title: Patrick S. Hunter

abstract: Patrick Samuel "Tango" Hunter is an American actor, activist and music consultant. He is best known for his role on VH1's The Bachelor-style dating show I Love New York and was the winner of the 20 contenders vying for the affections of Tiffany "New York" Pollard in the first season of the series. During the show, Hunter was considered the rough, yet sensitive suitor. Before his appearance on the reality show, Hunter was a songwriter and co-owner of a Tampa, Florida-based independent record label.

text:
# Patrick S. Hunter

**Patrick Samuel** "**Tango**" **Hunter** (born July 30, 1979) is an American actor, activist and music consultant. He is best known for his role on VH1's *The Bachelor*-style dating show *I Love New York* and was the winner of the 20 contenders vying for the affections of Tiffany "New York" Pollard in the first season of the series. During the show, Hunter was considered the rough, yet sensitive suitor. Before his appearance on the reality show, Hunter was a songwriter and co-owner of a Tampa, Florida-based independent record label.

## *The Reunion*

First aired on April 15, 2007 (5.01 million viewers).

The *I Love New York* reunion show is considered to be the most chaotic reunion shows in reality TV history. Hunter and Pollard reunited to Macy Gray's "Glad You're Here" after not being able to see each other after the finale. Hunter became upset after watching the show and the comments Pollard made during the season's penultimate episode about his mother being too plain and overweight. He broke up with Pollard onstage, stating that she was not able to show her true personality to him like he wanted. Pollard attempted to attack him and then made many insulting comments, before breaking down in tears.

When Pollard was asked if she knew in advance about Hunter's decision to end the relationship; she replied that she did not. However, it was later revealed on VH1's website that Hunter had already forgiven Pollard for her remarks about his mother, and a number of people speculated that the angry attitude about her disrespecting his mother on the reunion show was just a plot to get himself out of the relationship.

## Activism

Hunter has become a spokesman for various charities and foundations across the country, such as the Jules Burt Foundation for Autism, which is a non-profit organization created by artist Jules Burt. The Jules Burt Foundation's mission is to raise awareness and spread resources to those affected by autism.

## InfoBox

| Patrick "Tango" Hunter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Patrick Samuel Hunter
(1979-07-30) July 30, 1979
Tampa, Florida, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, activist, music consultant |
| Known for | First season winner of *I Love New York* |


title: Martha Medeiros

abstract: Martha Medeiros is a Brazilian writer and journalist. She works as columnist of the Zero Hora and O Globo newspapers.

text:
# Martha Medeiros

**Martha Medeiros** (born August 20, 1961, in Porto Alegre) is a Brazilian writer and journalist. She works as columnist of the *Zero Hora* and *O Globo* newspapers.

## Biography

Born in Porto Alegre in 1961, she's the daughter of José Bernardo Barreto de Medeiros and Isabella Matos de Medeiros. She graduated in 1982 at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) in Porto Alegre and became journalist for the newspaper Zero Hora of Porto Alegre and O Globo of Rio de Janeiro.

She moved for nine months in Chile, and she began to write poems. Coming back to Porto Alegre, she began writing as a journalist also continuing her literary way.

*A Morte Devagar* (A slow death), one of her poems written in 2000, has for a long time been erroneously attributed to Pablo Neruda.

## Bibliography

* *Strip-Tease* (1985)
* *Meia noite e um quarto* (1987)
* *Persona non grata* (1991)
* *Con Cara Lavada* (1995)
* *Poesia Reunida* ' (1998)
* *Geração Bivolt* (1995)
* *Topless* (1997)
* *Santiago do Cile* (1996)
* *Trem-Bala* (1999)
* *Non Stop* (2000)
* *Cartas Extraviadas e Outros Poemas* (2000)
* *A Morte Devagar* (2000)
* *Couch* (2002);
* *Divã* (2002) - this piece began a piece acted from Lilia Cabral (Mercedes).
* *Montanha-Russa* (2003)
* *Rollercoaster* (2003)
* *Esquisita como Eu* (2004)
* *Selma e Sinatra* (2005)
* 'Tudo que Eu Queria te Dizer *(2007);*
* *Doidas e Santas* (2008)
* *Fora de Mim* (2010)
* *Feliz por Nada* (2011)

## InfoBox

| Martha Medeiros | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1961-08-20) August 20, 1961
Porto Alegre, Brazil |
| Occupation | Writer and journalist |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Genre | Novel, chronic |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Notable works | *A Morte Devagar*, (2000)
*Divã*, (2002) |


title: Police and Justice Act 2006

abstract: The Police and Justice Act 2006 (PJA) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It received royal assent on 8 November 2006. The PJA created the National Policing Improvement Agency. It changed how members of police authorities may be appointed and altered their duties. It increased police officers' powers to impose bail conditions when releasing a suspect. Along with the Serious Crime Act 2007, the PJA also updated the Computer Misuse Act 1990, which was regarded as outdated when the two statutes were passed. Pursuant to the PJA, the scope of the Computer Misuse Act was extended to deal with denial-of-service attacks.

text:
# Police and Justice Act 2006

The **Police and Justice Act 2006** (**PJA**) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It received royal assent on 8 November 2006. The PJA created the National Policing Improvement Agency. It changed how members of police authorities may be appointed and altered their duties. It increased police officers' powers to impose bail conditions when releasing a suspect. Along with the Serious Crime Act 2007, the PJA also updated the Computer Misuse Act 1990, which was regarded as outdated when the two statutes were passed. Pursuant to the PJA, the scope of the Computer Misuse Act was extended to deal with denial-of-service attacks.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Police and Justice Act 2006 | |
| --- | --- |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act to establish a National Policing Improvement Agency; to make provision about police forces and police authorities and about police pensions; to make provision about police powers and about the powers and duties of community support officers, weights and measures inspectors and others; to make provision about the supply to the police and others of information contained in registers of death; to make further provision for combatting crime and disorder; to make further provision about certain inspectorates; to amend Part 12 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003; to amend the Computer Misuse Act 1990; to make provision about the forfeiture of indecent images of children; to provide for the conferring of functions on the Independent Police Complaints Commission in relation to the exercise of enforcement functions by officials involved with immigration and asylum; to amend the Extradition Act 2003; to make further provision about the use of live links in criminal proceedings; and for connected purposes. |
| Citation | 2006 c 48 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 8 November 2006 |
| Status: Current legislation | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Revised text of statute as amended | |


title: H.E.A.T II

abstract: H.E.A.T II is the sixth studio album by the Swedish hard rock group H.E.A.T and final album with lead singer Erik Grönwall. The album was released on 21 February 2020 through earMUSIC. As the album came out at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, H.E.A.T did not extensively tour for it that year. The band announced they were postponing their tour dates until 2021. In October 2020 it was announced that Erik Grönwall would be leaving the band; being replaced by original lead singer Kenny Leckremo. When the tour resumed H.E.A.T stated that all tour dates from that point onward would feature Kenny as their vocalist. Singles from the album include "One by One", released on 27 September 2019 and "Rise", released on 8 November 2019. On 29 June, 2020 the band released a previously unheard song called "Back to Life" that was recorded during the H.E.A.T II sessions.

text:
# H.E.A.T II

***H.E.A.T II*** is the sixth studio album by the Swedish hard rock group H.E.A.T and final album with lead singer Erik Grönwall. The album was released on 21 February 2020 through earMUSIC. As the album came out at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, H.E.A.T did not extensively tour for it that year. The band announced they were postponing their tour dates until 2021. In October 2020 it was announced that Erik Grönwall would be leaving the band; being replaced by original lead singer Kenny Leckremo. When the tour resumed H.E.A.T stated that all tour dates from that point onward would feature Kenny as their vocalist. Singles from the album include "One by One", released on 27 September 2019 and "Rise", released on 8 November 2019. On 29 June, 2020 the band released a previously unheard song called "Back to Life" that was recorded during the H.E.A.T II sessions.

## Track listing

*H.E.A.T II* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Rock Your Body" | Jona Tee | 4:03 |
| 2. | "Dangerous Ground" | Dave Dalone | 4:10 |
| 3. | "Come Clean" | Jimmy Jay | 3:39 |
| 4. | "Victory" | Dave Dalone, Jona Tee | 4:36 |
| 5. | "We Are Gods" | Dave Dalone, Jona Tee | 4:11 |
| 6. | "Adrenaline" | Jona Tee | 4:26 |
| 7. | "One by One" | Dave Dalone, Jona Tee, Erik Gronwall | 3:47 |
| 8. | "Nothing to Say" | Dave Dalone, Jona Tee | 4:07 |
| 9. | "Heaven Must Have Won an Angel" | Dave Dalone, Jona Tee | 4:41 |
| 10. | "Under the Gun" | Dave Dalone, Jona Tee | 3:25 |
| 11. | "Rise" | Dave Dalone, Jona Tee | 4:17 |
| Total length: | | | 45:27 |

## Personnel

* Erik Grönwall – lead vocals
* Dave Dalone – guitar
* Jona Tee – keyboards
* Jimmy Jay – bass
* Don Crash – drums

## Charts

Chart performance for *H.E.A.T II*
| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 48 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 152 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 24 |
| Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) | 22 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 22 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 17 |

## InfoBox

| H.E.A.T II | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by H.E.A.T | |
| Released | 21 February 2020 (2020-02-21) |
| Genre | Hard rock, arena rock |
| Length | 45:27 |
| Label | earMusic |
| Producer | Jona Tee |
| H.E.A.T chronology | |
| *Into the Great Unknown*
(2017) ***H.E.A.T II***
(2020) *Force Majeure*
(2022) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *H.E.A.T II* | |
| 1. "One by One"
Released: 27 September 2019 2. "Rise"
Released: 8 November 2019 3. "Back to Life"
Released: 29 June 2020 | |
|  | |


title: Ray Szmanda

abstract: Raymond Jack "Ray" Szmanda, Sr. was an American radio and television announcer known throughout the Midwestern United States as the spokesperson for Menards.

text:
# Ray Szmanda

**Raymond Jack "Ray" Szmanda, Sr.** (June 22, 1926 – May 6, 2018) was an American radio and television announcer known throughout the Midwestern United States as the spokesperson for Menards.

## Early life

Szmanda was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and served in the United States Navy during World War II.

## Career

Szmanda trained at the American Institute of the Air and took writing courses from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and University of Wisconsin–Madison.

He worked for radio and television stations as a staff announcer from 1951 to 1958, when he began to freelance. From 1959 to 1978, he operated the Trans-American School of Broadcasting in his hometown of Wausau, Wisconsin.

His career with Menards began in 1976, where he was a fixture of the ads until his retirement in 1998. He did, however, make occasional ads with the company starting in 1999, such as Embers America. Szmanda also appeared in the 1970s science fiction movie *The Alpha Incident* and hosted the Wausau version of *High Quiz Bowl.* He also served as co-anchor at KDFW-TV in Dallas, Texas from 1975 to 1978.

## Death

Szmanda died on May 6, 2018, at age 91, of pneumonia, heart problems and complications from a fall.

## InfoBox

| Ray Szmanda | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Raymond Jack Szmanda
(1926-06-22)June 22, 1926
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | May 6, 2018(2018-05-06) (aged 91)
Antigo, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Radio and television announcer |
| Years active | 1951–1999 |
| Spouse | Maxine Szmanda |
| Website | http://www.menardsguy.com/ |


title: Greeneville (Norwich, Connecticut)

abstract: Greeneville is a neighborhood of the city of Norwich, Connecticut, located northeast of downtown Norwich along the west bank of the Shetucket River. Most of the neighborhood is designated Greeneville Historic District, a historic district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The district was listed on the National Register in 2005 and includes 683 contributing buildings, seven other contributing structures, and one other contributing site over a 300 acres (120 ha) area. The district is drawn to "correspond to the village as it was laid out in 1833, but also include additional streets laid out and developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to accommodate population growth. Areas north and south of the district boundaries were excluded...." as those areas included undeveloped land, or fewer contributing relative to non-contributing buildings, or reflected a "shift in architectural character." According to the Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation the district "is a historically significant industrial village that was created to support and sustain water-powered industry from 1828 to about 1940. Much of the enduring success of this industrial enterprise can be attributed to the entrepreneurial vision of industrialist William P. Greene (1795–1862). His development of this planned community and a company to deliver a centralized power system, combined with significant technological infrastructure improvements in the late 19th century, supported the largest industrial presence in Norwich. Although nominally a part of the City of Norwich after 1875, from its creation in 1833 until after World War I Greeneville remained a relatively independent and self-sufficient, working-class community-an evolution fully expressed by the district's large, cohesive collection of generally well-preserved domestic, institutional and commercial architecture. While much of the architecture has the vernacular character expected in a mill town, the district also includes representative examples of the major styles of the period, including Greek Revival, Second Empire, Italianate, and Carpenter Gothic."

text:
# Greeneville (Norwich, Connecticut)

**Greeneville** is a neighborhood of the city of Norwich, Connecticut, located northeast of downtown Norwich along the west bank of the Shetucket River. Most of the neighborhood is designated **Greeneville Historic District**, a historic district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The district was listed on the National Register in 2005 and includes 683 contributing buildings, seven other contributing structures, and one other contributing site over a 300 acres (120 ha) area.

The district is drawn to "correspond to the village as it was laid out in 1833, but also include additional streets laid out and developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to accommodate population growth. Areas north and south of the district boundaries were excluded...." as those areas included undeveloped land, or fewer contributing relative to non-contributing buildings, or reflected a "shift in architectural character."

According to the Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation the district "is a historically significant industrial village that was created to support and sustain water-powered industry from 1828 to about 1940. Much of the enduring success of this industrial enterprise can be attributed to the entrepreneurial vision of industrialist William P. Greene (1795–1862). His development of this planned community and a company to deliver a centralized power system, combined with significant technological infrastructure improvements in the late 19th century, supported the largest industrial presence in Norwich. Although nominally a part of the City of Norwich after 1875, from its creation in 1833 until after World War I Greeneville remained a relatively independent and self-sufficient, working-class community-an evolution fully expressed by the district's large, cohesive collection of generally well-preserved domestic, institutional and commercial architecture. While much of the architecture has the vernacular character expected in a mill town, the district also includes representative examples of the major styles of the period, including Greek Revival, Second Empire, Italianate, and Carpenter Gothic."

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Greeneville Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Greeneville Congregational Church | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly along Boswell and Central Aves., Prospect and N. Main Sts., between Hickory and 14th Sts., Norwich, Connecticut |
| Coordinates | 41°32′5″N 72°3′31″W / 41.53472°N 72.05861°W / 41.53472; -72.05861 |
| Area | 300 acres (120 ha) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Gothic, et al. |
| NRHP reference No. | 05001047 |
| Added to NRHP | September 21, 2005 |


title: Giese, Minnesota

abstract: Giese is an unincorporated community in Wagner Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota, United States, located near Finlayson. The community is located in east-central Minnesota at the junction of State Highway 18 and Aitkin County Road 23. Giese is near the southeast corner of Aitkin County, near the county line with Pine County. Big Pine Lake is nearby.

text:
# Giese, Minnesota

**Giese** (/ˈɡzi/ *GHEE-zee*) is an unincorporated community in Wagner Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota, United States, located near Finlayson.

The community is located in east-central Minnesota at the junction of State Highway 18 (MN 18) and Aitkin County Road 23 (130th Place). Giese is near the southeast corner of Aitkin County, near the county line with Pine County. Big Pine Lake is nearby.

## History

Originally Henkeltown, the Henkel family sold the only store in town to the Giese clan. The community had a post office from 1918 to 1953. Giese was named for George F. Giese, a local businessman and the first postmaster.

## InfoBox

| Giese | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| GieseLocation of the community of Giese<br>within Wagner Township, Aitkin CountyGieseGiese (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 46°12′58″N 93°07′00″W / 46.21611°N 93.11667°W / 46.21611; -93.11667 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Aitkin |
| Township | Wagner Township |
| Elevation | 1,273 ft (388 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 55735 |
| Area code | 320 |
| GNIS feature ID | 644122 |


title: ONE Friday Fights 2

abstract: ONE Friday Fights 2: Sangmanee vs. Kulabdam 2 was a combat sport event produced by ONE Championship that took place on January 27, 2023, at Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.

text:
# ONE Friday Fights 2

***ONE Friday Fights 2: Sangmanee vs. Kulabdam 2*** (also known as ***ONE Lumpinee 2***) was a combat sport event produced by ONE Championship that took place on January 27, 2023, at Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.

## Background

A bantamweight muay thai rematch between "The Million Dollar Baby" Sangmanee P.K.Saenchai and Kulabdam Sor.Jor.Piek-U-Thai headlined the event. They met previously in a bantamweight muay thai tournament at ONE: No Surrender 3 on July 31, 2020, where Kulabdam won by first-round knockout.

At the weigh-ins, the bantamweight muay thai bout between Pongsiri P.K.Saenchai and Ferzan Cicek was moved to a catchweight of 152 pounds due to the pair failed to make weight in the bantamweight division; Thai-Ngan Le weighed in at 119 pounds, 4 pounds over the atomweight limit. The bout proceeded at catchweight with Le was fined their purse of his purse, which went to his opponent Marie Ruumet.

## Results

| Main Card (YouTube / Watch ONE) | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Weight class |  |  |  | Method | Round | Time | Notes |
| Bantamweight Muay Thai | Kulabdam Sor.Jor.Piek-U-Thai | def. | Sangmanee P.K.Saenchai | Decision (unanimous) | 3 | 3:00 |  |
| Strawweight Muay Thai | Chalamkhao P.K.Saenchai | def. | Petchthong Kiatsongrit | Decision (unanimous) | 3 | 3:00 |  |
| Featherweight Muay Thai | Mohammad Siasarani | def. | Avatar P.K.Saenchai | Decision (majority) | 3 | 3:00 |  |
| Flyweight Muay Thai | Nakrob Fairtex | def. | Sherzod Kabutov | Decision (unanimous) | 3 | 3:00 |  |
| Atomweight Muay Thai | Songchainoi Kiatsongrit | def. | Yoddoi Kaewsamrit | Decision (unanimous) | 3 | 3:00 |  |
| Preliminary card (FanDuel TV) | | | | | | | |
| Catchweight (140 lbs) Muay Thai | Yodlekpet Or. Atchariya | def. | Silviu Vitez | TKO (doctor stoppage) | 2 | 2:08 |  |
| Catchweight (152 lbs) Muay Thai | Pongsiri P.K.Saenchai | def. | Ferzan Çiçek | Decision (unanimous) | 3 | 3:00 |  |
| Middleweight | Arash Mardani | def. | Harry Grech | DQ (inactivity) | 3 | 3:20 |  |
| Flyweight Muay Thai | Elias Ghazali | def. | Ayad Albadr | Decision (unanimous) | 3 | 3:00 |  |
| Catchweight (119 lbs) Muay Thai | Marie Ruumet | def. | Thai-Ngan Le | Decision (unanimous) | 3 | 3:00 |  |
| Bantamweight | Jakub Wayman | def. | Riccardo Cantindig-Stagg | TKO (punches) | 3 | 4:21 |  |

## Bonus awards

The following fighters received $10,000 bonuses.

* **Performance of the Night: Yodlekpet Or. Atchariya**

1. "ONE ลุมพินี : ศึก ONE ลุมพินี 2 จัดคู่เอก แสงมณี พีเค. แสนชัยมวยไทยยิม ล้างตา กุหลาบดำ สจ.เปี๊ยกอุทัย". ch7.com. Retrieved 2023-01-17. (in Thai)
2. "Sangmanee rematches Kulabdam at ONE Lumpinee 2". *Asian MMA*. 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
3. Tom Taylor (2023-01-24). "ONE Championship Friday Fights 2 line-up set with Kulabdam vs Sangmanee in main event". *South China Morning Post*. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
4. "ONE Championship 'No Surrender III' Results: Kulabdam Stuns Sangmanee, Mongkolpetch Tops Sok Thy". *Combat Press*. 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
5. Poonthavee Suwathikul (2023-01-27). "พร้อมแล้วลุย! "แสงมณี vs กุหลาบดำ" น้ำหนักผ่านแล้ว เจอกัน ONE ลุมพินี 2". *ONE Championship – The Home of Martial Arts*. Retrieved 2023-01-27. (in Thai)
6. "ONE Friday Fights 2". *ONE Championship – The Home of Martial Arts*. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
7. Mark Hoover (2023-01-27). "ONE Friday Fights 2 Results and Recap: Kulabdam, Yodlekpet victorious in Bangkok". *myKhel.com*. Retrieved 2023-01-27.

## InfoBox

| ONE Friday Fights 2: Sangmanee vs. Kulabdam 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| The poster for ONE Friday Fights 2: Sangmanee vs. Kulabdam 2 | |
| Promotion | ONE Championship |
| Date | January 27, 2023 (2023-January-27) |
| Venue | Lumpinee Boxing Stadium |
| City | Bangkok, Thailand |
| Event chronology | |
| ONE Friday Fights 1: Nong-O vs. Ramazanov ONE Friday Fights 2: Sangmanee vs. Kulabdam 2 ONE Friday Fights 3: Chorfah vs. Petsukumvit | |


title: Poly Bridge 3

abstract: Poly Bridge 3 is a simulation-puzzle game developed and published by Dry Cactus. It is the third installment in the Poly Bridge series, and the sequel to Poly Bridge 2. The game was released for Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows on 30 May 2023.

text:
# Poly Bridge 3

***Poly Bridge 3*** is a simulation-puzzle game developed and published by Dry Cactus. It is the third installment in the *Poly Bridge* series, and the sequel to *Poly Bridge 2*. The game was released for Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows on 30 May 2023.

## Gameplay

*Poly Bridge 3* features a new campaign which consists of over 100 levels. The game also introduces another new material, foundation, which is expensive but effective at reducing stress. A sandbox mode has also been added, allowing players to build bridges without the limitation of budget and resources. Unlike previous games in the series, the "worlds" are not locked into being accessed in a linear order, instead you unlock worlds in a larger map that provides players with more options and allowing worlds to have specific focuses, including jumps, hydraulics, pre-built environments―where some bridge components are already built for you and locked in place, and generic environments akin to the previous games.

The game has weekly challenges and supports modding.

## Development and release

The game was revealed on 16 March 2023 by the creator of the series, New Zealand-based video game developer Dry Cactus, who returned to develop and publish the game. The game was launched on 30 May 2023 for Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows platforms.

## InfoBox

| Poly Bridge 3 | |
| --- | --- |
| Game header | |
| Developer(s) | Dry Cactus |
| Publisher(s) | Dry Cactus |
| Composer(s) | Adrian Talens |
| Series | *Poly Bridge* |
| Engine | Unity |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | * WW: 30 May 2023 |
| Genre(s) | Simulation, puzzle |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Polyamorphism

abstract: Polyamorphism is the ability of a substance to exist in several different amorphous modifications. It is analogous to the polymorphism of crystalline materials. Many amorphous substances can exist with different amorphous characteristics. However, polyamorphism requires two distinct amorphous states with a clear, discontinuous (first-order) phase transition between them. When such a transition occurs between two stable liquid states, a polyamorphic transition may also be referred to as a liquid–liquid phase transition.

text:
# Polyamorphism

**Polyamorphism** is the ability of a substance to exist in several different amorphous modifications. It is analogous to the polymorphism of crystalline materials. Many amorphous substances can exist with different amorphous characteristics (e.g. polymers). However, polyamorphism requires *two distinct* amorphous states with a clear, discontinuous (first-order) phase transition between them. When such a transition occurs between two stable liquid states, a polyamorphic transition may also be referred to as a **liquid–liquid phase transition**.

## Overview

Even though amorphous materials exhibit no long-range periodic atomic ordering, there is still significant and varied local structure at inter-atomic length scales (see structure of liquids and glasses). Different local structures can produce amorphous phases of the same chemical composition with different physical properties such as density. In several cases sharp transitions have been observed between two different density amorphous states of the same material. Amorphous ice is one important example (see also examples below). Several of these transitions (including water) are expected to end in a second critical point.

## Liquid–liquid transitions

Polyamorphism may apply to all amorphous states, i.e. glasses, other amorphous solids, supercooled liquids, ordinary liquids or fluids. A liquid–liquid transition however, is one that occurs only in the liquid state (red line in the phase diagram, top right). In this article liquid–liquid transitions are defined as transitions between two liquids of the same chemical substance. Elsewhere the term liquid–liquid transition may also refer to the more common transitions between liquid mixtures of different chemical composition.

The stable liquid state unlike most glasses and amorphous solids, is a thermodynamically stable equilibrium state. Thus new liquid–liquid or fluid-fluid transitions in the stable liquid (or fluid) states are more easily analysed than transitions in amorphous solids where arguments are complicated by the non-equilibrium, non-ergodic nature of the amorphous state.

### Rapoport's theory

Liquid–liquid transitions were originally considered by Rapoport in 1967 in order to explain high pressure melting curve maxima of some liquid metals. Rapoport's theory requires the existence of a melting curve maximum in polyamorphic systems.

### Double well potentials

One physical explanation for polyamorphism is the existence of a double well inter-atomic pair potential (see lower right diagram). It is well known that the ordinary liquid–gas critical point appears when the inter-atomic pair potential contains a minimum. At lower energies (temperatures) particles trapped in this minimum condense into the liquid state. At higher temperatures however, these particles can escape the well and the sharp definition between liquid and gas is lost. Molecular modelling has shown that addition of a second well produces an additional transition between two different liquids (or fluids) with a second critical point.

## Examples of polyamorphism

Polyamorphism has been experimentally observed or theoretically suggested in silicon, liquid phosphorus, triphenyl phosphate, mannitol, and in some other molecular network-forming substances.

### Water and structural analogues

The most famous case of polyamorphism is amorphous ice. Pressurizing conventional hexagonal ice crystals to about 1.6 GPa at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) converts them to the high-density amorphous ice. Upon releasing the pressure, this phase is stable and has density of 1.17 g/cm3 at 77 K and 1 bar. Consequent warming to 127 K at ambient pressure transforms this phase to a low-density amorphous ice (0.94 g/cm3 at 1 bar). Yet, if the high-density amorphous ice is warmed up to 165 K not at low pressures but keeping the 1.6 GPa compression, and then cooled back to 77 K, then another amorphous ice is produced, which has even higher density of 1.25 g/cm3 at 1 bar. All those amorphous forms have very different vibrational lattice spectra and intermolecular distances. A similar abrupt liquid-amorphous phase transition is predicted in liquid silicon when cooled under high pressures. This observation is based on first principles molecular dynamics computer simulations, and might be expected intuitively since tetrahedral amorphous carbon, silicon, and germanium are known to be structurally analogous to water.

### Oxide liquids and glasses

Yttria-alumina melts are another system reported to exhibit polyamorphism. Observation of a liquid–liquid phase transition in the supercooled liquid has been reported. Though this is disputed in the literature. Polyamorphism has also been reported in Yttria-Alumina glasses. Yttria-Alumina melts quenched from about 1900 °C at a rate ~400 °C/s, can form glasses containing a second co-existing phase. This happens for certain Y/Al ratios (about 20–40 mol% Y2O3). The two phases have the same average composition but different density, molecular structure and hardness. However whether the second phase is glassy or crystalline is also debated. Continuous changes in density were observed upon cooling silicon dioxide or germanium dioxide. Although continuous density changes do not constitute a first order transition, they may be indicative of an underlying abrupt transition.

### Organic materials

Polyamorphism has also been observed in organic compounds, such as liquid triphenyl phosphite at temperatures between 210 K and 226 K and *n*-butanol at temperatures between 120 K and 140 K.

Polyamorphism is also an important area in pharmaceutical science. The amorphous form of a drug typically has much better aqueous solubility (compared to the analogous crystalline form) but the actual local structure in an amorphous pharmaceutical can be different, depending on the method used to form the amorphous phase. Mannitol is the first pharmaceutical substance featuring polyamorphism. In addition to the regular amorphous phase, a second amorphous phase can be prepared at room temperature and pressure. This new phase has substantially lower energy, lower density and higher glass transition temperature. Since mannitol is widely used in pharmaceutical tablet formulations, mannitol polyamorphism offers a powerful tool to engineer the property and behavior of tablets.


title: Jonquil Panting

abstract: Jonquil Panting is a British radio director, notable for her work for BBC Radio 4, such as Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke (2007) and I, Claudius (2010).

text:
# Jonquil Panting

**Jonquil Panting** (born 26 February 1966) is a British radio director, notable for her work for BBC Radio 4, such as *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke* (2007) and *I, Claudius* (2010).

## Radio plays

A dozen radio productions (2005-2021) are listed at https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/jonquil\_panting/.

| Radio Plays Directed or Produced by Jonquil Panting | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date first broadcast | Play | Author | Cast | Synopsis
Awards | Station
Series |
| 17 December 2007 | *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: The Lake* | Nick Warburton | Tom Goodman-Hill, Peter Firth, Paul Copley, Stephen Greif, Sam Dale, John Lloyd Fillingham, Simon Treves, Laura Molyneux and Peter Marinker | Series imagining the story of Jesus through the eyes of those who witnessed it. The Lake means everything to Peter and Andrew. How could they leave it behind? | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 18 December 2007 | *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: Outsiders* | Nick Warburton | Tom Goodman-Hill, Peter Firth, Paul Copley, Paul Hilton, Maxine Peake, Lorraine Ashbourne, Rachel Atkins, Peter Marinker, Ben Crowe and Poppy Friar | Series imagining the story of Jesus through the eyes of those who witnessed it. Jesus' revolutionary teaching is gathering more and more followers. But the more he embraces the outcasts, the more he challenges the authorities. | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 19 December 2007 | *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: Jerusalem* | Nick Warburton | Tom Goodman-Hill, Peter Firth, Paul Hilton, Robin Soans, Simon Treves, Alex Lanipekun, Joannah Tincey, Sam Dale, Peter Marinker, Anna Bengo, Sam Pamphilon and Skye Bennett | Series imagining the story of Jesus through the eyes of those who witnessed it. The Galileans make the long journey south to the heart of their nation. But their triumphant arrival is fraught with danger and betrayal. | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 20 December 2007 | *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: Tested* | Nick Warburton | Tom Goodman-Hill, Peter Firth, Paul Hilton, Robin Soans, Colin Stinton, Penelope Wilton, Ben Crowe, Peter Marinker, Anna Bengo and Lloyd Thomas | Series imagining the story of Jesus through the eyes of those who witnessed it. The arrest of Jesus will test the faith, heart and courage of everyone who plays a part in what will follow. | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 21 December 2007 | *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: Beginnings* | Nick Warburton | Tom Goodman-Hill, Peter Firth, Penelope Wilton, Lorraine Ashbourne, Julian Bleach, David De Keyser, Rachel Atkins, Ben Onwukwe, Laura Molyneux and Sam Pamphilon | Series imagining the story of Jesus through the eyes of those who witnessed it. While the disciples are paralysed by Jesus' death, Mary ponders the mystery of his birth. | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play |
| 16 June 2008 – 4 July 2008 | *The Way We Live Right Now* | Anthony Trollope updated by Jonathan Myerson | Henry Goodman, Dexter Fletcher, John Rowe, Nyasha Hatendi, David Bamber, Lucy Montgomery, Sheridan Smith, Chipo Chung, Ben Crowe, Emily Wachter, Annette Badland, Corey Johnson, Nadim Sawalha, Liz Sutherland, Stephen Critchlow, Chris Pavlo, Beth Chalmers, Dan Starkey and Joan Walker | Former British tennis star Felix 'Flex' Carbury once had a career. Now he has a problem. | BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Drama |
| 28 November 2010 – 2 January 2011 | *I, Claudius* | Robert Graves dramatised by Robin Brooks | Tom Goodman-Hill, Derek Jacobi, Harriet Walter, Tim McInnerny, Alison Pettitt, Sam Dale, Jude Akuwudike, Sean Baker, Harvey Allpress, Felix Zadek-Ewing, Harry Child, Lauren Mote, Ryan Watson, Holly Gibbs, Trevor Peacock, Joseph Kloska, Hattie Morahan, Zubin Varla, Henry Devas, Leah Brotherhead, Christine Kavanagh, Iain Batchelor, Tony Bell, Lloyd Thomas, James Warner, Samuel Barnett, Adeel Akhtar, Sally Orrock, Claire Harry, Deeivya Meir and Jessica Raine | The inside story of the lives and deaths of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, from the reign of the first Emperor Augustus to the fifth, Nero, told through the secret memoirs of their obscure relation, Claudius. Born a drooling, stammering weakling, Claudius' early reputation as an idiot keeps him safe from office and assassination, until a puzzling prophecy about him begins to come shockingly true. | BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial |
|

1. http://www.thestage.co.uk/features/feature.php/30602/radio-review
2. BBC – Afternoon Play – *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: The Lake*
3. BBC – Afternoon Play
4. BBC – Afternoon Play – *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: Outsiders*
5. BBC – Afternoon Play – *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: Jerusalem*
6. BBC – Afternoon Play – *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: Tested*
7. BBC – Afternoon Play – *Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke: Beginnings*
8. BBC – Woman's Hour Drama – *The Way We Live Right Now*
9. BBC – Woman's Hour Drama
10. BBC – Classic Serial – *I, Claudius*
11. BBC – Classic Serial


title: Joni J. Young

text:
# Joni J. Young

Joni J Young is an American accounting academic.

## History

Joni J. Young is a Professor of Accountancy at the Anderson School of Management, of the University of New Mexico. She has also been a visiting professor at the London School of Economics. She qualified as a Certified Public Accountant in 1981, winning the Elijah Watt Sells award of distinction for CPA exam results. Since becoming an academic, Young has twice won (in 2008 and 2012) the Outstanding Educator Award from the New Mexico Society of Certified Public Accountants. In 2011, she won the award for Notable Contributions to the Accounting Literature from the American Accounting Association. She is an Associate Editor of *Critical Perspectives on Accounting*, and is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the *Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal*.

Much of Dr. Young’s work has been focused on her interests in institutional financial reporting and accountability.

## Selected publications

1. University of New Mexico, The Robert O. Anderson School of Management Retrieved 2015-04-14.
2. University of New Mexico, Profile of Joni J. Young Retrieved 2015-03-30.
3. London School of Economics, Profile of Joni J. Young Retrieved 2015-03-30.
4. Anderson School of Management, Honors - Joni J. Young. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
5. New Mexico Society of Certified Public Accountants, List of Award Recipients Archived 2015-11-19 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
6. Elsevier, *Critical Perspectives on Accounting* Editorial Board. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
7. Emerald Group Publishing, Editorial Team - *Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal*. Retrieved 2015-04-22.

## InfoBox

| Joni J. Young | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Accounting |
| Institutions | University of Illinois<br>University of New Mexico |
|  | |


title: Joni Henson

abstract: Joni Henson is a Canadian operatic soprano who was born and raised in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Henson's voice has been described as "thrilling and lilting" by Paula Citron of Opera Canada who says Henson "is clearly heading for a glittering career" Henson has received very favourable reviews internationally and has been awarded top honours at several singing competitions in Europe, most notably receiving the Opera Grand Prize at the XVth Concours International de Chant de Verviers in Belgium and First Place Opera and French Melodie Awards at the Concours International de Chant de Marmande in France. She continues to perform with the Canadian Opera Company, the Vancouver Symphony, the Kingston Symphony, and with the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir. Joni Henson, is considered a young ambassador for the Sault Ste. Marie community and was inducted into the Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame on September 20, 2008. Henson attended the Music Academy of the West in 2003 and 2004.

text:
# Joni Henson

**Joni Henson** (born May 31, 1977) is a Canadian operatic soprano who was born and raised in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Henson's voice has been described as "thrilling and lilting" by Paula Citron of Opera Canada who says Henson "is clearly heading for a glittering career"

Henson has received very favourable reviews internationally and has been awarded top honours at several singing competitions in Europe, most notably receiving the Opera Grand Prize at the XVth Concours International de Chant de Verviers in Belgium and First Place Opera and French Melodie Awards at the Concours International de Chant de Marmande in France.

She continues to perform with the Canadian Opera Company, the Vancouver Symphony, the Kingston Symphony, and with the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir. Joni Henson, is considered a young ambassador for the Sault Ste. Marie community and was inducted into the Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame on September 20, 2008.

Henson attended the Music Academy of the West in 2003 and 2004.


title: Josep Roca i Fontané

abstract: Josep Roca i Fontané is the sommelier of the restaurant El Celler de Can Roca.

text:
# Josep Roca i Fontané

**Josep Roca i Fontané** (born 26 August 1966, Girona, Spain) is the sommelier of the restaurant El Celler de Can Roca.

## Acknowledgments

## Publications

* *El Celler de Can Roca*, by Joan, Josep and Jordi Roca. In Catalan, Spanish and English.

1. El Celler de Can Roca consigue la tercera estrella Michelin Article de Pau Arenós a El Periodico, 25/11/2009 20:52 h
2. "El Celler de Can Roca, mejor restaurante del mundo". *La Vanguardia*. 2013-04-29. Retrieved 2013-04-30.

## InfoBox

| Josep Roca i Fontané | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 26 August 1966<br>Girona, Catalonia (Spain) |


title: Poly Network exploit

abstract: The Poly Network exploit was an attack conducted by anonymous hackers on August 10, 2021. The attack transferred over $610 million in digital cryptocurrency to the hackers. All assets were returned to Poly Network over the following 15 days. It was one of the largest security incidents in DeFi's history in terms of mark-to-market value.

text:
# Poly Network exploit

The **Poly Network exploit** was an attack conducted by anonymous hackers on August 10, 2021. The attack transferred over $610 million in digital cryptocurrency to the hackers. All assets were returned to Poly Network over the following 15 days. It was one of the largest security incidents in DeFi's history in terms of mark-to-market value.

## Background

Poly Network is an interoperability protocol that lets users trade one cryptocurrency for another, such as trading Bitcoin for Ethereum. Before the attack, Poly Network had transferred $10 billion in digital assets between blockchains, with total value of nearly $1 billion.

## Attack

The hackers transferred approximately $610 million of the most valuable digital assets to three addresses they controlled on Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain and Polygon.

After the attack, the Poly team asked exchanges and miners to be aware of the flow of stolen tokens and called for the hacker's transactions to be stopped, Tether froze $33 million worth of USDT. In an open letter on Twitter, the Poly team wanted to establish communication with the hackers and urge them to return the stolen tokens.

The hackers announced on August 11, 2021 that they had been planning to return the tokens. They claimed that the purpose of the theft was to reveal vulnerabilities and secure Poly Network. They posted a Q&A to communicate with the public by embedding messages in transactions with their addresses.

The hackers required multi-signature addresses for transfer. Poly Network generated a collection address and started to recover the assets that were returned first on August 11. On August 13, the hackers returned assets worth $340 million and transferred the bulk of the rest to a multi-signature address jointly controlled by them and Poly Network.

After receiving tokens, Poly Network started to address the hackers as "Mr. White Hat" and offered to reward them with a $500,000 bug bounty and the position of "chief security advisor" of Poly Network, as a strategy to ensure safe return of the rest of the affected assets.

The last of the hacked money was returned to Poly Network on August 25.

## Reaction

Poly Network's decision to refer to the hackers as "white hats" angered some in the security world who worried that it might set a precedent for criminal hackers to whitewash their actions. White hat hacker Katie Paxton-Fear said that "labelling this hack as a white hat is really disappointing". Charlie Steele, former Department of Justice and FBI official, thought "Private companies have no authority to promise immunity from criminal prosecution," and "in this event where a hacker stole the $600m 'for fun' and then returned most of it, all while remaining anonymous, is not likely to lessen regulators' concerns about the variety of risks posed by cryptocurrencies."

## Aftermath

Poly Network launched the global bug bounty program on Immunefi. The program aims to encourage more security agencies and white hat organizations to participate in the audit of Poly Network's core functions, especially to address potential security risks. Rewards are distributed according to the impact of the vulnerability based on the Immunefi Vulnerability Severity Classification System — the rewards range up to $100,000 for critical vulnerabilities.


title: Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina

abstract: The politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina are defined by a parliamentary, representative democratic framework, where the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, named by the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Legislative power is vested in both the Council of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Members of the Parliamentary Assembly are chosen according to a proportional representation system. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The system of government established by the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian war in 1995 is an example of consociationalism, as representation is by elites who represent the country's three major ethnic groups termed constituent peoples, with each having a guaranteed share of power. Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two Entities – the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, which are politically autonomous to an extent, as well as the Brčko District, which is jointly administered by both. The Entities have their own constitutions. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Bosnia and Herzegovina a "hybrid regime" in 2022.

text:
# Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The **politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina** are defined by a parliamentary, representative democratic framework, where the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, named by the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Legislative power is vested in both the Council of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Members of the Parliamentary Assembly are chosen according to a proportional representation system. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

The system of government established by the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian war in 1995 is an example of consociationalism, as representation is by elites who represent the country's three major ethnic groups termed *constituent peoples*, with each having a guaranteed share of power.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two *Entities* – the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, which are politically autonomous to an extent, as well as the Brčko District, which is jointly administered by both. The Entities have their own constitutions. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Bosnia and Herzegovina a "hybrid regime" in 2022.

## Dayton Agreement

Due to the Dayton Agreement, signed on 14 December 1995, Bosnia and Herzegovina forms an undeclared protectorate, where highest power is given to the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, named by the Peace Implementation Council. The intention of the Agreement was to retain Bosnia's exterior border, while creating a joint multi-ethnic and democratic government based on proportional representation, and charged with conducting foreign, economic, and fiscal policy.

The Dayton Agreement established the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. About 250 international and 450 local staff members are employed by the OHR.

## High Representative

The highest political authority in the country is the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, the chief executive officer for the international civilian presence in the country. The High Representative has power to remove government officials, including court justices, local government members, members of parliament, etc. From its establishment, the Office of the High Representative has sacked 192 Bosnian officials. The mandate of the High Representatives derives from the Dayton Agreement, as confirmed by the Peace Implementation Council (PIC), a body with a Steering Board composed of representatives of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States, the presidency of the European Union, the European Commission, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. The Peace Implementation Council has established several criteria for the OHR to be closed, two of which have been completed but must be sustained until all five are completed.

Due to the vast powers of the High Representative over Bosnian politics and essential veto powers, the position has also been compared to that of a viceroy.

## Executive branch

The Chair of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina rotates amongst three members (a Bosniak, a Serb, and a Croat) every 8 months within their 4-year term. The three members of the Presidency are elected directly by the people, with Federation voters electing both the Bosniak and the Croat member, and Republika Srpska voters electing the Serb member. The Presidency serves as a collective head of state. The Presidency is mainly responsible for the foreign policy and proposing the budget.

The Prime Minister, formally titled Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is nominated by the Presidency and approved by the House of Representatives. They appoint the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Foreign Trade and other ministers as may be appropriate (no more than two thirds of the ministers may be appointed from the territory of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina), who assume the office upon the approval by the House of Representatives; also, the Chair appoints deputy ministers (who may not be from the same constituent people as their ministers), who assume the office upon the approval by the House of Representatives.

The Council is responsible for carrying out policies and decisions in the fields of diplomacy, economy, inter-entity relations and other matters as agreed by the entities.

The two Entities have Governments that deal with internal matters not dealt with by the Council of Ministers.

## Legislative branch

The Parliamentary Assembly or *Parliamentarna skupština* is the main legislative body in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It consists of two chambers:

The Parliamentary Assembly is responsible for:

* enacting legislation as necessary to implement decisions of the Presidency or to carry out the responsibilities of the Assembly under the Constitution.
* deciding upon the sources and amounts of revenues for the operations of the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and international obligations of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
* approving the budget for the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
* deciding ratify treaties and agreements.
* other matters as are necessary to carry out its duties of as are assigned to it by mutual agreement of the Entities.

Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have a permanent election law until 2001, during which time a draft law specified four-year terms for the state and first-order administrative division entity legislatures. The final election law was passed and publicized on 9 September 2001.

### House of Peoples

The House of Peoples includes 15 delegates who serve two-year terms. Two-thirds of delegates come from the Federation (5 Croats and 5 Bosniaks) and one-third from the Republika Srpska (5 Serbs). Nine constitutes a quorum in the House of Peoples, provided that at least three delegates from each group are present. Federation representatives are selected by the House of Peoples of the Federation, which has 58 seats (17 Bosniaks, 17 Croats, 17 Serbs, 7 others), and whose members are delegated by cantonal assemblies to serve four-year terms. Republika Srpska representatives are selected by the 28-member Republika Srpska Council of Peoples, which was established in the National Assembly of Republika Srpska; each constituent people has eight delegates, while four delegates are representatives of "others".

### House of Representatives

The House of Representatives comprises 42 members elected under a system of proportional representation (PR) for a four-year term. Two thirds of the members are elected from the Federation (14 Croats; 14 Bosniaks) and one third from the Republika Srpska (14 Serbs).

For the 2010 general election, voters in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina elected twenty-one members in five multi-member constituencies by PR, while the remaining seven seats were allocated by compensatory PR. Voters in the Republika Srpska elected nine members in three multi-member constituencies by PR, while the five other seats were allocated by compensatory PR.

## Political parties and elections

| Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniak member | | | |
| Šefik Džaferović | Party of Democratic Action | 212,581 | 36.61 |
| Denis Bećirović | Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 194,688 | 33.53 |
| Fahrudin Radončić | Union for a Better Future of BiH | 75,210 | 12.95 |
| Mirsad Hadžikadić | Independent | 58,555 | 10.09 |
| Senad Šepić | Independent Bloc | 29,922 | 5.15 |
| Amer Jerlagić | Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina | 9,655 | 1.66 |
| Croat member | | | |
| Željko Komšić | Democratic Front | 225,500 | 52.64 |
| Dragan Čović | Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 154,819 | 36.14 |
| Diana Zelenika | Croatian Democratic Union 1990 | 25,890 | 6.04 |
| Boriša Falatar | Our Party | 16,036 | 3.74 |
| Jerko Ivanković Lijanović | People's Party Work for Prosperity | 6,099 | 1.42 |
| Serb member | | | |
| Milorad Dodik | Alliance of Independent Social Democrats | 368,210 | 53.88 |
| Mladen Ivanić | Serb Democratic Party | 292,065 | 42.74 |
| Mirjana Popović | Fair Policy Party | 12,731 | 1.86 |
| Gojko Kličković | Fair Policy Party | 10,355 | 1.52 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 120,259 |  |
| **Total** | | **1,812,575** | **100** |
| Registered voters/turnout | |  |  |
| Source: CEC | | | |

### House of Representatives

| Party | Federation | | | Republika Srpska | | | Total | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| Party of Democratic Action | 252,081 | 25.48 | 8 | 29,673 | 4.45 | 1 | 281,754 | 17.01 | 9 | –1 |
| Alliance of Independent Social Democrats | 4,663 | 0.47 | 0 | 260,930 | 39.10 | 6 | 265,593 | 16.03 | 6 | 0 |
| SDSNDP–NS–SRS |  |  |  | 162,414 | 24.34 | 3 | 162,414 | 9.80 | 3 | –2 |
| Social Democratic Party | 140,781 | 14.23 | 5 | 9.672 | 1.45 | 0 | 150,453 | 9.08 | 5 | +2 |
| HDZ BiHHSS–HSP-HNS–HKDUHSP-AS BiH–HDU BiH | 145,487 | 14.71 | 5 | 4.385 | 0.66 | 0 | 149,872 | 9.05 | 5 | +1 |
| Democratic FrontCivic Alliance | 96,180 | 9.72 | 3 |  |  |  | 96,180 | 5.81 | 3 | –1 |
| Social Democratic Party | 92,906 | 9.45 | 3 | 15,736 | 2.43 |  | 108,642 | 6.66 | 3 | –5 |
| PDPNDP | 194 | 0.02 | 0 | 50,338 | 7.76 | 1 | 50,532 | 3.10 | 1 | 0 |
| Croatian Democratic Union 1990 | 40,113 | 4.08 | 1 |  |  |  | 40,113 | 2.46 | 1 |  |
| Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party-Sefer Halilović | 35,866 | 3.65 | 1 | 2,452 | 0.38 | 0 | 38,318 | 2.35 | 1 | +1 |
| Democratic People's Alliance |  |  |  | 37,072 | 5.72 | 1 | 37,072 | 2.27 | 1 | 0 |
| Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina | 25,677 | 2.61 | 0 |  |  |  | 25,677 | 1.57 | 0 | –2 |
| Party of Democratic Activity | 22,088 | 2.25 | 1 |  |  |  | 22,088 | 1.35 | 1 | New |
| Socialist Party |  |  |  | 18,732 | 2.89 | 0 | 18,732 | 1.15 | 0 | 0 |
| SPPSDUDNZ | 12,885 | 1.31 | 0 | 3,429 | 0.53 | 0 | 16,314 | 1.00 | 0 | –1 |
| People's Party for Work and Betterment | 12,927 | 1.31 | 0 |  |  |  | 12,927 | 0.79 | 0 | –1 |
| Serbian Progressive Party |  |  |  | 11,421 | 1.76 | 0 | 11,421 | 0.70 | 0 | 0 |
| Our Party | 10,913 | 1.11 | 0 |  |  |  | 10,913 | 0.67 | 0 | 0 |
| Party of Justice and Trust |  |  |  | 9,763 | 1.51 | 0 | 9,763 | 0.60 | 0 | New |
| Bosnian Party | 7,518 | 0.76 | 0 |  |  |  | 7,518 | 0.46 | 0 | 0 |
| Social Democratic Union | 5,881 | 0.6 | 0 | 853 | 0.13 | 0 | 6,734 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 |
| Labour Party | 5,731 | 0.58 | 0 |  |  |  | 5,731 | 0.35 | 0 | New |
| HSP–DSI | 5,475 | 0.56 | 0 |  |  |  | 5,475 | 0.34 | 0 |  |
| Communist Party | 3,075 | 0.31 | 0 | 1,976 | 0.30 | 0 | 5,051 | 0.31 | 0 | New |
| HKDU | 4,718 | 0.48 | 0 |  |  |  | 4,718 | 0.29 | 0 | New |
| Diaspora Party | 3,371 | 0.34 | 0 |  |  |  | 3,371 | 0.21 | 0 | New |
| New Movement | 1,830 | 0.19 | 0 |  |  |  | 1,830 | 0.11 | 0 | New |
| Tomo Vukić |  |  |  | 397 | 0.06 | 0 | 397 | 0.02 | 0 | New |
| Invalid/blank votes | 97,720 |  |  | 58,857 |  |  | 156,577 |  |  |  |
| **Total** | **1,081,025** | **100** | **28** | **701,156** | **100** | **14** | **1,782,181** | **100** | **42** |  |
| Registered voters/turnout |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Source: CEC | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Election history

National House of Representatives:

* elections held 12–13 September 1998:
    + seats by party/coalition – KCD 17, HDZ-BiH 6, SDP-BiH 6, Sloga 4, SDS 4, SRS-RS 2, DNZ 1, NHI 1, RSRS 1
* elections held 5 October 2002:
    + percent of vote by party/coalition - SDA 21.9%, SDS 14.0%, SBiH 10.5%, SDP 10.4%, SNSD 9.8%, HDZ 9.5%, PDP 4.6%, others 19.3%
    + seats by party/coalition – SDA 10, SDS 5, SBiH 6, SDP 4, SNSD 3, HDZ 5, PDP 2, others 7

House of Peoples:

* constituted 4 December 1998
* constituted in fall 2000
* constituted in January 2003
* next to be constituted in 2007

Federal House of Representatives:

* elections held fall 1998:
    + seats by party/coalition – KCD 68, HDZ-BiH 28, SDP-BiH 25, NHI 4, DNZ 3, DSP 2, BPS 2, HSP 2, SPRS 2, BSP 1, KC 1, BOSS 1, HSS 1
* elections held 5 October 2002:
    + seats by party/coalition – SDA 32, HDZ-BiH 16, SDP 15, SBiH 15, other 20

Federal House of Peoples:

* constituted November 1998
* constituted December 2002

Republika Srpska National Assembly:

* elections held fall 1998
    + seats by party/coalition – SDS 19, KCD 15, SNS 12, SRS-RS 11, SPRS 10, SNSD 6, RSRS 3, SKRS 2, SDP 2, KKO 1, HDZ-BiH 1, NHI 1
* elections held fall 2000
* elections held 5 October 2002
    + seats by party/coalition – SDS 26, SNSD 19, PDP 9, SDA 6, SRS 4, SPRS 3, DNZ 3, SBiH 4, SDP 3, others 6

## Judicial branch

### Constitutional Court

The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the supreme, final arbiter of constitutional matters. The court is composed of nine members: four selected by the House of Representatives of the Federation, two by the National Assembly of Republika Srpska, and three are foreign citizens appointed by the President of the European Court of Human Rights after courtesy-consultation with the Presidency.

The initial term of appointee is 5 years, unless they resign or are removed by consensus of other judges. Appointed judges are not eligible for reappointment. Judges subsequently appointed will serve until the age of 70, unless they resign sooner or are removed. Appointments made 5 years into the initial appointments may be governed by a different regulation for selection, to be determined by the Parliamentary Assembly.

Proceedings of the Court are public, and decisions are published. Court rules are adopted by a majority in the Court. Court decisions are final and supposedly binding though this is not always the case, as noted.

The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction over deciding in constitutional disputes that arise between the Entities or amongst Bosnia and Herzegovina and an Entity or Entities. Such disputes may be referred only by a member of the Presidency, the Chair of the Council of Ministers, the Chair or Deputy Chair of either of the chambers of the Parliamentary Assembly, or by one-fourth of the legislature of either Entity.

The Court also has appellate jurisdiction within the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

### State Court

The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of three divisions – Administrative, Appellate and Criminal – having jurisdiction over cases related to the state-level law and executive, as well as appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities.

A War Crimes Chamber was introduced in January 2005, and has adopted two cases transferred from the ICTY, as well as dozens of war crimes cases originally initiated in cantonal courts.

The State Court also deals with organized crime, and economic crime including corruption cases. For example, the former member of the Presidency Dragan Čović was on trial for alleged involvement in organized crime.

### Human Rights Chamber

The Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina (*Dom za ljudska prava za Bosnu i Hercegovinu*) existed between March 1996 and 31 December 2003. It was a judicial body established under the Annex 6 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dayton Agreement).

### Entities

The two Entities have Supreme Courts. Each entity also has a number of lower courts. There are 10 cantonal courts in the Federation, along with a number of municipal courts. The Republika Srpska has seven district (*okrug*) courts.

### High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council

The High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council (JHPC / VSTV) is the self-regulatory body of the judiciary in the country, tasked with guaranteeing its independence. It is based on the continental tradition of self-management of the judiciary. It was formed in 2004.


title: Pollupalai and Vallimunai Wind Farms

abstract: The Pollupalai and Vallimunai Wind Farms are two wind farms built together by Joule Power and Beta Power, on the north-eastern shore of the Jaffna Lagoon, in Pachchilaipalli, Sri Lanka. Both wind farms are owned by the parent company WindForce, and have an installed capacity of 12 megawatts each, and an annual production of approximately 60 GWh. The wind farms are the first-ever to be constructed in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka.

text:
# Pollupalai and Vallimunai Wind Farms

The **Pollupalai and Vallimunai Wind Farms** are two wind farms built together by Joule Power and Beta Power, on the north-eastern shore of the Jaffna Lagoon, in Pachchilaipalli, Sri Lanka. Both wind farms are owned by the parent company WindForce, and have an installed capacity of 12 megawatts each, and an annual production of approximately 60 GWh. The wind farms are the first-ever to be constructed in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka.

## Wind turbines

Both wind farms utilizes a total of sixteen ReGen V82 wind turbines, which has an installed capacity of 1.5 MW per turbine. The turbines operate at 9–17.3 RPM, and has a rotor diameter of 82 m (269 ft) and a swept area of 5,325 m2 (57,318 sq ft). The tubular tower section has a hub height of 85 m (279 ft), and is made up of four sections.

The wind turbine's operating wind speed is 12.5 m/s (41 ft/s), with cut-in and cut-out wind speeds of 3 m/s (9.8 ft/s) and 22 m/s (72 ft/s) respectively. The turbines can survive wind speeds of up to 52.5 m/s (172 ft/s). All 16 turbines are placed 400 m (1,300 ft) apart in a single row, facing the lagoon. The site's average wind speed is 7.5 m/s (25 ft/s), with an air density of 1.18 kg/m3 (0.074 lb/cu ft).

## InfoBox

| Pollupalai and Vallimunai Wind Farms | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Location | Pachchilaipalli |
| Coordinates | 09°34′40″N 80°19′12″E / 9.57778°N 80.32000°E / 9.57778; 80.32000 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | December 2014 |
| Owners | WindForce (Pvt) Ltd |
| Operators | Joule Power (Pvt) Ltd
Beta Power (Pvt) Ltd |
| Wind farm | |
| Type | Onshore |
| Hub height | 85 m (279 ft) |
| Rotor diameter | 82 m (269 ft) |
| Rated wind speed | 7.5 m/s (25 ft/s) |
| Site elevation | Sea level |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 16 × 1.5 MW |
| Make and model | ReGen V82 |
| Nameplate capacity | 24 MW |
| Annual net output | 60 GWh |
| External links | |
| Website | www.windforce.lk |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Pollination syndrome

abstract: Pollination syndromes are suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be abiotic or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth through a process called pollinator-mediated selection. These traits include flower shape, size, colour, odour, reward type and amount, nectar composition, timing of flowering, etc. For example, tubular red flowers with copious nectar often attract birds; foul smelling flowers attract carrion flies or beetles, etc. The "classical" pollination syndromes were first studied in the 19th century by the Italian botanist Federico Delpino. Although they are useful in understanding of plant-pollinator interactions, sometimes the pollinator of a plant species cannot be accurately predicted from the pollination syndrome alone, and caution must be exerted in making assumptions. The naturalist Charles Darwin surmised that the flower of the orchid Angraecum sesquipedale was pollinated by a then undiscovered moth with a proboscis whose length was unprecedented at the time. His prediction had gone unverified until 21 years after his death, when the moth was discovered and his conjecture vindicated. The story of its postulated pollinator has come to be seen as one of the celebrated predictions of the theory of evolution.

text:
# Pollination syndrome

**Pollination syndromes** are suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be abiotic (wind and water) or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth through a process called pollinator-mediated selection. These traits include flower shape, size, colour, odour, reward type and amount, nectar composition, timing of flowering, etc. For example, tubular red flowers with copious nectar often attract birds; foul smelling flowers attract carrion flies or beetles, etc.

The "classical" pollination syndromes were first studied in the 19th century by the Italian botanist Federico Delpino. Although they are useful in understanding of plant-pollinator interactions, sometimes the pollinator of a plant species cannot be accurately predicted from the pollination syndrome alone, and caution must be exerted in making assumptions.

The naturalist Charles Darwin surmised that the flower of the orchid *Angraecum sesquipedale* was pollinated by a then undiscovered moth with a proboscis whose length was unprecedented at the time. His prediction had gone unverified until 21 years after his death, when the moth was discovered and his conjecture vindicated. The story of its postulated pollinator has come to be seen as one of the celebrated predictions of the theory of evolution.

## Abiotic

Abiotically pollinated flowers do not attract animal pollinators. Nevertheless, they often have suites of shared traits.

### Wind

Wind-pollinated flowers may be small and inconspicuous, as well as green and not showy. They produce enormous numbers of relatively small pollen grains (hence wind-pollinated plants may be allergens, but seldom are animal-pollinated plants allergenic). Their stigmas may be large and feathery to catch the pollen grains. Insects may visit them to collect pollen; in some cases, these are ineffective pollinators and exert little natural selection on the flowers, but there are also examples of ambophilous flowers which are both wind and insect pollinated. Anemophilous, or wind pollinated flowers, are usually small and inconspicuous, and do not possess a scent or produce nectar. The anthers may produce a large number of pollen grains, while the stamens are generally long and protrude out of flower.

### Water

Water-pollinated plants are aquatic and pollen is released into the water. Water currents therefore act as a pollen vector in a similar way to wind currents. Their flowers tend to be small and inconspicuous with many pollen grains and large, feathery stigmas to catch the pollen. However, this is relatively uncommon (only 2% of pollination is hydrophily) and most aquatic plants are insect-pollinated, with flowers that emerge into the air. *Vallisneria* is an example.

## Biotic

### Insects

#### Bees

Bee-pollinated flowers can be very variable in their size, shape and colouration. They can be open and bowl-shaped ('actinomorphic', radially symmetrical) or more complex and non-radially symmetric ('zygomorphic'), as is the case with many peas and foxgloves.

Some bee flowers tend to be yellow or blue, often with ultraviolet nectar guides and scent. Nectar, pollen, or both are offered as rewards in varying amounts. The sugar in the nectar tends to be sucrose-dominated. A few bees collect oil from special glands on the flower.

#### Butterflies

Butterfly-pollinated flowers tend to be large and showy, pink or lavender in colour, frequently have a landing area, and are usually scented. Since butterflies do not digest pollen (with one exception), more nectar is offered than pollen. The flowers have simple nectar guides with the nectaries usually hidden in narrow tubes or spurs, reached by the long tongue of the butterflies.

#### Moths

Among the more important moth pollinators are the hawk moths (Sphingidae). Their behaviour is similar to hummingbirds: they hover in front of flowers with rapid wingbeats. Most are nocturnal or crepuscular. So moth-pollinated flowers tend to be white, night-opening, large and showy with tubular corollas and a strong, sweet scent produced in the evening, night or early morning. Much nectar is produced to fuel the high metabolic rates needed to power their flight.

Other moths (Noctuids, Geometrids, Pyralids, for example) fly slowly and settle on the flower. They do not require as much nectar as the fast-flying hawk moths, and the flowers tend to be small (though they may be aggregated in heads).

#### Flies

Myophilous plants, those pollinated by flies, tend not to emit a strong scent, are typically purple, violet, blue, and white, and have open dishes or tubes.

Sapromyophilous plants attract flies which normally visit dead animals or dung. Flowers mimic the odor of such objects. The plant provides them with no reward and they leave quickly unless it has traps to slow them down. Such plants are far less common than myophilous ones.

### Beetles

Beetle-pollinated flowers are usually large, greenish or off-white in color and heavily scented. Scents may be spicy, fruity, or similar to decaying organic material. Most beetle-pollinated flowers are flattened or dish shaped, with pollen easily accessible, although they may include traps to keep the beetle longer. The plant's ovaries are usually well protected from the biting mouthparts of their pollinators. A number of cantharophilous plants are thermogenic, with flowers that can increase their temperature. This heat is thought to help further spread the scent, but the infrared light produced by this heat may also be visible to insects during the dark night, and act as a shining beacon to attract them.

### Birds

Flowers pollinated by specialist nectarivores tend to be large, red or orange tubes with a lot of dilute nectar, secreted during the day. Since birds do not have a strong response to scent, they tend to be odorless. Flowers pollinated by generalist birds are often shorter and wider. Hummingbirds are often associated with pendulous flowers, whereas passerines (perching birds) need a landing platform so flowers and surrounding structures are often more robust. Also, many plants have anthers placed in the flower so that pollen rubs against the birds head/back as the bird reaches in for nectar.

### Bats

There are major differences between bat pollination in the New World as opposed to the Old World. In the Old World pollinating bats are large fruit bats of the family Pteropodidae which do not have the ability to hover and must perch in the plant to lap the nectar; these bats furthermore do not have the ability to echolocate. Bat-pollinated flowers in this part of the world tend to be large and showy, white or light coloured, open at night and have strong musty odours. They are often large balls of stamens.

In the Americas pollinating bats are tiny creatures called glossophagines which have both the ability to hover as well as echolocate, and have extremely long tongues. Plants in this part of the world are often pollinated by both bats and hummingbirds, and have long tubular flowers. Flowers in this part of the world are typically borne away from the trunk or other obstructions, and offer nectar for extended periods of time. In one essay, von Helversen *et al*. speculate that maybe some bell-shaped flowers have evolved to attract bats in the Americas, as the bell-shape might reflect the sonar pulses emitted by the bats in a recognisable pattern. A number of species of *Marcgravia* from Caribbean islands have evolved a special leaf just above the inflorescence to attract bats. The leaf petiole is twisted so the leaf sticks upwards, and the leaf is shaped like a concave disc or dish reflector. The leaf reflects echolocation signals from many directions, guiding the pollinating bats towards the flowers. The epiphytic bean *Mucuna holtonii* employs a similar tactic, but in this species it is a specialised petal that acts as a sonar reflector. In the New World bat pollinated flowers often have sulphur-scented compounds.

Bat-pollinated plants have bigger pollen than their relatives.

### Non-flying mammals

The characteristics of the pollination syndrome associated with pollination by mammals which are not bats are: a yeasty odour; cryptic, drab, axillary, geoflorous flowers or inflorescences often obscured from sight; large and sturdy flowers, or grouped together as multi-flowered inflorescences; either sessile flowers or inflorescences or subtended by a short and stout peduncle or pedicel; bowl-shaped flowers or inflorescences; copious, sucrose-rich nectar usually produced during the night; tough and wiry styles; an adequate distance between the stigma and nectar to fit the rostrum of the pollinating animal; and potentially a winter–spring flowering period.

Many non-flying mammals are nocturnal and have an acute sense of smell, so the plants tend not to have bright showy colours, but instead excrete a strong odour. These plants also tend to produce large amounts of pollen because mammals are larger than some other pollinators, and lack the precision smaller pollinators can achieve.

The Western-Australian endemic Honey possum (*Tarsipes rostratus*) is an unusual non-flying mammal pollinator in that it has adapted to feeding exclusively on pollen and nectar. It is known to forage on a wide variety of plants (particularly in the families Proteaceae and Myrtaceae) including many with typical bird-pollinated flowers such as *Calothamnus quadrifidus* and many species of *Banksia*.

## Biology

Pollination syndromes reflect convergent evolution towards forms (phenotypes) that limit the number of species of pollinators visiting the plant. They increase the functional specialization of the plant with regard to pollination, though this may not affect the ecological specialization (i.e. the number of species of pollinators within that functional group). They are responses to common selection pressures exerted by shared pollinators or abiotic pollen vectors, which generate correlations among traits. That is, if two distantly related plant species are both pollinated by nocturnal moths, for example, their flowers will converge on a form which is recognised by the moths (e.g. pale colour, sweet scent, nectar released at the base of a long tube, night-flowering).

### Advantages of specialization

* Efficiency of pollination: the rewards given to pollinators (commonly nectar or pollen or both, but sometimes oil, scents, resins, or wax) may be costly to produce. Nectar can be cheap, but pollen is generally expensive as it is relatively high in nitrogen compounds. Plants have evolved to obtain the maximum pollen transfer for the minimum reward delivered. Different pollinators, because of their size, shape, or behaviour, have different efficiencies of transfer of pollen. And the floral traits affect efficiency of transfer: columbine flowers were experimentally altered and presented to hawkmoths, and flower orientation, shape, and colour were found to affect visitation rates or pollen removal.
* Pollinator constancy: to efficiently transfer pollen, it is best for the plant if the pollinator focuses on one species of plant, ignoring other species. Otherwise, pollen may be dropped uselessly on the stigmas of other species. Animals, of course, do not aim to pollinate, they aim to collect food as fast as they can. However, many pollinator species exhibit constancy, passing up available flowers to focus on one plant species. Why should animals specialize on a plant species, rather than move to the next flower of any species? Although pollinator constancy was recognized by Aristotle, the benefits to animals are not yet fully understood. The most common hypothesis is that pollinators must learn to handle particular types of flowers, and they have limited capacity to learn different types. They can only efficiently gather rewards from one type of flower.

These honeybees selectively visit flowers from only one species for a period of time, as can be seen by the colour of the pollen in their baskets.

### Advantages of generalization

Pollinators fluctuate in abundance and activity independently of their plants, and any one species may fail to pollinate a plant in a particular year. Thus a plant may be at an advantage if it attracts several species or types of pollinators, ensuring pollen transfer every year. Many species of plants have the back-up option of self-pollination, if they are not self-incompatible.

### A continuum rather than discrete syndromes

Whilst it is clear that pollination syndromes can be observed in nature, there has been much debate amongst scientists as to how frequent they are and to what extent we can use the classical syndromes to classify plant-pollinator interactions. Although some species of plants are visited only by one type of animal (i.e. they are functionally specialized), many plant species are visited by very different pollinators. For example, a flower may be pollinated by bees, butterflies, and birds. Strict specialization of plants relying on one species of pollinator is relatively rare, probably because it can result in variable reproductive success across years as pollinator populations vary significantly. In such cases, plants should generalize on a wide range of pollinators, and such ecological generalization is frequently found in nature. A study in Tasmania found the syndromes did not usefully predict the pollinators.

A critical re-evaluation of the syndromes suggests that on average about one third of the flowering plants can be classified into the classical syndromes. This reflects the fact that nature is much less predictable and straightforward than 19th-century biologists originally thought. Pollination syndromes can be thought of as extremes of a continuum of greater or lesser specialization or generalization onto particular functional groups of pollinators that exert similar selective pressures" and the frequency with which flowers conform to the expectations of the pollination syndromes is relatively rare. In addition, new types of plant-pollinator interaction, involving "unusual" pollinating animals are regularly being discovered, such as specialized pollination by spider hunting wasps (Pompilidae) and fruit chafers (Cetoniidae) in the eastern grasslands of South Africa. These plants do not fit into the classical syndromes, though they may show evidence of convergent evolution in their own right.

An analysis of flower traits and visitation in 49 species in the plant genus *Penstemon* found that it was possible to separate bird- and bee- pollinated species quite well, but only by using floral traits which were not considered in the classical accounts of syndromes, such as the details of anther opening. Although a recent review concluded that there is "overwhelming evidence that functional groups exert different selection pressures on floral traits", the sheer complexity and subtlety of plant-pollinator interactions (and the growing recognition that non-pollinating organisms such as seed predators can affect the evolution of flower traits) means that this debate is likely to continue for some time.

## Bibliography


title: Jordan Heather

abstract: Jordan Heather is a former Canadian football quarterback. He played CIS football at Bishop's.

text:
# Jordan Heather

**Jordan Heather** (born September 2, 1990) is a former Canadian football quarterback. He played CIS football at Bishop's.

## Early life

Heather played high school football at Oromocto High School in Oromocto, New Brunswick.

## University career

Heather played five seasons of CIS football at Bishop's. He played in nine games (including one playoff game) his final year in 2013, completing 211 of 350 passes for 3,224 yards, 20 touchdowns and 10 interceptions, winning the Hec Crighton Trophy as the best CIS football player that season. His 3,132 passing yards (done in eight regular seasons game) set a CIS record for passing yards in a season. Heather was also the first player in school history to win the Hec Crighton.

## Post-university career

Heather has played for the St. Etienne Giants in France, the Calgary Gators of the Alberta Football League, and the North Bay Bulldogs of the Northern Football Conference. Heather was named Most Valuable Player (MVP) for the 2023 Northern Football Conference season.

Heather is a member of the Canadian Armed Forces.

## InfoBox

Jordan Heather
| No. 12 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1990-09-02) September 2, 1990 |
| Career information | |
| Position(s) | Quarterback |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| University | Bishop's |
| High school | Oromocto (NB) |
| CFL draft | 2012, undrafted |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |