title: Thomas Arthur Lodge

abstract:
Thomas Arthur Lodge (1888–1967) was a British architect. He studied at the Architectural Association in London until 1909, and was then articled to Thomas Geoffry Lucas. After a time spent with a number of different firms, Lucas and Henry Vaughan Lanchester took Lodge into partnership in 1923. Lucas retired in 1930, and Lanchester died in 1953, leaving Lodge in charge of the firm. The practice, now named Lanchester & Lodge, continued after his death in 1967. Amongst other works, Lodge designed the original Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, which opened in 1938. In 1929 he and Lucas designed the art deco Parkinson Building for the University of Leeds, another grade II listed building. Also grade II listed, Hackney Town Hall was designed by the firm and built in 1934–1937. Watford Technical College was begun in 1938 to designs by Lanchester & Lodge, but was not finished until after the Second World War.
The David Keir building at Queen's University Belfast was designed by Lodge in the 1950s, and opened in 1959.

text:
# Thomas Arthur Lodge

**Thomas Arthur Lodge** (1888–1967) was a British architect.

He studied at the Architectural Association in London until 1909, and was then articled to Thomas Geoffry Lucas. After a time spent with a number of different firms, Lucas and Henry Vaughan Lanchester took Lodge into partnership in 1923. Lucas retired in 1930, and Lanchester died in 1953, leaving Lodge in charge of the firm. The practice, now named Lanchester & Lodge, continued after his death in 1967.

Amongst other works, Lodge designed the original Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, which opened in 1938. In 1929 he and Lucas designed the art deco Parkinson Building for the University of Leeds, another grade II listed building. Also grade II listed, Hackney Town Hall was designed by the firm and built in 1934–1937. Watford Technical College was begun in 1938 to designs by Lanchester & Lodge, but was not finished until after the Second World War. The David Keir building at Queen's University Belfast was designed by Lodge in the 1950s, and opened in 1959.


title: Frank H. Hurd

abstract: Frank Hunt Hurd was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. representative from Ohio for three nonconsecutive terms in the late 19th century.

text:
# Frank H. Hurd

**Frank Hunt Hurd** (December 25, 1840 – July 10, 1896) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. representative from Ohio for three nonconsecutive terms in the late 19th century.

## Life and career

Hurd was born in Mount Vernon, Ohio. He was the son of Rollin C. Hurd, a local judge, and Mary B. Hurd, sister of Daniel S. Norton, senator from Minnesota. Hurd graduated from Kenyon College, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, in nearby Gambier in 1858. He studied law with his father, and was admitted to the state bar in 1861.

Hurd practiced law in Mt. Vernon and was the prosecuting attorney of Knox County in 1863. He served as member of the State senate in 1866, and was appointed to codify the criminal laws of Ohio in 1868. He inserted the provision that permitted the accused to testify.

### Early political career

He moved to Toledo, Ohio, in 1869 and reentered politics, serving as city solicitor from 1871 to 1873. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election in 1872 to the Forty-third Congress.

### Congress

Hurd was elected to the Forty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1875 – March 4, 1877). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1876 to the Forty-fifth Congress.

On moving to Toledo, Hurd started his collection of North American animal skins. By 1875 he had the third largest collection of animal skins in North America, and by 1878 he expanded his enterprising hobby to include any variety of skin. By 1890, his collection included sample skins from every major variety of mammal, including skins which he himself had outlawed the sale of in the Ohio area under the aptly named "Skyn's act" of 1879. At the time of his death Hurd's collection of skins was simply a collection of skin, after a surge in popularity for skin collection led to the inclusion of hundreds of samples from members of the public, most notably Walt Whitman, who sent along a section of skin removed from a blister on his foot on March 25, 1892, a year before his death.

Hurd was elected to the Forty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1879 – March 4, 1881). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1880 to the Forty-seventh Congress.

Hurd was elected to the Forty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1883 – March 4, 1885). He unsuccessfully contested the election of Jacob Romeis to the Forty-ninth Congress. He then returned to Toledo and resumed the practice of law. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election in 1886 to the Fiftieth Congress.

Journalist and Toledo mayor Brand Whitlock, in his autobiography *Forty Years of It*, attributed his own decision to become a Democrat to Hurd's influence, writing that "anyone who ever heard Frank Hurd deliver an oration never forgot it afterward":

> \[H\]is black hair, his handsome face, his beautiful voice, and the majestic music of his rolling phrases were wholly and completely charming. He was explicitly an orator, a student of the great art.... His speech on Free Trade, delivered in the House of Representatives, February 18, 1881, remains the classic on that subject, ranking with Henry Clay's speech on "The American System," delivered in the Senate in 1832. In that address Frank Hurd began with the phrase, "The tariff is a tax," which acquired much currency years after when Grover Cleveland used it.

### Death and burial

Hurd continued the practice of law in Toledo, until his death on July 10, 1896. He was interred in Mound View Cemetery in Mount Vernon, Ohio.

## Sources

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

Media related to Frank H. Hurd at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Frank H. Hurd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Ohio | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1875  March 3, 1877 | |
| Preceded by | Isaac R. Sherwood |
| Succeeded by | Jacob Dolson Cox |
| Constituency | 6th district |
| **In office**
March 4, 1879  March 3, 1881 | |
| Preceded by | Henry L. Dickey |
| Succeeded by | John P. Leedom |
| Constituency | 7th district |
| **In office**
March 4, 1883  March 3, 1885 | |
| Preceded by | John B. Rice |
| Succeeded by | Jacob Romeis |
| Constituency | 10th district |
| Member of the Ohio Senate
from the 28th and 17th district | |
| **In office**
January 1, 1866  January 5, 1868 | |
| Preceded by | Joseph P. Devlin
Charles H. Scribner |
| Succeeded by | George Rex |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Frank Hunt Hurd
(1840-12-25)December 25, 1840
Mount Vernon, Ohio |
| Died | July 10, 1896(1896-07-10) (aged 55)
Toledo, Ohio |
| Resting place | Mound View Cemetery, Mount Vernon, Ohio |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | Kenyon College |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Thistle Brook

abstract: Thistle Brook is a short, minor river (brook) in Buckinghamshire, England that is a tributary to the River Thame. Located entirely in the Aylesbury Vale district, the brook rises in a farm in the civil parish of Mentmore, west of the village of Mentmore and south of Crafton, and flows south-west past Wingrave and through a culvert under a road in the neighbourhood of Thistlebrook, before flowing into the River Thame.

text:
# Thistle Brook

**Thistle Brook** is a short, minor river (brook) in Buckinghamshire, England that is a tributary to the River Thame.

Located entirely in the Aylesbury Vale district, the brook rises in a farm (historically Thistlebrook farm) in the civil parish of Mentmore, west of the village of Mentmore and south of Crafton, and flows south-west past Wingrave (located towards the north) and through a culvert under a road in the neighbourhood of Thistlebrook, before flowing into the River Thame.

## InfoBox

| Thistle Brook | |
| --- | --- |
| The river near Wingrave | |
| Location | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| County | Buckinghamshire |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Mentmore, Aylesbury Vale |
| coordinates | 51°51′39″N 0°42′18″W / 51.860899°N 0.705015°W / 51.860899; -0.705015 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | River Thame, Aylesbury Vale |
| coordinates | 51°50′33″N 0°44′11″W / 51.842385°N 0.736390°W / 51.842385; -0.736390 |


title: Thistle

abstract: Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterized by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles can also occur all over the plant – on the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves. These prickles protect the plant from herbivores. Typically, an involucre with a clasping shape similar to a cup or urn subtends each of a thistle's flower heads. The typically feathery pappus of a ripe thistle flower is known as thistle-down. The spininess varies considerably by species. For example, Cirsium heterophyllum has very soft spines while Cirsium spinosissimum is the opposite. Typically, species adapted to dry environments are more spiny. The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean precisely those plants in the tribe Cardueae, especially the genera Carduus, Cirsium, and Onopordum. However, plants outside this tribe are sometimes also called thistles. Biennial thistles are particularly noteworthy for their high wildlife value, producing copious floral resources for pollinators, nourishing seeds for birds like the goldfinch, foliage for butterfly larvae, and down for the lining of birds' nests. A thistle is the floral emblem of Scotland and Lorraine, as well as the emblem of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

text:
# Thistle

**Thistle** is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterized by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles can also occur all over the plant  on the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves. These prickles protect the plant from herbivores. Typically, an involucre with a clasping shape similar to a cup or urn subtends each of a thistle's flower heads. The typically feathery pappus of a ripe thistle flower is known as **thistle-down**.

The spininess varies considerably by species. For example, *Cirsium heterophyllum* has very soft spines while *Cirsium spinosissimum* is the opposite. Typically, species adapted to dry environments are more spiny.

The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean precisely those plants in the tribe Cardueae (synonym: Cynareae), especially the genera *Carduus*, *Cirsium*, and *Onopordum*. However, plants outside this tribe are sometimes also called thistles.

Biennial thistles are particularly noteworthy for their high wildlife value, producing copious floral resources for pollinators, nourishing seeds for birds like the goldfinch, foliage for butterfly larvae, and down for the lining of birds' nests.

A thistle is the floral emblem of Scotland and Lorraine, as well as the emblem of the *Encyclopædia Britannica*.

## Taxonomy

Genera in the Asteraceae with the word thistle often used in their common names include:

Plants in families other than Asteraceae which are sometimes called thistle include:

## Ecology

Thistle flowers are the favourite nectar sources of the pearl-bordered fritillary, small pearl-bordered fritillary, high brown fritillary, and dark green fritillary butterflies. Thistles and thistle-seed feeders provide important sustenance for goldfinches and the flowers are strongly favoured by many butterflies besides fritillaries such as the monarch, skippers, and the various types of tiger swallowtail. Hummingbirds will feed on the flowers of the biennial species, which feature large flowers, as compared with the perennial creeping thistle.

Some thistles, for example *Cirsium vulgare*, native to Eurasia, have been widely introduced outside their native range. Control measures include *Trichosirocalus* weevils. A problem with this approach, at least in North America, is that the introduced weevils may affect native thistles at least as much as the desired targets. Another approach towards controlling thistle growth is using thistle tortoise beetles as a biological control agent; through feeding on thistle plants, thistle tortoise beetles skeletonize the leaves and damage the plant.

Thistles are important nectar sources for pollinators. Some ecological organizations, such as the Xerces Society, have attempted to raise awareness of their benefits to counteract the general agricultural and home garden labeling of thistles as weeds. The monarch butterfly, *Danaus plexippus* for instance, was highlighted as traditionally relying upon taller large-flowered thistle species such as Tall thistle, *Cirsium altissimum*, for its migration. Although such organizations focus on the benefits of native thistles, certain non-native thistles, such as *Cirsium vulgare* in North America, may provide similar benefits to wildlife.

Some prairie and wildflower seed production companies supply bulk seed for native North American thistle species for wildlife habitat restoration, although availability tends to be low. Thistles are particularly valued by bumblebees for their high nectar production. *Cirsium vulgare* was ranked in the top ten for nectar production in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. Bull thistle was a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2323 ± 418μg).

## Uses

Pliny and medieval writers thought it could return hair to bald heads and that in the early modern period it was believed to be a remedy for headaches, plague, cancer sores, vertigo, and jaundice.

### Cuisine

In the Beira region, thistle flowers are used as rennet in cheese making. "Serra da Estrela" is not only the name of a mountain chain in this country, "Serra da Estrela" is also the name of one of the most appreciated cheeses made from sheep's milk.

### Economic significance

Thistles, even if one restricts the term to members of the Asteraceae, are too varied a group for generalisation. Many are troublesome weeds, including some invasive species of *Cirsium*, *Carduus*, *Silybum* and *Onopordum*. Typical adverse effects are competition with crops and interference with grazing in pastures, where dense growths of spiny vegetation suppress forage plants and repel grazing animals. Some species, although not intensely poisonous, affect the health of animals that ingest them.

The genus *Cynara* includes the commercially important species of artichoke. Some species regarded as major weeds are sources of vegetable rennet used in commercial cheese making. Similarly, some species of *Silybum* that occur as weeds are cultivated for seeds that yield vegetable oil and pharmaceutical compounds such as Silibinin.

Other thistles that nominally are weeds are important honey plants, both as bee fodder in general, and as sources of luxury monofloral honey products.

### Medicine

The Milk Thistle, also known as silymarin, has been used to treat liver or gallbladder problems. While not confirmed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human services, milk thistle has shown beneficial results in previous studies for people with HCV. It is possible that milk thistle can lower blood sugar levels for type two diabetes. As a dietary supplement, milk thistle is recommended for hepatitis, cirrhosis, jaundice, diabetes, and indigestion.

## Culture

### Symbolism

#### Scottish thistle

The thistle has been the national emblem of Scotland since the reign of King Alexander III (1249–1286). According to legend, an invading Norse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish army's encampment. One barefoot Norseman stepped on a thistle and cried out in pain, thus alerting Scots to the presence of the invaders. Possibly, this happened in 1263 during the Battle of Largs, which marked the beginning of the departure of King Haakon IV (Haakon the Elder) of Norway who, having control of the Northern Isles and Hebrides, had harried the coast of the Kingdom of Scotland for some years.

Reverse of a 1967 florin: thistles, shamrocks, leeks, & roseReverse of five pence: crowned thistle

The thistle was used on silver coins first issued by King James III in 1474 as a Scottish symbol and national emblem. In 1536, the bawbee, a sixpence in the pound Scots, was issued for the first time under King James V; it showed a crowned thistle. Thistles continued to appear regularly on Scottish and later British coinage until 2008, when a 5p coin design showing "*The Badge of Scotland, a thistle royally crowned*" ceased to be minted, though it remains in circulation. The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, the highest and oldest chivalric order of Scotland, has thistles on its insignia and a chapel in St Giles's Kirk, Edinburgh, dubbed the Thistle Chapel. The thistle is the main charge of the regimental badge of the Scots Guards, the oldest regiment in the British Army.

Both the Order of the Thistle and the Scots Guards use the motto *Nemo me impune lacessit*, the motto of the House of Stuart and referring to the thistle's prickly nature. Pound coins with this motto and a thistle were minted in 1984, 1989, and 2014. The combination of thistle and motto first appeared on the bawbee issued by King Charles II. In 1826, the grant of arms to the new National Bank of Scotland stipulates that the shield be surrounded by thistles and "thistle" is used as the name of several Scottish football clubs. Since 1960, a stylised thistle, also representing the Scottish Saltire, has been the logo of the Scottish National Party. The thistle is also seen as the logo for Scottish Rugby. Many businesses in Scotland choose this symbol to represent their organization.

Since 2013, a different stylised thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, has been the emblem of Police Scotland, and had long featured in the arms of seven of the eight pre-2013 Scottish police services and constabularies, the sole exception being the Northern Constabulary. As part of the arms of the University of Edinburgh, the thistle appears together with a saltire on one of the escutcheons of the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh. The coat of arms and crest of Nova Scotia ("*New Scotland*"), briefly Scotland's colony, have since the 17th century featured thistles. Following his ascent to the English throne, King James VI of Scotland & I of England used a badge consisting of a Tudor rose "dimidiated" with a Scottish thistle and surmounted by a royal crown.

As the floral emblem of Scotland it appears in the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom thereafter, and was included in the heraldry of various British institutions, such as the Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom alongside the Tudor rose, Northern Irish flax, and Welsh leek. This floral combination appears on the present issues of the one pound coin. Beside the Tudor rose and Irish shamrock the thistle appears on the badge of the Yeomen of the Guard and the arms of the Canada Company. Issues of the historical florin showed the same flora, later including a leek.

The thistle is also used to symbolise connection with Scotland overseas. For example, in Canada, it is one of the four floral emblems on the flag of Montreal; in the US, Carnegie Mellon University features the thistle in its crest in honour of the Scottish heritage of its founder, Andrew Carnegie, and Annapolis, Maryland features the thistle in its flag and seal. The thistle is also the emblem of the *Encyclopædia Britannica* (which originated in Edinburgh, Scotland) and Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited (as the company was founded by two Scots).

Which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Popular modern usage favours cotton thistle (*Onopordum acanthium*), perhaps because of its more imposing appearance, though it is not native and unlikely to have occurred in Scotland in mediaeval times. The spear thistle (*Cirsium vulgare*), an abundant native species in Scotland, is a more likely candidate. Other species, including dwarf thistle (*Cirsium acaule*), musk thistle (*Carduus nutans*), and melancholy thistle (*Cirsium heterophyllum*) have also been suggested.

#### Thistle of Lorraine

The thistle, and more precisely *Onopordum acanthium*, is one of the symbols of Lorraine, together with its coat of arms which displays three avalerions, and the Cross of Lorraine.

Lorraine is a region located in northeastern France, along the border with Luxembourg and Germany. Before the French Revolution, a large part of the region formed the Duchy of Lorraine. In the Middle Ages, the thistle was an emblem of the Virgin Mary because its white sap would bring to mind the milk falling from the breast of the Mother of God. It was later adopted as a personal symbol by René of Anjou, together with the Cross of Lorraine, then known as the Cross of Anjou. It seems through his book *Livre du cuer d'amours espris* that the Duke chose the thistle as his emblem not only because it was a Christian symbol, but also because he associated it with physical love.

The thistle and the cross were used again by his grandson, René II, Duke of Lorraine, who introduced them in the region. The two symbols became hugely popular among the local people during the Battle of Nancy in 1477, during which the Lorrain army defeated Burgundy. The Duke's motto was "*Qui s'y frotte s'y pique*", meaning "who touches it, pricks oneself", with a similar idea to the Scottish motto "*Nemo me impune lacessit*". Nowadays the thistle is still the official symbol of the city of Nancy, as well as the emblem of the AS Nancy football team, and the Lorraine Regional Natural Park.

### Place names

*Carduus* is the Latin term for a thistle (hence cardoon, *chardon* in French), and *Cardonnacum* is a Late Latin word for a place with thistles. This is believed to be the origin of name of the Burgundy village of Chardonnay, Saône-et-Loire, which in turn is thought to be the home of the famous Chardonnay grape variety.

Texts on Wikisource:


title: Francis Hughes

abstract: Francis Joseph Sean Hughes was a volunteer in the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) from Bellaghy, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Hughes was the most wanted man in Northern Ireland until his arrest following a shoot-out with the British Army in which a British soldier was killed. At his trial, he was sentenced to a total of 83 years' imprisonment; he died during the 1981 Irish hunger strike in HM Prison Maze. Hughes was one of 22 Irish republicans who died on hunger-strike between 1917 and 1981.

text:
# Francis Hughes

**Francis Joseph Sean Hughes** (28 February 1956 – 12 May 1981) was a volunteer in the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) from Bellaghy, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Hughes was the most wanted man in Northern Ireland until his arrest following a shoot-out with the British Army in which a British soldier was killed. At his trial, he was sentenced to a total of 83 years' imprisonment; he died during the 1981 Irish hunger strike in HM Prison Maze. Hughes was one of 22 Irish republicans who died on hunger-strike between 1917 and 1981.

## Background

Hughes was born in Bellaghy, County Londonderry on 28 February 1956 into a republican family, the youngest of four brothers in a family of ten siblings. Hughes' father, Joseph, had been a member of the Irish Republican Army in the 1920s and one of his uncles had smuggled arms for the republican movement. This resulted in the Hughes family being targeted when internment was introduced in 1971, and Francis Hughes' brother Oliver was interned for eight months without trial in Operation Demetrius. Hughes left school aged 16 and started work as an apprentice painter and decorator.

Hughes was returning from an evening out in Ardboe, County Tyrone when he was stopped at an Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) checkpoint. When the soldiers realised he came from a republican family, he was badly beaten. Hughes' father encouraged him to see a doctor and report the incident to the police but Hughes refused, saying he "would get his own back on the people who did it, and their friends".

## Paramilitary activity

Hughes initially joined the Official Irish Republican Army, but left after the organisation declared a ceasefire in May 1972. Hughes then joined up with Dominic McGlinchey, his cousin Thomas McElwee and Ian Milne, before the three decided to join the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1973. Hughes, Milne and McGlinchey took part in scores of IRA operations, including daylight attacks on Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) stations, bombings, and attacks on off-duty members of the RUC and UDR. Another IRA member described the activities of Hughes:

> He led a life perpetually on the move, often moving on foot up to 20 miles during one night then sleeping during the day, either in fields and ditches or safe houses; a soldierly sight in his black beret and combat uniform and openly carrying a rifle, a handgun and several grenades as well as food rations.

On 18 April 1977, Hughes, McGlinchey and Milne were travelling in a car near the town of Moneymore when an RUC patrol car carrying four officers signalled them to stop. The IRA members attempted to escape by performing a u-turn, but lost control of the car which ended up in a ditch. They abandoned the car and opened fire on the RUC patrol car, killing two officers and wounding another, before running off through fields. A second RUC patrol came under fire while attempting to prevent the men fleeing, and despite a search operation by the RUC and British Army (BA) the IRA members escaped. Following the Moneymore shootings, the RUC named Hughes as the most wanted man in Northern Ireland, and issued wanted posters with pictures of Hughes, Milne and McGlinchey. Milne was arrested in Lurgan in August 1977, and McGlinchey later in the year in the Republic of Ireland.

## Arrest and imprisonment

Hughes was arrested on 17 March 1978 at Lisnamuck, near Maghera in County Londonderry, after an exchange of gunfire with the British Army the night before. British soldiers manning a covert observation post spotted Hughes and another IRA volunteer approaching them wearing combat clothing with "Ireland" sewn on their jackets. Thinking they might be from the Ulster Defence Regiment, one of the soldiers stood up and called to them. The IRA volunteers opened fire on the British troops, who returned fire. A soldier of the SAS, Lance Corporal David Jones, was killed and another soldier wounded. Hughes was also wounded and was arrested nearby the next morning.

In February 1980, he was sentenced to a total of 83 years in prison. Hughes was tried for, and found guilty of, the murder of one British Army soldier (for which he received a life sentence) and wounding of another (for which he received 14 years) in the incident which led to his arrest, as well as a series of gun and bomb attacks over a six-year period. Security sources described him as "an absolute fanatic" and "a ruthless killer". Fellow republicans described him as "fearless and active".

## 1981 hunger strike

Hughes was involved in the mass hunger strike in 1980, and was the second prisoner to join the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike in the H-Blocks at the Maze prison. His hunger strike began on 15 March 1981, two weeks after Bobby Sands began his hunger strike. He was also the second striker to die, at 5:43pm BST on 12 May, after 59 days without food. His death led to an upsurge in rioting in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland.

His cousin Thomas McElwee was the ninth hunger striker to die. Oliver Hughes, one of his brothers, was elected twice to Magherafelt District Council.

He is commemorated on the Irish Martyrs Memorial at Waverley Cemetery in Sydney, Australia.

He is portrayed by Fergal McElherron in the film *H3*.

## InfoBox

| Francis Hughes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 28 February 1956
Bellaghy, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland |
| Died | 12 May 1981(1981-05-12) (aged 25)
HM Prison Maze |
| Organization | Provisional IRA |
| Known for | Hunger strike of 59 days, from 15 March 1981 |
| Family | Thomas McElwee (cousin) |


title: Frank Barrows

abstract: Franklin Lee Barrows was an American Major League Baseball player for the 1871 Boston Red Stockings.

text:
# Frank Barrows

**Franklin Lee Barrows** (October 22, 1844  February 6, 1922) was an American Major League Baseball player for the 1871 Boston Red Stockings.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Frank Barrows | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** October 22, 1844
Hudson, Ohio, U.S. | |
| **Died:** February 6, 1922(1922-02-06) (aged 77)
Fitchburg, Massachusetts, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Unknown**Threw:** Unknown | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 20, 1871, for the Boston Red Stockings | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 7, 1871, for the Boston Red Stockings | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Games played | 18 |
| Batting average | .151 |
| Runs batted in | 11 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
| National Association of Base Ball Players Boston Tri-Mountains (18671870)   National Association of Professional BBP Boston Red Stockings (1871) | |


title: Frank Holden (footballer)

abstract: Francis Foster Holden was an Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Frank Holden (footballer)

**Francis Foster Holden** (29 March 1913 – 26 September 1988) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Frank Holden | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Francis Foster Holden | | |
| Date of birth | (1913-03-29)29 March 1913 | | |
| Date of death | 26 September 1988(1988-09-26) (aged 75) | | |
| Height | 184 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 86 kg (190 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1935–36 | Geelong | 5 (4) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1936. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Frank Hogan (footballer)

abstract: Frank Hogan is a former Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Hogan played 14 Melbourne Premier Cricket first eleven games with South Melbourne. Hogan played with West Adelaide Football Club from 1960 to 1962, playing in two SANFL grand finals, with a premiership in 1961. He played 58 games and kicked 120 goals in his three years with West Adelaide. Hogan also played first eleven cricket with the Adelaide Cricket Club in 1960. Hogan coached Tatura Football Club in 1963, then played in two consecutive Ovens and Murray Football League premierships for Wangaratta Rovers Football Club, in 1964 and 1965, coached Beechworth Football Club in 1966, then coached Redan Football Club to runners up in the Ballarat Football League in 1967. Brother of former South Melbourne footballers, Pat Hogan and Kevin Hogan.

text:
# Frank Hogan (footballer)

**Frank Hogan** (born 28 October 1936) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Hogan played 14 Melbourne Premier Cricket first eleven games with South Melbourne.

Hogan played with West Adelaide Football Club from 1960 to 1962, playing in two SANFL grand finals, with a premiership in 1961. He played 58 games and kicked 120 goals in his three years with West Adelaide.

Hogan also played first eleven cricket with the Adelaide Cricket Club in 1960.

Hogan coached Tatura Football Club in 1963, then played in two consecutive Ovens and Murray Football League premierships for Wangaratta Rovers Football Club, in 1964 and 1965, coached Beechworth Football Club in 1966, then coached Redan Football Club to runners up in the Ballarat Football League in 1967.

Brother of former South Melbourne footballers, Pat Hogan and Kevin Hogan.

## InfoBox

| Frank Hogan | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Frank Hogan | | |
| Date of birth | (1936-10-28) 28 October 1936 | | |
| Original team(s) | Violet Town, Benalla | | |
| Height | 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 73 kg (161 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1958–59 | South Melbourne | 12 (6) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1959. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Franco Rossi (ice hockey)

abstract: Franco Rossi was an Italian ice hockey player and sports manager.

text:
# Franco Rossi (ice hockey)

**Franco Rossi** (2 January 1916 – 3 February 2006) was an Italian ice hockey player and sports manager.

## Career

Rossi played for Hockey Club Milano from 1937 until 1950, winning six Serie A league championships. He participated in 48 games for the Italy men's national ice hockey team, playing three world championships as well as the Winter Olympic Games of 1936 and 1948. Rossi also played for the Lausanne HC in the National League and became president of HC Bocconi and HC Ambrosiana.

1. "Scomparso Franco Rossi". *HockeyTime* (in Italian). 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
2. "Franco Rossi at eliteprospects.com". *www.eliteprospects.com*. Retrieved 2023-03-31.

## InfoBox

| Franco Rossi | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | 2 January 1916
Milan, Italy | | |
| Died | 3 February 2006 (aged 90)
Alassio, Italy | | |
| Position | Defenceman | | |
| Serie A team | *Hockey Club Milano* | | |


title: Murphy, Oregon

abstract: Murphy is an unincorporated community in Josephine County, Oregon, United States. The Three Rivers School District is located there. Although Murphy is unincorporated, it has a post office with ZIP code 97533. The first industrial hemp crop in the state was planted near Murphy. In September 2015, deer ate over 900 of the 1000 plants.

text:
# Murphy, Oregon

**Murphy** is an unincorporated community in Josephine County, Oregon, United States. The Three Rivers School District is located there.

Although Murphy is unincorporated, it has a post office with ZIP code 97533.

The first industrial hemp crop in the state was planted near Murphy. In September 2015, deer ate over 900 of the 1000 plants.

## InfoBox

| Murphy, Oregon | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated Community | |
| MurphyMurphy | |
| Coordinates: 42°20′51″N 123°20′00″W / 42.34750°N 123.33333°W / 42.34750; -123.33333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Josephine |
| Elevation | 1,063 ft (324 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (Pacific) |
| ZIP code | 97533 |
| Area code | 541 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1146674 |


title: OSN Sports

abstract: OSN Sports was a Pan Arab satellite sports television network owned by Orbit Showtime Network. First launched in early April 2007, it operated eight HD channels: OSN Sports Action 1, OSN Sports Action 2, OSN Sports 3, OSN Sports 4, OSN Sports 5, OSN Sports Cricket, OSN WWE Network and OSN Fight Network. On March 31, 2019, all OSN Sports channels were shut down. OSN continued to broadcast cricket on a new channel, OSN Cric. On July 15, 2019, OSN Cric was shut down.

text:
# OSN Sports

**OSN Sports** (formerly known as **ShowSports**) was a Pan Arab satellite sports television network owned by Orbit Showtime Network. First launched in early April 2007, it operated eight HD channels: OSN Sports Action 1, OSN Sports Action 2, OSN Sports 3, OSN Sports 4, OSN Sports 5, OSN Sports Cricket, OSN WWE Network and OSN Fight Network.

On March 31, 2019, all OSN Sports channels were shut down. OSN continued to broadcast cricket on a new channel, OSN Cric. On July 15, 2019, OSN Cric was shut down.

## Channels

### OSN Sports Action 1

Offers coverage of separate sports events.

### OSN Sports Action 2

Broadcasts WWE Raw, WWE SmackDown Live, Rugby World Cup, National Rugby League, Super League, Australian Football League and International Cricket.

### OSN Sports 3

Broadcasts live cricket matches, I-League, PKL, HIL notably The Ashes series, IPL, rugby and golf action through shows and highlights and reruns of WWE Smackdown.

### OSN Sports 4

Specialized in WWE as it airs WWE NXT, WWE Bottom Line and WWE Vintage Collection. It also features extreme sports such as UFC, Slamball, Monster Jam and Airsport World, in addition to Monster Garage.

### OSN WWE Network

On February 12, 2015, WWE announced a five-year partnership with OSN to bring the WWE Network to the Middle East and North Africa as a premium service.

### OSN Fight Network

## InfoBox

OSN Sports
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | United Arab Emirates |
| Broadcast area |  |
| Headquarters | Dubai Media City, Dubai, UAE |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Picture format | 16:9 (1080i, HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Orbit Showtime Network |
| Sister channels |  |
| History | |
| Launched | 16 April 2007 (2007-04-16) |
| Closed | OSN Sports Action 1 31 March 2019 (2019-03-31)
OSN Sports Action 2 31 March 2019 (2019-03-31)
OSN Sports 3 31 March 2019 (2019-03-31)
OSN Sports 4 31 March 2019 (2019-03-31)
OSN Sports 5 31 March 2019 (2019-03-31)
OSN Sports Cricket 31 March 2019 (2019-03-31)
OSN WWE Network 31 March 2019 (2019-03-31)
OSN Fight Network 16 January 2018 (2018-01-16)
OSN Cric 15 July 2019 (2019-07-15) |
| Replaced by | OSN Cric (Cricket)
OSN Cinema (PPV) |
| Former names | ShowSports |
| Links | |
| Website | OSN Sports |


title: Ilagan Japanese Tunnel

abstract: The Ilagan Japanese Tunnel is a war tunnel that was part of a military base built by the Japanese government as headquarters for its soldiers during World War II. It is found in barangay Santo Tomas in Ilagan, Isabela. It is one of the few remaining tunnels in the province. It measures about 40 meters in length and slightly over three meters in width and height. The real size of the tunnel, however, has yet to be determined as the site has yet to be fully checked and explored.

text:
# Ilagan Japanese Tunnel

The **Ilagan Japanese Tunnel** is a war tunnel that was part of a military base built by the Japanese government as headquarters for its soldiers during World War II. It is found in barangay Santo Tomas in Ilagan, Isabela. It is one of the few remaining tunnels in the province. It measures about 40 meters in length and slightly over three meters in width and height. The real size of the tunnel, however, has yet to be determined as the site has yet to be fully checked and explored.

## InfoBox

| Ilagan Japanese Tunnel | |
| --- | --- |
| Ilagan City, Isabela in Philippines | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 17°08′26″N 121°53′15″E / 17.140469°N 121.887574°E / 17.140469; 121.887574 |
| Height | 12 feet |
| Length | 40 meters |
| Site information | |
| Open to<br>the public | February 16, 2016 |
| Condition | Not used by the military, converted to a tourism site |
| Site history | |
| Battles/wars | World War II |


title: Through the Cracks of Death

abstract: Through the Cracks of Death is an album by Abscess released by Relapse Records in 2002.

text:
# Through the Cracks of Death

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Through the Cracks of Death*** is an album by Abscess released by Relapse Records in 2002.

## Track listing

1. "Raping the Multiverse" (3:50)
2. "Mourners Will Burn" (3:24)
3. "Through the Cracks of Death" (5:26)
4. "Escalation of Violence" (4:29)
5. "Serpent of Dementia" (5:41)
6. "An Asylum Below" (5:00)
7. "Tomb of the Unknown Junkie" (4:28)
8. "Monolithic Damnation" (3:37)
9. "Die for Today" (5:06)
10. "16 Horrors" (1:16)
11. "Vulnavia" (1:24)

## InfoBox

| Through the Cracks of Death | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Abscess | |
| Released | 2002 |
| Genre | Death metal |
| Length | 43:45 |
| Label | Relapse |
| Abscess chronology | |
| *Tormented*
(2001) ***Through the Cracks of Death***
(2002) *Thirst for Blood, Hunger for Flesh*
(2003) | |


title: Trioctylphosphine selenide

abstract: Trioctylphosphine selenide (TOPSe) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula SeP(C8H17)3. It is used as a source of selenium in the preparation of cadmium selenide. TOPSe is a white, air-stable solid that is soluble in organic solvents. The molecule features a tetrahedral phosphorus center.

text:
# Trioctylphosphine selenide

**Trioctylphosphine selenide** **(TOPSe)** is an organophosphorus compound with the formula SeP(C8H17)3. It is used as a source of selenium in the preparation of cadmium selenide. TOPSe is a white, air-stable solid that is soluble in organic solvents. The molecule features a tetrahedral phosphorus center.

## Preparation and use

TOPSe is usually prepared by oxidation of trioctylphosphine with elemental selenium:

P(C8H17)3 \+ Se → SeP(C8H17)3

Often the reaction is conducted without isolation of the TOPSe.

As a solution with trioctylphosphine oxide, TOPSe reacts with dimethylcadmium to give cadmium selenide. The mechanism is proposed to proceed in two steps, beginning with the formation of cadmium metal followed by its oxidation with the TOPSe. Similarly it has been used to produce lead selenide.

## InfoBox

Trioctylphosphine selenide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| EC Number | * 833-942-3 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C24H51PSe/c1-4-7-10-13-16-19-22-25(26,23-20-17-14-11-8-5-2)24-21-18-15-12-9-6-3/h4-24H2,1-3H3Key: ZAKSIRCIOXDVPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * CCCCCCCCP(=\[Se\])(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C24H51PSe |
| Molar mass | 449.617 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | white solid |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds | Triphenylphosphine selenide |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Zenoah G-25

abstract: The Zenoah G-25 is a single cylinder, two stroke, carburetted aircraft engine, with optional fuel injection, designed for use on ultralight aircraft

text:
# Zenoah G-25

The **Zenoah G-25** is a single cylinder, two stroke, carburetted aircraft engine, with optional fuel injection, designed for use on ultralight aircraft

## Development

The Zenoah G-25 is equipped with single capacitor discharge ignition and a single Mikuni slide-type carburetor. It is equipped with a recoil starter system or optionally electric start and a 2.5 or 2.8:1 belt reduction drive.

The engine runs on a mixture of unleaded auto fuel and oil.

Producing 22 hp (16 kW) at 6600 rpm, the G-25 competed in the early 1980s ultralight powerplant market against the similar Rotax 277. Production of the engine was completed in the late 1980s and today only used engines and parts are available.

## Applications

## Specifications (G-25B-1)

*Data from* Cliche & Tennessee Propellers

### General characteristics

* **Type:** Single cylinder, two-stroke aircraft engine
* **Bore:** 72 mm (2.8 in)
* **Stroke:** 59.5 mm (2.3 in)
* **Displacement:** 242 cc (14.78 cu in)
* **Length:** 11.81 in (300.0 mm)
* **Width:** 11.57 in (293.9 mm)
* **Height:** 14.84 in (376.9 mm)
* **Dry weight:** 51 lb (23.1 kg)

### Components

### Performance

## InfoBox

| Zenoah G-25 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Single cylinder two-stroke aircraft engine |
| National origin | Japan |
| Manufacturer | Zenoah |


title: Thérèse Brady

abstract: Thérèse Brady was an Irish psychologist.

text:
# Thérèse Brady

**Thérèse Brady** was an Irish psychologist.

## Career

Brady initially worked as a secretary for a voluntary organisation providing support for people with tuberculosis. She then attended University College Dublin graduating in 1966. After graduation she worked at the Mater Hospital Child Guidance Clinic. She then helped to develop the Child Guidance Clinic in Ballymun.

She was active in establishing the Psychological Society of Ireland and in 1974 was elected its president.

In 1979, she returned to University College Dublin to establish the training programme in clinical psychology.

In 1985, she became a director of the Bereavement Support service of the Irish Hospice Foundation.

## Publications

* Brady, T, Paradoxes in the Pursuit of Psychological Well-Being, Irish Journal of Psychology, 11, 3, 277–298.

## Heritage

The library at the Irish Hospice Foundation is named the Thérèse Brady Library. It focuses on bereavement, palliative care and end-of-life issues.

The School of Psychology at University College Dublin awards the Therésè Brady Medal to the graduating student in the PhD Clinical Psychology programme whose research thesis is judged to show exceptional clinical sensitivity.

## InfoBox

| Thérèse Brady | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1930 (1930) |
| Died | 1999 (aged 6869) |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Alma mater | University College Dublin |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University College Dublin |
|  | |


title: Tennis Court Road

abstract:
Tennis Court Road is a historic street in central Cambridge, England. It runs parallel with Trumpington Street to the west and Regent Street to the east. At the northern end is a junction with Pembroke Street to the west and Downing Street to the east. To the south as a T-junction with Lensfield Road. Fitzwilliam Street leads off the road to the west towards the Fitzwilliam Museum. Pembroke College is to the west at the northern end and Downing College is to the east at the southern end of the road. To the east at the northern end is the Downing Site, a major site for departments of the University of Cambridge. On the northeastern end of the road on this site is one of the University museums, the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Also on the road are:
  - The Hopkins Building
  - The University of Cambridge Department of Pathology
  - The Cambridge Judge Business School
  - The Gurdon Institute
  - The Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research Leading off the road to the east is the cul-de-sac Tennis Court Terrace. Peterhouse owns terraced houses in this street.

text:
# Tennis Court Road

**Tennis Court Road** is a historic street in central Cambridge, England. It runs parallel with Trumpington Street to the west and Regent Street to the east. At the northern end is a junction with Pembroke Street to the west and Downing Street to the east. To the south as a T-junction with Lensfield Road (the A603). Fitzwilliam Street leads off the road to the west towards the Fitzwilliam Museum.

Pembroke College is to the west at the northern end and Downing College is to the east at the southern end of the road.

To the east at the northern end is the Downing Site, a major site for departments of the University of Cambridge. On the northeastern end of the road on this site is one of the University museums, the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

Also on the road are:

Leading off the road to the east is the cul-de-sac **Tennis Court Terrace**. Peterhouse owns terraced houses in this street.

52°12′03″N 0°07′18″E / 52.2007°N 0.1218°E / 52.2007; 0.1218


title: The Dying Trade

abstract: The Dying Trade (1980) is a crime novel by Australian writer Peter Corris. It was originally published by McGraw-Hill in Australia in 1980. This novel was the first of the author's long-running series of novels featuring the recurring character private investigator Cliff Hardy.

text:
# The Dying Trade

***The Dying Trade*** (1980) is a crime novel by Australian writer Peter Corris. It was originally published by McGraw-Hill in Australia in 1980.

This novel was the first of the author's long-running series of novels featuring the recurring character private investigator Cliff Hardy.

## Synopsis

When private investigator Cliff Hardy is summonsed to the home of wealthy property owner of Bryn Gutteridge at Vaucluse, an exclusive Sydney suburb, he is asked to investigate who is threatening Gutteridge's sister Susan. This all sounds rather simple but the case gets complicated when Gutteridge's family disputes start to take over, Hardy is fired and then re-hired by Gutteridge's stepmother after someone tries to kill her.

## Critical reception

Mark Thomas, writing in *The Canberra Times* noted: "Corris' work may appear derivative and stylised, but that is the nature of the thriller. The reader wants to live off the sniff of a nuance, by determining how well the author can recount yet again the misadventures of a detective's encounters with high society...Corris succeeds in finding new angles and loopholes. *The Dying Trade* is genuinely full of suspense, packed with violence, paced fast and well, and maintains at least some vestiges of plausibility in the story."

Reviewing the book on the "AustCrime" website Karen Chisholm stated: "Early 1980's Sydney is a world away from current day Sydney and yet in many ways it's not, and the Hardy series is a testament to the similarities and changes. Hardy is a product of this place, and he inhabits a world that Peter Corris seemed to love, understand and despair of. The descriptive elements of the novels are beautifully done, crisp, pointed, short, sharp, Corris was a master at the art of the precise and the pithy."

## Publication history

After its original publication in 1980 in Australia by publisher Macmillan the novel was later published as follows:

## InfoBox

The Dying Trade
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Peter Corris |
| Language | English |
| Series | Cliff Hardy |
| Genre | Fiction |
| Publisher | McGraw-Hill |
| Publication date | 1980 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 229 pp. |
| ISBN | 007072928X |
| Preceded by | *-* |
| Followed by | *White Meat* |


title: At the Mercy of Inspiration

abstract: At the Mercy of Inspiration was a heavy metal band from Toronto.

text:
# At the Mercy of Inspiration

**At the Mercy of Inspiration** was a heavy metal band from Toronto.

## History

At the Mercy of Inspiration was formed in 2000 by Tom Piraino (bass), Jett Janczak (drums), vocalists Andre Zadorozny and guitarists Greg Gallagher and Scott Middleton. Piraino had previously played in Left Behind, SeventyEightDays, Dropping Bombs and Funerary. On December 27, 2000, they recorded a two-song demo cassette, *Twolovesongsfortheroad*. On May 11, 2001, they recorded a second two-song demo, *The Fatality of Beauty*.

Gallagher and Piraino then left the band; Piraino went on to join the band Cursed. Bassist Terry Clemente then joined. Gallagher was replaced by guitarist Jesse O'Hara. Clemente then left and was replaced by bassist Mario Bozza. In 2002, they released the seven-song EP *A Perfect Way to Kill an Evening*.

The band played live in Ontario and Quebec with The End and A Day and a Deathwish, and toured eastern Canada with Alexisonfire, Hollow and Jersey. In 2004, Bozza was replaced by former Jude the Obscure bassist Chuck Leach. They released the four-song EP *Gone Are the Days*.

In late 2004, the band broke up. Scott Middleton then founded the band Cancer Bats. Leach would later join The Artist Life, while O'Hara played in the band Sun Satellite.

## Releases

* 2000: *Twolovesongsfortheroad* (2-song demo cassette)
* 2001: *The Fatality of Beauty* (2-song demo cassette)
* 2002: *A Perfect Way to Kill an Evening* (EP)
* 2004: *Gone Are the Days* (EP)

## InfoBox

| At the Mercy of Inspiration | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Black metal, heavy metal, metalcore, melodic death metal |
| Years active | 2000–2004 |
|  | |
| Members | Tom Piraino
Jett Janczak
Andre Zadorozny
Greg Gallagher
Scott Middleton
Terry Clemente
Chuck Leach
Jesse O'Hara
Mario Bozza |
|  | |
| Website | www.myspace.com/atthemercyofinspiration |


title: Timeline of Chihuahua City

text:
# Timeline of Chihuahua City

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Chihuahua, Mexico.

## Prior to 20th century

## 20th century

## 21st century

## Bibliography

### In English

**Published in the 19th century**

**Published in the 20th century**

**Published in the 21st century**

### In Spanish

* Francisco R. Almada (1984). *Guía histórica de la ciudad de Chihuahua* \[*Historical Guide to Chihuahua City*\] (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua.
* Jorge Carrera Robles (1998). *Crónica urbana: la ciudad de Chihuahua al inicio del nuevo milenio* \[*Urban Chronicle: Chihuahua City to the new millennium*\] (in Spanish). Chihuahua, Chih., Ḿexico: Ayuntamiento Chihuahua.
* Carlos Lazcano Sahagún (2002). *Chihuahua: historia de una ciudad* (in Spanish). Editorial México Desconocido.

28°38′07″N 106°05′20″W / 28.635278°N 106.088889°W / 28.635278; -106.088889