title: Herman Lupogo

abstract: Herman Cornel Lupogo was a Tanzanian military officer and government administrator. After graduating from Makerere University, he enlisted in the Tanzania People's Defence Force in 1965. He held various positions in the army, including head of the National Leadership Academy, and served as a brigadier during the Uganda–Tanzania War of 1978 and 1979. He retired with the rank of major general in 1992, and subsequently worked as a government administrator. He chaired the Tanzania Commission for AIDS from 2001 until 2007, and died in 2014.

text:
# Herman Lupogo

**Herman Cornel Lupogo** (12 December 1938 – 19 October 2014) was a Tanzanian military officer and government administrator. After graduating from Makerere University, he enlisted in the Tanzania People's Defence Force in 1965. He held various positions in the army, including head of the National Leadership Academy, and served as a brigadier during the Uganda–Tanzania War of 1978 and 1979. He retired with the rank of major general in 1992, and subsequently worked as a government administrator. He chaired the Tanzania Commission for AIDS from 2001 until 2007, and died in 2014.

## Early life

Herman Lupogo was born on 12 December 1938 in Mbinga District, Tanganyika. He studied at Makerere University in Uganda from 1958 until 1964, graduating as a Master of Arts with a teaching certificate. While there he served as chairman of Northcote Hall, and in 1962 he performed in the first showing of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o's play, *The Black Hermit*, at the Ugandan National Theatre.

## Career

### Military service

Lupogo joined the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) on 23 July 1965 and was commissioned as an officer on 21 January 1966. Three years later he went to Canada to study international diplomacy. In 1970 he went to North Korea as part of a military delegation to inspect units of the Korean People's Army. From 1971 to 1974 Lupogo was Commandant of the TPDF's Officer Cadet School and from 1974 until 1976 he acted as the Tanganyika African National Union's assistant secretary for defence and security. From 1976 until 1978 he acted as the head of the National Leadership Academy.

In 1978 war broke out between Uganda and Tanzania. The TPDF embarked on a programme of expansion and in January 1979 Lupogo acted as a recruitment officer at the military camp in Makambako. Later that year Tanzania launched an invasion of Uganda. Lupogo, with the rank of brigadier, was given command of the TPDF's 205th Brigade. When Tanzanian commanders feared that a Ugandan regiment was due to attack them from Mubende, they dispatched Lupogo and his brigade north from Masaka to intercept it. The 205th Brigade encountered entrenched Uganda Army troops in the town of Sembabule, marking the beginning of a three-week-long battle. Lupogo deployed his men in small units and attempted repeatedly to dislodge the Ugandans. Their efforts were unsuccessful and Tanzanian morale steadily dropped until TPDF commanders decided to withdraw Lupogo and replace him with Brigadier Muhiddin Kimario. Lupogo transferred command to Kimario while the brigade headquarters was taking fire. Kimario revised the Tanzanians' strategy and the 205th Brigade was eventually able to secure the town. After the fall of Kampala, Lupogo was contacted by one of his former professors from Makerere University about the status of the body of Hans Poppe, a Tanzanian police official who had been killed in a 1971 border clash with Uganda and since kept in a Kampala mortuary. Lupogo helped arrange for Poppe's body to be repatriated.

In 1985 Lupogo went to the United Kingdom to study international military strategy. He retired from the TPDF with the rank of major general on 11 September 1992.

### Administrative service

Following the end of his military service, Lupogo acted variously as the Regional Commissioner for Iringa, Director General of the Arusha International Conference Centre, and Board Chairman of the Benjamin Mkapa Foundation. In December 2000 he was appointed Chairman of the Tanzania Commission for AIDS. He took up the post in 2001, and served until his term expired in January 2007.

## Later life

After retiring Lupogo moved to the ward of Mikocheni B in Dar es Salaam. He had a wife and several children. He fell ill and died on 19 October 2014 at Lugalo Military Hospital in Dar es Salaam at the age of 76. President Jakaya Kikwete expressed his condolences to the TPDF and Lupogo's family in his wake, and thanked him for his service to the country. Lupogo was buried at Kinondoni Cemetery in Dar es Salaam.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Herman Lupogo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 12 December 1938
Mbinga District, Tanganyika |
| Died | 19 October 2014 (aged 76)
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |
| Buried | Kinondoni cemetery, Dar es Salaam |
| Allegiance | Tanzania |
| Service/branch | Tanzania People's Defence Force |
| Years of service | 1965–1992 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | 205th Brigade TPDF |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: New Jersey's 36th legislative district

abstract: New Jersey's 36th legislative district is one of 40 districts that make up the map for the New Jersey Legislature. It encompasses the Bergen County municipalities of Carlstadt, Cliffside Park, East Rutherford, Edgewater, Fairview, Lyndhurst, North Arlington, Ridgefield, Rutherford, Wallington, and Wood-Ridge and the city of Passaic in Passaic County.

text:
# New Jersey's 36th legislative district

New Jersey's **36th legislative district** is one of 40 districts that make up the map for the New Jersey Legislature. It encompasses the Bergen County municipalities of Carlstadt, Cliffside Park, East Rutherford, Edgewater, Fairview, Lyndhurst, North Arlington, Ridgefield, Rutherford, Wallington, and Wood-Ridge and the city of Passaic in Passaic County.

## Demographic information

As of the 2020 United States census, the district had a population of 234,046, of whom 182,166 (77.8%) were of voting age. The racial makeup of the district was 106,691 (45.6%) White, 11,210 (4.8%) African American, 3,203 (1.4%) Native American, 24,777 (10.6%) Asian, 91 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 56,173 (24.0%) from some other race, and 31,901 (13.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 98,871 (42.2%) of the population.

The district had 131,357 registered voters as of December 1, 2023, of whom 52,504 (40.0%) were registered as Democrats, 51,911 (39.5%) were registered as unaffiliated, 25,221 (19.2%) were registered as Republicans, and 1,721 (1.3%) were registered to other parties.

## Political representation

For the 2024-2025 session, the 36th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Paul Sarlo (, Wood-Ridge) and in the General Assembly by Clinton Calabrese (D, Cliffside Park) and Gary Schaer (D, Passaic).

The legislative district overlaps with the New Jersey's 5th and 9th congressional districts.

## Apportionment history

When the 40-district legislative map was created in 1973, the 36th district consisted of southern Bergen County starting at the south end in North Arlington then north along the Passaic River to Garfield and a spur to Bogota via Carlstadt, Moonachie, Ridgefield, Fairview, Palisades Park, and Ridgefield Park. In the 1981 redistricting, the city of Passaic joined the district as did Wood-Ridge, Teterboro, and South Hackensack; Fairview, Palisades Park, Ridgefield Park, and Bogota were moved to other districts during this time. The Bergen County portion of the district was reduced in the 1991 redistricting leaving only municipalities south of Wallington and Carlstadt in the district; in addition to Passaic remaining, Essex County's Nutley and Belleville were added to the district. Garfield, Wood-Ridge, and Moonachie were reintroduced to the district in the 2001 redistricting though Belleville was moved to the 28th district at this point.

In December 2017, Marlene Caride was nominated by incoming Governor Phil Murphy to head the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance, a cabinet-level position; she resigned January 16, 2018, to take the position on an acting basis and was confirmed to the post on June 7. Democratic committee members in Bergen and Passaic Counties unanimously selected Clinton Calabrese as her replacement; he was sworn in on February 8.

## Election history

| Session | Senate | General Assembly | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1974–1975 | Anthony Scardino (D) | Robert P. Hollenbeck (D) | Richard F. Visotcky (D) |
| 1976–1977 | | Robert P. Hollenbeck (D) | Richard F. Visotcky (D) |
| 1978–1979 | Anthony Scardino (D)
 | Robert P. Hollenbeck (D) | Richard F. Visotcky (D) |
| 1980–1981 | | Robert P. Hollenbeck (D) | Richard F. Visotcky (D) |
| | | | Seat vacant |
| 1982–1983 | Joseph Hirkala (D) | Robert P. Hollenbeck (D) | Richard F. Visotcky (D) |
| 1984–1985 | Joseph Hirkala (D)
 | Robert P. Hollenbeck (D) | Richard F. Visotcky (D) |
| 1986–1987 | | Kathleen Donovan (R) | Paul DiGaetano (R) |
| | | | Gabriel M. Ambrosio (D) |
| 1988–1989 | Gabriel M. Ambrosio (D) | Louis J. Gill (D) | Thomas J. Duch (D) |
| 1990–1991 | | Louis J. Gill (D) | Thomas J. Duch (D) |
| 1992–1993 | John P. Scott (R) | John V. Kelly (R) | Paul DiGaetano (R) |
| 1994–1995 | John P. Scott (R) | John V. Kelly (R) | Paul DiGaetano (R) |
| 1996–1997 | | John V. Kelly (R) | Paul DiGaetano (R) |
| 1998–1999 | Garry Furnari (D) | John V. Kelly (R) | Paul DiGaetano (R) |
| 2000–2001 | | John V. Kelly (R) | Paul DiGaetano (R) |
| 2002–2003 | Garry Furnari (D) | Paul Sarlo (D) | Paul DiGaetano (R) |
| | Paul Sarlo (D) | Frederick Scalera (D) | |
| 2004–2005 | Paul Sarlo (D) | Frederick Scalera (D) | Paul DiGaetano (R) |
| 2006–2007 | | Frederick Scalera (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |
| 2008–2009 | Paul Sarlo (D) | Frederick Scalera (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |
| 2010–2011 | | Frederick Scalera (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |
| | | | Kevin J. Ryan (D) |
| 2012–2013 | Paul Sarlo (D) | Marlene Caride (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |
| 2014–2015 | Paul Sarlo (D) | Marlene Caride (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |
| 2016–2017 | | Marlene Caride (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |
| 2018–2019 | Paul Sarlo (D) | Marlene Caride (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |
| | | Clinton Calabrese (D) | |
| 2020–2021 | | Clinton Calabrese (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |
| 2022–2023 | Paul Sarlo (D) | Clinton Calabrese (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |
| 2024–2025 | Paul Sarlo (D) | Clinton Calabrese (D) | Gary Schaer (D) |

## Election results

### Senate

2021 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Sarlo** | **25,373** | **56.9** | **8.9** |
|  | Republican | Chris Auriemma | 19,252 | 43.1 | 8.9 |
| Total votes | | | **44,625** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2017
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Sarlo** | **24,044** | **65.8** | **6.1** |
|  | Republican | Jeanine Ferrara | 12,482 | 34.2 | 6.1 |
| Total votes | | | **36,526** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2013
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Sarlo** | **22,677** | **59.7** | **3.0** |
|  | Republican | Brian A. Fitzhenry | 15,293 | 40.3 | 3.0 |
| Total votes | | | **37,970** | **100.0** |  |

2011 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Sarlo** | **18,582** | **62.7** |
|  | Republican | Donald E. DiOrio | 11,055 | 37.3 |
| Total votes | | | **29,637** | **100.0** |

2007 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Sarlo** | **14,895** | **56.8** | **3.5** |
|  | Republican | Michael A. Guarino | 11,317 | 43.2 | 1.0 |
| Total votes | | | **26,212** | **100.0** |  |

2003 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Sarlo** | **18,035** | **53.3** | **2.5** |
|  | Republican | John V. Kelly | 14,964 | 44.2 | 3.6 |
|  | Tax the Rich | Richard DelaRosa | 496 | 1.5 | *N/A* |
|  | Real Pro-Choice | Maximo Moscoso | 348 | 1.0 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **33,843** | **100.0** |  |

2001 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Garry J. Furnari** | **22,914** | **50.8** |
|  | Republican | John V. Kelly | 21,571 | 47.8 |
|  | Green Coalition | Joseph Farallo | 642 | 1.4 |
| Total votes | | | **45,127** | **100.0** |

1997 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Garry J. Furnari** | **25,844** | **53.1** | **6.0** |
|  | Republican | John P. Scott | 22,806 | 46.9 | 6.0 |
| Total votes | | | **48,650** | **100.0** |  |

1993 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John P. Scott** | **28,020** | **52.9** | **0.9** |
|  | Democratic | Gabe Ambrosio | 24,945 | 47.1 | 0.9 |
| Total votes | | | **52,965** | **100.0** |  |

1991 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John P. Scott** | **21,455** | **52.0** |
|  | Democratic | Gabe Ambrosio | 19,775 | 48.0 |
| Total votes | | | **41,230** | **100.0** |

1987 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gabriel M. Ambrosio** | **22,746** | **51.2** | **8.4** |
|  | Republican | Kathleen A. Donovan | 21,716 | 48.8 | 8.4 |
| Total votes | | | **44,462** | **100.0** |  |

Special election, March 24, 1987
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gabriel M. Ambrosio** | **11,462** | **59.6** | **1.3** |
|  | Republican | Paul DiGaetano | 7,763 | 40.4 | 1.3 |
| Total votes | | | **19,225** | **100.0** |  |

1983 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joseph Hirkala** | **28,325** | **58.3** | **2.9** |
|  | Republican | Joseph F. Job | 20,222 | 41.7 | 0.3 |
| Total votes | | | **48,547** | **100.0** |  |

1981 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joseph Hirkala** | **30,422** | **55.4** |
|  | Republican | Philip R. Gervato | 23,049 | 42.0 |
|  | Bergen Home Rule | Edna M. Perrotta | 1,395 | 2.5 |
| Total votes | | | **54,866** | **100.0** |

1977 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Anthony Scardino, Jr.** | **31,466** | **63.9** | **1.9** |
|  | Republican | Harold A. Pareti | 17,805 | 36.1 | 0.7 |
| Total votes | | | **49,271** | **100.0** |  |

1973 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Anthony Scardino, Jr.** | **35,953** | **62.0** |
|  | Republican | Harold A. Pareti | 21,332 | 36.8 |
|  | Socialist Labor | Kenneth Kowalczyk | 698 | 1.2 |
| Total votes | | | **57,983** | **100.0** |

### General Assembly

2021 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gary S. Schaer** | **24,654** | **28.4** | **2.4** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clinton Calabrese** | **24,137** | **27.8** | **2.7** |
|  | Republican | Joseph Viso Jr. | 19,025 | 21.9 | 2.5 |
|  | Republican | Craig Auriemma | 19,008 | 21.9 | 2.6 |
| Total votes | | | **86,824** | **100.0** |  |

2019 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gary S. Schaer** | **16,747** | **30.8** | **1.1** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clinton Calabrese** | **16,622** | **30.5** | **1.3** |
|  | Republican | Foster Lowe | 10,561 | 19.4 | 0.6 |
|  | Republican | Khaldoun Androwis | 10,496 | 19.3 | 1.8 |
| Total votes | | | **54,426** | **100.0** |  |

Special election, November 6, 2018
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clinton Calabrese** | **36,914** | **63.8** |
|  | Republican | Marc Marsi | 20,946 | 36.2 |
| Total votes | | | **57,860** | **100.0** |

New Jersey general election, 2017
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gary Schaer** | **22,527** | **31.9** | **1.2** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Marlene Caride** | **22,419** | **31.8** | **0.6** |
|  | Republican | Paul Passamano Jr. | 13,245 | 18.8 | 1.7 |
|  | Republican | Marc Marsi | 12,372 | 17.5 | 1.1 |
| Total votes | | | **70,563** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2015
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gary Schaer** | **15,125** | **33.1** | **3.9** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Marlene Caride** | **14,788** | **32.4** | **4.0** |
|  | Republican | Forrest Elliott Jr. | 7,835 | 17.1 | 4.5 |
|  | Republican | James A. Lenoy | 7,510 | 16.4 | 4.4 |
|  | NSA Did 911 | Jeff Boss | 430 | 0.9 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **45,688** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2013
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gary Schaer** | **21,131** | **29.2** | **1.3** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Marlene Caride** | **20,520** | **28.4** | **0.4** |
|  | Republican | Rosina Romano | 15,631 | 21.6 | 0.9 |
|  | Republican | Foster Lowe | 15,014 | 20.8 | 0.9 |
| Total votes | | | **72,296** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2011
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gary Schaer** | **17,262** | **30.5** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Marlene Caride** | **16,319** | **28.8** |
|  | Republican | Sara Rosengarten | 11,735 | 20.7 |
|  | Republican | John C. Genovesi | 11,256 | 19.9 |
| Total votes | | | **56,572** | **100.0** |

New Jersey general election, 2009
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Frederick Scalera** | **23,353** | **29.5** | **0.7** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gary S. Schaer** | **22,089** | **27.9** | **0.9** |
|  | Republican | Carmen Pio Costa | 17,035 | 21.5 | 0.5 |
|  | Republican | Donald Diorio | 16,691 | 21.1 | 1.1 |
| Total votes | | | **79,168** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2007
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Frederick Scalera** | **14,619** | **28.8** | **3.3** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gary Schaer** | **13,687** | **27.0** | **2.7** |
|  | Republican | Donald E. Diorio | 11,263 | 22.2 | 3.6 |
|  | Republican | Carmen Pio Costa | 11,151 | 22.0 | 3.4 |
| Total votes | | | **50,720** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2005
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Frederick Scalera** | **26,606** | **32.1** | **7.3** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gary Schaer** | **24,645** | **29.7** | **6.3** |
|  | Republican | Jose M. Sandoval | 15,414 | 18.6 | 7.5 |
|  | Republican | Louis G. Aloia | 15,399 | 18.6 | 4.2 |
|  | Green | Stewart Kautsch | 793 | 1.0 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **82,857** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2003
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Paul DiGaetano** | **17,144** | **26.1** | **0.7** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Frederick Scalera** | **16,244** | **24.8** | **0.0** |
|  | Democratic | Imre Karaszegi Jr | 15,386 | 23.4 | 0.0 |
|  | Republican | Richard J. DiLascio | 14,942 | 22.8 | 0.4 |
|  | Real Pro-Choice | Geovanni Regalado | 581 | 0.9 | *N/A* |
|  | Tax the Rich | Crystal Delarosa | 491 | 0.7 | *N/A* |
|  | Tax the Rich | Rafael Sanchez | 474 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
|  | Real Pro-Choice | John Zazanis | 368 | 0.6 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **65,630** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 2001
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Paul DiGaetano** | **23,563** | **26.8** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Sarlo** | **21,811** | **24.8** |
|  | Democratic | Walter G. Wargacki | 20,554 | 23.4 |
|  | Republican | James L. Cassella | 20,394 | 23.2 |
|  | Green Coalition | Nick Scardigno | 602 | 0.7 |
|  | Green Coalition | John Zazanis | 497 | 0.6 |
|  | Stop Vieques BOMBING | Rafael Sanchez | 442 | 0.5 |
| Total votes | | | **87,863** | **100.0** |

New Jersey general election, 1999
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Paul DiGaetano** | **16,682** | **29.1** | **3.3** |
|  | **Republican** | **John V. Kelly** | **16,281** | **28.4** | **2.5** |
|  | Democratic | Rocco Mazza | 12,172 | 21.2 | 3.5 |
|  | Democratic | Kenneth M. Sorkin | 12,162 | 21.2 | 2.4 |
| Total votes | | | **57,297** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1997
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John V. Kelly** | **24,140** | **25.9** | **1.0** |
|  | **Republican** | **Paul DiGaetano** | **24,037** | **25.8** | **1.9** |
|  | Democratic | David Sivella | 23,009 | 24.7 | 4.1 |
|  | Democratic | Kenneth M. Sorkin | 21,992 | 23.6 | 3.4 |
| Total votes | | | **93,178** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1995
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Paul DiGaetano** | **16,337** | **27.7** | **2.7** |
|  | **Republican** | **John V. Kelly** | **15,854** | **26.9** | **4.1** |
|  | Democratic | John W. Kelly | 12,156 | 20.6 | 0.8 |
|  | Democratic | Richard Potter | 11,918 | 20.2 | 1.4 |
|  | Conservative | Vincent J. Frantantoni | 1,502 | 2.5 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Andrew M. Bloschak | 1,150 | 2.0 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **58,917** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1993
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John V. Kelly** | **31,127** | **31.0** | **0.9** |
|  | **Republican** | **Paul DiGaetano** | **30,560** | **30.4** | **0.9** |
|  | Democratic | Marina C. Perna | 19,870 | 19.8 | 0.4 |
|  | Democratic | Ozzie Maldonado | 18,873 | 18.8 | 1.4 |
| Total votes | | | **100,430** | **100.0** |  |

1991 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John V. Kelly** | **24,356** | **30.1** |
|  | **Republican** | **Paul DiGaetano** | **23,819** | **29.5** |
|  | Democratic | Alfred R. Restaino | 16,366 | 20.2 |
|  | Democratic | Louis J. Gill | 16,310 | 20.2 |
| Total votes | | | **80,851** | **100.0** |

1989 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Louis J. Gill** | **26,871** | **28.1** | **0.4** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Thomas J. Duch** | **26,853** | **28.1** | **1.0** |
|  | Republican | Paul Di Gaetano | 22,105 | 23.1 | 0.4 |
|  | Republican | William Kogut | 19,764 | 20.7 | 1.0 |
| Total votes | | | **95,593** | **100.0** |  |

1987 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Louis J. Gill** | **23,103** | **27.7** | **4.1** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Thomas J. Duch** | **22,667** | **27.1** | **5.2** |
|  | Republican | Frank B. Calandriello | 19,659 | 23.5 | 3.9 |
|  | Republican | Andrew E. Bertone | 18,085 | 21.7 | 5.5 |
| Total votes | | | **83,514** | **100.0** |  |

1985 New Jersey general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kathleen A. Donovan** | **24,775** | **27.4** | **7.4** |
|  | **Republican** | **Paul DiGaetano** | **24,555** | **27.2** | **7.5** |
|  | Democratic | Robert P. Hollenbeck | 21,295 | 23.6 | 7.5 |
|  | Democratic | Richard F. Visotcky | 19,764 | 21.9 | 7.2 |
| Total votes | | | **90,389** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1983
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Robert P. Hollenbeck** | **27,923** | **31.1** | **2.5** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Richard F. Visotcky** | **26,131** | **29.1** | **3.0** |
|  | Republican | Richard DeLauro | 17,990 | 20.0 | 2.9 |
|  | Republican | Alfred L. Genton | 17,682 | 19.7 | 2.7 |
| Total votes | | | **89,726** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1981
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Robert P. Hollenbeck** | **30,047** | **28.6** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Richard F. Visotcky** | **27,375** | **26.1** |
|  | Republican | James L. Plosia | 24,055 | 22.9 |
|  | Republican | Dante V. Mecca | 23,490 | 22.4 |
| Total votes | | | **104,967** | **100.0** |

New Jersey general election, 1979
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Robert P. Hollenbeck** | **24,394** | **28.0** | **2.0** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Richard F. Visotcky** | **22,496** | **25.8** | **1.0** |
|  | Republican | Ronald W. Bogle | 20,180 | 23.1 | 0.2 |
|  | Republican | Bart Talamini | 20,114 | 23.1 | 3.4 |
| Total votes | | | **87,184** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1977
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Robert P. Hollenbeck** | **28,639** | **30.0** | **2.9** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Richard F. Visotcky** | **25,562** | **26.8** | **0.8** |
|  | Republican | Peter J. Russo | 21,847 | 22.9 | 0.2 |
|  | Republican | William P. Schuber | 18,840 | 19.7 | 0.8 |
|  | Libertarian | Robert Shapiro | 527 | 0.6 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **95,415** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1975
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Robert P. Hollenbeck** | **28,754** | **27.1** | **3.5** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Richard F. Visotcky** | **27,550** | **26.0** | **2.8** |
|  | Republican | Peter J. Russo | 24,117 | 22.7 | 2.2 |
|  | Republican | Julius Capozzi | 21,688 | 20.5 | 0.5 |
|  | Tax Revolt Independent | Massimo Chierico | 2,105 | 2.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Tax Revolt Independent | Michael Carlucci | 1,795 | 1.7 | *N/A* |
| Total votes | | | **106,009** | **100.0** |  |

New Jersey general election, 1973
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Robert P. Hollenbeck** | **34,675** | **30.6** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Richard Visotcky** | **32,594** | **28.8** |
|  | Republican | Peter J. Russo | 23,221 | 20.5 |
|  | Republican | James L. Plosia | 22,669 | 20.0 |
| Total votes | | | **113,159** | **100.0** |

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## InfoBox

| New Jersey's 36th legislative district | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senator | Paul Sarlo () |
| Assembly members | Clinton Calabrese (D)
Gary Schaer (D) |
| Registration |  |
| Demographics |  |
| Population | 234,046 |
| Voting-age population | 182,166 |
| Registered voters | 131,357 |


title: New England Uplands

abstract: The topography of the New England Uplands section is that of a maturely-dissected plateau with narrow valleys, and the entire area is greatly modified by glaciation. It is the most widespread of the geomorphic sections in the New England Province, extending from Canada through New England down to the Seaboard section and extending southwestward through New York and New Jersey as two narrow upland projections, the Reading Prong and the Manhattan Prong. Numerous hills and mountains rise above the general level of the upland; except in the presence of mountains, the horizon of the regional landscape is fairly level. Glaciation has resulted in the erosion and rounding off of the bedrock topography and numerous rock basin lakes. Glacial drift is thin, patchy, and stony, and ice-contact features such as kames, kame terraces, and eskers are abundant. The surface of the New England Uplands slopes southeast from maximum inland altitudes around 670 meters, excluding the other mountainous sections of the province, to about 122 to 152 meters along its seaward edge at the narrow coastal Seaboard section, which goes down to sea level. In the New York Bight watershed, the New England Uplands section is represented by a portion of the Taconic Mountains and its foothills, and by the Reading and Manhattan Prongs that extend southwestward from the New England states. Although geologists refer to the larger of these extensions as the Reading Prong, in this region it is more commonly known as the New York - New Jersey Highlands, and locally as the Hudson Highlands, the New Jersey Highlands, the Ramapo Mountains, or simply the Highlands. The Highlands are bounded on the southeast and on the northwest by the lowlands of the Piedmont and Great Valley provinces, respectively. The mountains and valleys that make up the Highlands are part of a relatively long, linear, and narrow regional geological feature that averages 16 to 32 kilometers in width, with a maximum width of 40 kilometers, and extends in a southwest–northeast trending direction for nearly 225 kilometers, from southeastern Pennsylvania near Reading to southwestern Connecticut near Danbury, where it joins the Taconic Mountains and Housatonic Highlands of the New England Uplands plateau. The Hudson River cuts a deep gorge through the Highlands in New York in the stretch of river between Peekskill on the south and Newburgh on the north.

text:
# New England Uplands

The topography of the **New England Uplands** section is that of a maturely-dissected plateau with narrow valleys, and the entire area is greatly modified by glaciation. It is the most widespread of the geomorphic sections in the New England Province, extending from Canada through New England down to the Seaboard section and extending southwestward through New York and New Jersey as two narrow upland projections, the Reading Prong and the Manhattan Prong. Numerous hills and mountains rise above the general level of the upland; except in the presence of mountains, the horizon of the regional landscape is fairly level. Glaciation has resulted in the erosion and rounding off of the bedrock topography and numerous rock basin lakes. Glacial drift is thin, patchy, and stony, and ice-contact features such as kames, kame terraces, and eskers are abundant. The surface of the New England Uplands slopes southeast from maximum inland altitudes around 670 meters (2,200 feet), excluding the other mountainous sections of the province, to about 122 to 152 meters (400 to 499 ft) along its seaward edge at the narrow coastal Seaboard section, which goes down to sea level.

In the New York Bight watershed, the New England Uplands section is represented by a portion of the Taconic Mountains and its foothills, and by the Reading and Manhattan Prongs that extend southwestward from the New England states. Although geologists refer to the larger of these extensions as the Reading Prong, in this region it is more commonly known as the New York - New Jersey Highlands, and locally as the Hudson Highlands, the New Jersey Highlands, the Ramapo Mountains, or simply the Highlands. The Highlands are bounded on the southeast and on the northwest by the lowlands of the Piedmont and Great Valley provinces, respectively. The mountains and valleys that make up the Highlands are part of a relatively long, linear, and narrow regional geological feature that averages 16 to 32 kilometers (9.9 to 19.9 miles) in width, with a maximum width of 40 kilometers (25 miles), and extends in a southwest–northeast trending direction for nearly 225 kilometers (140 miles), from southeastern Pennsylvania near Reading to southwestern Connecticut near Danbury, where it joins the Taconic Mountains and Housatonic Highlands of the New England Uplands plateau. The Hudson River cuts a deep gorge through the Highlands in New York in the stretch of river between Peekskill on the south and Newburgh on the north.

* This article incorporates public domain material from *Geomorphic Provinces and Sections of the New York Bight Watershed*. United States Fish and Wildlife Service.


title: Hermann von Keyserling

abstract: Hermann Alexander Graf von Keyserling was a Baltic German philosopher from the Keyserlingk family. His grandfather, Alexander von Keyserling, was a notable geologist of Imperial Russia.

text:
# Hermann von Keyserling

**Hermann Alexander Graf von Keyserling** (20 July \[O.S. 8\] 1880 – 26 April 1946) was a Baltic German philosopher from the Keyserlingk family. His grandfather, Alexander von Keyserling, was a notable geologist of Imperial Russia.

## Life

Keyserling was born to a wealthy aristocratic family in the Könno Manor, Kreis Pernau in Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire, now in Estonia. After his education at the universities of Dorpat (Tartu), Heidelberg, and Vienna, he took a trip around the world. He married Countess Maria Goedela von Bismarck-Schönhausen, granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck. His son Arnold von Keyserling followed his fathers footsteps and became a renowned philosopher.

Hermann Keyserling interested himself in natural science and in philosophy, and before World War I he was known both as a student of geology and as a popular essayist. The Russian Revolution deprived him of his estate in Livonia, and with the remains of his fortune he founded the *Gesellschaft für Freie Philosophie* (Society for Free Philosophy) at Darmstadt. The mission of this school was to bring about the intellectual reorientation of Germany.

He was the first to use the term Führerprinzip. One of Keyserling's central claims was that certain "gifted individuals" were "born to rule" on the basis of Social Darwinism.

Although not a doctrinaire pacifist, Keyserling believed that the old German policy of militarism was dead for all time and that Germany's only hope lay in the adoption of international, democratic principles. His best-known work is the *Reisetagebuch eines Philosophen* ("Travel-journal of a Philosopher"). The book also describes his travels in Asia, America and Southern Europe.

He died at Innsbruck, Austria.

## Works

* *Reisetagebuch eines Philosophen* \[Travel Journal of a Philosopher\] (in German).
* *Das Buch vom Ursprung* \[The Book of the Origin\] (in German).
* *Schöpferische Erkenntnis* \[Creative Knowledge\] (in German).
* *Südamerikanische Meditationen* \[South American Meditations\] (in German).
* *Einführung in die Schule der Weisheit* \[An Introduction to the School of Wisdom\] (in German).
* *Philosophie als Kunst* \[Philosophy as Art\] (in German).
* *La Révolution mondiale et la responsabilité de l'esprit* \[The Global Revolution and the Responsibility of the Spirit\] (in French).
* *Das Buch vom persönlichen Leben* \[The Book of Personal Life\] (in German).
* *Betrachtungen der Stille und Besinnlichkeit* \[Reflections of Silence and Contemplation\] (in German).
* *Reise durch die Zeit* (Memoiren) \[Journey Through Time: A Memoir\] (in German). (1958).
* *Das Spektrum Europas* \[The Spectrum of Europe\] (in German).
* *Das Gefüge der Welt: Versuch einer kritischen Philosophie* \[The Fabric of the World: Attempt at a Critical Philosophy\] (in German).

## Further reading

* Dyserinck, Hugo: *Graf Hermann Keyserling und Frankreich, Ein Kapitel deutsch-französischer Geistesbeziehungen im 20. Jahrhundert*; Bouvier, Bonn 1970; ISBN 3-416-00667-4
* Gahlings, Ute: *Hermann Graf Keyserling, ein Lebensbild*; Justus-von-Liebig-Verlag, Darmstadt 1996; ISBN 3-87390-116-1
* Keyserling-Archiv Innsbruck-Mühlau (Hrsg.): *Graf Hermann Keyserling, ein Gedächtnisbuch*; Rohrer, Innsbruck 1948
* Kaminsky, Amy: ' Victoria Ocampo and the Keyserling Effect' in *Argentina, Stories for a Nation*, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008) p. 70-98.
* Stephenson, Craig E.: *The Correspondence of Victoria Ocampo, Count Keyserling and C.G. Jung: Writing to the Woman Who Was Everything,* Abingdon, New York 2023; ISBN 978-1-032-20955-5
* Struve, Walter. *Elites Against Democracy: Leadership Ideals in Bourgeois Political Thought in Germany, 1890-1933*. Princeton University Press, 1973. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x11bp.

## InfoBox

| Hermann Graf von Keyserling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 20 July \[O.S. 8\] 1880
Könno Manor, Könno, Kreis Pernau, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire
(in present-day Könno, Parnu County, Estonia) |
| Died | 26 April 1946(1946-04-26) (aged 65)
Innsbruck, French Zone, Allied-occupied Austria |
|  | |
| Era | 20th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
|  | |


title: New Elliott, Indiana

abstract: New Elliott is an unincorporated community in St. John Township, Lake County, Indiana.

text:
# New Elliott, Indiana

**New Elliott** is an unincorporated community in St. John Township, Lake County, Indiana.

## InfoBox

| New Elliott, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| New ElliottNew Elliott | |
| Coordinates: 41°29′35″N 87°25′03″W / 41.49306°N 87.41750°W / 41.49306; -87.41750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Lake |
| Township | St. John |
| Elevation | 643 ft (196 m) |
| ZIP code | 46319 (Griffith) |
| Area code | 219 |
| FIPS code | 18-52866 |
| GNIS feature ID | 440043 |


title: New Manchester

abstract: New Manchester or The City was an isolated mining community on the Manchester Coalfield north of Mosley Common in the Tyldesley township, England. It lies west of a boundary stone at Ellenbrook which marks the ancient boundary of the Hundreds of Salford and West Derby, the boundary of Eccles and Leigh ecclesiastical parishes, Tyldesley, Worsley and Little Hulton townships and the metropolitan districts of Wigan and Salford. The route of the Roman road from Manchester to Wigan and the Tyldesley Loopline passed south of the village. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's Manchester to Southport line passed to the north.

text:
# New Manchester

**New Manchester** or **The City** was an isolated mining community on the Manchester Coalfield north of Mosley Common in the Tyldesley township, England. It lies west of a boundary stone at Ellenbrook which marks the ancient boundary of the Hundreds of Salford and West Derby, the boundary of Eccles and Leigh ecclesiastical parishes, Tyldesley, Worsley and Little Hulton townships and the metropolitan districts of Wigan and Salford. The route of the Roman road from Manchester to Wigan and the Tyldesley Loopline passed south of the village. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's Manchester to Southport line passed to the north.

## History

Coal was mined in New Manchester where the coal seams of the Manchester Coalfield outcrop and are not far below the surface. The community was in existence by 1803 in houses provided by the Duke of Bridgewater who owned the mining rights. The men who came to work in the pits named the streets after places in their hometown, Manchester, *Shude Hill*, *Gatley Row* and *City Road*, the only road into the village.

In the 1830s **Shude Hill Pit** had a steam winding engine. **City Pit** and Gatley Pit were in operation by 1838 linked to the Worsley Navigable Levels and a horse-drawn tramroad to Mathers Fold. The tramway was extended to link several pits to Bridgewater Canal at Boothstown Basin. These pits worked the Brassey mine (coal seam) at 262 feet and the Rams mine at 360 feet, employed 64 workers in 1852, and were closed in 1877. The area has been opencasted.

### Bibliography

* Hayes, Geoffrey (2004), *Collieries and their Railways in the Manchester Coalfields*, Landmark, ISBN 1-84306-135-X
* Preece, Geoff; Ellis, Peter (1981), *Coalmining, a handbook to the History of Coalmining Gallery, Salford Museum of Mining*, City of Salford Cultural Services
* Townley, C.H.A.; Appleton, C.A.; Smith, F.D.; Peden, J.A. (1995), *The Industrial railways of Bolton, Bury and the Manchester Coalfield, Part Two, The Manchester Coalfield*, Runpast, ISBN 1-870754-32-8

53°30′51″N 2°25′09″W / 53.5142°N 2.4192°W / 53.5142; -2.4192


title: Gameface

abstract: Gameface is the debut studio album by Filipino pop/R&B singer Jay R, released in the Philippines in August 2003 by Universal Records. He produced the album together with Ray Brown and Troy Johnson, in partnership with NuLife and his record label. To date, the album has reached Platinum status by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI), denoting over 30,000 units sold in the country. The album was made available on digital download through iTunes and Amazon.com on January 23, 2007.

text:
# Gameface

***Gameface*** is the debut studio album by Filipino pop/R&B singer Jay R, released in the Philippines in August 2003 by Universal Records. He produced the album together with Ray Brown and Troy Johnson, in partnership with NuLife and his record label. To date, the album has reached Platinum status by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI), denoting over 30,000 units sold in the country.

The album was made available on digital download through iTunes and Amazon.com on January 23, 2007.

## Background

At the age of sixteen, Jay R was already a member of a group called FI (First Impression). The group consisted of five members, including Jimmy Martinez (who came to Manila with Jay R and is now popularly known as Jimmy Muna). When the other members left the group, he and Muna replaced them with Kris Cadevida (later known as Kris Lawrence after winning ABS-CBN singing show *Search for the Star in a Million*). They did gigs in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Michigan. He, also, became the lead singer with his sister Jhing of another band that was led by his late uncle, Robert Sillona, called The Howlers. Later, his sister Jhing would collaborate with him in creating songs. He started performing gigs all around Southern California. He also did back-up vocals for major artists, whose albums were released in the United States, Latin America, Philippines and other territories. Later, he started co-writing songs with these international artists. He has collaborated with Ray Brown, Troy Johnson, Jason Edmonds, 3am, Steve Singer, Gary Brown, Triangle Productions, Dutch Cousin, Chuck Cymone and many other talented producers, even before he got the record deal with Universal.

## Singles

* *Gameface* was released in August 2003, accompanied by Jay R's debut single, "Design for Luv". The song contains an R&B, hip hop vibe, which was rare for OPM songs at that time. It received heavy airplay, but did not perform well enough to be a breakthrough hit. The song's music video was shot on Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. It is almost plotless and just shows scenes of Jay R singing to the song, while sexy girls are dancing around him. JD Jr. is featured on the song's video.
* Following the first single, he released a Tagalog ballad penned by Vehnee Saturno, entitled "Bakit Pa Ba". It became the biggest hit from the album. The music video is dark and has a sad feel. It depicts Jay R singing to the song for his love interest. Immediately after the success of the single, the album was certified Gold by the PARI.
* In 2004, the album was re-released, containing two new tracks, "Kung Mahal Mo Siya" and "Throw Your Hands in the Air" (Remix)—both of which were used as singles. "Kung Mahal Mo Siya" was also written by Saturno, and was the third single from the album. It is an OPM ballad that has a similar composition to "Bakit Pa Ba", although it didn't have the same impact as "Bakit Pa Ba" did.
* "Throw Your Hands in the Air", the original version, was released as the album's fourth and final single. The song slightly differs from the remix version (which was included on the repackaged album), and also features Krook and JOLO.

## Promotion

As a debut artist, Jay R did several concerts and performances to promote his album. In April 2004, he accomplished his first ever three-night solo major concert which was entitled Gameface the Concert at the Music Museum. The concert showcased his vocal rhythm and harmony, performing with Mystreme band, and singing the most wanted hits of different genres. It was staged by popular concert director Louie Ignacio and Mon Faustino. The first concert was so successful, it was immediately followed by another one, entitled Gameface Reload, held at the Folk Arts Theater on September 25, 2004. The second concert featured special guests with big names in the industry, including Regine Velasquez, Ai Ai de las Alas, Kyla and Sandara Park.

## Reception

*Gameface* has proven Jay R as a breakthrough artist. It received positive reviews, both from music critics and listeners. It also performed well commercially, certifying Platinum by the PARI to date. Furthermore, it is one of the albums from the early 2000s that have brought back heavy R&B-hip hop to the OPM music scene. It has influenced current Filipino male R&B acts like Kris Lawrence and Duncan Ramos. In addition, he was compared to Gary Valenciano, described in terms of his vocal performance on the album. On September 9, 2004, the 17th Awit Awards was held, wherein he was nominated for three categories (Best Ballad, Song of the Year and Music Video of the Year). He won Best Ballad song, but lost the Song of the Year and Music Video of the Year awards to Parokya ni Edgar's "Mr. Suave". On the same year, he received two nominations on the MTV Pilipinas Music Awards (Favorite Male and Favorite New Artist) —where he won Favorite Male, but lost the other award to Bamboo. He was also named as the Most Promising Male Performer of the year 2004 by Aliw Awards.

**Awards and nominations**

## Track listing

1. "Design for Luv" (rap part by JD) (Jay R Sillona, Troy Johnson, Allen Sovory, Michael Nielsen, Ralph Churchwell IV) – 3:43
2. "Where Do We Go" (Sillona, Johnson, Sovory, Nielsen, Churchwell, A. Bacani, M. Gabriel, O. Maurao, Jimmy Martinez) – 3:39
3. "All I Need" (Shawn Dark, RedOne) – 3:43
4. "I Got a Girl" (Ian Boxill, Jean Bellefeuille, A. Merrit) – 3:41
5. "Farewell" (Johnson, K. Ratliff) – 3:41
6. "Rivers Running" (Johnson, S. Young) – 3:43
7. "Gameface" (rap part by Beeno) (Johnson, Young, A. Tanner) – 3:41
8. "Tongue Ring" (Johnson, A. Cantrell, D. Sharp) – 3:01
9. "My Bestfriend's Girl" (Sillona, Johnson, Martinez) – 3:54
10. "Our Love" (Sovory, Nielsen, Churchwell) – 5:07
11. "Kaibigan" (Jhing Sillona, Johnson) – 5:01
12. "Bakit Pa Ba" (Vehnee Saturno) – 4:45

### *Repackaged* bonus tracks

*Gameface* was re-issued in 2004 with two new tracks that were used as the album's final commercial singles.

1. "Throw Your Hands in the Air" (Remix) (featuring Krook & JOLO) (Krook & JOLO, DJ M.O.D.) – 3:41
2. "Kung Mahal Mo Siya" (Saturno) – 4:13

## Personnel

* Jean Bellefeuille – producer
* Rico Bicol – digital mastering
* Elmer Blancaflor – arranger
* Ian Boxill – producer
* Ray Brown – executive producer
* Shawn Dark – producer
* DJ M.O.D. – producer, arranger
* Bryson Evans – producer
* Dominique James – photography
* Troy Johnson – executive producer, producer, mixing and mastering
* Jimmy Martinez – producer
* RedOne – producer
* Efren San Pedro – mixing engineer
* Vehnee Saturno – producer, mastering engineer
* Jay R Sillona – lead vocals, back-up vocals, producer
* Bon Sundiang – art direction, cover design
* Bella Dy Tan – executive producer
* The Triangle – producer

**Recording locations**

* + Saturno Music Production (Quezon City, Philippines) – recording (tracks 12, 14)
    + Natures Finest Soundlab – mixing and mastering

## Certifications

| Country | Provider | Certification | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Philippines | PARI | Platinum | 30,000+ |
|

## Release history

| Country | Release date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Philippines | August 2003 | Standard (CD) |
| | 2004 | Repackaged (CD + bonus tracks) |
| United States | January 23, 2007 | Standard (digital download) |
|

## InfoBox

| Gameface | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jay R | |
| Released | August 4, 2003 (2003-08-04) |
| Recorded | 2002‒July 2003 |
| Genre | R&B, pop |
| Length | 55:40 |
| Language | English, Tagalog |
| Label | Universal |
| Producer | Ray Brown (executive), Troy Johnson (executive), Bella Dy Tan (executive), Jay R Sillona, Jean Bellefeuille, Ian Boxill, Shawn Dark, Bryson Evans, Jimmy Martinez, RedOne, The Triangle, Vehnee Saturno, DJ M.O.D. |
| Jay R chronology | |
| ***Gameface***
(2003) *Jay R*
(2005) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Gameface* | |
| 1. "Design for Luv"
Released: July 2003 2. "Bakit Pa Ba"
Released: December 2003 | |
| Repackaged edition cover | |
|  | |
| Gameface (Repackaged) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Gameface (Repackaged)* | |
| 1. "Kung Mahal Mo Siya"
Released: 2004 2. "Throw Your Hands in the Air (Remix) (featuring Krook & JOLO)"
Released: 2004 | |
|  | |


title: Zone 414

abstract: Zone 414 is a 2021 American tech noir thriller film directed by Andrew Baird in his feature-film debut, and written by Bryan Edward Hill. It stars Guy Pearce, Matilda Lutz, Jonathan Aris and Travis Fimmel. The film is about a wealthy robot designer who hires a private investigator to find his adult daughter, who goes missing inside a walled city where humans can hire humanoid robots for sexual pleasure. It was released in the United States on September 3, 2021 by Saban Films.

text:
# Zone 414

***Zone 414*** is a 2021 American tech noir thriller film directed by Andrew Baird in his feature-film debut, and written by Bryan Edward Hill. It stars Guy Pearce, Matilda Lutz, Jonathan Aris and Travis Fimmel. The film is about a wealthy robot designer who hires a private investigator to find his adult daughter, who goes missing inside a walled city where humans can hire humanoid robots for sexual pleasure.

It was released in the United States on September 3, 2021 by Saban Films.

## Synopsis

Zone 414 is a walled city of state-of-the-art androids, humanoid robots which cater to wealthy clients, providing companionship and sex. The Zone is run by a corporation owned by the androids' inventor, Marlon Veidt, and his brother, the psychologist Joseph Veidt. Marlon realizes that his adult daughter Melissa has gone missing inside Zone 414. He hires private investigator David Carmichael to bring her home. David is a former police detective who was forced to retire after he caused the death of his police partner and a criminal during a hostage situation. He is also a recovering alcoholic who is troubled by his wife's suicide.

The Veidt Corporation tests David by asking him to shoot a woman who pleads for her life. He deduces that she must be a lifelike android and shoots her, passing the test. Joseph Veidt then interviews and psychologically profiles David to see if he is suitable for the job, which requires discretion and a willingness to work outside of the law. When he passes both tests, he meets Marlon, who describes his assignment. He wants David to find Melissa without involving the police, fearing that news of a missing person in Zone 414 might lead to a crackdown on the zone's regulatory exemptions.

David pairs up with Jane, a highly advanced and self-aware robot, to find Melissa. Jane has developed human-like emotions that transcend the simulated emotions required in her work as a prostitute. She tells David that a man is leaving threatening messages for her. Believing herself to be the target of a stalker, she has become afraid for her safety.

David meets Royale, the pimp who helps wealthy clients select a robot to cater to their sexual needs. He asks her if some wealthy clients are paying to be able to threaten robots like Jane, but Royale denies that she would comply with such a request. He asks her about Melissa, and she says that she was hanging out at a gritty part of the city, pretending to be a robot.

As Jane continues to face threats from her stalker, the pair discover Melissa hanging by a noose in an empty warehouse in a boatyard. David returns the body to Marlon and suggests that the authorities be alerted to Zone 414's dangers. When David meets Joseph Veidt to receive his payment, David goads the psychologist into admitting that he was stalking Jane. He tells David that when Melissa caught him torturing and killing androids, he killed her. Soon after, Joseph arrives at Jane's apartment and attempts to immobilize her with a handheld device. Jane is momentarily frozen, but regains mobility and overpowers Joseph. When David returns to see Jane, he offers his gun to her and she fatally shoots Joseph.

Marlon Veidt is seen making adjustments to an android that looks exactly like Melissa, implying that he is replacing his real daughter with an android replica in his grief. The Veidt Corporation presses David to record a statement claiming that Zone 414 is safe, and threaten him with legal action if he criticizes the android city. As part of the deal for David to keep silent, Marlon lets Jane leave the Zone. In the final scene, David meets her outside Zone 414 with papers which allow her to live in the outside world.

## Cast

Holly Demaine and Jorin Cooke also briefly appear as Melissa Veidt and Hamilton, respectively.

## Production

On August 28, 2019, it was announced that Travis Fimmel would play the lead role. On January 21, 2020, Guy Pearce and Matilda Lutz joined the cast, with Pearce replacing Fimmel, who took a supporting role instead.

Principal photography took place between February 6 and February 29, 2020 in Northern Ireland.

## Release

The film was released in US theaters and on VOD on September 3, 2021 by Saban Films. Netflix began streaming it on January 1, 2022.

## Reception

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 17% of 23 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 4.1/10. The website's consensus reads: "*Zone 414* wastes a game Guy Pearce while ill-advisedly begging comparisons with numerous superior sci-fi thrillers." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 36 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews.

Cath Clarke from *The Guardian* gave it two out of five stars and called it a "hollow *Blade Runner* copycat" in which the script is "completely devoid of ideas about what the future of AI might look like." Todd Gilchrist from *What to Watch* says that while "Director Andrew Baird deserves credit for nakedly aping one of sci-fi's most famous films,... he can't recreate its style or storytelling". Gilchrist states that the "'malfunctioning' android Jane" character (Matilda Lutz) has "lackluster dialogue", and noted that her character had "some interesting dimensions the movie needed to explore better". He criticized screenwriter Bryan Edward Hill for "front-load\[ing\] the film with too many ideas and references that its director, and its budget, cannot deliver \[on\]."

## InfoBox

| Zone 414 | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | Andrew Baird |
| Written by | Bryan Edward Hill |
| Produced by | * Martin Brennan * Jib Polhemus * Deborah Shaw-Kolar * Andrew Baird |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | James Mather |
| Edited by | Tony Cranstoun |
| Music by | Raffertie |
| Production<br>companies | * Highland Film Group * El Ride Productions * Northern Ireland Screen * 23ten Productions * Source Management + Production * Bairdfilm * Great Point Media |
| Distributed by | Saban Films |
| Release date | * September 3, 2021 (2021-09-03) |
| Running time | 99 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $5 million |


title: John S. Murray (Iowa politician)

abstract: John S. Murray is an American politician and lawyer from Iowa. Murray was born in Ames, Iowa on 22 March 1939 to parents William and Mildred. He graduated from Ames High School in 1957, then earned his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1961, followed by a master's degree at Columbia University in 1962. At Cornell, Murray was captain of the track team, and a member of the Quill and Dagger society. In 2009, he was inducted into the university's Hall of Fame. Murray served in the United States Marines from 1962 to 1965 with the rank of lieutenant, and subsequently returned to Iowa. He obtained a Juris Doctor degree at the University of Iowa College of Law in 1968. Murray worked for Robert D. Ray between 1970 and 1972. Later that year, he was elected to the Iowa Senate as a Republican legislator for District 21. Murray remained in office until 1983.

text:
# John S. Murray (Iowa politician)

**John S. Murray** (born 22 March 1939) is an American politician and lawyer from Iowa.

Murray was born in Ames, Iowa on 22 March 1939 to parents William and Mildred. He graduated from Ames High School in 1957, then earned his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1961, followed by a master's degree at Columbia University in 1962. At Cornell, Murray was captain of the track team, and a member of the Quill and Dagger society. In 2009, he was inducted into the university's Hall of Fame.

Murray served in the United States Marines from 1962 to 1965 with the rank of lieutenant, and subsequently returned to Iowa. He obtained a Juris Doctor degree at the University of Iowa College of Law in 1968. Murray worked for Robert D. Ray between 1970 and 1972. Later that year, he was elected to the Iowa Senate as a Republican legislator for District 21. Murray remained in office until 1983.


title: Eugene Davis (writer)

abstract: Eugene Davis was an Irish writer, journalist, poet and nationalist, who wrote Souvenir of Irish footprints over Europe.

text:
# Eugene Davis (writer)

**Eugene Davis** (23 March 1857 - 25 November 1897) was an Irish writer, journalist, poet and nationalist, who wrote *Souvenir of Irish footprints over Europe.*

## Early life

Eugene Davis was born in Clonakilty, County Cork on 23 March 1857. His parents were John and Ellen Davis (née Murphy). His father was a private tutor, who taught classics to the children of the local gentry. He was their only son, and had one stepbrother and 3 stepsisters from his father's first marriage. His stepbrother was Fr Charles Davis (1829–92), who was briefly involved in the fishing industry in County Cork. He was educated by his father, who wished for him to also become a priest. He studied divinity at the Irish Colleges of Louvain and Paris from 1878 to 1880, but did not enter the priesthood. Instead he began to write under the pen-name "Owen Roe".

## Career

Between 1876 and 1880 he was published in the *Shamrock*, almost weekly, writing about Irish history and poetry as well as his own poems and a number of romantic poems translated from German and French. The widow of John Keegan Casey, Mary Casey, commissioned Davis to write a biography of her husband, *Reliques of John Keegan Casey 'Leo'* (1878), which also included unpublished articles and poems. After leaving the Irish College in Paris in 1880, Davis began submitting fiction and verse to the *Irishman*, eventually joining the staff of *United Ireland*. He remained in Paris, living at Hôtel Bacqué 338 rue St Honoré. During the suppression of *United Ireland* in late 1881, Davis edited a Parisian edition of the paper underground for 6 weeks at the request of Patrick Egan. He was then recruited by James Stephens, the retired founder of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, to arrange and edit his memoirs for publication in the *Irishman* from February to June 1882, and *Weekly Freeman* from October 1883 to February 1884.

Davis unknowingly became associated with a number of British agents and spies in 1883 during the time he was connected to the New York newspaper, *United Irishman.* This led to both him and Stephens being expelled from France in February 1885. Davis then travelled Europe, and contributed to the Boston *Pilot* and the *San Francisco Chronicle* for the next 18 months. This period of travel was the basis for his 1889 travel book and history of the Irish in Europe, *Souvenir of Irish footprints over Europe.* Among the stories he related about the Irish in Europe included the tale of an Irish man from Waterford who was sown into a bear suit and exhibited in France, a ruse that was uncovered by an Irish speaking priest who recognised the language the supposed bear was speaking in distress.

From 1886 to 1887, he wrote long form articles about Ireland for the Parisian *La Nouvelle Revue.* In early 1887 he was given permission to return to France, where he was offered a position as an editor of a new, bilingual Irish nationalist newspaper based in Paris by James MacAdaras, but this paper was never established.

In the summer of 1887, Davis moved to Dublin joining the *Nation* as the literary editor, also publishing poetry in *United Ireland*. There he became friends with Michael MacDonagh. Davis provided Michael Davitt with intelligence about the activities of Richard Pigott in Paris in January 1889, which aided in the exposé of his duplicitous actions before the *Times* special commission. In the late 1880s, he spoke widely in Ireland to groups including the Pan-Celtic Literary Society. Alongside his 1889 volume of poetry, Davis published poems in *Dublin University Review* (April 1886) and *Lays and lyrics of the Pan-Celtic Society* (1889).

## Later life

Davis left for the United States after the *Nation* closed in July 1891, going on to publish with a number of literary magazine there and the *Chicago Citizen.* He went on to be appointed an editor to the Boston *Pilot*. He married in June 1891. She was a widow, and daughter of Charles G. Halpine. They had 2 daughters. The family lived in Brooklyn, New York, and Davis died there 25 November 1897.

His 1889 *Souvenir of Irish footprints over Europe* was republished by UCD Press in 2006.

## Selected works

* *Reliques of John Keegan Casey 'Leo'* (1878)
* *Souvenir of Irish footprints over Europe* (1889)
* *A vision of Ireland and other poems* (1889)


title: Miraflores, Guaviare

abstract: Miraflores is a town and municipality in the Guaviare Department, Colombia. The municipality was created on February 8, 1990. In August 1998 a Colombian National Police Base was overrun by the FARC guerrillas and later rebuilt and reoccupied in February 2004. The population of Guaviare in 1993 was approximately 14,381.

text:
# Miraflores, Guaviare

**Miraflores** is a town and municipality in the Guaviare Department, Colombia. The municipality was created on February 8, 1990. In August 1998 a Colombian National Police Base was overrun by the FARC guerrillas and later rebuilt and reoccupied in February 2004. The population of Guaviare in 1993 was approximately 14,381.

## Geography

Miraflores is located at N 01°22'14" - W 71°57'41" and 180 meters over sea level, approximately 150 km from the capital of the Department of Guaviare, San Jose del Guaviare near the Itilla and Unilla Rivers. The territory is flat or slightly undulated and covered by jungle, typical of the Amazon basin. Climate is calid and highly humid, maintaining an average temperature throughout the year of 28 °C. The municipality is surrounded by the Vaupés River as well as numerous other currents.

## History

Miraflores was founded by a group of colonizers during the 20th Century. It became a municipality of Colombia in 1990 when the then Comisaria of Guaviare became the Department of Guaviare.

## Economy

The legal economy in the region is mostly based on logging and agriculture, and to a minor scale artisan fishing. Due to the presence of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla and other groups involved in the illegal drug trade business, the economy in Miraflores was ruled by coca. The coca paste is sometimes used as currency, substituting the local Colombian peso or the US dollar.

1°20′12″N 71°57′04″W / 1.33667°N 71.9511°W / 1.33667; -71.9511

## InfoBox

| Miraflores, Guaviare | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
|  | |
| Location of the municipality and town of Miraflores, Guaviare in the Guaviare Department of Colombia. | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Department | Guaviare Department |
| Area | |
| Total | 11,709 km2 (4,521 sq mi) |
| Population (Census 2018) | |
| Total | 5,007 |
| Density | 0.43/km2 (1.1/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) |
| Climate | Am |


title: Thiruvidandai

abstract: Thiruvidandai suburban village located in South Chennai, about 19 kilometres south of Thiruvanmiyur, and 4 kilometres distant from Covelong on the East Coast Road in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The village derives its name from the Nithyakalyana Perumal temple and its history is centered on the temple.

text:
# Thiruvidandai

**Thiruvidandai** suburban village located in South Chennai, about 19 kilometres (12 miles) south of Thiruvanmiyur, and 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) distant from Covelong on the East Coast Road in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The village derives its name from the Nithyakalyana Perumal temple and its history is centered on the temple.

## History

The temple was built by Pallavas. The history of this temple dates back more than 2000 years. It is near the Bay of Bengal seashore. A large temple tank is in front of the temple. This is known as the Kalyana Theertham. There is a separate shrine for Komalavalli Nachiyar. Perumal appears majestically in His standing form facing east. The Vimana above the sanctum sanctorum is called Kalyana Vimanam. The Lord here stands on Adisesha and his consort on his left thigh. There is also separate shrine for Andal. The Temple follows Thenkalai Sampradayam.

## Legend

During Treta Yuga, Bali was ruling the kingdom of the three worlds in a righteous way. The demons Mali, Sumali and others sought the help of Bali to fight against the devas. Bali simply declined to help them. The demons fought alone were defeated by the Devas. They came again to Bali for help which he obliged this time. Bali won the war but was afflicted with the Sin of Fighting the Devas without a just cause. He came to this place for relief and performed penance to the Lord. Pleased with his penance, Perumal appeared before Bali and granted darshan in Varaha Rupa.

Sage Kuni and his daughter performed penance to Lord Narayana to reach Svarga or heaven. Kuni alone reached but not the daughter. Maharshi Narada told the young girl that she could not reach Svarga as she was not married. He requested other sages to marry her. Kalava Maharshi married her and had 360 girl children. He performed penance to Lord Narayana begging Him to marry his daughters. Narayana did not come. A Brahmachari, an unmarried youth came one day there saying that he was on a pilgrimage. As he was very handsome as Narayana, the sage requested him to marry his daughters. He agreed and married one each day, on the 360 days of the Hindu Calendar. On the last day, He showed who he really was. He was none but Narayana in the form of Varaha. The Lord the merged all the 360 daughters into Akilavalli Thayar who is seated in the left lap of Varaha Swamy. As Perumal seated Akilavalli in His Left Lap The place was originally known as Tiruvidavandhai which later changed as Tiruvidandhai.


title: Paul Pritchard Shipyard

abstract: Paul Pritchard Shipyard, also known as State Shipyard, Rose's Shipyard, and Begbie & Manson's Shipyard, is a historic shipyard site located at Mount Pleasant, Charleston County, South Carolina. The shipyard was in operation as early as 1702, and was the site of an attack made during the French and Spanish invasion of 1706. It was acquired by Paul Pritchard and sold to the commissioners of the South Carolina Navy in 1778, and was South Carolina's only state shipyard at the time. It was sold back to Pritchard after the American Revolutionary War, who with his son operated it until 1831. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

text:
# Paul Pritchard Shipyard

**Paul Pritchard Shipyard**, also known as State Shipyard, Rose's Shipyard, and Begbie & Manson's Shipyard, is a historic shipyard site located at Mount Pleasant, Charleston County, South Carolina. The shipyard was in operation as early as 1702, and was the site of an attack made during the French and Spanish invasion of 1706. It was acquired by Paul Pritchard and sold to the commissioners of the South Carolina Navy in 1778, and was South Carolina's only state shipyard at the time. It was sold back to Pritchard after the American Revolutionary War, who with his son operated it until 1831. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Paul Pritchard Shipyard | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Mount Pleasant, South Carolina |
| Area | 5 acres (2.0 ha) |
| Built | c. 1702 (1702) |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001839 |
| Added to NRHP | September 17, 1974 |


title: Glenn Kenny

abstract: Glenn Kenny is an American film critic and journalist. He writes for The New York Times and RogerEbert.com.

text:
# Glenn Kenny

**Glenn Kenny** (born August 8, 1959) is an American film critic and journalist. He writes for *The New York Times* and *RogerEbert.com*.

## Biography

Kenny attended William Paterson University, where he majored in English literature.

He joined the staff of the film magazine *Premiere* in June 1996, after having worked as a freelance film and music critic for several publications, including *The Village Voice*. One of his first assignments for *Premiere* was to edit David Foster Wallace's "David Lynch Keeps His Head," later included in Wallace's essay collection *A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again*.

Kenny served as a critic and editor at *Premiere* until it ceased publication in 2007. He later became the chief critic for MSN before joining *The New York Times*. He has also written for *The Los Angeles Times*, *Rolling Stone*, and *Entertainment Weekly*.

Kenny has edited an anthology on *Star Wars* and written a monograph on actor Robert de Niro for the French film magazine *Cahiers du cinéma*. He also had acting roles in Steven Soderbergh's *The Girlfriend Experience* (2009) and Preston Miller's *God's Land* (2010).

Kenny participated in the 2012 *Sight & Sound* critics' poll, where he listed his ten favorite films as *Anatomy of a Murder*, *Belle de Jour*, *Boudu Saved from Drowning*, *Céline and Julie Go Boating*, *Citizen Kane*, *Dr. Mabuse the Gambler*, *Psycho*, *The Searchers*, *Singin' in the Rain*, and *Stalker*.

1. "Glenn Kenny on Twitter". *Twitter*. August 8, 2017. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
2. "Glenn Kenny on Twitter". *Twitter*. June 17, 2018. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
3. "Interview with Glenn Kenny Archived 2018-09-22 at the Wayback Machine," *rockcriticsarchives.com*, accessed February 19, 2017.
4. Glenn Kenny, "Why The End of the Tour isn't really about my friend David Foster Wallace," *TheGuardian.com*, July 29, 2015.
5. "Glenn Kenny Biography & Movie Reviews Archived 2019-03-26 at the Wayback Machine," *RogerEbert.com*, accessed August 16, 2017
6. Greg Cwik, "Glenn Kenny on Robert De Niro, ‘Boyhood’ Critics and the Long Death of Print Archived 2017-08-16 at the Wayback Machine," *IndieWire*, August 19, 2014.
7. Chuck Bowen, "Review: Glenn Kenny’s Robert De Niro: Anatomy of an Actor | The House Next Door Archived 2017-08-19 at the Wayback Machine," *Slant Magazine*, July 19, 2014.
8. "Glenn Kenny". *BFI*. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Glenn Kenny | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1959-08-08) August 8, 1959 |
| Occupation | Film critic, editor, blogger, actor |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | William Paterson University |


title: Glass Mountain Ridge

abstract: Glass Mountain Ridge is a ridge located in Mono County, California. It reaches an elevation of 10,505 feet (3,202 m). The Glass Mountain Ridge forms the northeast boundary of Long Valley Caldera. It consists of a sequence of lava domes, flows, and welded pyroclastic flows of rhyolite composition that were erupted between 2.1 and 0.8 million years ago.

text:
# Glass Mountain Ridge

**Glass Mountain Ridge** is a ridge located in Mono County, California. It reaches an elevation of 10,505 feet (3,202 m).

The Glass Mountain Ridge forms the northeast boundary of Long Valley Caldera. It consists of a sequence of lava domes, flows, and welded pyroclastic flows of rhyolite composition that were erupted between 2.1 and 0.8 million years ago.

## InfoBox

| Glass Mountain Ridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Crowley Lake and Glass Mountain Ridge in 1994 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 10,505 ft (3,202 m)NAVD 88 |
| Coordinates | 37°44′57″N 118°41′07″W / 37.74917°N 118.68528°W / 37.74917; -118.68528 |
| Geography | |
| Glass Mountain RidgeLocation in California | |
| Location | Mono County, California, U.S. |
| Topo map | USGS |


title: Union of Lublin Square

abstract: Union of Lublin Square is an urban square and a roundabout in Warsaw, Poland, within the Downtown district. It forms an intersection of Polna, Marszałkowska, Bagatela Puławska Street, Klonowa, and Boya-Żeleńskiego Streets, and Szucha Avenue. The square was constructed in 1770. It is surrounded by tenements.

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# Union of Lublin Square

**Union of Lublin Square** (Polish: *Plac Unii Lubelskiej*) is an urban square and a roundabout in Warsaw, Poland, within the Downtown district. It forms an intersection of Polna, Marszałkowska, Bagatela Puławska Street, Klonowa, and Boya-Żeleńskiego Streets, and Szucha Avenue. The square was constructed in 1770. It is surrounded by tenements.

## Name

The name of the square refers to the Union of Lublin, an agreement signed in 1569, which led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The name was given on 1 July 1919, on the 350th anniversary of the signing of the document.

Originally, it was known as the *Mokotów Roundabout* (Polish: *Rondo Mokotowskie*) due to its location near the village of Mokotów (now part of Warsaw). Around 1875, it began to be known as *Kexholm Square* (Polish: *Plac Keksholmski*; Russian: *Кексгольмский площадь*, transcription: *Keksgol'mskiy ploshchad'*), named after the nearby barracks of the Kexholm Life Guard Regiment of the Imperial Russian Army. The unit itself was named after the town of Priozersk in Russia, then known as *Kexholm*.

## History

The square was developed in 1770, as the southernmost part of the Stanisław Axis, an urban layout made of five circular squares and roads, connecting Warsaw with Ujazdów Castle, developed from the initiative of king Stanisław August Poniatowski. The same year, it was surrounded to the south and west by the Lubomirski Ramparts, a line of fortifications erected around the city.

In 1818, the Mokotów Tollhouses, two entrance buildings to the city, were opened there. They were designed by Jakub Kubicki in the Neoclassical style.

In 1881, at the square, a turning loop of a horsecar line, connecting it with Muranów, was constructed. In 1908, it was replaced with an electric tram line.

In 1892, next to the square, between Puławska and Chocimska Streets, the Warsaw narrow-gauge railway station was opened (later renamed to *Warsaw Mokotów* in 1930). It was part of two lines operated by the Wilanów Railway. In 1898, a line of the Grójec Commuter Railway was also added there. The station was moved in 1935 further south, to the intersection of Puławska and Odyńca Streets, where it operated until 1938.

At the beginning of the 20th century, six- and eight-storey-tall tenements were constructed around the square. This induced the Kacperski Tenement (1909), Bromke Tenement (1912), Łaski Tenement (1912), and Wielburski Tenement.

On 11 November 1932, at the square, the Aviator Monument, designed by Edward Wittig, was unveiled. It consisted of a sculpture depicting an aviator holding a propeller, placed on a tall granite pedestal. It was destroyed by German forces in 1944, during the Second World War. Its replica was unveiled on 9 November 1967 at the intersection of Żwirki i Wigury, Wawelskiej, and Raszyńskiej Streets.

In 1936, at 1 Polna Street near the square, the headquarters building of the Warsaw Fire Guard, and its 3rd Division, was opened. Later, until 2016, it was the headquarters of the State Fire Service, and currently, the headquarters of the city fire department.

In 1938, it was planned to construct next to the square an office skyscraper designed by Bohdan Pniewski, as the headquarters of Polish Radio. Its construction began in 1939, however, it was soon stopped by the outbreak of the Second World War.

In 1940, while under the German occupation, the square became part of the Police District, which was accessible only to the German population, and in which offices of occupant law enforcement structures, as well as the apartments for their employees, were housed. At the square, there was also a station of the tram line no. 0, which was designated only for German passengers.

On 1 August 1944, following the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, the square was captured by the Polish resistance fighters from the Jeleń Division. The unit continued fighting in the area for the next few days, unsuccessfully attacking buildings in the Police District. It suffered large loses, and was eventually forced to retreat. In revenge for the attack, the German forces massacred the local Polish population. During and after the uprising, several buildings at the square were destroyed and burned down, including a few tenements and one of two tollhouses. They were rebuilt after the war.

In March 1946, a trolleybus line, connecting the square with the Gdańsk Station, was set up there.

In October 1948, in the Bromski Tenement, at 14 Bagatela Street, the first book and newspaper store of Klub Międzynarodowej Prasy i Książki was opened. The company would eventually form Empik, one of the largest commercial chains in Poland, selling books, international press and media products.

In 1962, at 2 Puławska Street, next to the square, Supersam, the first supermarket in Poland, was opened. It was considered one of the notable examples of modern architecture in Poland. The building was constructed in the location of the former railway station.

In 1964, the roads at the square were renovated and remodeled, with the street layout being changed, and the tram tracks relocated to go through its middle rather than around it. In 1965, it was given the status of a protected cultural property.

On 1 July 1999, a plaque commemorating the Union of Lublin was unveiled on the façade of the building at 15 Bagatela Street. This event took place on the 430th anniversary of the signing, and was funded by the population of Lublin.

Supersam was demolished in 2006. In its place, in 2013, the Plac Unii skyscraper, that serves as an office building and a shopping centre, was opened.

## Characteristics

Union of Lublin Square forms a roundabout at the intersection of Polna Street, Marszałkowska Street, and Szucha Avenue to the north, Bagatela Street to the east, Puławska Street and Klonowa Street to the south, and Boya-Żeleńskiego Street to the west. There are also two roads going through its middle, connecting Puławska Street with Marszałkowska Street and Szucha Avenue. There are also tram tracks going through the middle, connecting Puławska and Marszałkowska Streets.

The square is surrounded mostly by six- and eight-storey-tall tenements, including historical buildings dating from the early 20th century. They are: Bromke Tenement, Łaski Tenement, Kacperski Tenement, and Wielburski Tenement. In the south, on both sides of Puławska Street are the Mokotów Tollhouses, two historical buildings dating from 1818.

Next to the square, at 2 Puławska Street, is the Plac Unii skyscraper, which serves as an office building and a shopping centre. It has the total heigh of 90 m (295.28 ft).

The square has the status of a protected cultural property.

## InfoBox

Union of Lublin Square
| Union of Lublin Square in 2022 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Namesake | Union of Lublin |
| Location | Downtown, Warsaw, Poland |
| Coordinates | 52°12′49″N 21°01′17″E / 52.21361°N 21.02139°E / 52.21361; 21.02139 |
| North |  |
| East | Bagatela Street |
| South |  |
| West | Boya-Żeleńskiego Street |
| Construction | |
| Completion | 1770 |


title: Gnathacmaeops pratensis

abstract: Gnathacmaeops pratensis is a species of the Lepturinae subfamily in the long-horned beetle family. This beetle is distributed in Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, China, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United States. The adult beetle feeds on Norway spruce.

text:
# Gnathacmaeops pratensis

***Gnathacmaeops pratensis*** is a species of the Lepturinae subfamily in the long-horned beetle family. This beetle is distributed in Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, China, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United States. The adult beetle feeds on Norway spruce.

## Subtaxa

There can be two additional varieties in the species:

* *Gnathacmaeops pratensis* var. *obscuripennis* Pic, 1901
* *Gnathacmaeops pratensis* var. *suturalis* (Mulsant, 1863)

## InfoBox

| *Gnathacmaeops pratensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Gnathacmaeops* |
| Species: | ***G. pratensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gnathacmaeops pratensis***<br>(Laicharting, 1784) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acmaeops longiceps* (Kirby) LeConte, 1850 * *Acmaeops strigilata* (Fabricius) LeConte in Agassiz, 1850 * *Acmaeops strigilatus* (Fabricius) LeConte, 1850 * *Gnathacmaeops pratensis* (Laicharting) Linsley & Chemsak, 1972 * *Leptura lateralis* Estlund, 1796 * *Leptura longiceps* Kirby, 1837 * *Leptura pratensis* Laicharting, 1784 * *Leptura semi-marginata* Randall, 1838 * *Leptura semimarginata* (Randall) Melsheimer, 1853 * *Leptura strigilata* Fabricius, 1792 | |