title: General Service List

abstract: The General Service List (GSL) is a list of roughly 2,000 words published by Michael West in 1953. The words were selected to represent the most frequent words of English and were taken from a corpus of written English. The target audience was English language learners and ESL teachers. To maximize the utility of the list, some frequent words that overlapped broadly in meaning with words already on the list were omitted. In the original publication the relative frequencies of various senses of the words were also included.

text:
# General Service List

The **General Service List** (**GSL**) is a list of roughly 2,000 words published by Michael West in 1953. The words were selected to represent the most frequent words of English and were taken from a corpus of written English. The target audience was English language learners and ESL teachers. To maximize the utility of the list, some frequent words that overlapped broadly in meaning with words already on the list were omitted. In the original publication the relative frequencies of various senses of the words were also included.

## Details

The list is important because a person who knows all the words on the list and their related families would understand approximately 90–95 per cent of colloquial speech and 80–85 per cent of common written texts. The list consists only of headwords, which means that the word "be" is high on the list, but assumes that the person is fluent in all forms of the word, e.g. am, is, are, was, were, being, and been.

Researchers have expressed doubts about the adequacy of the GSL because of its age and the relatively low coverage provided by the words not in the first 1,000 words of the list. Engels was, in particular, critical of the limited vocabulary chosen by West (1953), and while he concurred that the first 1,000 words of the GSL were good selections based on their high frequency and wide range, he was of the opinion that the words beyond the first 1,000 of the GSL could not be considered *general service words* because the range and frequency of these words were too low to be included in the list. Recent research by Billuroğlu and Neufeld (2005) confirmed that the General Service List was in need of minor revision, but the headwords in the list still provide approximately 80% text coverage in written English. The research showed that the GSL contains a small number of archaic terms, such as *shilling*, while excluding words that have gained currency since the first half of the twentieth century, such as *plastic*, *television*, *battery*, *okay*, *victim*, and *drug*.

The GSL evolved over several decades before West's publication in 1953. The GSL is not a list based solely on frequency, but includes groups of words on a semantic basis. Various versions float around the Internet, and attempts have been made to improve it.

There are two major updates of the GSL:

1. the New General Service List (new-GSL) by Brezina & Gablasova, originally published in Applied Linguistics in 2013. This wordlist is based on the analysis of four language corpora of a total size of over 12 billion words.
2. the New General Service List (NGSL), published in March 2013 by Browne, Culligan and Phillips. The NGSL was based on a 273 million-word subsection of the 2 billion-word Cambridge English Corpus. Preliminary results show that the new list provides a substantially higher degree of coverage with fewer words.

Some ESL dictionaries use the General Service List as their controlled defining vocabulary. In the *Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English*, each definition is written using the 2000-word Longman Defining Vocabulary based on the GSL.

* Bauman's revised GSL A 1995 revised version of the GSL with minor changes, along with a more detailed discussion about the problems in the GSL.
* PC-based vocabulary profiling software that includes the GSL:
* Lextutor Vocabulary Profilers provided free by Tom Cobb includes several web-based vocabulary profilers, in which you can paste any text and the words are then 'coloured' according to frequency band profiles. Here are two:
    + Classic Vocabulary Profiler, which produces output in coloured form—blue for K1 (the first 1,000 words of the GSL), green for K2 (the second 1,000 words of the GSL), yellow for Academic word list, and red for words that are not in any of the lists
    + BNL profiler is a revised word list for students learning English which overcomes the problems of treating the GSL and AWL as separate and distinct constructs.
* Other web-based vocabulary profilers include:
    + OGTE (Online Graded Text Editor) provided free by Charles Browne and Rob Waring. The tool allows teachers and authors to analyze and edit texts to a specific level using the GSL, NGSL, AWL and other important vocabulary lists.
    + OKAPI will return formatted CBA probes or a readability analysis, with bands for Grades 1-3 (US) and Grades 4+
    + WORDLE provides a graphic representation of words by frequency in any text, but is not as yet linked to any specific vocabulary profiling bands.


title: Trial races for the Epsom Oaks

abstract: Trial races for the Epsom Oaks are horse races during April and May which are contested by three-year-old fillies likely to run in The Oaks in early June. The leading trial of recent years has been the 1,000 Guineas Stakes, which has been contested by eight subsequent winners of the Oaks in the last twenty-five years. The following table shows races classed at Listed level or above which served as a trial for an Oaks winner during the period 1992 to 2023. a The Height of Fashion Stakes was known as the Lupe Stakes before 2007.

text:
# Trial races for the Epsom Oaks

**Trial races for the Epsom Oaks** are horse races during April and May which are contested by three-year-old fillies likely to run in The Oaks in early June.

The leading trial of recent years has been the 1,000 Guineas Stakes, which has been contested by eight subsequent winners of the Oaks in the last twenty-five years. The following table shows races classed at Listed level or above which served as a trial for an Oaks winner during the period 1992 to 2023.

| **Race** | **Oaks winners from race 1992–2018** *(won unless stated)* |
| --- | --- |
| Leopardstown 1,000 Guineas Trial | Imagine (2nd) |
| Prix Finlande | Intrepidity |
| Fred Darling Stakes | Sariska (4th) |
| 1,000 Guineas Stakes | Balanchine (2nd), Moonshell (3rd), Reams of Verse (6th), Shahtoush (2nd)
Kazzia, Casual Look (6th), Qualify (last), Minding, Love |
| Pretty Polly Stakes | Ouija Board, Talent, Taghrooda |
| Athasi Stakes | Imagine (3rd) |
| Cheshire Oaks | Light Shift, Enable, Forever Together (2nd) |
| Lingfield Oaks Trial | User Friendly, Lady Carla, Ramruma, Look Here (2nd). Anapurna |
| Musidora Stakes | Reams of Verse, Alexandrova (2nd), Sariska, Snowfall, Soul Sister |
| Fillies' Trial Stakes | Eswarah, Dancing Rain (2nd) |
| Height of Fashion Stakes \[a\] | Love Divine, Snow Fairy |
| Prix Saint-Alary | Intrepidity |
| Irish 1,000 Guineas | Shahtoush (10th), Imagine, Qualify (10th), Minding (2nd), Tuesday (2nd) |

**a**  The Height of Fashion Stakes was known as the Lupe Stakes before 2007.

## 2012 Oaks contenders

Notable early-season appearances by horses which ran in the 2012 Oaks.


title: Trialeti (town)

abstract: Trialeti is a daba in Tsalka Municipality in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia. It is located on the Chochiani Plateau, above the right bank of the Khrami river, 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level and 7 km (4.3 mi) from the municipal center Tsalka. The Tetritskaro-Tsalka regional road passes through Trialeti.

text:
# Trialeti (town)

**Trialeti** (Georgian: თრიალეთი) is a daba in Tsalka Municipality in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia. It is located on the Chochiani Plateau, above the right bank of the Khrami river, 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level and 7 km (4.3 mi) from the municipal center Tsalka. The Tetritskaro-Tsalka regional road passes through Trialeti.

## History

Trialeti was founded in 1857 as Alexandergilf when refugee South German Protestants settled here. In 1815, Emperor Alexander I had given permission for the settlement of these religiously persecuted Germans in the Caucasus. In Georgia, they settled mainly in Tbilisi and the Kvemo Kartli region. In 1921, the town was renamed Rosenberg and in 1941, the name was changed to Molotov. This happened after the invasion of Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union and the Caucasus Germans were deported to the east by the Soviets.

In 1944, the town was given the status of a daba, and in 1957, it was given its current name Trialeti. Due to this history, Trialeti has a mix of traditional German and Georgian architecture. The only existing church in the village, which was restored in 2017, is Evangelical Lutheran in origin, and was originally built in 1906.

## Demographics

In 2023, Trialeti had 656 inhabitants, a growth of over 16% since the 2014 census. According to this census, the population consisted mainly of Georgians (82%), Armenians (10%) and Pontic Greeks (6%).

| Year | 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | 2002 | 2014 | 2020 | 2023 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 7591 | 1617 | 1435 | 1239 | 322 | 565 | 615 | 656 |
| Accountability data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Trialeti თრიალეთი | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough | |
|  | |
| Trialeti | |
| Coordinates: 41°32′36″N 44°06′37″E / 41.54333°N 44.11028°E / 41.54333; 44.11028 | |
| Country | Georgia |
| Region | Kvemo Kartli |
| Municipality | Tsalka |
| Population | |
| Estimate (2023) | 656 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (Georgian Time) |
|  | |


title: Michael Steiner (footballer)

abstract: Michael Steiner is an Austrian football coach and a former player.

text:
# Michael Steiner (footballer)

**Michael Steiner** (born 10 August 1974) is an Austrian football coach and a former player.

## Playing career

Steiner played as a midfielder until retiring in 1999.

## Coaching record

*As of 31 May 2016*

| Team | From | To | Record | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | G | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win % | Ref. |
| FC Pinzgau Saalfelden | 22 October 2012 | 12 June 2014 | 46 | 25 | 5 | 16 | 85 | 67 | +18 | 054.35 |  |
| SKN St. Pölten | 10 October 2014 | 21 March 2015 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 12 | −2 | 023.08 |  |
| SK Rapid Wien II | 1 July 2015 | - | 29 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 37 | 56 | −19 | 024.14 |  |
|

## InfoBox

Michael Steiner
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1974-08-10) 10 August 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Salzburg, Austria | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–1988 | 1.Halleiner SK Jugend | | |
| 1988–1989 | Salzburger AK 1914 Jugend | | |
| 1989–1993 | SV Austria Salzburg | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1994 | Casino Salzburg | 8 | (0) |
| 1994–1995 | FC Puch | 3 | (0) |
| 1996–1997 | First Vienna FC | 5 | (0) |
| 1997 | Hellas Kagran |  |  |
| 1997–1998 | Floridsdorfer AC |  |  |
| 1998 | 1. Simmeringer SC | 2 | (1) |
| 1998–1999 | Austria Salzburg Ameteure |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1994 | Austria U21 | 2 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2009–2012 | Red Bull Salzburg (academy) | | |
| 2012–2014 | FC Pinzgau Saalfelden | | |
| 2014–2015 | SKN St. Pölten | | |
| 2015–2016 | SK Rapid Wien II | | |
| 2016–2017 | SK Rapid Wien (academy) | | |
| 2021 | Basel (director of youth development) | | |
| 2021–2023 | TSV Hartberg (academy director) | | |
| 2023 | SV Lafnitz | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Michael Zuckert

abstract: Michael P. Zuckert is an American political philosopher and Reeves Dreux Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. Zuckert earned a bachelor's degree in Cornell University in 1964, and completed his master's degree and doctorate at the University of Chicago in 1967 and 1974, respectively.

text:
# Michael Zuckert

**Michael P. Zuckert** (born July 24, 1942) is an American political philosopher and Reeves Dreux Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. Zuckert earned a bachelor's degree in Cornell University in 1964, and completed his master's degree and doctorate at the University of Chicago in 1967 and 1974, respectively.

## Books

* *Launching Liberalism: John Locke and the Liberal Tradition* (University of Kansas Press, 2002)
* *The Natural Rights Republic* (University of Notre Dame Press)
* *Natural Rights and the New Republicanism* (Princeton University Press, 1994)
* *The Truth about Leo Strauss* (2006) with Catherine Zuckert, University of Chicago Press
* *Leo Strauss and the Problem of Political Philosophy* (2014) with Catherine Zuckert, University of Chicago Press
* *The Spirit of Religion and the Spirit of Liberty* (University of Chicago Press, 2017)
* *Lincoln and Democratic Statesmanship* (University Press of Kansas, 2020)
* *A Nation So Conceived: Abraham Lincoln and the Paradox of Democratic Sovereignty* (University Press of Kansas, 2022)

## Further reading

* *Natural Right and Political Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Catherine and Michael Zuckert*. Edited by Lee Ward and Ann Ward. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Michael P. Zuckert | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-07-24) July 24, 1942 |
| Education | Cornell University (BA)<br>University of Chicago (MA, PhD) |
|  | |
| Era | 21st-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| Institutions | University of Notre Dame |
| Main interests | Constitutional studies, Political theory |
|  | |
| Website | https://www3.nd.edu/~mzuckert/ |


title: Triamcinolone acetonide

abstract: Triamcinolone acetonide, sold under the brand name Kenalog among others, is a synthetic corticosteroid medication used topically to treat various skin conditions, to relieve the discomfort of mouth sores, and by injection into joints to treat various joint conditions. It is also injected into lesions to treat inflammation in some parts of the body, particularly the skin. In nasal spray form, it is used to treat allergic rhinitis. It is used for the treatment of macular edema associated with uveitis. It is a more potent derivative of triamcinolone, and is about eight times as potent as prednisone. Most forms of triamcinolone acetonide are prescription drugs. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made triamcinolone acetonide an over-the-counter drug in the United States in nasal spray form under the brand name Nasacort. It is available as a generic medication.

text:
# Triamcinolone acetonide

**Triamcinolone acetonide**, sold under the brand name **Kenalog** among others, is a synthetic corticosteroid medication used topically to treat various skin conditions, to relieve the discomfort of mouth sores, and by injection into joints to treat various joint conditions. It is also injected into lesions to treat inflammation in some parts of the body, particularly the skin. In nasal spray form, it is used to treat allergic rhinitis. It is used for the treatment of macular edema associated with uveitis. It is a more potent derivative of triamcinolone, and is about eight times as potent as prednisone.

Most forms of triamcinolone acetonide are prescription drugs. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made triamcinolone acetonide an over-the-counter drug in the United States in nasal spray form under the brand name **Nasacort**. It is available as a generic medication.

## Medical uses

Triamcinolone acetonide as an intra-articular injectable has been used to treat a variety of musculoskeletal conditions. When applied to the skin as a topical ointment, it is used to mitigate blistering from poison ivy, oak, and sumac. When combined with nystatin, it is used to treat skin infections with discomfort from fungus, though it should not be used on the eyes. It provides relatively immediate relief and is used before using oral prednisone. Oral and dental paste preparations are used for treating aphthous ulcers.

As an intravitreal injection, triamcinolone acetonide has been used to treat various eye diseases and has been found useful in reducing macular edema. Drug trials have found it to be as efficient as anti-VEGF drugs in eyes with artificial lenses over a two-year period. A systematic review did not find any evidence of any benefit in preventing vision loss in eyes treated with triamcinolone acetonide over placebo, for patients with age-related macular degeneration.

Triamcinolone acetonide is also administered via intralesional injection in the treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars.

## Contraindications

Evidence suggests that usage of triamcinolone acetonide or other steroids to treat macular edema increases the risk of increasing intraocular pressure in patients.

## Pharmacology

### Pharmacodynamics

Triamcinolone acetonide is a corticosteroid. It is specifically a glucocorticoid, or an agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor, that is about five times as potent as cortisol. It has very little mineralocorticoid effects. The affinities of triamcinolone acetonide for the androgen and estrogen receptors are both \<0.1% (relative to testosterone and estradiol). However, triamcinolone acetonide has 15% of the affinity of progesterone for the progesterone receptor. In relation to this, triamcinolone acetonide can produce endocrine side effects like ovulation inhibition and menstrual irregularities.

## Chemistry

Triamcinolone acetonide, also known as *9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyprednisolone 16α,17α-acetonide* or as *9α-fluoro-11β,16α-17α,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione cyclic 16,17-acetal with acetone*, is a synthetic halogenated cyclic ketal pregnane corticosteroid. It is the C16α,17α acetonide of triamcinolone.

## Veterinary use

Triamcinolone acetonide is also used in veterinary medicine as an ingredient in topical ointments and in topical sprays for control of pruritus in dogs.

A series of injections with triamcinolone acetonide or another corticosteroid may reduce keloid size and irritation. It is used as a preinductor and/or inductor of birth in cows. It was also used in the horse racing industry, but it is now a banned substance if found in a horse's system on race day.

## InfoBox

Triamcinolone acetonide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Kenalog, Nasacort, Xipere, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a601124 |
| License data |  |
| Pregnancy
category | * AU: B3/ A |
| Routes of
administration | Topical, joint injection, nasal |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Excretion | Urine (75%) and feces (25%) |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (4a*S*,4b*R*,5*S*,6a*S*,6b*S*,9a*R*,10a*S*,10b*S*)-4b-fluoro-6b-glycoloyl-5-hydroxy-4a,6a,8,8-tetramethyl-4a,4b,5,6,6a,6b,9a,10,10a,10b,11,12-dodecahydro-2*H*-naphtho\[2',1':4,5\]indeno\[1,2-*d*\]\[1,3\]dioxol-2-one | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| PDB ligand |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.863 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C24H31FO6 |
| Molar mass | 434.504 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| Melting point | 290 to 294 °C (554 to 561 °F) |
| SMILES * C\[C@\]12C\[C@@H\](\[C@\]3(\[C@H\](\[C@@H\]1C\[C@@H\]4\[C@\]2(OC(O4)(C)C)C(=O)CO)CCC5=CC(=O)C=C\[C@@\]53C)F)O | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C24H31FO6/c1-20(2)30-19-10-16-15-6-5-13-9-14(27)7-8-21(13,3)23(15,25)17(28)11-22(16,4)24(19,31-20)18(29)12-26/h7-9,15-17,19,26,28H,5-6,10-12H2,1-4H3/t15-,16-,17-,19+,21-,22-,23-,24+/m0/s1 Y * Key:YNDXUCZADRHECN-JNQJZLCISA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Trials of the State

abstract: Trials of the State: Law and the Decline of Politics is a 2019 book by UK author, historian, former Justice of the UK Supreme Court, and current Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption, in which the content of his BBC's Reith Lectures have been published in book form. Sumption's lectures were delivered in front of a studio audience and were followed by question and answer sessions. Sumption used transcriptions of these lectures to prepare the book. The central thesis of the book is Sumption's argument that in recent years, judicial law has undermined legislation and political process. This is because he argues that in political realms, rather than in courts, there is more accountability, especially from the public. In the book, Sumption expresses his concern that judges can be allowed to circumvent parliamentary legislation and can review the merits of policy decisions, and the trouble with giving judges this power is they are not constitutionally accountable to anyone for what they do. In his view, this is particularly problematic when it comes to human rights laws, which "transforms controversial political issues into questions of law for the Courts. In this way it takes critical decision-making powers out of the political process’.

text:
# Trials of the State

***Trials of the State: Law and the Decline of Politics*** is a 2019 book by UK author, historian, former Justice of the UK Supreme Court, and current Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption, in which the content of his BBC's Reith Lectures have been published in book form. Sumption's lectures were delivered in front of a studio audience and were followed by question and answer sessions. Sumption used transcriptions of these lectures (with some notable changes) to prepare the book.

The central thesis of the book is Sumption's argument that in recent years, judicial law has undermined legislation and political process. This is because he argues that in political realms, rather than in courts, there is more accountability, especially from the public.

In the book, Sumption expresses his concern that judges can be allowed to circumvent parliamentary legislation and can review the merits of policy decisions, and the trouble with giving judges this power is they are not constitutionally accountable to anyone for what they do. In his view, this is particularly problematic when it comes to human rights laws, which "transforms controversial political issues into questions of law for the Courts. In this way it takes critical decision-making powers out of the political process’.

## InfoBox

Trials of the State: Law and the Decline of Politics
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jonathan Sumption |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Politics |
| Publisher | Profile Books, London |
| Publication date | 29 August 2019 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback and paperback) |
| Pages | 128 |
| ISBN | 1-788-16372-9 |
| Dewey Decimal | 340.115 |


title: Michelle Lomnicki

abstract: Michelle Lynn Lomnicki is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defender.

text:
# Michelle Lomnicki

**Michelle Lynn Lomnicki** (née **Wenino**; born May 3, 1987) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defender.

## Early life

Born in Aurora, Colorado, to parents Pat and Sherri Wenino, Michelle attended Smoky Hill High School and played all four seasons for the girls soccer team. A four-sport, and 15-time letterwinner, she received the school's Athlete of the Year with Honors award in 2005. Wenino was a Tulsa All-Tournament team member in 2004 and received the Fair Play Award in 2000 State Cup play. She was first-team Centennial league as a senior and second-team as a junior and was named MVP for Smoky Hill as a senior. In 2003, the team were the 2003 Centennial League Champions. Wenino also ran track (200-800m distances) and cross country as a member of the 2002, 2003 and 2004 5A state championship teams that finished second at nationals in 2004 in Portland, Oregon. She was also a point guard on the school's basketball team that won the 2002 Centennial League Championship.

## Club career

### Chicago Red Stars (WPS), 2009

In 2009, Wenino played for Chicago Red Stars in the WPS during its inaugural season. She made one appearance during a game against Saint Louis Athletica at Toyota Park for a total of 34 minutes played.

### SC Freiburg, 2010

In 2010, Wenino played for SC Freiburg. She played seven games with five starts for a total of 476 minutes, scoring one goal.

