title: Nel Minchin

abstract: Nel Minchin is an Australian documentary film director.

text:
# Nel Minchin

**Nel Minchin** (born 1984 or 1985) is an Australian documentary film director.

## Early life and education

Nel Minchin is the daughter of Ros and David Ellison Minchin. Her father and grandfather were both surgeons in Perth. She was raised in suburban Perth, the youngest of four siblings, Dan, Tim and Katie. She graduated from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts with a degree in broadcasting and then moved to London.

## Career

Minchin worked in television for 10 years, including as a researcher for Julia Zemiro’s *Home Delivery* series, before working for production company In Films. In 2014, she was involved in producing ABC documentary *Gaycrashers* about gay comedians Joel Creasey and Rhys Nicholson living in Colac for a week.

In 2016, Minchin wrote, narrated, and co-directed (with Rhian Skirving) *Matilda and Me* about her brother Tim Minchin's career and *Matilda the Musical* being staged in Australia. She said, "I think it was important not to be too objective in some ways, particularly about him ... You have to be objective about the telling of the story.” The film was nominated for Best Documentary Television Program at the 2016 AACTA Awards.

In 2017, Minchin directed *Making Muriel* about the making of the film *Muriel's Wedding*. In April 2020, she was asked to look at 20 hours of candid footage of cricketer Steve Waugh in India to "see if there was a film in it". Minchin and editor Peter Crombie interviewed other Australian and Indian cricketers remotely during COVID-19 lockdowns. The one hour film *Capturing Cricket: Steve Waugh in India* aired on the ABC in November that year.

In 2019, Minchin and Wayne Blair co-directed *Firestarter: The Story of Bangarra* about the origins of the Bangarra Dance Company and its director Stephen Page and his brothers. It was released theatrically through Icon Films and then aired on the ABC. It received very positive reviews, with *The Guardian*'s Luke Buckmaster calling it "an exquisite new documentary directed with a fittingly rhythmic sense of motion and movement" by Blair and Minchin. *Firestarter* won the Adelaide Film Festival's documentary competition and inaugural "Change Award", which recognises "a film that celebrates social and environmental impact, while expressing a desire to live in new ways." It won the 2020 AACTA Award for Best Documentary, the 2021 Rose d'Or international award for best arts program, and the 2021 Walkley Documentary Award. Minchin and Blair won the 2021 Australian Directors' Guild Awards Best Direction in a Feature Documentary.

In 2021, Minchin wrote and directed the SBS special *The Truth About Anxiety with Celia Pacquola*, with comedian Pacquola interviewing other well-known people who experience anxiety disorders, as well as medical experts.

Minchin directed a two-part series called *Folau* about the cultural impact and tension of rugby player Israel Folau's Christian faith in sport in relation with the LGBTQ+ community. She said "It was about understanding where people come from, I don’t think it suggests we should sympathise \[with Folau\] as much as understand." The film was set to air on the ABC in November 2022, but was pulled by the broadcaster a few days beforehand. It was finally shown on the ABC in May 2023.

## Personal life

Minchin is married to Guy Patrick, an advertising art director. They have two daughters and live in Sydney.


title: The Humber Ferryman's case

abstract: Bukton v Tounesende or The Humber Ferryman's case (1348) B&M 358 is an English contract law case.

text:
# The Humber Ferryman's case

***Bukton v Tounesende*** or ***The Humber Ferryman's case*** (1348) B&M 358 is an English contract law case.

## Facts

Nicholas Tounesende of Helle undertook to ferry John Bukton's horse across the Humber estuary. Tounesende overloaded the boat with horses and Bukton’s horse fell overboard. Bukton sued in tort, for trespass. There was no sealed document, and under previous law it had been required to sue for breach of a covenant. So Tounesende argued that the action should be brought in covenant. The King's Bench had travelled away from Westminster and had arrived in York.

## Judgment

The King's Bench held the action could rightly be brought in tort. The claim was against the killing of the horse, and not merely the failure to transport it. Accordingly no documentary proof of a covenant was needed.

*

## InfoBox

| The Humber Ferryman's case | |
| --- | --- |
| The Humber estuary | |
| Court | Court of King's Bench |
| Keywords | |
| Contract, remedies | |


title: Wesel Railway Bridge

abstract: The Wesel Railway Bridge was a bridge on the Haltern–Venlo railway, built as part of the Hamburg–Venlo railway by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company, and opened on 1 March 1874. The 1,950-metre (6,400 ft) long railway bridge at Wesel was the last Rhine bridge remaining in German hands during World War II.

text:
# Wesel Railway Bridge

The **Wesel Railway Bridge** was a bridge on the Haltern–Venlo railway, built as part of the Hamburg–Venlo railway by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company, and opened on 1 March 1874. The 1,950-metre (6,400 ft) long railway bridge at Wesel was the last Rhine bridge remaining in German hands during World War II.

## World War II

### Destruction and capture

From 16 to 19 February 1945 the city of Wesel, Germany, was heavily bombed in Allied air raids, and more than 95 percent destroyed.

On 10 March 1945 the Rhine and Lippe bridges, among others, were blown up by the Wehrmacht in compliance with Hitler's scorched earth policy that became known as the Nero Decree.

Operation Plunder, tasked with establishing Rhine-crossings at Rees in the north, Xanten in the center, and Wesel in the south, started on 23 March, with four thousand Allied guns firing for four hours during the opening bombardment. The town of Wesel was subsequently taken quickly during the night with only 36 casualties. Field-Marshal Montgomery said of the bombing: "The bombing of Wesel was a masterpiece, and was a decisive factor in making possible our entry into the town before midnight."

### Bridge reconstruction

A large force under Col. James B. Cress was organized for the reconstruction of the bridge, which included the 355th Engineer General Services Regiment commanded by Col. Thomas A. Adcock, elements of the 341st and 1317th Engineer General Services Regiments, with support from the 371st Engineer Construction Battalion, 1056th Port Construction and Repair Group, a dump truck company and an engineer maintenance company. The 371st Engineer Construction Battalion moved by a convoy code named "Boobie Trap" on 29 March 1945, from Geldern to Menzelen, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of Alpen, Germany, preparing to move northeast towards Wesel and the Rhine River rail bridge.

The Ninth and British 2nd were pushing east at a fast pace, so the engineering companies began working 12-hour shifts of 10 days on, 2 off, on the Rhine River Bridge project. The bridge was a high-level type, approximately 23 metres (75 ft) above high water, and of steel construction to support heavy transport trains.

The river depth, between 6 and 11 metres (20 and 36 ft), and 11 km/h (6.8 mph) current made falling into the water a dangerous proposition. Airplanes provided protection along with anti-aircraft gun emplacements and lights on the ground. The Germans were unable to pinpoint the location of the bridge construction project.

On 4 April 1945 the pilings were braced and capped. The 23-metre (75 ft) towers were completed. Steel spans, ties, and track were lowered into place.

### Completion

On 8 April the Rhine River Bridge at Wesel was completed. It was tested by running a train across it that night, and the bridge passed. The following morning, 50 car supply trains began crossing the bridge, keeping to a 8 km/h (5.0 mph) speed limit and traveling one at a time to avoid unnecessary vibration. The Wesel Bridge was the first fixed bridge built by any army engineer to span the Rhine since the days of Caesar, according to military references, and was the first fixed bridge to span the Rhine River with highway bridges included. The "Victory Bridge" constructed by the 332nd Engineer G. S. Regiment wasn't completed until a month later, on 8 May 1945. The railroad bridge at Wesel was named the Robert A. Gouldin Bridge in honor of Major Gouldin of the 355th Engineer G.S. Regiment who lost his life during the construction of the bridge.

Between 8 and 10 April 1945, the 3rd platoon improved the western approach to the bridge, to speed the huge volume of heavy railroad traffic using the single track approach. Other units were tasked with clearing minefields for the landing of aircraft and laying of gas pipelines. One detail was erecting a prefabricated water tower and tank for the Railroad at Büderich Station.

51°39′21″N 6°35′40″E / 51.6559°N 6.5944°E / 51.6559; 6.5944


title: Religious and Famous

abstract: "Religious and Famous" is a song by Christian rock band 7eventh Time Down from their second album, Just Say Jesus. It was released in 2014 as the album's third single.

text:
# Religious and Famous

"**Religious and Famous**" is a song by Christian rock band 7eventh Time Down from their second album, *Just Say Jesus*. It was released in 2014 as the album's third single.

## Charts

| Chart (2014) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Christian Rock | 11 |

## InfoBox

| "Religious and Famous" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by 7eventh Time Down | |
| from the album  *Just Say Jesus* | |
| Released | 2014 |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Genre | Christian rock, punk rock, post-grunge, alternative metal |
| Length | 3:19 |
| Label | BEC, Tooth & Nail |
| Songwriter(s) | Mikey Howard, Eric Vanzant, Cliff Williams, Austin Miller |
| 7eventh Time Down singles chronology | |
| "'Wait for You'"
(2013) "**Religious and Famous**"
(2014) "'The One I'm Running To'"
(2014) | |


title: Poncri Auxiliary Aerodrome

abstract: Poncri Auxiliary Aerodrome is a former airport in Panama. During World War II the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces Sixth Air Force as an auxiliary of Howard Field as part of the defense of the Panama Canal. Known as Pocri Airfield, the XXVI Fighter Command 28th Fighter Squadron flew P-39 Airacobras from the airfield from 22 February – 2 August 1944. The airfield has been overbuilt with housing.

text:
# Poncri Auxiliary Aerodrome

**Poncri Auxiliary Aerodrome** is a former airport in Panama.

During World War II the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces Sixth Air Force as an auxiliary of Howard Field as part of the defense of the Panama Canal. Known as **Pocri Airfield**, the XXVI Fighter Command 28th Fighter Squadron flew P-39 Airacobras from the airfield from 22 February – 2 August 1944.

The airfield has been overbuilt with housing.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
* Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) \[1969\]. *Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II* (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.

