title: Tru 2 da Game

abstract: Tru 2 da Game is the fourth studio album released by New Orleans hip-hop group, TRU. It was released February 18, 1997 on No Limit Records and was produced by Beats By the Pound. The album found a large amount of success, peaking at #8 on the Billboard 200 and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums selling 200,000 copies in its first week. A single from the album entitled "I Always Feel Like" also found some success, peaking at #71 on the Billboard Hot 100, #11 on the Hot Rap Singles and #42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. The same year the album was re-released with the song "Smoking Green" removed. The re-released version included three new songs, a club mix version of "No Limit Soldiers", a C-Murder solo song "Eyes Of A Killa" and a Silkk The Shocker solo song "Pimp Shit." "FEDz" samples Aaliyah's hit single "If Your Girl Only Knew". The album was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA, on October 2, 1997, and remains the group's most successful album.

text:
# Tru 2 da Game

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

***Tru 2 da Game*** is the fourth studio album released by New Orleans hip-hop group, TRU. It was released February 18, 1997 on No Limit Records and was produced by Beats By the Pound. The album found a large amount of success, peaking at #8 on the *Billboard* 200 and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums selling 200,000 copies in its first week. A single from the album entitled "I Always Feel Like" also found some success, peaking at #71 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, #11 on the Hot Rap Singles and #42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. The same year the album was re-released with the song "Smoking Green" removed. The re-released version included three new songs, a club mix version of "No Limit Soldiers", a C-Murder solo song "Eyes Of A Killa" and a Silkk The Shocker solo song "Pimp Shit." "FEDz" samples Aaliyah's hit single "If Your Girl Only Knew". The album was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA, on October 2, 1997, and remains the group's most successful album.

## Track listing

### Original release

Disc 1
| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" (Master P & Lil' Romeo) |  | 2:47 |
| 2. | "No Limit Soldier" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker, C-Murder & Mia X) | KLC & Mo B. Dick | 7:04 |
| 3. | "I Always Feel Like..." (Master P, Silkk the Shocker, Mia X & Mo B. Dick) | Craig B & KLC | 5:07 |
| 4. | "There Dey Go" (Master P & Silkk the Shocker) | Craig B & KLC | 4:38 |
| 5. | "I Got Candy" (Silkk the Shocker, Master P & Mo B. Dick) | KLC & Mo B. Dick | 4:23 |
| 6. | "Ghetto Thang" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & Big Ed) | K-Lou | 3:54 |
| 7. | "FEDz" (C-Murder, Master P, Silkk the Shocker & Mia X) | Mo B. Dick | 5:42 |
| 8. | "What They Call Us?" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & C-Murder) | KLC | 5:51 |
| 9. | "Smoking Green" (Master P & Mo B. Dick) | Craig B | 5:52 |
| 10. | "Gangstas Make The World" (Silkk the Shocker, Master P, C-Murder & Mr. Serv-On) | Mo B. Dick | 4:57 |
| 11. | "Swamp Nigga" (Master P) | KLC | 5:14 |
| 12. | "Ghetto Cheeze" (Master P & Silkk the Shocker) | DJ Daryl | 4:25 |
| 13. | "Heaven 4 A Gangsta (TRU Remix)" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & C-Murder) | Craig B, KLC & Mo B. Dick | 4:41 |

Disc 2
| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "TRU 2 Da Game" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker, Big Ed & Mr. Serv-On) | K-Lou | 4:53 |
| 2. | "Freak Hoes" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & Mia X) | KLC | 3:49 |
| 3. | "TRU ?s" (C-Murder) | Craig B | 4:11 |
| 4. | "1nce Upon A Time" (Silkk the Shocker & C-Loc) | KLC | 2:15 |
| 5. | "Pop Goes My 9" (Silkk the Shocker, Master P, Kane & Abel & Mo B. Dick) | Mo B. Dick | 4:46 |
| 6. | "It's My Time" (Mia X) | Craig B | 2:51 |
| 7. | "Torcher Chamber" (C-Murder) | Mo B. Dick | 3:30 |
| 8. | "They Can't Stop Us!" (Master P & Silkk the Shocker) | KLC | 4:57 |
| 9. | "The Lord Is Testin' Me" (C-Murder, Silkk the Shocker & Master P) | KLC | 5:42 |
| 10. | "Final Ride" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & C-Murder) | Craig B | 6:03 |

### Re-release

Disc 1
| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" (Master P & Lil' Romeo) |  | 2:47 |
| 2. | "No Limit Soldier" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker, C-Murder & Mia X) | KLC & Mo B. Dick | 7:04 |
| 3. | "I Always Feel Like" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker, Mia X & Mo B. Dick) | Craig B & KLC | 5:07 |
| 4. | "There Dey Go" (Master P & Silkk the Shocker) | Craig B & KLC | 4:38 |
| 5. | "I Got Candy" (Silkk the Shocker, Master P & Mo B. Dick) | KLC & Mo B. Dick | 4:23 |
| 6. | "Ghetto Thang" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & Big Ed) | K-Lou | 3:54 |
| 7. | "FEDz" (C-Murder, Master P, Silkk the Shocker & Mia X) | Mo B. Dick | 5:42 |
| 8. | "What They Call Us?" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & C-Murder) | KLC | 5:51 |
| 9. | "Gangstas Make The World" (Silkk the Shocker, Master P, C-Murder & Mr. Serv-On) | Mo B. Dick | 4:57 |
| 10. | "Swamp Nigga" (Master P) | KLC | 5:14 |
| 11. | "Pimp Shit" (Silkk the Shocker) | Craig B | 4:23 |
| 12. | "Eyes Of A Killa" (C-Murder) | Craig B, KLC, Mo B. Dick | 4:09 |
| 13. | "FEDz (Radio Version)" (C-Murder, