title: Paul V. Hester

abstract: Paul V. Hester is a retired United States Air Force (USAF) general. He served as Commander, Pacific Air Forces, and Air Component Commander for the Commander, United States Pacific Command from July 2004 to November 2007. He had responsibility for USAF activities spread over half the globe in a command that supports 55,500 Air Force personnel serving in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, Japan and South Korea.

text:
# Paul V. Hester

**Paul V. Hester** (born October 21, 1947) is a retired United States Air Force (USAF) general . He served as Commander, Pacific Air Forces, and Air Component Commander for the Commander, United States Pacific Command from July 2004 to November 2007. He had responsibility for USAF activities spread over half the globe in a command that supports 55,500 Air Force personnel serving in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, Japan and South Korea.

## Military career

Hester was commissioned through the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at the University of Mississippi. He earned his wings in December 1971 at Columbus AFB, Mississippi. A command pilot and combat veteran, Hester has more than 200 combat hours in Southeast Asia and has accumulated more than 2,900 flight hours during his career. Additionally, he served as an instructor in the A-7 Corsair, F-4 Phantom and F-15 Eagle in operational and training units. Hester commanded the 94th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 18th Operations Group, 35th Fighter Wing, 53rd Wing and United States Forces Japan and 5th Air Force at Yokota Air Base. He also served as Commander, Air Force Special Operations Command in Hurlburt Field, Florida.

Hester's staff tours include duty in the Directorate of Plans, as a member of the Commander's Action Group at Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Chief of the Air Force's Legislative Liaison Office at the United States House of Representatives, Division Chief in J-5 of the Joint Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff representative to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and Director of Air Force Legislative Liaison for the Secretary and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. He also served as the Air Component Commander and force provider to Joint Task Force-536 during Operation Unified Assistance in support of the South Asia tsunami relief effort.

## Education

## Assignments

1. January 1971 – December 1971, student, pilot training, Columbus AFB, Mississippi
2. January 1972 – December 1972, A-7D pilot, 333rd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona
3. January 1973 – July 1973, A-7D aircraft commander, 354th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Korat Royal Thai AFB, Thailand
4. August 1973 – August 1974, A-7D aircraft commander, 355th Tactical Fighter Wing, Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona
5. September 1974 – December 1976, aide-de-camp and F-4 instructor, later, F-15 instructor, 311th, 555th and 461st Tactical Fighter Training Squadrons, Luke AFB, Arizona
6. January 1977 – June 1979, F-15 instructor and flight examiner, 525th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Bitburg AB, West Germany
7. July 1979 – July 1980, student, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
8. August 1980 – August 1983, action officer, Forces Division, Directorate of Plans, later, member, Commander's Action Group, Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley AFB, Virginia
9. September 1983 – November 1986, F-15 instructor and assistant operations officer, 27th Tactical Fighter Squadron, later, operations officer and Commander, 94th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Langley AFB, Virginia
10. December 1986 – July 1989, Chief, Legislative Liaison Office, U.S. House of Representatives, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force for Legislative Liaison, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
11. August 1989 – June 1990, student, National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
12. July 1990 – July 1992, Vice Commander, 18th Tactical Fighter Wing, later, Commander, 18th Operations Group, Kadena AB, Japan
13. August 1992 – June 1993, Senior Defense Fellow, Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
14. July 1993 – July 1994, Chief, Weapons Technology Control Division, J-5, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C.
15. August 1994 – November 1995, Joint Chiefs of Staff representative to the Committee on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Vienna, Austria
16. November 1995 – February 1997, Commander, 35th Fighter Wing, Misawa AB, Japan
17. February 1997 – December 1997, Commander, 53rd Wing, Eglin AFB, Florida
18. December 1997 – August 1999, Director, Legislative Liaison, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C.
19. September 1999 – November 2001, Commander, U.S. Forces Japan, and Commander, 5th Air Force, Yokota AB, Japan
20. January 2002 – July 2004, Commander, AFSOC, Hurlburt Field, Florida
21. July 2004 – November 2007, Commander, Pacific Air Forces, and Air Component Commander for the Commander, U.S. Pacific Command, Hickam AFB, Hawaii

## Awards and decorations

|  | US Air Force Command Pilot Badge |
| --- | --- |
|  | Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge |

### Other achievements

This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force

## InfoBox

| Paul V. Hester | |
| --- | --- |
| General Paul V. Hester | |
| Born | (1947-10-21) October 21, 1947
West Point, Mississippi |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1970–2007 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Pacific Air Forces
Air Force Special Operations Command
United States Forces Japan
Fifth Air Force
53rd Wing
35th Fighter Wing
18th Operations Group
94th Tactical Fighter Squadron |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |
| Awards | Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal (3)
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (3) |


title: Paula Mary Turnbull

abstract: Sister Paula Mary Turnbull was an American sculptor and educator. Known as the "welding nun", she created liturgical and whimsical metal sculptures. Her most famous work is Garbage Goat, a steel sculpture in Riverfront Park in Spokane, Washington, that incorporates a vacuum apparatus allowing the goat to "eat" trash. During her career, Turnbull created dozens of public artworks in Spokane and helped organize the installation of public art at the Expo '74 world's fair. Turnbull lived at the convent of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary where she had an art studio. She taught sculpture and art history at Fort Wright College for 25 years and chaired the college's art department. She received degrees from Holy Names College, Siena Heights University, the University of Washington, the Parsons School of Design, and the Art Institute of Chicago.

text:
# Paula Mary Turnbull

Sister **Paula Mary Turnbull** (May 26, 1921 – July 20, 2018) was an American sculptor and educator. Known as the "welding nun", she created liturgical and whimsical metal sculptures. Her most famous work is Garbage Goat, a steel sculpture in Riverfront Park in Spokane, Washington, that incorporates a vacuum apparatus allowing the goat to "eat" trash. During her career, Turnbull created dozens of public artworks in Spokane and helped organize the installation of public art at the Expo '74 world's fair.

Turnbull lived at the convent of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary where she had an art studio. She taught sculpture and art history at Fort Wright College for 25 years and chaired the college's art department. She received degrees from Holy Names College, Siena Heights University, the University of Washington, the Parsons School of Design, and the Art Institute of Chicago.

## Early life and education

Mary Margaret Turnbull was born on May 26, 1921, in Seattle, Washington, to Marie Leger and William Garfield Turnbull. She grew up in Alki Point near the beach. She attended Alki Elementary and graduated from Holy Names Academy. She entered the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary in Marylhurst, Oregon, and took her religious vows on August 5, 1941.

Turnbull earned her BA in education and art from Holy Names College in Spokane. She attended Siena Heights University in Michigan in 1956, earning her MFA. She later received advanced degrees from the University of Washington in Seattle, the Parsons School of Design, and the Art Institute of Chicago. She studied under George Tsutakawa in 1963 and Anthony Caro in the late 1970s.

## Teaching career and later life

Turnbull taught at elementary schools operated by the Sisters of the Holy Names, including St. Francis of Assisi and St. Patrick's in Spokane, Sacred Heart in Seattle, and All Saints in Portland, Oregon. Beginning in the 1950s, she taught art at Holy Names College (later known as Fort Wright College). Turnbull taught art history and sculpture at Fort Wright for 25 years and chaired the college's art department in the 1970s. She was named Fort Wright Center's artist-in-residence in 1981. For 35 years, she led annual month-long art study groups in Europe and Mexico. During these trips, she would paint watercolors *en plein air*. Her students included Deborah Copenhaver Fellows and Jim Hodges.

Turnbull lived at the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary convent in Spokane. The Holy Names Art Studio was designed for her on the convent's property. She gave tours of the studio and taught classes, including a weekly figure-drawing class for which she invited nude models. While in her studio, she abstained from wearing her heavy woolen habit to more comfortably use her welding torch.

Turnbull worked in her studio up until her retirement in March 2018. Proceeds from a retrospective of her works went towards a retirement fund for her convent and African missions. She died at Brookdale South Regal on July 20, 2018. She was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery.

## Art

Turnbull was an accomplished sculptor, known for her liturgical and whimsical welded metal sculptures. Her technique of creating layered copper tubing evoked the appearance of flowing fabric and became a trademark of hers. She was also a ceramist, woodcarver, and watercolorist. In a 2000 essay in *Sisters Today*, she wrote that "art tells a story and helps the viewer recognize that deep longing for beauty and the presence of God in all creation."

### The "welding nun"

Early in her career, Turnbull became known as the "welding nun", gaining recognition in the 1950s and 1960s for her liturgical artworks. She created pieces for public display as well as for churches, schools, and private collections throughout the region. Her works included a two-foot crucifix for the St. Aloysius Church convent's chapel, walnut statues for cemeteries, crosses made from mahogany and birch, ceramic holy water fonts, and welded representations of saints. At the Sisters of the Holy Names convent, she designed the metal gates and a sculpture of founder Marie Rose Durocher.

### Expo '74 world's fair

In preparation for Expo '74, Spokane's environmentally-themed world's fair, Turnbull was appointed to the Expo Visual Arts Advisory Committee in 1972. She helped to arrange for the installation of more than a dozen public artworks in Riverfront Park, including pieces by George Tsutakawa and Harold Balazs. Turnbull herself created her most famous work for the expo, the Garbage Goat.

Following Expo '74, Turnbull was commissioned by Australia to design a sundial for Spokane in the park where the Australian pavilion had been located. The seven-foot steel sundial, unveiled in 1976, is embossed with bronze depictions of fauna and flora endemic to Australia on its gnomon.

### Garbage Goat

Turnbull's most iconic work is the Garbage Goat in Spokane's Riverfront Park. Created for the 1974 world's fair, the corten steel sculpture depicts a billy goat and is surrounded by basalt columns. A button embedded in the basalt can be pressed to activate an internal vacuum apparatus. Garbage that is "fed" to the goat is sucked into a receptacle behind the basalt wall. The sculpture was commissioned by the Women's Council of Realtors. Originally, a recording of a voice asking for trash would play as people passed by.

Local dairy goat farmers, upset that the Garbage Goat misrepresented the diets of goats, protested the sculpture. The editor of *The Dairy Goat Journal* wrote that the sculpture was "degrading, debasing, and grossly misleading". Letters to the editor and columns in the *Spokane Chronicle* alternatively decried the public's habit of feeding trash to goats at fairs and extolled the role of the Garbage Goat in keeping the area free of litter. As a compromise with the dairy farmers, a sign was displayed near the Garbage Goat describing the proper diets and value of dairy goats.

Since its inception in the 1970s, Garbage Goat has become an iconic landmark, inspiring a "secret goat culture" in Spokane as well as a series of goat-themed businesses. At a 40th birthday celebration for the goat in 2014, the Spokane Parks & Recreation Department estimated that it had "eaten" over 14,000 cubic yards of litter.

### Public art installations

During her long career, Turnbull created dozens of public art installations in Spokane. She designed panels depicting athletes at the Hillyard Aquatic Center, the metal bear mascot at Central Valley High School, the sasquatch statue at the Spokane Community College, and a small statue of baseball player Eddie Gaedel at O'Doherty's Irish Grille. Her 2006 work *Fish On* is a memorial to Mike Cmos, a worker who died in an accident at the Riverside Park Water Reclamation Facility.

Turnbull's statue *Mrs. J.J. Browne and Daughter*, depicting 19th-century Spokane resident Anna Stratton Browne and her daughter, was created as part of Spokane's Art in Public Places project. The bronze, brass, copper and steel statue was inspired by Georges Seurat's *A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte*. It was installed in Browne's Addition in 2005. Mrs. Browne's head was stolen in 2014. Once the head was located it was reattached and reinforced with a pipe that extended the length of the neck. Firefighters from the station across the street once stopped an attempted kidnapping of the statue.

## Selected works

* Garbage Goat (1974)
* *Australian Sundial* (1976)
* *Mrs. J.J. Browne and Daughter* (2005)
* *Fish On* (2006)

## InfoBox

| Paula Mary Turnbull | |
| --- | --- |
| Turnbull in 1974 | |
| Born | Mary Margaret Turnbull
(1921-05-26)May 26, 1921
Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Died | July 20, 2018(2018-07-20) (aged 97)
Spokane, Washington, U.S. |
| Resting place | Holy Cross Cemetery |
| Education | Holy Names College (BA)
Siena Heights University (MFA) |
| Notable work | Garbage Goat |


title: Paul Mitchell (hairdresser)

abstract: Paul Mitchell was a Scottish American hairstylist and co-founder of John Paul Mitchell Systems, a company that sells hair care products and, since 2000, also runs hairdressing schools.

text:
# Paul Mitchell (hairdresser)

**Paul Mitchell** (born **Cyril Thomson Mitchell**; January 27, 1936 – April 21, 1989) was a Scottish American hairstylist and co-founder of John Paul Mitchell Systems, a company that sells hair care products and, since 2000, also runs hairdressing schools.

## Early life

Paul Mitchell was born in Carnwath in Scotland. His mother Jenny was the village's first hairdresser. His family moved to London in 1939. He trained as a silversmith before enrolling in the Morris School of Hairdressing at age sixteen. By eighteen he had won multiple hairdressing competitions.

## Career

After graduating he worked as a hairdresser in London salons, moving to Vidal Sassoon's in Bond Street in the early 1960s. In 1965, Sassoon sent him to New York City to train staff at his first location in the United States. Mitchell left Sassoon's employ in 1967 and headed up Crimpers, a salon within the Henri Bendel flagship store on Fifth Avenue. Its success led to further branches opening in Boston, Chicago, Dallas and Philadelphia. In 1971 he took a break from hairdressing before opening his salon Superhair in New York in 1972. In 1974 he sold Superhair and moved to Hawaii. By the end of the 1970s he demonstrated hairdressing techniques at up to 150 beauty shows per year.

In 1980 he and John Paul DeJoria founded John Paul Mitchell Systems, selling hair care products via hair salons under the Paul Mitchell brand name, marketed as professional quality products for home use. The company thrived and later expanded into hairdressing schools.

In 1985, Mitchell established an awapuhi farm on the Big Island of Hawaii.

## Personal life

Mitchell married Jolina Zandueta Wyrzykowski, an American fashion model and actress with Polish-Filipina family roots. Their only child, Angus Mitchell, was born in 1970 and died in 2024.

On July 18, 1988, Mitchell was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died in 1989 in Cedars Sinai Medical Center. He is buried on his estate on the Big Island of Hawaii. Angus inherited his father's share of John Paul Mitchell Systems & Schools and opened his own salon, AngusM in Beverly Hills, CA.

## Further reading

* *Paul Mitchell: Man, Work Vision. Who Was He?* Jocelyn Fujii.

## InfoBox

| Paul Mitchell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Cyril Thomson Mitchell
(1936-01-27)January 27, 1936
Carnwath, Scotland |
| Died | April 21, 1989(1989-04-21) (aged 53)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Hairstylist |
| Known for | Co-founding John Paul Mitchell Systems |


title: Paul Newe

abstract: Paul Newe is an Irish former footballer. Newe began his career at Shamrock Rovers but failed to make a first team appearance. He made his League of Ireland debut with Shelbourne on 3 October 1982, and played with the club twice during the 1980s and 1990s, scoring 38 league goals in 116 league appearances. Newe also played for Drogheda United, Dundalk FC, Cobh Ramblers, St. Patrick's Athletic, Monaghan United, Longford Town and Limerick F.C. While at Flancare Park Newe scored his 100th League of Ireland goal on 13 April 1996 at Cobh Ramblers. At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season Newe is joint fortieth in the all-time League of Ireland goalscoring list with 103 league goals

text:
# Paul Newe

**Paul Newe** (born 20 April 1964 in Dublin) is an Irish former footballer.

Newe began his career at Shamrock Rovers but failed to make a first team appearance. He made his League of Ireland debut with Shelbourne on 3 October 1982, and played with the club twice during the 1980s and 1990s, scoring 38 league goals in 116 league appearances. Newe also played for Drogheda United, Dundalk FC, Cobh Ramblers, St. Patrick's Athletic, Monaghan United, Longford Town and Limerick F.C.

While at Flancare Park Newe scored his 100th League of Ireland goal on 13 April 1996 at Cobh Ramblers.

At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season Newe is joint fortieth in the all-time League of Ireland goalscoring list with 103 league goals

## Honours

## InfoBox

Paul Newe
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Paul Newe | | |
| Date of birth | (1964-04-20) 20 April 1964 | | |
| Place of birth | Dublin, Ireland | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| –1982 | Shamrock Rovers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1982–1986 | Shelbourne | 89 | (24) |
| 1986–1987 | Drogheda United | ? | (12) |
| 1987–1990 | Dundalk | ? | (19) |
| 1990–1991 | Shelbourne | 27 | (14) |
| 1991–1992 | Cobh Ramblers (loan) | 18 | (9) |
| 1992–1993 | St Patrick's Athletic | 23 | (4) |
| 1993–1995 | Monaghan United | 38 | (13) |
| 1995–1996 | Longford Town | ? | (6) |
| 1996–1997 | Limerick | ? | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Paul Nevin

abstract: Paul Richard Nevin is a football coach and former player. He is currently interim head coach of England U20s.

text:
# Paul Nevin

**Paul Richard Nevin** (born 23 June 1969) is a football coach and former player. He is currently interim head coach of England U20s.

## Playing career

Nevin began his playing career at Shrewsbury Town, before playing college soccer whilst studying at the University of Evansville in the United States. In 1991, Nevin returned to England, making eight Football League appearances for Carlisle United, as the club finished bottom of the Football League. Following his spell at Carlisle, Nevin joined Yeovil Town for two seasons, making 48 appearances in all competitions, before retiring from football at the age of 24, due to injury.

## Coaching career

Nevin began his coaching career at Fulham in the United Kingdom, where he spent eight years in several roles, including academy and reserve team manager. He then accepted an invitation to improve the fortunes of the struggling New Zealand Knights, who competed in the Australian Hyundai A League. Nevin was appointed as manager following the departure of former coach John Adshead at the completion of the 2005–06 A-League season.

Following his tenure in New Zealand, Nevin then took up a position at Aspire Academy in Qatar in 2007. He was responsible for developing players for Qatar's junior and senior national teams, while also being involved in coach development. Nevin has coached in Africa, China and Brazil, and was also a regular guest presenter on the Al Jazeera Sports Channel.

Following a successful five years in the Middle East, Nevin returned to the Premier League as head of coaching at Norwich City. This spell at the club also saw him promoted to the role of First Team Coach. In 2014, Nevin was approached by the Premier League to become head of academy coach development, a role that saw Nevin work with all the Premier League and Category One clubs, and support each of them with their Coach Development programmes. Nevin has also worked with the FA as a coach with the youth national teams.

In October 2018, Nevin was temporarily appointed to Gareth Southgate's England national team coaching staff as part of the FA's BAME coaching initiative across all national teams. Nevin remained with the Three Lions through to their third-place finish at the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals.

In February 2020, Nevin was appointed as first team coach at West Ham United.

On 31 August 2021, it was confirmed that Nevin had returned to the England coaching staff alongside his West Ham duties.

Nevin left West Ham in July 2023 to join Strasbourg.

On 23 August 2024, Nevin was placed in charge of England U20s on an interim basis.

## Honours

**England**

## InfoBox

Paul Nevin
| Nevin in 2016 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Paul Richard Nevin | | |
| Date of birth | (1969-06-23) 23 June 1969 | | |
| Place of birth | Lewisham, England | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Shrewsbury Town | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | University of Evansville |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Shrewsbury Town |  |  |
| 1991–1992 | Carlisle United | 8 | (0) |
| 1992–1994 | Yeovil Town | 35 | (3) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2006 | New Zealand Knights | | |
| 2007–2012 | Aspire Academy Qatar | | |
| 2020–2023 | West Ham (assistant) | | |
| 2021–2024 | England (assistant) | | |
| 2023–2024 | Strasbourg (assistant) | | |
| 2024– | England U20 (interim) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Pax Calendar

abstract: The Pax calendar was invented by James A. Colligan, SJ in 1930, as a perennializing reform of the annualized Gregorian calendar.

text:
# Pax Calendar

The **Pax calendar** was invented by James A. Colligan, SJ in 1930, as a perennializing reform of the annualized Gregorian calendar.

## Design

Months of the Pax calendar
| No. | Name | Days |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | January | 28 |
| 02 | February | 28 |
| 03 | March | 28 |
| 04 | April | 28 |
| 05 | May | 28 |
| 06 | June | 28 |
| 07 | July | 28 |
| 08 | August | 28 |
| 09 | September | 28 |
| 10 | October | 28 |
| 11 | November | 28 |
| 12 | Columbus | 28 |
| 13 | Pax (leap week) | 7 |
| 13/14 | December | 28 |

The common year is divided into 13 months of 28 days each, whose names are the same as in the Gregorian calendar, except that a month called *Columbus* occurs between November and December. The first day of every week, month and year would be Sunday.

Unlike other perennial calendar reform proposals, such as the International Fixed Calendar and the World Calendar, it preserves the 7-day week by periodically intercalating an extra seven days to a common year of 52 weeks (364 days). In leap years, a one-week month called *Pax* would be inserted after *Columbus*.

To get the same mean year as the Gregorian Calendar this leap week is added to 71 of the 400 years in the cycle. The years with leap week are years whose last two digits are a number that is divisible by six (including 00) or 99: however, if a year number ending in 00 is divisible by 400, then Pax is cancelled.

Duncan Steel mentions the Pax Calendar proposal:

> As a matter of fact, this leap-week idea is not a new one. and such calendars have been suggested from time to time. ... In 1930, there was another leap-week calendar proposal put forward, this time by a Jesuit, James A. Colligan, but once more the Easter question scuppered it within the Catholic Church.

## New Year's Day

Unlike the International Fixed Calendar, the Pax calendar has a new year day that differs from the Gregorian New Year's Day. This is a necessary consequence of it intercalating a week rather than a day.

The following tables compare the Gregorian dates (left column) of New Year's Day in the Pax Calendar for various years. Dates in December occur in the preceding Gregorian year. Dates in bold are Sundays. The Pax years run sequentially down each column (from second-left to right), and a new column is begun when the year would need to go further up the column. Places marked "leap" means that there was no Pax year in the sequence which corresponded to that Gregorian date.

```
Jan 04        1931
Jan 03        1932  1937  1943
Jan 02        leap  1938  1944 1949 1955
**Jan 01  1928  1933  1939  leap 1950 1956 1961 1967**
Dec 31  leap  1934  1940  1945 1951 leap 1962 1968 1973 1979
Dec 30  1929  1935  leap  1946 1952 1957 1963 leap 1974 1980 1985
Dec 29  1930  1936  1941  1947 leap 1958 1964 1969 1975 leap 1986
Dec 28        leap  1942  1948 1953 1959 leap 1970 1976 1981 1987
Dec 27                    leap 1954 1960 1965 1971 leap 1982 1988
Dec 26                              leap 1966 1972 1977 1983 leap
**Dec 25                                        leap 1978 1984 1989**
Dec 24                                                  leap 1990
```

```
Jan 02           2000
**Jan 01           leap**
Dec 31           2001 2007
Dec 30 1991      2002 2008 2013 2019
Dec 29 1992 1997 2003 leap 2014 2020 2025 2031
Dec 28 leap 1998 2004 2009 2015 leap 2026 2032 2037 2043
Dec 27 1993 1999 leap 2010 2016 2021 2027 leap 2038 2044 2049
Dec 26 1994      2005 2011 leap 2022 2028 2033 2039 leap 2050
**Dec 25 1995      2006 2012 2017 2023 leap 2034 2040 2045 2051**
Dec 24 1996           leap 2018 2024 2029 2035 leap 2046 2052
Dec 23 leap                     leap 2030 2036 2041 2047 leap
Dec 22                                    leap 2042 2048 2053
Dec 21                                              leap 2054
```

The next table shows what happens around a typical turn of the century and also the full range (18 Dec to 6 Jan) of 19 days that the Pax Calendar New Year Day varies against the Gregorian calendar.

```
Jan 06                                           2301 2307
Jan 05                                           2302 2308
Jan 04                                           2303 leap
Jan 03                                           2304 2309
Jan 02                 2101 2107                 leap 2310
**Jan 01                 2102 2108                 2305 2311**
Dec 31                 2103 leap            2300 2306 2312
Dec 30                 2104 2109                      leap
Dec 29                 leap 2110
Dec 28                 2105 2111   2291
Dec 27           2100  2106 2112   2292 2297
Dec 26                      leap   leap 2298
**Dec 25                             2293 2299**
Dec 24 2091 leap                   2294
Dec 23 2092 2097                   2295
Dec 22 leap 2098                   2296
Dec 21 2093 2099                   leap
Dec 20 2094
Dec 19 2095
**Dec 18 2096**
```

## Alternative proposals by Colligan

Colligan published multiple alternative methods of organising the months, including three 12-month plans in addition to the 13-month plan, and in a follow-up work focused on two possible 12-month calendars, in which Pax would be between September and October. He also provided two alternatives to the leap week plan, either extending one or two Mondays per year to 48 hours or making Pax a month of 28 or 21 days to be added 18 times in 400 years.

## Sources and references

* Lance Latham (1998). *Standard C Date/Time Library: programming the world's calendars and clocks*. CMP Books. p. 471. ISBN 0-87930-496-0.

1. James A. Colligan (1930). "Original proposal for the Pax Calendar". Rick McCarty.
2. Duncan Steel (2000). *Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar*. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 288, 422. ISBN 0-471-29827-1.
3. Colligan, James (1933). *An unchangeable calendar without blank days and with only two days of the present calendar changed*. University of San Francisco.


title: Pax Corpus

abstract: Pax Corpus is a 1997 cyberpunk action and adventure video game developed and published by the French studio Cryo Interactive. It was released only in Europe for Windows PC and for the PlayStation console. It has often been likened to Tomb Raider.

text:
# Pax Corpus

***Pax Corpus*** is a 1997 cyberpunk action and adventure video game developed and published by the French studio Cryo Interactive. It was released only in Europe for Windows PC and for the PlayStation console. It has often been likened to *Tomb Raider*.

## Plot

The game takes place in a cyberpunk sci-fi universe where the population is entirely made up of women; the men have all been killed, and the few survivors are mindless slaves. The reproduction of the population is ensured by the cloning technology of a powerful corporation, Alcyon, led by Kiyiana Soro. The player embodies a mercenary, Kahlee, who works for her own account. Kahlee comes to gradually unveil a dangerous project called Pax Corpus. Pax Corpus was created by Dr. Ellys on behalf of Kiyiana Soro. It is a terrible weapon which emits a radiation capable of taking away all freedom of thought from anyone exposed to it for too long; the people who are exposed to it are integrated into a collective entity subject to Alcyon. Kahlee must foil this plot, while maintaining a love-hate relationship with Kiyiana Soro.

## Gameplay

Pax Corpus is a third person action game, but includes an option to temporarily switch to first person vision. The player directs their character in a 3D environment, and must eliminate various enemies using several weapons. As the game progresses, the player levels up by finding flashcards that gain proficiency in new weapons.

## Development

The game was originally meant to adapt the MTV animated science fiction series *Æon Flux*, commissioned from Cryo Interactive by Viacom New Media, the video game division of MTV's parent company, Viacom. A beta version of the game was shown at the E3 convention in 1996, with the scenario inspired by the episode "The Demiurge".

The project was abandoned after Viacom acquired Spelling Entertainment and merged Viacom New Media into Spelling's Virgin Interactive, at which time all previous projects at Viacom New Media were canceled. With the game already in late development, Cryo changed the names of the characters and certain details of the universe to remove the copyrighted elements of *Æon Flux*, then published the game under the title *Pax Corpus*.

## Release and Reception

Pax Corpus was released in the United Kingdom in October 1997 and sold in various retailers and mail-order shops for £33.99. Even after release of the Game, many in Europe still expected Aeon Flux to be released, not realising Pax Corpus was based on it.

The official UK PlayStation Magazine gave it a 2/10 in its final issue calling it "Tomb Raider in Space, but Crap"

Issue 35, August 1998 of UK Magazine PlayStation Plus gave the game 30% critiquing the graphics and lack of gameplay "No rational human can want games like this to exist. The controls are way bollocks, the combat's shite, the whole game's piss-ugly. A big fat waste of time."

The September 1998 issue of Extreme PlayStation Magazine gave Pax Corpus a 19% score with the author stating "I’m going to be brutally honest and say this game is the worst to ever be released on the PlayStation in its entire history" giving a score of 3 for Graphics, 6 for Sound, 2 for Gameplay and 3 for Lifespan.

Polish Video Game Magazine Gry Komputerowe gave the video game 35% in its October 1998 issue.

German Video Game Magazine Maniac gave Pax Corpus a slightly more positive score of 39% in its May 1998 issue.

French Magazine Console Plus gave a negative review and score of 21% in Issue 70.

Australian Magazine Hyper chose Pax Corpus as the Third Worst game (across all gaming platforms) of 1997–1998 in Issue 63.

## InfoBox

| Pax Corpus | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Cryo Interactive Entertainment |
| Publisher(s) | Cryo Interactive Entertainment<br>Electronic Arts |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation, Windows |
| Release | 1997 |
| Genre(s) | Action |


title: Pax Gupta

abstract: Pax Gupta or Pax Guptana is a historiographical term sometimes used to describe the social and economic peace in the regions under the Gupta Empire between 4th and 5th centuries CE, notably in the Indus Valley and Northern India.

text:
# Pax Gupta

***Pax Gupta*** or ***Pax Guptana*** (Latin for "Gupta Peace", modelled after *Pax Romana*) is a historiographical term sometimes used to describe the social and economic peace in the regions under the Gupta Empire between 4th and 5th centuries CE, notably in the Indus Valley and Northern India.

*Sargat*420ROURAN KHAGANATE*Kyrgyzs***Gaoju<br>Turks**CHAM-
PAFUNAN***Khotan*****HYMYAR**EASTERN
JINNORTHERN
WEIGOGU-
RYEOVAKA-
TAKASGUPTA
EMPIRE**KIDARITES**ALCHONSAFRIGHIDSN.LIANGSASANIAN
EMPIREBYZANTINE
EMPIREHUNSTOCHARIANSTUYUHUN*Paleo-Siberians**Samoyeds**Tungus***MEROË****AKSUM**class=notpageimage|The Gupta Empire and neighbouring polities c.420 CE.

## Background

This period ushered an unprecedented growth and development of scientific knowledge in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the fields of art, mathematics and astrology and is called the golden age of India. Many Hindu epics and literary sources, such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana, were canonised during this period. The Gupta period produced the scholars Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The game of chess developed during this period.

### Citations

### Sources


title: Peace of Zsitvatorok

abstract:
The Peace of Zsitvatorok was a peace treaty which ended the 13-year Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy on 11 November 1606. The treaty was part of a system of peace treaties which put an end to the anti-Habsburg uprising of Stephen Bocskai (1604–1606).
The treaty was negotiated between 24 October and 11 November 1606 ad Situa Torock, at the former mouth of the Žitava River, which flows into the Danube in Royal Hungary. This location would later become the small settlement of Žitavská Tôňa, a part of the municipality of Radvaň nad Dunajom. The peace was signed for a term of 20 years and has been interpreted in different ways by diplomatic historians. Differences between the Ottoman Turkish and the Hungarian texts of the treaty encouraged different interpretations, e.g. the Hungarians offered 200,000 florins as a once-and-for-all tribute, whereas the Ottoman text foresaw that the payment was to be repeated after three years. The treaty prohibited Ottoman looting campaigns into the territory of Royal Hungary, and stipulated that Hungarian settlements under Ottoman rule could collect taxes themselves by means of village judges. The Ottomans also acknowledged the tax-free privilege of nobles. However, the Ottomans never really complied with these terms. The treaty was signed by Sultan Ahmed I and Archduke Matthias of Austria on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire. On 9 December, Matthias's brother the Emperor Rudolf II ratified the treaty. The Ottomans' inability to penetrate further into Habsburg territory during the Long Turkish War was one of their first geopolitical defeats. However, the treaty stabilized conditions on the Habsburg-Ottoman frontier for half a century for the benefit of both parties. The Habsburgs would face serious domestic opposition during the following years, and the Ottomans, apart from internal rebellion, had open conflicts in other parts of their frontiers. At Zsitvatorok, for the first time, the Ottoman sultan, who carried the title Kayser-i Rûm since the Fall of Constantinople, recognised the equality of status of the Holy Roman Emperor by titling him Padishah, which was the sultan's own title. That was seen as an acceptance of divisio imperii in which imperial hegemony would be divided into West and East. Before then, the Holy Roman Emperor was regarded as mere kral (king) of Vienna in Ottoman diplomacy. The next European ruler to be conceded that level of respect was Catherine the Great of Russia in the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774. The treaty explicitly included the Crimean Khanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.

text:
# Peace of Zsitvatorok

The **Peace of Zsitvatorok** (or **Treaty of Sitvatorok**) was a peace treaty which ended the 13-year Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy on 11 November 1606. The treaty was part of a system of peace treaties which put an end to the anti-Habsburg uprising of Stephen Bocskai (1604–1606). The treaty was negotiated between 24 October and 11 November 1606 *ad Situa Torock*, at the former mouth of the Žitava River (Hungarian: *Zsitva*), which flows into the Danube in Royal Hungary (today part of Slovakia). This location would later become the small settlement of Žitavská Tôňa (Hungarian: *Zsitvatorok*), a part of the municipality of Radvaň nad Dunajom (Hungarian: *Dunaradvány*).

The peace was signed for a term of 20 years and has been interpreted in different ways by diplomatic historians. Differences between the Ottoman Turkish and the Hungarian texts of the treaty encouraged different interpretations, e.g. the Hungarians offered 200,000 florins as a once-and-for-all tribute (instead of the annual tributes of 30,000 guldens given before the war), whereas the Ottoman text foresaw that the payment was to be repeated after three years. The treaty prohibited Ottoman looting campaigns into the territory of Royal Hungary, and stipulated that Hungarian settlements under Ottoman rule could collect taxes themselves by means of village judges. The Ottomans also acknowledged the tax-free privilege of nobles. However, the Ottomans never really complied with these terms.

The treaty was signed by Sultan Ahmed I and Archduke Matthias of Austria on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire. On 9 December, Matthias's brother the Emperor Rudolf II ratified the treaty. The Ottomans' inability to penetrate further into Habsburg territory (Royal Hungary) during the Long Turkish War was one of their first geopolitical defeats. However, the treaty stabilized conditions on the Habsburg-Ottoman frontier for half a century for the benefit of both parties. The Habsburgs would face serious domestic opposition during the following years, and the Ottomans, apart from internal rebellion, had open conflicts in other parts of their frontiers (Poland and Iran).

At Zsitvatorok, for the first time, the Ottoman sultan, who carried the title *Kayser-i Rûm* (Caesar of the Roman Empire) since the Fall of Constantinople, recognised the equality of status of the Holy Roman Emperor by titling him *Padishah* (Emperor or, more literally, "Master King"), which was the sultan's own title. That was seen as an acceptance of *divisio imperii* in which imperial hegemony would be divided into West (the Holy Roman Empire) and East (the Ottoman Empire). Before then, the Holy Roman Emperor was regarded as mere *kral* (king) of Vienna in Ottoman diplomacy. The next European ruler to be conceded that level of respect was Catherine the Great of Russia in the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774.

The treaty explicitly included the Crimean Khanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.

## Further reading

* Bayerle, Gustav (1980). "The compromise at Zsitvatorok". *Archivum Ottomanicum*. **6**: 5–53.

## InfoBox

Peace of Zsitvatorok
| Peace of Zsitvatorok Memorial in Radvaň nad Dunajom | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Peace |
| Signed | 11 November 1606 |
| Location | Zsitvatorok |
| Ratified | 9 November 1606 |
| Original
signatories | Ahmed I
Matthias |
| Parties |  |
| Languages | Ottoman Turkish
Hungarian |


title: Peace of Travendal

abstract: The Peace of Travendal was a peace treaty concluded at the outset of the Great Northern War on 18 August 1700 between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. Denmark had to return Holstein-Gottorp to its duke, a Swedish ally, and to leave the anti-Swedish alliance. The Danes only reentered the war after Sweden's major defeat in the Battle of Poltava, 1709, having used the time to reform their army. The treaty was guaranteed by France, the Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces (Netherlands) and Great Britain.

text:
# Peace of Travendal

The **Peace of Travendal** was a peace treaty concluded at the outset of the Great Northern War on 18 August 1700 between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. Denmark had to return Holstein-Gottorp to its duke, a Swedish ally, and to leave the anti-Swedish alliance. The Danes only reentered the war after Sweden's major defeat in the Battle of Poltava, 1709, having used the time to reform their army. The treaty was guaranteed by France, the Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces (Netherlands) and Great Britain.

## Background

In 1698 and 1699, Peter the Great of Russia, Augustus II the Strong of Saxony and Poland–Lithuania, as well as Christian V and his successor Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway agreed on a three-front assault on the Swedish Empire, where minor Charles XII had ascended the throne in 1697. Holstein-Gottorp, just south of Denmark, was tied to Sweden by the marriage of duke Frederick IV to Hedvig Sophia, daughter of Charles XI of Sweden, in 1698. Danish forces entered Holstein-Gottorp in March 1700 and besieged the fortress of Tönning, while August the Strong was advancing through Swedish Livonia.

In the meantime, Sweden had negotiated the support of the Maritime Powers, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, against Danish assaults on Holstein-Gottorp. Such assaults violated the Altona convention of 1689, of which the Maritime Powers were the guarantors. In addition, the Maritime Powers prepared for the emerging War of the Spanish Succession and therefore opposed an additional war in the Baltic Sea. Aided by the Dutch and British navies, a Swedish fleet deployed a 10,000 strong army near Copenhagen. Caught by surprise and unable to defend his capital, Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway had to make peace. As soon as the end of the war was in sight, the Maritime Powers withdrew their vessels and made it clear that they preferred a peace at once and had no interest in Sweden crushing and annexing Denmark.

## The treaty

Frederick IV of Holstein-GottorpFrederik IV of Denmark-NorwayCharles XII of Sweden

In Travendal, Denmark-Norway left the Great Northern War by obliging herself to not engage in future armed conflicts with Sweden. In paragraph XIII, the king of Denmark and Norway in his own name and the name of his successors promises to neither engage in hostilities with Sweden nor ally with or in any way aid Sweden's enemies, and adhere to all earlier Dano-Swedish treaties. The duke of Holstein-Gottorp's sovereignty was restored, and the treaty detailed the conditions under which armies and fortresses were to be maintained in the area. It was further agreed that Holstein-Gottorp be financially compensated by Denmark-Norway for the war costs, resulting in the subsequent payment of 260,000 Reichstalers.

Paragraph XIV mentions France, the Holy Roman Emperor, the dukes of the Holy Roman Empire, and the guarantors of the Altona convention as guarantors of the treaty. The guarantees of the United Provinces and the United Kingdom for the treaty were reconfirmed in a convention signed by the aforementioned parties after Queen Anne's succession in Great Britain, 1702.

## Consequences

By the time of Travendal, Augustus II the Strong's campaign in Swedish Livonia had not produced satisfactory results. Though Dünamünde was captured and renamed "*Augustusburg*", he failed to take Riga or gain the support of the local nobility. Furthermore, Russia's forces had not yet entered the Great Northern War, as they were bound by the Russo-Turkish War until the Peace of Constantinople set them free in the summer. Thus, August's reaction to Travendal was to enter negotiations with France and Brandenburg-Prussia and ask them to mediate a truce with Sweden. Charles XII of Sweden, however, rejected the offer, refusing to enter negotiations as long as Saxon forces were in Livonia. Peter the Great took a more indifferent stance, and marched his troops towards Swedish Ingria as agreed on in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye.

As soon as Denmark-Norway was out of the war, Charles XII speedily embarked his armies and headed from Denmark to his Baltic dominions. Russian forces entered Ingria and laid siege to Narva in October, while August the Strong was preparing winter quarters in Livonia. On 30 November, Charles XII's army relieved Narva before turning south sweeping August the Strong's forces out of Livonia, pursuing and decisively defeating them at Kliszow and Fraustadt during the following years, forcing August to drop out of the war in the Treaty of Altranstädt in 1706. The tide turned only in 1709, when Charles XII's last remaining adversary Peter the Great was able to crush his army at Poltava and exile the Swedish king to Bender in the Ottoman Empire. Denmark-Norway and Saxony then abandoned Travendal and Altranstädt and entered the war again.

Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway used the peace period to reform the Danish army. Instead of relying on mercenaries, the army was now raised from peasants distributed by Danish landowners. The mercenary force was kept and fought on the Maritime Powers' side in the War of the Spanish Succession against *roi soleil* Louis XIV of France. Frederik also implemented civil reforms such as the abolishment of serfdom. When he re-entered the Great Northern War, the mercenaries were still fighting France, but were returned to participate in the war in 1713.

1. Travendahlischer Friede, Artikel XIII:
> "\[...\] Insonderheit wollen Ihro Königl. Maj. zu Dennemarck-Norwegen ec. vor sich und Dero Successores hiemit versprochen haben daß sie \[...\] gegen Ihro Königl. Maj. zu Schweden \[...\] weder selbst etwas Thätliches vornehmen noch andern, die solches thun oder thun möchten, mithin dero Feinden und Widerwärtigen, auf keinerley Weise mit Rath und That Hülffe noch Vorschub, directe noch indirecte leisten, sondern vielmehr ohnangesehen alles dessen, so biß anhero verhandelt, vorkommen und passiret, mit denenselben und zwar was in specie Ihro Maj. und die Cron Schweden belanget, nach Inhalt der zwischen beyden Nordischen Königen und Reichen vordem errichteten Pacten und Frieden-Schlüßen ein beständiges gutes Freund-nachbarliches Vernehmen unterhalten wollen. Hingege(n) wollen Ihr. Kön. Maj in Schweden und Hochgedachtes Durchl. Haus sich auf gleiche Weise gegen die Cron Dennemarck betragen \[...\]."
2. , i.e., The United Provinces (Netherlands) and the United Kingdom (Great Britain)

## Sources

### References

### Bibliography

* Derry, Thomas Kingston (2000). *History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland*. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3799-7.
* Frost, Robert I (2000). *The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721*. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
* Oakley, Steward (1992). *War and peace in the Baltic, 1560-1790*. War in Context. Abingdon - New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02472-2.
* Hartmann, Stefan (1983). *Neue Forschungen zur brandenburg-preußischen Geschichte Band III*. Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preußischer Kulturbesitz (in German). Vol. 14. Böhlau. ISBN 3-412-00383-2.
* Peterson, Gary Dean (2007). *Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries*. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2873-1.
* Weigley, Russell Frank (2004). *The age of battles: the quest for decisive warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo*. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21707-5.

## InfoBox

Peace of Travendal
| Travendahlischer Friede<br>Freden i Traventhal | |
| --- | --- |
| Traventhal House | |
| Type | Peace treaty |
| Signed | August 18, 1700 (1700-08-18) Gregorian. August 8, 1700 Swedish Calendar. August 7, 1700 Julian Calendar |
| Location | Travendal (Traventhal) House |
| Effective | 1700-1709 |
| Signatories |  |
| Parties |  |
| Language | German |


title: Mary Jane Gibson

abstract: Mary Jane Gibson is an American Democratic politician from Belmont, Massachusetts. She represented the 26th Middlesex district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1979 to 1993.

text:
# Mary Jane Gibson

**Mary Jane Gibson** is an American Democratic politician from Belmont, Massachusetts. She represented the 26th Middlesex district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1979 to 1993.

## InfoBox

| Mary Jane Gibson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
from the 26th Middlesex district | |
| **In office**
1979–1993 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Reina de Mi Tierra 2011

abstract: Reina de Mi Tierra 2011, the 4th competition, will be held in October 2011. Where Mireya Levi, from Tulcán will crown her successor as Reina de Mi Tierra 2011. The winner of Reina de Mi Tierra will represent her province at Miss Ecuador 2012 directly without castings. Also, in the final night will have the Top 24 and then Top 6 and a Top 3.

text:
# Reina de Mi Tierra 2011

**Reina de Mi Tierra 2011**, the 4th competition, will be held in October 2011. Where Mireya Levi, from Tulcán will crown her successor as Reina de Mi Tierra 2011.

The winner of **Reina de Mi Tierra** will represent her province at Miss Ecuador 2012 directly without castings. Also, in the final night will have the Top 24 and then Top 6 and a Top 3.

## Contestants

As of September 24, 2011, 60 contestants have been confirmed.

| Canton | Contestant | Age | Height
(cm) | Height
(ft) | Province |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Baba | Melissa Bajaña | 19 | 175 | 5'9" | Los Rios |
| Babahoyo | Nirvana Torres Berrus | 16 | 171 | 5'7" | Los Rios |
| Balao | Crisell Thalía Mendoza Cavallos | 19 | 168 | 5'6" | Guayas |
| Balzar | Joselyne Aguayo | 19 | 172 | 5'8" | Guayas |
| Bucay | Yaritza Figueroa | 16 | 167 | 5'6" | Guayas |
| Buena Fe | Nathaly Salinas Bravo | 18 | 169 | 5'7" | Los Rios |
| Caluma | Kerly Lara Morejón | 22 | 168 | 5'6" | Bolivar |
| Cayambe | Daniela Jaramillo | 18 | 169 | 5'7" | Pichincha |
| Chone | Diana Zambrabo | 18 | 175 | 5'6" | Manabi |
| Colimes | Belinda Claribel | 16 | 167 | 5'6" | Guayas |
| Cumandá | Esther Naula | 18 | 169 | 5'7" | Chimborazo |
| Daule | Karla López | 16 | 167 | 5'6" | Guayas |
| El Carmen | María Belén Robalino | 19 | 171 | 5'7" | Manabi |
| El Coca | Yomaira Cordero Castillo | 19 | 168 | 5'6" | Orellana |
| El Empalme | Ginger DiCaso | 21 | 171 | 5'7" | Guayas |
| El Guabo | Ana Mishel Ajila | 21 | 176 | 5'9" | El Oro |
| El Triunfo | Joselyne Mera | 18 | 176 | 5'9" | Guayas |
| Esmeraldas | Karen Morales Contreras | 18 | 171 | 5'7" | Esmeraldas |
| La Maná | María Cristina Tixe Vera | 18 | 170 | 5'7" | Cotopaxi |
| La Troncal | Marjorie Ortíz | 18 | 173 | 5'8" | Cañar |
| Lomas de Sargentillo | Mónica Fajardo Sornaza | 18 | 173 | 5'8" | Guayas |
| Macas | Karla Merino | 18 | 173 | 5'8" | Morona-Santiago |
| Machala | Erika Pontón | 18 | 176 | 5'9" | El Oro |
| Maldonado | Katherine Jiménez Flor | 19 | 173 | 5'8" | Pichincha |
| Manta | Alejandra Proaño | 18 | 174 | 5'8" | Manabi |
| Marcabelí | Angie Gabriel Maza | 21 | 174 | 5'8" | El Oro |
| Milagro | Brigitte Joselyne Salazar Llerena | 19 | 174 | 5'8" | Guayas |
| Mocache | Mariam Lua Vera | 17 | 171 | 5'7" | Los Rios |
| Muisne | Patricia Samaniego | 17 | 167 | 5'6" | Esmeraldas |
| Naranjal | Pamela Chica Mora | 24 | 170 | 5'7" | Guayas |
| Naranjito | Esther Vallejo Rodas | 17 | 166 | 5'5" | Guayas |
| Nobol | Martha Romero | 17 | 168 | 5'6" | Guayas |
| Palenque | Karla Elena Vera Chóez | 20 | 170 | 5'7" | Los Ríos |
| Palestina | Gloria Rendón | 17 | 170 | 5'7" | Guayas |
| Patate | Edith Sarabia | 20 | 168 | 5'6" | Tungurahua |
| Pedro Carbo | Amy Villacís García | 19 | 173 | 5'8" | Guayas |
| Pelileo | María Soledad Llerena | 24 | 173 | 5'8" | Tungurahua |
| Pillaro | Cristina Amores | 18 | 170 | 5'7" | Tungurahua |
| Playas | Sofía Santillán Briones | 17 | 174 | 5'8" | Guayas |
| Ponce Enríquez | Katherine Indio Zambrano | 17 | 167 | 5'6" | Azuay |
| Puerto López | Brigette Espinar | 16 | 167 | 5'6" | Manabí |
| Puyo | Olga Riofrío | 22 | 168 | 5'6" | Pastaza |
| Quevedo | Yamel Zambrano | 16 | 172 | 5'8" | Los Ríos |
| Quinindé | Nubia Flores | 23 | 177 | 5'9" | Esmeraldas |
| Riobamba | Anjulye Villágomez | 19 | 173 | 5'8" | Chimborazo |
| Salinas | María Fernanda Parra | 18 | 173 | 5'8" | Santa Elena |
| Salitre | María José Guin | 17 | 169 | 5'7" | Guayas |
| Samborondón | Lissette Sandoya | 17 | 173 | 5'8" | Guayas |
| San Miguel | Jazmín Proaño | 19 | 174 | 5'8" | Pichincha |
| Santa Ana | Yaritza Mieles | 17 | 176 | 5'9" | Manabi |
| Santa Cruz | Jazmín Cargua | 19 | 174 | 5'8" | Galápagos |
| Santa Elena | Yumi Zambrabo | 19 | 171 | 5'7" | Santa Elena |
| Santa Lucía | Lissette Espinoza | 17 | 170 | 5'7" | Guayas |
| Santo Domingo | Ruth Guevara | 19 | 176 | 5'9" | Santo Domingo |
| Saraguro | Jenny Cabrera | 18 | 175 | 5'8" | Loja |
| Tena | Jennifer Proaño | 18 | 178 | 5'10" | Napo |
| Urdaneta | Kimberly Espinoza | 23 | 178 | 5'10" | Los Ríos |
| Ventanas | Genessis Rendon | 19 | 169 | 5'6" | Los Rios |
| Vinces | María José Moscoso | 22 | 172 | 5'7" | Los Ríos |
| Yaguachi | Dennisse Cali Moreno | 16 | 167 | 5'6" | Guayas |

## InfoBox

| Reina de Mi Tierra 2011 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | October 27, 2011 |
| Venue | Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador |


title: HKUST-1

abstract: HKUST-1, which is also called MOF-199, is a material in the class of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Metal-organic frameworks are crystalline materials, in which metals are linked by ligands to form repeating coordination motives extending in three dimensions. The HKUST-1 framework is built up of dimeric metal units, which are connected by benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate linker molecules. The paddlewheel unit is the commonly used structural motif to describe the coordination environment of the metal centers and also called secondary building unit (SBU) of the HKUST-1 structure. The paddlewheel is built up of four benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate linkers molecules, which bridge two metal centers. One water molecules is coordinated to each of the two metal centers at the axial position of the paddlewheel unit in the hydrated state, which is usually found if the material is handled in air. After an activation process, these water molecules can be removed and the coordination site at the metal atoms is left unoccupied. This unoccupied coordination site is called coordinatively unsaturated site (CUS) and can be accessed by other molecules.

text:
# HKUST-1

**HKUST-1** (HKUST ⇒ **H**ong **K**ong **U**niversity of **S**cience and **T**echnology), which is also called MOF-199, is a material in the class of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Metal-organic frameworks are crystalline materials, in which metals are linked by ligands (so-called linker molecules) to form repeating coordination motives extending in three dimensions. The HKUST-1 framework is built up of dimeric metal units, which are connected by benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate linker molecules. The paddlewheel unit is the commonly used structural motif to describe the coordination environment of the metal centers and also called secondary building unit (SBU) of the HKUST-1 structure. The paddlewheel is built up of four benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate linkers molecules, which bridge two metal centers. One water molecules is coordinated to each of the two metal centers at the axial position of the paddlewheel unit in the hydrated state, which is usually found if the material is handled in air. After an activation process (heating, vacuum), these water molecules can be removed (dehydrated state) and the coordination site at the metal atoms is left unoccupied. This unoccupied coordination site is called coordinatively unsaturated site (CUS) and can be accessed by other molecules.

## Structural analogs

### Monometallic HKUST-1 analogs

Cu2+ was used as metal center in the first synthesized HKUST-1 material, but the HKUST-1 structure was also obtained with other metals. The oxidation state of most used metals is +II, which results in a neutral overall framework. In the case of trivalent metals (oxidation state +3), the overall framework is positively charged and requires anions to compensate the charge and guarantee charge neutrality.

Overview of monometallic HKUST-1 analogs
| Metal center and oxidation state | Year of first publication | Alternative name | Citation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cu2+ | 1999 | Cu3BTC2 CuBTC |  |
| Mo2+ | 2006 | TUDMOF-1 |  |
| Fe2+/3+ | 2007 |  |  |
| Cr2+ | 2010 |  |  |
| Ni2+ | 2011 |  |  |
| Zn2+ | 2011 |  |  |
| Ru2+/3+ | 2011 |  |  |
| Mn2+ | 2012 |  |  |
| Fe2+ | 2012 |  |  |
| Co2+ | 2012 |  |  |
| Fe3+ | 2014 |  |  |
| Ru2+ | 2016 |  |  |
| Fe2+ | 2019 |  |  |

### Mixed-metal HKUST-1 analogs

In addition to monometallic HKUST-1 analogs, several mixed-metal HKUST-1 materials were synthesized, in which two metals are incorporated into the framework structure at crystallographically equivalent positions. The incorporation of two metals can be achieved by using both metals for the synthesis (direct synthesis) or by using post-synthetic metal-exchange. For the post-synthetic metal exchange, a monometallic HKUST-1 material is synthesized in the first step. Subsequently, this monometallic HKUST-1 is suspended in a solution containing the second metal, which results in an exchange of metal centers in the framework leading to a mixed-metal HKUST-1.

Overview of mixed-metal HKUST-1 analogs
| Metal centers and oxidation states | Metal ratios \[-\] | Synthesis method | Citation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cu2+ / Zn2+ | 0.99 : 0.01 | Direct synthesis |  |
| | 0.99 : 0.01 0.97 : 0.03
0.95 : 0.05
0.90 : 0.10
0.79 : 0.21 | |  |
| | 0.95 : 0.05 0.90 : 0.10 | Direct synthesis ball milling (mechanochemical) |  |
| Cu2+ / Ni2+ | 0.70 : 0.30 0.50 : 0.50
0.20 : 0.80 | Direct synthesis |  |
| Cu2+ / Ru3+ | 0.92 : 0.08 | Direct synthesis |  |
| Cu2+ / Ag+ | not reported | Post-synthetic metal-exchange |  |
| Cu2+ / Mn2+ | 0.94 : 0.06 | Post-synthetic metal-exchange |  |
| Cu2+ / Fe3+ | 0.86 : 0.14 | Post-synthetic metal-exchange |  |
| Cu2+ / Co2+ | 0.74 : 0.26 | Post-synthetic metal-exchange |  |
| Cu2+ / Pd2+ | 0.91 : 0.09 0.86 : 0.14
0.80 : 0.20 | Direct synthesis |  |
| | 0.81 : 0.19 0.59 : 0.41 | |  |
| Ru2+/3+ / Rh2+ | 0.95 : 0.05 0.89 : 0.11
0.79 : 0.21
0.47 : 0.53
0.24 : 0.76
0.03 : 0.97 | Direct synthesis |  |
| Cu2+ / Fe3+ | 0.69 : 0.31 | Direct synthesis |  |
| Cu2+ / Zn2+ / Mo6+ | 0.80 : 0.15 : 0.05 0.70 : 0.15 : 0.15
0.55 : 0.15 : 0.30 | Direct synthesis ball milling (mechanochemical) |  |

### Theoretically calculated HKUST-1 analogs

Several HKUST-1 analogs have already been synthesized, but several research groups have investigated the properties of the HKUST-1 structure by means of theoretical calculations. For this purpose, additional metal centers were incorporated into the framework on the theoretical level, which have not been used for the synthesis (e.g. Sc, V, Ti, W, Cd). Theoretical study on a mixed-metal HKUST-1 containing Cu in combination with various other metals (e.g. W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au) were also reported, of which several metal combinations have not been synthesized.

1. Chui, S. S. (1999-02-19). "A Chemically Functionalizable Nanoporous Material \[Cu3(TMA)2(H2O)3\]n". *Science*. **283** (5405): 1148–1150. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1148C. doi:10.1126/science.283.5405.1148. PMID 10024237.
2. Britt, D.; Tranchemontagne, D.; Yaghi, O. M. (2008-08-19). "Metal-organic frameworks with high capacity and selectivity for harmful gases". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **105** (33): 11623–11627. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511623B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804900105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2575308. PMID 18711128.
3. Sotnik, S. A.; Kolotilov, S. V.; Kiskin, M. A.; Dobrokhotova, Zh. V.; Gavrilenko, K. S.; Novotortsev, V. M.; Eremenko, I. L.; Imshennik, V. K.; Maksimov, Yu. V.; Pavlishchuk, V. V. (April 2014). "Synthesis, crystal structure, and physicochemical properties of the new metal-organic framework — the iron(iii) complex with benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate". *Russian Chemical Bulletin*. **63** (4): 862–869. doi:10.1007/s11172-014-0522-x. ISSN 1066-5285. S2CID 95858713.
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5. Xie, Linhua; Liu, Shuxia; Gao, Chaoying; Cao, Ruige; Cao, Jianfang; Sun, Chunyan; Su, Zhongmin (2007-08-15). "Mixed-Valence Iron(II, III) Trimesates with Open Frameworks Modulated by Solvents". *Inorganic Chemistry*. **46** (19): 7782–7788. doi:10.1021/ic062273m. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 17696421.
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7. Kramer, Markus; Schwarz, Ulrich; Kaskel, Stefan (2006). "Synthesis and properties of the metal-organic framework Mo3(BTC)2 (TUDMOF-1)". *Journal of Materials Chemistry*. **16** (23): 2245. doi:10.1039/b601811d. ISSN 0959-9428.
8. Murray, Leslie J.; Dinca, Mircea; Yano, Junko; Chavan, Sachin; Bordiga, Silvia; Brown, Craig M.; Long, Jeffrey R. (2010-06-16). "Highly-Selective and Reversible O 2 Binding in Cr 3 (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) 2". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **132** (23): 7856–7857. doi:10.1021/ja1027925. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 20481535.
9. Maniam, Palanikumar; Stock, Norbert (2011-06-06). "Investigation of Porous Ni-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks Containing Paddle-Wheel Type Inorganic Building Units via High-Throughput Methods". *Inorganic Chemistry*. **50** (11): 5085–5097. doi:10.1021/ic200381f. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 21539354.
10. Feldblyum, Jeremy I.; Liu, Ming; Gidley, David W.; Matzger, Adam J. (2011-11-16). "Reconciling the Discrepancies between Crystallographic Porosity and Guest Access As Exemplified by Zn-HKUST-1". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **133** (45): 18257–18263. doi:10.1021/ja2055935. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 22011056.
11. Zhang, Zhenjie; Zhang, Linping; Wojtas, Lukasz; Eddaoudi, Mohamed; Zaworotko, Michael J. (2012-01-18). "Template-Directed Synthesis of Nets Based upon Octahemioctahedral Cages That Encapsulate Catalytically Active Metalloporphyrins". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **134** (2): 928–933. doi:10.1021/ja208256u. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 22208770.
12. Zhang, Wenhua; Freitag, Kerstin; Wannapaiboon, Suttipong; Schneider, Christian; Epp, Konstantin; Kieslich, Gregor; Fischer, Roland A. (2016-12-19). "Elaboration of a Highly Porous Ru II,II Analogue of HKUST-1". *Inorganic Chemistry*. **55** (24): 12492–12495. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02038. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 27989180.
13. Yue, Yanfeng; Arman, Hadi; Chen, Banglin (2019-05-17). "Air-Free Synthesis of a Ferrous Metal-Organic Framework Featuring HKUST-1 Structure and its Mössbauer Spectrum". *Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie*. **645** (11): 797–800. doi:10.1002/zaac.201900066. ISSN 1521-3749. S2CID 182860287.
14. Jee, Bettina; Eisinger, Konrad; Gul-E-Noor, Farhana; Bertmer, Marko; Hartmann, Martin; Himsl, Dieter; Pöppl, Andreas (2010-10-07). "Continuous Wave and Pulsed Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Paramagnetic Framework Cupric Ions in the Zn(II) Doped Porous Coordination Polymer Cu 3− x Zn x (btc) 2". *The Journal of Physical Chemistry C*. **114** (39): 16630–16639. doi:10.1021/jp105955w. ISSN 1932-7447.
15. Gul-E-Noor, Farhana; Jee, Bettina; Mendt, Matthias; Himsl, Dieter; Pöppl, Andreas; Hartmann, Martin; Haase, Jürgen; Krautscheid, Harald; Bertmer, Marko (2012-10-04). "Formation of Mixed Metal Cu 3– x Zn x (btc) 2 Frameworks with Different Zinc Contents: Incorporation of Zn 2+ into the Metal–Organic Framework Structure as Studied by Solid-State NMR". *The Journal of Physical Chemistry C*. **116** (39): 20866–20873. doi:10.1021/jp3054857. ISSN 1932-7447.
16. Lee, Su-Kyung; Hong, Do-Young; Jeong, Myung-Geun; Yoon, Ji Woong; Bae, Jongyoon; Kim, Young Dok; Chang, Jong-San; Hwang, Young Kyu (2017-11-15). "Trimetallic copper trimesate with isomorphously substituted Mo(VI) and its catalytic properties". *Microporous and Mesoporous Materials*. **253**: 223–232. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.07.007.
17. Hu, Jue; Yu, Huijing; Dai, Wei; Yan, Xiaoyang; Hu, Xin; Huang, He (2014). "Enhanced adsorptive removal of hazardous anionic dye "congo red" by a Ni/Cu mixed-component metal–organic porous material". *RSC Adv*. **4** (66): 35124–35130. doi:10.1039/C4RA05772D. ISSN 2046-2069.
18. Gotthardt, Meike A.; Schoch, Roland; Wolf, Silke; Bauer, Matthias; Kleist, Wolfgang (2015). "Synthesis and characterization of bimetallic metal–organic framework Cu–Ru-BTC with HKUST-1 structure". *Dalton Transactions*. **44** (5): 2052–2056. doi:10.1039/C4DT02491E. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 25518915.
19. Sun, Zhiguo; Li, Gang; Zhang, Yue; Liu, Hai-ou; Gao, Xionghou (2015-01-10). "Ag–Cu–BTC prepared by postsynthetic exchange as effective catalyst for selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde". *Catalysis Communications*. **59**: 92–96. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2014.09.047.
20. Sava Gallis, Dorina F.; Parkes, Marie V.; Greathouse, Jeffery A.; Zhang, Xiaoyi; Nenoff, Tina M. (2015-03-24). "Enhanced O 2 Selectivity versus N 2 by Partial Metal Substitution in Cu-BTC". *Chemistry of Materials*. **27** (6): 2018–2025. doi:10.1021/cm5042293. ISSN 0897-4756. OSTI 1184988.
21. Zhang, Wenhua; Chen, Zhihao; Al-Naji, Majd; Guo, Penghu; Cwik, Stefan; Halbherr, Olesia; Wang, Yuemin; Muhler, Martin; Wilde, Nicole; Gläser, Roger; Fischer, Roland A. (2016). "Simultaneous introduction of various palladium active sites into MOF via one-pot synthesis: Pd@\[Cu 3−x Pd x (BTC) 2 \] n". *Dalton Transactions*. **45** (38): 14883–14887. doi:10.1039/C6DT02893D. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 27604131.
22. Guo, Penghu; Froese, Christian; Fu, Qi; Chen, Yen-Ting; Peng, Baoxiang; Kleist, Wolfgang; Fischer, Roland A.; Muhler, Martin; Wang, Yuemin (2018-09-20). "CuPd Mixed-Metal HKUST-1 as a Catalyst for Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation". *The Journal of Physical Chemistry C*. **122** (37): 21433–21440. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05882. ISSN 1932-7447. S2CID 105837676.
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25. Ketrat, Sombat; Maihom, Thana; Wannakao, Sippakorn; Probst, Michael; Nokbin, Somkiat; Limtrakul, Jumras (2017-11-20). "Coordinatively Unsaturated Metal–Organic Frameworks M 3 (btc) 2 (M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) Catalyzing the Oxidation of CO by N 2 O: Insight from DFT Calculations". *Inorganic Chemistry*. **56** (22): 14005–14012. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02143. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 29083883.
26. Maihom, Thana; Probst, Michael; Limtrakul, Jumras (2019). "Computational study of the carbonyl–ene reaction between formaldehyde and propylene encapsulated in coordinatively unsaturated metal–organic frameworks M 3 (btc) 2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn)". *Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics*. **21** (5): 2783–2789. Bibcode:2019PCCP...21.2783M. doi:10.1039/C8CP06841K. ISSN 1463-9076. PMID 30667007. S2CID 58540449.
27. Parkes, Marie V.; Sava Gallis, Dorina F.; Greathouse, Jeffery A.; Nenoff, Tina M. (2015-03-26). "Effect of Metal in M 3 (btc) 2 and M 2 (dobdc) MOFs for O 2 /N 2 Separations: A Combined Density Functional Theory and Experimental Study". *The Journal of Physical Chemistry C*. **119** (12): 6556–6567. doi:10.1021/jp511789g. ISSN 1932-7447. OSTI 1184990.
28. Hu, Tian-ding; Jiang, Yan; Ding, Yi-hong (2019). "Computational screening of metal-substituted HKUST-1 catalysts for chemical fixation of carbon dioxide into epoxides". *Journal of Materials Chemistry A*. **7** (24): 14825–14834. doi:10.1039/C9TA02455G. ISSN 2050-7488. S2CID 182378185.
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30. Dong, Xiuqin; Liu, Xiuyu; Chen, Yifei; Zhang, Minhua (March 2018). "Screening of bimetallic M-Cu-BTC MOFs for CO2 activation and mechanistic study of CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid: A DFT study". *Journal of CO2 Utilization*. **24**: 64–72. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2017.11.014.


title: Verner Bonde

abstract: Verner Bonde was a Danish fencer. He competed in the individual foil and team sabre events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Verner Bonde

**Verner Bonde** (8 May 1887  28 June 1976) was a Danish fencer. He competed in the individual foil and team sabre events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Verner Bonde
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1887-05-08)8 May 1887
Syddanmark, Denmark |
| Died | 28 June 1976(1976-06-28) (aged 89)
Syddanmark, Denmark |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |


title: USS Peacock (1813)

abstract: USS Peacock was a sloop-of-war in the United States Navy that served in the War of 1812 and later the United States Exploring Expedition. Peacock ran aground and broke apart on the Columbia Bar without loss of life in 1841.

text:
# USS Peacock (1813)

**USS *Peacock*** was a sloop-of-war in the United States Navy that served in the War of 1812 and later the United States Exploring Expedition. *Peacock* ran aground and broke apart on the Columbia Bar without loss of life in 1841.

## Construction

Funding for creating the *Peacock* was authorized by an act of Congress on 3 March 1813. Its keel was laid down at the New York Navy Yard on 9 July by Adam and Noah Brown and launched on 19 September.

## War of 1812

*Peacock* served in the War of 1812 and captured twenty British ships. She performed three cruises under the command of Master Commandant Lewis Warrington. On 12 March 1814, *Peacock* departed New York with supplies to the naval station at St. Mary's, Georgia. In late April the *Peacock* captured the British Royal Navy brig HMS *Epervier* near the Bahamas. The prize was sent to Savannah, Georgia, where the United States Navy took her into service as USS *Epervier*.

She began her second cruise on 4 June, departing from Savannah and proceeding to the Grand Banks and along the coasts of Ireland and Spain, capturing 14 British merchant ships. Whilst sailing between St Andrews and Greenock the barque *Willam* was captured and scuttled by *Peacock* on 14 August. On 2 September, off the coast of Africa, *Peacock* captured the merchantman *Duck*, cutting down her mast and sinking her. The crew of the *Duck* were left in the Canary Islands. *Peacock* returned via the West Indies to New York, arriving there in October 1814.

The third voyage of *Peacock* began on 23 January 1815, after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. She departed New York along with the *Hornet* and *Tom Bowline*. The Peacock rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed into the Indian Ocean. Throughout June in the Sunda Strait of the Dutch East Indies the *Peacock* captured three merchantmen, *Brio del Mar* of Batavia, *Union* of Calcutta, and the *Venus*. The pepper and gold dust cargo on the *Union* was seized. The goods stored in the *Venus,* including specie, opium, and bale goods, were thrown overboard. The crew of *Peacock* burnt the *Brio del Mar* and *Union* and converted the *Venus* into a cartel to carry her prisoners. *Venus* was sent to Batavia, arriving there about 11 July 1815. Because the captures occurred after the formal end of the conflict, the Phoenix and Star insurance companies of Calcutta applied to the U.S. government for compensation. In 1820, the United States Congress agreed to pay £12,000 for the *Union* and £3,000 for the *Breo de Mar*.

### Last action of the War of 1812

On 30 June 1815 the *Peacock* captured the British East India Company brig HCS *Nautilus* in the Straits of Sunda during the final naval action of the war. The vessel was under the command of Bombay Marine officer Lieutenant Charles Boyce, who informed Warrington that the war had ended. Warrington claims to have suspected a ruse, although the journals of his officers note his knowledge about the Treaty of Ghent prior to encountering the *Nautilus*.

When Boyce refused to surrender, *Peacock* opened fire on *Nautilus*. Three Europeans and three Indian lascars were killed, while Boyce and five lascars were wounded. American casualties amounted to between four and five men wounded. When Boyce provided documents proving that the Treaty of Ghent ending the war had been ratified, Warrington released his victims. At no point did Warrington inquire about the condition of any injured aboard the *Nautilus*.

The *Peacock* returned to New York on 30 October 1815. A court of inquiry in Boston a year later exonerated Warrington of all blame. In his account on the incident, Warrington reported that the British casualties had only been lascars.

## Post-war activities

On 13 June 1816 the *Peacock* left New York for France with the Honorable Albert Gallatin and party aboard. She pulled into Havre de Grâce on 2 July. The *Peacock* proceeded to join the Mediterranean Squadron, where she remained until 8 May 1821, when she departed for home. The *Peacock* then went into ordinary at the Washington Navy Yard on 10 July 1821.

### Combating Caribbean piracy

On 3 June 1822, the *Peacock* became the flagship of Commodore David Porter's West India Squadron, which was tasked with rooting out piracy in the Caribbean. In an expedition alongside the U.S. Revenue Marine schooner *Louisiana* and Royal Navy schooner HMS *Speedwell*, the *Peacock* broke up a pirate establishment at Bahia Honda Key throughout 28–30 September. Four vessels were captured, two were burnt, while the other two were staffed with prize crews and sailed to New Orleans. Eighteen of the captured pirate crew members were sent to New Orleans for trial. The Peacock captured the schooner Pilot on the 10th of April 1823 and another sloop on the 16th.

### Disease

Cases of "malignant fever" were reported among crew members of *Peacock* in September 1822, which eventually necessitated a recess from anti-piracy activities. The *Peacock* pulled into Norfolk, Virginia, on 28 November 1822. The frigate USS *Macedonian* had recently lost 74 crew members to the disease before returning to Norfolk. The symptoms per Dr. Travett included bleeding in the mouth, nose, eyes, and the gastrointestinal tract. This caused vomit containing blood, hence the Spanish name for the disease, "*vómito negro*", "black vomit". On 31 October 1822, Captain Stephen Cassin wrote to Secretary of the Navy, Smith Thompson, confirming the yellow fever outbreak on the *Peacock*.

### Pacific Squadron

In March 1824 the *Peacock* joined the Pacific Squadron. It cruised along the west coast of South America, where colonies were struggling for independence. On 25 September 1825 Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones arrived at Lima to assume control of the *Peacock*. In early 1826 the *Peacock* accompanied the USS *United States* under the command Issac Hull across the Pacific coast of South America. The vessel hosted various dignitaries, including regional British and Dutch consuls, along with American consul William Wheelwright, and Don José Ramón Rodil after his defeat in the siege of Callao.

The Secretary of the Navy, Samuel L. Southard, had sent orders to Hull for the exploration of Pacific islands, the establishment of treaties with native rulers, and the protection of American commercial and whaling interests. Feeling events in South America necessitated his presence, Hull sent Jones and the *Peacock* to fulfill the directives in late May 1826. The *Peacock* sailed to the Marquesas Islands and later Tahiti to conclude diplomatic agreements. The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was reached on 11 October 1826. While there, Jones negotiated a treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation with the kingdom. Despite never being ratified by the US Congress, the Hawaiʻian government operated on the assumption the treaty was legally valid.

The *Peacock* left Honolulu on 6 January 1827 for San Blas, Mexico. Rumors of war erupting between the United Kingdom and the United States over the Maine-New Brunswick Border detained the *Peacock* at San Blas. After a month news from Joel R. Poinsett confirmed these claims were false. On 9 March the *Peacock* departed for Lima. A sperm whale struck the ship on 29 March and caused serious damage. Nevertheless, the Peacock reached Callao on 14 May, where it remained for six weeks for repairs. After sailing around Cape Horn, it visited Rio de Janeiro on 11 August, before reaching New York City in late October 1827.

## USS *Peacock* (1828)

The *Peacock* returned to New York in October 1827 to be decommissioned, broken up, and rebuilt for a planned expedition of exploration. Her size and configuration stayed about the same, but her guns were reduced to ten: eight long 24-pounders (10.89 kg) and two long 9-pounders (4.08 kg). When plans for the exploratory voyage stalled in Congress, the *Peacock* re-entered regular service in the West Indies from 1829 to 1831.

Following refit, both the *Peacock* and the newly commissioned 10-gun schooner USS *Boxer* were ordered to assist the frigate *Potomac*, which had just sailed on the first Sumatran Expedition. The two ships were also charged with diplomatic missions. The *Boxer* left Boston Harbor about the middle of February 1832. It was ordered to proceed to Liberia and from there join *Peacock* off the coast of the Empire of Brazil; the *Peacock* sailed on 8 March 1832 under Commander David Geisinger.

### Diplomatic missions

The *Peacock* conveyed Mr. Francis Baylies and his family to the United Provinces of the River Plate to assume the post of United States chargé d'affaires. This was in the aftermath of the USS *Lexington* raid on the Falkland Islands in 1831. On arrival, Royal Navy warships Hms *Plantagenet* and HMS *Druid* complimented her flag by playing *Hail, Columbia*. Also aboard was President Andrew Jackson's "special confidential agent" Edmund Roberts in the official status of Captain's clerk.

On 25 June 1832, having left orders for the *Boxer* to follow to Bengkulu, the *Peacock* departed war-stricken Montevideo. After taking water at Tristan da Cunha, the *Peacock* rounded the Cape of Good Hope. On either 9 or 10 August, while keeping about latitude 38° or 39°, a wave of uncommon height and volume struck the ship. It nearly threw the *Peacock* on her beam ends, completely overwhelmed the gig in the starboard-quarter, crushed it, and buried the first three ratlines of the mizen-shrouds under water.

On 28 August 1832 the *Peacock* picked up the southeast trade wind around 16°00′N 102°00′E / 16.000°N 102.000°E / 16.000; 102.000 and sailed to Bengkulu. The Dutch Resident of the city reported that *Potomac* had completed her mission. Under orders to gather information before going to Đại Nam, the *Peacock* sailed for Manila by way of Krakatoa. On the eastern side of the island hot springs boiled furiously through many fathoms of water one hundred and fifty feet from shore. Her chronometers proving useless, the *Peacock* threaded the Sunda Strait by dead reckoning.

Diarrhea and dysentery prevailed among the crew from Anjer to Manila; after a fortnight there, cholera struck despite the overall cleanliness of the ship. The *Peacock* lost seven crewmen and many who did recover died later in the voyage of other diseases. After 2 November 1833 no new cases of cholera occurred while under way for Macao. Within two leagues of either Lamma Island or the Wanshan Archipelago she took aboard a pilot. The fee for their services was thirteen dollars and a bottle of rum.

Six weeks were spent in the vicinity of Guangzhou. With the onset of the winter northeast monsoon and no sign of the *Boxer*, the *Peacock* sailed from Nei Lingding Island in the Pearl River estuary. The *Peacock* was ordered to explore the possibilities of expanding trade with Đại Nam. The bay of Danang was considered the best means to access the capital of Hué. Contrary winds from the northwest rather than the expected northeast quarter, coupled with a strong southward current, caused her to lose ground on every tack. On 6 January 1833, she entered the Vung-lam harbor of Phu Yen province.

Due to miscommunication the *Peacock* failed to secure permission to visit Hué. On 8 February the *Peacock* departed for the gulf of Siam. She anchored there on the 18th about 15 miles (24 km) from the mouth of the river Menam at 13°26′N 100°33′E / 13.433°N 100.550°E / 13.433; 100.550, as was ascertained by frequent lunar observations and by four chronometers. On 20 March 1833 Roberts concluded the Siamese-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the minister representing King Rama III. The *Peacock* departed for Singapore on 5 April, where she stayed between 1 and 11 May.

While bound to Mocha the *Peacock* encountered the *Nautilus* on 29 August 1833 in the Red Sea. This was the same brig the *Peacock* had attacked after the end of the War of 1812. The *Nautilus* was sailing to Surat as escort to four brigs crowded with pilgrims returning from Mecca. Unlike their previous encounter, the *Peacock* did not attack the *Nautilus*.

Arriving off Muscat on 13 September 1833, Roberts concluded a treaty with Sultan Said bin Sultan. The *Peacock* departed on 7 October for Portuguese Mozambique. Roberts omitted from his records the particulars of each day, but stated that what he had written served "to show the absolute necessity of having first-rate chronometers, or the lunar observations carefully attended to; and never omitted to be taken when practicable." The *Peacock* returned Roberts to Rio de Janeiro on 17 January 1834, where on 1 March he boarded *Lexington* to return to Boston.

### Return mission

Under the command of C. K. Stribling, and accompanied by U.S. Schooner *Enterprise*, the *Peacock* departed New York Harbor on 23 April 1835. Roberts was once again aboard the *Peacock*. The two vessels were under the command of Commodore Edmund P. Kennedy. The mission first sailed to Brazil, then round the Cape of Good Hope to Zanzibar, for Roberts to return ratifications of the two treaties.

At two in the morning on 21 September 1835 the *Peacock* grounded on a coral reef southeast of Masirah Island in about 2.25 fathoms (2.28 meters). This was about 400 miles (640 km) from Muscat. Roberts and six men under the command of Passed Midshipman William Rogers left in a small boat to effect a rescue. The crew heaved overboard eleven of the twenty-two guns, re-floated the ship on the 23 September, and repelled Arab marauders before making sail the next day. On 28 September, *Peacock* was off Muscat when she encountered the sloop-of-war *Sultan* under the Muscat flag, and commanded by Mr. Taylor. Said bin Sultan eventually recovered the guns that had been thrown overboard and shipped them to Roberts free of charge. *Peacock* later obtained this letter:

> I certify that during the period I have navigated the Arabian coast, and been employed in the trigonometrical survey of the same, now executing by order of the Bombay government, that I have ever found it necessary to be careful to take nocturnal as well as diurnal observations, as frequent as possible, owing to the rapidity and fickleness of the currents, which, in some parts, I have found running at the rate of three and four knots an hour, and I have known the *Palinurus* set between forty and fifty miles dead in shore, in a dead calm, during the night.
>
> It is owing to such currents, that I conceive the United States ship of war *Peacock* run aground, as have many British ships in previous years, on and near the same spot; when at the changes of the monsoons, and sometimes at the full and change, you have such thick weather, as to prevent the necessary observations being taken with accuracy and the navigator standing on with confidence as to his position, and with no land in sight, finds himself to his sorrow, often wrong, owing to a deceitful and imperceptible current, which has set him with rapidity upon it. The position of Mazeira Island, is laid down by Owen many miles too much to the westward.
>
> Given under my hand this 10th day of November, 1835.
>
> S. B. Haines.
>
> Commander of the Honorable East India Company's surveying brig *Palinurus*
>
> To sailing master, John Weems, U. S. Navy.

A second attempt at negotiating with Đại Nam failed as Roberts fell desperately ill of dysentery; he withdrew to Macao where he died 12 June 1836. William Ruschenberger was commissioned on this voyage. He gave an account of the voyage until the *Peacock* anchored opposite of Norfolk on 27 October 1837. The *Peacock* had left the port more than two and a half years prior.

## US Exploration Expedition

In 1838 the *Peacock* joined the United States Exploring Expedition. She visited Callao during July 1839 and hired James D. Saules as a cook there. The Peacock then visited Tuamotus, Tahiti, and Samoa. On 16 January 1840 Henry Eld and William Reynolds of the *Peacock* sighted the mountains of Antarctica. The event wasn't recorded in the ship logbook. The U.S. Exploring Expedition visited the budding port of Sydney, with its diverse social milieu described by historian William R. Stanton:

> "At the Jolly Sailors Inn there were separate tables for the English who drank their 'alf and 'alf out of pewter mugs and sang "Rule Britannia," the French, who took their claret in thin glasses and roared the "Marseillaise," the Russians, who with the Americans drank "something harder" and sang something incomprehensible, and of course the Americans, who treated all to an occasional round of "Yankee Doodle." It was a sailor's port."

On 10 January 1840 the *Peacock* briefly visited Macquarie Island after leaving Port Jackson. After a perilous encounter with icebergs the vessel returned to Sydney on 21 February for repairs.

### Fiji

On 30 March the *Peacock* departed the Australian port for Fiji. Once at the Fijian archipelago, in the orders of Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, the *Peacock* went to Rewa of Viti Levu island. Commander William L. Hudson sought to capture a man named Ro Veidovi, a brother of the reigning Roko Tui Dreketi, Ro Banuve. Ro Veidovi was accused participating in the murder of the crew of the American *Charles Daggett* on Ono Island in 1836.

On 21 May, Ro Banuve along with his family and entourage, were invited onto the *Peacock* for entertainment. According to William Reynolds a staged ceremony was held for the visiting Fijians, with Saules a part of the ruse:

> "\[Ro Banuve\] was honored with one roll and a half of the drum, instead of three, the black steward of my mess, who flourished the sticks, breaking down in the middle of the second, so that this part of the show terminated in several abortive squeaks of the fife breathed by the Ship’s Cook."

The Fijians were soon informed that the true purpose of their visit was to capture then as hostages. Captain Hudson explained that "meant them no harm, but it was his intention to detain them until Vendovi was brought off." Ro Veidovi surrendered himself the following day. While the American officers promised to not execute him, they insisted on taking Ro Veidovi back to East Coast of the United States. Agreeing to the proposal, Veidovi remained with the U.S. Exploring Expedition until its return to New York City in 1842, where he died from illness.

### Hawaiʻi

The U.S. Exploring Expedition departed Fiji in August 1840. En route to Hawaiʻi, supplies of flour, coffee, tea, and sugar on-board the *Peacock* ran out. Its personnel were served "worm-infested bread, a daily pound of yams per man, and stinking beef that resembled mahogany." Oahu was reached on 30 September. After resupply the *Peacock* returned to Samoa, as Wilkes had found the previous survey inadequate.

### Kiribati

The *Peacock* went to contemporary Kiribati after leaving Samoa. It visited Manra of the Phoenix Islands on 17 January 1841. After several additional surveys of various atolls, on 3 April the *Peacock* reached Utiroa. A crewmember went missing after visiting the island. Almost the entire crew killed a number of Kiribatians in the Battle of Drummond's Island. The *Peacock* then sailed for Oahu, going through the Marshall Islands. The vessel reached the Hawaiian port on 14 June and received extensive repairs.

### Wreck on Columbia Bar

On 2 December the *Peacock* departed for the Pacific Northwest. It reached the mouth of the Columbia River on 17 July 1841. In the afternoon of the following day Hudson ordered the *Peacock* to cross the Columbia Bar. Unfortunately, the *Peacock* soon hit a shoal and proceeded to be battered by the current. After struggling to keep it afloat throughout the night, the crew was rescued the following morning. The *Peacock* was soon destroyed thereafter. While much of the scientific data had been taken off, Titian Peale lost most of his notes.

The beleaguered *Peacock* crew was given aid by James Birnie and John McLoughlin of the Hudson's Bay Company and Clatsop Mission members Joseph H. Frost and Henry W. Kone. The fur traders and missionaries sent food, clothing, bedding, razors, and other amenities. The crew of the *Peacock* established residency near the original location of Fort Astoria. While some surveying of the Columbia was commenced it only engaged a minority of the crew. Hudson ordered the kanakas of the crew to assist in the harvest of farmland maintained at Fort Vancouver. Eventually the *USS Oregon* was secured as a replacement vessel for the *Peacock*.

## Bibliography

### Articles

* Bordwell, Constance (1991). "Delay and Wreck of the Peacock: An Episode in the Wilkes Expedition". *Oregon Historical Quarterly*. **92** (2). Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society: 119–198. ISSN 0030-4727. JSTOR 20614379.
* Stauffer, Robert H. (1983). "Hawai'i-United States Treaty of 1826". *Hawaiian Journal of History*. **17**: 40–63. hdl:10524/345.

### Books

### Newspapers

### Theses

### Websites

1. Drake 2004.
2. Bunker 2004.
3. Farr 1950, p. 255.
4. Byrne 1814b.
5. Byrne 1814.
6. Neeser 1909, p. 306.
7. Phipps 1840, p. 98.
8. Lloyd's List 1815.
9. Silverstone 2001, p. 39.
10. Asiatic Journal 1820.
11. James 1837, pp. 387–390.
12. Drake 2004b.
13. Malcomson 2006, p. 363.
14. King 1989, p. 71.
15. USCG 1989, p. 77.
16. Sharp 2019.
17. Cassin to Smith Thompson, 31 October 1822, Letters to the Secretary of the Navy, "Officers Letters" letter 67, volume 79, RG 260, NARA.
18. Smith 2000, pp. 48–50.
19. Smith 2000, pp. 51–52.
20. Smith 2000, p. 59.
21. Jones et al. 1826.
22. Stauffer 1983, pp. 53–54.
23. Smith 2000, pp. 67–69.
24. Ancestry.com 2024.
25. Roberts 1837, pp. 25–26.
26. Long 1988, p. 208.
27. Roberts 1837, p. 31.
28. Roberts 1837, p. 32.
29. Roberts 1837, p. 65.
30. Byrne 1833.
31. Hoai 2011.
32. Roberts 1837, p. 229.
33. Roberts 1837, p. 341.
34. Roberts 1837, p. 366.
35. Roberts 1837, p. 400.
36. Coupland 1938, pp. 370–372.
37. Ruschenberger 1837, p. 58.
38. Gilbert 2011, p. 23, n. 32.
39. Ruschenberger 1837, pp. 61–62.
40. Ruschenberger 1873.
41. Ruschenberger 1837.
42. Ruschenberger 1837, p. 548.
43. Coleman 2017, pp. 26–27.
44. Stanton 1975, p. 182.
45. Coleman 2017, p. 43.
46. Stanton 1975, p. 145.
47. Stanton 1975, p. 152.
48. Stanton 1975, p. 181.
49. Stanton 1975, p. 186.
50. Mataitini 2009.
51. Wilkes 1849, p. 105.
52. Coleman 2017, p. 44.
53. Reynolds 2004, p. 151.
54. Wilkes 1849, pp. 127–128.
55. Stanton 1975, pp. 199–200.
56. Wilkes 1849, p. 367.
57. Stanton 1975, p. 217.
58. Wilkes 1849, p. 376.
59. Stanton 1975, pp. 234–235.
60. Coleman 2017, pp. 46–47.
61. Stanton 1975, pp. 242–245.
62. Stanton 1975, pp. 245–246.
63. Wilkes 1844, p. 108.
64. Stanton 1975, pp. 248–252.
65. Lundeberg 1985, p. 255.
66. Bordwell 1991, p. 167.
67. Stanton 1975, p. 253.

## InfoBox

| *Peacock* in Antarctic ice, by Alfred Thomas Agate, while she was on the United States Exploring Expedition | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Peacock* |
| Namesake | Peacock |
| Ordered | 3 March 1813 |
| Builder | Adam and Noah Brown, New York Navy Yard |
| Laid down | 9 July 1813 |
| Launched | 19 September 1813 |
| Decommissioned | October 1827 |
| Refit | Rebuilt as exploring ship, 1828 |
| Recommissioned | 1829 |
| Fate | Wrecked, 17–19 July 1841 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Sloop-of-war |
| Tons burthen | 509 (bm) |
| Length | 119 ft (36 m) |
| Beam | 31 ft 6 in (9.60 m) |
| Draft | 16 ft 4 in (4.98 m) |
| Propulsion | Sail |
| Complement | 140 officers and enlisted |
| Armament | 20 × 32-pounder carronades \+ 2 × 12-pounder bow chasers |


title: I Like Boys

abstract: "I Like Boys" is a song by American singer Todrick Hall; he co-produced and co-wrote the song with Jean Yves Ducornet. Hall released the song during Pride 2019. It is the second music video for his EP, Haus Party, Pt. 1. The video opens with Hall coming out to his mother played by Luenell. The video shifts to a desert with Hall surrounded by male dancers and a camel. The song celebrates Hall's sexuality, featuring color, cultural references, and male nudity. Hall describes "I Like Boys" as campy.

text:
# I Like Boys

"**I Like Boys**" is a song by American singer Todrick Hall; he co-produced and co-wrote the song with Jean Yves Ducornet. Hall released the song during Pride 2019. It is the second music video for his EP, *Haus Party, Pt. 1*. The video opens with Hall coming out to his mother played by Luenell. The video shifts to a desert with Hall surrounded by male dancers and a camel. The song celebrates Hall's sexuality, featuring color, cultural references, and male nudity. Hall describes "I Like Boys" as campy.

## Charts

| Chart (2019) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (*Billboard*) | 40 |

## InfoBox

| "I Like Boys" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Todrick Hall | |
| from the EP  *Haus Party, Pt. 1* | |
| Released | May 23, 2019 (2019-05-23) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:35 |
| Label | Self-released |
| Songwriter(s) | * Carl Seanté McGrier * Kofi Owusu-Ofori * Jean-Yves Ducornet * Todrick Hall |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Todrick Hall singles chronology | |
| "Glitter"
(2019) "**I Like Boys**"
(2019) | |


title: Jordan Trovillion

abstract: Jordan Trovillion is an American actress and singer. She has appeared in Detroiters and Secrets in the Walls. She grew up in Michigan and started acting on stage in school, later studying theater at the University of Michigan-Flint.

text:
# Jordan Trovillion

**Jordan Trovillion** is an American actress and singer. She has appeared in *Detroiters* and *Secrets in the Walls*.

She grew up in Michigan and started acting on stage in school, later studying theater at the University of Michigan-Flint.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *Want* | The Woman |  |
| 2010 | *The Genesis Code* | Tanna |  |
| 2010 | *Trust* | waitress |  |
| 2010 | *Vanishing on 7th Street* | concession girl |  |
| 2010 | *Secrets in the Walls* | Greta | TV movie |
| 2011 | *Setup* | Keli |  |
| 2011 | *Shadow Earth* | Raven Delicotta | TV series, 2 episodes |
| 2012 | *Amil the Ewok* | Princess Rhea | TV series, 2 episodes |
| 2012 | *Crave* | young Emily |  |
| 2012 | *The Domino Effect* | Sirisha's friend |  |
| 2012 | *Jack Reacher* | Goodwill Cashier |  |
| 2013 | *Highland Park* | Caroline |  |
| 2013 | *Sucker* | Evelyn |  |
| 2014 | *Those Who Kill* | Monica Albreath | TV series, 1 episode |
| 2014 | *Horse Camp* | Kathy |  |
| 2014 | *A Matter of Faith* | Rachel Whitaker |  |
| 2014 | *Within* | Laura | short |
| 2015 | *Fractured* | Maddy |  |
| 2015 | *Saugatuck Cures* | Lindy |  |
| 2015 | *Golden Shoes* | assistant |  |
| 2015 | *The Neverlands* | Caleb's mother | short |
| 2016 | *Kampout: Director's Cut* | Susan |  |
| 2016 | *Eloise* | garage girl |  |
| 2016 | *Elder Island* | Brooke Ree |  |
| 2017 | *Horse Camp* | Kathy |  |
| 2017 | *Needlestick* | Sarah Hanna |  |
| 2017 | *Detroiters* | Abigail | TV series, 1 episode |
| 2017 | *Kampout* | Susan |  |
| 2017 | *My Days of Mercy* | Katlin |  |
| 2018 | *Gotti* | Angel |  |
| 2018 | *Lizard of Dogs* | Jane | short |
| 2018 | *Blue* | Jenna |  |
| 2018 | *Old Man & the Gun* | Angela |  |
| 2019 | *Trash Polka* | Mystery | short |
| 2019 | *Love Immortal* | Fiona |  |

1. Herndon, Dave (15 May 2017). "Celebrity guests to look out for at the Motor City Comic Con in 2017". The News Herald. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
2. Jachman, Matt (8 May 2017). "A Comic Con visitor as a teen, she now appears as VIP guest". USA Today. Retrieved 26 November 2017.

## InfoBox

| Jordan Trovillion | |
| --- | --- |
| Trovillion at Motor City Comic Con in 2017 | |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan - Flint |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, singer, model |
| Years active | 2009–present |