title: Yoshiko Okada

abstract: Yoshiko Okada was a Japanese stage and film actress who defected to the Soviet Union in the 1930s.

text:
# Yoshiko Okada

**Yoshiko Okada** (岡田嘉子, *Okada Yoshiko*, 21 April 1902  10 February 1992) was a Japanese stage and film actress who defected to the Soviet Union in the 1930s.

## Childhood and youth

Yoshiko Okada was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on April 21, 1902. Her father was a newspaper reporter, her mother came from a farming family in Fukuoka prefecture; her maternal grandfather was one-quarter Dutch. Though the family moved several times, including to Busan in Korea, and she changed school eight times in her childhood, she received an excellent education. Her father's political leanings were very liberal (for instance, when her school visited the Imperial Palace he had her stay home) and this independent outlook remained with her throughout her life. In 1915 she entered the department of western painting at the Joshibi University of Art and Design. In 1917 her father became editor-in-chief of *Hokumon Nippo*, a Hokkaido newspaper, and upon graduation she joined him as a female reporter. Her beauty earned her some local attention and she was called on to act in amateur theatricals for charity. Her father was friends with Hogetsu Shimamura, founder of the revolutionary Geijutsu-za (Art Theater) and with the playwright Kichizo Nakamura, so in 1919, he took her to Tokyo to become Nakamura's apprentice.

## Shingeki actress

The *Geijitsu-za* staged avant-garde Western plays with real women cast in the female roles, something that hadn't been seen on the Tokyo stage for almost three centuries. When founder Shimamura died in November 1918 in the influenza epidemic and his star actress Sumako Matsui committed suicide in despair two months later the theater was disbanded, but Nakamura partnered with Shochiku to launch the Shin-Geijutsuza (New Art Theater) and on March 1, 1919, Okada made her professional stage debut in a minor role in *Carmen*. This theater also disbanded and she toured the Tohoku region with the *Shin-bungei Kyōkai* (New Literary Association). She had a relationship with Yoshiharu Hattori, a member of the troupe and became pregnant; Hattori urged her to marry him but she refused and the child was registered at birth as her brother (he would become a doctor after the war and in Shanghai took care of deposed emperor Pu Yi's niece). She continued as a guest performer with many theater companies and rose to become a star of modern theater. While on tour, she became lovers with her co-star Takaya Yamada; A jealous Hattori would throw himself under a train in 1925.

## Cinematic stardom

In the fledgling film industry as well women were only starting to be cast in female roles; in 1922, senior onnagata including the actor and director Teinosuke Kinugasa, transferred from Nikkatsu Mukojima Studio to Kokkatsu to protest the hiring of actresses by the company. To replace them Nikkatsu hired Okada and Shizue Natsukawa. Okada's first film role was in 1923's Eizō Tanaka's *Dance of the Skull* based on Hyakuzo Kurata's play *Serenity and His Disciple* ; with the huge success of this film her star quickly rose. She continued to appear in movies in parallel with her stage career, but Nikkatsu Mukojima studios were destroyed in the Great Kanto Earthquake of the same year. She also found out that Yamada, whom she had wanted to marry, already had a wife and patroness 30 years his elder. Troubled by the situation she left Tokyo and made a contract with Nikkatsu Kyoto Film Studios.

In 1925 she starred in The Magician of the city. Though she felt Minoru Murata's detailed cuts had not made the most of her acting, her performance in this work was highly praised as "perfect". Her following film, the melodrama *The Earth Smiles* directed by Kenji Mizoguchi was also a major success. She appeared in a total of 9 films in 1925 and despite the scandal of being known as Yamada's common-law wife regularly topped public popularity polls, in both 1926 and 1927 was second in Kinema Junpō magazine's Top Ten and won a great reputation as a breath of a new cinematic era. Her parents left their newspaper in Karafuto (South Sakhalin Island) and came to Kyoto to be with her.

## Scandal

In 1927, she was cast as the heroine of *Tsubakihime*, a big-budget adaptation of Dumas fils' *La Dame aux Camélias*. She began shooting highly motivated, but when violently scolded by Director Minoru Murata in front of the crowd at the location site, she ran off the set in embarrassment with co-star Ryoichi Takeguchi and disappeared; the newspapers wrote that she was in danger of committing suicide. Their romantic escape made them idols of the public but Okada, fired from Nikkatsu and backballed by the film industry, had to return to the stage as her sole livelihood. The same year she and Takeguchi married but her beloved mother died of illness at the age of 46. In 1928 she launched the "Yoshiko Okada Theater Company" with the support of Sanjugo Naoki, a popular writer, and toured successfully throughout Japan and even China and Korea until April 1930 when the troupe disbanded.

## Era of Struggling Talkies

She then returned to Tokyo and established her own production company, turning her attention to talkies, which had only just begun in Japan and in which she felt her stage experience would allow her to excel. With her as star and Takeguchi as director they produced and marketed more than a dozen films about traditional music and dance. Taking up Japanese dance in earnest, she became a disciple of Shizue Fujima, earning the right to the dancing stage name of Yoshiko Fujikage.

In 1932, she signed a contract with the leading studio of the day Shochiku Kamata on the condition that she would take over the debts of Nikkatsu. With the growing popularity of younger stars such as Sumiko Kurishima, Kinuyo Tanaka, Hiroko Kawasaki, Sanae Takasugi and Yumeko Aizome, Okada had to settle for more mature and usually lesser roles but was still capable of star performances, including in Yasujirō Ozu's and Hiroshi Shimizu's first talkies. *Until the Day We Meet Again*, with only musical interludes and sound effects but no dialogue, couldn't make the most of her stage skills but was still critically acclaimed, ranking 7th among Kinema Junpō's list for 1932. That film is considered lost but Ozu's *Woman of Tokyo* and Shimizu's *A Woman Crying in Spring* largely owe their masterpiece reputations to her lead roles. Both directors had praise for her acting but she was shunned as a difficult actress to work with, and she wanted to create works that she could devote herself to. Ironically her last great film role might have been in *A Sword Comes on the Scene*, the lost avant-garde masterpiece of Teinosuke Kinugasa, whose rebellion against women actresses led to Okada's first steps in cinema.

## Escape to the Soviet Union

Alongside some minor film appearances she joined Masao Inoue's theater company and concentrated on stage appearances. Her relationship with Takeguchi was weakening and they had been living separately for a year. In August 1936, she fell in love with Ryōkichi Sugimoto, a Russian-style method acting instructor who was directing the troupe. Sugimoto was married, and was a member of the Communist Party. In 1931 he unsuccessfully attempted to enter the Soviet Union under secret orders from the leadership of the Japanese Communist Party in order to restore contact with Comintern.

With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Okada's films were censored as part of militarist restrictions on freedom of expression and Sugimoto, on probation due to his proletarian activism, was in fear of being sent to prison. To escape their mounting problems in Japan the couple decided to defect to the Soviet Union. On December 27, 1937, they departed from Ueno Station headed via Hokkaido for Karafuto. Okada had some familiarity with the area as her parents had lived there. On December 31, they stayed at an inn in Shikuka (in the present-day Russian oblast of Poronaisk). On January 3, 1938 they headed for the border on the pretext of visiting the police and crossed into the Soviet Union in a severe snowstorm. It was reported in newspapers as an elopement incident and surprised all of Japan. On January 10, the Soviet authorities notified the Japanese Consul General in Ako (now Alexandrovsk Sakhalinsky) that the couple had been escorted to the continent. The consul general requested their return but, on January 13, Soviet officials informed him that, upon investigation, it was determined that both persons had entered the USSR voluntarily and by their own means. In reality, as they had entered the country illegally their reception was very harsh; they were separated just three days after entering the country and would never see each other again. The Soviet authorities of the time, seeing Japan as a potential threat, accused them of espionage regardless of their intentions. Tortured and threatened, on January 10, Okada confessed to crossing the border for the purpose of spying. Also under torture, Sugimoto confessed that he, Seki Sano and Yoshi Hijikata, Japanese dramatists living in Moscow, and also soviet playwright and director Vsevolod Meyerhold were all spies. Their confessions were among the pretexts used for the 1940 purge and execution of world-renowned director Meyerhold.

On September 27, 1939, a trial was held in Moscow where Okada fully admitted the indictment and was sentenced to 10 years deprivation of liberty. Sugimoto completely denied the charges, was sentenced to death by firing squad, and was executed on December 26 (His execution was only revealed to Okada after perestroika; she had previously been told he died of illness in prison). Okada was sent to the NKVD's Vyatka Camp 1 in Kirov province, 800 kilometers northeast of Moscow. She wrote petitions to the Soviet authorities for a retrial, which were ignored. On January 7, 1943, she was transferred to the NKVD Prison of Internal Affairs in Moscow, and was released on December 4, 1947. Soviet authorities fabricated a fictional career for the five years before her release but her activities and duties in the NKVD prison in Moscow are not clear; she was rumored to have been on a top-secret mission. After the war, she worked at Radio Moscow as an announcer for a Japanese-language broadcast married Shintaro Takiguchi, a Japanese colleague 11 years younger than her and a popular pre-war actor. She also attended the Lunacharsky State Institute for Theatre Arts, where she reappeared as a theater performer and was selected to co-direct the film Ten Thousand Boys with Boris Buneev, a work that has been called "the first Russian film about Japan not intended to be a depiction of the vicious Japanese enemy"

## Return to Japan

When World War II started, Okada was almost completely forgotten in Japan but when in 1952 Tomi Takara, a Diet member on an official visit to the Soviet Union, confirmed that Yoshiko was alive, interest in her suddenly grew. In April 1967, she appeared on a Japanese TV program broadcast from Moscow, speaking with the same straightforwardness she had been known for. In 1972, at the initiative of Ryokichi Minobe, the governor of Tokyo she returned to Japan for the first time in 35 years,. She re-entered the Japanese entertainment world, appearing on the stage, in several films including one of Yōji Yamada's Tora-san series, and on TV shows such as “Quiz Fun Seminar” and “Tetsuko's Room”. In 1994 interviews concerning her imprisonment in the USSR were posthumously aired on the NHK as a documentary *The World: My Heart's Journey: Soviet Confinement* and published the December 1994 issue of "Chūō Kōron" magazine as "Yoshiko Okada's Lost Ten Years."