## InfoBox

| Poncri Auxiliary Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Location | Panama |
| Coordinates | 08°13′39″N 080°33′47″W / 8.22750°N 80.56306°W / 8.22750; -80.56306 |
| Map | |
| Poncri Auxiliary AerodromeLocation in Panama | |


title: Herimosa albovenata

abstract: Herimosa albovenata, the white-veined skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Australia in inland New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia. The wingspan is about 30 mm (1.2 in). The larvae feed on Austrostipa scabra, Austrostipa semibarbata, Austrostipa falcata and Austrostipa eremophila.

text:
# Herimosa albovenata

***Herimosa albovenata***, the **white-veined skipper**, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Australia in inland New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia.

The wingspan is about 30 mm (1.2 in).

The larvae feed on *Austrostipa scabra*, *Austrostipa semibarbata*, *Austrostipa falcata* and *Austrostipa eremophila*.

## Subspecies

* *Herimosa albovenata albovenata*
* *Herimosa albovenata fuscata*
* *Herimosa albovenata weemala*

## InfoBox

| *Herimosa albovenata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Herimosa* |
| Species: | ***H. albovenata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Herimosa albovenata***<br>Waterhouse, 1940 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Anisynta albovenata* * *Anisynta weemala* * *Anisynta fuscata* | |


title: Multiplepoinding

abstract: In Scots law, multiplepoinding, was a form of action by which conflicting claims to the same fund or property are determined. The action is brought either by the holder or by a claimant in his name. All who have any claims in the fund or property in question are ordered to appear and give in their claims; the court then prefers them according to their respective rights, and the holder of the fund or property in dispute on payment or delivery is absolved from any further claim in regard to it. It corresponds to the process of interpleader in English law. The property or money held by the pursuer in such an action is called the fund 'in medio', because it is, or may be, subject to the claims of all the claimants, and as yet belongs to none of them. It is thus common to them all, and forms the centre or substance of the litigation. Multiplepoinding literally means double diligence. Poinding is in Scots law a diligence whereby a debtor's property is carried directly to a creditor. Poinding was abolished by the Abolition of Poindings and Warrant Sales Act 2001. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Multiplepoinding". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 966a.

text:
# Multiplepoinding

In Scots law, **multiplepoinding**, (pronounced as if spelled multiple·**pinnding**) was a form of action by which conflicting claims to the same fund or property are determined.

The action is brought either by the holder or by a claimant in his name. All who have any claims in the fund or property in question are ordered to appear and give in their claims; the court then prefers them according to their respective rights, and the holder of the fund or property in dispute on payment or delivery is absolved from any further claim in regard to it. It corresponds to the process of interpleader in English law.

The property or money held by the pursuer in such an action is called the fund 'in medio', because it is, or may be, subject to the claims of all the claimants, and as yet belongs to none of them. It is thus common to them all, and forms the centre or substance of the litigation. (See Trayner's Latin Maxims, under "In Medio")

Multiplepoinding literally means double diligence. Poinding is in Scots law a diligence whereby a debtor's property is carried directly to a creditor. Poinding was abolished by the Abolition of Poindings and Warrant Sales Act 2001.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Multiplepoinding". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 966a.


title: Meng Zhaozhen

abstract: Meng Zhaozhen was a Chinese landscape architect who was a professor at Beijing Forestry University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

text:
# Meng Zhaozhen

**Meng Zhaozhen** (Chinese: 孟兆祯; 13 September 1932 – 15 July 2022) was a Chinese landscape architect who was a professor at Beijing Forestry University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

## Biography

Meng was born in Wuhan, Hubei, on 13 September 1932. After graduating from Nankai High School in 1952, he was admitted to Beijing Agricultural University (now China Agricultural University), where he majored in landscape architecture. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in February 1956. After graduation, he stayed and taught at the university. After university department adjustment, he moved to Beijing Forestry University, where he successively served as an assistant, lecturer, associate professor, and professor.

On 15 July 2022, he died from an illness in Beijing, at the age of 89.

## Contributions

His works include Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Sugen Garden of Beijing Botanical Garden and the rockery of Olympic Forest Park.

## Publications

* 园衍 \[*Garden*\] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press. 2012. ISBN 9787112147021.

## Honours and awards

## InfoBox

| Meng Zhaozhen | |
| --- | --- |
| 孟兆祯 | |
| Born | (1932-09-13)13 September 1932
Wuhan, Hubei, China |
| Died | 15 July 2022(2022-07-15) (aged 89)
Beijing, China |
| Alma mater | China Agricultural University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Landscape design |
| Institutions | Beijing Forestry University |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Mèng Zhàozhēn | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ja slit-faced bat

abstract: The Ja slit-faced bat is a species of slit-faced bat that lives in the tropical and subtropical forests of Africa. Its habitat is fragmented and declining, and the species is therefore very rare. Logging and farming are currently the greatest threats to its habitat. The two known subspecies are N. m. avakubia and N. m. major.

text:
# Ja slit-faced bat

The **Ja slit-faced bat** (***Nycteris major***) is a species of slit-faced bat that lives in the tropical and subtropical forests of Africa. Its habitat is fragmented and declining, and the species is therefore very rare. Logging and farming are currently the greatest threats to its habitat. The two known subspecies are *N. m. avakubia* and *N. m. major*.

## InfoBox

| Ja slit-faced bat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Nycteridae |
| Genus: | *Nycteris* |
| Species: | ***N. major*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nycteris major***
K. Andersen, (1912) | |
|


title: Mongolia at the 2008 Summer Olympics

text:
# Mongolia at the 2008 Summer Olympics

Mongolia competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, China, from August 8 to August 24, 2008. 29 athletes represented the country and competed in seven events. The Beijing Olympics has been Mongolia's most successful games ever, winning two gold and two silver medals, exceeding the 1980 Moscow Olympics where the nation won two silver and two bronze medals.

## Medalists

Judoka Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar became the first Mongolian ever to win an Olympic gold medal. Otryadin Gündegmaa won Mongolia's first silver since the 1980 Moscow Games. Pürevdorjiin Serdamba won Mongolia's first silver medal in boxing. He was followed by Enkhbatyn Badar-Uugan, who won Mongolia's first gold medal in boxing, and second gold medal overall.

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar | Judo | Men's 100 kg |
| Gold | Enkhbatyn Badar-Uugan | Boxing | Bantamweight |
| Silver | Otryadyn Gündegmaa | Shooting | Women's 25 m pistol |
| Silver | Pürevdorjiin Serdamba | Boxing | Light flyweight |
|

## Athletics

Key * **Note**–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **NR** = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men

| Athlete | Event | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank |
| Bat-Ochir Ser-Od | Marathon | 2:24:19 | 52 |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Batgereliin Möngöntuyaa | 400 m | 58.14 | 8 | Did not advance | | | |

## Boxing

Mongolia qualified four boxers for the Olympic boxing tournament. Badar-Uugan was the first to qualify, doing so at the 2007 World Championships. All three of the others qualified at the second Asian continental qualifying tournament.

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| **Pürevdorjiin Serdamba** | Light flyweight | Serugo (UGA)
**W** 9–5 | Yáñez (USA)
**W** 8–7 | Ruenroeng (THA)
**W** 5–2 | Hernández (CUB)
**W** 8+–8 | Zou (CHN)
**L** RET |  |
| **Enkhbatyn Badar-Uugan** | Bantamweight | Valdez (MEX)
**W** 15–4 | Nevin (IRL)
**W** 9–2 | Ikgopoleng (BOT)
**W** 15–2 | Gojan (MDA)
**W** 15–2 | León (CUB)
**W** 16–5 |  |
| Zorigtbaataryn Enkhzorig | Featherweight | Ouatine (MAR)
**W** 10–1 | Torriente (CUB)
**L** 9–10 | Did not advance | | | |
| Uranchimegiin Mönkh-Erdene | Light welterweight | Bwalya (ZAM)
**W** 12–8 | Georgiev (BUL)
**W** 10–3 | Vastine (FRA)
**L** 4–12 | Did not advance | | |

## Judo

Mongolia received 10 qualifications for Judo at the Asian Championships, and qualified them by test matches.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Preliminary | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Repechage 3 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Khashbaataryn Tsagaanbaatar | −60 kg | Bye | Yekutiel (ISR)
**L** 0000–0001 | Did not advance | | | | | | | |
| Gantömöriin Dashdavaa | −73 kg |  | Reser (USA)
**W** 0111–0100 | Wilkomirski (POL)
**W** 0012–0010 | Maloumat (IRI)
**L** 0010–1100 | Did not advance | Bye | Kanamaru (JPN)
**L** 0000–0100 | Did not advance | | |
| Damdinsürengiin Nyamkhüü | −81 kg | Bye | Elmont (NED)
**L** 0000–0001 | Did not advance | | | Maddaloni (ITA)
**W** 1000–0000 | Mrvaljević (MNE)
**W** 1002–0000 | Krawczyk (POL)
**W** 1010–0001 | Gontiuk (UKR)
**L** 0100–0110 | 5 |
| **Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar** | −100 kg |  | Suzuki (JPN)
**W** 1000–0000 | Behrla (GER)
**W** 0021–0001 | Jang (KOR)
**W** 0011–0010 | Miraliyev (AZE)
**W** 0010–0000 | Bye | | | Zhitkeyev (KAZ)
**W** 0120–0010 |  |
| Makhgalyn Bayarjavkhlan | +100 kg | Bye | Wojnarowicz (POL)
**L** 0000–1000 | Did not advance | | | | | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Repechage 3 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Mönkhbaataryn Bundmaa | −52 kg | Carrascosa (ESP)
**L** 0000–0100 | Did not advance | | | | | | | |
| Khishigbatyn Erdenet-Od | −57 kg | Bye | Quintavalle (ITA)
**L** 0001–1010 | Did not advance | | Bönisch (GER)
**L** 0001–0110 | Did not advance | | | |
| Tümen-Odyn Battögs | −63 kg | Bye | von Harnier (GER)
**L** 0000–1001 | Did not advance | | | | | | |
| Pürevjargalyn Lkhamdegd | −78 kg | Bye | Yang Xl (CHN)
**L** 0000–1021 | Did not advance | | Proskurakova (KGZ)
**W** 0230–0000 | Levesque (CAN)
**W** 0110–0101 | Silva (BRA)
**L** 0010–1131 | Did not advance | |
| Dorjgotovyn Tserenkhand | +78 kg | Bye | Ulienhoed (NED)
**W** 0010–0001 | Polavder (SLO)
**L** 0000–1100 | Did not advance | Bye | Issanova (KAZ)
**W** 1000–0000 | Mondière (FRA)
**W** 1000–0000 | Ortiz (CUB)
**L** 0000–1000 | 5 |

## Shooting

Women

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Zorigtyn Batkhuyag | 10 m air rifle | 394 | 22 | Did not advance | |
| | 50 m rifle 3 positions | 570 | 33 | Did not advance | |
| **Otryadyn Gündegmaa** | 10 m air pistol | 382 | 12 | Did not advance | |
| | 25 m pistol | 590 | 1 **Q** | 792.2 |  |
| Tsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzul | 10 m air pistol | 387 | 3 **Q** | 479.6 | 8 |
| | 25 m pistol | 581 | 12 | Did not advance | |

## Swimming

Mongolia selected two athletes by granting wild card entries.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Boldbaataryn Bütekh-Üils | 100 m breaststroke | 1:10.80 | 60 | Did not advance | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Dashtserengiin Saintsetseg | 50 m freestyle | 29.63 | 67 | Did not advance | | | |

## Weightlifting

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | | Clean & Jerk | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | | |
| Namkhaidorjiin Bayarmaa | Women's −63 kg | 90 | 12 | 123 | 7 | 213 | 10 |

## Wrestling

**Key**:

* VT \- Victory by Fall.
* PP \- Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.
* PO \- Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.
Men's freestyle

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Bayaraagiin Naranbaatar | −55 kg | Bye | Kudukhov (RUS)
**L** 0–3 PO | Did not advance | | | | | 16 |
| Buyanjavyn Batzorig | −66 kg | Barnes (RSA)
**W** 3–1 PP | Farniev (RUS)
**L** 1–3 PP | Did not advance | | | | | 8 |
| Chagnaadorjiin Ganzorig | −84 kg | Temrezov (AZE)
**L** 1–3 PP | Did not advance | | | | | | 17 |

Women's freestyle

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Tsogtbazaryn Enkhjargal | −48 kg | Bye | Merleni (UKR)
**L** 0–5 VT | Did not advance | | | | | 16 |
| Naidangiin Otgonjargal | −55 kg |  | Verbeek (CAN)
**L** 1–3 PP | Did not advance | | | | | 16 |
| Badrakhyn Odonchimeg | −63 kg | Bye | Xu Hy (CHN)
**L** 1–3 PP | Did not advance | | | | | 10 |

## Other Mongolians

| Athlete | Representing | Event | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Munkhbayar Dorjsuren | Germany | 25 metre pistol | Bronze |

* Olympic.mn Mongolian National Olympic Committee (in Mongolian)
* Olympic.mn Mongolian Olympic Team (in Mongolian)
* Olympic.mn Olympic Timetable for Mongolian athletes (in Mongolian)

## InfoBox

| Mongolia at the
2008 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | MGL |
| NOC | Mongolian National Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.olympic.mn (in Mongolian) |
| in Beijing | |
| Competitors | **29** in **7** sports |
| Flag bearers | Makhgalyn Bayarjavkhlan (opening)
Enkhbatyn Badar-Uugan (closing) |
| Medals
Ranked 31st | Gold 2 Silver 2 Bronze 0 Total 4 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Nel Law

abstract: Nelle "Nel" Isabel Law (1914–1990) was an Australian artist, poet and diarist. As the wife of the scientist and explorer Phillip Law, she was the first Australian woman to set foot in Antarctica on 8 February 1961 when she travelled with her husband to the Mawson Station.

text:
# Nel Law

**Nelle "Nel" Isabel Law** (1914–1990) was an Australian artist, poet and diarist. As the wife of the scientist and explorer Phillip Law, she was the first Australian woman to set foot in Antarctica on 8 February 1961 when she travelled with her husband to the Mawson Station.

## Biography

Law met her husband at Melbourne University. They were married for over 40 years but decided not to have children due to a congenital heart condition. When Phil Law decided to take her to Antarctica, he had her smuggled onto the ship in Perth. There were heated discussions before the ship set off but it was finally decided that if Nel Law was escorted off the ship, it would create too much negative publicity. In fact, quite the opposite occurred when she remained on board as this led to fantastic publicity for Phil and ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions).

Law, a talented artist, produced a number of oils, water colours and sketches while she was at the base. She had been appointed to make graphic records by ANARE. She had accompanied her husband on the *Magga Dan*. Her work developed from somewhat Expressionistic landscapes to far more abstract works, even when she was painting penguins. In 2005–06, a collection of her drawings was presented by the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery who also hold some of her paintings in their permanent collection. In 1965, Law founded the Antarctic Wives Association of Australia, later known as the Antarctic Family and Friends Association. She was the association's first president and later patron. Now part of the ANARE Club, the association was intended to provide a social link and support for the wives of expeditioners.

The University of Melbourne holds a large collection of Law's works which include correspondence, news clippings, poems, sketches and diaries. Her diaries contain drafts of her *Breaking New Ice: Australia's First Woman To Visit Antarctica* which had been prepared for publication.

The Danish-built icebreaker MV *Nella Dan* which served Australia's Antarctic programme was named in her honour.

Nel Law died in June 1990. Her ashes, together with those of her husband Phillip, were interred near the Mawson Station, Antarctica, on 19 June 2011.


title: The Hunted (novel)

abstract: The Hunted is a 1977 crime novel written by Elmore Leonard.

text:
# The Hunted (novel)

***The Hunted*** is a 1977 crime novel written by Elmore Leonard.

## Plot summary

Al Rosen stuck his neck out to help the Detroit government put some goons in prison, only it didn't go according to plan. He is living in Israel off the checks sent his way by the company he helped found. The checks are brought to him by the untrusty sleazy lawyer Mel Bandy. Rosen spends his days hanging out in hotel lobbies, getting sun, and just simply staying out of sight. But one fateful night there's a hotel fire that draws the attention of the media and Rosen gets photographed and wound up getting his face in the Detroit Free Press. Now Rosen's enemies know where he is and they immediately descend on the Holy Land for the purpose of killing him. Sgt. David Davis is about to finish his tour with the marines. The big problem is that he has no idea what to do with himself once he is out. Now Rosen is on the run in Israel with three killers and a sleazy lawyer on his tail and a U.S. Marine for company. Can this Vietnam vet U.S. Marine keep Rosen safe.....

## Characters in *The Hunted*

* Al Rosen  businessman in the witness protection program
* Tali Rose  assistant to Rosen
* Edie Broder  Rosen's girlfriend
* Sgt. David Davis  U.S. marine
* Mel Bandy  sleazy lawyer
* Gene Valenzuela  Detroit city mobsters leader
* Clarence Rashad  Detroit city mobster
* Teddy Cass  Detroit city mobsters explosive expert

## InfoBox

The Hunted
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Elmore Leonard |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Crime/Contemporary |
| Publisher | Dell |
| Publication date | 1977 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Hard cover |
| Pages | 251 |
| ISBN | 0440134250 |


title: Hans Stürm

abstract: Hans Stürm (1874–1933) was a German actor, screenwriter and playwright. He worked with the director Richard Eichberg on a number of films either in acting of scripting roles. His stage play The Unfaithful Eckehart was turned into films in 1931 and 1940.

text:
# Hans Stürm

**Hans Stürm** (1874–1933) was a German actor, screenwriter and playwright. He worked with the director Richard Eichberg on a number of films either in acting of scripting roles. His stage play *The Unfaithful Eckehart* was turned into films in 1931 and 1940.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Ann C. Paietta. *Saints, Clergy and Other Religious Figures on Film and Television, 1895–2003*. McFarland, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Hans Stürm | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Hans Sturm
(1874-01-21)21 January 1874
Dresden, German Empire |
| Died | 17 January 1933(1933-01-17) (aged 58)
Berlin, Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, writer |
| Years active | 1918–1931 (film ) |


title: Renu Khanna Chopra

abstract: Professor Renu Khanna-Chopra is an Indian scientist. She is Principal Scientist & ICAR National Fellow Stress Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory Water Technology Centre Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi.

text:
# Renu Khanna Chopra

**Professor Renu Khanna-Chopra** is an Indian scientist. She is Principal Scientist & ICAR National Fellow Stress Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory Water Technology Centre Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi.

## Biography

She was born in Delhi, India on 24 September 1949.

## Education

She was educated at Lady Irwin School, Delhi and Kamla Raja Girls College, Gwalior. She did B.Sc., M.Sc. Ph.D. from Indian Agricultural Research Institute. She is Emeritus Scientist, Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. She was Homi Bhabha Fellow, INSA-Royal Society Exchange Fellow, Biotechnology Overseas Research Associate, Principal Scientist and National Fellow, ICAR, New Delhi.

## Awards

NCERT Science Fellowship, 1965–74; INSA Young Scientist Award, 1978; R.D. Asana Endowment Award, 1980–83; R.D. Asana Prize, 1983; ICAR Outstanding Women Scientist Award, 1995; Platinum Jubilee Lecture Award, 1998; Corresponding Editor, Journal of Biosciences, India; INSA Council Member, 2009-2011.

Fellow: Indian National Science Academy; National Academy of Sciences, India.

## Contribution

She has contributed 72 research articles on Research gate.

## Bibliography

1. Khanna-Chopra, R. and Patil, R.V. (2002). Successful hybridization between drought cresistant wheat cultivar C306 and high yielding varieties by overcoming hybrid necrosis leads to exposition of hidden genetic variability. ICAR publication. 30 pp.

2. Training workshop manual (1995). Theory and methodology for physiological and molecular basis of stress resistance in crop plants edited by Dr. Renu Khan

Member Executive Council 1 Jan 2013 to 31 Dec 2015; Member Executive Council (Casual Vacancy) 16 Sep 2007 to 31 Dec 2008


title: Pond5

abstract: Pond5 is a New York–based online marketplace for royalty-free media. The company licenses stock footage, stock music, stock photography, sound effects, Adobe After Effects templates, and 3D models. Pond5 claims to have the world's largest collection of stock footage, and that they host more than 38 million clips as of September 2023. The company originally focused on selling video clips, but began to expand into other asset types following its 2013 acquisition of Pixmac, a stock photography site based in the Czech Republic. The acquisition added Pixmac’s 6,000+ photographers and support for 17 languages to the Pond5 marketplace.

text:
# Pond5

**Pond5** is a New York–based online marketplace for royalty-free media. The company licenses stock footage, stock music, stock photography, sound effects, Adobe After Effects templates, and 3D models. Pond5 claims to have the world's largest collection of stock footage, and that they host more than 38 million clips as of September 2023.

The company originally focused on selling video clips, but began to expand into other asset types following its 2013 acquisition of Pixmac, a stock photography site based in the Czech Republic. The acquisition added Pixmac’s 6,000+ photographers and support for 17 languages to the Pond5 marketplace.

## History

Pond5 was founded in 2006 as a way for video producers to license content to third parties. It subsequently expanded into other media types, including photos, music, sound effects, 3D models, and Adobe After Effects templates. Pond5 does not own the content on its site, but instead aggregates and sells content created and owned by its contributors. These contributors determine the selling price, and earn 50% of revenue.

In July 2014, venture capital firms Accel Partners and Stripes Group invested $61 million in series A financing into Pond5. In May 2022 Pond5 was acquired by Shutterstock for $210 million USD.

## Products and partnerships

In January 2014, Pond5 partnered with Adobe to create a plugin for Adobe Premiere Pro integrating the Pond5 video collection with the editing suite.

In early 2015, the company launched the Public Domain Project, a free online repository of nearly 100,000 digitalized media assets.

The original business model focused on licensing individual video clip sales. However, in February 2016, the company unveiled a subscription product.

In late December 2016, the company rolled out extended licenses aimed at attracting large enterprise customers.

In December 2018, the company announced a partnership with the Tribeca Film Institute, launching a program to provide grants of up to $7500 as well as mentorship, content and education to independent filmmakers.

In June 2019, the company launched partnerships with Reuters, Cover Video, and Newsflare to create the world's largest collection of royalty-free editorial video.

## InfoBox

Pond5
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | stock footage, stock music, sound effects, and stock photography |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Founder | Tom Bennett (founder)
Marcus Engene (founder) |
| Headquarters | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Number of locations | New York, London, Dublin, Prague |
| Area served | Global |
| Products | Stock Footage
Stock Music
Sound Effects
Stock Images
Pond5 Select
Pond5 Subscriptions |
| Services | Licensing of stock media |
| Number of employees | 175 |
| Parent | Shutterstock |
| Website | www.pond5.com |


title: Nester House (Troy, Indiana)

abstract: Nester House, also known as the Family Grocerie, Union Hotel, and Riverplace, is a historic hotel located at Troy, Perry County, Indiana. It was built about 1863, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, sandstone block building, with a late 1870s or mid 1880s rear addition. It features a two tiered, full facade porch. Also on the property is a contributing one story, rectangular brick building that is believed to have been a bathhouse for the hotel. The building housed a hotel that served salesmen and other river travelers of late-19th and early-20th century. It ceased to be used as a hotel in the 1930s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

text:
# Nester House (Troy, Indiana)

**Nester House**, also known as the Family Grocerie, Union Hotel, and Riverplace, is a historic hotel located at Troy, Perry County, Indiana. It was built about 1863, and is a 2+12-story, sandstone block building, with a late 1870s or mid 1880s rear addition. It features a two tiered, full facade porch. Also on the property is a contributing one story, rectangular brick building that is believed to have been a bathhouse for the hotel. The building housed a hotel that served salesmen and other river travelers of late-19th and early-20th century. It ceased to be used as a hotel in the 1930s.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nester House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Nester House, July 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | 300 Water St., Troy, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 37°59′40″N 86°48′19″W / 37.99444°N 86.80528°W / 37.99444; -86.80528 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1863 (1863) |
| Architect | Bengle, J.J. |
| NRHP reference No. | 90001486 |
| Added to NRHP | October 11, 1990 |


title: Munksund-Skuthamns SK

abstract: Munksund-Skuthamns SK is a Swedish football club located in Munksund, Piteå.

text:
# Munksund-Skuthamns SK

**Munksund-Skuthamns SK** (abbreviated as MSSK) is a Swedish football club located in Munksund, Piteå.

## Background

Munksund-Skuthamns SK currently plays in Division 4 Norrbotten Södra which is the sixth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Idrottsparken, Munksund in Piteå.

The club is affiliated to Norrbottens Fotbollförbund. MSSK also run a successful ladies ice-hockey section and the ladies first team plays in the Riksserien 2011–12.

## Season to season

| **Season** **Level** **Division** **Section** **Position** **Movements**  1999 Tier 5 **Division 4** Norrbotten Södra **10th** Relegated  2000 Tier 6 **Division 5** Norrbotten Södra **2nd**   2001 Tier 6 **Division 5** Norrbotten Södra **5th**   2002 Tier 6 **Division 5** Norrbotten Södra **4th**   2003 Tier 6 **Division 5** Norrbotten Södra **2nd** Promoted  2004 Tier 5 **Division 4** Norrbotten Södra **3rd**   2005 Tier 5 **Division 4** Norrbotten Södra **3rd**   2006\* Tier 6 **Division 4** Norrbotten Södra **2nd** Promoted  2007 Tier 5 **Division 3** Norra Norrland **12th** Relegated  2008 Tier 6 **Division 4** Norrbotten Södra **10th** Relegated  2009 Tier 7 **Division 5** Norrbotten Södra **2nd** Promoted  2010 Tier 6 **Division 4** Norrbotten Södra **9th**   2011 Tier 6 **Division 4** Norrbotten Södra **7th**    ** League restructuring in 2006 resulted in a new division being created at Tier 3 and subsequent divisions dropping a level.* |
| --- |

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

Munksund-Skuthamns SK
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Munksund-Skuthamns Sportklubb |
| Ground | Idrottsparken, Munksund
Piteå
Sweden |
| League | Division 4 Norrbotten Södra |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tom Hickey (actor)

abstract: Tom Hickey was an Irish actor who appeared on stage and screen in a career that began in the early 1960s. He was best known for playing Benjy Riordan in the long-running television series, The Riordans.

text:
# Tom Hickey (actor)

**Tom Hickey** (1944 – 1 May 2021) was an Irish actor who appeared on stage and screen in a career that began in the early 1960s. He was best known for playing Benjy Riordan in the long-running television series, *The Riordans*.

## Early life

Born in Kildare, Hickey began his career in 1963 at Deirdre O'Connell's Stanislavski Studio in Dublin where he trained in Stanislavski's system of acting. He said that he saw his choice of profession as a "vocation", having decided to become an actor when he was five or six years old.

## Television

In 1965, Hickey joined the cast of RTÉ television's new rural drama series, *The Riordans*. He went on to play the part of Benjy Riordan in the successful serial for the next sixteen years.

In 2001, he made a rare venture into television advertising with his appearances in a series of commercials for Club Orange, a soft drink. The first of these was directed by Declan Lowney, the director of *Father Ted*. Lowney also directed *Moone Boy*, a Sky television series in which Hickey played Granddad Joe.

## Stage

On stage, Hickey favoured parts in the work of modern Irish playwrights such as Tom Murphy, Frank McGuinness, Bernard Farrell, and Marina Carr. In the early 1980s, the playwright Tom MacIntyre asked him to play the lead role in his adaptation of Patrick Kavanagh's poem *The Great Hunger*. Following the success of that collaboration, he has become an acclaimed interpreter of MacIntyre's work, in such plays as *Rise Up Lovely Sweeney*, *The Gallant John Joe* and *What Happened Bridgie Cleary*.

## Cinema

As a character actor, Hickey appeared in numerous films, including *My Left Foot*, *Fools of Fortune*, *Gothic*, *Inside I'm Dancing*, *Stella Days*, *Breakfast on Pluto*, and *Possession*. He was also cast in two of director Lenny Abrahamson's films: *Garage* and *What Richard Did*.

## Personal life

In 2013, Hickey was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. During an interview on *The Marian Finucane Show* on 11 April 2015, he spoke of his determination to continue acting despite the onset of this condition.

Hickey died on Saturday, 1 May 2021 at age 77, with tributes paid by President Michael D. Higgins.

## InfoBox

| Tom Hickey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1944 (1944)<br>Kildare, Ireland |
| Died | (aged 77) |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1963–2021 |


title: The Macintosh Way

abstract: The Macintosh Way was the first book written by former Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki. Subtitled "the art of guerrilla management", the book focused on technology marketing and management and includes many anecdotes culled from Kawasaki's experience during the early development of the Macintosh.

text:
# The Macintosh Way

***The Macintosh Way*** was the first book written by former Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki. Subtitled "the art of guerrilla management", the book focused on technology marketing and management and includes many anecdotes culled from Kawasaki's experience during the early development of the Macintosh.

## Chapter listing

1. First Blood
2. Macintosh Days
3. Environment
4. Great Products
5. Support
6. Marketing
7. User Groups
8. Evangelism
9. To Market, To Market
10. The Printed Word
11. Working with the Mothership
12. How to Give Good Demo
13. Presentation Manager
14. Trade Show Mavenship
15. How to Drive your (MS-DOS) Competitors Crazy
16. The Macintosh Guide to Dating and Marriage
17. Sayonara

## InfoBox

The Macintosh Way
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Guy Kawasaki |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Scott, Foresman and Company |
| Publication date | 1990 |
| Publication place | United States |
| ISBN | 0-673-46175-0 |
| OCLC | 19814888 |
| Dewey Decimal | 338.7/61004165/0973 20 |
| LC Class | HD9696.C64 A865 1990 |
| Followed by | *Database 101* |


title: West Lafayette Baptist Church

abstract: West Lafayette Baptist Church (1898–1964), also known as Church of the Good Shepherd (1964–1976), was a historic Baptist church located at West Lafayette, Tippecanoe County, Indiana. It was built between 1898 and 1901, and was a two-story, cross shaped Gothic Revival style brick building. It featured a corner bell tower with three-tiered masonry buttresses. The Cynthia Jones Hall was added in 1936-1937 and the church was remodeled in 1951. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and delisted in 1984.

text:
# West Lafayette Baptist Church

**West Lafayette Baptist Church** (1898–1964), also known as Church of the Good Shepherd (1964–1976), was a historic Baptist church located at West Lafayette, Tippecanoe County, Indiana. It was built between 1898 and 1901, and was a two-story, cross shaped Gothic Revival style brick building. It featured a corner bell tower with three-tiered masonry buttresses. The Cynthia Jones Hall was added in 1936-1937 and the church was remodeled in 1951.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and delisted in 1984.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| West Lafayette Baptist Church | |
| Formerly listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Location | 123 N. Chauncey St., West Lafayette, Indiana |
| Area | 0.4 acres (0.16 ha) |
| Built | 1898 (1898) |
| Built by | Herzog & Chow |
| Architect | Alexander, J. F. |
| Architectural style | Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 79000046 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 6, 1979 |
| Removed from NRHP | February 29, 1984 |


title: Reinhard Bütikofer

abstract: Reinhard Hans Bütikofer is a German politician who served as a member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2024. He is a member of the Alliance 90/The Greens, part of the European Green Party. He was the co-chair of Alliance 90/The Greens from 2002 to 2008 and of the European Green Party from 2012 to 2019.

text:
# Reinhard Bütikofer

**Reinhard Hans Bütikofer** (born 26 January 1953) is a German politician who served as a member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2024. He is a member of the Alliance 90/The Greens, part of the European Green Party. He was the co-chair of Alliance 90/The Greens (alongside Claudia Roth) from 2002 to 2008 and of the European Green Party (alongside Monica Frassoni) from 2012 to 2019.

## Early life and education

Bütikofer was born in Mannheim and grew up in Speyer. He studied philosophy, sinology and history in Heidelberg, but did not finish his studies.

## Political career

### Early beginnings

Bütikofer was active in the student's movement and one of the "K-gruppen", the Maoist Communist League of West Germany (*Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland*; KBW). From the 1980s onwards, he became active in Heidelberg municipal politics for the Green-Alternative List.

In 1984, Bütikofer was elected into the town council of Heidelberg and became a member of the Green Party, the starting point of his political career with Alliance 90/The Greens. In 1988, he was elected in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg. He was Member of the Landtag until 1996.

After a year of parental leave, in 1997 Bütikofer became co-chairman of the Green Party in Baden-Württemberg, alongside Monika Schnaitmann. Two years later he was elected secretary general of the federal party. In December 2002 he became co-chairman of the federal party (alongside Angelika Beer) and was reelected in 2004 and 2006 (alongside Claudia Roth). On 3 March 2008 he announced not to stand again as a party chairman and to run for European Parliament in 2009, to which he was elected.

### Member of the European Parliament, 2009–2024

From 2009 to 2024, Bütikofer was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the German Green Party. He was a member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), and a substitute member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET) and the Subcommittee on Security and Defense (SEDE). As shadow rapporteur, he authored reports on the evaluation of the European Endowment for Democracy (2015), on the impact of developments in European defence markets on the security and defence capabilities in Europe (2015) and on green growth opportunities for SMEs (2015).

In addition, Bütikofer was a member of the parliament's delegation for relations with the United States and the Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue and the chair of the delegation for Relations with China. He also served as a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on SMEs.

Bütikofer was the Green Group's spokesperson on industrial policy, and speaker of the delegation from the German Green Party (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) to the European Parliament.

In the negotiations to form a coalition government with the Christian Democrats – both the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) – and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) following the 2017 national elections, Bütikofer is currently part of the 14-member delegation of the Green Party.

Following the 2019 elections, Bütikofer was part of a cross-party working group in charge of drafting the European Parliament's four-year work program on foreign policy.

In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) following the 2021 federal elections, Bütikofer was part of his party's delegation in the working group on foreign policy, defence, development cooperation and human rights, co-chaired by Heiko Maas, Omid Nouripour and Alexander Graf Lambsdorff.

Amid the Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament, it was found that Bütikofer was, by far, the Member of the European Parliament who has travelled the most during the current legislature. These travels were financed by third parties or non EU states with, so far, a total of 22 voyages and 47 hotel nights. Among the countries he visited there are, amongst others, India, China, Russia, the United States and Australia.

In 2023, Bütikofer announced that he would not stand in the 2024 elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

## Political views

### On the Green Party and the German political system

In 2005, Bütikofer complained that because Germany has no winner-take-all political system, there were only a few Green party members in the foreign service, even after Joschka Fischer had been foreign minister for seven years; by contrast, hundreds of supporters of the Christian Democratic Union served in the Federal Foreign Office. In 2010, Bütikofer characterized his party as representing “a certain lifestyle,” noting that, mostly urbanized, many belong to the professions and are politically and socially engaged. “They sit on school boards. They are active in their churches or sports clubs. They support nongovernmental organizations,” he said.

### On public safety and civil liberties

Under Bütikofer’s leadership, a two-year-long effort to negotiate a revised immigration law was abandoned by the Green Party in 2004, citing concerns about, among other things, that any regulations allowing easier detentions or expulsions of terror suspects would subvert Germany's civil rights protections.

### On natural resources

When the European Commission issued a strategy paper in 2010 which proposed pursuing more bilateral trade agreements and investing in infrastructure in Africa as a means to increase alternative sources of rare earth metals, hoping to break China’s dominance of the market for the strategic minerals, Bütikofer demanded an “innovative industrial policy that reduces the use of resources” instead.

### On China

When German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder announced in 2005 his intentions to lift an arms embargo on China that had been in place since the crackdown on student-led opposition demonstrators near Tiananmen Square in Beijing in 1989, Bütikofer opposed the plan and instead called for a joint approach together with the United States.

Since 2020, Bütikofer has been serving as co-chair of the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China (IPAC). Also in 2020, he was one of 40 fellow Members of the European Parliament from five political groups who called for EU member states and the Commission to cut European public funding for Chinese 5G vendors Huawei and ZTE in a letter, arguing the two are "high-risk" companies that pose a security threat to network security in Europe.

### On Russia

Following the assassination of journalist and human rights activist Anna Politkovskaya in 2008, Bütikofer characterized the human rights situation in Russia as "deteriorating". He also criticized Russia's behaviour towards Georgia as "almost unbelievably arrogant", referring to the country's confrontation with Georgia and its decision to sever all transport and postal links in 2008. He is an advocate of "a more open and more clear-cut language from the West, including Germany \[...\] if we just don't want to be standing by."

## Other activities

In addition, Bütikofer served on the board of Europa-Union Deutschland, the German branch of the Union of European Federalists (UEF), Aspen Institute Berlin, and German-Chinese Dialogue Forum. He is a member of the Green European Foundation, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the German Council for Foreign Relations, the Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU), and the German trade union ver.di.

## Recognition

In November 2011, Bütikofer was honored with the Fray International Sustainability Award at Fray International Symposium in Cancún, Mexico, for his achievements in sustainable development in politics.

## Personal life

Bütikofer's father was a post office worker and his mother was a housewife. He has fathered three daughters with Henriette Katzenstein. In 2001, he married Renee Krebs.

## InfoBox

| Reinhard BütikoferMEP | |
| --- | --- |
| Reinhard Bütikofer in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
14 July 2009  15 July 2024 | |
| Constituency | Germany |
| Co-chair of the European Green Party | |
| **In office**
2012  10 November 2019Serving with Monica Frassoni | |
| Preceded by | Philippe Lamberts |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Waitz |
| Leader of Alliance 90/The Greens | |
| **In office**
8 December 2002  16 November 2008Serving with Angelika Beer
Claudia Roth | |
| Preceded by | Fritz Kuhn |
| Succeeded by | Cem Özdemir |
| Member of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg | |
| **In office**
25 March 1984  24 March 1996 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Reinhard Hans Bütikofer
(1953-01-26) 26 January 1953
Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
| Political party | ***German***
Alliance 90/The Greens
***EU***
European Green Party |
| Alma mater | University of Heidelberg (did not graduate) |
| Website | http://reinhardbuetikofer.eu/ |
|  | |


title: Herzogstand Radio Station

abstract: Herzogstand Radio Station was a radio communication station built and operated from 1920 to 1946 on the Herzogstand mountain near the Kochelsee in Bavaria, Germany. The plant was conceived by C Lorenz AG to transmit long-wave radio traffic between Germany and the Far East, since the existing large radio stations mainly provided traffic to the west. From 1930 the apparatus was used by the Technical University of Munich for ionosphere research.

text:
# Herzogstand Radio Station

**Herzogstand Radio Station** was a radio communication station built and operated from 1920 to 1946 on the Herzogstand mountain near the Kochelsee in Bavaria, Germany. The plant was conceived by C Lorenz AG to transmit long-wave radio traffic between Germany and the Far East, since the existing large radio stations mainly provided traffic to the west. From 1930 the apparatus was used by the Technical University of Munich for ionosphere research.

## Construction of antenna

As the costs of erecting a sufficiently high mast were exorbitant, a suspended antenna system in the mountains was conceived. The 1,735 metres (5,692 ft) Herzogstand mountain between the Kochelsee and Walchensee in the Bavarian Alps seemed particularly suitable for several reasons: the summit is accessible all year round, sufficient water for drinking and cooling was available, and the Lake Walchen Power Plant, conveniently situated nearby, promised a safe, economical power supply. The design of the antenna was unprecedented. A free span over a distance of more than 2,5 km resulted, together with a difference in altitude of 800 m. To achieve a sufficient height of the antenna above ground, the cable needed to run horizontally at the lower point of suspension, which required an enormous tension of the cable. Due to additional loads by wind, snow, and ice being expected, only steel wire of the highest tensile strength was found suitable. A first thin steel cable was strung in summer 1920. Measurements of the radiation at wavelengths of 12,6 km and 9.7 km resulted in signals stronger by factors 1.3 and 1.6, respectively, compared to the Eilvese transmitter serving overseas traffic and the high-powered Nauen Transmitter Station. Until early summer 1925, three antennas were strung in the shape of a fan towards the crest of the Herzogstand summit. In order to improve conductivity, the steel cable was coated with aluminum. The cable was manufactured in a purpose-built ropery plant near the summit. Near the summit the antennas were fixed to concreted steel anchors. At the lower tie points a mobile suspension system was used, in order to account for the yielding of the cables when loaded with snow and ice.

