title: James Baumann

abstract: James L. Baumann is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives. James Leroy Joseph Baumann, BA, was born May 2, 1931, in Columbus, OH. He died November 24, 2017, in Naples, FL. He retired at the age of 70 after 25 years in the Plumbing and Heating Business, 32 years as a Real estate Broker, and 25 years in public service: the United States Army (1954–56); Columbus City Council (1965–69); state government After leaving public service he was a consultant and real property manager for a one hundred sixty unit family restaurant chain, Donatos Pizza, Gahanna, OH until 2001. He received his elementary education at Saint Leo’s grade school in Columbus, OH, his secondary education at Saint Charles Preparatory school and an undergraduate degree at The College of Saint Charles Borromeo Seminary in Bexley, OH. His degree was in Philosophy with a minor in Education. He was accepted for graduate school at Mount Saint Mary’s Seminary in Cincinnati, OH and Notre Dame Law School but decided to change his career path and joined his father and brother in the family plumbing business. He volunteered for the United States Army. After basic and advanced armored training, he was pulled from the roster (pipeline). He served the balance of his enlistment at Headquarters Company, Fort Knox, KY., where he managed the Post Catholic religious programs. While in the service, he married E. Ann Dougherty, RN. They have six children, H.Matthew, Margaret, James E., David, Lisa and Stephen. In 1991 Mr. Baumann married Jane Burns DeWitt, a Columbus high school teacher, who has two children Sue Eubanks and Michael DeWitt. There are twenty-three grandchildren. Jim Baumann, upon leaving the Army, joined with his late father, Herman E. Baumann, and his brother, Richard L. Baumann, and formed Baumann Bros Plumbing and Hydronic Co.Inc. In 1963 they developed a seven acre apartment rental complex. Jim divested his share of the plumbing company in 1977. During his career he tested for and received a Journeyman and a Master Plumbing License, an Hydronic Contractors License and a Real Estate Broker’s License. Aside from his religious work in the Army he served as a member of the Central Ohio Catholic Social Service Agency. As chairman he guided through the resolution to make the agency independent from the Columbus Diocese. He also served on the building committee for the new parish of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal. He is a lifetime member of the Knights of Columbus, an organization he joined at the age of 21. He is member of the Catholic Order of Foresters and the Church Our Lady of Mt Carmel, Buckeye Lake, OH and attends St. Williams Catholic Church of Naples, FL. Jim was a member and officer in the Columbus Southside Business Men’s Association. He was the first president of the Associated Plumbing and Hydronic Contractors of Central Ohio. After two years as president he requested the board hire an executive officer. While in office with the plumbers association he co-wrote a modernized revision to the Columbus, OH plumbing code. This was introduced as an ordinance and passed into law by the City Council. He was a long time member of Sertoma International. He served several terms on the Columbus Junior Theatre Board and the Southside YMCA Board and is a life member of the American Legion #144, AMVETS #51 and the Buckeye Lake Historical Society. A boater, he is a forty plus year member of the Buckeye Lake Yacht Club. While in public service Mr. Baumann wrote and introduced into law a number of ordinances and state statutes. On City Council he was effective in supporting the controversial route of the Olentangy Freeway. He introduced and secured passage of an ordinance establishing the water and sewer rate advisory board, effectively keeping the sewer and water facilities off the real estate tax base. In the legislature he sponsored the bill to make mail-in for auto license registration available to all citizens. This meant the long lines were gone and was the most significant change the Ohio citizens had seen in many years. He also sponsored the boiler safety bill which was the product of the task force formed after children were killed by a malfunctioning boiler in Marrieta, OH. He served as Chairman of the Columbus City Council Service Committee, the Ohio State Boiler Safety Task Force, The Ohio House Reference Committee, The Ohio Retirement Study Commission and The Ohio Environmental Board of Review.

text:
# James Baumann

**James L. Baumann** is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives.

James Leroy Joseph Baumann, BA, was born May 2, 1931, in Columbus, OH. He died November 24, 2017, in Naples, FL. He retired at the age of 70 after 25 years in the Plumbing and Heating Business, 32 years as a Real estate Broker, and 25 years in public service: the United States Army (1954–56); Columbus City Council (1965–69); state government (four terms in the Ohio House of Representatives (1970–78) and two terms on the Ohio Environmental Board of Review (1979-1990.)) After leaving public service he was a consultant and real property manager for a one hundred sixty unit family restaurant chain, Donatos Pizza, Gahanna, OH until 2001.

He received his elementary education at Saint Leo’s grade school in Columbus, OH, his secondary education at Saint Charles Preparatory school and an undergraduate degree at The College of Saint Charles Borromeo Seminary in Bexley, OH. His degree was in Philosophy with a minor in Education. He was accepted for graduate school at Mount Saint Mary’s Seminary in Cincinnati, OH and Notre Dame Law School but decided to change his career path and joined his father and brother in the family plumbing business. He volunteered for the United States Army. After basic and advanced armored training, he was pulled from the roster (pipeline). He served the balance of his enlistment at Headquarters Company, Fort Knox, KY., where he managed the Post Catholic religious programs. While in the service, he married E. Ann Dougherty, RN (deceased 1987). They have six children, H.Matthew, Margaret, James E., David, Lisa and Stephen. In 1991 Mr. Baumann married Jane Burns DeWitt, a Columbus high school teacher (deceased 2017), who has two children Sue Eubanks and Michael DeWitt. There are twenty-three grandchildren.

Jim Baumann, upon leaving the Army, joined with his late father, Herman E. Baumann, and his brother, Richard L. Baumann, and formed Baumann Bros Plumbing and Hydronic Co.Inc. In 1963 they developed a seven acre apartment rental complex. Jim divested his share of the plumbing company in 1977. During his career he tested for and received a Journeyman and a Master Plumbing License, an Hydronic Contractors License and a Real Estate Broker’s License.

Aside from his religious work in the Army he served as a member of the Central Ohio Catholic Social Service Agency. As chairman (two years) he guided through the resolution to make the agency independent from the Columbus Diocese. He also served on the building committee for the new parish of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal. He is a lifetime member of the Knights of Columbus, an organization he joined at the age of 21. He is member of the Catholic Order of Foresters and the Church Our Lady of Mt Carmel, Buckeye Lake, OH and attends St. Williams Catholic Church of Naples, FL. Jim was a member and officer in the Columbus Southside Business Men’s Association. He was the first president of the Associated Plumbing and Hydronic Contractors of Central Ohio. After two years as president he requested the board hire an executive officer. While in office with the plumbers association he co-wrote a modernized revision to the Columbus, OH plumbing code. This was introduced as an ordinance and passed into law by the City Council. He was a long time member of Sertoma International. He served several terms on the Columbus Junior Theatre Board and the Southside YMCA Board and is a life member of the American Legion #144, AMVETS #51 and the Buckeye Lake Historical Society. A boater, he is a forty plus year member of the Buckeye Lake Yacht Club.

While in public service Mr. Baumann wrote and introduced into law a number of ordinances and state statutes. On City Council he was effective in supporting the controversial route of the Olentangy Freeway. He introduced and secured passage of an ordinance establishing the water and sewer rate advisory board, effectively keeping the sewer and water facilities off the real estate tax base. In the legislature he sponsored the bill to make mail-in for auto license registration available to all citizens. This meant the long lines were gone and was the most significant change the Ohio citizens (auto owners) had seen in many years. He also sponsored the boiler safety bill which was the product of the task force formed after children were killed by a malfunctioning boiler in Marrieta, OH. He served as Chairman of the Columbus City Council Service Committee, the Ohio State Boiler Safety Task Force, The Ohio House Reference Committee, The Ohio Retirement Study Commission and The Ohio Environmental Board of Review (now the Ohio Environmental Appeals Board).

## InfoBox

| James Baumann | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Ohio House of Representatives
from the 32nd district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1971 – December 31, 1978 | |
| Preceded by | Roger Tracy |
| Succeeded by | Dean Conley |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Jajarkot Palace

abstract: Jajarkot Palace is a historic place located in Jajarkot District, Karnali Province, Nepal. The palace was built by the King of Jajarkot Hari Shah in 1825. The palace was originally seven storeys and was reduced to four storeys due to the 1934 Nepal–India earthquake. The April 2015 Nepal earthquake further damaged the building.

text:
# Jajarkot Palace

**Jajarkot Palace** is a historic place located in Jajarkot District, Karnali Province, Nepal.

The palace was built by the King of Jajarkot Hari Shah in 1825 (Bikram Sambat). The palace was originally seven storeys and was reduced to four storeys due to the 1934 Nepal–India earthquake. The April 2015 Nepal earthquake further damaged the building.

## InfoBox

| Jajarkot Palace | |
| --- | --- |
| Jajarkot PalaceLocation within Karnali ProvinceJajarkot PalaceJajarkot Palace (Nepal) | |
| General information | |
| Type | Palace |
| Architectural style | Nepalese architecture |
| Location | Jajarkot District, Karnali Province |
| Country | Nepal |
| Coordinates | 28°41′57″N 82°12′02″E / 28.699101189843365°N 82.2006814639445°E / 28.699101189843365; 82.2006814639445 |


abstract:
The Swedish Program for ICT in Development Regions (SPIDER) is an ICT4D non governmental organization based in Sweden. SPIDER's vision is "an interconnected world where Information and Communication Technology enables everyone to have their voices heard and their needs met". SPIDER's mission is to support the use of Information and Communication Technology to improve accountability, education and health in developing regions. SPIDER establishes collaborations, shares knowledge and builds capacity through networks globally. The organization has acted as an ICT4D central node in a network of actors from academia, civil society, government and business in Sweden and abroad for more than 10 years. SPIDER facilitates the collaboration and sharing of experience between different actors in the field to reach better development results. Through its initiatives, the organization has supported many projects and organization in different least developed countries including:
  - ICT4Democracy in East Africa Network
  - ICT4D Cambodia Network
  - The International Network for Postgraduate Students in the area of ICT4D (IPID) SPIDER is hosted by the Department for Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV) at Stockholm University and funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) with complementary funding from Stockholm University.

text:
# Swedish Program for ICT in Developing Regions

The Swedish Program for ICT in Development Regions (SPIDER) is an ICT4D non governmental organization based in Sweden. SPIDER's vision is "an interconnected world where Information and Communication Technology enables everyone to have their voices heard and their needs met". SPIDER's mission is to support the use of Information and Communication Technology to improve accountability, education and health in developing regions. SPIDER establishes collaborations, shares knowledge and builds capacity through networks globally.

The organization has acted as an ICT4D central node in a network of actors from academia, civil society, government and business in Sweden and abroad for more than 10 years. SPIDER facilitates the collaboration and sharing of experience between different actors in the field to reach better development results. Through its initiatives, the organization has supported many projects and organization in different least developed countries including:

SPIDER is hosted by the Department for Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV) at Stockholm University and funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) with complementary funding from Stockholm University.


title: Irene Byron Tuberculosis Sanatorium

abstract: Irene Byron Tuberculosis Sanatorium-Physician Residences, also known as the Kidder and Draper-Sherwood Houses, were two historic homes located in Perry Township, Allen County, Indiana. They were designed by architect Charles R. Weatherhogg and built in 1934-1935 as housing for the medical director and head staff physician. Weatherhogg had earlier designed the sanatarium complex. The Kidder house was a two-story, Tudor Revival style frame dwelling with brick and stone cladding. The Draper-Sherwood House was a two-story, Colonial Revival style frame dwelling with one-story side wings. Surrounding the houses was a contributing formal landscape design. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 and delisted in 2013.

text:
# Irene Byron Tuberculosis Sanatorium

**Irene Byron Tuberculosis Sanatorium-Physician Residences**, also known as the Kidder and Draper-Sherwood Houses, were two historic homes located in Perry Township, Allen County, Indiana. They were designed by architect Charles R. Weatherhogg and built in 1934-1935 as housing for the medical director and head staff physician. Weatherhogg had earlier designed the sanatarium complex. The Kidder house was a two-story, Tudor Revival style frame dwelling with brick and stone cladding. The Draper-Sherwood House was a two-story, Colonial Revival style frame dwelling with one-story side wings. Surrounding the houses was a contributing formal landscape design.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 and delisted in 2013.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Irene Byron Tuberculosis Sanatorium-Physician Residences | |
| Formerly listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Irene Byron Tuberculosis Sanatorium grounds, January 2014 | |
|  | |
| Location | 12371 and 12407 Lima Rd., north of Fort Wayne, Perry Township, Allen County, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 41°11′48″N 85°10′12″W / 41.19667°N 85.17000°W / 41.19667; -85.17000 |
| Area | 3.6 acres (1.5 ha) |
| Built | 1934 (1934)-1935 |
| Architect | Weatherhogg, Charles R. |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 04001316 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | December 6, 2004 |
| Removed from NRHP | December 31, 2013 |


title: Felipe del Mestre

abstract: Felipe del Mestre is an Argentine rugby union player. He plays rugby sevens for Argentina 7s. He has medaled at the 2019 Pan American Games. He was also selected to Argentina squad to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the men's rugby sevens tournament.

text:
# Felipe del Mestre

**Felipe del Mestre** (born 25 September 1993) is an Argentine rugby union player. He plays rugby sevens for Argentina 7s. He has medaled at the 2019 Pan American Games. He was also selected to Argentina squad to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the men's rugby sevens tournament.

## InfoBox

Felipe del Mestre
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1993-09-25) September 25, 1993 |
| Place of birth | Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 87 kg (192 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Fullback  National sevens team  **Years** **Team** **Comps**  Argentina 7s | |
| Medal record      Men's rugby sevens  Representing  Argentina  Summer Olympics  2020 Tokyo Team competition  Pan American Games  2019 Lima  Team competition | |


title: Trabolgan Holiday Village

abstract: Trabolgan is a self catering holiday village on a 140-acre (0.57 km⁲) site which was a former country estate in the civil parish of Trabolgan, County Cork, Republic of Ireland. The holiday camp was registered on 1 May 1984 and officially opened on 29 June 1985.

text:
# Trabolgan Holiday Village

**Trabolgan** (Irish: *Trá Bholgan*, meaning 'strand of Bolgan') is a self catering holiday village on a 140-acre (0.57 km2) site which was a former country estate in the civil parish of Trabolgan, County Cork, Republic of Ireland. The holiday camp was registered on 1 May 1984 and officially opened on 29 June 1985.

