title: Nick Baines (bishop)

abstract: Nicholas Baines is a British Anglican bishop. He has served as Bishop of Leeds since 2014, having previously been Bishop of Bradford from 2011 to 2014 and Bishop of Croydon from 2003 to 2011.

text:
# Nick Baines (bishop)

**Nicholas Baines** (born 13 November 1957) is a British Anglican bishop. He has served as Bishop of Leeds since 2014, having previously been Bishop of Bradford from 2011 to 2014 and Bishop of Croydon from 2003 to 2011.

## Early life

Baines was educated at Holt Comprehensive School in Liverpool from 1969 to 1976 before studying at the University of Bradford, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and French in 1980. He then worked as a linguist at GCHQ for four years, where he also learned Russian.

He trained for ordination at Trinity College, Bristol, where he gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in theological studies.

## Ordained ministry

Baines was ordained a deacon at Petertide on 5 July 1987 by George Hacker, Bishop of Penrith, and was ordained a priest the following Petertide, on 3 July 1988, by David Halsey, Bishop of Carlisle, both times at Carlisle Cathedral. His first appointments were as assistant curate at St Thomas' Church, Kendal, and St Catherine's, Crook. He then moved to Leicester, serving briefly as associate minister of Holy Trinity Church before becoming vicar of Rothley (1992–2000), during which time he was also chaplain to an adult mental health unit. In 1995 he was appointed rural dean of Goscote. In 2000 Baines became Archdeacon of Lambeth in the Diocese of Southwark, where he oversaw the diocese's children and youth policies. He was a member of the General Synod of the Church of England from 1995 to 2005.

### Episcopal ministry

Baines was appointed Bishop of Croydon in 2003, succeeding Wilfred Wood. He was consecrated by Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury, at St Paul's Cathedral and installed in Southwark Cathedral on 8 May 2003.

The confirmation of Baines's election to the see of Bradford was on 1 April 2011 and he was enthroned at Bradford Cathedral on 21 May 2011. In 2011 Baines said that "Christians should learn from Muslims how to exist as a 'minority' culture in British cities that are increasingly dominated by immigrant communities".

On 29 May 2013 he consecrated Nick Dill as Bishop of Bermuda on behalf of Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury.

On 4 February 2014 it was announced that Baines would become the diocesan and area Bishop of Leeds upon the confirmation of his election on 8 June; he was acting diocesan and area bishop from 22 April 2014 (he was licensed as an honorary assistant bishop of the Diocese of York to facilitate the acting role).

On 2014 he took his seat in the House of Lords as one of the Lords Spiritual.

Baines is an experienced broadcaster, regularly appearing on *Pause for Thought* on BBC Radio 2. While in Leicester he broadcast regularly on BBC Radio Leicester and Leicester Sound and twice received a commendation in the Andrew Cross Awards for religious broadcasting.

In 2022, in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Baines suggested that the Ukrainian military should cease fighting and entertain the prospect of the Crimea and the eastern Donbas region being annexed by Russia in order to achieve peace. While conceding that the long-term goal should be for Ukraine to control all its territory, Baines suggested that this might be achieved through diplomacy and easing sanctions.

## Personal life

Baines married his wife, Linda, in 1980, and they have three children.

An accomplished linguist, he has preached and presented academic papers in German and in 2022 was awarded the Chartered Institute of Linguists David Crystal Award.

## Selected works

* Baines, Nick (1991). *Hungry for Hope* (1st ed.). London: Darton, Longman and Todd. ISBN 978-0232519235.
* Baines, Nick (2004). *Speedbumps and Potholes: Looking for Signs of God in the Everyday*. Edinburgh: Saint Andrews Press. ISBN 978-0715208069.
    + *Am Rande bemerkt* (German edition)
* Baines, Nick (2004). *Jesus and People Like Us: The Transforming Power of Grace*. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press. ISBN 978-0715208205.
* Baines, Nick (2005). *Marking Time: 47 Reflections on Mark's Gospel for Lent, Holy Week and Easter*. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew. ISBN 978-0715208298.
* Baines, Nick (2007). *Hungry for Hope?* (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Saint Andrews Press. ISBN 978-0715208441.
* Baines, Nick (2008). *Finding Faith: Stories of Music and Life: Getting in Tune with God*. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew. ISBN 978-0715208687.
    + *In hoechsten Toenen* (German edition)
* Baines, Nick (2008). *Scandal of Grace: the danger of following Jesus*. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press. ISBN 978-0715208663.
* Baines, Nick (2009). *Why Wish You a Merry Christmas?: What Matters (and What Doesn't) in the Festive Season*. London: Church House Publishing. ISBN 978-0956282101.

## Styles

1. Number 10 – Diocese of Leeds: the Right Reverend Nicholas Baines approved (Accessed 4 February 2014)
2. "John Worne meets Bishop Nick Baines". *Chartered Institute of Linguists*. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
3. "Hungry for Hope". See extract at Church of Scotland bookshop Archived 2009-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
4. John Worne, "John Worne Meets Bishop Nick Baines", *The Linguist*, issue 61/3 (June–July 2022), pp. 26–27.
5. "New Bishop of Croydon". *Diocese of Southwark*. Archived from the original on 30 October 2004.
6. "Ordinations". *Church Times*. No. 6491. 10 July 1987. p. 15. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 10 June 2017  via UK Press Online archives.
7. "Ordinations". *Church Times*. No. 6543. 8 July 1988. p. 13. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 10 June 2017  via UK Press Online archives.
8. "The Rt Revd Nicholas Baines". *Crockford's Clerical Directory* (online ed.). Church House Publishing. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
9. "Baines, Nicholas". *Who's Who*. Vol. 2017 (November 2016 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 10 June 2017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
10. Archbishop of York – New Bishop for Bradford Diocese (Accessed 11 April 2014)
11. "Enthronement of Bishop Nick". *Diocese of Bradford*. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011.
12. "Christians should learn from Muslims how to exist as a "minority" culture in British cities that are increasingly dominated by immigrant communities, a Church of England bishop has said". *The Daily Telegraph*. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
13. Anglican Ink — Extra-Provincial Dioceses under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury (Accessed 31 January 2016)
14. "Bishop of Bradford Announced as First Bishop of Leeds for the new Diocese". *The Transformation Programme for The Diocese of West Yorkshire and the Dales*. Diocese of Leeds. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
15. "First new diocese for more than 85 years created on April 20". *The Transformation Programme for The Diocese of West Yorkshire and the Dales*. Diocese of Leeds. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014.
16. Davies, Madeleine (17 April 2014). "Yorkshire dioceses will celebrate Paschal rebirth". *Church Times*. No. 7883. p. 7. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
17. Swerling, Gabriella (23 June 2022). "Church of England bishop: Ukraine should give up Donbas to get a ceasefire". *The Telegraph*.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Nick Baines | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Leeds | |
| The Lord Bishop of Leeds, 2019 | |
| Church | Church of England |
| Diocese | Diocese of Leeds |
| In office | 8 June 2014  present |
| Predecessor | *New see* |
| Other post(s) | area Bishop of Croydon (2003–2011)
Bishop of Bradford (2011–2014)
Acting Bishop of Leeds (22 April  8 June 2014) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1987 (deacon)
by George Hacker
1988 (priest)
by David Halsey |
| Consecration | 8 May 2003
by Rowan Williams |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-11-13) 13 November 1957
Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Residence | Hollin House, Far Headingley, Leeds |
| Spouse | Linda (m. 1980) |
| Children | three |
| Profession | formerly linguist |
| Alma mater | University of Bradford |
| Signature |  |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the House of Lords
(Lord Spiritual) | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
5 February 2015 | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Robert Livingston Rudolph

abstract: Robert Livingston Rudolph was an American bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was the first bishop to be raised with the church. Rudolph also served as Professor of Dogmatic Theology and Christian Ethics at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church in Philadelphia for twenty-seven years before his death. Together Rudolph and his son, Robert Knight Rudolph, trained men for the gospel ministry at this institution for a total of seventy-four years. Rudolph was widely recognized as an outstanding preacher, teacher, scholar and bishop.

text:
# Robert Livingston Rudolph

**Robert Livingston Rudolph** (December 29, 1865 — September 16, 1930) was an American bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was the first bishop to be raised with the church. Rudolph also served as Professor of Dogmatic Theology and Christian Ethics at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church in Philadelphia for twenty-seven years before his death. Together Rudolph and his son, Robert Knight Rudolph, trained men for the gospel ministry at this institution for a total of seventy-four years. Rudolph was widely recognized as an outstanding preacher, teacher, scholar and bishop.

## Biography

Rudolph was born and reared in New York City, attending city schools until the eighth grade. Until the age of ten, he and his family went to the Fourth German Reformed Mission (Reformed Church in America) pastored by John H. Oerter. At that time, to encourage Rudolph to learn English, the family joined the First Reformed Episcopal Church pastored by the Rev. William T. Sabine, who later became a bishop in the Reformed Episcopal Church. After finishing school, Rudolph went into the jewelry business for five years.

### Education

Rudolph graduated New York University in 1892, and received a master's degree from the same institution four years later. In 1894 he graduated from the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church. Desiring to study under the famous B. B. Warfield, he continued his postgraduate studies at Princeton Seminary for one more year. In 1906 New York University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Divinity. That same year he traveled to Erlangen, Germany to study under Professor Theodor Zahn, the leader in conservative New Testament scholarship at the time.

### Ordination

Rudolph was ordained deacon in 1895 and presbyter in 1896. On January 12, 1909, he was consecrated a bishop in his home church by three bishops and ten presbyters with Bishop Charles Edward Cheney preaching the sermon. Rudolph first served as coadjutor of the New York and Philadelphia Synod before succeeding Bishop Sabine to the bishopric upon the latter’s death in 1913. Throughout the next few years, he also served as bishop in Canada, acting bishop in Chicago, and bishop of the Special Missionary Jurisdiction of the South. He became the presiding bishop of the denomination in 1922, and was re-elected to that position in 1924, 1927 and 1930. He is credited with having saved the church from disintegration after the vestments controversy.

### Seminary professor

The board of trustees of the Reformed Episcopal Seminary elected Rudolph to teach dogmatic theology in 1903. He resigned as Bishop Sabine’s assistant in order to take up the challenge of this new work. Later, he became professor of Biblical theology and Christian ethics. He devoted twenty-seven years of his life to training men for pastoral service, using A. A. Hodge’s *Outlines of Theology*, which presents theological topics in question and answer format, to stimulate discussion in the classroom. And to make sure that his students knew the Bible, he required that they read through it in its entirety in two years using James M. Gray’s Biblical Synthesis course.

The seminary granted Rudolph a sabbatical for the academic year 1930–31 to study abroad, but he died at his summer home in Dorset, VT, on September 16, 1930, before he was scheduled to leave.

## Sources

* Allen C. Guelzo, *For the Union of Evangelical Christendom: The Irony of the Reformed Episcopalians* (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994).
* “Bishop Robert Livingston Rudolph, 1865–1930” in *RESume* (Fall, 1981), pp. 1ff.
* Raymond A. Acker, *A History of the Reformed Episcopal Seminary 1886–1964* (Phila.: Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church, 1965).


title: Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh

abstract: The traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh are very complicated. These dances are a vital part of tribal life. It reflects the culture and the tradition of Himachal. Hardly any festivity there is celebrated without dancing. Dance forms such as Nati are performed all over the region.

text:
# Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh

The **traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh** are very complicated. These dances are a vital part of tribal life. It reflects the culture and the tradition of Himachal. Hardly any festivity there is celebrated without dancing. Dance forms such as Nati are performed all over the region.

## Nati

Dev Nati is a traditional folk dance practiced in the Western and Central Hills of the Indian subcontinent. It is primarily native to the state of Himachal Pradesh. Nati is the most famous dance of Himachal Pradesh. It is listed in the Guinness world record book as the largest folk dance. It mainly originated from \[Shimla, Mandi, Solan, Sirmaur, Kinnaur and Kullu\] and became popular across the state and in Chandigarh where Himachali youth performed this on cultural programmes in colleges and universities. Nati is performed on important occasions such as marriages and is very common during weddings and fairs in HIMACHAL PRADESH (H.P.)

Nati, an intriguing dance form belonging to north India was officially listed as the "largest folk dance in the world" (in terms of the number of dancers performing) in the Guinness Book of World Records in early January 2016. This "traditional dance" essentially derives its roots from the state of Himachal Pradesh, and is also popular in the union territory of Chandigarh. This folk dance is also said to consist of different forms that includes Mahasuvi Nathi, Sirmauri Nathi, Lahauli Nathi, Seraji Nathi ,Karsogi Nathi , Chauhari Nathi and Kinnauri Nathi. Furthermore, this folk dance is extremely popular in the "Himachali" region, and is performed frequently at various cultural programmes.

### History

This "Himachali" dance form is said to be similar to the Raas Lila and is considered to have been developed in honour of Krishna and his "Gopis". Furthermore, it also represents the entertaining plays of Chandravali. In addition, this dance form according to tradition is supposed to be performed only by males.

**Costumes used in the Nati folk dance:**

Although traditionally this dance form is male oriented, these days however it is performed by women as well, and so the costume worn varies as follows:

1. For males:

The attire used mainly includes decorated caps, sashes, churidaars, and swirling tunics called Cholas.

2. For females:

Some regions wear a costume with churidaar pyjamas, ghagra and chola, popularly called Rezta or peticoat, and decorative caps they also wear gold and silver ornaments known as "Chanki and Tunki". In other regions like Kullu, a one-piece drape called Pattu is worn on a shirt and churidaar leggings. Jewellery like the Chandra Haar which is an intricate necklace of silver, and a Bumni and Payal or Jhanjhar are worn by women.

**Music involved in the Nati folk dance:**

The instruments used in this dance form include Narsingha, Karnal, Shennai, Dhol, and Nagara.

***Training availability and dance technique involved in the Nati folk dance:***

In this dance form, a group of men/women dressed in their traditional attire arrange themselves in a circle and rhythmically dance to the beats produced by instruments such as the dhol, narsingha etc. As for training centres/schools, there are none available throughout the country, since this folk dance has been developed mainly in the "Kullu" region of Himachal Pradesh, and has been essentially passed on from one generation to another.

## Mala (Garland)

Kayang Mala is a dance form in which dancers form a garland-like pattern by weaving each other's arms and becoming beads of the garland. Every performer is well dressed and heavily decorated with jewellery. Before commencing the dance, they are supposed to drink Chhang, which is a local drink. Kayang Mala is one of the most popular traditional dances in Himachal Pradesh

## Demon (Rakshasa)

This dance from Kinnaur and nearby areas are redolent of the historic period. The Kinnaur folk are compared to deer. The dance is performed with *demon masks*. It represents the attack of the demons on the crops and their ritual pursuing away by the forces of good. *Chhambha* is more or less similar to the Punjabi dance Bhangra. These dance forms are generally organised in areas having dense population. During their local festivals like *Chaitol* and *Bishu*, such community dancing can be witnessed. Men and women hold hands and dance together. Also known as Chhambha or the Rakhshasa Dance, the Demon Dance is another form of traditional dance in Himachal Pradesh that reflects its beautiful culture and simple lifestyle. It has a history dating back to thousands of years and is said to have originated in the Kinnaur region of the state. It is performed by men and women wearing demon masks while holding each other's hands. The dance group is guided by a leader called Ghure. The Demon Dance generally represents the situation of demons attacking crops and crops being guarded by gods. You must witness this mesmerising celebration while in Himachal Pradesh.

## Luddi

Ludi is a dance form from the district Mandi of Himachal Pradesh and used to be performed in other areas of the state and adjacent ones in the times of Kings. This is a dance that was specifically performed in royal courts and more recently social gatherings. Luddi is a high-energy dance form that is performed by both men and women. The dance is characterized by quick, circular movements of the feet, accompanied by rhythmic clapping and chanting. The performers wear colourful traditional attire, which adds to the vibrancy of the dance.

## Dalshone and Cholamba

The Dalshone and Cholamba dance forms belong to the *Ropa Valley.* The pattern formed by the dancers seems to resemble coiled serpents. *Cholamba* is generally performed when a tiger is killed. The dead animal's skin is stuffed and a gold ornament is put in

**Cholamba Dance:** It is one of the oldest-known dance forms in the state. As per locals, it is said to have been in existence for centuries. It is a unique dance form which is performed after the killing of a tiger. During its celebration, the skin of the animal is stuffed and its nose is decorated with gold ornaments.

## Shand and Shabu

These are the most popular dances of the Lahaul valley and are generally danced at Buddhist Gompas in the memory of the Buddha.

Shand and Shabu are two popular dance forms in Himachal Pradesh which are generally performed at Buddhist monasteries in the loving memory of Buddha. They are said to have originated in the Lahaul and Spiti district of the state.

## Tribal dances of Himachal Pradesh

The *kikli dance form* is a dance of young girls. The girls hold each other's hand crosswise and rotate swiftly on their toes.
The *Bhangra* is a male dance which originated in the Punjab and is also performed in some areas of Una.
The dance forms of the trans-Himalayan region differs in content and music. The old tradition of both song and dance in these regions is guarded against urban influence. Kinnaur, Lahaul and Spiti and Tehsils of Pangi and Bharmour of Chamba constitute this zone. Inhabitants are known as *Kinnauras*, *Lahaulas*, *Spitians*, *Pangwals* and *Gaddis*. Gujjars and many of these tribes have their own distinct traditions of folk dances, songs, dresses and ornaments.

Many ritual dances are performed by Lamas on festive occasions. One masked dance form mainly features an important event in the history of Himalayan Buddhism when Lamas effectively carried out a plan of executing King Langdarma. A special event for masked dances is the celebration of the birth of Padma Sambhava (who carried the message of Buddhism to Tibet.


title: Pseudaspidimerus trinotatus

abstract: Pseudaspidimerus trinotatus, is a species of lady beetle found in India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.

text:
# Pseudaspidimerus trinotatus

***Pseudaspidimerus trinotatus***, is a species of lady beetle found in India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.

## Description

The mean body length is about 2.97 mm. Some specimens rarely have pronotal and elytral spots and mostly lack the pronotal and sub scutellar spots. The form *testaceus* is without any markings. It has bright golden yellow to reddish brown body and sometime dark brown in color.

Eggs are spindle shaped and pale yellow. The incubation period is about 4 days. There are four instar larval stages. The total larval period is about 10 days. The pre-pupal and pupal period is about 1.5 and 7.8 days, respectively. Total life cycle is about 50 days by male and 55 days by female.

## Biology

It is a predator of several whiteflies, aphids and scale insects such as *Aphis craccivora*, *Aleurodicus dispersus*, *Aleurodicus dispersus*, *Aphis fabae*, *Aphis nerii*, *Aphis malvoides*, *Pseudococcus*, *Aphis spiraecola*, *Hysteroneura setariae*, *Melanaphis sacchari*, *Lipaphis erysimi*, *Pentalonia nigronervosa*, *Rastrococcus iceryoides*, *Ferrisia virgata*, *Toxoptera odinae* and *Chloropuluinaria psidii*.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudaspidimerus trinotatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Superfamily: | Coccinelloidea |
| Family: | Coccinellidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudaspidimerus* |
| Species: | ***P. trinotatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudaspidimerus trinotatus***<br>(Thunberg, 1781) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Coccinella trinotata* Thunberg, 1781 * *Pseudaspidimerus trinouuus* Pope, 1987 * *Platynaspis circtunflexa* Motschulsky, 1858 * *Aspidimerus circumflexa* Korschefsky, 1931 * *Aspidimerus circumflexa var. testaceus* Weise, 1901 * *Pseudaspidimerus circumflexa* Kapur, 1948 | |


title: Vienna's English Theatre

abstract: Vienna's English Theatre (VET) is the oldest foreign-language theatre in Vienna, Austria. Founded in 1963, the theatre occasionally offers works in French or Italian.

text:
# Vienna's English Theatre

**Vienna's English Theatre** (VET) is the oldest foreign-language theatre in Vienna, Austria. Founded in 1963, the theatre occasionally offers works in French or Italian.

## History

It was founded in 1963 by the Austrian director Franz Schafranek and his American wife, Ruth Brinkmann, an actress and graduate of the Yale University School of Drama. Originally intended as a summer theatre for English-speaking tourists, it won immediate acceptance by the Viennese public and extended its initial season to offer a year-round programme. After opening in a 99-seat playhouse in the Erzherzog Karl Palace in central Vienna, the theatre moved several times over the next ten years to accommodate its growing audience. During this time, most of the productions were directed by Franz Schafranek while Ruth Brinkmann demonstrated her acting talent and versatility in numerous roles. By 1974 the theatre had gained the support of the City of Vienna in finding its permanent home in the Josefsgasse.

## National and international recognition

In 1976 they presented the world premiere of Tennessee Williams’ *The Red Devil Battery Sign* under the playwright's direction, with Ruth Brinkmann in the leading female role. A highlight was the 1991 world premiere of Edward Albee's Pulitzer Prize–winning *Three Tall Women*, directed by the author, which he dedicated to the memory of Franz Schafranek after his sudden death earlier that year.

## International stars

Through its international recognition, the theatre has attracted stage and screen personalities to the Josefsgasse, among them Joan Fontaine, Anthony Quinn, Horst Buchholz, Linda Gray, Larry Hagman, Princess Grace of Monaco, Dame Anna Neagle, Siobhan McKenna and Judi Dench as well as Jean-Louis Barrault, Jeanne Moreau and Jean-Paul Belmondo who appeared for the Théâtre Français de Vienne. French productions were added by Dr. Schafranek beginning in 1978, and the Teatro Italiano di Vienna was established in 1985 offering original works in Italian with stars such as Vittorio Gassmann and Andrea Jonasson. With its 5000 subscribers, Vienna's English Theatre has become an integral part of Vienna's theatrical life, offering year-round productions of English and American classics, thrillers, comedies and farces as well as contemporary works.

