title: Waumbek Cottages Historic District

abstract: The Waumbek Cottages Historic District encompasses a collection of high-quality summer resort houses in Jefferson, New Hampshire. Located on Cottage Road and Starr King Road, these six "cottages" are all that survive of a large late-19th century resort complex that once included a hotel and eleven cottages. All are fine examples of Shingle style architecture, with Queen Anne style touches. The district was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, and the six cottages were individually listed in the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places in 2005.

text:
# Waumbek Cottages Historic District

The **Waumbek Cottages Historic District** encompasses a collection of high-quality summer resort houses in Jefferson, New Hampshire. Located on Cottage Road and Starr King Road, these six "cottages" are all that survive of a large late-19th century resort complex that once included a hotel and eleven cottages. All are fine examples of Shingle style architecture, with Queen Anne style touches. The district was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, and the six cottages were individually listed in the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## Description and history

The town of Jefferson, founded in 1796, became recognized as a tourist destination in the mid-19th century, in part through the writings of Unitarian minister Thomas Starr King. He convinced a local hotelier to build a larger hotel, called the Hotel Waumbek, in 1860. The availability of railroad transportation greatly increased the tourist trade in subsequent decades, and the hotel was repeatedly enlarged. By the 1890s it was one of the state's grand hotels, with 500 rooms.

During the 1880s, a trend began in these resort properties to build separate houses for some of the hotel guests, and other long-time guests also purchased adjacent properties from real estate promoters to build their own, while taking advantage of the hotel's amenities. At the Hotel Waumbek, these trends resulted in the construction of eleven separate "cottages" near the hotel between 1889 and 1900. A major fire in 1928 destroyed the hotel and three cottages, two more were demolished later in the 20th century.

The historic district is located on Cottage Road and Starr King Road, on the southern flank of Mount Starr King north of U.S. Route 2 and just east of the village center of Jefferson. The landscape and setting feature views of the White Mountains to the south. The cottages are surmised to have been designed, based on similarity to other work, by Alfred Barlow, who designed a major addition to the hotel. All of the cottages are in the Shingle style, with Queen Anne style porches.

The district's six cottages were added to the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places on October 31, 2005: Bashaba (14 Starr King Road), Beit-el-Hakeen / The Birches (25 Cottage Road), Onaway (18 Cottage Road), The Bungalow (38 Starr King Road), Wayonda (36 Cottage Road), and Wyndybrae (13 Cottage Road).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Waumbek Cottages Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
| NH State Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Two of the Waumbek Cottages | |
|  | |
| Location | 13, 18, 25, 36 Cottage Rd.; 14, 38 Starr King Rd., Jefferson, New Hampshire |
| Coordinates | 44°25′1″N 71°28′8″W / 44.41694°N 71.46889°W / 44.41694; -71.46889 |
| Area | 11 acres (4.5 ha) |
| Built | 1894 (1894) |
| Architectural style | Shingle Style |
| NRHP reference No. | 06000142 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | March 15, 2006 |
| Designated NHSRHP | October 31, 2005 |


title: Internet Direct

abstract: Internet Direct, also known as "Indy", is a free software / open source socket library written in Object Pascal, an object-oriented version of Pascal. It includes clients, servers, TCP, UDP, and raw sockets, as well as over 100 higher level protocols implementations such as SMTP, POP3, NNTP, and HTTP. Indy includes support for OpenSSL and Zlib in the protocol implementations. Indy 10 was ported to Free Pascal, and runs on Windows, FreeBSD, Linux, and Darwin. Internet Direct is available for Borland Delphi, C++ Builder, and Kylix. The software is dual-licensed under the "Indy Modified BSD License" and the "Indy MPL License". As of early 2008, there is a new project called Indy#, which intends to write a C# version from the ground up.

text:
# Internet Direct

**Internet Direct**, also known as "Indy", is a free software / open source socket library written in Object Pascal, an object-oriented version of Pascal. It includes clients, servers, TCP, UDP, and raw sockets, as well as over 100 higher level protocols implementations such as SMTP, POP3, NNTP, and HTTP. Indy includes support for OpenSSL and Zlib in the protocol implementations. Indy 10 was ported to Free Pascal, and runs on Windows, FreeBSD, Linux, and Darwin.

Internet Direct is available for Borland Delphi, C++ Builder, and Kylix. The software is dual-licensed under the "Indy Modified BSD License" and the "Indy MPL License". As of early 2008, there is a new project called Indy#, which intends to write a C# version from the ground up.

## History

Indy was initially named "Winshoes" and was written by Chad Z. Hower (a.k.a. Kudzu) in 1993 in Visual Basic. In 1995, he ported it to Borland Delphi and deprecated the Visual Basic version. In 1997, he made it available under an open-source license. In 2000, Winshoes was renamed to Internet Direct (Indy for short) and became cross-platform. In 2001, Borland began including it as a part of Borland Delphi, C++ Builder, and Kylix. In 2003, Indy was ported to Delphi for .NET. The following year, Indy was made available to the Microsoft .NET community.

## InfoBox

Internet Direct
| Other names | Indy |
| --- | --- |
| Original author(s) | Chad Z. Hower |
| Developer(s) | Indy Pit Crew |
|  | |
| Stable release | 10 |
|  | |
| Repository | github.com/IndySockets/Indy |
| Written in | Object Pascal |
| Type | Library |
| Website | www.indyproject.org |


title: Appassionato (album)

abstract: Appassionato is an album by American jazz guitarist Joe Pass that was released in 1991.

text:
# Appassionato (album)

***Appassionato*** is an album by American jazz guitarist Joe Pass that was released in 1991.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

Writing for Allmusic, music critic Scott Yanow wrote of the album "Alternating romps with ballads, Pass is in typically fine form throughout with "Relaxin' at Camarillo," "Red Door" and "That's Earl, Brother" receiving rare revivals. This CD is one of literally dozens of worthy Joe Pass Pablo recordings."

## Track listing

1. "Relaxin' at Camarillo" (Charlie Parker) – 4:54
2. "Grooveyard" (Carl Perkins) – 5:40
3. "Body and Soul" (Edward Heyman, Robert Sour, Frank Eyton, Johnny Green) – 4:57
4. "Nica's Dream" (Horace Silver) – 4:49
5. "Tenderly" (Walter Gross, Jack Lawrence) – 5:06
6. "When It's Sleepy Time Down South" (Clarence Muse, Leon René, Otis Rene) – 1:59
7. "Red Door" (Gerry Mulligan, Zoot Sims) – 4:50
8. "Gee Baby, Ain't I Good to You" (Andy Razaf, Don Redman) – 3:55
9. "Lil' Darlin'" (Neal Hefti) – 5:37
10. "That's Earl, Brother" (Ray Brown, Gil Fuller, Dizzy Gillespie) – 4:12
11. "Stuffy" (Coleman Hawkins) – 4:32
12. "You're Driving Me Crazy" (Walter Donaldson) – 6:06

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Appassionato | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Joe Pass | |
| Released | 1991 |
| Recorded | August 9–11, 1990 |
| Studio | Group IV Recording Studios, Hollywood |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 56:18 |
| Label | Pablo |
| Producer | Eric Miller |
| Joe Pass chronology | |
| *Summer Nights*
(1989) ***Appassionato***
(1991) *Duets*
(1991) | |


title: The Pinnacle at Symphony Place

abstract: The Pinnacle at Symphony Place is a 29-story, office and retail skyscraper located in Nashville, Tennessee, in the city's SoBro district. Located adjacent to the Schermerhorn Symphony Center, the building officially opened on February 10, 2010. The building includes 520,000 square feet (48,000 m⁲) of Class A office space and 23,000 square feet (2,100 m⁲) of retail space. The Pinnacle is home to Nashville-based Pinnacle Financial Partners, as well as several law firms. It is the first office tower in downtown Nashville to gain Gold LEED Certification due to its energy-efficient design. The building features a one-acre green roof terrace garden over the parking garage and other environmentally friendly amenities. The tower was designed by Pickard Chilton of New Haven, Connecticut, and Everton Oglesby of Nashville. According to architect Jon Pickard, the tower's exterior design "takes its inspiration from the timeless design of classic skyscrapers." On June 17, 2021, Pinnacle announced plans to move to a new headquarters building.

text:
# The Pinnacle at Symphony Place

**The Pinnacle at Symphony Place** is a 29-story, office and retail skyscraper located in Nashville, Tennessee, in the city's SoBro (South of Broadway) district. Located adjacent to the Schermerhorn Symphony Center, the building officially opened on February 10, 2010. The building includes 520,000 square feet (48,000 m2) of Class A office space and 23,000 square feet (2,100 m2) of retail space.

The Pinnacle is home to Nashville-based Pinnacle Financial Partners, as well as several law firms. It is the first office tower in downtown Nashville to gain Gold LEED Certification due to its energy-efficient design. The building features a one-acre green roof terrace garden over the parking garage and other environmentally friendly amenities.

The tower was designed by Pickard Chilton of New Haven, Connecticut, and Everton Oglesby of Nashville. According to architect Jon Pickard, the tower's exterior design "takes its inspiration from the timeless design of classic skyscrapers."

On June 17, 2021, Pinnacle announced plans to move to a new headquarters building.

## InfoBox

| Pinnacle at Symphony Place | |
| --- | --- |
| October 2019 from Fourth Avenue South | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Office/retail |
| Location | 150 Third Avenue South
Nashville, Tennessee
United States |
| Coordinates | 36°09′37″N 86°46′29″W / 36.1602°N 86.7747°W / 36.1602; -86.7747 |
| Construction started | July 2007 |
| Completed | 2009 |
| Opening | February 10, 2010 |
| Cost | US$170 million |
| Height | |
| Roof | 417 feet (127 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 29 |
| Floor area | 519,994 square feet (48,309.0 m2) |
| Lifts/elevators | 11 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Pickard Chilton, Everton Oglesby Architects |
| Developer | Barry Real Estate |
| Main contractor | Brasfield & Gorrie |
| References | |
|  | |


title: Henry Waterfield

abstract: Sir Henry Waterfield, (1837-1913) was a British civil servant who was private secretary to successive Secretaries of State for India, and for 23 years Financial Secretary in the India Office.

text:
# Henry Waterfield

**Sir Henry Waterfield**, GCIE, KCSI, CB (1837-1913) was a British civil servant who was private secretary to successive Secretaries of State for India, and for 23 years Financial Secretary in the India Office.

## Biography

Waterfield was born in 1837, and entered the civil service at a very young age, in the early 1850s. He came to the India Office in 1858, and worked there for 44 years, as private secretary to successive Secretaries of State for India, and in four different departments; the Military, Public Works, Revenue and Commerce, and Financial departments. In 1879 he was appointed Financial Secretary, and served as such until he resigned in July 1902. Among important events during his tenure was the closing of the Indian mints to silver in 1893, following advise from the Indian Currency Committee. There were also continuous debate about the contribution of the Indian colonies to the Imperial government, which he was instrumental in helping to resolve.

Waterfield was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1885, was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in 1893, and on his retirement he was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) in the 1902 Coronation Honours.

Following his retirement, he settled in Bournemouth.

## Family

Waterfield married first Catherine Jane Wood (1841-1882). Following her death, he married secondly, in 1885, Mary Augusta Shee, daughter of Edward Obré Shee. There were at least two sons; Richard Waterfield (1875-1959) and Lieutenant Horace Clare Waterfield (d.1918)


abstract: The United States Training and Dilution Service (USTDS) was an agency established during World War I to address racial segregation and labor shortages. It primarily focused on training and assimilating African American workers into the broader labor force while overcoming societal and racial barriers. The term “dilution” referred to the practice of diluting skilled labor by bringing in semi-skilled or unskilled workers—especially African Americans—to fill the gaps created by the war effort. This service helped African Americans and other minority groups to receive training in various trades, thus allowing them to contribute to the workforce, especially in industries related to the war.

text:
# United States Training and Dilution Service

The **United States Training and Dilution Service (USTDS)** was an agency established during World War I to address racial segregation and labor shortages. It primarily focused on training and assimilating African American workers into the broader labor force while overcoming societal and racial barriers.

The term “dilution” referred to the practice of diluting skilled labor by bringing in semi-skilled or unskilled workers—especially African Americans—to fill the gaps created by the war effort. This service helped African Americans and other minority groups to receive training in various trades, thus allowing them to contribute to the workforce, especially in industries related to the war.


title: Iglesia El Carmen

abstract: The Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Carmen is a catholic parish church in the city of Santa Tecla, La Libertad Department, El Salvador. It was completed in 1914 in a neo-gothic style.

text:
# Iglesia El Carmen

The **Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Carmen** (Spanish for **Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel**) is a catholic parish church in the city of Santa Tecla, La Libertad Department, El Salvador. It was completed in 1914 in a neo-gothic style.

## History

The construction of the church was conducted in very specific phases, many of which are attributable to the priest in charge of the church at a given time.

### 1856–1891: León de Jesús Castillo

In 1855, one year after the city of Nueva San Salvador was founded, Colonel León Castillo started constructing a church dedicated to the Lady of El Carmen. León Castillo had been active in armies under the command of General Francisco Morazán.

Records refer to him as a courageous soldier. His military career had been characterised by his commitment to liberal reform, something illustrated with his involvement in the expulsion of religious orders from El Salvador and the expropriation of churches since 1829, which is the year in which the liberal revolution began in Central America. The legend says that in 1840, León Castillo was injured during combat in Guatemala and managed to crawl to Iglesia del Carmen del Cerrito, where he promised to the Lady of El Carmen that if she saved his life, he would work his whole life to propagate her faith and he would build a temple for her. He was taken care of by the priest Antonio Larrazabal, and he lived in the temple for almost two years. Colonel Castillo was instructed in Catholic faith and sciences, before he finally could return to El Salvador.

León Castillo fulfilled his promise of reconstructing the chapel of Our Lady of El Carmen in the Church of la Merced in San Salvador after the earthquake of 1854. When a new capital was established in Nueva San Salvador after this earthquake, León Castillo decided to erect the church of his dreams in the new city.

Bishop Miguel Pineda y Saldaña and León Castillo chose a location for the church in the north of the city, near the current Belén school. The construction of this chapel started 9 August 1856. When the construction was well under way, León Castillo received an image of the Lady of El Carmen from Luis Batres, a friend who lived in Guatemala. This image was blessed and placed in the modest church by 11 April 1860. This building did not end up becoming Castillo's dream temple. He would have to wait and work hard to secure a larger piece of land elsewhere in the city and also obtain the necessary funding to build the church he wanted.

The war of 1863 compelled León Castillo to suspend construction to care for the wounded and the sick. He had also been working against the liberals to avoid the seminary next to Iglesia Concepción to be closed down and to prevent the forced emigration of the clerics.

When the war ended, the Bishop helped Colonel Castillo restart the work of Iglesia Concepción. The sacristy was built, as well as two aisles parallel to the central aisle and the belfry. The walls in the ends and on the sides were made of talpetate and brick. The construction of the belfry was initiated and three bells were placed on the top. An entrance was also built under the belfry that led to the monastery of Capuchin friars. The first Capuchin priests arrived in the middle of 1864 and they were provisionally placed in the seminary of Iglesia Concepción.

In 1866 Bishop Saldaña gave the unfinished church to the Capuchin order. The new owners gave the temple the name of Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Belén, which was inaugurated on 1 March.

#### Construction of the current Iglesia del Carmen

In 1871, León Castillo acquired more land to the north of the main plaza in the city in 3rd Street-West. He decided to construct the temple he had dreamed of here. For this, he needed to acquire more land and gradually he managed to purchase it from the land owners of the area. First from Don Gregorio Valle on 16 September 1873; then from Don Esteban Vásquez on 17 September; from Don Manuel Dubón Rodríguez on 20 October 1874; and finally, a fourth piece of land from Don Tomás Dubón on 17 November 1877. The Iglesia del Carmen ended up being a bit larger than 5,000 square metres.

The ecclesiastical license to build the new temple was granted by the episcopal edict on 23 November 1876. The one to set the first stone was Bishop Luis Cárcamo y Rodríguez on 27 November 1878. The construction was financed mostly by donations and raffles. León Castillo managed to maintain construction work uninterruptedly. The Colonel died on 16 November 1891 and his body was buried under the first window of the left aisle.

### 1892–1894: PP. Bernal y Argueta

Bishop Antonio Pérez y Aguilar, who later became an archbishop, ordered Father Juan José Bernal to continue construction work on the church and also named him its chaplain. After two years of work, the central aisle was completely renovated. Father José E. Argueta was named the new chaplain of the church in 1883. Father Argueta continued leading the construction work. In 1894, the left chapel was finished and it was dedicated to the Sacred Family and to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

### 1894–1916: P. José María López-Peña

Father José María López-Peña made considerable changes of notable artistic quality in the main aisle of the church. He decided to make the roof of the central aisle higher, following the Gothic style. Father López Peña also ordered the construction of a bigger and newer image of Our Lady of El Carmen. He paid the artist 175 silver pesos. This image was placed over the primitive main altar. In 1897 the sacristy was inaugurated. In 1898 the right chapel was opened and dedicated to the Holy Trinity and Divine Providence. These were represented with the most valuable sculptures in the church, which were an inheritance from the colonial period and had been kept in San Salvador in Iglesia San Francisco which was demolished during the earthquake of 1873. The chapel of the Holy Trinity and Divine Providence was almost entirely financed by the contributions of Beatriz Orantes de Estévez, the Gallardo Family, and Doña Concha Morales Villaseñor.

In 1899 Father López-Peña commissioned Pascasio González to decorate the most visible part of the main altar, and to do so in an imitation of the Gothic style. In 1900 the brick pavement was opened and the new altar was inaugurated on 16 July. The old altar was moved to the chapel of the Sacred Family where the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was installed. In June 1904 decoration works were concluded in the chapel of the Holy Trinity. The convent on the north or the temple was also completed. In the end of the same year the zinc and wooden constructions of the facade were finished and also the towers designed by Jose Jerez. The carpenter Luz Molina and the artist José Ruiz accepted to direct the work charging no honoraries for their contribution.

In 1941 the chaplain José Jerez became dissatisfied with the work in wood and he ambitiously redesigned the facade and towers. These plans never materialised, but the drawings have been conserved. José Jerez intentions were to construct a fabulous Gothic temple in stone and cement.

The last part of the temple in 1904 was built under the direction of a board composed of well known personalities in Santa Tecla These personalities were: Enriqueta Fajardo de Araujo, Carmen Estévez, Gertrudis Orellana, Isabel Morales, Juana Olivares Saldaña, Josefina Alcaine and Rosalía Chavez.

In 1910 the church's facade was completed. The bronze image of the Lady of El Carmen was dedicated 25 March. The artwork was donated by Recaredo Gallardo and his wife, Carmen Alvarado de Gallardo. Painting inside the sanctuary was concluded in 1913.

This concluded the construction work started 37 years earlier by León Castillo. Father López-Peña made further efforts to expand the convent; he eventually gave it to priests of the Society of Jesus, who have been responsible for the church since. From that point forward, a Jesuit priest has always been the chaplain of the church.

## The arrival of the Jesuits

When the necessary canonical authorizations were granted, the priests of the Society of Jesus received the church and residence of El Carmen in January 1916. The sanctuary had to be repaired a little over a year later due to an earthquake. The painting and artistic restoration was performed by brother Frías S.J. He is the same artist who painted the image of the Lady of Guadalupe in the Gothic altar of the Salesian workshops of the School of Arts and Trades in Santa Tecla. The crucified Christ of the altar and the screen of the main gate as well as the confessional booths and pulpit were carved in these workshops.

## The earthquakes of 2001

On 13 January and 11 February 2001, the territory of El Salvador was struck by two powerful earthquakes of 7.7 and 6.1 magnitudes in the Richter scale. These events completely damaged Iglesia del Carmen, prompting the Society of Jesus to initiate plans to raise funds to demolish the existing structure and begin building a new church. Public authorities in El Salvador have reportedly delayed this procedure because they want to make sure that the structures of the church cannot be rescued before they authorize the demolition of this cultural and historical milestone of Nueva San Salvador. The "El Carmen Project" is a non-profit foundation that has been set up by Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" to attract and administer donations for the reconstruction of the church.

## InfoBox

| Iglesia del Carmen | |
| --- | --- |
| Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Carmen | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Santa Tecla |
| Country | El Salvador |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| History | |
| Cult(s) present | Our Lady of Mount Carmel |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador |


title: Popular Resistance (Daraa)

abstract: The Popular Resistance was an insurgent group that operated in Daraa Governorate. The group announced itself publicly in November of 2018. Its spokesperson Saif al-Hourani described Popular Resistance as "an extension of the Syrian revolution that has never separated from it." Popular Resistance's stated goal is to topple the government and expel pro-government militias from the country. The group, composed mainly of former Free Syrian Army fighters and men facing military conscription, has waged an insurgency against the Syrian Army and intelligence agencies, Iranian-backed militias, and reconciled rebel fighters working with the Syrian government. The group carried out guerrilla-style attacks on government positions such as checkpoints, and targets officials and soldiers in assassinations.

text:
# Popular Resistance (Daraa)

The **Popular Resistance** (Arabic: مقاومة شعبية; *al-Muqawama al-Shabia)* was an insurgent group that operated in Daraa Governorate. The group announced itself publicly in November of 2018. Its spokesperson Saif al-Hourani described Popular Resistance as "an extension of the Syrian revolution that has never separated from it." Popular Resistance's stated goal is to topple the government and expel pro-government militias from the country. The group, composed mainly of former Free Syrian Army fighters and men facing military conscription, has waged an insurgency against the Syrian Army and intelligence agencies, Iranian-backed militias, and reconciled rebel fighters working with the Syrian government. The group carried out guerrilla-style attacks on government positions such as checkpoints, and targets officials and soldiers in assassinations.

## InfoBox

| Popular Resistance | |
| --- | --- |
| مقاومة شعبية<br>al-Muqawama al-Shabia | |
|
| Leaders | unknown |
| Spokesperson | Saif al-Horani |
| Dates of operation | November 2018–2020 |
| Active regions | Daraa Governorate, Syria |
| Status | inactive |
| Opponents |  |
| Battles and wars | Syrian Civil War |


title: Warri–Itakpe Railway

abstract: The Ujevwu–Itakpe Railway is a standard gauge railway in Nigeria that connects the port city of Warri to the inland town of Itakpe. Construction began in 1987 on an industrial railway to supply the Ajaokuta Steel Mill with iron ore and coal. After a protracted construction period of more than 30 years, the railway was finally inaugurated in 2020 as a mixed freight and passenger line. Construction is underway on an extension to Abuja, where it will connect to the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway.

text:
# Warri–Itakpe Railway

The **Ujevwu–Itakpe Railway** is a standard gauge railway in Nigeria that connects the port city of Warri to the inland town of Itakpe. Construction began in 1987 on an industrial railway to supply the Ajaokuta Steel Mill with iron ore and coal. After a protracted construction period of more than 30 years, the railway was finally inaugurated in 2020 as a mixed freight and passenger line. Construction is underway on an extension to Abuja, where it will connect to the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway.

## Construction

### Origin

When Nigeria became independent from Great Britain in 1960, it imported most of its steel from Britain and other foreign suppliers. Pursuing industrialisation and greater self-sufficiency, Nigerian leaders reached an agreement with the Soviet Union to build the Ajaokuta Steel Mill, a vast complex that would be larger than all the oil refineries in Nigeria combined. The steelworks were located on the Niger River, about 60 km from the iron ore deposits at Itakpe. A contract was awarded to Julius Berger in 1987 to build an industrial railway from Ajaokuta to Itakpe to supply the steelworks with iron ore. Since the railway did not have to connect to Nigeria's Cape gauge railway network, it was decided to build it as Nigeria's first standard gauge railway.

Since Nigeria lacked metallurgical coal of sufficient quality, it would be necessary to import metallurgical coal by sea. Several forms of transport were considered. The coal could be brought up the Niger River directly to Ajaokuta, but the Niger River was only seasonally navigable and would have to be dredged to be navigable year-round. The coal could also be loaded at Port Harcourt on the Eastern Line, but Nigeria's Cape gauge railways had insufficient capacity. To handle the heavy industrial traffic, plans were drawn up to build a standard gauge railway from Port Harcourt to Otukpo, where it would branch off for Ajaokuta. However, the railway from Port Harcourt was shelved due to lack of funding. It was decided to extend the Itakpe–Ajaokuta Railway to the Atlantic Ocean port of Warri, which would also make it possible to transport iron ore to the Delta Steel Plant in Aladja, across the river from Warri.

Although the railway was completed from Itakpe to Ajaokuta, progress was slow on the extension to Warri. Only 254 km of the 276 km extension to Warri had been completed by 2009, when the Nigerian government awarded a ₦33 billion contract to Julius Berger and TEAM Nigeria to complete the remaining 22 km by 2013. However, the railway was still incomplete in 2017, and the Ajaokuta Steel Mill was also incomplete. Although construction had begun in 1979, the steelworks had not produced a single sheet of steel by the end of 2017.

### Completion

In the meantime, the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation had begun work on the Abuja–Kaduna segment of the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway in 2011. Despite difficulties with theft of construction materials and land acquisition, CCECC completed the 187 km segment in 2016 as Nigeria's first standard gauge railway. Passenger trains quickly became a vital transport link in the capital region as the parallel Abuja–Kaduna Expressway was besieged by robbers and armed kidnappers. Fearing for their safety, travelers packed the trains beyond their seating capacity, forcing some passengers to stand for two hours.

In 2017, the Nigerian government contracted CCECC to help complete the Warri–Itakpe Railway. Julius Berger would finish the work that it had already begun, while CCECC would build stations to support passenger trains and rebuild the Itakpe–Ajaokuta section, which had been vandalised for the steel. Although the government hoped that the railway could begin operating in June 2018, CCECC faced the usual construction difficulties. Gunmen attacked two Nigerian employees at Igueben-Ekekhen station in April 2018, and seven gunmen ambushed a Chinese engineer at Uromi in September 2018.

On 29 September 2020, the Warri–Itakpe Railway was officially inaugurated by President Muhammadu Buhari in a virtual ceremony. Passenger trains began running in October 2020, and freight service began in April 2021.

### Future extension to Abuja

In 2019, the Nigerian government awarded a contract to the China Railway Construction Corporation to extend the Warri–Itakpe Railway to Abuja and build a new port at Warri. The railway and port would cost a total of $3.9 billion, with 15% of the funds coming from the Nigerian government, 10% from CRCC, and 75% from a Chinese bank. Upon completion, CRCC will receive a concession to operate the port and railway for 30 years.

## InfoBox

| Ujevwu–Itakpe Railway | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Status | Operational |
| Termini |  |
| Service | |
| Type | Heavy rail |
| Operator(s) | Nigerian Railway Company |
| History | |
| Commenced | 1987 |
| Opened | 2020 (2020) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 326 km (203 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 1 |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Electrification | None |
| Operating speed | 150 km/h (93 mph) |


title: Intelsat 5

abstract: Intelsat 5 was a satellite providing television and communication services for Intelsat, which it was commissioned by in 2006.

text:
# Intelsat 5

**Intelsat 5** (IS-5, **PAS-5**, Arabsat 2C) was a satellite providing television and communication services for Intelsat, which it was commissioned by in 2006.

## Satellite description

It was manufactured by Hughes Space and Communications. At beginning of life, it generates nearly 10 kilowatts. This version takes advantage of such advances as dual-junction gallium arsenide solar cells, new battery technology and the first commercial use of a high-efficiency xenon ion propulsion system (XIPS).

PanAmSat became HSC's first customer to launch the new model, on 28 August 1997, at 00:33:30 UTC, on a Russian Proton-K / Blok DM-2M launch vehicle from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. PAS-5 provides satellite services in the Americas, with access to Europe, including direct-to-home (DTH) television services in Mexico.

Controllers began noticing degradation of the nickel–hydrogen battery in PAS-5 earlier in 1998. The effect on operations was analyzed in June 1998. During periods of peak solar eclipse, which occur twice a year, PanAmSat is required to shut off a portion of the satellite's payload for some time. PanAmSat reportedly received a compensation of US$185 million from its insurers after the satellite was declared a "total loss" because its capacity was reduced by more than 50%.

## Arabsat 2C

PAS 5 was leased in May 2002 to the Arab Satellite Communications Organization (Arabsat), under the name of Arabsat 2C. Arabsat used the spacecraft's C-band transponders to complement its partially defunct Arabsat 3A at 26° East.

The television channels it broadcasts include BBC World News, Australia Network and regular feeds of Entertainment Tonight and The Wall Street Journal Report. As of 28 September 2012, BBC World News was replaced with a static video slate advising that the service would be only available on the existing horizontally aligned lower powered Pacific beam on Intelsat 19 which is 3.94 GHz.

## Intelsat 5

Intelsat 5 was moved at 169° East and has been broadcasting Australia Network Pacific on the horizontally aligned Pacific Beam 4.1 GHz when went silent and was sent to a higher "graveyard orbit" on 19 October 2012 around 23:00 UTC.

## InfoBox

Intelsat 5
| Names | PAS-5
IS-5
Arabsat 2C
Badr-C |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Communications |
| Operator | PanAmSat / Intelsat |
| COSPAR ID | 1997-046A |
| SATCAT no. | 24916 |
| Website | http://www.intelsat.com |
| Mission duration | 15 years (planned)
15 years (achieved) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | Boeing 601 |
| Bus | HS-601HP |
| Manufacturer | Hughes Space and Communications |
| Launch mass | 3,600 kg (7,900 lb) |
| Power | 10 kW |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 28 August 1997, 00:33:30 UTC |
| Rocket | Proton-K / Blok DM-2M |
| Launch site | Baikonur, Site 81/23 |
| Contractor | Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center |
| Entered service | October 1997 |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Disposal | Graveyard orbit |
| Deactivated | 19 October 2012 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Geostationary orbit |
| Longitude | 58° West (1997–2002)
26° East (2002–2007)
169° East (2007–2012) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Transponders | |
| Band | 56 transponder:
28 C-band
28 Ku-band |
| Coverage area | Americas \- Europe (1997–2002), Middle East \- Africa (2002–2007), Asia-Pacific (2007–2012) |
|  | |
| PanAmSat constellation | |


title: Appias aegis

abstract: Appias aegis, the forest white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in south-east Asia.

text:
# Appias aegis

***Appias aegis***, the **forest white**, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in south-east Asia.

## Subspecies

The following subspecies are recognised:

* *Appias aegis aegis* (Philippines: Mindanao)
* *Appias aegis illana* (C. & R. Felder, 1862) (Philippines: Luzon)
* *Appias aegis cynis* (Hewitson, \[1866\]) (Peninsular Malaya)
* *Appias aegis pryeri* (Distant, 1885) (Pulau Tioman, Pulau Aur)
* *Appias aegis caepia* Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Philippines: Palawan)
* *Appias aegis gerasa* Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Sula Islands)
* *Appias aegis polisma* (Hewitson, \[1861\]) (northern Sulawesi)
* *Appias aegis aegina* (Fruhstorfer, 1899) (southern Sulawesi)

## InfoBox

| Forest white | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| both *P. a. cynis*, Borneo | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pieridae |
| Genus: | *Appias* |
| Species: | ***A. aegis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Appias aegis***<br>(Felder, C & R Felder, 1861) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pieris aegis* C. & R. Felder, 1861 * *Phrissura aegis* * *Pieris illana* C. & R. Felder, 1862 * *Pieris cynis* Hewitson, 1866 * *Udaiana cynis* f. *androides* Hagen, 1894 * *Udaiana cynis* * *Udaiana pryeri* Distant, 1885 * *Udaiana cynis tiomana* Moulton, 1923 * *Pieris polisma* Hewitson, 1861 * *Phrissura aegis aegina* Fruhstorfer, 1899 | |


title: The Modern Sound of Betty Carter

abstract: The Modern Sound of Betty Carter is a 1960 album by Betty Carter. The album has been available since 1992 on CD format as I Can't Help It on GRP Records' Impulse! label series.

text:
# The Modern Sound of Betty Carter

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***The Modern Sound of Betty Carter*** is a 1960 (see 1960 in music) album by Betty Carter.

The album has been available since 1992 on CD format as *I Can't Help It* on GRP Records' Impulse! label series (ASIN no. B000003N6D). (This CD includes songs from the 1958 Peacock LP *Out There*.)

## Track listing

1. "What a Little Moonlight Can Do" (Harry M. Woods) – 2:06
2. "There's No You" (Tom Adair, George Durgom, Hal Hopper) – 3:11
3. "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire" (Bennie Benjamin, Eddie Durham, Sol Marcus, Eddie Seiler) – 2:24
4. "Remember" (Irving Berlin) – 2:24
5. "My Reverie" (Larry Clinton) – 2:50
6. "Mean to Me" (Fred E. Ahlert, Roy Turk) – 2:06
7. "Don't Weep for the Lady" (Darshan Singh) – 3:02
8. "Jazz (Ain't Nothin' But Soul)" (Norman Mapp) – 1:58
9. "For You" (Joe Burke, Al Dubin) – 2:21
10. "Stormy Weather" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler) – 3:24
11. "At Sundown" (Walter Donaldson) – 2:44
12. "On the Alamo" (Isham Jones, Gus Kahn) – 1:56

## Personnel

Recorded August 18–30, 1960, New York City, New York, USA:

1. Allmusic review
2. Betty Carter Discography

## InfoBox

| The Modern Sound of Betty Carter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Betty Carter | |
| Released | 1960 |
| Recorded | August 18–30, 1960 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 57:27 |
| Label | ABC |
| Producer | Richard Wess |
| Betty Carter chronology | |
| *Out There*
(1958) ***The Modern Sound of Betty Carter***
(1960) *Ray Charles and Betty Carter*
(1961) | |


title: Otto Hildebrand

abstract: Otto Hildebrand was a German pathologist and surgeon. He was the son of economist Bruno Hildebrand (1812–1878) and the brother of sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand (1847–1921). He studied anatomy and surgery at the University of Jena, and from 1886 served as assistant to Franz König at the University of Göttingen. In 1888 he obtained his habilitation for surgery, and in 1896 was named head of the surgical polyclinic at the Berlin-Charité. In 1899 he succeeded August Socin as a professor of surgery at the University of Basel, then in 1904 returned to Berlin as successor to his former mentor, Franz König, at the Charité. His best written effort was on book on surgical and topographical anatomy, titled Grundriss der chirurgisch-topographischen Anatomie (1894). He was editor of the periodical Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Chirurgie and the author of several biographies in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. In 1895 he was the first to describe what would later be known as Warthin's tumor.

text:
# Otto Hildebrand

**Otto Hildebrand** (15 November 1858, in Bern  18 October 1927, in Berlin) was a German pathologist and surgeon. He was the son of economist Bruno Hildebrand (1812–1878) and the brother of sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand (1847–1921).

He studied anatomy and surgery at the University of Jena, and from 1886 served as assistant to Franz König at the University of Göttingen. In 1888 he obtained his habilitation for surgery, and in 1896 was named head of the surgical polyclinic at the Berlin-Charité. In 1899 he succeeded August Socin as a professor of surgery at the University of Basel, then in 1904 returned to Berlin as successor to his former mentor, Franz König, at the Charité.

His best written effort was on book on surgical and topographical anatomy, titled *Grundriss der chirurgisch-topographischen Anatomie* (1894). He was editor of the periodical *Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Chirurgie* and the author of several biographies in the *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie*. In 1895 he was the first to describe what would later be known as Warthin's tumor.


title: Heterocerus cinctus

abstract: Heterocerus cinctus, is a species of variegated mud-loving beetle found in India, Andaman Islands, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

text:
# Heterocerus cinctus

***Heterocerus cinctus***, is a species of variegated mud-loving beetle found in India, Andaman Islands, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Heterocerus cinctus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Heteroceridae |
| Genus: | *Heterocerus* |
| Species: | ***H. cinctus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Heterocerus cinctus***<br>Motschulsky, 1858 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Heterocerus confusus* Grouvelle, 1903 | |


title: Virtual High School (Ontario)

abstract: Virtual High School (VHS) is a private online high school based in Bayfield, Ontario that offers accredited online courses towards an Ontario Secondary School Diploma. Its founder and principal is Stephen Baker.

text:
# Virtual High School (Ontario)

**Virtual High School** (VHS) is a private online high school based in Bayfield, Ontario that offers accredited online courses towards an Ontario Secondary School Diploma. Its founder and principal is Stephen Baker.

## Academic model

VHS is an asynchronous school allowing students to register and start on any day of the year. Students are given 18 months to complete each course and are able to work at their own pace. The courses are housed in Brightspace by D2L, an integrated learning platform developed in Waterloo, Ontario. They are written by certified teachers and presented entirely online. VHS holds Ontario Student Records for students who attend VHS full-time and plan to earn their Ontario Secondary School Diplomas at VHS.

## History

Virtual High School is the oldest online high school in Ontario.

Using Notepad, Baker constructed the first course, grade 11 biology, in 1995. This course was available to the public via the Internet. The second course, Canadian Literature, became available in early 1996. On January 2, 1997, this online school was moved to the VirtualHighSchool.com domain. The original courses were organized using a rudimentary learning management system that Baker created.

Baker applied to the Ontario Ministry of Education to be recognized as an accredited private school. In April 2003, VHS became an inspected private school able to grant OSSD credits with the BSID # 665681. At this time, VHS was named Kitchener-Waterloo Private School, as the idea of a *virtual* high school might not be readily accepted just yet.

In 2012, VHS moved its headquarters to its current location in Bayfield, Ontario. The building is an 1880s-era hotel that has served various purposes since its inception. The presence of the building goes back to 1853 but it was torn down in the 1880s and replaced by the Queen's hotel. In 1940, it was repurchased and renamed the Ritz Hotel. The rebirth into the VHS headquarters was a $2-million privately funded project that filled the building with modern computer and communication technology.

In 2012-2013, VHS's 64 courses drew 5414 students to enroll. By 2015, VHS had 71 courses.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Virtual High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Bayfield, Ontario<br>Canada | |
| Coordinates | 43°33′55″N 81°42′08″W / 43.565186°N 81.702193°W / 43.565186; -81.702193 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private virtual school |
| Established | 1995 (1995) |
| Principal | Stephen Baker |
| Grades | 9 to 12 |
| Enrollment | 5414 (as of 2012) |
| Campus type | Online |
| Website | www.virtualhighschool.com |


title: Glymmatophora

abstract: Glymmatophora, the Metallic Assassin Bugs, is a genus of assassin bugs belonging to the family Reduviidae.

text:
# Glymmatophora

***Glymmatophora***, the **Metallic Assassin Bugs**, is a genus of assassin bugs belonging to the family Reduviidae.

## Description

These medium-sized bugs are brightly metallic red or orange and bluish black or dark brown colored, an aposematic coloration. The females are wingless and are similar to the nymphs.

Members of this genus are known for hunting diplopods, giant African millipedes, by injecting them with a fast acting venom . They usually hide under leaf litter and sometimes boulders and prey at night.

## Distribution

Species within this genus can be found throughout Southern Africa.

## Species

Species within this genus include:

* Maldonado Capriles J. (1990): Catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World, Caribbean Journal of Science, University of Puerto Rico

## InfoBox

| *Glymmatophora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Glymmatophora* species | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Infraorder: | Cimicomorpha |
| Family: | Reduviidae |
| Subfamily: | Ectrichodiinae |
| Genus: | ***Glymmatophora***<br>Stål, 1855 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Glymmatophoroides* Miller, 1953 | |


title: Ostrinia kasmirica

abstract: Ostrinia kasmirica is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Frederic Moore in 1888. It is found in Kashmir and Russia.

text:
# Ostrinia kasmirica

***Ostrinia kasmirica*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Frederic Moore in 1888. It is found in Kashmir and Russia.

## Subspecies

* *Ostrinia kasmirica kasmirica* (Kashmir)
* *Ostrinia kasmirica eurasiatica* Mutuura & Munroe, 1970 (Russia)

## InfoBox

| *Ostrinia kasmirica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Ostrinia* |
| Species: | ***O. kasmirica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ostrinia kasmirica***<br>(Moore, 1888) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hapalia kasmirica* Moore, 1888 | |


title: Interpolation sort

abstract: Interpolation sort is a sorting algorithm that is a kind of bucket sort. It uses an interpolation formula to assign data to the bucket. A general interpolation formula is: Interpolation = INT( * )

text:
# Interpolation sort

**Interpolation sort** is a sorting algorithm that is a kind of bucket sort. It uses an interpolation formula to assign data to the bucket. A general interpolation formula is:

Interpolation = INT(((Array\[i\] - min) / (max - min)) * (ArraySize - 1))

## Algorithm

**Interpolation sort** (or histogram sort). It is a sorting algorithm that uses the interpolation formula to disperse data divide and conquer. Interpolation sort is also a variant of bucket sort algorithm. The interpolation sort method uses an array of record bucket lengths corresponding to the original number column. By operating the maintenance length array, the recursive algorithm can be prevented from changing the space complexity to $O(n^{2})$ due to memory stacking. The segmentation record of the length array can using secondary function dynamically declare and delete the memory space of the array. The space complexity required to control the recursive program is $O(3n)$. Contains a two-dimensional array of dynamically allocated memories and an array of record lengths. However the execution complexity can still be maintained as an efficient sorting method of $O(n+k)$. Array of dynamically allocated memory can be implemented by linked list, stack, queue, associative array, tree structure, etc. An array object such as JavaScript is applicable. The difference in data structure is related to the speed of data access and thus the time required for sorting.When the values in the ordered array are uniformly distributed approximately the arithmetic progression, the linear time of interpolation sort ordering is $O(n)$.

### Interpolation sort algorithm

1. Set a bucket length array to record the length of the unsorted bucket. Initialize into the original array length.
2. \[Main Sort\] If the bucket length array is cleared and sorted is completed. Execute \[Divide function\] if it is not cleared.
3. \[Divide function\] Execute Divide by pop a bucket length from the end of the bucket length array. Find the maximum and minimum values in the bucket. If the maximum value is equal to the minimum value, the sorting is completed to stop Divide.
4. Set up a two-dimensional array as all empty buckets. Divide into the bucket according to the interpolation number.
5. After dividing into the buckets, push the length of the buckets into the array of bucket length. And put the items back into the original array one by one from all the buckets that are not empty.
6. Return to \[Main Sort\].

### Histogram sort algorithm

The NIST definition: An efficient 3-pass refinement of a bucket sort algorithm.

1. The first pass counts the number of items for each bucket in an auxiliary array, and then makes a running total so each auxiliary entry is the number of preceding items.
2. The second pass puts each item in its proper bucket according to the auxiliary entry for the key of that item.
3. The last pass sorts each bucket.

## Practice

### Interpolation sort implementation

JavaScript code:

```
Array.prototype.interpolationSort = function()
{
  var divideSize = new Array();
  var end = this.length;
  divideSize[0] = end;
  while (divideSize.length > 0) { divide(this); }
  // Repeat function divide to ArrayList
  function divide(A) {
    var size = divideSize.pop();
    var start = end - size;
    var min = A[start];
    var max = A[start];
    for (var i = start + 1; i < end; i++) {
      if (A[i] < min) { min = A[i]; }
      else { if (A[i] > max) { max = A[i]; } }
    }
    if (min == max) { end = end - size; }
    else {
      var p = 0;
      var bucket = new Array(size);
      for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) { bucket[i] = new Array(); }
      for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
        p = Math.floor(((A[i] - min ) / (max - min ) ) * (size - 1 ));
        bucket[p].push(A[i]);
      }
      for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        if (bucket[i].length > 0) {
          for (var j = 0; j < bucket[i].length; j++) { A[start++] = bucket[i][j]; }
          divideSize.push(bucket[i].length);
        }
      }
    }
  }
};

```

### Interpolation sort recursive method

Worst-case space complexity : $O(n^{2})$

```
Array.prototype.interpolationSort= function()
{//-- Edit date:2019/08/31 --//
  var start = 0;
  var size = this.length;
  var min = this[0];
  var max = this[0];
  for (var i = 1; i < size; i++) {
    if (this[i] < min) { min = this[i]; }
    else {if (this[i] > max) { max = this[i];} }
  }
  if (min != max) {
    var bucket = new Array(size);
    for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) { bucket[i] = new Array(); }
    var interpolation = 0;
    for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) {
      interpolation = Math.floor(((this[i] - min) / (max - min)) * (size - 1));
      bucket[interpolation].push(this[i]);
    }
    for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) {
      if (bucket[i].length > 1) { bucket[i].interpolationSort(); } // Recursion
      for (var j = 0; j < bucket[i].length; j++) { this[start++] = bucket[i][j]; }
    }
  }
};

```

### Histogram sort implementation

```
Array.prototype.histogramSort = function()
{//-- Edit date:2019/11/14 --//
  var end = this.length;
  var sortedArray = new Array(end);
  var interpolation = new Array(end);
  var hitCount = new Array(end);
  var divideSize = new Array();
  divideSize[0] = end;
  while (divideSize.length > 0) { distribute(this); }
  // Repeat function distribute to Array
  function distribute(A) {
    var size = divideSize.pop();
    var start = end - size;
    var min = A[start];
    var max = A[start];
    for (var i = start + 1; i < end; i++) {
      if (A[i] < min) { min = A[i]; }
      else { if (A[i] > max) { max = A[i]; } }
    }
    if (min == max) { end = end - size; }
    else {
      for (var i = start; i < end; i++) { hitCount[i] = 0; }
      for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
        interpolation[i] = start + Math.floor(((A[i] - min ) / (max - min ) ) * (size - 1 ));
        hitCount[interpolation[i]]++;
      }
      for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
        if (hitCount[i] > 0) { divideSize.push(hitCount[i]); }
      }
      hitCount[end-1] = end - hitCount[end-1];
      for (var i = end-1; i > start; i--) {
        hitCount[i-1] = hitCount[i] - hitCount[i-1];
      }
      for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
        sortedArray[hitCount[interpolation[i]]] = A[i];
        hitCount[interpolation[i]]++;
      }
      for (var i = start; i < end; i++) { A[i] = sortedArray[i]; }
    }
  }
};

```

## Variant

### Interpolation tag sort

Interpolation Tag Sort
| Class | Sorting Algorithm |
| --- | --- |
| Data structure | Array |
| Worst-case performance | $O(n^{2})$ |
| Best-case performance | $O(n)$ |
| Average performance | $O(n+k)$ |
| Worst-case space complexity | $O(2n+(n)bits)$ |
| Optimal | $O(n)$ |

Interpolation Tag Sort is a variant of Interpolation Sort. Applying the bucket sorting and dividing method, the array data is distributed into a limited number of buckets by mathematical interpolation formula, and the bucket then recursively the original processing program until the sorting is completed.

Interpolation tag sort is a recursive sorting method for interpolation sorting. To avoid stacking overflow caused by recursion, the memory crashes. Instead, use a Boolean data type tag array to operate the recursive function to release the memory. The extra memory space required is close to $2n+(n)bits$. Contains a two-dimensional array of dynamically allocated memory and a Boolean data type tag array. Stack, queue, associative array, and tree structure can be implemented as buckets.

As the JavaScript array object is suitable for this sorting method, the difference in data structure is related to the speed of data access and thus the time required for sorting. The linear time Θ(n) is used when the values in the array to be sorted are evenly distributed. The bucket sort algorithm does not limit the sorting to the lower limit of $O(nlogn)$. Interpolation tag sort average performance complexity is $O(n+k)$.

#### Interpolation tag sort algorithm

1. Set a tag array equal to the original array size and initialize to a false value.
2. \[Main Sort\] Determines whether all buckets of the original array have been sorted. If the sorting is not completed, the \[Divide function\] is executed.
3. \[Divide function\] Find the maximum and minimum values in the bucket. If the maximum value is equal to the minimum value, the sorting is completed and the division is stopped.
4. Set up a two-dimensional array as all the empty buckets. Divide into the bucket according to the interpolation number.
5. After dividing into the bucket, mark the starting position of the bucket as a true value in the tag array. And put the items back into the original array one by one from all the buckets that are not empty.
6. Return to \[Main Sort\].

#### Practice

JavaScript code:

```
Array.prototype.InterpolaionTagSort = function()
{// Whale Chen agrees to "Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 License". Sign date: 2019-06-21 //
  var end = this.length;
  if (end > 1) {
    var start = 0 ;
    var Tag = new Array(end);          // Algorithm step-1
    for (var i = 0; i < end; i++) { Tag[i] = false; }
    Divide(this);
  }
  while (end > 1) {                     // Algorithm step-2
    while (Tag[--start] == false) { } // Find the next bucket's start
    Divide(this);
  }

  function Divide(A) {
    var min = A[start];
    var max = A[start];
    for (var i = start + 1; i < end; i++) {
      if (A[i] < min) { min = A[i]; }
      else { if (A[i] > max) { max = A[i]; } } }
    if ( min == max) { end = start; }    // Algorithm step-3 Start to be the next bucket's end
    else {
      var interpolation = 0;
      var size = end - start;
      var Bucket = new Array( size );    // Algorithm step-4
      for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) { Bucket[i] = new Array(); }
      for (var i = start; i < end; i++) {
         interpolation = Math.floor (((A[i] - min) / (max - min)) * (size - 1));
         Bucket[interpolation].push(A[i]);
      }
      for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        if (Bucket[i].length > 0) {    // Algorithm step-5
          Tag[start] = true;
          for (var j = 0; j < Bucket[i].length; j++) { A[start++] = Bucket[i][j]; }
        }
      }
    }
  } // Algorithm step-6
};

```

### In-place Interpolation Tag Sort

In-Place Interpolation Tag Sort
| Class | Sorting Algorithm |
| --- | --- |
| Data structure | Array |
| Worst-case performance | $O(n)$ |
| Best-case performance | $O(n)$ |
| Average performance | $O(n)$ |
| Worst-case space complexity | $O(n)bits$ |
| Optimal | $O(n)$ |

The in-place interpolation tag sort is an in-place algorithm of interpolation sort. In-place Interpolation Tag Sort can achieve sorting by only N times of swapping by maintaining N bit tags; however, the array to be sorted must be a continuous integer sequence and not repeated, or the series is completely evenly distributed to approximate The number of arithmetical progression.

The factor column data must not be repeated. For example, sorting 0~100 can be sorted in one step. The number of exchanges is: $O(n)$, the calculation time complexity is: $O(n)$, and the worst space complexity is $O(n)bits$. If the characteristics of the series meet the conditional requirements of this sorting method: "The array is a continuous integer or an arithmetical progression that does not repeat", the in-place interpolation tag sort will be an excellent sorting method that is extremely fast and saves memory space.

#### In-place Interpolation Tag Sort Algorithm

In-place Interpolation Tag Sort sorts non-repeating consecutive integer series, only one Boolean data type tag array with the same length as the original array, the array calculates the interpolation of the data from the beginning, and the interpolation points to a new position of the array. Position, the position that has been swapped is marked as true in the corresponding position of the tag array, and is incremented until the end of the array is sorted.

Algorithm process:

1. Set an equal number of tag arrays to initialize to false values.
2. Visit the array when tag\[i\] is false, calculate the position corresponding to the interpolation=p.
3. Swap a\[i\] and a\[p\], let tag\[p\] = true.
4. The tour array is completed and the sorting is completed.

#### Practice

JavaScript code:

```
Array.prototype.InPlaceTagSort = function()
{ // Edit Date: 2019-07-02
  var n = this.length;
  var Tag = new Array(n);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { Tag[i] = false; }
  var min = this[0];
  var max = this[0];
  for (i = 1; i < n; i++) { if (this[i] < min) { min = this[i]; }
  else { if (this[i] > max) { max = this[i]; } } }
  var p = 0;
  var temp = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    while (Tag[i] == false) {
      p = Math.floor(((this[i] - min) / (max - min)) * (n - 1));
      temp = this[i];
      this[i] = this[p];
      this[p] = temp;
      Tag[p] = true;
    }
  }
};
needSortArray.InPlaceTagSort();

```

#### The origin of In-place sorting performed in O(n) time

In "Mathematical Analysis of Algorithms", Donald Knuth remarked "... that research on computational complexity is an interesting way to sharpen our tools for more routine problems we face from day to day."

Knuth further pointed out that, with respect to the sorting problem, time effective in-situ permutation is inherently connected with the problem of finding the cycle leaders, and in-situ permutations could easily be performed in $O(n)$ time if we would be allowed to manipulate $n$ extra "tag" bits specifying how much of the permutation has been carried out at any time. Without such tag bits, he concludes "it seems reasonable to conjecture that every algorithm will require for in-situ permutation at least $n\log n$ steps on the average."

The In-place Interpolation Tag Sort is one of the sorting algorithms that prof. Donald Knuth said: "manipulate $n$ extra "tag" bits...finding the cycle leaders, and in-situ permutations could easily be performed in $O(n)$ time".

## Similar sorting method

1. Flashsort
2. Proxmap sort
3. American flag sort

### Bucket sort mixing other sorting methods and recursive algorithm

Bucket sort can be mixed with other sorting methods to complete sorting. If it is sorted by bucket sort and insert sort, also is a fairly efficient sorting method. But when the series appears a large deviation from the value: For example, when the maximum value of the series is greater than N times the next largest value. After the series of columns are processed, the distribution is that all the elements except the maximum value fall into the same bucket. The second sorting method uses insert sort. May cause execution complexity to fall into $O(n^{2})$. This has lost the meaning and high-speed performance of using bucket sort.

Interpolation sort is a way of recursively using bucket sort. After performing recursion, still use bucket sort to disperse the series. This can avoid the above situation. If you want to make the recursive interpolation sort execution complexity fall into $O(n^{2})$, it is necessary to present a factorial amplification in the entire series. In fact, there is very little chance that a series of special distributions will occur.

## InfoBox

Interpolation Sort
| Class | Sorting Algorithm |
| --- | --- |
| Data structure | Array |
| Worst-case performance | $O(n^{2})$ |
| Best-case performance | $O(n)$ |
| Average performance | $O(n+k)$ |
| Worst-case space complexity | $O(n\*3)$ |
| Optimal | $O(n)$ |


title: Interposed nucleus

abstract: The interposed nucleus is the combined paired globose and emboliform nuclei, on either side of the cerebellum. It is located in the roof of the fourth ventricle, lateral to the fastigial nucleus. The emboliform nucleus is the anterior interposed nucleus, and the globose nucleus is the posterior interposed nucleus. The interposed nucleus is responsible for coordinating agonist/antagonist muscle pairs, and therefore a lesion in this area causes tremor.

text:
# Interposed nucleus

The **interposed nucleus** is the combined paired globose and emboliform nuclei, (deep cerebellar nuclei) on either side of the cerebellum. It is located in the roof of the fourth ventricle, lateral to the fastigial nucleus. The emboliform nucleus is the *anterior interposed nucleus*, and the globose nucleus is the *posterior interposed nucleus*.

The interposed nucleus is responsible for coordinating agonist/antagonist muscle pairs, and therefore a lesion in this area causes tremor.

## Anatomy

The interposed nucleus is located in the paravermis of the cerebellum.

The interposed nucleus is smaller than the dentate but larger than the fastigial nucleus.

### Afferents

The interposed nuclei receives Purkine cell terminal afferents from the paravermal cortex of the spinocerebellum, as well as collaterals of cerebellar afferents from the restiform body and ventral spinocerebellar tract.

It receives input from the ipsilateral posterior external arcuate fibers (cuneocerebellar tract) and the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, which originate in the accessory cuneate nucleus and the posterior thoracic nucleus, respectively.

### Efferents

Afferents from the interposed nuclei leave the cerebellum through superior cerebellar peduncle. They project to:

The rubrospinal and lateral corticospinal tracts are subsequently involved in control of the distal musculature of the extremities.

## Function

The interposed nucleus modulates muscle stretch reflexes of proximal limb muscles, and is also required in delayed Pavlovian conditioning.

## InfoBox

| Interposed nucleus | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *nucleus interpositus anterior, nucleus interpositus posterior* |
| NeuroLex ID | nlx\_anat\_20081242 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |


title: Oswald Francis Mingay

abstract: Oswald Francis Mingay was a public servant, wireless signalman in the Australian Army during World War I, and an early wireless experimenter. He was, however, best known as a journalist, editor, and publisher of radio-related publications over several decades. He was radio manager for Burgin Electric, and influenced that firm to establish Australia's first Class B broadcasting station in 1924. During this time, Mingay ran his own radio manufacturing business. His publishing career commenced in 1930 with "The Radio Retailer of Australia".

text:
# Oswald Francis Mingay

**Oswald Francis Mingay** (1 July 1895 – 8 August 1973) was a public servant, wireless signalman in the Australian Army during World War I, and an early wireless experimenter. He was, however, best known as a journalist, editor, and publisher of radio-related publications over several decades. He was radio manager for Burgin Electric, and influenced that firm to establish Australia's first Class B broadcasting station in 1924.

During this time, Mingay ran his own radio manufacturing business. His publishing career commenced in 1930 with "The Radio Retailer of Australia".

## Artifacts

* Museums Victoria *Jenvey's Coherer, used for communication with St. George, 1901* Museums Victoria

## Publications

* Jenvey, H. W. *Practical Telegraphy: A Guide for the Use of Officers of the Victorian Post and Telegraph Department, Vol. 1* (2nd edition, Melbourne, 1891) Trove

## Further reading

* Australian Dictionary of Biography (Jim Symes). (Canberra, 2018)
* Carty, Bruce. *Australian Radio History* (4th ed. Sydney, 2013)
* Curnow, Geoffrey Ross. *The History of the Development of Wireless Telegraphy and Broadcasting in Australia to 1942, With Especial Reference to the Australian Broadcasting Commission: A Political and Administrative Study*.
* Jolly, Rhonda. *Media Ownership and Regulation: A Chronology* (Canberra, 2016
* MacKinnon, Colin (VK2YDM). *Oswald Francis Mingay*
* Australian War Memorial. *Honours and Awards, Mentioned in Despatches, Oswald Francis Mingay*.
* Australian War Memorial. *Honours and Awards, Mentioned in Despatches, Oswald Francis Mingay*.
* National Library of Australia. *Biographical Cuttings on Oswald F. Mingay, Radio and Electrical Engineer, Containing One or More Cuttings from Newspapers or Journals*
* National Library of Australia. *Trove; Articles Tagged Oswald Francis Mingay* (website) (200+ selected articles)
* Ross, John F. *A History of Radio in South Australia 1897–1977* (J. F. Ross, 1978)
* Ross, John F. *Radio Broadcasting Technology, 75 Years of Development in Australia 1923–1998* (J. F. Ross, 1998)


title: Oswald Gebbie

abstract: Oswald Gebbie (1878–1956) was an Argentine rugby union footballer. He was President of The Argentine Rugby Union, between 1936 and 1940.

text:
# Oswald Gebbie

**Oswald Gebbie** (1878–1956) was an Argentine rugby union footballer. He was President of The Argentine Rugby Union, between 1936 and 1940.

## Career

Gebbie was born in Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, son of a family of British origin. He started his rugby playing career in Buenos Aires Cricket & Rugby Club. On June 12, 1910, Gebbie was part of the first national rugby team of Argentina. He debuted against British Lions team. The match was played in the stadium the Flores Athletic Club, with a score 28–3 in favor of the British.

Oswald Gebbie playing as centre, he was the first captain in the Argentina national rugby union team.

## InfoBox

| Oswald Saint-John Gebbie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 9, 1878
Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Died | November 13, 1956
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Occupation | Chairman |
| Profession | Sportsman |
|  | |


title: Otello Buscherini

abstract: Otello Buscherini was an Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. His best years were in 1973 when he won two Grand Prix races and in 1974 when he finished the season in fourth place in the 125cc world championship. Buscherini was killed during the 1976 Nations Grand Prix at Mugello. He won three Grand Prix races during his career.

text:
# Otello Buscherini

**Otello Buscherini** (19 January 1949 in Forlì \- 16 May 1976 in Mugello) was an Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. His best years were in 1973 when he won two Grand Prix races and in 1974 when he finished the season in fourth place in the 125cc world championship. Buscherini was killed during the 1976 Nations Grand Prix at Mugello. He won three Grand Prix races during his career.

## InfoBox

| Otello Buscherini | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Motorcycle racing career statistics  Grand Prix motorcycle racing  Active years 1970 \- 1976  First race 1970 50cc West German Grand Prix  Last race 1976 125cc Austrian Grand Prix  First win 1973 125cc Czechoslovakian Grand Prix  Last win 1975 350cc Czechoslovakian Grand Prix  Team(s) Malanca   Starts Wins Podiums Poles F. laps Points  29 3 17 4 6 267 | |


title: Otello Bignami

abstract: Otello Bignami was an Italian violin maker from Bologna.

text:
# Otello Bignami

**Otello Bignami** (August 6, 1914 – December 1, 1989) was an Italian violin maker from Bologna.

## Life

The life of Otello Bignami closely resembles the lives of various 19th-century violin makers in that he drew much vitality from the farming and craft traditions of his origins. He was a student of Gaetano Pollastri, and the possibility to be able to indicate on his instrument labels that he was a student of Pollastri contributed towards launching his career.

Bignami also practiced the profession of restorer of fine art work and fine furniture, experiences which were undoubtedly valuable in preparing and composing his varnish.

He was awarded prizes at the International Exhibition of Cremona (1949), the Third National Competition of Santa Cecilia Academy of Rome (first prize, 1956), and the Wieniawski Competition in Poland ("best maker in Italy," 1957). He won first prize and Gold medal in 1967 at Bagnacavallo. In 1976 he was awarded a "gold violin" from the city of Bagnacavallo; subsequently he won a prize for his special dedication to teaching.

In the course of over forty years of incessant activity, he built a vast number of instruments in the violin family, including several quartets. His instruments are known for their beauty and acoustic qualities. Amongst his list of illustrious clients was David Oistrakh.

Bignami's role as a teacher, and subsequently director, in the violin making school instituted in Bologna during the early 1980s was decisive in ensuring the continuity of the violin making tradition in this region.

## Quotes

"In his rare moments dedicated to relaxation, Otello ventured into another creative art with passion and real dedication: painting. He painted landscapes, still life, and flowers with sweet and melancholic shades, usually giving them away to relations and friends. This was another vehicle for Otello's idealistic and dreamy personality which he expressed without compromise. A silent and discreet way of offering an unforgettable memory of his soul." - Liutaio in Bologna / Violinmaker in Bologna by William Bignami

## List of Pupils

## Instruments

In the course of over forty years of incessant activity, he built a vast number of instruments in the violin family, including several quartets (most prominent are from 1975,1976 & 1977). 1975 & 1976 were made as dedications to Gaetano Pollastri. 1977 was made as homage and dedication to Augusto Pollastri (marking the centenary celebration of Augusto's birth). Bignamis instruments are known for their beauty and acoustic qualities.

O. Bignami Viola which was part of a quartet from 1976:

## Living Museum

The Bolognese school that Bignami directed is now a living museum. His workshop was carefully reconstructed and is still in use.

## Bibliography

* William Bignami, *Otello Bignami Liutaio in Bologna - Violinmaker in Bologna*, ISBN 88-7929-160-2
* *Vita d'Autore - Note su Otello Bignami Liutaio in Bologna 1914-1989 - A Life of Artistry - Sketches of Otello Bignami violin maker in Bologna*, contributions by Roberto Verti, Adriano Cavicchi, Roberto Regazzi, Giovanna Benzi and Tito Gotti, Bologna 1991 and 1993, ISBN 88-85250-03-3
* *Il Suono di Bologna, Da Raffaele Fiorini ai grandi maestri del Novecento". Catalogo della Mostra nella chiesa di San Giorgio in Poggiale*, Bologna 2002, ISBN 88-85250-06-8
* *A Misura d'Uomo*, Venezia 1985, ISBN 88-317-4788-6
* *Paradigmi. Forme nell'Artigianato*, Bologna 1988 and 1989
* Daniele Benati - Pierluigi Giordani, *Stanze bolognesi - La Collezione Lauro*, Bologna 1994
* Alessandro Bugatti - Adriano Ragazzi, *Tecniche basate sulla conoscenza per la classificazione di oggetti complessi: un'applicazione all'analisi di violini di interesse storico*, Brescia 1998
* Eric Blot, *Un secolo di Liuteria Italiana 1860-1960 - A century of Italian Violin Making - Emilia e Romagna I*, Cremona 1994 and 2003, ISBN 88-7929-026-6, ISBN 88-88360-05-0
* Marlin Brinser, *Dictionary of 20th Century Italian Violin Makers*, 1978
* The Strad, January 1984, *Bologna - A living tradition of Violin Making*
* Vannes, Rene (1985) \[1951\]. *Dictionnaire Universel del Luthiers (vol.3)*. Bruxelles: Les Amis de la musique. OCLC 53749830.
* William, Henley (1969). *Universal Dictionary of Violin & Bow Makers*. Brighton; England: Amati. ISBN 0-901424-00-5.
* Chiara Tenan, *Otello Bignami und die Bologneser Geigenbauschule des 20.Jahrhunderts - Diplomarbei zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades Magistra der Künste in der Studienrichtung 'Violoncello' an der Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Mozarteum in Salzburg, Betreuer: Dietmar Machold*, Salzburg 2001
* Walter Hamma, *Meister Italienischer Geigenbaukunst*, Wilhelmshaven 1993, ISBN 3-7959-0537-0


title: Ostrówek, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Ostrówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bobolice, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Bobolice, 39 km (24 mi) south-east of Koszalin, and 144 km (89 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. The village has a population of 30.

text:
# Ostrówek, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Ostrówek** \[ɔsˈtruvɛk\] (German *Ravensbucht*) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bobolice, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Bobolice, 39 km (24 mi) south-east of Koszalin, and 144 km (89 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 30.

## InfoBox

| Ostrówek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ostrówek | |
| Coordinates: 53°55′44″N 16°35′16″E / 53.92889°N 16.58778°E / 53.92889; 16.58778 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | West Pomeranian |
| County | Koszalin |
| Gmina | Bobolice |
| Population | 30 |


title: Otilia Villa Maciel

abstract: Otilia Villa Maciel de Como was an Argentine politician. She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1951 as one of the first group of female parliamentarians in Argentina.

text:
# Otilia Villa Maciel

**Otilia Villa Maciel de Como** was an Argentine politician. She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1951 as one of the first group of female parliamentarians in Argentina.

## Biography

In the 1951 legislative elections she was a Peronist Party candidate in Tucumán and was one of the 26 women elected to the Chamber of Deputies. She remained in office until 1955, when her term was cut short by the Revolución Libertadora.

## InfoBox

| Otilia Villa Maciel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| **In office**<br>1952–1955 | |
| Constituency | Tucumán |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) is the organisation that represents the interests of the recording industry worldwide. It is a non-profit members' organisation registered in Switzerland and founded in Italy in 1933 by Francesco Braga. It operates a secretariat based in London, with regional offices in Brussels, Hong Kong, Miami, Abu Dhabi, Singapore and Nairobi.

text:
# International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

The **International Federation of the Phonographic Industry** (**IFPI**) is the organisation that represents the interests of the recording industry worldwide. It is a non-profit members' organisation registered in Switzerland and founded in Italy in 1933 by Francesco Braga. It operates a secretariat based in London, with regional offices in Brussels, Hong Kong, Miami, Abu Dhabi, Singapore and Nairobi.

## Function

IFPI's mission is to promote the value of recorded music, campaign for record producer rights, and expand the commercial uses of recorded music. Its services to members include a legal policy programme, litigation, content protection, sales reporting for the recorded music market, insight and analysis and work in the areas of performance rights, technology and trade.

## Structure

IFPI is governed by its Main Board, a group including representatives from across the organisation's members (including major and independent record labels), representatives from certain IFPI National Groups and the organisation's CEO. There are also two regional boards (the IFPI Asia/Pacific Regional Board and IFPI Latin America Regional Board) which oversee regional matters.

In April 2024 IFPI announced that Victoria Oakley had been appointed as CEO, joining the organisation in June 2024. The previous CEO, Frances Moore, stepped down in December 2023. She had been appointed the chief executive with a term effective from 1 July 2010. She had replaced John Kennedy, who had headed the organisation since 2005 and was also one of the co-producers of Live Aid and Live8. Moore was awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours List in 2021 for her services to the music industry.

## Scope of influence

IFPI represents the recording industry worldwide; there are some 8,000 members across IFPI and its global network, operating in over 70 markets and some 70 local industry associations, affiliated music licensing companies and IFPI offices. According to its criteria, IFPI membership is open to "a legal entity or person which is either a producer of phonograms or music videos, copies of which are made available to the public in reasonable quantities", though the organisation does not define "reasonable quantities".

National groups and affiliate bodies include SNEP in France; BVMI in Germany; RIAJ in Japan; BPI in the UK; RIAA in the US; ARIA in Australia; Music Canada; AMPROFON in Mexico; Recorded Music New Zealand; Promusicae in Spain; FIMI in Italy and others. Record labels can be members of both their local industry body and IFPI.

## History

Members of the international phonographic industry formed IFPI at the industry's first international congress in Rome, Italy, held from 10 to 14 November 1933. IFPI described its mission as representing "the interests of the recording industry worldwide in all fora" by promoting legislation and copyrights and "to protect the largely British-based recording industry" by promoting a global performance right in gramophone sound recordings.

### Phonogram copyrights established

The IFPI lobbied at the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations of 1961, which established an international standard for the protection of sound recordings, live performances and broadcasts. This convention was opposed by trade groups representing authors and composers, who were concerned that establishing such "neighbouring rights" would undermine their own control over how their works were used and would result in prohibitively expensive licensing. Pressure from United States–based broadcasters who did not want to license the records they broadcast, among other factors, kept the United States from signing the convention; the United States would not recognise a separate sound recording copyright until 1971.

### Phonogram copy protection efforts

In an effort to combat copyright violation, in 1971, the IFPI advocated for the Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms (the Geneva Phonograms Convention), which 72 countries signed.

In 1986, the ISO established the International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) standard, ISO 3901. In 1989, the IFPI was designated the registration authority for ISRC codes. ISRC codes "enable the use of copyright protected recordings and works to be controlled; facilitate the distribution and collection of royalties (performances, private copying); and assist in the fight against piracy".

To further combat infringement of recorded works, the IFPI and the compact disc manufacturing industry introduced Source Identification (SID) codes in 1994. The SID codes are markings on optical discs such as compact discs (CD) and digital versatile discs (DVD) that identify the manufacturer, equipment, and master discs used to create each disc. There are two codes: the SID mastering code and the SID mould code. The SID mastering code identifies the manufacturing facility used to produce a master from which moulds are produced. The SID mould code identifies the plant where the disc was moulded (replicated). Since not all optical disc manufacturing facilities have the ability to both produce master discs and replicate discs, the SID mastering code and SID mould code on a given optical disc may or may not represent the same manufacturing facility.

SID codes follow a standard format consisting of the letters "IFPI" followed by four or five hexadecimal digits. A number prefaced with "L" is a "mastering code", a serial number taken from a pool assigned by Philips to the manufacturer. The mastering code identifies the Laser Beam Recorder (LBR) signal processor or mould that produced a particular stamper or a glass master disc from which moulds are produced. Non-"L" numbers are "mould codes", which identify the manufacturer that replicated the disc. Phillips assigns the first 2 or 3 digits of the mould code and the remaining digits are a serial number assigned by that plant to its moulds.

### The Pirate Bay incidents

In mid-October 2007, after IFPI let the ifpi.com domain registration lapse, ownership of the ifpi.com domain was transferred to The Pirate Bay, a group which claimed it received the domain from an anonymous donor. The group set up a Website under the domain titled "International Federation of Pirates Interests", a replacement backronym for IFPI. Ownership of the domain was returned to IFPI in late November, when a WIPO arbitration panel concluded that "the Disputed Domain Name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark in which the \[IFPI\] has rights" and that the Pirate Bay's representative "registered and \[was\] using the Disputed Domain Name in bad faith" and failed to adequately rebut IFPI's contention that he "has no rights or a legitimate interest in the Disputed Domain Name". The organisation's website www.ifpi.org was unaffected during the dispute.

### Milestones

* **1996** – Platinum Europe Awards established
* **2003** – Pro-Music established, a website with a directory of licensed music services in each country, supported by a cross-sector industry groups and set up and run by IFPI
* **2004** – IFPI's *Global Music Report* first published (an annual publication; first edition called *Online Music Report* and subsequently renamed *Digital Music Report* in 2005. Rebranded to current name in 2016 and combined with separate publication *Recording Industry in Numbers* as combined report *Global Music Report*)
* **2005** – IFPI instrumental in litigation against illegal file-sharing site Kazaa, which later became a licensed service
* **2009** – coordinated music industry action against The Pirate Bay, resulting in a high-profile ruling against the site's operators
* **2013** – IFPI's Global Recording Artist of the Year Award is established; a list of the world's top 10 most popular artists across a calendar year. The artist in the number one spot is presented with a physical award by IFPI.
* **2015** – Launch of New Music Fridays, the global switch to all markets releasing music on a Friday, driven by a steering committee including IFPI
* **2015** – IFPI led legal action against Russian site vKontakte which led to a Russian court ordering the service to stop its "large-scale infringement" and later saw the site become licensed in 2016
* **2017** – IFPI co-ordinated legal action leading to the closure of the world's largest stream-ripping site, YouTubeMP3
* **2019** – Changes to the European Copyright Directive—designed to great a fairer licensing environment for recorded music online—are adopted by the European Parliament, following a campaign by the creative industries, including IFPI
* **2020** – A Sub-Saharan Africa IFPI regional office was opened in Nairobi, working across the region's 46 markets.
* **2021** – IFPI opens first office in the MENA region in Abu Dhabi.
* **2022** – A new Southeast Asia regional office opened in Singapore.
* **2023** \- IFPI launches four new Charts in the MENA region (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE and North Africa)
* **2024** \- The European Parliament adopts the landmark EU Artificial Intelligence Act, following a campaign by groups including IFPI

## Certifications and awards

IFPI publishes six annual top-ten charts: the IPFI Global Recording Artist Chart, IFPI Global Single Chart, IFPI Global Album Chart, IFPI Global Album Sales Chart, the IFPI Global Vinyl Album Chart and (from 2023) the IFPI Global Streaming Album Chart.

Launched in January 2014, the IFPI Global Recording Artist Chart (sometimes called just the IFPI Global Artist Chart) was the first global chart to accurately capture the popularity of artists across streaming channels, alongside digital and physical album and singles sales. The independently verified chart includes sales of albums across digital, CD and vinyl formats; singles, both downloaded and physical; and streams across the calendar year. The chart includes all the music of each artist featured, not just one track or album. It uses album equivalent units to combine measurements of downloads, physical sales and streams.

The Top 10 Global Artist Chart is published each year, with the number-one artist being presented with a physical award, as the Global Recording Artist of the Year. The winners have been: One Direction in 2013, Taylor Swift in 2014, Adele in 2015, Drake in 2016, Ed Sheeran in 2017, Drake in 2018, Taylor Swift in 2019, BTS in 2020 and 2021, and Taylor Swift in 2022 and 2023.

IFPI also publishes a list of the top 10 best-performing global singles and albums each year. The most recent winners, for 2023, were Miley Cyrus' "Flowers" and Seventeen's *FML* respectively. In March 2022 IFPI launched the first Global Vinyl Album Chart (most recently topped by Taylor Swift's '1989 (Taylor's Version)', announced in March 2024) and in March 2023 they introduced the IFPI Global Streaming Album Chart; Morgan Wallen's 'One Thing At A Time' most recently took the top spot in that chart. The latest IFPI Global Album Sales Chart saw Seventeen at No. 1 with 'FML', with the K-Pop band having also reached No. 1 on the overall Global Album Chart for 2023 with the same album.

Formerly, IFPI ran certifications called the IFPI Platinum Europe Awards and the IFPI Middle East Awards. The IFPI Platinum Europe Awards were founded in 1996. They are awarded for actual retail sales (as opposed to shipments) of one million albums, in one of the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. The IFPI Middle East Awards were established in October 2009. They were awarded for sales in either Lebanon or the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. In the Gulf Cooperation Council, gold certification was awarded for sales of 3,000 units and platinum for sales of 6,000 units. In Lebanon, gold certification was awarded for sales of 1,000 units and platinum for sales of 2,000 units.

## InfoBox

International Federation of the Phonographic Industry
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | IFPI |
| Formation | 1933 (1933) |
| Headquarters | 7 Air Street Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom |
| Chief executive | Victoria Oakley |
| Main organ | Main board of directors |
| Website | www.ifpi.org |


title: Iota Leporis

abstract: Iota Leporis is a triple star system in the southern constellation of Lepus. It is visible to the naked eye as a point source of blue-white light with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.45. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.07 mas as measured from Earth, the system is located roughly 232 light years from the Sun. The primary, designated component A, is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B7.5 Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates "nebulous" absorption lines caused by rotation. It is about 94 million years old and has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 185 km/s. With an estimated 3.4 times the mass of the Sun, it is radiating 153 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 13,781 K. There is a close companion that is a source of X-ray emission. Most likely this star has at least 1.05 times the mass of the Sun. The third component, AM Leporis, is a BY Draconis variable of apparent magnitude 9.92, and spectral type G8Ve at an angular separation of 12.7".

text:
# Iota Leporis

**Iota Leporis** (ι Leporis) is a triple star system in the southern constellation of Lepus. It is visible to the naked eye as a point source of blue-white light with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.45. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.07 mas as measured from Earth, the system is located roughly 232 light years from the Sun.

The primary, designated component A, is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B7.5 Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates "nebulous" absorption lines caused by rotation. It is about 94 million years old and has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 185 km/s. With an estimated 3.4 times the mass of the Sun, it is radiating 153 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 13,781 K.

There is a close companion that is a source of X-ray emission. Most likely this star has at least 1.05 times the mass of the Sun. The third component, AM Leporis, is a BY Draconis variable of apparent magnitude 9.92, and spectral type G8Ve at an angular separation of 12.7".

## InfoBox

Iota Leporis
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A light curve for AM Leporis, adapted from Huélamo *et al.* (2004) | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) | |
| Constellation | Lepus |
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| Right ascension | 05h 12m 17.90190s |
| Declination | −11° 52 09.1863 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 4.45 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | B7.5 Vn + K7.2 XR? + G8 Ve |
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| U−B color index | −0.40 |
| B−V color index | −0.10 |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | +23.50 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: +24.39 mas/yr
Dec.: −31.02 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 14.07 ± 0.16 mas |
| **Distance** | 232 ± 3 ly
(71.1 ± 0.8 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 0.01 |
|  | |
| Details | |
| ι Lep A | |
| **Mass** | 3.37±0.02 |
| **Luminosity** | 153 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.25 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 13,781±469 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 185 km/s |
| **Age** | 94 Myr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| ι Lep, 3 Lep, BD−12° 1095, GC 6374, HD 33802, HIP 24244, HR 1696, SAO 150223, CCDM J05123-1152A, WDS J05123-1152A | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Iodopindolol

abstract: Iodopindolol is a beta-adrenergic selective antagonist tagged with radioactive iodine-125. It has been used to map beta receptors in cellular experiments.

text:
# Iodopindolol

**Iodopindolol** is a beta-adrenergic selective antagonist tagged with radioactive iodine-125. It has been used to map beta receptors in cellular experiments.

## InfoBox

Iodopindolol
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | \[125I\]Iodopindolol; 3-Iodopindolol |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (2*S*)-1-{\[3-(125I)Iodo-1*H*-indol-4-yl\]oxy}-3-(isopropylamino)-2-propanol | |
| CAS Number |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C14H19IN2O2 |
| Molar mass | 374.222 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CC(C)NC\[C@@H\](COc1cccc2c1c(c\[nH\]2)\[125I\])O | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C14H19IN2O2/c1-9(2)16-6-10(18)8-19-13-5-3-4-12-14(13)11(15)7-17-12/h3-5,7,9-10,16-18H,6,8H2,1-2H3/t10-/m0/s1/i15-2 * Key:LOMQONAZKMLAOB-BDIJBZSESA-N | |


title: Wax rims

abstract: Wax rims are devices that are used in dentistry to help in the fabrication of removable prostheses, such as complete and partial dentures. When placed in the mouth, wax rims allow the dentist to record a measured vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) because the patient will be unable to close further than the wax will allow. The wax is built up or removed until the appropriate VDO has been established. The rims are then notched in order to allow an index of the relationship of the maxillary rim to the mandibular rim with an impressionable medium, such as Alluwax or Regisal.

text:
# Wax rims

**Wax rims** are devices that are used in dentistry to help in the fabrication of removable prostheses, such as complete and partial dentures.

When placed in the mouth, wax rims allow the dentist to record a measured vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) because the patient will be unable to close further than the wax will allow. The wax is built up or removed until the appropriate VDO has been established. The rims are then notched in order to allow an index of the relationship of the maxillary rim to the mandibular rim with an impressionable medium, such as Alluwax or Regisal.


title: Vita Heathcote

abstract: Vita Heathcote is a British sailor who won a gold medal at the 2019 420 World Championships in the women's category and silver at the 2024 470 World Championships in the mixed section. She represented Great Britain at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Vita Heathcote

**Vita Heathcote** OLY (born 8 July 2001) is a British sailor who won a gold medal at the 2019 420 World Championships in the women's category and silver at the 2024 470 World Championships in the mixed section. She represented Great Britain at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

## Career

Having begun sailing aged just five, Heathcote, whose uncle is from two-time Olympic silver medal-winning sailor Nick Rogers, won multiple accolades at age-group levels and joined the British Sailing Team in 2019.

She claimed the women's gold medal at the 2019 420 World Championships in Vilamoura, Portugal, alongside Milly Boyle.

At the same venue, she won bronze with Ryan Orr in the mixed category at the 2021 470 European Championship.

Heathcote formed a new mixed 470 partnership with two-time Olympian Chris Grube for the 2023 Sailing World Championships in The Hague, Netherlands, where they finished 13th, narrowly missing out on qualification for the 2024 Summer Olympics.

However, in March 2024, the duo took silver at the 470 World Championships in Mallorca, Spain, which, when combined with another British boat coming ninth, was enough to secure a last-minute qualifying quota place for the Games in Paris.

Later that month Team GB officially confirmed the pairing's selection making Heathcote the youngest member of the 2024 British Olympic Sailing team.

In May 2024, Heathcote and Grube came 16th at the 2024 470 European Championship held at the Yacht Club de Cannes in France.

At the Olympics, Heathcote and Grube finished 11th, missing out on the final day medal race by one place having ended one point off the top ten.

## InfoBox

Vita HeathcoteOLY
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (2001-07-08) 8 July 2001<br>Southampton, Hampshire, England |
|  | |
| Sailing career | |
| Class(es) | 420, 470 |
| Club | Royal Lymington Yacht Club |
|  | |
| Medal record      Representing  Great Britain  Sailing  420 World Championships  2019 Vilamoura Portugal Women's 420  470 World Championships  2024 Mallorca Spain Mixed 470  470 European Championship  2021 Vilamoura Portugal Mixed 470 | |