title: Operation Claret

abstract: Claret was the code name given to operations conducted from about July 1964 until July 1966 from East Malaysia across the border in Indonesian Kalimantan during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. They were instigated by the Director of Borneo Operations (DOBOPS) Major General Walter Walker with the agreement of the British and Malaysian governments. Their purpose was to seize the initiative and put the Indonesians on the defensive instead of allowing Indonesian forces to be safely based in Kalimantan and attack when and where they chose. However, it was important not to cause the Indonesians to lose face and possibly escalate the conflict, or to enable Indonesia to present evidence of 'imperialist aggression', so Claret operations were highly classified and never publicised, although it seems that some British journalists were aware of what transpired. British casualties on Claret operations were publicly reported as being in East Malaysia. These operations involved both special forces and infantry. Special forces were mostly reconnaissance patrols crossing the border from the Malaysian state of Sarawak or Sabah into Indonesian Kalimantan in order to find and monitor Indonesian forces who might attack Sarawak or Sabah. Conventional forces were tasked to act on this information and that from other sources to ambush or otherwise attack the Indonesians under a policy of 'aggressive defence'. Such operations were to be 'deniable' as they may have represented a violation of state sovereignty, however they were justified at the time as an instance of hot pursuit. Operation Claret was largely successful in gaining the initiative for the British Commonwealth forces, inflicting significant casualties on the Indonesians and keeping them on the defensive, before being suspended late in the war.

text:
# Operation Claret

**Claret** was the code name given to operations conducted from about July 1964 until July 1966 from East Malaysia (Sarawak and Sabah) across the border in Indonesian Kalimantan during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. They were instigated by the Director of Borneo Operations (DOBOPS) Major General Walter Walker with the agreement of the British and Malaysian governments. Their purpose was to seize the initiative and put the Indonesians on the defensive instead of allowing Indonesian forces to be safely based in Kalimantan and attack when and where they chose. However, it was important not to cause the Indonesians to lose face and possibly escalate the conflict, or to enable Indonesia to present evidence of 'imperialist aggression', so Claret operations were highly classified and never publicised, although it seems that some British journalists were aware of what transpired. British casualties on Claret operations were publicly reported as being in East Malaysia.

These operations involved both special forces and infantry. Special forces were mostly reconnaissance patrols crossing the border from the Malaysian state of Sarawak or Sabah into Indonesian Kalimantan in order to find and monitor Indonesian forces who might attack Sarawak or Sabah. Conventional forces were tasked to act on this information and that from other sources to ambush or otherwise attack the Indonesians under a policy of 'aggressive defence'. Such operations were to be 'deniable' as they may have represented a violation of state sovereignty, however they were justified at the time as an instance of hot pursuit. Operation Claret was largely successful in gaining the initiative for the British Commonwealth forces, inflicting significant casualties on the Indonesians and keeping them on the defensive, before being suspended late in the war.

## Background

The border between East Malaysia and Kalimantan was not well defined and 22 Special Air Service reconnaissance patrols seem to have liberally interpreted its inexactitude from late 1963 or early 1964. From early 1964 Indonesian cross-border raids increased and the mixed attacks by ill-trained 'volunteers' 'advised' by Indonesian troops were replaced by an increasing numbers of raids comprising only Indonesian armed forces. This caused increasing concern to DOBOPS.

However, in July 1964 the new Labour government in London approved cross-border offensive operations to a depth of 5,000 yards (4,600 m) by both special forces and infantry under the code-name Claret. DOBOPS added additional conditions, seven 'Golden Rules':

* authorisation by DOBOPS for every operation,
* only trained and tested troops to be used,
* penetration depth to be limited, attacks only to thwart enemy offensive action, never retribution of casualties, civilian casualties never to be risked,
* no air support, except in extreme emergency,
* operations to be planned and rehearsed for at least two weeks,
* every operation to be planned and executed with maximum security, cover plans made, code names for each operation, soldiers sworn to secrecy no details to be discussed over radio or telephone, no id disks to be worn and no identifiable material to be left in Kalimantan,
* no soldiers to be captured alive or dead.

Claret operations were only publicly disclosed by Britain in 1974, whilst the Australian government did not officially acknowledge its involvement until 1996.

The number of Claret operations and their objectives is unclear. Weekly operational reports by brigade, higher headquarters and some units are available in UK National Archives. They do not identify any actions as specifically Claret. They outline 'contacts' in a way that implies they took place in East Malaysia but provide a grid reference, from which those south of the border can be identified with the aid of a 1:50,000 scale map. However, the border is some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) long.

## Nature of Operations

The operations varied in size from 4 man special forces reconnaissance patrols to infantry fighting patrols in company strength, sometimes coordinated in a battalion operation. They included at least one 'permanent' Claret task, an artillery position (gun and observation post) astride the border ridge with authority to fire at any identifiable Indonesian forces inside Indonesia. Infantry tasks included fighting patrols inside Indonesia looking for opportunity 'contacts', attacks on Indonesian positions and ambushing tracks and rivers.

Initially, apart from special forces, only Gurkha infantry were used in company strength, and a battalion could only have one operation at a time. As experience and the situation developed these changed, and the Golden Rules on preparation and rehearsal, and the definition of thwarting offensive action relaxed. So too was the need for 'sworn secrecy', if it ever existed, and an early ban on internal discussion of operations. In 1965 penetration limits were increased to 10,000 yards (9,100 m) in the wake of the Indonesian assault at the Battle of Plaman Mapu, and then 20,000 yards (18,000 m). Small amphibious raids on the flanks by Special Boat Service were also authorised.

Infantry operations were usually, if not always, within artillery range. Their depth was also affected by the threat of interception while withdrawing, greater when the Indonesian troop density was higher as it was in the areas south of Kuching. Another constraint was the limited range of man-pack VHF radios A41 & 42, (copies of AN/PRC 9 & 10) and mountainous terrain in some areas. However, A510, an Australian made small HF radio using continuous wave (i.e. Morse code) was used in some areas and new A13 HF radios appeared in early 1966.

Intelligence for these operations came from several sources. These included SAS patrols, Border Scouts (many of whom had relatives in Kalimantan), information from locals gathered by Border Scouts, Military Intelligence Officers and Field Intelligence NCOs, and probably police Special Branch and others. SIGINT collection is unknown.

Infantry operations typically lasted 5 to 10 days. The fighting patrols had to be self-contained and carry all their ammunition and rations. Normal practice was to withdraw after a contact, but staying in the area often led to further ambushing opportunities. Ambushes were the most common tactic, often lasting several days. However, Indonesians did not usually move at night so ambushes could withdraw to a harbour position. Because aircraft were not allowed to fly across the border casualties had to be evacuated by foot until they were back across the border, except in the most extreme cases with personal authorisation by DOBOPS.

Fire support for Claret operations was mostly provided by artillery and, if the target was close to the border and in range, infantry mortars. These were sometimes moved to temporary positions in the border area. The mortars changed from 3-inch to 81 mm with double the range around the end of 1965. Aircraft were not allowed to cross the border. A UK or Australian frigate was the 'guard ship' at Tawau at the eastern end of the border and an artillery amphibious observation party was available to control its fire, however it does not seem to have fired in support of Claret operations.

Artillery support was unconventional because there were significantly more infantry battalions than batteries so the normal direct support relationship was not possible everywhere. Secondly, almost all guns were deployed singly in company or platoon bases. These sections did their own technical fire control and responded directly to fire orders from observers. This meant that most Claret operations were supported by only a single gun, which in turn meant that each gun had far more than its standard scale of ammunition.

## Participants in Operations

The vast majority of Claret tasks were undertaken by British infantry units, including all Gurkha battalions. Special forces operations were undertaken by the British Special Air Service, Special Boat Sections, Guards Independent Parachute Company, Gurkha Independent Parachute Company, patrol companies of the Parachute Regiment (C Company 2nd and D Company 3rd Battalions), the Australian Special Air Service Regiment and the 1 Ranger Squadron, New Zealand Special Air Service. The reconnaissance and intelligence gathering activities of the Border Scouts, mostly trained by 22 SAS, are unclear (apart from their accompanying many infantry patrols). The extent to which Malaysian Army units undertook Claret operations is also unclear.

At peak artillery strength in 1965–1966 there were six batteries (two from the Royal Malaysian Artillery) of 105 mm Pack Howitzer, half a battery of 5.5-inch guns and a section of 4.2-inch mortars operated by men detached from the light air defence battery defending Kuching airport. Artillery observation parties accompanied most, if not all, infantry patrols and occasionally special forces ones.

The number of Claret operations by individual infantry units is also unclear. It is probably related to tour length, although from early 1966 frequency decreased as the political situation in Indonesia changed. Units stationed in Malaysia generally did tours of about 4 or 6 months in Borneo, and most British and Gurkha units did repeated tours. UK based units spent 12 months in Malaysia, including jungle training and about 10 months in Borneo in two different areas. It was British policy that units did not do repeat tours in the same area.

Generally units on their first tour were not allowed to undertake more audacious operations so those conducted in their first and only tour by 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment between May and July 1965 on the Sungei Koemba river, at Kindau and again at Babang may not have been representative of those by more experienced Gurkha and British battalions, even if there were successful.

An example of a more complex operation is one by 2 Royal Green Jackets in late 1965, with battalion tactical HQ on the border ridge. It involved one company swimming a river to get behind an enemy base, a second company ambushed the river, when the Indonesian mortars in the base opened fire on the ambush area they were engaged by the battalion's mortars that had been brought forward. This caused some Indonesians to flee their base into the ambush by the first company.

An example of a straightforward Claret operation occurred at the end of 1965. Intelligence reports stated that an Indonesian patrol in about section strength used a particular track every week or 10 days. The Reconnaissance Platoon of the Gordon Highlanders (a battalion with some 10 months in Borneo) left a company base at Long Pa Sia in the 4th Division of Sarawak, established an ambush, which was sprung after several days leaving some 5 Indonesians killed. The platoon withdrew without interference.

However, Claret operations did not always go to plan. In late 1965 intelligence reported the existence of a previously unknown base in the estuarine area west of Tawau at the eastern end of the Border. The Reconnaissance Platoon of the Scots Guards, well into their second tour, conducted an operation to ascertain whether the base was in use and exploit any opportunities that arose. They found the base empty, and leaving 4 men there, started reconnoitering the surrounding area. The base's owners, a company of Indonesian marines (KKO), returned and there was immediate contact. The rest of the platoon returned, reunited and conducted a fighting withdrawal. Over 350 rounds were fired by the single gun in the company base at Serudong Laut, which entailed the entire company there unpacking and moving ammunition to the gun.

The last Claret operation was in July 1966 as a riposte to the raid towards Brunei by Lt Sumbi of 600 Raider Company and 'volunteers' in May. This operation was an artillery ambush from Ba Kelalan in the 5th Division of Sarawak by 1/7 Gurkhas and 38 Light Battery on a track leading to the Long Bawang airfield.

### Order of battle

The following infantry units undertook Claret operations (some of British units included elements from other battalions as well):

The following artillery units supported Claret operations by providing guns and observation parties. Additional observation parties were provided by other batteries stationed in Hong Kong and many individuals did tours with other batteries.

\[# indicates two or more tours in Borneo\]
\[\* indicates a UK-based unit\]

\[Note: this is not a list of all units that served in Borneo, only those that are believed to have undertaken Claret operations. No official UK history has been produced covering Confrontation. However, operational reports by HQs are in National Archives as are some unit records.\]

**Citations**

**Bibliography**

* Pocock, Tom (1973). *Fighting General – The Public &Private Campaigns of General Sir Walter Walker* (First ed.). London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-211295-6.
* Tillotson, Michael (2006). *The Fifth Pillar – The Life and Philosophy of the Lord Bramall KG* (revised paperback ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-4239-3.
* Coates, John (2006). *An Atlas of Australia's Wars* (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-555914-9.
* Coulthard-Clark, Chris (2001) \[previous ed.: Where Australians fought. St Leonards, N.S.W. : Allen & Unwin, 1998\]. *The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles* (Second ed.). Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86508-634-7.
* Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (1996). *Emergency and Confrontation: Australian Military Operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950–1966*. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86373-302-1. OCLC 187450156.
* Pugsley, Christopher (2003). *From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo 1949–66*. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-558453-0.
* Smith, Neil (1999). *Nothing Short of War: With the Australian Army in Borneo 1962–66*. Brighton: Mostly Unsung Military History. ISBN 978-1-876179-07-6.
* Van der Bijl, Nick (2007). *Confrontation, The War with Indonesia 1962—1966*. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84415-595-8.
* Operational Reports in National Archives. *DOBOPS WO 305/2533 – 2552, 3326, and Brigades WO 305/4319 – 4325*. Kew.

**Onlines sources**

## Further reading

* Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008) \[1995\]. *The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History* (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551784-2.
* Fowler, Will (2006). *Britain's Secret War: The Indonesian Confrontation 1962–66 (Osprey Men-at-Arms 431)*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781846030482.
* Horner, David (2002). *SAS: Phantoms of War: A History of the Australian Special Air Service* (Second ed.). St Leonards: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86508-647-7.

## InfoBox

| Operation Claret | |
| --- | --- |
| Sarawak | |
| Planned by | General Sir Walter Walker |
| Objective | Keep Indonesian forces off balance |
| Date | July 1964 – July 1966 |
| Outcome | British Commonwealth success |


title: Nicole Sedgwick

abstract: Nicole Sedgwick is a Canadian soccer player who played as a defender for the Canada women's national soccer team. She was part of the team at the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup.

text:
# Nicole Sedgwick

**Nicole Sedgwick**  (born 19 January 1974) is a Canadian soccer player who played as a defender for the Canada women's national soccer team. She was part of the team at the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup.

## InfoBox

Nicole Sedgwick
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Nicole Sedgwick Stewart | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-01-19) 19 January 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | | |
| Height | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1992–1996 | UBC Thunderbirds |  |  |
| 1996–1997 | Florida State Seminoles | 35 | (3) |
| International career | | | |
| 1995–1996 | Canada | 12 | (0) |


title: Upsala (mansion)

abstract: Upsala is a historic mansion in Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Considered one of the finest extant examples of Federal architecture, the mansion is a contributing property of the Colonial Germantown Historic District and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places. During the 1777 Battle of Germantown, American troops gathered on the site before attacking British forces across Germantown Avenue at Cliveden, Benjamin Chew's mansion.

text:
# Upsala (mansion)

**Upsala** is a historic mansion in Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Considered one of the finest extant examples of Federal architecture, the mansion is a contributing property of the Colonial Germantown Historic District and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places.

During the 1777 Battle of Germantown, American troops gathered on the site before attacking British forces across Germantown Avenue at Cliveden, Benjamin Chew's mansion.

## History

In 1698, the first owner of the property, Heivert Papen, built a small house on the corner of present-day Johnson Street and Germantown Avenue. The land passed to Dirck (or Dirick) Jansen, one of Germantown's earliest settlers, and was purchased in 1766 by John Johnson, Sr., son of the builder of the nearby John Johnson House.

The property was a staging ground of the Continental Army at the Battle of Germantown on October 4, 1777. Continental cannons were placed on the front lawn, and fired at Cliveden (Benjamin Chew House).

John Johnson, III inherited the property in 1797 and built Upsala Mansion. Raised as an English-speaking Quaker, Johnson married Sally Wheeler in 1801, and together they had nine children at Upsala. The building may have been named after the Swedish city of Uppsala, though that is unconfirmed. There is additional speculation that one of the Johnson family members was quite taken with, and subsequently named the house after, the Swedish author, Fredrika Bremer.

The small house built by Papen was demolished in 1883.

In the 1920s, the annual Revolutionary Germantown Festival began re-enacting the Battle of Germantown, including the attack from Upsala Mansion to Cliveden, on the first Saturday of October.

Upsala Mansion was owned and occupied by the Johnson family until 1941. Dr. William Johnson, chief of staff of Germantown Hospital, died deeply in debt. In 1941, the property was seized from his widow, Sarah Trowbridge Bartow Johnson.

In September 1942, the property was vandalized, and the roof was heavily damaged by fire. The property was put up for auction and the mansion slated for demolition. There were talks about building a supermarket on the site.

In 1944, a group of local preservationists led by Frances Anne Wister acquired the house and established a foundation to restore the property. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places January 13, 1972.

The house operated as a museum until the early 2000s, when the museum closed due to lack of visitors. The Upsala Foundation merged with Cliveden, which managed the property in cooperation with the National Trust for Historic Preservation. In 2016, they put the property up for sale.

The house was sold to two preservation-minded millennials, Alex Aberle and Violette Levy, who are converting the house from a museum back into a single family home. To secure the deal, the new owners agreed to allow the annual battle re-enactment.

Summer 1999 director Andrew Repasky McElhinney shot interiors and exteriors at Upsala as the primary location for his second feature as a writer/director, the period art-horror film, *A Chronicle of Corpses*, starring Marj Dusay, Kevin Mitchel Martin, Oliver Wyman, David Semonin, Margot White and Ryan Foley. *A Chronicle of Corpses* was praised by Dave Kehr of *The New York Times* as belonging "to the small but significant tradition of outsider art in American movies - films like Herk Harvey's *Carnival of Souls* or George Romero's *Night of the Living Dead* \- that reflect powerful personalities formed outside any academic or professional tradition.” The original camera negative of *A Chronicle of Corpses* is in the permanent collection of MoMA \- The Museum of Modern Art (New York) along with other movies directed by McElhinney.

## Further reading

* Marion, John Francis. *Bicentennial City: Walking Tours of Historic Philadelphia*. Princeton: The Pyne Press, 1974.
* Minardi, Joseph M. *Historic Architecture in Northwest Philadelphia: 1690-1930s*. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2011.
* Moss, Roger W. *Historic Houses of Philadelphia: A Tour of the Region's Museum Homes*. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
* Tinkcom, Harry A. and Margaret B. and Grant Miles Simon, *Historic Germantown: From the Founding to the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century*. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Soc., 1955.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Upsala | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark District
Contributing Property | |
|  | |
| Upsala, October 2009 | |
|  | |
| Location | 6430 Germantown Avenue
Germantown
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
United States |
| Coordinates | 40°2′48.15″N 75°8′8.28″W / 40.0467083°N 75.1356333°W / 40.0467083; -75.1356333 |
| Area | \< 1-acre (4,000 m2) |
| Built | 1798-1801 |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 72001174 |
| Added to NRHP | January 13, 1972 |


title: Itik-itik

abstract:
Itik-itik is a mimetic folk dance in the Philippines that mimics the movement of ducks. It originated in Cantilan, Surigao del Sur in the Philippines. Itik-itik was discovered in this town by National Artist for Dance Francisca Reyes-Aquino. Originating from a dance called Sibay and performed to the tune of Dejado, the story was told that an expert young dancer named Kanang at a barrio in Cantilan during a baptismal party had become so carried away with the rhythm that she began to improvise short, choppy steps similar to ducks and then, splash water on their backs. The dance immediately became popular in the province for stage performances and social dancing. Later, Mr. Antonino Arreza, a native of Cantilan and a grandfather of Prospero Pichay, Jr., was believed to be the one who composed the lyrics of Itik-itik. Below is the original version of Itik-itik in native Cantilangnon dialect: Itik-itik Itik-itik di-in kaw gikan
Itik-itik sa Pandagitan
Itik-itik nag uno didto
Itik-itik nagpupasiyo Itik-itik unoy taghinang
Itik-itik naglangoy-langoy
Itik-itik unoy tagkita
Itik-itik suban-ong isda Itik-itik hain kaw singod
Itik-itik ay magpahuway
Itik-itik unoy hingtungdan
Luja na an ak' kalawasan Other popular dances that are known to have originated in Cantilan and Surigao provinces are Sumyajaw, or Monkey Dance, Manujo-Panujo, or Manobo courtship dance, and the Sirong war dance.

text:
# Itik-itik

**Itik-itik** is a mimetic folk dance in the Philippines that mimics the movement of ducks. It originated in Cantilan, Surigao del Sur in the Philippines. Itik-itik was discovered in this town by National Artist for Dance Francisca Reyes-Aquino. Originating from a dance called *Sibay* and performed to the tune of *Dejado*, the story was told that an expert young dancer named Kanang at a barrio in Cantilan during a baptismal party had become so carried away with the rhythm that she began to improvise short, choppy steps similar to ducks and then, splash water on their backs. The dance immediately became popular in the province for stage performances and social dancing. Later, Mr. Antonino Arreza, a native of Cantilan and a grandfather of Prospero Pichay, Jr., was believed to be the one who composed the lyrics of Itik-itik. Below is the original version of Itik-itik in native Cantilangnon dialect:

**Itik-itik** (original version)
*Itik-itik di-in kaw gikan*
*Itik-itik sa Pandagitan*
*Itik-itik nag uno didto*
*Itik-itik nagpupasiyo*
*Itik-itik unoy taghinang*
*Itik-itik naglangoy-langoy*
*Itik-itik unoy tagkita*
*Itik-itik suban-ong isda*
*Itik-itik hain kaw singod*
*Itik-itik ay magpahuway*
*Itik-itik unoy hingtungdan*
*Luja na an ak' kalawasan*
Other popular dances that are known to have originated in Cantilan and Surigao provinces are Sumyajaw, or Monkey Dance, Manujo-Panujo, or Manobo courtship dance, and the Sirong war dance.

## External Video


title: Judith Nyman Secondary School

abstract: Judith Nyman Secondary School is a high school in Brampton, Ontario, Canada. It is one of two vocational schools operated by the Peel District School Board, the other being West Credit Secondary School in Mississauga. Upon graduation from Judith Nyman Secondary School, students receive an Ontario Secondary School Diploma or Certificate and may also qualify for a Skills Portfolio, which lists the trade-specific skills that the student has mastered through his or her in-school and co-op education courses. The school was originally known as North Peel Secondary School, but was renamed in 2010 after a former administrator and Associate Director of the Peel District School Board. In 2010, comedian Russell Peters established the Russell Peters North Peel Scholarship, an award worth up to $21,000 and intended to finance up to three years of college. It will be awarded annually to a student from Judith Nyman Secondary School with a strong academic record and the intention of attending college.

text:
# Judith Nyman Secondary School

**Judith Nyman Secondary School** is a high school in Brampton, Ontario, Canada. It is one of two vocational schools operated by the Peel District School Board, the other being West Credit Secondary School in Mississauga.

Upon graduation from Judith Nyman Secondary School, students receive an Ontario Secondary School Diploma or Certificate and may also qualify for a Skills Portfolio, which lists the trade-specific skills that the student has mastered through his or her in-school and co-op education courses.

The school was originally known as **North Peel Secondary School**, but was renamed in 2010 after a former administrator and Associate Director of the Peel District School Board.

In 2010, comedian Russell Peters established the Russell Peters North Peel Scholarship, an award worth up to $21,000 and intended to finance up to three years of college. It will be awarded annually to a student from Judith Nyman Secondary School (formerly North Peel) with a strong academic record and the intention of attending college.

## Notable alumni

1. Morvay, Jonathan (2010-04-30). "Russell Peters creates $20,000 college scholarship". Punchlinemagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
2. "Comedian Russell Peters awards scholarship to Randy Adams". Digitaljournal.com. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

## InfoBox

| Judith Nyman Secondary School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1305 Williams Parkway
Brampton, Ontario, L6S 3J8
Canada | |
| Coordinates | 43°43′57″N 79°43′50″W / 43.73239°N 79.73057°W / 43.73239; -79.73057 |
| Information | |
| School type | Provincial, Secondary School |
| Established | June 1, 1978 |
| School board | Peel District School Board |
| Superintendent | Michelle Stubbings |
| Area trustee | Stan Cameron
Suzanne Nurse
Kathy McDonald
Carrie Andrews
Harkirat Singh
David Green |
| School number | 930679 |
| Principal | Dion Neil |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrolment | 700 |
| Language | English |
| Colour(s) | Black and gold |
| Mascot | The Hornet |
| Team name | Hornets |
| Website | www.peelschools.org/schools/judithnyman/ |


title: Arjen Hoekstra

abstract: Arjen Hoekstra was a professor at the University of Twente who pioneered the concept of the water footprint - a way of measuring the extent of water consumption. His work drew attention to the hidden water use associated with a range of activities, and continues to have a profound effect both on scholarship and on environmental policy and activism. He strongly supported open source science, and all his articles were published under a Creative Commons License.

text:
# Arjen Hoekstra

**Arjen Hoekstra** (June 28, 1967 - November 18, 2019) was a professor at the University of Twente who pioneered the concept of the water footprint \- a way of measuring the extent of water consumption. His work drew attention to the hidden water use associated with a range of activities, and continues to have a profound effect both on scholarship and on environmental policy and activism. He strongly supported open source science, and all his articles were published under a Creative Commons License.

## Education

Hoekstra earned an MSc degree in Civil Engineering and a PhD in Policy Analysis from Delft University of Technology.

## Career

At the University of Twente, Arjen Hoekstra was Professor of Water Management and Chair of the Department of Multidisciplinary Water Management. He worked on a variety of interdisciplinary research projects, and advised a range of organisations about water consumption, these included governments, UNESCO, the World Bank, and Compassion in World Farming. As a professor, Hoekstra taught subjects such as: sustainable development, hydrology, natural resource valuation, environmental systems, and policy analysis. Throughout his career, Hoekstra's work gained international media attention and he was consistently referred to as an expert on the topic of water resource issues.

## Water footprint

The water footprint shows the extent of water use in relation to consumption by people. The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of fresh water used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time. A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of consumers (e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province, state or nation) or producers (e.g., a public organization, private enterprise or economic sector), for a single process (such as growing rice) or for any product or service.

Traditionally, water use has been approached from the production side, by quantifying the following three columns of water use: water withdrawals in the agricultural, industrial, and domestic sector. While this does provide valuable data, it is a limited way of looking at water use in a globalised world, in which products are not always consumed in their country of origin. International trade of agricultural and industrial products in effect creates a global flow of virtual water, or *embodied water* (akin to the concept of embodied energy).

In 2002, the water footprint concept was introduced in order to have a consumption-based indicator of water use, that could provide useful information in addition to the traditional production-sector-based indicators of water use. It is analogous to the ecological footprint concept introduced in the 1990s. The water footprint is a geographically explicit indicator, not only showing volumes of water use and pollution, but also the locations. Thus, it gives a grasp on how economic choices and processes influence the availability of adequate water resources and other ecological realities across the globe (and vice versa).

## Death

Hoekstra died unexpectedly in November, 2019. The cause of the death was unknown and expired when he was riding his bike back to his house. He is survived by a wife and children.

## Awards

## Selected publications

* Hoekstra, Arjen. *The Water Footprint of Modern Consumer Society* (Routledge, 2013, 2020),
* Hoekstra, Arjen. *The Water Footprint Assessment Manual* (Earthscan, 2011)
* Hoekstra, Arjen. *Globalization of Water* (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008).

## InfoBox

| Arjen Hoekstra | |
| --- | --- |
| Arjen Hoekstra, 2013 | |
| Born | (1967-06-28)28 June 1967 |
| Died | 18 November 2019(2019-11-18) (aged 52) |
| Citizenship | Dutch |
| Occupation | Academic |
| Known for | Water footprint |


title: Wendel Dietterlin

abstract: Wendel Dietterlin (c.1550–1599), sometimes Wendel Dietterlin the Elder, to distinguish him from his son, was a German mannerist painter, printmaker and architectural theoretician. Most of his paintings are now lost, and he is best known for his treatise on architectural ornament, Architectura, published in its final edition in Nuremberg in 1598.

text:
# Wendel Dietterlin

**Wendel Dietterlin** (c.15501599), sometimes **Wendel Dietterlin the Elder**, to distinguish him from his son, was a German mannerist painter, printmaker and architectural theoretician. Most of his paintings are now lost, and he is best known for his treatise on architectural ornament, *Architectura*, published in its final edition in Nuremberg in 1598.

## Life

Dietterlin was born at Pfullendorf in Württemberg; his original name was Grapp and he may have been a member of a family of artists in Swabia, spent most of his life in Strasbourg (then Strassburg), where he married Catharina Sprewer on 12 November 1570, and where he is known to have painted frescos for the *Bruderhof*, the Bishop's residence, in 1575, but he is later recorded in Hagenau in 1583 and in Oberkirch in 1589. He also worked on large projects in Stuttgart for some time (see below). He died in Strasbourg.

## Paintings

In Strasbourg, Dietterlin worked on the decoration of the *Neuer Bau* (currently the building of the Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie) in 1589. Between 1590 and 1592 he was employed in Stuttgart with the execution of a large (57 metres long and 20 metres wide) ceiling painting in the upper hall of the *Neues Lusthaus*, a building constructed by Duke Ludwig of Württemberg for entertainment purposes. In addition to the ceiling, Dietterlin painted the walls of the hall. The Renaissance *Lusthaus* having later been rebuilt several times and almost entirely replaced in 1845 by the new *Hoftheater* (which was destroyed in a fire in 1902, when some of the remains of the original building came to light), nothing is now preserved of the paintings from the hall, but they are depicted in a 1619 etching by the Strasbourg-based painter and engraver Friedrich Brentel showing the interior of the large room.

Other of his paintings are known from engravings by Matthäus Greuter and by his own grandson Bartholomäus Dietterlin. The style, with "exaggerated foreshortenings", appears influenced by North Italian models, such as Giulio Romano's frescos in Mantua, through German intermediaries.

His only extant painting is a *Resurrection of Lazarus* (in the Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe), signed and dated 1582 or 1587.

## The *Architectura*

Dietterlin's architectural treatise *Architectvra: Von Außtheilung, Symmetria vnd Proportion der Fünff Seulen* was first published in separate parts in 1593 and 1594, and finally in a combined and expanded edition in 1598. The book described the classical orders and their character and proper use, as was traditional in such books. Dietterlin, however, showed less interest in the proportions of the order than in their ornamentation. According to the architectural historian Torbjörn Fulton, Dietterlin treats the orders "more as a basis or excuse for the development of a bizarre ornamental fantasy than as didactic examples of classical architectural ornamentation". Like other theoreticians, he ascribed masculine and feminine qualities to the orders. In giving them an appropriate ornamentation that would agree with these qualities, he borrowed from older forms of ornament, including Gothic tracery. Dietterlin was dependent on many older models, and like other representatives of the Northern Renaissance (such as Hans Vredeman de Vries) he filled his surfaces with scrollwork, strapwork, gemshapes and grotesques. Dietterlin had Northern European contemporaries who likewise integrated Gothic elements in their designs, but he was unusual in the degree of blending of elements of different origin. While others kept Gothic elements clearly separate from Renaissance forms, Dietterlin would cover Renaissance elements in Gothic tracery or allow one to morph midway into the other.

## Bibliography

### Primary sources

### Secondary sources

* von Borries, J. E.: "Brentel \[Brändel; Brendel\], Friedrich, I", *Grove Art Online*. Retrieved on 26 December 2008.
* Fulton, Torbjörn: *Stuckarbeten i svenska byggnadsmiljöer från äldre Vasatid* \[Stucco decoration in Swedish architectural settings of the early Vasa period\], (Ars Suetica, 16.) Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1994. ISBN 91-554-3332-4
* Heck, Michèle-Caroline, "Dietterlin, Wendel \[Grapp, Wendling\]", *Grove Art Online*. Retrieved on 26 December 2008.
* Lambert, A.: "Das ehemalige Lusthaus in Stuttgart", *Schweizerische Bauzeitung*, Vol. 41/42 (1903), pp. 41–43
* Martin, Kurt, "Dietterlin, Wendel", *Neue Deutsche Biographie* 3 (Berlin 1957), pp. 702–703.


title: Iván Márquez

abstract: Luciano Marín Arango, better known as Iván Márquez, is a Colombian guerrilla leader, member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), part of its secretariat higher command and advisor to the Northwestern and Caribbean blocs. He was part of the FARC negotiators that concluded a peace agreement with President Juan Manuel Santos. On 29 August 2019, Márquez abandoned the peace process and announced a renewed armed conflict with the Colombian government.

text:
# Iván Márquez

**Luciano Marín Arango** (born 16 June 1955), better known as **Iván Márquez**, is a Colombian guerrilla leader, member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), part of its secretariat higher command and advisor to the Northwestern and Caribbean blocs. He was part of the FARC negotiators that concluded a peace agreement with President Juan Manuel Santos. On 29 August 2019, Márquez abandoned the peace process and announced a renewed armed conflict with the Colombian government.

## Early years

Marín Arango was born in Florencia in 1955. He joined the Colombian Communist Party's youth wing in 1977. Between 1977 and 1979 Marín Arango (Marquez) was a teacher in biology at the school 'Corazón Inmaculado de María' in El Doncello, Caqueta. He was described as a calm disciplined teacher and requested from his students to talk for 15 minutes on the current problems of Colombia. Sometimes he also presented the students with books from Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx or Mao Tse-Tung and handouts on left wing politics. He would also organize reunions where Marxist ideologies were discussed. He would later move on to Cartagena de Chaira and onwards to Florencia in Caqueta. In Florencia he was elected a member of the municipal council.

## Patriotic Union career

As a result of peace talks with the Colombian government, Marín Arango became part of the leftist Patriotic Union (UP) party, coordinating the UP's activities in department of Caquetá. Marín Arango first served as councilman and then as congressman in the Colombian Congress representing Caquetá. In 1986 he became a member of the Colombian Parliament for UP, but in October 1987 he left Bogota and went to Casa Verde in La Uribe on orders from the FARC leader Jacobo Arenas. According to *El Tiempo*, the presidential candidate of the UP Jaime Pardo Leal was murdered the same day, Márquez left Bogota.

The UP party was subjected to persecution by different paramilitary groups, drug lords and death squads that saw the party as a threat as the political branch of the FARC.

## FARC membership

Luciano Marín Arango, adopting the alias "Iván Márquez", became a political commissar for FARC's 14th Front in 1985.

## FARC commander

By 1988, Márquez had left the UP and returned to FARC as bloc commander, overseeing activities in the departments of Huila, Caquetá and Putumayo. By the end of the 1980s, he was a member of the secretariat of the FARC.

After the 1990 death of Arenas, Márquez joined the secretariat, the highest command of the organization. During the mid-1990s, he was transferred to Colombia's northwest in order to reorganize FARC forces after paramilitary attacks.

In 2008 documents obtained from the computer of slain FARC chieftain Iván Ríos revealed that Márquez also led FARC's efforts to raise support in universities and high schools though "the creation of two student federations, some academics and other secondary officials, and by the infiltration of already existing university movements" \[Colombian DAS intelligence director María del Pilar\] Hurtado told Spanish news agency EFE.

### FARC negotiator

Márquez was a FARC negotiator during the 1999–2002 failed peace process between the FARC and the government of Andrés Pastrana.

#### Humanitarian exchange

In November 2007 Márquez was sent to Venezuela to meet with President Hugo Chávez. At the time, Chávez was mediating between the government of Colombia and the FARC to agree on a deal to liberate the hostages held by the FARC and the liberation of some 500 guerrillas imprisoned by the government of Colombia, after years of combat in the Colombian armed conflict.

### Peace agreement

Since 2012, Márquez took part in peace negotiations with the Government of Juan Manuel Santos in Havana, Cuba. In August 2016 he signed a peace agreement with the Colombian Government on behalf of the FARC. The Colombian negotiator was Humberto de la Calle. The peace agreement was announced in a ceremony in Cuba. The agreement would have provided him with a seat in the Colombian Senate but he eventually did not run in the elections.

## Leader of the Segunda Marquetalia

Márquez took up arms anew after his nephew was arrested and extradited to the United States. In 2019, he eventually appeared as the leader of the Segunda Marquetalia, a group of FARC dissidents. The group had about 1000 active members. On 30 June 2022, an attack on Márquez life was made by a group suspected to be of the 'Gentil Duarte' front of the FARC dissidents. Márquez was accompagnied by a security detail of about twenty militia members at the time of the attack in Caicara del Orinoco in Venezuela. According to El País, Márquez shall have lost an arm during the attack.

## U.S. State Department allegations and bounty

According to the U.S. Department of State, Márquez oversaw loading of planes carrying 600–1200 kilograms of cocaine and the receipt of money and automatic weapons as payment. The State Department also alleged that Márquez established the FARC's policies for directing and controlling the production, manufacture, and distribution of hundreds of tons of cocaine to the United States and the world ; the "taxation" of the drug trade in Colombia to raise funds for the FARC. The U.S. Department of State is offering a reward of up to $5 million for information leading to his arrest and/or conviction

## Reports of death

Iván Márquez was reported dead in July 2022, by the Government of Iván Duque after an assassination attempt by a group of mercenaries in Venezuela. A few days later the Segunda Marquetalia announced that Márquez was not dead but in a hospital. It was reported that Márquez died on 6 July 2023 in a hospital in Caracas, Venezuela, where he was receiving medical treatment for injuries he received in an assassination attempt in June 2022. However, in August 2023, Marquez denied reports of his death in an audio recording.

## Personal life

In the 1990s his mother and sister were abducted by Colombian paramilitary forces, but were eventually released. His nephew Marlon Marín became a witness to the US prosecution in an investigation on drug trafficking against the FARC leader Jesús Santrich.

## InfoBox

| Iván Márquez | |
| --- | --- |
| Márquez in 2016 | |
| Birth name | Luciano Marín Arango |
| Nickname(s) | Iván Márquez |
| Born | (1955-06-16) 16 June 1955
Florencia, Colombia |
| Allegiance | FARC (until 2016)
FARC dissidents (from 2016) |
| Years of service | 1985–present |
| Battles/wars | Colombian conflict |


title: Wannes Van de Velde

abstract: Wannes Van de Velde, born Willy Cecile Johannes Van de Velde, in Antwerp, was a Flemish folk singer, guitarist, musician, poet, puppeteer and artist. He is most famous for his songs Ik Wil deze Nacht in de Straten Verdwalen (1973), Mijn Mansarde and De Brug van Willebroek (1990). His work is often categorized as kleinkunst. Van de Velde was known for singing in his local dialect.

text:
# Wannes Van de Velde

**Wannes Van de Velde** (29 April 1937 – 10 November 2008), born **Willy Cecile Johannes Van de Velde**, in Antwerp, was a Flemish folk singer, guitarist, musician, poet, puppeteer and artist. He is most famous for his songs *Ik Wil deze Nacht in de Straten Verdwalen* (1973), *Mijn Mansarde* and *De Brug van Willebroek* (1990). His work is often categorized as kleinkunst. Van de Velde was known for singing in his local dialect.

## Biography

His father, Jaak Van de Velde, was a metalworker and talented singer, his mother a housewife and singer. He grew up in the Zirkstraat, near the Antwerp Red Light district. At home, the young boy was always surrounded by music.

His song "Ik Wil Deze Nacht in De Straten Verdwalen" was written for the film *Home Sweet Home* by Benoît Lamy.

In 1997 he received the Arkprijs van het Vrije Woord.

Van de Velde died at Antwerp on 10 November 2008, aged 71.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Wannes Van de Velde | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1937-04-29)29 April 1937
Antwerp, Belgium |
| Died | 10 November 2008(2008-11-10) (aged 71)
Antwerp, Belgium |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Occupation(s) | artist, musician, poet |


title: Information silo

abstract: An information silo, or a group of such silos, is an insular management system in which one information system or subsystem is incapable of reciprocal operation with others that are, or should be, related. Thus information is not adequately shared but rather remains sequestered within each system or subsystem, figuratively trapped within a container like grain is trapped within a silo: there may be much of it, and it may be stacked quite high and freely available within those limits, but it has no effect outside those limits. Such data silos are proving to be an obstacle for businesses wishing to use data mining to make productive use of their data. Information silos occur whenever a data system is incompatible or not integrated with other data systems. This incompatibility may occur in the technical architecture, in the application architecture, or in the data architecture of any data system. However, since it has been shown that established data modeling methods are the root cause of the data integration problem, most data systems are at least incompatible in the data architecture layer.

text:
# Information silo

An **information silo**, or a group of such silos, is an insular management system in which one information system or subsystem is incapable of reciprocal operation with others that are, or should be, related. Thus information is not adequately shared but rather remains sequestered within each system or subsystem, figuratively trapped within a container like grain is trapped within a silo: there may be much of it, and it may be stacked quite high and freely available within those limits, but it has no effect outside those limits. Such **data silos** are proving to be an obstacle for businesses wishing to use data mining to make productive use of their data.

Information silos occur whenever a data system is incompatible or not integrated with other data systems. This incompatibility may occur in the technical architecture, in the application architecture, or in the data architecture of any data system. However, since it has been shown that established data modeling methods are the root cause of the data integration problem, most data systems are at least incompatible in the data architecture layer.

## In organizations

In understanding organizational behaviour, the term ***silo mentality*** often refers to a mindset which creates and maintains information silos within an organization. A silo mentality is created by the divergent goals of different organizational units: it is defined by the *Business Dictionary* as "a mindset present when certain departments or sectors do not wish to share information with others in the same company". It can also be described as a variant of the principal–agent problem.

A silo mentality primarily occurs in larger organizations and can lead to poorer performance and has a negative impact on the corporate culture. Silo mentalities can be countered by the introduction of shared goals, the increase of internal networking activities and the flattening of hierarchies.

Predictors for the occurrence of silos are

* Number of employees
* Number of organizational units within the whole organization
* Degree of specialization
* Number of different incentive mechanisms.

Gleeson and Rozo suggest that

> The silo mindset does not appear accidentally ... more often than not, silos are the result of a conflicted leadership team ... A unified leadership team will encourage trust, create empowerment, and break managers out of their "my department" mentality and into the "our organization" mentality.

## Etymology

The term ***functional silo syndrome*** was coined in 1988 by Phil S. Ensor (1931–2018) who worked in organizational development and employee relations for Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and Eaton Corporation, and as a consultant. *Silo* and *stovepipe* (as in "stovepipe organization" and "stovepipe system") are now used interchangeably and applied broadly. Phil Ensor's use of the term *silo* reflects his rural Illinois origins and the many grain silos he would pass on return visits as he contemplated the challenges of the modern organizations with which he worked.


title: Nicole Schwägli

abstract: Nicole "Nici" Schwägli is a Swiss curler from Rubigen. She is the former lead for the Alina Pätz rink and with this rink won the 2015 World Women's Curling Championship.

text:
# Nicole Schwägli

**Nicole "Nici" Schwägli** (born September 5, 1986) is a Swiss curler from Rubigen. She is the former lead for the Alina Pätz rink and with this rink won the 2015 World Women's Curling Championship.

## Career

### Juniors

Schwägli won a gold medal representing Switzerland at the 2005 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival, playing second for Michèle Jäggi. The team would represent Switzerland at the 2006 World Junior Curling Championships, where they would finish in fourth place overall. They would again represent Switzerland at the 2008 World Junior Curling Championships, finishing in sixth place.

### Women's

Schwägli joined the newly formed Alina Pätz rink in 2013. Before this, she played lead for Michèle Jäggi and the team won the Kamloops Crown of Curling and the International Bernese Ladies Cup during the 2011–12 season. After a slow first season together, the 2014–15 season was a breakthrough year for Schwägli and teammates Alina Pätz, Nadine Lehmann and Marisa Winkelhausen. They won the 2014 Red Deer Curling Classic on the World Curling Tour. Schwägli also qualified for the playoffs at the 2014 Masters Grand Slam of Curling event. In the second half of the season, they won the International Bernese Ladies Cup and the Swiss Women's Curling Championship, qualifying them for the 2015 World Women's Curling Championship. Switzerland finished the round robin in first place with a 10–1 record. A victory over Canada's Jennifer Jones sent them to the final, where they once again faced Jones. Up 4–3 in the tenth end, Pätz drew to the button for the win, winning the World Championship gold medal and title.

The following season, Team Pätz won the right to represent Switzerland at the 2015 European Curling Championships, but they did not qualify for the playoffs, finishing 4–5. They also did not win any tour events during the season. They could not defend their title as world champions, as they lost in the Swiss championship to 2014 world champions Binia Feltscher. The 2016–17 season was more successful for the Swiss rink. They won the 2017 International Bernese Ladies Cup and made the final of the Glynhill Ladies International. They also won the Swiss championship and represented Switzerland at the 2017 World Women's Curling Championship. Despite starting 4–0, the team lost six of their last seven games, ultimately not qualifying for the playoffs. They ended their season by finishing second at the 2017 Euronics European Masters and making the semifinals of the 2017 Humpty's Champions Cup.

Team Pätz had multiple quarterfinal finishes during the 2017–18 curling season. They won the 2017 Stockholm Ladies Cup in October, defeating Kim Eun-jung in the final. The team competed against the other top Swiss teams, Silvana Tirinzoni and Binia Feltscher, at the 2017 Swiss Olympic Curling Trials to choose the Swiss representative at the 2018 Winter Olympics. The event was ultimately won by the Tirinzoni rink, who finished 6–0. After failing to win the Swiss championship in February, the Pätz team disbanded.

## Personal life

Schwägli is employed as a medical practitioner.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004–05 | Michèle Jäggi | Nadine Freiburghaus | Nicole Schwägli | Marlene Albrecht |
| 2005–06 | Michèle Jäggi | Stéphanie Jäggi | Nicole Schwägli | Isabel Kurt |
| 2007–08 | Michèle Jäggi | Marisa Winkelhausen | Nicole Schwägli | Isabel Kurt |
| 2009–10 | Michèle Jäggi | Janet Hürlimann | Stéphanie Jäggi | Nicole Schwägli |
| 2010–11 | Michèle Jäggi | Marisa Winkelhausen | Stéphanie Jäggi | Nicole Schwägli |
| 2011–12 | Michèle Jäggi | Marisa Winkelhausen | Stéphanie Jäggi | Nicole Schwägli |
| 2013–14 | Alina Pätz | Nadine Lehmann | Nicole Schwägli | Nicole Dünki |
| 2014–15 | Alina Pätz | Nadine Lehmann | Marisa Winkelhausen | Nicole Schwägli |
| 2015–16 | Alina Pätz | Nadine Lehmann | Marisa Winkelhausen | Nicole Schwägli |
| 2016–17 | Alina Pätz | Nadine Lehmann | Marisa Winkelhausen | Nicole Schwägli |
| 2017–18 | Alina Pätz | Nadine Lehmann | Marisa Winkelhausen | Nicole Schwägli |

## InfoBox

| Nicole Schwägli | |
| --- | --- |
| Curler | |
| Born | (1986-09-05) September 5, 1986 |
| Team | |
| Curling club | CC Baden Regio,
Baden, SUI |
| Curling career | |
| Member Association | Switzerland |
| World Championship
appearances | 2 (2015, 2017) |
| European Championship
appearances | 1 (2015) |
| Medal record      Women's Curling  Representing  Switzerland  World Curling Championships  2015 Sapporo    European Youth Olympic Winter Festival  2005 Monthey | |


title: Upsala Street School

abstract: The Upsala Street School is a historic school building at 36 Upsala Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built in 1894 and twice enlarged, it is a good local example of a Romanesque Revival school building, designed by local architect George Clemence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The building has been converted into senior living apartments.

text:
# Upsala Street School

The **Upsala Street School** is a historic school building at 36 Upsala Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built in 1894 and twice enlarged, it is a good local example of a Romanesque Revival school building, designed by local architect George Clemence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The building has been converted into senior living apartments.

## Description and history

The former Upsala Street School building is located in southeastern Worcester's Vernon Hill neighborhood, at the southeast corner of Upsala and Louise Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building, covered by a hip roof. The main facade is symmetrical, with a large central projecting section which has the main entry recessed inside a round archway, which is flanked by a pair of smaller blind arches. Above the entry is a shallow balcony with a sandstone plaque identifying the building. Hip-roof dormers project from the roof, and tall chimneys are finished panel brick.

The school was designed by architect George Clemence and its oldest section, the front, was completed in 1894. The city had the school built to meet demand spurred by the growth and development of the surrounding neighborhood. Additions were added to the south in 1902 and 1923 to meet increasing demand. The 1902 addition is stylistically similar to the original main block, and may have formed part of the original design. The 1923 addition is finished in red brick, but has sandstone trim and a flat roof, which distinguish it from the earlier construction.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Upsala Street School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 36 Upsala St., Worcester, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°14′30″N 71°47′44″W / 42.24167°N 71.79556°W / 42.24167; -71.79556 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1894 (1894) |
| Architect | Clemence, George |
| Architectural style | Romanesque |
| MPS | Worcester MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 80000493 |
| Added to NRHP | March 5, 1980 |


title: Ittifoq

abstract: Ittifoq is an urban-type settlement in Namangan Region, Uzbekistan.

text:
# Ittifoq

**Ittifoq** (/ˌɪtɪˈfɒk/; Uzbek: \[it̚tʰɨ̥ˈɸɒq\]) is an urban-type settlement in Namangan Region, Uzbekistan.

## InfoBox

| Ittifoq | |
| --- | --- |
| urban-type settlement | |
| IttifoqLocation in Uzbekistan | |
| Coordinates: 41°8′53″N 72°8′52″E / 41.14806°N 72.14778°E / 41.14806; 72.14778 | |
| Country | Uzbekistan |
| Region | Namangan Region |
| Urban-type settlement status | 1989 |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 3,500 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (UZT) |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Blanco County, Texas. This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Blanco County, Texas. There are two district and two individual properties listed on the National Register in the county. One district includes an individual property and a State Antiquities Landmark both of which are Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. The other district is a National Historic Park and includes another Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Blanco County, Texas

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Blanco County, Texas**.

This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Blanco County, Texas. There are two district and two individual properties listed on the National Register in the county. One district includes an individual property and a State Antiquities Landmark both of which are Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. The other district is a National Historic Park and includes another Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

The locations of National Register properties and districts may be seen in a mapping service provided.

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Blanco Historic District |  | July 16, 1991
(#91000890) | Roughly bounded by Fifth St., Live Oak St., Town Cr. and rear property lines W of Main St.
30°05′52″N 98°25′20″W / 30.097778°N 98.422222°W / 30.097778; -98.422222 (Blanco Historic District) | Blanco | Includes State Antiquities Landmark, Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks |
| 2 | Adrian Edwards Conn House |  | November 19, 1971
(#71000921) | Jct. of U.S. 281 and SW boundary of courthouse square
30°05′49″N 98°25′22″W / 30.09682°N 98.42286°W / 30.09682; -98.42286 (Adrian Edwards Conn House) | Blanco | Part of Blanco Historic District; Recorded Texas Historic Landmark |
| 3 | Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park |  | December 2, 1969
(#69000202) | Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
30°16′31″N 98°24′37″W / 30.275278°N 98.410278°W / 30.275278; -98.410278 (Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park) | Johnson City | Extends into Gillespie County; includes Recorded Texas Historic Landmark |
| 4 | Round Mountain Stage-Coach Inn and Stable |  | March 31, 1978
(#78002896) | RM 962 off U.S. 281
30°25′41″N 98°20′23″W / 30.428056°N 98.339722°W / 30.428056; -98.339722 (Round Mountain Stage-Coach Inn and Stable) | Round Mountain |  |

Media related to National Register of Historic Places in Blanco County, Texas at Wikimedia Commons


title: Thomas Linehan

abstract: Thomas Linehan was an Irish politician. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1922 to 1936. He was first elected to the Seanad in 1922 as a Farmers' Party candidate. He was re-elected at the 1925 Seanad election for 12 years and served until the Free State Seanad was abolished in 1936. He was an independent member from 1928 onwards. Linehan was born in County Cork and farmed for many years at Ballinvarrig House, Whitechurch, County Cork, where he died on 15 October 1938, aged 79. He was the first secretary of the Irish National Land League in the county, vice-chairman of Cork County Council and a president and trustee of the Irish Farmers' Union.

text:
# Thomas Linehan

**Thomas Linehan** (c.1859 – 15 October 1938) was an Irish politician. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1922 to 1936. He was first elected to the Seanad in 1922 as a Farmers' Party candidate. He was re-elected at the 1925 Seanad election for 12 years and served until the Free State Seanad was abolished in 1936. He was an independent member from 1928 onwards.

Linehan was born in County Cork and farmed for many years at Ballinvarrig House, Whitechurch, County Cork, where he died on 15 October 1938, aged 79. He was the first secretary of the Irish National Land League in the county, vice-chairman of Cork County Council and a president and trustee of the Irish Farmers' Union.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Linehan | |
| --- | --- |
| Linehan in December 1922 | |
|  | |
| Senator | |
| **In office**
11 December 1922  29 May 1936 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1859 (2024-10-05UTC15:59)
County Cork, Ireland |
| Died | 15 October 1938(1938-10-15) (aged 78–79)
County Cork, Ireland |
| Political party | Independent (1928–1936) |
| Other political
affiliations | Farmers' Party (1922–1928) |
|  | |


abstract: Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 6, covering parts of Park Circus, Beniapukur (Nonapukur), Park Street (Mullickbazar) and Taltala neighbourhoods in central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

**Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation** is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 6, covering parts of Park Circus, Beniapukur (Nonapukur), Park Street (Mullickbazar) and Taltala (Elliot Road) neighbourhoods in central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History

Attempts were made to establish a municipal corporation at Kolkata from the middle of the 19th century. The electoral system was introduced for the first time in 1847, and 4 of the 7 board members were elected by the rate payers. In 1852 the board was replaced by a new one and in 1863 a new body was formed. As per old records, in 1872 there were 25 wards in Kolkata (spellings as in use at that time) – 1. Shyampukur, 2. Kumartuli, 3. Bartala, 4. Sukea Street, 5. Jorabagan, 6. Jorasanko, 7. Barabazar, 8. Kolutola, 9. Muchipara, 10. Boubazar, 11. Padmapukur, 12. Waterloo Street, 13. Fenwick Bazar, 14. Taltala, 15. Kalinga, 16. Park Street, 17. Victoria Terrace, 18. Hastings, 19. Entali, 20. Beniapukur, 21. Baliganj-Tollyganj, 22. Bhabanipur, 23. Alipur, 24.Ekbalpur and 25. Watganj. A new municipal corporation was created in 1876, wherein 48 commissioners were elected and 24 were appointed by the government. With the implementation of the Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 the area under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation was enlarged. Certain areas were already there but more parts of them were added (current spellings) - Entally, Manicktala, Beliaghata, Ultadanga, Chitpur, Cossipore, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Watganj and Ekbalpur, and Garden Reach and Tollygunj. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. It liberalised the constitution along democratic lines.

The state government superseded the Corporation in 1948 and the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1951 came into force. Adult franchise was introduced in municipal elections in 1962. With the addition of certain areas in the southern parts of the city, the number of wards increased from 75 to 144.

## Geography

Ward No. 61 is bordered on the north by Muzaffar Ahmed Street and Benia Pukur Lane; on the east by Jannagar Road, Crematorium Street, Harekrishna Konar Road and Acharyya Jagadish Bose Road; on the south by Park Street and on the west by Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Street.

The ward is served by Beniapukur and Park Street police stations of Kolkata Police.

Karaya Women police station, has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South-east division, i.e. Topsia, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Gariahat, Lake, Karaya, Rabindra Sarobar and Tiljala.

Tollygunge Womens police station has jurisdiction over all the police districts in the South Division, i.e. Park Street, Shakespeare Sarani, Alipore, Hastings, Maidan, Bhowanipore, Kalighat, Tollygunge, Charu Market, New Alipur and Chetla.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 29,704, of which 15,954 (54%) were males and 13,750 (46%) were females. Population below 6 years was 2,678. The total number of literates in Ward No. 61 was 21,768 (80.54% of the population over 6 years).

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal. The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

| Literacy in KMC wards
 |
| --- |
| North Kolkata |
| Ward No. 1 – 86.12% |
| Ward No. 2 – 94.24% |
| Ward No. 3 – 86.74% |
| Ward No. 4 – 89.27% |
| Ward No. 5 – 90.32% |
| Ward No. 6 – 81.12% |
| Ward No. 7 – 87.65% |
| Ward No. 8 – 93.57% |
| Ward No. 9 – 91.60% |
| Ward No. 10 – 92.38% |
| Ward No. 11 – 87.96% |
| Ward No. 12 – 84.95% |
| Ward No. 13 – 83.39% |
| Ward No. 14 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 15 – 88.89% |
| Ward No. 16 – 88.62% |
| Ward No. 17 – 92.30% |
| Ward No. 18 – 78.72% |
| Ward No. 19 – 89.29% |
| Ward No. 20 – 85.93% |
| Ward No. 21 – 78.12% |
| Ward No. 22 – 85.07% |
| Ward No. 23 – 71.14% |
| Ward No. 24 – 73.16% |
| Ward No. 25 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 26 – 82.34% |
| Ward No. 27 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 28 – 79.39% |
| Ward No. 29 – 70.69% |
| Ward No. 30 – 88.71% |
| Ward No. 31 – 88.28% |
| Ward No. 32 – 75.73% |
| Ward No. 33 – 91.17% |
| Central Kolkata |
| Ward No. 34 – 92.79% |
| Ward No. 35 – 91.44% |
| Ward No. 36 – 66.34% |
| Ward No. 37 – 79.12% |
| Ward No. 38 – 85.77% |
| Ward No. 39 – 73.27% |
| Ward No. 40 – 88.14% |
| Ward No. 41 – 83.53% |
| Ward No. 42 – 75.02% |
| Ward No. 43 – 79.52% |
| Ward No. 44 – 79.09% |
| Ward No. 45 – 74.69% |
| Ward No. 46 – 85.38% |
| Ward No. 47 – 87.87% |
| Ward No. 48 – 82.04% |
| Ward No. 49 – 65.51% |
| Ward No. 50 – 88.70% |
| Ward No. 51 – 93.01% |
| Ward No. 52 – 86.18% |
| Ward No. 53 – 89.49% |
| Ward No. 54 – 82.10% |
| Ward No. 55 – 84.84% |
| Ward No. 56 – 85.53% |
| Ward No. 57 – 80.20% |
| Ward No. 58 – 74.35% |
| Ward No. 59 – 80.39% |
| Ward No. 60 – 74.04% |
| Ward No. 61 – 80.54% |
| Ward No. 62 – 86.04% |
| Ward No. 63 – 84.39% |
| Ward No. 64 – 85.21% |
| Ward No. 65 – 81.60% |
| South Kolkata |
| Ward No. 66 – 80.95% |
| Ward No. 67 – 89.52% |
| Ward No. 68 – 90.86% |
| Ward No. 69 – 86.07% |
| Ward No. 70 – 94.20% |
| Ward No. 71 – 92.01% |
| Ward No. 72 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 73 – 89.28% |
| Ward No. 74 – 84.56% |
| Ward No. 75 – 80.27% |
| Ward No. 76 – 88.40% |
| Ward No. 77 – 83.84% |
| Ward No. 78 – 83.00% |
| Ward No. 79 – 81.96% |
| Ward No. 80 – 71.89% |
| Ward No. 81 – 85.14% |
| Ward No. 82 – 84.82% |
| Ward No. 83 – 85.63% |
| Ward No. 84 – 85.71% |
| Ward No. 85 – 88.19% |
| Ward No. 86 – 89.61% |
| Ward No. 87 – 90.26% |
| Ward No. 88 – 85.09% |
| Ward No. 89 – 92.40% |
| Ward No. 90 – 84.60% |
| Ward No. 91 – 90.57% |
| Ward No. 92 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 93 – 91.30% |
| Ward No. 94 – 89.11% |
| Ward No. 95 – 95.61% |
| Ward No. 96 – 96.57% |
| Ward No. 97 – 94.60% |
| Ward No. 98 – 96.24% |
| Ward No. 99 – 95.79% |
| Ward No. 100 – 95.98% |
| Ward No. 101 – 95.36% |
| Ward No. 102 – 93.53% |
| Ward No. 103 – 94.77% |
| Ward No. 104 – 96.03% |
| Ward No. 105 – 93.86% |
| Ward No. 106 – 92.97% |
| Ward No. 107 – 90.06% |
| Ward No. 108 – 80.74% |
| Ward No. 109 – 85.49% |
| Ward No. 110 – 91.35% |
| Ward No. 111 – 93.36% |
| Ward No. 112 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 113 – 92.18% |
| Ward No. 114 – 91.13% |
| Ward No. 115 – 95.53% |
| Ward No. 116 – 86.91% |
| Ward No. 117 – 86.53% |
| Ward No. 118 – 90.04% |
| Ward No. 119 – 94.04% |
| Ward No. 120 – 92.15% |
| Ward No. 121 – 91.86% |
| Ward No. 122 – 92.88% |
| Ward No. 123 – 93.42% |
| Ward No. 124 – 92.55% |
| Ward No. 125 – 92.50% |
| Ward No. 126 – 93.78% |
| Ward No. 127 – 91.82% |
| Ward No. 128 – 92.67% |
| Ward No. 129 – 92.56% |
| Ward No. 130 – 95.55% |
| Ward No. 131 – 93.48% |
| Ward No. 132 – 90.30% |
| Ward No. 133 – 83.48% |
| Ward No. 134 – 73.75% |
| Ward No. 135 – 75.75% |
| Ward No. 136 – 85.01% |
| Ward No. 137 – 79.16% |
| Ward No. 138 – 78.67% |
| Ward No. 139 – 77.56% |
| Ward No. 140 – 79.93% |
| Ward No. 141 – 75.15% |
| Note: The regional distribution
is a broad one and
there is some overlapping |
| Source:
2011 Census: Ward-Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data |

Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see Kolkata district.

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).

## Election highlights

The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of Ballygunge (Vidhan Sabha constituency).

| Election
year | Constituency | Name of councillor | Party affililiation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Ward No. 61 | Nasreen Iqbal | All India Trinamool Congress |  |
| 2010 |  | Manzar Iqbal | All India Trinamool Congress |  |
| 2015 |  | Manzar Iqbal | All India Trinamool Congress |  |

Kolkata/South travel guide from Wikivoyage

## InfoBox

| Ward No. 61 | |
| --- | --- |
| Kolkata Municipal Corporation | |
| Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 61 | |
| Ward No. 61Location in Kolkata | |
| Coordinates (dms): 22°32′59″N 88°21′33″E / 22.549639°N 88.35925°E / 22.549639; 88.35925 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| City | Kolkata |
| Neighbourhoods | Park Circus, Beniapukur (Nonapukur), Park Street (Mullickbazar), Taltala (Elliot Road) |
| Reservation | Open |
| Parliamentary constituency | Kolkata Dakshin |
| Assembly constituency | Ballygunge |
| Borough | 6 |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor-Council |
| Body | KMC |
| Councillor | Manzar Iqbal |
| Political Party | AITC |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 29,704 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 700 016 |
| Area code | +91 33 |


title: Packrat parser

abstract:
The Packrat parser is a type of parser that shares similarities with the recursive descent parser in its construction. However, it differs because it takes parsing expression grammars (PEGs) as input rather than LL grammars. In 1970, Alexander Birman laid the groundwork for packrat parsing by introducing the "TMG recognition scheme" (TS), and "generalized TS" (gTS). TS was based upon Robert M. McClure's TMG compiler-compiler, and gTS was based upon Dewey Val Schorre's META compiler-compiler.
Birman's work was later refined by Aho and Ullman; and renamed as Top-Down Parsing Language (TDPL), and Generalized TDPL (GTDPL), respectively. These algorithms were the first of their kind to employ deterministic top-down parsing with backtracking. Bryan Ford developed PEGs as an expansion of GTDPL and TS. Unlike CFGs, PEGs are unambiguous and can match well with machine-oriented languages. PEGs, similar to GTDPL and TS, can also express all LL(k) and LR(k). Bryan also introduced Packrat as a parser that uses memoization techniques on top of a simple PEG parser. This was done because PEGs have an unlimited lookahead capability resulting in a parser with exponential time performance in the worst case. Packrat keeps track of the intermediate results for all mutually recursive parsing functions. Each parsing function is only called once at a specific input position. In some instances of packrat implementation, if there is insufficient memory, certain parsing functions may need to be called multiple times at the same input position, causing the parser to take longer than linear time.

text:
# Packrat parser

The **Packrat parser** is a type of parser that shares similarities with the recursive descent parser in its construction. However, it differs because it takes parsing expression grammars (PEGs) as input rather than LL grammars.

In 1970, Alexander Birman laid the groundwork for packrat parsing by introducing the "TMG recognition scheme" (TS), and "generalized TS" (gTS). TS was based upon Robert M. McClure's TMG compiler-compiler, and gTS was based upon Dewey Val Schorre's META compiler-compiler. Birman's work was later refined by Aho and Ullman; and renamed as Top-Down Parsing Language (TDPL), and Generalized TDPL (GTDPL), respectively. These algorithms were the first of their kind to employ deterministic top-down parsing with backtracking.

Bryan Ford developed PEGs as an expansion of GTDPL and TS. Unlike CFGs, PEGs are unambiguous and can match well with machine-oriented languages. PEGs, similar to GTDPL and TS, can also express all LL(k) and LR(k). Bryan also introduced Packrat as a parser that uses memoization techniques on top of a simple PEG parser. This was done because PEGs have an unlimited lookahead capability resulting in a parser with exponential time performance in the worst case.

Packrat keeps track of the intermediate results for all mutually recursive parsing functions. Each parsing function is only called once at a specific input position. In some instances of packrat implementation, if there is insufficient memory, certain parsing functions may need to be called multiple times at the same input position, causing the parser to take longer than linear time.

## Syntax

The packrat parser takes in input the same syntax as PEGs: a simple PEG is composed of terminal and nonterminal symbols, possibly interleaved with operators that compose one or several derivation rules.

### Symbols

* Nonterminal symbols are indicated with capital letters (e.g., $\\{S,E,F,D\\}$)
* Terminal symbols are indicated with lowercase (e.g., $\\{a,b,z,e,g\\}$)
* Expressions are indicated with lower-case Greek letter (e.g., $\\{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\omega ,\tau \\}$)
    + Expressions can be a mix of terminal symbols, nonterminal symbols and operators

### Operators

Syntax Rules
| Operator | Semantics |
| --- | --- |
| Sequence $\alpha \beta $ | **Success:** If $\alpha $ and $\beta $ are recognized **Failure:** If $\alpha $ or $\beta $ are not recognized
**Consumed:** $\alpha $ and $\beta $ in case of success |
| Ordered choice $\alpha /\beta /\gamma $ | **Success:** If any of $\\{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \\}$ is recognized starting from the left **Failure:** All of $\\{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \\}$ do not match
**Consumed:** The atomic expression that has generated a success so if multiple succeed the first one is always returned |
| And predicate $\\&\alpha $ | **Success:** If $\alpha $ is recognized **Failure:** If $\alpha $ is not recognized
**Consumed:** No input is consumed |
| Not predicate $\displaystyle !\alpha $ | **Success:** If $\alpha $ is not recognized **Failure:** If $\alpha $ is recognized
**Consumed:** No input is consumed |
| One or more $\alpha +$ | **Success:** Try to recognize $\alpha $ one or multiple time **Failure:** If $\alpha $ is not recognized
**Consumed:** The maximum number that $\alpha $ is recognized |
| Zero or more $\alpha \*$ | **Success:** Try to recognize $\alpha $ zero or multiple time **Failure:** Cannot fail
**Consumed:** The maximum number that $\alpha $ is recognized |
| Zero or one $\alpha ?$ | **Success:** Try to recognize $\alpha $ zero or once **Failure:** Cannot fail
**Consumed:** $\alpha $ if it is recognized |
| Terminal range \[ $a-b$\] | **Success:** Recognize any terminal $c$ that are inside the range $\[a-b\]$. In the case of $\[{\textbf {'}h{\textbf {'}-{\textbf {'}z{\textbf {'}\]}}}}$, $c$ can be any letter from h to z **Failure:** If no terminal inside of $\[a-b\]$ can be recognized
**Consumed:** $c$ if it is recognized |
| Any character $.$ | **Success:** Recognize any character in the input **Failure:** If no character in the input
**Consumed:** any character in the input |

### Rules

A derivation rule is composed by a nonterminal symbol and an expression $S\rightarrow \alpha $.

A special expression $\alpha \_{s}$ is the starting point of the grammar. In case no $\alpha \_{s}$ is specified, the first expression of the first rule is used.

An input string is considered accepted by the parser if the $\alpha \_{s}$ is recognized. As a side-effect, a string $x$ can be recognized by the parser even if it was not fully consumed.

An extreme case of this rule is that the grammar $S\rightarrow x\*$ matches any string.

This can be avoided by rewriting the grammar as $S\rightarrow x\*!.$

### Example

$\begin{cases}S\rightarrow A/B/D\\A\rightarrow {\textbf {'a'}\ S\ {\textbf {'a'}\\B\rightarrow {\textbf {'b'}\ S\ {\textbf {'b'}\\D\rightarrow ({\textbf {'0'}-{\textbf {'9'})?\end{cases}}}}}}}$

This grammar recognizes a palindrome over the alphabet $\\{a,b\\}$, with an optional digit in the middle.

Example strings accepted by the grammar include: $\textbf {'aa'}$ and $\textbf {'aba3aba'}$.

### Left recursion

Left recursion happens when a grammar production refers to itself as its left-most element, either directly or indirectly. Since Packrat is a recursive descent parser, it cannot handle left recursion directly. During the early stages of development, it was found that a production that is left-recursive can be transformed into a right-recursive production. This modification significantly simplifies the task of a Packrat parser. Nonetheless, if there is an indirect left recursion involved, the process of rewriting can be quite complex and challenging. If the time complexity requirements are loosened from linear to superlinear, it is possible to modify the memoization table of a Packrat parser to permit left recursion, without altering the input grammar.

### Iterative combinator

The iterative combinator $\alpha +$, $\alpha \*$, needs special attention when used in a Packrat parser. As a matter of fact, the use of iterative combinators introduces a *secret* recursion that does not record intermediate results in the outcome matrix. This can lead to the parser operating with a superlinear behaviour. This problem can be resolved apply the following transformation:

| Original | Translated |
| --- | --- |
| $S\rightarrow \alpha +$ | $S\rightarrow \alpha S/\alpha $ |
| $S\rightarrow \alpha \*$ | $S\rightarrow \alpha S/\epsilon $ |

With this transformation, the intermediate results can be properly memoized.

## Memoization technique

Memoization is an optimization technique in computing that aims to speed up programs by storing the results of expensive function calls. This technique essentially works by caching the results so that when the same inputs occur again, the cached result is simply returned, thus avoiding the time-consuming process of re-computing. When using packrat parsing and memoization, it's noteworthy that the parsing function for each nonterminal is solely based on the input string. It does not depend on any information gathered during the parsing process. Essentially, memoization table entries do not affect or rely on the parser's specific state at any given time.

Packrat parsing stores results in a matrix or similar data structure that allows for quick look-ups and insertions. When a production is encountered, the matrix is checked to see if it has already occurred. If it has, the result is retrieved from the matrix. If not, the production is evaluated, the result is inserted into the matrix, and then returned. When evaluating the entire $m\*n$ matrix in a tabular approach, it would require $\Theta (mn)$ space. Here, $m$ represents the number of nonterminals, and $n$ represents the input string size.

In a naïve implementation, the entire table can be derived from the input string starting from the end of the string.

The Packrat parser can be improved to update only the necessary cells in the matrix through a depth-first visit of each subexpression tree. Consequently, using a matrix with dimensions of $m\*n$ is often wasteful, as most entries would remain empty. These cells are linked to the input string, not to the nonterminals of the grammar. This means that increasing the input string size would always increase memory consumption, while the number of parsing rules changes only the worst space complexity.

### Cut operator

Another operator called *cut* has been introduced to Packrat to reduce its average space complexity even further. This operator utilizes the formal structures of many programming languages to eliminate impossible derivations. For instance, control statements parsing in a standard programming language is mutually exclusive from the first recognized token, e.g., $\\{if,do,while,switch\\}$.

| Operator | Semantics |
| --- | --- |
| Cut $\begin{array}{l}\alpha \uparrow \beta /\gamma \\\(\alpha \uparrow \beta )\*\end{array}$ | if $\alpha $ is recognized but $\beta $ is not, skip the evaluation of the alternative. In the first case don't evaluate $\gamma $ if $\alpha $ was recognized The second rule is can be rewritten as $N\rightarrow \alpha \uparrow \beta N/\epsilon $ and the same rules can be applied. |

When a Packrat parser uses cut operators, it effectively clears its backtracking stack. This is because a cut operator reduces the number of possible alternatives in an ordered choice. By adding cut operators in the right places in a grammar's definition, the resulting Packrat parser only needs a nearly constant amount of space for memoization.

## The algorithm

Sketch of an implementation of a Packrat algorithm in a Lua-like pseudocode.

```
INPUT(n) -- return the character at position n

RULE(R : Rule, P : Position )
    entry = GET_MEMO(R,P) -- return the number of elements previously matched in rule R at position P
    if entry == nil then
        return EVAL(R, P);
    end
    return entry;

EVAL(R : Rule, P : Position )
    start = P;
    for choice in R.choices -- Return a list of choice
        acc=0;
        for symbol in choice then -- Return each element of a rule, terminal and nonterminal
            if symbol.is_terminal then
                if INPUT(start+acc) == symbol.terminal then
                    acc = acc + 1; --Found correct terminal skip pass it
                else
                    break;
                end
            else
                res = RULE(symbol.nonterminal , start+acc ); -- try to recognize a nonterminal in position start+acc
                SET_MEMO(symbol.nonterminal , start+acc, res ); -- we memoize also the failure with special value fail
                if res == fail then
                    break;
                end
                acc = acc + res;
            end
            if symbol == choice.last -- check if we have matched the last symbol in a choice if so return
                return acc;
        end
    end
    return fail; --if no choice match return fail

```

## Example

Given the following context, a free grammar that recognizes simple arithmetic expressions composed of single digits interleaved by sum, multiplication, and parenthesis.

$\begin{cases}S\rightarrow A\\A\rightarrow M\ {\textbf {'+'}\ A\ /\ M\\M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M\ /\ P\\P\rightarrow {\textbf {'('}\ A\ {\textbf {')'}\ /\ D\\D\rightarrow ({\textbf {'0'}-{\textbf {'9'})\end{cases}}}}}}}$

Denoted with $\dashv $ the line terminator we can apply the *packrat algorithm*

Derivation of $2\*(3+4)\dashv $
| Syntax tree | Action | Packrat Table |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $\begin{array}{l}S\rightarrow A\\A\rightarrow M\ {\textbf {'+'}\ A\\M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M\\P\rightarrow {\textbf {'('}\ A\ {\textbf {')'}\end{array}}}}}$ ɛ  Notes Input left  Input doesn't match the first element in the derivation. Backtrack to the first grammar rule with unexplored alternative $\textstyle P\rightarrow {\textbf {'('}\ A\ {\textbf {')'}\ /\ {\underline {D}}}}$ $2\*(3+4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**         **M**         **P**         **D**         2 * ( 3 + 4 )   No update because no terminal was recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $P\rightarrow D$
$D\rightarrow 2$ $2$  Notes Input left  Shift input by one after deriving terminal $2$ $\*(3+4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**         **M**         **P** 1        **D** 1        2 * ( 3 + 4 )   **Update:**
D(1) = 1;
P(1) = 1; |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M}$
$P\rightarrow {\textbf {'('}\ A\ {\textbf {')'}}}$ $2\*($  Notes Input left  Shift input by two terminal $\\{{\textbf {\*},{\textbf {(}\\}}}$ $3+4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**         **M**         **P** 1        **D** 1        2 * ( 3 + 4 )   No update because no nonterminal was fully recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $A\rightarrow M\ {\textbf {'+'}\ A}$
$M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M}$
$P\rightarrow {\textbf {'('}\ A\ {\textbf {')'}}}$ $2\*($  Notes Input left  Input doesn't match the first element in the derivation. Backtrack to the first grammar rule with unexplored alternative $\textstyle P\rightarrow {\textbf {'('}\ A\ {\textbf {')'}\ /\ {\underline {D}}}}$ $3+4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**         **M**         **P** 1        **D** 1        2 * ( 3 + 4 )   No update because no terminal was recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $P\rightarrow D$
$D\rightarrow 3$ $2\*($  Notes Input left  Shift input by one after deriving terminal $3$ but the new input will not match $$ inside $M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M}$ so an unroll is necessary to $M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M\ /\ {\underline {P}}}$ $3+4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**         **M**         **P** 1   1     **D** 1   1     2 * ( 3 + 4 )   **Update:**
D(4) = 1;
P(4) = 1; |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $M\rightarrow P$ $2\*(3+$  Notes Input left  Roll Back to $M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M\ /\ {\underline {P}}}$ And we don't expand it has we have an hit in the memoization table P(4) ≠ 0 so shift the input by P(4). Shift also the $+$ from $A\rightarrow M\ {\textbf {'+'}\ A}$ $4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**         **M**    1     **P** 1   1     **D** 1   1     2 * ( 3 + 4 )   Hit on P(4)
Update M(4) = 1 as M was recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $A\rightarrow M\ {\textbf {'+'}\ A}$
$M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M}$
$P\rightarrow {\textbf {'('}\ A\ {\textbf {')'}}}$ $2\*(3+$  Notes Input left  Input doesn't match the first element in the derivation. Backtrack to the first grammar rule with unexplored alternative $\textstyle P\rightarrow {\textbf {'('}\ A\ {\textbf {')'}\ /\ {\underline {D}}}}$ $4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**         **M**    1     **P** 1   1     **D** 1   1     2 * ( 3 + 4 )   No update because no terminal was recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $P\rightarrow D$
$D\rightarrow 4$ $2\*(3+$  Notes Input left  Shift input by one after deriving terminal $4$ but the new input will not match $$ inside $M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M}$ so an unroll is necessary $4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**         **M**    1     **P** 1   1  1   **D** 1   1  1   2 * ( 3 + 4 )   **Update:**
D(6) = 1;
P(6) = 1; |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $M\rightarrow P$ $2\*(3+$  Notes Input left  Roll Back to $M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M\ /\ {\underline {P}}}$ And we don't expand it has we have an hit in the memoization table P(6) ≠ 0 so shift the input by P(6).
but the new input will not match $+$ inside $A\rightarrow M\ {\textbf {'+'}\ A}$ so an unroll is necessary $4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**         **M**    1  1   **P** 1   1  1   **D** 1   1  1   2 * ( 3 + 4 )   Hit on P(6)
Update M(6) = 1 as M was recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $A\rightarrow M$ $2\*(3+4)$  Notes Input left  Roll Back to $A\rightarrow M\ {\textbf {'+'}\ A\ /\ {\underline {M}}}$ And we don't expand it has we have an hit in the memoization table M(6) ≠ 0 so shift the input by M(6).
Also shift $)$ from $P\rightarrow {\textbf {'('}\ A\ {\textbf {')'}}}$ $\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**    3     **M**    1  1   **P** 1  5 1  1   **D** 1   1  1   2 * ( 3 + 4 )   Hit on M(6)
Update A(4) = 3 as A was recognized
Update P(3)=5 as P was recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $2\*$  Notes Input left  Roll Back to $M\rightarrow P\ {\textbf {'\*'}\ M\ /\ {\underline {P}}}$ as terminal $\*\neq \dashv $ $(3+4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**    3     **M**    1  1   **P** 1  5 1  1   **D** 1   1  1   2 * ( 3 + 4 )   No update because no terminal was recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $M\rightarrow P$ $2\*(3+4)$  Notes Input left  we don't expand it as we have a hit in the memoization table P(3) ≠ 0, so shift the input by P(3). $\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**    3     **M** 7   1  1   **P** 1  5 1  1   **D** 1   1  1   2 * ( 3 + 4 )   Hit on P(3)
Update M(1)=7 as M was recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted   Notes Input left  Roll Back to $A\rightarrow M\ {\textbf {'+'}\ A\ /\ {\underline {M}}}$ as terminal $+\neq \dashv $ $2\*(3+4)\dashv $ | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S**         **A**    3     **M** 7   1  1   **P** 1  5 1  1   **D** 1   1  1   2 * ( 3 + 4 )   No update because no terminal was recognized |
|  | Derivation Rules Input shifted  $A\rightarrow M$ $2\*(3+4)\dashv $  Notes Input left  We don't expand it as we have a hit in the memoization table M(1) ≠ 0, so shift the input by M(1). S was totally reduced, so the input string is recognized. | Index  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  **S** 7        **A** 7   3     **M** 7   1  1   **P** 1  5 1  1   **D** 1   1  1   2 * ( 3 + 4 )   Hit on M(1)
Update A(1)=7 as A was recognized
Update S(1)=7 as S was recognized |

## Implementation

| Name | Parsing algorithm | Output languages | Grammar, code | Development platform | License |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AustenX | Packrat (modified) | Java | Separate | All | Free, BSD |
| Aurochs | Packrat | , OCaml, Java | Mixed | All | Free, GNU GPL |
| Canopy | Packrat | Java, JavaScript, Python, Ruby | Separate | All | Free, GNU GPL |
| CL-peg | Packrat | Common Lisp | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Drat! | Packrat |  | Mixed | All | Free, GNU GPL |
| Frisby | Packrat | Haskell | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
| grammar::peg | Packrat | Tcl | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
| IronMeta | Packrat | C# | Mixed | Windows | Free, BSD |
| PEGParser | Packrat (supporting left-recursion and grammar ambiguity) | C++ | Identical | All | Free, BSD |
| Narwhal | Packrat |  | Mixed | POSIX, Windows | Free, BSD |
| neotoma | Packrat | Erlang | Separate | All | Free, MIT |
| OMeta | Packrat (modified, partial memoization) | JavaScript, Squeak, Python | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| PackCC | Packrat (modified, left-recursion support) |  | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Packrat | Packrat | Scheme | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Pappy | Packrat | Haskell | Mixed | All | Free, BSD |
| Parsnip | Packrat | C++ | Mixed | Windows | Free, GNU GPL |
| PEG.js | Packrat (partial memoization) | JavaScript | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Peggy | Packrat (partial memoization) | JavaScript | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Pegasus | Recursive descent, Packrat (selectively) | C# | Mixed | Windows | Free, MIT |
| PetitParser | Packrat | Smalltalk, Java, Dart | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| PyPy rlib | Packrat | Python | Mixed | All | Free, MIT |
| Rats! | Packrat | Java | Mixed | Java virtual machine | Free, GNU LGPL |
| go-packrat | Packrat | Go | Identical | All | GPLv3 |

## InfoBox

Packrat parser
| Class | Parsing grammars that are PEG |
| --- | --- |
| Data structure | String |
| Worst-case performance | $O(n)$ or $O(n^{2})$ without special handling of iterative combinator |
| Best-case performance | * $O(n)$ |
| Average performance | $O(n)$ |
| Worst-case space complexity | $O(n)$ |


title: Nieul-le-Dolent

abstract: Nieul-le-Dolent is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.

text:
# Nieul-le-Dolent

**Nieul-le-Dolent** (French pronunciation: \[njœl  dɔlɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,278 |  |
| 1975 | 1,391 | +1.22% |
| 1982 | 1,601 | +2.03% |
| 1990 | 1,714 | +0.86% |
| 1999 | 1,855 | +0.88% |
| 2007 | 2,160 | +1.92% |
| 2012 | 2,363 | +1.81% |
| 2017 | 2,487 | +1.03% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Nieul-le-Dolent | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Nieul-le-Dolent | |
| Nieul-le-DolentNieul-le-Dolent | |
| Coordinates: 46°34′33″N 1°30′28″W / 46.5758°N 1.5078°W / 46.5758; -1.5078 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Vendée |
| Arrondissement | Les Sables-d'Olonne |
| Canton | Talmont-Saint-Hilaire |
| Intercommunality | CC du Pays des Achards |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Dominique Durand |
| Area**1** | 27.50 km2 (10.62 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 2,535 |
| Density | 92/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 85161 /85430 |
| Elevation | 34–81 m (112–266 ft)
(avg. 60 m or 200 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Moov HD

abstract: MOOV HD was an ambient HDTV channel launched by Voom HD Networks in November, 2003. It was available on the Voom DBS service. Most of the Voom channels were conventional offerings, but one slot was reserved for an experimental channel called MOOV HD. The channel was produced by Concrete Pictures, a design and production house in Philadelphia founded by Jeff Boortz. The intent was to produce video art for public consumption. On January 1, 2004, the company that owned the MOOV HD channel slot launched a new channel, LAB HD. MOOV HD remained as a prominent programming strand within Lab HD, and it was joined by new programming initiatives such as Tank TV, Micro and the Robert Wilson Video Portraits.

text:
# Moov HD

**MOOV HD** was an ambient HDTV channel (described as "non-narrative motion video and conceptual arts channel) launched by Voom HD Networks in November, 2003. It was available on the Voom DBS (direct broadcast satellite) service. Most of the Voom channels were conventional offerings, but one slot was reserved for an experimental channel called MOOV HD. The channel was produced by Concrete Pictures, a design and production house in Philadelphia founded by Jeff Boortz. The intent was to produce video art for public consumption.

On January 1, 2004, the company that owned the MOOV HD channel slot launched a new channel, LAB HD. MOOV HD remained as a prominent programming strand within Lab HD, and it was joined by new programming initiatives such as Tank TV, Micro and the Robert Wilson Video Portraits.

## InfoBox

Moov HD
| Country | United States |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | New York City |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | High definition |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Voom HD Networks |
| History | |
| Launched | November 1, 2003 |
| Closed | January 1, 2004 |
| Replaced by | LAB HD |
| Links | |
| Website |  |