title: War on Terror (film)

abstract:
War on Terror is an Austrian documentary film about the "War on Terror" initiated by U.S. president George W. Bush in 2001. The film features interviews with Manfred Nowak, who was United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture from 2004 to 2010, Amy Goodman, the host and co-founder of Democracy Now! and the U.S. historian Alfred W. McCoy.
Two former detainees from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp are introduced in the film, Murat Kurnaz and Mustafa Ait Idir. It was theatrically released in Austria on December 9, 2011. War on Terror is the third film from Parallel Universe.

text:
# War on Terror (film)

***War on Terror*** is an Austrian documentary film about the "War on Terror" initiated by U.S. president George W. Bush in 2001. The film features interviews with Manfred Nowak, who was United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture from 2004 to 2010, Amy Goodman, the host and co-founder of Democracy Now! and the U.S. historian Alfred W. McCoy. Two former detainees from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp are introduced in the film, Murat Kurnaz and Mustafa Ait Idir.

It was theatrically released in Austria on December 9, 2011.

*War on Terror* is the third film from *Parallel Universe*.

## InfoBox

| War on Terror | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Sebastian J. F. |
| Written by | Fate |
| Produced by | Sebastian J. F. |
| Starring | Manfred Nowak
Amy Goodman
Alfred W. McCoy
Murat Kurnaz
Mustafa Ait Idir |
| Distributed by | Parallel Universe |
| Release date | * December 9, 2011 (2011-12-09) |
| Running time | 89 min. |
| Country | Austria |
| Language | English |


title: Patrick Campbell (rugby union)

abstract: Patrick Campbell is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a wing or fullback for United Rugby Championship club Munster.

text:
# Patrick Campbell (rugby union)

**Patrick Campbell** (born 22 July 2002) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a wing or fullback for United Rugby Championship club Munster.

## Early life and GAA career

Born in Rochestown, Cork, Campbell attended Presentation Brothers College and, alongside future Munster teammate Alex Kendellen, helped the school to the final of the 2020 Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup, which was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

As well as rugby, Campbell was also a very talented Gaelic footballer for Nemo Rangers and, in 2019, he was a crucial part of the Cork team that won the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship, with Campbell scoring 1–2 and earning the player of the match award in the semi-final against Mayo and scoring 0–1 in the final against Galway.

After completing his leaving cert in June 2021, Campbell opted to leave Cork to study law and accounting at the University of Limerick. Additionally, Campbell chose to pursue rugby over football, and joined Young Munster ahead of the 2021–22 All-Ireland League, quickly impressing in a series of strong performances for the Limerick club.

## Munster

Campbell scored a hat-trick of tries for a Munster Development XV against Ulster in September 2021 and, in November of the same year, joined Munster's academy. He was registered with Munster's Champions Cup squad in December 2021 following the disruption caused by the province's recent tour to South Africa, and made his senior competitive debut for the province in their opening 2021–22 Champions Cup fixture away to English club Wasps on 12 December 2021, starting and scoring a try in the province's 35–14 win.

Campbell signed a new contract that will see him continue as an academy player for the 2022–23 season before joining Munster's senior squad on a two-year contract from the 2023–24 season. He featured off the bench in Munster's historic 28–14 win against a South Africa XV in Páirc Uí Chaoimh on 10 November 2022.

## Ireland

Having featured in the warm-up games against Munster and Leinster development sides, Campbell was selected in the Ireland under-20s squad for the 2022 Six Nations Under 20s Championship when it was announced in January 2022. He made his competitive debut for the under-20s in their tournament-opening 53–5 win against Wales on 4 February, though Campbell had to leave the field due to an injury during the first-half. That injury did not prevent Campbell from starting in Ireland's 17–16 away win against France one week later, the 39–12 win against Italy on 25 February, the 42–27 away win against England on 12 March, and the 59–5 home win against Scotland on 20 March that secured a Grand Slam for Ireland.

Campbell was initially ruled out of the Under-20s Summer Series due to a thumb injury and was not selected in Ireland' squad, however, he recovered faster than anticipated and only missed the opening fixture against France, returning to start against South Africa on 29 June 2022 and played the full 80 minutes in Ireland's 33–24 defeat, before also starting in the 37–36 win against England on 5 July and the 41–24 win against Scotland on 12 July in Ireland's final match of the series.

## Honours

### Cork GAA

### Munster

### Ireland under-20s

## InfoBox

Patrick Campbell
| Date of birth | (2002-07-22) 22 July 2002 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Rochestown, Ireland |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 88 kg (13.9 st; 194 lb) |
| School | Presentation Brothers College |
| University | University of Limerick |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fullback, Wing  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2021– Young Munster   ()  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2021– Munster  12  (20)  Correct as of 3 March 2023  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2022 Ireland U20  8  (0)  Correct as of 12 July 2022 | |


title: Gayrettepe (Istanbul Metro)

abstract: Gayrettepe is an underground rapid transit station on the M2 and M11 lines of the Istanbul Metro. It is located in east-central Şişli under Büyükdere Avenue just south of Levent. The M2 portion of the station opened on 16 September 2000 and is one of the original six stations of the M2 line. In 2007 a connection to the Istanbul Metrobus at Zincirlikuyu junction was built. On 29 January 2024, the Kağıthane–Gayrettepe portion of the M11 line opened, allowing passengers to go from Gayrettepe to Istanbul Airport in 30 minutes. With a depth of 72 meters, the M11 platform is the deepest station in the Istanbul Metro system.

text:
# Gayrettepe (Istanbul Metro)

**Gayrettepe** is an underground rapid transit station on the M2 and M11 lines of the Istanbul Metro. It is located in east-central Şişli under Büyükdere Avenue just south of Levent. The M2 portion of the station opened on 16 September 2000 and is one of the original six stations of the M2 line. In 2007 a connection to the Istanbul Metrobus at Zincirlikuyu junction was built. On 29 January 2024, the Kağıthane–Gayrettepe portion of the M11 line opened, allowing passengers to go from Gayrettepe to Istanbul Airport in 30 minutes. With a depth of 72 meters, the M11 platform is the deepest station in the Istanbul Metro system.

## Layout

### M2 Platform

|  | **Southbound** | toward Yenikapı (Şişli—Mecidiyeköy) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | **Northbound** | toward Hacıosman (Levent) |

### M11 Platform

|  | **Northbound** | toward Arnavutköy Hastane (Kağıthane) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | **Southbound** | termination platform → |

## InfoBox

| Gayrettepe | |
| --- | --- |
| M2 entrance in 2023 | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 41°04′09″N 29°00′39″E / 41.069165°N 29.010928°E / 41.069165; 29.010928 |
| Owned by | Istanbul Metro (M2)
TCDD Transport (M11) |
| Line(s) | M2
M11 |
| Platforms | 2 island platforms (1 per line) |
| Tracks | 4 (2 per line) |
| Connections | **Metrobus:** 34, 34A, 34G, 34Z, 34AS, 34BZ at Zincirlikuyu
**İETT Bus:** 25G, 27E, 27SE, 27T, 29, 29A, 29C, 29D, 29İ, 29P, 29Ş, 30A, 30M, 36L, 40B, 41AT, 41E, 42, 42M, 42Z, 43R, 49Z, 50Z, 58A, 58N, 58S, 58UL, 59A, 59B, 59CH, 59K, 59N, 59R, 59S, 59UÇ, 64Ç, 65G, 121A, 121B, 121BS, 122B, 122C, 122D, 122M, 122Y, 202, 251, 252, 256, 500A, 522, 522ST, 599C, 622, DT1, DT2, U1, U2
**Istanbul Minibus:** Beşiktaş-Sarıyer, Beşiktaş-Tarabya, Zincirlikuyu-Ayazağa, Zincirlikuyu-Bahçeköy, Zincirlikuyu-Poligon Mahallesi, Zincirlikuyu-Pınar Mahallesi, Zincirlikuyu-Vadistanbul |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | 16 September 2000 (M2)
29 January 2024 (M11) |
| Electrified | 750V DC Third rail
1,500 V DC Overhead line |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Istanbul Metro Following station  Şişli—Mecidiyeköytowards Yenikapı  M2 Line  Leventtowards Hacıosman  Kağıthanetowards Arnavutköy Hastane  M11 Line  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: International Federation of Women in Legal and Juridical Careers (FIFCJ) also called International Federation of Female Lawyers and Judges was an international non-governmental organization (NGO), founded in Paris in 1928.

text:
# International Federation of Women in Legal and Juridical Careers

**International Federation of Women in Legal and Juridical Careers (FIFCJ)** also called **International Federation of Female Lawyers and Judges** (French: Fédération internationale des femmes magistrats et avocats) was an international non-governmental organization (NGO), founded in Paris in 1928.

## History and activities

According to the organization's history, *60 années d'histoire de la fédération international des femmes des carrières juridiques* (Melun: FIFCJ, 1989), the federation was created by Vera Poska-Grünthal (Estonia), Clara Campoamor (Spain), Marcelle Kraemer-Bach (France), Agathe Dyvrande-Thévenin (France), and Margarete Berent (Germany).

The organization was founded to work for the professional rights for women and women's rights and opportunity to study law. It was the first permanent international organization for women lawyers (the very first, the Woman's International Bar Association, was founded in 1888 but short lived).


abstract: The men's foil was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics programme. It was the tenth appearance of the event. The competition was held from 3 August 1948 to 4 August 1948. 63 fencers from 25 nations competed. The event was won by Jehan Buhan of France, the nation's first victory in the men's foil since 1928 and fifth overall. His countryman Christian d'Oriola took silver, while Lajos Maszlay earned Hungary's first medal in the men's individual foil with his bronze.

text:
# Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's foil

The men's foil was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics programme. It was the tenth appearance of the event. The competition was held from 3 August 1948 to 4 August 1948. 63 fencers from 25 nations competed. The event was won by Jehan Buhan of France, the nation's first victory in the men's foil since 1928 and fifth overall (passing Italy for most all-time). His countryman Christian d'Oriola took silver, while Lajos Maszlay earned Hungary's first medal in the men's individual foil with his bronze.

## Background

This was the 10th appearance of the event, which has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1908 (when there was a foil display only rather than a medal event). None of the pre-World War II 1936 finalists returned. The favorite was young Christian d'Oriola, the 1947 world champion. Joining him on the French team was 1947 épée world champion Jehan Buhan, who would have been favored in 1940 were it not for the war.

Colombia, Ireland, Luxembourg, and Turkey each made their debut in the men's foil. The United States made its ninth appearance, most of any nation, having missed only the inaugural 1896 competition.

## Competition format

The event used a four-round format. In each round, the fencers were divided into pools to play a round-robin within the pool. Bouts were to five touches. Not all bouts were played in some pools if not necessary to determine advancement. Ties were broken through fence-off bouts ("barrages") in early rounds if necessary for determining advancement, but by touches received in final rounds (and for non-advancement-necessary placing in earlier rounds). Standard foil rules were used, including that touches had to be made with the tip of the foil, the target area was limited to the torso, and priority determined the winner of double touches.

* Round 1: There were 8 pools of 7–9 fencers each. The top 4 fencers in each pool advanced to the quarterfinals.
* Quarterfinals: There were 4 pools of 8 fencers each. The top 4 fencers in each quarterfinal advanced to the semifinals.
* Semifinals: There were 2 pools of 8 fencers each. The top 4 fencers in each semifinal advanced to the final.
* Final: The final pool had 8 fencers.

## Schedule

All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tuesday, 3 August 1948 |  | **Round 1** |
| Wednesday, 4 August 1948 |  | **Quarterfinals**
**Semifinals**
**Final** |

## Results

### Round 1

The top 4 finishers in each pool advanced to round 2.

#### Pool 1

Hörning defeated Gretsch in a barrage for fourth place.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Manlio Di Rosa | Italy | 6 | 1 | Q |
| 2 | Fulvio Galimi | Argentina | 6 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Aage Leidersdorff | Denmark | 6 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Walo Hörning | Switzerland | 5 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | Émile Gretsch | Luxembourg | 5 | 3 |  |
| 6 | Lucilo de la Peña | Cuba | 3 | 4 |  |
| 7 | Hugo Higueras | Peru | 2 | 5 |  |
| 8 | Salvatore Scianamea | Brazil | 0 | 7 |  |
| | Tom Smith | Ireland | 0 | 7 |  |

#### Pool 2

Younes and Rydström defeated Barrientos in a three-way barrage for third and fourth place.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Giuliano Nostini | Italy | 7 | 0 | Q |
| 2 | André Van De Werve De Vorsselaer | Belgium | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Mahmoud Younes | Egypt | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 4 | Nils Rydström | Sweden | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | Armando Barrientos | Cuba | 4 | 3 |  |
| 6 | Ioannis Karamazakis | Greece | 2 | 5 |  |
| 7 | Jaime Ucar | Uruguay | 1 | 5 |  |
| 8 | Georges Pouliot | Canada | 0 | 7 |  |

#### Pool 3

Palócz defeated Albrechtsen in a barrage for fourth place.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Emrys Lloyd | Great Britain | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 2 | Henri Paternóster | Belgium | 4 | 2 | Q |
| 3 | Renzo Nostini | Italy | 4 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Endre Palócz | Hungary | 3 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | Ole Albrechtsen | Denmark | 3 | 3 |  |
| 6 | Heikki Raitio | Finland | 2 | 4 |  |
| 7 | Enrique Accorsi | Chile | 0 | 6 |  |

#### Pool 4

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Christian d'Oriola | France | 7 | 0 | Q |
| 2 | Lajos Maszlay | Hungary | 5 | 2 | Q |
| 3 | Lodovico Alessandri | Brazil | 5 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Henny ter Weer | Netherlands | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | Léon Buck | Luxembourg | 3 | 4 |  |
| 6 | Konstantinos Bembis | Greece | 3 | 4 |  |
| 7 | Nick Thuillier | Ireland | 1 | 6 |  |
| 8 | Roland Asselin | Canada | 0 | 7 |  |

#### Pool 5

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jéhan Buhan | France | 6 | 0 | Q |
| 2 | Bo Eriksson | Sweden | 5 | 2 | Q |
| 3 | Daniel Rossi | Uruguay | 5 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Hassan Hosni Tawfik | Egypt | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | Nate Lubell | United States | 3 | 4 |  |
| 6 | Johannes Zoet | Netherlands | 2 | 5 |  |
| 7 | Jorge Agostini | Cuba | 2 | 4 |  |
| 8 | Owen Tuohy | Ireland | 0 | 7 |  |

#### Pool 6

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dean Cetrulo | United States | 7 | 0 | Q |
| 2 | René Bougnol | France | 6 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Manuel Torrente | Argentina | 5 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Arthur Smith | Great Britain | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | Kauko Jalkanen | Finland | 2 | 5 |  |
| 6 | Roberto Camargo | Colombia | 2 | 5 |  |
| 7 | Jean Rubli | Switzerland | 1 | 5 |  |
| | Eddy Kuijpers | Netherlands | 1 | 6 |  |

#### Pool 7

Abdel Hafeez defeated Lamesch in a barrage for fourth place.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | René Paul | Great Britain | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 2 | Félix Galimi | Argentina | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Silvio Giolito | United States | 4 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Osman Abdel Hafeez | Egypt | 3 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | Gust Lamesch | Luxembourg | 3 | 3 |  |
| 6 | Nihat Balkan | Turkey | 0 | 5 |  |
| | Alfredo Grisi | Mexico | 0 | 5 |  |

#### Pool 8

Schlaepfer defeated Hátszeghy in a barrage for fourth place.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sergio Iesi | Uruguay | 6 | 1 | Q |
| 2 | Paul Valcke | Belgium | 6 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Ivan Ruben | Denmark | 5 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Corrado Schlaepfer | Switzerland | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | József Hátszeghy | Hungary | 4 | 3 |  |
| 6 | Stefanos Zintzos | Greece | 2 | 5 |  |
| 7 | Alf Horn | Canada | 1 | 6 |  |
| 8 | Nejat Tulgar | Turkey | 0 | 7 |  |

### Quarterfinals

The top 4 finishers in each pool advanced to the semifinals.

#### Quarterfinal 1

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Giuliano Nostini | Italy | 6 | 0 | Q |
| 2 | René Bougnol | France | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Ivan Ruben | Denmark | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 4 | Dean Cetrulo | United States | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | André Van De Werve De Vorsselaer | Belgium | 3 | 4 |  |
| 6 | Hassan Hosni Tawfik | Egypt | 2 | 5 |  |
| 7 | Endre Palócz | Hungary | 1 | 5 |  |
| 8 | Daniel Rossi | Uruguay | 1 | 5 |  |

#### Quarterfinal 2

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Manlio Di Rosa | Italy | 6 | 0 | Q |
| 2 | Jéhan Buhan | France | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Silvio Giolito | United States | 4 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Bo Eriksson | Sweden | 4 | 2 | Q |
| 5 | Aage Leidersdorff | Denmark | 2 | 4 |  |
| 6 | Arthur Smith | Great Britain | 2 | 4 |  |
| 7 | Fulvio Galimi | Argentina | 1 | 5 |  |
| 8 | Walo Hörning | Switzerland | 0 | 6 |  |

#### Quarterfinal 3

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Christian d'Oriola | France | 6 | 1 | Q |
| 1 | Félix Galimi | Argentina | 6 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Henri Paternóster | Belgium | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 4 | Osman Abdel Hafeez | Egypt | 4 | 2 | Q |
| 5 | René Paul | Great Britain | 3 | 4 |  |
| 6 | Henny ter Weer | Netherlands | 2 | 4 |  |
| 7 | Corrado Schlaepfer | Switzerland | 1 | 5 |  |
| 8 | Lodovico Alessandri | Brazil | 0 | 6 |  |

#### Quarterfinal 4

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Renzo Nostini | Italy | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 2 | Emrys Lloyd | Great Britain | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Lajos Maszlay | Hungary | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Paul Valcke | Belgium | 5 | 2 | Q |
| 5 | Sergio Iesi | Uruguay | 3 | 4 |  |
| 6 | Manuel Torrente | Argentina | 1 | 5 |  |
| 7 | Mahmoud Younes | Egypt | 1 | 5 |  |
| 8 | Nils Rydström | Sweden | 0 | 6 |  |

### Semifinals

The top 4 finishers in each pool advanced to the final.

#### Semifinal 1

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jéhan Buhan | France | 6 | 0 | Q |
| 2 | Christian d'Oriola | France | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Ivan Ruben | Denmark | 4 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Emrys Lloyd | Great Britain | 4 | 2 | Q |
| 5 | Renzo Nostini | Italy | 2 | 4 |  |
| 6 | Henri Paternóster | Belgium | 1 | 5 |  |
| 7 | Osman Abdel Hafeez | Egypt | 1 | 5 |  |
| 8 | Silvio Giolito | United States | 1 | 5 |  |

#### Semifinal 2

Di Rosa defeated Cetrulo in a barrage for fourth place.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lajos Maszlay | Hungary | 5 | 1 | Q |
| 1 | René Bougnol | France | 5 | 2 | Q |
| 1 | Paul Valcke | Belgium | 5 | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Manlio Di Rosa | Italy | 4 | 3 | Q |
| 5 | Dean Cetrulo | United States | 4 | 3 |  |
| 6 | Giuliano Nostini | Italy | 2 | 4 |  |
| 7 | Félix Galimi | Argentina | 1 | 5 |  |
| 8 | Bo Eriksson | Sweden | 0 | 6 |  |

### Final

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | TS | TR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jéhan Buhan | France | 7 | 0 | 35 | 14 |
|  | Christian d'Oriola | France | 5 | 2 | 29 | 18 |
|  | Lajos Maszlay | Hungary | 4 | 3 | 25 | 22 |
| 4 | Emrys Lloyd | Great Britain | 4 | 3 | 23 | 29 |
| 5 | René Bougnol | France | 3 | 4 | 28 | 26 |
| 6 | Manlio Di Rosa | Italy | 3 | 4 | 22 | 27 |
| 7 | Paul Valcke | Belgium | 1 | 6 | 21 | 27 |
| 8 | Ivan Ruben | Denmark | 1 | 6 | 15 | 33 |

## InfoBox

| Men's foil
at the Games of the XIV Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Christian d'Oriola | |
| Venue | Wembley Palace of Engineering, London |
| Dates | 3–4 August |
| Competitors | 63 from 25 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Jehan Buhan  France  Christian d'Oriola  France  Lajos Maszlay  Hungary | |
|


title: Thomas Edward Barter

abstract: Thomas Edward Barter was a Cape Coast trader during the 17th century. Known locally as Tom Ewusi, he was born the son of Afro-European parents; what was then termed a mulatto. The Royal African Company sent him to England in 1690 for an education by his father. He returned to Cape Coast in 1693 and was employed as a middleman for the British. He became an independent trader and rose to prominence as the chief trader in Cape Coast.

text:
# Thomas Edward Barter

**Thomas Edward Barter** was a Cape Coast trader during the 17th century.

Known locally as Tom Ewusi, he was born the son of Afro-European parents; what was then termed a mulatto. The Royal African Company sent him to England in 1690 for an education by his father. He returned to Cape Coast in 1693 and was employed as a middleman for the British. He became an independent trader and rose to prominence as the chief trader in Cape Coast.


title: Tomopterus brevicornis

abstract: Tomopterus brevicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Giesbert in 1996.

text:
# Tomopterus brevicornis

***Tomopterus brevicornis***  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Giesbert in 1996.

## InfoBox

| *Tomopterus brevicornis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Tomopterus*** |
| Species: | ***T. brevicornis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tomopterus brevicornis***<br>Giesbert, 1996 | |
|


title: Symphony No. 5, "Kunstkammer"

abstract: Kunstkammer is the title of Jeffrey Ching's Fifth Symphony, composed in Berlin from 12 October 2004 to 6 February 2005, and revised in December 2005

text:
# Symphony No. 5, "Kunstkammer"

**Kunstkammer** is the title of Jeffrey Ching's Fifth Symphony, composed in Berlin from 12 October 2004 to 6 February 2005, and revised in December 2005

## World premiere and instrumentation

*Kunstkammer* was commissioned by the Kammerorchester Berlin at the behest of the conductor Mikhail Jurowski, who conducted the world premiere in Berlin on 1 March 2006. The scoring is for twenty strings, harp, and twenty-one types of percussion, with solo parts for clarinet, violoncello, and concert accordion for the award-winning Trio NeuKlang, and a vocal part created expressly for the composer's wife, the soprano Andión Fernández.

