title: USS Birmingham (CL-62)

abstract: USS Birmingham (CL-62) was a Cleveland-class light cruiser of the United States Navy, which were built during World War II. The class was designed as a development of the earlier Brooklyn-class cruisers, the size of which had been limited by the First London Naval Treaty. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the Clevelands used the same hull as their predecessors but were significantly heavier. The Clevelands carried a main battery of twelve 6-inch (152 mm) guns in four three-gun turrets, along with a secondary armament of twelve 5 in (127 mm) dual-purpose guns. They had a top speed of 32.5 knots. She was laid down at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company of Newport News, Virginia, on 17 February 1941 and launched on 20 March 1942 by Mrs. Cooper Green, wife of the president of the Birmingham City Commission. She was commissioned on 29 January 1943, Captain John Wilkes in command. Birmingham earned eight battle stars, receiving heavy damage on at least three occasions.

text:
# USS Birmingham (CL-62)

**USS *Birmingham* (CL-62)** was a *Cleveland*-class light cruiser of the United States Navy, which were built during World War II. The class was designed as a development of the earlier *Brooklyn*-class cruisers, the size of which had been limited by the First London Naval Treaty. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the *Cleveland*s used the same hull as their predecessors but were significantly heavier. The *Cleveland*s carried a main battery of twelve 6-inch (152 mm) guns in four three-gun turrets, along with a secondary armament of twelve 5 in (127 mm) dual-purpose guns. They had a top speed of 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph).

She was laid down at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company of Newport News, Virginia, on 17 February 1941 and launched on 20 March 1942 by Mrs. Cooper Green, wife of the president of the Birmingham City Commission. She was commissioned on 29 January 1943, Captain John Wilkes in command. *Birmingham* earned eight battle stars, receiving heavy damage on at least three occasions.

## Design

The *Cleveland*-class light cruisers traced their origin to design work done in the late 1930s; at the time, light cruiser displacement was limited to 8,000 long tons (8,100 t) by the Second London Naval Treaty. Following the start of World War II in September 1939, Britain announced it would suspend the treaty for the duration of the conflict, a decision the US Navy quickly followed. Though still neutral, the United States recognized that war was likely and the urgent need for additional ships ruled out an entirely new design, so the *Cleveland*s were a close development of the earlier *Brooklyn*-class cruisers, the chief difference being the substitution of a two-gun 5 in (127 mm) dual-purpose gun mount for one of the main battery 6 in (152 mm) gun turrets.

*Birmingham* was 610 feet 1 inch (186 m) long overall and had a beam of 66 ft 4 in (20.22 m) and a draft of 24 ft 6 in (7.47 m). Her standard displacement amounted to 11,744 long tons (11,932 t) and increased to 14,131 long tons (14,358 t) at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at 100,000 shaft horsepower (75,000 kW), the turbines were intended to give a top speed of 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph). Her crew numbered 1285 officers and enlisted men.

The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 6 in /47-caliber Mark 16 guns in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a superfiring pair; the other two turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve 5 in (127 mm) /38-caliber dual-purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the conning tower and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of twenty-eight Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in) guns in four quadruple and six double mounts and twenty-one Oerlikon 20 mm (0.79 in) guns in single mounts.

The ship's belt armor ranged in thickness from 3.5 to 5 in (89 to 127 mm), with the thicker section amidships where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was 2 in (51 mm) thick. The main battery turrets were protected with 6.5 in (170 mm) faces and 3 in (76 mm) sides and tops, and they were supported by barbettes 6 inches thick. *Birmingham*'s conning tower had 5-inch sides.

## Service history

*Birmingham* was laid down at the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company at Newport News, Virginia on 17 February 1941. The completed hull was launched on 20 March 1942. Fitting-out work was completed less than a year later, by which time she had been moved to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, and she was commissioned there on 29 January 1943. Captain John E. Wilkes served as the ship's first commander. On 20 February, *Birmingham* embarked on her shakedown cruise in the Chesapeake Bay, which also included gunnery tests to confirm the structural integrity of her main battery turrets, practice launching and recovering her seaplanes, and shooting practice for her gun crews. On 19 March, the ship sailed for Annapolis, Maryland, to be inspected, before returning to Norfolk on 3 April for repairs. Another round of initial training followed in the Chesapeake from 23 April, including night firing practice, refueling at sea, and fighter director exercises. In late May, she returned to Norfolk for additional repairs, before departing on 8 June for the Mediterranean Sea to join forces then engaged in the Mediterranean Theater.

### World War II

#### European Theater

*Birmingham* reached Mers El Kébir in French Algeria on 22 June, where she made preparations to join the invasion fleet that was to conduct Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. She was assigned to Task Group (TG) 86.1, along with the light cruiser *Brooklyn* and the destroyers *Buck* and *Ludlow*, which sortied on 29 June. The ships escorted part of the invasion force, which arrived off the landing beaches on the morning of 9 July. TG 86.1 helped guide the landing ships to their designated beaches, after which *Birmingham* shifted to shore bombardment to cover their approach. She launched two of her seaplanes to help spot the fall of shot and search for Axis artillery batteries.

During operations off the invasion beaches, *Birmingham* was escorted by *Ludlow* and the destroyer *Edison*. Poor visibility hampered the cruiser's gunners, and her aircraft were repeatedly engaged by friendly forces that mistook them for hostile planes. At 07:15, one of the aircraft returned to *Birmingham*, having been badly damaged by friendly ground fire and a German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter, and half an hour later, the second seaplane withdrew as well, having nearly been shot down by a pair of British Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters. At 09:18, *Birmingham* checked her fire, as Allied ground forces had achieved their initial objectives by that time. The ship continued to operate off the Sicilian coast for the next nine days, providing fire support to ground forces as they fought their way inland, and protecting minesweepers as they cleared Axis mines from the area.

*Birmingham* left the waters off Sicily on 21 July to refuel at Bizerte in French Tunisia; she thereafter sailed to Algiers in French Algeria before moving on to Mers El Kébir. On 27 July, she departed for the United States, arriving in Norfolk on 8 August, where she underwent repairs that lasted for ten days. From there, she sailed to join the forces engaged with Japan in the Pacific Ocean. She passed through the Panama Canal on 22 August and reached Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on 5 September.

#### Pacific Theater

After arriving in Pearl Harbor, *Birmingham* was assigned to TG 15.1 as part of the escort for the aircraft carrier *Lexington* and the light carriers *Belleau Wood* and *Princeton*. The unit sortied on 11 September to launch a raid on Japanese positions at Tarawa and Makin, returning to Pearl Harbor on 23 September. After refueling and rearming, they sortied again on 29 September to attack Wake Island. *Birmingham* was detached from the carrier group on 5 October to carry out shore bombardments of the island, targeting coastal batteries and storage dumps. Her spotter aircraft came under attack by a Mitsubishi A6M Zero, but the spotter was only hit by two bullets from the Zero before it escaped. TG 15.1 left the area on 6 October and arrived back in Pearl Harbor five days later.

##### Solomon Islands operations

*Birmingham* was reassigned to the Solomon Islands campaign, and she got underway on 21 October to join the naval forces operating there. She reached Espiritu Santo on 4 November, and the next day joined the escort for a convoy of six transport ships headed to Bougainville; two other light cruisers and four destroyers comprised the rest of the escort group. The group safely arrived in Empress Augusta Bay on the morning of 8 November and while they were unloading their cargoes, *Birmingham* and the other escorts patrolled to the southwest of the bay. Throughout the afternoon and early evening, *Birmingham* and her sister ship *Mobile* detected a total of thirteen Japanese aircraft in the distance, but none of them attacked the Allied flotilla during this period. At around 18:30, a Japanese Mitsubishi G4M medium bomber closed with the American ships. At the same time, the air-search radars on the American cruisers picked up a large attack force incoming, at a distance of about 25,000 yd (23,000 m).

*Birmingham* and the other two cruisers opened fire with their main batteries at 19:11, at a range of 18,000 yd (16,000 m), to try to disrupt the incoming aerial attack. As the Japanese aircraft closed in the darkness, the American ships launched flares to illuminate the planes. *Birmingham* engaged an Aichi D3A Val that was approaching the ship and inflicted fatal damage with her 20 mm and 40 mm guns, though not before the Val released its bomb. It skipped on the water and struck *Birmingham*'s hull on the starboard quarter; the explosion tore a hole in the hull that was 15 ft (4.6 m) wide and destroyed her aircraft hangar. Almost immediately after, another aircraft hit *Birmingham* with a torpedo on her port bow, blowing a 30 ft (9.1 m) hole and causing significant damage to the hull structure. Two of her fuel oil storage compartments were also flooded. The ship's damage control teams quickly moved to contain the flooding and suppress fires from both hits, but a second Val made an attack run at *Birmingham*. The anti-aircraft gunners destroyed the plane as it dove on *Birmingham*, but its bomb nevertheless struck turret #4. The mount and all three gun barrels were damaged in the blast. In total, the three attacks killed two men and wounded another thirty-two.

*Birmingham* was still able to steam at 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) and maintain her position in the formation. Further Japanese attacks occurred throughout the night, but the ships' 5-inch guns kept the aircraft at bay. At 19:58, *Birmingham* shot down a G4M that was dropping flares over the formation, and later that night her 5-inch guns destroyed another G4M at a range of 4,000 yd (3,700 m). *Birmingham* withdrew without further damage, and reached the central Solomons by the morning; from there, the ships sailed on to Florida Island on 10 November. There, the ship received temporary repairs to shore up the damaged bulkheads. A vent for the flooded compartments in the bow was also created to reduce pressure on the forward bulkheads, and while steaming back to the United States, it created periodic geysers of water, which earned the ship the nickname "Old Faithful". *Birmingham* left Florida on 16 November for Espiritu Santo, though she stayed there only briefly before continuing on to Hawaii, which she reached on 1 December.

##### Repairs and training

The ship was dry docked in Pearl Harbor for repairs to her hull, and on 18 December she departed for the Mare Island Navy Yard in San Francisco, California, arriving there four days later. There, she underwent permanent repairs, including six new 6-inch guns and new aircraft catapults. On 7 February 1944, while she was being moved in the harbor, *Birmingham* accidentally collided with the merchant vessel *Manukai*, and had her bow damaged again. Further repairs were necessitated, which lasted about a week. She thereafter conducted a short shakedown cruise before sailing from Mare Island on 18 February to return to Pearl Harbor, arriving there on 23 February. The ship thereafter took part in training exercises off Kahoʻolawe in the Hawaiian islands before leaving Hawaii on 5 March. She sailed next to the Ellice Islands, refueling at Funafuti on 10 March, before continuing on to the Solomons. She arrived in Purvis Bay there four days later, where she was assigned to Task Group 53.1.

*Birmingham* spent the next two months conducting training exercises in preparation for upcoming amphibious invasions planned for the Marianas Islands. These exercises included shore bombardment practice and coordination practice between shore-based fire control teams and the ship's gunners, along with bombardments of Japanese positions on the Shortland Islands in company with her sisters *Cleveland* and *Montpelier* and four destroyers. During this action, she engaged in a gunnery duel with shore batteries on the island. On 24 May, she took part in a large-scale simulated amphibious invasion on Guadalcanal, which included live-fire practice in Kula Gulf. On 3 June, the ship returned to Purvis Bay, by which time some fifty men aboard the vessel were suffering from bacillary dysentery. As a result, the ship's medical team fumigated the ship to kill disease-carrying insects. The next day, she sortied as part of the escort for a convoy of transports and Landing Ships, Tank bound for the Marshall Islands, which were being used as the staging ground for the upcoming invasion of the Marianas. Dysentary continued to spread among the crew, and by 10 June, a total of 244 men had been infected. She nevertheless sailed that day as part of the invasion fleet.

##### Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

*Birmingham* was transferred to TG 52.17, which arrived off Saipan on 14 June for the imminent invasion of Saipan; the ship protected minesweepers clearing Japanese mines off the island and covered Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT) clearing obstacles around the landing beaches. She also fired on Japanese positions in the area. The next day, *Birmingham* cruised off Garapan to cover UDTs on the beach and engaged Japanese coastal artillery and anti-aircraft guns in the area. She then closed to 3,000 yd (2,700 m) from shore, and at 08:46, she came under heavy fire from several Japanese guns. The ship received light damage to her upper works, but quickly returned fire, and over the course of the next two hours, silenced most of the guns and destroyed two ammunition dumps being used to supply them. In the course of the action, she had fired 1,345 rounds from her main battery and 1,172 shells from her secondary guns. Later in the day, she again closed with the beach to draw fire from shore guns, which were then engaged by American carrier planes.

On 16 June, *Birmingham* returned to the invasion beaches and joined the shore bombardment group that supported the ground forces as they went ashore. *Birmingham* shelled Japanese positions near an airfield as marines fought to secure it. By 09:00, her crew had begun coordinating with a ground-based fire control team, and the ship spent the rest of the day responding to fire support requests. Later that day, she was assigned to Task Unit 52.1.1, which spent the next two days bombarding Japanese positions on Saipan and neighboring Tinian. By that time, the US had received reports of a large scale Japanese counteroffensive approaching from the Philippines. *Birmingham* accordingly withdrew to replenish ammunition and stores from the attack cargo ship *Alhena* before rejoining the fleet on 17 June.

The ship joined TG 58.3, which was centered on the aircraft carrier *Enterprise* and the light carriers *Princeton* and *San Jacinto*. The fleet had positioned itself some 150 nmi (280 km; 170 mi) to the west of the Marianas to protect the invasion force. Japanese patrol aircraft located the American fleet on the morning of 19 June and, in the ensuing Battle of the Philippine Sea, launched a series of air strikes, but American combat air patrols intercepted most of them before they reached the fleet. After shooting down hundreds of Japanese aircraft, the American aircraft launched strikes of their own against the Japanese carriers on 20 June and inflicted further losses on the Japanese fleet, including the sinking of the carrier *Hiyō*. The American aircraft arrived back at their carriers late in the evening and faced difficult night landings; *Birmingham* assisted by lighting signal smoke pots, and she also put life rafts to rescue pilots who had to ditch their aircraft at sea. The Americans pursued the retreating Japanese on 21 June, but were unable to catch them and returned to the Marianas.

*Birmingham* next left the fleet on 26 June in company with three destroyers to shell Japanese positions on Tinian, particularly in Tinian Town, the main settlement on the island. They also used white phosphorus shells to set fire to sugar cane fields near the town, and they sank five sampans in port. The Americans then withdrew to replenish ammunition before returning to Tinian the next day for further bombardments. Over the course of the day's shelling, the ships destroyed about seventy-five percent of Tinian Town and burned much of the surrounding farmland. *Birmingham* moved back to Saipan on 28 June and resumed gunfire support duties off Garapan, which she carried out for the next several days. These operations included destroying three Japanese tanks on 5 July. The next day, *Birmingham* returned to Tinian to resume attacks on that island through the day, before withdrawing later in the evening.

With Saipan under American control, the ship next joined the bombardment group covering the invasion of Guam on 21 July. She attacked Japanese positions on the island as American troops went ashore but encountered little return fire. On 23 July, she returned to Saipan to begin preparatory bombardments for the invasion of Tinian, which took place two days later. During the preparatory phase, *Birmingham* closed with the shore and used her 20 mm and 40 mm guns to attack Japanese trench lines. On the 25th, one of her spotter aircraft estimated that the ship had killed approximately 250 soldiers. She remained off Tinian through 1 August, bombarding Japanese forces as American troops fought to secure the island. In the course of operations during the campaign, *Birmingham* fired a total of 7,683 rounds from her main guns and 10,875 shells from her 5-inch guns. On 7 August, *Birmingham* got underway, bound for Eniwetok for maintenance and to replenish ammunition and stores in preparation for the next stage of the campaign.

She then joined TG 38.5, which sortied on 3 September to attack the Palau Islands in the western Carolines. She joined the screen for the carriers *Essex* and *Lexington* and the light carrier *Langley*, which carried out a series of air strikes on Anguar, Pelelieu, and Babeldaob between 6 and 7 September. These marked the beginning of preparatory attacks leading to the invasion of Pelelieu the following week. The Fast Carrier Task Force moved on to attack airfields in the southern Philippines, both to draw Japanese attention away from Palau and to neutralize aircraft that might interfere with the invasion. These attacks began on 9 September. During one of these raids, aircraft spotted a Japanese convoy of small coastal vessels off Mindanao; *Birmingham*, her sister *Santa Fe*, and the destroyers *Laws*, *Longshaw*, *Morrison*, and *Pritchett* were detached to intercept it. American aircraft helped direct the ships to their target, and in the course of the action, *Birmingham* sank three cargo ships, a large sampan, and a small motor boat, and she assisted in the destruction of eight smaller vessels. *Birmingham* and the rest of the ships returned to the carriers, which continued to strike targets in the Philippines through 12 September. During this period, *Birmingham* used one of her seaplanes to recover a downed pilot from the carrier *Wasp*. The fleet returned to the Carolines for further strikes there, before resuming attacks on the Philippines later in September. On 27 September, the fleet withdrew to the Kossol Roads to refuel and replenish ammunition.

##### Philippines campaign

The fleet then moved north to its next staging ground at Ulithi, and *Birmingham* arrived there on 2 October. There, she was assigned to TG 38.3, which sortied the next day to carry out an attack on the Ryukyu Islands. This raid was intended to reduce Japanese forces in the region that might interfere with the planned invasion of Leyte in the Philippines. The Fast Carrier Task Force arrived off the Ryukyus on 10 October and inflicted significant damage to Japanese aircraft and installations on the islands. The following day, the carriers turned their attention to the island of Luzon in the Philippines, striking airfields there and then shifting once again to Formosa on 12 October. The Formosa Air Battle continued into the next day, which saw intense Japanese counterattacks that damaged the heavy cruiser *Canberra*. *Birmingham* was among the vessels detached to cover the withdrawal of *Canberra*, which was towed by the heavy cruiser *Wichita*. The carriers' combat air patrol kept Japanese aircraft at bay, but later that morning, *Birmingham* left the *Canberra* group to cover the withdrawal of her sister *Houston*, which had also been badly damaged by a Japanese torpedo bomber. The ships were still retreating on 16 February when they came under attack once again; *Birmingham* shot down a Nakajima B6N torpedo bomber, but it had already hit *Houston* with another torpedo. *Birmingham* also assisted in the destruction of another B6N that had attempted to attack *Santa Fe*.

*Birmingham* left the withdrawing formation on 17 October and rejoined TG 38.3, where she refueled at sea from the oiler *Tappahannock*. The Fast Carrier Task Force then covered the invasion of Leyte from 19 October, carrying out air strikes on various targets through the Philippines. Japanese air forces launched a series of counterattacks on 24 October, and during one of these, a Yokosuka D4Y dive bomber scored a hit on *Princeton* that caused serious damage and several large fires; *Birmingham* and the three destroyers *Morrison*, USS *Gatling* (DD-671) and *Irwin* remained with the stricken carrier after she fell out of formation. The destroyers initially attempted to come alongside and spray the burning carrier to help the ship's crew suppress the fires, but they repeatedly collided with *Princeton* in the heavy seas. *Birmingham* then came alongside instead, as her larger hull could better absorb collisions. She sent thirty-eight men and fourteen water hoses over to *Princeton*, and they helped the carrier's crew put out one of the two large fires.

Later in the day, *Birmingham* received reports of Japanese aircraft approaching, and around the same time, one of the destroyers reported detecting a submarine just 2,000 yd (1,800 m) away. *Birmingham* immediately pulled away from *Princeton* so she could evade any incoming attacks. Only one Japanese aircraft actually approached the formation, but it did not attack, and the submarine report was determined to have been a false alarm. *Birmingham* then returned alongside *Princeton* to resume firefighting, but at 15:22, just as she was coming back alongside *Princeton*, the fires reached the carrier's aft magazines, setting off a catastrophic explosion. The blast destroyed much of the carrier's stern, throwing debris all along *Birmingham*'s starboard side and inflicting grave casualties among the cruiser's crew. Out of her crew of nearly 1,300, 241 men were killed, 211 were seriously wounded, and 201 received lighter injuries, more than half of the crew. The surviving crew began fighting several fires aboard *Birmingham* and treating the survivors, and then she broke off from the stricken carrier. Efforts continued aboard *Princeton*, but these ultimately proved futile, and *Reno* and *Irwin* scuttled her with torpedoes. *Birmingham* eventually arrived back at Mare Island in early November for repairs; during this period, she also received modifications to allow her to serve as a flagship. Her propulsion system was also overhauled, and she received all new 5- and 6-inch gun barrels, along with additional 20- and 40-millimeter gun mounts. Work on the ship was completed on 17 January 1945.

##### Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa

After returning to service, *Birmingham* briefly cruised off San Francisco to calibrate her equipment, before moving to San Diego for combat practice on 24 January. Over the next week, her crew took part in anti-aircraft gunnery drills, practicing operating her seaplanes, and other exercises, before departing on 4 February to rejoin the fleet. She stopped briefly in Pearl Harbor on the way, and arrived at Saipan on 25 February to refuel. The following day, she reached the fleet off Iwo Jima, where the Battle of Iwo Jima was already in full swing. On 1 March, she joined the coastal bombardment force and began engaging Japanese targets on the island. She operated there for the next five days, during which time she destroyed Japanese defensive positions in support of a marine advance on 1 March, supported another offensive on the eastern side of the island on 3 March, and shelled Japanese held caves from a distance of 2,550 yd (2,330 m) on 4 March. By that time, the marines had secured the airfield on the southern end of the island.

On 5 March, the heavy cruiser *Salt Lake City* replaced *Birmingham* in the shore bombardment unit, and the latter vessel departed for Ulithi. After arriving on 8 March, she began to make preparations for the planned attack on Okinawa. She and the rest of the invasion fleet sortied on 21 March for the Ryukyus, arriving off the island four days later. She took part in a preparatory bombardment on the morning of 25 March, she retired to cover minesweepers clearing paths for the invasion craft. The next day, she joined a bombardment group that consisted of the battleships *Tennessee* and *Nevada*, the light cruiser *St. Louis*, and the heavy cruiser *Wichita*, along with escorting destroyers. The unit was stationed off the western coast of Okinawa to support American ground forces there, which had not yet gone ashore. The American commanders believed that the Japanese units on the island might attempt to board vessels in the invasion fleet, *Birmingham* distributed M1918 Browning Automatic Rifles to the 20 mm and 40 mm gun crews to defend against boarders.

On 26 March, numerous Japanese aircraft attacked the invasion fleet, and *Birmingham*'s gunners contributed to the fleet's anti-aircraft defense. Later in the day, the bombardment group closed with the beaches to bombard Japanese defenses. *Birmingham* repeated these attacks in different sectors on 28 and 29 March, and also covered the operation of UDT units preparing the invasion beaches. The assault began on the morning of 1 April, and at 06:08, *Birmingham* opened fire on the target beaches. Shortly thereafter, a D3A bomber closed with the ship, but a 5-inch shell damaged the aircraft as it approached, slowing it so the 20 mm and 40 mm guns could take it under fire; the bomber exploded in mid-air some 50 yd (46 m) from the ship. Following the preparatory bombardment, the amphibious assault vessels began to go ashore, and *Birmingham* transferred control of her guns to a fire direction party ashore; she spent the rest of the day responding to requests for fire support as the soldiers and marines fought their way inland.

The ship remained off the island for the next several days, and on 6 April, she helped repel a large-scale aerial attack, during which her gunners shot down a D3A bomber and assisted with the destruction of three D4Y bombers. Planned fire support duty was canceled the following day when the American fleet received reports that the large battleship *Yamato* and several other vessels had sortied to attack the invasion fleet. *Birmingham* was among the vessels assembled to block the Japanese flotilla should it break through; she and two cruisers and ten destroyers took up a screening position on the right flank of the Allied fleet. At 19:11, *Birmingham* received news that American carrier aircraft had sunk *Yamato*, two light cruisers, and three destroyers, neutralizing the threat to the invasion beaches. She resumed bombardment duties the next day, remaining on station off the island until 12 April, when she was recalled to help defend the main fleet from a major Japanese air attack. During the action, her gunners claimed one Japanese aircraft.

*Birmingham* next moved to Iejima to conduct preparatory bombardments over the following three days before American forces landed on 16 April. The ship then withdrew to Kerama Retto to replenish ammunition and stores before returning to Okinawa to resume fire support missions there. These operations continued until 22 April, when she withdrew to Kerama Retto to take on more ammunition. She resumed bombarding Japanese positions on the island through the end of the month and into early May. These included attacks on the airfield at Naha to disrupt Japanese operations there. On 4 May, another major Japanese counterattack appeared, and at around 08:40, a Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa *kamikaze* made a diving attack on *Birmingham*; the pilot approached from such a steep angle that only the 20 mm guns could elevate high enough to engage the aircraft, and they lacked the power to destroy the plane before it crashed into the ship. The blast destroyed the ship's sick bay, penetrated three deck levels, and tore a hole in the hull below the waterline on the starboard side. The resulting fires were quickly suppressed and seriously injured men were transferred to the hospital ship *Mercy*. The *kamikaze* killed fifty-two men and wounded another eighty-two. *Birmingham* came alongside the salvage ship *Shackle* for temporary repairs before departing for Guam on 5 May; she arrived there five days later, where she was dry-docked on 13 May.

##### End of the war and later career

On 21 May, *Birmingham* got underway to return to Pearl Harbor, arriving there seven days later. There, she was dry-docked at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard on 7 June for repair work that lasted for six weeks. She emerged from the shipyard on 22 July, after which she took on ammunition, fuel, and stores before embarking on combat training in Hawaiian waters in preparation to resume operations against Japan. She departed Pearl Harbor on 12 August and joined TG 12.3, which was steaming to Wake Island, where she was to shell the isolated Japanese garrison there to practice gunnery drills. Three days later, while still en route to Wake, the ships received word that Japan had surrendered, so the attack on the island was called off. Over the course of her wartime career, *Birmingham* was awarded eight battle stars. The ship headed to Eniwetok, which she reached on 19 August. She refueled there and continued on to Okinawa, arriving there on 26 August. She was initially ordered to sail for Kyushu to take part in the occupation of Japan, and she got underway on 7 September, but while on the way her orders were changed to send her south to the naval forces stationed in Australia and New Guinea.

*Birmingham* sailed south, passing through Leyte on 14 September to refuel, and continuing on until she reached Brisbane, Australia, on 23 September. There, she became the flagship of Rear Admiral Clifford E. Van Hook, the commander of US naval forces in Australia. She served in this capacity for the next five months, cruising between Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. The ship eventually returned to San Francisco on 22 March 1946. On 2 April, she was moved to San Diego, where she was assigned to the 19th Fleet, to be prepared for decommissioning. On 16 October, she was assigned to the Pacific Reserve Fleet, San Diego, and on 2 January 1947, she was formally decommissioned. She remained in the Navy's inventory for the next decade, ultimately being stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959. *Birmingham* was then sold to the National Metals and Steel Corp. on 13 October to be broken up for scrap.

## Footnotes

### Notes

### Citations

1. Friedman 1984, pp. 245–247.
2. Friedman 1980, p. 119.
3. DANFS.
4. Bernstein.
* Bernstein, Mark D. (October 2009). "'Hell Broke Loose' at Leyte Gulf". *Naval History Magazine*. Vol. XXIII, no. 5. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
* "Birmingham II (CL-62)". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
* Friedman, Norman (1980). "United States of America". In Gardiner, Robert & Chesneau, Roger (eds.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 86–166. ISBN 978-0-87021-913-9.
* Friedman, Norman (1984). *U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-739-5.
* Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). *Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-119-8.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Birmingham* off the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, 7 February 1944 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Birmingham* |
| Namesake | City of Birmingham, Alabama |
| Builder | Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia |
| Laid down | 17 February 1941 |
| Launched | 20 March 1942 |
| Commissioned | 29 January 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 2 January 1947 |
| Stricken | 1 March 1959 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap on 12 November 1959 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Cleveland*-class light cruiser |
| Displacement |  |
| Length | 610 ft 1 in (185.95 m) |
| Beam | 66 ft 4 in (20.22 m) |
| Draft | 24 ft 6 in (7.47 m) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph) |
| Range | 11,000 nmi (20,000 km; 13,000 mi) at 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Complement | 1,285 officers and enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Armor |  |
| Aircraft carried | 4 × floatplanes |
| Aviation facilities | 2 × stern catapults |


title: Mispila rufula

abstract: Mispila rufula is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1864.

text:
# Mispila rufula

***Mispila rufula*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1864.

## InfoBox

| *Mispila rufula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Mispila* |
| Subgenus: | *Mispila (Dryusa)* |
| Species: | ***M. rufula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mispila rufula***<br>Pascoe, 1864 | |
|


title: Gianluca Jodice

abstract: Gianluca Jodice is an Italian filmmaker best known for the feature films The Bad Poet and The Flood.

text:
# Gianluca Jodice

**Gianluca Jodice** (born 4 December 1973) is an Italian filmmaker best known for the feature films *The Bad Poet* and *The Flood*.

## Early life and education

Jodice was born in Naples and graduated with a degree in philosophy from University of Naples Federico II.

## Career

After directing a series of award-winning short films throughout the late 1990s and 2000s, Jodice directed the 2014 documentary *Searching for the Great Beauty*, about the Paolo Sorrentino film *The Great Beauty*. In 2015, Jodice and Giuseppe Gagliardi co-directed the ten-episode Sky Italia series *1992*.

Jodice's 2020 feature film debut, *The Bad Poet*, dramatized the relationship between Gabriele D'Annunzio and Benito Mussolini through the eyes of Giovanni Comini, a young federal secretary in Fascist Italy. For *The Bad Poet*, Jodice was nominated in the Best New Director category at the 2021 Nastro d'Argento and 2022 David di Donatello award ceremonies.

*The Flood*, Jodice's film about Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette at the end of their reign, was selected to open the 77th Locarno Film Festival in August 2024.

## Filmography

### Films

Key
|  | Denotes films that have not yet been released |
| --- | --- |

| Year | English title | Original title | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *Infinity* | *L’infinito* | Short film |  |
| 1998 | *Rat Meat* | *Carne di topo* | Short film |  |
| 2002 | *Portrait of a Child* | *Ritratto di bambino* | Short film |  |
| 2014 | *Searching for the Great Beauty* | *Cercando la grande bellezza* | Documentary about the Paolo Sorrentino film *The Great Beauty* |  |
| 2020 | *The Bad Poet* | *Il cattivo poeta* |  |  |
| 2024 | *The Flood* | *Le Déluge* |  |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *1992* | Co-directed 10 episodes with Giuseppe Gagliardi |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | Nastro d'Argento | Best New Director | *The Bad Poet* | Nominated |  |
| | Golden Ciak | | Best First Feature | Nominated |  |
| 2022 | David di Donatello Award | | Best New Director | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Gianluca Jodice | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1973-12-04) 4 December 1973<br>Naples, Italy |
| Occupation | Film director |


title: UNIVAC 490

abstract: The UNIVAC 490 was a UNIVAC computer with 16K or 32K words of magnetic-core memory. The words had 30 bits and the cycle time was 4.8 microseconds. It was a commercial derivative of the instruction set that had been developed for the AN/USQ-17 by Seymour Cray for the United States Navy. This was the last machine that Cray designed before leaving UNIVAC to join the early Control Data Corporation. Univac Federal Systems would further develop this system into the AN/USQ-20 for the US Navy. That system was the heart of the Naval Tactical Data System which pioneered the use of shipboard computers for air defense. The military version went by a variety of names: UNIVAC 1232, AN/USQ-20, MIL-1206 and CP642.

text:
# UNIVAC 490

The **UNIVAC 490** was a UNIVAC computer with 16K or 32K words of magnetic-core memory. The words had 30 bits and the cycle time was 4.8 microseconds. It was a commercial derivative of the instruction set that had been developed for the AN/USQ-17 by Seymour Cray for the United States Navy. This was the last machine that Cray designed before leaving UNIVAC to join the early Control Data Corporation.

Univac Federal Systems would further develop this system into the AN/USQ-20 for the US Navy. That system was the heart of the Naval Tactical Data System which pioneered the use of shipboard computers for air defense. The military version went by a variety of names: **UNIVAC 1232**, **AN/USQ-20**, **MIL-1206** and **CP642**.

## Overview

At least 47 of these machines were made (serial numbers run from 101 to 147). Six were installed at NASA and played important roles in Gemini and the Apollo missions. The U490 had complete control of most or all of the data readout screens in Houston Mission Control. The USAF had two installed, as did Lockheed.

Airlines using the 490 Real-Time system included Eastern and Northwest Orient – principally airline reservations systems at Eastern Air Lines (1963) and British European Airways (BEACON – 1964). Other commercial installations of the 490 Real-Time included two at Westinghouse, two at Hammermill Paper Company, and one each at Alcoa, U.S. Steel, Bethlehem Steel and General Motors.

The only surviving, nearly complete, original, civilian version of the 490 Real Time System is on display at the System Source Computer Museum in Hunt Valley, Maryland. It has six banks of memory cores. System Source also has a nearly complete set of original documentation for the machine, including original blueprints and troubleshooting data. This includes the Boss and Wilen document.

The standard operating system was REX (RealTime Exec), except at Eastern and B.E.A. where a custom operating system was developed for airline reservations (CONTORTS – CONTrol Of Real Time System). CONTORTS was the origin of Univac's subsequent RT operating systems for 494 (STARS) and later converted to the 1100 Series (RTOS).

## Architecture

The instruction word format:

* f – Function code designator (6 bits)
* j – Branch condition designator (3 bits)
* k – Operand-interpretation designator (3 bits)
* b – Operand address modification designator (3 bits)
* y – Operand designator (15 bits)

Numbers were represented in ones' complement.

The machine provided the programmer with the following registers:

* Seven B-registers (Address modifying index registers) 15 bits each
* One A-register or accumulator 30 bits
* One Q-register and auxiliary arithmetic register 30 bits

## Hardware

The arithmetic unit used 13,819 transistors of various types and 37,543 diodes of various types.

## Successor systems

In June 1965, UNIVAC launched a family of successor systems known as the UNIVAC 490 Modular Real Time Systems. This consisted of the UNIVAC 491, 492 and 494. The 494 was heavily used by NASA as part of the communications complex for the Apollo Mission. Other users include BEA, Iberia Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines and Lufthansa.

Subsequently as UNIVAC decided to focus on the UNIVAC 1100/2200 series an option to run the 1110/80 in 494 mode was added. This emulator was implemented using microcode.


title: USS Laning

abstract: USS Laning (DE-159/APD-55) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946 and from 1951 to 1957. She was scrapped in 1975.

text:
# USS Laning

**USS *Laning* (DE-159/APD-55)** was a *Buckley*-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946 and from 1951 to 1957. She was scrapped in 1975.

## Construction

USS *Laning* (DE-159) was laid down on 23 April 1943 by Norfolk Navy Yard, Norfolk, Virginia; launched on 4 July 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Mabel C. Laning, widow of Rear Admiral Harris Laning; and commissioned on 1 August 1943 at Norfolk.

## World War II service

### Atlantic Ocean operations

After shakedown off Bermuda, *Laning* trained destroyer escort crews out of Norfolk before joining CortDiv 21 at New York City on 9 November for convoy escort duty. She steamed to Aruba, Netherlands West Indies 12 to 17 November and departed for North Africa on 20 November escorting high-speed tankers. During the next three months she made two escort runs between Aruba and Bizerte, Tunisia, and Algiers, Algeria.

Following training off the New England coast, *Laning* arrived Norfolk on 1 April 1944 to resume escort duty for transport and supply convoys. From 3 April to 8 October she made three Atlantic-Mediterranean cruises between Norfolk and Bizerte and back to New York City. While steaming from Algiers to Bizerte on 20 April, she fought off five enemy Junkers Ju 88 medium bombers in a night attack, during which an aerial torpedo passed close aboard her starboard side.

### Convoy attacked by U-boats

Departing Tunisia on 1 May, *Laning* joined the westbound convoy GUS-38. Two days later she assumed a forward screening station after *Menges* (DE-320) was damaged by an acoustic torpedo, fired by *U-371*. She maintained station while Allied ships hunted for and sank the U-boat on 4 May in the Gulf of Bougie.

During mid-watch on 5 May her radar detected a surface contact and tracked from a range of 13 to 3 miles. As she closed the contact and prepared to challenge the target, *U-967*, the submarine submerged at a range of 6,000 yards (5,500 m) and headed for the convoy. Assisted by three other escorts, *Laning* sought to intercept and destroy the U-boat before she could fire on the convoy. Violent underwater explosions at 0310 and 0345 jarred the searching escorts; and, shortly after the latter explosion, *Fechteler* (DE-157) was torpedoed in the engine room.

While an unsuccessful search for *U-967* (scuttled 19 August at Toulon, France) continued, *Laning* closed the stricken escort at 0410 and began to rescue survivors, *Fechteler* broke apart and, during another violent explosion at 0530, sank. *Laning* completed rescue operations at 0621 and transported 125 survivors to Gibraltar before rejoining the convoy that day.

### Converted to an APD

After arriving New York on 8 October, *Laning* served as a practice torpedo target ship out of New London, Connecticut, from 15 October until 22 November when she steamed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Redesignated **APD-55** on 24 November, she completed conversion to a *Charles Lawrence*-class high speed transport on 14 February 1945, and steamed to Norfolk on 21 February to train high-speed transport crews.

### Pacific Ocean operations

Departing Norfolk on 26 May, she sailed via San Diego, California, to Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 18 June. After training with Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT), she returned to San Francisco, California, on 14 July for alteration to UDT flagship.

*Laning* proceeded to San Pedro, Los Angeles, 11 to 12 August, embarked UDT 9 and ComUDTRon 2, and departed Oceanside, California, on 16 August for the Far East. She reached Okinawa on 4 September, joined U.S. 7th Fleet occupation forces, and sailed the 5th for Korea. From 8 September until 17 October she supported UDT reconnaissance operations in the harbors of Jinsen, Korea, and Taku Bar and Qingdao, China, before returning to Okinawa on 20 October. Departing the 24th, she sailed via Guam, Eniwetok, and Pearl Harbor to San Pedro where she arrived on 15 November. Sailing for the U.S. East Coast on 31 January 1946, Laning reached Boston, Massachusetts, on 16 February and steamed to Green Cove Springs, Florida, 18 to 22 March. She decommissioned on 28 June and entered the Atlantic Fleet Reserve.

## Korean War service

After Communist aggression in Korea necessitated a buildup of American naval strength, *Laning* recommissioned on 6 April 1951 at Green Cove Springs. She steamed to Norfolk 11 to 14 May, and for more than three years she operated along the Atlantic coast from Labrador to the Caribbean. Departing Little Creek, Virginia, on 5 January 1955, she served at San Diego from 23 January to 11 April and returned to the east coast, arriving New York on 29 April.

Assigned to the 3rd Naval District, *Laning* served as a Naval Reserve training ship. During the next three years she made periodic training cruises that carried her out of New York City north to Quebec and the Maritime Provinces and south to the West Indies and the U.S. Gulf Coast. Returning to New York City from New England waters on 17 May 1957, she completed training cruise duty and transferred to Bayonne, New Jersey, on 2 August. *Laning* decommissioned on 13 September and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, berthed at Norfolk. She was reclassified *LPR-55* on 1 January 1969.

## Final decommissioning

*Laning* was struck from the Navy List on 1 March 1975 and sold for scrapping on 30 September 1975.

## InfoBox

| USS Laning (DE-159) on 10 March 1944 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Laning* |
| Namesake | Admiral Harris Laning |
| Builder | Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia |
| Laid down | 23 April 1943 |
| Launched | 4 July 1943 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Mabel C. Laning, widow of Rear Admiral Laning |
| Commissioned | 1 August 1943, at Norfolk, Virginia |
| Decommissioned | 28 June 1946, at Green Cove Springs, Florida |
| Recommissioned | 6 April 1951, at Green Cove Springs |
| Decommissioned | 13 September 1957 |
| Reclassified | *LPR-55*, 1 January 1969 |
| Stricken | 1 March 1975 |
| Honors and<br>awards | 1 battle star (World War II) |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping, 30 September 1975 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Buckley*-class destroyer escort |
| Displacement | * 1,400 long tons (1,422 t) light * 1,673 long tons (1,700 t) standard |
| Length | * 306 ft (93 m) o/a * 300 ft (91 m) w/l |
| Beam | 36 ft 10 in (11.23 m) |
| Draft | * 9 ft 5 in (2.87 m) * 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m) maximum |
| Propulsion |  |
| Complement | 186 officers and enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: USS Lanier

abstract: USS Lanier (APA-125) was a Haskell-class attack transport in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was scrapped in 1973.

text:
# USS Lanier

**USS *Lanier* (APA-125)** was a *Haskell*-class attack transport in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was scrapped in 1973.

## History

*Lanier* was a Victory ship design type and was named for Lanier County, Georgia, which was named for poet Sidney Lanier. She was laid down 25 June 1944 by the California Shipbuilding Corporation, Wilmington, Los Angeles, under a Maritime Commission contract. She was a VC2-S-AP5 Victory ship design type and her yard number was TR 8 and her hull number was MCV 39. She was launched 29 August 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Earl English; acquired by the Navy 22 December 1944; and commissioned the same day at Oakland, California.