When Ruth Brinkmann died, Julia Schafranek assumed the mantle and responsibilities of Artistic Executive Director of Vienna's English Theatre in 1997. Highlights of these recent years were Leslie Nielsen's guest appearance as Clarence Darrow, the European premiere of the 2000 Pulitzer Prize–winning play *Proof* by David Auburn, the South-African Musical Kat and the Kings, winner of the Olivier Award for Best New Musical 1999, Marie Jones’ Stones in His Pockets, Olivier Award 2001 for Best New Comedy, the return of the French actress Annie Girardot as Madame Marguerite, which won her the Molière for Best Actress, the European premiere of the latest play by the American dramatist Edward Albee The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia, as well as the Pulitzer Prize winners Doubt by John Patrick Shanley and God of Carnage by Yasmina Reza. Since 1992 The Second City Comedy Club, Chicago has returned annually for a guest appearance, introducing their tradition of American comedy and improvised theatre to Viennese audiences. In 2004 Vienna's English Theatre was awarded the Nestroy Theatre Prize (Special Prize) for forty years of achievement. Additionally, Vienna's English Theatre offers a programme of School Tours which travel all over Austria providing performances for nearly 250.000 students between the ages of 10 and 18.

48°12′30″N 16°21′11″E / 48.20833°N 16.35306°E / 48.20833; 16.35306


title: George Clayton Foulk

abstract: George Clayton Foulk was a United States Navy officer and U.S. Naval Attache to the Kingdom of Korea in 1876. He also served as chargé d'affaires to the Kingdom of Korea in the absence of the American minister or consul.

text:
# George Clayton Foulk

**George Clayton Foulk** (October 30, 1856 – 1893) was a United States Navy officer and U.S. Naval Attache to the Kingdom of Korea in 1876. He also served as chargé d'affaires to the Kingdom of Korea in the absence of the American minister or consul.

## Early life

George Clayton Foulk was born in Marietta, Pennsylvania, son of Clayton and Caroline Foulk.

## U.S. naval career

George Foulk graduated, from the United States Naval Academy. Foulk in went to Asia in 1876 on the ship *Alert*. He made a 427-mile journey through Japan, then returned to the United States over land, via Korea, Siberia, and Europe. Foulk became fluent in Japanese and Korean; when a Korean mission arrived, in 1883, he was the only person in Washington who could interpret between the two countries. He was appointed U.S. Naval Attache to Korea and, after arriving there, embarked on two long journeys by sedan chair around the country. On the longer journey, which lasted 43 days, his visit included Gongju, Gwangju, Haeinsa, Busan, Daegu, and Mungyeong. A coup occurred in Seoul during the latter part of this journey and the Koreans' hospitality turned to hostility from those who took him to be a Japanese spy.

## U.S. envoy to the Kingdom of Korea

Foulk served as the acting chargé d'affaires to the Kingdom of Korea, from 1885–1886 and again, from 1886–1887. Soon after his relief by William Harwar Parker, Foulk was sent back to Korea after a report reached Washington, D.C. that Parker was a "chronic drunkard" who suffered from alcoholism. The United States government considered the situation so serious that a squadron of naval vessels was diverted to intercept Foulk's passenger liner and return him to Korea as soon as possible.

George Foulk was finally recalled several months later and relieved by Hugh A. Dinsmore with the U.S. acting at the behest of the Chinese government. The Chinese were unhappy with Foulk's attempts to build up Korea's ability to counteract Chinese and Japanese influence.

## Last years

After his recall, George Foulk became a teacher, at Doshisha College (now Doshisha University), in Kyoto, Japan. On September 7, 1887, he married a Japanese national, Murase Kane, with whom he had corresponded while in Korea.

## Death

George Foulk died in 1893. He and his wife were buried together in the Nyakuoji Cemetery, Kyoto.

## InfoBox

| George Clayton Foulk | |
| --- | --- |
| George Clayton Foulk | |
|  | |
| United States Consul General to Korea
Acting | |
| **In office**
September 3, 1886  April 13, 1887 | |
| Preceded by | William Harwar Parker |
| Succeeded by | Hugh A. Dinsmore |
| **In office**
February 19, 1885  June 12, 1886 | |
| Preceded by | Lucius Foote |
| Succeeded by | William Harwar Parker |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | October 30, 1856
Marietta, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | 1893
Kyoto, Japan |
| Cause of death | congestive heart failure |
| Resting place | Nyakuoji Cemetery, Kyoto, Japan |
| Spouse | Murase Kane |
| Relations | Clayton Foulk (father) and Caroline Foulk (mother) |
| Alma mater | United States Naval Academy |
| Profession | U.S. Navy officer, diplomat, teacher |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1876–1886 |
| Rank | Ensign |
| Unit | U.S. Naval Attache |
|  | |


title: Nordic Centre in Shanghai

abstract: The Nordic Centre in Shanghai at Fudan University (复旦大学北欧中心) was officially opened on November 8, 1995 by the Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland and Professor Yang Fujia, President of Fudan University. The Nordic Centre was then a joint project between Fudan University and 14 Nordic universities. Today the Centre has 26 member universities representing the five Nordic countries and one associate member. The Nordic Centre is the only joint Nordic academic institution set up in China.

text:
# Nordic Centre in Shanghai

The **Nordic Centre in Shanghai** at Fudan University (复旦大学北欧中心) was officially opened on November 8, 1995 by the Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland and Professor Yang Fujia, President of Fudan University. The Nordic Centre was then a joint project between Fudan University and 14 Nordic universities. Today the Centre has 26 member universities representing the five Nordic countries and one associate member.

The Nordic Centre is the only joint Nordic academic institution set up in China.

## Member Universities

### China

### Denmark

### Finland

### Iceland

### Norway

### Sweden

### Associate Member

31°17′48″N 121°30′04″E / 31.2966°N 121.5010°E / 31.2966; 121.5010

## InfoBox

Nordic Centre in Shanghai
| 复旦大学北欧中心 | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1995 |
| Location | Shanghai, China |
| Website | nordiccentre.org |


title: Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau

abstract: Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau was a French Royal Army officer and nobleman who served during the War of the Austrian Succession and the French and Indian War.

text:
# Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau

**Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau** (1701 – 8 September 1767) was a French Royal Army officer and nobleman who served during the War of the Austrian Succession and the French and Indian War.

## Biography

He was the aide-de-camp of Marshal Maurice de Saxe and visited St. Petersburg in that officer's interest in 1741. He also served in the Netherlands and in 1748 became major general of infantry and commander of Brest. He was sent to Canada on 20 February 1755 as the head of French troops to conduct the campaign against the British.

His forces comprised 600 Canadians, the same number of Indians, and 200 regular French troops. He ascended Lake Champlain to its head, designing to attack Fort Edward, but the guides took the road to Lake George by mistake . On 8 September, he was informed by scouts that a detachment of 1,000 men under Colonel Ephraim Williams of Massachusetts, had been sent against him, and disposing his men in ambush in the form of a horseshoe, he surprised the enemy and put it to flight.

After pursuing their opponents to the British camp, the Indians halted; the Canadians became alarmed; and Dieskau, with his 200 regulars, was forced to sustain the fight. For five hours, the New England militia "kept up the most violent fire that had yet been known in America." Almost all the French regulars perished  , and Dieskau himself was wounded three times but refused to retire and seated himself on a stump exposed to the bullets. Finally, seeing a soldier approaching as if to capture him, Dieskau put his hand into his pocket for his watch, which he intended to give to his captor, but the man, supposing that he was drawing a pistol, shot him and inflicted a wound that ultimately caused Dieskau's death over a decade later.

The event became known as the Battle of Lake George. Dieskau was kept a prisoner until 1763, when he was exchanged and returned to France, where he was given a pension. Command in Canada passed to Louis-Joseph de Montcalm.

* Turnbull, J.R. (1974). "Dieskau, Jean Armand, Baron de Dieskau". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). *Dictionary of Canadian Biography*. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
* Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Dieskau, Jean Erdman". *Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography*. New York: D. Appleton.

## InfoBox

| Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau | |
| --- | --- |
| Benjamin West's depiction of William Johnson sparing Dieskau's life after the Battle of Lake George | |
| Born | 1701
Dresden, Saxony |
| Died | 8 September 1767 (aged 6566)
Paris or Suresnes |
| Allegiance | France |
| Service/branch | France Army |
| Years of service | 1733–1755 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Battles/wars | War of the Austrian Succession
Seven Years' War |
| Awards | Order of Saint Louis |


title: Nick Mancuso

abstract: Nicodemo Antonio Massimo Mancuso is an Italian-Canadian actor, artist, playwright, and director. Beginning his career as a stage actor, he had his breakthrough role in the 1981 drama Ticket to Heaven, for which he won the Genie Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor. He has over 155 film and television credits, including voicing Billy in the slasher film Black Christmas (1974), starring as Ray on the NBC series Stingray (1985–1987), and playing antichrist Franco Macalousso in the Apocalypse film series (1998–2001).

text:
# Nick Mancuso

**Nicodemo Antonio Massimo Mancuso** (born May 29, 1948) is an Italian-Canadian actor, artist, playwright, and director. Beginning his career as a stage actor, he had his breakthrough role in the 1981 drama *Ticket to Heaven*, for which he won the Genie Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor. He has over 155 film and television credits, including voicing Billy in the slasher film *Black Christmas* (1974), starring as Ray on the NBC series *Stingray* (1985–1987), and playing antichrist Franco Macalousso in the *Apocalypse* film series (1998–2001).

## Early life and education

Mancuso was born May 29, 1948, in Mammola, Calabria, Italy. His family emigrated to Canada in 1956 via Naples, when he was eight years old. He grew up in Ontario and began acting in high school. On graduation, he studied psychology at the University of Toronto, but left to pursue acting full time.

## Career

Mancuso began his professional career by performing in theatres across Canada such as the Vancouver Playhouse, Neptune Theatre, Centaur Theatre and Halifax's Pier One experimental theatre, where he was also an associate artistic director for one season. He went on to perform in various independent theatre companies including the Toronto Free Theatre, Canadian Stage Company, Factory Theatre, and the Theatre Passe Muraille. He had his first voice screen role debut with an uncredited role in the 1974 slasher film *Black Christmas,* as the voice of the stalking murderer Billy. He spent a season in 1976 at the Stratford Festival, with leading roles in *The Merchant of Venice*, *Antony and Cleopatra*, and *A Midsummer Night's Dream*, and landed his first screen appearance in a supporting role in Allan Eastman's debut film, *A Sweeter Song*.

In 1979, his American stage debut working directly with Tennessee Williams, starring in *Tiger Tail* and *The Night of the Iguana* in Atlanta. During this time, he came to the attention of producers at Columbia Pictures. Martin Ransohoff and Arthur Hiller were instrumental in getting Mancuso for the lead in the horror-thriller *Nightwing*, directed by Hiller and co-starring David Warner. Ransohoff and Hiller hoped *Nightwing* would be a hit and be a breakthrough role for Mancuso, but it failed at the box office.

In the early 1980s, Mancuso had his breakthrough role in *Ticket to Heaven* in which he played the part of a David Kappel, a non-observant Jewish teacher in Toronto. His girlfriend leaves him and he visits San Francisco to find his footing and see an old friend. He is lured into spending a weekend at a camp that is actually the recruiting and indoctrination center for a religious cult. The film was voted one of the top 10 films of 1981 by the National Board of Review, and earned Mancuso the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role. The success of the film and Mancuso's performance put him in the running to play Indiana Jones in *Raiders of the Lost Ark*.

Mancuso played the titular role on the NBC series *Stingray,* which ran two seasons between 1985 and 1987. He played the antichrist Franco Macalousso in *Apocalypse*, a series of direct-to-video films produced by Cloud Ten Pictures. Among the other roles Mancuso has taken on there was the role of Holden Downes in *Captured*. In this sometime violent film, he plays a real estate tycoon on the edge. He comes across some thieves who are out to rob him and takes his anger out on them. Instead, he turns the tables on them and making them the victims. He has also appeared in numerous independent and short films.

## Personal life

In 1981, Mancuso married Lady Patricia Pelham-Clinton-Hope (born 1949), a daughter of Henry Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 9th Duke of Newcastle; they divorced in 1983. He later married his second wife, Canadian actress Barbara Williams before divorcing. In 1998, he married his third wife Toronto-born actress Nadia Capone. The two have one child together.

As of July 2019, Mancuso resides in Toronto, and was running a six-week acting workshop there. He has also published a book of poetry titled *Mediterranean Man* and created a number of abstract paintings. He is fluent in English and Italian, and speaks conversational French.

He underwent quadruple bypass surgery in 2011. A longtime vegetarian and proponent of homeopathy, Mancuso joined a class-action lawsuit against the government of Canada in 2012 over its ban of previously available herbs and vitamins that were offered by naturopaths and health food suppliers.

## Filmography

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Nick Mancuso | |
| --- | --- |
| Mancuso in 2018 in Paris | |
| Born | Nicodemo Antonio Massimo Mancuso
(1948-05-29) May 29, 1948
Mammola, Calabria, Italy |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, director, artist, playwright, poet |
| Spouse(s) | Lady Patricia Pelham-Clinton-Hope  (m. 1981; div. 1983)
Barbara Williams
(m. 1987; div. 1993)
Nadia Capone
(m. 1998) |
| Children | 1 |


title: North Carolina Highway 153

abstract: North Carolina Highway 153 (NC 153) is a 2.9-mile-long (4.7 km) primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The highway serves as a spur of NC 152 into Landis.

text:
# North Carolina Highway 153

**North Carolina Highway 153** (**NC 153**) is a 2.9-mile-long (4.7 km) primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The highway serves as a spur of NC 152 into Landis.

## Route description

NC 153 is a short two-lane highway that traverses 2.9 miles (4.7 km), from NC 152 to Landis.

## History

Established in 1930 as a new primary routing, from NC 152 to NC 15 (which later became US 170, followed by US 29 and US 29A before finally becoming a secondary road); little has changed since.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Rowan County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.0 | 0.0 | NC 152 Mooresville, China Grove |  |
| Landis | 2.9 | 4.7 | Main Street |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/North Carolina Highway 153KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| North Carolina Highway 153 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NCDOT | |
| Length | 2.9 mi (4.7 km) |
| Existed | 1930–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | NC 152 near Landis |
| East end | Main Street in Landis |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| Counties | Rowan |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| NC 152   NC 157 | |


title: Robert Livingston Schuyler

abstract: Dr. Robert Livingston Schuyler was a prominent scholar of early American history and British history of the same time period. He was an educator and an editor. He spent most of his academic career at Columbia University.

text:
# Robert Livingston Schuyler

**Dr. Robert Livingston Schuyler** (February 26, 1883 – August 15, 1966) was a prominent scholar of early American history and British history of the same time period. He was an educator and an editor. He spent most of his academic career at Columbia University.

## Early life

He was born in New York City. His father Montgomery Schuyler (1842–1914) was a journalist and architectural writer, and mother Katherine Beeckman Livingston (1842–1914), a direct descendant of Robert Livingston the Elder, the first Lord of Livingston Manor, was a gifted amateur artist and singer. His elder brother was Montgomery Schuyler, Jr. (1877–1955), who served as United States Minister to Ecuador and El Salvador

He began his undergraduate studies in 1899 at Columbia University where he studied under some of the principle founders and shapers of the historical profession in the United States John W. Burgess, William Archibald Dunning, Herbert L. Osgood, and James Harvey Robinson. From them he derived a lifelong interest in constitutional history and an impressive capacity for exploiting documentary materials.

## Career

He worked as a reporter for *The New York Times* as he worked on his M.A. from Columbia. He later contributed many book reviews for the newspaper. Upon obtaining his master's degree, he became an instructor in history at Yale University. There he worked with George Burton Adams, whose celebrated textbook on English constitutional history Schuyler revised in 1934. He married Sara Keller Brooks on Oct. 19, 1907. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1909 and became a lecturer there the next year. He was promoted to assistant professor in 1911, to associate professor in 1919, and to full professor in 1924. He was given the title of Gouverneur Morris Professor in 1942.

In his book, *Parliament and the British Empire* (1929), Schuyler discredited the old contention – which had been recently revived by C.H. McIlwain of Harvard University – that the acts against which American colonists had protested in the middle of the eighteenth century were without legal authority. Schuyler was one of a group of American historians who rejected the nationalistic bias endemic to much American-history writing. He attempted to explain how the old British Empire had really worked.

Schuyler had a continuing interest in his great English predecessors Thomas Babington Macaulay, J.R. Green, and above all, Frederic William Maitland, to whom he devoted his presidential address to the American Historical Association in 1951 entitled, \[The Historical Spirit Incarnate: Frederic William Maitland\]. Between 1936 and 1941, he was the managing editor of the American Historical Review. He was also a fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a member of the American Philosophical Society.

To say that he inspired the historical profession would be an understatement. Most of his colleagues in the history department were among his students. He drew up the syllabus for the Columbia College course in American history (1913) and, with Carlton J. H. Hayes, the syllabus in modern European history (1912). The latter is notable for its attention to economic and cultural history. In his later years at Columbia, he was in charge of the historiography course required of graduate students, and anyone who heard his opening lectures was permanently inoculated against the dangers of present-mindedness.

Schuyler retired from teaching in 1951 after 45 years.

## Personal life

In 1907, he married Sara Van Dyke (née Keller) Brooks, the sister-in-law of Luther Douglas Garrett, and the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Keller of Kansas City. The wedding reception was held at the Hotel Gramatan in Bronxville, New York, and invitations were sent to President Theodore Roosevelt and Mrs. Edith Roosevelt, former president Grover Cleveland and his wife, Frances Folsom Cleveland, Secretary and Mrs. Elihu Root, Senator and Mrs. Chauncey Depew, and many others.

Schuyler died in Rochester, New York, on August 15, 1966.

## Books by Schuyler

* 1909: *The Transition in Illinois from British to American government*
* 1923: *The Constitution of the United States*
* 1931: *Josiah Tucker: A Selection from his Economic and Political Writings*
* 1934: *Constitutional History of England*
* 1945: *The Fall of the Old Colonial System: A Study in British Free Trade, 1770–1870*
* 1952: *The Making of English History*
* 1957: *British Constitutional History since 1832*

## InfoBox

| Robert Livingston Schuyler | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1883-02-26)February 26, 1883
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | August 15, 1966(1966-08-15) (aged 83)
Rochester, New York, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Columbia University (B.A., M.A., Ph.D.) |
| Occupation(s) | Author, academic |
| Employers |  |
| Spouse | Sara Keller Brooks (after 1907) |
| Parents |  |
| Relatives | Montgomery Schuyler Jr. (brother) |


title: Traditional districts of Denmark

abstract:
The traditional districts of Denmark differ from the country's administrative divisions nowadays, as their existence and extent are usually not defined by law. The Danes will often refer to their traditional districts if asked where they come from, rather than the administrative unit which has been changed several times. Some of these districts are nationally known, others more locally. Some of them may vary in their delimitations, while others are based on ancient hundreds and syssels with fixed borders. Dialect, folklore and local identity will or would often vary from one traditional district to another. The lands of Denmark were the three major parts of the country until the 17th century.
  - Scanian Provinces
    - Scania
    - Halland
    - Blekinge
    - Bornholm
  - Øerne
    - Zealand
      - Hornsherred
      - Odsherred
      - North Zealand
      - Stevns
    - Møn
    - Lolland-Falster or Smålandene
      - Lolland
      - Falster
    - Funen
    - South Funen Archipelago
      - Langeland
      - Tåsinge
      - Ærø
  - Jutland
    - South Jutland
      - Vestslesvig
      - Als
      - Sundeved
      - Tørninglen
      - Angel
      - Svans
      - North Frisia
    - East Jutland
      - Kronjylland
      - Djursland
      - Bjerreherred
    - West Jutland
      - Hardsyssel
      - Fjends
    - Northwest Jutland
      - Thy
      - Mors
      - Salling
    - North Jutland
      - Himmerland
      - Hanherred
      - Vendsyssel

text:
# Traditional districts of Denmark

The **traditional districts of Denmark** differ from the country's administrative divisions nowadays, as their existence and extent are usually not defined by law. The Danes will often refer to their traditional districts if asked where they come from, rather than the administrative unit which has been changed several times (last in 2007).

Some of these districts are nationally known, others more locally. Some of them may vary in their delimitations, while others are based on ancient hundreds and syssels with fixed borders. Dialect, folklore and local identity will or would often vary from one traditional district to another.

The lands of Denmark were the three major parts of the country until the 17th century.


title: Processa edulis

abstract: Processa edulis is a species of caridean shrimp found in shallow water in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It mostly inhabits seagrass beds and eelgrass flats, hiding by day and feeding at night. A common name for it is nika shrimp.

text:
# Processa edulis

***Processa edulis*** is a species of caridean shrimp found in shallow water in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It mostly inhabits seagrass beds and eelgrass flats, hiding by day and feeding at night. A common name for it is **nika shrimp**.

## Description

*Processa edulis* is a moderate-sized shrimp, males being 12 to 34 mm (0.47 to 1.34 in) in length and females 25 to 52 mm (0.98 to 2.05 in). The rostrum is short, not extending beyond the eyes, and is tipped with a tooth and a point. The first two pairs of legs are asymmetrical; leg 1 has a claw on the left side and a clamp on the right; leg 2 has a clamp on both sides, but the left leg is longer than the right. During the day this shrimp is white but at night it becomes pink or red, with a scattering of tiny white spots, which are the chromatophores. The main pigments that result in this red colouring are astaxanthin and derived esters.

## Distribution and habitat

*Processa edulis* occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean between 55° and 33° North, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. It is a shallow water species, being found on soft bottoms in seagrass beds and among eelgrass. It is common in *Posidonia* beds in the English Channel, and is sometimes found among seaweeds growing on the sandy seabed. It hides among the foliage or buries itself in the sand by day, emerging at night to feed.

## Ecology

*Processa edulis* feeds on small invertebrates such as nematodes, polychaete worms, amphipods, isopods, ostracods, decapod larvae, foraminifera, molluscs and fish eggs, and occasionally diatoms and fragments of seagrass and seaweed. An analysis of the stomach content of specimen procured from the sea near the Ebro Delta showed a negligible amount of plant matter, leading to the hypothesis that *Processa edulis* is exclusively carnivorous, and the plants were only ingested by accident. It tears up its prey with its asymmetric front legs. Although this shrimp is edible, it has been little studied, perhaps because it is only caught when trawling takes place at night.

This shrimp is believed to be a protandric hermaphrodite, starting life as a male and becoming female as it grows larger. This view is born out by the presence of large numbers of moderate-sized females that make their appearance in mid-July, much the same time as there is a sharp decline in the number of males. At any time of year, small females are very rare, and the few there are may in fact be undifferentiated juveniles, and large males are non-existent. Breeding takes place between March and September, during which time several batches of eggs are laid. The female attaches the eggs to her abdominal legs; they are green at first, becoming grey before hatching after three to four weeks. The development of the planktonic larvae takes a further three to four weeks before they settle on the seabed to undergo metamorphosis into juvenile shrimps.

## Laboratory studies on circadian rhythm

Its activity cycle has also been studied under laboratory conditions. While kept in constant darkness, *Processa edulis* maintained its circadian rhythm and emerged at the time of "expected night", with over half of the captured individuals remaining buried in the sand substrate during "expected day". When exposed to artificial light stimuli, the specimens exhibited a strong reaction that was synchronized in all individuals, which emerged from the sand after 1520 min after the light was turned off.

## InfoBox

| *Processa edulis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Caridea |
| Family: | Processidae |
| Genus: | *Processa* |
| Species: | ***P. edulis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Processa edulis***<br>(Risso, 1816) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cancer pellucidus* Nardo, 1847 * *Nika edulis* Risso, 1816 * *Nikoides pontica* Sowinsky, 1882 * *Processa pontica* (Sowinsky, 1882) | |


title: Ville-devant-Chaumont

abstract: Ville-devant-Chaumont is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

text:
# Ville-devant-Chaumont

**Ville-devant-Chaumont** (French pronunciation: \[vil dəvɑ̃ ʃomɔ̃\], lit.'Ville before Chaumont') is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Ville-devant-Chaumont | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Ville-devant-Chaumont | |
| Location of Ville-devant-Chaumont | |
| Ville-devant-ChaumontVille-devant-Chaumont | |
| Coordinates: 49°17′41″N 5°25′41″E / 49.2947°N 5.4281°E / 49.2947; 5.4281 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meuse |
| Arrondissement | Verdun |
| Canton | Montmédy |
| Intercommunality | CC Damvillers Spincourt |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Hervé Dautel |
| Area**1** | 4.21 km2 (1.63 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 49 |
| Density | 12/km2 (30/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 55556 /55150 |
| Elevation | 229–323 m (751–1,060 ft)
(avg. 230 m or 750 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: George Cleeve

abstract: George Cleeve was an English early settler and founder of today's Portland, Maine. He was Deputy President of the Province of Lygonia from 1643 until the final submission of its Maine towns to Massachusetts authority in 1658.

text:
# George Cleeve

**George Cleeve** (c.1586–after November 1666) was an English early settler and founder of today's Portland, Maine. He was Deputy President of the Province of Lygonia from 1643 until the final submission of its Maine towns to Massachusetts authority in 1658.

## Life and career

Born about 1586 in Stogursey, Somersetshire, England, Cleeve emigrated to what is now New England in 1630, settling first in Spurwink, Maine (near today's Cape Elizabeth), and at Falmouth (today's Portland) in 1633. In 1637, Sir Ferdinando Gorges granted Cleeve and associate Richard Tucker 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) at Machegonne (Portland Neck) that included the area of today's downtown Portland.

His career was both contentious and litigious, engaged in frequent land disputes and vying with Gorges' Province of Maine for jurisdiction over the area north of Cape Porpoise. He is known to have convened provincial courts at Casco in 1644 and Black Point in 1648.

Under Massachusetts governance of the area, he was Commissioner for Falmouth (from 1658) and Representative to the General Court, 1663–1664.

Cleeve married Joan Price on 7 September 1618. Their daughter, Elizabeth (born 1619), married in 1637 Michael Mitton.

## Death

Cleeve died sometime after November 1666, according to the last known record of his life. He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Portland.

* Noyes, Libby, Davis, *Genealogical Dictionary of Maine and New Hampshire* (Genealogical Publishing Company reprint, 1996)
* James Phinney Baxter, *George Cleeve of Casco Bay* (Gorges Society, 1885)
* W. Williamson, "History of Maine", Volume I
* Robert C. Anderson, *The Great Migration Begins*, bio. entry.


title: HMS Pompee (1793)

abstract: HMS Pompee was a 74-gun ship of the line of the British Royal Navy. Built as Pompée, a Téméraire-class ship of the French Navy, she was handed over to the British at Spithead by French royalists who had fled France after the Siege of Toulon by the French Republic, only a few months after being completed. After reaching Great Britain, Pompée was registered and recommissioned as HMS Pompee and spent the entirety of her active career with the Royal Navy until she was broken up in 1817.

text:
# HMS Pompee (1793)

**HMS *Pompee*** was a 74-gun ship of the line of the British Royal Navy. Built as ***Pompée***, a *Téméraire*-class ship of the French Navy, she was handed over to the British at Spithead by French royalists who had fled France after the Siege of Toulon (September–December 1793) by the French Republic, only a few months after being completed. After reaching Great Britain, *Pompée* was registered and recommissioned as HMS *Pompee* and spent the entirety of her active career with the Royal Navy until she was broken up in 1817.

## Service

During the Siege of Toulon, Captain Poulain, her commanding officer, joined the British. *Pompée* fled Toulon when the city fell to the French Republicans and sailed to Britain under the temporary command of Lieutenant John Davie. She arrived at Portsmouth on 3 May 1794, and was registered on the navy list under an Admiralty order dated 29 October 1794.

*Pompée* was recommissioned as HMS *Pompee* under her first commanding officer, Captain Charles Edmund Nugent, in May 1795 and entered service with the Channel Fleet after a period of refitting. The ship retained its original French spelling of the Pompey name and not the anglicised form. From August 1795 she was under Captain James Vashon, and she was later one of the ships involved in the Spithead mutiny in 1797.

*Leviathan*, *Pompee*, *Anson*, *Melpomene*, and *Childers* shared in the proceeds of the capture on 10 September of *Tordenshiold*.

Under Captain Charles Stirling, she fought at the Battle of Algeciras Bay in 1801. In 1807 the ship, under the command of Captain Richard Dacres served in the Mediterranean squadron under Rear-Admiral Sir Sydney Smith, as part of the Vice-Admiral Duckworth's Dardanelles Operation and later the Alexandria expedition of 1807.

*Pompee* was on her way to Barbados on 20 October 1808 when she encountered *Pylade*. After a chase of 18 hours, *Pompee* was able to catch *Pylade*, which struck. *Pylade* was under the command of *lieutenant de Vaisseau* Cocherel. She was eight days out of Martinique but had not made any captures. Captain George Cockburn of *Pompee* described *Pylade* as "only Three Years old, in perfect good State, and in every Respect fit for His Majesty's Service." Her officers had also told him that she was "the fastest sailing Vessel the French had in these Seas." The Navy took *Pylade* into service as HMS *Vimiera*.

*Pompee* shared with *Captain*, *Amaranthe*, and *Morne Fortunee* in the prize money pool of 772 3 3 for the capture of *Frederick* on 30 December 1808. This money was paid in June 1829.

*Pompee* participated in the capture of Martinique in January 1809. Later, she and *D'Hautpoul* took part in an action on 17 April 1809.

In April 1809, a strong French squadron arrived at the Îles des Saintes, south of Guadeloupe. There they were blockaded until 14 April, when a British force under Major-General Frederick Maitland and Captain Philip Beaver in *Acasta*, invaded and captured the islands. *Pompee* was among the naval vessels that shared in the proceeds of the capture of the islands.

## Fate

*Pompee* was fitted out for service as a prison hulk between September 1810 and January 1811. She was finally broken up at Woolwich in January 1817.

The acquisition of *Pompée* allowed the British to design a copy of the *Téméraire* class, the *Pompée* class.

## Pompey nickname

The Portsmouth nickname *Pompey* may have originated from HMS *Pompee*, which served as guard ship and prison hulk within Portsmouth Harbour. The northern England slang for prison is *Pompey*, possibly derived from criminals who may have served time aboard the prison ship *Pompee*. The ship's career as Portsmouth guard ship and prison hulk may have led to the ship becoming nationally associated with Portsmouth itself, although the ship's original French name becoming anglicised from *Pompée* to *Pompey*.

## Citations

1. "Pompey\_Why\_Is\_It\_So\_Called".
2. Winfield (2008), p. 62.
3. "No. 15704". *The London Gazette*. 22 May 1804. p. 652.
4. pp.15-20, Howard
5. "No. 16215". *The London Gazette*. 3 January 1809. p. 16.
6. "No. 18571". *The London Gazette*. 28 April 1829. p. 784.
7. "No. 16262". *The London Gazette*. 30 May 1809. pp. 779–782.
8. "No. 19255". *The London Gazette*. 3 April 1835. p. 643.
9. "Why is Portsmouth called Pompey? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk". *TheGuardian.com*.

## InfoBox

| Scale model of *Achille*, sister ship of HMS Pompee (1793), on display at the Musée national de la Marine in Paris. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| France | |
| Name | *Pompée* |
| Namesake | Pompey |
| Builder | Toulon shipyard |
| Laid down | January 1790 |
| Launched | 28 May 1791 |
| Commissioned | February 1793 |
| Captured | 29 August 1793 |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | HMS *Pompee* |
| Acquired | 29 August 1793 |
| Reclassified | Prison hulk in Portsmouth in 1816 |
| Fate | Broken up in January 1817 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Téméraire*-class ship of the line |
| Tons burthen | 1,901894 (bm) |
| Length | * 182 ft 2 in (55.52 m) (gundeck) * 148 ft 7+34 in (45.307 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 49 ft 0+12 in (14.948 m) |
| Depth of hold | 21 ft 10+12 in (6.668 m) |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| Complement | 640 |
| Armament | **French service**: **British service**:* Lower deck: 30 × 32-pounder guns * Upper deck: 30 × 18-pounder guns * QD: 12 × 32-pounder carronades * Fc: 4 × 32-pounder carronades * Roundhouse: 8 ×18-pounder carronades |


title: Huang Yihe

abstract: Huang Yihe was a Chinese television director who created the CCTV New Year's Gala in 1983. The program has become the world's most-watched TV show, with one billion viewers in 2018.

text:
# Huang Yihe

**Huang Yihe** (Chinese: 黄一鹤; April 1934 – 8 April 2019) was a Chinese television director who created the *CCTV New Year's Gala* in 1983. The program has become the world's most-watched TV show, with one billion viewers in 2018.

## Biography

Huang was born in April 1934 in Shenyang, Liaoning, China. In 1949, he enlisted in the People's Liberation Army as a military entertainer. A year later, his unit was dispatched to North Korea to perform for Chinese troops fighting in the Korean War. After his entertainment unit was disbanded, he was discharged from the military and assigned to work for China Central Television.

In the early 1980s, Huang proposed the idea of hosting a televised party to celebrate the Chinese New Year, and the first *CCTV New Year's Gala* aired in 1983. Operating on a very low budget, Huang was given a studio of 600 square metres (6,500 sq ft), which could accommodate only 60 staff members and 200 guests. With no money for recording and editing, the show was improvised and broadcast live, and the studio had four telephones accepting live requests from callers nationwide. The popular singer Li Guyi ended the night with nine performances, and the comedian Jiang Kun, who co-hosted the show, performed three pieces of *xiangsheng*. Huang and his colleagues at CCTV took considerable political risk broadcasting the live show, as pop singers such as Li Guyi were at the time under attack by hardliners as "spiritual pollution" and one of her most popular songs, *Hometown Love* (乡恋), was still officially banned. When the song received numerous phone requests, Huang sought permission from Wu Lengxi, the Minister of Radio and Television who was in the audience. Wu gave the go-ahead after much deliberation, and Li Guyi performed the song for the first time on national TV.

After the first New Year Gala proved a huge hit with viewers nationwide, Huang was tasked with directing the second edition in 1984. At the time, China and Britain were under intense negotiation over the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the status of Hong Kong. Huang came up with the idea of inviting the amateur Hong Kong singer Cheung Ming-man to perform at his show. It was then unprecedented for a Hong Kong entertainer to perform on Chinese TV and his request met significant resistance. Huang persistently lobbied government officials and eventually gained their approval. Cheung's performance of the patriotic song "My Chinese Heart" at the 1984 gala made him a household name in China.

Huang went on to direct three more editions of the New Year's Gala, in 1985, 1986, and 1990. The annual show has since become a new tradition for Chinese New Year. The program is now the most-watched TV show in the world, with a billion viewers in 2018.

Huang died on 8 April 2019 in Beijing, at the age of 85.


title: Peter Alger

abstract: Peter Alger is a New Zealand potter.

text:
# Peter Alger

**Peter Alger** (born 1952) is a New Zealand potter.

## Early life

He was born in New Brunswick, Canada, in 1952 and emigrated to New Zealand with his family in 1959.

## Career

In 1968, he became apprenticed to potter Warren Tippet in the Coromandel. He established his own pottery studio in Northland in 1970.

His identifying potter's mark, as registered with the New Zealand Society of Potters, was from 1969 to 1975 the shape of a clover, and from 1975 onwards a stylized fish image.

## Recognition

In 1992, he won the Norsewear Art Award with his stoneware work *Elemental Bowl* and was listed as a Finalist in the New Zealand Society of Potters Easter Show Award Exhibition. In 1992, he was also awarded a Certificate of Merit at the Cleveland Ceramics Awards. In 1993, the Northland Craft Trust and the QEII Arts Council granted him a one-year artist residency at The Quarry in Whangarei. In 1994, he won the Glenfalloch Award at the Cleveland Ceramics Awards.

## Collections

Alger's work is held in the collections of the Auckland War Memorial Museum and the Suter Gallery in Nelson.

## InfoBox

| Peter Alger | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Peter Alger
1952
New Brunswick, Canada |
| Known for | Potter |


title: North Carolina Highway 16

abstract: North Carolina Highway 16 (NC 16) is a 143.8-mile primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Traveling in a north–south direction, it connects the cities and towns of Charlotte, Newton, Conover, Taylorsville, Wilkesboro and Jefferson, linking the Charlotte metropolitan area with the mountainous High Country. NC 16 is part of a three-state route 16 that connects the Charlotte region with northwestern West Virginia.

text:
# North Carolina Highway 16

**North Carolina Highway 16** (**NC 16**) is a 143.8-mile (231.4 km) primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Traveling in a northsouth direction, it connects the cities and towns of Charlotte, Newton, Conover, Taylorsville, Wilkesboro and Jefferson, linking the Charlotte metropolitan area with the mountainous High Country. NC 16 is part of a three-state route 16 that connects the Charlotte region with northwestern West Virginia.

## Route description

NC 16 is part of a three-state highway 16, that totals 475 miles (764 km), from Waxhaw, North Carolina to St. Marys, West Virginia.

NC 16 begins as a two-lane road in Waxhaw, from its intersection with NC 75 (Main Street), it travels north along Broome Street to Weddington, where it widens to four-lane and becomes Providence Road. After crossing the Union-Mecklenburg county line, it enters Charlotte's city limit. Along Providence Road, NC 16 connects with I-485 (exit 57) and NC 51 (Pineville-Matthews Road). In the Cherry neighborhood, Providence Road becomes 3rd Street; at the intersection of Charlottetowne Avenue, northbound NC 16 changes over to 4th Street, while southbound remains on 3rd Street. As NC 16 enters Uptown Charlotte, it merges with I-277/US 74 (John Belk Freeway, exit 2A); southbound travelers will encounter an awkward u-turn at 3rd Street to get on over to 4th Street. Going counter-clockwise around Uptown Charlotte, John Belk Freeway becomes Brookshire Freeway (with US 74 leaving to follow Independence Boulevard out of the city); at the I-77/US 21 interchange (exit 5/exit 11), NC 16's concurrency with I-277 ends and the highway becomes Brookshire Boulevard. In the Oakview Terrace neighborhood, NC 16 connects with I-85 (exit 36). In the Paw Creek neighborhood, NC 16 connects again with I-485 (exit 16) before leaving the Charlotte city limits. Crossing Rozzelles Ferry Bridge at Mountain Island Lake/Catawba River, NC 16 enters Gaston County.

At Lucia, NC 16 Business splits from mainline NC 16, where it travels 16.2 miles (26.1 km) through Lowesville, Triangle and Denver, before merging back at Killian Crossroads. NC 16 through Gaston, Lincoln and southeast Catawba County is a four-lane expressway, with superstreet design at some at-grade intersections. Speed limit is 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) on this portion of highway. Entering into the Killian Crossroads going to Newton, NC 16 drops to 55 miles per hour (89 km/h). Also heading towards Newton, NC 16 Business splits and follows the old alignment through downtown Newton and Conover, while mainline NC 16 travels along a four-lane bypass east of both cities. After crossing I-40 (exit 132), NC 16 Business rejoins mainline NC 16, continuing north as a two-lane rural highway. At Lookout Shoals Lake/Catawba River, NC 16 enters Alexander County.

Traveling through Millersville and Isenhour Park, NC 16 connects with US 64 and NC 90 in Taylorsville. Continuing north, the highway meanders through the Brushy Mountains, entering Wilkes County at Kilby Gap (1,657 feet (505 m)). At Moravian Falls, NC 18 merges with NC 16 as the highway straightens out towards Wilkesboro. At US 421 (exit 286A), switches concurrency as NC 18 continues into downtown Wilkesboro. After 4 miles (6.4 km), NC 16 splits with US 421, which continues towards Boone. In a northwesterly direction, NC 16 travels through Millers Creek and Wilbar before ascending along Piney Ridge and entering Ashe County at Horse Gap (3,110 feet (950 m), highest point along route).

Immediately entering Ashe County is the Blue Ridge Parkway followed by NC 163 towards West Jefferson. Continuing north, through Glendale Springs, NC 16 joins NC 88 in Index, then goes northeasterly to Jefferson, where it switches concurrency with US 221. After 1.32 miles (2.12 km), NC 16 splits from US 221, which continues on towards Sparta. Continuing 12 miles (19 km) north, it reaches the Virginia state line near Grassy Creek, where it continues on as SR 16, towards Mouth of Wilson.

## History

NC 16 was established in 1921 as an original state highway, traveling from SC 16, at the South Carolina state line, north through Gastonia, Dallas and Lincolnton, to NC 10, in Conover.

In 1926, NC 16 was rerouted along Aspen Street in Lincolnton towards High Shoals, removing it from a short concurrency with NC 27 to Boger City. In 1929, NC 16 was extended north through Taylorsville and Wilkesboro, replacing NC 67; then northwest through Jefferson and then west to the Tennessee state lane, replacing NC 68. In 1930, US 321 was assigned onto NC 16 between the South Carolina state line to Conover.

In 1934, NC 16 was truncated at US 64/US 70/US 321, in Conover; its former routing south replaced by US 321. In 1937, NC 16 was rerouted to its current alignment between Millers Creek and Glendale Springs, leaving behind secondary roads Old North Carolina Highway 16 (SR 1562 and SR 1559 in Wilkes County, SR 1648 in Ashe County) and Trading Post Road (SR 1632). Around 1940, NC 16 was extended south of Conover, via US 321 to Newton, then southeast through Denver and Charlotte, to its current southern terminus at NC 75, in Waxhaw; the new routing replaced part of NC 73 and all of NC 271 and NC 262. In 1940, NC 16 was rerouted to its current northern terminus at the Virginia state line, in Grassy Creek, with continuation as SR 92 to Mouth of Wilson. Its old alignment, through Jefferson, to the Tennessee state line was replaced by NC 88; while NC 16 replaced all of NC 681.

In 1954, NC 16 was rerouted in Wilkesboro, going west on NC 268 and then on new primary road bypassing west of North Wilkesboro. Its old alignment to North Wilkesboro continued on as NC 18; while Boone Trail (SR 1500), to Cricket, was downgraded. In 1958, NC 16 was placed on new primary road west from its former alignment, Old North Carolina Highway 16 (SR 1573), bypassing Crumpler and Grassy Creek. In 1962, NC 16 was rerouted, in Charlotte, along Hawthorne Lane from Casewell Street. In 1969, NC 16 was rerouted onto the new bypass route east of Moravian Falls; then added onto new US 421 bypass, in Wilkesboro, going west four miles (6.4 km) then onto new primary routing north to Millers Creek. The old alignment through Cricket were downgraded to secondary roads: Curtis Bridge Road (SR 1185) and Boone Trail (SR 1372). In 1970, NC 16 was converted to one-way streets in Newton, with northbound on College Avenue and southbound on Main Street.

In 1974, NC 16 was rerouted, from Trade Street, onto North Graham Street then northwest onto the Northwest Freeway (future Brookshire Freeway); its old alignment along West Trade Street and Rozzelles Ferry Road were downgraded to secondary roads. In 1977, NC 16 was converted to one-way streets, with northbound along third street and Independence Boulevard, and southbound along Elizabeth Avenue and Hawthorne Lane. Final configuration of NC 16 in Uptown Charlotte came in 1982, with its removal along Hawthorne Lane, Elizabeth Avenue and Trade Street, rerouted along 3rd/4th streets onto the John Belk Freeway then north on the Brookshire Freeway. In 1989, NC 16 was rerouted onto new Brookshire Boulevard in northwest Mecklenburg County; its former alignment along BellHaven Boulevard and Rozzelles Ferry Road were downgraded to secondary roads.

In 1990, NC 16 was placed on new four-lane expressway between Mountain Island Lake and Lucia; part of its old alignment was downgraded to secondary road, while NC 273 was extended along most of it. In 2007, NC 16 was extended on new four-lane freeway between Lucia and NC 73; its old alignment through Lowesville become NC 16 Business. In 2008, NC 16 was placed on new four-lane boulevard bypass east of Newton; its old alignment becomes the second NC 16 Business loop.

In 2012, NC 16 was placed on new 10.5-mile (16.9 km) four-lane expressway, from NC 73 to Killian Crossroads; its old alignment through Denver becomes an extension of NC 16 Business from Lowesville.

### North Carolina Highway 262

| North Carolina Highway 262 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | WaxhawCharlotte |
| Length | 22.4 mi (36.0 km) |
| Existed | 1930–1940 |

North Carolina Highway 262 (**NC 262**) appeared in 1930 as new primary routing from NC 25, in Waxhaw, to US 74/NC 20 (7th Street), in Charlotte. In 1940, it was entirely replaced by an extension of NC 16.

### North Carolina Highway 271

| North Carolina Highway 271 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | ThriftCharlotte |
| Existed | 1926–1940 |

**North Carolina Highway 271** (**NC 271**) appeared in 1926 running from Thrift to NC 20 near Charlotte. In 1931 the road was extended north to NC 10 in Newton. The next year the original section of NC 271 was renumbered as part NC 27A. Two years later NC 271 was truncated to Triangle with the routing from Triangle to Newton becoming a part of NC 73. In 1940 the rest of the road was renumbered as part of NC 16.

### North Carolina Highway 681

| North Carolina Highway 681 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | JeffersonVA state line |
| Existed | 1928–1940 |

**North Carolina Highway 681** (**NC 681**) was established in 1928 as a renumbering of part of NC 68; traveling from NC 68/NC 69, in Jefferson, to the Virginia state line, at Grassy Creek. In 1931, Virginia established SR 139 to connect with NC 681 at the state line, which continued to Mouth of Wilson. In 1940, the route was decommissioned in favor of NC 16.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Union | Waxhaw | 0.0 | 0.0 | NC 75 (Main Street) Monroe, Lancaster | Southern terminus |
| | Weddington | 6.5 | 10.5 | Rea Road |  |
| | 7.2 | 11.6 |
NC 84 east (Weddington Road) Monroe | Western terminus of NC 84 |
| Mecklenburg | Charlotte | 9.9 | 15.9 | I-485 (Governor James G. Martin Freeway) Matthews, Pineville |  |
| | | 10.0 | 16.1 | Ballantyne Commons Parkway (west side) McKee Road (east side) |  |
| | | 12.8 | 20.6 | NC 51 (Pineville-Matthews Road) |  |
| | | 16.8 | 27.0 | Fairview Road (west side) Sardis Road (east side) |  |
| | | 18.8 | 30.3 | S Wendover Road |  |
| | | 22.0 | 35.4 |

I-277 south / US 74 west / NC 27 west (John Belk Freeway) | South end of I-277 and west end of US 74 / NC 27 overlap |
| | |  |  | NC 16 overlaps with Interstate 277 (exits 2A to 5) | |
| | | 24.4 | 39.3 |
I-77 / US 21 (Bill Lee Freeway) / I-277 ends Statesville, Columbia | North end of I-277 overlap |
| | | 25.0 | 40.2 | Beatties Ford Road Johnson C. Smith University |  |
| | | 26.6 | 42.8 | I-85 Concord, Gastonia |  |
| | | 32.2 | 51.8 | I-485 (Craig Lawing Freeway) Huntersville, Pineville |  |
| | | 32.5 | 52.3 | Mount Holly–Huntersville Road | Continuous-flow intersection |
| | Mountain Island Lake | 34.8 | 56.0 | Rozzelles Ferry Bridge | |
| Gaston | Lucia | 37.6 | 60.5 |

NC 16 Bus. north (Lucia Riverbend Highway) to NC 273 |  |
| Lincoln | Lowesville | 42.5 | 68.4 | NC 73 Lincolnton, Huntersville |  |
| Catawba |  | 51.1 | 82.2 | NC 150 Lincolnton, Mooresville |  |
| |  | 53.0 | 85.3 |

NC 16 Bus. south Denver |  |
| |  | 61.6 | 99.1 |

NC 16 Bus. north Newton |  |
| |  | 62.5 | 100.6 | NC 10 Newton |  |
| | Conover | 65.5 | 105.4 | US 70 (Conover Boulevard) Conover |  |
| | 67.0 | 107.8 | I-40 Statesville, Hickory |  |
| | 67.2 | 108.1 |

NC 16 Bus. south (1st Avenue) Conover |  |
| Alexander | Taylorsville | 81.2 | 130.7 | US 64 Statesville, Lenoir |  |
| | | 82.2 | 132.3 | NC 90 (Main Street) Statesville | East end of NC 90 overlap |
| | | 82.7 | 133.1 | NC 90 (Main Street) Lenoir | West end of NC 90 overlap |
| Wilkes | Moravian Falls | 96.3 | 155.0 |
NC 18 south Lenoir | South end of NC 18 overlap |
| | Wilkesboro | 99.4 | 160.0 |

US 421 south / NC 18 north Winston-Salem, Wilkesboro | South end of US 421 and north end of NC 18 overlaps |
| | 100.3 | 161.4 | NC 268 Wilkesboro Downtown | To Wilkes Community College and W. Kerr Scott Dam and Reservoir |
| | 101.3 | 163.0 |

US 421 Bus. south (Curtis Bridge Road) North Wilkesboro |  |
| | 103.9 | 167.2 |
US 421 north Boone | North end of US 421 overlap |
| Ashe |  | 119.8 | 192.8 | Blue Ridge Parkway |  |
| |  | 120.2 | 193.4 |
NC 163 west West Jefferson |  |
| | Index | 126.7 | 203.9 |
NC 88 east Sparta | East end of NC 88 overlap |
| | Jefferson | 129.8 | 208.9 |

US 221 south / NC 88 west Jefferson | South end of US 221 and west end of NC 88 overlaps |
| |  | 131.2 | 211.1 |
US 221 north Sparta | North end of US 221 overlap |
| | Grassy Creek | 143.8 | 231.4 |
SR 16 north (Jefferson Highway) Mouth of Wilson | Continuation to Virginia |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Special routes

### Lowesville–Denver business loop

| North Carolina Highway 16 Business | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | LuciaKillian Crossroads, NC |
| Length | 16.2 mi (26.1 km) |
| Existed | 2007–present |

**North Carolina Highway 16 Business** (**NC 16 Bus**) was established in December 2007 when NC 16 was placed on new construction between Lucia and Lowesville, its old alignment becoming a business loop. In March 2012, NC 16 Business was extended north to its current terminus at Anderson Mountain, north of Killian Crossroads, after mainline NC 16 was moved onto new construction bypassing Denver. NC 16 Business also connects the communities of Triangle and Westport, along the western banks of Lake Norman.

### Newton–Conover business loop

| North Carolina Highway 16 Business | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | NewtonConover, NC |
| Length | 6.6 mi (10.6 km) |
| Existed | 2008–present |

**North Carolina Highway 16 Business** (**NC 16 Bus**) was established in January 2008 when NC 16 was placed on new construction east Newton andConover, its old alignment becoming a business loop. In Newton, it traverses along Charlotte Highway, D Street, College Street (northbound only) and Main Street. In Conover, it traverses completely on 1st Avenue. In November, 2012, a new overpass was built over I-40; the old overpass was originally connected to the I-40 (exit 131) before exit 132 was built.

### Newton truck route

| North Carolina Highway 16 Truck | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Newton, North Carolina |
| Length | 2.7 mi (4.3 km) |

**North Carolina Highway 16 Truck** (**NC 16 Truck**) provides a different routing along NC 16 Business for truck drivers, bypassing downtown Newton. The route begins west on D and C Streets (overlap with NC 10), then north on Southwest Boulevard (overlap with US 321 Bus) and finally east on 20th Avenue, reconnecting with NC 16 Business.

### Taylorsville truck route

| North Carolina Highway 16 Truck | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Taylorsville, North Carolina |
| Length | 2.0 mi (3.2 km) |

**North Carolina Highway 16 Truck** (**NC 16 Truck**) provides truck drivers, that are passing through, a different route that bypasses the downtown area of Taylorsville, via US 64 and Liledoun Road.

Template:Attached KML/North Carolina Highway 16KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| North Carolina Highway 16 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route of NC 16 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NCDOT | |
| Length | 143.8 mi (231.4 km) |
| Existed | 1921–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | NC 75 in Waxhaw |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | SR 16 at the Virginia state line |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| Counties | Union, Mecklenburg, Gaston, Lincoln, Catawba, Alexander, Wilkes, Ashe |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| US 15   US 17 | |


title: Robert Humphreys (politician)

abstract: Robert Humphreys was briefly a member of the United States Senate from Kentucky. After service in World War I Humphreys worked as a registered pharmacist in the retail drug business in Mayfield, Kentucky and later at Frankfort, Kentucky. He served in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1920 and in the Kentucky Senate 1932–1936. He served as President Pro Tempore of the Kentucky Senate in 1934 and as clerk of three senate sessions 1936–1942. He served as Kentucky highway commissioner 1936–1940. During World War II he served as a captain in the Medical Corps, 1943–1945. He again served as state highway commissioner 1955–1956. Then he resigned to accept appointment to the United States Senate on June 21, 1956, as a Democrat to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Alben Barkley. He served in the Senate from June 21, 1956, to November 6, 1956. Humphreys did not seek election to the Senate, opting instead to serve only for the brief time he was appointed.

text:
# Robert Humphreys (politician)

**Robert Humphreys** (August 20, 1893  December 31, 1977) was briefly a member of the United States Senate from Kentucky.

After service in World War I Humphreys worked as a registered pharmacist in the retail drug business in Mayfield, Kentucky and later at Frankfort, Kentucky. He served in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1920 and in the Kentucky Senate 1932–1936. He served as President Pro Tempore of the Kentucky Senate in 1934 and as clerk of three senate sessions 1936–1942. He served as Kentucky highway commissioner 1936–1940. During World War II he served as a captain in the Medical Corps, 1943–1945. He again served as state highway commissioner 1955–1956. Then he resigned to accept appointment to the United States Senate on June 21, 1956, as a Democrat to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Alben Barkley. He served in the Senate from June 21, 1956, to November 6, 1956. Humphreys did not seek election to the Senate, opting instead to serve only for the brief time he was appointed.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Robert Humphreys (id: H000963)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

## InfoBox

| Robert Humphreys | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Senator
from Kentucky | |
| **In office**
June 21, 1956  November 6, 1956 | |
| Appointed by | Happy Chandler |
| Preceded by | Alben W. Barkley |
| Succeeded by | John S. Cooper |
| Member of the Kentucky Senate
from the 1st district | |
| **In office**
January 5, 1932  January 7, 1936 | |
| Preceded by | O. Houston Brooks |
| Succeeded by | J. W. McDonald |
| Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
from the 3rd district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 1920  January 3, 1922 | |
| Preceded by | Leslie P. Jones |
| Succeeded by | Beryl Boyd |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1893-08-20)August 20, 1893
Hickman County, Kentucky |
| Died | December 31, 1977(1977-12-31) (aged 84)
Frankfort, Kentucky |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Imogene Covington |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1917–1919
1943–1945 |
| Rank | Captain |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |
|  | |


title: Travellers Rest, Tasmania

abstract:
Travellers Rest is a rural/residential locality in the local government areas (LGA) of Meander Valley (98%) and Northern Midlands (2%) in the Launceston and Central LGA regions of Tasmania. The locality is about 24 kilometres (15 mi) east of the town of Westbury. The 2016 census recorded a population of 305 for the state suburb of Travellers Rest.
It is a settled semi-rural area at the edge of Greater Launceston.

text:
# Travellers Rest, Tasmania

**Travellers Rest** is a rural/residential locality in the local government areas (LGA) of Meander Valley (98%) and Northern Midlands (2%) in the Launceston and Central LGA regions of Tasmania. The locality is about 24 kilometres (15 mi) east of the town of Westbury. The 2016 census recorded a population of 305 for the state suburb of Travellers Rest. It is a settled semi-rural area at the edge of Greater Launceston.

## History

Travellers Rest is a confirmed locality. In the 19th century the area was largely uninhabited. At the junction where the road from Launceston branches — the branches lead now and led then to Longford and Hadspen — a hotel was built in 1833 by G & T Burnett. The hotel was initially called the Travellers Rest Hotel. It burned down in March 1930 due to a hotel employee's accident; he was filling a motorcycle with petrol while holding a lit storm lantern. By 1941 only the front wall remained, a state that led to a call for its demolition. The remaining ruins were finally removed in 1990 when the site was covered by construction of the Bass Highway.

## Geography

The South Esk River forms the north-western boundary.

## Road infrastructure

National Route 1 (Bass Highway) runs through from east to west.

## Bibliography

* Dyer, Alan F (1990). *John Dyer, 18091882, and his descendants: free immigrant to Van Diemen's Land, Longford Farmer, Hadspen innkeeper, Kentish pioneer*. Sheffield, Tasmania: Pioneer. ISBN 0646013939.

## InfoBox

| Travellers Rest<br>Tasmania | |
| --- | --- |
| Travellers Rest | |
| Coordinates | 41°29′59″S 147°05′56″E / 41.4997°S 147.0989°E / -41.4997; 147.0989 |
| Population | 305 (2016 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 7250 |
| Location | 24 km (15 mi) E of Westbury |
| LGA(s) | Meander Valley, Northern Midlands |
| Region | Launceston, Central |
| State electorate(s) | Lyons |
| Federal division(s) | Lyons |
| **Suburbs around Travellers Rest:**  Westwood Blackstone Heights Prospect Vale  Hadspen Travellers Rest Prospect Vale  Longford Longford Longford | |


title: Processability theory

abstract: Processability theory is a theory of second language acquisition developed by Manfred Pienemann. The theory has been used as a framework by scientists from Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. Processability theory (PT) is a cognitive approach to second language acquisition that seeks to explain developmental schedules as well as learner variation. It is based on Levelt’s (1989) approach to language generation and is formally operationalized using Lexical-Functional Grammar. PT’s core assumption is that learners can produce only what they can process. PT is therefore based on the architecture of human language generation that is constructed hierarchically. It is argued that learners are constrained to follow that hierarchical order of processability in acquiring any target language. In other words, the hierarchy of processability is the core of the predictive machinery entailed in PT. Of course, the hierarchy must be applied to the specific conditions of any target language. This is done using LFG formalisms. When applied to ESL, this results in an array of predictions for developmental schedules in syntax and morphology. For instance, word order is predicted to be initially constrained to canonical word order even in questions, as Do-support and auxiliary inversion would require processing resources that are not initially available. PT also includes theoretical modules dealing with L1 transfer, inter-learner variation and the role of linguistic typology. It comes with detailed methodological tools. PT has been applied to second language classrooms and to linguistic profiling.

text:
# Processability theory

**Processability theory** is a theory of second language acquisition developed by Manfred Pienemann. (Pienemann 1998) The theory has been used as a framework by scientists from Europe, North America, Asia and Australia.

Processability theory (PT) is a cognitive approach to second language acquisition that seeks to explain developmental schedules as well as learner variation. It is based on Levelt’s (1989) approach to language generation and is formally operationalized using Lexical-Functional Grammar (Bresnan 2001). PT’s core assumption is that learners can produce only what they can process. PT is therefore based on the architecture of human language generation that is constructed hierarchically. It is argued that learners are constrained to follow that hierarchical order of processability in acquiring any target language. In other words, the hierarchy of processability is the core of the predictive machinery entailed in PT. Of course, the hierarchy must be applied to the specific conditions of any target language. This is done using LFG formalisms. When applied to ESL, this results in an array of predictions for developmental schedules in syntax and morphology. For instance, word order is predicted to be initially constrained to canonical word order even in questions, as Do-support and auxiliary inversion would require processing resources that are not initially available.

PT also includes theoretical modules dealing with L1 transfer, inter-learner variation and the role of linguistic typology. It comes with detailed methodological tools. PT has been applied to second language classrooms and to linguistic profiling.

## Commentary

Processability Theory is now a mature theory of grammatical development of learners' interlanguage. It is cognitively founded (hence applicable to any language), formal and explicit (hence empirically testable), and extended, having not only formulated and tested hypotheses about morphology, syntax and discourse-pragmatics, but having also paved the way for further developments at the interface between grammar and the lexicon and other important modules in SLA.

Among the most important SLA theories recently discussed in Van Patten (2007), no other can accommodate such a variety of phenomena or seems able to offer the basis for so many new directions. Ten years have gone by since Pienemann’s first book-length publication on PT in 1998; and before that, it took almost two decades to mould into PT the initial intuition by the ZISA team that the staged development of German word order could be explained by psycholinguistic constraints universally applicable to all languages (Pienemann 1981; Clahsen, Meisel & Pienemann 1983). In these three decades, the whole field of SLA has grown exponentially. PT has paralleled this growth, and widened its scope in several directions. First, ZISA’s intuitions have been applied to English (Pienemann & Johnston 1984; Pienemann, Johnston & Brindley 1988, Pienemann 1989), then PT has expanded its typological validation from German and English to different languages, such as Swedish and other Scandinavian languages (Håkansson 1997, Glahn et al. 2001), Arabic (e.g., Mansouri 1995; 2005), Italian (e.g. Di Biase & Kawaguchi 2002; Di Biase 2007; Bettoni, Di Biase & Nuzzo 2009), French (Ågren 2009), Chinese (e.g. Zhang 2004, 2005), and Japanese (e.g. Di Biase & Kawaguchi 2002, 2005).

Secondly, PT’s framework has been substantially widened by including Bresnan’s (2001) Lexical Mapping Theory, and thus adding a discourse pragmatically motivated syntactic component (Pienemann, Di Biase & Kawaguchi 2005) to its first syntactically motivated morphological module. Thirdly, developmentally-moderated transfer from L1 (e.g., Pienemann, Di Biase, Kawaguchi & Håkansson 2005a; Pienemann, Di Biase, Kawaguchi & Håkansson 2005b). Fourthly, PT’s plausibility has been tested in language situations other than L2 ones, such as monolingual and bilingual language acquisition (e.g., Håkansson 2001, 2005; ItaniAdams 2006), among children with Specific Language Impairment (e.g., Håkansson 2001; 2005), and in the origins of creole languages (Plag 2008a, 2008b).

Finally, the range of the original applications of PT to language testing and language teaching has also expanded over the years, involving several new ways of testing and teaching situations (e.g., Iwasaki 2004, 2008, ask Bruno; Pienemann & Keßler 2007), and new languages (e.g. Di Biase 2008; Yamaguchi 2009). Ensuing publications in all these PT strands during such a long period of growth have had their own agendas and purposes. Furthermore, not only PT itself but also its feeder disciplines have developed in new directions, crucially among them psycholinguistics for language production and theoretical linguistics for language knowledge. As a consequence, it is not surprising that readers unfamiliar with PT's history may at times be confused by differences in the presentation of the theory, its use of terminology, and reliance on its theoretical bases.

Bresnan, J. (2001). Lexical-functional syntax. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Di Biase, B., & Kawaguchi, S. (2002). Exploring the typological plausibility of processability theory: Language development in Italian second language and Japanese second language. Second Language Research, 18, 274–302.

Kawaguchi, S. (2005). Argument structure and syntactic development in Japanese as a second language. In M. Pienemann (Ed.), Cross-linguistic aspects of Processability Theory (pp. 253–298). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Kempen, G., & Hoenkamp, E. (1987). An incremental procedural grammar for sentence formulation. Cognitive Science, 11, 201–258.

Keßler, J.-U. (2007). Assessing EFL-development online: A feasibility study of Rapid Profile. In F. Mansouri (Ed..), *Second language acquisition research. Theory-construction and testing* (pp. 119–143). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press.

Lenzing, A. (2013). The development of the grammatical system in early second language acquisition: The Multiple Constraints Hypothesis. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Lenzing, A. (in press). Towards an integrated model of grammatical encoding and decoding in SLA. In A. Lenzing, H. Nicholas, & J. Roos (Eds.), *Working with processability approaches: Theories and issues* (pp. xxx – yyy)*.* Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Lenzing, A. (2017). *The production-comprehension interface in second language acquisition: An integrated encoding-decoding model*. Unpublished thesis for a Higher Doctorate degree, Paderborn University, Germany.

Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Pienemann, M. (1998). Language processing and second language development: Processability Theory. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Pienemann, M. (2005). Cross-Linguistic Aspects of Processability Theory. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Pienemann, M., & Mackey, A. (1993). An empirical study of children's ESL development and Rapid Profile. In P. McKay (Ed.), *ESL Development. Language and Literacy in Schools*. 115–259. Commonwealth of Australia and National Languages and Literacy Institute of Australia.

Pienemann, M., & Lanze, F. (2017). *Constructing an automatic procedure for ESL profile analysis*. Plenary presented at the 16th Symposium on Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition (PALA), Ludwigsburg University of Education, Germany.

Pienemann, M., Di Biase, B., & Kawaguchi, S. (2005). Extending Processability Theory. In M. Pienemann (Ed.), Cross-linguistic aspects of Processability Theory (pp. 199–252). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Pienemann, M., Di Biase, B., Kawaguchi, S., & Håkansson, G. (2005). Processing constraints on L1 transfer. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. DeGroot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 128–153). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.