## History

### Roche family

Trabolgan House was the seat of the Roche dynasty from the middle of the seventeenth-century up until 1880, when the family was forced to sell the house and most of the Trabolgan Estate. The head of the Roche family was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Fermoy in 1856, when Edmond Burke Roche was created the 1st Baron Fermoy. Trabolgan House itself was largely rebuilt in the Georgian style *circa* 1780, with the house being significantly extended during the nineteenth-century. Trabolgan House was demolished in the early 1980s.

### Pontin's Trabolgan

Trabolgan was first opened as a holiday camp in 1948 by Pontin's, which built over 100 chalets, a dance hall and an outdoor swimming pool. The development was initially successful at attracting British holiday-makers.

### *Scoil na nÓg*

Trabolgan was not successful in the longer term however, and it was converted into a boy's boarding school, *Scoil na nÓg*, operated by *Gaedhealachas Teo* from 1959 to 1973.

### Trabolgan Holiday Village

In 1975, the Trabolgan estate was purchased by a Dutch Coal and Metal Industry Pension Fund and a small holiday development consisting of 30 houses, bar and clubhouse was opened in 1980, catering mainly for the continental market. The decision to extend the village to include a Main Centre and a wide range of facilities was taken in 1983, and building was completed in 1985; the village was officially opened on 29 June 1985 by Michael McNulty, the Director General of Bord Fáilte, and W.L. Van Leeuwen, the Director of Trabolgan Homes. The site changed hands several times, and was put up for sale in 2000 and purchased by Trevor Hemmings in 2002 to operate as Trabolgan Holiday Village.

51°47′47″N 8°14′06″W / 51.796443°N 8.234888°W / 51.796443; -8.234888

## InfoBox

| Trabolgan Holiday Village | |
| --- | --- |
| Panorama of the amenities centre at Trabolgan Holiday Village | |
| Trabolgan Holiday Village | |
| Location | Whitegate, Midleton, County Cork |
| Coordinates | 51°47′55″N 8°14′09″W / 51.798691°N 8.235810°W / 51.798691; -8.235810 |
| Subsequent names | Trabolgan |
| Campus size | 140 acres (0.57 km2) |
| Residences | 344 |
| Restaurants | 2 |
| Facilities | Indoor sports complex, an indoor swimming pool |
| Established | 29 June 1985 (1985-06-29) |
| Website | www.trabolgan.com |


title: Geumdangsa

abstract: Geumdangsa or Geumdang Temple is a South Korean Buddhist temple in the Maisan in Jinan County, North Jeolla Province, South Korea. Maisan is part of the Maisan Provincial Park complex and visitors to the park frequently visit Geumdangsa on the way to, or from, the better known Tapsa that lies to the northeast, up the path through the park. Further up the path, past Lake Tapyeongje and Tapsa, is found the small temple of Eunsusa in the park as well.

text:
# Geumdangsa

**Geumdangsa** or Geumdang Temple is a South Korean Buddhist temple in the Maisan (Horse Ear Mountain) in Jinan County, North Jeolla Province, South Korea.

Maisan (Horse Ear Mountain) is part of the Maisan Provincial Park complex and visitors to the park frequently visit Geumdangsa on the way to, or from, the *better known* Tapsa (Pagoda Temple) that lies to the northeast, up the path through the park.

Further up the path, past Lake Tapyeongje and Tapsa, is found the small temple of Eunsusa in the park as well.

## Origin

Geumdangsa was built in 814 during the reign of King Heondeok of the Silla dynasty (57 BCE – 935 CE) and is known as the place where the Goryeo monk Naong Hwasang practiced his form of asceticism. According to another account, the daughter of General Jeon Bong-jun, who led the anti-establishment and anti-foreigner campaign Donghak Peasant Revolution in 1894, sought refuge here.

The temple also served as a base for guerrilla troops in the Jinan area during the Japanese colonial period.

## Treasures

### Tangible Cultural Properties #18

Geumdangsamokbuljwasang (Seated Buddha statue in Geumdangsa Temple). This Amitabha Buddha is believed to have been first built during the Unified Silla period (668–935).

The gentle facial expression and the plumpness of the body indicates that this image is likely from around 1675. The square face, the smaller shoulders, and the simple style of the robes are typical of Buddhist images of the late Joseon period (1392–1910).

### Cultural Properties Materials #122

Geumdangsaseoktap (Stone Pagoda of Geumdang Temple)

### Treasure #1266

Geumdangsa houses the hanging painting of the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva (Gwaneumbodhisavtta). This painting is a representative example of a hanging Buddhist painting, measuring 9 meters/30 feet high and 5 meters/16.4 feet wide.

Gwaneumbodhisavtta was painted by 3 artists in the 12th year of King Sukjong in the Joseon dynasty (1686).

Gwaneumbodhisavtta is adorned with a coronet decorated with several Buddha faces over lotus blossoms, surrounded by phoenixes on the left and right sides. Gwaneumbodhisavtta's form is depicted as small with a very large face when compared to the proportions of the body.

The magnificently decorated robes, with splendid ornaments, patterns and shape, overwhelms the canvas. Scarlet is main color with the use of the greens, pinks and white colors producing the warm and soothing aura of the painting.

Surrounding Gwaeumbodhisavtta on the left and right are rows of magnificently colored flame-shaped patterns incorporating 20 small Buddhist gods.

Gwaneumbodhisavtta is depicted with hands holding branches of a Yonghwasu tree.

In the past whenever there was an extended drought in the area, the Geumdangsa monks would conduct prayer rituals appealing for rain in the presence of the painting, which invariably resulted in rainfall shortly thereafter.

## InfoBox

| Geumdang Temple | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Buddhism |
| Location | |
| Location | Dongchon-ri, Maryeong-myeon, Jinan County, North Jeolla Province |
| Country | South Korea |
| Shown within South Korea | |
| Geographic coordinates | 35°45′28″N 127°23′50″E / 35.7578662°N 127.3971713°E / 35.7578662; 127.3971713 |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 금당사 |
| Hanja | 金塘寺 |
| Revised Romanization | *Geumdangsa* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Kŭmdangsa* |
|  | |


title: Megachile esseniensis

abstract: Megachile esseniensis is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Pasteels in 1979.

text:
# Megachile esseniensis

***Megachile esseniensis*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Pasteels in 1979.

## InfoBox

| *Megachile esseniensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Megachile* |
| Species: | ***M. esseniensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megachile esseniensis***<br>(Pasteels, 1979) | |
|


title: Wandsworth Town Hall

abstract: Wandsworth Town Hall is a municipal building on the corner of Wandsworth High Street and Fairfield Street in Wandsworth, London. The building, which is the headquarters of Wandsworth London Borough Council, is a Grade II listed building.

text:
# Wandsworth Town Hall

**Wandsworth Town Hall** is a municipal building on the corner of Wandsworth High Street and Fairfield Street in Wandsworth, London. The building, which is the headquarters of Wandsworth London Borough Council, is a Grade II listed building.

## History

In the mid-19th century Wandsworth Vestry met in the vestry room of All Saints Church. After civic leaders found this arrangement was inadequate, they decided to procure a purpose-built vestry hall: the site selected was a row of properties in the High Street. The new building was designed by George Patrick in a mixture of the Italianate and French Renaissance styles, built by Mr Parsons of Wandsworth and completed in 1882. It went on to become the headquarters of the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth as "Wandsworth Town Hall" in 1900.

A modest two-storey structure faced in red-brick over channeled stone, designed by Ernest Elford in the Classical style, and now known as the "civic suite", was erected in the High Street to the east of the vestry hall in 1927. The design involved an asymmetrical main frontage with eleven bays facing onto the High Street; the left section of two bays featured a canopied doorway on the ground floor with a pediment containing the borough coat of arms above; there was a row of round-headed windows interspersed with Doric order pilasters on the first floor. A projecting clock was erected on the outside of the building.

This was followed by a huge stone facility to the east on the corner of the High Street and Fairfield Street, designed by Edward A. Hunt in the International Moderne style, built by Dove Brothers of Islington and originally known as the "municipal buildings". The corner section of Hunt's building featured a vehicle entrance leading to a central courtyard at ground level; there was a Vitruvian scroll bearing the borough coat of arms with five tall windows on the first floor; the corner section connected two blocks each of which had finials on the roof. The High Street facade of Hunt's building, which extended to 15 bays, was embellished by a frieze, carved by David Evans and John Linehan, depicting local historical scenes. The municipal buildings were officially opened by Queen Mary on 14 July 1937. The principal room was a polygon-shaped council chamber which projected from the rear of the building.

The complex continued to function as the local seat of government when the enlarged London Borough of Wandsworth was formed in 1965. The original vestry hall, which had suffered considerable damage during the Blitz in the Second World War, was demolished in the 1970s to make way for a modern office block designed by Culpin and Partners, located to the west the civic suite, which was completed in 1975.

Princess Alexandra opened a new borough register office in the town hall in 1993 and returned to attend a citizenship ceremony the council chamber in May 2012.

## InfoBox

| Wandsworth Town Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Wandsworth Town Hall | |
| Location | Wandsworth High Street, Wandsworth |
| Coordinates | 51°27′27″N 0°11′27″W / 51.4574°N 0.1909°W / 51.4574; -0.1909 |
| Built | 1937 |
| Architect | Edward A. Hunt |
| Architectural style(s) | International Moderne style |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Designated | 8 June 1994 |
| Reference no. | 1244323 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Shown in Wandsworth | |


title: HMS Rosario (1808)

abstract: HMS Rosario was a Cherokee-class 10-gun brig of the Royal Navy, launched in 1808. She served during the Napoleonic Wars and participated in one engagement that earned her crew the Naval General Service Medal (NGSM). She was sold in 1832.

text:
# HMS Rosario (1808)

**HMS *Rosario*** was a *Cherokee*-class 10-gun brig of the Royal Navy, launched in 1808. She served during the Napoleonic Wars and participated in one engagement that earned her crew the Naval General Service Medal (NGSM). She was sold in 1832.

## Napoleonic Wars

She was commissioned in March 1809, under commander Booty Harvey, for service in home waters. On 10 December 1810, she engaged two French privateers in the English Channel. To avoid being captured, Harvey ran alongside one of the luggers, which he boarded and captured. This was the lugger *Mamelouck* of 16 guns, under the command of Norbez Lawrence. The other lugger engaged *Rosario* on the starboard side but then was able to outrun *Rosario*, which had lost her jib-boom during the boarding, and escape. *Mamelouck* had seven of her crew of 45 men wounded. *Rosario* had five men wounded, two severely. *Mamelouck* was only nine hours out of Boulogne and had not had captured anything.

On 14 April 1811 *Vroyd*, Griffith, master, came into Ramsgate. *Vroyd* had been sailing from Carmarthen to London when the French privateer *Aventure* had captured her. *Rosario* had recaptured *Vroyd* and sent her into Ramsgate.

On 19 December 1811, *Rosario* was in company with HMS *Skylark* and HMS *Royalist* when *Royalist* captured the French privateer *Rodeur*, of 14 guns and 60 men, between Dover and Calais after a two-hour chase. In the engagement *Royalist* had one man killed and five wounded; *Rodeur* lost one man killed and 11 wounded.

On 27 March 1812, near Dieppe, *Rosario* intercepted a 13-strong flotilla heading from Boulogne to Dieppe. With the aid of *Griffon*, she engaged them closely, capturing three brigs (praams Nos. 95, 246, and 314), and driving two more onto the shore. Each French brig was armed with three 24-pounder guns and an 8" howitzer. The British casualties amounted to an officer and four men wounded. On 31 March, as a result, Harvey was promoted to post-captain. In 1847, the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Rosario 27 March 1812" to the seven surviving claimants from her crew. The admiralty also awarded the medal with clasp "Griffon 27 March 1812" to the five surviving claimants from that vessel.

William Henderson assumed command of *Rosario*. Thomas Ladd Peake replaced Henderson in June 1813.

## Anti-smuggling duty

Based in Portsmouth, *Rosario* spent the following years patrolling the coast.

On 18 April 1816, *Rosario* was in company with the schooner HMS *Grecian* when they captured the smuggling vessel *Nancy*. Then on 4 June *Rosario* captured *Charlotte*, which had a three-man crew and was smuggling 85 kegs of spirits. Six weeks later, on 17 July, *Rosario* picked up 200 kegs of contraband spirits at sea.

On 12 January 1817, she seized *Ino*, a smuggling boat loaded with 144 kegs of spirits. In March 1818, she went to the aid of the merchantman *Kingston*; her crew were later given a reward of £168.

In 1819, *Rosario* came under the command of William Hendry. She then returned to anti-smuggling duties. On 14 May 1819 she captured the sloop *Providence*, and then five days later, the open boat *Fly*. Lastly, on 25 June, she seized 98 gallons of spirits. *Rosario* then transferred to the St. Helena station.

Following the death of Napoleon in May 1821, Frederick Marryat was appointed to command her and carry the dispatches announcing Napoleon's death to England. Between 20 September and 8 December Marrayat and *Rosario* made "sundry captures".

## Fate

*Rosario* was paid off in February 1822. The Admiralty advertised that they were putting her up for sale on 22 August 1832 at Portsmouth. She was sold to J. Levy of Rochester for £380 in November 1832.

## Citations

1. "No. 20939". *The London Gazette*. 26 January 1849. p. 244.
2. Winfield (2008), pp. 314–5.
3. Marshall (1829), pp. 71–75.
4. "NMM, vessel ID 374794" (PDF). *Warship Histories, vol ix*. National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
5. "No. 16434". *The London Gazette*. 11 December 1810. p. 1978.
6. James (1837), Vol. 5, p. 242.
7. "The Marine List". *Lloyd's List*. No. 4554. 16 April 1811. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735025. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
8. "No. 16626". *The London Gazette*. 25 July 1812. p. 1445.
9. "No. 16553". *The London Gazette*. 17 December 1811. p. 2428.
10. "No. 16720". *The London Gazette*. 13 April 1813. p. 754.
11. "No. 16587". *The London Gazette*. 28 March 1812. pp. 593–394.
12. James (1837), Vol. 5, pp. 45-47.
13. "No. 17191". *The London Gazette*. 12 November 1816. pp. 2149–2150.
14. "No. 17192". *The London Gazette*. 16 November 1816. p. 2175.
15. "No. 17232". *The London Gazette*. 18 March 1817. p. 701.
16. "No. 17279". *The London Gazette*. 23 August 1817. p. 1812.
17. "No. 17436". *The London Gazette*. 2 January 1819. p. 10.
18. "No. 17648". *The London Gazette*. 4 November 1820. p. 2075.
19. J. K. Laughton, ‘Marryat, Frederick (1792–1848)’, rev. Andrew Lambert, *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2006
20. "No. 17820". *The London Gazette*. 25 May 1822. p. 871.
21. "No. 18692". *The London Gazette*. 3 August 1832. p. 1777.

*This article includes data released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported UK: England & Wales Licence, by the National Maritime Museum, as part of the Warship Histories project.*

## InfoBox

| *Rosario* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS *Rosario* |
| Ordered | 27 June 1808 |
| Launched | 7 December 1808 |
| Commissioned | March 1809 |
| Decommissioned | February 1822 |
| Honours and<br>awards | Naval General Service Medal (NGSM) with clasp "Rosario 27 March 1812" |
| Fate | Sold in 1832 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Cherokee*-class brig |
| Tons burthen | 2361494 (bm) |
| Length | * 90 ft 0 in (27.4 m) (gundeck) * 73 ft 5+12 in (22.4 m) (gundeck) |
| Beam | 24 ft 7 in (7.5 m) |
| Draught | 9 ft 0 in (2.7 m) (laden); 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) (unladen) |
| Depth of hold | 11 ft 2 in (3.4 m) |
| Sail plan | Brig |
| Complement | 75 as a ship-of-war |
| Armament | 8 × 18-pounder carronades \+ 2 × 6-pounder guns |


title: Patrick Michael Hayes

abstract: Patrick "Pat" Michael Hayes was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1985 to 1987, and again from 1990 to 1995.

text:
# Patrick Michael Hayes

**Patrick "Pat" Michael Hayes** (October 26, 1942 - May 2, 2011) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1985 to 1987, and again from 1990 to 1995.

## Background

Hayes was born in Maidstone Township, Ontario. He was the 13th child in a family of 18 children. He did not complete high school, instead he got a job at Ford Motors. Hayes reflected on his early life choices. He said, "When I was a teenager it was one of those cases where if you wanted a new pair of pants, or shoes, you had to go to work for them." By the time he was 25 he was plant health and safety representative for the Canadian Auto Workers. He lived in Essex County, Ontario where he and his wife Rose Claire raised five children.

## Provincial politics

Hayes was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1985 provincial election, defeating Liberal candidate Jack Morris by about 1,300 votes in Essex North. He served as the NDP critic for Transportation and Communications, Tourism and Recreation, and Agriculture in the parliament that followed.

The Liberals won a landslide majority in the 1987 provincial election, and Hayes his seat lost to Liberal MPP Jim McGuigan, by 1,063 votes in the redistributed riding of Essex—Kent. He ran against McGuigan again in the 1990 election, this time defeating him by 5,890 votes amid a provincial victory for the NDP under Bob Rae. He served as Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Agriculture and Food from 1990 to 1993, and to the Minister of Municipal Affairs from 1993 to 1995.

In 1994, Hayes was one of twelve NDP members to vote against Bill 167, a bill extending financial benefits to same-sex partners. Premier Bob Rae allowed a free vote on the bill which allowed members of his party to vote with their conscience. By the 2003 campaign, he had changed his mind on this issue.

The NDP were defeated in the 1995 provincial election, and Hayes finished third, 2,293 votes behind the winning candidate, Liberal Pat Hoy. He sought a return to the legislature in the 2003 provincial election, but, although he was generally seen as a strong candidate, he lost to Liberal incumbent Bruce Crozier by about 8,000 votes in the riding of Essex.

## Municipal politics

Hayes was mayor of Lakeshore, Ontario from 1997 to 2003, and was generally regarded as a popular figure within that community. He managed the campaign of Taras Natyshak, a family friend and NDP candidate in Essex in the 2006 and 2008 federal elections.

## Later life

Hayes died in 2011 after a long battle with lung cancer. He is buried in St. Mary\`s Roman Catholic Cemetery in Essex County, Ontario.

## InfoBox

| Pat Hayes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mayor of Lakeshore, Ontario | |
| **In office**
1997–2003 | |
| Ontario MPP | |
| **In office**
1990–1995 | |
| Preceded by | *New riding* |
| Succeeded by | Pat Hoy |
| Constituency | Essex—Kent |
| **In office**
1985–1987 | |
| Preceded by | Dick Ruston |
| Succeeded by | *Riding abolished* |
| Constituency | Essex North |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Patrick Michael Hayes
(1942-10-26)October 26, 1942
Maidstone Township, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | May 2, 2011(2011-05-02) (aged 68)
Essex County, Ontario, Canada |
| Political party | New Democrat |
| Spouse | Rose Claire Hayes |
| Children | 5 |
| Occupation | Health and safety coordinator |
|  | |


title: Sweet Gum, Georgia

abstract: Sweet Gum is an unincorporated community in Fannin County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

text:
# Sweet Gum, Georgia

**Sweet Gum** is an unincorporated community in Fannin County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## History

Prior to European colonization, the area that is now Sweet Gum was inhabited by the Cherokee people and other Indigenous peoples for thousands of years.

The community was named for sweet gum trees near the original town site. A variant name is "Sweetgum". A post office called Sweetgum was established in 1887, and remained in operation until 1939.

34°58′52″N 84°12′03″W / 34.98111°N 84.20083°W / 34.98111; -84.20083


title: Felipe ha gli occhi azzurri

abstract: Felipe ha gli occhi azzurri is an Italian television series.

text:
# Felipe ha gli occhi azzurri

***Felipe ha gli occhi azzurri*** is an Italian television series.

## InfoBox

| *Felipe ha gli occhi azzurri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | Italy |
| Original language | Italian |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 5 |
| Original release | |
| Network | Rai Uno |
| Release | 1991 (1991) <br>1993 (1993) |


title: Traboulay PoCo Trail

abstract: The Traboulay PoCo Trail is a 25.3 kilometer bicycle and hiking trail in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia. The trail encircles the community, with it passing through the Coquitlam River. It is next to the Fraser and Pitt River, running along a route that offers views of various ecosystems, farmlands and mountains.

text:
# Traboulay PoCo Trail

The **Traboulay PoCo Trail** is a 25.3 kilometer (15.7 mile) bicycle and hiking trail in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia. The trail encircles the community, with it passing through the Coquitlam River. It is next to the Fraser and Pitt River, running along a route that offers views of various ecosystems, farmlands and mountains.

## History

The trail was conceived as a project in 1967 for the city of Port Coquitlam, as a mean for celebrating Canada’s 100th birthday. Developments began in the early 70s by a group called the "PoCo Trail Blazers". In 1997, the city began to improve the trail in order to make it a central part of the community. Later developments were made in the years that followed, resulting in the 25.3 kilometer trail that now exists.

Between 2015 and 2019, the trail was included in the city budget for upgrades.

## Wildlife

The trail features many bird species along with creeks, forestation, meadows and marshes. Bears have been seen in the area during the salmon run.

## InfoBox

| Traboulay PoCo Trail | |
| --- | --- |
| View from the wetlands along the west side of Pitt River | |
| Length | 25.3 km (15.7 mi) |
| Location | Port Coquitlam, British Columbia |
| Established | 1970 |
| Difficulty | Easy |


title: Thistle (dinghy)

abstract: The Thistle is an American planing sailing dinghy that was designed by Sandy Douglass as a one-design racer and first built in 1945.

text:
# Thistle (dinghy)

The **Thistle** is an American planing sailing dinghy that was designed by Sandy Douglass as a one-design racer and first built in 1945.

## Production

The design was originally built by Douglass & McLeod in the United States, but the company went out of business in 1971. Since then production has passed to several American builders, including the Clark Boat Company, W. D. Schock Corp, Northwest One Design and the current builder since 1975, Great Midwest Yacht Company. More than 4,000 boats of this design have been completed.

W. D. Schock Corp records indicate that they built 250 boats between 1959 and 1975.

## Design

The Thistle is a recreational sailboat, with the earlier production models made from molded plywood and the more recent models built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood structural members and trim. The seats are a fiberglass-sandwich construction, and provide built-in flotation. It has a fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars and three spreader bars. The hull has no decks, a plumb stem and transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable, drum-mounted centerboard. It displaces 515 lb (234 kg).

The boat has a draft of 4.50 ft (1.37 m) with the centerboard extended and 6 in (15 cm) with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

For sailing the design is equipped with symmetrical spinnaker of 220 sq ft (20 m2) and built-in flotation.

The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 83.0 and is normally raced with a crew of three sailors, although it has a capacity of six people.

## Operational history

By 1994 the design was being raced in more than 150 fleets.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "the Thistle was influenced by English dinghy design and is similar to the International 14, another racing dinghy with a plumb bow and flat run. Originally, boats were of molded wood. Racing crew is three, but the Thistle will carry six. She will fit into a garage. The Thistle has a lot of sail and a lot of speed. Class rules are strict. Gear that may be technically legal but provides an advantage is not allowed ... The Thistle is the boat used as the primary yardstick for Portsmouth Numbers."

### Racing

**Similar sailboats**

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Development | |
| Designer | Sandy Douglass |
| Location | United States |
| Year | 1945 |
| No. built | 4,000 |
| Builder(s) | Douglass & McLeod
Clark Boat Company
W. D. Schock Corp
Northwest One Design
Great Midwest Yacht Company |
| Boat | |
| Displacement | 515 lb (234 kg) |
| Draft | 4.50 ft (1.37 m) with the centreboard down |
| Hull | |
| Type | Monohull |
| Construction | Fiberglass |
| LOA | 17.00 ft (5.18 m) |
| LWL | 17.00 ft (5.18 m) |
| Beam | 6.00 ft (1.83 m) |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | centreboard |
| Rudder(s) | transom-mounted rudder |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Bermuda rig |
| Sails | |
| Sailplan | Fractional rigged sloop Masthead sloop |
| Mainsail area | 136 sq ft (12.6 m2) |
| Jib/genoa area | 55 sq ft (5.1 m2) |
| Spinnaker area | 220 sq ft (20 m2) |
| Total sail area | 191 sq ft (17.7 m2) |
| Racing | |
| D-PN | 83.0 |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Miller Brook (Black River tributary)

abstract: Miller Brook flows into the Black River near Port Leyden, New York.

text:
# Miller Brook (Black River tributary)

**Miller Brook** flows into the Black River near Port Leyden, New York.

## InfoBox

| Miller Brook | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Black River |
| location | Port Leyden, New York |
| coordinates | 43°34′31″N 75°20′01″W / 43.57528°N 75.33361°W / 43.57528; -75.33361 |
| elevation | 862 ft (263 m) |
| Basin size | 6.18 sq mi (16.0 km2) |


title: Megachile eucalypti

abstract: Megachile eucalypti is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1910.

text:
# Megachile eucalypti

***Megachile eucalypti*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1910.

## InfoBox

| *Megachile eucalypti* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Megachile* |
| Species: | ***M. eucalypti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megachile eucalypti***<br>Cockerell, 1910 | |
|


title: G. Raymond Chang

abstract: G. Raymond Chang, OC, OJ, was a businessman, philanthropist and from 2006 until 2012, the third chancellor of Ryerson University.

text:
# G. Raymond Chang

**G. Raymond Chang**, OC, OJ (November 23, 1948 – July 27, 2014), was a businessman, philanthropist and from 2006 until 2012, the third chancellor of Ryerson University.

## Early life

He was of Hakka Chinese descent, born the fifth of 12 children to Gladstone Vernon and Maisie Chang in Kingston, Jamaica. His father was a second generation Chinese Jamaican born to Chinese immigrants while his mother was born in Guyana, also of Chinese Guyanese descent. Upon the death of Maisie's brother, Chang's parents adopted five of their then-orphaned nieces and nephew. This newly blended and inter-related family now comprised 12 children and was raised together with Chang's other cousins on two back-to-back streets on which were constructed five houses, each built for an individual "Chang" family. In total, 35 cousins lived side-by-side "around-the-block" of five houses. Gladstone and Maisie, along with Gladstone's brothers and sisters, owned a successful bakery and several, other businesses on the island. From an early age, Gladstone and Maisie Chang insisted that all 12 children pursue a university education; after he was educated as St. George's College, Jamaica.

## Education

Chang emigrated in 1967 first to Troy, New York and then to Toronto, Ontario, both times to attend university. He earned an engineering degree from the University of Toronto and went on to earn his qualifications as a Chartered Accountant and Chartered Financial Analyst and largely pursued a career in finance.

## Career

He worked for Coopers & Lybrand for a time, and until 1983, when he and some partners bought into a small Toronto mutual fund management company that managed $5 million in assets. This predecessor company would grow and develop into CI Financial, which in 2014 managed $100 billion of investments. Chang started at CI Financial as vice-president and chief operating officer, and was promoted to COO and president in 1996, becoming president and CEO in 1998, and then chairman and CEO from 1999 to 2010. At that time, the Company had become the second largest publicly traded mutual fund company in Canada. Chang also owned an investment holding company, G. Raymond Chang Ltd., and founded software firm Mercatus Technologies Inc. Chang was also a shareholder and board member of various other Canadian and Jamaican companies.

## Awards, decorations and philanthropy

He was appointed to the Order of Jamaica in 2011 and as an officer of the Order of Canada in 2014.

Ryerson University's G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education is named after him as benefactor. Chang also donated tens of millions of dollars to various institutions including Ryerson University, the Royal Ontario Museum, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the University of the West Indies. He was a board member of the Toronto General & Western Hospital Foundation, endowed The Gladstone and Maisie Chang Chair at the University of Toronto in internal medicine, and started a fellowship for West Indian doctors at the University Health Network. In 2010, he was named Outstanding Philanthropist of the Year by the Toronto Chapter of the Association of Fundraising Professionals.

## Death

Chang, who suffered from leukemia, died at the age of 65, several months after undergoing a bone marrow transplant. His funeral mass occurred on August 9, 2014 at St. Patrick’s Catholic Church in Toronto and was presided over, amongst others, by Rev. Fr. Luc Amoussou, the Archbishop of Kingston Charles Dufour, followed by a reception hosted by Ryerson University at their Mattamy Athletic Centre. He is interred at Holy Cross Cemetery, Thornhill, Ontario. His widow Donette Chin-Loy was named Chancellor designate of Toronto Metropolitan University in June 2024.

## InfoBox

| G. Raymond ChangOC, OJ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 3rd Chancellor of Ryerson University | |
| **In office**
2006–2012 | |
| President | Sheldon Levy |
| Preceded by | John Craig Eaton II |
| Succeeded by | Lawrence Bloomberg |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1948-11-23)November 23, 1948
Kingston, Jamaica |
| Died | July 27, 2014(2014-07-27) (aged 65)
Toronto, Ontario |
| Spouse | Donette Chin-Loy |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | St. George's College, Jamaica |
| Alma mater | University of Toronto |
|  | |


title: G. Raymond Rettew

abstract: Granville Raymond Rettew, known as G. Raymond Rettew, was an American chemist and mushroom spawn cultivator from Pennsylvania who pioneered the mass production of penicillin, the world’s first antibiotic. His methods helped save the lives of tens of thousands of wounded American and Allied troops during World War II.

text:
# G. Raymond Rettew

**Granville Raymond** **Rettew** (April 19, 1903 – June 24, 1973), known as **G. Raymond Rettew**, was an American chemist and mushroom spawn cultivator from Pennsylvania who pioneered the mass production of penicillin, the world’s first antibiotic. His methods helped save the lives of tens of thousands of wounded American and Allied troops during World War II.

## Early life and education

Rettew was born in West Chester to parents Granville L. and Jane (Liggett) Rettew. He studied chemistry at the University of Delaware and transferred to Swarthmore College, where he flunked mandatory German classes and never received his degree. He worked briefly at his father's law firm and at a root beer manufacturer.

## Mushroom cultivation

In 1928, Rettew went into business with Joseph Strode, a friend who owned a meatpacking company. With Strode's capital and Rettew's chemistry expertise, they co-founded Chester County Mushroom Laboratories and pioneered the sterile production of mushroom spawn, within three years becoming the largest supplier in the United States. As the business flourished, Rettew published a guide to mushroom culture, patented a special wide-mouthed jar to cultivate spawn, and pioneered the freezing and canning of mushrooms in consultation with Clarence Birdseye. As World War II approached and rationing of so-called nonessential foods loomed over his business, Rettew successfully lobbied to get mushrooms declared essential. The Mushroom Growers’ Association gave him a special recognition and $1,000 for this achievement.

## Penicillin production

In 1942, Rettew learned about the healing properties of penicillin, a substance from Penicillum mold and discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming in London. As the war loomed and the need for penicillin to treat Allied troops became clear, Rettew and Strode partnered with Reichel Laboratories of Phoenixville (Reichel was acquired by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals in late 1943) to pursue large-scale penicillin production using his fungiculture expertise. With his assistant, Charles Heathcote of the West Chester State Teachers College faculty, Rettew invented a technique of blending banana oil with penicillin cultures and using a Sharples cream separator to separate the constituents of these cultures. The US government received his first shipment of penicillin in June 1943. By November, Rettew's plant in West Chester was producing 32,000 penicillin cultures daily—more than any other maker in the world. He became Wyeth's director of penicillin production, ramping up production in facilities worldwide. His methods are credited with saving the lives of tens of thousands of wounded American and Allied troops during World War II. To commemorate Rettew's achievements, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission erected a state historical marker in West Chester on September 17, 2002.

## Personal life

Rettew died on June 24, 1973, at his Pocono Lake Preserve home. His wife, Helen (Divine) Rettew, survived him.

## Publications

* Rettew, Granville Raymond (1974). Robinson, Mary E. G. (ed.). *"A Quiet Man from West Chester": Memoirs*. West Chester, PA: Chester County Historical Society. OCLC 1009869.
* Rettew, Granville Raymond; Thompson, Forrest Grant (1948). *Manual of Mushroom Culture*. Toughkenamon, PA: Mushroom Supply Company. OCLC 2481309.

## InfoBox

| Granville Raymond Rettew | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1903-04-19)April 19, 1903
West Chester, Pennsylvania, US |
| Died | June 24, 1973(1973-06-24) (aged 70)
Pocono Lake Preserve, Pennsylvania, US |
| Education | University of Delaware
Swarthmore College |
| Occupation(s) | Chemist, manufacturer |
| Employer | Wyeth |
| Known for | Pioneering mass production of pencillin during World War II |


abstract: Fundamental Rights in the Federal Republic of Germany are a set of rights guaranteed to everyone in Germany and partially to German people only through their Federal Constitution, the Grundgesetz and the constitutions of some of the States of Germany. In the Federal Constitution, the majority of the Grundrechte are contained in the first title, Articles 1 to 19 of the Grundgesetz (GG). These rights have constitutional status, binding each of the country's constitutional institutions. In the event that these rights are violated and a remedy is denied by other courts, the constitution provides for an appeal to the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht). According to this article, the Constitutional Court is entitled to hear appeals concerning not just the Grundrechte contained in Arts. 1-19, but also Art. 20 Abs. I, 33, 38, 101, 103 and 104. These rights are also therefore referred to as grundrechtsgleiche Rechte or colloquially also as fundamental rights.

text:
# Fundamental rights in the German Constitution

**Fundamental Rights in the Federal Republic of Germany** (*German: Grundrechte*) are a set of rights guaranteed to everyone in Germany and partially to German people only through their Federal Constitution, the *Grundgesetz* and the constitutions of some of the States of Germany. In the Federal Constitution, the majority of the *Grundrechte* are contained in the first title, Articles 1 to 19 of the Grundgesetz (GG). These rights have constitutional status, binding each of the country's constitutional institutions. In the event that these rights are violated and a remedy is denied by other courts, the constitution provides for an appeal to the Federal Constitutional Court (*Bundesverfassungsgericht*) (Art. 93 Abs. I Nr. 4a GG).

According to this article, the Constitutional Court is entitled to hear appeals concerning not just the *Grundrechte* contained in Arts. 1-19, but also Art. 20 Abs. I, 33, 38, 101, 103 and 104. These rights are also therefore referred to as *grundrechtsgleiche Rechte* (rights equal to fundamental rights) or colloquially also as fundamental rights.

## Limitation

In addition to the *Grundrechte*, the Constitution guarantees a number of other public rights, such as the uniform application of federal law between states (Art.28 (2)(1) GG) and the independence of the church (Art. 137 (3) of the Weimar Constitution and Art. 140 GG). These however are not *Grundrechte* as they are not contained under the first title of the constitution or in the appeal mechanism to the Federal Constitutional Court.

There are also lists of fundamental rights in the majority of state constitutions, which vary slightly from one another but are never capable of ruling out a *Grundrecht*. *Landesrechte* (i.e. rights guaranteed by state constitutions) which mirror *Bundesrechte* (those guaranteed by the Federal Constitution) are therefore disregarded in favour of the *Bundesrechte*. Many state constitutions which were written after the Federal Constitution do not contain their own lists of fundamental rights at all.

## Applicability

All the *Grundrechte* have a binding effect on each of the constitutional institutions, regardless of whether it is the executive, legislature or judiciary, federally or in one of the states (*Länder*). It is also irrelevant whether the state was directly or indirectly involved in the violation, whether it acted through public or private law or through legal entities under private law; public bodies are always bound by the *Grundrechte* (Art. 1(3) GG).

Rights under the German constitution can also be divided between universal fundamental rights (*Jedermann-Grundrechte*), which are afforded to everyone, and German fundamental rights (*Staatsbürgerrechte* or *Deutschenrechte*), to which only Germans are entitled. The reason for the separation is largely due to democratic will and the protection of sovereignty.

The *Deutschengrundrechte* include the rights to freedom of assembly (Art. 8 GG), freedom of association (Art. 9 GG), freedom of abode (Art. 11 GG) and freedom to work (Art. 12 GG), as well as the right to vote and stand for public office. The restriction of these rights only to Germans does not just refer to German citizenship, German status being regulated by Art. 116 GG. While some *Grundrechte* apply only to Germans, there are some on which only non-Germans can rely, e.g. right to asylum (art. 16a GG).

Some of the *Deutschengrundrechte* also apply for other citizens of the European Union with or without residence in Germany regarding their rights to move freely within Germany or to work. Nevertheless it is disputed whether all German fundamental rights apply to them in light of the prohibition of discrimination contained in Art. 18 (1) of the TFEU treaty. This article requires that all citizens of the EU are given equal status and equality of protection under all legal systems in the community.

According to their contents, the *Grundrechte* can also be divided into freedom rights and equality rights.

## Protection

Although the Grundgesetz might be changed with a 2/3 majority of the Bundestag, the original Fundamental Rights are protected by article 19. Modification on the first 18 articles (and article 19) is only allowed as long as the original essential contents are not removed. Where, as has happened in several instances, articles have been amended to provide for rights not spelled out in the original Basic Law, these extended rights are not protected as Fundamental Rights.


title: Fundamental sequence (set theory)

abstract: In set theory, a mathematical discipline, a fundamental sequence is a cofinal sequence of ordinals all below a given limit ordinal. Depending on author, fundamental sequences may be restricted to ω-sequences only or permit fundamental sequences of length ω 1. The n th element of the fundamental sequence of α is commonly denoted α [ n ], although it may be denoted α n or { α }. Additionally, some authors may allow fundamental sequences to be defined on successor ordinals. The term dates back to Veblen's construction of normal functions φ α, while the concept dates back to Hardy's 1904 attempt to construct a set of cardinality ℵ 1.

text:
# Fundamental sequence (set theory)

In set theory, a mathematical discipline, a **fundamental sequence** is a cofinal sequence of ordinals all below a given limit ordinal. Depending on author, fundamental sequences may be restricted to ω-sequences only or permit fundamental sequences of length $\mathrm {\omega } \_{1}$. The $n^{\text{th}}$ element of the fundamental sequence of $\alpha $ is commonly denoted $\alpha \[n\]$, although it may be denoted $\alpha \_{n}$ or $\\{\alpha \\}(n)$. Additionally, some authors may allow fundamental sequences to be defined on successor ordinals. The term dates back to (at the latest) Veblen's construction of normal functions $\varphi \_{\alpha }$, while the concept dates back to Hardy's 1904 attempt to construct a set of cardinality $\aleph \_{1}$.

## Definition

Given an ordinal $\alpha $, a **fundamental sequence** for $\alpha $ is a sequence $(\alpha \[n\])\_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ such that $\forall (n\in \mathbb {N} )(\alpha \[n\]\<\alpha )$ and $\textrm {sup}\\{\alpha \[n\]\mid n\in \mathbb {N} \\}=\alpha $. An additional restriction may be that the sequence of ordinals must be strictly increasing.

## Examples

The following is a common assignment of fundamental sequences to all limit ordinals less than $\varepsilon \_{0}$.

* $\omega ^{\alpha +1}\[n\]=\omega ^{\alpha }\cdot (n+1)$
* $\omega ^{\alpha }\[n\]=\omega ^{\alpha \[n\]}$ for limit ordinals $\alpha $
* $(\omega ^{\alpha \_{1}+\ldots +\omega ^{\alpha \_{k})\[n\]=\omega ^{\alpha \_{1}+\ldots +(\omega ^{\alpha \_{k}\[n\])}}}}$ for $\alpha \_{1}\geq \dots \geq \alpha \_{k}$.

This is very similar to the system used in the Wainer hierarchy.

## Usage

Fundamental sequences arise in some settings of definitions of large countable ordinals, definitions of hierarchies of fast-growing functions, and proof theory. Bachmann defined a hierarchy of functions $\phi \_{\alpha }$ in 1950, providing a system of names for ordinals up to what is now known as the Bachmann–Howard ordinal, by defining fundamental sequences for namable ordinals below $\omega \_{1}$. This system was subsequently simplified by Feferman and Aczel to reduce the reliance on fundamental sequences.

The fast-growing hierarchy, Hardy hierarchy, and slow-growing hierarchy of functions are all defined via a chosen system of fundamental sequences up to a given ordinal. The fast-growing hierarchy is closely related to the Hardy hierarchy, which is used in proof theory along with the slow-growing hierarchy to majorize the provably computable functions of a given theory.

### Additional conditions

A system of fundamental sequences up to $\alpha $ is said to have the **Bachmann property** if for all ordinals $\alpha ,\beta $ in the domain of the system and for all $n\in \mathbb {N} $, $\alpha \[n\]\<\beta \<\alpha \implies \alpha \[n\]\<\beta \[0\]$. If a system of fundamental sequences has the Bachmann property, all the functions in its associated fast-growing hierarchy are monotone, and $f\_{\beta }$ eventually dominates $f\_{\alpha }$ when $\alpha \<\beta $.