## Sections of the work

The symphony is divided into two movements of about seventeen minutes each, with the following unusual titles:

### First movement

The first movement takes its title from the catalogue description of *Self-portrait with a Portrait on an Easel* by Nicolas Régnier, a Franco-Flemish artist working in Rome in the 1620s. Both painter and his painted subject look straight in the viewer's direction, which could encompass the live subject of the portrait within the self-portrait, or the painter himself in reflection, or a third-party viewer, or some combination of the three. These split levels of perceptual reality are allegorically represented in the tunings of four string instruments a quarter-tone sharp or flat, and in the alternate or simultaneous soundings of the same musical phrase between them and instruments in normal intonation. As the movement may be construed as a self-portrait of the composer, it is in effect a 'Self-portrait with a Self-portrait with a Portrait on an Easel', incorporating themes based on the letters of both Ching's European and Chinese names (G-E-F-F-Re-C-H and Z-U-X-I-N).

The sub-sections of the first movement are all constructed around compositional devices from the keyboard works of Régnier's contemporary, Girolamo Frescobaldi, organist of St. Peter's in Rome. Occasionally motifs are inverted, reversed, metrically distorted, superimposed as plainchant. In the central section in recitative style (accompanied by clarinet multiphonics, 'cello harmonics, and various vibrato and glissando effects in harp and accordion), fragments from four of Frescobaldi's *Arie musicali* of 1628–30 are fitted by the soprano to the last Ming emperor's suicide speech of April 1644, which translates:

> I am not the prince of a fallen kingdom, but ye are her subjects all. Though I have not been ungenerous to thee, why then, now that we are come to such a pass, is there not one of my ministers here to attend me?

The symphony is named after the pioneering 'Cabinet of Curiosities' (Kunstkammer) assembled by another Roman contemporary, the German Jesuit Athanasius Kircher. He also collected musical canons of extreme artificiality in his *Musurgia universalis* of 1650. Accordingly, the first movement ends with an extensive six-part canon on five subjects with entries in all twelve tonalities, demonstrating all the themes heard hitherto to be combinable in any vertical or horizontal order. A contrived seventh part for the soprano allows her Frescobaldi fragments to be heard at last with their original Italian text, which closely parallels the words of the unhappy Chinese ruler:

> May the hour chime out when you will triumph victorious over the pride of Thrace \[i.e., the Turks\]….The vain pleasures that I receive out of friendship are at present sources of reproach and accusations…."Alas," she said, "why must it be, O my Lord, that thou dost endure without me these last moments? How shall I be able to live if thou dost die?" …I die without having known who I am, who I was, but I flee not so much death as the anger of others….

### Second movement

The second movement was inspired by the courtesy call of the Chinese ambassador Xue Fucheng at the Ottoman Embassy, Paris on 27 March 1890, as briefly recounted in his diary entry of that date:

> The Turkish ambassador confided in me with tears in his eyes. He contended that both England and France are threatening the future of both our countries with their superpower weaponry, and in today’s world there is no justice as far as territorial disputes are concerned. The nation that is best equipped with powerful cannons and fast battleships can devour any large portion of territory at will, and thus all this talk of international law is sheer nonsense.

The movement's themes are drawn entirely from eighteenth-century Turkish and Chinese musical sources—the 352 musical notations of Kantemiroğlu (or Dimitrie Cantemir), a Moldavian prince at Sultan Ahmed III's court, and the numerous pieces of ceremonial music recorded in the Qing dynasty's 1724 publication, *Imperially Commissioned True Explication of Music Theory*. From the former are excerpted twenty-one pieces, mostly Janissary marches, variously altered and reassembled; from the latter, three pieces of Qing court music in their entirety, slow chords in fourths and fifths heard mostly as harmonic background, but also used to punctuate the Turkish excerpts. All the melodic material uses either the thirty-one-note Ottoman scale with four quarter-tones or the twenty-four-note Qing scale with twelve eighth-tones. To begin with, Turkish and Chinese phrases hear each other out with diplomatic finesse, but eventually overlap and dovetail in a 'new world order' of mutual dependence entailing no loss of melodic autonomy. The soprano chants random Turkish vocables of the ‘terennüm’ type, and then intones Chinese verses celebrating the universal peace symbolised by the Lunar New Year's Day audiences of the Qing emperor.

After a brief pause the Janissary march *Hünkar peşrevi* (The Sultan's Prelude) is used to generate a twenty-four-part fugue constructed on thirty-six Ottoman modes (*makams* or *terkîbs*) and twelve Ottoman rhythmic cycles (*usûls*). The fugue's twenty-four parts are really twice twelve, in that a melodic voice is invariably paired with a rhythmic partner (usually a string instrument struck with the wood of the bow, or plucked, but also timpani and harp). Of the twenty-nine entries of the theme, twenty-five are extreme metric departures from the original, so that the fugue is concurrently a series of twenty-five variations. The fugue as such, no more Turkish than the European fashions aped in Istanbul during her decadent ‘Tulip period’ (1703–30), does exhibit two indubitably Ottoman peculiarities: The thirty-six rapid changes of mode heard in the solo 'cello part, but also distributed three each among the twelve fugal pairs, derive from the esoteric compositional genre *külliyat*; and the sudden disappearances and reappearances among the twice-twelve parts after all have entered is in the *karabatak* or 'cormorant' style (named for the aquatic fowl that so erratically dart in and out of water).

The coda lays out the Ottoman and Qing scales in parallel, first ascending and then descending, while the snare drum plays the solo 'cello's rhythm from the last bar of the fugue, first forwards (while the scales ascend) and then backwards (while they descend). Both rising and falling, the two scales coincide at only seven points, singled out for emphasis by harp and soprano, the latter singing their Italian solfeggio names (*do fa sol si do fa sol*). After surreal interruptions by each of the twelve fugal pairs in incipit, the last four notes of the descending Ottoman scale turn into a quotation of a Frescobaldian motif from the first movement, ushering the whole symphony to a full close on C.

* Programme brochure for Deutsches Kammerorchester Berlin IV. Abonnementkonzert, Berlin, 1 March 2006.
* Orosa, Rosalinda L. "Jeffrey Ching: An Update", *The Philippine Star*, 28 July 2007.


title: Girardinichthys

abstract: Girardinichthys is a genus of splitfins that are endemic to Mexico. These highly threatened fish are native to the upper Lerma and Balsas basins, as well as water systems in the Valley of Mexico. Through man-made channels G. viviparus has been able to spread to the upper Pánuco River basin. These small fish reach up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) in length. The name of this genus honours the American herpetologist and ichthyologist Charles Girard (1822-1895).

text:
# Girardinichthys

***Girardinichthys*** is a genus of splitfins that are endemic to Mexico. These highly threatened fish are native to the upper Lerma and Balsas basins, as well as water systems in the Valley of Mexico. Through man-made channels *G. viviparus* has been able to spread to the upper Pánuco River basin. These small fish reach up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) in length. The name of this genus honours the American herpetologist and ichthyologist Charles Girard (1822-1895).

## Species

There are currently three recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Girardinichthys* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Girardinichthys viviparus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Goodeidae |
| Subfamily: | Goodeinae |
| Genus: | *Girardinichthys*
Bleeker, 1860 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Girardinichthys innominatus*
Bleeker, 1860 | |


title: HMS Snaefell

abstract: HMS Snaefell was a paddle steamer, built at John Brown & Company's Clydebank shipyard for the Barry Railway Company and launched in 1907 as the PS Barry. Built to serve as a pleasure steamer carrying passengers on the Bristol Channel, she was quickly transferred to the ownership of Bristol Channel Passenger Boats which in 1911 became part of P & A Campbell. She was requisitioned by the Royal Navy during World War I and renamed HMS Barryfield serving during the Gallipoli Campaign where she was the last British ship to leave Suvla Bay evacuating British soldiers. After the war she returned to passenger service in November 1919 under the name Barry, was refitted in 1920 and renamed PS Waverley in 1925. Requisitioned by the Royal Navy at the outbreak of World War II she was renamed again in 1939, this time to HMS Snaefell to avoid confusion with another paddle steamer Waverley which had already been requisitioned from London and North Eastern Railway, and assigned to the 8th Minesweeping Flotilla. She was one of the flotilla of ships at the Dunkirk evacuation making two trips across the channel, credited with rescuing 981 soldiers and freeing another ship which had run aground, the Glen Gower. Sunk by a German Luftwaffe bomber on 5 July 1941 with three fatalities but her other nine crew rescued, her wreck was located off the coast of Sunderland in 2010.

text:
# HMS Snaefell

**HMS *Snaefell*** was a paddle steamer, built at John Brown & Company's Clydebank shipyard for the Barry Railway Company and launched in 1907 as the **PS *Barry***. Built to serve as a pleasure steamer carrying passengers on the Bristol Channel, she was quickly transferred to the ownership of Bristol Channel Passenger Boats which in 1911 became part of P & A Campbell.

She was requisitioned by the Royal Navy during World War I and renamed **HMS *Barryfield*** serving during the Gallipoli Campaign where she was the last British ship to leave Suvla Bay evacuating British soldiers. After the war she returned to passenger service in November 1919 under the name *Barry*, was refitted in 1920 and renamed **PS *Waverley*** in 1925.

Requisitioned by the Royal Navy at the outbreak of World War II she was renamed again in 1939, this time to **HMS *Snaefell*** to avoid confusion with another paddle steamer *Waverley* which had already been requisitioned from London and North Eastern Railway, and assigned to the 8th Minesweeping Flotilla. She was one of the flotilla of ships at the Dunkirk evacuation making two trips across the channel, credited with rescuing 981 soldiers and freeing another ship which had run aground, the *Glen Gower*. Sunk by a German Luftwaffe bomber on 5 July 1941 with three fatalities but her other nine crew rescued, her wreck was located off the coast of Sunderland in 2010.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * PS *Barry* (1907–1917) * HMS *Barryfield* (1917–1918) * PS *Barry* (1918–1926) * PS *Waverley* (1926–1939) * HMS *Snaefell* (1939–1941) |
| Owner |  |
| Operator |  |
| Builder | John Brown & Company, Clydebank |
| Launched | 4 May 1907 |
| Fate | Bombed and sunk, 5 July 1941 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Paddle steamer |
| Tonnage | 466 |


title: Walther Zimmerli

abstract: Walther Theodor Zimmerli was a Swiss academic theologian in the Reformed tradition and an Old Testament scholar.

text:
# Walther Zimmerli

**Walther Theodor Zimmerli** (20 January 1907 – 4 December 1983) was a Swiss academic theologian in the Reformed tradition and an Old Testament scholar.

## Life

After finishing secondary school in Schiers, Zimmerli studied theology at the universities of Zurich, Berlin and Göttingen. After passing his practical exams at the end of April 1930, he worked in the Theological Faculty at the University of Göttingen as the assistant to Professors Hemperl and Rahlfs and earned his Licentiate in Theology (lic. theol.) in 1932.

When the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, Zimerli returned to Switzerland and, in August 1933, became a pastor in Aarburg in the Canton of Aargau. But already in 1935 he was called to be a Lecturer by the University of Zurich and in 1938 was made full professor of Old Testament, History of Religions and Oriental Languages. After further teaching in Berlin and Montpellier, he was called, in 1951, to be Professor of Old Testament at the University of Göttingen. He remained there until he retired, and also served as rector of the university from 1964–1966.

In 1964–65 he initiated and was president of the first of the Confederation of European Union Rectors' Conferences, which was held in Göttingen. Zimmerli was active in the academic division of the Council of Europe, served on the board of the World Rectors' Conference and was in the senate of the Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. Between 1970 and 1978 he was president of the Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (the Göttingen Academy of Sciences), and he also served as the president of the "Konferenz der deutschen Akademien der Wissenschaften" (the "Conference of \[West\] German Academies of Science").

In 1940 Zimmerli founded the "Reformierte Theologenhaus" in Zurich and after 1945 further Reformed houses of study for students in all disciplines. In 1949, Claus Westermann earned his doctoral degree in Zurich under Zimmerli for his dissertation "Das Loben Gottes in den Psalmen" ("Praise of God in the Psalms").

Zimmerli was a highly regarded and well known representative of his discipline and was therefore invited to be a guest professor at Yale University, granted many honorary doctorates (from Göttingen, Zurich, Strasbourg and Edinburgh) and was the 1972 recipient of the Burkitt Medal of the British Academy.

In addition to his academic achievements, notable too was Zimmerli's unwavering opposition, from the very beginning, to Nazism. He contested Swiss neutrality during the Second World War, served in active duty from 1940 as a military chaplain in the Swiss Army (a post in which he remained until 1951, serving more than 300 days in active duty) and staunchly took a stand opposing pogroms against Jews and euthanasia. At the same time, after 1945, he was one of the first academics to attempt to re-establish contact with Germany, and did not hesitate to accept the call to Göttingen in 1951. There, Zimmerli became one of the most loved teachers in the Göttingen Theological Faculty of the twentieth century.

During his time as a student in Göttingen, Zimmerli married Irmgard von der Ropp, with whom he had six children. One of his sons is the philosopher Walther Christoph Zimmerli.

## Work

The significance of Walther Zimmerli lies first and foremost in his academic work. He wrote fundamental commentaries on Genesis and Ecclesiastes, and one of his most important works is his two-volume commentary on Ezekiel in the series "Biblischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament" (translated into English for the Hermeneia commentary series). This commentary laid an entirely new foundation for understanding Book of Ezekiel. Zimmerli's scholarship is embodied in his *Grundriß der alttestamentlichen Theologie* (*Old Testament Theology in Outline*), which has appeared in numerous editions since its first publication.

## Bibliography

Festschriften * Herbert Donner, ed., *Beiträge zur alttestamentlichen Theologie: Festschrift für Walther Zimmerli zum 70. Geburtstag* (Göttingen 1977)

Lexicon articles * Wolfdietrich von Kloeden (1998). "Walther Zimmerli". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). *Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)* (in German). Vol. 14. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 478–486. ISBN 3-88309-073-5.

## InfoBox

| Walther Zimmerli | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1907-01-21)21 January 1907
Schiers, Graubünden, Switzerland |
| Died | 4 December 1983(1983-12-04) (aged 76)
Oberdiessbach, Bern, Switzerland |
| Nationality | Swiss |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Zurich
Humboldt University of Berlin
University of Göttingen |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Theology
Old Testament |
| Institutions | University of Göttingen |
| Doctoral students | Claus Westermann |
| Notable works | *Ezechiel* (Biblischer Kommentar Altes Testament) |
|  | |


title: James Alexander (lawyer)

abstract: James Alexander was a Scottish-born lawyer and politician in colonial New York. He served in the Colonial Assembly and as attorney general of the colony in 1721–23. His son William was later a major general in the Continental Army during the American revolution. Alexandria Township, New Jersey was named after James Alexander.

text:
# James Alexander (lawyer)

**James Alexander** (May 27, 1691 – April 2, 1756) was a Scottish-born lawyer and politician in colonial New York. He served in the Colonial Assembly and as attorney general of the colony in 1721–23. His son William was later a major general in the Continental Army during the American revolution. Alexandria Township, New Jersey was named after James Alexander.

## Early life

Alexander was born in Muthill in Perthshire, Scotland on May 27, 1691, to David Alexander ("of Muthil"). He was a distant relation of the Earl of Stirling and may have received his formal education at the High School of Stirling.

He joined the navy, serving on HMS *Arundell* in 1712–13, where he learned navigation, mathematics, and astronomy. But in 1714–15, he joined the uprising in support of James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender, and fled to America in 1715 when it failed.

## Life in America

In November 1715, he was appointed surveyor general of New Jersey. He personally made surveys, using instruments he had brought from Scotland and resolved disputed titles. Alexander settled in New York, married, and in January 1721 was appointed deputy-secretary of New York.

Alexander read law in New York and was admitted to the provincial bar of New Jersey in 1720. He served as attorney general for the colony of New York from 1721 to 1723. Alexander sought membership of Gray's Inn on February 1, 1725, and returned from London with a large legal library that enabled him to cite legal precedent in court. This was a distinct advantage for a colonial lawyer. James Duane, ward and later son-in-law of Robert Livingston, third Lord of Livingston Manor, read law as a clerk in Alexander's office and became proficient in the area of rights and jurisdiction in land disputes. Alexander practiced law, engaged in mercantile pursuits, and built a considerable fortune.

He built a large brick mansion at Broad and Beaver Streets. Alexander owned six slaves over the course of his life, all of whom worked as domestic servants in his Broad Street mansion. One of his slaves escaped from bondage by forging a transit pass.

### Family landholdings

William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling also known as Sir William Alexander was James Alexander's ancestor. In 1621 King James I granted Stirling a royal charter appointing him mayor of a vast territory which was enlarged into a lordship and barony of Nova Scotia (meaning New Scotland); the area is now known as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of the northern United States. On 22 April 1636, King Charles told the Plymouth Colony, which had laid claim to Long Island but had not settled it, to give the island to Alexander. In October 1641 the first Earl of Stirling deeded the island of Nantucket to Thomas Mayhew of Watertown, Massachusetts.

James Alexander never laid claim to the title Earl of Stirling. He fled Britain as a young man, after his role in a failed Jacobite plot to put James “the Old Pretender” on the British throne. Through his own industry he acquired what became Island Beach State Park in New Jersey and later lost it. His son William Alexander, Lord Stirling, unofficially known as Lord Stirling during his life and a Patriot general during the Revolutionary War, legally sought ownership of the property in 1761 and won the rights to what became Stirling Island. James Alexander also owned large tracts of land in today's Basking Ridge area of New Jersey, which he later willed to his son.

### Politics

In 1721, Alexander was appointed to the Governor's Council in New York. In 1723, he was added to the Council in New Jersey and that same year made Attorney General of New Jersey. He frequently opposed the policies of New York Governor William Cosby and in 1732, Cosby succeeded in having Alexander removed from the council. In 1733, Alexander started an anti-Cosby newspaper, the *New York Weekly Journal*, with Peter Zenger as publisher. Alexander was the principal author of pieces critical of Governor Cosby. The following year, Zenger was arrested on sedition charges, but eventually a jury acquitted Zenger of libel in one of the first instances of jury nullification. Alexander and William Smith served as Zenger's attorneys until both were disbarred after they challenged the commissions of the judges hearing the case.

In 1730, Alexander was chairman of the committee to revise the New York City charter; he was given the freedom of the city the following year. When Lord De La Warr was appointed governor in 1737, Alexander was reinstated to the bar and reappointed to the governor's Council of New York. His removal from the Council of New Jersey was disregarded. Alexander became a vocal proponent of the emerging Whig political views, and engaged in various civic efforts as well. In 1751, he raised funds to establish King's College.

### Later life

Although he remained active in politics, his legal practice, acquired holdings, and other interests eventually absorbed most of his time and energy, and his political involvement waned. He was an founding member of the American Philosophical Society, established in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin and others, including Francis Hopkinson, John Bartram, Philip Syng, Jr.

## Personal life

On June 5, 1721, Alexander married the wealthy widow Mary Spratt Provoost (1693–1760). She was the daughter of John Spratt (c. 1650–1697) and Maria de Peyster (1659–1700). Her DePuyster uncles drafted the prenuptial agreements. Mary was the widow of Samuel Provoost (d. 1719), the younger brother of David Proovost, the 24th mayor of New York City, with whom she had three children. Together, James and Mary had seven children:

In 1756, while on a trip to Albany to confer with other Whig leaders, he suffered a flare up of his gout which led to a deterioration of his health. He returned home ill as a result and died in Albany or New York City on April 2, 1756.

### Descendants

Through his daughter Mary, he was the grandfather of 12 grandchildren, including Philip Peter Livingston (1740–1810).

Through his son William, he was the grandfather of three, William Alexander, Mary Alexander, who married a wealthy merchant named Robert Watts of New York, and Catherine Alexander, who married Congressman William Duer (1747–1799).

Through his daughter Elizabeth, he was the grandfather of John Stevens III (1749–1838), a lawyer, engineer, and inventor who constructed the first U.S. steam locomotive and first steam-powered ferry, and Mary Stevens (d. 1814), who married Chancellor Robert Livingston, negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase.

Through his daughter Catherine, he was the grandfather of John Rutherfurd (1760–1840), a Federalist member of the United States Senate from New Jersey who served from 1791 to 1798, who married Helena Magdalena Morris (1762–1840), daughter of Congressman Lewis Morris of Morrisania.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| James Alexander | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 4th New Jersey Attorney General | |
| **In office**
1723–1728 | |
| Governor | William Burnet |
| Preceded by | Jeremiah Basse |
| Succeeded by | Lawrence Smyth |
| Member of the New Jersey Provincial Council for the Eastern Division | |
| **In office**
1722  April 2, 1756 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Gordon |
| Succeeded by | William Alexander, Lord Stirling |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1691-05-27)May 27, 1691
Muthill, Perthshire, Scotland |
| Died | April 2, 1756(1756-04-02) (aged 64)
New York, British America |
| Spouse | Mary Spratt Provoost
(m. 1721) |
| Relations | John Stevens III (grandson)
John Rutherfurd (grandson) |
| Children | 7, including William |
| Parent | David Alexander |
| Education | High School of Stirling |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Michael Kranish

abstract: Michael Kranish is an American author and former correspondent with The Boston Globe. He joined The Washington Post in 2016, where he is an investigative political reporter.

text:
# Michael Kranish

**Michael Kranish** is an American author and former correspondent with *The Boston Globe*. He joined *The Washington Post* in 2016, where he is an investigative political reporter.

## Biography

A graduate of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, Michael Kranish joined the *Boston Globe* in 1984. He worked in the newspaper's Washington Bureau and was the White House reporter during the last two years of the presidency of George H. W. Bush and the first two years of Bill Clinton. He was the paper's national political reporter during the 1996 and 2000 campaigns. His other assignments with the *Globe* have included congressional reporter, New England reporter, and business writer. He previously worked for the *Miami Herald* and the *Lakeland Ledger*.

He is the co-author (with Brian C. Mooney, and Nina J. Easton) of a biography of Senator John Kerry, *John F. Kerry: The Complete Biography by the Boston Globe Reporters Who Know Him Best*, and the author of a history of Thomas Jefferson, *Flight from Monticello: Thomas Jefferson at War*. He is co-author with *Globe* writer Scott Helman of *The Real Romney*.

Kranish joined the *Washington Post* in January 2016. With co-author Marc Fisher and supervised by *The Washington Post* editor Marty Baron, Kranish authored the biography, *Trump Revealed: An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power*.

Kranish authored a book about the African-American cyclist Major Taylor in 2019, titled *The World's Fastest Man: The Extraordinary Life of Cyclist Major Taylor, America's First Black Sports Hero.* Taylor won the world championship in 1899, and raced across the United States, Europe and Australia, overcoming racist efforts to ban him at the height of the Jim Crow era.

Kranish is the 2016 winner of the Society of Professional Journalists award for Washington Correspondence.

## InfoBox

| Michael Kranish | |
| --- | --- |
| Kranish in 2012 | |
| Education | Syracuse University |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Employer | *The Washington Post* |
| Notable credit(s) | *Trump Revealed; The World's Fastest Man: The Extraordinary Life of Cyclist Major Taylor; Flight from Monticello:Thomas Jefferson at War* |
| Title | Political investigative Reporter |
| Website | http://www.michaelkranish.com |


title: Iota Horologii b

abstract: Iota Horologii b, often catalogued HR 810 b, is an extrasolar planet approximately 56.5 light-years away in the constellation of Horologium. Iota Horologii b has a minimum mass 2.26 times that of Jupiter; astrometric measurements from Gaia suggest it has a true mass of 6.2 MJ.

text:
# Iota Horologii b

**Iota Horologii b** (ι Hor b / ι Horologii b), often catalogued **HR 810 b**, is an extrasolar planet approximately 56.5 light-years away in the constellation of Horologium (the Pendulum Clock). Iota Horologii b has a minimum mass 2.26 times that of Jupiter; astrometric measurements from *Gaia* suggest it has a true mass of 6.2 MJ.

## Detection and discovery

The discovery of Iota Horologii b was the result of a long-term survey of forty Solar analog stars that was begun in November 1992. The planet represents the first discovery of an extrasolar planet with a European Southern Observatory instrument, with the data found at the La Silla Observatory in Chile.

The Keplerian signal found the planet to have an orbital period of 320.1 days, indicative of an orbiting planet with minimum mass of 2.26 Jupiter masses. Iota Horologii b was announced in the summer of 1999 as the first planet found by a team of planet hunters led by Martin Kürster.

The measurements of Iota Horologii show that the planet orbits the star approximately every 320 days. From this period, the known mass of the central star (1.25 solar masses) and the amplitude of the velocity changes, a mass of at least 2.26 times that of planet Jupiter is deduced for the planet.

It revolves around the host star in a somewhat elongated orbit. If it were located in the Solar System, this orbit would stretch from just outside the orbit of Venus (at 117 million km or 0.78 astronomical units \[AU\] from the Sun) to just outside the orbit of the Earth (at 162 million km or 1.08 AU). Because the planet is about 2,000 more massive than the Earth, it is predicted that Iota Horologii b is more similar to planet Jupiter.

Preliminary astrometric analysis of Iota Horologii b suggested that planet b may have as much as 24 times the mass of Jupiter with an inclination of 5.5 degrees from Earth's line of sight. With these calculations, Iota Horologii b may actually be an extremely dim brown dwarf and a substellar companion of Iota Horologii. However, these measurements were later proved useful only for upper limits of inclination. An astrometric measurement of the planet's inclination and true mass was published in 2022 as part of Gaia DR3, revealing it to have a planetary mass of 6.2 MJ.

## InfoBox

Iota Horologii b
| Artistic rendering of Iota Horologii b with hypothetical rings | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | Kürster *et al.* |
| Discovery site | La Silla Observatory |
| Discovery date | 29 July 1999 |
| Detection method | Doppler spectroscopy |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Semi-major axis | 0.91 AU (136 million km) |
| Eccentricity | 0.22 ± 0.06 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 311.3 ± 1.3 |
| Inclination | 87°± |
| Time of periastron | 2,451,308.8 ± 10.4 |
| Argument of periastron | 78.9 ± 13.1 |
| Semi-amplitude | 57.1 ± 5.2 |
| Star | Iota Horologii |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mass | 6.2±0.5 *M*J |
|  | |


abstract: The men's épée was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics programme. It was the ninth appearance of the event. The competition was held from 9 August 1936 to 11 August 1936. 68 fencers from 26 nations competed. Nations were limited to three fencers. The event was won by Franco Riccardi of Italy, the nation's second consecutive victory in the men's épée. Riccardi's teammates Saverio Ragno and Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici took silver and bronze, respectively, to give Italy a medal sweep—Italy's first and the fourth overall in the event. Cornaggia-Medici, who had won gold in 1932, became the fourth man to win multiple medals in the individual épée. For the first time, France competed in the event but did not win any medals.

text:
# Fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's épée

The men's épée was one of seven fencing events on the fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics programme. It was the ninth appearance of the event. The competition was held from 9 August 1936 to 11 August 1936. 68 fencers from 26 nations competed. Nations were limited to three fencers. The event was won by Franco Riccardi of Italy, the nation's second consecutive victory in the men's épée (matching Cuba and Belgium for second-most all-time among nations). Riccardi's teammates Saverio Ragno and Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici took silver and bronze, respectively, to give Italy a medal sweep—Italy's first and the fourth overall in the event (Cuba in 1904, France in 1908 and 1920). Cornaggia-Medici, who had won gold in 1932, became the fourth man to win multiple medals in the individual épée. For the first time, France competed in the event but did not win any medals (snapping a four-Games podium streak).

## Background

This was the ninth appearance of the event, which was not held at the first Games in 1896 (with only foil and sabre events held) but has been held at every Summer Olympics since 1900.

Three of the 12 finalists from the 1932 Games returned: gold medalist Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici of Italy, fourth-place finisher Saverio Ragno of Italy, and tenth-place finisher Raúl Saucedo of Argentina. Hans Drakenberg of Sweden was the reigning (1935) World Champion as well as European champion; Pál Dunay of Hungary had been World Champion in 1934.

Brazil, Poland, and Yugoslavia each made their debut in the event. Belgium and the United States each appeared for the eighth time, tied for most among nations.

## Competition format

The competition format was pool play round-robin, with bouts to three touches (unlike foil and sabre, but continuing the format from 1932). The format returned to four rounds. Not all bouts were played in some pools if not necessary to determine advancement. Two points were awarded for each bout won; if both fencers scored a hit simultaneously to make the bout 3–3, each received one point for the "null match". Ties were broken through fence-off bouts in early rounds if necessary for determining advancement, but by touches received in final rounds (and for non-advancement-necessary placement in earlier rounds).

* Round 1: 8 pools of between 7 and 10 fencers each. The top 5 fencers in each pool advanced to the quarterfinals.
* Quarterfinals: 4 pools of 10 fencers each. The top 5 fencers in each pool advanced to the semifinals.
* Semifinals: 2 pools of 10 fencers each. The top 5 fencers in each pool advanced to the final.
* Final: 1 pool of 10 fencers.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sunday, 9 August 1936 | **9:00** | **Round 1** |
| Monday, 10 August 1936 | **9:00**
**15:00** | **Quarterfinals**
**Semifinals** |
| Tuesday, 11 August 1936 | **13:00** | **Final** |

## Results

### Round 1

The top five finishers in each pool advanced to the quarterfinals.

#### Pool 1

De Beaumont is listed in 8th place and Schröder in 9th place in the official report, but Schröder had more points than de Beaumont.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Nicolae Marinescu | Romania | 12 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 22 | 17 | Q |
| 2 | Hans Drakenberg | Sweden | 10 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 9 | Q |
| 3 | Antonio Villamil | Argentina | 10 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 10 | Q |
| 4 | Béla Bay | Hungary | 10 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 19 | 13 | Q |
| 5 | Roman Kantor | Poland | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 21 | 22 | Q |
| 6 | Mahmoud Abdin | Egypt | 8 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 20 | 21 |  |
| 7 | Nicolaas van Hoorn | Netherlands | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 19 | 18 |  |
| 8 | Otto Schröder | Germany | 5 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 17 | 21 |  |
| 9 | Charles de Beaumont | Great Britain | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 12 | 20 |  |
| 10 | Bertrand Boissonnault | Canada | 3 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 8 | 23 |  |

#### Pool 2

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Henrique de Aguilar | Brazil | 12 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 5 | Q |
| 2 | Preben Christiansen | Denmark | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 12 | Q |
| 3 | Gustaf Dyrssen | Sweden | 8 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 10 | Q |
| 4 | Pál Dunay | Hungary | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 14 | Q |
| 5 | Khristos Zalokostas | Greece | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 11 | Q |
| 6 | Antoni Franz | Poland | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 15 | 19 |  |
| 7 | Robert Bergmann | Czechoslovakia | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 17 |  |
| 8 | Karl Hanisch | Austria | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 21 |  |

#### Pool 3

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hans Granfelt | Sweden | 12 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 22 | 12 | Q |
| 2 | Hervé, Count du Monceau de Bergendael | Belgium | 12 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 15 | Q |
| 3 | François Duret | Switzerland | 10 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 18 | 11 | Q |
| 4 | Egill Knutzen | Norway | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 14 | Q |
| 5 | Marcel Boulad | Egypt | 8 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 15 | 16 | Q |
| 6 | Gustave Heiss | United States | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 13 | 20 |  |
| 7 | Henri Dulieux | France | 4 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 14 | 18 |  |
| 8 | František Vohryzek | Czechoslovakia | 4 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 19 |  |
| 9 | Douglas Dexter | Great Britain | 2 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 12 | 19 |  |

#### Pool 4

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Raymond Stasse | Belgium | 12 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 8 | Q |
| 2 | Paulo Leal | Portugal | 11 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 19 | 11 | Q |
| 3 | Ian Campbell-Gray | Great Britain | 10 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 12 | Q |
| 4 | Saverio Ragno | Italy | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 15 | Q |
| 5 | Rezső von Bartha | Hungary | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 19 | 16 | Q |
| 6 | Josef Kunt | Czechoslovakia | 6 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 14 | 17 |  |
| 7 | Denis Dolecsko | Romania | 4 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 9 | 16 |  |
| 8 | Roman Fischer | Austria | 3 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 15 | 21 |  |
| 9 | Ernest Dalton | Canada | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 21 |  |

#### Pool 5

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Franco Riccardi | Italy | 14 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 8 | Q |
| 2 | Siegfried Lerdon | Germany | 8 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 6 | Q |
| 3 | Aage Leidersdorff | Denmark | 8 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 13 | 10 | Q |
| 4 | Cornelis Weber | Netherlands | 6 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 13 | 8 | Q |
| 5 | Ioan Miclescu-Prăjescu | Romania | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 12 | Q |
| 6 | Ricardo Romero | Chile | 4 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 18 |  |
| 7 | Ivan Vladimir Mažuranić | Yugoslavia | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 8 | 16 |  |
| 8 | Moacyr Dunham | Brazil | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 18 |  |

#### Pool 6

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Antonio Haro | Mexico | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 17 | 7 | Q |
| 2 | Charles Debeur | Belgium | 8 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 13 | Q |
| 3 | Gustavo Carinhas | Portugal | 6 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 10 | Q |
| 4 | Tomas Barraza | Chile | 6 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 12 | Q |
| 5 | George Tully | Canada | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 14 | Q |
| 6 | Frank Righeimer | United States | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 11 | 13 |  |
| 7 | Dimitar Vasilev | Bulgaria | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 15 |  |

#### Pool 7

In the three-way tie for fourth, Martínez came last to da Silveira and Guthe, with the latter two advancing.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Frédéric Fitting | Switzerland | 12 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 21 | 12 | Q |
| 2 | Willem Driebergen | Netherlands | 11 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 21 | 15 | Q |
| 3 | Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici | Italy | 11 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 22 | 16 | Q |
| 4 | Henrique da Silveira | Portugal | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 19 | 14 | Q |
| 5 | Thorstein Guthe | Norway | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 20 | 17 | Q |
| 6 | José Martínez | Mexico | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 18 |  |
| 7 | Ennio de Oliveira | Brazil | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 13 | 19 |  |
| 8 | Mauris Shamil | Egypt | 2 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 11 | 22 |  |
| 9 | Rudolf Weber | Austria | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 11 | 23 |  |

#### Pool 8

In the three-way tie for fourth, Martínez came last to da Silveira and Guthe, with the latter two advancing.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Frederick Weber | United States | 12 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 8 | Q |
| 2 | Michel Pécheux | France | 10 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 9 | Q |
| 3 | Jean Hauert | Switzerland | 8 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 9 | Q |
| 4 | Erik Hammer Sørensen | Denmark | 7 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 15 | 18 | Q |
| 5 | Raúl Saucedo | Argentina | 6 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 16 | 13 | Q |
| 6 | Ernst Röthig | Germany | 6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 16 | 17 |  |
| 7 | Konstantinos Bembis | Greece | 2 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 20 |  |
| 8 | Krešo Tretinjak | Yugoslavia | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 10 | 18 |  |

### Quarterfinals

The top five finishers in each pool advanced to the semifinals.

#### Quarterfinal 1

In the four-way tie for third place, Knutzen finished last in the play-off with Debeur, da Silveira, and Granfelt, with the latter three advancing.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Michel Pécheux | France | 12 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 21 | 19 | Q |
| 2 | Charles Debeur | Belgium | 11 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 20 | 16 | Q |
| 3 | Henrique da Silveira | Portugal | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 16 | Q |
| 4 | Hans Granfelt | Sweden | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 21 | 18 | Q |
| 5 | Jean Hauert | Switzerland | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 20 | 19 | Q |
| 6 | Egill Knutzen | Norway | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 24 | 21 |  |
| 7 | Frederick Weber | United States | 9 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 20 | 20 |  |
| 8 | George Tully | Canada | 6 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 18 | 21 |  |
| 9 | Pál Dunay | Hungary | 5 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 20 | 26 |  |
| 10 | Aage Leidersdorff | Denmark | 3 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 15 | 21 |  |

#### Quarterfinal 2

Campbell-Gray defeated Miclescu-Prăjescu in a play-off bout to break to the tie for fifth and last advancement spot. The official report lists Weber 9th and Duret 8th, though the scoring system would put Weber in 8th with fewer touches received.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hans Drakenberg | Sweden | 15 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 13 | Q |
| 2 | Roman Kantor | Poland | 14 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 23 | 12 | Q |
| 3 | Raymond Stasse | Belgium | 14 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 23 | 15 | Q |
| 4 | Saverio Ragno | Italy | 12 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 21 | 12 | Q |
| 5 | Ian Campbell-Gray | Great Britain | 8 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 19 | 18 | Q |
| 6 | Ioan Miclescu-Prăjescu | Romania | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 21 | 21 |  |
| 7 | Preben Christiansen | Denmark | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 21 |  |
| 8 | Cornelis Weber | Netherlands | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 22 |  |
| 9 | François Duret | Switzerland | 4 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 17 | 26 |  |
| 10 | Thorstein Guthe | Norway | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 13 | 23 |  |

#### Quarterfinal 3

It is unclear why Villamil did not face Barraza, Driebergen did not face Leal, and Boulad did not face Bay. In general, bouts unnecessary to advancement were not played, but each of the three men eliminated in 6th through 8th place were within 2 points of the 5th-place finisher Zalokostas and could have caught him with an additional win (or even tie for Villamil), though Zalokostas himself had an unplayed bout against Hammer Sørensen and could have added to his point total.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Franco Riccardi | Italy | 12 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 20 | 9 | Q |
| 2 | Béla Bay | Hungary | 11 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 21 | 14 | Q |
| 3 | Paulo Leal | Portugal | 10 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 16 | 11 | Q |
| 4 | Frédéric Fitting | Switzerland | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 22 | 13 | Q |
| 5 | Khristos Zalokostas | Greece | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 20 | 19 | Q |
| 6 | Antonio Villamil | Argentina | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 17 | 17 |  |
| 7 | Willem Driebergen | Netherlands | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 14 | 16 |  |
| 8 | Marcel Boulad | Egypt | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 15 | 21 |  |
| 9 | Erik Hammer Sørensen | Denmark | 2 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 19 |  |
| 10 | Tomas Barraza | Chile | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 21 |  |

#### Quarterfinal 4

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Antonio Haro | Mexico | 12 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 11 | Q |
| 2 | Siegfried Lerdon | Germany | 10 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 9 | Q |
| 3 | Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici | Italy | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 21 | 14 | Q |
| 4 | Henrique de Aguilar | Brazil | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 14 | Q |
| 5 | Hervé, Count du Monceau de Bergendael | Belgium | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 21 | 20 | Q |
| 6 | Raúl Saucedo | Argentina | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 15 | 19 |  |
| 6 | Gustavo Carinhas | Portugal | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 14 | 19 |  |
| 6 | Rezső von Bartha | Hungary | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 19 |  |
| 9 | Nicolae Marinescu | Romania | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 21 |  |
| 10 | Gustaf Dyrssen | Sweden | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 15 | 19 |  |

### Semifinals

The top five finishers in each pool advanced to the semifinals.

#### Semifinal 1

In the four-way tie for third place, Pécheux finished last in the play-off with Debeur, Zalokostas, and Cornaggia-Medici, with the latter three advancing.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ian Campbell-Gray | Great Britain | 18 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 9 | Q |
| 2 | Saverio Ragno | Italy | 12 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 20 | 20 | Q |
| 3 | Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici | Italy | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 19 | 13 | Q |
| 4 | Khristos Zalokostas | Greece | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 19 | 19 | Q |
| 5 | Charles Debeur | Belgium | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 23 | 22 | Q |
| 6 | Michel Pécheux | France | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 23 | 19 |  |
| 7 | Hans Granfelt | Sweden | 8 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 20 | 21 |  |
| 8 | Antonio Haro | Mexico | 5 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 15 | 24 |  |
| 9 | Paulo Leal | Portugal | 5 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 15 | 25 |  |
| 10 | Jean Hauert | Switzerland | 2 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 15 | 26 |  |

#### Semifinal 2

In the four-way tie for fifth place, Drakenberg won the play-off pool against Kantor, Fitting, and Lerdon.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Raymond Stasse | Belgium | 15 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 13 | Q |
| 2 | Franco Riccardi | Italy | 13 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 23 | 13 | Q |
| 3 | Henrique da Silveira | Portugal | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 11 | Q |
| 4 | Béla Bay | Hungary | 10 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 20 | 16 | Q |
| 5 | Hans Drakenberg | Sweden | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 19 | 22 | Q |
| 6 | Roman Kantor | Poland | 8 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 17 | 22 |  |
| 7 | Frédéric Fitting | Switzerland | 8 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 19 | 23 |  |
| 7 | Siegfried Lerdon | Germany | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 20 | 23 |  |
| 9 | Hervé, Count du Monceau de Bergendael | Belgium | 4 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 15 | 22 |  |
| 10 | Henrique de Aguilar | Brazil | 4 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 13 | 25 |  |

### Final

The Italian fencers swept the medals. Ties in the final were broken by touches received, including Ragno taking silver to Cornaggia-Medici's bronze by a touches received score of 15–16 (Ragno had beaten Cornaggia-Medici head-to-head in the final after losing to him in the semifinal). Riccardi beat both of his countrymen in their bouts, ultimately taking gold with 1 point more than either despite winning 1 fewer bout due to his 3 ties.

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Points | Wins | Losses | Ties | TS | TR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Franco Riccardi | Italy | 13 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 25 | 18 |
|  | Saverio Ragno | Italy | 12 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 24 | 15 |
|  | Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici | Italy | 12 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 22 | 16 |
| 4 | Hans Drakenberg | Sweden | 10 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 20 | 20 |
| 5 | Charles Debeur | Belgium | 9 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 21 | 21 |
| 6 | Henrique da Silveira | Portugal | 8 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 18 | 19 |
| 7 | Raymond Stasse | Belgium | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 21 | 21 |
| 8 | Ian Campbell-Gray | Great Britain | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 18 | 24 |
| 9 | Béla Bay | Hungary | 7 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 18 | 22 |
| 10 | Khristos Zalokostas | Greece | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 15 | 26 |

## InfoBox

| Men's épée
at the Games of the XI Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Gold medalist Franco Riccardi (1928) | |
| Venue | Imperial Sports Field, Berlin |
| Dates | 9–11 August |
| Competitors | 68 from 26 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Franco Riccardi
Italy  Saverio Ragno
Italy  Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici
Italy | |
|


title: Tomopterus kunayala

abstract: Tomopterus kunayala is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Giesbert in 1996.

text:
# Tomopterus kunayala

***Tomopterus kunayala***  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Giesbert in 1996.

## InfoBox

| *Tomopterus kunayala* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Tomopterus*** |
| Species: | ***T. kunayala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tomopterus kunayala***<br>Giesbert, 1996 | |
|


title: Synergy (Covenant album)

abstract: Synergy: Live in Europe is the first live album by Covenant, released as a stand-alone CD in 2000, as well as a CD/VHS set by dependent.

text:
# Synergy (Covenant album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |

***Synergy: Live in Europe*** is the first live album by Covenant, released as a stand-alone CD in 2000, as well as a CD/VHS set by dependent.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" (Live) | 1:50 |
| 2. | "Tour de Force" (Live) | 4:31 |
| 3. | "Feedback" (Live) | 4:15 |
| 4. | "Flux" (Live) | 5:16 |
| 5. | "Helicopter" (Live) | 5:45 |
| 6. | "Dead Stars" (Live) | 6:20 |
| 7. | "Go Film" (Live) | 4:55 |
| 8. | "Tabula Rasa" (Live) | 5:44 |
| 9. | "I Am" (Live) | 5:19 |
| 10. | "One World One Sky" (Live) | 6:39 |
| 11. | "Der Leiermann" (Live) | 5:56 |
| 12. | "Wall of Sound" (Live) | 6:02 |
| 13. | "Stalker" (Live) | 4:19 |
| 14. | "Babel" (Live) | 5:56 |
| Total length: | | 58:39 |

Box Edition VHS
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" (Live Video) |  |
| 2. | "Tour de Force" (Live Video) |  |
| 3. | "I Am" (Live Video) |  |
| 4. | "Helicopter" (Live Video) |  |
| 5. | "Dead Stars" (Live Video) |  |
| 6. | "Der Leiermann" (Live Video) |  |
| 7. | "Theremin" (Live Video) |  |
| 8. | "One World One Sky" (Live Video) |  |
| 9. | "Figurehead" (Live Video) |  |

## InfoBox

| Synergy: Live in Europe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Covenant | |
| Released | October 8, 2002 |
| Recorded | March 2000 (Bochum, Germany) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 58:39 |
| Label | Metropolis, dependent |
| Producer | Eskil Simonsson & Jürgen Jansen |
| Covenant chronology | |
| *United States of Mind*
(2000) ***Synergy: Live in Europe***
(2002) *Northern Light*
(2002) | |


title: Girardinus falcatus

abstract: Girardinus falcatus, the goldbelly topminnow, is a species of Cuban tropical fish. Another common name of the species is yellow belly. The fish is pale gold and has a bright blue iris. Males are smaller than females and constantly mate.

text:
# Girardinus falcatus

***Girardinus falcatus***, the **goldbelly topminnow**, is a species of Cuban tropical fish. Another common name of the species is **yellow belly**. The fish is pale gold and has a bright blue iris. Males are smaller than females and constantly mate.

## InfoBox

| *Girardinus falcatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Poeciliidae |
| Genus: | *Girardinus* |
| Species: | ***G. falcatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Girardinus falcatus***<br>(C. H. Eigenmann, 1903) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Glaridichthys falcatus* Eigenmann, 1903 * *Glaridichthys atherinoides* Rivas, 1944 | |


title: Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski

abstract: Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski was a German portrait photographer based in Munich.

text:
# Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski

**Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski** (née **Wanda von Kunowski**; 8 January 1870  23 April 1935) was a German portrait photographer based in Munich.

## Life

Kunowski was born in Hammer, Kreis Czarnikau, province of Posen, she was the daughter of August von Kunowski and Helene von Bethe. She was the first wife of Wilhelm von Debschitz; there were three children born of that marriage, including daughter Wanda Ziegert von Debschitz and Irene von Debschitz who would later marry Bauhausler Xanti Schawinsky. From 1902 through 1914, she worked at the Debschitz School, first in the metal workshop (1902-1905) and later teaching photography (1905-1914).

By 1921, she had opened her own photography studio in Berlin. Her work included nudes, and dancers. Debschitz-Kunowski's vision was known to have differed with that of the photographer Cami Stone, wife of Sasha Stone, in some of their collaborations.

Debschitz-Kunowski died in Berlin in 1935.

## Bibliography


title: Wang Anlong

abstract: Wang Anlong is a Chinese military officer and the current secretary of Discipline Inspection Commission of Central Theater Command Ground Force. Previously he served as deputy director of the General Office of Central Military Commission since March 2015. Wang is a member of the Chinese Communist Party. He holds the rank of Major general in the People's Liberation Army. He served in various posts in Nanjing Military Region before serving as director of the Political Department of 31 Army in 2014.

text:
# Wang Anlong

**Wang Anlong** is a Chinese military officer and the current secretary of Discipline Inspection Commission of Central Theater Command Ground Force. Previously he served as deputy director of the General Office of Central Military Commission since March 2015. Wang is a member of the Chinese Communist Party. He holds the rank of Major general in the People's Liberation Army. He served in various posts in Nanjing Military Region before serving as director of the Political Department of 31 Army in 2014.

## InfoBox

| Wang Anlong | |
| --- | --- |
| 王安龙 | |
|  | |
| Secretary of Discipline Inspection Commission of Central Theater Command Ground Force | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
June 2020 | |
| Deputy Director of the General Office of Central Military Commission | |
| **In office**
March 2015  May 2020 | |
| Chairman | Xi Jinping |
| Director of the Political Department of 31 Army | |
| **In office**
2014–2015 | |
| Preceded by | Qin Shutong |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | People's Republic of China |
| Branch/service | People's Liberation Army Ground Force |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 王安龍 |
| Simplified Chinese | 王安龙 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wāng Ānlóng | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Patrick Finglass

abstract: Patrick J. Finglass is a British classicist of Ancient Greek literature and the Henry Overton Wills Professor of Greek at the University of Bristol and former Fifty-Pound Fellow at All Souls College Oxford. His field of research includes Greek lyric poetry and Greek tragedy, with a particular interest in the authors Sophocles, Euripides, Pindar, and Stesichorus. He is a current editor of The Classical Quarterly, and has penned numerous articles and critical editions of Greek texts with extensive commentary.

text:
# Patrick Finglass

**Patrick J. Finglass** is a British classicist of Ancient Greek literature and the Henry Overton Wills Professor of Greek at the University of Bristol and former Fifty-Pound Fellow at All Souls College Oxford. His field of research includes Greek lyric poetry and Greek tragedy, with a particular interest in the authors Sophocles, Euripides, Pindar, and Stesichorus. He is a current editor of The Classical Quarterly, and has penned numerous articles and critical editions of Greek texts with extensive commentary.

## Personal Life

While he was pursuing his undergraduate studies at St John's College, Oxford, Finglass was the captain of his college's University Challenge team that managed to reach the grand final of the 2000–01 series of *University Challenge*. They ultimately finished though as runners-up to the victorious Imperial College London team.

## Selected published works

* 2021 - *The Cambridge Companion to Sappho* (Cambridge, with Adrian Kelly)
* 2020 - *Female Characters in Fragmentary Greek Tragedy* (Cambridge, with Lyndsay Coo)
* 2019 - *Sophocles* (Cambridge)
* 2018 - *Sophocles: Oedipus the King* (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries)
* 2015 - *Stesichorus in Context* (Cambridge, with Adrian Kelly)
* 2014 - *Stesichorus: The Poems* (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, with Malcolm Davies)
* 2011 - *Sophocles: Ajax* (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries)
* 2007 - *Sophocles: Electra* (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries)

## InfoBox

| Patrick J. Finglass | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | St. John's College, Oxford |


title: Michael Kramer (narrator)

abstract: Michael Kramer is an American audiobook narrator. Kramer has recorded over a hundred audiobooks for trade publishers and has participated in the Library of Congress's Talking Books program.

text:
# Michael Kramer (narrator)

**Michael Kramer** is an American audiobook narrator. Kramer has recorded over a hundred audiobooks for trade publishers and has participated in the Library of Congress's Talking Books program.

## Reception and awards

Kramer has received praise for his narrations, with the *Library Journal* stating that Kramer reads "clearly and intensely".

### Awards

* AudioFile Earphones Award
* Torgi Award

## Personal life

Kramer lives in Washington, D.C. area with his wife, Jennifer Mendenhall (aka Kate Reading), and their two children. Kramer and Reading have co-narrated audiobooks. Kramer also works as an actor in the local theater, including The Kennedy Center’s production of The Light of Excalibur.

## Bibliography

### As narrator

## InfoBox

| Michael Kramer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Minnesota, United States |
| Occupation | Audiobook narrator |


title: Michael Cudahy (industrialist)

abstract: Michael Cudahy ; December 7, 1841 – November 27, 1910) was an American industrialist who, along with two brothers, established the Cudahy Packing Company in 1890.

text:
# Michael Cudahy (industrialist)

**Michael Cudahy** (/ˈkʌdəh/ *CUD-ə-hey*); December 7, 1841 – November 27, 1910) was an American industrialist who, along with two brothers, established the Cudahy Packing Company in 1890.

## Early life

Cudahy was born in Callan, County Kilkenny in 1841 to Patrick and Elizabeth (née Shaw) Cudahy. The family emigrated to the United States in 1849, and eventually settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

## Career

Cudahy dropped out of school at age 14 and found a job working at Layton and Plankinton, Milwaukee, an area meat packing plant. He worked his way up the ranks and eventually became a private meat inspector. By 1869, Cudahy was a manager in charge of the packing house at Plankinton, Armour and Company, which had been established in Milwaukee in 1852. In 1873, he was made partner in Armour and Company.

With the help of his brothers Edward and Patrick, he established the Cudahy Packing Company in South Omaha, Nebraska in 1890.

### Real estate

By the late 19th century, Cudahy had become a wealthy man living a comfortable life. He took an interest in Mackinac Island, Michigan as a summer home. He also owned a home in Hubbard's Annex on the island in the late 19th century, which he later sold to his brother Edward. He then went to California in 1897 and traded in real estate to expand his fortune.  He returned to Mackinac Island in 1904 and bought 150 acres (0.61 km2), making him one of the largest landowners on Mackinac Island. In 1908, Cudahy sold his share of the Cudahy Meatpacking Company and acquired a 2,800 acre (11 km²) Rancho San Antonio east of Los Angeles, California. He subdivided the ranch and sold it as one acre (4,000 m²) lots. This area was incorporated in 1960 as the City of Cudahy.

Cudahy handpicked renowned architect Frederick Wainwright Perkins to fulfill his visions of a West Bluff mansion. Perkins also designed the Governors Mansion on the island. In 1904, construction was completed on his mansion which he named Stonecliffe which was the largest private home on Mackinac Island. It went through a number of owners after Cudahy's death in 1910. In 1970, Stonecliffe was purchased by an entrepreneur named George Staffan who converted the mansion and associated buildings into a first class resort hotel called The Inn at Stonecliffe in which capacity it continues to function to this day.

## Personal life

In 1866, Cudahy married Catharine Sullivan. The couple had seven children, four boys and three girls.

## Death

On November 27, 1910, Cudahy died of double pneumonia at a Chicago hospital. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in Evanston, Illinois.

## InfoBox

| Michael Cudahy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1841-12-07)December 7, 1841
Callan, County Kilkenny, Ireland |
| Died | November 27, 1910(1910-11-27) (aged 68)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Resting place | Calvary Cemetery, Evanston, Illinois |
| Nationality | Irish-American |
| Occupation | Industrialist |
| Spouse | Catharine Sullivan  (m. 18661910) |
| Children | 7 |
| Relatives |  |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Michael Culkin

abstract: Michael Culkin is an English theatre, film, and television actor probably best known for his role as Judge Buller in the BBC drama Garrow's Law. He appeared as Rab Butler in the first two seasons of The Crown, in The Iron Lady with Meryl Streep, opposite Johnny Depp in Mortdecai and with Hugh Grant in A Very English Scandal playing the Conservative politician Reginald Maudling. He appeared in two seasons of Poldark as Horace Treneglos and will return in the fourth season. He has extensive BBC and ITV Television credits as well as work at the National Theatre and in the West End where he starred with Maggie Smith in Alan Bennett's The Lady in the Van. He is unmarried and lives in Thaxted, Essex, London and Norfolk with several dogs and a llama. He is a member of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.

text:
# Michael Culkin

**Michael Culkin** (born 2 July 1954) is an English theatre, film, and television actor probably best known for his role as Judge Buller in the BBC drama *Garrow's Law*. He appeared as Rab Butler in the first two seasons of *The Crown*, in *The Iron Lady* with Meryl Streep, opposite Johnny Depp in *Mortdecai* and with Hugh Grant in *A Very English Scandal* playing the Conservative politician Reginald Maudling. He appeared in two seasons of *Poldark* as Horace Treneglos and will return in the fourth season. He has extensive BBC and ITV Television credits as well as work at the National Theatre and in the West End where he starred with Maggie Smith in Alan Bennett's *The Lady in the Van*. He is unmarried and lives in Thaxted, Essex, London and Norfolk with several dogs and a llama. He is a member of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.

## Selected filmography

| Television | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1992 | *Candyman* | Phillip Purcell |  |
| 1994 | *Immortal Beloved* | Jakob Hotscevar |  |
| 1995 | *Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh* | Phillip Purcell |  |
| 1996 | *Cold Lazarus* | Inspector Challender | 1 episode |
| 1997 | *Kavanagh QC* | Arnold Westrode | Episode "Ancient History" |
| | *Highlander* | Bernie Crimmins | Episode "The Stone of Scone" |
| | *Into the Blue* | Rex Cunningham | TV film |
| | *Soloman* | Hiram of Naphtali | TV film |
| 1998 | *Our Mutual Friend* | Mr Veneering | TV mini series |
| | *Killer Net* | Justin Holloway | TV mini series |
| | *Supply and Demand* | Sir Phillip Saville | TV mini series |
| | *Inspector Morse* | Mr Sergeant Williams | Episode "The Wench is Dead" |
| 1999 | *Queer as Folk* | Martin Brooks | 1 episode |
| | *Candyman: Day of the Dead* | Phillip Purcell |  |
| 2000 | *Don Quixote* | 1st monk | TV film |
| 2001 | *Perfect Strangers* | Sidney | TV series |
| | *Queen of Swords* | Edward Wellesley | Episode "The Emissary" |
| 2002 | *Shackleton* | Jack Morgan | TV film |
| | *Relic Hunter* | Winston Hubbard | Episode "Arthur's Cross" |
| 2003 | *In Deep* | Hazlitt | Episode "Full Disclosure" |
| 2004 | *La Femme Musketeer* | Claude | TV film |
| | *Murder City* | Carl McCready | Episode "Under the Skin" |
| | *The Inspector Lynley Mysteries* | Raphael | Episode "A Traitor to Memory" |
| 2005 | *Empire* | Lucius | TV mini series |
| | *Rome* | Presiding magistrate | Episode "The Spoils" |
| 2008 | *Trial & Retribution* | Judge | Episode "Conviction |
| 2009 | *Runaway* | Edward | TV miniseries |
| | *Garrow's Law* | Judge Buller | TV series |
| 2010 | *M.I. High* | Mr Pronting | Episode "Millionaire Flatley |
| | *Doctors* | Hugo Blandford | 2 episodes |
| 2012 | *Downton Abbey* | Archbishop of York | 2 episodes |
| 2013 | *Justin and the Knights of Valour* | Sebastian | Voice |
| 2014 | *Law & Order: UK* | Mr Justice Lockwood | Episode: "Flaw" |
| 2015 | *Father Brown* | Dr Barashi | Episode 3.8: "The Lair of the Libertines" |
| | *Poldark* | Horace Treneglos | TV series |
| 2016 | *Jericho* | Mr Claybourn | TV series |
| | *The Crown* | Rab Butler | TV series |
| | *The Coroner* | Charles Gower | Episode 2.2 "Perfectly Formed" |
| 2018 | *Holmes & Watson* | The Judge |  |

## InfoBox

| Michael Culkin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-07-02) 2 July 1954<br>London, England |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1973–present |
| Website | www.michaelculkin.com |


title: Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon

abstract: Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon is a real-time strategy video game, part of Disney's Action Game strand, which includes epic 3D ship battles. The game takes place five years after the events of the film, Treasure Planet. The single-player campaign details the story of Jim Hawkins ascending the ranks as a naval officer, and an additional skirmish mode includes several historical and open-map skirmishes.

text:
# Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon

***Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon*** is a real-time strategy video game, part of Disney's Action Game strand, which includes epic 3D ship battles. The game takes place five years after the events of the film, *Treasure Planet*. The single-player campaign details the story of Jim Hawkins ascending the ranks as a naval officer, and an additional skirmish mode includes several historical and open-map skirmishes.

## Gameplay

Ship navigation is controlled with the mouse. Players can set waypoints for the ship's course and attacks targets, Interaction is also featured, such as focusing the viewpoint on objects, initiating docking manoeuvres, firing tow-ropes and grappling hooks, and, when used on the player ship, activating the cloaking device (only available on the Procyon Submersible). In line with the "classical nautical" design of the ships and the universe in general, the speed control is designed to look like an engine order telegraph. There are 4 speeds, Full Stop, Ahead Slow, Ahead Full and Emergency Full. Speed affects turning rate, a faster speed results in a wider turning circle.

The main focus of the game is engaging in battles. Each ship is loaded with a set number of guns, each in a *weapons bank*, a weapons hardpoint that can be fitted with certain weaponry depending on its size if allowed by the skirmish or if a new ship is acquired in campaign mode.

Each of these banks are classed as one of three sizes, light, medium and heavy. Light guns are weak but quick to reload, medium strike a balance between the other two, and heavy guns are powerful yet slow to reload. There are also lobbing weapons, which are aimed and fired manually. Light guns tend to be more useful against sails (especially the 'Laser Gatling Gun', which acts like a machine gun), and heavy weapons tend to be useful against the hull.

Most weapons load, aim and fire automatically, the only acts required on the player's part is to maneuver the ship into a position where the desired target is in the desired weapon's line of sight and stipulating when to fire at a specific section of the targeted ship (sails, hull or rudder). Available weapons that work in the standard configuration include carronades, laser-empowered cannons, plasma rocket cannons, beam weapons, laser Gatling guns, harpoons, fire catapults, and net launchers. The border around the weapon banks will turn green when that bank is in range and has line of sight to the target, whether the bank is loaded or not.

Lobbing weapons work differently. The player must place the weapon's charge in the desired location. Often, because a ship is moving, estimation of where the ship will be is crucial to use these weapons effectively. The mortar weapons are long-range and can tear a ship apart if placed correctly. 'Grav Charges' can trap ships in gravity wells, making them easy targets.

A feature of the firing system is 'Panic Fire'. This auto-fires all weapons in range of an enemy, regardless of whether there is an obstacle or not, and whether that enemy is already targeted or not. It only fires fully loaded weapons banks, and does not fire lobbing weapons. Each of the weapons banks will fire to the enemy closest to them, even if there are multiple enemies on one side; it also does not selectively aim at any part of the enemy ship, just at the middle of the hull. Panic Fire is useful when the player is surrounded.

## Modes

### Campaign

Five years after the events of *Treasure Planet*, Jim Hawkins graduates from the Royal Navy Academy and becomes commander of an Imperial patrol ship. As Jim patrols various sectors of the Etherium, Her Majesty's Empire is in the process of negotiating peace with the Procyons, raccoon-like warriors who have been at war with the Empire for centuries. They send a diplomatic fleet under the command of Procyon diplomat Evar to Parliament, the centre of government and home of the Queen, for the peace talks. However, bizarre and almost unstoppable iron ships nicknamed Ironclads wreak havoc in Imperial territory, and pirate raids are a constant.

During his patrols, Jim discovers his old friend Long John Silver's flagship is in command of the pirates aiding the Ironclads. After missing out on a chance to join the fleet scouring the Frontier for Ironclads, Jim is sent to investigate Ironclad activity after finding one apparently lost deep in Empire territory. After locating and destroying an Ironclad base hidden in a nebula, he discovers the Ironclads are Procyon vessels, meant to draw the Navy fleets to the Frontier, allowing the "Diplomatic" Fleet to kidnap the Queen unhindered. Jim is ordered to warn the Empire of the Procyon trap.

They are soon intercepted by Silver's pirate fleet. Jim pursues Silver to a pirate fortress, where he discovers two identical command ships, both commanded by a Silver. Jim learns that Silver was captured by a robot doppelgänger, who has been aiding the Procyons in his name. Together, they destroy the false Silver. Silver regains command of his fleet, and, together with Jim's fleet, rush back to Parliament to stop the Procyons. They arrive at Parliament, only to find the Procyons have already sprung their trap. A massive battle ensues, ultimately resulting in the Procyons' defeat. An enraged Evar attempts to take Jim down with him by ramming his ship, but Silver's badly damaged ship arrives. He rams Evar's flagship, and both ships are destroyed.

The Procyons are forced into harsh peace terms thanks to their treachery, and the Empire is saved. Silver is presumed dead, and receives a posthumous pardon and knighthood, but Jim believes that Silver survived and is out there somewhere gathering a new fleet.

### Skirmishes/Multiplayer

In the game, there are three separate factions: the Royal Navy, the Procyons and the Pirates. The Ironclads are included in the Procyon fleet list, which gives away the twist ending somewhat. In the skirmishes, depending on the map in question, the player either chooses a faction to play or has one chosen for them. AI players can be added, and can be made allies or enemies of the player or other AI.

In historical skirmishes, the fleets, crew, arms, factions and allies are chosen for the player based on the given scenario. In open-map skirmishes, it is possible to customise your fleet, such as changing the weapons built into the ships' weapon hardpoints, adding named crewmembers who improve performance in certain jobs based on their various statistics (areas of ship crew includes Captain, Gunnery, Navigation, Rigging and Spotter), and selecting different ships to serve in your fleet. Fleet permutations can be saved for reuse in future games. However, all this is limited by "Victory Points", which function as currency. In the single player campaign, Victory Points are won from completing missions, destroying enemy vessels, and picking up lifeboats which randomly appear when a ship is destroyed. In skirmish mode, Victory Points are set at a certain level to ensure competing AI fleets are of equal size. Although the limitations on Victory Points and fleet sizes can be altered by the player in open-map skirmishes, Victory Points are capped at 1000 and fleet sizes are capped at 10. These caps cannot be exceeded.

Multiplayer also uses the same historical and open maps as the single player skirmishes. These were originally played using either a LAN cable to connect two computers or via the Internet. Each player interchanged a unique code in order to play with each other, which ensured that a player only played against people they were familiar with and not someone they did not intend to play with. Although LAN play is still possible, Disney shut down the match-up server some years ago and Internet play was made impossible.

## Reception

The game was met with positive to average reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 75.10%, while Metacritic gave it 73 out of 100.

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9. Chin, Elliott (December 10, 2002). "Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon Review". *GameSpot*. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
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11. Hopper, Steven (December 2, 2002). "Disney's Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon - PC - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
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13. "Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon". *PC Gamer*: 103. January 2003.

## InfoBox

| Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Barking Dog Studios |
| Publisher(s) | Disney Interactive |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Real-time strategy |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |