title: Vince Velasquez

abstract: Vincent John Velasquez is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, Philadelphia Phillies, San Diego Padres, Chicago White Sox, and Pittsburgh Pirates. Born in Montclair, California, Velasquez was a multi-sport athlete at Garey High School in Pomona. After bone spurs in his right elbow kept him from pitching and playing shortstop, he learned how to field left-handed. A growth spurt prior to his senior year of high school caused him to draw interest from the soccer and gridiron football teams, but Velasquez opted to focus on baseball on the advice of a scout for the Chicago White Sox. The Astros selected him in the second round of the 2010 MLB Draft, and Velasquez chose to pitch for them rather than honor his commitment to play college baseball as a shortstop for Cal State Fullerton. He was assigned to the Greeneville Astros in 2010, but underwent Tommy John surgery later that year and did not return to the field until 2012. He had a successful season with the Quad Cities River Bandits in 2013, but struggles during a three-game stretch with the Lancaster JetHawks inspired him to sharpen his curveball. The following year, he helped take the JetHawks to a California League championship title. Velasquez made his major league debut in 2015, replacing Roberto Hernández in the starting rotation after the latter was moved to the bullpen. Velasquez played one season with the Astros before he was traded to the Phillies as part of a major trade that brought Ken Giles to Houston. He had a strong debut for the team, striking out 25 batters in his first two games, but the next few seasons were hindered by injury, including a season-ending finger injury in 2017. By 2020, Velasquez's inconsistent performance had placed his role on the Phillies roster in question, and he took advantage of the MLB's pause to diversify his pitch repertoire and improve his efficacy against batters. Since then, he has alternated between starting games and relief appearances, depending on the needs of the team. The Phillies released him in September 2021 and he finished the season with the Padres before signing with the White Sox before the 2022 season.

text:
# Vince Velasquez

**Vincent John Velasquez** (/vəˈlɑːskɛz/ *veh-LAS-kehz*; born June 7, 1992) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, Philadelphia Phillies, San Diego Padres, Chicago White Sox, and Pittsburgh Pirates.

Born in Montclair, California, Velasquez was a multi-sport athlete at Garey High School in Pomona. After bone spurs in his right elbow kept him from pitching and playing shortstop, he learned how to field left-handed. A growth spurt prior to his senior year of high school caused him to draw interest from the soccer and gridiron football teams, but Velasquez opted to focus on baseball on the advice of a scout for the Chicago White Sox. The Astros selected him in the second round of the 2010 MLB Draft, and Velasquez chose to pitch for them rather than honor his commitment to play college baseball as a shortstop for Cal State Fullerton. He was assigned to the Greeneville Astros in 2010, but underwent Tommy John surgery later that year and did not return to the field until 2012. He had a successful season with the Quad Cities River Bandits in 2013, but struggles during a three-game stretch with the Lancaster JetHawks inspired him to sharpen his curveball. The following year, he helped take the JetHawks to a California League championship title.

Velasquez made his major league debut in 2015, replacing Roberto Hernández in the starting rotation after the latter was moved to the bullpen. Velasquez played one season with the Astros before he was traded to the Phillies as part of a major trade that brought Ken Giles to Houston. He had a strong debut for the team, striking out 25 batters in his first two games, but the next few seasons were hindered by injury, including a season-ending finger injury in 2017. By 2020, Velasquez's inconsistent performance had placed his role on the Phillies roster in question, and he took advantage of the MLB's pause to diversify his pitch repertoire and improve his efficacy against batters. Since then, he has alternated between starting games and relief appearances, depending on the needs of the team. The Phillies released him in September 2021 and he finished the season with the Padres before signing with the White Sox before the 2022 season.

## Early life

Velasquez was born on June 7, 1992, in Montclair, California. His father Leonard worked as a package delivery driver for the United Parcel Service (UPS), though he sometimes worked four jobs at once to provide for Velasquez and his brothers. Vince's mother Juanita, meanwhile, worked as a hospital billing supervisor. In addition to playing as a shortstop and pitcher for the Garey High School baseball team in Pomona, California, Velasquez served as the quarterback for the school gridiron football team. As a sophomore, Velasquez developed bone spurs in his right elbow, which made it impossible to pitch or play in the infield. Inspired by the story of Billy Wagner, who became a left-handed pitcher after breaking his right arm as a child, Velasquez became a center fielder and learned how to throw left-handed. Between his junior and senior season, Velasquez underwent a growth spurt that took him from 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m) to 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m), and the school soccer team expressed interest in making him a center midfielder. A scout for the Chicago White Sox dissuaded Velasquez from pursuing other sports, warning him that an injury in football or soccer would compromise his baseball career.

As a junior in 2009, Velasquez was named the Garey High School Most Valuable Player. On the mound, he posted a 6–1 win–loss record, with a 1.89 earned run average (ERA); at the plate, he batted .608 with 14 doubles, 29 runs batted in (RBIs), and 18 stolen bases. Velasquez pitched his first complete game on May 21, 2010, against the San Dimas High School Saints, the reigning California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) Southern Section division champions. He struck out 17 batters in the 9–1 victory, striking out every batter he faced at least once, and held the Saints to three hits, two walks, and one unearned run. Less than a week later, Velasquez was named to the 2010 Inland Valley High School All-Star game.

## Professional career

### Houston Astros

#### Minor leagues

The Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB) selected Velasquez in the second round, 58th overall, of the 2010 MLB Draft. At the time, he had already committed to play college baseball as a shortstop for Cal State Fullerton, but he chose to sign with the Astros after the team indicated that they would prefer him as a pitcher. Velasquez signed with the team on June 22, 2010, the day after his high school graduation, and was assigned to the Rookie Greeneville Astros of the Appalachian League. Velasquez pitched in eight games during his rookie season, including six starts. He posted a 2–2 record and a 3.07 ERA in Greeneville, striking out 25 batters in 29+13 innings pitched.

Velasquez underwent Tommy John surgery in 2010, citing "overuse". He contemplated abandoning baseball after the injury, but was encouraged to continue by his father. Velasquez reported to spring training early in 2011, building up the strength to throw 40 feet (12 m). He missed the 2011 Minor League Baseball season entirely, instead practicing in bullpen sessions and in the Astros' instructional league. Velasquez regained his pitch velocity quickly after the surgery. His fastball speed jumped from 88–90 mph (142–145 km/h) to 90–93 mph (145–150 km/h), but it took him the season to regain control. He was assigned to the Low–A Tri-City ValleyCats in 2012, with the Astros believing that a shorter season would help Velasquez ease back into pitching. He started nine games that season, posting a 4–1 record and a 3.35 ERA while striking out 51 batters in 45+23 innings.

After spending the offseason building his strength and working on improving his strikeout-to-walk ratio, Velasquez began the 2013 season with the Single–A Quad Cities River Bandits. His preseason work proved successful; in his first 75 innings, Velasquez led the Midwest League with 88 strikeouts. By the time that he was promoted to the High–A Lancaster JetHawks that August, Velasquez had posted a 9–4 record with a 3.19 ERA at Quad Cities, while his 123 strikeouts in 110 innings were good enough for a league-leading 10.06 strikeouts per nine innings pitched. Velasquez stumbled in his promotion to Lancaster, however, going 0–2 with a 6.14 ERA in his three starts. He realized that, at higher levels of baseball, simply having a strong fastball was insufficient to strike out batters, and he spent the offseason working on a curveball to supplement his primary pitch.

Going into the 2014 season, *Baseball America* ranked Velasquez as the sixth-highest prospect in the Astros' farm system. He returned to Lancaster to start the season as part of an eight-man rotation that alternated between starting games and pitching in relief. Although Velasquez missed two months of the season with a groin injury, 2014 proved to be a breakout season for him. He started seven games and appeared 12 times in relief, posting a 4.37 ERA in the process. Velasquez also helped take Lancaster to the California League playoffs. Their performance in the first half of the season led to a bye for the first playoff round before they went on to sweep the Inland Empire 66ers in the South Division finals. Velasquez pitched in Game 1 of the South Division series, allowing only two hits in six innings of a 7–3 victory. He went on to start Game 3 of the championship series against the Visalia Rawhide, earning a no decision in the Jethawks' 5–4 walk-off home run win. Lancaster went on to take the California League title, their second championship in their 19-year history.

Following the 2014 season, Velasquez played in the Arizona Fall League with the Salt River Rafters. After giving up four hits and three runs in one inning, Velasquez left his final scheduled start of the season with a strained latissimus dorsi muscle. He went 2–1 with the team, with a 4.85 ERA and 12 strikeouts.

#### Major leagues

Prior to the 2015 season, Velasquez was promoted to the Double-A Corpus Christi Hooks. There, he went 3–0 with a 1.37 ERA in his first five starts, striking out 37 batters and allowing 15 hits in 26+13 innings. Meanwhile, veteran starting pitcher Roberto Hernández disappointed for the Astros, going 2–5 with a 5.18 ERA in his first 11 starts. On June 8, 2015, the Astros moved Hernández to the bullpen and called up Velasquez to take his place in the rotation. He made his major league debut on June 10, pitching five shutout innings against the Chicago White Sox before the bullpen gave up three home runs, leading the Astros to a 4–1 loss. With the acquisition of Scott Kazmir in July, the Astros moved Velasquez to the bullpen, where the shorter innings requirement improved his velocity and focus on the mound. Velasquez played in 19 games with the Astros as a rookie in 2015, starting seven games and finishing five. He posted a 1–1 record for the season, with a 4.37 ERA and 58 strikeouts in 55+23 innings.

### Philadelphia Phillies

#### 2016

On December 9, 2015, Velasquez was part of a massive trade with the Philadelphia Phillies. Velasquez and fellow pitchers Mark Appel, Thomas Eshelman, Harold Arauz, and Brett Oberholtzer, were sent to Philadelphia in exchange for prospect Jonathan Arauz and closer Ken Giles. It was Matt Klentak’s first major trade as the Phillies' general manager; he used Giles as a bargaining chip to attempt a rebuild of a struggling team.

Velasquez debuted with the Phillies on April 9, 2016, pitching six shutout innings in a 1–0 win against the New York Mets. Striking out nine batters in the process, Velasquez became the first Phillies pitcher to strike out at least that many in his team debut since Roy Halladay in 2010. He continued to impress in his following start, fanning a career-high 16 batters in a 3–0 victory over the San Diego Padres. Velasquez was only the second pitcher since 2000 to pitch a shutout game with 16 or more strikeouts and zero walks; the other, Max Scherzer, struck out 17 in a no-hitter the year prior. Striking out 25 in his first two Phillies starts, Velasquez surpassed Jim Bunning, who fanned 20 in 1964, for the franchise record.

Through his first 11 starts with the Phillies, Velasquez posted a 5–2 record with a 3.67 ERA. His strong performance came to a halt on June 8, when Velasquez abruptly left after two pitches in a game against the Chicago Cubs with a strained right biceps. Velasquez was placed on the 15-day disabled list on June 10, returning to the active roster 17 days later on June 27. In his final start of 2016, Velasquez allowed three runs, two earned, in seven innings against the Atlanta Braves. The Phillies shut Velasquez down for the season on September 4, after the pitcher threw a career-high 131 innings of work in 24 starts. He went 8–6 for his rookie season, with a 4.12 ERA and 10.4 strikeouts per nine innings pitched.

#### 2017

Velasquez was named to the Phillies' 2017 opening day roster as the fourth starter in a five-man rotation with Jeremy Hellickson, Jerad Eickhoff, Clay Buchholz, and Aaron Nola. In his first start of the season, Velasquez struck out 10 batters in four innings, becoming the first Phillies player of the modern era to record a double-digit number of strikeouts in four or fewer innings pitched, and the first starter to strike out 10 or more batters in the first four innings of a game since Cole Hamels in 2006. However, he had to be taken out after throwing 94 pitches in those four innings, including 25 in the first inning alone, and the Phillies ultimately lost to the Washington Nationals 7–6.

The 2017 season was hindered by injury for Velasquez. First, on May 30, he was placed on the 10-day disabled list with a right elbow flexor strain suffered in the second inning of a game against the Miami Marlins. On August 10, he exited a game 32 pitches into an ultimate 10–0 loss to the New York Mets, suffering bruising and numbness in his right middle finger. On August 22, the Phillies announced that Velasquez was suffering from restricted blood flow to the finger, and that he would be placed on the 60-day disabled list while he recovered from surgery. He made 15 starts in 2017, posting a 2–7 record and a 5.13 ERA in 72 innings.

#### 2018

In 2018, Velasquez was part of an opening day rotation that was undergoing several changes: Jake Arrieta, despite being scheduled to pitch on April 8, was not officially named to the 25-man roster, while Eickhoff began the season on the injured list and Eflin was optioned to make room for Ben Lively. On June 30, a 97 mph (156 km/h) line drive off the bat of Adam Eaton hit Velasquez in his right arm, requiring the pitcher to pull off his glove and make a left-handed throw to first base. After successfully making the play, Velasquez fell to the ground in pain from the injury, and was placed on the disabled list until July 11. The line drive incident came in the middle of a successful stretch for Velasquez, who boasted a 2.38 ERA and held his opponents to a .134 batting average in six starts between mid-June and mid-July, while improving his pace between pitches and his pitches per inning. As the season went on, however, Velasquez's performance became inconsistent, with high pitch counts in the early innings and worse luck against hitters. Velasquez pitched 146+23 innings in 2018, striking out 161 batters, and posted a 9–12 record with a 4.85 ERA in 30 starts.

#### 2019

On January 11, 2019, shortly before the arbitration deadline, Velasquez signed a one-year, $2.249 million contract with the team. After recording a 1.99 ERA in his first four starts, Velasquez allowed 18 base runners, four home runs, and eight runs in a span of 7+23 innings before he was placed on the 10-day injured list with a right forearm strain on May 11. His difficulty in keeping batters off base came to a head on May 7, when Velasquez ignored catcher J. T. Realmuto's pitch calling and proceeded to give up three home runs in a span of seven batters. The St. Louis Cardinals took the game 6–0. On June 28, Velasquez both struck out his 500th career batter and recorded his first home run as a batter, although he and the Phillies ultimately lost 6–2 to the Marlins.

On August 3, when a game against the White Sox went into the 14th inning, the understaffed Phillies placed Velasquez in left field and allowed outfielder Roman Quinn to pitch. Although the White Sox ultimately won in the 15th inning, Velasquez kept the game alive when his 94.7 mph (152.4 km/h) throw from left field to home plate successfully threw out José Abreu. It was the first time that a major league pitcher recorded an outfield assist since Ned Garver in 1950. Velasquez finished the season with a 7–8 record and a 4.91 ERA in 33 games (23 starts), as well as 130 strikeouts in 117+13 innings.

#### 2020

Going into the 2020 season, Velasquez spent spring training in competition with Nick Pivetta for the fifth place in the Phillies' starting rotation. When the season was suspended indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Velasquez continued to practice his pitching so that, when MLB returned to play, he could make a strong return to the mound. He undertook a series of pitching lessons with assistant coach David Lundquist over FaceTime, with particular focus on improving his efficacy against left-handed batters. When the season eventually began on July 24, both Velasquez and Pivetta were given opportunities to start, as Zach Eflin was returning from injury, while Zack Wheeler was on paternity leave following the birth of his first child. Velasquez debuted with a new pitch repertoire, adding a cutter and changeup to his mainstay fastball and curveball. He was sent to the bullpen that August, but returned to the rotation the following week to assist in a series of doubleheaders for the pandemic-shortened season. Velasquez played in nine games with the Phillies in the abbreviated 60-game season, starting in seven, and posted a 1–1 record with a 5.56 ERA in the process. That December, the Phillies tendered a one-year, $4 million contract for Velasquez to pitch in the 2021 season, shortly before the 8 p.m. arbitration deadline.

#### 2021

When the Phillies signed veteran pitchers Matt Moore and Chase Anderson during the 2020–21 offseason, they were concerned that neither would be able to regularly pitch past the fifth inning. Velasquez was moved to the bullpen, where he and David Hale were asked to serve as long relievers for Moore and Anderson. After Moore was placed on the COVID-19 list, Velasquez was called to make his first start of the season on April 20, in which he gave up two runs in four innings of an eventual 5–4 walk-off loss to the Colorado Rockies. May proved to be the best streak of Velasquez's major-league career; he posted a 2.84 ERA in five starts before a numb index finger led to his last-minute scratch for a May 20 game against the Miami Marlins.

The following month, Velasquez became involved in an ongoing MLB controversy regarding pitchers' use of foreign substances to increase spin rate and pitch control. In the third inning of a June 7 game against the Washington Nationals, Velasquez lost control of a 90 mph (140 km/h) fastball, striking and accidentally fracturing the nose of opposing pitcher Austin Voth. Nationals manager Dave Martinez suggested that injuries of that sort would be more common if MLB banned the use of foreign substances that were supposed to enhance pitch grip, saying, "I understand them trying to clean some stuff up. But it's hot, it's slippery, it's sweaty. I know Velasquez didn't throw in there intentionally, but I'm afraid that if we don't come up with something unified for everybody, you'll see a lot more of that."

The Phillies moved Velasquez back to the bullpen at the trading deadline, as he failed to pitch past the fourth inning in nine of his 17 starts for the season. He went onto the injured list with a blistered finger on August 2, and was in the midst of a series of minor-league rehab assignments when he was designated for assignment by the Phillies on September 11. He was unclaimed by other MLB teams on waivers, and was subsequently released into free agency. At the time of his release, Velasquez had a 3–6 record and a 5.95 ERA in 81+23 innings.

### San Diego Padres

On September 15, 2021, the day after his release from the Phillies, Velasquez signed a minor league deal with the San Diego Padres. The team told Velasquez that they intended to use him as a reliever, but an injury to Blake Snell left the Padres in need of an additional starting pitcher. Velasquez was called up for a start on September 17 against the St. Louis Cardinals, giving up four earned runs and taking the loss in an 8–2 defeat. He pitched 12+23 innings in the Padres' rotation, allowing 12 earned runs and increasing his overall 2021 ERA to 6.30 for the year. Velasquez became a free agent at the end of the season.

### Chicago White Sox

On March 14, 2022, Velasquez signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Chicago White Sox.

### Pittsburgh Pirates

On December 13, 2022, Velasquez signed a one-year contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He made 8 starts for the Pirates in 2023, registering a 4–4 record and 3.86 ERA with 37 strikeouts in 37+13 innings pitched. On May 28, 2023, Velasquez was placed on the injured list with right elbow inflammation. On June 9, it was announced that Velasquez would undergo season–ending surgery to repair damage to his right ulnar collateral ligament, with a recovery timetable of 11–12 months. He became a free agent following the season.

## Pitcher profile

Throughout his pitching career, Velasquez has relied heavily on a four-seam fastball with an average speed of 93.5 mph (150.5 km/h), paired with a slider. Together, those two balls made up more than 87% of pitches he threw in 2019. At the end of the season, Velasquez and manager Joe Girardi agreed that the pitcher would need to expand his repertoire and "learn to locate something away from righties and in on lefties". He has since expanded his pitches, adding a curveball and changeup while replacing his slider with a cutter.

Velasquez's major league performance has been inconsistent; in 2018, his ERA was 5.70 in his first six starts, 3.51 for the middle 11, and 8.45 in the last nine. One problem that has followed him throughout his career has been a high pitch count, which in turn limits his depth. Until the 2021 season, Velasquez had never made three or more starts in a row where he lasted five innings and held the opposing team to one run or less.

## Personal life

Velasquez's two older brothers, Leonard Jr. and Christopher, followed their father Leonard Sr. into the United States Marine Corps, where they served in the Iraq War.

## InfoBox

| Vince Velasquez | |
| --- | --- |
| Velasquez in 2023 | |
| Free agent | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1992-06-07) June 7, 1992<br>Montclair, California, U.S. | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| June 10, 2015, for the Houston Astros | |
| MLB statistics <br>(through 2023 season) | |
| Win–loss record | 38–51 |
| Earned run average | 4.88 |
| Strikeouts | 822 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


abstract: The North-east Curaçao parks and coast Important Bird Area is a 13,554 ha tract of land in Curaçao, a constituent island nation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Dutch Caribbean. It encompasses much of the north-western end of the island, including the Christoffel and Shete Boka National Parks, as well as a strip of coast from there half-way down the northern side of the island. It has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports populations of bare-eyed pigeons and Caribbean elaenias, as well as a major breeding colony of least terns.

text:
# North-east Curaçao parks and coast Important Bird Area

The **North-east Curaçao parks and coast Important Bird Area** is a 13,554 ha tract of land in Curaçao, a constituent island nation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Dutch Caribbean. It encompasses much of the north-western end of the island, including the Christoffel and Shete Boka National Parks, as well as a strip of coast from there half-way down the northern side of the island. It has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports populations of bare-eyed pigeons and Caribbean elaenias, as well as a major breeding colony of least terns.

12°21′08″N 69°06′15″W / 12.35222°N 69.10417°W / 12.35222; -69.10417


title: Trozelia

abstract: Trozelia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. It is also within the Physalinae (Miers) Hunz. subtribe. It is native to Ecuador and Peru in western South America.

text:
# Trozelia

***Trozelia*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. It is also within the *Physalinae* (Miers) Hunz. subtribe.

It is native to Ecuador and Peru in western South America.

## Known species

According to Kew:

The genus name of *Trozelia* is in honour of Clas Blechert Trozelius (1719–1794), a Swedish clergyman and botanist. He was also professor of economics at Lund University. It was first described and published in Sylva Tellur. on page 54 in 1838.

## InfoBox

| *Trozelia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Genus: | *Trozelia*<br>Raf. |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Plicula* Raf. | |


title: HMS Asia (1764)

abstract: HMS Asia was a 64-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built by Thomas Bucknall and launched on 3 March 1764 at Portsmouth Dockyard. She participated in the American Revolutionary War and the capture of Martinique in 1794. She was broken up in 1804.

text:
# HMS Asia (1764)

**HMS *Asia*** was a 64-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built by Thomas Bucknall and launched on 3 March 1764 at Portsmouth Dockyard. She participated in the American Revolutionary War and the capture of Martinique in 1794. She was broken up in 1804.

## Design

Sir Thomas Slade designed her as an experimental design, one that proved to be particularly groundbreaking as she was the first true 64. As a result, the Royal Navy ordered no further 60-gun ships but instead commissioned more 64 gun ships. Because these incorporated alterations learned from trials with *Asia*, for instance subsequent ships were bigger, she was the only ship of her draught (class).

## Service

### American Revolutionary War

*Asia* saw early service in the American Revolutionary War, as a transport vessel for 500 Royal Marines sent to New York City in 1774 to quell rising tensions among the local population. She arrived in New York Harbor on 4 December and remained there until later in the month when she joined a flotilla commanded by Admiral Richard Howe. But on 1 January 1775 she's part of V. Admiral Graves' North American Squadron, listed under command of Cpt. Geo Vanderput.

Returning to New York Harbor, *Asia* supplied protection for the merchant ship *Duchess of Gordon*, which Royal governor William Tryon had established as an ad hoc office in October 1775. He feared arrest by the rebels if he remained in the city.

*Asia* was the ship on which Tryon and Loyalist Mayor David Mathews devised a plot to assassinate George Washington. Thomas Hickey, one of Washington's Life Guard, was executed for this plot.

She was present at the Battle of Brooklyn in August 1776, and later survived a fire ship attack led by American revolutionary Silas Talbot. The fire ship did foul *Asia* and set fire to her, but the crew, aided by men from other nearby vessels, were able to extinguish the flames.

In 1778-89 she escorted some East Indiamen to India.

### French Revolutionary Wars

*Asia* was recommissioned in May 1793 under Captain John Brown and on 26 December he sailed her to the West Indies to join Admiral Sir John Jervis.

In March 1794, *Asia* participated in the capture of Martinique by an expeditionary force under the command of Jervis and Lieutenant General Sir Charles Grey. The British were able by 16 March to capture all the forts, except Fort Bourbon and Fort Royal. On 20 March she and *Zebra* were supposed to enter the Carenage at Fort Royal to fire on Fort Saint Louis. However, *Asia* did not get into position. Her pilot, M. de Tourelles, who had been a lieutenant of the port, reneged on his agreement to take her in, ostensibly because of a fear of shoals. Instead, *Zebra* went in alone, with her captain, Richard Faulknor, and crew landing under the guns of the fort and capturing it.

*Asia* returned to England in July 1794. The next month Captain John M'Dougall assumed command as she joined the Downs squadron.

On 29 April 1796, *Asia* again faced a possible fire, this time in Port Royal, Jamaica. The fire was self-inflicted in that part of a recently stored delivery of 300 powder barrels on the lower gun deck exploded. Some 300 of the vessel's crew jumped overboard in order to escape the consequences should the nearby main magazine explode. *Asia's* captain, officers, and a few of the remaining crew were able to put out the fire. In all, the vessel lost 11 men killed and wounded.

From 1796 she was under the command of Captain Robert Murray, and in 1800 she sailed for Halifax, and arrived on 31 May. Here she picked up a group of 600 Jamaican Maroons who had been deported from Jamaica the previous year and were now to be transferred to Sierra Leone. She departed on 8 August and arrived in Sierra Leone on 30 September, disembarking there the group who came to be called the Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone.

## Fate

*Asia* was paid off in March 1802. She was broken up in August 1804 at Chatham Dockyard.

## Citations

* Clark, William Bell, ed. (1964). *Naval Documents of the American Revolution*. Vol. 1. New York: American Naval Records Society. OCLC 866325512.
* Grant, John N (2002). *The Maroons in Nova Scotia* (Softcover). Formac. ISBN 978-0887805691.
* Grocott, Terence (1997). *Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Era*. Mechanicsburg, USA: Stackpole. ISBN 9780811715331.
* James, William (1837) \[1827\]. *The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume I, 1793–1796*. London: Richard Bentley. OCLC 634321885.
* Lavery, Brian (2003). *The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650-1850*. London, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0851772528.
* Maclay, Edgar Stanton (2004) \[1899\]. *A History of American Privateers*. New York: D. Appleton.
* Meltzer, Brad (2019). *The First Conspiracy: The Secret Plot to Kill George Washington*. Flatiron Books. ISBN 9781250130334.
* Winfield, Rif (2008). *British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.

## InfoBox

| HMS *Asia* at the Halifax Naval Yard, 1797. Watercolour by George Gustavus Lennox, who was a lieutenant aboard *Asia* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | HMS *Asia* |
| Ordered | 20 March 1758 |
| Builder | Edward Allin & Thomas Bucknall, Portsmouth Dockyard |
| Laid down | 18 April 1758 |
| Launched | 3 March 1764 |
| Commissioned | March 1771 |
| Decommissioned | March 1802 |
| In service | * 1771-1781 * 1782-1783 * 1790-1800 * 1801-1802 |
| Fate | Broken up, 1804 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | 64-gun third-rate ship of the line |
| Tons burthen | 13644694 (bm) |
| Length | 158 ft 0 in (48.2 m) (gundeck) |
| Beam | 44 ft 6 in (13.6 m) |
| Draught | * 10 ft 2 in (3.1 m) forward * 16 ft 6 in (5.03 m) aft |
| Depth of hold | 18 ft 10 in (5.7 m) |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| Armament | * Gundeck: 26 × 24-pounder guns * Upper gundeck: 26 × 18-pounder guns * QD: 10 × 4-pounder guns * Fc: 2 × 9-pounder guns |


title: Manatee Airport

abstract: Manatee Airport is a public use airport serving the rural community of Spanish Lookout, Cayo District, Belize. The Belize VOR-DME is located 43.5 nautical miles (81 km) east-northeast of the runway.

text:
# Manatee Airport

**Manatee Airport** (IATA: **MZE**, ICAO: **MZSL**) is a public use airport serving the rural community of Spanish Lookout, Cayo District, Belize.

The Belize VOR-DME (Ident: **BZE**) is located 43.5 nautical miles (81 km) east-northeast of the runway.

## InfoBox

| Manatee Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Serves | Spanish Lookout, Belize |
| Elevation AMSL | 343 ft / 105 m |
| Coordinates | 17°16′42″N 89°1′25″W / 17.27833°N 89.02361°W / 17.27833; -89.02361 (Manatee Airport (Manatee)) |
| Map | |
| **MZE**Location of Manatee Airport in Belize | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  09/27 1,240 4,068 Gravel | |
| Source: Landings.com Google Maps GCM | |


title: Hippelates

abstract: Hippelates is a genus of flies in the family Chloropidae and are often referred to as eye gnats or eye flies.

text:
# Hippelates

***Hippelates*** is a genus of flies in the family Chloropidae and are often referred to as **eye gnats** or **eye flies** (the name is also used for members of the Old World genus *Siphunculina*).

## Description

They are very small (1.5–2.5 millimetres or 0.06–0.10 inches long) flies that frequently congregate around the eyes to lap at the fluids. They are primarily a nuisance pest, and do not bite. They have been linked with the spread of bovine mastitis in North America, and in certain tropical regions, they are capable of vectoring disease-causing bacteria (e.g., yaws).

*Hippelates pusio* is considered to be the vector for anaplasmosis, bovine mastitis, and *Haemophilus* spp. which cause bacterial conjunctivitis or 'pinkeye'.

## Distribution

*Hippelates* are Neotropical and Nearctic in distribution.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Hippelates* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| An Eye gnat, a small 1-2mm long fly. Image is a crop of a 1:1 magnification. Pictured in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on a piece of fish. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Chloropidae |
| Subfamily: | Oscinellinae |
| Genus: | ***Tricimba***<br>Lioy, 1864 |
|


title: Hubert Rigney

abstract: Hubert Rigney is an Irish former sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club St Rynagh's and with the Offaly senior inter-county team from 1990 until 2002.

text:
# Hubert Rigney

**Hubert Rigney** (born 30 July 1971 in Banagher, County Offaly) is an Irish former sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club St Rynagh's and with the Offaly senior inter-county team from 1990 until 2002.

## Playing career

### Club

Rigney played his club hurling with the St Rynagh's club in Banagher. He started playing hurling at the age of 11 and won his first medal at the age of 13 when his side defeated Portumna in Galway. As a member of the senior team Rigney captured three county titles in 1990, 1992 and 1993. This final win was later converted into a Leinster club title.

### Inter-county

Rigney first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Offaly minor hurling team in the late 1980s. He won a Leinster title in this grade in 1989 before later capturing an All-Ireland title following a victory over Clare. Rigney later joined the Offaly under-21 team where he captured a Leinster title in 1991. He added a second Leinster under-21 medal to his collection in 1993, however, he never collected an All-Ireland medal in this grade.

Rigney became a member of the Offaly senior panel in 1990. In the spring of 1991 he captured a National Hurling League title, Offaly's first, and the future was looking brighter for the midlands team. Three years later in 1994 Rigney was a key member of the Offaly team as he first Leinster title. Offaly later progressed to the All-Ireland final where they played Limerick. With four minutes to go Offaly were trailing by five points, however, a scoring spree in the remaining time resulted in the side winning the game by 6 points. Offaly manager Éamonn Cregan had orchestrated a great win over has native county and Rigney collected his first All-Ireland medal, while also picking up an All Star Award.

In 1995 Rigney captured a second Leinster medal. The game itself against Kilkenny was regarded as the best game of the year and is regarded as one of the greatest games of all-time by some for the sheer level of skill displayed by both teams. Rigney's side later went on to lose the All-Ireland final to Clare, who won their first All-Ireland title since 1914.

1998 proved to be a controversial year for Offaly. Rigney's side reached the Leinster final but lost to Kilkenny. This defeat prompted their manager, Babs Keating, to describe the Offaly hurlers as "sheep in a heap", and he promptly resigned. It looked as if Offaly's championship hopes were in disarray, however, they overcame Antrim in the All-Ireland quarter-final and qualified to meet Clare in the semi-final, with Galway's Michael Bond now in charge. The first game ended in a draw and had to be replayed; however, the replay was ended minutes early because of a timekeeping error by the referee. Following a protest on the pitch of Croke Park by the Offaly supporters it was decided that Clare and Offaly would meet for a third time. Rigney's side won the third game and qualified to play Kilkenny in the final. Offaly reversed the Leinster final defeat by winning the All-Ireland final by 6 points in a game which saw Brian Whelahan play at full-forward. Rigney won his second All-Ireland medal and lifted the cup.

In 1999 Offaly once again reached the latter stages of the All-Ireland championship, however, they were beaten by Cork in the All-Ireland semi-final. 2000 proved to be another controversial year. Team manager Pat Fleury surprisingly omitted Rigney from the squad that was due to play Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final. Offaly lost that game and Rigney later declared that he no longer wanted to play for his club St. Rynagh's or for Offaly. It was a withdrawal from hurling in protest. He was later coaxed back to the county team in 2001 and continued to play until his retirement in 2002.

## Personal life

Hubert is chairman of the Offaly branch of the 'Collins 22 Society', which pays tribute to Irish revolutionary leader Michael Collins.

## InfoBox

Hubert Rigney
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Aodh Ó Roigne* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Centre-back | | |
| Born | (1971-07-30) 30 July 1971<br>Banagher, County Offaly | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | St Rynagh's | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Offaly titles | 3 | | |
| Leinster titles | 1 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 1990–2002 | Offaly | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Leinster titles | 2 | | |
| All-Irelands | 2 | | |
| NHL | 1 | | |
| All Stars | 1 | | |


title: La Crosse, Indiana

abstract: La Crosse is a town in LaPorte County, Indiana, United States. The population was 551 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Michigan City, Indiana-La Porte, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# La Crosse, Indiana

**La Crosse** is a town in LaPorte County, Indiana, United States. The population was 551 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Michigan City, Indiana-La Porte, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

La Crosse is derived from the French meaning "the crossing", and it was so named from its location at the junction or crossing of five railroads. The five railroads were:

Since 2004, La Crosse has been the headquarters of the Chesapeake and Indiana Railroad, which owns portions of former C&O and Pere Marquette trackage.

The La Crosse post office opened in 1921.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, La Crosse has a total area of 0.51 square miles (1.32 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 568 |  |  |
| 1940 | 574 |  | 1.1% |
| 1950 | 618 |  | 7.7% |
| 1960 | 632 |  | 2.3% |
| 1970 | 696 |  | 10.1% |
| 1980 | 713 |  | 2.4% |
| 1990 | 677 |  | −5.0% |
| 2000 | 561 |  | −17.1% |
| 2010 | 551 |  | −1.8% |
| 2020 | 555 |  | 0.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 551 people, 227 households, and 157 families living in the town. The population density was 1,039.6 inhabitants per square mile (401.4/km2). There were 243 housing units at an average density of 458.5 per square mile (177.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.5% White, 0.2% African American, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 227 households, of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.8% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.91.

The median age in the town was 36.4 years. 22.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.8% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 10.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 561 people, 221 households, and 152 families living in the town. The population density was 1,040.0 inhabitants per square mile (401.5/km2). There were 234 housing units at an average density of 433.8 per square mile (167.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.86% White, 0.18% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.50% of the population.

There were 221 households, out of which 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.2% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,667, and the median income for a family was $50,278. Males had a median income of $34,583 versus $21,513 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,962. None of the families and 1.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 2.4% of those over 64.

Panoramic View of La Crosse, Indiana, 1915, looking south from the north

## Education

The town has a lending library, the La Crosse Public Library.

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: La Crosse, Indiana
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. Daniels, E. D. (1904). *A twentieth century history and biographical record of La Porte County, Indiana*. Lewis Publishing Co. p. 111.
5. Baker, Ronald L. (October 1995). *From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History*. Indiana University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-253-32866-3. Supposedly the name is French and means "The Crossing," descriptive of the location of the town at the junction...
6. "Railroad map of Indiana". United States Library of Congress. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
7. "C&O LaCrosse Layout of Tracks, 1935" (PDF). Hoosier Valley Railroad Museum. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
8. "La Porte County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
9. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
10. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
11. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
12. "Indiana public library directory" (PDF). Indiana State Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Town of La Crosse, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Downtown buildings | |
| Location of La Crosse in LaPorte County, Indiana. | |
| Coordinates: 41°19′04″N 86°53′23″W / 41.31778°N 86.88972°W / 41.31778; -86.88972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | LaPorte |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.57 sq mi (1.47 km2) |
| Land | 0.57 sq mi (1.47 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 676 ft (206 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 555 |
| Density | 975.40/sq mi (376.81/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 46348 |
| Area code | 219 |
| FIPS code | 18-40662 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2396698 |


title: Trials (series)

abstract: Trials is a racing game series developed by Ubisoft RedLynx and published by Ubisoft, loosely based on the real-life sport of motorcycle trials. It involves a motorcycle rider in a 2.5D world, traversing obstacles under the influence of simulated physics.

text:
# Trials (series)

***Trials*** is a racing game series developed by Ubisoft RedLynx and published by Ubisoft, loosely based on the real-life sport of motorcycle trials. It involves a motorcycle rider in a 2.5D world, traversing obstacles under the influence of simulated physics.

## History

*Trials* was released as a browser game in 2000. The gameplay was somewhat similar to Mastertronic's 1987 hit *Kikstart 2*.

*Trials 2* was released in 2007, and remade as *Trials 2: Second Edition* in 2008. *Trials HD* was released for the Xbox Live Arcade in 2009. *Trials Evolution* was released for the Xbox Live Arcade in 2012. *Trials Frontier* was released for smart phones and tablets on 10 April 2014.

*Trials Fusion* released for PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on 16 April 2014. *Trials Frontier* and *Trials Fusion* are designed to work together. *Trials Fusion* was released for the PC on 24 April 2014.

On 11 June 2018 *Trials Rising* was announced by RedLynx at E3 2018. It was released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, and PC on 26 February 2019 and for Stadia on 19 November 2019.

## Games

### Main series

| Year | Title | Platform |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *Trials* | Java |
| 2007 | *Trials 2* | Flash |
| 2009 | *Trials HD* | Xbox 360 |
| 2012 | *Trials Evolution* | Xbox 360, Windows |
| 2014 | *Trials Fusion* | Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One |
| 2019 | *Trials Rising* | Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, Stadia |

### Other games

| Year | Title | Platform | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *Trials Bike Basic* | Java | Expansion |
| | *Trials Bike Pro* | | |
| 2004 | *Trials Construction Yard* | | |
| 2005 | *Trials Mountain Heights* | | |
| 2008 | *Trials Dynamite Tumble* | Flash | Spin-off |
| | *Trials 2: Second Edition* | Windows | Remake |
| 2010 | | | *Trials Legends* |
| 2014 | *Trials Frontier* | Android, iOS | Spin-off |
| 2016 | *Trials of the Blood Dragon* | Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One | |

## InfoBox

| Trials | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre(s) | Racing, Platformer |
| Developer(s) | Ubisoft RedLynx |
| Publisher(s) | Ubisoft |
| Platform(s) | Java, Flash, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Android, iOS, Stadia |
| First release | *Trials*
2000 |
| Latest release | *Trials Rising*
26 February 2019 |


title: Protaetia elegans

abstract: Protaetia elegans is a species of flower chafers, scarab beetles in the subfamily Cetoniinae. It is found in Taiwan.

text:
# Protaetia elegans

***Protaetia elegans*** is a species of flower chafers, scarab beetles in the subfamily Cetoniinae. It is found in Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Protaetia elegans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Protaetia* |
| Species: | ***P. elegans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protaetia elegans***<br>(Kometami, 1938) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Calopotosia elegans* Kometami, 1938 * *Protaetia (Calopotosia) elegans* Kometami, 1938 | |


title: Museum der Moderne Salzburg

abstract: The Museum der Moderne Salzburg has two buildings at two different locations in Salzburg, Austria. The Rupertinum in the old town for new artistic concepts opened in 1983 and the Museum on the Mönchsberg for modern art in a contemporary setting opened in 2004.

text:
# Museum der Moderne Salzburg

The **Museum der Moderne Salzburg** has two buildings at two different locations in Salzburg, Austria. The **Rupertinum** in the old town for new artistic concepts opened in 1983 and the **Museum on the Mönchsberg** for modern art in a contemporary setting opened in 2004.

## History

The idea for the foundation of a collection and museum of modern art goes back to an initiative of Salzburg art dealer Friedrich Welz, who donated a large part of his private collection to the state of Salzburg. Owing to his personal friendship with Oskar Kokoschka the museum also received a great number of works from the Austrian expressionist.

### Museum der Moderne Rupertinum

In 1983 the Rupertinum was opened as *Salzburg Museum of Modern Art and Graphic Collection*. The museum's founding director Otto Breicha also integrated the *Austrian Photographic Gallery* into the museum, which has become the most important collection of contemporary Austrian photography. The Rupertinum, situated in the centre of the old town, was mentioned for the first time in 1350. Under archbishop Paris Lodron, the town palace "Collegium Rupertinum" was used as seminary. Finished in 1633, the town palace was built in early baroque style. The house has a prominent location between Franziskaner Church and Kollegien Church and has been used as seminary by the Archdioceses of Salzburg for many centuries.

Until 1974 the Rupertinum was used as student dormitory. In 1983 the Rupertinum was opened as Salzburg Museum of Modern Art and Graphic Collection. Over the years the facilities of the Rupertinum have been adapted to comply with international standards; the most extensive refurbishment took place in 1999. Today the building offers ideal conditions for exhibitions of graphics and photographs. On Max-Reinhardt-Square the building opens into a courtyard typical for houses of Salzburg’s old town.

### Museum der Moderne Mönchsberg

Perched on top of the steep cliff of Mönchsberg mountain, sixty metres above Anton-Neumayr-Square, the *Café Winkler* has dominated the city for decades. When the casino moved into the baroque palace Klessheim on the outskirts of Salzburg, the Café Winkler stood empty for many years and this landmark building that served as a counterpoint to the medieval fortress lost its splendour.

In 1998, on the initiative of Landeshauptmann Franz Schausberger the state of Salzburg launched an international architectural competition for the construction of a new building for a museum on Mönchsberg. An 11-member jury chaired by Luigi Snozzi, selected the design of the Munich-based team of architects Friedrich Hoff Zwink from among 145 submissions. The museum was built in three and a half years and offers maximum possibilities for a variety of exhibition formats on four levels. The entire outer facade is clad with local Untersberg marble, separated by vertical joints.

When the Museum der Moderne Salzburg on Mönchsberg was opened in October 2004, the former Rupertinum Collection of the province of Salzburg was integrated into the new concept of the Museum der Moderne Salzburg. Since September 2013 Dr. Sabine Breitwieser is the new director of the Museum der Moderne Salzburg. She followed Toni Stooss who was more than 7 years director of the Museum. The two buildings of the Museum der Moderne Salzburg offer 3,000 m2 of exhibition space for thematic and monographic exhibitions of 20th- and 21st-century art, as well as presentations of graphics and photography.

## Collections

The exhibitions and activities in both museum buildings show modern and contemporary visual arts. Apart from the presentation of international works of art, the Museum der Moderne Salzburg also serves as platform for contemporary representatives of the Austrian art scene. Besides paintings and sculptures the museum owns an extensive collection of graphics. A further focus of the collection is Austrian photography after 1945. Further, the museum manages the photographic collection of the Republic of Austria *Österreichische Fotogalerie* as well as the photographic collection *Fotografis* of the Bank Austria as a permanent loan.

## Directors

* Friedrich Welz
* Otto Breicha
* Peter Weiermair
* Agnes Husslein
* Toni Stooss
* Sabine Breitwieser
* Thorsten Sadowsky, incumbent

## Trivia

In addition to their contribution to the air-conditioning system of the building, the joints of the facade can also be interpreted as a reference to the city of Salzburg: the chords of certain arias from Mozart’s opera “Don Giovanni” were inscribed on the facade in rhythmically positioned slots using a special computer programme.

47°47′54″N 13°02′35″E / 47.7982°N 13.0431°E / 47.7982; 13.0431

## InfoBox

Museum der Moderne Salzburg
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1983/2004 |
| Location | Salzburg |
| Type | Art museum |
| Director | Harald Krejči |
| Architect | Friedrich, Hoff and Zwink |
| Owner | State of Salzburg |
| Website | museumdermoderne.at |


title: Hudson Austin

abstract: Hudson Austin was a general in the People's Revolutionary Army of Grenada. After the killing of Maurice Bishop, he formed a military government with himself as chairman to rule Grenada.

text:
# Hudson Austin

**Hudson Austin** (26 April 1938 – 24 September 2022) was a general in the People's Revolutionary Army of Grenada. After the killing of Maurice Bishop, he formed a military government with himself as chairman to rule Grenada.

## History

### Early life and political career

Hudson Austin was a member of the New Jewel Movement in Grenada. He was an early member of the military wing of the party and received military training in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago along with eleven other Grenadians, sometimes referred to as "the twelve apostles". Austin was unique in this group as he also received training in the Soviet Union. He participated in the 1979 revolution which established the People's Revolutionary Government with Maurice Bishop at its head. After the revolution, Austin was in charge of the military forces of Grenada.

### 1983 coup d'état

In October 1983, factional political issues intensified within the government, most notably Bishop's alleged favoring of rapprochement clashing with Austin's wish for affiliation with the Soviet Union. These conflicts led deputy prime minister Bernard Coard to place Maurice Bishop under house arrest and to take control of the government. Austin supported the action. Conflicts between Austin and Bishop were established early on in the 1979 coup with Austin's wanting to eliminate as many members of the opposition as possible conflicting with Bishop's wish for a bloodless coup. Popular demonstrations afterwards broke out against the detention of Bishop. In the course of one demonstration, Bishop was freed from house arrest. Bishop was eventually executed by army soldiers. Throughout the conflict, Yuri Andropov continued to provide arms to Grenada and did nothing to aid Bishop throughout this ordeal. It has been suggested that Austin and Coard were at least passively supported by the Soviet Union in their ousting of Bishop.

### As Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council

After the execution of Bishop, Austin disbanded the existing government and formed a military council with himself as chairman that would rule "until normality is restored." He made a radio announcement in which he claimed Bishop had led a mob to seize Fort Rupert, headquarters of the armed forces, with the intention of eliminating the NJM leadership and the army. As a result, Austin said, "the Revolutionary Armed Forces were forced to storm the fort, and in the process, the following persons were killed: Maurice Bishop, Unison Whiteman, Keith Hayling, Vincent Noel, Jacqueline Creft, Norris Bain and Fitzroy Bain among others." He then announced a four-day total curfew, warning the people, "No one is to leave their house. Anyone violating this curfew will be shot on sight."

### Invasion of Grenada

The military government lasted for six days, until the United States invaded Grenada on 25 October 1983. Austin was arrested, along with all of those in the government and army who were alleged to have either participated in the decision to kill Bishop or were in the army chain of command that carried out the orders. He was sentenced to death along with Coard and the other coup leaders in 1986, but in 1991 their sentences were commuted to life in prison.

### After 1991

In mitigation pleas made in 2007, while he sought to be released from prison he made no attempt to deny his responsibility for what happened in 1983. In the plea it was said that he "understand(s) the need to satisfy action for loss and suffering and the trauma of the Grenadian people."

Austin was released from prison on 18 December 2008, together with Colville McBarnett and John Ventour. Austin died in 2022.

## InfoBox

| Hudson Austin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of Grenada | |
| **In office**
19 October 1983  25 October 1983 | |
| Preceded by | Bernard Coard (as Prime Minister) |
| Succeeded by | Nicholas Brathwaite (as Chairman of the Interim Advisory Council) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1938-04-26)26 April 1938
British Windward Islands |
| Died | 24 September 2022(2022-09-24) (aged 84)
St. Georges, Grenada |
| Nationality | Grenadian |
| Political party | New Jewel Movement |
|  | |


title: Trościanka

abstract: Trościanka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojsławice, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Wojsławice, 29 km (18 mi) south of Chełm, and 77 km (48 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Trościanka

**Trościanka** \[trɔɕˈt͡ɕaŋka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojsławice, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Wojsławice, 29 km (18 mi) south of Chełm, and 77 km (48 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Trościanka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Trościanka | |
| Coordinates: 50°53′34″N 23°30′12″E / 50.89278°N 23.50333°E / 50.89278; 23.50333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Chełm |
| Gmina | Wojsławice |


title: Peter Donaldson (newsreader)

abstract: Peter Ian Donaldson was an English newsreader on BBC Radio 4.

text:
# Peter Donaldson (newsreader)

**Peter Ian Donaldson** (23 August 1945  2 November 2015) was an English newsreader on BBC Radio 4.

## Early life

Donaldson was born in Cairo, Egypt, and moved to Cyprus in 1952 at the time of the overthrow of King Farouk. He was a frequent listener to the BBC World Service and the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS).

On his return to Britain, Donaldson was educated at Woolverstone Hall School, a state boarding school in Suffolk, from the age of 14. He left after taking O-levels at 16 and joined Sadler's Wells London in a backstage role. After working with the New Shakespeare Company at the Open Air Theatre in Regent's Park London, and appearing on stage at the Aldwych Theatre London with the Royal Shakespeare Company, he went to Sri Lanka to work on a film.

In 1968 his father, who was still living in Cyprus, heard about an on-air vacancy for announcers with BFBS and Donaldson applied. He passed the audition and subsequently worked in Cyprus, Aden, Libya and Malta.

## BBC Radio career

He joined BBC Radio 2 in 1970 as a presenter and newsreader but switched to Radio 4 in 1973. However, in the autumn of 1974 he joined the presentation team of Radio Hallam, the commercial independent local radio station located in Sheffield and serving South Yorkshire and the North Midlands, before it began broadcasting on 1 October that year. He returned to the BBC after about a month and was promoted to Chief Announcer in 1988.

He gave up the post of Chief Announcer and Head of Continuity in 2003 and retired in July 2005. He returned to the station, however, on 28 August 2005, on a freelance basis. He invariably read the news on Radio 4 over the Christmas period, often working long shifts.

Over the years he was involved in many disagreements with management. When the then Director-General Greg Dyke announced a plan to "cut the crap" from the BBC and sent plentiful publicity material to all members of staff, Donaldson threw his in the bin before writing to Dyke informing him that he had "..taken your \[Dyke's\] advice - and cut the crap". One morning in the 1970s he criticised the short-lived Radio 4 programme *Up to the Hour* on air, naming himself "Donald Peterson" and was very nearly sacked for doing so.

Donaldson stressed, in interviews, the importance in his view of "understanding and being interested in the material in front of you in order to involve the listener". He commented that there were some newsreaders (unspecified; but not within Radio 4) who "clearly have no understanding of what they are reading" and that thereby the quality of the broadcast suffered. Donaldson had a distinctive form of Received Pronunciation "BBC accent" - one of the few left on British radio in the 21st century - and his delivery incorporated idiosyncratic pauses in the middle of sentences. In the 1980s his voice was used on the pre-recorded warning that a nuclear attack had been launched on the British Isles during the Cold War, which would have been transmitted on television and radio from a studio in Broadcasting House in such an eventuality.

In 2000 he played the resentful and sarcastic butler Theremin, homicidal manservant to the celebrated occult investigator Lord Zimbabwe, in the BBC Radio 4 comedy *Ectoplasm*, and he also featured in a series of short Radio 4 programmes on the end of World War II reading news reports of the time. He appeared to remain at loggerheads with BBC management, and in 2006 it was reported that he would no longer read the news on *Today*, in opposition to the changes made by management to start that shift earlier and include an extra *News Briefing* programme. He retired on 31 December 2012, his last broadcast being the midnight news on New Year's Eve.

## Retirement and death

In retirement Donaldson lived in Pulborough, West Sussex, where his interests included gardening, current affairs, drama, walking, swimming and patronage of the White Horse (Pulborough) and Rising Sun (Nutbourne) pubs. Donaldson died on 2 November 2015, aged 70.

Donaldson is survived by his wife Aileen, whom he married in 1973, and their daughter, Emma, sons, Jamie and Bin, and grandson, Jack.

On his death BBC newsreader Corrie Corfield wrote: "He was a huge part of my life for over 27 years - a good friend, a superb broadcaster, a mentor, an ally, a rock, and the best boss I've ever had." Presenter of *BBC News at Ten* Huw Edwards tweeted: "Peter Donaldson. Wonderful friend and generous colleague. We will miss him." Fellow BBC Radio 4 broadcaster Libby Purves said he had been an "icon" among staff for leading a revolt against BBC management in the 1970s. BBC Director-General Tony Hall described Donaldson as "the quintessential voice of the BBC".

## InfoBox

| Peter Donaldson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1945-08-23)23 August 1945<br>Cairo, Egypt |
| Died | 2 November 2015(2015-11-02) (aged 70) |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, Presenter, Newsreader |
| Notable credit(s) | BBC Radio 2, Radio Hallam, BBC Radio 4 |
| Spouse | Aileen Crerar (m. 1973) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Nicolas Gistou

abstract: Nicolas Gistou sometimes Nicolas Gistow or Nicolò Gistou was a Flemish counter-tenor musician and composer at the Danish court of Christian IV. He was born in Brussels and died in Copenhagen, aged about 50.

text:
# Nicolas Gistou

**Nicolas Gistou** sometimes **Nicolas Gistow** or **Nicolò Gistou** (d. 19 July 1609) was a Flemish counter-tenor musician and composer at the Danish court of Christian IV. He was born in Brussels and died in Copenhagen, aged about 50.

## Works, editions and recordings

* Giardino novo belissimo, secondo libro, 1606
* Quel Augellin che canta (prima parte) / Ma ben arde nel core (seconda parte) - from Giardino novo belissimo, secondo libro, 1606. Consort of Musicke


title: Northern Ontario Natural Gas

abstract: Northern Ontario Natural Gas was a natural gas company in Canada in the 1950s and 1960s, which was involved in a stock trading scandal that implicated Supreme Court of Ontario judge Leo Landreville, three Central Ontario mayors, and three members of Premier Leslie Frost's cabinet. Through a series of reorganizations the company was eventually almagamated into Union Gas and then Enbridge.

text:
# Northern Ontario Natural Gas

**Northern Ontario Natural Gas** was a natural gas company in Canada in the 1950s and 1960s, which was involved in a stock trading scandal that implicated Supreme Court of Ontario judge Leo Landreville, three Central Ontario mayors, and three members of Premier Leslie Frost's cabinet.

Through a series of reorganizations the company was eventually almagamated into Union Gas and then Enbridge.

## TransCanada pipeline and scandal

Headed by Ralph K. Farris and Gordon Kelly McLean, the company sought the contract for the Northern Ontario leg of the TransCanada pipeline, and tried to secure franchise supply contracts to the region's major cities. In particular, winning a contract to supply Inco's operations in Sudbury was considered a crucial component of the company's business strategy, as Inco was at the time the world's largest consumer of natural gas.

The company offered Landreville, then Sudbury's mayor, an option on 10,000 shares of company stock at $2.50 a share before the city approved NONG's franchise contract. After the deal was approved and NONG's stock rose to $13, Farris purchased 10,000 shares at the $2.50 price, sold 2,500 shares at the new price to reimburse the company, and gave the remaining 7,500 shares to Landreville at no cost to him. Landreville later sold the stock for $117,000 in profit.

The scandal was pursued in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario by Cooperative Commonwealth Federation leader Donald C. MacDonald, leading to the resignations of Philip Kelly, William Griesinger and Clare Mapledoram from Frost's cabinet after their own involvement in the scandal was also revealed.

Although Landreville was acquitted on charges of influence peddling resulting from his involvement in the scandal, he was subsequently induced to resign from the Supreme Court of Ontario bench on the grounds that his conduct had fallen beneath the standards of probity expected of a judge.

* *Bad Judgment: The Case of Justice Leo A. Landreville*, William Kaplan, 1996.
* *The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs*, Donald C. Macdonald.


title: La Crosse, Georgia

abstract: La Crosse is an unincorporated community in Schley County, Georgia, United States.

text:
# La Crosse, Georgia

**La Crosse** (also **La Cross**, **Lacross**) is an unincorporated community in Schley County, Georgia, United States.

## InfoBox

| La Crosse, Georgia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| La Crosse, Georgia | |
| Coordinates: 32°11′13″N 84°14′25″W / 32.18694°N 84.24028°W / 32.18694; -84.24028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | Schley |
| Elevation | 522 ft (159 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 229 |
| GNIS feature ID | 326357 |


title: Treaty of Capdepera

abstract: The Treaty of Capdepera was an agreement signed between King James I of Aragon and Abu'Abd Allah Muhammad, the Muslim qadi on the island of Menorca, on June 17, 1231, in the current Majorcan town of Capdepera. The treaty was signed at the Castle of Capdepera, in what was known as the "Torre den Nunis". The treaty permitted the island of Menorca to remain under Muslim rule, while remaining subject to the Aragonese king by means of the payment of a tribute. Having conquered Majorca, James I decided against an invasion of the neighbouring island because he needed the forces for the conquest of Valencia. Thus he resorted to a stratagem of dissuasion. He ordered huge bonfires, which could be seen from Menorca, to be lit in the town so that the Muslims who lived there would think that there was a great army ready to invade. The committee in charge of going to Menorca to parley was formed by the Master of the Knights Templar, Fray Ramón de Serra, the knight Bernardo de Santa Eugenia, and Pero Masa, lord of Sangarrén.

text:
# Treaty of Capdepera

The **Treaty of Capdepera** was an agreement signed between King James I of Aragon and Abu'Abd Allah Muhammad, the Muslim qadi on the island of Menorca, on June 17, 1231, in the current Majorcan town of Capdepera. The treaty was signed at the Castle of Capdepera, in what was known as the "Torre den Nunis". The treaty permitted the island of Menorca to remain under Muslim rule, while remaining subject to the Aragonese king by means of the payment of a tribute.

Having conquered Majorca, James I decided against an invasion of the neighbouring island because he needed the forces for the conquest of Valencia. Thus he resorted to a stratagem of dissuasion. He ordered huge bonfires, which could be seen from Menorca, to be lit in the town so that the Muslims who lived there would think that there was a great army ready to invade. The committee in charge of going to Menorca to parley was formed by the Master of the Knights Templar, Fray Ramón de Serra, the knight Bernardo de Santa Eugenia, and Pero Masa, lord of Sangarrén.


abstract:
King George III's Royal Proclamation For the Encouragement of Piety and Virtue, and for the Preventing and Punishing of Vice, Profaneness and Immorality exhorted the British public against sexually explicit material. It called for the suppression of all "loose and licentious Prints, Books, and Publications, dispersing Poison to the minds of the Young and Unwary and to Punish the Publishers and Vendors thereof". Groups which promoted it included the Proclamation Society, which became The Society for the Suppression of Vice which was instituted in 1802 to "check the spread of open vice and immorality, and more especially to preserve the minds of the young from contamination by exposure to the corrupting influence of impure and licentious books, prints, and other publications". This had little effect, because they had no power to destroy the material. It was issued on 1 June 1787 – after William Wilberforce and Bishop Porteous agreed to solicit "a Royal Proclamation such as earlier sovereigns had used in times of moral crisis". However, according to one source, it was first "made a legal document" during the reign of Queen Anne; it was "Given at our court at St. James" on 25 February 1702 by Queen Anne in the first year of her reign – and secretary Lord Bolingbroke was "the instrument of introducing it into the House of Commons". This version issued by King George III was to be read four times a year in churches, and was still being published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in c. 1818. An editorialist writing in 1820 commented that:
This proclamation is now considered, both by its deliverer and receiver, as a mere usual and commonplace document. Those who have been present at the opening of an assize, must have perceived that the clerk of the court yawns over it two or three times whilst reading it; and it ever puts the priests to the blush, when they find it necessary to read it.

text:
# Proclamation For the Encouragement of Piety and Virtue

King George III's Royal Proclamation **For the Encouragement of Piety and Virtue, and for the Preventing and Punishing of Vice, Profaneness and Immorality** exhorted the British public against sexually explicit material. It called for the suppression of all "loose and licentious Prints, Books, and Publications, dispersing Poison to the minds of the Young and Unwary and to Punish the Publishers and Vendors thereof". Groups which promoted it included the Proclamation Society, which became The Society for the Suppression of Vice which was instituted in 1802 to "check the spread of open vice and immorality, and more especially to preserve the minds of the young from contamination by exposure to the corrupting influence of impure and licentious books, prints, and other publications". This had little effect, because they had no power to destroy the material.

It was issued on 1 June 1787 – after William Wilberforce and Bishop Porteous agreed to solicit (in the words of one source) "a Royal Proclamation such as earlier sovereigns had used in times of moral crisis".

However, according to one source, it was first "made a legal document" during the reign of Queen Anne; it was "Given at our court at St. James" on 25 February 1702 (N.S. 1703) by Queen Anne in the first year of her reign  and secretary Lord Bolingbroke was "the instrument of introducing it into the House of Commons". This version issued by King George III was to be read four times a year in churches, and was still being published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in c. 1818.

An editorialist writing in 1820 commented that:

> This proclamation is now considered, both by its deliverer and receiver, as a mere usual and commonplace document. Those who have been present at the opening of an assize, must have perceived that the clerk of the court yawns over it two or three times whilst reading it; and it ever puts the priests to the blush, when they find it necessary to read it.

## Overruled

The next law on sexually explicit material, the Obscene Publications Act (introduced in September 1857 by Lord Campbell, the Lord Chief Justice) replaced this proclamation.

## Further reading

* Public Record Office, Ireland State (1891). *Report of the deputy keeper of the public records and keeper of the state ...* Retrieved 17 September 2012.
* Follett, Richard R. (2001). *Evangelicalism, Penal Theory and the Politics of Criminal Law Reform in England*. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-80388-2. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
* Smith, George Barnett (1892). *History of the English Parliament Together with an Account of The ...* Retrieved 17 September 2012.
* McCalman, Iain (2001). *An Oxford Companion to The Romantic Age: British Culture 1776–1832*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924543-7. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
* Stetson, Chuck (2008). *Creating the Better Hour: Lessons from William Wilberforce*. Stroud & Hall Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9796462-1-8. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
* Ditchfield, G. M. (2003). *George III: An Essay in Monarchy*. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-91962-0. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
* Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown (1816). *A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783, with Notes and Other Illustrations, Volume XV*. London. pp. 361–363. Retrieved 4 July 2014.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


title: Murimuria

abstract: In pre-Christian Fijian mythology, Murimuria is part of the underworld. According to Fijian religion, after a man dies, his soul is brought over a stretch of water by a ferryman, and has to face many dangers on the other side by going through the Path of the Souls. For unmarried men, there seems to be no chance of surviving this path, because even if they escape the Great Woman, they would be killed by the monster Nangganangga, since no one ever got away from it, while married men could survive, if they withstand the Pandanus tree and the armed giant Killer of Souls. The survivors are judged by the god called Degei. Those who had the favor of Degei are instructed not to try to cross the lake. These go to Burotu. The rest inevitably try cross the lake by a boat that always capsizes. They eventually sink to the bottom, Murimuria, and are rewarded and punished appropriately. Murimuria is considered a place neither of happiness, nor of unhappiness. As such, residence in Murimuria is characterized by both punishment and peace. Some of the souls in Murimuria are punished for sins committed while alive. However, these sins do not necessarily correspond to Christian notions of sin. Those who did not kill an enemy in life are forced to pound muck with clubs, which is regarded as the most degrading punishment. Those who did not have their ears pierced are forced to carry upon their shoulders for ever logs of wood upon which tapa cloth is beaten out, jeered by all who see them. Women who were not tattooed are chased by ghosts who use sharp shells to tear at their skin or turn them into bread. Anyone who has done an act which displeases the gods are laid in rows on their faces and turned into taro beds.

text:
# Murimuria

In pre-Christian Fijian mythology, **Murimuria** is part of the underworld. According to Fijian religion, after a man dies, his soul is brought over a stretch of water by a ferryman, and has to face many dangers on the other side by going through the Path of the Souls (Sala Ni Yalo). For unmarried men, there seems to be no chance of surviving this path, because even if they escape the Great Woman, they would be killed by the monster Nangganangga, since no one ever got away from it, while married men could survive, if they withstand the Pandanus tree and the armed giant Killer of Souls. The survivors are judged by the god called Degei. Those who had the favor of Degei (chiefs with great wealth and many wives, who were destroyers of many towns, killers of many enemies and rulers over a powerful people) are instructed not to try to cross the lake. These go to Burotu. The rest inevitably try cross the lake by a boat that always capsizes. They eventually sink to the bottom, Murimuria, and are rewarded and punished appropriately.

Murimuria is considered a place neither of happiness, nor of unhappiness. As such, residence in Murimuria is characterized by both punishment and peace. Some of the souls in Murimuria are punished for sins committed while alive. However, these sins do not necessarily correspond to Christian notions of sin. Those who did not kill an enemy in life are forced to pound muck with clubs, which is regarded as the most degrading punishment. Those who did not have their ears pierced are forced to carry upon their shoulders for ever logs of wood upon which tapa cloth is beaten out, jeered by all who see them. Women who were not tattooed are chased by ghosts who use sharp shells to tear at their skin or turn them into bread. Anyone who has done an act which displeases the gods are laid in rows on their faces and turned into taro beds.


title: Hudson Armory

abstract: The Hudson Armory is a former Massachusetts Army National Guard armory and training center located at 35 Washington Street in Hudson, Massachusetts, United States. It is a castle-like, two-story brick masonry building built in 1910 at the intersection of Park Street and Washington Street in Hudson along the Assabet River. It was originally constructed for the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. It was designed by architects James E. McLaughlin and James Mulcahy. As of June 2021, there are plans to convert the currently vacant armory into a community arts center.

text:
# Hudson Armory

The **Hudson Armory** is a former Massachusetts Army National Guard armory and training center located at 35 Washington Street in Hudson, Massachusetts, United States. It is a castle-like, two-story brick masonry building built in 1910 at the intersection of Park Street and Washington Street in Hudson along the Assabet River. It was originally constructed for the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. It was designed by architects James E. McLaughlin and James Mulcahy. As of June 2021, there are plans to convert the currently vacant armory into a community arts center.

## History

In 1887 Hudson resident Colonel Adelbert Mossman, an American Civil War Union veteran, formed the town's first unit of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia (MVM): Company L, 5th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Brigade of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia—also known as the **Hudson Light Brigade**. Mossman served as the 41-person unit's first commanding officer. In 1888 Hudson's Company L drilled in an old skating rink. In 1899 they conducted drills in the second floor auditorium of Hudson Town Hall. In 1907 the entire MVM was reorganized into the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Soon after this reorganization it became clear to Brigadier General William H. Brigham—an MVM adjutant general and Hudson resident—that the unit needed its own space, and he advocated for the armory's construction.

The Hudson Armory was built in 1910 for $50,000 on the site of the former **Marshall Wood House** or **Marshall Wood Estate**, a two-story wood-framed house. It was dedicated on 31 December 1910. Architects James E. McLaughlin and James Mulcahy of Boston designed the armory for the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. Around the same time, McLaughlin and Mulcahy also designed armories in the nearby towns of Hingham, Natick, and Newton. McLaughlin later designed Fenway Park, the Commonwealth Armory, and the Benedict Fenwick School in Boston, among many other projects.

When originally constructed the Hudson Armory included a two-lane bowling alley in the basement, showers, an 80-foot-long (24 m) indoor rifle shooting range, a mess hall capable of seating 300 people, and a bar for non-commissioned officers (NCOs). The initial design called for recreational areas on the Assabet River behind the armory, including a boat launch, although these were not built.

At some time prior to 2019, the armory was inactivated as a military facility, acquired by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and used for police and firefighter training. In March 2019 the armory's future was unclear, except that the Commonwealth planned to pull out of the facility on 30 June 2019, and the Town of Hudson was considering purchasing the property. A nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization called Hudson Cultural Alliance, Inc., was founded in 2019 to spearhead the armory's redevelopment into a community arts center. In 2020 Hudson's Board of Selectmen and Town Meeting each voted to approve the project, but did not appropriate funds to finance renovation. In June 2021 the Massachusetts Senate passed an amendment to their fiscal year 2022 budget adding $230,000 to help the Town of Hudson and Hudson Cultural Alliance purchase the building.

In August 2022 the Hudson Cultural Alliance, a 100% volunteer run organization, completed the transaction with the town of Hudson to acquire the property and immediately lease it to the Hudson Cultural Alliance (HCA). The HCA then began raising the necessary funds (approx $2M) to complete basic safety renovations with several phases of fundraising and improvements planned to turn the facility into the largest independent, volunteer-run, Cultural and Performing Arts Center in MetroWest.

### Units based at the Hudson Armory

National Guard units stationed at the Hudson Armory have fought and served during the 1916 Pancho Villa Expedition, World War I, World War II, and the Iraq War. They were also part of the National Guard contingents sent to break the 1912 Lawrence textile strike and prevent looting in the aftermath of the 1953 Worcester tornado. Prior to the construction of the armory, the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia unit stationed in Hudson guarded property damaged in the Great Boston Fire of 1872 and served in the 1898 Spanish–American War.

## Architecture

The castle-like, two-story brick masonry building features a crenellated parapet, narrow rectangular windows which imitate loopholes, and two octagonal towers on the building's front façade along Washington Street. The window sills and caps on top of the crenellations are made of granite. The brickwork is highly detailed, with many corbels and arches.

* Halprin, Lewis; The Hudson Historical Society (2001) \[First published 1999\]. *Images of America: Hudson*. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0073-9.
* Verdone, William L.; Halprin, Lewis (2005). *Images of America: Hudson's National Guard Militia*. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-4456-6.

42°23′23.5″N 71°34′16.5″W / 42.389861°N 71.571250°W / 42.389861; -71.571250


title: George Brant

abstract: George Brant is an American playwright. Born in Park Ridge, Illinois, he is the author of several award-winning plays, most notably Grounded.

text:
# George Brant

**George Brant** is an American playwright. Born in Park Ridge, Illinois, he is the author of several award-winning plays, most notably *Grounded*.

## Career

Brant completed his undergraduate studies at Northwestern University and received his Masters in Fine Arts in Writing from the Michener Center for Writers at the University of Texas at Austin. He is a member of the Dramatists Guild of America.

His most successful play to date is *Grounded*, which played at London's Gate Theatre and went on to be directed by Julie Taymor in an off-Broadway production at The Public Theater, which starred Anne Hathaway. *Grounded* won the National New Play Network's 2012 Smith Prize and a Fringe First award at the 2013 Edinburgh Fringe Festival.

In October of 2023, an operatic adaptation of *Grounded* opened at the Kennedy Center in Washington DC. The Kennedy Center's publicity summarizes the opera as "Jess is a hot shot F-16 fighter pilot, an elite warrior trained for the sky. When an unexpected pregnancy grounds her, she’s reassigned to the “chair force” to control drones in Afghanistan from the comfort of a trailer in Las Vegas. Mezzo-soprano Emily D'Angelo stars as a pilot and mother shaken into a downward spiral as her separation between career and home crumbles. What price is inflicted upon the operator of a lone drone in a blue sky?" The libretto is based on Brant's stage play with music by Jeanine Tesori.

*Into the Breeches*, Brant's 2018 play, is based on the true story of a playhouse in Cleveland that continued performing during World War Two by having female actors play all the male roles. In reviewing North Coast Rep's 2022 production, the San Diego Union-Tribune wrote "*Into the Breeches* may be about the can-do spirit of some aspiring thespians 80 years ago, but it’s really a love letter to the boundary-breaking magic of theater and the universality of Shakespeare’s writing."

## Plays

* *Into the Breeches!* (2018)
* *Dark Room* (2018)
* *Salvage* (2017)
* *Marie and Rosetta* (2016)
* *Good on Paper* (2015)
* *Grounded* (2012). Translated into Spanish as *En tierra*.
* *The Mourners' Bench* (2012)
* *Three Voyages of the Lobotomobile (*2012)
* *Grizzly Mama* (2011)
* *Any Other Name* (2009)
* *Elephant's Graveyard* (2007)

1. Napoleon, Davi (2013-09-01). "Darkness Meets Light in George Brant's Plays". *American Theatre*. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
2. "Made in Cleveland: Playwright George Brant joins Anne Hathaway and lauded director Julie Taymor for a high-flying off-Broadway 'Grounded'". 26 April 2015. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
3. "George Brant". *Playwrights' Center*. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
4. Lee, Felicia R. (2014-01-23). "George Brant's Play 'Grounded' Brings Him to New York". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
5. Soloski, Alexis (27 April 2015). "Grounded review – Anne Hathaway goes full throttle in one-woman show". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
6. "Grounded | Kennedy Center". *The Kennedy Center*. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
7. Salazar, Francisco (2023-03-12). "Emily d'Angelo, Isabel Leonard & Justin Austin Lead Washington National Opera's 2023-24 Season". *OperaWire*. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
8. "Review: North Coast Rep's 'Into the Breeches' a love letter to theater and Shakespeare". *San Diego Union-Tribune*. 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
9. "En Tierra (Grounded)". 20 July 2018.


title: Walter Stack

abstract: Walter Stack was an Australian cricketer. He played seven first-class matches for New South Wales between 1909/10 and 1912/13.

text:
# Walter Stack

**Walter Stack** (31 October 1884  26 March 1972) was an Australian cricketer. He played seven first-class matches for New South Wales between 1909/10 and 1912/13.

## InfoBox

Walter Stack
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1884-10-31)31 October 1884
Croydon, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 26 March 1972(1972-03-26) (aged 87)
Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 2 February 2017 | |