abstract: The Women's 5 km Open Water event at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships was held on 18 March 2007 at St Kilda beach.

text:
# Open water swimming at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 5 km

The **Women's 5 km Open Water** event at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships was held on 18 March 2007 at St Kilda beach.

## Result

| # | Name | Country | Time | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | **Larisa Ilchenko** | **Russia** | **1:00:41.3** | **18** |
| 2 | Ekaterina Seliverstva | Russia | 1:00:43.6 | 16 |
| 3 | Kate Brookes-Peterson | Australia | 1:00:47.6 | 14 |
| 4 | Britta Kamrau | Germany | 1:00:47.7 | 12 |
| 5 | Jana Pechanová | Czech Republic | 1:00:48.1 | 10 |
| 6 | Poliana Okimoto | Brazil | 1:00:48.7 | 8 |
| 7 | Alessia Paoloni | Italy | 1:00:50.1 | 6 |
| 8 | Eva Berglund | Sweden | 1:00:50.3 | 5 |
| 9 | Nika Kozamernik | Slovenia | 1:00:50.8 | 4 |
| 10 | Yurema Requena Juarez | Spain | 1:00:50.8 | 3 |
| 11 | Fang Yanqiao | China | 1:00:51.0 | 2 |
| 12 | Chloe Sutton | United States | 1:00:51.9 | 1 |
| 13 | Wang Yiluo | China | 1:00:52.0 |  |
| 14 | Cathy Dietrich | France | 1:00:52.4 |  |
| 15 | Xenia Lopez Rodriguez | Spain | 1:00:56.0 |  |
| 16 | Martina Grimaldi | Italy | 1:00:58.4 |  |
| 17 | Leah Gingrich | United States | 1:00:58.5 |  |
| 18 | Alexandra Bagley | Australia | 1:00:58.5 |  |
| 19 | Stefanie Biller | Germany | 1:01:00.2 |  |
| 20 | Natalya Samorodina | Ukraine | 1:01:14.6 |  |
| 21 | Andreina del Valle Perez | Venezuela | 1:02:15.7 |  |
| 22 | Maria da Penha Cruz | Brazil | 1:04:20.0 |  |
| 23 | Michelle Savchenka Santiago | Venezuela | 1:07:34.5 |  |
| 24 | Caroline Murray | Canada | 1:08:07.8 |  |
| 25 | Nataly Caldas Calle | Ecuador | 1:08:42.2 |  |
| 26 | Francis Mishell Tixe Cobos | Ecuador | 1:09:42.4 |  |
| 27 | Maria Gabriela Muñoz Duarte | Guatemala | 1:10:22.9 |  |
| 28 | Christel Erdmenger Gutierriz | Guatemala | 1:20:45.8 |  |
|  | Velia Janse van Rensburg | South Africa | *DNS* | |

## InfoBox

| Women's 5 km <br>at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | St Kilda Beach |
| Location | Melbourne |
| Dates | 18 March |
|


# Open water swimming at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships

The Open Water Swimming competition at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships were held from 21 to 25 July at the beach of Ostia in Rome.

## Schedule

| Date | Events |
| --- | --- |
| Tuesday, July 21 | Women's 5K,
Men's 5K |
| Wednesday, July 22 | Women's 10K,
Men's 10K |
| Saturday, July 25 | Women's 25K,
Men's 25K |
|

Note: Originally, the Open water events were scheduled to occur on Sunday, July 19 (5K), Tuesday, July 21 (women's 10K) and Thursday, July 23 (women's 25K); however the FINA Bureau on July 18, 2009, altered the open water schedule due to weather conditions in Ostia.

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Germany (GER) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 2 | Australia (AUS) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 4 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Russia (RUS) | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 6 | United States (USA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | Greece (GRE) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Brazil (BRA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | South Africa (RSA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (9 entries) | | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |

## Medal summary

### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 km | Thomas Lurz (GER) | Spyridon Gianniotis (GRE) | Chad Ho (RSA) |
| 10 km | Thomas Lurz (GER) | Andrew Gemmell (USA) | Fran Crippen (USA) |
| 25 km | Valerio Cleri (ITA) | Trent Grimsey (AUS) | Vladimir Dyatchin (RUS) |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 km | Melissa Gorman (AUS) | Larisa Ilchenko (RUS) | Poliana Okimoto (BRA) |
| 10 km | Keri-Anne Payne (GBR) | Ekatarina Seliverstova (RUS) | Martina Grimaldi (ITA) |
| 25 km | Angela Maurer (GER) | Anna Uvarova (RUS) | Federica Vitale (ITA) |

## InfoBox

| Open water swimming at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Rome |
| Date(s) | 21-25 July |
| Events | 6 |
| 2007 2011 | |


abstract: The Industry and Exports Act 2009 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was enacted in response to the "global downturn".

text:
# Industry and Exports (Financial Support) Act 2009

The **Industry and Exports (Financial Support) Act 2009** (c 5) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was enacted in response to the "global downturn".

## Section 1 - Increase in limit on selective financial assistance for industry

Section 1(1) substituted section 8(5) of the Industrial Development Act 1982.

Section 1(2) repealed the Industrial Development (Financial Assistance) Act 2003.

## Section 2 - Assistance in connection with exports of goods or services

Section 2(1) substituted, for section 1(1) of the Export and Investment Guarantees Act 1991, new subsections (1) and (1A).

Section 2(2) provides that the power conferred by section 1(1) of that Act, as substituted, includes a power to make arrangements in connection with goods or services supplied before the commencement of section 2 of this Act.

## Section 3

Section 3(2) provides that this Act came into force on the day on which it was passed (that is to say, received royal assent). This means that it came into force at the beginning of 21 May 2009.

Section 3(3) authorises the citation of this Act by a short title.

## InfoBox

Industry and Exports (Financial Support) Act 2009
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | An Act to amend section 8(5) of the Industrial Development Act 1982 and to amend section 1(1) of the Export and Investment Guarantees Act 1991. |
| Citation | 2009 c 5 |
| Introduced by | Pat McFadden<br>Minister of State, Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform |
| Territorial extent | United Kingdom |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 21 May 2009 |
| Commencement | 21 May 2009 |
| History of passage through Parliament | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Revised text of statute as amended | |


title: Operation Snoopy

abstract: Operation Snoopy was an operation launched by Rhodesia in response to Air Rhodesia Flight 825 being shot down by a communist backed insurgent group, the ZIPRA. The operation took place in Mozambique, where many of the ZANLA's camps were located, particularly in the area in and around Chimoio.

text:
# Operation Snoopy

**Operation Snoopy** was an operation launched by Rhodesia in response to Air Rhodesia Flight 825 being shot down by a communist backed insurgent group, the ZIPRA. The operation took place in Mozambique, where many of the ZANLA's camps were located, particularly in the area in and around Chimoio.

## Background

After the Vickers Viscount passenger plane was shot down by the communist-backed insurgents, many Rhodesians clamoured for a massive retaliatory strike against terrorist targets in Zambia, where a large number of the insurgents were based. However, the first external target hit by the Rhodesian Security Forces after the Viscount shootdown was the prominent cluster of ZANLA bases around Chimoio, in Mozambique.

## Operation

The Rhodesians destroyed the ZANLA's camps in and around the town of Chimoio through a combination of ground operations and air strikes by the Rhodesian Air Force. In total, the security forces attacked and destroyed twenty-five insurgent camps. The camps were spread over a 33 km2 area, which was approximately 70 km from the Rhodesian border.

During the operation, Mozambique sent armoured vehicles to the ZANLA's aid in the form of nine Soviet-made T-54 tanks and four Soviet BTR-152 armoured personnel carriers. However, the Mozambicans were easily sent into a rout by the elite units of the Rhodesian Security Forces, which managed to destroy one of the Mozambicans' armoured vehicles and kill an unknown number of Mozambicans.

Hawker Hunter fighter-bombers from the RhAF destroyed another two Mozambican armoured personnel carriers. According to official Rhodesian figures, "several hundred" guerrillas killed during Operation Snoopy, and the security forces lost only two troopers. One of them was the SAS trooper Steve Donnelly, who was accidentally killed by a friendly air strike involving a Golf Bomb.

## Sources

* Moorcraft, Paul L; McLaughlin, Peter (April 2008) \[1982\]. *The Rhodesian War: A Military History*. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84415-694-8.

## InfoBox

| Operation Snoopy | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Rhodesian Bush War | |
| ChimoioOperation Snoopy (Mozambique) | |
| Date 20 September 1978  Location Chimoio, Mozambique  Result Rhodesian victory
* Twenty-five guerrilla camps attacked and destroyed. | |
| Belligerents | |
| Rhodesia | ZANLA
FRELIMO |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Ian Smith | Robert Mugabe
Unknown |
| Units involved | |
| Rhodesian Army
RhAF | unknown |
| Strength | |
| unknown | ZANLA:
unknown
Mozambique:
9 T-54/55 tanks
4 BTR-152 APCs |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 2 killed | :
Several hundred killed
:
unknown
3 APCs destroyed |


title: Indianapolis Public Library

abstract: The Indianapolis Public Library (IndyPL), formerly known as the Indianapolis–Marion County Public Library, is the public library system serving the citizens of Marion County, Indiana, United States and its largest city, Indianapolis. The library was founded in 1873 and has grown to include its flagship Central Library and 24 branch libraries located throughout the county. In 2021, the public library system circulated 7.1 million items and hosted more than 2,500 programs for its 282,000 cardholders.

text:
# Indianapolis Public Library

The **Indianapolis Public Library** (**IndyPL**), formerly known as the **Indianapolis–Marion County Public Library**, is the public library system serving the citizens of Marion County, Indiana, United States and its largest city, Indianapolis. The library was founded in 1873 and has grown to include its flagship Central Library and 24 branch libraries located throughout the county. In 2021, the public library system circulated 7.1 million items and hosted more than 2,500 programs for its 282,000 cardholders.

## History

The Indianapolis Public Library system attributes its beginnings to a Thanksgiving Day, 1868, sermon by Hanford A. Edson, pastor of the Memorial Presbyterian Church (which would later become Second Presbyterian Church), who issued a plea for a free public library in Indianapolis. As a result, 113 residents formed the Indianapolis Library Association on March 18, 1869. In 1870, under the leadership of the superintendent of public schools, Abram C. Shortridge, citizens drafted a revision of Indiana school law to provide public libraries controlled by a board of school commissioners. The bill passed the Indiana General Assembly, allowing school boards to levy taxes to establish and maintain public libraries.

In 1872, the public library committee of the school board hired Cincinnati librarian William Frederick Poole to begin a collection for the new library and appointed Charles Evans as the first librarian. Indianapolis' first public library opened in one room of the Indianapolis High School building at the northeast corner of Pennsylvania and Michigan streets on April 8, 1873. Upon opening, the library's collection numbered 13,000 volumes and registered 500 borrowers. By the end of its first full year of operation, some 3,000 patrons borrowed more than 100,000 books. Later, as the need for more space grew, the library moved to the Sentinel Building on Monument Circle (1876–1880) and the Alvord House at Pennsylvania and Ohio streets (1880–1893).

Evans served as librarian until 1878, and again from 1889 to 1892. Evans' successors were Albert B. Yohn (1878–1879), Arthur W. Tyler (1879–1883), and William deM. Hooper (1883–1889). Eliza G. Browning succeeded Evans in his second tenure, holding the position from 1892 to 1917. During her leadership, the library moved to the first building constructed solely for its purpose, located on the southwest corner of Ohio and Meridian streets in 1893, and opened its first library branch opened in 1906 on Clifton Street in the Riverside neighborhood. Between 1910 and 1914, another five library branches were built with $120,000 donated by Andrew Carnegie. As of 2020, two of these libraries—East Washington and Spades Park—are still active branches. Before her resignation, Browning initiated work on a new Central Library located partially on land donated by Hoosier poet James Whitcomb Riley in 1911.

Charles E. Rush succeeded Browning, serving as librarian from 1917 until 1927. His successors were Luther L. Dickerson (1927–1944) and Marian McFadden (1944–1955). During this period, eight new branch libraries were opened, and the system's collections expanded to include films, newspapers on microfilm, and phonorecords. Additionally, bookmobile service began in 1952.

Harold J. Sander, who served as director from 1956 to 1971, presided over the opening of ten new branch libraries and undertook a reorganization of the Central Library in 1960 that departmentalized services. Before 1966, the library system served only those areas of the city under the jurisdiction of Indianapolis Public Schools, leaving more than 200,000 Marion County residents without access to free public library services. From 1966 to 1968, the newly formed Marion County Public Library Board contracted with the Indianapolis Public Library for service to county residents. In 1968, the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners relinquished responsibility for library service, allowing the city and county library systems to merge. This established the Indianapolis–Marion County Public Library as a municipal corporation serving all Marion County residents, except for Beech Grove and Speedway.

Raymond E. Gnat succeeded Sander as library director in 1972. Essential library services were computerized between 1982 and 1991. By the early 1990s, the public library system encompassed 21 branches and three bookmobiles. In 1991, some seven million items were circulated among 470,000 registered borrowers and 3.4 million inquiries were answered. At this time, the library collection contained nearly 1.7 million materials staffed by 410 full-time employees. Ed Szynaka served as director from 1994 until 2003, presiding over capital improvements to eight branch libraries, including the relocation of the Broad Ripple Branch to the Glendale Town Center. The Glendale Branch opened in 2000 as the first full-service library at a major shopping center in the U.S. Laura Johnston served in an interim role from 2003 to 2004 until the appointment of Linda Mielke, who served from 2004 until 2007. She was succeeded by Laura Bramble. Following the Great Recession and a successful state ballot measure to cap property taxes in 2008, the Indianapolis Public Library faced a budget shortfall of $4 million in 2010. After considering closing six branches, officials decided to reduce branch hours by 26 percent, layoff 37 employees, and increase fines.

Jackie Nytes served as the chief executive officer from 2012 until 2021, when she stepped down from her position. During Nytes' leadership in 2014, the library board received approval from the Indianapolis City-County Council to issue $58.5 million in bonds to renovate and relocate existing branches and construct new ones during the following decade. In April 2016, the boards of the Indianapolis and the Beech Grove public libraries voted to merge. Beech Grove's library becoming the twenty-third branch of the Indianapolis system on June 1, 2016. In 2021, the Indianapolis Public Library terminated its late fee policy, waiving fines for more than 87,000 accounts for overdue items.

Jackie Nytes resigned from the position of CEO following protests and allegations of racism. John Helling was named interim chief executive officer at the August 23, 2021. Helling served until March 2022, when Nichelle Hayes was appointed as interim CEO. Although Hayes was a finalist for the position of CEO, a divided board appointed Gregory Hill to the position on April 24, 2023.

## Services

### Website and digital holdings

The library website provides access to the library's catalog, online collections, digital archives, and subscription databases. The Bibliocommons catalog allows users to search the library's holdings of books, journals, and other materials. It also enables cardholders to request books from any branch and have them delivered to any branch for pickup.

IndyPL gives cardholders free access from home to thousands of current and historical magazines, newspapers, journals, and reference books in subscription databases, including EBSCOhost, which contains the full text of major magazines, the *Indianapolis Star* (1903–present), and the *New York Times* (1851–present). E-books (including downloadable audiobooks) are more popular than physical items, with five electronic resources being checked out for each one printed book, CD, or other physical resource. In 2023, the most checked-out item in the IPL system was electronic copies of *The New Yorker* magazine, which were borrowed 6,800 times; the most popular e-book was *Spare*.

The Indianapolis Public Library Digital Archives (Digital Indy) is a freely accessible database of over 200,000 digital images and recordings of cultural and historical interest. The collections in this archive highlight Indianapolis schools, arts organizations, neighborhoods, governmental institutions, and other groups.

The library offers the *Encyclopedia of Indianapolis,* a free-access, web-based encyclopedia providing comprehensive social, cultural, economic, historical, political, and physical descriptions of Indianapolis. The updated *Encyclopedia of Indianapolis* was created in partnership with The Polis Center at Indiana University Indianapolis and several other major historical and cultural institutions and builds on the information featured in the original print encyclopedia published by The Polis Center in 1994.

### Shared System

The public library offers library services to Indianapolis schools and museums through its Shared System services. The system allows members and students to use their IndyPL library cards to borrow materials from their library as well as IndyPL's collection through the library's catalog. Local museums and special libraries sharing the catalog include the Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art, the Indiana Medical History Museum, the Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields, the BJE Maurer Jewish Community Library, and Riley Hospital for Children.

## Central Library

Located in downtown Indianapolis, the Central Library building was designed by architect Paul Philippe Cret (with Zantzinger, Borie and Medary). The library opened in 1917 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Central Library has undergone many renovations and expansions throughout its history; the largest and most recent project was completed by Woollen, Molzan and Partners in 2007.

### Special collections

Central Library's sixth floor includes the Indianapolis Special Collections Room, named for newspaper executive Nina Mason Pulliam. The collection contains a variety of archival adult and children's materials, both fiction and nonfiction books by local authors, photographs, scrapbooks, typescripts, manuscripts, autographed editions, letters, newspapers, magazines, and realia. The collection features Kurt Vonnegut, May Wright Sewall, the Woollen family, James Whitcomb Riley, and Booth Tarkington.

The 3,800-square-foot (350 m2) Center for Black Literature & Culture opened at Central Library in 2017, provided by $1.3 million in grant funding from the Lilly Endowment. The center houses some 10,000 books, magazines, DVDs, and e-books with plans to quadruple the collection to 40,000 items over the next five years. The center's window banners pay tribute to local Black figures, including former Indiana Fever basketball player, Tamika Catchings, poet and playwright, Mari Evans, and Congresswoman Julia Carson. Phase II of the project commenced after an Indianapolis City-County Council committee issued $5.3 million in bonds for facility upgrades and projects in July 2020.

In 2019, the Indianapolis Public Library, in partnership with Indy Pride and others, dedicated the Chris Gonzalez Collection, named for LGBTQ activist and Indiana Youth Group co-founder Christopher T. Gonzalez. The collection of 7,000 items relating to local and national LGBTQ+ history and culture was merged with the Central Library collection.

## Branches

The Indianapolis Public Library system operates 24 branch libraries and provides bookmobile services.

| Name | Est. | Built | Location | Notes | Image |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Beech Grove | 1951 | 1953 | 39°43′19″N 86°05′41″W / 39.7219°N 86.0946°W / 39.7219; -86.0946 (Beech Grove Branch) | The branch is located in the city of Beech Grove. It was absorbed by the Indianapolis Public Library in 2016. |  |
| College Avenue | 1924 | 2000 | 39°49′55″N 86°08′44″W / 39.8320°N 86.1455°W / 39.8320; -86.1455 (College Avenue Branch) | Until its relocation in 2000, the library was named the Broadway Branch. |  |
| Decatur | 1967 | 1990 | 39°41′12″N 86°16′43″W / 39.6868°N 86.2786°W / 39.6868; -86.2786 (Decatur Branch) | Until its relocation in 1990, the library was named the Marwood Branch. |  |
| Eagle | 1960 | 2019 | 39°49′34″N 86°15′19″W / 39.8262°N 86.2554°W / 39.8262; -86.2554 (Eagle Branch) |  |  |
| East 38th Street | 1957 | 2003 | 39°49′33″N 86°04′34″W / 39.8257°N 86.0762°W / 39.8257; -86.0762 (East 38th Street Branch) | Until its relocation in 2003, the library was named the Emerson Branch. |  |
| East Washington | 1911 | 1911 | 39°46′07″N 86°06′57″W / 39.7686°N 86.1158°W / 39.7686; -86.1158 (East Washington Branch) | Established as Indianapolis Public Library Branch No. 3, it is one of two Carnegie library buildings in Indianapolis still used for its original purpose. |  |
| Fort Ben | 2023 | 2023 | 39°51′21″N 86°00′12″W / 39.8558°N 86.0034°W / 39.8558; -86.0034 (Fort Ben Branch) | The branch is located in the city of Lawrence. |  |
| Franklin Road | 1969 | 2000 | 39°41′15″N 86°01′09″W / 39.6875°N 86.0192°W / 39.6875; -86.0192 (Franklin Road Branch) | Until its relocation in 2000, the library was named the Wanamaker Branch. |  |
| Garfield Park | 1918 | 1965 | 39°43′55″N 86°08′24″W / 39.7319°N 86.1400°W / 39.7319; -86.1400 (Garfield Park Branch) | Until 2011, the library was named the Shelby Branch. |  |
| Glendale | 1949 | 2024 | 39°52′09″N 86°06′24″W / 39.8693°N 86.1066°W / 39.8693; -86.1066 (Glendale Branch) | The library was established as the Broad Ripple Branch, adopting the Glendale name when it relocated to a storefront at Glendale Town Center in 2000. A new standalone library branch opened in 2024. |  |
| Haughville | 1896 | 2003 | 39°46′28″N 86°11′51″W / 39.7744°N 86.1974°W / 39.7744; -86.1974 (Haughville Branch) |  |  |
| InfoZone | 2000 | 2000 | 39°48′40″N 86°09′29″W / 39.8110°N 86.1580°W / 39.8110; -86.1580 (InfoZone) | The branch is located on the second floor of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis. |  |
| Irvington | 1903 | 2001 | 39°46′13″N 86°04′15″W / 39.7703°N 86.0709°W / 39.7703; -86.0709 (Irvington Branch) | The branch was established at the Bona Thompson Memorial Center. It was known as the Brown Branch from 1956 until its relocation in 2001. |  |
| Lawrence | 1967 | 1983 | 39°53′52″N 86°02′02″W / 39.8979°N 86.0338°W / 39.8979; -86.0338 (Lawrence Branch) |  |  |
| Martindale–Brightwood | 1901 | 2020 | 39°48′11″N 86°06′10″W / 39.8031°N 86.1027°W / 39.8031; -86.1027 (Martindale–Brightwood Branch) | Until its relocation in 2020, the library was named the Brightwood Branch. |  |
| Michigan Road | 2018 | 2018 | 39°52′07″N 86°12′05″W / 39.8687°N 86.2013°W / 39.8687; -86.2013 (Michigan Road Branch) |  |  |
| Nora | 1971 | 1971 | 39°54′47″N 86°08′29″W / 39.9130°N 86.1415°W / 39.9130; -86.1415 (Nora Branch) |  |  |
| Pike | 1967 | 1986 | 39°52′29″N 86°15′32″W / 39.8748°N 86.2588°W / 39.8748; -86.2588 (Pike Branch) | Until its relocation in 1986, the library was named the Westlane Branch. |  |
| Southport | 1967 | 1974 | 39°39′03″N 86°07′03″W / 39.6509°N 86.1175°W / 39.6509; -86.1175 (Southport Branch) |  |  |
| Spades Park | 1912 | 1912 | 39°47′06″N 86°07′44″W / 39.7849°N 86.1289°W / 39.7849; -86.1289 (Spades Park Branch) | Established as Indianapolis Public Library Branch No. 6, it is one of two Carnegie library buildings in Indianapolis still used for its original purpose. |  |
| Warren | 1974 | 1974 | 39°47′46″N 85°59′44″W / 39.7961°N 85.9955°W / 39.7961; -85.9955 (Warren Branch) |  |  |
| Wayne | 1969 | 1983 | 39°45′40″N 86°17′23″W / 39.7612°N 86.2898°W / 39.7612; -86.2898 (Wayne Branch) |  |  |
| West Indianapolis | 1897 | 1986 | 39°45′03″N 86°11′41″W / 39.7507°N 86.1946°W / 39.7507; -86.1946 (West Indianapolis Branch) |  |  |
| West Perry | 2021 | 2021 | 39°39′57″N 86°11′15″W / 39.6659°N 86.1876°W / 39.6659; -86.1876 (West Perry Branch) |  |  |

1. This is based on the 2019 population estimate of Marion County, Indiana, subtracting the populations of the Town of Speedway, Indiana. Residents of Speedway are ineligible to be cardholders of the Indianapolis Public Library as the town maintains its own public library.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Indianapolis Public Library | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Indianapolis Public Library's Central Library from the American Legion Mall | |
| Location | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
| Established | 1873 (1873) |
| Branches | 24 |
| Access and use | |
| Circulation | 7,077,479 |
| Population served | 952,389 |
| Other information | |
| Budget | $60,087,318 |
| Director | Gregory A. Hill |
| Employees | 600+ |
| Website | indypl.org |


title: Operation Duryodhana 2

abstract: Operation Duryodhana 2 is a 2013 Telugu-language political film, produced by AB Srinivas on Neelanjana & Chinna Productions on banner and directed by Nandam Harishchandra Rao. Starring Jagapati Babu plays the lead role and music composed by M. M. Srilekha. This film is a sequel to the 2007 Telugu film Operation Duryodhana. In 2017, the film was dubbed into Hindi under the title Operation Duryodhana by Wide Angle Media Pvt Ltd.

text:
# Operation Duryodhana 2

***Operation Duryodhana 2*** is a 2013 Telugu-language political film, produced by AB Srinivas on Neelanjana & Chinna Productions on banner and directed by Nandam Harishchandra Rao. Starring Jagapati Babu plays the lead role and music composed by M. M. Srilekha. This film is a sequel to the 2007 Telugu film *Operation Duryodhana.* In 2017, the film was dubbed into Hindi under the title *Operation Duryodhana* by Wide Angle Media Pvt Ltd.

## Plot

The film begins with the Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy passing away in a helicopter crash. Later, an active controversy ensues within the party to decide the next leader. Home Minister Venkatadri Naidu receives congratulations from his party members to gain power. However, the high command announces a dynamic youth, Pratap Reddy, as the candidate. Despite Venkatadri Naidu being the most corrupt and involved in several scams, he reluctantly accepts the status quo and waits for an opportunity to topple the government. Meanwhile, the CM implements revolutionary changes that anger Venkatadri Naidu's ego.

Parallelly, Krishna, a hawala broker who handles illegal accounts for Venkatadri Naidu, remains loyal to him. He leads a contented life with his beloved wife and daughter. However, CBI Officers arrest Krishna's associate for money laundering, which assassinates several investigating the crime. Subsequently, Venkatadri Naidu plots and frames the CM concerning the incidents. As a result, a major political upheaval takes place, intending to oust the CM.

Enter CBI Officer Ashok, who changes the course of events. Krishna always contacts Venkatadri Naidu using public telephones to avoid being tapped. One day, after their conversation, Krishna receives a call from Ashok, who threatens him by pointing a rifle at him out of sight. In a bid to create chaos and confusion, Ashok fires shots on Krishna's behalf, attracting the attention of the police and media. Ashok then demands to uncover the true nature of corrupt politicians, which Krishna initially denies.

Meanwhile, Venkatadri Naidu plans to eliminate Krishna & his family, fearing that he may expose the truth. Ashok protects them, prompting Krishna to reflect on Venkatadri Naidu's wickedness and the CM's integrity. Krishna publicly reveals Venkatadri Naidu's misdeeds and expresses gratitude to Ashok. Eventually, the corrupt politicians are apprehended, and the CM acknowledges Ashok's contributions. The movie concludes with Ashok saluting the nation.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

## InfoBox

| Operation Duryodhana 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Nandam Harishchandra Rao |
| Screenplay by | Nandam Harishchandra Rao |
| Story by | Chinna Unit |
| Produced by | AB Srinivas |
| Starring | Jagapati Babu |
| Cinematography | D. Prasad Babu |
| Edited by | Gautham Raju |
| Music by | M. M. Srilekha |
| Production<br>company | Neelanjana & Chinna Productions |
| Release date | * 5 July 2013 (2013-07-05) |
| Running time | 105 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Telugu |


title: Operation EF (1941)

abstract: Operation EF (1941) took place on 30 July 1941, during the Second World War. After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Fleet Air Arm aircraft flew from the aircraft carriers HMS Victorious and Furious to attack merchant vessels in the northern Norwegian port of Kirkenes and the north Finnish port of Liinakhamari in Petsamo. The War Cabinet and Admiralty pressed Admiral John "Jack" Tovey, commander of the Home Fleet, to attack, despite his reservations that the prospects for success were not commensurate with the risks. The operation was intended to be a surprise but in the far north, the midnight sun at that time of year made it unlikely that the raiding force would go undiscovered. A German aircraft passed Force P and the carrier aircraft flew over a ship on their flights to Kirkenes and Petsamo, depriving the attackers of surprise. The Kirkenes force was intercepted by thirteen German fighters and nine Stukas, as the aircraft attacked the few ships to be seen in the harbour, sinking one ship and setting another on fire. Eleven Albacores and two Fulmar fighters were shot down, for a loss of two Luftwaffe aircraft. The force attacking Petsamo faced less opposition, losing a Fulmar to engine failure on the flight to the target and a Fulmar and an Albacore shot down during the attack. Minor damage was caused to jetties, a shipyard and oil storage tanks. The operation was a costly failure, twelve Albacores and four Fulmars were lost, nine men were killed and 27 were taken prisoner for no appreciable result; two Fulmar crewmen reached Russian territory after two days at sea in a dinghy.

text:
# Operation EF (1941)

**Operation EF (1941)** (**Raid on Kirkenes and Petsamo**) took place on 30 July 1941, during the Second World War. After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Fleet Air Arm aircraft flew from the aircraft carriers HMS *Victorious* and *Furious* to attack merchant vessels in the northern Norwegian port of Kirkenes and the north Finnish port of Liinakhamari in Petsamo.

The War Cabinet and Admiralty pressed Admiral John "Jack" Tovey, commander of the Home Fleet, to attack, despite his reservations that the prospects for success were not commensurate with the risks. The operation was intended to be a surprise but in the far north, the midnight sun at that time of year made it unlikely that the raiding force would go undiscovered.

A German aircraft passed *Force P* and the carrier aircraft flew over a ship on their flights to Kirkenes and Petsamo, depriving the attackers of surprise. The Kirkenes force was intercepted by thirteen German fighters and nine Stukas, as the aircraft attacked the few ships to be seen in the harbour, sinking one ship and setting another on fire. Eleven Albacores and two Fulmar fighters were shot down, for a loss of two *Luftwaffe* aircraft.

The force attacking Petsamo faced less opposition, losing a Fulmar to engine failure on the flight to the target and a Fulmar and an Albacore shot down during the attack. Minor damage was caused to jetties, a shipyard and oil storage tanks. The operation was a costly failure, twelve Albacores and four Fulmars were lost, nine men were killed and 27 were taken prisoner for no appreciable result; two Fulmar crewmen reached Russian territory after two days at sea in a dinghy.

## Background

### Continuation War

In early September 1940, Germany and Finland promulgated a transit agreement for members of the *Luftwaffe* to travel through Finland to Kirkenes in north Norway, despite a similar agreement being in force with Sweden from April 1940. In Directive 21, the instructions from Adolf Hitler for Operation Barbarossa, Murmansk was to be isolated by a military operation to cut the 840 mi (1,350 km) Murmansk–Leningrad railway. The attack was to prevent the Red Army from moving forces from the interior and attacking iron ore mines in northern Sweden and nickel mines around Pechenga, 62 mi (100 km) from Murmansk; the *Luftwaffe* base at Kirkenes was another 31 mi (50 km) further on. *Luftwaffe* reconnaissance revealed a considerable garrison at Murmansk and excellent rail marshalling yards and port facilities.

On 3 February 1941, the German Army of Norway received its operation order for the campaign, making the defence of northern Norway its priority. *Gebirgskorps Norwegen* (Mountain Corps Norway) was to operate in Finland in defence of Pechenga in Operation Rentier until Finland declared war. The Finns were to cover the deployment of German troops in central Finland and to recapture Hanko, then operate to the south-west, either side of Lake Ladoga, when Army Group North (*Heeresgruppe Nord*) had reached the Dvina River, meeting the German forces at Tikhvin. The German invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June 1941 and the German offensive against the Murmansk railway Operation Platinum Fox (29 June – 21 September) began, part of the larger Operation Silver Fox (29 June – 17 November).

### Soviet–British cooperation

The Soviet leadership pressed the British to attack Axis sea traffic from Petsamo and Kirkenes. The governments in London and Washington were aware of the importance of Murmansk as a entrepôt for Allied war material. The Admiralty pressed Admiral John "Jack" Tovey to use the aircraft carriers HMS *Furious* and *Victorious* in operations against Axis shipping off northern Norway and Finland. Tovey stressed the risk in operating carriers so close to *Luftwaffe* airfields, in conditions of the midnight sun, which in northern Norway lasts from about 14 May to 29 July; Tovey suggested offensive operations further south, stressing the vulnerability of Swordfish and Albacore bombers, even with Fulmar fighter escorts. The Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, insisted that the new alliance between Britain and the Soviet Union needed practical expression in the far north. The Admiralty over-ruled Tovey and ordered him to conduct Operation EF with ships of the Home Fleet, no later than 21 July 1941.

## Prelude

### German naval operations

The German submarines *U-81* and *U-652* began operations off the Kola Inlet in July and five destroyers transferred to Kirkenes to join the training ship *Bremse* and other vessels. Before the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Home Fleet was mainly concerned with the exits of the North Sea from Norway to Greenland. After 22 June 1941, the emphasis of the fleet began to shift northwards, from Norway to the Arctic.

### Force P

Neither aircraft carrier had been able adequately to train in naval air operations. *Furious* had nine Fulmar fighters of 800 Naval Air Squadron (800 NAS) and four Sea Hurricanes (A Flight, 880 NAS), nine Swordfish of 812 NAS and nine Albacores of 817 NAS were embarked but 817 NAS had only been commissioned in March. Many of the pilots of 817 NAS were novices who had not had the opportunity to qualify in deck landings on HMS *Argus* or to practice torpedo-bombing, because *Argus* had been busy ferrying aircraft to west Africa. *Victorious*, with twelve Albacores in 827 NAS and nine in 828 NAS and twelve Fulmars of 809 NAS had not been able to work up since commissioning just before the hunt for *Bismarck*. The commander of Force P, Rear-Admiral Frederic Wake-Walker in HMS *Devonshire* sailed from Scapa Flow on 23 July.

The destroyer *Achates* struck a British mine off Iceland on 25 July, losing its bow and was towed home by *Anthony*, the two being replaced by HMS *Inglefield* and *Icarus*. Force P was divided into the First Division, *Victorious*, the cruiser *Devonshire*, the destroyers HMS *Escapade*, *Inglefield* and *Icarus* and the Second Division with *Furious*, the cruiser HMS *Suffolk* and the destroyers HMS *Intrepid*, *Echo* and *Eclipse*. Force P reached *Seyðisfjörður* (Seidisfjord) in Iceland on 25 July, refuelled and sailed the following day for Norway. During the night of 26/27 July Force P made course for its rendezvous, about 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) north-east of Kirkenes and arrived three days later, having sailed through fog and low cloud, which curtailed flying but helped to conceal its presence. At 1:30 p.m. on 30 July, once within range of land-based aircraft and dependent on their fighter cover and anti-aircraft guns, the cloudy weather gave way to clear skies.

### Plan

Little opposition from the *Luftwaffe* was expected, despite the intensity of German ground operations in the direction of Murmansk and the Fulmars were thought to be adequate air cover during the attack. The aircrew on *Victorious* were briefed to attack Kirkenes; twelve Albacores of 827 NAS and eight from 828 NAS were armed with torpedoes and escorted by nine Fulmars of 809 NAS. The crews of 827 NAS were to attack ships around the Tower of Kirkenes and Langfjord and those from 828 NAS were to attack Holmengråfjorden and an anchorage east of Renoy Island. Should the harbours be empty, the force from *Victorious* would attack an iron ore plant. Six Swordfish of 812 NAS from *Furious* were armed with torpedoes and three with two 250 lb (110 kg) bombs and eight 25 lb (11 kg) incendiary bombs each.

Six Albacores of 817 NAS carried torpedoes and three bombers had the same bomb-load as the Swordfish bombers, with six Fulmar escorts of 800 NAS carrying four 20 lb (9.1 kg) HE bombs for targets of opportunity. If no shipping was found in Petsamo harbour, the aircraft were to attack oil storage tanks. A Heinkel He 111 bomber flew into sight and was detected sending a wireless massage, more than an hour before the raid was to begin. Wake-Walker considered cancelling the operation, since the Germans had an hours' warning but decided to continue and take-offs began at 2:00 p.m. *Victorious* dispatched twenty bombers and torpedo-bombers as *Furious* sent nine bombers and four Sea Hurricanes (to guard the aircraft carriers) aloft. At 2:18 p.m. twelve Fulmars took off from *Victorious*, nine to escort the bombers and three to patrol Force P, soon followed by nine bombers and six Fulmars from *Furious*.

## Attack

### Kirkenes

The aircraft from *Victorious* flew towards the sun at low altitude to evade radar but passed over a German hospital ship, losing any remaining hope of surprise. The aircraft climbed to 3,000 ft (910 m) over the coastal mountains, being engaged by intense anti-aircraft fire as they did. The crews fired the *Luftwaffe* colours-of-the-day as a ruse but this failed and the ground fire increased and then suddenly stopped. Thirteen Messerschmitt Bf 109 (Bf 109) of *Jagdgeschwader* 77 and Messerschmitt Bf 110 (Bf 110) fighters of *Zerstörergeschwader* 76 appeared, escorting nine Junkers Ju 87 (Ju 87 *Stuka*) dive-bombers returning from a raid.

The shipping in the harbour turned out to be a *Kriegsmarine* training ship and two medium-sized freighters, which were attacked, bomb hits on the two merchantmen being claimed after the raid. The Fulmar escorts tried to divert the German fighters from the Albacores and shot down a Bf 110 for the loss of two Fulmars. The Albacores released their torpedoes quickly to get away from anti-aircraft fire, sinking one 2,000 long tons (2,000 t) vessel, setting another on fire and causing minor damage ashore. The Albacores tried to escape from the German fighters, having the advantage of superior manoeuvrability but eleven were shot down by anti-aircraft fire and *Luftwaffe* fighters. An 827 NAS pilot claimed a Ju 87 which flew in front of his Albacore, a claim which was borne out later by German records.

### Petsamo

*Furious* sent nine Swordfish of 812 NAS and nine Albacores of 817 NAS to raid Petsamo. A Fulmar was lost due to engine failure prior to the attack and the remainder found a harbour almost deserted, except for anti-aircraft guns. The aircraft dropped their torpedoes against a small ship and the jetties but these were wooden and easy to replace. The 800 NAS Fulmar bombers attacked a shipyard and the oil storage tanks but had little effect. The attackers were intercepted by Bf 109 fighters; an Albacore and a Fulmar were shot down.

On 31 July, the serviceable aircraft on *Furious* were transferred to *Victorious* for *Furious* to return due to fuel shortage. Three Fulmars took off from *Victorious* on 4 August for an attack on Tromsø in which one Fulmar was lost. The force then turned for home.

## Aftermath

### Analysis

By the early evening, the surviving aircraft had landed on their carriers and Force P had begun the voyage back to Scapa Flow. On 31 July a Dornier Do 18 began to shadow the force until two of the Sea Hurricanes shot it down. The commander of *Furious* called the raid

> ...a bitter blow to the attacking force, who were tee-ed up for really big things, to find they had come over two thousand miles to attack a place without a single real military objective.
>
> Captain Arthur Talbot

In 2005, Ron Mackay called the raid an "unqualified disaster"; twelve Albacores and four Fulmars had been lost with 36 casualties. The vulnerability of the Albacore and Fulmar aircraft against modern fighters had been demonstrated but the Swordfish of 812 NAS had escaped loss, perhaps because the raid on Petsamo had encountered less opposition than that on Kirkenes. Mackay wrote that it would have been better to send the Sea Hurricanes to cover the raid, despite hindsight suggesting that four Sea Hurricanes were hardly adequate to defend the ships.

### Casualties

In 2005, Ron Mackay wrote that nine Fleet Air Arm aircrew were killed, 27 taken prisoner and two men were rescued by Soviet forces after two days at sea in a dinghy. In 2022, David Hobbs wrote that the dinghy escape story was not true. In 2012, Ben Jones wrote that 16 aircraft were lost in the raids and in 2014, Martyn Chorlton wrote that *Victorious* lost 13 Albacores and their crews in the raid.

### Subsequent operations

The Albacore squadrons were transferred from *Victorious* during August and replaced by 817 and 832 NAS. *Victorious* became part of Force M, operating towards Bear Island and the approaches to the White Sea, during Operation Dervish. On 3 September, an attack on ships sailing from Tromsø to Kirkenes began but when cloud cover dissipated, the formation leaders aborted the attack according to their instructions, because of the risk of interception by the *Luftwaffe* fighters based at Banak. Force M remained off the Norwegian coast and on 12 September an attack was made on ships and shore installations at Bodø, resulting in the sinking of one ship and in damage to an aluminium factory at Glomfjord.

The lack of fighter opposition led to a second raid being planned but this was cancelled when the force was spotted by a He 111. *Victorious* was carrying two Grumman Martlet fighters borrowed from *Argus*, which caught up with the German bomber and shot it down. Two Blohm & Voss BV 138 flying-boats began to shadow the force and the FAA Fulmars found it impossible to penetrate their armour with .303 Browning machine-gun fire. A raid on 9 October was hampered by heavy seas and five of the 13 Albacores on deck were damaged; three Albacores managed to find and attack a freighter. During the afternoon, eight composite crews from 817 and 832 NAS attacked two merchantmen which were escorted by flak ships and achieved several bomb hits, one ship crew taking to their lifeboats.

## British order of battle

### Force P

#### First Division

First Division
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| HMS *Victorious* | Royal Navy | *Illustrious*-class aircraft carrier | 809 Naval Air Squadron, 827 NAS, 828 NAS |
| HMS *Devonshire* | Royal Navy | *County*-class cruiser | Flagship Rear-Admiral Frederic Wake-Walker |
| HMS *Achates* | Royal Navy | *A*-class destroyer | Struck British mine 25 July, towed home by *Anthony* |
| HMS *Anthony* | Royal Navy | *A*-class destroyer | Towed *Achates* home after it was damaged by a mine. |
| HMS *Escapade* | Royal Navy | *E*-class destroyer | Replaced *Achates* |
| HMS *Icarus* | Royal Navy | *I*-class destroyer | Replaced *Anthony* |
| *Adventure* | Royal Navy | *Adventure*-class cruiser | Minelayer, escorted towards Russia by Force P until 30 July |
|

#### Second Division

Second Division
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| HMS *Furious* | Royal Navy | *Courageous*-class Aircraft carrier | 800 Naval Air Squadron, 812 NAS, 817 NAS, A Flight 880 NAS |
| HMS *Suffolk* | Royal Navy | *County*-class cruiser |  |
| HMS *Echo* | Royal Navy | *E*-class destroyer |  |
| HMS *Eclipse* | Royal Navy | *E*-class destroyer |  |
| HMS *Intrepid* | Royal Navy | *I*-class destroyer |  |
|

## Footnotes

1. Hobbs 2022, p. 130.
2. Lunde 2011, p. 31.
3. Lunde 2011, p. 8.
4. Lunde 2011, pp. 58–61.
5. Lunde 2011, pp. 61–70, 77–103.
6. Roskill 1957, pp. 485–486; Hobbs 2022, p. 119.
7. Murfrett 2008, p. 120.
8. Roskill 1957, pp. 485–486.
9. Brown 2009, p. 39.
10. Chorlton 2014, p. 15; Hobbs 2022, p. 119.
11. Brown 2009, p. 39; Mackay 2005, p. 139.
12. Hobbs 2022, p. 119.
13. Sturtivant 1990, p. 86.
14. Mackay 2005, p. 140.
15. Chorlton 2014, p. 15.
16. Wragg 2003, p. 25.
17. Mackay 2005, p. 139.
18. Mackay 2005, p. 139; Mackay 2005, p. 140.
19. Hobbs 2022, p. 120.
20. Sturtivant 1990, p. 86; Claasen 2001, p. 188.
21. Mackay 2005, p. 141.
22. Sturtivant 2000, p. 40.
23. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005, p. 88.
24. Jones 2012, p. 309.
25. Mackay 2005, pp. 141, 140.
26. Mackay 2005, p. 141; Hobbs 2022, p. 123.
27. Jones 2012, p. 309; Chorlton 2014, p. 63.
* Brown, J. D. (2009). *Carrier Operations in World War II*. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-108-2.
* Chorlton, M., ed. (2014). "British Aircraft Carriers of WW2". *Ships Monthly*. Cudham: Kelsey Media Group. ISBN 978-1-909786-27-1.
* Claasen, A. R. A. (2001). *Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-fated Campaign, 1940–1945*. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1050-2.
* Hobbs, David (2022). *The Fleet Air Arm and the War in Europe 1939–1945*. Barnsley: Seaforth (Pen & Sword). ISBN 978-1-5267-9979-1.
* Jones, Ben (2012). *The Fleet Air Arm in the Second World War 1939–1941: Norway, the Mediterranean and the Bismarck*. Publications of the Navy Records Society. Vol. I (e-book ed.). Farnham: Ashgate for The Navy Records Society. ISBN 978-1-4094-5737-4.
* Lunde, H. O. (2011). *Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German–Finnish Coalition in WWII* (digital ed.). Newbury: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-037-4.
* Mackay, R. (2005). *Britain's Fleet Air Arm in World War Two*. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer. ISBN 0-7643-2131-5.
* Murfrett, M. (2008). *Naval Warfare 1919–1945: An Operational History of the Volatile War at Sea* (e-book ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-88998-5.
* Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) \[1972\]. *Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two* (3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-86176-257-3.
* Roskill, S. W. (1957) \[1954\]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). *The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive*. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 881709135. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
* Sturtivant, Ray (1990). *British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm 1917–1990*. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-938-5.
* Sturtivant, Ray (2000) \[1993\]. *The Swordfish Story* (2nd rev. ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35711-1.
* Wragg, D. (2003). *Fleet Air Arm Handbook 1939–1945*. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-3430-5.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Operation EF (1941) | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Continuation War of the Second World War | |
|
Diagram showing Kirkenes and Petsamo (Parkkina) | |
| Date 30 July 1941  Location Kirkenes, Norway and Petsamo, Finland69°43′37″N 30°02′44″E / 69.72694°N 30.04556°E / 69.72694; 30.04556 (Kirkenes)
69°33'38''N; 31°13'40''E (Petsamo)  Result  Axis victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United Kingdom | Germany
Finland |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| John Tovey
Frederic Wake-Walker | |
| Strength | |
| 29 Albacores and 9 Swordfish
15 Fulmars (escorts)
4 Hurricanes and 3 Fulmars (Fleet defence)
2 aircraft carriers
2 cruisers, 6 destroyers | 5 cargo vessels
*Luftwaffe* fighters
Anti-aircraft guns |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 13 killed
25 captured
16 aircraft destroyed | 1 cargo ship sunk
1 cargo ship damaged
1 small steamer sunk
2 aircraft shot down
Port and oil storage facilities damaged |


title: Operation Transformation (TV series)

abstract: Operation Transformation is a health and fitness programme airing on RTÉ One in Ireland. The show is a cross-media event broadcast via radio, web and television on RTÉ 2fm, RTÉ.ie and RTÉ One since 2008. Prior to this it had been limited to radio but has since expanded onto the web and television. It is comparable to US television show The Biggest Loser. The fifth series, which began in January 2012, was hosted by Kathryn Thomas with the radio element provided by RTÉ Radio 1's The John Murray Show. Initially presented by reporter Evelyn O'Rourke replaced by Darren Kennedy, the event saw six hopefuls, selected by Gerry Ryan on his radio show, attempt to reshape their lives as they are supported and guided by a panel of experts in the fields of fitness, nutrition and psychology in order to reach their individual goals. O'Rourke performed the role of "cheerleader" to her companion Gerry Ryan's "ringmaster". There are weekly updates on television, daily updates on radio and a 24/7 live webcam on a dedicated site within RTÉ.ie for a period of seven weeks. Each year the event culminates in a grand finale, in which the contestants present their new selves to their loved ones and the viewing and listening public. Gerry Ryan himself said on air that he was two stone (13 kg) lighter following the 2008 event than he was before it began. Several politicians took part in 2010. Gerry Ryan died suddenly in 2010, so the show ended up in the hands of Kathryn Thomas (TV) and RTÉ Radio 1's The John Murray Show in 2011. Ray D'Arcy presented the radio part of the show from 2016 onwards. In 2024 the programme was axed.

text:
# Operation Transformation (TV series)

***Operation Transformation*** is a health and fitness programme airing on RTÉ One in Ireland. The show is a cross-media event broadcast via radio, web and television on RTÉ 2fm, RTÉ.ie and RTÉ One since 2008. Prior to this it had been limited to radio but has since expanded onto the web and television. It is comparable to US television show *The Biggest Loser*.

The fifth series, which began in January 2012, was hosted by Kathryn Thomas with the radio element provided by RTÉ Radio 1's *The John Murray Show*. Initially presented (up to season 2) by reporter Evelyn O'Rourke replaced by Darren Kennedy (season 3), the event saw six hopefuls, selected by Gerry Ryan on his radio show, attempt to reshape their lives as they are supported and guided by a panel of experts in the fields of fitness, nutrition and psychology in order to reach their individual goals. O'Rourke performed the role of "cheerleader" to her companion Gerry Ryan's "ringmaster".

There are weekly updates on television, daily updates on radio and a 24/7 live webcam on a dedicated site within RTÉ.ie for a period of seven weeks. Each year the event culminates in a grand finale, in which the contestants present their new selves to their loved ones and the viewing and listening public. Gerry Ryan himself said on air that he was two stone (13 kg) lighter following the 2008 event than he was before it began. Several politicians took part in 2010. Gerry Ryan died suddenly in 2010, so the show ended up in the hands of Kathryn Thomas (TV) and RTÉ Radio 1's *The John Murray Show* in 2011.

Ray D'Arcy presented the radio part of the show from 2016 onwards. In 2024 the programme was axed.

## History

### 2008

Summary

The 2008 event saw six hopefuls, selected by Ryan on his radio show, attempt to reshape their lives as they were supported and guided by a panel of experts in the fields of fitness, nutrition and psychology in order to reach their individual goals. There were weekly updates on television (broadcast at 20:30 on Thursday nights), daily updates on radio and a 24/7 live webcam on a dedicated site within RTÉ.ie for a period of seven weeks. The event culminated in a grand finale from the Pavilion Shopping Centre in Swords, County Dublin, broadcast on Thursday 28 February 2008, in which the six contestants presented their new selves to their loved ones and the viewing and listening public. The 2008 event had over 2 million hits. Six months after the show's finale, the television programme *Operation Transformation Revisited* was commissioned to investigate the welfare of the contestants. 2008 contestant Donal Looney completed the Dublin Marathon inside four hours in 2009. It was reported that Eamon Joyce had hurt his knee and couldn't take part.

Leaders

Three males and three females, selected from Ryan's radio listenership, partook in the television show. The final six participants were announced on Friday, 7 December 2007 on *The Gerry Ryan Show*.

Ryan caused upset when he suggested Violet O'Shea had not lost any weight despite following the programme. However, as she continued, she eventually did begin to lose weight. Her brother Christopher read a poem of encouragement on air and "the nation wept". Violet O'Shea is now five stone (32 kg). Eamon Joyce lost four stone (25 kg) in total.

| Name | Age
(at time of selection) | Location | Occupation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Eamonn Joyce | 36 | Wicklow | Chef |
| Evelyn Farrell | 37 | Westmeath | Accountant |
| Donal Looney | 42 | Tipperary | Ready mix driver |
| Louise Collins | 21 | Cork | Pre-school teacher |
| Ollie Hannah Murtagh | 29 | Monaghan | Adult education teacher |
| Violet O'Shea | 44 | Raheny | Taxi driver |
|

Experts

Four individuals sat on a panel of experts.

| Name | Profession | Link |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dr. Eva Orsmond | Medical doctor |  |
| Dr. Ian Gargan | Psychologist |  |
| Karl Henry | Personal trainer |  |
| Marietta Doran | Fashion stylist |  |
|

### 2009

Summary

*OT 2009* was launched by Ryan and O'Rourke on *The Gerry Ryan Show* on 3 November 2008. For the first time, there was an *Operation Transformation Roadshow*, which took place at a number of destinations throughout November and December. Each morning, O'Rourke would be at the specified location and would report to *GRS* over the morning.

| Date | Location |
| --- | --- |
| 18 November 2008 | Radisson SAS Hotel & Spa, Galway |
| 20 November 2008 | Sheraton Hotel & Spa Fota Island Resort, Cork |
| 24 November 2008 | Sheraton Athlone Hotel |
| 2 December 2008 | Burlington Hotel, Dublin |
|

The show began airing on RTÉ radio, television and online in January 2009, accompanied by *The Afternoon Show*.

Experts

Three individuals sat on a panel of experts.

| Name | Profession |
| --- | --- |
| Dr. Eva Orsmond | Medical doctor |
| Karl Henry | Personal trainer |
| Pat Henry | Yoga therapist/Potentialist/Fitness consultant |

Leaders

On 4 December, the final 25 appeared on *The Gerry Ryan Show* live from studio one "in the bowels" of RTÉ's Donnybrook studios. The six leaders were announced on 8 December. The show ran from 8 January until 26 February on RTÉ One. The website had over one million hits, a 41 per cent increase on the previous year.

| Name | Age
(at time of selection) | Location | Weight
(at beginning of challenge) | Target weight loss |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kelly Brouder | 31 | Limerick | 14 st 13.5 lb (95.0 kg) | 2 st (12.7 kg) |
| Keith Anthony | 44 | Cork | 20 st 6.5 lbs (130.0 kg) | 3 st (19.0 kg) |
| Mick Boyce | 26 | Dublin | 17 st (108.0 kg) | 2.5 st (15.9 kg) |
| Colette Cronin | 33 | Dundalk | 14 st 11 lbs (93.9 kg) | 2 st (12.7 kg) |
| Denise Ryan | 28 | Tipperary | 19 st 8 lbs (124.3 kg) | 3 st (19.0 kg) |
| Jean Kelly | 47 | Dublin | 14 st 1 lb (89.4 kg) | 1.5 st (9.5 kg) |
|

### 2010

Summary

*OT 2010* began on television at 20:00 on RTÉ One on 13 January 2010. For the first time politicians, including the now internationally famous Paul Gogarty, took part. Gerry Ryan appeared on *The Late Late Show* to discuss the programme on 15 January 2010.

Ciara Dunne (a nurse), Amanda Casey, Conor O'Connor, Anna Naughton and Penny Dwyer all participated.

They lost more than ten stones (63 kg) in weight between them all during the series. Deputy Seán Connick shed 20 pounds (9.1 kg). Senator Nicky McFadden shed 22 pounds (10.0 kg). Deputy Fergus O'Dowd shed 24½ pounds (11.1 kg).

The final episode of the series was broadcast on 3 March 2010. The website achieved at least 3 million hits during the series.

The first three episodes of the series each attracted a 30.97 audience share.

Reviewing the finale for *The Irish Times*, Kevin Courtney observed the "non-stop soundtrack of classic pop songs \[which\] resembled a 2FM show from the 1980s".

### 2011

Summary

Five people were chosen: Rachel Walker (Tallaght, County Dublin); Sinead Heffernan (Enfield, County Meath); Emily Piggott (Killarney, County Kerry); Ronan Scully (Knocknacarra, County Galway). The series was broadcast on television from 5 January 2011. The five appeared alongside Kathryn Thomas on *The Late Late Show* on 14 January 2011.

### 2012

Summary

Five people were chosen: Adrian Brereton (Edenderry, County Offaly); Natalie Cox (Crumlin, Dublin); Kayleigh Yeoman (Limerick); Grace Batterberry (Castletownroche, County Cork); Killian Byrne (Rathfarnham, County Dublin). They appeared on *The Saturday Night Show* on 7 January 2012. The first episode, broadcast on 4 January 2012, attracted more viewers than the previous year's series. The participants had shed more than six stone (38 kg) of fat from their bodies by the halfway mark. One of the leaders nearly quit, which would have been the first time it happened.

Viewers also downloaded a fake app to the annoyance of RTÉ.

Thousands of people took part in the *Operation Transformation* 5k Fun Run in the Phoenix Park on 18 February 2012.

The leaders lost more than 11 stone (5 kg) between them over the series. Killian Byrne lost the most weight: 3 st 4.5 lbs (21.1 kg). Grace Batterberry became a poster girl for anti-smoking and cancer prevention.

### 2013

The five leaders were: Deirdre Hosford, Charlotte O'Connell, Monica Percy, Gavin Walker and Gregg Starr.

### 2014

The six leaders were: Jennifer Burns, Deirdre O'Donovan, Paudie O'Mahony, Siobhan McKillen, Sarah Campbell and Marc Gibbs. The six leaders managed to lose over 13 stone between them. This year Operation Transformation teamed up with the Irish Heart Foundation to hold the first ever National Blood Pressure Day.

### 2015

Experts

Three individuals sat on a panel of experts.

| Name | Profession |
| --- | --- |
| Aoife Hearne | Dietician |
| Karl Henry | Personal trainer |
| Dr. Ciara Kelly | Doctor |

Leaders

| Name | Age
(at time of selection) | Location | Weight
(at beginning of challenge) | Target weight loss |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mark McArdle | 44 | Louth |  |  |
| Louise Ormsby | 44 | Dublin |  |  |
| Veronica Horgan | 26 | Cork |  |  |
| Eilish Kavanagh | 33 | Wexford |  |  |
| Alan Mullen | 28 | Westmeath |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|

### 2016

The five leaders were: Dan Kennedy, Lucy Dillon, John Conmy, Clare Scanlon and Noeleen Lynam. Dan Kennedy was the first leader to quit Operation Transformation in the nine series it has been on. This was due to Colitis. Dan had a pre-existing medical condition that neither his GP nor the Operation Transformation team was aware of.

### 2017

The five leaders were: Mairead Redmond, Seán Daly, Yvonne Keenan-Ross, Chris McElligott and Marie Grace. In the first two episodes of Operation Transformation, it lost 80,000 viewers when compared with the first two episodes of the series in 2016. Despite this a spokesperson said that they were happy with the ratings for Operation Transformation.

### 2018

Operation Transformation teamed up with the GAA for "Ireland Lights up", a campaign helping communities to enjoy healthy walks in the environs of their GAA club. The five leaders were: Mary Diamond 52 from Mayo, Felicity Moroney 30 from Dublin, Wayne O'Donnell 29 from Cork, Sarah O'Callaghan 27 from Cavan and David Cryan 38 from Dublin.

### 2019

Balbriggan was the location for this year's show. Doctor Sumi Dunne replaced doctor Ciara Kelly, meaning the four experts were: Karl Henry, Aoife Hearne, doctor Eddie Murphy and doctor Sumi Dunne. The five leaders were: Siobhan O'Brien 30 from Dublin, Paul Murphy 41 from Sligo, Cathal Gallagher 48 from Donegal, Jean Tierney 33 from Limerick and Pamela Swayne 36 from Cork. Jean Tierney left 3 weeks into the show after she discovered she was pregnant.

### 2020

For the first time the show hosted its first couple. The leaders were Andrea Rea 31, Barry Rea 39 both Cork, Lorraine O'Neill 46 from Cavan, Tanya Carroll 33 from Cork, Shane Farrell 29 from Galway.

### 2021

Summary

Five people were chosen: Andrew Burke-Hannon (Dublin), Hazel Hartigan (Limerick), Sharon Gaffney (Dublin), Susuana Komolafe (Cavan) and Paul Devaney (Galway).

### 2022

There were a few changes to the show this year. The weigh-in outfits were no longer lycra crop tops, bicycle shorts and leggings. Instead the contestants wore leisure wear. The five leaders were: Katie Jones, Kathleen Hurley Mullins, John Ryan, Stefano Sweetman and Sarah O'Connor Ryan.

### 2023

This year there is a new blue OT logo. Dietician Sophie Pratt replaced Aoife Hearne as an expert. The five leaders are: Stephanie Bowden, Andrea Day, Thomas Hynes, Lorraine Dempsey and Marie Clear.

## International

In 2013, the rights to the format were bought by Belgian and Dutch television stations. The Belgian version was entitled *Let's Get Fit*. Programme producer Philip Kampff had expressed wanting to pitch it to the United States previously but was finding it difficult, due to the non-competitive nature of the format. However, the following year, it was reported that an American broadcaster was interested in the format.

In 2016 and 2017 there was a Celebrity Operation Transformation.

In 2020 during the COVID-19 Pandemic there was a spin-off called "Operation Transformation: Keeping Well Apart". There were no weight targets.

In 2023 former leader Katie Jones started hosting an Operation Transformation podcast.

## InfoBox

| *Operation Transformation* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | Vision Independent Productions |
| Presented by | Gerry Ryan (2008–2010)
Evelyn O'Rourke (2008–2010)
Darren Kennedy (2010)
Kathryn Thomas (2011–2024)
John Murray (2011–2014)
Ray D'Arcy (2016–2024) |
| Country of origin | Ireland |
| No. of series | 16 |
| No. of episodes | At least 16 (first two series) |
| Original release | |
| Network | RTÉ One |
| Release | 10 January 2008 (2008-01-10)
2024 (2024) |


title: Operation Bielany

abstract: Operation Bielany was a sabotage operation during the Second World War, organized by the Directorate of Diversion of the Home Army. At night of 3 and 4 May 1944, a small partisan division had set explosives at the Bielany Aerodrome, then used as a Luftwaffe base, successfully destroying eight aircraft, and retreating without suffering casualties.

text:
# Operation Bielany

**Operation Bielany** (Polish: *Akcja Bielany*) was a sabotage operation during the Second World War, organized by the Directorate of Diversion of the Home Army. At night of 3 and 4 May 1944, a small partisan division had set explosives at the Bielany Aerodrome, then used as a Luftwaffe base, successfully destroying eight aircraft, and retreating without suffering casualties.

## Background

The construction of the Bielany Aerodrome begun in 1938. It was located between villages of Młociny, and Wawrzyszew, within present boundaries of Warsaw, in the district of Bielany. In September 1939, the unfinished aerodrome was captured by German forces during the Invasion of Poland. During the occupation, the aerodrome became a Luftwaffe base, and was furtherly expanded.

## Operation

At night of 3 and 4 May, a 17-person partisan team of the Jan Special Divisions of the Home Army, had sneaked into the Bielany Aerodrome. There, they had planted small plastic explosives on five Junkers Ju 52/3m transport aircraft. The bombs were placed near the fuel tanks, to intensify the explosion. Moments before the explosives were set off, the partisans were detected by a patrol unit, with which, they engaged in the shooting.

The explosion had destroyed all five planes, and set a fire which caused another three planes to explode. This caused a panic on the airdrome, with staff believing it to be an Allied airstrike. They launched flares, and an alarm was raised in nearby Warsaw. The partisans managed to retreat without enduring casualties.

## InfoBox

| Operation Bielany | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Second World War | |
| Date 3–4 May 1944  Location Bielany Aerodrome near Warsaw, General Government52°17′34″N 20°56′24″E / 52.29278°N 20.94000°E / 52.29278; 20.94000  Result  Polish victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Polish Underground State | Germany |
| Units involved | |
| Home Army | Luftwaffe |
| Strength | |
| 17 people | Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| None | 8 aircraft destroyed |


title: Operation Big Buzz

abstract: Operation Big Buzz was a U.S. military entomological warfare field test conducted in 1955 on Savannah, Georgia's predominantly Black Carver Village neighborhood. The tests involved dispersing over 300,000 mosquitoes from aircraft and through ground dispersal methods. The test appears to have been conducted by the Chemical Corps and the Army's Research and Development Command.

text:
# Operation Big Buzz

**Operation Big Buzz** was a U.S. military entomological warfare field test conducted in 1955 on Savannah, Georgia's predominantly Black Carver Village neighborhood. The tests involved dispersing over 300,000 mosquitoes from aircraft and through ground dispersal methods.

The test appears to have been conducted by the Chemical Corps and the Army's Research and Development Command.

## Operation

Operation Big Buzz occurred in June 1955 in the U.S. state of Georgia. The operation was a field test designed to determine the feasibility of producing, storing, loading into munitions, and dispersing from aircraft the yellow fever mosquito (though these were not infected for the test) (*Aedes aegypti*). The second goal of the operation was to determine whether the mosquitoes would survive their dispersion and seek meals on the ground. Around 330,000 uninfected mosquitoes were dropped from aircraft in E14 bombs and dispersed from the ground in Savannah, Georgia's predominantly Black Carver Village neighborhood. In total about one million female mosquitoes were bred for the testing; remaining mosquitoes were used in munitions loading and storage tests. Those mosquitoes that were air-dispersed were dropped from airplanes 300 feet (91 m) above the ground, spreading out on their own and due to the wind.

## Results

Mosquitoes were collected as far away as 2,000 feet (610 m) from the release site. They were also active in seeking blood meals from humans and guinea pigs.


title: Operations manual

abstract: The operations manual is the documentation by which an organisation provides guidance for members and employees to perform their functions correctly and reasonably efficiently. It documents the approved standard procedures for performing operations safely to produce goods and provide services. Compliance with the operations manual will generally be considered as activity approved by the persons legally responsible for the organisation. The operations manual is intended to remind employees of how to do their job. The manual is either a book or folder of printed documents containing the standard operating procedures, a description of the organisational hierarchy, contact details for key personnel and emergency procedures. It does not substitute for training, but should be sufficient to allow a trained and competent person to adapt to the organisation's specific procedures. The operations manual helps the members of the organisation to reliably and efficiently carry out their tasks with consistent results. A good manual will reduce human error and inform everyone precisely what they need to do, who they are responsible to and who they are responsible for. It is a knowledge base for the organisation, and should be available for reference whenever needed. The operations manual is a document that should be periodically reviewed and updated whenever appropriate to ensure that it remains current.

text:
# Operations manual

The **operations manual** is the documentation by which an organisation provides guidance for members and employees to perform their functions correctly and reasonably efficiently. It documents the approved standard procedures for performing operations safely to produce goods and provide services. Compliance with the operations manual will generally be considered as activity approved by the persons legally responsible for the organisation.

The operations manual is intended to remind employees of how to do their job. The manual is either a book or folder of printed documents containing the standard operating procedures, a description of the organisational hierarchy, contact details for key personnel and emergency procedures. It does not substitute for training, but should be sufficient to allow a trained and competent person to adapt to the organisation's specific procedures.

The operations manual helps the members of the organisation to reliably and efficiently carry out their tasks with consistent results. A good manual will reduce human error and inform everyone precisely what they need to do, who they are responsible to and who they are responsible for. It is a knowledge base for the organisation, and should be available for reference whenever needed. The operations manual is a document that should be periodically reviewed and updated whenever appropriate to ensure that it remains current.

## Format

The operations manual can be a digital or paper document. Digital format has advantages for revision control and can be distributed easily and at low cost. The detail should be sufficient to allow a competent person without specific experience to understand what is needed and how it is to be done. It is not a training manual, too much or too little detail can make it inefficient.

## Contents

Content will vary depending on the organisation, but some basic structure is fairly universal. Typical sections include:

* Organisational hierarchy
* Job descriptions
* Contact details
* Documented processes and systems
* Occupational health and safety instructions
* Emergency procedures
* Company History
* Products & Services
* Policies and position statements

There are two basic categories of information: Information that is relevant to all people in the organisation, and often also to clients and the general public, and information that is relevant to specific positions.

There may be statutory or regulatory requirements for specific content. In some cases the CEO may be required to authorise the operations manual by signature, and this authorisation may be required to be present in the document. A version number and date of commencement may be required, and it may be a controlled document.

### Organogram

The organisational hierarchy is commonly and effectively described by an organisational chart, or organogram, a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its sections and members which gives the reader an easily understood picture of where key people fit into the organisation.

### Job descriptions

A job description is a document that describes the general tasks, duties, and responsibilities of a position, and may specify the functionary to whom the position reports, specifications such as the competence, qualifications, registration, certification or skills needed by the person in the job, and a salary range. Formal job descriptions help people understand their roles within the organisation and identify each other's responsibilities.

### Contact details

These include names and contact details for key persons within the organisation and important external contacts.

### Documented processes

### Occupational health and safety instructions

### Emergency procedures

Any emergency procedure that would be the standard response to a reasonably foreseeable emergency in the normal course of business would be detailed in the operations manual as a reference. There might also be specifications on how frequently exercises should be held. Some frequently encountered emergency procedures include:

### Policies

A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization. Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making. Policies to assist in subjective decision making usually assist senior management with decisions that must be based on the relative merits of a number of factors, and as a result are often hard to test objectively, e.g. work-life balance policy. In contrast policies to assist in objective decision making are usually operational in nature and can be objectively tested, e.g. password policy.

## Annexures and references

Manuals that already exist for equipment or procedures may be incorporated into an operations manual as annexures, or referenced if they are not of general utility, so they can be found when needed and checked for continued validity when the operations manual is revised.

## Revision, updates and distribution

If an operations manual is to be useful it must be distributed to the people who will use it, and they should have the current version. Distribution and updating policies and procedures are also commonly part of the content of the manual.

## Specific requirements in industry

### Commercial diving

In South Africa a diving contractor is obliged in terms of Regulation 21 of the Diving Regulations 2009 to provide an operations manual and make it available on site to the dive team before a diving operation may commence. This manual must contain prescribed types of information relating to health and safety, as specified in the codes of practice relating to the planned diving operations. The Code of Practice for Inshore Diving requires the contractor to base the planning and implementation of diving operations on specific documents which include the operations manual.

The operations manual is considered an essential administrative risk control measure, and must be compiled by the contractor in consultation with representatives of the employees and the company's contracted diving medical practitioner. Members of the diving team are required to comply with the health and safety requirements imposed on them by the operations manual. Among other things that must be specified in the operations manual are the decompression tables or algorithms authorised for use by the dive teams, the quantities of breathing gas that must be available on site, based on the dive profile and equipment to be used, clear limits on the environmental hazards to which the divers may be exposed, and the actions required of each member of the dive team in the event of an emergency during operations.

Similar requirements may apply to commercial diving contractors in other jurisdictions. The IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving also requires the contractor to provide an operations manual for each diving system.

### Commercial airlines


title: Operations director

abstract: The role of operations director generally encompasses the oversight of operational aspects of company strategy with responsibilities to ensure operation information is supplied to the chief executive and the board of directors as well as external parties.

text:
# Operations director

The role of **operations director** generally encompasses the oversight of operational aspects of company strategy with responsibilities to ensure operation information is supplied to the chief executive and the board of directors as well as external parties.

## Description

The role of operations director can vary according to the size of a company, and at some companies many even encompass some or all the functions of a chief operating officer.

The Institute of Directors of the United Kingdom defines the role as overseeing "all operational aspects of company strategy" and "responsible for the flow of operations information to the chief executive, the board and, where necessary, external parties such as investors or financial institutions". The United Kingdom arm of recruitment agency Monster.com suggests a typical definition of the role is "Directs and coordinates the internal structure of an organisation based on company policies, goals, and objectives to ensure an efficient working environment and that deadlines are met consistently.".

### Footnotes

### Sources

* Institute of Directors (2 September 2019). "Factsheets – The role of the Operations Director". *Institute of Directors*. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
* Monster (2020). "Operations Director Job Description Sample". *Monster.com*. Retrieved 29 October 2020.


title: Inez Mabel Crawford

abstract: Inez Mabel Crawford was a prominent socialite in Ottawa, Kansas who moved to San Mateo, California, and worked for many years as the first city librarian and head librarian of the San Mateo City Library.

text:
# Inez Mabel Crawford

**Inez Mabel Crawford** (August 16, 1869  February 1938) was a prominent socialite in Ottawa, Kansas who moved to San Mateo, California, and worked for many years as the first city librarian and head librarian of the San Mateo City Library.

## Early life

Inez Mabel Crawford was born on August 16, 1869, in Ottawa, Kansas, the daughter of Levi Russell Crawford (1834–1897) and Inezette J. Kalloch (1847–1928). She had two brothers, Clarence and Ralph.

## Career

Before moving to California, Crawford was the first president of Ottawa Federation of Women's Clubs, and the first registrar of the General Edward Hand Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

She was the first city librarian and head librarian of the San Mateo City Library in San Mateo, California for 27 years from 1911 to 1937. As librarian, she reduced fines for late returns and adjusted her book acquisitions to the tastes of the community, including romances for the women of the community and adventure novels and mysteries for the men. Beyond her duties as librarian, she also worked towards the passage of a local bond issue that increased the size of the library by a factor of three.

She was a member of the American Library Association, California Library Association, California Book Plate Society, San Mateo Business and Professional Women's Club, and California Artists' Society. She was one of the local "notables" who founded the San Mateo Historical Society in 1935, using her library as its first meeting place. She served the California Library Association as president of its second district and became the chairman of the Art Section of the San Mateo Woman's Club.

## Personal life

She moved to California in 1908 and lived at 216 Monte Diablo Ave., San Mateo, California.

She died in February 1938 and is buried at Highland Cemetery, Ottawa, Kansas.


title: InecoBank

abstract: INECOBANK is one of the leading South Caucasus banks, headquartered in Yerevan, Armenia. The bank offers a full range of banking services, including digital banking services to individuals, SME and corporate clients. The bank was founded on February 7, 1996, licensed by CBA General banking license No. 85). Starting from 1998, the bank has been cooperating with over 30 international financial organizations, and has established nostro-correspondent relations with a number of leading international banks. The bank has two major shareholders - Avetis Baloyan and Karen Safaryan. In 2015, European Bank of Reconstruction and Development became a shareholder of Inecobank, acquiring 22.7% of shares and in 2018 agRIF cooperatief became a shareholder acquiring 10% of shares from IFC and DEG in a private transaction. In October 2019, Inecobank appointed Hayk Voskanyan as the company's Chief Executive Officer.

text:
# InecoBank

**INECOBANK** is one of the leading South Caucasus banks, headquartered in Yerevan, Armenia. The bank offers a full range of banking services, including digital banking services to individuals, SME and corporate clients. The bank was founded on February 7, 1996, licensed by CBA General banking license No. 85).

Starting from 1998, the bank has been cooperating with over 30 international financial organizations, and has established nostro-correspondent relations with a number of leading international banks.

The bank has two major shareholders - Avetis Baloyan (30% of shares) and Karen Safaryan (25.92% of shares). In 2015, European Bank of Reconstruction and Development became a shareholder of Inecobank, acquiring 22.7% of shares and in 2018 agRIF cooperatief became a shareholder acquiring 10% of shares from IFC and DEG in a private transaction.

In October 2019, Inecobank appointed Hayk Voskanyan as the company's Chief Executive Officer.

## History

The history of Inecobank dates back to 1996, when two Armenian businessmen, Avetis Baloyan and Karen Safaryan along with other Armenian partners founded the bank․ The total capital of the bank as of FY 2018 is more than USD 100mln.

The bank has delivered a number of digital banking solutions, some of which are presented below:

* In 2019 the bank introduced a new feature - "Transfer to Card", which enables InecoOnline and InecoMobile users to make account-to-card and card-to-card transfers to the cards issued by the banks partnering ArCa system.
* In 2018 the bank was the first in the banking system to launch InecoPay payment system enabling to make payments from smartphones.
* In 2017, the bank was the first to introduce a fully automated consumer lending solution through its mobile and online applications. As a result, the loans are provided 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
* In 2014 the bank launched InecoMobile, its Mobile banking application. Today, according to the official information provided by the bank, the application is one of the leading financial applications in the country, with over 150 000 active users.
* In 2012, with the introduction of InecoOnline, the bank was one of the first to provide 24/7 banking services to its customers.
* In 2009, the bank digitized and fully automated the “Point of Sale Loan” product, reducing the loan generation from 3 to 4 days to a few minutes.

## InfoBox

Inecobank CJSC
|
|  |
| Company type | CJSC |
| Industry | Banking, financial services |
| Founded | February 7, 1996 |
| Headquarters | Yerevan, Armenia |
| Number of locations | 26 branches (2017) |
| Key people | Hayk Voskanyan (CEO)
Avetis Baloyan (Founder) |
| Products | Credit cards
Consumer banking
Corporate banking
Digital banking |
| Net income | 7,024 mln AMD (2017)
5,157 mln AMD 2016 |
| Total assets |  |
| Total equity |  |
| Number of employees | 950 (2017 ) |
| Website | www.inecobank.am |


title: Infiniti LE

abstract:
The Infiniti LE is a concept car developed by the Infiniti division of Nissan Motors and was revealed to the public at the 2012 New York Auto Show. The LE names comes from Luxury first and Electric second.
An Infiniti spokesperson said the vehicle shown is a "production intent" concept and will be on the market in 2014. In May 2013 the company said that it was waiting for inductive charging industry standards before launching the vehicle. The Infiniti LE Concept is based on the Nissan Leaf platform. However the LE concept is powered by a 100 kW (134 hp), 325 N⋅m (240 ft⋅lb) electric motor, rather than the 80 kW (107 hp), 285 N⋅m (210 ft⋅lb) motor used in the Leaf. Like the Leaf, the LE will also utilize a 24 kWh or larger lithium-ion battery pack mounted below the passenger compartment. Driving range on a single charge is estimated to be about 160 km. The LE is aerodynamically clean with its high rear deck, aero-treated wheels, rear diffuser, front spoiler and side spoilers to give a drag coefficient of Cd=0.25. The LE would mark the brand's first front-wheel drive car since the 2004 Infiniti I35 if the car goes into production. A key feature of the LE is its inductive wireless charging. The vehicle can be charged by parking it over a charge point located in the floor, rather than plugging into an electrical outlet. However, the LE can also be charged through its CHAdeMO DC50kW quick charger. In June 2013, Infiniti CEO Johan de Nysschen said the Infiniti LE was on hold indefinitely as the Infiniti brand was attempting to triple sales by the 2017 fiscal year. In July 2013, Nissan's head of global planning Andy Palmer said the LE is "not significantly" on hold, but delayed "a little bit" so that Infiniti can incorporate some "interesting advances in electric technology" like new lithium-ion battery technology that will increase range and lower the price. In July 2014, the LE was reported as in development again. Patents for a more production-ready design for the LE were also found later that year. However, in October 2015, the company again reversed their strategy saying it will not have such a car in its line up until 2020, at the earliest.

text:
# Infiniti LE

The **Infiniti LE** is a concept car developed by the Infiniti division of Nissan Motors and was revealed to the public at the 2012 New York Auto Show. The LE names comes from **L**uxury first and **E**lectric second. An Infiniti spokesperson said the vehicle shown is a "production intent" concept and will be on the market in 2014. In May 2013 the company said that it was waiting for inductive charging industry standards before launching the vehicle.

The Infiniti LE Concept is based on the Nissan Leaf platform. However the LE concept is powered by a 100 kW (134 hp), 325 N⋅m (240 ft⋅lb) electric motor, rather than the 80 kW (107 hp), 285 N⋅m (210 ft⋅lb) motor used in the Leaf. Like the Leaf, the LE will also utilize a 24 kWh or larger lithium-ion battery pack mounted below the passenger compartment. Driving range on a single charge is estimated to be about 160 km (100 miles). The LE is aerodynamically clean with its high rear deck, aero-treated wheels, rear diffuser, front spoiler and side spoilers to give a drag coefficient of *C**d*=0.25. The LE would mark the brand's first front-wheel drive car since the 2004 Infiniti I35 if the car goes into production.

A key feature of the LE is its inductive wireless charging. The vehicle can be charged by parking it over a charge point located in the floor, rather than plugging into an electrical outlet. However, the LE can also be charged through its CHAdeMO DC50kW quick charger.

In June 2013, Infiniti CEO Johan de Nysschen said the Infiniti LE was on hold indefinitely as the Infiniti brand was attempting to triple sales by the 2017 fiscal year.

In July 2013, Nissan's head of global planning Andy Palmer said the LE is "not significantly" on hold, but delayed "a little bit" so that Infiniti can incorporate some "interesting advances in electric technology" like new lithium-ion battery technology that will increase range and lower the price.

In July 2014, the LE was reported as in development again. Patents for a more production-ready design for the LE were also found later that year. However, in October 2015, the company again reversed their strategy saying it will not have such a car in its line up until 2020, at the earliest.

## InfoBox

| Infiniti LE | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Nissan |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Mid-size luxury car |
| Body style | 4-door sedan |
| Layout | FF layout |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,700 mm (106.3 in) |
| Length | 4,735 mm (186.4 in) |
| Width | 1,806 mm (71.1 in) |
| Height | 1,486 mm (58.5 in) |


title: Infiniti Performance Line

abstract: The Infiniti Performance Line (IPL), Red Sport and Infiniti S marques represent the high-performance divisions of cars produced by Infiniti. In July 2010 Infiniti released its new performance division, Infiniti Performance Line (IPL). The debut IPL offering is the G37 Coupe for 2011 model year, and later the G37 Convertible.

text:
# Infiniti Performance Line

The **Infiniti Performance Line (IPL)**, **Red Sport** and **Infiniti S** marques represent the high-performance divisions of cars produced by Infiniti. In July 2010 Infiniti released its new performance division, Infiniti Performance Line (IPL). The debut IPL offering is the G37 Coupe for 2011 model year, and later the G37 Convertible.

## Infiniti Performance Line

The Infiniti G37 (later branded as the Infiniti Q60) were offered as IPL models. The IPL models featured a retuned engine producing 348 hp (260 kW) (353 PS) and 276 lb-ft (374 NM) of torque. Performance improvements included a redesigned exhaust system, sportier suspension tuning, as well as a more direct steering feel. Design changes were made to the exterior including more aggressive front/rear bumpers and sideskirts, sportier 19 inch alloy wheels, and larger exhaust tips. Inside, the G37 IPL has red Monaco leather seats. The IPL G37 Coupe and Convertible are only available in 3 colors; Graphite Shadow gray metallic, Moonlight white (QAA) and Malbec Black. Like the regular models, the G37 IPL was also renamed Q60 IPL beginning 2014 model year.

## Infiniti S, Red Sport

Infiniti offers an "S" and "Red Sport" variant on many of their vehicles, which includes sportier styling on both the exterior and interior, more horsepower, and a firmer suspension.

## InfoBox

Infiniti S, IPL, Red Sport
|
|  |
| Company type | Marque |
| Industry | Automotive industry |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Products | * Performance engines and cars * Automotive sports accessories |
| Services | Research and development |
| Owner | Nissan |
| Parent | Infiniti |


title: Indiana HB 1608

abstract: Indiana HB 1608 is a bill that prohibits any person, entity, or vendor working in an official school capacity from providing instruction on human sexuality for grades K through 3. The bill was passed 65–29 by the Indiana House on February 23, 2023. It was referred to the Indiana Senate on the following day and passed on April 10, 2023. It was signed into law by Governor Eric Holcomb on May 4, 2023, and became Public Law 248. It goes into effect on July 1, 2023. After it was signed, the American Civil Liberties Union and Indiana-based LGBT groups decried the bill as part of the "Slate of Hate" along with such bills as SB 480, HB 1041, and HB 1447, all of which have since become laws.

text:
# Indiana HB 1608

**Indiana HB 1608** (also called the "Education Matters Bill") is a bill that prohibits any person, entity, or vendor working in an official school capacity from providing instruction on human sexuality for grades K through 3. The bill was passed 65–29 by the Indiana House on February 23, 2023. It was referred to the Indiana Senate on the following day and passed on April 10, 2023. It was signed into law by Governor Eric Holcomb on May 4, 2023, and became Public Law 248. It goes into effect on July 1, 2023. After it was signed, the American Civil Liberties Union and Indiana-based LGBT groups decried the bill as part of the "Slate of Hate" along with such bills as SB 480, HB 1041, and HB 1447, all of which have since become laws.

## Bill contents

HB 1608 stipulates that no school, school employee, or third-party vendor may teach content dealing with human sexuality to students in pre-kindergarten through 3rd grade. It does not prohibit teachers and other school employees from responding to students' direct questions on the subject. The bill also requires schools to notify parents or guardians in writing when their child requests changes to their name, title, pronoun, or other identifying terms if the student is not an emancipated minor.

## Legislative history

HB 1608 is based in part on Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act (HB 1557), sometimes referred to as the "Don't Say Gay" law. The Indiana bill was authored by Republican Representative Michelle Davis and co-authored by Representatives Jake Teshka, Chris Jeter, and Robert Heaton. It was sponsored in the other chamber by Senators Stacey Donato, Gary Byrne, and Jeff Raatz. HB 1608 was referred to the Indiana Senate on February 24, 2023. There, twelve major amendments were voted on, one of which (Amendment 12) passed.

HB 1608 was signed on April 28, 2023, by Lieutenant Governor and Senate President Suzanne Crouch and President pro tempore Rodric Bray. It was signed on May 1, 2023, by Todd Huston, Speaker of the Indiana House and by Governor Eric Holcomb 3 days later.

## Controversy

The American Civil Liberties Union of Indiana officially opposed the bill and continues to oppose it as a law. "This bill would also force teachers to out students who request to be referred to by a different name or pronoun, by sending a note home to parents. These types of forced outing bills expose youth to the threat of additional violence at school and at home." Among other organizations that oppose the law is Indiana Youth Group. The law also has outspoken proponents in the State Senate, House, and Governor's Office, all of whom cite parental rights as the law's chief rationale. Representative Davis released a statement saying, "Parents should not be cut out of the decision-making, and schools should not shield a parent from knowledge about their child."

## InfoBox

| Indiana HB 1608 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Indiana State Legislature | |
| Full name | Education Matters Bill |
| Introduced | January 19, 2023 |
| Sponsor(s) | Stacey Donato, Jeff Raatz, Gary Byrne |
| Governor | Eric Holcomb |
| Bill | HB 1608 |
| Website | http://iga.in.gov/legislative/2023/bills/house/1608 |
| Status: Current legislation | |


title: Inishgort

abstract: Inishgort is an island in Clew Bay, County Mayo. Inishgort is home to Inishgort lighthouse, originally opened in 1806.

text:
# Inishgort

**Inishgort** (*Gaeilge: Inis Goirt*) is an island in Clew Bay, County Mayo. Inishgort is home to Inishgort lighthouse, originally opened in 1806.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1841 32       1851 20 −37.5%  1861 30 +50.0%  1871 35 +16.7%  1881 23 −34.3%  1891 12 −47.8%  1901 9 −25.0%  1911 7 −22.2% | Year Pop. ±%  1926 0 −100.0%  1936 12       1946 12 +0.0%  1951 9 −25.0%  1956 7 −22.2%  1961 6 −14.3%  1966 6 +0.0%  1971 8 +33.3% | Year Pop. ±%  1979 3 −62.5%  1981 3 +0.0%  1986 3 +0.0%  1991 2 −33.3%  1996 2 +0.0%  2002 1 −50.0%  2006 1 +0.0% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Central Statistics Office. "CNA17: Population by Off Shore Island, Sex and Year". *CSO.ie*. Retrieved 12 October 2016. | | |

53°35′50″N 10°15′47″W / 53.59722°N 10.26306°W / 53.59722; -10.26306