title: India Backbone Implementation Network

abstract: IbIn stands for India Backbone Implementation Network. Conceived during the creation of the 12th Five Year Plan, IbIn's objective is to systematically promote capabilities that ensure coordination, collaboration, and implementation on issues, projects and policy within India. These capabilities include stakeholder alignment, project management, and policy advisory all of which require technical skills as well as domain knowledge knowledge. Since no single entity can provide all these skills and knowledge, IbIn is designed as a network that will cross-share and cross-link this information by leveraging partner organizations

text:
# India Backbone Implementation Network

**IbIn** (pronounced as ‘Ib’+’in’) stands for **India Backbone Implementation Network**. Conceived during the creation of the 12th Five Year Plan, IbIn's objective is to systematically promote capabilities that ensure coordination, collaboration, and implementation on issues, projects and policy within India. These capabilities include stakeholder alignment, project management, and policy advisory all of which require technical skills (for the process) as well as domain knowledge (pertaining to the specific subject matter or sector) knowledge. Since no single entity can provide all these skills and knowledge, IbIn is designed as a network that will cross-share and cross-link this information by leveraging partner organizations

## Background

India has huge potential but there are many constraints to growth. A study of the root causes for why projects in India “get stuck” highlighted issues like conflicting interests amongst stakeholders, and poor coordination between agencies. As a result, implementation failures exist at many levels –at the centre, in the states, in districts and cities too. Therefore, to address these challenges to implementation, the 12th Five Year Plan recognized the need for a “backbone organization”, which led to the conceptualization of IbIn.

The concept of the IBIN was then developed through extensive discussions within the country of the root causes for coordination and implementation failures and through exploration of methods of coordination and effective implementation adopted by other countries. The concept was then offered for criticism to an international panel of experts in national evolution strategies, consisting of Dani Rodrik and Ricardo Hausmann (Harvard Kennedy School of Public Policy), Charles Sabel (Columbia Law School), Francis Fukuyama (Stanford University) and Mushtaq Khan (London Univ.) IbIn was launched in April 2013 as a Planning Commission initiative under the leadership of Arun Maira and anchored by India@75. The website of IbIn was launched in August 2013.

## The 'IbIn Way'

Lack of multi-stakeholder alignment is one of the main reason for poor implementation in a cooperation setup. In a diverse country such as India, this alignment cannot be achieved by either imposing authority or appointing selected ‘experts’ to find a solution that will be imposed on the rest. An alternative approach would be to encourage all stakeholders to an open exploration towards achieving a common objective. Since such an open and deliberative process could be challenging to manage, the ‘IbIn’ way emphasizes the use of proven and tested processes.

## Structure of the IbIn movement

The movement has been modeled on the Total Quality Management (TQM) of Japan, which revolutionized Japan and made the manufacturing sector in Japan recognizable as an international benchmark for excellence. The IbIn movement has been envisaged as a backbone network structure.

Since IbIn is modeled as a network, it will need some mechanism to disseminate its capabilities. One such mechanism is by establishing ‘nodes’. A node is a structural unit within another larger organization that promotes the use of IbIn processes and capabilities.

Each node aims to bring three types of partners together. The partners either possess technical skills (in which case they are known as ‘enablers’) or the ability to dedicate resources – financial, human, knowledge, (known as ‘sponsors’). The network is also composed of organizations that generate the demand for IbIn capabilities and thus help spread the word (thus known as ‘Channels’).

The IbIn cell is the first node of the IbIn movement. The cell's core group consists of 7-8 professionals under the mentorship of Arun Maira. The IbIn cell is endorsed by the Planning Commission but anchored outside the official government structure at India @ 75.

## IbIn activities

### Projects

IbIn cell is facilitating multi-stakeholder engagement over contentious issues like Industrial Relations and Affordable Healthcare. It is also involved projects that promote good practices like Business regulatory framework for India and Aspiration of elderly healthcare.

### Capability building

IbIn cell is developing an India-centric tool box to develop capabilities in managing cooperation system.

### Match-making/Node formation

Several nodes have also been by the IbIn cell to build specific capabilities in diverse areas:

* PCMD division of Planning Commission: The Planning-Coordinating-Managing division (PCMD) is working on initiatives like Policy coherence, Think tank for policy formulation etc.
* NIESBUD at Ministry of MSME: The National Institute for entrepreneurship and small business development (NIESBUD) is anchoring cluster stimulation cell for accelerated cluster growth. It is supported by Ministry of MSME.
* Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP): DIPP is anchoring the business regulatory ratings initiative with the support from Planning Commission. Under this initiative, it would rank all the states in terms of ease of doing business in that state and promote good practices across states for improvement.
* Sakal-Pemandu: PEMANDU and Sakal have inked a 50: 50 JV to launch a joint program in Maharashtra for ‘Deliver Maharashtra’ program. They have already brought on board senior politicians from all parties and have kicked off "planning labs" from early-2014. Other states of India are also exploring application of PEMANDU methodology in their respective states.
* Bangalore Baptist Hospital: The BBH is anchoring an initiative for elderly healthcare.


title: Once Upon a Dream (1949 film)

abstract: Once Upon a Dream is a 1949 British comedy romance film directed by Ralph Thomas in his debut and starring Googie Withers, Griffith Jones, and Guy Middleton. It was a J. Arthur Rank presentation and a Sydney Box production, and was released through General Film Distributors Ltd. The film was made at the Lime Grove Studios with sets designed by the art director Cedric Dawe.

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# Once Upon a Dream (1949 film)

***Once Upon a Dream*** is a 1949 British comedy romance film directed by Ralph Thomas in his debut and starring Googie Withers, Griffith Jones, and Guy Middleton. It was a J. Arthur Rank presentation and a Sydney Box production, and was released through General Film Distributors Ltd. The film was made at the Lime Grove Studios with sets designed by the art director Cedric Dawe.

## Plot

Just after World War II, former army officer Major Gilbert returns home, shortly after his service batman, Jackson, whom he has taken on as his butler. The major's wife, Carol, is offended that her husband pays her little attention before going off to bed, saying he is exhausted after his journey. That night, she has a romantic dream about Jackson and as a result of a coincidence of events as she wakes up, she believes it actually happened and becomes indignant when Jackson does not act accordingly. Meanwhile, Carol's shop is in financial difficulties, and she needs help from the major's rich aunt with whom she cannot get along.

## Cast

## Production

Margaret Lockwood refused to do the film and was put on suspension by Rank. She said when she read the script - then called *Roses for Her Pillow* \- "as I reached the last page I hurled the manuscript across the room. I had never been so angry." She complained to her agent "how dare they offer me a part like that... It's no more than that of a stooge." Her agent tried to see if they could improve it but Lockwood said "I would not listen. This time no one was going to make me change my mind. I did not care what anyone said. I was sick of getting mediocre parts and poor scripts."

Ralph Thomas was head of the trailer department for the Rank Film Organisation. He had made a number of trailers for producer Sydney Box, including one for the film *Miranda* (1948) which Box liked. "He was particularly taken with it," said Thomas. When the original director for *Once Upon a Dream* fell ill, Box offered Thomas the chance to direct. It was on this film that Thomas met Box's sister Betty, who would go on to make over 20 films with Thomas.

## Reception

By 1953 the film earned a net revenue of £79,000.

*Allmovie* noted, "More silly than funny, *Once Upon a Dream* is kept alive by the enthusiastic performances of its leading players."

## InfoBox

| Once Upon a Dream | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Ralph Thomas |
| Screenplay by | Patrick Kirwan
Victor Katona |
| Story by | Val Guest |
| Produced by | Antony Darnborough
Sydney Box |
| Starring | Googie Withers
Griffith Jones
Guy Middleton |
| Cinematography | Jack E. Cox |
| Edited by | Jean Barker |
| Music by | Arthur Wilkinson |
| Production
company | Sydney Box Productions |
| Distributed by | General Film Distributors (UK) |
| Release date | * February 1949 (1949-02) (UK) |
| Running time | 87 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Annunciation (Orazio Gentileschi, 1623)

abstract: Annunciation is a 1623 oil on canvas painting by Orazio Gentileschi, now in the Galleria Sabauda in Turin. The work was produced during the artist's stay in Genoa. Its large red curtain quotes that in Caravaggio's Death of the Virgin (Louvre), which he had seen in Rome, but the painting as a whole uses a warmer daytime light in contrast to that work's nighttime setting. The painter sent the work to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy in Turin in 1623 with a letter mentioning his other services to the House of Savoy, probably referring to his earlier Assumption of the Virgin, originally intended for the church of Monte dei Cappuccini, Turin. The letter also explicitly mentioned the artist's Lot and His Daughters, long in the Savoy collections. The accompanying letter and the choice of subject show Gentileschi seeking a steady job as a court artist. The Duke accepted the gift but did not give Gentileschi an appointment, forcing him to move on to Paris and then London.

text:
# Annunciation (Orazio Gentileschi, 1623)

***Annunciation*** is a 1623 oil on canvas painting by Orazio Gentileschi, now in the Galleria Sabauda in Turin. The work was produced during the artist's stay in Genoa. Its large red curtain quotes that in Caravaggio's *Death of the Virgin* (Louvre), which he had seen in Rome, but the painting as a whole uses a warmer daytime light in contrast to that work's nighttime setting.

The painter sent the work to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy in Turin in 1623 with a letter mentioning his other services to the House of Savoy, probably referring to his earlier *Assumption of the Virgin* (Turin City Museum of Ancient Art), originally intended for the church of Monte dei Cappuccini, Turin. The letter also explicitly mentioned the artist's *Lot and His Daughters*, long in the Savoy collections.

The accompanying letter and the choice of subject (Savoy had a Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation) show Gentileschi seeking a steady job as a court artist. The Duke accepted the gift but did not give Gentileschi an appointment, forcing him to move on to Paris and then London.

1. "WGA article".
2. "Catalogue entry" (in Italian).


title: Hebdogiciel

abstract: Hebdogiciel was a French computer magazine which was published from 1983 until January 1987. It was printed in a newspaper style format and focused on 8- and 16-bit home computers of the time, such as the Commodore 64, ZX80, TI-99/4A, and others. Each issue was a collection of both news articles on computer and software testing, treated satirically, and listings of source code which could be typed in by the reader.

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# Hebdogiciel

***Hebdogiciel*** was a French computer magazine which was published from 1983 until January 1987. It was printed in a newspaper style format and focused on 8- and 16-bit home computers of the time, such as the Commodore 64, ZX80, TI-99/4A, and others.

Each issue was a collection of both news articles on computer and software testing, treated satirically, and listings of source code which could be typed in by the reader.

## InfoBox

*Hebdogiciel*
| August 2, 1985 cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Publisher | Shift Éditions |
| First issue | 1983 |
| Final issue | January 1987 |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |
| ISSN | 0760-6125 |
| OCLC | 474110099 |


title: John H. Malmberg

abstract: John Holmes Malmberg was an American plasma physicist and a professor at the University of California, San Diego. He was known for making the first experimental measurements of Landau damping of plasma waves in 1964, as well as for his research on non-neutral plasmas and the development of the Penning–Malmberg trap. In 1985, Malmberg won the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics for his experimental work on wave-particle interactions in neutral plasmas and his studies on pure electron plasmas. He was later co-awarded the John Dawson Award for Excellence in Plasma Physics Research in 1991 for his contribution to research on non-neutral plasmas.

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# John H. Malmberg

**John Holmes Malmberg** (July 5, 1927 – November 1, 1992) was an American plasma physicist and a professor at the University of California, San Diego. He was known for making the first experimental measurements of Landau damping of plasma waves in 1964, as well as for his research on non-neutral plasmas and the development of the Penning–Malmberg trap.

In 1985, Malmberg won the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics for his experimental work on wave-particle interactions in neutral plasmas and his studies on pure electron plasmas. He was later co-awarded the John Dawson Award for Excellence in Plasma Physics Research in 1991 for his contribution to research on non-neutral plasmas.

## Early life and career

Malmberg studied at Illinois State University (bachelor 1949) and the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (master 1951), where he received his doctorate in 1957. From 1957 to 1969, he was a staff scientist working in the area of plasma physics at General Atomics in San Diego, California. From 1967 until his death, he was a professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) in La Jolla, California.

In 1980, Malmberg was appointed to the first Plasma Sciences Committee of the National Research Council. In that capacity, he was a strong voice for the importance of basic plasma experiments in maintaining the health of plasma science. In an era when small-scale and basic plasma physics research was nearing an ebb, Malmberg emphasized the importance of being able to follow the internal logic of the science, which he believed to be of paramount importance in doing basic research.

## Scientific contributions

### Landau damping of plasma waves

Malmberg and Charles Wharton made the first experimental measurements of Landau damping of plasma waves in 1964, two decades after its prediction by Lev Landau. Since this damping is collisionless, the free energy and phase-space memory associated with the damped wave are not lost, but are subtly stored in the plasma. Malmberg and collaborators demonstrated explicitly the reversible nature of this process by observation of the plasma wave echo in which a wave “spontaneously” appears in the plasma as an ‘echo’ of two previously launched waves that had been Landau damped.

### Penning–Malmberg traps and non-neutral plasmas

Neutral plasmas are notoriously difficult to confine. In contrast, Malmberg and collaborators predicted and demonstrated experimentally that plasmas with a single sign of charge, such as pure electron or pure ion plasmas, can be confined for long periods (e.g., hours). This was accomplished using an arrangement of electric and magnetic fields similar to that of a Penning trap, but optimized to confine single-component plasmas. In recognition of Malmberg’s contributions to the development of these devices, they are now referred to as Penning–Malmberg traps.

Malmberg and collaborators, realized that non-neutral plasmas offer research opportunities not available with neutral plasmas. In contrast to neutral plasmas, plasmas with a single sign of charge can reach states of global thermal equilibria. The possibility of using thermal equilibrium statistical mechanics to describe the plasma provides a large advantage to theory. Furthermore, states near such thermal equilibria can be more easily controlled experimentally and departures from equilibrium studied with precision.

When a neutral plasma is cooled, it simply recombines; but a plasma with a single sign of charge can be cooled without recombination. Malmberg constructed a trap for a pure electron plasma with walls at 4.2 K. Cyclotron radiation from the electrons then cooled the plasma to a few Kelvin. Theory argued that electron-electron collisions in such a strongly magnetized and low temperature plasma would be qualitatively different than those in warmer plasmas. Malmberg measured the equipartition rate between electron velocity components parallel to and perpendicular to the magnetic field and confirmed the striking prediction that it decreases exponentially with decreasing temperature.

Malmberg and Thomas Michael O'Neil predicted that a very cold, single-species plasma would undergo a phase transition to a body-centered cubic crystalline state. Later, John Bollinger and collaborators created such a state by laser cooling a plasma of singly ionized beryllium ions to temperatures of a few millikelvin. In other experiments, trapped pure electron plasmas are used to model the two-dimensional (2D) vortex dynamics expected for an ideal fluid.

In the late 1980s, pure positron (i.e., antielectron) plasmas were created using the Penning–Malmberg trap technology. This, and advances in confining low-energy antiprotons, led to the creation of low-energy antihydrogen a decade later. These and subsequent developments have spawned a wealth of research with low-energy antimatter. This includes ever more precise studies of antihydrogen and comparison with the properties of hydrogen and formation of the di-positronium molecule (Ps $\_{2}$, $e^{+}e^{-}e^{+}e^{-}$) predicted by J. A. Wheeler in 1946. The Penning–Malmberg trap technology is now being used to create a new generation of high-quality positroniumatom ( $e^{+}e^{-}$) beams for atomic physics studies.

In the broader view, Malmberg’s seminal studies with trapped single-component and non-neutral plasmas have stimulated vibrant sub-fields of plasma physics with surprisingly broad impacts in the wider world of physics.

## Honors and awards

In 1985, Malmberg received the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics from the American Physical Society for "*his outstanding experimental studies which expanded our understanding of wave-particle interactions in neutral plasmas and increased our confidence in plasma theory; and for his pioneering studies of the confinement and transport of pure electron plasmas*".

And in 1991, he was co-awarded the John Dawson Award for Excellence in Plasma Physics Research with Charles F. Driscoll and Thomas Michael O'Neil, for their studies of single-component electron plasmas.

## Legacy

In 1993, the UCSD physics department established the John Holmes Malmberg Prize in his honor. It is awarded annually to an outstanding undergraduate physics major with interests in experimental physics.

## InfoBox

| John Holmes Malmberg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1927-07-05)July 5, 1927
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania |
| Died | November 1, 1992(1992-11-01) (aged 65)
Del Mar, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Illinois State University (B.S.)
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (M.S., Ph.D.) |
| Known for | Single-component and non-neutral plasma research, Penning–Malmberg trap, collisionless damping of plasma waves, plasma wave echo |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Plasma physics |
| Institutions | General Atomics, University of California, San Diego |
|  | |


title: Valley of Nimrod

abstract: In the Book of Mormon, the Valley of Nimrod is the place where the Jaredites gathered with their friends and family after God confounded the languages at the Tower of Babel.

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# Valley of Nimrod

In the Book of Mormon, the **Valley of Nimrod** is the place where the Jaredites gathered with their friends and family after God confounded the languages at the Tower of Babel.

## Background

The Book of Ether tells the story of the Jaredites, who were present at the tower. Ether records:

> "Jared came forth with his brother and their families, with some others and their families, from the great tower, at the time the Lord confounded the language of the people, and swore in his wrath that they should be scattered upon all the face of the earth; and according to the word of the Lord the people were scattered...
>
> And it came to pass that the Lord...said unto \[the Brother of Jared\]:
>
> Go to and gather together thy flocks, both male and female, of every kind; and also of the seed of the earth of every kind; and thy families; and also Jared thy brother and his family; and also thy friends and their families, and the friends of Jared and their families.
>
> And when thou hast done this thou shalt ago at the head of them down into the valley which is northward."

## Activity in the valley

Once in the Valley of Nimrod, the Jaredites gathered flocks, caught birds, collected honeybees, stored seeds, and prepared watertight containers for the journey ahead. The brother of Jared then talked with God and received directions that led the Jaredites across the ocean to the "promised land."


title: Wakaki hi wa kanashi

abstract: Wakaki hi wa kanashi Wakaki hi wa kanashi (若き日は悲し) is a 1954 black-and-white Japanese film directed by Tsuruo Iwama.

text:
# Wakaki hi wa kanashi

***Wakaki hi wa kanashi*** (若き日は悲し) is a 1954 black-and-white Japanese film directed by Tsuruo Iwama.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Wakaki hi wa kanashi | |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese movie poster | |
| Directed by | Tsuruo Iwama |
| Produced by | Shōchiku |
| Release date | * September 29, 1954 (1954-09-29) |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: S. R. Bommai v. Union of India

abstract: S. R. Bommai v. Union of India is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed at length provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb blatant misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed over state governments. S. R. Bommai, former Chief Minister of Karnataka, is widely remembered as the champion for this landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India, considered one of the most quoted verdicts in the country's political history.

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# S. R. Bommai v. Union of India

***S. R. Bommai v. Union of India*** (\[1994\] 2 SCR 644 : AIR 1994 SC 1918 : (1994)3 SCC1) is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed at length provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb blatant misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed over state governments. S. R. Bommai, former Chief Minister of Karnataka, is widely remembered as the champion for this landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India, considered one of the most quoted verdicts in the country's political history.

## Background

Article 356 deals with imposition of President's Rule over a State of India. When a state is under President's Rule, the elected state government (led by the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers) is dismissed and the Council of Ministers is suspended at legislature, and administration is conducted directly by the Governor of the state. The Governor is an appointee of the President and thus, effectively, a functionary of the Union Government (the central or federal government). Thus, the imposition of President's Rule negates the federal character of the Indian political system, where administration is typically shared between the Union and State governments. It also militates against the democratic doctrine of popular sovereignty, since an elected government is suspended. These reasons have made use of Article 356 controversial. Nevertheless, it was used repeatedly by central governments to suspend state governments (of opposite political parties) based on genuine reasons or trumped-up excuses.

Bhimrao Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India, referred to Article 356 as a dead letter of the Constitution. In the constituent assembly debate, it was suggested that Article 356 is liable to be abused for political gains. Ambedkar replied, "I share the sentiments that such articles will never be called into operation and they would remain a dead letter. If at all they are brought into operation, I hope the President, who is endowed with these powers, will take proper precautions before actually suspending the administration of the provinces. I hope the first thing he will do would be to issue a mere warning to a province that has erred, that things were not happening in the way in which they were intended to happen in the Constitution. If that warning fails, the second thing for him to do will be to order an election allowing the people of the province to settle matters by themselves. It is only when these two remedies fail that he would resort to this article."

But this was never the case and before the judgement in Bommai case, Article 356 has been repeatedly abused to dismiss state Governments controlled by a political party opposed to ruling party at the federal level. Provision for suspension of elected governments has been used on more than 90 occasions and in most of the cases, it appeared to be of doubtful constitutional validity, as mentioned by B. P. Jeevan Reddy during one of his interviews in 1998.

## The facts

Bommai v. Union of India came before the bench of 9 judges (consisting of Kuldip Singh, P. B. Sawant, Katikithala Ramaswamy, S. C. Agarwal, Yogeshwar Dayal, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, S. R. Pandian, A. M. Ahmadi, J. S. Verma) under the following circumstances:

**Karnataka**

The Janata Party being the majority party in the Karnataka State Legislature had formed Government under the leadership of S. R. Bommai. In September 1988, the Janata Party and Lok Dal merged into a new party called Janata Dal. The Ministry was expanded with addition of 13 members. Within two days thereafter, K.R. Molakery, a legislator of Janata Dal defected from the party. He presented a letter to the Governor Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah along with 19 letters, allegedly signed by legislators supporting the Ministry, withdrawing their support. As a result, on 19 April, the Governor sent a report to the President stating therein there were dissensions and defections in the ruling party. He further stated that in view of the withdrawal of the support by the said legislators, the chief Minister, Bommai did not command a majority in the Assembly and, hence, it was inappropriate under the Constitution, to have the State administered by an Executive consisting of Council of Ministers which did not command the majority in the state assembly. He, therefore, recommended to the President that he should exercise power under Article 356(1). However, on the next day seven out of the nineteen legislators who had allegedly written the said letters to the Governor sent letters to him complaining that their signatures were obtained on the earlier letters by misrepresentation and affirmed their support to the Ministry. The Chief Minister and his Law Minister met the Governor the same day and informed him about the decision to summon the Assembly, even by bringing forward the scheduled session, to prove the confidence of assembly in his Ministry. To the same effect, he sent a telex message to the President. The Governor however sent yet another report to the President on the same day i.e., 20-4-1989, and stated that the Chief Minister had lost the confidence of the majority in the House and repeated his earlier request for action under Article 356(1). On that very day, the President issued the Proclamation in question with the recitals already referred to above. The Proclamation was, thereafter approved by the Parliament as required by Article 356(3).

A writ petition was filed on 26 April 1989 challenging the validity of the proclamation. A special bench of 3 judges of Karnataka High Court dismissed the writ petition.

**Meghalaya**

On 11 October 1991 the president issued a proclamation under Article 356(1) dismissing the government of Meghalaya and dissolving the legislative assembly. The Proclamation stated that the President was satisfied on the basis of the report from the Governor and other information received by him that the situation had arisen in which the Government of the State could not be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. The Government was dismissed and the Assembly was dissolved accordingly.

**Nagaland**

On 7 August 1988, the president issued the proclamation on the basis of Governor Report and dismissed the Government of Nagaland thus dissolving the Legislative assembly. Vamuzo, leader of opposition party, challenged the validity of Proclamation in Gauhati High Court. A Division Bench comprising the Chief Justice and Hansaria, J. heard the petition. The Bench differed on the effect and operation of Article 74 (Constitution of India)(2) and hence the matter was referred to the third Judge. But before the third learned judge could hear the matter, the Union of India led by Rajiv Gandhi's Congress Party moved this Court for grant of special leave which was granted and the proceedings in the High Court were stayed.

**Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh**

On account of the Babri Masjid demolition, communal riots spread out in the entire country. The Central Government under the leadership of Shri P V Narsimharao of the Congress party banned RSS, VHP and Bajrang Dal. The Central Government dismissed the BJP Governments of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. As a result, on 15 December 1992, the president issued the proclamation under Article 356 dismissing the State Governments and dissolving the Legislative Assemblies of Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan. The validity of these proclamations was challenged by the Writs in the appropriate High Courts. The Madhya Pradesh High Court allowed the petition, but writ petition relating to Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh were withdrawn to Supreme Court.

All the above said petition contained similar question of law and therefore they were heard conjointly by the Hon’ble Supreme Court. The arguments in the S.R. Bommai’s case commenced in the first week of October 1993 and were concluded in the last week of December 1993.

## The contentions

S. R. Bommai v. Union of India raised serious question of law relating to Proclamation of President's Rule and dissolution of Legislative assemblies according to Article 356 of the Constitution of India.

The first and most important question which the Supreme Court had to determine was whether the Presidential Proclamation under Article 356 was justiciable and if so to what extent.

The second contention was whether the President has unfettered powers to issue Proclamation under Article 356(1) of the Constitution.

It was contended that since the Proclamation under Article 356(1) would be issued by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers given under Article 74(1) of the Constitution and since Clause (2) of the said Article bars inquiry into the question whether any, and if so, what advice was tendered by Ministers to the President, judicial review of the reasons which led to the issuance of the Proclamation also stands barred. Whether the Legislature dissolved by the Presidents proclamation can be revived if the president proclamation is set aside. Whether the validity of the Proclamation issued under Article 356(1) can be challenged even after it has been approved by both Houses of Parliament under Article 356(3).

It was also contended that whether any relief's can be granted when the validity of proclamation is challenged and whether the court can grant an interim stay against holding the fresh election.

Whether a president can dissolve the legislature without having obtained the approval of both the Houses of the Legislature. It was contended that Secularism being a basic feature of the Constitution, a State government can be dismissed if it is guilty of nonsecular acts.

## The principles laid down by Supreme Court

The Supreme Court laid down certain guidelines so as to prevent the misuse of Article 356 of the constitution.

1. The majority enjoyed by the Council of Ministers shall be tested on the floor of the House.
2. Centre should give a warning to the state and a time period of one week to reply.
3. The court cannot question the advice tendered by the CoMs to the President but it can question the material behind the satisfaction of the President. Hence, Judicial Review will involve three questions only:
a. Is there any material behind the proclamation
b. Is the material relevant.
c. Was there any malafide use of power.
4. If there is improper use of Article 356 then the court will provide remedy.
5. Under Article 356(3) it is the limitation on the powers of the President. Hence, the president shall not take any irreversible action until the proclamation is approved by the Parliament i.e. he shall not dissolve the assembly.
6. Article 356 is justified only when there is a breakdown of constitutional machinery and not administrative machinery

Article 356 shall be used sparingly by the center, otherwise it is likely to destroy the constitutional structure between the center and the states. Even Bhimrao Ambedkar envisaged it to remain a 'dead letter' in the constitution.

Based on the report of the Sarkaria Commission on Centre–state Relations(1988), the Supreme Court in Bommai case (1994) enlisted the situations where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be proper or improper.

Imposition of President's Rule in a state would be proper in the following situations:

* Where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority, that is, Hung Assembly.
* Where the party having a majority in the assembly declines to form a ministry and the governor cannot find a coalition ministry commanding a majority in the assembly.
* Where a ministry resigns after its defeat in the assembly and no other party is willing or able to form a ministry commanding a majority in the assembly.
* Where a constitutional direction of the Central government is disregarded by the state government.
* Internal subversion where, for example, a government is deliberately acting against the Constitution and the law or is fomenting a violent revolt.
* Physical breakdown where the government willfully refuses to discharge its constitutional obligations endangering the security of the state.

The imposition of President's Rule in a state would be improper under the following situations:

* Where a ministry resigns or is dismissed on losing majority support in the assembly and the governor recommends imposition of President's Rule without probing the possibility of forming an alternative ministry.
* Where the governor makes his own assessment of the support of a ministry in the assembly and recommends imposition of President's Rule without allowing the ministry to prove its majority on the floor of the Assembly.
* Where the ruling party enjoying majority support in the assembly has suffered a massive defeat in the general elections to the Lok Sabha such as in 1977 and 1980.
* Internal disturbances not amounting to internal subversion or physical breakdown.
* Maladministration in the state or allegations of corruption against the ministry or stringent financial exigencies of the state.
* Where the state government is not given prior warning to rectify itself except in case of extreme urgency leading to disastrous consequences.
* Where the power is used to sort out intra-party problems of the ruling party, or for a purpose extraneous or irrelevant to the one for which it has been conferred by the Constitution.

## Malafide exercise of Article 356

While dealing with the question as to whether the Presidential Proclamation under Article 356 was justiciable all the judges were unanimous in holding that the presidential proclamation was justiciable. The Supreme Court held that the proclamation under Article 356(1) is not immune from judicial review. The validity of the Proclamation issued by the President under Article 356(1) is judicially reviewable to the extent of examining whether it was issued on the basis of any material at all or whether the material was relevant or whether the Proclamation was issued in the malafide exercise of the power. The Supreme Court or the High court can strike down the proclamation if it is found to be malafide or based on wholly irrelevant or extraneous grounds. The deletion of Clause (5) by the 44th Amendment Act, removes the cloud on the reviewability of the action. When a prima facie case is made out in the challenge to the Proclamation, the Union of India has to produce the material on the basis of which action was taken. It cannot refuse to do so, if it seeks to defend the action. The court will not go into the correctness of the material or its adequacy. Its inquiry is limited to whether the material was relevant to the action. Even if part of the material is irrelevant, the court cannot interfere so long as there is some material which is relevant to the action taken. It is submitted that the validity of the Presidents proclamation under Article 356 is justiciable.

### Powers of President under Article 356

The second question which was taken into consideration by the court was that whether the President has unfettered powers to issue Proclamation under Article 356(1) of the Constitution of India. It was contended that The Supreme Court in this regard held that the power conferred by Article 356 upon the President is a conditioned power. It is not an absolute power. This satisfaction may be formed on the basis of the report of the Governor or on the basis of other information received by him or both. The existence of relevant material is a **pre-condition** to the formation of satisfaction. The satisfaction must be formed on relevant material. The dissolution of the Legislative Assembly should be resorted to only when it is necessary for achieving the purposes of the proclamation. The exercise of the power is made subject to approval of the both Houses of Parliament.

### Article 74 and justiciability of advice of Council of Ministers to the President

In regard to the contention, that Article 74(2) bars the inquiry into advice which was tendered by Council of Ministers to the President, the Supreme Court at length considered the scope and effect of Article 74(2). Here it would be appropriate to mention that article 74(2) of the constitution provides that the court cannot inquire as to any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Council of Ministers to the President. In this regard Supreme Court held that although Article 74(2) bars judicial review so far as the advice given by the Ministers is concerned, it does not bar scrutiny of the material on the basis of which the advice is given. The material on the basis of which advice was tendered does not become part of the advice. The Courts are justified in probing as to whether there was any material on the basis of which the advice was given, and whether it was relevant for such advice and the President could have acted on it. Hence when the Courts undertake an inquiry into the existence of such material, the prohibition contained in Article 74(2) does not negate their right to know about the factual existence of any such material. This is not to say that the Union Government cannot raise the plea of privilege under Section 123 of the Evidence Act. As and when such privilege against disclosure is claimed, the Courts will examine such claim within the parameters of the said section on its merits. But Article 74(2) as such is no bar to the power of judicial review regarding the material on the basis of which the proclamation is issued.

### Invalidation of proclamation

The Supreme Court also held that the power of the court to restore the government to office in case it finds the proclamation to be unconstitutional, it is, in Courts opinion, beyond question. Even in case the proclamation is approved by the Parliament it would be open to the court to restore the State government to its office in case it strikes down the proclamation as unconstitutional. If this power were not conceded to the court, the very power of judicial review would be rendered nugatory and the entire exercise meaningless. If the court cannot grant the relief flowing from the invalidation of the proclamation, it may as well decline to entertain the challenge to the proclamation altogether. For, there is no point in the court entertaining the challenge, examining it, calling upon the Union Government to produce the material on the basis of which the requisite satisfaction was formed and yet not give the relief.

### Powers of Parliament

Moreover, the Supreme Court firmly held that there was no reason to make a distinction between the Proclamation so approved and legislation enacted by the Parliament. If the Proclamation is invalid, it does not stand validated merely because it is approved of by the Parliament. The grounds for challenging the validity of the Proclamation may be different from those challenging the validity of legislation. However, that does not make any difference to the vulnerability of the Proclamation on the limited grounds available. And therefore the validity of the Proclamation issued under Article 356(1) can be challenged even after it has been approved by both Houses of Parliament under Article 356(3).

### Elections to Legislature pending final Disposal of case

Another issue taken into consideration by the Supreme Court was whether any relief can be granted when the validity of proclamation is challenged and whether the court can grant an interim stay against holding the fresh election. In this regard the Court held that the Court will have power by an interim injunction, to restrain the holding of fresh elections to the Legislative Assembly pending the final disposal of the challenge to the validity of the proclamation to avoid the fait accompli and the remedy of judicial review being rendered fruitless.

### Secularism

Supreme Court while adjudicating that a State Government cannot follow particular religion discussed at length the concept of Secularism. The Court held that Secularism is one of the basic features of the Constitution. Secularism is a positive concept of equal treatment of all religions. This attitude is described by some as one of neutrality towards religion or as one of benevolent neutrality. While freedom of religion is guaranteed to all persons in India, from the point of view of the State, the religion, faith or belief of a person is immaterial. To the state, all are equal and are entitled to be treated equally. **In matters of State, religion has no place**. And if the Constitution requires the State to be secular in thought and action, the same requirement attaches to political parties as well. The Constitution does not recognize, it does not permit, mixing religion and State power. Both must be kept apart. That is the constitutional injunction. None can say otherwise so long as this Constitution governs this country. Politics and religion cannot be mixed. Any State government which pursues nonsecular policies or nonsecular course of action acts contrary to the constitutional mandate and renders itself amenable to action under Article 356. Given the above position, it is clear that if any party or organization seeks to fight the elections on the basis of a plank which has the proximate effect of eroding the secular philosophy of the Constitution would certainly be guilty of following an unconstitutional course of action.

## Implications and criticism

This case in the history of the Indian Constitution has great implications on Centre-State Relations. It is in this case that the Supreme Court boldly marked out the paradigm and limitations within which Article 356 has to function. The Supreme Court said that Article 356 is an extreme power and is to be used as a last resort in cases where it is manifest that there is an impasse and the constitutional machinery in a State has collapsed. The views expressed by the court in this case are similar to the concern showed by the Sarkaria Commission.

The principles laid down in this case put a bar on the dismissal of the state government by the centre for political gains.

It was in this case that the court firmly laid down certain provision relating to presidential proclamation issued Under Article 356. The Court held that Presidential proclamation under Article 356 is not absolute and the power conferred by Article 356 on president is conditioned power. The Supreme Court held that presidential proclamation is not immune from judicial review. Moreover, if the presidential proclamation is held unconstitutional, the legislature dissolved by the presidential proclamation can be revived. It was also contended that the Articles 74(2) bars the court from inquiring about the material on the basis of which the proclamation is issued, but the court rejected this contention.

Although the Supreme Court limited President's Rule, people criticized that the Court took such a long time to deliver the verdict and allowed, in the cases of Karnataka and Meghalaya, the illegality to be perpetuated and ultimately deprive the citizens of those states to be governed by their chosen representative.

Still, the judgement delivered by the Supreme Court put a check on arbitrary dismissal of state governments in future and strengthen the federal structure of Indian polity which had hitherto been damaged on several occasions particularly when different political parties were in power at the Centre and the State.

.

## InfoBox

| S. R. Bommai v. Union of India | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Supreme Court of India |
| Decided | 11 March 1994 |
| Citations | 1994 AIR 1918, 1994 SCC (3), 1, JT 1994 (2)215, 1994 SCALE(2)37 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Kuldip Singh<br>P. B. Sawant<br>Katikithala Ramaswamy<br>S. C. Agarwal<br>Yogeshwar Dayal<br>B. P. Jeevan Reddy<br>S. R. Pandian<br>A. M. Ahmadi<br>J. S. Verma |
| Keywords | |
| Constitution of India, Article 356 | |


title: Nyctemera muelleri

abstract: Nyctemera muelleri is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Vollenhoven in 1863. It is found on Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, as well as in southern Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines.

text:
# Nyctemera muelleri

***Nyctemera muelleri*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Vollenhoven in 1863. It is found on Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, as well as in southern Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines (Palawan, Tawitawi).

## Subspecies

* *Nyctemera muelleri muelleri* (southern Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan, Tawitawi)
* *Nyctemera muelleri eddela* (Swinhoe, 1904) (Engano)
* *Nyctemera muelleri mentawaiensis* de Vos, 2002 (Mentawai, Sipora, Siberut)

## InfoBox

| *Nyctemera muelleri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Nyctemera* |
| Species: | ***N. muelleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nyctemera muelleri***<br>(Vollenhoven, 1863) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leptosoma mülleri* Vollenhoven, 1863 * *Deilemera eddela* Swinhoe, 1904 * *Nyctemera muelleri enganica* Roepke, 1957 | |


title: Onychostoma daduense

abstract: Onychostoma daduense is a species of cyprinid in the genus Onychostoma. It inhabits China and has a maximum length of 15.5 centimetres (6.1 in).

text:
# Onychostoma daduense

***Onychostoma daduense*** is a species of cyprinid in the genus *Onychostoma*. It inhabits China and has a maximum length of 15.5 centimetres (6.1 in).

## InfoBox

| *Onychostoma daduense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Genus: | *Onychostoma* |
| Species: | ***O. daduense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Onychostoma daduense***<br>Ding, 1994 | |
|


title: In Memoriam (photograph)

abstract: In Memoriam is a black-and-white photograph by American photographer Edward Steichen, from 1904. It is one of his best-known pictorialist works and is a nude portrayal of a deceased female model, hence its title.

text:
# In Memoriam (photograph)

***In Memoriam*** is a black-and-white photograph by American photographer Edward Steichen, from 1904. It is one of his best-known pictorialist works and is a nude portrayal of a deceased female model, hence its title.

## History and description

Steichen visited Paris in 1900 and 1901, where he knew the French artistic contemporary tendencies in painting and sculpture. When he returned to the United States in 1902 he joined Alfred Stieglitz's Photo-Secession movement, the main purpose of which was the recognition of photography as an art form. Steichen produced the current photograph while in Paris, in 1900 or in 1901, but it was only printed in 1904. It depicts a nude female model. She is believed to have committed suicide because of her unrequited love for Steichen. The naked woman is seated, inclined to her right, with her face not visible, and one her arms in front of her long dark hair. An enigmatic, circular object, lies at her feet. The blurred enigmatic, erotic and poetic figure shows the influence of symbolism and possibly also the sculptural work of Auguste Rodin.

The picture focus more in her naked flesh while hiding her face. The Musée d'Orsay website states that: "As in many pictorial photographs, this nude is blurred, enhancing the impression of mystery introduced by the studied pose of the model with her face hidden. The way the figure occupies the space is typical of Steichen's compositional skills. In spite of the abstract nature of the image, emphasised by the chiaroscuro throughout the photograph, we can feel the physical weight of the woman's body, which is somewhat unusual in Steichen's nudes who are usually more ethereal."

## Art market

A print of the photograph sold by $665,000 at Christie's New York City, on 18 February 2016.

## Public collections

There are prints of the photograph at the Museum of Modern Art, in New York City, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Denver Art Museum, and at the Musée d'Orsay, in Paris.


title: Hypsopygia ecbrunnealis

abstract: Hypsopygia ecbrunnealis is a species of snout moth in the genus Hypsopygia. It was described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Cameroon.

text:
# Hypsopygia ecbrunnealis

***Hypsopygia ecbrunnealis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Hypsopygia*. It was described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Cameroon.

## InfoBox

| *Hypsopygia ecbrunnealis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Hypsopygia* |
| Species: | ***H. ecbrunnealis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypsopygia ecbrunnealis***<br>(Hampson, 1917) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Herculia ecbrunnealis* Hampson, 1917 | |


title: Neal's Yard Remedies

abstract: Neal's Yard Remedies is a UK-based retail and multi-level marketing company selling cosmetics, skin care products, and essential oils. The direct selling arm is branded NYR Organics. The company was founded in 1981.

text:
# Neal's Yard Remedies

**Neal's Yard Remedies** is a UK-based retail and multi-level marketing company selling cosmetics, skin care products, and essential oils. The direct selling arm is branded NYR Organics. The company was founded in 1981.

## History

Founder Romy Fraser, then a teacher and single parent with two daughters, abandoned her career in education in 1981 and opened the first Neal's Yard Remedies shop in Neal's Yard in Covent Garden, London. Originally operating under the name Neal's Yard Apothecary, the outlet was intended as an alternative pharmacy; the company adopted the current name in 1986, to avoid the assumption it was a registered pharmacy, when a franchised off-shoot opened in Oxford. It sells dried herbs, homoeopathic products, essential oils, Bach flower remedies, and a similar range of toiletries.

Fraser founded the business as an extension of Neal's Yard Wholefoods, the first such shop in London, which was run by Nicholas Saunders who offered to split the premises and guarantee Fraser's bank loan. Other retailers were making requests to stock Fraser's products by 1984. Fraser opened a factory in a former builder's yard in Balham, South London around the same time to cope with demand, moving to a larger factory in 1993. She brought in a managing director in 1999 to concentrate on product development. In 2001, the company's best selling products included frankincense nourishing cream, rosemary soap, plus seaweed and arnica foaming bath.

In 2005, Fraser reduced her stake in the private company from 70% to 15%, selling the difference for at least £10 million to Peter Kindersley, according to the *Financial Times*. Kindersley, a former publisher, was by this time the owner of Sheepdrove Organic Farm and heavily committed to the associated movement. At this point, the company had a turnover of £12 million. (By 2008, Kindersley owned 90% of the stock, but gave 15% of the company to 280 employees that September.) Also in 2005, the company moved its headquarters from Battersea, South London to a new factory facility at Peacemarsh, near Gillingham, Dorset, which employed 222 people in 2018. In April 2009, the company launched their direct selling arm, NYR Organics which constituted 25% of sales by 2011. It had 5,000 sellers in the UK by 2013 and expanded operations to Ireland. As of 2013, the company had 60 retail stores internationally. By its own account, most of its company's sales in 2018 were to buyers in Asia and the United States.

Neal's Yard Remedies is co-owned by Peter, Barnabas, and Anabel Kindersley. Denise Bonner serves as the global head of NYR Organic. From 2000 to 2014, Dragana Vilinac, originally from Sarajevo, was connected with the company, initially as a consultant and then as its head herbalist. By 2015, the company's products were being stocked in 21 countries. As of August 2021, the company was being run by Barnabas Kindersley. The company announced at this time that it was ceasing to trade via "direct selling" in France and Germany owing to an increase in administrative costs.

Romy Fraser received an OBE "for services to the health and beauty industry" in the 2008 New Year's Honours. She no longer had any connection with the company by 2014. Neal's Yard Remedies was the first company to be certified by the Soil Association, the organic charity, and the first to be certified as carbon neutral; they use Fairtrade Foundation ingredients. In 2015, the company received an award for innovation in the supply chain category of *The Guardian's* Sustainable Business Awards. Neal's Yard Holdings Limited, according to its accounts, made pre-tax profits of £3 million in the year ending March 2019 on sales of £45 million.

In May 2009 *The Guardian*'s Ethical Living blog invited Neal's Yard Remedies to participate in an installment of the "You Ask, They Answer" online discussion series, and received assurance from the company of their willingness to participate. A later posting from a *Guardian* editor stated that Neal's Yard was "working on replies". Following the posting of questions about the efficacy of their remedies, and comments of a sceptical nature towards Neal's Yard alternative medicines, the company declined to participate in the discussion, and the thread was closed. The refusal of Neal's Yard Remedies to answer any of the questions was criticised by public relations experts.

In October 2013, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued an import alert regarding the barring of shipments of the company's Cocoa Eye Shadow from entry into the U.S. due to microbiological contamination.

In March 2018, Neal's Yard Remedies was notified that their products Covent Garden Superfood Organic Greens Complex and Covent Garden Superfood Organic Cocoa Blend violated the California Health & Safety Code (Proposition 65) because the company had failed to provide required warnings that the products contained lead and cadmium, respectively, and thereby posed a potential health risk to consumers. In July 2018, the company was ordered to pay a civil penalty of $1,500.

## False health claims

In April 2008, the BBC reported on the company's claims that the homoeopathic preparations they offer can help to prevent and treat serious fatal diseases such as malaria. It was reported that this practice was "highly dangerous and it puts people's lives at risk." Later in the year, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) said that the product "Malaria Officinalis 30c" was "clearly intended to be viewed as a treatment or preventive" and the company's actions were "potentially harmful to public health and misleading", and ordered that the product be withdrawn from sale; Neal's Yard acknowledged there was no proof the product worked and withdrew it from sale on 17 April 2008.


abstract: Mississippi Highway 366 is a short highway in northeastern Mississippi. The road starts at MS 25 in Belmont, and travels southeastward through Golden to the Alabama state border. The route was created in 1958, and hasn't changed significantly since.

text:
# Mississippi Highway 366 (Tishomingo County)

**Mississippi Highway 366** (**MS 366**) is a short highway in northeastern Mississippi. The road starts at MS 25 in Belmont, and travels southeastward through Golden to the Alabama state border. The route was created in 1958, and hasn't changed significantly since.

## Route description

All of the route is in Tishomingo County. MS 366 starts at MS 25 in Belmont, locally known as Second Street. The route travels southeastward out of the town, through farmland and small areas of trees. At Searcy Road, MS 366 travels along a railway owned by Redmont Railway. The road soon enters the village of Golden. Near the center of the village, the route intersects the eastern terminus of MS 760. MS 366 then crosses over the railroad and temporarily travels east. Past Bear Creek Road, the route curved southeastward, intersecting a few more county roads. After passing County Road 78, MS 366 ends at the Alabama state line. The road continues as Fourth Street Northwest into Red Bay.

In 2013, Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) calculated as many as 3,900 vehicles traveling east of Long Street, and as few as 2,800 vehicles traveling south of Shady Cove. The route is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65-3-3. MS 366 is maintained by MDOT.

## History

In 1958, a new road in southeastern Tishomingo County was designated MS 366. The new, paved route started from MS 25 and ended at the Alabama state line. The road has not changed significantly since.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Tishomingo County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Belmont | 0.0 | 0.0 | MS 25 (Second Street) Fulton, Tishomingo, Iuka | Western terminus |
| Golden | 1.5 | 2.4 |
MS 760 west (Stanphill Street) | Eastern terminus of MS 760 |
|  | 4.2 | 6.8 | Fourth Street Northwest - Red Bay | Eastern terminus; Alabama state line |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Mississippi Highway 366 (Tishomingo County)KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Mississippi Highway 366 | |
| --- | --- |
| MS 366 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDOT | |
| Length | 4.20 mi (6.76 km) |
| Existed | 1958–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | MS 25 in Belmont |
| East end | Fourth Street Northwest near Red Bay, AL |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| Counties | Tishomingo |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MS 365   MS 367 | |


title: Pietro Giuseppe Gaetano Boni

abstract: Pietro Giuseppe Gaetano Boni was an Italian composer.

text:
# Pietro Giuseppe Gaetano Boni

**Pietro Giuseppe Gaetano Boni** (Bologna(?), second half XVII century – Bologna(?), around 1750) was an Italian composer.

## Biography and career

Born probably in Bologna, on the title page of his published works he is qualified as *abate* (Abbot) and had a musical formation probably under the Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna, of which he was later a member.

Since 1711 he was in Rome with Arcangelo Corelli and stayed there until 1720 at least. He published in Rome three books of sonatas, the first one for violoncello and cembalo (1717). In 1719 his cantata *Cantata per la notte di Natale* was performed in Perugia and on 8 January 1720 his opera *Tito Manlio* at the Teatro della Pace in Rome, with libretto by Matteo Noris was performed. In 1726 his oratorio *Santa Rosalia* was performed in Bologna. Boni left a manuscript of instrumental works.

He is sometimes confused with Giovanni Boni. To Boni has been attributed the opera *Il figlio delle selve*, performed in Modena in 1700, but he is possibly confused with Cosimo Bani.

## Works

12 *Sonate per camera a violoncello e cembalo*, op. I, Roma, 1717

12 *Divertimenti per camera a violino, violone, cimbalo, flauto e mandola*, op. II, (1720), Antonio Cleton, Roma.

10 *Sonate a violino e violone o cembalo*,op. III, Fasoli, Roma, 1741

*Sonate per cembalo*, manuscript.

cantata: *Cantata per la notte di Natale*, Perugia, 1719

opera: *Tito Manlio*, libretto by Matteo Noris, Roma, 1720

oratorio: *Santa Rosalia*, Bologna, 1726

* "Boni, Pietro Giuseppe Gaetano",  *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Treccani, vol. XII, 1971*


title: Valeri Timokhin

abstract:
Valeriy TimokhinUSSR Honored Master of Sport,is an Azerbaijani sport shooter.
Valeriy graduated in 1984 from Azerbaijan State University, with a degree in physical culture and sport.
Valeriy Timokhin represented the USSR National team in many European and World competitions.
in 1979 Valeriy won Junior World Championship, and went to earn a few medals at European, World Championships, World Cups and World Cup Finals.
Valeriy Timokhin has been a World Record Holder twice- in 1989 and in 1995.
in 2000, he was one of 5 athletes in Azerbaijan Republic to have received the coveted " Best Athlete of the Century" title.
Valeriy Timokhin was working in Kuwait Shooting Federation as a National Skeet Coach at the period of 1997–2000.
During this period Kuwait National Skeet team successfully participated at the ISSF World Cups and World Championships, where Abdulla Al Rashidi won two times World titles.
2000-2004 Valeriy worked at Qatar Shooting Association as a National Shotgun Coach.
Several times Qatari Skeet shooters achieved high results at the Arabic, Asian competitions.
Nasser Al Attiya under Valeriy's coaching was in the final at the Olympic Games in Athens and overall became 4th in Skeet event.
Valeriy Timokhin immigrated to Australia in 2005, along with his wife Tatyana and daughter Kristina.
From 2006 until 2008, Valeriy Timokhin was Australian National Skeet Coach and from 2008 until 2016 he was Australian National Shotgun Head Coach.
At the 2016 Rio Olympic Games two of Valeriy's Greatest success stories, Catherine Skinner and Laetisha Scanlan, made the Olympic final with Catherine going on to win Gold for Australia. The success of these athletes is directly attributable to Valeriy's skill and expertise. "Valeriy Timokhin has been responsible for creating some magical moments in Australian sport and for the sport of shooting," said Shooting Australia CEO Damien Marangon. "Catherine and Laetisha’s performances in Rio are a wonderful reflection of the diligence and dedication Valeriy has brought to his role. We wish him all the best in the next chapter of his life and we thank him for his contribution to our sport." From 2017 Valeriy Timokhin is the National Shotgun coach in Bahrain Shooting Association, where under his coaching Bahraini Skeet shooters Hasan Mohamed and Maryam Hassani won Islamic Games in Baku.Bahraini skeet shooters won many medals at the Gulf, Asian, Arabic and International competitions. Tammar Al Watt and Maryam Hassani during Valeriy's coaching won many medals at the GCC, Arabic and International tournaments. Maryam Hassani participated at the Olympic Games in Tokyo and showed 23rd result in women Skeet event. Also Maryam Hassani won Bronze medal at Islamic Games in Koniya, Turkey. Bahrain women skeet team won Bronze medal at the 2023 ISSF World Cup in Morocco, and Bronze medal at the 2023 Asian shotgun championship in Kuwait. Valeriy Timokhin have been at 9 OLYMPICS, competed as a shooter in skeet shooting events at the Summer Olympics in 1988, 1992, and 1996 and as a coach at the Summer Olympics in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020.

text:
# Valeri Timokhin

**Valeriy Timokhin** (was born on April 15, 1959, in the small city of Shukhti, Tula district, Russian Federation.)USSR Honored Master of Sport,is an Azerbaijani sport shooter. Valeriy graduated in 1984 from Azerbaijan State University, with a degree in physical culture and sport. Valeriy Timokhin represented the USSR National team in many European and World competitions. in 1979 Valeriy won Junior World Championship, and went to earn a few medals at European, World Championships, World Cups and World Cup Finals. Valeriy Timokhin has been a World Record Holder twice- in 1989 (223 out 225) and in 1995 (124 out 125). in 2000, he was one of 5 athletes in Azerbaijan Republic to have received the coveted " Best Athlete of the Century" title. Valeriy Timokhin was working in Kuwait Shooting Federation as a National Skeet Coach at the period of 1997–2000. During this period Kuwait National Skeet team successfully participated at the ISSF World Cups and World Championships, where Abdulla Al Rashidi won two times World titles. 2000-2004 Valeriy worked at Qatar Shooting Association as a National Shotgun Coach. Several times Qatari Skeet shooters achieved high results at the Arabic, Asian competitions. Nasser Al Attiya under Valeriy's coaching was in the final at the Olympic Games in Athens and overall became 4th in Skeet event. Valeriy Timokhin immigrated to Australia in 2005, along with his wife Tatyana and daughter Kristina. From 2006 until 2008, Valeriy Timokhin was Australian National Skeet Coach and from 2008 until 2016 he was Australian National Shotgun Head Coach. At the 2016 Rio Olympic Games two of Valeriy's Greatest success stories, Catherine Skinner and Laetisha Scanlan, made the Olympic final with Catherine going on to win Gold for Australia. The success of these athletes is directly attributable to Valeriy's skill and expertise.

"Valeriy Timokhin has been responsible for creating some magical moments in Australian sport and for the sport of shooting," said Shooting Australia CEO Damien Marangon. "Catherine and Laetisha’s performances in Rio are a wonderful reflection of the diligence and dedication Valeriy has brought to his role. We wish him all the best in the next chapter of his life and we thank him for his contribution to our sport."

From 2017 Valeriy Timokhin is the National Shotgun coach in Bahrain Shooting Association, where under his coaching Bahraini Skeet shooters Hasan Mohamed and Maryam Hassani won Islamic Games in Baku ( Mix team event).Bahraini skeet shooters won many medals at the Gulf, Asian, Arabic and International competitions. Tammar Al Watt and Maryam Hassani during Valeriy's coaching won many medals at the GCC, Arabic and International tournaments. Maryam Hassani participated at the Olympic Games in Tokyo and showed 23rd result in women Skeet event. Also Maryam Hassani won Bronze medal at Islamic Games in Koniya, Turkey. Bahrain women skeet team won Bronze medal at the 2023 ISSF World Cup in Morocco, and Bronze medal at the 2023 Asian shotgun championship in Kuwait. Valeriy Timokhin have been at 9 OLYMPICS, competed as a shooter in skeet shooting events at the Summer Olympics in 1988, 1992, and 1996 and as a coach at the Summer Olympics in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020.

## Olympic results

| Event | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Skeet (mixed) | T-11th | T-25th | Not held |
| Skeet (men) | Not held | | T-38th |


title: HMAS Swan (U74)

abstract: HMAS Swan (U74/F74/A427), named for the Swan River, was a Grimsby-class sloop of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) that served during World War II.

text:
# HMAS Swan (U74)

**HMAS *Swan* (U74/F74/A427)**, named for the Swan River, was a *Grimsby*-class sloop of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) that served during World War II.

## Design and construction

The *Grimsby* class consisted of thirteen sloops, four of which were built in Australia for the RAN. *Swan*, one of the first pair constructed, had a displacement of 1,060 tons at standard load and 1,500 tons at full load, was 266 feet 3 inches (81.15 m) long, had a beam of 36 feet (11 m), and a draught of between 7.5 and 10 feet (2.3 and 3.0 m) depending on load. Propulsion machinery consisted of two Admiralty 3-drum boilers connected to Parsons geared turbines, which delivered 2,000 shaft horsepower (1,500 kW) to the sloop's two propeller shafts. Maximum speed was 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph). The ship's company in peacetime consisted of 135 officers and sailors; this increased to 160 during the war.

*Swan*'s initial armament consisted of three QF 4-inch (101.6 mm) Mark V anti-aircraft guns and a quadruple .50 in anti-aircraft machine gun mount for close-in defence. From 1942, this was increased to four QF 4 inch Mk XVI guns in 2 twin mounts, with a close-in armament of a Bofors 40 mm gun and six Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. The ship's depth charge load had increased to 40 by the end of the war.

*Swan* was laid down by Cockatoo Island Dockyard at Sydney, New South Wales on 1 May 1935. She was launched on 28 March 1936, and commissioned into the RAN on 21 January 1937.

## Operational history

### World War II

*Swan* served as an escort and patrol vessel during World War II and escorted many convoys, including the Pensacola Convoy, in Australian waters and the South-West Pacific. On 12 January *Swan* arrived at Ambon escorting *Bantam* with reinforcements and remained there until 18 January, engaging bombers during raids on 15–16 January. In late January 1942 the ship was assigned to the short lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command.

The ship was part of the escort, led by USS *Houston* with the destroyer USS *Peary* and HMAS *Warrego*, for a convoy composed of *Meigs*, *Mauna Loa*, *Portmar*, and *Tulagi* leaving Darwin before two in the morning of 15 February for Koepang carrying troops to reinforce forces already defending Timor. By eleven in the morning the convoy was being shadowed by a Japanese flying boat that dropped some bombs without causing damage before departing. The next morning another shadowing aircraft had taken position and before noon the convoy was attacked by bombers and flying boats in two waves. After the attacks the convoy continued toward Timor for a few hours with *Houston* launching a scout plane seeking the enemy position. ABDA suspected the presence of Japanese carriers, an imminent invasion of Timor and a support fleet lying in wait and thus ordered the convoy back to Darwin which it reached before noon on the 18th.

*Swan* was in Darwin the next day when the Japanese attacked the port and was secured alongside *Neptuna*, which had a cargo that included 100 depth charges. The ship managed to get underway and contributed fire in defence, but was heavily damaged by a near miss. Three crew members were killed in the attack. The day after the attack *Warrego* escorted the damaged *Swan* through Clarence Strait.

On 2 September 1942 *Swan* with HMAS *Castlemaine* departed Townsville escorting *Sea Witch*, *Taroona*, *Anshun* and '*s Jacob* bound for Port Moresby and Milne Bay. HMAS *Arunta* joined to be the escort with *Swan* for *Anshun* and  *'s Jacob* to Milne Bay while *Castlemaine* escorted *Sea Witch* and *Taroona* to Port Moresby.

General Kenneth Eather, GOC Australian 11th Division, accepted the surrender of Japanese forces in New Ireland from General Ito on board *Swan* on 18 September 1945. From late 1945 to August 1948 she was used to command the RAN's minesweeping operation in Australian and New Guinean waters.

The ship received three battle honours for her wartime service: "Darwin 1942", "Pacific 1941–45", and "New Guinea 1943–44".

### Post-war

*Swan* paid off to reserve on 18 August 1950, was converted to a training ship between October 1954 and February 1956 and recommissioned on 10 February 1956.

## Decommissioning and fate

*Swan* paid off for disposal on 20 September 1962 and was sold for scrap to Hurley and Dewhurst of Sydney on 5 June 1964.

## Citations

* Bastock, John (1975). *Australia's Ships of War*. Cremorne, NSW: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-12927-4. OCLC 2525523.
* Campbell, N. J. M. (1980). "Great Britain (including Empire Forces)". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 2–85. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
* Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben & Bush, Steve (2020). *Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present* (5th revised and updated ed.). Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-9327-0.
* Gill, G. Hermon (1957). *Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942*. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 848228.
* Gill, G. Hermon (1968). *Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942*. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 65475.
* Hague, Arnold (1993). *Sloops: A History of the 71 Sloops Built in Britain and Australia for the British, Australian and Indian Navies 1926–1946*. Kendal, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-67-3.
* Masterson, Dr. James R. (1949). *U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941–1947*. Washington, D. C.: Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army.
* Office Of Naval Intelligence – United States Navy (1943). *The Java Sea Campaign*. Combat Narratives. Washington, DC: United States Navy.

## Further reading

* Gillett, Ross (1977). *Warships of Australia*. MacDougall, Anthony; Graham, Colin (illustrations). Adelaide, SA: Rigby. ISBN 0727004727. OCLC 4466019.

## InfoBox

| HMAS *Swan* in 1945 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Australia | |
| Namesake | Swan River |
| Builder | Cockatoo Island Dockyard |
| Laid down | 1 May 1935 |
| Launched | 28 March 1936 |
| Commissioned | 21 January 1937 |
| Decommissioned | 20 September 1962 |
| Reclassified | Training ship (1956–1962) |
| Motto | "Forward" |
| Honours and<br>awards |  |
| Fate | Sold for scrap |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Grimsby*-class sloop |
| Displacement | 1,060 tons (standard), 1,500 tons (full load) |
| Length | 266 ft 3 in (81.15 m) |
| Beam | 36 ft (11 m) |
| Draught | 7.5 to 10 ft (2.3 to 3.0 m) |
| Propulsion | 2 × Admiralty 3-drum boilers, Parsons turbines, 2,000 shp (1,500 kW), 2 shafts |
| Speed | 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph) |
| Complement | 135 peace, 160 war |
| Armament |  |


title: Nälden

abstract: Nälden is a locality situated in Krokom Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden with 873 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Nälden

**Nälden** is a locality situated in Krokom Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden with 873 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Nälden | |
| --- | --- |
| Locality | |
| Nälden in December 2004 | |
| NäldenNälden | |
| Coordinates: 63°21′N 14°15′E / 63.350°N 14.250°E / 63.350; 14.250 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Jämtland |
| County | Jämtland County |
| Municipality | Krokom Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.29 km2 (0.50 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 873 |
| Density | 678/km2 (1,760/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Onychostoma breve

abstract: Onychostoma breve is a species of cyprinid in the genus Onychostoma. It inhabits the Yangtze in China and has a maximum length of 14.6 centimetres (5.7 in).

text:
# Onychostoma breve

***Onychostoma breve*** is a species of cyprinid in the genus *Onychostoma*. It inhabits the Yangtze in China and has a maximum length of 14.6 centimetres (5.7 in).

## InfoBox

| *Onychostoma breve* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Genus: | *Onychostoma* |
| Species: | ***O. breve*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Onychostoma breve***<br>(Wu & Chen, 1977) | |
|


title: One One One

abstract: One One One is the sixth studio album by the Norwegian band Shining, released through Universal on April 8, 2013, and Indie Recordings on June 7, 2013.

text:
# One One One

***One One One*** is the sixth studio album by the Norwegian band Shining, released through Universal on April 8, 2013, and Indie Recordings on June 7, 2013.

## Overview

The Norwegian band Shining started out as an acoustic jazz quartet, but the sound of this new album, like its predecessor, *Blackja*zz, is more experimental and extreme than the band's first releases. It incorporates elements from black metal, progressive rock, and 19th and 20th Century classical music with the foundations of jazz music.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Heavy Blog is Heavy |  |
| Dagbladet |  |
| PopMatters |  |

The album was well received by critics, with Heavy Blog Is Heavy awarding the album 4.5 out of 5 stars, and the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet rating the album a 5 out of 6.

## Track listing

### CD version

1. "I Won't Forget" (3:51)
2. "The One Inside" (4:04)
3. "My Dying Drive" (4:06)
4. "Off the Hook" (3:37)
5. "Blackjazz Rebels" (3:38)
6. "How Your Story Ends" (4:39)
7. "The Hurting Game" (4:09)
8. "Walk Away" (3:38)
9. "Paint the Sky Black" (4:19)

### LP version

Side A 1. "I Won't Forget" (3:51)
2. "The One Inside" (4:04)
3. "My Dying Drive" (4:06)
4. "Off the Hook" (3:37)

Side B 1. "Blackjazz Rebels" (3:38)
2. "How Your Story Ends" (4:39)
3. "The Hurting Game" (4:09)
4. "Walk Away" (3:38)
5. "Paint the Sky Black" (4:19)

## Personnel

## Credits

* Co-producer and mixing – Sean Beavan
* Design – Trine + Kim Design Studio
* Mastering – Tom Baker
* Producer, composer, recording – Jørgen Munkeby
* Recorded by Mike Hartung

* Partly funded by A-ha, Norsk Kulturråd, Fond for utøvende kunstnere, Fond for lyd og bilde and Tekstforfatterfondet.

## InfoBox

| One One One | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Shining | |
| Released | April 8, 2013 |
| Genre | Avant-garde metal, extreme metal, alternative metal, industrial metal, progressive metal |
| Length | 35:49 |
| Label | Universal/Indie Recordings |
| Producer | Jørgen Munkeby |
| Shining chronology | |
| *Live Blackjazz*
(2011) ***One One One***
(2013) *International Blackjazz Society*
(2015) | |


title: R462 road (Ireland)

abstract: The R462 road is a regional road in Ireland, located in County Clare and County Galway.

text:
# R462 road (Ireland)

The **R462 road** is a regional road in Ireland, located in County Clare and County Galway.

53°28′59″N 8°30′26″W / 53.483133°N 8.507359°W / 53.483133; -8.507359

## InfoBox

| R462 road | |
| --- | --- |
| *Bóthar R462* | |
| R462 passes through Loughaun forestry | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 41.6 km (25.8 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| From | R458 Tiraloughan |
| Major intersections | *Enters County Clare*
*Passes through Tulla*
R352 Loughaun South
*Passes through Kilkishen*
R469 Kilmurry-Negaul
R470 Sixmilebridge
R471 Clonlara |
| To | N18 Cratloe |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Ireland |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Neal, Kansas

abstract: Neal is a census-designated place (CDP) in eastern Greenwood County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 37. It is located approximately 10 miles east of the city of Eureka along U.S. Route 54 highway.

text:
# Neal, Kansas

**Neal** is a census-designated place (CDP) in eastern Greenwood County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 37. It is located approximately 10 miles east of the city of Eureka along U.S. Route 54 highway.

## History

The first post office in Neal was established in 1882. Although Neal is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 66863.

Neal was named for a minor official of the Missouri Pacific Railroad.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 37 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

The 2020 United States census counted 37 people, 20 households, and 12 families in Neal. The population density was 184.1 per square mile (71.1/km2). There were 26 housing units at an average density of 129.4 per square mile (49.9/km2). The racial makeup was 89.19% (33) white or European American (89.19% non-Hispanic white), 0.0% (0) black or African-American, 0.0% (0) Native American or Alaska Native, 0.0% (0) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 2.7% (1) from other races, and 8.11% (3) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 2.7% (1) of the population.

Of the 20 households, 10.0% had children under the age of 18; 55.0% were married couples living together; 35.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 40.0% of households consisted of individuals and 30.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.0 and the average family size was 2.5. The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 0.0% of the population.

0.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 0.0% from 18 to 24, 13.5% from 25 to 44, 40.5% from 45 to 64, and 45.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 57.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 164.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 164.3 males.

## Education

The community is served by Eureka USD 389 public school district.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Neal, Kansas | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Post Office in Neal, 2012 | |
| KDOT map of Greenwood County (legend) | |
| NealNeal | |
| Coordinates: 37°50′02″N 96°04′51″W / 37.83389°N 96.08083°W / 37.83389; -96.08083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Greenwood |
| Elevation | 958 ft (292 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 37 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 66863 |
| Area code | 620 |
| FIPS code | 20-49550 |
| GNIS ID | 2804491 |


title: UTeach

abstract: UTeach is a teacher certification program administered by the College of Natural Sciences and the College of Education at the University of Texas at Austin. It was created in 1997 to address both the shortage of qualified secondary mathematics, science, and computer science teachers as well as the quality of those entering the field. The program has been well-received, cited by the National Academy of Sciences as a model program addressing the need for more highly qualified mathematics and science teachers. UTeach has been a model for mathematics and science education programs at other institutions, and has been expanded to involve an additional forty-four universities in twenty-one states by 2019.

text:
# UTeach

**UTeach** is a teacher certification program administered by the College of Natural Sciences and the College of Education at the University of Texas at Austin. It was created in 1997 to address both the shortage of qualified secondary mathematics, science, and computer science teachers as well as the quality of those entering the field.

The program has been well-received, cited by the National Academy of Sciences as a model program addressing the need for more highly qualified mathematics and science teachers.

UTeach has been a model for mathematics and science education programs at other institutions, and has been expanded to involve an additional forty-four universities in twenty-one states by 2019.

2008-2012 (cohort 1) Florida State University Louisiana State University Northern Arizona University Temple University University of California, Berkeley University of California, Irvine University of Colorado Boulder University of Florida University of Houston University of Kansas University of North Texas University of Texas at Dallas Western Kentucky University 2010-2014 (cohort 2) Cleveland State University Middle Tennessee State University University of Colorado Colorado Springs University of Memphis University of Tennessee, Chattanooga University of Tennessee, Knoxville University of Texas, Arlington University of Texas at Tyler 2011-2015 (cohort 3) Columbus State University Southern Polytechnic State University University of Massachusetts, Lowell University of West Georgia 2012-2016 (cohort 4) Boise State University Florida Institute of Technology Towson University University of Arkansas at Fayetteville University of Arkansas at Little Rock University of Central Arkansas University of Texas at Brownsville University of Texas, Pan American 2013-2018 (cohort 5) Drexel University Florida International University University of Maryland, College Park Oklahoma State University Old Dominion University University of Alabama, Birmingham 2015-2019 (cohort 6) George Washington University Louisiana Tech University University of Massachusetts, Boston University of Nevada, Reno West Virginia University


title: Pietro Giovanni Abbati

abstract: Pietro Giovanni Abbati (1683–1745) was an Italian set designer, painter and engraver. Abbati was born in Parma. He was active in the cities of Turin, Parma, Bologna and Vienna. Pupil of Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Abbati published several works in 1707. He devoted himself mainly to landscape painting and engraving. He died in Parma in 1745.

text:
# Pietro Giovanni Abbati

**Pietro Giovanni Abbati** (in English, Peter John Abbati) (1683–1745) was an Italian set designer, painter and engraver.

Abbati was born in Parma. He was active in the cities of Turin, Parma, Bologna and Vienna. Pupil of Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Abbati published several works in 1707. He devoted himself mainly to landscape painting and engraving. He died in Parma in 1745.

## Life

Pietro Giovanni Abbati was a son of Bernardo Abbati and was born in Parma in the second half of the 17th century. He received his education in the Dominican monastery San Pietro Martire in Parma. The friars noticed Abbati's artistic talent and had him trained by Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena. He was as versatile as his teacher in festive decoration, architecture and painting.

Abbati is first mentioned in a document of 25 August 1683, where he is listed as a witness. Apparently, the Ducal Court of Parma valued Abbati's artistic ability, since it provided him in 1706 with a letter of recommendation for a stay in Venice. During this time Abbati prepared publications of stage sets and brochures after the drafts of his teacher Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, including *The Varie opere di Prospettiva*, a collection of 72 mostly large-format plates documenting Galli-Bibiena's early activity as a designer of theatrical scenery and ephemeral architecture. It was assembled by Abbati who had trained with this master during his tenure as "Pittore di Corte" to the Farnese Dukes of Parma, in collaboration with Carlo Antonio Buffagnotti, an industrious printmaker from Bologna. In 1713 Abbati was a subprior at the Turin painter's guild. The following year he designed the theater decorations for the new ducal theater in Parma on the occasion of the local performance of Giuseppe Maria Orlandini's opera *Carlo, Re di Alemagna*. On this occasion, he was referred to as a trusted servant of the Duke of Parma. He remained a court artist of the Farnese and received from them a fixed monthly income of 73 lire starting from November 1718. In 1727, however, this salary was not paid to him. For his procurement of costumes for a horse dance performance in honor of the Duke, according to a receipt, he received 1500 lire in January 1733.

As a stage painter Abbati worked not only in Parma, but also in Urbania, Turin, Bologna and Vienna. He also created paintings and etchings. In Parma he gave lessons to Giuseppe Pellizzoli and Agostino Filippi.

* AA.VV. ABBATI, Peter John Treccani.it - Encyclopedias online. Institute of the Italian, March 15, 2011. Retrieved on November 18, 2012.
* Brief Biography of Pietro Giovanni Abbati (Italian)
* Content was translated from the corresponding article on the Italian Wikipedia
* Content was translated from the corresponding article on the German Wikipedia
*

Specific 1. Augusta Ghidiglia Quintavalle: Abbati, Pietro Giovanni. In: Alberto M. Ghisalberti (Hrsg.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Band 1: Aaron–Albertucci. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rom 1960, S. 26.
2. A. Pinelli: Abbati, Pietro Giovanni. In: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL). Band 1, Seemann, Leipzig 1983, ISBN 3-598-22741-8, S. 52 f.
3. Ernst Diez: Abbati, Pietro Giovanni. In: Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker (Hrsg.): Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Begründet von Ulrich Thieme und Felix Becker. Band 1: Aa–Antonio de Miraguel. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1907, S. 11 (Textarchiv – Internet Archive).
4. "Bibiena (Ferdinando Galli), 1656-1743 - Varie opere di Prospettiua inventate da Ferdinando Galli d:o il Bibiena Bolognese Pittore, et Architetto dell A: SS.ma del Sig:re Duca di Parma Raccolte da".

## InfoBox

| Pietro Giovanni Abbati | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1683 (1683)
Parma, Italy |
| Died | 1745 (aged 6162)
Parma, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Education | Dominican monastery San Pietro Martire |
| Known for | Landscape painting, Engraving |


title: HMAS Sydney (DDG 42)

abstract: HMAS Sydney, named after the city of Sydney, New South Wales, is the third and final ship of the Hobart-class air warfare destroyers operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

text:
# HMAS Sydney (DDG 42)

**HMAS *Sydney* (DDG 42)**, named after the city of Sydney, New South Wales, is the third and final ship of the *Hobart*-class air warfare destroyers operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

## Construction

HMAS *Sydney* was laid down on 19 November 2015, and launched on 19 May 2018. The ship, based on the *Álvaro de Bazán*-class frigate designed by Navantia, was built at ASC's shipyard in Osborne, South Australia, from modules fabricated by ASC, BAE Systems Australia in Victoria, and Forgacs Group in New South Wales. The ship was delivered to the Australian Department of Defence on 28 February 2020, after sea trials since September 2019.

## Service

HMAS *Sydney* was commissioned at sea off the coast of New South Wales on 18 May 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. This was the first time since World War II that an Australian warship was commissioned at sea. In March 2021, the ship's combat systems were tested in advance of any operational deployments.

On 8 May 2021 *Sydney* struck and killed two endangered fin whales which were discovered after the ship docked at the U.S. Navy base in San Diego, California. The Center for Biological Diversity announced its intent to sue the U.S. Navy and the National Marine Fisheries Service for what it called "violations" of the Endangered Species Act. The incident is under joint review by U.S. and Australian agencies.

In June 2024, *Sydney* was sent on a regional presence deployment, which included participating in RIMPAC 2024, Exercise Pacific Dragon and deployed on Operation Argos. On 19 July, *Sydney* participated in the sinking of the decommissioned amphibious assault ship USS *Tarawa* off the coast of Hawaii by firing a Naval Strike Missile. On 12 September, *Sydney* was deployed in Operation Argos in monitoring illegal shipment of goods in and out of North Korea.

## InfoBox

| HMAS *Sydney* in 2021 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Australia | |
| Namesake | City of Sydney, Australia |
| Ordered | 4 October 2007 |
| Builder |  |
| Laid down | 19 November 2015 |
| Launched | 19 May 2018 |
| Commissioned | 18 May 2020 |
| Homeport | Fleet Base East, Sydney |
| Identification | MMSI number: 503000127 |
| Motto | Thorough and Ready |
| Status | Active |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics (as designed) | |
| Class and type | *Hobart*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 7,000 tonnes (6,900 long tons; 7,700 short tons) full load |
| Length | 147.2 m (482 ft 11 in) |
| Beam | 18.6 m (61 ft 0 in) maximum |
| Draught | 5.17 m (17 ft 0 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | Over 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) |
| Range | Over 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) |
| Complement | * 186 + 16 aircrew * Accommodation for 234 |
| Sensors and
processing systems |  |
| Electronic warfare
& decoys | * ITT EDO Reconnaissance and Surveillance Systems ES-3701 ESM radar * SwRI MBS-567A communications ESM system * Ultra Electronics Avalon Systems multi-purpose digital receiver * Jenkins Engineering Defence Systems low-band receiver * 4 × Nulka decoy launchers * 4 × 6-tube multi-purpose decoy launchers |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | 1 x MH-60R Seahawk |


title: Rybaxis conjuncta

abstract: Rybaxis conjuncta is a species of ant-loving beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Rybaxis conjuncta

***Rybaxis conjuncta*** is a species of ant-loving beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2015). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 2: Hydrophiloidea - Staphylinoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-29685-5.

## InfoBox

| *Rybaxis conjuncta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Genus: | *Rybaxis* |
| Species: | ***R. conjuncta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rybaxis conjuncta***<br>(LeConte, 1849) | |
|