title: Ladby ship

abstract: The Ladby ship is a major ship burial at the village of Ladby near Kerteminde in Denmark. It is of the type also represented by the boat chamber grave of Hedeby and the ship burials of Oseberg, Borre, Gokstad and Tune in South Norway, all of which date back to the 9th and 10th centuries. It is the only ship burial from the Viking Age discovered in Denmark. It has been preserved at the site where it was discovered, which today is part of a museum.

text:
# Ladby ship

The **Ladby ship** is a major ship burial at the village of Ladby near Kerteminde in Denmark. It is of the type also represented by the boat chamber grave of Hedeby and the ship burials of Oseberg, Borre, Gokstad and Tune in South Norway, all of which date back to the 9th and 10th centuries. It is the only ship burial from the Viking Age discovered in Denmark (Hedeby was a Danish Viking settlement, but today is located in Germany). It has been preserved at the site where it was discovered, which today is part of a museum.

## Discovery

The grave is situated within an otherwise unremarkable burial site from the Viking Age. Excavations revealed an abundance of grave goods consisting of both objects and animals. It has been dated to the early 10th century, based on a gilded link of bronze for a dog-harness, decorated in the Jelling style, found there. .

The grave had been extensively damaged. Since only a few small human bones were found, researchers have concluded that the site is a translation, a conversion from a heathen to a Christian grave . Another interpretation is that the struggle for dominance by King Haraldr Blátönn and his heir, Sveinn Tjúguskegg, may have led to the grave's desecration . The ship was a symbol of power—easily visible to all who travelled or lived in the area—glorifying the minor king buried with it . By removing the deceased and chopping all his grave goods into hundreds of pieces within a few years of the burial, the attackers presumably gave his heirs a great blow to their family prestige .

The site was discovered on or around February 28, 1935, near Kerteminde in northeastern Fyn, Denmark, by pharmacist and amateur archaeologist Poul Helweg Mikkelsen. Original drawings by Mikkelsen and Danish National Museum conservator Gustav Rosenberg constitute the primary source-material for information on the find . Mikkelsen paid for an arched building to be raised above the site, which was then covered with earth and grass . The ship was then given to the National Museum, which had full responsibility for the site until 1994, when responsibility passed to the Department of Archaeology and Landscape at the Viking Museum at Ladby (part of The Museums of Eastern Funen).

Two factors regarding the discovery of ships in general are relevant to the discovery of the Ladby Ship. First, ship burial sites are often found on higher terrain, hilltops, slopes, and beach ridges. Second, ship burial sites are usually found in close proximity to the water, whether it be a lake, a fjord, or the sea. The Ladby Ship is thus typical of many ship burial sites, as it is located on top of a mound, near Keterminde Fjord. Presumably, the ship was dragged up from the Fjord to the top of the mound with the assistance of rollers, as was the case with the Oseberg Ship. The ship is a longship that carried 30-32 rowers. While Rosenberg gave no description of the shape of the mound, Mikkelsen described it as an oval. Rosenberg hoped to find stones in a circle-formation around the mound, but instead he discovered a collection of stones to the north and south of the ship and a small pile to the east. Since the stones lie at a higher level than the row of rivets that outline the ship's gunwale, it is unlikely that the stones were used to support the ship in the burial. Rosenberg concluded that the stones came from a previous mound on the site that was destroyed when the ship-grave was constructed.

## Excavation

**The Ship**

The ship was excavated between 1935 and 1937 under Rosenberg's direction. Because the ship is very old, almost all of the ship's wood had disintegrated before its initial discovery. However, the construction and shape of the ship is suggested by the arrangement of about 2,000 rivets that held the ship together that were excavated from the sand. During the excavation of the ship, Rosenberg marked a measuring-line along the central axis of the ship from stem to stern and concluded that the ship was 21.5 meters long. He calculated its greatest breadth to be approximately 2.75 meters and its depth at amidships to be 0.65 meters. Rosenberg made these estimates on the basis of the arrangement of the rivets, although the number and arrangement allow only an approximation of the ship's actual dimensions. Knud Thorvildsen, who succeeded Rosenberg as conservator in 1940, came to the same conclusions regarding the ship's dimensions.

Mikkelsen and Rosenberg each made important contributions to the description of the ship. During excavation, Rosenberg kept detailed journals that are still considered the most important source of information regarding the ship and its contents. Mikkelsen also kept a journal during excavation, but its entries only cover a period of less than three months, from May 21 to October 10, 1935. Rosenberg's and Mikkelsen's notes complement each other well. Rosenberg was more the specialist in his writing, using more colloquial language, while Mikkelsen's reflections are more emotional and focused on the discovery of the ship. According to his journal entries, Rosenberg at first believed that the iron pieces found with the ship did not belong to the stem, while Mikkelsen believed that they did. Mikkelson was relieved when Rosenberg changed his mind regarding the iron-pieces and concluded that they indeed belonged to the stem. The iron-pieces turned out to be spirally-rolled iron bands, which must have been placed as ornaments on the wooden stem, now dissolved. The spirals lay in a line for a length of roughly 60 cm. Rosenberg and Mikkelsen agreed that the stem, with its ornamentation, was meant to symbolize the mane on an animal, a dragon in particular, whose head had rotted away. Both larger and smaller longships typically had loose “stemterminations” carved into the shape of dragon-heads. Viking ships depicted in Viking-Age and medieval pictures do not always exhibit dragon-heads, and it is uncertain under what conditions such ornamentation was permitted on a ship. Large longships from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries—dreki (plural for drekar)—belonged to the king only. It is possible that the right to bear a dragon-head on one's ship was a royal privilege or a symbol of royal ownership. Smaller longships may have belonged to wealthy and influential persons, perhaps with a military or administrative association or obligation to the king, while larger longships belonged to the king himself. A dragon-ship may have been used in the campaigns of Harald Bluetooth.

After Mikkelsen found the north stem, they dug a little deeper to the north of the south stem's spirals, where they found iron nails lying at intervals of 25 cm from each other. These nails formed the eastern “gunwale edge” or top edge of the side of the boat. However, they did not find the nails on the western edge. Excavating continued near the south stem, as they searched for nails on the western side of the ship. According to Mikkelsen, some wood or bark layers there survived. While digging from the west part towards the middle of the ship to search for timber, Rosenberg noticed that the wood of the strakes was extant only where it had been in contact with iron. Although the ship's wood had mostly disintegrated, Mikkelsen and Rosenberg did find a deposit of wood (“Wood G”) along the west side of the ship, approximately in the middle of the disturbed area:

\[A\] piece of an apparently originally rather rounded, stout, short piece of wood, now only a round shell of such a piece, which stuck out from the gunwale 27 centimeters inside the ship. Another piece of wood, or shell of such a piece, lay from the end of the first piece pointing south, where it tapered off to a point. They were, I believe, only the remnants of originally much larger pieces of wood, now quite shapeless. A thin, narrow piece of wood lay over the side of the piece that ran from south to north and went from here athwartship about 20 centimeters in towards the middle of the ship.

It was initially impossible to tell if the wood came from the ship or not, and if so which part. However, within days Mikkelsen discovered a section of an undisturbed burial chamber—“the usual, which originally must have lain from gunwale to gunwale and covered over the contents of the ship”. Because wood lying to the west was “quite intact,” Rosenberg concluded that it came from various layers of wood that made up the structure of the ship, perhaps planks from the deck layer: “\[I\]t is therefore to be expected that there is a section of an undisturbed burial-chamber under the wooden covering and several large pieces of iron appear here, sticking up through the layer of wood”. These and other discoveries of wood deposits allowed them to draw conclusions regarding the construction and structure of the ship. A horizontal layer of reddish wood was discovered at 12–15 meters, which must have been part of a deck-layer of planks that had collapsed, lying undisturbed above the west side of the ship. They expected to find undisturbed parts of the grave below the deck layer. Below this layer of wood, between 11 and 13 meters, they found threads of a fibrous organic material that did not seem to be woven, but which could not be positively identified (Sørensen, 31). No wood survived along the eastern part of the ship. Mikkelsen's journal also notes that large pieces of wood appeared to be missing from the eastern side of the ship. It is unclear how much of the ship's planks survived the excavation itself.

**Grave Goods**

Number of grave goods were found in the burial site, including weapons, riding gear, utensils, textiles, tools, and even board games. Special attention has been paid to the ship's anchor, as it is remarkably well-preserved. Mikkelsen discovered the Ladby ship anchor with its chain and rope, and in his journal he recounts the excitement of finding the anchor, noting that many observers watched the discovery with great interest. The Ladby anchor is an example of a stocked anchor, an anchor with a heavy wood stock that is placed at right angles to the flukes, allowing the anchor flukes to grip the sea floor securely. The anchor's chain served two important functions: it increased the weight of the entire anchor apparatus, and it served as a “spring” to reduce the pull of the ship from wind and waves. The other end of the anchor chain was tied to the ship by rope the anchor there is an anchor-rope which is tied to the ship. The Ladby anchor is thought to be larger than the Oseberg ship's anchor, located in Norway. The anchor was located on the port side, right forward in the prow, with the shank in a roughly horizontal position pointing backwards towards the stern. The anchor was in good condition, while the chain was in bad shape, resting in roughly two piles at the bottom of the ship, beneath the shank and chain.

Carl V. Solver visited the Ladby ship in 1940 and measured the anchor and chain and removed links from the chain to be analyzed at the State testing laboratory. Solver estimated that the chain contained roughly 60 links and was a total length of roughly 10–12 meters in length. In a later publication, Solver estimated the number of links in the chain to be about 50, with a total length of about 10 meters . When the anchor-chain was cleaned in 1994, it was discovered that Solver's measurement of the first link was incorrect. Solver stated that the length of this link was 10 centimeters, while the 1994 survey conducted by archaeologists has shown that it is only about 15 centimeters long. Corrosion has altered the appearance of the links: the iron has cracked from contact with the soil and flakes off in large pieces on contact. Cleaning the chain revealed that the individual links—which unlike the exposed links still contain a high percentage of iron—are not the same size. The chain consists of at least 78 differently shaped links, the smallest of which is 13 centimeters. Because the chain links were rusted together, it has not been possible to estimate whether the different types of links were arranged according to a system—for example with the smallest links gathered together immediately after the anchor itself. The total length of the chain cannot be calculated exactly, but given an average length per link of 17.9 centimeters, the chain is probably about 11 meters in length.

