title: Nemkumar Banthia

abstract: Nemkumar Banthia FRSC, is an Indian-born Canadian engineer and professor of civil engineering at the University of British Columbia and the CEO of IC-IMPACTS. He is best known for his research in the fields of cement-based and polymer-based fiber reinforced composites, particularly on testing and standardization, fracture behavior, strain-rate effects, durability and development of sustainable materials.

text:
# Nemkumar Banthia

**Nemkumar Banthia** FRSC, (born 1959) is an Indian-born Canadian engineer and professor of civil engineering at the University of British Columbia and the CEO of IC-IMPACTS. He is best known for his research in the fields of cement-based and polymer-based fiber reinforced composites, particularly on testing and standardization, fracture behavior, strain-rate effects, durability and development of sustainable materials.

## Early life

Banthia was born in 1959 in Nagpur, India. Growing up in India, he was concerned with the poor quality of housing, poor quality of water, and the little state of transportation infrastructure. This further motivated him to pursue a field where he could transform societies and create healthy communities and vibrant economies by creating proper infrastructure. He obtained a Bachelor of Engineering degree from Nagpur University and a Master of Technology in Structural Engineering in 1982, from the Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. Banthia then moved to Canada where he obtained his doctorate in Civil Engineering Materials from UBC in 1987.

## Career

Banthia's main area of research is fiber-reinforced composites and is he is credited for his contributions to the fundamental understanding of sprayed concrete including particle and fiber kinematics, rebound modeling, in-situ quality control and performance characterization. Banthia is a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair and previous Distinguished University Scholar at the University of British Columbia. He is also a fellow of the American Concrete Institute, the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, the Indian Concrete Institute, the Canadian Academy of Engineering and the Indian National Academy of Engineering.

### University of British Columbia

Banthia was first appointed as an associate professor at UBC in 1992 and later promoted to professor in 1997. He leads the Civil Engineering Materials group, also known as SIERA (Sustainable InfrastructurE ReseArch). With Banthia's leadership, the group is extremely experienced in the field of composites and is well known for its extensive research in the field of fibre reinforcement, including shotcrete applications. Banthia was recognized by the university's Distinguished University Scholar (DUS) program and received an award in 2003.

Banthia has developed a number of novel methodologies for fibers use in concrete and shotcrete reinforcement, developed a family of fibres for reinforcing Portland cement-based materials, pioneered research in microfiber-reinforced cement composites for civil applications, demonstrated use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) in new construction and repairs. Some more specific topics of current and planned research include mechanical properties and durability of Portland cement concrete (plain and fibre-reinforced); permeability of Portland cement concrete; shotcrete (wet and dry processes); shrinkage, cracking and durability; impact/blast resistance of concrete and fiber reinforced concrete; use of fiber reinforced plastic composites for new construction and repair, and use of recycled materials in concrete.

### IC-IMPACTS

In 2012, Banthia was named Scientific Director of the India-Canada Centre for Innovative Multidisciplinary Partnerships to Accelerate Community Transformation and Sustainability (IC-IMPACTS). IC-IMPACTS is the first, Canada-India Research Centre of Excellence established through the Canadian Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) as a Centre dedicated to the development of research collaborations between Canada and India. A number of projects led by Banthia at IC-IMPACTS have been covered by media outlets globally.

## Committees

Banthia has served on numerous committees and is currently actively involved with CSA: Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) as the Chair of Technical Subcommittee on Durability. He also serves on Editorial Boards of eight international journals and is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites. With a CiteScore of 10.9 and an Impact Factor of 6.257 the journal has one of the highest Impact Factor in the field.

## Conferences and seminars

Through seminars and other events, Banthia contributes towards continuing education of practicing engineers, graduate students and other institutions, business personnel and technicians.

Some of his most recent involvements, with international conferences, include:

* Chair Steering Committee, PROTECT2017
* Conference Co-Chair CONSEC2016
* Conference Chair, BEFIB 2016
* Conference Co-Chair, ACMBS-XI
* Chair Steering Committee, PROTECT2015
* Conference Chair, ConMat'15

## Publications

Banthia has more than 450 research publications with an outstanding H-index value of 48 (Web of Science). To date, he holds 9 patents, has published over 450 refereed papers and over 30 books, edited volumes, and special journal issues.

## Awards and honours

Banthia was inducted as a Distinguished University Scholar at UBC in 2003 and was appointed as a Senior Canada Research Chair in Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Sustainability in 2006. He was honoured by the British Columbia Innovation Council by its Solutions Through Research Award and jointly by the Seoul National University and the Korea Concrete Institute by their Distinguished Researcher Award. Some of Banthia's recent academic and professional awards and distinctions include:

* Distinguished Alumni Award by the IIT-Delhi Alumni Association, October 2020.
* Global Citizenship Award received at the alumni UBC Achievement Awards, November 2018.
* Industry Marvel Award by Darpan Magazine, September 2017.
* World CSR Excellence Award of Global CSR Foundation, March 2017. Award given in Mumbai, India.
* Drishti Award for Innovations in Science and Technology, November 2015.
* Special Commemorative Conference organized by American Concrete Institute to honor N. Banthia in Mumbai, India, December 2015.
* Best Paper Award from the Int. J of Civil Structural Health Monitoring \[Paper in 1:25-35, 2011\] Award presented in November 2013.
* Aftab Mufti Medal of the International Society for Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure (ISHMII) November 2013.
* Horst Leipholz Medal, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2012).
* Killam Research Prize, UBC (2012).
* Leadership in Science and Technology, Drishti (2016).
* Distinguished Alumnus Award, UBC (2018).
* University Killam Professor, UBC (2023).

## In the media

Banthia's innovative research work has been covered by different media outlets. A number of his research projects have received intense attention, including the development of the new coating material to protect concrete pipes from corrosion.

Banthia's work on the innovative carbon-neutral concrete coating, which is a product made from recycled material specifically designed to repair old and deteriorating sewer pipes, was featured in June 2021 in an article by The Weather Network.

The use of recycled vehicle tires as fibers in concrete to strengthen the material, add reinforcement, and enhance its properties has received significant interest. Use of recycled material in concrete helps in reducing its environmental impacts, hence the innovation has had positive feedback from the media.

Another well perceived project is the deployment of the famous self-healing road in Thondebhavi, India. The project has been highlighted as one of 2016's most transformative inventions and important scientific discoveries having the potential to impact millions of people. He has also been interviewed for his opinion on the safety of B.C.’s bridges and the need for more condition assessment.

Banthia's contributions to different communities through the work of IC-IMPACTS have been covered by Canadian news sources. In celebration of Canadian Water Week, IC-IMPACTS water projects and initiatives were featured in print copies of *The Vancouver Sun* and online articles in *The Province* and *CBC* in March, 2017. The research work was highlighted during an interview on the CBC Radio show *Quirks & Quarks* which aired in January 2017.

In 2016, Banthia was featured on the cover of *Drishti Magazine* when he won the *DRISHTI Award for Leadership in Science and Technology*.

## InfoBox

| Nemkumar BanthiaPhD, P.Eng, FRSC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Nemkumar Banthia
1959 (age 6465)
Nagpur, India |
| Education | * Doctorate of Philosophy * University of British Columbia |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation(s) | University Killam Professor, Researcher |
| Website | https://www.civil.ubc.ca/faculty/nemkumar-banthia |


title: G59 – 1st Swiss Horticulture Exhibition

abstract: The G59 – 1st Swiss Horticulture Exhibition was the first of two Swiss horticulture exhibitions up until now. It took place from April 25 to October 11, 1959, in Zurich and covered an area of about 37 acres on the right and left banks of lower Lake Zurich. The two separate halves of the exposition were connected by commuter ferries and a specially created cable car. In 1980, the "Grün 80", the second Swiss Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Exposition took place in "Münchenstein" near Basel.

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# G59 – 1st Swiss Horticulture Exhibition

The **G59 – 1st Swiss Horticulture Exhibition** was the first of two Swiss horticulture exhibitions up until now. It took place from April 25 to October 11, 1959, in Zurich and covered an area of about 37 acres on the right and left banks of lower Lake Zurich. The two separate halves of the exposition were connected by commuter ferries and a specially created cable car.

In 1980, the "Grün 80", the second Swiss Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Exposition took place in "Münchenstein" near Basel.

## Goals and topics

Driven by commercial and creative professional associations, which were shaken by the economic crises and were desperate for reorientation, the G59 provided a highly diverse exposition of themed parks, gardens types, plants and their application, special exhibitions of plants and vegetables, garden devices and gardening specialties and garden arts, as well as various complementary events, including a colorful entertainment program.

The goal of the G59 was to promote Swiss horticulture and give young people an understanding of horticulture and landscape architecture. The G59 was set up based on the structure of the German horticulture expositions, which advocated for profession and the reconstruction of cities destroyed in World War II, and of the “Landi”, the Swiss national exhibition in 1939, which created identity during the crises. The visible parallels to the “Landi,” such as the cable car across the lake, earned it the nickname of Flower-Landi (colloquially “Blumen-Landi”).

## Overall plan

The overall planning was the task of garden inspector Pierre Zbinden, director of the garden department (today's Office of Parks and Open Spaces of Zurich). Under the architectural supervision of Werner Stücheli and Paul R. Kollbrunner, various temporary and a few permanent facilities were built on either side of the lake. Despite the shared overall planning, both shores are different from each other as different planning offices were assigned to the development of the project. On top of that, the two lakesides vary in local and topographic characteristics.

The left lakeside was designed by Klaus and Walter Leder with the collaboration of Johannes Schweizer. They had to deal with variable spaces, a steep slope and a bypass to an arterial road. The themed gardens were reminiscent of concrete art and attracted attention with colorful and varied plantings. One of these themed gardens consisted of a geometrically arranged flower parterre which was changed over the course of the seasons. Klaus and Walter Leder's draft, “Landhaus und Garten,” was meant to extend the spatial logic that accentuated the garden over the house and to avoid the reverse.

On the right lakeside, the two landscape architects Ernst Baumann and Willi Neukom had the opportunity to plan their project on a flat and nearly continuous area. Pavilions and exhibition halls were built along Seefeldstrasse, which leads out of town, whereas the area facing the lake was used for special gardens and entertainment. The logically constructed road network, which was also built for delivery purposes, was supplemented with beautifully landscaped walking paths.

Willi Neukom explained the special architecture of the themed gardens as follows: “Romantic themes, which were given a modern appearance by using contemporary building materials such as concrete, glass and molded blocks, are chosen quite deliberately. By ascetic simplification of their shape, which is only confined to the essential, they can count on an immediate message and effect.”

The shrub garden, located between Blatterwiese and Zürichhorn, was considered a stylistic fore-runner of lakeside design. An innovative feature of this garden was the placement of stepping stones embedded within fine stones, created a smooth transition from the shoreline to the lake and path network, which enhanced the direct experience of visitors with the water, were two innovative features.

