title: Morrell Park, Philadelphia

abstract: Morrell Park is a neighborhood located in the Northeast section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located on the eastern side of the Far Northeast, northwest of Byberry Creek and east of Northeast Philadelphia Airport.

text:
# Morrell Park, Philadelphia

**Morrell Park** is a neighborhood located in the Northeast section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located on the eastern side of the Far Northeast, northwest of Byberry Creek and east of Northeast Philadelphia Airport.

## Characteristics

Morrell Park is primarily a residential district, with only a handful of small industries, all of which are located within one and one-half miles of the Northeast Philadelphia Airport. The residences themselves consist mostly of rowhouses, but Morrell Park is distinctive in that most of its row homes have garages in front, facing and with access to the street, something quite different from the traditional Philadelphia rowhouse design. (An exception is one side of one block of Wessex Lane and Churchill Lane, where houses have garages in the back with access to a shared driveway. The duplexes along Frankford Avenue are also set up in this manner.) Later rowhouses followed this form of having garages in the front, but this was first seen in Morrell Park in the very late 1950s. Most homes have kitchens that face the front, living rooms that face the rear of the property, three or four bedrooms, and about 1,200 sq ft (110 m2) of living space. The street pattern of the development is also quite distinctive, as a view of an aerial photo will confirm, consisting of a few through streets that curve through many looping side streets with only one *cul-de-sac,* Pitt Place. The streets curve to conform to the natural topography of the area, for years avoiding development right along the stream valley of Byberry Creek, which flows through and about the development before its confluence with Poquessing Creek.

## History

The land area of Morrell Park was originally the 300-acre (1.2 km2) summer home estate of Edward and Louise Morrell. Colonel Edward de Veaux Morrell (1863-1917), a lawyer, was a US congressman from 1900 to 1907. Born in Newport, Rhode Island, he was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. He was a colonel and afterward a brigadier general in the National Guard. He was a member of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry and owned extensive land in Torresdale. His wife Louise was the daughter of Francis Anthony Drexel and Francis's second wife Emma Bouvier, related \[first cousin twice removed\] to Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. Louise's uncle was Anthony J. Drexel, founder of Drexel University, and her two older half-sisters were Elizabeth Drexel and Saint Katharine Drexel. The Morrells built their summer home , one of the five homes they maintained, near what is now Morrell and Frankford Avenues, not too far from Francis Drexel's summer home , which was itself near what is now the emergency room of Aria Health's Torresdale Campus.

The Morrells entertained extensively, maintained a horse track, established the first telephone line north of Frankford, built the electric-light plant in the area, and conducted an amusement park called Torresdale Park, located by Poquessing Creek behind the trolley barn at Frankford Avenue and Knights Road. The park ran from 1880 to 1906. After Torresdale Park closed, it donated many of its rides to Willow Grove Park, once located at the site of the present-day Willow Grove Park Mall.

The Morrells had no children. Edward Morrell served on Philadelphia's board of education from 1912 to 1916, and died in Colorado Springs, CO (where he had gone for health reasons) in September 1917; he is interred in a family crypt at Eden Hall in Torresdale. Louise died twenty-six years after her husband, in 1943, and the area was planned for development by the Korman Corporation in the late 1950s.

Morrell Park was settled in earnest during the 1960s by families moving from other areas of Philadelphia. Children attended the Aloysius Fitzpatrick Elementary School at Knights Rd & Chalfont Dr until the John Hancock Elementary School opened at West Crown & Morrell Ave in the autumn of 1968. Children also attended Christ the King School on Chesterfield Road, which opened in 1965. The population of its postal ZIP code, 19114, which covers more territory than Morrell Park alone once did, was approximated at 31,000 inhabitants in 1990.

* Freitag, Alicia M & Harry C Silcox, eds. *Historical Northeast Philadelphia: Stories and Memories.* Holland, PA: Brighton Pr, 1994.
* *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1771-Present*

## InfoBox

| Morrell Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Philadelphia | |
| Morrell Park | |
| Coordinates: 40°04′01″N 74°59′20″W / 40.067°N 74.989°W / 40.067; -74.989 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Philadelphia County |
| City | Philadelphia |
| Area code(s) | 215, 267 and 445 |


title: Ganopleuron

abstract: Ganopleuron is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Ganopleuron

***Ganopleuron*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## Distribution

Argentina, Chile.

## InfoBox

| *Ganopleuron* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Voriini |
| Genus: | *Ganopleuron*
Aldrich, 1934 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Ganopleuron divergens*
Aldrich, 1934 | |


title: Zuniga (spider)

abstract: Zuniga is a genus of ant mimicking jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1892. As of September 2019 it contains two species, found in South America, Costa Rica, and Mexico: Z. laeta and Z. magna. It is a senior synonym of Arindas and Simprulloides.

text:
# Zuniga (spider)

***Zuniga*** is a genus of ant mimicking jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1892. As of September 2019 it contains two species, found in South America, Costa Rica, and Mexico: *Z. laeta* and *Z. magna*. It is a senior synonym of *Arindas* and *Simprulloides*.

## InfoBox

| *Zuniga* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female *Zuniga* sp. in Ecuador | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Zuniga*
Peckham & Peckham, 1892 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Z. laeta*
(Peckham & Peckham, 1892) | |
| Species | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: John Vance Cheney

abstract: John Vance Cheney was an American poet, essayist and librarian. Educated in Geneseo, New York, Cheney practiced law briefly in Woodstock, Vermont and New York City before moving to California with his first wife Abigail Perkins Vance Cheney, teaching music, lecturing, and working as a postal clerk. In 1887 he assumed the position of librarian of the Free Public Library of San Francisco, where he oversaw the openings of the system's first branch libraries and hosted the first west coast conference of the American Library Association in 1891. In 1894 he moved to Chicago, where he served as librarian of the Newberry Library. In 1909 he retired and moved to San Diego with his second wife, Sara Barker Chamberlain. Cheney was a regular contributor to major literary magazines, including The Century, Atlantic Monthly, New England Magazine, and Harper's Monthly. His collected works, written between 1887 and his death in 1922, fill eight volumes. He married Abbey Perkins Cheney in 1876 and had two daughters, Janet Vance Cheney and Evelyn Hope Cheney.

text:
# John Vance Cheney

**John Vance Cheney** (December 29, 1848 in Groveland, New York – May 1, 1922) was an American poet, essayist and librarian. Educated in Geneseo, New York, Cheney practiced law briefly in Woodstock, Vermont and New York City before moving to California with his first wife Abigail Perkins Vance Cheney, teaching music, lecturing, and working as a postal clerk. In 1887 he assumed the position of librarian of the Free Public Library of San Francisco, where he oversaw the openings of the system's first branch libraries and hosted the first west coast conference of the American Library Association in 1891. In 1894 he moved to Chicago, where he served as librarian of the Newberry Library. In 1909 he retired and moved to San Diego with his second wife, Sara Barker Chamberlain.

Cheney was a regular contributor to major literary magazines, including *The Century*, *Atlantic Monthly*, *New England Magazine*, and *Harper's Monthly*. His collected works, written between 1887 and his death in 1922, fill eight volumes.

He married Abbey Perkins Cheney (b. November 18, 1851) in 1876 and had two daughters, Janet Vance Cheney (b. Dec. 30, 1876) and Evelyn Hope Cheney (b. Sept. 19, 1881).

## Reviews

The following review appeared in *Sunset*, Vol. 16 (1906)

* *Complete Poems of John Vance Cheney* (1906) Riverside Press, Cambridge, and Massachusetts.
> "Though the author of this attractive book of verse, John Vance Cheney, has been a stranger to California for many years, he has not forgotten the charm of out-of-door life and the love of Nature which held him while a resident of San Francisco. In his later poems, included in the present volume, recently issued by the Riverside Press, he touches with delicate phrase and musical song many bits of sentiment suggested by the trees, the flowers, the birds, the clouds of the land of out-of-doors—the same spirit that pervaded the poems of his earlier books. All these are here reprinted, also the fugitive verses which have appeared in the principal magazines, and the harvest here shown is one well worth a poet's pardonable pride. Mr. Cheney was for many years librarian of the San Francisco Free Public Library, leaving that post several years ago to take charge of the Newberry Library of Chicago; but a poet's friends are limited to no place, and the readers of this cheerful singer everywhere will welcome this opportunity of holding in one volume all the good and gracious verses written by their favorite up to the present time. His is a happy faculty of touching the little things of life with a glamour that comforts and brightens. For instance, this, which suggests the "book of verses" quatrain of old Omar:"

I WOULDN'T A sprig or mint by the wayward brook; A nibble of birch in the wood; A summer day and love and a book, And I wouldn't be king if I could.

And again:

THE TREES Men hope and labor and despair Laughter they have and sorrow; The trees their God's composure wear Tomorrow and tomorrow.
> "The volume contains a valuable index to the first lines, in addition to the usual contents by title. Mr. Cheney is a frequent contributor to Sunset. The portrait frontispiece of this present March number shows Mr. Cheney as the camera shows him in his latest photograph."

1. John Vance Cheney. Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.
2. Charles Henry Pope, *The Cheney Genealogy* (Boston, MA: Charles H. Pope, 1897), 457-58, https://archive.org/details/cheneygenealogy00pope
3. "Complete Poems of John Vance Cheney" (1906) *Sunset*, Vol. 16

## Sources


title: John Vance (MP)

abstract: John Vance was a Conservative MP for Dublin City from 1852 until his defeat in 1865. He was later elected unopposed for Armagh City and represented the constituency from 30 June 1867 until his death. Vance was born in Dublin to a family with strong connections to County Tyrone; they are believed to have emigrated from Scotland in the eighteenth century. He was the eldest son of Andrew Vance of Rutland Square and Mary Falls, daughter of James Falls of Aughnacloy, County Tyrone. His numerous siblings included Andrew Vance, Law Adviser to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Thomas Vance, a well-to-do merchant, of Blackrock House, Blackrock, County Dublin. Richard Dowse, the eminent politician and judge, was a cousin through his grandmother Mary Vance. He was married and had two daughters: Florence, who never married, and Adelaide-Sidney, who married Sir Richard Francis Keane, 4th Baronet, and was the mother of the politician Sir John Keane, 5th Baronet. In the 1847 General Election, Vance was unsuccessful in his attempts to be elected for Canterbury. In 1853, the Canterbury Bribery Commission found his agent guilty of bribery.

text:
# John Vance (MP)

**John Vance** (10 December 1808 – 21 September 1875) was a Conservative MP for Dublin City from 1852 until his defeat in 1865. He was later elected unopposed for Armagh City and represented the constituency from 30 June 1867 until his death.

Vance was born in Dublin to a family with strong connections to County Tyrone; they are believed to have emigrated from Scotland in the eighteenth century. He was the eldest son of Andrew Vance of Rutland Square and Mary Falls, daughter of James Falls of Aughnacloy, County Tyrone. His numerous siblings included Andrew Vance (died 1862), Law Adviser to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Thomas Vance (died 1889), a well-to-do merchant, of Blackrock House, Blackrock, County Dublin. Richard Dowse, the eminent politician and judge, was a cousin through his grandmother Mary Vance.

He was married and had two daughters: Florence, who never married, and Adelaide-Sidney (died 1907), who married Sir Richard Francis Keane, 4th Baronet, and was the mother of the politician Sir John Keane, 5th Baronet.

In the 1847 General Election, Vance was unsuccessful in his attempts to be elected for Canterbury. In 1853, the Canterbury Bribery Commission found his agent guilty of bribery.

## Dublin City Elections

### General Election, 1852 (2 seats)

*The Times* reports Vance's address to the electors as *all that the Protestant Party could reasonably or unreasonably desire*. The Dublin Orange Lodges pronounce for him. He is against the Maynooth Grant.

1. Edward Grogan (Conservative) 4,531 (37.82%)
2. **John Vance** 4,429 (36.97%)
3. John Reynolds (Liberal - Independent Opposition) 3,019 (25.20%)

### General Election, 1857 (2 seats)

1. Edward Grogan 3,767 (26.47%)
2. **John Vance** 3,711 (26.08%)
3. Francis William Brady (Liberal) 3,405 (23.93%)
4. John Reynolds (Liberal) 3,348 (23.53%)

### General Election, 1859 (2 seats)

1. Sir Edward Grogan, Bt 4,251 (26.03%)
2. **John Vance** 4,224 (25.86%)
3. Francis William Brady 3,976 (24.34%)
4. Alexander McCarthy (Liberal) 3,881 (23.76%)

### General Election, 1865 (2 seats)

1. Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, Bt (Conservative) 4,739 (35.19%)
2. Jonathan Pim (Liberal) 4,653 (34.56%)
3. **John Vance** 4,073 (30.25%)

On Vance's defeat, the Cork Examiner stated that Pim typified Dublin's reformation from "unlightened and unadorned Orangeism".

## "Rome Rule"

Vance coined the phrase "Home Rule is Rome Rule", meaning that the efforts to secure Irish Home Rule would result in a state dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. In a debate on an Irish Bill on 12 July 1871 he said: "He was speaking to the question raised by the hon. Member for Westmeath, and his own opinion was that "home rule" in Ireland would prove to be "Rome rule"." The slogan was popularized by John Bright to oppose the first Irish Home Rule Bill 1886 a decade after Vance's death.

1. **The Times**, *Ireland*, 1 Feb 1867; pg7 col E
2. **The Times**, *Canterbury Bribery Commission* 2 Aug 1853; pg5 col D
3. **The Times**,*Election Intelligence* 18 Jun 1852; pg8 col D
4. *The Times*, *Ireland* 28 July 1865; p. 8 col F
5. Hansard report, 12 July 1871


title: John Vincent Lawless Hogan

abstract: John Vincent Lawless Hogan, often John V. L. Hogan, was a noted American radio pioneer. Hogan was born in Philadelphia, constructed his first amateur wireless station in 1902, began his career in 1906 as a laboratory assistant to Lee de Forest, and in 1907 participated in the first public demonstration of the audion tube (triode). From 1908 to 1910 he attended Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University, leaving without a degree to join Reginald Fessenden's National Electric Signaling Co. (NESCO) at Brant Rock, Massachusetts, where he served as a telegraph operator. While working at NESCO and its successors, Hogan helped develop Fessenden's first crystal detector patent (1910), a patent on single-control tuning (1912), and in 1913 discovered the "rectifier heterodyne" which increased radio receiver sensitivity by a factor of 100. In 1913 led acceptance tests of the U.S. Navy's first high powered station at Arlington, and from 1914 to 1917 was chief research engineer, working primarily on high-speed recorders for long-distance wireless. In 1921 Hogan became a consultant performing experiments in mechanical television, FM broadcasting, and facsimile transmission. By the late 1920s, he was broadcasting sound and pictures over his own experimental station, W2XR in New York City which officially went on the air March 26, 1929, having started his experimental transmissions of radio, facsimile, and television in 1928. During the 1930s his experiments with radio facsimile resulted in a machine capable of producing a 4-column newspaper, complete with illustrations, at the rate of 500 words per minute. He sold the station and its FM sister station to The New York Times in 1944. During World War II, Hogan served as special assistant to Vannevar Bush at the Office of Scientific Research and Development, working on radar, missiles, and the proximity fuze. After war's end, Hogan resumed work on facsimile transmission systems. He died on December 29, 1960, at his home in Forest Hills, Queens. Throughout his life Hogan was active in professional societies, and in 1912 was instrumental in the formation of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), serving as its president in 1920 and on its board of directors from 1912 to 1936 and 1948 to 1950. He was a Fellow of the IRE (1915) and of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1954), and received the IRE Medal of Honor in 1956 "for his contributions to the electronic field as a founder and builder of The Institute of Radio Engineers, for the long sequence of his inventions, and for his continuing activity in the development of devices and systems useful in the communications art." He was also a member of the Joint Technical Advisory Committee from 1948 to 1960.

text:
# John Vincent Lawless Hogan

**John Vincent Lawless Hogan** (February 14, 1890 – December 29, 1960), often **John V. L. Hogan**, was a noted American radio pioneer.

Hogan was born in Philadelphia, constructed his first amateur wireless station in 1902, began his career in 1906 as a laboratory assistant to Lee de Forest, and in 1907 participated in the first public demonstration of the audion tube (triode). From 1908 to 1910 he attended Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University, leaving without a degree to join Reginald Fessenden's National Electric Signaling Co. (NESCO) at Brant Rock, Massachusetts, where he served as a telegraph operator.

While working at NESCO and its successors, Hogan helped develop Fessenden's first crystal detector patent (1910), a patent on single-control tuning (1912), and in 1913 discovered the "rectifier heterodyne" which increased radio receiver sensitivity by a factor of 100. In 1913 led acceptance tests of the U.S. Navy's first high powered station at Arlington, and from 1914 to 1917 was chief research engineer, working primarily on high-speed recorders for long-distance wireless.

In 1921 Hogan became a consultant performing experiments in mechanical television, FM broadcasting, and facsimile transmission. By the late 1920s, he was broadcasting sound and pictures over his own experimental station, W2XR in New York City which officially went on the air March 26, 1929, having started his experimental transmissions of radio, facsimile, and television in 1928. During the 1930s his experiments with radio facsimile resulted in a machine capable of producing a 4-column newspaper, complete with illustrations, at the rate of 500 words per minute. He sold the station and its FM sister station (by then, WQXR and WQXQ) to *The New York Times* in 1944.

During World War II, Hogan served as special assistant to Vannevar Bush at the Office of Scientific Research and Development, working on radar, missiles, and the proximity fuze. After war's end, Hogan resumed work on facsimile transmission systems. He died on December 29, 1960, at his home in Forest Hills, Queens.

Throughout his life Hogan was active in professional societies, and in 1912 was instrumental in the formation of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), serving as its president in 1920 and on its board of directors from 1912 to 1936 and 1948 to 1950. He was a Fellow of the IRE (1915) and of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1954), and received the IRE Medal of Honor in 1956 "for his contributions to the electronic field as a founder and builder of The Institute of Radio Engineers, for the long sequence of his inventions, and for his continuing activity in the development of devices and systems useful in the communications art." He was also a member of the Joint Technical Advisory Committee from 1948 to 1960.

## Selected works

* Hogan, J.L. Jr., "The Heterodyne Receiving System, and Notes on the Recent Arlington-Salem Tests", *Proceedings of the IRE*, vol. 1, no. 3 (July 1913), pages 75–91
* *The Outline of Radio* (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1923)

## InfoBox

| John Vincent Lawless Hogan | |
| --- | --- |
| **Hogan in 1922** | |
| Born | (1890-02-14)February 14, 1890
Philadelphia |
| Died | December 29, 1960(1960-12-29) (aged 70)
Forest Hills, Queens |
| Nationality | American |
| Awards | IEEE Medal of Honor (1956) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Electrical engineering |
|  | |


title: John Vincent (lawyer)

abstract: John Vincent was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

text:
# John Vincent (lawyer)

**John Vincent** was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

He lived in Harlem, and had a law office at 20, Nassau Street.

In January 1882, John McKeon took office as New York County District Attorney and appointed Vincent an Assistant D.A. After McKeon's death on November 22, 1883, Vincent was appointed by the Court of General Sessions as Acting D.A. pending the filling of the vacancy by the governor. On November 30, Governor Grover Cleveland appointed Wheeler H. Peckham as D.A. and Vincent resumed his post as Assistant D.A. After Peckham's resignation, D.A. Peter B. Olney retained Vincent as Assistant D.A. and both remained in office until the end of 1884. Afterwards Vincent resumed the practice of law.

In November 1887, Vincent ran on the United Labor ticket for the New York Supreme Court (1st D.) but was defeated.

Later he removed to Rockville Centre, New York. He was Vice President of the Bank of Rockville Centre. In 1898, he claimed to have been cured of rheumatism by the "Kneipp cure."

## Sources


title: John Wentworth-FitzWilliam

abstract: The Honourable William John Wentworth-FitzWilliam, was a British Liberal politician. Wentworth-FitzWilliam was the fifth son of William Wentworth-FitzWilliam, 6th Earl FitzWilliam, and his wife Lady Frances Harriet, daughter of George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton. William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, Viscount Milton, was his elder brother and William Wentworth-FitzWilliam, 7th Earl FitzWilliam, his nephew. He entered Parliament for Peterborough in 1878, a seat he held until his death. Wentworth-FitzWilliam died at Wentworth house in September 1889, aged 37, after he was thrown from his horse.

text:
# John Wentworth-FitzWilliam

The Honourable **William John Wentworth-FitzWilliam** (7 August 1852 – 11 September 1889), was a British Liberal politician.

Wentworth-FitzWilliam was the fifth son of William Wentworth-FitzWilliam, 6th Earl FitzWilliam, and his wife Lady Frances Harriet, daughter of George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton. William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, Viscount Milton, was his elder brother and William Wentworth-FitzWilliam, 7th Earl FitzWilliam, his nephew. He entered Parliament for Peterborough in 1878, a seat he held until his death.

Wentworth-FitzWilliam died at Wentworth house in September 1889, aged 37, after he was thrown from his horse.

* Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
* Lundy, Darryl. "FAQ". The Peerage.


title: John Wentworth Loring

abstract: Admiral Sir John Wentworth Loring, KCB, KCH was a Royal Navy officer of the early nineteenth century who is best known for his service in the Napoleonic Wars as a frigate commander. Born in the Thirteen Colonies at the outbreak of the American War of Independence, Loring's family fled to Britain and he subsequently joined the Royal Navy aged 13. In 1793, aged 17, Loring was badly wounded in combat at the start of the French Revolutionary Wars. He subsequently served throughout the following 23 years of warfare between Britain and France, achieving success in command of the frigate HMS Niobe. After the war he served in an influential position at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth and eventually became a full admiral.

text:
# John Wentworth Loring

Admiral **Sir John Wentworth Loring**, KCB, KCH (13 October 1775  29 July 1852) was a Royal Navy officer of the early nineteenth century who is best known for his service in the Napoleonic Wars as a frigate commander. Born in the Thirteen Colonies at the outbreak of the American War of Independence, Loring's family fled to Britain and he subsequently joined the Royal Navy aged 13. In 1793, aged 17, Loring was badly wounded in combat at the start of the French Revolutionary Wars. He subsequently served throughout the following 23 years of warfare between Britain and France, achieving success in command of the frigate HMS *Niobe*. After the war he served in an influential position at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth and eventually became a full admiral.

## Life

John Loring was born in October 1775 at the start of the American War of Independence to Joshua Loring, High Sheriff of Massachusetts. John's grandfather, Joshua Loring, had served in the navy in the Seven Years' War, commanding a squadron on the Great Lakes. The Loring family were Loyalists, and were ultimately forced to flee to Britain. In 1789, 13-year-old John Loring joined the Royal Navy, serving in HMS *Salisbury* before joining HMS *Victory* at the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars. Loring was badly wounded early in the conflict at the Siege of Toulon, but in 1794 was in independent command of a gunboat at the Siege of Bastia and later served in the sloop HMS *Fleche* before joining Admiral Sir Hyde Parker's flagship HMS *St George*, seeing combat at the Battle of Genoa and the Battle of Hyères Islands in 1795.

In 1796, Loring served in HMS *Britannia* before joining HMS *Comet* in the West Indies. Over the next five years, Loring commanded a succession of ships, including HMS *Rattler*, HMS *Lark*, HMS *Abergavenny* and HMS *Syren*, operating against French privateers with some success and subduing a mutiny in his last command. For this service he was promoted to post captain by Rear-Admiral John Thomas Duckworth. Following the Peace of Amiens, Loring took command of HMS *Utrecht*. He subsequently returned to Europe, and was eventually given command of HMS *Niobe* in the blockade of France.

Loring served in *Niobe* for eight years, capturing numerous French merchant vessels and small warships. Two particularly notable exploits were the destruction of French frigates at the action of 13 November 1810 and the action of 24 March 1811. He finished the war as captain of HMS *Impregnable*, the flagship of the North Sea fleet. In 1816, Loring was superintendent of the ordinary (or reserve) at Sheerness and in 1819 he became lieutenant governor of the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth. He held this latter position for 18 years. Retiring in 1837 a rear-admiral, Loring was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order and in 1840 a Knight Commander of the Bath, having been a Companion of the Order of the Bath since 1815. He was also promoted, becoming a vice-admiral in 1846 and a full admiral in 1851.

Loring had married, in 1804, Anna Patton, daughter of Vice-Admiral Philip Patton. They had two sons, including William Loring who later also became an admiral, and three daughters. Loring died at his estate in Ryde, Isle of Wight in July 1852.

He also lived at Peartree House, near Peartree Green, Southampton from 1842 until his death.

## Ship

The British Navy ship HMS Loring (K565) was named after him.

## InfoBox

| Sir John Wentworth Loring | |
| --- | --- |
| Henry Keppel amongst those being reviewed in 1822 by Loring, lieutenant governor of the Royal Naval College, and Lieutenant John Wood Rouse | |
| Born | 13 October 1775
Massachusetts |
| Died | 29 July 1852
Ryde, Isle of Wight |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 17891852 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order
Knight Commander of the Bath |


title: John William Brodie-Innes

abstract: John William Brodie-Innes was a leading member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn's Amen-Ra Temple in Edinburgh. J.W. Brodie-Innes was born at Downe in Kent, where his Scottish born father Rev. John Brodie Innes (1815-1894) had been Vicar from 1846. His father was a friend and confidant of a neighbour at Downe, Charles Darwin. A lawyer by profession, he was a member of the Sette of Odde Volumes, and was its president in 1911. He wrote several novels on witchcraft and magic. The most well-known is The Devil's Mistress (1915), a supernatural horror novel centred on the real-life accusations of witchcraft made against Isobel Gowdie. Brodie-Innes is believed to have been one of Dion Fortune's occult teachers.. Throughout the dissensions of the Golden Dawn, Brodie-Innes remained loyal to MacGregor Mathers, and on the death of his chief in 1918 published an affectionate obituary titled "MacGregor Mathers - Some Personal Reminiscences" in the May 1919 issue of The Occult Review.

text:
# John William Brodie-Innes

**John William Brodie-Innes** (10 March 1848 – 8 December 1923) was a leading member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn's Amen-Ra Temple in Edinburgh.

J.W. Brodie-Innes was born at Downe in Kent, where his Scottish born father Rev. John Brodie Innes (1815-1894) had been Vicar from 1846. His father was a friend and confidant of a neighbour at Downe, Charles Darwin. A lawyer by profession, he was a member of the Sette of Odde Volumes (a London bibliophile society), and was its president in 1911. He wrote several novels on witchcraft and magic. The most well-known is *The Devil's Mistress* (1915), a supernatural horror novel centred on the real-life accusations of witchcraft made against Isobel Gowdie. Brodie-Innes is believed to have been one of Dion Fortune's occult teachers. (Fortune was also taught by such occult practitioners as Moina Mathers and Dr Theodore Moriarty).

Throughout the dissensions of the Golden Dawn, Brodie-Innes remained loyal to MacGregor Mathers, and on the death of his chief in 1918 published an affectionate obituary titled "MacGregor Mathers - Some Personal Reminiscences" in the May 1919 issue of *The Occult Review*.

## Sources

* Brodie-Innes, J.W. *Scottish Witchcraft Trials*. London: Chis-wick Press, 1891.
* Gilbert, R. A., ed. *The Sorcerer and His Apprentice: Unknown Hermetic Writings of S. L. MacGregor Mathers and J. W. Brodie-Innes*. Wellingborough, England: Aquarian Press, 1983.
* Richardson, Alan. *Priestess: The Life and Magic of Dion Fortune*. Wellingborough, England: Aquarian Press, 1987.


title: John Sherlock

abstract: John Sherlock was a Spanish brigadier general in the Ultonia Regiment. He successfully defended Melilla during a 100-day siege by Moroccan troops. John was the son of Peter Sherlock, who had been made a baronet and knight by titular king, James III, the Old Pretender, in 1716. However, during the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the Sherlock family lost its extensive land holdings in County Waterford. Like many Catholic Irish, John emigrated to Spain with hopes of returning to Ireland once a Catholic was king of England again. And like his father and grandfather he served in the Ultonia Regiment, part of the Irish Brigade of the Spanish Army. John Sherlock fought in the Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729, a failed Spanish attempt to retake Gibraltar. He was made commander in chief of Melilla by Charles III of Spain. From 9 December 1774 to 19 March 1775, John Sherlock defended Melilla against troops of the sultan of Morocco, Mohammed ben Abdallah. When a Spanish fleet arrived with reinforcements, Sherlock broke the siege and routed the Moroccans. The entrance to the old town at Melilla includes a monument to "Juan Sherlocke." He was later made governor of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where he died on 25 July 1794, at the age of 89.

text:
# John Sherlock

**John Sherlock** (c.1705 – 25 July 1794) was a Spanish brigadier general in the Ultonia Regiment. He successfully defended Melilla during a 100-day siege by Moroccan troops.

John was the son of Peter Sherlock, who had been made a baronet and knight by titular king, James III, the Old Pretender, in 1716. However, during the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the Sherlock family lost its extensive land holdings in County Waterford. Like many Catholic Irish, John emigrated to Spain with hopes of returning to Ireland once a Catholic was king of England again. And like his father and grandfather he served in the Ultonia Regiment (i.e. Ulster Regiment), part of the Irish Brigade of the Spanish Army.

John Sherlock fought in the Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729, a failed Spanish attempt to retake Gibraltar. He was made commander in chief of Melilla by Charles III of Spain. From 9 December 1774 to 19 March 1775, John Sherlock defended Melilla against troops of the sultan of Morocco, Mohammed ben Abdallah. When a Spanish fleet arrived with reinforcements, Sherlock broke the siege and routed the Moroccans. The entrance to the old town at Melilla includes a monument to "Juan Sherlocke." He was later made governor of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where he died on 25 July 1794, at the age of 89.


title: Pisidium nitidum

abstract: Pisidium nitidum, the shining pea clam, is a species of minute freshwater clam, an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family Sphaeriidae, the pea clams and fingernail clams.

text:
# Pisidium nitidum

***Pisidium nitidum***, the **shining pea clam**, is a species of minute freshwater clam, an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family Sphaeriidae, the pea clams and fingernail clams.

## Description

The 3 – 4 mm. shell is slightly tumid (swollen). In shape it is regular-oval with low umbos slightly behind the midpoint. The umbonal area is demarcated by three concentric furrows. The surface (periostracum) is very glossy, with prominent irregularly spaced concentric striae. The colour is yellowish.

## Distribution

Its native distribution is Holarctic.

## InfoBox

| *Pisidium nitidum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of the left valve external view of *Pisidium nitidum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Sphaeriida |
| Family: | Sphaeriidae |
| Genus: | *Pisidium* |
| Species: | ***P. nitidum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pisidium nitidum***<br>Jenyns, 1832 | |
|


title: John Waller (bishop)

abstract: John Stevens Waller was an Anglican bishop who served as the seventh Bishop of Stafford, a suffragan bishop of the Diocese of Lichfield. Waller was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford and served during World War II with the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). When peace came, he studied at Peterhouse, Cambridge and Wells Theological College before being ordained: made deacon on Trinity Sunday 1950 (4 June) and ordained priest the following Trinity Sunday — both times by William Wand, Bishop of London, at St Paul's Cathedral. He began his career with curacies at Hillingdon and Tiverton before incumbencies at Strood and Harpenden. In 1979, he was appointed to the episcopate as Bishop suffragan of Stafford, a post he held for eight years. He was consecrated a bishop on 25 January 1979, by Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey. A man of strong convictions he retired in 1987, becoming an honorary assistant bishop within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.

text:
# John Waller (bishop)

**John Stevens Waller** (18 April 1924  3 September 2015) was an Anglican bishop who served as the seventh Bishop of Stafford, a suffragan bishop of the Diocese of Lichfield.

Waller was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford and served during World War II with the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). When peace came, he studied at Peterhouse, Cambridge and Wells Theological College before being ordained: made deacon on Trinity Sunday 1950 (4 June) and ordained priest the following Trinity Sunday (20 May 1951) — both times by William Wand, Bishop of London, at St Paul's Cathedral. He began his career with curacies at Hillingdon and Tiverton before incumbencies at Strood and Harpenden. In 1979, he was appointed to the episcopate as Bishop suffragan of Stafford, a post he held for eight years. He was consecrated a bishop on 25 January 1979, by Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey. A man of strong convictions he retired in 1987, becoming an honorary assistant bishop within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.

1. "Waller, Rt Rev. John Stevens". *Who's Who*. A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
2. "Ordinations at Trinity". *Church Times*. No. 4557. 9 June 1950. p. 437. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 17 June 2019  via UK Press Online archives.
3. "Trinity Ordinations". *Church Times*. No. 4607. 25 May 1951. p. 357. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 17 June 2019  via UK Press Online archives.
4. "John Stevens Waller". *Crockford's Clerical Directory* (online ed.). Church House Publishing. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
5. Tustin, David (2013). *A Bishop's Ministry: Reflections & Resources for Church Leadership*. Paragon Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-78222-148-7.
6. The Times, Tuesday, 12 May 1981; p. 2; Issue 60925; col. A Bishop joins the "People's march for jobs"

## InfoBox

| John Waller | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Stafford | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Lichfield |
| In office | 1979–1987 |
| Predecessor | John Waine |
| Successor | Michael Scott-Joynt |
| Other post(s) | Honorary assistant bishop in Bath & Wells (1987–2003) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1950 (deacon); 1951 (priest) |
| Consecration | 25 January 1979 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1924-04-18)18 April 1924 |
| Died | 3 September 2015(2015-09-03) (aged 91) |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Spouse | Pamela Peregrine (m. 1951) |
| Children | five |
| Profession | Seaman |
| Alma mater | Peterhouse, Cambridge |


title: Plastic lumber

abstract: Plastic lumber is a plastic form of lumber made of virgin or recycled plastic. It is mostly made of plastic and binders such as fiberglass or rebar; not to be confused with wood-plastic composite lumber. Widely employed in outdoor decking, it is also used for molding and trim and garden furniture such as park benches. Resistant to cracking and splitting when appropriately installed, plastic lumber can be molded with or without simulated wood grain details. Even with a wood grain design, plastic lumber is still easy to distinguish visually from natural timber: the grains are the same uniform color as the rest of the material. Manufacturers claim plastic lumber is more environmentally-friendly and requires less maintenance than wood/plastic composites or rot-resistant wood. Commercially available polyvinyl chloride fiberglass composite lumber sold for decking meets stringent fire code standards. Plastic lumber can displace wood timber.

text:
# Plastic lumber

**Plastic lumber** is a plastic form of lumber made of virgin or recycled plastic. It is mostly made of plastic and binders such as fiberglass or rebar; not to be confused with wood-plastic composite lumber. Widely employed in outdoor decking, it is also used for molding and trim and garden furniture such as park benches. Resistant to cracking and splitting when appropriately installed, plastic lumber can be molded with or without simulated wood grain details. Even with a wood grain design, plastic lumber is still easy to distinguish visually from natural timber: the grains are the same uniform color as the rest of the material.

Manufacturers claim plastic lumber is more environmentally-friendly and requires less maintenance than wood/plastic composites or rot-resistant wood. Commercially available polyvinyl chloride fiberglass composite lumber sold for decking meets stringent fire code standards. Plastic lumber can displace wood timber (as harvested by forestry).

## Production

Plastic lumber is composed of virgin or waste plastics including HDPE, PVC, PP, ABS, PS and PLA. The powder or pellets are mixed to a dough-like consistency at roughly 400 °F (204 °C) and then extruded or molded to the desired shape. Additives such as colorants, coupling agents, stabilizers, blowing agents, reinforcing agents, foaming agents, and lubricants help tailor the end product to the target application. The material is formed into both solid and hollow profiles or into injection molded parts and products.

Resin, regrind, and most of the additives are combined and processed in a pelletizing extruder. The new material pellets are formed in a mold and cooled.

## Properties

Plastic lumber can be molded to meet almost any desired spatial condition, a major advantage over wood. It can also be bent and fixed to form strong arching curves. Plastic lumber works like wood - it can be shaped, drilled, and cut using conventional woodworking tools. At the same time, it is waterproof and resists all types of rot and mold, although it is not as rigid as wood and may slightly deform in extremely hot weather. Plastic lumber is not sensitive to staining from a variety of agents. A major selling point of this material is it doesn't need to be painted and is overall low-maintenance. It is manufactured in a variety of colors, and is widely available in grays and earth tones.

While the compressive properties of plastic lumber are equal or greater than those of wood, the modulus of elasticity is very low. Moreover, plastic lumber is subject to far more creep than wood. Use in load-bearing structures requires different considerations from wood.

Some plastic lumber, such as commercially available polyvinyl chloride plastic decking fiberglass composite lumber, outperformed composite wood plyetheline composite lumbers in fire safety performance. Pure plastic lumber, without fiberglass composite structure, also deforms easily at high temperature; planning for the event of fire needs to take this into account.

## Standards

ASTM has standardized test methods to measure the properties of plastic lumber:

* D 1929, Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics, to address building code fire safety acceptance criteria;
* D 6108, Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Plastic Lumber and Shapes;
* D 6109, Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastic Lumber;
* D 6111, Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Specific Gravity of Plastic Lumber and Shapes by Displacement;
* D 6112, Standard Test Methods for Compressive and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastic Lumber and Shapes;
* D 6117, Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and Shapes;
* D 6341, Standard Test Method for Determination of the Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Plastic Lumber and Plastic Lumber Shapes Between –30 and 140 °F (-34.4 and 60 °C);
* D 6435, Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Plastic Lumber and Plastic Lumber Shapes; and
* E 108, Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, for fire safety performance testing.

## Applications

Plastic lumber is used in such applications as:


title: Platt Whitman

abstract: Platt Whitman was an American lawyer, banker, and Republican politician. He served four years in the Wisconsin State Senate (1915–1919) and two years in the Assembly (1909–1911), representing Iowa County.

text:
# Platt Whitman

**Platt Whitman** (February 6, 1871  September 11, 1935) was an American lawyer, banker, and Republican politician. He served four years in the Wisconsin State Senate (19151919) and two years in the Assembly (19091911), representing Iowa County.

## Biography

Whitman was born in Dodgeville, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1893 and the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1895.

He died in Rochester, Minnesota, on September 11, 1935, and is interred in the East Side Cemetery in Dodgeville near the Jones-Owens Mausoleum.

His father was Joel Whitman.

## Career

Whitman was elected to the Assembly in 1908. Later, he was a member of the Senate from the 17th district from 1915 to 1918. He was a Republican.

## InfoBox

| Platt Whitman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Wisconsin Senate
from the 17th district | |
| **In office**
January 4, 1915  January 6, 1919 | |
| Preceded by | Harry C. Martin |
| Succeeded by | Oscar R. Olson |
| Member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
from the Iowa district | |
| **In office**
January 4, 1909  January 2, 1911 | |
| Preceded by | David J. Morris |
| Succeeded by | Thomas M. Evans |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1871-02-06)February 6, 1871
Dodgeville, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | September 11, 1935(1935-09-11) (aged 64)
Rochester, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Resting place | East Side Cemetery, Dodgeville, Wisconsin |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Maria Elizabeth Jones  (died 1905) |
| Parent |  |
| Education |  |
| Occupation | Lawyer, banker, politician |
|  | |


title: Piz Neir

abstract: Piz Neir is a mountain of the Albula Alps, overlooking Bivio in the canton of Graubünden. It lies on the group south of Piz d'Agnel.

text:
# Piz Neir

**Piz Neir** is a mountain of the Albula Alps, overlooking Bivio in the canton of Graubünden. It lies on the group south of Piz d'Agnel.

## InfoBox

| Piz Neir | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial recording of mountain Piz Neir | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,906 m (9,534 ft) |
| Prominence | 191 m (627 ft) |
| Parent peak | Piz Calderas |
| Coordinates | 46°29′04″N 9°40′49″E / 46.48444°N 9.68028°E / 46.48444; 9.68028 |
| Geography | |
| Piz NeirLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | Graubünden, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Albula Alps |


title: Piz Ner

abstract: Piz Ner is a mountain of the Glarus Alps, located north of Trun in the canton of Graubünden. It lies in the group south of Piz Urlaun.

text:
# Piz Ner

**Piz Ner** is a mountain of the Glarus Alps, located north of Trun in the canton of Graubünden. It lies in the group south of Piz Urlaun.

## InfoBox

| Piz Ner | |
| --- | --- |
| Piz NerLocation in Switzerland | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,859 m (9,380 ft) |
| Prominence | 89 m (292 ft) |
| Coordinates | 46°46′08.2″N 8°56′52.8″E / 46.768944°N 8.948000°E / 46.768944; 8.948000 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Graubünden, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Glarus Alps |


title: Piz Nuna

abstract: Piz Nuna is a mountain in the Sesvenna Range of the Alps, located northeast of Zernez in the canton of Graubünden. Its summit is the tripoint between the valley of Val Nuna, Val Sampuoir and Val Laschadura.

text:
# Piz Nuna

**Piz Nuna** is a mountain in the Sesvenna Range of the Alps, located northeast of Zernez in the canton of Graubünden. Its summit (3,124 m) is the tripoint between the valley of Val Nuna, Val Sampuoir and Val Laschadura.

## InfoBox

| Piz Nuna | |
| --- | --- |
| Piz NunaLocation in Switzerland | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,124 m (10,249 ft) |
| Prominence | 535 m (1,755 ft) |
| Parent peak | Piz Tavrü |
| Listing | Alpine mountains above 3000 m |
| Coordinates | 46°43′24″N 10°9′16″E / 46.72333°N 10.15444°E / 46.72333; 10.15444 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Graubünden, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Sesvenna Range |


title: Piz Murtaröl

abstract: Piz Murtaröl is a mountain of the Ortler Alps, located on the border between Italy and Switzerland. With a height of 3,180 metres above sea level, it is the highest mountain in Val Mora. On its southern side it overlooks Passo di Fraéle.

text:
# Piz Murtaröl

**Piz Murtaröl** (also known as *Cima la Casina*) is a mountain of the Ortler Alps, located on the border between Italy and Switzerland. With a height of 3,180 metres above sea level, it is the highest mountain in Val Mora. On its southern side it overlooks Passo di Fraéle.

## InfoBox

| Piz Murtaröl | |
| --- | --- |
| Cima la Casina | |
| Piz Murtaröl (left centre) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,180 m (10,430 ft) |
| Prominence | 679 m (2,228 ft) |
| Parent peak | Ortler |
| Isolation | 15.1 km (9.4 mi) |
| Listing | Alpine mountains above 3000 m |
| Coordinates | 46°34′14″N 10°17′15″E / 46.57056°N 10.28750°E / 46.57056; 10.28750 |
| Geography | |
| Piz MurtarölLocation in the Alps | |
| Location | Lombardy, Italy/Graubünden, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Ortler Alps |


title: John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford

abstract: John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG was a medieval English prince, general, and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. Bedford was the third son of King Henry IV of England, brother to Henry V, and acted as regent of France for his nephew Henry VI. Despite his military and administrative talent, the situation in France had severely deteriorated by the time of his death. Bedford was a capable administrator and soldier, and his effective management of the war brought the English to the height of their power in France. However, difficulties mounted after the arrival of Joan of Arc, and his efforts were further thwarted by political divisions at home and the wavering of England's key ally, Duke Philip of Burgundy and his faction, the Burgundians. In the last years of Bedford's life, the conflict devolved into a war of attrition, and he became increasingly unable to gather the necessary funds to prosecute the conflict. Bedford died during the congress of Arras in 1435, just as Burgundy was preparing to abandon the English cause and conclude a separate peace with Charles VII of France.

text:
# John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford

**John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford** KG (20 June 1389 – 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general, and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. Bedford was the third son of King Henry IV of England, brother to Henry V, and acted as regent of France for his nephew Henry VI. Despite his military and administrative talent, the situation in France had severely deteriorated (for the English) by the time of his death.

Bedford was a capable administrator and soldier, and his effective management of the war brought the English to the height of their power in France. However, difficulties mounted after the arrival of Joan of Arc, and his efforts were further thwarted by political divisions at home and the wavering of England's key ally, Duke Philip of Burgundy and his faction, the Burgundians. In the last years of Bedford's life, the conflict devolved into a war of attrition, and he became increasingly unable to gather the necessary funds to prosecute the conflict.

Bedford died during the congress of Arras in 1435, just as Burgundy was preparing to abandon the English cause and conclude a separate peace with Charles VII of France.

## Birth and family

John of Lancaster was born on 20 June 1389, to Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV, King of England) and his wife, Mary de Bohun. He was a grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, a son of King Edward III.

His father, Henry Bolingbroke, was exiled in 1399 by his cousin, Richard II, when his father participated in the revolt of the Lords Appellant in 1388, the year before his birth. Upon the death of John of Gaunt, Richard II did not allow Bolingbroke to inherit his father's duchy of Lancaster. That year Bolingbroke, with help from the nobility, was able to gather supporters and deposed Richard II, who later died of starvation either by his own will or by force. Bolingbroke was crowned King of England, as Henry IV, on 13 October 1399.

John's eldest sibling was Henry of Monmouth, later King of England as Henry V. John's other siblings were Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence; Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester; Philippa; and Blanche.

## Acquisitions, knighted, and titles

After his father's accession to the throne of England as Henry IV in 1399, John began to accumulate lands and lucrative offices. He was knighted on 12 October 1399 at his father's coronation, and made a Knight of the Garter in 1400.

He was appointed master of the mews and falcons in 1402, Constable of England in 1403 and Warden of the East March from 1403 to 1414. He was created Earl of Kendal, Earl of Richmond and Duke of Bedford in 1414 by his brother, King Henry V.

## Warden of the East March

John gained his early experiences in warfare when he undertook the office of warden of the east marches of Scotland in 1404; he was fairly successful in this command. By the middle of 1404, his pay was in arrear, his troops were mutinous, he was in a disaffected country, and was engaged in constant hostilities. With the little pay that was sent to him, John borrowed money from Lord Furnival and used revenues from a grant of castles belonging to Henry Percy to maintain his forces.

In 1405, he wrote to inform the council of the revolt of Lord Bardolf, joined the Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, warden of the west marches, and met the Archbishop Richard Scrope and the other rebels on Shipton Moor. He received grants of the castles of the Earl of Northumberland. In April 1408, and again in April 1411, he was appointed to treat with the Scots. During the rest of his father's reign, which ended in March 1413, he continued to hold his command in the north, fortifying Berwick and keeping peace as far as he was able in the east marches. Like his eldest brother, he seems to have been under the influence of the Beauforts, and acted cordially with the Earl of Westmoreland. He held the command until September 1414.

## Military campaigns

In May 1413, his brother, now King Henry V, had created him Duke of Bedford, and after resigning the wardenship he began to take a leading part in the royal councils. He acted as lieutenant of the kingdom during Henry's expedition to France in 1415. In August 1416, he commanded the ships which defeated the French fleet at the mouth of the Seine, and was instrumental in relieving Harfleur. Again appointed lieutenant in July 1417, he marched against the Scots, who abandoned the siege of Berwick at his approach; and on his return to London he brought Sir John Oldcastle to trial and was present at his execution. He appears to have governed the country with considerable success until December 1419, when he resigned his office as lieutenant and joined the king in France. Returning to England, he undertook the lieutenancy for the third time in June 1421, and in the following May conducted the queen to join Henry in Normandy. He then took his brother's place and led the English troops to the relief of Cosne, but on hearing of the king's serious illness he left the army and hurried to his side.

### Regency

Henry V's last wish was that Bedford should be guardian of the kingdom and of the young king, and that Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, should act as regent in France. But when Philip declined to undertake this office, it too was assumed by Bedford, who, after the death of the French king Charles VI in October 1422, presided at a session of the Parlement of Paris, and compelled all present to take an oath of fidelity to King Henry VI of England. Meanwhile the English parliament had decided that Bedford should be Lord Protector of the kingdom, and that in his absence the office should devolve upon his brother Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. Confining himself to the conduct of affairs in France the protector took up Henry V's work of conquest, captured Meulan and other places, and sought to strengthen his position by an alliance with Philip of Burgundy. This task was rendered more difficult as Gloucester had just married Jacqueline, Countess of Holland and Hainaut, a union which gave the English duke a claim on lands which Philip hoped to secure for himself. Bedford, however, having allayed Philip's irritation, formed an alliance with him and with John VI, Duke of Brittany, at Amiens in April 1423, and himself arranged to marry Anne of Burgundy, a sister of the Burgundian duke.

### Campaigns in France

Bedford sought to restore prosperity to the districts under his rule by reforming the debased coinage, granting privileges to merchants and manufacturers, and removing various abuses. He then granted some counties to Philip to check the growing hostility between him and Gloucester, and on 17 August 1424 gained a great victory over a combined army of French and Scots at the Battle of Verneuil. But in spite of the efforts of the protector the good understanding between England and Burgundy was partially destroyed when Gloucester invaded Hainaut in October 1424. The ambition of his brother gave Bedford trouble in another direction also; for on his return from Hainaut Gloucester quarrelled with the chancellor, Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, and the council implored Bedford to come to England to settle this dispute. He reached London in January 1426, and after concluding a bond of alliance with Gloucester effected a reconciliation between the duke and the chancellor; and knighted the young king, Henry VI.

Bedford then promised to act in accordance with the will of the council, and in harmony with the decision of this body raised a body of troops and returned to France in March 1427. Having ordered Gloucester to desist from a further attack on Hainaut, he threatened Brittany and compelled Duke John to return to the English alliance; and the success of his troops continued until the Siege of Orléans, to which he consented with reluctance, was undertaken in October 1428. Having assured himself that Philip was prepared to desert him, Bedford sent orders to his army to raise the siege in April 1429. He then acted with great energy and judgment in attempting to stem the tide of disasters which followed this failure, strengthened his hold upon Paris, and sent to England for reinforcements; but before any engagement took place he visited Rouen, where he sought to bind the Normans closer to England, and after his return to Paris resigned the French regency to Philip of Burgundy in accordance with the wish of the Parisians.

Bedford had been Governor in Normandy between 1422 and 1432, where the University of Caen was founded under his auspices. He was an important commissioner of illuminated manuscripts, both from Paris (from the "Bedford Master" and his workshop) and England. The three most important surviving manuscripts of his are the Bedford Hours, the Salisbury Breviary, both made in Paris, and the Bedford Psalter and Hours of about 1420–23, which is English.

Retaining the government of Normandy, Bedford established himself at Rouen and directed the movements of the English forces with some success. He did not interfere to save the life of Joan of Arc. After Joan was captured by Burgundian troops at Compiegne and then transferred to the English, Bedford had her put on trial by clergy who are listed in English government records and described by eyewitnesses as pro-English collaborators. She was executed at Rouen on 30 May 1431.

He was joined by Henry VI in April 1430, when the regency was temporarily suspended, and he secured Henry's coronation at Paris in December 1431.

His next act was to secure an inquiry into the national finances; and when asked by the parliament to stay in England he declared that his services were at the king's disposal. As chief councillor he offered to take a smaller salary than had been previously paid to Gloucester, and undertook this office in December 1433, when his demands with regard to a continual council were conceded. Bedford, who was anxious to prosecute the war in France, left England again in 1434, but early in 1435 was obliged to consent to the attendance of English representatives at a congress held to arrange terms of peace at Arras. Unable to consent to the French terms the English envoys left Arras in September, and Philip of Burgundy made a separate treaty with France.

## Richard of Bedford

Richard of Bedford, the illegitimate son of John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, was generally known as Richard Bastard of Bedford, which was not uncommon for illegitimate sons of noblemen in France and Devonshire, England. Richard was likely conceived before John was married in 1423. Richard's cousin, Henry VI of England, legitimized Richard on 30 August 1434 (which was recorded at the tabellionage in Rouen, France on 27 September 1435). He was allowed to inherit property in England and France after he was legitimized.

Richard succeeded to the lordship of La Haye-du-Puits, France (merged into La Haye, Manche in 2016) and acquired the castle upon the death of his father in 1435. The bequest from his father was set aside.

## Marriages

John's first marriage was to Anne of Burgundy (d. 1432), daughter of John the Fearless, on 13 May 1423 in Troyes. The couple were happily married, despite being childless. Anne died of the plague in Paris in 1432.

Louis of Luxembourg, bishop of Thérouanne, arranged a marriage between his niece, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, daughter of Peter I, Count of Saint-Pol, and the regent. It was a strategic move as the House of Luxembourg was rich and powerful. The marriage was performed by the bishop at Therouanne on 20 April 1433. The new duchess was only seventeen. This marriage was also childless. Jacquetta went on to have more than a dozen children in her second marriage to Richard Woodville (later Earl Rivers). Her eldest child, Elizabeth Woodville, became queen consort of England as the spouse of Edward IV.

## Death

John died in Rouen on 14 September 1435, and was buried in the choir of Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Rouen. By his will, made four days before his death, he left all his possessions to his wife except one castle, which was to go to his natural son Richard. His nephew, Henry VI, was to have all in remainder.

## In literature

He appears in William Shakespeare's plays *Henry IV, Part 1*, and *Henry IV, Part 2*, as John of Lancaster, and in *Henry V* and *Henry VI, Part 1*, as the Duke of Bedford. In the former play, he is portrayed as being present at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, when then aged 14, though no chroniclers of the time mention him.

Georgette Heyer's novel *My Lord John* is the first part of a never-completed trilogy focused on him that deals with his life from when he was four to about twenty. Brenda Honeyman's novel *Brother Bedford* covers his life from Henry V's death to his own.

In the 2011 Philippa Gregory novel, *The Lady of the Rivers*, John features in a minor role as the first husband of its main character Jacquetta of Luxembourg.

## Arms

As a son of the sovereign, John bore the royal arms of his father King Henry IV, differenced by a *label of five points per pale ermine and France*, which are published in the Bedford Book of Hours.

1. "John Plantagenet, duke of Bedford". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 27 May 1999.
2. Chisholm (1911), p. 616.
3. Hunt (1892), p. 427.
4. Tout (1885), pp. 31, 42.
5. Tout (1885), pp. 31–32.
6. Tout (1885), pp. 34–36.
7. Tout (1885), p. 42.
8. Stratford (2011).
9. Chisholm (1911), pp. 616–617.
10. Chisholm (1911), p. 617.
11. Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses", pp. 165–67.
12. "Today in History: May 30, Joan of Arc burned at the stake". *AP News*. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
13. *Archaeologia Or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity*. Soc. 1860. pp. 146–148.
14. Richardson, Douglas (2005). *Magna Carta ancestry : a study in colonial and medieval families*. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-8063-1759-5.
15. Richardson, Douglas (2011). *Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families* (2nd ed.). Douglas Richardson. p. 549. ISBN 978-1-4610-4520-5.
16. Clode, Charles Matthew (1875). *Memorials of the Guild of Merchant Taylors of the Fraternity of St. John the Baptist, in the City of London*. Vol. 1. London, England: Harrison and Sons. p. 619.
17. Library of Congress staff (2014).
18. Smith (1984).
19. Hunt (1892), p. 433.
20. Hunt (1892), p. 434.
21. Priestley, E.J. (1979). "8: Shakespeare's Battle". *The Battle of Shrewsbury 1403*. Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council. p. 20.
22. "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family". Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
23. Bedford Book of Hours armorial coat

## Bibliography

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| John of Lancaster | |
| --- | --- |
| *Duke of Bedford
Regent of France* | |
| The Duke of Bedford with his heraldic badge of "wood stocks" (tree-stumps) and his motto *A Vous Entier*
(miniature from Bedford Hours) | |
| Born | 20 June 1389 |
| Died | 14 September 1435 (aged 46)
Castle of Joyeux Repos, Rouen, Normandy |
| Burial | 30 September 1435
Rouen Cathedral, Rouen |
| Spouse | *   Anne of Burgundy  (m. 1423; died 1432) *   Jacquetta of Luxembourg
(m. 1433) |
| Issue | Richard of Bedford (illegitimate) |
| House | Lancaster |
| Father | Henry IV of England |
| Mother | Mary de Bohun |
|  | |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of England |
| Conflicts | Anglo-Scottish border wars
Hundred Years' War |
|  | |
|  | |


title: John of La Verna

abstract: John of Fermo, more often called John of La Verna, from his time spent on that mountain was an Italian Franciscan friar, who was a noted ascetic and preacher.

text:
# John of La Verna

**John of Fermo**, more often called **John of La Verna**, from his time spent on that mountain (1259 – 10 August 1322) was an Italian Franciscan friar, who was a noted ascetic and preacher.

## Biography

John was born at Fermo in the March of Ancona. After a youth of precocious piety, he was received at the age of ten among the canons regular of the Priory of St. Peter's at Fermo. Three years later, desirous of leading a more austere life, he entered the Order of Friars Minor, where he was influenced by James of Fallerone.

Shortly after his profession, John was sent by the Minister General of the Order to Mount La Verna in Tuscany. There he spent many years in solitude, penance and contemplation, receiving ecstasies and celestial visions.

John's later years, however, were devoted to Christian ministry, and he preached at Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Perugia and many other towns of northern and central Italy, where many miracles were attributed to him. He was a close friend of the poet, Jacopone of Todi, and was said to have appeared supernaturally to administer the last rites to him in 1306.

John is said to have composed the Preface which is said in the Mass of St. Francis. Feeling the approach of death at Cortona while on his way to Assisi, John returned to La Verna and died there at the age of 63 in 1322.

## Veneration

John was buried on the holy mountain, where many miracles were reportedly wrought through his intercession, and where his cell is still shown. The *cultus* of John was approved by Pope Leo XIII in 1880.

John's feast day is kept in the Order of Friars Minor on 9 August.

Attribution

## InfoBox

| Blessed
John of La Verna
OFM | |
| --- | --- |
| Religious | |
| Born | 1259
Fermo, March of Ancona, Papal States |
| Died | 10 August 1322(1322-08-10) (aged 62–63)
La Verna, Province of Arezzo, Republic of Florence |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 24 June 1880 by Pope Leo XIII |
| Feast | 9 August |


title: Poczałkowo-Kolonia

abstract: Poczałkowo-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Aleksandrów Kujawski, within Aleksandrów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Aleksandrów Kujawski and 24 km (15 mi) south of Toruń.

text:
# Poczałkowo-Kolonia

**Poczałkowo-Kolonia** \[pɔt͡ʂau̯ˈkɔvɔ kɔˈlɔɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Aleksandrów Kujawski, within Aleksandrów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Aleksandrów Kujawski and 24 km (15 mi) south of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Poczałkowo-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Poczałkowo-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 52°49′N 18°39′E / 52.817°N 18.650°E / 52.817; 18.650 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Aleksandrów |
| Gmina | Aleksandrów Kujawski |
| Population | 104 |


title: Pluvial

abstract: In geology and climatology, a pluvial is either a modern climate characterized by relatively high precipitation or an interval of time of variable length, decades to thousands of years, during which a climate is characterized by relatively high precipitation or humidity. Subdivisions of a pluvial, which are characterized by relatively high precipitation, are known as a subpluvials. Formally, pluvials were equated with glacial stages of the Quaternary. However, pluvials, as in equatorial regions, can also occur during interglacial stages. No lower latitudes have experienced major pluvials in early to mid-Holocene times. In geomorphology, a pluvial refers to a geologic episode, change, process, deposit, or feature that is the result of the action or effects of rain. Sometimes, it also refers to the fluvial action of rainwater flowing in a stream channel, including a flood, known as a pluvial flood, that is the direct result of excessive precipitation.

text:
# Pluvial

In geology and climatology, a **pluvial** is either a modern climate characterized by relatively high precipitation or an interval of time of variable length, decades to thousands of years, during which a climate is characterized by relatively high precipitation or humidity. Subdivisions of a pluvial, which are characterized by relatively high precipitation, are known as a **subpluvials**. Formally, pluvials were equated with glacial stages of the Quaternary. However, pluvials, as in equatorial regions, can also occur during interglacial stages. No lower latitudes have experienced major pluvials in early to mid-Holocene times.

In geomorphology, a pluvial refers to a geologic episode, change, process, deposit, or feature that is the result of the action or effects of rain. Sometimes, it also refers to the fluvial action of rainwater flowing in a stream channel, including a flood, known as a **pluvial flood**, that is the direct result of excessive precipitation.


title: Joinville Studios

abstract: The Joinville Studios were a film studio in Paris which operated between 1910 and 1987. They were one of the leading French studios, with major companies such as Pathé and Gaumont making films there. A second studio was added to the original in 1923. This was located less than a kilometre away, and together the two served as a major filmmaking hub. After the Second World War the studio was merged into the Franstudio network in 1947 along with other major Paris studios including the Saint-Maurice Studios and Francoeur Studios. In the early 1930s, the American company Paramount Pictures took over the studios and made French-language versions of their hit films. In total, films were made in fourteen different languages as Joinville became a hub of such multi-language versions. While many were remakes of English-language hits, some were original stories. This practice declined as dubbing became more commonplace.

text:
# Joinville Studios

The **Joinville Studios** were a film studio in Paris which operated between 1910 and 1987. They were one of the leading French studios, with major companies such as Pathé and Gaumont making films there.

A second studio was added to the original in 1923. This was located less than a kilometre away, and together the two served as a major filmmaking hub. After the Second World War the studio was merged into the Franstudio network in 1947 along with other major Paris studios including the Saint-Maurice Studios and Francoeur Studios.

In the early 1930s, the American company Paramount Pictures took over the studios and made French-language versions of their hit films. In total, films were made in fourteen different languages as Joinville became a hub of such multi-language versions. While many were remakes of English-language hits, some were original stories. This practice declined as dubbing became more commonplace.

## Bibliography

* Bentley, Bernard. *A Companion to Spanish Cinema*. Boydell & Brewer 2008.
* Crisp, C.G. *The Classic French Cinema, 1930-1960*. Indiana University Press, 1993
* Williams, Alan Larson. *Republic of Images: A History of French Filmmaking*. Harvard University Press, 1992.
* Waldman, Harry. *Paramount in Paris: 300 Films Produced at the Joinville Studios, 1930-1933*, Scarecrow Press, 1998.

## InfoBox

Joinville Studios
| Industry | Film |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Paris, France |


title: Joinvillea plicata

abstract: Joinvillea plicata is a flowering plant species, one of four in the genus Joinvillea. It is found in New Caledonia and is considered a common plant by the natives.

text:
# Joinvillea plicata

***Joinvillea plicata*** is a flowering plant species, one of four in the genus *Joinvillea*. It is found in New Caledonia and is considered a common plant by the natives.

## InfoBox

| *Joinvillea plicata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Joinvilleaceae |
| Genus: | *Joinvillea* |
| Species: | ***J. plicata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Joinvillea plicata***<br>(Hook.f.) Newell & B.C.Stone | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Flagellaria elegans* Seem. * *Flagellaria plicata* Hook.f. * *Joinvillea ascendens* subsp. *glabra* Newell * *Joinvillea elegans* Gaudich. ex Brongn. & Gris | |


title: Pleśnik

abstract: Pleśnik is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bisztynek, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Bisztynek, 25 km (16 mi) south-east of Bartoszyce, and 51 km (32 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Pleśnik

**Pleśnik** \[ˈplɛɕnik\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bisztynek, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Bisztynek, 25 km (16 mi) south-east of Bartoszyce, and 51 km (32 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Pleśnik | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Pleśnik | |
| Coordinates: 54°5′30″N 21°4′20″E / 54.09167°N 21.07222°E / 54.09167; 21.07222 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Bartoszyce |
| Gmina | Bisztynek |
| Population | 92 |


title: Pleasanton Public Library

abstract: The Pleasanton Public Library serves the city of Pleasanton in Alameda County, California. The library is located near downtown Pleasanton at 400 Old Bernal Avenue. The Pleasanton Women's Improvement Club was formed in 1908 to improve the community of Pleasanton, an agricultural town located in the "Tri-Valley" area east of San Francisco. Their first project was to establish a reading room. With $1,100 they raised at an "Old Maid's Convention" and other fundraisers, they purchased a site to house the Reading Room. In 1909, it was opened to the public. Books were donated and a librarian was hired for $10 per month. Honored guests for the formal opening were Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst and her guest, the Consul of Persia. After Pleasanton's first city hall was built in 1915, the city leased a portion of it to the club for $1 per year to house the library and reading room. The library has grown to keep pace with Pleasanton as it changed from an agricultural town to a suburban residential community and one of the modern business centers of the East Bay area. In 1964, the library became a full member of the Alameda County Library system. In 1973, the need for growth led the library to a new 6,900-square-foot (640 m⁲) facility on Black Avenue, with approximately 35,000 books. In 1987, the city recognized the need for an even larger library and began construction on the current 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m⁲) facility, which opened in 1988. In 1999, in response to significant funding losses to the Alameda County Library system generated by California's "Educational Revenue Augmentation Fund", the City of Pleasanton withdrew from the system to become a municipal library. Since that time, use of the library has more than doubled, with more than 1.1 million items checked out in calendar year 2005.

text:
# Pleasanton Public Library

The **Pleasanton Public Library** serves the city of Pleasanton in Alameda County, California. The library is located near downtown Pleasanton at 400 Old Bernal Avenue.

The Pleasanton Women's Improvement Club was formed in 1908 to improve the community of Pleasanton, an agricultural town located in the "Tri-Valley" area east of San Francisco. Their first project was to establish a reading room. With $1,100 they raised at an "Old Maid's Convention" and other fundraisers, they purchased a site to house the Reading Room. In 1909, it was opened to the public. Books were donated and a librarian was hired for $10 per month. Honored guests for the formal opening were Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst and her guest, the Consul of Persia. After Pleasanton's first city hall (now the Museum on Main Street) was built in 1915, the city leased a portion of it to the club for $1 per year to house the library and reading room.

The library has grown to keep pace with Pleasanton as it changed from an agricultural town to a suburban residential community and one of the modern business centers of the East Bay area. In 1964, the library became a full member of the Alameda County Library system. In 1973, the need for growth led the library to a new 6,900-square-foot (640 m2) facility on Black Avenue, with approximately 35,000 books. In 1987, the city recognized the need for an even larger library and began construction on the current 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m2) facility, which opened in 1988.

In 1999, in response to significant funding losses to the Alameda County Library system generated by California's "Educational Revenue Augmentation Fund", the City of Pleasanton withdrew from the system to become a municipal library. Since that time, use of the library has more than doubled, with more than 1.1 million items checked out in calendar year 2005.

## Management

The Pleasanton Library Commission gather every first Thursday of the month at 7:00pm and advises the Pleasanton City Council and the Pleasanton City Manager by reviewing and providing input on policies related to library services. The director of the City of Pleasanton Library and Recreation Department is Heidi Murphy.

37°39′27″N 121°52′51″W / 37.65750°N 121.88083°W / 37.65750; -121.88083


title: John Whittaker (UKIP politician)

abstract: John Whittaker is a former UK Independence Party (UKIP) politician who was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the North West England region from 2004 to 2009. Whittaker was born in Oldham, Lancashire. He was educated at Queen Mary University of London and the University of Cape Town. He is a senior lecturer in economics at Lancaster University. His main research and teaching interests are in monetary policy and macroeconomics, and recently he has taken a particular interest in the problems associated with the single currency. He stood for UKIP in the Littleborough and Saddleworth by-election in 1995 where he came 5th out of 10 candidates behind the Official Monster Raving Loony Party. Whittaker was the UKIP's lead candidate in the North West for the European Parliament elections in 1999. Though UKIP gained 6.5% of the vote in the region, he fell short of being elected by about 0.5 per cent. However, in 2004 he was more successful, being one of 12 UKIP candidates to win a European seat in the big UKIP breakthrough of that year. He contested the 2005 general election for the constituencies of Ashton under Lyne, Crosby, Heywood and Middleton, Hyndburn, Manchester Central, Rochdale, Stalybridge and Hyde and Wigan. In 2005, Whittaker became UKIP's official spokesman on Economic and Monetary Affairs. In September 2006, following the election of Nigel Farage as leader of UKIP, Whittaker was appointed party chairman.

text:
# John Whittaker (UKIP politician)

**John Whittaker** (born 7 June 1945) is a former UK Independence Party (UKIP) politician who was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the North West England region from 2004 to 2009.

Whittaker was born in Oldham, Lancashire. He was educated at Queen Mary University of London (BSc Physics, 1966) and the University of Cape Town (PhD Physics, 1980; BA Economics, 1982). He is a senior lecturer in economics at Lancaster University. His main research and teaching interests are in monetary policy and macroeconomics, and recently he has taken a particular interest in the problems associated with the single currency.

He stood for UKIP in the Littleborough and Saddleworth by-election in 1995 where he came 5th out of 10 candidates behind the Official Monster Raving Loony Party.

Whittaker was the UKIP's lead candidate in the North West for the European Parliament elections in 1999. Though UKIP gained 6.5% of the vote in the region, he fell short of being elected by about 0.5 per cent. However, in 2004 he was more successful, being one of 12 UKIP candidates to win a European seat in the big UKIP breakthrough of that year.

He contested the 2005 general election for the constituencies of Ashton under Lyne, Crosby, Heywood and Middleton, Hyndburn, Manchester Central, Rochdale, Stalybridge and Hyde and Wigan.

In 2005, Whittaker became UKIP's official spokesman on Economic and Monetary Affairs. In September 2006, following the election of Nigel Farage as leader of UKIP, Whittaker was appointed party chairman.

## InfoBox

| John Whittaker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chairman of the UK Independence Party | |
| **In office**
27 September 2006  8 September 2008 | |
| Leader | Nigel Farage |
| Preceded by | David Campbell Bannerman |
| Succeeded by | Paul Nuttall |
| Member of the European Parliament
for North West England | |
| **In office**
13 June 2004  4 June 2009 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Fletcher-Vane |
| Succeeded by | Paul Nuttall |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1945-06-07) 7 June 1945
Oldham, Lancashire, England |
| Political party | UKIP |
| Alma mater | BA (Cape Town) BSc (Queen Mary University of London) PhD (University of Cape Town) |
|  | |


title: Pluto's Party

abstract: Pluto's Party is a cartoon in the Mickey Mouse series, produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures on September 19, 1952. It was the 124th short in the Mickey Mouse film series to be released, and the first for that year.

text:
# Pluto's Party

***Pluto's Party*** is a cartoon in the Mickey Mouse series, produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures on September 19, 1952. It was the 124th short in the *Mickey Mouse* film series to be released, and the first for that year.

## Plot

It's Pluto's birthday and Mickey Mouse is busy preparing the party things for his birthday dog. First, Pluto tries to eat the cake, but is caught by his master, when it is time for his bath. As soon as Pluto is looking more neat and tidy, he tries to eat the cake but then gets spotted by his master again. Then, Mickey's nephews barge the gate down and trample all over Pluto as they hurry to the party. The children give Pluto a small red wagon and treat him like a workhorse. They then all start to enjoy themselves at the party. They first take Pluto on the slide, then barge down the swing. Then, they play pin the tail on Pluto to see who can pin Pluto's tail. Soon it is time for lunch and Pluto wants to have a piece of his own cake, but Mickey's nephews prefer to amuse themselves by grabbing every slice of cake and eating it up, much to Pluto's horror. Eventually, they devour Pluto's birthday cake and leave. Pluto, upset that he didn't get any cake, angrily throws a tantrum, knocking away all the dishes until Mickey passes him the last slice of the birthday cake he saved. Pluto happily eats the cake, licking Mickey between bites to show his gratitude.

## Voice cast

## Reception

In *Mickey's Movies: The Theatrical Films of Mickey Mouse*, Gijs Grob writes: "Sadly, it's not a success. The animation, despite being done by such veterans as Marvin Woodward, Fred Moore, and Norm Ferguson, feels cheaper than usual, and the timing is surprisingly sloppy, making most of the gags fall flat... You can almost feel the series ending in this cartoon."

## Home media

The short was released on May 18, 2004, on *Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Living Color, Volume Two: 1939-Today*.

## InfoBox

| Pluto's Party | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Milt Schaffer |
| Written by | Bill Berg
Leo Salkin |
| Story by | Bill Berg
Leo Salkin |
| Produced by | Walt Disney
John Sutherland |
| Starring | Jimmy MacDonald
Ruth Clifford
Pinto Colvig |
| Music by | Oliver Wallace |
| Animation by | Norman Ferguson
Fred Moore
Charles A. Nichols
Marvin Woodward
Blaine Gibson (effects) |
| Layouts by | Lance Nolley |
| Backgrounds by | Thelma Witmer |
| Color process | Technicolor |
| Production
company | Walt Disney Productions |
| Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Release date | * September 19, 1952 (1952-09-19) |
| Running time | 6 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |