title: WWIN-FM

abstract: WWIN-FM is an urban adult contemporary radio station in Baltimore owned by Urban One. It is known as "Magic 95.9", playing a variety of urban adult contemporary music from the 1960s to present. Its transmitter is located along I-695 in Hawkins Point near Curtis Bay, and its studios are located in Gwynn Oak.

text:
# WWIN-FM

**WWIN-FM** (95.9 FM) is an urban adult contemporary radio station in Baltimore owned by Urban One. It is known as "Magic 95.9", playing a variety of urban adult contemporary music from the 1960s to present. Its transmitter is located along I-695 in Hawkins Point near Curtis Bay (officially Glen Burnie, Maryland), and its studios are located in Gwynn Oak (they were previously located at Cathy Hughes Plaza in downtown Baltimore).

## History

WWIN-FM's former nickname from the 1970s was *Z-96*, with the call sign WBKZ. Around 1987, the format changed to contemporary hit radio with the call sign WHTE, then WGHT. "Hot 95.9" failed to compete with CHR leader WBSB, and all airstaff were fired on June 23, 1989. Urban adult music returned to 95.9 FM as legendary announcers Harold Pompey and Don "Cleo" Brooks created 1400 AM/95.9 FM WWIN-FM "The Best Songs and No Rap". In 1992, after a failed purchase attempt Washington, D.C. station owner Cathy Hughes and her company Almic Broadcasting bought WWIN AM-FM from Broadcast Enterprise Network, Inc. Ragan Augustus Henry, a Philadelphia attorney, headed the organization as president and 53% owner. He founded BENI (Broadcast Enterprises National, Inc.) in 1974 as a Black-owned business venture. Almic immediately changed the station's nickname to *Majic 95.9* In the late '90s, "Majic" was changed to "Magic". Later in 1992, Almic Broadcasting changed its name to Radio One. Personalities on WWIN-FM were Curtis Anderson, Harold Pompey, Tim Watts, Larry Wilson, Alphie, Lee Cross, Ronnie Baker, Mike Roberts, Sean "DJ Spen" Spencer, Keith Newman, Mike Moragne-El, Eric Henson, Larnell King, Anthony, Marcus Clinton, Robin Holden, Lou Thimes Jr., Dave Alan, Trecina "Sunshine" Grey, Denise Edwards, Jacqui Allen, Lawrence Gregory Jones, Sonny Andre, and Commediene-Actress Monique. Today, WWIN-FM carries two nationally syndicated shows: *The Tom Joyner Morning Show* and *The D.L. Hughley Show*.

Before the locally owned Belvedere Broadcasting Company bought 95.9 in the early 1980s, the frequency was used by The Baltimore Radio Show Inc, long-time operators of WFBR (1300 AM, now WJZ).

The Radio Show, also a locally owned company, used the call sign WBKZ for 95.9 and presented various automated-and-semi-automated music formats, including at least two from the syndication company Drake-Chenault, co-founded by legendary programmer Bill Drake.

The music formats of WBKZ ranged from adult contemporary to nostalgia (music of the pre-rock era mixed with softer recent music). WBKZ pioneered mainstream adult contemporary on FM in the Baltimore market, at least a year (1976) earlier than the evolution of WKTK (105.7 FM, now WJZ-FM) from album rock through pop disco to uptempo adult contemporary. WBKZ predated later adult contemporary-adult Top 40 stations such as WYST (92.3 FM, now WERQ-FM), WWMX (106.5 FM) and the late stages of WBSB (104.3 FM, now WZFT) as it moved from the mass-appeal Top 40 of B104.

Personalities were used even with these "live-assist" formats on WBKZ, most notably long-time Baltimore morning host Lee Case after a change of format at WCBM (680 AM), where Case ruled as the "Morning Mayor" for at least a quarter-century.

The Baltimore Radio Show sold 95.9 to Belvedere in or about 1982 or 1983. Belvedere had operated the Class IV WWIN (1400 AM) for many years, and the company and some of its principals had experimented earlier with FM.

WWIN(AM) was a successful rhythm-and-blues or "soul" music station that saw audience erosion in the late 1970s and early 1980s after the emergence of Plough Broadcasting's WXYV (102.7 FM, now WQSR), known by the slogan V-103. The former WCAO-FM began a rhythmic "disco" automated-voice-tracked format in 1977 and evolved into an R&B station with live personalities. Conjecture suggested that WWIN needed to place all or some of its programming on FM to stay competitive.

The renamed WBKZ as WWIN-FM at first simulcast the programming of 1400 and then evolved into a softer, older-appeal music format based on R&B and eventually known as "urban adult contemporary".

At some point in the mid-to-late 1980s, Belvedere sold WWIN AM & -FM to Ragan Henry's organization, and eventually that company moved the FM station to a variation of Top 40 or contemporary hit radio under the callsign WHTE briefly, and then as WGHT in 1987. Both callsigns were subordinated to the slogan Hot 95.9.

As noted above, longtime Baltimore radio personality, programmer and manager Don Cleo Brooks and fellow veteran Harold Pompey led 95.9 back to an "urban adult" format after disappointing performance as Hot 95.9. There was simulcasting of FM programming on the fading WWIN for some time, and a few years later, both stations were sold to Almic, the predecessor of Radio One.

WISZ-FM entered the Baltimore-area radio fray in the early 1960s, as a simulcast of WISZ (1590 AM, now WFBR), a highly-directional local station licensed to Glen Burnie in northern Anne Arundel County. The AM station began its broadcast life as an Adult Standards formatted local station. It was owned by "Butch" Gregory, a Westinghouse VP, who built some of the equipment himself, much of it to mil-spec standards. The first FM transmitter site was in the backyard of a residence off Ritchie Highway in Brooklyn. A telephone pole held the antenna, with the transmitter in a wooden shed. The first staff was hired from WAYE, the long-time Baltimore "beautiful music" station. R.J. Bennett was the first manager, and Matt Edwards the first Program Director. Within two years the format had changed to "country music" under the direction of Ray Davis, famed for his daily remotes from "Johnny's New and Used Cars" lot in Northeast Baltimore. WISZ-AM-FM constituted the only full-time country music station in the immediate area of Baltimore, until WPOC (93.1 FM) was converted from easy-listening to a modern country format in 1974 after being purchased by Nationwide Communications, a subsidiary of the well-known insurance company Nationwide.

Within two years of WPOC's successful change, WISZ-FM was sold by its local owners to The Baltimore Radio Show, and that company brought in the first of the adult-contemporary or nostalgia formats using automation under the slogan Z-96.

WWIN-FM shares its call sign with WWIN, "Spirit 1400", an Urban Gospel station that also serves Baltimore.

1. *Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1999* (PDF). 1999. p. D-204. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
2. "Facility Technical Data for WWIN-FM". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.

## InfoBox

WWIN-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Baltimore metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 95.9 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | "Magic 95.9" |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Format | Urban adult contemporary |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations |  |
| History | |
| First air date | September 15, 1964 (1964-09-15) |
| Former call signs | * WISZ-FM (1964–1976) * WBKZ (1976–1983) * WWIN-FM (1983–1987) * WHTE (July 1987) * WGHT (1987–1989) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 54710 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 3,000 watts |
| HAAT | 91 meters (299 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 39°12′18″N 76°34′05″W / 39.205°N 76.568°W / 39.205; -76.568 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | www.magicbaltimore.com |


title: Hiroshima Dreamination

abstract: Hiroshima Dreamination (ひろしまドリミネーション) is a winter festival of electric light held in Hiroshima, Japan since 2002. "Dreamination" is a composite word coined from "dream" and "illumination".

text:
# Hiroshima Dreamination

**Hiroshima Dreamination** (ひろしまドリミネーション) is a winter festival of electric light held in Hiroshima, Japan since 2002. "Dreamination" is a composite word coined from "dream" and "illumination".

## Overview

The festival is hosted by the Light-up Hiroshima Project Executive Committee and supported by all public and private broadcasters in Hiroshima as a winter night attraction in for residents and visitors. Every street in downtown Hiroshima, together with the town squares are illuminated with a million and a half LED lights.

## Theme and staging dates

| Year | Theme | Period |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | Peaceful land and a witch – turn the town into the fairyland | November 6 – December 31, 2002; 18:00–23:00 |
| 2003 | Fairyland – story of The Dragon and the George | November 15, 2003 – Jananuary 12, 2004; 17:00–23:00 |
| 2004 | Fairyland – story of a winemaker and a Christmas tree on a starlit hill | November 17, 2004 – January 3, 2005; 17:00–23:00 |
| 2005 | Fairyland – story of a prince in merry-go-land in Hartland | November 17, 2005 – January 3, 2006; 17:00–23:00 |
| 2006 | Fairyland – story of Maeterlinck's Blue Bird | November 17, 2006 – January 3, 2007; 17:00–23:00 |
| 2007 | Fairyland | November 17, 2007 – January 3, 2008; 17:00–23:00 |
| 2008 | Fairyland | November 17, 2008 – January 3, 2009; 17:30–23:00 |
| 2009 | Fairyland | November 6, 2009 – January 3, 2010; 17:30–23:00 |

## Sites

| Area | Location on Peace Boulevard | Area | Location on Peace Boulevard |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fruit grove | NHK Hiroshima | Guardian grove | Hotel Sunroute Hiroshima |
| Tower of the origami crane | ANA Crown Plaza Hiroshima | Dream tree | Hotel Dormy Inn Hiroshima |
| Peace Castle | Hiroshima Crystal Plaza | Holy place | Hiroshima Daini Yuraku Building |
| Hopes of the citizens | Mitsui Garden Hotel Hiroshima | Sailing ship of healing | Takeda Hiroshima Building |
| Happy land | Hiroshima Tokyu Inn | Phoenix hill | Chugoku Apollo |
| Snowfield of auroras | Kouwa building | Paradise of angels | Hiroshima Shinkin Bank |
| Wings | Oriental Hotel Hiroshima | Protective god Dragon | Hiroshima Kenshin |

## Illuminated streetcars

## Events

* Opening Event – parade, opening ceremony, lighting up ceremony, mini concerts on the first day
* Memorial Light up Ceremony and Mini Concert – every Saturday and on two national holidays in front of Hiroshima Crystal Plaza on Peace Boulevard
* Photo Contest
* Monument Design Contest
* Dreami coffee shop

## Sponsorships

* Hiroshima Light-up Project Executive Committee

### Co-sponsors

## InfoBox

| Hiroshima Dreamination | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Lighting |
| Location(s) | Hiroshima |
| Founded | 2002 |
| Website | http://www.dreamination.com |


abstract: The Gooding City of Rocks West Wilderness Study Area is a Bureau of Land Management wilderness study area that covers 6,287 acres (2,544 ha) in Gooding County, Idaho between the towns of Gooding and Fairfield. The WSA is located in the Bennett Hills and features a collection of rock features called hoodoos, which rise to more than 100 feet (30 m). The Gooding City of Rocks West WSA is contiguous with three other WSAs in the Bennett Hills: Black Canyon, Gooding City of Rocks East, and Little City of Rocks. Portions of the WSA's borders are formed by dirt roads, which also separates it from the Gooding City of Rocks West and Black Canyon WSAs. Sagebrush and grasses are the dominant vegetation in the WSA, although willows, quaking aspen, cottonwoods, and other trees can be found in shaded sections of some canyons. Elevations in the WSA range from 4,080 ft (1,240 m) to 5,616 ft (1,712 m). Wildlife that can be found in the WSA include elk, mule deer, coyote, and various birds of prey and upland game. Catchall Creek and other streams flow through the WSA. All of the WSA was recommended to be included as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System because it provides exceptional wilderness values. However, the area will remain a WSA until it is released or designated a wilderness area. Petroglyphs and surface lithic scatters can be found in the WSA.|year=2009

text:
# Gooding City of Rocks West Wilderness Study Area

The **Gooding City of Rocks West Wilderness Study Area** is a Bureau of Land Management wilderness study area that covers 6,287 acres (2,544 ha) in Gooding County, Idaho between the towns of Gooding and Fairfield. The WSA is located in the Bennett Hills and features a collection of rock features called hoodoos, which rise to more than 100 feet (30 m). The Gooding City of Rocks West WSA is contiguous (but divided by dirt roads) with three other WSAs in the Bennett Hills: Black Canyon, Gooding City of Rocks East, and Little City of Rocks. Portions of the WSA's borders are formed by dirt roads, which also separates it from the Gooding City of Rocks West and Black Canyon WSAs.

Sagebrush and grasses are the dominant vegetation in the WSA, although willows, quaking aspen, cottonwoods, and other trees can be found in shaded sections of some canyons. Elevations in the WSA range from 4,080 ft (1,240 m) to 5,616 ft (1,712 m). Wildlife that can be found in the WSA include elk, mule deer, coyote, and various birds of prey and upland game. Catchall Creek and other streams flow through the WSA. All of the WSA was recommended to be included as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System because it provides exceptional wilderness values. However, the area will remain a WSA until it is released or designated a wilderness area. Petroglyphs and surface lithic scatters can be found in the WSA.|year=2009

## InfoBox

| Gooding City of Rocks West Wilderness Study Area | |
| --- | --- |
| Gooding City of Rocks West | |
| IUCN category Ib (wilderness area) | |
| Location in IdahoLocation in United States | |
| Location | Gooding County, Idaho, United States |
| Nearest city | Gooding, ID |
| Coordinates | 43°07′28″N 114°52′03″W / 43.12454°N 114.86755°W / 43.12454; -114.86755 |
| Area | 6,287 acres (2,544 ha) |
| Established | 1992 |
| Governing body | Bureau of Land Management |
| Official website | |


title: I Do (Rain song)

abstract: "I Do" is a song by South Korean recording artist Rain for his third studio album, It's Raining. It was written and produced by Park Jin-young, with additional composition credits by Bang Si-hyuk. The song was first released as part of It's Raining through JYP Entertainment on October 8, 2004, serving as the record's second single following its title track "It's Raining".

text:
# I Do (Rain song)

"**I Do**" is a song by South Korean recording artist Rain for his third studio album, *It's Raining*. It was written and produced by Park Jin-young, with additional composition credits by Bang Si-hyuk. The song was first released as part of *It's Raining* through JYP Entertainment on October 8, 2004, serving as the record's second single following its title track "It's Raining".

## Background and release

After the success of the single "It's Raining", Rain released a much calmer up-tempo ballad entitled, "I Do". The lyrics talk about how he pledges to be the very best for his lover. The single became one of the singer's biggest hits throughout Asia, topping the radio broadcast chart in Thailand and ranking within the top ten in Malaysia.

The Japanese version of "I Do" was released through King Records on February 16, 2005, in support of the Japanese edition of the album. "I Do" was awarded Best Asian Pop Song at the Hito Music Awards in Taiwan in 2006.

## Music video

The music video for "I Do" was shot at the Paju Book Complex in Gyeonggi Province. In the music video, Rain moves from his messy room (where he apparently films a video of himself singing for his girlfriend) to the streets, passing by many loving couples. Eventually, he reaches the restaurant where his girl is waiting for him, and plucks flowers out of a nearby flower box for her bouquet before greeting her. There is also a short dance interlude. The Japanese version of the music video was released on February 16, 2005, and was included on the DVD of the Japanese edition of *It's Raining*.

## Live performances

In South Korea, Rain promoted "I Do" on several music programs including *Inkigayo* and *Music Camp*. Rain premiered the Japanese version of "I Do" at his Japanese debut showcase at Shibuya-AX on February 21, 2005, which attracted 2,000 people.

## Accolades

Awards
| Year | Organization | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | Hito Music Awards | Best Asian Pop Song | Won |  |

Music program awards
| Program | Date |
| --- | --- |
| *Inkigayo* | December 26, 2004 |
| *Music Camp* | January 1, 2005 |
| | January 8, 2005 |

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *It's Raining*.

Recording Personnel

## Release history

| Region | Date | Version | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| South Korea | October 8, 2004 | Korean version | Digital download | JYP Entertainment |
| Japan | February 16, 2005 | | Japanese version | King Records |

* Rain \- Official English website (in English)

## InfoBox

| "I Do" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Rain | |
| from the album  *It's Raining* | |
| Released | October 8, 2004
February 16, 2005 (Japan) |
| Studio | JYPE Studio |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:45 |
| Label |  |
| Composer(s) |  |
| Lyricist(s) | Park Jin-young |
| Rain singles chronology | |
| "It's Raining"
(2004) "**I Do**"
(2004) "Nan"
(2004) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "I Do" (Korean ver.) on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: One Aldwych

abstract: One Aldwych is a five-star luxury hotel in London, England, founded by Gordon Campbell Gray. One Aldwych lies in the Aldwych in Covent Garden in City of Westminster.

text:
# One Aldwych

**One Aldwych** is a five-star luxury hotel in London, England, founded by Gordon Campbell Gray. One Aldwych lies in the Aldwych in Covent Garden in City of Westminster.

## Exterior

The hotel is located in an Edwardian building known as Inveresk House, also called the Morning Post Building, constructed between 1907 and 1910 by the firm of Mewès and Davis, the same architects who designed The Ritz. It is located on the corner of The Aldwych and Wellington Street, adjacent to the Novello Theatre and opposite the London Transport Museum.

The building is noteworthy for being an early example of steel-framed construction in London, and is clad in grey Norwegian granite with a slate and copper roof, in an architectural blend of the Louis XVI and Louis XV styles, which was a specialty of Mewès and Davis' firm. Until 1937 the building was the headquarters of the Morning Post newspaper, from 1928 it housed the offices of both the Morning Post and the Illustrated London News. In 1928 two additional floors were added in the mansard roof, incorporating steep dormer windows.

The building received a Grade II Listing from Historic England in 1986. In 1998 the building was converted to a hotel by Jestico Whiles Associates, retaining the Edwardian facade.

## Interior

### Rooms

The hotel contains 105 rooms and suites. The rooms are described by Lonely Planet as being "spacious and stylish with raw silk curtains, natural tones and modern art, with bath tubs big enough for two".

The founder, Campbell Gray, has professed that the hotel is intended to be a classic hotel, not a boutique hotel or geared towards "young, trendy people", although the hotel does attract many fashionistas and West End aficionados under 40.

The hotel contains a 400 piece art collection purchased by Campbell Gray, featuring artists such as Cecilia Vargas, Richard Walker, Joost Beerents, Emily Young and Justine Smith.

### Restaurants and bars

One Aldwych contains two restaurants, Indigo and Eneko, as well as The Lobby Bar. Indigo serves modern British cuisine and is open every day. Eneko serves modern Basque cuisine, with menus overseen by the celebrated Michelin starred chef, Eneko Atxa. In addition to afternoon tea, the hotel provides a *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory* themed tea.

The Lobby Bar is located in the grand high-ceilinged lobby which was once the reception area to the former newspaper building. The grand lobby has been described as "dramatic and aircraft-hangar-capacious with enormous polished oak arched windows." The Lobby Bar is noted for its cocktails.

### Facilities

The hotel has a 56-foot (17 m) lap pool without chlorine, a sauna, steam room, therapy treatments and gym and also has a cinema for screening films at the weekend.

51°30′42″N 0°07′10″W / 51.51174°N 0.11938°W / 51.51174; -0.11938

## InfoBox

| One Aldwych | |
| --- | --- |
| The One Aldwych Hotel | |
| Location within Central London | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1 Aldwych, Covent Garden, City of Westminster. London, England, United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 51°30′42.26″N 0°7′8.77″W / 51.5117389°N 0.1191028°W / 51.5117389; -0.1191028 |
| Opening | 1998 |
| Other information | |
| Number of rooms | 105 |
| Number of restaurants | 2 |
| Website | |
| https://www.onealdwych.com | |


title: José Mamerto Gómez Hermosilla

abstract: José Mamerto Gómez Hermosilla was a Spanish Hellenist, journalist and writer.

text:
# José Mamerto Gómez Hermosilla

**José Mamerto Gómez Hermosilla** (11 May 1771, in Madrid – 31 March 1837) was a Spanish Hellenist, journalist and writer.

## Biography

Son of Vicente Gómez and Josefa de Hermosilla, he studied Latin and rhetoric with the Piarists of Getafe around 1782. At the college of St. Thomas of Madrid, he studied three years of philosophy; and four of theology, Ecclesiastic Discipline, and Literature in San Isidro. Beginning 1785 was one of the many academic theologists of St. Thomas.


title: Ottoman conquest of the Morea

abstract: The Ottoman conquest of the Morea occurred in two phases, in 1458 and 1460, and marked the end of the Despotate of the Morea, one of the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire, which had been extinguished in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The Despotate of the Morea had been founded as an autonomous appanage ruled by members of the Byzantine imperial Palaiologos dynasty. During the 14th and 15th centuries, it was the scene of the last flourishing of Byzantine culture, but in the 1420s it was repeatedly attacked by Ottoman raiders under Turahan Bey, and was reduced to a tributary vassal by Sultan Murad II in 1446. From 1449, it was ruled by the brothers Demetrios Palaiologos and Thomas Palaiologos, who were engaged in a constant rivalry with one another: they divided the Morea peninsula among themselves, and neglected the payment of tribute to the Sultan. Having lost his patience with the quarreling brothers, and determined to avoid the Morea being used as a springboard for a Western crusade against him following his capture of Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II invaded the peninsula in May 1458. While part of his forces besieged the Acrocorinth, the rest ravaged the peninsula. After the fall of the Acrocorinth, the two Palaiologoi brothers capitulated. Acrocorinth, Thomas' capital, Patras, and much of the northern part of the peninsula came under direct Ottoman rule; the Palaiologoi were left as tributary rulers in the southern half, which included the Despotate's capital, Mystras. As soon as the Sultan left, the quarrel between the two brothers resumed, with Demetrios moving to a pro-Ottoman stance and Thomas, who had lost most of his domain, increasingly looking for Western assistance. Thomas rose in revolt in January 1459, leading Demetrios to call for Ottoman assistance from the governors installed in the northern peninsula. Mehmed II tried to mediate between the brothers, but the civil war resumed soon after. Bolstered by Italian reinforcements, Thomas gained the upper hand; Demetrios withdrew to Monemvasia and sent envoys to beg the Sultan for his assistance, while Pope Pius II tried to rally Western support for an anti-Ottoman crusade at the Council of Mantua. In April 1460, Mehmed II led his second invasion of the Morea. He first secured the surrender of Demetrios and the remaining territories under the latter's control, including Mystras, before moving west to the lands held by Thomas, who fled to Corfu with his family. The last sources of resistance in the peninsula were subdued in July 1461, and the Morea became an Ottoman province. Ottoman rule would be challenged during the First Ottoman–Venetian War, which broke out in 1463, and in which the Republic of Venice would unsuccessfully attempt to capture the peninsula; and the remaining Venetian coastal strongholds would be gradually reduced by 1540. Apart from a period of Venetian rule in 1685–1715, the Morea would remain in Ottoman hands until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821.

text:
# Ottoman conquest of the Morea

The **Ottoman conquest of the Morea** occurred in two phases, in 1458 and 1460, and marked the end of the Despotate of the Morea, one of the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire, which had been extinguished in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

The Despotate of the Morea had been founded as an autonomous appanage ruled by members of the Byzantine imperial Palaiologos dynasty. During the 14th and 15th centuries, it was the scene of the last flourishing of Byzantine culture, but in the 1420s it was repeatedly attacked by Ottoman raiders under Turahan Bey, and was reduced to a tributary vassal by Sultan Murad II in 1446. From 1449, it was ruled by the brothers Demetrios Palaiologos and Thomas Palaiologos, who were engaged in a constant rivalry with one another: they divided the Morea peninsula among themselves, and neglected the payment of tribute to the Sultan. Having lost his patience with the quarreling brothers, and determined to avoid the Morea being used as a springboard for a Western crusade against him following his capture of Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II invaded the peninsula in May 1458. While part of his forces besieged the Acrocorinth, the rest ravaged the peninsula. After the fall of the Acrocorinth, the two Palaiologoi brothers capitulated. Acrocorinth, Thomas' capital, Patras, and much of the northern part of the peninsula came under direct Ottoman rule; the Palaiologoi were left as tributary rulers in the southern half, which included the Despotate's capital, Mystras.

As soon as the Sultan left, the quarrel between the two brothers resumed, with Demetrios moving to a pro-Ottoman stance and Thomas, who had lost most of his domain, increasingly looking for Western assistance. Thomas rose in revolt in January 1459, leading Demetrios to call for Ottoman assistance from the governors installed in the northern peninsula. Mehmed II tried to mediate between the brothers, but the civil war resumed soon after. Bolstered by Italian reinforcements, Thomas gained the upper hand; Demetrios withdrew to Monemvasia and sent envoys to beg the Sultan for his assistance, while Pope Pius II tried to rally Western support for an anti-Ottoman crusade at the Council of Mantua. In April 1460, Mehmed II led his second invasion of the Morea. He first secured the surrender of Demetrios and the remaining territories under the latter's control, including Mystras, before moving west to the lands held by Thomas, who fled to Corfu with his family. The last sources of resistance in the peninsula were subdued in July 1461, and the Morea became an Ottoman province. Ottoman rule would be challenged during the First Ottoman–Venetian War, which broke out in 1463, and in which the Republic of Venice would unsuccessfully attempt to capture the peninsula; and the remaining Venetian coastal strongholds would be gradually reduced by 1540. Apart from a period of Venetian rule in 1685–1715, the Morea would remain in Ottoman hands until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821.

## Background: the Despotate of the Morea and the Ottoman Empire

After the Fourth Crusade (1203–1204), the Morea (Peloponnese) peninsula in southern Greece was conquered by Western European Crusaders ('Franks') and became the Principality of Achaea. The Republic of Venice, which also claimed dominion over the Morea by virtue of the *Partitio Romaniae*, accommodated itself to the situation and kept for itself only the two strategic forts of Modon and Coron in Messenia, on the southwestern tip of the peninsula. Byzantine rule was restored over the southeastern part of the Morea, around the fortress of Mystras, in 1262, and gradually expanded into the interior, at the expense of Achaea. In 1349, the Byzantine province of the Morea became a semi-autonomous appanage under a prince with the title of despot, who led his own administration and tax system; after 1380 the Despotate of the Morea was held by younger sons of the ruling Palaiologos dynasty. Constant warfare and Turkish raids on the coast and the interior severely depopulated the Morte countryside; to combat the lack of manpower, the despots encouraged the settlement of large numbers of Albanian migrants in the peninsula. The despots also faced frequent opposition from the Moreote nobility, who resented the arrival and placement in high office of people from outside the peninsula by the despots, as well as the imposition of new taxes and the curtailment of their autonomy by the despots' administration.

### First wave of Ottoman expansion and its impact on the Morea

Towards the end of the 14th century, the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans made the Ottomans a determining factor in Moreote politics. Already in 1387, the Ottoman general Evrenos Bey raided deep into the Morea, as far as the Venetian colonies of Modon and Coron. Despot Theodore I Palaiologos (r.1383–1407) even swore vassalage to Sultan Murad I in the same year; and Theodore's quarrels with local magnates were used by Sultan Bayezid I to force him to hand over various fortresses in the Morea, whereupon Theodore broke off his vassalage. Further Ottoman raids followed in 1394–1395 and 1397, in which the Despot's army was defeated and the peninsula plundered. The mounting Ottoman threat led Theodore to sell the entire Despotate to the Knights Hospitaller in 1399, while the Venetians hoped to form a league of the Frankish and Byzantine rulers against the Ottoman threat, and fortify the peninsula at the Isthmus of Corinth by rebuilding the Hexamilion wall.

The Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and the subsequent civil war of the Ottoman Interregnum removed the Ottoman threat for the immediate future, allowing Theodore to recover the Despotate from the Hospitallers in 1402–1404. In 1415–1416, Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos came to the Morea in person, refortifying the Hexamilion and imposing his authority over the local potentates; this was followed by a resurgence of Byzantine power in the peninsula, as Byzantine forces captured most of Messenia and threatened Patras. In the more peaceful period after 1402, the Despotate of the Morea prospered and saw a major flowering of late Byzantine culture; its capital, Mystras, attracted philosophers and scholars, and was endowed with numerous fine churches. Venice did not remain idle, either: in addition to northeastern fortresses of Nauplia and Argos, which it had acquired in 1388 and 1394 respectively, the Republic expanded its Messenian possessions by acquiring Pylos (Navarino or Port de Jonc) in 1423.

### End of the Principality of Achaea and resurgence of the Ottoman threat

In 1429–1432, a concerted Byzantine campaign finally ended the Principality of Achaea: Despot Constantine Palaiologos (later to rule as the last Byzantine emperor) seized Patras, while his brother, Despot Thomas Palaiologos, through a combination of force and marriage diplomacy seized the possessions of the last Prince of Achaea, Centurione II Zaccaria, the baronies of Chalandritsa and Messenian Arcadia. Apart from the Venetian possessions, all of the Morea was again in Byzantine hands. These successes were precarious, as the Ottoman threat revived at the same time: in 1423 he semi-autonomous Ottoman ruler of Thessaly, Turahan Bey, launched a devastating raid into the Morea, breaching the Hexamilion wall with ease. Another Ottoman raid in 1425 carried off thousands of Greek and Albanian Moreotes into slavery, and in 1431 Turahan returned, once again overcoming the Hexamilion defences. As the historian John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. commented, for now "the Ottomans were out for plunder and to soften up the area. They were not yet conquering towns or annexing any territory. But the earlier fate of Thessaly and that of most of Epirus in 1430-31 should have been a clear message to the Morea that its days were numbered."

In 1435, Despot Constantine tried to absorb the neighbouring Frankish Duchy of Athens, but his attempt faltered because the local barons preferred to become Ottoman vassals than risk expropriation at the hands of the Byzantines. The attempt was repeated in 1444, taking advantage of the Ottoman diversion north to face the Crusade of Varna: the Duke of Athens, Nerio II Acciaioli, recognized Byzantine suzerainty, and Constantine's forces marched on, restoring Byzantine rule up to southern Thessaly and the Vlach territories of the Pindus by the end of 1445. Following the defeat of the crusade, however, the Ottomans turned south again, and by November 1446 they stood once again before the Hexamilion; all Constantine's gains in Central Greece had been lost. The Venetians, angered because Constantine during his campaigns had captured the port of Vitrinitsa from them, refused any assistance. Negotiations failed, and the Ottomans attacked the Hexamilion. After two weeks, with the aid of artillery, the wall was stormed; the Moreote army disintegrated rather than confront them, and the Ottomans proceeded to lay waste to the Morea. Sixty thousand were carried off as slaves, and the Ottoman troops withdrew only after both Constantine and Thomas became vassals of the Sultan and promised not to rebuild the Hexamilion.

In January 1449, Constantine succeeded to the Byzantine throne in Constantinople and left the Morea, which was divided in two halves: Thomas kept the western half, while the younger Demetrios received the eastern half. The two brothers were practically strangers, having lived apart since early childhood; they quickly quarreled, not only over possession of the district of Skorta, but also on religious-ideological grounds: Thomas supported the union of the Byzantine Church with the Catholic Church, while Demetrios opposed it. The dispute led to open war, which lasted until Turahan Bey imposed a settlement on the two despots which left Skorta to Thomas but obliged him to hand over Kalamata and Messenia to Demetrios in exchange.

### Mehmed II and the Despotate of the Morea

In 1451, a new Ottoman sultan, Mehmed II, came to the throne, and immediately began preparations for a final assault on Constantinople. In order to prevent the despots from assisting Constantinople, in October 1452, Turahan led a large force into the Morea, broke through the Hexamilion, crisscrossed the peninsula almost at will, and wintered there. The only Byzantine success was the defeat and capture of Turahan's son Ahmed by Matthew Palaiologos Asen.

The fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 had great repercussions in the Peloponnese, and at first the two despots prepared to flee to Italy, before Mehmed II informed them that they could remain in office as tributary vassals. In autumn, a rebellion broke out against the unpopular despots by the Albanian immigrants, although it also found support among the native Greeks, and spread quickly: Thomas and Demetrios found themselves besieged in their capitals, Patras and Mystras. The rebels called for Venetian assistance, and although this did not materialize—the Republic was loath to be dragged into a potential conflict with the Ottomans—this alarmed the Sultan.

As the Sultan's vassals, the despots called upon Ottoman aid; first Turahan's son Ömer and then Turahan himself campaigned in the Morea, putting down the revolt. Turahan advised the two despots to compose their differences and rule well, and then departed the peninsula. At the same time, the tribute owed the Sultan by the despots was raised further still to 10,000 or 12,000 gold ducats each, while some local magnates used the opportunity to become direct subjects of the Sultan, bypassing the despots. The erosion of the brothers' authority also meant that taxes were frequently withheld, leading to their inability to pay the new, higher tribute; by 1458 they owed three years' worth of tribute money.