Near the anchor were found remains of rope that Mikkelson argued was made from wood-bast. However, rope maker Ole Magnus has concluded that it was made from lime-bast. According to Magnus, the rope is not strong enough to have been the actual anchor-rope, as it is only 24 mm in diameter. The rope may have been fixed to the buoy-ring on the anchor and used for dragging the anchor up. It is also possible, however, that it served a completely different function, since it is not unusual for rope to be stored in the prow. Remains of a thinner rope made from lime bast were also found (Sørensen 52). Magnus observed sand in the rope, concluding that it must have been immersed in water and lying on the sea floor.

**Horses**

Mikkelsen and Rosenberg discovered eleven horse skeletons in the ship's grave, at the bow of the ship. From looking at illustrations of the ship on the Bayeux Tapestry—a cloth from the eleventh century depicting seventy-five events leading up to the Norman conquest of England––some scholars have concluded that Viking war vessels such as the Ladby Ship were used to transport horses. Some scholars have taken a skeptical attitude towards the claim that the ship was used to transport horses. For example, according to Stephen Morillo, it would have been impossible to transport horses on the ship. Danish sea scouts constructed a replica of the ship to test the hypothesis that the ship was used for carrying horses. They found that, since the ship is very wide and flat, both rowers and horses can easily board the ship. Furthermore, they were able to sail the ship with the horses in shallow and calmer waters along the coast. However, it became clear that the turbulence and rolling of the open sea would have thrown the horses into the sea, as the low freeboard running along the ship's sides only reached the horses’ knees.

## Viking Museum Ladby

Now the Viking Museum at Ladby displays many of the original finds and offers an engaging overview of the Viking era as it unfolded on the north east of the island of Funen. The new building from 2007 also contains a reconstruction of the ship burial. It shows the scene as it may have looked right after the funeral, with the deceased chieftain lying on a bed in a full-scale replica of his ship, with all his grave goods, near his dogs and his eleven horses. There is also an interpretive movie about the Vikings' beliefs regarding the journey to the realm of the dead, based on Norse myths and the images on the Gotlandic Picture stones.

## Literature

* Sørensen, Anne C.: *Ladby. A Danish Ship-Grave from the Viking Age*, Ships and Boats of The North, Vol. 3; Viking Ship Museum in collaboration with the National Museum of Denmark and Kertemindeegnens Museer, Roskilde 2001, ISBN 978-87-85180-44-5

## Sources

55°26′36.07″N 10°37′0.88″E / 55.4433528°N 10.6169111°E / 55.4433528; 10.6169111


title: Puebla metro station

abstract: Puebla is a station on the Mexico City Metro. It is located in the Puebla district of the Iztacalco delegation of Mexico City; both the area it is located in and the station are named for the nearby city of Puebla. The station logo represents some angels, as the city is commonly called The City of Angels. The station is elevated and has two entrances on opposite sides of the avenue. Street vendors occupy the areas around the station entrances and a bus depot is underneath the Metro Line. Puebla is often used by commuters wishing to cross the city from the east, who wish to avoid the relative overcrowding of the terminal station Pantitlán. Due to subsidance in Pantitlán, Puebla was temporarily closed.

text:
# Puebla metro station

**Puebla** is a station on the Mexico City Metro. It is located in the Puebla district of the Iztacalco delegation of Mexico City; both the area it is located in and the station are named for the nearby city of Puebla. The station logo represents some angels, as the city is commonly called *The City of Angels*.

The station is elevated and has two entrances on opposite sides of the avenue. Street vendors occupy the areas around the station entrances and a bus depot is underneath the Metro Line. Puebla is often used by commuters wishing to cross the city from the east, who wish to avoid the relative overcrowding of the terminal station Pantitlán. Due to subsidance in Pantitlán, Puebla was temporarily closed.

## Ridership

| Annual passenger ridership | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Ridership | Average daily | Rank | % change | Ref. |
| **2023** | 13,632,939 | 37,350 | 11/195 | +21.61% |  |
| **2022** | 11,209,946 | 30,712 | 19/195 | +58.58% |  |
| **2021** | 7,068,973 | 19,367 | 27/195 | −3.80% |  |
| **2020** | 7,348,054 | 20,076 | 27/195 | −39.70% |  |
| **2019** | 12,185,200 | 33,384 | 32/195 | −0.08% |  |
| **2018** | 12,194,837 | 33,410 | 30/195 | +2.94% |  |
| **2017** | 11,846,171 | 32,455 | 35/195 | −0.39% |  |
| **2016** | 11,892,743 | 32,582 | 37/195 | −6.05% |  |
| **2015** | 12,658,742 | 34,681 | 31/195 | +7.49% |  |
| **2014** | 11,776,278 | 32,263 | 37/195 | −3.17% |  |

## InfoBox

| Puebla | |
| --- | --- |
| STC rapid transit | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Mexico City<br>Mexico |
| Coordinates | 19°24′26″N 99°04′57″W / 19.407142°N 99.082432°W / 19.407142; -99.082432 |
| Line(s) | (Tacubaya \- Pantitlán) |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Other information | |
| Status | In service |
| History | |
| Opened | 26 August 1987 |
| Key dates | |
| 17 December 2023 (2023-12-17) | Temporarily closed |
| 10 September 2024 (2024-09-10) | Reopened |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2023 | 13,632,939 21.61% |
| Rank | 11/195 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Mexico City Metro Following station  Ciudad Deportivatoward Tacubaya  Line 9  PantitlánTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  PueblaLocation within Mexico City   Area map | |


title: Pueblica de Valverde

abstract: Pueblica de Valverde is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 280 inhabitants. Also, Pueblica de Valverde means "town of green"; however, in other languages it has been rumoured the name means "Place of Floral Beauty".

text:
# Pueblica de Valverde

**Pueblica de Valverde** is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 280 inhabitants. Also, Pueblica de Valverde means "town of green"; however, in other (now dead and unspecified) languages it has been rumoured the name means "Place of Floral Beauty".

## InfoBox

| Pueblica de Valverde, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Pueblica de Valverde, SpainLocation of Pueblica de Valverde in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 41°55′09″N 5°53′54″W / 41.91917°N 5.89833°W / 41.91917; -5.89833 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Zamora |
| Municipality | Pueblica de Valverde |
| Area | |
| Total | 25 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 734 m (2,408 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 194 |
| Density | 7.8/km2 (20/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Puppet Theatre Mostar

abstract: Puppet Theatre Mostar is a city sponsored theatre in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded in 1952 and it is housed in a former Jewish synagogue in eastern Mostar. The building was donated in the early 1950s by the Jewish Community in Mostar for the express purpose of hosting a puppet theatre. Puppet Theatre Mostar's founder, first director and theatre manager was Dorde Doka Bovan. He was succeeded by Antonio Ante Karačić, who first began to cooperate with some of the biggest names in puppetry arts in Czechoslovakia. After him followed Jovo Spajic, Milivoje Mrkic, Miro Pelić, Muhamed Nametak and since the year 2000, Ranka Mutevelić who established cooperation with some of the most prominent puppet creators from Bulgaria, Poland and Slovenia. In 2009 Puppet Theatre Mostar received ten awards at various international and domestic festivals. Prizes included awards for the actors, set design, puppet design and costumes. The puppet theater's ensemble consists of five actors who maintain the current repertoire of a dozen plays, ranging from the classic puppet theatre to puppet musicals, interactive plays, plays for the children and youth. Theatre building is occasionally used for community events, workshops, and award ceremonies.

text:
# Puppet Theatre Mostar

**Puppet Theatre Mostar** (Bosnian: *Pozorište lutaka Mostar*) is a city sponsored theatre in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded in 1952 and it is housed in a former Jewish synagogue in eastern Mostar. The building was donated in the early 1950s by the Jewish Community in Mostar for the express purpose of hosting a puppet theatre.

Puppet Theatre Mostar's founder, first director and theatre manager was Dorde Doka Bovan. He was succeeded by Antonio Ante Karačić, who first began to cooperate with some of the biggest names in puppetry arts in Czechoslovakia. After him followed Jovo Spajic, Milivoje Mrkic, Miro Pelić, Muhamed Nametak and since the year 2000, Ranka Mutevelić who established cooperation with some of the most prominent puppet creators from Bulgaria, Poland and Slovenia.

In 2009 Puppet Theatre Mostar received ten awards at various international and domestic festivals. Prizes included awards for the actors, set design, puppet design and costumes. The puppet theater's ensemble consists of five actors who maintain the current repertoire of a dozen plays, ranging from the classic puppet theatre to puppet musicals, interactive plays, plays for the children and youth. Theatre building is occasionally used for community events, workshops, and award ceremonies.

## InfoBox

Puppet Theatre Mostar
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | Braće Ćišića 15
Mostar
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Owner | City of Mostar |
| Designation | Public Institution |
| Capacity | 150 seats |
| Opened | 1952 |
| Years active | 1952–present |
| Website | |
| www.plm.ba | |


title: Ptochoryctis eremopa

abstract: Ptochoryctis eremopa is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1894. It is found in Myanmar. The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are whitish ochreous, on the posterior half thinly sprinkled with ochreous brown. The inner margin is indistinctly suffused with ochreous fuscous. The hindwings are light grey.

text:
# Ptochoryctis eremopa

***Ptochoryctis eremopa*** is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1894. It is found in Myanmar.

The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are whitish ochreous, on the posterior half thinly sprinkled with ochreous brown. The inner margin is indistinctly suffused with ochreous fuscous. The hindwings are light grey.

## InfoBox

| *Ptochoryctis eremopa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Genus: | *Ptochoryctis* |
| Species: | ***P. eremopa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptochoryctis eremopa***<br>Meyrick, 1894 | |
|


title: Justinian Oxenham

abstract: Justinian Oxenham ISO was a senior Australian public servant. He was Secretary of the Postmaster-General's Department from January 1911 until December 1923.

text:
# Justinian Oxenham

**Justinian Oxenham** ISO (23 April 1860  27 March 1932) was a senior Australian public servant. He was Secretary of the Postmaster-General's Department from January 1911 until December 1923.

## Life and career

Oxenham was born in Warwick, Queensland, on 23 April 1860.

In the year of Australia's federation, Oxenham was appointed as Chief Clerk of the Postmaster-General's Department.

In January 1911 he was promoted to Secretary, heading the Postmaster-General's Department. In the position, he represented the Commonwealth at the International Postal Conference in Madrid in February 1921.

Oxenham retired from the Commonwealth Public Service in 1923.

