title: Ramón y Cajal (scholarship)

abstract: The Ramón y Cajal Scholarship (RyC) is a Spanish post-doctoral scholarship, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, that allows outstanding early career researchers in foreign countries to establish themselves in Spanish research institutions. Together with the more junior Juan de la Cierva scholarship, it is the most prestigious nationally-funded research scholarship to follow a scientific career in Spain. In fact, it is considered the main talent attraction strategy for Spain to counteract its scientific brain drain.

text:
# Ramón y Cajal (scholarship)

The **Ramón y Cajal Scholarship** (RyC) is a Spanish post-doctoral scholarship, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, that allows outstanding early career researchers in foreign countries to establish themselves in Spanish research institutions. Together with the more junior Juan de la Cierva scholarship, it is the most prestigious nationally-funded research scholarship to follow a scientific career in Spain. In fact, it is considered the main talent attraction strategy for Spain to counteract its scientific brain drain.

## History

The scholarship honors the Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal. It started back in 2001, and it has been awarded every year since then, to date (January 2023). It provides 5 years of funding, after which the institution is encouraged to open a permanent position to the researcher, although this is often not guaranteed.

During the European debt crisis, the funding was drastically reduced, reaching a 40% cut, and even skipping a call. Especially since then, there have been regular complaints about the RyC program, concerning its bureaucracy, employment instability, unfair process, harsh conditions, obscurity, precarity, or gender discrimination.

In 2022, and thanks to Next Generation EU funds, the RyC budget increased to 138 million euro, with 647 positions opened, although the increase won't continue in 2023.

## Impact

Research on the programme shows the applicants are typically in their mid-thirties, highly productive and highly mobile, over the national average.

The scholarship has been funding prestigious researchers in Spain, typically bringing them from overseas, across all disciplines, including Biology, Physics, Mathematics, Medicine, History, Geology, Ecology, Social sciences or Engineering. The scholarship supports institutions across all Spanish regions, although Catalonia concentrates the most, with 26% of the total as of 2023.

Some notable Ramón y Cajal scholars are Carlota Escutia Dotti, Brian Vohnsen, Aditi Sen De, Mayo Fuster Morell, Carolina Mallol, Mercedes Vila, Maritza Lara-López, Nanda Rea, Mercedes López-Morales.

1. Rivera, Alicia (2012-10-17). "El Gobierno no hará contratos de científicos Ramón y Cajal este año". *El País* (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
2. "Spanish science: still suffering". *the Guardian*. 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
3. "Los investigadores del Ramón y Cajal, en la cuerda floja | Ciencia | elmundo.es". *www.elmundo.es*. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
4. Aunión, J. A. (2013-05-20). "Not so much a brain drain as forced exile". *EL PAÍS English Edition*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
5. "BOE.es - BOE-A-2001-7688 Orden de 18 de abril de 2001 por la que se establecen las bases y se hace pública la convocatoria para financiar la realización de proyectos singulares de investigación que se ejecuten por nuevo personal investigador contratado por centros de investigación científica y desarrollo tecnológico (Programa Ramón y Cajal)". *www.boe.es*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
6. "BOE.es - BOE-B-2022-40157 Extracto de la Resolución de 21 de diciembre de 2022 de la Presidencia de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación, por la que se aprueba la convocatoria 2022 de las ayudas Ramón y Cajal". *www.boe.es*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
7. Acebes, Raquel Pascual Cortés, Laura Salces (2018-09-24). "El 40% de los trabajadores de I+D tiene un empleo temporal". *Cinco Días* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. Rivera, Alicia (2012-04-04). "Los contratos de ciencia se reducen este año en un 43%". *El País* (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
9. Caballero, Daniel Sánchez (2022-02-12). "La pesadilla de pedir un contrato público para investigar en España". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-28.
10. "Los Ramón y Cajal se alzan contra la precariedad". *La Verdad* (in Spanish). 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
11. "Más País acusa al Gobierno de dejar a los investigadores más jóvenes "sin opciones" en las ayudas Ramón y Cajal 2022". Europa Press. 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
12. "Menos excelencia y más trabajo digno en la investigación científica". *www.elsaltodiario.com*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
13. Meneses, Nacho (2022-11-24). "La difícil tarea de recuperar el talento investigador que un día hizo las maletas". *El País* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-28.
14. "Manuel Nieves Cordones: "La carrera laboral de un científico es muy injusta"". *La Verdad* (in Spanish). 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
15. Salguero, Marta (2019-02-13). "Las científicas con baja de maternidad el último año no pueden acceder a uno de los contratos de investigación más prestigiosos de España". *elDiario.es* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
16. "La Moncloa. 25/11/2022. El Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación concede más de 138 millones de euros a contratos Ramón y Cajal \[Prensa/Actualidad/Ciencia e Innovación\]". *www.lamoncloa.gob.es* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-28.
17. AGENCIAS, EL PAÍS / (2012-04-19). "Economía intentará eliminar algunas restricciones de contratación de científicos". *El País* (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
18. Cañibano, Carolina; Otamendi, Javier; Andújar, Inés (1 March 2008). "Measuring and assessing researcher mobility from CV analysis: the case of the Ramón y Cajal programme in Spain". *Research Evaluation*. **17** (1). Oxford University Press: 17–31.
19. Bacchus, Camelia (2023-01-23). "Uciel Chorostecki, Ramón y Cajal Scholarship recipient, joins the Department of Basic Sciences at UIC Barcelona". *SmallCapNews.co.uk*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
20. "UCF's Sherlock Holmes of Microbiology: Salvador Almagro-Moreno". *University of Central Florida News | UCF Today*. 2022-05-02. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
21. Liberal, Iñigo; Engheta, Nader (2022-03-01). "How does light behave in a material whose refractive index vanishes?". *Physics Today*. **75** (3): 62–63. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4968. ISSN 0031-9228.
22. CSIC (2022-07-05). "Eloísa del Pino presenta al nuevo equipo directivo del CSIC". *Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-28.
23. "New insights on the mechanisms of transmission of bacterial pathogen that causes listeriosis". *News-Medical.net*. 2022-05-02. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
24. "Una científica de la UAM, premiada por la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
25. "Tools reveal patterns of Neandertal extinction in the Iberian Peninsula". *EurekAlert!*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
26. Barcelona, University of. "Bronze Age eating, social habits in the Balearic Islands documented in study". *phys.org*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
27. guest (2022-12-04). "Neanderthal Footprints Found in Spain Could Be 275,000 Years Old". *GreekReporter.com*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
28. "CosmoCaixa explores the functioning of the oceans and how climate change affects them in a new series of talks". *Atalayar*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
29. Criado, Miguel Ángel (2022-12-25). "Esther Sebastián: "Vamos hacia una primavera silenciosa en la que casi no hay sonidos"". *El País* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-28.
30. Domínguez, Francisco Javier Aguado; Canosa, Jennifer Paz; Vázquez, José L. Pardo. "¿Tomamos peores decisiones con el frigorífico a rebosar?". *The Conversation*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
31. "La Universidade da Coruña quintuplica en tres años la lista de científicos Ramón y Cajal". *La Voz de Galicia* (in Spanish). 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
32. elEconomista.es. "¿Quién recibe las Ayudas Ramón y Cajal? - elEconomista.es". *www.eleconomista.es* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-28.


abstract: "In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March" is a funeral dirge composed by John Philip Sousa in 1881, while serving as director of "the President's Own" United States Marine Band, for the state funeral of President of the United States James Garfield. It was debuted during the committal of Garfield's remains and, 51 years later, was performed at Sousa's own funeral by the Marine Band. It is one of only two compositions Sousa dedicated to an American president, the other one being "President Garfield's Inauguration", also written for Garfield for his inauguration.

text:
# In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March

**"In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March"** is a funeral dirge composed by John Philip Sousa in 1881, while serving as director of "the President's Own" United States Marine Band, for the state funeral of President of the United States James Garfield. It was debuted during the committal of Garfield's remains and, 51 years later, was performed at Sousa's own funeral by the Marine Band. It is one of only two compositions Sousa dedicated to an American president, the other one being "President Garfield's Inauguration", also written for Garfield for his inauguration.

## Background

On July 2, 1881 at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., President of the United States James Garfield was shot at close range by Charles J. Guiteau who, upon being apprehended by police, yelled, "Arthur is now President"! Garfield, then the third youngest president in American history, died 79 days later in Elberon, New Jersey where he had been taken to recover. The announcement of Garfield's death came as a surprise to the public as news accounts prior to that point had reported he had been recovering satisfactorily.

Both John Philip Sousa and Garfield were members of the same Masonic lodge. While reclining in bed, Sousa heard newspaperboys shouting the news of Garfield's death. Shocked, he left his bed and went for a long walk through Washington. By the next morning he had composed the melody for what would be called "In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March". On returning home, he committed it to paper. "In Memoriam" was one of only two compositions Sousa dedicated to American presidents, the other was "President Garfield's Inauguration March", composed earlier in the year 1881 for the occasion of Garfield's inauguration.

## Performances

"In Memoriam" was performed by "the President's Own" United States Marine Band, under Sousa's direction, as Garfield's body arrived in Washington for the lying in state. The Marine Band's first trip outside of Washington, under Sousa, occurred the following week when it traveled to Cleveland, Ohio for the funeral where the dirge was again performed during funeral rites.

Fifty-one years later, "In Memoriam" was performed for Sousa's own funeral by the Marine Band as his remains were escorted to the Congressional Cemetery for interment.

## InfoBox

| In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March | |
| --- | --- |
| by John Philip Sousa | |
| Portion of title page of the 2016 publication of "In Memoriam" | |
| Opus | 132 |
| Genre | Dirge |
| Occasion | State funeral of James Garfield |
| Composed | 1881 |
| Premiere | |
| Performers | "The President's Own" United States Marine Band |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
| 2015 performance by the United States Marine Band | |
|  | |


title: Josh Shilling

abstract: Josh Shilling is an American musician. He joined the bluegrass band Mountain Heart in 2007. Shilling's debut with Mountain Heart was at The Grand Ole Opry in January 2007. He has been noted in "American Noise". In 2012, Shilling released his first solo album, "Letting Go", and his first Christmas solo, "The Christmas Song". Shilling co-hosted a show, "That Just Happened", on historical WSM Radio along with band mates Jim VanCleve and Seth Taylor. The show was cancelled in 2013.

text:
# Josh Shilling

**Josh Shilling** (born in Martinsville, Virginia) is an American musician. He joined the bluegrass band Mountain Heart in 2007. Shilling's debut with Mountain Heart was at The Grand Ole Opry in January 2007. He has been noted in "American Noise".

In 2012, Shilling released his first solo album, "Letting Go", and his first Christmas solo, "The Christmas Song".

Shilling co-hosted a show, "That Just Happened", on historical WSM Radio along with band mates Jim VanCleve and Seth Taylor. The show was cancelled in 2013.

## InfoBox

| Josh Shilling | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Martinsville, Virginia, United States |
| Genres | Americana, Bluegrass, Country, Rock |
| Occupations | Singer/Songwriter, Instrumentalist |
| Instruments | Vocals, Keyboard, Organ, Guitar |
| Labels | unsigned |
|  | |
| Website | www.joshshilling.com |


title: Washboard Willie

abstract: William Paden Hensley, known as Washboard Willie, was an American Detroit blues musician, who specialised in playing the washboard. He recorded tracks including "A Fool on a Mule in the Middle of The Road" plus "Cherry Red Blues", and worked variously with Eddie "Guitar" Burns, Baby Boy Warren, and Boogie Woogie Red.

text:
# Washboard Willie

**William Paden Hensley** (July 24, 1906 or 1909 – August 24, 1991), known as **Washboard Willie**, was an American Detroit blues musician, who specialised in playing the washboard. He recorded tracks including "A Fool on a Mule in the Middle of The Road" plus "Cherry Red Blues", and worked variously with Eddie "Guitar" Burns, Baby Boy Warren, and Boogie Woogie Red.

## Biography

Hensley was born either in Bullock County, Alabama, in 1906, or in Columbus, Georgia, in 1909. "Washboard Willie", as he became known, did not take up music until his thirties. By 1948 he had relocated to Detroit, and in 1952, he watched Eddie "Guitar" Burns performing and played along with Burns' backing group. He impressed the proprietor and ended up with a three-year residency with the band.

Working full-time washing cars for a living, he decided to name his own musical ensemble, Washboard Willie and the Super Suds of Rhythm, working from the name of a once-popular laundry detergent. He graduated from just playing the washboard to incorporate a bass drum and snare and, in 1955, gave Little Sonny his first booking. In 1956, Hensley made his own debut recording of "Cherry Red Blues," with "Washboard Shuffle;" and then "Washboard Blues Pt. 1 & 2." His recording career continued until 1962 utilising Boogie Woogie Red on piano accompaniment. The recordings were not issued until 1969 on Barrelhouse Records. However, in 1966, Willie did release a single with the tracks "Natural Born Lover," and "Wee Baby Blues." His band remained in demand playing nightly in both Detroit and Ann Arbor.

In 1973, he toured Europe with Lightnin' Slim, Moses "Whispering" Smith, Snooky Pryor, Homesick James and Boogie Woogie Red; he also played at the Ann Arbor Blues and Jazz Festival that year on the Saturday afternoon "Detroit Blues" show. A compilation album, *American Blues Legends '73* was issued on Big Bear Records with Willie contributing the tracks, "I Feel So Fine" and "Kansas City." Six years later he stopped playing professionally.

He died in Detroit in August 1991.

## Recent discography

## InfoBox

| Washboard Willie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | William Paden Hensley |
| Born | (1906-07-24)July 24, 1906 *or* 1909
Bullock County, Alabama *or* Columbus, Georgia, United States |
| Died | (1991-08-24)August 24, 1991 (age 82 *or* 85)
Detroit, Michigan, United States |
| Genres | Detroit blues |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, washboard player |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, washboard, harmonica, drums |
| Years active | 1952–1979 |


title: Islam during the Yuan dynasty

text:
# Islam during the Yuan dynasty

During the Yuan dynasty in the 13th century, there was a significant increase in the population of Muslims in China. Under the Mongol Empire, east–west communication and cross-cultural transmission were largely promoted. As a result, foreigners in China were given an elevated status in the hierarchy of the new regime. The impact on China by its Muslims at this time, including the advancement of Chinese science and the designing of Dadu, is vast and largely unknown. It is estimated that the population of the Hui minority grew from 50,000 in the 9th century to 4,000,000 in the 14th century, becoming the largest non-Han ethnic group.

## History

### Political status of Muslims

Unlike the western khanates, emperors of the Yuan dynasty did not convert to Islam. However, they elevated the status of foreigners from West Asia. Peoples such as the Muslim Persians and Arabs from West Asia worked in high-ranking posts instead of native Confucian scholars. These Islamic peoples from various regions were later referred to as the Semu people, meaning "various sorts".

At the same time the Mongols imported Muslims from West Asia to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.

The territory of the Yuan dynasty was divided into 12 districts during the reign of Kublai (Emperor Shizu) with a governor and vice-governor each. According to the Iranian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, of these 12 governors, 8 were Muslims; in the remaining districts, Muslims were vice-governors.

Over 10,000 Muslim names can be identified in Yuan historical records. The standard word for Muslims in Chinese language documents of the late Yuan period is "Huihui" (回回). The Muslims were overseen by a Huihui named Yeheidie'erding (Amir al-Din) who designed Qionghua island which sits in the lake of Beihai Park in central Beijing. In the fourteenth century, the total population of Muslims in China was 4,000,000.

### New communities

The Yuan dynasty saw the formation of Muslim communities in North China and Yunnan. The descendants of these communities who were to merge completely with the local Han population, nevertheless sought down to our own day to preserve their own personality and were to show a marked tendency to autonomy.

### Yuan oppression of Muslims

At a later period, Genghis Khan and the succeeding Yuan emperors forbade Islamic practices, such as slaughtering of animals in a “\[halal\]” manner and Circumcision. Genghis Khan directly referred Muslims and Jews as "slaves", demanding that they should follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method. Jews were also affected, being forbidden to eat Kosher.

> Among all the \[subject\] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say “we do not eat Mongol food”. \[Cinggis Qa’an replied:\] “By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?” He thereupon made them eat. “If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime.” He issued a regulation to that effect ... \[In 1279/1280 under Qubilai\] all the Muslims say: “if someone else slaughters \[the animal\] we do not eat”. Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman \[Muslim\] Huihui and Zhuhu \[Jewish\] Huihui, no matter who kills \[the animal\] will eat \[it\] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.

### Rebellion

At the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined the Han people in rebelling against the Yuan dynasty. The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan Yu who rebelled against the Yuan and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities adopted the Chinese name which meant "barracks" and "thanks". Many Hui Muslims claim it is because the Han people played an important role in overthrowing the Yuan dynasty and it was thus named to honor the those who assisted them.

Muslims in the semu class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding.

During the Ming conquest of Yunnan, Muslim generals Mu Ying and Lan Yu led Muslim troops loyal to the Ming dynasty against Mongol and Muslim troops loyal to the Yuan dynasty.

## Muslim influences

### Science

Muslim scientists were brought to work on calendar making and astronomy. Kublai (Emperor Shizu) brought Iranians to Beijing to construct an observatory and an institution for astronomical studies. Jamal ad-Din, a Persian astronomer, presented Kublai Khan with seven Persian astronomical instruments. The work of Islamic geographers also reached China during the Yuan dynasty and was later used in the Ming dynasty to draw the Western Regions in the *Da Ming Hun Yi Tu*, the oldest surviving world map from East Asia.

Muslim doctors and Arabic medical texts, particularly in anatomy, pharmacology, and ophthalmology, circulated in China during this time. The Chinese emperor, Kublai Khan, who suffered from alcoholism and gout, accorded high status to doctors. New seeds and formulas from the Middle East stimulated medical practice. The traditional Chinese study of herbs, drugs, and portions came in for renewed interest and publication. One of the medical texts introduced from the Islamic world was Avicenna's *The Canon of Medicine*, much of which was translated into Chinese and incorporated into the *Hui Hui Yao Fang* (*Prescriptions of the Hui Nationality*) under the Kublai-appointed Syrian Nestorian interpreter and scientist Isa Tarjaman.

### Warfare

After entering into China proper, the Mongols adopted new artillery and military technologies. Siege engineers, Ismail and Al al-Din were brought to invent the "Muslim trebuchet" (Huihui Pao), which was utilized by Kublai during the Battle of Xiangyang.

### Economy

The Yuan dynasty appointed Persian, Arab and Buddhist Uyghur administrators as taxation and finance officers. Muslims worked as grassroots-level corporation officers in China in the early Yuan period but as the Han people bought shares, most corporations acquired mixed membership, or even complete Han ownership.

It was during the Yuan dynasty that the port of Quanzhou flourished, this was in stark contrast to the port of Guangzhou that was sacked. Quanzhou was made famous on account of the accounts of the famous travelers Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo who visited the port. Today a large number of stone inscriptions can be seen at Quanzhou, such as 300 stone inscriptions on tombs, graves and mosques.

### Designing Dadu

The Muslim architect Yeheidie'erding (Amir al-Din) incorporated Han architecture into the construction of Dadu (Khanbaliq), the capital of the Yuan dynasty. The construction of the walls of the city began in 1264, while the imperial palace was built from 1274 onwards. The design of Dadu followed the Confucian classic *Rites of Zhou*, in that the rules of “9 vertical axis, 9 horizontal axis”, “palaces in the front, markets in the rear”, “left ancestral worship, right god worship” were taken into consideration. It was broad in scale, strict in planning and execution, complete in equipment. Dadu officially became the capital of the newly established the Yuan dynasty in the 1270s, though some constructions in the city were not completed until 1293. It lasted until 1368 when Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty and future Hongwu Emperor, sent an army towards the Yuan capital.

The last Yuan emperor fled north to Shangdu and the Ming founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the destruction of Yuan palaces. Dadu was later renamed to Beiping by the Ming in the same year.

The tales of *One Thousand and One Nights* (*Arabian Nights*), some of which were written in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, feature several stories set in and around China. The "Tale of Qamar al-Zaman and Budur" and "The Story of Prince Sayf al-Muluk" both include Chinese characters or settings.

After the failure of the Ispah Rebellion, a large proportion of the Semu and Muslim population left Quanzhou, leading to the decline of the international seaport and the position of a leading Islamic site in China.


title: The Sugar Girls

abstract: The Sugar Girls: Tales of Hardship, Love and Happiness in Tate & Lyle's East End is a work of narrative non-fiction based on interviews with women who worked in Tate & Lyle's East End factories in Silvertown from the mid-1940s onwards. Written by Duncan Barrett and Nuala Calvi, it was published by Collins in 2012. The authors were inspired to write it by Jennifer Worth's Call the Midwife.

text:
# The Sugar Girls

***The Sugar Girls: Tales of Hardship, Love and Happiness in Tate & Lyle's East End*** is a work of narrative non-fiction based on interviews with women who worked in Tate & Lyle's East End factories in Silvertown from the mid-1940s onwards. Written by Duncan Barrett and Nuala Calvi, it was published by Collins in 2012. The authors were inspired to write it by Jennifer Worth's *Call the Midwife*.

## Background

In the East End of the 1940s and 1950s, thousands of girls left school every year at fourteen and went to work in the factories that stood alongside the docks in Silvertown, in the East End of London. The stretch of factories running between Tate & Lyle's refineries for sugar and syrup was known as the 'Sugar Mile', and also included Keiller's jam and marmalade factory. Tate & Lyle's two factories had been built in the late nineteenth century by two rival sugar refiners, Henry Tate and Abram Lyle, whose companies had merged in the 1920s.

Of all the factories in Silvertown, Tate & Lyle's offered the best wages and social life for girls leaving school. There were various jobs available to women workers at Tate & Lyle's factories, including printing and packing the bags of sugar, and making the tins of Lyle's Golden Syrup. Women who worked there showed great 'loyalty' and 'pride'. They were, however, very tribal, and depending on which factory they worked at, workers would speak of themselves as coming from 'Tates's' or 'Lyles's', competing against each other at netball, athletics, football and cricket in the company sports day, which was held once a year.

## Characters

Although the book is based on interviews with over fifty former workers, the four main characters featured are:

* Ethel Colquhoun (née Alleyne), a conscientious sugar-packer who worked her way up through the ranks at Tate & Lyle until she became a forelady in charge of 200 women.
* Lilian Clark (née Tull), a lovelorn can-maker who joined the factory at the age of 23, 'already scarred by terrible poverty'.
* Gladys Hudgell (née Taylor), a half-gypsy print-room girl who was always getting in trouble for 'practical jokes and general cheekiness' and who was almost sacked on a number of occasions, only keeping her job through her value to the factory athletics team.
* Joan Cook, a fun-loving sugar-packer who was forced to leave the factory under a cloud when she unexpectedly became pregnant.

As well as these four main women, the book features various other individual stories, such as:

* Barbara, a cheeky young woman who seduced her future husband over a Tate & Lyle tennis match by exaggerating her own playing abilities to become his doubles partner.
* Joan, a tea girl who punished a male manager who had groped her by running over his feet with her tea trolley.
* Edna, who staged an unofficial strike when the factory was insufficiently heated and the women were instructed to work in their hats and coats.

## Characterisation of the 'Sugar Girls' and the East End

Nuala Calvi, one of the co-authors of the book, characterised the female workers at Tate & Lyle – known colloquially as the 'Sugar Girls' – as 'glamorous', at least by the standards of teenagers leaving school in the East End in the 1940s and 1950s. They would take in their dungarees, making them figure-hugging, and stuff their turbans with underwear to make them sit high up on their heads, which was considered fashionable. But she also claimed that the women shared a common confident 'attitude' and were 'no pushovers', likening them to the striking workers at Ford's Dagenham plant featured in the popular movie *Made in Dagenham*.

In the same article, Calvi also commented on the discrepancy between the way the East End of London is often represented – 'linked in the popular imagination with gangsters, criminals and prostitutes (or the grim squalor of *Call the Midwife*)' – and the reality of life for the families of the women she interviewed – 'honest, hard-working families' who 'brought up their children to contribute to the family income'. In a separate article, her co-author Duncan Barrett made a similar point: 'The women we spoke to recalled the great pride their mothers would take in keeping their houses spotless and how, despite a lack of money, families would always make do, helping out the neighbours when they could, knowing that the favour would always be returned. When we handed in the manuscript of the book, our publishers were a little surprised, perhaps expecting the predictable Dickensian East End of much misery-memoir writing. 'This is a lot jollier than we expected,' they told us.'

## Reception

In a quotation featured on the cover of the paperback, Melanie McGrath, author of the books *Silvertown* and *Hopping*, described the book as 'An authoritative and highly readable work of social history which brings vividly to life a fascinating part of East End life before it is lost forever.'

On 8 April 2012, *The Sugar Girls* debuted at No. 10 in the *Sunday Times* Bestseller List, spending five weeks in the top ten. In the paper's end-of-year round-up it ranked second for bestsellers in History, having sold 37,760 copies.

In 2024, Barrett and Calvi released a sequel, *The Sugar Girls of Love Lane*, this time focussing on the women who worked at Tate & Lyle’s Liverpool factory, from the 1960s until its closure in 1981.

## InfoBox

The Sugar Girls
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Duncan Barrett and Nuala Calvi |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Tate & Lyle, The East End |
| Published | 2012 (Collins) |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Pages | 352pp (paperback) |
| ISBN | 978-0-00-744847-0 |
| Followed by | *GI Brides* |
| Website | http://www.thesugargirls.com |


title: WR 20a

abstract: WR 20a is an eclipsing binary star belonging to or recently ejected from the young, massive cluster Westerlund 2. It was discovered in 2004 to be one of the most massive binary systems known, for which the masses of the components have been accurately measured. Each star in the system has about eighty times the mass of the Sun. It is not clear why this system is located away from the center of the cluster. It is possible that the system was formed in the core, but that it was ejected by dynamical interactions. Every 3.6 days the two stars in this system revolve around each other. Although the stars are in a very tight orbit, both stars in the system are detached. The two stars eclipse each other on each orbit, producing a drop in brightness of about 0.4 magnitudes. The brightness is also continuously variable outside the eclipses due to the distorted shapes of the two stars. The primary and secondary minima are almost the same depth since the size and temperature of each star is almost identical. It is expected that within a million years the two will expand and come into contact. A large nitrogen abundance has been measured on the surface of the stars, about six times the abundance of nitrogen measured in the sun. This nitrogen is probably produced in deeper layers of the star and pushed towards the surface by rotational mixing. A collision between the two winds of the systems has been detected in the visible as well as in X-rays. The X-ray emitting region is quite extended since it does not suffer from any eclipse.

text:
# WR 20a

**WR 20a** is an eclipsing binary star belonging to or recently (0.5 millions years before present) ejected from the young, massive cluster Westerlund 2. It was discovered in 2004 to be one of the most massive binary systems known, for which the masses of the components have been accurately measured.

Each star in the system has about eighty times the mass of the Sun. It is not clear why this system is located away from the center of the cluster. It is possible that the system was formed in the core, but that it was ejected by dynamical interactions.

Every 3.6 days the two stars in this system revolve around each other. Although the stars are in a very tight orbit, both stars in the system are detached. The two stars eclipse each other on each orbit, producing a drop in brightness of about 0.4 magnitudes. The brightness is also continuously variable outside the eclipses due to the distorted shapes of the two stars. The primary and secondary minima are almost the same depth since the size and temperature of each star is almost identical.

It is expected that within a million years the two will expand and come into contact. A large nitrogen abundance has been measured on the surface of the stars, about six times the abundance of nitrogen measured in the sun. This nitrogen is probably produced in deeper layers of the star and pushed towards the surface by rotational mixing.

A collision between the two winds of the systems has been detected in the visible as well as in X-rays. The X-ray emitting region is quite extended since it does not suffer from any eclipse.

## InfoBox

WR 20a
| WR 20a (circled) near Westerlund 2
**Credit**: *NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), A. Nota (ESA/STScI), and the Westerlund 2 Science Team* | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Carina |
|
| Right ascension | 10h 23m 58.002s |
| Declination | −57° 45 48.99 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 13.28 |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | Hot slash star |
| Spectral type | O3If\*/WN6 + O3If\*/WN6 |
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| U−B color index | +0.29 |
| B−V color index | +1.63 |
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| Variable type | β Lyr \+ WR |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −5.391 mas/yr
Dec.: 2.949 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 0.2310 ± 0.0171 mas |
| **Distance** | 14,000 ± 1,000 ly
(4,300 ± 300 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | −6.49 / −6.49 |
|  | |
| Orbit | |
| **Period (P)** | 3.675 days |
| **Semi-major axis (a)** | 26 R |
| **Eccentricity (e)** | 0 |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K1)
(primary) | 353.1 km/s |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K2)
(secondary) | 362.6 km/s |
| Details | |
| Primary | |
| **Mass** | 82.7±5.5 |
| **Radius** | 19.3±0.5 |
| **Luminosity** | 1,150,000±150,000 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 3.8 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 43,000±2,000 |
| Secondary | |
| **Mass** | 81.9±5.5 |
| **Radius** | 19.3±0.5 |
| **Luminosity** | 1,150,000±150,000 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 3.8 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 43,000±2,000 |
| Other designations | |
| V712 Carinae, THA 35-II-36, Westerlund 2 MSP 240, 2MASS J10235800-5745489, UBV M 40466, Westerlund 2 4 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Niccolò Orlandini

abstract: Niccolò Orlandini was an Italian Jesuit author.

text:
# Niccolò Orlandini

**Niccolò Orlandini** (April 10, 1553 – May 17, 1606) was an Italian Jesuit author.

## Biography

He was born at Florence in 1553.

He entered the Jesuit novitiate in November 7, 1572, became rector of the Jesuit college at Nola and was master of novices at Naples for five years.

He was finally appointed secretary of the Jesuit general Claudio Acquaviva, who in 1558 detailed him to write the history of the Jesuit Order, his master piece.

He died in Rome in 1606.

## Works

His history of the Jesuit Order comprises only the generalate of St. Ignatius. It was edited by Sacchini, and appeared under the title *Historiæ Societatis Jesu prima pars* (Rome, 1614, 1615, 1621; Antwerp, 1620; Cologne, 1620). It is written in the form of annals and based chiefly on a life written by the saint's secretary, de Polanco.

It was continued by Francesco Sacchini, Petrus Possinus, Joseph de Jouvancy and Giulio Cesare Cordara. The sixth and last part, reaching to 1633, was published at Rome in 1758.

Other works are:

* *Annuæ litteræ Societatis Jesu, anni 1583-85* (1585–1588)
* *Vita Petri Fabri* (1617); the same also appeared under the title *Forma sacerdotis Apostolici, expressa in exemplo Petri Fabri* (1647)
* *Tractatus seu Commentarii in Summarium Constitutionum et in regulas communes* (1876)

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Niccolò Orlandini". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
* Foresta, Patrizio (2013). "ORLANDINI, Nicola". *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 79: Nursio–Ottolini Visconti* (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.

## InfoBox

| Niccolò Orlandini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 10 April 1553
Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany |
| Died | 17 May 1606  (aged 53)
Rome, Papal States |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Historian |


title: Monster Garage

abstract: Monster Garage is an American television series aired on the Discovery Channel and hosted by Jesse James. Each episode was an hour in length and was conceived and produced by Thom Beers. The show premiered on June 23, 2002 and concluded on June 12, 2006. On February 24, 2020, it was announced that the series will be revived and premiere in 2020 on TLC. This was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It premiered on Discovery, Inc.'s new streaming service Discovery+ on launch day, January 4, 2021.

text:
# Monster Garage

***Monster Garage*** is an American television series aired on the Discovery Channel and hosted by Jesse James. Each episode was an hour in length and was conceived and produced (along with James) by Thom Beers.

The show premiered on June 23, 2002 and concluded on June 12, 2006.

On February 24, 2020, it was announced that the series will be revived and premiere in 2020 on TLC. This was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It premiered on Discovery, Inc.'s new streaming service Discovery+ on launch day, January 4, 2021.

## Premise

A team of five people with mechanical, fabricating, or modifying expertise was assembled to modify a vehicle into a "monster machine." On the show this generally meant making one vehicle that could transform into another such as a PT Cruiser which could change into a wood chipper, or a school bus which transformed into a pontoon boat. Occasionally vehicles were modified so as to hide non-vehicular functions, such as a police car which doubled as a donut shop (built by a team of cops), or a Toyota Tundra which was modified so as to allow it to discharge a motorcycle at high speeds. Build teams who successfully completed their assignment were rewarded with expensive tool kits.

## Rules

According to the show, the rules were as follows:

1. When complete, the monster was to appear to be stock.
2. The team had $3000 (later raised to $5000) for parts. Any 'seat change' found during the build was added to the total.
3. The team had seven days to complete the monster.
    * The first day was for designing
    * the next five were for building
    * and the seventh day was for testing the monster

In practice, as the series progressed, some liberties were taken with the first two rules, at times becoming punchlines. In one episode, when a Chevrolet El Camino was turned into a Figure 8 race car, James discarded plans for a spoiler on the vehicle, sarcastically citing the first rule.

Starting with season 4, the winning team also donated a toolkit to a high school of their choice.

## Host

Host Jesse James claims to be the great-great-grandson of a cousin of the legendary wild west outlaw, Jesse James. Jesse G. James has both mechanical and metal fabricating expertise and is the founder, owner and head bike builder for his custom chopper shop, West Coast Choppers. Jesse said he liked monsters that went fast and did something. He preferred hard working build crew members. His favorite monster vehicles were the Ford Ambulance Wheel-stander and the Chevrolet Blazer Pikes Peak hill climber. One of Jesse's ambitions throughout the run of the show was to build a monster that could top 200 mph, which he was unsuccessful at achieving.

## Announcer

Announcing for this show was done by Brett "The Big Schwag" Wagner who later became the host of the Speed Channel show Pass Time. He was very memorable for frequently shouting out "You gotta be kidding me!" during the tests of the "monster" vehicles and signing off most episodes saying: "The next Monster Garage challenge is JUST... AROUND... THE BEND!".

## Failed Monsters

With rules as strict as they were in the Monster Garage, there was a 1 in 10 monster build failure rate. When a team failed to complete a vehicle in time, it was destroyed by host Jesse James.

Failed Monsters and their Ultimate Demise * Cadillac Hearse/Car Crusher "Grim Ripper" — was the first failure on Monster Garage. The build team spent more time goofing off than building the car. In one scene, the original Batmobile appeared at the shop, and Jesse quipped "tryin' to weld" when asked what he was doing. The non-functional Car Crusher was then sent to Terminal Island to meet its fate in a scrapper. At the suggestion of the scrap machine's owner, the Hearse came to an explosive end with a propane tank in the back. In Grim Ripper II, the team spoofed the demise of their first project by having the car in which they arrived at Terminal Island meet the same fate as the first hearse.
* Scion xA/Rock'em, Sock'em Scions — In this two-episode special, Jesse handpicked a team of the best Monster Garage participants at the time, while the producers picked a "mis-fit" team of quirky and somewhat anti-social participants to build Rock'em Sock'em Robots out of two new Scions. The winning team would win a "special edition" set of Mac tools while the other team would see their creation turned into scrap. Jesse's handpicked team, dubbed the Red Rockers, secured the Scion xB, while the producer-selected Blue Bombers received the xA. In the challenge, the Bombers' xA suffered transmission issues, meaning the Rockers won by default. Some members of the Bombers stayed to see their failed monster off, only to find out that they would be receiving tool sets as well.
* DeLorean Hovercraft — In an early attempt to shave time off the build, the team removed the outer bodywork of a De Lorean and put it on a donor personal hovercraft. Quite angry about this decision (even though he himself declared early on that he didn't like the project), Jesse fired one of the team members after a snide comment. Working again with a "new" De Lorean donor, the team tried unsuccessfully to make the monster hover but ultimately ran out of time. The car was eventually towed to a naval base where a tank tracked vehicle crushed the unfinished vehicle.
* Mazda Miata Jetski — Some fans have noted that the reason why this build failed was the engine might have contributed to the air intake being flooded due to the heavy weight in the nose area. Nevertheless, three members of the build team opted to send the Miata to the scrapheap with a dynamite explosion.
* Dirt Track Camaro — For the second time in MG history, this build had an all-girl build team (the first was the Black Widow Demolition Derby Car, which was heavily gutted moments before a demolition derby). However, a plague of miscommunication and personal differences sent this Camaro to a steel smelter and eventual recycling into rebar.
* Peel Trident Micro Car — With a team composed of mostly dwarves, the team attempted to put a Hayabusa engine into a tiny Peel Car. Some fans felt that the team was compromised due to their small stature, but Jesse coldly stated that he gave no team any exceptions; they were all equal. Other fans feel the project was simply too ambitious for builders of any size. After they failed, Jesse, sporting some of his personal gun collection, took out the Peel with a .50 caliber sniper rifle.
* Anglia Nitro Dragster — The team did not give themselves enough time to fire up the engine. The engine ended up not firing due to timing issues, and Jesse brought it to a construction site where a crane dropped a large metal box on it.

## Successful monsters destroyed in Day 7

* Mazda RX-7/Doom Buggy — Unsatisfied with how the Sandrail performed, Jesse destroyed it with a Dillon Minigun.
* 1970 Cadillac Coupe DeVille/Demolition-Derby Car - In day 7, Cindy Regimbald lost the demolition derby, leaving the car smashed from the derby.
* 1970 Oval Racer/RC Car - During the challenge, after Jesse lapped the car about 5 times, he rammed his car into the quarter panel of it and sent it smashing into wall of the short track. The monster was totalled, and it was stored outside the Monster Garage, later to be cannibalized in future episodes.
* 1969-1970 Classic Farm Tractor/Crop Circler - The vehicle was built successfully, but Jesse decided the project was uninteresting, so he burnt it in a desert with a flamethrower.

## Episodes

| Season | Episodes | | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired |
|  | 22 | | June 23, 2002 (2002-06-23) | June 16, 2003 (2003-06-16) |
|  | 20 | | July 7, 2003 (2003-07-07) | April 19, 2004 (2004-04-19) |
|  | 23 | | May 10, 2004 (2004-05-10) | June 13, 2005 (2005-06-13) |
|  | 10 | | October 10, 2005 (2005-10-10) | December 12, 2005 (2005-12-12) |
|  | 10 | | December 12, 2005 (2005-12-12) | June 12, 2006 (2006-06-12) |

## UK version

A UK version of the show was aired in 2004 by Channel 4. The team always included a Hell's Angel known as "Cookie". There was a budget of £3,000. Only 3 days were used for the build. Cars often looked radically different from the production models. Challenges included; converting a Toyota into a lawnmower, a Lotus into a hovercraft, and an ice cream van into a riot truck. In one episode, the team sold the internal fittings of the car that was to be transformed (A Rolls-Royce) to raise funds to convert it into a muck spreader.

The UK series lasted only 8 episodes.

## Videos

MBI published *Monster Garage* videos, detailing the Ford Mustang lawn mower, Ford Explorer garbage truck, limousine firetruck, and the Volkswagen Beetle swamp boat.

## Monster Garage sale

The 2008 Barrett-Jackson Scottsdale auction included 42 of the surviving project vehicles.

## Adaptations

### Video games

Invictus Games Ltd. developed a PC video game, based on the series. An Xbox remake was made by Impulse Games in 2004. Both games were published by Activision Value.

### Books

*Inside Monster Garage*, a book about the TV series, was published by Meridith Books.

MBI Publishing Company has published Monster Garage instruction books under the Motorbooks brand, including:

* Monster Garage: How to Custom Paint Damn Near Anything
* Monster Garage: How to Customize Damn Near Anything
* Monster Garage: How to Fabricate Damn Near Anything
* Monster Garage: How to Weld Damn Near Anything

*Monster Garage: How to Custom Paint Damn Near Anything*, *Monster Garage: How to Customize Damn Near Anything*, *Monster Garage: How to Weld Damn Near Anything* were also sold together as *Monster Garage Gift Set* and *The Big Box of Monster Garage* (box set).

## InfoBox

| *Monster Garage* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | Thom Beers |
| Presented by | Jesse James |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 5 |
| No. of episodes | 80 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 42 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Discovery Channel (2002–2006)
Discovery+ (2021) |
| Release | June 23, 2002 (2002-06-23)
June 12, 2006 (2006-06-12) |


title: ITM2C

abstract: Integral membrane protein 2C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITM2C gene.

text:
# ITM2C

**Integral membrane protein 2C** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *ITM2C* gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| ITM2C | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | ITM2C, BRI3, BRICD2C, E25, E25C, ITM3, integral membrane protein 2C | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 609554; MGI: 1927594; HomoloGene: 11186; GeneCards: ITM2C; OMA:ITM2C - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_030926
NM\_001012514
NM\_001012516
NM\_001287240
NM\_001287241   NM\_022417   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001012532
NP\_001012534
NP\_001274169
NP\_001274170
NP\_112188   NP\_071862   Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 230.86 – 230.88 Mb Chr 1: 85.82 – 85.84 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Otello Profazio

abstract: Otello Profazio was an Italian cantastorie, folk singer-songwriter, and author.

text:
# Otello Profazio

**Otello Profazio** (26 December 1934 – 23 July 2023) was an Italian cantastorie, folk singer-songwriter, and author.

## Biography

Born **Otello Ermanno Profazio** in Rende, Province of Cosenza, Profazio debuted in 1953, participating at the radio musical contest "Il microfono è vostro" with the song "U' Ciucciu". A divulgator of traditional folk music of South Italy, particularly of Sicily and Calabria, in 1964 he got large critical acclaim with the album *Il treno del sole* , consisting of Ignazio Buttitta's poems set to music; the album also marked the start of progressive evolution of his style, which became more original and distinguishing. His career had its peak in the 1970s, with the success of the albums *Il brigante Musolino* (a musical recount of life events of Giuseppe Musolino) and  *Qua si campa d'aria*, which sold over a million copies and was awarded gold disc. From the 1980s he focused his activities on live performances and concerts.

Profazio also presented several television music programs, notably *Quando la gente canta* for five years on Secondo Canale. For 15 years he also wrote a weekly column ("Profaziate") in the newspaper *Gazzetta del Sud*, whose contents were later collected in a series of books.

Otello Profazio died on 23 July 2023, at the age of 88.

## Further reading

* Massimo De Pascale. *Otello Profazio. A viva voce*. Salvatorelli, 2007. ISBN 8888325115.

## InfoBox

| Otello Profazio | |
| --- | --- |
| Profazio in 1965 | |
| Born | 26 December 1934 (1934-12-26)
Rende, Italy |
| Died | 23 July 2023 (2023-07-24) (aged 88)
Reggio Calabria, Italy |
| Occupation(s) | Cantastorie, singer-songwriter |


title: In Memoriam (Small Faces album)

abstract: In Memoriam is the first posthumous album release by East London rock band Small Faces after the announcement of their break-up in early 1969. It was released on 1 May 1969 through Immediate Records in West Germany only. Their second compilation album following 1967's From the Beginning, In Memoriam is a collection of live cuts and unreleased studio tracks. The studio material was recorded during 1967 and the 1968 sessions for Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake, and also included a few tracks possibly intended for their projected but unrealised fourth album 1862. The studio outtakes were complemented by five live tracks recorded on tour in November 1968. Former band members objected to the request for an English release of the album, and the tracks remained officially unreleased there for another six months until they were finally repackaged along with various other singles, album tracks and B-sides on Immediate's first double album The Autumn Stone on 14 November 1969.

text:
# In Memoriam (Small Faces album)

***In Memoriam*** is the first posthumous album release by East London rock band Small Faces after the announcement of their break-up in early 1969. It was released on 1 May 1969 through Immediate Records in West Germany only. Their second compilation album following 1967's *From the Beginning*, *In Memoriam* is a collection of live cuts and unreleased studio tracks. The studio material was recorded during 1967 and the 1968 sessions for *Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake*, and also included a few tracks possibly intended for their projected but unrealised fourth album *1862*. The studio outtakes were complemented by five live tracks recorded on tour in November 1968 (aside from uncredited session work for French pop star Johnny Hallyday in December 1968, these live tracks proved to be the Small Faces final recordings under the group name, and after a final brief tour of Europe in January 1969 the band dissolved).

Former band members objected to the request for an English release of the album, and the tracks remained officially unreleased there for another six months until they were finally repackaged along with various other singles, album tracks and B-sides on Immediate's first double album *The Autumn Stone* on 14 November 1969.

## Background

By mid-1968, the Small Faces had begun to fall apart despite their popular success in the UK. "Lazy Sunday", which was released by Immediate records without the band's knowledge or consent, had reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart, and according to drummer Kenney Jones this was considered a "nail in the coffin" for the band by lead vocalist and guitarist Steve Marriott. Marriott was by this point eager to distance himself from the band's frivolous image and his own acquired label of 'pop idol' which he had grown to detest, and to be seen as a more serious musician.

Marriott's own choice of follow-up to "Lazy Sunday" was "The Universal", which was largely recorded on a portable tape recorder in Marriott's backyard. Small Faces keyboardist Ian McLagan did not play on the recording, as he had lately become exhausted by Marriott's mercurial creative temperament. "The Universal" reached number 16 on the UK chart.

Marriott had considered "The Universal" the best song he had written so far, and he was crushed by its lukewarm reception. However, the band had also recently released their third studio album *Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake* to both critical and commercial acclaim (it reached number 1 in the UK, staying on top of the charts for six weeks). As a consequence of enduring such opposing fortunes in such quick succession, Marriott suffered a crisis of confidence and developed writer's block which left him unable to compose music completely for a while afterward.

Despite the immense success of the "Ogdens" album, by July 1968 the Small Faces seemed at a sudden loss to consolidate that success, and Marriott's crisis of confidence saw him begin to drift apart from his bandmates. By September, he wanted to invite guitarist Peter Frampton, a fellow disaffected teen heart-throb, into the band's lineup in order to beef up the band's sound and allow him to focus more on his singing. Although Frampton made some guest appearances at a few Small Faces concerts in October, much to Marriott's dismay, his permanent addition to the band was vehemently opposed by Bassist and co-writer Ronnie Lane and Ian McLagan. As a result Marriott now began to grow sour on the group's future prospects.

In early December, at the behest of their regular producer/engineer Glyn Johns, the Small Faces-with Frampton in tow-journeyed to France to perform as a five-piece backing band for the sessions for a new Johnny Hallyday album. Discord between bandmates grew during the trip, and the division between them only widened as Lane and McLagan resisted what they must have considered, rightly or wrongly, as Marriott's attempt to force them to accept Frampton permanently into the group. Tensions finally came to a head on 31 December 1968 at a Small Faces performance at the Alexandra Palace where Marriott stormed off stage during (perhaps tellingly) set-closer *Lazy Sunday*, yelling "I Quit!", leaving his bandmates and guest performer Alexis Korner to conclude the show as best they could.

## Recording

As *In Memoriam* was a compilation of outtakes and unreleased tracks and not a standard studio album that was recorded toward an intended goal, it is by definition something of a compromise. All of the songs on side one are live tracks, recorded at the Newcastle City Hall in Newcastle upon Tyne on 18 November 1968 by Glyn Johns.For reasons best known to Immediate records, the tape was overdubbed with additional screaming and audience hysteria in February 1969. "The Universal" was also performed during this concert, but this portion of the tapes is thought to be wiped or lost.

Side two of the album is a more diverse compilation of studio outtakes, and the earliest of these hails from 21 October 1967 when the song "Call It Something Nice" was recorded in 9 takes at Olympic Studios in Barnes, London. This song may possibly have been considered for the *Ogdens Nut Gone Flake* album of 1968, but it is an uncharacteristically heavy and dour piece, and if it ever was part of the proposed tracklisting then the contrast in both the genre and sound must have led to its exclusion later (it is still a remarkable track however-a little too far ahead of its time for 1967 perhaps, it indicates the heavier musical direction that Steve Marriott would pursue later with *Wham Bam Thank You Ma'am* and then with his next band Humble Pie).

One track that has been definitively identified as an actual outtake from the *Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake* sessions is an instrumental piece entitled "A Collibosher", recorded in four takes on 3 April 1968. Previously thought to be from later sessions for their proposed but abandoned studio album *1862*, this punchy, horn section-driven instrumental is now thought to be an orphaned backing track which never reached the stage of having vocals added to it. It was recorded on the same day as "Mad John", which did appear on *Ogdens'.*

On 23 May, the day before *Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake* was released, the band entered Trident Studios in Soho, London to record an intense, moody cover version of "Red Balloon", a song written and originally recorded by Tim Hardin on his album *Tim Hardin 2* the previous year. The band recorded 6 takes of the song, and the final mix is a combination of takes 4 and 6.

The band returned to Olympic on 5 June 1968 to record overdubs for their single "The Universal", along with its B-side "Donkey Rides, A Penny A Glass. During the session they also cut "Wide Eyed Girl", an upbeat number which features both Marriott and McLagan on acoustic guitar. The track was later embellished with organ and piano overdubs and a lively brass arrangement and renamed "Wide Eyed Girl On The Wall". Like "A Collibosher", the piece is thought to have been intended to feature a vocal track, but was ultimately left as an instrumental when the vocal track was abandoned during the mixing stage.

The final studio tracks recorded by the band on 11 September 1968 were the reflective ballad "The Autumn Stone" and the contrastingly-heavy rocker "Wham Bam Thank You Ma'am", each intended as the a and b side of a prospective single that was withdrawn at the last minute. Unusually in the band's catalogue, the composition of "The Autumn Stone" is credited solely to Steve Marriott. The band's two principal songwriters, Marriott and Ronnie Lane, were usually credited as co-writers in the vein of Lennon & McCartney even though in truth they rarely composed together, and "The Autumn Stone" is the first (and only) instance of the usual practice being abandoned.

## Release and reception

Shortly after the Small Faces breakup was officially announced in April 1969, Immediate Records began compiling various outtakes and oddities together for a projected English album release titled *In Memoriam*. However, this release was opposed by former members of the band (particularly McLagan, who thought that the proposed title implied that they were dead). Not all of the tracks were originally intended to appear on an album, however. "The Autumn Stone" was originally slated for single release as a double A-side with "Wham Bam Thank You Ma'am", but this was cancelled by Immediate Records when label boss Andrew Loog Oldham expressed his dislike of the song. Marriott later noted the irony of rejecting this single, but later naming an album after it. The material was still packaged together despite the bands objections however and the final result, *In Memoriam* was first released in West Germany on 1 May 1969 without their consent. All of the material on *In Memoriam* would later receive a British release on 14 November when it was released on *The Autumn Stone,* a double album that also compiles most of the Small Faces singles, and their B-sides.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

The album received mostly mixed to positive reviews. In a retrospective review by AllMusic's Bruce Eder, he states that *In Memoriam* was a hastily-conceived album, rush-released in order to capitalize on the Small Faces' recent breakup. Noting the oddity of combining outtakes along with five live tracks, he nevertheless concludes that the collection isn't that bad, and takes pleasure in hearing the Small Faces perform live on side one, considering Marriott one of Britain's best singers. He finds the studio material on side two more mixed but notes that "The Autumn Stone" is an interesting track, commenting on its similarity (in his opinion) with the music of Syd Barrett. His review ends by stating that while *In Memoriam* was not the best farewell, it was not the worst either.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane unless noted.

Side One (Live at the Newcastle City Hall in Newcastle upon Tyne, 18 November 1968)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Lead vocals | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Small Faces Live" | Jimmy Avakak | Introduction by Jimmy Avakak | 0:12 |
| 2. | "Rollin' Over" |  | Steve Marriott | 2:19 |
| 3. | "If I Were A Carpenter" | Timothy Hardin | Marriott | 2:36 |
| 4. | "Every Little Bit Hurts" | Ed Cobb | Marriott | 6:22 |
| 5. | "All or Nothing" |  | Marriott | 4:11 |
| 6. | "Tin Soldier" |  | Marriott | 3:26 |
| Total length: | | | | 19:06 |

Side Two (Studio tracks recorded between 21 October 1967 and 11 September 1968 at Olympic and Trident Studios, London)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Lead vocals | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Collibosher" |  | *instrumental* | 3:09 |
| 2. | "Call It Something Nice" |  | Marriott and Ronnie Lane | 2:03 |
| 3. | "Red Balloon" | Hardin | Marriott | 4:09 |
| 4. | "Wide Eyed Girl On The Wall" |  | *instrumental* | 2:48 |
| 5. | "The Autumn Stone" | Marriott | Marriott | 3:57 |
| Total length: | | | | 16:06 |

## Personnel

**Small Faces**

* Steve Marriott – lead and backing vocals, harmonica, acoustic and electric guitars, piano
* Ronnie Lane – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar
* Ian McLagan – backing vocals, keyboards, acoustic and electric guitars
* Kenney Jones – drums, percussion

**Other personnel**

## InfoBox

| In Memoriam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Small Faces | |
| Released | 1 May 1969 |
| Recorded | 21 October 1967 – 18 November 1968 |
| Venue | Newcastle City Hall, Newcastle upon Tyne |
| Studio | Olympic & Trident, London |
| Length | 35:12 |
| Label | Immediate |
| Producer | Small Faces |
| Small Faces chronology | |
| *Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake*
(1968) ***In Memoriam***
(1969) *The Autumn Stone*
(1969) | |


title: Weidenthal

abstract: Weidenthal is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

text:
# Weidenthal

**Weidenthal** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a municipality belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde*, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## Geography

### Location

The municipality lies in the middle of the Palatinate Forest in the region of the Palatinate. It belongs to the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Lambrecht, whose seat is in the like-named town.

## History

In 1247, Weidenthal had its first documentary mention as *Wydentall* and was held by the Lords of Frankenstein as a fief from the Limburg Monastery. Later, Weidenthal belonged to the Electorate of the Palatinate.

In 2011, this was the location of the last known sighting of the Palatinate Dragon, possibly the last Dragon in Europe.

### Religion

Weidenthal has an autonomous Catholic parish. The Catholic parish church, *St. Simon und Judas Thaddäus*, and the rectory, *Maximilian Kolbe-Haus*, are found on Hauptstraße (“Main Street”).

Together with the neighbouring municipality of Frankenstein, Weidenthal forms a Protestant parish. The *Christuskirche* (“Christ Church” or “Church of Christ”) is found in the village centre at the fairground on Hauptstraße.

In 2007, 45.5% of the inhabitants were Evangelical and 38.5% Catholic. The rest belonged to other faiths or adhered to none.

## Politics

### Municipal council

The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:

|  | SPD | CDU | LINKE | FWG | WG Weilacher | **Total** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | - | 16 seats |
| 2004 | 4 | 4 | - | 7 | 1 | 16 seats |

### Coat of arms

The German blazon reads: *In Silber ein aufrecht gestellter wachsender goldener Krummstab mit linksgewendeter Krümme (Bischofsstab).*

The municipality’s arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Argent issuant from base a crozier palewise Or, the crook to sinister.

The arms were approved by the Bavarian king in 1845 and go back to a court seal from 1747. The single charge recalls the former feudal lord, the Bishop of Speyer. The Bishop’s rule ended in 1803. Formerly, seals also bore the letters W and D (for *Weiden Dal*, an old form of the municipality’s name), but these were eventually dropped and never included in the arms.

## Culture and sightseeing

* The *Planetenwanderweg* (“Planetary Hiking Trail”) is a trail laid out with informational plaques. It begins at the graveyard at the end of Klingentalstraße. In about an hour, one can hike through the Solar System at a scale of 1:1,500,000,000.
* Once each year the Weidenthal kermis (church consecration festival, locally known as the *Kerwe*) is held.
* Weidenthal has a natural bathing pond as a swimming pool.
* The Warriors’ Memorial on the Köpfchen is one of Weidenthal’s landmarks, and from the memorial’s location, there is a wonderful panoramic view over the whole village.
* The Catholic church is one of the Palatinate’s most important Gothic Revival churches.

### Sport

There are a football club with its own hard sporting ground (*Karl-Heinz Sportplatz*), a gymnastics club with its own competition ground and track, a tennis club with three sand courts, one tar court and a tennis wall, and a shooting club with its own shooting ranges of various sizes.

Moreover, there is a gymnastic and multipurpose hall used by all clubs as well as the two kindergartens and the primary school.

Since August 2007 a nighttime mountainbike race called *Schlaflos im Sattel* (“Sleepless in the Saddle”) has been held. The circuit of just under 10 km begins in the Erdbeertal (“Strawberry Dale”) and runs over the Stempelweg into the Weissenbach and then over the Maifeld back into the Erdbeertal.

## Economy and infrastructure

### Transport

Stopping at Weidenthal station are RheinNeckar S-Bahn trains on the Saarbrücken–Mannheim line. Lines S1 and S2 afford direct links to Kaiserslautern in the west and Ludwigshafen, Mannheim and Heidelberg in the east. Public transport is integrated into the VRN, whose fares therefore apply.

## InfoBox

| Weidenthal | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Weidenthal within Bad Dürkheim district | |
| Weidenthal Weidenthal | |
| Coordinates: 49°25′26″N 07°59′27″E / 49.42389°N 7.99083°E / 49.42389; 7.99083 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Bad Dürkheim |
| Municipal assoc. | Lambrecht (Pfalz) |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Ralf Kretner (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.49 km2 (5.59 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 295 m (968 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,667 |
| Density | 120/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 67475 |
| Dialling codes | 06329 |
| Vehicle registration | DÜW |
| Website | www.weidenthal.de |


title: Isocupressic acid

abstract:
Isocupressic acid is a diterpene acid present in a variety of conifer needles. It induces abortion in cattle.
It is found in all parts of the ponderosa pine, especially the needles. This gives its toxic and abortifacient effects. It is also present in the lodgepole pine, the jeffrey pine and possibly in the monterey pine.

text:
# Isocupressic acid

**Isocupressic acid** is a diterpene acid present in a variety of conifer needles. It induces abortion in cattle. It is found in all parts of the ponderosa pine (*Pinus ponderosa*), especially the needles. This gives its toxic and abortifacient effects. It is also present in the lodgepole pine (*P. contorta*), the jeffrey pine (*P. jeffreyi*) and possibly in the monterey pine (*P. radiata*).

1. Wang, S; Panter, KE; Gardner, DR; Evans, RC; Bunch, TD (2004). "Effects of the pine needle abortifacient, isocupressic acid, on bovine oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development". *Animal Reproduction Science*. **81** (3–4): 237–44. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.10.008. PMID 14998650. Archived from the original on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
2. Stegelmeier, BL; Gardner, DR; James, LF; Panter, KE; Molyneux, RJ (1996). "The toxic and abortifacient effects of ponderosa pine". *Vet. Pathol*. **33** (1): 22–8. doi:10.1177/030098589603300103. PMID 8826003. S2CID 19523938.
3. Burrows, George E.; Tyrl, Ronald J. (2012). *Toxic Plants of North America* (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118413388.

## InfoBox

Isocupressic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name (13*E*)-15-Hydroxylabda-8(20),13-dien-19-oic acid | |
| Systematic IUPAC name (1*S*,4a*R*,5*S*,8a*R*)-5-\[(3*E*)-5-Hydroxy-3-methylpent-3-en-1-yl\]-1,4a-dimethyl-6-methylidenedecahydronaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C20H32O3/c1-14(10-13-21)6-8-16-15(2)7-9-17-19(16,3)11-5-12-20(17,4)18(22)23/h10,16-17,21H,2,5-9,11-13H2,1,3-4H3,(H,22,23)/b14-10+/t16-,17+,19+,20-/m0/s1Key: DOYKMKZYLAAOGH-DOEMEAPXSA-N * InChI=1/C20H32O3/c1-14(10-13-21)6-8-16-15(2)7-9-17-19(16,3)11-5-12-20(17,4)18(22)23/h10,16-17,21H,2,5-9,11-13H2,1,3-4H3,(H,22,23)/b14-10+/t16-,17+,19+,20-/m0/s1Key: DOYKMKZYLAAOGH-DOEMEAPXBD | |
| SMILES * O=C(O)\[C@\]1(CCC\[C@@\]2(\[C@H\](/C(=C)CC\[C@@H\]12)CCC(=C/CO)/C)C)C | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C20H32O3 |
| Molar mass | 320.473 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: The Sugar Hill Records Story

abstract: The Sugar Hill Records Story is a 1997 compilation album compiling singles released by the Sugar Hill Records label. It was released by Rhino Records who had purchased the North American rights to the labels catalogue in 1995. On its release, it received positive reviews from Vibe, Spin and AllMusic.

text:
# The Sugar Hill Records Story

***The Sugar Hill Records Story*** is a 1997 compilation album compiling singles released by the Sugar Hill Records label. It was released by Rhino Records who had purchased the North American rights to the labels catalogue in 1995. On its release, it received positive reviews from *Vibe*, *Spin* and AllMusic.

## Background and development

Rhino Records purchased the rights to the Sugar Hill Records catalogue in June 1995. The set was at one point announce for release in January 21, 1997. Each cover of the CD in the set featured different cover art based on Sugar Hill logos over the years. The record contains two previously unreleased tracks: "Scratching" by The Cash Crew and "Here Comes the Bride" by The Sequence.

The compilation is a five-disc set and consisted of 56 tracks which were all digitally remastered. The tracks were selected by Rhino's R&B staff with the help of some hip-hop historians according to Quincy Newell of Rhino.

## Release

The album was released on February 4, 1997. Initial releases of the album included limited edition 12-inch vinyl insert of "The Message" by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. On its release, Rhino held a record release party in Los Angeles around the release date.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Spin* | (8/10) |

From contemporary reviews, Chairman Mao of *Vibe* praised certain tracks such as Grand Master Flash and the Furious Five's "Freedom" and "It's Nasty (Genius of Love)" along with Funky 4+1's "That's the Joint" as well as Spoonie G's "Monster Jam" and "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel" Mao noted that Treacherous Three's tracks such as "Whip It", and Sugarhill Gang's "The Lover in You" and "Girls" would have better been replaced with "such glaring omissions as " Treacherous superior "Action" and Trouble Funk's "Pump Me Up". The review concluded that "despite its excesses \[the album\] assembles enough moments to merit the attention to the uninitiated and those want to reminisce over consummate party grooves past."

Barry Walters of *Spin* noted the essays included noting that the Sugar Hill Records sound was instrumental for approximating how DJ's deconstructed disco grooves and concluded that it was "striking how fresh most of this stuff still sounds. The hotel/motel/Holiday Inn rhymes of the early cuts may be fluff, but its uplifting fluff with a sense of discovery." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the compilation a five-star review, noting that Sugar Hill Records music "remaining out of print during the rise of the hip-hop during the late '80s and '90s. The five-disc Sugar Hill Records Story remedies this situation" but that the "true revelation of the box set is how strong largely forgotten cuts by Spoonie Gee, the Funky 4 + 1, Trouble Funk, the Sequence, Super Wolf, and West Street Mob are -- these are supremely funky, infectious and inventive cuts, which have been made familiar through samples and quotations on modern rap records." Erlewine noted that "There is the occasional dull spot or oddity (check out the bizarre B-52's rip-off "At the Ice Arcade" by the Chilly Kids) that interrupts the flow, but the music is consistently strong, even on the fifth disc."

## Track listing

**CD 1**

1. The Sugarhill Gang \- "Rapper's Delight"
2. The Sequence \- "Funk You Up"
3. The Sugarhill Gang - "Rapper's Reprise (Jam-Jam)"
4. Super-Wolf - "Super-Wolf Can Do It"
5. The Sugarhill Gang - "Hot Hot Summer Day"
6. The Sequence - "And You Know That"
7. Grandmaster Flash \- "Freedom"
8. Spoonie Gee \- "Monster Jam"
9. The Moments - "Baby Let's Rap Now, Pt. 2"
10. Positive Force - "People Get on Up"

**CD 2**

1. The Sugarhill Gang - "8th Wonder"
2. Funky 4 + 1 \- "That's the Joint"
3. Grandmaster Flash - "The Birthday Party"
4. Wayne & Charlie (The Rapping Dummy) - "Check It Out"
5. Grandmaster Flash - "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel"
6. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five \- "Showdown"
7. West Street Mob \- "Let's Dance (Make Your Body Move)"
8. Spoonie Gee \- "Spoonie is Back"
9. The Sugarhill Gang - "Apache"
10. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five - "It's Nasty (Genius of Love)"

**CD 3**

1. Trouble Funk \- "Hey Fellas"
2. West Street Mob - "Sing a Simple Song"
3. Sylvia Robinson \- "It's Good to Be the Queen"
4. The Sugarhill Gang - "The Lover in You"
5. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five - "The Message"
6. Treacherous Three \- "Whip It"
7. Crash Crew - "Scratching"
8. West Street Mob - "Ooh Baby"
9. Grandmaster Flash - "Scorpio"
10. Busy Bee - "Making Cash Money"
11. The Sequence - "Here Comes the Bride"

**CD 4**

1. Melle Mel & The Furious 5 - "Message II (Survival)"
2. Crash Crew - "Braking Bells (Take Me to the Mardi Gras)"
3. Treacherous Three - "Yes We Can-Can"
4. The Sugarhill Gang - "The Word is Out"
5. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five - "New York New York"
6. The Sugarhill Gang - "Girls"
7. The Sugarhill Gang - "Kick It Live from 9 to 5"
8. West Street Mob - "Break Dancin' (Electric Boogie)"
9. Kevie Kev - "All Night Long (Waterbed)"
10. Chilly Kids - "At the Ice Arcade"
11. Melle Mel & The Furious 5 - "White Lines (Don't Don't Do It)"
12. Crash Crew - "We Are Known as Emcees (We Turn Party's Out)"

**CD 5**

1. Grandmaster Melle Mel - "Jesse"
2. Grandmaster Melle Mel - "Beat Street"
3. The Sugarhill Gang - "Livin' in the Fast Lane"
4. Melle Mel & The Furious 5 - "We Don't Work for Free"
5. The Furious Five feat. Cowboy, Melle Mel & Scorpio - "Step Off"
6. Treacherous Three - "Xmas Rap"
7. Busy Bee - "Busy Bee's Groove"
8. Treacherous Three - Turn It Up
9. The Sugarhill Gang - The Down Beat
10. Grandmaster Melle Mel - Vice (from Miami Vice)
11. Miracle Mike & the Ladies of the 80s's - "Outta Control"
12. Mass Production - "Street Walker"
13. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five feat. Melle Mel & Duke Bootee - "The Message ('97 Dungeon Mix)"

### Sources

* Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Sugar Hill Records Story". AllMusic. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
* Walters, Barry (March 1997). "Spins". *Spin*. Vol. 12, no. 12.
* Reynolds, J.R. (November 23, 1996). "Rhino Tells Sugar Hill's 'Story'"". *Billboard*.
* Reece, Doug (December 7, 1996). "Vita Reissues". *Billboard*.
* Planer, Lindsay (February 5, 1997). "For the Record". *The Charlotte Observer*. p. 15.
* Chairman Mao (March 1997). "Various Artists 'The Sugarhill Records Story". *Vibe*. Vol. 5, no. 2. p. 136.

## InfoBox

| The Sugar Hill Records Story | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Various Artists | |
| Released | February 4, 1997 (1997-02-04) |
| Length | 396:45 |
| Label | Rhino |
| Producer | Chris Clarke, Steve Greenberg |


title: WR 21a

abstract: WR 21a is an eclipsing binary star in the constellation Carina. It includes one of the most massive known stars and is one of the most massive binaries. WR 21a lies near the Westerlund 2 open cluster and likely to be an ejected member. The distance of WR 21a was not definitively known until Gaia mission. There have been estimates from 2.85 kpc to around 8 kpc, with consequent uncertainties in the system luminosity. The larger distance was preferred because of consistency with the derived orbital parameters. Every 31 days and 16 hours the two stars in this system revolve around each other. The inclination of the orbit means that only very shallow eclipses are observed and the brightness dips by only about 0.05 magnitudes. There are also even smaller brightness variations attributed to the heartbeat effect where the closest passage of the stars in their eccentric orbits creates brightness changes as the two stars illuminate each other. There may also be tidally-excited oscillations producing further small variations. The colliding winds of the two stars produce extremely high temperatures and luminous x-ray emission. The system is also bright at radio wavelengths.

text:
# WR 21a

**WR 21a** is an eclipsing binary star in the constellation Carina. It includes one of the most massive known stars and is one of the most massive binaries.

WR 21a lies near the Westerlund 2 open cluster and likely to be an ejected member.

The distance of WR 21a was not definitively known until Gaia mission. There have been estimates from 2.85 kpc to around 8 kpc, with consequent uncertainties in the system luminosity. The larger distance was preferred because of consistency with the derived orbital parameters.

Every 31 days and 16 hours the two stars in this system revolve around each other. The inclination of the orbit means that only very shallow eclipses are observed and the brightness dips by only about 0.05 magnitudes. There are also even smaller brightness variations attributed to the heartbeat effect where the closest passage of the stars in their eccentric orbits creates brightness changes as the two stars illuminate each other. There may also be tidally-excited oscillations producing further small variations.

The colliding winds of the two stars produce extremely high temperatures and luminous x-ray emission. The system is also bright at radio wavelengths.

## InfoBox

WR 21a
| Location of WR 21a (circled) near RCW 49
**Credit**: *ESO* | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Carina |
|
| Right ascension | 10h 25m 56.502s |
| Declination | −57° 48 43.52 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 12.661 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | O3/WN5ha + O3Vz((f\*)) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B−V color index | +1.507 |
|
|
|
|
| Variable type | Eclipsing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −4.079 mas/yr
Dec.: 2.617 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 0.2497 ± 0.0143 mas |
| **Distance** | 13,100 ± 700 ly
(4,000 ± 200 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | −7.20 |
|  | |
| Orbit | |
| **Primary** | WR |
| **Companion** | O |
| **Period (P)** | 31.67855±0.00002 days |
| **Semi-major axis (a)** | 230 R |
| **Eccentricity (e)** | 0.695±0.007 |
| **Inclination (i)** | 61.8±1.5° |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K1)
(primary) | 158.0±2.7 km/s |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K2)
(secondary) | 278.1±2.8 km/s |
| Details | |
| WR | |
| **Mass** | 94.4 |
| **Radius** | 23.3±1.6 |
| **Luminosity** | 1,510,000 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 3.69 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 45,000 |
| O | |
| **Mass** | 53.6 |
| **Radius** | 14.8±2.0 |
| **Luminosity** | 1,050,000 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 3.81 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 50,680 |
| **Age** | 1.5 Myr |
| Other designations | |
| WR 21a, 2MASS J10255650-5748435 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Highliner

abstract: The Highliner is a bilevel electric multiple unit (EMU) railcar. The original series of railcars were built in 1971 by the St. Louis Car Company for commuter service on the Illinois Central Railroad, in south Chicago, Illinois, with an additional batch later produced by Bombardier. A second generation featuring a completely new design was produced by Nippon Sharyo beginning in 2005.

text:
# Highliner

The **Highliner** is a bilevel electric multiple unit (EMU) railcar. The original series of railcars were built in 1971 by the St. Louis Car Company for commuter service on the Illinois Central Railroad, in south Chicago, Illinois, with an additional batch later produced by Bombardier. A second generation featuring a completely new design was produced by Nippon Sharyo beginning in 2005.

## History

In 1926, the Illinois Central's commuter rail lines were electrified, and began operating as the "IC Electric". For almost 40 years, the IC Electric continued to operate the original fleet of heavyweight cars, until the railroad decided that a more modern railcar was needed to improve commuter operations. The Chicago South Suburban Mass Transit District was formed in 1967 in order to qualify for federal funding to purchase new equipment for the route. The original 130 car Highliner fleet had a cost of approximately $40 million; $26.6 million was funded by a federal grant, with the remainder coming from the Illinois Central. The railcars operated on electric catenary and were more efficient than their heavyweight predecessors. A typical Highliner was able to seat 156 passengers and run faster than the heavyweight fleet.

In 1976, the newly formed Regional Transportation Authority began to fund the IC Electric commuter service. In 1983, the RTA created Metra, Chicago's commuter rail service, and in 1987, Metra purchased the IC Electric line, forming the Metra Electric Line.

An additional batch of 36 Highliners was built from 1978 to 1979 by the Bombardier company. Starting in 2005, the aged original fleet, which was increasingly prone to breakage and experiencing soaring maintenance costs, began to be phased out. They were replaced by new Highliners built by Nippon Sharyo of Japan, the same company that is currently in charge of production of Metra's fleet of gallery cars. The last revenue run of the original Highliner cars was on February 12, 2016. Metra confirmed in a Facebook post that twenty-four cars are being sent to museums around the Midwestern United States, including the Illinois Railway Museum, while the other cars were sent to Mendota, Illinois to be scrapped.

### Highliner II

The Nippon Sharyo Highliners are similar in appearance to the gallery cars used on Metra's diesel lines. The South Shore Line, which operates on the Metra Electric from Millennium Station to Kensington/115th Street before diverging east to Indiana, also purchased and operates the Highliner II to supplement its fleet of EMUs.

Metra has begun testing 90mph operations on part of the Metra Electric District and has committed to getting the entire network to 79mph. Signaling and catenary work has begun. The previous 65mph limit was a result of 1926 Pullman stock braking algorithms which were replaced by Highliner I and no longer relevant.

## Fleet

| Car Numbers | Initial User | Year built | Builder | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1227-1386 | Metra | 2012–2016 | Nippon Sharyo |  |
| 1201-1226 | | 2005–2006 | |  |
| 301-314 | NICTD | 2008–2009 | |  |
| 1631-1666 | RTA | 1978–1979 | Bombardier |  |
| 1501-1630 | Illinois Central | 1971–1972 | St. Louis | Car #1509 destroyed in 1972 Chicago train collision |

## InfoBox

| Highliner | |
| --- | --- |
| A Highliner II on left and first-generation Highliner (now retired) on right at University Park. | |
| In service | Highliner: 1971–2016
Highliner II: 2005–present |
| Manufacturer | Highliner: St. Louis Car Company, Bombardier
Highliner II: Nippon Sharyo |
| Family name | Highliner
Highliner II: Budd Gallery car |
| Constructed | Highliner: 1971, 1978–1979
Highliner II: 2005–2006, 2012–2016 |
| Number built | St Louis: 130
Bombardier: 36
Nippon: 201+ |
| Number preserved | Approx. 24 |
| Number scrapped | Most First Generation cars scrapped, second generation cars still in service |
| Formation | Married pairs |
| Fleet numbers | 12011226, 15011663 (Metra)
301314 (NICTD) |
| Operators | Illinois Central, Metra, NICTD |
| Lines served | Metra Electric, South Shore Line |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Highliner: carbon steel
Highliner II : stainless steel |
| Car length | Highliner: 85 feet (25.91 m)
Highliner II: 85 feet (25.91 m) |
| Width | Highliner: 10.5 feet (3.20 m)
Highliner II: 9.82 feet (2.99 m) |
| Height | Highliner: 15.83 feet (4.82 m) (to roof)
Highliner II: 15.87 feet (4.84 m) |
| Floor height | Highliner: 4.298 feet (1.31 m) |
| Doors | Highliner: 1 end vestibule, 2 center
Highliner II: 2 center |
| Maximum speed | Highliner: 80 mph (130 km/h)
Highliner II: 90 mph (140 km/h) |
| Weight | Highliner: 140,000 lb (64,000 kg) (empty)
Highliner II: 148,000 lb (67,000 kg) (empty) |
| Traction system | Highliner II: IGBT-VVVF |
| Traction motors | Highliner: 1258 DC motor (GE)
Highliner II: 3-phase 4 pole AC induction motor |
| Power output | Highliner: 150 hp (110 kW) continuous, 160 hp (120 kW) maximum 1-hr rating per motor (4 per car)
Highliner II: 200 hp (150 kW) per motor (4 per car) |
| Acceleration | Highliner: 1.36 mph/s (2.19 km/(h⋅s)) |
| Deceleration | Highliner: 1.5 mph/s (2.4 km/(h⋅s)) |
| HVAC | Electric heat, air conditioning |
| Electric system(s) | 1,500 V DC overhead lines |
| Current collector(s) | Pantograph |
| UIC classification | Bo’Bo’+Bo’Bo’ |
| AAR wheel arrangement | B-B+B-B |
| Bogies | Highliner: Outboard Bearing GSI 70 |
| Braking system(s) | Pneumatic, dynamic |
| Coupling system | Tomlinson |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |


title: Monne

abstract: The Monne is a small torrential river that originates in the Puy-de-Dôme, near the col de la Croix-Morand, above the village of Mareuge, at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level. It joins the Veyre at 380 metres (1,250 ft), near Tallende.

text:
# Monne

The **Monne** is a small torrential river that originates in the Puy-de-Dôme, near the col de la Croix-Morand, above the village of Mareuge, at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level. It joins the Veyre at 380 metres (1,250 ft), near Tallende.

## Geography

The river is 27.9 kilometres (17.3 mi) long. The Monne is part of a hydrographical whole, draining les monts Dore. The system is made up of rivers flowing eastward into the river Allier in the plains of the Limagne. To the south lies le pays des Couzes with, from south: la Couze d'Ardes, la Couze Pavin and la Couze Chambon; beyond flows la Monne and the Veyre. Continuing north one finds other rivers feeding from la chaîne des Domes : l'Auzon, l'Artière and la Tiretaine which flows through Royat and Clermont-Ferrand.

All rivers descending more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) down to about 350 metres (1,150 ft) etch the granitic ridge of la faille des Limagnes +/- deeply from west to east. The most wild and spectacular gorges are those of la Monne located between Olloix and Cournols.

## InfoBox

| Monne | |
| --- | --- |
| River at Saint-Saturnin | |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | France |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Veyre |
| coordinates | 45°39′52″N 3°08′46″E / 45.6644°N 3.1461°E / 45.6644; 3.1461 |
| Length | 27.9 km (17.3 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | VeyreAllierLoireAtlantic Ocean |


title: Otello Martelli

abstract: Otello Martelli was an Italian cinematographer whose films include La Dolce Vita.

text:
# Otello Martelli

**Otello Martelli** (19 May 1902  20 February 2000) was an Italian cinematographer whose films include *La Dolce Vita*.

## Life and career

Born in Rome, he began work in 1920. He collaborated with Roberto Rossellini, Alberto Lattuada, Federico Fellini, Alessandro Blasetti, Giuseppe De Santis, Vittorio De Sica and Pier Paolo Pasolini. Specially was his collaboration with Fellini from 1950 (*Luci del varietà*) until 1961 (with the episode *Le tentazioni del dottor Antonio* in *Boccaccio '70*). His films include *La Dolce Vita*, *Paisà*, and *L'oro di Napoli*.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Otello Martelli | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1902-05-19)19 May 1902
Rome, Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | 20 February 2000(2000-02-20) (aged 97)
Rome, Italy |


title: Ilısılık, Ilgaz

abstract: Ilısılık is a village in the Ilgaz District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 176 (2021).

text:
# Ilısılık, Ilgaz

**Ilısılık** is a village in the Ilgaz District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 176 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Ilısılık | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| IlısılıkLocation in TurkeyIlısılıkIlısılık (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 40°50′13″N 33°41′43″E / 40.83694°N 33.69528°E / 40.83694; 33.69528 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çankırı |
| District | Ilgaz |
| Population (2021) | 176 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |