title: Michelle Wang

abstract: Michelle Dong Wang is a Chinese-American physicist who is the James Gilbert White Distinguished Professor of the Physical Sciences at Cornell University. She is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Her research considers biomolecular motors and single molecule optical trapping techniques. She was appointed Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2009.

text:
# Michelle Wang

**Michelle Dong Wang** is a Chinese-American physicist who is the James Gilbert White Distinguished Professor of the Physical Sciences at Cornell University. She is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Her research considers biomolecular motors and single molecule optical trapping techniques. She was appointed Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2009.

## Early life and education

Wang earned her bachelor's degree in nuclear physics at Nanjing University. She moved to the Chinese Academy of Sciences for her graduate studies, where she majored in physics and earned a doctorate in 1986. Wang moved to the United States in 1986, where she worked toward a master's degree at the University of Southern Mississippi. She completed a second doctorate at the University of Michigan. Wang was a postdoctoral fellow at Princeton University.

## Research and career

In 1998, Wang was appointed Assistant Professor at Cornell University, where she was made Professor in 2009. Wang is interested in single-molecule biophysics. Her research considers biological molecular motors, including RNA polymerase molecules which move along the DNA template during cell division. During this process genetic information is transferred from DNA into new RNA. DNA motor proteins often experience roadblocks, including binding proteins that can interfere with essential biological processes. Wang has looked to understand the interactions between histones and DNA in nucleosomes.

Wang has pioneered several structural probes to better understand molecular motors, including angular optical trapping, DNA unzipping and nanophotonics. Angular optical traps isolate birefringent particles within a polarized laser beam. The particles can be rotated by rotating the polarization of the laser, which allows for the precise control and identification of biological molecules which are attached to the birefringent particles. To perform these optical rotation measurements, Wang makes use of bio-functionalized quartz nano-cylinders. Building on her experiences in photonics, Wang created an electro-optofluidic platform that can be used to trap single molecules. These traps use photonic interference to create three-dimensional on-chip optical traps at the antinodes of the standing waves of an evanescent field.

## Awards and honors

## Selected publications

* Michelle D. Wang; Hong Yin; Robert Landick; Jeff Gelles; Steven M. Block (1 March 1997). "Stretching DNA with optical tweezers". *Biophysical Journal*. **72** (3): 1335–1346. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78780-0. ISSN 0006-3495. PMC 1184516. PMID 9138579. Wikidata Q28237199.
* Brent D Brower-Toland; Corey L Smith; Richard C Yeh; John T Lis; Craig L Peterson; Michelle D Wang (1 February 2002). "Mechanical disruption of individual nucleosomes reveals a reversible multistage release of DNA". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*. **99** (4): 1960–1965. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.1960B. doi:10.1073/PNAS.022638399. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122302. PMID 11854495. Wikidata Q34011797.
* Michelle D. Wang; Mark J. Schnitzer; Hong Yin; Robert Landick; Jeff Gelles; Steven M. Block (1 October 1998). "Force and velocity measured for single molecules of RNA polymerase". *Science*. **282** (5390): 902–907. Bibcode:1998Sci...282..902W. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.282.5390.902. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9794753. Wikidata Q52232915.

## InfoBox

| Michelle Dong Wang | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan
Nanjing University Chinese Academy of Sciences
University of Southern Mississippi |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Thesis | *Reaction and aggregation dynamics of cell surface receptors.* (1993) |
|  | |


title: Michelle Vogel

abstract: Michelle Vogel is an Australian-born film historian, author and free-lance editor. Vogel has written biographies of Gene Tierney, Marjorie Main, Olive Thomas, Olive Borden, Lupe Vélez, Joan Crawford, and Marilyn Monroe, as well as two compilations 'Children of Hollywood Accounts of Growing up as Sons and Daughters of Stars' and 'Hollywood Blondes Golden Girls of the Silver Screen'. She has also written a children's book entitled 'Three Twisted Tales'. Vogel has lived in Brooklyn, New York City and in Victoria, Australia. Michelle Vogel is also a popular song writer/lyricist. Her original songs are sung by various artists from around the world. Official YouTube channel - https://youtube.com/@michellevogelmusic?si=a4lkOG4cAVTDqpBp

text:
# Michelle Vogel

**Michelle Vogel** (born 1972) is an Australian-born film historian, author and free-lance editor. Vogel has written biographies of Gene Tierney, Marjorie Main, Olive Thomas, Olive Borden, Lupe Vélez, Joan Crawford, and Marilyn Monroe, as well as two compilations 'Children of Hollywood Accounts of Growing up as Sons and Daughters of Stars' and 'Hollywood Blondes Golden Girls of the Silver Screen'. She has also written a children's book entitled 'Three Twisted Tales'.

Vogel has lived in Brooklyn, New York City and in Victoria, Australia.

Michelle Vogel is also a popular song writer/lyricist. Her original songs are sung by various artists from around the world.

Official YouTube channel - https://youtube.com/@michellevogelmusic?si=a4lkOG4cAVTDqpBp

## Books

* *Gene Tierney: A Biography*, published 22 Mar 2005, 15 Mar 2011, by McFarland & Company.
* *Marjorie Main ~ The Life and Films of Hollywood's "Ma Kettle"*, published 1 Dec 2005, 15 Jun 2011, by McFarland.
* *Children Of Hollywood ~ Accounts Of Growing Up As The Sons And Daughters Of Stars*, published 31 Jul 2005 by McFarland.
* *Olive Thomas ~ The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty*, published 15 Jun 2007 by McFarland.
* *Joan Crawford: Her Life in Letters*, published 10 May 2005, by Wasteland Press.
* *Olive Borden: The Life and Films of Hollywood's "Joy Girl"*, published 15 Apr 2010 by McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4795-4
* *Lupe Velez: The Life and Career of Hollywood's "Mexican Spitfire"*, published 31 Jan 2006, 15 Jul 2012, by McFarland, Print ISBN 978-0-7864-6139-4, Ebook ISBN 978-0-7864-8997-8
* *Marilyn Monroe Her Films, Her Life*, published 31 Dec 2013, 28 Feb 2014, by McFarland.
* *Holywood Blondes Golden Girls of the Silver Screen*, published 1 Mar 2007, by Wasteland Press.
* *Three Twisted Tales*, published 9 Apr 2007 by Wasteland Press.


title: Triune Mind

abstract: The Triune Mind is a model of the mind of The Buddha's teaching, as conceptualized by Canadian Buddhist scholar Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri. The theory was first published as "Triune Mind in Buddhism: A Textual Exploration", in the Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studies. Given the use of the term "triune", it is a model, which distinguishes the mind into three divisions: receiving, judging and executive.

text:
# Triune Mind

The **Triune Mind** is a model of the mind of The Buddha's teaching, as conceptualized by Canadian Buddhist scholar Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri. The theory was first published as "Triune Mind in Buddhism: A Textual Exploration", in the *Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studies*. Given the use of the term "triune", it is a model, which distinguishes the mind into three divisions: receiving, judging and executive.

## Reason for study

The study is primarily a means of dissolving confusion, which exists as a result of the terminology used to describe the mind in the Pali Canon. The Buddha uses the terms Citta, Mano, and Viññāṇa to describe mind, sometimes to mean the same, but at other time to cover distinct aspects.

## Three terms for mind

Sugunasiri points out some of the confusion over the past century with regards to the interpretation of Citta, Mano and Viññāṇa.

| Author | Citta | Mano | Viññāṇa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dr. Rhys Davids (1899) | Heart | Mind | Consciousness |
| Ven. Rahula (1959) | Mind | Thought | Consciousness |
| Prof. Jayatilleka (1963) | Mind | Mind | Consciousness |
| Dr. Walshe (1995) | Thought | Mind | Consciousness |
| Ven. Bodhi (2000) | Mind | Mentality; Mind | Consciousness |
| Prof. Karunadasa (2010) | Bare Consciousness | Mind | Consciousness |

Rather than forcing an assignment of the Pali Buddhist terms with an English equivalent Sugunasiri allocates Citta, Mano, and Viññāṇa each with a primary function: judgment, reception, and execution, respectively. This is based on his analysis of the 17 mindmoments of a Stream of Consciousness as in the Abhidhamma. as can be seen in fig. 17, pg. 22 of his work "Triune Mind in Buddhism: A Textual Exploration".

As mentioned, while Citta, Mano and Viññāṇa have their own functions, the most striking conclusion in Sugunasiri's analysis is that Viññāṇa is exclusively tied to a single given life. Mano, too, ceases to exist at the point of death. This means that Citta is the contractor that carries the building material life to life. This is based on Abhidhamma analysis where a relation between Rebecoming, both Citta (paṭisandhi citta) and Viññāṇa (paṭisandhi viññāṇa) occurs, but at the point of death there is only Citta (cuti citta).

Furthermore, the point is also made that Citta is present at the very point of conception, and Viññāṇa emerges only at the second Stream of Consciousness.

## Triune Mind as M-Simplex and M-Complex

The terms M-Simplex and M-Complex refer to the distinct overlapping, which exists within this model of the mind. The mind (M) is referred to as M-simplex insofar as its three constituting parts, Citta, Mano, and Vinnana, have separate functions. M-Complex, however, refers to the overlapping of the three, all of which is necessary for the mind, as a single model, to function as it does. In other words, the utilization between simple and complex shows how each part has a very specific role to play (each are eons apart) while remaining tightly intertwined with each other.

## Further reading


title: Triune ethics theory

abstract: The triune ethics theory (TET) is a metatheory in the field of moral psychology, proposed by Darcia Narvaez and inspired by Paul MacLean's triune brain model of brain development. TET highlights the relative contributions of biological inheritance, environmental influences on neurobiology, and culture to moral development and reasoning. TET proposes three ethics that are the foundation or motivation for all ethics: security, engagement, and imagination. They differ not only in the recency of evolutionary development but also in their relative capacity to override one another.

text:
# Triune ethics theory

**The triune ethics theory** (TET) is a metatheory in the field of moral psychology, proposed by Darcia Narvaez and inspired by Paul MacLean's triune brain model of brain development. TET highlights the relative contributions of biological inheritance (including human evolutionary adaptations), environmental influences on neurobiology, and culture to moral development and reasoning. TET proposes three ethics that are the foundation or motivation for all ethics: security (or safety), engagement, and imagination. They differ not only in the recency of evolutionary development but also in their relative capacity to override one another.