After shakedown, *Lanier* departed San Francisco 23 February 1945 and arrived Pearl Harbor 2 March to practice landing operations. Loaded with 1,485 soldiers, she got underway 28 March and steamed in convoy with 11 other transports and five merchantmen for the Volcano Islands. Touching Eniwetok and Saipan, she reached Iwo Jima 20 April and discharged men and cargo. She returned to Saipan 22 to 24 April, took on board equipment and 1,442 troops, then sailed to Okinawa 2 to 6 May. There she landed reinforcements and embarked 66 battle casualties before returning to Saipan 8 to 13 May. On the next day she embarked 254 survivors from *Little* (DD-803), sunk by enemy air attack while on radar picket duty west of Okinawa 3 May.

Steaming to San Francisco 14 to 30 May, *Lanier* proceeded to Seattle 31 May. The civilian harbor pilot entered the harbor too fast, turned to avoid a collision with a passenger ferry and ran between a barge and its tug. The collision sunk the barge, injured a civilian and sustained damage to the bow and forward ballast tanks. She was put in dry dock for repairs until 2 June, embarked 1,442 troops, and departed 12 June for the Far East. She sailed via Pearl Harbor, Eniwetok, and Ulithi and reached Okinawa 24 July. She operated off Okinawa until 6 August, then carried 798 passengers via Ulithi to Guam, where she arrived the 14th. She embarked over 1,300 occupation troops the following day and sailed as part of Task Force 31 for occupation landings on Japan. She anchored in Sagami Wan 27 August, and during midwatch 30 August entered Tokyo Bay to begin landing operations off Yokosuka. Her landing craft carried troops in the first wave and landed them at Yokosuka Airport at 0920. Steaming to Saipan 1 to 5 September, *Lanier* embarked marines of the 2d Division and carried them to Nagasaki, Kyūshū, 18 to 23 September.

Sailing in convoy 26 September, *Lanier* reached Manila Bay, Luzon, 1 October and joined the "Magic Carpet" fleet. She proceeded to Saipan 16 to 21 October, embarked 1,851 homeward-bound veterans, and departed the 22d for Seattle, Wash., where she arrived 4 November. On 28 November she departed once more for the southwest Pacific. Reaching New Guinea 17 December, she embarked 1,598 troops at Hollandia, 532 troops at Finschhafen, and departed 21 December for the west coast. She arrived San Pedro 6 January 1946. *Lanier* sailed for the east coast 19 January 1946, and reached Norfolk 4 February. She decommissioned at Norfolk 5 March 1946 and was turned over to the War Shipping Administration 8 March. She was placed in the James River Reserve Fleet (JRRF).

### Fate

In 1956 *Lanier* was withdrawn from the Reserve Fleet as part of a Repair Program, GAA-American Hawaiian, and then returned. On 9 April 1973 she was sold to Union Minerals & Alloy Corp., for 111,560, to be scrapped.

## Awards

*Lanier* received one battle star for World War II service.

## Notable Crewmembers

Ace Reid (10 March 1925 – 10 November 1991) was a Machinist's Mate, First Class aboard *Lanier* and created the western cartoon, *"Cowpokes."* His main character, "Jake", was born on board the *Lanier*. "Jake" first appeared as "The Sorry Salt" in the ship's newspaper. Reid was on duty in the engine room during the tugboat-barge incident in Seattle.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Lanier* |
| Namesake | Lanier County, Georgia |
| Builder | California Shipbuilding |
| Laid down | 25 June 1944 |
| Launched | 29 August 1944 |
| Commissioned | 22 December 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 5 March 1946 |
| Honors and
awards | 1 Battle star |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, 9 April 1973 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Haskell*-class attack transport |
| Displacement | 6,873 tons (lt), 14,837 t (fl) |
| Length | 455 ft (139 m) |
| Beam | 62 ft (19 m) |
| Draft | 24 ft (7 m) |
| Propulsion | 1 × geared turbine, 2 × header-type boilers, 1 × propeller, designed 8,500 shp (6,338 kW) |
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried |  |
| Capacity | * *Troops:* 86 officers, 1,475 enlisted * *Cargo:* 150,000 cu ft, 2,900 tons |
| Complement | 56 officers, 480 enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: USS Lannai

abstract: USS Lannai (SP-242) was a motorboat which the United States Navy at least considered for service—and may have placed in service—during World War I as a patrol vessel. Lannai received section patrol number 242, indicating that she was a privately owned motorboat which the U.S. Navy sometime between 1916 and 1918 at least considered for World War I service as a patrol vessel. No records have been found describing Lannai's construction, acquisition, naval service, or physical characteristics and performance; her records may have been lost or destroyed. She may have seen active naval service, although some boats which received section patrol numbers were never commissioned or, in some cases, never even acquired by the Navy, so it also is possible that the lack of records reflects a lack of naval service for Lannai.

text:
# USS Lannai

**USS *Lannai* (SP-242)** was a motorboat which the United States Navy at least considered for service—and may have placed in service—during World War I as a patrol vessel.

*Lannai* received section patrol number 242, indicating that she was a privately owned motorboat which the U.S. Navy sometime between 1916 and 1918 at least considered for World War I service as a patrol vessel. No records have been found describing *Lannai*'s construction, acquisition, naval service (if any), or physical characteristics and performance; her records may have been lost or destroyed. She may have seen active naval service, although some boats which received section patrol numbers were never commissioned or, in some cases, never even acquired by the Navy, so it also is possible that the lack of records reflects a lack of naval service for *Lannai*.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Lannai* |
| Notes | No records regarding *Lannai*'s construction, acquisition, naval service, or fate have been found |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Patrol vessel |
| Notes | *Lannai* was a motorboat, but no records regarding her characteristics and performance have been found |


title: Gibbons (automobile)

abstract: The Gibbons was a British 4 wheeled cyclecar made from 1917 to 1929 by engineering pattern makers Gibbons and Moore of Chadwell Heath, Essex. The first car was made in 1914 but production did not start until 1917. By 1920 the car was described as the MkIII. The car was unusual in having the air-cooled engine mounted outside the body on the front right hand side The first cars had a basic 2 seater body with the seats side by side and 4 hp single-cylinder, four-stroke JAP engine. Subsequent cars had a variety of engines, some with two cylinders. The engine drove a countershaft mounted across the car. From this two forward gears were provided by belts to either of the rear wheels with ratios selected by clutches on different diameter pulleys on either end of the countershaft. Braking was by blocks bearing on the drive pulleys. The bodywork was made of plywood and as well as side by side, tandem seating was also available on a version advertised as the Sport model with room for an adult and child in the rear. A Mk IV version was also advertised and claimed to be lighter than the MkIII. It had no doors and was powered by a two-stroke engine. The car could also for a while be bought in kit form with a set of plans being advertised For 5 shillings with machined or un-machined parts available. A four-seater model, the 10/25 with V twin Blackburne engine were advertised in 1925. Chain drive replaced belts on this model and there was a Sturmey Archer three-speed gearbox with reverse. Drum brakes were fitted on the rear wheels. Lighting remained by acetylene, with headlights extra, but a full length hood and a rear windscreen were provided for weather protection Production numbers are not known exactly but period advertisements referred to more than 1000 made. Most production was between 1921 and 1926 but the car was still advertised in 1929; by then it was being made "to special order". Only one car is known to survive.

text:
# Gibbons (automobile)

The **Gibbons** was a British 4 wheeled cyclecar made from 1917 to 1929 by engineering pattern makers Gibbons and Moore of Chadwell Heath, Essex. The first car was made in 1914 but production did not start until 1917. By 1920 the car was described as the MkIII.

The car was unusual in having the air-cooled engine mounted outside the body on the front right hand side The first cars had a basic 2 seater body with the seats side by side and 4 hp single-cylinder, four-stroke JAP engine. Subsequent cars had a variety of engines, some with two cylinders. The engine drove a countershaft mounted across the car. From this two forward gears were provided by belts to either of the rear wheels with ratios selected by clutches on different diameter pulleys on either end of the countershaft. Braking was by blocks bearing on the drive pulleys.

The bodywork was made of plywood and as well as side by side, tandem seating was also available on a version advertised as the Sport model with room for an adult and child in the rear.

A Mk IV version was also advertised and claimed to be lighter than the MkIII. It had no doors and was powered by a two-stroke engine.

The car could also for a while be bought in kit form with a set of plans being advertised For 5 shillings with machined or un-machined parts available.

A four-seater model, the 10/25 with V twin Blackburne engine were advertised in 1925. Chain drive replaced belts on this model and there was a Sturmey Archer three-speed gearbox with reverse. Drum brakes were fitted on the rear wheels. Lighting remained by acetylene, with headlights extra, but a full length hood and a rear windscreen were provided for weather protection

Production numbers are not known exactly but period advertisements referred to more than 1000 made. Most production was between 1921 and 1926 but the car was still advertised in 1929; by then it was being made "to special order".

Only one car is known to survive.

## InfoBox

| Gibbons | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Gibbons and Moore |
| Production | 1917-1929 |
| Designer | E.R. Gibbons |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | cyclecar |
| Body style | two or four seat open |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 550 to 1100 cc single- or twin-cylinder |
| Transmission | belt or 3-speed gearbox |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | none |


title: Gibbons Lodge

abstract: The Gibbons Lodge, also known as the President's House or the Helen Gibbons House, is a residence for the University of Western Ontario's president located in the neighbourhood of Uplands in London, Ontario, Canada. The residence is located on a 18-hectare (44.5-acre) property which borders Richmond Street and overlooks the University of Western Ontario. Helen Gibbons daughter of a prominent lawyer, Sir George C. Gibbons purchased the property in 1928. The house was built in 1932 by a local builder, Charles Oram. After Miss. Gibbons death (1960), the house was donated to The University of Western Ontario’s Board of Governors, and the surrounding land purchased in 1961 by the University for $150,000. The mansion has served as University of Western Ontario president's residence since the property was purchased in 1960.

text:
# Gibbons Lodge

The **Gibbons Lodge**, also known as the **President's House** or the **Helen Gibbons House**, is a residence for the University of Western Ontario's president located in the neighbourhood of Uplands in London, Ontario, Canada. The residence is located on a 18-hectare (44.5-acre) property which borders Richmond Street and overlooks the University of Western Ontario. Helen Gibbons daughter of a prominent lawyer, Sir George C. Gibbons purchased the property in 1928. The house was built in 1932 by a local builder, Charles Oram. After Miss. Gibbons death (1960), the house was donated to The University of Western Ontario’s Board of Governors, and the surrounding land purchased in 1961 by the University for $150,000. The mansion has served as University of Western Ontario president's residence since the property was purchased in 1960.

## Further reading

* McEwen, Catherine B (1992). *Mostly B.G.:the story behind Gibbons Lodge*. London, Ont.: C. McEwen.

## InfoBox

| Gibbons Lodge | |
| --- | --- |
| Gibbons Lodge the university president's official residence | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Official Residence |
| Architectural style | Tudor Revival architecture |
| Address | 1836 Richmond Street
London, Ontario
N5X 4B9 |
| Coordinates | 43°01′56″N 81°17′00″W / 43.0323231°N 81.2832222°W / 43.0323231; -81.2832222 |
| Completed | 1932 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Charles Oram |


title: Gibbons Creek Reservoir

abstract: Gibbons Creek Reservoir is a power plant cooling reservoir on Gibbons Creek in the Navasota River basin, 20 miles (32 km) east of College Station, Texas, United States. The dam and lake are managed by Texas Municipal Power Agency (TMPA), which uses the reservoir as a cooling pond for a coal-fired power plant generating electricity for the cities of Bryan, Denton, Garland, and Greenville. The reservoir was officially impounded in 1981. Gibbons Creek Reservoir is a popular recreational destination due to its location near the Bryan–College Station metropolitan area. The nearby power plant was mothballed indefinitely by TMPA in January 2019 due to the high cost of coal-powered electricity when compared to cheaper natural gas. TMPA had been trying to sell the plant since 2016.

text:
# Gibbons Creek Reservoir

**Gibbons Creek Reservoir** (sometimes referred to as **Gibbons Creek Lake**) is a power plant cooling reservoir on Gibbons Creek in the Navasota River basin, 20 miles (32 km) east of College Station, Texas, United States. The dam and lake are managed by Texas Municipal Power Agency (TMPA), which uses the reservoir as a cooling pond for a coal-fired power plant generating electricity for the cities of Bryan, Denton, Garland, and Greenville (all of whom have municipality-owned electric companies).

The reservoir was officially impounded in 1981.

Gibbons Creek Reservoir is a popular recreational destination due to its location near the Bryan–College Station metropolitan area. The nearby power plant was mothballed indefinitely by TMPA in January 2019 due to the high cost of coal-powered electricity when compared to cheaper natural gas. TMPA had been trying to sell the plant since 2016.

## Fish populations

Gibbons Creek Reservoir has been stocked with species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Gibbons Creek Reservoir include largemouth bass, bluegill, catfish, Tilapia, white crappie, and black crappie. The water has standing timber and aquatic vegetation but generally is rather turbid. Its shoreline is covered with native grasses mixed with oak, elm, and other East Texas hardwoods.

## Recreational uses

Boating and fishing are very popular. The steam power plant on the southwest shore of the lake constantly pumps in warm water that keeps this lake a viable fishing spot year-round, even when other lakes in the area become too cold in the winter months.

Recreational fishing and other activities on this lake are regulated by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

1. "UPDATE: Gibbons Creek Coal Plant Gets Approval to Shut Down Indefinitely, Electric Generators Get More Money". *Sierra Club*. 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
2. "Another Texas power plant is mothballed, raising concerns over reserves and prices - HoustonChronicle.com". *www.houstonchronicle.com*. 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2019-03-29.

## InfoBox

| Gibbons Creek Reservoir | |
| --- | --- |
| The power plant at Gibbons Creek Reservoir | |
| Gibbons Creek ReservoirGibbons Creek Reservoir | |
| Location | Grimes County, Texas |
| Coordinates | 30°37.45′N 96°3.85′W / 30.62417°N 96.06417°W / 30.62417; -96.06417 |
| Type | Power plant cooling pond |
| Primary inflows | Gibbons Creek |
| Primary outflows | Gibbons Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 2,770 acres (1,120 ha) |
| Max. depth | 34 ft (10 m) |
| Surface elevation | 247 ft (75 m) |


title: Gibbons Hall

abstract: Gibbons Hall is a female dormitory for 138 upper-class students and one of 10 housing options for students at The Catholic University of America. Constructed in 1911 and named for the university's first chancellor, Cardinal James Gibbons, it was renovated in 2009. It is marked by a large central tower.

text:
# Gibbons Hall

**Gibbons Hall** is a female dormitory for 138 upper-class students and one of 10 housing options for students at The Catholic University of America. Constructed in 1911 and named for the university's first chancellor, Cardinal James Gibbons, it was renovated in 2009. It is marked by a large central tower.

## InfoBox

| Gibbons Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Gibbons Hall in 2010 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Dormitory |
| Location | 620 Michigan Ave., N.E.
Washington, DC 20064
United States |
| Coordinates | 38°55′56″N 76°59′57″W / 38.932127°N 76.999294°W / 38.932127; -76.999294 |
| Completed | 1911 |
| Renovated | 2009 |


title: USS Fulton (AS-1)

abstract: USS Fulton (AS-1) was constructed as a submarine tender in 1914, but later was converted into a gunboat and redesignated PG-49. Fulton should not be confused with USS Fulton (SP-247), a patrol vessel that operated from 1917 to 1919 while Fulton (AS-1) was in commission.

text:
# USS Fulton (AS-1)

**USS *Fulton* (AS-1)** was constructed as a submarine tender in 1914, but later was converted into a gunboat and redesignated **PG-49**.

*Fulton* should not be confused with USS *Fulton* (SP-247), a patrol vessel that operated from 1917 to 1919 while *Fulton* (AS-1) was in commission.

## Construction and commissioning

*Fulton* was originally planned to be named *Niagara*, 30 April 1912 and was renamed *Fulton*, 10 February 1913. *Fulton* was launched on 6 June 1914 by New London Ship and Engine Company, Groton, Connecticut. The ship was sponsored by Mrs. A. T. Sutcliffe, great granddaughter of Robert Fulton, for whom the ship is named. *Fulton* was commissioned on 7 December 1914.

## Submarine tender

During her first six months of service, *Fulton* tended submarines at Norfolk, Charleston, New York, and Newport, then after overhaul, arrived at New London on 2 November 1915, where in 1918 she was the base ship for the newly formed Submarine School. Through 1922, this was to be her principal base for operations with submarines along the east coast and in the Caribbean from Cape Cod to Cuba. She took part in maneuvers and war games, served as station ship at New London, and in the summer of 1922 was flagship of Commander, Atlantic Submarine Flotillas. Reassigned as tender for the Submarine Base at Coco Solo, Canal Zone, *Fulton* arrived there on 4 April 1923, and during the following year joined in exercises on both sides of the Panama Canal Zone as well as making a survey of Almirante Bay, Panama. She returned to Philadelphia on 14 July 1925, and there was decommissioned and placed in reserve on 5 October.

## Gunboat

*Fulton* was recommissioned on 2 September 1930 for duty as a survey ship in the Panama Canal Zone, reclassified as a gunboat, **PG-49**, on 29 September. On 3 March 1931, she returned to Balboa. Aside from a voyage north for overhaul in the winter of 1931–32, she conducted surveys in the Canal Zone area until arriving at San Diego on 13 August 1932 to prepare for duty in the Asiatic Fleet.

Her assigned station was Hong Kong, where she arrived on 3 November. With infrequent voyages to Cavite Navy Yard in the Philippines, *Fulton* patrolled the south China coast from Hong Kong to Canton until 14 March 1934. On that day, a fire broke out amidships when exhaust lines from two cylinders of a diesel engine carried away and ignited oil on the engine. The crew assembled on the bow and stern, and were taken off by the British destroyer HMS *Wishart* and the merchant ship SS *Tsinan*, three of the men having minor injuries, and brought to the Royal Navy Dockyard at Hong Kong. The British destroyer HMS *Whitshed* stood by the burning ship until a salvage party got the fire under sufficient control to allow her to be taken in tow for Junk Bay in Hong Kong. On 24 March, an American tug came to tow *Fulton* into Hong Kong, where she received emergency repairs to allow her to be towed to Cavite.

The United States Department of the Navy later passed thanks to British naval authorities for the assistance *Wishart* and *Whitshed* provided to *Fulton* and her crew.

## Decommissioning and disposal

*Fulton* was decommissioned at Cavite on 12 May 1934. She was scrapped later that year.

## InfoBox

| USS *Fulton* (AS-1) in 1924 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Fulton* |
| Namesake | Robert Fulton (1765–1815), American inventor and engineer widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat |
| Ordered | 4 March 1911 |
| Builder | Fore River Shipyard |
| Laid down | 2 October 1913 |
| Launched | 6 June 1914 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. A. T. Sutcliffe |
| Commissioned | 7 December 1914 |
| Decommissioned | 5 October 1925 |
| Recommissioned | 2 September 1930 |
| Reclassified | Gunboat, PG-49, 29 September 1930 |
| Decommissioned | 12 May 1934 |
| Stricken | 1934 |
| Fate | Scrapped 1934 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Submarine tender |
| Displacement | 1,308 long tons (1,329 t) |
| Length | 226 ft 6 in (69.04 m) |
| Beam | 35 ft (11 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft (4.0 m) |
| Installed power | 1,100 bhp (820 kW) |
| Propulsion | 1 × 6-cylinder, 2-cycle, NELSECO diesel engine |
| Speed | 12.34 kn (14.20 mph; 22.85 km/h) |
| Complement | 6 officers and 129 enlisted |
| Armament | 2 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 cal guns, 1 × 1-pounder automatic anti-aircraft gun |


title: Minoru Matsuya

abstract: Minoru Matsuya Minoru Matsuya was a Japanese jazz pianist, graduated from Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music. He was also known as Jo Matsuya or Yuzuru Matsuya. He lived in Kamakura. He learned piano under renowned Russian pianist Leo Sirota. After World War II, he started playing jazz music in an American base and taught many Japanese jazz vocalists. He was a close friend of Ichiro Fujiyama. He enjoyed performing some works by George Gershwin. He was also a good friend of Roh Ogura and made the first performance of Roh Ogura's work, Sonatine for piano (1937). He was the father of Midori Matsuya.

text:
# Minoru Matsuya

**Minoru Matsuya** (松谷穣, *Matsuya Minoru*, 2 January 1910 – 15 May 1995) was a Japanese jazz pianist, graduated from Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music. He was also known as **Jo** Matsuya or **Yuzuru** Matsuya. He lived in Kamakura.

He learned piano under renowned Russian pianist Leo Sirota. After World War II, he started playing jazz music in an American base and taught many Japanese jazz vocalists. He was a close friend of Ichiro Fujiyama. He enjoyed performing some works by George Gershwin. He was also a good friend of Roh Ogura and made the first performance of Roh Ogura's work, Sonatine for piano (1937). He was the father of Midori Matsuya.


title: Gintama (film)

abstract: Gintama (銀魂) is a 2017 Japanese jidaigeki action comedy film written and directed by Yuichi Fukuda, starring Shun Oguri and based on the manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Hideaki Sorachi. It was released on July 14, 2017, in Japan by Warner Bros. Pictures. The theme song for the film was titled "DECIDED" by UVERworld.

text:
# Gintama (film)

***Gintama*** (銀魂) is a 2017 Japanese *jidaigeki* action comedy film written and directed by Yuichi Fukuda, starring Shun Oguri and based on the manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Hideaki Sorachi. It was released on July 14, 2017, in Japan by Warner Bros. Pictures. The theme song for the film was titled "DECIDED" by UVERworld.

## Plot

Yorozuya receives two similar and ultimately connected jobs: Elizabeth needs Odd Jobs to find Katsura, and a swordsmith needs the crew to find a dangerous sword named Benizakura. There is more to both requests than Gintoki and his friends thought.

## Cast

## Production

Principal photography took place in July, August and early September 2016. On the New Year's Day 2017, they celebrated it with a little song and dance routine by the main casts of the film. Encore Films announced on January 3, 2017, it will release the film alongside Tokyo Ghoul in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia in mid-2017. On March 22, 2017, they revealed on set photos which had taken in Ibaraki Prefecture on August 24, 2016. On May 15, 2017, the staff of the film revealed that Galigali Galixon would appear in that film. On May 29, the staff confirmed to replace the scenes which Galixon appears in the film due to being arrested on May 12. Later, Encore Films confirmed the Singaporean release on July 13, 2017.

## Box office

The film grossed ¥3.9 billion ($34.6 million) in Japan, making it the third highest-grossing domestic film of 2017. Overseas, the film grossed CN¥81.358 million ($12.3 million) in China, HK$2.19 million ($281,014) in Hong Kong, $45,128 in Thailand, and $228,569 in South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. This adds up to a total box office gross of $47,455,832 in the Asia-Pacific region.

## Awards

| Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 30th Nikkan Sports Film Award | Best Actor | Shun Oguri | Nominated |
| | Best Newcomer | Kanna Hashimoto | Nominated |
|

## Web series

A drama was released as extra material, adapting "The Okita Mitsuba Arc" from the manga and anime, with many of the original cast from the film, including Shun Oguri and most of The Shinsengumi live action portrayals.

## Sequel

A sequel, *Gintama 2: The Law is Surely There to be Broken* (銀魂2 掟は破るためにこそある, *Gintama 2: Okite wa Yaburu Tame ni Koso Aru*) was released on August 17, 2018. Most of the actors from the first movie played the same role in the sequel. New cast members included Haruma Miura as Kamotaro Ito, Masataka Kubota as Bansai Kawakami and Midoriko Kimura as Otose.

## InfoBox

| Gintama | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
|  | |
| **Kanji** | 銀魂 |
|  | |
| Directed by | Yuichi Fukuda |
| Screenplay by | Yuichi Fukuda |
| Based on | *Gin Tama*
by Hideaki Sorachi |
| Starring |  |
| Production
companies |  |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures Japan |
| Release date | * July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14) (Japan) |
| Running time | 131 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Box office | $47.5 million |


title: USS Protector (AGR-11)

abstract: USS Protector (AGR/YAGR-11) was a Guardian-class radar picket ship of the United States Navy. A Liberty Ship acquired in 1957, she was reconfigured as a radar picket ship and assigned to radar picket duty in the North Atlantic Ocean as part of the Distant Early Warning Line.

text:
# USS Protector (AGR-11)

**USS *Protector* (AGR/YAGR-11)** was a *Guardian*-class radar picket ship of the United States Navy. A Liberty Ship acquired in 1957, she was reconfigured as a radar picket ship and assigned to radar picket duty in the North Atlantic Ocean as part of the Distant Early Warning Line.

## Construction

The third ship to be so named by the Navy, *Protector* (YAGR–11) was laid down on 31 January 1945, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2346, as the Liberty Ship *Warren P. Marks*, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida. She was launched 15 March 1945; sponsored by Mrs. E. M. Hinson; and delivered 29 March 1945, to the Shepard Steamship Company.

## Service history

Operated by the Shepard Steamship Co., from 1945 to 1957, *Warren P. Marks* was converted Charleston Navy Yard, Charleston, South Carolina, and commissioned *Protector* (YAGR–11), 20 February 1957.

After shakedown off Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, *Protector*, homeported at Davisville, Rhode Island, reported to Commandant, 1st Naval District for administrative control and to Commander YAGR Division 21 for duty and was assigned as an **Ocean Station Radar Picket Ship** in the seaward extension of the Eastern Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD)'s Contiguous Radar Coverage System.

Continuing her duties off the US East Coast, *Protector* was redesignated *AGR-11* on 28 October 1958. She continued her radar picket duty until 1965. During the Cuban invasion in the spring of 1962, and the Cuban Missile Crisis in the fall, *Protector* operated in the Florida Straits and established a new radar picket station.

On 10 February 1965, *Protector* terminated picket duty as the last picket ship to man Radar Picket Station No. 15 of NORAD Contiguous Radar Coverage System.

## Decommissioning

On 28 July 1965, she decommissioned at Bayonne, New Jersey, and was placed in the US Maritime Administration (MARAD) National Defense Reserve Fleet, Hudson River Reserve Fleet, Jones Point, New York, as an **Emergency Relocation Center Ship**, where she remained until she was towed to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard where her engine was removed. She was then placed for sale as scrap, with scrapping completed 30 November 2005.

## Military awards and honors

*Protector*'s crew was eligible for the following medals:

## Bibliography

* "Protector II (YAGR-11)". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* "Jones Construction, Panama City FL". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
* Davies, James (May 2004). "Specifications (As-Built)" (PDF). p. 23. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
* "SS *Warren P. Marks*". Retrieved 4 December 2019.
* "USS Protector (AGR-11)". Navsource.org. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.

## InfoBox

| USS *Protector* (AGR-11), underway, 12 October 1960, place unknown. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Warren P. Marks* |
| Namesake | Warren P. Marks |
| Owner | War Shipping Administration (WSA) |
| Operator | Shepard Steamship Company |
| Ordered | as type (EC2-S-C5) hull, MC hull 2346 |
| Builder | J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida |
| Cost | $1,006,824 |
| Yard number | 87 |
| Way number | 5 |
| Laid down | 31 January 1945 |
| Launched | 15 March 1945 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. E. M. Hinson |
| Completed | 29 March 1945 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Acquired by US Navy, 1957 |
| United States | |
| Name | *Protector* |
| Namesake | A guard or guardian |
| Commissioned | 20 February 1957 |
| Decommissioned | 28 July 1965 |
| Reclassified | *Guardian*-class radar picket ship |
| Refit | Charleston Naval Shipyard, Charleston, South Carolina |
| Identification |  |
| Fate |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type |  |
| Tonnage |  |
| Displacement |  |
| Length | * 441 feet 6 inches (135 m) oa * 416 feet (127 m) pp * 427 feet (130 m) lwl |
| Beam | 57 feet (17 m) |
| Draft | 27 ft 9.25 in (8.4646 m) |
| Installed power | * 2 × Oil fired 450 °F (232 °C) boilers, operating at 220 psi (1,500 kPa) * 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 11.5 knots (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph) |
| Capacity | 490,000 cubic feet (13,875 m3) (bale) |
| Complement |  |
| Armament |  |
| General characteristics (US Navy refit) | |
| Class and type | *Guardian*-class radar picket ship |
| Capacity | * 443,646 US gallons (1,679,383 L; 369,413 imp gal) (fuel oil) * 68,267 US gallons (258,419 L; 56,844 imp gal) (diesel) * 15,082 US gallons (57,092 L; 12,558 imp gal) (fresh water) * 1,326,657 US gallons (5,021,943 L; 1,104,673 imp gal) (fresh water ballast) |
| Complement | * 13 officers * 138 enlisted |
| Armament | 2 × 3 inches (76 mm)/50 caliber guns |


title: Gibbula turbinoides

abstract: Gibbula turbinoides is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Gibbula turbinoides

***Gibbula turbinoides*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 4 mm and 10 mm. The globose shell was previously thought to be a smaller variety of Gibbula adansonii. It is rose-red, yellowish, or brown, with short white flammules below the sutures. The remainder of the shell minutely punctate with white.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean off Portugal.

* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). *European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification.* Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213

* "*Gibbula turbinoides*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Gibbula turbinoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing with two views of a shell of *Gibbula turbinoides* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Gibbula* |
| Species: | ***G. turbinoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gibbula turbinoides***<br>(Deshayes, 1835) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gibbula purpurea* var. *normalis* Monterosato 1888 * *Gibbula purpurea* var. *seriata* Monterosato 1888 * *Trochus adansoni* var. *helicoides* Philippi 1844 * *Trochus adansoni* var. *lutea* Dautzenberg 1883 * *Trochus turbinoides* Deshayes, 1835 (original description) * *Trochus turbinoides* var. *albida* Dautzenberg 1883 * *Trochus turbinoides* var. *atra* Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1884 * *Trochus turbinoides* var. *cincta* Dautzenberg 1883 * *Trochus turbinoides* var. *rosea* Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1884 * *Trochus turbinoides* var. *rubra* Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1884 * *Trochus turbinoides* var. *unicolor* Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1884 * *Trochus turbinoides* var. *virescens* Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1884 | |


title: Gibbula tryoni

abstract: Gibbula tryoni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Gibbula tryoni

***Gibbula tryoni*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The size of the shell attains 17 mm. The umbilicate, rather thin shell has a conical shape. It is crimson or purplish red, obscurely, rather finely mottled with arrow-shaped whitish dots, usually with several narrow articulated lines on the base, and in the middle of the upper surface of the body whorl. The yellow, apical whorls are eroded. The spire is conic. The five whorls are a little tumid below each suture, and with a narrow ledge or margin, marked off by an impressed line, above each suture. This peripheral ledge gives the body whorl a rather prominent keel. The surface is polished, but shows quite prominent, spaced, impressed growth lines, and under a lens is all over very densely minutely spirally striate. The base of the shell is flattened, rather prominent around the umbilicus. The oblique aperture is quadrangular, smooth and with a very brilliantly iridescent green nacre inside. The columella is arcuate above and expanded partly over the umbilicus. The parietal wall is free from callus. The umbilicus is deep, with a narrow rapidly tapering perforation, but broad and funnel-shaped at the opening.

(**Description of Gibbula medusa by Bartsch**) The height of the shell attains 3.5 mm, its diameter 5 mm. The shell has a depressed conic shape. The nuclear whorls are white. The postnuclear whorls are marked with broad axial bands of brown which may extend entirely across the whorls, or may be interrupted in the middle. These bands of brown are separated by spaces of a light sage green, which are about as wide as the brown bands on the posterior half of the whorls between the sutures. The green area fading to yellow anteriorly. These light areas are speckled with small dots of chestnut and clouded in places with pale brown. The base of the shell is pale green, profusely spotted with dots and blotches of red. The 2¼ nuclear whorls are depressed helicoid. The postnuclear whorls are evenly rounded, marked with two, broad, spiral bands, which extend over the anterior half of the whorls between the sutures, where they appear as two turns of a bandage. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a moderately strong spiral keel which renders it angulated. The sutures are feebly constricted. The base of the shell is short, well rounded, and broadly umbilicated. It is marked by seven broad low bands which grow successively wider from the umbilical edge toward the periphery. These bands appear as a series of turns of a bandage. The umbilicus lacks any spiral sculpture. The entire surface of spire and base is marked with faint retractive lines of growth. The oval aperture is very oblique. The outer and basal lips are thin, showing the external markings within. The inner lip is quite thick, evenly curved. The parietal wall is glazed with a very thin callus.

In 1963 K.H. Barnard considered this name a synonym and a juvenile form of *Gibbula tryoni* Pilsbry, 1889

## Distribution

This marine shell occurs off Port Elizabeth and Port Alfred to North KwaZuluNatal, South Africa

## InfoBox

| *Gibbula tryoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing with two views of a shell of *Gibbula tryoni* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Gibbula* |
| Species: | ***G. tryoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gibbula tryoni***<br>Pilsbry, 1889 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gibbula aglaia* Bartsch, 1915 * *Gibbula incinta* Sowerby, 1894 * *Gibbula medusa* Bartsch, 1915 | |


title: Miss Polski 2019

abstract: Miss Polski 2019 was the 30th Miss Polski pageant, held on December 8, 2019. The winner was Magdalena Kasiborska of Silesia. Kasiborska was originally supposed to represent Poland in Miss Universe 2020 but had to withdraw for health reasons. The 1st Runner-up, Natalia Piguła of Łódź, replaced her and represented the country at Miss Universe.

text:
# Miss Polski 2019

**Miss Polski 2019** was the 30th Miss Polski pageant, held on December 8, 2019. The winner was Magdalena Kasiborska of Silesia. Kasiborska was originally supposed to represent Poland in Miss Universe 2020 but had to withdraw for health reasons. The 1st Runner-up, Natalia Piguła of Łódź, replaced her and represented the country at Miss Universe.

## Final results

| Final results | Contestant |
| --- | --- |
| **Miss Polski 2019** |  |
| **1st Runner-Up**
**Miss Universe Poland 2020** |  |
| **2nd Runner-Up** |  |
| **3rd Runner-Up** |  |
| **4th Runner-Up** |  |
| **Top 10** |  |
|

### Special Awards

| Award | Contestant |
| --- | --- |
| **Miss Internet** |  |
| **Miss Polsat Viewers** |  |
| **Miss Virtual Poland** |  |
|

## Finalists

| Represents | Candidate | Age | Height | Title/Qualification Method |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Łódź** | Małgorzata Gierach | 19 | 172 cm (5 ft 7.5 in) | 1st Runner-Up of Miss Lower Silesia |
| | Marta Skwierczyńska | 22 | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 2nd Runner-Up of Miss Łódź 2019 |
| | Natalia Piguła | 25 | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | Miss Łódź 2019 |
| | Nela Serwacińska | 22 | 172 cm (5 ft 7.5 in) | 4th Runner-Up of Miss Łódź 2019 |
| **Lower Poland** | Paulina Bołoz | 19 |  |  |
| **Lower Silesia** | Karolina Wiltowska | 19 | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) | Miss Lower Silesia 2019 |
| | Natalia Baran | 21 | 172 cm (5 ft 7.5 in) | 2nd Runner-Up of Miss Lower Silesia 2019 |
| | Paulina Karasiuk | 21 | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) | Miss Wrocławia 2019 |
| | Weronika Frąckowiak | 19 | 174 cm (5 ft 8.5 in) |  |
| **Masovia** | Anita Sobótka | 19 | 174 cm (5 ft 8.5 in) | Miss Warsaw 2019 |
| | Anna Kozłowska | 19 | 171 cm (5 ft 7 in) | Miss Radom 2019 |
| | Julia Szewczuk | 19 | 171 cm (5 ft 7 in) |  |
| | Justyna Maliszewska | 21 | 174 cm (5 ft 8.5 in) |  |
| | Magdalena Karoń | 27 | 172 cm (5 ft 7.5 in) |  |
| **Opole** | Martyna Jagielska | 22 |  | Miss Opole 2019 |
| **Podlasie** | Aleksandra Drężek | 21 |  | Miss Podlasie 2019 |
| | Karolina Piaścik | 18 |  | 2nd Runner-Up of Miss Łomża 2019 |
| | Zuzanna Aszmian | 22 | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) | 2nd Runner-Up of Miss Podlasie 2019 |
| **Pomerania** | Agnieszka Choszcz | 22 | 172 cm (5 ft 7.5 in) |  |
| **Silesia** | **Magdalena Kasiborska** | 19 |  | Miss Beskids 2019 |
| | Dominika Konarska | 24 |  | Miss Silesia 2019 |
| **Subcarpathia** | Marta Machnik | 26 |  | 1st Runner-Up of Miss Subcarpathia |
| **Warmia-Masuria** | Kornelia Gołębiewska | 19 | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) | Miss Warmia and Masuria 2019 |
| **West Pomerania** | Justyna Niegolewska | 27 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 1st Runner-Up of Miss West Pomerania 2019 |
|

### Withdrawals

### Did not compete

## InfoBox

| Miss Polski 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | December 8, 2019 |
| Presenters |  |
| Entertainment |  |
| Venue | Katowice |
| Broadcaster | Polsat |
| Entrants | 24 |
| Placements | 10 |
| Withdrawals |  |
| Winner | Magdalena Kasiborska
Silesia |
|


title: Miriam Shlesinger

abstract: Miriam Shlesinger was a US-Israeli linguist and interpreter.

text:
# Miriam Shlesinger

**Miriam Shlesinger** (20 May 1947, in Miami Beach – 10 November 2012) was a US-Israeli linguist and interpreter.

## Biography

Miriam Shlesinger was born in 1947 in Florida. In 1964 she moved to Israel in order to study. She completed her BA at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Musicology and English Linguistics. At the beginning of the 1970s Shlesinger took up Translation Studies at the Bar-Ilan University in Ramat Gan. From 1978 she taught at the Institute for Translation Studies at the same university. She completed her MA in Poetics and Literary Studies in 1990 at the Tel Aviv University with a thesis on "Simultaneous interpretation as a factor in effecting shifts in the position of texts in the oral-literate continuum". She completed her PhD at Bar-Ilan University, where she was head of the Institute for Translation Studies from 2003 to 2007.

Shlesinger was head of the *Language Policy Research Center* at Bar-Ilan University. She developed a course in *Translation in the Community* at the *Language Policy Research Center* in order to give basic interpreting skills to students who spoke minority languages (such as Arabic, Russian or Amharic) so that they could work with recent immigrants.

On 10 November 2012 Shlesinger died of lung cancer.

## Research interests

## Awards

In 2001 the Copenhagen Business School made Shlesinger a Doctor honoris causa. In 2007 she was CETRA Professor at KU Leuven in Belgium. In 2010 she was awarded the Danica Seleskovitch Prize. In 2011 she was granted the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Israel Translators Association.

## Main publications

* With Franz Pöchhacker (eds): *The Interpreting Studies Reader*. Routledge, London 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-22477-2
* With Anthony Pym and Zuzana Jettmarova (eds): *Sociocultural aspects of translating and interpreting*. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia 2006. ISBN 978-90-272-1675-5
* With Franz Pöchhacker (ed.): *Healthcare Interpreting: Discourse and Interaction*. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia 2007. ISBN 978-90-272-9272-8
* With Anthony Pym and Daniel Simeoni (eds). *Descriptive translation studies and beyond: Investigations in homage to Gideon Toury*. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia 2008. ISBN 978-90-272-1684-7
* With Rodica Dimitriu (eds): *Translators and their readers – in homage to Eugene A. Nida*. Les Éditions du Hasard, Brussels 2009. ISBN 978-2-930154-23-7
* With Franz Pöchhacker (eds): *Doing justice to court interpreting*. Benjamins Current Topics, Volume 26. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 2010.
* Co-editing of the journal *Interpreting: International journal of research and practice in interpreting*. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, from 2003.
* Franz Pöchhacker, Arnt L. Jakobsen, Inger Mees (eds): *Interpreting Studies and Beyond: A Tribute to Miriam Shlesinger*. Samfundslitteratur Press, Copenhagen 2007. ISBN 978-87-593-1349-7

## InfoBox

| Miriam Shlesinger | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 20 May 1947
Miami Beach, United States |
| Died | 10 November 2012
Kfar Saba, Israel |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| School or tradition | Descriptive Translation and Interpreting Studies |
|  | |


title: Ginoondan

abstract: Ginoondan is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Ginoondan had a population of 12 people.

text:
# Ginoondan

**Ginoondan** is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Ginoondan had a population of 12 people.

## Geography

The Burnett Highway passes through from south to north-west. After entering from Ban Ban Springs the highway runs north-west before turning south-west towards Gayndah at a crossroads intersection.

## History

Ginoondan Provisional School opened on 26 October 1903. On 1 January 1909 it became Ginoondan State School. It closed in 1949.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census Ginoondan had a population of 16 people.

In the 2021 census, Ginoondan had a population of 12 people.

## InfoBox

| Ginoondan
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Ginoondan | |
| Coordinates | 25°35′59″S 151°46′44″E / 25.5997°S 151.7788°E / -25.5997; 151.7788 (Ginoondan (centre of locality)) |
| Population | 12 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 0.110/km2 (0.285/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4625 |
| Area | 109.2 km2 (42.2 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| LGA(s) | North Burnett Region |
| State electorate(s) | Callide |
| Federal division(s) | Flynn |
| **Suburbs around Ginoondan:**  Wetheron Byrnestown
Gooroolba Wilson Valley  Gayndah Ginoondan Coalstoun Lakes  Campbell Creek Ban Ban Ban Ban | |