title: Pseudo-Apuleius

abstract: Pseudo-Apuleius is the name given in modern scholarship to the author of a 4th-century herbal known as Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius or Herbarium Apuleii Platonici. The author of the text apparently wished readers to think that it was by Apuleius of Madaura (124–170 CE), the Roman poet and philosopher, but modern scholars do not believe this attribution. Little or nothing else is known of Pseudo-Apuleius. The oldest surviving manuscript of the Herbarium is the 6th-century Leiden, MS. Voss. Q.9. Until the 12th century it was the most influential herbal in Europe, with numerous extant copies surviving into the modern era, along with several copies of an Old English translation. Thereafter, it was more or less displaced by the Circa instans, a herbal produced at the school of Salerno. "Pseudo-Apuleius" is also used as a shorthand generic term to refer to the manuscripts and derived works.

text:
# Pseudo-Apuleius

**Pseudo-Apuleius** is the name given in modern scholarship to the author of a 4th-century herbal known as ***Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius*** or ***Herbarium Apuleii Platonici***. The author of the text apparently wished readers to think that it was by Apuleius of Madaura (124–170 CE), the Roman poet and philosopher, but modern scholars do not believe this attribution. Little or nothing else is known of Pseudo-Apuleius.

The oldest surviving manuscript of the *Herbarium* is the 6th-century Leiden, MS. Voss. Q.9. Until the 12th century it was the most influential herbal in Europe, with numerous extant copies surviving into the modern era, along with several copies of an Old English translation. Thereafter, it was more or less displaced by the *Circa instans*, a herbal produced at the school of Salerno. "Pseudo-Apuleius" is also used as a shorthand generic term to refer to the manuscripts and derived works.

## Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius

### Illustrations

### Text

The text of *Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius* is based on late antique sources, especially Pliny's *Historia naturalis* and Discorides's *De materia medica*. Scholars agree that it was compiled in the 4th century, according to Sigerist (1930, p. 200) from Latin, according to Singer (1927, p. 37) from Greek sources. Each of the 128 to 131 chapters (the number varying between manuscripts) deals with one medical plant. In these chapters the name of the plant is followed by the enumeration of indications in the form of recipes and by synonyms of the plant's name.

For example: Chapter 89, Herba millefolium (Edition of Howald/Sigerist 1927):

| Text (Howald/Sigerist 1927) | Translation |
| --- | --- |
| *Herba millefolium* | The herb millefolium \[now interpreted as *Achillea millefolium*\] |
| 1. *Ad dentium dolorem. Herbae millefolium radicem ieiunus conmanducet.* | 1. For toothache. The root of the herb millefolium should be chewed before breakfast. |
| 2. *Ad uulnera de ferro facta. Herba millefolium cum axungia pistata et inposita uulnera purgat et sanat.* | 2. For wounds inflicted by iron. If you put on the herb millefolium crushed in fat, so it cleans and heals wounds. |
| 3. *Ad tumores. Herbam millefolium contusam cum butiro inpone.* | 3. For tumours. Put on the herb millefolium crushed in butter. |
| 4. *Ad urinae difficultatem. Herbae millefolium sucus cum aceto bibitur, mire sanat.* | 4. For difficulties of urination. The juice of the herb millefolium drunk mixed with wine vinegar, heals wonderfully. |
| *Nomina herbae. A Graecis dicitur miriofillon, alii ambrosiam, alii ciliofillon, alii crisitis, Galli mulicandos, alii uigentia, Daci diodela, Itali millefolium, alii militaris, alii Achillion, alii supercilium Veneris, alii cereum siluaticum. Hanc herbam Achilles inuenit, unde ferro percussus sanabat, quae ob id Achillea uocatur, de hac sanasse Telephium dicitur.* | Names of the herb. The Greeks call it miriofillon, others ambrosia, others ciliofillon, others crisitis. The Gauls \[call it\] mulicandos, others vigentia. The Dacians \[call it\] diodela. The Italians \[call it\] millefolium, others militaris, others Achillion, others supercilium Veneris, others cereum silvaticum. This herb was discovered by Achilles because it healed wounds, beaten by iron. It was therefore named Achillea. |
| *\[Interpolationes ex Diosc.\] Nascitur in palustris locis …* | \[Interpolations from the *De materia medica* of Dioscorides.\] It grows in swampy areas … |

## Associated texts

In the surviving codices the *Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius* was combined with other treatises:

1. **De herba vettonica**. Treatise dealing with the herb *Stachys officinalis*. It was falsely ascribed to Antonius Musa, physician of the Roman emperor Augustus.
2. ****Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius****.
3. **De taxone liber**. Anonymous treatise on the use of the European badger in medicine.
4. **Liber medicinae ex animalibus** ascribed to an unknown Roman physician named "Sextus Placitus Papyriensis".
5. **(Pseudo-)Dioscorides de herbis femininis**. According to Riddle written before the 6th century in Southern Europe.
6. **Precatio terrae matris** (*Incantation of the mother of earth*) and **Precatio omnium herbarum** (*Incantation of all herbs*).

## Manuscripts

Howald and Sigerist (edition 1927, V–XVI) divided the codices into 3 classes (α, β and γ) according to the varying mixture of associated texts in the codices:

* α-class containing parts 1, 2, 3, 4a and 5, moreover better synonyms than in the β-class-texts and no interpolations. The α-class is considered to be the class with the best text-tradition.
* β-class containing parts 1, 2, 3, 4b, 5 and 6, moreover interpolations. The ß-class is considered to be the class with the best illustrations.
* γ-class containing parts 1, 2 and 6, without the interpolations of the β-class. γ-class contains the oldest manuscripts.

| Class | Abbreviation (Howald/Sigerist) | Name of the codex | Century |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| α | Ca | Monte Cassino, Archivo de la Badia, Cod. 97 | 09th century. |
| α | M | Munich, Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, Fragmenta Emeranensia, Clm 14672, 14766 und 15028, in all 8 pages. | 07th century. |
| α | L | Lucca, Bibliotheka Governativa, MS. 296 | 09th century. |
| α | Hal | Halberstadt, Domschatz (Bibliothek des Domgymnasiums), Inv.-Nr. 465–466 fol. Ir–IIv, Palimpsest (upper writing). | 07th century. |
| α | Be | Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Fragmentum Berolinense Ms. Lat. fol. 381 no. 1 | 08th century. |
| α | Ha | London, British Library, Harley MS 4986 | 12th century. |
| α | V | Vienna, Codex Vindobonensis 187 (nach Grape-Albers 1977, p. 3: Eton College MS. 204) | 12th century. |
| α | A | London, British Library, MS Cotton Vitellius C III | 11th century. |
| β | Hil | Hildesheim, Beverinsche Bibliothek, MS. 658 | 08th century. |
| β | Vr | Bratislava, Codex Vratislaviensis Bibl. univ. III F 19 | 09th century. |
| β | Bodley 130 | Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Bodley 130 | 11th century. |
| β | He | Herten, Codicis medici Hertensis, destroyed by fire | 09th century. |
| β | B | Bamberg, Codex Bambergensis med 8 (L III.15) | 13th century. |
| β | Laur. 7341 | Florence, Bibliotheca Laurenziana, MS. 73,41 | 09th century. |
| β | Va | Vatican, Codex Vaticanus Barberinus 160 | 11th century. |
| β | Vat. Lat. 6337 | Vatican, Codex Vaticanus lat. 6337 | 15th century. |
| β | Laur. 7316 | Florence, Bibliotheca Laurenziana, MS. 73,16 | 13th century. |
| β | Vi | Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Herbarium Apuleii Platonici|Codex Vindobonensis 93 | 13th century. |
| β | Arsenal 1031 | Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, Codex 1031 | 15th century. |
| β | Paris 6862 | Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. lat. 6862 | 10th century. |
| β | Ber | Berlin, Codex Berolinensis Hamil. 307 | 15th century. |
| γ | E | Fragmentum Epporigiense | 07th century. |
| γ | Vo | Leiden, Universitätsbibliothek, MS. Voss. Lat. Q. 9 | 06th century. |
| γ | C | Kassel, Landesbibliothek, 2° MS. phys. et hist. nat. 10 | 10th century. |

Singer (1927), Grape-Albers (1977, pp. 2–5) and Collins (2000) cited more manuscripts:

* St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 217, 9th century.
* London, British Library, Harley MS 585, 11th – 12th century.
* London, British Library, Harley MS 1585, 12th century.
* London, British Library, Harley MS 5294, 12th century.
* London, British Library, Harley MS 6258 B, 12th century.
* London, British Library, Sloane MS 1975, 12th century.
* Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Ashmole 1431, 11th century.
* Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Ashmole 1462, 12th century.
* Turin, Bibliotheca Universitaria, MS. K IV 3, 11th century, destroyed by fire.

Several more manuscripts can be added (see Mylène Pradel-Baquerre 2013 and Claudine Chavannes-Mazel 2016):

* Leiden, University Library, MS BPL 1283, c 1300 (related to Lucca)
* Leiden, University Library, MS Voss.Lat.Qu. 13, 10th century (Anglo-Saxon group)
* Leiden, University Library, MS Voss.Lat.Qu. 40, 11th century (German group)
* Montpellier, Bibliothèque de l'Ecole de Médecine, MS 277, 15th century
* The Hague, Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum MS 10 D 7, 10th century (alpha group)

## Translation: the *Old English Herbarium*

A version of the *Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius* was translated into Old English, surviving now in four manuscripts:

* London, British Library, Cotton MS Vitellius C III (illustrated)
* Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Hatton 76
* London, British Library, Harley MS 585
* London, British Library, Harley MS 6258 B (updated into early Middle English)

Like many of the Latin manuscripts, it includes the *Herbarium of Pseudo-Apuleius*, *De herba vetonica*, *De taxone*, *medicina de quadrupedibus*, and the *Liber medicinae ex herbis feminis*. It was first edited and translated by Oswald Cockayne, re-edited in 1984 by Jan de Vriend, re-translated in 2002 by Anne Van Arsdall, and again re-edited and re-translated in 2023 by John D. Niles and Maria A. D'Aronco. A variety of dates and places have been suggested for the production of this translation, ranging from eighth-century Northumbria to late-tenth-century Winchester, with recent scholarship tending towards tenth-century Wessex.

## Incunabula and early printings

Based on a 9th-century manuscript of Monte Cassino the first incunable of *Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius* was printed in Rome in 1481.

The first printing in northern Europe was done in 1537 in Zürich.

## Editions

* Howald, Ernst; Sigerist, Henry E. (1927). *Antonii Musae De herba vettonica, Liber Pseudo-Apulei her-barius, Anonymi De taxone liber, Sexti Placiti Liber medicinae ex animalibus*. Corpus medicorum latinorum (in Latin). Vol. IV. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
* de Vriend, Hubert Jan (ed.), *The Old English Herbarium and Medicina de Quadrupedibus*, The Early English Text Society, 286 (London: Oxford University Press, 1984). (Contains a Latin text alongside the Old English.)
* Kai Brodersen (2015). Apuleius, Heilkräuterbuch / Herbarius, Latin and German. Marix, Wiesbaden. ISBN 978-3-7374-0999-5
* Niles, John D. and Maria A. D'Aronco (ed. and trans.), *Medical Writings from Early Medieval England, Volume I: The Old English Herbal, Lacnunga, and Other Texts*, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 81 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2023). Old English and Modern English translation.

## Sources

* Claudine A. Chavannes-Mazel, L. IJpelaar (eds), *The Green Middle Ages. The Depiction and Use of Plants in the Western World*, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2022. ISBN 978 94 6372 619 1. Dutch edition Lecturis 2016 and 2019. ISBN 978-94-6226-297-3
* Collins, Minta (September 2000). *Medieval Herbals. The Illustrative Traditions*. British Library Studies in Medieval Culture. London: University of Toronto Press. pp. 165–220. ISBN 9780802083135.
* Grape-Albers, Heide (1977). *Spätantike Bilder aus der Welt des Arztes. Medizinische Bilderhandschriften der Spätantike und ihre mittelalterliche Überlieferung* \[*Late Antiquity images from the world of the physician. Medical illuminated manuscripts of the late antiquity and medieval tradition*\] (in German). Wiesbaden: Guido Pressler. ISBN 9783876460376.
* Hollis, Stephanie; Wright, Michael (1992). *Old English prose of secular learning*. Cambridge: Brewer. ISBN 9780859913430.
* Sigerist, Henry E. (1930). "Zum Herbarius Pseudo-Apuleius". *Sudhoffs Archiv* (in German). **23**: 197–204.
* Singer, Charles (1927). "The Herbal in the Antiquity". *The Journal of Hellenic Studies*. **XLVII**: 1–52 (37–48). doi:10.2307/625251. JSTOR 625251. S2CID 163356763.
* Sudhoff, Karl (1916). "Szenen aus der Sprechstunde und bei Krankenbesuchen des Arztes in mittelalterlichen Handschriften". *Sudhoffs Archiv* (in German). **10**: 71–90.
* Swarzenski, Georg (1902). "Mittelalterliche Kopien einer antiken medizinischen Bilderhandschrift". *Jahrbuch des kaiserlichen deutschen archäologischen Instituts* (in German). **XVII**: 45–53.


title: Jørn Holme

abstract: Jørn Holme is a Norwegian judge and civil servant. He grew up at Nordberg, and originally wanted to become a priest. He was active in the Norwegian Christian Student Association while studying. He graduated with the cand.jur. degree from the University of Oslo in 1986. He left a job as research assistant there to do his compulsory military service, then work in the police. In 1988 he was hired as a police inspector for Senja, and from 1990 to 1991 he was an acting judge at Trondenes and Oslo District Courts. From 1991 to 2001 he was a public prosecutor in the Norwegian National Authority for the Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime (Økokrim). His work mainly concerned environmental crime. He edited and wrote books during this period, and launched the periodical Miljøkrim. He had short interruptions from this position to be acting presiding judge in Eidsivating in 1993, acting assisting director in the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage in 1997 and acting general prosecutor in the Norwegian Army in 2001. In 2001, when Bondevik's Second Cabinet assumed office, Holme was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Justice and the Police. He represented the Liberal Party of Norway. He was recruited by Odd Einar Dørum without any partisan political background. He left politics in 2004 to become the new head of the Norwegian Police Security Service. He succeeded the acting police security director Arnstein Øverkil, who had held office temporarily since Per Sefland resigned the previous year. Holme was the first active politician to be appointed as police security director. The task of the Police Security Service is to conduct domestic intelligence gathering, whereas foreign operations are reserved for the Norwegian Intelligence Service. An amount of coordination between these two bodies as well as the National Security Authority is also involved. In 2006 became a board member of the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments. In June 2009 Holme was announced as the new director of the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. The previous director Nils Marstein had been appointed while Holme was acting assisting director in 1997, but now withdrew after two six-year terms. It became clear that Holme could not leave the Police Security Service before 22 October; after Nils Marstein left in August Sjur Helseth became acting director. In the Police Security Service, Roger Berg was acting director from 23 October to 10 November, when Janne Kristiansen took over. Holme is married and has three children. They reside in Frogner, Oslo. He has cited his "ideal" as being Johs. Andenæs.

text:
# Jørn Holme

**Jørn Holme** (born 16 August 1959) is a Norwegian judge and civil servant.

He grew up at Nordberg, and originally wanted to become a priest. He was active in the Norwegian Christian Student Association while studying. He graduated with the cand.jur. degree from the University of Oslo in 1986. He left a job as research assistant there to do his compulsory military service, then work in the police. In 1988 he was hired as a police inspector for Senja, and from 1990 to 1991 he was an acting judge at Trondenes and Oslo District Courts. From 1991 to 2001 he was a public prosecutor in the Norwegian National Authority for the Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime (Økokrim). His work mainly concerned environmental crime. He edited and wrote books during this period, and launched the periodical *Miljøkrim*. He had short interruptions from this position to be acting presiding judge in Eidsivating in 1993, acting assisting director in the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage in 1997 and acting general prosecutor in the Norwegian Army in 2001.

In 2001, when Bondevik's Second Cabinet assumed office, Holme was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Justice and the Police. He represented the Liberal Party of Norway. He was recruited by Odd Einar Dørum without any partisan political background. He left politics in 2004 to become the new head of the Norwegian Police Security Service. He succeeded the acting police security director Arnstein Øverkil, who had held office temporarily since Per Sefland resigned the previous year. Holme was the first active politician to be appointed as police security director. The task of the Police Security Service is to conduct domestic intelligence gathering, whereas foreign operations are reserved for the Norwegian Intelligence Service. An amount of coordination between these two bodies as well as the National Security Authority is also involved.

In 2006 became a board member of the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments. In June 2009 Holme was announced as the new director of the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. The previous director Nils Marstein had been appointed while Holme was acting assisting director in 1997, but now withdrew after two six-year terms. It became clear that Holme could not leave the Police Security Service before 22 October; after Nils Marstein left in August Sjur Helseth became acting director. In the Police Security Service, Roger Berg was acting director from 23 October to 10 November, when Janne Kristiansen took over.

Holme is married and has three children. They reside in Frogner, Oslo. He has cited his "ideal" as being Johs. Andenæs.


title: Jørn Jensen

abstract: Jørn Jensen was one of the earliest Danish computer programmers. Examined as a mechanical engineer, he had worked with electromechanical construction. In 1958, he was employed at the Danish Regnecentralen (RC), and very soon exhibited an extraordinary programming skill. He developed the main parts of the base programs to the Dansk Aritmetisk Sekvens Kalkulator, the first Danish computer. Among other programs, he designed a set of monitor programs to supervise the program running schedule on DASK. In tight collaboration with Peter Naur and others, he developed reliable, well documented compilers for the ALGOL 60 programming language. In this context, he invented Jensen's Device, an ingenious exploitation of the name parameters to compute numerical series without using procedure parameters, as is needed in all programming languages, except ALGOL 60 and Simula 67. After some 20 years at Regnecentralen, he continued his career in systems programming, and other types, at the Brown, Boveri & Cie electrical engineering company.

text:
# Jørn Jensen

**Jørn Jensen** (1925 – 2007) was one of the earliest Danish computer programmers. Examined as a mechanical engineer, he had worked with electromechanical construction. In 1958, he was employed at the Danish Regnecentralen (RC), and very soon exhibited an extraordinary programming skill. He developed the main parts of the base programs to the *Dansk Aritmetisk Sekvens Kalkulator* (DASK, *Danish Arithmetic Sequence Calculator*), the first Danish computer. Among other programs, he designed a set of monitor programs to supervise the program running schedule on DASK. In tight collaboration with Peter Naur and others, he developed reliable, well documented compilers for the ALGOL 60 programming language. In this context, he invented Jensen's Device, an ingenious exploitation of the name parameters to compute numerical series without using procedure parameters, as is needed in all programming languages, except ALGOL 60 and Simula 67.

After some 20 years at Regnecentralen, he continued his career in systems programming, and other types, at the Brown, Boveri & Cie electrical engineering company.

## InfoBox

| Jørn Jensen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1925 (1925)
Denmark |
| Died | 2007 (aged 8182) |
| Nationality | Danish |
| Occupation | Computer programmer |
| Years active | 1956–2005 |
| Known for | Much pioneering computer programming in Denmark |
| Notable work | DASK programs
ALGOL 60 compilers |


title: Psegmatica

abstract: Psegmatica is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

text:
# Psegmatica

***Psegmatica*** is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| ***Psegmatica*** | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Subfamily: | Olethreutinae |
| Genus: | ***Psegmatica***<br>Meyrick, 1930 |
|


title: Pselactus

abstract:
Pselactus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Curculionidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe, Northwestern Africa and Northern America. Selected species:
  - Pselactus affinis
  - Pselactus apionoides Horn, 1873
  - Pselactus spadix

text:
# Pselactus

***Pselactus*** is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Curculionidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe, Northwestern Africa and Northern America.

Selected species:

## InfoBox

| *Pselactus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Subfamily: | Cossoninae |
| Genus: | *Pselactus*<br>Broun, 1886 |
|


title: Pterolophia touzalini

abstract: Pterolophia touzalini is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1973.

text:
# Pterolophia touzalini

***Pterolophia touzalini*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1973.

## InfoBox

| *Pterolophia touzalini* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Pterolophia* |
| Species: | ***P. touzalini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterolophia touzalini***<br>Breuning, 1973 | |
|


abstract: In computational statistics, the pseudo-marginal Metropolis–Hastings algorithm is a Monte Carlo method to sample from a probability distribution. It is an instance of the popular Metropolis–Hastings algorithm that extends its use to cases where the target density is not available analytically. It relies on the fact that the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm can still sample from the correct target distribution if the target density in the acceptance ratio is replaced by an estimate. It is especially popular in Bayesian statistics, where it is applied if the likelihood function is not tractable.

text:
# Pseudo-marginal Metropolis–Hastings algorithm

In computational statistics, the **pseudo-marginal Metropolis–Hastings algorithm** is a Monte Carlo method to sample from a probability distribution. It is an instance of the popular Metropolis–Hastings algorithm that extends its use to cases where the target density is not available analytically. It relies on the fact that the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm can still sample from the correct target distribution if the target density in the acceptance ratio is replaced by an estimate. It is especially popular in Bayesian statistics, where it is applied if the likelihood function is not tractable (see example below).

## Algorithm description

The aim is to simulate from some probability density function $\pi (\theta )$. The algorithm follows the same steps as the standard Metropolis–Hastings algorithm except that the evaluation of the target density is replaced by a non-negative and unbiased estimate. For comparison, the main steps of a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm are outlined below.

### Metropolis–Hastings algorithm

Given a current state $\theta \_{n}$ the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm proposes a new state according to some density $\theta '\sim Q(\cdot \mid \theta \_{n})$. The algorithm then sets $\theta \_{n+1}=\theta '$ with probability

$$a(\theta \_{n},\theta ')=\min \left(1,{\frac {\pi (\theta ')}{\pi (\theta \_{n})}{\frac {Q(\theta \_{n}\mid \theta ')}{Q(\theta '\mid \theta \_{n})}\right)}}$$

otherwise the old state is kept, that is, $\theta \_{n+1}=\theta \_{n}$.

### Pseudo-marginal Metropolis–Hastings algorithm

If the density $\pi $ is not available analytically the above algorithm cannot be employed. The pseudo-marginal Metropolis–Hastings algorithm in contrast only assumes the existence of an unbiased estimator $\hat {\pi }\_{\theta }$, i.e. the estimator must satisfy the equation $\mathbb {E} \[{\hat {\pi }\_{\theta }\]=\pi (\theta ).}$ Now, given $\theta \_{n}$ and the respective estimate $\hat {\pi }\_{n}$ the algorithm proposes a new state according to some density $\theta '\sim Q(\cdot \mid \theta \_{n})$. Next, compute an estimate $\hat {\pi }\_{\theta '}$ and set $\theta \_{n+1}=\theta '$ with probability

$$a(\theta \_{n},\theta ')=\min \left(1,{\frac {{\hat {\pi }\_{\theta '}{{\hat {\pi }\_{n}{\frac {Q(\theta \_{n}\mid \theta ')}{Q(\theta '\mid \theta \_{n})}\right)}}}}}}$$

otherwise the old state is kept, that is, $\theta \_{n+1}=\theta \_{n}$.

## Application to Bayesian statistics

In Bayesian statistics the target of inference is the posterior distribution

$$p(\theta \mid y)={\frac {p\_{\theta }(y)p(\theta )}{p(y)},}$$

where $p\_{\theta }$ denotes the likelihood function, $p$ is the prior and $p(y)$ is the prior predictive distribution. Since there is often no analytic expression of this quantity, one often relies on Monte Carlo methods to sample from the distribution instead. Monte Carlo methods often need the likelihood $p\_{\theta }(y)$ to be accessible for every parameter value $\theta $. In some cases, however, the likelihood does not have an analytic expression. An example of such a case is outlined below.

### Example: Latent variable model

Consider a model consisting of i.i.d. latent real-valued random variables $Z\_{1},\ldots ,Z\_{n}$ with $Z\_{i}\sim f\_{\theta }(\cdot )$ and suppose one can only observe these variables through some additional noise $Y\_{i}\mid Z\_{i}=z\sim g\_{\theta }(\cdot \mid z)$ for some conditional density $g$. (This could be due to measurement error, for instance.) We are interested in Bayesian analysis of this model based on some observed data $y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n}$. Therefore, we introduce some prior distribution $p(\theta )$ on the parameter. In order to compute the posterior distribution

$$p(\theta \mid y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n})\propto p\_{\theta }(y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n})p(\theta )$$

we need to find the likelihood function $p\_{\theta }(y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n})$. The likelihood contribution of any observed data point $y$ is then

$$p\_{\theta }(y)=\int g\_{\theta }(y\mid z)f\_{\theta }(z)\\,dz$$

and the joint likelihood of the observed data $y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n}$ is

$$p\_{\theta }(y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n})=\prod \_{i=1}^{n}p\_{\theta }(y\_{i})=\prod \_{i=1}^{n}\int g\_{\theta }(y\_{i}\mid z\_{i})f\_{\theta }(z\_{i})\\,dz\_{i}.$$

If the integral on the right-hand side is not analytically available, importance sampling can be used to estimate the likelihood. Introduce an auxiliary distribution $q$ such that $g\_{\theta }(y\mid z)f\_{\theta }(z)\>0\Rightarrow q(z)\>0$ for all $z$ then

$$\hat {p}\_{\theta }(y\_{i})={\frac {1}{N}\sum \_{k=1}^{N}{\frac {g\_{\theta }(y\_{i}\mid Z\_{k})f\_{\theta }(Z\_{k})}{q(Z\_{k})},\qquad Z\_{k}{\overset {i.i.d.}{\sim }q(\cdot )}}}$$

is an unbiased estimator of $p\_{\theta }(y\_{i})$ and the joint likelihood can be estimated unbiasedly by

$$\hat {p}\_{\theta }(y\_{1},\ldots ,y\_{n})=\prod \_{i=1}^{n}{\hat {p}\_{\theta }(y\_{i})=\prod \_{i=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{N}\sum \_{k=1}^{N}{\frac {g\_{\theta }(y\_{i}\mid Z\_{i,k})f\_{\theta }(Z\_{i,k})}{q(Z\_{i,k})},\qquad Z\_{i,k}{\overset {i.i.d.}{\sim }q(\cdot ).}}}}$$

## Extensions

Pseudo-marginal Metropolis-Hastings can be seen as a special case of so-called particle marginal Metropolis-Hastings algorithms. In the case of the latter, unbiased estimators of densities relating to static parameters in state-space models may be obtained using a particle filter. While the algorithm enables inference on both the joint space of static parameters and latent variables, when interest is only in the static parameters the algorithm is equivalent to a pseudo-marginal algorithm.


title: Mogami, Yamagata

abstract: Mogami is a town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. As of 29 February 2020, the town has an estimated population of 8,441 in 2,848 households, and a population density of 26 persons per km⁲. The total area of the town is 330.27 square kilometres (128 sq mi).

text:
# Mogami, Yamagata

**Mogami** (最上町, *Mogami-machi*) is a town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. As of 29 February 2020, the town has an estimated population of 8,441 in 2,848 households, and a population density of 26 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 330.27 square kilometres (128 sq mi).

## Geography

Mogami is located in the mountains of extreme northeastern Yamagata Prefecture. Despite its name, the Mogami River does not run through the town. The area is known for extremely heavy snows in winter.

### Neighboring municipalities

### Climate

Mogami has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification *Cfa*) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Mogami is 10.3 °C (50.5 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,851.8 mm (72.91 in) with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.2 °C (73.8 °F), and lowest in January, at around −1.3 °C (29.7 °F).

| Climate data for Mogami (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1976−present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.4
(54.3) | 14.2
(57.6) | 19.2
(66.6) | 27.6
(81.7) | 33.2
(91.8) | 33.3
(91.9) | 35.9
(96.6) | 36.0
(96.8) | 34.8
(94.6) | 28.9
(84.0) | 23.3
(73.9) | 16.8
(62.2) | 36.0
(96.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.6
(34.9) | 2.6
(36.7) | 6.3
(43.3) | 13.6
(56.5) | 19.8
(67.6) | 23.5
(74.3) | 26.8
(80.2) | 28.3
(82.9) | 24.1
(75.4) | 18.0
(64.4) | 11.1
(52.0) | 4.4
(39.9) | 15.0
(59.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.3
(29.7) | −1.0
(30.2) | 1.9
(35.4) | 7.7
(45.9) | 13.9
(57.0) | 18.3
(64.9) | 22.1
(71.8) | 23.2
(73.8) | 19.1
(66.4) | 12.6
(54.7) | 6.3
(43.3) | 1.1
(34.0) | 10.3
(50.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.3
(24.3) | −4.4
(24.1) | −2.1
(28.2) | 2.2
(36.0) | 8.5
(47.3) | 13.9
(57.0) | 18.4
(65.1) | 19.3
(66.7) | 15.1
(59.2) | 8.1
(46.6) | 2.1
(35.8) | −1.8
(28.8) | 6.2
(43.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.8
(3.6) | −15.1
(4.8) | −16.0
(3.2) | −8.9
(16.0) | −0.7
(30.7) | 3.5
(38.3) | 7.6
(45.7) | 10.0
(50.0) | 3.2
(37.8) | −1.9
(28.6) | −6.3
(20.7) | −14.5
(5.9) | −16.0
(3.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 168.9
(6.65) | 116.6
(4.59) | 114.5
(4.51) | 104.1
(4.10) | 119.2
(4.69) | 137.2
(5.40) | 233.4
(9.19) | 197.6
(7.78) | 158.3
(6.23) | 148.2
(5.83) | 167.2
(6.58) | 188.2
(7.41) | 1,851.8
(72.91) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 277
(109) | 212
(83) | 142
(56) | 17
(6.7) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 13
(5.1) | 173
(68) | 814
(320) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 22.7 | 18.5 | 17.5 | 13.8 | 12.0 | 10.9 | 13.4 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 17.8 | 21.4 | 187.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 3 cm) | 22.2 | 19.2 | 16.6 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 13.9 | 75.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 47.1 | 63.5 | 110.5 | 160.5 | 186.9 | 154.9 | 130.0 | 161.0 | 124.4 | 122.5 | 90.5 | 48.5 | 1,402.5 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Mogami peaked in the 1950s has declined by more half since then. The town is now less populous than it was a century ago.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 12,384 |  |
| 1930 | 13,104 | +5.8% |
| 1940 | 13,867 | +5.8% |
| 1950 | 17,207 | +24.1% |
| 1960 | 16,833 | −2.2% |
| 1970 | 14,015 | −16.7% |
| 1980 | 13,190 | −5.9% |
| 1990 | 12,541 | −4.9% |
| 2000 | 11,483 | −8.4% |
| 2010 | 9,847 | −14.2% |
| 2020 | 8,080 | −17.9% |

## History

During the Sengoku period, the area was under the control of the Mogami clan who built Oguni Castle. During the Edo period, parts of the area came under the control of Shinjō Domain. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Mogami District, Yamagata Prefecture. The villages of Higashi-Oguni and Nishi-Oguni were established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. These villages merged to form the town of Mogami on September 1, 1954.

## Economy

Mogami was formerly known as a horse breeding area, and numerous ranches supplied horses to the Imperial Japanese Army's cavalry regiments. Modern Mogami is dependent on agriculture, forestry and seasonal tourism to its many hot spring resorts.

## Education

Mogami has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the city government and one public high school operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education.

## Transportation

### Railways

East Japan Railway Company \- Rikuu East Line

### Highways

## InfoBox

| Mogami 最上町 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Mogami Town Hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Mogami in Yamagata Prefecture | |
| Mogami | |
| Coordinates: 38°45′30.7″N 140°31′9.4″E / 38.758528°N 140.519278°E / 38.758528; 140.519278 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Tōhoku |
| Prefecture | Yamagata |
| District | Mogami |
| Area | |
| Total | 330.27 km2 (127.52 sq mi) |
| Population (February 2020) | |
| Total | 8,442 |
| Density | 26/km2 (66/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| Phone number | 0233-43-2111 |
| Address | 66 Mukai-machi, Mogami-machi, Mogami-gun, Yamagata-ken 999-6101 |
| Climate | Cfa/Dfa |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |
| Symbols | |
|  | |
| Bird | Copper pheasant |
| Flower | Japanese gentian |
| Tree | Japanese plum |
|  | |


title: Two Bits & Pepper

abstract: Two Bits & Pepper is a 1995 family dramedy film directed by Corey Michael Eubanks and starring Joe Piscopo, Lauren Eckstrom, and Rachel Crane. The plot concerns two young girls who get into mischief with their pet horses. They are kidnapped by a pair of bumbling crooks who hold them for ransom, and it is up to their equine pets to rescue them.

text:
# Two Bits & Pepper

***Two Bits & Pepper*** is a 1995 family dramedy film directed by Corey Michael Eubanks and starring Joe Piscopo, Lauren Eckstrom, and Rachel Crane. The plot concerns two young girls who get into mischief with their pet horses. They are kidnapped by a pair of bumbling crooks who hold them for ransom, and it is up to their equine pets to rescue them.

## Plot

Two Bits and Pepper are horses, living in Central California with their owners, Tyler and her parents, Roger and Carla. One day, after school, Tyler's best friend, Katie, sets out a plan to get her to ride Two Bits and Pepper into town. Carla refuses to allow Tyler to do so, so Katie makes up a concept to go below the highway that runs across their property rather than to directly cross it, as Carla did not clearly state that they could not go below it.

Carla witnesses Tyler and Katie in a hang-out session with Two Bits and Pepper in town, alongside their best friends. After putting Two Bits and Pepper into the property, Tyler sets off for the main road. Earlier in the day, two crooks named Zike and Spider attempt to kidnap a young boy at school under the ploy that it's a free ride home. He meets up with his father, who reports Zike and Spider to the police.

Katie crosses the road, but not before meeting up with Zike and Spider. They try to grab her under the ploy that her dad knows them. She escapes by throwing rocks at them. Tyler makes it home at sunset. Carla yells at her for having disobeyed her, leading her to run away, but Carla thinks it was just a trick.

Later in the night, Roger arrives home to find Carla crying because Tyler is gone. After checking Two Bits and Pepper's pins, they set off for the police station. Tyler is hanging out at Katie's house. Zike and Spider are pulled over by the police for matching the description of the car that the boy's father gave them. After letting them go, the police station is rampant with reports and sightings of the kidnappers. The FBI is also on the case.

Later that night, Zike and Spider break into Katie's house, leading her to drop a candle and burn the whole house down. They make it out, running into the field.

The police, the firefighters, Roger, and Carla make it to Katie's house, which is burning when they arrive.

At the same time, Two Bits and Pepper have escaped from their pins, walking through the fields to find Tyler and Katie with their telepathy. The next day, they are hiding from Zike and Spider in a shack. Suddenly, Zike and Spider burst inside, shutting the door.

A few minutes later, Two Bits and Pepper run by the search party, making the search crew suspicious. The search crew veers off course, trying to kill them for horse meat.

In the shack, Tyler and Katie are told that there is a ransom to set them free. At the police station, there are missing posters for them, leading Roger to be saddened. Two Bits and Pepper are taken into the back of a man's truck. After staying at a saloon in town for some time, it is revealed that he is drunk. Pepper sets Two Bits free and he leaps out of the truck as the man drives off.

Zike and Spider set easy traps on Tyler and Katie, leading them to easily be set free from their seats. Just before they escape, Zike and Spider arrive, congratulating them on doing so. Spider grabs a winch and threatens to break their legs with it if they move a muscle out of their seats. They sit back down, following his commands. Meanwhile, Zike is hanging out outside a trading post in town, begging a woman to leave her keys in her car. Suddenly, a small kid grabs a stick and hits Zike in the leg with it. He then gets bitten by a dog, running to the car. He pretends to own it as he drives it off.

Meanwhile, back at the shack, Tyler and Katie trick Spider into leaning over to kill a spider on the floor. After leaning over, he kicks a panel of the wall, leading Tyler and Katie to try to escape. Katie makes it, but Tyler is dragged back inside by Spider. Zike arrives with the stolen car and takes Tyler into it; they are gonna drive her to Mexico to sell her to a cartel. Katie runs to safety, while Two Bits and Pepper enter the chase of a lifetime.

Zike, Spider, and Tyler cross a railroad track, leaving Two Bits and Pepper behind. They find a shortcut, leading Two Bits under the track, and into town. Pepper is too big for the shortcut, so he must wait. Meanwhile, the search crew bust down the shack, finding nothing suspicious.

Two Bits follows Zike, Spider, and Tyler to a bridge, blocking them just as they cross it. Spider does not run over him, citing car concerns. Tyler is crying at this point.

Spider jumps out of the car, grabbing a pistol. He messes with it, not pulling the trigger. Soon, Two Bits makes him flinch, leading him to accidentally fire a shot at him. Tyler is horrified as he falls to the ground. Zike does not take too kindly of the act, letting Tyler pass by and cry with Two Bits as he's dying.

The search crew's helicopter narrows in on the scene. Spider fires multiple shots at it, turning the car around with Zike inside. They survive multiple shots from the helicopter, stopping and taking off on foot.

Suddenly, Pepper bursts back into the scene, slamming into Zike and Spider. Spider falls into the river and Zike falls onto the hilltop. This leads to Zike's arrest. The police arrive at Two Bits and Tyler, leading to a large reunion with Roger, Carla, and everybody else. The search crew captures Spider in a net, arresting him.

A few hours later, in a veterinary hospital, Two Bits is undergoing surgery. He survives the gunshot in the end.

A few weeks later, Tyler and Katie are riding on Pepper, when Two Bits arrives behind them. They ride into the sunshine, while the screen goes black.

## Legacy

Although the film did not fare well at the box office, it was among the first in a new trend of movie-style in the late 1990s, where an animal was kidnapped or injured by a set of two male antagonists, and it is up to the protagonist (usually a girl) to save it. This film was different, in where the protagonist was kidnapped and the animal had to save it. This was common in direct-to-video family films in the late 1990s, specifically ones released by Walt Disney Home Video. Films like this included *Gordy*, *Air Bud*, and *Soccer Dog*, which was released by Columbia Pictures in 1999. This was rather common in its time, citing an absence in new animation and family entertainment system concepts before the rise of Pixar Animation.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Two Bits & Pepper | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Corey Michael Eubanks |
| Written by | Corey Michael Eubanks |
| Starring |  |
| Production<br>company | PM Entertainment Group |
| Distributed by | Republic Pictures |
| Running time | 89 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Hans-Jörg Bullinger

abstract: Hans-Jörg Bullinger is a German scientist and former president of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. The mechanical engineer with a doctoral degree was the Director of the Fraunhofer IAO, besides he is also Professor of Industrial Science and Technology Management at the University of Stuttgart. From 2002 to 2012 he was the President of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. He is also a member of the Scientific Board of AutoUni Wolfsburg. In 1991, Bullinger was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Novi Sad. From 1963 till 1966 he attended the Technische Oberschule in Stuttgart and passed the Abitur with a second-chance education.

text:
# Hans-Jörg Bullinger

**Hans-Jörg Bullinger** (German pronunciation: \[ˌhans ˌjœʁk ˈbʊlɪŋɐ\] FREng, born April 13, 1944, in Stuttgart) is a German scientist and former president of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft.

The mechanical engineer with a doctoral degree was the Director of the Fraunhofer IAO (since its foundation), besides he is also Professor of Industrial Science and Technology Management at the University of Stuttgart. From 2002 to 2012 he was the President of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. He is also a member of the Scientific Board of AutoUni Wolfsburg.

In 1991, Bullinger was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Novi Sad.

From 1963 till 1966 he attended the Technische Oberschule in Stuttgart and passed the Abitur with a second-chance education.

## Awards/Titles

Bullinger is a member of acatech, the German academy of science and engineering.

* 1998: Order of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesverdienstkreuz), medal and ribbon, awarded for outstanding services to German science, industry and society,
* 2003: First Class Order of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesverdienstkreuz erster Klasse), awarded for extraordinary services to German science and research
* 2006: Order of merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for promoting the transfer of knowledge between science and industry
* 2009: Verdienstorden des Landes Baden-Württemberg (Merit of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg)
* 2012: Leonardo European Corporate Learning Award in the "Thought Leadership" category.
* 2013: International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering


title: Rochester Air Force Station

abstract: Rochester Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is located 7.3 miles (11.7 km) east-northeast of Rochester, Minnesota. It was closed in 1957.

text:
# Rochester Air Force Station

**Rochester Air Force Station (ADC ID: M-101)** is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is located 7.3 miles (11.7 km) east-northeast of Rochester, Minnesota. It was closed in 1957.

## History

Rochester Air Force Station was established as part of the planned deployment by Air Defense Command of forty-four Mobile radar stations across the United States to support the permanent Radar network established during the Cold War for air defense of the United States. This deployment had been projected to be operational by mid-1952. Funding, constant site changes, construction, and equipment delivery delayed deployment.

The 808th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was moved to Rochester on 1 September 1955 by the 31st Air Division, and it achieved operational status in 1956 with an AN/TPS-1D radar, and initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) and warning station. As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes.

Due to budget cuts, it was removed from service and inactivated on 8 September 1957.

The radar station was excessed by the Air Force to GSA in July 1958, which conveyed the property in 1959 to the Minnesota State Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare. It was then conveyed to Penz Farms, Inc in the late 1960s or early 1970s. The facility consists of eight major buildings one mess hall, a large garage or shop, and two buildings possibly used for storage. Lesser buildings consist of a pump house for water supply and a small building, possibly used for sewer outfall monitoring. The large, earth-mounded water supply reservoir is still in use.

Penz Farms owned the property through May, 2017 including the buildings and water supply, with exception of the sewer-monitoring building, which was not being used. Two of the 'old' barracks had been remodeled and were briefly used as rental units. The other two barracks, mess hall, and storage buildings were used for farm-related activity and storage. The largest building on the complex was used as a shop/garage.

The site is generally cluttered with new, used, and 'junked' equipment. Olmsted County received the property in a tax-forfeiture on 1 June 2017.

## Air Force units and assignments

### Units

* Constituted as the **808th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron**

Activated at Snelling AFS, Minnesota on 20 June 1953 (not manned or equipped) Moved to Rochester AFS on 1 September 1955 Inactivated on 8 September 1957

### Assignments

* 31st Air Division, 1 September 1955 – 9 September 1957

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| Rochester Air Force Station | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Air Defense Command (ADC) | |
| Rochester AFSLocation of Rochester AFS, Minnesota | |
| Coordinates | 44°04′11″N 092°20′24″W / 44.06972°N 92.34000°W / 44.06972; -92.34000 (Rochester AFS M-101) |
| Type | Air Force Station |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | United States Air Force |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1955 |
| In use | 1955-1957 |
| Garrison information | |
| Garrison | 808th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron |


title: Imionek

abstract: Imionek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pisz, within Pisz County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Pisz and 87 km (54 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Imionek

**Imionek** \[iˈmjɔnɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pisz, within Pisz County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Pisz and 87 km (54 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Imionek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Imionek | |
| Coordinates: 53°39′9″N 21°48′3″E / 53.65250°N 21.80083°E / 53.65250; 21.80083 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Pisz |
| Gmina | Pisz |
| Population | 100 |


title: Frank Rye

abstract: Frank Gibbs Rye was a British solicitor and Conservative politician. The third son of Walter Rye, the athlete and antiquary, and Georgina Eliza Rye of Norwich, he was educated at Fauconberg Grammar School, Beccles and St Paul's School, London. He was admitted as a solicitor in 1901, and joined his father's legal firm. The company was largely involved in conveyancing, Rye eventually became the senior partner, and he built up a lucrative practice transferring freehold and leasehold property in the Soho area of central London. He entered local politics as an alderman on Westminster City Council, and was mayor of the city in 1922–1923. He was appointed by the city council to the Metropolitan Water Board and the Thames Conservancy. At the 1923 general election he was the Conservative Party candidate for the constituency of Loughborough in Leicestershire, but failed to be elected. When another election was held in 1924 he was elected to the House of Commons as Loughborough's Member of Parliament, with the sitting Liberal Party MP, Edward Spears being beaten into third place behind George Winterton of the Labour Party. Rye served only one term in parliament, and was defeated in 1929 when Winterton, his Labour opponent of five years before, won the seat. In 1931 he was chosen by the Conservatives to contest Walsall. In the event the party did not contest the seat, instead supporting the Liberal candidate as the representative of the National Government. In 1937 he was elected to the London County Council as a Municipal Reform Party councillor representing Westminster, Abbey. He remained a member of the county council until his death, and served as deputy chairman in 1946–1947. He was created an OBE in 1937 and CBE in 1945. A director of a number of companies in the City of London, he was Master of the Worshipful Company of Needlemakers in 1945–1946. He was twice married. In 1901 he married Ethel Mary Beloe of King's Lynn. The couple had three sons and one daughter. Following her death in 1938 he married Nora, widow of Guy Gayford, of Raynham, Norfolk in 1947. He died suddenly at his home, Basing House, Thames Ditton in Surrey on 18 October 1948.

text:
# Frank Rye

**Frank Gibbs Rye** (12 August 1874 – 18 October 1948) was a British solicitor and Conservative politician.

The third son of Walter Rye, the athlete and antiquary, and Georgina Eliza Rye of Norwich, he was educated at Fauconberg Grammar School, Beccles and St Paul's School, London. He was admitted as a solicitor in 1901, and joined his father's legal firm. The company was largely involved in conveyancing, Rye eventually became the senior partner, and he built up a lucrative practice transferring freehold and leasehold property in the Soho area of central London.

He entered local politics as an alderman on Westminster City Council, and was mayor of the city in 1922–1923. He was appointed by the city council to the Metropolitan Water Board and the Thames Conservancy. At the 1923 general election he was the Conservative Party candidate for the constituency of Loughborough in Leicestershire, but failed to be elected. When another election was held in 1924 he was elected to the House of Commons as Loughborough's Member of Parliament, with the sitting Liberal Party MP, Edward Spears being beaten into third place behind George Winterton of the Labour Party. Rye served only one term in parliament, and was defeated in 1929 when Winterton, his Labour opponent of five years before, won the seat. In 1931 he was chosen by the Conservatives to contest Walsall. In the event the party did not contest the seat, instead supporting the Liberal candidate as the representative of the National Government.

In 1937 he was elected to the London County Council as a Municipal Reform Party councillor representing Westminster, Abbey. He remained a member of the county council until his death, and served as deputy chairman in 1946–1947. He was created an OBE in 1937 and CBE in 1945. A director of a number of companies in the City of London, he was Master of the Worshipful Company of Needlemakers in 1945–1946.

He was twice married. In 1901 he married Ethel Mary Beloe of King's Lynn. The couple had three sons and one daughter. Following her death in 1938 he married Nora, widow of Guy Gayford, of Raynham, Norfolk in 1947.

He died suddenly at his home, Basing House, Thames Ditton in Surrey on 18 October 1948.


title: Grewia insularis

abstract: Grewia insularis is a species of flowering plant in the Malvaceae, or mallow family, that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet is the Latin for insular, referring to its island location.

text:
# Grewia insularis

***Grewia insularis***  is a species of flowering plant in the Malvaceae, or mallow family, that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet is the Latin for insular, referring to its island location.

## Description

*Grewia insularis* is a shrub or small tree. Its leaves are oblong to ovate, 40–110 mm long. The yellow flowers are usually 1–3 in an umbel, often with several umbels from one leaf-axil. The fruit is purple, often reduced to a subglobose drupe about 3 mm long.

## Distribution and habitat

Found only on Christmas Island, it occurs on the terraces on the northern coast.

## Relationships

The fruit and flowers of *G. insularis* are similar to those of *G. glabra*, while the shape of its leaves closely resemble those of *G. eriocarpa*.

### Notes

### Sources

* Ridley, H.N. (1906). *Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society*. **45**: 181. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
* "*Grewia insularis* Ridl". *Flora of Australia Online*. Australian Biological Resources Study. 1993. Retrieved 2010-11-26.

## InfoBox

| *Grewia insularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Grewia* |
| Species: | ***G. insularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Grewia insularis***<br>Ridl. | |
|


title: Guasiniidae

abstract: The Guasiniidae are a family of harvestman with three described species from South America. It is, together with the Fissiphalliidae and the Ogoveidae, one of the least diverse harvestman families. The family is probably closely related to the Zalmoxidae and Fissiphalliidae. All described species in this family are completely eyeless (anophthalmic). González-Sponga found the two first species inside bark under litter, G. persephone was also found inside soil, in an inundation-forest of black-water (igapó) at Tarumã-Mirim, near the mouth of Rio Negro, 20 km upstream from Manaus. The region is flooded for almost half a year. Current research suggests that the two described genera should be merged into one.

text:
# Guasiniidae

The **Guasiniidae** are a family of harvestman with three described species from South America.

It is, together with the Fissiphalliidae and the Ogoveidae, one of the least diverse harvestman families.

The family is probably closely related to the Zalmoxidae and Fissiphalliidae.

All described species in this family are completely eyeless (anophthalmic).

González-Sponga found the two first species inside bark under litter, *G. persephone* was also found inside soil, in an inundation-forest of black-water (igapó) at Tarumã-Mirim, near the mouth of Rio Negro, 20 km upstream from Manaus. The region is flooded for almost half a year.

Current research suggests that the two described genera should be merged into one.

## Species

* Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Guasiniidae
* Pinto-da-Rocha, R. & Kury, A.B. (2003): Third species of Guasiniidae (Opiliones, Laniatores) with comments on familial relationships. *Journal of Arachnology* **31**(3): 394-399. PDF Archived 2016-03-28 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Guasiniidae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Suborder: | Laniatores |
| Infraorder: | Grassatores |
| Superfamily: | Zalmoxoidea |
| Family: | **Guasiniidae**<br>González-Sponga, 1997 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text for list. | |
| Synonyms | |
| Guasinidae | |


title: Mysore Sadashiva Rao

abstract: Mysore Sadashiva Rao or Sadasiva Rao was a notable Indian vocalist and composer of Carnatic music. He was a member of the court of the king of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.

text:
# Mysore Sadashiva Rao

**Mysore Sadashiva Rao** (Mysore *Sadāśiva Rāo*; c.1800 – c.1885) or **Sadasiva Rao** was a notable Indian vocalist and composer of Carnatic music. He was a member of the court of the king of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.

## Biography

Very little is known about Sadashiva Rao's early days. He was born in a Marathi-speaking Deshastha Brahmin family which had settled in modern-day Andhra Pradesh. It is believed that he was employed as a clerk in his early career before he travelled to Walajahpet near Madras where he ended up training under Venkataramana Bhagavatar, a pupil of Tyagaraja (1767–1847), one of the Trinity of Carnatic Music. It is also said that Rao once met Tyagaraja when the composer travelled to Walajahpet on a pilgrimage and briefly stayed with his disciple.

Sadashiva Rao travelled with two brothers, the merchants Kopparam Chinnamuni Swamy Setty and Padda Muniswamy, to Mysore, brought Sadashiva Rao to Mysore. By the time he was 30, Rao had found a place in the Mysore Wodeyar durbar. The royal patronage coupled with wealthy admirers and disciples allowed Rao to live comfortably for the rest of his life. He was also known for his charitable work.

Notable among Rao's many disciples were Veena Seshanna, Veena Subbanna, Shamanna (of Bettadapura), Venkatesayya, and Ganjam Suryanarayana. It is known that he had a daughter whose son T. Venkata Rama Rao became an actor on the stage popularly known as "Curtain" Rama Rao.

## Compositions

Sadashiva Rao has composed mostly in Telugu. He went on a pilgrimage of south India and composed *krithis* at all the temples he visited. Some of his compositions are, *Devadideva* (*Mayamalavagaula*), *Gangadhara Tripuraharana* (*Purvikalyani*), *Paramabhuta Maina* (*Khamas*) and many padavarnams including the famous *Ye Maguva Bodhinchara* set in the Raga Dhanyasi. Sadashiva Rao used the mudra 'Sadashiva'.

| *Composition* | *Raga* | *Tala* | *Language* | *Audio Links* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *dEvAdi dEva nanu kAva samayamu ra* | *Mayamalavagowla* | *Adi* | *Telugu* |  |
| *paramAdbhutamaina nI sEva* | *Kamas* | *Khanda Jati Triputa* | *Telugu* |  |
| *sākēta-nagara-nātha* | *Harikambhoji* | *Rupaka* | *Sanskrit* | *M.S.Subbulakshmi - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=razC37HQzvM* |
| *vAcAma gOcarunDani* | *Atana* | *Adi* | *Telugu* | *Palghat Rama Bhagavatar - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dukmiiniiXw* |
| *gaṅgā-dhara tripura-hara śrī sāraṅgā-dhara* | *pūrvi kalyāṇi* | *rūpakaṃ* | *Sanskrit* |  |
| *kamalā-kānta śrī kṛṣṇa-ananta susvānta* |  |  | *Sanskrit* |  |
| *kṛpā-kara śrī guru mādhava-rāya* | *todi* |  | *Sanskrit* |  |
| *pālaya māṃ siddhivināyaka* | *shuddha dhanyāsi* |  | *Sanskrit* |  |
| *nannu brOcutaku inta tAmasama* | *Ritigowla* | *Rupakam* | *Telugu* |  |
| *sāmrājya dāyakēśa* | *Kambhoji* | *Triputa* | *Sanskrit* |  |
| *mahadēva kāñcīpurādhīśa pāhi māṃ* | Surati | Rupakam | Sanskrit |  |
| *māmava saraswati vara tāmarasāsana yuvati* | *Margahindola* | *Adi* | *Sanskrit* |  |
| *SrI kāmakOti pIthasthitE* | *Saveri* | *Adi* | *Sanskrit* |  |
| *SrI shanmukha janaka* | *Shankarabharanam* | *Adi* | *Sanskrit* |  |

## Sources


title: Vulnerability index

abstract: A vulnerability index is a measure of the exposure of a population to some hazard. Typically, the index is a composite of multiple quantitative indicators that via some formula, delivers a single numerical result. Through such an index "diverse issues can be combined into a standardised framework...making comparisons possible". For instance, indicators from the physical sciences can be combined with social, medical and even psychological variables to evaluate potential complications for disaster planning. The origin of vulnerability indexes as a policy planning tool began with the United Nations Environmental Program. One of the participants in the early task forces has also conducted secondary research documenting the evolution of the analytic tool through various stages. The term and methodology then expanded through medical literature and social work as discussed by Dr. James O'Connell of Boston Healthcare for the Homeless.

text:
# Vulnerability index

A **vulnerability index** is a measure of the exposure of a population to some hazard. Typically, the index is a composite of multiple quantitative indicators that via some formula, delivers a single numerical result. Through such an index "diverse issues can be combined into a standardised framework...making comparisons possible". For instance, indicators from the physical sciences can be combined with social, medical and even psychological variables to evaluate potential complications for disaster planning.

The origin of vulnerability indexes as a policy planning tool began with the United Nations Environmental Program. One of the participants in the early task forces has also conducted secondary research documenting the evolution of the analytic tool through various stages. The term and methodology then expanded through medical literature and social work as discussed by Dr. James O'Connell of Boston Healthcare for the Homeless.

## Basic methodology

The basic methodology of constructing a vulnerability index is described by University of Malta researcher Lino Briguglio who developed an economic vulnerability index (EVI) for describing the economic vulnerability of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The individual measures are weighted according to their relative importance. A cumulative score is then generated, typically by adding the weighted values. Decision trees can evaluate alternative policy options. Much of the original research has been evaluated by Lino Briguglio and presenters at Oxford, providing a body of secondary source material.

## Earlier use

A composite vulnerability index grew out of the work of South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), Fiji, and the Expert Group on Vulnerability Indexes affiliated with the United Nations, in response to a call made in the Barbados Plan of Action, the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS).

Bruguglio participated in development of the vulnerability index model for international organizations of small island developing states. University of Malta also hosts the Islands and Small States Institute, Foundation for International Studies. Other institutional participants included the New Zealand Official Development Assistance (NZODA) Programme. In 1996, the concept of a composite vulnerability index had been tentatively taken up by Commonwealth policy analysts. In 1997, official background papers of the SIDS unit reflected the term "vulnerability index" at least internally. It was also advanced in Commonwealth channels. By 1997, the term was approved for publication by the staff of the UN Secretary General in the SG's Report on Development of a Vulnerability Index for SIDS. This concept was subsequently adopted by other experts in that field. and explicitly named as such.

In a 1999 Technical Report for SOPAC, Kaly *et al.* discussed more focused vulnerability indexes. A subsection of that report was entitled "Vulnerability index – environment" and the report also discussed the concept of "Environmental vulnerability index".

## Extension of the general concept

The IPCC embraced vulnerability as a key category in 2001. A 2002 paper then applied a vulnerability indexing model to analysis of vulnerability to sea level rise for a US coastal community. At a 2008 Capacity Building Seminar at Oxford, the "Climate Vulnerability Index" was presented with an application to the protection of tourist economies, which may be important to small island states and others. By the time of this seminar, vulnerability indexes were established as governance tools. However, despite existing vulnerability assessment methodologies, vulnerability assessments are heavily influenced by data availability, data reliability, extent, scale, rating methods of vulnerability indicators, and interpretation of the 'vulnerability' and related concepts. As a result, there are many frameworks and indices available which are attuned to specific systems, areas, or circumstances, rather than a comprehensive definition or framework.

## In hazard planning

The concept has been extended and applied in dealing with risk from natural hazards and the part that population metrics play in making such a situation into a disaster. In the USA this has been done at a county level. And is run by the Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute since 2003.

### In medicine

In 2005 a "Histopathological Plaque Vulnerability Index" was proposed.


title: Gueutteville-les-Grès

abstract: Gueutteville-les-Grès is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

text:
# Gueutteville-les-Grès

**Gueutteville-les-Grès** is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 19 miles (31 km) southwest of Dieppe at the junction of the D69 and the D468 roads. The second part of the name comes from the sandstone (*grès*) quarries in the area.

## Heraldry

|  | The arms of Gueutteville-les-Grès are blazoned :
*Gules, a crozier and a quarryman's hammer in saltire Or, between in pale 2 saltires couped and in fess 2 bells argent.*

 |
| --- | --- |

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 319 |  |
| 1975 | 288 | −1.45% |
| 1982 | 300 | +0.58% |
| 1990 | 332 | +1.27% |
| 1999 | 302 | −1.05% |
| 2006 | 338 | +1.62% |
| 2011 | 360 | +1.27% |
| 2016 | 367 | +0.39% |
| 2021 | 368 | +0.05% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Places of interest

* The church of St. Samson, dating from the 13th century.

## InfoBox

| Gueutteville-les-Grès | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Gueutteville-les-Grès | |
| Gueutteville-les-GrèsGueutteville-les-Grès | |
| Coordinates: 49°50′25″N 0°45′22″E / 49.8403°N 0.7561°E / 49.8403; 0.7561 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Seine-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Dieppe |
| Canton | Saint-Valery-en-Caux |
| Intercommunality | CC Côte d'Albâtre |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | David Lambion |
| Area**1** | 4.39 km2 (1.69 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 368 |
| Density | 84/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 76336 /76460 |
| Elevation | 56–88 m (184–289 ft)
(avg. 80 m or 260 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Voisine v. United States

abstract: Voisine v. United States, 579 U.S. 686 (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban in U.S. federal law extends to those convicted of reckless domestic violence. The court reached its judgment in a 6–2 majority.

text:
# Voisine v. United States

***Voisine v. United States***, 579 U.S. 686 (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban in U.S. federal law extends to those convicted of reckless domestic violence. The court reached its judgment in a 6–2 majority.

## Background

In 2009, an anonymous caller in Maine notified officials that a bald eagle had been shot in Kingman. Investigating officers discovered the primary suspect, Stephen L. Voisine, was not legally permitted to possess a firearm. His prior domestic violence conviction barred him from possessing a gun, resulting from the Lautenberg Amendment signed into law in 1996. During Voisine's interrogation, he admitted to shooting the eagle. Subsequently, officials discovered his 28-year criminal record included 14 convictions for assault and domestic violence.

Voisine joined William Armstrong III to argue that their domestic violence convictions should not have precluded them from owning guns in the first place. They requested the Supreme Court to consider whether the Lautenberg Amendment was constitutional in the light of the precedent of *District of Columbia v. Heller* that the Second Amendment protected an individual right to bear arms. However, the court refused to consider this question, limiting itself to the question of whether the defendants' convictions for *reckless* acts of violence (as opposed to intentional ones) fell within the meaning of the Lautenberg Amendment.

During the oral arguments of the case, Justice Clarence Thomas asked a question from the bench for the first time in 10 years.

## Opinion of the Court

Associate Justice Elena Kagan authored the 6-2 majority opinion. Justices Clarence Thomas and Sonia Sotomayor were the dissenters. The court held that Mens rea of recklessness was sufficient because the Lautenberg Amendment does not mention intentionality. The court used an analogy of a thrown plate to illustrate the meaning of recklessness in an abuse context. The dissent disagreed with the majority holding that the term "reckless" is too broad under the Maine statute to pass constitutional muster for prohibition of firearms.

## InfoBox

| Voisine et. al. v. United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued February 29, 2016
Decided June 27, 2016 | |
| Full case name | *Stephen L. Voisine and William E. Armstrong III, Petitioners v. United States* |
| Docket no. | 14-10154 |
| Citations | 579 U.S. 686 (*more*)136 S. Ct. 2272; 195 L. Ed. 2d 736 |
| Opinion announcement | Opinion announcement |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *United States v. Voisine*, 778 F.3d 176 (1st Cir. 2015); cert. granted, 136 S. Ct. 386 (2015). |
| Holding | |
| Reckless misdemeanor domestic violence convictions trigger gun control prohibitions on gun ownership. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy **·**  Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg **·**  Stephen Breyer
Samuel Alito **·**  Sonia Sotomayor
Elena Kagan | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Kagan, joined by Roberts, Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito |
| Dissent | Thomas, joined by Sotomayor (Parts I and II) |


title: Voisines, Haute-Marne

abstract: Voisines is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Voisines, Haute-Marne

**Voisines** (French pronunciation: \[vwazin\] ) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Voisines | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Voisines | |
| VoisinesVoisines | |
| Coordinates: 47°51′35″N 5°11′04″E / 47.8597°N 5.1844°E / 47.8597; 5.1844 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Haute-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Langres |
| Canton | Villegusien-le-Lac |
| Intercommunality | Grand Langres |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Roland Floquet |
| Area**1** | 19.08 km2 (7.37 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 107 |
| Density | 5.6/km2 (15/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Vesignois, Vesignoises |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 52545 /52200 |
| Elevation | 362–485 m (1,188–1,591 ft)
(avg. 405 m or 1,329 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Vokesimurex wanneri

abstract: Vokesimurex wanneri is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Vokesimurex wanneri

***Vokesimurex wanneri*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The small shell has a club-like shape and a few short whorls. The first whorl is the protoconch, which is single and smooth. The next five whorls form the teleoconch, which has no spiral pattern. They are convex and flat at the back, forming a sharp edge. The older whorls have thin, round ribs across them, with fine spiral striae between them. There are also three ridges and a weaker one below them. The fourth, running along the back edge is the more prominent, and there are some more subtle ones as well. The thickness of the transverse ribs is initially almost the same; only at the body whorl emerges the sculpture of the last whorl clearly. It consists of three very strong highly protruding, rounded varices, between which two transverse ribs are inserted. Between the varices, there are two more ribs, also thick and rounded, that extend to the anterior, stalk-like narrowing the body whorl. The front part of the whorl is also flatter and has a clear spiral pattern that ends at the stalk. The spiral pattern has some gaps in it, where there are two or three finer striae. The aperture is ovoid, with a shallow groove at the back, extending into a long, straight channel at the front. The channel is almost closed at the back end. Inside the aperture one notices a bump on the right side and some short, distant ridges.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in Miocene strata off Java.

## Bibliography

* Merle, D., Landau, B. M. & Breitenberger, A. E. (2021). New Muricidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Miocene of Java (Indonesia). Basteria. 85 (1): 21–33. Leiden.

## InfoBox

| *Vokesimurex wanneri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of † *Vokesimurex wanneri* (holotype) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Muricinae |
| Genus: | *Vokesimurex* |
| Species: | ***V. wanneri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vokesimurex wanneri***<br>(K. Martin, 1916) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Murex (Haustellum) wanneri* K. Martin, 1916 | |


title: Mystic Mountain

abstract: Mystic Mountain is a photograph and a term for a region in the Carina Nebula imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. The view was captured by the then-new Wide Field Camera 3, though the region was also viewed by the previous generation instrument. The new view celebrated the telescope's 20th anniversary of being in space in 2010. Mystic Mountain contains multiple Herbig–Haro objects where nascent stars are firing off jets of gas which interact with surrounding clouds of gas and dust. This region is about 7,500 light-years away from Earth. The pillar measures around three light-years in height. The name was influenced by the works of H. P. Lovecraft.

text:
# Mystic Mountain

***Mystic Mountain*** is a photograph and a term for a region in the Carina Nebula imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. The view was captured by the then-new Wide Field Camera 3, though the region was also viewed by the previous generation instrument. The new view celebrated the telescope's 20th anniversary of being in space in 2010. Mystic Mountain contains multiple Herbig–Haro objects where nascent stars are firing off jets of gas which interact with surrounding clouds of gas and dust. This region is about 7,500 light-years (2,300 parsecs) away from Earth. The pillar measures around three light-years in height (190,000 astronomical units). The name was influenced by the works of H. P. Lovecraft.

Media related to Mystic Mountain at Wikimedia Commons


title: Grove Green (ward)

abstract: Grove Green is an interface area of Leyton and Leytonstone in east London. It is situated with the London Borough of Waltham Forest. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 14,604.

text:
# Grove Green (ward)

**Grove Green** is an interface area of Leyton and Leytonstone in east London. It is situated with the London Borough of Waltham Forest. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 14,604.

## Geography

The ward's boundaries are roughly Midland, Norlington, and Pretoria Roads to the East; the north side of the M11 motorway as far as Leyton High Road to the south; the High Road itself bordering the ward to the west. Other surrounding wards are Leyton to the west, Forest to the north-east, Leytonstone to the east, and Cathall to the south.

## Demography

Grove Green ward is the ninth most populous district in the borough, inhabited by slightly less than 13,000 people, with 51% being officially designated of *Black Asian and Minority Asian* background.

## Social issues

The council, as of 2011, assessed 30% of the ward population to be in poverty.

## M11 motorway extension

In the early 1990s, the southern part of the ward was the focus of a continuing protest against road-building in general and the M11 extension in particular.

## Transport

The ward contains no London Overground, National Rail, or tube stations; only the High Road and Grove Green road itself serve the ward by local buses.

## Waltham Forest council elections

### 2022 election

Grove Green
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Khevyn Limbajee** | **1,615** | **56.9** |  |
|  | **Labour** | **Anna Mbachu** | **1,516** | **53.4** |  |
|  | **Labour** | **Uzma Rasool** | **1,487** | **52.4** |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Arran Angus | 937 | 33.0 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Naomi McCarthy | 819 | 28.9 |  |
|  | Green | Maureen Measure | 733 | 25.8 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Joe Dyer | 720 | 25.4 |  |
|  | Conservative | Kathleen Berg | 182 | 6.4 |  |
|  | Conservative | Iona Berg | 181 | 6.4 |  |
|  | Conservative | Luke Berg | 171 | 6.0 |  |
|  | TUSC | Kevin Parslow | 150 | 5.3 |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 30.5 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | | | |
|  | Labour **hold** | | | | |
|  | Labour **hold** | | | | |

### 2018 election

Grove Green (3)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour Co-op** | **Anna Mbachu** | **2,052** | **59.2** |  |
|  | **Labour Co-op** | **Khevyn Limbajee** | **2,047** | **59.0** |  |
|  | **Labour Co-op** | **Chris Robbins** | **1,997** | **57.6** |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Arran Paul Angus | 897 | 25.9 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Naomi McCarthy | 725 | 20.9 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Ukonu Elisha Obasi | 623 | 18.0 |  |
|  | Green | Deanna Donovan | 456 | 13.1 |  |
|  | Green | Liam Bonisch Connor | 416 | 12.0 |  |
|  | Conservative | Jane Bartram | 247 | 7.1 |  |
|  | Conservative | James Ellingham | 216 | 6.2 |  |
|  | Conservative | Thor Fenrir Pallson Halland | 200 | 5.8 |  |
|  | TUSC | Sarah Elizabeth Sachs-Eldridge | 128 | 3.7 |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 34.93% |  |
| Majority | | | 1,100 |  |  |
|  | Labour Co-op **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour Co-op **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour Co-op **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2014 election

### 2010 election

### 2006 election

### 2002 election

### 1998 election

### 1994 election

### 1990 election

### 1986 election

### 1982 election

### 1978 election

1. "Waltham Forest ward population 2011". *Neighbourhood Statistics*. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
2. http://www.walthamforest.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fward-profile-grove-green-ward.pdf, p. 1
3. http://www.walthamforest.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fward-profile-grove-green-ward.pdf, p. 3
4. http://www.walthamforest.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fward-profile-grove-green-ward.pdf, p. 2
5. M11 link road protest#CITEREFCohen and Mawhinney.2C in Hansard19 December 1994
6. "List of London Bus Routes | The Transport for London Forum". thetflforum.co.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2015.

## InfoBox

| Grove Green | |
| --- | --- |
| Electoral ward<br>for the Waltham Forest London Borough Council | |
| Borough | Waltham Forest |
| County | Greater London |
| Population | 14,746 (2021) |
| Current electoral ward | |
| Created | 1978 |
| GSS code | E05013888 |


title: Mícheál Ó Lócháin

abstract: Mícheál Ó Lócháin was an Irish-American writer, magazine editor, and teacher in New York City Catholic schools. While living as part of the Irish diaspora in the United States, Ó Lócháin became one of the driving forces behind the beginning of the Gaelic revival and on behalf of both preserving and teaching the Irish language outside Ireland. He founded both the Philo-Celtic Society and the first periodical in which Modern literature in Irish had a major place. As such, the ongoing language revival efforts for Irish and other threatened Celtic languages relies heavily upon tactics that Ó Lócháin helped pioneer and are equally part of his legacy.

text:
# Mícheál Ó Lócháin

**Mícheál Ó Lócháin** (1836 – 1899) was an Irish-American writer, magazine editor, and teacher in New York City Catholic schools. While living as part of the Irish diaspora in the United States, Ó Lócháin became one of the driving forces behind the beginning of the Gaelic revival and on behalf of both preserving and teaching the Irish language outside Ireland. He founded both the Philo-Celtic Society and the first periodical in which Modern literature in Irish had a major place. As such, the ongoing language revival efforts for Irish and other threatened Celtic languages relies heavily upon tactics that Ó Lócháin helped pioneer and are equally part of his legacy.

## Early life

Ó Lócháin was born 29 September 1836 in Curraghderry, Milltown, County Galway. It is likely that his mother was an Irish language monoglot speaker. Ó Lócháin himself was fluent in both Irish and English. It is likely he began attending a local hedge school when he was nine, until 1854.

## Life in America

He emigrated to America and may have acquired his first job there as a teacher in 1870. In 1872 he wrote letters to *The Irish World*, an Irish-American journal, suggesting "the necessity of preserving the Irish language in order to preserve Irish nationality" and recommending that classes and societies be founded to accomplish this. In that same year he himself established a "Philo-Celtic" Irish language class for adults at the Catholic school in Brooklyn where he taught. From this came the Philo-Celtic Society of Boston, followed by its chapters in Brooklyn and Manhattan.

In 1881 Ó Lócháin founded *An Gaodhal*, the Philo-Celtic Society's bilingual journal. It lasted until 1904 and was revived intermittently thereafter, until a successor, entirely in Irish and called *An Gael*, was founded in 2009. Ó Lócháin wrote a good deal for *An Gaodhal*, his style being described as lively and pugnacious.

Between 1878 and 1899 chapters of the Philo-Celtic Society were established throughout America, though Ó Lócháin was increasingly dissatisfied with the way in which they gave priority to social activities at the expense of the Irish language.

In 1891 the prominent Gaelic revival scholar Douglas Hyde visited the United States. He visited a Philo-Celtic class in the Bowery and found it full of fluent Irish speakers. What he saw there may have influenced him when he helped found the Gaelic League in Ireland in 1893.

## Death and legacy

Ó Lócháin died in 1899 and was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Brooklyn.

In 1999, the centenary of Ó Lócháin's death was celebrated in his native Milltown, to honour the village's Irish language past. 1999 also marked the centenary of Ó Lócháin's fellow Milltown man and prominent Gael, Liam Beirne's, ordination into the priesthood.

The event included Mass in Irish in St. Joseph's Church, Milltown which was then followed by a ceilidh performed by local Irish traditional musicians. A lecture was then given by Ó Lócháin's biographer, Fionnuala Uí Fhlannagáin, who described him as a pioneer of the Irish language movement in America.

Ó Buachalla, Breandán, ’*An Gaodhal* i Meiriceá’ in *Go Meiriceá Siar*, Stíofán Ó hAnnracháin (ed.). An Clóchomhar Teo. 1979

Ó Dochartaigh, Liam, ‘Nótaí ar ghluaiseacht na Gaeilge i Meiriceá, 1872 – 1891’ in *Go Meiriceá Siar*, Stíofán Ó hAnnracháin (ed.). An Clóchomhar Teo. 1979

Uí Fhlannagáin, Fionnuala. *Mícheál Ó Lócháin agus “An Gaodhal”*. An Clóchomhar Teo. 1990


title: Volvarina warrenii

abstract: Volvarina warrenii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina warrenii

***Volvarina warrenii*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 20.3 mm, its diameter 8 mm.

(Original description in Latin) The fusiform-oblong shell is glaucous and milky. It is girdled with two spiral, orange-brown bands. The conical shell is slightly obtuse and has a blunt tip. The outer lip is somewhat flexuous. The columella is four-plaited.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Argentina.

* Mabille, J. (1884). Description d'une espèce du genre Marginella. Bulletins de la Société Malacologique de France, 1 (1/2): 132. Paris
* Cossignani, T. (2006). Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World. L'Informatore Piceno. 408 pp

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina warrenii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Volvarina warrenii* (syntype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. warrenii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina warrenii***<br>(Marrat, 1876) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hyalina warrenii* (Marrat, 1876) * *Marginella hahni* Mabille, 1884 * *Marginella warrenii* Marrat, 1876 (original combination) * *Volvarina patagonica* (E. von Martens, 1881) junior subjective synonym | |


title: Volvarina wareni

abstract: Volvarina wareni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina wareni

***Volvarina wareni*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 8.34 mm, its diameter 3.49 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina wareni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Volvarina wareni* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. wareni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina wareni***<br>Espinosa & Ortea, 2012 | |
|