## The three ethics

### Security

The security ethic is based in the oldest part of the brain, involving the R-complex or the extrapyramidal system. The security ethic is triggered stressors that activate primal instincts and fight-or-flight responses. These are concerned or centered on safety, survival, and thriving in an environment (or biological system). With these systems present at birth, the security ethic is conditioned during sensitive periods of development (such as infancy), life experience, and trauma. Studies have shown that a dearth of touch in early years result in an underdevelopment of serotonin receptors. Children with faulty serotonin receptors are susceptible to somatosensory affectional deprivation, a condition related to depression, violent behavior, and stimulus seeking. As an adult, if serotonin receptors are not properly functioning, an individual is more prone to depression and anxiety. If receptors are damaged, and one becomes fixated at this ethic, they can be seen as cold, closed-minded, and aggressive. This ethic is most responsible for racism and hate towards outside groups.

### Engagement

The ethic of engagement is centered in the upper limbic system or the visceral-emotional nervous system. The limbic system allows for external and internal emotional signaling and is critical to emotion, identity, memory for ongoing experience, and an individual's sense of reality and truth. The ethic of engagement refers to relational attunement in the moment, which the stress response prevents, focusing on social bonding. It relies significantly on caregiver influence for its development in early childhood. The engagement ethic is strongly associated with the hormone oxytocin, which has a strong presence during breastfeeding between a mother and child. Oxytocin is essential for building the trust between mother and child.

### Imagination

The imagination ethic allows a person to step away from the impetuous emotional responses of the older parts of the brain and consider alternative actions based on logic and reason. It is centered in the neocortex and related thalamic structures, including the frontal lobes used for reasoning and judgement skills. It is focused on the outside world and allows for the integration and coordination of the other parts of the brain to allow for imaginative thinking and strategic problem solving. The ethic of imagination involves integrating internal information with external information, allowing an adult to acknowledge and possibly reject more emotional responses from the security or engagement ethics. The imagination ethic can build on the self-protective states of the security ethic (vicious or detached imagination) or of the prosocial engagement ethic (communal imagination).

## Moral functioning

TET looks back to people in the Pleistocene era and the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA), relating to their early-life supports and its relation to moral functioning. The long term breastfeeding, the constant holding or touching, the frequency of caregivers other than mother, multiage playgroups, and the quick responsiveness to cries during that era is the type of caregiving that supports our biological systems. Current caregiving such as hospital births, solo sleeping, and physical isolation are not the types of early life caregiving to which humans are adapted. TET also mentions "dearth of touch" or faulty serotonin receptors affects society, and how they affect our society. There are higher rates of depression and anxiety, which both affect general and moral functioning.

There are two categories of the effects of childrearing on moral functioning, dispositional and situational effects. There are two hypotheses relating to the dispositional effects of childrearing on moral functioning. First, "a personality may cohere around being more or less oriented to each of the three ethics". Second, "during critical periods of brain and personality development 'attachment' and 'trust' aspects of personality development are deeply influenced, affecting the structure and wiring of brain systems". Lastly, there are situational effects. These relate to the idea that "moral personality has a dispositional signature within particular situations: person and situation interact with dispositional regularity".

## Criticisms

Although not directed at TET specifically, Cesario et al. argue that the triune brain theory upon which TET is based provides an inaccurate account of brain evolution.


title: Triplemanía X

abstract: Triplemanía X was the tenth Triplemanía professional wrestling show promoted by AAA. The show took place on July 5, 2002, in Madero, Mexico. The Main event featured a Lucha de Apuestas match where each wrestler defended the hair of a referee. The participants in this match were Heavy Metal, Sangre Chicana, El Oriental, Electroshock, May Flowers and El Brazo.

text:
# Triplemanía X

**Triplemanía X** was the tenth Triplemanía professional wrestling show promoted by AAA. The show took place on July 5, 2002, in Madero, Mexico. The Main event featured a *Lucha de Apuestas* match where each wrestler defended the hair of a referee. The participants in this match were Heavy Metal, Sangre Chicana, El Oriental, Electroshock, May Flowers and El Brazo.

## Production

### Background

In early 1992 Antonio Peña was working as a booker and storyline writer for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Mexico's largest and the world's oldest wrestling promotion, and was frustrated by CMLL's very conservative approach to *lucha libre*. He joined forced with a number of younger, very talented wrestlers who felt like CMLL was not giving them the recognition they deserved and decided to split from CMLL to create Asistencia Asesoría y Administración, later known simply as "AAA" or Triple A. After making a deal with the *Televisa* television network AAA held their first show in April 1992. The following year Peña and AAA held their first Triplemanía event, building it into an annual event that would become AAA's Super Bowl event, similar to the WWE's WrestleMania being the biggest show of the year. The 2002 Triplemanía was the 10th year in a row AAA held a Triplemanía show and the fifteenth overall show under the Triplemanía banner.

### Storylines

The Triplemanía show featured eight professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as *rudos* in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (*técnicos* in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dos Caras Jr., Esther Moreno, Pimpinela Escarlata and Mascarita Sagrada defeated Mini Abismo Negro, Shoot Fighting, Sexy Piscis and Tiffany | *Relevos Atómicos de Locura* match |
| 2 | El Oriental defeated Sangre Chicana
Also in the match: Heavy Metal, Electroshock, May Flowers and El Brazo | *Lucha de Apuestas* "Hair vs. Hair" where each wrestler represented a referee who put his hair on the line. |
| 3 | *Los Vatos Locos* (Espíritu, Nygma, Picudo and Silver Cat) (c) defeated The Black Family (Chessman, Cuervo, Escoria and Ozz) | Best two-out-of-three falls eight-man "Atómicos" tag team match for the Mexican National Atómicos Championship |
| 4 | Gran Apache and *Los Diabólicos* (Mr. Cóndor, Ángel Mortal and El Gallego) defeated *Los Vipers* (Maniaco, Histeria, Psicosis, and Mosco de la Merced) | Luchas de Apuestas "Hair or Mask vs. Hair" match |
| 5 | Perro Aguayo Jr., Mr. Águila and El Zorro defeated Héctor Garza, El Dandy, and Pirata Morgan | Six-man "Lucha Libre rules" tag team match |
| 6 | Latin Lover, La Parka, El Alebrije, and Gronda defeated Leatherface, Cibernético, Abismo Negro, and the Monsther | Eight-man "Atómicos" tag team match |
| 7 | Máscara Sagrada and Máscara Maligna defeated Pentagón and Octagón | *Relevos Suicida* |
| 8 | Octagón (with Máscara Sagrada) defeated Pentagón (with Màscara Maligna) | *Lucha de Apuestas* "Mask vs. Mask" match |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match | | |

Wagers in match 2 * Heavy Metal represented Pepe Casas
* Sangre Chicana represented El Tirantes
* Oriental represented El Hijo del Tirantes
* Electroshock represented Raul Copetes Salazar
* May Flowers represented Piero
* El Brazo represented El Fresero.

## InfoBox

| Triplemanía X | |
| --- | --- |
| Octagón, unmasked long time rival Pentagón | |
| Promotion | AAA |
| Date | July 5, 2002 |
| City | Madero, Mexico |
| Venue | Convention Center |
| Tagline(s) | *Poker de Ases
(Poker Aces)* |
| Pay-per-view chronology | |
| **Previous**
Rey de Reyes **Next**
Verano de Escándalo | |
| Triplemanía chronology | |
| **Previous**
IX **Next**
XI | |


title: Tremadog

abstract: Tremadog is a village in the community of Porthmadog, in Gwynedd, north west Wales; about one mile (1.6 km) north of Porthmadog town centre. It was a planned settlement, founded by William Madocks, who bought the land in 1798. The centre of Tremadog was complete by 1811 and remains substantially unaltered. Tremadog hosted an unofficial National Eisteddfod event in 1872.

text:
# Tremadog

**Tremadog** (formerly **Tremadoc**) is a village in the community of Porthmadog, in Gwynedd, north west Wales; about one mile (1.6 km) north of Porthmadog town centre. It was a planned settlement, founded by William Madocks, who bought the land in 1798. The centre of Tremadog was complete by 1811 and remains substantially unaltered. Tremadog hosted an unofficial National Eisteddfod event in 1872.

## Planning

By mid-1805, Madocks had already built some houses on the site of Tremadog, for he wrote to the Post-Master at Caernarfon informing him that letters addressed to Pentre-Gwaelod should be delivered to the new houses he had built on Traeth Mawr, near Tan-yr-Allt. Pentre-Gwaelod translates as Bottom Village, but Madocks had grander plans, for aldermen and a mayor had been appointed, and he corrected the word "village" in a letter written soon afterward to read "borough". He planned it himself, perhaps with some help from architectural friends and architectural books, but his letters reveal that a master plan was never produced, as he held the ideas for the settlement in his mind.

Tremadog is a good example of a planned town, with an array of Georgian architecture built in the classical tradition of the 18th century. It is located immediately below the high ground of Snowdonia and on the edge of the modern Snowdonia National Park.

Tremadog was built on flat land reclaimed from Traeth Mawr, the estuary of the Afon Glaslyn, and to enhance its appearance Madocks placed the Market Square, the centre of his project, just in front of a great crag of rock, the former edge of the estuary. It towers some 100 feet (30 m) over the Town Hall, and the coaching inn, giving a theatrical effect to the area. He hoped to attract more buildings that fitted his overall plan, but this plan failed and he eventually funded most of them himself. The main streets were named Dublin Street and London Street, as Madocks wanted Tremadog to be a stopping-off point on the main route from London to Porth Dinllaen on the Llŷn Peninsula, which was intended to be the chief port for ferries to Dublin. However, this plan failed when Holyhead supplanted Porth Dinllaen as the main ferry port. He was keen that everything should enhance the village's appearance — his main interest. Unlike some contemporary town planners, he was less interested in the moral reform of the inhabitants: he felt that people had the right to work, educate their children, pray, drink, gamble, save or waste money as they saw fit; and that the town should give its residents opportunities to get on with their own lives, providing that they were congenial neighbours.

Tremadog Town Hall is located in the Market Square. Five round arches supported the front of the building, and the ground floor was used as a market hall. The dancing room had a fireplace at both ends, a minstrels' gallery on the back wall, and five large sash windows at the front, overlooking the square. It was reached by stairs from the tap room in the adjacent public house so that people attending a dance did not have to pass through the market area. The roof was in a similar style to many of Madocks' buildings, with a shallow pitch of slates, and wide eaves, while a flight of steps ran across the front of the building, creating a plinth on which it stood. There were six medallions and five keystones on the front of the building, with representations of theatrical figures.

During August, the market space became a theatre. The house to the east of the town hall was quite shallow, allowing a stage to be built behind it, connected to the market space by a proscenium arch. Madocks wrote several stirring prologues and a play for the theatre, and there are rumours that the playwright and poet Sheridan acted in a production of his play *The Rivals* there, although it was probably his son Tom, who was a contemporary of Madocks.

## Church and chapel

Madocks believed that "in education and religion all ought to have fair play", and this was reflected in the provision of a Gothic revival style church for the Anglicans and a classical chapel for the Methodists. His approach did not find favour with the Bishop of Bangor, but he defended his decision by telling the Bishop that the church would be built on rock, while the chapel would be built on sand. This was true geologically, but was also a reference to the parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.

The church was built on a rocky outcrop, which had once been an island in the estuary, and was one of the first churches to be built in Gothic revival style in Wales. The tower supported a spire, built in brick which was rendered with Parkers Roman Cement. It deceived the antiquarian Richard Fenton, who described it as yellow freestone in his book of travels published soon after 1813. The entrance to the churchyard is spanned by a decorative arch of Coade stone, a ceramic material manufactured in Lambeth, London, which is in Gothic horror style, with representations of boars, dragons, frogs, grimacing cherubs, owls, shrouded figures and squirrels, while the tops of the towers are surrounded by elephants' heads. Madocks wanted it to become a parish church, but it was only ever a chapel of ease, as Tremadog was part of the parish of Ynyscynhaearn. The population of the parish as a whole in 1841 was 1,888. Although he provided a churchyard, no burials took place, but it was one of the few buildings in the region where services were regularly conducted in the English language.

The church was fitted with box pews, cast iron windows with coloured glass, and a blue ceiling with stars painted on it. There was a crypt, the precise location of which is unknown, in which Madocks hoped to be buried, but he died in Paris and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery. He is commemorated by a brass plaque, which also commemorates the wedding of Mary Madocks to Martin Williams there in 1811. John Williams, originally a gardener from Anglesey, who worked tirelessly to complete Madocks' plans when he was so often away, was buried in the vault when he died in 1850, as were his wife and their only son, W T Massey Williams.

Music was supplied by a small barrel organ, but it was not adequate and was moved to Ynyscynhaearn, where it is still in the gallery. A replacement was bought from Bates of Ludgate Hill in 1857. In 1898, the chancel floor was raised, and the windows were replaced. A new roof was fitted in the 1950s, and the ceiling was removed, while the spire was repaired with cement in the 1970s. The building ceased to be used for worship in 1995 and was eventually bought by Cyfeillion Cadw Tremadog, a trust dedicated to the repair and refurbishment of the historic buildings of Tremadog, in 2005. The fabric was repaired, and modern facilities installed. An upper floor was fitted, and the building was subsequently used as offices by Cartrefi Cymru ("Homes of Wales"), a charity which assists disabled people living in the community. Repair of the coadestone arch, requiring the manufacture of several replacement parts, was completed in 2007.

In December 2017, Ffestiniog Travel moved into the church.

Capel Peniel, which was built by the Methodists, and was one of the first buildings to be completed in the settlement, was quite unlike most Welsh chapels. On the outside, it looked like a Greek temple, while inside the pulpit was on the end wall rather than the more traditional long side wall. Methodists had begun a Sunday School in a house in 1805, and in 1808 Madocks gave them the land on a 99-year lease, subject to a peppercorn rent. It was completed in two and a half years — 18 months before the church — and the first service was led by Thomas Charles from Bala. Since Madocks and his family were there, he conducted the service in English, and the two men became friends, with Charles often visiting Tan-yr-Allt, where Madocks lived.

The front facade, with a large circular window, was not completed until 1849, and the work was supervised by John Williams, Madocks' agent, who continued to serve the community long after Madocks' death in 1828. As the congregation grew, galleries were built in 1840 and 1880, and extensive plasterwork was added between 1908 and 1910. The chapel is one of only five grade I listed nonconformist chapels in Wales, and it was hoped to refurbish it for the bicentenary in 2010.

## Governance

There is a separate electoral ward called Porthmadog-Tremadog. The total ward population of Tremadog at the 2011 census was 1,257.

## Industry

In the early 1800s, there was a thriving woollen industry, supplying garments to South Carolina and other southern states of America, the West Indies, South America, and Russia, but it was a cottage industry. One of Madocks' first projects was to build a factory where wool could be processed on an industrial scale. Although there were a few sites in Wales where the fulling of cloth was powered by water, this was one of the first woollen mills where water power was used for carding and spinning. The building was located close to his home at Tan-yr-Allt, because the high ground behind it provided a good head of water. It had a characteristic shallow-pitched slate roof, and Madocks instructed that the walls should be yellow, and the windows painted dark green. Nearby were a corn mill and a fulling mill. The water was provided by building a dam across a small valley, to form Llyn Cwm Bach, with sluices channelling the water to feed the mill and the factory.

Although Madocks initially employed a Mr Fanshawe to manage the factory, he was not happy with his performance, and soon the project was being managed by John Williams, Madocks' assistant. The building was advertised for sale in 1810, and from 1835 was used as a tannery. It still stands but has a temporary roof. In the 1990s, the Tremadog Buildings Preservation Trust obtained permission for its repair and conversion but failed to acquire the site.

## Houses

Most of the houses of Tremadog were of a similar plan, and in common with townhouses of the period, opened directly onto the square. They had a central doorway, with a parlour or a shop on each side, and there were two bedrooms on the upper floor. Shops were not a common feature of Welsh villages at the time, but the Mayor opened a general store, which was supplied from London, and Madocks instructed his assistant to look out for a shoemaker, a tailor, a butcher and a weaver. At the back of the houses, there was a lean-to scullery, running across the full width of the buildings. For the two inns, the nature of the reclaimed land prevented the digging of a dry cellar, and in this case, half of the scullery was replaced by a structure with a stone vaulted roof, which helped to regulate the internal temperature. Evidence of this can be seen in the bar of the Golden Fleece Inn in the village centre.

Ty Pâb was the end of the first phase of the building on the road leading to the church, originally called London Road, but subsequently renamed Church Street. Arches on the side of the building mark the planned location of a cross street, which was never built.

### Tŷ Nanney, Tan-yr-Allt and Wern Manor

The ordinary houses were supplemented by several gentlemen's villas. Tŷ Nanney is a good example in the village itself, and is a Grade II\* listed building. Tan-yr-Allt, Madocks' home, is situated to the north-east of the village centre. It is listed at Grade II\* and stands in gardens and a small park which are designated Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales. Wern Manor, to the west, is also a Grade II\* listed house with a Grade II listed garden, designed by Thomas Mawson at the very end of the 19th century.

## Education

'Ysgol y Gorlan', a primary school, is the only school in Tremadog. It is a state school which caters for 120 pupils between the ages of three and eleven. Most of the leavers go to 'Ysgol Eifionydd', the nearest secondary school, in Porthmadog.

## Canal

Madocks enlarged a drainage ditch to the river Glaslyn to form a canal which was opened in about 1815. It was used for 35 years to carry copper ore from a local mine, before being replaced by a tramline.

## Tourism

Tremadog is an increasingly popular tourist destination. The area's long, quiet roads attract motorcyclists, and Tremadog also has a good quality rock climbing "crag" (another has been closed because of rock instability) which attracts climbers from all over the UK. There have been issues with access to the crags, with local farmers and the Nature Conservancy Council trying to prevent climbing, but one section, Craig Bwlch y Moch, has been owned by the British Mountaineering Council since 1979. Deteriorating conditions led to annual events to tidy up the climbs between 2007 and 2010, and negotiations with the Forestry Commission resulted in invasive sycamore trees being removed in 2009. A further event was held in April 2012, but a climber was injured in May 2012 when huge blocks of rock were dislodged during a climb.

Tremadog also boasts one of the country's most iconic chapels. Peniel, a Calvinist Methodist chapel, was finished in 1810 and then expanded after Construction work, with its eye-catching and unusual columns, finishing in 1849, its temple front loosely based on St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden, in London.

The design of the building went on to influence how other chapels in Wales during the period were built, but the site was forced to close in 2015 as its dwindling congregation was unable to keep it open. It is set to be rejuvenated, funds pending.

Below these crags is a café, campsite and bunkhouse, which provides a base for climbers.

## Famous residents

* T. E. Lawrence, also known as "Lawrence of Arabia". His birthplace, Snowdon Lodge, is listed at Grade II, and now provides group accommodation for young people.
* Eric Jones, climber and base jumper, lives in Bwlch Moch.
* Barri Griffiths, TV Gladiator, professional WWE wrestler Mason Ryan
* Percy Bysshe Shelley moved into Tan-yr-Allt, Madocks' former residence, and initially promised to assist in the financing of his schemes, once he came of age, but after living there rent-free from November 1813 to March 1814 he left for Dublin, leaving behind debts which took several years to sort out.
* Rhys Meirion, opera singer was born at Bryn Ffynnon, near Ysgol y Gorlan.

## Bibliography

* Beazley, Elisabeth (1967). *Madocks and the Wonder of Wales*. London: Faber and Faber. ASIN B0013IWZYW.
* CCT (July 2008). *Tremadog - Historic Planned Town*. Cyfeillion Cadw Tremadog. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011.
* Paget-Tomlinson, Edward (2006). *The Illustrated History of Canal & River Navigations* (3rd ed.). Landmark Publishing. ISBN 1-84306-207-0.

### References

## InfoBox

| Tremadog | |
| --- | --- |
| St Mary's Church, Tremadog | |
| TremadogLocation within Gwynedd | |
| Population | 1,257 (ward) |
| OS grid reference | SH561401 |
| Community |  |
| Principal area |  |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | PORTHMADOG |
| Postcode district | LL49 |
| Dialling code | 01766 |
|  | |
| Police | North Wales |
| Fire | North Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament |  |
|


title: Genetically modified virus

abstract: A genetically modified virus is a virus that has been altered or generated using biotechnology methods, and remains capable of infection. Genetic modification involves the directed insertion, deletion, artificial synthesis or change of nucleotide bases in viral genomes. Genetically modified viruses are mostly generated by the insertion of foreign genes intro viral genomes for the purposes of biomedical, agricultural, bio-control, or technological objectives. The terms genetically modified virus and genetically engineered virus are used synonymously.

text:
# Genetically modified virus

A **genetically modified virus** is a virus that has been altered or generated using biotechnology methods, and remains capable of infection. Genetic modification involves the directed insertion, deletion, artificial synthesis or change of nucleotide bases in viral genomes. Genetically modified viruses are mostly generated by the insertion of foreign genes intro viral genomes for the purposes of biomedical, agricultural, bio-control, or technological objectives. The terms genetically modified virus and genetically engineered virus are used synonymously.

## General usage

Genetically modified viruses are generated through genetic modification, which involves the directed insertion, deletion, artificial synthesis, or change of nucleotide sequences in viral genomes using biotechnological methods. While most dsDNA viruses have single monopartite genomes, many RNA viruses have multipartite genomes, it is not necessary for all parts of a viral genome to be genetically modified for the virus to be considered a genetically modified virus. Infectious viruses capable of infection that are generated through artificial gene synthesis of all, or part of their genomes (for example based on inferred historical sequences) may also be considered as genetically modified viruses. Viruses that are changed solely through the action of spontaneous mutations, recombination or reassortment events (even in experimental settings), are not generally considered to be genetically modified viruses.

Viruses are generally modified so they can be used as vectors for inserting new genetic information into a host organism or altering its preexisting genetic material. This can be achieved in at least three processes :

1. Integration of all, or parts, of a viral genome into the host's genome (e.g. into its chromosomes). When the whole genetically modified viral genome is integrated it is then referred to as a genetically modified provirus. Where DNA or RNA which that has been packaged as part of a virus particle, but may not necessarily contain any viral genes, becomes integrated into a hosts genome this process is known as transduction.
2. Maintenance of the viral genome within host cells but not as an integrated part of the host's genome.
3. Where genes necessary for genome editing have been placed into the viral genome using biotechnology methods, editing of the host's genome is possible. This process does not require the integration of viral genomes into the host's genome.

None of these three processes are mutually exclusive. Where only process 2. occurs and it results in the expression of a genetically modified gene this will often be referred to as a transient expression approach.

The capacity to infect host cells or tissues is a necessary requirement for all applied uses of genetically modified viruses. However, a capacity for viral transmission (the transfer of infections *between* host individuals), is either not required or is considered undesirable for most applications. Only in a small minority of proposed uses is viral transmission considered necessary or desirable, an example is transmissible vaccines. This is because transmissibility considerably complicates efforts to monitor, control, or contain the spread of viruses.

## History

In 1972, the earliest report of the insertion of a foreign sequence into a viral genome was published, when Paul Berg used the EcoRI restriction enzyme and DNA ligases to create the first ever recombinant DNA molecules. This was achieved by joining DNA from the monkey SV40 virus with that of the lambda virus. However, it was not established that either of the two viruses were capable of infection or replication.

In 1974, the first report of a genetically modified virus that could also replicate and infect was submitted for publication by Noreen Murray and Kenneth Murray. Just two months later in August 1974, Marjorie Thomas, John Cameron and Ronald W. Davis submitted a report for publication of a similar achievement.

Collectively, these experiments represented the very start of the development of what would eventually become known as biotechnology or recombinant DNA methods.

## Health applications

### Gene therapy

Gene therapy uses genetically modified viruses to deliver genes that can cure diseases in human cells.These viruses can deliver DNA or RNA genetic material to the targeted cells. Gene therapy is also used by inactivating mutated genes that are causing the disease using viruses.

Viruses that have been used for gene therapy are, adenovirus, lentivirus, retrovirus and the herpes simplex virus. The most common virus used for gene delivery come from adenoviruses as they can carry up to 7.5 kb of foreign DNA and infect a relatively broad range of host cells, although they have been known to elicit immune responses in the host and only provide short term expression. Other common vectors are adeno-associated viruses, which have lower toxicity and longer term expression, but can only carry about 4kb of DNA. Herpes simplex viruses is a promising vector, have a carrying capacity of over 30kb and provide long term expression, although it is less efficient at gene delivery than other vectors. The best vectors for long term integration of the gene into the host genome are retroviruses, but their propensity for random integration is problematic. Lentiviruses are a part of the same family as retroviruses with the advantage of infecting both dividing and non-dividing cells, whereas retroviruses only target dividing cells. Other viruses that have been used as vectors include alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses, rhabdoviruses, Newcastle disease virus, poxviruses, and picornaviruses.

Although primarily still at trial stages, it has had some successes. It has been used to treat inherited genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency rising from adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID), although the development of leukemia in some ADA-SCID patients along with the death of Jesse Gelsinger in another trial set back the development of this approach for many years. In 2009 another breakthrough was achieved when an eight year old boy with Leber’s congenital amaurosis regained normal eyesight and in 2016 GlaxoSmithKline gained approval to commercialise a gene therapy treatment for ADA-SCID. As of 2018, there are a substantial number of clinical trials underway, including treatments for hemophilia, glioblastoma, chronic granulomatous disease, cystic fibrosis and various cancers. Although some successes, gene therapy is still considered a risky technique and studies are still undergoing to ensure safety and effectiveness.

### Cancer treatment

Another potential use of genetically modified viruses is to alter them so they can directly treat diseases. This can be through expression of protective proteins or by directly targeting infected cells. In 2004, researchers reported that a genetically modified virus that exploits the selfish behaviour of cancer cells might offer an alternative way of killing tumours. Since then, several researchers have developed genetically modified oncolytic viruses that show promise as treatments for various types of cancer.

### Vaccines

Most vaccines consist of viruses that have been attenuated, disabled, weakened or killed in some way so that their virulent properties are no longer effective. Genetic engineering could theoretically be used to create viruses with the virulent genes removed. In 2001, it was reported that genetically modified viruses can possibly be used to develop vaccines against diseases such as, AIDS, herpes, dengue fever and viral hepatitis by using a proven safe vaccine virus, such as adenovirus, and modify its genome to have genes that code for immunogenic proteins that can spike the immune systems response to then be able to fight the virus. Genetic engineered viruses should not have reduced infectivity, invoke a natural immune response and there is no chance that they will regain their virulence function, which can occur with some other vaccines. As such they are generally considered safer and more efficient than conventional vaccines, although concerns remain over non-target infection, potential side effects and horizontal gene transfer to other viruses. Another approach is to use vectors to create novel vaccines for diseases that have no vaccines available or the vaccines that are do not work effectively, such as AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Vector-based vaccines have already been approved and many more are being developed.

### Heart pacemaker

In 2012, US researchers reported that they injected a genetically modified virus into the heart of pigs. This virus inserted into the heart muscles a gene called Tbx18 which enabled heartbeats. The researchers forecast that one day this technique could be used to restore the heartbeat in humans who would otherwise need electronic pacemakers.

## Genetically modified viruses intended for use in the environment

### Animals

In Spain and Portugal, by 2005 rabbits had declined by as much as 95% over 50 years due diseases such as myxomatosis, rabbit haemorrhagic disease and other causes. This in turn caused declines in predators like the Iberian lynx, a critically endangered species. In 2000 Spanish researchers investigated a genetically modified virus which might have protected rabbits in the wild against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease. However, there was concern that such a virus might make its way into wild populations in areas such as Australia and create a population boom. Rabbits in Australia are considered to be such a pest that land owners are legally obliged to control them.

Genetically modified viruses that make the target animals infertile through immunocontraception have been created as well as others that target the developmental stage of the animal. There are concerns over virus containment and cross species infection.

### Trees

Since 2009 genetically modified viruses expressing spinach defensin proteins have been field trialed in Florida (USA). The virus infection of orange trees aims to combat citrus greening disease, that had reduced orange production in Florida 70% since 2005. A permit application has been pending since February 13, 2017 (USDA 17-044-101r) to extend the experimental use permit to an area of 513,500 acres, this would make it the largest permit of this kind ever issued by the USDA Biotechnology Regulatory Services.

### Insect Allies program

In 2016 DARPA, an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense, announced a tender for contracts to develop genetically modified plant viruses for an approach involving their dispersion into the environment using insects. The work plan stated:

> *“Plant viruses hold significant promise as carriers of gene editing circuitry and are a natural partner for an insect-transmitted delivery platform.”*

The motivation provided for the program is to ensure food stability by protecting agricultural food supply and commodity crops:

> *"By leveraging the natural ability of insect vectors to deliver viruses with high host plant specificity, and combining this capability with advances in gene editing, rapid enhancement of mature plants in the field can be achieved over large areas and without the need for industrial infrastructure.”*

Despite its name, the “Insect Allies” program is to a large extent a viral program, developing viruses that would essentially perform gene editing of crops in already-planted fields. The genetically modified viruses described in the work plan and other public documents are of a class of genetically modified viruses subsequently termed HEGAAs (horizontal environmental gene alteration agents). The Insect Allies program is scheduled to run from 2017 to 2021 with contracts being executed by three consortia. There are no plans to release the genetically modified viruses into the environment, with testing of the full insect dispersed system occurring in greenhouses (Biosafety level 3 facilities have been mentioned).

Concerns have been expressed about how this program and any data it generates will impact biological weapon control and agricultural coexistence, though there has also been support for its stated objectives.

## Technological applications

### Lithium-ion batteries

In 2009, MIT scientists created a genetically modified virus that has been used to construct a more environmentally friendly lithium-ion battery. The battery was constructed by genetically engineering different viruses such as, the E4 bacteriophage and the M13 bacteriophage, to be used as a cathode. This was done by editing the genes of the virus that code for the protein coat. The protein coat is edited to coat itself in iron phosphate to be able to adhere to highly conductive carbon-nanotubes. The viruses that have been modified to have a multifunctional protein coat can be used as a nano-structured cathode with causes ionic interactions with cations. Allowing the virus to be used as a small battery. Angela Blecher, the scientist who led the MIT research team on the project, says that the battery is powerful enough to be used as a rechargeable battery, power hybrid electric cars, and a number of personal electronics. While both the E4 and M13 viruses can infect and replicate within their bacterial host, it unclear if they retain this capacity after being part of a battery.

## Safety concerns and regulation

### Bio-hazard research limitations

The National Institute of Health declared a research funding moratorium on select Gain-of-Function virus research in January 2015. In January 2017, the U.S. Government released final policy guidance for the review and oversight of research anticipated to create, transfer, or use enhanced potential pandemic pathogens (PPP). Questions about a potential escape of a modified virus from a biosafety lab and the utility of dual-use-technology, dual use research of concern (DURC), prompted the NIH funding policy revision.

### GMO lentivirus incident

A scientist claims she was infected by a genetically modified virus while working for Pfizer. In her federal lawsuit she says she has been intermittently paralyzed by the Pfizer-designed virus. "McClain, of Deep River, suspects she was inadvertently exposed, through work by a former Pfizer colleague in 2002 or 2003, to an engineered form of the lentivirus, a virus similar to the one that can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS." The court found that McClain failed to demonstrate that her illness was caused by exposure to the lentivirus, but also that Pfizer violated whistleblower protection laws.


title: Michigan Governor's Mansion

abstract: The Michigan Governor's Mansion and summer residence are located in the U.S. state of Michigan. The primary residence is a gated mansion in a secured area of a private neighborhood of Lansing. The second home, a summer residence, is located on Mackinac Island. Both residences are owned by the state of Michigan and are maintained with private donations. The Michigan Constitution specifies that there is to be a governor's residence at the seat of government and that the seat of government shall be at Lansing.

text:
# Michigan Governor's Mansion

The **Michigan Governor's Mansion** and summer residence are located in the U.S. state of Michigan.

The primary residence is a gated mansion in a secured area of a private neighborhood of Lansing. The second home, a summer residence, is located on Mackinac Island.

Both residences are owned by the state of Michigan and are maintained with private donations. The Michigan Constitution specifies that there is to be a governor's residence at the seat of government and that the seat of government shall be at Lansing.

## Primary residence

The governor's mansion in Lansing was built in 1957 for Howard and Letha Sober, who donated it to the state in 1969. The furnishings were provided by the State of Michigan. American architect Wallace Frost, who was known for traditional architecture, designed the ranch-style residence with its stone exterior in a contemporary style. The contemporary architecture was a change from his usual style. A garden room was added in the mid-1970's. The gated mansion sits on approximately four acres of secured area in the Moores River Drive estates of Lansing near the scenic Grand River. Governors who have lived in the mansion during their office tenure include William Milliken, James Blanchard, John Engler, Jennifer Granholm, and current Governor Gretchen Whitmer. The mansion in Lansing was renovated during the early 2000s and contains 10,300 sq ft (960 m2), five bedrooms, and four baths. Governor Rick Snyder elected to remain at his Ann Arbor residence and used the official residence only for occasional ceremonial functions during his tenure from 2011 to 2019.

## Summer residence

The Michigan Governor's Summer Residence on Mackinac Island is a three-story structure located on a bluff overlooking the Straits of Mackinac. It was originally built as a private residence for Chicago attorney Lawrence Andrew Young. In 1944, the Mackinac Island State Park Commission purchased the home for its original cost of $15,000. Since then, Michigan's governors have used this home to host important events with national and state leaders. The house was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## InfoBox

| Michigan Governor's Mansion | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Lansing, Michigan, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 42°43′10″N 84°35′09″W / 42.71946°N 84.5859°W / 42.71946; -84.5859 |
| Completed | 1957 |


title: Michigan Governor's Summer Residence

abstract: The Michigan Governor's Summer Residence, also known as the Lawrence A. Young Cottage, is a house located at the junction of Fort Hill and Huron roads on Mackinac Island, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# Michigan Governor's Summer Residence

The **Michigan Governor's Summer Residence**, also known as the **Lawrence A. Young Cottage**, is a house located at the junction of Fort Hill and Huron roads on Mackinac Island, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## History

In 1895, the Mackinac Island State Park Commission voted to lease cottage sites on Mackinac Island, with the stipulation that lessees must construct a cottage worth at least $3000 on the site within one year. The fourth such lease was issued in 1901 to Chicago attorney Lawrence Andrew Young. Young retained architect Frederick W. Perkins to design the house and hired contractor Patrick Doud to construct it.

The house was owned later by the Hugo Scherer family of Detroit. In 1944, the Mackinac Island State Park Commission purchased the home for its original cost of $15,000. Since then, the commission has provided the care and maintenance of the residence and surrounding gardens, and the cottage has served as the official Michigan governor's summer residence. The house has hosted multiple significant overnight guests, including presidents Harry S. Truman, Gerald R. Ford, and George H. W. Bush.

The residence was refurbished and repaired during John Engler's second term in office. Later renovations were conducted in 2011 and 2012.

## Description

The governor's summer residence is a three-story, L-shaped, Arts and Crafts structure located on a bluff overlooking the Straits of Mackinac. It has a stone foundation and full basement, with the third floor built into the wood shingled hipped roof. The walls and roof are finished with wood shingles, while the chimneys and basement walls are constructed from large limestone rocks.

The main facade, overlooking the village below, is symmetrical, with shingled corners and a recessed veranda. The rear wall of the porch is finished with board and batten siding, and contains large windows. The second floor above is shingled, and there are three dormers on the upper floor. One of the side facade has two massive chimneys and a small enclosed porch. The rear facade features a recessed kitchen porch. The remaining facade holds the main entrance, and contains both a recessed porch with shingled corners and another protruding porch. Above, the second floor has two large bay windows, and there is a large dormer above.

On the interior, the main floor contains a large dining room and living room, along with a sun room, servant's dining room, kitchen, rear entry and stair hall, a kitchen pantry and a butler's pantry. The living room has a staircase which wraps around a fireplace. The second floor has five bedrooms, four bathrooms, and a play room. The third floor originally had four bedrooms and one bathroom for servants. It has been remodeled to contain two additional bedrooms, with one of the original bedrooms converted to a bathroom. The house also has a full basement, and contains approximately 7100 square feet.

The interior features U.S. Southern yellow pine. The house retains many original fixtures and furnishings, including the Young family crystal in a leaded-glass china cupboard located in the dining room and a tall case clock in the living room.

42°43′10″N 84°35′09″W / 42.71946°N 84.5859°W / 42.71946; -84.5859

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Lawrence Andrew Young Cottage | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Michigan State Historic Site | |
|  | |
| Michigan Governor's summer residence on Mackinac Island | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Jct. of Fort Hill and Huron Rd., Mackinac Island, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 45°51′6″N 84°37′13″W / 45.85167°N 84.62028°W / 45.85167; -84.62028 |
| Area | 1.6 acres (0.65 ha) |
| Built | 1901 |
| Built by | Patrick Doud |
| Architect | Frederick W. Perkins |
| Architectural style | Arts and Crafts |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000800 |
| Added to NRHP | November 17, 1997 |


title: Michigan Five Fluke Freshmen

abstract: The Michigan Five Fluke Freshmen is the name given to five members of the U.S. House of Representatives who were elected in the Democratic landslide of 1964 and were subsequently defeated just two years later by a Republican resurgence. They included Paul Todd, Raymond Clevenger, Billie Farnum, John Mackie, and Wes Vivian of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan. All of the five were one-term congressmen. It was the last time that a state would have five freshmen members of Congress defeated for reelection.

text:
# Michigan Five Fluke Freshmen

The **Michigan Five Fluke Freshmen** is the name given to five members of the U.S. House of Representatives who were elected in the Democratic landslide of 1964 and were subsequently defeated just two years later by a Republican resurgence. They included Paul Todd, Raymond Clevenger, Billie Farnum, John Mackie, and Wes Vivian of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan. All of the five were one-term congressmen. It was the last time that a state would have five freshmen members of Congress defeated for reelection.

## 1964: LBJ landslide

With President Lyndon B. Johnson taking over 67% of the vote in Michigan, the Democrats were able to win five districts formerly represented by Republicans, and change the Michigan Congressional delegation from 12 to 7 Republican to 12 to 7 Democratic. Three of the defeated Republicans had significant seniority. The Democratic gains took place in District 2 (based in the Ann Arbor area), District 3 (set around Kalamazoo and Battle Creek), District 7 (Flint and its surrounding region), District 11 (northern lower Michigan and the Upper Peninsula), and District 19 (suburban Detroit). Nationally Democrats gained 36 seats from the Republicans in the House.

1964 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 2 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Wes Vivian | 77,806 | 50.5 |
|  | Republican | George Meader (Inc) | 76,280 | 49.5 |

1964 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 3 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Paul Todd | 85,001 | 52.7 |
|  | Republican | August Johansen (Inc) | 76,350 | 47.3 |

1964 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 7 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | John Mackie | 104,115 | 65.7 |
|  | Republican | Claude Sadler | 54,307 | 34.3 |

1964 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 11 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Raymond Clevenger | 86,557 | 53.3 |
|  | Republican | Victor Knox (Inc) | 75,955 | 46.7 |

1964 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 19 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Billie Farnum | 88,441 | 53.4 |
|  | Republican | Richard Kuhn | 77,204 | 46.6 |

## 1966: Republican Resurgence

Richard Nixon took an active interest in the 1966 midterm elections in Michigan, especially these five races. He personally persuaded Donald Riegle to leave academia and run against Mackie, and appeared at a fundraiser for Riegle's campaign early in the primary season. Nixon campaigned for the five Republican challengers during the whole campaign, and played them up to reporters. Political analyst Rhodes Cook wrote that "no politician had used the midterm election year more effectively than former Vice President Richard Nixon, who with his young aide-de camp, Pat Buchanan, took to the 'rubber chicken circuit' on behalf of Republican candidates across the country." None of the Democrats had run as strongly as Johnson in 1964, indicating their potential weakness.

The unpopularity of President Johnson's Great Society, rising crime, radical campus protests, and racial riots coupled with the coattail effect of popular Republican Governor George W. Romney at the top of the state ticket all led to a downturn for the Democratic Party. Growing dissatisfaction with the war in Vietnam was also a factor.

The Republicans succeeded in recapturing the five districts they lost in 1964 and returned the delegation to a 12 to 7 Republican majority. Nationally the Republicans gained 47 seats from the Democrats in the House.

In 1973, Riegle switched from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party, and went on to serve three terms in the United States Senate as a Democrat.

1966 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 2 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Marvin Esch | 65,205 | 51 |
|  | Democratic | Wes Vivian (Inc) | 62,536 | 49 |

1966 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 3 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Garry E. Brown | 68,912 | 52.2 |
|  | Democratic | Paul Todd (Inc) | 62,984 | 48.8 |

1966 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 7 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Don Riegle | 71,166 | 54 |
|  | Democratic | John Mackie (Inc) | 60,408 | 46 |

1966 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 11 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Philip Ruppe | 70,820 | 51.8 |
|  | Democratic | Raymond Clevenger (Inc) | 65,875 | 48.2 |

1966 U.S. House Michigan Congressional District 19 Election.
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Jack McDonald | 76,884 | 57 |
|  | Democratic | Billie Farnum (Inc) | 57,907 | 43 |

* *The Almanac of American Politics 1972*


title: Trofimov Beheadings

abstract: The Trofimov Beheadings was a mass murder committed in 2012 in Ukraine, in which a judge and his family were beheaded with a machete. The judge, Vladimir Trofimov, his wife Irina, their son Sergei, and the son's girlfriend were attacked in the eastern Ukraine city of Kharkiv on December 15, 2012. The judge was attacked at his family home. The bodies were all left at the scene, minus their heads. It was reported the judge, his wife, and son's girlfriend were killed first, then beheaded, while the son was beheaded while still alive.

text:
# Trofimov Beheadings

The **Trofimov Beheadings** was a mass murder committed in 2012 in Ukraine, in which a judge and his family were beheaded with a machete. The judge, Vladimir Trofimov, his wife Irina, their son Sergei, and the son's girlfriend were attacked in the eastern Ukraine city of Kharkiv on December 15, 2012. The judge was attacked at his family home. The bodies were all left at the scene, minus their heads. It was reported the judge, his wife, and son's girlfriend were killed first, then beheaded, while the son was beheaded while still alive.

## Investigation

Police stated that the motive for the murders was either revenge or theft. Trofimov, 58, had worked as a magistrate and judge for more than 30 years, and was a noted antiques collector. The attack came on a celebration day for judges in Ukraine. The case was described as one of the most shocking to emerge from the new European state in the international media, with many commentators using the case to spotlight the flawed Ukrainian judicial system.

## InfoBox

Trofimov beheadings
| The crime scene | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 15 December 2012 |
| Location | Kharkiv, Ukraine |
| Type | Home invasion, mass murder |
| Motive | Unknown. Possibly revenge or theft |
| Target | Trofimov family |
| Deaths | * Volodymyr Serhiyovych Trofimov (58) * Iryna Kostyantynivna Trofimova (59) * Sergei Volodymyrovych Trofimov (30) * Maria Ihorivna Zuyeva (28) |


title: Verticordia halophila

abstract: Verticordia halophila, commonly known as salt-loving featherflower, or salt-loving verticordia, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, bushy shrub with small, crowded, thick leaves and spikes of red and pink flowers in spring.

text:
# Verticordia halophila

***Verticordia halophila***, commonly known as **salt-loving featherflower**, or **salt-loving verticordia**, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, bushy shrub with small, crowded, thick leaves and spikes of red and pink flowers in spring.

## Description

*Verticordia halophila* is a shrub which grows to 30–75 cm (10–30 in) high and 45–70 cm (20–30 in) wide and which has a few main stems with many short, leafy side-branches. The leaves on the side branches are crowded, oblong to egg-shaped, thick with a rounded end but with a short point and covered with soft hairs less than 0.1 mm (0.004 in) long. The leaves on the flowering stems are broadly egg-shaped to almost round.

The flowers are scented and arranged in spike-like groups near the ends of the long flowering stems, each flower on a stalk, 0.5–1.0 mm (0.02–0.04 in) long. The floral cup is top-shaped, 2.0–2.5 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long, smooth and glabrous with 5 ribs and small bent green appendages. The sepals are pink with a white fringe, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, with 5 or 6 hairy lobes and two ear-shaped, hairy appendages on the sides. The petals are mauve-pink, erect, 3.5–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in), with short, coarse teeth along their top edge. The style is 5–5.5 mm (0.20–0.22 in) long, curved with short hairs near its purple tip. Flowering time is from September to December.

It is distinguished from similar verticordias by its thick, crowded leaves, the serrations on the top edge of the petals, the purple-tipped style and by the saline environment in which it is found.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Verticordia halophila* was first formally described by Alex George in 1991 and the description was published in *Nuytsia*. The type collection was made by Alex and Elizabeth George south of Coorow in 1985. The specific epithet (*halophila*) is "named from the Greek *hals* (salt) and *-philus* (loving), in reference to the habitat which is unusual in the genus".

When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991, he placed this species in subgenus *Eperephes*, section *Verticordella* along with *V. pennigera*, *V. blepharophylla*, *V. lindleyi*, *V. carinata*, *V. attenuata*, *V. drummondii*, *V. wonganensis*, *V. paludosa*, *V. luteola*, *V. bifimbriata*, *V. tumida*, *V. mitodes*, *V. centipeda*, *V. auriculata*, *V. pholidophylla*, *V. spicata* and *V. hughanii*.

An isolated population recognised as a variant of this species was redescribed as *Verticordia elizabethiae* in 2020.

## Distribution and habitat

This verticordia usually grows in sand and clay on flats that are slightly saline and on the edges of salt lakes in woodland and shrubland. It is found in and near areas around Coorow, Marchagee and Lake Seabrook in the Avon Wheatbelt and Geraldton Sandplains biogeographic regions.

The distribution range included the Coolgardie bioregion, a population around 200 km inland, until a 2020 revision recognised it as a separate species, *Verticordia elizabethiae*.

## Conservation

*Verticordia halophila* is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## Use in horticulture

Some forms of this species are being grown in cultivation and are performing well. Some are bushy shrubs which are producing honey-scented flowers from October to March, sometimes in other months.

## InfoBox

| Salt-loving featherflower | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *V. halophila* in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Eperephes* |
| Section: | *Verticordia* sect. *Verticordella* |
| Species: | ***V. halophila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Verticordia halophila***<br>A.S.George | |
|


title: Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township

abstract:
Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township is an ethnic township in Feidong County, Hefei, Anhui, China. Paifang was established in 1994, and is the only ethnic township in Hefei and the only multi-ethnic township in Anhui. Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township is divided into:
  - Paifang Ethnic Community
  - Gaotang Community
  - Caomiao Community
  - Xinfeng Community
  - Zhaofang Community
  - Xujing Community
  - Zhanggang Village
  - Jianmiao Village
  - Xingmiao Village
  - Sanwang Village
  - Xingyi Village
  - Minxin Village
  - Shuguang Village Paifang is adjacent to Lukou Township to the east and Dianbu Township, the county seat to the south. It is connected to Zhongxing Township and borders Caomiao Township and Liangyuan Township in the north.

text:
# Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township

**Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township** (Chinese: 牌坊回族满族乡) is an ethnic township in Feidong County, Hefei, Anhui, China. Paifang was established in 1994, and is the only ethnic township in Hefei and the only multi-ethnic township in Anhui.

Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township is divided into:

* Paifang Ethnic Community
* Gaotang Community
* Caomiao Community
* Xinfeng Community
* Zhaofang Community
* Xujing Community
* Zhanggang Village
* Jianmiao Village
* Xingmiao Village
* Sanwang Village
* Xingyi Village
* Minxin Village
* Shuguang Village

Paifang is adjacent to Lukou Township to the east and Dianbu Township, the county seat to the south. It is connected to Zhongxing Township and borders Caomiao Township and Liangyuan Township in the north.


title: Gosanimari

abstract: Gosanimari is both a village and an archaeological site in Dinhata I CD block, in the Dinhata subdivision of the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, north-eastern India. The name of this site was taken from the modern grampanchyat name of the Dinhata subdivision.

text:
# Gosanimari

**Gosanimari** (also known as *Khalisa Gosanimari*) is both a village and an archaeological site in Dinhata I CD block, in the Dinhata subdivision of the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, north-eastern India. The name of this site was taken from the modern grampanchyat name of the Dinhata subdivision.

## Geography

8km
5milesASS A MBAN G LADESH Kamteswari
templeH RajpatH River Mara Torsha Gangadhar River River Dudhkumar Dharla River NakkatigachhiH ChamtaH BhuchungmariH Bara KodaliH AndaranfulbariH Airani ChitaliaH GosanimariH SahebganjR GitaldahaR BamanhatR NatabariR BakshirhatR DinhataM TufanganjM Bhangri
Pratham
KhandaCT  Kamat PhulbariCT  Chhota LaukuthiCT**Places in the Tufanganj and Dinhata subdivisions (except Sitai CD block) in Cooch Behar district**
CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

### Location

Gosanimari is located at 26°01′55″N 89°29′02″E / 26.032°N 89.484°E / 26.032; 89.484.

### Area overview

The map alongside shows the eastern part of the district. In Tufanganj subdivision 6.97% of the population lives in the urban areas and 93.02% lives in the rural areas. In Dinhata subdivision 5.98% of the population lives in the urban areas and 94.02% lives in the urban areas. The entire district forms the flat alluvial flood plains of mighty rivers.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Excavation

### Excavation Site

The site contains ruins of Rajpat which served as the capital of Kamata kingdom, occupying a large area of ancient Kamarupa and Vanga.

### Excavation history

Dr. Buchanan Hamilton in 1808 had left a vivid description along with a sketch of the mound and site which still hold good in authenticity. According to Dr. R.D. Banerjee, Kamata kingdom stood as buffer between eastern Kamrupa and the Bengal Sultanate in the 15th century CE. He is of the opinion that the Khens might have built Gosanimari, but it is also possible that these Mongoloid people only used the ruins of fortification which had been built several centuries earlier. After the independence Archaeological Survey of India took over the responsibility of this site.

### Findings

It is believed parts of the ancient kingdoms important temples and buildings are now buried under a large grass grown mound. So far two large stone wells have been excavated, along with a large stone walls and a number of idols too. Pottery work includes vases, bowls, basin, dish, beaker etc. The facial and physiognomical delineation indicate the idols are the products of c. 11th and 12th century AD and influenced by Pala-Sena school of art.

## Rulers

In 1260, it became the seat of power of Kamata ruler Sandhya, who shifted his capital from Kamarupanagara (present-day North Guwahati) due to the frequent clashes he faced from the Kacharis from the south-east border in what is modern-day Assam. Later it was held by the Khen dynasty until 1498 AD, when Hussein Shah of Gaur unsurp power by defeating Nilambar of Kamata. From the early 16th century, it was ruled by the Koch dynasty founded by Biswa Singha.

When the English came along they Anglicized the term Koch to Cooch, hence the name Cooch Behar State.

## Culture

The Kamteswari temple was built by Maharaja Pran Narayan in 1665.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Khalisa Gosanimari had a total population of 6,410. There were 3,295 (51%) males and 3,115 (49%) females. There were 788 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Khalisa Gosanimari was 3,993 (71.02% of the population over 6 years).

## Healthcare

Gosanimari Block Primary Health Centre, with 30 beds at Gosanimari, is the major government medical facility in the Dinhata I CD block.

## InfoBox

| Gosanimari | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| GosanimariLocation in West BengalGosanimariLocation in India | |
| Coordinates: 26°01′55″N 89°29′02″E / 26.032°N 89.484°E / 26.032; 89.484 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Cooch Behar |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 6,410 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | WB |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Cooch Behar |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Sitai |
| Website | coochbehar.gov.in |


title: Jesús Rosas Marcano

abstract: Jesús Rosas Marcano, was a Venezuelan educator, journalist, poet and composer of folk songs popularized by the group Un Solo Pueblo, such as "Botaste la bola" and "Negro como yo". Marcano was born in La Asunción. In 1945, he graduated as school teacher at the Miguel Antonio Caro Institute. Began his career at the Rural School Caurimare in east Caracas. Later, studied journalism in the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), receiving postgraduate education at the Sorbonne University of Paris. From his return in the late 1950s, starts working as teacher and researcher in his alma mater. Worked as reporter for the newspaper Últimas Noticias, directed by Oscar Yánes, starting to write humorous verses under the pseudonym of Ross Mar. For twenty years, Rosas had the columns Capilla Ardiente and Espuma de los Días, both in daily El Nacional. In the 1980s, begins with the column Veinte Líneas in "El Diario de Caracas". Also, was columnist of weekly "Quinto Día" from 1998. In 1999, was invited to collaborate in "Así es la Noticia", where returned with Capilla Ardiente. In the newspaper "Sol de Margarita", wrote a weekly humor page under the name of Pata e 'cabra, which allowed him to be contributor of the humoristic newspaper Camaleón. Between his career as poet, can be mentioned the works "Proclama de la espiga" (1958), "Cotiledón, Cotiledón, la vida" (1965), "Manso vidrio del aire" (1968), "Así en la tierra como en el cielo" (1976), among others. In his labor as school teacher, worked in publications for children like: "Tricolor", "La ventana mágica" and "Onza, tigre y león". He died in Caracas, aged 71.

text:
# Jesús Rosas Marcano

**Jesús Rosas Marcano** (5 January 1930 - 7 May 2001), was a Venezuelan educator, journalist, poet and composer of folk songs popularized by the group *Un Solo Pueblo*, such as "Botaste la bola" and "Negro como yo".

Marcano was born in La Asunción. In 1945, he graduated as school teacher at the Miguel Antonio Caro Institute. Began his career at the Rural School Caurimare in east Caracas. Later, studied journalism in the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), receiving postgraduate education at the Sorbonne University of Paris. From his return in the late 1950s, starts working as teacher and researcher in his alma mater. Worked as reporter for the newspaper Últimas Noticias, directed by Oscar Yánes, starting to write humorous verses under the pseudonym of *Ross Mar*. For twenty years, Rosas had the columns *Capilla Ardiente* and *Espuma de los Días*, both in daily El Nacional.

In the 1980s, begins with the column *Veinte Líneas* in "El Diario de Caracas". Also, was columnist of weekly "Quinto Día" from 1998. In 1999, was invited to collaborate in "Así es la Noticia", where returned with *Capilla Ardiente*. In the newspaper "Sol de Margarita", wrote a weekly humor page under the name of *Pata e 'cabra*, which allowed him to be contributor of the humoristic newspaper *Camaleón*. Between his career as poet, can be mentioned the works "Proclama de la espiga" (1958), "Cotiledón, Cotiledón, la vida" (1965), "Manso vidrio del aire" (1968), "Así en la tierra como en el cielo" (1976), among others. In his labor as school teacher, worked in publications for children like: "Tricolor", "La ventana mágica" and "Onza, tigre y león".

He died in Caracas, aged 71.

## InfoBox

| Jesús Rosas Marcano | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1930-01-05)5 January 1930
La Asunción, Nueva Esparta |
| Died | 7 May 2001(2001-05-07) (aged 71)
Caracas |
| Occupation | journalist, poet, writer |
| Nationality | Venezuelan |


title: Manheim (hof)

abstract: Manheim is a heathen hof in Korinth in Faaborg-Midtfyn Municipality, Denmark. The building opened in 2016 and is dedicated to the Norse gods. It is owned by the designer Jim Lyngvild, a practitioner of Heathenry.

text:
# Manheim (hof)

**Manheim** is a heathen hof in Korinth in Faaborg-Midtfyn Municipality, Denmark. The building opened in 2016 and is dedicated to the Norse gods. It is owned by the designer Jim Lyngvild, a practitioner of Heathenry.

## History

The building was built at the instigation of the Danish designer Jim Lyngvild and is the first pagan hof in Denmark since the time of the Middle Ages. It was built in three weeks by Lyngvild and a group of friends, and was finished by the end of March 2016.

The inauguration took place on 30 May 2016. Participating at the event were Lyngvild's friends Pia Kjærsgaard, Speaker of the Danish Parliament, who cut the ribbon, and Inger Støjberg, the Danish Minister for Integration, who performed the naming ceremony, naming the building Manheim (lit.'Home of Man') in beer. Kjeld Holm, a former Bishop of Aarhus, called it "grotesque" that the two politicians had participated at the event, saying that they never would have done the same for a mosque.

## Architecture and design

Manheim is located near Lyngvild's home, the "viking castle" Ravnsborg, at the town Korinth on Funen. It is 12 meters high and has a floor area of 6 × 13 meters. The design was inspired by the excavations of the Uppåkra temple in Scania.

55°09′52.5″N 10°20′28.5″E / 55.164583°N 10.341250°E / 55.164583; 10.341250

## InfoBox

| Manheim | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | Hågerupvej 33, 5600 Faaborg, Denmark |
| Coordinates | 55°09′52.5″N 10°20′28.5″E / 55.164583°N 10.341250°E / 55.164583; 10.341250 |
| Opened | 30 May 2016 |
| Owner | Jim Lyngvild |
| Height | 12 metres (39 ft) |


title: Kabo Air

abstract: Kabo Air is a Nigerian charter airline headquartered in Kano, Kano State and based at Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport.

text:
# Kabo Air

**Kabo Air** is a Nigerian charter airline headquartered in Kano, Kano State and based at Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport.

## History

Kabo Air was established in February 1980 by Dr. Alhaji Muhammadu Adamu Dankabo and started operations in April 1981. It is currently wholly owned by Kabo Holdings.

Kabo Air originally operated special charter services for corporate bodies, executives, and government officials. The company stopped operating domestic services in 2001 when they focus solely on Hajj flights and international charters. However, in 2009 the airline received approval to start international scheduled services. Traffic rights were given to Kabo Air for operating scheduled services to Rome, Nairobi and N'Djamena, but have not been used. The airline operated scheduled flights from Kano to Abuja, Cairo, Dubai and Jeddah for a short period.

Kabo Air met the requirements set by the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) for re-capitalization in May 2007.

On 3 March 2017, the offices of Kabo Air were sealed by the Nigerian Federal Inland Revenue Service due to unpaid tax liabilities. It has been reported that Kabo Air owes over 149 million Nigerian naira (approx. US-$460,000) in taxes.

## Destinations

As of March 2017, Kabo Air did not operate any scheduled services and focused on charter operations only, especially for pilgrim flights under its own name and on behalf of other airlines.

## Fleet

### Current fleet

As of August 2019, the Kabo Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:

| Aircraft | In Service | Orders | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boeing 747-200 | 1 | _ | Aircraft stored. Only passenger operator of this variant. |
| Boeing 747-400 | 1 | _ |  |
| **Total** | 2 | _ |  |

### Former fleet

The Kabo Air fleet previously included the following aircraft:

## Incidents and accidents

* On 6 August 1986, a Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle III overran the runway at Calabar Airport, Nigeria. Passengers and crew survived but the aircraft was written off.
* On 16 September 1991, a BAC 1-11 landed at Port Harcourt Airport, Nigeria without lowering its gear. All passengers and crew survived but the aircraft was written off.
* On March 31 1992, Flight 671, operated by Trans-Air Service as a Kabo Air flight, lost two engines on the right wing in flight. The Boeing 707 made a successful emergency landing at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base and all aboard survived.
* On 23 August 1992, a BAC 1–11 overran the runway at Sokoto Airport, Nigeria. None of the 53 passengers and 4 crew were killed but the aircraft was written off.
* On 12 January 2010, a Middle East Airlines Airbus A330 collided with a parked Kabo Air Boeing 747 while taxiing to its arrival gate at Kano International Airport, Nigeria; none of the passengers or crew were injured. The Boeing 747 left-wing and main fuel tank were badly damaged and the right-wing of the Airbus A330 was damaged. Officials believe the accident could have been avoided if there was more ground lighting to help the pilots of the Airbus A330 to see.
* In September 2013, a Kabo Air Boeing 747-200 operated on a Hajj charter on behalf of Biman Bangladesh Airlines was refused to receive permission to land in Saudi Arabia as the aircraft at age 21 violated the country's guidelines for aircraft to be a maximum 20 years old to be operated into Saudi Arabia. Biman Bangladesh claimed that Kabo Air did give wrong information regarding the plane age.
* On 4 October 2013, a Kabo Air Boeing 747-200 on a Hajj charter flight from Kano via Sokoto to Jeddah was cleared to land on Sokoto's runway 08. However, the aircraft continued to land on the opposite runway 26 for unknown reasons. The aircraft came in too low and hit parts of the ILS before coming to stop with some burst tyres. The Nigerian aviation authorities rated this incident as serious and started investigations on why the crew chose the wrong runway.

## InfoBox

Kabo Air
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  N9 QNK KABO | |
| Founded | 1980 |
| Ceased operations | 2016(from commercial passenger services) |
| Hubs | Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport |
| Fleet size | 2 |
| Parent company | Kabo Holdings |
| Headquarters | Kano, Nigeria |
| Key people | Saidu Mohammed, Managing director |
| Website | www.flykabo.com |


title: Money Magic

abstract: Money Magic is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by William Wolbert and starring Antonio Moreno, Laura Winston and Edith Storey.

text:
# Money Magic

***Money Magic*** is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by William Wolbert and starring Antonio Moreno, Laura Winston and Edith Storey.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

## InfoBox

| Money Magic | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | William Wolbert |
| Written by | Hamlin Garland (novel)
A. Van Buren Powell |
| Starring | Antonio Moreno
Laura Winston
Edith Storey |
| Cinematography | W. Steve Smith Jr. |
| Production
company | Vitagraph Company of America |
| Distributed by | Vitagraph Company of America |
| Release date | * February 5, 1917 (1917-02-05) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Freddy Kreuger (song)

abstract: "Freddy Kreuger" [sic] is the fifth single by Surrey-based rock band Reuben, and the second single taken from their debut album Racecar Is Racecar Backwards. The song's title refers to Freddy Krueger, the horror protagonist from Wes Craven's slasher film A Nightmare on Elm Street, but is misspelled. It was released in June 2004, and was the first release on XtraMile/Sony, whom the band had at last signed a proper record deal with. The single was released on CD and 7" vinyl format, and reached #53 in the UK charts. It also made the #1 spot on the Chain With No Name independent chart, and Zane Lowe made it his Radio 1 single of the week. It was Reuben's first track to be playlisted on XFM and their first track to be played on Mary Anne Hobbs’ Rock Show. It was also played on Virgin Radio sporadically.

text:
# Freddy Kreuger (song)

"**Freddy Kreuger**" \[*sic*\] is the fifth single by Surrey-based rock band Reuben, and the second single taken from their debut album Racecar Is Racecar Backwards. The song's title refers to Freddy Krueger, the horror protagonist from Wes Craven's slasher film *A Nightmare on Elm Street*, but is misspelled. It was released in June 2004, and was the first release on XtraMile/Sony, whom the band had at last signed a proper record deal with. The single was released on CD and 7" vinyl format, and reached #53 in the UK charts. It also made the #1 spot on the Chain With No Name independent chart, and Zane Lowe made it his Radio 1 single of the week. It was Reuben's first track to be playlisted on XFM and their first track to be played on Mary Anne Hobbs’ Rock Show. It was also played on Virgin Radio sporadically.

## Track listing

1. "Freddy Kreuger"
2. "Once"
3. "Glitterskin"

## Personnel

* **Jamie Lenman** – Guitars, vocals
* **Jon Pearce:** Bass guitar
* **Guy Davis** – Drums

## InfoBox

| "Freddy Kreuger" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Reuben | |
| from the album  *Racecar Is Racecar Backwards* | |
| Released | 7 June 2004 |
| Genre | Hard rock |
| Label | Xtra Mile |
| Songwriter(s) | Jamie Lenman
Jon Pearce
Guy Davis |
| Reuben singles chronology | |
| "Stuck in my Throat"
(2003) "**Freddy Kreuger**"
(2004) "Moving to Blackwater"
(2004) | |


title: Hilda Keenan

abstract: Hilda Keenan was an American actress and vaudeville performer, part of a family of actors including her father Frank Keenan, her husband Ed Wynn, and her son Keenan Wynn.

text:
# Hilda Keenan

**Hilda Keenan** (November 1891 – August 20, 1940) was an American actress and vaudeville performer, part of a family of actors including her father Frank Keenan, her husband Ed Wynn, and her son Keenan Wynn.

## Early life

Hilda Keenan was the daughter of actor Frank Keenan and New Brunswick-born Katherine Agnes Long Keenan. Her older sister Frances was also an actress. Keenan attended Wellesley College.

## Career

Keenan was in vaudeville with a one-act sketch called *Sarah* in 1911. She appeared in the plays *The Heights* (1911), *The Road to Arcady* (1912), *Within the Law* and *The Salamander*. In *Within the Law*, she co-starred with Margaret Illington; one critic commented that "Hilda Keenan's Agnes Lynch, a blackmailer, is noticeably excellent, and makes an engaging characterization of a rôle which ordinarily would scarcely win our friendly feelings."

## Personal life

Keenan was married to actor Ed Wynn from 1914 until their protracted, widely publicized and rancorous divorce in 1937. They had a son, actor Keenan Wynn. Hilda Keenan died in New York in 1940, aged 48 years, after years of mental illness including alcoholism.

Her grandson Tracy Keenan Wynn is a screenwriter and her great-granddaughter Jessica Keenan Wynn is an actress.

## InfoBox

| Hilda Keenan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | November 1891
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | August 20, 1940 (age 48)
New York City, U.S. |
| Education | Wellesley College |
| Occupations | * Actress * vaudeville performer |
| Years active | 1911–1940 |
| Spouse | Ed Wynn  (m. 1914; div. 1937) |
| Children | Keenan Wynn |
| Father | Frank Keenan |


title: Hindenburg Amnesties

abstract: The Hindenburg Amnesties were a succession of four amnesties for certain groups of political prisoners in Germany. The largest Hindenburg Amnesty, in terms of the numbers released, took place in 1925, but there were further amnesties also termed Hindenburg Amnesties in 1928, 1932 and 1934. The background to the amnesties was the conviction of political extremists in the wake of the Revolutionary period of 1918-1919 that had followed military defeat in the First World War. During the 1920s the political emergency subsided and democratic government began to take root in Germany. The 1925 Hindenburg Amnesty took place shortly after the election of Paul von Hindenburg as the country's president. It involved the release of approximately 29,000 people and came at the request of virtually all the political parties represented in the Reichstag, including the Communist and Nazi parties. Grounds for the amnesties included a very widespread belief that the extent of the trials and convictions that had followed in the wake of economic and political collapse at the end of the war had simply overwhelmed the judicial system, which continued to lack the capacity, in terms of qualified judges and court staff, to redress the accumulation of judicial wrongs on a case-by-case basis. Inevitably the process also came to be seen increasingly as a political exercise whereby extremist parties that were now gaining some measure of acceptance with the political establishment could extract their own leaders from jails. High-profile beneficiaries of the Hindenburg Amnesties who later became key figures in the political establishment included Hermann Göring, Martin Bormann and Rudolf Höß. Beneficiaries from the other political extreme included Otto Franke.

text:
# Hindenburg Amnesties

The **Hindenburg Amnesties** were a succession of four amnesties for certain groups of political prisoners in Germany. The largest Hindenburg Amnesty, in terms of the numbers released, took place in 1925, but there were further amnesties also termed Hindenburg Amnesties in 1928, 1932 and 1934. The background to the amnesties was the conviction of political extremists in the wake of the Revolutionary period of 1918-1919 that had followed military defeat in the First World War. During the 1920s the political emergency subsided and democratic government began to take root in Germany.

The 1925 Hindenburg Amnesty took place shortly after the election of Paul von Hindenburg as the country's president. It involved the release of approximately 29,000 people and came at the request of virtually all the political parties represented in the Reichstag, including the Communist and Nazi parties.

Grounds for the amnesties included a very widespread belief that the extent of the trials and convictions that had followed in the wake of economic and political collapse at the end of the war had simply overwhelmed the judicial system, which continued to lack the capacity, in terms of qualified judges and court staff, to redress the accumulation of judicial wrongs on a case-by-case basis. Inevitably the process also came to be seen increasingly as a political exercise whereby extremist parties that were now gaining some measure of acceptance with the political establishment could extract their own leaders from jails. High-profile beneficiaries of the Hindenburg Amnesties who later became key figures in the political establishment included Hermann Göring, Martin Bormann and Rudolf Höß. Beneficiaries from the other political extreme included Otto Franke.