title: Khusrupur

abstract: Khusrupur is a town and a notified area in Patna district of Bihar state, India. It is situated at the bank of river the Ganges. It is located on NH-30, 34 kilometers east of Patna. By rail, it is 31 kilometers east of Patna. There is an ancient temple of Lord Shiva called Baikathpur-Temple situated just 3 kilometers away from the town by road. Its design is a combination of both Hindu and Muslim architectural styles. This temple looks like a temple from front and like a mosque from behind. It is a big and very old temple of Lord Shiva where Shiv and Shiva (Parvati) both are jointly worshiped in one Shivling. According to local people, this temple exist from Mahabharat times and the king Jarasandh used to worship this Shivling. Later on it was renovated by Raja Mansingh. Formerly the temple was situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. Now, the Ganges has receded about 5 km north. A saint always remained on a boat in the water of the Ganges. Management has constructed great cemented boat and temple in his memory on the Samadhi of the saint. New tourist, visitors, pilgrims devotees and worshipers are introduced to this as temple of Naiea baba.' Temple premises have adequate arrangement for rituals like marriage ceremony, mundan and other local festivities. On 1 June 2009, Khusrupur railway station witnessed burning of two trains by a mob protesting the withdrawal of stoppage of trains there.

text:
# Khusrupur

**Khusrupur** is a town and a notified area in Patna district of Bihar state, India. It is situated at the bank of river the Ganges. It is located on NH-30, 34 kilometers east of Patna. By rail, it is 31 kilometers east of Patna.

There is an ancient temple of Lord Shiva (one of the oldest temples of Shiva) called Baikathpur-Temple situated just 3 kilometers away from the town by road. Its design is a combination of both Hindu and Muslim architectural styles. This temple looks like a temple from front and like a mosque from behind. It is a big and very old temple of Lord Shiva where Shiv and Shiva (Parvati) both are jointly worshiped in one Shivling. According to local people, this temple exist from Mahabharat times and the king Jarasandh (the ruler of Magadh) used to worship this Shivling. Later on it was renovated by Raja Mansingh. Formerly the temple was situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. Now, the Ganges has receded about 5 km north. A saint always remained on a boat in the water of the Ganges. Management has constructed great cemented boat and temple in his memory on the Samadhi of the saint. New tourist, visitors, pilgrims devotees and worshipers are introduced to this as temple of Naiea baba.' Temple premises have adequate arrangement for rituals like marriage ceremony, mundan and other local festivities.

On 1 June 2009, Khusrupur railway station witnessed burning of two trains by a mob protesting the withdrawal of stoppage of trains there.

## Places near Khusrupur

Places near Khusrupur include Baikatpur (3 KM), Haibatpur (3 KM), Bahadurpur (5 KM), Jagmal Bigha (6 KM), Momin Pur (6 KM), Kala Diara (7 KM). Surrounded by Raghopur Block towards North, Nagar Nausa Block towards South, Bakhtiarpur Block towards East, Daniyawan Block towards west, Khusrupur serves as the market hub for places nearby.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Khusrupur had a population of 12,185. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Khusrupur has an average literacy rate of 54%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 62%, and female literacy is 45%. In Khusrupur, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## InfoBox

| Khusrupur | |
| --- | --- |
| town | |
| KhusrupurLocation in Bihar, India | |
| Coordinates: 25°28′00″N 85°23′00″E / 25.4667°N 85.3833°E / 25.4667; 85.3833 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Bihar |
| District | Patna |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 12,185 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Magadhi, Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 803202 |
| Website | patna.nic.in |


title: Kickxia elatine

abstract: Kickxia elatine is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is native to Europe and Asia, but it is present on other continents as an introduced species, and sometimes a noxious weed.

text:
# Kickxia elatine

***Kickxia elatine*** (commonly known as **sharpleaf cancerwort** and **sharp-leaved fluellen**) is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is native to Europe and Asia, but it is present on other continents as an introduced species, and sometimes a noxious weed.

## Description

This is a small hairy herb with a trailing stem with many branches. It produces oval to arrowhead-shaped fuzzy leaves at wide intervals along the slender stem, and solitary snapdragon-like spurred flowers borne on long, straight pedicels. Each flower is up to 1.5 centimeters long with a narrow, pointed spur extending from the back. The lobes of the mouth are yellow, white, and purple, and the whole flower is fuzzy to hairy, except for the flower stalk, which is more or less bare, in contrast to *Kickxia spuria* which has a hairy flower stalk. The fruit is a spherical capsule about 4 millimeters long.

## InfoBox

| *Kickxia elatine* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | *Kickxia* |
| Species: | ***K. elatine*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Kickxia elatine***<br>(L.) Dumort. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Antirrhinum elatine* | |


title: KiHa 35

abstract: KiHa 35 series The KiHa 35 series (キハ35), along with the similar KiHa 30 and KiHa 36 series, are Japanese diesel multiple unit (DMU) train types formerly operated by the Japanese National Railways (JNR) and JR Group of companies, and later operated by the private railway operators Kanto Railway and Mizushima Rinkai Railway. They were built from 1961 until 1966, and were widely used around Japan. Most units were withdrawn in 2012 with the exception of those used by private railways, which remained in service. Some were later operated by Philippine National Railways on Bicol Commuter Train since 2015, and on Metro South Commuter services since 2017.

text:
# KiHa 35

The **KiHa 35 series** (キハ35), along with the similar **KiHa 30** and **KiHa 36** series, are Japanese diesel multiple unit (DMU) train types formerly operated by the Japanese National Railways (JNR) and JR Group of companies, and later operated by the private railway operators Kanto Railway and Mizushima Rinkai Railway. They were built from 1961 until 1966, and were widely used around Japan. Most units were withdrawn in 2012 with the exception of those used by private railways, which remained in service. Some were later operated by Philippine National Railways on Bicol Commuter Train since 2015, and on Metro South Commuter services since 2017.

## History

About 410 cars were built from 1961 to 1966.

After about 50 years of service, they were replaced by newer railcars. The last units, 30 62, 30 98 and 30 100, were withdrawn from service in December 2012. The units used on Kururi Line services were withdrawn on 1 December 2012, and were replaced by KiHa E130 series units.

## Variants

Multiple variants of the KiHa 35 were built, like the KiHa 30 and KiHa 36. The KiHa 35 Series were built to a single cab design, and has toilets, while the KiHa 30 series were built to a double cab design without toilets.

## Specifications

The car bodies are made of steel, with a length of 20,000 mm (65 ft 7 in) and a width of 2,929 mm (9 ft 7.3 in). Stainless steel construction is used for some sub-variants. They are fitted with Cummins DMH17 diesel engines. The Kururi Line units used DMF14-HZ engines.

## Overseas operations

### Philippine National Railways

In September 2015, six former Kantō Railway Joso Line KiHa 35 railcars were transferred to Philippine National Railways for use on Bicol Commuter and Metro Commuter services. On 14 and 16 September 2015, KiHa 350 Set 1 and Set 2 were sent to Naga to serve the Bicol Commuter Line.

They are divided into three two-car sets.

| Set 1 | 353 | 354 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Set 2 | 3511 | 358 |
| Set 3 | 3519 | 3518 |

Sets 1 and 2 started commercial operation in September 2015 and served the Naga–Legaspi route of the Bicol Commuter Line in the Bicol Region. Because of the steep slopes on the line, they are now pulled by a locomotive.

The third formation (KiHa 3519-3518) was stored at Tayuman shed and is used as a spare car from 2015 to 2017. After two years, it entered service in September 2017, but it takes only one or two round trips a day because of its existence as a spare car.

On 1 August 2018, PNR KiHa 350 Set 3 was used for the soft opening of the Caloocan-Dela Rosa Line.

In 2019, PNR KiHa 350 Set 3 was given a new livery with the use of sticker-wrap and its windows got replaced with polycarbonate panels, removing the need of window grills. On 16 October 2020, DEL 5009 hauled KiHa 350 Set 3 on its transfer to Naga, Camarines Sur, Bicol. Set 3's purpose of transfer to Naga is to serve the Bicol Commuter Line. Set 3 has been servicing the Bicol Commuter Line ever since it went to Naga in 2020.

## Resale

### Aizu Railway

In 1999, Aizu Railway bought a surplus diesel vehicle from JR East's KiHa 30-18 which was supposedly to be scrapped in 1996 to be modified & converted as a sightseeing diesel car and reclassified as AT-300 series rolling stock. It was remodeled inside Niigata, Japan into chartered-type train which attract tourists to generate better income due to the number of passengers decreased due to the economic slowdown in the late 1990s and the impact on the local economy was large, so it was necessary to take measures to increase transportation demand, such as Okawa Valley It was planned to introduce additional trains for the purpose of appreciating the scenery along the railroad . Due to the business situation of the Aizu Railway, it was difficult to introduce sightseeing vehicles on its own. It appeared as Japan's first self-propelled minecart. It started operation on April 29, 1999, and in the first year it was operated with AT-300 series and AT-150 series coupled together with the same paint livery so that the passengers could evacuate in case of rain, The AT-103 series was also remodeled from July 2000 as a two-car train to be coupled with the AT-103 series . However, The AT-400 series was introduced as a "Oza Toro Train" from 2003 as an observation vehicle as a "Torokko train" of the three-car train was added to Aizuwakamatsu – Aizukōgen-Ozeguchi Station was operated between July 12, 2003, where the 13th day express Abukuma been headed over to, Hobara Station – Tsukinoki Station. It was operated two round trips each day. But in 2009, it was replaced by AT-350 series and is currently stored in the Ashinomaki Onsen Station as of now.

### Kanto Railway

Kanto Railway's former JR East KiHa 30/35 railcars were renumbered from 1988 to 1993.

**KiHa 35 (1988–93)**

| Former body No. | New body No. |
| --- | --- |
| KiHa 36-28 | KiHa 351 |
| KiHa 35-182 | KiHa 352 |
| KiHa 35-183 | KiHa 353 |
| KiHa 35–190 | KiHa 354 |
| KiHa 36-30 | KiHa 355 |
| KiHa 36-26 | KiHa 356 |
| KiHa 36-15 | KiHa 357 |
| KiHa 35–113 | KiHa 358 |
| KiHa 35–169 | KiHa 359 |
| KiHa 35–121 | KiHa 3510 |
| KiHa 35-187 | KiHa 3511 |
| KiHa 35–148 | KiHa 3512 |
| KiHa 35-191 | KiHa 3513 |
| KiHa 35–150 | KiHa 3514 |
| KiHa 35-193 | KiHa 3515 |
| KiHa 35-188 | KiHa 3516 |
| KiHa 35–59 | KiHa 3517 |
| KiHa 36-17 | KiHa 3518 |
| KiHa 35–163 | KiHa 3519 |
| KiHa 35–134 | KiHa 3520 |
| KiHa 35–170 | KiHa 3521 |
| KiHa 35–165 | KiHa 3522 |
| KiHa 35–81 | KiHa 3523 |

**KiHa 30 (1988–89)**

| Former Body No. | New Body No. |
| --- | --- |
| KiHa 30-16 | KiHa 301 |
| KiHa 30–43 | KiHa 302 |
| KiHa 30–50 | KiHa 303 |
| KiHa 30-7 | KiHa 304 |
| KiHa 30–54 | KiHa 305 |
| KiHa 30–55 | KiHa 306 |
| KiHa 30–94 | KiHa 307 |
| KiHa 30–95 | KiHa 308 |
| KiHa 30–86 | KiHa 309 |
| KiHa 30–90 | KiHa 3010 |
| KiHa 30–56 | KiHa 3011 |
| KiHa 30-23 | KiHa 3012 |
| KiHa 30–96 | KiHa 3013 |
| KiHa 30–49 | KiHa 3014 |
| KiHa 30-29 | KiHa 3015 |
| KiHa 30-25 | KiHa 3016 |

### Mizushima Rinkai Railway

In 2014, The KiHa 30 98 and 30 100 were transferred to the Mizushima Rinkai Railway, where they entered service from 12 May 2014.

## Preserved examples

Three KiHa 30 and 35 railcars are preserved in the following areas.

*This article incorporates text by Grunty89 available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license.*

## InfoBox

| KiHa 35 series
KiHa 30
KiHa 36 | |
| --- | --- |
| KiHa 35 DMU | |
| In service | 1961present (Japan)
2015–present (Philippines)
 |
| Manufacturer | Fuji Heavy Industries, Niigata Tekkō, Nippon Sharyo, Teikoku Sharyō, and Tokyu Car Corporation |
| Constructed | 19611966 |
| Entered service | 1961 |
| Refurbished | 19871992 (Kanto Railway)
1999 (Aizu Railway)
2019 (Philippine National Railways)
 |
| Scrapped | 1983 |
| Number built | 410 vehicles |
| Number in service | 2 vehicles (as of 2021) in Japan
2 vehicles (1 locomotive-hauled set) (as of April 2021) in the Philippines
 |
| Number preserved | 11 vehicles |
| Successor | 103 series, 205 series, 209 series, KiHa 40, KiHa E130 series, PNR 8000 Class, PNR 8300 Class (Bicol Commuter services) |
| Formation | 1/2/3/4/5/6 cars per trainset (JNR/JR Group)
2/3 cars per trainset (Kanto Railway)
2 cars per trainset (PNR)
1 car per set (Aizu Railway & Mizushima Rinkai Railway)
 |
| Operators | JNR (19611987)
JR Central (19871989)
JR East (19872012)
JR West (19872001)
JR Shikoku (19871991)
JR Kyushu (19871991)
Kanto Railway (19862011)
Aizu Railway (19992009)
Mizushima Rinkai Railway (2014present)
Philippine National Railways (2015present) |
| Depots | Kisarazu, Tutuban, Naga |
| Lines served | PNR Metro South Commuter, PNR Bicol Commuter, Hachiko Line, Jōsō Line, Kawagoe Line, Kururi Line, Isumi Line, Sagami Line, Yahiko Line, Echigo Line, Sobu Main Line, Sotobo Line, Uchibo Line, Narita Line, Kashima Line, Sanin Main Line, Kisei Main Line, Kusatsu Line, Nara Line, Wakayama Line, Kansai Main Line, Sakurai Line, Katamachi Line, Wadamisaki Line, Chikuhi Line, Aizu Line, Mizushima Main Line |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Steel |
| Car length | 20,000 mm (65 ft 7 in) |
| Width | 2,929 mm (9 ft 7.3 in) |
| Doors | 3 per side |
| Prime mover(s) | DMH17 diesel engine (All units)
DMF14-HZ (Kururi Line units) |
| Multiple working | Various DMUs in Japan
PNR 5000 Class
PNR 2500 Class
 |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |


title: KiHa 43000

abstract: The KiHa 43000 was a train and one of the first two streamlined diesel multiple units in Japan, the other being the Kihani 5000. Its development was inspired by the "Fliegender Hamburger" in Germany.

text:
# KiHa 43000

The **KiHa 43000** was a train and one of the first two streamlined diesel multiple units in Japan, the other being the Kihani 5000. Its development was inspired by the "Fliegender Hamburger" in Germany.

## InfoBox

| KiHa 43000 series | |
| --- | --- |
| JGR KiHa 43000 between Takatori and Hyogo, circa 1937 | |
| In service | 1937–1958? |
| Built at | Kawasaki Sharyo |
| Constructed | 1935?–1942? |
| Operators | JGR (1937-1949)
JNR (1949-1958?) |
| Specifications | |
| Traction motors | 2 x 80 kW (107 hp) DC motors |
| Power output | 1 x 240 hp (179 kW) diesel prime mover
1 x 150 kW (201 hp) generator |
| Transmission | Diesel-electric |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |


title: KiHa 283 series

abstract: KiHa 283 series The KiHa 283 series (キハ283系) is a tilting diesel-hydraulic multiple unit (DMU) train type operated by Hokkaido Railway Company on limited express services in Hokkaido, Japan, since 1997. They were based on the KiHa 281 series trains introduced in 1994.

text:
# KiHa 283 series

The **KiHa 283 series** (キハ283系) is a tilting diesel-hydraulic multiple unit (DMU) train type operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) on limited express services in Hokkaido, Japan, since 1997. They were based on the KiHa 281 series trains introduced in 1994.

## Operations

KiHa 283 series trainsets have been used on the following services.

## History

A three-car pre-production set was delivered from Fuji Heavy Industries in 1995 for evaluation and testing.

20 production vehicles were delivered from 1996, with the first trains introduced on *Super Ōzora* services between Sapporo and Kushiro from the start of the revised timetable on 22 March 1997.

A further batch of 12 vehicles was delivered to coincide with the introduction of KiHa 283s on *Super Hokuto* services between Hakodate and Sapporo, operating alongside the KiHa 281 series sets.

KiHa 283 series sets were also introduced on some *Super Tokachi* services between Sapporo and Obihiro from 11 March 2000.

From the start of the revised timetable on 12 March 2022, all *Ōzora* limited express services are scheduled to be operated by KiHa 261 series DMUs; the KiHa 283 series DMUs were withdrawn from *Ōzora* limited express services on 11 March 2022. The KiHa 283 series was reallocated for use on *Okhotsk* and *Taisetsu* limited express services on the Sekihoku Main Line from 18 March 2023, operating as three-car sets and replacing the older KiHa 183 series DMUs used on these services.

## 2011 Sekishō Line derailment and fire

On 27 May 2011, a 6-car KiHa 283 series train was destroyed by fire after it derailed and made an emergency stop inside the 685-metre-long (2,247 ft) No. 1 Niniu Tunnel on the Sekishō Line in Shimukappu, at around 21:55, while forming the *Super Ōzora* 14 service from Kushiro to Sapporo. The train was formed as follows, with car 1 at the Kushiro end. All cars were gutted by fire, and were officially withdrawn on 30 June 2011.

| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | KiHa 283-1 | KiHa 282-3001 | KiRo 282-7 | KiHa 282-1 | KiHa 282-101 | KiHa 283-9 |

## InfoBox

| KiHa 283 series | |
| --- | --- |
| KiHa 283 series on an *Ōzora* service, September 2021 | |
| In service | 1997–present |
| Manufacturer | Fuji Heavy Industries |
| Replaced | KiHa 183 series (*Okhotsk*, *Taisetsu*) |
| Constructed | 1995–2001 |
| Number built | 63 vehicles |
| Number in service | 54 vehicles |
| Number scrapped | 6 vehicles (fire damage);
3 vehicles (Pre-series set) |
| Successor | KiHa 261 series (*Ōzora*) |
| Formation | Various |
| Operators | JR Hokkaido |
| Depots | Sapporo |
| Lines served |  |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Stainless steel |
| Car length | 21,300 mm (69 ft 11 in) |
| Width | 2,840 mm (9 ft 4 in) |
| Height | 4,050 mm (13 ft 3 in) |
| Doors | 1 per side |
| Maximum speed | 130 km/h (81 mph) (- October 2013)
110 km/h (68 mph) (November 2013 -) |
| Prime mover(s) | N-DMF11HZA (355 hp or 265 kW) × 2 per car |
| Transmission | Hydraulic |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |


title: KiHa 261 series

abstract: KiHa 261 series The KiHa 261 series (キハ261系) is a tilting diesel multiple unit (DMU) train type operated by Hokkaido Railway Company on limited express services in Hokkaido, Japan, since 2000.

text:
# KiHa 261 series

The **KiHa 261 series** (キハ261系) is a tilting diesel multiple unit (DMU) train type operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) on limited express services in Hokkaido, Japan, since 2000.

## Design

The running gear was based on the KiHa 201 series trains introduced in 1997, and the body design was a joint venture with the Danish State Railways (DSB).

## Fleet

As of 1 April 2013, 35 KiHa 261 series vehicles were in operation. 14 were built by Fuji Heavy Industries, and 21 were built by JR Hokkaido. A further 28 vehicles are on order to be delivered from fiscal 2015.

## Operations

KiHa 261 series trainsets are used on the following services.

### KiHa 261-0 series

### KiHa 261-1000 series

## Formations

### *Sōya*

*Sōya* services are normally formed of four-car KiHa 261-100 series sets, and are sometimes lengthened to six cars during busy periods.

#### 4-car formations

Four-car sets are formed as follows.

| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Numbering | KiRoHa 261-200 | KiHa 260-200 | KiHa 260-100 | KiHa 261-100 |

#### 6-car formations

Six-car sets are formed by adding two cars as shown below. Car 1 (and car 21) includes Green (first) class and standard class accommodation.

| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |  | 5 | 6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Numbering | KiRoHa 261-200 | KiHa 260-200 | KiHa 260-100 | KiHa 261-100 |  | KiHa 260-100 | KiHa 261-100 |

| Car No. | 21 | 22 |  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Numbering | KiRoHa 261-200 | KiHa 260-200 |  | KiRoHa 261-200 | KiHa 260-200 | KiHa 260-100 | KiHa 261-100 |

### *Super Tokachi*

*Super Tokachi* services were originally formed of five-car KiHa 261-1000 series sets, but these were later reduced to four cars.

The 4-car *Super Tokachi* sets are formed as follows.

| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Numbering | KiRo 261-1100 | KiHa 260-1100 | KiHa 260-1200 | KiHa 261-1200 |

## Interior

## History

A four-car pre-production set was delivered from Fuji Heavy Industries in November 1998 for evaluation and testing. The first production trains were introduced on *Super Sōya* services between Sapporo and Wakkanai from the start of the revised timetable on 11 March 2000.

New KiHa 261-1000 series 5-car sets were introduced on *Super Tokachi* services between Sapporo and Obihiro from October 2007.

A further 28 KiHa 261 series vehicles were delivered from 2015 onward, and these are not equipped with tilting capability.

From December 2015 until the end of 2017, the KiHa 261-1000 series fleet were gradually repainted into a new livery with white front ends, yellow front-end gangway doors, and a purple bodyside stripe.

### KiHa 261-5000 series

On 17 October 2019, JR Hokkaido announced plans to introduce two new KiHa 261-5000 series 5-car sets. They each feature external colour schemes inspired by the hamanasu and lavender flowers, which, according to JR Hokkaido, are prominent throughout Hokkaido.

Car 1 is designated as a lounge car, featuring window-facing seats and transverse seating bays with tables. Cars 2 through 5 are ordinary-class cars, featuring 2+2 abreast seating throughout.

The "Hamanasu" set was built at Kawasaki Heavy Industries' Hyogo factory, and was delivered to JR Hokkaido in July 2020. It entered revenue service on 17 October of that year. The "Lavender" set was delivered from the same factory in January 2021 and entered revenue service in May of that year, although it was originally intended to enter service in April.

## InfoBox

| KiHa 261 series | |
| --- | --- |
| KiHa 261 series on a *Sōya* service in June 2022 | |
| In service | 2000–Present |
| Manufacturer |  |
| Replaced | KiHa 183 series, KiHa 281 series, KiHa 283 series |
| Constructed | 1998– |
| Number under construction | 28 vehicles (as of December 2013) |
| Number built | 35 vehicles (as of April 2013) |
| Number in service | 35 vehicles (as of April 2013) |
| Formation | 4–6 cars per trainset |
| Operators | JR Hokkaido |
| Depots | Naebo |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Stainless steel |
| Car length | * 21,300 mm (69 ft 11 in) (intermediate) * 21,470 mm (70 ft 5 in) (261-0 end) * 21,670 mm (71 ft 1 in) (261-1000 end) |
| Width | * 2,800 mm (9 ft 2 in) (261-0) * 2,928 mm (9 ft 7.3 in) (261-1000) |
| Height | * 4,012 mm (13 ft 2.0 in) (261-0) * 3,982 mm (13 ft 0.8 in) (261-1000) |
| Doors | 1 per side |
| Maximum speed | 130 km/h (81 mph) |
| Prime mover(s) | N-DMF13HZH (× 1 or × 2 per car) |
| Power output | 460 hp (340 kW) per engine |
| Transmission | Hydraulic |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |


title: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin

abstract: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of rehabilitation counseling. The journal's editors are Fong Chan	(University of Wisconsin, Madison) and Timothy Tansey. It was established in 1999 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with the Hammill Institute on Disabilities.

text:
# Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin

***Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin*** is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of rehabilitation counseling. The journal's editors are Fong Chan (University of Wisconsin, Madison) and Timothy Tansey (University of Wisconsin, Madison). It was established in 1999 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with the Hammill Institute on Disabilities.

## Abstracting and indexing

*Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin* is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases, Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, its 2017 impact factor is 0.951, ranking it 52 out of 69 journals in the category "Rehabilitation".

## InfoBox

*Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Rehabilitation |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Douglas Strohmer |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1999-present |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Impact factor | 0.951 (2017) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Rehabil. Couns. Bull.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0034-3552 (print)
1538-4853 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 79010148 |
| OCLC no. | 610584992 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan

abstract: DMC Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan (RIM) is one of the eight hospitals affiliated with the Detroit Medical Center. RIM is one of the largest, academic, rehabilitation hospitals in the United States specializing in rehabilitation medicine and research. RIM offers clinical treatment in spinal cord injury, brain injury, stroke, complex trauma and orthopedics and catastrophic injury care. The institute is home to the Center for Spinal Cord Injury Recovery, a facility designed to implement and study innovative treatments in spinal cord injury recovery. RIM also houses the Southeastern Michigan Traumatic Brain Injury System (SEMTBIS) which conducts groundbreaking research in the field of rehabilitation medicine, sharing the resulting innovations with brain injury providers worldwide. Clinical researchers study issues such as medication effects, course of recovery, psychological factors and treatment outcomes. RIM also operates over 30 outpatient therapy clinics throughout southeast Michigan, specializing in physical therapy, sports medicine and orthopedics.

text:
# Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan

DMC **Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan** (RIM) is one of the eight hospitals affiliated with the Detroit Medical Center. RIM is one of the largest, academic, rehabilitation hospitals in the United States specializing in rehabilitation medicine and research. RIM offers clinical treatment in spinal cord injury, brain injury, stroke, complex trauma and orthopedics and catastrophic injury care. The institute is home to the Center for Spinal Cord Injury Recovery, a facility designed to implement and study innovative treatments in spinal cord injury recovery.

RIM also houses the Southeastern Michigan Traumatic Brain Injury System (SEMTBIS) which conducts groundbreaking research in the field of rehabilitation medicine, sharing the resulting innovations with brain injury providers worldwide. Clinical researchers study issues such as medication effects, course of recovery, psychological factors and treatment outcomes.

RIM also operates over 30 outpatient therapy clinics throughout southeast Michigan, specializing in physical therapy, sports medicine and orthopedics.

## History

In 1951, Rehabilitation Institute of Metropolitan Detroit was founded at the Herman Kiefer Hospital in Detroit. This was also the site of the Metropolitan Detroit Polio Foundation, which merged with the Rehabilitation Institute in 1953. These two partners soon realized they needed a building of their own to house all their services. As a result, in 1958, the Rehabilitation Institute moved to a newly built hospital at its current location at 261 Mack Avenue, in Detroit.

## Services

During the last 10 years, RIM has been awarded $16 million in federal and private grants for rehabilitation research focusing on restoring function, improving quality of life and developing innovative therapeutic techniques.

Today, RIM is considered a national leader in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation. With its 94-bed inpatient hospital and numerous outpatient sites located throughout southeastern Michigan, RIM is also one of the nation's largest freestanding rehabilitation hospitals.

## Clinical Specialties

Clinical Specialties at RIM include:

## Brasza Outpatient and Fitness Center

RIM's Brasza Outpatient Center is a state of the art, multi-level fitness center. It houses modern fitness equipment, a free-weight area, running tracks and studios offering a variety of programs, from group exercise and wheelchair mobility training, to community education. The center also includes a sports medicine program directed by therapists and athletic trainers.

Brasza Outpatient and Fitness Center Services Include:

* Sports Medicine
* Orthopedic Therapy
* Personal Training
* Post Rehab Training
* Sports Specific Training
* Massage
* Work Hardening
* Women's rehab
* Lymphedema Therapy
* Cardiac Rehabilitation (Phase II / Phase III)

## Center for Spinal Cord Injury Recovery

The Center for Spinal Cord Injury Recovery (CSCIR) is a unique, state-of-art clinical facility, offering an intensive physical therapy program focused on maximizing recovery from spinal cord injury. The program incorporates therapeutic techniques based on the newest information available from emerging research around the globe.

## Accreditation

RIM is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the Commission on Accreditation for Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF).

## InfoBox

| Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Detroit Medical Center | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 261 Mack Avenue<br>Detroit, Michigan, United States |
| Coordinates | 42°20′59″N 83°03′20″W / 42.34962°N 83.05569°W / 42.34962; -83.05569 |
| Organization | |
| Type | Specialist |
| Services | |
| Beds | 94 |
| Speciality | Rehabilitation |
| History | |
| Opened | 1951 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.rimrehab.org |
| Lists | Hospitals in Michigan |


title: Reichenbach, Upper Palatinate

abstract: Reichenbach, also known as Reichenbach am Regen, is a municipality in the district of Cham in Bavaria, Germany. It lies on the river Regen, approximately 20 kilometres northeast of Regensburg. The town is home to Reichenbach Abbey, a former mediaeval Benedictine monastery and Baroque church. Currently living within the renovated monastery are more than 400 people with physical and mental disabilities and about 500 staff. This makes it the most important employer in the region.

text:
# Reichenbach, Upper Palatinate

**Reichenbach**, also known as Reichenbach am Regen, is a municipality in the district of Cham in Bavaria, Germany. It lies on the river Regen, approximately 20 kilometres northeast of Regensburg. The town is home to Reichenbach Abbey, a former mediaeval Benedictine monastery and Baroque church. Currently living within the renovated monastery are more than 400 people with physical and mental disabilities and about 500 staff. This makes it the most important employer in the region.

## Geography

Reichenbach lies in the Falkensteiner Vorwald, in the middle Regental, on the river Regen. To the north and west it borders with Walderbach, to the south with Wald and to the west with Nittenau (District Schwandorf)

### Subdivisions

The municipality of Reichenbach is subdivided in seven localities:

* Heimhof
* Hochgart
* Kaltenbach
* Kienleiten
* Linden
* Reichenbach
* Windhof

As of November 1, 2013, a part of the dissolved municipality-free area of Einsiedler and Walderbacher Forst was incorporated into Reichenbach.

## History

### Early history and Middle Ages

The first human presence in the area of Reichenbach may date back to the Paleolithic Age. This is proved by the findings of hunting weapons and sacrificial altars in the surrounding districts.

The settlement in the valley of the river Regen lies on a ford and was the center of a manorial district in the early Middle Ages. 1118 saw the founding of Reichenbach Abbey and from then on the history of the settlement became heavily intertwined with that of the monastery.

Reichenbach experienced an early bloom in the first decades of its existence. After the Wittelsbach dynasty took over the Vogtei (bailiwick) in 1204, Reichenbach lost its regional importance. At the beginning of the 15th century, the monastery was largely rebuilt in Gothic style and surrounded by fortifications. These averted the Hussite invasions in 1428 and 1433.

Under the principle of *cuius regio, eius religio* after 1555 it was up to the ruler to determine the religion of his subjects. Otto Henry, Elector Palatinate from 1556 to 1559, made official the Lutheran confession and dissolved the monastery in 1556. In Reichenbach, it was up to Johannes Hagnus, a graduate of the University of Wittenberg, to enforce the regulation. During the subsequent reign of Elector Friedrich III (1559-1576), who was a follower of the reformed Calvinist school, Hagnus was dismissed together with many other Lutheran clergymen. Around 1570 many works of art inside Reichenbach Abbey were destroyed by Calvinist iconoclasts.

From 1626, the new Electorate of Bavaria re-catholicized Reichenbach. Under the new Electoral administration in 1661, Benedictines moved back into the monastery which from 1669 fell under the management of Saint Emmeram's Abbey in Regensburg. In 1695, the monastery again became an independent abbey and experienced a second flourishing.

### 18th and 19th centuries

With the dissolution and secularization of the monastery in 1803, the lively scientific and literary activity of the Reichenbach Benedictines came to an end. Since then, the church has been a filial church of the parish of Walderbach. The monastery initially became state property, before the buildings were auctioned off in 1820. The monastery buildings found various uses, including an earthenware factory founded in 1841 by Heinrich Waffler, which he operated until 1863.

On February 20, 1882, the Reichenbach Volunteer Fire Department was founded due to several fires in the village. The citizens joined together to form a community and purchased firefighting equipment. 56 citizens were among the founding members. Statutes were drawn up, the first purpose of which was to provide service in case of fire danger for the protection of persons and their property, first in the village of Reichenbach, then also in the surrounding area. The first Captain was Alois Pestenhofer.

In 1890 the order of the Barmherzige Brüder (Brothers of Mercy) took over the monastery buildings and established a sanatorium and nursing home for the mentally and physically handicapped.

In 1893, the monastery began to operate its own brewery. At the beginning of Holy Week in the same year, the planned construction of the new and larger water pipeline was started. The springs were located at the Windhof.

In 1897, during the night of September 23–24, a fire broke out in the monastery buildings. The fire spread at breakneck speed, and 140 patients had to be evacuated. Of great help was the new water pipe, as the adjacent pond was already pumped dry after a short time. The fire raged for eight days, and even after six weeks, glowing debris was still being pulled out of the rubble. The fire did not claim any human lives, but the monastery was left nothing more than a smoking ruin. The people of Reichenbach lent a huge hand in the reconstruction. Around Christmas 1897, the patients who had been transferred to Straubing and Attl could be brought back. As a result of the fire, a permanent night watchman was employed in Reichenbach in 1898.

At the turn of the 19th century, the village was in bitter poverty. The population was mostly rural, and there was not enough food for the cattle. Many residents had no proper homes, adequate clothing, or a steady income. Many cycled great distances to neighbouring towns like Wackersdorf and Maxhütte to earn scant wages. Others saw emigrating to America as their only hope of survival.

### Beginning of the 20th century

In 1900, the tavern in the monastery was closed. For the washhouse and garden, a new water pipe was installed, since the one built in 1893 did not supply enough water in dry weather. In 1908, under Father Eberhard Forstner from Kaisheim, the Reichenbach mortuary was built. He had a hopfield planted near the monastery, the yield of which was quite sufficient to meet the needs of the monastery's brewery. In addition, a granite quarry was discovered between Windhof and the nearby forest, where a field forge was built at the same time.

The biggest and best work of the prior was the construction of the road between Kienleiten and Roßbach (today's Kreisstraße CHA 25). The road conditions in Reichenbach were at the time very bad. The only road to the monastery led through the village (Pfisterstraße) and there were massive difficulties with the neighbors during the construction. In 1911, under Prior Father Sympert Fleischmann, the infrastructure in the village was improved. His main focus was to push the continuation of the road to Roßbach. Half of the village was canalized and a wide road crossed through Reichenbach. A new water pipeline was built for about 20 houses in Reichenbach. This water pipeline was in operation until the introduction of the district-wide water supply in 1967. Users were allowed to use the water only after it had been boiled because bacteria were repeatedly found in it.

### First World War and the inter-war period

The First World War (1914-1918) claimed its victims in Reichenbach as well. The men of the village and also 23 brothers were drafted into military service, with 25 not surviving the war and 5 going missing.  During the war, food had already become very scarce, therefore ration stamps were issued in town. This situation continued for a long time after the war. In addition, came extreme inflation, which rendered money worthless.

Starting in 1919, an electrically operated grinding mill was put into operation, which was discontinued in 1943 by order of the authorities. On May 1, 1920, electricity generated from steam was brought to the monastery.

In 1921, in view of the general housing shortage in the community of Reichenbach, all immigration from outside the community was prohibited as of March 1. In 1922 the water turbine on the nearby Regen River was improved. Then in 1923 electric light was introduced in the whole community. The currency reform in 1923 brought a great improvement.

In 1924, a devastating fire struck the monastery during the night of March 2 to 3. The woodyard and the barn burned down completely. All supplies of fodder and straw were lost, together with many wagons and plows. As soon as March 5, the monastery bell announced another fire. This time a barn in Kienleiten was on fire. Thanks to prompt intervention, the nearby residential house could be saved. On March 7, two days later, there was a third fire alarm. This time the house next to it burned down.

Also in 1924, the monastery's own sawmill was built. During the completion phase of the hydroelectric power plant on the Regen River, two floods occurred. The rain rolled in enormous masses of water and the building threatened to collapse. These events delayed the construction, which was finally completed in 1926. It now had a capacity of 20 horsepower.

In 1927, the municipal council decided to levy a beer tax, 1 Reichsmark per hectoliter, as of July 1. Effective as from December 11, 1927, at the request of the monastery, the tax on beer was reduced to 50 pfennig.

From 1933, Reichenbach and the monastery were not spared by the terror of the Nazi regime. Disabled people housed in the monastery, considered "unworthy of life" at that time, suffered inhumane atrocities.

### Second World War

Of the men drafted from the town, 31 were killed in action and 6 were missing. In contrast to the First World War, the civilian population was also directly affected by the acts of war in the Second World War and often had to leave their homes and seek shelter in the cellars of the monastery.

When Nittenau was bombed, Reichenbach citizens were also among those seriously injured and killed. Because of the air raids, all windows had to be darkened from the inside. This was mandatory and its enactment was strictly controlled. Forced labourers from occupied areas of the German Reich, mainly France and Poland, were also used in Reichenbach, mostly in agricultural operations. In 1942, bell tolls had to be paid again, and only the smallest bell remained in the clock tower.

### End of the war and postwar period

Towards the end of the war, the monastery became home to a military training camp where the Hitler Youth was to be trained for service at the front. The commander of the camp wanted to resist the approaching American troops and had tank barriers erected. The American response was clear: if even one shot was fired, Reichenbach would be bombed. Thereupon the population fled to Hochgart. The commander also fled but was captured and shot by the Americans in Falkenstein a short time later.

When the Allies approached, the Flossenbürg concentration camp was evacuated. On the death march that followed, the prisoners passed also through Reichenbach. Since it was night, some of them took the chance and dared to escape to the Häring brewery. Some of them were shot immediately; a few others hid in barns. On April 24, 1945, American troops occupied the monastery. For the villagers and especially the children, who had never seen a person with a different skin color, the black soldiers were a surprise. The occupation of Reichenbach by the Americans passed without major incidents.

After the war, Reichenbach had also to accommodate many refugees. Just as in World War I, food was issued only on ration stamps, both during the war and afterwards. The villagers were partly able to provide for themselves since almost all of them had at least a small farm.

In 1946 the re-erection of the host cross took place and on June 9 the wooden cross was consecrated at the end of the eight-day mission of the Reichenbach branch.

In 1948 the currency reform took place. The village was hit by a flood in 1954. The bridge over the egen (*Regenbrücke*) remained impassable for one day. On April 22, 1959, another major fire broke out in an attic of the east wing of the monastery. The large-scale alarm called about 20 fire departments from the surrounding area to the scene, including the professional fire department from Regensburg. The then District Administrator Franz Sackmann immediately mobilized the authorities and initiated all safety measures to protect the endangered artworks. Even a pioneer unit of the Bundeswehr from Bogen was sent. The damage caused by the fire was considerable. It amounted to 172.700,- DM (approximately 88,000 €) (for comparison, the weekly earnings of a well-paid monastery employee at that time amounted to 35.00 DM/about 18 €).

### Contemporary history

#### Reichenbacher bridge

Presumably, was already before the founding of the monastery Reichenbach 1118 a transition on the rain had been created, because it has also led a street of Cham over Reichenbach and Roßbach after Regensburg, Falkenstein and Straubing. The Reichenbacher bridge was mentioned for the first time in 1743 or 1744, when a flood damaged the bridge. 1750 cracks Eisstoß the wooden bridge away. Then the village and monastery had set dwellers with barges on the rain. In the wake of the secularization of 1803 the Bavarian builder of the bridge shaft of the community was over Reichenbach. The 1831 flood schwemmte the rain again built another bridge times continued. The creation of a new bridge was vital, since beyond the rain flow fields, and wood Hutweiden beaten and the proceeds anyway barely sufficient for survival. For the people who have horses with the bridge befuhren or for agricultural purposes had to use, there was the "bridge guilders" or "bridge duty." The bridge was always the biggest "problem child" of the community. The citizens always protested against the guilder to pay bridge and the councilors wanted the maintenance of the bridge to the county Roding pass. This was finally in 1924, probably in the course of expanding the feeder road (Districtstraße) for new railway errichtenten "Falkenstein - Regensburg." (From that time comes, the expansion of the existing main road - better known as "New Road" - current Pfister the road replacing Hauptstraße as. The formerly narrow path, similar to the Kirchsteig, has been under great protest of the riparian and with enormous effort, greatly widened.) Even the battle with the Bavarian State was terminated, so that these funds made available to a new wooden bridge to be built. After extinguishing the fire works at the monastery 1959 by the inadequate bearing capacity of the wooden bridge has been obstructed, another bridge was begun. Of the total cost of DM 810,000, the county only had 70,000 DM of its own resources to expend. The Reichenbach community had only 15,000 DM for the bridge ramp to afford. As the present bridge was completed, it was seen as the "most modern prestressed concrete bridge in the Upper Palatinate".

##### Territorial reform

The primary school in Reichenbach was dissolved at the beginning of the 1970/71 school year, since the students attend the community school in the Reichenbach Walderbach. By the end of the war, there were the municipalities Reichenbach, and Tiefenbach Treidling. The latter was disbanded in 1945. Reichenbach came to town the hamlet of Linden, Tiefenbach, Heimhof, Windhof, Treidling (name meaning: Treideln,-ing), while Middle Duke, wide-Prince and Gumpinger to the community forest. In 1972 the territory voted to reform the county town allotment to Cham, subject to that community to community forest management and forest Erbach with headquarters in Reichenbach could form. Should the community forest Erbach, the city Roding connect and the community forest remains independently, so the town wanted Reichenbach connection to the city and county Nittenau Schwandorf search. A Roding after incorporation was due to the distance of 15 km rejected. Through this reform area lost the town of Reichenbach 17.7% of its total area. The hamlet of Forestry, hunters height, Treidling and Holzseige (except Kaltenbach), and later even Tiefenbach, came to town Nittenau. Among the missing Gewerbesteuereinhamen, including the quarry in Treidling, the town still suffers today, because there was no compensation. The Reichenbach community remained independent, but formed an administrative branch along with the Walderbach community.

##### Development of the town

1975 finally made the construction of the drainage system (sewage). In 1976 the Johann-of-God-workshops were created. This is a workshop for Pfleglinge of the monastery, as well as external Pfleglinge.

In 1984 the era of "brewery Härig Reichenbach" came to an end. The brewery was founded in 1756. The last owners Anna and George Häring died in 1978.

In 1991, the kindergarten of St. Paul on the operation. Mid-July 1993 celebrated the town and the monastery "Kloster Reichenbach 875 years." Over the years, further construction expelled. 1998, the inauguration of the family chapel Reisinger Kienleiten in honor of St. Catherine instead.

In 1999, in the context of urban development of "Margrave-Dipold Square" (church) and the Eustachius-Kugler-road rehabilitated. On January 1, 2000 the new millennium was celebrated punctually at 12:00 o'clock with a huge fireworks display in the former convent garden. In 2001, the county road CHA 25 (main street) in Reichenbach up area was completely renovated and a sidewalk was built.

##### 2002 flood

In August 2002 Reichenbach and all the other areas in the path rainwater flow were ravaged unprecedented flood. On the evening of August 12, the fire started in the youth campground spaces. On the night of 13 August, the disaster alert for the county Cham by the District Theo Zellner and the crisis in the county Cham exclaimed. It was already was clear at that time to everyone that this flood and exceeds all expectations of a new century will flood. The highest level of alarm has already been sounded at about 10 o'clock. At the same time as the floods began operation in Reichenbach. From 6 o'clock until 2 the next morning, the level was no longer measured due to the enormous amount of water. The UMS fell out. The lower riparian rain have been badly affected. In some streets the water was part of two meters above the road surface. The water level reached fortunately, a few centimeters of rain 22 bridge clock against its climax. Thus, the bridge will not be blocked.

A year later, the waterfront promenade was completely redesigned. 2005 qualifying competition at the municipality "Our village has a future" for the ruling circle. On a rainy day in 2006, the jury a picture of the place. Despite the bad weather was Reichenbach the silver medal.

## Population development

|
|  |
| Year: | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| Population: | 1131 | 1101 | 1104 | 1119 | 1176 | 1152 | 1199 | 1242 | 1301 | 1328 | 1334 | 1317 | 1340 |
|

## Politics

### Municipal council

The council consists of 12 members, including a woman.

CSU 6 seats FWR (Free Community voters Reichenbach) 6 seats

#### Mayor

The Mayor of Reichenbach is Eduard Hochmuth, elected in March 2020.

#### Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the place shows a "silver on a blue Wellenschildfuß out below red dragon."

The place Reichenbach, always in close relationship with the in the 12th century Benedictine monastery was founded, had since your 15th century, the status of a market whose own administration led seals. A still preserved in the early 17th century copied temple shows a seal coat of arms, the founder of the monastery Reichenbach attributed heraldic figure, depicting the dragon. The image of this traditional emblem recalled the close relationship between city and monastery Reichenbach. To document the situation of the community on rain water was considered a symbol of so-called Wellenschildfuß elected, making a historic and equally motivated heraldic emblem community has been obtained.

## Arts and Culture

### Religion

Reichenbach belongs to the parish forest Walderbach, at 1 September 2005 "Spiritual Unity Walderbach-Neubäu" has been extended. In the village are the Church of the Assumption Convent and other bands, such as The Queen of the Rosary Chapel House in the monastery of the Brothers of Mercy, which Painful Lady Chapel Hill (built in 1935 on the occasion of the 800th anniversary of the consecration of the monastery church), the Lady Chapel at Field Linden (built in 1950) and Katherine's Chapel in Kienleiten (Erected Fam by the Reisinger in 1998).

### Church and customs

Numerous are the testimonies of former folk piety, in woods and fields to find. At some of them are still prayers and Masses celebrated, for example at the Marienplatz or at the so-called "Pfaffenstein."

On 9 June 1949 was the so-called "cross-host" on a hill above the town doomed, which residents of Reichenbach, thanks to build, that the village in war threats spared. It bears the inscription "In this sign you will sing - for special thanks for protecting our village in danger of war" and was already established in 1946. Following the tradition there has been a cross 1914/1918 have confessed that during the period from 1939 to 1945 by fanatical groups was destroyed.

Since 1998, loads a crossroads, the Sonnhofweg along to this prayer site leads believers to linger in prayer. The Cross stations were in loving detail work of residents and employees of the monastery of the Brothers of Mercy artistically designed.

Marian devotion played in Reichenbach traditionally an important role. Persuade them, among other things Lourdesgrotte in the apse of the monastery church, which was inaugurated in 1895, and the mountain chapel in the street Pfister. The latter was built in 1935. The rock beside the chapel served the villagers during the Second World War as a protective bunker.

Since 1998, invites a chapel in Kienleiten the faithful to prayer. It was from the family Gerhard Reisinger after a promise is built and the St. Catherine doomed.

Not imagine from the church life were the Bittgänge, of community in which to weather and a good harvest was asked. On these occasions believers came from forest Erbach and Reichenbach to pray together. Reichenbach once attracted the forest after Erbach, another look at the forest after Erbacher Reichenbach, with them the faithful from praying Reichenbach went forward.

A highlight of the church year was certainly the Corpus Christi festival, in the vernacular "Prangertag referred. The path along which the procession went, it was with so-called "pillory Perennials" (birch), reed grass and fresh pine green with scarves and flags decorated. In addition, figurines and pictures of saints up to the house walls attached. Two statues of Our Lady, also per a figure of Joseph and Jesus were decorated with flowers and girls in the procession supported. For "Prangertag" belonged to it that the "landlord" or "Haering" to the traditional sausage meal went. Even if the sausages on the menu today are nothing more extraordinary, this usage has to this day.

### Music

Reichenbach Church (since 1993) Reichenbacher monastery sparrows Employees choir of the monastery Reichenbach

### Buildings

Monastery of the Brothers of Mercy 1118 Founded former Benedictine abbey Romanesque monastery church (interior in the style of the Baroque and Rococo redesigned) Lourdesgrotte in the apse of the monastery church

### Monuments

Marienplatz (Marie picture and a wooden cross in the forest, space for prayer and worship) Pfaffenstein (highest point in the up area, located in the forest, a wooden cross in the rock, space for prayer and worship) Teufelsbuchs'n (Teufelsbuz'n) (steep cliffs with a short Schliefröhre in Kienleiten; under BUZ is a creature of stunted growth)

### Sport

Recreation center of the DJK Reichenbach

### Events

Easter market in the monastery Reichenbach Maifeier on youth campground Johannifeier on youth campground Dorfkirta in the beer garden (Patron's Feast) Christkindlmarkt (Christmas market) in the monastery Reichenbach

## Economy and infrastructure

The Monastery of the Merciful Reichenbach brothers live more than 400 people with physical and mental disability and are about 500 employees. This makes it the most important employers in the region. Furthermore, in Reichenbach with a supermarket butcher, several master carpentry businesses, a master car, a vehicle body and paint shops, a plant for interior and Akustikbau, an advertising technology agency and other small businesses located. There are numerous small and large farms in Reichenbach.

### Transportation

The municipality parts Reichenbach and Kienleiten are reinforced by a bridge connected. Die Gemeinde Reichenbach liegt relativ nahe zu überörtlichen Verkehrsstraßen. Durch den Ort selbst verläuft die Kreisstraße CHA 25 (Hauptstraße) und die CHA 27 (Bodensteiner Straße). Die Ortsteile Reichenbach und Kienleiten sind durch die Staatsstraße St. 2149 getrennt. Der Verkehr in diesem Kreuzungsbereich wird durch eine Ampel geregelt. Die Auffahrt zur neu gebauten B 16 (Roding-Regensburg) ist nur 3,5 km entfernt. Die Zufahrt zur B 85 (Schwandorf-Cham) ist ca. 15 km entfernt.

### Media

* *Chamer Zeitung* (circulation: 10,215 total) – Regional edition of the *Straubinger Tagblattes*/*Landshuter Zeitung*
* *Landshuter Bayerwald Echo* (circulation: 16,170 total) – Regional edition of the *Mittelbayerischen Zeitung*
* *Regentalanzeiger*
* Newsletter of the municipality

### Education

Kindergarten St. Paul Reichenbach eingruppiger is a full-day kindergarten and is due mainly to the needs of working parents aligned. It consists of 1 October 1991. Looked after the children from the third year of life from the municipality and employees of the institution of the Brothers of Mercy Reichenbach. The municipality has no Reichenbach own school (more). Only a professional college education, curative care is available in Reichenbach. This is the monastery of the Brothers of Mercy building. The students from Reichenbach Erbach go to the forest in the primary and secondary school. The nearest school is located in Nittenau (Regentalgymnasium). The nearest school is the State School in Roding.

## Notable People

* Andreas von Regensburg (ca. 1380, Reichenbach - after 1442, Regensburg)
* Augustin Wagner (1898, Reichenbach – 1945, Ebrantshausen), a priest in Ebrantshausen (near Mainburg), was named a martyr of Nazism. He preached the encyclical *Mit brennender Sorge* by Pius XI despite the government ban and was shot in the woods between Holzmannshausen and Meilenhausen at the end of April 1945 on order of an officer of the SS.

*All persons listed here were in close contact with the monastery of Reichenbach*

* Margrave Diepold III von Vohburg (1075-1146), founder of the monastery.
* Count PalatinateOtto I of Pfalz-Mosbach (1390-1461)
* Johannes Hagius (1530-1596), from 1556 to 1567 preacher and cantor in Reichenbach
* Anselm Meiller OSB, (15 February 1678, Amberg \- 18 September 1761, Plankstetten)
* George Dengler (1839-1896)
* Father Andrew Amrhein (4 February 1844, Gunzwil - 29 December 1927, St. Ottilien)
* Eustachius Kugler (15 January 1867, Neuhaus bei Nittenau - 10 June 1946 in Regensburg), was beatified in Regensburg on October 4, 2009.
* Siegfried Hollmer (12 October 1930, Konzell \- 19 April 1964), founder of the Burschenverein Reichenbach

## Further reading

* Cornelia Oelwein (Edit.): *Die Traditionen des Klosters Reichenbach am Regen*, Beck, Munich, 1991 \*Werner Endres: *Reichenbacher Steingut*, pub. Stadt Nittenau und Museumsverein Nittenau, 1991
* Josef Klose, Rudolf Knopp, Wolfgang Kauzner, Günter Lorenz: *875 Jahre Kloster Reichenbach am Regen 1118–1993*, pub. Gemeinde Reichenbach, Johann-von-Gott-Verlag, Munich, 1993
* Maria Kagerer et al.: *100plus: Reichenbacher Retrospective 1890-2000*, pub. Gemeinde Reichenbach, 1999 \*Heribert Batzl: *Kloster Reichenbach am Regen*, pub.: Fast and Steiner (Regensburg), 2001
* Josef Klose; Arved von Ropp: *Ehemalige Benediktinerabteikirche Reichenbach*, Fast and Steiner (Regensburg), 2002
* Maria Kagerer, Hermann Reisinger, Norbert Mezei: *125 Jahre Freiwillige Feuerwehr Reichenbach: Festschrift zum Gründungsfest vom 27. bis 30. Juli 2007*, editors: Freiwillige Feuerwehr Reichenbach, 2007

## InfoBox

| Reichenbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aerial view | |
|  | |
| Location of Reichenbach within Cham district | |
| Reichenbach Reichenbach | |
| Coordinates: 49°11′N 12°21′E / 49.183°N 12.350°E / 49.183; 12.350 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Oberpfalz |
| District | Cham |
| Municipal assoc. | Walderbach |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Eduard Hochmuth |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.71 km<sup>2</sup> (3.75 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 386 m (1,266 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,340 |
| Density | 140/km<sup>2</sup> (360/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 93189 |
| Dialling codes | 0 94 64 |
| Vehicle registration | CHA |
| Website | www.gemeinde-reichenbach.de |


title: Reichenbach (Hornberg)

abstract: Reichenbach is a village in the municipality of Hornberg in the Black Forest in Germany. The territory of the town of Hornberg very small in comparison with its villages and restricted mainly to the valley bottom of the Gutach stream and the lower region of the Reichenbach valley. The village of Reichenbach covers the largest area in the municipality.

text:
# Reichenbach (Hornberg)

**Reichenbach** is a village in the municipality of Hornberg in the Black Forest in Germany. The territory of the town of Hornberg very small in comparison with its villages and restricted mainly to the valley bottom of the Gutach stream and the lower region of the Reichenbach valley. The village of Reichenbach covers the largest area in the municipality.

## Geography and geology

Reichenbach is a dispersed settlement of around 650 inhabitants and covers the valleys east and west of Hornberg. In the east is the actual valley of the Reichenbach and those of the Schwanenbach, Schonenbächle and their side valleys. In the west the Offenbach- und Frombach valleys and side valleys belong to Reichenbach. The highest elevation in Reichenbach is the Windkapf with a height of 928 metres above Normalnull.

The mountain range here consists mainly of granite. In the parish there are numerous woolsack rocks, of which the *Igellochfelsen* is the best known. In the eastern part of the parish, by the Fohrenbühl, bunter sandstone lies on top of the granite and was commercially quarried until the 1920s.

## Literature

* Stadtverwaltung Hornberg (publ.): *900 Jahre Hornberg*, Konkordia, Bühl \[Baden\], 1993.

## InfoBox

| Reichenbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Hornberg | |
|  | |
| Location of Reichenbach | |
| Reichenbach Reichenbach | |
| Coordinates: 48°12′37″N 8°16′50″E / 48.2104°N 08.2805°E / 48.2104; 08.2805 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Baden-Württemberg |
| Town | Hornberg |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 78132 |
| Dialling codes | 07833 |


title: Khosru Chowdhury

abstract: Khosru Chowdhury is a Bangladeshi businessman and politician. He is a former Jatiya Sangsad member representing the Dhaka-18 constituency.

text:
# Khosru Chowdhury

**Khosru Chowdhury** is a Bangladeshi businessman and politician. He is a former Jatiya Sangsad member representing the Dhaka-18 constituency.

## InfoBox

| Khosru Chowdhury | |
| --- | --- |
| খসরু চৌধুরী | |
|  | |
| Member of the Bangladesh Parliament
for Dhaka-18 | |
| **In office**
30 January 2024  6 August 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Mohammad Habib Hasan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Political party | Bangladesh Awami League |
|  | |


title: Khost City Ground

abstract: Khost City Ground is a multi-purpose stadium in Khost, Afghanistan, used for football and other sports. The ground was inaugurated in 2011. The stadium cost more than one million dollars and it was hoped that the facility would help promote peace in the region. The stadium was constructed in three years with financial support from the Afghanistan National Olympic Committee. The stadium has race tracks, volleyball and basketball courts, as well as a cricket ground, on 7.5 acres of land. It has the seating capacity for 18,000 spectators. As of 2014, Germany is helping build a new cricket stadium, Khost Cricket Stadium, with €700,000 financial assistance. It will be the fourth cricket facility in the country and is being constructed on 25 acres of land with a capacity of 6,000 people.

text:
# Khost City Ground

**Khost City Ground**  is a multi-purpose stadium in Khost, Afghanistan, used for football and other sports. The ground was inaugurated in 2011.

The stadium cost more than one million dollars and it was hoped that the facility would help promote peace in the region. The stadium was constructed in three years with financial support from the Afghanistan National Olympic Committee.

The stadium has race tracks, volleyball and basketball courts, as well as a cricket ground, on 7.5 acres of land. It has the seating capacity for 18,000 spectators.

As of 2014, Germany is helping build a new cricket stadium, Khost Cricket Stadium, with €700,000 financial assistance. It will be the fourth cricket facility in the country and is being constructed on 25 acres of land with a capacity of 6,000 people.

## InfoBox

Khost City Ground
| Ground information | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Khost, Afghanistan |
| Coordinates | 33°19′58″N 69°55′12″E / 33.33278°N 69.92000°E / 33.33278; 69.92000 |
| Establishment | 2011 |
| Capacity | 18,000 |
| Owner | Afghanistan National Olympic Committee |
| Operator | Afghanistan National Olympic Committee |
| Tenants | De Abasin Sape F.C.
Afghanistan national football team |
| **End names** | |
| n/a | |
| International information | |
| Team information | |
| Afghanistan national cricket team (2011-)  Afghanistan national football team (2011-) | |
| As of June 23 2014
Source: espncricinfo | |


title: Register transfer language

abstract: In computer science, register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. It is used to describe data flow at the register-transfer level of an architecture. Academic papers and textbooks often use a form of RTL as an architecture-neutral assembly language. RTL is used as the name of a specific intermediate representation in several compilers, including the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), Zephyr, and the European compiler projects CerCo and CompCert.

text:
# Register transfer language

In computer science,  **register transfer language** (**RTL**) is a kind of intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. It is used to describe data flow at the register-transfer level of an architecture. Academic papers and textbooks often use a form of RTL as an architecture-neutral assembly language. **RTL** is used as the name of a specific intermediate representation in several compilers, including the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), Zephyr, and the European compiler projects CerCo and CompCert.

## History

The idea behind RTL was first described in *The Design and Application of a Retargetable Peephole Optimizer*.

### GCC

In GCC, RTL is generated from the GIMPLE representation, transformed by various passes in the GCC middle-end, and then converted to assembly language.

GCC's RTL is usually written in a form that looks like a Lisp S-expression:

```
(set (reg: SI 140)
     (plus:SI (reg:SI 138)
              (reg: SI 139)))

```

This side-effect expression says "sum the contents of register 138 with the contents of register 139 and store the result in register 140". The SI specifies the access mode for each register. In the example, it is "SImode", i.e. "access the register as 32-bit integer".

The sequence of RTL generated has some dependency on the characteristics of the processor for which GCC is generating code. However, the meaning of the RTL is more or less independent of the target: it would usually be possible to read and understand a piece of RTL without knowing what processor it was generated for. Similarly, the meaning of the RTL doesn't usually depend on the program's original high-level language.

A register transfer language is a system for expressing in symbolic form the microoperation sequences among the registers of a digital module. It is a convenient tool for describing the internal organization of digital computers in a concise and precise manner. It can also be used to facilitate the design process of digital systems.


title: Kibaha

abstract: Kibaha is a city, with a population of 265,360, located in eastern Tanzania. It is the capital of Pwani Region. It is located in Kibaha District, one of the six districts of Pwani Region.

text:
# Kibaha

**Kibaha** is a city, with a population of 265,360 (2022 census), located in eastern Tanzania. It is the capital of Pwani Region. It is located in Kibaha District, one of the six districts of Pwani Region.

## Education

Kibaha hosts the Kibaha Education Centre.

## Transport

### Road

Kibaha is served by the A7.

6°46′S 38°55′E / 6.767°S 38.917°E / -6.767; 38.917

## InfoBox

| Kibaha Jiji la Kibaha | |
| --- | --- |
| City of Pwani Region | |
| District | |
| KibahaLocation in Tanzania | |
| Coordinates: 6°46′S 38°55′E / 6.767°S 38.917°E / -6.767; 38.917 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Pwani |
| District | Kibaha |
| Government | |
| Type | Township |
| Population (2022 census) | |
| Urban | 265,360 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (East Africa Time) |
| Area code | 023 |
| Website | Regional Website |


title: Kierzenko

abstract: Kierzenko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kępno, within Kępno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Kępno and 143 km (89 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań. The village has an approximate population of 90.

text:
# Kierzenko

**Kierzenko** \[kʲɛˈʐɛnkɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kępno, within Kępno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Kępno and 143 km (89 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

The village has an approximate population of 90.

## InfoBox

| Kierzenko | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Kierzenko | |
| Coordinates: 51°20′N 18°4′E / 51.333°N 18.067°E / 51.333; 18.067 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Kępno |
| Gmina | Kępno |
| Population(approx.) | 90 |


title: Reimar Schefold

abstract: Reimar Schefold, is professor emeritus of cultural anthropology and sociology of Indonesia at Leiden University. His special interests are thematic symbolic anthropology, cultural materialism, vernacular architecture, and social change among ethnic minorities. He has lectured and written about diversity and commonality amongst the inhabitants of the islands off the coast of West Sumatra.

text:
# Reimar Schefold

**Reimar Schefold** (born February 8, 1938, in Basel, Switzerland), is professor emeritus of cultural anthropology and sociology of Indonesia at Leiden University. His special interests are thematic symbolic anthropology, cultural materialism, vernacular architecture, and social change among ethnic minorities. He has lectured and written about diversity and commonality amongst the inhabitants of the islands off the coast of West Sumatra.

## Early years

He is the son of the classical archaeologist Karl Schefold, who was Professor of Archaeology at the University of Basel. His mother was Marianne (née von den Steinen) Schefold. Reimar received his Ph.D. from the University of Basel.

## Career

His career has included several field studies of Indonesian communities in the Mentawai Islands. In this regard, he has researched the Mentawaians' culinary code in the Puliaijat ritual, and the anthropocentric origin myths of the Mentawaians. At least four of his other published works have also involved the people of Siberut, including religious conceptions, traditional culture, songs, and head-hunting. Having spent many years among the Sakuddei in Siberut, Schefold researched their life in the tropical rainforest, including their views on everything having a spirit that is "free to wander as it wishes".

One of his areas of specialization is vernacular architecture; with several hundred ethnic groups in Indonesia, Schefold researched their extreme variety, fundamental similarities, as well as their creative adaptation to regional circumstances and social changes. In the *Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World*, Schefold describes how Mali's Dogon people use complex esoteric anthropomorphic symbolism, associating parts of the human body with their homes. In one of Schefold's books titled the "Indonesian Houses: Tradition and transformation in vernacular architecture, Volume 1", he deals elaborately with the traditional houses of Indonesians, particularly the Siberut people.

While Schefold has authored and co-authored numerous books, *Framing Indonesian Realities: Essays in Symbolic Anthropology in Honour of Reimar Schefold* is a 2004 compilation of essays written by others that touch upon the subjects Schefold worked on for 35 years amongst the various cultural groups of Indonesia.

He was Chairman of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, and President of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology, Leiden.

## Personal life

Schefold lives in Amsterdam.

## Partial bibliography

* (1972), *Divination in Mentawai*
* (1973), *Religious conceptions on Siberut, Mentawai*
* (1976), *Religious involution : internal change and its consequences in the taboo system of the Mentawaians*
* (1981), *The traditional culture of Siberut*
* (1982), *The culinary code in the Puliaijat ritual of the Mentawaians*
* (1982), *Sei gut zu deiner Seele : Leben im tropischen Regenwald : das Beispiel der Sakuddei* ("Be nice to your soul: life in the tropical rain forest: the example of Sakuddei")
* (1988), *Indonesia in focus : ancient traditions-modern times*
* (1992), *The origins of the woman on the raft : on the prehistory of the Mentawaians*
* (1994) *Cultural anthropology, future tasks for Bijdragen, and the Indonesian Field of Anthropological Study*
* (1995), *Minahasa past and present : tradition and transition in an outer island region of Indonesia*
* (1998), *The domestication of culture; Nation-building and ethnic diversity in Indonesia*
* (1999), *Nature in songs, songs in nature : texts from Siberut, West Sumatra, Indonesia*
* (2001), *Three sources of ritual blessings in traditional Indonesian societies*
* (2002), *Nias : Mentawai - Enggano : diversity and commonality within an island chain in western Indonesia*
* (2002), *Stylistic canon, imitation and faking: Authenticity in Mentawai art in Western Indonesia*
* (2003), *Indonesian houses. Vol. 1 : tradition and transformation in vernacular architecture*
* (2007), *Ambivalent Blessings. Head-Hunting on Siberut (Mentawai) in a Comparative Southeast Asian Perspective*
* (2008), *Indonesian houses. Vol. 2, Survey of vernacular architecture in western Indonesia*
* (2017), Toys for the Souls: Life and Art on the Mentawai Islands

## InfoBox

| Reimar Schefold | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1938-02-08) February 8, 1938 |
| Known for | Cultural anthropology and sociology of Indonesia |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Anthropology |
| Institutions | Leiden University |
|  | |


title: Kick (running)

abstract: A kick in a running race is the ability of some athletes to sprint at the end of an endurance-oriented race. For those who possess the ability to kick, it is a strategic weapon. For those with the liability not to possess a kick, they must seek different strategies to anticipate and diminish their opponent's kicking power, usually by a long extended surge to break away or exhaust their opponent well ahead of the finish of the race. Similar to a sprinter in cycling, a kicker has a finite distance they know they are able to sprint, making their strategy to be in the ideal position at that distance to be able to utilize that speed. Sprinting too early could lead an athlete to tie up, a form of muscle cramp that debilitates a racer from continuing to kick. Thus team tactics might also intentionally or not, box a kicker, meaning to position other competitors to their outside, to disrupt their positioning and timing. Of course, as the finish is nearing and all athletes are straining, this becomes more difficult to accomplish deliberately. In the 800 metres, some athletes develop the reputation for being a kicker because of their apparent speed at the end of the race, when in reality they ran even splits. Most of that speed is relative to the exhaustion as their opponents slow. Dave Wottle, James Robinson, Yuriy Borzakovskiy, Nick Symmonds and Amel Tuka would take the beginning of the race out slowly, regaining contact with the rest of the field near the last 200 metres. At the elite men's level, that even pace would be about 26 seconds per 200 metres; a 52-second first lap, as compared with the leaders close to or under 50 seconds. World record holder David Rudisha burned off the kickers during his world record during the 2012 Olympic 800m finals. When he won the 2015 World Championships, he blew away even-paced kickers like Tuka with a remarkably fast final 24.34 200 metre true kick of his own. Generally, most long kickers or extended kickers would accelerate in the penultimate lap or shortly after the bell indicating the last lap has begun. A speed kicker would behave more like an anchor runner in a 4x400 relay, positioning themselves on the shoulder of their opponent and using their burst of speed as late as the final straightaway. Mo Farah developed a reputation as a strategic runner. His finishing kick was not so much a burst of speed, but his extended ability to repeatedly accelerate just enough to discourage anybody from passing him during an intense final lap or so of his races. His Nike Oregon Project teammate Matthew Centrowitz Jr. employed a similar form of holding the lead to win his 2016 gold medal in the 1500. Because of the advantage of having the tool of a kick in a competitor's arsenal, the techniques to train to kick are a common discussion among runners and coaches.

text:
# Kick (running)

A **kick** in a running race is the ability of some athletes to sprint at the end of an endurance-oriented race. For those who possess the ability to kick, it is a strategic weapon. For those with the liability not to possess a kick, they must seek different strategies to anticipate and diminish their opponent's kicking power, usually by a long extended surge to break away or exhaust their opponent well ahead of the finish of the race. Similar to a sprinter in cycling, a kicker has a finite distance they know they are able to sprint, making their strategy to be in the ideal position at that distance to be able to utilize that speed. Sprinting too early could lead an athlete to tie up, a form of muscle cramp that debilitates a racer from continuing to kick. Thus team tactics might also intentionally or not, box a kicker, meaning to position other competitors to their outside, to disrupt their positioning and timing. Of course, as the finish is nearing and all athletes are straining, this becomes more difficult to accomplish deliberately.

In the 800 metres, some athletes develop the reputation for being a kicker because of their apparent speed at the end of the race, when in reality they ran even splits. Most of that speed is relative to the exhaustion as their opponents slow. Dave Wottle, James Robinson, Yuriy Borzakovskiy, Nick Symmonds and Amel Tuka would take the beginning of the race out slowly, regaining contact with the rest of the field near the last 200 metres. At the elite men's level, that even pace would be about 26 seconds per 200 metres; a 52-second first lap, as compared with the leaders close to or under 50 seconds. World record holder David Rudisha burned off the kickers during his world record during the 2012 Olympic 800m finals. When he won the 2015 World Championships, he blew away even-paced kickers like Tuka with a remarkably fast final 24.34 200 metre true kick of his own.

Generally, most long kickers or extended kickers would accelerate in the penultimate lap or shortly after the bell indicating the last lap has begun. A speed kicker would behave more like an anchor runner in a 4x400 relay, positioning themselves on the shoulder of their opponent and using their burst of speed as late as the final straightaway.

Mo Farah developed a reputation as a strategic runner. His finishing kick was not so much a burst of speed, but his extended ability to repeatedly accelerate just enough to discourage anybody from passing him during an intense final lap or so of his races. His Nike Oregon Project teammate Matthew Centrowitz Jr. employed a similar form of holding the lead to win his 2016 gold medal in the 1500.

Because of the advantage of having the tool of a kick in a competitor's arsenal, the techniques to train to kick are a common discussion among runners and coaches.

## Notable kickers

## Extended kickers


title: Kim Jong-hoon (politician, born 1952)

abstract: Kim Jong-hoon is a South Korean diplomat and politician who served as a parliamentarian and Director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. He played a major role in the South Korea–United States Free Trade Agreement.

text:
# Kim Jong-hoon (politician, born 1952)

**Kim Jong-hoon** (Korean: 김종훈; Hanja: 金宗壎, born 5 May 1952) is a South Korean diplomat and politician who served as a parliamentarian and Director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. He played a major role in the South Korea–United States Free Trade Agreement.

## Biography

Born in Daegu, he entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1974. He worked for Korean embassies in France, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Canada, and the United States. He then served as the Korean representative to international organizations in Geneva, such as the WTO.

During the presidency of Roh Moo-hyun, he began working on FTA negotiations between South Korea and the United States. Partly due to his efforts, the negotiations came through, forming the South Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement. After the negotiations, he served as chairman of UNESCAP in 2008 and 2010.

In 2012, he won a parliamentary race in the Seoul Gangnam B district as a member of the conservative Saenuri Party. He served on several party committees during his four-year term. He lost re-election to his seat in 2016, being defeated by Jeon Hyun-hee of the Democratic Party.


title: Renato Martínez-Conde

abstract: Eduardo Renato Martínez-Conde Díaz, known as Renato Martínez-Conde, is a Chilean futsal player who plays as a winger for Ferro Carril Oeste in the Argentine Primera División and the Chile national team.

text:
# Renato Martínez-Conde

**Eduardo Renato Martínez-Conde Díaz** (born 27 December 1993), known as **Renato Martínez-Conde**, is a Chilean futsal player who plays as a winger for Ferro Carril Oeste in the Argentine Primera División and the Chile national team.

## Career

Born in San Fernando, Chile, Martínez-Conde stood out as a futsal player in the team of Playa Ancha University (UPLA) from Valparaíso. Subsequently, he joined the Santiago Wanderers futsal team, winning the national championship in 2016. In 2018, he switched to Universidad de Chile and won both the Torneo Apertura and the Copa de Campeones against Deportes Melipilla, then the Torneo Clausura champions, qualifying to the 2019 Copa Libertadores. He was awarded as the best futsal player of the season by El Gráfico.

In 2019, he moved to Argentine and joined Newell's Old Boys, coinciding with his compatriots Bernardo Araya and Bilan De La Paz. In the same year, they got the promotion to the Primera B. Subsequently, they got promotion to the Primera División in the 2020 season. In 2021, they lost the Supercopa against San Lorenzo.

In 2023, he switched to Primera División side Hebraica Futsal. The next year, he joined Ferro Carril Oeste, coinciding again with his compatriot Bilan De La Paz and also Nicolás Lagos.

## International career

Martínez-Conde made his debut with the Chile national team in 2019. Since then, he has been a permanent member of the squad in tournaments such as the 2022 Copa América, a tour in Argentina, the 2023 CONMEBOL Evolution League, among others.

He was included in the squad for the 2024 Copa América.

## Personal life

Martínez-Conde graduated as a PE teacher at the Playa Ancha University.

## InfoBox

Renato Martínez-Conde
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Eduardo Renato Martínez-Conde Díaz | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-12-27) 27 December 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | San Fernando, Chile | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Ferro Carril Oeste | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2014–2016 | UPLA |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2015–2017 | Santiago Wanderers |  |  |
| 2018 | Universidad de Chile |  |  |
| 2019–2022 | Newell's Old Boys |  |  |
| 2023 | Hebraica Futsal |  |  |
| 2024– | Ferro Carril Oeste |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2019– | Chile |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Reina Whaitiri

abstract: Reina Ann Whaitiri is a New Zealand scholar, poet, essayist, editor and researcher. She taught English literature at the University of Auckland and at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa for many years, and has co-edited several notable anthologies of Polynesian writing, including Whetu Moana: Contemporary Polynesian Poems in English (2003), which received the Reference and Anthology award in the 2004 Montana New Zealand Book Awards.

text:
# Reina Whaitiri

**Reina Ann Whaitiri** (born 1943) is a New Zealand scholar, poet, essayist, editor and researcher. She taught English literature at the University of Auckland and at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa for many years, and has co-edited several notable anthologies of Polynesian writing, including *Whetu Moana: Contemporary Polynesian Poems in English* (2003), which received the Reference and Anthology award in the 2004 Montana New Zealand Book Awards.

## Early life, education and family

Whaitiri was born in 1943 and is of Kāi Tahu and Pākehā descent. Her father Bob Whaitiri was part of the Māori Battalion. She grew up in Rotorua, attended St Mary's Diocesan School, Stratford and subsequently St Hilda's Collegiate School in Dunedin. After having a son during a short early marriage, she spent time travelling overseas and learning languages, including four years in Germany. On returning to New Zealand, she obtained her bachelor's and master's degrees in arts at the University of Auckland, followed by a teaching diploma. She has been the partner of New Zealand writer Albert Wendt since the early 1990s.

## Career

Whaitiri taught English literature at the University of Auckland for fourteen years and as an assistant professor at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa for four years, until her retirement in 2008. Together with Linda Tuhiwai Smith she edited a journal of Māori women's writing, *Te Pua*, published in three volumes between 1992 and 1994.

Together with Albert Wendt and Robert Sullivan, Whaitiri co-edited the poetry anthologies *Whetu Moana: Contemporary Polynesian Poems in English* (2003, Auckland University Press) and *Mauri Ola: Contemporary Polynesian Poems in English* (2010, Auckland University Press). *Whetu Moana* was notable as being the first anthology of contemporary Polynesian poetry in English to have Polynesian editors. In reviewing *Whetu Moana* for the *New Zealand Review of Books*, Cilla McQueen compared the anthology to a moving waka, and said, "Pacific rhythms underlie the language giving aural cohesion to the whole with their beat and energy". The *British Review of New Zealand Studies* said it "represents an important addition to the field of Pacific literature", and *World Literature Today* called it an " exciting, varied, carefully produced anthology, with a wealth of recent poetry illustrating concerns of present Polynesia, with political and cultural overtones".

*Whetu Moana* received the Reference and Anthology award at the 2004 Montana New Zealand Book Awards. The judge's comments called it a "substantial, important and historically significant book". Before the ceremony, *The Press* described it as likely to be "clear winner" of its category, noting that it "breaks new ground by energetically exploring the new voices of the Pacific". Iain Sharp writing in the *Sunday Star-Times* also predicted it as a winner, describing it as "innovative" and "big-selling".

Whaitiri and Sullivan co-edited *Puna Wai Kōrero: An Anthology of Māori Poetry in English* (2014). Anahera Gildea, reviewing the anthology for the *New Zealand Review of Books*, said it "is not only a short course in recent Māori political and social history, it is also a short course in poetry itself"; her review concluded: "This is a work of history; a collection of cultural pioneers who have been forced to bestride two radically different cultures." It received the Creative Writing (Te Tuhinga Auaha) award at the Ngā Kupu Ora Māori Book Awards in 2015.

Whaitiri has contributed essays to several publications, including an essay about her childhood for *Growing Up Māori* (edited by Witi Ihimaera, 1998, Tandem Press), an essay about Māori literature for *State of the Maori Nation: twenty-first century issues in Aotearoa* (2006, Reed) an essay about the struggles of Polynesian women for *Whispers and Vanities: Samoan Indigenous Knowledge and Religion* (2014, Huia Publishers), and an essay on Pacific Island fairy tales for *Folktales and Fairy Tales: Traditions and Texts from Around the World* (2016, Greenwood).

* Profile on *Kōmako: A bibliography of Māori writing in English*

## InfoBox

| Reina Whaitiri | |
| --- | --- |
| Whaitiri in 2021 | |
| Born | Reina Ann Whaitiri
1943 (age 8081)
New Zealand |
| Occupations | * Scholar * poet * essayist * editor * researcher |
| Notable work | Co-editor of *Whetu Moana: Contemporary Polynesian Poems in English* (2003) |
| Partner | Albert Wendt |