## Building of transmitter building

The station building for the transmitting plants and a house were erected in 1927 in the long valley above the Kochelsee on behalf of the Oberpostdirektion Munich according to plans of Robert Vorhoelzer and Walther Schmidt, and extensive grounding systems were also installed. After completion, further development and operation of the station became uneconomic, since advances in short-wave radio communications allowed the use of substantially smaller antennas.

## Ionospheric research

The station was finally used for research purposes by the Physical Institute of the Technical University of Munich, where the first German ionosphere research station developed under the direction of Professor Jonathan Zenneck. Using high-performance emitters at various frequencies, scientists investigated the propagation of radio waves and their reflections on the layers of the ionosphere. After purpose-built antennas for pulse transmissions were installed, the long wave antenna was dismantled in 1934. A receiving station was installed in Kochel, a few kilometres away. Occasionally additional transmitting stations in Berlin-Adlershof, Amberg and Schwandorf were used.

## End of facility

After the end of the Second World War the ionosphere research continued until 1946 under supervision by US personnel. Subsequently, the station and its buildings were dismantled. A memorial stone near Walchensee power station commemorates the ionospheric research station of which only remains of the anchorage points for the antenna cables as well as some foundations of the station buildings in the forest remain.

* W. Dieminger *Trends in Early Ionospheric Research in Germany* Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 280, No. 1293, A Discussion on the Early Days of Ionospheric Research and the Theory of Electric and Magnetic Waves in the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere (Oct. 23, 1975), pp. 27–34

1. Florian Aicher, Uwe Drepper (Eds.): Robert Vorhoelzer – Ein Architektenleben. Die klassische Moderne der Post, München 1990, p. 283.
2. Fritz Vilbig (1953). *Lehrbuch der Hochfrequenztechnik*. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Leipzig: Geest & Portig.

47°37′44″N 11°19′20″E / 47.62889°N 11.32222°E / 47.62889; 11.32222


title: Nesten voksen

abstract: Nesten voksen is a Norwegian sitcom series that aired in 2018 on NRK. Its setting is the hipster neighbourhood Grünerløkka in Oslo, where three young women live on the brink of "real" adulthood. These three characters are played by Jenny Skavlan, Kjersti Tveterås and Renate Reinsve. Tveterås' character also has a freeloading brother, played by Hans Olav Brenner. It was described as an urban version of Side om side. At the premiere, the series was given a "die throw" of 3 in VG and in Bergens Tidende; 2 in Dagbladet, and 1 in Dagsavisen. The latter criticized it for "artificial" and "construed" humour, but also its complete lack of nonwhite characters in Norway's multi-cultural capital Oslo. Three seasons of Nesten voksen were planned, but in April 2018 it was announced that they were scrapped.

text:
# Nesten voksen

***Nesten voksen*** (English: Almost Grown-Up) is a Norwegian sitcom series that aired in 2018 on NRK.

Its setting is the hipster neighbourhood Grünerløkka in Oslo, where three young women live on the brink of "real" adulthood. These three characters are played by Jenny Skavlan (boyfriend: Nils Jørgen Kaalstad), Kjersti Tveterås (boyfriend: Mattis Herman Nyquist) and Renate Reinsve. Tveterås' character also has a freeloading brother, played by Hans Olav Brenner. It was described as an urban version of *Side om side*.

At the premiere, the series was given a "die throw" of 3 in *VG* and in *Bergens Tidende*; 2 in *Dagbladet*, and 1 in *Dagsavisen*. The latter criticized it for "artificial" and "construed" humour, but also its complete lack of nonwhite characters in Norway's multi-cultural capital Oslo.

Three seasons of *Nesten voksen* were planned, but in April 2018 it was announced that they were scrapped.

## InfoBox

| *Nesten voksen* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Sitcom |
| Starring | Jenny Skavlan
Nils Jørgen Kaalstad
Kjersti Tveterås
Mattis Herman Nyquist
Renate Reinsve
Hans Olav Brenner |
| Country of origin | Norway |
| Original language | Norwegian |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 23–26 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | NRK |
| Release | 6 January (2018-01-06)
24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) |


title: GPRS core network

abstract: The GPRS core network is the central part of the general packet radio service (GPRS) which allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit Internet Protocol (IP) packets to external networks such as the Internet. The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem. The network provides mobility management, session management and transport for IP packet services in GSM and WCDMA networks. The core network also provides support for other functions such as billing and lawful interception. It was also proposed, at one stage, to support packet radio services in the US D-AMPS TDMA system, however, in practice, all of these networks have been converted to GSM so this option has become irrelevant. PRS module is an open standards driven system. The standardization body is the 3GPP.

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# GPRS core network

The **GPRS core network** is the central part of the general packet radio service (GPRS) which allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit Internet Protocol (IP) packets to external networks such as the Internet. The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem.

The network provides mobility management, session management and transport for IP packet services in GSM and WCDMA networks. The core network also provides support for other functions such as billing and lawful interception. It was also proposed, at one stage, to support packet radio services in the US D-AMPS TDMA system, however, in practice, all of these networks have been converted to GSM so this option has become irrelevant.

PRS module is an open standards driven system. The standardization body is the 3GPP.

## GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP)

*GPRS Tunnelling Protocol* is the defining IP-based protocol of the GPRS core network. Primarily it is the protocol which allows end users of a GSM or WCDMA network to move from place to place while continuing to connect to the Internet as if from one location at the Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN). It does this by carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current serving GPRS support node (SGSN) to the GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session. Three forms of GTP are used by the GPRS core network.

GTP-Ufor transfer of user data in separated tunnels for each Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context GTP-Cfor control reasons including: * setup and deletion of PDP contexts;
* verification of GSN reachability;
* updates; e.g., as subscribers move from one SGSN to another.
GTP' (pronounced "GTP Prime")for transfer of charging data to the Charging Gateway Function.

## GPRS support nodes (GSN)

A GSN is a network node that supports the use of GPRS in the GSM core network. All GSNs should have a *Gn* interface and support the GPRS tunneling protocol. There are two key variants of the GSN, namely gateway GPRS support node and serving GPRS support node.

### Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)

The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is one of two components of the GPRS PS domain. The GGSN together with the SGSN handle packet transmissions between the GPRS network and external packet-switched networks, such as the Internet or an X.25 network.

From an external network's point of view, the GGSN is a router to a "sub-network", because the GGSN ‘hides’ the GPRS infrastructure from the external network. When the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific user, it checks if the user is active. If it is, the GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN serving the mobile user, but if the mobile user is inactive, the data is discarded. In the other direction, mobile-originated packets are routed to the right network by the GGSN.

The GGSN is the anchor point that enables the mobility of the user terminal in the GPRS/UMTS networks. In essence, it carries out the role in GPRS equivalent to the home agent in Mobile IP. It maintains routing necessary to tunnel the protocol data units (PDUs) to the SGSN that services a particular mobile station (MS).

The GGSN converts the GPRS packets coming from the SGSN into the appropriate packet data protocol (PDP) format (e.g., IP or X.25) and sends them out on the corresponding packet data network. In the other direction, PDP addresses of incoming data packets are converted to the GSM address of the destination user. The readdressed packets are sent to the responsible SGSN. For this purpose, the GGSN stores the current SGSN address of the user and his or her profile in its location register. The GGSN is responsible for IP address assignment and is the default router for the connected user equipment (UE). The GGSN also performs authentication and charging functions.

Other functions include subscriber screening, IP pool management and address mapping, QoS and PDP context enforcement.

With LTE scenario the GGSN functionality moves to SAE gateway (with SGSN functionality working in MME).

### Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)

The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is the node that is serving the MS/UE. The SGSN supports GPRS and/or UMTS. The SGSN keeps track of the location of an individual MS/UE and performs security functions and access control. The SGSN is connected to the GERAN base station system through the Gb or Iu interface and/or to the UTRAN through the Iu interface. A SGSN is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and to the mobile stations within its geographical service area. Its tasks include packet routing and transfer, mobility management (attach/detach and location management), logical link management, and authentication and charging functions. The location register of the SGSN stores location information (e.g., current cell, current VLR) and user profiles (e.g., IMSI, address(es) used in the packet data network) of all GPRS users registered with it.

#### Common SGSN functions

* Detunnel GTP packets from the GGSN (downlink)
* Tunnel IP packets toward the GGSN (uplink)
* Carry out mobility management when a standby mode mobile moves from one routing area to another routing area
* Billing a user according to data used.
* Mobile Equipment Identity Check Procedure (Gf/S13' interfaces).
* The SMS GMSCs and SMS IWMSCs support SMS transmission via the SGSN.
* The Offline Charging System (OFCS) collects charging records from SGSNs.
* The SGSN contains mechanisms for avoiding and handling overload situations.
* The SGSN communicate with other SGSN(s) and/or MME(s) (Mobility Management Entity) (Gn/S16/S3 interfaces)

#### GSM/EDGE specific SGSN functions

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) specific SGSN functions and characteristics are:

* Maximum data rate of approx. 60 kbit/s (150 kbit/s for EDGE) per subscriber
* Connect via Frame Relay or IP to the packet control unit using the Gb protocol stack
* Accept uplink data to form IP packets
* Encrypt downlink data, decrypt uplink data
* Carry out mobility management to the level of a cell for connected mode mobiles

#### WCDMA specific SGSN functions

* Carry up to about 42 Mbit/s traffic downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s traffic uplink (HSPA+)
* Tunnel/detunnel downlink/uplink packets toward the radio network controller (RNC)

## Access point

An access point is:

* An IP network to which a mobile set can be connected
* A set of settings that are used for that connection
* A particular option in a set of settings in a mobile phone

When a GPRS mobile phone sets up a PDP context, the access point is selected. At this point an Access Point Name (APN) is determined

Example: aricenttechnologies.mnc012.mcc345.gprs Example: geocell Example: internet Example: hcl.cisco.ggsn

This access point is then used in a DNS query to a private DNS network. This process (called APN resolution) finally gives the IP address of the GGSN which should serve the access point. At this point a PDP context can be activated.

## PDP context

The packet data protocol (PDP; e.g., IP, X.25, FrameRelay) context is a data structure present on both the *serving GPRS support node* (SGSN) and the *gateway GPRS support node* (GGSN) which contains the subscriber's session information when the subscriber has an active session. When a mobile wants to use GPRS, it must first attach and then *activate a PDP context*. This allocates a PDP context data structure in the SGSN that the subscriber is currently visiting and the GGSN serving the subscriber's access point. The data recorded includes

* Subscriber's IP address
* Subscriber's IMSI
* Subscriber's Tunnel Endpoint ID (TEID) at the GGSN
* Subscriber's Tunnel Endpoint ID (TEID) at the SGSN

## Reference points and interfaces

Within the GPRS core network standards, there are a number of interfaces and reference points (logical points of connection that probably share a common physical connection with other reference points). Some of these names can be seen in the network structure diagram on this page.

### Interfaces in the GPRS network

GaThe interface serves the CDRs (accounting-records) which are written in the GSN and sent to the charging gateway (CG). This interface uses a GTP-based protocol, with modifications that supports CDRs (Called *GTP'*  and *GTP prime*). GbInterface between the base station subsystem and the SGSN the transmission protocol could be Frame Relay or IP. IuInterface between the Radio Network Controller and the SGSN. The interface exchanges signaling and payload. GcInterface between the GGSN and HLR so that the GGSN can get the location details of a mobile station. To avoid implementing MAP/SS7 in the GGSN, this interface is optional. When not present, the GGSN routes inquires to the HLR via an SGSN. GdInterface between the SGSN and the SMS Gateway. Can use MAP1, MAP2 or MAP3. GeThe interface between the SGSN and the service control point (SCP); uses the CAP protocol. GfThe interface between the SGSN and the Equipment Identity Register (EIR), used for checking the mobile's equipment identity number (IMEI) against a list of reported stolen mobile phones. GiIP-based interface between the GGSN and a public data network (PDN) either directly to the Internet or through a WAP gateway. GmbThe interface between the GGSN and the Broadcast-Multicast Service Center (BM-SC), used for controlling MBMS bearers. GnIP-based interface between SGSN and other SGSNs and (internal) GGSNs. DNS also shares this interface. Uses the GTP Protocol. GpIP-based interface between internal SGSN and external GGSNs. Between the SGSN and the external GGSN, there is the border gateway (which is essentially a firewall). Also uses the GTP Protocol. GrInterface between the SGSN and the HLR. Messages going through this interface uses the MAP3 protocol. GsInterface between the SGSN and the MSC (VLR). Uses the BSSAP+ protocol. This interface allows paging and station availability when it performs data transfer. When the station is attached to the GPRS network, the SGSN keeps track of which routing area (RA) the station is attached to. An RA is a part of a larger location area (LA). When a station is paged this information is used to conserve network resources. When the station performs a PDP context, the SGSN has the exact BTS the station is using. GxThe online policy interface between the GGSN and the charging rules function (CRF). It is used for provisioning service data flow based on charging rules. Uses the diameter protocol. GyThe online charging interface between the GGSN and the online charging system (OCS). Uses the diameter protocol (DCCA application). GzThe off-line (CDR-based) charging interface between the GGSN and the Charging system Uses GTP'. LgThe interface between the SGSN and the Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC), used for location-based services. S3This interface is defined between the SGSN and the MME and it is used to exchange user and bearer information in inter-system mobility procedures. This interface is implemented using eGTP-C. S4This interface is defined between the SGSN and the SGW (Serving Gateway). The term "S4-SGSN" refers to a Release-8 SGSN that has at least one set of S4/S3/S16 interfaces enabled. S6dThe interface between SGSN and Home Subscriber Server (HSS). It is a Diameter based interface that is used for transferring subscription and authentication data of the user to HSS for authenticating and authorizing user access. S13'This interface is defined between the SGSN and the EIR (Equipment Identity Register). The S13' interface applies only to the S4-based SGSN. The interface is based on Diameter protocol. S16This interface is defined between two SGSNs and exclusively uses GTPv2-C.

## Main Reference


title: Pancha Ratna Govinda Temple

abstract: The Pancha Ratna Govinda Temple in Puthia village, Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. The temple is a striking monument, which was built in the 19th century. It has the architectural feature of five ratnas or spires. It is located within the inner precincts of the Puthia Rajbari or palace.

text:
# Pancha Ratna Govinda Temple

The **Pancha Ratna Govinda Temple** (Bengali: পঞ্চরত্ন গোবিন্দ মন্দির) in Puthia village, Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. The temple is a striking monument, which was built in the 19th century. It has the architectural feature of five *ratnas* or spires. It is located within the inner precincts of the Puthia Rajbari or palace.

## Location

The temple is in Puthia town which is 32 kilometres (20 mi) away by road from Rajshahi city; the city is also a rail head and is on the Dhaka Rajashahi Highway.

## History

The temple, located in the inner precincts of the Rajbari, to the left of Govindabari or Mandirangan of Panch Ani palace, is reported to have been built between 1823 and 1895. It was built by one of the maharani (queens) of the Puthia Royal family.

## Features

The temple is large square edifice with five decorated ratnas or spires. The feature in the lower portion of the spires consists of ridges while the upper part is tapered upward. It is built in brick masonry over a raised platform. The temple's interior has a square sanctum sanctorum (garbagriha), with four square chambers in the corners, narrow passages on all four sides and has cusped arched openings. The roof of the sanctum and the chambers is formed by semi-circular domes, while the roof over the passages is vaulted. It has simple surface plastering but with fine detailing with red coloured terracotta patterns on all four outer walls. It is said that the temple architecture was inspired by the Kantanaga Temple built about 100 years earlier. The terracotta designs are made in panels which have depiction of romantic scenes from the Hindu epics of Ramayana and Radha-Krishna episodes related to Krishna and Radha. The sanctum in the temple has a Krishna image which is worshipped by local Hindus.

## InfoBox

| Pancha Ratna Govinda Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| Pancha Ratna Govinda Temple in Rajshahi, Bangladesh | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| Location | |
| Location | Puthia, Rajshahi |
| Country | Bangladesh |
| Architecture | |
| Completed | Between 1823 and 1895 |


abstract: Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used for wastewater treatment. The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester.

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# Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion

**Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket** (**UASB**) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used for wastewater treatment.

The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester.

## Process description

UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around three months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions create a selective environment in which only those microorganisms capable of attaching to each other survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".

Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.

The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.

UASB reactors are typically suited to dilute waste water streams (3% TSS with particle size \>0.75mm).

### Historical course

Over time, the UASB model has been upgraded, pain points have been addressed, and design has been optimized - ultimately resulting in the following types of systems.

* Second generation UASB reactors, the EGSB (Expended Granule Sludge Blanket) reactor. This is a single layer high load system, with only one settler layer. The upflow speeds are many times higher than in UASB, so that the 'adult' granules remain in the system, 'baby' granules often wash out. Typical loading rates for an EGSB; 15 - 30kg COD / m3 / day. The EGSB is a largely closed system. There is no or little chance of corrosion or odor nuisance.
* Third generation UASB reactors, the ECSB reactor. This is a double layer high load system, with 2 settler layers. The upflow rates are high below the first settler layer, and low below the second settler layer - this keeps both the 'adult' and 'baby' grains in the system, which pays off in greater net growth of granular sludge. Typical loading rates for an ECSB; 15 - 35 kg COD / m3 / day. The ECSB is a closed system. There is no chance of corrosion or odor nuisance.

## Design

With UASB (but also EGSB and ECSB), the process of settlement and digestion occurs in one or more large tank(s). The effluent from the UASB, which has a much reduced biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentration, usually needs to be treated further, for example with the activated sludge process, depending on the effluent quality requirements.

## Further reading

* Bal AS, Dhagat NN (April 2001). "Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor—a review". *Indian J Environ Health*. **43** (2): 1–82. PMID 12397675.
* Lettinga G, Rebac S, Zeeman G (September 2001). "Challenge of psychrophilic anaerobic wastewater treatment". *Trends Biotechnol*. **19** (9): 363–70. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(01)01701-2. PMID 11514000. Review.
* Lettinga G (1995). "Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment systems". *Antonie van Leeuwenhoek*. **67** (1): 3–28. doi:10.1007/BF00872193. PMID 7741528. S2CID 9415571.


title: Henri Guérard

abstract: Henri Charles Guérard was a French painter and printmaker, particularly in etching and lithography.

text:
# Henri Guérard

**Henri Charles Guérard** (26 April 1846, Paris \- 24 March 1897, Paris) was a French painter and printmaker, particularly in etching and lithography.

## Biography

He began his studies at the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, majoring in architecture, but slowly turned his attention to painting and engraving. In 1870, he became a student of Nicolas Berthon.

The year 1873 saw the first issue of *Paris à l'eau-forte*, a weekly magazine of current affairs and amusements, founded by the writer Richard Lesclide. Guérard and Paul Gachet were in charge of the illustrations. During this time, he frequented the salon of Nina de Callias and became a friend of Édouard Manet. Later, together with the actress, Ellen Andrée, he posed for one of Manet's paintings; "At the Café".

In 1879, he married Eva Gonzalès, one of Manet's students and models. They moved to a farm near Honfleur, where they hosted several well known painters, including Paul Cézanne and Norbert Goeneutte, who became a close friend. Two years later, he illustrated *Les Caravanes de Scaramouche*, by his father-in-law, Emmanuel Gonzalès.

Eva died in 1883, while giving birth to their son, Jean Raymond, who would become a theatrical painter. His friend, Manet, died less than two weeks later, leaving him too depressed to work for a long period. He remarried in 1888, to his sister-in-law, Jeanne Gonzalès, who was also a painter.

During this period, he provided illustrations for *L'Art Japonais* of Louis Gonse, published by Albert Quantin. Shortly after, he created his own *Japonisme*, an album of ten etchings, published by Edmond Sagot. In 1889, together with Félix Bracquemond, he created the Société des peintres-graveurs français, which held exhibits at the Durand-Ruel Gallery. He was named a Knight in the Legion of Honor in 1893.

He was an avid collector (what might now be called a "hoarder") of everything from old shoes to lanterns. Many of his etchings are of odd objects and earned him a title: "The Engraver of Curiosities".

## Selected works

## Further reading

* C. Bertin, *Henri Guérard, l'œuvre gravé*, catalogue raisonnée in 3 volumes, Paris, l'École du Louvre, 1975
* "Henri Guérard, peintre graveur", in: *Nouvelles de l'estampe*, #31, January–February 1977
* Marie-Caroline Sainsaulieu, *Henri Guérard (1846-1897)*, exhibition catalogue, Paris, Galerie Antoine Laurentin, 1999, ISBN 978-2-911191-15-2
* Monique Moulène, "Henri Guérard, la fantaisie comme esthétique", in: *Le blog de Gallica,* 8 February 2017. (Online)


title: The Machines We Are

abstract: The Machines We Are is the second full-length studio album released by Dead and Divine. It was released on August 4, 2009. The video for "Neon Jesus" was released in September 2009.

text:
# The Machines We Are

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Rock Sound* | link |

***The Machines We Are*** is the second full-length studio album released by Dead and Divine. It was released on August 4, 2009. The video for "Neon Jesus" was released in September 2009.

## Track listing

1. "The Sugar Sickness" - 3:49
2. "Creature" - 4:10
3. "Chemical Valley" - 2:43
4. "Neon Jesus" - 3:13
5. "D.R.U.G.S." - 2:44
6. "For Your Health" - 1:36
7. "Teeth" - 3:40
8. "Mechanical Orchestra" (featuring Blake Prince of Straight Reads the Line) - 3:28
9. "Lovely Bones" - 5:22
10. "Cassandra Syndrome" - 9:21

## Personnel

* Vocals: Matt Tobin
* Guitars: Chris Le-Masters
* Drums: Kyle Anderson
* Bass: Kellan Lindsay
* Produced by Eric Ratz & Garth Richardson
* Engineered and Mixed by Eric Ratz
* Editor: Dajaun Martineau
* Tech: Alan "Yeti" Riches
* Layout and design by Sons of Nero

## InfoBox

| The Machines We Are | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dead and Divine | |
| Released | August 4, 2009 |
| Recorded | 2009 |
| Genre | Post-hardcore |
| Length | 40:06 |
| Label | Distort Entertainment |
| Producer | Eric Ratz and Garth Richardson |
| Dead and Divine chronology | |
| *The Fanciful*
(2008) ***The Machines We Are***
(2009) *Antimacy*
(2011) | |


title: West Lake (Eryuan)

abstract: Eryuan West Lake or Dali West Lake is a plateau lake in western Yunnan province, China. It lies at the northern foot of the snow-covered Cang Mountain. It is drained from the southern end by the Luoshi River, which flows into the Erhai Lake. The lake is about 2.6 long from north to south and 0.8 to 2.2 km wide from east to west. The surface of the lake is about 1,968 metres above sea level. Eryuan West Lake is a famous tourist attraction and State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China officially agreed Eryuan West Lake National Wetland Park in 2010.

text:
# West Lake (Eryuan)

**Eryuan West Lake** (Chinese: 洱源西湖; pinyin: *Ěryuán Xī Hú*) or **Dali West Lake** (Chinese: 大理西湖; pinyin: *Dàlǐ Xī Hú*) is a plateau lake in western Yunnan province, China. It lies at the northern foot of the snow-covered Cang Mountain. It is drained from the southern end by the Luoshi River, which flows into the Erhai Lake. The lake is about 2.6 long from north to south and 0.8 to 2.2 km wide from east to west. The surface of the lake is about 1,968 metres above sea level. Eryuan West Lake is a famous tourist attraction and State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China officially agreed ***Eryuan West Lake National Wetland Park*** in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Eryuan West Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Eryuan West Lake | |
| Location | Eryuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China |
| Coordinates | 26°01′N 100°03′E / 26.017°N 100.050°E / 26.017; 100.050 |
| Primary outflows | Luoshi River |
| Basin countries | China |
|  | |
| Max. length | 2.6 km (2 mi) |
| Max. width | 2.2 km (1 mi) |
| Surface area | 2.1 km2 (0 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 1.8 m (6 ft) |
| Max. depth | 8.3 m (27 ft) |
| Water volume | 4×10~~^~~6 m3 (140×10~~^~~6 cu ft) |
| Surface elevation | 1,968 m (6,457 ft) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Yousuo Town |


title: Reinhard Borchert

abstract: Reinhard Borchert is a German sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1976 Summer Olympics representing West Germany.

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# Reinhard Borchert

**Reinhard Borchert** (born 24 March 1948) is a German sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1976 Summer Olympics representing West Germany.

## InfoBox

Reinhard Borchert
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | German |
| Born | (1948-03-24) 24 March 1948 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 4 × 100 metres relay |


title: Hesperadin

abstract: Hesperadin is an aurora kinase inhibitor. The small molecule inhibits chromosome alignment and segregation by limiting the function of mitotic kinases Aurora B and Aurora A. Hesperadin causes cells to enter anaphase much faster, sometimes before the chromosomes are properly bi-oriented. Hesperadin, like other miotic inhibitors, limits and sometimes can stop the process of mitosis in cells. For this reason, some have considered hesperadin's potential as a cancer-preventing drug. Hesperadin works as an inhibitor, attaching to the active sites of Aurora A and Aurora B kinases.

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# Hesperadin

**Hesperadin** is an aurora kinase inhibitor.

The small molecule inhibits chromosome alignment and segregation by limiting the function of mitotic kinases Aurora B and Aurora A. Hesperadin causes cells to enter anaphase much faster, sometimes before the chromosomes are properly bi-oriented.

Hesperadin, like other miotic inhibitors, limits and sometimes can stop the process of mitosis in cells. For this reason, some have considered hesperadin's potential as a cancer-preventing drug.

Hesperadin works as an inhibitor, attaching to the active sites of Aurora A and Aurora B kinases.

## InfoBox

Hesperadin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name *N*-\[(3*Z*)-2-Oxo-3-(phenyl{4-\[(piperidin-1-yl)methyl\]anilino}methylidene)-2,3-dihydro-1*H*-indol-5-yl\]ethanesulfonamide | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C29H32N4O3S/c1-2-37(35,36)32-24-15-16-26-25(19-24)27(29(34)31-26)28(22-9-5-3-6-10-22)30-23-13-11-21(12-14-23)20-33-17-7-4-8-18-33/h3,5-6,9-16,19,30,32H,2,4,7-8,17-18,20H2,1H3,(H,31,34)/b28-27- NKey: GLDSKRNGVVYJAB-DQSJHHFOSA-N N * InChI=1/C29H32N4O3S/c1-2-37(35,36)32-24-15-16-26-25(19-24)27(29(34)31-26)28(22-9-5-3-6-10-22)30-23-13-11-21(12-14-23)20-33-17-7-4-8-18-33/h3,5-6,9-16,19,30,32H,2,4,7-8,17-18,20H2,1H3,(H,31,34)/b28-27-Key: GLDSKRNGVVYJAB-DQSJHHFOBF | |
| SMILES * CCS(=O)(=O)NC1=CC2=C(C=C1)NC(=O)C2=C(C3=CC=CC=C3)NC4=CC=C(C=C4)CN5CCCCC5 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C29H32N4O3S |
| Molar mass | 516.66 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium

abstract: The mission of the Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium (MMRC) is to champion collaboration with and integration across academia and industry and to focus on speed and innovation to bring the most promising multiple myeloma treatments to patients faster. It was founded by Kathy Giusti, a myeloma patient and founder and chief executive officer of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF).

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# Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium

The mission of the **Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium** (MMRC) is to champion collaboration with and integration across academia and industry and to focus on speed and innovation to bring the most promising multiple myeloma treatments to patients faster. It was founded by Kathy Giusti, a myeloma patient and founder and chief executive officer of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF).

## MMRC model

The MMRC comprises 14 member institutions nationwide that form its clinical trials network. It is led by an executive committee in Norwalk, Connecticut, and a steering committee and progress review committee composed of researchers from MMRC Member Institutions. The MMRC also includes a shared tissue bank of annotated tissue and peripheral blood samples from multiple myeloma patients.

## MMRC member institutions

The MMRC currently comprises fourteen world-renowned academic institutions:

## MMRC Tissue Bank

The MMRC Tissue Bank serves as a “bridge” between laboratory and clinical research conducted by the MMRC and is a resource to advance the MMRC Multiple Myeloma Genomics Initiative.

## MMRC clinical trials

The MMRC is focused on advancing Phase I and Phase II clinical trials of novel compounds and combination approaches. To date, the MMRC has opened through its clinical trials network 22 clinical trials with industry partners – including Novartis, Celgene, Merck, and Proteolix. MMRC clinical trials are also designed to include correlative studies to better understand what drugs are most effective in treating various sub-groups of patients with myeloma, laying the foundation for the development of personalized medicine.

## MMRC Multiple Myeloma Genomics Initiative

The MMRC Multiple Myeloma Genomics Initiative comprehensive genomic analysis program. It was designed to rapidly accelerate progress made against multiple myeloma by significantly improving the understanding of the biology of the disease. It is spearheaded by the MMRC and in collaboration with the Broad Institute and the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen).


title: GTPBP6

abstract: GTP binding protein 6 also known as GTPBP6 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the pseudoautosomal GTPBP6 gene.

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# GTPBP6

**GTP binding protein 6** also known as **GTPBP6** is a protein which in humans is encoded by the pseudoautosomal *GTPBP6* gene.

## Clinical significance

Overexpression of GTPBP6 as a result of Klinefelter's syndrome (one or more extra X-chromosomes) is inversely correlated with verbal ability.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| GTPBP6 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | GTPBP6, PGPL, GTP binding protein 6 (putative) | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 300124; MGI: 1306825; HomoloGene: 8157; GeneCards: GTPBP6; OMA:GTPBP6 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_012227   NM\_145147   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_036359   NP\_660129   Location (UCSC) Chr X: 0.3 – 0.32 Mb Chr 5: 110.25 – 110.26 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |