title: Hikimi wasabi

abstract:
Hikimi Wasabi (匹見ワサビ) is a variety of wasabi cultivated in Hikimi Town, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Wasabi cultivation in Hikimi began in 1818 and by the early Shōwa era (1926–1989) reached an annual production of 300 metric tons. Of the wasabi from Shimane, 90% came from the town of Hikimi
At the time, Shimane Prefecture was one of the top producers of wasabi in Japan. The two top areas of wasabi production were Shizuoka Prefecture in the East and Shimane Prefecture in the West. Hikimi's wasabi production declined due to numerous factors, including two large floods since the 1970s, recent generations of farming families choosing different careers, and global warming. In recent years, new residents of Hikimi have been attempting to revive the production of Hikimi wasabi. In 2013, Shimane Prefecture produced 74.5 metric tons of wasabi. That is fifth most in Japan, but far behind the top three prefectures: Shizuoka, Nagano, and Iwate. Shimane Prefecture is known for its Hikimi wasabi. Due to this small amount, Hikimi wasabi is now considered to be fairly rare.

text:
# Hikimi wasabi

**Hikimi Wasabi** (匹見ワサビ) is a variety of wasabi cultivated in Hikimi Town (now part of Masuda City), Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

Wasabi cultivation in Hikimi began in 1818 and by the early Shōwa era (1926–1989) reached an annual production of 300 metric tons (330.7 US tons). Of the wasabi from Shimane, 90% came from the town of Hikimi At the time, Shimane Prefecture was one of the top producers of wasabi in Japan. The two top areas of wasabi production were Shizuoka Prefecture in the East and Shimane Prefecture in the West. Hikimi's wasabi production declined due to numerous factors, including two large floods since the 1970s, recent generations of farming families choosing different careers, and global warming. In recent years, new residents of Hikimi have been attempting to revive the production of Hikimi wasabi. In 2013, Shimane Prefecture produced 74.5 metric tons of wasabi (70.2 metric tons were soil-grown wasabi, 4.3 metric tons were water-grown wasabi). That is fifth most in Japan, but far behind the top three prefectures: Shizuoka (867.6 metric tons), Nagano (604.7 metric tons), and Iwate (432.7 metric tons). Shimane Prefecture is known for its Hikimi wasabi. Due to this small amount, Hikimi wasabi is now considered to be fairly rare.

## Climate

Japan, except for the Hokkaido region, is in the subtropical high-pressure belt, a unique area in the world rich in water despite being located at a latitude which often is desert. When winter comes, rainfall often turns into snowfall, and the Japan Sea side of the main island Honshū has one of the highest amounts of snow at that latitude or lower in the world. Hikimi is located in the southwestern tip of this heavy snow fall area in Japan. Snow acts as insulation to help protect wasabi from frost during the winter. Snow also functions as a natural dam, keeping water plentiful, which is good for growing wasabi. Hikimi is also humid and, being in the mountains, has fewer daylight hours throughout the year. A species native to Japan, wasabi was originally distributed mainly around the Japan Sea side of Honshū. It grows much better in areas with high humidity and short daylight hours than in areas with strong sunlight and high temperatures. With all these favorable factors existing in Hikimi, wasabi grows naturally and has been used by the local people since before it was farmed In terms of climate, Hikimi is the best place for wasabi cultivation, but there are concerns about the future of wasabi production in Hikimi. It is said that the average global rise in temperature is 0.68 °C per 100 years (1.22 °F), but the temperature of Hikimi rose 1.1 °C (1.98 °F) in the past 100 years. This means that ideal conditions for wasabi cultivation rose 200 meters in that time, since temperatures decrease at a rate of 0.55 °C per 100 meters. In the past, top-quality wasabi could be harvested even in the lower areas. However, the water temperature gradually has been rising since World War II, and the warmer temperatures have resulted in more damage to the crops from insects. Some farmers are trying to avoid disease and pests by farming fields at higher elevations, but soon they will run out of land to move up to. Moreover, on the Japan Sea side, in recent years there have been torrential rainstorms at a scale never seen before. These large storms wash away wasabi plants and sometimes devastate entire farms.

## Cultivation

### Water-grown cultivation

In Hikimi, water-grown wasabi is commonly grown on farms in the *Keiryū* style (渓流式, **keiryū-shiki**, "mountain–stream style"). The water comes from the Takatsu River system, which is one of the cleanest rivers in Japan. The Tatami-ishi style (畳石式 **tatami-ishi-shiki**, "paving-stone style") is the main style used in Shizuoka, and the Heichi style (平地式 **heichi-shiki**, "flatland style") in Nagano. These use spring water as a source and are usually constructed on a large scale using heavy machinery in easily accessible locations. On the other hand, *Keiryū*-style fields use water mainly from mountain streams. The fields are built on a small-scale by hand along mountain streams, making full use of the natural features of the landscape. To access the Keiryu Style fields, people need to be excellent mountain hikers, because the fields are located in difficult to access places

### Water-grown wasabi traits

#### Slow growth

Slow growth owes to *Keiryū*-style cultivation being exceedingly connected to the natural environment. The temperature of spring water (ground water) has little variation year-round. On the other hand, mountain stream water is always exposed to the elements, so the temperature is easily affected by the outside temperature. For that reason, the water temperature in *Keiryū*-style farming changes significantly according to the season. The water temperature range to grow wasabi is as narrow as 8 to 18.6 °C (the ideal temperature is 12 to 13 °C), and growth stops if it is higher or lower than that. Therefore, water-grown wasabi in *Keiryū*-style fields goes through periods of growth and rest similar to annual growth rings on trees.

#### Flavor and appearance

The flavor and appearance of Hikimi wasabi are described as:

1. Mild sweetness spreading after a sharp pungent flavor
2. Rich in aroma and with a viscous texture
3. Grated color is light green. (Native species are mostly yellow or white.)

Regarding this sweetness, Hoshi Norimitsu, a former executive chef of the Hotel Okura, stated: "Hikimi Wasabi is not only posses a strong pungency, but also contains sweetness in the sharpness. I think it is because Hikimi wasabi spends time in snow. Well ... people have said for years that Japanese radish (daikon) which is preserved in the snow is sweeter. Wasabi is the same."

The viscosity of wasabi is believed to help retain pungency and flavor compounds after being grated, and keeps its quality longer. At the same time, wasabi goes well as a sushi topping or in a sushi rice ball. For example, watery sushi toppings such as herring roe or abalone easily slide from a sushi rice ball, but wasabi makes sushi toppings hard to slide down. Viscous Hikimi wasabi works especially well.

Regarding the color of grated wasabi, residents of Tokyo prefer the deep green wasabi produced in Shizuoka Prefecture, whereas residents of the Keihanshin region (the Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe area) prefer the light green wasabi produced in Shimane Prefecture. The largest company of processed wasabi manufactures and sells two different colors of powdered wasabi for business use. One is the western Japan style, and the other is eastern Japan style. The western Japan style of wasabi is lighter colored than wasabi from eastern Japan.

### Farm-grown cultivation

Farm-grown wasabi is mainly grown on the slopes of forests where broad-leaved trees grow. The broad-leaf trees naturally adjust the sunlight suitable for growth of wasabi by blocking strong sunlight in the summer, and allowing weak sunlight through after the leaves fall in the winter. The fields are made at various altitudes from 250 meters to 1100 meters above sea level. By farming at different altitudes at the same time, farmers can harvest over a wider period of time.

### Revival efforts

To revive wasabi cultivation in Hikimi, the following institutions and measures are being conducted.

Wasabi Bio-center This institution produces seedlings of elite breeds. It is located at the former site of the branch in Hikimi. This institution is equipped with an air-controlled laboratory, a breeder room with various equipment, and equipment to keep bacteria out. Wasabi College Hikimi This approach is planned and sponsored by the local administration with the aim of getting people interested in agriculture and rural life, finding new farmers, and promoting settlement. Some participants of the college moved to Hikimi to farm.

## Breed varieties

Shimane No.3 is one of the main breed varieties and is cultivated in both water fields and soil fields. Shimane No.3 was developed by Dr. Yokogi Kuniomi of Shimane Prefecture's Agricultural Experiment Station with the cooperation of Kenjirō Tanaka, a farmer in Nichihara Town (now part of Tsuwano Town) in 1942. It is the only superior variety found to be resistant to the putrefaction disease which destroys wasabi cultivation, and it saved the wasabi industry in Shimane Prefecture. For water-grown wasabi only, in addition to local species native to Hikimi, there is Daijin, which is bred from native varieties from elsewhere in Japan. Misawa, which was developed in 2002, is used for soil-grown wasabi only.

## Processed products

Processed products of water-grown wasabi include additive‐free wasabi paste, Japanese yam paste mixed with wasabi, sausages containing wasabi, and other things. Soil-grown wasabi is used mainly to make wasabi paste. Soil-grown wasabi's leaves, stems, and flower parts are also used as ingredients of pickled products such as *shōyu-zuke* (soy sauce pickles), *sakekasu-zuke* (pickles in sake lees), *miso-zuke* (miso pickles), and sweets such as ice cream and pudding. Wasabi shoots (known locally as *ganime*) with good texture are used especially for *shōyu-zuke*.

## Culture

### Yamaoi-Tengu-Sha shrine

Yamaaoi-Tengu-Sha shrine is the only shrine dedicated to wasabi in which wasabi farmers pray for a good harvest in Japan. The shrine is located halfway up Mount Daijingataki, 1170 meters (3838 feet) above sea level, in the town of Hikimi, Mikazura District. This town is regarded as the birthplace of Hikimi Wasabi. The shrine's *goshintai* (object of worship) is a carved *tengu* with a round fan dedicated to the shrine.

### Wasabi Kagura

Iwami Kagura is a traditional performance art of western Shimane Prefecture. In modern times, a Kagura play has been created by locals to pray for a good wasabi harvest. Nishida Tamotsu created the wooden masks. Watanabe Tomochiyo, who is a researcher of Iwami Kagura and ethnology, created the words, and the Mikazura Kagura Preservation Society, all members of which are wasabi farmers, created the choreography. The title "Yamaaoi Tengu" was named after the official name of the Wasabi Shrine. The performance was first performed at the Shrine on June 5, 1983. The Wasabi Kagura has continued to be performed since then. The story goes that a tengu, an object of worship of the shrine, slays disease and insects (in anthropomorphized forms) to save suffering wasabi farmers.

The story is performed by members of the Mikazura Kagura Preservation Society. The group has been designated as a Shimane prefectural intangible folk cultural property. The story is performed at a unique Rokuchōshi tempo.

### *Uzume-meshi*

Cuisine using wasabi has existed in the town of Hikimi since the Middle Ages. Most notably, *uzume-meshi* was selected as one of the "Five Great Japanese Rice Meals" in a nationwide survey of local cuisine, conducted by the Imperial Household Agency. *Uzume-meshi* looks like a simple bowl of rice, but when the rice is removed with chopsticks, chicken, taro, burdock, carrots, nameko mushrooms, and other ingredients appear in a broth under the rice. *Uzume* means "to fill up", and *meshi* means "rice". It is said that *uzume-meshi* was named after how the dish is arranged. In Hikimi, it is said that Uzume-meshi was eaten as part of a feast when guests visited a house for ceremonial occasions, such as visits from bureaucrats, festivals, or the New Year's holiday. Its origins are unknown, but there are three origin stories:

1. Wasabi long ago was so expensive that if farmers sold some, they could earn enough money to live for a month. Therefore, wasabi was hidden under the rice to prevent their guests from feeling apprehensive by seeing they were being served such expensive food.
2. Hosts were embarrassed by putting such cheap vegetables on rice, so they hid the ingredients under the rice.
3. In ancient times, copper pheasant was a source of protein for the local people. In the Edo period, an edict forbidding the harming of living things came into effect, so people began to hide the ingredients under the rice so as not to get in trouble.

The ingredients vary in homes and restaurants, but the common elements are *shirukakegohan* (rice mixed with broth) and wasabi. *Uzume-meshi* is served at local restaurants, and is also provided at the rest stop of a local bicycle race, Masuda I・NA・KA Ride. Riders can ride through the 100 kilometer course, starting from the Iwami Airport runway and passing through various local roads without traffic lights. Uzume-meshi appeared in the Japanese comic series *Oishinbo*.

## Mascot

In 2011, the mascot Wasamaru, inspired by the shape of wasabi, was designed as a promotional tool for settlement in Masuda city.

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title: Peter Baxter (footballer)

abstract: Peter Baxter is a former Australian rules footballer who represented the Footscray Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1980s. Baxter played only one game in his debut season, before having a strong second season, playing 16 games for the Dogs. Baxter managed only 6 more games over the next two seasons before leaving the club at the end of 1988.

text:
# Peter Baxter (footballer)

**Peter Baxter** (born 4 July 1961) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented the Footscray Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1980s.

Baxter played only one game in his debut season, before having a strong second season, playing 16 games for the Dogs. Baxter managed only 6 more games over the next two seasons before leaving the club at the end of 1988.

## InfoBox

| Peter Baxter | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Peter Baxter | | |
| Date of birth | (1961-07-04) 4 July 1961 | | |
| Original team(s) | Avondale Heights | | |
| Height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Weight | 80 kg (176 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1985–1988 | Footscray | 23 (2) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1988. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


abstract: Van Buren Township is one of fourteen townships in Madison County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,861 and it contained 795 housing units.

text:
# Van Buren Township, Madison County, Indiana

**Van Buren Township** is one of fourteen townships in Madison County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,861 and it contained 795 housing units.

## History

Van Buren Township was organized in 1837. It was named for President Martin Van Buren.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 24.99 square miles (64.7 km2), of which 24.98 square miles (64.7 km2) (or 99.96%) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.026 km2) (or 0.04%) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

### Cemeteries

The township contains these two cemeteries: Musick and Vinson.

## Education

It is in Madison-Grant United School Corporation. The district's comprehensive high school is in Madison-Grant High School.

Van Buren Township residents may obtain a free library card from the North Madison County Public Library System with branches in Elwood, Frankton, and Summitville.

## Political districts

* "Van Buren Township, Madison County, Indiana". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
* United States Census Bureau 2008 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
* IndianaMap

1. "Census Bureau profile: Van Buren Township, Madison County, Indiana". United States Census Bureau. May 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
2. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
3. Forkner, John La Rue & Dyson, Byron H. (1897). *Historical Sketches and Reminiscences of Madison County, Indiana*. Wilson, Humprheys & Co. p. 1005.
4. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Madison County, IN" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 13, 2024. \- Text list
5. "Policies" (PDF). North Madison County Public Library System. Retrieved March 10, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Van Buren Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Madison County | |
| Coordinates: 40°20′35″N 85°37′31″W / 40.34306°N 85.62528°W / 40.34306; -85.62528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Madison |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 24.99 sq mi (64.7 km2) |
| Land | 24.98 sq mi (64.7 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)  0.04% |
| Elevation | 889 ft (271 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,801 |
| Density | 74.5/sq mi (28.8/km2) |
| ZIP code | 46070 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0453949 |


abstract: The United States of America has charged Guantanamo captives before "military commissions", each presided over by a presiding officer. The presiding officers were initially to serve as the first among equals on bodies where the commission members served the roles similar to both judge and jury. In the first version of the military commissions the presiding officer was to be the only member of the commission who was a lawyer. Thus, the presiding officer would be making all the ruling similar to the rulings on points of law that a judge makes in courts of law. However, the presiding officer would also be voting on the suspect's guilt or innocence—unlike in a jury trial. The commission system was extensively reformed in the summer of 2004. Several of the original commission members of the first commission were retired, because of their inherent bias. The structure of the commissions was changed, so that the presiding officer would no long vote on the suspect's guilt. In the summer of 2005 leaked memos were published that revealed that prior to the reorganization the first chief prosecutor, Fred Borch, promised his subordinates that only officers who could be counted on to convict suspects would be chosen as commission members, and that prosecutors would not have to worry about exculpatory evidence—as it would all be classified so it could be withheld from the suspect's attorneys on national security grounds. Peter Brownback—the first presiding officer—was unexpectedly replaced in the summer of 2008. Critics speculated that he had been fired because he kept trying to force Omar Khadr's prosecution to release evidence to Khadr's defense attorneys.

text:
# Presiding Officer (Guantanamo military commissions)

The United States of America has charged Guantanamo captives before "military commissions", each presided over by a **presiding officer**.

The presiding officers were initially to serve as the first among equals on bodies where the commission members served the roles similar to both judge and jury.

In the first version of the military commissions the presiding officer was to be the only member of the commission who was a lawyer. Thus, the presiding officer would be making all the ruling similar to the rulings on points of law that a judge makes in courts of law. However, the presiding officer would also be voting on the suspect's guilt or innocence—unlike in a jury trial.

The commission system was extensively reformed in the summer of 2004. Several of the original commission members of the first commission were retired, because of their inherent bias. The structure of the commissions was changed, so that the presiding officer would no long vote on the suspect's guilt. In the summer of 2005 leaked memos were published that revealed that prior to the reorganization the first chief prosecutor, Fred Borch, promised his subordinates that only officers who could be counted on to convict suspects would be chosen as commission members, and that prosecutors would not have to worry about exculpatory evidence—as it would all be classified so it could be withheld from the suspect's attorneys on national security grounds.

Peter Brownback—the first presiding officer—was unexpectedly replaced in the summer of 2008. Critics speculated that he had been fired because he kept trying to force Omar Khadr's prosecution to release evidence to Khadr's defense attorneys.

## List of presiding officers and suspects

**Guantanamo military commission presiding officers**
| **Rank** | **Officer** | **Service** | **Case(s)** | **Notes** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Colonel | Peter Brownback | United States Army |  |  |
| Captain | Keith J. Allred | United States Navy |  |  |
| Colonel | W. Thomas Cumbie | United States Air Force |  |  |
| Colonel | Ronald A. Gregory | United States Air Force |  |  |
| Colonel | Ralph H. Kohlmann | United States Marine Corps |  |  |
| Lieutenant Colonel | Nancy J. Paul | United States Marine Corps |  |  |
| Colonel | James L. Pohl | United States Army |  |  |
| Colonel | Robert Chester | United States Marine Corps |  |  |
| Colonel | Steven David | United States Army Reserve |  |  |
| Colonel | Patrick Parrish | United States Army |  |  |
| Captain | Moira Modzelewski | United States Navy |  |  |
| Lieutenant Colonel | Raymond Eugene Beal II | United States Marine Corps |  |  |
| Colonel | Stephen R. Henley | United States Army |  |  |
| Captain | Bruce W. Mackenzie | United States Navy |  |  |


title: Judith Okumu

abstract: Judith Okumu is a Kenyan rugby sevens player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Okumu was named in Kenya's fifteens squad on 3 October 2023 for the inaugural WXV 3 tournament that will be held in Dubai.

text:
# Judith Okumu

**Judith Okumu** (born 12 July 1998) is a Kenyan rugby sevens player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Okumu was named in Kenya's fifteens squad on 3 October 2023 for the inaugural WXV 3 tournament that will be held in Dubai.

## InfoBox

Judith Okumu
| Date of birth | (1998-07-12) 12 July 1998 |
| --- | --- |
| Height | 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 54 kg (119 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2023  Kenya   (0)  National sevens team  **Years** **Team**  **Comps**  2020  Kenya | |


title: Judith Ngalande Lungu

abstract: Dr. Judith Ngalande Lungu is a Livestock Production Specialist and seasoned academician with over 30 years of experience in the field, having held various academic positions in various capacities at University of Zambia (UNZA), Mulungushi University, Kwame Nkurumah University and Botswana College of Agriculture.

text:
# Judith Ngalande Lungu

**Dr. Judith Ngalande Lungu** is a Livestock Production Specialist and seasoned academician with over 30 years of experience in the field, having held various academic positions in various capacities at University of Zambia (UNZA), Mulungushi University, Kwame Nkurumah University and Botswana College of Agriculture.

## Education

She was admitted to the University of Zambia (UNZA), graduating with a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Sciences. She obtained a Master of Science degree at the University of Massachusetts and completed her Doctoral degree at the University of Manitoba. Her thesis was on "The effect of time of feeding on time of parturition and on steroid profiles during the last month of pregnancy in the ewe."

## Career

She served as a senior lecturer at UNZA for 25 years from 1986 to 2011. She was the Head of the Animal Science Department and also served as the Dean of the School of Agricultural Sciences. Between 1989 and 1990, she was as a visiting lecturer in Livestock Production at the Botswana College of Agriculture. She went on to be the Deputy Vice Chancellor for Mulungushi University from 2012.

## Professional organization affiliations

She has held several positions that include; mentor at the African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD), member of the Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) and board member of the National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR) and Women for Change.

## InfoBox

| Judith Ngalande Lungu | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Zambian |
| Citizenship | Zambia |
| Alma mater | PhD University of Manitoba |
| Occupation | Animal Scientist |
| Years active | 1986 - present |


title: Prends ma vie

abstract: "Prends ma vie" is a song by French singer Johnny Hallyday. In March 1974 it was released as the lead single off of Hallyday's 1974 studio album Je t'aime, je t'aime, je t'aime.

text:
# Prends ma vie

"**Prends ma vie**" ("Take my life") is a song by French singer Johnny Hallyday. In March 1974 it was released as the lead single off of Hallyday's 1974 studio album *Je t'aime, je t'aime, je t'aime*.

## Composition and writing

The song was written by Michel Mallory and Jean Renard. The recording was produced by Jean Renard. The single is backed by "*Trop belle trop jolie*" ("Too beautiful, too pretty").

## Commercial performance

In France the single spent three weeks at no. 1 on the singles sales chart (in March–April 1974).

## Track listing

**7" single Philips 6009 478** (1974, France)

Side 1. "Prends ma vie" (3:03) Side 2. "Trop belle trop jolie" (3:33)

## Charts

| Chart (1974) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| France (Singles Sales) | 1 |

## InfoBox

| "Prends ma vie" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Johnny Hallyday | |
| from the album  *Je t'aime, je t'aime, je t'aime* | |
| Language | French |
| English title | Take my life |
| B-side | "Trop belle trop jolie" |
| Released | 18 March 1974 (1974-03-18) |
| Recorded | 1973 |
| Genre | Rock, chanson |
| Length | 3:03 |
| Label | Philips |
| Songwriter(s) | Michel Mallory, Jean Renard |
| Producer(s) | Jean Renard |
| Johnny Hallyday singles chronology | |
| "Noël interdit"
(1973) "**Prends ma vie**"
(1974) "Je t'aime, je t'aime, je t'aime"
(1974) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Prends ma vie" (French TV, 1974) on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Premio Mario Zanfi

abstract: The Premio Mario Zanfi, also known as the Franz Liszt Competition in Parma, is an international piano competition held at the Parma Conservatory since 1981. Past jurors include Lazar Berman, Louis Kentner, Jenő Jandó, Leslie Howard, Azio Corghi, Gleb Axelrod and Boris Petrushansky. It is a member of the Alink-Argerich Foundation. Past winners have been:

text:
# Premio Mario Zanfi

The **Premio Mario Zanfi**, also known as the Franz Liszt Competition in Parma, is an international piano competition held at the Parma Conservatory since 1981. Past jurors include Lazar Berman, Louis Kentner, Jenő Jandó, Leslie Howard, Azio Corghi, Gleb Axelrod and Boris Petrushansky. It is a member of the Alink-Argerich Foundation.

Past winners have been:

| Year | 1st prize | 2nd prize | 3rd prize | Honorable mention |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | Roger Muraro | (not awarded) | Kemal Gekić |  |
| 1984 | Bernd Glemser | Fred Höricke | Michael Gaechter | Chiharu Hanaoka |
| 1986 | Wonmi Kim | * Giovanni Bellucci * Vittorio Bresciani (ex-a.) | Rie Nakajima |  |
| 1989 | (not awarded) | Fred Höricke | Irina Nikolayeva |  |
| 1992 | Nikolai Maloff | Masatoshi Matsumoto | Katariina Liimatainen |  |
| 1996 | Alexander Onkin | Ave Nahkur | Ekaterina Magdalitz |  |
| 2000 | Massimiliano Motterle | (not awarded) | * Alexei Gulenco * Wojciech Waleczek (ex-a.) |  |
| 2007 | (not awarded) | Pietro Ceresini | (not awarded) |  |
| 2011 | (not awarded) | Goran Filipec | * Matteo Andri * Manila Santini (ex-a.) |  |
| 2015 | (not awarded) | Eduard Kiprskiy | Chiyan Wong |  |
|


title: Prerogative writ

abstract:
"Prerogative writ" is a historic term for a writ that directs the behavior of another arm of government, such as an agency, official, or other court. It was originally available only to the Crown under English law, and reflected the discretionary prerogative and extraordinary power of the monarch. The term may be considered antiquated, and the traditional six comprising writs are often called the extraordinary writs and described as extraordinary remedies. Six writs are traditionally classified as prerogative writs:
  - certiorari, an order by a higher court directing a lower court to send the record in a given case for review;
  - habeas corpus, a demand that a prisoner be taken before the court to determine whether there is lawful authority to detain the person;
  - mandamus, an order issued by a higher court to compel or to direct a lower court or a government officer to perform mandatory duties correctly;
  - prohibition, directing a subordinate to stop doing something the law prohibits;
  - procedendo, to send a case from an appellate court to a lower court with an order to proceed to judgment;
  - quo warranto, requiring a person to show by what authority they exercise a power. Additionally, scire facias, one of the extraordinary writs, was once known as a prerogative writ.

text:
# Prerogative writ

"**Prerogative writ**" is a historic term for a writ (official order) that directs the behavior of another arm of government, such as an agency, official, or other court. It was originally available only to the Crown under English law, and reflected the discretionary prerogative and extraordinary power of the monarch. The term may be considered antiquated, and the traditional six comprising writs are often called the **extraordinary writs** and described as **extraordinary remedies**.

Six writs are traditionally classified as prerogative writs:

* *certiorari*, an order by a higher court directing a lower court to send the record in a given case for review;
* *habeas corpus*, a demand that a prisoner be taken before the court to determine whether there is lawful authority to detain the person;
* *mandamus*, an order issued by a higher court to compel or to direct a lower court or a government officer to perform mandatory duties correctly;
* prohibition, directing a subordinate to stop doing something the law prohibits;
* *procedendo*, to send a case from an appellate court to a lower court with an order to proceed to judgment;
* *quo warranto*, requiring a person to show *by what authority* they exercise a power.

Additionally, *scire facias*, one of the extraordinary writs, was once known as a prerogative writ.

## England and Wales

The prerogative writs are a means by which the Crown, acting through its courts, effects control over inferior courts or public authorities throughout the kingdom. The writs are issued in the name of the Crown, who is the nominal plaintiff, on behalf of the applicant.

The prerogative writs other than *habeas corpus* are discretionary remedies, and have been known as **prerogative orders** in England and Wales since 1938. The writs of *quo warranto* and *procedendo* are now obsolete, and the orders of *certiorari*, *mandamus* and *prohibition* are under the new Civil Procedure Rules 1998 known as "quashing orders", "mandatory orders" and "prohibiting orders" respectively.

The writ of *habeas corpus* is still known by that name.

## India

The declaration of fundamental rights would be meaningless unless these rights can be enforced at the instance of the persons on whom they are conferred. The Constitution itself has laid down the following provisions for the enforcement of the fundamental rights.

1. Any act of the executive or of the Legislature which takes away or abridges the fundamental rights shall be void and the courts are empowered to declare such act as void. (Article 13)
2. The Supreme Court and the High Courts are empowered to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights against any authority of the State.

Article 12 has defined "State" to include the Government and Parliament of India, and the Government and Legislature of the States, and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. The expression "other authorities" has been interpreted to cover even business organisations like LIC and therefore such organisations also are amenable to the writ jurisdiction of the courts.

1. A proceeding under Article 32 is described as a constitutional remedy and the right to bring such proceedings before the Supreme Court is itself a fundamental right.

## Pakistan

Article 199 of the Constitution confers wide powers of judicial review on Provincial High Courts in Pakistan. As compared to powers conferred upon the Supreme Court of Pakistan under Article 184(3) of the Constitution, the powers under Article 199 of the Constitution to the High Court are wider and varied.

The orders which a High Court may issue under Article 199 are also known as writs. They are the writs of prohibition, *mandamus*, *certiorari*, *habeas corpus* and *quo warranto*.

Mr. Justice Rustam Kayani, the former Chief Justice of West Pakistan High Court was a great admirer of the writ jurisdiction. At the time of his installation as Chief Justice in 1958, he emphasised: "Mandamus and Certiorari are flowers of paradise and the whole length and breadth of Pakistan is not wide enough to contain their perfume".

## United States

In the United States federal court system, the issuance of writs is authorized by the All Writs Act (28 U.S.C. § 1651). The language of the statute was left deliberately vague in order to allow the courts flexibility in determining what writs are necessary "in aid of their jurisdiction". Use of writs at the trial court level has been greatly curtailed by the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and its state court counterparts, which specify that there is "one form of action".

The Supreme Court of the United States grants *certiorari*, while most state supreme courts grant *review*.

*Mandamus* has been replaced in the United States district courts and many state trial courts by injunction. In the federal system, it is generally available only to the federal courts of appeals, which issue writs of mandamus to lower courts and administrative hearing panels, while some state systems still allow trial courts to issue writs of *mandamus* or *mandate* directly to government officials.

*Prohibition* is also generally limited to appellate courts, who use it to prevent lower courts from exceeding their jurisdiction.


title: Prespatou

abstract: Prespatou is a settlement in British Columbia. It is located approximately 100 km north of Fort St John. It is a community with the majority of the residents being Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites. It has a convenience store, gas station, and a public school, Prespatou Elementary-Secondary, that provides instruction to 320 students from kindergarten to grade 12. The community is served by School District 60: Peace River North. There is minimal access into Prespatou, with only a single road giving access from Fort St. John and other rural communities, which are largely accessible through Cole Avenue. In 2020, there were great concerns relating to the contagious disease known as COVID-19 in the community.

text:
# Prespatou

Prespatouclass=notpageimage|Location of Prespatou in British Columbia

**Prespatou** is a settlement in British Columbia. It is located approximately 100 km north of Fort St John. It is a community with the majority of the residents being Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites. It has a convenience store, gas station, and a public school, Prespatou Elementary-Secondary, that provides instruction to 320 students from kindergarten to grade 12. The community is served by School District 60: Peace River North. There is minimal access into Prespatou, with only a single road (aptly named, Prespatou Road) giving access from Fort St. John and other rural communities, which are largely accessible through Cole Avenue.

In 2020, there were great concerns relating to the contagious disease known as COVID-19 in the community.

56°57′00″N 120°59′42″W / 56.9500°N 120.9950°W / 56.9500; -120.9950


title: Juliane Wetzel

abstract: Juliane Wetzel is a German historian. Wetzel is a senior researcher at the Centre for Research on Antisemitism, Technische Universität Berlin. Wetzel co-authored a March 2003 report on anti-Semitism in the European Union with Werner Bergmann in which they identified anti-globalization rallies as one of the sources of anti-Semitism on the left.

text:
# Juliane Wetzel

**Juliane Wetzel** (born 1957 in Munich) is a German historian.

Wetzel is a senior researcher at the Centre for Research on Antisemitism, Technische Universität Berlin.

Wetzel co-authored a March 2003 report on anti-Semitism in the European Union with Werner Bergmann in which they identified anti-globalization rallies as one of the sources of anti-Semitism on the left.

## Books

* *Antisemitismus und radikaler Islamismus* with Wolfgang Benz, Essen : Klartext, 2007.
* *Jüdisches Leben in München, 1945-1951 : Durchgangsstation oder Wiederaufbau?*  München : Kommissionsverlag Uni-Druck, 1987.
* *(together with Angelika Königseder), Lebensmut im Wartesaal. Die jüdischen DPs (Displaced Persons) im Nachkriegsdeutschland, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag: Frankfurt am Main 1994*, ISBN 3-596-10761-X (reprint 2004).
* *(together with Angelika Königseder), Waiting for Hope. Jewish Displaced Persons in Post-World War II Germany*, Evanston /Ill. 2001 (Northwestern University Press).


title: Jules Witcover

abstract: Jules Joseph Witcover is a retired American journalist, author, and political columnist.

text:
# Jules Witcover

**Jules Joseph Witcover** (born July 16, 1927) is a retired American journalist, author, and political columnist.

## Biography

Witcover is a veteran newspaperman of 50 years' standing, having written for *The Baltimore Sun*, the now-defunct *Washington Star*, the *Los Angeles Times*, and *The Washington Post*. Together with Jack Germond, Witcover co-wrote "Politics Today," a five-day-a-week syndicated column, for over 24 years.

Witcover was born in Union City, New Jersey. Witcover began working in Washington for Newhouse Newspapers in 1954. He was reportedly steps away from where Robert F. Kennedy was shot in 1968. He was also one of the reporters featured in the 1972 book on campaign journalism, *The Boys on the Bus*, and eventually came to be seen as a "journalistic institution," according to media critic Howard Kurtz.

For 45 years, Witcover wrote a syndicated political column, from which he retired in 2022. His most recent book is *The American Vice Presidency: From Irrelevance to Power.* Published in 2014, Kirkus Reviews described the work as a "valuable book of American history." Other work includes *Very Strange Bedfellows: The Short and Unhappy Marriage of Nixon & Agnew*, Public Affairs (2007), and *Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption*. In March 2008, his history of campaign finance reform, "The Longest Campaign," appeared on the Center for Public Integrity's *The Buying of the President 2008* website. *Joe Biden: A Life Of Trial And Redemptions* 2020 update includes 4 additional chapters, picking up where the original version left off and covers Biden's successful presidential campaign.

Witcover married author and H.L. Mencken scholar Marion Elizabeth Rodgers on June 21, 1997. He is a graduate of Columbia College (1949) and Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism (1951).

## Books written with Germond

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| *Booknotes* interview with Witcover and Germond on *Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars?*, August 27, 1989, C-SPAN | |

* *Blue Smoke & Mirrors: How Reagan Won and Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980*, Viking Press (1981)
* *Wake Us When It's Over: Presidential Politics of 1984*, Macmillan (1985)
* *Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988*, Warner Books (1989)
* *Mad As Hell: Revolt at the Ballot Box 1992*, Warner Books (1992)

## Books written solo

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| *Washington Journal* interview with Witcover on *The Year the Dream Died*, August 7, 1997, C-SPAN | |
| Presentation by Witcover on *No Way to Pick a President*, December 7, 1999, C-SPAN | |
| Presentation by Witcover on *Party of the People*, November 25, 2003, C-SPAN | |
| Presentation by Witcover on *Very Strange Bedfellows*, June 8, 2007, C-SPAN | |
| Presentation by Witcover on *Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption*, December 14, 2010, C-SPAN | |

* *The American Vice Presidency: From Irrelevance to Power*, Smithsonian Books (2014)
* *Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption*, William Morrow & Company (2010, paperback 2019, updated 2020)
* *Very Strange Bedfellows: The Short and Unhappy Marriage of Nixon & Agnew*, Public Affairs (2007)
* *The Making of an Ink-Stained Wretch: Half a Century Pounding the Political Beat*, Johns Hopkins Press (2005)
* *Party of the People: A History of the Democrats*, Random House (2003)
* *No Way to Pick a President: How Money and Hired Guns Have Debased American Elections*, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1999)
* *The Year the Dream Died: Revisiting 1968 in America*, Warner Books (1997)
* *Crapshoot: Rolling the Dice on the Vice Presidency*, Crown Publishers (1992)
* *The Main Chance: A Novel*, Viking Press (1979)
* *Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency 1972-1976*, Viking Press (1977)
* *White Knight: The Rise of Spiro Agnew*, Random House (1972)
* *The Resurrection of Richard Nixon*, Putnam (1970)
* *85 Days: The Last Campaign of Robert Kennedy*, Putnam (1969) (A 20th-anniversary edition was printed by Quill in 1988 with a new introduction by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy and epilogue by the author)

1. "Fictionwise eBooks: Jules Witcover". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2007.
2. Martin, Douglas (August 14, 2013). "Jack Germond, Political Reporter of the Old School, Dies at 85". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
3. Homer, Shirley (October 29, 1989). "ABOUT BOOKS". *New York Times*. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
4. Kurtz, Howard (August 23, 2005). "As Columnist Departs, Little Warmth From the Sun". *Washington Post*.
5. Witcover, Jules (December 13, 2022). "Jules Witcover: On ending a lifetime of writing about American politics". *The Northern Virginia Daily*. Tribune Content Agency. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
6. "Politics Today articles by Jules Witcover". *Tribune Content Agency*. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
7. "*The American Vice Presidency* Kirkus review".
8. "PublicAffairs Books: VERY STRANGE BEDFELLOWS". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2007.
9. Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption *Amazon page*. October 5, 2010  via Amazon.
10. "The Buying of the President 2008 : The Longest Campaign". Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
11. "3042 Q Street in Georgetown: Built in 1840 or 1940?". March 14, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
12. "An Ink-Stained Wretch Captures a Pre-Presidential Richard Nixon". *Columbia College Today*. Retrieved June 22, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Jules Witcover | |
| --- | --- |
| Witcover (left) in the Oval Office with Ronald Reagan and Jack Germond, 1981 | |
| Born | Jules Joseph Witcover
(1927-07-16) July 16, 1927
Union City, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Columbia University |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, author |
| Years active | 1954–2022 |
| Spouse | Marion Elizabeth Rodgers   (m. 1997) |


title: Julie Holland

abstract: Julie Holland is an American psychopharmacologist, psychiatrist, and author. She is the author of five books, including Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on the Night Shift at the Psych ER, a memoir documenting her experience as the weekend head of the psychiatric emergency room at Bellevue Hospital in New York City An advocate for the appropriate use of consciousness expanding substances as part of mental health treatment, she is a medical monitor for MAPS studies, which involve, in part, developing psychedelics into prescription medication.

text:
# Julie Holland

**Julie Holland** (born December 13, 1965) is an American psychopharmacologist, psychiatrist, and author. She is the author of five books, including *Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on the Night Shift at the Psych ER,* a memoir documenting her experience as the weekend head of the psychiatric emergency room at Bellevue Hospital in New York City An advocate for the appropriate use of consciousness expanding substances as part of mental health treatment, she is a medical monitor for MAPS studies, which involve, in part, developing psychedelics into prescription medication.

## Personal background

Julie Holland was born on December 13, 1965, in New York City. She grew up in Framingham, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston.

She attended the University of Pennsylvania, where she majored in the Biological Basis of Behavior, a series of courses combining the study of psychology and neural sciences, with a concentration on psychopharmacology. She received her medical degree from Temple University; during her residency, at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, she served as Chief Resident of the Schizophrenia Research Ward. A principal investigator in a research study examining a new medication for schizophrenia, Holland earned a National Institute of Health Outstanding Resident Award in 1994.

While in college, Holland wrote an extensive research paper on MDMA; it became the foundation for her 2001 book *Ecstasy: The Complete Guide*.

## Professional background

From 1995 through 2004, Holland was an attending psychiatrist in the Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program at Bellevue Hospital in New York. Her national bestseller, *Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on the Night Shift at the Psych ER,* was published in 2009. In describing the book, *The New York Times* wrote: "Dr. Holland brings readers into the psychiatric emergency room, where she was in charge on weekends for nine years. She explains the language, characters, policies and politics of the highly charged environment of caring for those in crisis. At the same, she walks readers through her mind and its substantial struggles. The book is as much a story about her own internal dramas as it is about mental health care in New York City." *Weekends at Bellevue* was optioned by Fox for a television pilot in 2011; the pilot was not picked up. In November 2013, *The Hollywood Reporter* reported that HBO was developing a comedy based on Holland's book *Moody Bitches: The Truth About the Drugs You're Taking, the Sex You're Not Having, The Sleep You're Missing and What's Really Making You Crazy.*

From 1995 through 2012, Holland was an Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine.

Now a medical advisor to MAPS, Holland was the medical monitor for several therapeutic studies of MDMA assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. In addition to serving as a forensic consultant for drug-related cases, Holland is a frequent lecturer, and has appeared as a drug and behavior expert on CNN, National Geographic Channel, Fox, VH1, MTV and *Good Morning America*. She has appeared on *The Today Show* over twenty-five times and is in private practice in New York.

## Honors and awards

* 2011: Norman Zinberg Award for Medical Excellence
* National Institute of Health Outstanding Resident Award

## Published works

Books * Holland, Julie (2001). *Ecstasy: The Complete Guide: A Comprehensive Look at the Risks and Benefits of MDMA*, New York: Park Street Press, ISBN 0892818573
* Holland, Julie (2010). *The Pot Book: A Complete Guide to Cannabis*, New York: Park Street Press, ISBN 1594773688
* Holland, Julie (2010). *Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on the Night Shift at the Psych ER*, New York: Bantam, ISBN 0553386522
* Holland, Julie (2015). *Moody Bitches: The Truth About the Drugs You're Taking, the Sleep You're Missing, the Sex You're Not Having, and What's Really Making You Crazy*, New York, Penguin Press, ISBN 978-1-59420-580-4
* Holland, Julie (2020). *Good Chemistry: The Science of Connection, from Soul to Psychedelics* , New York; Harper Wave, ISBN 978-0062862884

Papers * Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Mithoefer, M. C., & Holland, J. (2020). Discontinuation of medications classified as reuptake inhibitors affects treatment response of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. Psychopharmacology, 1–8.

* Mithoefer, M. C., Mithoefer, A. T., Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Wagner, M., Wymer, J., Holland, J. ... & Doblin, R. (2018). 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(6), 486–497.

* Feduccia, A. A., Mithoefer, M. C., Jerome, L., Holland, J., Emerson, A., & Doblin, R. (2018). Response to the consensus statement of the PTSD Psychopharmacology Working Group. Biological psychiatry, 84(2), e21-e22.

* Feduccia, A. A., Holland, J., & Mithoefer, M. C. (2018). Progress and promise for the MDMA drug development program. Psychopharmacology, 1–11.

* Doblin, R., Greer, G., Holland, J., Jerome, L., Mithoefer, M. C., & Sessa, B. (2014). A reconsideration and response to Parrott AC (2013)“Human psychobiology of MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’: an overview of 25 years of empirical research”. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 29(2), 105–108.

* *Psychedelia* – Film about the history of psychedelic drugs

## InfoBox

| Julie Holland | |
| --- | --- |
| Holland in 2013 | |
| Born | (1965-12-13) December 13, 1965
Framingham, Massachusetts |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Pennsylvania
Temple University School of Medicine |
| Occupation(s) | Psychopharmacologist, psychiatrist, author, lecturer |
| Website | drholland.com |


title: Prince of Clouds

abstract: Prince of Clouds is a double concerto for two violins and string orchestra by the British-born composer Anna Clyne. The work was jointly commissioned by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the IRIS Orchestra, the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, and the Curtis Institute of Music. It was composed in the summer of 2012 at the Hermitage Artist Retreat and was first performed on November 3, 2012, in Germantown, Tennessee by the violinists Jennifer Koh and Jaime Laredo with the IRIS Orchestra under conductor Michael Stern. The piece was nominated for the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition.

text:
# Prince of Clouds

***Prince of Clouds*** is a double concerto for two violins and string orchestra by the British-born composer Anna Clyne. The work was jointly commissioned by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the IRIS Orchestra, the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, and the Curtis Institute of Music. It was composed in the summer of 2012 at the Hermitage Artist Retreat and was first performed on November 3, 2012, in Germantown, Tennessee by the violinists Jennifer Koh and Jaime Laredo with the IRIS Orchestra under conductor Michael Stern. The piece was nominated for the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition.

## Composition

*Prince of Clouds* has a duration of roughly 14 minutes and is composed in a single movement.

### Inspiration

Clyne described her inspiration for the piece in the score program notes, writing:

> When writing *Prince of Clouds* I was contemplating the presence of musical lineage—a family-tree of sorts that passes from generation to generation. This transfer of knowledge and inspiration between generations is a beautiful gift. Composed specifically for Jennifer Koh and her mentor at the Curtis Institute of Music, Jaime Laredo, this thread was in the foreground of my imagination as a dialogue between the soloists and ensemble. As a composer, working with such virtuosic, passionate and unique musicians is also another branch of this musical chain.

## Reception

Reviewing the December 2012 Chicago premiere, Lawrence A. Johnson of the *Chicago Classical Review* compared the work favorably to Clyne's previous composition *Within Her Arms* and wrote, "*Prince of Clouds* is wrought with Clyne's characteristic craft and care, and offers the composer's brand of reflective introspection that is consistently attractive." Mark Swed of the *Los Angeles Times* similarly praised, "Like *Within Her Arms*, the score is within her arms, which is to say that it has an enveloping quality. It begins with sweet, serene, intertwining violin solos, soon embraced by a sweet, intertwining string section." Despite this, Swed nevertheless added:

> It is lovely music, slightly too lovely and thus interrupted by harshness. Brutal, raspy percussive interludes appear suddenly, like slashes of the knife on the music, but sweet melody always returns, swooping with ever more determination. There is never resolution. Balance is gained, lost and regained, never maintained. And that makes the sweet stuff start to sound strange, especially late in the 14-minute piece as uncentered phrases rise to a climax. In the score, Clyne gives the players alluringly contradictory instructions, such as "beautiful with unease," which pretty much sums up *Prince of Clouds*.


title: Preuss's monkey

abstract:
The Preuss's monkey, also known as Preuss's guenon, is a diurnal primate that lives terrestrially in mountainous forests of eastern Nigeria, western Cameroon and Bioko in Equatorial Guinea. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the L'Hoest's monkey. Preuss's monkey is currently classified as a member of the genus Allochrocebus. It was formerly considered a member of the genus Cercopithecus. The diet of Preuss's monkey is primarily fruit, leaves and insects, although the species occasionally raids human crops. It is darkish in coloration with a white chin, and adult males have a blue scrotum. Preuss's monkeys weigh up to 10 kg. Troops consist of one adult male and several females and adolescents, averaging 17 total per troop. Females give birth to a single offspring about once every three years. The young mature at 4 years and live to be an average of 31 years. Preuss's monkey is an endangered species, due to habitat loss and hunting. It is one of the species that live in the Guinean Forests of the West Africa Biodiversity Hotspot. Preuss's monkey is known to occur in captivity at the Centre for Education, Rehabilitation, and Conservation of Primates and Nature (CERCOPAN) in Cross River State, Nigeria and the Limbe Wildlife Centre in Limbe, South-West Region, Cameroon. There are two subspecies of Preuss's monkey:
  - Cameroon Preuss's monkey, Cercopithecus preussi preussi
  - Bioko Preuss's monkey, Cercopithecus preussi insularis

text:
# Preuss's monkey

The **Preuss's monkey** (***Allochrocebus preussi***), also known as **Preuss's guenon**, is a diurnal primate that lives terrestrially in mountainous (up to 2500 m) forests of eastern Nigeria, western Cameroon and Bioko in Equatorial Guinea. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the L'Hoest's monkey (*A. lhoesti*).

Preuss's monkey is currently classified as a member of the genus *Allochrocebus*. It was formerly considered a member of the genus *Cercopithecus*.

The diet of Preuss's monkey is primarily fruit, leaves and insects, although the species occasionally raids human crops. It is darkish in coloration with a white chin, and adult males have a blue scrotum. Preuss's monkeys weigh up to 10 kg. Troops consist of one adult male and several females and adolescents, averaging 17 total per troop. Females give birth to a single offspring about once every three years. The young mature at 4 years and live to be an average of 31 years.

Preuss's monkey is an endangered species, due to habitat loss and hunting. It is one of the species that live in the Guinean Forests of the West Africa Biodiversity Hotspot.

Preuss's monkey is known to occur in captivity at the Centre for Education, Rehabilitation, and Conservation of Primates and Nature (CERCOPAN) in Cross River State, Nigeria and the Limbe Wildlife Centre in Limbe, South-West Region, Cameroon.

There are two subspecies of Preuss's monkey:

* Cameroon Preuss's monkey, *Cercopithecus preussi preussi*
* Bioko Preuss's monkey, *Cercopithecus preussi insularis*

Media related to Cercopithecus preussi at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Preuss's monkey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | *Allochrocebus* |
| Species: | ***A. preussi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Allochrocebus preussi***
(Matschie, 1898) | |
|
|  | |
| Geographic range | |


title: Preuss's cliff swallow

abstract: Preuss's cliff swallow, also known as Preuss's swallow, is a species of bird in the family Hirundinidae.

text:
# Preuss's cliff swallow

**Preuss's cliff swallow** (***Petrochelidon preussi***), also known as **Preuss's swallow**, is a species of bird in the family Hirundinidae.

## Distribution and habitat

It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Togo.

## InfoBox

| Preuss's cliff swallow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Four in Southwest Region, Cameroon | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Hirundinidae |
| Genus: | *Petrochelidon* |
| Species: | ***P. preussi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Petrochelidon preussi***
(Reichenow, 1898) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hirundo preussi* | |


title: Jump process

abstract: A jump process is a type of stochastic process that has discrete movements, called jumps, with random arrival times, rather than continuous movement, typically modelled as a simple or compound Poisson process. In finance, various stochastic models are used to model the price movements of financial instruments; for example the Black–Scholes model for pricing options assumes that the underlying instrument follows a traditional diffusion process, with continuous, random movements at all scales, no matter how small. John Carrington Cox and Stephen Ross proposed that prices actually follow a 'jump process'. Robert C. Merton extended this approach to a hybrid model known as jump diffusion, which states that the prices have large jumps interspersed with small continuous movements.

text:
# Jump process

A **jump process** is a type of stochastic process that has discrete movements, called jumps, with random arrival times, rather than continuous movement, typically modelled as a simple or compound Poisson process.

In finance, various stochastic models are used to model the price movements of financial instruments; for example the Black–Scholes model for pricing options assumes that the underlying instrument follows a traditional diffusion process, with continuous, random movements at all scales, no matter how small. John Carrington Cox and Stephen Ross proposed that prices actually follow a 'jump process'.

Robert C. Merton extended this approach to a hybrid model known as jump diffusion, which states that the prices have large jumps interspersed with small continuous movements.


title: Pretty Pet Salon

abstract: Pretty Pet Salon is a strategy video game developed by Hong Kong studio Dream Cortex and published by Animoca The game was released on January 26, 2011 for iOS and on May 13, 2011 for Android devices. An HD version was released for the iPad on February 26, 2011, followed by an Android version on May 13, 2011. The iOS versions were taken down for a time on January 15, 2012 but since then the franchise has reappeared on Apple's App Store. Pretty Pet Salon on the Android Market and on the Amazon Appstore were unaffected. In the game, players must run a pet-grooming salon by micro-managing their staff. Pets must be groomed correctly to maintain customer satisfaction and the salon's profit. The game is a freemium application, and it is the first title in the "Pretty Pet" series of apps. The game was downloaded 11 million times within its first 6 months of release.

text:
# Pretty Pet Salon

***Pretty Pet Salon*** is a strategy video game developed by Hong Kong studio Dream Cortex and published by Animoca The game was released on January 26, 2011 for iOS and on May 13, 2011 for Android devices. An HD version was released for the iPad on February 26, 2011, followed by an Android version on May 13, 2011. The iOS versions were taken down for a time on January 15, 2012 but since then the franchise has reappeared on Apple's App Store. Pretty Pet Salon on the Android Market and on the Amazon Appstore were unaffected.

In the game, players must run a pet-grooming salon by micro-managing their staff. Pets must be groomed correctly to maintain customer satisfaction and the salon's profit.

The game is a freemium application, and it is the first title in the "Pretty Pet" series of apps. The game was downloaded 11 million times within its first 6 months of release.

## Gameplay

The game is set in a virtual grooming salon presented in a fixed, third person, one-point perspective view. The player has a full view of the entire salon at all times, where service stations are affixed. The objective of the game is to increase the salon's level.

Each game day lasts for approximately 2.5 minutes, during which a number of customers will automatically enter the salon with their pets. Upon entering, an icon will appear on top of each customer's pet to indicate which service they require. The player must then drag the pet to the appropriate station, after which an exclamation mark icon will appear on top of the pet. At that point, the player must tap on the pet in order for their staff to attend to it, and only afterward will the service be completed. Each pet may require more than one service per visit. Customers and their pets have a limited amount of patience, which serves as a time limit for each service. If pets are not served within the time limit, the owner along with their pet will leave the salon without payment.

Once all services for the pet are completed, the customer and their pet will move on to the cashier to pay. Players must then tap on the cashier in order for their staff to collect payment. For each customer that successfully completes payment, the player will gain a certain amount of "happiness" and in-game currency. Levels are earned by achieving a certain amount of "happiness" and accumulating a certain amount of in-game currency. Requirements for the next level will be displayed at the end of each game day. As the salon gains levels, the game will also increase in difficulty.

At the end of each game day, players are also given the option to upgrade or purchase more stations, and upgrade or hire more staff. Purchases can be made using purchasable currency, called "Pet Points," or using the free in-game currency earned through regular game play.

## Reception

As of November 14, 2011, *Pretty Pet Salon* has received a user rating of 4.1 out of 5 stars on the Android Market based on 25,053 votes. On the iTunes US App Store, the game earned a user rating of 3 out of 5 stars for all versions of the game on the US App Store (iOS) based on 20,058 votes.

On February 11, 2011, *Pretty Pet Salon* reached #6 on the global Top iPhone Games chart and #11 on the global Top Apps chart, both based on number of downloads.

## InfoBox

| Pretty Pet Salon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Dream Cortex |
| Publisher(s) | Animoca |
| Platform(s) | iOS, Android |
| Release | January 26, 2011 (iOS)
May 13, 2011 (Android) |
| Genre(s) | Casual
Strategy
Simulation |
| Mode(s) | Single player |


title: Prix des Deux Magots

abstract: The Prix des Deux Magots is a major French literary prize. It is presented to new works, and is generally awarded to works that are more off-beat and less conventional than those that receive the more mainstream Prix Goncourt. The name derives from the extant Parisian café "Les Deux Magots", which began as a drapery store in 1813, taking its name from a popular play of the time, The Two Magots. It housed a wine merchant in the 19th century, and was refurbished in 1914 into a café.

text:
# Prix des Deux Magots

The **Prix des Deux Magots** (French pronunciation: \[pʁi de  maɡo\]) is a major French literary prize. It is presented to new works, and is generally awarded to works that are more off-beat and less conventional than those that receive the more mainstream Prix Goncourt.

The name derives from the extant Parisian café "Les Deux Magots", which began as a drapery store in 1813, taking its name from a popular play of the time, *The Two Magots* (a magot is a type of Chinese figurine). It housed a wine merchant in the 19th century, and was refurbished in 1914 into a café.

## Winners


title: Prix des libraires

abstract: The Prix des libraires is a French literary award that is given to the author of a novel written in French. The award is organized since 1955 by the Fédération Française Syndicale de la librairie (FFSL). Approximately 5000 booksellers from France, Belgium, Switzerland and Canada cast a vote.

text:
# Prix des libraires

The **Prix des libraires** (Booksellers award) is a French literary award that is given to the author of a novel written in French. The award is organized since 1955 by the Fédération Française Syndicale de la librairie (FFSL). Approximately 5000 booksellers from France, Belgium, Switzerland and Canada cast a vote.

## Award winners

| Year |  | Author | Title | Publisher (x times) | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1955 |  | Michel de Saint Pierre | *Les Aristocrates* | La Table ronde | Also Grand prix du roman de l'Académie française |
| 1956 |  | Albert Vidalie | *La Bonne Ferte* | Denoël |  |
| 1957 |  | Françoise Mallet-Joris | *Les Mensonges* | Julliard | First foreign and Belgian laureate |
| 1958 |  | Jean Bassan | *Nul ne s'évade* | Plon |  |
| 1959 |  | Georges Bordonove | *Deux cents chevaux dorés* | Julliard (2) |  |
| 1960 |  | Georges Conchon | *La Corrida de la victoire* | Albin Michel |  |
| 1961 |  | Andrée Martinerie | *Les Autres Jours* | Gallimard |  |
| 1962 |  | Jean Anglade | *La Foi et la Montagne* | Éditions Robert Laffont |  |
| 1963 |  | José Cabanis | *Les Cartes du temps* | Gallimard (2) |  |
| 1964 |  | Pierre Moinot | *Le Sable vif* | Gallimard (3) |  |
| 1965 |  | Jacques Peuchmaurd | *Le Soleil de Palicorna* | Robert Laffont (2) |  |
| 1966 |  | Jacques Perry | *Vie d'un païen* | Robert Laffont (3) |  |
| 1967 |  | Catherine Paysan | *Les Feux de la Chandeleur* | Éditions Denoël (2) |  |
| 1968 |  | Paul Guimard | *\`Les Choses de la vie* | Denoël (3) |  |
| 1969 |  | René Barjavel | *La Nuit des temps* | Presses de la Cité |  |
| 1970 |  | Georges-Emmanuel Clancier | *L'Éternité plus un jour* | Robert Laffont (4) |  |
| 1971 |  | Anne Hébert | *Kamouraska* | Seuil | First Canadian laureate |
| 1972 |  | Didier Decoin | *Abraham de Brooklyn* | Seuil (2) |  |
| 1973 |  | Michel Del Castillo | *Le Vent de la nuit* | Julliard (3) | Also prix des Deux Magots |
| 1974 |  | Michèle Perrein | *Le Buveur de Garonne* | Flammarion |  |
| 1975 |  | Herbert Le Porrier | *Le Médecin de Cordoue* | Seuil (3) |  |
| 1976 |  | Patrick Modiano | *Villa triste* | Gallimard (4) |  |
| 1977 |  | Pierre Moustiers | *Un crime de notre temps* | Seuil (4) |  |
| 1978 |  | Jean Noli | *La Grâce de Dieu* | Julliard (4) |  |
| 1979 |  | Christiane Singer | *La Mort viennoise* | Albin Michel (2) |  |
| 1980 |  | Claude Michelet | *Des grives aux loups* | Robert Laffont (5) |  |
| 1981 |  | Claude Brami | *Le Garçon sur la colline* | Denoël (4) |  |
| 1982 |  | Serge Lentz | *Les Années-sandwiches* | Robert Laffont (6) |  |
| 1983 |  | Serge Bramly | *La Danse du loup* | Belfond |  |
| 1984 |  | Guy Lagorce | *Le Train du soir* | Grasset |  |
| 1985 |  | Christian Dedet | *La Mémoire du fleuve* | Éditions Phébus |  |
| 1986 |  | Robert Mallet | *Ellynn* | Gallimard (5) |  |
| 1987 |  | Jacques Almira | *La Fuite à Constantinople* | Mercure de France |  |
| 1988 |  | Yves Simon | *Le Voyageur magnifique* | Grasset (2) |  |
| 1989 |  | Michel Chaillou | *La Croyance des voleurs* | Seuil (5) |  |
| 1990 |  | Claude Duneton | *Rires d'homme entre deux pluies* | Grasset (3) |  |
| 1991 |  | Michelle Schuller | *Une femme qui ne disait rien* | Presses de la Renaissance |  |
| 1992 |  | Ève de Castro | *Ayez pitié du cœur des hommes* | JC Lattès |  |
| 1993 |  | Françoise Xenakis | *Attends-moi* | Grasset (4) |  |
| 1994 |  | Isabelle Hausser | *Nitchevo* | Éditions de Fallois |  |
| 1995 |  | Anne Cuneo | *Le Trajet d'une rivière* | Denoël (5) | First Swiss laureate |
| 1996 |  | Gilbert Sinoué | *Le Livre de saphir* | Denoël (6) |  |
| 1997 |  | Philippe Delerm | *Sundborn ou les Jours de lumière* | Éditions du Rocher |  |
| 1998 |  | Jean-Guy Soumy | *La Belle Rochelaise* | Robert Laffont (7) |  |
| 1999 |  | Marc Dugain | *La Chambre des officiers* | JC Lattès (2) | Also prix des Deux Magots |
| 2000 |  | Jean-Pierre Milovanoff | *L'Offrande sauvage* | Grasset (5) |  |
| 2001 |  | Pierre Assouline | *Double Vie* | Gallimard (6) |  |
| 2002 |  | Fred Vargas | *Pars vite et reviens tard* | Éditions Viviane Hamy |  |
| 2003 |  | Laurent Gaudé | *La Mort du roi Tsongor* | Actes Sud | Also prix Goncourt des lycéens |
| 2004 |  | François Vallejo | *Groom* | Viviane Hamy (2) |  |
| 2005 |  | Éric Fottorino | *Korsakov* | Gallimard (7) |  |
| 2006 |  | Yasmina Khadra | *L'Attentat* | Julliard (5) | First Algerian laureate |
| 2007 |  | Muriel Barbery | *L'Élégance du hérisson* | Gallimard (8) |  |
| 2008 |  | Delphine de Vigan | *No et moi* | JC Lattès (3) |  |
| 2009 |  | Dominique Mainard | *Pour vous* | Joëlle Losfeld |  |
| 2010 |  | Laurent Mauvignier | *Des hommes* | Éditions de Minuit | Also prix Virilo |
| 2011 |  | Victor Cohen Hadria | *Les Trois Saisons de la rage* | Albin Michel (3) | Also prix du premier roman |
| 2012 |  | Virginie Deloffre | *Léna* | Albin Michel (4) |  |
| 2013 |  | Yannick Grannec | *La Déesse des petites victoires* | Éditions Anne Carrière |  |
| 2014 |  | Valentine Goby | *Kinderzimmer* | Actes Sud (2) |  |
| 2015 |  | Léonor de Récondo | *Amours* | Sabine Wespieser | Also Grand prix RTL-*Lire* |
| 2016 |  | Thomas B. Reverdy | *Il était une ville* | Flammarion | Also Prix Escale du Livre |
| 2017 |  | Cécile Coulon | *Trois saisons d’orage* | Viviane Hamy |  |
| 2018 |  | Gaëlle Nohant | *Légende d'un dormeur éveillé* | Héloïse d'Ormesson |  |
| 2019 |  | Franck Bouysse | *Né d'aucune femme* | La Manufacture de livres |  |
| 2020 |  | Akira Mizubayashi | *Âme brisée* | Gallimard |  |
| 2021 |  | Miguel Bonnefoy | *Héritage* | Rivages |  |


title: Priestman v. United States

abstract: Priestman v. United States, 4 U.S. 28 (1800), was an 1800 decision of the United States Supreme Court asserting that "Under the 19th section of the act of February 18th, 1793, goods are liable to forfeiture though they did not belong to the master, owner, or any mariner of the vessel in which they were imported, and though the duties were paid on them at the port of entry."

text:
# Priestman v. United States

***Priestman v. United States***, 4 U.S. (4 Dall.) 28 (1800), was an 1800 decision of the United States Supreme Court asserting that "Under the 19th section of the act of February 18th, 1793, (1 Stats, at Large, 313,) goods are liable to forfeiture though they did not belong to the master, owner, or any mariner of the vessel in which they were imported, and though the duties were paid on them at the port of entry."

## InfoBox

| Priestman v. United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Full case name | *Priestman v. United States* |
| Citations | 4 U.S. 28 (*more*)4 Dall. 28; 1 L. Ed. 727 |


title: PrivateCommunities.com

abstract: Private Communities Registry is a privately held company which owns PrivateCommunities.com, the longest-running website providing information about master-planned communities in the United States. The website helps consumers research the lifestyle and amenities offered at hundreds of gated, golf, retirement, and vacation home communities. Each month, PrivateCommunities.com matches more than 70,000 potential home buyers with communities meeting their criteria.

text:
# PrivateCommunities.com

**Private Communities Registry** is a privately held company which owns PrivateCommunities.com, the longest-running website providing information about master-planned communities in the United States. The website helps consumers research the lifestyle and amenities offered at hundreds of gated, golf, retirement, and vacation home communities. Each month, PrivateCommunities.com matches more than 70,000 potential home buyers with communities meeting their criteria.

## History

Vero Beach, Florida-based PrivateCommunities.com was founded in 1996 by Marie Roberts and Elisabeth Miller-Fox, both experienced real estate developers. It was the first website to present information about master-planned communities to retirement and second home buyers. Echoing growing internet use, PrivateCommunities.com jumped from 2.2 million unique visitors in 2005 to attracting 3.6 million unique visitors in 2008, even given the number of foreclosures during the U.S. Great Recession.

## Services and market

According to Claritas PRIZM, a customer segmentation system owned by The Nielsen Company, 63% of PrivateCommunities.com's website visitors represent the nation's wealthiest elite, while 22% are in the 2nd most affluent segment, and 9% are in the mid income range. The study also noted that the majority of the site's visitor profiles are interested in retirement real estate and second home/ vacation properties.


title: Private (Ryōko Hirosue song)

abstract: "Private" is a song by Japanese entertainer Ryōko Hirosue, written by Ringo Sheena. It was released as the B-side to her fourth single "Jeans" on October 7, 1998, and was the title track of her second studio album Private (1999). Hirosue performed it on her first live tour in February 1999. The Budokan performance on February 7, 1999 was released as a CD/DVD set called Hirosue Ryoko First Live: RH Debut Tour 1999 on May 26, 1999. "Private" was also featured on both of Hirosue's greatest hits albums: RH Singles &... (1999) and Hirosue Ryoko Perfect Collection (2002).

text:
# Private (Ryōko Hirosue song)

"**Private**" (プライベイト, *Puraibeito*) is a song by Japanese entertainer Ryōko Hirosue, written by Ringo Sheena. It was released as the B-side to her fourth single "Jeans" on October 7, 1998, and was the title track of her second studio album *Private* (1999). Hirosue performed it on her first live tour in February 1999. The Budokan performance on February 7, 1999 was released as a CD/DVD set called *Hirosue Ryoko First Live: RH Debut Tour 1999* on May 26, 1999. "Private" was also featured on both of Hirosue's greatest hits albums: *RH Singles &...* (1999) and *Hirosue Ryoko Perfect Collection* (2002).

## Background and development

Hirosue released her debut album *Arigato!* in 1997, after releasing the singles "Maji de Koi Suru 5-byō Mae", "Daisuki" and "Kaze no Prism", all of which were certified platinum by the RIAJ. She followed up this with the single "Summer Sunset", and released the single "Jeans" in 1998. "Jeans" was used as an ending theme song for the anime *Kindaichi Case Files*, and "Private" was featured as the single's B-side.

Ringo Sheena released her debut single "Kōfukuron" on May 27, 1998, and her second "Kabukichō no Joō" on September 9, 1998. Sheena came to fame in 1999, after her single "Koko de Kiss Shite." and album *Muzai Moratorium*, the later of which sold over 1,200,000 copies. During her early career, Sheena wrote "Private" for Hirosue, and several recordings for fellow actress and singer Rie Tomosaka, such as "Cappuccino" (1999) and "Shōjo Robot" (2000).

## Writing and production

The song was written by Ringo Sheena, featuring production by Yūta Saitō. The song was recorded as a demo by Sheena before her debut with entirely different lyrics, and was her first song she had given to another musician. The new lyrics were tailored for Hirosue, with Sheena attempting to use words that sounded as if they had come from Hirosue herself for the lyrics. The lyrics, despite their tone, use non-standard, historical kanji versions of words such as kore (是, 此れ), soba (), tada (), iu (云う) and sono (其の).

## Promotion

The song was used as the ending theme song for the NTV variety show *Ojamanbō* in 1998. "Private" was succeeded by "Cappuccino" by Rie Tomosaka in January 1999, a song also written by Sheena.

## Ringo Sheena version

| "Private" | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional single by Ringo Sheena | |
| from the album  *Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku* | |
| Released | May 14, 2014 |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:19 |
| Label | EMI Records Japan |
| Songwriter(s) | * Ringo Sheena |
| Producer(s) |  |

In 2014, writer Ringo Sheena released her own version of the song for her album of self-covers, *Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku*.

### Background and development

Sheena performed the song at her *Jisaku Jien Nama Jitsuenkai* and *Kōkotsu Gokuhi Ensōkai* concerts in June 1999, but it was not a staple of her set-list.

To re-record the song, Sheena enlisted producer Kenichi Maeyamada, also known as Hyadain, as she saw him as someone developing a new sound in Japanese music. The pair had never met before, but Maeyamada felt he had been inspired by Sheena's single "Stem" and album *Kalk Samen Kuri no Hana*, especially due to their multimedia aspects and how they interacted with the short film *Hyakuiro Megane*.

After Maeyamada listened to Hirosue's original version, then had a single meeting with Sheena about the song. Sheena had requested Maeyamada to "make it sparkle", as she felt uncomfortable singing the girly lyrics now that she was in her 30s. Maeyamada took the subway in Tokyo as inspiration for the song, due to the song's lyric *man'in no chikatetsu ni noru* (満員の地下鉄に乗る, "riding on a fully packed subway"). Maeyamada thought was peculiar and humanising for Hirosue to sing this, as at the time she was at the height of her fame, and probably did not ride on subways. Maeyamada had the concept of a "strange amusement park" in mind, so raised the key and the tempo, and added "cheap-sounding" synths. He further added bowling and cuckoo clock sound effects to the song. The pair then mixed the song together at a later date.

On May 14, "Private" was released on iTunes, when *Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku* was made available to pre-order, along with the songs "Seishun no Matataki" and "Amagasa". The song received enough airplay to chart at number 68 on the *Billboard* Adult Contemporary Airplay the week before the album's release.

### Charts

| Chart (2014) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Japan *Billboard* Adult Contemporary Airplay | 68 |

### Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Distributing Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Japan | May 14, 2014 | Digital download | EMI Records Japan |

## InfoBox

| "Private" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Ryōko Hirosue | |
| from the album  *Private* | |
| Released | 1998 |
| Recorded | 1998 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:53 |
| Label | Warner Music Japan |
| Songwriter(s) | Ringo Sheena |
| Producer(s) | Yūta Saitō |


title: Princess Marie-Louise of Madagascar

abstract: Princess Marie-Louise Razafinkeriefo of Madagascar was the last heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Madagascar. She was a grandniece, and the adoptive daughter, of Ranavalona III. During World War II, she worked as a nurse and was made a Dame of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by the French government for her medical service.

text:
# Princess Marie-Louise of Madagascar

**Princess Marie-Louise Razafinkeriefo of Madagascar** (1 May 1897 – 18 January 1948) was the last heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Madagascar. She was a grandniece, and the adoptive daughter, of Ranavalona III. During World War II, she worked as a nurse and was made a Dame of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by the French government for her medical service.

## Biography

Princess Marie-Louise of Madagascar was born in exile on 1 May 1897 at the Hotel de l'Europe in Saint-Denis, Réunion. Her mother, Princess Razafinandriamanitra, was a daughter of Princess Rasendranoro and a niece of Ranavalona III. She was an illegitimate child, as her mother had conceived her with an unknown French soldier. She was born while the royal family was in exile in French territory after the Malagasy monarchy was abolished due to French colonial rule. Her mother died five days after giving birth. Although the royal family were Protestant, Marie-Louise was baptized in the Catholic faith at the Cathedral of St. Denis to appease the French. She was later adopted by Queen Ranavalona and was, according to the traditional rules of succession, the heir apparent to the abolished throne of Madagascar.

Within a month of arriving in Saint-Denis, the royal family were moved into a house owned by Madame de Villentroy on the corner of rue de l'Arsenal and rue du Rempart near the French government offices. Along with the queen and princesses, the royal household included two secretaries, a cook, a maid, and servants. They lived in the house for almost two years before they were moved by the French government. With tensions between France and the United Kingdom over conflict in Sudan, French officials became concerned that Madagascar might launch a rebellion against French rule. Queen Ranavalona's presence in Réunion was seen as a possible source of encouragement for Malagasy rebels, so the royal family was relocated. On 1 February 1899, they boarded the steamship *Yang-Tse* and sailed to Marseilles. They were held in France for several months before being transferred to a villa in Mustapha Superieur in French Algeria. Despite being Catholic, Marie-Louise attended Protestant services at a Reformed Church with her family in central Algiers.

Queen Ranavalona III's arrival in France for her first official visit, accompanied by Princess Ramasindrazana and Princess Marie-Louise in 1901 (left), and the royal trio in Algiers in 1899 (right)

Marie-Louise left Algeria for France to attend secondary school at the Lycée de Jeunes filles de Versailles. During that time, her great-aunt, Queen Ranavalona died in 1917. In France, Marie-Louise met a French agricultural engineer named André Bossard. They married on 24 June 1921. She continued to receive a small pension from the French government, but decided to pursue a career as a nurse. She was awarded Dame of the National Order of the Legion of Honor by the French government for her medical services during World War II. Marie-Louise and Bosshard's marriage was childless, and they later divorced. She lived her remaining years as a socialite in Parisian high society. She died in Bazoches-sur-le-Betz on 18 January 1948 and was buried in Montreuil. She was the last successor to the throne of Madagascar.

### Foreign honors

## Bibliography

* Barrier, Marie-France (1996). *Ranavalona, dernière reine de Madagascar*. Paris: Balland. ISBN 978-2-7158-1094-5.
* Saillens, Pasteur R. (1906). "Impressions of Algeria". *The Missionary Review of the World*. Vol. 29. London: Funk & Wagnalls.

## InfoBox

| Marie-Louise | |
| --- | --- |
| *Princess of Madagascar* | |
| Marie-Louise in 1901 | |
| Born | (1897-05-01)1 May 1897
Hotel de l'Europe, Saint-Denis, Réunion, France |
| Died | 18 January 1948(1948-01-18) (aged 50)
Bazoches-sur-le-Betz, Loiret, France |
| Burial | Cimetière de Montreuil |
| Spouse | André Bossard |
| Dynasty | Hova |
| Mother | Princess Razafinandriamanitra |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |


title: Princess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg

abstract: Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Luxembourg was a Luxembourgish princess, the third child and the second daughter of Grand Duchess Charlotte (1896–1985) and Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma (1893–1970).

text:
# Princess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg

**Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Luxembourg** (Marie-Adélaïde Louise Thérèse Wilhelmine; 21 May 1924 – 28 February 2007) was a Luxembourgish princess, the third child and the second daughter of Grand Duchess Charlotte (1896–1985) and Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma (1893–1970).

## Biography

Princess Marie Adelaide was born at Berg Castle, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg, as Princess of Luxembourg, Princess of Nassau, Princess of Bourbon-Parma.

Facing the German invasion in 10 May 1940 during World War II, the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg left the country to find refuge in Portugal, after receiving transit visas from the Portuguese consul Aristides de Sousa Mendes, in June 1940. They arrived at Vilar Formoso on 23 June 1940. After travelling through Coimbra and Lisbon, the family first stayed in Cascais, in Casa de Santa Maria, owned by Manuel Espírito Santo, who was then the honorary consul for Luxembourg in Portugal. By July they had moved to Monte Estoril, staying at the Chalet Posser de Andrade. On 10 July 1940, Princess Marie Adelaide, together with her father Prince Félix, her siblings, Hereditary Grand Duke Jean, Princess Elisabeth, Princess Marie Gabriele, Prince Charles and Princess Alix, the nanny Justine Reinard and the chauffeur Eugène Niclou, along with his wife Joséphine, boarded the *S.S. Trenton* headed for New York City.

With her sister Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Hohenberg, Princess Marie Adelaide attended Convent of the Sacred Heart, Roehampton in Britain and the Collège Jésus-Marie de Sillery, near Quebec City, during the family's exile during World War II.

She married Count Karl Josef Henckel von Donnersmarck (7 November 1928, Romolkwitz, Silesia, Germany – 16 April 2008, Sliema, Malta) on 10 April 1958 in Luxembourg. They had four children – three sons and a daughter - and eight grandchildren:

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Princess Marie-Adélaïde | |
| --- | --- |
| *Countess Karl Josef Henckel von Donnersmarck* | |
| Princess Marie-Adelaide with her husband after her wedding | |
| Born | (1924-05-21)21 May 1924
Berg Castle, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg |
| Died | 28 February 2007(2007-02-28) (aged 82)
Fischbach, Mersch, Luxembourg |
| Spouse | Count Karl Josef Henckel von Donnersmarck
(m. 1958) |
| Issue | Count Andreas
Count Félix
Count Heinrich
Charlotte, Countess Christoph Johannes von Meran |
| House | House of Bourbon-Parma |
| Father | Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma |
| Mother | Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg |


title: Jump They Say

abstract: "Jump They Say" is a song by English singer-songwriter David Bowie from his 18th album Black Tie White Noise (1993). It was written by Bowie, produced by Nile Rodgers and released as the first single from the album in March 1993 by Arista Records. While Bowie opted not to tour for the Black Tie White Noise album, the song was performed on his 1995–96 Outside Tour and released as part of the live concert No Trendy Réchauffé (2020). The accompanying music video for "Jump They Say" was directed by Mark Romanek and received heavy rotation on MTV Europe.

text:
# Jump They Say

"**Jump They Say**" is a song by English singer-songwriter David Bowie from his 18th album *Black Tie White Noise* (1993). It was written by Bowie, produced by Nile Rodgers and released as the first single from the album in March 1993 by Arista Records. While Bowie opted not to tour for the *Black Tie White Noise* album, the song was performed on his 1995–96 Outside Tour and released as part of the live concert *No Trendy Réchauffé (Live Birmingham 95)* (2020). The accompanying music video for "Jump They Say" was directed by Mark Romanek and received heavy rotation on MTV Europe.

## Background and style

The song dealt with Bowie's feelings for his schizophrenic half-brother Terry Burns, who had died by suicide on 16 January 1985 when he walked in front of a train at Coulsdon South railway station, having previously been held in Cane Hill Hospital. Lyrically, the song is loosely based on Burns and Bowie's relationship with and memories of him. Musically, the influence of Nile Rodgers led to a funk-based sound, though the track was also influenced by contemporary jazz, with a solo from avant-jazz trumpeter Lester Bowie.

## Promotion

Released on 15 March 1993 as the lead-off single, "Jump They Say" received a considerable promotional push from Bowie's new label, Savage Records (though Arista Records distributed the package in Europe). A striking video was shot by Mark Romanek, depicting Bowie as a businessman paranoid of his colleagues, who seemingly conduct experiments on him and find him a disturbing influence, forcing him to jump from the roof of the corporate building to his death. The video is heavily influenced by Jean-Luc Godard's 1965 film *Alphaville*, Stanley Kubrick's *A Clockwork Orange* (1971), as well as Chris Marker's film *La Jetée* and Orson Welles' *The Trial* – both from 1962. The uniformed women shown monitoring Bowie through high powered telescopes are an homage to the stewardesses in the Pan-Am space plane in Kubrick's *2001: A Space Odyssey* (1968). The video received heavy rotation on MTV Europe, and was praised by *Entertainment Weekly* after Bowie died in 2016, saying "Bowie is an excellent actor, and this video may be his best character performance in a music video."

## Chart performance

The song, while not Bowie's first release since Tin Machine, was pushed as a comeback single, and reached No. 9 in the UK charts – Bowie's only top 10 single between 1986's "Absolute Beginners" and 2013's "Where Are We Now?".

## Critical reception

Upon the release, Larry Flick from *Billboard* wrote, "Peek into Bowie's first solo album in eons is a kinetic pop/funk throwdown. That incomparable voice wafts over a barrage of jangly guitars, wriggling rhythms, and jolting horns. New collaboration with "Let's Dance" co-producer Nile Rodgers has the potential to meet with similar top 40 approval, although innovative batch of remixes is already shaping up to be a club favorite here and abroad. A most welcome return." Jon Selzer from *Melody Maker* complimented the song as "sophisticated, mock-wayward funk, pretending it's balancing precariously over a tightrope when it's really on solid ground." He added that it's "by far the best thing he's done" since "Let's Dance". Alan Jones from *Music Week* named it Pick of the Week, describing it as "a typical theatrically crooned throwback to his glory days", and adding, "Club-goers will glory in the Brothers In Rhythm/Leftfield mixes which drag it on to the dancefloor." Parry Gettelman from *Orlando Sentinel* felt that jazz trumpet player Lester Bowie's brief entrance "enlivens the otherwise pastel "Jump They Say", which recurs as a remix toward the end of the album." A reviewer from *Philadelphia Inquirer* constated that Bowie "reaffirms his commitment to arty dance-rock", while *Reading Evening Post* complimented the song is "surprisingly good". James Hamilton from the *Record Mirror* Dance Update noted "his droning adenoidal vocal".

In a 2017 retrospective review, Quentin Harrison from Albumism noted that "that romantic energy" from Bowie's marriage to Iman "put a skip in the sonic step of some of the set's darker material", like "Jump They Say". He saw the song lyrically "engage with the personal conflicts that matter to Bowie." Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic remarked the "paranoid jumble" of the song, naming it one of the "moments" from the album, that "are the first in a long time to feel classically Bowie".

## Track listing

## Live performances

Bowie performed the song live on the Arsenio Hall Show in May 1993, and it was performed occasionally on his Outside Tour of 1995–96. A live version of the song was released on the concert album *No Trendy Réchauffé (Live Birmingham 95)* (2020).

## Other releases

The radio edit version has appeared on some editions of the compilations *Bowie: The Singles 1969–1993* (1993), *Best of Bowie* (2002), *Nothing Has Changed* (2014), and *Bowie Legacy* (2016). The Leftfield 12" vocal mix was released on a UK limited release of the single "Little Wonder" in January 1997. The "JAE-E edit" (called "alternate mix") was released as a bonus track on the CD-version of *Black Tie White Noise*. On the bonus disc following the 10th anniversary edition of *Black Tie White Noise*, three remixes of "Jump They Say" appeared: "Rock Mix", "Brothers in Rhythm 12" Remix" and "Dub Oddity".

## Personnel

According to Chris O'Leary:

**Technical**

* David Bowie – producer
* Nile Rodgers – producer
* Jon Goldberger, Gary Tole, Andrew Grassi – engineering

## Charts

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| "Jump They Say" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by David Bowie | |
| from the album  *Black Tie White Noise* | |
| B-side | "Pallas Athena" (Don't Stop Praying mix) |
| Released | 15 March 1993 (1993-03-15) |
| Recorded | April–November 1992 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Progressive house |
| Length | * 4:22 (album version) * 3:53 (radio edit) |
| Label | Arista |
| Songwriter(s) | David Bowie |
| Producer(s) | Nile Rodgers |
| David Bowie singles chronology | |
| "Real Cool World"
(1992) "**Jump They Say**"
(1993) "Black Tie White Noise"
(1993) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Jump They Say" on YouTube | |
|  | |