title: Nwaran

abstract: Nwaran is a child naming ceremony celebrated in Nepal. In the Hindu tradition, the Nwaran is celebrated on the 11 day of birth for boys & girls. This ceremony is performed to give a birth name to a child, according to their lunar horoscope, which is usually not the name by which they are known. Typically, a priest is invited to perform the ceremony at home, who finds the child's lunar horoscope from their birth details, as the mother is still recovering at home with the child. Until the mother and child are "purified", they should not visit the temple. One can also perform a Nwaran on the 21st or 41st day after birth, if for some reason if the ceremony was not observed. Some people also tend to perform the Nwaran ceremony on the 11th day. Before the Puja, the puja materials should be washed and kept clean and ready in the puja place. You can select a place for the puja, depending on the number of people you are going to call. The puja should be done facing east or west. A carpeted area covered with a clean, washed cloth like a bed sheet, can be used; unless there is going to be the Havan (Homam) ceremony, in which case a fire-resistant floor is preferred. After the ceremony, the area can be cleaned up after sunset, or the next day. The fruits can be used as Prasad, whilst the Puja flowers and Paan leaves are spread in the backyard near trees. Kalash coconut, the Puja vasthra (cloth), the coins and the rice should be packed separately, and all other grains mixed together. These should be given, neatly packed, to the temple within 11 days; but the used fruits, flowers and pan leaves should not be taken inside the temple.

text:
# Nwaran

**Nwaran** (sometimes **Nuwaran** or **Naamkaran**) is a child naming ceremony celebrated in Nepal.

In the Hindu tradition, the Nwaran is celebrated on the 11 day of birth for boys & girls. This ceremony is performed to give a birth name to a child, according to their lunar horoscope, which is usually not the name by which they are known. Typically, a priest is invited to perform the ceremony at home, who finds the child's lunar horoscope from their birth details, as the mother is still recovering at home with the child. Until the mother and child are "purified" (from past birth, etc. in the religious sense), they should not visit the temple.

One can also perform a *Nwaran* on the 21st or 41st day after birth, if for some reason if the ceremony was not observed. Some people also tend to perform the *Nwaran* ceremony on the 11th day.

Before the *Puja*, the *puja* materials should be washed and kept clean and ready in the *puja* place. You can select a place for the *puja*, depending on the number of people you are going to call. The *puja* should be done facing east or west. A carpeted area covered with a clean, washed cloth like a bed sheet, can be used; unless there is going to be the *Havan* (*Homam*) ceremony, in which case a fire-resistant floor is preferred.

After the ceremony, the area can be cleaned up after sunset, or the next day. The fruits can be used as *Prasad*, whilst the *Puja* flowers and Paan leaves are spread in the backyard near trees. Kalash coconut, the *Puja vasthra* (cloth), the coins and the rice should be packed separately, and all other grains mixed together. These should be given, neatly packed, to the temple within 11 days; but the used fruits, flowers and pan leaves should not be taken inside the temple.


title: Violet cuckoo

abstract: The violet cuckoo is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae.

text:
# Violet cuckoo

The **violet cuckoo** (***Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus***) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae.

## Description

The males have glossy violet feathers on the head and upper parts of the body. The blackish tail has a white tip, and barred outer feathers. The most spectacular feature is the brightly iridescent violet chin and upper breast. The belly is white with broad black, green or violet bars. Mature males also have a red eye-ring. The closely related species, C. amethystinus has a glossy blue-violet throat patch rather than reddish violet of this cuckoo.

The females have mottled, greenish-bronze upper parts and a dark brown crown. There are white markings around the eyes and sometimes on the forehead. The central tail feathers are greenish while the outer feathers are rufous with greenish bars. The outer rectrices are barred black and white. The breast is whitish with bronze-green bars and variably washed rufous markings.

Juveniles have barred rufous and greenish bronze feathers on the upper parts of the body, a bright rufous crown, rufous and mottled green or brown wings, a barred brown and rufous tail and brown-barred white under parts.

## Distribution and habitat

The violet cuckoo is found from north-eastern India to Southeast Asia, Greater Sundas, Palawan and the Philippines. Southern populations are resident, while northern populations in locations such as Assam and Bangladesh appear to be migratory.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. It is also seen in gardens, orchards, and rubber plantations. It occurs from lowlands up to 1500m, but mainly below 700m.

The species is reported to be uncommon throughout its range. However, because it has a wide range, the species is not considered to be threatened by the IUCN. However one source suggests that the species is threatened in areas of its range because of habitat loss.

## Behaviour

Violet cuckoos are insectivorous but they will also eat fruit. They have been seen shaking hairy caterpillars to remove the stomach contents for consumption. They forage by creeping up and down branches, but they can also flycatch on the wing.

Cuckoos are brood parasites and lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. The males are active and vocal during the breeding season in order to attract mates. Once they have mated, the females become secretive as they search for appropriate nests in which to lay their eggs.

Host species recorded for the violet cuckoo are sunbirds and spiderhunters (thirteen species of the genus *Arachnothera*, small birds related to sunbirds). Host species often recognise adult cuckoos as a threat and chase them off, but then do not recognise that the cuckoo eggs in the nest are aliens. Cuckoo chicks are usually larger than host chicks. The chicks of many cuckoo species have been observed to throw the host chicks out of the nest, although this behaviour has not been recorded for the violet cuckoo yet.

* Violet Cuckoo image from Andamans on INW
* Violet Cuckoo photos videos and sounds

## InfoBox

| Violet cuckoo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Violet Cuckoo (Male) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Cuculiformes |
| Family: | Cuculidae |
| Genus: | *Chrysococcyx* |
| Species: | ***C. xanthorhynchus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus***
(Horsfield, 1821) | |
|


title: Nyctemera obtusa

abstract: Nyctemera obtusa is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found on Sulawesi in Indonesia.

text:
# Nyctemera obtusa

***Nyctemera obtusa*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found on Sulawesi in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Nyctemera obtusa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Nyctemera* |
| Species: | ***N. obtusa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nyctemera obtusa***<br>Walker, 1856 | |
|


title: Violet gland

abstract: The violet gland or supracaudal gland is a gland located on the upper surface of the tail of certain mammals, including European badgers and canids such as foxes, wolves, and the domestic dog, as well as the domestic cat. Like many other mammalian secretion glands, the violet gland consists of modified sweat glands and sebaceous glands. It is used for intra-species signalling, scent marking, and contributes to the strong odor of foxes in particular. Although it secretes a mixture of volatile terpenes similar to those produced by violets, the chemicals are produced in much greater quantity than in flowers, and the resulting strong smell can be quite unpleasant.

text:
# Violet gland

The **violet gland** or **supracaudal gland** is a gland located on the upper surface of the tail of certain mammals, including European badgers and canids such as foxes, wolves, and the domestic dog, as well as the domestic cat. Like many other mammalian secretion glands, the violet gland consists of modified sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

It is used for intra-species signalling, scent marking, and contributes to the strong odor of foxes in particular. Although it secretes a mixture of volatile terpenes similar to those produced by violets (hence the name), the chemicals are produced in much greater quantity than in flowers, and the resulting strong smell can be quite unpleasant.

## By species

In dogs, the violet or supracaudal gland is found approximately above the 9th caudal vertebra, but depending on breed it may be vestigial or entirely absent. The violet gland secretes protein and hydrophobic lipids, has wide excretory ducts, is connected with coarse hairs, devoid of cysts, and has no sexual dimorphism. In the dog and cat fancy it is often referred to as "stud tail", despite the fact that it occurs in both sexes, not just breeding males. However, for reasons still unknown the hair at a dog's violet gland tends to fall out when androgen levels are high over a prolonged time. In short-haired breeds the usually inconspicuous gland may thus appear as a noticeably sparsely haired patch, and it is this condition of the gland area that is most frequent in stud dogs.

In foxes, the violet gland is found on the upper surface of the tail, at roughly one-third of the tail's length from the body, and measures about 25 by 7.5 millimeters in red foxes. Due to its role in steroid hormone metabolism (and possibly production), foxes cannot be "de-scented" by removing this gland. For unknown reasons, the gland's secretions are fluorescent in ultraviolet light; this may result from the presence of carotenoids.


title: Nyctemera palawanica

abstract: Nyctemera palawanica is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Rob de Vos and Karel Černý in 1999. It is found on Palawan in the Philippines.

text:
# Nyctemera palawanica

***Nyctemera palawanica*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Rob de Vos and Karel Černý in 1999. It is found on Palawan in the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Nyctemera palawanica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Nyctemera* |
| Species: | ***N. palawanica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nyctemera palawanica***<br>De Vos & Černý, 1999 | |
|


title: Hyppa contrasta

abstract: Hyppa contrasta, known generally as the summer hyppa moth or Russian mustard moth, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Hyppa contrasta is 9579.

text:
# Hyppa contrasta

***Hyppa contrasta***, known generally as the **summer hyppa moth** or **Russian mustard moth**, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Hyppa contrasta* is 9579.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Hyppa contrasta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Tribe: | Xylenini |
| Subtribe: | Xylenina |
| Genus: | *Hyppa* |
| Species: | ***H. contrasta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hyppa contrasta***<br>McDunnough, 1946 | |
|


title: Viscount Clermont

abstract: Viscount Clermont, of Clermont in the County of Louth, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1776 for William Fortescue, 1st Baron Clermont, with special remainder in default of male issue of his own to his brother James Fortescue and the heirs male of his body. He was the son of Thomas Fortescue (1683–1769), an Irish Member of Parliament and a descendant of the prominent and widespread family of Fortescue of Whympston in the parish of Modbury in Devon, England, the earliest Fortescue seat in the British Isles. Of the many branches of the Fortescue family which remained in Devon, that seated at Filleigh inherited in 1721 the ancient title Baron Clinton in the Peerage of England and subsequently obtained new titles in the Peerage of Great Britain of Baron Fortescue (1746), Earl Clinton (1746), Viscount Ebrington (1789) and Earl Fortescue (1789). William Henry Fortescue had already been made Baron Clermont, of Clermont in the County of Louth, in the Peerage of Ireland in 1770, with normal remainder to heirs male, and in 1776 was again made Baron Clermont, of Clermont in the County of Louth, in the Peerage of Ireland, at the same time he was granted the viscountcy, but with special remainder to his brother James Fortescue. By that date it was apparent that he was unlikely to produce his own son and heir, hence the special remainder was granted. In 1777 he was further honoured when he was made Earl of Clermont, in the County of Louth, in the Peerage of Ireland, with normal remainder to heirs male. Lord Clermont died without male issue in 1806 when the barony of 1770 and earldom became extinct. He was succeeded in the barony of 1776 and viscountcy according to the special remainder by his nephew William Fortescue, the 2nd Viscount Clermont and 2nd Baron Clermont, the son of his aforementioned brother James Fortescue. The 2nd Viscount Clermont represented County Louth in both the Irish and British Parliaments and was an Irish representative peer. He died unmarried in 1829 when the barony and viscountcy became extinct. The Clermont title was revived in 1852 when Thomas Fortescue was made Baron Clermont. He was a descendant of Chichester Fortescue, brother of William Fortescue, grandfather of the first Earl of Clermont.

text:
# Viscount Clermont

**Viscount Clermont**, of Clermont in the County of Louth, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1776 for William Fortescue, 1st Baron Clermont, with special remainder in default of male issue of his own to his brother James Fortescue and the heirs male of his body.

He was the son of Thomas Fortescue (1683–1769), an Irish Member of Parliament and a descendant of the prominent and widespread family of Fortescue of Whympston in the parish of Modbury in Devon, England, the earliest Fortescue seat in the British Isles. Of the many branches of the Fortescue family which remained in Devon, that seated at Filleigh inherited in 1721 the ancient title Baron Clinton in the Peerage of England and subsequently obtained new titles in the Peerage of Great Britain of Baron Fortescue (1746), Earl Clinton (1746), Viscount Ebrington (1789) and Earl Fortescue (1789).

William Henry Fortescue had already been made **Baron Clermont**, of Clermont in the County of Louth, in the Peerage of Ireland in 1770, with normal remainder to heirs male, and in 1776 was again made **Baron Clermont**, of Clermont in the County of Louth, in the Peerage of Ireland, at the same time he was granted the viscountcy, but with special remainder to his brother James Fortescue. By that date it was apparent that he was unlikely to produce his own son and heir, hence the special remainder was granted. In 1777 he was further honoured when he was made **Earl of Clermont**, in the County of Louth, in the Peerage of Ireland, with normal remainder to heirs male. Lord Clermont died without male issue in 1806 when the barony of 1770 and earldom became extinct. He was succeeded in the barony of 1776 and viscountcy according to the special remainder by his nephew William Fortescue, the 2nd Viscount Clermont and 2nd Baron Clermont, the son of his aforementioned brother James Fortescue. The 2nd Viscount Clermont represented County Louth in both the Irish and British Parliaments and was an Irish representative peer. He died unmarried in 1829 when the barony and viscountcy became extinct.

The Clermont title was revived in 1852 when Thomas Fortescue was made Baron Clermont. He was a descendant of Chichester Fortescue, brother of William Fortescue, grandfather of the first Earl of Clermont.

## Nomenclature

William Henry Fortescue (1722–1806), the first holder of an Irish title using the name *Clermont* (the title Lord Clermont was used in the Peerage of Scotland), was a francophile with connections in the royal court of France, and it is believed for that reason adopted a French-sounding title, meaning literally "clear mountain", and a common place name in France. Sir Nathaniel Wraxall wrote on this subject as follows in his memoirs:

> The very title of "Clermont" which he assumed when raised to the peerage — and which might be esteemed fictitious, as no such place I believe existed in Ireland — assimilated him to the blood royal of France; a younger branch of the illustrious line of Condé having been denominated "Comtes de Clermont". Probably he was not oblivious of this fact, in his selection of the title.

However, his biographer and kinsman Lord Clermont (d.1887), countered this suggestion and stated:

> I cannot suppose that Lord Clermont was influenced by any such motive. The name, common among French towns, probably struck him as well-sounding, and he changed the appellation of one of his seats in Ireland to it, calling Reynoldstown "Clermont Park" and afterwards took his title from his residence. The fact of the name of Fortescue being made up of two French words may have suggested the idea of giving a French name to his estate.

However the same author had stated previously that the Earl's father, Thomas Fortescue, had purchased an estate near Dromiskin in Ireland, named Randalstown, which he renamed "Clermont Park". Clermont Park is an estate within County Louth and is near to Lurgangreen, Mooretown and Blackrock and Dromiskin. The mansion house was burned down by armed men in February 1923 when owned by Col. Charles Davis Guinness, county representative of the Irish Unionist Alliance, in one of the many politically motivated arson attacks at that period. An Industrial estate known as "Clermont Business Park" now occupies the site. Only the gatehouse survives, next to St Paul's Church, Haynestown. A Neolithic chambered cairn dating from about 4000–3500 BC, survives atop Black Mountain in the Cooley Mountains in County Louth, in which was situated Fortescue's estate, known in native Irish as *Carnán Mhaighréid Náir*, also known as *Black Mountain Chambered Cairn* and *Clermont Cairn*.

## Barons Clermont (1770)

### Viscounts Clermont (1776)

### Earls of Clermont (1777)

### Viscounts Clermont (1776; reverted)

## Jacobite creation

In 1701, Charles Middleton, previously 2nd Earl of Middleton, was awarded the Jacobite peerages of Earl of Monmouth and Viscount Clermont in the Peerage of England. The titles, such as they were, became extinct on the death of his son in 1747.


title: Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe

abstract: The Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe is a listed hôtel particulier in Aix-en-Provence. It houses the Institut de Management Public et Gouvernance Territoriale of Aix-Marseille University.

text:
# Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe

The **Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe** is a listed hôtel particulier in Aix-en-Provence. It houses the *Institut de Management Public et Gouvernance Territoriale* of Aix-Marseille University.

## Location

It is located 21, Rue Gaston de Saporta (formerly known as the rue de la Grande Horloge) in Aix-en-Provence.

## History

It was built as two separate houses for the Roman Catholic archbishopry, as it is next door to the Cathédrale Saint-Sauveur.

In the sixteenth century, it was purchased by two families: a baker, and the de Rascas family. In 1635 and in 1642, Charles de Grimaldi-Régusse (1612–1687) purchased the two townhouses and merged them into one. (He also lived in the Hôtel de Grimaldi-Régusse, another hôtel particulier located at 26, rue de l'Opéra in Aix.) In the eighteenth century, his descendants sold the hotel to the Forbin La Barben family.

In 1743 (shortly before his death), Honoré Boyer de Fonscolombe (1683–1743) inherited it from his sister. His son Léon-Baptiste-Laurent de Fonscolombe inherited it and restored it. For example, in 1757 he restored the facade. In 1821, the parents of Gaston de Saporta (1823–1895) inherited it, and he grew up there, as did his son, writer Antoine de Saporta (1855–1914). Later, the de Saporta family sold it to the de Vitrolles family, who rented it.

It was purchased by the French state in 1950, and it was assigned to the Ministry of National Education in 1955. It has been used by the Aix-Marseille University since 1965.

Inside it has paintings ceilings and gypseries. It also displays paintings by Nicolas Pinson (1636–1681) and Esprit Antoine Gibelin (1739–1813).

## Heritage significance

It has been listed as a monument historique since 1989.

43°31′53″N 5°26′50″E / 43.5314°N 5.4471°E / 43.5314; 5.4471

## InfoBox

| Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Hôtel particulier |
| Address | 21, Rue Gaston de Saporta |
| Town or city | Aix-en-Provence |
| Country | France |
| Current tenants | Aix-Marseille University |
| Owner | French state |


title: Nyctosyles

abstract:
Nyctosyles is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:
  - Nyctosyles laticollis Putzeys, 1866
  - Nyctosyles planicollis
  - Nyctosyles quadraticollis

text:
# Nyctosyles

***Nyctosyles*** is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Nyctosyles* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Adephaga |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | ***Nyctosyles***<br>Putzeys, 1866 |
|


title: Hōonjiyama Kofun Cluster

abstract: Hōonjiyama Kofun Cluster The Hōonjiyama Kofun Cluster is a group of Kofun period burial mounds, located in the Yukiimachi neighborhood of the city of Hita, Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. Two of the surviving tumuli were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1959.

text:
# Hōonjiyama Kofun Cluster

The **Hōonjiyama Kofun Cluster** (法恩寺山古墳群, *Hōonjiyama Kofun gun*) is a group of Kofun period burial mounds, located in the Yukiimachi neighborhood of the city of Hita, Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. Two of the surviving tumuli were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1959.

## Overview

The Hōonjiyama Kofun Cluster is located on a hill in the eastern part of the Hita Basin, and the Mikuma River (upper part of the Chikugo River) flows to the south. The cluster consists of seven *enpun* (円墳)-style round tumuli, and all but Kofun No.4 have been damaged due to land clearance and grave theft. Per the *Bungo no Kuni Fudoki*, during the reign of Emperor Kinmei, the ancestor of the Kusakabe clan settled in this area of Hita, and it is presumed that these burial mounds are the tombs of the chieftains of that clan. As the surviving tumuli are decorated kofun, they share common characteristics of the culture area of the Chikugo River basin, along with the nearby Garandoya Kofun and Anakannon Kofun.

Hōonjiyama Kofun No3 Although a considerable amount of the mound of Kofun No.3 has been lost, it is estimated that it had a diameter of approximately 20 meters and a height of 4 meters. The stone burial chamber is a horizontal-type stone passage with a multi-chamber structure at the end. The rear chamber is 2.4 meters deep, 2.3 meters wide, and 2.3 meters high, and the front chamber is 1.9 meters deep, 2.5 meters wide, and 1.9 meters high. The walls are made of flat split stones that are stacked flat and gradually push toward the ceiling, and this type of structure is unique in Oita Prefecture. The decoration is a colored mural, and in the back chamber, there is one circular pattern on the back wall, a circular pattern on the right wall, and nine concentric circular patterns. In the front room, a horse and a person are depicted on the left side, and a horseman is depicted on the right side, and concentric circles and birds are drawn on the stone that spans between the side stones. Also, on the inner left side of the sleeve stone leading from the path to the front room, a four-legged beast and a circle are depicted. The geometric pattern on the back chamber contrasts with the human and horse designs on the front chamber. Among the grave goods excavated were amber balls, horse fittings, and Sue ware pottery. From these items it is estimated that the *kofun* was constructed in the latter half of the 6th century.

Hōonjiyama Kofun No.4 Kofun No. 4 has a diameter of approximately 13 meters and a height of approximately 3.5 meters. The stone chamber is a horizontal cave-style stone chamber, and the burial chamber is 2.6 meters deep and 2 meters wide, gradually narrowing to 1.5 meters on the side of the path. The walls are made of flat stones stacked together like in Tomb No. 3, gradually rising toward the ceiling. A total of three human remains, that of two adults and one child, were found inside the burial chamber. The grave goods include a deformed bronze mirror of depicting five beasts, a straight iron sword, an iron arrowhead, a trumpet, a bell, a *magatama*, and Sue ware pottery. It is estimated that this tumulus was constructed in the first half of the 6th century.

The site is approximately a ten-minute walk from Bungo-Miyoshi Station on the JR Kyushu Kyūdai Main Line.

Decorated kofun

## InfoBox

Hōonjiyama Kofun Cluster
| 法恩寺山古墳群 | |
| --- | --- |
| Hōonjiyama Kofun ClusterHōonjiyama Kofun Cluster (Japan) | |
| Location | Hita, Ōita, Japan |
| Region | Kyushu |
| Coordinates | 33°18′36.6″N 130°57′0.8″E / 33.310167°N 130.950222°E / 33.310167; 130.950222 |
| Type | Kofun |
| History | |
| Founded | c.6th century |
| Periods | Kofun period |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | Yes (no facilities) |
| National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: Visa policy of Honduras

abstract: Visitors to Honduras must obtain a visa from one of the Honduran diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 3 months.

text:
# Visa policy of Honduras

Visitors to **Honduras** must obtain a visa from one of the Honduran diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 3 months.

## Visa policy map

## Visa exemption

Holders of passports of the following 84 jurisdictions can visit Honduras without a visa for up to 90 days (unless otherwise noted):

ID - May also enter with an ID card if come from a country that is part of the CA-4 Agreement. 1 - 30 days

Nationals of China holding passports for public affairs do not require a visa.

Visa exemption also applies to residents of countries that are visa exempt as well as holders of a valid visa issued by Canada, the United States or a Schengen member state. This does not apply to nationals of Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Bangladesh, Botswana, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cuba, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Timor-Leste, Venezuela, Vietnam and Yemen.

Holders of diplomatic, official or service passports of Belarus, Bolivia, China, Cuba, Dominica, Egypt, Fiji, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Libya, Montenegro, Morocco, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Serbia, Suriname, and Thailand and holders of diplomatic passports of Palestine do not require a visa.

The government of Honduras requires proof of yellow fever vaccination only if a traveller is arriving from a country with risk of yellow fever: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Republic of the, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, The, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela

## Central America-4 Border Control Agreement

The Central America-4 Border Control Agreement is a treaty between Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua. A visa issued by one of the four countries is honored by all four of the countries. The time period for the visa, however, applies to the total time spent in any of the four countries without leaving the CA-4 area.


title: Vinaixa

abstract: Vinaixa is a municipality in the region of Les Garrigues, in the province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. The town centre is arranged around the old castle and in the appearance of the buildings stone predominates. It has a hunting ground and the stone industry has been the main economic activity for many years. In its municipality, there are numerous pine forests. The main attraction is the church of St. John the Baptist, in Romanesque-Cistercian style. It houses several Romanesque paintings and a Gothic retable.

text:
# Vinaixa

**Vinaixa** (Catalan pronunciation: \[biˈnajʃa\]) is a municipality in the region of Les Garrigues, in the province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.

The town centre is arranged around the old castle and in the appearance of the buildings stone predominates. It has a hunting ground and the stone industry has been the main economic activity for many years. In its municipality, there are numerous pine forests.

The main attraction is the church of St. John the Baptist, in Romanesque-Cistercian style. It houses several Romanesque paintings and a Gothic retable.

## Geography

Vinaixa is a municipality located in the south-eastern sector of the region of Les Garrigues, in a high area, on the border with the Conca de Barberà, and in the line of historical communications of the coast with the interior. The term has an area of 37.60 square kilometres and extends in the shape of a rectangle. It borders Vimbodí i Poblet, Vallclara, El Vilosell, L'Albi, Les Borges Blanques, La Floresta, Els Omellons, L'Espluga Calba, Fulleda and Tarrés. The population centre is in the southern half of the term, 480.90 meters at the level of the sea.

It can be accessed by the N-240 road and also by the AP-2 motorway. It is 40km far from Lleida, 132km far from Barcelona and 500km far from Madrid. It has connections, through local roads and fixed roads, with neighbouring villages. There is a railway station (Lleida - Barcelona | Barcelona - Lleida) and a bus stop (Lleida - Tarragona | Tarragona - Lleida).

The municipality is based on land of Oligocene origin. Several mountain ranges cross the term from north to south, which facilitate the existence of depressions. The highest points of the term are Punta del Puig (570 meters), to the north, and Punta dels Ràfols (675 meters), to the east.

The climate is the continental Mediterranean, typical of the Ebro Depression.

## History

The municipality core of Vinaixa emerged in the 8th century, from an Arab enclave around a castle. In the 12th century, the village was called Avinasha (from Arabic, Ibn Aisa 'son of Aixa'). The Castle of Vinaixa (Cal Tarragó) is located at the highest point of the village (482 metres). It is an ancient Arab guistan with castle honours, around which the village of Beni-Aixa was ordered, from which the municipality of Vinaixa takes its name, and refers to the family that owns the property and lands of the area in the Arab era. Currently, it is privately owned.

With the advance of the Christians, the nucleus was resettled by Ramon Berenguer IV, who granted settlement charters in the 12th century to the people of Tàrrega. Berenguer de Puigverd granted several instruments in favour of the Poblet Abbey which in the 13th century acquired total jurisdiction.

The hermitage of Sant Bonifaci is located 6.5 km from the urban centre. It is dedicated to Saint Boniface, to whom Vinaixa professes devotion. It appears that the hermitage was already built in the 14th century, but did not possess the saint's relic until May 1682.

## Main sights

* Casa de Poblet (or Cal Panxa). House where tithes were collected, built by Abbot Copons (1316-1348). Former property of the monks of the Poblet Abbey, it is currently municipal property.
* Cal Blanco. House built during the Second Spanish Republic, has modernist reminiscences.
* Casa Tarragó. House of an important family in the town, of which only the staircase and the façade of the stately palace that it was remains. It had its oil mill at the bottom of the building.
* Hermitage of Saint Boniface. It is of a Gothic structure and was later reformed. It seems that in the fourteenth century it was already built. Located 6.5 km from the urban area.
* Saint John the Baptist Church. Built between 1301 and 1318, it belongs to the period of transition from Romanesque to Gothic, with strong Cistercian influences. It has a single central nave and side chapels. The portal, the most notable element, is made up of three decaying archivolts that present a type of ornamentation with diamond tips. The capitals have plant motifs and it has a belfry bell tower with four bells. It still retains some Romanesque paintings, which have earned it the title of Historic-Artistic Monument. The Gothic style altarpiece stands out.
* Portal del Forn. One of the four portals that closed off the town, where there was the Vinaixa oven during medieval times.

## InfoBox

| Vinaixa | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Fireworks outside the church of St. John the Baptist | |
|  | |
| VinaixaLocation in Province of LleidaVinaixaLocation in CataloniaVinaixaLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 41°25′49″N 0°58′34″E / 41.43028°N 0.97611°E / 41.43028; 0.97611 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Community | Catalonia |
| Province | Lleida |
| Comarca | Les Garrigues |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Josep Maria Tarragó Clivillé (2019) |
| Area | |
| Total | 37.6 km2 (14.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 479 m (1,572 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 482 |
| Density | 13/km2 (33/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Vinaixenc |
| Postal code | 25440 |
| Website | vinaixa.cat |


title: IKon

abstract: iKon (Korean: 아이콘), stylized as iKON, is a South Korean boy band formed in 2015 by YG Entertainment. The lineup consists of six members: Jay, Song, Bobby, DK, Ju-ne, and Chan. Originally a seven-piece band, B.I departed from the group in June 2019. Initially introduced in the reality survival show WIN: Who is Next as "Team B", the group went on to appear in the 2014 reality survival show Mix & Match, which determined the final members of iKon. Their debut studio album Welcome Back (2015) debuted atop the South Korean Gaon Album Chart and featured the number-one singles "My Type", "Apology", and "Dumb & Dumber", as well as the top-ten singles "Rhythm Ta", "Airplane", and "Anthem". The album was a commercial success, selling over 260,000 copies in Asia, and its tracks collectively sold over 4.8 million copies, leading the group to receive numerous accolades from major Asian music award shows. From 2016 to 2017, iKon released the singles "#WYD" and "New Kids: Begin" and embarked on their first Asian tour and several Japanese tours. In 2018, their second studio album Return spawned the number-one single "Love Scenario", which topped the Gaon Digital Chart for a record-breaking six weeks. Their third EP, I Decide, was released on February 6, 2020. Their fourth EP, Flashback (2022), set a new personal record for highest one-day and one-week sales. iKon departed YG Entertainment in December 2022, following the expiration of their contracts with the agency, and signed with 143 Entertainment. The group released their third studio album Take Off in May 2023.

text:
# IKon

**iKon** (Korean: 아이콘), stylized as **iKON**, is a South Korean boy band formed in 2015 by YG Entertainment. The lineup consists of six members: Jay, Song, Bobby, DK, Ju-ne, and Chan. Originally a seven-piece band, B.I departed from the group in June 2019.

Initially introduced in the reality survival show *WIN: Who is Next* as "Team B", the group went on to appear in the 2014 reality survival show *Mix & Match*, which determined the final members of iKon. Their debut studio album *Welcome Back* (2015) debuted atop the South Korean Gaon Album Chart and featured the number-one singles "My Type", "Apology", and "Dumb & Dumber", as well as the top-ten singles "Rhythm Ta", "Airplane", and "Anthem". The album was a commercial success, selling over 260,000 copies in Asia, and its tracks collectively sold over 4.8 million copies, leading the group to receive numerous accolades from major Asian music award shows.

From 2016 to 2017, iKon released the singles "#WYD" and "New Kids: Begin" and embarked on their first Asian tour and several Japanese tours. In 2018, their second studio album *Return* spawned the number-one single "Love Scenario", which topped the Gaon Digital Chart for a record-breaking six weeks. Their third EP, *I Decide*, was released on February 6, 2020. Their fourth EP, *Flashback* (2022), set a new personal record for highest one-day and one-week sales.

iKon departed YG Entertainment in December 2022, following the expiration of their contracts with the agency, and signed with 143 Entertainment. The group released their third studio album *Take Off* in May 2023.

## History

### 2013–2014: Pre-debut and formation

Prior to the group's formation, group leader B.I featured on MC Mong's 2009 song "Indian Boy". He performed with MC Mong at the 2009 SBS Dream Concert, as well as on *You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook*. Vocalist Ju-ne, under his initial stage name Junhoe, made a pre-debut appearance aged thirteen on the SBS variety show *Star King*. He also competed on SBS' *K-pop Star* in 2011. On January 3, 2011, B.I and Jay (under his given name Jinhwan) joined YG Entertainment as trainees, followed by Bobby one week later. The trio trained together for one year and formed the basis of what became Team B. On April 18, 2012, Junhoe and Song (under his given name Yunhyeong) joined Team B. DK (under his given name Donghyuk) was the sixth member to join, on November 5, 2012.

In 2013, the six members participated as Team B on the Mnet reality survival show *WIN: Who Is Next*, competing against other trainees in Team A for the chance to debut as a group. The program involved three rounds of performances and public voting, with Team B eventually losing to Team A, who went on to debut as Winner. During the program, Team B released two singles: "Just Another Boy" and "Climax". The members subsequently appeared as backup dancers in Taeyang's music video for "Ringa Linga".

In June 2014, Team B appeared in the reality survival program *Mix & Match*, a follow-up to *WIN: Who Is Next* to determine the final lineup of the boy group iKon. YG Entertainment CEO Yang Hyun-suk stated that the group's name was derived from the goal to become an "icon for Korea", hence the "K". While Bobby, B.I, and Jinhwan were pre-confirmed members, the remaining members of Team B competed against three new trainees: Jung Jin-hyeong; Yang Hong-seok; and Jung Chan-woo, who had previously appeared on Korean television as a child actor. It was reported that 150,000 fans applied to attend the final performance of the show, and before the announcement of iKon's official lineup, YG Entertainment's blog server crashed. Ultimately, Junhoe, Donghyuk and Yunhyeong successfully retained their places in the lineup, with Chan-woo added as the group's final member.

Following the success of *Mix & Match*, iKon held fan meetings in South Korea, Japan, and China. In September, approximately 40,000 Japanese fans applied for 2,000 tickets to a fan meeting at Osaka Tojima River Forum, while over 50,000 Chinese fans applied for the group's fan meeting in Beijing. The program aired on December 29, 2014 on the CS channel in Japan. On December 15, 2014, iKon performed as the opening act at Bigbang's *Japan Dome Tour 2014-2015 X*. On January 28, 2015, *Billboard* listed the group as one of the "Top 5 K-Pop Artists to Watch in 2015", the only group on the list that had yet to debut.

### 2015: Debut and *Welcome Back*

Following several postponements, iKon's official debut was announced on YG Entertainment's website for September 15, 2015. It was revealed that the group would be releasing their debut album *Welcome Back* in two parts, with six of the 12 tracks serving as singles. The first half of the album, *Debut Half Album*, was set to be released on October 1, followed by the *Debut Full Album* on November 2. The track listing for the first half-album was released on September 24. Group leader B.I was credited as a producer and co-composer on all of the album's tracks, with B.I and Bobby contributing to lyrics to all tracks and vocalist Ju-ne participating in the composition of the single "Rhythm Ta".

iKon debuted with the single "My Type", which was released with a music video on September 15, 2015. Within 24 hours, the music video surpassed 1.7 million views on YouTube. The group won their first music show trophy with the single on September 26, 2015 on MBC's *Music Core*, even though they had yet to make their first official live appearance. On September 24, "My Type" achieved a "triple crown" on the Gaon chart, having won the number one spot on the digital, download, and streaming charts simultaneously in the 39th week of 2015. On September 18, the single reached number one on the music video chart of Chinese music streaming sites QQ Music and Youku. iKon also trended on Weibo, where they were reportedly searched 1.3 billion times.

iKon's *Debut Half Album* was released digitally on October 1. The group held their first concert, Showtime, on October 3 at the Seoul Olympic Gymnastics Arena; tickets sold out 13,000 tickets. The concert being held at the largest concert hall in Korea was unprecedented for a new K-pop group at the time. The concert was broadcast live through Naver's V App and streamed by over 500,000 viewers.

On October 4, one day after their debut concert, the group made their music show debut on SBS' Inkigayo, performing "Rhythm Ta" and "Airplane" and receiving their third music show win for "My Type" in person. On October 8, they won on Mnet's *M Countdown* with "Rhythm Ta". According to the Gaon Music Charts, iKon topped the weekly album sales charts with the first half of *Welcome Back* for October 4–10.

In October, iKon embarked on a series of Japanese fan meetings titled "iKontact" in Tokyo, Aichi, Fukuoka and Osaka, attended by 26,600 fans. At the end of the month, iKon received a MelOn All-Kill Popularity Award, having sold 82,208 copies of the first half of *Welcome Back*. On October 28, it was announced that the full album's release would be delayed to December 14, with two additional digital singles released on November 16.

Two digital singles, "Apology" and "Anthem", were released on November 16. "Apology" reached number one spot on the Gaon Digital Chart in the 48th week of 2015. On December 24, three new singles, "Dumb & Dumber", "What's Wrong?" and "I Miss You So Bad" were released.

### 2016: Japanese debut, Asian arena tours and new music

On January 13, 2016, the group made their Japanese debut with Japanese version of their album *Welcome Back*; the album sold 61,508 copies in its first week of release and placed third on the weekly Oricon Albums Chart, earning them the New Artist Award and Best New Artist Award at the 58th Japan Record Award. The original Korean version of the album sold over 100,000 copies in Japan by the end of 2016.

On March 17, 2016, YG Entertainment announced that iKon would embark. on their first Asian tour, the iKoncert 2016: Showtime Tour, with dates in Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. On July 1, their agency announced the band's second Japanese arena tour, the iKon Japan Tour 2016, set to visit five cities for a total of 14 concerts and an attendance of 150,000 fans. Later, the company announced the addition of two shows to be held in Tokyo due to demand in tickets. The completion of the second tour brought the band's total concert attendance in their debut year to 322,000. In November 14, YGEX announced a second tour leg in Japan, the iKon Japan Tour 2017, due to the success of the previous arena tour, which would see the band visit Yokohama Arena for the first time. The second leg was attended by 120,000 fans from three cities.

On May 30, iKon released the digital single "#WYD". The song debuted at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart. On August 10, the release of iKon's first original Japanese single, *Dumb & Dumber*, was announced. The single was released on September 28 with a CD+DVD version and a CD version. It debuted at number one on both the daily and weekly editions of the Oricon Singles Chart.

The group participated in Chinese dance survival program *Heroes of Remix* in 2016 with Psy as their mentor. They were the most-winning artist on the show, winning three weeks and receiving a positive reviews for their performances. However, due to elevated political tensions between South Korea and China following the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) issue, iKon was edited out of the last episodes of the show. Their promotional activities and touring in China led them to win Asian Most Popular Korean Group at the China Music Awards, Best Group at the Netease Attitude Awards, and Best New Force Group and Album of the Year at the QQ Music Awards.

### 2017: Japan Dome tour and *New Kids* album series

On February 11, 2017, it was announced that iKon would embark on their first dome tour, with two shows set to take place in Kyocera Dome and Seibu Prince Dome and an expected attendance of 90,000 fans. This made them the fastest group to hold a concert in a Japan dome since debuting. On June 18, an additional 22 concerts in eight Japanese cities were announced by YGEX, with 233,000 fans expected to attend, making it the longest and the largest arena tour held by the band in Japan.

On March 2, 2017, YG Entertainment confirmed that iKon had begun filming two music videos for their new album that was set to be released in April. An injury to Chanwoo's ankle causing the shooting to be delayed. It was confirmed that iKon would release an album series called *New Kids* throughout 2017. The first entry of the series, the single album titled *New Kids: Begin*, was released on May 22.

### 2018–2019: Completion of the *New Kids* series and B.I's departure

iKon released their second studio album and the second entry of the group's four-part *New Kids* album series, *Return*, on January 25, 2018. The lead single "Love Scenario" was described as dance track with a circuitous melody and lyrics conveying a mellow yet upbeat reaction to a breakup. All 12 tracks of *Return* were co-written by members B.I and Bobby. Other artists including Psy, BigBang's Taeyang, and Epik High's Tablo also participated in songwriting alongside various YG Entertainment producers, including Choice37 and Teddy Park. "Love Scenario" topped the Gaon Digital Chart for six weeks, making iKon the first artist to achieve this milestone. It also topped the year-end Gaon Digital Chart for 2018. The group was named the top artist of the first half of 2018 by Genie Music, having placed first on their daily music chart for 35 days.

iKon embarked on another tour in 2018, visiting eight cities across Asia. It marked the group second Asian tour after their iKoncert 2016: Showtime Tour. The group visited Australia for the first time, playing two shows in Sydney and Melbourne. iKon completed their four-part *New Kids* album series with the release of their first and second extended plays, *New Kids: Continue* and *New Kids: The Final*, in August and October 2018, respectively.

On June 12, 2019, B.I announced his departure from the group and terminated his exclusive contract with YG Entertainment, following drug allegations.

### 2020–2021: *I Decide* and *Kingdom: Legendary War*

iKon released their third EP, *I Decide*, on February 6, 2020, including the lead single "Dive". The EP, which was the group's first release since the departure of leader B.I in 2019, debuted at number three on the Gaon Album Chart.

On March 3, 2021, iKon returned with the new digital single "Why Why Why". Beginning. in April 2021, iKon competed in the reality competition series *Kingdom: Legendary War* alongside five other K-pop boy groups. In the show's finale, the group performed "At Ease" (열중쉬어), co-written and co-composed by labelmate Mino of Winner. "At Ease", along with the other participants' songs from the finale, was later included in a special EP titled *Kingdom Finale: Who Is the King?.*

### 2022–present: *Flashback*, departure from YG Entertainment, and *Take Off*

iKon returned with their fourth EP, *Flashback*, on May 3, 2022, which included the lead single "But You". In July, the group held the iKon Japan Tour 2022 in Kobe and Tokyo, selling out most of the shows. On December 30, 2022, after seven years, the members of iKon departed from YG Entertainment following the completion of their contracts.

On January 1, 2023, all members of iKon signed with 143 Entertainment and announced plans to release a new album in April. On March 7, 2023, 143 Entertainment announced that iKon would embark on a world tour, 2023 iKon World Tour "Take Off", with performances in various countries across Asia, Europe, and North America. On April 18, 2023, it was confirmed that iKon's third studio album, *Take Off*, would be released on May 4.

## Members

Retrieved from their Naver profile.

## Discography

## Tours

**Headlining**

**Joint tours**

**Opening act**

## Filmography

## Awards and nominations

1. Song, Min-joo (December 30, 2022). "강동원, 아이콘도 YG엔터 떠난다...'탈 YG' 열풍? \[공식\]" \[Kang Dong-won and iKON are also leaving YG Entertainment... 'Leave YG' craze? \[Formula\]\] (in Korean). TV Report. Retrieved December 30, 2022  via Naver.
2. Yeo, Gladys (January 3, 2023). "iKON sign with 143 Entertainment, to reportedly release new album in April". *NME*. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
3. "YG Entertainment To Hold Reality Show To Determine Which Boy Band They Will Debut Next, Label CEO Yang Hyun Suk Says". *Kpopstarz*. June 21, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
4. "'WIN' Team B Members Present Impressive Resumes". *Kpopstarz*. September 18, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
5. Park, So-young. "아이콘, YG가 키우는 무서운 '호랑이 새끼들'\[YG 가을공습③\]". OSEN. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
6. "VIDEO: BEHIND THE SCENES OF TAEYANG'S "RINGA LINGA" DANCE PERFORMANCE + MUSIC VIDEO". *Kempire Daily*. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
7. "YG Trainee Jung Chan Woo in 'Mix & Match' Previously Acted as Young Lee Min Ho". Mwave. September 12, 2014. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
8. Jackson, Julie (September 3, 2014). "YG to mix and match to create boy band iKON". The Korea Herald. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
9. "MIX & MATCH, FINAL MATCH : All YG Artists Unite". *YG Life*. October 28, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
10. ygunited (November 16, 2014). "BIGBANG's 2nd Five Dome Tour Begins: iKON Opens". *YG United*. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
11. "Top 5 K-Pop Artists to Watch in 2015". *Billboard*. January 28, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
12. "\[Focus IS\] iKON debut schedule is announced… Big ambition to "dominate September, October, and November"". *YG Life*. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
13. "iKON win #1 + Performances from September 26th 'Show! Music Core'!". *Allkpop*. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
14. "'취향저격' 아이콘, 데뷔와 동시에 주간 차트 3관왕". *JTBC New*. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
15. "\[뮤직톡톡\]아이콘, 中 데뷔 안하고도 차트 1위..'대륙 저격'". *OSEN*. September 19, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
16. "iKON's new album dominates charts". *The Korea Herald*. October 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
17. "아이콘, '쇼타임' 1만 3천 관객 동원…'눈물의 떼창'". *The Star*. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
18. "국내 대표 음악 차트 가온차트!". *Gaon Chart*. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
19. "Melon 4th Week of October, 2015". *Melon*. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
20. "국내 대표 음악 차트 가온차트!". *Gaon Chart*. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
21. "iKON's "APOLOGY" took No.1 on two of Gaon's weekly charts". *YG Life*. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
22. "週間 CDアルバムランキング - 2016年01月25日付- Full Album Welcome Back (Week 2 - January)". *Oricon Style* (in Japanese). Oricon Inc. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
23. "58th Japan Record Awards". Tokyo Broadcasting System Television. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
24. Cumulative sales for "Welcome Back" in Japan (8,269 Half album + 91,749 full album):
25. "iKON、2度目の全国アリーナツアー開始 新人では異例の数字叩き出す". modelpress. August 28, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
26. "iKON, finale for Japan arena encore tour… "Preparing for comeback with double title tracks"". YG Life. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
27. "iKON（アイコン）、大好評のアリーナツアーを受けアンコール公演開催決定！". TSUTAYA. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
28. "\[Music Talk Talk\] Whatcha Doin iKON? Busy in China!". YG Life. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
29. "아이콘, 中 히트곡 다시 부르기…대륙 홀릴 준비 끝". TV Report. June 8, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
30. "iKON重温经典致敬张国荣 李斯艾菲现场激吻". People. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
31. "iKON Scores Third Victory Thanks to Accurate Cantonese Pronunciation". YG Life. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
32. "South Korean stars who are part of Chinese TV program 'The Remix' not shown on last episode". YIBADA. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
33. "Psy and iKON win awards at China Music Awards". The Korea Herald. January 6, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
34. Sun, Mikyung (December 31, 2015). "아이콘, 中 왕이닷컴 시상식 베스트 그룹상..인기 열풍 입증". *OSEN* (in Korean). Retrieved June 1, 2021.
35. Hwang, Hye-jin (March 24, 2016). "빅뱅-아이콘, 중국 QQ뮤직어워드 나란히 4관왕-2관왕 영예". *Newsen* (in Korean). Retrieved June 1, 2021.
36. "iKON、海外アーティスト史上最速でドームツアー決定「覚悟してください！」". *Excite Japan*. February 11, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
37. "ｉＫＯＮ 初ドーム公演決定！ 雑草軍団の念願かなった". *DailySportsOnline*. February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
38. "BIGBANGの系譜を継ぐ大型新人iKON(アイコン)、初のドームツアー埼玉・メットライフドーム公演！さらに追加公演も発表！". *Hwaiting*. June 18, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
39. "iKON JAPAN DOME TOUR 2017 追加公演". *YGEX*. June 18, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
40. "\[Exclusive\] iKON to Shoot MVs for its New Album for Three Consecutive Weeks". YG Life. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
41. "\[Exclusive\] iKON's CHANWOO, Injured during a Music Video Shoot". YG Life. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
42. ""Releasing series albums"… The concept for iKON's comeback is "NEW KIDS"". YG Life. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
43. "iKon 'Return' with New Album & 'Love Scenario' Single". Billboard. January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
44. "\[DA:차트\] 아이콘·모모랜드, 2018 상반기 최고 남녀그룹". Naver News. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
45. "iKON Adds 'Australia' as Tour Location Beyond Asia… First Concerts in Sydney·Melbourne For the First Time". *YG Life*. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
46. "iKON Makes a Dramatic Return With Haunting New Single 'Killing Me'". *Billboard*. August 2, 2018.
47. "iKON completes 'New Kids' series with 'Goodbye Road'". *Kpop Herald*. October 1, 2018.
48. Kelley, Caitlin (June 13, 2019). "B.I Quits K-pop Group iKON Following Drug Allegations". *Forbes*. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
49. "'6인조' 아이콘, 24개국 아이튠즈 1위 돌풍". *이데일리* (in Korean). February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
50. "아이콘, 콘셉트 티저 공개...3월 3일 컴백 \[공식입장\]". *iMBC* (in Korean). February 17, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
51. Kim, Eun-ae (January 28, 2021). "\[단독\] 비투비·아이콘·SF9, '킹덤' 출연 최종확정..왕좌 쟁탈전 펼친다". *Naver* (in Korean). Osen. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
52. Jang, Woo-young (April 18, 2022). "아이콘, 5월 3일 컴백…네 번째 미니앨범 'FLASHBACK' 예고". *Naver* (in Korean). OSEN. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
53. Hwang, Hye-jin (July 4, 2022). "아이콘, 日 투어 성공적 스타트..고베 3회 공연 전석 매진" \[iKon's successful Japanese tour starts... All seats sold out for the 3rd concert in Kobe\] (in Korean). Newsen. Retrieved July 4, 2022  via Naver.
54. "IKON successfully sells out Japanese concert". July 4, 2022.
55. Hwang Mi-hyun (January 1, 2023). "\[단독\] 아이콘, 143엔터 전원 재계약 '4월 신보'…前소속사 YG 배려 팀명 그대로" \[\[Exclusive\] iKON, 143 Enter all renewed contract 'April New Release'... Former agency YG Caring team name as it is\]. *News1* (in Korean). Retrieved January 1, 2023.
56. Daniel Anderson (March 7, 2023). "iKON ready to 'Take Off' with tour stops in Asia, Europe and North America". *Yahoo! News*. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
57. Surej Singh (March 27, 2023). "iKON reschedule some dates of 'Take Off' world tour". *NME*. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
58. Hong Yoo (April 18, 2023). "iKON to release 3rd full-length album 'TAKE OFF' on May 4". *The Korea Herald*.
59. "iKON profile on Naver". *Naver* (in Korean). Retrieved February 15, 2018.
60. Lee, Min-ji (June 12, 2019). "ko:YG "비아이, 아이콘 탈퇴-전속계약 해지 결정"(공식입장 전문)". *Newsen* (in Korean). Retrieved June 12, 2019.
61. "'YG전자' 승리가 이끈 YG 셀프디스, B급유머 폭발..박봄·남태현 등장(종합)\[Oh!쎈 리뷰\]". *OSEN* (in Korean). October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
62. Jee Min-kyung (August 12, 2021). "아이콘, 20일 단독 여행 리얼리티 '취향의 아이콘' 첫 방송 \[공식\]" \[First broadcast of iKON's solo travel reality 'Icon of Taste' on the 20th \[Official\]\]. *OSEN* (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
63. Ji Min-kyung (March 16, 2022). "아이콘, 자체 제작 예능 'iKON ON AIR' 론칭..22일 첫 방송 \[공식\]" \[iKON launches self-produced entertainment 'iKON ON AIR'... First broadcast on the 22nd \[Official\]\] (in Korean). OSEN. Retrieved March 16, 2022  via Naver.

## InfoBox

| iKon | |
| --- | --- |
| iKon in January 2019<br>From left to right: Song, DK, Jay, Chan, Bobby, Ju-ne | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Seoul, South Korea |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2015–present |
| Labels |  |
| Formerly of | YG Family |
| Spinoffs | MOBB |
|  | |
| Members |  |
|  | |
| Past members |  |
|  | |
| Website | https://www.143inc.kr/en/%EB%B3%B5%EC%A0%9C-ikon |


title: Virginia State Route 728

abstract: State Route 728 in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 728.

text:
# Virginia State Route 728

**State Route 728** (**SR 728**) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 728.

## List

| County | Length
(mi) | Length
(km) | From | Via | To | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Accomack | 0.07 | 0.11 | US 13 (Lankford Highway) | Downings Road | Dead End |  |
| Albemarle | 3.50 | 5.63 | SR 620 (Rolling Road) | Ed Jones Road | SR 729 (Buck Island Road) |  |
| Amherst | 0.55 | 0.89 | SR 604 (Coolwell Drive) | Eastview Drive | Cul-de-Sac |  |
| Augusta | 13.44 | 21.63 | US 250 (Hankey Mountain Highway) | Stover Shop Road

Hundley Distillery Road

Luck Stone Road | SR 742 (Shutterlee Mill Road) | Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 732 |
| Bedford | 1.50 | 2.41 | Dead End | School Crossing Road | SR 43 (Dearing Ford Road) |  |
| Botetourt | 0.30 | 0.48 | Dead End | Redbud Lane | US 220 (Roanoke Road) |  |
| Campbell | 0.30 | 0.48 | Dead End | Pannills Road | SR 633 (Epsons Road) |  |
| Carroll | 0.92 | 1.48 | Grayson County line | Bedsaul Road | SR 792 (Tower Road) |  |
| Chesterfield | 0.82 | 1.32 | Cul-de-Sac | Corner Rock Road | SR 711 (Robious Road) |  |
| Dinwiddie | 0.34 | 0.55 | Dead End | Wingfield Road | SR 665 (Walkers Mill Road) |  |
| Fairfax | 0.30 | 0.48 | SR 8475 (Little Ox Road) | Stoney Road | SR 8475 (Little Ox Road) |  |
| Fauquier | 2.40 | 3.86 | Dead End | Moss Hollow Road | SR 688 (Leeds Manor Road) |  |
| Franklin | 2.05 | 3.30 | SR 693 (Green Level Road) | Leaning Oak Road | SR 739 (Bethlehem Road) |  |
| Frederick | 0.92 | 1.48 | SR 645 (Airport Road) | Victory Road | US 50 (Millwood Pike) |  |
| Halifax | 0.45 | 0.72 | Dead End | Sams Trail | SR 642 (Liberty Road) |  |
| Hanover | 1.20 | 1.93 | SR 614 (Normans Bridge Road) | Hanover Quarter Road | Dead End |  |
| Henry | 0.43 | 0.69 | SR 609 (Daniel Creek Road) | Wheeler Avenue | US 220 Bus (Virginia Avenue) |  |
| James City | 0.19 | 0.31 | SR 1686 (Red Oak Landing Road) | Raleigh Square Road | SR 31 (Jamestown Road) |  |
| Loudoun | 3.42 | 5.50 | SR 611 (Telegraph Springs Road) | North Fork Road | Dead End |  |
| Louisa | 0.85 | 1.37 | SR 652 (Kentucky Springs Road) | Busbees Point Road | Dead End |  |
| Mecklenburg | 3.31 | 5.33 | SR 49 | Union Chapel Road | SR 723 (Shiney Rock Road) |  |
| Montgomery | 0.70 | 1.13 | Dead End | Basham Road | SR 615 (Old Pike Road) |  |
| Pittsylvania | 3.30 | 5.31 | SR 730 (Countryside Drive) | Hillside Road | SR 729 (Kentuck Road) |  |
| Prince William | 0.45 | 0.72 | SR 692 (Lucasville Road) | Hensley Road | Dead End |  |
| Pulaski | 0.50 | 0.80 | SR 733 (Lillydell Crossing) | Walker Road | Dead End |  |
| Roanoke | 0.46 | 0.74 | SR 721 (Ferguson Valley Road) | Ferguson Drive | Cul-de-Sac |  |
| Rockbridge | 1.20 | 1.93 | SR 622 | Poor House Road | SR 645 (Valley Pike) |  |
| Rockingham | 1.20 | 1.93 | SR 42 (Warm Springs Pike) | Gardner Lane | SR 727 (Spring Creek Road) |  |
| Scott | 0.50 | 0.80 | SR 619 | Unnamed road | Dead End |  |
| Shenandoah | 10.12 | 16.29 | SR 729 (Garber Road) | Unnamed road

New Market Depot Road

River Road | SR 953 (Plains Mill Road) | Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 614

Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 616 |
| Spotsylvania | 0.65 | 1.05 | Dead End | Wheeler Road | SR 650 (Margo Road) |  |
| Stafford | 1.31 | 2.11 | SR 611 (Widewater Road) | Flippo Road | Dead End |  |
| Washington | 0.95 | 1.53 | Dead End | Creek Junction Road | US 58 (Jeb Stuart Highway) |  |
| Wise | 0.55 | 0.89 | SR 729 (Andover Road) | Unnamed road | Dead End |  |
| York | 0.25 | 0.40 | SR 716 (Hubbard Lane) | Colonial Avenue | SR 752 (Sheppard Drive) |  |

## InfoBox

| State Route 728 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: IAPX

abstract: In marketing, iAPX was a short lived designation used for several Intel microprocessors, including some 8086 family processors. Not being a simple initialism seems to have confused even Intel's technical writers as can be seen in their iAPX-88 Book where the asterisked expansion shows iAPX to mean Intel Advanced Processor System. The iAPX prefix originally belonged to the Intel iAPX 432 architecture, alias Intel 8800. However, as this radical design failed in the marketplace, Intel also tried it on its more conventional 8086-family of processors, mainly used as a kind of system prefix but also to denote individual processors in the family. The 8086 based line was therefore called the iAPX 86 series for a few years during the early 1980s. This was abandoned rather soon, however. The industry around the 8088- and 80286-based de facto standard of IBM PC and IBM AT designs also seldom used that naming scheme. As a result, the iAPX prefix is now, again, more closely associated with the (non-x86) iAPX 432 architecture.

text:
# IAPX

In marketing, **iAPX** (*Intel Advanced Performance Architecture*) was a short lived designation used for several Intel microprocessors, including some 8086 family processors. Not being a simple initialism seems to have confused even Intel's technical writers as can be seen in their iAPX-88 Book where the asterisked expansion shows iAPX to mean *Intel Advanced Processor System*.

The iAPX prefix originally belonged to the Intel iAPX 432 architecture, alias Intel 8800. However, as this radical design failed in the marketplace, Intel also tried it on its more conventional 8086-family of processors, mainly used as a kind of system prefix but also to denote individual processors in the family. The 8086 based line was therefore called the **iAPX 86 series** for a few years during the early 1980s. This was abandoned rather soon, however. The industry around the 8088- and 80286-based de facto standard of IBM PC and IBM AT designs also seldom used that naming scheme. As a result, the iAPX prefix is now, again, more closely associated with the (non-x86) iAPX 432 architecture (which, although a commercial failure, is often seen as historically important).

## List of non-x86 iAPX chips

## Further reading


title: Vishnu Wood

abstract:
William Clifford "Vishnu" Wood, also known as Vishnu Bill Wood, is an American double bass player and educator.
Born in Wilkesboro, North Carolina, he moved to Detroit when he was ten, where he started playing trumpet and later taking up double bass. After studying at the Detroit Institute of Musical Arts he worked with Dorothy Ashby in 1957 and then with Yusef Lateef and Joe Henderson. Woods moved to New York in 1962 where he performed with Kenny Dorham, Carmen McRae, Terry Gibbs (with Gibbs’s group he recorded in 1963 alongside Alice McLeod, Leo Wright, Gloria Lynn, Roy Haynes, and Archie Shepp. He then went on to join Randy Weston's sextet, and with whom he toured several countries in Africa, and appears on Randy, Berkshire Blues, Blues, Monterey ‘66, Blue Moses, Perspective. In July 1970, Woods played oud at an Alice Coltrane concert, with Pharoah Sanders, Charlie Haden, and Rashied Ali at The Village Gate, New York City, which appeared as a live recording a track of Coltrane's 1971 album Journey in Satchidananda. It was Wood who, a few years earlier, had suggested she meet his guru, Swami Satchidananda, who had given the opening speech at Woodstock. In 1975, he appeared on Archie Shepp's There's a Trumpet in My Soul. He released one solo album, Vishnu Wood in Concert, recorded live at the New England Science Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, featuring, among others, Talib Kibwe and Bertha Hope.

text:
# Vishnu Wood

**William Clifford "Vishnu" Wood** (born November 7, 1937), also known as **Vishnu Bill Wood**, is an American double bass player and educator. Born in Wilkesboro, North Carolina, he moved to Detroit when he was ten, where he started playing trumpet and later taking up double bass. After studying at the Detroit Institute of Musical Arts he worked with Dorothy Ashby in 1957 and then with Yusef Lateef and Joe Henderson.

Woods moved to New York in 1962 where he performed with Kenny Dorham, Carmen McRae, Terry Gibbs (with Gibbs’s group he recorded in 1963 alongside Alice McLeod (who later married John Coltrane), Leo Wright, Gloria Lynn, Roy Haynes, and Archie Shepp.

He then went on to join Randy Weston's sextet, and with whom he toured several countries in Africa, and appears on *Randy* (1964), *Berkshire Blues* (recorded 1965 as a trio and released in 1977), *Blues* (recorded 1964/1965, released 1970), *Monterey ‘66* (1966), *Blue Moses* (1972), *Perspective* (1976).

In July 1970, Woods played oud at an Alice Coltrane concert, with Pharoah Sanders, Charlie Haden, and Rashied Ali at The Village Gate, New York City, which appeared as a live recording a track of Coltrane's 1971 album *Journey in Satchidananda*. It was Wood who, a few years earlier, had suggested she meet his guru, Swami Satchidananda, who had given the opening speech at Woodstock.

In 1975, he appeared on Archie Shepp's *There's a Trumpet in My Soul*.

He released one solo album, *Vishnu Wood in Concert*, recorded live at the New England Science Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, featuring, among others, Talib Kibwe and Bertha Hope.

## Partial discography

```
* Weston & Vishnu Wood — "Perspective" [Full Album 1976
```


title: Vishnudas Bhave

abstract: Vishnudas Bhave was the leading dramatist of Maharashtra, India and considered as pioneer of Marathi theatre. He was born in Sangli and he staged the first Marathi-language play Sita Swayamvar in Sangli in 1843. In this venture, Bhave was supported by the then king of the princely state of Sangli. After the success of the play Sita Swayamvar, Bhave staged plays on various other episodes of the Ramayana. He traveled with his troupes for the plays. He also ventured into puppet shows. Bhave died on 9 August 1901.

text:
# Vishnudas Bhave

**Vishnudas Bhave** (d. 9 August 1901) was the leading dramatist of Maharashtra, India and considered as pioneer of Marathi theatre. He was born in Sangli and he staged the first Marathi-language play *Sita Swayamvar* in Sangli in 1843. In this venture, Bhave was supported by the then king of the princely state of Sangli. After the success of the play *Sita Swayamvar*, Bhave staged plays on various other episodes of the *Ramayana*. He traveled with his troupes for the plays. He also ventured into puppet shows. Bhave died on 9 August 1901.

## Life

In Maharashtra, the commercial theatrical activity began in 1843 with Bhave's company Sanglikar Natak Mandali. The drama company was initially influenced by English plays. Bhave acted as playwright, director and organiser of the plays. He also set up a drama school in Sangli. In 1853, Bhave came to Mumbai and in the beginning he staged his "Khel-Akhyan" (play-narrations in verse) and plays in the *wada* of Vishvanath Shimpi in the Girgaum locality of the city. The stories of his plays were rooted in Hindu mythological and religious literature. Songs and music were the strengths of Bhave's dramas. His play *Sita Swayamvar* became very popular and received much encomium. For the most part, Bhave's plays were one-man shows, with other cast playing strictly supporting and secondary roles only when their presence was needed. The tradition of full-fledged drama was revived much later in 1880s by Annasaheb Kirloskar, who is credited more often than Bhave as the pioneer of Marathi theatre.

The King of the princely state of Sangli, Chintamanrao 'Appa Saheb' Patwardhan gave his patronage and encouragement to Bhave, who had extended his drama activity to Mumbai and Pune.

The history of Marathi Theater records that "Bhave produced plays in Marathi with music composed on Karnataki base. His play was much admired by the Governor's Secretary... religious spirit, scientific singing by a sort of chorus in the midst of dialogues by other characters, crude dances and quaint costumes and make-up and certain skillful sword-play were their outstanding qualities. One has to remember that the audience was very devotional in character".

Besides Vishnudas Bhave's company other drama companies also came into existence, chief among them being Mumbaikar Natak Mandali, Amarchand Wadikar Natak Mandali, and Chaulwadi Hindu Natak Mandali. The plays by these drama companies attracted large audiences.

Before 1843 in Tamil Nadu, Tanjore Maratha king Raja Shahaji Bhonsle had written plays, which were performed in the court and the temple.

It was after 1843 that the Marathi theater began to progress. University education had begun in Maharashtra. In 1868 Vinayak Kirti entered the Marathi Theater with his historical drama Madhavrao Peshwa. The plays by Vishnudas Bhave and later playwrights were distinguished by excessive prominence to songs and music but Vinayak Kirti's Madhavrao Peshwa had absolutely no songs or musical recitals; instead the whole drama was acted with dialogues which were totally in prose. Here the Marathi drama branches off in two directions - Prose Plays and Verse Plays. Now the Marathi Theater was on its un-interrupted march.

## Vishnudas Bhave Gaurav Padak

In memory of Bhave, an award named "Vishnudas Bhave Gaurav Padak" was instituted by Akhil Bharatiya Natya Vidyamandir where the first recipient of the award was Bal Gandharva in 1959. After few years, the award was presented annually in a ceremony held in Sangli on every 5th November (Marathi Rangbhumi Din). Notable recipients of the award are: Pralhad Keshav Atre, Purushottam Laxman Deshpande, Jyotsna Bhole, Hirabai Barodekar, Dilip Prabhavalkar, Nilu Phule, Jabbar Patel, Sudha Karmarkar, Prabhakar Panshikar, Mohan Agashe, Vijay Tendulkar (2000), Vikram Gokhale (2015), Mohan Joshi (2017), Rohini Hattangadi (2019), and Satish Alekar (2022).

The award was not conferred in 1976 (due to the Emergency), 2020 and 2021 (both years due to COVID-19 lockdowns). In 2000, the recipient of the award was declared as Vijay Tendulkar. However, since he could not travel to receive the award, the ceremony was cancelled.

## Further reading


title: I've Been Loving You Too Long

abstract: "I've Been Loving You Too Long" is a soul music ballad written by Otis Redding and Jerry Butler. Considered by music critics and writers to be one of Redding's finest performances and a soul classic, it is a slow, emotional piece with Redding's pleading vocals backed by producer Steve Cropper's arpeggiated guitar parts and a horn section. Redding recorded the song in 1965 and when released as a single in April 1965, became his second best selling single. The song was subsequently included on his third album, Otis Blue: Otis Redding Sings Soul (1965). The song reached number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 2 on the Billboard Rhythm & Blues chart. Billboard described it as a "winning tender and soulful piece of material and performance by 'Mr. Pitiful' himself." Cash Box described it as "a tender, slow-moving heartfelt lament about a fella whose love for his gal is growing cold." Notable cover versions include performances by the Rolling Stones, Aretha Franklin, Etta James, Ike & Tina Turner, and a country music version by Barbara Mandrell—her first single. In Australia, Johnny Diesel charted with a cover version in 1993. The song was added to the United States National Recording Registry in 2003. In 2011, the 1965 recording by Redding on Volt Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

text:
# I've Been Loving You Too Long

"**I've Been Loving You Too Long**" (originally "**I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)**") is a soul music ballad written by Otis Redding and Jerry Butler. Considered by music critics and writers to be one of Redding's finest performances and a soul classic, it is a slow, emotional piece with Redding's pleading vocals backed by producer Steve Cropper's arpeggiated guitar parts and a horn section.

Redding recorded the song in 1965 and when released as a single in April 1965, became his second best selling single. The song was subsequently included on his third album, *Otis Blue: Otis Redding Sings Soul* (1965). The song reached number 21 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and number 2 on the *Billboard* Rhythm & Blues chart. *Billboard* described it as a "winning tender and soulful piece of material and performance by 'Mr. Pitiful' himself." *Cash Box* described it as "a tender, slow-moving heartfelt lament about a fella whose love for his gal is growing cold."

Notable cover versions include performances by the Rolling Stones, Aretha Franklin, Etta James, Ike & Tina Turner, and a country music version by Barbara Mandrell—her first single. In Australia, Johnny Diesel charted with a cover version in 1993. The song was added to the United States National Recording Registry in 2003. In 2011, the 1965 recording by Redding on Volt Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

## Background and composition

Songs by Redding appeared in the U.S. *Billboard* pop and R&B charts as early as 1962, but "I've Been Loving You Too Long" became his biggest hit upon its release.

Although the tempo is exactly the same, two versions of the song have been recorded in 1965; one lasts 2'50 and the second one is 3'10 long (in the original LP version), i.e., with an extra verse. Booker T. Jones plays piano on one version while Isaac Hayes is on the other.

## Recording and personnel

## Ike & Tina Turner version

| "I've Been Loving You Too Long" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Ike & Tina Turner | |
| from the album  *Outta Season* | |
| B-side | "Grumbling" |
| Released | April 1969 |
| Genre | Soul, R&B |
| Length | 3:40 |
| Label | Blue Thumb |
| Songwriter(s) | Otis Redding, Jerry Butler |
| Producer(s) | Bob Krasnow, Tina Turner |
| Ike & Tina Turner singles chronology | |
| "I'm Gonna Do All I Can (To Do Right by My Man)"
(1969) "**I've Been Loving You Too Long**"
(1969) "I Wish It Would Rain"
(1969) | |

Ike & Tina Turner recorded the song for their 1969 album, *Outta Season*. Produced by Tina Turner and Bob Krasnow, the single peaked at number 23 on the *Billboard* R&B chart and number 68 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. It was reissued in 1971, reaching number 56 on the *Cash Box* R&B chart and number 44 on *Record World*'s R&B chart.

### Live performances

The Turners can be seen performing the song at Madison Square Garden in the Rolling Stones concert film *Gimme Shelter* (1970). Their version differs from the original because they added an additional section with an explicit interaction. During their live performances they simulated oral sex. Tina caressed the microphone and moaned while Ike made suggestive slurping noises. Prior to Tina, a former member of the Kings of Rhythm named Jimmy Thomas would perform that song. In her autobiography *I, Tina*, she said:

> Then when Jimmy left, I started singing the song, because it was a very good show song, and I started mimicking Jimmy, but putting my own female thing into it. I was really involved with that song in the beginning. Then I became bored with it, but Ike wouldn't let me stop. He started making those noises in the background, and it became really pornographic. Embarrassing. But the people loved it.

### Track listing

1969
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I’ve Been Loving You Too Long" | Jerry Butler, Otis Redding | 3:40 |
| 2. | "Grumbling" | Ike Turner | 2:35 |

1971
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I've Been Loving You Too Long" | Jerry Butler, Otis Redding | 3:40 |
| 2. | "Crazy 'Bout You Baby" | Sonny Boy Williamson | 3:45 |

## Johnny Diesel version

| "I've Been Loving You Too Long" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Johnny Diesel | |
| from the album  *The Lobbyist* | |
| B-side | "Come to Me" |
| Released | 29 November 1993 |
| Label | EMI Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Otis Redding, Jerry Butler |
| Producer(s) | Diesel, Don Gehman |
| Johnny Diesel singles chronology | |
| "Masterplan"
(1993) "**I've Been Loving You Too Long**"
(1993) "Still Got a Long Way to Go"
(1994) | |

In 1992 Australian musician, Diesel recorded the song for his ARIA Chart number 1 album, *The Lobbyist* (1993). It was released as the third and final single and peaked at number 41 on the Australian ARIA Chart on 29 November 1993.

### Track listing

1. "I've Been Loving You Too Long"
2. "Come to Me" (UK Remix)

## Other versions

## Chart performance

Otis Redding
| Chart (1965) | Peak Position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 21 |
| US *Billboard* R&B | 2 |

Ike & Tina Turner
| Chart | Year | Peak Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 1969 | 68 |
| US *Billboard* R&B | | 23 |
| US *Cash Box* Top 100 | | 91 |
| US *Record World* Top 100 | | 94 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 | 1971 | 120 |
| US *Cash Box* R&B | | 56 |
| US *Record World* R&B | | 44 |

Johnny Diesel
| Chart (1993) | Peak Position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 41 |

1. Bowman, Rob (2015). *Otis Blue/Otis Redding Sings Soul* (Liner notes). Otis Redding. Rhino, ATCO. 081227951856. For the *Otis Blue* sessions, Redding decided to recut 'I've Been Loving You Too Long' in stereo. The song had undergone substantial change since it was originally recorded in April.
2. Eder, Bruce. "Otis Blue: Otis Redding Sings Soul – Review". *AllMusic*. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
3. Layne, Joslyn. "Otis Redding: I've Been Loving You Too Long – Review". *AllMusic*. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
4. Whitburn, Joel (1988). *Top R&B Singles 1942–1988*. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. pp. 344, 418. ISBN 0-89820-068-7.
5. "Singles Reviews" (PDF). *Billboard*. May 8, 1965. p. 37. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
6. "CashBox Record Reviews" (PDF). *Cash Box*. May 8, 1965. p. 12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
7. O'Dell, Cory. "2003 | National Recording Preservation Board". *Library of Congress*.
8. "JOHNNY DIESEL I've Been Loving You Too Long (SONG)". *Australian-charts.com*. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
9. "GRAMMY Hall Of Fame | Hall of Fame Artists | GRAMMY.com". *grammy.com*.
10. Bronson, Fred (2003). *The Billboard Book of Number One Hits*. Billboard Books. ISBN 9780823076772.
11. "Cash Box Album Reviews" (PDF). *Cash Box*: 30. March 29, 1969.
12. Ron Wynn. "Outta Season - Ike & Tina Turner | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
13. "I've Been Loving You Too Long (song by Ike & Tina Turner)". *Music VF, US & UK hits charts*. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
14. "Cash Box R&B Top 60" (PDF). *Cash Box*: 15. August 14, 1971.
15. "The R&B Singles Chart" (PDF). *Record World*: 10. September 4, 1971.
16. "Spotlight Singles: Special Merit Spotlight" (PDF). *Billboard*. July 10, 1971. p. 51.
17. Turner, Tina (1986). *I, Tina : My Life Story*. Loder, Kurt (1st ed.). New York: William Morrow and Company. pp. 122–123. ISBN 9780670808731.
18. "ARIA New Releases 29 November 1993". *Ariacharts.com.au*. 29 November 1993. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
19. Richie Unterberger (1966-11-04). "Got Live If You Want It! - The Rolling Stones | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
20. "Best Selling Rhythm & Blues Singles" (PDF). *Billboard*. June 14, 1969. p. 42.
21. "Cash Box Top 100" (PDF). *Cash Box*: 4. May 10, 1969.
22. "100 Top Pops" (PDF). *Record World*: 25. June 7, 1969.
23. "Bubbling Under The Hot 100" (PDF). *Billboard*. July 31, 1971. p. 51.

## InfoBox

| "I've Been Loving You Too Long" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Otis Redding | |
| from the album  *Otis Blue/Otis Redding Sings Soul* | |
| B-side | "I'm Depending on You" |
| Released | April 19, 1965 (1965-04-19) |
| Recorded | April 1965 |
| Genre | Soul |
| Length | 2:49 |
| Label | Volt (V-126) |
| Songwriter(s) | Otis Redding, Jerry Butler |
| Producer(s) | Steve Cropper |
| Otis Redding singles chronology | |
| "Mr. Pitiful"
(1965) "**I've Been Loving You Too Long**"
(1965) "Respect"
(1965) | |


title: O'Reilly Auto Parts 253

abstract: The O'Reilly Auto Parts 253 was a NASCAR Cup Series race on the Daytona International Speedway infield road course in Daytona Beach, Florida. Originally created in 2020 as a temporary event in response to races canceled by the COVID-19 pandemic, the race returned in 2021 for the same reason. Christopher Bell is the most recent race winner. The race weekend included support events by the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and NASCAR Xfinity Series, respectively called the BrakeBest Select 159 and Super Start Batteries 188.

text:
# O'Reilly Auto Parts 253

The **O'Reilly Auto Parts 253** was a NASCAR Cup Series race on the Daytona International Speedway infield road course in Daytona Beach, Florida. Originally created in 2020 as a temporary event in response to races canceled by the COVID-19 pandemic, the race returned in 2021 for the same reason.

Christopher Bell is the most recent race winner. The race weekend included support events by the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and NASCAR Xfinity Series, respectively called the BrakeBest Select 159 and Super Start Batteries 188.

## History

The Daytona road course, which uses elements of the 2.5 mi (4.0 km) speedway oval, is commonly used for the 24 Hours of Daytona sports car race and Daytona 200 motorcycle race. In March 2020, NASCAR announced the Busch Clash exhibition race would begin using the road course instead of the oval in 2021.

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted much of the 2020 NASCAR schedule, resulting in races being postponed or canceled. In July, the August-planned Go Bowling at The Glen road course race at Watkins Glen International was called off due to New York's quarantine restrictions for out-of-state visitors. In response, NASCAR elected to move the Watkins Glen event to the Daytona road course, two weeks before the speedway was to host the Coke Zero Sugar 400. Watkins Glen race sponsor GoBowling.com transferred its sponsorship to the new race, and WGI's trophy maker Corning Museum of Glass produced a glass trophy for the event. While much of the road course layout remained the same as the sports car configuration, NASCAR added a chicane exiting the oval's turn four to allow cars to slow down entering the braking-heavy turn one.

Chase Elliott won the event in its inaugural 2020 running, which saw the speedway's grandstand capacity reduced to 10 percent for social distancing and a brief stoppage due to lightning part way through the event. Although intended to be a one-off race, the event returned in 2021 as the second race of the season after the Auto Club 400 at Auto Club Speedway was canceled for concerns stemming from COVID-19. The addition made the race the seventh road course date on the Cup schedule, the most in series history. The race was also extended to 70 laps in length. O'Reilly Auto Parts assumed naming rights for all three national series races, with the Cup date being renamed the O'Reilly Auto Parts 253.

## Past winners

| Year | Day | Date | No. | Driver | Team | Sponsor | Manufacturer | Race Distance | | Race Time | Average Speed
(mph) | Report | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | | Laps | Miles (km) | | | | |
| 2020 | Sunday | August 16 | 9 | Chase Elliott | Hendrick Motorsports | NAPA Auto Parts | Chevrolet | 65 | 234.7 (377.7) | 2:37:30 | 89.39 | Report |  |
| 2021 | Sunday | February 21 | 20 | Christopher Bell | Joe Gibbs Racing | Rheem | Toyota | 70 | 252.7 (406.7) | 2:59:32 | 84.452 | Report |  |

### Manufacturer wins

| \# Wins | Make | Years Won |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Chevrolet | 2020 |
| | Toyota | 2021 |

## InfoBox

O'Reilly Auto Parts 253
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NASCAR Cup Series | |
| Venue | Daytona International Speedway |
| Location | Daytona Beach, Florida |
| Corporate sponsor | O'Reilly Auto Parts |
| First race | 2020 |
| Last race | 2021 |
| Distance | 252.70 miles (406.68 km) |
| Laps | 70
**Stage 1:** 16
**Stage 2:** 18
**Final stage:** 36 |
| Previous names | **Go Bowling 235** (2020) |
| Most wins (driver) | Chase Elliott
Christopher Bell |
| Most wins (team) | Hendrick Motorsports
Joe Gibbs Racing |
| Most wins (manufacturer) | Chevrolet
Toyota |
| Circuit information | |
| Surface | Asphalt |
| Length | 3.61 mi (5.81 km) |
| Turns | 14 |


title: IBM System Management Facilities

abstract: IBM System Management Facility (SMF) is a component of IBM's z/OS for mainframe computers, providing a standardised method for writing out records of activity to a file. SMF provides full "instrumentation" of all baseline activities running on that IBM mainframe operating system, including I/O, network activity, software usage, error conditions, processor utilization, etc. One of the most prominent components of z/OS that uses SMF is the IBM Resource Measurement Facility (RMF). RMF provides performance and usage instrumentation of resources such as processor, memory, disk, cache, workload, virtual storage, XCF and Coupling Facility. RMF is technically a priced feature of z/OS. BMC sells a competing alternative, CMF. SMF forms the basis for many monitoring and automation utilities. Each SMF record has a numbered type, and installations have great control over how much or how little SMF data to collect. Records written by software other than IBM products generally have a record type of 128 or higher. Some record types have subtypes - for example Type 70 Subtype 1 records are written by RMF to record CPU activity.

text:
# IBM System Management Facilities

**IBM System Management Facility** (**SMF**) is a component of IBM's z/OS for mainframe computers, providing a standardised method for writing out records of activity to a file (or data set to use a z/OS term). SMF provides full "instrumentation" of all baseline activities running on that IBM mainframe operating system, including I/O, network activity, software usage, error conditions, processor utilization, etc.

One of the most prominent components of z/OS that uses SMF is the IBM Resource Measurement Facility (RMF). RMF provides performance and usage instrumentation of resources such as processor, memory, disk, cache, workload, virtual storage, XCF and Coupling Facility. RMF is technically a priced (extra cost) feature of z/OS. BMC sells a competing alternative, CMF.

SMF forms the basis for many monitoring and automation utilities. Each SMF record has a numbered type (e.g. "SMF 120" or "SMF 89"), and installations have great control over how much or how little SMF data to collect. Records written by software other than IBM products generally have a record type of 128 or higher. Some record types have subtypes - for example Type 70 Subtype 1 records are written by RMF to record CPU activity.

## SMF record types

Here is a list of the most common SMF record types:

* RMF records are in the range 70 through to 79. RMF's records are generally supplemented - for serious performance analysis - by Type 30 (subtypes 2 and 3) address space records.
* RACF type 80 records are written to record security issues, i.e. password violations, denied resource access attempts, etc. TopSecret, another security system, also writes type 80 records. ACF2 provides equivalent information in, by default, type 230 records but this SMF record type can be changed for each installed site.
* SMF type 89 records indicate software product usage and are used to calculate reduced sub-capacity software pricing.
* IBM Db2 writes type 100, 101 and 102 records, depending on specific Db2 subsystem options.
* CICS writes type 110 records, depending on specific CICS options.
* Websphere MQ writes type 115 and 116 records, depending on specific Websphere MQ subsystem options.
* WebSphere Application Server for z/OS writes type 120. Version 7 introduced a new subtype to overcome shortcomings in the earlier subtype records. The new Version 7 120 Subtype 9 record provide a unified request-based view with lower overhead.

## Evolving records

The major record types, especially those created by RMF, continue to evolve at a rapid pace. Each release of z/OS brings new fields. Different processor families and Coupling Facility levels also change the data model.

## SMF data recording

SMF can record data in two ways:

* The standard and classical way: Using buffers the SMF address space, together with a set of preallocated datasets (VSAM datasets) to use when a buffer fills up. The standard name for the datasets is SYS1.MANx, where x is a numerical suffix (starting from 0).
* The relatively new way: Using log streams. SMF utilizes System Logger to record collected data, which improves the writing rate and avoids buffer shortages. It has more flexibility, allowing the z/OS system to straightforwardly record to multiple log streams, and (using keywords on the dump program) allowing z/OS to read a set of SMF data once and write it many times.

Both the two ways can be declared for the use, but only one is used at a time in order to have the other as a fallback alternative.

This data is then periodically dumped to sequential files (for example, tape drives) using the IFASMFDP SMF Dump Utility (or IFASMFDL when using log streams). IFASMFDP can also be used to split existing SMF sequential files and copy them to other files. The two dump programs produce the same output, so it does not involve changes in the SMF records elaboration chain, other than changing the JCL with the call of the new dump utility.

## SMF data collection and analysis

SMF data can be collected through IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson. IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects SMF data, transforms it in a consumable format and then sends the data to third-party enterprise analytics platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk, or to the included operational data analysis platform, for further analysis. IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects SMF data from multiple IBM Z systems and subsystems, including IBM Db2 for z/OS, IBM CICS Transaction Server for z/OS and IBM MQ for z/OS, uses historical IBM Z metric and log data to build a model of normal operational behavior, and analyzes real-time operational data through comparison with the model of normal operations to detect and alert IT operations of anomalous behavior.

IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects SMF data in the following three ways, and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects SMF data in the first two of the following ways:

* In log stream mode with SMF in-memory buffer

When SMF is run in the log stream mode, the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson can be configured to collect SMF from the SMF in-memory buffer with the SMF real-time interface.

* In data set recording mode

When SMF is run in the data set recording mode, the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collect and stream SMF data via a set of SMF user exits.

* In batch mode

The System Data Engine of the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics can be run stand-alone in batch mode to read SMF data from a data set and then write it to a file. The System Data Engine batch jobs can be created to write SMF data to data sets and send SMF data to the Data Streamer.

SMF data can be analyzed on the following analytics platforms:

* Z Data Analytics platform, a component of IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics, which can help to visualize and search through a large number of Z operational data on a single pane of glass. The dashboards and saved searches provide insights into the operational data and help with early problem detection and problem diagnosis.
* Enterprise platforms such as Splunk, the Elastic Stack, Apache Kafka, or Humio that can receive and process operational data for analysis. The platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk do not include expert knowledge about z Systems and applications, but users can create or import their own analytics to run against the data.
* IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson, a product that uses both log-based and metric-based machine learning technology to provide anomaly detection.
* IBM Db2 Analytics Accelerator for z/OS, a database application that provides query-based reporting.
* IntelliMagic Vision for z/OS, from IntelliMagic. The platform can provide insights and recommended actions to the system owners, which are based on expert knowledge about z Systems and applications.


title: Vishnubawa Brahmachari

abstract: Vishnu Bhikaji Gokhale (1825–1871), popularly known as Vishnubawa Brahmachari and as Brahmachari Bawa, was a 19th-century Marathi Hindu revivalist. An ascetic defender of the Hindu dharma, he was known for his religious polemics, chiefly against Christianity. He was known for his "witty repartee and vigorous argument" confronting Christian missionaries and, occasionally, other Hindus. His 1857 debates in Bombay were widely publicized in English and Marathi in at least nine books. He has been described variously as "the first great revivalist of modern Maharashtra," "predecessor of the two great swamis of modern times, Dayananda and Vivekananda," and "a queer bird."

text:
# Vishnubawa Brahmachari

**Vishnu Bhikaji Gokhale** (1825–1871), popularly known as **Vishnubawa Brahmachari** and as **Brahmachari Bawa**, was a 19th-century Marathi Hindu revivalist. An ascetic defender of the Hindu dharma, he was known for his religious polemics, chiefly against Christianity. He was known for his "witty repartee and vigorous argument" confronting Christian missionaries and, occasionally, other Hindus. His 1857 debates in Bombay were widely publicized in English and Marathi in at least nine books. He has been described variously as "the first great revivalist of modern Maharashtra," "predecessor of the two great swamis of modern times, Dayananda and Vivekananda," and "a queer bird."

## Biography

Brahmachari was born Vishnu Bhikaji Gokhale on 20 July 1825 in the village of Shirvali (Taluka - Mangaon, District - Raigad) as the tenth child of a Chitpavan Brahman family. Educated in a village school for a few years, he also studied the Vedas. He arrived in Bombay in September 1856. He was the author of "*The Marathi* avatar *of* The Communist Manifesto." He died on a *Mahashivarathri* day in the Viththal Mandir in Bombay on 18 February 1871.

Vishnubawa had established Shri Dattaguru paduka at Shirvali. The Vishnubuva Brahmachari Samajik Kendra has been formed to propagate the thoughts and life mission of Vishnubawa.

## Citations

* Jones, Kenneth W.; Hudson, D. Dennis (1992). *Religious controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian languages*. SUNY. ISBN 0-7914-0828-0.
* Kulkarni, A. R.; Wagle, N. K. (1999). *Region, Nationality and Religion*. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 81-7154-835-0.

## InfoBox

| Vishnubawa Brahmachari | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Vishnu Bhikaji Gokhale
20 July 1825
Shiravali, Thana District, British India |
| Died | 18 February 1871(1871-02-18) (aged 48–49)
Bombay, British India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Brahmachari Bawa |
| Occupation | Hindu missionary |
| Known for | Hindu revivalist |
| Title | Bawa |