### Sky Blue FC, 2011

In January 2011, Wenino signed with Sky Blue FC. She made three appearances and scored one goal.

### Chicago Red Stars (NWSL), 2013–2015

In February 2013, Wenino joined Chicago Red Stars in the National Women's Soccer League. Wenino started 17 games and appeared in 18 games in the 22-game season, usually playing defender on the right wing. She scored one goal and had one assist.

She announced her retirement on March 1, 2016.

## Post playing

Lomnicki returned to the Chicago Red Stars in 2020 as the Director of Camps and Clinics. In January 2022 she was named associate general manager of the Red Stars, and in January 2023 the Red Stars promoted her to general manager.

On May 5, 2023, the Red Stars announced that the team had fired Lomnicki on May 4 due to a "lapse in judgment to not share important information with club leadership".

## InfoBox

Michelle Lomnicki
| Wenino with the Chicago Red Stars in 2013 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Michelle Lynn Lomnicki | | |
| Birth name | Michelle Lynn Wenino | | |
| Date of birth | (1987-05-03) May 3, 1987 | | |
| Place of birth | Aurora, Colorado, United States | | |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2008 | Colorado Buffaloes |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009 | Chicago Red Stars | 1 | (0) |
| 2010 | SC Freiburg | 8 | (1) |
| 2010 | Pali Blues | 5 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Sky Blue FC | 3 | (1) |
| 2013–2015 | Chicago Red Stars | 40 | (3) |
| Total |  | **57** | **(5)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Michelle Lombardo

abstract: Michelle Helen Lombardo is an American model and actress. Lombardo gained fame with her appearances in the 2000s Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues. She made her film debut in Dishdogz in 2005 and began acting on television in 2007 on Entourage. She had a major role as Tyler Murphy in Girltrash! and appeared in the box-office hit Click (2006). She had small roles in the comedy action film Cat Run (2011) and drama film Redwood Highway (2013), and appeared in television series The Defenders, Mad Men and Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce.

text:
# Michelle Lombardo

**Michelle Helen Lombardo** (born September 16, 1983) is an American model and actress. Lombardo gained fame with her appearances in the 2000s *Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues.* She made her film debut in *Dishdogz* in 2005 and began acting on television in 2007 on *Entourage*. She had a major role as Tyler Murphy in *Girltrash!* and appeared in the box-office hit *Click* (2006). She had small roles in the comedy action film *Cat Run* (2011) and drama film *Redwood Highway* (2013), and appeared in television series *The Defenders*, *Mad Men* and *Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce.*

## Early life

Lombardo was born on September 16, 1983, in Glastonbury, Connecticut. Lombardo has one brother and one sister. Lombardo was the captain of her volleyball team at Glastonbury High School. In 1999, she was discovered at her high school career day by model scout Tina Kiniry from John Casablancas Modeling & Acting Agency. Early in her career, she worked locally in Connecticut as a model. In 2001 and 2002, she attended University of Connecticut, taking courses in nutrition. She relocated to Los Angeles to pursue her dream of becoming a model and an actress.

## Career

In 2004, she won the inaugural *Sports Illustrated* "Fresh Face" contest and appeared in the magazine's annual *Swimsuit Issue* in 2004 and 2005. Lombardo and eight other "Fresh Face" contestants appeared together on *The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn*, taking part in a skit with Danny DeVito. In February 2004, Lombardo learned that she was the winner of the contest in a segment on *Dateline NBC* and signed a three-year contract with Next Model Management. She has been the cover of *Triathlete* and in pictorials for *Playboy* and *Complex*. She appeared in commercials for Suzuki Forenza and T-Mobile. Lombardo was ranked at number 53 on AskMen's list of the Top 99 Most Desirable Women of 2008.

She has had guest roles on *Entourage*, *October Road*, *Mad Men* and *The Defenders.* She had roles films *Click* (2006), *All In* (2006), *Stiletto* (2008), *Calvin Marshall* (2009), *Cat Run* (2011) and *Girltrash: All Night Long* (2014). She portrayed Surfer Girl, one of Hank Moody's love interests, on the first season of *Californication*. In 2008, she had a recurring role as Debra on web series *Quarterlife*. She played the main role of Tyler Murphy on the web series *Girltrash!*. She was also a host on the cable network Current TV.

## Personal life

In her spare time, Lombardo enjoys outdoor activities such as mountain biking, reading, snowboarding and swimming. She has three children.

## Filmography

| Film roles | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2005 | *Dishdogz* | Nurse Hatcher |  |
| 2006 | *All In* | Jasmine |  |
| 2006 | *Click* | Linda |  |
| 2007 | *Machine* | Layla |  |
| 2008 | *Essential Life* | Jordan | Short film |
| 2008 | *Stiletto* | Suicide Girl |  |
| 2009 | *Calvin Marshall* | Tori Jensen |  |
| 2011 | *Cat Run* | Stephanie |  |
| 2013 | *Redwood Highway* | Stacia |  |
| 2013 | *RockBarnes: The Emperor in You* | Amy |  |
| 2013 | *Discarded* | Alice |  |
| 2014 | *Girltrash: All Night Long* | Tyler Murphy |  |
| 2015 | *Sky* | Bar Singer–Helen |  |
| 2015 | *The Morning After* | Maggie |  |
| 2016 | *Black Road* | Sarah |  |
| 2017 | *Americons* | Mathis |  |
| 2018 | *Welcome to Where You've Always Been* | Ashia | Short film |
| Television roles | | | |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2007 | *Entourage* | Catherine | Episodes: "The First Cut Is the Deepest", "Snow Job" |
| 2007 | *October Road* | Amiquay | Episode: "Let's Get Owen" |
| 2007–2009 | *Girltrash!* | Tyler Murphy | Main role; 11 episodes |
| 2007–2008 | *Californication* | Surfer Girl | 3 episodes |
| 2008 | *Quarterlife* | Debra | 5 episodes |
| 2010 | *The Defenders* | Darian Sollaway | Episode: "Nevada v. Sen. Harper" |
| 2014 | *Mad Men* | Sprout | Episode: "The Monolith" |
| 2017 | *The Haunted* | Jane Doe | Television film |
| 2018 | *Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce* | Tess Fury | 3 episodes |
|

## InfoBox

| Michelle Lombardo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1983-09-16) September 16, 1983
Glastonbury, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Glastonbury High School |
| Years active | 2004–present |
| Known for | *Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce*
*Quarterlife*
*Californication*

*Girltrash!* |
| Children | 3 |
| **Modeling information** | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) |
| Hair color | Brown |
| Eye color | Blue |
| Agency | Next Model Management |
|  | |


title: Generic Shame

abstract: Generic Shame is an EP from Vancouver punk rock band Nomeansno. Released in 2001 on Wrong Records, the three-song EP was recorded during the same sessions which produced the album One.

text:
# Generic Shame

***Generic Shame*** is an EP from Vancouver punk rock band Nomeansno. Released in 2001 on Wrong Records, the three-song EP was recorded during the same sessions which produced the album *One*.

## Background and release

In 1999, Nomeansno members and brothers Rob and John Wright rehearsed a batch of long and ponderous songs originally intended for their side project Mr. Right and Mr. Wrong. The Wrights ultimately decided, however, to release the material as the ninth Nomeansno album. The band recorded the album at Lemon Loaf Studios in Vancouver with Marc L'Esperance, and eight songs from the session became the *One* album on Alternative Tentacles. Three remaining tracks were issued the following year as *Generic Shame* on the band's own Wrong Records. Rob Wright later explained that the songs did not fit the intended mood of *One*.

## Track listing

All songs written by Nomeansno.

1. Sex Is Philosophy – 6:35
2. No Big Surprise – 11:19
3. I Get Up In The Morning – 4:34

## Personnel

**Nomeansno**

**Production**

* Marc L'Esperance – mixing, mastering

## InfoBox

| Generic Shame | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Nomeansno | |
| Released | 2001 |
| Recorded | 2000 |
| Genre | Punk rock |
| Length | 22:28 |
| Label | Wrong Records |
| Producer | Nomeansno |
| Nomeansno singles and EPs chronology | |
| *In the Fishtank 1*
(1996) ***Generic Shame***
(2001) *Tour EP 1*
(2010) | |


title: Interstate 70 in Pennsylvania

abstract: Interstate 70 (I-70) is an Interstate Highway that is located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States. It runs east to west across the southwest part of Pennsylvania and serves the southern fringe of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. About half of this route is concurrent with I-76 on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, which is a toll road. This is the oldest segment of I-70 in Pennsylvania, having been completed in 1940, and is only one of two segments of I-70 that are tolled, with the other being the Kansas Turnpike. I-70 is one of only a few Interstate Highways to have a traffic signal—in this case, with U.S. Route 30 (US 30) in Breezewood, where it leaves the Pennsylvania Turnpike and heads toward Maryland.

text:
# Interstate 70 in Pennsylvania

**Interstate 70** (**I-70**) is an Interstate Highway that is located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States. It runs east to west across the southwest part of Pennsylvania and serves the southern fringe of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.

About half of this route is concurrent with I-76 on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, which is a toll road. This is the oldest segment of I-70 in Pennsylvania, having been completed in 1940, and is only one of two segments of I-70 that are tolled, with the other being the Kansas Turnpike.

I-70 is one of only a few Interstate Highways to have a traffic signal—in this case, with U.S. Route 30 (US 30) in Breezewood, where it leaves the Pennsylvania Turnpike and heads toward Maryland.

## Route description

Two segments of I-70 in Pennsylvania are not designed to modern Interstate standards: a 37-mile (60 km) segment from Washington to New Stanton and the aforementioned half-mile (0.80 km) signalized segment in Breezewood.

### West Virginia to Washington

I-70 enters Pennsylvania from West Virginia, coming into Donegal Township, Washington County. The highway continues northeast as a four-lane freeway with a standard-size median up to Interstate Highway standards through rural areas of woodland and farmland, coming to its first junction at a partial cloverleaf interchange with State Route 3023 (SR 3023), to the southeast of unincorporated village of West Alexander.

Past this junction, the freeway begins to parallel US 40 on the northwest side of the road, before it enters a series of winding curves. From here, I-70 heads east to meet a weigh station and a welcome center in the eastbound direction, as well as an interchange with SR 3024 connecting to Pennsylvania Route 231 (PA 231) via US 40 in the borough of Claysville.

The freeway curves to a more east-northeasterly direction, where it briefly passes through the borough limits of Claysville, before briefly reentering Donegal Township. I-70 enters Buffalo Township, where it soon meets a pair of right-in/right-out ramps connecting to PA 221, which serves the unincorporated village of Taylorstown to the northeast, in adjacent Blaine Township. The freeway comes into North Franklin Township before crossing into Canton Township at its partial interchange with US 40 which lacks a westbound entrance; the interchange is adjacent to the Washington Crown Center shopping mall located to the southwest of the interchange.

From here, I-70 crosses over an abandoned portion of the Allegheny Valley Railroad's W&P Subdivision line and enters mixed areas of development on the outskirts of the city of Washington, which is also the county seat of Washington County. After passing through an interchange with Sheffield Avenue serving the industrial and commercial area of Jessop Place, the freeway enters the city limits of Washington, where it comes to a pair of right-in/right-out ramps that connect to PA 18. A short distance later, I-70 enters South Strabane Township and reaches its western junction with I-79 at a directional interchange, which heads north toward the city of Pittsburgh.

The freeway turns southeast through the interchange and begins a concurrency with I-79. A Jersey barrier takes over in the highway's median as it comes to a diverging diamond interchange with US 19 in a commercial area surrounded by strip malls.

A short distance later, I-70/I-79 comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 136 to the northeast of the borough limits of East Washington that provides access to Washington & Jefferson College; a park and ride lot is located in the northeastern corner of the interchange. Past PA 136, the freeway heads back into rural areas with scattered residences, before reaching the eastern split between I-70 and I-79 at a directional interchange.

I-79 turns south toward the city of Morgantown, West Virginia, while I-70 continues east along the original roadway toward the borough of New Stanton in Westmoreland County.

### Washington to New Stanton

East of I-79, I-70 downgrades to a highway substandard of modern Interstate standards. This section of I-70 (old I-70S) has several dated design features. The median narrows to the point that there are no shoulders between the median barrier and the passing lanes on both sides. On- and off-ramps at many of the interchanges are substandard in both length and geometry, which requires vehicles to decelerate in the travel lanes before entering the off-ramps, and also necessitates the use of stop signs on the on-ramps instead of yield signs. Several overpasses do not meet minimum clearance requirements, which has resulted in damage to and from overheight trucks. Total reconstruction efforts are ongoing that will upgrade most of this segment of I-70 and its interchanges to modern Interstate standards, and various projects are scheduled through the early 2020s.

The first interchange that the freeway meets past I-79 is with PA 519, where the route crosses into Somerset Township. I-70 continues through areas of rural farmland with surroundings of wooded rolling hills and turns to the east-southeast, coming to interchanges with SR 1055 south of the hamlet of Dunningsville and McIllvaine Road southeast of the hamlet of Kammerer, in adjacent Nottingham Township, before reaching the borough limits of Bentleyville at the PA 917 interchange, which only contains an eastbound exit and westbound entrance. Shortly afterward, the freeway crosses over Norfolk Southern Railway's Ellsworth Secondary and meets modified right-in/right-out ramps to Wilson Road, which provides complete access to PA 917 and the center of Bentleyville to and from both directions.

Following Bentleyville, I-70 enters Fallowfield Township, where it has a complete diamond interchange with PA 481, a westbound exit and eastbound entrance to Twin Bridges Road to the northeast of the hamlet of Lover, and a full cloverleaf interchange with the Mon–Fayette Expressway (PA 43), as the route descends into the valley of the Monongahela River. From here, the freeway curves east-northeast into the borough of Twilight, before crossing into the borough of Speers at the interchange with Maple Drive/Twilight Hollow Road.

At this point, I-70 meets PA 88 at a pair of right-in/right-out ramps, prior to crossing over Norfolk Southern Railway's Mon Line, the Monongahela River, and CSX Transportation's Mon Subdivision on the Belle Vernon Bridge, where the route leaves both Speers and Washington County.

Beyond the Belle Vernon Bridge, the route enters Westmoreland County within Rostraver Township. Here, it has a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 906, before it crosses into the borough of North Belle Vernon and interchanges with Fayette Street, to the northeast of the borough center.

From this point, the freeway heads back into Rostraver Township where it meets PA 201 at a partial cloverleaf interchange northeast of the community of Lynnwood-Pricedale that also provides access to PA 837. I-70 continues through wooded areas with nearby development, reaching an interchange with SR 3011 north of the hamlet of Arnold City in adjacent Washington Township, Fayette County, before coming to a cloverleaf interchange with PA 51 as the route begins to enter the valley of the Youghiogheny River.

Past PA 51, the route crosses the Smithton High-Level Bridge over the Youghiogheny River and CSX Transportation's Keystone Subdivision, where it enters South Huntingdon Township. From here, I-70 interchanges with SR 3031 north of the borough of Smithton, PA 31 at cloverleaf to the northwest of the Pittsburgh Renaissance Festival grounds, and SR 3010 to the southeast of the unincorporated village of Yukon, before it comes into Sewickley Township. In this area, the freeway has an interchange with Waltz Mill Road to the south of the borough of Madison, before it passes through Hempfield Township prior to entering New Stanton. Within the borough limits, I-70 has a dumbbell interchange with SR 3089, before it exits the mainline freeway at a trumpet interchange, to come to a toll plaza for the New Stanton interchange on the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76).

At this point, the mainline freeway continues east to a cloverleaf junction between US 119 and the southern terminus of PA 66. I-70 itself passes through the toll plaza and comes to another trumpet interchange, where the Interstate merges onto the eastbound turnpike that heads toward the city of Harrisburg, the state capital of Pennsylvania. In the opposite direction, the Pennsylvania Turnpike heads northwest toward Pittsburgh, then becomes the Ohio Turnpike, which continues towards Cleveland.

### Pennsylvania Turnpike concurrency

For 86 miles (138 km) from New Stanton to Breezewood, I-70 shares a concurrency with I-76 along the Pennsylvania Turnpike. I-70 passes through a wind farm in Somerset County and close to the 9/11 Flight 93 National Memorial in Shanksville. It then has an indirect connection to I-99 in Bedford County before reaching the eastern end of its concurrency with the Turnpike in Breezewood.

### Breezewood to Maryland

I-70 splits from the Pennsylvania Turnpike at the Breezewood Interchange in East Providence Township, Bedford County. The turnpike continues east toward Harrisburg and Philadelphia, while I-70 passes through another toll plaza and passes under its own carriageways, before downgrading into another highway substandard of Interstate standards, at a partial trumpet interchange with US 30. Eastbound I-70 merges onto westbound US 30 to form a half-mile (0.80 km) wrong-way concurrency through the community of Breezewood. This section of I-70 is one of the few instances of where an Interstate Highway follows a road that lacks grade separation and includes traffic signals. I-70 follows US 30 west along a five-lane highway with a center turn lane through commercial areas in Breezewood before it splits from US 30 and turns left onto another freeway alignment. US 30, meanwhile, continues west toward the borough of Everett.

Beyond US 30, I-70 heads south and becomes a four-lane freeway that once again conforms to modern Interstate standards. The median widens, before the freeway crosses over its preceding carriageways and under the Pennsylvania Turnpike. Shortly past the turnpike underpass, there is an interchange with South Breezewood Road before I-70 curves to cross Rays Hill, crossing into Fulton County, and coming to a pair of right-in/right-out ramps with the southern terminus of PA 915 in the unincorporated village of Crystal Spring, in Brush Creek Township. The freeway continues through a valley of farmland and comes to an eastbound rest area on the western slope of Town Hill, which the highway crosses at an oblique angle. In the middle of the mountain crossing, I-70 has another pair of right-in/right-out ramps with the northern terminus of PA 643, and then descends along the length of its eastern slope into another rural valley. Within this valley, the freeway enters Union Township, turns generally more southeast and interchanges with the northern terminus of PA 731, east of the unincorporated village of Amaranth.

Past PA 731, I-70 crosses Sideling Hill and comes into Bethel Township. The route heads through forested and mountainous surroundings in the watershed of Tonoloway Creek, before coming to an interchange with the western end of the highway's concurrency with US 522 in the unincorporated town of Warfordsburg. Southbound US 522 merges onto eastbound I-70 and the two routes run concurrent across the Mason–Dixon line into Washington County, Maryland.

## History

| Pennsylvania Route 126 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | WarfordsburgBreezewood |
| Existed | 1928–1964 |

| Pennsylvania Route 71 Alternate | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | WashingtonNew Stanton |
| Existed | 1957–1963 |

By 1947, I-70's route across Pennsylvania was included in the planned Interstate Highway System. The route from West Virginia split at Washington, with one branch heading northeast to meet the Pennsylvania Turnpike near Pittsburgh and the other heading east, bypassing Pittsburgh to the south (via a planned bypass of PA 71) to the New Stanton interchange. The piece south from the Breezewood interchange into Maryland was also included in the network.

The route between US 30 in Breezewood and US 522 in Warfordsburg was originally known as **Pennsylvania Route 126** (**PA 126**). In 1957, preliminary numbers were assigned; the longer route via Pittsburgh (now I-79 and I-376) became the main line of I-70, while the southern bypass (now I-70) became **Interstate 70S** (**I-70S**). The original alignment is now known as **Old 126** or **Breezewood Road**.

The section of present-day I-70 between PA 519 near Washington and New Stanton was built as a four-lane divided highway known as the "Express Highway"; this road was assigned the temporary **PA 71 Alternate** (**PA 71 Alt.**) designation in 1957 and would be designated as I-70S following the completion of additional connecting roads in the Interstate Highway System. On July 15, 1960, I-70 was designated onto the Penn-Lincoln Parkway.

A southern extension of I-79 (which had previously only run from Erie south to Pittsburgh) to Charleston, West Virginia, in 1963 resulted in changes to I-70. On February 26, 1964, as part of the formation of I-76 (east of Downtown Pittsburgh), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved a rerouting of I-70 along I-70S. The former I-70 became I-79 from Washington to downtown Pittsburgh and I-76 to and along the Turnpike to New Stanton. This brought the routing of I-70 to its present form.

## Future

In 2011, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) began preliminary work for a total reconstruction of I-70 between the West Virginia state line and New Stanton. Approximately $500 million will be spent on this 58-mile (93 km) segment of highway in order to improve it to modern Interstate standards, half of which will be spent redesigning eight interchanges. Other planned improvements include six overpass replacements, a new roadbed, a wider median, electronic ITS signage, and widening the I-70/I-79 concurrency in Washington to six lanes.

Two noteworthy interchange projects will occur in conjunction with the I-70/I-79 widening. Underway is a reconfiguration of the east/south split between I-70 and I-79, which will eliminate the one-lane, low-speed loop ramp from I-79 northbound to I-70 westbound, replacing it with a two-lane, high-speed flyover ramp. Preliminary design work has also been completed for a redesigned interchange between I-70/I-79 and Murtland Avenue (US 19), and involves replacing the existing substandard cloverleaf in favor of the first diverging diamond interchange in Pennsylvania.

In September 2024, it was announced at a Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission press conference that a direct connection for I-70 to enter the Pennsylvania Turnpike at Breezewood would be built, finally completing the highway across the state.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Old exit
 | New exit
 | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Washington | Donegal Township | 0.000 | 0.000 |  |  |
I-70 west Wheeling | Continuation into West Virginia |
| | | 0.776 | 1.249 | 1 | 1 | West Alexander |  |
| | | 5.648 | 9.090 | 2 | 6 |
To PA 231 Claysville |  |
| | Buffalo Township | 10.964 | 17.645 | 3 | 11 | PA 221 Taylorstown |  |
| | North FranklinCanton
township line | 14.940 | 24.044 | 4 | 15 | US 40 (Chestnut Street) | Access to Washington Crown Center |
| | Canton Township | 16.027 | 25.793 | 5 | 16 | Jessop Place |  |
| | Washington | 16.451 | 26.475 | 6 | 17 | PA 18 (Jefferson Avenue) |  |
| | South Strabane Township | 17.546 | 28.238 |  | 18 |
I-79 north Pittsburgh | Western end of I-79 overlap; I-79 exit 38 |
| | 18.597 | 29.929 | 7 | 19 | US 19 (Murtland Avenue) | Diverging diamond interchange |
| | 18.945 | 30.489 | 8 | 20 | PA 136 (Beau Street) |  |
| | 21.083 | 33.930 |  | 21 |
I-79 south Morgantown | Eastern end of I-79 overlap; I-79 exit 34; also signed for Waynesburg |
| | Somerset Township | 24.643 | 39.659 | 9 | 25 | PA 519 Eighty Four, Glyde |  |
| | 27.503 | 44.262 | 10 | 27 | Dunningsville |  |
| | 30.592 | 49.233 | 11 | 31 | Kammerer |  |
| | Somerset TownshipBentleyville line | 32.421 | 52.177 | 12A | 32A | PA 917 Ginger Hill | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| | BentleyvilleFallowfield Township line | 32.780 | 52.754 | 12B | 32B |
To PA 917 Bentleyville, Ginger Hill | Ginger Hill not signed eastbound |
| | Fallowfield Township | 35.201 | 56.651 | 13 | 35 | PA 481 Monongahela, Centerville |  |
| | 36.396 | 58.574 | 14 | 36 | Lover | Westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| | 37.555–
37.571 | 60.439–
60.465 | 15 | 37 | PA Turnpike 43 California, Pittsburgh | Signed as exits 37A (south) and 37B (north); Brownsville posted on supplemental signage; E-ZPass or toll-by-plate |
| | TwilightSpeers line | 39.877 | 64.176 | 16 | 39 | Speers |  |
| | Speers | 40.248 | 64.773 | 17 | 40 | PA 88 Charleroi, Allenport |  |
| Monongahela River | | 40.697 | 65.495 | Belle Vernon Bridge | | | |
| Westmoreland | Rostraver Township | 40.776 | 65.623 | 18 | 41 | PA 906 Belle Vernon, Monessen |  |
| | North Belle Vernon | 41.528 | 66.833 | 19 | 42 | North Belle Vernon |  |
| | Rostraver Township | 42.083 | 67.726 | 19A | 42A | Monessen | Westbound exit only |
| | 42.742 | 68.787 | 20 | 43 |
PA 201 to PA 837 Donora, Fayette City | Signed as exits 43A (south) and 43B (north) westbound |
| | 44.216 | 71.159 | 21 | 44 | Arnold City |  |
| | 46.478 | 74.799 | 22 | 46 | PA 51 Uniontown, Pittsburgh | Signed as exits 46A (south) and 46B (north) |
| | South Huntingdon Township | 48.957 | 78.789 | 23 | 49 | Smithton |  |
| | 51.257 | 82.490 | 24 | 51 | PA 31 Mount Pleasant, West Newton | Was a Cloverleaf Interchange Until 2020 |
| | 53.203 | 85.622 | 25 | 53 | Yukon |  |
| | Sewickley Township | 53.923 | 86.781 | 25A | 54 | Madison |  |
| | New Stanton | 56.978 | 91.697 | 26 | 57 | New Stanton, Hunker | Rebuilt interchange combining former exits 57B (Hunker) and 57A (New Stanton) |
| | 57.564 | 92.640 | 27 | 58 |
US 119 / PA Turnpike 66 north Greensburg, Connellsville, Delmont | Exit number not signed westbound; Delmont not signed eastbound |
| | 57.765 | 92.964 | New Stanton Toll Plaza (western end of closed toll system) | | | |
| | 57.992 | 93.329 | 8 | 75 |

I-76 west / Penna Turnpike west Pittsburgh | Western end of I-76/Penna. Tpk. overlap; exit number not signed eastbound; New Stanton Interchange |
| | Donegal Township | 73.292 | 117.952 | 9 | 91 | PA 31 / PA 711 Ligonier, Uniontown | Donegal Interchange |
| Somerset | Somerset | 92.512 | 148.884 | 10 | 110 |
To US 219 Somerset, Johnstown | Access via PA 601; Somerset Interchange |
| | StonycreekAllegheny
township line | 105.302–
106.502 | 169.467–
171.398 | Allegheny Mountain Tunnel | | | |
| Bedford | Bedford Township | 128.102 | 206.160 | 11 | 146 |
I-99 north / US 220 Bedford, Altoona | Access via US 220 Bus.; Bedford Interchange |
| | East Providence Township | 144.102 | 231.910 | 12 | 161 |

I-76 east / Penna Turnpike east Harrisburg | Eastern end of I-76/Penna. Tpk. overlap; exit number not signed westbound; Breezewood Interchange |
| | 144.402 | 232.392 | Breezewood Toll Plaza (eastern end of closed toll system) | | | |
| | 146.706 | 236.100 |  |  |
US 30 east McConnellsburg | Eastern end of US 30 overlap |
| | Eastern end of freeway section | | | |
| | 147.000 | 236.574 |  |  |
US 30 west Breezewood, Everett | Western end of US 30 overlap |
| | Western end of freeway section | | | |
| | 148.465 | 238.931 | 29 | 149 |

To US 30 west South Breezewood, Everett | Access via S. Breezewood Rd.; no westbound entrance; signed for US 30/Everett westbound, S. Breezewood eastbound |
| Fulton | Brush Creek Township | 150.948 | 242.927 | 30 | 151 | PA 915 Crystal Spring |  |
| | | 155.510 | 250.269 | 31 | 156 | PA 643 – Town Hill |  |
| | Union Township | 163.007 | 262.334 | 32 | 163 |
PA 731 south – Amaranth |  |
| | Bethel Township | 167.724 | 269.926 | 33 | 168 |
US 522 north Warfordsburg | Western end of US 522 overlap |
| | 170.281 | 274.041 |  |  |

I-70 east / US 522 south Hancock | Continuation into Maryland |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Interstate 70 in PennsylvaniaKML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Interstate 70 | |
| --- | --- |
| I-70 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT and PTC | |
| Length | 167.92 mi (270.24 km) |
| NHS | Entire route |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | I-70 at the West Virginia state line |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | I-70 / US 522 at the Maryland state line |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Washington, Westmoreland, Somerset, Bedford, Fulton |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 69   PA 70 | |
| PA 125 **PA 126**  PA 127 | |


title: Felix Anthony Machado

abstract: Felix Anthony Machado is an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church who was Archbishop of Vasai since 2009 to 2024. He spent a decade in the Roman Curia as under-secretary of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.

text:
# Felix Anthony Machado

**Felix Anthony Machado** (born 6 June 1948) is an Indian prelate of the Catholic Church who was Archbishop of Vasai since 2009 to 2024. He spent a decade in the Roman Curia as under-secretary of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.

## Biography

He was born on 6 June 1948 in Vasai, Maharashtra, India. He was ordained a priest on 30 October 1976 for the Diocese of Bombay. His family relations include both Christians and Hindus; one of his cousins was among the founders of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the principal force behind contemporary Hindu nationalism. He was incardinated in the Diocese of Vasai on 22 May 1998.

He studied philosophy at the Catholic University of Lyon and lived in the ecumenical community of Taizé in France for seven years, spending one of those years as a volunteer in a refugee camp in Bangladesh. He then earned a master's degree in theology at Maryknoll Seminary in New York and a doctorate from Fordham University.

Machado served from 1999 to 2008 as under-secretary of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. In that position he helped organize the interreligious prayer service held in Assisi in 2002.

Pope Benedict XVI gave him the personal title of archbishop and named him head of the Diocese of Nashik on 16 January 2008. He received his episcopal consecration on 8 March 2008 from Cardinal Oswald Gracias. When he first heard of the 2008 bombings in Mumbai, when the attackers were still unidentified, he said: "We do not have to be superficial by saying that it is all about religion. The situation is extremely complex. Sometimes these tragedies are given faces and names, but we have to go deeper in our analysis of the causes."

Pope Benedict transferred him to Vasai on 10 November 2009, and he was installed there on 19 December.

He chairs the Office for Interreligious Dialogue of the Federation of Asian (Catholic) Bishops' Conferences (FABC); and Office for Interreligious Dialogue of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of India (CBCI). He has developed a good working relationship with the Sikh community and advocates dialogue with Hindus to ease their concerns about conversions to Christianity. He has repeatedly denied that conversions are ever involuntary; as early as 2000 in a meeting at the Vatican, he challenged Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee to identify a specific instance of forced conversion.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Felix Anthony Machado | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop Emeritus of Vasai | |
| Archdiocese | Mumbai |
| Diocese | Vasai |
| Appointed | 19 December 2009 |
| Term ended | 6 June 2024 |
| Predecessor | Thomas Dabre |
| Successor | *vacant* |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 30 October 1976 |
| Consecration | 8 March 2008
by Oswald Cardinal Gracias |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1948-06-06) 6 June 1948
Vasai Mumbai India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Motto | PEACE AND HARMONY |


title: Thick-spined porcupine

abstract: The thick-spined porcupine is a species of rodent in the family Hystricidae. It is endemic to the island of Borneo and found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

text:
# Thick-spined porcupine

The **thick-spined porcupine** (***Hystrix crassispinis***) is a species of rodent in the family Hystricidae. It is endemic to the island of Borneo and found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

## History

In 1996, the species was considered Near Threatened, but in 2008, this was lowered to Least Concern.

## Distribution

It is found in a wide variety of habitats ranging from natural forest to agricultural areas, with an elevation distribution of sea level to at least 1,200 m (3,900 ft).

## Threats

Although this porcupine is hunted for food, it is not a concern due to its wide distribution and high tolerance for habitat changes.

## InfoBox

| Thick-spined porcupine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Hystricidae |
| Genus: | *Hystrix* |
| Species: | ***H. crassispinis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hystrix crassispinis***
(Günther, 1877) | |
|
|  | |


title: Melchham

abstract: Melchham is a village and municipality in Humla District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1364 persons living in 265 individual households.

text:
# Melchham

**Melchham** is a village and municipality in Humla District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1364 persons living in 265 individual households.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2008.

## InfoBox

| Melchham मेलछाम | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| MelchhamLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 29°47′N 82°02′E / 29.78°N 82.03°E / 29.78; 82.03 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Karnali Zone |
| District | Humla District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 1,364 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Syndication exclusivity

abstract: Syndication exclusivity is a federal law implemented by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States that is designed to protect a local television station's rights to syndicated television programs by granting exclusive broadcast rights to the station for that program in their local market, usually defined by a station's Nielsen Designated Market Area. As a result, any airings of the same program on cable networks and, more commonly, superstations must be blocked by the local cable provider upon request from the local station. Broadcast television stations have the option of signing programming deals with or without syndex protection, but they stand to have audiences significantly diluted in markets without protection. Syndex protection is rarely enforced in regards to conventional cable networks, which often concurrently maintain rights to a particular program during the period of a broadcast syndication deal.

text:
# Syndication exclusivity

**Syndication exclusivity** (also known as **syndex**) is a federal law (47  U.S.C. § 76.103) implemented by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States that is designed to protect a local television station's rights to syndicated television programs by granting exclusive broadcast rights to the station for that program in their local market, usually defined by a station's Nielsen Designated Market Area.

As a result, any airings of the same program on cable networks and, more commonly, superstations must be blocked by the local cable provider upon request from the local station. Broadcast television stations have the option of signing programming deals with or without syndex protection, but they stand to have audiences significantly diluted in markets without protection. Syndex protection is rarely enforced in regards to conventional cable networks, which (particularly since the late 1990s) often concurrently maintain rights to a particular program during the period of a broadcast syndication deal.

## History

The first syndex rule to be passed by the Federal Communications Commission went into effect on March 31, 1972. The regulations at the time were similar to those in the present-day law, except for the fact that they applied to almost all programming, including shows such as the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon. WTCG in Atlanta, the original "superstation" (which at the time was distributed only in the Southeastern United States, five years before it became available nationally via satellite transmission), had programming blacked out in some areas where duplication existed.

In November 1976, the FCC began to consider making alterations to the syndex rulings. In April 1979, the FCC made a proposal to remove some of the rules. Further debate led the Cable Television Bureau of the FCC to recommend doing away with the rules entirely. On July 22, 1980, the Commission revoked the syndex rulings in a 4–3 vote, on the basis that "local stations are not adversely affected when a cable system offers subscribers signals from television stations in other cities." In 1980, the FCC lifted the old syndex law, as a way to bolster the growing cable television industry. This led cable systems to begin carrying other superstations and more regional out-of-market independent stations, at a time when the popularity of both was growing.

The current syndex law was tied in part to the Satellite Home Viewer Act of 1988. In the run-up to that legislation's passage on May 18, 1988, Tom Meek (general manager of WOFL in Orlando, Florida), with the assistance of Preston Padden of the Association of Independent Television Stations (INTV), presented a study utilizing custom Nielsen audience data showing significant ratings dilution in the 7:00–8:00 p.m. period that was directly attributable to the carriage of identical programming via Chicago superstation WGN-TV on numerous local cable providers, resulting in an estimated loss in advertising revenue of several hundred thousand dollars. The legislation, H.R. 2848, had been blocked by Democratic representative Mike Synar, whose district included Tulsa, Oklahoma, where WGN's satellite carrier United Video Satellite Group was headquartered. After the study was presented to and subsequently validated by Synar's staff, Synar dropped his opposition under pressure from committee chairman Washington Democratic Rep. Al Swift. H.R. 2848, sponsored by Texas Democratic Rep. John Bryant, then passed.

The syndex rules went back into effect on January 1, 1990. Before the reimposition of the syndex rules, stations like WGN and WTBS were paying local single market rates for programming acquisitions, even as they were gaining national coverage, and were selling that extended coverage to advertisers. After the syndex law was implemented, in at least some cases, the prices that superstations paid for program content had better reflected their actual national distribution, depending on arrangements with any given syndicator.

Since 1993, syndex is currently being used to block superstations offered through a programming tier provided by satellite provider Dish Network from being picked up in certain markets. In this case, the CW and MyNetworkTV affiliates in given markets can invoke the syndex law to keep the superstations that have the same network affiliations as the local station from coming into the market in any form. CW stations are using the law in order to block KTLA in Los Angeles, WPIX/New York City and KWGN-TV/Denver, while WWOR-TV in Secaucus, New Jersey, since 2015, are presently blocked in markets where MyNetworkTV affiliates are invoking the law.

There have been a number of legal cases, most notably in Miami, and efforts in Washington, D.C. by terrestrial broadcasters to keep satellite providers from exploiting a provision in the law whereby satellite providers can offer programming where a broadcast station's signal is not available. In the Miami case, satellite providers were found to have allowed carriage of outside stations in households within a few miles of broadcast transmitters in violation of the law. Syndex is often unpopular with satellite subscribers and companies who would rather not afford local broadcast stations program rights protection.

## Notable examples

* Syndex also applies to programs seen on stations in Canada and Mexico – in the Buffalo, New York television market, when CTV owned-and-operated station CFTO-DT or Global owned-and-operated station CIII-DT airs a program that is also seen on an American broadcast network, the Canadian broadcast is blacked out, or replaced with the signal of the American station carrying the same program at that time (this does not apply to most sports on cable, especially if they are different productions from one another, unless the league for that sport requests a blackout; Buffalo Sabres games carried on CBC Television's *Hockey Night in Canada* and on MSG Network can be seen on both channels).
* A similar rule, simultaneous substitution, exists in Canada, allowing broadcasters to require that U.S. feeds of shows airing at exactly the same time on a Canadian network to be replaced with the Canadian feed. This is intended to protect domestic advertising revenue that would otherwise go to the U.S. network.
* Sporting events that air on a national network such as ESPN are often blacked out in the markets of the teams that are playing, if a local station or regional sports network also has rights to the game. For example, a weeknight baseball game between the Cubs and Cardinals carried by ESPN would be blacked out in areas that receive either team's local broadcaster. The National Hockey League utilizes a similar policy for non-exclusive national games carried by NBCSN or NHL Network during the regular season and the first round of the playoffs. In another case, ESPN's *ACC Wednesday* games are blacked out in markets that receive coverage of Atlantic Coast Conference basketball on local stations via Raycom Sports. In such instances, the ESPN feed is usually replaced with a simulcast of ESPNEWS. ESPN's most recent contract extension with the league, which went into effect with the 2014 season, virtually eliminated local blackouts during the network's Monday and Wednesday night games, allowing ESPN coverage to co-exist in the home markets served by each team's local broadcaster.
* The National Football League utilizes a similar rule for nationally televised games carried exclusively by cable networks (such as ESPN and NFL Network) as well as digital subscription streaming services such as Amazon Prime Video, ESPN+, and Peacock. NFL policies require all games to be available on broadcast television in the markets of the teams involved, so rights to simulcast these games are typically syndicated to local stations in the affected markets, and the telecast on the respective cable network is blacked out to protect the local broadcaster that has syndication rights to these games.

## Some effects

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, several independent local stations were uplinked via satellite so that they could be available either nationally or regionally, especially to markets that did not have independent stations, either because the market could not support one due to having lower population densities or because one simply did not exist. Three of those stations, WOR-TV in New York City (later moved to Secaucus, New Jersey and renamed to WWOR), WGN-TV in Chicago and WTCG/WTBS in Atlanta, were available nationally. WTBS aired shows that were generally "syndex proof" (or, in simpler terms, having "full signal rights") due to program contracts that the station was able to negotiate so that it could avoid having any programs blacked out or substituted, save for sports programs.

In 1990, when the syndex law was passed, national versions of WWOR-TV and WGN-TV, which aired different programs from the local signals in their native cities, were launched. These feeds replaced programs that had syndication exclusivity claims in certain markets with syndicated programs to which no station held exclusive rights in any market. WWOR's national feed outside of New York City was branded as the "WWOR EMI Service" (the "EMI" referring to Eastern Microwave, Inc., the superstation feed's satellite uplinker). WGN-TV did not have to cover up as many programs as WWOR, and while WGN was able to carry programming from The WB network on its national feed from January 1995 (when its Chicago parent station also affiliated with the network) to October 1999, WWOR was not permitted by UPN to carry that network's programming on the EMI feed. This negatively affected UPN as WGN's carriage of The WB temporarily filled holes where that network did not have a full-time or secondary carrier in some markets until the network found local over-the-air affiliates and later set up a cable-only feed in 1998. UPN's decision to deny WWOR permission to carry its programming nationally left open gaps in market coverage for that network in several large and mid-sized cities.

After the national version of WWOR ceased uplinking in January 1997 (after Advance Entertainment Corporation sold WWOR's satellite transponder slot to Discovery Communications to expand national coverage of Animal Planet), the New York City-area feed, which included UPN programs and other shows previously covered up on the EMI feed, was uplinked by the National Programming Service for exclusive distribution to satellite providers. That feed was discontinued in 1999 with its transponder space being turned over to Pax TV, though Dish Network now carries the New York City feed of WWOR. WTBS was separated from the national feed of TBS in October 2007, and now airs only Atlanta-cleared programming as WPCH (the Atlanta station remains a superstation in Canada, although some of its programming is instead substituted with a domestic network feed of the same program under simultaneous substitution regulations). WGN's national superstation feed, later branded as "WGN Superstation" and "Superstation WGN", would be renamed *WGN America* in 2007; by this point, the number of syndicated programs that WGN-TV both gained full signal rights to *and* aired on both the Chicago broadcast signal and the national feed had substantially decreased, with WGN America mirroring the former WWOR EMI Service in its scheduling. WGN's national feed was also separated from its parent station, except in name, and converted into a basic cable network on December 16, 2014, and, as a result, no longer carries any Chicago-area programming.

## Syndex-free/full signal rights

In any case, national superstations such as WGN were, in later years, still sometimes able to negotiate full signal rights for a syndicated program. Whether or not a particular program could be cleared for full signal rights depends on how it was originally sold to other television stations nationwide. For example, the repackaged *American Idol Rewind* was allowed to air on WGN's national "Superstation" signal by virtue of Tribune Entertainment (the now-defunct production and distribution unit of the station's owner, the Tribune Company) being a majority partner as well as the distributor of the program.

Other studios can also allow full signal rights to superstations for its programming. For example, 20th Television allowed WGN full signal rights to the syndicated version of *24* as did NBCUniversal Television Distribution with *30 Rock*, and Sony Pictures Television used the same method for *Seinfeld* for TBS.

However, once one superstation's term of license on a program ends, it can enter into syndex restrictions. For example, for decades TBS had full signal rights to *The Andy Griffith Show* until Viacom's cable networks were able to negotiate new full signal rights in the mid-1990s (*The Andy Griffith Show* at the time was distributed by Viacom, then its successor, Paramount Television). Today, TV Land has national rights to *The Andy Griffith Show* (now distributed through CBS Television Distribution), and under this new contract cannot be seen on any other national network or superstation, but it can still be seen on local over-the-air stations, as stations such as WRAL-TV/WRAZ in Raleigh and WVTV in Milwaukee have done for decades (similarly, the broadcast rights to the program held by some local stations have prevented Me-TV from carrying *Andy Griffith* on many of its affiliates since it began carrying the sitcom in 2014). Broadcasts on these local stations are only restricted to their particular markets.


title: Syndicate–2

abstract: "Syndicate–2" was a disinformation operation developed and carried out by the State Political Directorate, aimed at eliminating Savinkov's anti–Soviet underground.

text:
# Syndicate–2

**"Syndicate–2"** was a disinformation operation developed and carried out by the State Political Directorate, aimed at eliminating Savinkov's anti–Soviet underground.

## Background

The interest of the famous terrorist Boris Savinkov to participate in underground anti–Soviet activities prompted the extraordinary commissioners to develop a plan to involve him in such activities under the supervision of special services, in order to eliminate the entire underground network. Such a plan was developed in the Counterintelligence Department of the State Political Administration under the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, created in 1922. On May 12, 1922, a circular letter "On the Savinkov's Organization" was issued (it was published on the fourth day of the department's existence and became the first circular letter published). This letter addressed the issue of a new method of counterintelligence work – the creation of legendary organizations. Operation Syndicate–2 was carried out in parallel with a similar Operation Trust, aimed at liquidating the monarchist underground. Operation Syndicate–2 involved the head of the Counterintelligence Division Artur Artuzov, Deputy Chief Roman Pilar, Assistant Chief Sergei Puzitskiy and the personnel of the 6th Division of the Counterintelligence Division: Chief Ignatiy Sosnovskiy, Assistant Chief Nikolai Demidenko, secret officer Andrey Fedorov, authorized Grigory Syroezhkin, Semyon Gendin, Assistant to the Authorized Counterintelligence Department of the Plenipotentiary Representation of the State Political Administration for the Western Territory, Jan Krikman.

After the failure of the resistance in Poland and a series of failures in the anti–Soviet field, Boris Savinkov decided to single–handedly organize uprisings and terrorist acts in Russia, reviving the People's Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom. While in Paris, in the summer of 1922, he sent his adjutant Leonid Sheshenya to Russia, where he was detained by Soviet border guards while crossing the border from Poland. Through Sheshenya (who was under the threat of being shot for participating in Balakhovich's formations and agreed to cooperate with the United State Political Directorate), the extraordinary commissioners managed to uncover two agents – Mikhail Zekunov and V. Gerasimov, who turned out to be the leader of an underground organization. Also, on the basis of Sheshenya's testimony, the cells of the People's Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom in the Western Territory were liquidated.

## Introduction to emigration

In the Counterintelligence Department, a project was developed according to which secret officer Andrei Fedorov should go abroad under the guise of a member of the Central Committee of the Liberal Democrats Party, Andrei Mukhin, in order to convince Savinkov of the existence of a capable underground organization in the Soviet Union and persuade him to cooperate. In addition, the extraordinary commissioners managed to recruit Zekunov, arrested in September 1922, who, after a month of briefing, was sent to Poland, where he met with Sheshenya's relative, a member of the People's Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, Ivan Fomichev. Fomichev sent Zekunov to Warsaw, where he reported to the resident of Savinkov, Dmitry Filosofov, the information that Sheshenya had come into contact with a large counter–revolutionary organization in the Soviet State, and handed over a letter to Sheshenya addressed to Savinkov. In June 1923, Fedorov went to Poland. In Vilno, he met with Ivan Fomichev, with whom they went to Warsaw. Fedorov demanded a meeting with Savinkov, in which he was denied (as envisaged by the extraordinary commissioners), instead Filosofov talked with him. Filosofov was suspicious of Fedorov, but he listened to his statement, and decided to send Fomichev to the Soviet Union for reconnaissance, which he informed Savinkov about in a letter. Savinkov approved the decision of his resident.

Fomichev, who arrived in Moscow, was first set up by extraordinary commissioners with a real counter–revolutionary, Professor Isachenko, who headed a monarchist organisation, in the hope that the political opponents would quarrel and Fomichev would get the impression that the only force with which to cooperate was the "Liberal Democrats". And so it happened, after this conversation, Fomichev got to a meeting of the joint center of "Liberal Democrats" and Savinkovites, where he made a proposal for cooperation (Professor Isachenko was sent to the Internal Prison of the State Political Administration on Lubyanka, and, apparently, was shot). The "Liberal Democrats" accepted the proposal to work together, but set a condition for political consultations with Savinkov personally. The information received from Fomichev was accepted by Filosofov with enthusiasm, and he even forgot to inform Savinkov himself about it, who learned about the result of the trip by accident. Savinkov was very angry at this behavior of the residents, and threatened to remove all local leaders of the Union. He was in thought, comparing all the known facts, studying the program documents of the Liberal Democrats Party, which were drawn up with the participation of Artuzov, Puzitsky and Menzhinsky.

Meanwhile, on June 11, 1923, Fedorov went to Paris from Warsaw to meet with Savinkov. Savinkov was still not sure that the Liberal Democrats were not a provocation by the extraordinary commissioners, and decided to send one of his closest associates, Sergei Pavlovsky, to Fedorov, who suspected that the organization was provocative in nature. However, the check failed, Fedorov did not succumb to the provocation, and achieved an audience with Savinkov, playing a scene of a quarrel over resentment and disappointment in Savinkov and his associates. Savinkov calmed Fedorov, and sent Pavlovsky to the Soviet Union (without giving details of the leadership of the Liberal Democrats). In addition, Fomichev and Fedorov contacted Polish intelligence, passed on some false information (prepared by the State Political Administration) and agreed on permanent cooperation.

## Savinkov's arrest

Pavlovsky arrived in Poland in August 1923, illegally crossed the border with the Soviet Union on August 17, killing a Red Army soldier, but instead of immediately proceeding to check the activities of Sheshenya, Zekunov and others, in Belarus he organized an armed group from among the members of the People's Union for the Defense of the Motherland and freedoms, along with which he began to deal with the expropriation of banks, mail trains and the murder of communists. On September 16, he moved to Moscow, where two days later, during a meeting with Sheshenya and the leaders of the Liberal Democrats, he was arrested and taken to the internal prison of the State Political Administration. There he was presented with a list of his most important crimes and made it clear that he would only be able to avoid execution by cooperating with the State Political Administration. He was asked to write a letter to Filosofov, and he agreed, having an agreement with Savinkov, that if he did not put an end to any proposal in the letter, it would be a sign that he was arrested. But the attempt to send a letter with a conditional sign failed, since Pavlovsky, with his persistent interest in whether the emergency commissioners were not afraid that Savinkov would learn about the arrest of his assistant, aroused their suspicions, and a secret technique was unraveled by the cipher clerks. The letter was forced to be rewritten. Savinkov, having received a letter without a secret sign, trusted Pavlovsky and wrote a message to the Liberal Democrats in which he expressed a desire to come to Russia. Savinkov's wish was that Pavlovsky should come to Europe for him, but the extraordinary commissioners could not let Pavlovsky go, and they invented the legend that he allegedly went to the south of Russia with the aim of expropriation, was wounded and bedridden. Such news confused Savinkov, planting suspicions in his mind, but they were discarded, since Savinkov was driven by the fear of being late at the right moment for active action. In addition, the extraordinary commissioners organized meetings of Fomichev with the "leaders of anti–Soviet groups" in Rostov–on–Don and Mineralnye Vody, who were represented by officers of the Counterintelligence Department Ibragim Abyssalov and Ignatiy Sosnovsky. In June 1924, Fomichev arrived in Paris and convinced Savinkov of the need for a trip.

In August 1924, Savinkov returned to the Soviet Union, accompanied by Alexander Dikhoff, his wife Lyubov, Fomichev and Fedorov. Fedorov separated from the group in Vilno, promising to meet them on Soviet territory. On August 15, they crossed the border through a passage prepared by the United State Political Administration. They reached Minsk, where Savinkov, and Alexander and Lyubov Dikgof, betrayed by Andrei Fedorov, were arrested in a safe house on August 16, 1924, and sent to Moscow. On August 18, they were taken to the inner prison of the United State Political Administration.

## Trial, imprisonment and death of Savinkov

At the trial Savinkov confessed to everything and especially noted the fact that "all his life he worked only for the people and in their name". Cooperating with the investigation, he presented at the trial the version invented by the extraordinary commissioners in order to keep the details of Operation Syndicate–2 secret, and stated that he repented of his crimes and admitted "all his political activities since the October Socialist Revolution were a mistake and delusion". On August 29, 1924 the Supreme Court sentenced Savinkov to death with confiscation of property, since he deserved five years in prison and five death sentences for the cumulative crimes. However, the court petitioned for a mitigation of the sentence due to the convicted person's admission of his guilt and his readiness to make amends to the Soviet authorities. The motion of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court was approved by the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union, and the capital punishment was replaced by imprisonment for a term of ten years.

Being in the internal prison of the United State Political Administration on Lubyanka, in unprecedented conditions (in the cell where his mistress Lyubov Dikhoff lived with him periodically, there was a carpet, furniture, the prisoner was allowed to write memoirs, some of which were even published, and he was paid a fee), Savinkov kept a diary in which he continued to insist on a fictional version of the motives for crossing the border. On the morning of May 7, 1925, Savinkov wrote a letter to Felix Dzerzhinsky, in which he asked to explain why he was being held in prison, and not shot or not allowed to work for the Soviet regime. Dzerzhinsky did not answer in writing, only ordering to convey that he started talking about freedom early. In the evening of that day, employees of the United State Political Administration Speransky, Puzitsky and Syroezhkin accompanied Savinkov for a walk in Tsaritsinsky Park, three hours later they returned to Lubyanka, to Pillar's office on the fifth floor to wait for the guards. At some point, Puzitsky left the office, in which there was Speransky, sitting on the sofa, Syroezhkin, sitting at the table, and Savinkov.

Researchers have not yet come to a consensus about further events. The official version says that Savinkov paced the room and suddenly jumped out of the window into the courtyard. However, the investigator conducting the official investigation notes that Savinkov was sitting at a round table opposite one of the emergency commissioners. Boris Gudz, a close friend of Syroezhkin, who was at that moment in the next room, in the 90s said that Savinkov walked around the room and jumped through the window upside down, Syroezhkin managed to catch him by the leg, but he could not hold back, as he had an injury to one hands. For the first time, a message about Savinkov's suicide, written in the United State Political Administration, edited by Felix Dzerzhinsky and approved by Joseph Stalin, was published on May 13 in the newspaper Pravda. The suicide version was circulated by the Soviet press and part of the émigré community. Doubts about the official version were one of the first to be expressed by Alexander Solzhenitsyn in the Archipelago of the Main Administration of the Camps. He wrote that in the Kolyma Camp, the former extraordinary commissioner Arthur Prubel, dying, told someone that he was one of four people who threw Savinkov out of the window. Some modern historians are also inclined to believe that Savinkov was killed.

## Operation results

During the operation "Syndicate–2", most of the "Savinkovites" were identified, conducting clandestine work on the territory of the Soviet Union, the "People's Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom" was finally defeated: the cells of the "Union" were liquidated in Smolensk, Bryansk, Vitebsk, Gomel Provinces, on the territory of the Petrograd Military District, 23 Savinkov's residencies in Moscow, Samara, Saratov, Kharkov, Kiev, Tula, Odessa. There have been several major trials, including the "Case of Forty–Four", "Case of Twelve", "Case of Forty–Three". Agents of the People's Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom Veselov, Gorelov, Nagel–Neiman, Rosselevich, the organizers of the terrorist acts V. I. Svezhevsky and Mikhail Gnilorybov and others were arrested and convicted. Alexander and Lyubov Dikhoff were amnestied and lived in Moscow until 1936, when they were sentenced to 5 years in a forced labor camp as "socially dangerous elements", they ended up in the Kolyma. There, in 1939, Alexander Arkadyevich was shot. Lyubov Efimovna survived, settled in exile in Magadan, and worked as a librarian. She died in Mariupol in 1969. Pavlovsky was shot in 1924, Sheshenya worked for the United State Political Administration, and was shot in 1937, Fomichev was released, lived in the village, was shot in 1929.

Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, Roman Pillar, Sergei Puzitsky, Nikolai Demidenko, Andrey Fedorov, Grigory Syroezhkin were presented with the Order of the Red Banner. Artur Artuzov, Ignatiy Sosnovsky, Semyon Gendin and I. P. Krikman received gratitude from the government of the Soviet Union.

Subsequently, almost all the extraordinary commissioners who participated in the operation were shot during the Stalinist Purges: Andrei Fedorov, in the organs of the All–Russian Extraordinary Commission since 1920, one of the main participant in the Syndicate–2 operation and the capture of Boris Savinkov (disguised as officer Mukhin), shot on September 20, 1937 in Moscow. Roman Pillar, Sergei Puzitsky, Artur Artuzov, Ignatiy Sosnovsky were shot in 1937. Grigory Syroezhkin and Semyon Gendin – in 1939.

## Operation Syndicate–2 in culture

Based on the operation in 1968, the novel "Retribution" was written by the writer Vasily Ardamatsky. In the same year, according to a script based on the novel "Retribution", the film "Crash" was shot by director Vladimir Chebotaryov. In 1981, director Mark Orlov filmed a remake of the six–part television movie "Syndicate–2". An operation similar to Syndicate–2 is also at the heart of the 2014 television series Wolf Sun, which chronicles the activities of Soviet intelligence in Poland in the 1920s.

## Sources


title: Symmoca arcuata

abstract: Symmoca arcuata is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by László Anthony Gozmány in 2008. It is found in Afghanistan.

text:
# Symmoca arcuata

***Symmoca arcuata*** is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by László Anthony Gozmány in 2008. It is found in Afghanistan.

## InfoBox

| *Symmoca arcuata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Genus: | *Symmoca* |
| Species: | ***S. arcuata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Symmoca arcuata***<br>Gozmány, 2008 | |
|


title: Organoberyllium chemistry

abstract: Organoberyllium chemistry involves the synthesis and properties of organometallic compounds featuring the group 2 alkaline earth metal beryllium (Be). The area remains less developed relative to the chemistry of other main-group elements, because Be compounds are toxic and few applications have been found.

text:
# Organoberyllium chemistry

**Organoberyllium chemistry** involves the synthesis and properties of organometallic compounds featuring the group 2 alkaline earth metal beryllium (Be). The area remains less developed relative to the chemistry of other main-group elements, because Be compounds are toxic and few applications have been found.

## Structure

### Homoleptic compounds

The coordination number of Be in organoberyllium compounds ranges from two to four.

Dimethylberyllium and dimethylmagnesium adopts the same structure. Diethylberyllium, however, does not structurally resemble diethylmagnesium (which has the same structure as dimethylmagnesium). This contrast is attributed to the small size of Be relative to its heavier congener Mg: Be is one of the smallest atoms on the periodic table. Dineopentylberyllium and many other dialkyl derivatives has been reported.

The phenyl derivative is represented by trimeric Be3Ph6. A terphenyl derivative is known. With bulky aryl ligands three-coordination is observed, see Be(mesityl)2O(C2H5)2.

Organoberyllium compounds are typically prepared by transmetallation or alkylation of beryllium chloride.

### Beryllocene

Beryllocene features both pi- and sigma-bonded cyclopentadienyl ligands. It is prepared from BeCl2 and potassium cyclopentadienide:

2 K\[Cp\] + BeCl2\[Cp\]2Be + 2 KCl

### Mixed ligand compounds

Many mixed ligand complexes are simply formed by addition of Lewis bases to diaryl and dialkylberyllium compounds. Many derivatives are known of the type BeR2L2 and BAr2L2 are known where L = thioether, pyridine, NHC, and 1,4-Diazabutadienes. Beryllium forms a variety of complexes with *N*-hetereocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Beryllium complexes of cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) ligands have the formula (CAAC)BeR2). A CAAC ligand coordinates a 2 electron -1 charge into the beryllium center. CAAC has an "amino" substituent and an "alkyl" sp3 carbon atom. CAACs are very good σ donors (higher HOMO) and π acceptors (lower LUMO) compared to NHCs. In addition, the lower heteroatom stability of the carbene center in CAAC compared to NHC results in a lower ΔE.

## Low oxidation beryllium chemistry

While Be(II) is one of the common oxidation state for Be, compounds containing Be(I) and Be(0) have been described..

One example of a Be(I) was a CAAC ligand has been reported in the form of a radical cation. The reduction of Be(II) to Be(I) involved the use of TEMPO ((2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl).

## History

Dimethylberyllium was reported in 1876. A. Atterberg produced this first organoBe compound by treatment of dimethylmercury with elemental beryllium. The alkylation of beryllium halides was studied by H. Gilman. Early systematic work was conducted by G. E. Coates.


title: Synthalin

abstract: Synthalin was an oral anti-diabetic drug. Discovered in 1926 it was marketed in Europe by Schering AG of Berlin as a synthetic drug with insulin-like properties that could be taken orally. However, it was toxic to the liver and kidney and was withdrawn from the market in the early 1940s.

text:
# Synthalin

**Synthalin** was an oral anti-diabetic drug. Discovered in 1926 it was marketed in Europe by Schering AG of Berlin as a synthetic drug with insulin-like properties that could be taken orally. However, it was toxic to the liver and kidney and was withdrawn from the market in the early 1940s.

## History

The folk remedy French lilac (*Galega officinalis*), was used to treat the symptoms of diabetes, and towards the end of the nineteenth century it was discovered to contain galegine, a derivative of guanidine. This had a hypoglycaemic effect but was very toxic to the liver. Karl Slotta at the Chemistry Institute of the University of Vienna synthesized derived compounds that had a polymethylene chain with a guanidine group at each end. These diguanides were less toxic and more potent than guanidine. In 1926, E. Frank, working in Oskar Minkowski's clinic in Wroclaw performed a clinical trial on one of these agents. It was subsequently marketed as Synthalin by Schering AG for treating mild cases of diabetes.

Adverse reports on the toxicity of Synthalin prompted the development of Synthalin B (which had a slightly longer polymethylene chain and was claimed to be safer) and the former product was re-branded Synthalin A. However liver toxicity continued to be a problem, leading to discontinuation in the 1930s, though Synthalin B continued to be used in Germany until the mid-1940s.

### Anti-trypanosome

After it was discovered that trypanosomes require a plentiful supply of glucose in order to reproduce, researchers tested Synthalin and related compounds to see if they could be effective treatments. Synthalin was effective, at doses lower than would interfere with blood sugar in the patient. Further modifications to the chemical structure led to the diamidine class of drugs, of which pentamidine is still used against trypanosomiasis. Pentamidine is also effective against a range of protozoa such as *Pneumocystis jirovecii*, which causes pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients.

* Bailey CJ (2004). "Metformin: its botanical background". *Practical Diabetes International*. **21** (3): 115–7. doi:10.1002/pdi.606. S2CID 208203689.
* W Sneader (2005). *Drug Discovery: A History*. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 206–7. ISBN 0-471-89979-8.
* GP Ellis (1961). *Progress in Medicinal Chemistry 1*. Butterworth & Co. pp. 210–211. ISBN 0-444-53320-6.

## InfoBox

Synthalin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name *N*,*N*′′′-(Decane-1,10-diyl)diguanidine | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.499 |
| EC Number | * 203-848-1 |
| MeSH | synthalin+A |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C12H28N6/c13-11(14)17-9-7-5-3-1-2-4-6-8-10-18-12(15)16/h1-10H2,(H4,13,14,17)(H4,15,16,18) YKey: OZZMUVKANAPKGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| SMILES * NC(=N)NCCCCCCCCCCNC(N)=N | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C12H28N6 |
| Molar mass | 256.398 g·mol−1 |
| Pharmacology | |
| Routes of
administration | Oral |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |  |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |