Wakonda, which was established in 1884, began to grow during the last decades of the 19th century as the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad planned to establish a station in the town. After the beginning of the 20th century, multiple buildings in the small community were lost in fires. Following a 1906 fire that destroyed the wooden building formerly located at 118 Ohio Street, construction on a new brick building began at that address. This building, completed in 1913, served as the town's bank. Due to its construction material, it survived a 1917 fire. At the advent of the Great Depression, the Wakonda State Bank struggled, kept afloat only by local investors. Despite their efforts, the Bank of Wakonda went into receivership and closed in 1931. Following this, the investors opened a new bank, the Security State Bank, in the building shortly thereafter. It operated under multiple different names until 1961, at which point the building was converted into the Wakonda Public Library. By 2006, however, the library had closed and the building last housed a private business. On August 15, 2003, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as one of the "few remaining historic buildings in the commercial core".

## Architecture

The Wakonda State Bank is a rare example of Early Commercial architecture with some Colonial Revival details; very few historic buildings are left standing in Wakonda. Constructed out of locally sourced brick and limestone on a stone foundation, it has not been heavily altered from its original appearance. The northeastern-facing front façade contains limestone blocks around the base. Brickwork and limestone pilasters divide the front into four bays—one at each corner and two in the middle—and extend past the height of the building. The flat roof is surrounded by a decorative parapet. Located at the northwestern corner of the front, the main entrance is bordered on both sides by limestone Doric columns that support an entablature and pediment. The interior ceiling is made of pressed tin and contains a skylight. At the back exterior wall of the building is a small brick chimney. The basement contains a small vault room.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wakonda State Bank | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Wakonda State Bank building in 2016 | |
|  | |
| Location | 118 Ohio St., Wakonda, South Dakota |
| Coordinates | 43°00′31″N 97°06′26″W / 43.00849°N 97.10728°W / 43.00849; -97.10728 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1913 (1913) |
| Architectural style | Early Commercial |
| NRHP reference No. | 03000765 |
| Added to NRHP | August 15, 2003 |


title: Waligóra and Wyrwidąb

abstract: Waligóra and Wyrwidąb are two fictional twin brothers who were the characters of the fairy tale originating from Poland. They were a personification of brotherhood and the example of the benefits from the cooperation.

text:
# Waligóra and Wyrwidąb

**Waligóra** and **Wyrwidąb** are two fictional twin brothers who were the characters of the fairy tale originating from Poland. They were a personification of brotherhood and the example of the benefits from the cooperation.

## In fairy tales

In one version of their fairy tale, they were orphans whose mother died after birth in the forest. Waligóra has been cared for by the female wolf, while Wyrwidąb, by the female bear. They were both extremely strong, with Waligóra being capable of destroying the mountain with one punch, and Wyrwidąb, being able to tear oak trees from the ground. Brothers working together had saved a kingdom, defeating the dragon, that terrorized it. After doing that, they were awarded by the king, who let them marry his 2 daughters.

Philologist and folklorist Julian Krzyżanowski, establisher of the Polish Folktale Catalogue according to the international index, classified tales about the heroic duo as type T 300B, "Smok I Waligóra" ("The Dragon and Waligóra"). Thus, his typing is closely related to the international ATU type ATU 300, "The Dragon-Slayer".

### In other fairy tales

According to philologist and folklorist Julian Krzyżanowski (pl), Waligóra and Wyrwidąb may also be the name of the companions of the hero in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index type ATU 301, "The Three Stolen Princesses" or Polish *Bracia zdradziecy* ("The Traitorous Brothers").

## Citations

### Notes

### References

1. Kazimierz Władysław Wójcicki, *Waligóra i Wyrwidąb* in *Klechdy, starożytne podania i powieści ludowe*, 1876, Grudziądz, Zakłady Graficzne Wiktora Kulerskiego (Gazeta Grudziądzka), 1922.
2. "Waligóra and Wyrwidąb". *polskatradycja.pl* (in Polish).
3. Krzyżanowski, Julian. *Polska bajka ludowa w ukìadzie systematycznym: Wa̜tki 1-999*. Wydawn. Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1962. pp. 83, 303.
4. Krzyżanowski, Julian. *Słownik folkloru polskiego*. Wiedza Powszechna, 1965. p. 425.

### Bibliography

* Kazimierz Władysław Wójcicki, *Waligóra i Wyrwidąb* in *Klechdy, starożytne podania i powieści ludowe*, Grudziądz, Zakłady Graficzne Wiktora Kulerskiego (Gazeta Grudziądzka), 1922


title: Wall of Wind

abstract: The Wall of Wind (WoW) is a large scale wind engineering testing facility at Florida International University. The original version, with two fans, was completed in 2005 and upgraded to six fans in 2007—sufficient to generate winds of up to 120 miles per hour (190 km/h). After being upgraded to 12 fans in 2012, the Wall of Wind became capable of generating winds of 157 miles per hour (253 km/h), near the top wind speed of 1992's Hurricane Andrew; this made it the only facility at a university that could generate Category 5 hurricane wind speeds. In addition to aerodynamic test at large-scale and high wind speeds, the facility allows for wind-driven rain testing of building envelopes as well as destructive testing of low-rise test buildings constructed with actual materials. Testing on the earlier Wall of Wind setups led to the design of screens for rooftop air conditioners that reduce wind pressure by up to 58 percent and which were adopted into Florida building codes. At a media preview of the upgraded Wall of Wind in 2012, a demonstration between roofs built under pre- and post-Andrew codes was conducted. In 2015, the National Science Foundation (NSF) selected the Wall of Wind as one of the nation's major "Experimental Facilities" under the Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) competition. Because of the increasing wind speeds associated with storms such as Hurricane Dorian and the fact that the Wall of Wind cannot account for wave damage, FIU scientists in 2022 received a $12.8 million NSF grant to develop a new testing system known as National Full-Scale Testing Infrastructure for Community Hardening in Extreme Wind, Surge, and Wave Events (NICHE).

text:
# Wall of Wind

The **Wall of Wind** (**WoW**) is a large scale wind engineering testing facility at Florida International University. The original version, with two fans, was completed in 2005 and upgraded to six fans in 2007—sufficient to generate winds of up to 120 miles per hour (190 km/h). After being upgraded to 12 fans in 2012, the Wall of Wind became capable of generating winds of 157 miles per hour (253 km/h), near the top wind speed of 1992's Hurricane Andrew; this made it the only facility at a university that could generate Category 5 hurricane wind speeds.

In addition to aerodynamic test at large-scale and high wind speeds, the facility allows for wind-driven rain testing of building envelopes as well as destructive testing of low-rise test buildings constructed with actual materials. Testing on the earlier Wall of Wind setups led to the design of screens for rooftop air conditioners that reduce wind pressure by up to 58 percent and which were adopted into Florida building codes. At a media preview of the upgraded Wall of Wind in 2012, a demonstration between roofs built under pre- and post-Andrew codes was conducted. In 2015, the National Science Foundation (NSF) selected the Wall of Wind as one of the nation's major "Experimental Facilities" under the Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) competition.

Because of the increasing wind speeds associated with storms such as Hurricane Dorian and the fact that the Wall of Wind cannot account for wave damage, FIU scientists in 2022 received a $12.8 million NSF grant to develop a new testing system known as National Full-Scale Testing Infrastructure for Community Hardening in Extreme Wind, Surge, and Wave Events (NICHE).

* Wall of Wind at FIU.
* ASCE Publications


title: Walter H. Auble

abstract: Walter H. Auble was the police chief in Los Angeles, California, on a one-year appointment from November 1905 to 1906.

text:
# Walter H. Auble

**Walter H. Auble** (November 26, 1862  September 9, 1908) was the police chief in Los Angeles, California, on a one-year appointment from November 1905 to 1906.

## Biography

He was born in 1862 in Illinois and was killed in a shooting on September 9, 1908. He was only the third Los Angeles Police Department officer killed in the line of duty — the highest-ranking officer and the only former police chief. At the time of his death he was the longest-serving officer on the LAPD.

According to his obituary in the *Los Angeles Herald* of the next day, Auble was born in Illinois in 1861 and at the age of 25 was appointed a special officer and "worked at one of the prominent theaters of that day." On January 1, 1887, he was made a regular patrolman and became a detective three years later. He was appointed captain of police July 21, 1903.

He was married in 1888 to Florence Andrews. They had three children, Julia, Gladys and Earl. Auble was a member of the Westgate Masonic Lodge, a Scottish Rite Mason, 32nd degree, and belonged to Temple Al Malaikah Shrine. He was also a member of the Maccabees, tent No. 2 of Los Angeles.

Auble was slain by Carl Sutherland, a burglary suspect whom Auble and another officer were attempting to arrest in broad daylight on a city street. In a struggle to get the gun, Auble was shot in the neck, stomach and chest. Sutherland was tracked down by a posse but escaped prosecution by swallowing potassium cyanide. Sutherland died in a patrol wagon on his way to the same hospital where Auble had been taken — a hospital that was swarming with hundreds of residents intent on learning the fate of their police chief.

## InfoBox

| Walter H. Auble | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1862-11-26)November 26, 1862
Illinois |
| Died | September 9, 1908(1908-09-09) (aged 45)
Los Angeles, California |
| Resting place | Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood, California, U.S.
33°58′00″N 118°20′20″W / 33.966566°N 118.338943°W / 33.966566; -118.338943 (Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood, California) |
| Spouse | Florence (née Andrews) |
| Children | 3 |
| **Police career** | |
| Department | Los Angeles Police Department |
| Service years | 21 |
| Rank | Special Officer (1886)
Officer (Jan. 1, 1887)
Detective (1890)
Captain (1903)
Chief (Nov. 1905 – Nov. 1906) |
|  | |


title: Walter Pashko

abstract: Walter Pashko, American, 1930–2006 "Walter Pashko studied painting in Hartford during the heyday of Chick Austin who made modern art, especially Surrealism, a great strength of the Wadsworth Atheneum. The G.I. Bill enabled him to go to Mexico City where he sought out artists who could teach him the techniques of fresco and mosaic. During his years there, he also learned how to make prints. Upon his return to America, he found a job at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston as an assistant to the printmaking instructor. Pashko was soon promoted to lead instructor when his supervisor retired. He remained at the School for over thirty years until a fall prompted him to retire in the early 1990s. Though he taught printmaking, Pashko regarded himself primarily as a painter and draftsman. He remained active in his retirement, producing the present works during his early seventies."

text:
# Walter Pashko

**Walter Pashko**, American, 1930–2006

"Walter Pashko studied painting in Hartford during the heyday of Chick Austin who made modern art, especially Surrealism, a great strength of the Wadsworth Atheneum. The G.I. Bill enabled him to go to Mexico City where he sought out artists who could teach him the techniques of fresco and mosaic. During his years there, he also learned how to make prints. Upon his return to America, he found a job at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston as an assistant to the printmaking instructor. Pashko was soon promoted to lead instructor when his supervisor retired. He remained at the School for over thirty years until a fall prompted him to retire in the early 1990s. Though he taught printmaking, Pashko regarded himself primarily as a painter and draftsman. He remained active in his retirement, producing the present works during his early seventies."

## Works

* Still Life with Fork, Walter Pashko 1954, Farley Family Private Collection, Newport, RI