title: John Henry (musical)

abstract: John Henry was a 1940 original Broadway musical based on the 1931 novel John Henry by Roark Bradford. The libretto was written by Bradford with music composed by Jacques Wolfe. Paul Robeson starred in the title role with Ruby Elzy as Julie Anne. Other prominent members of the cast included Joseph Attles, Josh White, Musa Williams, and Bayard Rustin. The show played at the 44th Street Theatre in New York City from January 10, 1940, to January 15, 1940.

text:
# John Henry (musical)

***John Henry*** was a 1940 original Broadway musical based on the 1931 novel *John Henry* by Roark Bradford. The libretto was written by Bradford with music composed by Jacques Wolfe.

Paul Robeson starred in the title role with Ruby Elzy as Julie Anne. Other prominent members of the cast included Joseph Attles, Josh White, Musa Williams, and Bayard Rustin.

The show played at the 44th Street Theatre in New York City from January 10, 1940, to January 15, 1940.

## Songs

Act I * "I'm Singing About a Man" - Blind Lemon
* "How Come I'm Born Wid a Hook in My Hand" - John Henry
* "All the People on the Levee" - John Henry and Chorus
* "Ya Gotta Bend Down" - Blind Lemon and Chorus
* "How Come I'm Born Wid a Hook in My Hand (Reprise)" - John Henry
* "Coonjine" - Chorus
* "Jaybird" - Old Aunt Dinah and John Henry
* "Got a Head Like a Rock" - John Henry
* "Whiffer's Song" - Blind Lemon
* "Stingaree Song" - Poor Selma
* "Bad, Bad Stacker Lee" - Man Named Sam
* "Careless Love" - Julie Anne
* "I've Trampled All Over" - Julie Anne and John Henry
* "Caught Ole Blue" - Blind Lemon and Chorus
* "Old John Henry/Po' Lil' Frenchie" - John Henry and Men
* "Workin' on de Railroad" - John Henry and Men
* "High Ballin'" - Chorus

Act II * "Where Did You Get Dem High Heeled Shoes?" - Blind Lemon
* "Let De Sun Sink Down" - Carrie and Chorus
* "Ship of Zion" - Chorus
* "No Bottom" - Chorus
* "Lullaby" - Julie Anne
* "Take Me a Drink of Whiskey" - Man Named Sam and Ruby
* "Sundown in My Soul" - John Henry
* "I'm Gonna Git Down on My Knees" - Hell Buster and Chorus
* "I Want Jesus to Walk With Me" - Hell Buster and Chorus
* "I'm Born in the Country" - John Henry
* "Now You Talks Mighty Big in the Country" - Man Named Sam and Chorus
* "So Stand Back, All You Bullies" - John Henry
* "Ship of Zion (Reprise)" - Chorus
* "I Don't Care Where They Buried My Body" - Chorus
* "He Went to the East" - Chorus

## InfoBox

| *John Henry* | |
| --- | --- |
| Original Broadway Playbill | |
| Music | Jacques Wolfe |
| Lyrics | Roark Bradford |
| Book | Roark Bradford |
| Basis | Roark Bradford's novel <br>*John Henry* |
| Productions | 1940 Broadway |


title: John Henry (novel)

abstract: John Henry is a 1931 novel by Roark Bradford and illustrated by woodcut artist J. J. Lankes, based on the African-American folk hero of the same name. It was made into a Broadway play and later a musical featuring Paul Robeson in the title role and Ruby Elzy as Julie Anne.

text:
# John Henry (novel)

***John Henry*** is a 1931 novel by Roark Bradford and illustrated by woodcut artist J. J. Lankes, based on the African-American folk hero of the same name. It was made into a Broadway play and later a musical featuring Paul Robeson in the title role and Ruby Elzy as Julie Anne.

## InfoBox

John Henry
| Dust-jacket illustration for *John Henry* | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Roark Bradford |
| Illustrator | J. J. Lankes |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Novel |
| Publisher | Harper & Brothers |
| Publication date | 1931 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 225 pp |


title: John Dale (writer)

abstract: John Dale is an Australian author of crime fiction and true crime books. He completed a Doctorate of Creative Arts at the University of Technology Sydney, in 1999, and subsequently joined the UTS writing Program where he was Professor of Writing and Director of the UTS Centre for New Writing until 2020. He is the author of ten books including the best-selling Huckstepp and two crime novels Dark Angel and The Dogs Are Barking, published with Serpents Tail Press in the UK, and a memoir, Wild Life, an investigation into the fatal shooting of his grandfather in 1940s Tasmania. He has edited two anthologies, Out West and Car Lovers, and co-edited a third anthology, Best on Ground, on Australian Rules football. His novel, Leaving Suzie Pye, was published in 2010 and translated into Turkish. His novella Plenty was published in 2013. He has been a judge of several major Australian literary awards and his essays, reviews and non-fiction have appeared in a wide variety of journals and newspapers. His research and teaching areas include narrative fiction, creative non-fiction, crime narratives and the novella. His crime novel Detective Work (2015) was based on an unsolved Sydney murder and he was the editor of 'Sydney Noir' (2018). His dystopian novel The Blasphemy Laws was published in 2019 and his latest book is the academic satire The Faculty (2022).

text:
# John Dale (writer)

**John Dale** (born 15 January 1953 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian author of crime fiction and true crime books. He completed a Doctorate of Creative Arts at the University of Technology Sydney, in 1999, and subsequently joined the UTS writing Program where he was Professor of Writing and Director of the UTS Centre for New Writing until 2020.

He is the author of ten books including the best-selling *Huckstepp* and two crime novels *Dark Angel* and *The Dogs Are Barking*, published with Serpents Tail Press in the UK, and a memoir, *Wild Life*, an investigation into the fatal shooting of his grandfather in 1940s Tasmania. He has edited two anthologies, *Out West* and *Car Lovers*, and co-edited a third anthology, *Best on Ground*, on Australian Rules football. His novel, *Leaving Suzie Pye*, was published in 2010 and translated into Turkish. His novella *Plenty* was published in 2013. He has been a judge of several major Australian literary awards and his essays, reviews and non-fiction have appeared in a wide variety of journals and newspapers. His research and teaching areas include narrative fiction, creative non-fiction, crime narratives and the novella. His crime novel *Detective Work* (2015) was based on an unsolved Sydney murder and he was the editor of 'Sydney Noir' (2018). His dystopian novel *The Blasphemy Laws* was published in 2019 and his latest book is the academic satire *The Faculty* (2022).

## Awards

* Ned Kelly Awards for Crime Writing, Best True Crime, 2005: shortlisted for *Wild Life*
* Ned Kelly Awards for Crime Writing, Best True Crime, 2000: winner for *Huckstepp: A Dangerous Life*
* Ned Kelly Awards for Crime Writing, Best First Novel Award, 1996: winner for *Dark Angel*
* The Angus & Robertson Writer's Fellowship, 1986: winner for *The Blank Page*

## Bibliography

### Novels

* *Dark Angel* (1995)
* *The Dogs are Barking* (1998)
* *Leaving Suzie Pye* (2010)
* *Detective Work* (2015)
* *The Blasphemy Laws* (2019)
* *The Faculty* (2022)

### Novellas

* *Plenty* (2013)

### Children's

* *Army of the Pure* (2007)

### Non-fiction

* *Huckstepp: A Dangerous Life* (2000; revised ed. 2014)
* *Wild Life* (2004)
* *If George Orwell were alive today … on Nineteen Eighty-four and the thrust of Orwellian political satire* (2019)

### Edited

* *Out West: Australian Dirt* (1996)
* *Car Lovers: Twelve Australian Writers on Four Wheels* (2008)
* *Best on Ground* Co-edited with Peter Corris (2010)
* *Sydney Noir* (2018)

## InfoBox

| John Dale | |
| --- | --- |
| John Dale in 2014 | |
| Born | Anthony John Dale
15 January 1963
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Language | English |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Genre | Crime fiction |
| Years active | 1987 - |
| Notable works | *Dark Angel* |
| Notable awards | Ned Kelly Award |


title: Pigritia astuta

abstract: Pigritia astuta is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Pigritia astuta

***Pigritia astuta*** is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Pigritia astuta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Blastobasidae |
| Genus: | *Pigritia* |
| Species: | ***P. astuta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pigritia astuta***<br>Meyrick, 1918 | |
|


title: Pigritia biatomella

abstract: Pigritia biatomella is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It was described by Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham, in 1897. It is found in the West Indies.

text:
# Pigritia biatomella

***Pigritia biatomella*** is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It was described by Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham, in 1897. It is found in the West Indies.

## InfoBox

| *Pigritia biatomella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Blastobasidae |
| Genus: | *Pigritia* |
| Species: | ***P. biatomella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pigritia biatomella***<br>Walsingham, 1897 | |
|


title: John Diggle

abstract: John William Diggle was an English Anglican bishop. He was Archdeacon of Westmorland from 1896 to 1901, Archdeacon of Birmingham from 1903 to 1904, and Bishop of Carlisle from 1905 to his death in 1920.

text:
# John Diggle

**John William Diggle** (2 March 1847 – 24 March 1920) was an English Anglican bishop. He was Archdeacon of Westmorland from 1896 to 1901, Archdeacon of Birmingham from 1903 to 1904, and Bishop of Carlisle from 1905 to his death in 1920.

## Early life and education

Diggle was the son of William Diggle, a warehouseman of Pendleton, Lancashire and his wife Nancy Ann *née* Chadderton. His younger brother, Joseph Diggle (18491917) was to become chairman of the London School Board. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School. and Merton College, Oxford.

## Ordained ministry

Diggle began his career with curacies at St Margaret, Whalley Range, All Saints’, Liverpool and St John’s, Walton. From 1875 until 1897 he was Vicar of Mossley Hill. He was in 1896 collated Archdeacon of Westmorland, serving until November 1901, and then in 1903 Archdeacon of Birmingham.

In 1905, Diggle was appointed Bishop of Carlisle, the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Carlisle. He was one of the most vociferous episcopal supporters of British involvement in the Great War. He blamed Prussian militarism and was appalled at what he regarded as German cruelty to Belgian and French civilians who had been overrun in the German advance. He regarded it as a spiritual war, the 'Good'of Britain and her allies facing the wickedness of Germany and, therefore, fighting for a choice between '...public law or military licence...freedom or absolutism, independence or servitude, truth or falsehood, purity or corruption, faith or force, love or hate, Christ or Beliel...' He was very proud of clergy and their families who were especially active in the War. These included his own sons, Reginald, who won a MC as a chaplain, and Philip, who was a major in the Border Regiment;and Theodore Hardy, vicar of Hutton Roof, who was awarded the VC. His assistant, the Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness, who volunteered as a Chaplain and served with the Church Army, and the Vicar of Ambleside, who worked in a munitions factory during the week and returned to his parish at weekends to take services, were praised. Unlike most of his colleagues, he refused to forbid his clergy from joining the forces as combatants, writing 'If it is wrong for a clergyman to enlist, can he encourage others to enlist? If we honour and praise the dead for a sacred cause how can it be wrong for clergy to enlist in so noble a cause?'. Diggle also refused to accept candidates for ordination if they were 'of military age and medically fit at this critical juncture in the nation's needs'. One of Diggle's last tasks was to join President Wilson of the USA in the nonconformist chapel where Wilson's ancestors had worshipped, and was widely criticised since he was a CofE bishop. Diggle was unmoved and wanted to welcome the President on his visit to the diocese. Diggle continued as bishop until his death on 24 March 1920.

## Personal life

In 1874, Diggle married Cicely Jane Butterfield. In 1884, Diggle married Edith Moss. Diggle had five children: four sons and one daughter.

His son, Percy Robert Diggle, was a rugby union international, representing the Combined British on the 1910 RFU tour to Argentina, an early incarnation of the British and Irish Lions.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
John Diggle | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Carlisle | |
|  | |
| Church | Church of England |
| Diocese | Diocese of Carlisle |
| In office | 1905 to 1920 |
| Predecessor | John Bardsley |
| Successor | Henry Williams |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1871 |
| Consecration | c. 1905 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John William Diggle
(1847-03-02)2 March 1847 |
| Died | 24 March 1920(1920-03-24) (aged 73) |
| Nationality | English |
| Denomination | Anglicanism |
| Children | Five, including Percy Robert Diggle |


title: John F. Cook Jr.

abstract: John Francis Cook Jr. was a prominent educator, politician, tax collector, businessman, community organizer, civil rights activist, and member of the African-American, Washingtonian elite of the late 19th century. Born into an established, middle-class family in Washington D.C., Cook was believed to be D.C.'s richest black resident in 1895 with a net worth of over two hundred thousand dollars. As a civilian and in government, Cook championed civil rights causes aimed at uplifting D.C.'s black community, mainly through education, community engagement, and political activism. Cook was also a staunch opponent of Jim Crow laws, the Colonization movement, and other causes designed to put African Americans at the fringes of American life.

text:
# John F. Cook Jr.

**John Francis Cook Jr.** (September 1833 – January 20, 1910) was a prominent educator, politician, tax collector, businessman, community organizer, civil rights activist, and member of the African-American, Washingtonian elite of the late 19th century. Born into an established, middle-class family in Washington D.C., Cook was believed to be D.C.'s richest black resident in 1895 with a net worth of over two hundred thousand dollars. As a civilian and in government, Cook championed civil rights causes aimed at uplifting D.C.'s black community, mainly through education, community engagement, and political activism. Cook was also a staunch opponent of Jim Crow laws, the Colonization movement, and other causes designed to put African Americans at the fringes of American life.

## Early life and education

John Francis Cook Jr. was born in September 1833 to one of Washington D.C.'s most wealthy and distinguished African-American families. His father, John F. Cook Sr. (1810-1855), was born a slave in the Washington DC area. At 16 years old, Cook Sr.'s industrious aunt, Alethia "Lethe" Tanner, bought him, his mother and several of his siblings freedom for $1,450. Cook Sr. went on to become a prominent figure in Washington D.C.'s religious and educational community for freed blacks. Among other things, Cook Sr. led Union Seminary, a school for black students in D.C., founded the Young Man's Moral and Literary Society, an antebellum abolitionist debating society for free and enslaved blacks, and co-founded Union Bethel Church. Cook Sr. also founded the Fifteenth Street Colored Presbyterian Church in Washington, DC and served from 1843 to 1855. John F. Cook Jr.'s mother, Jane Mann, was the daughter of Rachel Mann who was 'full-blood' Native American and Congressman John Randolph of Roanoke.

Cook Jr. was first educated at Union Seminary while his father was the headmaster. He attended Oberlin College in Ohio at the age of twenty with his younger brother, George F.T. Cook (1835–1912), from 1853–1855. Cook Jr. and George left Oberlin before finishing their undergraduate studies and returned to D.C. in 1855 at the news of their father's death.

## Career

### Education

Upon returning to Washington, D.C. in 1855, Cook became the head of Union Seminary, replacing his late father. Cook led Union Seminary until 1857 when his younger brother, George, succeeded him. Though no longer in charge, Cook remained active in Union Seminary until its closure in 1867, the same year public schools were opened for black children. During that ten-year period, Cook continued teaching, even doing so at a great personal risk. In 1859, he was warned by government officials in D.C. that if he were to continue teaching black students, he would be arrested. This prompted Cook to move to New Orleans where he opened a school for black students and continued to teach. After a few years, however, he caught the attention local authorities and was issued a similar warning. By that time, the threat had subsided in D.C., and Cook returned to embark on a long and illustrious career in politics and activism.

Returning to D.C. in 1862, Cook recognized a shortage of schools in D.C. as a result of the increased population during the Civil War. He erected a school for black children and named it after his father, the late John F. Cook. A lifelong educator like his father, Cook was also on the board of trustees and executive committee for Howard University (1875-1910) and served on the District's Board of Education (1906-1910).

### Politics and public service

Following the closure of Union Seminary, Cook entered local government—and local politics soon after. In 1867, he began a clerkship in the office of the District tax collector. He would later be appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to be D.C.'s chief tax collector, serving for ten years from 1874 to 1884. In 1868, Cook was elected to the Board of Aldermen in the second elections in which black residents could vote. In 1869, Cook was appointed as a Justice of the Peace and served as such until 1876. In 1868, Cook began to get involved in local Republican politics, utilizing his wealth and connections to gain influence. Cook served as the District's delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1872 and 1880. Cook was also appointed to be D.C.'s Jury Commissioner in 1889 and was a member of the Board of Children's Guardians from 1892 to his death in 1910.

### Political activism

Cook's social and political activism and influence was not limited to his work within government; he was a committed community organizer and activist in the black community and beyond. Cook was a trustee for many cultural and philanthropic institutions throughout his adult life, including the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association, the Home for Destitute Women and Children, and the Coleridge-Taylor Musical Society, among others. These institutions, in tandem with Cook's educational and political efforts, strived to enrich African-American culture and uplift the black community of D.C. However, Cook also had to expend his effort, money, and political influence to battle dangerous and discriminatory laws and practices against the black community.

In response to the Colonization Movement—which proposed (and executed) the practice of transporting former slaves and free blacks to colonies in Africa and South America—, Cook helped launch the Social, Civil, and Statistical Association, a group of elite black Washingtonians who opposed colonization. Cook and two other members of the SCSA were in a committee of five African-Americans who on August 14, 1862 addressed an unimpressed President Lincoln on the subject—Lincoln being an advocate of colonization. While unsuccessful in their attempts to dissuade the President from his plans, the visit marked the first time an all-black delegation had the opportunity to address the President. However, Cook was wary about "taking the responsibility of answering the President on a matter in which more than four million of his people were concerned." The delegation included Cook, Benjamin McCoy, John T. Costin, Cornelius Clark, and chaired by Edward Thomas. Cook, Thomas and Clark were SCSA members.

Cook was one of the leaders of the First Ward Civil Rights Association, and he helped to get a petition signed by 2,500 citizens and into Congress to be debated, which pushed for democratic representation and the boycotting of many segregated white establishments. Cook was also a vocal critic of Jim Crow laws and used his political influence to stifle their presence in D.C.

Following the Emancipation Proclamation, Cook and other elite, black Washingtonians harbored fears that the influx of former slaves to D.C. would reverse much of the black community's progress. Despite these concerns, Cook presided over a July 4 parade that many freed blacks attended, celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union Army's victory, and the passing of the 13th Amendment.

### Freemasonry

John F. Cook Jr. was very active in African American Freemasonry (also known as Prince Hall Affiliation) in Washington, DC. Cook was made a Freemason in Eureka Lodge #5. After serving as Worshipful Master of his lodge he was eventually elected Grand Secretary and then Grand Master of what was then known as the Union Grand Lodge (Now known as the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia) in 1866. John F. Cook Jr. would be the longest serving Grand Master in his masonic jurisdictions history. In 1871, John F. Cook Jr. oversaw the severance of ties between his Grand Lodge and the National Grand Lodge (Compact). John F. Cook Lodge #10 in Washington, DC is named in his honor.

## Personal life

John F. Cook Jr. was married to Helen Appo Cook (1837-1913), and together they had five children: Elizabeth Appo, John Francis III, George Frederick, Charles Chaveau, and Ralph Victor. Helen Appo was a prominent and influential activist in her own right. She helped found the National Colored Women's League and served as its president for decades.

With his inheritance, Cook made real estate investments, and in 1895 he was reported to be D.C's wealthiest black resident, worth over two hundred thousand dollars. Due to this wealth, in addition to his political power, Cook and his wife repeatedly appeared on D.C.'s "elite black 400," a list of prominent African-American socialites. His wealth and high social standing drew criticism from other blacks, and he did not earn the respect of many whites. Wealthy whites believed that Cook was trying to create an aristocratic society of wealthy blacks who, "clamored for admission to the theatres on the white level," and believed they were worthy of the same respect as whites. Low to middle-class blacks believed that Cook only cared about the wealthy blacks, and could not identify with him, as they believed he was only concerned with the elite black community. Cook also served for ten years as Grand Master of what is now the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia (MWPHGLDC). He was a Worshipful Master of Eureka Lodge #5, one the oldest and most prestigious Free Masonry lodges in D.C.

Cook also served many years on the board of trustees for the Columbian Harmony Society, which owned one of the largest African American cemeteries in Washington, D.C. Cook was buried at Columbian Harmony Cemetery, and later, his wife, Helen Appo Cook, and other Cook family members.

## Legacy

John F. Cook Jr. dedicated his life to the advancement of the black community in Washington D.C. As an educator, politician, activist, and philanthropist, Cook promoted political and cultural causes, tasked with uplifting D.C.'s African American community, in addition to fighting racist and discriminatory policies and practices. And as a member of Washingtonian's black elite, Cook demonstrated living proof that a black man in 19th century United States could infiltrate the three main spheres of influence in American life: the political, the social, and the economic.

## InfoBox

| John F. Cook Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 1833<br>Washington, D.C., United States |
| Died | January 20, 1910(1910-01-20) (aged 76) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, politician, tax collector, businessman |
| Known for | Civil rights activism |
| Spouse | Helen Appo (m. 1864) |
| Children | 5 |


title: John Hoyne

abstract: John Joseph Hoyne is a former Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Graigue–Ballycallan and he used play with the Kilkenny senior inter-county team from 2000 until 2005.

text:
# John Hoyne

**John Joseph Hoyne** (born 2 April 1978) is a former Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Graigue–Ballycallan and he used play with the Kilkenny senior inter-county team from 2000 until 2005.

## Playing career

### Club

Hoyne plays his club hurling with his local Graigue–Ballycallan club and has enjoyed much success. He won both county minor and under-21 honours with the club before playing in four successive senior county finals from 1998 until 2001. Hoyne ended up on the winning side in 1998 and 2000.

### Inter-county

Hoyne first came to prominence on the inter-county scene at underage levels. He won Leinster medals in both minor and under-21 with Kilkenny before later joining the county senior team.

Hoyne won his first senior Leinster title with his native-county in 2000. He later lined out in his first All-Ireland final at Croke Park where Offaly, the defeated Leinster finalists, provided the opposition. The stakes were high for Kilkenny as the prospect of becoming the first team to lose three All-Ireland finals in-a-row was a daunting one. In the end victory went to Kilkenny by a huge score and Hoyne collected his first All-Ireland medal. He won a second Leinster title in 2001, however, his side were later beaten in the All-Ireland semi-final. 2002 saw Hoyne add a National Hurling League medal to his collection before winning a third provincial title. Kilkenny subsequently defeated Clare in the championship decider, giving Hoyne a second All-Ireland medal. The success continued in 2003 as he won a second consecutive National League medal. Hoyne later won a fourth Leinster title before lining out in another All-Ireland final. Cork were the opponents on that occasion, however, 'the Cats' overcame the Leesiders in a thrilling game, giving Hoyne a third All-Ireland medal. In 2004 Kilkenny were aiming for a third All-Ireland title in-a-row, however, all did not go to plan as the team lost their provincial crown to Wexford. Kilkenny did reach the All-Ireland final via the 'back-door' system, however, Cork defeated them in a tense match. Hoyne won a fifth Leinster medal in 2005, however, Kilkenny were later caught on the hop in the All-Ireland semi-final as Galway defeated 'the Cats' in one of the all-time classic games. Hoyne retired from inter-county duty shortly afterwards.

## InfoBox

John Hoyne
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Seán Ó hEoghain* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Half-forward | | |
| Born | (1978-04-02) 2 April 1978<br>Ballycallan, County Kilkenny | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | | |
| Occupation | Carpenter | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | Graigue–Ballycallan | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 1998-2005 | Kilkenny | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Leinster titles | 5 | | |
| All-Irelands | 3 | | |


title: Pilot Grove, Missouri

abstract: Pilot Grove is a city in the Pilot Grove Township in northern Cooper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 768 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Pilot Grove, Missouri

**Pilot Grove** is a city in the Pilot Grove Township in northern Cooper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 768 at the 2010 census.

## History

Pilot Grove was platted in 1873. The city was named from an old-growth grove of hickory trees, which once served as a local landmark or "pilot" to travelers.

## Geography

Pilot Grove is located along Missouri Route 135 and is four miles south of I-70. It is approximately eleven miles southwest of Boonville. The Petite Saline Creek flows past about two miles to the east of the town.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.42 square miles (1.09 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 209 |  |  |
| 1890 | 560 |  | 167.9% |
| 1900 | 631 |  | 12.7% |
| 1910 | 554 |  | −12.2% |
| 1920 | 753 |  | 35.9% |
| 1930 | 654 |  | −13.1% |
| 1940 | 748 |  | 14.4% |
| 1950 | 635 |  | −15.1% |
| 1960 | 680 |  | 7.1% |
| 1970 | 701 |  | 3.1% |
| 1980 | 745 |  | 6.3% |
| 1990 | 714 |  | −4.2% |
| 2000 | 723 |  | 1.3% |
| 2010 | 768 |  | 6.2% |
| 2020 | 665 |  | −13.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 768 people, 304 households, and 193 families living in the city. The population density was 1,828.6 inhabitants per square mile (706.0/km2). There were 334 housing units at an average density of 795.2 per square mile (307.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.5% White, 1.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.

There were 304 households, of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.5% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.93.

The median age in the city was 43.4 years. 23.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.8% were from 25 to 44; 21.9% were from 45 to 64; and 25.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44.7% male and 55.3% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 723 people, 287 households, and 187 families living in the city. The population density was 1,724.8 inhabitants per square mile (665.9/km2). There were 317 housing units at an average density of 756.2 per square mile (292.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.37% White, 0.97% African American, 0.69% Native American, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.55% of the population.

There were 287 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,354, and the median income for a family was $37,143. Males had a median income of $29,318 versus $20,313 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,857. About 4.8% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable person

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pilot Grove, Missouri
2. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "Cooper County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived)". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
5. Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). *How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named*. The State Historical Society of Missouri. pp. 281.
6. *Missouri Atlas & Gazetteer,* DeLorme, 1998, First edition, pp. 36-7, ISBN 0-89933-224-2
7. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
8. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
9. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Pilot Grove, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| City of Pilot Grove | |
| Location of Pilot Grove, Missouri | |
| Coordinates: 38°52′29″N 92°54′44″W / 38.87472°N 92.91222°W / 38.87472; -92.91222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Cooper |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.42 sq mi (1.09 km2) |
| Land | 0.42 sq mi (1.09 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 846 ft (258 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 665 |
| Density | 1,579.57/sq mi (610.23/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 65276 |
| Area code | 660 |
| FIPS code | 29-57602 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2396204 |


title: Pillsbury Bake-Off

abstract: The Pillsbury Bake-Off is an American cooking contest, first run by the Pillsbury Company in 1949. It has been called "one of the most successful promotions in the history of the modern food business".

text:
# Pillsbury Bake-Off

The **Pillsbury Bake-Off** is an American cooking contest, first run by the Pillsbury Company in 1949. It has been called "one of the most successful promotions in the history of the modern food business".

## History

The first contest was held in 1949 as the **Grand National Recipe and Baking Contest** and hosted in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. One hundred entries were selected for the final competition (97 women and 3 men). Pillsbury paid all expenses to fly in and host the contestants. At the awards banquet, Eleanor Roosevelt presented the winner with a $50,000 check. Every contestant received at least $100 for their recipe and took home the G.E. electric stove used in the competition. All of the recipes were published in a booklet distributed to grocers nationwide. The only required ingredient in the early contests was Pillsbury's BEST Flour.

The contest was held annually from 1949–1976, 2013 to 2014, and since 2017; from 1978 to 2012, the contest was held biennially. There was no contest in 1965 because the contest was moved from October to February. There was no contest in 2015, 2016 nor 2020. The contest reverted to an annual contest in 2013 and 2014, after the previous 18 contests were held in even-numbered years. Although the 2021 contest was held virtually, the Food Network aired the contest from New York, NY.

From 1996 to 2014, the grand prize was $1,000,000. From 2018 to 2019, the grand prize was $50,000 plus a kitchen makeover from GE Appliances. Occasionally, there has been a male category winner (1978, 1990, 1992, and 2002). The only male champion was Kurt Wait of Redwood City, California, who won in 1996; that year, 14 of the 100 finalists were men.

In 2014, the contest added eight additional "Sponsor Awards" for a prize of $5,000 each. Categories and winners included:

* GE Imagination At Work Award: won by MaryJo Watkins of Scottsdale, Arizona – Muffuletta Mini Pies
* Jif Peanut Butter Award: won by Brenda Watts of Gaffney, South Carolina – Macaroon-Peanut Butter-Chocolate Tartlets
* Crisco is Cooking Award: won by Greg Fontenot of The Woodlands, Texas – Grilled Potato and Roasted Salsa Verde Pizza
* Eagle Brand Signature Recipe Award: won by Barbara Estabrook of Rhinelander, Wisconsin – Peanut and Pretzel-Peanut Butter Thumbprints
* Pillsbury Gluten Free Award: won by Merry Graham of Newhall, California – Herbs and Seeds Parmesan Crackers
* Pillsbury Clever Twist Award: won by Marie Valdes of Brandon, Florida – Spinach Dip-Stuffed Garlic Rolls
* Watkins Vanilla Award: won by Antoinette Leal of Ridgefield, Connecticut – Very Vanilla Lemon Tarts
* Reynolds Baking Magic Award: won by Elizabeth Bennett of Seattle, Washington – Chocolate-Peanut Butter-Filled Pretzels

The 2022 edition was the first in the competition's history in which the use of traditional ovens was prohibited; entrants were allowed to use any other cooking appliance. It was promoted as the "Pillsbury Ovens Off Bake-Off Contest".

## Grand prize winners

| Year | Recipe | Grand Prize Winner/City |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1949 | No-Knead Water-Rising Twists | Theodora Smafield (Detroit, MI) |
| 1950 | Orange Kiss-Me Cake | Lily Wuebel (Redwood City, CA) |
| 1951 | Starlight Double-Delight Cake | Helen Weston (La Jolla, CA) |
| 1952 | Snappy Turtle Cookies | Beatrice Harlib (Chicago, IL) |
| 1953 | "My Inspiration" Cake | Lois Kanago (Weber, SD) |
| 1954 | Open Sesame Pie | Dorothy Koteen (Washington, DC) |
| 1955 | Ring-A-Lings | Bertha Jorgensen (Portland, OR) |
| 1956 | California Casserole | Hildreth H. Hatheway (Santa Barbara, CA) |
| 1957 | Accordion Treats | Gerda Roderer (Berkeley, CA) |
| 1958 | Spicy Apple Twists | Dorothy DeVault (Delaware, OH) |
| 1959 | Mardi Gras Party Cake | Eunice G. Surles (Lake Charles, LA) |
| 1960 | Dilly Casserole Bread | Leona Schnuelle (Crab Orchard, NE) |
| 1961 | Candy Bar Cookies | Alice Reese (Minneapolis, MN) |
| 1962 | Apple Pie '63 | Julia Smogor (South Bend, IN) |
| 1963 | Hungry Boys' Casserole | Mira Walilko (Detroit, MI) |
| 1964 | Peacheesy Pie | Janis Boykin (Melbourne, FL) |
| 1966 | Golden Gate Snack Bread | Mari Petrelli (Las Vegas, NV) |
| 1967 | Muffin Mix Buffet Bread | Maxine Bullock (Topeka, KS) |
| 1968 | Buttercream Pound Cake | Phyllis Lidert (Oak Lawn, IL) |
| 1969 | Magic Marshmallow Crescent Puffs | Edna M. Walker (Hopkins, MN) |
| 1970 | Onion Lover's Twist | Nan Robb (Huachuca City, AZ) |
| 1971 | Pecan Pie Surprise Bars | Pearl Hall (Snohomish, WA) |
| 1972 | Streusel Spice Cake | Rose DeDominicis (Verona, PA) |
| | Quick 'n Chewy Crescent Bars | Isabelle Collins (Elk River, MN) |
| 1973 | Quick Crescent Pecan Pie Bars | Mrs. Jerome Flieller, Jr. (Floresville, TX) |
| | Banana Crunch Cake | Mrs. Ronald L. Brooks (Salisbury, MD) |
| 1974 | Chocolate Cherry Bars | Francis I. Jerzak (Porter, MN) |
| | Savoury Crescent Chicken Squares | Doris Castle (River Forest, IL) |
| 1975 | Easy Crescent Danish Rolls | Barbara S. Gibson (Fort Wayne, IN) |
| | Sour Cream Apple Squares | Luella Maki (Ely, MN) |
| 1976 | Crescent Caramel Swirl | Lois A. Groves (Greenwood Village, CO) |
| | Whole Wheat Raisin Loaf | Lenora H. Smith (Baton Rouge, LA) |
| 1978 | Nutty Graham Picnic Cake | Esther Tomich (San Pedro, CA) |
| | Chick-&-Broccoli Pot Pies | Linda Mowery (Worthington, IN) |
| 1980 | Italian Zucchini Crescent Pie | Millicent (Caplan) Nathan (Boca Ratón, FL) |
| 1982 | Almond-Filled Cookie Cake | Elizabeth Meijer (Tucson, AZ) |
| 1984 | Country Apple Coffee Cake | Susan F. Porubcan (Jefferson, WI) |
| 1986 | Apple Nut Lattice Tart | Mary Lou Warren (Medford, OR) |
| 1988 | Chocolate Praline Layer Cake | Julie (Konecne) Bengtson (Bemidji, MN) |
| 1990 | Blueberry-Poppy Seed Brunch Cake | Linda Rahman (Petunia, CA) |
| 1992 | Pennsylvania Dutch Cake and Custard Pie | Gladys Fulton (Summerville, SC) |
| 1994 | Fudgy Bonbons | Mary A. Tyndall (Whiteville, NC) |
| 1996 | Macadamia Fudge Torte | Kurt Wait (Redwood City, CA) |
| 1998 | Salsa Couscous Chicken | Ellie Mathews (Port Angeles, WA) |
| 2000 | Cream Cheese Brownie Pie | Roberta Sonefeld (Hopkins, SC) |
| 2002 | Chicken Florentine Panini | Denise J. Yennie (Nashville, TN) |
| 2004 | Oats 'n Honey Granola Pie | Suzanne Conrad (Findlay, OH) |
| 2006 | Baked Chicken and Spinach Stuffing | Anna Ginsberg (Austin, TX) |
| 2008 | Double-Delight Peanut Butter Cookies | Carolyn Gurtz (Gaithersburg, MD) |
| 2010 | Mini Ice Cream Cookie Cups | Sue Compton (Delanco, NJ) |
| 2012 | Pumpkin Ravioli with Salted Caramel Whipped Cream | Christina Verrelli (Devon, PA) |
| 2013 | Loaded Potato Pinwheels | Glori Spriggs (Henderson, NV) |
| 2014 | Peanutty Pie Crust Clusters | Beth Royals (Richmond, VA) |
| 2018 | Bejeweled Cranberry-Orange Rolls | Amy Nelson (Zionville, NC) |
| 2019 | Dublin Cheeseboard-Stuffed Appetizer Bread | Melissa Jollands (Hudsonville, MI) |
| 2021 | Sugar Cookie Skillet Pancake | Julie Holden (Austin, TX) |
| 2022 | Air Fryer Greek Crescent Nachos | Laurie McKenna (Fairfield, OH) |

## Broadcast

| Year(s) | Host | Network | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1949–1957 | Arthur Godfrey | CBS |  |
| 1958–68 | Art Linkletter | |  |
| 1970–84 | Bob Barker | | Placed in the same hour as a half-hour episode of *The Price is Right* (except 1970–1972, when Bob Barker was only hosting Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants for the CBS Network prior to his *Price Is Right* days) |
| 1986–88 | Gary Collins | |  |
| | Mary Ann Mobley | |
| 1990–1992 | Willard Scott | | Willard Scott became the only NBC contracted person to host the Bake-Off for CBS in 1990. |
| 1994–1998 | Alex Trebek | | This was Alex Trebek's second time on the CBS network, he was last seen on the Network 17 years earlier hosting the Goodson-Todman Game Show *Double Dare*. |
| 2000 | Phylicia Rashad | | The first woman to host. |
| 2002 | Marie Osmond | |  |
| 2004 | Not aired | N/A | Dick Clark hosted the bake-off in 2004, but it wasn't shown on television. |
| 2006 | | | |
| 2008 | Keegan Gerhard | Food Network | Aired as an episode of *Food Network Challenge* |
| 2010 | Oprah Winfrey | Syndication | Winner was announced on *The Oprah Winfrey Show* |
| 2012 | Martha Stewart | Hallmark Channel | Winner was announced on *The Martha Stewart Show* |
| 2013 | Padma Lakshmi | Syndication | Winner was announced on *The Queen Latifah Show* |
| 2014 | Carla Hall | ABC | Winner was announced on *The Chew* |
| 2018 | Ree Drummond | Food Network | Winners are announced on the Food Network television show The Kitchen |
| 2019 | Sunny Anderson and Jeff Mauro | | |
| 2021 | TBA; virtual | | |

## Location held

* 1949–56, 1958, 1962, since 2018: Manhattan, New York, NY
* 1957, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1967: Los Angeles, CA
* 1960: Washington DC
* 1964, 1980: Miami, FL
* 1966, 1975, 2000: San Francisco, CA
* 1967, Century City, CA
* 1968, 1996, 2008: Dallas, TX
* 1969: Atlanta, GA
* 1970, 1984, 1988, 1994: San Diego, CA
* 1971: Honolulu, HI
* 1972: Houston, TX
* 1973, 2004: Hollywood, CA
* 1974, 1990: Phoenix, AZ
* 1976: Boston, MA
* 1978: New Orleans, LA
* 1982: San Antonio, TX
* 1986, 1992, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2012: Orlando, FL
* 2013: Las Vegas, NV
* 2014: Nashville, TN

1. Shapiro, Laura (2004). *Something from the oven: reinventing dinner in 1950s America*. New York, N.Y.: Viking. pp. 34–40. ISBN 0-670-87154-0. OCLC 52471805.
2. "The Incredible True History of the Pillsbury Bake-Off® Contest". *Pillsbury*. August 15, 2017.
3. "The 1950s: Postwar Boom in the Kitchen". *Pillsbury*. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009.
4. Larson, Linda. "The Pillsbury Bake-Off". Archived from the original on 2015-11-21.
5. "The 1960s: Mom Goes to Work". *Pillsbury*. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009.
6. "Are changes rising for Pillsbury Bake-Off?". *Cape Cod Times*. October 12, 2016. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019.
7. "The 47th Pillsbury Bake-Off Contest is Refreshed and Now Accepting Entries" (Press release). February 13, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
8. "47th Pillsbury Bake-Off Contest Announces Four Recipes Vying for $1 Million Grand Prize" (Press release). November 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
9. "The Pillsbury Bake-Off Contest returns with an unexpected twist" (Press release). General Mills. July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2023.


title: John Henry Manny

abstract: John Henry Manny (1825–1856) was the inventor of the Manny Reaper, one of various makes of reaper used to harvest grain in the 19th century. Cyrus McCormick III, in his Century of the Reaper, called Manny "the most brilliant and successful of all Cyrus McCormick's competitors," a field of many brilliant people.

text:
# John Henry Manny

**John Henry Manny** (1825–1856) was the inventor of the Manny Reaper, one of various makes of reaper used to harvest grain in the 19th century. Cyrus McCormick III, in his *Century of the Reaper*, called Manny "the most brilliant and successful of all Cyrus McCormick's competitors," a field of many brilliant people.

## Early life

John Henry Manny was born November 28, 1825, in Amsterdam, New York. His father was Pells Manny and mother was Sarah Swart. Siblings included Josiah Manny, Eliza Manny, Rebecca Ann Manny, and Gabriel Manny. He moved to Waddams Township in Stephenson County, Illinois, in the early 1850s. The Mannys visited George Esterly (1809–1893) who was manufacturing some of the first mechanical grain harvesting machines in Heart Prairie, near modern-day Janesville Wisconsin a short distance to the north. Manny helped in the shop to produce one and brought it back with him.

Manny married Mary Dorr in 1853, and by the fall of 1853 moved to Rockford, Illinois. There he could have more reapers manufactured by the firm Blinn & Emerson, and have them transported on the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad line. In 1854 he formed J.H. Manny & Company with investors Wait and Sylvester Talcott. In the summer of 1854 Jess Blinn and Ralph Emerson (1831–1914) joined the company.

## Reaper

John Henry Manny laid the foundation for the reaper business of Rockford. At the time of the invention of his reaper, he was farming with his father, Pells Manny, in Waddams Township, Stephenson County, Illinois, near McConnell, Illinois. They had a large crop of wheat and wanted a machine to cut it. The Mannys had heard that George Esterly, of Wisconsin, was making machines that would harvest grain. They visited Esterly to buy one of his machines but found that he would probably not be able to get one finished for them in time for their harvest. John H. Manny remained with Esterly at his shop to help him complete the "header", the part with the cutter bar. It was this insight into the construction of harvesting machinery that inspired the Manny family to develop their own reaper. Subsequently, the Mannys conceived the idea of creating a number of additional reapers that were to be sold to neighboring farmers.

There weren't any railroads through the country at this time, except a line to Rockford, so John Henry Manny and those interested in building his machine went to Rockford in the fall of 1853. In the spring of 1854, the Talcott brothers, Wait and Sylvester along with Jess Blinn and Ralph Emerson organized J.H. Manny & Co. Between 1855 and 1856 this new company manufactured about 6,000 machines for harvest.

## Lawsuit

Cyrus McCormick filed a lawsuit against Manny for patent infringement in 1855, styled *McCormick v. Manny*. McCormick demanded that Manny stop producing reapers, and pay McCormick US$400,000. The trial, originally scheduled for Chicago, Illinois in September 1855, had prominent lawyers on both sides. McCormick hired former US Attorney General Reverdy Johnson and New York patent attorney Edward Nicholl Dickerson.

Manny hired Edwin M. Stanton who hired local Illinois lawyer Abraham Lincoln. However, the trial was moved to Cincinnati, Ohio. Although Manny won the case, with an opinion by Supreme Court Judge John McLean, Lincoln ended up not contributing to the defense. After later being elected president, Lincoln chose Stanton as his Secretary of War. See Abraham Lincoln's patent.

## Death

John H. Manny died in 1856 of a stomach illness and the manufacturing of his machine was then carried on by the Talcott brothers and Ralph Emerson until 1860, when Mr. Emerson bought out his partners and associated himself with William A. Talcott. Following the death of Manny the firm was known as Talcott, Emerson, & Co.

After Manny's death on January 31, 1856, McCormick appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court. McCormick lost again.

The firm meanwhile had continued to manufacture reapers as Talcott, Emerson & Company. In 1860 Emerson bought out the other partners, and then the name was changed back to Talcott, Emerson & Company about 1874. Emerson (who was a cousin of the poet Ralph Waldo Emerson) ran the company until it became Emerson-Brantingham in 1909 under the leadership of Charles S. Brantingham. The company purchased a number of other manufacturers including Reeves & Co, but by 1915 ran into financial difficulties. After a merger with the former D. M. Osborne company, in 1928 it was bought by J. I. Case Company, now Case Corporation.

Manny's widow married Robert Hall Tinker in 1870 and lived in the house now called Tinker Swiss Cottage.

John Henry Manny is sometimes confused with John Pels Manny, a cousin.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| John Henry Manny | |
| --- | --- |
| John Henry Manny | |
| Born | (1825 -11-28)November 28, 1825
Amsterdam, New York, US |
| Died | January 31, 1856
Rockford, Illinois, US |
| Resting place | Greenwood Cemetery (Rockford, Illinois) |
| Occupation | Inventor |
| Known for | Manny Reaper |
| Spouse | Mary Dorr  (m. 18531856) |


abstract: Pink Floyd in Venice: A Concert for Europe was a 1989 live performance by the English rock band Pink Floyd during their A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour, staged on a floating barge on the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy. Counted among the most extraordinary and controversial rock concerts ever held in Italy, it took place on 15 July 1989 on the traditional Redeemer festival at the presence of some 200,000 spectators positioned on the banks and boats of the St. Mark's basin. It was broadcast by RAI worldwide with an audience of about 100 million viewers.

text:
# Pink Floyd in Venice: A Concert for Europe

***Pink Floyd in Venice: A Concert for Europe*** was a 1989 live performance by the English rock band Pink Floyd during their A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour, staged on a floating barge on the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy.

Counted among the most extraordinary and controversial rock concerts ever held in Italy, it took place on 15 July 1989 on the traditional Redeemer festival (*festa del Redentore*) at the presence of some 200,000 spectators positioned on the banks and boats of the St. Mark's basin. It was broadcast by RAI worldwide with an audience of about 100 million viewers.

## History

After the concerts at Arena of Verona, Monza, Livorno, and Cava de' Tirreni in May 1989, the Venetian producer Francesco 'Fran' Tomasi proposed that Pink Floyd close their tour in Italy with a free concert in his city on the night of 15 July 1989, during the traditional festa del Redentore.

Initially it was planned to set up the stage, twenty-four metres high, on the extreme tip of the island of Giudecca, but for reasons of space it was decided to use some large rafts moored in the middle of San Marco basin, in front of the Doge's Palace.

The announcement of the event was spread in the beginning of April 1989, triggering a bitter polemical debate in the following three months, particularly concerning the city's decorum and the fear that the excessive volume of the music could damage its artistic heritage. The Superintendency of Cultural Heritage therefore set a limit of only 60 decibels so as not to damage the Byzantine mosaics of St. Mark's basilica (although peaks of up to 92 decibels were recorded during the concert); they also prohibited the installation of temporary chemical toilets for aesthetic reasons.

Polemics also hit the political scene, where there were different factions: on the one hand, there were supporters of the initiative such as the Venetian deputy prime minister Gianni De Michelis (who wanted to nominate Venice as the venue for Expo 2000) and the Municipal councillor for culture Nereo Laroni; and on the other hand, opponents such as exponents of the Christian Democracy party. The municipal administration remained undecided for a long time, but in the end the deputy mayor Cesare De Piccoli signed the authorization for the concert (the mayor Antonio Casellati refused in fact to do it), just one hour before the beginning of the concert and only for reasons of public order, since the city had been invaded by a huge audience that had arrived since the previous evening thanks to special trains and charter flights from all over Europe.

The cost of the event was financed with one billion Italian lire by RAI, who broadcast the concert worldwide, including the Soviet Union (on a delayed basis) and simultaneously in the two Germanies; the rest of the expenses (several hundred millions lire) were covered by Pink Floyd themselves. It is estimated that worldwide, the concert was watched by 100 million spectators, 27 million of them in the United States (where the event was broadcast on cable for the price of ten dollars). In Italy, the concert was seen by over 3.5 million viewers, with an audience share of 30%.

For technical reasons, due to the TV live broadcasting requirements, the availability of satellites for world-wide viewing, and commercial advertising, the concert was limited to only 90 minutes, with some songs cut from the original setlist or eliminated altogether: only 14 songs were played instead of the 23 scheduled on the original tour.

> The Venice show was great fun, but it was very tense and nerve-wracking. We had a specific length of show to do; the satellite broadcasting meant we had to get it absolutely precise. We had the list of songs, and we'd shortened them, which we'd never done before. I had a big clock with a red digital read-out on the floor in front of me, and had the start time of each number on a piece of paper. If we were coming near the start time of the next number, I just had to wrap up the one we were on. We had a really good time, but the city authorities who had agreed to provide the services of security, toilets, food, completely reneged on everything they were supposed to do, and then tried to blame all the subsequent problems on us. Lots of twaddle was written about it, even by some nice respectable journalists from The Guardian - stuff about our music disturbing the buildings; complete \****ing absolute twaddle.
>
> David Gilmour

The closing of the concert was marked by the traditional large fireworks show of the Redeemer festival, that registered an intensity of 107 decibels, thus exceeding the limits allowed for the concert.

After the concert, the polemics increased due to the large amount of rubbish (around 300 tonnes of rubbish and 500 cubic metres of cans and empty bottles) left on the ground by the audience: the local municipal company for urban hygiene (AMIU) decided, however, to start collecting the rubbish only two days later, on the afternoon of the following Monday, while later the Italian Army also had asked to intervene in support. Another controversy concerned the alleged vandalism around the city, but the only damage recorded was a marker on a column of the Doge's Palace (compensated by the organisation with few hundred euro), and the smashing of a bar window in protest at the excessive rise in food prices (bottled water had been put on sale for 10.000 lire). Due the incessant polemics, which even led to parliamentary questioning, the red-green municipal council was forced to resign on 24 July, although shortly afterwards the municipal council re-elected a new council, largely identical to the previous one and renamed by the local press as the 'photocopy council'.

## Band

### Pink Floyd

* David Gilmour – lead vocals, lead guitars, console steel guitar on "The Great Gig In The Sky"
* Nick Mason – drums, percussion
* Richard Wright – keyboards, backing vocals, harmony vocals

### Additional musicians

## Setlist

1. "Shine On You Crazy Diamond, Part I"
2. "Learning to Fly"
3. "Yet Another Movie"
4. "Round and Around"
5. "Sorrow" (shortened outro)
6. "The Dogs of War"
7. "On the Turning Away"
8. "Time"
9. "The Great Gig in the Sky"
10. "Wish You Were Here"
11. "Money" (shortened)
12. "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2"
13. "Comfortably Numb"
14. "Run Like Hell"

## Legacy

The Venetian reggae band Pitura Freska dedicated the song *Pin Floi*, fourth track of 1991 album '*Na bruta banda*. Became a milestone in Venetian dialect songs, the song tells the personal experience of singer Sir Oliver Skardy who was unable to reach the concert area due to the great confusion and the local public transport strike called on the day of the concert.

In 2014, in the former church of St. Mary in the Port of Venice, the exhibition *The Night of Wonders. Venezia 15 luglio 1989-2014* was set up to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the concert.

## Bibliography

## Filmography

* Pink Floyd, *"A Concert For Europe" - Pink Floyd à Venezia - Live in Venice, July 15, 1989.*

## InfoBox

Pink Floyd in Venice: A Concert for Europe
| Concert by Pink Floyd | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | San Marco basin, Venice, Italy |
| Tour | A Momentary Lapse of Reason |
| Date(s) | 15 July 1989 |
| Duration | 90 min |
| No. of shows | 1 |
| Attendance | 200,000 |
| Box office | free concert |


title: John Hunt (sculptor)

abstract: John Hunt of Northampton was an 18th-century sculptor, described as the foremost sculptor in Northamptonshire.

text:
# John Hunt (sculptor)

**John Hunt of Northampton** (c.1690 – 1754) was an 18th-century sculptor, described as the foremost sculptor in Northamptonshire.

## Life

He was born and raised in Northamptonshire, but was sent to London around 1710 to train as a sculptor under Grinling Gibbons.

In 1712, he was created a Freeman Mason of Northampton for donating a statue of King Charles II and other decorations on the frontage of All Saints' Church in that town.

He was found dead in his bed on 25 September 1754.

## Works


title: John Mallard (cricketer)

abstract: John James Jaffray Mallard was a New Zealand sportsman and insurance executive. He played two first-class cricket matches for Otago, one in each of the 1882–83 and 1884–85 seasons, and represented the province in rugby union. Mallard was born in Melbourne and moved with his family to Dunedin in 1864. After attending Otago Boys' High School he began working for the Victoria Insurance Company. He joined the National Insurance Company of New Zealand in 1888 and remained with the company until he retired in 1926. He was secretary of the company from 1914 to 1919, and general manager from 1919 until his retirement. He was an authority on the history of Dunedin and the Otago region, and had been president of the Otago Early Settlers' Association for five years at the time of his death in 1935. Mallard married Marjory May Murray Wallace in Dunedin in September 1889. They had a daughter and two sons, one of whom died in action in World War I. Marjory died in December 1917; Mallard died in Dunedin in March 1935, aged 74.

text:
# John Mallard (cricketer)

**John James Jaffray Mallard** (18 December 1860 – 26 March 1935) was a New Zealand sportsman and insurance executive. He played two first-class cricket matches for Otago, one in each of the 1882–83 and 1884–85 seasons, and represented the province in rugby union.

Mallard was born in Melbourne and moved with his family to Dunedin in 1864. After attending Otago Boys' High School he began working for the Victoria Insurance Company. He joined the National Insurance Company of New Zealand in 1888 and remained with the company until he retired in 1926. He was secretary of the company from 1914 to 1919, and general manager from 1919 until his retirement. He was an authority on the history of Dunedin and the Otago region, and had been president of the Otago Early Settlers' Association for five years at the time of his death in 1935.

Mallard married Marjory May Murray Wallace in Dunedin in September 1889. They had a daughter and two sons, one of whom died in action in World War I. Marjory died in December 1917; Mallard died in Dunedin in March 1935, aged 74.

## InfoBox

John Mallard
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | John James Jaffray Mallard |
| Born | (1860-12-18)18 December 1860
Melbourne, Colony of Victoria, Australia |
| Died | 26 March 1935(1935-03-26) (aged 74)
Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1882/83–1884/85 | Otago |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 15 May 2016 | |


title: John Nye (scientist)

abstract: John Frederick Nye was a British physicist and glaciologist. He was the first to apply plasticity to understand glacier flow. He was a member of the University of Bristol's physics department for 66 years.

text:
# John Nye (scientist)

**John Frederick Nye** (26 February 1923 – 8 January 2019) was a British physicist and glaciologist. He was the first to apply plasticity to understand glacier flow. He was a member of the University of Bristol's physics department for 66 years.

## Early life

Nye grew up in Hove, Sussex, the second of three children of Haydn Nye and Jessie Hague, daughter of Joshua Anderson Hague. His father was Catholic and his mother was Anglican, and Nye grew up going to both churches.

Nye attended Hawthornden's School kindergarten opposite his house; Holland House (later Claremont School), also in Hove, for preparatory school; and then boarded at Stowe School in Buckinghamshire for his secondary education. He won a Foundation scholarship to study mathematics and physics at King's College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA), a Master of Arts (MA), and finally a PhD in 1948.

## Career

After completing his PhD, Nye was employed as a demonstrator in Cambridge's Department of Mineralogy and Petrology for three years and then had a year-long post-doctoral research position at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey. He subsequently returned to England and, in 1953, joined the University of Bristol.

His early work was on the physics of plasticity, spanning ice rheology, ice flow mechanics, laboratory ice flow measurements, glacier surges, meltwater penetration in ice, and response of glaciers and ice sheets to seasonal and climatic changes. Later in his long career, he worked extensively in optics, publishing his last paper on electromagnetic wave polarization only a few days before his death.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. He served as president of the International Glaciological Society (1966–9), who awarded him the Seligman Crystal in 1969 for outstanding contributions to glaciology. He was also president of the International Commission of Snow and Ice of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (1971–5). The Cryosphere Focus Group of the American Geophysical Union hosts a Nye Lecture each year at its fall meeting.

Nye worked into his nineties, even after his formal retirement, and "never lost his intellectual curiosity". When he grew too frail to physically go to the university, he would write papers from home. He was known at Bristol for his "his decency and his scientific generosity... His intellectual determination... balanced by his unfailing politeness".

## Personal life

In 1953, Nye married Georgiana Wiebenson, whom he had met during his year at Bell Laboratories, in the chapel of King's College Cambridge. They had three children: Hilary Catherine (b. 1957), Stephen Christopher (b. 1960), and Carolyn Lucy (b. 1963). Nye renovated a rundown house in Bristol into their family home. On the side, he was an avid gardener, and left the garden open as part of the National Open Garden Scheme. He also enjoyed snorkeling, painting, poetry, and the Christian choral tradition.

Nye died on 8 January 2019 at age 95 from heart failure.

## Awards and recognition

Nye won the Chree medal and prize in 1989. He was Emeritus Professor in Physics at the University of Bristol, UK. In addition to glaciology, his research interests included caustics and microwave probes.

## Books

* J.F. Nye, 1957, *Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851165-6
* J.F. Nye, 1999, *Natural Focusing and Fine Structure of Light: Caustics and Wave Dislocations*. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-7503-0610-2

## Scientific publications

* 1951, The flow of glaciers and ice-sheets as a problem in plasticity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Mathematical And Physical Sciences, 207(1091),554-572.
* 1952, The mechanics of glacier flow. J. Glaciol. 2 (1952), pp. 82–93
* 1953, The flow law of ice from measurements in glacier tunnels, laboratory experiments and the Jungfraufirn Borehole Experiment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Mathematical And Physical Sciences, 219(1139), 477–489.
* 1958, Surges in Glaciers, Nature 181, 1450–1451
* 1959. The motion of ice sheets and glaciers. J. Glaciol., 3(26), 493–507.

1. Merchant, Paul. "National Life Stories an Oral History to British Sciences" (PDF). The British Library Board. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
2. "John F. Nye 1923–2019". International Glaciological Society. 16 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
3. Lalena, John N.; David A. Cleary (2005). *Principles of Inorganic Materials Design*. WileyIEEE. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-471-71488-0.
4. Certificates of Election and Candidature, RefNo EC/1976/26: Nye, John Frederick. Royal Society. Accessed 2009-04-26.
5. Berry, Michael (13 March 2019). "Professor John Nye (1923-2019)". *University of Bristol*. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
6. Sir Michael Berry FRS (10 June 2020). "John Frederick Nye. 26 February 1923—8 January 2019". *The Royal Society of Publishing*. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
7. Nye, J F (1 January 2019). "Perturbing the polarisation of Riemann–Silberstein electromagnetic vortices". *Journal of Optics*. **21** (1): 015002. Bibcode:2019JOpt...21a5002N. doi:10.1088/2040-8986/aaef24. S2CID 125406247.
8. Berry, Sir Michael (2020). "John Frederick Nye. 26 February 1923—8 January 2019". *Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society*. **69**: 425–441. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2020.0002. S2CID 219546989.
9. The Seligman Crystal. International Glaciological Society. Accessed 2009-04-26.
10. Radok, Uwe (1997). "The International Commission on Snow and Ice (ICSI) and its precursors, 1894-1994". *Hydrological Sciences*. **42** (2): 131–140. doi:10.1080/02626669709492015.
11. AGU Cryosphere Focus Group Nye Lecture History. American Geophysical Union website. Accessed 2009-04-26.
12. John Nye: Home page. University of Bristol. Accessed 2009-04-26.

## InfoBox

| John Nye | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1923-02-26)26 February 1923 |
| Died | 8 January 2019(2019-01-08) (aged 95) |
| Alma mater | King's College, Cambridge |
| Spouse | Georgiana Wiebenson (m. 1953) |
| Children | 3 |
| Family |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | University of Bristol |
| Notable students | Heidy Mader |
|  | |


title: John Nyren

abstract: John Nyren was an English cricketer and author. Nyren made 16 known appearances in first-class cricket from 1787 to 1817. He achieved lasting fame as the author of The Cricketers of My Time, which was first published in 1832 as a serial in a periodical called The Town and was then included in The Young Cricketer's Tutor, published in 1833 by Effingham Wilson of London. Nyren's collaborator in the work was Charles Cowden Clarke.

text:
# John Nyren

**John Nyren** (15 December 1764 – 30 June 1837) was an English cricketer and author. Nyren made 16 known appearances in first-class cricket from 1787 to 1817. He achieved lasting fame as the author of *The Cricketers of My Time*, which was first published in 1832 as a serial in a periodical called *The Town* and was then included in *The Young Cricketer's Tutor*, published in 1833 by Effingham Wilson of London. Nyren's collaborator in the work was Charles Cowden Clarke.

## Family and background

Nyren was the son of Richard Nyren, the captain of the Hambledon Club in its "glory days". He was brought up in the Bat and Ball Inn, where his father was the landlord, immediately opposite Broadhalfpenny Down, about a mile from Hambledon village where he was born.

## Cricket career

Nyren, who was a left-handed batsman and left-handed fieldsman, played for the Hambledon Club from 1778 until 1791. He was described as "standing nearly 6 ft, of large proportions throughout, big-boned, strong and active". He is first recorded in first-class cricket in 1787, around the time his father retired from the game, and he played occasionally until 1817. He played for the Gentlemen in the inaugural and second Gentlemen v Players matches in 1806. Although he was a fine fieldsman, his playing career was not distinguished and he would now be remembered only as the son of a famous father if he had not turned his hand to literature in his old age.

## Writing career

In 1832, Nyren was living in London when he began his collaboration with Cowden Clarke, who recorded Nyren's reminiscences of the Hambledon era and published them serially in *The Town* as *The Cricketers of My Time*. The following year, the series with some modifications appeared as part of an instructional book entitled *The Young Cricketer's Tutor*. It became a major source for the history and personalities of Georgian cricket and also came to be regarded as the first classic in cricket's now rich literary history.

## Personal life

As well as being a devotee of cricket, Nyren was a talented musician who played the violin and composed music. Some of his compositions were published by Vincent Novello, who was a close friend. For 13 years Nyren was the choir master at St Mary's, Moorfields, where Novello was the organist.

Nyren married Cleopha Copp, aged 17, in 1791. They had two sons and five daughters, as well as two children who died in infancy. They lived first in Portsea, then in 1796 they moved to Bromley in Kent, and later lived in Battersea, London, then Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, and finally moved back to Bromley to live in Bromley Palace, where Nyren died.

## Bibliography

* H S Altham, *A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914)*, George Allen & Unwin, 1962
* Ashley Mote: *The Glory Days of Cricket*, Robson, 1997
* John Nyren, *The Cricketers of my Time* (ed. Ashley Mote), Robson, 1998


title: John J. Cove

abstract: John James Cove was a Canadian anthropologist known for his work with the Gitksan First Nation of northern British Columbia. He was a Professor of anthropology and sociology at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. As recounted in the introduction to his book Shattered Images (1987), he was led to examine the oral traditions and cosmology of the Tsimshianic-speaking peoples—the Tsimshian, Gitksan, and Nisga'a—in 1973 when work on a computer simulation of the traditional Northwest Coast salmon harvest led him to search mythological references to famine. Around the same time, he became influenced by the structuralist approaches of Claude Lévi-Strauss and, through the help of George F. MacDonald, began an intensive study of the Tsimshianic narratives collected by Marius Barbeau and William Beynon. In 1978 he attempted to begin a sabbatical year of fieldwork with the Gitksan, ostensibly studying the relationship between mythology and masks. The Gitksan-Carrier Tribal Council refused him permission to do fieldwork, on grounds of irrelevancy and lack of community control, until a compromise was reached between Cove and the director of the Gitksan land-claims office, Neil J. Sterritt, whereby Cove returned his grant money and worked for the Tribal Council studying "pre-contact relations with nature." Eventually, he worked for eight years for the Gitksan and Wet'suwet'en ("Carrier") in research that eventually led to the Delgamuukw vs. the Queen land-claims case. Cove also created a catalogue of the Barbeau-Beynon files and co-edited, with MacDonald, a selection of narratives collected by Barbeau and Beynon.

text:
# John J. Cove

**John James Cove** (19 September 1941 - 7 June 2014) was a Canadian anthropologist known for his work with the Gitksan First Nation of northern British Columbia. He was a Professor of anthropology and sociology at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

As recounted in the introduction to his book *Shattered Images* (1987), he was led to examine the oral traditions and cosmology of the Tsimshianic-speaking peoples—the Tsimshian, Gitksan, and Nisga'a—in 1973 when work on a computer simulation of the traditional Northwest Coast salmon harvest led him to search mythological references to famine. Around the same time, he became influenced by the structuralist approaches of Claude Lévi-Strauss and, through the help of George F. MacDonald, began an intensive study of the Tsimshianic narratives collected by Marius Barbeau and William Beynon.

In 1978 he attempted to begin a sabbatical year of fieldwork with the Gitksan, ostensibly studying the relationship between mythology and masks. The Gitksan-Carrier Tribal Council refused him permission to do fieldwork, on grounds of irrelevancy and lack of community control, until a compromise was reached between Cove and the director of the Gitksan land-claims office, Neil J. Sterritt, whereby Cove returned his grant money and worked *for* the Tribal Council studying "pre-contact relations with nature."

Eventually, he worked for eight years for the Gitksan and Wet'suwet'en ("Carrier") in research that eventually led to the *Delgamuukw vs. the Queen* land-claims case.

Cove also created a catalogue of the Barbeau-Beynon files and co-edited, with MacDonald, a selection of narratives collected by Barbeau and Beynon.

## Bibliography

* Cove, John J. (1982) "The Gitksan Traditional Concept of Land Ownership." *Anthropologica,* vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 3–17.
* Cove, John J. (1985) *A Detailed Inventory of the Barbeau Northwest Coast Files.* Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
* Cove, John J. (1987) *Shattered Images: Dialogues and Meditations on Tsimshian Narratives.* Ottawa: Carleton University Press.
* Cove, John J. (1992) "Aboriginal over representation in prisons: what can be learned from Tasmania?" *Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology*. 25 (2): 156-168.
* Cove, John J. (1995) *What do the bones say?: Tasmanian reflections on aborigines, science and domination.* Ottawa: Carleton University Press.
* Cove, John J. (1996) "Playing the Devil’s Advocate: Anthropology in Delgamuukw". *Political and Legal Anthropology Review*, 19(2), 53–57.
* MacDonald, George F., and John J. Cove (eds.) (1987) *Tsimshian Narratives.* 2 vols. Ottawa: Directorate, Canadian Museum of Civilization.


title: John J. Cornwell

abstract: John Jacob Cornwell was a Democratic politician from Romney in Hampshire County, in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Cornwell served as the 15th Governor of West Virginia, from 1917-1921. He also served in the West Virginia Senate from 1899-1905.

text:
# John J. Cornwell

**John Jacob Cornwell** (July 11, 1867 – September 8, 1953) was a Democratic politician from Romney in Hampshire County, in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Cornwell served as the 15th Governor of West Virginia, from 1917-1921. He also served in the West Virginia Senate from 1899-1905.

## Background

John Jacob Cornwell was born on a farm near the community of Pennsboro in Ritchie County, into a family whose ancestor Peter Cornwell, born in Wales in 1634, settled in the Virginia Colony. In 1870, when John J. Cornwell was three years old, his family moved to Hampshire County in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle. Cornwell attended Shepherd University in Shepherdstown at the age of sixteen and upon graduating became a schoolteacher in Hampshire County.

In 1890, Cornwell and his brother, William B. Cornwell, acquired the Romney *Hampshire Review* and assumed the roles of publishers and editors of the newspaper. In 1892, he married Edna Brady. In 1897, Cornwell and his brother bought out the competing paper, the *South Branch Intelligencer*, adding its name and 1829 founding date to the *Review'*s masthead.

## Political Office

Cornwell was admitted to the bar in 1898 and served as a state senator from 1899 to 1905. He was defeated in his first gubernatorial bid by William Mercer Owens Dawson in 1904, but was elected governor in 1916, took office in March 1917, and served until 1921. Cornwell was the only Democrat elected to a statewide office in 1916, and he was the only Democrat to serve as governor in a thirty-six-year span between 1897 and 1933.

One month after Cornwell took office as governor, the United States entered World War I and due in part to his efforts, West Virginia had one of the highest percentages of volunteers of any state. Also during his term, the state reached an agreement on a public debt figure owed to Virginia since West Virginia's statehood in 1863. Cornwell advocated strengthening the mining code, the creation of a state board of education, and the establishment of the West Virginia Department of Public Safety, now officially known as the West Virginia State Police. He supported women's suffrage, adding it to the agenda for a special session of the legislature in February 1920. West Virginia became the 34th state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, which granted women nationwide the right to vote.

Cornwell's term was marked by growing labor unrest in the coal industry of southern West Virginia. He discouraged an armed miners' march in 1919 by assuring them he would address their grievances. His failure to handle the situation led to increased violence, including the infamous shootout between miners and coal company guards in Matewan, Mingo County.

After leaving office in 1921, Cornwell served as a director and general counsel for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

## Death

Upon retirement, Cornwell lived at his home on Main Street in Romney. He contracted pneumonia and died at Cumberland Memorial Hospital in Cumberland, Maryland on September 8, 1953. Cornwell is interred with his wife and son in Romney's Indian Mound Cemetery. His descendants continue to run the *Hampshire Review* today.

John J. Cornwell Elementary School in Levels, West Virginia was named for him, in honor of his teaching background and strong support of education in the state.

Media related to John J. Cornwell at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| John J. Cornwell | |
| --- | --- |
| Cornwell in 1918 | |
|  | |
| 15th Governor of West Virginia | |
| **In office**
March 5, 1917  March 4, 1921 | |
| Preceded by | Henry D. Hatfield |
| Succeeded by | Ephraim F. Morgan |
| Member of the West Virginia Senate | |
| **In office**
1899–1905 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1867-07-11)July 11, 1867
Ritchie County, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | September 8, 1953(1953-09-08) (aged 86)
Cumberland, Maryland, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Edna Brady Cornwell |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: John J. Cound

abstract: John "Jack" James Cound, is an American legal scholar, an expert in civil procedure. For 35 years he was a professor at the University of Minnesota Law School, where he taught admiralty, civil procedure, complex litigation, conflict of laws, evidence, federal courts, and professional responsibility.

text:
# John J. Cound

**John "Jack" James Cound** (born February 7, 1928), is an American legal scholar, an expert in civil procedure. For 35 years he was a professor at the University of Minnesota Law School, where he taught admiralty, civil procedure, complex litigation, conflict of laws, evidence, federal courts, and professional responsibility.

## Biography

Cound received his B.A. degree from George Washington University. He earned an LL.B. degree from Harvard Law School, where he graduated magna cum laude, and was Note Editor of the Harvard Law Review. Upon completion of his LL.B. degree, Cound clerked for Judge Learned Hand of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He then served as an attorney for the Appellate Section of the Civil Division of the United States Department of Justice. The first case that Cound helped handle at the Department of Justice was *Brown v. Board of Education*.

Cound joined the faculty of the University of Minnesota Law School in 1956. He was a visiting professor at the UCLA School of Law, University of North Carolina School of Law, University of Texas School of Law, University of Georgia School of Law, University of Kentucky College of Law, Washington University School of Law, Hamline University School of Law, and the Kiel University in Kiel, Germany. He also served on the faculty of the Association of American Law Schools Orientation Program in American Law.

Cound published important academic works over the course of his career. These include: Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials (1st ed. 1968 & Supp. 1968, 2d ed. 1974, 3d ed. 1980, 4th ed. 1985) (with Jack H. Friedenthal & Arthur R. Miller); Civil Procedure Supplement (1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1985) (with Jack H. Friedenthal & Arthur R. Miller), Minnesota Jury Instruction Guides, Criminal (1977) (reporter), Pleading, Joinder, and Discovery: Cases and Materials (1968) (with Jack H. Friedenthal & Arthur R. Miller).

Cound resides in St. Paul, Minnesota, with his wife Jeanne.

## InfoBox

| John J. Cound | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | John James Cound
(1928-02-07) February 7, 1928 |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | George Washington University (BA)
Harvard Law School (LLB) |
| Occupation | Legal scholar |
| Spouse | Jeanne |


title: Pindad PS-01

abstract: The Pindad PS-01 is a PDW-caliber pistol developed by Pindad.

text:
# Pindad PS-01

The **Pindad PS-01** (*Pistol Serbu, literally Assault Pistol*) is a PDW-caliber pistol developed by Pindad.

## History

The PS-01 was developed by Colonel Rihahanto, who developed the pistol from August to September 2007. Working models were first shown at the 2008 Indo Defence Expo & Forum.

After field tests were conducted, the Indonesian military dropped the PS-01 from consideration since it did not have full auto capabilities.

## Development

The PS-01 can be equipped with a suppressor on the barrel with pistol-based tactical accessories attached underneath the barrel, using 18-round magazines. It was meant to be used by special forces units, tank and aircraft crew personnel as a self-defense weapon.

The pistol has a barrel length of 190 mm and a weight of 1.234 kg. Its effective firing range is at 100 meters.

## InfoBox

| Pindad PS-01 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Semi-automatic pistol |
| Place of origin | Indonesia |
| Service history | |
| In service | Prototypes only |
| Production history | |
| Designer | PT Pindad |
| Designed | 2007 |
| Manufacturer | PT Pindad |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 1.2 kg |
| Length | 275 mm (11 in) |
| Barrel length | 190 mm (7 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 5.56×21mm PINDAD |
| Action | Blowback |
| Maximum firing range | 100 m |
| Feed system | 18-round detachable box magazine |
| Sights | Iron |


title: Helcystogramma trichocyma

abstract: Helcystogramma trichocyma is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. It is found in Guyana and Amazonas, Brazil. The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are rather dark fuscous with the plical and first discal stigmata represented by an indistinct somewhat 8-shaped brownish spot edged with some blackish scales and then anteriorly by a fine white waved line extended to the dorsum, the second discal minute, blackish, followed by a white dot, and beneath it a more or less developed oblique white strigula about the fold. There is also a small whitish spot on the costa at four-fifths, where a faint series of white scales crosses the wing. Indistinct small dark marginal dots are found around the apex and termen, sometimes separated by small white marks. The hindwings are dark grey.

text:
# Helcystogramma trichocyma

***Helcystogramma trichocyma*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. It is found in Guyana and Amazonas, Brazil.

The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are rather dark fuscous with the plical and first discal stigmata represented by an indistinct somewhat 8-shaped brownish spot edged with some blackish scales and then anteriorly by a fine white waved line extended to the dorsum, the second discal minute, blackish, followed by a white dot, and beneath it a more or less developed oblique white strigula about the fold. There is also a small whitish spot on the costa at four-fifths, where a faint series of white scales crosses the wing. Indistinct small dark marginal dots are found around the apex and termen, sometimes separated by small white marks. The hindwings are dark grey.

## InfoBox

| *Helcystogramma trichocyma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Helcystogramma* |
| Species: | ***H. trichocyma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Helcystogramma trichocyma***<br>(Meyrick, 1923) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Brachmia trichocyma* Meyrick, 1923 | |


title: Zohra Bensemra

abstract: Zohra Bensemra is an Algerian photographer who works in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. She is currently based in Africa.

text:
# Zohra Bensemra

**Zohra Bensemra** (born October 1968) is an Algerian photographer who works in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. She is currently based in Africa.

## Biography

Zohra Bensemra was born in Algiers, Algeria, in October 1968. She grew up seeing her older brother take amateur pictures. Around the age of six, she started imitating him and taking his cameras when he was not at home. One day her brother found out what she had been doing and screamed at her, but later got her a small camera for herself and she started by taking pictures of her classmates.

Bensemra has worked as a photojournalist since 1990. She stated in her Reuters profile that she first felt like a photographer in 1995: the first time she ever saw dead bodies in her life. There had been a car bombing in the center of Algerian capital, close to the police station and her workplace. The first thing she saw was the body of a burnt woman on the ground. The next day she woke up and felt the calling to become a real photographer. She firmly believes that in order to succeed, especially in jobs like photojournalism, one has to learn to accept the challenges that come with it. She first worked for Reuters as a stringer during the Algerian Civil War in 1997. In 2000 she covered the conflict between the Albanians and the Serbs in Macedonia. She was assigned to Iraq in 2003. While working in Najaf, she became a staff photographer for Reuters. She covered the South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011, the Tunisian Revolution, the 2011 Libyan Civil War, and the Mosul war in 2017. She was based as Reuters Chief Photographer in Pakistan (2012-2015) and is currently based in Africa as its West Africa chief photographer.

The Tunisian Revolution, Bensemra stated, was the assignment that left the biggest mark on her because she never thought the day would come when the Tunisians would rebel against their ruler, given how controlled the state was. She arrived in Tunis on January 14, 2011, right when a large group of people gathered outside the interior ministry demanding President Zine al-Albidine Ben Ali's resignation.

In 2011, Bensemra's photographs were displayed at the Deutsche Bank building in Frankfurt, Germany. The bank's Global Head of Art, Friedhelm Hütte, commented: "Bensemra is an important artist to us as she knows how to cut through the borders of the mind to leave a lasting and meaningful impression. She has a great ability to show the underlying background stresses and problems in the conflicts of the moment." In 2012, she visited and took photos in Syria.

Her work usually covers "conflict, humanitarian issues, and stories about women and politics" and is largely based in countries suffering from internal conflict – social, economic, or humanitarian. Bensemra stated that her goal when photographing events is to promote a better understanding of the conflict to challenge those in power to improve the situation. Her preferred assignments are stories related to people's struggle for citizenship and human rights against dominating forces.

In 2017, Bensemra was chosen as agency photographer of the year by the picture desk of *The Guardian*.

## Awards

* 2005: Winner, European Union prize for the best African photographer.
* 2017: *The Guardian* picture desk agency photographer of the year.
* 2017 UNICEF honorable mentions


title: Montana Mines, West Virginia

abstract: Montana Mines is an unincorporated community located in Marion County, West Virginia, United States.

text:
# Montana Mines, West Virginia

**Montana Mines** is an unincorporated community located in Marion County, West Virginia, United States.

## InfoBox

| Montana Mines | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Montana MinesLocation within the state of West VirginiaMontana MinesMontana Mines (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°31′37″N 80°6′32″W / 39.52694°N 80.10889°W / 39.52694; -80.10889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Marion |
| Elevation | 994 ft (303 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 26586 |
| FIPS code | 1549700 |


title: Teen Teen

abstract: Teen Teen (틴틴) was a South Korean boy band formed by Maroo Entertainment in 2019. The group debuted on September 18, 2019, with Very, On Top. The unit effectively disbanded following Taeseung's departure from GHOST9.

text:
# Teen Teen

**Teen Teen** (틴틴) was a South Korean boy band formed by Maroo Entertainment in 2019. The group debuted on September 18, 2019, with *Very, On Top*.

The unit effectively disbanded following Taeseung's departure from GHOST9.

## Pre-debut

Before debut, all members participated in *Produce X 101* representing Maroo Entertainment, Lee Jin-woo finished in 22nd place, Lee Woo-jin in 41st and Lee Tae-seung in 53rd.

## Members

* Lee Jin-woo (이진우)
* Lee Tae-seung (이태승)
* Lee Woo-jin (이우진)

## Discography

### Extended plays

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | KOR<br> | |
| *Very, On Top* |  | 6 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Teen Teen | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Seoul, South Korea |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2019 (2019)–2021 |
| Labels | Maroo |
|  | |
| Past members | * Lee Jin-woo * Lee Tae-seung * Lee Woo-jin |


title: Martyrs' Cemetery

abstract: The Martyrs' Cemetery of Fallujah is the chief burial site of Iraqis killed during the First Battle of Fallujah, both insurgents and civilians. It was formerly the football field of the Falluja Sports Club, and was converted into a cemetery after US troops blockaded attempts to reach the city's main cemetery. A sign outside the cemetery reads "This cemetery is given by the people of Fallujah to the heroic martyrs of the battle against the Americans, and to the martyrs of the Jihadi operations against the Americans, assigned and approved by the Mujahideen Shura Council in Fallujah." The cemetery holds between 250 and 500 bodies, only one of which is identified as a foreign fighter, a Tunisian. At least 22 of the dead were from a single US mortar-attack in June 2004. The road leading to the cemetery has been named Martyrs' Cemetery Road, and according to the Mafkarat al-Islam was the site of an August 26 2006 attack against a US convoy on the road headed to the cemetery, which destroyed a Humvee and killed three American troops, wounding two others, and a similar attack nine days later. Another football field in the city was used for similar purposes.

text:
# Martyrs' Cemetery

The **Martyrs' Cemetery** of Fallujah is the chief burial site of Iraqis killed during the First Battle of Fallujah, both insurgents and civilians. It was formerly the football field of the **Falluja Sports Club**, and was converted into a cemetery after US troops blockaded attempts to reach the city's main cemetery.

A sign outside the cemetery reads "*This cemetery is given by the people of Fallujah to the heroic martyrs of the battle against the Americans, and to the martyrs of the Jihadi operations against the Americans, assigned and approved by the Mujahideen Shura Council in Fallujah.*"

The cemetery holds between 250 and 500 bodies, only one of which is identified as a foreign fighter, a Tunisian. At least 22 of the dead were from a single US mortar-attack in June 2004.

The road leading to the cemetery has been named **Martyrs' Cemetery Road**, and according to the *Mafkarat al-Islam* was the site of an August 26 2006 attack against a US convoy on the road headed to the cemetery, which destroyed a Humvee and killed three American troops, wounding two others, and a similar attack nine days later.

Another football field in the city was used for similar purposes.

## InfoBox

| Martyrs' Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
| Iraq | |
| Used for those deceased | |
| Established | 2004 |
| Location | 33°25′13″N 43°18′16″E / 33.4202579°N 43.3044875°E / 33.4202579; 43.3044875<br>near Fallujah |
| Total burials | approximately 500 |
| Unknowns | hundreds |
| Burials by nation | |
| Iraqis \- hundreds Tunisians \- 1 | |
| Burials by war | |
| Iraq War | |


title: Gal Level

abstract: Gal Level is a R&B female duo from Windhoek, Namibia, made up of Daphne Willibard and Frieda Haindaka. They are very popular in Southern Africa, and other African countries. They are produced and managed by continental music producers Ogopa Deejays of Kenya. They have been compared to US girl group Destiny's Child.

text:
# Gal Level

**Gal Level** is a R&B female duo from Windhoek, Namibia, made up of **Daphne Willibard** (born 1 April 1981) and **Frieda Haindaka** (born 1 February 1984). They are very popular in Southern Africa, and other African countries. They are produced and managed by continental music producers Ogopa Deejays of Kenya. They have been compared to US girl group Destiny's Child.

## Career

The duo have lived together for 8 years in Windhoek city. They started their career late in the 1990s as members of the hip hop group Dungeon Family. The grouped released one album in 2000 before it broke up. After Dungeon Family broke up, the girls reconnected with Sula in 2003 who was the manager of Dungeon Family. Sula eventually signed them to his record label, Butterfly Entertainment.

### Music

Gal Level's music is a fusion of rhythm and blues, Afro-pop, and dancehall inspired by life and by issues in Namibian society and is popular in southern Africa. The girls released their first single *"Shake It"* in mid-2004, which created them a buzz and reintroduced them to mainstream music fans. The song also earned them comparison to Destiny's Child. Their second single '*"Go Back to Her"* was also successful, it earned them a Channel O nomination. The two songs became street anthems during 2004 and 2005 and won separate awards at the Sanlam-NBC Music Awards.

## Discography

* 2004: *Shake It*
* 2007: *Act Like You Know*

## Awards

* **2005**

**Sanlam-NBC Music Awards**

Best Newcomer
Best R&B

* **2006**

**Sanlam-NBC Music Awards**

Best Group
Best R&B

**Namibian Music Awards**

Best Group
Best R&B
Best female vocalist

**Channel O Music Video Awards**

Best Newcomer (nominated)
Best Afro-pop (nominated)

* **2007**

**Channel O Music Video Awards**

Best African Group – (nominated)

* **2008**

**Channel O Music Video Awards**

Best African Southern (nominated)
Best R&B Video

**Kora Awards**

Best Female Group Southern Africa –(nominated)

## InfoBox

| Gal Level | |
| --- | --- |
| Daphne (left) and Frieda (right) back stage at a concert | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Windhoek, Namibia |
| Genres | R&B, pop, Afro-pop |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, songwriter |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Labels | Ogopa/Butterfly |
|  | |
| Members | Daphne <br>Frieda |
|  | |
| Website | Butterfly Ogopa Deejays |