On 27 March 1932, Oxenham died at home in Charles Street Kew, Melbourne. He was buried at Boroondara General Cemetery.

## Awards

Oxenham was awarded the distinction of the Imperial Service Order for his public service.

## InfoBox

| Justinian OxenhamISO | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Secretary of the Postmaster-General's Department | |
| **In office**
1 January 1911  17 December 1923 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1860-04-23)23 April 1860
Warwick, Queensland |
| Died | 27 March 1932(1932-03-27) (aged 71)
Kew, Melbourne, Victoria |
| Resting place | Boroondara General Cemetery |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Spouse | Annie Elizabeth Robinson (m. 1885) |
| Occupation | Public servant |
|  | |


title: Justinian Rweyemamu

abstract:
Justinian F. Rweyemamu was Tanzania’s first major economics scholar. Considered by many as the outstanding representative of the post-independence African scholars, he was also a pan-Africanist, political strategist, and international civil servant.
The first Tanzanian to get PhD in Harvard University.

text:
# Justinian Rweyemamu

**Justinian F. Rweyemamu** (28 September 1942 – 30 March 1982) was Tanzania’s first major economics scholar. Considered by many as the outstanding representative of the post-independence African scholars, he was also a pan-Africanist, political strategist, and international civil servant. The first Tanzanian to get PhD in Harvard University.

## Early life and education

Rweyemamu was born on 28 September 1942 in Katoma, a small village in the outskirts of Bukoba town located in Kagera Region, Tanzania. In 1958 he joined St. Thomas More College Ihungo, a Catholic secondary school in Bukoba, and in 1961 graduated top of his class. He then went to the USA on a scholarship to pursue undergraduate education on the eve of his country’s independence from the British. He enrolled at Fordham University, where he majored and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics, Applied Mathematics and Philosophy (1965). At Fordham he was an active member of the university's Economics club and the Philosophy club.

He went on to Harvard University for his graduate and doctoral studies in Economics (Ph.D 1971) under a fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation, studying under economists Albert Hirschman and Thomas Weisskopf. While at Harvard, he was a contemporary of the political scientist Mahmood Mamdani and documentary film-maker James Ault, with whom they formed the informal Harvard “Africa Group”. His Ph.D thesis, entitled “An Industrial Strategy for Tanzania”, was a seminal work in the development economics scene, and its revised version was later published by Oxford University Press as *Underdevelopment and Industrialization in Tanzania; a study of perverse capitalist industrial development* (1973).

## Career

On completion of graduate studies, he returned to his native land and took up a faculty position at the Department of Economics of the University of Dar es Salaam, and was later the Dean of its Faculty of Social Sciences. He then took up position in the Government to become more of an actor, than a privileged spectator in academia. In the government he was appointed (1975) Permanent Secretary of the Planning Ministry and subsequently Personal Assistant (Economic affairs) to the then President of the Republic Julius Nyerere. In a span of just a few years he became internationally recognized, due to his thought provoking economic analysis and recommendations of the economic plight of the poor nations. He was thus appointed Chairman of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research In Africa (CODESRIA), member of the Committee of the Third World Forum and a founding member of The International Foundation for Development Alternatives (IFDA).

In 1977 he left the country for a high-profile appointment in the UN, first in Switzerland and then later New York, USA. During his time in the UN he was a member of the UN Committee for Development Planning, worked for the Brandt Commission and worked for the UN Director General for Development and International Cooperation till his untimely death caused by cancer on 30 March 1982.

Rweyemamu is remembered as the father of Tanzanian economics and made his greatest impact through the remarkable concentration of his students in top echelons of government and academia. These include: Jakaya Kikwete, the fourth President of the United Republic of Tanzania; Benno Ndulu, the Governor of the Bank of Tanzania. Ibrahim Lipumba, Tanzania’s academician and politician; Delphin Rwegasira, Tanzanian economist.

In 1982, his friends and colleagues established the Justinian F. Rweyemamu Prize in order to perpetuate the academic spirit of J F Rweyemamu and to stimulate young Africans to follow his example in placing their talent at the service of their people. It was established by four of the institutions with which Justinian Rweyemamu was affiliated: CODESRIA, the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, IFDS, and the Third World Forum. Among the recipients of this prize is Calestous Juma, a prominent Kenyan scientist based at Harvard University.

## Selected writings

* *Underdevelopment and Industrialization in Tanzania: A Study of Perverse Capitalist Development* (Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1973)
* *Towards Socialist Planning*
* *The Teaching of Economics in Africa*
* *Industrialization and Income Distribution in Africa*
* *Pugwash on Self-reliance*
* *North-South: A Programme for Survival (The Brandt report)*
* *Dialogue for a New Order*
* *Third World Options: Power, security and hope for another development* (Tanzania Publishing House, 1992).

## InfoBox

| Justinian F Rweyemamu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-09-28)September 28, 1942
Bukoba, Kagera Region, Tanganyika Territory |
| Died | March 30, 1982(1982-03-30) (aged 40)
New York, New York, United States |
| Children | Julie Nyangoma Rweyemamu |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Development Economics |
| Institution | the United Nations 1970s–1982
Office of the President of Tanzania 1970s
Ministry of Planning 1970s
the University of Dar es Salaam 1967–1976 |
| School or
tradition | Development Economics |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (Ph.D., 1971)
Fordham University (B.A., 1965) |
| Contributions | Africa industrialisation strategy
International Monetary System and the New International Order |
|  | |


title: Puckeys Estate Reserve

abstract: Puckey's Estate Reserve is a coastal nature reserve in North Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. It is mainly she-oak forest, but also has sand dune and wetland areas, including areas along Para Creek. It is located in the suburb of Fairy Meadow and is bounded by Fairy Meadow Beach to the east, Squires Way to the west, Elliotts Road to the north and Fairy Lagoon to the south. Puckey's Estate was traditionally used by the Wadi Wadi people, the Aboriginal tribe in Wollongong. It was once owned by a Mr Courtney Puckey for use as an experimental saltworks and still contains the historic site of Puckey's graduation tower and house, a jetty site he built and plaques on aboriginal and European historic uses for the area. The area is used by many locals and visitors as a recreation area. It is also used for education purposes; schools and community groups work there, and on some days including Australia Day, runs are held through the reserve, along the main track. The south end of the main track, running through the reserve, comes to a wooden boardwalk, from which Fairy Lagoon, Mount Keira, Stuart Park and parts of North Wollongong can be viewed. Cyclists generally take the paved Squires Way route. The reserve is also locally famous for its bird-watching opportunities, having over 120 species recorded. It is important to local flora and fauna, but is also the scourge of bitou bush, Lantana and other imported weeds such as prickly pear. Puckey's is managed as a separate section (annexe) of the Wollongong Botanic Garden.

text:
# Puckeys Estate Reserve

**Puckey's Estate Reserve** is a coastal nature reserve in North Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. It is mainly she-oak forest, but also has sand dune and wetland areas, including areas along Para Creek. It is located in the suburb of Fairy Meadow and is bounded by Fairy Meadow Beach to the east, Squires Way to the west, Elliotts Road to the north and Fairy Lagoon to the south.

Puckey's Estate was traditionally used by the Wadi Wadi people, the Aboriginal tribe in Wollongong. It was once owned by a Mr Courtney Puckey for use as an experimental saltworks and still contains the historic site of Puckey's graduation tower and house, a jetty site he built and plaques on aboriginal and European historic uses for the area.

The area is used by many locals and visitors as a recreation area. It is also used for education purposes; schools and community groups work there, and on some days including Australia Day, runs are held through the reserve, along the main track. The south end of the main track, running through the reserve, comes to a wooden boardwalk, from which Fairy Lagoon, Mount Keira, Stuart Park and parts of North Wollongong can be viewed. Cyclists generally take the paved Squires Way route.

The reserve is also locally famous for its bird-watching opportunities, having over 120 species recorded. It is important to local flora and fauna, but is also the scourge (dealt with by local volunteer groups) of bitou bush, *Lantana* and other imported weeds such as prickly pear.

Puckey's is managed as a separate section (annexe) of the Wollongong Botanic Garden.

## History

Courtney Puckey, bought the area of land known today as Puckey's Estate by 1905 and set about constructing his saltworks. Puckey's graduation tower stood at 9.15 metres (30.0 feet) high and used a centuries-old process to extract salt. A wind powered pump at the lagoon entrance pumped salt water to the top where it would trickle down through the wooden structure filled with tightly packed tea tree brush-wood branches until it reached several evaporation basins for heating and final salt extraction. Remnants of these basins, Puckey's house, wall and jetty, and the cement base of the tower, are still visible. Puckey had previously experimented with similar saltworks at North Wollongong Beach during the mid-1890s.

## Walking Tracks

The **Main Track** starts (from south to north) at the boardwalk beginning at the northern end of the bridge over Fairy Creek, part of Squire's Way and following a route hugging the northwest side of the lagoon for a hundred metres or so. At this section there are several wooden seats and fishing is a not uncommon practice from the boardwalk. From the boardwalk one can see the southern part of the reserve, the lagoon entrance and North Wollongong. From here it crosses the creek at a wooden bridge and turns into a track on the other side. In high tide and flood conditions this small portion may flood. From here it goes left (north), following the east side of the creek through she-oak woodland and other common coastal plants before going towards the coast through coastal banksia and acacia growth. Then it returns to the creek until it reaches the split to two paths heading to Fairy Meadow Beach picnic area. The left hand one goes along the creek and to a bridge that reaches a small island with a picnic area in the creek, the second up a five or so metre high hill and along through coastal bush. Benches for bird watching and enjoying nature may be found along the path at several intervals. The right hand track to the picnic ground has excellent 360 degree views of the plain, sea and the escarpment.

From the entrance sign another track forms. This one goes to the beach to the east, and several minor tracks branch from it to history plaques, picnic areas and seats, including a seat under a prominent pine at the lagoon edge from where views of Wollongong can be had, and the sites of Puckey's constructions and the remnants of his house and saltworks. This area has two prominent pines which can be seen from North Wollongong.

From the saltworks a track, overgrown mildly with bitou bush, though easy to follow, goes just west of the dunes and then joins the main track about halfway up the reserve. Several short tracks join the main track to the beach and are marked by posts. Much of the dunes have been protected with signs declaring a restabilisation project.

## Flora

The reserve contains several examples of ecosystem. On the eastern side adjacent to Fairy Meadow Beach there is a dune environment dominated by the invasive Bitou Bush and the native Banksia as well as succulents such as Pigface and other native plants. In the extreme southern end are two pine trees. Also in the southern end is a third prominent tree jutting from the normal height of the bush, clearly visible from the other side of the lagoon at Stuart Park. Along the creek and immediately about it a wetland environment is present, attracting spoonbills and herons as well as the odd ibis. This area is dominated by Casuarina (She-Oak) and reed grasses, deadly nightshade and other grasses, as well as ground dwelling plants such as warrigal greens. In the western section and the middle eastern section the bushland is formed by a combination of native and invasive plants. Native plants include casuarina, banksia and native bean plants. Also prevalent is a large amount of acacias, known as wattles. There are some smooth barked eucalypts as well, though these are a minority

## Fauna

Birds are common here and over 136 species have been recorded, including pelican, ibis, spoonbill, heron, raven and others. Lizards abound and include skinks and bluetongues. Rabbits, a foreign pest, also abound in large numbers. Possums are also present. many species of insect and spider reside there

## Weeds and Problems

Bushcare groups are tackling weed infestations. Weeds that have become a problem are bitou bush, *Lantana*, and prickly pear. There is also a substantial infestation of groundsel bush. Other less problematic weeds include Deadly Nightshade. Signs declaring the importance of plants in the reserve and the active work by Bushcare groups in tackling weeds and litter have been put up along the boardwalk at the southern entrance in 2007.

Littering has becomes a major problem here. At high tide or in flood conditions litter collects at the shore revealing the problem. Currently a plan is being made by council to stop this by using litter stoppers.

*
*

34°24′20″S 150°54′04″E / 34.40556°S 150.90111°E / -34.40556; 150.90111


title: Puckett Family Farm

abstract: Puckett Family Farm is a historic tobacco farm complex and national historic district located near Satterwhite, Granville County, North Carolina. The farmhouse was built about 1899, and is a two-story, three-bay, I-house dwelling rear kitchen ell. Also on the property are the contributing packhouse, striphouse, four log barns, garage, smokehouse, well, brooder house, corn crib, stable, and privy. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

text:
# Puckett Family Farm

**Puckett Family Farm** is a historic tobacco farm complex and national historic district located near Satterwhite, Granville County, North Carolina. The farmhouse was built about 1899, and is a two-story, three-bay, I-house dwelling rear kitchen ell. Also on the property are the contributing packhouse, striphouse, four log barns, garage, smokehouse, well, brooder house, corn crib, stable, and privy.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Puckett Family Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | NC 1333, near Satterwhite, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 36°22′02″N 78°40′09″W / 36.36722°N 78.66917°W / 36.36722; -78.66917 |
| Area | 4.5 acres (1.8 ha) |
| Built | 1899 (1899) |
| Architectural style | I-house |
| MPS | Granville County MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 88000423 |
| Added to NRHP | April 28, 1988 |


title: Puckington

abstract: Puckington is a village and civil parish, situated 10 miles (16 km) south-east of Taunton and 10 miles (16 km) west of Yeovil in Somerset, England. The parish includes the hamlet of South Bradon. In 2011 the parish had a population of 117.

text:
# Puckington

**Puckington** is a village and civil parish, situated 10 miles (16 km) south-east of Taunton and 10 miles (16 km) west of Yeovil in Somerset, England. The parish includes the hamlet of **South Bradon**. In 2011 the parish had a population of 117.

## History

The name of the village means *the settlement of Puca's people*.

Before the Norman Conquest the manor was held under Muchelney Abbey but after 1066 was taken over by Roger de Courcelles. It was subsequently held by a succession of families until the execution of the Duke of Suffolk in 1553 when it reverted to the Crown, and sold to the Portmans of Orchard Portman.

Puckington was part of the hundred of Abdick and Bulstone.

## Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

Until 2023 it was the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Langport Rural District.

Somerset Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Glastonbury and Somerton county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

## Religious sites

The Church of St Andrew dates from the 13th century and has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II\* listed building.

Media related to Puckington at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Puckington | |
| --- | --- |
| Manor Farmhouse | |
| St Andrews Church | |
| PuckingtonLocation within Somerset | |
| Population | 117 (2011) |
| OS grid reference | ST375185 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ILMINSTER |
| Postcode district | TA19 |
| Dialling code | 01460 |
|  | |
| Police | Avon and Somerset |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Punctapinella conchitis

abstract: Punctapinella conchitis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Punctapinella conchitis

***Punctapinella conchitis*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Punctapinella conchitis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Punctapinella* |
| Species: | ***P. conchitis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Punctapinella conchitis***<br>(Meyrick, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eulia conchitis* Meyrick, 1912 | |


title: Punk (Chai album)

abstract: Punk is the second studio album by Japanese band Chai. The album was released on February 13, 2019, by Otemoyan Records. It was released on March 15, 2019, in North America and Europe by Burger Records and Heavenly Recordings, respectively.

text:
# Punk (Chai album)

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.9/10 |
| Metacritic | 86/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *DIY* |  |
| *Exclaim!* | 9/10 |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *The Line of Best Fit* | 9/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 8.3/10 |
|  |  |
| *The Skinny* |  |
| *Spectrum Culture* |  |
| *Vice* (Expert Witness) | A− |

***Punk*** (stylized in all caps) is the second studio album by Japanese band Chai. The album was released on February 13, 2019, by Otemoyan Records. It was released on March 15, 2019, in North America and Europe by Burger Records and Heavenly Recordings, respectively.

## Composition

AllMusic's Tim Sendra felt the record left some of the rap rock influences prominent on *PINK* behind in exchange for more pop-oriented stylings. Indeed, *PUNK* dives into several pop-based genres from bubblegum to indie to synth-pop.

Kicking off the record is "Choose Go!", a "punchy" piece of "cheerleader rock", that features "synths that churn like vacuum cleaners." Following is "the pulsing electronic pop" of "Great Job". "Wintime" is "Paramore-plucked, rose-tinted tropic-pop".

"This Is Chai", the record's only song to have its writing credited to all four members, has been called everything from post-punk to Europop to "happily corny handbag house". "Fashionista", along with "This is CHAI", "has some seriously infectious funk woven into its DNA". "Curly Adventure" is a "synth-pop ballad" that "throw\[s\] heavy metal guitar grind" into its mix.

## Accolades

Accolades for *Punk*
| Publication | Accolade | Rank | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Noisey* | Top 100 Albums of 2019 | 97 |  |
| *Pitchfork* | Top 50 Albums of 2019 | 46 |  |
| RX Music | Best Albums of 2019 (Indie Pop) | 5 |  |
| *Thrillist* | Top 35 Albums of 2019 | 20 |  |

### Tracks

Accolades for tracks from *Punk*
| Publication | Work | List | Rank | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Pitchfork* | "Fashionista" | The 100 Best Songs of 2019 | 59 |  |

## Accompanying music video

In 2019, a music video for the eighth track (*Curly Adventure*) was directed by Sean Solomon, using character designs from band member and visual director Yuuki, in which the video picks a load of eccentric (and surreal)scenes with vibrant colours with the simplistic style of the album's cover, inspired by *Peanuts* characters and the hyper-stylized Hanna-Barbera cartoons of the 1970s. The additional credits in the video are storyboards drawn by Evan Red Borja and animation by Sarah Schmidt and Ian Ballantyne.

## Track listing

All music by Mana and Kana, except where noted. All lyrics by Yuuki, except where noted.

*Punk* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Choose Go!" | * Mana (music) * Yuuki (lyrics) | 2:42 |
| 2. | "Great Job" |  | 3:15 |
| 3. | "I'm Me" |  | 3:21 |
| 4. | "Wintime" | * Mana (music) * Yuuki (lyrics) | 2:39 |
| 5. | "This Is Chai" | * Chai (music & lyrics) | 2:37 |
| 6. | "Fashionista" | * Mana (music) * Yuuki (lyrics) | 2:56 |
| 7. | "Family Member" |  | 3:11 |
| 8. | "Curly Adventure" |  | 3:21 |
| 9. | "Feel the Beat" |  | 3:42 |
| 10. | "Future" | * Mana (music) * Yuuki (lyrics) | 3:22 |
| Total length: | | | 31:06 |

## Personnel

**Chai**

* Kana – vocals, guitar
* Mana – vocals, keyboards
* Yuuki – bass guitar, chorus
* Yuna – drums, chorus

## Charts

Chart performance for *Punk*
| Chart (2019) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 50 |
| Japanese Hot Albums (*Billboard Japan*) | 72 |

## Use in other media

A song from the album, "This Is Chai", was featured prominently in an episode of the American television series *Better Call Saul* in 2020.

## InfoBox

| Punk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Chai | |
| Released | February 13, 2019 (Japan) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 31:06 |
| Label |  |
| Chai chronology | |
| *Wagama-mania*
(2018) ***Punk***
(2019) *Wink*
(2021) | |


title: Pure McCartney (2013 album)

abstract: Pure McCartney is a live DVD/CD and DVD/2-LP album by singer-songwriters Tim Christensen, Mike Viola, and Tracy Bonham, with the band The Damn Crystals, released in 2013.

text:
# Pure McCartney (2013 album)

***Pure McCartney*** is a live DVD/CD and DVD/2-LP album by singer-songwriters Tim Christensen, Mike Viola, and Tracy Bonham, with the band The Damn Crystals, released in 2013.

## Overview

*Pure McCartney* contains a recording of a one-off tribute concert at Vega in Copenhagen in celebration of Sir Paul McCartney's 70th birthday that day.

Bassist Søren Koch once saw Viola play in New York, and thought that he had a strong musical match with Christensen, so he introduced the two. Christensen and Viola found out that the 1971 McCartney album *Ram* is their mutual favorite album, and the idea arose to hold a concert in honor of McCartney's 70th birthday on 18 June 2012. The set list consisted of songs from *Ram* alongside several other post-Beatles songs. Vega's large concert hall, with a capacity of 1,500, was sold out.

The concert was filmed and released eight months after the show on DVD/CD and DVD/2-LP, featuring artwork inspired by *Ram* by Paul "Yellow1" Wilson, who has previously done work on several other releases of Christensen and his band Dizzy Mizz Lizzy.

Noel Gallagher was planned to become a surprise guest. Christensen and Gallagher appeared on Danish television, where they were competing in a small quiz about The Beatles. They got along well with each other backstage and also talked about the McCartney concert, but they never heard back from Gallagher's manager.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Paul & Linda McCartney, except where noted

Pure McCartney
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Too Many People" | Paul McCartney | 4:34 |
| 2. | "3 Legs" | Paul McCartney | 3:03 |
| 3. | "Ram On" | Paul McCartney | 2:48 |
| 4. | "Dear Boy" |  | 2:37 |
| 5. | "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" |  | 5:13 |
| 6. | "Smile Away" | Paul McCartney | 4:09 |
| 7. | "Heart of the Country" |  | 2:38 |
| 8. | "Monkberry Moon Delight" |  | 4:42 |
| 9. | "Eat at Home" |  | 3:37 |
| 10. | "Long Haired Lady" |  | 7:07 |
| 11. | "The Back Seat of My Car" | Paul McCartney | 5:20 |
| 12. | "Venus & Mars/Rock Show" |  | 8:03 |
| 13. | "Coming Up" | Paul McCartney | 4:14 |
| 14. | "Live and Let Die" |  | 3:21 |
| 15. | "Maybe I'm Amazed" | Paul McCartney | 4:44 |
| 16. | "Junk" | Paul McCartney | 3:41 |
| 17. | "Band on the Run" |  | 5:59 |
| Total length: | | | 1:16:31 |

DVD bonus featurette
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bonus featurette" | 9:27 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Pure McCartney | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Tim Christensen, Mike Viola, Tracy Bonham, with The Damn Crystals | |
| Released | 12 February 2013 |
| Recorded | 18 June 2012
Vega, Copenhagen |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 1:25:58 |
| Label | Mermaid Records |
| Producer | Tim Christensen,
Frank Birch Pontoppidan |
|  | |
| Tim Christensen chronology | |
| *The EP Series, Volume 1: Acoustic Covers*
(2012) ***Pure McCartney***
(2013) *Side Effects*
(2014) | |
| Mike Viola chronology | |
| *Acousto De Perfecto*
(2012) ***Pure McCartney***
(2013) *GHOUL*
(2013) | |
| Tracy Bonham chronology | |
| *Masts of Manhatta*
(2010) ***Pure McCartney***
(2013) *Wax & Gold*
(2015) | |
|  | |


title: K. G. George

abstract: Kulakkattil Geevarghese George was an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter who worked in the Malayalam cinema. He was the founder of a new school of film making in Malayalam cinema, along with Bharathan and P. Padmarajan, in the 1980s. He was awarded the J. C. Daniel Award, Government of Kerala's highest honour for contributions to the Malayalam cinema. George made his debut with Swapnadanam (1975) which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam. His well-known films include Ulkkadal (1979), Mela (1980), Yavanika (1982), Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback (1983), Adaminte Vaariyellu (1983), Panchavadi Palam (1984), Irakal (1986), and Mattoral (1988). He was a recipient of 9 Kerala State Film Awards for his various films. George was the founder and chairman of the Malayalam Cine Technicians Association (MACTA), and continued to be an executive member. He was the chairman of the Kerala State Film Development Corporation.

text:
# K. G. George

**Kulakkattil Geevarghese George** (24 May 1946 – 24 September 2023) was an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter who worked in the Malayalam cinema. He was the founder of a new school of film making in Malayalam cinema, along with Bharathan and P. Padmarajan, in the 1980s. He was awarded the J. C. Daniel Award, Government of Kerala's highest honour for contributions to the Malayalam cinema.

George made his debut with *Swapnadanam* (1975) which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam. His well-known films include *Ulkkadal* (1979), *Mela* (1980), *Yavanika* (1982), *Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback* (1983), *Adaminte Vaariyellu* (1983), *Panchavadi Palam* (1984), *Irakal* (1986), and *Mattoral* (1988). He was a recipient of 9 Kerala State Film Awards for his various films.

George was the founder and chairman of the Malayalam Cine Technicians Association (MACTA), and continued to be an executive member. He was the chairman of the Kerala State Film Development Corporation.

## Early life

George was born to Samuel and Annamma as their eldest son on 24 May 1946 in Thiruvalla. After his diploma from Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune, K. G. George started his film career as the assistant to director Ramu Kariat. He made his directorial debut with *Swapnadanam* (1975) and became a strong presence in the new cinema movement that became active during the early 1970s. The film institute may have exposed him to the magic of cinema, but his stint as an assistant to the legendary Ramu Kariat in the celebrated *Nellu* must have instilled in him that quality to gel cinematic norms with commercial elements. He was given the tag of a 'via media director' together with Padmarajan, Bharathan and Mohan, which was a big compliment in the 1980s when most of his movies were hits.

## Film career

His debut movie *Swapnadanam* was a commercial success while maintaining its artistic quality. It was a marital psychodrama, *Swapnadanam* rejected all the usual song-dance numbers of popular cinema, yet succeeded in reaching the common mass. Later he turned to the middle-stream cinema and produced some of the best works of Malayalam cinema, which became highly popular with the masses. It was a commercial success as well as critically acclaimed and won several awards. *Swapnadanam* won the Kerala State Film Award for best film. Another of his movies was released in 1980, *Kolangal* smithereens the common romantic concept about an interior village of Kerala filled with virtues and happiness. Here a village is shown in the clutches of wildfire of jealousy. *Yavanika* stands out as one of the most commercially successful, yet artistically superior films of the 1980s. In the form of a detective thriller, *Yavanika* explores backstage drama of a travelling drama troupe. It won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Film. K. G. George uses the cinema within cinema technique for this film. With hints to the real life incident of suicide of popular actress Shobha, *Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback* became controversial even before its release. He used a new narrative technique *Adaminte Variyellu*, by telling the story of unhappy marital lives and oppressions suffered by three urban women. Based on a short story by Veloor Krishnankutty, George's *Panchavadi Palam* is a satirical comedy with an intentionally exaggerated story line and caricature-like characters. It works almost as a political cartoon. *Irakal* is an in-depth exploration of the psychology of violence. A ruthless rubber baron, Mathukutty, disregards the prevailing moral standards and spawns criminal sons as well as a sexually wayward daughter, Annie. His son, Baby, is a psychotic strangler who uses a nylon wire and is eventually shot dead by his repentant father.

George's last movie was released in 1998, *Elavamkodu Desam*, a period movie released when mimicry movies ruled the roost. "The audience somehow did not relate to this movie," he says sadly. In between his first film *Swapnadanam* and *Elavamkodu Desam*, he created milestones in Malayalam cinema. Seven of his movies were screened at different international festivals.

George released his memoir *Flashback Enteyum Cinemayudeyum* in 2012. In 2018, a documentary on the films and life of K G George named 8½ Intercuts: Life and Films of K.G. George directed by film maker Lijin Jose was released.

## Death

K. G. George died at a retirement home in Kakkanad, on 24 September 2023, at the age of 77. He was undergoing treatment for a stroke. He had been a resident there for the past five years, after suffering from a massive stroke. During the last days of his life, his condition had been much worse, and the end came at 11:00 AM.

## Filmography

| Title | Year | Functioned as | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Director | Story | Screenplay | Dialogues | Production | Assistant Director | Associate Director | Actor | Dubbing |
| *Maaya* | 1972 |  |  |  |  |  |  | Yes |  |  |
| *Nellu* | 1974 |  |  | Yes |  |  | Yes |  |  |  |
| *Swapnadanam* | 1976 | Yes |  | Yes |  |  |  |  |  | Yes |
| *Vyaamoham* | 1978 | Yes |  | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Rappadikalude Gatha* | 1978 | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Iniyaval Urangatte* | 1978 | Yes |  | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Onappudava* | 1978 | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Mannu* | 1978 | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Ulkkadal* | 1979 | Yes |  | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Mela* | 1980 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Kolangal* | 1981 | Yes |  | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Yavanika* | 1982 | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback* | 1983 | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Adaminte Vaariyellu* | 1984 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |  |  | Yes |  |
| *Panchavadi Palam* | 1984 | Yes |  | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Irakal* | 1985 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Kathakku Pinnil* | 1987 | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Mattoral* | 1988 | Yes |  | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Yaathrayude Anthyam* | 1989 | Yes |  | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Ee Kanni Koodi* | 1990 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Mahanagaram* | 1992 |  |  |  |  | Yes |  |  |  |  |
| *Elavamkodu Desam* | 1998 | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Awards

**Kerala State Film Awards:**

**Kerala Film Critics Association Awards:**

**Other awards:**

## InfoBox

| K. G. George | |
| --- | --- |
| കെ.ജി. ജോർജ് | |
|  | |
| Born | Kulakkattil Geevarghese George
(1946-05-24)24 May 1946
Thiruvalla, Kingdom of Travancore, British India
(present day Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India) |
| Died | 24 September 2023(2023-09-24) (aged 77)
Kakkanad, Ernakulam, Kerala, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupations | * Film director * screenwriter |
| Years active | 1975–1990; 1998 |
| Notable work |  |
| Spouse | Selma George |
| Children | 2 |
| Parents | * Kulakkattil Geevarghese Samuel * Annamma Samuel |
| Relatives |  |


title: K. G. Koppal

abstract: Kannegowdanna Koppal, popularly known as K. G. Koppal, is a locality in Chamarajapuram, Mysore, Karnataka. The locality is named after Kannegowda, a noted kushti wrestler at Mysore Palace.

text:
# K. G. Koppal

**Kannegowdanna Koppal**, popularly known as **K. G. Koppal**, is a locality in Chamarajapuram, Mysore, Karnataka. The locality is named after Kannegowda, a noted kushti wrestler at Mysore Palace.

## Important Landmarks

## InfoBox

| K. G. Koppal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 12°18′01″N 76°38′27″E / 12.30034°N 76.64080°E / 12.30034; 76.64080 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Mysore |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | **570005** |


title: K. G. Hammar

abstract: Karl Gustav Hilding Hammar, commonly referred to as K. G. Hammar, is a Swedish clergyman. He was Archbishop of Uppsala, primate of the Church of Sweden, from 1997 to 2006. During his tenure as archbishop he was a highly divisive figure, who gained strong support from some and drew heavy criticism from others, and he oversaw the separation of church and state in Sweden on 1 January 2000. He holds a PhD and is the author of several books on theology.

text:
# K. G. Hammar

**Karl Gustav Hilding Hammar**, commonly referred to as **K. G. Hammar**, (born 18 February 1943) is a Swedish clergyman. He was Archbishop of Uppsala, primate of the Church of Sweden, from 1997 to 2006. During his tenure as archbishop he was a highly divisive figure, who gained strong support from some and drew heavy criticism from others, and he oversaw the separation of church and state in Sweden on 1 January 2000. He holds a PhD and is the author of several books on theology.

## Career

His father a priest, he was ordained priest in the Diocese of Lund in 1965, at the age of 22. From 1972 to 1975 he worked as a teacher at Trinity Theological College in Singapore. He returned home to work as a priest in the Church of Sweden in Lund. In 1992, he became bishop and head of the diocese, and in 1997 he was appointed Archbishop by the Social Democrat-controlled Government of Sweden under the state church which was then still formally in place but lost its true standing already in 1958 and was on its way to be officially abolished. Soon after his appointment, he consecrated Christina Odenberg, the first Swedish woman to become a bishop.

## Theological and political positions

"I do not have the truth, I seek it" (*Jag har inte sanningen, jag söker den*) - K. G. Hammar

As the head of the church, he gained much popularity as well as criticism for his strong opinions, which emphasized humanism and tolerance according to his supporters, and was highly politically partisan and inappropriate for his position according to his critics, who saw him more as a left wing politician than a clergyman. He fought for extended amnesty for refugees and illegal immigrants in Sweden, debt relief for poor countries, more humane treatment of prisoners and tolerance towards followers of other religions than Christianity. He also criticised the invasion of Iraq and global capitalism, and urged for a boycott against goods from Israeli settlements. The former leader of the Swedish Christian Democrat party Alf Svensson has called Hammar a "leftist populist" and the then-party leader of the Moderate Party Bo Lundgren called on Hammar to either stop using his post as a political platform or to resign and stand for election as a leftist politician instead.

Hammar is an outspoken supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which advocates for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.

Hammar also expressed liberal theological views and spoke out frequently for the rights of homosexuals to adopt children. He drew much fire for sanctioning the showing of the controversial photo exhibition *Ecce Homo* inside Uppsala Cathedral, where photos recreated classical Christian motifs but in contexts relating to homosexuality.

Hammar's liberal positions on several theological issues made him controversial among more conservative Christians. In an interview with Kyrkans Tidning, the Church of Sweden national magazine, he was quoted as saying: *"You do not have to believe in anything particular to be a Christian. To say that you want to be part of it is enough. What kind of right do I have to question that? The definition frenzy only leads to exclusion"*, the context of the statement being how the church could open its door and welcome religious seekers and people who do not feel welcome in the church. He has also on other occasions stated that he thinks that the Virgin Birth should be interpreted as a ”poetic statement” rather than a literal fact.

His views on homosexuality and controversial theological issues sometimes stirred emotions among other Christian denominations. For example, the Church of Sweden's rather new-founded ecumenical contacts with the Catholic Church and its old contacts with the Anglican Communion were strained for a while, but have since gone back to normal.

Hammar's theological position lies within a tradition of Christian mysticism and he has on several occasions expressed his gratitude to the writings of former U.N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld and his book *Markings*, and also to the Swedish poet laureate Tomas Tranströmer.

## Stepping down

On 25 August 2005 Hammar announced that he intended to step down from his post in the summer of 2006. He cited personal reasons, but declined to comment further.

K. G. Hammar became a widower in 2007. He remarried in 2014, and has five adult children.

## Bibliography

After the title follows an unofficial translation into English.

* (1975) *Dialog i kyrkan* (Dialogue in the Church)
* (1977) *Gudsfolket, Ett bibelteologisk studium av kyrkans identitiet* (The People of God—A Biblical Theological Study of the Identity of the Church)
* (1981) *Prästidentitet och församlingssyn, Modeller för vägval* (Clerical Identity and Views on Congregation—Models from which to Choose)
* (1985) *Det som hörs - predikoteoretiska perspektiv* (What can be heard—Sermon Theoretical Perspectives)
* (1993) *Tecken och verklighet, Herdabrev till Lunds stift* (Signs and Reality, Pastoral Letters to the Diocese of Lund)
* (1997) *Samtal om Gud* (Conversations About God)
* (2000) *Ecce Homo - efter 2000 år* (Ecce Homo—After 2000 Years)
* (2004) *Jag har inte sanningen, jag söker den* (I Do Not Have the Truth, I am Seeking It, with journalist Ami Lönnroth)

1. "Religious Organizations" (in Swedish). World Statesmen. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
2. Omstridd och omtyckt ärkebiskop avgår (Svt.se) Archived 2007-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
3. "Sluta att köpa israeliska varor (DN.se)
4. "Statements". *Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly*. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
* *Parts of the article have been translated and incorporated from Swedish Wikipedia.*

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Karl Gustav Hilding Hammar | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop Emeritus of Uppsala
Primate Emeritus of Sweden | |
|  | |
| Church | Church of Sweden |
| Archdiocese | Uppsala |
| Appointed | 1997 |
| In office | 1997–2006 |
| Predecessor | Gunnar Weman |
| Successor | Anders Wejryd |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Lund (1992–1997) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1965 |
| Consecration | 1992 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1943-02-18) 18 February 1943
Hässleholm, Sweden |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Alma mater | Lund University |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Pyncostola iospila

abstract: Pyncostola iospila is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1909. It is found in Namibia and South Africa, where it has been recorded from the Northern Cape and Gauteng. The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are whitish tinged with ferruginous. There are ferruginous spots on the costa at the base and one-sixth, the former connected beneath with a fuscous transverse mark. There are two small ferruginous spots beneath the fold rather obliquely beyond these respectively. The costa is suffused with grey irroration (sprinkles) from one-fourth to two-thirds. There is a small ferruginous spot beneath the costa at one-third. The stigmata are represented by small ferruginous spots, the plical very obliquely before the first discal. There is also a suffused grey streak sprinkled with dark grey along the fold beneath the discal stigmata and a fascia of ferruginous suffusion along the termen, preceded by some grey suffusion. The hindwings are pale grey.

text:
# Pyncostola iospila

***Pyncostola iospila*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1909. It is found in Namibia and South Africa, where it has been recorded from the Northern Cape and Gauteng.

The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are whitish tinged with ferruginous. There are ferruginous spots on the costa at the base and one-sixth, the former connected beneath with a fuscous transverse mark. There are two small ferruginous spots beneath the fold rather obliquely beyond these respectively. The costa is suffused with grey irroration (sprinkles) from one-fourth to two-thirds. There is a small ferruginous spot beneath the costa at one-third. The stigmata are represented by small ferruginous spots, the plical very obliquely before the first discal. There is also a suffused grey streak sprinkled with dark grey along the fold beneath the discal stigmata and a fascia of ferruginous suffusion along the termen, preceded by some grey suffusion. The hindwings are pale grey.

## InfoBox

| *Pyncostola iospila* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyncostola* |
| Species: | ***P. iospila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyncostola iospila***<br>(Meyrick, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Paltodora iospila* Meyrick, 1909 | |


title: Pumuta

abstract: Pumuta is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia, about 5,200 metres (17,060 ft) high. It is situated in the Oruro Department, Sajama Province, Curahuara de Carangas Municipality, Sajama Canton, north-west of the extinct Sajama volcano. Pumuta lies south-west of the mountain Jach'a Kunturiri and north-east to east of the mountains Kunturiri and Jisk'a Kunturiri. The Kunturiri River originates south of the mountain. It flows to the south and then to the east as a tributary of the Sajama River.

text:
# Pumuta

**Pumuta** (Aymara *puma* cougar, puma, *uta* house, "puma house") is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia, about 5,200 metres (17,060 ft) high. It is situated in the Oruro Department, Sajama Province, Curahuara de Carangas Municipality, Sajama Canton, north-west of the extinct Sajama volcano. Pumuta lies south-west of the mountain Jach'a Kunturiri and north-east to east of the mountains Kunturiri and Jisk'a Kunturiri.

The Kunturiri River originates south of the mountain. It flows to the south and then to the east as a tributary of the Sajama River.

## InfoBox

| Pumuta | |
| --- | --- |
| Jisk'a Kunturiri is located NW of Nevado Sajama (the latter is in the lower center of this NASA image, with north to the top right corner). From left to right there are the snow-covered mountains of Paya Chata, Kunturiri, and Jisk'a Kunturiri and Pumuta (a bit below it to the right ). | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,200 m (17,100 ft) |
| Coordinates | 18°01′48″S 69°01′12″W / 18.03000°S 69.02000°W / -18.03000; -69.02000 |
| Geography | |
| PumutaLocation in Bolivia | |
| Location | Bolivia, Oruro Department |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: KBNZ-LD

abstract: KBNZ-LD is a low-power television station in Bend, Oregon, United States, serving Central Oregon as an affiliate of CBS. It is owned by local cable company BendBroadband alongside ABC affiliate KOHD. The two stations share studios on Lower Meadow Drive in Bend; KBNZ-LD's transmitter is located in the city on Awbrey Butte west of US 97.

text:
# KBNZ-LD

**KBNZ-LD** (channel 7) is a low-power television station in Bend, Oregon, United States, serving Central Oregon as an affiliate of CBS. It is owned by local cable company BendBroadband alongside ABC affiliate KOHD (channel 18). The two stations share studios on Lower Meadow Drive in Bend; KBNZ-LD's transmitter is located in the city on Awbrey Butte west of US 97.

## History

KBNZ originated in the mid-1980s as a low-power translator of KOIN in Portland. In October 2008, KOIN owner New Vision Television announced plans to convert KBNZ into a locally-focused CBS affiliate. The station was upgraded to a low-power license under new calls, KBNZ, on June 13, 2008. On October 26, 2008, it relaunched as Central Oregon's first locally-based CBS affiliate. Four of KOIN's translators in Central Oregon were switched from airing KOIN's signal to that of KBNZ. It also received its own section on KOIN's website. Master control and some internal operations remained based at KOIN's studios at the KOIN Center in Downtown Portland.

Although identifying as a separate station in its own right, KBNZ was considered a semi-satellite of KOIN. It cleared all network programming as provided through its parent and simulcast most of KOIN's newscasts, but aired a separate offering of syndicated programming as well as separate commercials.

One reason that the station split from KOIN is a result of the Bend market growing in population. The change left MyNetworkTV affiliate KUBN-LD as the only area station serving as a full-time satellite of a Portland station. News personnel based at KBNZ began to contribute two to four local stories each day to air on KOIN broadcasts. It had been planned that as KBNZ grew, a fully produced local newscast originating from Central Oregon would be introduced.

KBNZ's signal does not reach far outside Bend. The only other area it reaches is Deschutes River Woods which is south of Bend and can only be obtained in the northern tip of the area. KBNZ's signal can also be seen in the western portion of Crook County. K31CR-D transmits a digital rebroadcast of KOIN programming and is not available east of Prineville but services an area larger than KBNZ. K31CR's signal reaches Crook, Jefferson, Deschutes, and Wasco counties. In contrast, KBNZ's signal does not exit Deschutes County.

On March 31, 2010, BendBroadband bought KBNZ from New Vision Television through a subsidiary, Zolo Media. The new owner initially didn't plan any immediate or major changes. With the ownership change, contact information for this station as well as listings for reporter Brittney Hopper and photographer Brandon Anderchuk were removed from the KBNZ section of KOIN's website. The weather information for the Bend area on the KBNZ section went without updates for a time before being removed as well.

In the summer of 2011, KBNZ launched a new website. Zolo Media also announced that it would take over master control operations from KOIN, starting on September 1. With the severing of the electronic umbilical cord with KOIN, KBNZ also dropped KOIN's 5:30 p.m. and 6 p.m. newscasts and rolled out a new logo.

BendBroadband announced on May 1, 2014, that it would merge with Telephone and Data Systems, a Chicago-based cable firm, in a $261 million deal.

## News operation

In April 2016, Zolo Media announced the debut of a local news program to air on both KBNZ and KOHD starting on May 2, 2016, called *Central Oregon Daily*. KBNZ currently airs newscasts weekdays at noon, 6 p.m., 7 p.m. and 11 p.m., Saturdays at 6 p.m., and Sundays at 6 and 11 p.m.

## Subchannel

Subchannel of KBNZ-LD
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7.1 | 1080i | 16:9 | KBNZ-DT | CBS |

### Translators

Since KBNZ is a low-power station, it relies on translators to expand its reach.

## InfoBox

KBNZ-LD
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | KBNZ; *Central Oregon Daily* |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations | CBS |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | KOHD |
| History | |
| First air date | c.1985 (current license dates from October 25, 2008) |
| Former call signs | * K11SE (1985–2006) * K07YM (2006–2008) |
| Call sign meaning | Bend |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 35834 |
| Class | LD |
| ERP | 3 kW |
| HAAT | 211 m (692 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 44°4′38.2″N 121°20′0.7″W / 44.077278°N 121.333528°W / 44.077278; -121.333528 |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |
| Website | www.centraloregondaily.com/kbnz-cbs/ |


title: KBNT-CD

abstract: KBNT-CD is a low-power, Class A television station in San Diego, California, United States, affiliated with the Spanish-language network Univision. It is owned by Entravision Communications alongside UniMás affiliate KDTF-LD; it is also sister to Milenio Televisión affiliate XHDTV-TDT. XHDTV-TDT is owned by Mexican-based Televisora Alco, which is 40% owned by Entravision. The three stations share studios on Ruffin Road in San Diego's Kearny Mesa section; KBNT-CD's transmitter is located on Mount Soledad in La Jolla. The station's signal is relayed on low-power KHAX-LD in Vista.

text:
# KBNT-CD

**KBNT-CD** (channel 17) is a low-power, Class A television station in San Diego, California, United States, affiliated with the Spanish-language network Univision. It is owned by Entravision Communications alongside UniMás affiliate KDTF-LD (channel 36); it is also sister to Milenio Televisión affiliate XHDTV-TDT (channel 49). XHDTV-TDT is owned by Mexican-based Televisora Alco, which is 40% owned by Entravision. The three stations share studios on Ruffin Road in San Diego's Kearny Mesa section; KBNT-CD's transmitter is located on Mount Soledad in La Jolla.

The station's signal is relayed on low-power **KHAX-LD** (channel 25) in Vista.

## History

KBNT launched on May 19, 1987, as K19BN, owned by Cabrillo Broadcasting Corporation. The station obtained the Univision affiliation from Televisa-owned XEWT in Tijuana on January 1, 1990. At that time, San Diegans could receive the station only through cable television, because its weak broadcast signal could not reach the city proper. The station increased its transmitting power, boosting its signal. While still not reaching San Diego proper, it could be picked up in Escondido, San Marcos, Vista and Fallbrook.

On October 29, 1987, K49BV in Vista, owned by Vista Television, was launched. It was formerly a repeater of the Trinity Broadcasting Network. In 1995, its call sign was changed to KHAX-LP.

On December 23, 1994, K19BN reached an agreement with NBC affiliate KNSD (channel 39) to retransmit its programs on KBNT-LP (channel 62, later KNSD-LP in 1997) in La Jolla.

K19BN became KBNT-LP on August 22, 1997. That same year, ownership switched from Cabrillo to Entravision.

On June 28, 2000, major changes took place at Univision San Diego. The Univision affiliation switched from channel 19 (closed in 2001) to channel 17 (obtaining the KBNT-LP callsign and bought by Entravision), allowing Univision to reach San Diego, National City and Chula Vista over the air. This allowed then-WB affiliate (now Fox affiliate) KSWB-TV (channel 69) to operate on digital channel 19.

The new KBNT-LP added KHAX-LP as its relay station, extending its coverage to the north. In 2002, KBNT-LP upgraded to Class A status, becoming KBNT-CA. KHAX-LP was sold to Entravision at the same time. The station's relay in La Jolla, KNSD-LP (channel 62), was shut down in 2007. That signal was leased to Entravision by KNSD owners Station Venture Operations, L.P. (operated as a joint venture between NBCUniversal and LIN Media until LIN dropped out of the venture in February 2013).

In the fall of 2008, KBNT-CD expanded again to a three-repeater operation, when KTCD-LP (channel 46) switched from repeating Azteca América–affiliated sister station XHAS-TV (channel 33) to KBNT.

On March 4, 2020, analog channel 49 (KHAX-LP) was shut down and a new digital channel 25 (KHAX-LD) signed on in Vista, California.

On August 9, 2021, the Federal Communications Commission canceled the license for analog translator KTCD-LP, as the station did not transition to digital operation by the July 13, 2021, deadline.

## Newscasts

KBNT-CD broadcasts five hours of local newscasts each week (with one hour each weekday); the station does not produce newscasts on Saturdays or Sundays. The station produces the public affairs program *Perspectiva Nacional* on Sundays at 6 p.m.

## Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of KBNT-CD
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17.1 | 1080i | 16:9 | KBNT-DT | Univision |
| 17.2 | | 480i | LATV | LATV |

## InfoBox

KBNT-CD
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | Univision San Diego |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | KDTF-LD, XHDTV-TDT |
| History | |
| Founded | February 14, 1992 |
| First air date | December 3, 1992 (1992-12-03) |
| Former call signs | * K17DI (1992–2000) * KSZR-LP (2000) * KBNT-LP (2000–2002) * KBNT-CA (2002–2010) * KDTF-CA (2010–2011) * KTCD-CA (2011–2012) * KBNT-CA (2012–2013) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 17 (UHF, 1998–2013) * **Digital:** 25 (UHF, 2013–2019) |
| Call sign meaning | disambiguation of original K19BN translator calls |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 4035 |
| Class | CD |
| ERP | 15 kW |
| HAAT | 219.8 m (721 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 32°50′20″N 117°14′59″W / 32.83889°N 117.24972°W / 32.83889; -117.24972 |
| Translator(s) | KHAX-LD 25 Vista |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | noticiasya.com/san-diego |


title: Pyrausta griseofumalis

abstract: Pyrausta griseofumalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Azerbaijan.

text:
# Pyrausta griseofumalis

***Pyrausta griseofumalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrausta griseofumalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrausta* |
| Species: | ***P. griseofumalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrausta griseofumalis***<br>Hampson, 1900 | |
|


title: KBNN

abstract: KBNN is a radio station broadcasting a news/talk format. Established in 1973, the station is licensed to Lebanon, Missouri, United States, and serves the Springfield, Missouri, area. The station is owned by Alpha Media and is licensed to Alpha Media Licensee LLC. Because it shares the same frequency as WSB in Atlanta, it must shut down at sunset.

text:
# KBNN

**KBNN** (750 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a news/talk format. Established in 1973, the station is licensed to Lebanon, Missouri, United States, and serves the Springfield, Missouri, area. The station is owned by Alpha Media and is licensed to Alpha Media Licensee LLC.

Because it shares the same frequency as WSB in Atlanta, it must shut down at sunset.

## History

KJEL signed on October 20, 1973 on 1080 kHz with a format of middle of the road music and news programming under the ownership of Risner Broadcasting. At the outset, 60 percent of the station's programming was simulcast with KJEL-FM (103.7), which signed on the same day. In 1980, the KJEL stations were sold to a group of businesspeople under the name KJEL, Inc. for $375,000. By 1981, KJEL had affiliated with the ABC Entertainment Network and changed to a country music format while retaining its news programming, with only 10 percent of its programming being simulcast with KJEL-FM; the following year, the two stations began simulcasting full-time.

Ozark Broadcasting purchased the KJEL stations for $450,000 in 1983; this made the stations part of the Shepherd Group. In 1985, the station moved to 750 kHz. By then, the FM station, which had become KIRK, was programming a country music format separate from KJEL. In 1988, KJEF became an affiliate of the ABC Information Network; the ABC Entertainment Network affiliation moved to KIRK. On December 1, 1996, the call letters were changed to KBNN, and the station took on a talk radio format.

In March 2007, GoodRadio.TV LLC agreed to buy the Shepherd Group's stations, including KBNN, for $30.6 million. In 2013, GoodRadio.TV was merged into Digity, LLC (both companies were controlled by Dean Goodman) as part of Digity's acquisition of NextMedia. Effective February 25, 2016, Digity was acquired by Alpha Media for $264 million.

## InfoBox

KBNN
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Ozarks |
| Frequency | 750 kHz |
| Branding | 750 TALK |
| Programming | |
| Format | News/talk |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | KJPW, KFBD-FM, KOZQ-FM, KJEL, KIIK |
| History | |
| First air date | October 20, 1973 (1973-10-20) |
| Former call signs | KJEL (1972–1996) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 51093 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 5,000 watts day |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°41′11″N 92°41′35″W / 37.68639°N 92.69306°W / 37.68639; -92.69306 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | KBNN Online |


title: Pyrrhocoris

abstract: Pyrrhocoris is a genus of true bugs in the family Pyrrhocoridae, the cotton stainers. Records of occurrence are mainly in the Palaearctic realm, with some from North America and East Asia.

text:
# Pyrrhocoris

***Pyrrhocoris*** is a genus of true bugs in the family Pyrrhocoridae, the cotton stainers. Records of occurrence are mainly in the Palaearctic realm, with some from North America and East Asia.

## Species

Species in the genus include:

1. *Pyrrhocoris apterus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
2. *Pyrrhocoris fuscopunctatus* Stål, 1858
3. *Pyrrhocoris marginatus* (Kolenati, 1845)
4. *Pyrrhocoris niger* Reuter, 1888
5. *Pyrrhocoris rottensis* Kment, 2021
6. *Pyrrhocoris sibiricus* Kuschakewitsch, 1867
7. *Pyrrhocoris sinuaticollis* Reuter, 1885
8. *Pyrrhocoris tibialis* Statz & Wagner, 1950

The best known species by far is *Pyrrhocoris apterus*, commonly called the firebug, red firebug, linden bug, sap sucking bug, and red soldier bug. Many aspects of the biology of this species have been studied extensively.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrrhocoris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pyrrhocoris apterus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Pyrrhocoridae |
| Genus: | *Pyrrhocoris*<br>Fallén, 1814 |
|
| Species | |
| see text | |


title: K2 (Kerfuffle album)

abstract: K2 is the second album by folk band Kerfuffle.

text:
# K2 (Kerfuffle album)

***K2*** is the second album by folk band Kerfuffle.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dance Little Maid/Monster of Polska 2.0" | Trad./Ville Ojanen | 3.38 |
| 2. | "The Great Silkie of Sule Skerry/The Old Maid of Galway" | Trad. | 6.01 |
| 3. | "Speed the Plough/The Road to Ballymac/Swedish Polska" | Trad./Leslie Craig/Copyright Control | 3.09 |
| 4. | "Mrs Saggs" | Chris Wood | 2.57 |
| 5. | "Holland Handkerchief" | Trad. | 6.34 |
| 6. | "The Orphan/Phone Call/The Milliner's Daughter/The Salvation" | Trad./Larry Unger/Trad./Simon Bradley | 4.44 |
| 7. | "Ca' The Yowes" | Robert Burns | 2.33 |
| 8. | "James & Lara's Wedding/Highlander's Farewell/Crazy Dog" | Marianne Campbell/Trad./Rodney Miller | 3.21 |
| 9. | "O'Neill's Lament" | Trad. | 6.16 |
| 10. | "Hold Back The Tide" | John Tams | 6.03 |
| 11. | "Sleeping Tune/Vingarden" | Gorden Duncan/Morten Alfred Høirup | 6.04 |
| Total length: | | | 48:07 |

(All tracks arranged by Kerfuffle)

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| K2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kerfuffle | |
| Released | 7 March 2005 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 48:07 |
| Label | RootBeat Records |
| Producer | Kerfuffle |
| Kerfuffle chronology | |
| *Not to Scale*
(2003) ***K2***
(2005) *Links*
(2006) | |


title: Pyrgiscus yoshikoae

abstract: Pyrgiscus yoshikoae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Pyrgiscus yoshikoae

***Pyrgiscus yoshikoae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgiscus yoshikoae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgiscus* |
| Species: | ***P. yoshikoae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgiscus yoshikoae***<br>Hori & Fukuda, 1999 | |
|


title: Mikhail Gluzman

abstract: Mikhail Gluzman is a Ukrainian-Australian chess International Master and an experienced chess coach.

text:
# Mikhail Gluzman

**Mikhail Gluzman** (born 5 September 1967 in Kiev, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian-Australian chess International Master and an experienced chess coach.

## Chess career

Gluzman gained the title of International Master in 1991, after a strong performance in the Belgrade international tournament. In 1992 he migrated to Melbourne, Australia. He finished equal first in the 1992 Victorian Chess Championship, but lost the play-off match to GM Darryl Johansen.

Gluzman won the Australian Masters chess tournament in 1993 and, jointly with Guy West, in 2002. He also won the 36th Doeberl Cup in 1998, on a tie-break from GM Darryl Johansen.

He represented Australia in two Chess Olympiads in Moscow in 1994 and Bled in 2002.

Gluzman won the Oceania Zonal Chess Championship held on the Gold Coast, Queensland in April 2001, after finishing equal first with Mark Champan on a score of 7/9, and then winning a rapid play-off match. He went on to compete in the knock-out format FIDE World Chess Championship 2002 in Moscow, Russia where he was eliminated in round 1 by Evgeny Bareev.

In 1994 Gluzman co-founded "Chess Ideas", Australia's first professional chess coaching business, in Melbourne, Australia. He successfully coached World Youth Chess Championship participants Denis Bourmistrov to finish =10th in the Boy's Under 10 Chess Championship in Menorca 1996, and Michelle Lee to finish =6th in the Girl's Under 10 Chess Championship in Oropesa del Mar 2000.

Gluzman retired from tournament play in 2003, citing the low profile of chess and the lack of opportunities for top chess coaches in Australia.

## Notable games

* **Evgeny Sveshnikov vs Mikhail Gluzman**, Bern Open (1992), Alekhine's Defence: Chase Variation, (B02), 0-1

1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.c4 Nb6 4.c5 Nd5 5.Nc3 c6 6.Bc4 e6 7.Qg4 f5 8.Qg3 b6 9.cxb6 axb6 10.Nge2 Ba6 11.d3 Qe7 12.0-0 Qf7 13.Bxd5 cxd5 14.Na4 Nc6 15.Bd2 b5 16.Nac3 b4 17.Nd1 Be7 18.b3 0-0 19.Nb2 Bb5 20.Rfc1 Ra3 21.Qe3 f4 22.Nxf4 Bg5 23.g3 Qf5 24.Rxc6 Bxc6 25.Bxb4 d4 26.Qe2 Raa8 27.Bxf8 Rxf8 28.Ng2 Bf3 29.Qe1 h5 30.Qf1 h4 31.Nc4 Qg4 32.Ne1 hxg3 33.Nxf3 gxf2+ 34.Kh1 Qxf3+ 35.Qg2 f1Q+ 0-1

* **Darryl Johansen vs Mikhail Gluzman**, Australian Championship (2002), Queen's Gambit Declined: Tarrasch Defence, (D34), 0-1

1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 c5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.g3 Nf6 7.Bg2 Be7 8.0-0 0-0 9.dxc5 Bxc5 10.Bg5 d4 11.Na4 Be7 12.Rc1 h6 13.Bxf6 Bxf6 14.a3 Rb8 15.Ne1 Re8 16.Nd3 Ne5 17.Nac5 Bg4 18.Re1 Nxd3 19.Nxd3 Re7 20.h3 Bf5 21.Rc5 Be4 22.Bxe4 Rxe4 23.Qa4 b6 24.Rc2 Qe7 25.Qc6 Re8 26.Qd5 g6 27.Kg2 h5 28.Rec1 Rxe2 29.Rxe2 Qxe2 30.Re1 Qxe1 31.Nxe1 Rxe1 32.g4 hxg4 33.hxg4 g5 34.b3 Kg7 35.Kf3 Re8 36.Qf5 a5 37.a4 Rd8 38.Qd3 Rc8 39.Ke4 Rd8 40.Kf3 Re8 41.Kg2 Rc8 42.Kf1 Re8 43.Qb5 Rd8 44.Ke2 d3+ 45.Kd2 Rd6 46.f3 Kf8 47.Qf5 Bc3+ 48.Kd1 Bb4 49.f4 Re6 0-1

## InfoBox

| Mikhail Gluzman | |
| --- | --- |
| Mikhail Gluzman at the 35th Doeberl Cup in Canberra 1997 | |
| Country | Australia |
| Born | (1967-09-05) 5 September 1967 |
| Title | International Master (1991) |
| FIDE rating | 2403 (October 2024) |
| Peak rating | 2447 (January 2000) |


abstract: The United States Custom House and Post Office in Cincinnati, Ohio, served as the main federal presence in that city from its construction, completed in 1885, until its demolition in 1936, to make way for a successor building. It was the location of the United States Custom House, and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit met here from 1891 until 1936.

text:
# United States Custom House and Post Office (Cincinnati)

The **United States Custom House and Post Office** in Cincinnati, Ohio, served as the main federal presence in that city from its construction, completed in 1885, until its demolition in 1936, to make way for a successor building. It was the location of the United States Custom House, and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit met here from 1891 until 1936.

## History

Cincinnati's first federal building, located at the southwest corner of Fourth and Vine Streets, was bought in 1851 in response to a general demand in the city that scattered Federal offices be assembled. Construction of that first building took seven years and cost $339,183. Then, after 27 years of use, the site and structure were sold in 1879 for $100,000 to make way for the Merchants' Exchange.

Even before the Government became responsive to the growing city's demand for a larger building and began to take an interest in Fifth Street as a site, the section now embraced by Fountain Square and Government Square had assumed historic importance. Three Presidents - James Monroe, Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams \- had visited it. Abraham Lincoln had spoken there. The fountain and esplanade were installed in the early 1870s, becoming leading attractions of the city. It seemed a good place for a Federal Building, then as now. However, business men in the "Bottoms" complained when the move to Fifth Street was proposed. They contended Fifth Street was too far from the business center of the city.

The site was acquired by condemnation and cost the Government $708,026. The act authorizing construction of a new building was passed by Congress, March 18, 1872, and signed by President Ulysses S. Grant immediately, but it was not until April, 1874, that the last of the business houses on the land had been torn down. Excavation for foundations, done entirely by hand labor, required another year. The building was erected under the supervision of the Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett. In all, it took 11 years to complete construction. Its cost was $5,088,328.

Nearly half a century went by, and then again, in the 1930s, the demand arose for suitable and adequate quarters for the growing services of the Federal Government in Cincinnati. The old building, completed in 1885 to house 27 departments, had grown too small. A new building was the answer, although the new structure would technically be smaller than the previous structure. The new courthouse (eventually named the Potter Stewart United States Courthouse) had 6,640,000 cubic feet (188,000 m3) where the original building had 7,883,500. However, the working area in the new courthouse was 485,000 square feet (45,100 m2) as against 240,000 in the old - more than double the working space in a smaller building. Part of the explanation is to be found in the fact that the new building was nine stories, where the old had only five, although the height of the old was virtually the same. The cost of the new courthouse was approximately $3,170,000.

39°05′58.7″N 84°30′46.4″W / 39.099639°N 84.512889°W / 39.099639; -84.512889