Even when faced with this situation, the two despots kept up their dispute. Not only that, but the two brothers independently pursued separate designs to receive help from Western Europe: Thomas sent the scholar John Argyropoulos, while Demetrios sent Frankoulios Servopoulos. Married to Catherine Zaccaria, daughter of the last Prince of Achaea, and a pro-Unionist, Thomas was the more pro-Western of the two, whereas Demetrios increasingly took a pro-Ottoman stance, or at least preferred to not risk the status quo, especially since his entreaties with Western rulers proved fruitless. News of this activity nevertheless reached Mehmed II, who, in the words of the Byzantinist Donald Nicol, "was astonished at the behaviour of the Despots Thomas and Demetrios. They were his sworn vassals. He had gone out of his way to keep them in power. Yet as soon as his back was turned he heard that they were plotting with the Pope, with the Duke of Milan and with the King of France to draw the western world into a crusade."

According to the contemporary historian Kritoboulos of Imbros, when Mehmed II placed the despots before the choice of paying the owed tribute or surrendering the Morea to him, the despots collected the money but kept it for themselves, possibly in hopes of a Western intervention, encouraged by the presence of a Papal squadron under Ludovico Trevisan in the Aegean. These hopes were in vain: despite strenuous efforts, Pope Callixtus III failed to rally the Western princes for anti-Ottoman crusade, or even at securing sufficient funds and troops for the Albanian warlord Skenderbeg, who was resisting Ottoman incursions into Albania at the time.

## Fall of the Morea

### First Moreote campaign of Mehmed II (1458)

The despots' quarrels, infidelity, and inability to pay the promised tribute led Mehmed II to decide to campaign in the Morea. Preparations began in late 1457, and the Sultan set out at the head of his army from Adrianople in spring 1458. The Sultan stayed his march at Thessaly, to rest his army and, according to Kritoboulos, to give the despots time to send envoys and settle their affairs peacefully. In the event, only envoys from Thomas arrived, with 4,500 ducats, when the Ottoman army's scouts were already scouting the northern approaches to the Isthmus of Corinth.

The Ottoman army entered the Morea on 15 May. With the Hexamilion destroyed, the Sultan's forces made for the Acrocorinth, which belonged to Demetrios' domains. Held by Nikephoros Loukanes, the fortress resisted, so the Sultan left his Anatolian troops to besiege the fortress, while he led the remainder of his army into the interior of the peninsula. The Sultan raided mostly the northern and western parts of the Morea, likely not by accident, as these were the domains of Thomas. Despite facing stiff resistance in some cases, within two months the Sultan captured many fortresses in Corinthia and the Argolid. The first target was the Albanian-populated town of Tarsos, which surrendered after a short siege. At Phlius, the local commander, Doxas, resisted until the Ottomans cut the castle's underground water supply and was forced to begin talks for surrender; but taking advantage of the lull in fighting, the Ottomans entered the castle through an unguarded section and massacred the garrison. Akova and Roupeli, which resisted until the Sultan almost gave up the siege, were next; and Mouchli was taken after a three-day siege, again after cutting its water supply.

The despots fled before the Sultan's advance: Thomas with his family went to the small port of Mantineia, and prepared to sail for Italy if the Ottomans approached. His brother Demetrios likewise found refuge in Monemvasia. Mehmed II considered attacking him there, but was dissuaded due to the necessity of first marching through the rough terrain of Laconia, which would make resupply difficult. The Ottoman army then moved northwest through the mountains towards Patras, the capital of Thomas' portion of the Despotate. The latter was deserted, leaving only a small garrison in its citadel, which capitulated after a brief siege. Appreciating the town's position, he sent messengers inviting its inhabitants to return and even promised a full remission of taxation for a few years. From Patras the Ottoman army followed the coast eastward again, capturing Vostitsa (modern Aigio) on the way, and arriving before the Acrocorinth four months after it had left.

The fortress, now led by Matthew Asen, who had entered it at night with seventy men and carrying supplies, repelled the Sultan's initial attacks Mehmed II redeployed his troops to blockade it instead, while sending detachments to raid the surrounding region. As the supplies were exhausted, Asen gave way to the pleas of the local metropolitan bishop, who favoured a capitulation. On 6 August, Asen surrendered the fortress on terms: the garrison was allowed to depart, and the inhabitants were to be left in place rather than carried off into slavery. Acting on the despots' behalf, Asen also agreed a new treaty of vassalage: the territory conquered by Mehmed, corresponding to the northeastern third of the Morea, was to remain under Ottoman rule, while the remainder was left to the joint rule of the two despots, against an annual tribute of 3,000 gold pieces. The contemporary historian Sphrantzes also claims that it was only at this time that Patras was surrendered to the Ottomans, along with Kalavryta and Greveno.

The treaty was resented by the despots, especially Thomas, from whose domains most of the new Ottoman province was carved, including his own capital. Furthermore, by leaving the Acrocorinth in Ottoman hands, the Morea was left defenceless. Despite its onerous terms, the despots accepted it as fait accompli. After appointing Turahan's son Ömer as his governor in the Morea, Mehmed returned to Adrianople in early autumn. The Sultan carried off thousands of prisoners captured during his campaign, who were resettled in Constantinople and its suburbs, as part of Mehmed's efforts to restore his new capital to its former glory.

### Civil war in the Morea (1459–1460)

The situation in the Morea did not improve after the Ottoman sultan left. The two despots drifted further apart, especially as Mehmed purposely pursued a marriage to Demetrios' only daughter Helena and Thomas, embittered over the loss of most of his territory, turned against Demetrios. At the same time, local magnates not only manipulated the two brothers against one another, but behaved more and more openly in defiance of the despots' authority, to the point of launching attacks on one another. As Nicol comments, "The district of the Morea that was under Turkish government was a model of order compared to the chaos that reigned in the Byzantine section".

In January 1459, Thomas rose in revolt, seeking to recover the fortresses that he had been forced to cede the previous year. As a result, medieval historians, followed by many modern ones, place the blame for the subsequent events on Thomas, and especially on the machinations of Nikephoros Loukanes, who is said to have counselled him to this move. In June 1459, Pope Pius II convened the Council of Mantua in an effort to foment another anti-Ottoman crusade. Despite the impassioned pleas of the Byzantine-born cardinal Bessarion, nothing came of the venture, as the Western European rulers were entangled in their own intrigues and quarrels. Bessarion even led a mission in Germany to gather support, but despite man promises, nothing materialized. Venice, which alone among them had immediate interests in the Morea, took the precaution of reinforcing its fortresses in the region but otherwise refused to commit themselves. Thomas sent envoys to the Council, pleading for the assistance of even a small Italian army. A force of three hundred infantry, paid for by the Pope and by the Duchess of Milan, were assembled and sent to the Morea.

With the aid of these mercenaries, Thomas attacked Patras. While the lower city fell, the citadel held out. The endeavour was abandoned as soon as a Ottoman relief force approached, while the Italians soon quarreled with the Greeks. Sphrantzes reports that Thomas did recover Kalavryta during this time, although a plot engineered by Loukanes to recapture the Acrocorinth did not succeed. Thomas also did not hesitate to attack his brother at the same time, and soon Demetrios' position was crumbling: several of his commanders began acting as de facto independent lords in the fortresses they governed. Many of these places—Kalamata, Zarnata, Leuktron and the rest of the Mani Peninsula—fell into Thomas' hands. At some point, Demetrios is rumoured to have offered the remainder of his lands to the Sultan, in exchange for a minor lordship elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire, likely the islands of Lemnos and Imbros.

Mehmed II, informed of events in part through Demetrios' envoys, did not intervene in person. He ordered Thomas to hand back his gains, but also sent Hamza Zenevisi south to replace Ömer Bey and lead his force against Thomas. After relieving Patras, Hamza pursued Thomas' troops to Leontari, where the Despot deployed his army to confront the Ottomans. The Ottoman cavalry quickly broke the Moreote lines, forcing the Despot's men to take refuge in the castle of Leontari. Only an outbreak of the plague in the Ottoman camp saved the castle, as the Ottomans withdrew. Demetrios in turn laid siege to Leontari, but the castle was relieved by Thomas, and Demetrios and his army had to retreat to Mystras. The chaos became complete when the local Albanians raided the lands of both factions, and the Ottoman garrisons in the northeast followed suit, laying waste to Arcadia, the heartland of the Morea.

Fearing another Ottoman invasion and bowing to popular pressure, the two brothers staged a public reconciliation at Kastritza near Sparta, but this was of brief duration. The hostilities were recommenced by Demetrios this time, apparently because Thomas still failed to return to him some of the captured castles. In early 1460, Thomas attacked Palaia Achaia near Patras with his own and the Italian troops, and even employed a cannon; lacking experienced artillerymen, its effect was minimal, and when Ottoman troops under Zagan Pasha arrived, the siege was abandoned. He then turned against his brother's domains. Although he failed to capture Mantineia, Thomas captured most of Laconia, and sent envoys to Mehmed II to ask for peace.

At the time, the Ottoman sultan was aiming to campaign east, against Uzun Hasan of the Aq Qoyunlu, and was thus prepared to grant peace in return for a return to the previous status quo (including handing over the forts captured from Demetrius), the immediate payment of 3,000 gold pieces, and come in person before an envoy of the Sultan at Corinth within twenty days. Thomas was inclined to comply, but could not force his magnates to hand over the forts they had occupied and appropriated for themselves, or hand over the money needed for the tribute. As a result, Mehmed II abandoned the campaign against Uzun Hasan and instead turned his army south against the Morea, with the aim of directly incorporating the rest of the peninsula into his empire.

### Second Moreote campaign of Mehmed II (1460)

Mehmed II set out from Adrianople in April or early May 1460, and was at Corinth 27 days later. There he summoned Demetrios to come within three days, but the Despot did not come, fearing that the Sultan would take Helena away from him; Demetrios sent his wife and daughter to Monemvasia, and dispatched Matthew Asen as an envoy in his stead. Asen was received in audience by the Sultan and the Grand Vizier, Mahmud Pasha Angelović, but Asen's pleas were rejected. Asen was arrested the next day, and Mehmed II proceeded south into Demetrios' domains. Mahmud Pasha was sent ahead towards Mystras, where Demetrios had ensconced himself in the town's castle. Mahmud called upon the Despot to surrender the castle, but he refused unless he received sureties for his safety. Demetrios is said to have planned to abscond to Monemvasia, but Kritoboulos at least regarded the whole affair as nothing but a hypocritical show put on for the public, since Demetrios had resigned himself to surrendering. On 30 May 1460, almost exactly seven years since the Fall of Constantinople, Mystras was handed over to the Ottomans.

