title: I Heard a Rumour

abstract: "I Heard a Rumour" is a song by English girl group Bananarama from their fourth studio album, Wow! (1987), and was released on 22 June 1987 as the album's lead single. It became a hit in UK where it reached the top 20, but was more successful in North America, where it peaked within the top five.

text:
# I Heard a Rumour

"**I Heard a Rumour**" is a song by English girl group Bananarama from their fourth studio album, *Wow!* (1987), and was released on 22 June 1987 as the album's lead single. It became a hit in UK where it reached the top 20, but was more successful in North America, where it peaked within the top five.

## Background and writing

"I Heard a Rumour" bears notable similarities in part to Michael Fortunati's "Give Me Up", which was released in early 1986; however, producer Mike Stock denied the track was based excessively on that record, insisting the track was simply broadly inspired by Europop trends at the time, saying: "We didn't do sampling... There's no similarity in the lyric, there's no actual similarity in terms of note-for-noteness in the tune," he said. "We were doing Europop." The song also uses the synth riff from another of SAW's hits, "Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now" by Samantha Fox.

## Music video

The music video, directed by Andy Morahan, features a dress-up theme, in a similar vein as their video for "Venus". Group members Sara Dallin, Siobhan Fahey, and Keren Woodward are seen emulating various film stars, projected on screens behind them. One scene projected is vaudeville performers the Dodge Twins dressed in striped jail costumes performing the Lock Step. Each member dresses up in costumes, including a cowgirl and Carmen Miranda, backed up by topless male dancers. When the group is dressed in French can-can dresses, they bend over to "moon" the camera and expose the letters W-O-W (a reference to their album title) on their rears. They also appear in sequined red dresses on a rotating platform, surrounded by their dancers. Bloopers of the girls making mistakes in the dance routine are intercut with other footage.

## Critical reception

### Initial response

Jerry Smith of British magazine *Music Week* described "I Heard a Rumour" a "bright and breezy summer hit". By contrast, Robin Smith of *Record Mirror* criticized it for displaying what he called a "cutesy approach" and being a song which, in his point of view, could have been recorded "by Mandy Smith or any other starlet who's just signed a record deal".

### Impact and legacy

Retrospectively, in 2021, British magazine *Classic Pop* ranked the song number 10 in their list of 'Top 40 Stock Aitken Waterman songs'. In 2023, Alexis Petridis of *The Guardian* listed the song at number 11 in his "Stock Aitken Waterman's 20 greatest songs – ranked!" The same year, Tom Eames of Smooth Radio ranked the song at number five in his "Bananarama's 10 greatest songs, ranked" list.

## Chart performance

In the UK, "I Heard a Rumour" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 55 on 11 July 1987, peaked at number 14 three weeks later, and charted for a total of nine weeks. It managed to peak inside the top ten in other four European territories: Ireland where it charted for five weeks, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland, reaching number nine in the first country and number ten in the others. It was a top 20 hit in the Netherlands where it culminated at number 16, and a top 30 hit in Italy and the Flanders region of Belgium where it rose until number 25 and 27, respectively. Its worst peak position was in Germany where it debuted at number 52 on 27 July 1987, climbed every week and stopped at number 37 in its sixth week, staying for 14 weeks on the chart. On the Pan-Eurochart Hot 100 singles chart compiled by *Music & Media*, it had a 12-week chart run with a peak at number 11 in its fifth week, while it appeared for ten weeks, the half of them spent in the top ten, on the European Airplay Top 50 and peaked at number seven.

Outside Europe, "I Heard a Rumour" was particularly successful in North America. In Canada, it peaked at number two and ranked at number 30 on the year-end chart of the country. It was one of Bananarama's highest-charting singles in the US, peaking at number four with a 19-week chart run on the *Billboard* Hot 100, thus becoming their third and final top ten hit as well as their last top 40 hit on that chart. It was also successful in nightclubs, reaching number three on the US *Billboard* Dance Club Songs, with 11 weeks of charting. On these two US charts, it ranked at number 53 and 33 on their respective 1987 year-end charts. In addition, it spent 12 weeks in the last months of 1987 on the New Zealand singles chart, peaking at number eight, reached number 23 in South Africa, and missed the top 30 by two places in Australia.

## Uses in the media

"I Heard a Rumour" is used in the comedy film *Disorderlies*, also released in 1987, and is included on its soundtrack.

## Track listings

* **7-inch single**

1. "I Heard a Rumour" (Album Version) – 3:25
2. "Clean Cut Boy" (Party Size) – 4:22 S. Dallin/S. Fahey/K. Woodward/I. Curnow

* **12-inch single**

1. "I Heard a Rumour" (Horoscope Mix) – 5:57 Available on the CD album *The Twelve Inches of Bananarama*
2. "I Heard a Rumour" (Dub) – 5:06
3. "Clean Cut Boy" (Party Size) – 4:22 S. Dallin/S. Fahey/K. Woodward/I. Curnow

* **2nd 12-inch single**

1. "I Heard a Rumour" (Miami Mix) – 7:13 Also available for the first time on the CD album *The Greatest Remixes Collection* and the limited edition 2-cd version of *The Very Best of Bananarama* Remixed by Phil Harding
2. "I Heard a Rumour" (House Mix) – 7:22 Remixed by Phil Harding
3. "Clean Cut Boy" (Party Size) – 4:22

* **US 12-inch maxi single / cassette**

1. "I Heard a Rumour" (Horoscope Mix) – 5:57
2. "I Heard a Rumour" (Miami Mix) – 7:13
3. "I Heard a Rumour" (House Mix) – 7:22
4. "Clean Cut Boy" (Party Size) – 4:22

* **Other versions**

1. "I Heard a Rumour" (Corporation Of Bananarama Mix) – 5:40 From the single "Megarama '89" and "Cruel Summer '89" Remixed by Freddie Bastone
2. "I Heard a Rumour" (Corporation Dub) Remixed by Freddie Bastone
3. "I Heard a Rumour" (2001 Version) Taken from the album *Exotica*

## Charts

## Cover version

The song was covered in Japanese by singer Tomoko Mayumi in 1987.

## InfoBox

| "I Heard a Rumour" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Bananarama | |
| from the album  *Wow!* | |
| B-side | "Clean Cut Boy" |
| Released | 22 June 1987 (1987-06-22) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:25 |
| Label | London |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Stock Aitken Waterman |
| Bananarama singles chronology | |
| "A Trick of the Night"
(1987) "**I Heard a Rumour**"
(1987) "Love in the First Degree"
(1987) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "I Heard a Rumour" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Pyganodon

abstract: Pyganodon is a genus of freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the subfamily Unioninae of the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

text:
# Pyganodon

***Pyganodon*** is a genus of freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the subfamily Unioninae of the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

## Species within the genus *Pyganodon*

Synonyms * *Pyganodon implicata* (Say, 1829): synonym of *Utterbackiana implicata* (Say, 1829)
* *Pyganodon lugubris* (Say, 1829): synonym of *Pyganodon grandis* (Say, 1829)
* *Pyganodon marginata* (Say, 1817): synonym of *Pyganodon cataracta* (Say, 1817)
* *Pyganodon simpsonaia* (I. Lea, 1861): synonym of *Pyganodon grandis* (Say, 1829)
* *Pyganodon simpsoniana* (I. Lea, 1861): synonym of *Pyganodon grandis* (Say, 1829)

* Williams, J. D.; Bogan, A. E.; Garner, J. T. (2008). Freshwater mussels of Alabama and the Mobile Basin in Georgia, Mississippi and Tennessee. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. 908 pp.
* InvertEBase. (2015). Authority files of U.S. and Canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the InvertEBase project (invertebase.org).

## InfoBox

| *Pyganodon* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Pyganodon fragilis* (paralectotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Unionida |
| Family: | Unionidae |
| Subfamily: | Unioninae |
| Tribe: | Anodontini |
| Genus: | *Pyganodon*<br>Crosse & Fischer, 1894 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Anodonta (Flexiplis)* Rafinesque, 1831 * *Anodonta (Pyganodon)* Crosse & P. Fischer, 1894 * *Flexiplis* Rafinesque, 1831 * *Flexiptis* Rafinesque, 1831 | |


title: Udayan Prasad

abstract: Udayan Prasad is an Indian-born British television and film director. He is best known for his films Brothers in Trouble (1995) and My Son the Fanatic (1997), the latter based on a short story by Hanif Kureshi.

text:
# Udayan Prasad

**Udayan Prasad** (born Sevagram, 4 February 1953) is an Indian-born British television and film director. He is best known for his films *Brothers in Trouble* (1995) and *My Son the Fanatic* (1997), the latter based on a short story by Hanif Kureshi.

## Life

Udayan Prasad was born in Sevagram, Maharashtra, India in 1953, and grew up on an ashram. He came to Britain when he was nine. He started studying archaeology at Birmingham University, but left to study graphic design at Leeds Polytechnic, where he started filmmaking.

## Filmography

### Film

### Television

## Awards

* 1991: San Francisco International Film Festival Award in the category *Golden Gate Award* for *Screen Two* for the episode *102 Boulevard Haussmann*
* 1992: BAFTA Award \- nomination in the category *Best Single Drama* for *Screen Two* for the Episode *102 Boulevard Haussmann*
* 1993: San Francisco International Film Festival Award - nomination in the category *Television Feature* for *Screen One* for the episode *Running Late*
* 1995: Third place in the Emden International Film Festival in the category *Emden Film Award* for *Brothers in Trouble*
* 1995: Thessaloniki Film Festival Award in the category *Golden Alexander* for *Brothers in Trouble*
* 1997: Brussels International Film Festival Award - Nomination in the category *Best European Feature* for *My Son the Fanatic*
* 1997: Dinard British Film Festival Award - Nomination in the category *Golden Hitchcock* for *My Son the Fanatic*
* 1999: BAFTA Awards \- Nomination in the category *Best Single Drama* for *Talking Heads 2* for the episode *Playing Sandwiches*
* 2000: Independent Spirit Awards \- Nomination in the category *Best Foreign Film* for *My Son the Fanatic*


title: Müsüslü

abstract: Müsüslü is a village and municipality in the Ujar Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,427.

text:
# Müsüslü

**Müsüslü** (also, **Myusyush**, **Myusyusli**, **Myusyusly**, and **Myusyuslyu**) is a village and municipality in the Ujar Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,427.

## InfoBox

| Müsüslü | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Müsüslü | |
| Coordinates: 40°27′12″N 47°54′44″E / 40.45333°N 47.91222°E / 40.45333; 47.91222 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Ujar |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 1,427 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: OSN (rapper)

abstract: Kao Erh-hsuan, better known by his stage name OSN, is a Taiwanese rapper and singer. Gao's music is characterized by his sentimental hip hop style and use of both Mandarin and English lyrics. Gao is represented by SKR Presents, a record label by music producer Skot Suyama.

text:
# OSN (rapper)

**Kao Erh-hsuan** (Chinese: 高爾宣; pinyin: *Gāo Ěrxuān*; born June 14, 1997), better known by his stage name **OSN**, is a Taiwanese rapper and singer. Gao's music is characterized by his sentimental hip hop style and use of both Mandarin and English lyrics. Gao is represented by SKR Presents, a record label by music producer Skot Suyama.

## Early life

Gao was born in Muzha, Taipei on June 14, 1997. His father is a professor at Xiamen University, and his mother is a junior high school teacher. He briefly attended a community college in the United States, but returned to Taiwan in a year and a half.

## Career

After serving his four-month mandatory military service, Gao met Skot Suyama, who helped produce his future songs. In 2018, Gao debuted with first song, "Everybody Bounce". His 2019 song, "Without You", was a viral hit in Taiwan and was nominated for Song of the Year at the 31st Golden Melody Awards. On April 30, 2019, Gao released his debut album titled *#osnrap*. That same year, he won the Best New Asian Artist Mandarin award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards.

Besides his solo career, in 2018, Gao formed the rap group Ching G Squad with three other rappers: Shou, Red, and ChrisFlow. The group released their first extended play, *Watermelon*, on September 20, 2019.

## Discography

### Studio albums

## Awards

| Year | Ceremony | Award | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Mnet Asian Music Awards | Best New Asian Artist Mandarin |  | Won |  |
| 2020 | 31st Golden Melody Awards | Song of the Year | "Without You" | Nominated |  |
| | | Best New Vocal |  | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| OSN | |
| --- | --- |
| OSN in December 2023 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Kao Erh-hsuan |
| Born | (1997-06-14) June 14, 1997<br>Taipei, Taiwan |
| Genres | Taiwanese hip hop |
| Years active | 2018–present |
| Labels | SKR Presents |
|  | |
| Website | Official website |


title: Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander

abstract: Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander CB was a Natal-born soldier and colonial official in Southern Africa. Colenbrander served with the Natal Mounted Police and the Stanger Mounted Rifles, seeing action in the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War. During the war Colenbrander negotiated the surrender of Zulu Inkosi (chief) Zibhebhu kaMaphitha and afterwards worked for him as a secretary and gunrunner. He fought for Zibhebhu during the 1883–1884 Third Zulu Civil War but lost all his trade goods and cattle when Zibhebhu was defeated. Colenbrander worked as a trader in Swaziland for a period before moving to Mashonaland by 1889, where he worked closely with the British South Africa Company (BSAC). He won the trust of Ndebele King Lobengula but worked against him to set up the 1893–1894 First Matabele War, to the benefit of BSAC. After the war he was appointed head of a land commission that confined the Ndebele to a reserve of land much smaller than their pre-war territory. Colenbrander led a mercenary unit fighting for BSAC in the subsequent 1896 Second Matabele War. He raised another unit which served under British command in the 1899–1902 Second Boer War with Colenbrander leading a column against the Boer Commando of Christiaan Frederik Beyers. Colenbrander died in 1918 during filming of a movie about the Zulu War.

text:
# Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander

**Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander** CB (1 November 1855 – 10 February 1918) was a Natal-born soldier and colonial official in Southern Africa. Colenbrander served with the Natal Mounted Police and the Stanger Mounted Rifles, seeing action in the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War. During the war Colenbrander negotiated the surrender of Zulu Inkosi (chief) Zibhebhu kaMaphitha and afterwards worked for him as a secretary and gunrunner. He fought for Zibhebhu during the 1883–1884 Third Zulu Civil War but lost all his trade goods and cattle when Zibhebhu was defeated.

Colenbrander worked as a trader in Swaziland for a period before moving to Mashonaland by 1889, where he worked closely with the British South Africa Company (BSAC). He won the trust of Ndebele King Lobengula but worked against him to set up the 1893–1894 First Matabele War, to the benefit of BSAC. After the war he was appointed head of a land commission that confined the Ndebele to a reserve of land much smaller than their pre-war territory. Colenbrander led a mercenary unit fighting for BSAC in the subsequent 1896 Second Matabele War. He raised another unit which served under British command in the 1899–1902 Second Boer War with Colenbrander leading a column against the Boer Commando of Christiaan Frederik Beyers. Colenbrander died in 1918 during filming of a movie about the Zulu War.

## Early life

The National Archives of Rhodesia and a publication by the University of Natal give Colenbrander's birth date as 1 November 1855, though other sources give the year as 1856 or 1857. He was born in Pinetown in the British Colony of Natal, the fourth son of Dutch-born parents Theodorus Christiaan Colenbrander and Geraldine Nicolene van Groll. Colenbrander's parents had emigrated from Java in the Dutch East Indies to Natal in 1854 after their indigo plantation had failed. They established an indigo plantation at Pine Town and in 1857 established another and a coffee plantation near Unhlali, which grew into the settlement of New Guelderland. Colenbrander grew up in New Guelderland, looked after by a Zulu nurse from whom he became fluent in the Zulu language. In his youth became recognised as one of the best marksmen and horsemen in Southern Africa.

## Zululand

Colenbrander joined the Natal Mounted Police, an all-white militarised colonial police force, in 1870. When the Stanger Mounted Rifles, a colonial volunteer military unit, was founded in 1875 he transferred to that unit. During the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War he saw action at the 22 January Battle of Inyezane and the 2 April Battle of Gingindlovu. At the latter battle he met John Robert Dunn, a British settler in Zululand who had been made a chief by Cetshwayo, the king of the Zulu.

Colenbrander became Dunn's secretary in the later stages of the war and negotiated the surrender of Zulu Inkosi (chief) Zibhebhu kaMaphitha. Colenbrander won Zibhebhu's trust and stayed on with him in Zululand as a secretary, trader and gunrunner. In 1911 he recounted to a *Washington Post* correspondent an account of his service for Zibhebhu in defeating a raid from a neighbouring Zulu chief in 1879. Colenbrander said that he led a force of 17 mounted Zulu, that he had personally trained, against a force of 300 warriors. He stated that he killed 17 Zulu that day and while alone riding down the survivors was attacked by a single warrior. He was struck on the head by a war axe and, falling from his horse, broke his rifle. Colenbrander said he suffered another wound to his hands in warding of an assegai thrust and was struck three or four times again on the head, leaving the weapon embedded in his skull. He then struck the Zulu with the spur on his boot, bringing him to the ground, and releasing the assegai which he used to stab the warrior. Colenbrander then tried to mount his horse when the Zulu, who had survived, leapt to his feat and struck Colenbrander on the back of the head as he dived from the horse. Grappling together on the ground Colenbrander said he was able to use the bent assegai blade to kill the Zulu. He treated the wounds with disinfectant from his store and said that eight days later was in action again against another raid. The encounter left him with a 7 inches (180 mm) long scar down his left temple and cheek.

With Dunn in July 1882 he helped quell a rebellion by Sitimela. Sitimela claimed to be a grandson of Dingiswayo and intended to re-establish the Mthethwa Paramountcy in Zulu territory. A contemporary report in the London *Daily News* claimed Colenbrander took pleasure in shooting down Sitimela's supporters, including a number of women, and that he was unfit to play a part in the governance of Zululand. In 1883 Colenbrander married Maria "Mollie" Mullins of Verulam. Mullins was a capable horserider, an accurate shot with a rifle and fluent in Zulu; she accompanied Colenbrander on many of his frontier expeditions.

During the 1883–1884 Third Zulu Civil War Colenbrander fought for Zibhebhu at the head of a party of white mercenaries and helped defeat the supporters of Cetshwayo at the 1883 Battle of Msebe. Colenbrander returned to Natal to recruit more men, but while he was absent, Zibhebhu was defeated in the 1884 Battle of Tshaneni (Mkuze), by the forces of Cetshwayo's son Dinuzulu. As a result of the defeat Colenbrander lost all his cattle and trade goods.

## Rhodesia

Colenbrander then worked for a period as a trader in Swaziland before moving to Mashonaland upon which the British South Africa Company (BSAC) had territorial ambitions (the BSAC territory later became known as Rhodesia). Mashonaland was ruled, along with Matabeleland by Lobengula of the Northern Ndebele people. Colenbrander worked with Lobengula as an interpreter and accompanied two of his inDuna (lesser chiefs) to England in February 1889 for an audience with Queen Victoria. They left to return to Africa in early April. Colenbrander was appointed BSAC resident at Bulawayo, Matabeleland in 1889. He accompanied the Pioneer Column that annexed Mashonaland for the BSAC in 1890 and, after a brief stint in Cape Town, returned to Matabeleland with Mollie.

Although he was an employee of the BSAC, Colenbrander won the trust of Lobengula, such that the King allowed him to represent the kingdom in negotiations with the company. Colenbrander's loyalty lay entirely with the company and he worked to assist Leander Starr Jameson in portraying the Ndebele as aggressors in reports to British officials, giving the company cause to start the First Matabele War. The company was victorious in the 1893–1894 war, during which Colenbrander served as a scout for military expeditions, alongside Frederick Russell Burnham. The war brought Matebeleland under full BSAC control. The British authorities insisted on the establishment of a Matabeleland Land Commission to create native reserves for the Ndebele people and Colenbrander was appointed its head. BSAC policy was to force the Ndebele away from their traditional self-sufficient lifestyle and into wage slavery. The allocation of land was made in support of this goal and a hut tax, illegal under British colonial law, was also imposed. Colenbrander assigned the Ndebele a reserve of 6,500 square miles (17,000 km2), significantly smaller than the 10,000–11,000 square miles (26,000–28,000 km2) of prime territory (with additional areas of wasteland) the Ndebele had previously occupied. Some of the land assigned by the commission was blighted by the Tsetse fly.

Colenbrander occasionally commanded British South Africa Police patrols, including an early 1894 expedition to suppress a rebellion in the Matopo Hills. During one police expedition he had a horse shot from under him. In July 1894 he and Mollie entertained Scottish naturalist Alice Blanche Balfour at Bulawayo. Colenbrander took a six-month leave of absence in 1895 which included a visit to England where he was a guest of the Anglo-African Writers Club. He also established, in London, Colenbrander's Matabeleland Development Company, as a limited company. This venture controlled several valuable concessions in Matabeleland, including 53,000 acres (21,000 ha) of land and 930 gold mining claims. It had an initial market capitalisation of £280,000 (equivalent to £40,852,252 in 2023). The company was sold to Frank Johnson's Rhodesia Consolidated in 1903.

Dissatisfied with their reserve and the hut tax the Ndebele rose against BSAC in the 1896 Second Matabele War, during which Colenbrander was granted the rank of captain in the Bulawayo Field Force. He raised and led a Coloured mercenary unit, known as the Cape Boys, and, with Cecil Rhodes, helped negotiate the surrender of the Ndebele chiefs. After the war Colenbrander remained in the territory, working as a cattle dealer, labour recruiter, mining claims inspector and manager of Redrup's Kop Mine.

## Second Boer War

During the Second Boer War (1899–1902) Colenbrander founded and led Kitchener's Fighting Scouts, a unit fighting for the British. He later commanded a British column. On 9 July 1901 Colenbrander, who then held the rank of lieutenant-colonel, received the first of numerous mentions in dispatches, being named by General Herbert Kitchener for bringing in Boer prisoners during a raid from Pietersburg in early May. Colenbrander commanded troops that occupied the Boer settlement of Louis Trichardt on 9 May and on 19 November captured Warmbaths taking 54 prisoners, 28 wagons and 35 horses, mainly from the commando of Christian Frederick Beyers. He remained at Warmbaths to keep the Boer military forces in the area under observation.

By December 1901 he held the rank of colonel. That month, working in conjunction with a column under Lieutenant-Colonel Dawkins he captured Boer Commandant Adriaan Dirk Badenhorst and 22 burghers. Colenbrander, working independently, then took the towns of Jericho, capturing 60 prisoners, and Waterval, killing 5 Boers and taking 29 prisoners in a surprise dawn attack. After the latter he persuaded Chief Linchwe I of the Kgatla people to stand down a war party of 2,000 warriors who were attempting to recapture livestock taken by Boer General Jan Kemp. Colenbrander was concerned that Linchwe's men posed a threat to Boer women and children. In February 1902 Colenbrander's column was ordered south, which allowed Beyers to raid Pietersburg. Afterwards Colenbrander was ordered to Rustenburg to search for Beyers. Beyers besieged Fort Edward near Louis Trichardt and it was almost forced to surrender, its water supply being cut off. Colenbrander learnt of the attack and moved from Krugersdorp to launch a surprise dawn attack on the besiegers on 29 March, driving them off with three dead and four taken prisoner. Colenbrander afterwards followed Beyers to Pylkop.

On 8 April he launched a successful attack on Beyers' position at Malipspoort. Although a planned encirclement failed to prevent the escape of the Boer force Colenbrander captured the town, much equipment and 119 prisoners, having inflicted nine dead. In pursuing Beyers to Oud Agatha, part of Colenbrander's force was ambushed and it lost six dead, 12 wounded and 30 captured. After this Beyers' force dispersed and Colenbrander returned to Pietersburg. In May 1902 Colenbrander carried out operations in the Malip Valley, killing one Boer, wounding 21 and capturing 101 before Beyers' arrival for peace negotiations ended operations. Colenbrander was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 26 June 1902 for his war service. After the war's end Colenbrander agreed to purchase from the British Army around 11,000 surplus horses, for a total in excess of £80,000 (equivalent to £10,970,364 in 2023). Three thousand of the horses died and Colenbrander was unable to pay £30,000 (equivalent to £4,113,887 in 2023) of the contracted price and was forced to declare bankruptcy.

## Later life

Colenbrander's first wife died in 1900 and he married Yvonne Nunn in 1902. He had one daughter, Geraldine, before Nunn died in 1904. Colenbrander lived with Geraldine in Boston, United States, from 1909. He was employed by the Middlebury-Vermont Marble Company, with contemporary reports describing him as having "considerable experience in England as a quarry owner".

Colenbrander returned to England in April 1911 penniless, his passage provided for by the British consulate in New York. Ten days after arriving in England he was arrested on fraud charges relating to $1,250 (equivalent to $40,875 in 2023) he had accepted as payment for a shooting expedition in central Africa. The complainant, Aylmer Francis Richard Dunlop Quin, alleged that he had made the payment on the basis that he was promised valuable mineral and land concessions would result from the expedition. Colenbrander presented evidence, including letters to Robert Baden-Powell, that the expedition was of a purely sporting nature. The charge was dismissed at Bow Street Magistrates' Court on 10 May 1911 after the magistrate decided that on the basis on evidence heard no jury would convict Colenbrander. Colenbrander married Catherine Gloster in 1911, with whom he had a son, John; Catherine died in 1982. After the court case Colenbrander returned to South Africa, funded by BSAC, but enjoyed little financial success.

In 1918 Colenbrander worked on the filming of *Symbol of Sacrifice*, about the Anglo-Zulu War. He served as a historical advisor and as an actor, portraying the British commander Lord Chelmsford. One scene depicted the British force crossing the Tugela River at the start of the campaign. The Klip River stood in for the Tugela in a scene filmed at Henley on Klip, Transvaal. The river was in flood when the scene was shot on 10 February and the film's producer, I.W. Schlesinger tried to dissuade Colenbrander from attempting the crossing. Colenbrander insisted on continuing with the scene as written. His horse lost its footing and he was thrown into the river. He attempted to swim to the bank but was drowned, alongside two other actors, in a sequence caught on camera. Colenbrander's body was not recovered.

The drownings, which happened on a Sunday, were mentioned in a South African House of Assembly debate as part of an argument against filming taking place on the Christian Sabbath. The loss of Colenbrander seems to have led to Chelmsford being relegated to the role of a minor character in the final version of the film, which was released later that year.

Some of Colenbrander's papers and correspondence are in the collection of the Bodleian Library, the Yale Library, the National Archives of Zimbabwe and the Killie Campbell Library in Natal. Some physical artefacts belonging to Colenbrander are held by the South Mill Arts centre in Bishop's Stortford, England. John Colenbrander gathered material on his father which was used for a biography begun by Frederick de Bertodano, 8th Marquis del Moral in the 1950s and completed by Tom V. Bulpin after the Marquis' death. It was published in 1961 under the title *The White Whirlwind*.

## InfoBox

| Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander | |
| --- | --- |
| An 1893 drawing of Colenbrander | |
| Born | (1855-11-01)1 November 1855
Pinetown, Colony of Natal |
| Died | 10 February 1918(1918-02-10) (aged 62)
Klip River, Transvaal, Union of South Africa |
| Occupation(s) | soldier and colonial officer |
| Children | 2 |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath |


title: Nordisk Tidende

abstract: Nordisk Tidende was a Norwegian language newspaper in the United States founded in 1891 and closed in 1983. In 1996, the Norwegian investment company that owned the Norway Times wanted to sell it, but the employees purchased the paper to keep it alive. The paper continued to serve its readers for another decade before it merged with Western Viking and the resulting publication became The Norwegian American in 2006. Some also report a daughter publication that opened in 1993 known as the Nordic Journal. The newspaper was founded by Emil Nilsen, an immigrant who came to the United States in 1887 to seek his fortune. As a previous book printer and sense of newspaper operations, it was natural that he started a newspaper for Norwegians in their new homeland. He saw that there was a need for Norwegians in the New York area to receive news from "the Old Country" written in Norwegian and decided to start Nordisk Tidende. Its first edition released 3 January 1891. In order to capture readers' interest, Nilsen filled his newspaper with drug rumors, scandals and popular gossip. His successors imposed a higher standard and more professional journalism, and the newspaper evolved into a respected publication that could offer their readers cultural fabric and news from two continents. In 1930, Brooklyn had 63,000 residents of Norwegian descent. The newspaper was their main source of news from Norway, but World War II heightened the importance of the newspaper to its readership. Nordisk Tidende was the only free Norwegian newspaper published during World War II and the only uncensored newspaper with the latest news from occupied Norway. Among the newspaper's writers at the time were Nobel Prize winner Sigrid Undset. As time passed and the first and second generation Norwegians died out, there was less need for a Norwegian language newspaper. The newspaper changed its name in 1991 to Norway Times and became an English-language weekly newspaper. Nordisk Tidende had several editors over the years. Carl Søyland, among others, joined the newspaper in 1930 and was its editor from 1940 to 1963. Norway Times' current editor is from Stavanger, Lene Heimlund Larsen.

text:
# Nordisk Tidende

***Nordisk Tidende*** was a Norwegian language newspaper in the United States founded in 1891 and closed in 1983. In 1996, the Norwegian investment company that owned the Norway Times wanted to sell it, but the employees purchased the paper to keep it alive. The paper continued to serve its readers for another decade before it merged with Western Viking and the resulting publication became The Norwegian American in 2006. Some also report a daughter publication that opened in 1993 known as the ***Nordic Journal***.

The newspaper was founded by Emil Nilsen, an immigrant who came to the United States in 1887 to seek his fortune. As a previous book printer and sense of newspaper operations, it was natural that he started a newspaper for Norwegians in their new homeland. He saw that there was a need for Norwegians in the New York area to receive news from "the Old Country" written in Norwegian and decided to start *Nordisk Tidende*. Its first edition released 3 January 1891.

In order to capture readers' interest, Nilsen filled his newspaper with drug rumors, scandals and popular gossip. His successors imposed a higher standard and more professional journalism, and the newspaper evolved into a respected publication that could offer their readers cultural fabric and news from two continents.

In 1930, Brooklyn had 63,000 residents of Norwegian descent. The newspaper was their main source of news from Norway, but World War II heightened the importance of the newspaper to its readership.

*Nordisk Tidende* was the only free Norwegian newspaper published during World War II and the only uncensored newspaper with the latest news from occupied Norway. Among the newspaper's writers at the time were Nobel Prize winner Sigrid Undset.

As time passed and the first and second generation Norwegians died out, there was less need for a Norwegian language newspaper. The newspaper changed its name in 1991 to *Norway Times* and became an English-language weekly newspaper.

*Nordisk Tidende* had several editors over the years. Carl Søyland, among others, joined the newspaper in 1930 and was its editor from 1940 to 1963.

*Norway Times'* current editor is from Stavanger, Lene Heimlund Larsen.

1. *Norwegian Newspapers in America: Connecting Norway and the New Land*, Lovoll, Odd S.; Publisher, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-87351-772-0 St. Paul, MN. page 363

## Literature

* Roedder, Karsten: *Av en utvandreravis' saga : Nordisk Tidende i New York gjennom 75 år*. 2 bind. New York, 1966, 1968
* Søyland, Carl: Skrift i sand : bruddstykker av utvandrer-sagaen Gyldendal, 1954
* Thor Gotaas & Roger Kvarsvik: "Ørkenen Sur : den norske uteliggerkolonien i Brooklyn". Oslo 2010


title: Hap Emms

abstract: Leighton Alfred Emms was a Canadian ice hockey player, coach, team owner, and general manager, during nearly 60 years in hockey. Emms played 17 seasons of professional hockey as a left winger and a defenceman, including 10 seasons and 320 games in the National Hockey League. After playing, Emms had a 33-year presence in the Ontario Hockey Association, as the owner of the Barrie Flyers, Niagara Falls Flyers, and St. Catharines Black Hawks between 1945 and 1978. Teams that Emms coached or owned appeared in eight Memorial Cup tournaments, winning four Memorial Cups. He was nicknamed "Happy Emms" due to the sour look on his face, which was later shortened to "Hap Emms".

text:
# Hap Emms

**Leighton Alfred Emms** (January 12, 1905 – October 23, 1988) was a Canadian ice hockey player, coach, team owner, and general manager, during nearly 60 years in hockey. Emms played 17 seasons of professional hockey as a left winger and a defenceman, including 10 seasons and 320 games in the National Hockey League. After playing, Emms had a 33-year presence in the Ontario Hockey Association, as the owner of the Barrie Flyers, Niagara Falls Flyers, and St. Catharines Black Hawks between 1945 and 1978. Teams that Emms coached or owned appeared in eight Memorial Cup tournaments, winning four Memorial Cups. He was nicknamed "**Happy Emms**" due to the sour look on his face, which was later shortened to "**Hap Emms**".

## Playing career

Emms started his career as a left winger playing junior ice hockey from 1921 to 1925. He signed as a free agent with the Montreal Maroons on November 10, 1926. He spent the next two seasons splitting time between the Maroons and the Stratford Nationals of the Canadian Professional Hockey League. Emms then moved to the Windsor Bulldogs in the International Hockey League, for two seasons, and scored 21 goals both seasons.

Emms was traded to New York Americans on May 14, 1930. In 1930–31, Emms played his first full NHL season at the age of 25, in 44 games with the New York Americans. He started the 1931–32 season with Americans, was traded to the Detroit Falcons on December 29, 1931, then played briefly with New Haven Eagles in the Canadian–American Hockey League, before being called back up to the NHL. He played three seasons in Detroit, but was not happy, and asked Jack Adams to release him.

Emms signed as a free agent by Boston Bruins on, October 28, 1934, and switched to playing defence. He played only 11 games with the Bruins, and was traded to New York Americans on December 14, 1934. He played three more seasons in New York, and was traded to Detroit on February 13, 1938, ending his NHL career. Emms played on Detroit's farm team, the Pittsburgh Hornets in the IAHL for two seasons.

## Player-coach

Emms joined the Omaha Knights in the American Hockey Association, as a player-coach. Emms scored 19 goals in the 1939–40 season, and led his team to the AHA finals. Emms broke his leg part way through the 1941–42 season. He remained on the team as coach, and led the Knights to the AHA championship. After a couple years off from hockey, Emms returned to coach the St. Louis Flyers of the American Hockey League in the 1944–45 season, and played the final two games of his career. Six games into the 1945–46 season, Emms left St. Louis to return home.

## Barrie Flyers

Emms founded the Barrie Flyers in his hometown of Barrie, in the Ontario Hockey Association. From 1945 to 1960, Emms was head coach and owner of the Flyers, and the team was sponsored by the Boston Bruins. Barrie won its first J. Ross Robertson Cup in the third season of play, defeating the original Windsor Spitfires in the finals. In the Eastern Canada finals, the Flyers won the George Richardson Memorial Trophy versus the Montreal Nationales. The Flyers played in the 1948 Memorial Cup, losing to the Port Arthur West End Bruins. Barrie repeated as OHA champions the following season, defeating the Toronto Marlboros for the J. Ross Robertson Cup. In the Eastern Canada finals, Barrie lost to the Montreal Royals. Emms rebuilt the team in 1950, and then finished first place in the OHA in 1951. The Flyers returned to the OHA finals, beating the Toronto Marlboros. The Flyers won the Eastern Canada title versus the Quebec Citadels, and won the 1951 Memorial Cup versus the Winnipeg Monarchs.

The Flyers finished first place in the OHA in 1953. Emms was involved in controversy during the OHA playoffs in 1953, when he refused to play a Sunday playoff game for religious reasons, and when he had a goal judge handcuffed and removed from Barrie Arena. Despite the incidents, Emms' Flyers won its fourth J. Ross Robertson Cup in 1953, defeating the Toronto St. Michael's Majors, and then won its third George Richardson Memorial Trophy as Eastern Canada champions versus the Quebec Citadels. Barrie won its second national title, defeating the St. Boniface Canadiens in the 1953 Memorial Cup. Emms next seven seasons were not as successful, but his team did reach the 1956 OHA finals.

Some notable players Emms coached on the Barrie Flyers included brothers Dick Cherry and Don Cherry, Real Chevrefils, Marv Edwards, Ray Gariepy, Howie Glover, Leo Labine, Wayne Maxner, Gilles Mayer, Don McKenney, Paul Meger, Doug Mohns, Jim Morrison, Ron Stewart, Orval Tessier, Jerry Toppazzini, and Ed Westfall.

## Niagara Falls Flyers

Emms moved the Flyers from Barrie, and operated the franchise from Niagara Falls, Ontario from 1960 to 1972. Emms slowly relinquished coaching duties to others, but continued as team owner, and general manager. The Niagara Falls Flyers were still sponsored by the Bruins until the direct NHL sponsorship of junior clubs halted in 1967. In the Flyers third season, the team finished first place in the OHA, winning the Hamilton Spectator Trophy with 69 points. Niagara Falls defeated the Toronto Neil McNeil Maroons in the OHA finals to win its first J. Ross Robertson Cup in its new city, and the fifth for Emms. The Flyers defeated the Espanola Eagles in the Eastern Canada finals, to advance to the 1963 Memorial Cup played in Edmonton, but lost to the Edmonton Oil Kings in six games. Two seasons later, Emms led the Flyers to another first-place finish with 81 points, and a second Hamilton Spectator Trophy. Niagara Falls defeated the Toronto Marlboros in the OHA finals, and advanced to a rematch with the Edmonton Oil Kings in the 1965 Memorial Cup, also played in Edmonton. Emms won his third Memorial Cup as his Flyers prevailed in five games.

Three season later, Emms had another championship team. The Flyers finished fourth place in the OHA, but marched through the playoffs to win the J. Ross Robertson Cup versus the Kitchener Rangers, the seventh for Emms. Niagara won the Eastern Canada final versus the Verdun Maple Leafs. Four of the five games in the 1968 Memorial Cup were played at Emms' home rink, the Niagara Falls Memorial Arena. The Flyers won all four games on home ice for their second Memorial Cup title, and the fourth for Emms. After 1968, many of the players graduated to higher leagues, and the Flyers struggled for the next four seasons, missing the playoffs twice, and winning only one playoff series. In 1972, Emms sold the Flyers, and the team was relocated to become the Sudbury Wolves.

Notable Niagara Falls Flyers players are: Don Awrey, Jim Lorentz, Rick Ley, Don Marcotte, Barry Wilkins, Rosaire Paiement, Steve Atkinson, Bill Goldsworthy, Jean Pronovost, John Arbour, Gilles Marotte, Bernie Parent, Doug Favell, Derek Sanderson, Brad Selwood, Phil Roberto, Tom Webster, and Phil Myre.

## Boston Bruins

During the 1965–66 and 1966–67 seasons Emms was the general manager of both the NHL Bruins, and the Niagara Falls Flyers. Emms succeeded Lynn Patrick as only the third GM in the Bruins' 41-year history to that point. Emms brought in such players as Bernie Parent, Pit Martin, John "Pie" McKenzie, Gerry Cheevers, Gilles Marotte and Gary Doak to the Bruins. He also promoted Harry Sinden to coach in 1966, and was the general manager during Bobby Orr's first season in the National Hockey League. The Bruins were in the midst of an eight-year slump, and failed to make the playoffs during Emms' two seasons. Emms and the Bruins mutually ended his management, and he returned to the Niagara Fall Flyers. Emms was replaced by his assistant, Milt Schmidt.

## St. Catharines Blackhawks

Emms purchased the St. Catharines Black Hawks immediately after selling the Flyers in 1972. In his first season with the new club, Emms was suspended by the league for an incident involving the Toronto Marlboros' Mark Napier, who had signed a professional contract to play for the Toronto Toros. The World Hockey Association contract was not to take effect until after Napier's junior season was complete, but Emms felt it was wrong to have what he deemed a professional playing in junior hockey. During a game against Toronto, Emms ordered his players to wear their jerseys backwards and play with their sticks upside down in protest. The Toronto Marlboros won 14–0, Emms was fined $1,000, and suspended for one year by league commissioner Tubby Schmalz.

By the 1973–74 season, Emms had built the Black Hawks into a championship team. They finished second place in the regular season, then went undefeated in all three OHA playoff rounds to capture the J. Ross Robertson Cup versus the Peterborough Petes. It was Emms' eighth and final OHA title as a general manager. In the 1974 Memorial Cup played in Calgary at the Stampede Corral, the Black Hawks faced the Regina Pats, and the Quebec Remparts. Emm's team won its first game 4–1 over Quebec, then lost to Regina 4–0. In the semifinal game, St. Catharines was defeated 11–3 by Quebec. He led the Black Hawks for two more seasons in St. Catharines, missing the playoffs both times. Emms' time in St. Catharines produced several NHL players including, Wilf Paiement, Gary McAdam, Rick Hampton, Ken Breitenbach, Garry Lariviere, Rick Adduono, and Dave Gorman.

Emms relocated the team to Niagara Falls at the end of the 1975–76 season, becoming the second incarnation of the Niagara Falls Flyers. In his last two seasons, his team missed the playoffs twice, but developed future Hall of Famer Mike Gartner. In his final draft as a general manager in 1977, Emms had the opportunity to draft Wayne Gretzky with the second overall pick, but chose Steve Peters instead. Emms sold the Flyers to Reg Quinn in 1978, and retired from hockey.

## Personal life

Emms coached his son Paul Emms, and nephew Don Emms on the Barrie Flyers. Paul Emms later coached the Niagara Falls Flyers while his father managed. Emms was known for smoking a pipe, being frugal with money, and fined players for cursing. He suffered a stroke in 1983, which left him unable to walk or talk. He died of heart failure on October 22, 1988, in Niagara Falls. Emms was interred at Barrie Union Cemetery.

## Awards and legacy

Emms received the Ontario Hockey Association Gold Stick Award in 1955. The Emms Family Award was donated in 1973 by Emms, as an annual award to recognize the OHL Rookie of the Year. The Hap Emms Memorial Trophy was created in 1975, to recognize the outstanding goaltender at the Memorial Cup tournament. From the 1975–76 OMJHL season until the 1993–94 OHL season, the more westerly of the league's two divisions was named the Emms Division in his memory. Likewise, the Emms Trophy for winning the same division, was created at the same time. Since the 1994–95 OHL season, it is awarded to the team winning the central division.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1921–22 | Barrie Colts | OHA-Jr. | |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1922–23 | Barrie Colts | OHA-Jr. | |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1923–24 | Barrie Colts | OHA-Jr. | |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1924–25 | Midland Hockey Club | OHA-Jr. | |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1925–26 | Brantford Seniors | OHA-Sr. | |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1926–27 | Montreal Maroons | NHL | | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1926–27 | Stratford Nationals | Can-Pro | | 25 | 10 | 5 | 15 | 59 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 1927–28 | Montreal Maroons | NHL | | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1927–28 | Stratford Nationals | Can-Pro | | 29 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 56 | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 20 |
| 1928–29 | Windsor Bulldogs | Can-Pro | | 42 | 21 | 5 | 26 | 104 | | 8 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 30 |
| 1929–30 | Windsor Bulldogs | IHL | | 38 | 21 | 16 | 37 | 107 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1930–31 | New York Americans | NHL | | 44 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 56 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1931–32 | New York Americans | NHL | | 13 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1931–32 | New Haven Eagles | Can-Am | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1931–32 | Detroit Falcons | NHL | | 20 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 27 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 1932–33 | Detroit Red Wings | NHL | | 43 | 9 | 13 | 22 | 63 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 1933–34 | Detroit Red Wings | NHL | | 45 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 51 | | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 1934–35 | Boston Bruins | NHL | | 11 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1934–35 | New York Americans | NHL | | 28 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 19 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1935–36 | New York Americans | NHL | | 32 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1936–37 | New York Americans | NHL | | 46 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 48 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1937–38 | New York Americans | NHL | | 20 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1937–38 | Pittsburgh Hornets | IAHL | | 26 | 5 | 13 | 18 | 39 | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| 1938–39 | Pittsburgh Hornets | IAHL | | 55 | 9 | 26 | 35 | 62 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1939–40 | Omaha Knights | AHA | | 48 | 18 | 15 | 33 | 93 | | 9 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| 1940–41 | Omaha Knights | AHA | | 27 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 31 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1941–42 | Omaha Knights | AHA | | 26 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 40 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1944–45 | St. Louis Flyers | AHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 320 | 36 | 53 | 89 | 311 | | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |

## Coaching statistics

| Season | Team | League | Regular season | | | | | | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | G | W | L | T | Pts | Finish | Result |
| 1939–40 | Omaha Knights | AHA | 48 | 25 | 23 | 0 | 50 | 4th, AHA | Lost in AHA finals |
| 1940–41 | Omaha Knights | AHA | 48 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 48 | 5th, AHA | Out of playoffs |
| 1941–42 | Omaha Knights | AHA | 50 | 24 | 20 | 6 | 54 | 3rd, North | **AHA champions** |
| 1944–45 | St. Louis Flyers | AHL | 60 | 14 | 38 | 8 | 36 | 4th, Western | Out of playoffs |
| 1945–46 | St. Louis Flyers | AHL | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | (4th, Western) | (resigned) |
| 1945–46 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 28 | 8 | 18 | 2 | 18 | 7th, OHA |  |
| 1946–47 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 35 | 17 | 16 | 2 | 36 | 6th, OHA |  |
| 1947–48 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 36 | 23 | 13 | 0 | 46 | 3rd, OHA | **OHA champions**
Lost Memorial Cup finals |
| 1948–49 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 48 | 28 | 16 | 4 | 60 | 2nd, OHA | **OHA champions**
Lost Eastern Canada final |
| 1949–50 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 48 | 21 | 24 | 3 | 45 | 5th, OHA |  |
| 1950–51 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 54 | 38 | 14 | 2 | 78 | **1st, OHA** | **OHA champions
Memorial Cup champions** |
| 1951–52 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 53 | 22 | 30 | 1 | 47 | 7th, OHA |  |
| 1952–53 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 56 | 37 | 17 | 2 | 76 | **1st, OHA** | **OHA champions
Memorial Cup champions** |
| 1953–54 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 59 | 25 | 33 | 1 | 51 | 7th, OHA |  |
| 1954–55 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 49 | 18 | 31 | 0 | 36 | 7th, OHA |  |
| 1955–56 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 48 | 20 | 25 | 3 | 43 | 6th, OHA | Lost in OHA finals |
| 1956–57 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 52 | 13 | 37 | 2 | 28 | 6th, OHA |  |
| 1957–58 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 51 | 18 | 29 | 4 | 40 | 6th, OHA |  |
| 1958–59 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 54 | 21 | 27 | 6 | 48 | 5th, OHA |  |
| 1959–60 | Barrie Flyers | OHA | 48 | 24 | 18 | 6 | 54 | 3rd, OHA |  |
| TOTALS | | AHA | 146 | 73 | 67 | 6 | 152 |  | 1 AHA championship |
| TOTALS | | AHL | 65 | 15 | 42 | 8 | 38 |  |  |
| TOTALS | | OHA | 719 | 333 | 348 | 38 | 704 | 2 x 1st place | 4 OHA championships
1 OHA finalist |

1. "Happy Emms". *Detroit Red Wings Legends*. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
2. "Hap Emms". *Legends of Hockey*. Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
3. "Leighton 'Happy' Emms hockey statistics and profile". *hockeydb.com*. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
4. "Hap Emms". *Eliteprospects.com*. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
5. Young, Scott (1989). *100 Years of Dropping the Puck*. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart Inc. pp. 215–216. ISBN 0-7710-9093-5.
6. Cole, Rick (April 6, 2015). "50 Years Ago in Hockey - Bruins Happy With Emms". *The Hockey Writers*. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
7. Ludzik, Steve (November 8, 2013). "Hap Emms will never be forgotten". *Niagara Falls Review*. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
8. "Emms fined $1,000". *Lethbridge Herald*. Lethbridge, Alberta. March 6, 1975. p. 15.
9. *Barrie Today*
10. "Gold Stick Award". *Ontario Hockey Association*. 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.

## InfoBox

| Hap Emms | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1905-01-12)January 12, 1905
Barrie, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Died | October 23, 1988(1988-10-23) (aged 83)
Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 190 lb (86 kg; 13 st 8 lb) | | |
| Position | Left wing/Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Montreal Maroons
New York Americans
Detroit Falcons
Detroit Red Wings
Boston Bruins | | |
| Playing career | 19261938 | | |


title: Miller Bergman

abstract: Miller Bergman is an Australian rules footballer who plays for North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

text:
# Miller Bergman

**Miller Bergman** is an Australian rules footballer who plays for North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

## Early life

Bergman was born on 25 January 2003. He was raised a North Melbourne supporter, as his father Shannon was drafted by the club in 1989, though he never played a senior game. Bergman played for the Dandenong Stingrays at under 18s level, making a name for himself as an elite decision maker. His U18 season was heavily interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, so Bergman used his time away from football to build elite fitness and running capacity. He was drafted by the North Melbourne Football Club with the 38th selection in the 2021 National Draft.

## AFL career

Bergman made his AFL debut for North Melbourne in their 50-point loss to Carlton in Round 7 of the 2022 season. Bergman was a late inclusion to the side, replacing fellow defender Aidan Corr. In the second quarter, Bergman won a clearance out of defense, but was tackled as he kicked the ball, landed hard on his right shoulder, and was subbed out of the game. As a result of this injury, he missed the remainder of the 2022 season.

Following a strong performance on return to North Melbourne's side in Round 1 of 2023, Bergman signed a two-year contract extension to remain at the club until the end of 2025.

## Statistics

*Statistics are correct to end of 2024*

**Legend**
| G | Goals | K | Kicks | D | Disposals | T | Tackles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| B | Behinds | H | Handballs | M | Marks |

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | | | | | | | Averages (per game) | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T |
| 2022 | North Melbourne | 27 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 2023 | North Melbourne | 27 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 86 | 51 | 137 | 42 | 13 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.2 | 4.3 | 11.4 | 3.5 | 1.1 |
| 2024 | North Melbourne | 27 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 6 | 22 | 9 | 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 2.0 | 7.3 | 3.0 | 0.7 |
| Career | | | 16 | 0 | 0 | 103 | 57 | 160 | 51 | 15 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 3.6 | 10.0 | 3.2 | 0.9 |

1. "5 things to know about Miller Bergman". *nmfc.com.au*. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
2. "North Melbourne Kangaroos select Miller Bergman with No.38 draft pick". *nmfc.com.au*. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
3. "AFL - News, Fixtures, Scores & Results". *afl.com.au*. 30 April 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
4. "It's Miller time: Young gun puts pen to paper". *nmfc.com.au*. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
5. "AFL Tables - Miller Bergman statistics". *AFL Tables*.

## InfoBox

| Miller Bergman | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Nickname(s) | Ice | | |
| Date of birth | (2003-01-25) 25 January 2003 | | |
| Original team(s) | Dandenong Stingrays | | |
| Draft | No. 38, 2021 national draft | | |
| Debut | 30 April 2022, North Melbourne vs. Carlton, at Marvel Stadium | | |
| Height | 189 cm (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Weight | 73 kg (161 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | North Melbourne | | |
| Number | 27 | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2022- | North Melbourne | 16 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2024. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: I Wrote a Simple Song

abstract: I Wrote a Simple Song is the sixth studio album by American soul musician Billy Preston. Released in November 1971, it was his first album for A&M Records and marked the start of a run of commercial success in the United States that lasted through to the late 1970s. The album includes the hit single "Outa-Space", which won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance of 1972. Preston included a live version of the instrumental "The Bus", as part of a medley with the Beatles' "Day Tripper", on his 1974 album Live European Tour.

text:
# I Wrote a Simple Song

***I Wrote a Simple Song*** is the sixth studio album by American soul musician Billy Preston. Released in November 1971, it was his first album for A&M Records and marked the start of a run of commercial success in the United States that lasted through to the late 1970s. The album includes the hit single "Outa-Space", which won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance of 1972. Preston included a live version of the instrumental "The Bus", as part of a medley with the Beatles' "Day Tripper", on his 1974 album *Live European Tour*.

## Recording

*I Wrote a Simple Song* was Preston's first self-produced album. Preston's friend George Harrison played lead guitar on most of the songs, and supplied dobro accompaniment on the title track. The album continued Preston's inclusion of gospel-themed songs which had started with the 1967 album *Club Meeting*.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

The instrumental "Outa-Space" won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance in 1973.

## Track listing

All songs by Billy Preston and Joe Greene, except where noted.

**Side one**

1. "Should Have Known Better" – 2:28
2. "I Wrote a Simple Song" – 3:28
3. "John Henry" (Preston, Robert Sam) – 3:15
4. "Without a Song" (William Rose, Edward Eliscu, Vincent Youmans) – 4:57
5. "The Bus" – 3:32

**Side two**

1. "Outa-Space" – 4:08
2. "The Looner Tune" (Preston, Greene, Jesse Kirkland) – 2:47
3. "You Done Got Older" (Preston, Bruce Fisher) – 3:08
4. "Swing Down Chariot" (traditional; arranged by Preston and Greene) – 4:13
5. "God Is Great" – 3:32
6. "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" (traditional) – 4:27

## Personnel

Technical * Roland Young - art direction
* Jim McCrary \- photography
* Tommy Vicari - engineer

## Charts

| Year | Album | Chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | US
R&B |
| 1972 | *I Wrote a Simple Song* | 32 | 9 |
|

### Singles

| Year | Single | Chart positions | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | US
R&B | US
Dance |
| 1972 | "I Wrote a Simple Song" | 77 |  |  |
| | "Outa-Space" | 2 | 1 |  |
| | "The Bus" |  | 43 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| I Wrote A Simple Song | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Billy Preston | |
| Released | 8 November 1971 (US)
14 January 1972 (UK) |
| Recorded | February, August–September 1971 |
| Studio | A&M (Hollywood) |
| Genre | Soul, rock |
| Length | 40:03 |
| Label | A&M |
| Producer | Billy Preston |
| Billy Preston chronology | |
| *Encouraging Words*
(1970) ***I Wrote A Simple Song***
(1971) *Music Is My Life*
(1972) | |


title: U Know It Ain't Love

abstract: "U Know It Ain't Love" is the debut single by R.J., featuring vocals from American rapper Pitbull. The song was written by Giovanbattista Giorgilli, Armando Christian Perez, Stephen Singer, Steve Obas, Shauna Gaye, Melissa McKenzie and produced by David May, Michel Schuhmacher, Marc "Marquito" Zibung. It was released in Belgium and Kontor, Ultra Records, JVC Japan, as a digital download on 28 November 2011.

text:
# U Know It Ain't Love

"**U Know It Ain't Love**" is the debut single by R.J., featuring vocals from American rapper Pitbull. The song was written by Giovanbattista Giorgilli, Armando Christian Perez, Stephen Singer, Steve Obas, Shauna Gaye, Melissa McKenzie and produced by David May, Michel Schuhmacher, Marc "Marquito" Zibung. It was released in Belgium and Kontor, Ultra Records, JVC Japan, as a digital download on 28 November 2011.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "U Know It Ain't Love" was first released onto YouTube on 25 November 2011 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-nine seconds.

## Track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "U Know It Ain't Love" (David May Radio Edit) – 3:23
2. "U Know It Ain't Love" (David May Extended Mix) – 4:19

## Credits and personnel

* Lead vocals – R.J. and Pitbull
* Producers Stephen Singer, Vanni Giorgilli, David May, Michel Schuhmacher, Marc "Marquito" Zibung, Sebastian Knaak
* Lyrics – Giovanbattista Giorgilli, Armando Christian Perez, Stephen Singer, Steve Obas, Shauna Gaye, Melissa McKenzie
* Label: BIP Records

## Charts

| Chart (2011–2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 52 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 50 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 34 |
| France (SNEP) | 185 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 49 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 18 |
| Romania (Romanian Top 100) | 29 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 43 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Belgium | 28 November 2011 | Digital Download | BIP Records |
|

## InfoBox

| "U Know It Ain't Love" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by R.J. featuring Pitbull | |
| Released | 28 November 2011 (2011-11-28) |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre | Dance |
| Length | 3:23 |
| Label | * BIP * Kontor Records |
| Songwriter(s) | * Giovanbattista Giorgilli * Armando Perez * Stephen Singer * Steve Obas * Shauna Gaye * Melissa McKenzie |
| Producer(s) | * Stephen Singer * Vanni Giorgilli * David May * Michel Schuhmacher * Marc "Marquito" Zibung * Sebastian Knaak |
| R.J. singles chronology | |
| "**U Know It Ain't Love**"
(2011) "Baby It's the Last Time"
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Pitbull singles chronology | |
| "International Love"
(2011) "**U Know It Ain't Love**"
(2011) "Rock the Boat"
(2011) | |
| Audio sample | |
| "U Know It Ain't Love" | |
|  | |


title: Gunindiri

abstract: The Gunindiri are an indigenous Australian people of the Northern Territory.

text:
# Gunindiri

The **Gunindiri** are an indigenous Australian people of the Northern Territory.

## Language

Gunindiri is classified as one of the Garawan languages.

## Country

According to Norman Tindale, the Gunindiri had some 5,500 square miles (14,000 km2) of territory on the Barkly Tableland, along the headwaters of the Calvert, Robinson and Nicholson rivers. Their southwestern extension was at Anthony Lagoon. Cresswell Downs was on Gunindiri land as was Fish Waterhole.

## Alternative names

* *Goonanderry*
* *Leecundundeerie*
* *Cundundeerie*
* *Kunandra*

### Citations

## Sources

* Basedow, Herbert (1907). "Anthropological notes on the Western Coastal tribes of the Northern Territory of South Australia". *Journal of the Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia*. **31**: 1–62.
* Stretton, W. G. (1893). "Customs, rites and superstitions of the aboriginal tribes of the Gulf of Carpentaria" (PDF). *Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of Australia (Adelaide Branch)*. **17**: 227–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
* Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Kunindiri (NT)". *Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names*. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.


title: O. C. Kaligis

abstract: Otto Cornelis Kaligis, also known as O. C. Kaligis, is an Indonesian lawyer.

text:
# O. C. Kaligis

**Otto Cornelis Kaligis** (born 19 June 1942), also known as **O. C. Kaligis**, is an Indonesian lawyer.

## Prominent cases

### Setya Novanto and Bank Bali case

Kaligis represented deputy Golkar Party treasurer Setya Novanto when he was charged in August 1999 in connection with the Bank Bali scandal. The Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) had in February 1999 colluded with Golkar officials to force Bank Bali chief Rudy Ramli to pay Rp546 billion to Setya's company Era Giat Prima (EGP) in order to collect Rp904 billion owed by three banks taken over by IBRA. The money was then paid out in more than 150 transfers to politicians and legislators, partly in an effort to buy votes for the re-election of then-president B.J. Habibie. Setya, who was part of Habibie's re-election team, was in 2018 sentenced to 15 years in jail for his role in the case.

### Sex tapes porn trial

Kaligis represented Nazril "Ariel" Irham, lead singer of the band Peterpan, who was in January 2011 convicted of pornography and sentenced to three years and six months in jail over sex tapes made with his celebrity girlfriends Luna Maya and Cut Tari.

### Omni Hospital misdiagnosis

In 2009, Kaligis represented Prita Mulyasari, who was sued by Omni International Hospital in Tangerang, west of Jakarta, for defamation. Prita had written an email complaining the hospital had misdiagnosed her case of mumps as dengue fever. Omni reported Prita to police and she arrested. Judges dismissed the case, so Omni Hospital filed a civil case and Prita was ordered to pay Rp312 million in damages. When Prita appealed, the High Court upheld the decision. The Supreme Court overturned the damages verdict. In July 2011, Omni Hospital appealed the criminal case to the Supreme Court, which issued a guilty verdict and a suspended sentence. In September 2012 the Supreme Court overturned its guilty verdict. Kaligis defended Prita pro bono.

### Nazaruddin SEA Games bribery

Kaligis represented Muhammad Nazaruddin, the Democratic Party's former treasurer, who was in 2012 sentenced to four years and 10 months in jail for corruption. Nazaruddin, who had fled to Singapore and was arrested in Colombia, was convicted of accepting bribes for construction tenders for the 2011 South East Asian Games hosted by Indonesia. The Supreme Court in 2013 increased Nazaruddin's sentence to seven years. He also received a six-year sentence for money laundering. Kaligis in 2012 claimed he was still representing Nazaruddin, but rival lawyer Hotman Paris Hutapea said Kaligis had been dismissed.

### JIS alleged child abuse cases

Kaligis in 2014 represented an Indonesian woman who claimed her son was raped by cleaners in a toilet block at Jakarta International School (JIS, later renamed Jakarta Intercultural School). Kaligis accused JIS of tampering with evidence by firing the cleaners and renovating the toilet block. When the mother failed to obtain compensation because JIS was not liable for the cleaners, she declared two teachers at the school had also abused her son. South Jakarta District Court in April 2015 sentenced the teachers to 10 years in jail. They were acquitted by Jakarta High Court in August 2015. The Supreme Court in February 2016 overturned the acquittal and increased the sentences to 11 years. Kaligis also represented the mother in a failed 2015 effort to sue JIS for $125 million.

## Jailed for bribery

On 17 December 2015, Kaligis was sentenced to five years and six months in jail for bribing a clerk and three judges at Medan State Administrative Court (PTUN Medan) in North Sumatra province. Kaligis made the bribes through his subordinate, Gerry Baskara, providing Judge Tripeni Irianto Putro with S$5,000 and US$15,000; Judge Germawan Ginting and Amir Fauzi with $5,000 each; and a clerk with $2,000. The bribes were paid in an effort to influence a case involving alleged corruption by North Sumatra governor Gatot Pujo Nugroho and his wife, Evi Susanti. Jakarta High Court in June 2016 increased his sentence to seven years. The Supreme Court in August 2016 increased the sentence to 10 years. Kaligis appealed the sentence increase, claiming it was unfair. A Supreme Court in December 2017 cut his sentence to seven years. The judges who gave the sentence cut were Syarifuddin, Leopold Hutagalung and Surya Jaya.

Kaligis is serving his sentence in Bandung's Sukamiskin prison, where the prison head acknowledged Kaligis has been allowed out of the jail to deal with legal matters in Jakarta. Indonesia's Corruption Eradication Commission has stated that leave permits are sold to corruption convicts at the prison.

## InfoBox

| O. C. Kaligis | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Otto Cornelis Kaligis
(1942-06-19) 19 June 1942
Makassar, Japanese-occupied East Indies |
| Nationality | Indonesian |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Spouse | Alfa Lolita |
| Children | Andrew Kaligis, Velove Vexia, Bernard Kaligis, David Kaligis, Erick Kaligis |


title: Johan Wilhelm Hempel

abstract: Captain Johan Wilhelm Hempel was the captain of the Peace Ship.

text:
# Johan Wilhelm Hempel

**Captain Johan Wilhelm Hempel** (July 20, 1860  January 16, 1920) was the captain of the Peace Ship.

## Biography

He was born on July 20, 1860, to Nielsine Agnete Christine Møller and Simon Christian Ludvig Hempel in Copenhagen, Denmark. He had a brother, Captain Christian Ludvig Hans Hempel (1862-1937).

He married Ophelia Maren Abelone Christensen on May 28, 1902, in Copenhagen.

He joined the Scandinavian America Line in 1880. In 1903 he was the captain of the Thingvalla Line ship SS *Kekla*. In 1904 he became the captain of the Peace Ship of Henry Ford.

He died on January 16, 1920, in Copenhagen following an operation.


title: Hovtinden

abstract: Hovtinden is a mountain in Oscar II Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a height of 575 m.a.s.l. and is located on the ridge of Värmlandryggen. Other peaks along the ridge are Klaratoppen, Karlstadtoppen and Svenskegga.

text:
# Hovtinden

**Hovtinden** is a mountain in Oscar II Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a height of 575 m.a.s.l. and is located on the ridge of Värmlandryggen. Other peaks along the ridge are Klaratoppen, Karlstadtoppen and Svenskegga.

## InfoBox

| Hovtinden | |
| --- | --- |
| Hovtinden (the rightmost peak) is the highest point on the ridge of Värmlandryggen. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 575 m (1,886 ft) |
| Coordinates | 78°17′08″N 13°48′28″E / 78.2856°N 13.8077°E / 78.2856; 13.8077 |
| Geography | |
| HovtindenOscar II Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway | |


title: Hanna Kokko

abstract: Hanna Kokko is a scientist and full professor at the University of Zurich. She works in the fields of evolution and ecology and is known for her research on the evolution and maintenance of sex, the feedback between ecology and evolution, and the evolutionary ecology of cancer.

text:
# Hanna Kokko

**Hanna Kokko** (born 1971) is a scientist and full professor at the University of Zurich. She works in the fields of evolution and ecology and is known for her research on the evolution and maintenance of sex, the feedback between ecology and evolution, and the evolutionary ecology of cancer.

## Career

Kokko attended the Helsinki University of Technology for her undergraduate engineering degree. While there, she became interested in biology and decided to complete a one-year biology research Master's degree. She completed her Ph.D. at the University of Helsinki on the topic of sexual selection and the evolution of mate choice in 1997. During this time, she was mentored by William Sutherland.

Kokko has since held positions at the University of Cambridge, the University of Glasgow, the University of Jyväskylä, the University of Helsinki, and the Australian National University, and she is currently a professor in evolutionary ecology at the University of Zürich. From 2008 to 2009 she served as co-chair of Vanamo-seura.

## Awards and honors

Kokko's book *Kutistuva turska* (Shrinking Cod) was awarded the Finnish State Award for Public Information (Tiedonjulkistamisen valtionpalkinto) in 2009. She received the 2010 Per Brinck Oikos Award and the British Ecological Society's Founder's Prize. In 2010, she was awarded an Australian Laureate Fellowship. She became a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2014 and won the Finnish Cultural Foundation's outstanding cultural achievement award in 2016. In 2020, she became an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

## Selected publications

* Bargum, K. & Kokko, H. (2008). *Kutistuva turska ja muita evoluution ihmeitä*, WSOY (fi). ISBN 978-951-0-34020-2
* Kokko, H. (2007). *Modelling for Field Biologists (and Other Interesting People)*, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521831321.

1. Carazo, Pau; Garcia-Roger, Eduardo M. (5 April 2019). "Interview with Hanna Kokko". Retrieved 5 May 2020.
2. Forde, Anne (23 December 2005). "Evolutionary Ecology, Locally and Globally". Science Magazine. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
3. "Defender of the diversity of life". Finnish Cultural Foundation. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
4. "Hallituksen jäsenet kautta aikojen" \[Board members through the ages\] (in Finnish). Vanamo-seura. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
5. "Oikos – The Per Brinck Oikos Award 2010". Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
6. "Founders' Prize". *British Ecological Society*. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
7. "Annual Report 2010" (PDF). *Australian National University*. April 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
8. "Professor Hanna Kokko" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
9. "New Academy of Science Fellows". *Australian National University*. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
10. "Finnish Cultural Foundation awarded record 25 million in grants". *Finnish Cultural Foundation*. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
11. "New Members". *American Academy of Arts and Sciences*. Retrieved 5 May 2020.

## InfoBox

| Hanna Kokko | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1971 |
| Nationality | Finnish |
| Alma mater | University of Helsinki (Ph.D. 1997) Helsinki University of Technology (BSc., MSc.)<br> |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Evolutionary ecology, Sustainability science |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Laramie Plains Civic Center

abstract: The Laramie Plains Civic Center was established in 1982 in the old East Side School in Laramie, Wyoming. The original portion of the complex was built in 1878 and was the oldest public school building in Wyoming. It was expanded in 1928 and 1939, and closed as a school in 1979. The civic center provides performing, studio and gallery space for visual and performing arts, as well as office and small business space.

text:
# Laramie Plains Civic Center

The **Laramie Plains Civic Center** was established in 1982 in the old **East Side School** in Laramie, Wyoming. The original portion of the complex was built in 1878 and was the oldest public school building in Wyoming. It was expanded in 1928 and 1939, and closed as a school in 1979. The civic center provides performing, studio and gallery space for visual and performing arts, as well as office and small business space.

## History

The East Side School was established as a high school in 1878, the oldest purpose-built school building in Wyoming. The cornerstone ceremony was a major public event, and was apparently notable for an absence of public drunkenness on that day. The school was expanded in 1928 and 1939. It became a junior high school when a new high school was built and finally closed in 1978. Plans were immediately put into place to adapt the building as a community center, which opened in 1982.

## Description

The original Italianate brick school had four classrooms on the main level and two above, resembling the first Laramie courthouse. The 1928 expansion was designed by architect Wilbur Hitchcock and was built in a stripped-down Gothic style, with pointed arch accents in limestone panels in an otherwise plain facade. It added classrooms, an auditorium and a gymnasium. The auditorium decoration was unusually detailed, with oil-on-canvas murals 19 feet (5.8 m) tall depicting scenes from Wyoming history. The murals were painted by Florence Ware, whose father Walter E. Ware assisted in the design and took over architectural duties after Hitchcock was killed in a car accident in California.

The East Side School was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 17, 1981, as part of its transition to its current role as a civic center.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| East Side School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Laramie Plains Civic Center in 2014 | |
|  | |
| Location | 710 East Garfield St., Laramie, Wyoming |
| Coordinates | 41°18′33.4″N 105°35′16.3″W / 41.309278°N 105.587861°W / 41.309278; -105.587861 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1878 (1878) |
| Architect | Peter Hanson |
| Architectural style | Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 81000610 |
| Added to NRHP | March 17, 1981 |