title: Juni Fisher

abstract:
Juni Fisher is a western and folk singer-songwriter. She has received ten awards from the Western Music Association: the Crescendo Award (2005), Female Performer of the Year, Song of the Year, Songwriter of the Year (2008) and Album of the Year (2009)and Entertainer of the Year (2011). In addition, the Academy of Western Artists named her Female Performer of the Year in 2005.
The National Cowboy Museum awarded Fisher with the coveted Western Heritage "Wrangler Award" in 2009 for Most Outstanding Western Album, making her the first female recipient of that award in the history of the National Cowboy Museum's awards. True West Magazine named her the Most Outstanding Solo Artist of 2012. She was awarded the Western Writers of America Song of the Year in 2014 award for a song she co-wrote with Cowboy Poet Waddie Mitchell.

text:
# Juni Fisher

**Juni Fisher** (born c. 1956) is a western and folk singer-songwriter.

She has received ten awards from the Western Music Association: the Crescendo Award (2005), Female Performer of the Year (2006, 2009, 2011), Song of the Year (2007, 2011, 2013), Songwriter of the Year (2008) and Album of the Year (2009)and Entertainer of the Year (2011). In addition, the Academy of Western Artists named her Female Performer of the Year in 2005. The National Cowboy Museum awarded Fisher with the coveted Western Heritage "Wrangler Award" in 2009 for Most Outstanding Western Album, making her the first female recipient of that award in the history of the National Cowboy Museum's awards. True West Magazine named her the Most Outstanding Solo Artist of 2012. She was awarded the Western Writers of America Song of the Year in 2014 award for a song she co-wrote with Cowboy Poet Waddie Mitchell.

## Biography

Fisher was originally from a farming family in Strathmore, California. Her father was the late Howard Fisher; her mother, Ophelia "Buzz" Fisher, still runs the farm that grows oranges for Sunkist. Juni Fisher now lives in Franklin, Tennessee, to where she moved in 1991.

She began singing while in elementary school, in a trio with her sisters. She started playing guitar at age seven and wrote her first song at age eight. She graduated from Strathmore High School and College of the Sequoias.

She has the highest regard for the Western ballad, which she has described as "a pure form of American folk music". Her musical influences early on included Marty Robbins, Joan Baez and Burl Ives.

She enjoys fly fishing, and riding cutting and reined cow horses in her spare time.

## 2024 Traffic Incident

On February 21, 2024, Juni Fisher was involved in a traffic accident in Porterville, California. According to reports, Fisher failed to stop at a stop sign and collided with a Nissan Sentra at an intersection. The driver of the Sentra, a man from Strathmore, died from injuries sustained in the crash. Fisher walked away with minor injuries.


title: Juni Taisen: Zodiac War

abstract: Juni Taisen: Zodiac War is a Japanese light novel written by Nisio Isin and illustrated by Hikaru Nakamura. It was published by Shueisha on May 19, 2015. It is a prequel to and ends with their one-shot manga titled "The One Wish That Must Be Granted, and the Ninety-nine That Can Be Done Without", published in Weekly Young Jump on January 8, 2015. The novel is licensed by Viz Media, which released an English translation in October 2017. An anime television series adaptation produced by Graphinica aired from October 3 to December 19, 2017. The sequel novel Zodiac War vs Zodiac War was released on December 12, 2017.

text:
# Juni Taisen: Zodiac War

***Juni Taisen: Zodiac War*** (Japanese: 十二大戦, Hepburn: *Jūni Taisen*, lit. "Wars of the Twelve") is a Japanese light novel written by Nisio Isin and illustrated by Hikaru Nakamura. It was published by Shueisha on May 19, 2015. It is a prequel to and ends with their one-shot manga titled "The One Wish That Must Be Granted, and the Ninety-nine That Can Be Done Without", published in *Weekly Young Jump* on January 8, 2015. The novel is licensed by Viz Media, which released an English translation in October 2017. An anime television series adaptation produced by Graphinica aired from October 3 to December 19, 2017. The sequel novel *Zodiac War vs Zodiac War* (十二大戦対十二大戦, *Jūni Taisen Tai Jūni Taisen*) was released on December 12, 2017.

## Plot

In a city of half a million people who have all been removed, twelve of the deadliest warriors with the names and attributes of the Chinese zodiac animals are pitted against each other in the twelfth Zodiac Tournament, which takes place every twelve years. During this rendition, each warrior is asked to swallow one of twelve crystallized poison jewels known as Beast Gems (*Juseki*), which will kill each of the warriors after twelve hours. To be granted any one wish of their choosing, the winner must retrieve all the crystals from the other eleven competitors before the deadline (midnight, December 12). It becomes a ruthless battle where survival is crucial by any means.

## Characters

Characters are listed in the order of the Chinese zodiac.

Tsugiyoshi Sumino (墨野 継義, *Sumino Tsugiyoshi*) / Rat (寝住, *Nezumi*) Voiced by: Shun Horie (Japanese); Daman Mills (English) Rat is a silver-haired teenager who always appears sleepy. He has an ability called "The Hundred Paths of Nezumi-san", which allows him to choose or experience 100 possible realities. His selected path becomes the factual reality; however, the process is mentally exhausting, which explains his sleepy appearance. Additionally, there are situations where none of the routes turn out well for him. He allies with the pacifist Monkey. His way of killing is "killing all". He is the only one in the tournament without a wish. Eiji Kashii (樫井 栄児, *Kashii Eiji*) / Ox (失井, *Ushii*) Voiced by: Yūichirō Umehara (Japanese); Ian Sinclair (English) Ox is a horned man with long black hair who carries a long thin saber called "Goboken". He is regarded as the "Genius of Slaughter", a peerless warrior and one of the tournament's favorites. His way of killing is "killing systematically". Rat never learns Ox's wish as he is only given questions in response. Kanae Aira (姶良 香奈江, *Aira Kanae*) / Tiger (妬良, *Tora*) Voiced by: Hiromi Igarashi (Japanese); Colleen Clinkenbeard (English) Tiger is a young orange-haired woman with a long chain extending from a collar around her neck and a tendency to drink to excess. She is a former martial arts master turned soldier who discovered her bestial drunken fist techniques after a night of despair-driven binge drinking. She encountered Ox years earlier on a battlefield and was influenced by his philosophy. During the tournament, she agrees to a truce with Ox for their mutual benefit. Her way of killing is "killing in a drunken rage". According to Rat, her wish has something to do with meeting Ox again. Rabbit (憂城, *Usagi*) Voiced by: Nobuhiko Okamoto (Japanese); Jerry Jewell (English) Rabbit is a muscular white-haired, psychotic young man who fights with two long knives. He used speed and agility to close in on his opponents. He is also a necromantist who can control the bodies of those he has killed like puppets, whom he calls his "friends". The puppets retain their original abilities. The necromancy also applies to Rabbit himself after his technically self-inflicted death, continuing his efforts to win the match. One of the favorites of the competition. His way of killing is "killing psychotically". According to Rat, his wish is to be "friends" with everyone in the world. Nagayuki Tsumita (積田 長幸, *Tsumita Nagayuki*) / Dragon (断罪兄弟・兄, *Tatsumi Kyōdai Ani*) Voiced by: Takuya Eguchi (Japanese); Clifford Chapin (English) Dragon is the older twin brother of Snake. He can fly using an ability known as "Heaven's Holding" and uses liquid nitrogen in a tank on his back to create a stream of freezing air. He and his brother have the same way of killing, "killing for money". According to Rat, his wish is for money. Takeyasu Tsumita (積田 剛保, *Tsumita Takeyasu*) / Snake (断罪兄弟・弟, *Tatsumi Kyōdai Otōto*) Voiced by: Kohsuke Toriumi (Japanese); Matt Shipman (English) Snake is the younger twin brother of Dragon and uses a flamethrower with a fuel tank on his back. He possesses a radar-like sense by feeling vibrations in the ground around him; this ability is known as "Earth's Guidance". He and his brother have the same way of killing, "killing for money". According to Rat, his wish is for money. Yoshimi Sōma (早間 好実, *Sōma Yoshimi*) / Horse (迂々真, *Ūma*) Voiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa (Japanese); Randy E. Aguebor (English) Horse is a self-proclaimed moderate of enormous stature. He was a soldier who became a warrior after his body was modified with the help of medicine and science to gain incredible strength and developed an impenetrable defensive technique called the "Stirrup". He hopes to ally with Ox during the tournament. His way of killing is "killing silently". According to Rat, his wish is to have talent. Sumihiko Tsujiie (辻家 純彦, *Tsujiie Sumihiko*) / Sheep (必爺, *Hitsujii*) Voiced by: Chō (Japanese); Kenny Green (English) Sheep is a short, older man with horns and a past winner of the tournament. He is a master of explosives and grenades, honed as an arms dealer and smuggler from his younger years. He volunteers to join the present tournament to spare his family despite his low chances of success. His way of killing is "killing deceptively". According to Rat, his wish is for his family to live in peace. Misaki Yūki (柚木 美咲, *Yūki Misaki*) / Monkey (砂粒, *Sharyū*) Voiced by: Saori Hayami (Japanese); Caitlin Glass (English) Monkey is a short-haired, spectacled, young woman. She is a renowned pacifist and mediator, responsible for facilitating countless ceasefires across many battles, but with mixed results for the surviving populations. At the start of the tournament, she proposes a peace agreement; the tournament winner would wish all competitors back to life, so no warrior would have to die permanently. She allies with Rat during the tournament. Monkey possesses the power to transmute any material she touches into another state, such as turning stone into sand. She can use transmutation skills with her unparalleled martial arts and superhuman physical prowess. One of the favorites to win the tournament. Her way of killing is "killing peacefully". Ryōka Niwa (丹羽 遼香, *Niwa Ryōka*) / Chicken (庭取, *Niwatori*) Voiced by: Ayane Sakura (Japanese); Monica Rial (English) Chicken is a young, green-haired woman in a revealing outfit made of feathers. At first, she appears to be a timid individual, but this is later revealed to be a façade to manipulate those around her. She possesses the ability "Eye of the Cormorant", which allows her to communicate with and control birds. During the tournament, she approaches Dog with an alliance to defeat Rabbit and his puppets. Her way of killing is "killing by pecking". According to Rat, her wish is to have confidence. Michio Tsukui (津久井 道雄, *Tsukui Michio*) / Dog (怒突, *Dotsuku*) Voiced by: Tomohiro Nishimura (Japanese); Chuck Huber (English) Dog is a dark-haired man with a canine-like appearance. He can produce deadly poisons for both killing enemies and doping allies. His most prized drug is known as "One Man's Army", giving a huge strength buff to whoever he injects. He also believes he can synthesize an antidote to the poison gem within his body. He agrees to ally with Chicken, although he has little respect for her fighting abilities. His way of killing is "killing by biting". According to Rat, his wish has something to do with his adopted daughter but is never fully revealed. Toshiko Inō (伊能 淑子, *Inō Toshiko*) / Boar (異能肉, *Inōnoshishi*) Voiced by: Yoko Hikasa (Japanese); Stephanie Young (English) Boar is a young, voluptuous, blond-haired woman and the daughter of the previous tournament's winner. Although initially reluctant to kill when she was younger, she earned her position by driving her younger sister to suicide when their father did not choose her for the tournament. She uses twin heavy machine guns with a "Non-reload" ability, giving her unlimited ammunition. Her way of killing is "killing bountifully". According to Rat, her wish is to have a harem of 3.5 billion men. Duedeculpe (ドゥデキャプル, *Dudekyapuru*) Voiced by: Hiroki Yasumoto (Japanese); Mark Stoddard (English) Duodecuple is the mysterious referee whose job is to host and manage the Zodiac Tournament and grant the winner's wish. The tournament is a proxy battle for control of the countries possessed and to control the betting on the outcome. He monitors the tournament in the presence of faceless VIP avatars. When only six warriors remain, the VIPs can begin wagering on individual warriors. When only three warriors remain, they can bet on the outcome.

## Media

### Light novel

Nisio Isin and Hikaru Nakamura wrote and illustrated the novel respectively, which was published by Shueisha on May 19, 2015. Viz Media have licensed the light novel for an English release in 2017. Its light novel sequel was released on December 12, 2017.

A prequel short-story to *Jūni Taisen Tai Jūni Taisen* titled "'Zodiac War vs. Zodiac War' Trailer: Eve of the War" (『十二対大戦対十二大戦』予告編 大戦前夜, *"Jūni Taisen Tai Jūni Taisen" Yokoku-hen Taisen Zen'ya*) was included in the November 2017 issue of *Jump Square* bonus booklet released on October 4, 2017. It was later reprinted in the fourth volume of the manga adaptation.

| No. | Title | Original release date | English release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Juni Taisen: Zodiac War*
*Jūni Taisen* (十二大戦) | May 19, 2015
978-4-08-780755-4 | October 10, 2017
978-1-4215-9750-8 |
| 2 | *Jūni Taisen Tai Jūni Taisen* (十二大戦対十二大戦) | December 12, 2017
978-4-08-703440-0 |  |

### Manga

A one-shot manga titled "The One Wish That Must Be Granted, and the Ninety-nine That Can Be Done Without" (どうしても叶えたいたったひとつの願いと割とそうでもない99の願い, *Dōshitemo Kanaetai Tatta Hitotsu no Negai to Wari to Sō demo Nai 99 no Negai*), published in *Weekly Young Jump* on January 8, 2015.

A manga adaptation by Akira Akatsuki has been announced and was serialized in Shueisha's *Shōnen Jump+* app and website on September 23, 2017. Viz Media started distributing the manga via *Weekly Shonen Jump* on September 23, 2017. It was published until May 12, 2018 and collected into four volumes.

| No. | Original release date | Original ISBN | English release date | English ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | November 2, 2017 | 978-4-08-881270-0 | October 2, 2018 | 978-1-9747-0250-3 |
| 2 | January 4, 2018 | 978-4-08-881328-8 | December 4, 2018 | 978-1-9747-0249-7 |
| 3 | April 4, 2018 | 978-4-08-881371-4 | February 5, 2019 | 978-1-9747-0251-0 |
| 4 | July 4, 2018 | 978-4-08-881418-6 | April 2, 2019 | 978-1-9747-0563-4 |

### Anime

An anime adaptation is produced by Graphinica, with Naoto Hosoda directing, Sadayuki Murai writing scripts, Chikashi Kadekaru designing characters, and Go Shiina composing the music. It aired from October 3 to December 19, 2017. The opening theme is "Rapture" by Panorama Panama Town, while the ending theme is "Keshin no Kemono" (化身の獣) by Do As Infinity. It ran for 12 episodes. Crunchyroll streamed the series. Funimation streamed the series with a simuldub. In Australia and New Zealand, Madman Entertainment is distributing the series, on behalf of Funimation.

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Storyboarded by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Even Boars May Become Pigs After Seven Generations"
Transliteration: "Inoshishi mo Nana Daime ni wa Buta ni Naru" (Japanese: 猪も七代目には豚になる) | Naoto Hosoda | Sadayuki Murai | Naoto Hosoda | October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03) |
| In a city now devoid of people, Boar, with light machine guns akimbo heads towards a central building. As she enters the building, she reminisces about becoming the family's contender in the Zodiac Tournament. At the top, she sees the other contenders, although one, Snake, is already dead. The mysterious referee appears and tells them to swallow the gems of the tournament, containing a poison that will kill them in 12 hours. The winner must retrieve all the gems from the other competitors before the deadline. They will then receive the antidote and make any wish they desire. After he leaves, Monkey suggests that the best way would be to collaborate and for the winner to wish the others back alive, so no one has to die. While some see it as a good idea, Boar thinks it is stupid. The floor suddenly gives way, with the competitors dropping to the lower levels. Boar runs into Rabbit and thinks she can kill him, but she is grabbed from behind by the headless body of Snake, which is controlled by Rabbit, who then stabs her through the heart. She finally realizes Rabbit is a necromancer as she succumbs to the wound. Rabbit reassures her that she will become one of his reanimated "friends". | | | | | | |
| 2 | "Tricks Both Mongrel and Fowl"
Transliteration: "Keimeikutō" (Japanese: 鶏鳴狗盗) | Kōji Kobayashi
Yūsuke Kubo | Tetsuya Yamada | Naoto Hosoda
Yūsuke Kubo | October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) |
| After killing her, Rabbit retrieves the gem inside Boar's body. Meanwhile, Monkey and Rat form a loose alliance and head underground while the other contestants plan their respective strategies. Rabbit now has the reanimated Snake and Boar under his control. Boar openly walks the streets acting as a possible decoy to lure out other Zodiac Warriors. Meanwhile, Dog confidently believes his body can generate an antidote to the poison giving him an advantage. He meets up with Chicken, whom he thinks will be a convenient but expendable short-term ally as she can monitor the others by using her ability to control birds. Dog bites Chicken to enhance her physical and mental capabilities to combat Boar and Snake. However, Chicken instead preemptively kills Dog by crushing his skull. In the underground, Horse meets Ox, who immediately goes on the attack. | | | | | | |
| 3 | "Cutting a Chicken with a Beef Cleaver"
Transliteration: "Gyūtō o Motte Niwatori o Saku" (Japanese: 牛刀をもって鶏を裂く) | Ryūta Ono | Tatsuya Takahashi | Ryūta Ono | October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17) |
| As Chicken retrieves the gem from inside Dog's body, she recalls her earlier life as an abused child who killed her parents. She suffered from severe amnesia but showed an ability to communicate with birds. The Niwa family then took her in, which turned her into a killer who carried out their instructions without conscience. In the present, she instructs her birds to attack Boar. Although many are killed, they eventually prevail and devour her body. In the subway tunnel, Ox relentlessly attacks Horse, who has extremely durable skin. Chicken meets Rat in a convenience store, who offers to take her to Monkey. Chicken follows him into the underground sewers, calculating when she should make a move to kill them. Still, she is uncertain of Monkey's motives. Eventually, she leaves, wondering why she did not kill them. She realizes that the enhanced power from Dog's bite has enhanced her emotions along with her mind and body, making her more sensitive. As she walks, engrossed in her thoughts, she encounters a blood-stained Ox. Chicken considers fleeing the scene, knowing there is a little chance against the unrivaled Ox. However, Dog's poison twists her logic to fight him directly. Ox then quickly kills her, retrieving both Chicken and Dog's gems. As she dies, she permits her birds to feed on her body. | | | | | | |
| 4 | "The Enemy, a Noble Primate"
Transliteration: "Teki mo Saru Mono, Hikkaku Mono" (Japanese: 敵もさる者、ひっかく者) | Tomoyuki Kurokawa | Noboru Takagi | Naoto Hosoda | October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24) |
| Sharyu the Monkey is shown training to transmute substances between physical states to split a huge rock before she leaves the monkey society, vowing to use her powers for good. In the present, Rat tells Monkey that Chicken is probably dead, her resolve weakened by Monkey's optimistic attitude. Monkey still plans to end the war between the warriors. Still, Rat is much more cynical and is not interested in saving what he believes are worthless lives. A flashback shows Monkey successfully negotiating a ceasefire between two warring countries where she appealed to the soldiers themselves. Yet, her solution was short-lived, and the fighting and deaths continued. Rat still believes peace is futile and suggests she use her powers to stop the war. Although she has witnessed countless deaths and atrocities, she still pursues peace. As she muses, she and Rat are attacked by a flock of birds and head to the surface, where Rabbit and the headless Snake confront them and prepare to fight. | | | | | | |
| 5 | "A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing"
Transliteration: "Hitsuji no Kawa o Kabutta Ōkami" (Japanese: 羊の皮をかぶった狼) | Kazuya Miura | Tetsuya Yamada
Sadayuki Murai | Kazuya Miura | October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) |
| Duedeculpe explains the nature of the Zodiac Tournament to faceless VIP avatars as he updates them on the contestants' progress and their relative prospects of victory. The warriors remaining with gems in order of strength are Ox, Rabbit, Monkey, Sheep, Horse, Rat, and Tiger. Hiding out, Sheep considers his strategy the best, proven by his previous victory. He recalls his past as a young arms dealer and warrior with a special skill in explosives. He married into the family of one of his close clients, and after he won the tournament, he was granted his wish to have a grandson. He vows that he will also take out the other warriors if he loses the tournament. Craftily, he did not swallow his poisonous gem, which gave him an advantage. Meanwhile, Rabbit attacks Monkey, but she can dodge and repel his attacks while trying to convince him to join her so that they all survive. He just ignores her and uses Chicken's vicious birds to attack Monkey as well. Meanwhile, Ox finds Sheep, who barely escapes, leaving an explosive booby trap behind. Horse is still alive but wounded and emerges from the underground, shocked by Ox's attacks. The headless Snake pursues Rat with a flamethrower, and Rat finally realizes that Snake uses the sound of his movement to follow him. Sheep comes across a drunken Tiger in a park, considering her a minor threat until she easily detects his concealed presence. | | | | | | |
| 6 | "Even a Champion Racehorse May Stumble"
Transliteration: "Senri no Uma mo Ketsumazuku" (Japanese: 千里の馬も蹴躓く) | Hiroshi Hara | Sadayuki Murai | Hiroshi Hara
Yūsuke Kubo | November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07) |
| Against his better judgment, Sheep realizes he may have to fight the extremely drunken Tiger sooner rather than later. Meanwhile, each fighter pursues their agenda. Headless Snake pursues Rat while Monkey continues to fight Rabbit. Rabbit, although strong, seems to lack martial arts skills, but using Snake's head placed in a tree to track her movements, he manages to kill Monkey with his twin swords. As Sheep plans his move, Tiger suddenly strikes, killing him and removing his gem before he even realizes what happened. Duedeculpe declares only six warriors remain, and the VIP avatars begin to place their bets. As he hides out in a bank vault, Horse thinks back to how he was almost destroyed in a fall from a cliff as a soldier. After his body was modified to gain incredible strength and virtually impenetrable skin, he became a warrior. Suddenly he hears Rat next to him, who says that Monkey is dead along with her peace proposal. After warning that Snake may be following him, he leaves Horse alone. As Horse is caught up in his own thoughts of how to survive, he realizes that Snake has set the building on fire, starving him of oxygen, and he dies in the inferno. | | | | | | |
| 7 | "In Like a Dragon, Out Like a Snake (Part 1)"
Transliteration: "Ryūtōdabi (Senkō)" (Japanese: 竜頭蛇尾(先攻)) | Shintarō Dōge | Tetsuya Yamada | Shintarō Dōge | November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14) |
| In a flashback to the start of the Zodiac Tournament, Snake and Dragon enter the central building, assuming that with their teamwork, they cannot lose. Snake and Dragon were thieves chosen by their clans to be tournament representatives in the past, warning them that only one could be the victor. Back at the start of the tournament, they meet Rabbit, who appears harmless, but suddenly decapitates Snake while the twins discuss the situation. Back in the present, Rabbit's puppet Monkey finds Horse, but his gem is already gone, and she drags his body back to Rabbit. Meanwhile, Tiger encounters the headless Snake. She severs his arm and relieves him of his tank of alcohol which she promptly starts drinking. Snake seems immobilized, so she walks off, but Ox arrives and severs Snake's other arm. Tiger faces off against Ox, but suddenly Snake's severed arms grab them by their throats and begin to choke them. Ox proposes to Tiger that they temporarily set aside the tournament and have their own duel. When she agrees, he uses his sword to create a spark, igniting the alcoholic foam dripping from her mouth and setting Snake's arm on fire. | | | | | | |
| 8 | "In Like a Dragon, Out Like a Snake (Part 2)"
Transliteration: "Ryūtōdabi (Kōkō)" (Japanese: 竜頭蛇尾(後攻)) | Yutaka Kagawa
Kiyoto Nakajima | Tetsuya Yamada | Ryōtarō Makihara | November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21) |
| Dragon watches as Snake's severed arms strangle Ox and Tiger. In a flashback, Dragon and Snake are being tried for crimes that damage the prestige of the twelve houses. Both sides engaged them in a deal involving criminals supplying orphans to a pharmaceutical research facility for illegal experimental drugs. However, they decided to betray their clients and take all the money themselves, destroying the facility and killing everyone inside. They also accepted money to destroy surviving witnesses. Although they sometimes distributed the fortunes, they stole to the poor, their good intentions often backfired, making the gestures quite hollow. After being acquitted of the crimes due to Dragon's convincing arguments as a defense attorney, they were chosen as representatives for the Zodiac Tournament. Back in the present, Ox's strategy of burning Snake's severed arms is effective, and he and Tiger are freed. Ox then realizes that burning is the only way to stop Rabbit's zombie puppets. Meanwhile, Dragon plans a fitting memorial service for his younger brother Snake. | | | | | | |
| 9 | "The Man Who Chases Two Rabbits Catches Neither"
Transliteration: "Nito Ou Mono wa Itto Mo e Zu" (Japanese: 二兎追うものは一兎も得ず) | Kōji Kobayashi
Naoki Ao | Tatsuya Takahashi | Naoki Ao | November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28) |
| As Dragon floats high above the warriors engaged below, Rabbit's puppet Monkey throws Snake's head towards him. This distracts him long enough for Rabbit to jump up and slice him in half, leaving only three other warriors alive, Rat, Ox, and Tiger. In a flashback, Tiger Kanae is chosen at her family's Aira-style martial arts dojo at the representative to go out and fight as a warrior fulfilling their philosophy. However, she found that the battlefield was not a place of righteous battle and honor but a killing field and sought relief in alcohol. She then discovered her abilities were stronger on all fours like a tiger, making her an even more effective, unstoppable warrior. Back in the present, Ox and Tiger, completely unused to planning, realize that they need a way to stop Rabbit's puppets, who have been cut to pieces. Ox hints to Tiger that Dragon's liquid coolant tank may be the key. As the fight begins with Rabbit's puppets, Tiger takes Dragon's tank and bursts it, freezing their adversaries. Rabbit then emerges from the shadows, but without his puppets, he is easily cut down by Ox and Tiger. Tiger then prepares for her postponed duel with Ox. | | | | | | |
| 10 | "A Tiger May Die, but It Leaves Its Skin"
Transliteration: "Tora wa Shin de Kawa o Nokosu" (Japanese: 虎は死んで皮を残す) | Takaaki Ishiyama
Akiko Nakano | Tatsuya Takahashi | Ryōtarō Makihara
Keiichi Sugiyama | December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05) |
| In the past, Tiger Kanae was surrounded by troops in snowy city streets, too drunk and cold to fight. Ox appears on the scene, kills the troops, and rescues her, not knowing who she is. She is impressed by his simple but natural philosophy that doing the right thing is just a choice followed by action, inspiring her to focus on her physical training. At the start of the Zodiac Tournament, she was angry that Ox did not remember her from the past since he had such a big influence on her life. Back in the present, Rabbit's severed arms holding a sword attack Ox. Without thinking, Tiger pushes him out of the way and is stabbed instead, even though she reasons that Ox would have been able to defend himself. Rabbit and his puppet's body parts attack Ox and he flees, taking the mortally wounded Tiger with him. Rather than die by Rabbit's hand and become a puppet, she asks Ox to kill her, and he agrees, but only as a result of a duel. Ox asks Tiger if they met before and has a grudge against him, but she responds that she dislikes brooding types like him. | | | | | | |
| 11 | "To Treat a Man to Beef from His Own Cow"
Transliteration: "Hito no Gobō de Hōji Suru" (Japanese: 人の牛蒡で法事する) | Yūsuke Kubo | Sadayuki Murai | Yūsuke Kubo | December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12) |
| Ox finds himself unusually affected by the death of Tiger and contemplates the nature of the Zodiac Tournament and Rabbit's attempt to win even after his own death. He realizes his saber will be ineffective against Rabbit, who can only be stopped by incinerated. A reanimated Rabbit, combined with the body parts of the warriors he killed, approaches Ox. Ox slices Rabbit but is unexpectedly attacked and pinned down by a reanimated Monkey so that Rabbit can kill Ox himself. As Ox is about to give up, Rat arrives at the scene. Using Sheep's explosives, Rat destroys the remaining competitors, becoming the winner. Rat presents the eleven gems from the other fallen warriors to Duedeculpe and is then asked to recount his tournament experience. He is reluctant to discuss it and decides to leave; however, he has multiple visions of being killed if he does and realizes that he is trapped. Rat explains that he can simulate a hundred scenarios before taking action. He further adds that luck still plays a part even with this seemingly invincible power. Following the interview, he leaves the building. | | | | | | |
| 12 | "The One Wish That Must Be Granted, and the Ninety-nine That Can Be Done Without"
Transliteration: "Dōshitemo Kanaetai Tatta Hitotsu no Negai to Wari to Sō demo Nai 99 no Negai" (Japanese: どうしても叶えたいたったひとつの願いと割とそうでもない99の願い) | Kōji Kobayashi | Sadayuki Murai | Naoto Hosoda | December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19) |
| With the city returned to normal, Rat goes back to school. He contemplates his wish as the winner of the Zodiac Tournament but has no idea what he should wish for. He thinks about his discussions with the other tournament participants and their wishes, often surprised by their answers. He realizes that he is the one person in the tournament without a wish. For him, thinking of a wish is like seeing multiple visions of the future and the hundred wishes that he thinks of; each one has an upside and a downside. Finally, confronted by Duedeculpe to decide, he wishes to forget anything related to the tournament. He returns to school the following day, sitting at his desk and dozing off as usual. However, another student remarks that he appears fulfilled as if he does not want anything in the world. | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Juni Taisen: Zodiac War | |
| --- | --- |
| Light novel cover | |
| 十二大戦 | |
| Manga | |
| *Dōshitemo Kanaetai Tatta Hitotsu no Negai to Wari to Sō demo Nai 99 no Negai* | |
| Written by | Nisio Isin |
| Illustrated by | Hikaru Nakamura |
| Published by | Shueisha |
| Magazine | *Weekly Young Jump* |
| Demographic | *Seinen* |
| Published | January 8, 2015 |
| Light novel | |
| *Jūni Taisen* | |
| Written by | Nisio Isin |
| Illustrated by | Hikaru Nakamura |
| Published by | Shueisha |
| English publisher |  |
| Imprint | Jump J-Books |
| Demographic | Male |
| Published | May 19, 2015 |
| Manga | |
| *Jūni Taisen* | |
| Written by | Nisio Isin |
| Illustrated by | Akira Akatsuki |
| Published by | Shueisha |
| English publisher | * NA: Viz Media |
| Imprint | Shonen Jump |
| Magazine | *Shōnen Jump+* |
| Demographic | *Shōnen* |
| Original run | September 23, 2017May 12, 2018 |
| Volumes | 4 |
| Anime television series | |
| Directed by | Naoto Hosoda |
| Produced by | Mika Shimizu
Tomoyuki Ōwada
Hiroshi Kamei
Gaku Nakagawa
Yoshiyuki Shioya
Gōta Aijima
Kōtarō Horiguchi
Ryōichi Ishibashi
Kazuto Matsumura |
| Written by | Sadayuki Murai |
| Music by | Go Shiina |
| Studio | Graphinica |
| Licensed by |  |
| Original network | AT-X, MBS, Tokyo MX, BS11 |
| Original run | October 3, 2017  December 19, 2017 |
| Episodes | 12 |
| Light novel | |
| *Jūni Taisen Tai Jūni Taisen* | |
| Written by | Nisio Isin |
| Illustrated by | Hikaru Nakamura |
| Published by | Shueisha |
| Imprint | Jump J-Books |
| Demographic | Male |
| Published | December 12, 2017 |


title: Promoting adversaries

abstract: Promoting adversaries refers to an unofficiated self-organizing tactical relationship between opposing organizations, in which both opposing sides benefit by attacking each other. The relationship typically relies on either side never fully defeating the other, because the whole time their 'conflict' helps both sides. Promoting adversaries requires neither side to be finally defeated throughout the relationship, because both sides actually prefer the relationship to continue and thus both sides to keep existing and fighting each other.

text:
# Promoting adversaries

**Promoting adversaries** refers to an unofficiated self-organizing tactical relationship between opposing organizations, in which both opposing sides benefit by attacking each other. The relationship typically relies on either side never fully defeating the other, because the whole time their 'conflict' helps both sides (while each side also simultaneously takes occasional 'acceptable' losses). Promoting adversaries requires neither side to be finally defeated throughout the relationship, because both sides actually prefer the relationship to continue and thus both sides to keep existing and fighting each other.

## In military, politics, and economics

Promoting adversaries works within a tendency where those opposed are increasingly polarized. When the tactic is used, it has the effect of making those involved in the relationship even more extreme than they were to begin with. Fundamentalist groups become more fanatical, and nations, agencies, militaries, and political parties become more repressive and authoritarian as the promotion of adversaries drags on.

It is argued by some that the modern-day guerrilla tactic of suicide bombing emerged from conditions in which one or more *promoting adversaries* relationships developed.

In George Orwell's book *Nineteen Eighty-Four*, with typical or worse than typical command-economy style technological and industrial incompetence, the three remaining superpowers left in the world use high-intensity conventional total war against each other indefinitely. What reason, if any, they have for doing so is not quite clear. It could simply be for conquest and *Realpolitik* in international relations. At first it appears to be for some sort of propaganda purpose, using the desperation and nationalism of the war to preserve some trace of persuasiveness of the propaganda in favor of their policies. However, that is not necessarily their actual strategy because they have deliberately made their propaganda even more utterly unconvincing than it already is; they make sure that the population is constantly exposed to obvious historical revision and introductions to Goldstein's political views for the sake of testing the population to provoke any potential dissidents into dissenting so that potential dissidents can be caught. The superpowers consider using nuclear weapons against each other's cities not for retaliation, but for conquest, but they decide to wait until they are "ready." That likely means that they do not yet consider it acceptable to finally destroy one another, perhaps because they are promoting adversaries.

The tactic is dynamically similar to certain publicity techniques and so can be used by individuals and products seeking to gain or concentrate power or wealth as well.

Some examples include:

That applies aspects of manufactured conflict for ratings purposes on many television reality shows.

The promotion of adversaries has also been parodied most recently by Stephen Colbert on *The Colbert Report* in which Stephen's brand of Ben & Jerry's ice cream (*AmeriCone Dream*) is pitted against Willie Nelson's brand of Ben & Jerry's ice cream (*Country Peach Cobbler*). Of course, the public conflict generates advertising for both products, which are owned by the same company.

A similar concept is a frenemy.

* Hage, Rawi (21 July 2006). "The Killing Formula". Maclean's. Archived from the original on 2007-03-17.


title: Pseudohermonassa tenuicula

abstract: Pseudohermonassa tenuicula, known generally as the Morrison's sooty dart or hair-pin dart, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Pseudohermonassa tenuicula is 10951.

text:
# Pseudohermonassa tenuicula

***Pseudohermonassa tenuicula***, known generally as the **Morrison's sooty dart** or **hair-pin dart**, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Pseudohermonassa tenuicula* is 10951.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Pseudohermonassa tenuicula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Tribe: | Noctuini |
| Subtribe: | Noctuina |
| Genus: | *Pseudohermonassa* |
| Species: | ***P. tenuicula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudohermonassa tenuicula***<br>(Morrison, 1874) | |
|


title: Justo Somonte Iturrioz

abstract: Justo Diego Somonte Iturrioz was a Spanish pharmacist and politician who served as the mayor of Bilbao from 1923 to 1924.

text:
# Justo Somonte Iturrioz

**Justo Diego Somonte Iturrioz** (15 August 1891 - 14 February 1954) was a Spanish pharmacist and politician who served as the mayor of Bilbao from 1923 to 1924.

## Biography

Somonte Iturrioz came from a family of pharmacists. *Farmacia Pariza*, a local pharmacy, was founded by his grandfather Justo Somonte Martínez, who was awarded by the Bilbao City Council with the title *Ilustres bilbaínos y bilbaínas* (lit.'Illustrious Bilbao person') in 2007.

Somonte Iturrioz presided over the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in Bilbao and was mayor of the city for five months, starting from 1 October 1923, succeeding Mariano Arostegui Ugarriza, until February 26, 1924, when he was dismissed by the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and replaced by Federico Moyúa Salazar.

During the Second Spanish Republic, he participated in the Revolution of 1934 and had to go into exile in France. When the Spanish Civil War broke out, he was appointed by the Basque government as the head of health in the north and the political commissar of Euzko Gudarostea. Later, he was also commissioner of various logistics units in Catalonia. After the war, he embarked on his way to Mexico in exile, he arrived in Veracruz on 27 July 1939. In Mexico, he worked in laboratories and founded an asphalt factory.

## InfoBox

| Justo Somonte Iturrioz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mayor of Bilbao | |
| **In office**
1 October 1923  26 February 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Mariano Arostegui Ugarriza |
| Succeeded by | Federico Moyúa Salazar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 15 August 1891
Bilbao, Spain |
| Died | 14 February 1954 (aged 62)
Mexico City, Mexico |
| Political party | PSOE |
| Occupation | Pharmacist, politician |
| Military service | |
| Unit | Euzko Gudarostea |
| Battles/wars | Spanish Civil War |
|  | |


title: Junkyard Nostalgias

abstract: Junkyard Nostalgias is the fourth album by Norwegian pop/experimental singer-songwriter Kaada. It was the second album by Kaada not to be released by Ipecac Recordings — instead, it was released by his own label, Kaada Recordings. The album comes with eleven postcards depicting Polish landscapes.

text:
# Junkyard Nostalgias

***Junkyard Nostalgias*** is the fourth album by Norwegian pop/experimental singer-songwriter Kaada. It was the second album by Kaada not to be released by Ipecac Recordings (the first being *MECD*) — instead, it was released by his own label, Kaada Recordings.

The album comes with eleven postcards depicting Polish landscapes.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Kaada

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "A Day and a Night and a Day" | 4:36 |
| 2. | "Truth Serum" | 4:00 |
| 3. | "Ode to the Old Flesh" | 4:21 |
| 4. | "Hammering Down the Nails" | 3:06 |
| 5. | "Dragging an Ox" | 4:14 |
| 6. | "Marja Dalia, the Polska Bogini" | 3:35 |
| 7. | "Broken Horse Restaurant" | 4:13 |
| 8. | "Late Bloomer Gipsiara" | 4:01 |
| 9. | "The Hermetic Bird" | 3:50 |
| 10. | "All the Things That Grow Old and Pass Away" | 3:21 |
| 11. | "We Salute You, Polish Working Man" | 5:12 |
| Total length: | | 43:32 |

## InfoBox

| Junkyard Nostalgias | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kaada | |
| Released | February 23, 2009 |
| Genre | Instrumental pop, alternative rock, experimental |
| Length | 43:32 |
| Label | Kaada Recordings
(KAAA-016) |
| Producer | Kaada |
| Kaada chronology | |
| *Music for Moviebikers*
(2006) ***Junkyard Nostalgias***
(2009) | |


title: Junkyard tornado

abstract: The junkyard tornado, sometimes known as Hoyle's fallacy, is a fallacious argument formulated by Fred Hoyle against Earth-based abiogenesis and in favor of panspermia. The junkyard tornado argument has been taken out of its original context by theists to argue for intelligent design, and has since become a mainstay in the rejection of evolution by religious groups, even though Fred Hoyle declared himself an atheist, and even though the junkyard tornado argument is considered a fallacy in its original context of Earth-based abiogenesis vs. panspermia. The junkyard tornado argument uses a calculation of the probability of abiogenesis based on false assumptions, as comparable to "a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein" and to compare the chance of obtaining even a single functioning protein by chance combination of amino acids to a solar system full of blind men solving Rubik's Cubes simultaneously. It was used originally by English astronomer Fred Hoyle (1915–2001) in his book The Intelligent Universe, where he tried to apply statistics to evolution and the origin of life. Similar reasoning were advanced in Darwin's time, and indeed as long ago as Cicero in classical antiquity. Hoyle's fallacy contradicts many well-established and widely tested principles in the field of evolutionary biology. As the fallacy argues, the odds of the sudden construction of higher lifeforms are indeed improbable. However, what the junkyard tornado postulation fails to take into account is the vast amount of support that evolution proceeds in many smaller stages, each driven by natural selection rather than by random chance, over a long period of time. The Boeing 747 was not designed in a single unlikely burst of creativity, just as modern lifeforms were not constructed in one single unlikely event, as the junkyard tornado scenario suggests. The theory of evolution has been studied and tested extensively by numerous researchers and scientists and is the most scientifically accurate explanation for the origins of complex life.

text:
# Junkyard tornado

The **junkyard tornado**, sometimes known as **Hoyle's fallacy**, is a fallacious argument formulated by Fred Hoyle against Earth-based abiogenesis and in favor of panspermia. The junkyard tornado argument has been taken out of its original context by theists to argue for intelligent design, and has since become a mainstay in the rejection of evolution by religious groups, even though Fred Hoyle declared himself an atheist, and even though the junkyard tornado argument is considered a fallacy in its original context of Earth-based abiogenesis vs. panspermia.

The junkyard tornado argument uses a calculation of the probability of abiogenesis based on false assumptions, as comparable to "a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein" and to compare the chance of obtaining even a single functioning protein by chance combination of amino acids to a solar system full of blind men solving Rubik's Cubes simultaneously. It was used originally by English astronomer Fred Hoyle (1915–2001) in his book *The Intelligent Universe*, where he tried to apply statistics to evolution and the origin of life. Similar reasoning were advanced in Darwin's time, and indeed as long ago as Cicero in classical antiquity.

Hoyle's fallacy contradicts many well-established and widely tested principles in the field of evolutionary biology. As the fallacy argues, the odds of the sudden construction of higher lifeforms are indeed improbable. However, what the junkyard tornado postulation fails to take into account is the vast amount of support that evolution proceeds in many smaller stages, each driven by natural selection rather than by random chance, over a long period of time. The Boeing 747 was not designed in a single unlikely burst of creativity, just as modern lifeforms were not constructed in one single unlikely event, as the junkyard tornado scenario suggests.

The theory of evolution has been studied and tested extensively by numerous researchers and scientists and is the most scientifically accurate explanation for the origins of complex life.

## Hoyle's statement

According to Fred Hoyle's analysis, the probability of obtaining all of life's approximate 2000 enzymes in a random trial is about one-in-1040,000:

> Life cannot have had a random beginning … The trouble is that there are about two thousand enzymes, and the chance of obtaining them all in a random trial is only one part in 1040,000, an outrageously small probability that could not be faced even if the whole universe consisted of organic soup.

His junkyard analogy:

> The chance that higher life forms might have emerged in this way is comparable to the chance that a tornado sweeping through a junkyard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein.

This echoes his stance, reported elsewhere:

> Life as we know it is, among other things, dependent on at least 2000 different enzymes. How could the blind forces of the primal sea manage to put together the correct chemical elements to build enzymes?

Hoyle used this to argue in favor of panspermia, that the origin of life on Earth was from preexisting life in space.

## History and reception

The junkyard tornado derives from arguments most popular in the 1920s, prior to the modern evolutionary synthesis, which are rejected by evolutionary biologists. A preliminary step is to establish that the phase space containing some biological entity (such as humans, working cells, or the eye) is enormous, something not contentious. The argument is then to infer from the huge size of the phase space that the probability that the entity could appear by chance is exceedingly low, ignoring the key process involved, natural selection.

Sometimes, arguments invoking the junkyard tornado analogy also invoke the universal probability bound, which claims that highly improbable events do not occur. It is refuted by the fact that if *all* possible outcomes of a natural process are highly improbable when taken individually, then one of the highly improbable outcomes is certain. The true law being referenced is actually the Strong Law of large numbers, but creationists have taken a simple statement made by Borel in books written late in his life concerning probability theory and called this statement Borel's Law.

The calculation of the probability ignores natural selection and falsely assumes that there is discrete uniform distribution. The junkyard tornado is also applied to cellular biochemistry. This is comparable to the older infinite monkey theorem but instead of the works of William Shakespeare, the claim is that the probability that a protein molecule could achieve a functional sequence of amino acids is too low to be realised by chance alone. The argument conflates the difference between the complexity that arises from living organisms that are able to reproduce themselves (and as such may evolve under natural selection to become better adapted and perhaps more complex over time) with the complexity of inanimate objects, unable to pass on any reproductive changes (such as the multitude of manufactured parts in a Boeing 747). The comparison breaks down because of this important distinction.

According to Ian Musgrave in *Lies, Damned Lies, Statistics, and Probability of Abiogenesis Calculations*:

> These people, including Fred, have committed one or more of the following errors.
>
> 1. They calculate the probability of the formation of a "modern" protein, or even a complete bacterium with all "modern" proteins, by random events. This is not the abiogenesis theory at all.
> 2. They assume that there is a fixed number of proteins, with fixed sequences for each protein, that are required for life.
> 3. They calculate the probability of sequential trials, rather than simultaneous trials.
> 4. They misunderstand what is meant by a probability calculation.
> 5. They underestimate the number of functional enzymes/ribozymes present in a group of random sequences.

The junkyard tornado argument is rejected by evolutionary biologists as based on false assumptions, since "no biologist imagines that complex structures arise in a single step", as John Maynard Smith put it. Evolutionary biology explains how complex cellular structures evolved by analysing the intermediate steps required for precellular life. It is these intermediate steps that are omitted in creationist arguments, which is the cause of their overestimating of the improbability of the entire process.

Hoyle's argument is a mainstay of pseudosciences like creation science and intelligent design. Richard Dawkins described it as a fallacy in his book *The God Delusion*, arguing that the existence of God, who under theistic uses of Hoyle's argument is implicitly responsible for the origin of life, defies probability far more than does the spontaneous origin of life even given Hoyle's assumptions. Dawkins describes God as the Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit, an argument that philosopher Alvin Plantinga criticised by questioning Dawkins' contention that God is necessarily complex.


title: Protea repens

abstract: Protea repens, known as the common sugarbush and in Afrikaans as the suikerbossie, is an erect shrub growing in the southern Cape Provinces of South Africa. This species is relatively adaptable and variable and can be found growing widely in various soils. Due to its showy flowers and adaptability, it is a popular subject for use in wildlife gardens in South Africa.

text:
# Protea repens

***Protea repens***, known as the **common sugarbush** and in Afrikaans as the **suikerbossie**, is an erect shrub growing in the southern Cape Provinces of South Africa. This species is relatively adaptable and variable and can be found growing widely in various soils. Due to its showy flowers and adaptability, it is a popular subject for use in wildlife gardens in South Africa.

## Etymology

The name of the plant family Proteaceae as well as the genus *Protea*, both to which *P. repens* belongs to, derive from the name of the Greek god Proteus, a deity that was able to change between many forms. This is an appropriate image, seeing as both the family and the genus are known for their astonishing variety and diversity of flowers and leaves.

The specific epithet *repens* means 'creeping', a case of mistaken identity, where Linnaeus used two different illustrated plates to describe the species: one was of *P. repens*, and the other showed a dwarf creeping plant of a different species.

## Description

*Protea repens* is a dense shrub growing between 1 and 4 metres (3 ft 3 in and 13 ft 1 in) in height. The inflorescences, ranging in colour from deep red to a creamy white, are borne at the end of the branch, often nestled between two growing branchlets.

## Habitat

This species grows widely in fynbos on a variety of soils. Like many other *Protea* species, *P. repens* is adapted to an environment in which bushfires are essential for reproduction and regeneration. Most *Protea* species can be placed in one of two broad groups according to their response to fire: *reseeders* are killed by fire, but fire also triggers the release of their canopy seed bank, thus promoting recruitment of the next generation; *resprouters* survive fire, resprouting from a lignotuber or, more rarely, epicormic buds protected by thick bark. *P. repens* is a reseeder, where its life cycle depends on its seeds which may have been stored underground by ants or remained on the old flowerheads.

## Ecology

This species' large showy inflorescences are pollinated by both nectarivorous birds and insects, such as the Cape Honeybee.

## Cultivation and human uses

Due to the large amount of nectar it produces, people have historically boiled down this nectar to make a syrup called *bossiestroop*.

This species is hardy to zone (UK) 9 and is frost tender.

## InfoBox

| *Protea repens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Growing wild in fynbos habitat | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | *Protea* |
| Species: | ***P. repens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protea repens***
(L.) L. | |
|


title: Protea scabriuscula

abstract: Protea scabriuscula, also known as the hoary sugarbush or gray sugarbush, is a flowering shrub, endemic to the southwestern Cape Region of South Africa. The species was first described by Edwin Percy Phillips in 1910. This plant grows in the form of a bush, which can reach up to 50 cm tall. Its leaves are narrow, and range in size from 0.5 to 2 cm wide. The small flowerhead only grows up to 6 cm across. The plants' dense stems form a round, cushion-like clump. Protea scabriuscula is endemic to the Western Cape province of South Africa. Its range is limited to a few localised areas in this province. Specifically, the plant has been observed only on the high Matroosberg in the Hex River Mountains and on the peaks of the Koue Bokkeveld Mountains. It prefers a fynbos habitat. It is usually found on sandstone-derived soils, although sometimes on those based on quartzite. The population was believed to be stable by the South African National Biodiversity Institute in 2019. This institute has assessed the conservation status as 'least concern' first in 2009, later again in 2019.

text:
# Protea scabriuscula

***Protea scabriuscula***, also known as the **hoary sugarbush** or **gray sugarbush**, is a flowering shrub, endemic to the southwestern Cape Region of South Africa.

The species was first described by Edwin Percy Phillips in 1910.

This plant grows in the form of a bush, which can reach up to 50 cm (20 in) tall. Its leaves are narrow, and range in size from 0.5 to 2 cm wide. The small flowerhead only grows up to 6 cm across. The plants' dense stems form a round, cushion-like clump.

*Protea scabriuscula* is endemic to the Western Cape province of South Africa. Its range is limited to a few localised areas in this province. Specifically, the plant has been observed only on the high Matroosberg in the Hex River Mountains and on the peaks of the Koue Bokkeveld Mountains.

It prefers a fynbos habitat. It is usually found on sandstone-derived soils, although sometimes on those based on quartzite.

The population was believed to be stable by the South African National Biodiversity Institute in 2019. This institute has assessed the conservation status as 'least concern' first in 2009, later again in 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Protea scabriuscula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | *Protea* |
| Species: | ***P. scabriuscula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protea scabriuscula***
E.Phillips | |
|


title: Prusy-Boškůvky

abstract: Prusy-Boškůvky is a municipality in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.

text:
# Prusy-Boškůvky

**Prusy-Boškůvky** is a municipality in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.

## Administrative parts

The municipality is made up of the villages of Boškůvky and Moravské Prusy and of the hamlet of Zouvalka.

## Geography

Prusy-Boškůvky is located about 5 kilometres (3 mi) southeast of Vyškov and 32 km (20 mi) east of Brno. It lies in an agricultural landscape in the Litenčice Hills. The highest point is at 355 m (1,165 ft) above sea level. The brook Pruský potok flows through the municipality.

## History

The first written mention of Prusy is from 1349. Boškůvky was first mentioned in 1465. Moravské Prusy and Boškůvky were merged into one municipality in 1964. Zouvalka was an administrative part of Vyškov in 1964–2016. Since 1 January 2017, it has been a part of Prusy-Boškůvky.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1869 514       1880 602 +17.1%  1890 698 +15.9%  1900 681 −2.4%  1910 799 +17.3% | Year Pop. ±%  1921 892 +11.6%  1930 849 −4.8%  1950 838 −1.3%  1961 837 −0.1%  1970 754 −9.9% | Year Pop. ±%  1980 684 −9.3%  1991 604 −11.7%  2001 589 −2.5%  2011 636 +8.0%  2021 632 −0.6% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality, however, the D1 motorway from Brno to Ostrava passes north of Prusy-Boškůvky just outside the municipal territory.

## Sights

The main landmark is the Church of Saint George, located in Moravské Prusy. It is a valuable Baroque building dating from 1733. The author of the basic concept of the building was the architect Domenico Martinelli.

## InfoBox

| Prusy-Boškůvky | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| View of Boškůvky | |
|  | |
| Prusy-BoškůvkyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°15′10″N 17°3′32″E / 49.25278°N 17.05889°E / 49.25278; 17.05889 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Moravian |
| District | Vyškov |
| First mentioned | 1349 |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.73 km2 (2.98 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 265 m (869 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 675 |
| Density | 87/km2 (230/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 683 27 |
| Website | www.prusy-boskuvky.eu |


title: Protram

abstract: Protram Remonty i Modernizacja Tramwajów Protram Wrocław Sp. z o.o. Polish company that specializes in producing and modernizing trams. The company was created in 1977 in Wroclaw after the conversion of the MPK Wroclaw tram-repair facility into a private company. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2016 and was eventually liquidated.

text:
# Protram

**Protram** *Remonty i Modernizacja Tramwajów Protram Wrocław Sp. z o.o.* Polish company that specializes in producing and modernizing trams. The company was created in 1977 in Wroclaw after the conversion of the MPK Wroclaw tram-repair facility into a private company. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2016 and was eventually liquidated.

## Products

There are 3 models of trams constructed by Protram:

The company does the modernization of the tram Konstal 105Na into Konstal 105NWr as well.

## InfoBox

Protram
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Rail transport |
| Founded | 1976 (1976) |
| Defunct | 2016 |
| Fate | Bankruptcy |
| Headquarters | Wroclaw, Poland |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Locomotives
High-speed trains
Intercity and commuter trains
Trams
People movers
Signalling systems |


title: Protozoan infection

abstract: Protozoan infections are parasitic diseases caused by organisms formerly classified in the kingdom Protozoa. These organisms are now classified in the supergroups Excavata, Amoebozoa, Harosa (SAR supergroup), and Archaeplastida. They are usually contracted by either an insect vector or by contact with an infected substance or surface. Protozoan infections are responsible for diseases that affect many different types of organisms, including plants, animals, and some marine life. Many of the most prevalent and deadly human diseases are caused by a protozoan infection, including African sleeping sickness, amoebic dysentery, and malaria. The species originally termed "protozoa" are not closely related to each other and only have superficial similarities (eukaryotic, unicellular, motile, though with exceptions). The terms "protozoa" and "protist" are usually discouraged in modern biosciences. However, this terminology is still encountered in medicine. This is partially because of the conservative character of medical classification and partially due to the necessity of making identifications of organisms based upon morphology. Within the taxonomic classification, the four protist supergroups (Amoebozoa, Excavata, SAR, and Archaeplastida) fall under the domain Eukarya. Protists are an artificial grouping of over 64,000 different single-celled life forms. This means that it is difficult to define protists due to their extreme differences and uniqueness. Protists are a polyphyletic [(of a group of organisms) derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon] a collection of organisms and they are unicellular, which means that they lack the level of tissue organization which is present in more complex eukaryotes. Protists grow in a wide variety of moist habitats and a majority of them are free-living organisms. In these moist environments, plankton and terrestrial forms can also be found. Protists are chemoorganotrophic [organisms which oxidize the chemical bonds in organic compounds as their energy source] and are responsible for recycling nitrogen and phosphorus. Parasites also are responsible for causing disease in humans and domesticated animals. Protozoa are chemoorganotrophic protists and have three different ways of acquiring nutrients. The first method of acquiring nutrients is through saprotrophic nutrition. In saprotrophic nutrition, nutrients are obtained from dead organic matter through enzymatic degradation. The second method of acquiring nutrients is through osmotrophic nutrition. In osmotrophic nutrition, nutrients are obtained through absorbing soluble products. The third method of acquiring nutrients is through holozoic nutrition. In holozoic nutrition, solid nutrients are absorbed through phagocytosis. Some protozoa are photoautotrophic protists. These protists include strict aerobes, and use photosystems I and II in order to carry out photosynthesis which produces oxygen. Mixotrophic protists obtain nutrients through organic and inorganic carbon compounds simultaneously. All cells have a plasma membrane. In a protist, the plasma membrane is also known as the plasmalemma. Just below the plasma membrane, and in the inner fluid region, cytoplasm can be found. The pellicle structure in the protist is a thin layer of protein that helps provide the cell with some support and protection.  In addition to the plasma membrane, protists contain two different types of vacuoles. Contractile vacuoles help to maintain osmoregulation, and phagocytic vacuoles allow select protists to ingest food. In some protists, flagella or cilia may be present to help with motility and nutrient intake. The flagella or cilia create water currents that assist in feeding and respiration. Energy intake is necessary for protists’ survival. Aerobic chemoorganotrophic protists produce energy through the use of their mitochondria. The mitochondria then generate energy for the protist to keep up with cellular life functions. Photosynthetic protists produce energy through the use of their mitochondria and chloroplasts. Finally, anaerobic chemoorganotrophs produce energy through the use of hydrogenosomes, which are membrane-enclosed organelles that release molecular hydrogen (H2). Encystment is when a protist becomes a dormant cyst with a cell wall; during encystment, the cyst has decreased complexity and metabolic activity relative to the protist. Encystment protects the protist from environmental changes, the cyst can be a site for nuclear reorganization and cell division, and it can act as a host cell in order to transfer parasitic species. Excystment is when a return to favorable conditions may cause a cyst to return to its original state. In parasitic protists, excystment may occur when the cyst is ingested by a new host. Protists reproduce asexually or sexually. If the protists reproduce asexually, they do so through binary fission, multiple fission, budding, and fragmentation. If the protists reproduce sexually, they do so through a syngamy process where there is a fusion of the gametes. If this occurs in an individual it is recognized as autogamy. If this occurs between individuals, it is known as conjugation.

text:
# Protozoan infection

**Protozoan infections** are parasitic diseases caused by organisms formerly classified in the kingdom Protozoa. These organisms are now classified in the supergroups Excavata, Amoebozoa, Harosa (SAR supergroup), and Archaeplastida. They are usually contracted by either an insect vector or by contact with an infected substance or surface.

Protozoan infections are responsible for diseases that affect many different types of organisms, including plants, animals, and some marine life. Many of the most prevalent and deadly human diseases are caused by a protozoan infection, including African sleeping sickness, amoebic dysentery, and malaria.

The species originally termed "protozoa" are not closely related to each other and only have superficial similarities (eukaryotic, unicellular, motile, though with exceptions). The terms "protozoa" and "protist" are usually discouraged in modern biosciences. However, this terminology is still encountered in medicine. This is partially because of the conservative character of medical classification and partially due to the necessity of making identifications of organisms based upon morphology.

Within the taxonomic classification, the four protist supergroups (Amoebozoa, Excavata, SAR, and Archaeplastida) fall under the domain Eukarya. Protists are an artificial grouping of over 64,000 different single-celled life forms. This means that it is difficult to define protists due to their extreme differences and uniqueness. Protists are a *polyphyletic* \[(of a group of organisms) derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon\] a collection of organisms and they are unicellular, which means that they lack the level of tissue organization which is present in more complex eukaryotes. Protists grow in a wide variety of moist habitats and a majority of them are free-living organisms. In these moist environments, plankton and terrestrial forms can also be found. Protists are *chemoorganotrophic* \[organisms which oxidize the chemical bonds in organic compounds as their energy source\] and are responsible for recycling nitrogen and phosphorus. Parasites also are responsible for causing disease in humans and domesticated animals.

Protozoa are *chemoorganotrophic* protists and have three different ways of acquiring nutrients. The first method of acquiring nutrients is through saprotrophic nutrition. In saprotrophic nutrition, nutrients are obtained from dead organic matter through enzymatic degradation. The second method of acquiring nutrients is through osmotrophic nutrition. In osmotrophic nutrition, nutrients are obtained through absorbing soluble products. The third method of acquiring nutrients is through holozoic nutrition. In holozoic nutrition, solid nutrients are absorbed through phagocytosis.

Some protozoa are *photoautotrophic* protists. These protists include strict aerobes, and use photosystems I and II in order to carry out photosynthesis which produces oxygen.

*Mixotrophic* protists obtain nutrients through organic and inorganic carbon compounds simultaneously.

All cells have a plasma membrane. In a protist, the plasma membrane is also known as the plasmalemma. Just below the plasma membrane, and in the inner fluid region, cytoplasm can be found. The pellicle structure in the protist is a thin layer of protein that helps provide the cell with some support and protection. In addition to the plasma membrane, protists contain two different types of vacuoles. Contractile vacuoles help to maintain osmoregulation, and phagocytic vacuoles allow select protists to ingest food. In some protists, flagella or cilia may be present to help with motility and nutrient intake. The flagella or cilia create water currents that assist in feeding and respiration. Energy intake is necessary for protists’ survival. Aerobic chemoorganotrophic protists produce energy through the use of their mitochondria. The mitochondria then generate energy for the protist to keep up with cellular life functions. Photosynthetic protists produce energy through the use of their mitochondria and chloroplasts. Finally, anaerobic chemoorganotrophs produce energy through the use of hydrogenosomes, which are membrane-enclosed organelles that release molecular hydrogen (H2).

Encystment is when a protist becomes a dormant cyst with a cell wall; during encystment, the cyst has decreased complexity and metabolic activity relative to the protist. Encystment protects the protist from environmental changes, the cyst can be a site for nuclear reorganization and cell division, and it can act as a host cell in order to transfer parasitic species. Excystment is when a return to favorable conditions may cause a cyst to return to its original state. In parasitic protists, excystment may occur when the cyst is ingested by a new host.

Protists reproduce asexually or sexually. If the protists reproduce asexually, they do so through binary fission, multiple fission, budding, and fragmentation. If the protists reproduce sexually, they do so through a syngamy process where there is a fusion of the gametes. If this occurs in an individual it is recognized as autogamy. If this occurs between individuals, it is known as conjugation.

## Supergroup *Excavata*

*Excavata* are considered primitive eukaryotes. They are characterized by a feeding groove with a posteriorly located flagella, which allows them to create a current that captures small food particles. The cytostome is the specialized structure that allows the protists this function. This supergroup *Excavata* includes the subgroups *Diplomonads (Fornicata)*, *Parabasalids*, and *Euglenozoans*.

### Diplomonads

Diplomonads used to be defined as *Fornicata*, but their characteristics remain the same despite their renaming. They are microaerophilic protists. *Diplomonads* were previously defined by the lack of a mitochondrion, but recent studies have found that they have a nonfunctional, mitochondrial remnant organelle called a mitosome. Most are harmless except for *Giardia*, *Hexamita salmonis*, and *Histomonas meleagridis*. *Giardia* causes diarrhea, *Hexamita* *salmonis* is a fish parasite, and *Histomonas meleagridis* is a turkey pathogen.

*Giardia intestinalis* is a human pathogen, which is transmitted by cyst-contaminated water. It causes epidemic diarrhea from contaminated water. One can tell one may be infected by the observation of cysts or trophozoites in stools and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test. To prevent contamination, avoid any possibly contaminated water, and if contaminated water is the only thing available to drink, a slow sand filter should be used. A study found that the chlorination of water and nutritional intervention had no effect on childhood giardia infection. Only handwashing and hygienic sanitation interventions reduced infection rates in children.

*Hexamita* *salmonis* is a common flagellated fish pathogen. Infected fish are weak and emaciated, and typically swim on their sides.

*Histomonas meleagridis* is a common bird pathogen that causes histomoniasis. Signs of histomoniasis include reduced appetite, drooping wings, unkempt feathers, and yellow fecal droppings.

### Parabasilia

Most *Parabasalia* are flagellated endosymbionts of animals. They lack a distinct cytostome, which means they must use phagocytosis to engulf food. There are two subgroups: *Trichonympha* and *Trichomonadida*. *Trichonympha* are obligate mutualists of wood-eating insects such as termites. They secrete cellulase, which is used for digesting wood. The next subgroup, *Trichomonadida*, does not require oxygen and possesses hydrogenosomes. They only reproduce through asexual reproduction and some strains are human pathogens. There are three types of pathogenic parabasalia: *Trichomonas foetus, Dientamoeba fragilis*, and *Trichomonas vaginalis*. *Trichomonas foetus* causes spontaneous abortion in cattle, *Dientamoeba fragilis* causes diarrhea in humans, and *Trichomonas vaginalis* is a sexually transmitted disease.

*Trichomonas foetus* is a parasite that resides in the urogenital tract of cattle and causes bovine trichomoniasis. Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease that causes infertility in heifers. Most infertility is caused by sudden embryonic death. Various imidazoles have been used to treat infected bulls, but none are safe and effective. Ipronidazole is probably most effective but it frequently causes sterile abscesses at injection sites.

*Dientamoeba fragilis* is a parasite that lives in the large intestine of humans. No one knows how *D. fragilis* is spread; one possibility is from swallowing contaminated water or food. Many people who are infected with this parasite show no signs of being infected. Sometimes the infection can be observed; the most common symptoms include diarrhea, stomach pains, loss of appetite, nausea, and fatigue.

*Trichomonas vaginalis* is a sexually transmitted disease. Men who are infected rarely show any symptoms (asymptomatic). Women who are infected usually show signs of soreness, inflammation, and redness around the vagina and a possible change in vaginal discharge. *Trichomonas vaginalis* can be treated with a course of antibiotics.

### Euglenozoa

Most Euglenozoa are photoautotrophic, but some are chemoorganotrophs (saprophytic). They are commonly found in freshwater. The members of the phylum Euglenozoa have a pellicle for support, a red eye spot called a stigma to orient the cell toward light, chlorophyll a and b to assist in the process of photosynthesis, contractile vacuoles, and flagella.

One major pathogen from the phylum Euglenozoa is *Leishmania.* *Leishmania* causes leishmaniasis. The symptoms of leishmaniasis include systemic and skin/membrane damage. Leishmania parasites spread by phlebotomine sand flies in the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. They may manifest cutaneously (cutaneous leishmaniasis) as skin sores with as scab a few weeks after the bite or internally (visceral leishmaniasis), affecting the organs, which can be life-threatening. Cutaneous leishmaniasis can spread to the mucous membranes and cause mucosal leishmaniasis even years after the initial infection. Cutaneous leishmaniasis heals on its own and leaves bad scars. Only FDA approved for visceral leishmaniasis is amphotericin B and oral miltefosine for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis diagnosis- tissue specimen, bone marrow, blood tests detect antibody to parasite for visceral leishmaniasis.

The second pathogen from this phylum is *Trypanosoma cruzi*. *Trypanosoma cruzi* causes Chagas disease and is transmitted by the reduviid bug, also known as the “kissing bug.” Chagas disease is diagnosed using a physical exam and blood test. The only treatment includes antiparasitics only from the CDC, which are not FDA approved. Acute Chagas disease has a quick onset, the trypanosomes enter the bloodstream, they become amastigotes, and replicate. Acute Chagas disease can be treated using benznidazole or nifurtimox. Chronic chagas disease is asymptomatic and causes heart and gastrointestinal cells to be affected. Currently, there are only investigational treatments for this disease. Unfortunately, vaccines are not effective with Chagas disease due to antigenic variation. This pathogen causes damage to the nervous system.

African Sleeping Sickness is caused by *Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense*, and is transmitted by the tsetse fly. It is diagnosed by a physical exam and blood test. African sleeping sickness causes interstitial inflammation, lethargy, brain swelling, and death within one to three years. Drug therapy, using Eflornithine and Melarsoprol Pentamidine for *T. gambiense* and Suramin (Antrypol) for either *Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense*, or combinations of these medications, can help treat this disease, but vaccines can not be used due to antigenic variation.

## Supergroup *Amoebozoa*

*Amoebozoa* are characterized by the use of pseudopodia for movement and feeding. These protists reproduce by binary or multiple fission.

### Entamoebida

Entamoebida lack mitochondria and possess mitosomes. *Entamoeba histolytica* is a pathogenic parasite known to cause amoebiasis, which is the third leading cause of parasitic deaths. It is diagnosed by the assessment of stool samples. Amoebiasis is caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces or other bodily wastes of an infected person, which contain cysts, the dormant form of the microbe. These cysts on reaching the terminal ileum region of the gastrointestinal tract give rise to a mass of proliferating cells, the trophozoite form of the parasite, by the process of excystation. Symptoms of this infection include diarrhea with blood and mucus, and can alternate between constipation and remission, abdominal pain, and fever. Symptoms can progress to ameboma, fulminant colitis, toxic megacolon, colonic ulcers, leading to perforation, and abscesses in vital organs like liver, lung, and brain. Amoebiasis can be treated with the administration of anti-amoebic compounds, this often includes the use of Metronidazole, Ornidazole, Chloroquine, Secnidazole, Nitazoxanide and Tinidazole. Tinidazole may be effective in curing children. The usage of conventional therapeutics to treat amoebiasis if often linked with substantial side effects, a threat to the efficacy of these therapeutics, further worsened by the development of drug resistance in the parasite. Amoebic meningoencephalitis and keratitis is a brain-eating amoeba caused by free-living *Naeglaria* and *Acanthomoeba.* One way this pathogen can be acquired is by soaking contact lenses in water instead of contact solution. This will result in progressive ulceration of the cornea. This pathogen can be diagnosed by demonstration of amoebae in clinical specimens. There is currently no drug therapy available for amoebic meningoencephalitis and keratitis.

## Supergroup SAR

The supergroup SAR includes Stramenopiles, Alveolata and Rhizaria, and is distinguished by fine pseudopodia which can be branched, simple, or connected.

### Stramenopila

Some members of *Stramenopila* are brown algae, diatoms, and water molds. An example of Stramenopila are *Peronosporomycetes*. The most well-known example of *Peronosporomycetes* is *Phytophthora infestans*. This organism caused the Great Famine of Ireland in the 1850s.

### Alveolata

Alveolata is a large group, which includes Dinoflagellata, Ciliates (Ciliophora, and Apicomplexa.

*Balantidium coli* (Balantidiasis) is an example of a member of the phylum Ciliophora. Balantidiasis is the only ciliate known to be capable of infecting humans, and swine are the primary reservoir host. Balantidiasis is opportunistic and rare in Western countries. Apicomplexans are parasites of animals and contain an arrangement of organelles called the apical complex. One example of an apicomplexan is Malaria. Five species of plasmodium cause malaria in animals. Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito. Symptoms of malaria include: periodic chills and fever, anemia, and hypertrophy of the liver and spleen. Cerebral malaria can occur in children. In order to diagnose Malaria, doctors will look for parasites in Wright-or-Giemsa-stained red blood cells and serological tests. Treatment includes antimalarial drugs, however, resistance has been observed. New vaccines are being discovered to this day. Preventative measures that can be taken include sleeping with netting and using insecticide to prevent mosquitoes. Eimeria is another example of an apicomplexan pathogen. This pathogen causes cecal coccidiosis in chickens. Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract. This disease is treated by placing anticoccidials in the chickens’ feed. It also causes malabsorption, diarrhea, and sometimes bloody diarrhea in animals. *Theileria parva & T. annulata* are tick-borne parasites which cause fatal East Coast fever in cattle. East Coast fever is transmitted by the bite of the three-host tick *Phipicephalus appendiculatus* and results in respiratory failure and death in African cattle. Most hosts of *P. appendiculatus* succumb to pulmonary edema and die within three weeks of infection. The severity of the infection can be lessened by treatment with antiprotozoal drugs like buparvaquone. Toxoplasma causes toxoplasmosis and can be acquired from undercooked meat or cat feces containing *Toxoplasma gondii*. The majority of the 60 million Americans infected with *T. gondii* are asymptomatic. The group most vulnerable to this pathogen are the fetuses of mothers who have been infected with the parasite for the first time during pregnancy. This can result in damage to the fetus's brain, eyes, and other organs. Treatment is available for pregnant women and the immunosuppressed. Cryptosporidiosis can be contracted through contact with water, food, soil, or surfaces contaminated with feces containing the *Cryptosporidium.* Immunocompromised people are the most susceptible. Cryptosporidiosis causes watery diarrhea and can resolve itself without medical intervention. It is diagnosed by examining stool samples, and diarrhea can be treated using Nitazoxanide.

### Rhizaria

Plasmodiophorids and Halosporidians are two examples of parasitic Rhizaria. Plasmodiophorids cause infections in crops such as *Spongospora subterranea*. They cause powdery scabs and galls and disrupt growth. Halosporidians cause infections in marine invertebrates such as *Mikrocytos mackini* in Pacific oysters. *Mikrocytos mackini* are abscesses or green pustules on palps and mantles of certain molluscs.

## Archaeplastida

The supergroup *Archaeplastida* includes red algae, green algae and land plants. Each of these three groups have multicellular species and the green and red algae have many single-celled species. The land plants are not considered protists.

Red algae are primarily multicellular, lack flagella, and range in size from microscopic, unicellular to large, multicellular forms. Some species of red algae contain phycoerythrins, photosynthetic accessory pigments that are red in color and outcompete the green tint of chlorophyll, making these species appear as varying shades of red. This group doesn't include many pathogens.

Green algae exhibit similar features to the land plants, particularly in terms of chloroplast structure. The green algae are subdivided into the chlorophytes and charophytes. It is very rare for green algae to become parasitic.

*Prototheca moriformis* belongs to the subdivision Chloroplastida. *P. moriformis* is a green algae that lacks chlorophyll and has turned to parasitism. It is found in sewage and the soil. *P. moriformis* causes a disease called protothecosis. This disease mainly infects cattle and dogs. Cattle can be affected by prototheca enteritis and mastitis. Protothecosis is commonly seen in dogs; it enters the body through the mouth or nose and causes infection in the intestines. Treatment with amphotericin B has been reported.

## Future Treatment

Scientists have been researching new ways to fight protozoan infections, including targeting channels and transporters involved in the diseases and finding the link between a person's microbiome and their ability to resist a protozoan infection


title: Przełaj

abstract: Przełaj is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sędziszów, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Sędziszów, 29 km (18 mi) south-west of Jędrzejów, and 63 km (39 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Przełaj

**Przełaj** \[ˈpʂɛwai̯\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sędziszów, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Sędziszów, 29 km (18 mi) south-west of Jędrzejów, and 63 km (39 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Przełaj | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Przełaj | |
| Coordinates: 50°31′25″N 19°56′17″E / 50.52361°N 19.93806°E / 50.52361; 19.93806 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Jędrzejów |
| Gmina | Sędziszów |
| Population | 290 |


title: Przebój Wolbrom

abstract: Przebój Wolbrom is a Polish football club based in Wolbrom. As of the 2024–25 season, they compete in the western group of the V liga Lesser Poland West.

text:
# Przebój Wolbrom

**Przebój Wolbrom** is a Polish football club based in Wolbrom. As of the 2024–25 season, they compete in the western group of the V liga Lesser Poland West.

## Honours

* 10th place in the 2008–09 II liga season.
* Promotion to III liga in the 2006–07 season.
* Polish Cup Lesser Poland regionals winner in the 2007–08 season (as Przebój Wolbrom II).

## Notable people

## InfoBox

Przebój Wolbrom
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Wolbromski Klub Sportowy
Przebój Wolbrom |
| Founded | 1937 (1937) |
| Ground | Stadion Leśny |
| Capacity | 1,500 |
| Chairman | Dariusz Gorgoń |
| Manager | Radosław Koterba |
| League | V liga Lesser Poland West |
| 2023–24 | Regional league Kraków I,
1st of 14 (promoted) |
| Website | Club website |


title: Przeborowo

abstract: Przeborowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Drezdenko, within Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) north-east of Drezdenko, 30 km (19 mi) east of Strzelce Krajeńskie, and 53 km (33 mi) north-east of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

text:
# Przeborowo

**Przeborowo** \[pʂɛbɔˈrɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Drezdenko, within Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) north-east of Drezdenko, 30 km (19 mi) east of Strzelce Krajeńskie, and 53 km (33 mi) north-east of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

## InfoBox

| Przeborowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Przeborowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°55′N 15°58′E / 52.917°N 15.967°E / 52.917; 15.967 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Strzelce-Drezdenko |
| Gmina | Drezdenko |
| Website | przeborowo.za.pl |


title: Pseudothyretes nigrita

abstract: Pseudothyretes nigrita is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1961. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana and Kenya.

text:
# Pseudothyretes nigrita

***Pseudothyretes nigrita*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1961. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana and Kenya.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudothyretes nigrita* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Pseudothyretes* |
| Species: | ***P. nigrita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudothyretes nigrita***<br>(Kiriakoff, 1961) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Diakonoffia nigrita* Kiriakoff, 1961 | |


title: Pseudaethomerus lacordairei

abstract: Pseudaethomerus lacordairei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1862.

text:
# Pseudaethomerus lacordairei

***Pseudaethomerus lacordairei*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1862.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudaethomerus lacordairei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudaethomerus*** |
| Species: | ***P. lacordairei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudaethomerus lacordairei***<br>(Bates, 1862) | |
|


title: Pseudometachilo

abstract: Pseudometachilo is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

text:
# Pseudometachilo

***Pseudometachilo*** is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pseudometachilo* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Pseudometachilo*<br>Bleszynski, 1962 |
|


title: Pseudometachilo faunellus

abstract: Pseudometachilo faunellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1911. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Pseudometachilo faunellus

***Pseudometachilo faunellus*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1911. It is found in Brazil (São Paulo).

## InfoBox

| *Pseudometachilo faunellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Pseudometachilo* |
| Species: | ***P. faunellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudometachilo faunellus***<br>(Schaus in Dyar, 1911) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Crambus faunellus* Schaus in Dyar, 1911 | |


title: Psilotreta labida

abstract: Psilotreta labida is a species of mortarjoint casemaker in the family Odontoceridae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Psilotreta labida

***Psilotreta labida*** is a species of mortarjoint casemaker in the family Odontoceridae. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Psilotreta labida* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Trichoptera |
| Family: | Odontoceridae |
| Genus: | *Psilotreta* |
| Species: | ***P. labida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psilotreta labida***<br>Ross, 1944 | |
|


title: Psilotrichum

abstract:
Psilotrichum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. There are about 18 species, most native to Africa. Species include:
  - Psilotrichum aphyllum
  - Psilotrichum erythrostachyum
  - Psilotrichum ferrugineum
  - Psilotrichum scleranthum
  - Psilotrichum sericeum
  - Psilotrichum yunnanense

text:
# Psilotrichum

***Psilotrichum*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. There are about 18 species, most native to Africa.

Species include:

## InfoBox

| *Psilotrichum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaranthoideae |
| Genus: | *Psilotrichum*<br>Blume |
|