Mehmed II arrived in Mystras on 31 May. The Sultan received Demetrios with honours, rising from his throne to greet him, seating the Despot at his right hand, and promising to recompense him with a new domain in Thrace. The Sultan sent envoys to Monemvasia, where Demetrios' wife and daughter had been brought for safety. The local governor, Manuel Palaiologos, agreed to hand them over, but refused to surrender the town itself; instead he acknowledged the Despot Thomas as his lord. Mehmed II spent four days at Mystras, ordering its fortifications strengthened and installing a garrison there, before moving on to conquer the remainder of the Morea, accompanied by Demetrios.

The town of Vordonia capitulated without resistance, but Kastritza initially resisted the Janissary attacks, but shortly after, bereft of water and food, they surrendered. The garrison were executed at the Sultan's orders, the women and children sold to slavery, and the town destroyed. Mehmed II then marched on Leontari and found it deserted, as its inhabitants had fled to the strongly fortified castle of Gardiki. Due to the lack of water and provisions, the overcrowding of the refugees, and the summer heat, the castle surrendered after only a day. 6,000 people are said to have been massacred in the aftermath; only its commander, Manuel Bochalis and his family escaped this fate, as they were relatives of Mahmud Pasha. The massacre at Gardiki spread terror in the Morea, and the governors of the other castles surrendered themselves to the Sultan. Mehmed II assembled some 10,000 inhabitants from these castles and sent them to the suburbs of Constantinople.

Thomas was unable to offer any meaningful resistance the Ottoman advance; the Italian troops left him and, after engaging in some plundering of their own, departed for Italy. The Despot abandoned his residence, Kalamata, and made for the Venetian stronghold of Navarino. Urged by the Venetian authorities to leave, and with Mehmed II and his army approaching, Thomas set sail with his family for Corfu in July, taking the relics of Saint Andrew, patron of Patras, with him. From there he sailed on to Italy, reaching Ancona on 16 November. The Venetians treated the Sultan with studied friendliness, even though Ottoman cavalry raided the environs of Navarino and killed Venetian citizens. The Sultan renewed his agreements with Venice regarding the various fortresses the Republic held in the area, while Zagan Pasha operated further north and conquered Kalavryta, Chlemoutsi, and Santameri. Zagan Pasha's brutal treatment of the surrendered populations, which were killed or sold into slavery, became too much even for the Sultan, who feared that it might spark further resistance; he thus replaced Zagan with Hamza Zenevisi. Only one fortress held out against the Ottomans for a longer period: Salmenikon, whose commander, Graitzas Palaiologos, did not capitulate until July 1461. The sole fortress to escape capture was Monemvasia, whose inhabitants, on the advice of Thomas, placed themselves under the authority of the Pope, before submitting to Venice in 1464 hopes of greater security from the Ottomans.

## Aftermath

Mehmed II left the Morea in late summer, taking Demetrios and his family with him. Helena did not enter the Sultan's harem, and Demetrios received the proceeds of the islands of Imbros and Lemnos, as well as the Thracian town of Ainos, and parts of the islands of Thasos and Samothrace, as well as additional payments, so that he received a yearly income of 700,000 silver *akçe*s, before an embezzlement scandal saw him disgraced and reduced to a much smaller pension. Increasingly ill and of advanced age, Demetrios retired to a monastery in Adrianople where he and his wife died in 1470, shortly after their daughter Helena. Thomas was lavishly received in Rome by the Pope, where he died in 1465. Thomas' elder son Andreas laid claim to the titles of 'Despot of the Morea' and later 'Emperor of Constantinople' and hoped to recover his father's possessions, but later sold his claims to King Charles VIII of France. He died in 1502, willing his claims to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. His younger brother Manuel left Rome for Constantinople, where he spent the rest of his life under the Sultan's patronage.

## Sources


title: WWRU

abstract: WWRU is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Jersey City, New Jersey, broadcasting to the New York metropolitan area. It airs Korean language talk and music shows, with the studios in Manhattan. WWRU broadcasts at 10,000 watts around the clock, using a directional antenna. With so few stations broadcasting on 1660 in the AM expanded band, at night, WWRU's signal can reportedly be heard as far south as the Washington metropolitan area and as far north as Southern Ontario. The transmitter is off Paterson Plank Road in Carlstadt, New Jersey.

text:
# WWRU

**WWRU** (1660 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Jersey City, New Jersey, broadcasting to the New York metropolitan area. It airs Korean language talk and music shows, with the studios in Manhattan.

WWRU broadcasts at 10,000 watts around the clock, using a directional antenna. With so few stations broadcasting on 1660 in the AM expanded band, at night, WWRU's signal can reportedly be heard as far south as the Washington metropolitan area and as far north as Southern Ontario. The transmitter is off Paterson Plank Road in Carlstadt, New Jersey.

## History

WWRU originated as the expanded band "twin" of an existing station on the standard AM band.

In 1979, a World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-79) adopted "Radio Regulation No. 480", which stated that "In Region 2, the use of the band 1605-1705 kHz by stations of the broadcasting service shall be subject to a plan to be established by a regional administrative radio conference..." As a consequence, on June 8, 1988, an ITU-sponsored conference held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil adopted provisions, effective July 1, 1990, to extend the upper end of the Region 2 AM broadcast band, by adding ten frequencies which spanned from 1610 kHz to 1700 kHz. The agreement provided for a standard transmitter power of 1 kilowatt, which could be increased to 10 kilowatts in cases where it did not result in undue interference.

While the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was still making U.S. preparations to populate the additional frequencies, known as the AM expanded band, a provision was added to the Communications Act of 1934 in late 1991 which mandated that priority for assignments would be given to existing daytime-only stations that were located in a community with a population over 100,000, and which also did not have any full-time stations. Taking advantage of this provision, on December 8, 1995 WJDM in Elizabeth, New Jersey, became the first station in the country to begin regular broadcasting on the expanded band, assigned to 1660 kHz. Initially, AM 1660 carried the same WJDM call letters as its parent station.

On March 17, 1997, the FCC completed the process of determining which stations would be permitted to move to the expanded band frequencies, and WJDM was included among the eighty-eight selected, now formally authorized to move from 1530 to 1660 kHz. After more than two years of operation in the expanded band as WJDM, a construction permit for the 1660 station was assigned the call letters WBAH on May 11, 1998. The calls were changed to WWRU on February 15, 1999. The FCC's initial policy was that both the original station and its expanded band counterpart could operate simultaneously for up to five years, after which owners would have to turn in one of the two licenses, depending on whether they preferred the new assignment or elected to remain on the original frequency, although this deadline was extended multiple times. WJDM ceased broadcasting on January 30, 2019, and its license was cancelled April 10, 2020.

AM 1660 launched on December 8, 1995, and Radio AAHS network children's programming debuted on February 1, 1996, which lasted until 1997, with the station acting as the network's New York City owned and operated affiliate. Until other stations were licensed on the frequency and adjacent channels in other parts of the country in subsequent years, WJDM could be heard at night throughout the eastern U.S. and Canada.

When AAHS' parent company, Children's Broadcasting Corporation, discontinued the format in January 1998, the ten CBC-owned stations, including WJDM, began airing Beat Radio, a club dance music format, every night between 7pm and 7am while a random mix of music was broadcast during the day. In June 1998, the young Radio Unica network entered into a Limited Marketing Agreement (LMA) with CBC and began airing its own Spanish talk programming, including World Cup Soccer and many New York Yankees games. Radio Unica announced an agreement to purchase the station in October 1998 and the transaction was completed on January 14, 1999.

WWRU later changed its community of license to Jersey City, New Jersey. Multicultural Broadcasting purchased WWRU in December 2003. The station then leased the time to Radio Seoul, which had just left WNSW in an effort to gain a stronger signal in the market. Sister station WZRC, which had broadcast in Korean, switched to Chinese language at the same time.

Later, the brand changed from Radio Seoul to K-Radio, which it is called to this day.

## InfoBox

WWRU
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | New York metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 1660 kHz |
| Branding | AM 1660 K-Radio |
| Programming | |
| Format | Korean language |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Operator | New York Radio Korea |
| Sister stations | WKDM, WPAT, WZRC |
| History | |
| First air date | December 8, 1995 (1995-12-08) |
| Former call signs | * WJDM (1995–1998) * WBAH (1998–1999) |
| Call sign meaning | Radio Unica (former format) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 87123 |
| Class | B |
| Power | 10,000 watts |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°49′13.36″N 74°4′2.51″W / 40.8203778°N 74.0673639°W / 40.8203778; -74.0673639 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | www.am1660.com |


title: Nia Williams

abstract: Nia Jensen is an American retired soccer defender who most recently played for FC Kansas City in the National Women's Soccer League.

text:
# Nia Williams

**Nia Jensen** (née **Williams**; born September 19, 1990) is an American retired soccer defender who most recently played for FC Kansas City in the National Women's Soccer League.

## Early life

Born in Roeland Park, Kansas to Huw Williams and Nina Leek, Williams attended and played for St. James Academy in Lenexa, Kansas. In 2009, she was named Shawnee Dispatch Female Athlete of the Year for after starting as a defender all four years for St. James. A three-time all-state and two-time all-metro selection, Williams also earned all-conference and all-state academic honors in 2009 and all-county honors in 2008. She helped lead her squad to the state championship during her final two seasons at the school. In 2006, Williams was an all-conference honoree as a sophomore and earned her first of three consecutive team MVP awards as a freshman. In 2008, she was named conference defensive player of the year.

### Missouri State University

Williams attended Missouri State University where she majored in elementary education. As a defender for the Missouri State Bears, Williams started every match on defense during her freshman season. She recorded one point with an assist and tallied three shots, two of which were on goal. Williams was named to the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) All-Freshman squad and received All-MVC honorable mention honors. During her sophomore season in 2010, she led the squad with six assists. She was named MVC Defensive Player of the Week on September 7. Williams earned All-MVC second team honors and, after registering an assist in the MVC Championship match, was named to the MVC All-Tournament team. She was also named MVC Scholar-Athlete honorable mention. As a junior, Williams registered a team-high of five assists and was named an All-MVC second team selection. She also helped lead the defense to a 1.11 goals against average and eight shutouts.

During the span of her collegiate career, Williams started all 69 matches that she appeared in and was a three-time MVC Defensive Player of the Week honoree. A defensive leader, Williams was a major part of the Bears' defense that allowed just two home goals in nine matches during her final season.

## Club career

Williams was selected during the fourth round (27th overall) of the 2013 NWSL College Draft, going to FC Kansas City. She made her debut for the Blues during a match against the Boston Breakers on May 18, 2013, in which the squad won 2–0, continuing their undefeated streak at home.

## Personal

Her father, Huw Williams, played professionally for the Blackburn Rovers in the U.K. and was an assistant coach for FC Kansas City. He later went on to be its general manager and the head coach of the new Kansas City Current club before being fired in 2021.

## InfoBox

Nia Williams
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Nia Jensen | | |
| Birth name | Nia Williams | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-09-19) September 19, 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Roeland Park, Kansas, U.S. | | |
| Height | 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009–2012 | Missouri State Lady Bears |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2014 | FC Kansas City | 9 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Golden J. Zenon Jr.

abstract: Golden Joseph Zenon Jr., (1929–2006), was an American architect. He was active in Nebraska and was a principal of Zenon–Beringer & Associates (ZBA), and later Zenon Beringer Mabrey Partners.

text:
# Golden J. Zenon Jr.

**Golden Joseph Zenon Jr.**, FAIA (1929–2006), was an American architect. He was active in Nebraska and was a principal of **Zenon–Beringer & Associates** (ZBA), and later **Zenon Beringer Mabrey Partners**.

## Early life and education

Golden J. Zenon Jr. was born on March 13, 1929, in Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, to an African American family. His father was a cotton sharecropper. He attended a segregated elementary school but around age 10 he had to drop out due to the outbreak of World War II, and because his dad needed help on the farm after his two older brothers were serving in the U.S. military. Three years later, Zenon was sent to live with his aunt in Houston, Texas, where he attended Jack Yates High School (now Yates High School) and graduated in 1949. While attending high school he took mechanical drawing classes.

He initially studied at Southern University (now Southern University and A&M College) in Louisiana, in the vocational and Industrial education department but he wasn't happy with the coursework. In 1955, Zenon graduated in architecture from University of Nebraska–Lincoln.

In 1955, Zenon won the Lincoln Home Builders Association's design contest for students at the University of Nebraska, and his three bedroom home design was constructed in Park Manor in Lincoln, Nebraska.

## Career

After he graduated he worked as a designer at Leo A. Daly Co., and worked as an architect with Dana Larson Roubal and Associates. In 1966, the Swanson Branch Library in Omaha was designed by the Leo A. Daly staff architects Zenon and William Larson. In 1969, Zenon was promoted to design director at Dana Larson Roubal and Associates.

In 1973, Zenon designed the Willis A. and Janet S. Strauss Performing Arts Center for the University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO) School of Music.

He established Zenon Beringer & Associates (ZBA) with architect David Beringer in 1975. He served as the first president of the architecture program's alumni association for the University of Nebraska in 1982. In 1986, he was named a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects.

Zenon retired in the mid-1990s.

He died on December 27, 2006, from complications related to Parkinson's disease. Zenon was married to Willie Mae (née Robinson) for more than 50 years. He is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Omaha.

## Works

* 1965, Science building, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
* 1966, Swanson Branch Library, Omaha Public Library, Omaha, Nebraska (designed with Leo A. Daly Co.)
* 1973, Willis A. and Janet S. Strauss Performing Arts Center for the School of Music, University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO), Omaha, Nebraska

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Golden Joseph Zenon Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | March 13, 1929
Abbeville, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Died | December 27, 2006
Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Burial place | Calvary Cemetery, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Other names | Golden Joseph Zenon,
Golden J. Zenon,
G.J. Zenon |
| Alma mater | University of Nebraska–Lincoln |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Spouse | Willie Mae Robinson |


title: I Do (TV series)

abstract: I Do is a Philippine television reality show broadcast ABS-CBN. Hosted by Judy Ann Santos-Agoncillo and Jayson Gainza, it aired on the network's Yes Weekend evening line up from August 30 to November 15, 2014, replacing Pinoy Big Brother: All In. It aired its last two episodes on November 8 to 15, 2014, showing the final ceremony and the coverage of the grand wedding of the winning couple of the show. In 2015, it was named as Best Reality Show by the 29th PMPC Star Awards For Television held in Manila, Philippines.

text:
# I Do (TV series)

***I Do*** is a Philippine television reality show broadcast ABS-CBN. Hosted by Judy Ann Santos-Agoncillo and Jayson Gainza, it aired on the network's Yes Weekend evening line up from August 30 to November 15, 2014, replacing *Pinoy Big Brother: All In*.

It aired its last two episodes on November 8 to 15, 2014, showing the final ceremony and the coverage of the grand wedding of the winning couple of the show. In 2015, it was named as Best Reality Show by the 29th PMPC Star Awards For Television held in Manila, Philippines.

## Overview

### Development

The show first made known in January 2013. Later on, the production team conducted auditions in Davao City, Cebu City, and Manila. Contestants must be couples who were 18 years old and above, and non-cohabiting or not in a live-in relationship.

### Concept

Nine couples were secluded in a special village constructed in Cavite. They will undergo love session and counseling conducted by experts and they have to face different challenges that will test their relationships. During the show, aside from Santos-Agoncillo, several experts will guide them for the married life: Life coach Pia Acevedo, and Psychologist and Marriage Counselor Dr. Julian Montano.

### Prize

The winning couple will win one million pesos, store franchise, a house and lot, and a grand wedding.

## Couples

The following are the nine couples that participated in the show

| Couple | Finish |
| --- | --- |
| **Jimmy Kim**
20, Seoul, South Korea; Merchandise Department head
**Kring Kim**
18, Quezon City; Marketing Manager | **Winner**
56.80% of votes |
| **Chad Fontanilla**
25, Rizal; On-call waiter
**Sheela Beterbo**
25, Rizal; Baker | **Runner-up**
43.20% of votes |
| **Chris Tan**
44, Mandaluyong; Businessman
**Karen Bordador**
25, Pasig; Radio DJ, host, model | **Quit**
November 3 |
| **Christian Busby**
22, England, United Kingdom; Model
**Chelsea Robato**
24, Guam, United States; Model, real-estate agent | **Eliminated**
October 25 |
| **Emil Bautista**
28, Baguio; Businessman, grappling trainer
**Honey Avelino**
27, Baguio; Businesswoman | **Eliminated**
October 18 |
| **Harry Morris**
28, Negros Oriental; Athlete
**Princess Manzon**
27, Cebu City; Project developer | **Eliminated**
October 5 |
| **Kaiser Boado**
24, Davao City; Real-estate agent
**Jzaenna Pantonial**
24, Davao City; Make-up artist | **Eliminated**
September 27 |
| **Carlo Medina**
30, Quezon City; Photographer, model
**Kara Mendez**
28, Quezon City; Singer, songwriter | **Eliminated**
September 20 |
| **Miko Trinidad**
20, Pasig
**Marie Reyes**
21, Pasig | **Quit**
September 7 |
|

## InfoBox

| *I Do* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Reality competition, Romance |
| Directed by | Nico Hernandez |
| Presented by | Judy Ann Santos-Agoncillo
Jayson Gainza |
| Opening theme | "Baby, I Do" by Juris |
| Country of origin | Philippines |
| Original language | Tagalog |
| No. of episodes | 20 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Alexis Jeffrey Asuncion, Charmaine Estrera |
| Production locations | Cavite, Philippines |
| Running time | 30-45 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABS-CBN |
| Release | August 30 (2014-08-30)
November 15, 2014 (2014-11-15) |


title: Indika Ruwanpura

abstract: Indika Ruwanpura was a Sri Lankan cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Chilaw Marians. He was born in Watlawatte. Ruwanpura made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 2001 season, against Ragama. In the only innings in which he batted, he scored 0 not out. From 19 overs of bowling, Ruwanpura took figures of 5-24.

text:
# Indika Ruwanpura

**Indika Ruwanpura** (born **Theyaya Mudiyanselage Indika Ruwanpura** on 11 July 1980) was a Sri Lankan cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Chilaw Marians. He was born in Watlawatte.

Ruwanpura made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 2001 season, against Ragama. In the only innings in which he batted, he scored 0 not out.

From 19 overs of bowling, Ruwanpura took figures of 5-24.


title: Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana

abstract: Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is a government-backed accident insurance scheme in India. It was originally mentioned in the 2015 Budget speech by Finance Minister Late Arun Jaitley in February 2015. It was formally launched by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 8 May in Kolkata.

text:
# Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana

**Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana** (PMSBY, translation: *Prime Minister's Safety Insurance Scheme*) is a government-backed accident insurance scheme in India. It was originally mentioned in the 2015 Budget speech by Finance Minister Late Arun Jaitley in February 2015. It was formally launched by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 8 May in Kolkata.

## Provisions

Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is available to people (Indian Resident or NRI) between 18 and 70 years of age with bank accounts. It has an annual premium of 20 (24¢ US). Goods and Services Tax (GST) is exempted on Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana. The amount is automatically debited from the account. This insurance scheme can have one year cover from 1 June to 31 May and is offered through banks. It is administered through public sector general insurance companies.

| Feature | Description |
| --- | --- |
| Scheme Name | Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana |
| Announced on | May 9, 2015 |
| Country | India |
| Initiated by | Prime Minister Narendra Modi |
| Beneficiaries | Poor and underprivileged individuals aged 18 to 70 years who have a savings bank account |
| Objective | To provide accident insurance cover to the deprived population at an extremely affordable premium |
| Registration Process | The account holder can enroll by visiting the bank branch, through BC (Banking Correspondent), or via BOB World Internet (Internet Banking) |
| Official Website | National Insurance Company Limited National Insurance Company Limited: https://nationalinsurance.nic.co.in/en/about-us/pradhan-mantri-suraksha-bima-yojana |
| Contact | 18003450330 |

In case of death or full disability, the payment to the nominee will be ₹2 Lakh and in case of partial permanent disability it would be ₹1 Lakh. Full disability has been defined as loss of use in both eyes, hands, or feet. Partial Permanent disability has been defined as loss of use in one eye, hand, or foot. Further, death due to suicide, alcohol, drug abuse, etc., are not covered. A person joined under this scheme is eligible for a claim only after 45 days of joining the scheme.

This scheme is linked to the bank accounts opened under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana scheme. Most of these accounts had zero balance initially. The government aims to reduce the number of such zero balance accounts by using this and related schemes. Now, all bank account holders can avail this facility through their net-banking service facility at any time of the year. The policy will be canceled if there is no balance in the account. The policy will lapse in case the bank account is closed. If you have multiple bank accounts, only one bank account can be linked to the scheme.

## Statistics

| Year | policyholder numbers (Cr) | Claims Received (lak) | % claims disbursed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015-16 |  |  |  |
| 2016-17 | 9.95 | 12.5 | 75.0% |
| 2017-18 | 13.48 | 21.1 | 77.7% |
| 2018-19 | 15.47 | 40.7 | 79% |
| 2019-20 | 18.54 | 50.3 | 79.4% |
| 2020-21 | 23.26 | 58.5 | 77.7% |
| 2021-22 | 23.4 | 59.5 | 77.3% |
| 16-11-2022 | 30.92 |  |  |
| 2023-24 |  |  |  |

## Criticism

A rising loss ratio has forced general insurers to urge the government to hike the premium for the scheme.

## Results

As of 31 March 2019, 15.47 crore people have already enrolled for this scheme. 32,176 claims have been disbursed amounting to 643.52 crore (US$77 million).

In April 2017, Haryana Government announced that all Haryana residents in the age group of 18–70 years will be covered by PMSBY; the state government would reimburse the premium to the beneficiary.

## InfoBox

| Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | India |
| Prime Minister(s) | Narendra Modi |
| Ministry | Finance |
| Key people | Arun Jaitley |
| Launched | 9 May 2015 (2015-05-09) |
| Status | Active |


title: Is Divorce a Failure?

abstract: Is Divorce A Failure is a 1923 silent drama film written by and starring Leah Baird. Arthur Beck, Baird's husband, produced and Wallace Worsley directed.

text:
# Is Divorce a Failure?

***Is Divorce A Failure*** is a 1923 silent drama film written by and starring Leah Baird. Arthur Beck, Baird's husband, produced and Wallace Worsley directed.

## Cast

## Preservation

With no prints of *Is Divorce A Failure?* located in any film archives, it is considered a lost film.

## InfoBox

| Is Divorce A Failure? | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Wallace Worsley |
| Written by | Leah Baird (adaptation, screenplay) |
| Based on | play: *All Mine*
by Dorian Neve |
| Produced by | Arthur Beck |
| Starring | Leah Baird |
| Cinematography | Arthur F. Beck |
| Distributed by | Associated Exhibitors
Pathé Exchange |
| Release date | * March 16, 1923 (1923-03-16) |
| Running time | 6 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Weissella koreensis

abstract: Weissella koreensis is a species of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Leuconostocaceae. The bacteria has irregular cells, is tolerant of acid, and does not develop spores. It was described by Lee et al. in 2002.

text:
# Weissella koreensis

***Weissella koreensis*** is a species of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Leuconostocaceae. The bacteria has irregular cells, is tolerant of acid, and does not develop spores. It was described by Lee et al. in 2002.

## InfoBox

| *Weissella koreensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Lactobacillales |
| Family: | Lactobacillaceae |
| Genus: | *Weissella* |
| Species: | ***W. koreensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Weissella koreensis***<br>Lee et al., 2002 | |
|


title: The Winds of Autumn

abstract: The Winds of Autumn is a 1976 American Western film directed by Charles B. Pierce and starring Jack Elam, Jeanette Nolan and Andrew Prine.

text:
# The Winds of Autumn

***The Winds of Autumn*** is a 1976 American Western film directed by Charles B. Pierce and starring Jack Elam, Jeanette Nolan and Andrew Prine.

## Plot

In 1884, after freeing a convict from a prison work detail, a family of outlaws take refuge with a Quaker family consisting of two parents, an eleven year old son, Joel, and a slightly older daughter. After the killing of the parents and daughter, Joel sets out on his own to seek revenge against the outlaws who senselessly murdered his family.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Carlo Gaberscek & Kenny Stier. *In Search of Western Movie Sites*. 2014.

## InfoBox

| The Winds of Autumn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Charles B. Pierce |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | * Steve Lyons * Tom Moore * Charles B. Pierce |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | James W. Roberson |
| Edited by | Tom Boutross |
| Music by | Jaime Mendoza-Nava |
| Production<br>company | Charles B. Pierce Films |
| Distributed by | Howco International Pictures |
| Release date | * August 11, 1976 (1976-08-11) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: István Lichteneckert

abstract: István Lichteneckert was a Hungarian fencer. He won a bronze medal at the 1924 Summer Olympics in the team foil competition.

text:
# István Lichteneckert

**István Lichteneckert** (17 August 1892  10 November 1929) was a Hungarian fencer. He won a bronze medal at the 1924 Summer Olympics in the team foil competition.

## InfoBox

István Lichteneckert
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1892-08-17)17 August 1892
Budapest, Hungary |
| Died | 10 November 1929(1929-11-10) (aged 37)
Budapest, Hungary |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Men's fencing  Representing  Hungary  Olympic Games  1924 Paris Foil, team | |


title: WGBS-LD

abstract: WGBS-LD is a low-power television station licensed to Carrollton, Virginia, United States, serving the Hampton Roads area and primarily airing paid programming. The station is owned by Joan Wright. The station began broadcasting in March 1994. For most of the 1990s, the station was a low-power independent outlet known as "Genesis TV7", mixing programs from the American Independent Network with local programs, some of them Christian, such as Morning Praise, Peninsula SportsCenter, and a community bulletin board. It originally broadcast from the former studio of WVEC in Hampton; the signal was broadcast from its former tower. In 1996, the station moved its studio to the Newmarket Fair shopping mall. In 1998, Cox Communications removed WGBS-LP from its lineup in Hampton as part of a move to consolidate lineups in different Hampton Roads municipalities. The removal forced Genesis TV7 to lay off 10 employees and scale back its local programming. The founders, Kenneth and Joan Wright, separated in 2017. In 2020, they signed an agreement whereby Kenneth transferred all of his interest in WGBS-LD to Joan Wright.

text:
# WGBS-LD

**WGBS-LD** (channel 7) is a low-power television station licensed to Carrollton, Virginia, United States, serving the Hampton Roads area and primarily airing paid programming. The station is owned by Joan Wright.

The station began broadcasting in March 1994. For most of the 1990s, the station was a low-power independent outlet known as "Genesis TV7", mixing programs from the American Independent Network with local programs, some of them Christian, such as *Morning Praise*, *Peninsula SportsCenter*, and a community bulletin board. It originally broadcast from the former studio of WVEC in Hampton; the signal was broadcast from its former tower. In 1996, the station moved its studio to the Newmarket Fair shopping mall.

In 1998, Cox Communications removed WGBS-LP from its lineup in Hampton as part of a move to consolidate lineups in different Hampton Roads municipalities. The removal forced Genesis TV7 to lay off 10 employees and scale back its local programming.

The founders, Kenneth and Joan Wright, separated in 2017. In 2020, they signed an agreement whereby Kenneth transferred all of his interest in WGBS-LD to Joan Wright.

## Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of WGBS-LD
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7.1 | 480i | 4:3 | WGBS-LD | Infomercials |
| | | | 7.2 | Color bars |
|

## InfoBox

WGBS-LD
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | WGBS-TV 7 |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Joan Wright * (Joan and Kenneth Wright) |
| History | |
| First air date | March 1994 (1994-03) |
| Former call signs | * W07CZ (1993–1996) * WGBS-LP (1996–2009) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 7 (VHF, 1994–2009) * **Digital:** 11 (VHF, 2009–2022) |
| Former affiliations | AIN, Retro TV |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 31350 |
| Class | LD |
| ERP | 2.7 kW |
| HAAT | 116 m (381 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 36°51′39.1″N 76°21′9.6″W / 36.860861°N 76.352667°W / 36.860861; -76.352667 |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |


title: Nicky Mehta

abstract: Nicky Mehta is a mezzo singer-songwriter, and member of Canadian folk trio The Wailin' Jennys.

text:
# Nicky Mehta

**Nicky Mehta** is a mezzo singer-songwriter, and member of Canadian folk trio The Wailin' Jennys.

## Early life

Before fully entering into a life of music, Mehta attended Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario where she attained an honours degree in Media Studies. She also has a certificate in photography. She spent much of her late twenties working with at-risk youth as a mentor and program facilitator and also worked in the child welfare system as a support worker.

## Career

Mehta began her career in music as a backing vocalist for several touring bands. Since 1995 she has also fronted several groups, including the five-piece folk rock band *Good Blind Soul*, as well as a jazz ensemble, and a folk duo known as *Wellspring.*

Throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s Mehta worked on her own material as well as these collaborations, and in 2002 released *Weather Vane*, a full-length solo album that was nominated for a 2002 Canadian Independent Music Award. This was also the year that she joined with Cara Luft and Ruth Moody to form The Wailin' Jennys. As well as providing vocals for the trio, Mehta plays guitar, harmonica, and percussion. Since 2002 she has mostly concentrated on working with the Jennys, and has released an EP and four full-length albums with them.

As a songwriter, Mehta has been a finalist in the USA Songwriting Competition for her song "Arlington." Her song "Begin" was placed in indie film "The Cake Eaters" directed by Mary Stuart Masterson and starring Kristen Stewart. "Begin" was also featured on the show "Army Wives."

In the last few years, Mehta has spent her time mentoring at-risk youth as well as younger musicians in the music industry, serving on arts affiliated boards, and writing for contemporary dance. She has also become an activist in the area of mental health and advocates for funding reform, increased access to medical services and stigma reduction.

In 2018, she released a children's book, called *Away But Never Gone, illustrated by Kimberley Slezak. It is based on the song of the same name from* Bright Morning Stars*.*

She is now working on her second solo album.

## Personal life

In 2009, Mehta gave birth to twin sons who toured with her and her partner, the Jennys' sound engineer Grant Johnson, from the age of seven months to two years old.

## Discography

## Bibliography

* *Away But Never Gone*  (2018) – Children's book, illustrated by Kimberley Slezak

## InfoBox

| Nicky Mehta | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Canada |
| Genres | Folk, bluegrass |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Guitar, harmonica, percussion |
| Member of | The Wailin' Jennys |
|  | |
| Website | www.nickymehta.ca |


title: Golden Job

abstract: Golden Job is a 2018 Hong Kong action film directed by Chin Ka-lok, who also stars in the film alongside Ekin Cheng, Jordan Chan, Michael Tse and Jerry Lamb, reuniting the cast from the Young and Dangerous film series. The film was released in Hong Kong on 20 September 2018. Filming locations for Golden Job included Taiwan, Japan, Hungary, Montenegro, Beijing and Inner Mongolia.

text:
# Golden Job

***Golden Job*** is a 2018 Hong Kong action film directed by Chin Ka-lok, who also stars in the film alongside Ekin Cheng, Jordan Chan, Michael Tse and Jerry Lamb, reuniting the cast from the *Young and Dangerous* film series. The film was released in Hong Kong on 20 September 2018. Filming locations for *Golden Job* included Taiwan, Japan, Hungary, Montenegro, Beijing and Inner Mongolia.

## Plot

Lion (Ekin Cheng), Crater (Jordan Chan), Bill (Michael Tse), Calm (Chin Ka-lok), and Mouse (Jerry Lamb) are five orphans adopted and mentored by Cho Sir (Eric Tsang), whom they refer to as Papa. The five of them grew up as sworn brothers and become mercenaries belonging to The Agency. One time, they orchestra a mission to steal a truck load of medicine from a pharmaceutical company to help African children. However, the truck turns out to be full of gold belonging to The Agency, which was a scheme set up by Bill. As Bill turns against the group, this eventually leads Lion imprisoned in Hungary and Cho crippled. After his release, Lion joins his brothers to settle their score with Bill.

## Cast

* Ekin Cheng as Lion (獅王), the rational and calm leader of the group.
* Jordan Chan as Crater (火山), the short-tempered, but skilled marksman of the group.
* Michael Tse as Bill Leung, the traitor of the group, who is greedy, bitter, and refuses to acknowledge his mistakes. He schemes with Rice to steal gold.
* Chin Ka-lok as Calm (淡定), the group's ace driver.
* Jerry Lamb as Mouse (老鼠), the simple-minded tech expert of the group.
* Eric Tsang as Cho Sir (曹Sir), the adopted father and mentor of the five brothers, whom they refer to a Papa (阿爸).
* Zhang Yamei as Lulu (璐璐), Cho's daughter
* Yasuaki Kurata as Morimoto-San (森本), Cho's friend who resides in Fukuoka.
* Phil Chang as Joe, deputy commissioner of The Agency who assists the group in locating Bill and the missing gold.
* Charmaine Sheh as Dr. Zoey Chow (周醫生), Lion's girlfriend who is a Médecins Sans Frontières doctor working in Africa.
* Sergej Onopko as Rick Rice, the group's former superior who schemes with Bill in stealing gold. He is later murdered by Bill after he insults him for betraying his brothers.
* Billy Chow as Rice's main henchman who later works for Bill after the former was killed by Bill.
* Alan Ng as Rice's Lead Henchman who constantly leads henchmen to eliminate the brothers.

## Theme song

## Reception

### Critical reception

Elizabeth Kerr of *The Hollywood Reporter* and notes the film's nostalgic and entertaining value and praises the film's tech and action choreography. Edmund Lee of the *South China Morning Post* gave the film a score of 3/5 and calls it "a most contrived story that nevertheless entertains." Carey Darling of the *Houston Chronicle* gave the film a score of 2 stars out of 5 and criticizes its predictability and lack of substance. Andrew Saroch of *Far East Films* praises the film's set pieces and the casts' performances.

### Box office

*Golden Job* grossed a total of US$47,279,677 worldwide, combining its box office gross from Hong Kong, China, United States and Australia.

In Hong Kong, the film grossed s total of HK$10,888,179 during its theatrical run from 20 September to 29 October 2018.

In China, the film grossed a total of ¥317,488,000.

## Accolades

| Ceremony | Category | Recipient | Results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **38th Hong Kong Film Awards** | Best Action Choreography | Chin Ka-lok | Nominated |
| | Best Original Film Score | Chan Kwong-wing | Nominated |
| | Best Original Film Song | Song: *Bro* (一起衝一起闖) Composer: Chan Kwong-wing
Lyricist: Chan Kwong-wing, Fiona Fung, Jeffrey Chu
Singer: Ekin Cheng, Jordan Chan, Michael Tse,
Chin Ka-lok, Jerry Lamb | Nominated |
| **2nd Kongest Film Awards** | My Favorite Hong Kong Film | *Golden Job* | Nominated |
|

## InfoBox

| Golden Job | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 黃金兄弟 |
| Simplified Chinese | 黄金兄弟 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Huáng Jīn Xiōng Dì |
| Jyutping | Wong4 Gam1 Hing1 Dai6 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Chin Ka-lok |
| Screenplay by | Kim Dong-kyu
Kwok Kin-lok
Erica Li
Heiward Mak |
| Produced by | Eric Tsang
Herman Peng
Sasaki Kyo |
| Starring | Ekin Cheng
Jordan Chan
Michael Tse
Chin Ka-lok
Jerry Lamb |
| Cinematography | Kenny Tse
Edmond Fung |
| Edited by | Wenders Li
Barfuss Hui |
| Music by | Chan Kwong-wing
Kay Chan |
| Production
companies | Beijing Sparkle Roll Media Corporation
The Entertainer Production
Beijing Yao Yang Xin Ying Investment
Kwan's International
New Film Association
The Artists Co. |
| Distributed by | Intercontinental Film Distributors (HK) |
| Release date | * 20 September 2018 (2018-09-20) |
| Running time | 99 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Languages | Cantonese
Japanese
English
Hungarian |
| Box office | US$47.3 million |


title: Archie Hill

abstract: Arthur "Archie" Hill was a writer, broadcaster and photographer who came from the English Black Country, a region which provided the central theme for his work. His writing included acclaimed autobiographical books as well novels, radio plays, television scripts and journalism. The pinnacle of his broadcasting career was a four-part 1974 BBC TV series called Archie Hill Comes Home. He was described by writer Michael Pearson as "…hugely talented … very rough Black Country with a lived-in face. An alcoholic with suicidal tendencies, he was said to be programmed to self-destruct, but always had a smile and a twinkle in his eye." He died by suicide in 1986.

text:
# Archie Hill

**Arthur** "**Archie**" **Hill** (3 May 1928 – 1986) was a writer, broadcaster and photographer who came from the English Black Country, a region which provided the central theme for his work. His writing included acclaimed autobiographical books as well novels, radio plays, television scripts and journalism. The pinnacle of his broadcasting career was a four-part 1974 BBC TV series called Archie Hill Comes Home.

He was described by writer Michael Pearson as "…hugely talented … very rough Black Country with a lived-in face. An alcoholic with suicidal tendencies, he was said to be programmed to self-destruct, but always had a smile and a twinkle in his eye."

He died by suicide in 1986.

## Life

### Childhood

Hill was born and raised close to Kinver, near Stourbridge, on the edge of the Black Country, the eldest but one of eleven children. His family lived in impoverished working-class conditions and his father was an abusive alcoholic. These circumstances led to Hill leading a troubled childhood and turning for comfort and guidance and friendship to friends of his father called Konk and Pope Tolley who taught him a great deal about life and country lore.

Hill's attendance at school was sporadic though he did attend Art College around the age of fifteen.

### Early adult life

At sixteen, Hill left Art College and started working on canal barges. At age eighteen, in 1945, he entered the RAF where he was to serve for six years, the first four in the Middle East and then as a member of the Military Police. During this period he developed a chronic dependence on alcohol.

After his military service ended Hill relocated to Hertfordshire and joined the Police Force in 1951. This was short-lived as his alcoholism made it impossible for him to fulfill his duties. During this period he also had a brief marriage which ended due to his abusive behaviour. He was picked up in the street suffering from alcohol poisoning and spent a period in a mental hospital. Some time after release, he was arrested and was imprisoned for theft from gas metres. In prison he met the physicist and spy, Klaus Fuchs who introduced him to classical music and the arts generally; this meeting played a large part in Hill's subsequent development.

After being discharged from prison, he lived rough for a time eventually finding the resolve to overcome his dependence on drink and live a more stable life. He worked at several labouring jobs before joining The Sunday People, working on the Readers' Advice Bureau for four years. He also married for the second time and become a father in 1963.

### Life as a writer and broadcaster

His newspaper experience led him to becoming a freelance writer, specialising in radio scripts and also writing one story for the popular BBC TV police drama, Z-Cars. His major breakthrough as a writer came in 1973 with the publication of his first book, *A Cage of Shadows*, dealing with his life until the time when he stopped living rough. The book revealed his talent for honest and unsentimental narrative and led to the most successful period of his career.

Over the next eleven years he wrote a further eight books, made many radio broadcasts as well presenting as a TV series. Hill also worked as a photo-journalist but very little of his work survives.

### Later life and death

The publication of *An Empty Glass* (1984) revealed that problems with alcohol had resurfaced and his second marriage had ended after twenty years. It was the last of Hill's known written output and he then disappeared from public life.

He died by suicide from carbon monoxide poisoning in 1986.

## Books published

### Autobiographical books

#### A Cage of Shadows – 1973

This book covered Hill's life up to the early 1950s. It sets out, in unsparing detail, the family problems caused by his father's abusive behavior as well as Hill's own difficulties in early life. It includes unsentimental descriptions of the nature of working-class Black Country existence during the depression, including an account of a rat killing contest and portraits of his adult friends Konk and Pope Tolley. It also provides a harsh account of his experiences in a mental hospital, in prison and sleeping rough in London, before ending on a more optimistic note as he finds a new resolve to live a more settled life. The epilogue looks back on his experiences from the perspective of his life in 1973 when the book was written.

The original text included material about Hill's mother which she considered defamatory. She successfully sued for libel and the book was reissued with an apology from Hill and most references to his mother omitted.

The Tangerine Press reissued the original text in May 2017. The head of Tangerine Press, Michael Curran, considers it to be a 'lost classic'.

#### Summer's End – 1976

This book grew out of the filming for 'Archie Hill Comes Homes' when Hill returned to the Black Country. He reflects that 'men of my generation are the last of the fully Black Country race, perhaps the last echo of it...". As in *A Cage of Shadows*, the book provides autobiographical stories from Hill's youth, though now told with a slightly mellower and more humorous tone as he realises that, notwithstanding the poverty of the depression, there were still 'some golden chapters of childhood; that not all my memories were dark and bleak'.

#### Closed World of Love – 1976

This 110 page book focused on the life and being of Hill's wife's son Barry who suffered from cerebral palsy and lived a severely restricted life, requiring the use of a wheelchair and unable to speak. Hill describes how he is able to learn from his step-son by imaginatively putting himself in his place.

The book won the 1977 Christopher Award. In reviewing the book, Tony Parker in the Sunday Times described Hill as "… one of the most sensitive contemporary autobiographical writers we have".

#### The Second Meadow – 1982

Following three fictional works, Hill returned to his own life for his eighth book. He recounts three months he spent in 1976 living off the land on a remote country estate, making use of his poaching skills to kill animals for food. The title refers to his observation that only brave animals venture to the meadows far from the safety of the woods. He speculates that only great artists like Beethoven have reached the metaphorical second meadow and resolves to strive to find the equivalent places in his life.

#### An Empty Glass – 1984

This book looks at Hill's life with particular emphasis on the impact of his alcoholism. It reiterates much of the autobiographical details from *A Cage of Shadows* but from a different perspective. As this was the last of his writing it has been speculated that he had run out of subjects to write about.

### Novels

* *A Corridor of Mirrors* – 1975
* *Sergeant Sahib* – 1979
* *Prison Bars* – 1980
* *Dark pastures* – 1981 (juvenile fiction)

## Broadcasting

### Television

The success of his first book led to Hill being given the opportunity to make a 4-part TV Series, *Archie Hill Comes Home*, which was broadcast in 1974. The films were:

* Episode 1 - *The Living Legend* was about his return to the Black Country. The title refers to Lucy Woodall, the last surviving female chainworker.
* Episode 2 - *Up with the Workers* \- looked into a Black Country-man's working day and included visits to a foundry, a century-old metal workshop, a modern cycle factory and finally Hill does a day's stint with a blacksmith.
* Episode 3 - *Sweat of the Brow* \- continued the industrial theme with visits to a brick-yard and to a crystal glass factory.
* Episode 4 - *Come Saturday* \- focused on leisure activities such as pigeon racing, whippets, bare-fisted fighting and a pub-night.

In 1976 he made a film about his stepson for the series *The Light of Experience* called *Closed World of Love* which dealt with the themes of the book of the same name.

### Radio

In 1973, Hill gave five talks on the men and crafts of the Black Country on Radio 4.

Following that, much of his radio work was built around his books, including readings from *A Cage of Shadows* (1973), a single programme with the title *The Second Meadow* broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1977, a series of readings from *Closed World of Love* in 1978 and a five-part broadcast, again of *The Second Meadow*, in 1982.

A dramatisation of Hill’s novel, *A Corridor of Mirrors*, was broadcast by BBC radio in 1977.

He also participated in discussion programmes dealing with themes that were predominant in his writing such as poaching and the industrial West Midlands.