## Last Years in the Soviet Union

In 1986, she retired from the Japanese entertainment industry and returned to the Soviet Union, saying, "Now that I am a Soviet citizen, I want to settle down and live there." She never returned to Japan, but gave interviews for Japanese TV programs, and even showed the inside of her Moscow apartment, saying she was always very happy when a crew from Japan came. In her later years, she suffered from mild dementia, and was cared for by people from the Moscow Japanese Association. She died on February 10th, 1992 in a Moscow hospital at the age of 89.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Yoshiko Okada | |
| --- | --- |
| Yoshiko Okada circa 1935 | |
| Born | (1902-04-21)April 21, 1902
Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan |
| Died | February 10, 1992(1992-02-10) (aged 89)
Moscow, Russia |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Occupation | Actress |


title: Yu Hui Tseng

abstract: Yu Hui Tseng is a Chinese tea master. She is the only female master and among the ten most recognised today. She is also currently the only tea master active outside of China. She is the founder and owner of La Maison des Trois Thés tea salon in Paris.

text:
# Yu Hui Tseng

**Yu Hui Tseng** is a Chinese tea master. She is the only female master and among the ten most recognised today. She is also currently the only tea master active outside of China. She is the founder and owner of *La Maison des Trois Thés* tea salon in Paris.

## Biography

Born in a family descending from Zengzi, Yu Hui Tseng started studying the piano aged four, and later took up the clarinet at a professional level, earning a first prize in Taiwan at 17. In parallel, she studied the Gongfu tea ceremony with Master Zhang Tian Fu.

## Career

Maître Tseng uses her knowledge and experience to try to change the image tea has for many people in France and other western countries. Maître Tseng is known for her informed exchange of ideas with top wine experts like Philippe Faure-Brac, Richard Geoffroy and Jean-Claude Berrouet. Tseng is also consulted by many Michelin-starred chefs in Paris like Alain Senderens, Guy Savoy, Joël Robuchon, Olivier Roellinger and Pierre Gagnaire. She provides them with appropriate tea varieties for their restaurants and also helps them find the right flavours and scents to accompany their dishes. She also often collaborates with pastry chefs and chocolatiers, such as Jacques Génin and Pierre Hermé, sommeliers like Andreas Larrson and Patrick Borras, as well as master cheese makers, spice masters, whiskey-makers and even perfumers. Her unique skills are also useful for companies like Nestlé Waters who trust her taste and "nose" for their products. Likewise, in 2017 Master Tseng endorsed the world's first Tea Humidor, by Lotusier, and performed a tea-tasting session at its Spring press launch in London.

### La Maison des Trois Thés

In 1995, she opened *La Maison des Trois Thés* in Paris at 1 rue Saint-Médard, where she keeps one of the largest tea cellars in the world. The cellar contains over 1,000 selections of tea, with some over 100 years old, and some with prices significantly more than even the most prized and grand French wines, such as Château Pétrus, Romanée-Conti, or anything from the cellars of Dom Pérignon. In her tea salon, she stores and ages tea varieties in specially designed chambers for optimal temperature and humidity control.


title: You and Your Friends

abstract: "You and Your Friends" is a song by American rapper Wiz Khalifa featuring fellow American rapper Snoop Dogg and American singer Ty Dolla Sign from the former's fifth studio album Blacc Hollywood (2014). It was released on July 22, 2014 by Rostrum and Atlantic Records as the album's second official single. It was produced by DJ Mustard and Mike Free and is a bonus track on the deluxe version of Blacc Hollywood.

text:
# You and Your Friends

"**You and Your Friends**" is a song by American rapper Wiz Khalifa featuring fellow American rapper Snoop Dogg and American singer Ty Dolla Sign from the former's fifth studio album *Blacc Hollywood* (2014). It was released on July 22, 2014 by Rostrum and Atlantic Records as the album's second official single. It was produced by DJ Mustard and Mike Free and is a bonus track on the deluxe version of *Blacc Hollywood*.

## Music video

A music video for the song was released on December 22, 2014.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2014) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Urban Singles Chart (ARIA) | 14 |
| Germany (Deutsche Black Charts) | 3 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 82 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 21 |
| US Rhythmic (*Billboard*) | 4 |
|

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2014) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 80 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "You and Your Friends" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Wiz Khalifa featuring Snoop Dogg and Ty Dolla Sign | |
| from the album  *Blacc Hollywood* | |
| Released | July 22, 2014 (2014-07-22) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:08 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
|  | |
| Wiz Khalifa singles chronology | |
| "Shell Shocked"
(2014) "**You and Your Friends**"
(2014) "See You Again"
(2015) | |
| Snoop Dogg singles chronology | |
| "Hangover"
(2014) "**You and Your Friends**"
(2014) "Vay-K"
(2014) | |
| Ty Dolla Sign singles chronology | |
| "Shell Shocked"
(2014) "**You and Your Friends**"
(2014) "My Main"
(2014) | |
| Music video | |
| "You and Your Friends" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Youthworks College

abstract: Youthworks College is a Bible college based at Moore College in Newtown, New South Wales. It offers diplomas for those interested in children's and youth ministry through the Australian College of Theology. Youthworks College is a ministry of the Anglican Diocese of Sydney. Youthworks College was founded in 1999 and offers the Year 13 theology course for school leavers and a three year diploma of Theology. The principal is Rev Dr Bill Salier.

text:
# Youthworks College

**Youthworks College** is a Bible college based at Moore College in Newtown, New South Wales. It offers diplomas for those interested in children's and youth ministry through the Australian College of Theology. Youthworks College is a ministry of the Anglican Diocese of Sydney.

Youthworks College was founded in 1999 and offers the Year 13 theology course for school leavers and a three year diploma of Theology. The principal is Rev Dr Bill Salier.

34°02′15″S 151°02′28″E / 34.0375°S 151.0411°E / -34.0375; 151.0411


title: Your Money's Worth

abstract: Your Money's Worth: A study in the waste of the consumer's dollar is a 1927 nonfiction book on consumerism written by Stuart Chase and Frederick J. Schlink. It is notable for becoming popular enough to initiate a consumer protection movement. Soon after publication, its authors founded Consumers' Research, the organization that employed the founders of Consumers Union/Consumer Reports. The book was a protest against marketing practices that made it difficult for consumers to be able to judge the value of products. It analyzed the ways in which Americans made purchase decisions and gave measurements of the extent to which products could serve the purpose that manufacturer claims stated that they could. The authors requested an "extension of the principle of buying goods according to impartial scientific tests rather than according to the fanfare and trumpets of the higher salesmanship." In retrospect, a book reviewer in 1937 said that before the book was published that discussions about the consumer only happened in the context of women's magazines, home economics, or by unorthodox economists like Simon Patten, Thorstein Veblen, or Wesley Clair Mitchell.

text:
# Your Money's Worth

***Your Money's Worth: A study in the waste of the consumer's dollar*** is a 1927 nonfiction book on consumerism written by Stuart Chase and Frederick J. Schlink. It is notable for becoming popular enough to initiate a consumer protection movement. Soon after publication, its authors founded Consumers' Research, the organization that employed the founders of Consumers Union/Consumer Reports.

The book was a protest against marketing practices that made it difficult for consumers to be able to judge the value of products. It analyzed the ways in which Americans made purchase decisions and gave measurements of the extent to which products could serve the purpose that manufacturer claims stated that they could.

The authors requested an "extension of the principle of buying goods according to impartial scientific tests rather than according to the fanfare and trumpets of the higher salesmanship."

In retrospect, a book reviewer in 1937 said that before the book was published that discussions about the consumer only happened in the context of women's magazines, home economics, or by unorthodox economists like Simon Patten, Thorstein Veblen, or Wesley Clair Mitchell.

## Summary

At the time of research, the authors found that the United States published 11,000 product specifications to guide manufacturing and that private industries had developed many more. These specifications covered a wide range of products including “foodstuffs, soaps, metal polishes, hooks and eyes, motorboat engines … and so on indefinitely.” Despite the specifications existing, the authors claimed that manufacturers did not follow safety specifications and additionally were more interested in selling products than meeting the needs of consumers. The authors assert that market forces alone are not producing a market that serves consumers' best interests.

*Your Money’s Worth* argued that marketers of products used unfair practices in order to illegitimately coerce consumers. These practices included outright fraud in misrepresenting the quality and utility of products in advertising, promoting high-pressure sales practices, adding non-functional styling for deceptive purposes, and engineering products for planned obsolescence. The book also critiqued product differentiation on superficial grounds such as when various manufacturers sell nearly identical products but with different advertising and branding because this practice drives sales to benefit the marketer without also equally increasing value to consumers. Also, the book complains of lack of standardization, such as when sewing machines require highly specific parts unique to each brand when the parts could have been designed to be universal.

*Your Money’s Worth* recommended that the public be skeptical about advertising claims, make some products at home, support the government in setting product standards, and support the creation of impartial testing research centers.

## Reception

The book’s release resulted in the publisher receiving hundreds of letters from people requesting more information about consumer products. Within months, *Your Money’s Worth* became a best seller and a featured book in the Book of the Month Club.

Schlink and Chase, encouraged by the public response, solicited financial, editorial, and technical support from patrons of other activist magazines to found a new organization called Consumers' Research from roots in an existing White Plains, New York local consumer club.

## InfoBox

Your Money's Worth
| Author | Stuart Chase and Frederick J. Schlink |
| --- | --- |
| Original title | *Your Money's Worth: A study in the waste of the consumer's dollar* |
| Subject | consumerism |
| Genre | nonfiction |
| Publication date | 1927 |
| Publication place | United States |


title: Yudelkys Bautista

abstract: Yudelkys Bautista is a retired volleyball player from the Dominican Republic. She competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, wearing the number #3 jersey. There, she ended up in eleventh place with the Dominican Republic women's national team. Bautista played as a middle blocker.

text:
# Yudelkys Bautista

**Yudelkys Bautista** (born 5 December 1974, in Santo Domingo) is a retired volleyball player from the Dominican Republic. She competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, wearing the number #3 jersey. There, she ended up in eleventh place with the Dominican Republic women's national team. Bautista played as a middle blocker.

## Career

Bautista won the gold medal with the national squad at the 2003 Pan American Games and was selected the "Most Valuable Player". For her 2003 performance, she was also named the 2003 Dominican Republic "Volleyball Player of the Year".