## Participating associations

Verband Schweizerischer Gärtnermeister, Gärtnermeisterverband Zürich, Association des Horticulteurs de la Suisse Romande, Schweizerischer Floristenverband, Verband Schweizerischer Topfpflan-zengärtnereien, Verband Schweizerischer Baumschulbesitzer, Bund Schweizerischer Gartenarchitekten

## Poet's Garden

The most controversial object of the exhibition was probably the minimalistic "Poet's Garden".

Landscape architect Ernst Cramer, who considered himself more of an artist than a gardener, designed an abstract landscape by using earthen mounds, water and modern iron sculptures. The whole facility was built with respect to abstract-geometrical principles. Whereas the public was confused by its design, experts were delighted.

A letter, written by the architect, artist and earlier director of the school of arts, Hans Fischli, to Cramer said: “You create a sense of space that I have never experienced before in the open air. You prove that a clever mind combined with the precise use of the trade does not have to apply the same technique for soil as the force of the natural elements do. You do not create an imitation of a natural reality, but you fabricate a work which we abstract painters and sculptors have tried to attain through practical measures for many years.”

## Good shapes and new graphics

The breakthrough of new elements and materials in horticulture can be traced back to influences from the arts, architecture and design. The ideas of the Swiss Work Federation (Schweizerischer Werkbund), to emphasize the functional form and to experiment with elements like concrete and fiber-cement, were adopted in commercial as well as artistic domains. In 1954, designer Willy Guhl presented his famous Eternit beach chair in the form of a loop.

The minimalistic form and low material costs as well as the ergonomic design of the garden furniture resulted in the Werkbund's prize, called “Die gute Form” (the good shape). The creative possibilities of the new Eternit material led to the advertisement of a competition on garden furniture and plant containers, which was organized by the exhibition directors with collaboration from the German enterprise Eternit AG. Contemporarily shaped stools, pots and troughs were designed as a result of this competition.

The G59 provided an experimental field for the New Graphic movement as well. Brochures, posters and labels were created according to the constructive-concrete design principle, which fostered the fusion of typographic and pictorial elements. The signet and the graphical appearance of the G59 represented the typical modern Swiss style, which was internationally groundbreaking.

## Arts at the G59

In addition to garden and plant exhibitions, the G59 provided a wide range of supporting programs, which included fashion shows, art exhibitions and philatelic events.

Art historian Willy Rotzler organized an open-air exhibition where abstract sculptures from Swiss artists, such as Max Bill and Walter Bodmer, were shown. This art exhibition was not meant to compete with the horticultural and landscape architectural presentations, but to advocate for the aesthetic education of the viewers.

## After-effect

Some of the gardens, art work and facilities are preserved still today. On the right lakeside, the shrub garden, the “Azaleental”, as well as the “Nymphengarten” with its stepping stones near the “Fischerstube” and some of the sculptures have survived to the present day.

On the left lakeside, the pergola, the trick fountains in Belvoirpark, as well as parts of the hexagonal combs at Enge port were incorporated into the shoreline of Lake Zurich.

In the 1980s, the controversial, and therefore quickly removed, Poet's Garden was not only acknowledged for artistic reasons, but also taken as an occasion to reestablish the formal design of the landscape, which opposed the former natural garden movement.

The G59 also fostered modern urban development visions. Ernst Baumann and Willi Neukom were given the task of developing a reuse plan for the G59 grounds. They considered a project similar to the one of Le Corbusier. Even though such artistic utopias had been widely discussed, the Seefeld and Enge districts preserved their structural layout.

## Cable car

As the G59 took place on both sides of the lake, a direct and quick form of transportation of the visitors from one side to the other was necessary. As with the Landi in 1939, a flotilla of commuter ferries was set up. Once again, a cable car was constructed, whose 55-m-high pillars became a special attraction. These pillars, which were designed by architect Werner Stücheli with collaboration from engineer Max Walt, were exuberantly praised in the magazine “Schweizerische Bauzeitung”: “A few weeks ago the big surprise: The cable car's pillars, which connect the banks. Their beauty and greatness surpass everything that could be seen in an exhibition on architecture in previous years, even Brussels.” In contrast to the one of 1939, the G59 cable car survived for seven years. In 1966, the pillars were removed to once again allow an unobstructed view to the Alps.

* Annemarie Bucher: G59: *A Manifesto for an Ambivalent Modernism*. In: Landscape Journal. Design, Planning and Management of the Land, 2007; 26 (2), p. 1-19
* Annemarie Bucher: *Die G59. Zwischen Blumen-Landi und abstrakt-modernen Gartenexperimenten* = *L'exposition G59. Entre Blumen-Landi et expériences paysagères abstraites et modernes*. In: *anthos*, 2009; (2), p. 4-11
* Judith Rohrer: *G59 - ein herausforderndes Erbe* = *G59 - un héritage stimulant*. In *anthos*, 2009; (2), p. 12-17
* Gabor Oplatka: *Die Gondelbahn der G59 über den Zürichsee* = *Le téléphérique du G59 sur le lac de Zurich*. In: *anthos*, 2009 (2), p. 18-21
* Stefan Rotzler: *50 Jahre «Garten des Poeten» von Ernst Cramer* = *Les 50 ans du «Jardin du poète» de Ernst Cramer*. In: *anthos*, 2009 (2), p. 22-25
* *Des floralies aux jardins d'arts: un siècle d'expositions de paysagisme en Suisse* = *Von der Blumenschau zum Künstlergarten: Schweizerischer Gartenbau-Ausstellungen*. Publié sous la direction d'Annemarie Bucher et Martine Jaquet. Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2000. 129 p. French-German parallel text. ISBN 2-88074-467-9
* Udo Weilacher: *Visionäre Gärten. Die modernen Landschaften von Ernst F. Cramer*. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 2001. 287 p. ISBN 3-7643-6568-4
* Annemarie Bucher: *Zwischen «Blumen-Landi» und Manifest der Moderne: 50 Jahre G59, die erste Schweizerische Gartenbau-Ausstellung und ihre Wirkung*. In: *Grünzeit*, 2009; (29), p. 6-7


title: Naru Narusegawa

abstract: Naru Narusegawa is a fictional character in the Love Hina series by Ken Akamatsu and one of the central characters in the franchise. Known for her fiery temper and tendency to use physical violence to punish central character Keitaro Urashima, she is the first female introduced in the series. She is trying to pass the University of Tokyo entrance exams. Her studies along with her developing relationship with Keitaro is one of the focal points in the series. Her Japanese voice actress is Yui Horie and her English voice actor is Dorothy Elias-Fahn. While her character was initially rated positively in fan polls, reviews have since been negative due to her "abusive behavior" towards Keitaro.

text:
# Naru Narusegawa

**Naru Narusegawa** (成瀬川 なる, *Narusegawa Naru*) is a fictional character in the *Love Hina* series by Ken Akamatsu and one of the central characters in the franchise. Known for her fiery temper and tendency to use physical violence to punish central character Keitaro Urashima, she is the first female introduced in the series. She is trying to pass the University of Tokyo entrance exams. Her studies along with her developing relationship with Keitaro is one of the focal points in the series. Her Japanese voice actress is Yui Horie and her English voice actor is Dorothy Elias-Fahn. While her character was initially rated positively in fan polls, reviews have since been negative due to her "abusive behavior" towards Keitaro.

## Character design

Ken Akamatsu initially designed a character named Midori who would later become the basis for Naru. Her appearance was identical to Naru with the exception of the signature hair antennae. Midori was to be the complete opposite of Naru in character, acting very kind and nice like Mutsumi in personality. Upon first encountering the main character she was to fall naked from the ceiling on top of him, losing her memory in the process. Because of her amnesia, not much is known about her past. She stays with the main character who instantly falls in love with her, and gets a part-time job as a waitress yet due to her clumsiness she's prone to tripping and falling while carrying food.

Some of the sketches of Midori's facial expressions and outfits were still used for Naru in the anime. Before finalizing her design and description, her character was renamed multiple times before the start of the series. In particular, her eyes were worked on the most to match her personality.

## Appearances

### Manga

At the start of the story, Naru is a 17-year-old student and resident of Hinata Inn. She came to live there when she was just in junior high. Naru is characterized by her signature hair antenna (which is only shared by one other character in the series, Mutsumi), short and hot temper, immense strength and agility despite her size, and physically aggressive nature when it comes to Keitaro. Because of this, Naru is described as being "one fuse short of a cannon". This side of her is usually *reserved* for Keitaro. The other residents of Hinata Inn, of whom she is protective, care for Naru like a sister. She is reliable and responsible. They all cheer her on and support her during her studies. As the story progresses, the girls become envious of Naru, because of her beauty and most importantly because of her relationship with Keitaro. Some are driven to the point where they start to dress and act like her. Despite attempts to break them apart, the girls eventually see Naru as a role model to follow and be like in the future.

Of all the girls in the Hinata House, she is victimized the most by Keitaro's clumsiness which often results in her being naked or exposed in some fashion, touched or grabbed inappropriately, or lying in very suggestive positions, she is also the one who usually hits him when he is in this situation with other girls (despite the fact that half the time it wasn't even his fault). This is further tempered by the fact that his room is directly underneath hers, a hole in the ceiling connects the two making for easy access, and they study together most of the time. Once, she beat Keitaro up because *she* entered *his* room while he was changing and later explained that hitting him had become an involuntary reaction. These situations along with her quick retribution thereafter are a recurring element in the series. Her attacks become increasingly more volatile as the story progresses. Despite her reactions towards him, Naru finds her day to feel highly off-center without any of Keitaro's unintentional perversions. She develops strong feelings for Keitaro, though initially has great difficulty in coming to terms with them. Naru's conflicting emotions causes her to become extremely jealous of his closeness with the other girls while at the same time stay in a state of denial and emotional unsteadiness. Because of her aggressive yet caring personality, Naru is a best known example of the tsundere character archetype.

Naru owns a Liddo-kun doll that Keitaro gave her when she was two years old; it was originally Mutsumi's but she gave it to him to give it to "Na-chan" as a love gift. She is also given a flying *onsen* turtle, Tama-chan, and a kiss as a sign of forgiveness and thanks for helping her get back home after the entrance exams.

Her character follows along with the beautiful-nerd disposition with the exception that she is actually very spontaneous and sometimes quite clumsy. Like Keitaro, she strove to get into Tokyo University because of a promise she had made to someone in the past. She is very intelligent, having placed Tops in the nation on the college practice entrance exams at the same cram school that Keitaro was enrolled in. However, this was not always so as was shown that several years before the beginning of the story Naru was like Keitaro, having horrible grades and little hope of passing. She was able to overcome this by constantly studying under the guidance of Noriyasu Seta, whom she had a crush on at the time. However, this resulted in a decline in her social activities as well as damaging her eyesight. When not using contacts, she has to wear glasses with thick lenses. Despite her dedication to her studies she failed to pass the Tokyo University entrance exam the first time but was able to pass the second time around. One of her goals is to become a teacher.

Towards the end of the series she finally confesses her love for Keitaro. In the anime, she does this several times in the specials but eventually culminates in one moment when she screams it out and kisses Keitaro passionately.

### Anime

In the anime, Naru is less often placed by the writers in compromising or revealing situations than in the manga, and is also less aggressive towards Keitaro. In the manga, for example, her first encounter with Keitaro in the hot springs is more revealing than the manga, when she mistakes him for Mitsune "Kitsune" Konno due to her not wearing her glasses or contacts at the time. She then proceeds to follow him relentlessly, after several embarrassing run-ins around the house, so as to protect the other girls. She is also more prone to being exposed, grabbed, or depicted in very provocative positions in the manga, which are heavily played on in the *Love Hina* series.

Naru is much more tolerant of Keitaro when he first arrived in the anime than the manga, and halfway through Volume 1 in the manga, she participates in the "Get Rid of Keitaro Plan" devised by the other girls and becomes the coldest of the group towards him.

In the manga, Naru made promises with three people that she would get into Tokyo University. At first, she did it because of her crush for Seta. However, it started when Naru was only two years old and living in Hinata when she and Keitaro promised to go to Tokyo University together. Because she was too young, Naru could not remember that promise. She had also promised Mutsumi Otohime to go to Tokyo University in an effort to be reminded of her promise with Keitaro. In the anime she talks at length about her promise to Seta, and the promise to Keitaro is revealed in a flashback in the beginning of the first episode, but the promise to Mutsumi is left out.

The manga also follows Naru's relationship with Keitaro longer and more closely after they both pass their entrance exams. The main focus of the story switches to their feelings, commitment mishaps and problems, and insecurities—all of which are often depicted in comical manner. Rather surprisingly, Naru is initially the one to ask Keitaro if he wanted to take their relationship to another level. The series ends with them having developed a more mature and committed relationship.

In the epilogue set four years later, Naru marries Keitaro fulfilling their childhood dreams. The anime ends before this happens.

Yui Horie, who voiced Naru in the Japanese version, is also noted for singing the opening theme song *Kirari Takaramono* (lit. *Glittering Treasures*) and ending song *Be for me, be for you* for the *Love Hina Again* OVA.

## Reception

Reviews of Naru's character have been negative with more positive results for fan polls. Author Richard W. Kroon cites Naru as an example of a Tsundere character, who is harsh at first then later gentle. Freelance Writer Maria Remizova from Comic Book Resources placed Naru as #10 on a "10 Worst-Written Female Characters From Classic Anime" list. While she said that the Tsundere trope can be handled well, this is not the case with Naru due to her "manipulative, aggressive, and outright abusive behavior" that only leads to hatred. Remizova then mentions how Keitaro is "genuinely afraid" of Naru which undermines a well-written love interest. Freelance writer Dallas Marshall from Comic Book Resource shares Remizova's opinion on how she is written so viewers sympathize with her, which he calls "baffling". Marshall describes Naru as "manipulative, obsessive, mean-spirited and throws punches under the slightest provocation". While he says that Keitaro Urashima isn't flawless, the fact that he is constantly insulted and assaulted to the point where he becomes used to the abuse just for laughs is the worst.

Around the halfway point of the Manga run, a character popularity poll was run to find the most popular female character in the series, and the results were printed in *Love Hina 0*, an official fan reference book. In the poll Naru ranked first, with 3831 votes in comparison to 1500 votes for Shinobu Maehara. At the end of the series, another poll was run, with Naru coming third with 20935 votes. Naru was beaten by Shinobu with 22517 votes and by Motoko Aoyama with 21161 votes. Another poll appeared in volume 7 of the manga, with Naru coming first with 784 votes followed by Shinobu with 406 votes. There were 2506 votes in total. She was ranked 67th out of 100 in a 2002 poll on the favorite heroine of the year in the Japanese edition of *Newtype*.

Naru has been the subject of a large range of merchandise, such as figures, gashapon, posters, postcards and other goods, both by herself and with other characters from the series. Merchandise is available in both her manga character design and her anime character design. Tokyo Mint produced several cold-cast resin statues of the *Love Hina* cast in 1/8th scale that were released worldwide. Three of these statues were of Naru. The first statue featured Naru in a pink Bikini and was released in December 2002 in a production run limited to 600 pieces. The statue was a complete sell out. The second Naru statue was released in August 2003, again limited to 600 pieces. The final Naru statue, again limited to 600 pieces but in a new 1/6 size, featured Naru in a typical outfit of a yellow top and a red skirt.

## InfoBox

| Naru Narusegawa | |
| --- | --- |
| *Love Hina* character | |
|  | |
| Created by | Ken Akamatsu |
| Voiced by | **Japanese**
Yui Horie
**English**
Dorothy Elias-Fahn |
| In-universe information | |
| Significant other | Keitaro Urashima |


title: Izabela Maria Furtado Kestler

abstract: Izabela Maria Furtado Kestler was a Brazilian professor of German studies at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Patrik von zur Mühlen described her as the foremost specialist on German language writers and editors exiled in Brazil during the Nazi-era. From 1998, she was editor-in-chief of forum deutsch, Revista Brasileira de Estudos Germânicos, a publication of the Association of Professors of German of Rio de Janeiro. Kestler was killed on board Air France Flight 447 from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to Paris, France, which crashed into the Atlantic Ocean on 1 June 2009. Her family donated her library of exile-related materials to the Casa Stefan Zweig in Brazil.

text:
# Izabela Maria Furtado Kestler

**Izabela Maria Furtado Kestler** (June 20, 1959  June 1, 2009) was a Brazilian professor of German studies at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Patrik von zur Mühlen described her as the foremost specialist on German language writers and editors exiled in Brazil during the Nazi-era. From 1998, she was editor-in-chief of *forum deutsch, Revista Brasileira de Estudos Germânicos*, a publication of the Association of Professors of German of Rio de Janeiro.

Kestler was killed on board Air France Flight 447 from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to Paris, France, which crashed into the Atlantic Ocean on 1 June 2009. Her family donated her library of exile-related materials to the Casa Stefan Zweig in Brazil.

## Writings

* *Die Exilliteratur und das Exil der deutschsprachigen Schriftsteller und Publizisten in Brasilien*. Frankfurt am Main:Peter Lang, (1992) 267pp. ISBN 978-3-631-45160-1 (doctoral dissertation)
* section on Brazil in *Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration 1933-1945* (Handbook of German Language Emigration 1933-1945), eds. Krohn, von zur Mühlen, Paul and Winckler, in association with the Gesellschaft für Exilforschung. Darmstadt:Primus-Verlag, (1998) 678pp. ISBN 3-534-21999-6
* *Exílio e literatura: escritores de fala alemã durante a época do nazismo*. São Paulo:EdUSP, (2003) 291pp. ISBN 85-314-0732-X, (Portuguese translation of *Die Exilliteratur*, Karola Zimber, translator)


title: Henry de Say

abstract: Henry de Say was a Norman nobleman who lived in Clun in Shropshire, along the medieval Welsh Marches.

text:
# Henry de Say

**Henry de Say** was a Norman nobleman who lived in Clun in Shropshire, along the medieval Welsh Marches.

## Henry de Say

Henry de Say inherited the important fortification Clun Castle from his father, Robert de Say (also called Picot de Say), in 1098. Henry died some time after 1130. His son was Helias de Say.

## Helias de Say

Helias de Say (died 1165), also called "Hellias", was a Norman nobleman who lived in Clun, Shropshire, along the medieval Welsh Marches. He is believed to have inherited Clun Castle from his father, Henry de Say, in the reign of Henry I. Helias held the key fortification of Clun Castle during the years of the Anarchy. He was an important early benefactor of Haughmond Abbey. Upon his death, his only surviving child and heiress was Isabella de Say.

## Bibliography

* Eyton, William. (1860) *Antiquities of Shropshire, Volume XI.* London: John Russell Smith.
* Liddiard, Robert. (ed) (2003) *Anglo Norman Castles.* Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
* Suppe, Frederick C. "Castle guard and the castlery of Clun," in Liddiard (ed) 2003.


title: Vicki Vann

abstract: Victoria "Vicki" Araceli Denise Vann Bradford Turnbough is an American country music artist, entrepreneur, and businesswoman. She has been called the Cinderella of country music and was chosen to appear as a featured artist in a Country Music Television documentary called "Waiting in the Wings." The documentary focuses on the ongoing struggles of the African American music artists in the country music industry.

text:
# Vicki Vann

**Victoria "Vicki" Araceli Denise Vann Bradford Turnbough** (née Turnbough, born July 14, 1963) is an American country music artist, entrepreneur, and businesswoman. She has been called the Cinderella of country music and was chosen to appear as a featured artist in a Country Music Television documentary called "Waiting in the Wings." The documentary focuses on the ongoing struggles of the African American music artists in the country music industry.

## Early years

Victoria Vann was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father was born in Mississippi and was one of the original founding members of the Grammy Award Winning Gospel Group, Mighty Clouds of Joy. Her mother, whose family is of European descent, worked as a model for print ads and television, and later as a bookkeeper for a company that manufactured high-quality drafting instruments, drafting machines and drafting scales for students, the graphic artists industry, and professionals such as civil engineers. As a young girl Vicki was exposed to various types of music including gospel, jazz, and country, however her love for country music grew very strong and grew to be her preferred style. Among her musical influences are Sarah Vaughan, Nancy Wilson, Aretha Franklin, Elvis Presley, Amy Grant, Crystal Gayle, Dolly Parton, Diana Ross, Donny Hathaway, Barbra Streisand, Karen Carpenter, Linda Ronstadt, Marie Osmond, Reba McEntire, Joni Mitchell, Patsy Cline, and Loretta Lynn. But perhaps her greatest musical influence of all was her very own dad, despite the fact that her father, a Baptist minister, was a member of the world-famous gospel group, Mighty Clouds of Joy. Recognizing his daughter's talent, Vicki's dad wanted her to become the next Aretha Franklin, but the talented beauty had other plans. While attending in high school she was named Homecoming Princess and voted most shy among her high school classmates. Vann later attended Occidental College where she earned a degree in psychology, and graduate school soon followed where she earned a master's degree in education from Azusa Pacific University. While at college she discovered her love of acting. It helped her cope with her overwhelming shyness she suffered throughout her childhood and teenage years. Following graduation Vicki decided to become a kindergarten teacher while she worked at perfecting her craft. While teaching school by day, Vicki was gigging with her band at night and on weekends all around Southern California at street fairs, festivals, and speedways in addition to going on multiple auditions. She performed in Nashville on her first trip to Tennessee and set up a booth at Fan Fair, currently CMA Music Festival. She gathered up some players and traveled to Zürich, Switzerland to play the 38 Days of Country Music Festival there alongside Pam Tillis and Neal McCoy. After such a hectic performing schedule for about four years, Vicki said 'Goodbye' to her kindergarten students and decided to pursue her singing career full-time. Vicki Vann had decided to focus on singing and pursue a professional career in country music.

## Music career

Vicki Vann released her first solo CD *Miracle* in 1999.

In 2002, she released her second CD, the self-titled *Vicki Vann*, and followed that up by traveling to Europe to perform a prominent show in Switzerland, called "The Only 39 Day Country Festival in the World", at the Schützenhaus Albisgütli in Zurich, Switzerland. Since 2002, the popular music festival has been renamed, and is now known as "The Internationales Country Music Festival".

Her CD titled *Dream Catcher* exclusively distributed in Europe was released to popular acclaim and her single *This Is Where I Get Off* moved up the charts in 30 countries. Vicki Vann is one of the most requested female artists on the international country music scene. Vicki's CD Dream Catcher was one of 2005's hottest country music releases. During an interview she was asked what it was like to have CMT's (Country Music Television) cameras following her around when she appeared in the documentary Waiting in the Wings. "I was tickled pink! I wanted them to follow me everywhere! I thought, how cool is this to have cameras shooting me as I go about my day, having coffee, talking to my doggie, puttin' my make up on, getting ready for a gig, etc. It was all very surreal. I told myself to remember that feeling because that doesn't come along too often in one's lifetime. I savored it for every moment." In a collection of African American contributions to country music listening to these compilations becomes a game of rethinking what country music is. Can you hear the country in Ruth Brown's rhythm and blues version of the country standard "Tennessee Waltz"? Can you hear a Merle Haggard type twang in the voice of Stoney Edwards on "Honky Tonk Heaven"? Or conversely, can you hear the "soul," (which is to say "blackness") in the honky-tonk piano and pedal steel of Vicki Vann's *"You Must Think My Heart Has Swinging Doors"*? Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum member Charley Pride speaks candidly about launching his career during the civil rights movement of the 1960s during an interview for the new CMT documentary, Waiting in the Wings: African-Americans in Country Music. While the 90-minute program highlights more than a century of contributions to country music by African-Americans, it also questions why few have become successful country artists. Looking to the future, Waiting in the Wings showcases five young African-American artists, of which include vocalist Vicki Vann.

In 2011 Vann released her full studio album recorded in Nashville, Tennessee consisting of 13 complete tracks titled *Reckless Heart*, with its musical direction representing Vann's homage to the sweet soul classic country sounds of the early to mid 1960s and '70s.

## Editorial career

### BIN Magazine

Vann joined Beverage Industry News Magazine, BIN, as an editor in 2000. She worked as a journalist, and coordinator of editorial material, as well as a host for video projects and short films representing products featured in the magazine while assisting Beverage Media Group, BMG, in New York City, which consists of 35 beverage publications across the United States, all servicing the United States beverage, beer, wine and spirits industry, before being appointed to Editor-in-Chief of BIN Magazine in 2005.

## Other Endeavors

### Araceli Spirits

Victoria is a businesswoman, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. She is the founder and CEO of Araceli Spirits, LLC., a company that specializes in the importing and distribution of her liquor creations; Araceli Marigold Liqueur, Araceli Infused Chocolates, and Tequila Mascota. In 2015, she stepped into the role of liquor brand owner and introduced Araceli, the world's very first Marigold Flower Liqueur, named after her. Araceli Liqueur was envisioned by Victoria while traveling throughout Mexico, and it pays tribute to the marigold flower and the rich, vibrant culture of the people. Araceli Marigold Liqueur continues to receive rave reviews from both trade and consumers alike, and is one of the most unique liquor products ever created. Victoria's latest creation is Tequila Mascota. More than just a tequila, Mascota was created with the idea of making a one-of-a-kind product that would bring attention to animals in need. Tequila Mascota is Victoria's giving back passion project and it combines her love of animals and her favorite spirit tequila, together in one very special package. Tequila Mascota is a beautiful product that will support Vann's philanthropic initiative for animals, as a portion of all sales will be donated to animal shelter and rescue.

## Personal life

Vann is a Christian and believes that her faith in God is her lifeline. She says her faith in Jesus Christ and her music are always with her. She has said, "My faith in God means everything to me. Music is also a very essential part of who I am. Music gives life, music heals, and music saves souls. It is through the universal language of music that gives us all faith, hope, and love for one another." Victoria speaks in her native language of English along with Spanish, French, a little Portuguese, and German. She is interested in world history and culture, and she frequently studies the history, culture and languages of the countries she visits. She often goes by her Spanish name, Araceli, (Spanish pronunciation: \[aɾaˈseli\]}, which in Spanish, the meaning of the name Araceli is: Altar of Heaven.

## Discography

**Albums**

* 1999: *Miracle*
* 2002 *Vicki Vann*
* 2005 *Dream Catcher*
* 2008 *Merry Christmas With Love*
* 2011 *Reckless Heart*

### Sources

1. Senyah, Anir. *Music Sheet: The Cinderella of Country Music is Waiting in the Wings*, "Blackflix.com", Denver, Colorado. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
2. Wickedsalvation. *Vicki Vann*, U.S.A., October 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
3. *Vicki Vann Review* Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, March 19, 2004. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
4. Johnson, Gary. *Vicki Vann – Country Music Goddess* Archived August 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, "Black Men in America.com". Retrieved August 18, 2010.
5. Richardson, Thomas. *More Dirty Laundry: The Soul of Black Country*, "Black Grooves.org", Germany, November 7, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
6. *Documentary Highlights African-Americans in Country Music*, "CMT News", February 27, 2004. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
7. Spann, Angela."Funny, She Doesn't Look Like A Country Singer: This Sexy Hot Mama Is Out To Challenge The Status Quo", "Prince.org". Retrieved August 29, 2010.

## InfoBox

| Vicki Vann | |
| --- | --- |
| Vicki Vann performing in Los Angeles, CA. (June 2011) | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Victoria Araceli Denise Vann Bradford Turnbough |
| Born | (1963-07-14) July 14, 1963 |
| Origin | Los Angeles, California US |
| Genres | Country, Country Soul, Southern soul |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter, record producer, model, dancer, editor-in-chief, businesswoman, philanthropist |
|  | |
| Website | www.vickivann.com |


title: Hell-O

abstract: Hell-O! is the debut album by Gwar. It was released in 1988, on Shimmy Disc Records. The album was produced by Kramer. Gwar's angle on the album is that of a morbid punk band obsessed with debauchery, violence and toilet humor. The songs generally support the theme of the group quite well, expanding the band's concept to comic proportions and supporting the back story.

text:
# Hell-O

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Hell-O!*** is the debut album by Gwar. It was released in 1988, on Shimmy Disc Records. The album was produced by Kramer.

Gwar's angle on the album is that of a morbid punk band (a la The Mentors, The Misfits, Butthole Surfers) obsessed with debauchery, violence and toilet humor. The songs generally support the theme of the group quite well, expanding the band's concept to comic proportions and supporting the back story.

## Overview

The band play sooth-sayers to the United States ("Americanized" and "Ollie North") and modern human civilization in general ("Slutman City"), who have come to torture and enslave Earth for their own perverse sadistic pleasures ("Time For Death", "Bone Meal", "War Toy", "I'm In Love (With a Dead Dog)").

Despite having superpowers, Gwar is not without enemies - a character known as Techno-Destructo has followed the band to Earth to recruit or enslave them to serve "The Master" in a holy jihad against the universe ("Techno's Song"). Don Drakulich plays Techno on the album (the part would soon be taken over by Hunter Jackson). Other songs follow similarly crazy themes - the "Gwar Theme" is a car-eating anthem, "Je M' Appelle J. Cousteau" features famous aquanaut Jacques-Yves Cousteau in a Dada-esque romp, and "AEIOU" disputes whether the English alphabet is the property of Satan or Gor-Gor, another Gwar character who would later surface in the song/video of the same name.

"Rock N' Roll Party Town", the first song ever written by the band, concludes the album in scenes of rock debauchery vaguely reminiscent of Kiss, of whom the band, with their showmanship and larger-than-life personas, seemed to be an 80s underground version. The original vinyl album contained a comic book about the band, featuring artwork parodying Picasso's *Guernica* (renamed "Gwarnica" here) and poking fun at the "this is your brain on drugs" commercials ("This is your brain on Gwar...").

The album's cover art features the band gleefully terrorizing Earthlings, particularly skinheads, who would attend the band's early shows and harass them with heckling, violence and throwing food, such as toast, onstage, and bulldozing their bodies into ditches.

Musically and conceptually, the record fits in with and came from the arty 80s noise rock or "scum rock" scene (Butthole Surfers, Pussy Galore, early Ween) with similarities to grunge (Tad, Mudhoney), funny punk (Meatmen, Angry Samoans, Dead Milkmen, Happy Flowers, Nig-Heist), punk (The Mentors, The Misfits, Black Flag, Samhain), hardcore (Dead Kennedys, Bad Brains, Ministry) and heavy metal (M.O.D., S.O.D., Slayer).

This last genre would be where the band would move on later releases (similar to the transition Suicidal Tendencies underwent between first and second albums). As such, when the album was released on CD, it was remastered (possibly remixed) to bring out the bass and make the production smoother. However, the original vinyl release finds the band squarely in the punk or indie rock universe. In this context, producer Kramer's work on the album makes sense.

## Release

Shimmy Disc released "Hell-O!" on cassette and on vinyl 3313 format. The vinyl album was produced in regular black vinyl and a limited rare red vinyl, which was limited to 500 copies. The European Shimmy Disc release of *Hell-O!* features a bonus track, "Black And Huge," found on Gwar's next album, *Scumdogs of the Universe.* The song found on some copies of *Hell-O!* is an earlier version originally recorded to be released as a single on Sub Pop records, and is the first Gwar song to feature Michael Derks as a member, having replaced Stephen Douglas as BalSac The Jaws of Death.

The remastered Metal Blade release of the album does not feature this song. This version of the song fits in with *Hell-O!* more than it does with *Scumdogs,* as the guitars are not tuned down a half-step, and the tempo is faster and Oderus' vocals are more of the singing style from this album. A video for the track was also filmed and included on the TVD and The Next Mutation video collections.

## Reception

The album is a divisive point among fans of the band, who generally love it or hate it. *Hell-O* is the least-frequently played album in concert and discussed by the band in interviews, although this could be because the band's line-up has changed to the point where no one from this period has remained a constant member of the band (Michael Bishop rejoined in 2014 as new frontman Blothar following the death of Dave Brockie, who portrayed previous frontman Oderus Urungus). "Gwar Theme" and "Pure As The Arctic Snow" are the two songs most often played live (though they are rare in appearance), and occasionally, the band will play a medley of songs from the album, ranging anywhere from three songs to twelve songs, which is more than half the album.

Detractors of the album criticize its raw production. Chuck Varga, who played The Sexecutioner, posted on the Gwar fan page Bohab Central that he was so disgusted with the sound quality of the recording that he walked out of the session after hearing a few tracks. "I know the band's music and it sounded much better than it did on Hell-О!," he said, going on to say that producer Kramer "didn't care how Gwar sounded" and "gave us one of the most embarrassingly recorded LP's in history."

The \[low\] quality of the production is further indicated by the length of the recording session - the course of a single weekend. However, consensus across the board is that the album wasn't as bad as *We Kill Everything*, an album especially reviled by Dave Brockie and Michael Derks.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Time for Death" | Dave Brockie | 2:44 |
| 2. | "AEIOU" | Brockie, Steve Douglas | 1:25 |
| 3. | "Americanized" | Brockie, Douglas | 1:36 |
| 4. | "I'm in Love (With a Dead Dog)" | Brockie, Douglas, Michael Bishop, Dewey Rowell | 2:32 |
| 5. | "Slutman City" | Brockie, Slutman, Ottinger | 3:49 |
| 6. | "World O Filth" | Brockie, Bishop | 1:14 |
| 7. | "War Toy" | Brockie, Rowell | 2:22 |
| 8. | "Captain Crunch" | Brockie, Bishop, Rowell | 3:52 |
| 9. | "Pure as the Arctic Snow" | Brockie, Ottinger | 2:27 |
| 10. | "Je M'Appelle J. Cousteau" | Brockie, Douglas, Bishop, Rowell | 3:07 |
| 11. | "Gwar Theme" | Brockie, Douglas | 2:26 |
| 12. | "Bone Meal" | Brockie | 0:42 |
| 13. | "Ollie North" | Brockie, Bishop | 1:55 |
| 14. | "Techno's Song" (Vocals by Techno Destructo) | Brockie, Douglas, Hunter Jackson, Ottinger | 3:44 |
| 15. | "U Ain't Shit" | Brockie, Tim Herrman, Russ Bahorsky | 1:19 |
| 16. | "Rock & Roll Pärty Town" | Brockie, Douglas | 3:10 |

Bonus track
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17. | "Black and Huge" | Brockie, Bishop, Douglas | 2:16 |

## Personnel

**Gwar**

**Production**

* Kramer – engineering
* Adam Green – engineering assistant, assistant producer

## InfoBox

| Hell-O! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gwar | |
| Released | 1988 |
| Recorded | 1988 |
| Studio | Noise New York (New York) |
| Genre | Hardcore punk |
| Length | 38:31 |
| Label | Shimmy Disc
S.010.CS (Cassette)
SDE 8910/CD 08-025221-10 (CD)
Metal Blade
3984-14004-2, CDZORRO 35 (Remastered CD) |
| Producer | Kramer |
| Gwar chronology | |
| ***Hell-O!***
(1988) *Scumdogs of the Universe*
(1990) | |


title: Saint-Romain, Vienne

abstract: Saint-Romain is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

text:
# Saint-Romain, Vienne

**Saint-Romain** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ ʁɔmɛ̃\]; also called *Saint-Romain-en-Charroux*) is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Romain | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A view of the village from the school | |
| Location of Saint-Romain | |
| Saint-RomainSaint-Romain | |
| Coordinates: 46°13′23″N 0°21′59″E / 46.2231°N 0.3664°E / 46.2231; 0.3664 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Vienne |
| Arrondissement | Châtellerault |
| Canton | Civray |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jacky Beau |
| Area**1** | 20.48 km2 (7.91 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 393 |
| Density | 19/km2 (50/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 86242 /86250 |
| Elevation | 119–159 m (390–522 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mom season 7

abstract: The seventh season of the sitcom Mom began on September 26, 2019 and concluded on April 16, 2020 on CBS in the United States. The season is produced by Chuck Lorre Productions and Warner Bros. Television, with series creators Chuck Lorre, Eddie Gorodetsky and Gemma Baker serving as executive producer. The season finished with 20 episodes, a reduction from the planned 22 episodes that was forced by the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the final season to feature Anna Faris as Christy, with "Big Sad Eyes and an Antique Hot Dog" becoming the show's unintended season finale/farewell episode for Faris. Christy is still sober and has her life mostly back on track, though she's continually tested by her mother, Bonnie. Together, the two work to overcome their mistakes and build a better future. Now, Christy is well on her way to becoming a lawyer, while Bonnie is in a healthy romantic relationship and has just married Adam. Through it all, Christy and Bonnie rely on their support system from AA, including the wise Marjorie, the wealthy and sometimes misguided Jill, the overly emotional Wendy, and the loudmouth but sweet Tammy, who was upgraded to series regular status for this season. Collectively, they help each other stay sober in the face of whatever life throws at them. The episodes are usually titled with two odd topics that are mentioned in that episode. Season seven of Mom aired Thursdays in the United States at 9:00 p.m. after The Unicorn in the first half of the season and Man with a Plan in the second half.

text:
# Mom season 7

The seventh season of the sitcom *Mom* began on September 26, 2019 and concluded on April 16, 2020 on CBS in the United States. The season is produced by Chuck Lorre Productions and Warner Bros. Television, with series creators Chuck Lorre, Eddie Gorodetsky and Gemma Baker serving as executive producer. The season finished with 20 episodes, a reduction from the planned 22 episodes that was forced by the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the final season to feature Anna Faris as Christy, with "Big Sad Eyes and an Antique Hot Dog" becoming the show's unintended season finale/farewell episode for Faris.

Christy (Anna Faris) is still sober and has her life mostly back on track, though she's continually tested by her mother, Bonnie (Allison Janney). Together, the two work to overcome their mistakes and build a better future. Now, Christy is well on her way to becoming a lawyer, while Bonnie is in a healthy romantic relationship and has just married Adam (William Fichtner). Through it all, Christy and Bonnie rely on their support system from AA, including the wise Marjorie (Mimi Kennedy), the wealthy and sometimes misguided Jill (Jaime Pressly), the overly emotional Wendy (Beth Hall), and the loudmouth but sweet Tammy (Kristen Johnston), who was upgraded to series regular status for this season. Collectively, they help each other stay sober in the face of whatever life throws at them. The episodes are usually titled with two odd topics that are mentioned in that episode.

Season seven of *Mom* aired Thursdays in the United States at 9:00 p.m. after *The Unicorn* in the first half of the season and *Man with a Plan* in the second half.

## Cast

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 133 | 1 | "Audrey Hepburn and a Jalapeño Pepper" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Gemma Baker & Britté Anchor & Robin Morrison
*Teleplay by*: Warren Bell & Alissa Neubauer & Adam Chase | September 26, 2019 (2019-09-26) | T12.16401 | 6.25 |
| During her honeymoon at a cabin by the lake with Adam, Bonnie finds herself sabotaging her own happiness without the support that AA meetings provide, but finds stability and then purpose when she begins helping a very troubled young alcoholic mom named Patty. Meanwhile, Adam leaves Christy in charge of the bar, much to Tammy's chagrin. However, when an optimistic Christy tries to implement cost-saving and efficiency measures, the employees refuse to come to work and Christy needs help from her friends to save the day.
*Title meaning*: The celebrity Bonnie compares Adam to when he is wearing his sunglasses and the wrong appetizer Tammy serves at the bar. | | | | | | | |
| 134 | 2 | "Pop Pop and a Puma" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Marco Pennette & Sheldon Bull & Susan McMartin
*Teleplay by*: Nick Bakay & Ilana Wernick & Anne Flett-Giordano | October 3, 2019 (2019-10-03) | T12.16404 | 6.28 |
| An under-staffed Adam asks Christy to help tend the bar. However, when Christy reacts to a customer who insulted her, Adam asks her to apologize, causing a rift between the two and leaving Bonnie to choose sides. Meanwhile, Andy feels insecure when Jill is seemingly better than him at the gym and during a paintball game.
*Title meaning*: One of the names Christy wants to call Adam and the animal Andy compares Jill to when she intervenes to Heimlich a choking man. | | | | | | | |
| 135 | 3 | "Goat Yogurt and Ample Parking" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Warren Bell & Alissa Neubauer
*Teleplay by*: Gemma Baker & Adam Chase & Britté Anchor | October 10, 2019 (2019-10-10) | T12.16402 | 5.78 |
| Succumbing to her loud and hostile new boss Veronica's demands, Christy and the girls go to a marijuana dispensary for the tightly-wound woman. However, when Christy finds her boss high in the office, it is up to Christy to help her get sober for an impending meeting. Meanwhile, Bonnie has second thoughts about taking Adam's last name.
*Title meaning*: Christy's boss's snack and part of Bonnie's lie to Adam about going to the social security office to get her name changed. | | | | | | | |
| 136 | 4 | "Twirly Flippy Men and a Dirty Bird" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Marco Pennette & Ilana Wernick & Anne Flett-Giordano
*Teleplay by*: Sheldon Bull & Susan McMartin & Chelsea Myers | October 17, 2019 (2019-10-17) | T12.16403 | 5.81 |
| When Chef Rudy is court-mandated to attend 10 AA meetings as compensation for a DUI, he tags along with Christy whose patience wears thin due to his condescending attitude. Meanwhile, after eating chocolate from Adam's night stand, Bonnie learns that her husband doesn't feel at home, prompting her to let him bring some of his personal belongings out of storage and into the apartment.
*Special guest star*: French Stewart as Chef Rudy
*Title meaning*: The figurines of players on the foosball table that Jill wouldn't let her ex-husband buy and the name Bonnie calls Marjorie when telling Adam that Marjorie was asking about their sex life. | | | | | | | |
| 137 | 5 | "Fake Bacon and a Plan to Kill All of Us" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Gemma Baker & Adam Chase
*Teleplay by*: Warren Bell & Alissa Neubauer & Britté Anchor | October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24) | T12.16406 | 6.34 |
| When group eccentric Mary (Mary Pat Gleason) passes away unexpectedly during a meeting, the rest of the group is left to cope in various different ways: Jill throws an over-the-top memorial, Christy uses her legal skills to try and get Mary's grandson out of jail, Tammy fears that Marjorie will die next, Bonnie is distraught because the last thing she said to Mary was something mean and resolves to be a better person, and Wendy becomes a shut-in after feeling that her "friends" don't know or care about her any more than they did about Mary.
*Absent*: William Fichtner as Adam
*Title meaning*: Bonnie's comments on the turkey bacon in Marjorie's BLT and a thought Tammy expresses at the bistro in the aftermath of Mary's death. | | | | | | | |
| 138 | 6 | "Wile E. Coyote and a Possessed Doll" | Rebecca Ancheta Blum | *Story by*: Marco Pennette & Susan McMartin & Anne Flett-Giordano
*Teleplay by*: Nick Bakay & Sheldon Bull & Ilana Wernick | November 7, 2019 (2019-11-07) | T12.16408 | 6.20 |
| After seeing an old videotape of Adam on a movie set before his spinal injury, Bonnie tries to figure out why she is obsessed over it. Trevor helps her realize she's thinking that "walking Adam" would have never chosen to be with a woman like herself. Adam convinces Bonnie that the old version of himself was not nice to women, and that they found each other at just the right time. Meanwhile, Christy starts behaving erratically as the numerous stresses of placating her boss Veronica start piling up.
*Title meaning*: Bonnie comparing Adam's accident to a Wile E. Coyote cartoon and Christy's new attitude to that of a horror movie doll. | | | | | | | |
| 139 | 7 | "Pork Butt and a Mall Walker" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Nick Bakay & Sheldon Bull & Ilana Wernick
*Teleplay by*: Marco Pennette & Susan McMartin & Anne Flett-Giordano | November 14, 2019 (2019-11-14) | T12.16405 | 6.28 |
| After Bonnie relays a bad experience while she and Adam were on a couples date with two other people, Jill suggests that she and Andy become their couple friends. However, when Adam and Andy drink heavily during a cookout, Jill expresses concern that being around "that kind of drinking" could cause her to relapse. Meanwhile, Tammy secretly tells Christy that she can no longer tolerate living with Marjorie and wants to move out, but Christy gets Tammy to reconsider after Marjorie discloses that she's having money problems.
*Title meaning*: An item Andy prepares on Jill's Kalamazoo grill and Tammy's remark about an activity Marjorie's age group likes to do. | | | | | | | |
| 140 | 8 | "Hot Butter and Toxic Narcissism" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Alissa Neubauer & Adam Chase
*Teleplay by*: Gemma Baker & Warren Bell & Britté Anchor | November 21, 2019 (2019-11-21) | T12.16407 | 6.06 |
| Bonnie is angry that Adam has stopped listening to her, and turns to her "friend" therapist Trevor for help; she later finds out something about Trevor's own unhappy life, and is sympathetic when Adam reveals why he's so preoccupied. Christy has a meet-cute with a guy whose parents own a car she backed into, after she does the right thing and notifies them. Later, the women gather at Jill's to watch *Footloose*.
*Title meaning*: A topping on the mashed potatoes that Bonnie threw at Adam in anger and an insult hurled at Trevor by his wife during an argument that Bonnie overhears. | | | | | | | |
| 141 | 9 | "Tuna Florentine and a Clean Handoff" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Warren Bell & Ilana Wernick & Anne Flett-Giordano
*Teleplay by*: Nick Bakay & Susan McMartin & Britté Anchor | December 5, 2019 (2019-12-05) | T12.16409 | 6.07 |
| After Tammy's parole officer grants her an early release from probation, Tammy struggles with how to live "rules-free" for the first time in many years and clashes with Adam and anyone else she sees as an authority figure. Meanwhile, Bonnie is giddy over giving Adam a leather jacket for his birthday that he saw on TV and liked, but she quickly turns angry when Adam doesn't seem interested in wearing it. Also, Jill is worried over her recent bouts of sleeplessness, knowing she can't take any medications that would help.
*Title meaning*: The high-end food Tammy feeds to Marjorie's cats and her description of handing over her urine sample to the parole board without spilling any. | | | | | | | |
| 142 | 10 | "Higgledy-Piggledy and a Cat Show" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Warren Bell & Britté Anchor
*Teleplay by*: Gemma Baker & Alissa Neubauer & Adam Chase | December 12, 2019 (2019-12-12) | T12.16410 | 6.25 |
| Bonnie invites her troubled AA sponsee Patty to spend Christmas with her and Christy. While the combination of Patty's sad family status and Christy's stories of Bonnie's holiday mayhem and neglect drive Bonnie into a horrified, tearful reflection on her past self, she is able to pull herself out of it and do good work in the present. Elsewhere, Jill annoyingly obsesses over a picture Andy sent from his visit to Minnesota. Later, the group decides to join Wendy for some therapeutic caroling.
*Title meaning*: Jill's term for the unwanted reorganization of the coffee table Tammy set up at a meeting, and the event Marjorie was headed to long ago when she had her own past-reflecting emotional breakdown. | | | | | | | |
| 143 | 11 | "One Tiny Incision and a Coffin Dress" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Sheldon Bull & Ilana Wernick & Susan McMartin
*Teleplay by*: Nick Bakay & Marco Pennette & Anne Flett Giordano | January 9, 2020 (2020-01-09) | T12.16411 | 5.99 |
| Tammy gets a call from her long lost Aunt Cookie (Kathleen Turner), who claims she just recently found out Tammy existed since she had cut ties with the family before Tammy was born. The two get along great, but Cookie quickly admits she only went looking for Tammy because she needs a kidney. Tammy decides to go ahead and get tested to find out if she is a match for Cookie. While Tammy is getting tested, Cookie accidentally lets it slip to Bonnie that she's known about Tammy ever since her mother got pregnant with her. Tammy gets angry and doesn't think she'll ever be able to forgive Cookie for leaving her in the foster-care system. Bonnie assures her that one day she will, the same way Bonnie was able to forgive her mother for dumping her at a fire station. Later, Tammy meets Cookie for lunch and tells her she has no desire for a relationship, but will still donate her kidney if she's a match.
*Absent*: William Fichtner as Adam
*Title meaning*: Wendy's description of the surgery required to remove a donor kidney and Jill discussing what she hopes to be wearing for her own funeral. | | | | | | | |
| 144 | 12 | "Silly Frills and a Depressed Garden Gnome" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Gemma Baker & Marco Pennette
*Teleplay by*: Alissa Neubauer & Adam Chase & Sheldon Bull | January 16, 2020 (2020-01-16) | T12.16412 | 6.30 |
| Marjorie is surprised to get a call from her estranged son, Jerry, inviting her to meet her newborn granddaughter (Isla Rose Burton). However, she makes a comment that dredges up old memories, and Jerry throws her out. Despite Marjorie telling them not to meddle, Christy and Bonnie use their own experiences to try and convince Jerry that people can change. Elsewhere, while installing a shelf for Jill, Tammy sees firsthand how her friend treats the help--and she makes it very clear to Jill she won't stand for it.
*Absent*: William Fichtner as Adam
*Title meaning*: The little details that Tammy removed from Jill's shelf after she demanded it and Bonnie describing Marjorie when she saw her sitting on the curb of Jerry's house. | | | | | | | |
| 145 | 13 | "Dammit Sandra and Viking Ancestors" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Nick Bakay & Susan McMartin & Britté Anchor
*Teleplay by*: Warren Bell & Ilana Wernick & Anne Flett-Giordano | January 30, 2020 (2020-01-30) | T12.16413 | 6.08 |
| Bonnie resists her friends' efforts to help her deal with negative thoughts, and also rejects Trevor's guidelines upon seeing that Trevor's marriage has fallen apart. Bonnie ultimately fires Trevor, but conversations with Christy and Adam reveal that her sessions were working and get her to return to therapy. Elsewhere, Tammy makes repairs on the walk-in freezer at Christy's restaurant, leading to an ill-advised hook-up with Chef Rudy.
*Special guest star*: French Stewart as Chef Rudy
*Title meaning*: Trevor's exclamation upon seeing that his ex-wife took his San Francisco Giants snow globe and Chef Rudy's attempt at guessing Tammy's ancestry. | | | | | | | |
| 146 | 14 | "Cheddar Cheese and a Squirrel Circus" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Alissa Neubauer & Sheldon Bull
*Teleplay by*: Gemma Baker & Marco Pennette & Adam Chase | February 6, 2020 (2020-02-06) | T12.16415 | 6.34 |
| Bonnie grows suspicious of Tammy's Aunt Cookie, believing that the woman is not taking the kidney donation and her second chance at life seriously. Meanwhile, Christy tries to track down a handsome man who smiled at her in the hospital.
*Absent*: William Fichtner as Adam
*Title meaning*: One of the items on the omelette that a nurse requested and part of a story that Cookie tells Tammy about her mother. | | | | | | | |
| 147 | 15 | "Somebody's Grandmother and the A-List" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Gemma Baker & Adam Chase
*Teleplay by*: Marco Pennette & Alissa Neubauer & Sheldon Bull | February 13, 2020 (2020-02-13) | T12.16414 | 6.27 |
| While preparing for a charity event to be held at her house, Jill notices that several pieces of silverware are missing. She wrongfully assumes that one of her housekeepers stole from her, only for Bonnie to admit to having taken and sold the pieces five years ago, which causes a huge rift between them. Meanwhile, Christy helps Marjorie prepare for her first date since Victor's death.
*Title meaning*: Bonnie's comment to Jill about who might have previously owned her gift of pawned silverware and Jill's desire to host the perfect event and be welcomed back into the fold of her socialite friends. | | | | | | | |
| 148 | 16 | "Judy Garland and a Sexy Troll Doll" | Betsy Thomas | *Story by*: Alissa Neubauer & Adam Chase
*Teleplay by*: Gemma Baker & Marco Pennette & Sheldon Bull | February 20, 2020 (2020-02-20) | T12.16416 | 6.28 |
| After Jill confirms she is starting perimenopause, she decides to tell Andy she wants to have a baby and his response is uncomfortable; they later resolve this and Jill plans to freeze her eggs, only to get devastating news from her doctor. Meanwhile, Christy's dismay over being denied a spot on the law school's mock trial team leads her to strongly consider Jill's offer to pay for Christy to freeze her eggs as well. Wendy gets a promotion at work, but the group's plans to celebrate it don't entirely work out.
*Title meaning*: Andy's comparison of who Jill has been acting like and Bonnie describing the hair trait that Adam would pass on to their children if they had met when they were younger. | | | | | | | |
| 149 | 17 | "Beef Baloney Dan and a Sarcastic No" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Warren Bell & Anne Flett-Giordano & Britté Anchor
*Teleplay by*: Nick Bakay & Ilana Wernick & Susan McMartin | March 5, 2020 (2020-03-05) | T12.16417 | 5.82 |
| Bonnie becomes irritated when she learns Adam never told her that his Al-Anon sponsor Sam is a woman (Courtney Thorne-Smith). Adam tries to prove it's no big deal, but in doing so, only confirms Bonnie's fears. Meanwhile, Tammy reveals that she's still interested in Chef Rudy, but is "playing the game" to make him want her more. Christy tries to use Tammy's techniques on a hot guy in their meeting, but fails badly.
*Special guest star*: French Stewart as Chef Rudy
*Title meaning*: The name Adam is known by at the deli counter because he missed his window to correct the clerk and Bonnie questioning Adam's response about whether she is the worst alcoholic discussed in his meetings. | | | | | | | |
| 150 | 18 | "A Judgy Face and Your Grandma's Drawers" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Gemma Baker & Marco Pennette
*Teleplay by*: Alissa Neubauer & Adam Chase & Sheldon Bull | March 12, 2020 (2020-03-12) | T12.16419 | 6.35 |
| Marjorie is overjoyed to finally be trusted (reluctantly) by her son to watch her granddaughter Sofia (Isla Rose Burton). But a medical emergency for one of her cats leads Marjorie to enlist Christy to help, and a chain of comedic errors brings Bonnie, Jill, and Tammy (and avowedly NOT anti-babies Wendy) into the circle of successfully taking care of the little girl.
*Title meaning*: The face Bonnie accuses Sofia of making and the comment Bonnie makes to Sofia about the two of them rifling through Marjorie's bedroom and dresser drawers. | | | | | | | |
| 151 | 19 | "Texas Pete and a Parking Lot Carnival" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Nick Bakay & Warren Bell & Susan McMartin
*Teleplay by*: Anne Flett-Giordano & Britté Anchor & Robyn Morrison | April 2, 2020 (2020-04-02) | T12.16418 | 7.62 |
| With Bonnie's therapist, Trevor, in a stupor over his divorce and new living quarters, it is up to Bonnie and Tammy to bring him back to reality. Meanwhile, Marjorie is hired to deliver Chinese food, but she quickly finds re-entering the workforce overwhelming and calls on Christy, Jill, and Wendy for assistance. Seeing that he can use his skills to ease Marjorie's fears helps Trevor get over his own self-loathing.
*Title meaning*: The type of hot sauce Bonnie finds in Trevor's kitchen while attempting to make him tea and one of the jobs available to newly-released prisoners that Tammy mentions at the bistro. | | | | | | | |
| 152 | 20 | "Big Sad Eyes and an Antique Hot Dog" | James Widdoes | *Story by*: Adam Chase & Sheldon Bull & Anne Flett-Giordano
*Teleplay by*: Nick Bakay & Susan McMartin & Britté Anchor | April 16, 2020 (2020-04-16) | T12.16420 | 7.14 |
| At Marjorie's request, all of the women from AA decide to attend a sober retreat together. Initially, Marjorie plans every detail of the weekend, including the pairings of roommates: Christy and Bonnie, Tammy and Marjorie, and Jill and Wendy. When the women stop for gas, Marjorie and Wendy go inside, and Tammy, Christy, Bonnie, and Jill decide to change the roommate situation. At the retreat, Tammy tries to convince Jill to loan her money for a van that she needs for her construction business, Bonnie attempts to write a book, Jill is concerned about the cleanliness of the inn, Christy meets a woman in recovery who has been to the retreat before, Marjorie grows tired of being the group's leader, and Wendy gets food poisoning from a gas-station hot dog she ate en route to the retreat. Over the course of the weekend, different women try to avoid one another, but ultimately everyone ends up in the original pairings that Marjorie had planned.
*Absent*: William Fichtner as Adam
*Title meaning*: Christy's facial expression that Tammy tries to use on Jill to persuade her for a loan and the comment Bonnie makes to Wendy about the latter's gas-station hot dog. | | | | | | | |

## Ratings

Viewership and ratings per episode of *Mom season 7*
| No. | Title | Air date | Rating/share
(18–49) | Viewers
(millions) | DVR
(18–49) | DVR viewers
(millions) | Total
(18–49) | Total viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Audrey Hepburn and a Jalapeño Popper" | September 26, 2019 | 0.8/4 | 6.25 | 0.6 | 2.37 | 1.4 | 8.62 |
| 2 | "Pop Pop and a Puma" | October 3, 2019 | 0.8/4 | 6.28 | 0.5 | 2.32 | 1.3 | 8.60 |
| 3 | "Goat Yogurt and Ample Parking" | October 10, 2019 | 0.8/4 | 5.78 | 0.5 | 2.20 | 1.3 | 7.98 |
| 4 | "Twirly Flippy Men and a Dirty Bird" | October 17, 2019 | 0.8/4 | 5.81 | 0.5 | 2.14 | 1.3 | 7.95 |
| 5 | "Fake Bacon and a Plan to Kill All of Us" | October 24, 2019 | 0.8/4 | 6.34 | 0.5 | 2.18 | 1.3 | 8.52 |
| 6 | "Wile E. Coyote and a Possessed Doll" | November 7, 2019 | 0.8/4 | 6.20 | 0.5 | 2.29 | 1.3 | 8.49 |
| 7 | "Pork Butt and a Mall Walker" | November 14, 2019 | 0.9/4 | 6.28 | 0.5 | 2.28 | 1.4 | 8.56 |
| 8 | "Hot Butter and Toxic Narcissism" | November 21, 2019 | 0.8/4 | 6.06 | 0.4 | 2.02 | 1.2 | 8.08 |
| 9 | "Tuna Florentine and a Clean Handoff" | December 5, 2019 | 0.8/4 | 6.07 | 0.5 | 2.11 | 1.3 | 8.18 |
| 10 | "Higgledy-Piggledy and a Cat Show" | December 12, 2019 | 0.7/4 | 6.25 | 0.5 | 2.12 | 1.2 | 8.37 |
| 11 | "One Tiny Incision and a Coffin Dress" | January 9, 2020 | 0.8/4 | 5.99 | 0.5 | 2.33 | 1.3 | 8.32 |
| 12 | "Silly Frills and a Depressed Garden Gnome" | January 16, 2020 | 0.7/4 | 6.30 | 0.4 | 2.31 | 1.1 | 8.61 |
| 13 | "Dammit Sandra and Viking Ancestors" | January 30, 2020 | 0.7/4 | 6.08 | 0.5 | 2.39 | 1.2 | 8.47 |
| 14 | "Blood Filtering and a Lucky Duck" | February 6, 2020 | 0.7 | 6.34 | 0.4 | 2.13 | 1.1 | 8.47 |
| 15 | "Somebody's Grandmother and the A-List" | February 13, 2020 | 0.8 | 6.27 | 0.4 | 2.28 | 1.2 | 8.55 |
| 16 | "Judy Garland and a Sexy Troll Doll" | February 20, 2020 | 0.7 | 6.28 | 0.4 | 2.24 | 1.1 | 8.52 |
| 17 | "Beef Baloney Dan and the Hot Zone" | March 5, 2020 | 0.7 | 5.82 | 0.5 | 2.39 | 1.2 | 8.21 |
| 18 | "A Judgy Face and Your Grandma's Drawers" | March 12, 2020 | 0.8 | 6.35 | 0.5 | 2.29 | 1.3 | 8.64 |
| 19 | "Texas Pete and a Parking Lot Carnival" | April 2, 2020 | 1.0 | 7.62 | 0.4 | 2.22 | 1.4 | 9.84 |
| 20 | "Big Sad Eyes and a Wrinkled Hot Dog" | April 16, 2020 | 0.8 | 7.14 | 0.4 | 2.28 | 1.2 | 9.42 |

## InfoBox

| *Mom* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 7 | |
|  | |
| Starring |  |
| No. of episodes | 20 |
| Release | |
| Original network | CBS |
| Original release | September 26, 2019 (2019-09-26)
April 16, 2020 (2020-04-16) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: Nephelomys nimbosus

abstract: Nephelomys nimbosus is a species of rodent in the genus Nephelomys of family Cricetidae. Its type locality is at San Antonio on the northeastern slope of the Tungurahua in the Andes of Ecuador, at an altitude of about 6,700 feet (2,000 m). The type series included five individuals. The fur of the upperparts is brown to blackish, becoming lighter towards the sides. The underparts are grayish, with a white patch at the throat. The long tail virtually lacks hairs and is darker above than below. In the holotype, the total length is 304 millimetres (11.97 in), the head and body length is 140 millimetres (5.51 in), the combined length of the tail vertebrae is 164 millimetres (6.46 in), the hindfoot length is 34 millimetres (1.34 in), and the length of the skull is 35.5 millimetres (1.40 in). In most species of Nephelomys, the posterolateral palatal pits, perforations of the palate near the third molar, are conspicuous and receded into a depression or fossa, but in N. nimbosus and N. caracolus, they are much smaller. It was first described, in 1926, by American zoologist H. E. Anthony as a subspecies of Oryzomys auriventer. It is smaller than that animal and differs in coloration and in the shape of the incisive foramina, which resembles that seen in N. moerex. In his description, Anthony anticipated that O. auriventer would eventually be demoted to a subspecies of Oryzomys albigularis, which was indeed done in the early 1960s. Subsequently, O. auriventer was reinstated as a species separate from, though related to, O. albigularis, and nimbosus was considered to belong to the same species. When the members of the Oryzomys albigularis group, including O. auriventer, were transferred to the new genus Nephelomys in 2006, N. nimbosus was recognized as a separate species.

text:
# Nephelomys nimbosus

***Nephelomys nimbosus*** is a species of rodent in the genus *Nephelomys* of family Cricetidae. Its type locality is at San Antonio on the northeastern slope of the Tungurahua in the Andes of Ecuador, at an altitude of about 6,700 feet (2,000 m). The type series included five individuals.

The fur of the upperparts is brown to blackish, becoming lighter towards the sides. The underparts are grayish, with a white patch at the throat. The long tail virtually lacks hairs and is darker above than below. In the holotype, the total length is 304 millimetres (11.97 in), the head and body length is 140 millimetres (5.51 in), the combined length of the tail vertebrae is 164 millimetres (6.46 in), the hindfoot length (including claws) is 34 millimetres (1.34 in), and the length of the skull is 35.5 millimetres (1.40 in). In most species of *Nephelomys*, the posterolateral palatal pits, perforations of the palate near the third molar, are conspicuous and receded into a depression or fossa, but in *N. nimbosus* and *N. caracolus*, they are much smaller.

It was first described, in 1926, by American zoologist H. E. Anthony as a subspecies of *Oryzomys auriventer*. It is smaller than that animal and differs in coloration and in the shape of the incisive foramina, which resembles that seen in *N. moerex*. In his description, Anthony anticipated that *O. auriventer* would eventually be demoted to a subspecies of *Oryzomys albigularis*, which was indeed done in the early 1960s. Subsequently, *O. auriventer* was reinstated as a species separate from, though related to, *O. albigularis*, and *nimbosus* was considered to belong to the same species. When the members of the *Oryzomys albigularis* group, including *O. auriventer*, were transferred to the new genus *Nephelomys* in 2006, *N. nimbosus* was recognized as a separate species.

## Literature cited

* Anthony, H.E. 1926. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 7. *American Museum Novitates* 240:1–6.
* Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). *Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed.* Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
* Weksler, M.; Percequillo, A. R.; Voss, R. S. (2006-10-19). "Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)". *American Museum Novitates* (3537). American Museum of Natural History: 1–29. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3537\[1:TNGOOR\]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5815. S2CID 84088556.

## InfoBox

| *Nephelomys nimbosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Sigmodontinae |
| Genus: | *Nephelomys* |
| Species: | ***N. nimbosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nephelomys nimbosus***
(Anthony, 1926) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Oryzomys auriventer nimbosus* Anthony, 1926
*\[Nephelomys\] nimbosus*: Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss, 2006 | |


title: Naru Island (Japan)

abstract: Naru Island Naru Island is one of the Gotō Islands in Japan. It is part of the city of Gotō in Nagasaki Prefecture. The island is home to Egami Church, the Shirotake Observatory, and a ferry port servicing travel to and from Nagasaki. Naru Island's history has been defined by its fishery, as well as its role in providing sanctuary for the Hidden Christians fleeing Tokugawa persecution. The island has several churches, built by missionaries.

text:
# Naru Island (Japan)

32°49′N 128°56′E / 32.817°N 128.933°E / 32.817; 128.933

**Naru Island** (奈留島, *Naru-shima*) is one of the Gotō Islands in Japan. It is part of the city of Gotō in Nagasaki Prefecture.

The island is home to Egami Church, the Shirotake Observatory, and a ferry port servicing travel to and from Nagasaki.

Naru Island's history has been defined by its fishery, as well as its role in providing sanctuary for the Hidden Christians fleeing Tokugawa persecution. The island has several churches, built by missionaries.

## History

Naru Island was a port of call for Japanese vessels on missions to China during the Ming dynasty, from the 15th century to the latter half of the 16th century. It was the custom of the chief priest of Naru Shrine to pray for the vice-envoy's safe voyage at sea. From the 13th century, the island was ruled by the Naru clan, but eventually became part of the Uku clan's dominion around the 15th century when the Uku clan took control of the Gotō Islands.

Christianity was introduced to the Gotō Islands, including Naru, in 1566, as proclaimed by Luis de Almeida, but worshipping was banned in 1612. de Almeida's mission was on Fukue Island, but the names of Japanese Catholics are preserved from the early 17th century, suggesting that his mission extended north from Fukue to Naru and Hisaka, located between the two. The location *Natsui* was named among a collection of signatures of Japanese Catholics, identified as the present-day Natsui village on Naru.

According to the Naru Town History Editorial Board, Hidden Christians began migrating to Naru from mainland Nagasaki, first to the uninhabited island of Kazura (カズラ島) between Wakamatsu Island and Nakadōri Island, and then to Naru, where they settled in the villages of Nagahae, Tsubakihara, and Nankoshi. In 1797, three Hidden Christians came to Naru from the villages of Mie and Sotome on the Nishisonogi Peninsula as missionaries in secret, followed by many others. The places settled by Hidden Christians were often remote areas, isolated from the extent Buddhist villages. After the ban on Christianity in Japan was lifted, Hidden Christians who had settled in the area now known as Egami built a church in 1906 that was eventually renovated and became Egami Church, in part of an effort to reconnect Hidden Christians with mainstream Catholicism.

## Development

The Ministry of the Environment has conducted pilot projects in Nagasaki prefecture to test the feasible of marine renewable energy since 2010. Naru Strait, between Naru and Wakamatsu, was identified as a potential site for tidal energy projects. Authorities are in the process of building a test center, similar to the European Marine Energy Centre located in Scotland.

Although fishing is the main traditional industry on Naru, the fishery industry is rapidly declining due to an aging population and a lack of young people joining the industry.

## Ecology

*Aetobatus narutobiei*, the Naru eagle ray, was named after Naru Island, where it was first found in Japan.

1. "Nagasaki, Unzen, Goto Islands, Iki and Tsushima" (PDF). Japan National Tourist Organization. 2007.
2. "Chapter 2" (PDF).
3. McClelland, G. (2021-05-31). "From Pure Land to Hell: Introducing four culturally hybrid UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Gotō Archipelago". *Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures*. **16**. doi:10.21463/shima.130. hdl:11343/281376. ISSN 1834-6049. S2CID 236415866.
4. Kularathna, A.H.T. Shyam; Suda, Sayaka; Takagi, Ken; Tabeta, Shigeru (11 May 2019). "Evaluation of Co-Existence Options of Marine Renewable Energy Projects in Japan". *Sustainability*. **11** (10): 2840. doi:10.3390/su11102840.
5. White, William T.; Furumitsu, Keisuke; Yamaguchi, Atsuko (2013-12-31). "A New Species of Eagle Ray Aetobatus narutobiei from the Northwest Pacific: An Example of the Critical Role Taxonomy Plays in Fisheries and Ecological Sciences". *PLOS ONE*. **8** (12): e83785. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883785W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083785. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3877081. PMID 24391827.

## InfoBox

Naru Island
| Native name: 奈留島 "Narushima" | |
| --- | --- |
| View from the town of Naru | |
| Naru Island | |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 32°50′15″N 128°56′5″E / 32.83750°N 128.93472°E / 32.83750; 128.93472 |
| Archipelago | Gotō Islands |
| Area | 23.82 km2 (9.20 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 276 m (906 ft) |
| Administration | |
| **Japan** | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 2776 |


title: Tod Fennell

abstract: Tod Fennell is a Canadian film, voice, and television actor. He was born in Montreal, Quebec.

text:
# Tod Fennell

**Tod Fennell** (born October 18, 1984) is a Canadian film, voice, and television actor. He was born in Montreal, Quebec.

## Career

Fennell's passion for acting inspired him to attend the Montreal Children's Theater at age five. He speaks English and French.

Fennell had the lead in Nicholas Kendall's film *Kayla* (1997). *Variety* wrote about his performance: "In the central role, Fennell is memorable, managing to make the rather self-centered Sam interesting".

Fennell was a series regular on the children's television series *Lassie* (1997-1999).

Fennell portrayed Taro in the 2021 video game *Kena: Bridge of Spirits*.

## Filmography

### Film

### Television

### Video games

## InfoBox

| Tod Fennell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1984-10-18) October 18, 1984<br>Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Website | www.todfennell.com |


title: Pahvant Range

abstract: The Pahvant Range is a mountain range in central Utah, United States, east of Fillmore.

text:
# Pahvant Range

The **Pahvant Range** (also **Pavant Range**) is a mountain range in central Utah, United States, east of Fillmore.

## Description

The range is named for the Pahvant tribe, a branch of the Ute people. The tallest peak is Mine Camp Peak at 10,222 feet (3,116 m). Most of the land in the Pavant range is part of Fishlake National Forest.

Richfield lies in the Sevier River valley to the southeast of the range and Fillmore lies in the Pavant Valley along the northwest side of the range.

The Pavant Range merges into the Tushar Mountains on the south.

## Transportation

Interstate 15 crosses the extreme north end of the range at Scipio pass, near Scipio. Interstate 70 crosses at a pass between the Pavant Range and the Tushar Mountains to the south.

## Meteorite

Iron meteorite fragments with a mass of 240 grams (8.5 oz) named the Salina Meteorite were found in the Pavant Range in 1908.

## InfoBox

| Pahvant Range | |
| --- | --- |
| View of the Pahvant Range, looking southeast from Fillmore, July 2013 | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Mine Camp Peak, Pavant Range
center, west
(Millard County) |
| Coordinates | 38°52′27″N 112°15′13″W / 38.87413°N 112.25355°W / 38.87413; -112.25355 |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 50 mi (80 km) SSW x NNE |
| Width | 15 mi (24 km) E-W |
| Geography | |
| Pahvant RangePavant Range in Utah | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Utah |
| Region | Great Basin Desert, southeast |
| Counties | Millard and Sevier |
| Cities | Fillmore, Richfield &
Maple Grove |
| Range coordinates | 38°54′N 112°13′W / 38.900°N 112.217°W / 38.900; -112.217 |
| Borders on | Canyon Mountains-NNW
Sevier Desert-W & NW
Tushar Mountains-S
Valley Mountains-(minor range)-NE
Sevier Plateau-E & SE |


title: Henry de Raleigh (died 1301)

abstract: Sir Henry de Raleigh was a knight from Devonshire, England, whose effigy in the form of a cross-legged crusader knight survives in Exeter Cathedral.

text:
# Henry de Raleigh (died 1301)

**Sir Henry de Raleigh** (died 1301) was a knight from Devonshire, England, whose effigy in the form of a cross-legged crusader knight survives in Exeter Cathedral.

## Origins

The place of his origin is unclear from surviving records, but he was probably a member of the prominent *de Raleigh* family seated at the manor of Raleigh in the parish of Pilton, near Barnstaple in North Devon. In the 16th century the arms of *Checquy a chief vair* were recorded by the antiquarian John Leland as painted on the shield of his effigy in Exeter Cathedral. These arms were later adopted by the prominent Chichester family, the heirs of de Raleigh of Raleigh, Pilton.

## Death and burial

He is known to have died whilst living at the Dominican Friary in Exeter, whence his body was forcibly removed by two Cathedral canons, including Walter de Stapledon (d.1326), later Bishop of Exeter, and given burial in the cathedral.

## Monument in Exeter Cathedral

The Devon historian Sir William Pole (d.1635) wrote concerning Exeter Cathedral:

"Twoe knightes lye together in the wall wch devideth the quire & ye ambulatory, the on(e) wth the armes of Bohun on his shield & ye other wth the armes of Ralegh of Ralegh: vid. *Checque, or & geules a chief verry*".

It is not certain which of the two contemporary effigies of cross-legged knights situated next to each other under separate niches set into the north wall of the south ambulatory of Exeter Cathedral represents Raleigh. Orme (2008) is one of the few commentators who has attempted to decide the matter, and he selected the westernmost (left-hand) effigy, under the arched canopy, as representing Raleigh, thus assigning de Bohun to the easternmost effigy, under the ogee-shaped canopy. The cross-legged and "lively" form of these effigies, of which several exist elsewhere in England, most notably in the Temple Church in the City of London, are generally supposed to represent crusaders, possibly members of the Knights Templar order.

## Sources

* Orme, Nicholas, "Whose Body?", published in "The Cathedral Cat, Stories from Exeter Cathedral", 2008, p. 25

## Further reading

* Little, A.G., & Easterling, R.C., *The Franciscans and Dominicans of Exeter*, published in Monograph no.3, History of Exeter Research Group, Exeter, 1927, pp. 40–5, 67-75

1. Identification per Orme, Nicholas, "Whose Body?", published in "The Cathedral Cat, Stories from Exeter Cathedral", 2008, p.25, who identifies Raleigh as the left-most (westernmost) of two similar effigies. Pevsner, Buildings of England: Devon, 2004, p.381 identifies him as the right-most
2. Orme, p.27, based on Little, A.G., & Easterling, R.C., The Franciscans and Dominicans of Exeter, History of Exeter Research Group, Monograph no.3, Exeter, 1927, pp.40-5, 67-75
3. Pole, Sir William (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, Sir John-William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791,p.109


title: Mu Xia

abstract: Mu Xia is a female Chinese softball player who competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics and at the 2004 Summer Olympics. She was born in Tianjin. In the 2000 Olympic softball competition she finished fourth with the Chinese team. She played all eight matches as outfielder. Four years later she finished fourth again with the Chinese team in the 2004 Olympic softball tournament. She played all eight matches as outfielder again.

text:
# Mu Xia

**Mu Xia** (Chinese: 穆霞; pinyin: *Mù Xiá*; born April 28, 1974) is a female Chinese softball player who competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics and at the 2004 Summer Olympics. She was born in Tianjin. In the 2000 Olympic softball competition she finished fourth with the Chinese team. She played all eight matches as outfielder. Four years later she finished fourth again with the Chinese team in the 2004 Olympic softball tournament. She played all eight matches as outfielder again.

## InfoBox

Mu Xia
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | April 28, 1974 (1974-04-28) (age 50)<br>Tianjin |
| Height | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Medal record      Women's softball  Representing  China  Asian Games  1998 Bangkok Team  2002 Busan Team | |