title: Nishikatsura

abstract: Nishikatsura is a town located in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 June 2019, the town had an estimated population of 4,298 in 1552 households, and a population density of 280 persons per km⁲. The total area of the town is 15.22 square kilometres (5.88 sq mi).

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# Nishikatsura

**Nishikatsura** (西桂町, *Nishikatsura-chō*) is a town located in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 June 2019, the town had an estimated population of 4,298 in 1552 households, and a population density of 280 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 15.22 square kilometres (5.88 sq mi).

## Geography

Nishikatsura is situated in the Katsura River valley in southern Yamanashi Prefecture, near the northern foot of Mount Fuji, and is the departure point for climbs of Mount Mitsutoge, which affords unhindered views of Mount Fuji. The area is also famous for its pure, clean water.

### Neighboring municipalities

### Climate

The town has a climate characterized by characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification *Cfa*). The average annual temperature in Nishikatsura is 10.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1641 mm with September as the wettest month.

## History

The area around modern Nishikatsura has been settled since prehistoric times, and developed from the Sengoku period, as a hamlet on the pilgrimage route to Mount Fuji. During the Edo period, all of Kai Province was *tenryō* territory under direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate. Per the early Meiji period establishment of the modern municipalities on July 1, 1889, the village of Katsura was created within Minamitsuru District, Yamanashi Prefecture. It was renamed Nishikatsura on June 3, 1893 after expansion through annexation of portions of neighboring villages, and was raised to town status on September 15, 1952.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Nishikatsura peaked around the year 2000 and has declined since.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | 3,867 |  |
| 1970 | 3,829 | −1.0% |
| 1980 | 4,002 | +4.5% |
| 1990 | 4,409 | +10.2% |
| 2000 | 4,910 | +11.4% |
| 2010 | 4,541 | −7.5% |
| 2020 | 4,041 | −11.0% |

## Economy

Nishikatsura is home to numerous small textile plants, which manufacture neckties and umbrellas.

## Education

Nishikatsura has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

## Transportation

### Railway

### Highway

## Sister cities

## Notable people from Nishikatsura

Media related to Nishikatsura, Yamanashi at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Nishikatsura 西桂町 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Nishikatsura town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Nishikatsura in Yamanashi Prefecture | |
| Nishikatsura | |
| Coordinates: 35°31′26.8″N 138°50′48.7″E / 35.524111°N 138.846861°E / 35.524111; 138.846861 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Chūbu
Tōkai |
| Prefecture | Yamanashi |
| District | Minamitsuru |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.22 km2 (5.88 sq mi) |
| Population (April 1, 2019) | |
| Total | 4,298 |
| Density | 280/km2 (730/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| Symbols |  |
| • Tree | Red pine |
| • Flower | Narcissus |
| • Bird | Japanese tit |
| Phone number | 0555-85-2311 |
| Address | 1501 Onuma Nishikatsura-chō Minimitsuru-gun, Yamanashi-ken 403-0022 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Jan Zaor

abstract: Jan Zaor was a Polish baroque architect of Italian background from Kraków who lived in the 17th century and was active from 1638 to 1676. He is known for designing St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Vilnius (1668–1676).

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# Jan Zaor

**Jan Zaor** (Zaur, Zaorowicz) was a Polish baroque architect of Italian background from Kraków who lived in the 17th century and was active from 1638 to 1676. He is known for designing St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Vilnius (1668–1676).

## Works

He began designing in about 1638, when he worked on The Santa Casa (*domek loretański*) in Gołąb. He also designed and/or supervised the following buildings:

* "Zaor Jan". *WIEM Encyklopedia* (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2007-11-04.

## InfoBox

| Jan Zaor | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Occupation | Architect |


title: Nelson Brewing Company

abstract: The Nelson Brewing Company is a brewery in Nelson, British Columbia, Canada, not to be confused with The Nelson Brewing Company in Chatham, Kent, England. The original Nelson Brewing and Ice Company was founded in 1892 by Robert Reisterer. In 1956, the brewery moved to Creston, BC and became the Columbia Brewing Company, leaving the original building unoccupied for nearly 40 years. In 1991, a group of local businessmen reopened the Nelson Brewing Company in its original historical building and by 2006 became BC's largest fully certified organic brewery. While most beer from the Nelson Brewing Company is consumed in the Kootenays, it is available across British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. In the summer of 2017, Nelson Brewing Company opened its Tasting Room.

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# Nelson Brewing Company

The **Nelson Brewing Company** is a brewery in Nelson, British Columbia, Canada, not to be confused with The Nelson Brewing Company in Chatham, Kent, England. The original Nelson Brewing and Ice Company was founded in 1892 by Robert Reisterer. In 1956, the brewery moved to Creston, BC and became the Columbia Brewing Company, leaving the original building unoccupied for nearly 40 years. In 1991, a group of local businessmen reopened the Nelson Brewing Company in its original historical building and by 2006 became BC's largest fully certified organic brewery. While most beer from the Nelson Brewing Company is consumed in the Kootenays, it is available across British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan.

In the summer of 2017, Nelson Brewing Company opened its Tasting Room.

## Awards

Awards won by the company's products include 3 Gold medals for "After Dark Ale" in the British Brown Ale category, "Hooligan Organic Pilsner" in the North American Light Beer category, "Organic Wild Honey Ale" in the North American Blonde Ale category, and a Silver medal for "Paddywhack Organic IPA" in the British Pale Ale category at the 2016 BC Beer Awards.

In 2017 Nelson Brewing company won 2 Silver Medals for "Hooligan Organic Pilsner" in the North American Light Beer category, "Nelson Blackheart Oatmeal Stout" in the British Stout category and a Bronze medal for "Nelson Hopgood Organic Session IPA" in the British Bitter category at the BC Beer Awards.

## Products

All products brewed by Nelson Brewing Company are

not necessarily certified organic.

* Hooligan Organic Pilsner
* Harvest Moon Hemp Ale
* Wild Honey Ale
* Happy Camper Summer Ale
* Hopgood Session IPA
* Paddywhack IPA
* After Dark Brown Ale
* Face Plant Winter Ale
* Bent Pole Northwest IPA

## InfoBox

Nelson Brewing Company
| Industry | Alcoholic drink |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1991 |
| Headquarters | Nelson, British Columbia, Canada |
| Products | Beer |
| Owner | Matt Walker |
| Website | http://www.nelsonbrewing.com/ |


title: Krzysztof Gustaw Sikora

abstract: Krzysztof Gustaw Sikora is a Polish politician who was a current Member of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly and Assembly Chairperson from 2006 to 2010. He is Chancellor of University of Economy in Bydgoszcz. In 2004 European Parliament election he was a candidate of Civic Platform from Kuyavian-Pomeranian constituency. He polled 4,515 votes and was not elected. In 2006 local election he joined the Regional Assembly III term representing the 1st district. He scored 12,928 votes, running on the Civic Platform list. Assembly III Term elected him as Assembly Chairperson.

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# Krzysztof Gustaw Sikora

**Krzysztof Gustaw Sikora** (born 4 February 1954 in Koronowo, Poland) is a Polish politician who was a current Member of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly and Assembly Chairperson from 2006 to 2010.

He is Chancellor of University of Economy in Bydgoszcz (*Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki*).

In 2004 European Parliament election he was a candidate of Civic Platform from Kuyavian-Pomeranian constituency. He polled 4,515 votes and was not elected.

In 2006 local election he joined the Regional Assembly III term representing the 1st district. He scored 12,928 votes, running on the Civic Platform list. Assembly III Term elected him as Assembly Chairperson (*Przewodniczący Sejmiku Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego*).

## InfoBox

| Krzysztof Sikora | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chairperson of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly | |
| **In office**
24 November 2006  2010 | |
| Preceded by | Lucyna Andrysiak |
| Member of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly from 4 district | |
| **In office**
2006–2010 | |
| Preceded by | Lucyna Andrysiak |
| Succeeded by | Dorota Jakuta |
| Chancellor of University of Economy in Bydgoszcz | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1999 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-02-04) 4 February 1954
Koronowo, Poland |
| Political party | Civic Platform |
|  | |


title: Holly Robinson (character)

abstract: Holly Robinson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. Holly Robinson is a frequent ally and sidekick of Catwoman. She was trained by Wildcat and her friend Selina Kyle, and temporarily became the new Catwoman following the birth of Selina's daughter. In 2004, the Catwoman comic won a GLAAD Media Award for its positive portrayal of Holly as an openly gay character.

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# Holly Robinson (character)

**Holly Robinson** is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. Holly Robinson is a frequent ally and sidekick of Catwoman. She was trained by Wildcat and her friend Selina Kyle, and temporarily became the new Catwoman following the birth of Selina's daughter.

In 2004, the *Catwoman* comic won a GLAAD Media Award for its positive portrayal of Holly as an openly gay character.

## Publication history

Holly Robinson first appeared in *Batman* #404 during the *Batman: Year One* story arc. She was created by Frank Miller and David Mazzucchelli.

## Fictional character biography

### *Year One*

Holly first appeared in *Batman: Year One* as a juvenile prostitute who lives with Selina Kyle. Holly plays a small but significant role in the story when she encounters a disguised Bruce Wayne during one of his early attempts at crimefighting and stabs him in the leg even though he'd saved her from her pimp. Wounded by this attack and a subsequent battle, Wayne escapes back to his home, brooding on the fact that his enemies do not fear him. This encounter is an impetus for his creation of the Batman persona. As such, Holly plays an indirect role in the Dark Knight's origin.

Holly also appeared in the 1989 *Catwoman* mini-series by Mindy Newell and J.J Birch (collected in trade paperback as *Catwoman: Her Sister's Keeper*), which retold Catwoman's origin based on Miller's take on the character in *Batman: Year One*. In this story, Catwoman leaves Holly at a convent where Selina's sister Maggie is a nun.

### Death and return

In 1988 Holly appeared in "The Tin Roof Club", from *Action Comics Weekly* #611–614. In this story, she has married a successful businessman who is actually a mobster. Her new husband has Holly killed off in his quest to reclaim a valuable piece of jewelry that Catwoman stole from one of his safehouses. Unable to link Holly's death to her husband in order for him to be arrested for the crime, Catwoman kills two corrupt security guards in his employment and frames Holly's husband for their murders.

Holly's death was ultimately overturned years later, when writer Ed Brubaker ignored this storyline in order to incorporate Holly into the cast of the 2002 *Catwoman* series. Brubaker admitted in an interview that he had not been aware of Holly's death until after he had reintroduced the character. He addressed this issue in *Catwoman Secret Files and Origins* #1 with a two-page story titled "Why Holly Isn't Dead", in which the fourth wall is broken as Holly contemplates her own resurrection. It is implied that the *Action Comics Weekly* story was erased from continuity as a result of *Zero Hour: Crisis in Time!*.

As established by Brubaker, Holly had run away from a bad home as a child, ending up on the streets. She and Selina had met when Selina rescued Holly from a cop who was trying to extort her. When Selina became Catwoman, she left Holly behind. Holly had joined Selina's sister, Maggie, at her convent. She never felt entirely a part of that world, and a few years afterwards she left the convent with Maggie. After she and Maggie lost track of each other, Holly became addicted to drugs and returned to the streets. In this revision of Holly's history, the events of "The Tin Roof Club" never occurred.

### *Catwoman* (volume 3)

Holly reappeared in *Catwoman* (vol. 3) #1. After a series of brutal murders of working girls, Holly returns to the apartment that she and Selina had shared in "Year One", and finding that Selina has returned, is happily reunited with her friend.

Holly cleans up her act and becomes a sidekick of sorts to Catwoman. She pretends to be part of the street life when in actuality, she is working as Selina's eyes and ears, ferreting out what is happening on the streets of the East End. While on the job, Holly is troubled by the fact that she still views the world from the mindset of a junkie, even though she managed to quit drugs several months before reuniting with Selina. It is also revealed that Holly is a lesbian.

In the "Relentless" story arc, Black Mask attempts to destroy Catwoman's life with the help of Sylvia, a childhood friend of Selina's who has a grudge against her. Holly is reunited with her friend Maggie Kyle, but Maggie is kidnapped and tormented by Black Mask. Holly is also beaten and kidnapped, and eventually Holly kills Sylvia to save Selina's life. Holly is severely traumatized by these events and isolates herself for a time. She steals some of Maggie's painkillers, but does not take any of the drugs, and heals to some degree when she reconnects with Selina.

Selina decides that Holly needs some time away from Gotham to heal after the events of "Relentless", and the two embark on a road trip in *Catwoman* (vol. 3) #20–24 (collected in trade paperback as *Catwoman: Wild Ride*). Selina arranges for Holly to be trained by Ted Grant (Wildcat). They then travel through several cities before ending up in St. Roch, where it is revealed that Selina and Slam Bradley have located her brother Davey. She finds him working at a bar and learns that he had also run away, and had traveled around the world.

Later in the series, Holly becomes a den mother to a group of street kids known as the Alleytown Gang, who act as informants for Catwoman.

### The new Catwoman

After the events of *Infinite Crisis*, DC Comics jumped forward in time. In the "One Year Later" storyline, Holly Robinson has taken over as the new Catwoman at the request of Selina Kyle, who has decided to retire from the role after becoming pregnant.

In *Catwoman* (vol. 3) #53, Holly Robinson makes her first appearance as Catwoman; at the close of the issue she is ambushed by the Angle Man. Although Holly escapes, she is caught on film administering a brutal beating to Angle Man. Reluctant to ask Selina for help, Holly turns instead to Ted Grant.

Holly is arrested and takes the blame for the murder of Black Mask (Selina had actually committed the crime). She is rescued from jail by Selina and takes a short break from being Catwoman. While Selina is getting Holly's name erased from the police database, Holly again suits up as Catwoman to stop a new villainess named Blitzkrieg from executing a young girl on a live video-feed to the internet. Holly manages to save the girl, but not before she is unmasked on the live web feed.

After the rescue, Holly runs into Detective Lenahan, a Gotham cop who has become fixated on capturing Catwoman. They are confronted by Hammer and Sickle, who want Selina dead, and are perfectly willing to dispose of Holly in the meantime. Lenahan is killed by the Russian supervillains, but Selina arrives in time to save Holly. The police assume that Holly and Catwoman are responsible for Lenahan's death after finding the two women next to his corpse in *Catwoman* (vol. 3) #67.

Holly and Selina manage to escape from the GCPD and defeat Hammer and Sickle. Despite this, Holly is now wanted for Lenahan's murder and her identity as Catwoman is public knowledge. She exits the series in *Catwoman* (vol. 3) #69 and begins a new life as a fugitive.

### *Countdown*

Holly first appears in *Countdown* #47; she rescues an elderly homeless man, moving him away from debris falling from a destroyed building. Homeless herself and on the run for the murder of Black Mask, she is offered a place to stay by a mysterious woman wearing a stola or chiton who goes by the name Athena. Holly accepts the offer to stay at an Athenian Women's Shelter, which houses battered and abused women. One of the residents is a reformed Harley Quinn.

After some time at the women's shelter, it eventually becomes apparent that Athena, running the shelter, is in fact the nefarious Granny Goodness who takes to training these women - Holly and Harley among them - to be her new Female Furies. After they are brought to an island for training, Holly and Harley meet the Amazon queen Hippolyta, and encounter Mary Marvel. The group reveal Granny's deception. Holly, Harley and Mary follow Granny Goodness as she retreats to Apokolips. With Mary's help, the group manages to free the Greek gods, and Holly is granted the powers of Diana (Goddess of the Hunt) as a reward and displays both archery skills and feral, cat-like physical enhancements. After returning to Earth, Holly loses these powers. After witnessing the "Great Disaster" on Earth-51, she returns to Gotham City alongside Jason Todd and Harley, with whom she leaves at the end of the series.

In the first issue of the series *Gotham City Sirens*, it is mentioned that Holly no longer lives with Harley Quinn, and has decided to begin a new life elsewhere with money she received after helping Selina steal Tommy Elliot's fortune.

### *DC Rebirth*

In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Holly is a former child prostitute who was trained in the martial arts by Selina as a way of keeping her safe. When a terrorist cell from Kahndaq bombs the orphanage Holly grew up in, she uses her training to hunt down and murder each member of the group. Holly ends up killing 237 terrorists, after which Selina chooses to take the fall for her crimes in order to protect her. Batman uncovers this, but Holly attacks him and manages to flee the country before he can take her into custody. She assumes the alias **Catherine Ann Turley** in this universe.

## Skills, resources and abilities

Holly has no meta-abilities. She has been taught stealth, athletics, hot-wiring, lock-picking, thieving, acrobatics, and martial arts by Selina. Ted Grant trained her in a form of kick-boxing adapted for street use, as well as English boxing. She has also spent time at a Female Furies training camp. She is proficient in the use of firearms, knives, and the whip. As of *Countdown to Final Crisis* #10, Holly had a portion of the cunning and skill of Diana, Goddess of the Hunt. While she possessed these powers, she was an excellent marksman, and had the ability to track people by their scent. She lost these powers after returning to Earth.

## In other media

### Television

* **Maven**, a character analogous to Holly Robinson, appears in *Batman: The Animated Series*, voiced by Mary McDonald Lewis. She is portrayed as Selina's secretary and knows all about her exploits as Catwoman. She appeared in the two parter "The Cat and the Claw" and "Cat Scratch Fever".

### Film

### See also

## InfoBox

| Holly Robinson | |
| --- | --- |
| Holly Robinson, as she appeared on the cover of *Catwoman* (vol. 3) #15 (January 2003), art by JG Jones and T. Horie. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | DC Comics |
| First appearance | * **As Holly:**
*Batman* #404 (February 1987) * **As Catwoman:**
*Catwoman* (vol. 3) #53 (March 2006) |
| Created by | Frank Miller (writer)
David Mazzucchelli (artist) |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Holly "Go-Nightly" Robinson |
| Supporting character of | Catwoman |
| Abilities | * Skilled martial artist and hand-to-hand combatant * Skilled acrobat and gymnast |


title: Michael Cramer (politician)

abstract: Michael Cramer is a German politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 until 2019. He is a member of the Alliance 90/The Greens, part of the European Green Party. Originally, Cramer came to Berlin to be a teacher. From 1989 to 2004 Cramer was a Member of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin, mainly working on Berlin's transport policy, and served as spokesman for transportation issues for Alliance 90/The Greens in Berlin. In 2004 Cramer was first elected to the European Parliament, and was re-elected in 2009 for the Green Party. Cramer was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism and between 2014 and 2017 chairperson of that committee. He was part of the Parliament's delegation to the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań, Poland. Cramer gives regular tours along the former route of the Berlin Wall; he was one of the members of the Abgeordnetenhaus to push for the Berlin Wall Trail, a memorial trail with steles and explanations along the former Wall. He is also the founder of the Iron Curtain Trail, a project to complete a long-distance cycling route following the old border of the Iron Curtain in Europe. In 2018, Cramer announced that he would not stand in the 2019 European elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

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# Michael Cramer (politician)

**Michael Cramer** (born 16 June 1949) is a German politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 until 2019. He is a member of the Alliance 90/The Greens, part of the European Green Party.

Originally, Cramer came to Berlin to be a teacher. From 1989 to 2004 Cramer was a Member of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin, mainly working on Berlin's transport policy, and served as spokesman for transportation issues for Alliance 90/The Greens in Berlin. In 2004 Cramer was first elected to the European Parliament, and was re-elected in 2009 for the Green Party. Cramer was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism and between 2014 and 2017 chairperson of that committee. He was part of the Parliament's delegation to the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań, Poland.

Cramer gives regular tours along the former route of the Berlin Wall; he was one of the members of the Abgeordnetenhaus to push for the Berlin Wall Trail, a memorial trail with steles and explanations along the former Wall. He is also the founder of the Iron Curtain Trail, a project to complete a long-distance cycling route following the old border of the Iron Curtain in Europe.

In 2018, Cramer announced that he would not stand in the 2019 European elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

## InfoBox

| Michael CramerMEP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
20 July 2004  2019 | |
| Constituency | Germany |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1949-06-16) 16 June 1949
Gevelsberg, Germany |
| Political party | ***German***
Alliance 90/The Greens
***EU***
European Green Party |
| Website | www.michael-cramer.eu |
|  | |


title: Greater Chicago Soccer League

abstract: The Greater Chicago Soccer League, formerly the National Soccer League (Chicago), formed by the merger of the Chicago Soccer League and International Soccer Football League of Chicago in 1928, is a semi-professional U.S. soccer league which claims to be the oldest continuously operating soccer league in the United States.

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# Greater Chicago Soccer League

The **Greater Chicago Soccer League** , formerly the **National Soccer League (Chicago)**, formed by the merger of the Chicago Soccer League and International Soccer Football League of Chicago in 1928, is a semi-professional U.S. soccer league which claims to be the oldest continuously operating soccer league in the United States.

## History

In 1904, the Association Football League of Chicago (AFLC) was established as an ethnic British league in Chicago, Illinois. While the AFL, and others like it, catered to the British and Irish expatriate communities, there were few opportunities available to the rest of Chicago's many immigrant groups to play organized, competitive soccer. In 1913, the Chicago Soccer League came into existence. In 1915, it merged with the AFLC to form the Chicago and District Association Football League (CDAFL). However, this new league was better known as the Chicago Soccer League. In 1919, several non-British teams left the CDAFL to form the International Soccer League. This league lasted only one year, but led to the founding of the International Soccer Football League in 1920. That year the ISFL, with Frank Foldi as its president, was created to address the lack of league opportunities for non-British teams. With teams from nearly every significant ethnic group in Chicago, the ISFL quickly established itself as a major player in Chicago soccer. The league grew in strength as most of the city's other amateur and semi-professional league collapsed. In 1924, Carl Johnson of the ISFL's Swedish-Americans, became the first U.S. player from outside the north-east capped by the national team. In 1930, the ISFL created a junior division to give young players an opportunity to develop their talents at a high level en route to a spot on a first division roster. This served to enhance the league's stability as it grew its own talent pool. In 1938, only the Chicago Soccer League and the International Soccer Football League remained as the top two city leagues. That year, they merged to form the National Soccer League of Chicago.

World War II hit the NSL hard as most of the top players were inducted in the armed forces. However, the end of the war brought a renaissance when those men returned from the military, to be quickly followed by western and central European immigrants fleeing the devastation caused by the war. A few years later, another wave of immigrants, this time Eastern Europeans fleeing communism, brought another fresh group of talented players into the NSL. These waves of immigration led to an expansion of the league into multiple divisions including junior and youth teams. While centered on Chicago, the league expanded to include teams from towns surrounding the city.

In 1950, the National Soccer League created the first indoor soccer league in the United States. Chicago leagues had played indoor tournaments for decades but this was the first time an annual competitive indoor season was founded. The league featured twelve teams with games broadcast live on radio. This indoor adjunct of the NSL was continued until 1968. That year, the North American Soccer League was created as a division one league. While the NASL struggled at times and ultimately folded in 1984, it created a national league which drew the best U.S. players away from the traditional regional and city leagues which had dominated U.S. soccer. This brought the slow eclipse of the National Soccer League of Chicago as a major player in U.S. soccer. The collapse of the NASL in 1984 brought a brief resurgence to the NSL, but the founding of Major League Soccer in 1996, along with the merger of the A-League and USISL in 1997 to form the USL First Division led to the decline of the NSL. The league continues as a local recreational league, but its teams are no longer the competitive force on the national level they once were.

The NSL, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, cancelled the last two rounds of matches in indoor play as well as the playoffs. Later, the outdoor season would be cancelled as well. This marked the first time in the NSL's century-long history since World War II a season would not be played.

In 2023 the NSL and the competing Metropolitan Soccer League were officially merged as the Greater Chicago Soccer League, with the teams playing a common schedule in March before a formal merger happened in December, with the accompanying change of name.

## Champions

### International Soccer Football League

### National Soccer League

1. "Soccer | Encyclopedia of Chicago History". encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2015-04-14.
2. Kirsch, G.B.; Harris, O.; Nolte, C.E. (2000). *Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States*. Greenwood Press. p. 435. ISBN 9780313299117. Retrieved 2014-12-03.
3. "NSL Suspends Remainder of Indoor Season". nslchicago.org. Retrieved 2020-03-13.
4. "USASA Shuts Down Soccer Until April 30". nslchicago.org. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
5. "A New Era Begins". gcslsoccer.com. Retrieved 2023-12-14.

## InfoBox

Greater Chicago Soccer League
| Founded | 1919 (1919) |
| --- | --- |
| Country | United States |
| Confederation | CONCACAF
(North American Football Union) |
| Number of teams | 10 |
| Level on pyramid | 5 |
| Domestic cup(s) | U.S. Open Cup |
| International cup(s) | CONCACAF Champions League |
| Current champions | Viking AA
(3rd title) |
| Website | www.gcslsoccer.com |


title: Hole-in-the-Wall

abstract: Hole-in-the-Wall is a remote pass in the Big Horn Mountains of Johnson County, Wyoming. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, the Hole-in-the-Wall Gang and Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch gang met at the log cabin, which is now preserved at the Old Trail Town museum in Cody, Wyoming.

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# Hole-in-the-Wall

43°36′31″N 106°53′20″W / 43.6087°N 106.8888°W / 43.6087; -106.8888

**Hole-in-the-Wall** is a remote pass in the Big Horn Mountains of Johnson County, Wyoming. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, the Hole-in-the-Wall Gang and Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch gang met at the log cabin, which is now preserved at the Old Trail Town museum in Cody, Wyoming.

## History

Hole-in-the-Wall is located in the Big Horn Mountains of Johnson County in northern Wyoming. The site was used in the late 19th century by the Hole-in-the-Wall Gang, a group of cattle rustlers and other outlaws that included the Logan brothers, Black Jack Ketchum, and Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch. Cassidy, the Sundance Kid, and other desperados met at a log cabin in the Hole-in-the-Wall country, which has been preserved at the Old Trail Town museum in Cody, Wyoming. The cabin was built in 1883 by Alexander Ghent.

Pinkerton detective Charlie Siringo wrote "I started for the Big Horn Basin in the vicinity of the Hole-in-the-Wall in northern Wyoming. I had received instructions from Asst. Supt. Curran to go up there and get in with the friends of the 'Wild Bunch', and learn their secrets."

The area was remote and secluded, easily defended because of its narrow passes, and impossible for lawmen to approach without alerting the outlaws. From the late 1860s to around 1910, the pass was used frequently by numerous outlaw gangs. Eventually, it faded into history, with gangs using it less frequently. At its height, it featured several cabins that gangs used to lie up during the harsh Wyoming winters, and it had a livery stable, a corral, livestock, and supplies, with each gang contributing to the upkeep of the site.

Robert Redford described the Hole-in-the-Wall as "an outlaw stronghold that deserves its name from a niche in the Great Red Wall of cliffs extending many miles to the south. It was here that the Wild Bunch established one of their three 'headquarters' in 1896, although the 'Wall' had been a favorite hiding place of outlaws many years before that. Hole-in-the-Wall was one of three main strongholds used not just by the Wild Bunch but other outlaws as well in those days. (Brown's Park and Robbers Roost, in Colorado and Utah, respectively, were the other two.)"


title: Guyot

abstract: In marine geology, a guyot, also called a tablemount, is an isolated underwater volcanic mountain (seamount) with a flat top more than 200 m (660 ft) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat summits can exceed 10 km (6 mi). Guyots are most commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, but they have been identified in all the oceans except the Arctic Ocean. They are analogous to tables on land.

text:
# Guyot

In marine geology, a **guyot** (/ˈɡ., ɡˈ/), also called a **tablemount**, is an isolated underwater volcanic mountain (seamount) with a flat top more than 200 m (660 ft) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat summits can exceed 10 km (6 mi). Guyots are most commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, but they have been identified in all the oceans except the Arctic Ocean. They are analogous to tables (such as mesas) on land.

## History

Guyots were first recognized in 1945 by Harry Hammond Hess, who collected data using echo-sounding equipment on a ship he commanded during World War II. His data showed that some undersea mountains had flat tops. Hess called these undersea mountains "guyots", after the 19th-century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot. Hess postulated they were once volcanic islands that were beheaded by wave action, yet they are now deep under sea level. This idea was used to help bolster the theory of plate tectonics.

## Formation

Guyots show evidence of having once been above the surface, with gradual subsidence through stages from fringed reefed mountain, coral atoll, and finally a flat-topped submerged mountain. Seamounts are made by extrusion of lavas piped upward in stages from sources within the Earth's mantle, usually hotspots, to vents on the seafloor. The volcanism invariably ceases after a time, and other processes dominate. When an undersea volcano grows high enough to be near or breach the ocean surface, wave action or coral reef growth tend to create a flat-topped edifice. However, all ocean crust and guyots form from hot magma or rock, which cools over time. As the lithosphere that the future guyot rides on slowly cools, it becomes denser and sinks lower into Earth's mantle, through the process of isostasy. In addition, the erosive effects of waves and currents are found mostly near the surface: the tops of guyots generally lie below this higher-erosion zone.

This is the same process that gives rise to higher seafloor topography at oceanic ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Atlantic Ocean, and deeper ocean at abyssal plains and oceanic trenches, such as the Mariana Trench. Thus, the island or shoal that will eventually become a guyot slowly subsides over millions of years. In the right climatic regions, coral growth can sometimes keep pace with the subsidence, resulting in coral atoll formation, but eventually the corals dip too deep to grow and the island becomes a guyot. The greater the amount of time that passes, the deeper the guyots become.

Seamounts provide data on movements of tectonic plates on which they ride, and on the rheology of the underlying lithosphere. The trend of a seamount chain traces the direction of motion of the lithospheric plate over a more or less fixed heat source in the underlying asthenosphere, the part of the Earth's mantle beneath the lithosphere. There are thought to be up to an estimated 50,000 seamounts in the Pacific basin. The Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain is an excellent example of an entire volcanic chain undergoing this process, from active volcanism, to coral reef growth, to atoll formation, to subsidence of the islands and becoming guyots.

## Characteristics

The steepness gradient of most guyots is about 20 degrees. To technically be considered a guyot or tablemount, they must stand at least 900 m (3,000 ft) tall. One guyot in particular, the Great Meteor Tablemount in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, stands at more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft) high, with a diameter of 110 km (68 mi). However, there are many undersea mounts that can range from just less than 90 m (300 ft) to around 900 m (3,000 ft). Very large oceanic volcanic constructions, hundreds of kilometres across, are called oceanic plateaus. Guyots have a mean area of 3,313 km2 (1,279 sq mi), which is much larger than typical seamounts, which have a mean area of 790 km2 (310 sq mi).

There are 283 known guyots in the world's oceans, with the North Pacific having 119, the South Pacific 77, the South Atlantic 43, the Indian Ocean 28, the North Atlantic eight, the Southern Ocean six, and the Mediterranean Sea two; there are none known in the Arctic Ocean, though one is found along the Fram Strait off northeastern Greenland. Guyots are also associated with specific lifeforms and varying amounts of organic matter. Local increases in chlorophyll a, enhanced carbon incorporation rates and changes in phytoplankton species composition are associated with guyots and other seamounts.


title: Nishikawa Castle

abstract: Nishikawa Castle was a branch castle of the Saigo Clan in the Mikawa region during the Age of Warring States in Japan. The name Nishikawa means "west river" in Japanese. There are no extant structures on the site of the castle, though alterations to the topography, such as earthen ramparts and a dry moat, are readily apparent and an explanatory signboard is posted by the trail leading up to the main courtyard. Nishikawa Castle site is located in Ishimaki-Nishikawa-cho, Toyohashi in Aichi Prefecture.

text:
# Nishikawa Castle

**Nishikawa Castle (西川城, *Nishikawa-jō*)** was a branch castle of the Saigo Clan in the Mikawa region during the Age of Warring States in Japan. The name Nishikawa means "west river" in Japanese.

There are no extant structures on the site of the castle, though alterations to the topography, such as earthen ramparts and a dry moat, are readily apparent and an explanatory signboard is posted by the trail leading up to the main courtyard. Nishikawa Castle site is located in Ishimaki-Nishikawa-cho, Toyohashi in Aichi Prefecture.

## Background

In 1526, the Mikawa-Saigo family suffered defeat when Yamanaka Castle was stormed by the forces of Matsudaira Kiyoyasu. After four generations of conflict between the Saigo and Matsudaira families, the Saigo were forced to surrender and give up control of northern Mikawa Province; they became loyal vassals of the Matsudaira, their samurai forces ready to fight for their one-time enemy. Although a measure of stability was probably brought to the region, it was still something of a wilderness and at a crossroads for several feuding factions that would be the scene of important battles in the decades to come. A castle in the area would have been an outpost and rallying point to guard against incursions by the Oda, Takeda, or other clans. According to the *Mikawa Chorography*, a scholarly survey of the region written in 1740, Nishikawa Castle was built to confront the threat of the rival Makino clan, which occupied the adjoining region in what is now the town of Toyokawa.

## History

Nishikawa Castle was built sometime between 1532 and 1555 (the Tenbun Period) by Saigo Kiyokazu, and served as a branch castle of the Saigo clan, while the main residence and clan headquarters was at Wachigaya Castle. As an apparent show of loyalty to the Imagawa clan, the dominant ally of the Matsudaira, the name "Nishikawa" was created as an amalgamation of the first *kanji* from Saigo (西, which can be pronounced *nishi*, *sei*, or *sai*) and the second *kanji* of Imagawa (川, pronounced *kawa* or *gawa*).

Open conflict between the Saigo and the Makino never occurred. Their mutual allegiance to the Matsudaira clan, their participation in conflicts led by Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the pressure of external enemies may have diverted enough resources so that a hostile peace could be maintained. Although Nishikawa Castle was never attacked, it did serve as a forward command position and staging point for Saigo troops on the advent of at least two battles. In 1571, Takeda forces led by Akiyama Nobutomo led an incursion into the area and were driven back by the Saigo, led by Saigo Yoshikatsu and troops from Nishikawa Castle, at the Battle of Takehiro.

In 1575, an army under Takeda Katsuyori laid siege to Nagashino Castle in northern Mikawa. An *ashigaru* soldier named Torii Suneemon crossed the lines of the besieging force to inform Tokugawa Ieyasu at Okazaki Castle. Suneemon would later die for his loyalty and become a popular hero. A legend among the Saigo family asserts that during his mission, Suneemon stopped at Nishikawa Castle for a short rest before pressing on to Okazaki; however, this is not corroborated by other sources. Whether or not the Saigo were informed of the situation in advance, it is known that a combined Oda-Tokugawa army advanced into the area to meet the invading force. Troops of the Saigo clan gathered at Nishikawa Castle and issued forth to join the Tokugawa army for the decisive Battle of Nagashino.

Following the Siege of Odawara Castle in 1590, in which Tokugawa Ieyasu and Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeated the rival Hōjō clan of the east, Hideyoshi offered the newly acquired Kantō region to Ieyasu in exchange for his five domains, which included Mikawa. Ieyasu accepted the offer, and the Saigo clan accompanied him in his transfer to the east. The lord of Nishikawa Castle, Saigo Iekazu (son of Kiyokazu), was ordered to relocate to Oyumi Castle, in Shimōsa Province (incidentally, the Makino clan was ordered to a province to the northwest in the same year ). Custody of Nishikawa Castle and its surrounding lands was passed from the Saigo to the Ogasawara clan, but with the re-distribution of clans, Mikawa province was surrounded by vassals of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and so Nishikawa Castle ceased to be a priority military structure. In 1661, Ogasawara Naga'aki, who was responsible for administering the region, was promoted to lordship over Yoshida Castle, and Nishikawa Castle was thereafter abandoned. As with many abandoned castles, local peasantry probably plundered the site for building materials such as stones and lumber.

### Lady Saigo

In 1562, Tozuka Masako was born at Nishikawa Castle. Her mother was the elder sister of Saigo Kiyokazu, and in time Saigo would adopt his niece, who spent her childhood at Nishikawa Castle and would eventually become known as Saigō-no-Tsubone (西郷の局) or "Lady Saigō". Also known affectionately by her nickname Oai (お愛, "Love"), Lady Saigo was the first consort of Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the most beloved of all his wives and concubines.

Lady Saigo would bear two sons by Ieyasu: Tokugawa Hidetada (1579–1632) and Matsudaira Tadayoshi (1580–1607). Hidetada would be the second *shōgun* of the new Tokugawa *bakufu*, and led the nation from 1605 until his retirement in 1623. Lady Saigo died on July 1, 1589, at Sunpu Castle, aged 37 years. The cause of her early death was never determined. While murder was suspected at the time, and poison has been theorized as the mode, no culprit was ever identified.

## Castle design

Nishikawa Castle was built on top of a modified natural hill. The top of the hill was levelled for use as the main courtyard (本曲輪 *hon-kuruwa*) at a height of 20 meters above ground level. Thus, among Japanese castles, Nishikawa is classified as a "hill-on-plains castle" (平山城). Earthen ramparts were constructed and encircle the courtyard, a dry moat was cut, and a sloping trail around the hill provides access between the courtyard and ground level. The main keep was located on top of the hill and would have overlooked smaller satellite courtyards; one was on a terraced portion of the hill, others were at ground level. The design of Nishikawa Castle therefore conformed with the classic motte-and-bailey design of many European castles, and as it served as the headquarters and residence of a local samurai lord from the Mikawa branch of the Saigo family, Nishikawa Castle met all criteria of an actual castle.

## Present state

The existing site of Nishikawa Castle is mainly composed of the hilltop courtyard where the castle keep once stood. Visitors can park at the Daifuku Temple (大福寺), which is located next to the castle site, or along the shoulder of the road. An explanatory signboard marks the beginning of the sloping grass-covered path which leads around the hill to the top. Features like the dry moat, earthen ramparts, and the earthen foundation for a turret (*yagura*) are still discernible. Part of the hilltop is covered by a naturally growing stand of Japanese cedar trees, while a cultivated orchard of chestnut trees grows on the rest of the level hilltop. The castle site has also become known to locals for the abundance of dogtooth violets that grow there.

The site of Nishikawa Castle is located along Route 499 in the northern countryside of Toyohashi in Aichi Prefecture, near the border with Toyokawa. Daifuku Temple (大福寺) stands next to the castle site, which is marked *Shiroyama* (城山) or "Castle Mountain" on some maps.

## InfoBox

| Nishikawa Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| *(西川城)* | |
| Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture, Japan | |
| View of one corner of the main courtyard of Nishikawa Castle. Earthen ramparts visible. The trees are part of the chestnut orchard. | |
| Nishikawa Castle | |
| Coordinates | 34°50′21″N 137°27′23″E / 34.839238°N 137.456367°E / 34.839238; 137.456367 |
| Type | Hill-on-Plains castle (平山城) |
| Site information | |
| Open to<br>the public | yes |
| Condition | Main courtyard accessible; portions are either undeveloped forest or cultivated orchard. |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1532–1555 (1532–1555) |
| Built by | Saigo Kiyokazu |
| In use | ca.1555–1661 |


title: Nemo (dog)

abstract: Nemo is a black Labrador Retriever-Griffon dog owned by French President Emmanuel Macron and Brigitte Macron.

text:
# Nemo (dog)

**Nemo** (born April 2016) is a black Labrador Retriever-Griffon dog owned by French President Emmanuel Macron and Brigitte Macron.

## Life

Nemo was born as Marin in 2016 in Tulle, former French President François Hollande's hometown. By August 2017, he was living in an animal shelter run by the Société protectrice des animaux (SPA; 'animal protection society'), an animal rights charity, in Hermeray, Yvelines near Paris. At the beginning of the same month, Brigitte Macron visited the centre and told staff that the presidential couple wanted to adopt a dog with a number of distinctive traits. They found a black Labrador Retriever-Griffon crossbreed named Marin.

On 27 August 2017, upon returning from their summer break, the Macrons went back to the SPA centre and officially adopted Marin. The president named him Nemo after Captain Nemo, a character in one of his favourite novels, *Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas* by Jules Verne.

Nemo has lived in the Élysée Palace, the official residence of the French president, since 28 August 2017. On his first day, he welcomed Idriss Déby, the president of Chad, alongside President Macron.

In August 2020, a paper was published in the *Asian Journal of Medicine and Health* including Nemo among other fictitious authors. The paper aimed to demonstrate that this particular journal would publish anything as long as its article processing charges were paid.

## InfoBox

Nemo
| Breed | Labrador Retriever-Griffon |
| --- | --- |
| Sex | Male |
| Born | Marin
April 2016 (age 8)
Tulle, Corrèze, France |
| Residence | Élysée Palace, Paris |


title: Krappa

abstract: Krappa is an administrative unit, known as Union council of Buner District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. District Buner has 6 Tehsils i.e. Daggar, Chagharzai, Chamla, Khudu Khel, Gagra and Gadezai. Each tehsil comprises certain numbers of union councils. There are 27 union councils in Buner District.

text:
# Krappa

**Krappa** is an administrative unit, known as Union council of Buner District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

District Buner has 6 Tehsils i.e. Daggar, Chagharzai, Chamla, Khudu Khel, Gagra and Gadezai. Each tehsil comprises certain numbers of union councils. There are 27 union councils in Buner District.

35°06′N 71°41′E / 35.100°N 71.683°E / 35.100; 71.683

## InfoBox

| Krappa | |
| --- | --- |
| Union Council | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| District | Buner |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |
| Number of Union Councils | ADD HERE |


title: Holly Rushmeier

abstract: Holly Rushmeier is an American computer scientist and is the John C. Malone Professor of Computer Science at Yale University. She is known for her contributions to the field of computer graphics.

text:
# Holly Rushmeier

**Holly Rushmeier** is an American computer scientist and is the John C. Malone Professor of Computer Science at Yale University. She is known for her contributions to the field of computer graphics.

## Biography

Rushmeier has received three degrees in mechanical engineering from Cornell University: the B.S. in 1977, the M.S. in 1986, and the Ph.D. in 1988. Before returning to graduate school in 1983, she worked in Seattle as an engineer at Boeing Commercial Airplanes and Washington Natural Gas.

While at Cornell, Rushmeier collaborated with Kenneth Torrance and Donald P. Greenberg. After obtaining her Ph.D., Rushmeier joined the mechanical engineering faculty as an assistant professor at Georgia Tech, where she taught courses on heat transfer and numerical methods and conducted research on computer graphics image synthesis. She left in 1991 to join the National Institute of Standards and Technology, where she focused on scientific data visualization. She continued to investigate problems in data visualization as a staff member at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center from 1996 to 2004. She then assumed her current position as professor of computer science at Yale University, where she served as chair of the department from 2011 to 2014 and again starting in 2023. With Julie Dorsey, she leads the computer graphics laboratory at Yale.

## Work

Rushmeier is particularly interested in scanning and modeling shape and appearance, as well as the applications of computer graphics in cultural heritage. At IBM, she worked on the project to create a 3D model of Michelangelo's Florence Pietà, as well as the Eternal Egypt collaboration between IBM and the government of Egypt to build a digital showcase of the country's cultural artifacts.

Rushmeier is also noted for her work on global illumination, material capture, and the display of high-dynamic-range images. Her contributions to the field of computer graphics include the development of methods for solving for illumination in the presence of participating media (i.e. environments such as fog and murky water that affect the light passing through them) and the extension of the radiosity method to handle specular BRDFs.

She has served in numerous editorial and technical capacities, including editor-in-chief of ACM Transactions on Graphics from 1996 to 1999, editor of IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics from 1996 to 1998, and co-editor-in-chief of Computer Graphics Forum from 2010 to 2014. She was chair of the papers committee for ACM SIGGRAPH in 1996 and co-chair of the IEEE Visualization papers committee in 1998, 2004, and 2005. She is an ACM Distinguished Engineer, a 2016 Fellow of the ACM, a 2011 Fellow of the Eurographics Association, the recipient of the 2013 ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics Achievement Award, and the recipient of the 2021 Eurographics Gold Medal.

In 2022, Rushmeier joined a research team involving computer scientists, archaeologists, and historians, the projects aim is to research the ancient city of Dura-Europos. The project received a $350,000 grant from the National Endowment for Humanities in order to develop a digital archive of materials related to Dura-Europos. Rushmeier is involved with creating a virtual cloud to host this data and create a user interface that allows researchers to access data and add new information.

## Selected publications

* Dorsey, Julie; Rushmeier, Holly; Sillion, François (2007). *Digital Modeling of Material Appearance*. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. ISBN 9780122211812.
* Bernardini, Fausto; Rushmeier, Holly; Martin, Ioana M.; Mittleman, Joshua; Taubin, Gabriel (2002). "Building a Digital Model of Michelangelo's *Florentine Pietà*" (PDF). *IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications*. **22**: 59–67. doi:10.1109/38.974519.
* Bernardini, Fausto; Mittleman, Joshua; Rushmeier, Holly; Silva, Cláudio; Taubin, Gabriel (1999). "The Ball-Pivoting Algorithm for Surface Reconstruction" (PDF). *IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics*. **5** (4): 349–359. doi:10.1109/2945.817351. S2CID 11096669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
* Larson, Gregory Ward; Rushmeier, Holly; Piatko, Christine (1997). "A Visibility Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for High Dynamic Range Scenes" (PDF). *IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics*. **3** (4): 291–306. doi:10.1109/2945.646233.
* Chen, Shenchang Eric; Rushmeier, Holly E.; Miller, Gavin; Turner, Douglass (1991). "A progressive multi-pass method for global illumination". *ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics*. **25** (4): 165–174. doi:10.1145/127719.122737.
* Rushmeier, Holly E.; Torrance, Kenneth E. (1987). "The zonal method for calculating light intensities in the presence of a participating medium". *Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '87* (PDF). Vol. 21. pp. 293–302. doi:10.1145/37401.37436. ISBN 978-0897912273. S2CID 9713881.
* Meyer, Gary W.; Rushmeier, Holly E.; Cohen, Michael F.; Greenberg, Donald P.; Torrance, Kenneth E. (1986). "An Experimental Evaluation of Computer Graphics Imagery" (PDF). *ACM Transactions on Graphics*. **5**: 30–50. doi:10.1145/7529.7920. S2CID 8585704.

## InfoBox

| Holly Rushmeier | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | Cornell University (B.S., M.S., Ph.D.) |
| Awards | SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics Achievement Award (2013), ACM Fellow (2016) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Computer science
Mechanical engineering |
| Institutions | Yale University
T. J. Watson Research Center
NIST
Georgia Tech |
| Doctoral advisor | Kenneth Torrance |
|  | |


title: Greg Cox (American football)

abstract: Gregory Mark Cox is an American former professional football safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the San Jose State Spartans. He played four seasons for the San Francisco 49ers and New York Giants (1989). In 2024 Cox was arrested in Mendocino County for being an alleged accomplice to a robbery gone wrong turned attempted murder. Cox is accused with Felony conspiracy and felony attempted second-degree robbery.

text:
# Greg Cox (American football)

**Gregory Mark Cox** (born January 6, 1965) is an American former professional football safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the San Jose State Spartans. He played four seasons for the San Francisco 49ers (1988, 1990–1991) and New York Giants (1989). In 2024 Cox was arrested in Mendocino County for being an alleged accomplice to a robbery gone wrong turned attempted murder. Cox is accused with Felony conspiracy and felony attempted second-degree robbery.

## InfoBox

Greg Cox
| No. 38 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Safety |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1965-01-06) January 6, 1965<br>Niagara Falls, New York, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 223 lb (101 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Walnut Ridge (Columbus, Ohio) |
| College: | San Jose State |
| Undrafted: | 1988 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Sacks: 1.0 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Hole-in-the-Wall Gang

abstract: The Hole-in-the-Wall Gang was a gang in the American Wild West, which took its name from the Hole-in-the-Wall Pass in Johnson County, Wyoming, where several outlaw gangs had their hideouts.

text:
# Hole-in-the-Wall Gang

The **Hole-in-the-Wall Gang** was a gang in the American Wild West, which took its name from the Hole-in-the-Wall Pass in Johnson County, Wyoming, where several outlaw gangs had their hideouts.

## Description

The Hole-in-the-Wall Gang was not simply one large organized gang of outlaws but rather was made up of several separate gangs, all operating out of the Hole-in-the-Wall Pass, using it as their base of operations. The gangs formed a coalition, each planning and carrying out its own robberies with very little interaction with the others. At times, members of one gang would ride along with other gangs, but usually each gang operated separately, meeting up only when they were each at the hideout at the same time.

Geographically, the hideout had all the advantages needed for a gang attempting to evade the authorities. It was easily defended and impossible for lawmen to access without detection by the outlaws concealed there. It contained an infrastructure, with each gang supplying its own food and livestock, as well as its own horses. A corral, livery stable, and numerous cabins were constructed, one or two for each gang. Anyone operating out of there adhered to certain rules of the camp, including a certain way of handling disputes with other gang members, and never stealing from another gang's supplies. There was no leader, with each gang adhering to its own chain of command. The hideout was also used for shelter and a place for the outlaws to lay up during the harsh Wyoming winters.

Members of the Hole-in-the-Wall Gang included such infamous criminals as Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch which consisted of Butch Cassidy (also known as Robert Leroy Parker), the Sundance Kid (also known as Harry A. Longabaugh), Elzy Lay, Tall Texan, 'News' Carver, Camilla 'Deaf Charlie' Hanks, Laura Bullion, George "Flat Nose" Curry, Harvey 'Kid Curry' Logan, Bob Meeks, Kid Curry's brother Lonny Curry, Bob Smith, Al Smith, Bob Taylor, Tom O'Day, 'Laughing' Sam Carey, Black Jack Ketchum, and the Roberts Brothers, along with several lesser known outlaw gangs of the Old West. Jesse James was also mentioned to have visited the Hole-in-the-Wall hideout.

In 1899, after the Wilcox train robbery by the Hole-in-the Wall Gang, Pinkerton detectives were deployed. Charlie Siringo was one of them. Siringo wrote of the gang, "Alma being the southern rendezvous for the 'Wild Bunch', while Hole-in-the-Wall, in Wyoming, was their northern hang out."

Several posses trailed outlaws to the location, and there were several shootouts as posses attempted to enter, all resulting in the posses being repulsed, and being forced to withdraw. No lawmen ever successfully entered it to capture outlaws during its more than fifty years of active existence, nor were any lawmen attempting to infiltrate it by use of undercover techniques successful.

The encampment operated with a steady stream of outlaw gangs rotating in and out, from the late 1860s to the early 20th century. However, by 1910, very few outlaws used the hideout, and it eventually faded into history. One of the cabins used by Butch Cassidy still exists today, and it was moved to Cody, Wyoming, where it is on public display.

The Hole-in-the-Wall Gang has been featured in various works, including:

* Western fiction films:
    + *The Three Outlaws* (1956), starring Neville Brand as Butch Cassidy and Alan Hale Jr as the Sundance Kid, and depicting the duo's exploits (with Wild Bunch member William "News" Carver as the third outlaw of the title)
    + *Cat Ballou* (1965), western comedy starring Jane Fonda (as the heroine of the title) and Lee Marvin, in a gang who rob a train, providing adequate motivation for an expedition against not only them but everyone at Hole-in-the-Wall, forcing the remnant of aged outlaws there to eject her from the refuge
    + *Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid* (1969), starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford, film dramatization of the historical outlaws
* "The Good, the Bad, and the Tigger", animated parody (in the series *The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh*) of the historical and dramatized gangs, with outlaws "Pooh" and "Tigger" being referred to as the "Hole in the Head Gang"
* In the *Scooby-Doo! Mystery Adventures* game *Showdown in Ghost Town*, which takes place in the fictional Western ghost town of Los Burritos, multiple references are made to the "Brick-in-the-Wall Gang", an apparent play on the Hole-in-the-Wall Gang's name. The fictitious gang takes its name from stealing large amounts of gold bullion and disguising them as bricks in gang-owned buildings.
* In *Outlawed*, a 2021 alternate history novel by Anna North, a band of barren women come together to form the Hole in the Wall Gang, led by The Kid, determined to create a safe haven in a world where barren women are hanged as witches.
* In *Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition*, the Hole in the Wall Gang are the main antagonists of the second mission in the "Shadow" (Lakota) campaign. In the mission, they operate more like an army than an outlaw gang, attacking not only with outlaw units but also hussars and dragoons.

### Notes

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

Hole-in-the-Wall Gang
| Founding location | Hole-in-the-Wall, Big Horn Mountains, Johnson County, Wyoming |
| --- | --- |
| Years active | 1880s–1890s |
| Territory | Northern Wyoming |
| Ethnicity | White-American |
| Membership (est.) | 9 |
| Criminal activities | Horse and cattle theft, stagecoach and highway robbery, store and bank robbery |


title: W. R. Burnett

abstract: William Riley Burnett was an American novelist and screenwriter. He is best known for the crime novel Little Caesar, the film adaptation of which is considered the first of the classic American gangster movies.

text:
# W. R. Burnett

**William Riley Burnett** (November 25, 1899  April 25, 1982) was an American novelist and screenwriter. He is best known for the crime novel *Little Caesar*, the film adaptation of which is considered the first of the classic American gangster movies.

## Early life

Burnett was born in Springfield, Ohio, and attended Miami Military Institute in Germantown, Ohio. He left his civil service job in Springfield to move to Chicago when he was 28, by which time he had written over 100 short stories and five novels, all unpublished.

## Writing career

In Chicago, Burnett found a job as a night clerk in the seedy Northmere Hotel. He found himself associating with prize fighters, hoodlums, hustlers and hobos. They inspired *Little Caesar* (novel 1929, film 1931). The novel's overnight success landed him a job as a Hollywood screenwriter. *Little Caesar* became a classic movie, produced by First National Pictures (Warner Brothers) and starring then little known Edward G. Robinson. Burnett returned to the Al Capone theme in 1932 with *Scarface*. He won the 1930 O. Henry Award for his short story "Dressing-Up", published in *Harper's* in November 1929.

Burnett published a novel or more a year and turned most into screenplays (some as many as three times). Thematically Burnett was similar to Dashiell Hammett and James M. Cain, but contrasting the corruption and corrosion of the city with the better life his characters yearned for. He portrayed characters who, for one reason or another, fell into a life of crime and were unable to climb out. They typically get one last shot at salvation but the oppressive system closes in and denies redemption.

## Film work

Burnett wrote for many of the great actors and directors, including Raoul Walsh, John Huston, John Ford, Howard Hawks, Nicholas Ray, Douglas Sirk, and Michael Cimino, John Wayne (*The Dark Command*), Humphrey Bogart, Ida Lupino, Paul Muni, Frank Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe, Steve McQueen and Clint Eastwood. He received an Oscar nomination for his script for *Wake Island* (1942) and a Writers Guild nomination for his script for *The Great Escape*. In addition to his film work, he also wrote scripts for television and radio.

In *High Sierra* (1941), Humphrey Bogart plays Roy Earle, a hard-bitten criminal who rejects his life of crime to help a sexually appealing crippled girl. In *The Asphalt Jungle* (1950), the most perfectly masterminded plot falls apart as each character reveals a weakness. In *The Beast of the City* (1932) starring Walter Huston, the police take the law into their own hands when the criminals walk free due to legal incompetence.

## Later years

In later years, with his vision declining, he stopped writing and turned to promoting his earlier work. On his death in 1982, in Santa Monica, California, Burnett was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

## Critical reception

Heywood Broun described Burnett's novel *Goodbye to the Past* as "written with all the excitement of *Little Caesar*, and ten times the skill".

## Works

### Novels

* *Little Caesar* (under pen name Lincoln MacVeagh/The Dial Press - 1929)
* *Iron Man* (Lincoln MacVeagh/The Dial Press - 1930)
* *Saint Johnson* (Lincoln MacVeagh/The Dial Press - 1930)
* *The Silver Eagle* (Lincoln MacVeagh/The Dial Press - 1931)
* *The Beast of the City* (Grosset & Dunlap - 1932) \[not properly a Burnett novel; credit on the book reads "novelized by Jack Lait, from the screen story by W.R. Burnett"; the book was published concurrently with the release of the M-G-M film, circa March 1932\]
* *The Giant Swing* (Harper - 1932)
* *Dark Hazard* (Harper - 1933)
* *Goodbye to the Past: Scenes from the Life of William Meadows* (Harper - 1934)
* *The Goodhues of Sinking Creek* (Harper - 1934)
* *Dr. Socrates* (O'Bryan House Publishing LLC - 2007) \[Originally serialized in Colliers Weekly Magazine in 1935\]
* *King Cole* (Harper - 1936)
* *The Dark Command: A Kansas Iliad* (Knopf - 1938)
* *High Sierra* (Knopf - 1941)
* *The Quick Brown Fox* (Knopf - 1943)
* *Nobody Lives Forever* (Knopf - 1943)
* *Tomorrow's Another Day* (Knopf - 1946)
* *Romelle* (Knopf - 1947)
* *The Asphalt Jungle* (Knopf - 1949)
* *Stretch Dawson* (Gold Medal - 1950). The film *Yellow Sky* (1948) was based on an early version of the novel.
* *Little Men, Big World* (Knopf - 1952)
* *Adobe Walls: A Novel of the Last Apache Rising* (Knopf - 1953)
* *Vanity Row* (Knopf - 1952)
* *Big Stan* (Gold Medal - 1953) - written under pseudonym "John Monahan"
* *Captain Lightfoot* (Knopf - 1954)
* *It's Always Four O'Clock* (Random House - 1956) - written under pseudonym "James Updyke"
* *Pale Moon* (Knopf - 1956)
* *Underdog* (Knopf - 1957)
* *Bitter Ground* (Knopf - 1958)
* *Mi Amigo: A Novel of the Southwest* (Knopf - 1959)
* *Conant* (Popular Library - 1961)
* *Round the Clock at Volari's* (Gold Medal - 1961)
* *The Goldseekers* (Doubleday - 1962)
* *The Widow Barony* (Macdonald - 1962)
* *The Abilene Samson* (Pocket Books - 1963)
* *Sergeants 3* (Pocket Books - 1963)
* *The Roar of the Crowd: Conversations with an Ex-Big-Leaguer* (C.N. Potter - 1964)
* *The Winning of Mickey Free* (Bantam Pathfinder - 1965)
* *The Cool Man* (Gold Medal - 1968)
* *Good-bye, Chicago: 1928: End of an Era* (St. Martin's - 1981)

### Short stories

* *Round Trip* (1929)
* *Dressing-Up* (1930)
* *Travelling Light* (1935)
* *Vanishing Act* (1955)

### Filmography

## InfoBox

| W. R. Burnett | |
| --- | --- |
| Burnett in 1935 | |
| Born | William Riley Burnett
(1899-11-25)November 25, 1899
Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | April 25, 1982(1982-04-25) (aged 82)
Santa Monica, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) |
| Years active | 1931–1972 |
| Spouse(s) | Marjorie Louise Barstow  (m. 1920)
Whitney Forbes Johnston  (m. 1943) |
| Children | James, William |


title: Holländerturm

abstract: The Holländerturm is a former defensive tower in the old city of Bern in Switzerland. It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern. The tower was originally part of the city wall of Bern but was absorbed by the house at Waisenhausplatz 15.

text:
# Holländerturm

The **Holländerturm** (Dutch tower) is a former defensive tower in the old city of Bern in Switzerland. It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern. The tower was originally part of the city wall of Bern but was absorbed by the house at Waisenhausplatz 15.

## History

The age of the tower is unclear. Near the top of the tower an inscription reads 1230–1885. Based on this inscription and other evidence, since the 19th century it has been considered by many writers to be the one clear remnant of the Savoy city walls which were built between 1255 and 1260. However, Hofer states that the tower does not match either the inner or outer wall construction or position and is first shown in a drawing of the city from 1623. The late gothic windows are typical of the 16th and early 17th centuries.

The distinctive upper story was added in the 17th century by a Bernese officer who had served as a mercenary in Holland. It was at this point that the tower acquired the name Holländerturm. The tower was renovated in 1885.

## InfoBox

| Holländerturm | |
| --- | --- |
| Holländer tower at Waisenhausplatz 15 | |
| Location | Old City of Bern |
| Coordinates | 46°56′55.19″N 7°26′38.32″E / 46.9486639°N 7.4439778°E / 46.9486639; 7.4439778 |
| Governing body | Privately Owned |
|  | |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| Part of | Old City of Bern world heritage site |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Holländerturm in Switzerland | |


title: Nemo & Friends SeaRider

abstract: Nemo & Friends SeaRider is a simulator ride at Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort. It is based on the Disney/Pixar film Finding Nemo and its sequel, Finding Dory. Nemo & Friends SeaRider utilizes the same ride system as its predecessor, StormRider, which closed in 2016. The ride opened on May 12, 2017.

text:
# Nemo & Friends SeaRider

**Nemo & Friends SeaRider** is a simulator ride at Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort. It is based on the Disney/Pixar film *Finding Nemo* and its sequel, *Finding Dory*. *Nemo & Friends SeaRider* utilizes the same ride system as its predecessor, StormRider, which closed in 2016. The ride opened on May 12, 2017.

## Ride

The attraction is located in the Marine Life Institute (MLI) at the heart of Port Discovery. A cast member explains to visitors how difficult it was to explore the oceans in the past, and especially the marine life and behavior of fish. Scuba divers, submersibles with claws, and even submarines designed to look like fish would all scare the fish away. The MLI scientists had an idea to make a submarine that outright looked like a fish: they developed a special material called Chiziminium, named after the Japanese pun of 'Shrink-amin-iam', and used this to build a fish-like submarine that shrinks, with its passengers inside, when electricity is applied, as the cast member demonstrates; the fish-sub is called the SeaRider, a pink and purple machine with big blue 'eyes' and a smile on its 'face', and built with artificial intelligence and its own personality, helping real fish to accept it as an actual fish—the guests experience the whole ride not as people within a shrunken submarine but as a new character called Sheila within the Finding Nemo/Dory universe. Throughout the ride, Sheila runs into a varying cast of side characters from the films.

Once the Searider shrinks, passengers arrive either during a hide-and-seek game or one of Mr. Ray's field trips. They are invited to join in the fun while Dory reads the name of the sub and calls her new friend Sheila, as do Nemo, Marlin, and the others. When passengers arrive at the drop-off, they either learn that Marlin followed the field trip to keep an eye on Nemo and Dory, or meet Hank while Dory introduces Sheila to the others.

At that moment, either Squirt or Crush emerges from the current and the fish swim into the current to interact with the turtle. Crush helps steady Marlin when he almost shoots out of the current and Squirt playfully headbutts Sheila and comments that her head is as hard as a rock before we go on a wild ride across the current before we exit out.

When guests exit out, they either end up surrounded by Jellyfish or end up in a kelp forest with sea otters. In the Jellyfish scene, Dory plays with a baby jellyfish before it stings her and Marlin flicks it away; soon after a full-grown jellyfish stings Sheila, and Marlin saves her before they bounce across the Jellyfish forest with Nemo and Dory and make it out as Marlin protects Sheila from being stunned again. In the Kelp Forest scene, several playful otters swim around the kelp forest with Nemo, Dory, Marlin, and Sheila playing tag with their new friends before leaving after they nuzzle guests with the other fish.

After that, guests end up in a kiddie touch pool or at the underwater containers' site.

* At the Touch Pool scene, guests meet Hank outside a pipe where Nemo accidentally gets sucked into the pipe and Marlin follows, as do Dory, Sheila and Hank shortly after. Once they reunite, a human hand scares them and the group swims across the touch pool before Sheila is grabbed and the others look on in horror as Sheila is held eye level with Darla (a character who did not physically appear in the sequel) who at first is happy she grabbed a fish. Darla, however, begins to suspect that Sheila is not a real fish before Hank places a tentacle on her face, scaring Darla as she flings Sheila into the air before Hank saves her by catching her within a glass cup which already has Marlin, Dory, and Nemo inside. Hank moves past a terrified crowd of guests before he manages to get over the rails and escape into the water, where he embraces Marlin, Nemo, Dory, and Sheila with a hug, which ends briefly due to her being embarrassed.
* In The Midnight Zone Scene, Marlin asks Dory to call for help and she calls out for Bailey and Destiny via whale talk, making the hermit crabs shush her before the giant squid emerges from the container and chases the fish across the area before trying to devour Marlin, Dory, Nemo, and Sheila. The beast manages to corner them and attempts to eat them with one bite once they are pulled into the creature's beak. However, because of Sheila's super tough metal submarine body, the squid's beak cannot break through her body or eat her, sparing her and saving Nemo, Marlin and Dory in the process. This buys Bailey and Destiny enough time to arrive and save their small friends before they knock the creature into a container and it falls into the darkness as they all cheer and Dory brings her friends in for a group hug.

From there, guests are either flown across the sea by Becky and the loons that carry guests by their feet across some rocks and sea lions before being dropped into the water, or follow the stingray migration all the way back to the reef while Marlin, Nemo, and Dory sing along. Once guests arrive back home, everyone gathers around to bid Sheila a farewell and at that moment, Sheila returns to her normal size, startling whoever is left behind saying extra goodbyes for their friend, whether it's Dory, Hank, Pearl, Peach, Bloat, or Dory's parents Jenny and Charlie. The ride ends with a cast member saying goodbye and to come again.

## InfoBox

| Nemo & Friends SeaRider | |
| --- | --- |
| The attraction building | |
|  | |
| Tokyo DisneySea | |
| Area | Port Discovery |
| Coordinates | 35°37′30″N 139°52′57″E / 35.62500°N 139.88250°E / 35.62500; 139.88250 |
| Status | Operating |
| Opening date | May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12) |
| Replaced | StormRider |
|  | |
| Ride statistics | |
| Attraction type | Simulator ride |
| Designer | Walt Disney Imagineering |
| Theme | Shrinking Submarine |
| Vehicles | 2 |
| Riders per vehicle | 122 |
| Duration | 14 minutes |
| Height restriction | 90 cm (2 ft 11 in) |
| Sponsored by | JCB |
| Disney's Fastpass available | |
| Must transfer from wheelchair | |


title: Tiberiu Popoviciu

abstract: Tiberiu Popoviciu was a Romanian mathematician and the namesake of Popoviciu's inequality and Popoviciu's inequality on variances. The Tiberiu Popoviciu High School of Computer Science in Cluj-Napoca is named after him. In 1951 he founded a research institute which now bears his name: Tiberiu Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis.

text:
# Tiberiu Popoviciu

**Tiberiu Popoviciu** (February 16, 1906–October 29, 1975) was a Romanian mathematician and the namesake of Popoviciu's inequality and Popoviciu's inequality on variances.

The Tiberiu Popoviciu High School of Computer Science in Cluj-Napoca is named after him.

In 1951 he founded a research institute which now bears his name: Tiberiu Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis.

## Biography

Popoviciu was born in Arad in 1906, and attended high school in his hometown, the school which is now the Moise Nicoară National College. He graduated from the University of Bucharest, and got his doctorate in 1933 under Paul Montel from Paris-Sorbonne University.

He was a lecturer at the Universities of Cernăuți, Bucharest, and Iași. In 1946 he was appointed professor at the University of Cluj. On June 4, 1937 Popoviciu was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. In November 1948 he was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy. He became full member of the mathematical sciences section of the Academy on March 20, 1963.

He married his former student, Elena Moldovan Popoviciu, in 1964; she also became a notable functional analyst. He died in 1975 in Cluj-Napoca, and is buried in the city's Hajongard Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Tiberiu Popoviciu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1906-02-16)February 16, 1906
Arad, Hungary |
| Died | October 29, 1975(1975-10-29) (aged 69)
Cluj-Napoca, Socialist Republic of Romania |
| Resting place | Hajongard Cemetery, Cluj-Napoca |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Alma mater | Paris-Sorbonne University
University of Bucharest |
| Known for | Popoviciu's inequality
Popoviciu's inequality on variances |
| Spouse | Elena Moldovan Popoviciu |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Cernăuți
University of Bucharest
University of Iași
University of Cluj |
| Thesis | *Sur quelques propriétés des fonctions d'une ou de deux variables réelles* (1933) |
| Doctoral advisor | Paul Montel |
| Doctoral students | Elena Moldovan Popoviciu |
|  | |


title: Hollow Coves

abstract: Hollow Coves is an independent band from Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The band consists of two members, Ryan Henderson and Matt Carins, who sing and play guitar in folk style.

text:
# Hollow Coves

**Hollow Coves** is an independent band from Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The band consists of two members, Ryan Henderson and Matt Carins, who sing and play guitar in folk style.

## Career

The pair recorded music in a garage that was uploaded just before they parted ways to Canada and England. The music became popular on Spotify in a very short amount of time which resulted in immediate fame and record deals. They decided to stay where they were living, but recorded and wrote songs long distance using online resources.

Officially formed in 2013, they released their first EP "Drifting" in October 2014 and now both reside in Queensland.

In January 2024, the group announced the forthcoming release of their second studio album *Nothing to Lose*. It was produced by Matt Corby.

## Members

Ryan Henderson grew up without a musical background. When he was in high school, his friends took him to the Woodford Folk Festival to see the Folk and Indie pop group "Angus & Julia Stone." This music inspired him to learn the guitar and eventually to his career.

Matt Carins grew up in Brisbane surrounded by music. His father is in a local cover band and has written albums. His mother plays and teaches piano and flute. He also has a sister who plays the piano and a brother who is in an alternative rock band.

Carins has stated in the past that he was a carpenter and during the COVID-19 pandemic, he and Henderson built a production studio and soundproof "room" to practice and record their music.

## Discography

### Albums

List of albums, with selected details
| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Moments* | * Released: 18 October 2019 * Format: digital * Label: Hollow Caves |
| *Nothing to Lose* | * Scheduled: 1 March 2024 * Format: LP, CD, digital * Label: Hollow Caves, AWAL |

### EPs

List of EPs, with selected details
| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Drifting* | * Released: 2014 * Format: digital * Label: |
| *Wanderlust* | * Released: February 2017 * Format: digital * Label: Hollow Caves |
| *Blessings* | * Released: June 2021 * Format: digital * Label: Hollow Caves, AWAL |

## Awards

### Gold Coast Music Awards

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result (win only) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | "Coastline" | Song of the Year | Won |  |
| | Hollow Coves | Breakout Artist of the Year | Won | |
| 2024 | Hollow Coves | Artist of the Year | Won |  |
| | *Nothing to Lose* | Release of the Year | Won | |


title: Mount Mansfield

abstract: Mount Mansfield is the highest mountain in Vermont, reaching an elevation of 4,393 feet (1,339 m) above sea level. Located in the northwest of the state, it is also the highest peak in the Green Mountains. Its summit is located within the town of Underhill in Chittenden County; the ridgeline, including some secondary peaks, extends into the town of Stowe in Lamoille County, and the mountain's flanks also reach into the town of Cambridge. When viewed from the east or west, this mountain has the appearance of a human profile, with distinct forehead, nose, lips, chin, and Adam's apple. These features are most distinct when viewed from the east; unlike most human faces, the chin is the highest point. Mount Mansfield is one of three spots in Vermont where true alpine tundra survives from the Ice Ages. A few acres exist on Camel's Hump and Mount Abraham nearby and to the south, but Mount Mansfield's summit still holds about 200 acres (81 ha). In 1980, the Mount Mansfield Natural Area was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service. Located in Mount Mansfield State Forest, the mountain is used for various recreational and commercial purposes. "The Nose" is home to transmitter towers for a number of regional radio and TV stations. There are many hiking trails, including the Long Trail, which traverses the main ridgeline. In addition, the east flank of the mountain is used by the Stowe Mountain Resort for winter skiing. A popular tourist activity is to drive the 4.5-mile (7.2 km) toll road from the Stowe Base Lodge to "The Nose" and then hike along the ridge to "The Chin."

text:
# Mount Mansfield

**Mount Mansfield** is the highest mountain in Vermont, reaching an elevation of 4,393 feet (1,339 m) above sea level. Located in the northwest of the state, it is also the highest peak in the Green Mountains. Its summit is located within the town of Underhill in Chittenden County; the ridgeline, including some secondary peaks, extends into the town of Stowe in Lamoille County, and the mountain's flanks also reach into the town of Cambridge.

When viewed from the east or west, this mountain has the appearance of a (quite elongated) human profile, with distinct forehead, nose, lips, chin, and Adam's apple. These features are most distinct when viewed from the east; unlike most human faces, the chin is the highest point.

Mount Mansfield is one of three spots in Vermont where true alpine tundra survives from the Ice Ages. A few acres exist on Camel's Hump and Mount Abraham nearby and to the south, but Mount Mansfield's summit still holds about 200 acres (81 ha). In 1980, the **Mount Mansfield Natural Area** was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.

Located in Mount Mansfield State Forest, the mountain is used for various recreational and commercial purposes. "The Nose" is home to transmitter towers for a number of regional radio and TV stations. There are many hiking trails, including the Long Trail, which traverses the main ridgeline. In addition, the east flank of the mountain is used by the Stowe Mountain Resort for winter skiing. A popular tourist activity is to drive the 4.5-mile (7.2 km) toll road (a steep, mostly unpaved road with several hairpin turns) from the Stowe Base Lodge to "The Nose" and then hike along the ridge to "The Chin."

## Geology and soils

The dominant bedrock of Mt. Mansfield is a mica-albite-quartz schist common to the Green Mountains, with mica being the most abundant mineral. Layers of quartzite are found locally. The soils, mostly podzol, are stony with fine-earth fractions grading through textures of fine sandy loam, loam and silt loam; they are mapped mostly as Londonderry, Lyman, Peru and Tunbridge Series with considerable areas of rock outcropping around the summit.

## Name

The name of the mountain comes from the dissolved town of Mansfield, Vermont, in which the mountain was located (its territory was later divided between the towns of Underhill and Stowe), but the source of the town's name is the subject of some dispute.

Several of the original grantees of the land in Mansfield were from Mansfield, Connecticut, which in turn is known to have been named for Moses Mansfield, one of the chief landowners there. However, Benning Wentworth, the governor of the British colony of New Hampshire, issued a charter to a group of grantees in what he dubbed the town of Mansfield, possibly for a chief justice of England, Lord Mansfield (a British judge who deemed slavery illegal on British soil in 1772). Wentworth had good reason to honor Lord Mansfield by naming a town after him: Mansfield and another English official had jointly ruled in 1752 that the land between the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain should be considered part of the Wentworth-governed royal province of New Hampshire, and not of New York, which also claimed that territory.

The Town of Mansfield was formed before anyone involved had visited the site; when the townsite was surveyed, it was discovered to be mostly mountainside. Although a few hardy pioneers settled in the town's few lowlands, the town was dissolved by degrees, with the portion generally west of the mountain being annexed to Underhill in 1839, the eastern portion to Stowe in 1848 after a vote of the citizenry. The dividing line did not run exactly along the ridge of the mountain; thus, the Chin is in Underhill and the Nose in Stowe. Prior to the mid-eighteenth century, the mountain was known by its Abenaki name, Mozodepowadso, which translates to Moosehead Mountain.

## Topography

The ridge which forms the "head" of the "man" is aligned generally north and south. The "Adam's apple" is on the north end of the ridge, and the "forehead" to the south. From north of the mountain, looking south, this ridge appears as a triangular peak. At the northeastern portion of the mountain, there are cliffs. At the base of these cliffs (on the western side of the Notch Road, Vermont Route 108), there is a honeycomb network of talus caves. There are cliffs on the eastern side of the Notch Road as well. These two sets of facing cliffs are separated by 3 yards (2.7 m) at their base.

## Skiing

Mt. Mansfield is the home of Stowe Mountain Resort, one of the oldest ski areas in the United States. Along with other expert trails, a group of trails, known as the "Front Four", are Goat, Starr, National and Liftline. They have steep pitches, many natural hazards (rocks and trees), and little grooming. There are also cross country ski trails around the base of the mountain and on its lower slopes. The Bruce Trail descends the east side of the mountain while the Teardrop Trail descends west side. In addition to Stowe Mountain resort, Skiing is also available at the nearby Smugglers' Notch Resort.

360-degree panorama from the top of Mount Mansfield

## Climate

Mount Mansfield is located in a boreal temperate rainforest and receives more than 80 inches of precipitation each year on average and has a humid boreal climate (Dfc). Lower elevations of the mountain have a humid continental climate

Summer days on the mountain are warm coupled with cool nights, while winters are long, cold and snowy, lasting from November through April and with annual snowfall averaging 235 in (6.0 m). The highest daily snowfall recorded was 28 in (71 cm) and occurred on March 15, 2017. The highest snow depth recorded was 149 in (3.8 m) and occurred on April 2 during the very snowy winter of 1969. According to the NOAA, snowfall has been recorded on the summit for every month of the year. Mount Mansfield averages 197.7 nights at or below 32 °F (0 °C) annually. Extreme temperatures ranges from 85 °F (29 °C) on May 28, 2020 to −39 °F (−39 °C) on January 9, 1968.

| Climate data for Mount Mansfield, Vermont, 19912020 normals, extremes 1954present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 53
(12) | 56
(13) | 65
(18) | 74
(23) | 85
(29) | 84
(29) | 84
(29) | 82
(28) | 79
(26) | 76
(24) | 63
(17) | 60
(16) | 85
(29) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 42.2
(5.7) | 38.7
(3.7) | 46.9
(8.3) | 60.4
(15.8) | 70.9
(21.6) | 75.3
(24.1) | 76.0
(24.4) | 74.2
(23.4) | 71.3
(21.8) | 62.4
(16.9) | 52.6
(11.4) | 43.7
(6.5) | 77.6
(25.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 21.1
(−6.1) | 22.7
(−5.2) | 30.2
(−1.0) | 42.6
(5.9) | 57.0
(13.9) | 65.3
(18.5) | 69.0
(20.6) | 67.6
(19.8) | 61.1
(16.2) | 47.7
(8.7) | 36.2
(2.3) | 26.6
(−3.0) | 45.6
(7.6) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 13.4
(−10.3) | 15.0
(−9.4) | 22.9
(−5.1) | 35.0
(1.7) | 48.9
(9.4) | 57.8
(14.3) | 62.2
(16.8) | 60.9
(16.1) | 54.2
(12.3) | 41.4
(5.2) | 29.8
(−1.2) | 19.8
(−6.8) | 38.4
(3.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 5.7
(−14.6) | 7.3
(−13.7) | 15.6
(−9.1) | 27.5
(−2.5) | 40.8
(4.9) | 50.3
(10.2) | 55.4
(13.0) | 54.2
(12.3) | 47.3
(8.5) | 35.1
(1.7) | 23.4
(−4.8) | 12.9
(−10.6) | 31.3
(−0.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −22.4
(−30.2) | −18.1
(−27.8) | −12.1
(−24.5) | 7.0
(−13.9) | 21.6
(−5.8) | 32.8
(0.4) | 41.4
(5.2) | 40.2
(4.6) | 28.9
(−1.7) | 16.7
(−8.5) | 3.3
(−15.9) | −12.5
(−24.7) | −25.6
(−32.0) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −39
(−39) | −36
(−38) | −31
(−35) | −13
(−25) | 5
(−15) | 20
(−7) | 26
(−3) | 25
(−4) | 16
(−9) | 5
(−15) | −11
(−24) | −38
(−39) | −39
(−39) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.62
(143) | 5.26
(134) | 5.88
(149) | 6.31
(160) | 6.88
(175) | 7.86
(200) | 7.31
(186) | 6.89
(175) | 7.26
(184) | 7.63
(194) | 6.68
(170) | 7.51
(191) | 81.09
(2,061) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 40.9
(104) | 44.6
(113) | 38.7
(98) | 21.4
(54) | 5.5
(14) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.1
(0.25) | 10.1
(26) | 30.4
(77) | 43.2
(110) | 234.9
(596.25) |
| Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 54.6
(139) | 74.7
(190) | 88.3
(224) | 84.8
(215) | 53.6
(136) | 2.4
(6.1) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 5.8
(15) | 18.8
(48) | 35.7
(91) | 92.0
(234) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 21.6 | 18.2 | 17.2 | 15.4 | 15.4 | 16.2 | 16.3 | 15.2 | 14.4 | 15.0 | 17.3 | 21.5 | 203.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 18.2 | 16.1 | 13.0 | 6.4 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 10.4 | 17.0 | 86.9 |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: National Weather Service | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Mount Mansfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Mansfield, September 2004 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,395 ft (1,340 m)NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 3,633 ft (1,107 m) |
| Listing | U.S. state high point 26th
New England Fifty Finest 3rd
New England 4000-footers |
| Coordinates | 44°32′38″N 72°48′52″W / 44.543946911°N 72.814309717°W / 44.543946911; -72.814309717 |
| Geography | |
| Mount MansfieldChittenden County-Lamoille County border, Vermont, U.S. | |
| Parent range | Green Mountains |
| Topo map | USGS Mount Mansfield |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hike |
|  | |
| U.S. National Natural Landmark | |
| Designated | 1980 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Holmby Runestone

abstract: The Holmby Runestone, listed as DR 328 in the Rundata catalog, is a Viking Age memorial runestone bearing the image of a ship. It is in Holmby, which is about two kilometers southeast of Flyinge, Scania, Sweden.

text:
# Holmby Runestone

The **Holmby Runestone**, listed as **DR 328** in the Rundata catalog, is a Viking Age memorial runestone bearing the image of a ship. It is in Holmby, which is about two kilometers southeast of Flyinge, Scania, Sweden.

## Description

The Holmby Runestone has an inscription that consists of runic text that is upside down in an arch that is over a depiction of a ship at sea. The stone is made of sandstone and is 1.11 meters in height. It was discovered in the wall of the southwest corner of a church tower around 1667. Before the historic nature of runestones was understood, they were often reused as construction materials for roads, bridges, and buildings. The stone was removed and raised outside the church in 1908. The inscription is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK, which is considered to be the oldest style. This classification is for inscriptions where the ends of the runic bands are straight and there are no attached serpent or beast heads. The inscription is dated as having been carved after the Jelling stones.

It has been pointed out that the image of the ship has an ancient form with beaks fore and aft, and thus may depict a symbolic ritual ship and not any known Viking Age ship type. Other inscriptions with similar features which may depict ancient, symbolic ships include DR 77 in Hjermind, DR 119 in Spentrup, DR 258 in Bösarp, and DR 271 in Tullstorps. Other runic inscriptions from the Viking Age which depict ships include DR 220 in Sønder Kirkeby, DR EM85;523 in Farsø, Ög 181 in Ledberg, Ög 224 in Stratomta, Ög MÖLM1960;230 in Törnevalla, Sö 122 in Skresta, Sö 154 in Skarpåker, Sö 158 in Österberga, Sö 164 in Spånga, Sö 351 in Överjärna, Sö 352 in Linga, Vg 51 in Husaby, U 370 in Herresta, U 979 in Gamla Uppsala, U 1052 in Axlunda, U 1161 in Altuna, and Vs 17 in Råby. Three stones, the Hørdum and Långtora kyrka stones and U 1001 in Rasbo, depict ships but currently do not have any runes on them and may never have had any.

The runic text states that the stone was raised as a memorial by a man named Sveinn to his father Þorgeirr. The name Þorgeirr contains as a theophoric name element the Norse pagan god Thor and means "Thor's Spear." The runic text uses the word *stena* meaning "stones," suggesting that more than one stone was originally raised in memory of Þorgeirr. If so, the second stone of the memorial has since been lost. The last words of the Old Norse text, *faþur sin* ("his father"), are carved below the image of the ship at sea.

Locally the stone is known as the *Holmbystenen*. The inscription has been given a Danish listing in the Rundata catalog as Scania was part of the historic Denmark.

## Inscription

### Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters

**: suin : risþi : stina ¶ + ¶ þesi : ef(t)iʀ : þurgiʀ : ¶ faþur : sin :**

### Transcription into Old Norse

*Swen resþi stena þæssi æftiʀ Þorgiʀ, faþur sin.*

### Translation in English

Sveinn raised these stones in memory of Þorgeirr, his father.


title: WRC 8

abstract: WRC 8, also known as WRC 8 FIA World Rally Championship, is the official game of the 2019 World Rally Championship. The game was developed by French developer Kylotonn and published on 10 September 2019 by Bigben Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch. The game carries an official World Rally Championship esports licence.

text:
# WRC 8

***WRC 8***, also known as ***WRC 8 FIA World Rally Championship***, is the official game of the 2019 World Rally Championship. The game was developed by French developer Kylotonn and published on 10 September 2019 by Bigben Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch. The game carries an official World Rally Championship esports licence.

## Development and release

*WRC 8* was revealed as the official game of the 2019 FIA World Rally Championship in February 2019. It features dynamic weather and an entirely redesigned career mode reminiscent of Codemasters' *Formula One* series. The game also sees the addition of new classic cars, much like its main rival, Codemasters' *Colin McRae Rally/DiRT* series, including the Lancia Stratos and Renault Alpine. The game also offers more content than the previous game, with 102 special stages spread across the championship's 14 countries. The game was released to Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in September 2019, and was later ported to Nintendo Switch on 31 October.

## Reception

*WRC 8* received "generally favorable" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic, with reviewers praising the major improvements made to both the game's physics and graphics.

Martin Robinson of *Eurogamer* praised the ongoing evolution of the series, saying that "it's a significant year for the series, having taken a year away and returning from its break revitalised and refreshed. In fact, having personally only kept a watching brief on Kylotonn's tenure on the series since it signed up with WRC 5, it feels like a different series entirely."

### Accolades

The game was nominated for "Best Game" at the Pégases Awards 2020.

## InfoBox

| WRC 8 | |
| --- | --- |
| Game cover featuring Toyota Yaris WRC | |
| Developer(s) | Kylotonn |
| Publisher(s) | Bigben Interactive |
| Series | *World Rally Championship* |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | * WW: 10 September 2019 |
| Genre(s) | Racing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |