title: HER Foundation

abstract: The HER Foundation is the world’s largest grassroots network of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) survivors and experts, as well as the leading website for HG information. It was founded in 2002 by Kimber Wakefield MacGibbon, Ann Marie King, and Jeremy King. The Foundation’s main goals are (1) to minimize the suffering and complications related to HG through education, (2) to develop an effective HG treatment protocol, (3) to eliminate the need to terminate pregnancy due to ineffective HG treatment, and (4) to raise awareness of the debilitating effects of HG. Affiliated with the University of Southern California and University of California Los Angeles, the HER Foundation regularly works with experts in psychology, genetics, nutrition, and obstetrics to improve healthcare and outcome for HG sufferers. HER researchers created a registry of women with HG, and has undertaken a variety of online survey studies about women's experiences that have been used for research purposes at institutions including UCLA and USC, and published in numerous major medical journals. The HER Foundation recently started the HER5K, an annual 5K race that takes place in the Washington D.C. metro area to raise awareness of HG and support for the foundation. The 1st Annual HER5K took place at the National Harbor on May 12, 2013. The HER Foundation has been featured in magazines and on TV, and its directors have advocated for HG sufferers at a briefing on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC in 2005, as well as at medical conferences in the US and UK.

text:
# HER Foundation

The **HER Foundation** is the world’s largest grassroots network of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) survivors and experts, as well as the leading website for HG information. It was founded in 2002 by Kimber Wakefield MacGibbon, Ann Marie King, and Jeremy King. The Foundation’s main goals are (1) to minimize the suffering and complications related to HG through education, (2) to develop an effective HG treatment protocol, (3) to eliminate the need to terminate pregnancy due to ineffective HG treatment, and (4) to raise awareness of the debilitating effects of HG.

Affiliated with the University of Southern California and University of California Los Angeles, the HER Foundation regularly works with experts in psychology, genetics, nutrition, and obstetrics to improve healthcare and outcome for HG sufferers. HER researchers created a registry of women with HG, and has undertaken a variety of online survey studies about women's experiences that have been used for research purposes at institutions including UCLA and USC, and published in numerous major medical journals.

The HER Foundation recently started the HER5K, an annual 5K race that takes place in the Washington D.C. metro area to raise awareness of HG and support for the foundation. The 1st Annual HER5K took place at the National Harbor on May 12, 2013. The HER Foundation has been featured in magazines and on TV, and its directors have advocated for HG sufferers at a briefing on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC in 2005, as well as at medical conferences in the US and UK.

## Sources


title: Pingli County

abstract: Pingli County is a county the southeast of Shaanxi province, China, bordering Chongqing to the south and Hubei province to the east. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Ankang.

text:
# Pingli County

**Pingli County** (simplified Chinese: 平利县; traditional Chinese: 平利縣; pinyin: *Pínglì Xiàn*) is a county the southeast of Shaanxi province, China, bordering Chongqing to the south and Hubei province to the east. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Ankang.

## History

**Han dynasty tomb unearthed in 2006**

In January 2006 during the construction of a plaza in Pingli County a Han dynasty era tomb was uncovered, during its excavation archeologists found 259 Wu Zhu cash coins, one tripod made from iron, a pottery kitchen range as well as three pottery urns.

## Administrative divisions

As 2019, Pingli County is divided to 11 towns.

Towns

## Climate

| Climate data for Pingli, elevation 431 m (1,414 ft), (1998–2015 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.2
(66.6) | 23.0
(73.4) | 31.3
(88.3) | 35.5
(95.9) | 37.5
(99.5) | 38.8
(101.8) | 40.7
(105.3) | 39.1
(102.4) | 39.4
(102.9) | 31.5
(88.7) | 26.0
(78.8) | 19.0
(66.2) | 40.7
(105.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.1
(48.4) | 11.8
(53.2) | 17.6
(63.7) | 23.6
(74.5) | 26.6
(79.9) | 30.1
(86.2) | 32.1
(89.8) | 30.7
(87.3) | 26.1
(79.0) | 21.1
(70.0) | 15.3
(59.5) | 10.2
(50.4) | 21.2
(70.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.5
(38.3) | 6.3
(43.3) | 10.9
(51.6) | 16.3
(61.3) | 20.0
(68.0) | 23.9
(75.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 25.2
(77.4) | 21.1
(70.0) | 16.0
(60.8) | 10.0
(50.0) | 4.8
(40.6) | 15.4
(59.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.1
(31.8) | 2.5
(36.5) | 6.1
(43.0) | 11.0
(51.8) | 15.3
(59.5) | 19.4
(66.9) | 22.2
(72.0) | 21.5
(70.7) | 17.8
(64.0) | 12.9
(55.2) | 6.7
(44.1) | 1.3
(34.3) | 11.4
(52.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.8
(19.8) | −5.2
(22.6) | −3.1
(26.4) | 0.3
(32.5) | 6.6
(43.9) | 13.4
(56.1) | 16.5
(61.7) | 14.8
(58.6) | 10.6
(51.1) | 4.5
(40.1) | −1.9
(28.6) | −7.2
(19.0) | −7.2
(19.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5.2
(0.20) | 13.8
(0.54) | 34.7
(1.37) | 63.3
(2.49) | 121.0
(4.76) | 121.9
(4.80) | 187.6
(7.39) | 142.9
(5.63) | 115.3
(4.54) | 81.0
(3.19) | 32.7
(1.29) | 10.9
(0.43) | 930.3
(36.63) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.4 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 13.2 | 11.4 | 13.6 | 13.1 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 9.4 | 5.9 | 123.6 |
| Average snowy days | 3.8 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 9.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 70 | 68 | 71 | 76 | 78 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 84 | 82 | 76 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 104.2 | 90.8 | 137.9 | 165.9 | 163.1 | 166.9 | 191.9 | 175.4 | 117.6 | 105.9 | 100.2 | 102.8 | 1,622.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 33 | 29 | 37 | 43 | 38 | 39 | 44 | 43 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 33 | 36 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

32°18′42″N 109°18′30″E / 32.31167°N 109.30833°E / 32.31167; 109.30833

## InfoBox

| Pingli County 平利县 | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| Pingli in Ankang | |
| Ankang in Shaanxi | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Shaanxi |
| Prefecture-level city | Ankang |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,647 km2 (1,022 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 194,907 |
| Density | 74/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China standard time) |
| Postal code | 725500 |
| Licence plates | 陕G |


title: Hans Stürer

abstract: Hans Stürer was an Austrian bobsledder who competed in the mid-1930s. He finished 13th in the two-man event at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

text:
# Hans Stürer

**Hans Stürer** (28 January 1900  12 January 1968) was an Austrian bobsledder who competed in the mid-1930s. He finished 13th in the two-man event at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

## InfoBox

Hans Stürer
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Johann Michael Roland Stürer |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Born | (1900-01-28)28 January 1900
Innsbruck, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 12 January 1968(1968-01-12) (aged 67)
Innsbruck, Austria |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Bobsleigh |


title: Orthogonius pradieri

abstract: Orthogonius pradieri is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Maximilien Chaudoir in 1871.

text:
# Orthogonius pradieri

***Orthogonius pradieri*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Maximilien Chaudoir in 1871.

## InfoBox

| *Orthogonius pradieri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Orthogonius* |
| Species: | ***O. pradieri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthogonius pradieri***<br>Chaudoir, 1871 | |
|


title: Laticilla

abstract: Laticilla is a genus of small passerine birds in the family Pellorneidae. Members of the genus are found in Pakistan, Nepal, India and Bangladesh. A molecular phylogenetic study of the Cisticolidae published in 2013 found that the rufous-vented grass babbler did not lie within the clade containing the other prinias but instead belonged to the Pellorneidae. To create monophyletic genera, the rufous-vented prinia and the closely related swamp grass babbler were placed in the reintroduced genus Laticilla in the Pellorneidae. The genus Laticilla had been erected by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1845 with the rufous-vented prinia as the type species. The genus replaced Eurycercus that Blyth had introduced in 1844 only to subsequently discover that the name was preoccupied. The name Laticilla comes from the Latin latus for "wide" or "broad" and cilla for "tail".

text:
# Laticilla

***Laticilla*** is a genus of small passerine birds in the family Pellorneidae. Members of the genus are found in Pakistan, Nepal, India and Bangladesh.

A molecular phylogenetic study of the Cisticolidae published in 2013 found that the rufous-vented grass babbler did not lie within the clade containing the other prinias but instead belonged to the Pellorneidae. To create monophyletic genera, the rufous-vented prinia and the closely related swamp grass babbler were placed in the reintroduced genus *Laticilla* in the Pellorneidae. The genus *Laticilla* had been erected by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1845 with the rufous-vented prinia as the type species. The genus replaced *Eurycercus* that Blyth had introduced in 1844 only to subsequently discover that the name was preoccupied. The name *Laticilla* comes from the Latin *latus* for "wide" or "broad" and *cilla* for "tail".

## Species

The genus contains the following species:

| Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rufous-vented grass babbler | *Laticilla burnesii* | Pakistan, northwestern India and Nepal. |
|  | Swamp grass babbler | *Laticilla cinerascens* | state of Assam, India, and in nearby parts of northern Bangladesh |
|

## InfoBox

| *Laticilla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Rufous-vented grass babbler, *Laticilla burnesii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Pellorneidae |
| Genus: | *Laticilla*
Blyth, 1845 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Eurycercus burnesii*
Blyth, 1844 | |


title: Grace Church (Kilmarnock, Virginia)

abstract: Grace Church of Kilmarnock, Lancaster County, Virginia, is the largest rural Episcopal church in the Commonwealth.

text:
# Grace Church (Kilmarnock, Virginia)

**Grace Church** of Kilmarnock, Lancaster County, Virginia, is the largest rural Episcopal church in the Commonwealth.

## History

The original brick building, the town's first church and now a chapel attached to the current church, was consecrated by assistant bishop John Johns in 1852. At that and some other times, Grace Church shared a single rector with historic Christ Church (founded 1670), St. Mary's Church Whitechapel (founded 1669), and/or Trinity Church in Lancaster.

The current sanctuary was dedicated by Bishop Goodwin in 1959, and an arcade connects it with the old church, now a chapel. In 1988, Bishop Peter James Lee consecrated the enlarged Grace House. Further expansion occurred in 2002.

In 2017, the church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

37°42′23″N 76°22′45″W / 37.70648°N 76.37930°W / 37.70648; -76.37930

## InfoBox

| Grace Church Kilmarnock | |
| --- | --- |
| Facade | |
|  | |
| Location | 303 South Main Street
Kilmarnock, Virginia 22482 |
| Country | United States |
| Denomination | Episcopal |
| Website | http://www.graceepiscopalkilmarnock.com |
| History | |
| Founded | 1852 |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Colonial |
| Years built | 1855 |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Episcopal Diocese of Virginia |
| Parish | Grace Episcopal Church, Kilmarnock |
| Clergy | |
| Rector | Kimberly Baker Glenn
Associate Rector, Jeff Patnaude |


title: Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska

abstract: Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska is a Macedonian judge born in Strumica, North Macedonia. She was the judge of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of North-Macedonia from 2008 to 2017.

text:
# Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska

**Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska** (born 11 May 1963) is a Macedonian judge born in Strumica, North Macedonia. She was the judge of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of North-Macedonia from 2008 to 2017.

## InfoBox

| Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the
European Court of Human Rights
in respect of Macedonia | |
| **In office**
1 February 2008  2017 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1963-05-11) 11 May 1963
Strumica, Macedonia |
| Residence | Strasbourg |
|  | |


title: Katrineholm railway station

abstract:
Katrineholm railway station is located in the town of Katrineholm, Sweden, at the Western Main Line and the endpoint of the Southern Main Line. Some fast long-distance trains stop here, and also regional trains in multiple directions. The station is located at the traditional midpoint of the town. Regional and city buses stop nearby. Railway traffic started in 1862 when the Western Main Line between the two largest cities of Sweden opened for traffic reached the place, with traffic all the way same year. In 1866 the first part of the Southern Main Line from Katrineholm to Norrköping, later towards Malmö, was put into operation. The station building is originally from 1862 but has been added to a few times, especially 1915.
Katrineholm is a railway town, created based on its location at a railway junction. The present town location was countryside before the railway construction. The name Katrineholm comes from a nearby major farm with this name located 2 km northwest of the railway station.

text:
# Katrineholm railway station

**Katrineholm railway station** is located in the town of Katrineholm, Sweden, at the Western Main Line and the endpoint of the Southern Main Line. Some fast long-distance trains stop here, and also regional trains in multiple directions. The station is located at the traditional midpoint of the town. Regional and city buses stop nearby.

Railway traffic started in 1862 when the Western Main Line between the two largest cities of Sweden opened for traffic reached the place, with traffic all the way same year. In 1866 the first part of the Southern Main Line from Katrineholm to Norrköping, later towards Malmö, was put into operation.

The station building is originally from 1862 but has been added to a few times, especially 1915. Katrineholm is a railway town, created based on its location at a railway junction. The present town location was countryside before the railway construction. The name Katrineholm comes from a nearby major farm with this name located 2 km (1+12 miles) northwest of the railway station.

1. https://minkarta.lantmateriet.se
2. Västra stambanan The main western line
3. "Katrineholms station" (in Swedish). Jernhusen. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
4. Här kan du läsa om några intressanta byggnader i Katrineholm
5. "Västra stambanan (WSB) Mer om Västra stambanan finns HÄR!". *historiskt.nu* (in Swedish). 2020-01-08. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
6. 363 Katrineholm - Norrköping C
7. Katrineholms järnvägsstation
8. Historiska kartor
9. Generalstabskartan Katrineholm, 66-1 1872

## InfoBox

| Katrineholm railway station
Katrineholms station | |
| --- | --- |
| Station building | |
| General information | |
| Location | Södermanland County
Sweden |
| Coordinates | 58°59′48″N 16°12′30″E / 58.99667°N 16.20833°E / 58.99667; 16.20833 |
| Elevation | 45 metres (148 ft) |
| Owned by | Jernhusen |
| Line(s) | Western Main Line
Southern Main Line |
| Tracks | 4 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Architect | Adolf W. Edelsvärd |
| Other information | |
| Station code | K |
| History | |
| Opened | 1862 |
| Electrified | yes |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  SJ Following station  Södertälje Sydtowards Stockholm Central  Western Main Line  Skövdetowards Gothenburg Central  Värmland Line  Hallsbergtowards Oslo Central  Stockholm-Uddevalla  Skövdetowards Uddevalla  Southern Main Line  Norrköping Centraltowards Copenhagen Central  Preceding station Long distance trains Following station  Södertälje Sydtowards Stockholm Central  VR  Skövdetowards Gothenburg Central  Stockholm CentralTerminus  Tågab  Hallsbergtowards Karlstad Central  Preceding station Regional trains Following station  Flentowards Stockholm Central  Mälartåg  Vingåkertowards Hallsberg  Flentowards Uppsala Central Norrköping Centraltowards Linköping Central | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Other services | |
| Bus | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Tillodontia

abstract: Tillodontia is an extinct suborder of eutherian mammals known from the Early Paleocene to Late Eocene of China, the Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene of North America where they display their maximum species diversity, the Middle Eocene of Pakistan, and the Early Eocene of Europe. Leaving no descendants, they are most closely related to the pantodonts, another extinct group. The tillodonts were medium- to large-sized animals that probably fed on roots and tubers in temperate to subtropical habitats.

text:
# Tillodontia

**Tillodontia** is an extinct suborder of eutherian mammals known from the Early Paleocene to Late Eocene of China, the Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene of North America where they display their maximum species diversity, the Middle Eocene of Pakistan, and the Early Eocene of Europe. Leaving no descendants, they are most closely related to the pantodonts, another extinct group. The tillodonts were medium- to large-sized animals that probably fed on roots and tubers in temperate to subtropical habitats.

## Description

Tillodonts had rodent-like incisors, clawed feet and blunt, cusped teeth. They were mostly medium-sized animals, although the largest of them (such as *Trogosus)* could reach the size of a large bear.

The cranium ranged in length from 5 to 37 cm (2.0 to 14.6 in) and had a characteristic elongated rostrum, an elongated mandibular symphysis, and a shortened basicranial region. The second upper and lower incisors are large in most species, the first upper and lower premolars are small or absent, the fourth upper and lower premolars are molariform (molar-like).

When Marsh first named and described the tillodonts, he explained:

> These animals are among the most remarkable yet discovered in American strata, and seem to combine characters of several distinct groups, viz: Carnivores, Ungulates, and Rodents. In *Tillotherium* Marsh \[=*Trogosus*\], the type \[specimen\] of the order, the skull has the same general form as in the Bears, but its structure resembles that of Ungulates. The molar teeth are of the ungulate type, the canines are small, and in each jaw there is a pair of large scalpriform incisors faced with enamel, and growing from persistent pulps, as in Rodents.

When naming his new "pachyderm" species *Trogosus castoridens* ("beaver-toothed gnawing-hog"), Leidy added that it was a fossil "which would appear to have pertained to the stock from which diverged the Rhinoceros and Mastodon, the Peccary, and perhaps the Beaver."

## Classification

*Franchaius* from the early Eocene of Europe, *Benaius*, *Lofochaius*, *Meiostylodon*, and *Huananius* from the early Paleocene of China, and *Yuesthonyx* from the late Paleocene of China are primitive forms. *Interogale* from the late Paleocene of China, and *Anchilestes* probably from the middle Paleocene of China, were once assigned to Anagalida, but may also be primitive tillodonts.

The monophyly of the subfamily Trogosinae is unchallenged, but Esthonychines most likely includes the ancestors of Trogosinae and therefore is probably paraphyletic. Tillodontia is mostly known from dentaries and teeth. The cranium is best known from Trogosinae and the postcranium from *Trogosus*.

*Azygonyx* and *Esthonyx* from North America, *Franchaius* and *Plesiesthonyx* from Europe, and *Basalina* from Pakistan are all morphologically closely related but obviously geographically quite widespread. In contrast, Asian tillodonts tend to be smaller and less derived. This possible link between specimens from Pakistan and Europe with those from North America adds evidence to a faunal interchange between these continents during the early Eocene.

Order **Tillodontia**

Genus †*Azygonyx* (Gingerich 1989), dentary, postcranial fragments Genus †*Basalina* (Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958), poorly preserved jaw fragment with incomplete cheek tooth Genus †*Benaius* (Wang & Jin 2004), left lower jaw Genus †*Chungchienia* (Chow 1963), Genus †*Dysnoetodon* (Zhang 1980), maxilla and lower jaw Family †Esthonychidae (Cope 1883) (Syn. Anchippodontidae, Tillotheriidae) Genus †*Adapidium* (Young 1937), right lower jaw Subfamily †Esthonychinae (Zittel & Schlosser 1911) Genus †*Esthonyx* (Cope 1874), lower mandibles, teeth Genus †*Megalesthonyx* (Rose 1972), left mandible, teeth, feet bones Subfamily †Trogosinae (Gazin 1953) (Syn. Anchippodus) Genus †*Tillodon* (Gazin 1953), skull Genus †*Trogosus* (Leidy 1871) (Syn. *Tillotherium*), skull, lower jaws, teeth, vertebrae, ilium, limb bones, feet bones Genus †*Franchaius* (Baudry 1992; synonymized with *Plesiesthonyx*, Hooker 2010), less than 20 isolated teeth Genus †*Higotherium* (Miyata & Tomida 1998), fragmentary right mandible, teeth Genus †*Interogale* (Huang & Zheng 1983), well-preserved mandible Genus †*Kuanchuanius* (Chow 1963), partial mandible, teeth Genus †*Lofochaius* (Chow et al. 1973), poorly preserved skull with few teeth Genus †*Meiostylodon* (Wang 1975), three isolated teeth Genus †*Plesiesthonyx* (Lemoine 1891), isolated molars Genus †*Plethorodon* (Huang & Zheng 1987), partial skull with upper cheek teeth Genus †*Simplodon* (Huang & Zheng 2003), right upper jaw with cheek teeth Family †Yuesthonychidae (Tong, Wang & Fu 2003) Genus †*Yuesthonyx* (Tong, Wang & Fu 2003), left mandibles, partial skull, teeth

## InfoBox

| Tillodontia
Temporal range: Early Paleocene\- Late Eocene | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tillodon* skull | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| *Clade*: | Paraxonia |
| Order: | Tillodontia
Marsh 1875 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Piniyon

abstract: Piniyon, is a village in north-western Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Fondaryo in Ayni District, Sughd Region. It is located on the left bank of the river Nasruddarya, a left tributary of the Fan Darya.

text:
# Piniyon

**Piniyon** (Russian and Tajik: Пинён), is a village in north-western Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Fondaryo in Ayni District, Sughd Region.

It is located on the left bank of the river Nasruddarya, a left tributary of the Fan Darya.

## InfoBox

| Piniyon Пинён (Russian and Tajik) | |
| --- | --- |
| PiniyonLocation in Tajikistan | |
| Coordinates: 39°13′11″N 68°29′52″E / 39.21972°N 68.49778°E / 39.21972; 68.49778 | |
| Country | Tajikistan |
| Region | Sughd Region |
| District | Ayni District |
| Official languages |  |


title: HES7 gene

abstract: (HES7) or bHLHb37 is protein coding mammalian gene found on chromosome 17 in humans. HES7 is a member of the Hairy and Enhancer of Split families of Basic helix-loop-helix proteins. The gene product is a transcription factor and is expressed cyclically in the presomitic mesoderm as part of the Notch signalling pathway. HES7 is involved in the segmentation of somites from the presomitic mesoderm in vertebrates. The HES7 gene is self-regulated by a negative feedback loop in which the gene product can bind to its own promoter. This causes the gene to be expressed in an oscillatory manner. The HES7 protein also represses expression of Lunatic Fringe (LFNG) thereby both directly and indirectly regulating the Notch signalling pathway. Mutations in HES7 can result in deformities of the spine, ribs and heart. Spondylocostal dysostosis is a common disease caused by mutations in the HES7 gene. The inheritance pattern of Spondylocostal dysostosis is autosomal recessive.

text:
# HES7 gene

(**HES7**) or **bHLHb37** is protein coding mammalian gene found on chromosome 17 in humans. HES7 is a member of the Hairy and Enhancer of Split families of Basic helix-loop-helix proteins. The gene product is a transcription factor and is expressed cyclically in the presomitic mesoderm as part of the Notch signalling pathway. HES7 is involved in the segmentation of somites from the presomitic mesoderm in vertebrates. The HES7 gene is self-regulated by a negative feedback loop in which the gene product can bind to its own promoter. This causes the gene to be expressed in an oscillatory manner. The HES7 protein also represses expression of Lunatic Fringe (LFNG) thereby both directly and indirectly regulating the Notch signalling pathway. Mutations in HES7 can result in deformities of the spine, ribs and heart. Spondylocostal dysostosis is a common disease caused by mutations in the HES7 gene. The inheritance pattern of Spondylocostal dysostosis is autosomal recessive.

## Gene

The HES7 transcription factor belongs to the Hairy and Enhancer of split families of bHLH transcription factors. The gene that encodes the human HES7 protein is 5kb long and is found on chromosome 17, on the short arm at position 13.1. from base pair 8,120,590 to 8,126,032. In mice, HES7 is located on chromosome 11. HES7 has 62 known orthologues. The HES7 gene is expressed in the presomitic mesoderm where expression fluctuates in two hour cycles. HES7 is regulated by the Notch signalling pathway that functions in vertebrates and invertebrates by mediating cell fate and differentiation.

The HES7 gene product functions to repress expression of genes with promoters containing an N-box or E-box. HES7 also has been shown to negatively regulate expression of genes activated by the E47 transcription factor. HES7 regulates its own expression through a negative feedback loop by binding to its own promoter. This feedback mechanism allows the HES7 protein to accumulate and be degraded so that its expression oscillates in a two-hour cycle. HES7 also negatively regulates Lunatic Fringe protein (Lfng). Lfng encodes an acetylglucosaminyl transferase that regulates expression in the Notch signalling pathway. By self-regulating and regulating the Lfng protein, HES7 both directly and indirectly alters expression in the Notch signalling pathway.

### Mutations

Several mutations in HES7 have been associated with disease.

#### Common mutations in humans

Mutations to HES7 can lead to abnormalities in formation of heart, vertebral and neural tube. Homozygous mutations in HES7 have been associated with spondylocostal dystostosis and dextrocardia. Dextrocardia may be accompanied by situs invertus. A single nucleotide mutation in the 3'UTR has been associated with Coats Plus Syndrome in addition to Dextrocardia.

#### Animal models

Studies of animal embryos have linked mutations in HES7 to congenital scoliosis. In canines, exonic deletions in HES7 have been shown to mirror human disease and cause spondylocostal dystostosis in miniature Schnauzer dogs. Missense mutations in HES7 have been linked to short and kinked tails in Asian Domestic Cats. Homozygotes for a V2A missense mutation in a conserved vertebrate sequence of HES7 resulted in kinked tails while heterozygotes for the mutation presented with moderately kinked tails.

## Protein

Studies with mouse HES7 have demonstrated that the gene contains 4 exons. There are three known human HES7 variants due to alternative splicing. The gene product is a transcription factor protein. The Helix-loop-helix domain is located at the N-terminal end of the protein. Both the human and the mouse protein have been shown to contain 225 amino acids and feature an orange domain as well as a conserved sequence of four amino acids at the C-terminal end. The four amino acids are Tryptophan-Arginine-Proline-Tryptophan. This conserved sequence of four amino acids binds Groucho/TLE family members. Groucho/TLE are transcriptional corepressors. Hairy-related proteins can direct these transcriptional corepressors to target genes. Orange domains are motifs of ~35 amino acids that are found on the C-terminal side of basic helix-loop-helix domains in some transcription factors in eukaryotic organisms. Proteins with Orange domains are divided into four subfamilies, three in which all proteins contain a basic helix-loop-helix domain. The subfamilies that contain Orange domains and basic helix-loop-helix domains are Hairy, Enhancer of Split, and Hey. Transcription factors with Orange domains bind DNA and regulate biological processes such as cell differentiation and embryonic patterning.

## Function

The HES7 protein is a transcription factor that functions as a transcriptional repressor. It is involved in somitogenesis, an important cycle in vertebrate development. Somitogenesis involves the early segmentation of vertebrates. HES7 is involved in segmenting the presomitic mesoderm into somites. Oscillating expression of HES7 in the presomitic mesoderm occurs in a two-hour cycle and is regulated by a negative feedback loop. This cycle of accumulation and degradation of the HES7 protein has been proposed as the basis for the somite segmentation clock. The cyclic nature of HES7 relies on proteasome-mediated degradation. Each cycle of HES7 expression coincides with the formation of a pair of somites. The half life of the HES7 protein is thought to be essential for proper function of the HES7 gene. The importance of accuracy in the two hour expression cycle was highlighted in an experiment where mice expressing HES7 with a mutation that allowed for a longer half life while retaining normal repressor function presented with abnormal segmentation. The 3'UTR was demonstrated as necessary for sufficient accumulation of HES7 protein to function. This was determined when transcripts with an improperly spliced intron in the 3'UTR were degraded prematurely. The correct number of introns has also been demonstrated as necessary to maintain the cyclic rhythm. Shortening the delay in accumulation of the HES7 protein by reducing the number of introns resulted in an increased number of somites.

Nonfunctional HES7 protein results in errors in segmentation of the presomitic mesoderm. Mutations can result in malformed spine, ribs, heart and neural tube. The following conditions can result from errors in segmentation due to mutations in HES7:

* Spondylocostal dysostosis is characterized by abnormalities of the spine and ribs. Vertebrae may be fused together or abnormally shaped. Rib bones also may be fused together or missing entirely. These abnormalities can result in scoliosis. These symptoms lead to dwarfism where an individual has a shortened body length with legs and arms of regular length. The inheritance pattern of Spondylocostal dysostosis is autosomal recessive.
* Dextrocardia is characterized by the heart pointing to the right side of the chest, when it normally points to the left. Dextrocardia may or may not be accompanied by situs inversus.
* Dextrocardia with situs inversus results when, in addition to the heart, the major visceral organs of the body form in the mirror image of their normal positioning.
* Scoliosis is characterized by a curvature of the spine. The curve may be C-shaped or S-shaped.
* Spina bifida is a neural tube defect. It is characterized by a malformed spine when the neural tube does not properly close correctly. Spina bifida may cause physical and intellectual disability. Types of spina bifida that have been documented in individuals homozygous for mutations in HES7 are spina bifida occulta and myelomeningocele.
* Chiari malformation results from neural tube defects and affects the base of the skull and the cerebellum. With Chiari malformation, the cerebellum extends lower than the base of the skull into the upper spinal canal.
*

## InfoBox

| HES7 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | HES7, SCDO4, bHLHb37, hes family bHLH transcription factor 7, HES7 gene | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 608059; MGI: 2135679; HomoloGene: 23779; GeneCards: HES7; OMA:HES7 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001165967
NM\_032580   NM\_033041   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001159439
NP\_115969   NP\_149030
NP\_001388436   Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 8.12 – 8.12 Mb n/a  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: West Stour, Dorset

abstract: West Stour is a village and civil parish situated in the Blackmore Vale area of North Dorset, England. It is one of a group of villages known as The Stours, located in the River Stour Valley, five miles south of Gillingham. West Stour has a village hall, one public house and a service station on the main A30 road. West Stour is one of four parishes—the others being East Stour, Stour Provost and Todber—under the governance of The Stours Parish Council. It has a population of about 200. The nearest railway station is at Gillingham. Trains run on the Exeter to Waterloo line.

text:
# West Stour, Dorset

**West Stour** is a village and civil parish situated in the Blackmore Vale area of North Dorset, England. It is one of a group of villages known as The Stours, located in the River Stour Valley, five miles (eight kilometres) south of Gillingham. West Stour has a village hall, one public house and a service station on the main A30 road.

West Stour is one of four parishes—the others being East Stour, Stour Provost and Todber—under the governance of The Stours Parish Council. It has a population of about 200.

The nearest railway station is at Gillingham. Trains run on the Exeter to Waterloo line.

## History

In 1086 in the Domesday Book two settlements were recorded in the parish: West Stour and Little Kington. The latter remained small but West Stour developed into a village. West Stour's open fields were enclosed in 1779.

## St Mary's Church

St Mary's Church, at the north end of Church Street, is a Grade II\* listed building.

The chancel dates from the 13th century, with some alterations in the late 18th century. The nave and the tower (south of the nave) were rebuilt in 1840; the rebuilding used the original foundations, and so the chancel is not quite aligned with the nave, being slightly to the south. The stone font is of the 13th century. The tiled floor and seating were fitted in 1912.

There are three bells in the tower, one of the late 15th century, the others dated 1635 and 1733.

A commemorative plaque in the north wall records the names of three men from the village – George Beale, Charlie Trim and Tom Wilson – who died in the Great War.

## InfoBox

| West Stour | |
| --- | --- |
| The Ship Inn, West Stour | |
| West StourLocation within Dorset | |
| Population | 200 |
| OS grid reference | ST785226 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Gillingham |
| Postcode district | SP8 |
|  | |
| Police | Dorset |
| Fire | Dorset and Wiltshire |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Harbison Crossroads, Tennessee

abstract: Harbison Crossroads is an unincorporated community of Knox County, Tennessee, United States, located approximately 10 miles Northeast of Knoxville. It is also referred by the unofficial name of Gibbs.

text:
# Harbison Crossroads, Tennessee

**Harbison Crossroads** is an unincorporated community of Knox County, Tennessee, United States, located approximately 10 miles Northeast of Knoxville. It is also referred by the unofficial name of Gibbs.

## History

The area known today as Harbison Crossroads/Gibbs was first discovered by American Revolutionary War veteran James Harbison, who settled the area in the 1790s and operated a toll gate at the crossroads of Emory Road and Tazewell Pike.

Nicholas Gibbs, settled in the area following Harbison in a log cabin. Gibbs would later be used as the name of the area following Harbison Crossroads. The different names of the area has led to confusion, as state and county maps designate the area as Harbison Crossroads, and public schools located within the community are named for Gibbs, including Gibbs Elementary, Middle and High schools.

## Geography

The location of Harbison Crossroads today aligns with the intersection of State Route 131 and State Route 331 and known locally as East Emory Road and Tazewell Pike.

## Economy

Several gas stations, restaurants, a grocery store and Rural/Metro Fire Station are all found in Harbison Crossroads.

## Education

Gibbs High School, Gibbs Middle School and Gibbs Elementary School are all located on Tazewell Pike, just north of the crossroads.

## InfoBox

| Harbison Crossroads, Tennessee Gibbs | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Harbison Crossroads | |
| Nicholas Gibbs cabin | |
| Harbison CrossroadsLocation in Tennessee and the United StatesHarbison CrossroadsHarbison Crossroads (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 36°07′15″N 83°51′09″W / 36.12083°N 83.85250°W / 36.12083; -83.85250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | Knox |
| Elevation | 1,109 ft (338 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 37721, 37918, 37938 |
| Area code | 865 |
| FIPS code | US47 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1281332 |


title: Orthogonius pseudocheni

abstract: Orthogonius pseudocheni is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

text:
# Orthogonius pseudocheni

***Orthogonius pseudocheni*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

## InfoBox

| *Orthogonius pseudocheni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Orthogonius* |
| Species: | ***O. pseudocheni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthogonius pseudocheni***<br>Tian & Deuve, 2006 | |
|


title: Royal Greenland

abstract: Royal Greenland A/S is a fishing company in Greenland, spun off from Kalaallit Niuerfiat in 1990 but still wholly owned by the Government of Greenland. The company operates in a number of towns and settlements in Greenland, with 20 fish processing plants and ship bases of local subsidiary units. Some of the processing plants were closed between 2007 and 2009. Royal Greenland had an annual net profit of DKK 335 million before tax in 2016.

text:
# Royal Greenland

**Royal Greenland A/S** is a fishing company in Greenland, spun off from Kalaallit Niuerfiat in 1990 but still wholly owned by the Government of Greenland. The company operates in a number of towns and settlements in Greenland, with 20 fish processing plants and ship bases of local subsidiary units. Some of the processing plants were closed between 2007 and 2009. Royal Greenland had an annual net profit of DKK 335 million before tax in 2016.

## History

The Royal Greenland Trading Department was founded in 1774 as a Dano-Norwegian state enterprise charged with administering the Danish settlements and trade in Greenland. The company's monopoly was finally ended in 1950 and the Home Rule Government, introduced in 1979, gained control in 1986, first renaming it "Kalaallit Niuerfiat" and then, in 1992, "KNI". The company's fishing operations were spun off as Royal Greenland A/S in 1990.

## InfoBox

Royal Greenland
|
|  |
| Company type | Aktieselskab, Food cooperative |
| Industry | Seafood
Fishing |
| Founded | 1990 (1990) |
| Headquarters | Nuuk, Greenland |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people |  |
| Products | Seafood
Caviar
Commercial fishing
Fish processing
Convenience
Smoked and Marinated fish
Dried fish |
| Revenue | DKK 7,105 million (2016) |
| Operating income | DKK 335 million (2016) |
| Net income | DKK 173 million (2016) |
| Total assets | DKK 1,587 million (2016) |
| Total equity | DKK 1,414 million (2016) |
| Number of employees | 2,769 *(2016)* |
| Subsidiaries | List |
| Website | royalgreenland.com |
| **Footnotes / references**
(2012) | |


title: Graham Brown (English cricketer)

abstract: Graham Elliott Brown is a former English cricketer. Brown was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Balham, London. Brown made his first-class debut for Surrey against Kent at The Oval in the 1986 County Championship. He made nine further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against the Sri Lankans in 1988. In his ten first-class appearances, he scored 59 runs at an average of 19.66, with a high score of 13 not out. Behind the stumps he took 19 catches and made two stumpings. His appearances for Surrey were limited by the presence of England wicket-keeper Alec Stewart in the Surrey side, with Brown making his occasional appearances when Stewart was on international duty.

text:
# Graham Brown (English cricketer)

**Graham Elliott Brown** (born 11 October 1966) is a former English cricketer. Brown was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Balham, London.

Brown made his first-class debut for Surrey against Kent at The Oval in the 1986 County Championship. He made nine further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against the Sri Lankans in 1988. In his ten first-class appearances, he scored 59 runs at an average of 19.66, with a high score of 13 not out. Behind the stumps he took 19 catches and made two stumpings. His appearances for Surrey were limited by the presence of England wicket-keeper Alec Stewart in the Surrey side, with Brown making his occasional appearances when Stewart was on international duty.

## InfoBox

Graham Brown
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Graham Elliott Brown |
| Born | (1966-10-11) 11 October 1966<br>Balham, London, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Wicket-keeper |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1986–1988 | Surrey |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 10  Runs scored 59  Batting average 19.66  100s/50s –/–  Top score 13  Balls bowled   Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings 19/2 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 26 August 2012 | |


title: USS Oxford (AGTR-1)

abstract: USS Oxford (AGTR-1/AG-159) was an Oxford-class technical research ship, acquired by the U.S. Navy in 1960 and converted for the task of conducting "research in the reception of electromagnetic propagations". She was originally built during World War II as a Liberty-type cargo ship originally named the Samuel R. Aitken.

text:
# USS Oxford (AGTR-1)

**USS *Oxford* (AGTR-1/AG-159)** was an *Oxford*-class technical research ship (a class of US spy ships of the early Cold War), acquired by the U.S. Navy in 1960 and converted for the task of conducting "research in the reception of electromagnetic propagations" (electronic signals intelligence gathering). She was originally built during World War II as a Liberty-type cargo ship originally named the *Samuel R. Aitken*.

## *Samuel R. Aitken*'s civilian life

The second ship eventually to be named *Oxford* by the Navy, *AGTR-1*, a Liberty ship, was laid down 23 June 1945 under Maritime Commission contract by the New England Shipbuilding Corp. of Portland, Maine as a merchant marine naval cargo ship; launched 31 July 1945 as *Samuel R. Aitken* (MCE–3127); sponsored by Mrs. Margaret C. Aitken; and delivered to the Maritime Commission 25 August 1945.

As *Samuel R. Aitken* she served the merchant fleet, first with the Moore-McCormack Steam Ship Lines and then with the Arnold Bernstein Line. She was laid up 10 April 1948 in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in Wilmington, North Carolina.

## Conversion to technical research ship *Oxford* AG-159

In October 1960, the *Samuel R. Aitken* was towed to the New York Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn, New York, for conversion to an electronic spy ship. Renamed USS Oxford (*AG–159*) on 25 November 1960, she was commissioned at New York on 8 July 1961. She reported to Norfolk, Virginia, 11 September 1961 for duty with the Service Force, Atlantic Fleet, and shortly thereafter conducted shakedown out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

*Oxford* was designed to conduct research in the reception of electromagnetic propagations, an open secret phrase for gathering electronic signals military intelligence (SIGINT). Equipped with the latest antenna systems and measuring devices, she was a highly sophisticated and mobile station which could steam to various parts of the world to participate in the Navy's "comprehensive program of research and development projects in communications" (electronic spying). Because of the immediate or potential military applications of her work, much of *Oxford's* employment was classified.

## Cold War Service

### Cuban Missile Crisis

In the fall of 1962, the *Oxford* had been making slow figure-eight patterns in the waters just off the coast of Havana, Cuba. Its mission had been to eavesdrop on Cuban microwave communications throughout the island. The workings of the microwave system in Cuba were well known to the Americans since they had acquired the design documents from the Radio Corporation of America which had installed the system during the Batista era. The *Oxford* had been able to listen in on the Cuban secret police, the Cuban navy, air defences, and civil aviation. On 15 September 1962, radar technicians on board the *Oxford* were able to detect the presence of Soviet P-12 radar known to NATO as "Spoon Rest". This suggested that the Soviets had secretly upgraded the target tracking and acquisition systems in Cuba. On 27 October 1962, "Black Saturday", the *Oxford* discovered a breakthrough in the Soviet defenses on the island when it detected radar signals from SAM missile sites near Mariel. This discovery would soon alter both low flying RF-8 Crusader and RF-101 Voodoo photo missions and high altitude U-2 spy plane reconnaissance flights over the island.

### A "first" in moon bounce communications

One of *Oxford's* publicized operations took place 15 December 1961 when she became the first ship to receive a message from a shore based facility via the moon successfully. Next she departed Norfolk, Virginia, 4 January 1962 for a South Atlantic Ocean deployment, returning four months later. Another four month South Atlantic deployment followed in May 1963, after which *Oxford* underwent overhaul at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia.

January 1964 brought refresher training at Guantanamo Bay, and from 22 February until 10 June 1964 *Oxford* conducted further "research operations" in South Atlantic and Pacific Ocean waters.

## Redesignated AGTR-1

*Oxford* (*AG-159*) was redesignated technical research ship (*AGTR–1*) on 1 April 1964. She departed 4 August on yet another South Atlantic cruise, conducting research not only in electromagnetic reception, but also in oceanography and related areas. She returned to Norfolk 1 December.

*Oxford* steamed for Africa 3 February 1965, calling at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Lagos, Nigeria, and Durban, South Africa. A message arrived 26 May reassigning the ship to the U.S. Pacific Fleet, with a new homeport at San Diego, California. She stood out of Subic Bay, Philippine Islands, 16 June for a one-month deployment to the South China Sea, and thus set the pattern for her operations into 1969.

### Decommissioning

*Oxford* decommissioned and was struck from the Naval Vessel Register 19 December 1969 at Yokosuka, Japan.

## Awards and decorations

| Meritorious Unit Commendation | | National Defense Service Medal | | Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Vietnam Service Medal <br>with ten service stars | | Vietnam Gallantry Cross unit citation | | Vietnam Campaign Medal | |
|

The USS *Oxford* was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation along with the USS *Jamestown* (AGTR-3). The citation reads (in part):

> For meritorious service from 1 November 1965 to 30 June 1969 while participating in combat support operations in Southeast Asia. Through research and the compilation of extremely valuable technical data, USS *Jamestown* and USS *Oxford* contributed most significantly to the overall security of the United States and other Free World forces operating in support of the Republic of Vietnam. Signed E.R. Zumwalt, Admiral, USN, Chief of Naval Operations

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Oxford* |
| Namesake | American towns, cities, and counties named Oxford |
| Ordered | * as Z–EC2–S–C5 * MCE–3127 |
| Builder | New England Shipbuilding Corporation |
| Laid down | 23 June 1945 |
| Launched | * 31 July 1945 as * *Samuel R. Aitken* |
| Commissioned | 8 July 1961 |
| Decommissioned | 19 December 1969 |
| Stricken | 14 January 1970 |
| Motto | "Strength Freedom Security" |
| Fate | Scrapped, June 1970 |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 11,365 (f.) |
| Length | 441 ft (134 m) |
| Beam | 59 ft (18 m) |
| Draft | 22 ft (6.7 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × 220 PSI boilers * 1 × 3-cylinder triple-expansion reciprocating engine, 2,500 shp (1,864 kW) * 1 × 4-bladed 18 ft 6 in (5.6 m) propeller * 1 shaft |
| Speed | 11 knots |
| Complement | 254 |


title: Katarina Pranješ

abstract: Katarina Pranješ is a Croatian footballer who plays as a defender for Women's First League club ŽNK Split and the Croatia women's national team.

text:
# Katarina Pranješ

**Katarina Pranješ** (born 7 October 2002) is a Croatian footballer who plays as a defender for Women's First League club ŽNK Split and the Croatia women's national team.

## Club career

Pranješ has played for ŽNK Osijek and Split in Croatia.

## International career

Pranješ made her senior debut for Croatia at senior level on 27 November 2020 as an 89th-minute substitution in a 1-0 home win over Lithuania during the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 qualifying.

## International goals

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 13 November 2022 | Dalga Arena, Baku, Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan | **1**–1 | 1–2 | Friendly |
|

## InfoBox

Katarina Pranješ
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2002-10-07) 7 October 2002 | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Split | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Osijek |  |  |
|  | Split |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2018 | Croatia U16 | 3 | (1) |
| 2018 | Croatia U17 | 2 | (0) |
| 2019–2020 | Croatia U19 | 7 | (1) |
| 2020– | Croatia | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 23 February 2021. | | | |


title: French for the Future

abstract: French for the Future promotes Canada's official bilingualism and the immediate and lifelong benefits of learning and communicating in French to students from grades 7 to 12 across Canada. French for the Future envisions a Canada in which all young people value our French heritage, appreciate francophone cultures and endeavour to excel in the French language.

text:
# French for the Future

**French for the Future** promotes Canada's official bilingualism and the immediate and lifelong benefits of learning and communicating in French to students from grades 7 to 12 across Canada. French for the Future envisions a Canada in which all young people value our French heritage, appreciate francophone cultures and endeavour to excel in the French language.

## History

French for the Future was founded by John Ralston Saul and Lisa Balfour Bowen as a national program for students who are completing their last years of high school in French immersion, or in French-as-a-first-language, mainly outside of Quebec. Originally, French for the Future was a conference – a two-day event that brought together students from the Greater Toronto Area.

In 2000, the conference expanded and took place in Toronto, Halifax, Vancouver, and Calgary. Each event was connected with one another by satellite-powered radio diffusion technology.

In 2001, French for the Future opened its national headquarters in Toronto. The number of cities that organized conferences kept increasing that in 2003, French for the Future introduced 2 new programs: The Horizon Project, which brought students to Montreal to participate in excursions and cultural events; and the Jeunes Franco-Nord project, which united students living in the North to Whitehorse for a French for the Future like conference.

In 2004, the Horizon Project transformed to the National Ambassador Youth Forum (FNJA), which took place in Calgary.

The last edition of the Jeunes Franco-Nord project occurred in 2005. That same year, the National Essay Contest was launched, originally to select FNJA participants.

The French for the Future conferences were renamed Local Forums in 2006, and the amount of participating cities continued to grow.

In September 2011, the Franconnexion Sessions were introduced.

Later in 2018, French for the Future established its own youth committee: Bilingual Young Leaders.

Shortly thereafter in February 2019, faced with growing demands to organize Local Forums in smaller communities, X-Forum was created.

## Programs

### National Ambassador Youth Forum (NAYF)

Dating back to 2004, this program brings together 30 students from across Canada for an intensive week of learning and appreciating Canada's diverse and ever-changing Francophone culture. The NAYF program focuses on building skills such as leadership, communication and team spirit, with the ultimate goal of creating ambassadors for Canada's bilingualism. Over a week filled with interactive workshops and activities, the ambassadors will learn about the advantages of official-language bilingualism, its major issues and challenges, and to celebrate the Francophone culture.

With each participant being selected for their passion and commitment towards bilingualism, the NAYF is a very special experience for these students - the future faces of bilingualism in Canada, and leaders of tomorrow.

### National Essay Contest

Since 2005, students from across Canada write an essay in French, that adheres to a different theme every year. Contest winners and finalists are awarded exceptional scholarships in order to pursue post-secondary education completely or partially in French. In partnership with:

* University of Ottawa
* Université Sainte Anne
* Université de Montréal
* Université de Moncton
* Université de Saint-Boniface
* Glendon College – York University
* University of Alberta – Campus Saint-Jean
* University of Lethbridge
* La Cité Universitaire francophone – University of Regina
* Collège Boréal
* The University of British Columbia
* Collège de l’Île

In 2018-2019, the National Essay Contest had 12 partnerships with post-secondary institutions and offered a total of $267,000 in scholarships.

### Local Forums

Hosted in over 15 cities across Canada, French for the Future's Local Forums unite FSL (French Second Language) and FFL (French First Language) high school students for the opportunity to discover and experience the cultural and professional value of continuing a bilingual education. By participating in a Local Forum, students attend creative and informative workshops, engage in discussions, and take part in exciting cultural events and activities. While also meeting bilingual professionals and sharing ideas and perspectives on French learning, these students become part of the dynamic bilingual community in their region.

### x-Forums

x-Forums are local events that bring together students from Grade 7 to 12 enrolled in French as a second language, and French as a first language programs. Their main objective is the promotion of bilingualism and/or linguistic duality.

They are independently organized by volunteers, and come from local initiatives in the communities. The x-Forums are unique in their programs and formats, but share the following intentions:

* Deliver an inspiring and motivational message about Canadian bilingualism
* Give youth an opportunity to play an active role
* Create a positive environment in which every student feels at ease speaking French

### Franconnexion Sessions

Franconnexion Sessions help students connect the French learnt in the classroom with the real-life benefits of being bilingual. A Franconnexion Session is an event that is organized for students enrolled in any French program (Core, Extended, Immersion, French as a First Language). This one-hour, half-day, or full-day event takes places within a school or school board, and gives students the opportunity to participate in workshops and cultural activities oriented towards the benefits of speaking French, in a fun atmosphere.

### Bilingual Young Leaders

The Bilingual Young Leaders are a Youth committee founded by French for the Future. It is made up of 7 young committed bilingual Canadians between 16 and 22, who want to develop projects to promote bilingualism.

The Committee serves as a springboard for implementing local initiatives that will help promote Canada's official bilingualism via French learning, led by and for youth. The committee represents an expansion of French for the Future's actions, raising awareness among more young people, while allowing a group of qualified young persons to receive training in governance and project management.

The Youth Committee also acts as an advisory committee for French for the Future, while aiming to maintain a continual dialogue with young people, in order to keep offering them relevant programs.

## InfoBox

French for the Future/ Le français pour l'avenir
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | FFF/FPA |
| Formation | 1997 |
| Legal status | Non-profit organization |
| Location |  |
| President | Ania Kolodziej |
| Affiliations | Canadian Heritage |
| Website | http://www.french-future.org/ |


title: Hell Scroll (Nara National Museum)

abstract:
Hell Scroll Hell Scroll is a scroll depicting seven out of the sixteen lesser hells presented in Kisekyō. Six of the paintings are accompanied by text, which all begin with the phrase "There is yet another hell", following a description of what the sinners depicted did to end up in this particular hell. The seven hells depicted are:
  - the Hell of Excrement
  - the Hell of Measures
  - the Hell of the Iron Mortar
  - the Hell of the Flaming Rooster
  - the Hell of the Black Sand Cloud
  - the Hell of Pus and Blood
  - the Hell of Foxes and Wolves It is considered likely that the scroll corresponds to the Paintings of the Six Paths, commissioned by Emperor Goshirakawa in the 12th century. This handscroll was preserved in Daishō-in in Higashiokubo, Tokyo until the Meiji period, when it came into the hands of the Hara family of Kanagawa, later ending up in the possession of the Japanese government.

text:
# Hell Scroll (Nara National Museum)

**Hell Scroll** (地獄草紙, *jigokuzōji*) is a scroll depicting seven out of the sixteen lesser hells presented in Kisekyō ("Sutra of the World Arising"). Six of the paintings are accompanied by text, which all begin with the phrase "There is yet another hell", following a description of what the sinners depicted did to end up in this particular hell.

The seven hells depicted are:

1. the Hell of Excrement (ja: 屎糞所, しふんしょ)
2. the Hell of Measures (函量所, かんりょうしょ)
3. the Hell of the Iron Mortar (鉄磑所, てつがいしょ)
4. the Hell of the Flaming Rooster (鶏地獄, とりじごく)
5. the Hell of the Black Sand Cloud (黒雲沙, こくうんしゃ)
6. the Hell of Pus and Blood (膿血所, のうけつしょ)
7. the Hell of Foxes and Wolves (狐狼地獄 狼野干泥梨, ころうじごく ろうやかんないり)

It is considered likely that the scroll corresponds to the Paintings of the Six Paths, commissioned by Emperor Goshirakawa in the 12th century. This handscroll was preserved in Daishō-in in Higashiokubo, Tokyo until the Meiji period, when it came into the hands of the Hara family of Kanagawa, later ending up in the possession of the Japanese government.

## The whole scroll

The whole scroll. Except for the last section all paintings are accompanied by a text starting with the phrase: "There is yet another hell,..." followed by a description of the cause of the sinner's fall into this particular hell.

"Hell Scroll". *Emuseum*. National Institutes for Cultural Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2010.

## InfoBox

| Hell Scroll | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Unknown |
| Year | 12th century |
| Type | Color on paper |
| Dimensions | 26.5 cm × 453.9 cm (10.4 in × 178.7 in) |
| Location | Nara National Museum, Nara, Nara Prefecture, Japan |


title: Nakano Esperanza

abstract: Nakano Esperanza is a football (soccer) club based in Nakano, which is located in Nagano Prefecture in Japan. As of 2022, it plays in the Nagano Prefectural League 1st Division.

text:
# Nakano Esperanza

**Nakano Esperanza** (中野エスペランサ, **Nakano Esuperansa**) is a football (soccer) club based in Nakano, which is located in Nagano Prefecture in Japan. As of 2022, it plays in the Nagano Prefectural League 1st Division.

## History

*Nakano Football Club* was founded in 1971: this name lasted for 29 years, before changing it again to *Nagano Esperanza FC* in 2001. The current denomination - *Football Club Nakano Esperanza* \- came only in 2007, with the Spanish "Esperanza" standing for "hope" in English. The club's first logo also features Common kestrel, a type of bird that can be easily seen on Nagano Prefecture. They reached the second division of Hokushinetsu Football League in 2015, and got relegated on 2018, back to the first division of the Nakano Prefectural League. The club still hope to be in professional football on a long-term program.

On 16 August 2022, the club's 51st anniversary. Nakano Esperanza unveiled its new logo. The crest was produced and designed by Millions Co. Ltd. The rose represents the flower of Nakano City. Red-coloured, it's designed to match the club's color. The designers' intention was to make the logo simple and timeless, under the era of modern and simple logos commonly replacing older, and more detailed ones.

## Past Logos

| used until 15 August 2022 |
| --- |
|  |

## League record

| Champions | Runners-up | Third place | Promoted | Relegated |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Season | League | Pos. | P | W | D | L | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Nagano Prefectural
League (Div. 1) | 4th | 9 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 14 |
| 2009 | | 3rd | 9 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 18 |
| 2010 | | 3rd | 9 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 21 |
| 2011 | | 2nd | 9 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 20 |
| 2012 | | 6th | 9 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 9 |
| 2013 | | **1st** | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 27 |
| 2014 | | **1st** | 10 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 27 |
| 2015 | Hokushinetsu Football
League (Div. 2) | 4th | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 16 |
| 2016 | | 3rd | 14 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 25 |
| 2017 | | 4th | 14 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 22 |
| 2018 | | 7th | 14 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 11 |
| 2019 | Nagano Prefectural
League (Div. 1) | 2nd | 10 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 17 |
| 2020 | | 2nd | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 12 |
| 2021 | | 5th | 7 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 9 |
| 2022 | | 2nd | 7 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 15 |

## Current squad

*As of 8 October 2022*.

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  JPN Kairu Yamazaki  2 DF  JPN Yuki Tatuno  4 DF  JPN Takahiro Ato  5 DF  JPN Takuya Tanaka  6 DF  JPN Masaaki Yamagishi  7 MF  JPN Hiroki Kabaya  8 MF  JPN Tsukasa Maruyama  9 FW  JPN Daiki Sato  10 FW  JPN Takuya Tokutake  11 MF  JPN Takuma Wada | No. Pos. Nation Player  14 FW  JPN Natsuki Takekoshi  16 MF  JPN Yasutaka Yoshiura  18 GK  JPN Kei Takizawa  19 MF  JPN Ryo Ito  20 DF  JPN Yukimi Kishida  21 DF  JPN Masaki Kohara  22 FW  JPN Yuki Tondokoro  23 GK  JPN Shinji Hirose  24 DF  JPN Yuki Takahashi *(captain)*  26 FW  JPN Kaito Azegami |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

Nakano Esperanza
中野エスペランサ
| Full name | Football Club Nakano Esperanza |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 16 August 1971 (1971-08-16)
*As Nakano Football Club* |
| Ground | Nakano-shi Multipurpose Soccer Field
Nakano, Nagano |
| Capacity | 480 |
| Chairman | Yutaka Sakai |
| Manager | Yutaka Sakai |
| League | Nagano Prefectural League (Div. 1) |
| 2022 | 2nd of 8 |


title: West Stony Creek

abstract: The West Stony Creek flows into the Sacandaga River north of Northville, New York.

text:
# West Stony Creek

The **West Stony Creek** flows into the Sacandaga River north of Northville, New York.

## InfoBox

| West Stony Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Sacandaga River |
| location | Northville, New York |
| coordinates | 43°15′10″N 74°13′28″W / 43.25278°N 74.22444°W / 43.25278; -74.22444 |
| elevation | 772 ft (235 m) |
| Basin size | 88 sq mi (230 km2) |


title: Harburg Castle

abstract: Harburg Castle in Harburg, Bavaria, in the Donau-Ries district, is an extensive mediaeval complex from the 11th / 12th century. Originally it was a Staufer castle and was owned by the princely House of Oettingen-Wallerstein. Since 2000 the castle belongs to the Prince of Oettingen-Wallerstein Cultural Foundation, which has the mission to preserve this unique castle for the present and future.

text:
# Harburg Castle

**Harburg Castle** in Harburg, Bavaria, in the Donau-Ries district, is an extensive mediaeval complex from the 11th / 12th century. Originally it was a Staufer castle and was owned by the princely House of Oettingen-Wallerstein. Since 2000 the castle belongs to the Prince of Oettingen-Wallerstein Cultural Foundation, which has the mission to preserve this unique castle for the present and future.

## History

The first written mention of Harburg can be derived from the mention of Cuno de Horburc *(Kuno of Harburg)* in sources on the foundation of the Benedictine monastery Berchtesgaden at the latest around the year 1100. Kuno of Harburg was half-brother of Berchtesgaden's founder Berengar of Sulzbach and apparently owner of the Harburg at the end of the 11th century.

The castle itself was first mentioned in 1150. At that time, the 13-year-old Staufer Henry Berengar, son and co-king of King Conrad III and Gertrude of Sulzbach, wrote a letter to Constantinople to his aunt, the Empress Berta of Sulzbach, and her husband Manuel Komnenos, in which he spoke of the Battle of Flochberg against Welf VI. He mentioned that at that time he was staying at Harburg Castle, which was at that time a Staufian imperial castle.

> “On the 8th of February \[1150\], that lofty and unfaithful Welf, who did not want to remember all the blessings he had received from my father, entered our country with hostility. At the time when my father, being far away in state affairs, left me with a group of warriors in one of our castles. The castle against which Welf moved is called Flochberg Castle. But we were in another castle, Harburg Castle. \[...\] But when I had quickly received the news of this disgrace, I hastened to pursue the enemy, and we advanced against him with five large battalions. Having sent forward very mobile horsemen, who cut off their way of escape, we obtained such a great victory that, if it were to be We captured 300 knights and a considerable number of horses were killed, struck partly by spears, partly by swords.
>
> Henry Berengar, in letterbook from Wibald of Corvey, no. 218, p. 464,

In 1299 the castle was pledged by King Albert I of the House of Habsburg to the Counts of Oettingen. King Conrad IV lived on the Harburg Castle in 1239. Emperor Sigismund confirmed the property of the Counts of Oettingen in 1418. In 1530 the historian Hieronymus Wolf was a clerk at Harburg Castle. After the extinction of the protestant line Oettingen-Oettingen, Harburg Castle was transferred to the catholic line Oettingen-Wallerstein in 1731.

The Castle was utilised in World War 2 by the Nazi's secret police "gestapo" and used to house prisoners for interrogation purposes.

Since 2000, the castle belongs to the prince of Oettingen-Wallerstein Cultural Foundation.

## Geographical location

The Harburg Castle is located high above the valley of the Wörnitz River on a steep mountain spur falling to three sides at the south-eastern entrance of the Ries Crater on the Romantic Road. The castle was built without reference to an older valley settlement, a process that was extremely rare in the High Middle Ages. Only after the castle was in place was the town Harburg developed on the narrow valley floor between the Wörnitz and the castle rock. The enormous size of the core castle may also allow conclusions to be drawn about the revitalization of a pre-historic or early-historic Hillfort.

## Architecture

This hill castle is a completely preserved facility with a remarkable building complex from the Middle Ages. In the 15th century the fortress was extended with residential buildings. From the 16th to the 18th century further extensions completed a prince's residence. Under Prince Albert Ernest II of Oettingen-Oettingen (1669 – 1731), the castle was to be expanded into a residence in the 18th century. However, only one part, which includes the castle church, the prince's building and the hall building, has actually been altered accordingly. The character of a fortified castle remained. Pretty unique is the particularly well-preserved, late-medieval ring wall with defensive corridor.

The main castle is surrounded by a wall with six towers, which is one of the oldest buildings. It includes the bailiff's residence (today the restaurant and hotel), the granary, the two keeps, the palace, the hall building, the well, the bakery (today the ticket office and shop) and the chapel. A little further down is the outer bailey with the commercial buildings, including the Red Stabels. It is said to have been sketched by Carl Spitzweg during a visit in 1858.

Three gates lead into the interior of the castle. The Lower Gate controlled access to the enclosure with a drawbridge. Since 1807 a stone bridge leads over the moat. Then follows the Inner Gate, which dates back to the Staufian period. It forms together with the Lower Gate an inner bailey. The main castle can be reached through the Upper Gate, equipped with a portcullis. It could be lifted smoothly by chains in two side guides and lowered in case of danger.

## Tourism

The interior of Harburg Castle can be visited daily as part of a guided tour from mid-March to early November.

48°47′6″N 10°41′13″E / 48.78500°N 10.68694°E / 48.78500; 10.68694


abstract: The International Institute of Applied Aesthetics (IIAA) is an institute operating under the Palmenia Center for Continuing Education of the University of Helsinki. It is focused on environmental aesthetics and other kinds of humanistic environmental research.

text:
# International Institute of Applied Aesthetics

The **International Institute of Applied Aesthetics** (IIAA) is an institute operating under the Palmenia Center for Continuing Education of the University of Helsinki. It is focused on environmental aesthetics and other kinds of humanistic environmental research.

## General information

The Institute is situated in Lahti, Finland and its functional fields include research, education and publishing. It is also active in organizing international and domestic seminars.

In 2008 the Institute was affiliated with the Aesthetics department of the University of Helsinki and in 2010 it became a part of the Palmenia Center.

## List of IIAA publications in English

* *Aesthetics in the Human Environment* (Eds. von Bonsdorff, Pauline & Arto Haapala) 1999
* *Aesthetics of the Unavoidable – Aesthetic Variations in Human Appearance* (by Naukkarinen, Ossi) 1998 (Full text)
* *The City as Cultural Metaphor* (Ed. Haapala, Arto) 1998
* *The Human Habitat – Aesthetic and Axiological Perspectives* (by von Bonsdorff, Pauline) 1998 (Full text)
* *Art and Beyond – Finnish Approaches to Aesthetics* (Eds. Naukkarinen, Ossi & Olli Immonen) 1995

1. "IIAA – International Institute of Applied Aesthetics, Introduction - University of Helsinki". *www.helsinki.fi*. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13.

## InfoBox

International Institute of Applied Aesthetics
| Focus | environmental aesthetics |
| --- | --- |
| Website | http://www.helsinki.fi/iiaa/index.htm |


title: Royal Navy Submarine Service

abstract: The Royal Navy Submarine Service is one of the five fighting arms of the Royal Navy. It is sometimes known as the Silent Service, as submarines are generally required to operate undetected. The service operates six fleet submarines (SSNs), of the Trafalgar and Astute classes, and four ballistic missile submarines (SSBN), of the Vanguard class. All of these submarines are nuclear powered. The Royal Navy's senior submariner was for many years located at HMS Dolphin in Hampshire. It moved from Dolphin to the Northwood Headquarters in 1978. The Submarine School is now at HMS Raleigh at Torpoint in Cornwall.

text:
# Royal Navy Submarine Service

The **Royal Navy Submarine Service** is one of the five fighting arms of the Royal Navy. It is sometimes known as the **Silent Service**, as submarines are generally required to operate undetected.

The service operates six fleet submarines (SSNs), of the *Trafalgar* and *Astute* classes (with two further *Astute*-class boats currently under construction), and four ballistic missile submarines (SSBN), of the *Vanguard* class. All of these submarines are nuclear powered.

The Royal Navy's senior submariner was for many years located at HMS *Dolphin* in Hampshire. It moved from *Dolphin* to the Northwood Headquarters in 1978. The Submarine School is now at HMS *Raleigh* at Torpoint in Cornwall.

## History

In 1900 the Royal Navy ordered five submarines from Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering of Barrow-in-Furness, designed by Electric Boat Company. The following year the first submarine, *Holland 1*, was launched, and the navy recruited six officers for the Submarine Service, under Reginald Bacon as Inspecting Captain of Submarines. At the beginning of World War I it consisted of 168 officers, 1,250 ratings, and 62 submarines. During the war it was awarded five of the Royal Navy's 14 Victoria Crosses of the war, the first was to Lieutenant Norman Holbrook, commanding officer of *B11*, for passing through minefields to sink the Ottoman warship *Mesudiye*.

Late in the war, the Royal Navy introduced the large K-class submarines. In order to be fast enough to operate alongside the battlefleet, they used steam propulsion while surfaced. En route to a training exercise with the fleet in a disaster, afterwards nicknamed "the battle of May Island", two K-class submarines were sunk, with death of most of their crew, and three more and a light cruiser damaged.

### Second World War

At the start of the war, the Royal Navy had 60 submarines with another nine under construction. By August 1945 a further 178 had been commissioned and 76 had been lost to all causes, the majority of the losses in the Mediterranean. In the Mediterranean (during the Siege of Malta), British U-class submarines began operations against Italy as early as January 1941. Larger submarines began operations in 1940, but after 50% losses per mission, they were withdrawn. U-class submarines operated from the Manoel Island Base known as HMS *Talbot*. Unfortunately no bomb-proof pens were available as the building project had been scrapped before the war, owing to cost-cutting policies. The new force was named the Tenth Submarine Flotilla and was placed under Flag Officer Submarines, Admiral Max Horton, who appointed Commander George Simpson to command the unit. Administratively, the Tenth Flotilla operated under the First Submarine Flotilla at Alexandria, itself under the admiral commanding in the Mediterranean, Andrew Cunningham. In reality, Cunningham gave Simpson and his unit a free hand. Until U-class vessels could be made available in numbers, British T-class submarines were used. They had successes, but suffered heavy losses when they began operations on 20 September 1940. Owing to the shortage of torpedoes, enemy ships could not be attacked unless the target in question was a warship, tanker or other "significant vessel". The flotilla's performance of the fleet was mixed at first. They sank 37,000 long tons (38,000 ) of Italian shipping; half by one vessel, the submarine *Truant*. It accounted for one Italian submarine, nine merchant vessels and one Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB). The loss of nine submarines and their trained crews and commanders was serious. Most of the losses were to mines. On 14 January 1941, U-class submarines arrived, and the submarine offensive began in earnest.

One of the most famous Mediterranean submarines was *Upholder*, commanded for its entire career by Lieutenant-Commander Malcolm Wanklyn. He received the Victoria Cross for attacking a well-defended convoy on 25 May 1941 and sinking an Italian liner, the *Conte Rosso*. In her 16-month operational career in the Mediterranean, before she was lost in April 1942, *Upholder* carried out 24 patrols and sank around 119,000 tons of Axis ships – 3 U-boats, a destroyer, 15 transport ships with possibly a cruiser and another destroyer also sunk. *Upholder* probably struck a mine on 13 April 1942.

On 8 September 1944, C-in-C Mediterranean ordered that the submarine base at La Maddalena be closed, and that Tenth Flotilla be disestablished and the submarines be incorporated into the First Submarine Flotilla at Malta.

### Cold War

The submarine force was cut back after the end of the war. The first British nuclear-powered submarine *Dreadnought* was launched in 1960, based around a U.S.-built nuclear reactor. This was complemented by the *Valiant* class from 1966, which used a new British-built Rolls-Royce PWR1 reactor. The UK's strategic nuclear deterrent was transferred to the Royal Navy from the Royal Air Force at midnight on 30 June 1968, i.e. 1 July. The *Resolution* class ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) were introduced to carry out this role under the Polaris programme from 1968. These carried US-built UGM-27 Polaris A-3 missiles and were later replaced by the *Vanguard* class submarines and the Trident missile system from 1994.

In 1978 the Flag Officer Submarines double-hatted as NATO Commander Submarine Force Eastern Atlantic (COMSUBEASTLANT) part of Allied Command Atlantic, moved from HMS *Dolphin* at Gosport to the Northwood Headquarters.

HMS *Conqueror* made history in 1982 during the Falklands War when she became the first nuclear-powered submarine to sink a surface ship, the *General Belgrano*. HMS *Splendid* and HMS *Spartan* hunted the Argentine Navy carrier group Task Group 79.1 but did not engage.

At the end of the Cold War in 1989 the Flag Officer Submarines, who was also COMSUBEASTLANT, a rear admiral, who , commanded a fleet of 30 submarines, which were grouped into four squadrons (First, Second, Third, and Tenth (SSBN)) at three bases.

### Post Cold War

In May 1991 *Oberon*-class submarines *Opossum* and her sister *Otus* returned to the submarine base HMS *Dolphin* in Gosport from patrol in the Persian Gulf flying Jolly Rogers, indicating successful actions.

In 1999 *Splendid* participated in the Kosovo Conflict and became the first Royal Navy submarine to fire a Tomahawk cruise missile in anger.

During Operation Veritas, the attack on Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces following the September 11 attacks in the United States,*Trafalgar* was the first Royal Navy submarine to launch Tomahawk cruise missiles against targets in Afghanistan. *Triumph* was also involved in the initial strikes. *Turbulent* launched fourteen Tomahawks during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

In 2011, HMS *Triumph* and *Turbulent* participated in Operation Ellamy. They launched Tomahawk cruise missiles at targets in Libya, firing the first shots of the operation.

In April 2016, *The Sunday Times* reported that Royal Navy submarines were to resume under-ice operations in the Arctic. Such operations have not taken place since 2007 after a fatal explosion on board *Tireless*. The crews of all seven active Royal Navy attack submarines will receive training on how to navigate below and "punch through" ice floes.

As of 2018, there had been three near misses between submerged Royal Navy submarines and civilian vessels due to "an insufficient appreciation of the location of surface ships in the vicinity", according to a Marine Accident Investigation Branch report.

For an extended period of time, the navy has had difficulty in attracting specialist staff into the nuclear submarine force, in part because of the long undersea patrols. In 2008 there were shortfalls of 28% in senior nuclear engineering officers, 23% in sonar and sensor operators, and 20% in nuclear weapons system junior ranks. In 2018, the National Audit Office highlighted the shortage of 337 skilled Royal Navy nuclear staff. In 2023, Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Sir Ben Key said recruiting for the submarine service was still proving difficult and the service was in a "war for talent".

## Perisher

'Perisher' (as the Submarine Command Course is better known) is a 24-week course all officers must take prior to serving as an executive officer on board a Royal Navy submarine. It has been run twice a year since 1917, usually starting on 2 July and 14 November each year. It is widely regarded as one of the toughest command courses in the world, with a historical failure rate of 25%.

If at any point during the training a candidate is withdrawn from training they will be nominated for boat transfer and kept occupied until the transfer. Their bag is packed for them and they are notified of the failure when the boat arrives. On departure they are presented with a bottle of whisky. A failure on Perisher means that the unsuccessful candidate is not permitted to return to sea as a member of the Submarine Service (although they are still allowed to wear the dolphin badge). They are, however, permitted to remain in the Royal Navy, moving into the surface fleet.

In more recent years, the United States Navy has sent some of its own submariner officers to undergo the 'Perisher', in order to foster and maintain closer links with the Royal Navy.

In 1995 the Royal Netherlands Navy took over the Perisher course for diesel-electric submarines, since the Royal Navy no longer operates boats of that type. The course is attended by candidate submarine commanders from navies around the world.

## Traditions

The Submarine Service has many traditions that are not found in the surface fleet. These include slang unique to submariners (such as referring to the torpedo storage compartment as the *Bomb Shop* and the diesel engine room as the *Donk Shop*), a special communications code known as the Dolphin Code and the entitlement of a sailor to wear Dolphins and black cap covers upon entering the service. These are only awarded after completion of training and qualification in ships' systems during the first submarine posting (Part III training).

### The Jolly Roger and the Submarine Service

Rear-Admiral Arthur Wilson VC, the Controller of the Royal Navy, has gone down in history as the officer who claimed in 1901 "\[Submarines are\] underhand, unfair, and damned un-English. ... treat all submarines as pirates in wartime ... and hang all crews," In fact he had advocated the purchase of submarines the year before, and he was actually expressing a desire to continue the policy of discouraging foreign powers from building submarines while the Royal Navy developed its own in secret. The legend goes that in response to these top secret remarks of Wilson's made 13 years earlier Lieutenant-Commander (later Admiral Sir) Max Horton first flew the Jolly Roger on return to port after sinking the German cruiser *Hela* and the destroyer *S-116* in 1914 while in command of the E-class submarine *E9*.

In World War II it became common practice for the submarines of the Royal Navy to fly the Jolly Roger on completion of a successful combat mission where some action had taken place, but as an indicator of bravado and stealth rather than of lawlessness. For example, in 1982 returning from the Falklands conflict *Conqueror* flew the Jolly Roger depicting one dagger for the SBS deployment to South Georgia and one torpedo for her sinking of the Argentinian cruiser *General Belgrano*. The Jolly Roger is now the emblem of the Royal Navy Submarine Service.

### Dolphins Badge

First officially adopted in the 1950s, qualified submariners are presented the Golden Dolphins badge to wear on their uniform on the left breast above any medals. The current badge, adopted in 1972, depicts two golden dolphins facing an anchor surmounted by St Edwards Crown. In September 2020, it was announced that all trainee submariners would be issued their own dolphins badge; similar to the Golden Dolphins in size and shape, though completely black.

## Active submarines

The Submarine Service consists of two classes of *Fleet* submarines and one class of *Ballistic Missile* submarines.

### Fleet submarines

There are six fleet submarines in commission – one *Trafalgar* and five *Astute*. They are all nuclear submarines and are classified as SSNs.

These submarines are armed with the Spearfish torpedo for anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare. They have the ability to fire Tomahawk cruise missiles for attacking targets on land. This capability was used by *Trafalgar* against the Taliban in 2001 during Operation Veritas. The Fleet submarines are also capable of surveillance and reconnaissance missions. Fleet submarines are sometimes referred to as *attack* or *hunter-killer* vessels.

| Name | Class | Pennant Number | Commissioned |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Triumph* | Trafalgar | S93 | 1991 |
| *Astute* | Astute | S119 | 2010 |
| *Ambush* | Astute | S120 | 2013 |
| *Artful* | Astute | S121 | 2016 |
| *Audacious* | Astute | S122 | 2020 |
| *Anson* | Astute | S123 | 2022 |

### Ballistic submarines

The four ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) of the Royal Navy are all of the *Vanguard* class. They were all built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd., now BAE Systems Submarine Solutions. The SSBN flotilla or bomber 'fleet' tends to be almost a separate entity; for example, it rarely uses pennant numbers preferring to use hull numbers, thus Vanguard 05, Victorious 06, Vigilant 07 and Vengeance 08.

The four Vanguard class boats are responsible for the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent, and use the Trident missile system. Each boat can carry up to 16 Trident II D5 Missiles, each of which may carry up to 12 nuclear warheads. As of 2022 it is UK Government policy to refrain from declaring current stockpiles, deployed warheads and deployed missile numbers. There has been at least one SSBN on patrol at all times since April 1969.

| Name | Class | Pennant Number | Commissioned |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Vanguard* | Vanguard | S28 | 1993 |
| *Victorious* | Vanguard | S29 | 1995 |
| *Vigilant* | Vanguard | S30 | 1996 |
| *Vengeance* | Vanguard | S31 | 1999 |

### Rescue systems

The Royal Navy operated the LR5 Submarine Rescue System, designed for retrieving sailors from stranded submarines. Capable of rescuing up to 16 sailors at a time, the system was deployed to the wreck site of the sunken *Kursk*. The system was replaced in 2004 with the NATO Submarine Rescue System which remains based in the UK.

The Royal Navy, along with France and Norway, is part of the NATO Submarine Rescue System.

## Decommissioning nuclear submarines

Twenty-one nuclear submarines awaiting decommissioning have been laid-up at Rosyth and Devonport. In 2014 the MOD announced a plan to decommission 7 of the submarines awaiting disposal, in a project expected to take 12 years. A site for the intermediate-level nuclear waste produced was expected to be identified by 2016. A trial dismantling of a nuclear submarine was planned to start in January 2016 at Rosyth.

In 2018, the UK Parliament's Public Accounts Committee criticised the slow rate of decommissioning of these submarines, with the Ministry of Defence admitting that it had put off decommissioning due to the cost. The National Audit Office in 2019 stated that the accumulative costs of laid up storage had reached £500 million, and they represent a liability of £7.5 billion.

in 2019 it has been acknowledged that the UK has more obsolete submarines than they have in service, a problem that has been ignored for over 50 years as the UK do not currently have a clear funding plan for defuelling and dismantling of these submarines. The US have been decommissioning nuclear submarines for many years in a programme that is self funding by recycling many of the components. It's possible that their expertise in decommissioning could be leverage in securing submarine building contracts from the UK.

## Future submarines

A total force of seven *Astute* fleet submarines is planned. As of October 2024, the first six boats have been completed, five of which are in commission and in service. Boat six has commenced its testing and commissioning process and boat seven is at an advanced stage of construction. Boat number seven was confirmed in the October 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review and long-lead items have been ordered. The *Astute*-class submarine is the largest nuclear fleet submarine ever to serve with the Royal Navy, being nearly 30% larger than its predecessors. Its powerplant is the Rolls-Royce PWR2 reactor, developed for the *Vanguard*-class SSBN. The submarine's armament consists of up to 38 Spearfish torpedoes and Tomahawk Block IV land-attack cruise missiles.

The replacement class for the *Vanguard* SSBNs was ordered in 2016 and is named the *Dreadnought* after its lead boat. The programme will seek to replace one-for-one the current four ballistic missile submarines starting sometime during the early 2030s.

There is also a program for a Maritime Underwater Future Capability (MUFC), that is, a successor to the *Astute*-class SSN. MUFC was initially known as the 'Astute Replacement Nuclear Submarine (SSN (R))'. However, in 2023 the program expanded to include the joint acquisition, with American support, of nuclear-powered submarines by the United Kingdom and Australia. The successor submarine was then renamed *SSN-AUKUS*.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

* Hackmann, Willem (1984). *Seek & Strike: Sonar, anti-submarine warfare and the Royal Navy 1914–54*. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-290423-8.

## InfoBox

| Royal Navy Submarine Service | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 1901 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Navy |
| Motto(s) | "We Come Unseen" |
| Equipment | 6 SSNs & 4 SSBNs |
| Website | www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/the-fighting-arms/submarine-service |
| Commanders | |
| Current
commander | Commodore Paul Dunn OBE |
| Commodore-in-Chief | HRH The Prince of Wales |
| Insignia | |
| White Ensign
(1901 – present) |  |
| Naval jack |  |
| Dolphin Badge |  |


title: Graham Broad

abstract: Graham Broad is an English drummer who has been playing professionally since the age of fifteen, after attending the Royal College of Music in 1970. He is a former pupil of drumming educator Lloyd Ryan, who also taught Phil Collins the drum rudiments. His works have spanned decades with musicians such as Roger Waters, Tina Turner, The Beach Boys, Procol Harum, Jeff Beck, Tom Cochrane and Red Rider, Van Morrison, Bryan Adams, Bill Wyman, Tony Banks and George Michael. One of the most prolific drummers of the 1980s, his work appeared on Top 10 hits for Bucks Fizz, Dollar, Tina Turner, Bardo, Go West, Five Star, ABC, and Wham!. Broad has been mostly playing with ex-Pink Floyd frontman Roger Waters, since 1987, where he played the drums on Waters' Radio K.A.O.S. album and following tour. In 1990, Broad, who had joined Waters' "Bleeding Heart Band", performed onstage during The Wall Concert in Berlin. In 1992, he played on Waters' third solo album, Amused to Death. In 1999, Waters invited him to join him on his In the Flesh tour, which spanned three years from 1999 to 2002. Broad also participated on The Dark Side of the Moon Live tour, which began in June 2006 and was extended with additional shows to finish in the spring of 2008. Broad played with Roger Waters again in The Wall Live (2010–2013), touring North America and Europe. Broad also plays with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings.

text:
# Graham Broad

**Graham Broad** (born 10 March 1957) is an English drummer who has been playing professionally since the age of fifteen, after attending the Royal College of Music in 1970. He is a former pupil of drumming educator Lloyd Ryan, who also taught Phil Collins the drum rudiments.

His works have spanned decades with musicians such as Roger Waters, Tina Turner, The Beach Boys, Procol Harum, Jeff Beck, Tom Cochrane and Red Rider, Van Morrison, Bryan Adams, Bill Wyman, Tony Banks and George Michael.

One of the most prolific drummers of the 1980s, his work appeared on Top 10 hits for Bucks Fizz, Dollar, Tina Turner, Bardo, Go West, Five Star, ABC (even appearing in the music video for their smash hit, "When Smokey Sings"), and Wham!.

Broad has been mostly playing with ex-Pink Floyd frontman Roger Waters, since 1987, where he played the drums on Waters' *Radio K.A.O.S.* album and following tour. In 1990, Broad, who had joined Waters' "Bleeding Heart Band", performed onstage during The Wall Concert in Berlin. In 1992, he played on Waters' third solo album, *Amused to Death*. In 1999, Waters invited him to join him on his In the Flesh tour, which spanned three years from 1999 to 2002. Broad also participated on The Dark Side of the Moon Live tour, which began in June 2006 and was extended with additional shows to finish in the spring of 2008. Broad played with Roger Waters again in The Wall Live (2010–2013), touring North America and Europe.

Broad also plays with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Graham Broad | |
| --- | --- |
| Broad performing "Time" live with Roger Waters in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, in 2007 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1957-03-10) 10 March 1957<br>Hammersmith, West London, England, United Kingdom |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Musician * record producer |
| Instruments | * Drums * percussion |
| Years active | 1970present |
| Member of | Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings |
| Formerly of |  |
|  | |
| Website | www.grahambroad.co.uk |


title: Ulrike Frank

abstract: Ulrike Frank is a German actress known for her portrayal of Katrin Flemming on the daily drama Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten.

text:
# Ulrike Frank

**Ulrike Frank** (born 1 February 1969) is a German actress known for her portrayal of Katrin Flemming on the daily drama *Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten*.

## Career

### Mallorca

In late 1998, ProSieben planned on launching its first soap opera. Grundy Ufa took an original idea which saw the series set on the Spanish island Majorca. The show *Mallorca – Suche nach dem Paradies* premiered in April 1999 with Ulrike Frank being an original cast member. Frank became more important to the show when it was revealed that she portrayed the first transsexual character in a German soap opera. Julia Breuer, Frank's character, choose Majorca to start over and create a life for her as a woman. However her secret was eventually discovered by Felipe who would eventually romance Julia after overcoming some obstacles. After almost one year on the year, *Mallorca* was canceled due to high production costs and ratings that rose too slowly for the network.

### Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten

In 2000, Frank was approached by RTL for the role of Tina Zimmermann in their new primetime soap opera *Großstadtträume*. The new format was a spin-off from *Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten* and the role of Tina was an original cast member of the show, previously played by Sandra Keller. After negotiations with Keller for a return in the role fell through, the network decided to recast. Ulrike Frank first appeared in the role of Tina in *Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten* on 27 April 2000. Her six-episode stint ended on 8 May 2000. Directly after her last appearance, *Großstadtträume* premiered. However ratings for the spin-off were extremely low and the network canceled the format after seven from 26 ordered episodes.

Two and half years later, Frank reappeared on *Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten*. This time originating the role of architect and businesswoman Katrin Flemming. The role was on a recurring basis and after appearing on 30 December 2002, Frank left the programme once again on 11 April 2003; finishing filming in late February. However, the role was well received by viewers and after the show had to fill the void of a female antagonist, Frank was brought back the following year with reappearing on-screen on 5 April 2004. Frank has since become an important part of the series. Katrin's image from a cold businesswoman changed over the years with the character becoming a mother and discovering that nanny Jasmin Nowak is the daughter she gave up for adoption almost twenty years ago.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | *Parkhotel Stern* | Mrs. Kessler |  |
| 1998 | *Balko* | Makeup artist |  |
| | *Zerschmetterte Träume - Eine Liebe in Fesseln* | Rita |  |
| | *Verbotene Liebe* | Janine Meiser |  |
| | *SK-Babies* | Secretary |  |
| 1999 | *Mallorca – Suche nach dem Paradies* | Julia Breuer |  |
| 2000 | *Großstadtträume* | Tina Zimmermann | spin-off of Gute Zeiten, Schlechte Zeiten |
| 2000
2002-2003, 2004-present | *Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten* | Tina Zimmermann
Katrin Flemming-Gerner née Gabi Galuba |  |
| 2001 | *Kleiner Mann sucht großes Herz* | Vivian Haeffner |  |
| 2002 | *Hinter Gittern - Der Frauenknast* | Mrs. Gericke |  |
| 2005 | *Emilia* | Countess Orsina |  |
| 2007 | *Der Mustervater 2 - Opa allein zu Haus* | Regine Schaffrath |  |
| | *SOKO Wismar* | Brunette |  |
| 2008 | *Ein Fall für Zwei* | Michaela Weiss |  |
| | *Im Namen des Gesetzes* | Silvia Kreibig |  |
| 2009 | *Leipzig Homicide* | Sabrina Karstens |  |
| | *Mein Mann, seine Geliebte und ich* | Receptionist Susanne |  |
| | *SOKO 5113* | Ricarda Rickenbach |  |

## InfoBox

| Ulrike Frank | |
| --- | --- |
| Frank in 2012 | |
| Born | Ulrike Frank
(1969-02-01) 1 February 1969
Stuttgart, West Germany |
| Years active | 1997-present |
| Spouse | Marc Schubring (1999-present) |
| Website | http://www.ulrikefrank.net |