title: Politics of Brazil

abstract: The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The political and administrative organization of Brazil comprises the federal government, the 26 states and a federal district, and the municipalities. The federal government exercises control over the central government and is divided into three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial. Executive power is exercised by the President, advised by a cabinet. Legislative power is vested upon the National Congress, a two-chamber legislature comprising the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court, the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts, the National Justice Council and the Regional Federal Courts. The states are autonomous sub-national entities with their own governments that, together with the other federal units, form the Federative Republic of Brazil. Currently, Brazil is divided politically and administratively into 27 federal units, being 26 states and one federal district. The executive power is exercised by a governor elected to a four-year term. The judiciary is exercised by courts of first and second instance addressing the common justice. Each state has a unicameral legislature with deputies who vote on state laws. The Constitution of Brazil knows also two elements of direct democracy, stated in Article 14. The legislative assemblies supervise the activities of the Executive power of the states and municipalities. The municipalities are minor federal units of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Each municipality has an autonomous local government, comprising a mayor, directly elected by the people to a four-year term, and a legislative body, also directly elected by the people. Brazil has an unrestricted multiparty system with a large number of political parties. Some parties lack ideological consistency and it is common for congressmen to switch parties, weakening electoral coalitions. At same time, the high number of political parties makes the Executive need to gather alliances of different political parties must piece together diverse and often ideologically incoherent coalitions to pass legislation. The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index rated Brazil as a "flawed democracy" in 2022. Brazil was 2023 the 13th most electoral democratic country in Latin America and the Caribbean according to the V-Dem Democracy indices.

text:
# Politics of Brazil

The **politics of Brazil** take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The political and administrative organization of Brazil comprises the federal government, the 26 states and a federal district, and the municipalities.

The federal government exercises control over the central government and is divided into three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial. Executive power is exercised by the President, advised by a cabinet. Legislative power is vested upon the National Congress, a two-chamber legislature comprising the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court, the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts, the National Justice Council and the Regional Federal Courts.

The states are autonomous sub-national entities with their own governments that, together with the other federal units, form the Federative Republic of Brazil. Currently, Brazil is divided politically and administratively into 27 federal units, being 26 states and one federal district. The executive power is exercised by a governor elected to a four-year term. The judiciary is exercised by courts of first and second instance addressing the common justice. Each state has a unicameral legislature with deputies who vote on state laws. The Constitution of Brazil knows also two elements of direct democracy, stated in Article 14. The legislative assemblies supervise the activities of the Executive power of the states and municipalities.

The municipalities are minor federal units of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Each municipality has an autonomous local government, comprising a mayor, directly elected by the people to a four-year term, and a legislative body, also directly elected by the people.

Brazil has an unrestricted multiparty system with a large number of political parties. Some parties lack ideological consistency and it is common for congressmen to switch parties, weakening electoral coalitions. At same time, the high number of political parties makes the Executive need to gather alliances of different political parties must piece together diverse and often ideologically incoherent coalitions to pass legislation (this is known as coalition presidentialism). The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index rated Brazil as a "flawed democracy" in 2022. Brazil was 2023 the 13th most electoral democratic country in Latin America and the Caribbean according to the V-Dem Democracy indices.

## Constitution

Brazil has had seven constitutions:

* Constitution of 1824 – the first Brazilian constitution, enacted by Emperor Pedro I. It was monarchic, hereditary, and highly centralized, permitting suffrage only to property-holders.
* Constitution of 1891 – the republic was proclaimed in 1889, but a new constitution was not promulgated until 1891. This federalist, democratic constitution was heavily influenced by the U.S. model. However, women and illiterates were not permitted to vote.
* Constitution of 1934 – when Getúlio Vargas came to power in 1930, he canceled the 1891 constitution and did not permit a new one until 1934. The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 forced Vargas to enact a new democratic constitution that permitted women's suffrage. Getúlio Vargas was indirectly elected president by the Constitutional Assembly to a four-year term, beginning in 1933.
* Constitution of 1937 – Getúlio Vargas suppressed a Communist uprising in 1935 and two years later (November 10, 1937) used it as a pretext to establish autocratic rule. He instituted a corporatist constitution nicknamed *the Polish,* (because it was said to have been inspired by a Polish constitution), written by Francisco Campos.
* Constitution of 1946 – in October, 1945, with World War II over, a civil-military coup ousted dictatorial Getúlio Vargas, an Assembly wrote a democratic constitution.
* Constitution of 1967 – after the 1964 coup d'État against João Goulart, the military dictatorship passed the *Institutional Acts*, a supraconstitutional law. This strongly undemocratic constitution simply incorporated these Acts.
* Constitution of 1988 – the current constitution, drafted in the process of redemocratization. It is marked by a reaction to the military dictatorship, guaranteeing individual rights, it is also more expansive than a typical constitution – many statutory acts in other countries are written into this constitution, like Social Security and taxes.

## Political parties and elections

According to sociologist Marcelo Ridenti, Brazilian politics is divided between internationalist liberals and statist nationalists. The first group consists of politicians arguing that internationalization of the economy is essential for the development of the country, while the latter rely on interventionism, and protection of state enterprises. According to Ridenti, who cites the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration as an example of the first group and the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration as an example of the second, "we have it cyclically".

Lula's Workers' Party tended to the statist nationalist side, although there are privatizing forces within his party and government, while Cardoso's Social Democratic Party tended to favor the international private market side by taking neoliberal policies as with the global Third Way. Lula compares himself with Getúlio Vargas, Juscelino Kubitschek and João Goulart, presidents seen as statist nationalists.

As of May 2017, 16,668,589 Brazilians were affiliated with a political party. The largest parties are MDB (which accounts for 14.4% of affiliated voters), the PT (9.5% of affiliated voters), and PSDB (8.7% of affiliated voters).

In 2020, the scenario is that the country has more than 30 active political parties, and only one of them defines itself as a right-wing party (PL), with a clear political imbalance. The country has several far-left parties like PSOL, PCO, PSTU, PCB, UP, PCdoB, left parties like PT, PSB, PDT, PV, Rede and Solidariedade and center-left like PSDB, PMN and Cidadania. Ten parties declare themselves as the center: MDB, PSD, Agir, DC, PROS, Avante, Patriota, Podemos and PMB. Five parties declare themselves as center-right: Brazil Union, PTB, Progressistas, PSC, PRTB and Republicanos. The only party that claims to be purely liberal, without further consideration, is Novo. When asked about their ideological spectrum, Brazilian parties tend to give obtuse and non-conclusive answers on the subject.

## Government

### Federal government

Brazil is a federal presidential constitutional republic, based on representative democracy. The federal government has three independent branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Executive power is exercised by the executive branch, headed by the President, advised by a Cabinet. The President is both the head of state and the head of government. Legislative power is vested upon the National Congress, a two-chamber legislature comprising the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court, the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts, the National Justice Council and the Regional Federal Courts.

### States

The 26 Brazilian *states* are semi-autonomous self-governing entities organized with complete administration branches, relative financial independence and their own set of symbols, similar to those owned by the country itself. Despite their relative autonomy they all have the same model of administration, as set by the Federal Constitution.

States hold elections every four years and exercise a considerable amount of power. The 1988 constitution allows states to keep their own taxes, set up State Houses, and mandates regular allocation of a share of the taxes collected locally by the federal government.

The Executive role is held by the *Governador* (Governor) and his appointed *Secretários* (Secretaries); the Legislative role is held by the *Assembléia Legislativa* (Legislative Assembly); and the Judiciary role, by the *Tribunal de Justiça* (Justice Tribunal). The governors and the members of the assemblies are elected, but the members of the Judiciary are appointed by the governor from a list provided by the current members of the State Law Court containing only judges (these are chosen by merit in exams open to anyone with a law degree). The name chosen by the governor must be approved by the Assembly before inauguration. The 1988 Constitution has granted the states the greatest amount of autonomy since the Old Republic.

Each of the 26 state governors must achieve more than 50% of the vote, including a second round run-off between the top two candidates if necessary. In contrast to the federal level, state legislatures are unicameral, although the deputies are elected through similar means, involving an open-list system in which the state serves as one constituency. State level elections occur at the same time as those for the presidency and Congress. In 2002, candidates from eight different parties won the gubernatorial contest while 28 parties are represented in the country's state legislatures. The last set of elections took place in 2006.

### Municipalities

Brazil has no clear distinction between *towns* and *cities* (in effect, the Portuguese word *cidade* means both). The only possible difference is regarding the municipalities that have a court of first instance and those that do not. The former are called *Sedes de Comarca* (seats of a *comarca*, which is the territory under the rule of that court). Other than that, only size and importance differs one from another.

The municipality (*município*) is a territory comprising one urban area, the *sede* (seat), from which it takes the name, and several other minor urban or rural areas, the *distritos* (districts). The seat of a municipality must be the most populous urban area within it; when another urban area grows too much it usually splits from the original municipality to form another one.

A municipality is relatively autonomous: it enacts its own "constitution", which is called *organic law* (*Lei Orgânica*), and it is allowed to collect taxes and fees, to maintain a municipal police force (albeit with very restricted powers), to pass laws on any matter that do not contradict either the state or the national constitutions, and to create symbols for itself (like a flag, an anthem and a coat-of-arms). However, not all municipalities exercise all of this autonomy. For instance, only a few municipalities keep local police forces, some of them do not collect some taxes (to attract investors or residents) and many of them do not have a flag (although they are all required to have a coat-of-arms).

Municipalities are governed by an elected *prefeito* (Mayor) and a unicameral *Câmara de Vereadores* (Councillors' Chamber). In municipalities with more than 200,000 voters, the Mayor must be elected by more than 50% of the valid vote. The executive power is called *Prefeitura*.

Brazilian municipalities can vary widely in area and population. The municipality of Altamira, in the State of Pará, with 161,445.9 square kilometres of area, is larger than many countries in the world. Several Brazilian municipalities have over 1,000,000 inhabitants, with São Paulo, at more than 9,000,000, being the most populous.

Until 1974 Brazil had one state-level municipality, the State of Guanabara, now merged with the State of Rio de Janeiro, which comprised the city of Rio de Janeiro solely.

### Federal District

The Federal District is an anomalous unit of the federation, as it is not organized in the same manner as a municipality, does not possess the same autonomy as a state (though usually ranked among them), and is closely related to the central power.

It is considered a single and indivisible entity, constituted by the seat, Brasília and some of the satellite cities. Brasília and the satellite cities are governed by the Regional Administrators individually and as a whole are governed by the Governor of the Federal District.

## History

Throughout its modern history, Brazil has struggled to build a democratic and egalitarian society because of its origins as a plantation colony and the strong influence of slavery.

### Empire

In 1822 the Prince Pedro de Alcântara, son of King John VI of Portugal, proclaimed independence. He was the first Emperor (Pedro I) until his abdication in 1831 in favor of his elder son. Due to the son's age (five years) a regency was established and the country had its first elections, though voting was restricted to a minority of the population.

### Old Republic (1889–1930)

In 1889, Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca declared the republic, by a coup d'état.

When the republic succeeded the empire, Auguste Comte's motto "Order and Progress" appeared on the flag of the Republic and the 1891 Constitution was inspired by Auguste Comte's *Course of Positive Philosophy* and System of Positive Politics. The Republic's beginnings were marked by "coronelism", an equivalent of the caudillism of the Spanish-speaking countries. The "old republic" (1889–1930) is also known as the "oligarchic republic".

Until 1930, the Brazilian republic was formally a democracy, although the power was concentrated in the hands of powerful land owners.

### Vargas years (1930–1945)

In 1930, a bloodless coup led Getúlio Vargas to power. For about 15 years, he controlled the country's politics, with a brief three-year constitutional interregnum from 1934 to 1937. A longer, heavier regime, the *Estado Novo* had loose ties with European fascism and spanned the years 1938 to 1945.

### Populist years (1946–1964)

Like most of Latin America, Brazil experienced times of political instability after the Second World War. When Vargas was ousted from the presidency in another bloodless coup d'état, in 1945, a new and modern constitution was passed and the country had its first experience with an effective and widespread democracy. But the mounting tension between populist politicians (like Vargas himself and, later, Jânio Quadros) and the right led to a crisis that ultimately brought up the military coup d'état in 1964, now known, through declassified documents, to have been supported by the American Central Intelligence Agency.

### Military dictatorship (1964–1985)

In 1964 a military-led coup d'état deposed the democratically elected president of Brazil, João Goulart. Between 1964 and 1985, Brazil was governed by the military, with a two-party system that comprised a pro-government National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) and an opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). Thousands of politicians (including former president Juscelino Kubitschek) had their political rights suspended, and military-sanctioned indirect elections were held for most elected positions until political liberalization during the government of João Figueiredo.

### New Republic (1985–1990)

In 1985, the military were defeated in an election according to the scheme they had set up as a consequence of the loss of political support among the elites. The opposition candidate, Tancredo Neves, was elected president, but died of natural causes before he was able to take office. Fearing a political vacuum that might stifle the democratic effort, Neves' supporters urged vice-president, José Sarney to take the oath and govern the country. Tancredo Neves had said that his election and the demise of military régime would create a "New Republic" and Sarney's term of government is often referred to by this name.

Sarney's government was disastrous in almost every field. The ongoing recession and the soaring external debt drained the country's assets while ravaging inflation (which later turned into hyperinflation) demonetized the currency and prevented any stability. In an attempt to revolutionize the economy and defeat inflation, Sarney carried on an ambitious "heterodox" economic plan (Cruzado) in 1986, which included price controls, default on the external debts and reduction of salaries. The plan seemed successful for some months, but it soon caused wholesale shortages of consumer goods (especially of easily exportable goods like meat, milk, automobiles, grains, sugar and alcohol) and the appearance of a black market in which such goods were sold for higher prices. Buoyed by the ensuing popularity from the apparent success of the plan, Sarney secured the largest electoral win in Brazilian history; the party he had just joined, Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), won in 26 out of 27 states and in more than 3,000 municipalities. Just after the elections, Sarney's "corrections" to the economy failed to control inflation and the public perception that he had used an artificial control of inflation to win the elections proved to be his undoing. His popularity never recovered and he was plagued by vehement criticism from most sectors of society until the end of his term. Despite popular rejection, Sarney managed to extend his term from four to five years, and exerted pressure on the Constitutional Assembly that was drafting the new constitution to abort the adoption of Parliamentarism.

### Collor government (1990–1992)

In 1989 Fernando Collor de Mello was elected president for the term from 1990 to 1994. The elections were marked by unanimous condemnation of José Sarney, with all candidates trying to keep distance from him.

Collor made some very bold statements, like saying that the Brazilian industry (of which the Brazilians used to be very proud) was mostly obsolete and polluting or that defaulting the debt was equal to not paying the rent. He also took quite revolutionary measures, like reducing the number of ministries to only 12 and naming Zélia Cardoso de Mello Minister of Economy or removing existing barriers to importing of goods.

His inflation control plan was based on an attempt to control prices and a complicated currency conversion process that prevented people from cashing their bank accounts for 18 months.

All of this made him quite unpopular and denied him support in the parliament that he needed since his own party held few seats. At the beginning of his third year in office, he resigned as a result of in a huge corruption scandal. The charges against him would later be dropped, some on mere technicalities, some for actually being irrelevant or false.

Collor desperately tried to resist impeachment by rallying the support of the youth and of the lower classes, but his call for help was answered by massive popular demonstrations, led mostly by students, demanding his resignation.

### Itamar government (1992–1994)

In 1992, the vice-president, Itamar Franco, took office as president and managed to evade the most feared consequences of Collor's downfall. He had to face a country with hyper-inflation, high levels of misery and unemployment. Far-left organizations were trying to turn the anti-Collor campaign into a wider revolutionary fight to overthrow the regime. Itamar finally granted full powers to his Minister of Economy, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, so the minister could launch the Plano Real, a new economic plan that seemed to be just the same as the many unsuccessful plans launched by Sarney, Collor and their military predecessor. But the Real was a success because of Rubens Ricupero and essentially because of Ciro Gomes, according to Itamar Franco himself, and terminated inflation in a few months.

### FHC government (1995–2003)

In 1994, Cardoso with Ricupero, Ciro Gomes and others launched their Plano Real, a successful economic reform that managed to permanently rid the country of the excessive inflation that had plagued it for more than forty years. The plan consisted of replacing the discredited old currency (cruzeiro and cruzeiro real) and pegging its value temporarily to the United States dollar. Inflation – which had become a fact of Brazilian life – was cut dramatically, a change that the Brazilians took years to get used to. Because of the success of Plano Real, Cardoso was chosen by his party to run for president and, with the strong support of Franco, eventually won, beating Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who had emerged as the favorite only one year earlier.

Cardoso's term was marked by other major changes in Brazilian politics and economy. Public services and state-owned companies were privatized (some for values supposedly too cheap according to his adversaries), the strong real made it easy to import goods, forcing Brazilian industry to modernize and compete (which had the side effect of causing many of them to be bought by foreign companies). During his first term, a constitutional amendment was passed to enable a sitting Executive chief to run for re-election, after which he again beat Lula in 1998.

### Lula government (2003–2011)

In 2002, at his fourth attempt, Lula was elected president. In part his victory was derived from the significant unpopularity of Cardoso's second term, which failed to address economic inequality, and to an extent from a softening of his and the party's radical stance, including a vice-presidential candidate from the Liberal Party, acceptance of an International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreement from the previous government administration, and a line of discourse friendly to the financial markets.

Despite some achievements in solving part of the country's biggest problems, his term was plagued by multiple corruption scandals that rocked his cabinet, forcing some members to resign their posts.

In 2006 Lula regained part of his popularity and ran for re-election. After almost winning on the first round, he won the run-off against Geraldo Alckmin from the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), by a margin of 20 million votes.

In 2010, Lula's handpicked successor, Dilma Rousseff, was elected to the Presidency.

### Rousseff government (2011–2016)

In 2011, Rousseff became the first woman to be elected president of Brazil.

In 2015 and 2016, many demonstrations were held against Rousseff demanding for her to be impeached because of corruption scandals. According to studies by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics (Ibope), 70-80% of demonstrators questioned supported harsher sentences for criminal offences, and a reduction of the age of criminal responsibility to 16. Between 2010 and 2016, support for the death penalty increased from 31% to 49%, and the number of people declaring themselves conservative from 49% to 59%.

The decline in poverty and the development of the middle class during the Lula years also allowed right-wing parties to address broader segments of the electorate on economic issues. "The new lower middle class dream of being entrepreneurs and consumers" according to the Perseu Abramo Foundation. "They are very sensitive to the meritocracy rhetoric of the right and the evangelical churches, and less affected by the PT message, which is still aimed at the poor".

### Michel Temer government (2016–2018)

### Jair Bolsonaro government (2019–2022)

### Second Lula government (2023–present)

The second presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva started on 1 January 2023, when he was inaugurated as the 39th President of Brazil. he was elected for a third term as President of Brazil on 30 October 2022, by obtaining 50.9% of the valid votes in the 2022 Brazilian general election.

#### 2023 Brazilian Congress attack

## Political corruption

### Operação Lava Jato (Operation Car Wash)

This was a set of investigations carried out by the Federal Police of Brazil, aimed at investigating a money laundering scheme that involved billions of reals in bribes. It resulted in more than a thousand search and seizure warrants, temporary arrests, preventive detentions and bench warrants. The operation started on March 17, 2014, and had 71 operational phases authorized, among others, by the then judge Sérgio Moro, during which more than one hundred people were arrested and convicted. It investigated crimes of active and passive corruption, fraudulent management, money laundering, criminal organization, obstruction of justice, fraudulent exchange operation and receipt of undue advantage. According to investigations and awarded claims, administrative members of the state-owned oil company Petrobras, politicians from the largest parties in Brazil, including presidents of the Republic, presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, and state governors, as well as businessmen from large Brazilian companies, were involved. The Federal Police considers it the largest corruption investigation in the country's history.

## Political conflicts

Brazil is one of the most dangerous countries for militant farmworkers, with sixty-five murders of farmworkers engaged in conflicts over the right to land in 2017 alone. Between 1985 and 2017, 1,722 activists of the Landless Workers' Movement were murdered.

In 2016, at least 49 people were murdered in Brazil defending the environment against companies or landowners.

## International organization participation

1. (in English) Navigator to Direct Democracy "Scientific overview of direct democracy procedures in Brazil"
2. "Brazil: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report". *Freedom House*. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
3. "Presidencialismo de coalizão: qual sua relação com a crise brasileira?". *Politize!* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
4. Couto, Lucas; Soares, Andéliton; Livramento, Bernardo (12 March 2021). "Presidencialismo de coalizão: conceito e aplicação". *Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política* (in Brazilian Portuguese) (34): e241841. doi:10.1590/0103-3352.2021.34.241841. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
5. "Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine" (PDF). *Economist Intelligence Unit*. 2023. p. 3.
6. V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset". Retrieved 14 October 2023.
7. (in Portuguese) Barros, Ana Cláudia. "PT ainda pode ser chamado de esquerda, afirma sociólogo" Archived 2015-06-10 at the Wayback Machine. Terra Magazine. September 17, 2010.
8. "Lula diz que o DEM precisa ser extirpado da política brasileira - Terra Brasil". Archived from the original on 2010-09-17. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
9. "Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados". *Tribunal Superior Eleitoral*. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
10. Apenas um partido se define como de direita no Brasil
11. Latin America in the 20th century: 1889-1929, 1991, p. 314-319
12. "Brazil Marks 40th Anniversary of Military Coup". Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
13. "Fernando Collor é eleito senador por Alagoas". *O Globo* (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
14. "Senadores na Mídia - Principais Jornais". 2007-11-19. Archived from the original on 2007-11-19. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
15. Freedman, Andrew (31 October 2022). "Bolsonaro's defeat is a climate turning point". *Axios*. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022.
16. "Taxas de desmatamento (Deforestation rates)". *TerraBrasilis*. 2022. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022.
17. "Big rallies against Brazil president". 2015-03-16. Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
18. "Brazil's right challenges the Workers' Party, by Anne Vigna (Le Monde diplomatique - English edition, December 2017)". Archived from the original on 2017-11-30. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
19. Savavrese, Mauricio; Bridi, Carla (1 January 2022). "Lula sworn in as president to lead polarized Brazil". Associated Press. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
20. Nicas, Jack (30 October 2022). "Brazil Ejects Bolsonaro and Brings Back Former Leader Lula". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
21. "Brazil's Bolsonaro loses bid for second term in fiercely contested presidential vote". *CNN*. 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
22. "Le Brésil risque de subir l'une des plus grandes régressions écologiques et sociales de son histoire - Basta !". 29 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
23. AFP (2017-07-13). "Au moins 200 personnes tuées en 2016 pour avoir voulu protéger l'environnement". *Geo.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2021-12-31.
* Global Integrity Report: Brazil Reports on anti-corruption efforts.
* Reports on political culture and political news, with a focus on transparency and good government.
* Essays on Brazilian politics and policies by leading intellectuals and public figures.
* Reports on the politics and issues surrounding Brazilian soccer and the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Politics of Brazil <br>Política do Brasil | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of Brazil | |
| Polity type | Federal presidential constitutional republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of Brazil |
| Legislative branch | |
| Name | National Congress |
| Type | Bicameral |
| Meeting place | National Congress Palace |
| Upper house | |
| Name | Federal Senate |
| Presiding officer | Rodrigo Pacheco, President of the Federal Senate |
| Lower house | |
| Name | Chamber of Deputies |
| Presiding officer | Arthur Lira, President of the Chamber of Deputies |
| Executive branch | |
| Head of state and government | |
| Title | President |
| Currently | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva |
| Appointer | Direct popular vote |
| Cabinet | |
| Name | Cabinet of Brazil |
| Current cabinet | Second cabinet of Lula da Silva |
| Leader | President |
| Deputy leader | Vice President |
| Appointer | President |
| Headquarters | Palácio do Planalto |
| Ministries | 37 |
| Judicial branch | |
| Name | Judiciary of Brazil |
| Courts | Federal courts of Brazil |
| Supreme Federal Court | |
| Chief judge | Luís Roberto Barroso |
| Superior Court of Justice | |
| Chief judge | Maria Thereza Moura |


title: Ramapuram, Alappuzha

abstract: Ramapuram is a small village in Kayamkulam in the Karthikappally Taluk of Alappuzha district in Kerala, India. Famous film actress K. P. A. C. Lalitha was born in Ramapuram.

text:
# Ramapuram, Alappuzha

**Ramapuram** is a small village in Kayamkulam in the Karthikappally Taluk of Alappuzha district in Kerala, India. Famous film actress K. P. A. C. Lalitha was born in Ramapuram.

## Geography

Ramapuram is a small village in Central Kerala. It is bordered by the Kanyakumari-Panvel National Highway 66. Nearest villages are Muthukulam, Cheppad and Pathiyoor. The nearest major towns are Haripad and Kayamkulam which are well connected by Kayamkulam-Muthukulam-Haripad road and National Highway 66. The nearest railway station are Haripad (HAD) and Kayamkulam (KYJ) and cheppad halt.

## Landmarks

Ramapuram Devi Temple, which is one of the oldest and important temples in the Travancore, is the major attraction of Ramapuram. Ramapurathamma is considered as the Kingdom goddess of Odanadu dynasty. Lalithaparameswari seated in sreechakra and Sree Bhadrakali is worshiped in the temple. 'Bhadra' means good and 'Kali' means goddess of time. So, Bhadrakali is worshipped for prosperity and salvation. Devi is considered as the creator, protector, destructor, nature, power and Kundalini shakthi and bhuvaneshwari. The temple has 3 "Karas", or territories. The temple is at the centre of the three Karas which are Ramapuram South, Ramapuram stanathinakam (centre), Kumbha bharani & Makara Ashwathi of malayalam calendar are celebrated here. Ramapuram North, the temple located at NH 66 besides from haripad 7 km and kayamkulam towrds 8 km from temple.

## Politics

Ramapuram is part of Kayamkulam Assembly of Alappuzha Lok sabha Constituency and A. M. Ariff is the current Member of Parliament. Adv U Prathibha is the Current Member of legislative Assembly.

## InfoBox

| Ramapuram | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| RamapuramLocation in Kerala, IndiaRamapuramRamapuram (India) | |
| Coordinates: 9°13′0″N 76°28′0″E / 9.21667°N 76.46667°E / 9.21667; 76.46667 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Alappuzha |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 690508 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-29(Kayamkulam) |


title: Hadley Foster

abstract: George "Hadley" Foster, is the American athletic administrator who was the head men's volleyball coach at Quincy University. He spent eight seasons as head coach, ranking as the program's all-time leader in wins.

text:
# Hadley Foster

**George "Hadley" Foster**, (born June 18, 1975) is the American athletic administrator who was the head men's volleyball coach at Quincy University. He spent eight seasons as head coach, ranking as the program's all-time leader in wins.

## Background

Foster, who is from Shelley, Idaho, played high school basketball at Shelley High School. Foster's collegiate coaching experience started with a six-year stint at NCAA Division I Idaho State University, where earned both his bachelor's and master's degrees and also completing his undergraduate studies in physical education in 1996 before finishing his graduate work in athletic administration in 1998.

* University, Quincy IL. "Hadley Foster Bio." RSS. Quincy University, 08 Sept. 2014. Web. 14 Oct. 2014.


title: The Meaning of Night

abstract: The Meaning of Night is the debut novel by author Michael Cox. Cox's book is a 600-page crime thriller novel set in Victorian England. It was one of four books picked for the shortlist for the Costa Book Awards prize for the debut novel of 2006, losing out to Stef Penney's The Tenderness of Wolves, which went on to win the overall award for best novel of 2006.

text:
# The Meaning of Night

***The Meaning of Night*** is the debut novel by author Michael Cox. Cox's book is a 600-page crime thriller novel set in Victorian England. It was one of four books picked for the shortlist for the Costa Book Awards prize for the debut novel of 2006, losing out to Stef Penney's *The Tenderness of Wolves*, which went on to win the overall award for best novel of 2006.

## Plot summary

Beginning on a cold October night in 1854 England, in a dark passageway, the book's narrator tracks an innocent man whom he does not know and stabs him to death. The protagonist/narrator, Edward Glyver, then takes the reader back, recounting as a confession his tale of deceit, love, and revenge. Glyver reveals the torment he has suffered at the hands of his rival, the poet-criminal Phoebus Rainsford Daunt, and why in pursuit of revenge Glyver (now masquerading as Edward Glapthorn), a book lover and scholar, has turned to murder. The story moves between the foggy London streets and the enchanting country manor house Evenwood where Daunt spent his formative years, a place with which Glyver finds he has a special connection. *The Glass of Time*, the follow-up novel to *The Meaning of Night*, further examines the consequences of Edward Glyver's crime, in a setting twenty years after *The Meaning of Night*.

## Publication and reception

The book's purchase by London publisher John Murray caused a stir in the publishing world for winning the largest ever British auction for a debut novel; Cox was reportedly paid an advance of £500,000. The deal was followed closely by industry magazines like *The Bookseller*.

The novel received primarily favourable reviews, albeit with notable exceptions, for example one review in *The Daily Telegraph*, which dismissed the book as "substandard, ersatz hokum."

## Principal characters

**Edward Charles Glyver** (a.k.a. Edward Glapthorn, Edward Duport, Ernest Geddington) the principal character. Son of Julius Verney Duport, 25th Baron Tansor and his first wife, Laura Duport née Fairmile, but raised by Simona Glyver. Lord Tansor never learns of his son's existence. Edward is a precocious student, especially interested in literature and the new science of photography, but he is dismissed from Eton College after being framed for theft by his former friend, Phoebus Daunt.

**Phoebus Rainsford Daunt** the son of Dr. Achilles Brabazon Daunt and his first wife, Elizabeth. Although Dr. Daunt is an avid scholar, Phoebus is heavily influenced by his stepmother and becomes insinuating and proud. Phoebus becomes a replacement son for Lord Tansor, and eventually his heir. Phoebus lives expensively in London and apparently makes his living as a poet of popular historical epics, but is also involved in forgery and bank fraud.

**Emily Grace Carteret** the daughter of Paul Carteret and the first cousin, once removed, of Lord Tansor. Emily spent several years in France, where she became good friends with Marie-Madeleine Buisson. During the main action of the book, Emily is nearly 30 years old and unmarried because she is secretly engaged to Phoebus Daunt, of whom her father does not approve.

## Themes and motifs

## Adaptations

### Film

## Bibliographic information

* Cox, Michael, 1948-2009 *The Meaning of Night : A Confession* / Michael Cox. 1st ed. New York : W.W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 0-393-06203-1 (U.S. edition)

## Footnotes

1. BBC NEWS | Entertainment | Authors picked for Costa Awards
2. Without cancer, I'd never have finished my novel - Times Online
3. The Meaning Of Night by Michael Cox: Reviews
4. Hookahs, heirs and hokum - Telegraph

## InfoBox

The Meaning of Night
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Michael Cox |
| Language | English |
| Genre | crime novel |
| Publisher | John Murray |
| Publication date | 7 September 2006 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 608 pp. |
| ISBN | 0-7195-6835-8 |
| OCLC | 67374720 |


title: Herschel Jantjies

abstract: Herschel Jerome Jantjies is a South African professional rugby union player for the South Africa national team and the Stormers in the URC. His regular position is scrum-half.

text:
# Herschel Jantjies

**Herschel Jerome Jantjies** (born 22 April 1996) is a South African professional rugby union player for the South Africa national team and the Stormers in the URC. His regular position is scrum-half.

## Rugby career

Jantjies was born in Stellenbosch, where he attended Paul Roos Gymnasium. He represented Western Province at Under-16 level in 2012 and at the Craven Week tournaments in 2013 in 2014. He progressed to their Under-19 and Under-21 sides, and made his first class debut in Western Province's match against the Leopards in the 2016 Currie Cup qualification series.

He made four appearances as a replacement for Western Province in the 2017 Rugby Challenge, a competition they would go on to win, before reverting to the Western Province U21 team for the latter half of the season. At the end of 2017, Jantjies was drafted into the squad of Welsh side Scarlets on their visit to South Africa during the 2017–18 Pro14 season, and came on as a replacement in their match against the Cheetahs in Bloemfontein.

He played in all nine of their matches in the 2018 Rugby Challenge, scoring his first and second tries in first class rugby in a 23–21 victory over the Boland Cavaliers in their Round Three match. He scored a further try in their match against the Border Bulldogs as his side progressed to the quarterfinal stage before being eliminated by Free State XV.

Schoolboy rugby kicked off at his hometown of Kylemore where he attended P.C Petersen Primary from where he graduated to his high schooling career which initially started at Kylemore High School where his excellence was spotted. His constant game-changing performances got the interest from Paul Roos Gymnasium in Stellenbosch, where he started playing under 14 rugby for the D team. His size counted against him, but once he got game time, he grabbed the opportunity with both hands. At the tender age of 14, he undertook his first trip overseas where he represented a South African invitational side on a postseason rugby tour to Scotland in the UK. Jantjies' rugby master brain scored his constant features at WP Grant Komo and Craven week and constant 1st team starts for Paul Roos in the South African Premiere Schools league.

Jantjies was included in the Stormers' squad for their final match of the 2018 Super Rugby season against the Sharks, and he came on as a second half replacement to make his Super Rugby debut.

## International rugby

In July 2019, Jantjies made his debut for South Africa in their opening match of the 2019 Rugby Championship against Australia in Johannesburg, scoring twice in a 35–17 win. In their next match against New Zealand in Wellington, Jantjies scored his side's only try in the 79th minute to help them to a 16–16 draw for a total of 3 tries in his first 2 games.

Jantjies was named in South Africa's squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. South Africa went on to win the tournament, defeating England in the final.

## Statistics

### Test match record

*As of 12 November 2023*

| Opponent | P | W | D | L | Try | Pts | %Won |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Argentina | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Australia | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 33.33 |
| British and Irish Lions | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 66.67 |
| Canada | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| England | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 50 |
| Georgia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 100 |
| Italy | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Japan | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 100 |
| Namibia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| New Zealand | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 20 |
| Scotland | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Wales | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Total | 25 | 17 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 25 | 68 |

Pld = Games played, W = Games won, D = Games drawn, L = Games lost, Try = Tries scored, Pts = Points scored

### International tries

*As of 12 November 2023*

| Try | Opposing team | Location | Venue | Competition | Date | Result | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Australia | Johannesburg, South Africa | Ellis Park Stadium | 2019 Rugby Championship | 20 July 2019 | Win | **35**–17 |
| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 | New Zealand | Wellington, New Zealand | Wellington Regional Stadium | 2019 Rugby Championship | 27 July 2019 | Tie | 16–**16** |
| 4 | Japan | Kumagaya, Japan | Kumagaya Rugby Ground | 2019 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches | 6 September 2019 | Win | 7–**41** |
| 5 | Georgia | Pretoria, South Africa | Loftus Versfeld Stadium | Test match | 2 July 2021 | Win | **40**–9 |

## InfoBox

Herschel Jantjies
| Jantjies in 2023 | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Herschel Jerome Jantjies |
| Date of birth | (1996-04-22) 22 April 1996 |
| Place of birth | Kylemore, South Africa |
| Height | 1.66 m (5 ft 5+12 in) |
| Weight | 74 kg (163 lb; 11 st 9 lb) |
| School | Paul Roos Gymnasium |
| University | University of the Western Cape |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Scrum-half  **Current team** Stormers / Western Province  Youth career  2012–2017 Western Province  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2016– Western Province  26  (25)  2017 Scarlets  1  (0)  2018–present Stormers  63  (65)  Correct as of 22 October 2023  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2019– South Africa  24  (25)  Correct as of 22 October 2023 | |
| Medal record      Men's Rugby union  Representing  South Africa  Rugby World Cup  2019 Japan Squad | |


title: Ice pruning

abstract: Ice pruning is the natural process of selective vegetative pruning on the windward side of a plant, executed by the impact of ice and snow particles driven by wind. The process is sometimes termed snow pruning. The time scale required for this phenomenon is typically over several growing seasons. The characteristic asymmetry of an ice-pruned plant is achieved only if the prevailing winds during the snow season have a definite directional bias, as shown on a wind rose. Ice pruning is seen in high latitudes and altitudes, such as high mountain slopes and locations more than 50 degrees of latitude from the equator. In parts of northern Canada, forests dominated by Black Spruce have been noted for containing individual trees that are distinctively ice-pruned.

text:
# Ice pruning

**Ice pruning** is the natural process of selective vegetative pruning on the windward side of a plant, executed by the impact of ice and snow particles driven by wind. The process is sometimes termed **snow pruning**. The time scale required for this phenomenon is typically over several growing seasons. The characteristic asymmetry of an ice-pruned plant is achieved only if the prevailing winds during the snow season have a definite directional bias, as shown on a wind rose.

Ice pruning is seen in high latitudes and altitudes, such as high mountain slopes and locations more than 50 degrees of latitude from the equator. In parts of northern Canada, forests dominated by Black Spruce have been noted for containing individual trees that are distinctively ice-pruned.

1. William M. Marsh (1978) *Environmental Analysis: For Land Use and Site Planning*, McGraw-Hill, 292 pages ISBN 0-07-040490-9
2. C. Michael Hogan, *Black Spruce: Picea mariana*, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg, November, 2008 Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine


title: United Evangelical Church

abstract: The United Evangelical Church is a splinter group from the Evangelical Association.

text:
# United Evangelical Church

The **United Evangelical Church** is a splinter group from the Evangelical Association.

## History

It was formed in 1891 when some members of the Evangelical Association left to form the new church.

The schism was caused by the autocratic administration of Bishop John Jacob Esher in Chicago, Illinois. His faction was known as the Esherites and he was challenged by The Dubsites that followed Bishop Bowman.

Thirty-one years later the two groups reunited in Detroit and renamed themselves "The Evangelical Church." (Those congregations who chose not to re-unite formed a body called the Evangelical Congregational Church.)

In 1946, the Evangelical Church merged with the United Brethren in Christ at a meeting in Johnstown, Pennsylvania to form the Evangelical United Brethren Church. This body, in turn, united with the American Methodist Church in 1968 to form the United Methodist Church.


title: Osbaston, Oswestry

abstract: Osbaston is a small village in the English county of Shropshire. Osbaston lies on the B4396 road some five miles to the south of Oswestry. The population at the 2011 census can be found in Knockin.

text:
# Osbaston, Oswestry

**Osbaston** is a small village in the English county of Shropshire.

Osbaston lies on the B4396 road some five miles to the south of Oswestry. The population at the 2011 census can be found in Knockin.

## InfoBox

| Osbaston | |
| --- | --- |
| Crossroads north of Osbaston | |
| OsbastonLocation within Shropshire | |
| OS grid reference | SJ321228 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | OSWESTRY |
| Postcode district | SY10 |
| Dialling code | 01691 |
|  | |
| Police | West Mercia |
| Fire | Shropshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Pollos, Patillas, Puerto Rico

abstract: Pollos is a barrio in the municipality of Patillas, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 3,146.

text:
# Pollos, Patillas, Puerto Rico

**Pollos** is a barrio in the municipality of Patillas, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 3,146.

## History

Pollos was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Ríos and Pollos barrios was 1,075.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 767 |  |  |
| 1920 | 998 |  | 30.1% |
| 1930 | 776 |  | −22.2% |
| 1940 | 1,318 |  | 69.8% |
| 1950 | 1,437 |  | 9.0% |
| 1960 | 1,311 |  | −8.8% |
| 1970 | 0 |  | −100.0% |
| 1980 | 2,320 |  |  |
| 1990 | 2,525 |  | 8.8% |
| 2000 | 3,409 |  | 35.0% |
| 2010 | 3,146 |  | −7.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1900 (N/A) 1910-1930
1930-1950 1980-2000 2010 | | | |

## Sectors

Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called **sectores** (*sectors* in English). The types of *sectores* may vary, from normally *sector* to *urbanización* to *reparto* to *barriada* to *residencial*, among others.

The following sectors are in Pollos barrio:

*Calle Acueducto, Calle Alberto Ricci, Calle Canario, Calle Cerezos, Calle Cristo, Calle Culto, Calle El Hoyo, Calle Félix Portugués, Calle Flamboyán, Calle Francisco Ortiz Lebrón, Calle Guillermo Riefkhol, Calle Helechos, Calle Iglesia, Calle Jesús T. Piñero, Calle Las Flores, Calle Las Rosas, Calle Luna, Calle Margarita, Calle Muñoz Rivera, Calle Octavio Rivera, Calle Recreo, Calle Reymundo Fernández, Calle Robles, Calle Salsipuedes, Calle Santiago Iglesias, Calle Tamarindo, Calle Yarino, Carretera 3, Carretera 757, Carretera 7757, Parcelas Nuevas, Parcelas Viejas (Calles 1, 2, 3, 4), Sector Caguitas, Sector La Ceiba, Sector La Luna, Sector La Plo, Sector Mariani, Sector Providencia, Sector Pueblito Nuevo, Sector Tres Puertas, Urbanización Montecielo*, and *Urbanización Valle de la Providencia*.

## InfoBox

| Pollos | |
| --- | --- |
| Barrio | |
| Location of Pollos within the municipality of Patillas shown in red | |
| PollosLocation of Puerto Rico | |
| Coordinates: 17°59′43″N 65°59′47″W / 17.995215°N 65.996267°W / 17.995215; -65.996267 | |
| Commonwealth | Puerto Rico |
| Municipality | Patillas |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.84 sq mi (9.9 km2) |
| Land | 3.26 sq mi (8.4 km2) |
| Water | 0.58 sq mi (1.5 km2) |
| Elevation | 85 ft (26 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 3,146 |
| Density | 965/sq mi (373/km2) |
|  | Source: 2010 Census |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AST) |


title: Ramapuram, Cuddalore

abstract: Ramapuram is a revenue village in Cuddalore district in state of Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Ramapuram, Cuddalore

**Ramapuram** is a revenue village in Cuddalore district in state of Tamil Nadu, India.

## Ramapuram

## InfoBox

| Ramapuram Ramapuam | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| RamapuramLocation in Tamil Nadu, IndiaRamapuramRamapuram (India) | |
| Coordinates: 11°41′43″N 79°42′12″E / 11.6954°N 79.7032°E / 11.6954; 79.7032 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Cuddalore |
| Taluk | Cuddalore |
| Block | Cuddalore |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 3,853 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TN-31 |
| Sex ratio | 50% / |


title: The Meaning of Marxism

abstract: The Meaning of Marxism is a 2006 nonfiction book written by Columbia University professor and managing editor of The International Socialist Review Paul D'Amato and published by Haymarket Books in 2006.

text:
# The Meaning of Marxism

***The Meaning of Marxism*** is a 2006 nonfiction book written by Columbia University professor and managing editor of The International Socialist Review Paul D'Amato and published by Haymarket Books in 2006.

## Synopsis

Dr. D'Amato presents a brief introduction to the philosophy of Karl Marx and Frederich Engels through a Trotskyist perspective.

## Reception

The book received reviews from journals including *International Socialist Review,* *Critical Sociology*, and *Midwest Book Review*.

## InfoBox

The Meaning of Marxism
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Paul D'Amato |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Marxism |
| Publisher | Haymarket Books |
| Publication date | 2006 |
| Publication place | The United States of America |
| Published in English | June 1, 2006 |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 164 |
| ISBN | 978-1931859295 |


title: Intelsat 601

abstract: Intelsat 601, previously named Intelsat VI F-1, was a communications satellite operated by Intelsat, and later Europe*Star. Launched in 1991, it was the last of five Intelsat VI satellites to be launched. The Intelsat VI series was constructed by Hughes Aircraft, based on the HS-389 satellite bus. Intelsat 601 was launched at 23:08:08 UTC on 29 October 1991, atop an Ariane 4 carrier rocket in the 44L configuration, flight number V47. The launch took place from ELA-2 at Kourou, and placed Intelsat 601 into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into its final geostationary orbit using two liquid-fuelled R-4D-12 engines, with the satellite arriving in geostationary orbit on 2 November 1991. Intelsat 601 operated in geostationary orbit with a perigee of 35,680 kilometres (22,170 mi), an apogee of 35,897 kilometres (22,305 mi), and 0 degrees of inclination. The satellite carried 38 IEEE C band and ten IEEE Ku band transponders, and had a design life of 13 years and a mass of 4,330 kilograms (9,550 lb). Upon entering service, Intelsat 601 was positioned at 27.5 degrees west. In October 1997, it was moved to 34.5 degrees west, reaching the new slot on 16 October. Between May and July 2002 it was moved to 32.9 degrees east, and between October and November it was again moved, to 64.25 degrees east, where it would remain until October 2006. Its final operations for Intelsat were conducted at 63.5 degrees east, where it arrived in November 2006. In October 2007 it was transferred to Europe*Star, and relocated to 47.5 degrees East, arriving in November. The satellite was retired from service and placed into a graveyard orbit in October 2011.

text:
# Intelsat 601

**Intelsat 601**, previously named **Intelsat VI F-1**, was a communications satellite operated by Intelsat, and later Europe\*Star. Launched in 1991, it was the last of five Intelsat VI satellites to be launched. The Intelsat VI series was constructed by Hughes Aircraft, based on the HS-389 satellite bus.

Intelsat 601 was launched at 23:08:08 UTC on 29 October 1991, atop an Ariane 4 carrier rocket in the 44L configuration, flight number V47. The launch took place from ELA-2 at Kourou, and placed Intelsat 601 into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into its final geostationary orbit using two liquid-fuelled R-4D-12 engines, with the satellite arriving in geostationary orbit on 2 November 1991.

Intelsat 601 operated in geostationary orbit with a perigee of 35,680 kilometres (22,170 mi), an apogee of 35,897 kilometres (22,305 mi), and 0 degrees of inclination. The satellite carried 38 IEEE C band and ten IEEE Ku band transponders, and had a design life of 13 years and a mass of 4,330 kilograms (9,550 lb).

Upon entering service, Intelsat 601 was positioned at 27.5 degrees west. In October 1997, it was moved to 34.5 degrees west, reaching the new slot on 16 October. Between May and July 2002 it was moved to 32.9 degrees east, and between October and November it was again moved, to 64.25 degrees east, where it would remain until October 2006. Its final operations for Intelsat were conducted at 63.5 degrees east, where it arrived in November 2006. In October 2007 it was transferred to Europe\*Star, and relocated to 47.5 degrees East, arriving in November. The satellite was retired from service and placed into a graveyard orbit in October 2011.

## InfoBox

Intelsat 601
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mission type | Communication |
| Operator | Intelsat (1991-2007)
Europe\*Star (2007-2011) |
| COSPAR ID | 1991-075A |
| SATCAT no. | 21765 |
| Mission duration | 13 years (planned)
20 years (achieved) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Bus | HS-389 |
| Manufacturer | Hughes |
| Launch mass | 4,330 kilograms (9,550 lb) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 29 October 1991, 23:08:08 (1991-10-29UTC23:08:08Z) UTC |
| Rocket | Ariane 44L V47 |
| Launch site | Kourou ELA-2 |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Disposal | Decommissioned |
| Deactivated | October 2011 (2011-11) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Geostationary |
| Perigee altitude | 35,680 kilometres (22,170 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 35,897 kilometres (22,305 mi) |
| Inclination | 0 degrees |
| Period | 1436.19 minutes |
| Epoch | 4 December 1991 |
|  | |
| *Intelsat VI* | |


title: Herschel L. Carnahan

abstract: Herschel L. Carnahan was the 30th Lieutenant Governor of California, 1928–1931, serving under Governor C. C. Young. He was a Republican. He was born in Aledo,Illinois, and attended Monmouth College. Carnahan came to California in May 1896 at age 18, seeking treatment for tuberculosis, living at first with an uncle on a ranch at Alessandro, in Riverside County. Carnahan worked as an elementary school teacher later that year, and went on to work as a both a teacher and a school principal in Winchester. He was also active in the temperance movement. Carnahan later studied law at a local law office, was admitted to the bar in 1904 at the age of the 25 and began practicing in Riverside, California. Later relocating his law practice to Los Angeles, Carnahan was appointed the first commissioner of the State Corporation Department by Republican Governor Hiram Johnson in 1914. There, Carnahan enforced California's so-called blue sky law, passed in 1913 in an effort to protect small investors from promoters who pitched fraudulent investments promising everything, including the "blue sky" above. Carnahan served as commissioner until 1918. In 1927, Carnahan was appointed a receiver in the bankruptcy of the Julian Petroleum Company. Nicknamed Julian Pete, the company collapsed after it was revealed to have overissued its stock, defrauding investors of more than $150 million. Carnahan continued to serve as receiver through his term as lieutenant governor and worked on the bankruptcy until the receivership was closed out in 1941. Carnahan was appointed lieutenant governor in 1928 by Governor C.C. Young after Buron Fitts, elected lieutenant governor under Young, resigned to become District Attorney of Los Angeles County. Following his term as lieutenant governor, Carnahan returned to his law practice in Los Angeles. After a series of health issues, including the reemergence of his tuberculosis, Carnahan killed himself in April 1941, dying at the Georgia Street Receiving Hospital in Los Angeles. He was interred at the mausoleum at Evergreen Cemetery in Riverside, California. Carnahan was married to Hattie Helmer, a native of Ottawa, Canada.

text:
# Herschel L. Carnahan

**Herschel L. Carnahan** (August 31, 1879 – March 31, 1941) was the 30th Lieutenant Governor of California, 1928–1931, serving under Governor C. C. Young. He was a Republican.

He was born in Aledo,Illinois, and attended Monmouth College. Carnahan came to California in May 1896 at age 18, seeking treatment for tuberculosis, living at first with an uncle on a ranch at Alessandro, in Riverside County. Carnahan worked as an elementary school teacher later that year, and went on to work as a both a teacher and a school principal in Winchester. He was also active in the temperance movement.

Carnahan later studied law at a local law office, was admitted to the bar in 1904 at the age of the 25 and began practicing in Riverside, California.

Later relocating his law practice to Los Angeles, Carnahan was appointed the first commissioner of the State Corporation Department by Republican Governor Hiram Johnson in 1914. There, Carnahan enforced California's so-called blue sky law, passed in 1913 in an effort to protect small investors from promoters who pitched fraudulent investments promising everything, including the "blue sky" above. Carnahan served as commissioner until 1918.

In 1927, Carnahan was appointed a receiver in the bankruptcy of the Julian Petroleum Company. Nicknamed Julian Pete, the company collapsed after it was revealed to have overissued its stock, defrauding investors of more than $150 million. Carnahan continued to serve as receiver through his term as lieutenant governor and worked on the bankruptcy until the receivership was closed out in 1941.

Carnahan was appointed lieutenant governor in 1928 by Governor C.C. Young after Buron Fitts, elected lieutenant governor under Young, resigned to become District Attorney of Los Angeles County.

Following his term as lieutenant governor, Carnahan returned to his law practice in Los Angeles.

After a series of health issues, including the reemergence of his tuberculosis, Carnahan killed himself in April 1941, dying at the Georgia Street Receiving Hospital in Los Angeles. He was interred at the mausoleum at Evergreen Cemetery in Riverside, California.

Carnahan was married to Hattie Helmer, a native of Ottawa, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Herschel L. Carnahan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 30th Lieutenant Governor of California | |
| **In office**
December 4, 1928  January 6, 1931 | |
| Governor | C. C. Young |
| Preceded by | Buron Fitts |
| Succeeded by | Frank Merriam |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1879-08-31)August 31, 1879
Aledo, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | March 31, 1941(1941-03-31) (aged 61)
Los Angeles, U.S. |
| Resting place | Evergreen Cemetery (Riverside, California)
33°58′48″N 117°23′13″W / 33.9799°N 117.3869°W / 33.9799; -117.3869 |
| Political party | Republican |
| Alma mater | Monmouth College |
|  | |


title: Iffley Station

abstract: Iffley Station is a pastoral lease that currently operates as a cattle station in Queensland.

text:
# Iffley Station

Iffleyclass=notpageimage|Location in Queensland

18°52′06″S 141°12′25″E / 18.86821°S 141.20696°E / -18.86821; 141.20696 (Iffley)

**Iffley Station** is a pastoral lease that currently operates as a cattle station in Queensland.

## Description

The property is situated approximately 133 kilometres (83 mi) south of Normanton and 206 kilometres (128 mi) north of Julia Creek in the Gulf Country of Queensland. The property is composed of rolling downs grassed with Mitchell grass, bluegrass, salt bush and other herbages.

Occupying an area of about 1,600 square miles (4,144 km2), the property is composed of half sandy forest country and the remainder is open downs of Mitchell grass. Both the Saxby and the Norman Rivers traverse the property.

## History

James Earl arrived in Queensland with his brothers William and Thomas. They originally took up the Yacamunda Station on the Belyando River in the Bowen area, later taking up the Iffley Station in 1864.

The following year they were affected by a major flood. The brothers sought refuge from the floodwaters in nearby trees while the floods carried off their entire stock. They subsequently returned to Yacamunda.

In 1884 the 997-square-mile (2,582 km2) property was sold by Messrs Walsh, Brown and Walsh to D. F. MacKay along with the 4,400 head of cattle it was stocked with. Mackay placed the station on the market in 1894. At this time it was 801 square miles (2,075 km2) and was stocked with 22,000 head of cattle and 166 horses.

The property was placed on the market by the trustees of the estate of D. F. MacKay in 1904. Stocked with about 15,000 Durham cattle and 187 horses the 934 square miles (2,419 km2) station included managers house, men's quarters store house, cattle yards and two recently sunk bores.

In 1931 the property was owned by Kidman and Angliss, who remained in charge until at least 1942.

The property was acquired by Don McDonald, the eldest son of Jim McDonald, in 1979 along with Rutland Plains. Iffley is currently owned by MDH, still owned by the McDonald family, and is one of the companies 11 cattle stations throughout Queensland. It is managed by Clint and Heidi Smith who have been there since 2003.


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1924, adopted unanimously on May 27, 2010, after reaffirming resolutions 1893 (2009) and 1911 (2010) on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire and Resolution 1885 (2009) on Liberia, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) until June 30, 2010, pending further recommendations for its revision. The Security Council noted that time was needed to examine recommendations in the report of the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on the situation in the country, which expressed disappointment at setbacks in the Ivorian peace process and suggested increasing UNOCI personnel in higher risk areas to offer support for the elections. Elections have been delayed in the country since 2005; the Secretary-General stating that despite "the temptation to yield to frustration and give up" in the country he did not want to let the people of Côte d'Ivoire down. The resolution determined that the situation in Côte d'Ivoire constituted a threat to international peace and security in the region and, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, extended UNOCI's mandate until June 30, 2010. The mandate of 900-strong French force supporting UNOCI was also extended to the same date.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1924

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 1924**, adopted unanimously on May 27, 2010, after reaffirming resolutions 1893 (2009) and 1911 (2010) on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire and Resolution 1885 (2009) on Liberia, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) until June 30, 2010, pending further recommendations for its revision.

The Security Council noted that time was needed to examine recommendations in the report of the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on the situation in the country, which expressed disappointment at setbacks in the Ivorian peace process and suggested increasing UNOCI personnel in higher risk areas to offer support for the elections. Elections have been delayed in the country since 2005; the Secretary-General stating that despite "the temptation to yield to frustration and give up" in the country he did not want to let the people of Côte d'Ivoire down.

The resolution determined that the situation in Côte d'Ivoire constituted a threat to international peace and security in the region and, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, extended UNOCI's mandate (determined in Resolution 1739 (2007)) until June 30, 2010. The mandate of 900-strong French force supporting UNOCI was also extended to the same date.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1924 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 27 May 2010 |
| Meeting no. | 6,323 |
| Code | S/RES/1924 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation in Côte d'Ivoire** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Virgin Mobile Polska

abstract: Virgin Mobile Poland is a provider of prepaid and postpaid wireless voice, text and data communications services throughout Poland. It launched on August 22, 2012. In September 2020 it was bought by the Polish telecommunications provider Play.

text:
# Virgin Mobile Polska

**Virgin Mobile Poland** is a provider of prepaid and postpaid wireless voice, text and data communications services throughout Poland. It launched on August 22, 2012. In September 2020 it was bought by the Polish telecommunications provider Play.

## Networks

Mobile services provided by Virgin use PLAY EGSM (1800 MHz), WCDMA (900 and 2100 MHz) and LTE (1800 and 2100 MHz) network (including domestic roaming T-Mobile).

## InfoBox

Virgin Mobile Polska
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Wireless communications |
| Founded | August 22, 2012 (2012-08-22) |
| Area served | Poland |
| Parent | P4 sp. z o.o. (Iliad SA) |
| Website | www.virginmobile.pl |


title: Orr, West Virginia

abstract: Orr is an unincorporated community in Preston County, West Virginia, United States.

text:
# Orr, West Virginia

**Orr** is an unincorporated community in Preston County, West Virginia, United States.

## InfoBox

| Orr | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| OrrLocation within the state of West VirginiaOrrOrr (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°33′12″N 79°31′42″W / 39.55333°N 79.52833°W / 39.55333; -79.52833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Preston |
| Elevation | 2,382 ft (726 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS ID | 1555276 |


title: Hajdúböszörmény

abstract: Hajdúböszörmény is a town in northeastern Hungary with a population of approximately 30,000 people.

text:
# Hajdúböszörmény

**Hajdúböszörmény** \[ˈhɒjduːbøsørmeːɲ\] is a town in northeastern Hungary with a population of approximately 30,000 people.

## History

It is also known as a famous college town with an excellent academic atmosphere, as it is home to one of the faculties of the world's 551st best university, the University of Debrecen. It has a unique circular plan (like Paris) to the streets that is supposed to have originated as a defense from invasion or attack. Not knowing the plan of the streets a visitor could easily get quite lost only to discover that they were walking in circles for an extended period.

Like many smaller towns of Hungary the population even within the city limits generates income as well as household necessities from agriculture and animal husbandry, because of this feature of the local economy, high fences and a cornucopia of smells are very common even within the town core.

In 1990s Hajdúböszörmény underwent an economic crisis causing widespread unemployment. Many attribute high unemployment levels to the falling of the Iron Curtain that took place in 1989 and the adjustment period that any economy would need to go through in such an economic upheaval. One more recent cause of unemployment was the downsizing of the General Electric Tungsram plant (due to new economic options the company was exploring in China).

## Twin towns – sister cities

Hajdúböszörmény is twinned with:

47°40′N 21°31′E / 47.667°N 21.517°E / 47.667; 21.517

## InfoBox

| Hajdúböszörmény | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
|  | |
| HajdúböszörményHajdúböszörmény | |
| Coordinates: 47°40′N 21°31′E / 47.667°N 21.517°E / 47.667; 21.517 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Hajdú-Bihar |
| District | Hajdúböszörmény |
| Area | |
| Total | 370.74 km2 (143.14 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 31,224 |
| Density | 84/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4220, 4224, 4074 |
| Area code | (+36) 52 |
| Website | www.hajduboszormeny.hu |


title: Antonio Pio Saracino

abstract: Antonio Pio Saracino is an Italian architect, sculptor, and designer based in New York City. He has designed monuments, buildings, and modern furniture, and several of his designs are part of the permanent collections of museums such the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Art and Design in New York City and the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney. Saracino's work has been shown in international exhibitions and received reviews in publications such as The New York Times and Architectural Digest. His statues The Guardians: Hero and Superhero are in Bryant Park in Manhattan. Vogue named him "among the most prolific Italian designers abroad."

text:
# Antonio Pio Saracino

**Antonio Pio Saracino** (Italian pronunciation: \[anˈtɔːnjo ˈpiːo saraˈtʃiːno\]) is an Italian architect, sculptor, and designer based in New York City. He has designed monuments, buildings, and modern furniture, and several of his designs are part of the permanent collections of museums such the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Art and Design in New York City and the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney. Saracino's work has been shown in international exhibitions and received reviews in publications such as *The New York Times* and *Architectural Digest*. His statues *The Guardians: Hero and Superhero* are in Bryant Park in Manhattan. *Vogue* named him "among the most prolific Italian designers abroad."

## Biography

Saracino was born in 1976 in Apulia, in the south of Italy, and attended the La Sapienza University of Architecture in Rome, where he graduated with a master's degree in 2003. In 2004 he began collaborating with Steve Blatz, an architect based in New York. Saracino has created designs for several companies and individuals such as Eni, MTV Staying Alive Foundation, Bloomingdales, the Italian government, Matt Mitcham.

His work is in the permanent collections of museums, including the Brooklyn Museum, and has been shown in solo and group exhibitions in various countries. He has won several awards for his work and received accolades from *ARTnews* magazine and New Italian Blood.

The Museum of Arts and Design in New York showed work by Saracino in the 2013 exhibition *Out of Hand: Materializing the Postdigital*. In the same year, he was commissioned to design a public art project for Bryant Park, Manhattan, entitled *The Guardians: Hero and Superhero*. The project consisted of two 13-foot-high statues, one made of marble and one made of stainless steel, that depicted "legendary civic heroes". The first statue, *The Guardians: Hero* was inspired by Michelangelo's "David", and was created as a gift by the Italian Government and Eni to symbolize friendship between Italy and the United States.

## Reception

Saracino's work has been the focus of several reviews. *Vogue* reviewed him positively, remarking that Saracino was "among the most prolific Italian industrial designers abroad and has been beatified by serial accolades."

## Works

Saracino has designed buildings, monuments and modern furniture. A selection of his design include:

### Projects

* Tribeca Penthouse, New York City, 2013
* Diver house, Sydney, 2010
* Seed House, Upstate NY, 2007
* Art Hotel (Concept study), New York City, 2007
* MaxWax Salon, New York City, 2009
* Tibi Boutique, New York City, 2006

### Public art

* 2011: "GATE 150," Washington DC
* 2012: "The Globe," Los Angeles
* 2013: "The Arches of Hopes," New York City
* 2013: "City Within," Dubai
* 2013: "The Guardians: Hero and Superhero", New York City

### Products

* Egg Shelves, 2012
* Pythagoras Bowl, 2011
* Star Chair / Armchair, 2013
* Star Coffee Table, 2013
* Leaf Chair, Edition, 2011
* Blossom Chair, Edition, 2010
* Deer Chair, Edition, 2011
* Molecular Chair, Edition, 2010
* Modular Chair, Edition, 2009
* Formula One Trophy, Eni, 2010-13

Permanent collections * Ray Sofa, Edition, 2010, Permanent Collection Museum of Arts and Design, New York City
* Ray Chair, Edition, 2010, Permanent Collection Powerhouse Museum, Sydney
* Cervo Chair, Edition, 2010, Permanent Collection Brooklyn Museum, New York City

## InfoBox

| Antonio Pio Saracino | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | San Marco in Lamis, Italy |
| Alma mater | Sapienza University of Rome |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Awards | 2007 American Architecture Award |
|  | |
| Buildings | Seed House<br>Diver's House |
|  | |


title: The Mysteries of Joy Rio

abstract: “The Mysteries of the Joy Rio” is a work of short fiction by Tennessee Williams. Written in 1941, the work first appeared in the collection Hard Candy: A Book of Stories (1954), published by New Directions.

text:
# The Mysteries of Joy Rio

**“The Mysteries of the Joy Rio”** is a work of short fiction by Tennessee Williams. Written in 1941, the work first appeared in the collection Hard Candy: A Book of Stories (1954), published by New Directions.

## Plot

“The Mysteries of the Joy Rio” is told in third-person omniscient point-of-view. The narrative is presented in four sections. The story opens in a clock repair shop, owned by Pablo Gonzales. Now 40-year-old, the shop was bequeathed to him by his late mentor and lover Emiel Kroger, an elderly German-American watch repairman. Twenty years ago he engaged the 19-year-old Pablo Gonzales and fell in love with his protege.The relationship had been an affectionate one when Kroger died three years later. Pablo mourns the loss of his mentor. Pablo, a skilled repairman, runs the business successfully.

Pablo routinely walks to an old opera house, now serving as a run-down movie theatre which features cartoons and Westerns: the Joy Rio theatre. The establishment attracts mostly children and young adolescents. In Mr. Kroger's day, before he met Pablo, the upper gallery of the Joy Rio was notorious as a venue for gay men and youth. Mr. Kroger at times partook of these sexual gatherings. With its notoriety, the management closed the gallery, and it remained blocked with a “Keep Out” warning for years. In attending these showings furtively, Pablo is aware that he is seeking to emulate Mr. Kroger's experiences and assuage his loneliness. Pablo discovers he has terminal cancer; the treatments continue for a year and his health deteriorates.

On one visit to the theatre, Pablo accidentally interrupts a sexual encounter between the teenage theatre usher and his girlfriend in the public restroom. Enraged, the boy threatens to beat him, and Pablo in a panic flees to the off-limits upper gallery. In the darkened stairway, he is beckoned to by a dim figure. The voice of Emiel Kroger commands him to approach. Taking him by the arm, the apparition leads him into the recesses of the gallery. There Kroger comforts and reassures Pablo, and in whose arms Pablo peacefully dies.

## Background

The story was written in 1941 while Williams was residing in New Orleans, Louisiana, and collected first in Hard Candy: A Book of Stories (1954).

Williams's short story “Hard Candy”, begun in 1949 and completed in 1953, is a variation on the narrative and themes presented in “The Mysteries of Joy Rio.”

## Critical appraisal

Literary critic Dennis Vannatta includes “The Miracles of Joy Rio” among the works of short fiction of Williams’ mature period “that shows the author in complete command of his powers as a short story writer.” Vannatta adds that the story “evinces masterly gifts and a unique vision.” Novelist Gore Vidal simply calls the story “wonderfully crazed.”

## Theme

With the emergence of Williams’ maturity as a fiction writer, and shortly before his first success as a playwright, the topic of homosexuality began to appear - implicitly yet unmistakable - in his short fiction. Literary critic Dennis Vannatta observes that “beginning with “The Mysteries of Joy Rio,” homosexuality becomes a frequent and important theme in his short stories.”

> "\[H\]omosexuality is but one very real manifestation of a broader phenomenon in Williams’s work: the need for love and companionship and the difficulties of finding them in a world that grinds up the sensitive, the wounded, and the fugitive. This is the theme of 'The Mysteries of Joy Rio'..."—Literary critic Dennis Vannatta in *Tennessee Williams: A Study of the Short Fiction* (1988)

The “Joy Rio” of the story, once a miniature yet stylish grand opera house, has been converted to “a third-rate cinema” offering B movies. It is here that the focal character, Pablo Gonzalez, seeks to test the “theory” conveyed to him by his now deceased mentor and lover, Emiel Kroger:

> *It was his theory...that the soul becomes intolerably burdened with lies that have to be told to the world in order to be permitted to live, and that unless this burden is relieved by entire honesty with some* one person*, who is trusted and adored, the soul will finally collapse beneath its weight of falsity.*

In his *Memoirs* (1975), Williams acknowledged that his treatment of homosexuality would cause “significant embarrassment” among his publishers, he declined “to dissimulate” the details of his personal life in his short fiction.

## Footnotes

## Sources

* Falk, Signi. 1978. *Tennessee Williams.* Twayne Publishers, G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-8057-7202-2
* Peden, William. 1974. “Mad Pilgrimage: The Short Stories of Tennessee Williams” *Studies in Short Fiction,* Summer 1964 in Tennessee Williams: A Study of the Short Fiction. p. 77 Twayne Publishers, G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-8057-8304-0
* Vannatta, Dennis. 1988. *Tennessee Williams: A Study of the Short Fiction.* Twayne Publishers, G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-8057-8304-0
* Vidal, Gore. 1985. Introduction to *Tennessee Williams: Collected Stories,* New Directions Publishing, New York. pp. xix-xxv. (Originally appearing in New York Review of Books, 1985) ISBN 0-8112-0952-0
* Williams, Tennessee. 1985. *Tennessee Williams: Collected Stories.* New Directions Publishing, New York. pp. 99–110 ISBN 0-8112-0952-0

## InfoBox

| "The Mysteries of Joy Rio" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Tennessee Williams | |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Publication | |
| Published in | Hard Candy: A Book of Stories |
| Publication date | 1954 |


title: Oscinellinae

abstract: Oscinellinae is a subfamily of frit flies in the family Chloropidae. There are at least 40 genera and 180 described species in Oscinellinae.

text:
# Oscinellinae

**Oscinellinae** is a subfamily of frit flies in the family Chloropidae. There are at least 40 genera and 180 described species in Oscinellinae.

## Genera

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Oscinellinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Oscinella* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Chloropidae |
| Subfamily: | Oscinellinae<br>Becker, 1910 |
|


title: Herschel Lee Howell

abstract: Herschel Lee Howell was an educator and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Meadow Lake from 1944 to 1948 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member. He was born in Copetown, Ontario and came west with his family in 1925 to settle on a homestead near Tako, Saskatchewan. Howell continued his studies at Bedford Road Collegiate in Saskatoon. He worked for a while in Medstead and then enrolled in the Saskatoon Normal School in 1934. Howell taught school for number of years and then graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in 1940, receiving an M.A. the following year. Howell then became principal of the Meadow Lake school. He was defeated by Bill Lofts when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1948. After leaving politics, he was principal of Battleford Central Collegiate. He died in Vancouver, British Columbia at the age of 78.

text:
# Herschel Lee Howell

**Herschel Lee Howell** (January 13, 1912  February 27, 1990) was an educator and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Meadow Lake from 1944 to 1948 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member.

He was born in Copetown, Ontario and came west with his family in 1925 to settle on a homestead near Tako, Saskatchewan. Howell continued his studies at Bedford Road Collegiate in Saskatoon. He worked for a while in Medstead and then enrolled in the Saskatoon Normal School in 1934. Howell taught school for number of years and then graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in 1940, receiving an M.A. the following year. Howell then became principal of the Meadow Lake school. He was defeated by Bill Lofts when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1948. After leaving politics, he was principal of Battleford Central Collegiate. He died in Vancouver, British Columbia at the age of 78.


title: Iffwil

abstract: Iffwil is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

text:
# Iffwil

**Iffwil** is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## History

Iffwil is first mentioned in 1148 as *Iffenwilere*.

Scattered neolithic items were found around the municipality and a Hallstatt grave mound was discovered in the Iffwilerwald.

A castle was mentioned near the village in 1346, though only the foundations remain. During the Middle Ages, a number of landowners owned part or all of the village, including the Counts of Kyburg and the Lords of Jegistorf and Seedorf. In 1332 the Lords of Seedorf sold land and the village low court to citizens of Bern. Between 1334 and 1361 most of these citizens sold or donated their holdings in the village to the *Niedere Spital* (Lower Hospital) in Bern. The Hospital appointed an administrator to manage the estates in Iffwil. The village of *dorf ze Ober Iffwil* (Upper Iffwil village) was last mentioned in 1356. Sometime after that date, the village was abandoned.

During the 20th century, the municipality has changed from a rural, agricultural village into a commuter town. The location near Bern and at the intersection of the Jegenstorf-Scheunen and Münchenbuchsee-Mülchi roads have encouraged commuters to settle in the municipality. The new neighborhoods of Bergacker and Dorf were built starting in 1965 to house the growing population. Currently, about two-thirds of the population commutes to jobs in nearby cities.

## Geography

Iffwil has an area of 5.06 km2 (1.95 sq mi). Of this area, 2.79 km2 (1.08 sq mi) or 55.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.84 km2 (0.71 sq mi) or 36.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.4 km2 (0.15 sq mi) or 7.9% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.1%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 46.8% is used for growing crops and 6.7% is pastures, while 1.6% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is located on the Rapperswil plateau.

On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Fraubrunnen, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Bern-Mittelland.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Per fess embatteled of one Argent and Sable and in chief a Bear Paw couped of the last.*

## Demographics

Iffwil has a population (as of December 2020) of 428. As of 2010, 1.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of −2.1%. Migration accounted for 3.1%, while births and deaths accounted for 4.7%.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (405 or 98.1%) as their first language, French is the second most common (2 or 0.5%) and Spanish is the third (1 or 0.2%).

As of 2008, the population was 50.6% male and 49.4% female. The population was made up of 206 Swiss men (50.1% of the population) and 2 (0.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 197 Swiss women (47.9%) and 6 (1.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 120 or about 29.1% were born in Iffwil and lived there in 2000. There were 202 or 48.9% who were born in the same canton, while 61 or 14.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 13 or 3.1% were born outside of Switzerland.

As of 2010, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.6%.

As of 2000, there were 165 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 213 married individuals, 19 widows or widowers and 16 individuals who are divorced.

As of 2000, there were 28 households that consist of only one person and 12 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 150 apartments (89.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 12 apartments (7.1%) were seasonally occupied and 6 apartments (3.6%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2011, was 0.57%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Politics

In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 33.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (29.7%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (7.7%) and the Green Party (7.6%). In the federal election, a total of 224 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 68.3%.

## Economy

As of  2011, Iffwil had an unemployment rate of 0.44%. As of 2008, there were a total of 122 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 49 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 15 businesses involved in this sector. 3 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 70 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 16 businesses in this sector. There were 244 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.9% of the workforce.

In 2008 there were a total of 89 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 35, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 3 of which 1 was in manufacturing and 2 (66.7%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 51. In the tertiary sector; 13 or 25.5% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 3.9% were the insurance or financial industry, 8 or 15.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 4 or 7.8% were in education and 18 or 35.3% were in health care.

In 2000, there were 29 workers who commuted into the municipality and 170 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 16.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 51.6% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 31 or 7.5% were Roman Catholic, while 313 or 75.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 30 individuals (or about 7.26% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 person who was Hindu. 40 (or about 9.69% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 13 individuals (or about 3.15% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Iffwil about 173 or (41.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 66 or (16.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 66 who completed tertiary schooling, 74.2% were Swiss men, 22.7% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2010–11 school year, there were a total of 42 students attending classes in Iffwil. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality. The municipality had 2 primary classes and 42 students. Of the primary students, and 4.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

As of 2000, there were 4 students in Iffwil who came from another municipality, while 22 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Iffwil | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Iffwil village entrance | |
|  | |
| Location of Iffwil | |
| IffwilIffwil | |
| Coordinates: 47°4′N 7°29′E / 47.067°N 7.483°E / 47.067; 7.483 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Bern |
| District | Bern-Mittelland |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.06 km2 (1.95 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 580 m (1,900 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 443 |
| Density | 88/km2 (230/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 3303 |
| SFOS number | 0541 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-BE |
| Surrounded by | Bangerten, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Jegenstorf, Scheunen, Zuzwil |
| Website | www.iffwil.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: ViralNova

abstract: ViralNova is a curation site for clickbait, launched in May 2013. John Hermann of BuzzFeed described ViralNova as a connection between "the dark internet — chain-letter internet — and Facebook". Run by Scott DeLong, ViralNova was sold to Zealot Networks on 9 July 2015 for $100 million. Zealot sold ViralNova to BumpClick, in April 2017 Function(x) announced that it was buying BumpClick for $25M. The lower value reflected declining site visitors.

text:
# ViralNova

**ViralNova** is a curation site for clickbait, launched in May 2013. John Hermann of BuzzFeed described ViralNova as a connection between "the dark internet — chain-letter internet — and Facebook".

Run by Scott DeLong, ViralNova was sold to Zealot Networks on 9 July 2015 for $100 million. Zealot sold ViralNova to BumpClick, in April 2017 Function(x) announced that it was buying BumpClick for $25M. The lower value reflected declining site visitors.


abstract: The Orleans-2 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census. The Orleans-2 District includes all of the Orleans County towns of Coventry, Irasburg, and Newport Town, and the city of Newport, As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative. The two member Orleans-2 District had a population of 8,607 in that same census, 6.02% below the state average.

text:
# Orleans-2 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012

The **Orleans-2 Representative District** is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.

The Orleans-2 District includes all of the Orleans County towns of Coventry, Irasburg, and Newport Town, and the city of Newport,

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Orleans-2 District had a population of 8,607 in that same census, 6.02% below the state average.

## District representatives

* Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
* "Act 151 (Redistricting) - House Districts" (PDF). The State of Vermont Legislature. Retrieved June 17, 2006.

44°54′N 72°16′W / 44.900°N 72.267°W / 44.900; -72.267


title: Poniou

abstract: Poniou or Ponjou is a hamlet west of Zennor in west Cornwall, England. The name is from Cornish "ponjow" meaning "bridges".

text:
# Poniou

**Poniou** or **Ponjou** is a hamlet west of Zennor in west Cornwall, England. The name is from Cornish "ponjow" meaning "bridges".

## InfoBox

| Poniou | |
| --- | --- |
| PoniouLocation within Cornwall | |
| OS grid reference | SW444380 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|