title: Lake Junaluska, North Carolina

abstract: Lake Junaluska is a census-designated place (CDP) in Haywood County, North Carolina, United States, and an artificial lake in the Blue Ridge Mountains. It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area. Lake Junaluska is named after nearby Mount Junaluska, which was named after a Cherokee leader in the early nineteenth century. As of the 2010 census, the population of the community was 2,734. The 200-acre (81 ha) manmade lake of the same name is surrounded by private residences and the Lake Junaluska Conference and Retreat Center. The lake is fed primarily from Richland Creek and discharges into the creek, maintaining an approximately constant lake level. Richland Creek is a tributary to the Pigeon River. Water sports at the lake include canoeing, kayaking, paddleboarding and fishing, plus swimming in the lakeside swimming pool. To maintain a quiet environment, only electric trolling motors are permitted to operate on the lake. There is a 2.3-mile (3.7 km) paved walking trail and an extended 3.8-mile walking trail around the lake. Lake Junaluska also has an 18-hole golf course, pickleball and tennis courts, and dedicated bocce ball, corn hole and shuffleboard courts. The Blue Ridge Parkway is nearby, as is Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Lake Junaluska was formerly the site of the headquarters of the World Methodist Council.

text:
# Lake Junaluska, North Carolina

**Lake Junaluska** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Haywood County, North Carolina, United States, and an artificial lake in the Blue Ridge Mountains. It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Lake Junaluska is named after nearby Mount Junaluska (now North Eaglenest Mountain), which was named after a Cherokee leader in the early nineteenth century. As of the 2010 census, the population of the community was 2,734.

The 200-acre (81 ha) manmade lake of the same name is surrounded by private residences and the Lake Junaluska Conference and Retreat Center. The lake is fed primarily from Richland Creek and discharges into the creek, maintaining an approximately constant lake level. Richland Creek is a tributary to the Pigeon River. Water sports at the lake include canoeing, kayaking, paddleboarding and fishing, plus swimming in the lakeside swimming pool. To maintain a quiet environment, only electric trolling motors are permitted to operate on the lake. There is a 2.3-mile (3.7 km) paved walking trail and an extended 3.8-mile walking trail around the lake. Lake Junaluska also has an 18-hole golf course, pickleball and tennis courts, and dedicated bocce ball, corn hole and shuffleboard courts. The Blue Ridge Parkway is nearby, as is Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Lake Junaluska was formerly the site of the headquarters of the World Methodist Council.

## History

Before Indian Removal in 1839, all this area was part of the homelands of the Cherokee people. Today the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is based on Qualla Boundary in North Carolina, the only federally recognized tribe in the state. European Americans colonized most of the former Cherokee territories.

Methodist pastors James Atkins and George R. Stuart believed the Southeastern United States needed a place comparable to Chautauqua Lake, New York and Winona Lake, Indiana. Atkins contacted Stuart in April 1908 while attending a missionary conference in Chattanooga, Tennessee where Stuart was a pastor. The Southern Assembly, Inc. bought 1,200 acres of land.

On June 25, 1913, the Second General Missionary Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South convened in the new auditorium built here and named for Stuart. It was beside a new lake being filled after the damming of Richland Creek. As there were only 13 houses and no hotel until 1914, the 4,000 people had to stay elsewhere.

Auditorium Hotel, the first hotel, was built in 1914 across from Stuart Auditorium but burned in 1920.

The Junaluska Inn was built in 1917, but it caught fire and burned down the next year. A new hotel in 1921 was built on the same site, eventually to be named for Bishop Walter Russell Lambuth. Additions were made in 1956 and 1964.

In 1923, a classroom building called Shackford Hall was constructed at the lake's west end. Both Lambuth Inn and Shackford Hall have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1922, a large, lighted cross was erected at a spot overlooking the lake near Lambuth Inn, the oldest hotel at the lake. In 1994, a new cross was installed. The original, eventually restored, was moved to Mount Shepherd Retreat Center near Asheboro, North Carolina.

The Southeastern Jurisdiction (SEJ) of the United Methodist Church became the owner in 1948. Lake Junaluska Assembly Inc., an agency of the SEJ, has been tax-exempt since 1959. In the 1950s, the World Methodist Council, a consultative body linking almost all Methodist denominations worldwide, moved its headquarters to Lake Junaluska. In Spring 2021, the World Methodist Council sold its headquarters building, including a museum, to the assembly for $1.25 million. The World Methodist Council moved to offices in nearby Waynesville. The museum's collection moved to Southern Methodist University.

### Conference and Retreat Center

Lake Junaluska Assembly Inc. received financial support from the United Methodist Church for nearly 100 years, but that support ended and the Assembly became more of a business. The Lake Junaluska Assembly Board of Directors, in addition to acting as the "de facto government", owns the Lake Junaluska Conference and Retreat Center, the lake and the dam, and recreational facilities. The board voted in March 2013 to ask for Waynesville to annex the community.

The Lake Junaluska Conference and Retreat Center hosts events for the United Methodist Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church, The Salvation Army, Church of the Brethren, and other organizations. Several musical events are hosted in Stuart Auditorium, including Folkmoot USA programs and Appalachian bluegrass concerts. The Smoky Mountain Folk Festival is held here. The facilities are intended to be used for the renewal of "body, mind and spirit".

The Terrace Hotel and the Lambuth Inn, the community's primary accommodations, were extensively renovated in 2015 and 2018. The Corneille Bryan Native Garden contains many plants once abundant in the region but now rare.

The Conference and Retreat Center is governed by an active, diverse 32-member Board of Trustees. Some 68% of the Board members are property owners in the Lake Junaluska community. The board provides strategic direction, and budget approval for the Conference and Retreat Center, the Lake Junaluska Public Works, residential fees, and utility (water and sewer) rates. The Executive Director, who has day-to-day management responsibility, reports to the board of Trustees. The board approves changes to the rules and regulations of the community.

The amenities of Lake Junaluska include lodging, meeting facilities, dining (food service), trails, gardens, meditation areas, golf, and other recreation opportunities. The maintenance of the public areas around the lake and the dam, which is inspected annually, are funded primarily through charitable giving and proceeds from lodging guests. There is periodic removal of sediment that has been carried into the lake from Richland Creek. All property within the boundaries of the Assembly, approximately 5.8 square miles (15 km2), has deed covenant restrictions that give the Board of Trustees the right to enforce regulations and the first right of refusal on all property sales.

Work began in 2022 on a $2.5 million renovation of the former World Methodist Council headquarters, which Lake Junaluska purchased for $1.25 million along with an adjacent building in 2021. The former headquarters was named the Warren Center for Mike and Anne Warren, who gave $625,000 toward the purchase and $1.1 million for the renovation. In June 2024 the first event was held in the building that will be used for weddings and community events.

## Geography

The community of Lake Junaluska is located in central Haywood County just east of the artificial lake of the same name. The lake was formed by damming Richland Creek (a tributary to the Pigeon River) which flows northwest of the community. Haywood County has 18 mountain peaks over 6,000 feet (1,800 m), more than any other county east of the Mississippi River. The closest high summits are 4,228-foot (1,289 m) High Top on Utah Mountain, 2 miles (3 km) to the north; and 5,071-foot (1,546 m) North Eaglenest Mountain (formerly Mount Junaluska), 4 miles (6 km) to the southwest.

The community is bordered by Waynesville, the Haywood county seat, to the south; Maggie Valley to the west, and Clyde to the east. U.S. Routes 19, 23, 74, and 276 all pass through the community. Interstate 40 passes just northeast of the community, with access from Exits 24 and 27.

Asheville, the major city in the region, is 27 miles (43 km) to the east via I-40 or by Routes 19, 23, and 74. Route 19 leads west 25 miles (40 km) to Cherokee, base on the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and near the south entrance to Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Routes 23 and 74, the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway, leads southwest 22 miles (35 km) to Sylva, and US 276 leads southeast through Waynesville and 41 miles (66 km) to Brevard.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Lake Junaluska CDP has a total area of 5.6 square miles (14.6 km2), of which 5.3 square miles (13.8 km2) are land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km2), or 5.53%, are water.

## Climate

Lake Junaluska has an oceanic climate under the Köppen climate classification (Köppen *Cfb*). Monthly temperature averages range from 37.2 °F (2.9 °C) in January to 70.9 °F (21.6 °C) in July. Precipitation averages 46.1 inches (1,170 mm) annually, and snowfall averages 13.8 inches (350 mm).

| Climate data for Lake Junaluska, North Carolina | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 78
(26) | 79
(26) | 89
(32) | 89
(32) | 92
(33) | 98
(37) | 98
(37) | 96
(36) | 92
(33) | 90
(32) | 83
(28) | 78
(26) | 98
(37) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 49.0
(9.4) | 52.3
(11.3) | 59.5
(15.3) | 67.7
(19.8) | 74.9
(23.8) | 80.9
(27.2) | 83.4
(28.6) | 82.7
(28.2) | 77.0
(25.0) | 69.0
(20.6) | 60.1
(15.6) | 51.1
(10.6) | 67.3
(19.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 23.3
(−4.8) | 26.1
(−3.3) | 32.0
(0.0) | 38.9
(3.8) | 47.2
(8.4) | 55.3
(12.9) | 59.1
(15.1) | 58.6
(14.8) | 51.6
(10.9) | 40.4
(4.7) | 31.7
(−0.2) | 25.5
(−3.6) | 40.8
(4.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −22
(−30) | −16
(−27) | −8
(−22) | 15
(−9) | 24
(−4) | 31
(−1) | 40
(4) | 38
(3) | 27
(−3) | 12
(−11) | 0
(−18) | −8
(−22) | −22
(−30) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.33
(110) | 4.48
(114) | 4.39
(112) | 3.76
(96) | 4.30
(109) | 4.07
(103) | 3.71
(94) | 4.20
(107) | 3.94
(100) | 2.65
(67) | 3.73
(95) | 4.04
(103) | 47.61
(1,209) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 4.7
(12) | 3.0
(7.6) | 2.5
(6.4) | 1.2
(3.0) | 0.2
(0.51) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0.4
(1.0) | 2.0
(5.1) | 14.1
(36) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.7 | 10.7 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 13.0 | 14.1 | 12.6 | 10.1 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 11.0 | 136.5 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 7.6 |
| Source: NOAA (normals 1981−2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Today

The Lake Junaluska Public Works office manages the roads and utilities. Water for the community is purchased from the town of Waynesville, and sewage treatment is provided by Waynesville through a purchase agreement. Water and sewer fees and annual service fees provide funds for maintenance and improvements to the infrastructure. The community has engaged in a program to renew roads and systematically replace water and sewer lines without incurring debt. A prioritized list of improvements was initially developed, and replacement of the oldest underground water lines has saved money by reducing water loss due to leakage.

A Community Council of elected representatives provides guidance to the public works office and Conference and Retreat Center leadership on issues that impact the community, such as utility rates, annual service charges, residential rules, and regulations. Open monthly meetings also provide a means for the property owners to learn about new developments in the community and provide input to the council and the conference and retreat center leadership.

The community of residents, year-round and seasonal alike, are a very diverse active group that enjoy many opportunities for involvement in recreation and fellowship. Community organizations include the Lake Junaluska Assembly Property Owners organization (LJAPOO), which addresses issues associated with the ownership, and the Junaluskans, which is a service group that meets twice monthly and supports many activities.

The campus is also the home to the Foundation for Evangelism, a non-profit organization serving ministries of the United Methodist Church by promoting the growth of new generations of clergy and laity that have a passion for evangelism.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 3,219 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

Lake Junaluska racial composition
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 2,964 | 92.08% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 19 | 0.59% |
| Native American | 11 | 0.34% |
| Asian | 27 | 0.84% |
| Other/Mixed | 77 | 2.39% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 121 | 3.76% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,219 people, 1,477 households, and 841 families residing in the CDP.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,675 people, 1,262 households, and 861 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 483.6 inhabitants per square mile (186.7/km2). There were 1,848 housing units at an average density of 334.1 per square mile (129.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.65% White, 0.37% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.35% of the population.

There were 1,262 households, out of which 18.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.57.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 16.2% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 28.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,932, and the median income for a family was $54,444. Males had a median income of $38,224 versus $29,219 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,031. About 4.2% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.9% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Further reading

* Lowry, Bill (2010). *The Antechamber of Heaven: A History of Lake Junaluska Assembly*. Providence House Publishers. ISBN 9781577364399.

## InfoBox

| Lake Junaluska, North Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| A Christian cross stands above the community. | |
| Location of Lake Junaluska, North Carolina | |
| Coordinates: 35°31′29″N 83°00′05″W / 35.52472°N 83.00139°W / 35.52472; -83.00139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Haywood |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.61 sq mi (14.52 km2) |
| Land | 5.29 sq mi (13.71 km2) |
| Water | 0.31 sq mi (0.81 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,674 ft (815 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,219 |
| Density | 608.05/sq mi (234.77/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 28745 |
| Area code | 828 |
| FIPS code | 37-36480 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2403193 |


title: Kaneohe Ranch

abstract: Kaneohe Ranch Management Limited manages the real estate owned by the family of Harold K.L. Castle and Alice H. Castle, and their non-profit charitable foundation, the Harold K.L. Castle Foundation founded in 1962. In 2014, most of its real estate assets were sold for $373 million. The real estate portfolio had consisted of land holdings on the windward side of Oahu, Hawaii, as well as other Oahu and mainland United States properties. Properties had included commercial, retail, office, industrial and residential parcels.

text:
# Kaneohe Ranch

**Kaneohe Ranch Management Limited** manages the real estate owned by the family of Harold K.L. Castle and Alice H. Castle, and their non-profit charitable foundation, the Harold K.L. Castle Foundation founded in 1962. In 2014, most of its real estate assets were sold for $373 million. The real estate portfolio had consisted of land holdings on the windward side of Oahu, Hawaii, as well as other Oahu and mainland United States properties. Properties had included commercial, retail, office, industrial and residential parcels.

## History

### Mid 19th century

During the mid-19th century, most of the land in the area belonged to Kalama, Queen Consort of Kamehameha III and later Queen Dowager of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. She and Judge Charles Coffin Harris began a sugarcane plantation on the land, but after she died in 1870 and it failed in 1871, the land eventually passed to Harris's daughter, Nannie H. Rice, who leased 15,000 acres (61 km2) to J. P. Mendonca in 1894 to start Kaneohe Ranch.

### Late 19th-early 20th century

Born in 1886, Harold Kainalu Long Castle was the descendant of prominent businessmen and missionaries in Oahu. James Bicknell Castle, his father, served as a director of his father's company and as a partner of Alexander & Baldwin, another “Big Five” company. By the late 1890s the Castle family was accumulating much of the east side of the island.

In the early 20th century Kaneohe Ranch lands were used for growing pineapple, processing sugar and for cattle operations. Harold K.L. Castle purchased Kailua in early 1917. The Kaneohe Ranch controlled nearly the entire Ko’olaupoko plain from the present Windward Community College through the present Windward Mall down to the piers at Heʻeia on Kaneohe Bay, all the way through Kailua to the Olomana Country Club. Its headquarters, the Kaneohe Ranch Building at Castle Junction, was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

### Mid-to-late 20th century

Over the last half of the 20th century, Kaneohe Ranch transformed what was once natural wetlands into a suburban community.

At the end of World War II, demand for affordable housing grew. The idea to build houses on long-term leased land became popular due to their lower purchase cost.

As part of his development strategy, Castle donated land along Kailua Road to churches that would eventually attract congregations to migrate towards Kailua. Further donations of land to schools, universities and hospitals enhanced the attractiveness of the community.

### 21st century

In the early 21st century, many commercial ground leases expired. Kaneohe Ranch initiated a community planning process in 2004 for redeveloping properties with expiring leases. In 2004 the first phase of construction in Kailua town center included a new 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m2) Longs Drugs store, 2,618 square feet (243.2 m2) of retail frontage along Kailua Road, and a 427 stall, 3-story parking garage. The second phase, completed in the summer of 2006, included a 11,023-square-foot (1,024.1 m2) Pier 1 Imports and the Kainalu Plaza and fountain. The Kalapawai Café opened in 2007 with a similar look to the Kalapawai Market. The third phase included 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2) of retail space, a new location for First Hawaiian Bank, Hawaii's second Whole Foods Market, and additional parking. A two-story retail and office building was to be set back from streets by 15 feet (4.6 m) to allow for wider sidewalks and outdoor dining areas.

In 2014, most of the properties managed by Kaneohe Ranch were sold and Carlton K.C. Au was appointed president of the organization. Au succeeded H. Mitchell “Mitch” D’Olier who had led Kaneohe Ranch for 22 years.

## Donations

Kaneohe Ranch has donated lands to the following:

## InfoBox

Kaneohe Ranch Management Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Commercial Real Estate, Land Development |
| Founded | Harold K.L. Castle Foundation |
| Founder | Harold K.L. Castle |
| Headquarters | Kailua, HI, United States |
| Number of employees | \<20 |


title: WINZ (AM)

abstract:
WINZ is a sports radio formatted AM radio station that serves Miami–Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and their suburbs. The station primarily airs syndicated programming from Fox Sports Radio with some local sports talk and game coverage. Its daytime signal reaches as far north as Ft. Pierce, as far west as Ft. Myers and Naples, and as far south as Cuba. The station has managed to score ratings in the Ft. Myers-Naples radio market despite its transmitter being over 100 miles away. WINZ's studios are located in Pembroke Pines and the transmitter site is in Miami Gardens. The station was originally a 3-tower directional day with 46,000 watts to protect the FCC monitoring station just to the north. Gannett management was successful in having the FCC monitoring stations moved to Vero Beach, which opened up the station for increased power. Later that year WINZ applied for and received the ability to broadcast during day with 50,000 watts non-directional. During nighttime hours the WINZ directional skywave pattern must not interfere with stations in Canada and Mexico. Those countries have Class A Clear Channel rights to the 940 kHz frequency. Those stations are XEQ-AM in Mexico City, and a station allocation in Montreal previously occupied by CINW, which fell silent in February 2010; however, the allocation still exists by international treaty, and will soon be occupied by a new station. On February 17, 1981, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted WINZ special temporary authority to transmit with 25,000 watts at night instead of the 10,000 watts for which it is licensed. A station in Cuba causes interference and consequently a loss of service in some areas of WINZ's listening area. This authority has been renewed regularly since then. From the late 1950s and into the early 1960s, WINZ went head-to-head with top 40 WQAM at night, featuring Bob Green, from 7 pm to 11 pm. When Green left the station, he was replaced by "Cousin Brucie" Bruce Morrow. Morrow left the station to begin a legendary career at WABC (AM), in New York City. He is now with SiriusXM. By coincidence, both WINZ and WQAM are Sports radio stations today. WINZ was an all-news radio station from June 18, 1975, until July 12, 2004, when WINZ became a progressive talk station. Former talk-hosts included Al Franken, Randi Rhodes, Mike Malloy, Stephanie Miller, Lionel, Neil Rogers, Thom Hartmann and Don Imus. Traffic reporters for WINZ were South Florida's traffic reporting veterans Trish Anderson in the 1980s and George Sheldon from 1988-1997 then again from 2003-2006. Frank Mottek worked as an anchor and reporter for WINZ from 1981 to 1992 before joining CBS station KNX (AM) Los Angeles in 1992. From 1985 to 1991, he broadcast the live descriptions of all space shuttle launches for the CBS Radio Network which aired on WINZ. Before the station adopted progressive talk as its format, it was 940 Fox Sports Radio, an all-sports station that competed with WQAM and WAXY. On April 3, 2009, the format shifted back to sports as "The Sports Animal". The station's slogan today is "Miami's Sports Station." WINZ is owned by iHeartMedia, the largest U.S. radio owner. iHeartMedia purchased the station from West Palm Beach-based media entrepreneur Bud Paxson. WINZ management changed in early 2007 from Peter Bolger to Ken Charles. New weekend shows included Clout with Richard Greene and 7 Days in America with new Air America Radio network co-owner Mark Green. Other local shows have been dropped recently, such as Radioactive Politics and The Nicole Sandler Show. In 2008, Miami Heat games moved back to WINZ from WIOD. One game will be simulcast monthly on 103.5 The Beat. WINZ previously carried Heat games from 1993 to 1996. On April 2, 2009, it was reported on Radio-Info.com that the station would switch to sports the following day, making it the sixth sports station in Miami; this follows Clear Channel's trend of changing liberal talk formats to its own Fox Sports network. The change took place at Noon the following day, as "Doing Time with Ron Kuby" was interrupted by a skit in which Rush Limbaugh announced he had convinced Clear Channel to change the format of WINZ to sports, claiming that, as a conservative talk show host, he felt it was time for the station to go, and "AM 940, The Sports Animal" was born.
Since the change of format, ratings for WINZ have dropped from a 1.0 in the Spring of 2009 to a 0.3 in April, a 0.6 in May, and a 0.5 in June, behind the sports station WAXY and WQAM. The National Football League's Miami Dolphins announced on March 1, 2010, that it had entered an agreement with Clear Channel that would make WINZ and WBGG-FM flagship stations of the Dolphins Radio Network for the next six years. On November 14, 2010, the Dolphins and Heat played on the same day at the same time. Per contract, WINZ aired the Dolphins game while another station had the Heat broadcast. Clear Channel then threatened to sue the Heat for breach of contract. Sometime after that, the Heat switched its flagship station to competing station WAXY. On November 6, 2013, WINZ announced that they were the new flagship station for the Miami Marlins starting with the 2014 season, ending a 5-year relationship with WAXY. In case of scheduling conflicts, Marlins games are broadcast on sister station WIOD instead. Most of the station's lineup is fed in from national feeds of Fox Sports Radio. On September 22, 2021, WINZ rebranded as "Fox Sports 940," dropping remaining local hosts Jeff "DeFo" DeForrest and "The Greek," but keeping the live games from the Marlins and U of M. On January 30, 2023, iHeartMedia announced it had picked up the radio broadcast rights to the Miami Dolphins and would place the team on a joint simulcast of WBGG-FM and WINZ. The stations will carry all Dolphins games, pre and post-game shows, and a weekly show with team and league personnel. The play-by-play team will remain the same with former Dolphin and WIOD morning host Jimmy Cefalo, former Dolphin and current WQAM morning host Joe Rose and former Dolphin Kim Bokamper.

text:
# WINZ (AM)

**WINZ** (940 kHz) is a sports radio formatted AM radio station that serves MiamiFort Lauderdale, Florida, and their suburbs. The station primarily airs syndicated programming from Fox Sports Radio with some local sports talk and game coverage. Its daytime signal reaches as far north as Ft. Pierce, as far west as Ft. Myers and Naples, and as far south as Cuba. The station has managed to score ratings in the Ft. Myers-Naples radio market despite its transmitter being over 100 miles away.

WINZ's studios are located in Pembroke Pines and the transmitter site is in Miami Gardens.

The station was originally a 3-tower directional day with 46,000 watts to protect the FCC monitoring station just to the north. Gannett management was successful in having the FCC monitoring stations moved to Vero Beach, which opened up the station for increased power. Later that year WINZ applied for and received the ability to broadcast during day with 50,000 watts non-directional. During nighttime hours (sunset to sunrise) the WINZ directional skywave pattern must not interfere with stations in Canada and Mexico. Those countries have Class A Clear Channel rights to the 940 kHz frequency. Those stations are XEQ-AM in Mexico City, and a station allocation in Montreal previously occupied by CINW, which fell silent in February 2010; however, the allocation still exists by international treaty, and will soon be occupied by a new station.

On February 17, 1981, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted WINZ special temporary authority to transmit with 25,000 watts at night instead of the 10,000 watts for which it is licensed. A station in Cuba causes interference and consequently a loss of service in some areas of WINZ's listening area. This authority has been renewed regularly since then.

From the late 1950s and into the early 1960s, WINZ went head-to-head with top 40 WQAM at night, featuring Bob Green, from 7 pm to 11 pm. When Green left the station, he was replaced by "Cousin Brucie" Bruce Morrow. Morrow left the station to begin a legendary career at WABC (AM), in New York City. He is now with SiriusXM. By coincidence, both WINZ and WQAM are Sports radio stations today.

WINZ was an all-news radio station from June 18, 1975, until July 12, 2004, when WINZ became a progressive talk station. Former talk-hosts included Al Franken, Randi Rhodes, Mike Malloy, Stephanie Miller, Lionel, Neil Rogers, Thom Hartmann and Don Imus. Traffic reporters for WINZ were South Florida's traffic reporting veterans Trish Anderson in the 1980s and George Sheldon from 1988-1997 then again from 2003-2006. Frank Mottek worked as an anchor and reporter for WINZ from 1981 to 1992 before joining CBS station KNX (AM) Los Angeles in 1992. From 1985 to 1991, he broadcast the live descriptions of all space shuttle launches for the CBS Radio Network which aired on WINZ. Before the station adopted progressive talk as its format, it was *940 Fox Sports Radio*, an all-sports station that competed with WQAM and WAXY. On April 3, 2009, the format shifted back to sports as "The Sports Animal". The station's slogan today is "Miami's Sports Station."

WINZ is owned by iHeartMedia, the largest U.S. radio owner. iHeartMedia (as Clear Channel Communications) purchased the station from West Palm Beach-based media entrepreneur Bud Paxson. WINZ management changed in early 2007 from Peter Bolger to Ken Charles. New weekend shows included *Clout with Richard Greene* and *7 Days in America* with new Air America Radio network co-owner Mark Green (no relation). Other local shows have been dropped recently, such as *Radioactive Politics* and *The Nicole Sandler Show*.

In 2008, Miami Heat (National Basketball Association) games moved back to WINZ from WIOD. One game will be simulcast monthly on 103.5 The Beat. WINZ previously carried Heat games from 1993 to 1996.

On April 2, 2009, it was reported on Radio-Info.com that the station would switch to sports the following day, making it the sixth sports station in Miami; this follows Clear Channel's trend of changing liberal talk formats (regardless of success) to its own Fox Sports network. The change took place at Noon the following day, as "Doing Time with Ron Kuby" was interrupted by a skit in which Rush Limbaugh announced he had convinced Clear Channel to change the format of WINZ to sports, claiming that, as a conservative talk show host, he felt it was time for the station to go (and that he was a closet fan of the city's sports teams), and "AM 940, The Sports Animal" was born. Since the change of format, ratings for WINZ have dropped from a 1.0 in the Spring of 2009 to a 0.3 in April, a 0.6 in May, and a 0.5 in June, behind the sports station WAXY and WQAM.

The National Football League's Miami Dolphins announced on March 1, 2010, that it had entered an agreement with Clear Channel that would make WINZ and WBGG-FM flagship stations of the Dolphins Radio Network for the next six years.

On November 14, 2010, the Dolphins and Heat played on the same day at the same time. Per contract, WINZ aired the Dolphins game while another station had the Heat broadcast. Clear Channel then threatened to sue the Heat for breach of contract. Sometime after that, the Heat switched its flagship station to competing station WAXY. On November 6, 2013, WINZ announced that they were the new flagship station for the Miami Marlins starting with the 2014 season, ending a 5-year relationship with WAXY. In case of scheduling conflicts (particularly with Dolphins games), Marlins games are broadcast on sister station WIOD instead.

Most of the station's lineup is fed in from national feeds of Fox Sports Radio.

On September 22, 2021, WINZ rebranded as "Fox Sports 940," dropping remaining local hosts Jeff "DeFo" DeForrest and "The Greek," but keeping the live games from the Marlins and U of M.

On January 30, 2023, iHeartMedia announced it had picked up the radio broadcast rights to the Miami Dolphins (marking the fourth NFL team the company had signed with in the previous 2 years, alongside the Carolina Panthers, Green Bay Packers and Washington Commanders) and would place the team on a joint simulcast of WBGG-FM (which had previously been the team's broadcast home from 2010 to 2015) and WINZ. The stations will carry all Dolphins games, pre and post-game shows, and a weekly show with team and league personnel. The play-by-play team will remain the same with former Dolphin and WIOD morning host Jimmy Cefalo, former Dolphin and current WQAM morning host Joe Rose and former Dolphin Kim Bokamper.

25°57′39″N 80°16′11″W / 25.9608°N 80.2698°W / 25.9608; -80.2698

## InfoBox

WINZ
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | South Florida metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 940 kHz |
| Branding | *Fox Sports 940* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Sports radio |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WBGG-FM, WHYI-FM, WIOD, WMIA-FM, WMIB, WXBN, WZTU |
| History | |
| First air date | 1947 (1947) |
| Former call signs | * WINZ (1947–2002) * WRFX (2002–2004) |
| Call sign meaning | Likely inspired by New York's WINS; coincidental to current sports radio format |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 51977 |
| Class | B |
| Power | * 50,000 watts (day) * 10,000 watts (night) * 25,000 watts (night under STA) |
| Repeater(s) | 103.5 WMIB-HD2 (Fort Lauderdale) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live (via iHeartRadio) |
| Website | foxsports940.iheart.com |


title: Frannie, Wyoming

abstract:
Frannie is a town in Big Horn and Park counties in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The population was 157 at the 2010 census. In 1894, Frannie's post office opened. Postmaster Morris, the town's first postmaster, had a daughter named Frannie, and the town was named after her. Until 1954, the legal status of Frannie was that of an unincorporated area taking in parts of Big Horn and Park Counties. In 1954, the town was incorporated. Under Wyoming law, Frannie now has the status of an incorporated town having less than 4,000 people. The town has a mayor-council form of government in which the governing body comprises the mayor and the council, together. The governing body has authority over the budget, other fiscal matters, and other major issues affecting the town. The current mayor is
Steven Richardson, whose current term expires in 2026. Frannie receives natural gas service from Frannie-Deaver Utilities, a privately held company in Frannie. Since 1955 the town has provided municipal (potable) water service. In 2000 the town installed a sanitary sewer system. The town contracts for its trash collection and fire-fighting services. Fire protection is provided by the Big Horn County Fire District #5 in Deaver, Wyoming. Police coverage is provided primarily by the Big Horn County Sheriff's Office.

text:
# Frannie, Wyoming

**Frannie** is a town in Big Horn and Park counties in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The population was 157 at the 2010 census.

In 1894, Frannie's post office opened. Postmaster Morris, the town's first postmaster, had a daughter named Frannie, and the town was named after her. Until 1954, the legal status of Frannie was that of an unincorporated area taking in parts of Big Horn and Park Counties. In 1954, the town was incorporated. Under Wyoming law (WS 15-3-101), Frannie now has the status of an incorporated town having less than 4,000 people.

The town has a mayor-council form of government in which the governing body comprises the mayor and the council, together. The governing body has authority over the budget, other fiscal matters, and other major issues affecting the town. The current mayor is Steven Richardson, whose current term expires in 2026.

Frannie receives natural gas service from Frannie-Deaver Utilities, a privately held company in Frannie. Since 1955 the town has provided municipal (potable) water service. In 2000 the town installed a sanitary sewer system. The town contracts for its trash collection and fire-fighting services. Fire protection is provided by the Big Horn County Fire District #5 in Deaver, Wyoming. Police coverage is provided primarily by the Big Horn County Sheriff's Office.

## Geography

Frannie is located at 44°58′11″N 108°37′13″W / 44.96972°N 108.62028°W / 44.96972; -108.62028 (44.969738, -108.620340). US Highway 310 (locally known as "Ash St.") is the main road through the town. All but 19 of the town's population is found east of US 310. The town is also located two miles south of the Montana border and is the northernmost town in Wyoming's Bighorn Basin—a mountain desert region which relies on a network of canals and pipelines to provide irrigation and potable water for the population, farming, and ranching activities.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.44 square miles (1.14 km2), all land. The Town boundaries, at its eastern end, follow the Sage/Frannie Creek.

Among Wyoming towns Frannie has a unique geographic characteristic: it is the only town having boundaries which include parts of two counties—Big Horn (pop. 138) and Park (pop. 19.) Accordingly, visitors to Frannie are greeted with a welcoming sign which includes the phrase "Biggest Little Town In Wyoming." Locals say this designation is because "it took two counties to hold our town!" Included in the Park County portion of Frannie is the post office and two of the town's three businesses. The Town Hall is located within the Big Horn County portion.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | 171 |  |  |
| 1970 | 139 |  | −18.7% |
| 1980 | 138 |  | −0.7% |
| 1990 | 148 |  | 7.2% |
| 2000 | 209 |  | 41.2% |
| 2010 | 157 |  | −24.9% |
| 2019 (est.) | 159 |  | 1.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 157 people, 70 households, and 50 families residing in the town. There were 77 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 95.5% White, 1.9% Native American, 1.9% African-American, 0% Asian, 0% from other races, and 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.6% of the population. Some individuals identified as more than one race. Thus these figures add-up to more than 100%.

Of the town's 70 households 30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 1.4% of all households had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.64.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 20, 7% from 20 to 29, 19.8% from 30 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.3 years.

## Media

### AM radio

### FM radio

### Television

Three television stations are available in Frannie: KSVI (ABC,) KTVQ (CBS) and KULR (NBC) from Billings. Reception of additional TV stations is available, by subscription, from TCT West Telephone of Basin, Wyo. and from satellite ("dish") services.

## Education

Public education in the town of Frannie is provided by Big Horn County School District #1. Campuses include Rocky Mountain Elementary School (grades PK-5) and Rocky Mountain High School (grades 6-12). Both campuses are located in Cowley, Wyo.

Frannie has a public library, a branch of the Big Horn County Library System.

## InfoBox

| Frannie, Wyoming | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of Frannie in Big Horn County, Wyoming. | |
| Frannie, WyomingLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 44°58′11″N 108°37′13″W / 44.96972°N 108.62028°W / 44.96972; -108.62028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wyoming |
| Counties | Big Horn, Park |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.44 sq mi (1.15 km2) |
| Land | 0.44 sq mi (1.15 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 4,216 ft (1,285 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 157 |
| Estimate (2019) | 159 |
| Density | 358.92/sq mi (138.65/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 82423 |
| Area code | 307 |
| FIPS code | 56-29825 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1588719 |
| Website | franniewy.govoffice2.com |


title: Pharmaceutical technician

abstract: A pharmaceutical technician, also referred to as pharmaceutical research technician is a job title for a laboratory assistant or research assistant employed in the pharmaceutical industry involved in the research and development of new or existing medications. In most cases, job responsibilities include supervising ongoing experiments, recording laboratory results, keeping records, testing for various compounds, and maintaining laboratory cleanliness. More responsibilities are typically given as the pharmaceutical technician gains experience in laboratory techniques and proper research methodology.

text:
# Pharmaceutical technician

A **pharmaceutical technician**, also referred to as **pharmaceutical research technician** is a job title for a laboratory assistant or research assistant employed in the pharmaceutical industry involved in the research and development of new or existing medications. In most cases, job responsibilities include supervising ongoing experiments, recording laboratory results, keeping records, testing for various compounds, and maintaining laboratory cleanliness. More responsibilities are typically given as the pharmaceutical technician gains experience in laboratory techniques and proper research methodology.

## Educational experience and certification

Most pharmaceutical technicians have completed 2 years at a college or technical institute. Additional training in laboratory technique may be on-the-job. Some states in the United States offer 1-year training programs for pharmaceutical technicians. In addition, some pharmaceutical technicians may be students majoring in pharmacy or biological sciences assisting research professors in their work.


title: Hajiji cabinet

abstract: The Hajiji cabinet took office on 29 September 2020, three days after the 2020 Sabah State Election. The cabinet consists of ministers and assistant ministers from the Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS), the dissidents of Barisan Nasional (BN) and Pakatan Harapan (PH). BN led by then Deputy Chief Minister and State Minister of Works Bung Moktar Radin withdrew in January 2023, causing a political crisis. However, there were a few dissidents who did not follow BN to withdraw support for Hajiji, among them are Tanjung Keramat MLA Shahelmey Yahya who was later promoted to Deputy Chief Minister and appointed as State Minister of Works. Following this, Sabah BN is split into two factions in the government led by Shahelmey and opposition led by Bung Moktar. The crisis also saw PH joining the government after it decided to support Hajiji and allow him to regain the majority support in the assembly to remain as Chief Minister.

text:
# Hajiji cabinet

The **Hajiji cabinet** took office on 29 September 2020, three days after the 2020 Sabah State Election.

The cabinet consists of ministers and assistant ministers from the Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS), the dissidents of Barisan Nasional (BN) and Pakatan Harapan (PH). BN led by then Deputy Chief Minister and State Minister of Works Bung Moktar Radin withdrew in January 2023, causing a political crisis. However, there were a few dissidents who did not follow BN to withdraw support for Hajiji, among them are Tanjung Keramat MLA Shahelmey Yahya who was later promoted to Deputy Chief Minister and appointed as State Minister of Works. Following this, Sabah BN is split into two factions in the government led by Shahelmey and opposition led by Bung Moktar. The crisis also saw PH joining the government after it decided to support Hajiji and allow him to regain the majority support in the assembly to remain as Chief Minister.

## Current arrangement

### Ministers

| GRS (8) | PH (2) | BN (1) |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|

| Portfolio | Officeholder | Party | | Constituency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chief Minister | Datuk Seri Panglima **Hajiji Noor** |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Sulaman |
| Deputy Chief Minister
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Industry | Datuk Seri Panglima Dr. **Jeffrey Kitingan** MP |  | GRS (STAR) | Tambunan |
| Deputy Chief Minister
Minister of Housing and Local Government | Datuk Dr. **Joachim Gunsalam** |  | GRS (PBS) | Kundasang |
| Deputy Chief Minister
Minister of Works | Datuk Ir. **Shahelmey Yahya** MP |  | BN (UMNO) | Tanjung Keramat |
| Minister of Finance | Datuk Seri Panglima **Masidi Manjun** |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Karanaan |
| Minister of Industrial Development and Entrepreneurship | Datuk **Phoong Jin Zhe** |  | PH (DAP) | Luyang |
| Minister of Rural Development | Datuk **Jahid Jahim** |  | GRS (PBS) | Tamparuli |
| Minister of Tourism, Culture and Environment | Datuk **Christina Liew Chin Jin** |  | PH (PKR) | Api-Api |
| Minister of Community Development and People's Wellbeing | Datuk **James Ratib** |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Sugut |
| Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation | Datuk **Mohd. Arifin Mohd. Arif** |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Membakut |
| Minister of Youth and Sports | Datuk **Ellron Alfred Angin** |  | GRS (STAR) | Sook |

### Assistant Ministers

| GRS (13) | BN (3) | PH (2) |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Portfolio | Name | Party | | Constituency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assistant Minister to the Chief Minister | Abidin Madingkir |  | GRS (STAR) | Paginatan |
| | Nizam Abu Bakar Titingan |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Apas |
| | Ruslan Muharam |  | GRS (PBS) | Lumadan |
| Assistant Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Industry | Hendrus Anding |  | GRS (PBS) | Tandek |
| | Peto Galim |  | PH (PKR) | Inanam |
| Assistant Minister of Housing and Local Government | Mohamad Hamsan Awang Supain |  | BN (UMNO) | Sungai Sibuga |
| | Isnin Aliasnih |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Klias |
| Assistant Minister of Works | Limus Jury |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Kuala Penyu |
| | Robert Tawik |  | GRS (STAR) | Bingkor |
| Assistant Minister of Finance | Tan Lee Fatt |  | PH (DAP) | Likas |
| | Julita Majungki |  | GRS (PBS) | Matunggong |
| Assistant Minister of Industrial Development and Entrepreneurship | Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy |  | BN (UMNO) | Tanjung Batu |
| Assistant Minister of Rural Development | Samad Jambri |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Labuk |
| | Ruddy Awah |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Pitas |
| Assistant Minister of Tourism, Culture and Environment | Joniston Bangkuai |  | GRS (PBS) | Kiulu |
| Assistant Minister of Community Development and People's Wellbeing | Flovia Ng |  | GRS (STAR) | Tulid |
| Assistant Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation | Harun Durabi |  | BN (UMNO) | Bengkoka |
| Assistant Minister of Youth and Sports | Fairuz Renddan |  | GRS (GAGASAN) | Pintasan |
|

### Ex-officio members

| Position | Office bearer |
| --- | --- |
| Secretary | Safar Untong |
| Attorney-General | Nor Asiah Mohd Yusof |
| Financial Secretary | Mohd. Sofian Alfian Nair |

## Cabinet shuffles

| Colour key |
| --- |
| * Joined the Cabinet * Promoted * Left the Cabinet |

| Minister/Assistant Minister | Position before reshuffle | Result of reshuffle |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 21 October 2022 | | |
| Wetrom Bahanda | Assistant Minister to the Chief Minister | Left the government (resigned) |
| 26 October 2022 | | |
| Nizam Abu Bakar Titingan | Assistant Minister of Finance | Given additional role as Assistant Minister to the Chief Minister |
| Julita Majungki | Assistant Minister of Community Development and People's Wellbeing | Assistant Minister of Finance |
| Fairuz Renddan | Backbench MLA | Assistant Minister of Special Functions and Coordination |
| 11 January 2023 | | |
| Bung Moktar Radin | Deputy Chief Minister and Minister of Works | Left the government (dismissal) |
| Jafry Arifin | Minister of Tourism, Culture and Environment | Left the government (dismissal) |
| Yakub Khan | Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation | Left the government (dismissal) |
| Hajiji Noor | Chief Minister and Minister of Finance | Chief Minister |
| Joachim Gunsalam | Deputy Chief Minister and Minister of Industrial Development | Deputy Chief Minister and Minister of Housing and Local Government |
| Shahelmey Yahya | Minister of Community Development and People's Wellbeing | Deputy Chief Minister and Minister of Works |
| Masidi Manjun | Minister of Housing and Local Government and Second Minister of Finance | Minister of Finance |
| Mohd. Arifin Mohd. Arif | Minister of Special Functions and Coordination | Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation |
| James Ratib | Assistant Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries | Minister of Community Development and People's Wellbeing |
| Phoong Jin Zhe | Backbench MLA | Minister of Industrial and Entrepreneur Development |
| Christina Liew Chin Jin | Backbench MLA | Minister of Tourism, Culture and Environment |
| 26 January 2023 | | |
| Jasnih Daya | Assistant Minister of Finance | Left the government |
| Mohd. Tamin Zainal | Assistant Minister of Industrial Development | Left the government |
| Nizam Abu Bakar Titingan | Assistant Minister to the Chief Minister and Assistant Minister of Finance | Assistant Minister of Finance |
| Harun Durabi | Assistant Minister of Rural Development | Assistant Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation |
| Fairuz Renddan | Assistant Minister of Special Functions and Coordination | Became Assistant Minister of Youth and Sports |
| Ruddy Awah | Assistant Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation | Assistant Minister of Rural Development |
| Andi Muhammad Suryandy Bandy | Assistant Minister of Youth and Sports | Assistant Minister of Industrial and Entrepreneur Development |
| Ruslan Muharam | Backbench MLA | Became Assistant Minister to the Chief Minister |
| Tan Lee Fatt | Backbench MLA | Assistant Minister of Finance |
| Peto Galim | Backbench MLA | Assistant Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Industry |

## InfoBox

| Hajiji cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
20th Cabinet of Sabah | |
| 2020–present | |
| Date formed | 29 September 2020 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Juhar Mahiruddin |
| Head of government | Hajiji Noor (GRS) |
| Deputy head of government | Shahelmey Yahya (UMNO)
Jeffrey Kitingan (STAR)
Joachim Gunsalam (PBS) |
| Total no. of members | 11 |
| Member parties | Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)  Barisan Nasional (BN)  Pakatan Harapan (PH)  Perikatan Nasional (PN) |
| Status in legislature | Coalition government
*with confidence & supply from IND* 65 / 79(82%) |
| Opposition parties | Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) |
| Opposition leader | Mohd. Shafie Apdal (WARISAN) |
| History | |
| Election | 2020 Sabah state election |
| Legislature term | 16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly |
| Budget | 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 |
| Predecessor | Shafie cabinet |


title: Monothetic group

abstract: In mathematics, a monothetic group is a topological group with a dense cyclic subgroup. They were introduced by Van Dantzig (1933). An example is the additive group of p-adic integers, in which the integers are dense. A monothetic group is necessarily abelian.

text:
# Monothetic group

In mathematics, a **monothetic group** is a topological group with a dense cyclic subgroup. They were introduced by Van Dantzig (1933). An example is the additive group of p-adic integers, in which the integers are dense.

A monothetic group is necessarily abelian.

* Kuipers, L.; Niederreiter, H. (2006) \[1974\], *Uniform Distribution of Sequences*, Dover Publishing, ISBN 0-486-45019-8
* Halmos, Paul R.; Samelson, Hans (1942), "On monothetic groups", *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*, **28** (6): 254–258, Bibcode:1942PNAS...28..254H, doi:10.1073/pnas.28.6.254, ISSN 0027-8424, JSTOR 87587, MR 0006543, PMC 1078459, PMID 16578045
* van Dantzig, D. (1933), "Zur topologischen Algebra", *Mathematische Annalen*, **107**, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg: 587–626, doi:10.1007/BF01448911, ISSN 0025-5831, S2CID 115662380


title: On Thorns I Lay

abstract:
On Thorns I Lay is a Greek death-doom metal and gothic metal band founded in Athens in 1992. The group has gone through different stylistic facets throughout its career, starting with brutal death metal in their early days, then transitioning to a blackened death doom symphonic style with their first EP, and later embracing atmospheric doom-death in their early albums and later gothic metal with their subsequent albums. On Thorns I Lay is among the bands of the first major gothic doom wave that systematized the principle of contrasting vocals known as the "beauty and the beast" style that became popular in the late 1990s. Towards the end of the first part of their career in the early 2000s, they shifted towards a more stripped-down and introspective rock-metal style. The band went on hiatus in 2006, for almost ten years. They reunited in 2015 and gradually returned to the doom-death style of their beginnings. They have released four albums since their reunion, the most recent of which was released in October 2023. It is noteworthy that the group experienced a split in 2021-2022. Several of its members, including the singer, guitarist, and former drummer, left the band to reform their original band, Phlebotomy, thus reactivating a previous incarnation of the group under which they also released a record in 2023.
Through the years the band's played in Greece and in Europe together with Dream Theater, In Flames, Anathema, Amorphis, Katatonia, Tiamat, The Gathering, Satyricon,Septic Flesh and many more.

text:
# On Thorns I Lay

**On Thorns I Lay** is a Greek death-doom metal and gothic metal band founded in Athens in 1992. The group has gone through different stylistic facets throughout its career, starting with brutal death metal in their early days, then transitioning to a blackened death doom symphonic style with their first EP, and later embracing atmospheric doom-death in their early albums and later gothic metal with their subsequent albums. On Thorns I Lay is among the bands of the first major gothic doom wave that systematized the principle of contrasting vocals known as the "beauty and the beast" style that became popular in the late 1990s. Towards the end of the first part of their career in the early 2000s, they shifted towards a more stripped-down and introspective rock-metal style.

The band went on hiatus in 2006, for almost ten years. They reunited in 2015 and gradually returned to the doom-death style of their beginnings. They have released four albums since their reunion, the most recent of which was released in October 2023. It is noteworthy that the group experienced a split in 2021-2022. Several of its members, including the singer, guitarist, and former drummer, left the band to reform their original band, Phlebotomy, thus reactivating a previous incarnation of the group under which they also released a record in 2023. Through the years the band's played in Greece and in Europe together with Dream Theater, In Flames, Anathema, Amorphis, Katatonia, Tiamat, The Gathering, Satyricon,Septic Flesh and many more.

## History

### First Period: Early years (1992–1997)

The band was founded in 1992 under the name Paralysis at the same time as their colleagues Rotting Christ, Septic Flesh, Necromantia, and Nightfall. They started making a name for themselves in the local and underground scene of that time. The group, consisting of three members at the time, played in the style of brutal death metal. They recorded a demo under this name, titled *Beyond Chaos*. Since there was another Dutch band with the same name, they changed their name to Phlebotomy in 1993, in reference to the medical practice of bloodletting, which seemed fitting for the death music they played. The group expanded their ranks at this point, becoming a quintet that added two new members, Andreas Bereris and Tolis. Under this name, they recorded two promos and an EP titled *Dawn of Grief*, which gained some success for a demo and sold almost 2000 copies. Their record explores a form of atmospheric doom-death with symphonic elements and occult moods, enriched with ethereal female voices and brutal deep voices, inspired by the sound of early albums by bands like Celestial Season, The Gathering, and others.

Over time, their style evolved, and they felt the need to change their name again, this time to On Thorns I Lay (1994). The term comes from a quote by Shakespeare and was suggested by Efthimis Karadimas, the vocalist of the Greek band Nightfall. In 1994, the band released a new demo titled *Voluptuous*, which caught the interest of the French label *Holy Records* and led to a contract with the band. This allowed the group to realize their first album, *Sounds of Beautiful Experience* (1995) which was recorded at the Storm studio The album includes several of their earlier songs written for their demos, with new arrangements that fit the band's evolving style. It is characterized by an atmospheric and experimental death-doom with influences of black metal, cold wave, and a symphonic touch. With this album, the band came to be associated with the extreme avant-garde metal scene of the 1990s due to its experimental and diverse character. The guitarist and main composer simply describes it as a death metal album with many atmospheric parts and an experimental touch. Their next album *Orama* was record at the Passion Studio and was released in 1997. Marked by the growing influence of doom-death bands like My Dying Bride, Anathema, and Paradise Lost, it marked a clear development, particularly in the contrast vocals of "beauty and beast." The band introduced a very deep growling vocal, contrasted with the melodic and oriental voices of singer Georgia Grammaticos. Their music combines influences from death-doom, gothic metal, and atmospheric layers. As noted by critics, the album creates an aquatic and nostalgic atmosphere that aligns well with the theme of Atlantis. The album was well-received by the press, acknowledging the significant evolution of the band. For instance, in a review from that time, journalist Nicolas Radegout commented:"

> "After two years of absence, the Greeks of On Thorns I Lay present their second album. While their first attempt didn't truly convince, Orama is more enticing. Their atmospheric death metal has significantly matured, and you can feel that each composition has been carefully pondered and balanced. Everything seems to have been carefully pondered and balanced. The combination of soprano singing and death metal works well, the guitars are crystalline, enhancing the melodies, and the keyboards add to creating the atmospheres. Everything comes together to evoke, in a misty reverie, the myth of Atlantis. In short, atmospheric death metal at its finest.

During this time, the band also recorded a song for the *Holy Bible* compilation of their label titled the Lyries of Eoulous and a cover version of Paradise Lost's *True Belief* for the tribute album *As We Die for Paradise Lost*.

### Second period : the Romanian Period of the band (1998–2002)

In 1998, the founding members of the band departed from their native country to pursue their studies in Romania in the field of medicine. The bassist explained that they made this choice due to the complexity of the Greek university system for enrollment. According to him, this clarifies the reason why many young Greeks opt to head to Bucharest for their studies. Consequently, they were compelled to part ways with their drummer Fotis and vocalist Georgia Grammaticos. Their keyboardist Roula Mammalis, who was the girlfriend of guitarist Chris, had previously departed from the group following their breakup. During their stay, they developed connections with local bands, particularly the Romanian doom-death group known as GOD - the Barbarian Horde. They would later recruit several members of this band for the recording of their upcoming album: Andrei (Andrew) Olaru (drums), Elena Doroftei (viola), and her sister Ionna Doroftei (keyboards), all hailing from the Moldavian city of Iași and pursuing classical music education at the Romanian faculty of music. The group viewed these three musicians as having brought a breath of fresh air, a sort of rebirth as this combination facilitated the fusion of Greek oriental influences with the melancholic elements contributed by the Romanian piano and viola. Apart from the performances by Helena and Ionna Doroftei along with drummer Andrew Olaru, they also enlisted the services of jazz Romanian vocalist Marcela Buruiana, who would leave her mark on the records with her gentle, angelic, and melancholic voice. Residing in the capital of Bucharest for their studies, in southern Romania, they had to regularly make train trips back and forth to reach Iași, located far to the north, where the other Romanian members of the band lived.

They recorded the album at the studio Migas Real of Bucharest in November 1998 with producer Vlad Gorginski. The new album titled *Crystal Tears* is released in May 1999 The year and marks a new stylistic turning point in the stylistic orientation band. In this release, the band moved away from doom-death influences and delved into a more atmospheric, introspective, and melancholic form of atmospheric gothic metal. The group claimed to have been influenced at that time by the sound of Lacuna Coil, My Dying Bride and Celestial Season. The objective was, as described by singer and bassist Stephanos Kintzoglou, "to craft a simpler, yet sadder music than ever before". The viola parts and female vocals are meant, "to immerse in despair". For this album, they took the opportunity to re-record one of the songs from their debut album (1995), which had been among the favorites of their fans, titled "All is Silent," as described by the singer and bassist. As he explained, the group had been somewhat frustrated with what they felt as poor production on the *Sounds of Beautiful Experience* record, and thus, they aimed to create a new version by incorporating viola parts and female vocals.

On their next album, On Thorns I Lay continues the exploration of a dark melancholy described by Tati Seiber as the "deadly silence of Romania." The music on this album is stylistically situated somewhere between the styles of My Dying Bride, Anathema, and Katatonia. Nevertheless, the band strives to develop their own originality, creating a unique sound based on the interplay of polyphonies of lead guitars in combination with keyboard and viola parts, comparable to the violin sections in the style of Celestial Season in the past. On this album, the band enlisted the services of a second singer, Claudia J., alongside Marcela Buruiana and Stefanos Kintzoglou. This provides them with the opportunity to work on arrangements with three voices. The band also engages the services of Romanian musicians Evans M (drums) and Mihai Coran (keyboard). "Future Narcotic" was recorded at the professional Magic Sound studio in Bucharest. The album *Future Narcotic* continues in the vein of *Crystal Tears*, but introduces certain experimental and ambient influences. In substance, Stefan Glas describes *Future Narcotics* as "a consistently high-quality album by On Thorns I Lay that reveals both old strengths and a new face." Shortly after the album's release, the band, in possession of seven tracks they had recorded for *Future Narcotic* but ultimately decided not to include in the album, contemplated releasing them in the form of a mini-CD. The label Holy Records displayed reluctance and instead preferred to incorporate them into a new extended edition of *Future Narcotic*, despite the reservations of the group, who were uneasy about requiring fans to pay again for a portion of the tracks they already had. Following their announced decision to return to Greece after completing their studies, the Romanian members of the band, Claudia J. and their drummer Evan, chose to leave the group as they did not share the band's intention to follow them to Greece.

In the year 2002, the band recorded with their fifth album named titled *Angel Dust*, still inspired by the dark and melancholic atmosphere they had experienced in Romania. They adopted a more stripped-down approach, where the violin, keyboards, and female vocals played a lesser role. Heavily influenced by Katatonia, the band aimed to reduce these elements, as they had grown weary of them, and preferred to play a pure and melancholic style of metal. However, their music retains certain elements of their previous albums, with occasional appearances of Buruiana's female vocals and Elena Doroftei's viola lines. At the conclusion of their studies, they returned to Greece after completing the album.

### Third Period : Return to Greece (2002-2006) and Hiatus (2006-2014)

Upon the completion of their studies in Romania, the band made their way back to Greece, shortly after recording *Angel Dust*. Although it was recorded in Romania, it was released after they had returned to Greece. Back in Greece, the band formed a more stable lineup by re-enlisting their original drummer, Fotis Hondroudakis, and forming a quartet with a second guitarist, Minas Ganeau, who also became the vocalist. During this time, Stefanos relinquished the role of the singer to the newcomer. They began rehearsing, playing some concerts in Greece, and starting to write the next album. Recording of the album began in November 2002 and was completed by September 2003. The composition of the album was a collective effort this time. Previously, Dragmestianos had written the majority of the pieces and collaborated with the other members on the arrangement work, but this time all four members participated in the composition process, contributing their own ideas. The band stated that during this phase, they were still inspired by Katatonia, as well as The Gathering, Opeth, Porcupine Tree, and also alternative/grunge bands like Staind, Pearl Jam, and Alice In Chains. The new album *Egocentric*, released in 2003, already distinguishes itself with a completely different production compared to the previous one. While the music remains centered around aggressive guitars, the band describes it as even more melancholic and featuring more variations in melodies and guitar riffs. The album also presents a different concept from *Angeldust*.

The album was mixed and mastered under the supervision of the producer Fredrik Nordström. This collaboration was facilitated by their label, Black Lotus Records. Despite challenges such as Nordström's busy schedule, logistical complications, and the fact that the band couldn't be physically present during production due to their daily medical obligations, the band decided to trust Nordström's expertise. They transmitted audio tracks and mixing instructions via email since being on-site wasn't possible, ultimately receiving the finished album within a week. Although the result deviated from their original expectations, they agreed that it is a remarkable and exceptionally professional creation, comparable to other renowned works. They released their album, titled *Egocentric,* again under the label Black Lotus Records. This album confirms a new stylistic direction marked with an even more pronounced influence from Katatonia and alternative rock. Female vocals were nearly absent in this album. In *Egocentric,* bassist Kintzoglou handed over the vocals to Minas. Due to their medical professions, they were unable to go on tour and only performed a few concerts at festivals To convey the album's aesthetic directions, critics often describe the record in terms of the noticeable distance it holds from the style developed in their album *Crystal Tears*, such as: "Since 1999's 'Crystal Tears', which delighted fans of the genre with its beautiful Gothic metal melancholy, female vocals, and violin parts, On Thorns I Lay has nowadays focused more on clean male vocals and Katatonia-style riffs. Enhanced with a few modern influences, the listener gets a hefty dose of dark metal thrown their way, which, while not original, certainly has its charms." Thom Jurek from the *Allmusic* plateform describes the album as:

> another giant leap for the band both musically and aesthetically. While evolution seems to be the m.o. for this fine band, even fans could not have anticipated the startling growth this time out. OTIL can no longer be consigned to the doom and goth metal ghettos, judging by this new slab. If anything, like Katatonia and Opeth, OTIL have busted the genre wide open and simply make deeply moving, dynamic, heavy rock music. Crystal clean vocal production, varying tempos, and a complexly textured mix of sheer instrumental and songwriting prowess set this band apart from many of its former peers. Lyrically, OTIL stand on the bleaker side of the divide, but this is tempered by their progressive, artful rendering of power, dynamic, range, and intensity

However, this transition to a more alternative rock sound had elicited varied reactions among critics, some praising, while others express mixed sentiments. On one side, reviewers like Thom Jurek describe *Egocentric* as "a collection of deeply emotional songs. They are undoubtedly dark, yet in their peculiar way, also redemptive. OTIL, along with their aforementioned peers, are capable of forging an entirely new genre from the ruins of black and death metal." On the other side, reviews such as *Metal.de'*s review consider *Egocentric* "is not an album to scoff at. This needs to be made perfectly clear. The band can indeed impress with their melodic and emotional metal. However, it doesn't quite reach the level of excellence achieved by their earlier works.". During that period, the members of On Thorns I Lay were also contemplating, alongside their musical direction at the time, reforming the band Phlebotomy with the drummer of Septic Flesh, to play in a brutal death metal style influenced by Suffocation, Autopsy and Grave. They were considering recording an album. The project ultimately did not materialize, but the idea would resurface in a different form some 20 years later in 2022-23.

Throughout the year 2003, the band recruited vocalist Maxi Nil (future singer of Visions of Atlantis) as a live singer to support segments of their setlist requiring female vocals. As they keep playing shows, but due to their medical professions that restricted them from touring extensively, they limited their performances to a few festival concerts. In May 2003, the band officially announced on their website the permanent inclusion of Maxi Nil as a full member of the group, in preparation for their next album. In the course of 2003, after searching for a new keyboardist, they recruited Antony Ventouris. The band now consisted of six members, with the lineup of Egocentric expanded by these two newcomers. The new album, *Precious Silence*, was recorded between 2003 and 2004. After completing the recordings, they withdrew and the album was not released. The band was indeed in a phase of uncertainty and doubt. They felt they had lost their identity and didn't conclude the album's production. By 2005, the band ceased all activity, and their website went offline. The guitarist later revealed that they had disbanded in 2006 when he moved to Sweden for professional reasons. The band remained inactive for several years. However, in September 2010, while the band had not shown any signs of life for several years, they published a photo series of the band titled "Promo 2010", featuring the lineup of *Precious Silence* (Chris, Stefanos, Fotis, Antonis and Maxi), which seemed to suggest that the band might be resuming activity. But this would not have any immediate effect. In 2012, they eventually decided to release their unreleased 2004 album,*Precious Silence*, on the platform Soundcloud. The band reunited in 2014 when guitarist Chris Dragmestianos returned to his home country.

### Fourth Period: Reunion and Return to Doom-Death Style (2011-present)

Between 2014 and 2015, while already composing tracks that would eventually end up on their next album in 2018, *Aegean Sorrow*, the band decided to remix the tracks from the 2004 recorded but unreleased album, *Precious Silence*. On July 16, 2015, the band announced the upcoming release on their official Facebook page: "Our new album will be out in September 2015 titled 'Eternal Silence' from Sleaszy Rider Records. It includes 9 songs, including some songs from 'Precious Silence' (unreleased album), with a new, improved mix/mastering and violins/brutal vocal parts." The album was ultimately released on November 6, 2015, under the title *Eternal Silence*. As announced, it mainly consisted of reworked tracks from *Precious Silence* with various edits, arrangements, and mixes. The vocal sections by Minas Ganeau in the original songs from *Precious Silence* were removed from the new mix of the tracks. They revisited the album's sound once again and aimed to bring it as close as possible to their original sound, back to the early 90s, back to their roots, as they would continue from thereon. The next album was intended, as the band explained, to establish them in this new musical era and bring them back to their original sound. In June 2017, the band announced the recording of their next album with Dan Swanö as producer and welcomed new guitarist Akis Patras:"We are happy to announce that we are in the process of reaching a new label to release our next album. We feel optimistic 'cause our new album sounds huge and we can say this is our best effort ever!!!!! Recordings took place at Devasoundz Studios by Fotis Benardo and Thanos Tzanetopoulos and mixed/mastered at Unisound Studios by the legendary Dan Swanö. The positive feedback that we receive, push ourselves to work very hard to reproduce our new stuff (...) we hope that we are gonna match the past with the future..."

In October 2017, the group announced the arrival of a new bassist, Jim Ramses. Stefanos Kintzoglou, who had played the bass part for the band over several decades, chose to step down to focus entirely on vocals. On March 12, 2018, they released their eighth album *Aegean Sorrow*, recorded at Devasoundz Studios (Rotting Christ, Septic Flesh), mixed and mastered by Dan Swanö at Unisound Studio. The album presents a deeper return to the band's atmospheric roots in Death-Doom metal. This new direction led the *Rockhard Magazine* at the time to consider *Aegean Sorrow* as one of their most extreme albums due to its darker tone and reconnection with the band's Death Metal origins. The band indeed felt that they had lost touch with their roots and needed to restore that connection. Consequently, the band decided not to use female vocals anymore, as they had done before. They aimed to create a heavy, melancholic, dark, and somber atmosphere that did not align with the use of female voices in that context. *Aegean Sorrow* is a concept album. It addresses, as a poetic theme, humanitarian catastrophes, misery, and the grief they felt, as well as pessimistic feelings that more of this will happen in the near future in their region. The image of the Aegean Sea on the cover is related to the concept: "The album speaks about the drama of all refugees that in their way to escape from hell died in these waters... Aegean is a water tomb where thousands of souls are lost... and we are afraid that all this will not finish soon..." The album was released on 12 March 2018.

In February 2018, while promoting the upcoming release of *Aegean Sorrow*, the band announced that they were already writing songs for the following album (pre-production phase). They planned to return to Devasoundz Studio in Athens to record in 2019. The musical direction of the next album was intended to be "doomier and heavier". Dan Swano was once again responsible for mixing and mastering, as they were satisfied with his work on *Aegean Sorrow*. The album was eventually recorded in March 2019, during a challenging life phase for songwriter Christ Dragmestianos, which influenced the emotional content of the music. On January 28, 2019, the band announced the departure of their long-time drummer Fotis Hondroudakis and his replacement by Stelios Darakis (drummer for Dexter Ward, Sacred Outcry). In 2019, they changed labels and joined the German label Lifeforce. On October 9, 2019, the group announced that their bassist was leaving the band after two years of collaboration. On February 21, 2020, On Thorns I Lay released their ninth studio album *Threnos*, a heavy atmospheric Doom-Death Metal album that follows in the footsteps of its predecessor and delves even deeper into the dark atmospheres explored by *Aegean Sorrow*. The music is described as a combination of "emotional melodies with aggressive and dark riffing". Although stylistically similar, the songwriter considers it slightly more aggressive and relying on a more complex song structure. On the other hand, the guitarist claims they have maintained the band's characteristic sound. The album's theme revolves around elements of Greek mythology, serving as a backdrop. This is a part of their heritage they grew up with and that has inspired them. Essentially, this theme, as Dragmestianos explains, serves as a backdrop for exploring metaphysical questions. His collaborator and lyricist Stephanos Kintzoglou crafted the narrative structure of the lyrics: "as a journey of the human soul, from birth to death. It describes the dark paths we traverse. We drew inspiration from the art of our ancestors, thousands of years ago, Greek tragedies, dramas, poems, etc." Despite the pandemic which somewhat hindered the album promotion and caused some live shows to be canceled, they received very positive responses with this release. The album garnered excellent reviews in some of Europe's major magazines, like the Norwegian *Scream* and *Metal Storm*. The album holds the third-best position in *Metal Storm'*s 2020 album ranking, just below names like Paradise Lost's *Obsidian*.

In September 2021, the band announces that they are currently recording their next album Various updates about different stages of the recording follow from September to November During the recording, the band reveals a new direction in their musical evolution, mentioning that the album will incorporate an orchestra of traditional Greek folk instruments. They also unveil the thematic direction the album will take: "\[it will be\] very emotional for us for many reasons! Anger, Pain, Sadness, Nostalgia for our lost homelands... We wanted to capture all these emotions in the best possible way and so we used over 15 traditional instruments, which were played by some of the best professional musicians in Greece. The result makes us very proud and we really think we couldn't find a better way to express them! Some of the instruments that were used are Kanoon, Oud, Duduk, Kaval, Cümbüş and many more..." On November 29, 2021, while the recording is still ongoing, the band reveals that singer and co-founder Stefanos Kintzoglou is leaving the band after 29 years of collaboration due to "personal reasons" At the same time, the band announces the name of his successor, Petros Miliadis, who will take over the vocal duties for the upcoming album.

In 2022, Stefanos Kintzoglou reformed Phlebotomy with two former members of On Thorns I Lay, Akis and Fotis, who had also left the band some time ago. Phlebotomy was the previous incarnation of On Thorns I Lay in the 1990s, under which they had released their debut EP and second demo. In March 2023, the reformed lineup released the EP and their early demos, remastered as a compilation album titled *From Golgotha We Rise*. On the side of On Thorns I Lay, the band embarked on a tour in the Baltic states alongside the band Rotting Christ in December 2022. On this occasion, it was announced that guitarist Nikolas Perlepe (Yoth Iria and Dimlight) had joined the group to fill the position of lead guitarist, which had been vacant since Akis' departure, and that the new vocalist, Petros, would also take on the role of bassist, following the departure of their bassist Giannis Koskinas.

In 2023, they signed a deal with the French label Season of Mist. The release of the album they had recorded in 2021 was announced for 13 October 2023, under the self-titled title *On Thorns I Lay,* with the promotional video for the track "Newborn Skies" released on 26 July 2023. They released two new promotional clips in August 2023 for the song "Fallen from Grace" and in September 2023 for "Thorns on Fire". The new album, featuring six extended songs, was launched on October 13, 2023. Building on the already dark tones of its two predecessors, this album takes an even darker and bleaker turn, standing as the band's most ambitious project and aiming to be what they consider their best work. The album embodies an aesthetic rooted in the melodic doom-death sound the band has been cultivating in their recent releases. It incorporates various stylistic influences, including melodic death and black metal riffing, gothic melancholic melodies, symphonic orchestral arrangements, ethnic folk traditional instruments (featuring Armenian Duduk, Byzantine Kanoon, Tamboura, Oud, Kaval, and Cümbüş) and occasional female chants. Between November and December 2023, the band embarks on a tour in southeastern Europe, covering Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece, alongside Sakis Tollis (Rotting Christ), Machiavelian God, then Paradise Lost (in Greece).

## Formation

### Current Line-up

* Peter "Invoker" Miliadis (vocals)(bass in 2022)
* Chris Dragamestianos (guitar, saz)
* Nikolas Perlepe (guitar)
* Kosta Mexi (bass in 2023)
* Antonis Ventouris (keyboards)
* Stelios Darakis (drums)

### Past members

#### Male lead vocals

* Thodoris Papadopoulos (2021) - Temporary replacement guest for Live-performance in 2021
* Stefanos Kintzoglou (every album up to*Thenos*, except *Egocentric*) (1992-2021)
* Minas Ganeau (*Egocentric* and *Precious Silence*) (2003-2006)

#### Female lead vocals

* Ruby Bouzioti (2018)- Live singer
* Anna (2015) (*Eternal Silence*)
* Maxi Nil (vocals) (*Precious Silence* and *Eternal Silence*) (2003-2015)
* Sofia Koutsaki (*Egocentric*) (2002-2003)
* Marcela Buruiana ( *Crystal Tears*, *Future Narcotics* and *Angel Dust*) (1999-2002)
* Claudia J. (*Future Narcotics*) (2000-2001)
* Georgia Grammatikou (vocals on *Orama*)(1996–97)

#### Guitar

* Fillipos Koliopanos (2020-2022)
* Akis Pastras (2017-2020) (*Aegean Sorrow* and *Threnos*)
* Minas Ganeau (guitar/vocals) (*Egocentric* and *Precious Silence*) (2003-2006)
* Thanazis Hatzaiagapis (lead guitars) (*Orama*)

#### Viola

* Elena Doroftei (on *Crystal Tears*, *Future Narcotics* and *Angel Dust*) (1999-2002)

#### Violin

* Alex Papadiamantis (2018-2020) (*Threnos*)
* Labros Kiklis (2015-2017) (*Eternal Silence* and *Aegean Sorrow*)

#### Keyboard

* Roula Mamalis(keyboards, 1997) (*Orama*)
* Ionna Doroftei (1999,2001-2002)(*Crystal Tears* and *Angel Dust*)
* Mihail Coran (2000-2001) (*Future Narcotics*)
* Dimitris Leonardos

#### Bass

* Stefanos Kintzoglou (every album except *Sounds of Beautiful Experience*, *Aegean Sorrow*, *Threnos*) (1992-2021)
* Giannis Koskinas (bass) (2020-2022) (*On Thorns I Lay* 2023 album)
* Jim Ramses (2017-2019)
* Michael Knoflach

#### Drums

* Fotis Hondroudakis (1995-1997 ; 2002-2019) (*Sounds of Beautiful Experience*, *Orama*, *Egocentric*, *Precious Silence*, *Eternal Silence*, *Aegean Sorrow*)
* Evans M. (2000-2002)(*Future Narcotics* and *Angel Dust*)
* Andrew Olaru (1999)(*Crystal Tears*)
* Fernando Drăgănici

### Timeline

## Discography

* *Dawn Of Grief* (EP under their former name Phlebotomy) (1993)
* *Sounds of Beautiful Experience* (1995)
* *Orama* (1997)
* *Crystal Tears* (1999)
* *Future Narcotic* (2000)
* *Future Narcotic* (extended)(2001) (7 new extra-songs)
* *Angeldust* (2002)
* *Egocentric* (2003)
* *Precious Silence* (2004-2011) (unreleased album, but available online, on Soundcloud, it would eventually be later reworked, edited and remixed to make a new album with it, *Eternal Silence*)
* *Eternal Silence* (2015)
* *Aegean Sorrow* (2018)
* *Threnos* (2020)
* *On Thorns I Lay* (2023)

## Sources

**Books**  (Books in which On Thorns I Lay is mentioned as a notable band in the gothic metal genre)

* Jérôme Alberola, *Les belles et les bêtes, Anthologie du rock au féminin*, Camion blanc, 2012, p. 260
* Stéphane Leguay, "Métal Gothique" in *Carnets noirs*, éditions E-dite, 3<sup>e</sup> édition, 2006, ISBN 2-84608-176-X
* Fabien Hein, *Hard rock, heavy metal, metal: Histoire, cultures et pratiquants*, Edition Melanie Setun, Réédition, 2019, p. 91

**Biography**

**Interviews**

**Reviews**

* Radegout, Nicolas (December 1997). "23 - On Thorns I Lay - Orama" \["23 - On Thorns I Lay - Orama"\]. *Hard Rock Magazine* (in French). France: Compagnie de Presse et d'édition spécialisée. p. 81. Retrieved 9 September 2023.

## InfoBox

| On Thorns I Lay | |
| --- | --- |
| On Thorns I Lay (2019), Live at *Demon's Gate Festival* in Athens, Greece | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Paralysis, Phlebotomy |
| Origin | Athens, Greece |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1992–2006, 2015–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Members | Peter "Invoker" Miliadis (vocals/bass)<br>Chris Dragamestianos (guitar)<br>Nikolas Perlepe (guitar)<br>Antonis Ventouris (keyboards)<br>Stelios Darakis (drums) |
|  | |
| Past members | Stefanos Kintzoglou (vocals and bass)<br>Akis Pastras (guitar)<br>Giannis Koskinas (bass)<br>Maxi Nil (vocals)<br>Jim Ramses<br>Minas Ganeau (guitar/vocals)<br>Fotis Chondroudakis (drums)<br>Thanazis Hatzaiagapis (guitars)<br>Elena Doroftei (viola)<br>Georgia Grammatikou/Grammatikos<br>Claudia J. <br>Marcela Buruiana<br>Roula Mamalis (keyboards, female vocals)<br>Andrew Olaru (drums)<br>Ionna Doroftei (Keyboards) |
|  | |
| Website | onthornsilay.live |


title: Gerard of Ridefort

abstract: Gérard de Ridefort, also called Gerard de Ridefort, was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from the end of 1184 and until his death in 1189.

text:
# Gerard of Ridefort

**Gérard de Ridefort**, also called **Gerard de Ridefort** (died 4 October 1189), was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from the end of 1184 and until his death in 1189.

## Early life

Gerard de Ridefort is thought probably to have been of Flemish origin, although some nineteenth-century writers suggested an Anglo-Norman background, apparently through misreading his designation as "of *Bideford*". It is uncertain when he arrived in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He appears in the charter record in the service of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the late 1170s, and by 22 October 1179 held the rank of Marshal of the kingdom.

It seems that he expected Raymond III of Tripoli to give him the hand of an available heiress. However, when Cécile Dorel inherited her father's coastal fief of Botrun in the County of Tripoli, Raymond married her (before March 1181) to Plivain or Plivano, the nephew of a Pisan merchant, for a bride price of 10,000 bezants. By the mid-thirteenth century, when the *Old French Continuation of William of Tyre* (the so-called *Chronicle of Ernoul*) was compiled, the story of the bride of Botrun had evolved into a fanciful legend in which Plivain's uncle put the young lady (there renamed Lucie or Lucia) on the scales, and offered Raymond her weight in gold, to obtain the marriage.

## Templar

Gérard fell seriously ill, after which he took vows as a Templar. By June 1183 he held the rank of seneschal of the Order. He was elected Grand Master in late 1184 or early 1185, after the death of Arnold of Torroja in Verona.

Gérard continued to hold a grudge against Raymond of Tripoli, which influenced some of his political manœuvrings. In 1186, when King Baldwin V, successor to the late King Baldwin IV, had died, Gérard quickly took the side of Agnes de Courtenay’s daughter Queen Sibylla and her husband Guy de Lusignan, in the ensuing succession struggle. Raymond and his allies, including the Ibelin family were the leaders of the opposing faction, who supported the claim of Sibylla's younger half-sister Princess Isabella.

In the crisis of 1187, Gérard used the money sent by King Henry II to be deposited with The Templars in Jerusalem to hire additional troops for the *arrière ban* to defend the Kingdom Of Jerusalem from Saladin. (Henry had sent the funds for his own future crusading plans, in penance for the murder of Thomas Becket; some of it was deposited with the Templars, some with the Knights Hospitalíer, in Jerusalem and Tyre.) Gérard and fewer than 100 Templars, together with some Hospitallers, attacked Saladin's son al-Afdal at the Battle of Cresson in 1187. Al-Afdal, however, had over 5,000 men. The Hospitaller Grand Master Roger de Moulins was killed; Gérard, though wounded, was one of the few survivors. Gérard's report of the battle was the source for a short narrative written by Pope Urban III to Baldwin of Exeter, archbishop of Canterbury.

In July of the same year Gérard led the Templars at the Battle Of Háttin. Saladin had captured Tiberias and Guy was contemplating a march on the city to retake it. Raymond advised him to wait for Saladin to come to them, since they were in a well-defended, well-watered position, and would have to cross a dry open plain to reach Tiberias. Gérard opposed this, and convinced Guy to continue the march. He was supported by Reynald de Châtillon, a fellow enemy of Raymond. The armies of Outremer ended up trapped on the dry plain and were defeated on 4 July. Raymond and several other nobles escaped, but some who were not killed, including Humphrey de Toron IV, Aimery de Lusignan, Reynald, Guy *and* *also* Gérard were among those captured by Salah ad-Din. The rest of the Templar prisoners were executed. Gérard remained a prisoner until 1188, during which time his Order was commanded by Brother Thierry (Terricus) from Tyre.

Gérard was given the condition by Saladin that, if he could convince a Templar fortress to surrender peacefully, he would be set free. He succeeded and on his release went to Tortosa, where he ably led the Templars' defence of their castle, which held out after the fall of the town to Saladin’s siege forces. Having taken back control of his order from Thierry, he seems to have seized the remainder of King Henry II’s money which had been left with the Templars in Tyre. This provoked a complaint from the city's defender, Conrad of Montferrat, in letters of 20 September 1188 to Baldwin of Exeter and Frederick Barbarossa, even saying: "*...graver still, the Master of the Temple has made off with the King of England's alms*".

In 1189, he again joined forces with Guy, taking the Templars to the Siege of Acre. After being taken prisoner once more, he was beheaded by Saladin on 4 October 1189.

Gérard de Ridefort is a character in some contemporary novels, films, and video games. He is often depicted as being a hot-headed, vicious, and stubborn religious fanatic, whose self-righteously arrogant, scheming and selfish actions lead to his undoing.

### Literature

* He appears in Jack Whyte's book *Standard of Honor* as an adversary of Count Raymond.

* Gérard appears in Jan Guillou's Crusades trilogy about the fictional character Arn Magnusson, wherein he is depicted as helping to ensure the latter's release from the Templars.

* In *Jerusalem* by Cecelia Holland, "Gerard de Ridford" appears as the story's primary antagonist.

### Games

### Films

## Bibliography

* *Brevis Regni Ierosolymitani Historia*, in *Annali Genovesi di Caffaro e de’ suoi Continuatori*, ed. Luigi Tommaso Belgrano (*Fonti per la Storia d’Italia*, no. 11), vol. 1 (Genoa, 1890), pp. 127–49.
* *De Expugnatione Terræ Sanctæ per Saladinum Libellus*, in Ralph of Coggeshall, *Radulphi de Coggeshall Chronicon Anglicanum*, ed. Joseph Stevenson (London, 1875).
* Peter W. Edbury, *The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation*. Ashgate, 1996. \[*Old French Continuation of William of Tyre*; this edition includes translation of Urban III's letter on the battle of Cresson.\]
* Reinhold Röhricht (ed.), *Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani MXCVII-MCCXCI*, and *Additamentum* (Berlin, 1893–1904)
* Robinson, John J. (1992). *Dungeon, Fire and Sword: The Knights Templar in the Crusades*. M. Evans. ISBN 9781590771525.
* Roger of Howden, *Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis*, ed. William Stubbs (London, 1867).
* Roger of Howden, *Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene*, ed. William Stubbs (London, 1868–71)

## InfoBox

| Gérard de Ridefort | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of Gérard de Ridefort | |
|  | |
| 10th Grand Master of the Knights Templar | |
| **In office**
1184–1189 | |
| Preceded by | Arnold of Torroja |
| Succeeded by | Robert IV of Sablé |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1140 |
| Died | October 4, 1189 (aged 4849)
Acre |
| Nationality | Flemish |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Jerusalem
Knights Templar |
| Rank | Marshal of Jerusalem (1179-1184)
Templar Grand Master (1184-1189) |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: Lampropeltis knoblochi

abstract: Lampropeltis knoblochi, commonly known as the Madrean mountain kingsnake, Knobloch's mountain kingsnake, or the Chihuahuan mountain kingsnake, is a species of colubrid snake residing in western North America. It is a coral snake mimic, having nearly the same pattern on its body, except instead on yellow, the kingsnake has white crossbands. It lives mostly on the mountains of its relatively small Sonoran Desert region, in Sonora, Mexico.

text:
# Lampropeltis knoblochi

***Lampropeltis knoblochi***, commonly known as the **Madrean mountain kingsnake**, **Knobloch's mountain kingsnake** , or the **Chihuahuan mountain kingsnake**, is a species of colubrid snake residing in western North America.

It is a coral snake mimic, having nearly the same pattern on its body, except instead on yellow, the kingsnake has white crossbands.

It lives mostly on the mountains of its relatively small Sonoran Desert region, in Sonora, Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Lampropeltis knoblochi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lampropeltis knoblochi | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Lampropeltis* |
| Species: | ***L. knoblochi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lampropeltis knoblochi***
Taylor, 1940 | |
|


title: Kangarosa

abstract: Kangarosa is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae. It was first described in 2010 by Framenau. As of 2017, it contains 10 species from Australia.

text:
# Kangarosa

***Kangarosa*** is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae. It was first described in 2010 by Framenau. As of 2017, it contains 10 species from Australia.

## Species

*Kangarosa* comprises the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Kangarosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lycosidae |
| Genus: | *Kangarosa*<br>Framenau |
|
| Species | |
| 10, see text | |