title: Pedro Vilarroig

abstract: Pedro Vilarroig is a professor of physics and cosmology at the Universidad Politécnica of Madrid and a former Spanish composer. He is a proponent of neotonalism, having founded and led the Asociación Española de Compositores Neotonales.

text:
# Pedro Vilarroig

**Pedro Vilarroig** (born November 8, 1954) is a professor of physics and cosmology at the Universidad Politécnica of Madrid and a former Spanish composer. He is a proponent of neotonalism, having founded and led the Asociación Española de Compositores Neotonales (Spanish Association of Neotonal Composers).

## Biography

Vilarroig was born in Madrid in 1954. His mother was a violinist and his father a painter. As a child, he often used to paint while listening to music. By this means, he heard a great deal of music by the great masters of classicism, who noticeably influenced him. While going for long walks, he would often hear new music in his head. Vilarroig graduated with a doctorate in Mining Engineer, and entered the Real Conservatorio Superior de Música of Madrid in 1973 when he was 19 years old (most of the Conservatory's students enter as young children).

When Vilarroig had finished his studies, he joined the Laboratorio de Interpretación Musical (Music Performance Lab) LIM for two years acting as a collaborator, performer and composer in electroacoustics.

Founder of the Asociación Musical Verda Stelo, he conducted a choir and a chamber orchestra for seven years. He read choral studies with the Czech professor Petr Fiala, participated in a composition workshop conducted by Carmelo Bernaola, conducted choirs in courses organized by the Federación Coral of Madrid, and wrote incidental music for courses led by Eduardo Armenteros and José Miguel Martínez at the SGAE in Madrid.

He has composed chamber and symphonic music, soundtracks for shorts, and has had other commissions for soundtracks, among them an audiovisual for the Spanish Foreign Office and two for the Natural Sciences National Museum of Madrid. Though he has composed numerous works for electroacoustics, his style is neotonal with many influences, including Mahler, Prokofiev, Shostakovich and Sibelius.

He is founder and president of the Asociación Española de Compositores Neotonales and he was the president of the Federación Coral de Madrid from 1999 to 2008. He has also taught Physics and Cosmology at the Universidad Politécnica of Madrid since 1980.

Composers' early works often consist of chamber pieces whereas orchestral works are composed later. This is the case of Vilarroig who made some pieces for piano as well as duos, but he soon started his symphonic works, managing to compose seven symphonies and a concerto for piano and orchestra between 1975 and 1990. Nevertheless, the premiere of his second symphony did not take place until 2009 when it was performed by the Heredia Symphony Orchestra (Costa Rica) conducted by Eddie Mora. The critic Andres Saenz commented that the work "was finished when the composer was 22 years old. The symphony is composed of four movements and deploys a fully tonal harmonic language with some influences from composers as Mahler, Sibelius and Shostakovich, but mainly he has a look at the late post-Romantic period (end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th). In this decade (1970), when both the academy and the avant garde loathed the tonality, the young Vilarroig gathered up his courage giving the cold shoulder to atonality, represented by serialism and dodecaphonism. That way, the musical flow unfolds a view supported by a wide thematic body-language in a heroic and passionate spirit that states an underlying metaphor of fight and overcoming with an optimistic end.". Recordings of his third and eight symphonies took place in Moscow (2008) performed by the State Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra of Russia (conducted by Victor Ivanov), and his Concerto for piano and Orchestra in Prague was recorded by the pianist Luis Fernando Perez in 2006 and premiered in Madrid in November 2008. Later works, such as his Concerto for Saxophone and Orchestra, were performed in the first decade of the 21st century (Rivas, performed by Joaquín Franco).

He quit writing music in 2018 and he does not have any relationships with the music world at the present time.

## Style

Pedro Vilarroig has a style that merges several tendencies. He does not repudiate tonality, atonality, modality nor fusions with other modern music such as jazz, new age, film music and electroacoustics. It is difficult to label him as neo-romantic or neo-classical since his works can differ radically from each other. One commentator described his musical style as one of "genre mixing", while reviewer Andrés Ruiz Tarazona notes that his musical style follows an "eclectical concept", with "variegated aesthetics, almost always inside the tonal area". There are people who express the view that this can lead to an impersonal method of composition, but it is necessary to listen to a substantial number of works to appreciate that there is a real personality beyond this mixture. A good example for comparison could be Steven Spielberg, who directs movies in different genres such as science fiction (*ET*, *Jurassic Park*), history (*Schindler's List*) and drama (*The Color Purple*). In all these films a strong Spielberg's personality can be appreciated.

Vilarroig is very interested in his own spiritual development and his search for answers is displayed in such works as his symphony nº 3. This symphony has a dark tone that contrasts with the subsequent ones. In some sense his music is a narrative of his own life. Most of the people that listen to his music agree with the idea that it sounds descriptive and near to film music.

He has also made an audiovisual presentation called "Cosmological suite". About it, we can say that, basically conceived from the musical point of view, Vilarroig's audio-visual showed dramatic pictures about some aspects of the Universe for 49 minutes.

## Records

* Three symphonies for orchestra published in audio tape.
* Coauthor of the collection «Happy Baby» in CD for babies, with adaptations of classical pieces, as well as his own works with the general title *Variations about six child songs*.
* CD titled "Venite Adoremus" by the choir Matritum Cantat with the carol *Camino de Belén va una estrella*.
* Anniversary of the creation of the choir Villa de las Rozas with the work *Wo leia sawola ni*.
* CD titled "Ave María" by the choir Surá of Costa Rica with his *Ave María*.
* CD titled "Concerto for Piano and Orchestra" with the Praga Symphony Orchestra with the works:
    + *String Quartet*
    + *Sonata for Alto Saxophone and Piano*
    + *Concerto for Piano and Orchestra*, Luis Fernando Perez, pianist
* CD together with the Russian composer Andrei Petrov and Eddie Mora (from Costa Rica) with his Symphony nº 3 "Philosophical" recorded in Moscow with the State Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra. Both are under the record label **Verso**.

## Appraisal, press releases and radio

* University radio (Costa Rica)
* *Aldeas infantiles'* review
* Valladolid daily
* Las Rozas
* Tribuna review
* Press release of *Wake up & dream*
* Soria Herald
* El Pais
* ABC
* Toro
* Scherzo review
* Radio Universidad Clasica, (Costa Rica) with the full broadcasting of his String Quartet nº 1 and his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra
* Voice of Russia (interview)
* Radio Clásica
* Broadcasting in Radio Clásica of his whole work Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (the same day).
* Tonality comes back
* Cadena Ser (Guadalajara)
* COPE
* Radio Clásica
* Mas espectáculo (web site)
* Cadena Ser (Jaén)

## Courses and lectures

* *Computer Generated Sound and Music Fractals* (electroacoustics) and *Consciousness Geometry* at the Civil Engineer Association.
* Introduction of the software *Ondaedit*, for the generation of arbitrary shaped sound, at the Contemporary Music Spreading Center (CDMC). This software was created by himself.
* *Application of Astronomical data for the Musical Composition*, at the CDMC also.
* He took part in the *Film Music Workshop* carried out at the SGAE facilities with the introduction of the software *TCFilm*, also developed by himself and used for image and score synchronization in a film.

## Books

* 1. Cosmology:
    + Title: *Principles of Cosmology and Astrophysics. Applications of the General Theory of Relativity* (Spanish language), ISBN 84-95063-35-2
* 2. Physics of sound:

## Commissioned and compulsory Works

* I Festival Coral de Las Rozas. Compulsory work: *Wo leia sawola ni*.
* XIV Certamen de Canción Castellana Villa de Griñón. Compulsory work: *Campos de Castilla* (2005).
* II Competition Rivas en Canto. Compulsory works: *Si me hallaras vacío*, based on a poem by the poet José Luis Morante (2007),
* Course about chamber music. More compulsory works have been *Sonata for Strings* and his *String Quartet* in the Chamber Music Course organized by Angel del Palacio, regular conductor of the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos orchestra, that took place in Toro in August, 2006. Compulsory work: *Sonata for Strings* and *String Quartet*. (references: King Juan Carlos University,)
* Matritum Choral meeting. Compulsory work: *Ave María*.
* The *Sonata for Piano and alto Saxophone* is included and recommended by the Real Conservatorio Superior de Música of Madrid in the repertoire for saxophone.
* Two works for boy voices, *The Garden* and *Bells of Madrid* ordered by Félix Redondo, conductor of the Children Choir of the Comunidad de Madrid.
* Two sacramental works: *In Paradisum* and *Dies Irae* requested by the Cantiere Vocale Utrecht Choir.
* Symphony poem *Mercury*, requested because of the Almadén mines anniversary.

## Concerts and premieres

### 1983

First premiere with the LIM for the work *Ondas 1* (Waves I), for audio tape and three synthesizers.

### 1991

He participated in the theatre and music show «Hydros», that took place in Segovia, with several snippets of his composition for electroacoustics *1980S26 The Saturn’s New Satellite*.

### 1992

*Zodiac Suite* performed by the pianist Javier R. Van-Baumbergen in 1992 at the Mining School of Madrid.

### 1994

* his work *Lux Æterna* for choir and brass ensemble was premiered in the concert of the First Choir Conducting Course by the *Grup Reial de Metall* conducted by Francisco Serra.
* First cantata for choir and orchestra *La Profil´de viaj spuroj* in Esperanto language, that was performed for the first time by the choir Verda Stelo and the Valencia Symphony Orchestra at the Palau de la Música of this town.

### 1995

*Esferas* (Spheres), for string quartet and electroacoustics, at the Auditorio del Centro de Arte Reina Sofía.

### 2000

A *piano and saxophone sonata* was performed by Joaquín Franco and Blanca Calvo, both of them teachers at the Conservatory of Madrid. From this event, and ordered by the saxophone professor, Joaquín Franco, he composed a concerto for saxophone and orchestra.

### 2004

* A *sonatina for violin and piano* ordered by the duo Blanca Calvo (piano) and Joan Espina (Second violins Principal of the National Orchestra of Spain).
* Premiere at the cinema hall of Hervás (Cáceres) with the work *Cosmological Suite*, an audiovisual presentation by means of computer generated animation, also introduced in the new technologies festival Maquinarte at the Auditorium of Cáceres, Alcobendas, Museo de las Ciencias de Castilla La Mancha (Cuenca) and Centro Cultural Gaya Nuño (Soria).

### 2005

* The choral meeting *Matritum Cantat*, organized by the city council of Madrid, took place. There, the participating choirs sang his *Ave Maria* for mixed choir as the compulsory work.
* 25th Anniversary of the creation of the Laboratorio Oficial José María de Madariaga. Closing concert with his *Saxophone Quartet* performed by the Joaquín Franco Quartet.

### 2006

* He organized a concert in the chamber hall of the Auditorio Nacional. In this concert his *Wind Quintet* was performed among works of several Spanish composers. The event was a great success.
* Two concerts with the *String Quartet* performed by the group «Cuarteto Neotonal» (Centro cultural Nicolás Salmerón and Junta de Distrito Centro).
* The *Sonata for alto saxophone and piano* was also performed in October 2006 at the Instituto Cervantes of New York by Joaquín Franco and Jesús María Gómez.

### 2007

* Soundtrack of the show *Más Abajo del Aire*, a theatre work with the same name by Sergio Masís. It took place in May 2007, at the Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica.
* Premiere of *Paisajes* (Landscapes) (flute and guitar version) by the guitar player Claudio Ferrer and the flautist Helena Ramos at the Conservatorio Teresa Berganza of Madrid
* Electroacoustics concert in the auditorium of the Reina Sofía center with the works “Black hole” y “Supernova” from the Cosmological Suite, both broadcast by Radio Clásica.
* Intervenes in the Chamber Orchestra Conducting Course with his work “Interlude” (Toro, Spain).
* Performance of his string quartet nº 1 in two concerts in the Classicals in Summer cycle of the Comunidad de Madrid.
* Premiere of his work Variations about the gloss by Alonso de Mudarra, performed by the chamber ensemble “Arpista Ludovico”, with Mª Rosa Calvo Manzano, at the Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas.
* Premiere of his First Sonata for Piano at the General Studies School of the San José Faculty of Arts, Lincoln School and Music School Auditorium of Turrialba (Costa Rica).
* Premiere of the work Panegiricum Cupro, a request for the VII Science Week in Madrid. Assembly-room of the Mining School.
* Premiere of the work Bells of Madrid. Introduction of the disk by the Madrid Community Children Choir, accompanied by performers from the Madrid Community Orchestra and broadcast by Telemadrid.

### 2008

* Premiere of his Concerto for saxophone and orchestra at the Pilar Bardem auditorium of Rivas, performed by the Neotonarte Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Antonio Palmer and Joaquín Franco as a soloist.
* Once more Panegiricum Cupro was performed at the mining congress celebrated in Peñarroya-Pueblo Nuevo.
* Performance of The Odyssey overture at the National Auditorium of Music by the Juan Carlos King University Symphony Orchestra conducted by Angel del Palacio.
* Premiere of the work Two Christmas Motetes at the Federación Coral de Madrid closing concert of the XXI Choral Music Programme by the Juan Carlos King University Symphony Orchestra and Matritum Cantat and Comillas University choirs, conducted by Javier Blanco.
* Recording of 3th and 8th symphonies by the State Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra of Russia (Moscow).
* Performance of pieces from the cantata “Profil’ de viaj Spuroj” by the Arequipa Symphony Orchestra (Perú).
* Premiere of the two works Dies Irae and In Paradisum in the Pieterskerk in Utrecht. The second performance took place in the Achelse Kluis in Valkenswaard (Netherland). Both concerts were performed by the professional chamber choir Cantiere Vocale Utrecht conducted by Wilko Brouwers.
* Premiere of his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra in Madrid, Monumental Theatre with the Neotonarte Symphony Orchestra conducted by Antonio Palmer and Luis Fernando Pérez as soloist.
* Concert at the El Pardo Royal Chapel with his works The Odyssey (oberture) and Two Motetes or Christmas. King Juan Carlos University Symphony Orchestra and Matritum Cantat choir. Conductors Angel del Palacio and Javier Blanco.
* Broadcasting of his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra on Spanish Television, *Conciertos de la 2*.
* Concert at the Basílica de Atocha with his works: Ave María and Obertura and Interludio.

### 2009

* Screening of the Cosmological Suite in Córdoba and in Madrid at the program of Prem Rawat Foundation “Peace is possible”.
* Premiere of the last piece from the child Opera: Tierra de Todos, (Earth for everybody) National Auditorium, symphony hall, by the King Juan Carlos University Symphony Orchestra.
* Premiere of the work Añoranzas (Yearnings) for alto saxophone and piano, Ateneo of Madrid, performed by Jesús María Gómez and Joaquín Franco.
* Broadcasting of his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra on Spanish Television, *Conciertos de la 2*. (Repetition)

## List of works

| Work | Instruments |
| --- | --- |
| **Opera prima (Op. 1)** | Piano |
| **Three sonatas** | Piano |
| **Sonata for two pianos** | Piano |
| **Bells of the night** | Piano |
| **Zodiac Suite** | Piano |
| **The black cliff** | Piano |
| **Studio in E** | Piano |
| **Sonata for violín and piano** | Piano and violin |
| **Sonatina for violín and piano** | Piano and violin |
| **Sonata for piano and alto saxophone** | Piano and saxophone |
| **Work for piano and cello** | Piano and violoncello |
| **String quartet** | Chamber |
| **Saxophone Quartet** | Chamber |
| **Wind Quintet** | Chamber |
| **Two fantasies** | Organ |
| **Landscapes** | Guitar |
| **Landscapes** | Guitar and flute version |
| **Variations for harp and string quartet** *from a theme by Alonso de Mudarra* | Harp and string quartet |
| **Symphony chamber poem Panegiricum cupro** | Brass, saxophones and percussion |
| **12 choral works:*** Ave María * Wo leia sawola ni * Campos de Castilla * Looking for the paradise (spiritual) * Jesus redemptor * Kaj la neĝo kovris la valoj * Esu * Salmo 103 * Camino de Belén va una estrella (Christmas carol) * Si me hallaras vacío * The night of the olive tree (4 similar voices) * The Andromeda nebula | Choir *a capella* |
| **Children's choir*** The Garden * Bells of Madrid |
| **Missa brevis:*** Kyrie * Gloria * Sanctus * Benedictus * Agnus Dei | Choir *a capella* |
| **Lieder*** Lied for soprano and piano | Vocal |
| **Two songs:*** Azulejos de colores (Mezzo-soprano and piano) * Canto del no morir: Aria for Bajo and piano | Vocal |
| **El nia nio inta** | Tenor and guitar/piano |
| **Lux Æterna** | Choir and brass ensemble |
| **Sonata for strings** | String orchestra |
| **Dream** | Classical orchestra |
| **Symphony nº 1** | Symphony orchestra |
| **Symphony nº 2** | Symphony orchestra |
| **Symphony nº 3 "Philosophical"** | Symphony orchestra |
| **Symphony nº 4 "Cosmos"** | Symphony orchestra and choir |
| **Symphony nº 5 "Rebirth"** | Symphony orchestra |
| **Symphony nº 7 "Storm"** | Symphony orchestra and choir |
| **Symphony nº 8** | Symphony orchestra |
| **Symphony nº 9 "Genesis"** | Symphony orchestra choir and soloists |
| **Concerto for piano and orchestra** | Symphony orchestra and soloist |
| **Concerto for saxophone and orchestra** | Symphony orchestra and soloist |
| **Concerto for violín and orchestra** | Symphony orchestra and soloist |
| **Suite "Ages of Music"** | Symphony orchestra |
| **Symphony-Poem “The Odyssey”** | Symphony orchestra, choir and a soloist |
| **Symphony-Poem “Mercury”** | Symphony orchestra |
| **Dies irae** | Symphony orchestra |
| **In paradisum** | Symphony orchestra and choir |
| **La profil´de viaj spuroj Cantata** | Choir, soloists and orchestra |
| **Earth for everybody (Child Opera)** | Symphony orchestra, soloists and Children's Choir |
| **Two motetes for choir and orchestra:*** O Magnum Mysterium * Hodie Christus Natus Est | Choir and orchestra |
| **Work for audio tape and three synthesizers** | Electroacoustics |
| **Esferas** (Spheres) | String quartet and audio tape |
| **Symphony nº 6** | Electroacoustics |
| **Two suites for electroacoustics:*** 1980S26, The Saturn's New Satellite * Cosmological Suite | Electroacoustics |
| **Concerto for sound card** | Electroacoustics |
| **Several pieces for electronics** | Electroacoustics |
| **Variations for six child songs** | Electroacoustics |
| **Red planet** | Electroacoustics |
|

## InfoBox

| Pedro Vilarroig | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1954-11-08)November 8, 1954<br>Madrid, Spain |
| Genres | Classical |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, Engineer |


title: Janopol, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Janopol is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipno, within Leszno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Janopol, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Janopol** \[jaˈnɔpɔl\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipno, within Leszno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Janopol | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Janopol | |
| Coordinates: 51°56′24″N 16°36′26″E / 51.94000°N 16.60722°E / 51.94000; 16.60722 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Leszno |
| Gmina | Lipno |


title: Janet Jennings

abstract: Janet Jennings was an American nurse and reporter, most notable for her work on the Seneca: a ship used to travel back from Cuba during the Spanish–American War. While on the Seneca, Jennings took care of hundreds of wounded and ill patients despite an almost complete lack of medical resources.

text:
# Janet Jennings

**Janet Jennings** (1842 - December 31, 1917) was an American nurse and reporter, most notable for her work on the *Seneca*: a ship used to travel back from Cuba during the Spanish–American War. While on the *Seneca*, Jennings took care of hundreds of wounded and ill patients despite an almost complete lack of medical resources.

## Background and early life

Janet Jennings was born in 1842 in Green County, Wisconsin, where she grew up in a family of twelve children. Jennings started her career as a teacher in Monroe, Wisconsin, but she later left for Washington, D.C. to join the American Red Cross and help care for one of her brothers, who was wounded in the war. As a member of the Red Cross, Jennings was an associate of Clara Barton, and aided other wounded soldiers in the American Civil War. Jennings stayed in Washington D.C. after the end of the Civil War to work as a reporter at the United States Department of the Treasury, later reporting for various newspapers.

## Nursing in the Spanish American War

After the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Jennings searched for ways she could support the war effort as a nurse. She left for Cuba as part of the Red Cross in June 1898. After fighting in Santiago, the medical ship *Relief* was supposed to leave to bring wounded to the U.S., but with more fighting expected, the ship was told to stay in Santiago. Instead of the *Relief* with its updated and adequate medical supplies, the *Seneca* was chosen to transport the injured troops back to the United States. On July 13, Jennings volunteered to help on the *Seneca* and tend to the wounded as they were brought back to the U.S. The ship was over capacity with injured soldiers, understaffed with doctors and nurses, and without adequate medical equipment. Due to the lack of doctors and nurses on board, Jennings worked around the clock in an attempt to help as many patients as possible. After six nights at sea, the ship finally made port near New York City. Forty of the soldiers on the ship wrote her a letter, thanking her for the heroism she showed in the dire situation. Newspapers across the country heralded her as the “Angel of Seneca” for saving numerous lives during her week aboard the Seneca.

## Journalism

After leaving the Treasury Department, Jennings began working as a reporter. Jennings was a journalist for several newspapers including the *New-York Tribune*, the *Independent* (New York City), and the *Chicago Herald - Tribune*. When Jennings volunteered to go with the Red Cross to Cuba, her intention was to travel to Cuba as a reporter for the Red Cross’s work, despite the restrictions on female reporters at the time. After returning from Cuba on the *Seneca*, Jennings wrote a statement about the injustice of sending wounded soldiers back on ships with insufficient medical and other resources.

In addition to her work writing for newspapers, Jennings wrote two books, *Abraham Lincoln, the Greatest American* and *The Blue and the Gray*.

## Death

Jennings died in 1917 of a stroke. She is buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Green County, Wisconsin next to her parents and siblings.

## InfoBox

| Janet Jennings | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1842<br>Monroe, Wisconsin |
| Died | December 31, 1917(1917-12-31) (aged 75) |
| Resting place | Greenwood Cemetery |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | "Angel of Seneca" |
| Occupation(s) | Reporter, Nurse |
| Known for | Nursing in the Spanish American War |
| Notable work | *Abraham Lincoln, the Greatest American*, *The Blue and The Gray* |


title: Jandré Marais

abstract: Jandré Marais is a South African rugby union footballer. His regular playing position is lock. He represents Bordeaux Bègles in the French Top 14, having previously played for the Sharks in Super Rugby and the Currie Cup. In December 2018, Marais was sidelined for the remainder of the 2018–19 season with a serious leg injury, after rupturing his cruciate ligament during a match.

text:
# Jandré Marais

**Jandré Marais** (born 14 June 1989) is a South African rugby union footballer. His regular playing position is lock. He represents Bordeaux Bègles in the French Top 14, having previously played for the Sharks in Super Rugby and the Currie Cup.

In December 2018, Marais was sidelined for the remainder of the 2018–19 season with a serious leg injury, after rupturing his cruciate ligament during a match.

## InfoBox

Jandré Marais
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Jan André Marais |
| Date of birth | (1989-06-14) 14 June 1989 |
| Place of birth | Welkom, South Africa |
| Height | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 118 kg (18 st 8 lb) |
| School | Welkom Gimnasium |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Lock  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2013– Bordeaux Bègles  166  (55)  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2009–2013 Sharks (Currie Cup)  59  (10)  Correct as of 7 May 2013  Super Rugby  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2012–2013 Sharks  11  (5)  Correct as of 15 July 2013 | |


title: Janie and Jack

abstract: Janie and Jack is a children's clothing brand founded in 2002 in San Francisco, California. Their current product range includes clothing for newborns up to 24 months old, as well as boys and girls up to age 18. As of 2021, the brand currently operates 115 retail locations in the United States in addition to its online retail platform. In addition to its independent locations, Janie and Jack products were also available as a clothing line through Gymboree until the retail corporation filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection in 2019. Janie and Jack was acquired shortly thereafter by Gap Inc. for US$35 Million. The remainder of the Gymboree brand was simultaneously acquired in March 2019 by American clothing retailer The Children's Place for US$76 Million. As of March 2021, Janie and Jack was sold to strategic investment firm Go Global Retail. In February 2022, Janie and Jack debuted a collaboration with Kaavia James Union-Wade, the three-year-old daughter of retired NBA player Dwyane Wade and actress Gabrielle Union-Wade. The 41-piece collection ranged from $10.50 to US$74

text:
# Janie and Jack

**Janie and Jack** is a children's clothing brand founded in 2002 in San Francisco, California. Their current product range includes clothing for newborns up to 24 months old, as well as boys and girls up to age 18. As of 2021, the brand currently operates 115 retail locations in the United States in addition to its online retail platform.

In addition to its independent locations, Janie and Jack products were also available as a clothing line through Gymboree until the retail corporation filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection in 2019. Janie and Jack was acquired shortly thereafter by Gap Inc. for US$35 Million. The remainder of the Gymboree brand was simultaneously acquired in March 2019 by American clothing retailer The Children's Place for US$76 Million. As of March 2021, Janie and Jack was sold to strategic investment firm Go Global Retail.

In February 2022, Janie and Jack debuted a collaboration with Kaavia James Union-Wade, the three-year-old daughter of retired NBA player Dwyane Wade and actress Gabrielle Union-Wade. The 41-piece collection ranged from $10.50 to US$74


title: Jane Wiedlin (album)

abstract: Jane Wiedlin is the debut studio album by American musician Jane Wiedlin, released in October 1985 by I.R.S. Records. It was her first solo album after leaving new wave group The Go-Go's. The track "My Traveling Heart" dealt with Wiedlin's feelings about the breakup of the band. "Blue Kiss" was released as the lead single, reaching 77 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 30 on Hot Dance Club Play. The album itself reached 127 on the Billboard 200.

text:
# Jane Wiedlin (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Rolling Stone* | (favorable) |

***Jane Wiedlin*** is the debut studio album by American musician Jane Wiedlin, released in October 1985 by I.R.S. Records. It was her first solo album after leaving new wave group The Go-Go's. The track "My Traveling Heart" dealt with Wiedlin's feelings about the breakup of the band.

"Blue Kiss" was released as the lead single, reaching 77 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and 30 on Hot Dance Club Play. The album itself reached 127 on the *Billboard* 200.

## Critical reception

Stewart Mason, of AllMusic, stated: "Aside from the unfortunately slick mid-'80s production, Jane Wiedlin's 1985 solo debut is probably the best solo album by any ex-member of the Go-Go's. The singles 'Modern Romance' and 'Blue Kiss' really should have been hits (they're certainly better than most of Belinda Carlisle's solo work), and the best of the album tracks trade the pertness of the Go-Go's for a slightly more mature, world-weary vibe."

## Track listing

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Blue Kiss" | Randell Kirsch, Jane Wiedlin | 3:27 |
| 2. | "Goodbye Cruel World" | Wiedlin, Michael Lord | 3:49 |
| 3. | "Sometimes You Really Get On My Nerves" | Wiedlin, Lord | 3:36 |
| 4. | "East Meets West" | Wiedlin | 3:36 |
| 5. | "Somebody's Going to Get Into This House" | Kirsch | 3:43 |
| 6. | "Forever" | Wiedlin, Lord | 5:08 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7. | "Modern Romance" | Wiedlin, Kieffer | 5:15 |
| 8. | "I Will Wait For You" | Kevin Hunter | 3:47 |
| 9. | "One Hundred Years of Solitude" | Wiedlin | 4:43 |
| 10. | "Where We Can Go" | Wiedlin, Hunter | 4:12 |
| 11. | "My Travelling Heart" | Wiedlin | 4:07 |

## InfoBox

| Jane Wiedlin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jane Wiedlin | |
| Released | October 1985 (1985-10) |
| Recorded | 1985 |
| Studio | The Complex (Los Angeles, California) |
| Genre | Pop rock, new wave |
| Length | 45:23 |
| Label | I.R.S. Records |
| Producer | George Massenburg,
Bill Payne,
Russ Kunkel,
Vince Ely |
| Jane Wiedlin chronology | |
| ***Jane Wiedlin***
(1985) *Fur*
(1988) | |


title: Janusz Gąsiorowski

abstract: Janusz Gąsiorowski was a Polish general, commander of the Polish 7th Infantry Division during the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Taken prisoner on 4 September in the battle of Częstochowa. He was awarded the Serbian Order of Saint Sava and a number of other decorations.

text:
# Janusz Gąsiorowski

**Janusz Gąsiorowski** (1889 – 1949; born in Lemberg) was a Polish general, commander of the Polish 7th Infantry Division during the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Taken prisoner on 4 September in the battle of Częstochowa. He was awarded the Serbian Order of Saint Sava and a number of other decorations.

## InfoBox

| General
Janusz Gąsiorowski | |
| --- | --- |
| Gąsiorowski in 1935 | |
|  | |
| Chief of the General Staff | |
| **In office**
3 December 1931  7 June 1935 | |
| Preceded by | Tadeusz Piskor |
| Succeeded by | Wacław Stachiewicz |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1889-06-17)17 June 1889
Lemberg, Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary (modern-day Lviv, Ukraine) |
| Died | 19 October 1949(1949-10-19) (aged 60)
Paris, France |
| Resting place | Cimetière des Champeaux de Montmorency |
| Alma mater | Jagiellonian University |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Second Polish Republic |
| Branch/service | Polish Legions

Polish Armed Forces |
| Years of service | 1912–1939 |
| Rank | Brigadier General |
| Commands | 7th Infantry Division |
| Battles/wars | First World War
Polish–Soviet War
Invasion of Poland |
|  | |


title: Janissaries III: Storms of Victory

abstract: Janissaries III: Storms of Victory is a science fiction novel by American writers Jerry Pournelle and Roland J. Green, the third book of Pournelle's Janissaries series. It was originally published in 1987 and, unlike the first two books in the series, was not illustrated. In 1996 Janissaries III: Storms of Victory appeared in a double novel with the second book in the Janissaries series, Janissaries: Clan and Crown as Tran.

text:
# Janissaries III: Storms of Victory

***Janissaries III: Storms of Victory*** is a science fiction novel by American writers Jerry Pournelle and Roland J. Green, the third book of Pournelle's Janissaries series (the first was titled simply *Janissaries*). It was originally published in 1987 and, unlike the first two books in the series, was not illustrated. In 1996 *Janissaries III: Storms of Victory* appeared in a double novel with the second book in the Janissaries series, *Janissaries: Clan and Crown* as ***Tran***.

## Plot

The book continues the adventures of Captain Rick Galloway's Earth-born mercenaries on the planet Tran as they continue to carve out an area of conquest and necessary alliances with Tran's native human population, in order to serve the alien Shalnuksis. The Shalnuksis are members of a galactic Confederation which uses humans as slave soldiers/administrators (hence the series title "Janissaries"), but they are keeping Tran a secret from the Confederation in order to profit from a drug that can only be grown there.

## InfoBox

Janissaries III: Storms of Victory
| Dust cover of first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jerry Pournelle and Roland J. Green |
| Cover artist | Sanjulián |
| Language | English |
| Series | Janissaries series |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Ace Books |
| Publication date | April 1st, 1987 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Hardcover |
| ISBN | 0-441-38297-5 |
| OCLC | 18007379 |
| Preceded by | *Janissaries: Clan and Crown* |
| Followed by | *Janissaries IV: Mamelukes (Unpublished; Working Title)* |


title: Jana Rázlová

abstract: Jana Rázlová is a Czech cross-country skier. She competed in three events at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Jana Rázlová

**Jana Rázlová** (born 15 November 1974) is a Czech cross-country skier. She competed in three events at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 5 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | 4 × 5 km
relay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | *19* | 55 |  | 52 | 42 |  |
|

### World Cup

#### Season standings

| Season | Age | Overall |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | *19* | NC |
| 1995 | *20* | NC |
| 1996 | *21* | NC |
|

## InfoBox

| Jana Rázlová | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Born | (1974-11-15) 15 November 1974
Liberec, Czechoslovakia |
| World Cup career | |
| Seasons | 3 – (19941996) |
| Starts | 6 |
| Podiums | 0 |
| Overall titles | 0 |
| Medal record      Women's cross-country skiing  Representing  Czech Republic  Junior World Championships  1994 Breitenwang 4 × 5 km relay | |


title: Peggy Johnson

abstract: Peggy Johnson is an American businesswoman who is the chief executive officer of Agility Robotics appointed in March 2024. Previous to this role she was the CEO of Magic Leap, succeeding Rony Abovitz in Sept 2020. Before joining Magic Leap, she held the position of executive vice president of business development at Microsoft.

text:
# Peggy Johnson

**Peggy Johnson** (born 1960 or 1961) is an American businesswoman who is the chief executive officer of Agility Robotics appointed in March 2024. Previous to this role she was the CEO of Magic Leap, succeeding Rony Abovitz in Sept 2020. Before joining Magic Leap, she held the position of executive vice president of business development at Microsoft.

## Early life and education

Johnson was raised in Alhambra, California. She has a BS degree in Electrical Engineering from San Diego State University.

## Career

After college, Johnson joined General Electric as Engineer in their Military Electronics division.

Johnson later joined Qualcomm, starting out as Engineer who often traveled with business teams to translate technical details of a solution for customers. She eventually transitioned from her technical role to a business role within Qualcomm.

At Qualcomm, she worked on cutting-edge technologies including mobile connectivity and app stores.

After 24 years at Qualcomm, she joined Microsoft as executive vice-president of business development. Microsoft paid Johnson a US$7.8 million signing bonus. In this role, she drove business deals and partnerships for the company.

In August 2020, Johnson joined Magic Leap as chief executive officer. After completing Magic Leap's enterprise pivot, she left in October 2023

In March 2024, Johnson became the Chief Executive Officer of Agility Robotics.

## Awards and recognition

In 2016, *Business Insider* recognized Johnson as #2 among the most powerful women engineers in the world and Silicon Republic recognized her as #14 among the most powerful women leading tech around the world.

In 2017, Business Insider recognized her as the most powerful female engineer in the United States.

Johnson was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame in 2013 and named one of the top 100 women leaders in STEM in 2012 by STEMconnector.

## Personal life

Peggy Johnson is married and has three children.

## InfoBox

| Peggy Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
| Johnson in 2023 | |
| Born | 1960 or 1961 (age 62–63) |
| Education | San Diego State University (BSEE) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Kaiyō

abstract: Kaiyō Kaiyō was an escort carrier operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. The ship was originally built as the ocean liner Argentina Maru. She was purchased by the IJN on 9 December 1942, converted into an escort carrier, and renamed Kaiyō. The ship was primarily used as an aircraft transport, escort carrier and training ship during the war. She was badly damaged by repeated air attacks in July 1945 and was scrapped in 1946–48.

text:
# Japanese aircraft carrier Kaiyō

***Kaiyō*** (海鷹, *meaning Sea Hawk*) was an escort carrier operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. The ship was originally built as the ocean liner *Argentina Maru*. She was purchased by the IJN on 9 December 1942, converted into an escort carrier, and renamed *Kaiyō*. The ship was primarily used as an aircraft transport, escort carrier and training ship during the war. She was badly damaged by repeated air attacks in July 1945 and was scrapped in 1946–48.

## Description

The ship was ordered as the fast luxury passenger liner *Argentina Maru* by *Osaka Shosen Kaisha* (OSK) in 1938. In exchange for a subsidy of her building costs by the Navy Ministry, she was designed to be converted to an aircraft carrier.

*Argentina Maru* was completed in 1939 and rated at 12,755 gross register tons (GRT). After being rebuilt, the ship had a length of 155 meters (508 ft 6 in) overall. She had a beam of 21.9 meters (71 ft 10 in) and a draft of 8.04 meters (26 ft 5 in). She displaced 13,600 tonnes (13,400 long tons) at standard load. As part of her conversion, her original diesel engines, which had given her a top speed of 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph), were replaced by a pair of destroyer-type geared steam turbine sets with a total of 52,000 shaft horsepower (39,000 kW), each driving one propeller. Steam was provided by four water-tube boilers and *Kaiyō* now had a maximum speed of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph). She carried enough fuel oil to give her a radius of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi). Her crew numbered 829 officers and men.

The ship's flight deck was 21.9 meters (72 ft) wide and *Kaiyō* had a single hangar, served by two aircraft elevators, mounted on the centerline. She was not built with an island and could operate 24 aircraft. The ship's primary armament consisted of eight 40-caliber 12.7 cm Type 89 anti-aircraft (AA) guns in twin mounts on sponsons along the sides of the hull. They fired 23.45-kilogram (51.7 lb) projectiles at a rate between 8 and 14 rounds per minute at a muzzle velocity of 700–725 m/s (2,300–2,380 ft/s); at 45°, this provided a maximum range of 14,800 meters (16,200 yd), and a maximum ceiling of 9,400 meters (30,800 ft). *Kaiyō* was also initially equipped with eight triple 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns, also in sponsons along the sides of the hull. They fired .25-kilogram (0.55 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s); at 50°, this provided a maximum range of 7,500 meters (8,202 yd), and an effective ceiling of 5,500 meters (18,000 ft). The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute due to the frequent need to change the fifteen-round magazines. In early July 1944, 20 single 25 mm guns were added as were eight depth charges. Some sources say that a number of 28-round AA rocket launchers were added in late 1944. Each 12-centimeter (4.7 in) rocket weighed 22.5 kilograms (50 lb) and had a maximum velocity of 200 m/s (660 ft/s). Their maximum range was 4,800 meters (5,200 yd). Early warning was provided by a Type 2, Mark 2, Model 1 air search radar that was installed on the side of the flight deck in November 1943.

## Service history

*Argentina Maru* was initially used for troop transport after the beginning of the Pacific War in December 1941. The ship began conversion at Nagasaki on 10 December 1942, the day after she was purchased. After the conversion was completed on 23 November 1943, she was renamed *Kaiyō*. Her initial duties were to transport aircraft to Japanese overseas bases. Her first such task was to ferry aircraft for the 23rd Air Flotilla to Singapore via Manila in January 1944 as part of Convoy HI-33. On her return journey, the ship transported aircraft of the 551st Air Group to Truk. On 10 February, en route to Truk from Palau, the submarine *Permit* made a night attack on *Kaiyō*, but the torpedoes missed. *Kaiyō* was briefly refitted between 23 February and 2 March and was assigned to the 1st Surface Escort Division on 17 March. She escorted Convoy HI-57 to Singapore via Taiwan and Indochina in April. She escorted Convoy HI-58 on the return voyage; one of her aircraft spotted the submarine *Robalo* on the surface behind the convoy. The submarine was damaged by the escorts, but escaped.

In late May, *Kaiyō* formed part of the escort for Convoy HI-65, together with the escort carrier *Shinyo*, bound for Singapore. One of the escorts was torpedoed en route and two of the merchantmen collided while trying to dodge the other torpedoes. The rest of the convoy arrived at Singapore on 12 June. *Kaiyō* was assigned to fast Convoy HI-66 for the return voyage and reached Japan on 26 June. She was briefly docked at Kure Naval Arsenal in early July to have more 25 mm AA guns fitted. Together with the escort carrier *Taiyō*, *Kaiyō* was loaded with aircraft bound for the Philippines to be delivered in Convoy HI-69. They departed on 13 July and arrived a week later. The convoy left Manila four days later and reached Japan on 1 August. The ship's machinery broke down as she was preparing to join another convoy on 4 August and she was transferred to Sasebo.

On 25 October, *Kaiyō* ferried a dozen transport aircraft to Keelung, Taiwan, and arrived at Kure on 2 November. The ship was assigned to escort Convoy HI-83 to Singapore via Taiwan and Hainan Island on 25 November and arrived on 13 December. En route, she was assigned to the First Escort Fleet on 10 December. While returning to Japan with Convoy HI-84 later that month, *Kaiyō* was attacked and missed by the submarine *Dace* on 31 December. After arriving at Moji on 13 January 1945, the ship was transferred to Kure and assigned to pilot training in the Inland Sea.

On 19 March 1945, while moored at Kure, *Kaiyō* was attacked by an American carrier aircraft from Task Force 58. She was hit in the port engine room by a bomb that started fires and caused some flooding. The ship started to list and was moved into shallow water near Etajima Island lest she sink. On 20 April she was assigned to serve as a target ship for kamikaze crews. *Kaiyō* resumed her pilot training duties a month later and hit a mine on 18 July with only minor damage.

Six days later, she was attacked as part of a renewed aerial campaign against remaining Japanese warships, and hits were attributed to Fleet Air Arm aircraft from the British Pacific Fleet. While attempting to avoid the attack, she also struck a mine. The ship was towed overnight to Beppu Bay and deliberately grounded the following morning to prevent her from sinking. The ship was attacked again on 28 July by American carrier aircraft that knocked out the ship's power and stopped her pumps. *Kaiyō* was also hit by 18 rockets and a total of 20 crewmen were killed by the attacks. The damage caused her to ground again with a list to port. The next day she was attacked again by B-25J Mitchell medium bombers of the Fifth Air Force as well as by aircraft from the carrier *Ticonderoga*. The amount of damage inflicted by these attacks, if any, is unknown, but they did cause Captain Shuichi Osuga to abandon attempts to repair the ship. He ordered that the boilers be flooded with sea water and the machinery coated in oil to better preserve it. Some crewmen were left aboard to man the AA guns.

Low-level air strikes by Okinawa-based B-25J Mitchells of the United States Army Air Forces 38th Bomb Group on 9 August further damaged the carrier, despite extensive use of camouflage netting and foliage. The following day, the ship's list increased and she was ordered abandoned. *Kaiyō* was struck from the Navy List on 20 November and scrapped in place from 1 September 1946 and 30 January 1948 by Nissan Salvage.

## Footnotes

1. Stille, p. 42
2. Tully
3. Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara 1985a, p. 15
4. Chesneau, p. 185
5. Palomar & Genda, p. 461
6. Campbell, pp. 192–93
7. Campbell, p. 200
8. Jentschura, Jung and Mickel, p. 59
9. Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara 1985b, p. 132
10. Campbell, p. 216
11. Hobbs, pp. 266–67
* Campbell, John (1985). *Naval Weapons of World War II*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
* Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946*. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
* Hobbs, David, Commander (2011). *The British Pacific Fleet: The Royal Navy's Most Powerful Strike Force*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-044-3.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). *Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945*. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
* Lengerer, Hans & Rehm-Takahara, Tomoko (1985a). "The Japanese Aircraft Carriers Junyo and Hiyo". In Lambert, Andrew (ed.). *Warship IX*. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 9–19, 105–114, 188–193. ISBN 0-85177-403-2.
* Lengerer, Hans & Rehm-Takahara, Tomoko (1985b). "The 12cm Multiple Rocket Launcher of the Imperial Japanese Navy". In Lambert, Andrew (ed.). *Warship IX*. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 125–33. ISBN 0-85177-403-2.
* Polmar, Norman & Genda, Minoru (2006). *Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events*. Vol. 1, 1909–1945. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-663-0.
* Stille, Mark (2005). *Imperial Japanese Navy Aircraft Carriers 1921–1945*. New Vanguard. Vol. 109. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-853-7.
* Tully, Anthony P. (July 2009). "IJN Kaiyo: Tabular Record of Movement". *Kido Butai*. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.

## InfoBox

| *Kaiyō* at sea | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Japan | |
| Name | MV *Argentina Maru* |
| Owner | Osaka Shosen Kaisha |
| Builder | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Shipyard, Nagasaki |
| Launched | 9 December 1938 |
| Completed | 31 May 1939 |
| Fate | Sold to the Imperial Japanese Navy, 9 December 1942 |
| Empire of Japan | |
| Name | *Kaiyō* |
| Namesake | Sea Hawk |
| Acquired | 9 December 1942 |
| Commissioned | 23 November 1943 |
| Stricken | 20 November 1945 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1 September 1946 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Escort carrier |
| Displacement | * 13,600 t (13,400 long tons) (standard) * 16,483 t (16,223 long tons) (loaded) |
| Length | 166.55 m (546 ft 5 in) |
| Beam | 21.9 m (71 ft 10 in) |
| Draft | 8.04 m (26 ft 5 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 23 kn (43 km/h; 26 mph) |
| Range | 7,000 nmi (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) |
| Complement | 829 |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | 1 × Type 2, Mark 2, Model 1 air search radar |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | 24 |


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōhō

abstract: Shōhō was a light aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Originally built as the submarine support ship Tsurugizaki in the late 1930s, she was converted before the Pacific War into an aircraft carrier and renamed. Completed in early 1942, the ship supported the invasion forces in Operation MO, the invasion of Port Moresby, New Guinea, and was sunk by American carrier aircraft on her first combat operation during the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7 May. Shōhō was the first Japanese aircraft carrier to be sunk during World War II.

text:
# Japanese aircraft carrier Shōhō

***Shōhō*** (Japanese: 祥鳳, "Auspicious Phoenix" or "Happy Phoenix") was a light aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Originally built as the submarine support ship *Tsurugizaki* (Japanese: 剣埼, "Sword Cape") in the late 1930s, she was converted before the Pacific War into an aircraft carrier and renamed. Completed in early 1942, the ship supported the invasion forces in Operation MO, the invasion of Port Moresby, New Guinea, and was sunk by American carrier aircraft on her first combat operation during the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7 May. *Shōhō* was the first Japanese aircraft carrier to be sunk during World War II.

## Design, construction and conversion

*Shōhō* and her sister *Zuihō* were designed to be easily modified as an oil tanker, submarine tender, or aircraft carrier as needed. *Shōhō* was laid down by the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 3 December 1934 as the submarine tender *Tsurugizaki*. She was launched on 1 June 1935 and completed on 15 January 1939. Not long after the ship was initially completed, she began reconstruction as an aircraft carrier in 1941. Her superstructure was removed and replaced by a flight deck with a hangar for her aircraft below. Renamed *Shōhō*, the conversion was finished on 26 January 1942.

After her conversion, *Shōhō* had a length of 205.5 meters (674 ft 2 in) overall. She had a beam of 18.2 meters (59 ft 8 in) and a draft of 6.58 meters (21 ft 7 in). She displaced 11,443 tonnes (11,262 long tons) at standard load. As part of her conversion, her original diesel engines, which had given her a top speed of 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph), were replaced by a pair of destroyer-type geared steam turbine sets with a total of 52,000 shaft horsepower (39,000 kW), each driving one propeller. Steam was provided by four Kampon water-tube boilers and *Shōhō* now had a maximum speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph). The boilers exhausted through a single downturned starboard funnel and she carried 2,642 tonnes (2,600 long tons) of fuel oil, giving her a range of 7,800 nautical miles (14,400 km; 9,000 mi) at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). Her crew numbered 785 officers and men.

*Shōhō*'s flight deck was 180 meters (590 ft 6 in) long and had a maximum width of 23 meters (75 ft 6 in). The ship was designed with a single hangar 124 meters (406 ft 10 in) long and 18 meters (59 ft) wide. The hangar was served by two octagonal centerline aircraft elevators. The forward elevator was 13 by 12 metres (42 ft 8 in by 39 ft 4 in) in size and the smaller rear elevator measured 12 by 10.8 metres (39 ft 4 in by 35 ft 5 in). She had arresting gear with six cables, but she was not fitted with an aircraft catapult. *Shōhō* was a flush-deck design and lacked an island superstructure. She was designed to operate 30 aircraft.

The ship's primary armament consisted of eight 40-caliber 12.7 cm Type 89 anti-aircraft (AA) guns in twin mounts on sponsons along the sides of the hull. *Shōhō* was also initially equipped with four twin 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns, also in sponsons along the sides of the hull.

## Service history

*Shōhō* was commissioned on 30 November 1941 and Captain Ishinosuke Izawa became her commanding officer. While still fitting-out, the ship was assigned to the Fourth Carrier Division of the 1st Air Fleet on 22 December. On 4 February 1942, she ferried aircraft to Truk, where she remained until 11 April before returning to Yokosuka.

In late April 1942, *Shōhō* was assigned to Operation MO and arrived in Truk on 29 April. The following day, she departed Truk with the cruisers *Aoba*, *Kinugasa*, *Furutaka*, and *Kako* of Cruiser Division 6 under the command of Rear Admiral Aritomo Gotō. They formed the Main Force of the operation. Due to aircraft shortages, her aircraft complement consisted of only four obsolete Mitsubishi A5M4 "Claude" and eight modern Mitsubishi A6M2 "Zero" fighters plus six Nakajima B5N2 "Kate" torpedo bombers. Covering the other elements of Operation MO was the Striking Force that consisted of the fleet carriers *Shōkaku* and *Zuikaku*.

### Battle of the Coral Sea

After covering the landings on Tulagi on 3 May, *Shōhō* headed north to cover the invasion convoy the next day and was not present when aircraft from the American carrier *Yorktown* attacked Japanese shipping at Tulagi. This air strike confirmed that at least one American carrier was in the vicinity, but the Japanese had no idea of its location. They launched a number of reconnaissance aircraft the following day to search for the Americans, but without result. One Kawanishi H6K "Mavis" flying boat spotted *Yorktown*, but was shot down by one of *Yorktown*'s Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters before she could radio a report. US Army Air Forces (USAAF) aircraft spotted *Shōhō* southwest of Bougainville Island on 5 May, but she was too far north to be attacked by the American carriers, which were refueling. That day, Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher received Magic intelligence that placed the three Japanese carriers known to be involved in Operation MO near Bougainville, and predicted 10 May as the date of the invasion. It also predicted airstrikes by the Japanese carriers in support of the invasion several days before 10 May. Based on this information, Fletcher planned to complete refuelling his ships on 6 May and move closer to the eastern tip of New Guinea to be in a position to locate and attack Japanese forces on 7 May.

Another H6K spotted the Americans during the morning of 6 May and successfully shadowed them until 14:00. The Japanese, however, were unwilling or unable to launch air strikes in poor weather or without updated spot reports. Both sides believed they knew where the other force was, and expected to fight the next day. The Japanese were the first to spot the Americans when one aircraft found the oiler *Neosho* escorted by the destroyer *Sims* at 0722, south of the Strike Force. These ships were misidentified as a carrier and a cruiser and the carriers *Shōkaku* and *Zuikaku* launched an airstrike 40 minutes later that sank *Sims* and damaged *Neosho* badly enough that she had to be scuttled a few days later. The American carriers were west of the Strike Force, not south, and they were spotted by other Japanese aircraft shortly after the carriers had launched their attack on *Neosho* and *Sims*.

American reconnaissance aircraft reported two Japanese heavy cruisers northeast of Misima Island in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of New Guinea at 07:35 and two carriers at 08:15. An hour later, Fletcher ordered an airstrike launched, believing that the two carriers reported were *Shōkaku* and *Zuikaku*. *Lexington* and *Yorktown* launched a total of 53 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers and 22 Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo planes escorted by 18 F4F Wildcats. The 0815 report turned out to be miscoded, as the pilot had intended to report two heavy cruisers, but USAAF aircraft had spotted *Shōhō*, her escorts and the invasion convoy in the meantime. As the latest spot report plotted only 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) away from the 0815 report, the aircraft en route were diverted to this new target.

*Shōhō* and the rest of the Main Force were spotted by aircraft from *Lexington* at 10:40. At this time, *Shōhō*'s combat air patrol (CAP) consisted of two A5Ms and one A6M Zero. The Dauntlesses began their attack at 11:10 as the three Japanese fighters attacked them in their dive. None of the dive bombers hit *Shōhō*, which was maneuvering to avoid their bombs; one Dauntless was shot down by the Zero after it had pulled out of its dive and several others were damaged. The carrier launched three more Zeros immediately after this attack to reinforce its CAP. The second wave of Dauntlesses began their attack at 11:18 and they hit *Shōhō* twice with 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs. These penetrated the ship's flight deck and burst inside her hangars, setting the fuelled and armed aircraft there on fire. A minute later, the Devastators began dropping their torpedoes from both sides of the ship. They hit *Shōhō* five times and the damage from the hits knocked out her steering and power and flooded both engine and boiler rooms. *Yorktown*'s aircraft trailed those from *Lexington*, and the former's Dauntlesses began their attacks at 11:25, hitting *Shōhō* with another eleven 1,000-pound bombs by Japanese accounts and the carrier came to a complete stop. *Yorktown*'s Devastators trailed the rest of her aircraft and attacked at 11:29. They claimed ten hits, although Japanese accounts acknowledge only two. As the Devastators were exiting the area, they were attacked by the CAP, but the Wildcats protecting the torpedo bombers shot down two A5Ms and an A6M Zero. Total American losses to all causes were three Dauntlesses. After his attack, Lieutenant Commander Robert E. Dixon, commander of *Lexington*'s dive bombers, radioed his famous message to the American carriers: "Scratch one flat top!"

With *Shōhō* hit by no fewer than 13 bombs and 7 torpedoes, Captain Izawa ordered the ship abandoned at 11:31. She sank four minutes later. Some 300 men successfully abandoned the ship, but they had to wait to be rescued as Gotō ordered his remaining ships to head north at high speed to avoid any further airstrikes. Around 14:00, he ordered the destroyer *Sazanami* to return to the scene and rescue the survivors. She found only 203, including Captain Izawa. The rest of her crew of 834 died during the attack or in the water awaiting rescue. *Shōhō* was the first Japanese aircraft carrier lost during the war.

## Footnotes

1. Peattie, pp. 241–242
2. Jentschura, Jung and Mickel, p. 49
3. Jentschura, Jung and Mickel, p. 48
4. Peattie, p. 242
5. Brown, p. 22
6. Tully
7. Lundstrom, p. 188
8. Stille, p. 32
9. Stille, pp. 46, 48
10. Lundstrom, p. 181
11. Stille, pp. 49, 51
12. Lundstrom, p. 179
13. Lundstrom, pp. 178, 181–182, 187
14. Stille, p. 52
15. Lundstrom, pp. 189–191
16. Lundstrom, pp. 193, 195–196
17. Lundstrom, pp. 198–206
18. Lundstrom, p. 205
19. Stille, p. 61
20. "Battle of the Coral Sea". The Aviation History On-Line Museum. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
* Brown, David (1977). *WWII Fact Files: Aircraft Carriers*. New York: Arco Publishing. ISBN 0-668-04164-1.
* Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). *Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945*. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
* Lengerer, Hans (2023). *The Aircraft Carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Army: Technical and Operational History*. Vol. II. Katowice, Poland: Model Hobby. ISBN 978-83-60041-71-0.
* Lundstrom, John B. (2005). *The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-471-X.
* Peattie, Mark (2001). *Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-432-6.
* Stille, Mark (2009). *The Coral Sea 1942: The First Carrier Battle*. Campaign. Vol. 214. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-106-1.
* Tully, Anthony P. (1999). "IJN Shoho: Tabular Record of Movement". *Kido Butai*. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 11 December 2011.

## Further reading

16°07′14.17″S 151°54′47.02″E / 16.1206028°S 151.9130611°E / -16.1206028; 151.9130611

## InfoBox

| *Shōhō*, 20 December 1941 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Japan | |
| Name | *Shōhō* |
| Namesake | Japanese: 祥鳳, "Auspicious Phoenix', or "Happy Phoenix" |
| Builder | Yokosuka Naval Arsenal |
| Laid down | 3 December 1934 |
| Launched | 1 June 1935 |
| Commissioned | 30 November 1941 |
| Fate | Sunk by air attack during the Battle of the Coral Sea, 7 May 1942 |
| General characteristics (as converted) | |
| Class and type | *Zuihō*-class aircraft carrier |
| Displacement | 11,443  (11,262 long tons) (standard) |
| Length | 205.5 m (674 ft 2 in) |
| Beam | 18.2 m (59 ft 8 in) |
| Draft | 6.6 m (21 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 2 × shafts; 2 × geared steam turbines |
| Speed | 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) |
| Range | 7,800 nmi (14,400 km; 9,000 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) |
| Complement | 785 |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | 30 |
| Aviation facilities | 2 × Aircraft elevators |


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūhō

abstract: Ryūhō Ryūhō was a light aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was converted from the submarine tender Taigei, which had been used in the Second Sino-Japanese War. One of the least successful of the light aircraft carrier conversions due to her small size, slow speed and weak construction, during World War II, Ryūhō was used primarily as an aircraft transport and for training purposes, although she was also involved in a number of combat missions, including the Battle of the Philippine Sea.

text:
# Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūhō

***Ryūhō*** (龍鳳, "Dragon Phoenix") was a light aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was converted from the submarine tender ***Taigei*** (大鯨, "Big Whale"), which had been used in the Second Sino-Japanese War. One of the least successful of the light aircraft carrier conversions due to her small size, slow speed and weak construction, during World War II, *Ryūhō* was used primarily as an aircraft transport and for training purposes, although she was also involved in a number of combat missions, including the Battle of the Philippine Sea.

## Background

The London Naval Treaty imposed limitations on new construction of major capital warships for the major world powers. The Imperial Japanese Navy responded in part by the construction of auxiliary vessels, such as fleet oilers and submarine tenders, designed so that they could be converted quickly into aircraft carriers in time of conflict. *Taigei* was ordered as part of the 1st Naval Armaments Supplement Programme of 1932.

## Design

Although *Taigei* was designed from the onset for possible later conversion to an aircraft carrier, the design proved to have many shortcomings. The basic design of the hull suffered from a high freeboard with a shallow draught, which resulted in poor stability. Although extensive use of electric arc welding on the hull speeded construction time and was considered highly innovative for the time, lack of experience with this technique led to many weak welds, and the ship suffered from frequent cracks. Inadequate sectioning into waterproof compartments below her waterline, combined with the weak construction of her hull, also made the ship vulnerable in combat situations. The new vessel was also plagued by the poor performance of its diesel engines, which gave only half the output expected.

Conversion of *Taigei* into an aircraft carrier entailed adding a 185-by-23-metre (607 by 75 ft) flight deck. Two 13.6-by-12.0-metre (44.6 by 39.4 ft) elevators connected the flight deck to the hangar deck below. During the conversion, the problematic diesel engines were replaced by Kampon steam turbines of the same design as was used in the *Kagero*-class destroyer. While greatly improving on engine performance and reliability, the more powerful engines were not powerful enough to overcome the increased displacement and side bulges in the hull of the modified design, and speed was decreased by two knots. Her flight wing theoretically consisted of 31 aircraft, typically a mixture of Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighters, Aichi D3A "Val" and Yokosuka D4Y "Judy" dive bombers, and Nakajima B5N "Kate" torpedo bombers, but her small size limited her usefulness in combat operations. In August 1944, her flight deck was lengthened to 198.1 meters, but the number of aircraft embarked could only be increased to 36.

## Operational history

### As the submarine tender *Taigei*

*Taigei* was laid down at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 12 April 1933, and was launched on 16 November 1933. Construction was rushed by plans to have Emperor Hirohito attend the launching ceremony and due to inexperience with the electric arc welding method, portions of the hull warped during construction. Immediately after the launching ceremony, *Taigei* was returned to the dry dock for repairs and modifications, which involved replacement of damaged sections by the traditional rivet construction method.

Formally commissioned on 31 March 1934, *Taigei* was soon damaged by a typhoon in what was later called the "Fourth Fleet Incident". Seawater ingression from faulty waterproof doors shorted the electric system, disabling her steering and the waves from the typhoon cracked a number of the welds in her hull. Further repairs at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal were scheduled for early 1936, but were delayed by the February 26 Incident. It was not until September 1938 that *Taigei* was deemed fully operational, and assigned to its design role as flagship of a submarine squadron.

From 1938 to 1940, *Taigei* performed normal operations in both northern and southern waters off Japan, with her primary mission being to support submarine operations off the coast of China from her home port of Kure in the Second Sino-Japanese War. She was reassigned from the 1st Fleet to the 6th Fleet on 15 November 1940 and was based at Kwajalein Atoll from 10 April 1941. Shortly before the start of hostilities in the Pacific War, *Taigei* was ordered back to Japan for conversion into a light aircraft carrier, arriving at Kure on 4 December.

The conversion work began on 20 December at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, and was originally scheduled to be completed within three months; however, numerous problems and issues arose, and the conversion work was not completed until 30 November 1942. She gained the distinction of being the only major warship damaged in the Doolittle Raid on 18 April. She received one direct hit from a 500 lb (230 kg) bomb on the bow, plus several small incendiary bomb hits, with seven casualties among her crew. As an aircraft carrier, the vessel was renamed *Ryūhō*.

### As the aircraft carrier *Ryūhō*

On 30 November 1942, with conversion and repairs complete, *Ryūhō* was officially assigned to the 3rd Fleet. On her first mission on 11 December, under the command of Captain Yoshio Kamei, she was sent to the Japanese naval base at Truk escorted by the destroyer *Tokitsukaze*. Her normal aircraft complement consisted of 15 Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighters and 16 Aichi D3A "Val" dive bombers, but for this mission, she was carrying 20 light bombers with their pilots and crews on a ferry mission. At 09:10 on 12 December, she was hit by a single torpedo on the starboard side from the American submarine USS *Drum* near Hachijojima, and was immediately forced to return to Yokosuka for emergency repairs, and remained out of operation until early 1943.

On 19 March *Ryūhō* began a series of uneventful aircraft ferry missions to occupied islands in the South Pacific. On 11 June, *Ryūhō* embarked the marooned survivors of the air group of *Hiyō*, which had been damaged by an American submarine. She was subsequently assigned to the Second Carrier Division of the 3rd Fleet, accompanying the escort carriers *Unyō* and *Chūyō* to Truk and back, and remaining based in the Seto Inland Sea for training missions.

In October, *Ryūhō* was sent on another aircraft ferry mission to Singapore, returning to Kure on 5 November. On 25 November, she departed with *Hiyō* and escorts on a long circular patrol and training mission, sailing to Manila, then to Singapore, then to Tarakan, then Palau, then Truk, then Saipan, and finally returning to Kure on 2 January 1944.

After two more uneventful patrol and training missions between Japan and the Marianas Islands, *Ryūhō* was sent to the Japanese anchorage at Tawi Tawi in May 1944 to join the Combined Fleet. From there, she sailed with the Combined Fleet to participate in the Battle of the Philippine Sea as part of "Force B" (with the carriers *Hiyō*, *Junyō*, the battleship *Nagato*, the cruiser *Mogami*, and eight destroyers). On 19 June, she launched an air strike against Task Force 58, but scored no hits; nearly all of *Ryūhō'*s aircraft were shot down by the swarms of American F6F Hellcat fighters and the anti-aircraft guns of the American fleet. On 20 June, *Ryūhō* was attacked by four Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers from the aircraft carrier USS *Enterprise*. She suffered only slight damage from near misses.

*Ryūhō* engaged in several more patrol and training missions near Japan. On 25 October, with the escort carrier *Kaiyō*, *Ryūhō* set sail from Sasebo Naval District on another aircraft ferry mission to Keelung, Formosa. They were escorted by the destroyers *Momi*, *Ume* and *Momo*. They returned to Kure on 2 November. From 7 to 15 November, *Ryūhō* briefly flew the flag of the Commander of the Mobile Fleet, Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa.

#### Final mission

On 31 December 1944, *Ryūhō* sailed for Formosa with a load of 58 *Ohka* kamikaze planes. Accompanying her were nine empty oil tankers bound for Singapore, and the destroyers *Hamakaze*, *Isokaze*, *Yukikaze*, *Shigure* and *Hatakaze*.

Upon reaching Formosa and unloading her cargo, *Ryūhō* was among the targets of a major series of American carrier-based air raids all over the island. Twelve TBF Avengers attacked her, but none scored a hit, and *Ryūhō*'s gunners shot down one of them. *Ryūhō* departed for Japan on 2 January 1945 escorted by *Isokaze*; when she arrived at Kure on 18 January, *Ryūhō* also gained the distinction of being the last Japanese aircraft carrier to venture outside the home waters of Japan.

*Ryūhō* was attacked by Task Force 58 aircraft on 19 March near Kure, suffering hits by three 500 lb bombs and two 5.5-inch rockets. The damage was severe: the flight deck bulged upward between the two elevators, the No. 1 boiler was punctured by a bomb fragment, the stern settled two meters into the water, and a raging fire broke out. Twenty crewmen were killed and thirty were wounded. Upon returning to Kure on 1 April, *Ryūhō* was considered to be a total loss. Moored as an abandoned hulk off of Etajima, she was attacked by American aircraft again on 24 July and 28 July. She was struck from the navy list on 30 November 1945 and scrapped in 1946.

## InfoBox

| *Ryūhō* in 1942 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Empire of Japan | |
| Name | *Taigei* |
| Operator | Imperial Japanese Navy |
| Builder | Yokosuka Naval Arsenal |
| Laid down | 12 April 1933 |
| Launched | 16 November 1933 |
| Completed | 31 March 1934 |
| Out of service | 12 December 1941 |
| Renamed | 30 November 1942 |
| Fate | Converted into a light aircraft carrier |
| Name | *Ryūhō* |
| Namesake | Japanese for Dragon Phoenix |
| Recommissioned | 30 November 1942 |
| Stricken | 30 November 1945 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1946 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Light aircraft carrier |
| Displacement | 16,700  (16,400 long tons) (standard displacement) |
| Length | 215.65 m (707 ft 6 in) (o/a) |
| Beam | 19.58 m (64 ft 3 in) |
| Draft | 6.67 m (21 ft 11 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbine sets |
| Speed | 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph) (design) |
| Range | 8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) |
| Complement | 989 |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | 1 × Type 2, Mark 2, Model 1 air search radar |
| Armament | * (in 1942) 4 × twin 12.7 cm DP guns * 10 × triple 25 mm AA guns * 6 depth charges * (in 1945) * 4 × twin 12.7 cm DP guns * 10 × triple, 4 × twin, 23 × single 25 mm AA guns * 6 × single 13 mm AA guns * 6 depth charges * 6 × 12 cm rocket launchers |
| Aircraft carried | 31–36 |


title: Japanese destroyer Uzuki (1925)

abstract: Uzuki Uzuki was one of twelve Mutsuki-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1920s. During the Pacific War, she participated in the Battle of Wake Island in December 1941 and the occupations of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in early 1942.

text:
# Japanese destroyer Uzuki (1925)

***Uzuki*** (卯月, *"April"*) was one of twelve *Mutsuki*-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1920s. During the Pacific War, she participated in the Battle of Wake Island in December 1941 and the occupations of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in early 1942.

## History

Construction of the *Mutsuki*-class destroyers was authorized as part of the Imperial Japanese Navy's build up from fiscal 1923 of ships not covered by the Washington Naval Treaty. The class was a follow-on to the earlier *Minekaze* and *Kamikaze*-class destroyers, with which they shared many common design characteristics. *Uzuki*, built at the Ishikawajima Shipyards in Tokyo, was laid down on 11 January 1924, launched on 15 October 1925 and commissioned on 14 September 1926. Originally commissioned simply as *Destroyer No. 25*, the ship was assigned the name *Uzuki* on 1 August 1928.

In the late 1930s, *Uzuki* participated in combat actions in the Second Sino-Japanese War, covering the landings of Japanese troops in central and southern China, and the Invasion of French Indochina.

### World War II history

At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, *Uzuki* was part of Desron 23 under Carrier Division 2 in the IJN 1st Air Fleet, and deployed from Hahajima in the Ogasawara Islands as part of the Japanese invasion force for the Invasion of Guam. She returned to Truk in early January 1942 to covering the landings of Japanese forces during "Operation R" at Kavieng, New Ireland on 23 January, returning to Truk one month later. In March, *Uzuki* assisted in covering landings of Japanese forces during "Operation SR" in the northern Solomon Islands, Lae and Admiralty Islands. The destroyer was reassigned to the IJN 4th Fleet on 10 April. During the Battle of the Coral Sea from 7–8 May 1942, *Uzuki* was assigned to escort the tanker *Hoyo Maru* in the Shortlands area, and returned to Sasebo Naval Arsenal for refitting on 28 May. By the end of June, *Uzuki* was based at Truk, and assigned to escort convoys carrying airfield construction crews from Truk to Bougainville and Guadalcanal, and patrols around Rabaul. During the invasion of Buka (21–22 July), *Uzuki* was strafed by Allied aircraft, with loss of 16 crewmen. On 11 August, *Uzuki* sortied from Rabaul to rescue the survivors of the cruiser *Kako*. At the end of August, while on a "Tokyo Express" transport run to Guadalcanal, *Uzuki* suffered damage from a near miss in an attack by USAAF B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, and returned via Rabaul, Truk and Saipan back to Sasebo for repairs on 14 September.

*Uzuki* was assigned to the IJN 8th Fleet on 1 December 1942, and escorted the aircraft carrier *Chūyō* from Yokosuka to Truk, and a troop convoy from Truk to Rabaul at the end of the year. However, at Rabaul on 25 December 1942, *Uzuki* suffered heavy damage in a collision with the torpedoed transport *Nankai Maru* and was taken in tow by the destroyers *Ariake* and *Urakaze* back to Rabaul for emergency repairs. While at Rabaul, the ship was further damaged in an air raid on 5 January 1943. The destroyer *Suzukaze* towed *Uzuki* to Truk for further repairs, and then *Uzuki* returned to Sasebo under her own power by 3 July. Once repairs were completed in mid-October, *Uzuki* returned to Truk and escorted the cruisers *Kiso* and *Tama*, both loaded with troops, back to Rabaul. On 23–24 October, *Uzuki* sortied to Jacquinot Bay on New Britain to rescue the survivors of her sister ship *Mochizuki*. *Uzuki* continued to make "Tokyo Express" transport runs throughout the Solomon Islands to the end of November. On 24–25 November, *Uzuki* engaged United States Navy destroyers at the Battle of Cape St. George, during the Japanese evacuation of Buka, but without damage. In December, *Uzuki* was assigned to escort tankers from Rabaul to Truk and Palau and back.

In January 1944, *Uzuki* escorted the cruiser *Nagara* back to Japan. After refit at Sasebo Naval Arsenal, *Uzuki* escorted troop convoys from Yokosuka to Palau, Yap, Saipan and Truk through the end of June. During the Battle of the Philippine Sea (19–20 June), *Uzuki* was part of the Second Supply Force. On 20 June, she rescued the crew of the fleet oiler *Genyo Maru*, and sank the crippled ship with gunfire. *Uzuki* continued to escort convoys from Kure to Manila and Singapore to the middle of November. On 18 July, she was assigned to the Combined Fleet, and on 20 November, was reassigned to the IJN 5th Fleet.

On 12 December, while escorting a troop convoy from Manila to Ormoc, *Uzuki* was torpedoed by the PT boats *PT-490* and *PT-492*, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Cebu at 11°03′N 124°23′E / 11.050°N 124.383°E / 11.050; 124.383, exploding and sinking with the loss of 170 crew including Lieutenant Commander Watanabe, 59 survivors.

*Uzuki* was struck from the navy list on 10 January 1945.

## InfoBox

| *Uzuki* in August 1926 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Empire of Japan | |
| Name | *Uzuki* |
| Namesake | April |
| Builder | Ishikawajima Shipyards |
| Laid down | 11 January 1924 as *Destroyer No. 25* |
| Launched | 15 October 1925 |
| Completed | 14 September 1926 |
| Renamed | As *Uzuki*, 1 August 1928 |
| Stricken | 10 January 1945 |
| Fate | Sunk by PT boats on 12 December 1944 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Mutsuki*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | * 1,336 t (1,315 long tons) (normal) * 1,800 t (1,772 long tons) (deep load) |
| Length | * 97.54 m (320 ft 0 in) (pp) * 102.4 m (335 ft 11 in) (o/a) |
| Beam | 9.16 m (30 ft 1 in) |
| Draft | 2.96 m (9 ft 9 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 2 shafts; 2 × Kampon geared steam turbines |
| Speed | 37.25 knots (68.99 km/h; 42.87 mph) |
| Range | 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Complement | 150 |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: | Destroyer Division 23 |
| Operations: |  |


title: Japanese destroyer Yakaze

abstract: Yakaze The Japanese destroyer Yakaze was one of 15 Minekaze-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the late 1910s. A decade later, the ship served as a plane guard. During the Pacific War, she was initially as the mother ship for a remotely controlled target ship and then became a radio-controlled target ship herself in 1942. Although she was badly damaged in mid-1945, Yakaze survived the war and was scrapped in 1948.

text:
# Japanese destroyer Yakaze

The **Japanese destroyer *Yakaze* (矢風, *Arrow Wind*)** was one of 15 *Minekaze*-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the late 1910s. A decade later, the ship served as a plane guard. During the Pacific War, she was initially as the mother ship for a remotely controlled target ship and then became a radio-controlled target ship herself in 1942. Although she was badly damaged in mid-1945, *Yakaze* survived the war and was scrapped in 1948.

## Design and description

The *Minekaze* class was designed with higher speed and better seakeeping than the preceding *Kawakaze*-class destroyers. The ships had an overall length of 102.5 meters (336 ft 3 in) and were 94.5 meters (310 ft 0 in) between perpendiculars. They had a beam of 9.04 meters (29 ft 8 in), and a mean draft of 2.9 meters (9 ft 6 in). The *Minekaze*-class ships displaced 1,366 metric tons (1,344 long tons) at standard load and 1,676 metric tons (1,650 long tons) at deep load. They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce 38,500 shaft horsepower (28,700 kW), which would propel the ships at 39 knots (72 km/h; 45 mph). The ships carried 401 metric tons (395 long tons) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 3,600 nautical miles (6,700 km; 4,100 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph). Their crew consisted of 148 officers and crewmen.

The main armament of the *Minekaze*-class ships consisted of four 12-centimeter (4.7 in) Type 3 guns in single mounts; one gun forward of the superstructure, one between the two funnels, one aft of the rear funnel, and the last gun atop the aft superstructure. The guns were numbered '1' to '4' from front to rear. The ships carried three above-water twin sets of 53.3-centimeter (21.0 in) torpedo tubes; one mount was in the well deck between the forward superstructure and the forward gun and the other two were between the aft funnel and aft superstructure. They could also carry 20 mines as well as minesweeping gear.

In 1937, *Yakaze* was converted into a radio control ship for the ex-battleship *Satsuma* that was serving as a target ship. As part of the conversion, her torpedo tubes were removed and her main armament was reduced to one or two 12 cm guns. On 20 July 1942, she was reclassified as a target ship for aircraft and her armament was reduced to a single 5-centimeter (2.0 in) gun and four license-built 25 mm (0.98 in) Type 96 light AA guns. Her power was reduced to 11,260 shp (8,400 kW) which cut her speed to 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph).

## Construction and career

*Yakaze*, built at the Mitsubishi shipyard in Nagasaki, was laid down on 15 August 1918, launched on 20 April 1920 and completed on 19 July 1920. On commissioning, *Yakaze* was assigned to the Kure Naval District under the IJN 2nd Fleet.

In 1931, *Yakaze* was teamed with sister ships *Minekaze*, *Okikaze*, and *Sawakaze* at Sasebo Naval District to form Destroyer Division 2 under the 1st Air Fleet as part of the escort of the aircraft carriers *Akagi* and *Hōshō* to assist in search and rescue operations for downed aircraft. At the time of the First Shanghai incident of 1932, *Yakaze* was engaged in river patrol duties along the Yangzi River in China. On 11 March 1939, she collided with the submarine *I-61*. Due to damage and flooding incurred during the Attack on Yokosuka on 18 July 1945, she is towed to Nagaura and placed in No. 2 drydock, eventually sinking due to lack of repairmen. At the time of the surrender of Japan in September 1945, the *Yakaze* was still bottomed. Scrapped 1947.

* Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
* Howarth, Stephen (1983). *The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945*. Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-11402-8.
* Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). *Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 18691945*. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
* Nevitt, Allyn D. (1997). "IJN *Yakaze*: Tabular Record of Movement". *HYOTEKIKAN*. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
* Watts, Anthony J. & Gordon, Brian G. (1971). *The Imperial Japanese Navy*. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385012683.
* Whitley, M. J. (1988). *Destroyers of World War Two*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.

## InfoBox

| *Yakaze* in July 1922. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Empire of Japan | |
| Name | *Yakaze* |
| Ordered | 1917 fiscal year |
| Builder | Mitsubishi, Nagasaki |
| Laid down | 24 January 1918 |
| Launched | 10 April 1920 |
| Completed | 19 July 1920 |
| Commissioned | 19 July 1920 |
| Reclassified | As radio-controlled target ship, 20 July 1942 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1948 |
| General characteristics (As built) | |
| Class and type | *Minekaze*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | * 1,366 t (1,344 long tons) (normal) * 1,676 t (1,650 long tons) (deep load) |
| Length | * 97.5 m (319 ft 11 in) (pp) * 102.5 m (336 ft 3 in) (o/a) |
| Beam | 9.04 m (29 ft 8 in) |
| Draft | 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 2 shafts; 2 × Kampon geared steam turbines |
| Speed | 39 knots (72 km/h; 45 mph) |
| Range | 3,600 nmi (6,700 km; 4,100 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
| Complement | 148 |
| Armament |  |
| General characteristics (As target vessel) | |
| Displacement | 1,531 long tons (1,556 t) (full load) |
| Installed power | 11,260 shp (8,400 kW) |
| Speed | 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Operations: | Second Sino-Japanese War |


title: Pearkes Gundry

abstract: Joseph Pearkes Fox Gundry was an English first-class cricketer. The son of Joseph Gundry senior, he was born at Bridport in July 1837. He was educated at Winchester College, before going up to Merton College, Oxford. He made his debut in first-class cricket during his second year at Oxford, when he played for a combined Gentlemen of Kent and Sussex team against the Gentlemen of England at Lord's in 1857. His second first-class appearance came during his fourth year at Oxford, when he played for Oxford University against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Oxford in 1859. After graduating from Oxford, Pearkes entered into the family business in Bridport manufacturing fishing nets and twine. He also served as a first lieutenant in the Bridport Artillery Volunteers, having joined in February 1860. Pearkes served as a justice of the peace for Dorset. A master of the Cattistock Hunt, he was killed in a riding accident while out with the hunt on 11 November 1891.

text:
# Pearkes Gundry

**Joseph Pearkes Fox Gundry** JP (29 July 1837 – 11 November 1891) was an English first-class cricketer.

The son of Joseph Gundry senior, he was born at Bridport in July 1837. He was educated at Winchester College, before going up to Merton College, Oxford. He made his debut in first-class cricket during his second year at Oxford, when he played for a combined Gentlemen of Kent and Sussex team against the Gentlemen of England at Lord's in 1857. His second first-class appearance came during his fourth year at Oxford, when he played for Oxford University against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Oxford in 1859.

After graduating from Oxford, Pearkes entered into the family business in Bridport manufacturing fishing nets and twine. He also served as a first lieutenant in the Bridport Artillery Volunteers, having joined in February 1860. Pearkes served as a justice of the peace for Dorset. A master of the Cattistock Hunt, he was killed in a riding accident while out with the hunt on 11 November 1891.

## InfoBox

Pearkes Gundry
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Joseph Pearkes Fox Gundry |
| Born | 29 July 1837
Bridport, Dorset, England |
| Died | 11 November 1891(1891-11-11) (aged 54)
Bothenhampton, Dorset, England |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1859 | Oxford University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 26  Batting average 13.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 22  Catches/stumpings 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 3 March 2020 | |


title: Jane Hall (journalist)

abstract: Jane Hall was one of four regular pundits on the Fox News Channel program Fox News Watch and frequently appeared on The O'Reilly Factor, usually having clashes with the host. She was a Fox News Channel contributor. She left Fox News in 2009. Hall is also an associate professor in the School of Communication at American University. Hall also has been editor-in-chief of the business magazine View, a staff writer at TV Guide and an associate editor at People magazine. She has published articles for Columbia Journalism Review and The Harvard Journal of Press and Politics. Hall is interviewed frequently on TV and radio, including The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, Charlie Rose, CBS This Morning and National Public Radio. She has moderated panels on issues in journalism at Columbia University and the Center for Communications in New York.. Hall is frequently on CNN's media show, "Reliable Sources," and is the moderator of The American Forum series on WAMU, the NPR station in Washington DC Hall is a native of Abilene, Texas. She attended Mills College in Oakland, California, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from the University of Texas at Austin. She is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and also holds a master's degree in journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York City.

text:
# Jane Hall (journalist)

**Jane Hall** was one of four regular pundits on the Fox News Channel program *Fox News Watch* and frequently appeared on *The O'Reilly Factor*, usually having clashes with the host. She was a Fox News Channel contributor. She left Fox News in 2009.

Hall is also an associate professor in the School of Communication at American University.

Hall also has been editor-in-chief of the business magazine *View*, a staff writer at *TV Guide* and an associate editor at *People magazine*. She has published articles for *Columbia Journalism Review* and *The Harvard Journal of Press and Politics.*

Hall is interviewed frequently on TV and radio, including *The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer,* Charlie Rose, *CBS This Morning* and National Public Radio. She has moderated panels on issues in journalism at Columbia University and the Center for Communications in New York.. Hall is frequently on CNN's media show, "Reliable Sources," and is the moderator of The American Forum series on WAMU, the NPR station in Washington DC

Hall is a native of Abilene, Texas. She attended Mills College in Oakland, California, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from the University of Texas at Austin. She is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and also holds a master's degree in journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York City.


title: Japanese transport Kembu Maru

abstract: Kembu Maru was a 953-ton transport ship of Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. She left Rabaul, New Britain on 1 March 1943, as part of Operation 81, carrying a cargo of 1,000 drums of avgas and 650 drums of other fuel for Lae, New Guinea. The convoy was attacked by aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces and Royal Australian Air Force from 2 March 1943, known as the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. Kembu Maru was bombed on 3 March; she exploded in a giant fireball and sank at 07°15'S., 148°30'E. 20 troops were killed in action.

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# Japanese transport Kembu Maru

***Kembu Maru*** was a 953-ton transport ship of Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

She left Rabaul, New Britain on 1 March 1943, as part of *Operation 81*, carrying a cargo of 1,000 drums of avgas and 650 drums of other fuel for Lae, New Guinea.

The convoy was attacked by aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces and Royal Australian Air Force from 2 March 1943, known as the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. *Kembu Maru* was bombed on 3 March; she exploded in a giant fireball and sank at 07°15'S., 148°30'E. 20 troops were killed in action.

## InfoBox

| *Kenbu Maru* under attack by Allied aircraft during the battle of the Bismarck Sea | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Japan | |
| Name | *Kembu Maru* |
| Builder | Nakata Zosen |
| Fate | Sunk by aircraft on 3 March 1943 at 07°15'S, 148°30'E |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 953 tons |


title: Japanese trade secrets

abstract: In Japan, on June 15, 1991, an amendment to the Unfair Competition Prevention Law came into effect to include measures for the protection of qualified secret "technical or business information". The Unfair Competition Prevention Law was amended in recognition of the increasing importance of trade secrets in industrial society and, the recent strong international demand for harmonization of intellectual property laws. Prior to the amendments, there was no statute which directly protected trade secrets, although they were protected to some extent under general laws such as contract and tort law. 2003 amendments brought the establishment of criminal sanction for misappropriation of trade secrets. 2004 amendments provided that the protective order be granted in an action relating to trade secrets. Under a disclosure principle of litigation prescribed by Article 82 of the Japanese Constitution, maintaining the confidentiality of any evidence regarding confidential information submitted to the court had been one of the major challenges under the practice of public trials.

text:
# Japanese trade secrets

In Japan, on June 15, 1991, an amendment to the Unfair Competition Prevention Law (Law No. 47, May 19, 1993) came into effect to include measures for the protection of qualified secret "technical or business information". The Unfair Competition Prevention Law was amended in recognition of the increasing importance of trade secrets in industrial society and, the recent strong international demand for harmonization of intellectual property laws. Prior to the amendments, there was no statute which directly protected trade secrets, although they were protected to some extent under general laws such as contract and tort law.

2003 amendments brought the establishment of criminal sanction for misappropriation of trade secrets.

2004 amendments provided that the protective order be granted in an action relating to trade secrets. Under a disclosure principle of litigation prescribed by Article 82 of the Japanese Constitution, maintaining the confidentiality of any evidence regarding confidential information submitted to the court had been one of the major challenges under the practice of public trials.

## Influences

Limitation in the economic development

1. "Redirecting..." *heinonline.org*. Retrieved 2019-04-09. `{{cite web}}`: Cite uses generic title (help)
2. Friedman, David D; Landes, William M; Posner, Richard A (February 1991). "Some Economics of Trade Secret Law". *Journal of Economic Perspectives*. **5** (1): 61–72. doi:10.1257/jep.5.1.61. ISSN 0895-3309.