title: Fort de l'Infernet

abstract: The Fort de l'Infernet is a fortification complex near Briançon in the French Alps. It was built as part of the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications in 1876–78 to defend France against invasion from Italy. It specifically overlooks the valley of the Durance behind and the Fort du Gondran, closer to Italy. Built at an elevation of 2,380 metres (7,810 ft), the fort was accessed by an aerial tramway, which connected to the older Fort du Randouillet at lower elevation. It was the last French fort to be built from cut stone masonry. The construction of the fort required that its mountaintop be leveled, a process that produced landslides. The 210-man garrison served an armament consisting of seven 138 mm guns, five 155 mm guns, two 220 mm mortars, two 150 mm mortars and six more 138 mm guns in a separate battery. Much of the armament was placed on a cavalier or gun platform on top of the masonry barracks. The garrison was accommodated in two barracks at somewhat lower elevation, La Cochette and La Seyte, with a portion of the total contingent rotated into the fort for duty. The aerial tramway was operated by mule power. In 1940 the fort was manned as a backup fortification to the Alpine Line fortifications of the Maginot Line program, and was bombarded on 21 and 23 June 1940 by mortars at Fort Chaberton. 280 mm field mortars placed at Infernet replied, silencing the Italian battery.

text:
# Fort de l'Infernet

The **Fort de l'Infernet** is a fortification complex near Briançon in the French Alps. It was built as part of the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications in 1876–78 to defend France against invasion from Italy. It specifically overlooks the valley of the Durance behind and the Fort du Gondran, closer to Italy. Built at an elevation of 2,380 metres (7,810 ft), the fort was accessed by an aerial tramway, which connected to the older Fort du Randouillet at lower elevation. It was the last French fort to be built from cut stone masonry.

The construction of the fort required that its mountaintop be leveled, a process that produced landslides.

The 210-man garrison served an armament consisting of seven 138 mm guns, five 155 mm guns, two 220 mm mortars, two 150 mm mortars and six more 138 mm guns in a separate battery. Much of the armament was placed on a cavalier or gun platform on top of the masonry barracks. The garrison was accommodated in two barracks at somewhat lower elevation, La Cochette and La Seyte, with a portion of the total contingent rotated into the fort for duty. The aerial tramway was operated by mule power.

In 1940 the fort was manned as a backup fortification to the Alpine Line fortifications of the Maginot Line program, and was bombarded on 21 and 23 June 1940 by mortars at Fort Chaberton. 280 mm field mortars placed at Infernet replied, silencing the Italian battery.

## InfoBox

| Fort de l'Infernet | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Alpine Line (backup), Séré de Rivières system | |
| Southeast France | |
|  | |
| Fort de l'Infernet | |
| Coordinates | 44°53′39″N 6°41′08″E / 44.89423°N 6.68556°E / 44.89423; 6.68556 |
| Site information | |
| Owner | French military |
| Controlled by | France |
| Open to<br>the public | No |
| Condition | Abandoned |
| Site history | |
| Materials | Stone |
| Battles/wars | Italian invasion of France |


title: I Need Romance 2012

abstract: I Need Romance 2012 is a 2012 South Korean romantic comedy television drama, starring Jung Yu-mi, Lee Jin-wook and Kim Ji-seok. The series follows the everyday lives of work, love and friendship of thirty-something women and men in Seoul. It aired on cable channel tvN from June 20 to August 9, 2012 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 23:00 for 16 episodes. Following the success of tvN's I Need Romance in 2011, I Need Romance 2012 is a loose spin-off with new characters, but continues the first season's frank discussion of sex and realistic depiction of messy relationships.

text:
# I Need Romance 2012

***I Need Romance 2012*** (Korean: 로맨스가 필요해 2012; RR: *Romaenseuga Pilyohae 2012*; MR: *Romaensŭka P'ilyohae 2012*) is a 2012 South Korean romantic comedy television drama, starring Jung Yu-mi, Lee Jin-wook and Kim Ji-seok. The series follows the everyday lives of work, love and friendship of thirty-something women and men in Seoul. It aired on cable channel tvN from June 20 to August 9, 2012 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 23:00 for 16 episodes.

Following the success of tvN's *I Need Romance* in 2011, *I Need Romance 2012* is a loose spin-off with new characters, but continues the first season's frank discussion of sex and realistic depiction of messy relationships.

## Plot

Joo Yeol-mae was in a 12 year on-and-off relationship with her boyfriend Yoon Seok-hyun, before they broke up for the fifth time 3 years ago. This is mainly because Seok-hyun keeps her at arm's length and does not want to get married. However, even after they break up, Yeol-mae and Seok-hyun remain friends and are present in each other's lives. Enter Shin Ji-hoon, an alluring new love interest who shakes up Yeol-mae's world and lands her in a love triangle. Torn between two men, can Yeol-mae find true romance, or will she lose it all?

## Cast

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | tvN10 Awards | Romantic-Comedy Queen | Jung Yu-mi | Nominated |
|

## InfoBox

| *I Need Romance 2012* | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Also known as | *I Need Romance 2* |
| Genre | Romance, Comedy, Drama |
| Written by | Jung Hyun-jung |
| Directed by | Lee Jung-hyo
Jang Young-woo |
| Starring | Jung Yu-mi
Lee Jin-wook
Kim Ji-seok |
| Country of origin | South Korea |
| Original language | Korean |
| No. of episodes | 16 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Lee Sang-baek |
| Production company | JS Pictures |
| Original release | |
| Network | tvN |
| Release | June 20 (2012-06-20)
August 9, 2012 (2012-08-09) |
| Related | |
| *I Need Romance*
*I Need Romance 3* | |


title: Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture

abstract: The Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, formerly the Cheney Cowles Museum, is located in Spokane, Washington's Browne's Addition neighborhood. It is associated with the Smithsonian Institution, and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.

text:
# Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture

The **Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture**, formerly the **Cheney Cowles Museum**, is located in Spokane, Washington's Browne's Addition neighborhood. It is associated with the Smithsonian Institution, and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.

## About

The Campbell HouseCambell House entryway and dining room

The MAC, as it is colloquially known, also owns and offers tours at the nearby **Campbell House**, an 1898 house designed by architect Kirtland Cutter, and included on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Spokane County, Washington.

The Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture (MAC) is the largest cultural organization in the Inland Northwest with five underground galleries, café, store, education center, community room and the Center for Plateau Cultural Studies. The MAC campus also includes the historic 1898 Campbell House, library and archives, an auditorium and outdoor amphitheater. The exhibits and programs focus on three major disciplines: American Indian and other cultures, regional history and visual art.

The Joel E. Ferris Research Library & Archives is open via appointment.

## InfoBox

Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture
| Main entrance of the Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former name | Cheney Cowles Museum<br> |
| Established | June 5, 1916 (1916-06-05) (as the Spokane Historical Society) |
| Location | Spokane, Washington |
| Coordinates | 47°39′25″N 117°26′44″W / 47.65707°N 117.44554°W / 47.65707; -117.44554 |
| Website | northwestmuseum.org |


title: The Missing People

abstract: The Missing People is a 1940 British mystery film directed by Jack Raymond and starring Will Fyffe, Kay Walsh and Lyn Harding. Fyfe appears as J. G. Reeder, a character created by Edgar Wallace who works as an investigator for the Department of Public Prosecutions. The film is based on a novel by Edgar Wallace. Fyffe, Walsh and Raymond were involved in another Mr. Reeder film The Mind of Mr. Reeder released the previous year. It was shot at Highbury Studios in London.

text:
# The Missing People

***The Missing People*** is a 1940 British mystery film directed by Jack Raymond and starring Will Fyffe, Kay Walsh and Lyn Harding. Fyfe appears as J. G. Reeder, a character created by Edgar Wallace who works as an investigator for the Department of Public Prosecutions. The film is based on a novel by Edgar Wallace. Fyffe, Walsh and Raymond were involved in another Mr. Reeder film *The Mind of Mr. Reeder* released the previous year. It was shot at Highbury Studios in London.

## Synopsis

Mr. Reeder (Will Fyffe) begins solving the disappearance of 27 people, after they had each received large sums of money from their respective families. Is the criminal-featured Joseph Bronstone (Lyn Harding), the guilty party?

## Cast

## Critical reception

*TV Guide* wrote, "Fyffe adds a great deal of charm to his role as he pieces the puzzle together in a manner baffling to the younger detectives. Otherwise, the plot is unbelievable but makes for some light-hearted fun."

## Bibliography

* Hardy, Phil. *The BFI Companion to Crime*. University of California Press, 1997.

## InfoBox

| The Missing People | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. 1-sheet poster | |
| Directed by | Jack Raymond |
| Written by | Lydia Hayward |
| Based on | *The Missing People* by Edgar Wallace |
| Produced by | Charles Q. Steel |
| Starring | Will Fyffe
Kay Walsh
Lyn Harding |
| Cinematography | George Stretton |
| Music by | Percival Mackey |
| Production
company | Jack Raymond Productions |
| Distributed by | Grand National Pictures (UK) |
| Release date | * 13 January 1940 (1940-01-13) (UK) |
| Running time | 73 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Grand Est Open 88

abstract: The Grand Est Open 88 is a tournament for professional female tennis players on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a WTA 125 tournament and has been held in Contrexéville, France, since 2007. The tournament was held as an ITF event until 2021.

text:
# Grand Est Open 88

The **Grand Est Open 88** (previously known as the **Open 88 Contrexéville** and the **Lorraine Open 88**) is a tournament for professional female tennis players on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a WTA 125 tournament and has been held in Contrexéville, France, since 2007. The tournament was held as an ITF event until 2021.

## Past finals

### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | **Lucia Bronzetti** | Mayar Sherif | 6–4, 6–7(4–7), 7–5 |
| 2023 | **Arantxa Rus** | Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova | 6–3, 6–3 |
| 2022 | **Sara Errani** | Dalma Gálfi | 6–4, 1–6, 7–6(7–4) |
| ⬆   WTA 125 event   ⬆ | | | |
| 2021 | **Anhelina Kalinina** | Dalma Gálfi | 6–2, 6–2 |
| 2020 | *Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | |
| 2019 | **Katarina Zavatska** | Ulrikke Eikeri | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 2018 | **Stefanie Vögele** | Sara Sorribes Tormo | 6–4, 6–2 |
| 2017 | **Johanna Larsson** | Tatjana Maria | 6–1, 6–4 |
| 2016 | **Pauline Parmentier** | Océane Dodin | 6–1, 6–1 |
| 2015 | **Alexandra Dulgheru** | Yulia Putintseva | 6–3, 1–6, 7–5 |
| 2014 | **Irina-Camelia Begu** | Kaia Kanepi | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 2013 | **Timea Bacsinszky** | Beatriz García Vidagany | 6–1, 6–1 |
| 2012 | **Aravane Rezaï** | Yvonne Meusburger | 6–3, 2–6, 6–3 |
| 2011 | **Iryna Brémond** | Stéphanie Foretz Gacon | 6–4, 6–7(1–7), 6–2 |
| 2010 | **Jelena Dokić** | Olivia Sanchez | 4–6, 6–3, 6–1 |
| 2009 | **Ekaterina Bychkova** | Kathrin Wörle | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 2008 | **Raluca Olaru** | Stéphanie Foretz | 6–4, 6–2 |
| 2007 | **Andrea Petkovic** | Ksenia Milevskaya | 6–2, 6–0 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | **Oksana Kalashnikova** (3)
**Iryna Shymanovich** | Wu Fang-hsien
Zhang Shuai | 5–7, 6–3, \[10–7\] |
| 2023 | **Cristina Bucșa**
**Alena Fomina-Klotz** | Amina Anshba
Anastasia Dețiuc | 4–6, 6–3, \[10–7\] |
| 2022 | **Ulrikke Eikeri** (2)
**Tereza Mihalíková** | Han Xinyun
Alexandra Panova | 7–6(10–8), 6–2 |
| ⬆   WTA 125 event   ⬆ | | | |
| 2021 | **Anna Danilina**
**Ulrikke Eikeri** | Dalma Gálfi
Kimberley Zimmermann | 6–0, 1–6, \[10–4\] |
| 2020 | *Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | |
| 2019 | **Georgina García Pérez**
**Oksana Kalashnikova** (2) | Anna Danilina
Eva Wacanno | 6–3, 6–3 |
| 2018 | **An-Sophie Mestach**
**Zheng Saisai** | Prarthana Thombare
Eva Wacanno | 3–6, 6–2, \[10–7\] |
| 2017 | **Anastasiya Komardina**
**Elitsa Kostova** | Manon Arcangioli
Sara Cakarevic | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 2016 | **Cindy Burger**
**Laura Pous Tió** | Nicole Melichar
Renata Voráčová | 6–1, 6–3 |
| 2015 | **Oksana Kalashnikova**
**Danka Kovinić** | Irina Ramialison
Constance Sibille | 2–6, 6–3, \[10–6\] |
| 2014 | **Alexandra Panova**
**Laura Thorpe** | Irina-Camelia Begu
María Irigoyen | 6–3, 4–0, ret. |
| 2013 | **Vanesa Furlanetto**
**Amandine Hesse** | Ana Konjuh
Silvia Njirić | 7–6(7–3), 6–4 |
| 2012 | **Yuliya Beygelzimer**
**Renata Voráčová** | Tereza Mrdeža
Silvia Njirić | 6–1, 6–1 |
| 2011 | **Valentyna Ivakhnenko**
**Kateryna Kozlova** | Erika Sema
Roxane Vaisemberg | 2–6, 7–5, \[12–10\] |
| 2010 | **Nina Bratchikova**
**Ekaterina Ivanova** | Jelena Dokić
Sharon Fichman | 4–6, 6–4, \[10–3\] |
| 2009 | **Yvonne Meusburger**
**Kathrin Wörle** | Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro
Pauline Parmentier | 6–2, 6–2 |
| 2008 | **Stéphanie Foretz**
**Aurélie Védy** | Erica Krauth
Hanna Nooni | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 2007 | **Renata Voráčová**
**Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová** | Ekaterina Dzehalevich
Ksenia Milevskaya | 6–2, 6–2 |

## InfoBox

| Grand Est Open 88 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament information | |
| Location | Contrexéville, France |
| Venue | Tennis Club de Contrexéville |
| Category | WTA 125 |
| Surface | Clay |
| Draw | 32S/12Q/8D |
| Prize money | $115,000 |
| Website | Official website |
| Current champions (2024) | |
| Women's singles | Lucia Bronzetti |
| Women's doubles | Oksana Kalashnikova /  Iryna Shymanovich |


title: Werner Klein

abstract: Werner Klein (born 25 January 1950 in Burbach is a German entrepreneur, investor and former racing driver residing in Switzerland.

text:
# Werner Klein

**Werner Klein** (born 25 January 1950 in Burbach (Saarbrücken) is a German entrepreneur, investor and former racing driver residing in Switzerland.

## Biography

After graduating as a merchant in wholesale and foreign trade, Klein took over his parents' beverage wholesale *Klein Getränke GmbH* in Saarbrücken and founded the *alldrink Getränkefachmarktkette* (*alldrink chain of warehouse stores for beverages*). Due to changes in trade, he established a system-controlled logistics center for beverages in Neunkirchen/Saar in 1995. In 1998, first *HM InterDrink Getränke Service GmbH* and subsequently *Winkels Getränke Holding* took over the majority of *Klein Getränke GmbH*, which merged with *Gross Getränkevertrieb GmbH* in 2001.

At the end of 2002 he relocated to Switzerland and founded *ProCon Invest AG* (real estate and investments). In 2014 Klein bought the business premises of C&A in Ulm. In 2019 the foundation of *ProCon Real Estate GbR*, a family office, took place. The family office acquired in 2019 a premium property in the city center of Freiburg im Breisgau. Klein's real estate investments became known through transactions in inner-city prime locations.

## Entrepreneurial participations

* ProCon Invest AG: Board of directors
* ProCon Real Estate GbR: Chief Representative

## Sports career

Between 1972 and 1977 Klein was an active racing driver, winning the Formula Vee on the AVUS racing track in Berlin in 1974 and finishing on fourth place in the Formula Three championship in 1976.

## Personal life

Werner Klein has two children, son Marc Klein and daughter Linda Klein, has been married since May 2024 and lives with his wife Christine in Lucerne on Lake Lucerne. Klein has had Swiss citizenship in addition to German citizenship since 2016.

1. "Fotos 1976 ONS-Formel-3-Meisterschaft" (in German). 2022-11-24. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
2. "Service wird ganz großgeschrieben" (in German). Saarbrücker Zeitung. April 11, 1998.
3. ""Impulsgeber" im alten Erzlager: Logistik-Center der Firma Klein Getränke im Bau" (in German). Saarbrücker Zeitung. August 18, 1994.
4. "Fusion mit HMI" (in German). Rhein-Zeitung. December 23, 1998.
5. "Für sichere Zukunft gerüstet: Klein Getränke in Neunkirchen geht mit Biergroßvertrieb in Dillingen zusammen" (in German). Saarbrücker Zeitung. January 26, 2001.
6. "SHAB-Meldungen ProCon Invest AG - Zug" (in German). Retrieved December 6, 2019.
7. "Schweizer Investor erwirbt C&A-Liegenschaft in Ulm" \[Swiss investor acquires C&A property in Ulm\]. *deal-magazin.com* (in German). 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
8. Dagmar Lange (2019-08-02). "Schweizer Investor kauft Geschäftshaus in Freiburgs Toplage" \[Swiss investor buys commercial building in Freiburg's top location\] (in German). Immobilien Zeitung. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
9. "Kapfererhaus in Freiburg an Schweizer Investor verkauft" \[Kapfererhaus in Freiburg sold to Swiss investor\] (in German). Global Investor. 2019-08-01. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
Lutz, Simone (2019-08-02). "Schweizer Investor hat Premium-Immobilie am Bertoldsbrunnen gekauft" \[Swiss investor has purchased premium property at Bertoldsbrunnen\] (in German). Badische Zeitung. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
Bargmann, Lars (2019-08-22). "Schweizer Investor kauft im Herzen Freiburgs: Modehaus Fabel wird Ende 2020 geschlossen" \[Swiss investor buys in the heart of Freiburg: Fashion house Fabel will close at the end of 2020\] (in German). chilli – das Freiburger Stadtmagazin. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
10. *O.N.S.-Pokal Formel-V-1300*. In: Oberste Nationale Sportkommission für den Automobilsport in Deutschland (Ed.): *ONS Mitteilungen*, 11-1974 (November), p. 17.
11. "Punktestand 1976 ONS-Formel-3-Meisterschaft" (in German). 2019-09-14. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
12. "Festlich und Zauberhaft" (in German). Luzerner Tagesanzeiger. January 4, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2019.


title: Yushan Range

abstract: The Yushan Range, formerly the Niitaka Range and also known as the Jade Mountain Range, is a mountain range in the central-southern region of Taiwan Island. It spans Chiayi County, Kaohsiung City, and Nantou County. It faces the Central Mountain Range on the east, and is separated by the Qishan River from the Alishan Range which is on the west of the Yushan Range. The Yushan Range is one of the five major ranges on Taiwan. The Yushan Range is shaped somewhat like a crucifix, with a relatively short east to west ridge and a relatively long north to south ridge. Mighty Yushan, towering 3,952 m (12,966 ft) above sea level, stands at the point where these two ridges meet. Yushan National Park is located around some parts of the Yushan Range.

text:
# Yushan Range

The **Yushan Range**, formerly the **Niitaka Range** and also known as the **Jade Mountain Range**, is a mountain range in the central-southern region of Taiwan Island. It spans Chiayi County, Kaohsiung City, and Nantou County. It faces the Central Mountain Range on the east, and is separated by the Qishan River from the Alishan Range which is on the west of the Yushan Range. The Yushan Range is one of the five major ranges on Taiwan.

The Yushan Range is shaped somewhat like a crucifix, with a relatively short east to west ridge and a relatively long north to south ridge. Mighty Yushan, towering 3,952 m (12,966 ft) above sea level, stands at the point where these two ridges meet. Yushan National Park is located around some parts of the Yushan Range.

## List of peaks

There are 22 peaks taller than 3,000 m (9,843 ft) among the Yushan Range, including 12 of the "top 100 peaks of Taiwan" (台灣百岳):

* Yushan Main Peak (玉山主峰), 3,952 m (12,966 ft)
* Yushan Eastern Peak (玉山東峰), 3,869 m (12,694 ft)
* Yushan Northern Peak (玉山北峰), 3,858 m (12,657 ft)
* Yushan Southern Peak (玉山南峰), 3,844 m (12,612 ft)
* Dongxiaonanshan (東小南山), 3,744 m (12,283 ft)
* Yushan Western Peak (玉山西峰), 3,467 m (11,375 ft)
* Nanyushan (南玉山), 3,383 m (11,099 ft)
* Badongguanshan (八通關山), 3,245 m (10,646 ft)
* Jundashan (郡大山), 3,265 m (10,712 ft)
* Yushan Forward Peak (玉山前峰), 3,239 m (10,627 ft)
* Xiluandashan (西巒大山), 3,081 m (10,108 ft)
* Lushan (鹿山), 2,981 m (9,780 ft)

### Citations

### Bibliography

23°28′11″N 120°57′27″E / 23.4698°N 120.9575°E / 23.4698; 120.9575

## InfoBox

| Yushan Range | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Yushan Range | |
| Traditional Chinese | 玉山山脈 |
| Simplified Chinese | 玉山山脉 |
| Literal meaning | Jade Mountain Mountain Range |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Yùshān Shānmài
Yùshān Shānmò  Wade–Giles Yü-shan Shan-mai
Yü-shan Shan-mo | |
|  | |


title: November Woods

abstract: November Woods is a tone poem by Arnold Bax, written in 1917. Ostensibly a musical depiction of nature, the work conveys something of the composer's turbulent emotional state arising from the disintegration of his marriage and his love affair with the pianist Harriet Cohen. According to the composer, the piece is not programmatic, but evokes mood rather than painting a picture or telling a story.

text:
# November Woods

***November Woods*** is a tone poem by Arnold Bax, written in 1917. Ostensibly a musical depiction of nature, the work conveys something of the composer's turbulent emotional state arising from the disintegration of his marriage and his love affair with the pianist Harriet Cohen. According to the composer, the piece is not programmatic, but evokes mood rather than painting a picture or telling a story.

## History

The work was completed in November 1917, and received its first performance in Manchester, on 18 November 1920, given by the Hallé Orchestra conducted by Hamilton Harty. In *The Manchester Guardian*, Samuel Langford remarked on the "grandeur and singleness of conception" of the piece; he noted the influence of Wagner, but felt that the piece lacked the primeval sense of Wagner's music and instead had an appeal that was "intensely human". The work was given the following month at a Royal Philharmonic Society concert at the Queen's Hall, conducted by Harty. The anonymous critic in *The Times* wrote, "The whole thing impressed us by a skilful and rather stagey picture of 'the woods so wild' and rather too drawn out for the actual value of its musical ideas."

## Structure

November Woods, like several other symphonic poems by Bax, is inspired by nature. The composer disavowed any programmatic content, declaring that the work "may be taken as an impression of the dank and stormy music of nature in the late autumn, but the whole piece and its origins are connected with certain rather troublous experiences I was going through myself at the time....". The experiences to which he alluded were connected with the break-up of his marriage and his love affair with the pianist Harriet Cohen. The untroubled second theme of the work may, according to the commentator Keith Anderson, suggest more tranquil feelings of earlier days.

In the earlier years of his career, Bax was given to writing for very large orchestral forces. *November Woods* calls for three flutes; piccolo; two oboes; cor anglais; three clarinets, one bass clarinet; two bassoons, one contrabassoon; four horns; three trumpets; three trombones; one tuba; two harps; timpani; cymbals; bass drum; glockenspiel; celeste; and strings. The analyst John Palmer comments that despite the large forces, Bax's orchestration is among the most subtle in his entire oeuvre: "In the opening moments, quivering woodwinds, harps, and muted strings present a delicately shifting array of colors". Palmer draws attention to instrumental combinations, such as oboe doubling cello and viola playing with bassoon and cor anglais.

After an opening that evokes a strong breeze, with harp glissandi and a swift and agile woodwind theme, a muted solo cello moves the melodic content forward. The main theme, a descending, chromatic, three-note figure, dominates the first part of the work, which is developed before the second subject, an *andante con moto*, in which harp and celeste add colour to a theme played by cor anglais, bassoon and viola. A central section, with pianissimo strings and high horns precedes a brief sonata form development and recapitulation. After a sonorous climax the music returns to the opening key of G minor and the work ends with the bass clarinet fading to a quiet finish.

The work plays for about 16–17 minutes.

## Recordings

*November Woods* was not recorded in the composer's lifetime. The first recording was made for Lyrita Recorded Edition by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Sir Adrian Boult in November 1967. The Bax discography, compiled by Graham Parlett, has details of six subsequent recordings.


title: Yuendumu

abstract: Yuendumu is a town in the Northern Territory of Australia, 293 km (182 mi) northwest of Alice Springs on the Tanami Road, within the Central Desert Region local government area. It ranks as one of the larger remote communities in central Australia, and has a thriving community of Aboriginal artists. It is home to Pintubi Anmatjere Warlpiri (PAW) Media, which produced the TV series Bush Mechanics.

text:
# Yuendumu

**Yuendumu** is a town in the Northern Territory of Australia, 293 km (182 mi) northwest of Alice Springs on the Tanami Road, within the Central Desert Region local government area. It ranks as one of the larger remote communities in central Australia, and has a thriving community of Aboriginal artists. It is home to Pintubi Anmatjere Warlpiri (PAW) Media, which produced the TV series *Bush Mechanics*.

## History

Yuendumu was established in 1946 by the Native Affairs Branch of the Australian Government to deliver rations and welfare services; the first superintendent was Francis McGarry. In 1947 the Australian Baptist Home Mission was established there. By 1955 many of the Aboriginal people had settled in the town.

## Location and demographics

Yuendumu lies on the edge of the Tanami Desert, north-west of Alice Springs within the Yuendumu Aboriginal Lands Trust area, on traditional Anmatyerr land. It includes numerous outstations, and the area borders Mount Doreen, Mount Denison, Central Mount Wedge and Mount Allan pastoral properties. It takes about three hours to drive along the mostly sealed road from Alice Springs to Yuendumu via the Tanami Road, which branches off the Stuart Highway 25 km (16 mi) north of Alice Springs.

It is within the Central Desert Region (formerly Central Desert Shire) council area.

The community is largely made up of the Warlpiri and Anmatyerr Aboriginal people, with a population of 759 at the 2016 Australian census.

### Images

## Art

### Yuendumu Doors

In 1982 five Warlpiri elders started painting in a bright "fauve art" style on the 30 doors of the Yuendumu primary school, in a project which became known as the Yuendumu Doors. Their paintings illustrated 36 ancient designs known as *kuruwarri* (also spelt *kurawarri*), to teach the children their people's Jukurrpa (often translated as Dreamtime stories), and established the elders as important teachers of the youth. The five men who painted the doors were: Paddy Jupurrurla Nelson, Roy Jupurrurla Curtis, Paddy Japaljarri Stewart, Paddy Japaljarri Sims, and Larry Jungarrayi Spencer.

The painting of the doors started the whole Warlpiri art movement, and in addition became a powerful symbol of elders caring for children, and helping them in "two-way education". In the mid-1990s, the doors were removed when the school was upgraded in the mid-1990s, the doors were transferred to the South Australian Museum, where they are held today (2021).

In 2021, the South Australian Museum, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the National Museum of Australia mounted an exhibition consisting of posters of the doors, to be displayed in Australian embassies around the world, starting with Chengdu in China.

### Warlukurlangu Artists

Anthropologist Françoise Dussart provided encouragement to the women to make and sell art, and after some time, the men granted permission to the women to use dots in their acrylic paintings. In 1985 the Warlukurlangu Artists Association was founded at Yuendumu by door painters Stewart and Sims, along with several other senior men and women, including Dolly Nampijinpa Daniels, Darby Jampijinpa Ross, Jack Jakamarra Ross, Samson Japaljarri Martin and senior women including Uni Nampijinpa Martin, Rosie Nangala Fleming and Maggie Napangardi Watson Incorporated in 1986, it is now called Warlukurlangu Artists Aboriginal Corporation.

Other notable artists who have painted with Warlukurlangu include Kumanjayi Nelson Napaljarri, Norah Nelson Napaljarri, Sheila Brown Napaljarri, and Judy Watson Napangardi.

Contemporary Indigenous Australian artist Kumanjayi Napaljarri Kennedy was a senior woman at Yuendumu, a member of the community council, and was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 1994, for services to the Yuendumu community. Artist Maggie Napaljarri Ross has received the Order of Australia for her work in establishing the Yuendumu Night Patrol.

The art centre produces over 10,000 paintings each year, and sells the same number. In 2022, more than A$250,000 worth of art by Warlukurlangu Artists sold at the three-day Darwin Aboriginal Art Fair.

## Media

For over 25 years the community has also been home to Pintubi Anmatjere Warlpiri (PAW) Media, (formerly Warlpiri Media Association), most famously producing *Bush Mechanics*, and *Aboriginal Rules*, which explored the social meaning of Australian rules football in remote communities.

The 2001 TV series *Bush Mechanics* was located in and around Yuendumu, and an exhibition and book celebrated the iconic series in 2018/2019.

## Facilities, sport, events

Services and facilities available in Yuendumu include three community stores, Yuendumu Mediation Centre, school, airstrip, swimming pool, the Warlukurlangu art centre, an Aboriginal media organisation (PAW Media), a church, an elderly people's program, women's centre and safe house. Yuendumu retains links with other communities within the region, including Yuelamu, Papunya, Lajamanu, Willowra and Nyirripi.

Yuendumu is home of the Yuendumu Magpies football team, who play in the Central Australian Football League (CAFL) (formerly playing in the Ngurratjuta 'Country' Cup). Yuendumu won the inaugural season of the new Alice Springs competition in 2008.

Yuendumu hosts its annual sports weekend in the first week of August. The event includes football, basketball and softball competitions, attracting teams from other communities around the region. There is also a "Battle of the Bands" night which showcases local bands.

## Mt Theo Program

Yuendumu elders founded the Mt Theo Program in 1993, to divert youth from an epidemic of petrol sniffing, which has become a model for substance abuse prevention and youth diversion/development in remote Australian communities. In 2007, Johnny Japangardi Miller "Hooker Creek", Peggy Nampijimpa Brown and Andrew Stojanovski were awarded the Order of Australia Medal (OAM) for their efforts in founding the program and "for service to the community of Yuendumu and the surrounding region of the Northern Territory through programs addressing substance abuse among Indigenous youth". The program grew into a number of services, now administered by the Warlpiri Youth Development Aboriginal Corporation.

## Other notable people

Yuendumu leaders who were awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001, which commemorates 100 years of Federation and recognises "citizens and other people who made a contribution to Australian society or government" include Wendy Nungarrayi Brown and Rex Granites.

Yuendumu is the home community of Indigenous activist and former NT Government minister Bess Nungarrayi Price and, although not born there, her daughter Jacinta Nampijinpa Price is closely associated with the community as it is her mothers country.

Artist Pauline Nakamarra Woods grew up in Yuendumu.

Artist Kumantje Jagamara went to the mission school in Yuendumu.

Artist Alma Nungarrayi Granites lived in Yuendumu.

Nurse Ellen Kettle was the first permanent nursing sister in Yuendumu and worked there between 1952 and 1954; she would go on pioneer health services in the NT.

Local Yuendumu footballer Liam Jurrah was drafted into the Australian Football League and starred for the Melbourne Football Club.

## In the arts and media

The town is mentioned in the 1987 Midnight Oil song "Beds are Burning" (from the *Diesel and Dust* album): *Four wheels scare the cockatoos/From Kintore east to Yuendumu*. Midnight Oil and Warumpi Band's 1986 tour to Yuendumu is documented in Andrew McMillan's book *Strict Rules: The BlackfellaWhitefella Tour*.

In The 2005 PlayStation 2 Video Game *Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves*, the second chapter "Rumble Down Under" takes place in a fictional Yuendumu in the Australian outback, which is a mining and digging site. Uluru is depicted as surrounding the game's version of Yuendemu.

## Climate

| Climate data for Yuendumu, elevation 667 m (2,188 ft), (1991–2019 normals, extremes 1965–2019) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 46.5
(115.7) | 43.2
(109.8) | 42.6
(108.7) | 39.0
(102.2) | 34.8
(94.6) | 32.5
(90.5) | 31.1
(88.0) | 35.2
(95.4) | 38.2
(100.8) | 41.2
(106.2) | 45.6
(114.1) | 44.8
(112.6) | 46.5
(115.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 36.9
(98.4) | 35.8
(96.4) | 34.4
(93.9) | 31.3
(88.3) | 25.8
(78.4) | 22.5
(72.5) | 23.1
(73.6) | 25.7
(78.3) | 30.7
(87.3) | 33.7
(92.7) | 35.6
(96.1) | 36.3
(97.3) | 31.0
(87.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.9
(73.2) | 22.4
(72.3) | 20.4
(68.7) | 16.1
(61.0) | 11.1
(52.0) | 7.7
(45.9) | 6.7
(44.1) | 8.2
(46.8) | 13.4
(56.1) | 17.0
(62.6) | 20.0
(68.0) | 21.6
(70.9) | 15.6
(60.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 13.5
(56.3) | 12.3
(54.1) | 9.3
(48.7) | 5.4
(41.7) | 0.4
(32.7) | −1.1
(30.0) | −2.0
(28.4) | −1.4
(29.5) | 3.1
(37.6) | 5.9
(42.6) | 8.4
(47.1) | 12.1
(53.8) | −2.0
(28.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 81.5
(3.21) | 60.3
(2.37) | 47.5
(1.87) | 17.7
(0.70) | 24.4
(0.96) | 11.6
(0.46) | 12.6
(0.50) | 3.8
(0.15) | 9.7
(0.38) | 23.9
(0.94) | 32.4
(1.28) | 57.6
(2.27) | 383
(15.09) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.8 | 5.3 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 34.8 |
| Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Further reading

* Campbell, Liam (2006) *Darby: One hundred years of life in a changing culture*, Sydney, ABC Books.
* Daly A and Barrett G. (2014) *Independent Cost Benefit Analysis of the Yuendumu Mediation and Justice Committee* Alice Springs: Central Desert Regional Council. https://www.centraldesert.nt.gov.au/sites/centraldesert.nt.gov.au/files/attachments/yuendumu\_cba\_0.pdf
* Dussart, Francoise (2000) *The politics of ritual in an aboriginal settlement: kinship, gender, and the currency of knowledge*, Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press.
* Meggitt, Mervyn J. (1962) *Desert people: A study of the Walpiri Aborigines of Central Australia*, Angus & Robertson, London.
* Musharbash, Yasmine (2008) *Yuendumu everyday: intimacy, immediacy and mobility in a remote Aboriginal settlement*, Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press
* Musharbash, Yasmine (2002) "Yuendumu CDEP: The Warlpiri work ethic and Kardiya staff turnover", pp. 153 – 166 in F. Morphy and W.G. Sanders (ed), *The Indigenous Welfare Economy and the CDEP Scheme* Research Monograph No. 21, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, The Australian National University E Press
* O'Grady, Frank (1955), *Francis of Central Australia*, Sydney, Wentworth Books.

## InfoBox

| Yuendumu
Northern Territory | |
| --- | --- |
| Yuendumu | |
| Coordinates | 22°15′18″S 131°47′43″E / 22.25500°S 131.79528°E / -22.25500; 131.79528 |
| Population | 759 (2016 census) |
| • Density | 108/km2 (281/sq mi) |
| Established | 1946 (Yendumu Aboriginal Reserve)
4 April 2007 (locality) |
| Postcode(s) | 0872 |
| Elevation | 667 m (2,188 ft)(weather station) |
| Area | 7 km2 (2.7 sq mi) |
| Time zone | ACST (UTC+9:30) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Central Desert Region |
| Territory electorate(s) | Gwoja |
| Federal division(s) | Lingiari |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  30.3 °C
87 °F 15.4 °C
60 °F 365.2 mm
14.4 in | |
| **Localities around Yuendumu:**  Chilla Well Chilla Well Chilla Well  Chilla Well Yuendumu Chilla Well  Chilla Well Chilla Well Chilla Well | |
| Footnotes | Locations
Adjoining locality |


title: Weston Ski Track

abstract: Weston Ski Track is a cross-country ski and snowshoeing area located in Weston, Massachusetts. The facility is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and is situated along the Charles River, approximately 13 miles west of downtown Boston, Massachusetts. The ski track, open seasonally, provides a 2 kilometer lit ski loop with snowmaking, along with an additional 13 kilometers of groomed trails which are dependent on natural snowfall. In the warmer months, the land is used as the Leo J. Martin Golf Course. Trails at Weston Ski Track are groomed for both skate and classic techniques. The facility also serves as the home of the Eastern Massachusetts Bill Koch League junior Nordic ski program, in addition to a number of local high school, collegiate, and masters nordic ski teams in the surrounding region. Races geared towards disabled skiers and veterans have been hosted at the center, as a hub for adaptive skiing in the area. Skiers can walk across a bridge to access additional groomed trails within the town of Newton, MA. Lessons and equipment rentals are available on-site, including an indoor ski center with locker room facilities. Trails are maintained by a PistenBulley 100 groomer and LED lighting provides the opportunity for night skiing.

text:
# Weston Ski Track

**Weston Ski Track** (Officially known as the **Leo J. Martin Ski Track**) is a cross-country ski and snowshoeing area located in Weston, Massachusetts. The facility is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and is situated along the Charles River, approximately 13 miles west of downtown Boston, Massachusetts.

The ski track, open seasonally (typically December through March), provides a 2 kilometer lit ski loop with snowmaking, along with an additional 13 kilometers of groomed trails which are dependent on natural snowfall. In the warmer months, the land is used as the Leo J. Martin Golf Course.

Trails at Weston Ski Track are groomed for both skate and classic techniques. The facility also serves as the home of the Eastern Massachusetts Bill Koch League junior Nordic ski program, in addition to a number of local high school, collegiate, and masters nordic ski teams in the surrounding region. Races geared towards disabled skiers and veterans have been hosted at the center, as a hub for adaptive skiing in the area.

Skiers can walk across a bridge to access additional groomed trails within the town of Newton, MA.

Lessons and equipment rentals are available on-site, including an indoor ski center with locker room facilities. Trails are maintained by a PistenBulley 100 groomer and LED lighting provides the opportunity for night skiing.

## Management

Weston Ski Track was founded in 1974 and has continually operated at the same location.

In 2015, the ski track underwent a shift from private to public management, as the Massachusetts DCR took over responsibility for facility operations and maintenance from Charles River Recreation, the previous operator. Retail operations including a ski shop and equipment rentals are remain under the purview of Charles River Recreation.

## InfoBox

| Weston Ski Track | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Weston, Massachusetts |
| Nearest major city | Boston, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°20′00″N 71°16′02″W / 42.33333°N 71.26722°W / 42.33333; -71.26722 |
| Base elevation | 15m |
| Skiable area | 15km |
| Trails | 5 |
| Snowmaking | 14% |
| Night skiing | 14% |
| Website | Weston Ski Track |


title: Wesselburen

abstract: Wesselburen is a small town in the district of Dithmarschen in the German Federal State of Schleswig-Holstein. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of Heide. Wesselburen is part of the Amt Büsum-Wesselburen.

text:
# Wesselburen

**Wesselburen** (German pronunciation: \[vɛsəlˈbuːʁən\]) is a small town in the district of Dithmarschen in the German Federal State of Schleswig-Holstein. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of Heide.

Wesselburen is part of the *Amt* ("collective municipality") Büsum-Wesselburen.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Wesselburen | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Wesselburen within Dithmarschen district | |
| Wesselburen Wesselburen | |
| Coordinates: 54°13′N 08°55′E / 54.217°N 8.917°E / 54.217; 8.917 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Schleswig-Holstein |
| District | Dithmarschen |
| Municipal assoc. | Büsum-Wesselburen |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Heinz-Werner Buhrs |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.14 km2 (1.98 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 3,564 |
| Density | 690/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 25762–25764 |
| Dialling codes | 04833 |
| Vehicle registration | HEI |
| Website | www.wesselburen-online.de |


title: Novo Selo (Gadžin Han)

abstract: Novo Selo is a village situated in Gadžin Han municipality in Serbia. The etymology of the village comes from Slavic languages meaning new village, Novo Selo.

text:
# Novo Selo (Gadžin Han)

**Novo Selo** is a village situated in Gadžin Han municipality in Serbia. The etymology of the village comes from Slavic languages meaning new village, Novo Selo.

## InfoBox

| Novo Selo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Novo SeloLocation in Serbia | |
| Coordinates: 43°09′20″N 21°57′25″E / 43.15556°N 21.95694°E / 43.15556; 21.95694 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Nišava District |
| Municipality | Gadžin Han |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Novo Selo, Zenica

abstract: Novo Selo is a village in the City of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The etymology of the village comes from Slavic languages meaning new village, Novo Selo.

text:
# Novo Selo, Zenica

**Novo Selo** is a village in the City of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The etymology of the village comes from Slavic languages meaning new village, Novo Selo.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 141.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Croats | 91 | 64.5% |
| Bosniaks | 5 | 3.5% |
| Serbs | 7 | 5.0% |
| other/undeclared | 38 | 27.0% |
| **Total** | **141** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Novo Selo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Novo Selo | |
| Coordinates: 44°13′30″N 17°56′01″E / 44.2250843°N 17.9335841°E / 44.2250843; 17.9335841 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Zenica-Doboj |
| Municipality | Zenica |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.83 sq mi (2.15 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 141 |
| Density | 170/sq mi (66/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Novo Selo-Petrich

abstract: Novo Selo-Petrich or Zlatarevo is the southernmost of three international border crossings between North Macedonia and Bulgaria, near Petrich. The crossing is named after the two closest settlements situated along the road on either side of the frontier: Novo Selo is a nearby Macedonian village in Novo Selo Municipality and Petrich is a small Bulgarian town situated in the Blagoevgrad Province. This border crossing is the most relaxed since the other two largely link the capitals and the larger cities, and it is also the only crossing point situated on a plain; the other two - Deve Bair and Logodazh, formerly Stanke Lisichkovo (Delčevo-Blagoevgrad) - are situated at the peaks of mountains.

text:
# Novo Selo-Petrich

**Novo Selo-Petrich or Zlatarevo** (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Ново Село-Петрич, *Novo Selo-Petrič*) is the southernmost of three international border crossings between North Macedonia and Bulgaria, near Petrich.

The crossing is named after the two closest settlements situated along the road on either side of the frontier: Novo Selo is a nearby Macedonian village in Novo Selo Municipality and Petrich is a small Bulgarian town situated in the Blagoevgrad Province.

This border crossing is the most relaxed since the other two largely link the capitals and the larger cities, and it is also the only crossing point situated on a plain; the other two - Deve Bair (Kriva Palanka-Kyustendil) and Logodazh, formerly Stanke Lisichkovo (Delčevo-Blagoevgrad) - are situated at the peaks of mountains.

## History

The border checkpoint is named after the Bulgarian lieutenant general Krastyu Zlatarev (1864 - 1925), Commander of 11th Macedonian Infantry Division. Here, during the First World War, in the years 1915-1918, the headquarters of the division was located.

## InfoBox

| Novo Selo-Petrich | |
| --- | --- |
| Border stamp from Zlatarevo border crossing | |
| Novo Selo-PetrichNovo Selo-Petrich | |
| Coordinates: 41°23′48″N 22°57′58″E / 41.3966°N 22.96598°E / 41.3966; 22.96598 | |


title: Novo Selo (Bela Palanka)

abstract: Novo Selo is a village in the municipality of Bela Palanka, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 46 people. The etymology of the village comes from Slavic languages meaning new village, Novo Selo.

text:
# Novo Selo (Bela Palanka)

**Novo Selo** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ново Село) is a village in the municipality of Bela Palanka, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 46 people. The etymology of the village comes from Slavic languages meaning new village, Novo Selo.

43°13′53″N 22°16′04″E / 43.23139°N 22.26778°E / 43.23139; 22.26778

## InfoBox

| Novo Selo Ново Село | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Novo Selo | |
| Coordinates: 43°13′53″N 22°16′04″E / 43.23139°N 22.26778°E / 43.23139; 22.26778 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Pirot District |
| Municipality | Bela Palanka |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 46 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Steve Raymer

abstract: Steve Raymer is an American photojournalist, author, and educator. A National Geographic staff photographer for over two decades, Raymer reported extensively on the Soviet Union and covered numerous conflicts and humanitarian crises in South and Southeast Asia. He served as director of the National Geographic Society News Service in Washington, D.C. from 1989 to 1995. Raymer is currently a Professor of Journalism at Indiana University.

text:
# Steve Raymer

**Steve Raymer** is an American photojournalist, author, and educator. A *National Geographic* staff photographer for over two decades, Raymer reported extensively on the Soviet Union and covered numerous conflicts and humanitarian crises in South and Southeast Asia. He served as director of the National Geographic Society News Service in Washington, D.C. from 1989 to 1995. Raymer is currently a Professor of Journalism at Indiana University.

## Early life, education and military service

Raymer was born in Beloit, Wisconsin, where his father, Laurence "Larry" Raymer, was executive editor of the Beloit Daily News. Raymer attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, earning a Bachelor of Science in Journalism in June 1967. He was thereafter commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army and served as an artillery and public affairs officer during the Vietnam War. After leaving the service in 1970, he returned to Madison to continue his studies, earning a Master of Arts in Journalism and Mass Communication in 1971. (He would go on to receive a John S. Knight Fellowship for the academic year of 1984-85 at Stanford University and a DART Fellowship in Reporting Trauma and Conflict at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.)

## *National Geographic* career

Raymer began working as a picture editor for *National Geographic* in 1972, and in eighteen months' time was promoted to staff photographer. His first reporting dealt with the Menominee Indians of Wisconsin and the Amana Colonies of Iowa. His first major international assignments were articles on the global hunger crisis and the Bangladesh famine of 1974.

Later stories reported on the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, and Raymer was picture editor of *National Geographic's* book "Alaska: High Roads to Adventure", published in 1976, in addition to contributing a sizable number of its photographs. From 1977 to 1985, he photographed stories on numerous issues in South Asia, including the international narcotics trade, the worldwide illegal trade in endangered animals, and covered the Soviet occupation of Kabul, Afghanistan.

The May 1987 issue of *National Geographic* featured Raymer's photographs of the Chernobyl disaster, as well as a separate, more general photographic study of Ukrainian culture under the Soviet Union. Other notable reportage included stories about the Gulf of Alaska, the revival of Hawaiian culture, the Kingdom of Thailand, and the Falkland Islands five years after the Falkland War in the South Atlantic between Great Britain and Argentina.

Raymer's photograph of a French Foreign Legion sniper in Djibouti became the subject of notoriety after it turned up as part of an elaborate fraud perpetrated by William E. Clark, who falsely claimed to be depicted in the image. The controversy was described in a Tom Junod article entitled "Mercenary", published in *Esquire Magazine* in June 2007.

The National Press Photographers Association and the University of Missouri honored Raymer as "Magazine Photographer of the Year" — one of photojournalism's most coveted awards — for his reporting of the global hunger crisis in 1976. Raymer also received a citation for excellence in foreign reporting from the Overseas Press Club of America and won numerous first-place awards from the White House News Photographers' Association.

### National Geographic Society News Service

From 1989 to 1995, Raymer was director of the National Geographic Society News Service, supervising *National Geographic* staff working in collaboration with several other news services, including the Associated Press, while continuing to cover events in the Persian Gulf and former Soviet Union for National Geographic, including articles on Siberia, the birth of a democratic Russia, and the city of St. Petersburg. During this time, he authored and photographed a book on St. Petersburg, published by Turner Publishing Company in 1994.

## Indiana University

Raymer joined the faculty of Indiana University in 1995 and was promoted through the academic ranks from assistant, to associate, and finally to full professor based on the strength of his continued authorship of critically acclaimed non-fiction books of words and images on subjects ranging from Vietnam and Islam in Southeast Asia to the global Indian Diaspora and a profile of Calcutta. Raymer teaches classes in numerous sub-disciplines within the field of journalism such as media ethics and values, international newsgathering, reporting war and terrorism, and various classes in visual journalism. He also is an adjunct professor of the Dhar India Studies Program at Indiana University and associated with the Russia and East European Studies Institute, and remains a Professor of Journalism as of 2013, teaching classes in numerous sub-disciplines within the field of journalism such as media ethics and war/crisis reporting. During this time he authored several books. His book *Redeeming Calcutta: A Portrait of India's Imperial Capital,* did not receive favourable reviews in India for its depiction of visual clichés and inaccurate captions. According to Kolkata-based journalist Shamik Bag, "while the introduction lays the pitch for an effort at redemption, the photographs often betray the plan. For all his nuanced understanding of perceived notions, Raymer devotes around nine frames to the hand-drawn rickshaws or portraits of its pullers as an emphatic continuation of a Calcutta visual cliché. Some of the captions seem stretched, erroneous and irrelevant. A photograph of an elderly lady sitting on a rickshaw is explained as the lady being vulnerable to the toxic brew of vehicle exhausts, with the additional information that Calcutta is the air pollution capital of India, even though a 2011 World Health Organization survey found Ludhiana, Kanpur, Delhi, Lucknow and Indore to be more polluted. Yet another caption mentions that the most frequent users of the rickshaw are "just a notch above the truly poor"—a lazy assertion ripped from a 2008 *National Geographic* article by Calvin Trillin".

## Other projects

Raymer's photographs have been exhibited widely in museums and galleries in the United States and Great Britain, including at Christie's in New York. Under the auspices of the State Department, the Asia Society and the Overseas Press Club, Raymer has lectured on photojournalism, war correspondence, and media ethics in the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Poland, China, India, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Hong Kong and Vietnam. He has also appeared on the Today Show, the BBC, Voice of America, and many other global news outlets. Raymer is a longtime contributor to Bloomington lifestyle publication *Bloom Magazine*.

## Published works

* *Redeeming Calcutta*, Oxford University Press, 2012 worldcat.org. A study in photographs and text of India's former imperial capital.
* *Images of a Journey: India in Diaspora, Indiana University Press, 2007 worldcat.org. Deals with the culture of Indian immigrants throughout the world.*
* *Living Faith: Inside the Muslim World of Southeast Asia, Asia Images Group Pte. Ltd, 2001 worldcat.org.*
* *The Vietnam Cookbook*, Capital Publishers, 2002.
* *Land of the Ascending Dragon: Rediscovering Vietnam*, Hastings House Publishers, 1997.
* *St. Petersburg*, Turner Publishing/CNN, 1994 worldcat.org. A study in photographs and text of St. Petersburg after the fall of the Soviet Union.

## InfoBox

| Steve Raymer | |
| --- | --- |
| Steven Laurence Raymer | |
| Born | Beloit, Wisconsin |
| Occupation(s) | Photojournalist, Writer, Educator |


title: Steve Redfern

abstract: Stephen Paul Redfern is an English former rugby union and professional rugby league player in the 1970s and 1980s. He played one test for England in 1984, and between 1976 and 1984 played club rugby for Leicester Tigers. His position was tighthead prop. He then played professional rugby league for Sheffield Eagles, but injury limited him to only 9 appearance.

text:
# Steve Redfern

**Stephen Paul Redfern** (born 26 October 1957) is an English former rugby union and professional rugby league player in the 1970s and 1980s. He played one test for England in 1984, and between 1976 and 1984 played club rugby for Leicester Tigers. His position was tighthead prop. He then played professional rugby league for Sheffield Eagles, but injury limited him to only 9 appearance.

## Early years

Redfern was born in Leicester, England. He attended Markfield High School and Coalville Grammar School. Redfern played his junior rugby for Coalville.

## Career

Redfern joined Leicester Tigers from school, and played for the youth team from 1973. He made his Leicester début on 30 October 1976 against Nottingham. Redfern made an immediate impact starting 20 games in his first season and was selected for the England under 23s team that toured Canada at the end of the 1976/77 season. Redfern played 36 games in the 77-78 season culminating in a John Player Cup Final loss to Gloucester.

A neck injury limited Redfern to only 7 appearances in 1978-79, but he returned in time to feature in Leicester's first national cup win, a 15-12 win over Moseley & played for the Midlands Rugby team against the All Blacks that season. He also started the winning finals in 1980 against London Irish and 1981 against Gosforth; as well as another losing final in 1984 against Bristol. In 1981 Redfern started as the Midlands beat Australia at Welford Road.

Redfern made his full England début on 14 February 1984 as a replacement in a 12-9 win against Ireland at Twickenham. Although he played for England 'B' on many occasions and was named as a replacement on other occasions this was his only international cap.

Redfern played tighthead prop, so wore the letter C shirt as part of the Leicester front row along with the Leicester & England captain Peter Wheeler at hooker, and England-international Robin Cowling at loosehead. He also played 45 games with his brother Stuart who replaced Cowling at prop when he retired.

He made 247 appearances for the club, with 237 coming in the *C* shirt, a club record.

## Rugby League

Redfern turned professional, joining rugby league side Sheffield Eagles in 1984. He made his debut against Doncaster in December 1984 but his career was cut short by injury, and after 9 games Redfern retired from the game.

He did go on to play Amateur Rugby League for Leicester RLFC, playing prop for several seasons circa 1988.

## Coaching record

Redfern spent several years fighting with the RFU to be reinstated to rugby union. Redfern was allowed to come back to rugby union as a coach, starting with the local Leicestershire team Wigston. He later coached the Swedish club Pingvin in 1990/92 and led them to a win in the Swedish Championships.

He returned from Sweden in 1993 to take over Nuneaton. While at Nuneaton he became involved in coaching the west Midlands women's team, then moving on to the Midlands team. His success with them led to a position with the national set up, at first working with the England A team, and then the senior squad. Redfern worked with the team through the six national and European championships.

In 1993, while still working in the women's game, Redfern moved back to his first junior club, Coalville in Leicestershire, as head of rugby.

In 2006 Redfern left Coalville and worked with the Sheffield club before returning to Leicestershire to spend time working as an adviser to several clubs, including the Leicestershire under 18 squad.

In 2007 he went to Italian club Rugby Feltre as director of rugby.

In 2009 Redfern was voted onto the Leicester Tigers walk of legends.

In 2009, after the promotion of Asd Rugby Feltre, he moved to Berliner Rugby Club as director of rugby.

## Later life

Redfern has been managing his company Majorca Beach Rugby which is a rugby tournament held over the first May bank holiday. Redfern has been appointed as the forwards coach for Dudley Kingswinford which plays in the sixth tier of English club rugby, participating in Midlands 1 West.

## InfoBox

Steve Redfern
| Birth name | Stephen Paul Redfern |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1957-10-26) 26 October 1957 |
| Place of birth | Leicester, England |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight | 19 st (120 kg) |
| School | Markfield High School |
| Notable relative(s) | Stuart Redfern |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Prop  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1976-1984 Leicester Tigers  241  (64)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1984 England  1  (0) | |
| Rugby league career | |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Prop |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1985–1987 Sheffield Eagles 9 | |
|  | |


title: Yuchengxian railway station

abstract: Yuchengxian railway station is a station on Longhai railway in Yucheng County, Shangqiu, Henan.

text:
# Yuchengxian railway station

**Yuchengxian railway station** (Chinese: 虞城县站, literally "Yucheng County railway station") is a station on Longhai railway in Yucheng County, Shangqiu, Henan.

## History

The station was established in 1915.

## InfoBox

| Yuchengxian
虞城县 | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Central section of Chezhan Road
Yucheng County, Shangqiu, Henan
China |
| Coordinates | 34°24′30″N 115°51′32″E / 34.4084°N 115.8590°E / 34.4084; 115.8590 |
| Operated by | CR Shanghai |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 3 (1 side platform and 1 island platform) |
| Other information | |
| Station code | * 38693 (TMIS code) * IXH (telegraph code) * YCX (Pinyin code) |
| Classification | Class 3 station (三等站) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1915 |
| Previous names | Mamuji (Chinese: 马牧集) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  China Railway Following station  Xiayixiantowards Lianyungang East  Longhai railway  Shangqiutowards Lanzhou | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  YuchengxianLocation of the stationYuchengxianYuchengxian (China) | |


title: Stojan Ivković

abstract: Stojan Ivković is a Montenegrin professional basketball coach and former player. He currently works as a head coach for the Hungary national team and as a head coach for the Kaposvári KK of the Hungarian First League.

text:
# Stojan Ivković

**Stojan Ivković** (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Ивковић; born February 5, 1966) is a Montenegrin professional basketball coach and former player. He currently works as a head coach for the Hungary national team and as a head coach for the Kaposvári KK of the Hungarian First League.

## Playing career

Ivković started his basketball career playing with the youth teams of his hometown team Kotor. In 1981, at 15 years of age, he signed a 5-year contract with the Budućnost of the Yugoslav Federal League. The following year he moved to the Rabotnički from Skopje where he played in the Yugoslav League until 1987. In the same year he moved to the Spartak Subotica, where he played for five years.

In 1992 he started to play for the Szolnoki Olaj of the Hungarian First League. On three occasions, he played in total six years for the Szolnoki Olaj. In the Hungarian League he also played for the Tegáz Debrecen, the Soproni, the Kaposvári and for the Pécsi VSK-Pannonpower, where he finished his playing career in 2006.

## Coaching career

Ivković began his coaching career in 2005 as a player-coach for the PVSK Panthers of the Hungarian First League. He worked there until 2009 when he took over coaching of the Kecskeméti TE. In 2015, he left the Kecskeméti TE, which changed its name to KTE Duna Aszfalt due to sponsorship reasons in 2012.

In 2012, Ivković became a sports director of the Szolnoki Olaj. He also coached the team during 2016–2017 season.

### National teams

#### Hungary

Ivković had a stint with Hungary national team in 2007 for a single year. In 2013, he became head coach of the Hungarian national team for the second time. In the EuroBasket 2017 qualification he managed to qualify the Hungarian team for the EuroBasket 2017. It is the second time since 1969 that Hungary competed in EuroBasket (the first was in 1999).

#### Montenegro

In May 2012, Ivković became an assistant coach for the Montenegro national team. Luka Pavićević became head coach for Montenegro team while Ivković was named his first assistant. Ivković had left the staff in February 2013 when he became a head coach for Hungary.

## Career achievements and awards

Player Coach

## Personal life

Ivković in born in Dubrovnik, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia to Montenegrin–Serb father and Montenegrin–Croat mother. His father's origin is from Prčanj, a small town along the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro.

Ivković and his wife Tímea Béres have two sons, Milan and Marko. Tímea is a Hungarian professional basketball coach and scout and former player. Ivkovic has 2 children from his previous marriage.

## InfoBox

Stojan Ivković
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1966-02-05) February 5, 1966
Dubrovnik, SR Croatia,
SFR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Montenegrin / Hungarian |
| Listed height | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) |
| Listed weight | 112 kg (247 lb) |
| Career information | |
| NBA draft | 1988: undrafted |
| Playing career | 1981–2006 |
| Position | Power forward / center |
| Number | 15 |
| Coaching career | 2005–present |
| Career history | |
| As player: | |
| 1981–1982 | Budućnost Titograd |
| 1982–1987 | Rabotnički Skopje |
| 1987–1992 | Spartak Subotica |
| 1992–1996 | Szolnoki Olaj |
| 1996–1997 | Tegáz Debrecen |
| 1997–1998 | Szolnoki Olaj |
| 1998–1999 | Soproni |
| 1999–2000 | Szolnoki Olaj |
| 2000–2004 | Kaposvár |
| 2004–2004 | Pécsi VSK-Pannonpower |
| As coach: | |
| 2005–2009 | Pécsi VSK-Pannonpower |
| 2007–2008 | Hungary |
| 2009–2015 | Kecskeméti TE/ Duna Aszfalt |
| 2012–2013 | Montenegro (assistant) |
| 2013–present | Hungary |
| 2016–2017 | Szolnoki Olaj |
| 2019- | Kaposvár |
|  | |


title: Nuclear power reactors in Europe

text:
# Nuclear power reactors in Europe

This is a list of all the commercial nuclear reactors in the European Union and in Europe, with operational status. The list only includes civilian nuclear power reactors used to generate electricity for a power grid. All commercial nuclear reactors use nuclear fission. As of May 2021, there are 180 operable power reactors in Europe, with a combined electrical capacity of 159.36 GW. There are currently 8 power reactors under construction in Europe.

## Austria

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Zwentendorf | 1 | BWR | BWR-69 (KWU) | Finished; never entered service | 878 | Apr 1972 |  | 5 Nov 1978 |

## Belarus

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ostrovets | 1 | PWR | VVER-1200/V-491 | Operational | 1109 | 6 Nov 2013 | 10 Jun 2021 |  |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-1200/V-491 | Operational | 1109 | 24 Apr 2014 | 1 Nov 2023 |  |
| Minsk | 1 | PWR | VVER-1000 | Unfinished | 963 | 1983 |  | 1987 |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-1000 | Unfinished | 963 | 1983 |  | 1987 |

## Belgium

DoelTihange*Mol*class=notpageimage|Belgium nuclear power plants (view)
Active plants
*Closed plants*

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SCK•CEN | 1 | PWR | Westinghouse (WH) BR-3 | Decommissioned | 10 | 1 Nov 1957 | 10 Oct 1962 | 30 Jun 1987 |
| Doel | 1 | PWR | WH 2 loops | Operational | 445 | 1 Jul 1969 | 15 Feb 1975 | (2025) |
| | 2 | PWR | WH 2 loops | Operational | 445 | 1 Sep 1971 | 1 Dec 1975 | (2025) |
| | 3 | PWR | Framatome 3 loops | Shut down | 1006 | 1 Jan 1975 | 1 Oct 1982 | 23 Sep 2022 |
| | 4 | PWR | Belgian firms plus WH 3 loops | Operational | 1039 | 1 Dec 1978 | 1 Jul 1985 | (2035) |
| Tihange | 1 | PWR | Framatome 3 loops | Operational | 962 | 1 Jun 1970 | 1 Oct 1975 | (2025) |
| | 2 | PWR | Framatome 3 loops | Shut down | 1008 | 1 Apr 1976 | 1 Jun 1983 | 31 Jan 2023 |
| | 3 | PWR | Belgian firms plus WH 3 loops | Operational | 1046 | 1 Nov 1978 | 1 Sep 1985 | (2035) |

## Bulgaria

*Belene*Kozloduyclass=notpageimage|Nuclear power plants in Bulgaria (view)
Active plants
*Unfinished/future plants*

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kozloduy | 1 | PWR | VVER-440/V-230 | Shut down | 408 | 1 Apr 1970 | 28 Oct 1974 | 31 Dec 2002 |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-440/V-230 | Shut down | 408 | 1 Apr 1970 | 10 Nov 1975 | 31 Dec 2002 |
| | 3 | PWR | VVER-440/V-230 | Shut down | 408 | 1 Oct 1973 | 20 Jan 1981 | 31 Dec 2006 |
| | 4 | PWR | VVER-440/V-230 | Shut down | 408 | 1 Oct 1973 | 20 Jun 1982 | 31 Dec 2006 |
| | 5 | PWR | VVER-1000/V-320 | Operational | 1003 | 9 Jul 1980 | 23 Dec 1988 |  |
| | 6 | PWR | VVER-1000/V-320 | Operational | 1003 | 1 Apr 1982 | 30 Dec 1993 |  |
| | 7 | PWR | AP1000 | Planned | 1150 |  | (2033) |  |
| | 8 | PWR | AP1000 | Planned | 1150 |  |  |  |
| Belene | 1 | PWR | VVER-1000/V-320
VVER-1000/V-446B | Unfinished | 953
1011 | 1987
2008 |  |  |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-1000/V-320
VVER-1000/V-446B | Unfinished | 953
1011 | 1987
2008 |  |  |

## Czech Republic

DukovanyTemelínclass=notpageimage|Nuclear power stations in the Czech Republic (view)
Active plants
*Planned plants*

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dukovany | 1 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 468 | 1 Jan 1979 | 3 May 1985 |  |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 471 | 1 Jan 1979 | 21 Mar 1986 |  |
| | 3 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 468 | 1 Mar 1979 | 20 Dec 1986 |  |
| | 4 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 471 | 1 Mar 1979 | 19 Jul 1987 |  |
| | 5 | PWR | TBD | Planned | 1200 |  |  |  |
| | 6 | PWR | TBD | Planned | 1200 |  |  |  |
| Temelín | 1 | PWR | VVER-1000/V-320 | Operational | 1003 | 1 Feb 1987 | 10 Jun 2002 |  |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-1000/V-320 | Operational | 1003 | 1 Feb 1987 | 18 Apr 2003 |  |
| | 3 | PWR | TBD | Planned | 1200 |  |  |  |
| | 4 | PWR | TBD | Planned | 1200 |  |  |  |

## Finland

OlkiluotoLoviisa*Hanhikivi*class=notpageimage|Nuclear power plants in Finland (view)
Active plants
*Unfinished plants*

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hanhikivi | 1 | PWR | VVER-1200/V-491 | Cancelled | 1200 | (2023) | (2029) | 2 May 2022 |
| Loviisa | 1 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 507 | 1 May 1971 | 9 May 1977 |  |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 507 | 1 Aug 1972 | 5 Jan 1981 |  |
| Olkiluoto | 1 | BWR | ASEA-III, BWR-2500 | Operational | 890 | 1 Feb 1974 | 10 Oct 1979 |  |
| | 2 | BWR | ASEA-III, BWR-2500 | Operational | 890 | 1 Nov 1975 | 10 Jul 1982 |  |
| | 3 | PWR | EPR | Operational | 1600 | 12 Aug 2005 | 16 Apr 2023 |  |

## France

BellevilleBlayais*Brennilis*BugeyCattenomChinonChoozCivauxCruasDampierre*Fessenheim*FlamanvilleGolfechGravelines*Marcoule*/*Phénix*NogentPaluelPenlySaint-AlbanSaint- Laurent*Superphénix*Tricastinclass=notpageimage|Fission-electric stations in France (view)
Active plants
under construction
Closed plants

## Germany

*AVR**Biblis**Brokdorf**Brunsbüttel*Emsland*Lingen**Grafenrheinfeld**Greifswald**Grohnde**Großwelzheim/Kahl**Gundremmingen*Isar*Niederaichbach**Kalkar**KNK II/
MZFR**Krümmel**MülheimKärlich*Neckarwestheim*Obrigheim**Philippsburg**Rheinsberg**Stade**Stendal**THTR-300**Unterweser**Würgassen*class=notpageimage|Nuclear power plants in Germany (view)
Active plants
*Closed plants*
*Unfinished plants*

## Hungary

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Paks | 1 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 470 | 1 Aug 1974 | 10 Aug 1983 |  |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 473 | 1 Aug 1974 | 14 Nov 1984 |  |
| | 3 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 473 | 1 Oct 1979 | 1 Dec 1986 |  |
| | 4 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 471 | 1 Oct 1979 | 1 Nov 1987 |  |
| | 5 | PWR | VVER-1200 | Planned | 1114 | (2024) |  |  |
| | 6 | PWR | VVER-1200 | Planned | 1114 | (2024) |  |  |

## Italy

*Garigliano**Caorso**Enrico
Fermi**Latina**Montalto*class=notpageimage|Nuclear power stations in Italy (view)
*Closed plants*
*Canceled plants*

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caorso | 1 | BWR | BWR-4 Mark2 | Shut down/in decommissioning | 860 | 1 Jan 1970 | 1 Dec 1981 | 1 Jul 1990 |
| Enrico Fermi | 1 | PWR | WH 4-loop | Shut down/in decommissioning | 260 | 1 Jul 1961 | 1 Jan 1965 | 1 Jul 1990 |
| Garigliano | 1 | BWR | BWR-1 | Shut down/in decommissioning | 150 | 1 Nov 1959 | 1 Jun 1964 | 1 Mar 1982 |
| Latina | 1 | GCR | Magnox | Shut down/in decommissioning | 153 | 1 Nov 1958 | 1 Jan 1964 | 1 Dec 1987 |
| Alto Lazio | 1 | BWR |  | Unfinished | 982 | 1 Jul 1982 |  | 1 Jan 1988 |
| | 2 | BWR |  | Unfinished | 982 | 1 Jul 1982 |  | 1 Jul 1988 |
| Trino 2 | 1 | PWR |  | Unfinished | 950 |  |  | 23 Dec 1987 |
| | 2 | PWR |  | Unfinished | 950 |  |  | 23 Dec 1987 |

## Lithuania

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ignalina | 1 | LWGR | RBMK-1500 | Shut down/in decommissioning | 1185 | 1 May 1977 | 31 Dec 1983 | 31 Dec 2004 |
| | 2 | LWGR | RBMK-1500 | Shut down/in decommissioning | 1185 | 1 Jan 1978 | Aug 1987 | 31 Dec 2009 |
| | 3 | LWGR | RBMK-1500 | Unfinished | 1185 |  |  |  |

## Netherlands

Borssele*Dodewaard*class=notpageimage|Nuclear power plants in the Netherlands(view)
Active plants
*Closed plants*

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Borssele | 1 | PWR | KWU 2LP | Operational | 482 | 1 Jul 1969 | 26 Oct 1973 | (2033) |
| Dodewaard | 1 | BWR | BWR-2 | Shut down | 55 | 1 May 1965 | 26 Mar 1969 | 26 Mar 1997 |

## Poland

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Żarnowiec | 1 | PWR | VVER-440 | Unfinished | 440 | 31 Mar 1982 |  | 4 Sep 1990 |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-440 | Unfinished | 440 | 31 Mar 1982 |  | 4 Sep 1990 |
| Choczewo | 1 | PWR | AP1000 | Planned | 1250 | (2026) | (2033) |  |
| | 2 | PWR | AP1000 | Planned | 1250 |  | (2035–2036) |  |
| | 3 | PWR | AP1000 | Planned | 1250 |  | (2037–2039) |  |
| Pątnów | 1 | PWR | APR-1400 | Planned | 1340 |  |  |  |
| | 2 | PWR | APR-1400 | Planned | 1340 |  |  |  |
| Włocławek | 1 | BWR | BWRX-300 | Planned | 300 |  | (2030) |  |
| Ostrołęka | 1 | BWR | BWRX-300 | Planned | 300 |  | (2030) |  |
| Warsaw | 1 | BWR | BWRX-300 | Planned | 300 |  | (2030) |  |
| Tarnobrzeg/Stalowa Wola | 1 | BWR | BWRX-300 | Planned | 300 |  | (2030) |  |
| Dąbrowa Górnicza | 1 | BWR | BWRX-300 | Planned | 300 |  | (2030) |  |
| Stawy Monowskie | 1 | BWR | BWRX-300 | Planned | 300 |  | (2030) |  |
| Kraków | 1 | BWR | BWRX-300 | Planned | 300 |  | (2030) |  |

## Romania

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cernavodă | 1 | PHWR | CANDU-6 | Operational | 650 | 31 Mar 1983 | 2 Dec 1996 |  |
| | 2 | PHWR | CANDU-6 | Operational | 650 | 1 Jul 1983 | 1 Nov 2007 |  |
| | 3 | PHWR | CANDU-6 | Unfinished; restart planned | 650 |  |  |  |
| | 4 | PHWR | CANDU-6 | Unfinished; restart planned | 650 |  |  |  |
| | 5 | PHWR | CANDU-6 | Unfinished | 650 |  |  |  |

## Slovakia

BohuniceMochovceclass=notpageimage|Nuclear power stations in Slovakia (view)
Active plants

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bohunice | A-1 | HWGCR | KS 150 | Decommissioned | 93 | 1 Aug 1958 | 25 Dec 1972 | 22 Feb 1977 |
| | 1 | PWR | VVER-440/V-230 | Shut down | 408 | 24 Apr 1972 | 1 Apr 1980 | 31 Dec 2006 |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-440/V-230 | Shut down | 408 | 24 Apr 1972 | 1 Jan 1981 | 31 Dec 2008 |
| | 3 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 472 | 1 Dec 1976 | 14 Feb 1985 | (2045) |
| | 4 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 471 | 1 Dec 1976 | 18 Dec 1985 | (2045) |
| Mochovce | 1 | PWR | VVER-440 V-213 | Operational | 436 | 13 Oct 1983 | 29 Oct 1998 | (2058) |
| | 2 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 436 | 13 Oct 1983 | 11 Apr 2000 | (2060) |
| | 3 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Operational | 440 | 27 Jan 1987 | 17 Oct 2023 |  |
| | 4 | PWR | VVER-440/V-213 | Under construction | 440 | 27 Jan 1987 |  |  |

## Slovenia

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Krško | 1 | PWR | WH 2 loops | Operational | 688 | 30 Mar 1975 | 1 Jan 1983 | (2043) |
| | 2 | PWR | TBD | Planned | 1100 |  | (2030) |  |

## Spain

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Almaraz | 1 | PWR | WH 3 loops | Operational | 1011 | 3 Jul 1973 | 1 Sep 1983 |  |
| | 2 | PWR | WH 3 loops | Operational | 1006 | 3 Jul 1973 | 1 Jul 1984 |  |
| Ascó | 1 | PWR | WH 3 loops | Operational | 995 | 16 May 1974 | 10 Dec 1984 |  |
| | 2 | PWR | WH-3 loops | Operational | 997 | 7 Mar 1975 | 31 Mar 1986 |  |
| Cofrentes | 1 | BWR | BWR-6 | Operational | 1064 | 9 Sep 1975 | 11 Mar 1985 |  |
| José Cabrera | 1 | PWR | WH 1 loop | Shut down/in decommissioning | 141 | 24 Jun 1964 | 13 Aug 1969 | 30 Apr 2006 |
| Lemoniz | 1 | PWR |  | Unfinished |  | 1972 |  | 1984 |
| | 2 | PWR |  | Unfinished |  | 1972 |  | 1984 |
| Santa María de Garoña | 1 | BWR | BWR-3 | Shut down/in decommissioning | 446 | 11 May 1971 | 15 Feb 1975 | 6 Jul 2013 |
| Trillo | 1 | PWR | KWU 3 loops | Operational | 1003 | 17 Aug 1979 | 6 Aug 1988 |  |
| Valdecaballeros | 1 | BWR |  | Unfinished |  | 1975 |  | 1984 |
| | 2 | BWR |  | Unfinished |  | 1975 |  | 1984 |
| Vandellòs | 1 | GCR |  | Shut down/in decommissioning | 480 | 1967 | 2 Aug 1972 | 31 Jul 1990 |
| | 2 | PWR | WH 3 loops | Operational | 1045 | 29 Dec 1980 | 8 Mar 1988 |  |

## Sweden

*Barsebäck*ForsmarkOskarshamn*R4*Ringhals*Ågesta*class=notpageimage|Nuclear power plants in Sweden (view)
Active plants
*Closed plants*
*Unfinished plants*

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ågesta | 1 | PHWR | R3 | Shut down/in decommissioning | 10 | 1 Dec 1957 | 1 May 1964 | 2 Jun 1974 |  |
| Barsebäck | 1 | BWR | ASEA-II | Shut down/in decommissioning | 600 | 1 Feb 1971 | 1 Jul 1975 | 30 Nov 1999 |  |
| | 2 | BWR | ASEA-II | Shut down/in decommissioning | 600 | 1 Jan 1973 | 1 Jul 1977 | 31 May 2005 |  |
| Forsmark | 1 | BWR | ASEA-III, BWR-2500 | Operational | 986 | 1 Jun 1973 | 10 Dec 1980 |  |  |
| | 2 | BWR | ASEA-III, BWR-2500 | Operational | 1116 | 1 Jan 1975 | 7 Jul 1981 |  |  |
| | 3 | BWR | ASEA-IV, BWR-3000 | Operational | 1167 | 1 Jan 1979 | 18 Aug 1985 |  |  |
| Oskarshamn | 1 | BWR | ASEA-I | Shut down/in decommissioning | 473 | 1 Aug 1966 | 6 Feb 1972 | 19 Jun 2017 |  |
| | 2 | BWR | ASEA-II | Shut down/in decommissioning | 638 | 1 Sep 1969 | 1 Jan 1975 | 22 Dec 2016 |  |
| | 3 | BWR | ASEA-IV, BWR-3000 | Operational | 1450 | 1 May 1980 | 15 Aug 1985 |  |  |
| Marviken | 1 | BHWR | R4 | Unfinished | 196 | 1 Apr 1965 |  | 27 May 1970 |
 |
| Ringhals | 1 | BWR | ASEA-I | Shut down/in decommissioning | 881 | 1 Feb 1969 | 1 Jan 1976 | 31 Dec 2020 |  |
| | 2 | PWR | WH 3-loops | Shut down/in decommissioning | 904 | 1 Oct 1970 | 1 May 1975 | 30 Dec 2019 |  |
| | 3 | PWR | WH 3-loops | Operational | 1062 | 1 Sep 1972 | 9 Sep 1981 |  |  |
| | 4 | PWR | WH 3-loops | Operational | 1104 | 1 Nov 1973 | 21 Nov 1983 |  |  |

## Switzerland

BeznauGösgenLeibstadt*Mühleberg**Lucens*class=notpageimage|Switzerland nuclear power plants (view)
Active plants
*Closed plants*

| Plant
name | Unit
No. | Type | Model | Status | Capacity
(MW) | Begin
building | Commercial
operation | Closed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Beznau | 1 | PWR | WH 2-loops | Operational | 365 | 1 Sep 1965 | 1 Sep 1969 | (2029) |
| | 2 | PWR | WH 2-loops | Operational | 365 | 1 Jan 1968 | 1 Dec 1971 | (2031) |
| Gösgen | 1 | PWR | KWU 3-loops | Operational | 1010 | 1 Dec 1973 | 1 Nov 1979 |  |
| Leibstadt | 1 | BWR | BWR-6 | Operational | 1220 | 1 Jan 1974 | 15 Dec 1984 |  |
| Lucens | 1 | HWGCR | HWGCR | Decommissioned | 6 | 1 Apr 1962 | 29 Dec 1966 | 21 Jan 1969 |
| Mühleberg | 1 | BWR | BWR-4 | Shut down/in decommissioning | 373 | 1 Mar 1967 | 6 Nov 1972 | 20 Dec 2019 |

## Ukraine

## United Kingdom

*Berkeley**Bradwell**Calder Hall**Chapelcross**Dounreay**Dungeness*HartlepoolHeysham 1, 2Hinkley Point *A*, , *Hunterston A*, *Moorside**Oldbury*Sizewell *A*, B, Torness*Trawsfynydd*
*Winfrith**Wylfa*class=notpageimage|Nuclear power plants in United Kingdom (view)
Active plants
*Cancelled plants*
*Closed plants*
*Under construction*
*Planned plants*        1. "PRIS - Database". *pris.iaea.org*.
2. "World Nuclear Association- Home". *www.world-nuclear.org*.
3. "Росатом Госкорпорация "Росатом" ядерные технологии атомная энергетика АЭС ядерная медицина". *rosatom.ru*.
4. "Second Belarus unit enters commercial operation". *world-nuclear-news.org*.
5. "Doel 3: Shutdown confirmed for Friday". RTBF Info. 23 Sep 2022. Retrieved 25 Sep 2022.
6. "RTBF Info of 21 Dec 2018". RTBF Info. 21 Dec 2018. Retrieved 28 Dec 2018.
7. "Second Belgian reactor enters retirement : Corporate - World Nuclear News".
8. "Bulgaria to push ahead with two new units at Kozloduy". *world-nuclear-news.org*. World Nuclear News. 25 Oct 2023. Retrieved 3 Nov 2023.
9. "Nuclear power plants in Finland". *STUK*. 6 Apr 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
10. "Fennovoima cancels Hanhikivi 1 contract with Russia". World Nuclear Association. 3 May 2022.
11. "Fennovoima terminates contract for Hanhikivi 1 NPP construction". TASS. 2 May 2022.
12. "PRIS – Reactor Details".
13. "Faulty seals replaced in Olkiluoto EPR : Regulation & Safety - World Nuclear News".
14. "Further delay to Flamanville EPR start up". *World Nuclear News*.
15. "EDF begins permitting process for two new reactors at Penly : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News". *world-nuclear-news.org*. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
16. "Germany shuts three of its last six nuclear plants". Retrieved 1 Jan 2022.
17. "German reactor permanently shut down". *world-nuclear-news.org*. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
18. "Germany shuts down Philippsburg 2". *energycentral.com*. Retrieved 8 Jan 2020.
19. "Poland's Westinghouse choice 'deepens strategic relationship' with USA". 31 Oct 2022.
20. "Poland's government confirms Westinghouse for nuclear plant". 4 Nov 2022.
21. "South Korea's KHNP signs letter of intent on Polish nuclear". 31 Oct 2022.
22. "Taki reaktor chcą zbudować Orlen i Synthos". 18 Apr 2023.
23. Shut down after a 1977 refuelling incident; decommission in progress since 1979
24. "Tlačová agentúra Slovenskej republiky – TASR.sk". *tasr.sk*. Archived from the original on 20 Jan 2009.
25. "Power commissioning of Mochovce 3 completed".
26. "Krško gets an overhaul : Corporate – World Nuclear News".
27. "Drugi blok NE Krško prve megavate mogao bi dati nakon 2030" \[The second block of NPP Krško could provide the first megawatts after 2030.\]. *Točka na I* (in Croatian). 30 Nov 2022. Retrieved 14 Apr 2023.
28. "Marvikenreaktorn - ett industripolitiskt utvecklingsprojekt i otakt med tiden". *The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority* (in Swedish). 2007-03-31. Retrieved 12 Jan 2023.
29. "IAEA Sweden reactors". *IAEA*. 2023-01-11. Retrieved 12 Jan 2023.
30. "Forsmarks reaktorer i siffror" (PDF). *Vattenfall* (in Swedish). Apr 2016. Retrieved 12 Jan 2023.
31. "MILSTOLPAR I VÅR HISTORIA". *Westinghouse* (in Swedish). Retrieved 12 Jan 2023.
32. "Ringhals 1 inne på slutspurten". *SVT* (in Swedish). 26 Oct 2020. Retrieved 29 Dec 2020.
33. admin.ch, The Federal Authorities, Federal Council decides to gradually phase out nuclear energy as part of its new energy strategy Archived 20 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 25 May 2011
34. "В Україні збудують нову атомну станцію: названо місто будівництва". *GSMinfo*. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
35. "На Хмельницькій АЕС відбулася нарада з питань будівництва 3 та 4 енергоблоків". *xaec.org.ua*. 12 Feb 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
36. "Ukraine begins construction of new units at Khmelnitsky NPP".
37. "Is it sensible to invest in the construction of new nuclear reactors during post-war reconstruction? – Ecoclub Rivne is an environmental NGO".
38. "Heysham 2 and Torness end dates brought forward by EDF : Corporate – World Nuclear News". *world-nuclear-news.org*. Retrieved 19 Jan 2022.
39. "Hinkley Point B enters retirement : Corporate – World Nuclear News". *world-nuclear-news.org*. Retrieved 2 Aug 2022.
40. "PRIS – Reactor Details". *pris.iaea.org*. Retrieved 25 Jul 2022.
41. "Plans for New Nuclear Reactors Worldwide - World Nuclear Association".
42. "Hunterston B nuclear power station retires after 46 years in service". *The Guardian*. 7 Jan 2022.
43. "The Sizewell C project – National Infrastructure Planning". *infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk*. Retrieved 12 Apr 2022.
44. "PRIS – Reactor Details". *pris.iaea.org*. Retrieved 24 Jan 2019.


title: Westmoore High School

abstract: Westmoore High School is an American four-year public high school located in south Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The school was founded in 1988 and serves the ninth through the twelfth grades as part of the Moore Public School District. Westmoore was the second high school in the district after Moore High School. Southmoore High School, which opened in the 2008–2009 academic year, is the third. On May 3, 1999, tornadoes severely damaged the campus, and its auditorium, and a nearby elementary school. The remainder of the school year for the approximately 2,000 students was finished at Oklahoma City Community College. Academically, Westmoore offers a program in which 11th or 12th grade students may apply to take morning or afternoon courses as offered at Moore Norman Technology Center. Seventeen Advanced Placement courses are offered by Westmoore in several topics including AP Music Theory, AP Studio Art, and AP Psychology.

text:
# Westmoore High School

**Westmoore High School** is an American four-year public high school located in south Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The school was founded in 1988 and serves the ninth through the twelfth grades as part of the Moore Public School District. Westmoore was the second high school in the district after Moore High School. Southmoore High School, which opened in the 2008–2009 academic year, is the third.

On May 3, 1999, tornadoes severely damaged the campus, and its auditorium, and a nearby elementary school. The remainder of the school year for the approximately 2,000 students was finished at Oklahoma City Community College.

Academically, Westmoore offers a program in which 11th or 12th grade students may apply to take morning or afternoon courses as offered at Moore Norman Technology Center. Seventeen Advanced Placement courses are offered by Westmoore in several topics including AP Music Theory, AP Studio Art, and AP Psychology.

## Notable alumni

## AP Courses offered

## InfoBox

| Westmoore High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 12613 South Western Avenue
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73170
United States | |
| Coordinates | 35°20′35″N 97°32′03″W / 35.343135°N 97.534304°W / 35.343135; -97.534304 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1988 |
| School district | Moore Public School District |
| CEEB code | 372-697 |
| Principal | Danny Reed |
| Staff | 125.99 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Number of students | 2,635 (2023-24) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 20.60 |
| Campus | Suburban |
| Color(s) | Red, Black, & Silver
 |
| Athletics conference | OSSAA Class 6A |
| Mascot | Jaguar |
| Rivals | Southmoore High School
Moore High School (Oklahoma) |
| Website | Westmoore High |


title: Sternpost

abstract: A sternpost is the upright structural member or post at the aft end of a ship or a boat, to which are attached the transoms and the rearmost part of the stern. The sternpost may either be completely vertical or may be tilted or "raked" slightly aft. It rests on or "fays to" the ship's keel. Traditionally, the rudder was suspended from the sternpost, and the propellers descended from it. With changes in how these are positioned, in modern shipbuilding vessels are often not considered to have a sternpost.

text:
# Sternpost

A **sternpost** is the upright structural member or post at the aft end of a ship or a boat, to which are attached the transoms and the rearmost part of the stern.

The sternpost may either be completely vertical or may be tilted or "raked" slightly aft. It rests on or "fays to" the ship's keel.

Traditionally, the rudder was suspended from the sternpost, and the propellers descended from it. With changes in how these are positioned, in modern shipbuilding vessels are often not considered to have a sternpost.


title: Z-variant

abstract: In Unicode, two glyphs are said to be Z-variants if they share the same etymology but have slightly different appearances and different Unicode code points. For example, the Unicode characters U+8AAA 說 and U+8AAC 説 are Z-variants. The notion of Z-variance is only applicable to the "CJKV scripts"—Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese—and is a subtopic of Han unification.

text:
# Z-variant

In Unicode, two glyphs are said to be **Z-variants** (often spelled **zVariants**) if they share the same etymology but have slightly different appearances and different Unicode code points. For example, the Unicode characters U+8AAA 說 and U+8AAC 説 are Z-variants. The notion of Z-variance is only applicable to the "CJKV scripts"—Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese—and is a subtopic of Han unification.

## Differences on the Z-axis

The Unicode philosophy of code point allocation for CJK languages is organized along three "axes." The X-axis represents differences in semantics; for example, the Latin capital A (U+0041 A) and the Greek capital alpha (U+0391 Α) are represented by two distinct code points in Unicode, and might be termed "X-variants" (though this term is not common). The Y-axis represents significant differences in appearance though not in semantics; for example, the traditional Chinese character *māo* "cat" (U+8C93 貓) and the simplified Chinese character (U+732B 猫) are Y-variants.

The Z-axis represents minor typographical differences. For example, the Chinese characters (U+838A 莊) and (U+8358 荘) are Z-variants, as are (U+8AAA 說) and (U+8AAC 説). The glossary at *Unicode.org* defines "Z-variant" as "Two CJK unified ideographs with identical semantics and unifiable shapes," where "unifiable" is taken in the sense of Han unification.

Thus, were Han unification perfectly successful, Z-variants would not exist. They exist in Unicode because it was deemed useful to be able to "round-trip" documents between Unicode and other CJK encodings such as Big5 and CCCII. For example, the character 莊 has CCCII encoding 21552D, while its Z-variant 荘 has CCCII encoding 2D552D. Therefore, these two variants were given distinct Unicode code points, so that converting a CCCII document to Unicode and back would be a lossless operation.

## Confusion

There is some confusion over the exact definition of "Z-variant." For example, in an Internet Draft (of RFC 3743) dated 2002, one finds  "no" (U+4E0D ) and (U+F967 ) described as "font variants," the term "Z-variant" being apparently reserved for interlanguage pairs such as the Mandarin Chinese  "rabbit" (U+5154 ) and the Japanese *to* "rabbit" (U+514E ). However, the Unicode Consortium's Unihan database treats both pairs as Z-variants.


title: Z-source inverter

abstract: A Z-source inverter is a type of power inverter, a circuit that converts direct current to alternating current. The circuit functions as a buck-boost inverter without making use of DC-DC converter bridge due to its topology. Impedance (Z) source networks efficiently convert power between source and load from DC to DC, DC to AC, and from AC to AC. The numbers of modifications and new Z-source topologies have grown rapidly since 2002. Improvements to the impedance networks by introducing coupled magnetics have also been lately proposed for achieving even higher voltage boosting, while using a shorter shoot-through time. They include the Γ-source, T-source, trans-Z-source, TZ-source, LCCT-Z-source that utilizes a high-frequency transformer connected in series with two DC-current-blocking capacitors, high-frequency transformer-isolated, and Y-source networks. Amongst them, the Y-source network is more versatile and can be viewed as the generic network, from which the Γ-source, T-source, and trans-Z-source networks are derived. The incommensurate properties of this network open a new horizon to researchers and engineers to explore, expand, and modify the circuit for a wide range of power conversion applications.

text:
# Z-source inverter

A **Z-source inverter** is a type of power inverter, a circuit that converts direct current to alternating current. The circuit functions as a buck-boost inverter without making use of DC-DC converter bridge due to its topology.

Impedance (Z) source networks efficiently convert power between source and load from DC to DC, DC to AC, and from AC to AC.

The numbers of modifications and new Z-source topologies have grown rapidly since 2002. Improvements to the impedance networks by introducing coupled magnetics have also been lately proposed for achieving even higher voltage boosting, while using a shorter shoot-through time. They include the Γ-source, T-source, trans-Z-source, TZ-source, LCCT-Z-source that utilizes a high-frequency transformer connected in series with two DC-current-blocking capacitors, high-frequency transformer-isolated, and Y-source networks. Amongst them, the Y-source network is more versatile and can be viewed as the generic network, from which the Γ-source, T-source, and trans-Z-source networks are derived. The incommensurate properties of this network open a new horizon to researchers and engineers to explore, expand, and modify the circuit for a wide range of power conversion applications.

## Types of inverters

Inverters can be classified by their structure as

* Single-phase inverter: This type of inverter consists of two legs or two poles. (A pole is connection of two switches where source of one and drain of other are connected and this common point is taken out).
* Three-phase inverter: This type of inverter consists of three legs or poles or four legs (three legs for phases and one for neutral).

Inverters are also classified based on the type of input source as follows:

* Voltage-source inverter (VSI): In this type of inverter, a constant voltage source acts as input to the inverter bridge. The constant voltage source is obtained by connecting a large capacitor across the DC source.
* Current-source inverter (CSI): In this type of inverter, a constant current source acts as input to the inverter bridge. The constant current source is obtained by connecting a large inductor in series the DC source.

## Operation

Normally, three-phase inverters have 8 vector states (6 active states and 2 zero states). There is an additional state known as the shoot through state, during which the switches of one leg are short-circuited. In this state, energy is stored in the impedance network, and when the inverter is in its active state, the stored energy is transferred to the load, thus providing boost operation. This shoot through state is prohibited in VSI.

Achieving the buck-boost facility in ZSI requires pulse-width modulation. The normal sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is generated by comparing carrier triangular wave with reference sine wave. For shoot through pulses, the carrier wave is compared with two complementary DC reference levels. These pulses are added in the SPWM. ZSI has two control freedoms: modulation index of the reference wave which is the ratio of amplitude of reference wave to amplitude of carrier wave and shoot through duty ratio which can be controlled by DC level.

## Advantages

The advantages of Z-source inverter are:

* The source can be either a voltage source or a current source. The DC source of a ZSI can be a battery, a diode rectifier or a thyristor converter, a fuel cell stack or a combination of these.
* The main circuit of a ZSI can either be the traditional VSI or the traditional CSI.
* Works as a buck-boost inverter.
* The load of a ZSC can be inductive or capacitive, or it can be another Z-source network.

## Disadvantages

Typical inverters (VSI and CSI) have few disadvantages:

* They behave in a boost or buck operation only. Thus the obtainable output voltage range is either smaller or greater than the input voltage.
* They are vulnerable to electromagnetic interference and the devices get damaged in either open or short circuit conditions.
* The combined system of DC-DC boost converter and the inverter has lower reliability.
* The main switching devices of VSI and CSI are not interchangeable.

## Applications

1. Renewable energy sources
2. Electric vehicles
3. Motor drives