title: Fabio Siciliani

abstract:
Fabio Siciliani is a Muay thai kickboxer.
Six Times Professional World Champion Muay Thai, International Champion WAKO, One Songchai Champion, Italian Champion.
Muay Thai Khru.
Head Coach Italian Team.

text:
# Fabio Siciliani

**Fabio Siciliani** is a Muay thai kickboxer. Six Times Professional World Champion Muay Thai (WAKO, ISKA, WKU, WMF PRO, WMF World Championship, ONE SONGCHAI), International Champion WAKO, One Songchai Champion, Italian Champion. Muay Thai Khru. Head Coach Italian Team.

## Titles

* **Professional:**
    + 2016 World Champion WKU PRO 75 kg
    + 2014 Oktagon Champion
    + 2014 World Champion WMF PRO 75 kg
    + 2014 Thai Boxe Mania Champion
    + 2013 World Champion Muay thai ISKA
    + 2012 Oktagon Champion
    + 2011 OneSongchai World Champion tournament
    + 2011 OneSongchai Champion
    + 2010 OneSongchai Muay Thai Italian Tournament Champion
    + 2009 World Champion Muay Thai Wako-Pro 71,8 kg
    + 2006 Intercontinental Champion Muay Thai Wako-Pro 71,8 kg
* **Amateur:**
    + 2014 Gold Medal World Muay Thai Championship, Pattaya Thailand
    + 2009 Silver Medal World Muay Thai Championships, Bangkok Thailand
    + 2008 Italian Champion
    + 2005 Bronze Medal World Muay Thai Championships, Bangkok Thailand
    + 2004 Silver Medal European Championship, Praga EMC-WMF
    + 2002 Italian Champion

## Muay Thai record

Kickboxing record
| **78 fights**, **59 Wins (26 (T)KO's)**, **15 Losses**, **4 Draws** | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date | Result | Opponent | Event | Location | Method | Round | Time |
| 30.04.2016 | Win | Jaouad El Byari | Fight Clubbing 20 | Kindergarten Bologna, Italy | KO | 1 |  |
| 11.04.2015 | Loss | Karim Ghajji | Oktagon 2015: 20 Years Edition | Milan, Italy | Decision (unanimous) | 3 |  |
| 21.03.2015 | Win | Nordyne Said | La nuit du muay thai | Elouges, Belgio | Per decisione | 5 |  |
| 27.07.2014 | Win | Dan Balsemao | WMF PRO - Evolution Fight | Rosolini, Italy | KOT | 2 |  |
| 05.04.2014 | Win | Prakaysaeng Gaiyanghadao | Oktagon 2014 | Milano, Italy | Per decisione | 3 |  |
| 20.03.2014 | Win | Fabio Teixeira | Final WMF World muay thai Championship | Pattaya, Thailand | Per decisione | 3 |  |
| 18.03.2014 | Win | Bernardo Braga | Semi-final WMF World muay thai Championship | Pattaya, Thailand | Per decisione | 3 |  |
| 16.03.2014 | Win | Wong Holan Hon Glina | WMF World muay thai Championship | Pattaya, Thailand | KO | 1 |  |
| 15.03.2014 | Win | Atanan Bojinov | WMF World muay thai Championship | Pattaya, Thailand | Per decisione | 3 |  |
| 25.01.2014 | Win | Orgest Farruku | Thai Boxe Mania | Torino, Italy | KO | 1 |  |
| 31.08.2013 | Win | Mohamed Houmer | Evolution Fight | Rosolini, Italy | Per decisione | 5 |  |
| 31.05.2013 | Win | Almeyda Dino | Fight Clubbing 10 | Kindergarten Bologna, Italy | KO | 1 |  |
| 02.02.2013 | Draw | Nonsai Sor.Sanyakorn | Muay Thai Challenger | Lecce, Italy | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 07.01.2013 | Loss | Faizal Ramli | I-1 World Muay Thai Championship | Hong Kong, Cina | Per decisione | 3 |  |
| 08.12.2012 | Loss | Aydin Tuncay | International Fight Show 2012 | Loano, Italy | KOT | 2 |  |
| 08.12.2012 | Win | Johane Beausejour | International Fight Show 2012 | Loano, Italy | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 29.09.2012 | Draw | Giuseppe D'Amuri | La Notte dei Gladiatori 2 | Lecce, Italy | Per decisione | 3 |  |
| 27.04.2012 | Win | Kevin Haas | Fight Clubbing 2, Kindergarten | Kindergarten Bologna, Italy | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 24.03.2012 | Win | Marco Re | Oktagon 2012 | Milano, Italy | KOT | 1 |  |
| 04.02.2012 | Draw | Sharos Huyer | Thai Boxe Mania 2012 | Totino, Italy | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 04.01.2012 | Win | Saidou Diaby | Gran Gala Muay Thai | Lecce, Italy | KO | 1 |  |
| 04.06.2011 | Win | Moses Tor Sangtiennoi | OneSongchai World Champion Tournament | Tivoli, Italy | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 04.06.2011 | Win | Rosario Presti | OneSongchai World Champion Tournament | Tivoli, Italy | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 27.05.2011 | Loss | Kevin Haas | La Nuit des Titans | Parigi, France\] | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 11.04.2011 | Win | Alex Galavotti | Italian Extreme 9 | Modena, Italy | Per Decisione | 5 |  |
| 12.02.2011 | Win | Kwan Rahannok | Titolo Onesongchai | Lecce, Italy | Per Decisione | 5 |  |
| 05.12.2010 | Win | Chongangdei P. Sripat | King's Cup | Bangkok, Thailand\] | Per Decisione | 5 |  |
| 12.08.2010 | Loss | Yaa | Queen's Cup | Bangkok, Thailand | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 01.05.2010 | Loss | Cédric Muller | La Grande Sfida su 4 Angoli | Rimini, Italy | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 27.02.2010 | Win | Lorenzo Capunata | Italian Extreme 8, Onesongchai Italian Tournament | Modena, Italy | KO | 3 |  |
| 27.02.2010 | Win | Fernando Calzetta | Italian Extreme 8, Onesongchai Italian Tournament | Modena, Italy | KO | 2 |  |
| 05.12.2009 | Win | Satanveha Luktapfa | Onesongchai Promotion | Bangkok, Thailand | Per Decisione | 5 |  |
| 05.12.2009 | Loss | No name | King's Cup | Bangkok, Thailand | Per Decisione | 5 |  |
| 12.07.2009 | Loss | Farid Villaume | Wako-Pro World Title | Marrakech, Marocco | KO | 2 |  |
| 11.04.2009 | Win | Ante Lucic | Wako-Pro World Title | Lecce, Italy | KO | 1 |  |
| 17–21.03.2009 | Loss |  | World Championship WMF | Bangkok, Thailand | Decision | 4 |  |
| 17–21.03.2009 | Win |  | World Championship WMF | Bangkok, Thailand | KO | 2 |  |
| 17–21.03.2009 | Win |  | World Championship WMF | Bangkok, Thailand | KO | 1 |  |
| 06.07.2008 | Draw | Abdallah Mabel | The Warrior's Fighting 9 | Montecatini Terme, Italy | Per Decisione | 5 |  |
| 21.01.2008 | Win | Fabio Fanti | Italian Championship | Napoli, Italy | Per Decisione | 3 |  |
| 09.12.2007 | Loss | Dmitry Valent | Wako-Pro World Title | Lecce, Italy | KO | 4 |  |
| 25.11.2007 | Win | Pendar |  | Santeramo in Colle, Italy | KO | 2 |  |
| 05.05.2007 | Win | Boudrir |  | Bologna, Italy | KO | 1 |  |
| 05.04.2007 | Loss | Armen Petrosyan | Trieste Fight Night | Trieste, Italy | KOT | 4 |  |
| 27.11.2006 | Win | Arnaldo Silva | Gladiatori 5 | Bologna, Italy | KO | 5 |  |
| 30.07.2006 | Win | Diego Ballardin |  | Jesolo, Italy | Per Decisione | 5 |  |
| 20.05.2006 | Win | Luca Caputo |  | Bologna, Italy | Per Decisione | 5 |  |
| 27.11.2005 | Win | Marco Santi | Gladiatori 4 | Bologna, Italy | Per Decisione | 5 |  |
| ***Legend***:   Win    Loss    Draw/No contest | | | | | | | | |

1. "Muay Thai Wako-Pro: Fabio Siciliani campione del mondo". *CityNews*. April 14, 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
2. Full Results From “Oktagon: Petrosyan vs. Kehl” - LIVE - on FightBox HD 11.04.2015

## InfoBox

| Fabio Siciliani | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1981-06-18) June 18, 1981<br>Bari, Italy |
| Nationality | Italy |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11+12 in) |
| Weight | 75 kg (165 lb; 11.8 st) |
| Division | Middleweight |
| Style | Muay Thai |
| Fighting out of | Lecce \- ACSD Oltrecorpo, Italy |
| Team | Acsd Oltrecorpo - Team Siciliani |
|  | |
| Kickboxing record | |
| **Total** | 78 |
| **Wins** | 59 |
| By knockout | 26 |
| **Losses** | 15 |
| **Draws** | 4 |
|  | |


title: Fabio Sonzogni

abstract: Fabio Sonzogni is a director and Italian actor.

text:
# Fabio Sonzogni

**Fabio Sonzogni** (1963 in Bergamo, Italy) is a director and Italian actor.

## Life and career

He has worked as an actor for fifteen years with directors: Luca Ronconi, Dario Fo, Gabriele Lavia, Mario Martone, Antonio Syxty, Antonio Latella. Since 2000 he has been working as a director. On February 21, 2014 in Florence, Teatro Cantiere Florida, he is performing and directing *Sunset Limited*, by Cormac McCarthy. In July 2014 he is taking part to the Festival of Gibellina-Orestiadi, with his new play *Come pietra paziente*, acting Nabhia Akkari.In November 2014, he will perform Cormac McCarthy's The Road. He is now working on his next short film, Reborn Baby, as well as the play The Face of Maria, a monologue for voice and body of a woman situated in London. In July he will be the artistic manager of the Siloe Film Festival, in Tuscany.

His short film *Concrete Leaves*, inspired by one of Mc Ewan’s short story, has participated in 35 international festivals and winning 7 of them, such as: *Rotterdam Film Fest, Dresda Film Festival, Cork Film Festival, Genova Film Festival, Cinecittà Roma Festival* and inviting to international reviews in New York, London, Paris, Madrid and Dresda .

## Theatre productions

## InfoBox

| Fabio Sonzogni | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Fabio Sonzogni
1963
Bergamo, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation(s) | Director, Actor |
| Years active | 2000 - present |


title: The Fall Guy (1921 film)

abstract: The Fall Guy is a 1921 American silent comedy film featuring Larry Semon and Oliver Hardy.

text:
# The Fall Guy (1921 film)

***The Fall Guy*** is a 1921 American silent comedy film featuring Larry Semon and Oliver Hardy.

## Plot

From a November 1921 newspaper ad for the film: "A funny film of life as it might be. A fantasy of cowboys who saddle automobiles and bad men who get wild on ice cream cones. This is the first \[Larry\] Semon comedy we have been able to get for over two months and can't get another for a long time, so don't miss *The Fall Guy*. Said to be his best."

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Fall Guy | |
| --- | --- |
| Newspaper advertisement | |
| Directed by | Larry Semon
Norman Taurog |
| Written by | Edward L. Moriarty
Larry Semon
Norman Taurog |
| Produced by | Larry Semon
Albert E. Smith |
| Starring | Oliver Hardy |
| Cinematography | Hans F. Koenekamp |
| Production
company | Larry Semon Productions |
| Distributed by | Vitagraph Company of America |
| Release date | * July 16, 1921 (1921-07-16) |
| Running time | 20 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


abstract: The Dying of the Light is a 1995 role-playing game adventure for Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay published by Hogshead Publishing.

text:
# The Dying of the Light (Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay)

***The Dying of the Light*** is a 1995 role-playing game adventure for *Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay* published by Hogshead Publishing.

## Plot summary

*The Dying of the Light* is an adventure in which the player characters journey to Marienburg to obtain a book which their benefactor needs to study, but then they encounter the panic caused by the oncoming eclipse of the Chaos moon Morrslieb.

## Reception

David Comford reviewed *The Dying of the Light* for *Arcane* magazine, rating it an 8 out of 10 overall. Butcher comments that "*The Dying of the Light* is a fine offering from Hogshead Publishing. It might not break any new ground, but this adventure does offer hours of intense roleplaying."

## InfoBox

*The Dying of the Light*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Publishers | Hogshead Publishing |
| Publication | 1995 (1995) |
| Genres | Fantasy |
| Systems | Custom / Percentile |
| ISBN | 978-1899749041 |


title: Malam Yusuf Ali

abstract: Sheikh Yusuf Ali was a Nigerian Kano Islamic cleric. He was a member of the Islamic Sufi group known as the Tijaniyyah in Nigeria. Ali was also an Upper Shari'a Court judge, and director of the court in 1974.

text:
# Malam Yusuf Ali

**Sheikh Yusuf Ali** (1950 – 5 November 2023) was a Nigerian Kano Islamic cleric. He was a member of the Islamic Sufi group known as the Tijaniyyah in Nigeria.

Ali was also an Upper Shari'a Court judge, and director of the court in 1974.

## Early life

Ali was born in Juma Maƙera in Gaya Town, Kano, Northern Region, Nigeria. He was born in the year 1950.

## Death

Ali died on 5 November 2023, at the age of 73. He was buried at his house in Tudun maliki Quarters Kano.

## InfoBox

| Sheikh Yusuf Ali Kano | |
| --- | --- |
| Sheikh Yusuf Ali | |
| Born | 1950 (1950)
Juma Maƙera, Gaya Town, Kano, Northern Region, Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria |
| Died | (aged 73)
Tudun Maliki, Kano State, Nigeria |
| Movement | Sufism |
| Parents | * Malam Ali (father) * Hajiya Bilkisu (mother) |


title: Fantasy Games Unlimited

abstract: Fantasy Games Unlimited (FGU) is a publishing house for tabletop and role-playing games. The company has no in-house design teams and relies on submitted material from outside talent.

text:
# Fantasy Games Unlimited

**Fantasy Games Unlimited** (**FGU**) is a publishing house for tabletop and role-playing games. The company has no in-house design teams and relies on submitted material from outside talent.

## History

Founded in the summer of 1975 in Jericho, New York by Scott Bizar, the company's first publications were the wargames *Gladiators* and *Royal Armies of the Hyborean Age*. Upon the appearance and popularity of *Dungeons & Dragons* from TSR, the company turned its attentions to role-playing games, seeking and producing systems from amateurs and freelancers, paying them 10% of the gross receipts. FGU also copyrighted their games in the name of the designer so that the designer would receive any additional royalties for licensed figurines and other uses. Rather than focusing on one line and supporting it with supplements, FGU produced a stream of new games. Because of the disparate authors, the rules systems were incompatible. FGU Incorporated published dozens of role-playing games.

Fantasy Games Unlimited won the All Time Best Ancient Medieval Rules for 1979 H.G. Wells Award at Origins 1980 for *Chivalry & Sorcery*.

In 1991, Fantasy Games Unlimited Inc. was dissolved as a New York corporation. Bizar continues to publish in Arizona as a sole proprietorship called Fantasy Games Unlimited.

A new FGU website appeared in July 2006 offering the company's back catalog. It said that new products would be "coming soon". New *Aftermath!* products appeared in 2008. By 2010, much of the company's back catalog was available. At that time, FGU sought submissions for new adventures for their existing titles, primarily *Aftermath!, Space Opera, and Villains and Vigilantes*.

## Publications

## InfoBox

Fantasy Games Unlimited
| Fantasy Games Unlimited (FGU) logo | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1975; 49 years ago |
| Founder | Scott Bizar |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Headquarters location | Jericho, New York |
| Fiction genres | Games |
| Official website | www.fantasygamesunlimited.net |


title: Manic Panic (brand)

abstract: Manic Panic is the original line of fashion hair colors in the USA. Based in New York City, the company is run by Tish and Snooky Bellomo.

text:
# Manic Panic (brand)

**Manic Panic** is the original line of fashion hair colors in the USA. Based in New York City, the company is run by Tish and Snooky Bellomo.

## History

Sisters Tish and Snooky Bellomo opened the Manic Panic flagship boutique on July 7, 1977, at 33 St. Marks Place, in New York City’s East Village. Their headquarters are now located in Long Island City, New York after over 45 years in business.

Being native New Yorkers, and deeply involved in the New York punk music scene, they soon found themselves performing at many of the East Village venues. They performed regularly at the infamous CBGB, singing back up with Blondie, and their own punk band, The Sic F\*cks. Known and loved for their colorful hair, which was very unconventional at the time, it wasn't long before they introduced their own range of hair dyes and cosmetics right out of the Manic Panic store. When their hair color business boomed, the boutique closed. (The NYC store's front and signage were featured prominently in a shot in the opening montage of Saturday Night Live's 1980-81 season).

Manic Panic is women-owned and independently operated by Tish and Snooky Bellomo, who have been referred to as "The Martha Stewarts of Punk Rock". Manic Panic hair color is sold and distributed worldwide. Their products have been vegan and cruelty-free since 1977, with only a few exceptions of non-vegan products in their cosmetics line.

Manic Panic has been mentioned in many documentaries, crediting them for beginning what would become a trend and now the acceptance of men and women wearing "fashion" hair colors. Manic Panic has received numerous mentions in publications such as Vogue., Teen Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Nylon, The New Yorker, , Rolling Stone.

Tish and Snooky continue to perform as musicians. They have recorded and performed live many times with Blue Coupe (a supergroup composed of original members of Blue Öyster Cult, along with Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee, and original Alice Cooper bassist, Dennis Dunaway). They also continue to perform with the Sic F\*cks, reuniting for special occasions like tributes to CBGB, Joey Ramone benefits, and various animal charity events.

## Products

Apart from hair dye, Manic Panic sells many other products geared towards punk, gothic and fashion forward consumers.

## InfoBox

Tish & Snooky's Manic Panic N.Y.C.
| Industry | Hair care |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | July 7, 1977 (1977-07-07) |
| Headquarters | New York City, United States |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Hair dye and cosmetics |
| Owners | Tish and Snooky Bellomo |
| Website | manicpanic.com |


title: Face in the Night

abstract: Face in the Night, released in the US as Menace in the Night, is a 1957 British second feature crime film directed by Lance Comfort and starring Griffith Jones, Lisa Gastoni and Vincent Ball. It was based on the novel Suspense by Bruce Graeme.

text:
# Face in the Night

***Face in the Night***, released in the US as ***Menace in the Night***, is a 1957 British second feature crime film directed by Lance Comfort and starring Griffith Jones, Lisa Gastoni and Vincent Ball. It was based on the novel *Suspense* by Bruce Graeme.

## Plot

A young woman witnesses a mailbag robbery that ends with a dead postman, but she is intimidated into not coming forward.

## Cast

## Critical reception

*The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote: "This small-budget thriller is distinctly above the average of its type. The acting is in general of a high standard; there is a very good behind-the-scenes joke about British Banking and a skilfully-handled sentimental scene. The script is simple but brisk; the direction efficient."

Allmovie wrote, "this British crime quickie reads rather better than it plays."

*TV Guide* wrote that the film is "hampered by some less-than-impressive camerawork."

Sky Movies noted "a crisp thriller, economic in length but correspondingly fast in pace and actionful."

1. Chibnall, Steve; McFarlane, Brian (2009). The British 'B' Film. London: BFI/Bloomsbury. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-8445-7319-6.
2. "Face in the Night". *British Film Institute Collections Search*. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
3. "Face In The Night". *Find and Watch*.
4. "Face in the Night". *The Monthly Film Bulletin*. **24** (276): 101. 1 January 1957  via ProQuest.
5. "Menace in the Night (1958) - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast - AllMovie". *AllMovie*.
6. "Menace In The Night". *TV Guide*. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
7. "Face In The Night". *Find and Watch*.

## InfoBox

| Face in the Night | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. poster | |
| Directed by | Lance Comfort |
| Written by | Bruce Graeme (novel)
Norman Hudis
John Sherman |
| Produced by | Charles Leeds |
| Starring | Griffith Jones
Lisa Gastoni
Vincent Ball
Eddie Byrne |
| Cinematography | Arthur Graham |
| Edited by | Peter Pitt |
| Music by | Richard Rodney Bennett |
| Production
company | Gibraltar Films |
| Distributed by | Grand National Pictures
United Artists (US) |
| Release date | * June 1957 (1957-06) |
| Running time | 78 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Malus transitoria

abstract: Malus transitoria, the cut-leaf crabapple, is a species of flowering plant in the crabapple genus Malus of the family Rosaceae, native to China. The Latin transitoria means "short-lived". The name "cut-leaf" refers to the shape of the leaves.

text:
# Malus transitoria

***Malus transitoria***, the **cut-leaf crabapple**, is a species of flowering plant in the crabapple genus *Malus* of the family Rosaceae, native to China.

The Latin *transitoria* means "short-lived". The name "cut-leaf" refers to the shape of the leaves.

## Description

*Malus transitoria* is a deciduous tree growing to 8 m (26 ft) tall by 10 m (33 ft) wide. The deeply divided leaves turn yellow in autumn.

It produces abundant white flowers, and small yellow fruits 8 mm in diameter.

### Varieties

Varieties include:

* *Malus transitoria* var. *centralasiatica*
* *Malus transitoria* var. *glabrescens*
* *Malus transitoria* var. *transitoria*

## Uses

*Malus transitoria* is cultivated as an ornamental tree, for its elegant shape, abundant white blossoms, and yellow fruits. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

It is also used as rootstock for other apples.

## InfoBox

| *Malus transitoria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Malus* |
| Species: | ***M. transitoria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Malus transitoria***
C.K.Schneid. | |
|


title: Malus toringoides

abstract: Malus toringoides is a crabapple species in the family Rosaceae, with the common name cut-leaf crabapple. The tree is endemic to mountain ranges of China, located within Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Sichuan Provinces. Malus toringoides is a wild crabapple tree, and is sometimes used as a root stock in apple hybridizing. It is a naturally occurring hybrid species with multiple ploidy levels.

text:
# Malus toringoides

***Malus toringoides*** is a crabapple species in the family Rosaceae, with the common name **cut-leaf crabapple**.

The tree is endemic to mountain ranges of China, located within Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Sichuan Provinces.

*Malus toringoides* is a wild crabapple tree, and is sometimes used as a root stock in apple hybridizing. It is a naturally occurring hybrid species with multiple ploidy levels.

* Tang, L.; Li, J.; Tan, S.; Li, M.-X.; Ma, X.; Zhou, Z.-Q. (2014). "New insights into the hybrid origin of *Malus toringoides* and its close relatives based on a single-copy nuclear gene SbeI and three chloroplast fragments". *Journal of Systematics and Evolution*. **52** (4): 477–486. doi:10.1111/jse.12079. S2CID 82625023.

## InfoBox

| *Malus toringoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Malus* |
| Species: | ***M. toringoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Malus toringoides***
Hughes | |
|


title: Manitoba Provincial Road 214

abstract: Provincial Road 214, also called Milner Ridge Road, is a short provincial road in the province of Manitoba, Canada. It runs through the Agassiz Provincial Forest from PTH 44 at Seddons Corner to PTH 11. PR 214 provides access to the Milner Ridge Correction Facility, a medium and minimum-security prison operated by the Manitoba Department of Justice. The prison is located on the former CFS Beausejour site, which was a NORAD surveillance base. PR 214 also serves as a shortcut for those travelling between Beausejour and Lac Du Bonnet via PTH 44 and PTH 11.

text:
# Manitoba Provincial Road 214

**Provincial Road 214** (**PR 214**), also called **Milner Ridge Road**, is a short provincial road in the province of Manitoba, Canada. It runs through the Agassiz Provincial Forest from PTH 44 at Seddons Corner (east of Beausejour) to PTH 11.

PR 214 provides access to the Milner Ridge Correction Facility, a medium and minimum-security prison operated by the Manitoba Department of Justice. The prison is located on the former CFS Beausejour site, which was a NORAD surveillance base. PR 214 also serves as a shortcut for those travelling between Beausejour and Lac Du Bonnet via PTH 44 and PTH 11.

## Route History

PR 214 was originally part of PTH 11 before its current configuration was completed and opened to traffic in 1955.

## Major intersections

| Division | Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lac du Bonnet | Seddons Corner | 0.0 | 0.0 | PTH 44 Whitemouth, Winnipeg | Southern terminus; road continues for a short distance as Baker Road |
| | Agassiz Provincial Forest | 9.8 | 6.1 | Correction Facility Road Milner Ridge Correction Facility |  |
| | 10.4 | 6.5 | PR 435 west | Eastern terminus of PR 435 |
| |  | 25.7 | 16.0 | PTH 11 (La Vérendrye Trail) Lac du Bonnet, Whitemouth | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Provincial Road 214 | |
| --- | --- |
| Milner Ridge Road | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Manitoba Infrastructure | |
| Length | 25.7 km (16.0 mi) |
| Existed | 1966–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | PTH 44 at Seddons Corner |
| North end | PTH 11 near Lac Du Bonnet |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Manitoba |
| Rural municipalities | Lac du Bonnet |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PR 213   PR 215 | |


title: Manny Maceda

abstract: Emmanuel "Manny" Maceda is a Filipino-American businessman. As a career management consultant, he was named worldwide managing partner of Bain & Company in November 2017 and assumed the position in March 2018. Maceda is the first Asian leader in Bain & Company's history.

text:
# Manny Maceda

**Emmanuel** "**Manny**" **Maceda** (born 1963) is a Filipino-American businessman. As a career management consultant, he was named worldwide managing partner of Bain & Company in November 2017 and assumed the position in March 2018. Maceda is the first Asian leader in Bain & Company's history.

## Early life and education

Manny Maceda was born in the United States and raised in the Philippines. He is the eldest son of the late Filipino politician Ernesto Maceda. He earned a bachelor's in chemical engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology, where he graduated with magna cum laude honors. He later obtained a masters degree in management from the MIT Sloan School of Management.

## Career

After his studies at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Maceda started his career in the engineering plastics group of DuPont in 1984. Following this he attended a Master's in Management at MIT.

During his master's at MIT he was still "unaware of the existence of the management-consulting industry." While at Sloan, he persuaded one of his role models, Jack Welch, the chairman and chief executive of General Electric Co., to speak at the school. During the speech, a man wearing a gas mask threw a grenade-like object at Welch's feet. He stopped speaking and Maceda, correctly assessing that the object wasn't a real grenade, picked it up and walked it out of the building. Sometime later, Welch invited Maceda to lunch and introduced him to two top GE executives, the head of corporate strategy and the head of plastics marketing, Jeffrey Immelt, who would later become GE's chairman and CEO. Both offered Maceda jobs, but he decided to join Bain instead.

In 1988, Maceda joined Bain as a consultant. He specializes in "full potential" transformations involving strategy, performance improvement, customer loyalty and organizational effectiveness that result in meaningful long-term increase in enterprise value. He has worked with clients across a range of industries, including financial services, industrial products, consumer products, retail, telecommunications, energy and technology.

Before being appointed as the new worldwide director, Maceda led Bain's global Full Potential Transformation practice and was a member of the firm's Management Committee, Global Operating Committee and Nominating Committee. Previously he served as chairman of Bain's Asia-Pacific region. Before this he was a global leader of the Performance Improvement and Reengineering practices and leader of the global recruiting team. Meanwhile, he also published articles, such as in the MIT World Series, and spoke at the World Economic Forum.

In November 2017, Maceda was named the successor of Bob Bechek as the worldwide managing director of Bain & Company when Bechek stepped down in March 2018. Maceda stated to want to focus on the development of Bain's Digital practice.

He is a member of the MIT Sloan North American Advisory Board.

## Personal life

Maceda is married to Lyra of the Rufino family. He and his wife and their four children currently live in San Francisco.

## InfoBox

| Manny Maceda | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1963 (age 6061)
U.S. |
| Education | Illinois Institute of Technology (BS)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MS) |
| Occupation(s) | Management Consultant, Strategist |
| Employer | Bain & Company |
| Title | Worldwide Managing Partner (CEO) |
| Spouse | Lyra Rufino |
| Children | 4 |


title: Manson-Guise Engine

text:
# Manson-Guise Engine

A Manson-Guise engine is a simplified, albeit less powerful version of a Manson engine. It is a type of hot air engine, converting a temperature difference into motion. There is a hot side and a cold side to the engine. Providing there is a large enough temperature difference between the two sides the engine will run. The Manson-Guise engine is probably the simplest type of hot air engines having only a single con-rod, with a displacer piston and power piston that move at the same time. Manson-Guise engines, like Manson engines and beta Stirling engines, can run bidirectionally.

## Similarities to Stirling engines

Manson-Guise engines share some similarities with Stirling engines but with two major differences. Firstly with a Stirling engine the air inside is repeatedly heated and cooled. With a Manson-Guise engine the Manson engine draws in and expels air. Secondly a Manson-Guise engine is able to have a single connecting rod and counterintuitively the displacer piston and power piston are on the same shaft and move at the same time.

## The Manson-Guise Cycle

At the top dead centre and bottom dead centre, valves open briefly with the rest of the time the valves being closed. Both the displacer piston and power piston move together in the same direction at the same time. At the end of each stroke a valve is opened. This releases pressure or vacuum so the next cycle can begin.

The Manson cycle can be summarised into 4 parts:

* When heading towards the heat, the displacer piston is shuttling air inside the engine to the cold side, cooling and contracting the air, which in turn pulls on the power piston.
* A valve is briefly opened relieving the vacuum pressure. This prepares the engine for the next stroke. The flywheel provides energy to push the engine into the next stroke.
* When the pistons are heading away from the heat source the displacer is shuttling air inside the engine to the hot side, expanding the air which builds up pressure and drives the power piston.
* A valve is briefly opened relieving the pressure inside the engine. This prepares the engine for the next stroke. The flywheel provides energy to push the engine into the next stroke.

### Development

Chris Guise, the workshop manager and engine designer at Kontax Engineering Ltd was developing a Manson engine to add to the existing range of hot air engines the company manufactured and sold. While developing and prototyping a Manson engine he had the idea for an improved the design. After a few design revisions this resulted in a simpler design which reduces production costs and increases performance of the engine due to air having a similar flow.

### Public release

The Manson-Guise engine was first shown to the public on 15 Aug 2016 through a kickstarter project launch.

### Efficiency

The Manson-Guise engine efficiency has yet to be tested but is expected to be less than the Stirling engine cycle efficiency due to drawing in cold air and expelling hot air.

1. Kontax Engineering Ltd
* Nano Disc Manson-Guise engine
* GB application 2554458A, Christopher Guise, "Improvement to Manson engine", published 2000-11-09
* C2 DE 19904269 C2, Michael Ruppel, "Heißluftmotor - Heat engine has a simplified design with combined piston and valve and with alternate sides of the piston vented in either limits of the piston movement", published 2000-11-9, issued 2001-6-5


title: Manson, Wisconsin

abstract: Manson is a ghost town in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. Manson was located on Manson Lake in the town of Woodboro along what is now US 8 and the Canadian National Railway, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Heafford Junction. The town was marked on USGS maps as late as 1939.

text:
# Manson, Wisconsin

**Manson** is a ghost town in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. Manson was located on Manson Lake in the town of Woodboro along what is now US 8 and the Canadian National Railway, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Heafford Junction. The town was marked on USGS maps as late as 1939.

## InfoBox

| Manson, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Ghost town | |
| Manson, Wisconsin | |
| Coordinates: 45°34′00″N 89°39′41″W / 45.56667°N 89.66139°W / 45.56667; -89.66139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Oneida |
| Elevation | 1,519 ft (463 m) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1964305 |


title: The Dark Red

abstract: The Dark Red is a 2018 American independent mystery thriller film edited, produced, written and directed by Dan Bush and co-written by and starring Conal Byrne. The film premiered at the 2018 Austin Film Festival.

text:
# The Dark Red

***The Dark Red*** is a 2018 American independent mystery thriller film edited, produced, written and directed by Dan Bush and co-written by and starring Conal Byrne. The film premiered at the 2018 Austin Film Festival.

## Plot

A worker from child protective services finds a baby alive in the trailer home of its dead and intoxicated mother. Fast forward, Sybil Warren is a warden in a psychiatric hospital. Every day she meets with her therapist, Dr. Deluce, to whom she describes the living hell that her life has been. On one of such days, Sybil tells her that she is possessed by a demon who gifted her psychic powers, but who in return for it, kidnapped her and cut her unborn baby out of her uterus. As a psychiatrist, Dr. Deluce tries to come up with a rational explanation for the tale that Sybil told her. One of such explanations that Dr. Deluce proposed was that her ex-boyfriend, David, following her being pregnant, invites her to meet his parents. A discussion over a dinner table about their grandchild-to-be provokes an argument, which Sybil barely escapes. Despite being diagnosed as schizophrenic, Sybil is being released from the hospital, and following it, tracks down her ex-boyfriend and seeks revenge.

## Cast

* April Billingsley as Sybil Warren
    + Celementine June Seng Stack as young Sybil Warren
* Kelsey Scott as Dr. Deluce
* Conal Byrne as David Hollyfield
* Rhoda Griffis as Rose Holyfield
* John Curran as William Holyfield
* Jill Jane Clements as Kathrine Warren
* Bernard Setaro Clark as Dr. Morales
* Robert Pralgo as CEO
* Robert Mello as grieving man
* Kevin Stillwell as Mr. Mercer
* Blaire Hillman as woman in the purple coat
* Katie Hahn as pregnant woman
* Sorrell Sanders as suicide woman
* Lake Roberts as corporate lawyer #1
* Lauren Vogelbaum as corporate lawyer #2

## Reception

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 9 critics, with an average rating of 6.5/10.

Richard Whittaker of *The Austin Chronicle* wrote "*The Dark Red* isn't afraid to get a little bloody, and it's all the more entertaining for it".

Noel Murray of the *Los Angeles Times* said that the film "feels out of balance", adding that "\[while\] the blood-soaked climactic standoff is fine, \[it is\] not exciting or scary enough to justify an hour of slow-paced setup".

Writing for *Variety*, Dennis Harvey commented "A psychiatric patient's convoluted backstory drives this intriguing if overloaded indie genre exercise".

## InfoBox

| The Dark Red | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Dan Bush |
| Written by | Dan Bush
Conal Byrne |
| Produced by | Dan Bush
Joshua Wilcox |
| Starring | Conal Byrne
Kelsey Scott |
| Cinematography | Victoria K. Warren |
| Edited by | Dan Bush |
| Music by | Ben Lovett |
| Production
company | Dark Sky Films |
| Release dates | * October 2018 (2018-10) (Austin Film Festival) * March 2, 2020 (2020-03-02) (San Francisco) |
| Running time | 101 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Falenko

abstract: Falenko is a village and rural commune in the Tanout Department of the Zinder Region of Niger. As of 2012, it had a population of 13,993.

text:
# Falenko

**Falenko** is a village and rural commune in the Tanout Department of the Zinder Region of Niger. As of 2012, it had a population of 13,993.

14°16′N 8°32′E / 14.267°N 8.533°E / 14.267; 8.533

## InfoBox

| Falenko | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and village | |
| Country | Niger |
| Region | Zinder |
| Department | Tanout |
| Area | |
| Total | 34.01 sq mi (88.08 km2) |
| Population (2012 census) | |
| Total | 13,993 |
| Density | 410/sq mi (160/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |


title: Manor Hall, Bristol

abstract: Manor Hall is a student hall of residence at the University of Bristol. Situated in the Georgian/Victorian suburb of Clifton, Bristol, it provides self-catering accommodation for around 340 residents, both in the main hall itself and also in a number of nearby surrounding annexes. The majority of residents are first year undergraduate students, but a number of 'returners' choose to stay on to contribute to the hall's life and community in subsequent years of study. The hall has a number of student run organisations associated with it, the largest of which is the Junior Common Room which all current undergraduates residents are members of, with an elected committee of representatives being responsible for organising social events throughout the year. In addition to the Junior Common Room residents are supported pastorally by a team of Senior Residents who, along with a number of honorary members, make up the Senior Common Room. After leaving the hall many of its former residents remain in touch via its alumni network: the Manor Hall Association, which organises a number of events throughout the year aimed at both current and former residents.

text:
# Manor Hall, Bristol

**Manor Hall** is a student hall of residence at the University of Bristol. Situated in the Georgian/Victorian suburb of Clifton, Bristol, it provides self-catering accommodation for around 340 residents, both in the main hall itself and also in a number of nearby surrounding annexes. The majority of residents are first year undergraduate students, but a number of 'returners' choose to stay on to contribute to the hall's life and community in subsequent years of study.

The hall has a number of student run organisations associated with it, the largest of which is the Junior Common Room which all current undergraduates residents are members of, with an elected committee of representatives being responsible for organising social events throughout the year. In addition to the Junior Common Room residents are supported pastorally by a team of Senior Residents who, along with a number of honorary members, make up the Senior Common Room.

After leaving the hall many of its former residents remain in touch via its alumni network: the Manor Hall Association, which organises a number of events throughout the year aimed at both current and former residents.

## The Main Hall

The main hall was erected between 1927 and 1932 as a women's hall of residence in the grounds of its present annex Manor House, from which the Hall takes its name.

The hall owes its existence to the late Henry Herbert Wills and was designed by the leading neo-classical architect Sir George Oatley, who also designed the Wills Memorial Building and Wills Hall; both of which also belong to the University.

When the hall opened in 1932 a number of smaller residences for women: Belgrave House, Elton House, Heathside and Royal Park, were closed and their residents moved to the new building. The first warden, Mrs Jessie D. Skemp was the former Warden of Belgrave House and the widow of the Professor of English who was killed during the Great War.

The gardens were laid out by Hiatt Cowells Baker in 1934 and are occasionally opened to the public. The building is symmetrical, consisting of East and West facing sides, with a single corridor of student rooms occupying each floor. It houses around 140 students and includes a library, computer room, bar, common room, music room and laundry facilities. the Stops Gallery, outside the Great Hall, contains a number of works by local artists including Warren Storey RWA and H.John Stops, RWA.

In July 2012 the hall was closed for the most significant refurbishment in its history including upgrades to the heating system, kitchens, bathrooms, bedrooms and communal areas. It reopened in September 2013 with the official celebrations being held on 7 June 2014.

## Annexes

In addition to the main hall, Manor Hall comprises a number of smaller annexes located within its grounds and on nearby streets. These buildings, as with the main hall, have a rich history; with the oldest dating back as far as 18th century.

### Manor House

This annex came to the University in 1919, again as a gift from the Wills family and was furnished partly from funds raised by concerts given by the famous Bristol contralto Dame Clara Butt.

The building was erected close to the site of the medieval manor house burned by Prince Rupert’s men in 1643 during the Storming of Bristol. Purchased by the Society of Merchant Venturers in the late 17th century the site remained ruinous for many years. On 17 September 1700 the Society mandated that "a lease for five lives was granted to Whitchurch Phippen of the site or ruins of the Great House at Clifton heretofore burnt down and since called the Old Castle, late in the holding of Mary Hodges". The new manor house was built in the early 18th century and extensively altered and extended in the mid-18th and 19th centuries. The terrace contains Roman remains, parts of a column, which are believed to have been brought back from the Mediterranean by a former resident in the eighteenth century.

In the 19th century it was successively the home of the notable scientists Dr William Budd FRS, who discovered the origins of typhoid, and Professor John Beddoe FRS, the social anthropologist who wrote *The Races of Man*. In the 1890s the house became a school preparing young gentlemen for colonial civil service examinations and for the army and navy. The school closed in 1915 and the house became the home of The Red Maids' School, which was evacuated from Westbury while their buildings were used as a Red Cross Hospital during the Great War.

### Richmond House

Richmond House is one of the oldest houses in Clifton having been built between 1701-1703 For Whitchurch Phippen a Mercer of Bristol on the site of the medieval manor house burned during the Civil War, which had once been the home of Richard Amerike. The building is an English Heritage Grade II listed building. Amerike sponsored the explorer John Cabot, who sailed from Bristol in 1497 and discovered Newfoundland and is now believed by some scholars to have given his patronymic to name the continent of America.

In the 1790s the house was used as a boarding school for young gentlemen run by a Mr William Sewell. From the 1860s until the 1940s the house was the home of the Revd. and Mrs. Thomas Smith and their large family of maiden daughters, one of whom, Miss Emily Harriet Smith, became one of the first women to sit on the city council in 1920 and one of the first female Justice of the Peace. A noted horsewoman, the site of her former stables is now occupied, in part, by Sinclair House. She spent much of the winters abroad and her house was let in her absence. One of the many long standing residents was the Revd. Alfred Ainger, biographer of Charles Lamb and friend of Dickens, who resided here each year for the duration of his turn as residentiary canon of Bristol Cathedral, together with his niece and their dog.

### Sinclair House

Sinclair House was built partly on the site of Holland Cottage which were destroyed during the German air raids of November 1940. Opened in 1978, the building is named after the Lady Sinclair of Cleeve, who was involved in the affairs of the University for many years and served on the hall advisory committee of Manor Hall until her death. The building consists of twelve flats, each housing five students, and ten ground floor flats for overseas postgraduate students and their families.

The British Council contributed to the project on the understanding that preference would be given to students from the Commonwealth, or to those on British Council Scholarships.

Sinclair is undoubtedly the most underrated annex of Manor Hall, primarily due to its rainbow coloured design. Additionally, the lack of proper plumbing leaves students frustrated and showerless as well as the asbestos in the roof making it a fun and lively place.

For families this is a wonderful haven in the daytime, although from 8-5 am Sinclair House is known as the party central of Clifton and therefore gets very noisy and rough.

### Richmond Terrace

Richmond Terrace was originally a row of spacious townhouses constructed in the 1780s as part of the building boom of Clifton in between wars with France. 30-35 Richmond Terrace was a hotel prior before being acquired by the University in 2006. The building underwent a major refurbishment and it now provides self-catered en suite accommodation for 92 students. It was previously managed by University Student Houses and became a Manor Hall annexe in 2012.

### 115 Queen's Road

115 Queen's Road is Manor Hall's newest annex, having been one of Clifton Hill House's annexes up until 2017. It houses 42 first years and two Senior Residents.

## Warden

The position of Warden was abolished in 2018 when the University changed the structure of its residencies. Formerly the Warden was the figurehead of the Hall and would be aided in their role by the Junior and Senior Common Rooms and had overall responsibility for the pastoral care of the Hall's residents.

### Former Wardens

* **1932-1945:** Mrs. Jessie D. Skemp (1882-1961)
* **1946-1956:** Miss Gladys M. Morgan (1894-1957)
* **1956-1968:** Mrs. Marjorie Tait (1908-1972)
* **1968-1974:** Miss Audrey N. M. Rich
* **1974-1984:** Miss Sheila B. Brennan (1922-2006)
* **1984-2018:** Dr. Martin J. Crossley Evans MBE

## Student life

All current undergraduate residents are members of the hall's Junior Common Room with a Junior Common Room Committee being elected annually at the beginning of the Summer Term from amongst the residents and is responsible for organising many of the social and recreational activities in the hall, including the Freshers’ Welcome at the start of the academic year, sporting activities, hall 'formals' (dinner followed by various entertainments), and the annual garden party.

In addition to the Junior Common Room the hall has several student societies established exclusively for its residents including a Music and Drama Society, Debating Society, Club Bar, Christian Union and Charity Committee, the latter being involve in year round fundraising activities for a number of charities to which the hall has a close association.

Annual traditions at Manor Hall includes the running of two musical/dramatic productions a year, three formal dinners, and a garden party to celebrate the end of the academic year in addition to other events that are run throughout the year.

### Music and Drama Society

The Manor Hall Amateur Dramatics Society, known as 'MAD', was formed in October 1933. Its first production was a nativity play, *The Child in Flanders*, by Cicely Hamilton, which was performed on 8 December 1933. Recent productions include Mostellaria, And Then There Were None, Road, The Crucible and The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole.

## Manor Hall Association

Students who have lived in the hall for one academic term are entitled to join the Manor Hall Association, which acts at the hall's alumni network, to help former residents keep in contact with one another and the hall community. The Association is responsible for the organisation of the annual Summer Ball, usually held to celebrate the achievements of that years graduands, in 2014 the Summer Ball also served as the official celebrations for the hall's 80th anniversary, two years after the fact due to the refurbishment works taking place in the main building during the 2012/13 session of the University.

The Association itself has a long history, and in fact predates Manor Hall being originally formed in 1925 as the ‘Elton House Old Students’ Association’ by Winifred Armstead. In 1932, when the ladies from Elton House relocated to the newly built Manor Hall, the Association was renamed accordingly. The Association is run by a committee of volunteers and was wound up *pro tem* in 2005 due to incumbent committee growing too old to continue its work with members being transferred to the Wills Hall Association until such a time as new officers could be found to continue its work.

In 2007, the decision was taken that its work should continue and that alumni of the Hall should have an effective mechanism to keep in touch with the Manor Hall and each other. As such the Association was brought out of abeyance in December 2007 with Christopher Didcote acting as its first Chairman.

### Elton House Award

Each year the Association presents up to two of its members with the Elton House Award for outstanding contribution to the Manor Hall Community. The award itself was established in 2008 to not only mark the recent reformation of the Association but as a way of recognising the often considerable time and effort select individuals invest into the life of the hall. The name is taken from Elton House, one of the student hostels that Manor Hall was built to replace in 1932 and from where the predecessor of the Manor Hall Association took its name.

Winners of the award receive three years' honorary membership of the Association, a certificate and an Elton House Award pin. The presentation usually takes place during the Association's Summer Ball.

### The MHA Fund

In 2012, the Association would set up a charitable fund for the use of Manor Hall and its residents. The aim of this fund being to provide financial support to either the Hall or any of its student run committees. The fund is operated on an application basis with the Association reviewing legitimate applications for finance from those currently involved in the life of the Hall for the acquisition of assets that will provide some tangible benefit to the Hall and future generations of students who reside there. Fundraising activities are conducted throughout the year, usually in the form of prize raffles at hall events.

## Crest, motto and tie

The hall crest is divided into two halves. The upper half is described heraldically as "gules, a sun in splendour" or a golden sun. The late Sir John Wills, Bart. of Langford Court, Somerset, grandson of the Sir George Wills who purchased Manor House for the University, gave his permission for this motif to be taken from his family's coat of arms and used as part of the badge of the hall. The University also took the "sun in splendour" from the coat of arms of the Wills family when it was granted its coat of arms in 1909.

The lower half is a serpent, "nowed" or coiled. This is a grass snake, and comes from the crest of the Wolstenholme family of Neston. Co. Chester, and Liverpool from whom the current Warden is descended. The serpent is traditionally a symbol of wisdom, healing and learning.

The hall motto comes from Matthew 10:16, "Estote ergo prudentes sicut serpentes, et simplices sicut columbae", (be as wise as serpents and as innocent as doves).

The hall tie has the golden sun of the Wills family placed on a red background. The red is the shade known as Bristol or "Bristowe" red, chosen by the founders of the University for the hoods of all Bristol graduates. "Bristowe Red" is supposed to recall the famous dye used in Mediaeval Bristol, but in fact Sir Isambard Owen, the Vice Chancellor from 1909 to 1921, took the shade from a band of limestone in the Avon Gorge.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Manor Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| University of Bristol | |
|  | |
| Location | Clifton, Bristol, England |
| Coordinates | 51°27′16″N 2°36′43″W / 51.4545°N 2.6120°W / 51.4545; -2.6120 |
| Motto | Estote ergo prudentes sicut serpentes et simplices sicut columbae (Latin) |
| Motto in English | Be ye as wise as serpents and as innocent as doves |
| Established | 1932 (1932) |
| Architect | Sir George Oatley |
| Status | Student hall of residence |
| Warden | Dr Martin John Crossley Evans, MBE, JP, FSA, FGS. |
| Residents | 350 |
| Website | www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Manor |
| Map | |
| Location in Bristol | |


title: Manor Fields

abstract: Manor Fields is a cricket ground in Bletchley, Buckinghamshire. The first recorded match on the ground was in 1973, when Young England women played International XI women in the ground's only Women's One Day International. In 1975 the ground held its only Second XI Championship fixture when the Northamptonshire Second XI played the Lancashire Second XI. In 1976, the ground held its first List-A match when Northamptonshire played Lancashire in the John Player League. Between 1976 and 1983, the ground held 7 List-A matches, the last of which saw Northamptonshire play Middlesex in the 1983 John Player Special League. Northamptonshire first played first-class cricket at the ground in 1980, against the touring West Indians. The ground held two further first-class matches, the first in 1984 which was a repeat of the 1980 fixture and the last of which saw Northamptonshire play the touring Pakistanis in 1987. In 1986, Buckinghamshire played their first Minor Counties Championship fixture on the ground against the Somerset Second XI. They returned in 1988 to play their last Minor Counties Championship match at the ground to date, against Wales Minor Counties. In local domestic cricket, the ground is the home venue of Bletchley Town Cricket Club.

text:
# Manor Fields

**Manor Fields** is a cricket ground in Bletchley, Buckinghamshire. The first recorded match on the ground was in 1973, when Young England women played International XI women in the ground's only Women's One Day International.

In 1975 the ground held its only Second XI Championship fixture when the Northamptonshire Second XI played the Lancashire Second XI. In 1976, the ground held its first List-A match when Northamptonshire played Lancashire in the John Player League. Between 1976 and 1983, the ground held 7 List-A matches, the last of which saw Northamptonshire play Middlesex in the 1983 John Player Special League.

Northamptonshire first played first-class cricket at the ground in 1980, against the touring West Indians. The ground held two further first-class matches, the first in 1984 which was a repeat of the 1980 fixture and the last of which saw Northamptonshire play the touring Pakistanis in 1987.

In 1986, Buckinghamshire played their first Minor Counties Championship fixture on the ground against the Somerset Second XI. They returned in 1988 to play their last Minor Counties Championship match at the ground to date, against Wales Minor Counties.

In local domestic cricket, the ground is the home venue of Bletchley Town Cricket Club.

51°59′39″N 0°42′41″W / 51.99422°N 0.71137°W / 51.99422; -0.71137

## InfoBox

Manor Fields
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ground information | |
| Location | Bletchley, Buckinghamshire |
| Establishment | 1973 (first recorded match) |
| Team information | |
| Northamptonshire (1976-1984 & 1987)  Buckinghamshire (1986 & 1988) | |
| As of 1 September 2010<br>Source: Ground profile | |


title: The French (band)

abstract: The French are a British rock band, formed by Darren Hayman and John Morrison after the band Hefner declared an indefinite hiatus. Musically there is a specific continuity between Hefner and the French, which is manifested not only in the lyrics and compositions but also in the use of vintage drum machines and synthesizers, an aesthetic choice that was very present in Hefner's last recordings. The French released one album, Local Information, on Too Pure in 2003. Their most recent work together was a John Peel session in August 2004. Since then Darren Hayman has been involved in a legal dispute with Too Pure, and has subsequently launched a solo career. He intends to re-release Local Information and possibly other material by the French. Like Hefner before them, the French are now on an indefinite hiatus.

text:
# The French (band)

**The French** are a British rock band, formed by Darren Hayman and John Morrison after the band Hefner declared an indefinite hiatus. Musically there is a specific continuity between Hefner and the French, which is manifested not only in the lyrics and compositions but also in the use of vintage drum machines and synthesizers, an aesthetic choice that was very present in Hefner's last recordings.

The French released one album, *Local Information*, on Too Pure in 2003. Their most recent work together was a John Peel session in August 2004. Since then Darren Hayman has been involved in a legal dispute with Too Pure, and has subsequently launched a solo career. He intends to re-release *Local Information* and possibly other material by the French. Like Hefner before them, the French are now on an indefinite hiatus.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Local Information* (2003)

### Singles and EPs

* "Dagenham" (2003)
* "Porn Shoes" (2003)

1. my


title: Manuel Romero (footballer)

abstract: Manuel "Manolo" Romero Paz was a Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder, and a manager.

text:
# Manuel Romero (footballer)

**Manuel** "**Manolo**" **Romero Paz** (28 May 1950 – 23 November 2020) was a Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder, and a manager.

## Playing career

Born in Madrid, Romero's first professional club was Getafe Deportivo, in Segunda División. He made his debut for the club on 5 September 1976, starting in a 2–3 away loss against CF Calvo Sotelo, and scored his first goal on 31 October, netting the last in a 1–1 draw at UE Sant Andreu.

In the 1978 summer Romero moved to UD Salamanca in La Liga. He made his debut in the main category only on 6 May of the following year, starting in a 1–3 home loss against Real Sociedad.

Romero joined Palencia CF in 1979, but made no appearances for the side.

## Managerial career

Romero made his managerial debuts with Tomelloso CF in the 1993–94 campaign, in Segunda División B. He only returned to that category in 2002, after being appointed manager of AD Alcorcón.

After a spell at CD Cobeña, Romero joined Atlético Madrid's setup: after a year in charge of the *Juvenil* squad, he was named manager of the C-team in Tercera División, being later an interim manager and an assistant of the reserves.

## Death

Romero died on 23 November 2020, aged 70.

## InfoBox

Manolo Romero
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Manuel Romero Paz | | |
| Date of birth | (1950-05-28)28 May 1950 | | |
| Place of birth | Madrid, Spain | | |
| Date of death | 23 November 2020(2020-11-23) (aged 70) | | |
| Place of death | Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Real Madrid | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1972–1976 | Pegaso | 66 | (17) |
| 1974–1975 | Torrejón | 34 | (1) |
| 1975–1976 | Pegaso | 31 | (18) |
| 1976–1978 | Getafe Deportivo | 38 | (7) |
| 1978–1979 | Salamanca | 1 | (0) |
| 1979–1980 | Palencia | 0 | (0) |
| 1980 | Badajoz | 3 | (0) |
| 1980–1981 | Gimnástica Arandina | 9 | (2) |
|  | Toledo |  |  |
|  | Pegaso |  |  |
|  | Torrejón |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
|  | Alcalá (youth) | | |
| 1993 | Tomelloso | | |
|  | Vicálvaro | | |
| 1998–1999 | Coslada | | |
| 1999 | Rayo Vallecano B | | |
| 2002–2003 | Alcorcón | | |
| 2003–2004 | Cobeña | | |
| 2004–2005 | Atlético Madrid (youth) | | |
| 2005–2006 | Atlético Madrid C | | |
| 2006 | Atlético Madrid B (interim) | | |
| 2006–2007 | Atlético Madrid B (assistant) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Manuel Riva

abstract: George Emanuel Călin better known as Manuel Riva is a Romanian DJ and record producer. A long running artist and DJ, he had started with the trop Demmo and later in the duo Deepcentral.

text:
# Manuel Riva

**George Emanuel Călin** better known as **Manuel Riva** is a Romanian DJ and record producer. A long running artist and DJ, he had started with the trop Demmo and later in the duo Deepcentral.

## In Demmo (Romania) (2001-2006)

| Demmo (Romania) | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Romania |
| Genres | Romanian pop |
| Years active | 2001-2006 |
|  | |
| Past members | George Călin
Anamaria Ferentz
Vik |

Manuel Riva began his musical career as George Călin with the band Demmo, that also included Anamaria Ferentz and Vik. Together they released four albums: *Pentru inima ta*, *Trei*, *Ding Dang Dong* and *Cântecul meu*. The band had a considerable hit with the Romanian version of "Darla Dirladada". The band lasted from 2001 to 2006.

## In Deepcentral (2008-2013)

| Deepcentral | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Bucharest, Romania |
| Genres | Electro, House, Pop |
| Years active | 2008-2013 |
| Labels | Universal Music Romania |
|  | |
| Past members | George Călin(DJ)
Doru Todoruț (vocalist) |

In 2008 George Călin established the band Deepcentral with him as DJ and Doru Todoruț as vocalist. with two albums through Universal Music Romania, *Deepcentral* (in 2009) and *O stea* (2013). Charting hits with Deecentral included notably "Russian Girl", "In Love", "Music Makes Me Free" and "Speed of Sound" in the period 2009 to 2011. His song "Gura ta" by Delia and Deepcentral, topped as number one Romanian hit for 2016.

## As Manuel Riva

In 2016, Manuel Riva built on his DJ career and in the course of 2 years released many tracks and remixes. One of his collaborations, "Close the Deal" (with Optick and Eneli), a deep house with progressive influences, drew the attention of Dutch DJ Tiësto who played it on his Club Life radio show. In February 2016, Manuel Riva released alongside Eneli the song "Mhm Mhm" with heavy rotation on all major Romanian radio stations peaking at number 3 on the Billboard Dance / Club Chart in the United States in addition to charting in many European Shazam charts. He was nominated for the Best Romanian Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2016. In November 2016, he released "Hey Now" another hit for Riva. He solidified his success in 2017 with "Resolution", "Saturday Night, Man", in collaboration with Hyptonix, "Treehouse" (featuring Waleed) and "Kiyomi". His songs were mixed or included in the podcasts of renowned DJs such as Sam Feldt, Oliver Heldens, Ummet Ozcan and Cosmic Gate. At the Media Music Awards 2017, Manuel Riva was named "Best Romanian DJ". Also in 2017, he opened the Untold music festival on the main stage.

In 2018 he collaborated with Alexandra Stan, with whom he released the single "Miami" featuring her voice. "Miami" became a big international hit, although the original comes from 2016. The song was used as the anthem for the 2018 Neversea Festival. It also charted on the Romanian Airplay 100 chart as well as Billboard Dance Club Songs peaking at number 10 and on Dance/Electronic Songs charts peaking at number 44.

## Discography as George Călin

### Albums

**With Demmo (Romania)**

* *Pentru inima ta*
* *Trei*
* *Ding Dang Dong*
* *Cântecul meu*

**With Deepcentral**

* *Deepcentral* (2009)
* *O stea* (2013)

## Discography as Manuel Riva

### Singles

* 2016: "Mhm Mhm" (feat Eneli)
* 2016: "Hey Now"
* 2017: "Sacred Touch" (feat. Misha Miller)
* 2018: "Miami" (feat Alexandra Stan)
* 2019: "What Mama Said" (ft. Misha Miller)
* 2020: Confusion (feat Florena)

#### Charting

| Title | Year | Peak positions | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ROM
 | US
Dance
Club
 | US
Dance/
Elec.
 | |
| "Mhm Mhm"
(featuring Eneli) | 2016 |  | 25 |  | Non-album
singles |
| "Miami"
(featuring Alexandra Stan) | 2018 | 8 | 10 | | 44 |
| "—" denotes a release that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | |

#### Non-charting

* 2015: "How You Say" (feat. Hyptonix)
* 2015: "Wrong or Right" (feat. Eneli)
* 2016: "We Are One" (feat. Eneli)
* 2016: "Close the Deal" (feat. Optick & Eneli)
* 2016: "We Own the Night" (feat. Onuc & Luise)
* 2017: "Resolution"
* 2017: "Saturday Night, Man" (feat. Hyptonix)
* 2017: "Treehouse" (feat. Waleed)
* 2017: "Kiyomi
* 2017: "Jupiter Sun"
* 2017: "Ravin'" (feat. Robert Konstantin)
* 2017: "The Wall" (feat. Robert Konstantin)

### Remixes

List of remixes, showing year released and original artists
| Year | Title | Original artists | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | "Troublemaker" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Deepcentral |  |
| | "Divided Sky" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Bianca Linta |  |
| 2015 | "Hipsterium" (Manuel Riva Remix) | DJ Marika and Tripwerk featuring Junkyard |  |
| 2016 | "Naughty Truck" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Bianca Linta |  |
| | "Faith in You" (Manuel Riva Remix) | U-Gin featuring Luise |  |
| | "Time" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Paul Damixie featuring FELI |  |
| | "Save It" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Salt Ashes |  |
| 2017 | "Tuesday" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Burak Yeter featuring Danelle Sandoval |  |
| | "Heaven" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Inna |  |
| | "Say My Name" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Moonsound |  |
| 2018 | "Sticks & Stones" (Manuel Riva & Cristian Poow Remix) | Metro and Nelly Furtado |  |
| | "Move On" (DJ Marika & Manuel Riva Remix) | Mike Maiden |  |
| | "The Longest Road" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Morgan Page featuring Lissie |  |
| 2019 | "Coffee Shop" (Manuel Riva Remix) | Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano featuring Kes Kross |  |

## InfoBox

| Manuel Riva | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | George Emanuel Călin |
| Born | Romania |
| Genres | Romanian pop, dance |
| Occupation | DJ |
|  | |
| Website | manuelriva.com |


title: Mantle of the expert

abstract: Mantle of the Expert is an education approach that uses imaginary contexts to generate purposeful and engaging activities for learning. Within this fictional framework, students are cast as a team of experts working for a client on a commission. The commission is designed by the teacher to generate tasks and activities that meet the client's requirements and provide opportunities for students to explore various curriculum areas. For instance, a class might be cast as archaeologists excavating an Egyptian tomb for the Cairo Museum. To complete the commission, they would research ancient Egyptian history, covering topics such as tombs, artifacts, and rituals. This approach enables the study of history, geography, art, design, and other subjects, while also developing skills in reading, writing, problem-solving, and inquiry. Mantle of the Expert is intended to be used selectively alongside other teaching methods.

text:
# Mantle of the expert

**Mantle of the Expert** is an education approach that uses imaginary contexts to generate purposeful and engaging activities for learning. Within this fictional framework, students are cast as a team of experts working for a client on a commission. The commission is designed by the teacher to generate tasks and activities that meet the client's requirements and provide opportunities for students to explore various curriculum areas. For instance, a class might be cast as archaeologists excavating an Egyptian tomb for the Cairo Museum. To complete the commission, they would research ancient Egyptian history, covering topics such as tombs, artifacts, and rituals. This approach enables the study of history, geography, art, design, and other subjects, while also developing skills in reading, writing, problem-solving, and inquiry. Mantle of the Expert is intended to be used selectively alongside other teaching methods.

## Development

Dorothy Heathcote developed Mantle of the Expert at Newcastle University during the 1970s and 1980s. Heathcote, an internationally renowned authority on drama for learning, aimed to provide non-drama specialists with an approach that supported the use of drama across the curriculum. She believed drama was underused outside drama studios and could serve as a powerful medium for learning across various subjects..

## Origins

Heathcote said she didn't as much invent Mantle of the Expert as "find herself doing it." In a 1993 interview with Sandra Hesten, she recounted working with a small group of children on a drama context about the Nativity – "…thinking about it later I thought that's really important – they were expert kings. And then it began to dawn on me. People had to have a point of view. So when I reviewed the week I thought – the point of view of inn-keeping, the point of view of soldiers who are working for Rome, the point of view of angels, the point of view of kings. And that's when it started coming together."

This conversation is recorded by Hesten in her PhD thesis and is recounted by Heathcote on at least two further occasions, once in the documentary "Pieces of Dorothy" and in an interview for the Mantle of the Expert website in 2009 - "That was the start, I then started to think, what do I call it? That's when I got this crazy name. Which is extreme not crazy, just fanciful. I can't find a better name." Although Heathcote did not date the 'Nativity' context precisely, it likely occurred in the mid-1970s, around the time she began referring to Mantle of the Expert as a distinct approach in her courses at Newcastle University.

Working with her graduate students at Newcastle University, Heathcote spent much of the late 1970s and 1980s researching, developing, and evaluating Mantle of the Expert in various settings, including primary and secondary schools, special schools, borstals, and adult and child mental hospitals. Her method involved teaching week long sessions, planned in advance with her students, where they played different roles in the classroom. These sessions, often involving improvisation and discussion, were carefully planned and included resources, props, and costumes created by the graduate students. They were experimental in nature, and were analysed, and evaluated by Heathcote and her students, and forming the foundation of the approach. In some cases these 'experiments' were documented.

After retiring in 1987, Heathcote continued to work on Mantle of the Expert and used the approach in various settings worldwide. In 1995, she co-wrote "Drama for Learning: Dorothy Heathcote's Mantle of the Expert Approach to Education" with Gavin Bolton.

## Later Developments

Among Heathcote's students in the early 1980s was Luke Abbott, who was then a secondary school drama teacher. After completing his M.A. under Heathcote, Abbott became a Local Authority advisor for Essex County Council. In this role, he used Mantle of the Expert in classrooms to demonstrate its effectiveness with minimal props or resources. His pragmatic approach aimed to make the method easier for teachers to.

In the early 2000s, Abbott organized national and international conferences to promote Mantle of the Expert. With Heathcote as the keynote speaker and classroom teachers running workshops, these conferences aimed to demystify the approach and make it accessible to non-specialist drama teachers.

## Method

Mantle of the Expert functions by having the teacher design a fictional context where students assume the roles and responsibilities of an expert team. Within this framework, they are commissioned by a client to undertake a project that the teacher has planned. This project generates tasks and activities that facilitate studying and developing a wide range of curriculum areas.

From the outset, students understand they are participating in a fictional scenario. Mantle of the Expert is not a simulation intended to deceive students into believing the context is real. The approach involves students consciously entering and exiting the fiction, akin to imaginative play. They are aware that the fiction is a construct that can be paused and resumed at will. This process allows activities within the fiction to create a purpose for curriculum learning outside of it. For example, the teacher might introduce a task within the fiction, such as writing a report for a museum, and then step out of the story to teach the necessary skills and knowledge to complete the task. Once the task is finished, the fiction resumes, and students see the impact of their work within the fictional context. This cyclical process of entering and exiting the fictional narrative is a defining feature of the Mantle of the Expert approach..

The 'mantle' in Mantle of the Expert is metaphorical. It does not imply that students possess real-world expertise. Dorothy Heathcote emphasized that students are only experts within the fiction, taking on the roles and responsibilities of the team, but not outside of it. Within the fiction, both teacher and students collaborate as equals, sharing power and authority. Decisions are made collaboratively, reflecting distributed leadership. Outside the fiction, the teacher's authority remains intact.

Creating a fictional context where students can experiment with decision-making, responsibilities, and challenging situations provides a 'safe zone' within the classroom. Unlike the real world, where such experiences are rare for children, the fictional world allows them to explore, discuss, and evaluate these scenarios. Heathcote envisioned her ideal classroom as a laboratory, where students bring in their knowledge and assume the mantle of responsibility. The outcomes of their activities matter to someone beyond themselves, making these settings catalysts for societal change.."

## Elements

Tim Taylor in his book, "A Beginner's Guide to Mantle of the Expert" identifies nine elements to the Mantle of the Expert approach. These are:

1. The creation of a fictional context – planned by the teacher and developed in collaboration with the students. The main functions of the fictional context are to create wider opportunities for curriculum learning; to make curriculum learning meaningful and purposeful; and to engage the students in curriculum study.
2. The use of a narrative – planned by the teacher and developed in collaboration with the students. The main functions of the narrative are to set up the context for the students; to offer the students a way into the fiction; and to make curriculum activities memorable, understandable, and coherent.
3. The use of inquiry questions. The main functions of inquiry questions are for students to explore, study, and analyse the curriculum; for students and teachers to work together in a community of learning; and for the teacher to create opportunities for students to assess, rethink, and shape the direction of the work as it develops.
4. The Expert Team. Planned by the teacher and developed in collaboration with the students. Expert teams are people with authority, power, and status; people with responsibilities and duties to others; a community with agreed values and a defined purpose; colleagues with a shared history of challenges, mistakes, and success; experts with training and experience
5. The client. Planned by the teacher. The purpose of the client is to generate purposeful activities for the team; create a focus for the team; reflect back to the team how they are performing and what they need to do to improve and develop; assess and evaluate the work of the team, requiring high standards and a focus on the commission; provide information, specialist knowledge, and experiences; make demands of the team.
6. The commission. Planned by the teacher and developed with the students. The function of the commission is to give purpose to the work of the team and, by extension, to the students' curriculum studies; focus the work and keep it on course; provide a goal for the work, something to strive for; create a sense of responsibility; generate self-worth and a sense of achievement.
7. Different points view. The purpose of providing the students with different points of view is to look at events from multiple perspectives; provide alternative attitudes, values, and beliefs; generate opportunities for exploring people's motivations; challenge the student's views and orthodox thinking; create opportunities to explore people and events in depth and complexity; experiment with different ways of dealing with challenges and problems.
8. Tension. Planned by the teacher and developed in collaboration with the students. The purpose of tension is to create excitement and interest; create productive energy, drawing on the students' excitement and commitment to events; generate opportunities to examine people's actions, motivations, and values; build resilience.
9. Drama conventions. Planned by the teacher and used in collaboration with the students. The purpose of drama conventions is to play with time – hold it, rewind it, jump forward; create opportunities for exploration, examination, discussion, and reflection; investigate people's actions, motivations, and values; give students the power to influence events; create a 'safe zone' that gives students the opportunity to experiment and explore different possibilities and choices.

## Bibliography

* Aitken, V. (2021) Real in all the ways that Matter: Weaving Learning through the curriculum with Mantle of the Expert. NZCER Press.
* Viv Aitken, Dorothy Heathcote's Mantle of the Expert Approach to Teaching and Learning: a Brief Introduction. Ch.3 in Fraser, D. Aitken, V. and Whyte, B. (2013) Connecting Curriculum, Linking Learning. nzcer Press.
* Bolton, G. (2003) Dorothy Heathcote's Story: the biography of a remarkable drama teacher. London: Trentham Books.
* Bolton, G. (1999) Acting in Classroom Drama. Birmingham: Trentham Books.
* Edmiston, B. (2014) Transforming Teaching and Learning with Active and Dramatic Approaches: Engaging Students Across the Curriculum, Routledge.
* Heathcote, D. and Bolton, G. (1995) Drama for Learning: Dorothy Heathcote's mantle of the expert Approach to education. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
* Heathcote D. (2002) Contexts for Active Learning.
* Hesten, S. (1986) The Heathcote Archive. PhD thesis.
* Johnson, L. and O'Neill, C. (ed.) (1984) Dorothy Heathcote: Collected Writings on Education and Drama. London: Hutchinson.
* Morgan, N. and Saxton, J. (1987) Teaching Drama: a mind of many wonders. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
* O'Neill, C. (2015) Dorothy Heathcote on Education and Drama: Essential Writing. Routledge.
* Taylor, T. (2016) A Beginner's Guide to Mantle of the Expert. Singular. (Due for publication July 2016)
* Wagner, B.J. (1976) Dorothy Heathcote: Drama as a Learning Medium. London: Trentham Books.


title: Mantle cell lymphoma

abstract: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, comprising about 6% of cases. It is named for the mantle zone of the lymph nodes where it develops. The term 'mantle cell lymphoma' was first adopted by Raffeld and Jaffe in 1991. MCL is a subtype of B-cell lymphoma, due to CD5 positive antigen-naive pregerminal center B-cell within the mantle zone that surrounds normal germinal center follicles. MCL cells generally over-express cyclin D1 due to the t(11:14) translocation, a chromosomal translocation in the DNA.

text:
# Mantle cell lymphoma

**Mantle cell lymphoma** (**MCL**) is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, comprising about 6% of cases. It is named for the mantle zone of the lymph nodes where it develops. The term 'mantle cell lymphoma' was first adopted by Raffeld and Jaffe in 1991.

MCL is a subtype of B-cell lymphoma, due to CD5 positive antigen-naive pregerminal center B-cell within the mantle zone that surrounds normal germinal center follicles. MCL cells generally over-express cyclin D1 due to the t(11:14) translocation, a chromosomal translocation in the DNA.

## Signs and symptoms

People with mantle cell lymphoma typically present with symptoms later in life, with a median age of onset between 60 and 70 years of age. In Western countries MCL accounts for around 7% of adult non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, with between 4 and 8 per cases per million diagnosed each year. The incidence of MCL increases with age. In the United States, the median age for its diagnosis is 68 years. Three-quarters of patients are men. In addition, patients are more likely to be Caucasian.

People commonly present with a non-localizing lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) with B symptoms including fevers, chills and night sweats sometimes being present. 80% of patients present with stage 3 or 4 disease (advanced disease) at the time of diagnosis, with involvement of the bone marrow, liver or gastrointestinal tract. 25% of patients present with a bulky lymphadenopathy characterized by lymph nodes greater than 10 cm in size. Other patients may present with central nervous system (CNS) involvement, which is associated with a very poor prognosis. However, CNS involvement is rare at diagnosis.

A rare subtype, known as non-nodal mantle cell lymphoma, presents without lymph node swelling (non-nodal) with circulating lymphoma cells (leukemic presentation). This type of mantle cell lymphoma is associated with a more indolent, asymptomatic and slowly progressive course, however malignant transformation to aggressive forms is possible.

Mantle cell lymphoma has been reported in rare cases to be associated with severe allergic reactions to mosquito bites. These reactions involve extensive allergic reactions to mosquito bites which range from greatly enlarged bite sites that may be painful and involve necrosis to systemic symptoms (e.g. fever, swollen lymph nodes, abdominal pain, and diarrhea), or, in extremely rare cases, to life-threatening anaphylaxis. In several of these cases, the mosquito bite allergy reaction occurred prior to the diagnosis of MCL suggesting that mosquito bite allergy can be a manifestation of early-developing mantle cell lymphoma.

## Pathogenesis

MCL, like most cancers, results from the acquisition of a combination of (non-inherited) genetic mutations in somatic cells. This leads to a clonal expansion of malignant B lymphocytes. The factors that initiate the genetic alterations are typically not identifiable, and usually occur in people with no particular risk factors for lymphoma development. Because it is an acquired genetic disorder, MCL is neither communicable nor inheritable.

A defining characteristic of MCL is mutation and overexpression of cyclin D1, a cell cycle gene, that contributes to the abnormal proliferation of the malignant cells. MCL cells may also be resistant to drug-induced apoptosis, making them harder to cure with chemotherapy or radiation. Cells affected by MCL proliferate in a *nodular* or *diffuse* pattern with two main cytologic variants, *typical* or *blastic*. Typical cases are small to intermediate-sized cells with irregular nuclei. Blastic (aka *blastoid*) variants have intermediate to large-sized cells with finely dispersed chromatin, and are more aggressive in nature. The tumor cells accumulate in the lymphoid system, including lymph nodes and the spleen, with non-useful cells eventually rendering the system dysfunctional. MCL may also replace normal cells in the bone marrow, which impairs normal blood cell production.

## Diagnosis

The history and physical examination may reveal some of the signs and symptoms consistent with Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Biopsy of the involved tissues (such as the lymph nodes, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, spleen or other areas) shows the characteristic histopathologic changes of MCL. There are distinct growth patterns of MCL seen on biopsy; these include the diffuse type, nodular type, mantle zone lymphoma and in situ mantle cell lymphoma. In the diffuse growth pattern, there is a diffuse growth of lymphoma cells throughout the lymph node resulting in effacement of the architecture of the lymph node. In the nodular type, there are large nodules of MCL cells in the lymph node with no germinal centers observed. In MCL with expansion of the mantle zone, the lymphoma cells cause expansion of the mantle zone around normal germinal centers. And in MCL in situ, the lymphoma cells are contained within the mantle zone without expansion. Histologically, the lymphoma cells in classic MCL are characterized as small to medium lymphocytes with scant cytoplasm and clumped chromatin with prominent nuclear clefts and the nucleoli are not visible. There are cytologic subtypes; the blastoid subtype, is characterized by round nuclei, fine chromatin with some distinct nucleoli. The pleomorphic subtype is characterized by nuclei that vary in size and shape with some having a cleaved form. The blastoid and pleomorphic subtypes of MCL are associated with a more aggressive course.

The most common B-cell type seen in MCL is a pre-germinal center cell (that has not yet undergone the germinal center reaction), that is CD5, CD20, CD19 positive with expression of IgM and IgD with monoclonal kappa and gamma light chains. CD23 and CD200 are usually negative and cyclin-D1 (a cell cycle regulatory protein controlling transition from the G1 phase to the S phase in the cell cycle) is classically overexpressed in MCL. SOX11 (a transcription factor controlling genes involved in cell survival) is characteristically over-expressed in MCL as well. Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, if elevated (greater than 30% expression) is associated with an aggressive course of MCL.

Chromosomal assessment using fluorescence in situ hybridization shows the characteristic chromosomal translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) which is present in 90–95% of cases of MCL. Imaging using computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography–computed tomography is required to assess for any extra-nodal or distal involvement.

MRI of the brain and the spine are performed in cases of MCL with suspected central nervous system involvement. And, since 40-80% of MCL presents with gastrointestinal involvement at the time of diagnosis, endoscopy (colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)) with biopsies may also aid in the diagnosis, but they are not always required for the diagnosis of MCL.

The diagnosis may be complicated as a minority of cases of multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and plasma cell leukemia may also present with the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation. The diagnosis may be complicated further as some cases of MCL present atypically; these rare subtypes include CD10-positive MCL, CD5-negative MCL, cyclin D1-negative MCL, CD200-positive MCL, SOX-11-negative MCL, and CD23-positive MCL. The cyclin-D1-negative MCL subtypes usually result in lymphomagenesis via over-expression of cyclin D2, cyclin D3 or cyclin E, which also lead to cell cycle hyperactivity and have a similar prognosis to the main cyclin-D1 variant of MCL.

The Lugano and Ann Arbor Staging systems are two commonly used clinical staging criteria used to stage the disease, allowing decisions to be made with respect to treatment, prognosis and salvage therapy.

## Treatments

There are no proven standards of treatment for MCL, and there is no consensus among specialists on how to treat it optimally. Many regimens are available and often get good response rates, but patients almost always get disease progression after chemotherapy. Each relapse is typically more difficult to treat, and relapse is generally faster. As of 2023 it is incurable though some patients can live many years after their initial diagnosis. Regimens are available that treat relapses, and new approaches are under test. Because of the aforementioned factors, many MCL patients enroll in clinical trials to get the latest treatments – a survey at a specialist treatment centre in the UK showed that In total 58·7% of patients treated at the hospital were enrolled on at least one clinical trial. Indeed, this might well be a recommendation by the patient's care team in the hope it will give them access to the latest advances.

There are four classes of treatments in general use: chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radioimmunotherapy and biologic agents. The phases of treatment are generally: frontline, following diagnosis, consolidation, after frontline response (to prolong remissions), and relapse. Relapse is usually experienced multiple times.

### Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is widely used as frontline treatment, and often is not repeated in relapse due to side effects. Alternate chemotherapy is sometimes used at first relapse. For frontline treatment, CHOP with rituximab is the most common chemotherapy, and often given as outpatient by IV. A stronger chemotherapy with greater side effects (mostly hematologic) is HyperCVAD, often given in the hospital setting, with rituximab and generally to fitter patients (some of which are over 65). HyperCVAD is becoming popular and showing promising results, especially with rituximab. It can be used on some elderly (over 65) patients, but seems only beneficial when the baseline Beta-2-MG blood test was normal. It is showing better complete remissions (CR) and progression-free survival (PFS) than CHOP regimens. A less intensive option is bendamustine with rituximab.

Second line treatment may include fludarabine, combined with cyclophosphamide and/or mitoxantrone, usually with rituximab. Cladribine and clofarabine are two other medications being investigated in MCL. A relatively new regimen that uses old medications is PEP-C, which includes relatively small, daily doses of prednisone, etoposide, procarbazine, and cyclophosphamide, taken orally, has proven effective for relapsed patients. According to Dr. John Leonard, PEP-C may have anti-angiogenetic properties, something that he and his colleagues are testing through an ongoing drug trial.

Another approach involves using very high doses of chemotherapy, sometimes combined with total body irradiation (TBI), in an attempt to destroy all evidence of the disease. The downside to this is the destruction of the patient's entire immune system as well, requiring rescue by transplantation of a new immune system (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation), using either autologous stem cell transplantation, or those from a matched donor (an allogeneic stem cell transplant). A presentation at the December 2007 American Society of Hematology (ASH) conference by Christian Geisler, chairman of the Nordic Lymphoma Group claimed that according to trial results, mantle cell lymphoma is potentially curable with very intensive chemo-immunotherapy followed by a stem cell transplant, when treated upon first presentation of the disease.

These results seem to be confirmed by a large trial of the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Network indicating that induction regimens containing monoclonal antibodies and high dose cytarabine followed by autologous stem cell transplantation should become the standard of care of MCL patients up to approximately 65 years of age.

A study released in April 2013 showed that patients with previously untreated indolent lymphoma, bendamustine plus rituximab can be considered as a preferred first-line treatment approach to R-CHOP because of increased progression-free survival and fewer toxic effects.

### Immunotherapy

Immune-based therapy is dominated by the use of the rituximab monoclonal antibody, sold under the trade name Rituxan (or as Mabthera in Europe and Australia). Rituximab may have good activity against MCL as a single agent, but it is typically given in combination with chemotherapies, which prolongs response duration. There are newer variations on monoclonal antibodies combined with radioactive molecules known as radioimmunotherapy. These include Zevalin and Bexxar. Rituximab has also been used in small numbers of patients in combination with thalidomide with some effect. In contrast to these antibody-based 'passive' immunotherapies, the field of 'active' immunotherapy tries to activate a patient's immune system to specifically eliminate their own tumor cells. Examples of active immunotherapy include cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, and immunotransplant, which combines vaccination and autologous stem cell transplant. As of 2023, active immunotherapies are not currently a standard of care, but numerous clinical trials are ongoing.

### Targeted therapy

Two Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi), one In November 2013, ibrutinib (brand name Imbruvica, Pharmacyclics LLC) and one in October 2017, acalabrutinib (brand name Calquence, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP) were approved in the United States for treating mantle cell lymphoma. However, although these medications are beneficial their duration is short and patients typically relapse.

In November 2019, zanubrutinib (Brukinsa) was approved in the United States with an indication for the treatment of adults with mantle cell lymphoma who have received at least one prior therapy.

Pirtobrutinib (Jaypirca) was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2023.

### Gene therapy

Brexucabtagene autoleucel (Tecartus) was approved for medical use in the United States in July 2020, with an indication for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. It was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2020.

Each dose of brexucabtagene autoleucel is a customized treatment created using the recipient's own immune system to help fight the lymphoma. The recipient's T cells, a type of white blood cell, are collected and genetically modified to include a new gene that facilitates the targeting and killing of the lymphoma cells. These modified T cells are then infused back into the recipient.

## Prognosis

Recent clinical advances in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) have seen standard‐of‐care treatment algorithms transformed. Frontline rituximab combination therapy, high dose cytarabine‐based induction in younger patients and, more recently, Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors in the relapse setting have all demonstrated survival advantage in clinical trials (Wang et al., 2013; Eskelund et al., 2016; Rule et al., 2016). Over the last 15 years these practices have gradually become embedded in clinical practice and real‐world data has observed corresponding improvements in patient survival (Abrahamsson et al., 2014; Leux et al., 2014).

The overall 5-year survival rate for MCL is generally 50% (advanced stage MCL) to 70% (for limited-stage MCL).

Prognosis for individuals with MCL is problematic and indexes do not work well because most patients present at the advanced stage disease. Staging is used but is not very informative, since the malignant B-cells can travel freely though the lymphatic system and therefore most patients are at stage III or IV at diagnosis. Prognosis is not strongly affected by staging in MCL and the concept of metastasis does not really apply.

The Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) was derived from a data set of 455 advanced stage MCL patients treated in series of clinical trials in Germany/Europe. Of the evaluable population, approximately 18% were treated with high-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation in first remission. The MIPI is able to classify patients into three risk groups: low risk (median survival not reached after median 32 months follow-up and 5-year OS rate of 60%), intermediate risk (median survival 51 months) and high risk (median survival 29 months). In addition to the 4 independent prognostic factors included in the model, the cell proliferation index (Ki-67) was also shown to have additional prognostic relevance. When the Ki67 is available, a biologic MIPI can be calculated.

MCL is one of the few non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that can cross the boundary into the brain, yet it can be treated in that event.

There are a number of prognostic indicators that have been studied. There is not universal agreement on their importance or usefulness in prognosis.

Ki-67 is an indicator of how fast cells mature and is expressed in a range from about 10% to 90%. The lower the percentage, the lower the speed of maturity, and the more indolent the disease. Katzenberger et al. graphs survival versus time for subsets of patients with varying Ki-67 indices. He shows median survival times of about one year for 61–90% Ki-67 and nearly 4 years for 5–20% Ki-67 index.

MCL cell types can aid in prognosis in a subjective way. Blastic is a larger cell type. Diffuse is spread through the node. Nodular are small groups of collected cells spread through the node. Diffuse and nodular are similar in behavior. Blastic is faster growing and it is harder to get long remissions. It has been suggested that in time, some non-blastic MCL transforms to blastic; however, this model has the assumption that increasing genetic alterations lead to the loss of cell cycle control, the higher proliferation rate, and thus to blastoid features. But blastoid features are frequently seen at initial presentation in some patients, whereas other cases remain morphologically stable classical MCL throughout the duration of the disease. Although survival of most blastic patients is shorter, some data shows that 25% of blastic MCL patients survive to 5 years. That is longer than diffuse type and almost as long as nodular (almost 7 yrs).

Beta-2 microglobulin is another risk factor in MCL used primarily for transplant patients. Values less than three have yielded 95% overall survival to six years for auto SCT where over three yields a median of 44 most overall survival for auto SCT (Khouri 03). This is not yet fully validated.

Testing for high levels of lactate dehydrogenase in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is useful because it is released when body tissues break down for *any* reason. While it cannot be used as a sole means of diagnosing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, it is a marker for tracking tumor burden in those diagnosed by other means. The normal range is approximately between 140 and 280 U/L but the clinical interpretation will depend upon the patient's symptoms.

## Epidemiology

6% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases are mantle cell lymphoma. As of 2015, the ratio of males to females affected is about 4:1.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Mantle cell lymphoma | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Micrograph showing mantle cell lymphoma (bottom of image) in a biopsy of the terminal ileum. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Hematology and oncology |