Bautista won the silver medal and the "Most Valuable Player" award at the 2005 Pan-American Cup, held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

## Clubs

## Awards

### Individuals

### Clubs

* 2002 Spanish Supercopa –  Champion, with Tenerife Marichal
* 2003 Spanish Queen Cup –  Champion, with Tenerife Marichal
* 2003 Spanish Superliga Champion, with Tenerife Marichal
* 2005 Spanish Supercopa –  Runner-Up, with Hotel Cantur
* 2006 Spanish Superliga Runner-Up, with Hotel Cantur
* 2006 Spanish Queen Cup –  Runner-Up, with Hotel Cantur

1. FIVB. "2004 Olympics" (PDF). Retrieved 14 April 2010.
2. FIVB. "Pan Am Games Awards". Retrieved 17 June 2010.
3. NORCECA. "La Asovodina honra a la selección femenina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2010.
4. NORCECA. "Cuba confirmed as major power in Women's Pan American Cup". Retrieved 21 September 2010.

## InfoBox

| Yudelkys Bautista | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Yudelkys Bautista |
| Nationality | Dominican Republic |
| Born | (1974-12-05) 5 December 1974<br>Santo Domingo |
| Hometown | Santo Domingo |
| Height | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 68 kg (150 lb) |
| Spike | 312 cm (123 in) |
| Block | 308 cm (121 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Middle blocker |
| National team | |
| 1998–2005  Dominican Republic | |
| Honours      Women's volleyball  Representing the  Dominican Republic  Central American and Caribbean Games  2002 San Salvador  Team  1998 Maracaibo  Team  Pan American Games  2003 Santo Domingo  Team  NORCECA Championship  2001 Santo Domingo  Team  2003 Santo Domingo  Team  2005 Port of Spain  Team  Pan-American Cup  2005 Santo Domingo  Team | |
| Last updated: July 2010 | |


title: Tara Devi (singer)

abstract: Tara Devi Shrestha, professionally known as Tara Devi was a Nepalese singer. She is known as the "Nightingale of Nepal", having recorded over 4,000 songs during her lifetime. Much of her music revolved around the themes of patriotism and love.

text:
# Tara Devi (singer)

**Tara Devi Shrestha** (15 January 1946 – 23 January 2006), professionally known as **Tara Devi** was a Nepalese singer. She is known as the "Nightingale of Nepal", having recorded over 4,000 songs during her lifetime. Much of her music revolved around the themes of patriotism and love.

## Early life

Tara Devi was born in 1946, in the neighborhood of Indra Chowk in Kathmandu, Nepal to Krishna Bahadur Karki and Radha Devi Karki. Tara Devi started professionally singing at age seven and went on to record 4000 songs in her 40 year singing career. When she was 5 years old, she went to Radio Nepal and got the opportunity to sing. Her singing was so soulful that everyone in the crowd was extremely impressed. She was primarily involved in singing for children's programs at Radio Nepal. She was able to pursue her musical career along with her studies. She completed her Bachelors in Music.

## Career

During the beginning of her career, she would earn Rs. 5 per song at Radio Nepal, which eventually rose to Rs. 100 (USD 1). She was very content with her singing career and was appointed as a Kharidar at Radio Nepal, later promoted to a Secretary during her 30-year long commitment to Radio Nepal.

Tara Devi is famously termed as the "Nightingale of Nepal". Tara Devi has recorded songs of wide range of genres, from prayer songs to Nepali folk songs, most of which are regarded as classic numbers in Nepal. Almost every singer in Nepal is heavily influenced by Tara Devi in one way or another. Some of her famous numbers are; *Ukali Orali Haru ma*, *Phool ko Thunga*, *Nirdosh Mero Pachhyaurima*, *Ae Kancha* and *Himal ko Kaakhama*.

## Songs

* *Subhakamana*
* *Yakantama Eklai Ho*
* *Timile Diyeka*
* *Timlai Hasera Bida*
* *Gham Ma Pani Maya*
* *Akha Haru Le Runa*
* *Bida Hune Bhaigayo*
* *Ghumai Ghumai*
* *Mero Jeevan Kitab Ko*
* *Maile Gayeko Geetma*
* *Ukali Orali Haruma*
* *Timra Pau Haruma*
* *Ma Deep Hun*
* *Himalako Kakhama*
* *Kaali Paari*
* *Dilma Hajur Ayera*
* *Sanghuri Baruli Ho*
* *Nyauli Basyo Tyo*
* *Timi Mero Hainau*
* *Fulako Thunga*
* *Mohani Lagla Hai*
* *Soche Jasto Hunna*
* *Naisaya Khola*
* *Phoolai Phool ko Mausam*
* *Jatatai Khoje*
* *Rimjhim Rimjhim*
* *Parbati Ho Naam*
* *Aama Bheyera*

## Awards

## Later life

She married Shiva Bahadur Shrestha, an aircraft pilot by profession, in 1966. Later in her life, Tara Devi endured difficult periods, after she lost her 25-year-old son to blood cancer. Soon after, her husband died in an airplane crash. She was unable to recover from this tragedy and her health started deteriorating.

She became physically unfit and later was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, which put a halt to her singing career. On 21 January 2006, she died at the age of 60. Her last album, "*Afanta Ko Manma*", contains her last four songs. She was survived by a son and a daughter.

## InfoBox

| Tara Deviतारा देवी | |
| --- | --- |
| Tara Devi | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Dol Kumari Karki |
| Also known as | Nightingale of Nepal |
| Born | (1946-01-15)15 January 1946
Indra Chowk, Kathmandu, Nepal |
| Origin | Kathmandu |
| Died | 23 January 2006(2006-01-23) (aged 61)
Kathmandu, Nepal |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Spouse | Shiva Bahadur Shrestha |


title: Pierre Poitras

abstract: Pierre Poitras was a political figure in Manitoba, Canada. He was a member of the Convention of Forty and served in the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia. The son of André Poitras and Marguerite Grant, he was born at Fort Esperance in the Qu’Appelle Valley. Poitras moved with his family to White Horse Plains four years later. In 1832, he married Marie Bruyere/Brillière. He was captured and seriously injured while scouting during the approach of the Red River Expeditionary Force. Poitras moved to Duhamel, Alberta sometime before 1885. He later died there at the age of 78.

text:
# Pierre Poitras

**Pierre Poitras** (1810 – July 31, 1889) was a political figure in Manitoba, Canada. He was a member of the Convention of Forty and served in the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia.

The son of André Poitras and Marguerite Grant, he was born at Fort Esperance in the Qu’Appelle Valley. Poitras moved with his family to White Horse Plains four years later. In 1832, he married Marie Bruyere/Brillière. He was captured and seriously injured while scouting during the approach of the Red River Expeditionary Force. Poitras moved to Duhamel, Alberta sometime before 1885. He later died there at the age of 78.


title: The Record of a Fallen Vampire

abstract: The Record of a Fallen Vampire is a Japanese manga written by Kyo Shirodaira and illustrated by Yuri Kimura. The story centers around Strauss and follows his search for his queen who has been sealed away by humans unable to defeat her thousands of years ago. As this takes him to his set-aside Kingdom of the Night where he encounters dhampirs, and humans out to stop the reuniting of the King and Queen at any means possible. The story was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Gangan and has been collected into nine tankōbon published by Square Enix. VIZ Media released The Record of a Fallen Vampire from May 13, 2008, to May 4, 2010.

text:
# The Record of a Fallen Vampire

***The Record of a Fallen Vampire*** (ヴァンパイア十字界, *Vanpaia Jūji-Kai*, "Vampire Cross-World") is a Japanese manga written by Kyo Shirodaira and illustrated by Yuri Kimura. The story centers around Strauss (a vampire king) and follows his search for his queen who has been sealed away by humans unable to defeat her thousands of years ago. As this takes him to his set-aside Kingdom of the Night where he encounters dhampirs (half human, half vampire), and humans out to stop the reuniting of the King and Queen at any means possible.

The story was serialized in *Monthly Shōnen Gangan* and has been collected into nine *tankōbon* published by Square Enix. VIZ Media released *The Record of a Fallen Vampire* from May 13, 2008, to May 4, 2010.

## Plot

Having cast aside his Kingdom of the Night a thousand years ago, the vampire king Strauss wanders the lands in search of the place where his queen was sealed. Dogged by the dhampires who are out to kill him, Strauss is fighting against time as he must continuously face humanity's curse, the Black Swan.

Initially, the story focuses on introducing Strauss and his quest for the seal, while fighting against the Black Swan and the dhampires. The main plot, which gradually emerges after volume two, revolves around repelling an alien invasion. The humans plan to use Strauss' powers and Adelheid's powers to repel the invaders before having the Black Swan finally dispose of them.

Bridget, Strauss, and Adelheid use flashbacks to convey their perspective on the events a thousand years ago. The writer, Kyo Shirodaira, indicates that this method of deriving different truths from the same set of facts was inspired by Christianna Brand's storytelling techniques.

## Characters

### Vampires

**Akabara "Red Rose" Strauss** (ローズレッド ストラウス, *Rōzureddo Suterausu*)

Age: ~around 1250 (he became king around the very young age of 200 and adopted Bridget around 60 years old) Strauss is the fearsome Vampire king *Akabara* (lit. *Red Rose*) who cast aside his kingdom a thousand years ago and went to search for Adelheid's seal and free her. While the other dhampires believe his motive is a deep love for his queen, Bridget believes that Strauss wants to find Adelheid so he can personally kill her as revenge for killing Stella. Strauss is somber but compassionate and does not kill without reason. He is also unusually cool and logical which allows him to master both the politics and the art of war with frightening precision. Strauss was seen by many as a god and thus great things were expected of him. Few ever stopped to think about his personal life as he devoted himself to his duties as general and later king. The many mysteries in the series revolve around him and the mysterious fall of his kingdom 1000 years ago. All attempts to pry information from him failed, and he resents the attempts to bring up the unhappy past. Before becoming king, Strauss was a general of the Kingdom of the Night. During that time he adopted and raised Bridget, a dhampire girl. He was also in love with a human girl, Stella, whom he presented with a pendant made from lunar rock which he collected himself. Later it is revealed that Strauss never loved Adelheid, and that his true love interest was only Stella. As the general, Strauss had never been defeated on the field of battle; because of his exceptional leadership of the armies, the Kingdom of Night went without a loss for over 100 years. While he was a general, Strauss had the cunning and power to be able to control the entire continent. He chose not to, however, because he was content with the size of the Kingdom. He also knew that if he conquered more, the people will hate the Kingdom and rebel, causing the loss of many lives, which would be unacceptable. These same skills were taught to Bridget. Strauss has impressive magical powers far outmatching those of the dhampires. Nevertheless, he chooses to limit his power and fight in close combat in order to avoid damage to the surroundings. He is usually seen fighting with a vibrating edge of magic, although he can also summon a sword and is an expert swordsman. At range, Strauss can cast vibrating magic arrows or destroy missiles with a single gesture of his hand. Although pure-blooded vampires perish when exposed to sunlight, Strauss has overcome this limitation long ago. Despite being extremely powerful, Strauss is very kind-hearted, gentle, and has compassion for everyone except himself. It is later revealed that he abandoned his kingdom and turned himself into the ultimate enemy so both human and vampire races will collaborate and stop fighting each other, continuing to carry everyone's resentment for him for over 1000 years to protect everyone.

**Adelheid** (アーデルハイト, *Āderuhaito*)

Age: 1190 Strauss' queen and Bridget's half-sister, Adelheid was sealed a thousand years ago when she went berserk and unleashed her power, the *Moonlight of Corrosion* (腐食の月, *Fushoku no Gekkou*). Though unskilled in the use of her magic, Adelheid is potentially more powerful than Strauss and her magic possesses terraforming capabilities; the corrosive nature of her powers resulted from unleashing it all at once and she, like Strauss, is not limited by exposure to sunlight. Legend says that she went berserk when she thought that the king had been killed, though Bridget believes that Adelheid was frightened and thought Strauss was going to kill her when he believed Adelheid had killed Stella and her unborn child. Nobody knew that she had witnessed Stella’s death until Adelheid officially became Strauss’ queen. Adelheid had a shy and self-conscious personality and she always worried about how others thought of her. Unlike Bridget or Strauss, Adelheid does not possess an exceptional amount of brains or cunning. By comparison, Adelheid was the least skilled of the three but since she was the only pure-blooded daughter of the king, Adelheid was the only one who could become queen. When Adelheid first learned that Bridget was her sister, the future queen felt very guilty over the circumstances of her birth. Adelheid always tried to make it up to Bridget by calling the dhampire ‘dear sister’ and she and Bridget became close. After she is reawakened, she strives to atone for her weakness and past mistakes, particularly in regards to Stella's death, the deterioration of the Kingdom of the Night, and Strauss' downfall.

**Gottfried**

The vampire king that preceded Strauss as monarch. Gottfried is the biological father of Bridget and Adelheid. Like most rulers of the Kingdom of the Night, he became king at the age of 1000. Gottfried is an intelligent man that commanded the nation for several hundred years. As a pure-blood, it was difficult for Gottfried to produce offspring. Thus, when Bridget was born, she was allowed to be princess and heir in the off chance that Gottfried died. As soon as Adelheid was born, Gottfried banished his older daughter in order to prevent civil war between the two children.

### Dhampires

Those who have both vampire and human blood are referred to as *dhampires*. All dhampires, except Laetitia, have united under Bridget against Strauss and his quest for the seal.

**Bridget Irving Frostheart** (ブリジット アーヴィング フロストハート, *Burijitto Āvuingu Hurosutohāto*)

Age: 1200 Bridget is the leader of the dhampire community, a highly capable and powerful dhamphir who has been fighting Strauss for over a thousand years. Bridget has set up thousands of 'nets' all over the world that allows her to track the activities of Strauss and she is highly organized and efficient. In battle, Bridget acts as the strategist, directing the other dhampires’ attacks. Her knowledge of her adversary, Strauss, is second to none. Bridget was adopted by Strauss when he was still a general, and raised like his own daughter; he was personally responsible for cultivating Bridget's abilities. According to Tessenji, Bridget's skill in the area of politics as well as her abilities with a sword, is the only reason that the dhampire survived after Strauss abdicated. Bridget is an expert in small group combat, and she has a keen military intelligence and excellent political sense. Despite the fact that she was only 150 and was a dhampire, she later served as one of his most trusted generals. Nevertheless, Strauss left her behind when he abandoned his kingdom. Despite her history with Strauss, Bridget keeps her personal feelings and that of the dhampire community separate. There are several instances where Bridget allows herself to feel angry that she is not helping Strauss. While serving the Kingdom of the Night, the only thing that separated her from becoming Strauss' lover is the family-like status they had. Though initially jealous that Stella was taking her place in Strauss' life, Bridget later tolerated and eventually grew to respect Stella. As Stella was human and would live a considerably shorter life than her children, Bridget had planned to raise Stella's dhamphir children with Strauss as a surrogate mother. Once the truth behind events that happened a thousand years ago comes to light, she apologizes to Strauss and returns to him as his daughter.

**Jin Renka** (刃 蓮火, *Jin Renka*)

Age: ~600 One of Bridget's followers and the best swordsman in the group; his skills are noted by Bridget to be greater than her own. After Strauss defeats Yuki, the 49th Black Swan and Renka's love interest, Renka swears to avenge her. However, Renka’s hatred is so great that he will not hesitate in revealing the existence of dhampire and vampires to the entire human world, which would rekindle the vampire hunts. In a reckless fight against Strauss, Renka was unable to hit the vampire king even once while Strauss cut Renka 25 times. Renka realizes exactly how heavy Strauss’ mental burden is, and the dhampire knows that he could never win against the former king armed only with pure rage. Afterwards, Renka starts to retain his composure and becomes curious of Strauss’ past and is direct in asking Bridget about the king’s past. In combat, Renka uses two sacred swords, *Koryū* and *Kinyou* as well as Narutsuki, a sacred katana capable of disrupting the spirit powers of Strauss and the Black Swan. Despite four hundred years of training, his swordsmanship is still unrefined and lacking compared to that of Strauss. For Kayuki's final battle against Strauss, he lends her Narutsuki so she will not feel as though her victory is decided against the vampire king merely because she is the Black Swan.

**Tessenji Fuuhaku** (鉄扇寺 風伯, *Tessenji Fuuhaku*)

Age: ~600 One of the dhampires on Bridget's team. He wears a full-body samurai armor suit. In his free time, Tessenji runs a food stall that has good food but few patrons due to his armor. Tessenji is well versed in the daily workings of the dhampire community and its rumors. In fighting, Tessenji is equally skilled in using a long spear for close range fighting and a bow and arrow set to strike from a distance. He rarely speaks but is the tallest and most forbidding of the dhampire fighting team. He is the only dhampire to see Strauss' duel against Renka and is terrified that the vampire could beat Renka so easily by swordsmanship alone.

**Ethelbart Takahashi** (エセルバート 高橋, *Ederubāto Takahashi*)

Age: ~ almost 300 Nicknamed Ethel, Takahashi is youngest dhampire on Bridget's team. He has the appearance of a high school student and fights using a large scythe that excels in wide area damage. He is still relatively new to fighting Strauss and hesitates when forced to hurt children like Laetitia. He has very little vampire blood in him; therefore, he is best suited to traveling in daylight. Thus, Takahashi commonly runs errands for Bridget, which includes bringing data from the dhamphires’ information department. He frequents Tessenji's food stand.

**Laeticia** (レティシア, *Reishia*)

Age: 68 A dhampire orphan girl who gave Strauss refuge at her mountain home during his battle against the 49th Black Swan. Laetitia is only quarter vampire, being the child of a dhampire and a human. She later accompanies Strauss and becomes his charge and loyal companion. Unlike other dhampires, Laetitia has little magical or spiritual ability and relies more on firearms with bullets infused with Strauss' magic. While she is the weakest of the dhampires seen, she is still able to outfly a military helicopter. Laetitia acts as Strauss' eyes and ears when the vampire king cannot move about freely. She is also the only one who believes in Strauss even after learning from Bridget of Strauss’ betrayal. Bridget nicknames Laetitia 'Mountain Cat' and personally begins training Laeticia's dhamphir powers so she won't be a hindrance.

### Black Swan

The *Black Swan* is a curse created by humans to seek out and destroy Strauss. It is a spiritual parasite; its host is usually young, beautiful girls. It travels from host to host, forcing the wielder to hunt Strauss or die within five years, and it carries the memories and spiritual power of all previous hosts. The Black Swan will continue to exist until the Vampire King and his queen are eliminated; thus, the only way for the host of the Black Swan to survive is for both Strauss and Adelheid to die. The initial catalyst for the spell was Stella and her unborn child, who were killed by Maria Saberhagen to create the Black Swan.

**Kayuki Hirasaka** (比良坂花雪, *Hirasaka Kayuki*)

Age: 17 The 50th *Black Swan*, the first *Black Swan* to be able to surpass Strauss and completely neutralize his power; however, her lack of control over her powers means that she cannot defeat the Dhamphires. Though she wants to protect her grandfather by controlling the Vampire King, Kayuki is often unsettled by Strauss' enigmatic nature. Her face bears an uncanny resemblance to Yuki and Stella Hazelburke, although their personalities are quite different. Like her grandfather, Kayuki was first introduced wearing a mask because she was ‘shy’. She is usually seen wearing a kimono. While Kayuki is extremely mature for her age, she is not always in perfect control of herself. It is eventually revealed that she was an ordinary girl who was badly injured and paralyzed during an accident. Inheriting the Black Swan curse healed all her injuries and GM Gozen appeared, claiming to be her grandfather and guiding her as she learned her new abilities as the Black Swan. Beneath her stoic demeanor, she had been secretly thrilled at the thought of being a hero, saving the world from vampires. Kayuki sometimes delves into the *Black Swan'*s accumulated memories to gain a better understanding of Strauss; however, the Black Swan has few memories of who Strauss is as a person. Kayuki knows that such actions will cut her already shortened lifespan. She has shown several instances of sympathizing with Strauss and wanting to learn more about him as a human, even to the point that she doubts her goals. These actions eventually make it hard for her to kill him. Strauss is aware of her shortening lifespan in pursuit of knowledge and warns her against it, trying to force her to view him as an enemy rather than a friend in order to spare her the pain when his death comes. On several occasions, Kayuki attacks Strauss out of anger or in an attempt to discipline the disobedient vampire king. Her level of stress continues to build because of the tension from watching Strauss and the extensive use of the Black Swan’s powers. Strauss predicts she will die far sooner to than any of the previous *Black Swans*.

**Yuki Komatsubara** (小松原ユキ, *Komatsubara Yuki*)

The 49th *Black Swan*; the first to be as powerful as Strauss. Renka knew her even before she became the *Black Swan* and while he cared deeply for her, she regarded him as a hapless younger brother. Her death serves as the catalyst for Renka's revenge oath and deteriorating mental condition. Even though she is underage, Yuki appears to have grown addicted to smoking cigarettes. After her death, Renka started carrying her favorite lighter even though it has long since run out of fluid. Despite her bleak future and suffering, she remained cheerful and optimistic; had his child lived, Strauss believes that she would have grown to become like Yuki. Because of Kayuki's strong resemblance to Yuki, Renka initially finds her presence unsettling.

**Emily** (エミリー)

Age: 17 The 2nd *Black Swan*. She appeared thirteen years after the first and was terrified of the curse.

**Cynthia** (シンシア, *Shinshia*)

The 1st *Black Swan*. The adopted daughter of Maria Saverhagen, she calmly accepted her situation. She met Bridget, was killed by Akabara a year afterward. At that time, the *Black Swan* was only able to deflect half of Bridget’s attack, which shredded all her clothes. When she is defeated by Strauss, he realizes the true nature of the *Black Swan* and its connection to Stella and his unborn child.

### Humans

**GM Gozen** (GM御前)

GM Gozen is the leader of the human world and Kayuki's grandfather. He claims that GM stands for *Great Mask*. He plans to use Strauss and Adelheid to destroy the aliens attempt to invade the Earth before finishing them off. Gozen admits that the most frightening moment in his life was when he had to match wits with Strauss. Strauss' death is his top priority and thus commands Morishima to tell his granddaughter lies to ensure that she is willing to kill the vampire king. He is absolutely sure that Kayuki has the power and brains to kill Strauss at any time without question.

**Merill Morishima** (メリル森島)

The military person assigned by GM Gozen and in charge of repelling the alien invasion. He has a sharp mind and is the first person to discern the truth behind Strauss' motives relating to the fall of the Kingdom of the Night. Despite his laid back attitude and unimposing appearance, he is a formidable man whom Bridget respects.

**Nazuna Hagi** (萩 なずな, *Hagi Nazuna*)

Age: 25 A scientist working on the shuttle project to prevent the aliens of the Fio Civilization from taking over the Earth. She is an energetic young woman who becomes fascinated by Kayuki and Strauss' abilities. She and reluctant Li eventually agree to help Strauss collect information when his actions are limited from being forced to stay on the research facility's island. However, Nazuna remains suspicious of Strauss' true motives.

**Li Honhuei** (李 紅飛)

Age: 35 One of the scientists working on the shuttle project at the research facility along with his partner, Nazuna. He is amazed by Strauss' intelligence and ability to understand the science and engineering involved with the space mission and allows Strauss to offer suggestions to improve. Li becomes frightened of the vampire king when it is revealed that Strauss cannot be harmed by the sun, but diligently agrees to Strauss' challenge to determine what stone was used to make Stella's necklace in exchange for Strauss agreeing to save the Earth from the alien invaders.

**Stella Hazelberg** (ステラ·ヘイゼルバーグ, *Sutera Heizerubagu*)

Age: 18 A country girl who could neither read nor write. While Strauss was still a general, she was his human lover and Strauss continues to carry a pendant he made for her when she was alive. She was adopted by the Hazelberg family prior to her marriage to Strauss. Stella and her unborn child (Strauss was the child’s father) were later brutally murdered; their deaths forever plunged Strauss into a depth of despair. The circumstances of her death become a long-standing mystery of the series, which are eventually fully disclosed to the audience through Adelheid's confession and later when Stella herself tells Kayuki how it occurred: She was killed by Maria Saberhagen and used as a catalyst to create the *Black Swan*. While her unborn daughter, who carried the blood of Strauss, would have the potential power to someday defeat Strauss, Stella was sacrificed as well as her consciousness at the core of the *Black Swan* was required to keep the infant child's temperament in check. Because Stella and her baby form the core of the Black Swan, the parasitic nature of the spell resulted in selecting girls who possessed a strong resemblance to either Stella or her baby. Strauss discovered the true nature of the Black Swan shortly after the death of the first Black Swan and though initially enraged that her spirit and their child's had been used in such a manner, he and Stella managed to communicate over the years in hopes of ending Strauss's pain, as well saving the dhamphirs and the hosts of the Black Swan. She is revealed to be an adopted daughter of Maria Saverhagen.

**Maria Saverhagen** (マリア・セイバーハーゲン, *Maria Seibahagen*)

An enemy of Strauss during the time of the Kingdom of the Night, known as "Infinite Cross Saberhagen" and is the only human Bridget ever considered to be near Strauss' level of skill. Saberhagen saw Strauss as the *Red Rose of Disaster* and sought to defeat him no matter what tricks she had to resort to. She eventually created the curse of the *Black Swan* and led an alliance of countries against the Kingdom of the Night, demanding Strauss' execution. Saberhagen was also responsible for creating the spell to seal away Adelheid when she went berserk and unleashed the Moonlight of Corrosion. Despite caring deeply for the children she adopted as wards, including Stella, her ruthless pragmatism caused her to do various despicable acts, such as kill Stella as a sacrifice to defeat Strauss. Before her death, after her last encounter with Strauss, Saverhagen was the first person to listen to Strauss's reasons to become the common enemy of both humans and his own kind where he was able to prevent an endless war with the two sides.

## Media

Initially serialized in Monthly Shōnen Gangan, the series has been collected into nine *tankōbon* and published by Square Enix between 2003 and 2007.

### Japanese *tankōbon* releases

* *Vanpaia Jūji Kai*, vol. 1 (December 22, 2003). Square Enix, ISBN 4-7575-1105-1.
* *Vanpaia Jūji Kai*, vol. 2 (May 22, 2004). Square Enix, ISBN 4-7575-1206-6.
* *Vanpaia Jūji Kai*, vol. 3 (October 22, 2004). Square Enix, ISBN 4-7575-1297-X.
* *Vanpaia Jūji Kai*, vol. 4 (March 22, 2005). Square Enix, ISBN 4-7575-1387-9.
* *Vanpaia Jūji Kai*, vol. 5 (September 22, 2005). Square Enix, ISBN 4-7575-1523-5.
* *Vanpaia Jūji Kai*, vol. 6 (February 22, 2006). Square Enix, ISBN 4-7575-1625-8.
* *Vanpaia Jūji Kai*, vol. 7 (July 22, 2006). Square Enix, ISBN 4-7575-1721-1.
* *Vanpaia Jūji Kai*, vol. 8 (December 22, 2006). Square Enix, ISBN 4-7575-1823-4.
* *Vanpaia Jūji Kai*, vol. 9 (April 21, 2007). Square Enix, ISBN 4-7575-1992-3.

## InfoBox

| The Record of Fallen Vampire | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art of the seven manga volume | |
| ヴァンパイア十字界<br>(*Vanpaia Jūji Kai*) | |
| Genre | Adventure, dark fantasy, supernatural |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Kyo Shirodaira |
| Illustrated by | Yuri Kimura |
| Published by | Square Enix |
| English publisher | Viz Media |
| Magazine | *Monthly Shōnen Gangan* |
| Demographic | *Shōnen* |
| Original run | 20032007 |
| Volumes | 9 |


title: Friedrich von Gerolt

abstract: Friedrich Karl Joseph Freiherr von Gerolt was Prussian Privy Councillor, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in the United States.

text:
# Friedrich von Gerolt

**Friedrich Karl Joseph Freiherr von Gerolt** (5 March 1797 Bonn – 27 July 1879 Linz am Rhein) was Prussian Privy Councillor, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in the United States.

## Family

Gerolt was born the son of the German jurist and politician Bernard Franz Josef of Gerolt and his wife, Anna Katharina Josepha Caroline v. Bouget from Odenkirchen. He descended from the Gerolt family, which was founded on 3 January 1558 in Prague, and was awarded the coat of arms on 16 April 1614, knighted in the Castle of Linz in Austria by Emperor Matthias.

He married on 28 August 1837 in Bonn, Huberta Josephine Henriette Walter, daughter of Privy Councillor at the former Court of Appeal in Wetzlar, Walter Francis Martin, and his wife Anna Maria de Noel.

## Life

He studied mining and geology in 1823, and was listed as Mining Office secretary in Düren. In March 1824, he traveled to Mexico, prospecting for silver mines, and published a geological map in 1828. King Friedrich Wilhelm III invested, him and his brothers in 1830, with the Leyen manor (now Castle Ockenfels in Ockenfels). In 1837, he was chargé d'affaires in Mexico and at the suggestion of Alexander von Humboldt in 1844, made Extraordinary Envoy and Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia to the United States of America. In October 1848, he was superseded by Friedrich Ludwig von Rönne. He sought comment on a German constitution from John C. Calhoun. From 1849 to 1868, he was again sent as ambassador of Prussia to Washington from 1868 until the empire was founded in 1871, he was then working for the North German Confederation as an envoy in Washington. In 1852, he negotiated an extradition treaty with Daniel Webster. In 1858, Gerolt was elevated to Freiherr.

Gerolt was consistently 27 years as a diplomat in the United States and is still regarded as the longest serving ambassador of Germany in the U.S. During his time in Washington, he maintained good contacts with many politicians, including several presidents and government ministers. In the quarter century of service, Gerolt saw presidents James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses Grant.

Millard Fillmore was the only incumbent U.S. president, who visited Germany in the 19th century. In 1855, he met with Alexander von Humboldt and King Friedrich Wilhelm IV together in Berlin. In this period 1.5 million German emigrated to the U.S., and there were a total of 14 German consulates in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, St. Louis, Galveston, Savannah, Cincinnati, San Francisco, Louisville, Milwaukee, Chicago, Boston and New Bedford.

## Sources

* Dr. Ralph Lutz, *Die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und den Vereinigten Staaten während des Sezessionskrieges*, Heidelberg 1911th
* Enno Eimers, *Preussen und die USA 1850 bis 1867. Transatlantische Wechselwirkungen*, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-428-11577-5


title: Palaeoneura

abstract:
Palaeoneura is a genus of wasps belonging to the family Mymaridae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America and Australia. Species:
  - Palaeoneura durwest Triapitsyn, 2010
  - Palaeoneura evanescens Waterhouse, 1915
  - Palaeoneura frater Triapitsyn, 2021
  - Palaeoneura gloriosa Huber, 2009
  - Palaeoneura interrupta Waterhouse, 1915
  - Palaeoneura markhoddlei Triapitsyn, 2018
  - Palaeoneura mymaripennis Dozier, 1933
  - Palaeoneura turneri Waterhouse, 1915

text:
# Palaeoneura

***Palaeoneura*** is a genus of wasps belonging to the family Mymaridae.

The species of this genus are found in Northern America and Australia.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Palaeoneura* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| head and wings of *Palaeoneura bagicha* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Mymaridae |
| Genus: | *Palaeoneura*<br>Waterhouse, 1915 |
|


title: George Grimston

abstract: George Sylvester Grimston was an English cricketer active from 1924 to 1939 who played for Sussex. He was born in Rawalpindi and died in Brighton. He appeared in 26 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm medium-fast pace and leg breaks. He scored 826 runs with a highest score of 104 and took eleven wickets with a best performance of five for 40.

text:
# George Grimston

**George Sylvester Grimston** (2 April 1905 – 18 September 1990) was an English cricketer active from 1924 to 1939 who played for Sussex. He was born in Rawalpindi and died in Brighton. He appeared in 26 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm medium-fast pace and leg breaks. He scored 826 runs with a highest score of 104 and took eleven wickets with a best performance of five for 40.


title: Monte São João

abstract: Monte São João is a low mountain in the central part of the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde. Its elevation is 154 m. It is situated 3 km southwest of the city centre of Mindelo.

text:
# Monte São João

**Monte São João** is a low mountain in the central part of the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde. Its elevation is 154 m. It is situated 3 km southwest of the city centre of Mindelo.

## InfoBox

| Monte São João | |
| --- | --- |
| Monte São Joãocentral São Vicente island, Cape Verde | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 154 m (505 ft) |
| Coordinates | 16°51′45″N 24°59′47″W / 16.8624°N 24.9963°W / 16.8624; -24.9963 |
| Geography | |
| Location | central São Vicente island, Cape Verde |


title: Georgina Huljich

abstract: Georgina Huljich is an Argentine-American architect and educator. She is a partner in PATTERNS, a Los Angeles-based architecture firm. She has been teaching at the Department of Architecture and Urban Design at UCLA as an associate professor since 2006.

text:
# Georgina Huljich

**Georgina Huljich** (born January 30, 1974) is an Argentine-American architect and educator. She is a partner in PATTERNS, a Los Angeles-based architecture firm. She has been teaching at the Department of Architecture and Urban Design at UCLA as an associate professor since 2006.

## Early life and education

She received her B.Arch. from the National University of Rosario, Argentina in 1998. She later earned her Master of Architecture from the Department of Architecture and Urban Design at UCLA in 2003.

## Career

Before joining PATTERNS, Huljich had worked at the Guggenheim Museum and Dean/Wolf Architects in New York, Banchini + Spina Arquitectos in Rosario, Argentina and at Morphosis Architects in Los Angeles. She was the Director of AUD Summer Programs at UCLA AUD from 2012 to 2016. She has been on the Executive Board at the Center for the Arts of Performance at UCLA since 2015. She has served on national juries including the AIA Awards and the American Academy in Rome. Among others, she has been a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Syracuse University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Berkeley, and Di Tella. At the Yale University of Architecture, she was the Louis I. Kahn Visiting Assistant Professor in 2013.

Huljich co-authored PATTERNS Embedded (ACDCU, 2010) and Mute Icons and other Dichotomies of the Real in Architecture (Actar, 2020). With Marcelo Spina, she was the co-curator of the group show Matters of Sensation at Artist Space in New York (2008).

## Projects

* Snake-Rice Scultpure, Icheon, South Korea
* Jujuy Redux Apartment, Rosario, Argentina
* Zhixin Hybrid Office Building, Chengdu, China
* Prism Gallery in Los Angeles, CA
* FyF Residence in Rosario, Argentina
* Jujuy 2056 Apartment in Rosario, Argentina
* League of Shadows Event Structure, SCI-Arc, Los Angeles, CA
* MOCA Textile Room Pavilion, Los Angeles, CA
* The White Album Performance, New York, NY & Los Angeles, CA

## Awards and recognition

**2003:** First Prize, 21st Century Park Competition / Graham Foundation, Chicago. Graduation with Distinctions, UCLA.

**2005:** Maybeck Fellow, Department of Architecture, UC Berkeley

**2006:** First Prize, Vertical Garden Invited Competition, MAK Center at the Schindler House, Los Angeles, CA.

**2007:** Honorific Mention, International Competition, Skopje Concert Hall, Skopje, Macedonia

**2008:** Graham Foundation Grant, ìMatters of Sensationî Artists Space, New York, NY

**2011:** Emerging Voices, Architectural League of New York, NY. Arch is Award, Young Emerging Architects Program, AIA, Los Angeles Chapter.

**2012:** Honorable Mention, Jujuy Redux, AIA Annual Design Review. AIA LA Honor Award, Collective Void Dormitory, Puerto Rico. AIA LA Merit Award, Jujuy Redux, Rosario, Argentina. First Prize, SCI-Arc Graduation Pavilion Competition, Los Angeles, CA. First Prize, MOCA Pavilion Invited Competition, Los Angeles, US.

**2013:** United States Artists Grigor Fellow, Los Angeles

**2014:** American Architecture Award, The Chicago Athenaeum

**2015:** ACSA Faculty Award

**2016:** AIA LA Merit Award

**2017:** AIA LA Merit Award

**2019:** AIA LA Merit Award

Designs by Huljich have been displayed at locations such as The Art Institute of Chicago, The MAK Museum, The Chicago Biennial, MOCA in Los Angeles, and the Venice Biennale.

## Books

* **Mute Icons & other Dichotomies of the Real in Architecture**

Interrogating historical, contemporary, and — more importantly— speculative images, ‘Mute Icons & Other Dichotomies of the Real in Architecture’aims to construct a viable alternative to the icon’s cliché and exhausted form of communication, positing one that is decidedly introverted and withdrawn. Developing a language and a sensibility for discovering simultaneous, contradictory, and even unexpected readings of architectural form, Marcelo Spina & Georgina Huljich / PATTERNS’s new book Mute Icons, aims to carve out a niche in contemporary culture and history by suggesting that far from being a crowd-pleaser, architecture can persist within society as a constructive cultural and social irritant. Part history, part theory, and part monographic atlas, the book includes contributions by Georgina Huljich, Guillermo Martinez, Ciro Najle, Marcelo Spina, Brett Steele, and Constance Vale.

* **PATTERNS Embedded**

‘Embedded’, PATTERNS’s first comprehensive monograph argues for the need of closer proximity between discipline and practice in architecture by articulating concepts, drawings, projects and buildings. Founded in Los Angeles in 2002 and headed by Argentinean Architects Marcelo Spina and Georgina Huljich, the award-winning practice thoughtful research, innovative mission and collaborative approach moves seamlessly between digital and material expressions. In addition to their material and formal research, built projects include Prism Art Gallery in West Hollywood, FYF Residence and Jujuy Redux both in Rosario (Argentina) and Fluid Core Yard in Chengdu, China as well as small objects, sculptures and installations. The book includes essays by Marcleo Spina, Georgina Huljich, Todd Gannon, Marcelyn Gow.and John Mcmorrough.

* **Against the Grain:**

Against the Grain, features the work of three studios of the Louis I. Kahn Visiting Assistant Professors at Yale. Marcelo Spina and Georgina Huljich in “Brutal Beauty: Piles, Monoliths and the Incongruous Whole” explored ways to make mute icons through monolithic form so that the buildings were foreign to their context and difficult to read formally for a film center in Los Angeles. Dan Wood in “Boulevard Triumphant: ecological infrastructure, architecture, modernization, and the image of the city” a studio for a civic center in Gabon that challenged the architectural language in Africa beyond the clichés and nostalgia to create an architecture that embodied a new ambition. Lisa Gray and Alan Organschi in “Timber Innovation District: new timber technologies and contemporary high performance wood architecture” researched wood as a material for larger-scale projects for a site on New Haven’s working waterfront, with projects ranging from bridges to manufacturing facilities and multi-family housing. Edited by Jackie Kow and Nina Rappaport the book is designed by MGMT.design and is distributed by Actar D.

## InfoBox

| Georgina Huljich | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1974-01-30)January 30, 1974<br>Rosario, Argentina |
| Nationality | * Argentina * United States |
| Occupation(s) | Architect, Educator |
| Spouse | Marcelo Spina |
| Children | 2 |


title: Harbison v. Bell

abstract: Harbison v. Bell, 556 U.S. 180 (2009), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that federal law gave indigent death row inmates the right to federally appointed counsel to represent them in post-conviction state clemency proceedings, when the state has declined to do so. Certiorari was granted by the Supreme Court on June 23, 2008.

text:
# Harbison v. Bell

***Harbison v. Bell***, 556 U.S. 180 (2009), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that federal law gave indigent death row inmates the right to federally appointed counsel to represent them in post-conviction state clemency proceedings, when the state has declined to do so. Certiorari was granted by the Supreme Court on June 23, 2008.

## Opinion

Justice Stevens delivered the judgment of the court, stating:

> §3599 authorizes federally appointed counsel to represent their clients in state clemency proceedings and entitles them to compensation for that representation. Accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed.
>
> Justice John Paul Stevens

## Subsequent developments

The death sentence of Edward Harbison was commuted to life imprisonment without parole by Tennessee Governor Phil Breseden in January 2011, shortly before Breseden left office.

Justice Scalia dissented in substance:

> §3599 contains no express language limiting its application to proceedings in a federal forum. And yet Harbison, the Government, and the Court all read part of that section to refer to federal proceedings only. The Court's refusal to extend that limitation to the entirety of §3599 is untenable. It lacks a textual basis and has the additional misfortune of producing absurd results, which the majority attempts to avoid by doing further violence to the statutory text. I would read the statute as providing federal counsel to capital convicts appearing in a federal forum, and I accordingly would affirm the judgment of the Sixth Circuit.
>
> Justice Antonin Scalia

## InfoBox

| Harbison v. Bell | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued January 12, 2009
Decided April 1, 2009 | |
| Full case name | *Edward Jerome Harbison v. Ricky Bell, Warden* |
| Docket no. | 07-8521 |
| Citations | 556 U.S. 180 (*more*)129 S. Ct. 1481; 173 L. Ed. 2d 347 |
| Argument | Oral argument |
| Case history | |
| Procedural | Writ of certiorari to United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit |
| Holding | |
| Indigent death row inmates sentenced under state law have a right to federally funded habeas counsel in post-conviction state clemency proceedings, when the state has denied such counsel. Sixth Circuit reversed. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices John P. Stevens **·**  Antonin Scalia
Anthony Kennedy **·**  David Souter
Clarence Thomas **·**  Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer **·**  Samuel Alito | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Stevens, joined by Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| Concurrence | Roberts |
| Concurrence | Thomas |
| Concur/dissent | Scalia, joined by Alito |
| Laws applied | |
| 28 U.S.C. Section 2254; 18 U.S.C. Section 3599 | |


title: From the Sea to the Land Beyond

abstract: From The Sea to the Land Beyond: Britain's Coast on Film is a documentary feature film directed by Penny Woolcock, with an original soundtrack by British indie-rock band Sea Power. The project was produced by Heather Croall and Mark Atkin of Crossover to premiere at the Sheffield Doc/Fest as part of The Space project from the BBC and the Arts Council England. The film was edited by Alex Fry. The world premiere was at the Crucible Theatre at Sheffield Doc/Fest in June 2012, with Sea Power playing the soundtrack live. It has since been performed at the BFI Southbank, Latitude Festival, Sundance London, at Doc/Fest 2013, and under the hull of the Cutty Sark. The film with recorded soundtrack was shown on BBC Four's Storyville on 18 November 2012, and released on DVD on 21 January 2013. The soundtrack album was released on 2 December 2013.

text:
# From the Sea to the Land Beyond

***From The Sea to the Land Beyond: Britain's Coast on Film*** is a documentary feature film directed by Penny Woolcock, with an original soundtrack by British indie-rock band Sea Power. The project was produced by Heather Croall and Mark Atkin of Crossover to premiere at the Sheffield Doc/Fest as part of The Space project from the BBC and the Arts Council England. The film was edited by Alex Fry.

The world premiere was at the Crucible Theatre at Sheffield Doc/Fest in June 2012, with Sea Power playing the soundtrack live. It has since been performed at the BFI Southbank, Latitude Festival, Sundance London, at Doc/Fest 2013, and under the hull of the *Cutty Sark*. The film with recorded soundtrack was shown on BBC Four's *Storyville* on 18 November 2012, and released on DVD on 21 January 2013. The soundtrack album was released on 2 December 2013.

## Film

The film explores a century of life on Britain's coastline, using a mixture of black and white and colour footage from the BFI National Archive stretching back to the earliest days of movie making. It explores social history, life in wartime and peacetime, women's history and the rise and fall of fishing and shipbuilding.

The earliest footage is taken from Blackpool at the start of the 20th century. There's a carnival procession with floral floats and a placard about the suffragettes. A swimming race takes place with everyone dressed in evening wear complete with top hats, watched by boats of spectators, also in fine attire. Women are shown repairing nets and gutting, salting and packing herring. They also dangle off the sides of cliffs to collect eggs.

The film includes early footage from the Mitchell and Kenyon film company; early Peter Greenaway; and footage from Marion Grierson, the sister of British 'docfather' John Grierson. Wartime footage shows RMS Mauretania, troops practising trench manoeuvres, synchronised marching battalions and women priming and loading bombs. In more peaceful times, families enjoy the simple pleasures of the seaside, with palmistry and phrenology available on the beach. Up-to-date footage of the British at play includes a wind and rain-lashed Blackpool with holidaymakers battling the elements. RNLI lifeboat and helicopter rescues are shown, highlighting the bravery of those involved. The life of the docks is explored, from bustling workplaces to the redevelopment of the London Docklands.

Before its debut Woolcock said it was the only film she'd made that was "unstressful to watch" and called it "a beautiful and poetic experience". *From the Sea to the Land Beyond* was produced by Mark Atkin for Crossover and Heather Croall for Doc/Fest.

> Doc/Fest’s archive and music offering last year *From The Sea To The Land Beyond* was addictive, and performed well for *Storyville* on BBC Four.
>
> Nick Fraser, Series Editor, *Storyville*,

| From the Sea to the Land Beyond | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio album by Sea Power | |
| Released | 2 December 2013 (2013-12-02) |
| Genre | Soundtrack |
| Length | 74:05 |
| Label | Rough Trade Records |
| Sea Power chronology | |
| *Machineries of Joy*
(2013) ***From the Sea to the Land Beyond***
(2013) *Sea of Brass*
(2015) | |

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 86/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Drowned in Sound | 9/10 |
| Line of Best Fit | 8.5/10 |

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was released as a studio album titled *From the Sea to the Land Beyond* under Rough Trade Records on 2 December 2013. Sea Power were commissioned to write and perform the soundtrack because of their love of nature and wildlife. The soundtrack was composed at Lympne Castle in Kent and recorded at Brighton Electric studios.

As the film begins, plaintive keyboard chords are joined by trumpet, cello and a crescendo of drums and cymbals. The music ebbs and flows with the elements depicted in the film.

The music is made up of reworked moments from the band's back catalogue, for example elements of the tracks "Carrion", "No Lucifer" and "The Great Skua", along with specially written material.

The title of the film and the soundtrack is drawn from the song "The Land Beyond" from the album *Open Season*.

### Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "From the Sea to the Land Beyond" | 5:00 |
| 2. | "Remarkable Diving Feat" | 4:18 |
| 3. | "Strange Sports" | 3:15 |
| 4. | "Heroines of the Cliff" | 4:52 |
| 5. | "The Guillemot Girls" | 3:05 |
| 6. | "Suffragette Riots" | 3:57 |
| 7. | "Heatwave" | 3:44 |
| 8. | "Melancholy of the Boot" | 4:22 |
| 9. | "Be You Mighty Sparrow" | 2:13 |
| 10. | "Berth 24" | 4:04 |
| 11. | "Red Rock Riviera" | 6:53 |
| 12. | "Coastguard" | 4:22 |
| 13. | "Perspectives of Stinky Turner" | 4:54 |
| 14. | "Bonjour Copains" | 2:58 |
| 15. | "The Wild Highlands" | 3:10 |
| 16. | "Docklands Renewed" | 5:41 |
| 17. | "The Islanders" | 3:07 |
| 18. | "Heatwave (Lympne Castle Demo)" | 3:45 |

## Interactivity

The film was launched with an interactive website, landbeyond.co.uk, allowing users to create a personalised video postcard. The website won the FOCAL International Award for Best Use of Footage on Digital or non-Television Platforms.

## InfoBox

| *From The Sea to the Land Beyond: Britain's Coast on Film* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Penny Woolcock |
| Produced by |  |
| Music by | Sea Power |
| Release date | * 13 June 2012 (2012-06-13) (United Kingdom) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Tiracola

abstract: Tiracola is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

text:
# Tiracola

***Tiracola*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Tiracola* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Tiracola plagiata | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Subfamily: | Hadeninae |
| Genus: | *Tiracola*<br>Moore, 1881 |
|


title: Friedhelm Krummacher

abstract: Friedhelm Krummacher is a German musicologist.

text:
# Friedhelm Krummacher

**Friedhelm Krummacher** (born 22 January 1936) is a German musicologist.

## Life

Born in Berlin, Krummacher is the second oldest son of Friedrich-Wilhelm Krummacher. He studied musicology after his private music teacher examination in 1957, philosophy and German studies in Berlin, Marburg and Uppsala and was awarded a doctorate in 1964 with repertoire studies on the older church music in Berlin by Adam Adrio. From 1965 to 1972 he worked as an assistant at the Erlangen seminary with Martin Ruhnke, where he habilitated in 1972 with studies on chamber music by Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy. He remained there as a private lecturer until 1975, when, after a professorship at the Hochschule für Musik Detmold, he was appointed full professor at the Christian-Albrechts-Universität in Kiel in 1976.

In 1983 he founded and directed the Johannes-Brahms-Gesamtausgabe, he is also co-editor of the Mendelssohn and Buxtehude Complete Editions. From 1992 to 1994 he was founding dean of the Faculty of Philosophy at the Humboldt University Berlin. He retired in 2001.

His works are dedicated to the history of music from the Renaissance to the modern age. His main areas of work are church and organ music of the 16th to 18th centuries, music theory and music aesthetics, the history of the string quartet from the 18th to the 20th century and the composers Johann Sebastian Bach, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Max Reger.

Krummacher is a member of the Joachim-Jungius-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Hamburg, of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and since 1995 honour member of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. In 2003 he received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University (Sweden). Since 1996 he has been co-editor of the Schütz-Jahrbuch.

## Honours

* *Rezeption als Innovation, Untersuchungen zu einem Grundmodell der europäischen Kompositionsgeschichte: Festschrift für Friedhelm Krummacher.* Edited by Siegfried Oechsle, Bernd Sponheuer, Helmut Well. Kassel 2001.

## Publications

* *Mendelssohn, der Komponist – Studien zur Kammermusik für Streicher.* Munich 1978.
* with Heinrich Wilhelm Schwab (ed.): *Gattung und Werk in der Musikgeschichte Norddeutschlands und Skandinaviens.* Bärenreiter, Kassel 1982.
* with Hermann Danuser (ed.): *Rezeptionsästhetik und Rezeptionsgeschichte in der Musikwissenschaft*. (*Publications of the HfMuT Hannover,* vol. 3). Laaber, 1991.
* *Gustav Mahlers Symphonie Nr. 3 – Welt im Widerbild.* Bärenreiter, Kassel 1991.
* *Das Streichquartett.* 2 vols. (*Handbuch der musikalischen Gattungen,* vol. 6). Laaber, 2001 and 2003.
* revised edition (without pictures): *Geschichte des Streichquartetts.* 3 vols. Laaber, 2005.
* *Romantik und Moderne.*

## Literature


title: Friedhelm Loh

abstract: Friedhelm Loh is a German billionaire businessman. He is the founder and chairman of the Friedhelm Loh Group, a manufacturing company that grew out of a business he inherited from his father.

text:
# Friedhelm Loh

**Friedhelm Loh** (born 16 August 1946) is a German billionaire businessman. He is the founder and chairman of the Friedhelm Loh Group, a manufacturing company that grew out of a business he inherited from his father.

## Early life

Friedhelm Loh is the son of Rudolf Loh, who founded a company in 1961 after inventing the "first mass-produced enclosures for electrical control systems".

## Career

Loh is the chairman of the Friedhelm Loh Group.

As of July 2021, *Forbes* estimated Loh's net worth at US$9.7 billion.

## Personal life

He is married with three children and lives in Haiger, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Friedhelm Loh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 16 August 1946 (1946-08-16) (age 78) |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation(s) | Chairman, Friedhelm Loh Group |
| Spouse | married |
| Children | 3 |


title: McMaster Arts and Science

abstract: The Arts and Science Program is an undergraduate program at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. It is one of the smallest direct-entry programs in the university, with a target enrolment of only 70 students per year, and with a total size of about 250 students. Due to its small size, its reputation, and its popularity, the Arts and Science Program requires a competitive high-school GPA in addition to a supplementary application.

text:
# McMaster Arts and Science

The **Arts and Science Program** (also known as: ArtSci, Mac ArtsSci, or Arts & Sci) is an undergraduate program at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. It is one of the smallest direct-entry programs in the university, with a target enrolment of only 70 students per year, and with a total size of about 250 students.

Due to its small size, its reputation, and its popularity, the Arts and Science Program requires a competitive high-school GPA in addition to a supplementary application.

## History

After the Second World War, McMaster University, like many other universities around the world, saw dramatic increases in student enrolment and degrees granted in the newly developing sciences. Initiatives to revive the liberal arts in the university were proposed in the ensuing years but did not leave the drawing board.

In the mid-1970s, there was a growing sense at McMaster that although 4 year honours degrees were exceeding expectations, the 3 year bachelor's degrees did not. In 1977, a university report recommended that McMaster explore the formation of an interdisciplinary program. In the spring of 1979, an ad hoc committee formed to investigate the recommendations, chaired by Dr. Dugal Campbell, reported to the university Senate. The Campbell Committee report was then endorsed by the university Senate in late June, 1979.

In the late summer of 1979, the Vice President (Academic) at the time, Leslie J. King, asked Dr. Herb Jenkins, a professor in McMaster's psychology department, to form a council to discuss, and serve as the director of a new baccalaureate program in general studies. The Planning Council presented the "Outline of a New Baccalaureate Degree Programme in Arts and Science" in mid-March 1980. After criticisms were heard at the general faculty meeting on March 27 of that year, the Council revised the outline and presented it to the university Senate in May 1980. In September 1981, the Arts & Science Program welcomed its first year of students.

The Arts & Science Program awards its students with a B. Arts Sc. Students may earn the degree in 3 years, although most students complete the degree in 4 years and earn the "Honours" appellation as any other undergraduate program. At the general faculty meeting of March 1980, the professors from the faculty of Health Sciences were particularly enthusiastic about the outline presented. This led to the formation of the small, inquiry and interdisciplinary-based Health Sciences undergraduate program in 1999. After Dr. Herb Jenkins retired as the first director of the Arts & Science Program, he, along with Dr. Bob Hudspith went on to found the Engineering and Society program at the Faculty of Engineering. McMaster's Integrated Sciences Program has also been modeled with the Arts & Science Program.

## Admissions

The Arts and Science Program currently considers applications from applicants with a high school average of 88% or greater. The program requires an applicant's completion of the following Ontario high school courses as prerequisites for admission:

* ENG4U
* 1 of MHF4U, MCV4U (MCV4U is strongly recommended)
* 4 additional U/M level courses of which two must be U level.

In addition to the completion of these courses and the submission of an application, the program requires that applicants complete a supplementary application, which is due each year on 1 February. The supplementary application enables the program to learn more about the applicant and their ideas, interests, and activities. Each year, the Arts and Science Program receives over 800 applications. The program prides itself in ensuring that all supplementary applications are read thoroughly and given equal consideration.

## Curriculum/Structure

Arts & Science stresses the development of skills in writing, speaking, research, and critical and quantitative reasoning. Its curriculum also aims to provide a foundational university-level knowledge base in the natural sciences and the social thought of the Western world. The program's small size facilitates its strong sense of community and interdisciplinary learning, with students taking a diverse range of courses through their four years. Many of the students specialize in a field by completing a combined honours in addition to the Arts and Science program requirements (effectively a double major). Some combined honours require a fifth year of study, unless the student takes courses during summer school or an "overload" course complement. Many students go on to pursue higher learning through either graduate or professional school, or take job opportunities.

Curriculum
| Humanities & Social Sciences | Mathematics & Physical Sciences | Interdisciplinary | Electives |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Practices of Knowledge | Indigenous Ways of Knowing | Biology/Chemistry/Environmental Science | Inquiry (Global Issues & elective(s)) |  |
| Social and Political Thought | Calculus | Writing & Argumentation |  |
| Literature | Physics | Technology & Society |  |
| Eastern Studies | Statistics | Individual Study/Thesis |  |
| Economics |  |  |  |
| 5 courses | 4 courses | 5 or 6 courses | 6 or 7 Elective courses |

Core Program Structure
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3\* | Year 4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Practices of Knowledge | Social and Political Thought | Literature | Thesis/Individual Study |
| Writing & Argumentation | Physics | Technology & Society | |
| Inquiry of Global Issues | Statistics | Choice of either Eastern Asian Religious Tradition, or Religion and the Law | Upper-year Inquiry or elective |
| Calculus | Economics | Upper-year Inquiry (topics variable) | Elective |
| Biology/Chemistry/Environmental Science | Elective/Science requirement (if not done in Year 1) | Elective | Elective |
| Indigenous Ways of Knowing | Elective | Elective | Elective |

*Many students in the Arts and Science Program opt to take a semester or double semester studying abroad. In this case, they take courses at the university that they are visiting that are deemed to be equivalent to the courses required of them were they to remain at McMaster.

## Expansion

During the mid-'00s, the McMaster administration began putting pressure on the program to increase its size from 60 to 100 students per year. This campaign was part of a University-wide expansion of all smaller programs such as Medicine and Health Sciences. The idea was met with opposition from most students and professors in the program. Arguments against program expansion included concerns that the sense of tight-knit community would be lost; that larger classes would reduce the quality of education; and that it would place added pressure on professors. The previous increase in class size was in 1996, with an increase in intake from 50 students to 60. This increase was met with similar resistance, and many students and faculty regarded this as the beginning of the end of the intimate learning environment that had gained the Arts and Science Program its strong reputation. Although the '00s expansion issue was never resolved with finality, measures were subsequently taken to address the issue, with the ultimate aim of bringing enrollment back to a maximum of 60 students per year. Through the late 2010s, the program underwent a further expansion, increasing its enrollment target from 60 students per year to 70.

## Community

Students are part of the Society of Arts and Science Students (SASS). SASS is responsible for running social and community events, facilitating inter-program communication, and making educational recommendations to the director of the program. SASS also runs a student website (SASSweb), which is a hub for program information. Arts & Science students have consistently identified the sense of community as one of its main strengths. SASS's logo is a cartoon depiction of its mascot: a Sasquatch. It was updated in January 2020 to replace the defunct prior logo, which had long been suspected of violating the copyright of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Mascot Quatchi. The Program itself runs a wide variety of social gathering activities and community events throughout the academic year. These activities and events include: The ArtSci Musical, organized intramural teams, a semesterly coffee house, regular informal drop-in events at the Arts and Science office, and more. As part of its community building endeavours, The Arts and Science program runs a buddy program called the Sib program. This program pairs incoming second year students with incoming first year students, with the goal of incorporating them into the Arts and Science community, and helping them transition into the university and the program.

## Directors

| Director | Term |
| --- | --- |
| Prof. Beth Marquis | 2022–Present |
| Prof. Jean Wilson | 2011–2022 |
| Prof. Gary Warner (interim) | 2010–2011 |
| Prof. Peter Sutherland | 2005–2010 |
| Prof. Gary Warner | 2000–2005 |
| Prof. Barbara Ferrier | 1990–2000 |
| Prof. Herb Jenkins | 1981–1990 |

## Noted alumni

## InfoBox

Arts and Science Program
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1981 |
| Director | Beth Marquis |
| Undergraduates | 250 |
| Location | Hamilton, ON, Canada |
| Degree Granted | B. Arts Sc. |
| Mascot | SASSquatch |
| Website | artsci.mcmaster.ca |


title: Tim Wansley

abstract: Tim Wansley is a former cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Georgia and was selected in the seventh round of the 2002 NFL draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2002 and 2003, starting six games and playing in 12 in 2003. His season was highlighted by a return of one of the interceptions for 23 yards and a touchdown at Carolina on November 9, 2003. He then signed with the Cleveland Browns on Aug. 5,2004, but was released prior to the start of the season. He signed with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in 2005 and was a member of the team's practice squad. He was re-signed by the team in 2006.

text:
# Tim Wansley

**Tim Wansley** (born November 11, 1978) is a former cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Georgia and was selected in the seventh round of the 2002 NFL draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

He played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2002 and 2003, starting six games and playing in 12 in 2003 (collecting two interceptions).

His season was highlighted by a return of one of the interceptions for 23 yards and a touchdown at Carolina on November 9, 2003. He then signed with the Cleveland Browns on Aug. 5,2004, but was released prior to the start of the season.

He signed with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in 2005 and was a member of the team's practice squad. He was re-signed by the team in 2006.

## InfoBox

Tim Wansley
| No. 31 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Cornerback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1978-11-07) November 7, 1978<br>Buford, Georgia, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) |
| Weight: | 186 lb (84 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Buford (Buford, Georgia) |
| College: | Georgia |
| NFL draft: | 2002 / round: 7 / pick: 233 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Tackles: 62  Interceptions: 2  Touchdowns: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |