title: Malhavoc Press

abstract: Malhavoc Press is an American publisher of role-playing games, specializing in third-party material for Dungeons & Dragons' third edition.

text:
# Malhavoc Press

**Malhavoc Press** is an American publisher of role-playing games, specializing in third-party material for Dungeons & Dragons' third edition.

## History

Game designer Monte Cook left Wizards of the Coast in April 2001, founding Malhavoc Press as a d20 System imprint in May 2001. In July 2001 Cook signed with White Wolf's Sword & Sorcery Studios, at that time the largest independent publisher of d20 material, so that they could handle publishing matters while he focused on game design and writing.

The company's first product was *The Book of Eldritch Might* (2001). This was the first commercial book published exclusively as a PDF that was released by a print publisher. It was an immediate success and has been credited with demonstrating the viability of PDF publishing within the role-playing industry. This and other early Malhavoc products were initially released only in electronic format through the Malhavoc site, though print versions of most of them were subsequently released by Sword & Sorcery. Malhavoc worked with Fiery Dragon Productions after the latter left Sword & Sorcery in 2002, and the majority of Fiery Dragon's licenses were taken from Malhavoc.

In 2001 Malhavoc won the ENnie Award for Best Official Website, and in 2003 for Best Publisher.

While the company was successful, Monte Cook announced in August 2008 that he had originally moved on from Wizards of the Coast primarily to write fiction, rather than design and release RPG products, and that "there are other areas I'd like to explore creatively". As such, "Malhavoc Press and virtually all game-related work" on Cook's part was put "on the back-burner" at that time, though he stated that he was not closing the press and left open the possibility of releasing future work under the Malhavoc name, should he later desire (which did happen). August 2008 also saw the sale of Malhavoc's publisher, Sword & Sorcery Studios, by its owner, White Wolf. Malhavoc was never formally closed, but has not released any new product since 2009; Cook formed a new publishing company—Monte Cook Games—in 2012.

## Malhavoc Releases

Most releases were written by Monte Cook, but other authors (such as Bruce Cordell, Sean K. Reynolds, Skip Williams, and Mike Mearls) also wrote for the company in its first few years.

* *The Book of Eldritch Might* (2001) \[2001 ENnies: Best Editor; Best Rulebook or Accessory; Best Writer\]
* *Demon God's Fane* (2001)
* *If Thoughts Could Kill* (2001) \[2002 ENnie: Best Adventure\]
* *Book of Eldritch Might II: Songs and Souls of Power* (2002)
* *The Banewarrens* (2002) \[2003 ENnie: Best Adventure\]
* *Requiem for a God* (2002)
* *Skreyn's Register: The Bonds of Magic Vols. 1 and 2* (2002) \[compiled into a single-volume print release later that year\]
* *The Book of Eldritch Might III: The Nexus* (2002)
* *The Book of Hallowed Might* (2003) \[updated to 3.5 edition in a 2004 re-release\]
* *Mindscapes: A Psion's Guide* (2003)
* *Mindscapes: Beasts of the Id* (2003)
* *Mindscapes* (2003) \[print compilation of the two prior Mindscapes releases, which were PDF only\]
* *When the Sky Falls* (2003)
* *Monte Cook's Arcana Unearthed: A Variant Player's Handbook* (2003) \[2004 ENnie: Best d20 Game\]
* *Monte Cook's Arcana Unearthed DM's Screen and Player's Guide* (2003)
* *Cry Havoc* (2003)
* *Anger of Angels* (2003)
* *Chaositech* (2004)
* *Legacy of the Dragons* (2004)
* *The Complete Book of Eldritch Might* (2004) \[2004 ENnie: Best Revision, Update, or Compilation\]
* *Book of Hallowed Might II: Portents and Visions* (2004)
* *Children of the Rune* (2004) \[fiction collection\]
* *Hyperconscious: Explorations in Psionics* (2004)
* *Beyond Countless Doorways* (2004) \[2005 ENnie: Best Art, Cover\]
* *Grimoire II* (2004)
* *Mystic Secrets: The Lore of Word and Rune* (2004)
* *The Book of Iron Might* (2004)
* *Monte Cook's Arcana Evolved* (2005) \[2005 ENnies: Best Art, Interior; Best d20 Game\]
* *Ruins of Intrigue* (2005)
* *Transcendence* (2005)
* *The Book of Roguish Luck* (2005)
* *The Dragons' Return* (2005) \[fiction collection\]
* *Monte Cook Presents: Iron Heroes* (2005)
* *The Iron Heroes Bestiary* (2005)
* *Mastering Iron Heroes* (2005)
* *Spell Treasury* (2005) \[2006 ENnie: Best Art, Cover\]
* *Ptolus: City by the Spire* (2006) \[2007 ENnies: Best Cartography; Best Product; Best Production Values; Best Setting\]
* *PT 1: A Player's Guide to Ptolus* (2006)
* *PT 2: The World of Praemal* (2006)
* *PT 3: Organizations* (2006)
* *PT 4: Districts of the City, Vol. 1* (2006)
* *PT 5: Districts of the City, Vol. 2* (2006)
* *PT 6: DM's Companion* (2006)
* *PT 7: Beneath the Streets* (2006)
* *PT 8: Adventures* (2006)
* *PT 9: The Spire* (2006)
* *The Night of Dissolution* (2006)
* *Secrets of the Delver's Guild* (2007)
* *Earthblood* (2008)
* *The Book of Experimental Might* (2008)
* *The Book of Experimental Might Vol. II* (2008) \[2008 ENnie: Best Electronic Book\]
* *Dark Tidings* (2009)
* *The Collected Book of Experimental Might* (2009)

1. "Monte Cook Exits 'D&D Next' Design Team". ICV2. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
2. "Dungeon Master's Guide Author Launches New d20 Imprint". *MonteCook.com*. Archived from the original on 2001-07-23. Retrieved 2017-09-14.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
3. "Malhavoc Press Joins Sword & Sorcery: A Note from Monte". *MonteCook.com*. Archived from the original on 2001-07-23. Retrieved 2017-09-14.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
4. "Monte Cook's Malhavoc Press Joins Sword & Sorcery". *MonteCook.com*. 2001-07-06. Archived from the original on 2001-07-23. Retrieved 2017-09-14.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
5. Shannon Appelcline (2011). *Designers & Dragons*. Mongoose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.
6. "View From the Pelgrane's Nest". Pelgrane Press. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
7. "DriveThruRPG.com-Hottest Malhavoc Press Titles". DriveThruRPG.com. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
8. "2001 Noms and Winners | ENnie Awards". *www.ennie-awards.com*. Archived from the original on 2010-10-14.
9. "2003 Noms and Winners". *ENnies*. Archived from the original on 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
10. "The Next Chapter". *MonteCook.com*. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
11. "Some Cool Finds at GenCon 2008". *GamingReport.com*. Archived from the original on 2008-11-22. Retrieved 2017-09-15.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
12. "Shanna Germain". *ShannaGermain.com*. Archived from the original on 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2017-09-18.

## InfoBox

Malhavoc Press
| Industry | Role-playing game |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2001 |
| Defunct | 2009 |
| Successor | Monte Cook Games |
| Key people | Monte Cook (Founder) |
| Parent | White Wolf Publishing, Sword and Sorcery Studios |


title: FC Bunyodkor-2

abstract: FC Bunyodkor-2 is an Uzbek football club based in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Bunyodkor-2 is the farm club of FC Bunyodkor. Currently the club plays in theut First League.

text:
# FC Bunyodkor-2

**FC Bunyodkor-2** (Uzbek Cyrillic: Бунёдкор-2) is an Uzbek football club based in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Bunyodkor-2 is the farm club of FC Bunyodkor. Currently the club plays in theut First League.

## History

Bunyodkor-2 was formed in 2009. The club used to be made up of players from the youth teams and football academy of Bunyodkor. Bunyodkor-2 is feeder team of Bunyodkor. The club plays in the First League and participates in Uzbek Cup. In March 2014 after Sergey Lushan left the club Vadim Shodimatov was appointed as the new head.

## Managers

* Dmitriy Kim (2011–2013)
* Sergey Lushan (2013–2014)
* Vadim Shodimatov (2014–)

## InfoBox

Bunyodkor-2
| Full name | Bunyodkor-2 Toshkent |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | The Swallows |
| Founded | 2009 |
| Ground | Chirchiq Stadium, Chirchiq |
| Capacity | 6,000 |
| Head coach | Vadim Shodimatov |
| League | Uzbekistan First League |
| 2013 | 12th (first phase) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Expressway S11 (Poland)

abstract: Expressway S11 or express road S11 is a Polish highway which has been planned to run from Kołobrzeg on the Baltic coast through Koszalin, Piła and Poznań to Piekary Śląskie. Its total planned length is about 556.5 kilometres (346 mi). As of 2024, several sections serving as bypasses of cities and towns are open to traffic, totalling 120.5 km. A few further sections of the expressway are under construction, but most of it still awaits development. According to the plans, the road should be fully completed by 2030.

text:
# Expressway S11 (Poland)

**Expressway S11** or **express road S11** (in Polish *droga ekspresowa S11*) is a Polish highway which has been planned to run from Kołobrzeg on the Baltic coast through Koszalin, Piła and Poznań to Piekary Śląskie (north of Katowice). Its total planned length is about 556.5 kilometres (346 mi).

As of 2024, several sections serving as bypasses of cities and towns are open to traffic, totalling 120.5 km. A few further sections of the expressway are under construction, but most of it still awaits development. According to the plans, the road should be fully completed by 2030.

## History

The sections which were constructed with high priority were those which serve as bypasses of the city of Poznań and several smaller cities and towns along the planned highway route. In June 2012, the fragment between DK92 and the A2 motorway opened to traffic. This stretch of the expressway serves as the western bypass of Poznań and provides faster access to Poznań's airport, as well as diverting most of the traffic away from Poznań's congested city centre. The section which serves as the city's western bypass was completed in 2014.

In 2023 the section from Koszalin to Bobolice (47.8 km) as well as the bypass of Olesno (24.8 km) were completed.

## InfoBox

| Expressway S11 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Droga ekspresowa S11* | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 201.4 km (125.1 mi)plus 10.4 km single carriageway, 556.5 km (346 mi) planned |
| Major junctions | |
| From | Kołobrzeg |
| Major intersections | S6 near Kołobrzeg (planned)
S10 near Piła (planned)
A2 and  S5 near Poznań
S8 near Kępno

A1 near Katowice International Airport in Pyrzowice (planned) |
| To | S1 near Pyrzowice |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Poland |
| Major cities | Koszalin, Piła, Poznań |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| S 10   S 12 | |


title: Makkal Aatchi

abstract: Makkal Aatchi is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language political thriller film written by E. Ramdoss, directed by R. K. Selvamani and produced by Thirupur A. Selvaraj under Aarthi International. The film stars Mammootty, Roja and Ranjitha, while Aishwarya, Anandaraj and Livingston play supporting roles. It revolves around a common man who accidentally finds a stash of money which he then uses to become a politician. The film was released on 23 October 1995, during Diwali, and became a box office success.

text:
# Makkal Aatchi

***Makkal Aatchi*** (transl.People's rule) is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language political thriller film written by E. Ramdoss, directed by R. K. Selvamani and produced by Thirupur A. Selvaraj under Aarthi International. The film stars Mammootty, Roja and Ranjitha, while Aishwarya, Anandaraj and Livingston play supporting roles. It revolves around a common man who accidentally finds a stash of money which he then uses to become a politician. The film was released on 23 October 1995, during Diwali, and became a box office success.

## Plot

Sethupathi, a common man, accidentally finds a large amount of money in a truck. He decides to use the money to enter politics and ends up becoming the chief minister of Tamil Nadu.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

| Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Ippothu Ena" | Lekha | Palani Bharathi | 5:06 |
| "Kathavukku Kathavu" | Swarnalatha | Kamakodiyan | 6:00 |
| "Kottu Melangal" | K. S. Chithra | Muthulingam | 5:09 |
| "Melooru Maaman" | K. S. Chithra | Mu. Metha | 5:05 |
| "Nam Naadu" | Malaysia Vasudevan, Swarnalatha | Vaali | 5:17 |

## Release and reception

*Makkal Aatchi* was released on 23 October 1995, during Diwali, and was dubbed into Malayalam as *Ente Naadu.* Despite facing competition from other Diwali releases including *Muthu* and *Kuruthipunal*, it was a box office success. Thulasi of *Kalki* called it a must watch film. D. S. Ramanujam of *The Hindu* wrote, "The happenings in the political arena, particularly in Tamil Nadu, are fitted aptly in the screenplay of the director".

## Legacy

*Behindwoods* listed *Makkal Aatchi* in its list of "10 memorable political Tamil films that made people think*.*"

## InfoBox

| Makkal Aatchi | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | R. K. Selvamani |
| Written by |  |
| Screenplay by | R. K. Selvamani |
| Story by | P. Kalaimani |
| Produced by | Thirupur A. Selvaraj |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | M. V. Panneerselvam |
| Edited by | V. Udhayashankar |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
| Production<br>company | Aarthi International |
| Release date | * 23 October 1995 (1995-10-23) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Eye Water

abstract: Eye Water is a river in the Scottish Borders, it flows in a general southeasterly direction from its source in the Lammermuir Hills to its estuary at Eyemouth on the east coast of Scotland, having a length of approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi).

text:
# Eye Water

**Eye Water** is a river in the Scottish Borders, it flows in a general southeasterly direction from its source in the Lammermuir Hills to its estuary at Eyemouth on the east coast of Scotland, having a length of approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi).

## River course

The Eye Water rises on the eastern slopes of Wester Dod at height of 375 metres, it flows SE for 10 km before swinging NE for three km to reach the village of Grantshouse. The Eye Water flows on the southern outskirts of Grantshouse as it again turns SE and runs in a valley between Horseley Hill and Dalks Law alongside the A1 road and the East Coast Main Line railway. The river keeps to the SW side of the A1 passing through the villages of Reston and Ayton where it flows through a pleasant wooded valley on the Ayton Castle estate. The estate was planted with parkland trees when the present Scottish baronial style castle was built in 1851 and many of these remain around the river banks although part of the park has since been planted with mixed woodland.

The stretch of the river from Ayton onward previously had some pollution problems as a quantity of sewage effluent from the village of Ayton and Eymouth contaminated the Water. However, in 2005 Scottish Water completed work which collected the sewage from the villages and pumped it directly to the sewage treatment works at Eyemouth on the coast. At Ayton the Eye Water swings NNE for the final five km leg to its estuary. It runs under the A1 road in a wooded gorge and then receives its largest tributary on its northern bank, the **Ale Water** which rises on Coldingham Moor 10 km to the NW. The Eye Water enters Eyemouth where it flows on the east side of the harbour, with a stone built quay keeping it separate and forming the river's west bank before the Water eventually enters the harbour lower down near the life boat station.

## 1948 flood

On 12 August 1948 the Berwickshire region was hit by a calamitous flood when one third of the annual rainfall fell in just six days. The water flowed off the Lammermuir Hills causing the Eye Water and other rivers of the area to overflow and cause much damage. The low lying farm land around Ayton was turned into a large lake with the 18 metres (60 ft) high embankment of the ECML railway acting as a dam. There were fears that the embankment would break and Eyemouth would be inundated. The embankment did hold but Eyemouth still received some damage, with reports saying that gales and the impact of the overflowing Eye Water had the “impact of a hurricane”. The flood caused the closure of the local Eyemouth Railway from 13 August 1948 to 29 June of the next year. Between Reston and Granthouse 7 railway bridges were washed away. Those on the ECML were replaced by military bridges, allowing goods trains to resume on 25 October and passenger on 1 November 1948. The temporary bridges weren't finally replaced until 21 May 1950.

55°52′N 2°05′W / 55.867°N 2.083°W / 55.867; -2.083


title: Making It (film)

abstract: Making It is a 1971 comedy-drama film directed by John Erman and written by Peter Bart and James Leigh. It stars Kristoffer Tabori, Bob Balaban, Lawrence Pressman, Dick Van Patten, Joyce Van Patten, and Marlyn Mason. Adapted from Leigh's 1965 novel What Can You Do?, the film follows several months in the life of an intelligent, precocious 17-year-old high school student who fancies himself a smooth Lothario.

text:
# Making It (film)

***Making It*** is a 1971 comedy-drama film directed by John Erman and written by Peter Bart and James Leigh. It stars Kristoffer Tabori, Bob Balaban, Lawrence Pressman, Dick Van Patten, Joyce Van Patten, and Marlyn Mason. Adapted from Leigh's 1965 novel *What Can You Do?*, the film follows several months in the life of an intelligent, precocious 17-year-old high school student who fancies himself a smooth Lothario.

## Plot

Phil Fuller (Tabori) is a 17-year-old high school student who lives in a small apartment with his young single mother (Joyce Van Patten). He assumes a facade of cynicism and tells his English teacher (Pressman) that he considers himself "smarter than 99% of the people". Seduction is his hobby. He beds the neglected wife (Mason) of the high school basketball coach by feigning being a sexually pent up virgin. Phil seduces a virginal classmate (Sherry Miles) by inviting her for a swim. Instead of a swim though, he pretends to make dinner for the two of them and spikes her food with pot. He even picks up a college girl by slapping on a fake mustache and hanging around the college bookstore.

Phil seems to sail through life not taking his actions seriously until the repercussions of his actions begin to hit home. First, the classmate he deflowered tells him that she might be pregnant. While the girl wants to get married, Phil convinces her mother (Louise Latham), who also tried to seduce him, that her daughter should get an abortion instead. Next, he finds out that the gym teacher's wife, who has a phobia about growing old, told her husband about the affair after Phil dumps her. Then the coach defends his wife's honor by strong-arming Phil into a deserted weight room and kneeing him in the crotch.

After arranging an illegal abortion for his pregnant girlfriend, he finds out that she is not pregnant but his mother is. Since her fiancé has been killed in an auto accident, she decides to get an abortion. Phil uses the money he had gotten for his girlfriend and brings his mother to the doctor instead. The doctor assumes that Phil is responsible for the pregnancy. Full of scorn and wanting to teach Phil a lesson, he forces Phil to assist in the abortion. On the drive home afterward, Phil's mother sees that this episode has rendered him less cocky and more mature and responsible.

## Cast

## Music

The film score was composed by Charles Fox who composed hits such as "Killing Me Softly with His Song" and "I've Got a Name" as well as the theme songs for *Love, American Style*; *Happy Days*; and *Laverne and Shirley*. The film featured two songs, "Morning Song" and "The All American" with music by Fox and lyrics by his frequent collaborator, Norman Gimbel.

## Reception

In the *Chicago Sun-Times*, film critic Roger Ebert wrote:

> *Making It* is a curiously unfinished movie. It has all these serious things to tell us about youth, age, the generation gap and growing up in upper-middle-class America. It sneaks up and whispers them in our ear. And just when we're nodding in agreement, the movie gets embarrassed and changes the subject, and we're watching a cheap comedy situation or a sight gag. Like the adolescent it's about, *Making It* has an inadequate attention span.

## InfoBox

| Making It | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | John Erman |
| Screenplay by | Peter Bart |
| Based on | the novel
*What Can You Do?*
by James Leigh |
| Produced by | Albert S. Ruddy |
| Starring | Kristoffer Tabori
Marlyn Mason
Bob Balaban
Joyce Van Patten |
| Cinematography | Richard C. Glouner |
| Edited by | Allan Jacobs |
| Music by | Charles Fox |
| Production
company | Alfran Productions |
| Distributed by | 20th Century Fox |
| Release date | * March 21, 1971 (1971-03-21) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $850,000 |


title: Malkapur, Akola

abstract: Malkapur is a census town in Akola district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

text:
# Malkapur, Akola

**Malkapur** is a census town in Akola district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Malkapur had a population of 12,486. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Malkapur has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 74%. In Malkapur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## InfoBox

| Malkapur | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| MalkapurLocation in Maharashtra, India | |
| Coordinates: 20°41′02″N 77°02′09″E / 20.684023°N 77.035704°E / 20.684023; 77.035704 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Akola |
| Elevation | 586 m (1,923 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 12,486 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Martin Sheehan

abstract: Martin J. Sheehan is an American politician and jurist from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1989 to 1994, a judge of the 16th Kentucky District Court from 1994 to 2007, and a judge of the 16th Kentucky Circuit Court from 2007 to 2015. Sheehan was first elected to the house in 1988 after incumbent representative Joseph U. Meyer ran successfully for the Kentucky Senate. In 1993 Sheehan was elected to the 16th district court. He was elected to the 16th circuit court in 2007 to fill an unexpired term and did not seek reelection in 2014.

text:
# Martin Sheehan

**Martin J. Sheehan** is an American politician and jurist from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1989 to 1994, a judge of the 16th Kentucky District Court from 1994 to 2007, and a judge of the 16th Kentucky Circuit Court from 2007 to 2015. Sheehan was first elected to the house in 1988 after incumbent representative Joseph U. Meyer ran successfully for the Kentucky Senate. In 1993 Sheehan was elected to the 16th district court. He was elected to the 16th circuit court in 2007 to fill an unexpired term and did not seek reelection in 2014.

## InfoBox

| Martin Sheehan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the 16th Kentucky Circuit Court | |
| **In office**
November 2007  January 5, 2015 | |
| Judge of the 16th Kentucky District Court | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1994  November 2007 | |
| Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
from the 65th district | |
| **In office**
January 1, 1989  January 3, 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Joseph U. Meyer |
| Succeeded by | Arnold Simpson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Ezhamkulam

abstract: Ezhamkulam is a village in Adoor Thaluk of Pathanamthitta district in the state of Kerala, India. It is located about 5 km from central Adoor.

text:
# Ezhamkulam

**Ezhamkulam**  is a village in Adoor Thaluk of Pathanamthitta district in the state of Kerala, India. It is located about 5 km from central Adoor.

## Culture

Ezhamkulam is known for the ancient Ezhamkulam Devi Temple. It is famous for Garudan Thookkam, vazhipadu thookkam and Kettukazhcha that take place as a part of the annual Kumbha Bharani festival.

## Demographics

At the 2001 India census, Ezhamkulam had a population of 18,884 with 9,017 males and 9,867 females.

## InfoBox

| Ezhamkulam | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Thookkam at Ezhamkulam temple | |
| Coordinates: 9°8′0″N 76°46′0″E / 9.13333°N 76.76667°E / 9.13333; 76.76667 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Pathanamthitta |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 18,884 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 691543 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-26(Adoor sub RTO) |
| Thaluk, Subdivision and Revenue division | Adoor |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Pathanamthitta |
| Climate | Monsoon (Köppen) |


title: Ezham Rathri

abstract: Ezham Rathri is a 1982 Indian Malayalam-language thriller film, directed by Krishnakumar. The film stars Kamal Haasan in lead role with Jyothi Lakshmi, Nagesh and Karan in supporting roles. The film has musical score by Ilaiyaraaja. It was dubbed into Tamil language as Ezhavathu Iravil.

text:
# Ezham Rathri

***Ezham Rathri*** (transl.The Seventh Night) is a 1982 Indian Malayalam-language thriller film, directed by *Krishnakumar*. The film stars Kamal Haasan in lead role with Jyothi Lakshmi, Nagesh and Karan in supporting roles. The film has musical score by Ilaiyaraaja. It was dubbed into Tamil language as *Ezhavathu Iravil*.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Ezham Rathri | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Krishnakumar |
| Written by | Krishnakumar |
| Produced by | Krishnakumar |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
| Production<br>company | Almighty Films |
| Release date | * 20 August 1982 (1982-08-20) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Malm

text:
# Malm

is the administrative centre of the municipality of Steinkjer in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village of Malm is located along the Breistadsundet strait which flows into the Trondheimsfjorden. The village of Bartnes lies across the strait from Malm. The village lies about a 32 kilometres (20 mi) drive northwest of the town of Steinkjer, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northwest of the village of Follafoss, and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the village of Namdalseid. The Norwegian County Road 720 runs through the village.

The village of Malm was also the administrative centre of the old municipality of Malm from 1913 until its dissolution in 1964. Malm Church is located in this village and serves as the main church for the parish.

The 1.2-square-kilometre (300-acre) village has a population (2018) of 1,268 and a population density of 1,057 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,740/sq mi).

## Economy

Long traditions with mining of iron and sulphur made Malm an industrial centre of the county. The mining company Fosdalen Bergverk was owned by the state of Norway and some of the profit was spent to build a top modern primary school. The school of Malm was one of three pioneer schools in Norway, which started a 3-year long middle school (junior high school, grades 7-9) in the 1950s. New small industry has been established since the end of the mining period, where steel constructions for offshore vessels and bridges are made.

## InfoBox

| Malm | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of the village | |
| MalmLocation of the villageMalmMalm (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 64°04′31″N 11°13′26″E / 64.0753°N 11.2240°E / 64.0753; 11.2240 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Central Norway |
| County | Trøndelag |
| District | Innherred |
| Municipality | Steinkjer |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.2 km2 (0.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,268 |
| Density | 1,057/km2 (2,740/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 7790 Malm |


title: The Simple Life

abstract: The Simple Life is an American reality television series starring Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie. It depicts the two wealthy socialites, as they struggle to do menial, low-paying jobs such as cleaning rooms, farm work, serving meals in fast-food restaurants, and working as camp counselors. The series premiered on December 2, 2003, on Fox, and concluded on August 5, 2007, on E!. A falling-out between Hilton and Richie in 2005 led the series to be cancelled by Fox following its third season. It was eventually picked up by E!, which aired its fourth and fifth seasons. The Simple Life helped catapult Hilton and Richie into international stardom, and maintained a consistently high viewership throughout its run on both networks. It also spawned a number of international remakes.

text:
# The Simple Life

***The Simple Life*** is an American reality television series starring Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie. It depicts the two wealthy socialites, as they struggle to do menial, low-paying jobs such as cleaning rooms, farm work, serving meals in fast-food restaurants, and working as camp counselors. The series premiered on December 2, 2003, on Fox, and concluded on August 5, 2007, on E!. A falling-out between Hilton and Richie in 2005 led the series to be cancelled by Fox following its third season. It was eventually picked up by E!, which aired its fourth and fifth seasons. *The Simple Life* helped catapult Hilton and Richie into international stardom, and maintained a consistently high viewership throughout its run on both networks. It also spawned a number of international remakes.

## Series overview

In the first season, Paris and Nicole agreed to leave behind their cellphones, credit cards and celebrity status to move in with the Leding family in Altus, Arkansas for a month. The second season follows the two socialites traveling across the United States in a pink pickup truck (driven by Paris), pulling an airstream trailer, and participating in such activities as catching craw fish, working as maids in a nudist resort, and sausage-making. In the third season, Paris and Nicole take various internships with companies along the East Coast of the United States. For the fourth season, both women alternated in the "wife" role to a different family every episode, in a similar manner to *Wife Swap*. The fifth and final season follows Hilton and Richie working as counselors at Camp Shawnee.

| Season | Episodes | | Originally aired | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired | Network |
|  | 8 | | December 2, 2003 (2003-12-02) | January 26, 2004 (2004-01-26) | Fox |
|  | 11 | | June 16, 2004 (2004-06-16) | | August 4, 2004 (2004-08-04) |
|  | 16 | | January 25, 2005 (2005-01-25) | | May 12, 2005 (2005-05-12) |
|  | 10 | | June 4, 2006 (2006-06-04) | August 13, 2006 (2006-08-13) | E! |
|  | 10 | | May 28, 2007 (2007-05-28) | | August 5, 2007 (2007-08-05) |

## Production and broadcast

### Development

The idea for *The Simple Life* was generated in Fox's comedy department. Brad Johnson, Senior Vice President of comedy development, said *The Simple Life* was born out of a challenge from Fox Television Entertainment Group Chairman, Sandy Grushow, and News Corp. President and Chief Operating Officer, Peter Chernin, to find another way to do comedies outside of the traditional sitcom format.

"The areas that seemed simplest and cleanest was to go back to those high-concept 1960s sitcoms and say let's do them for real", Johnson said. *The Simple Life* was inspired by *Green Acres*, a sitcom about a New York society couple who moved to a farm. Johnson said they originally thought of moving an entire family to the South. Cameras would observe as the former socialites, deprived of access to their bank accounts and Beemers, attempt to get a job, buy groceries, and fit in with average Americans. At the same time the comedy department was developing the idea, Paris Hilton was meeting with the studio's casting department. Sharon Klein, senior VP of casting at the studio, said she was immediately fascinated by Hilton and wanted to do a show with her. "I'm used to meeting with actors who are putting on a facade", Klein said. "She was so real. She was funny. At that first meeting she did not come off stupid. She was in her own reality and not embarrassed to talk about it. There was a sweetness to her."

The two departments talked and realized they had their show: Send Paris Hilton and her sister Nicky, who had never worked a day in their lives, to live and work on a farm. At the time, the studio was working closely with Mike Darnell, head of reality programming at Fox, who liked the idea. "They wanted to see stilettos in cow shit," Klein said. Paris was convinced to come on board, however Nicky, being somewhat shy to the limelight at the time, opted out. Paris told some media that she was in talks to do the show by herself, but ultimately, Fox decided the city-living cast had to be a duo. Paris allegedly asked several close friends on board, including Kimberly Stewart and Band Aid heiress, Casey Johnson. After Johnson declined, Hilton ended up making the agreement with Nicole Richie.

### Production and initial airing on Fox

Fox hired Bunim-Murray Productions to produce the series. The first season was filmed from April to May 2003, in Altus, Arkansas, and the 8-episode first season premiered on December 2, 2003. During its airing, Fox added two extra episodes, one of which was a reunion special. The second season was filmed from March to April 2004, and aired from June 16 to August 5, 2004, and consisted of 10 episodes (plus a television special). The special, titled *The Simple Life – The Stuff We Weren't Allowed To Show You*, aired on November 17, 2004. It showcased several cut scenes from the season (some of which appear on its DVD release) as well as preview clips for the third season. Filming for the third season took place from October to November 2004. It aired from January 25 to May 12, 2005, consisting of 16 episodes.

### Fox cancellation and move to E!

In an interview with *USA Today*, Hilton confirmed the rumor that she and Nicole were no longer friends, and that Nicole would not be part of the fourth season. However, Fox Network head Peter Ligouri told the 2005 Television Critics Association press tour in Los Angeles that Paris and Nicole were actually both contracted for another two seasons, and that Paris and Nicole are, in his words "TV professionals, who will be ready to work together when the time comes." Fox ultimately canceled its plans for any further seasons of *The Simple Life* in October 2005, both because it had filled its mid-season show quota, and because Paris and Nicole had had the falling out as friends.

After it was dropped by Fox, other networks, such as NBC, UPN, The WB, VH1, and MTV were all reported to be interested in obtaining the rights to air new seasons of the show. On November 28, 2005, E! announced that they had picked up *The Simple Life* and had ordered production go ahead on the fourth season, along with the rights to re-air the first three seasons. Filming for the new season began February 27, 2006. It premiered on June 5, 2006. The fifth and final season of *The Simple Life* debuted on Memorial Day, on May 28, 2007, and ended on August 5, 2007.

### Final cancellation by E!

On July 30, 2007, E! announced that they had canceled the show, stating: "*The Simple Life* has been a wonderful addition to the E! Schedule for two years and we will always be grateful to Paris and Nicole for their hard work and graciousness." That day, at the premiere of *Rush Hour 3*, Hilton herself said that, "It's been a great five years and we had so much fun, but I'm happy to end it at that," suggesting she had opted out of any continuation of the series. Distribution rights to *The Simple Life* are held by Disney-ABC Domestic Television.

## Reception

### Critical response

Despite a significant criticism of reality television and the scrutiny that both Hilton and Richie faced throughout *The Simple Life*'s run, the series received moderately positive reviews from critics, who generally highlighted its tongue-in-cheek humour in spite of its vacuous nature. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 69% based on 16 reviews. The site's critical consensus states, "*The Simple Life* is an incredibly vapid show, but there is no denying that Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie are downright entertaining." Writing for *Variety*, Brian Lowry considered that the series was "made palatable and watchable because the primary objects of derision are heiress/party girls Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie. Easy-to-promote concept plays like a light-hearted romp, where mercifully \[...\] nobody has learned much of anything". Ken Tucker, for *Entertainment Weekly*, gave the series a "B" rating and asserted that "the producers know precisely what tone to take". *Seattle Post-Intelligencer* editor Melanie McFarland remarked: "Hilton and Richie try to bring Beverly fabulousness, and brattiness, to the country folk. They fail miserably. We all get a good laugh. At least their unapologetic shallowness and good-natured mental incapacity carry the thing through".

### U.S. television ratings

The December 2, 2003 debut of *The Simple Life* drew 13 million viewers, increasing Fox's adults 18-49 rating a "phenomenal" 79%. The second episode showed a growth in ratings, reaching 13.3 million viewers. An audience of 9.8 million viewers watched the series' second-season premiere on June 16, 2004. After moving to E!, the series' fourth season premiered on June 4, 2006, drawing 1.3 million viewers. While "those ratings would have been dismal for Fox, it was actually more than four times E!'s prime-time average". According to *TV Week*, "ratings more than tripled from the network's average" in key adult demographic groups.

### Awards and recognition

| Year | Association | Category | Recipient | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | ASCAP Award | Top Television Series | *The Simple Life* | Nominated |
| 2004 | Teen Choice Awards | Choice Reality Television Star – Female | Paris Hilton | Nominated |
| 2004 | Teen Choice Awards | Choice Television Show – Reality | *The Simple Life* | Nominated |
| 2005 | Teen Choice Awards | | Choice Television Show – Reality | Nominated |
| 2006 | Teen Choice Awards | Choice Reality Television Star – Female | Paris Hilton | Nominated |
| 2007 | Teen Choice Awards | | Choice Reality Television Star – Female | Nominated |
| 2009 | Fox Reality Awards | | Innovator of Reality Television | Won |

## Home media

*The Simple Life*'s first season received a DVD release in the United States on January 20, 2004, which included the bonus episode and the reunion episode. The second season was released to DVD on November 2, 2004, and was accompanied by a CD-soundtrack. The DVD of the third season was released in the United States on March 19, 2006. The series' first and fourth seasons were added to the iTunes Store on July 28, 2006. The fourth season was officially released to DVD on December 26, 2006. The fifth and final season's DVD was released on January 22, 2008. It contained no special features and not even the extended version of the first episode that was only shown on the premiere. This season also became available for download on iTunes, where a compilation of camp songs dubbed *The Simple Life: Camp Songs* was released on August 13, 2007.

## Media impact

### International remakes

Paris and Nicole's rural misadventures on *The Simple Life* proved so popular with U.S. viewers that a number of international remakes have been produced.

| Countries | Title | Starring | Network |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Brazil** | ***Simple Life: Mudando de Vida*** | Karina Bacchi and Ticiane Pinheiro | Rede Record |
| **Canada (in French)** | ***La Vie Rurale*** | Anne-Marie Losique and Jacynthe | MusiMax |
| **Germany** | ***Gülcan und Collien ziehen aufs Land*** | Gülcan Kamps and Collien Fernandes | ProSieben |
| **India** | ***Dil Jeetegi Desi Girl*** | Rohit Roy | Imagine TV |
| **Serbia** | ***Jednostavan život*** | Ana Mihajlovski and Marijana Mićić | RTS1 |
| **Turkey** | ***Her Şey Yolunda*** | Tuğba Özay and Yeliz Yeşilmen | Kanal D |
| **Uruguay** | ***Cambio de Vida*** (es) | Claudia Fernández and Tamara Venazúz | Canal 10 |

### Spin-offs

In 2005, NBC produced a reality series titled *I Want To Be a Hilton*, which took the idea of *The Simple Life*, and reversed it. Hosted by Kathy Hilton, Paris' mom, the show saw several contestants from rural country and suburban areas having to perform certain tasks ranging from dog grooming to a fashion show and organizing a charity event, while learning etiquette and manners. The finalist of the competition received a prize package that included a $200,000 trust fund, a new apartment, wardrobe and the opportunity to live the life of high society for one year. Paris and Nicky guest starred in an episode, and Paris's dog Tinkerbell (who appeared in *The Simple Life*) also took part.

A new incarnation of *The Simple Life* nearly occurred, in a developed spin-off that, following negotiations, was set to air on E!, featuring Kelly Osbourne and Kimberly Stewart in Paris and Nicole's shoes. However, the series was not picked up after Kelly opted out of the project following a few days' shooting, branding it "demeaning and juvenile".

### Similar series

*The Simple Life* has also been emulated by other television productions. E!'s *Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive* (2005) shared various unquestionable similarities with *The Simple Life*, and centered on sending several well-known young socialites (including Kourtney Kardashian and Brittny Gastineau, among others) to live on a rural ranch, minus cellphones and other luxuries they have come to swear by. MTV produced *Exiled!* (2008), which took eight former stars of *My Super Sweet 16*, who have grown up spoiled, self-involved and without any idea about real work, and sent them to live in third-world countries to teach them a lesson in how hard life can be for other people.

In the United Kingdom, Channel 4 broadcast *Princess Nikki* (2006), a series based on the foundations of *The Simple Life*, starring reality television star Nikki Grahame, who rose to fame after her popularity on popular reality show *Big Brother 7*. This included Nikki taking on jobs such as being a farmer, an extreme cleaner and a sewage worker. South Korean television channel KBS2 has produced a reality-variety show, titled *Invincible Youth* (2009–2012) which is loosely based on *The Simple Life*, consisting of various K-pop girl group members.

## InfoBox

| *The Simple Life* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Reality television |
| Created by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Composers |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 5 |
| No. of episodes | 55 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | Fox |
| Release | December 2, 2003 (2003-12-02)
May 12, 2005 (2005-05-12) |
| Network | E! |
| Release | June 4, 2006 (2006-06-04)
August 5, 2007 (2007-08-05) |


title: Marriage in Canada

abstract: The Parliament of Canada has exclusive legislative authority over marriage and divorce in Canada under section 91(26) of the Constitution Act, 1867. However, section 92(12) of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives the provincial legislatures the power to pass laws regulating the solemnization of marriage. The marriage rate in Canada has been declining over the years. In 2001, there were 146,618 marriages in Canada, down 6.8% from 157,395 in 2000, but by 2020, there were only 98,355 marriages registered in Canada, which was the lowest total since 1938. Prince Edward Island had the highest crude marriage rate and Quebec had the lowest (3.0). Marriage ceremonies in Canada can be either civil or religious. Marriages may be performed by members of the clergy, marriage commissioners, judges, justices of the peace or clerks of the court, depending on the laws of each province and territory regulating marriage solemnization. In 2001, the majority of Canadian marriages (76.4%) were religious, with the remainder (23.6%) being performed by non-clergy. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Canada nationally since 2005. Court decisions, starting in 2003, had already legalized same-sex marriage in eight out of ten provinces and one of three territories.

text:
# Marriage in Canada

The Parliament of Canada has exclusive legislative authority over marriage and divorce in Canada under section 91(26) of the *Constitution Act, 1867*. However, section 92(12) of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives the provincial legislatures the power to pass laws regulating the solemnization of marriage.

The marriage rate in Canada has been declining over the years. In 2001, there were 146,618 marriages in Canada, down 6.8% from 157,395 in 2000, but by 2020, there were only 98,355 marriages registered in Canada, which was the lowest total since 1938. Prince Edward Island had the highest crude marriage rate (6.5 per 1,000 people) and Quebec had the lowest (3.0).

Marriage ceremonies in Canada can be either civil or religious. Marriages may be performed by members of the clergy, marriage commissioners, judges, justices of the peace or clerks of the court, depending on the laws of each province and territory regulating marriage solemnization. In 2001, the majority of Canadian marriages (76.4%) were religious, with the remainder (23.6%) being performed by non-clergy.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Canada nationally since 2005. Court decisions, starting in 2003, had already legalized same-sex marriage in eight out of ten provinces and one of three territories.

## Marriage restrictions

### Consanguinity

The federal *Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act*, Section 2 prevents the following persons from getting married:

1. Subject to subsection (2), persons related by consanguinity, affinity or adoption are not prohibited from marrying each other by reason only of their relationship.
2. No person shall marry another person if they are related lineally, or as brother or sister or half-brother or half-sister, including by adoption.

Both parties must freely consent. Forcing somebody to get married is a criminal offence under s. 293.1 of the Criminal Code. In addition, s. 2.1 of the *Civil Marriage Act* stipulates, "Marriage requires the free and enlightened consent of two persons to be the spouse of each other."

### Age of the spouses

Since 2015, federal law has set the absolute minimum marriageable age at 16. Provinces and territories may set a minimum age higher than that. In Canada the age of majority is set by province/territory at 18 or 19, so minors under this age have additional restrictions (i.e. parental and court consent). Section 293.2 of the Criminal Code also addresses marriages of individuals under the age of 16, reading: *Everyone who celebrates, aids or participates in a marriage rite or ceremony knowing that one of the persons being married is **under the age of 16 years** is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years.* Section 2.2 of the *Civil Marriage Act* also states: *No person who is **under the age of 16 years** may contract marriage.* These provisions were enacted in 2015. Before 2015, it was possible for children less than 16 years old to get married in some jurisdictions of Canada, with parental consent or a court order. (The legal marriage age with parental consent was possibly as low as 7 in some Canadian jurisdictions.)

#### Minimum age by province and territory

* British Columbia: 19, or 16 with parental consent.
* Alberta: 18, or 16 with consent of all parents and legal guardians.
* Saskatchewan: 18, or 16 with a "Consent to Marriage of a Minor" form signed and completed by the parent(s) or guardian(s) in the presence of a Saskatchewan marriage licence issuer, clergy or any person authorized to take affidavits. "If the parent(s) or guardian(s) refuse to consent to the marriage, the minor can apply to a judge of either the provincial or Queen's Bench court for an order dispensing with their consent. The minor may obtain the judge's order by applying to a court house in Saskatchewan."
* Manitoba: 18, or 16 (with judicial consent).
* Ontario: 18, or 16 with written consent from both sets of parents.
* Quebec: 18, or 16 with authorization from the courts.
* New Brunswick: 18, or 16 with an affidavit of consent signed by parents or guardians.
* Nova Scotia: 19, or 16 with a signed consent form.
* Prince Edward Island: 18, or 16 with a consent form signed by parent(s).
* Newfoundland and Labrador: 19, or younger wherein "special consents may be required."
* Yukon: 19, or younger with consent of parent(s) or legal guardian(s).
* Northwest Territories: 19, or younger with parental consent.
* Nunavut: 19, or 16 with parental consent.

## Divorce

Divorce rates in Canada per 100,000
| Year | Rate |
| --- | --- |
| 1950 | 39.3 |
| 1951 | 37.6 |
| 1952 | 39.1 |
| 1953 | 41.5 |
| 1954 | 38.7 |
| 1955 | 38.6 |
| 1956 | 37.3 |
| 1957 | 40.3 |
| 1958 | 36.8 |
| 1959 | 37.4 |
| 1960 | 39.1 |
| 1961 | 36.0 |
| 1962 | 36.4 |
| 1963 | 40.6 |
| 1964 | 44.7 |
| 1965 | 45.7 |
| 1966 | 51.2 |
| 1967 | 54.8 |
| 1968 | 54.8 |
| 1969 | 124.2 |
| 1970 | 139.8 |
| 1971 | 135.2 |
| 1972 | 145.8 |
| 1973 | 163.2 |
| 1974 | 197.4 |
| 1975 | 218.7 |
| 1976 | 231.2 |
| 1977 | 233.4 |
| 1978 | 238.5 |
| 1979 | 245.7 |
| 1980 | 253.0 |
| 1981 | 272.6 |
| 1982 | 280.4 |
| 1983 | 270.3 |
| 1984 | 254.5 |
| 1985 | 239.8 |
| 1986 | 300.0 |
| 1987 | 363.8 |
| 1988 | 311.7 |
| 1989 | 296.9 |
| 1990 | 283.4 |
| 1991 | 274.7 |
| 1992 | 278.6 |
| 1993 | 272.7 |
| 1994 | 272.0 |
| 1995 | 264.9 |
| 1996 | 241.6 |
| 1997 | 225.4 |
| 1998 | 229.1 |
| 1999 | 233.2 |
| 2000 | 231.8 |
| 2001 | 229.2 |
| 2002 | 223.8 |
| 2003 | 223.9 |
| 2004 | 218.0 |
| 2005 | 221.0 |
| 2006 | 229.3 |
| 2007 | 222.2 |
| 2008 | 210.8 |

Termination of marriage in Canada is covered by the federal *Divorce Act*.

A divorce may be granted for one of the following reasons:

* the marriage has irretrievably broken down, and the two parties have been living apart for a year (s.8(2)(a) of the *Act*)
* one party has committed adultery (s.8(2)(b)(i) of the *Act*)
* one party has treated the other party "with physical or mental cruelty of such a kind as to render intolerable the continued cohabitation of the spouses" (s.8(2)(b)(ii) of the *Act*)

Key headings of the Divorce Act:

* Interpretation
* Jurisdiction
* Divorce
* Child support orders
* Spousal support orders
* Priority
* Custody orders
* Variation, rescission or suspension of orders
* Provisional orders
* Appeals
* General

### Divorce rates in Canada by year

This chart, with data from Statistics Canada, shows the amount of divorces per 100,000 residents of Canada from 1950 to 2008.

### Divorce rates in Canada by year of marriage

This chart, with data from Statistics Canada, shows the amount of marriages from 1955 to 2004 that ultimately ended in divorce. The data was collected in 2004.

## Polygamy

In Canada, polygamy is a criminal offence, but prosecutions are rare. In March 2014, Winston Blackmore and James Oler were charged with polygamy; their prosecutions were the first such cases in Canada in over sixty-five years. In 2007, an independent prosecutor in British Columbia recommended that Canadian courts be asked to rule on the constitutionality of laws against polygamy. The Supreme Court of British Columbia upheld Canada's polygamy laws in a 2011 reference case.

On March 9, 2018, the Supreme Court of British Columbia reaffirmed the constitutionality of Canada's anti-polygamy laws, upholding the July 2017 polygamy convictions of Winston Blackmore and James Oler.

1. "Marriage: "I do"? More like "I don't"". Statistics Canada. December 12, 2022.
2. "Marriages". *The Daily*. Statistics Canada. November 20, 2003.
3. *Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act*, SC 1990, c. 46.
4. Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c. C-46.
5. *Civil Marriage Act*, SC 2005, c. 33.
6. *Zero Tolerance for Barbaric Cultural Practices Act*, SC 2015, c 29, http://canlii.ca/t/52m2q retrieved on 2018-06-24
7. Julie Béchard; Sandra Elgersma; Julia Nicol (2015-01-26). "Legislative Summary of Bill S-7: An Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, the Civil Marriage Act and the Criminal Code and to make consequential amendments to other Acts". Library of Parliament. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
8. "Zero Tolerance for Barbaric Cultural Practices Act receives Royal Assent" (Press release). Government of Canada. 2015-06-18. Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
9. "Zero Tolerance for Barbaric Cultural Practices Act: Order Fixing the Day on which this Order is registered as the Day on which Part 3 of the Act Comes into Force". *Canada Gazette Extra*. Vol. 149, no. 3. 2015-07-17. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
10. Laura Payton (2015-03-12). "'Barbaric cultural practices' bill debate limited by Conservatives". *CBC.ca*. Retrieved 2018-06-24. The legislation, bill S-7, originated in the Senate and would make it illegal for anyone under 16 to get married.
11. Olga Khazan (2015-03-09). "A Strange Map of the World's Child-Marriage Laws". *The Atlantic*. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
12. Stewart Bell (2014-11-05). "Conservatives propose increasing legal marriage age to 16, say it will keep 'barbaric cultural practices' out of Canada". *National Post*. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
13. "Backgrounder: Comparative overview of proposed changes in the Zero Tolerance for Barbaric Cultural Practices Act" (Press release). Government of Canada. 2014-11-05. Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2014-11-06. The minimum age of 16 for marriage, below which no marriage can be contracted, is currently contained in federal legislation that applies in the Province of Quebec only. For the other provinces and territories, the minimum age is not currently provided for in federal legislation and there is some debate about the minimum age in common law, with some establishing the age at 12 for girls and 14 for boys, and others at age seven for all.
14. "Marriage Act". *bclaws.ca*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
15. "Formal Marriage Requirements". *bclearningnetwork.com*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
16. "Get a marriage licence". *alberta.ca*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
17. "Marriage Licences | Marriages". *Government of Saskatchewan*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
18. "Marriage and Common-Law Relationships | Province of Manitoba". *Province of Manitoba - Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
19. "Getting married". *ontario.ca*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
20. "Legal age for marriage". *Ministère de la justice*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
21. Government of New Brunswick, Canada (2017-10-16). "Getting Married - Frequently Asked Questions". *www2.snb.ca*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
22. Scotia, Communications Nova (2018-05-01). "Apply for a Marriage Licence". *novascotia.ca*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
23. Toolkit, Web Experience (2016-12-20). "Are you old enough? - Prince Edward Island Goverment". *princeedwardisland.ca*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
24. "Getting Married". *Service NL*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
25. "MARRIAGE ACT" (PDF). *gov.yk.ca/*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
26. "Marriage". *justice.gov.nt.ca*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
27. "Nunavut Marriage FAQs". *canadianbirthcertificate.com*. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
28. "Divorce and suicide rates, per 100,000, Canada, 1950 to 2008". Statistics Canada.
29. "Divorce Act, RSC 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.)". *Justice Laws Website*. Department of Justice (Canada). 2007.
30. Interpretation. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
31. Jurisdiction. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
32. Divorce. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
33. Child support orders. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
34. Spousal support orders. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
35. Priority. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
36. Custody orders. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
37. Variation, rescission or suspension of orders. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
38. Provisional orders. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
39. Appeals. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
40. General. Canadian Legal Information Institute.
41. Statistics Canada (2018). "Divorce rates, by year of marriage". Statistics Canada. doi:10.25318/3910002801-eng. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
42. "Bountiful sect members face polygamy, child-related charges". *CBC News*. 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
43. Lak, Daniel (January 21, 2009). "Canada's polygamy legislation". CBC News. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
44. Dowd, Allan (August 1, 2007). "Canada urged to review legality of polygamy ban". *Reuters*. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
45. "Canada's polygamy laws upheld by B.C. Supreme Court". CBC News. November 23, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
46. "Reference re: Section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada", *2011 BCSC 1588*, Canadian Legal Information Institute
47. "Judge tosses convicted B.C. polygamists' constitutional challenge". *CBC News*. 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2018-07-19. Winston Blackmore and James Oler were found guilty of having multiple wives in B.C. Supreme Court last July. They returned to court to argue their convictions were null because the law itself was unconstitutional under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. On Friday, B.C. Supreme Court Justice Sheri Ann Donegan rejected the argument, stating that Blackmore and Oler considered their lifestyles above the law when they continued to marry women in Bountiful, B.C.
48. "Winston Blackmore and James Oler found guilty of polygamy by B.C. judge". *CBC News*. 2017-07-24. Retrieved 2018-07-19. Two former religious leaders in B.C. have been found guilty of polygamy after marrying more than two dozen women over the course of 25 years.


title: The Armed discography

text:
# The Armed discography

The discography of The Armed, an anonymous American hardcore punk musical collective, consists of five studio albums, three live albums, one limited release compilation album, three extended plays (EPs), one split EP, and seventeen music videos.

## Albums

### Studio albums

List of studio albums, with select details
| Title | Album details | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *These Are Lights* | * Released: 25 September 2009 * Label: self-released * Formats: Digital download |  |
| *Untitled* | * Released: 23 June 2015 * Label: No Rest Until Ruin * Formats: Digital download, vinyl |  |
| *Only Love* | * Released: 27 April 2018 * Label: No Rest Until Ruin * Formats: Digital download, vinyl |  |
| *Ultrapop* | * Released: 16 April 2021 * Label: Sargent House * Formats: Digital download, CD, vinyl |  |
| *Perfect Saviors* | * Released: 25 August 2023 * Label: Sargent House * Formats: Digital download, CD, vinyl |  |

### Live albums

List of live albums, with select details
| Title | Album details | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Unanticipated* | * Released: 17 June 2016 * Label: No Rest Until Ruin * Formats: Digital download |  |
| *Adult Swim Festival '21* | * Released: 7 January 2022 * Label: Sargent House * Formats: Digital download |  |
| *Ultrapop: Live at the Masonic* | * Released: 15 July 2022 * Label: Sargent House * Formats: Digital download, vinyl |  |

### Compilation albums

List of compilation albums, with select details
| Title | Album details | Additional information | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *09-11* | * Released: 2011 * Label: self-released * Formats: Vinyl | Limited run of 100 copies. |  |

## Extended plays

List of extended plays
| Title | Extended play details | Additional information | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Common Enemies* | * Released: 11 May 2010 * Label: No Rest Until Ruin * Formats: Digital download, vinyl |  |  |
| *Young & Beautiful* | * Released: 11 October 2011 * Label: No Rest Until Ruin * Formats: Digital download |  |  |
| *Spreading Joy* | * Released: 11 December 2012 * Label: No Rest Until Ruin * Formats: Digital download, vinyl |  |  |
| *The Armed / Tharsis They Split* | * Released: 17 December 2013 * Label: No Rest Until Ruin * Formats: Digital download, vinyl | Split EP |  |

## Singles

List of singles, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Album | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Ft. Frank Turner" | 2019 | Non-album single |  |
| "All Futures" | 2021 | *Ultrapop* |  |
| "Average Death" | | |  |
| "An Iteration" | | |  |
| "Sport of Form" | 2023 | *Perfect Saviors* |  |
| "Everything's Glitter" | | |  |
| "Liar 2" | | |  |

## Videography

### Music videos

List of music videos, showing year released and directors
| Title | Year | Director | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Liar" | 2010 | Uncredited |  |
| "No Rest Until Ruin" | 2012 | Dave Graw |  |
| "Sterling Results" | 2013 | Uncredited |  |
| "Forever Scum" | 2015 | The Armed |  |
| "Paradise Day" | | Uncredited |  |
| "Polarizer" | | Uncredited |  |
| "Future Drugs (Live)" | 2016 | Uncredited |  |
| "Mujahoudini" | 2016 | Uncredited |  |
| "Witness" | 2018 | Tony Wolski |  |
| "Role Models" | | |  |
| "Nowhere to be Found" | | |  |
| "Heavily Lined" | | |  |
| "Ft. Frank Turner" | 2019 | |  |
| "All Futures (Live)" | 2021 | Aaron Jones |  |
| "Sport of Form" | 2023 | Tony Wolski |  |
| "Everything's Glitter" | | |  |
| "Liar 2" | | |  |
| "Modern Vanity" | | Christopher Gruse |  |

1. Kelly, Zach (25 August 2023). "The Story Behind Every Song On The Armed's New Album Perfect Saviors". *Stereogum*. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
2. "The Armed - 09-11". *Discogs*. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
3. "The Armed / Tharsis They Split". *Bandcamp*. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
4. Blais-Billie, Braudie (6 June 2019). "Watch the Armed's Video for New Song "FT. FRANK TURNER"". *Pitchfork*. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
5. Larson, Jeremy (4 February 2021). "The Armed: "All Futures" Track Review". *Pitchfork*. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
6. Yoo, Noah (2 March 2021). "Watch the Armed's Video for New Song "AVERAGE DEATH"". *Pitchfork*. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
7. Yoo, Noah (31 March 2021). "The Armed Pay Tribute to Metal Gear Solid in New Video Featuring David Hayter (Solid Snake): Watch". *Pitchfork*. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
8. Carter, Emily (27 June 2023). "The Armed drop new single Sport Of Form from upcoming album Perfect Saviours". *Kerrang!*. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
9. DeVille, Chris (18 July 2023). "The Armed Share New Single "Everything's Glitter": Listen". Retrieved 30 September 2023.
10. Rettig, James (7 August 2023). "The Armed – "Liar 2"". *Stereogum*. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
11. Wilkes, Emma (8 August 2023). "The Armed drop zany new track 'Liar 2' and accompanying video". *NME*. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
12. thearmed (30 August 2010). "The Armed - "Liar"". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
13. thearmed (6 December 2012). "The Armed - "No Rest Until Ruin"". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
14. thearmed (1 August 2013). "The Armed - Sterling Results". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
15. thearmed (20 April 2015). "The Armed - Forever Scum (4K)". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
16. thearmed (23 June 2015). "The Armed - Paradise Day". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
17. NoRest UntilRuin (14 May 2015). "The Armed - Polarizer". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
18. Hill, John (4 July 2015). "The Armed are Here to Destroy Media, and Build from its Ashes". *Noisey*. Vice Media. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
19. thearmed (6 June 2016). "The Armed - Future Drugs (LIVE)". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
20. NoRest UntilRuin (28 June 2016). "The Armed - Mujahoudini (Official Music Video)". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
21. "A new video for an old classic! Everyone enjoy 'Mujahoudini'!". The Armed. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2023  via Facebook.
22. thearmed (15 February 2018). "The Armed - Witness". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
23. "The Armed - Role Models". *YouTube*. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
24. thearmed (24 May 2018). "The Armed - Nowhere to be Found". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
25. thearmed (15 November 2018). "The Armed - Heavily Lined". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
26. Sargent House (6 June 2019). "The Armed - FT. FRANK TURNER". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
27. "The Armed - ALL FUTURES (Live)". *YouTube*. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
28. Minsker, Evan (4 February 2021). "The Armed Announce New Album ULTRAPOP, Share Song". *Pitchfork*. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
29. "The Armed - Sport of Form". *YouTube*. 27 June 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
30. "The Armed - Everything's Glitter". *YouTube*. 18 July 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
31. "The Armed - "Liar 2" (Official Video)". *YouTube*. 8 August 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
32. "Was This the HOTTEST House Party EVER?!". *YouTube*. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.

## InfoBox

| The Armed discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio albums | 5 |
| Live albums | 3 |
| Compilation albums | 1 |
| Music videos | 17 |
| EPs | 4 |


title: Martin Hurka

abstract: Martin Hurka is a Czech football player who currently plays for Motorlet Prague, as a striker.

text:
# Martin Hurka

**Martin Hurka**  (born 20 April 1993) is a Czech football player who currently plays for Motorlet Prague, as a striker.

## Career

Hurka began his career with SK Slavia Prague on youth side, he played than his first game in the Gambrinus liga on 25 April 2010 against Sigma Olomouc.

## International career

Hurka had passages in U17 and U18 levels, and was in the national squad for the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship.

1. Sigma 3–1 Slavia
2. UEFA International stats

## InfoBox

Martin Hurka
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1993-04-20) 20 April 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Prague, Czech Republic | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Motorlet Prague | | |
| Number | 6 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–2008 | Libuš | | |
| 2008–2010 | Slavia Prague | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010–2015 | Slavia Prague | 26 | (3) |
| 2014 | Dynamo České Budějovice (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 2014–2015 | Kolín (loan) | 16 | (0) |
| 2015–2018 | Viktoria Žižkov | 18 | (2) |
| 2016 | Dobrovice (loan) |  |  |
| 2018 | Benešov | 10 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | Litoměřicko |  |  |
| 2019– | Motorlet Prague | 6 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2009 | Czech Republic U-16 | 9 | (3) |
| 2009–2010 | Czech Republic U-17 | 16 | (5) |
| 2010–2011 | Czech Republic U-18 | 9 | (2) |
| 2011–2012 | Czech Republic U-19 | 8 | (0) |
| 2013 | Czech Republic U-20 | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 September 2019<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 14 October 2013 | | | |


title: Maliattha signifera

abstract: Maliattha signifera is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in south-east Asia, including China, India, Japan, Taiwan, Korea and Thailand as well as in Australia (Queensland).

text:
# Maliattha signifera

***Maliattha signifera*** is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in south-east Asia, including China, India, Japan, Taiwan, Korea and Thailand as well as in Australia (Queensland).

## Description

The wingspan is 15–18 mm. Antennae of male minutely ciliated. In male, head, thorax and abdomen ochreous white. Abdomen has two dorsal black tufts. Forewings with ochreous white basal and costal areas, with a slight fuscous tinge. The outer area, which extends from the apex to center of inner margin, dark purplish fuscous and crossed by the irregularly-waved whitish postmedial line, which becomes pure white towards inner margin. A diffused dark somewhat dentate submarginal line and a marginal series of short dark strigae present. Hindwings are pale fuscous. Ventral side of forewings fuscous, with pinkish ochreous costal and outer areas. Ventral side of hindwings pinkish ochreous, with cell spot and curved postmedial line.

In female, body more suffused with fuscous. Forewings with outer pinkish area in tone. There are two prominent white lunules present on postmedial line above inner margin. Hindwings dark fuscous, with ochreous outer margin and cilia.

## Ecology

Spherical eggs are translucent white, which are laid in a regular hexagonal array.

## InfoBox

| *Maliattha signifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Maliattha* |
| Species: | ***M. signifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Maliattha signifera***<br>(Walker, \[1858\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acontia signifera* Walker, \[1858\] * *Acontia subfixa* Walker, 1866 * *Maliattha signifera rufigrisea* Warren, 1913 * *Maliattha basitincta* Warren, 1913 * *Lithacodia signifera* (Walker) | |


title: Martin Hunter (football coach)

abstract: Martin Hunter is an English football coach. In his time in football he has held coaching positions at Bradford City, Stoke City, Norwich City, Watford and Southampton.

text:
# Martin Hunter (football coach)

**Martin Hunter** is an English football coach. In his time in football he has held coaching positions at Bradford City, Stoke City, Norwich City, Watford and Southampton.

## Career

Hunter started his career as a teacher. At Bridgewater Hall School, part of the Stantonbury Campus in Milton Keynes, he taught Physical Education and Geography between 1979 and 1987. He holds the UEFA Pro Licence and has also run coaching courses to help others achieve that qualification.

Hunter worked as the assistant manager at Bradford City and Stoke City. He subsequently worked for The Football Association for 13 years. Initially he was a regional director of coaching, before landing head coach roles with England's Under-15s, Under-16s and finally the Under-19s. As Under-19 head coach Hunter worked with some future full international players, including Joe Cole, Theo Walcott and Michael Carrick.

Hunter joined Norwich City as first-team coach on 26 June 2006, working under Nigel Worthington. On 1 October 2006 Worthington was sacked and Hunter was appointed caretaker manager. He applied for the permanent position but West Ham United assistant manager Peter Grant who was appointed on 16 October 2006.

On 18 June 2007, Chris Hutchings said that he wanted Hunter, his former colleague at Bradford City, to be his assistant at Wigan Athletic. Instead Hunter joined Watford on 25 July 2007 as the club's first-team coach, working under Aidy Boothroyd. Boothroyd was sacked on 3 November 2008 and Hunter subsequently worked alongside caretaker manager Malky Mackay. He left Watford on 24 November 2008 following the appointment of new manager Brendan Rodgers.

Hunter returned to Bradford City to assist caretaker manager Wayne Jacobs on 15 February 2010. On 15 July 2010, he was appointed Southampton's Under-21 coach. On 30 August 2010, he was named the club's assistant manager of a temporary basis, following the dismissal of Alan Pardew. In summer 2014 Southampton made a number of changes to their backroom team. Ronald Koeman was appointed manager and Hunter was named technical director. He left Southampton on 8 November 2018 alongside vice-chairman Les Reed, the man who appointed him in 2010.

## Managerial stats

| Team | Nat | From | To | Record | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | W | L | D | Win % |
| Norwich City |  | 2 October 2006 | 16 October 2006 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 00.00 |


title: FK Internacional

abstract: FK Internacional is a Montenegrin football club based in suburb of Podgorica named Donji Kokoti. Founded in 2021, they currently compete in the Montenegrin Third League. The club was founded on 20 July 2021 and in the 2022–23 season won the title of the Center group of Montenegrin Third League and promoted to the Montenegrin Second League via play-offs.

text:
# FK Internacional

**FK Internacional** is a Montenegrin football club based in suburb of Podgorica named Donji Kokoti. Founded in 2021, they currently compete in the Montenegrin Third League.

The club was founded on 20 July 2021 and in the 2022–23 season won the title of the Center group of Montenegrin Third League and promoted to the Montenegrin Second League via play-offs.

## Honours and achievements

## Players

### Current squad

*As of 20 May 2024*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  MF  MNE Adil Adžović  FW  MNE Balša Bulatović  GK  MNE Marjo Camović  FW  MNE Aleksandar Ćulafić  MF  MNE Miloš Dragaš  MF  MNE Jovan Đukić  MNE Bojan Janjušević  DF  SRB Matija Košanin  DF  MNE Zarija Kumburović  FW  MNE Jovan Mališić  FW  MNE Amar Methadžović  MF  MNE Đorďe Mujović *(captain)*  DF  MNE Marko Mujović  FW  JPN Ryo Omori | No. Pos. Nation Player  MF  MNE Miloš Popović  MF  MNE Nemanja Popović  FW  MNE Nikola Radenović  DF  MNE Miloš Radulović  FW  MNE Lazar Rakočević  DF  MNE Luka Smolović  MF  MNE Tomo Šoć  MF  MNE Lazar Stijepović  MF  MNE Vedad Turusković  MF  MNE Aleksa Vlahović  GK  MNE Milovan Vujisić  MF  MNE Danilo Vukanić  DF  JPN Haruki Yamamura  MF  JPN Takumi Yanagizawa |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

FK Internacional
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Fudbalski klub Internacional |
| Founded | 20 July 2021 (2021-07-20) |
| Ground | Stadion Donji Kokoti<br>Podgorica, Montenegro |
| Capacity | 1,000 |
| Chairman | Velibor Vuković |
| Manager | Vladimir Savićević |
| League | Montenegrin Third League |
| 2023–24 | Montenegrin Second League, 9th (relegated) |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|


title: The Block NZ season 8

abstract: The eighth season of New Zealand reality television series The Block NZ, titled The Block NZ: Firehouse, premiered on 17 June 2019. It is set in the Auckland suburb of Kingsland, with the south side of the block overlooking the Outer Oval of Eden Park. The entire apartment complex was formerly a fire station that later turned into a boarding house. It is, overall, the most difficult and expensive renovation. The judges are Lizzi Whaley and Jason Bonham, the hosts are Mark Richardson and former judge Shelly Ferguson and the site foreman is Peter Wolfkamp. The show also has a revamped sponsors list. The financial bank is TSB Bank, also a New Zealand-owned bank, replacing Kiwibank. There is no coffee sponsor due to the proximity to local cafes and bars on New North Road and Kingsland railway station; the lunch and breakfast sponsor is Subway. The car prizes for People's Choice award remains with Suzuki.

text:
# The Block NZ season 8

The eighth season of New Zealand reality television series *The Block NZ*, titled ***The Block NZ: Firehouse***, premiered on 17 June 2019. It is set in the Auckland suburb of Kingsland, with the south side of the block overlooking the Outer Oval of Eden Park. The entire apartment complex was formerly a fire station that later turned into a boarding house. It is, overall, the most difficult and expensive renovation.

The judges are Lizzi Whaley and Jason Bonham, the hosts are Mark Richardson and former judge Shelly Ferguson and the site foreman is Peter Wolfkamp.

The show also has a revamped sponsors list. The financial bank is TSB Bank, also a New Zealand-owned bank, replacing Kiwibank. There is no coffee sponsor due to the proximity to local cafes and bars on New North Road and Kingsland railway station; the lunch and breakfast sponsor is Subway. The car prizes for People's Choice award remains with Suzuki.

## Contestants

The teams selected for this season are as follows:

| Apartment | Couple (ages) | Relationship | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Stacy Heyman (25) & Adam Middleton (25) | Couple | Wellington |
| 2 | Lisa Ridout-Gordon (37) & Chris "Ribz" Gordon (34) | Married | Wellington |
| 3 | Ethan Ordish (26) & Sam Whatarangi (27) | Mates | Hamilton/Te Kūiti |
| 4 | Sophia Gardiner (31) & Mikaere Gardiner (32) | Married | Tūrangi |

## Score history

The prize for winning room reveal is $7000 cash. For weeks 4 and 5, it was changed to $10,000.

To offset Apartment 2's least desirable position, small usable floor area and low ceiling, a safe containing game-changing bonuses are hidden there. They include a +2 card, an undo card and The Big Steal - the ability to steal $5000 off a team's overall budget. Lisa & Ribz used this to steal $5000 off Sophia & Mikaere at the end of week 4.

Amy & Stu, who won the seventh season, returned for the third week to compete against the four teams to create a bathroom for Apartment 5 (not-for-auction communal space), and won $7,000 cash.

In week 4, the teams were scored out of 40 (10 per judge per room); Sophia and Mikaere were eliminated for continuing to style their room after the tools down deadline.

In week 5, the teams worked on Apartment 5 with a separate budget. Stacy & Adam did the living room with a budget of $7000, Lisa & Ribz did the laundry and second bedroom with a budget of $8200, Ethan & Sam did the first bedroom and hallway with a budget of $8300, and Sophia & Mikaere did the kitchen and dining room with a budget of $8500.

In week 8, Stacy & Adam scored the first genuine perfect score (i.e. no bonus +1 cards being used) since Alex & Corban's garage in season 3.

In week 9, teams chose a room to redo. Lisa & Ribz chose the entranceway, hallway and laundry, Ethan & Sam chose the kids bedroom, and Stacy & Adam chose the guest bedroom. Each team was given $10,000, as they all scored higher than they originally did with the room they redid. Sophia and Mikaere also scored a perfect 20 points, despite a -1 played on them.

In week 12, due to the overall low scores of Common lobby and stairwell, they were given half a day to redo the space, along with other adjustments for the final week.

Teams' progress through the competition
|  | | Teams | | | | Guests |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Stacy & Adam | Lisa & Ribz | Ethan & Sam | Sophia & Mikaere | Amy & Stu |
| Week | Rooms | ***Scores (cash spend)*** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Guest bedroom | 13 ($13,701.02) | 9.5 ($11,252.26) | 14 ($14,615.86) | 15 ($14,912.39) |  |
| 2 | Kids bedroom | 16 ($12,351.95) | 8 ($12,297.90) | | 4 ($13,235.51) | 13 ($10,586.41) |
| 3 | Family bathroom | 0 ($15,296.02) | 0 ($17,133.99) | 3.5 ($16,089.83) | 17 ($25,161.37) | 18.5 ($21,695.04) |
| 4 | Master bedroom and ensuite | 23 ($33,611.27) | 29.5 ($27,199.24) | 6 ($33,882.10) | Disqualified ($31,417.07) |  |
| 5 | Rooms of Apartment 5 | 13 ($6,676.50) | 5 ($8,150.82) | | 3 ($6,484.68) | 12.5 ($7,044.04) |
| 6 | Kitchen and dining | 18.5 ($24,382.58) | 17.5 ($24,931.70) | | 16.5 ($29,365.21) | 13.5 ($19,908.57) |
| 7 | Living and media rooms | 17 ($36,732.76) | 16.5 ($20,786.18) | | 16 ($20,490.51) | 12.5 ($16,600.43) |
| 8 | Entranceway, hallway and laundry | 20 ($36,497.89) | 11 ($18,241.27) | | 12.5 ($20,365.72) | ~~7~~ Eliminated ($20,474.63) |
| 9 | Redo | 18 ($10,011.07) | 14.5 ($2,731.25) | | 13 ($6,942.18) | 19 ($8,545.59) |
| 10 | Outdoor terraces | 17.5 ($20,918.96) | 14.5 ($6,605.47) | | 12.5 ($3,857.47) | 15.5 ($10,326.56) |
| 11 | Common lobby and stairwell | 8.5 ($7,615.64) | 4 ($8,109.75) | | 4 ($9,006.41) | 11.5 ($11,825.05) |
| 12 | Redo Week 2 | N/A | | | | |

## Auction results

Only Lisa & Ribz's unit was sold for $50,000 over the reserve price. Ethan & Sam's unit was sold at reserve price because they borrowed from Mark. Apartment 1 sold before the auction ended, Apartment 4 did not meet reserve on auction night. Due to the rule of the house having to be sold at auction night, which no longer reflects the true house market, Lisa and Ribz won an extra $100,000 for the most profit. Ethan & Sam won the People's Choice award: a new car.

| Apt | Auction spot | Couple | Reserve | Auction Result | Profit | Total Winnings | Placing spot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | Stacy & Adam | $1,480,000 | $1,480,000 (after auction) | $0 | $0 | 2nd |
| 2 | 1 | Lisa & Ribz | $1,290,000 | $1,340,000 | $50,000 | $150,000 | 1st |
| 3 | 2 | Ethan & Sam | $1,390,000 | $1,390,000 | $0 | $0 | 2nd |
| 4 | 4 | Sophia & Mikaere | \>$1,600,000 | $1,550,000 (two weeks after auction) | $-50,000 | $0 | 4th |

The communal Apartment 5 failed to sell at a separate auction on 7 November 2019. It was finally sold on 19 December 2019 for between $850,000 and $900,000.

1. "What you need to know about The Block NZ: Firehouse". *thespinoff.co.nz*. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
2. "The Block NZ 2019: Who are these people?". *Stuff*. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
3. "The Block NZ: What's happening out the back?". *Stuff*. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
4. "The Block NZ: Meet 2019's new judge Lizzi Whaley". 7 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
5. The Block NZ: Last Firehouse apartment listed for sale
6. "The Block NZ: Firehouse's fifth and final apartment fails to sell at auction". *Stuff*. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
7. "Fifth Block NZ Firehouse apartment finally sells". *Stuff*. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2022.

## InfoBox

| *The Block NZ* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 8 | |
| No. of episodes | 48 |
| Release | |
| Original network | Three |
| Original release | 17 June (2019-June-17) <br>8 September 2019 (2019-Sep-08) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Foreign language anxiety

abstract: Foreign language anxiety, also known as xenoglossophobia, is the feeling of unease, worry, nervousness and apprehension experienced in learning or using a second or foreign language. The feelings may stem from any second language context whether it is associated with the productive skills of speaking and writing or the receptive skills of reading and listening. Research has shown that foreign language anxiety is a significant problem in language classrooms throughout the world especially in terms of its strong relationship to the skill of speaking in a foreign or second language. It is a form of what psychologists describe as a specific anxiety reaction. Some individuals are more predisposed to anxiety than others and may feel anxious in a wide variety of situations. Foreign language anxiety, however, is situation-specific and so it can also affect individuals who are not characteristically anxious in other situations. Its main causes are communication-apprehension, test anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation. There is also a psychological component to foreign language anxiety. Additionally, it has a variety of detrimental effects on foreign language performance, but both the student and the teacher can adopt strategies to minimize the anxiety. The concept of language anxiety has also received a particularly recent social and academic coverage in Catalan language. In this context, it defines the collective, mental restlessness and uncertainty towards the diglossia suffered by their speakers, about the speedy minorization of the language in most of its daily and media usages and, eventually, regarding its future extinction from a glottophagy by the Spanish, French and Italian languages. The unrest and worry come due to the fact that the native (Catalan) speakers foresee a connection of threats and verbal aggressions that may experience only because of using their language in bigger or touristic cities such as Barcelona, València, Eivissa or Perpinyà. In contrast to what foreigners may feel abroad with a different language, here the renounces made by the indigenous speakers due to a lack of demolinguistic protection has been proposed as the contrary of a language welfare.

text:
# Foreign language anxiety

**Foreign language anxiety**, also known as **xenoglossophobia**, is the feeling of unease, worry, nervousness and apprehension experienced in learning or using a second or foreign language. The feelings may stem from any second language context whether it is associated with the productive skills of speaking and writing or the receptive skills of reading and listening.

Research has shown that foreign language anxiety is a significant problem in language classrooms throughout the world especially in terms of its strong relationship to the skill of speaking in a foreign or second language. It is a form of what psychologists describe as a *specific anxiety reaction*. Some individuals are more predisposed to anxiety than others and may feel anxious in a wide variety of situations. Foreign language anxiety, however, is situation-specific and so it can also affect individuals who are not characteristically anxious in other situations. Its main causes are communication-apprehension, test anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation. There is also a psychological component to foreign language anxiety. Additionally, it has a variety of detrimental effects on foreign language performance, but both the student and the teacher can adopt strategies to minimize the anxiety.

The concept of language anxiety (or stress) has also received a particularly recent social and academic coverage in Catalan language. In this context, it defines the collective, mental restlessness and uncertainty towards the diglossia suffered by their speakers, about the speedy minorization of the language in most of its daily and media usages and, eventually, regarding its future extinction from a glottophagy by the Spanish, French and Italian languages. The unrest and worry come due to the fact that the native (Catalan) speakers foresee a connection of threats and verbal aggressions that may experience only because of using their language in bigger or touristic cities such as Barcelona, València, Eivissa or Perpinyà. In contrast to what foreigners may feel abroad with a different language, here the renounces made by the indigenous speakers due to a lack of demolinguistic protection has been proposed as the contrary of a *language welfare*.

## Causes

Although all aspects of using and learning a foreign language can cause anxiety, both listening and speaking are regularly cited as the most anxiety provoking of foreign language activities. Foreign language anxiety is usually studied and seen in a language classroom environment, as this is where many students start learning a new language a fear of embarrassment.

General theories of anxiety can help explain the root of foreign language anxiety. The following theories of anxiety play a role in describing foreign language anxiety:

* Self-efficacy and appraisal: An anxiety reaction first depends on the individual's appraisal of how threatening a situation is. In the case of a perceived threatening situation, the amount of anxiety then depends on the individual's perception of their self-efficacy, or their confidence in their ability to effectively control the situation. Potential negative events that individuals do not believe they are equipped to handle often lead to anxiety. In terms of foreign language learning, appraisals of foreign language situations are seen as threatening with self-deprecating thoughts about an individual's language ability, which decreases their self-efficacy leading to foreign language anxiety:
* State, trait, and situational anxiety: Anxiety can be classified into trait anxiety, state anxiety, and the more recent distinction of situation-specific anxiety. Individuals with trait anxiety have chronic, persisting anxiety in all situations, whereas individuals with state anxiety are only anxious in particular situations. When applied to learning a language, this theory results in the additional distinction of situation-specific anxiety, which builds on state anxiety to describe a particular situation that induces anxiety only when specific conditions (e.g. a foreign language) are at play.

An example of when foreign language anxiety may occur would be in a classroom. The causes of foreign language anxiety have been broadly separated into three main components: communication apprehension, test anxiety and fear of negative evaluation. Communication apprehension is the anxiety experienced when speaking or listening to other individuals. Test-anxiety is a form of performance anxiety, that is associated with the fear of doing badly or failing altogether. Fear of negative evaluation is the anxiety associated with the learner's perception of how other onlookers (instructors, classmates or others) may negatively view their language ability. These three factors cause an increase of an individual's anxiety levels as well as a decrease in self-efficacy. In addition, specifically in an ESL classroom, students learning a foreign language out of their country are very vulnerable to high levels of anxiety pertaining to language learning. For they perceive more social distance between themselves and the native individuals of the target language, which as a result may cause them to experience a language shock.

Sparks and Ganschow draw attention to the fact that anxiety could result in or cause poor language learning. If a student is unable to study before a language examination, the student could experience test anxiety. Context anxiety could be viewed as a result. In contrast, anxiety becomes a cause of poor language learning, leading that student to then be unable to adequately learn the target language.

There can be various physical causes of anxiety, such as hormone levels, but the underlying causes of excessive anxiety while learning are fear and a lack of confidence.

There is a psychological component to foreign language anxiety as well; language learning is a "profoundly unsettling psychological proposition" as it jeopardizes an individual's self-understanding and perspective. It stems from one's self-perceptions of language ability. Foreign language anxiety is rooted in three psychological challenges:

* performance difficulty
* threat to one's image
* identity conflict

Those psychological states thus have task-performance and identity dimensions. People tend to act or speak in a way that would be judged appropriate to the other people native to the foreign culture, but the behavior that individuals are producing grapples with ingrained values and behaviors. Emotions by the psychological challenges has something to do with attempting to switch codes in an interactive encounter.

## Effects

The effects of foreign language anxiety are particularly evident in the foreign language classroom, and anxiety is a strong indicator of academic performance. Anxiety is found to have a detrimental effect on students' confidence, self-esteem and level of participation.

Anxious learners suffer detrimental effects during spontaneous speaking activities in performance, affective reactions and their overall attitudes towards learning their target second language. Furthermore, they may lack confidence, be less able to self-edit and identify language errors and more likely to employ avoidance strategies such as skipping class. Anxious students also forget previously learned material, volunteer less and tend to be more passive in classroom activities than their less anxious classmates.

The effects of foreign language anxiety also extend outside the second language classroom. A high level of foreign language anxiety may also correspond with communication apprehension, causing individuals to be quieter and less willing to communicate. People who exhibit this kind of communication reticence can also sometimes be perceived as less trustworthy, less competent, less socially and physically attractive, tenser, less composed and less dominant than their less reticent counterparts.

### Cross-cultural code-switching

The effects of these negative emotions may also lead to **cross-cultural code-switching**, in which bilingual people alter a language to their other language in interactions with other bilinguals to feel more confident with the way they speak . Unlike linguistic code-switching, cross-cultural code-switching is the socio-linguistic phenomenon of changing culturally-ingrained behaviors in a foreign situation. Although cross-cultural code-switching possibly results from both positive and negative emotions, negative emotions are more common and more likely to affect the way a bilingual person speaks. Negative emotions include embarrassment, performance anxiety, guilt, distress and anxiety in general. "Molinsky identifies three psychological states that appraise under the influence of emotions while code-switching. These are: "experienced performance difficulty, face threat and identity conflict—all of which mediate the relationship between personal and contextual variables and the negative and positive emotions an individual experiences while code-switching".

There are three types of cross-cultural code-switching:

* situational code-switching
* conversational code-switching
* borrowing

This code-switching could be considered as an unconscious behavior because of its negative and usually threatening situations. In that sense, although code-switching results from foreign language anxiety, it is more often caused by external circumstances than by internal mental change.

## Measures

A number of tools have been developed to investigate the level of foreign language anxiety experienced by language learners.

The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) is a 33-question, 5-point Likert scale survey, which is widely used in research studies. It investigates participants' communication apprehension, test-anxiety and fear of negative evaluation and focuses on speaking in a classroom context. It has been translated and used in several languages, including Spanish and Chinese.

Following the success of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety scale, similar instruments have been devised for measuring Foreign Language Reading Anxiety (FLRAS), Foreign Language Listening Anxiety (FLLAS) and Second Language Writing Apprehension (SLWAT).

## Reduction and management

The reduction of foreign language anxiety necessitates the involvement of both the student and the teacher, each of which are able to adopt strategies to mitigate anxiety.

Students play an active role in acknowledging and managing their foreign language anxiety. The first step of recognizing and acknowledging the anxiety is needed in order to communicate their needs with their teacher and more effectively reach a strategy for reducing their anxiety. Specifically recognizing what types of foreign language activities induce their anxiety and what their personal language style is also helps as a first step in controlling the anxiety. From there, the student can seek help and support. Recommended personal strategies for reducing foreign language anxiety include joining language clubs, journal writing, positive self-talk, and in general taking advantage of any opportunities to use the language. Support groups can also be a useful tool, as well as other forms of collaboration among peers at a similar level of experience with the language.

Teachers can also adopt strategies and teaching methods that can help prevent foreign language anxiety to their students. Teaching-based strategies for reducing foreign language anxiety involve fostering a comfortable and relaxed classroom environment in which the teacher is supportive and friendly. Focusing on positive reinforcement and normalizing mistakes rather than focusing on the negative errors can help create an ideal classroom environment. For instance, teachers can adopt a "modeling approach" in which, instead of explicitly correcting errors in front of everyone in the class, the teacher repeats the utterance back to the student, but with the errors fixed. Specific strategies that teachers can use in the classroom include playing language games, conducting grammar language in the native language instead of the target language, leading group activities, and facilitating discussions of anxiety. This would allow students to document and recognize their own anxiety as well as understand that other students may feel the same way. Offering additional help outside of class can also be helpful.

One study recommends teaching songs in the classroom as a specific methodological strategy that can improve academic performance, which in turn decreases the anxiety level of students as they become more comfortable and proficient in the language. The study found that this tool is most beneficial to those with high anxiety.

## Issues and area of research

In the 1990s, the challenge was a clear categorization of grammatical or sociolinguistic constraints on code-switching caused by foreign language anxiety and to determine how bilinguals produce different code-mixed patterns. Previously, most researches focused more upon syntactic aspects on code-switching; in other words, psychological elements were completely ignored.


title: The Borgia Testament

abstract: The Borgia Testament is a 1948 historical novel by the British writer Nigel Balchin. It is written in the form of a journal written by Cesare Borgia shortly before he is due to be executed, recounting his life.

text:
# The Borgia Testament

***The Borgia Testament*** is a 1948 historical novel by the British writer Nigel Balchin. It is written in the form of a journal written by Cesare Borgia shortly before he is due to be executed, recounting his life.

## Bibliography

* Daniel S. Burt. *The Biography Book: A Reader's Guide to Nonfiction, Fictional, and Film Biographies of More Than 500 of the Most Fascinating Individuals of All Time*. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.

## InfoBox

The Borgia Testament
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Nigel Balchin |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Historical |
| Publisher | Collins |
| Publication date | 1948 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |