title: Going Home (Kenny G composition)

abstract: "Going Home" is an instrumental song by American saxophonist Kenny G which was released in 1990, from the artist's first live album Kenny G Live. Originally recorded in April 1988 for Stevie Nicks' album The Other Side of the Mirror, as working title "Tragedy Of One's Own Soul" and also earlier for a song titled "Lily Girl", both with lyrics written by Nicks. The project was eventually dropped prior to the May 1989 release of her album. There are bootleg versions of both songs widely available online, since neither have ever been officially released by Kenny G or Stevie Nicks.

text:
# Going Home (Kenny G composition)

"**Going Home**" is an instrumental song by American saxophonist Kenny G which was released in 1990, from the artist's first live album *Kenny G Live*.

Originally recorded in April 1988 for Stevie Nicks' album *The Other Side of the Mirror*, as working title "Tragedy Of One's Own Soul" and also earlier for a song titled "Lily Girl", both with lyrics written by Nicks. The project was eventually dropped prior to the May 1989 release of her album. There are bootleg versions of both songs widely available online, since neither have ever been officially released by Kenny G or Stevie Nicks.

## Reception in China

This appropriately titled song is an unconventional mega-hit throughout the country of China. It has become the unofficial national closing anthem for food courts, outdoor markets, health clubs, shopping malls and train stations throughout the country. Many businesses begin piping the music over their loudspeakers shortly before closing at night. Television stations also play the song before ending their evening broadcasts. Some trains staffed by Nanchang Railway Bureau play the song when reaching their final destinations. Many Chinese, when asked, say they associate the song with the need to finish their activity and go home, although they may not even know the name of the song or its artist.

Kenny G has said that when he played it midconcert in China, the audience got up and left early.

## Charts

| Chart (1990) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 | 56 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot R&B Singles | 46 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Adult Contemporary | 5 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Going Home" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Kenny G | |
| from the album  *Kenny G Live* | |
| Released | January 21, 1990 |
| Recorded | April 1988 (Unreleased with Stevie Nicks)/1989 overdubs and completion |
| Genre | Smooth jazz |
| Length | 5:29 (Album Version) 4:15 (Single Version) |
| Label | Arista |
| Songwriter(s) | Kenny G, Walter Afanasieff |
| Producer(s) | Kenny G |
| Kenny G singles chronology | |
| "We've Saved the Best for Last"
(1989) "**Going Home**"
(1990) "Theme from Dying Young"
(1991) | |


title: Urban rail in the United Kingdom

abstract: Urban and suburban rail plays a key role in public transport in many of the major cities of the United Kingdom. Urban rail refers to the train service between city centres and suburbs or nearby towns that acts as a main mode of transport for travellers on a daily basis. They consist of several railway lines connecting city centre stations of major cities to suburbs and surrounding towns. Train services and ticketing are fully integrated with the national rail network and are not considered separate. In London, a route for Crossrail 2 has been safeguarded.

text:
# Urban rail in the United Kingdom

**Belfast** **Birmingham** **Bristol** **Cardiff** **Edinburgh** **Exeter** **Glasgow** **Leeds** **Liverpool** **London** **Manchester** class=notpageimage|Commuter and suburban heavy rail systems in the United Kingdom

**Urban and** **suburban rail** plays a key role in public transport in many of the major cities of the United Kingdom. Urban rail refers to the train service between city centres and suburbs or nearby towns that acts as a main mode of transport for travellers on a daily basis. They consist of several railway lines connecting city centre stations of major cities to suburbs and surrounding towns.

Train services and ticketing are fully integrated with the national rail network and are not considered separate. In London, a route for Crossrail 2 has been safeguarded.

## Overview

### Advantages over light rail

Unlike most light rail systems, most urban rail networks are part of National Rail, which often allows easy interchange with mainline rail, and only one ticket needs to be bought if a journey includes both mainline and urban rail. Bicycles can be taken on board in the majority of cases, and existing railways can be used, rather than new light railways being built.

Urban rail usually has higher capacity than light rail because of longer trains (but often lower frequency), and higher average speed because of fewer stops.

In some cases, suburban railway networks have their own ticketing system, as in West Yorkshire.

### Services

A few urban railways offer service during peak times only, and others operate less frequent trains during the evenings and on Sundays.

Networks often encompass a few major stations in a large city, with other stations being medium or minor. Services can be provided by one train operating company operating exclusively on an urban rail network, such as in Merseyside, or by a company that also operates regional and national services, like in Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Glasgow.

## Belfast

In Northern Ireland's capital, Northern Ireland Railways Belfast suburban rail serves Greater Belfast. Services run about every 20 minutes from 06:00 until 00:00 on:

Some services run between Larne and Portadown, calling at all stations. Belfast Suburban Rail serves 39 different stations on three lines.

## Birmingham

Co-ordinated and subsidised by Transport for West Midlands (TfWM), West Midlands Trains operates a network of 70 stations in the West Midlands county focused on Birmingham. West Midlands Trains operate the West Midlands suburban routes under the *West Midlands Railway* branding to distinguish them from their longer-distance routes. The main city-centre station is Birmingham New Street, operated by Network Rail; the other city-centre stations are Birmingham Snow Hill and Birmingham Moor Street. The other main stations in the West Midlands are Wolverhampton and Coventry.

During 2014/15, there were nearly 51 million rail passenger journeys in the TfWM area. Birmingham has the highest proportion of rail commuters in England outside London. In the past few decades the proportion of journeys into central Birmingham by rail has grown sharply: 29% of journeys into Birmingham city centre in the peak hours were made by rail in 2015, compared to 17% in 2001, 12% in 1991.

Most of the Birmingham and West Midlands County local suburban lines are centred on New Street station, including the Cross-City Line, the Chase Line and the Coventry-Wolverhampton Line. Three suburban routes, known collectively as the Snow Hill Lines run through Snow Hill and Moor Street stations. Services run at ten-minute frequencies on the busiest routes, with most other routes operating at least a 15–20 or 30 minute frequency. Routes are listed below:

West Midlands Trains routes operating from Birmingham New Street:

Three lines, known collectively as the Snow Hill Lines, operate from Birmingham Snow Hill and Birmingham Moor Street stations:

Other routes operating from the TFWM area but not centred on Birmingham include:

The West Midlands Combined Authority, created in 2016, is pursuing plans to restore local passenger services to the Camp Hill line in southern Birmingham, which is currently freight only, by constructing new chords into Birmingham Moor Street station. Restoration of local passenger services to the freight only Walsall to Wolverhampton Line, is also being pursued.

Centro was established in 1969 following the Transport Act 1968. The Transport Act 1985 deregulated and privatised bus services across the UK. The West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive co-ordinated the services of all local private bus operators and adopted the name of Centro shortly afterwards to distinguish its new role from its previous role as an operator. In 2016 Centro was abolished and replaced by TfWM.

## Bristol

There are 13 suburban and two main-line stations (Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway) in Bristol, all operated by Great Western Railway. The only suburban line is the 13.5 mile long Severn Beach Line with 11 stations and 1.25 million journeys in 2016/7. The operator estimates that 57% of travellers on the line commute, rather than travelling for leisure. Services run every half an hour to Avonmouth and continue every hour to Severn Beach. As part of the MetroWest local rail expansion project, a further two suburban lines from Bristol Temple Meads to Henbury and Portishead were due to open in 2021 and 2023 respectively. Services also run from Gloucester - Westbury and Cardiff Central - Taunton via Bristol.

Other suburban stations lie on main lines:

Commuter services operate to and from nearby Bath, as well as a Weston-super-Mare to Bristol Parkway service via Bedminster.

## Cardiff

The Valley Lines network of eight lines (Cardiff Bay Line, City Line, Coryton Line, Maesteg Line, Merthyr Line, Rhondda Line, Rhymney Line and Vale of Glamorgan Line) incorporates 20 stations in Cardiff, the capital of Wales, and 61 in surrounding towns and villages. Its hubs are Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Central. Train frequencies are up to every five minutes. The Ebbw Valley Railway also carries commuters to the capital.

Transport for Wales operates the stations and services. In February 2008, the Ebbw Valley Railway re-opened after 45 years with an hourly service to Cardiff Central. Until the line's closure in 1962, passengers had had to change at Newport.

The Maesteg line is incorporated into the wider network: trains continue to Cheltenham Spa from Cardiff Central. The Vale of Glamorgan Line serves Cardiff Airport.

However, the network neglects large residential areas in the south-west and east of Cardiff, although the South Wales Main Line runs through these areas without any stations. These areas include Caerau in the south-west and Rumney and St Mellons in the east.

Between 1995 and 2001, the network (except the Maesteg Line) was operated by Valley Lines. It then became part of the Wales & Borders franchise before becoming part of the Arriva Trains Wales franchise in 2003, and subsequently the KeolisAmey Wales franchise in 2018.

Since 2021, works on the South Wales Metro have taken place to transform the Valley Lines into a Light Metro service, with brand new larger trains and much more frequent services. Electrification began in 2021 for the new trains which will run at a core frequency of 18 trains per hour.

## Edinburgh

ScotRail operates four commuter lines (with 40 stations) in and around the Scottish capital: the North Clyde Line, the Borders Railway, the Edinburgh to Dunblane Line and the Fife Circle Line. Edinburgh Waverley and Haymarket are the city's two major stations with connections to mainline services.

A project to open a rail link to Edinburgh Airport was cancelled in September 2007 by the Scottish Government in favour of construction of an Edinburgh Gateway station at nearby Gogar, which connects with the Edinburgh tram network to take passengers to the terminal. A proposal to re-open the Edinburgh suburban railway line has been made by campaigning groups.

## Exeter

Exeter serves as the regional hub for rail transport in Devon. There are 8 suburban stations and two main-line stations within the city limits (Exeter St Davids and Exeter Central), with many more in the Greater Exeter area.

Local services:

Under the Devon Metro project multiple new stations within the city and its environs have opened in recent years, with the goal to eventually establish a rapid-transit style service through incremental improvements to Exeter's existing urban rail network. Recent advancements in the scheme include the openings of Newcourt, Cranbrook and Marsh Barton railway stations, as well as an increased frequency of 2tph on the Riviera and Avocet Lines.

## Glasgow

Glasgow is Scotland's biggest city and has the UK's largest suburban rail network outside London. Much of the network is electrified, with some lines operated by diesel trains. Trains are operated by Abellio ScotRail; Transport Scotland oversees the management of routes, fares and timetables for all train services in Scotland - until 2005, train services around Glasgow were managed by Strathclyde Passenger Transport. Because of this historic split there are differences between train services in Strathclyde and the rest of Scotland. There is no first class travel in Strathclyde, and morning peak time finishes at 09:00 (rather than 09:15) with no evening peak time.

Glasgow Central and Glasgow Queen Street are the two mainline railway stations, both in the city centre. Services to the south leave from Central, and to the north leave from Queen Street. Two lines run underground east to west through the city centre: the North Clyde line through Queen Street and the Argyle Line through Central, from underground platforms below the mainline stations. The North Clyde and Argyle lines meet at Partick, which is also served by the Glasgow Subway. There are Glasgow Subway stations near Central (St Enoch) and Queen Street (Buchanan Street).

A bus services to Glasgow Airport operates from Paisley Gilmour Street station. Glasgow Prestwick Airport has its own railway station on the Ayrshire Coast line, and is the only airport in Scotland with its own station. A direct rail link from Glasgow Central to Glasgow International Airport was planned, but was cancelled in 2009.

## Liverpool

The partially underground Merseyrail network consists of three lines, the Northern Line, Wirral Line and City Line, which interconnect in Liverpool's city centre. The Northern and Wirral Lines run in tunnels in the centres of Liverpool and Birkenhead. Liverpool is the nucleus of the network, which sees 100,000 people a day travel through 68 stations on the electrified lines. There are 21 stations on the City Line that serves the Merseyside area. The origins of the network are old, dating back 1848 and the Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway, one of the world's first commuter lines, and to the 1886 Mersey Railway, which was the world's second oldest underground passenger railway. An early commuter was Nathaniel Hawthorne, United States consul to Liverpool, 1853–57.

The 75 mile long electric third rail Northern and Wirral lines are 100% dedicated Merseyrail lines operating separately from the City Line. The City Line currently uses diesel trains operated by Northern. The local passenger transport executive, Merseytravel, brands all suburban rail lines running through Merseyside as Merseyrail with stations inside Merseyside branded as Merseyrail stations.

The Northern and Wirral lines operate under the train operating company called Merseyrail. Suburban trains run on both the electrified lines. The service operates at metro frequencies in central Liverpool and Birkenhead.

The City line is operated by Northern running into Merseyside from outside the region, receiving funding from Merseytravel. The City line consists of non-electrified lines heading east and one electrified running south. Liverpool Lime Street is the terminus of the City line, with a connection to the Wirral line at Lime Street underground station. There is also a connection with the Northern Line at Liverpool South Parkway in the south of Liverpool. The City Line is to be electrified to the Wigan and Manchester branches.

The network includes the following lines:

## Leeds

The West Yorkshire Metro oversees Northern suburban trains on 11 lines connecting urban centres such as Leeds, Bradford, Wakefield and Huddersfield and small commuter towns and villages in the Leeds city region, branded as Metro.

The network incorporates the following lines, which often continue to longer distance destinations:

## Manchester

Commuting via rail by wealthy merchants living in North Cheshire and South Lancashire into the centre of Manchester was a fairly early phenomenon thanks to the opening of railways such as the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway, Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway & Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, in the 1830s & 1840s. All had stations in what were then the outskirts of Manchester, from where citizens could take a train into the centre of the city. Sale, Alderley Edge and Wilmslow are examples of early settlements that had railway stations in the early-mid-19th century and grew into sizable commuter towns.

Urban rail services to Manchester nowadays forms part of the Northern network.

Around 25 million journeys are made on the Greater Manchester local rail network, compared to 34 million Metrolink tram journeys. Buses make up a far bigger number than both however with 225 million journeys per year.

The biggest point of entry to the city is Manchester Piccadilly which accommodates 13 lines on which services are provided up to around every 15 minutes.

These include lines to/from Bolton, New Mills Central, Crewe, Liverpool Lime Street, Chester, Warrington Central, Hadfield / Glossop, Huddersfield and Southport.

There are also 11 routes from Manchester Victoria, all operated by Northern.

Routes are as follows:

91 stations are within the Greater Manchester ticketing zone. There are links to the Metrolink tram network at Manchester Piccadilly, Manchester Victoria, Manchester Deansgate, Altrincham, Navigation Road, Eccles (400m walk), Rochdale, Ashton-under-Lyne (from 2013), East Didsbury (200m walk) and Manchester Airport. Tickets bought for rail travel within Greater Manchester ticketing zone to the four city-centre stations (Deansgate, Oxford Road, Victoria and Piccadilly) are to "Manchester Central Zone", rendered on the ticket as "MANCHESTER CTLZ", and allow free tram travel within the Metrolink tram city fare zone (eight stops within the Piccadilly-Victoria-Deansgate station triangle).

Transport for Greater Manchester co-ordinates rail services within Greater Manchester. It was established in 1969 as the SELNEC PTE (South East Lancashire North East Cheshire) following the Transport Act 1968, and was renamed the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive in 1974 before becoming TfGM in 2011.

## Greater London

The London network comprised 368 railway stations within the London Travelcard Zones. Stations in London (apart from Stratford International) are within Travelcard zones. Some stations outside Greater London, for example Chigwell in Essex, are within zones 4–6; many stations outside London are within zones 6–9, for example Amersham and Shenfield, but some stations much closer to the Greater London boundary, like Esher and Staines, are not in any zone. London has an integrated ticketing system via the Travelcard or Oyster card for buses, Docklands Light Railway, suburban rail, tram, Underground and Overground.

Unlike cities like Liverpool/Merseyside, Sydney and Paris, several operators provide suburban rail services, but all are part of the National Rail system and ticketing is integrated. Some operators have government contracts but others, such as Southeastern, are owned by the state. Most stations are served at least every 20 minutes, with many stations and routes having four, six or more trains per hour.

### c2c

c2c runs from London Fenchurch Street through east London via Basildon (or Grays and Tilbury) to Southend Central and Shoeburyness, serving eight stations in Greater London.

### Chiltern Railways

Chiltern Railways serves eight stations within London from Marylebone, with up to two trains per hour. Sudbury & Harrow Road, London's least used station, has no services outside peak hours or at weekends.

There is a proposal for a Chiltern Metro Service between Marylebone and West Ruislip, operating at 4+ trains per hour, stopping at Wembley Stadium, Sudbury & Harrow Road, Sudbury Hill Harrow, Northolt Park, South Ruislip and West Ruislip. This would require a reversing facility at West Ruislip, and passing loops at Sudbury Hill Harrow and Wembley Stadium (part of the old down fast line is in use as a central reversing siding for stock movements and eight-car shuttles for stadium events).

The Thameslink and Great Northern network extends from Brighton to Bedford and from central London to Norfolk. Thameslink and Great Northern run two distinct services, Great Northern and Thameslink. The Great Northern route runs from King's Cross and Moorgate. Suburban services serve stations such as Alexandra Palace, Enfield Chase and Oakleigh Park. Stations within London have three or six trains per hour, but stations on the Northern City branch were not served on weekends until December 2015.

The Thameslink route underwent a major upgrade which was completed in 2020. Trains run from Bedford and Cambridge to Brighton and from Luton to Sutton. The network links Luton Airport, St Pancras (for Eurostar services) and Gatwick Airport and London Blackfriars, London Bridge and Wimbledon. Stations in the north of London and some south London suburbs are served every 15 minutes, while stations in central London are served every 15 minutes for each service. Stations on the Wimbledon Loop Line are served every 30 minutes.

### Greater Anglia

Greater Anglia operates frequent services from Southend Victoria, Ipswich, Clacton-on-Sea and Braintree to Liverpool Street station throughout the day along the Great Eastern Main Line, as well as from Southminster, Walton-on-the-Naze and Harwich Town during the peak hours.

On the West Anglia and Lea Valley lines Greater Anglia run services from Liverpool Street to Hertford East via Tottenham Hale and from Stratford via Tottenham Hale to Bishops Stortford. The Stansted Express links London to Stansted Airport and calls at Tottenham Hale.

### Great Western Railway

Great Western Railway operates from Paddington to Greenford, Slough, Reading and Oxford stopping at west London suburbs including Ealing Broadway, Southall and Hayes & Harlington. Great Western Railway also operate services to South Wales and Western England. Stations within London are served by two or four trains per hour.

### London Overground

The London Overground is operated by Arriva Rail London under a concession let by Transport for London. The Overground includes the Watford Local, North & West London, East London & South and the Gospel Oak to Barking lines. It is one of the three National Rail service shown on the London Underground map, the other two being Elizabeth line and Thameslink. All stations are served at least every 30 minutes, with stations between Dalston Junction and Surrey Quays on the East London Line having 16 trains per hour in each direction.

On the West Anglia and Lea Valley lines, four trains per hour go to Chingford and four via Edmonton Green, with two continuing to Enfield Town or Cheshunt.

### London North Western Railway

London Northwestern Railway operates regional/commuter services from Euston to Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Northamptonshire, Warwickshire, Staffordshire and Birmingham

### Southeastern

Southeastern operates over a large network in south-east London, with services reaching Kent and parts of East Sussex, covering 741 km (460 mi) of railway. Its London termini are Charing Cross, Victoria, Blackfriars, Cannon Street, London Bridge and St Pancras. Southeastern provides most of its stations with a frequency of 4-6 trains per hour. Stations on the Bromley North Line are served every 20 minutes.

### Southern

Southern provides services in South London and between Central London and the South Coast, through East and West Sussex and Surrey, and parts of Kent and Hampshire. Southern manages 167 stations and operates up to every 15 minutes on 14 lines south from London Victoria via Clapham Junction, and 10 from London Bridge. All Southern stations in the London Travelcard zones are served at least every 30 minutes during the working week with stations on the Tattenham corner line only receiving a train every hour on Sundays.

### South Western Railway

South Western Railway (SWR) operates a suburban network out of London Waterloo via Clapham Junction, which covers as far as Windsor, Reading, Alton, Guildford and Dorking.

The SWR network is the busiest in the UK, serving the busiest railway stations in terms of passenger numbers (Waterloo) and in terms of trains per hour (Clapham Junction). All SWR stations in the suburban network (apart from Fulwell, Hampton, Berrylands, Thames Ditton, Hampton Court, Strawberry Hill and those on the Chessington Branch) have at least four trains per hour. Earlsfield is served by 16 trains per hour, while Vauxhall is served by 26 trains per hour.

SWR also operates longer distance services as far as Weymouth, Portsmouth, Southampton, Bournemouth and Exeter. As part of its contract, SWR also operates the 8.5 mile Island Line on the Isle of Wight, with services between Ryde Pier Head and Shanklin.

### TfL Rail

A few years before the central section of the Elizabeth line opened, Transport for London (TfL) began to operate services on pre-existing track, such as Liverpool Street to Shenfield and Gidea Park and Paddington to Hayes and Harlington and Heathrow Terminal 4. These effectively replaced services run by Greater Anglia and Great Western Railway (GWR). When the Elizabeth line opened in May 2022, services and stock were then handed over to the new operator (still owned and run by TfL). However the Elizabeth Line will continue to serve Liverpool Street and Shenfield as well Paddington to Heathrow.

## Largest networks outside London

This is a list of the largest urban rail networks in the United Kingdom outside London. London's suburban rail network has several operators and over 500 stations on many different lines.

| City | Number of | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Lines | Stations |
| Glasgow | 13 | 178 |
| Manchester | 11 | 91 |
| Cardiff | 8 | 81 |
| Leeds | 12 | 78 |
| Birmingham | 9 | 70 |
| Liverpool | 3 | 89 |
| Exeter | 5 | 40 |
| Edinburgh | 4 | 40 |
| Belfast | 3 | 39 |
| Bristol | 3 | 26 |
|


title: Gay Seabrook

abstract: Gay Seabrook was an American film, Broadway and radio actress.

text:
# Gay Seabrook

**Gay Seabrook** (born **Gladys Johnson**; April 1, 1901 – April 18, 1970) was an American film, Broadway and radio actress.

## Early years

Seabrook was the daughter of Rufus Johnson, a newspaper circulation manager.

She married screenwriter Edward Evans Seabrook in 1920.

## Career

In the mid 1920s, Seabrook portrayed Mary Margaret in the play *The Fool*, which toured the United States for 62 weeks after having been presented "for some time in New York." She appeared in the Broadway productions of *Crime Marches On* (1935) and *Three Men on a Horse* (1942).

Seabrook was teamed with comedian Emerson Treacy to form the double-act **Treacy and Seabrook**. The team was very successful on radio and in theater during the early 1930s, with routines similar to those of real husband-and-wife team Burns and Allen. The two had worked together in 1928, teamed as young lovers in a production of the play *Tommy*. A newspaper article about the upcoming production described Treacy and Seabrook as "two of the best known portrayors of youthful roles in the country."

Seabrook also appeared as the ditzy mother of Spanky McFarland in the *Our Gang* short films *Bedtime Worries* and *Wild Poses*.

On radio, Seabrook played Susabelle on *The Park Avenue Penners* and was a member of the cast of *Meet Mr. Meek*.

## InfoBox

| Gay Seabrook | |
| --- | --- |
| Seabrook in *Long Shot* (1939) | |
| Born | Gladys Johnson
(1901-04-01)April 1, 1901
Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Died | April 18, 1970(1970-04-18) (aged 69)
Bedford Hills, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 19301941 |


title: Uncommon Productions

abstract: Uncommon Productions, LLC is an independent film company based in Boston, Massachusetts and Los Angeles, California. Founded in 2000 by Bill Haney and Tim Disney, Uncommon's films tend to focus on social issues. Recent films include cancer immunotherapy documentary, Jim Allison: Breakthrough, mountain top removal documentary The Last Mountain featuring Robert Kennedy Jr., and the NAACP Image Award nominated drama American Violet about drug enforcement, starring Alfre Woodard and Charles S. Dutton. In 2007 the owners of a Dominican Republic sugar plantation sued the company for defamation because of the way they were portrayed in the Uncommon Productions film The Price of Sugar. As of 2010 the lawsuit had not been settled.

text:
# Uncommon Productions

**Uncommon Productions**, LLC is an independent film company based in Boston, Massachusetts and Los Angeles, California. Founded in 2000 by Bill Haney and Tim Disney, Uncommon's films tend to focus on social issues. Recent films include cancer immunotherapy documentary, *Jim Allison: Breakthrough,* mountain top removal documentary *The Last Mountain* featuring Robert Kennedy Jr., and the NAACP Image Award nominated drama *American Violet* about drug enforcement, starring Alfre Woodard and Charles S. Dutton.

In 2007 the owners of a Dominican Republic sugar plantation sued the company for defamation because of the way they were portrayed in the Uncommon Productions film *The Price of Sugar*. As of 2010 the lawsuit had not been settled.

## Filmography

### Documentaries

### Feature films

## InfoBox

Uncommon Productions
| Industry | Entertainment |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2000 |
| Founder | Tim Disney Bill Haney |
| Headquarters | Boston, MA Los Angeles, CA |
| Key people | Tim Disney Bill Haney<br>Maura McCarthy Haney |
| Products | Film |
| Website | www.uncommonproductions.com |


title: Hiking in Chile

abstract: Hiking in Chile is characterized by a wide range of environments and climates for hikers, which largely results from Chile's unusual, ribbon-like shape, which is 4,300 kilometres long and on average 175 kilometres wide. These range from the world's driest desert, the Atacama, in the north, through a Mediterranean climate in the center, to the glaciers, fjords and lakes of Patagonia in the south. The longest hiking trail in Chile is the informal 3,000 km (1,850 mi) Greater Patagonian Trail that was created by a non-governmental initiative.

text:
# Hiking in Chile

**Hiking in Chile** is characterized by a wide range of environments and climates for hikers, which largely results from Chile's unusual, ribbon-like shape, which is 4,300 kilometres (2,700 miles) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 miles) wide. These range from the world's driest desert, the Atacama, in the north, through a Mediterranean climate in the center, to the glaciers, fjords and lakes of Patagonia in the south.

The longest hiking trail in Chile is the informal 3,000 km (1,850 mi) Greater Patagonian Trail that was created by a non-governmental initiative.

## National trail network

The **Sendero de Chile** (“Chilean Trail”) project was launched in the year 2000 by the Chilean government to celebrate the country's 2010 bicentenary of independence from Spain. It aimed to provide access to “Chile’s most awe inspiring landscapes and cultures, from the heights of the altiplano, with its volcanoes and salt flats, to the end of the American continent.” It was announced that the national trail network Sendero de Chile (“Chilean Trail”) will provide signposted paths through the length of Chile covering approximately 8,500 km of trails.

The trail divides the country into nine hiking zones:

* Iquique and Tarapacá
* Calama
* Atacama Coast
* Central Andes
* Alto Bío Bío
* Andean Araucanía
* Valdivian Forest
* Patagonia Aysén
* Última Esperanza

The ambitious plans suffered substantial setbacks and no continuous longer trail was created. The foundation "Sendero de Chile" focuses now on environmental education.

## Iquique and Tarapacá

Iquique is an important port city in the far north of Chile and is the capital of the country's Tarapacá Region. Terrain in Tarapacá includes the Pacific coast, the dry Atacama desert and the salt flats and volcanoes of the Andean altiplano.

There is currently one Sendero de Chile trail in this zone, the Kala Uta trail.

### Kala Uta

This trail stretches 26 km south from the small town of Colchane, just outside the Volcán Isluga National Park, to the village of Cariquima. The trail reaches altitudes of 3,700 meters above sea level and points of interest include the church of Achauta, dating from the start of the 20th century; historic Aymara architecture at Kalcachu, the Cariquima River and es:Nevado Cariquima volcano.

## Calama

Calama is an inland city in the Antofagasta Region in the north of Chile, lying to the south of Tarapacá. It is surrounded by the Atacama Desert and lies approximately 100 km from the popular tourist town of San Pedro de Atacama.

There is currently one Sendero de Chile trail in this zone, the Pukará Lasana – Puente Del Diablo trail.

### Pukará Lasana – Puente Del Diablo

This trail stretches 30 km from the pukará monument, north-east of Calama, via the village of Chiu Chiu to the Puente del Diablo (“devil’s bridge”), a natural bridge stretching over the Salado River. The trail passes several tourist attractions: the Pukará Lasana; petroglyphs dating from 3000 BC; the Laguna Inca Coya, an aquamarine lagoon considered sacred by indigenous communities; and the Puente del Diablo, stretching over a 20 meter deep canyon.

## Atacama Coast

This zone covers the coastal stretch of Chile's Atacama Region, where the Atacama Desert meets the Pacific Ocean. One popular attraction in the region is the *Desierto Florido* (“Flowering Desert”), where occasional higher-than-average rainfall in July and August can bring up to 200 kinds of desert plants into bloom between the months of September and November.

The Sendero de Chile currently has one trail in this zone, the Morro de Bahía Inglesa.

### Morro de Bahía Inglesa

This trail, which translates as Bahía Inglesa Headland, is a collection of one long 20 km walk and three shorter walks on various parts of the headland. The four trails pass several viewpoints – the Quebrada Chorrillos viewpoint, the Isla Grande viewpoint, the Portada Sur viewpoint and the Portal Norte viewpoint – as well as a variety of beaches. It is possible to see a wide range of local wildlife, including guanacos, kelp gulls, grey gulls and cacti.

## Central Andes

The Central Andes zone centers on the Chilean capital, Santiago, stretching up to Limarí in the north and down to San Fernando in the south.

There are currently eight Sendero de Chile trails in this semi-arid Andean zone: Samo Alto, Orolonco, Rio Olivares, Parque Mahuida, Parque Aguas De Ramón, Sendero de las Grandes Travesías, Reserva Río Clarillo and Reserva Río Cipreses.

### Samo Alto

The Samo Alto trail, located between Ovalle and Andacollo, is divided into two parts: the first covers 15 km between the villages of Samo Alto and San Pedro de Pichasa; the second covers 12 km from Samo Alto to the traditional village of Las Minillas. The first part offers views of the Cerro El Reloj, whose name (“Clock Hill”) comes from the laborers who used to use the sun on the mountain to tell the time, and extends north east via the El Espinal village and the Hurtado River up to the Pichasa Natural Monument, an area of protected natural landscape. The second part runs south east and takes in the Las Tinajas pre-Columbian archeological site.

### Orolonco

The Orolonco trail is found near the towns of San Felipe, Chile and Los Andes and close to Chile Route 60, which leads to the Paso Internacional Los Libertadores border crossing between Chile and Argentina. The trail extends 25 km from the Parque Escultórico Cementerio las Carretas (Las Carretas Cemetery Sculpture Park) to the Meseta de Jahuel viewpoint. Points of interest along the trail include the sculpture park itself, the Parque de Huasos Sahondé (Sahondé Cowboys park), the Santuario de Cristo de Rinconada de Silva, where the traditional Virgen del Carmen festival takes place, views of Cerro Orolonco and its many small waterfalls, Cerro Zaino, with its olive plantations, and the pre-Columbian architectural zone of Jaheul. ThisisChile.cl calls the area a “typical rural ‘’huaso’’ zone.”

### Río Olivares

The Rio Olivares (Olivares River) trail runs through the Parque Río Olivares, located in the Andes due east of Santiago, and extends 27 km from the Bocatoma Río Olivares to the 200 m high Salto Grande waterfall and back again. There are several viewpoints on the hike overlooking mountains such as Cerro El Plomo, which, at 5,424 meters, is the highest peak visible from Santiago on a clear day.

### Parque Mahuida

Mahuida municipal park is located on the southeastern edge of Santiago, where the commune of La Reina meets the foothills of the Andes. The entrance to the park is marked by a Sendero de Chile sign and the trail runs in a 5 km circuitous track.

### Parque Aguas de Ramón

The Aguas de Ramón Natural Park is also located on the eastern edge of Santiago, slightly to the north of Mahuida park. There are two main hikes in the Parque Aguas de Ramón: the 6.2 km circuitous Los Peumos hike and the 17.2 km circuitous Salto de Apoquindo hike. The Los Peumos trail runs from the park entrance around the edge of the Quebrada de Ramón (Ramoón Canyon) and back to the park entrance. The Salto de Apoquindo hike starts and ends on the same trail as the Los Peumos hike, but takes a steeper and more arduous detour to the 30 meter Salto de Apoquindo waterfall. Points of interest include native peumo tree forests, views of the waterfall and the 3,253 meter Cerro de Ramón mountain, and the opportunity to view condors, eagles, chimango caracaras and occasionally foxes and viscachas.

### Sendero de las Grandes Travesías (Cerro San Cristóbal)

This trail leads through Santiago's Parque Metropolitano, which contains the well-known Cerro San Cristóbal that rises 800 AMSL in the center of this city. The 9.5 km trail begins on the southwest side of the hill, circles below the summit to the eastern side of the hill and then runs north to the exit in the Mirador el Sauce sector, near the Camino La Pirámide. Points of interest include the National Zoo, two public swimming pools and a funicular which dates from 1925.

### Reserva Río Clarillo

The Río Clarillo National Reserve lies 45 km southeast of Santiago in the valley of the Clarillo River. The 10 km Sendero de Chile trail runs from the reserve's El Maitén sector to the Corral de las Yeguas sector. Points of interest include a viewpoint overlooking the Clarillo valley and stands of native cacti, soap bark trees, peumo trees and Lithraea caustica trees. It is also possible to view culpeos and South American gray foxes.

### Reserva Río Cipreses

The Río Cipreses Reserve is located southeast of the city of Rancagua and approximately 140 km south of Santiago. The 35 km trail runs from the park administration center to the Sector Agua de Vida, via the Sector de Ranchillo, with campsite and refreshment facilities, the Vuelta de la Guardia viewpoint, and the El Indio sector, with its nearby refuge and campsite. Points of interest include petroglyphs dating back to 1400 AD in the El Indio sector, views of the Cipreses Glacier and El Palomo Volcano, and the opportunity to see guanacos, condors, burrowing parrots and austrocedrus trees, also known as the Cordilleran cypress.

## Alto Bío Bío

South of the Central Andes, the Alto Bío Bío area covers the Andean surroundings of the upper Bío Bío River, Chile's second largest river, in the Bío Bío Region. The area is a center for the indigenous Pehuenche people and currently contains two Sendero de Chile trails, as well as other important parks such as Ñuble National Reserve.

### Parque Nacional Laguna del Laja

The trail comprises four sections, with three shorter hikes (Los Pangues – Los Tatas, 5 km; Circuito Las Chilcas – El Torbellino, 2 km; and El Toro – Laguna del Laja, 4 km) and one longer hike (Laguna del Laja – Los Barros, 24 km). It starts from the Control Hut in the Los Pangues section of the park and runs round the north-east base of the Antuco Volcano and the south-west shore of the Laguna del Laja lake down to the lake's southernmost point. Highlights include panoramic views of the lake, the volcano and Sierra Velluda, the highest peak in Chile's Bío Bío Region. The trail can be traversed either on foot or on horseback.

### Reserva Ralco

This 26 km trail runs north through the Ralco National Reserve from the Chilean National Forest Corporation (Conaf) lodge at Quillaicahue up to the Laguna La Mula mountain lake and beyond. It can only be traversed on horseback with a local guide. It is possible to view a wide variety of local wildlife, both plant and animal, and the trail offers views of Laguna La Mula, Salto Loncotahue waterfall, the Callaqui Volcano (3,095 m.a.s.l), Cerro Ruca Cherrube mountain and the Ralco River. Two local indigenous Pehuenche communities live within the reserve: the Ralco Lepoy community and the Quepuca Ralco community.

## Arauncanía Andina

The “Andean Araucanía” area is located in Chile's Araucanía Region and includes various national parks, such as Nahuelbuta, Tolhuaca, Conguillío, Villarrica and Huerquehue, and national reserves, such as Malalcahuello-Nalcas and Alto Bío Bío (in the Araucanía Region not the Bío Bío, despite its name). The region is famous for the araucaria tree, Chile's national tree, also known as the “monkey puzzle” or “monkey tail” tree. It is also home to the well-known tourist town of Pucón and four volcanoes: Llaima, Villarrica, Quetrupillan and Lanin.

The two Sendero de Chile hikes in the region are:

### Parque Nacional Conguillío

Popular Conguillío National Park is located approximately 70 km east of the city of Temuco and this trail runs 54 km round Llaima Volcano north from the Salto de Truful Truful waterfall to the Laguna Captren lake. It is possible to see a wide variety of wildlife in the park, including pumas, South American grey foxes, culpeos, lesser grisons, kodkods, pudús, viscachas and coypus. Birds living in the area include eagles, condors and Magellanic woodpeckers.

### Reserva Malalcahuello

The Malalcahuello National Reserve is found around 30 km east of the town of Curacautín, on the southern side of Lonquimay Volcano. The trail runs 18 km north west from the Conaf lodge in the Coloradito sector of the park to the Malalcahuello sector lodge. Hikers can view the region's abundant tree life including the emblematic araucaria and examples of Lenga beeches, coihues and Antarctic beeches.

## Selva Valdiviana

Chile's “Selva Valdiviana” (Valdivian temperate rainforest) covers the Andes south of the central Mediterranean zone and north of Patagonia and its Magellanic subpolar forests, centering on the Los Lagos and Los Ríos regions. The area includes several well-known lakes and volcanoes such as: Llanquihue Lake, Osorno Volcano, Todos los Santos Lake and Calbuco Volcano.

The two Sendero de Chile hikes in this area are:

### Santa Elvira – Las Parras

This trail lies on the south-western edge of Puyehue National Park in Los Lagos Region. It runs between two small lakes, Toro Lake and Paraiso Lake, and on to the 1,500 meter Cerro Sarnoso mountain. It is possible to view wildlife including pudús, kodkods and long-nosed caenolestids, as well as the native Valdivian rainforest.

### Parque Nacional Alerce Andino

The Alerce Andino National Park is found in the southern part of the Selva Valdiviana zone, bounded by the Reloncaví Estuary on its east and south sides and the Reloncaví Sound to the west. This short trail begins at the Salto Río Chamiza waterfall near the park's administration center and winds 5 km south via Laguna Sargazo lagoon and the “Cathedral of Millennial Alerces”, a stand of the ancient Fitzroya or ‘’alerce’’ trees after which the park is named.

## Patagonia Aysén

The Patagonia Aysén zone covers the Aysén Region in northern Chilean Patagonia, which includes the town of Coyhaique, its capital, and the Carretera Austral highway, which provides the only road access to the area.

The Sendero de Chile currently lists one trail in this zone: Reserva Cerro Castillo.

### Reserva Cerro Castillo

Lying to the south of Coyhaique and on the route of the Carretera Austral, the Cerro Castillo National Reserve is named after Cerro Castillo, its highest mountain at 2,675 meters. The trail begins in the park’s Lago Monreal sector and runs 50 km to Villa Cerro Castillo. Points of interest include the Alero Las Manos de Cerro Castillo National Monument, a cave near Cerro Castillo where it is possible to view prehistoric hand print paintings dating back approximately 6,000 years. In November, rodeo tournaments also take place in the Villa Frei and Villa Cerro Castillo sectors of the park.

## Última Esperanza

Última Esperanza Province is one of four provinces in the southern Chilean region of Magallanes and Antártica Chilena and is named after Última Esperanza Sound (“Last Hope Sound”). The province contains some of Chile's most notable natural features including Torres del Paine National Park, Cerro Torre, Cerro Chaltén, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field and the Cueva del Milodón Natural Monument.

There is currently one Sendero de Chile trail in this area, in Torres del Paine National Park.

### Parque Nacional Torres del Paine

Torres del Paine National Park, called “the jewel of Patagonia” by Andrew Gilchrist in The Guardian newspaper, is one of the largest and most important parks in Chile and the third most visited, with more than 150,000 visitors in the 12-month period from March 2012 to February 2013. It is also a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve.

The Sendero de Chile trail runs 18 km from the Serrano Conaf lodge up along the western side of Lake Pehoé, via Las Carretas campsite and Mirador Pehoe lookout, ending at the Pehoe Conaf lodge, and offers views of the Cordillera del Paine, Grey Glacier and Lake Pehoé.

There are several other well-known hiking trails within Torres del Paine National Park, including the “W”, which leads in and out of the valleys on the south side of the Paine massif, and the “Full Circuit”, which continues on around the less-visited north side of the massif.

See also

Tourism in Chile, Regions of Chile, Geography of Chile

## Unofficial trail network

A large network of horse trails exists and provides access to remote areas in the Andes. These horse trails were often created by local herdsmen and settlers to drive livestock to summer pastures in the Andes and to reach remote outposts. Many of these trails are not documented in maps, lack signposts but are in principle suitable and attractive for hiking.

Individual initiatives now document such trails by GPS and publish them by internet on free-access, free content, trekking wikis and forums.

### Greater Patagonian Trail

An informal long-distance route in Chile and Argentina was created by individual initiative in 2014. The 3,000 km (1,850 mi) Greater Patagonian Trail crosses five of the nine trekking zones (Central Andes, Alto Bío Bío, Andean Araucanía, Valdivian Forest, Patagonia Aysén) on a continuous route. Because the trail traverses remote areas of the Andes, lacks signposts and the infrastructure is limited, this is a challenging long-distance path. The trail is characterized by a great diversity and incorporates optional rafting routes.


title: Grand Lodge of New Jersey

abstract: The Grand Lodge of New Jersey Free & Accepted Masons is the official governing body of New Jersey Masonic Lodges as recognized by other Grand Jurisdictions throughout the world. As early as 1730, New Jersey was one of the first states with active Freemasonry. The Grand Lodge of NJ was formally established in 1787. The Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of State of New Jersey and The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of New Jersey recognize each other as Masonic Grand Lodges.

text:
# Grand Lodge of New Jersey

**The Grand Lodge of New Jersey Free & Accepted Masons** is the official governing body of New Jersey Masonic Lodges as recognized by other Grand Jurisdictions throughout the world. As early as 1730, New Jersey was one of the first states with active Freemasonry. The Grand Lodge of NJ was formally established in 1787. The Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of State of New Jersey and The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of New Jersey recognize each other as Masonic Grand Lodges.

## History of the Lodge

### Background

The first known Freemason to live in the "New World" is believed to be John Skene, who was a member of Aberdeen Lodge #1 in Scotland. His name appears as the 27th listed in one of the oldest written records of Freemasons, the Mark Book of Aberdeen Lodge#1 (1670), as "Merchand and Meason". Records being vague of the membership to protect trade secrets, John Skene's name is the first that can be traced to the new world. John Forbes, another Freemason from Aberdeen Lodge #1, moved to Plainfield, New Jersey in 1684 only to go back to Scotland the following year. Several other Masons from Aberdeen Lodge #1 moved to West Jersey during the same period but most shortly moved back to Scotland.

The passage for many of these Masons was secured by Harrie Elphingson (Master of Aberdeen Lodge #1 at the time of the Mark Book of 1670) as booking agent and under the patronage of the Earl of Perth, himself a Freemason. Skene moved to the Province of West Jersey in 1682. According to The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America (NSCDA), Skene purchased a 300 arce property in 1674 (though there is no evidence that he came to Jersey before 1682) that he named Peachfield. It was in the Second Tenth of the Province, an area that would become Northampton Township, Burlington County, New Jersey (Nov. 6th, 1688) and then Westampton Township, New Jersey (March 6, 1850) near Burlington, New Jersey. Skene served as Deputy Governor of West Jersey from 1684 until 1692.

### Freemasonry in the Early American Colonies

On June 5 of 1730, the Grand Master of England, Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk, appointed Daniel Coxe, Jr., of West Jersey as Provincial Grand Master of Freemasons for the provinces of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It has been said that he died before he had chartered a single lodge and that there is no evidence that Coxe ever did any Masonic work whatsoever while serving as Grand Master, but certain records indicate differently. His authority would have been brought to practical operation for the forming of a Lodge in Philadelphia, which the press of the day indicates existed in 1732 with William Allen as the Master. Also made a Mason during this period was Benjamin Franklin on February 1, 1731 at St. John's Lodge, which was itself founded in 1730 (perhaps St. John's Day, June 24). It is also indicated that it was not customary for Provincial Grand Masters abroad (away from England) to send any reports of their doings. Franklin later went on to form another Lodge in Philadelphia, seeking authority from Henry Price, the Grand Master of Masons for New England.

## InfoBox

Grand Lodge of New Jersey
F. & A.M.
| Formation | January 30, 1787 |
| --- | --- |
| Location |  |
| Region | The State of New Jersey |
| Website | newjerseygrandlodge.org |


title: Juan Miguel Aguilera

abstract: Juan Miguel Aguilera is a Spanish science fiction author. He was first trained as an industrial designer. As an author, he has received the Ignotus prize, the Alberto Magno prize, and the Juli Verne prize. His first works were written in collaboration with Javier Redal. These are histories influenced by hard science fiction, set in the universe of Akasa-Puspa, although the time gaps between them make the similarities harder to find. These worlds are created with great consistency and attention to detail. Mundos en el Abismo and its sequel Hijos de la Eternidad combine a plot typical of space opera with elements of hard science fiction. El Refugio shows a deep scientific influence: biotechnology, biochemistry, communication between species, evolution. Aguilera has also collaborated with Ricardo Lázaro and Rafael Marín. In his solo work, he spends less time on scientific detail and incorporates elements of fantasy, in a genre he calls "speculative history." As a scriptwriter, he has worked on the film Stranded: Náufragos. He has been the illustrator for a number of science fiction book covers.

text:
# Juan Miguel Aguilera

**Juan Miguel Aguilera** (born in Valencia in 1960) is a Spanish science fiction author.

He was first trained as an industrial designer. As an author, he has received the Ignotus prize, the Alberto Magno prize, and the Juli Verne prize.

His first works were written in collaboration with Javier Redal. These are histories influenced by hard science fiction, set in the universe of *Akasa-Puspa*, although the time gaps between them make the similarities harder to find. These worlds are created with great consistency and attention to detail. *Mundos en el Abismo* (*Worlds in the Abyss*) and its sequel *Hijos de la Eternidad* (*Children of Eternity*) combine a plot typical of space opera with elements of hard science fiction.

*El Refugio* (*The Refuge*) shows a deep scientific influence: biotechnology, biochemistry, communication between species, evolution.

Aguilera has also collaborated with Ricardo Lázaro and Rafael Marín.

In his solo work, he spends less time on scientific detail and incorporates elements of fantasy, in a genre he calls "speculative history." As a scriptwriter, he has worked on the film *Stranded: Náufragos*. He has been the illustrator for a number of science fiction book covers.

## Bibliography

**Works with Javier Redal**

**Short stories** Sangrando correctamente (1981) Ari, el tonto (1992) Maleficio (1995) **Novels** Mundos en el abismo (1988) Hijos de la eternidad (1990) En un vacío insondable (1994) El refugio (1994)

**Works with Ricardo Lázaro**

**Short stories** La llavor del mal (1996)

**Works with Rafael Marín**

**Novels** Contra el tiempo (2001)

**Solo work**

**Short stories** El bosque de hielo (1995) Semilla (1998) **Novels** La locura de Dios (1998) Rihla (2003) Mundos y demonios (2005).


title: The 25th Hour (Terror album)

abstract: The 25th Hour is the sixth studio album by American hardcore band Terror. Recorded in January 2015 by Paul Miner at Buzzbomb Soundlabs, mixed by Tom Soares at Reel 4 Reel, and mastered by Drew Lavyne, the album was released on August 7, 2015.

text:
# The 25th Hour (Terror album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Blabbermouth.net | 8.5/10 |
| AlreadyHeard.com |  |
| ToxicOnline.co.uk |  |

***The 25th Hour*** is the sixth studio album by American hardcore band Terror.

Recorded in January 2015 by Paul Miner at Buzzbomb Soundlabs, mixed by Tom Soares at Reel 4 Reel, and mastered by Drew Lavyne, the album was released on August 7, 2015.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The 25th Hour" | 1:22 |
| 2. | "No Time for Fools" | 1:34 |
| 3. | "Bad Signs" | 1:12 |
| 4. | "Feed the Rats" | 1:08 |
| 5. | "The Solution" | 1:52 |
| 6. | "Blinded by the Lights" | 2:28 |
| 7. | "Trust No Face" (feat. Ben Cook) | 1:05 |
| 8. | "Why?" | 1:37 |
| 9. | "Mind at War" | 1:31 |
| 10. | "Snap" | 1:15 |
| 11. | "Sick and Tired" | 1:08 |
| 12. | "Life Goes On" | 2:22 |
| 13. | "Both of You" | 2:07 |
| 14. | "Deep Rooted" | 2:05 |
| Total length: | | 22:46 |

## Personnel

**Terror**

* Scott Vogel – vocals
* Jordan Posner – guitar
* Martin Stewart – guitar
* David Wood – bass
* Nick Jett – drums

**Additional gang vocals**

* Cesar Trejo
* Colin Young
* Taylor Young
* Albo Felix
* Dan Weinraub
* Andrew Kline
* Nate Blauvelt
* Ben Cook

## Charts

Chart performance for *The 25th Hour*
| Chart (2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 83 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 46 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 17 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 8 |
| US Top Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 33 |

## InfoBox

| The 25th Hour | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Terror | |
| Released | August 7, 2015 (2015-08-07) |
| Genre | Hardcore punk |
| Length | 22:46 |
| Label | Victory |
| Producer | Ben Cook |
| Terror chronology | |
| *Live by the Code*
(2013) ***The 25th Hour***
(2015) *The Walls Will Fall*
(2017) | |


title: Maguey flower

abstract: The maguey flower, in Spanish, flor de maguey, also known locally as gualumbo, hualumbo, quiote or jiote is a typical product of Mexican cuisine, cultivated mainly in the rural areas of the center of the country. Due to its difficult availability, it is considered a delicacy. Maguey flowers are harvested and consumed closed, since once opened (ripened), they have a bitter taste.

text:
# Maguey flower

Maguey flowerOpen flowerClosed flower

The **maguey flower** (*Agave* spp.), in Spanish, **flor de maguey** (Spanish pronunciation: \[maˈɣej\]), also known locally as **gualumbo**, **hualumbo**, **quiote** or **jiote** is a typical product of Mexican cuisine, cultivated mainly in the rural areas of the center of the country. Due to its difficult availability, it is considered a delicacy. Maguey flowers are harvested and consumed closed (when they have not yet flowered), since once opened (ripened), they have a bitter taste.

## Description

The maguey or agave plant (*metl* in Nahuatl) is one of the most appreciated *quelites* in Mexican cuisine. All its parts are used from this plant: the fiber, the sap, the flowers, the stem (*quiote*) and even the fungi and worms that live in it. There are 159 species of maguey all over Mexico, although the most important are *Agave americana*, *A. atrovirens*, *A. mapisaga* and *A. salmiana*.

The plant blooms once it reaches its peak ripening stage, between 7 and 15 years of age. The enormous stem sprouts from its center, which can reach up to 10 m. The maguey only blooms once in its entire life. After that, it dies.

The maguey flowers are greenish-yellow, elongated in appearance (~ 10 cm). Each flower has 6 petals and inside, 3 pistils with flattened seeds.

## Production

The maguey only blooms once in its life. For this reason, the indigenous peoples of Mexico do not extract all the flowers from them, as an act of respect for the plant that feeds them. To extract the flowers from the maguey, it is not necessary to tear down the stem; a high ladder can be used. In this process, it is important to damage the vegetable as little as possible.

The maguey flower is eaten in the central states of the country, particularly the State of Mexico, Hidalgo, Nayarit, Morelos, Puebla and Tlaxcala. Finding maguey flowers is not an easy task. Although they are generally sold in fresh bunches in local markets, most of the harvested flowers are for self-consumption. They can also be found canned in brine in *gourmet* stores.

## Culinary use

Both the stem and the flower are edible. Due to their bitter taste, it is recommended to "deflam" (*desflemar*) the flowers (meaning "soften the flavor") by boiling them in salted water. But first, the stems and pistils should be removed, since these would make the stew bitter and are hard to eat. Only the petals are eaten. It is considered a laborious task, requiring some time. The flavor of maguey flowers has been compared to chicken meat, and it is actually considered a substitute for meat.

Gualumbos are a very versatile culinary product. They can be prepared roasted (*tatemado*), fried with onion and chili, stewed with carnitas, coated in batter (*capeado*), in papillote (*mixiote*), filled with white cheese, scrambled with eggs, as a filler for tortitas, bathed in green sauce, or cooked *a la mexicana*.

In stews, it can be combined with other vegetables (tomato, onion, garlic), meat or longaniza. While cooking, the stew should be covered so that the flowers remain juicy, stirring it every so often. When the flowers change its color to a dark green, they will be ready to be served, and they will give off a unique aroma.

It is traditional to eat maguey flowers during Christian Lent, because it coincides with the flowering stage.

## Food for other species

The nectar of the maguey flowers serves as food for migratory bat species. For this reason, it is important not only to collect maguey flowers, but to plant new plants, to avoid endangering the food life cycle of these bats.

### Notes

1. The term *quiote* or *jiote* (from the Nahuatl *quiotl*, "stem", "bud") refers mainly to the vigorous edible stem that grows from the center of the plant when it ripes. However, the maguey flower can also be called, by extension, *quiote*. The term is also used as a verb: it is said that when a maguey ripes, it has "quioted" (*ha quiotado*). Further reading: García, P. (2020)


title: Ex-Girlfriends

abstract: Ex-Girlfriends is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Alexander Poe and starring Poe, Jennifer Carpenter and Kristen Connolly. It is Poe's directorial debut.

text:
# Ex-Girlfriends

***Ex-Girlfriends*** is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Alexander Poe and starring Poe, Jennifer Carpenter and Kristen Connolly. It is Poe's directorial debut.

## Cast

## Reception

As of June 2020, the film holds a 29% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on seven reviews with an average rating of 3.31/10. Matt Singer of *Time Out* gave the film one star out of five. Chuck Bowen of *Slant Magazine* gave it half a star out of four.

## InfoBox

| Ex-Girlfriends | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Alexander Poe |
| Written by | Alexander Poe |
| Produced by | Jennifer Gerber |
| Starring | Alexander Poe
Jennifer Carpenter
Kristen Connolly |
| Cinematography | Gregory Kershaw |
| Edited by | Jennifer Gerber |
| Production
company | Poe/films |
| Distributed by | FilmBuff |
| Release date | * October 20, 2012 (2012-10-20) (Austin) |
| Running time | 72 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: The Angle Orthodontist

abstract: The Angle Orthodontist is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering orthodontics that is published by the E. H. Angle Education and Research Foundation and is the official journal of the Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia. The editor-in-chief is Steven J. Lindauer. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.225.

text:
# The Angle Orthodontist

***The Angle Orthodontist*** is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering orthodontics that is published by the E. H. Angle Education and Research Foundation and is the official journal of the Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia. The editor-in-chief is Steven J. Lindauer (Virginia Commonwealth University). According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.225.

## History

The journal was first formed in 1930 where Mrs. Angle became the first Editor-in-Chief and Dr. Frank A. Gough was the first Business Manager. The society was formed by the members of the Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia at their meeting in Chicago in 1930. Dr. Allan G. Brodie presented the first scientific paper of this journal. For the first 17 years, this was the only journal devoted strictly to orthodontia because American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics journal was formerly known as American Journal of Orthodontia and Oral Surgery until 1948.

## Editor-in-Chief: Past and Present

## InfoBox

*The Angle Orthodontist*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Orthodontics |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Steven J. Lindauer |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1931–present |
| Publisher | E. H. Angle Education and Research Foundation (United States) |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Open access | Yes |
| Impact factor | 1.225 (2014) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Angle Orthod.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | ANORAA |
| ISSN | 0003-3219 (print)
1945-7103 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 1481145 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: The Autodidact

abstract: The Autodidact is a fictional character from Jean-Paul Sartre's 1938 novel Nausea. The Autodidact, who lives in Bouville near the protagonist Antoine Roquentin, passes his time by reading every book in the local library in alphabetical order. Self-instruction is of critical importance to him, and provides the explanation for his odd behaviour and continual self-delusion. The name Autodidact comes from the noun Autodidactism, which is the act of self-directed learning about a subject or subjects in which one has had little to no formal education.

text:
# The Autodidact

**The Autodidact** is a fictional character from Jean-Paul Sartre's 1938 novel *Nausea*. The Autodidact, who lives in Bouville near the protagonist Antoine Roquentin, passes his time by reading every book in the local library in alphabetical order. Self-instruction is of critical importance to him, and provides the explanation for his odd behaviour and continual self-delusion.

The name *Autodidact* comes from the noun *Autodidactism*, which is the act of self-directed learning about a subject or subjects in which one has had little to no formal education.


title: The Autograph Hound

abstract: The Autograph Hound is a 1939 Donald Duck cartoon which features Donald Duck as an autograph hunter in Hollywood. Many celebrities from the 1930s are featured. This is the first cartoon where Donald Duck is featured in his blue sailor hat.

text:
# The Autograph Hound

***The Autograph Hound*** is a 1939 Donald Duck cartoon which features Donald Duck as an autograph hunter in Hollywood. Many celebrities from the 1930s are featured. This is the first cartoon where Donald Duck is featured in his blue sailor hat.

## Plot

Donald Duck tries to enter a Hollywood studio so he can search for celebrities willing to sign their autograph. A security guard with an Irish accent at the gate prevents him from entering the building. Donald manages to sneak inside by climbing on the limousine with Greta Garbo so that it seems he's riding along with her. The security guard discovers he's been fooled and chases Donald, who enters a room with the name "Mickey Rooney" on it. Inside, Mickey Rooney is dressing up in front of the mirror, when Donald asks him for his autograph. Rooney writes his name in Donald's book and makes it disappear and reappear with a magic trick. Donald, who is not amused, tries to impress Rooney by doing a similar trick with an egg. However, the egg is obviously hidden under Donald's hat and Rooney, who is aware of this, crushes it, laughing loudly. Donald gets extremely angry and starts waving his fists, while Rooney manages to put a violin in Donald's hands and starts dancing an Irish jig Donald is playing. When Donald discovers he has been tricked for the third time, he throws the violin at Rooney. Rooney ducks and the instrument lands in the face of the security guard.

Alarmed, Donald runs away and hides under a bell-jar carried by actor Henry Armetta. When the security guard discovers Donald's hiding place, the duck runs to another film set full of ice. There, he meets Sonja Henie and asks her for an autograph. Henie signs her name by skating it in the ice, so that Donald has to carry it with him. While walking in a desert setting, Donald discovers the ice has melted. He notices a tent with the silhouettes of three belly dancing Arabic women, who turn out to be the Ritz Brothers. Excited, he asks them for their autographs, but behaving like screwballs, they jump on Donald and sign their group name on his buttocks. An enraged Donald throws a paint can at their heads, but it hits the face of the security guard instead.

Again, Donald has to flee, and he runs to a castle with the sign "The Road To Mandalay", which turns out to be just a canvas. After bumping his head into it and realizing his mistake, he runs into another direction. On a pair of stairs, he bumps into Shirley Temple. She, too, recognizes him and asks for an autograph. They both sit down to sign each other their autographs and Donald, excited he has his first real autograph, jumps in the air with joy. Then suddenly, the security guard finally grabs him and intends to beat him with his nightstick. Shirley tells him to leave Donald alone and he drops him on the floor in surprise: "Donald Duck? Did you say *"Donald Duck"*?" Other Hollywood actors hear his comment and enthusiastically rush to Donald to ask him to sign his autograph for them (in chronological order: Greta Garbo, Clark Gable, The Andrews Sisters, Charlie McCarthy, Stepin Fetchit, Roland Young, the Lone Ranger riding his horse Silver, Joe E. Brown, Martha Raye, Hugh Herbert, Irvin S. Cobb, Edward Arnold, Katharine Hepburn, Eddie Cantor, Slim Summerville, Lionel Barrymore, Bette Davis, Groucho Marx, Harpo Marx, Mischa Auer, Joan Crawford, and Charles Boyer). When the police officer asks Donald to sign his autograph book and offers him his pen, Donald squirts ink in the policeman's face. While the ink drips from the security guard's face and Donald writes his name on the officer's chest, Donald laughs hysterically.

## Voice cast

## Home media

The short was released on May 18, 2004 on *Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume One: 1934-1941*.

## InfoBox

| The Autograph Hound | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Jack King |
| Story by | Carl Barks |
| Produced by | Walt Disney |
| Starring | Clarence Nash
Billy Bletcher
Sara Berner
Peter Lind Hayes
Barbara Jean Wong
Lou Merrill
Donald Barry |
| Music by | Oliver Wallace |
| Animation by | Johnny Cannon
John Elliotte
Osmond Evans
Judge Whitaker
Larry Clemmons
Ray Patin
Dunbar Roman
Ed Love
Andy Engman
John Dunn
Ward Kimball
Nick DeTolly
Paul Allen
Rex Cox
Ken Peterson
Robert Stokes
Claude Smith
Lee Morehouse
Emery Hawkins
Kenneth Muse |
| Color process | Technicolor |
| Production
company | Walt Disney Productions |
| Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Release date | * September 1, 1939 (1939-09-01) |
| Running time | 7:55 |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Evil (2005 film)

abstract: Evil, also known as Το Κακό in Greek, is 2005 Greek zombie horror film. The film is notable for being the first Greek zombie film.

text:
# Evil (2005 film)

***Evil***, also known as *Το Κακό* in Greek, is 2005 Greek zombie horror film. The film is notable for being the first Greek zombie film.

## Plot

Three construction workers discover an abandoned cave and are promptly attacked by a creature not shown on screen. Afterwards, the population of the city of Athens is turned into zombies, while the last remaining group of people attempt to survive.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Evil | |
| --- | --- |
| Official DVD Cover | |
| Directed by | Yorgos Noussias |
| Written by | Yorgos Noussias |
| Produced by | Claudio Bolivar
Petros Noussias
Yorgos Noussias
Lambros Trifillis |
| Starring | Meletis Georgiadis
Yannis Katsambas
Andreas Kontopoulos
Themis Katz
Pepi Moschovakou
Argiris Thanasoulas
Stavroula Thomopoulou
Mary Tsoni |
| Cinematography | Claudio Bolivar
Petros Noussias |
| Edited by | Yorgos Noussias |
| Music by | Grigoris Grigoropoulos
Thanos Karabatziakis |
| Distributed by | Ekso Productions |
| Release dates | * 24 September 2005 (2005-09-24) (Athens International Film and Video Festival) * 16 March 2006 (2006-03-16) (Greece) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Greece |
| Language | Greek |


title: Exchange of futures for physicals

abstract: In finance, an exchange of futures for physicals (EFP) is a transaction between two parties in which a futures contract on a commodity is exchanged for the actual physical good. This transaction involves a privately negotiated exchange of a futures position for a corresponding position in the underlying physical. An EFP is similar to an EFS, except that it involves a physical contract rather than a cash swap contract. An EFP gives the market participants the ability to manage risk.

text:
# Exchange of futures for physicals

In finance, an **exchange of futures for physicals** (**EFP**) is a transaction between two parties in which a futures contract on a commodity is exchanged for the actual physical good. This transaction involves a privately negotiated exchange of a futures position for a corresponding position in the underlying physical. An EFP is similar to an EFS, except that it involves a physical contract rather than a cash swap contract. An EFP gives the market participants the ability to manage risk.


title: Expedition of 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf

abstract: The expedition of ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf, also known as the Second Expedition of Dumatul Jandal took place in December, 627AD, 8th(Sha'ban) month of 6AH of the Islamic calendar. ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf was sent on a Mission to win over the Banu Kalb tribe and get them to adopt Islam and side with the Muslims, this operation was carried out successfully.

text:
# Expedition of 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf

The **expedition of ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf**, also known as the **Second Expedition of Dumatul Jandal** took place in December, 627AD, 8th(Sha'ban) month of 6AH of the Islamic calendar. ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf was sent on a Mission to win over the Banu Kalb tribe and get them to adopt Islam and side with the Muslims, this operation was carried out successfully.

## The Expedition

Muhammad appointed ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf to head to Dumatul Jandal to win over the people. It is reported by the Muslim Scholar Ibn Hisham, that he told ‘Abd al-Rahman:

> Fight everyone in the way of God and kill those who disbelieve in God. Do not be deceitful with spoils, do not be treacherous, nor mutilate,do not kill children. This is God’s ordinance and practice of his prophet among you.

‘Abd al-Rahman set out with 700 men on an expedition to Dumat al-Jandal, that is on the route to Khaybar, Fadak. The place was a great trading center; the inhabitants were mainly Christians and were ruled by a Christian king. Following the Islamic rule, on reaching Dumatul Jandal, ‘Abd al-Rahman summoned the people of the tribe to embrace Islam within three days grace.

During the 3 day period, Al-Asbagh, a Christian chief of Banu Kalb complied and many of his followers also followed suit. Other tribes also paid tribute (Jizya) to ‘Abd al-Rahman. On agreement to pay Jizya tax regularly, they were allowed to keep their Christianity.

Muhammad received the news through a Messenger, and then instructed ‘Abd al-Rahman to marry Tamadhir, the daughter of the Christian chief, Al-Asbagh. So ‘Abd al-Rahman married Tumadhir bint Asbagh, the daughter of the Christian king and brought this lady with him to Medina.

1. Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), *The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet*, Darussalam Publications, p. 395, ISBN 9789960899558 (online)
2. Muir, William (1861), *The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4*, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 11–12
3. Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). *Muhammad at Medina*. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1. Abd ar-Rahman led a force to the district, made some sort of agreement with the leader of Kalb there, al-Asya\* (or al-Asbagh) b. f Amr, and sealed it by marry-ing his daughter Tumadir. 1 One account says that al-Asya c became a Muslim, but another speaks of 'Abd ar-Rahman collecting jizyah or poll-tax, which would imply that he remained a Christian ; the latter seems more likely. (free online)
4. Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003). *Atlas of the Quran*. Dar-us-Salam. p. 242. ISBN 978-9960-897-54-7.
5. Hawarey, Mosab (2010). *The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic)*. Islamic Book Trust. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22.Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here
6. Mufti M. Mukarram Ahmed (205). *Encyclopaedia of Islam*. Anmol Publications. p. 229. ISBN 81-261-2339-7.
7. Ibn Ishaq (1955), *The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)*, translated by A. Guillaume, Oxford University Press, p. 672, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1

## InfoBox

| Expedition of ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf | |
| --- | --- |
| Date December 627 AD in 8th month, 6 AH  Location Dumat al-Jandal, North of Saudi Arabia now  Result * Successful operation, Banu Kalb agree to pay Jizyah * King of Banu Kalb and some tribe members accept Islam * ‘Abd al-Rahman marries the King's daughter | |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf | Al Asbagh |
| Strength | |
| 700 | Unknown |


title: Evergreen State-class ferry

abstract:
The Evergreen State-class ferries were built by the Puget Sound Dredge and Bridge Company for Washington State Ferries beginning in 1953. This class was the first built after the state agency was created in 1951. Each Evergreen State-class ferry originally carried 100 cars and 1000 passengers. The Evergreen State-class ferries include:
  - MV Evergreen State (Retired)
  - MV Klahowya (Retired)
  - MV Tillikum

text:
# Evergreen State-class ferry

The ***Evergreen State*-class ferries** were built by the Puget Sound Dredge and Bridge Company for Washington State Ferries beginning in 1953. This class was the first built after the state agency was created in 1951. Each *Evergreen State*-class ferry originally carried 100 cars and 1000 passengers.

The *Evergreen State*-class ferries include:

* "Vessels By Class". *Washington State Department of Transportation*.
* "Washington State Ferries History". *Washington State Department of Transportation*. Archived from the original on 2013-07-20. Retrieved 2013-07-13.

## InfoBox

Evergreen State-class
| MV *Tillikum*, one of the *Evergreen State*-class ferries | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Builders | Puget Sound Dredge and Bridge Company |
| Operators | Washington State Ferries |
| Succeeded by | *Olympic*-class ferry |
| Built | 1954-1959 |
| In service | 1954-present |
| Completed | 3 |
| Active | 1 |
| Retired | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Auto/passenger ferry |
| Tonnage | 2,041 long tons (4,572,000 lb) |
| Length | 310 ft (94 m) |
| Beam | 73 ft (22 m) |
| Draft | 15 ft 10 in (4.83 m) |
| Decks | * 1 auto * 1 passenger |
| Deck clearance | 13 ft 7 in (4.14 m) |
| Installed power | 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) |
| Propulsion | Diesel-electric |
| Speed | * 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) (service) * 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) (maximum) |
| Capacity | * 87 cars * 800-1,092 passengers |


title: Madman (Marvel Comics)

abstract: Madman is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Peter David and artist Jeff Purves, the character first appeared in The Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #362. He is portrayed as one of the Hulk's enemies and as the brother of the Leader.

text:
# Madman (Marvel Comics)

**Madman** (**Philip Sterns**) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Peter David and artist Jeff Purves, the character first appeared in *The Incredible Hulk* vol. 2 #362 (November 1989). He is portrayed as one of the Hulk's enemies and as the brother of the Leader.

## Publication history

Philip Sterns debuted in *The Incredible Hulk* vol. 2 #362 (November 1989), and as the Madman in *The Incredible Hulk* vol. 2 #364, created by Peter David and Jeff Purves.

## Fictional character biography

Philip Sterns is a former classmate of Bruce Banner at the California Institute of Technology who became envious of the Hulk and transformed himself into a red Hulk-like monster using gamma rays to emulate him. In the process, he develops an evil alternate personality who begins manipulating him.

In subsequent appearances, Madman comes into conflict with the Hulk before being killed by the Leader in a confrontation with the Thunderbolts and sent to Hell to be tortured.

## Powers and abilities

Like the Hulk, the Madman has immense strength and durability. He is unable to grow in strength further, but possesses additional shapeshifting abilities. He is also a gifted genius, with knowledge in nuclear physics and robotics.

## In other media

### Television

Philip Sterns / Madman appears in *The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes* episode "Hulk vs. the World" as an inmate of the Cube, a prison for gamma-powered villains.

### Video games

Philip Sterns / Madman appears as a boss in *Hulk*, voiced by Paul Dobson.

## InfoBox

| Philip Sterns
Madman | |
| --- | --- |
| Madman as depicted in *The Incredible Hulk*, vol. 2, #409 (September 1993). Art by Gary Frank (penciller), Cam Smith (inker), and Glynis Oliver (colorist). | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | **(As Phil Sterns)**
*The Incredible Hulk* vol. 2 #362
(November 1989)
**(As Madman)**
*The Incredible Hulk* vol. 2 #364
(mid-December 1989) |
| Created by | Peter David (writer)
Jeff Purves (artist) |
| In-story information | |
| Full name | Dr. Philip "Phil" Sterns |
| Species | Human gamma-mutate |
| Partnerships | The Leader |
| Abilities |  |


title: Ezra Warner (inventor)

abstract: Ezra J. Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut was an American inventor, who patented his design of a can opener in 1858. A crudely shaped bayonet and sickle combo, his design was widely accepted by the U.S. military during the period of the American Civil War. Can openers were needed because early cans were robust containers, which weighed more than food and required ingenuity to open, using whatever tools available. The instruction on those cans read "Cut round the top near the outer edge with a chisel and hammer." The bayonet part of Ezra Warner's can opener was pressed into the can, and a metal guard kept it from penetrating too far into the can. The other part was the sickle, which was forced into the can and sawed around the edge. However, Warner’s can opener was not a tool for domestic use, because it could be dangerous. Grocers opened the cans before they left the store. The first widespread domestic can opener was patented by William Lyman.

text:
# Ezra Warner (inventor)

**Ezra J. Warner** of Waterbury, Connecticut was an American inventor, who patented his design of a can opener in 1858. A crudely shaped bayonet and sickle combo, his design was widely accepted by the U.S. military during the period of the American Civil War.

Can openers were needed because early cans were robust containers, which weighed more than food and required ingenuity to open, using whatever tools available. The instruction on those cans read "Cut round the top near the outer edge with a chisel and hammer." The bayonet part of Ezra Warner's can opener was pressed into the can, and a metal guard kept it from penetrating too far into the can. The other part was the sickle, which was forced into the can and sawed around the edge. However, Warner’s can opener was not a tool for domestic use, because it could be dangerous. Grocers opened the cans before they left the store. The first widespread domestic can opener was patented by William Lyman.


title: Ezra Weeks

abstract: Ezra Weeks, was a successful builder who served as a witness in a sensationalized murder trial. Ezra Weeks had allied himself with the mercantile elite and had made powerful connections. His brother, Levi Weeks, was a carpenter by trade who worked closely with Ezra. The Weeks brothers’ main building project at the time was Hamilton Grange, a country house in Harlem Heights in Upper Manhattan. Alexander Hamilton was having a country seat built to rival Richmond Hill, the country home of his nemesis Aaron Burr. John McComb, the architect of Hamilton Grange, and Ezra Weeks would both be key defense witnesses for Ezra Weeks' brother, Levi in one of the most sensational murder trials of the turn of the 18th century. Ezra Weeks was an object of curiosity within New York City society circles. Only a few years prior to being commissioned by Hamilton, he and his brother Levi were living at the corner of Greenwich and Harrison streets. On March 1, 1800, Levi was tried for the murder of Gulielma Sands. Ezra was the principal witness for Hamilton's defense. Weeks was a member of St. John's Lodge in Nw York City, having affiliated in 1796. Ezra Weeks worked with John McComb Jr. in the construction of Gracie Mansion (1799) and Hamilton Grange (1802).

text:
# Ezra Weeks

**Ezra Weeks**, was a successful builder who served as a witness in a sensationalized murder trial.

Ezra Weeks had allied himself with the mercantile elite and had made powerful connections. His brother, Levi Weeks, was a carpenter by trade who worked closely with Ezra. The Weeks brothers’ main building project at the time was Hamilton Grange, a country house in Harlem Heights in Upper Manhattan. Alexander Hamilton was having a country seat built to rival Richmond Hill, the country home of his nemesis Aaron Burr. John McComb, the architect of Hamilton Grange, and Ezra Weeks would both be key defense witnesses for Ezra Weeks' brother, Levi in one of the most sensational murder trials of the turn of the 18th century.

Ezra Weeks was an object of curiosity within New York City society circles. Only a few years prior to being commissioned by Hamilton, he and his brother Levi were living at the corner of Greenwich and Harrison streets. On March 1, 1800, Levi was tried for the murder of Gulielma Sands. Ezra was the principal witness for Hamilton's defense.

Weeks was a member of St. John's Lodge in Nw York City, having affiliated in 1796.

Ezra Weeks worked with John McComb Jr. in the construction of Gracie Mansion (1799) and Hamilton Grange (1802).

## Sources

* Stern, Ellen Stock. 2005. Gracie Mansion: a celebration of New York City's mayoral residence. New York, NY: Rizzoli.


title: The Beach Boys and the California Myth

abstract: The Beach Boys and the California Myth is a 1978 biography of the Beach Boys that was written by American author David Leaf, editor and creator of the Pet Sounds fanzine. It was the first full-length book written about the band and an early piece of writing that revealed much of their internal conflicts and family history. The book was influential in cementing a popular narrative of the band – one that caricatured Brian Wilson as a tortured genius. Later biographies, including Heroes and Villains (1986) and Catch a Wave (2006), drew heavily from Leaf's book. Revised editions have been published in 1985 as The Beach Boys and in 2022 as God Only Knows: The Story of Brian Wilson, the Beach Boys and the California Myth.

text:
# The Beach Boys and the California Myth

***The Beach Boys and the California Myth*** is a 1978 biography of the Beach Boys that was written by American author David Leaf, editor and creator of the *Pet Sounds* fanzine. It was the first full-length book written about the band and an early piece of writing that revealed much of their internal conflicts and family history.

The book was influential in cementing a popular narrative of the band – one that caricatured Brian Wilson as a tortured genius. Later biographies, including *Heroes and Villains* (1986) and *Catch a Wave* (2006), drew heavily from Leaf's book. Revised editions have been published in 1985 as ***The Beach Boys*** and in 2022 as ***God Only Knows: The Story of Brian Wilson, the Beach Boys and the California Myth***.

## Background

While living in New Rochelle, New York, Leaf developed a fascination with the Beach Boys after reading Tom Nolan and David Felton's 1971 *Rolling Stone* cover story on the band, "The Beach Boys: A California Saga". Following his college graduation in 1975, Leaf moved to Los Angeles with the ambition of authoring a book about Brian Wilson. After forming connections with the group, in 1977 he started a fanzine named after their 1966 album *Pet Sounds*. The fanzine led to a publishing contract with Grosset & Dunlap to write *The Beach Boys and the California Myth*.

## Content

### Original edition

> I came to California to test the myth, to meet the Beach Boys, looking for symbols. It wasn't long before my journey went too far. My journalistic investigations and excavations discovered more human suffering than I really wanted to know.

—Excerpt from the book's introduction

The book marked the first "serious study" devoted to Wilson's music, with photos and clippings interspersed throughout. Substantial coverage is devoted to the Wilson brothers' upbringing and Brian's formative musical influences. Leaf characterizes Brian during his adolescence as an affable personality who was popular with his schoolmates, although shy and prone to follow the crowds to avoid social conflicts.

Throughout the book, Leaf advances the argument that Brian had been victimized and artistically stifled by his record company and his bandmates. He writes, "If Brian sought refuge within drugs, in reaction to all the pressure, then everybody must share the blame—the record company, the family, the Beach Boys, and Brian’s entourage." The book contains negative depictions of Mike Love and Wilson's first wife Marilyn, as well as details concerning the odd circumstances surrounding the band's *Smile* sessions. Leaf draws upon new interviews with former Brother Records president David Anderle and many others who were quoted anonymously.

### Later editions

A revised edition, titled *The Beach Boys*, was published in 1985. In this revision, Leaf penned an essay titled "Shades of Grey" in which he wrote that he "no longer indict\[s\] the world of 'being bad to Brian,' when it's apparent that Brian has been hardest on himself." In June 2022, a second revised 480-page edition was published by Omnibus Press as *God Only Knows: The Story of Brian Wilson, the Beach Boys and the California Myth*. It contains new forewords by Jimmy Webb, Barry Gibb, and Melinda Wilson.

## Influence and reception

### First and second editions

Writing in 2006, *The Guardian*'s Campbell Stevenson referred to *California Myth* as a "matchless" biography that "overshadows any book that documents the group's most successful years." Similarly in 2012, biographer Mark Dillon wrote that while the book remained "long out-of-print and succeeded by other bios about Brian and the group, its shadow looms over them all." Steven Gaines' 1986 biography *Heroes and Villains* drew heavily on Leaf's book. In Peter Ames Carlin's 2006 book about Brian Wilson, *Catch a Wave*, he described *California Myth* as "near-Shakespearean" in its telling of "innocence, hope, greed, and brutality", and an enlightenment of "the depth and wonder of Brian's work".

Some reviewers found that Brian's bandmates, especially Mike Love, were marginalized in the original edition. Rock critic Richie Unterberger decreed, "If there is a flaw to Leaf's writing, it's that its praise of Brian Wilson is often unabashed, and his dominant creative role in the group arguably overstated." Music historian Luis Sanchez argued that Leaf's book presented a reductive view of the band's music being "meaningful exclusively in terms of Brian Wilson's genius", although he applauded the addition of "Shades of Grey" in the 1985 edition, for it "adds some valuable insight to Leaf's original narrative, allowing it some breathing room where it seemed stifled and strict before."

In its significance to the band's mythology, Sanchez referred to the book as the first work that "put the 'Brian Wilson is a genius' trope into perspective", especially by emphasizing a "dynamic of good guys and bad guys." Sanchez concludes, "What we end up with is an image of young Brian as something of a Norman Rockwell cipher—essentially suburban yet somewhat inscrutable."

### Beach Boys' response

Leaf added in the 1985 appendix that when he later saw Mike Love at a Beach Boys fan convention, Love "tried to burn a hole in my head with an endless, icy stare, and began his speech with acerbic remarks so obviously aimed at me that all heads in the room turned to see my reaction." Love referred to the biography in his 2016 memoir, *Good Vibrations*, where he criticized it for solidifying a narrative that vilified himself, his bandmates, and other members of Wilson's family. He named Leaf "the first" in a line of Wilson's "awestruck biographers".

### 2022 edition

Reviewing *God Only Knows* for *The Spill Magazine*, Ljubinko Zivkovic wrote that the update is "exactly the place where \[newcomers\] should start with The Beach Boys and Brian Wilson sagas." John Visconti of *Culture Sonar* called the book "an immersive, thoughtful, and incisive biography of Brian and the Beach Boys \[and\] a perceptive and emotionally-centered look at \[his\] complex genius".

*Goldmine* contributor Gillian G. Gaar deemed the book "required reading", however, she bemoaned that Leaf "treads more carefully in discussing Beach Boys matters in the updates", surmising that it "may be due in part to Leaf's wariness about provoking more controversy."

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

The Beach Boys and the California Myth
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | David Leaf |
| Language | English |
| Subject | The Beach Boys |
| Publisher | Grosset & Dunlap |
| Publication date | 1978 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 192 |
| ISBN | 978-0448146256 |
| OCLC | 4333916 |


title: Evolution of color vision

text:
# Evolution of color vision

Color vision, a proximate adaptation of the vision sensory modality, allows for the discrimination of light based on its wavelength components.

## Improved detection sensitivity

The evolutionary process of switching from a single photopigment to two different pigments would have provided early ancestors with a sensitivity advantage in two ways.

In one way, adding a new pigment would allow them to see a wider range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Secondly, new random connections would create wavelength opponency and the new wavelength opponent neurons would be much more sensitive than the non-wavelength opponent neurons. This is the result of some wavelength distributions favouring excitation instead of inhibition. Both excitation and inhibition would be features of a neural substrate during the formation of a second pigment. Overall, the advantage gained from increased sensitivity with wavelength opponency would open up opportunities for future exploitation by mutations and even further improvement.

## Invertebrates

Color vision requires a number of opsin molecules with different absorbance peaks, and at least three opsins were present in the ancestor of arthropods; chelicerates and pancrustaceans today possess color vision.

## Vertebrates

Researchers studying the opsin genes responsible for color-vision pigments have long known that four photopigment opsins exist in birds, reptiles and teleost fish. This indicates that the common ancestor of amphibians and amniotes (≈350 million years ago) had tetrachromatic vision — the ability to see four dimensions of color.

## Mammals

Today, most mammals possess dichromatic vision, corresponding to protanopia red–green color blindness. They can thus see violet, blue, green and yellow light, but cannot see ultraviolet or deep red light. This was probably a feature of the first mammalian ancestors, which were likely small, nocturnal, and burrowing.

At the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago, the burrowing ability probably helped mammals survive extinction. Mammalian species of the time had already started to differentiate, but were still generally small, comparable in size to shrews; this small size would have helped them to find shelter in protected environments.

## Monotremes and marsupials

It is postulated that some early monotremes, marsupials, and placentals were semiaquatic or burrowing, as there are multiple mammalian lineages with such habits today. Any burrowing or semiaquatic mammal would have had additional protection from Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary environmental stresses. However, many such species evidently possessed poor color vision in comparison with non-mammalian vertebrate species of the time, including reptiles, birds, and amphibians.

## Primates

Since the beginning of the Paleogene Period, surviving mammals enlarged, moving away by adaptive radiation from a burrowing existence and into the open, although most species kept their relatively poor color vision. Exceptions occur for some marsupials (which possibly kept their original color vision) and some primates—including humans. Primates, as an order of mammals, began to emerge around the beginning of the Paleogene Period.

Primates have re-developed trichromatic color vision since that time, by the mechanism of gene duplication, being under unusually high evolutionary pressure to develop color vision better than the mammalian standard. Ability to perceive red and orange hues allows tree-dwelling primates to discern them from green. This is particularly important for primates in the detection of red and orange fruit, as well as nutrient-rich new foliage, in which the red and orange carotenoids have not yet been masked by chlorophyll.

Another theory is that detecting skin flushing and thereby mood may have influenced the development of primate trichromate vision. The color red also has other effects on primate and human behavior, as discussed in the color psychology article.

Today, among simians, the catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans) are routinely trichromatic—meaning that both males and females possess three opsins, sensitive to short-wave, medium-wave, and long-wave light—while, conversely, only a small fraction of platyrrhine primates (New World monkeys) are trichromats.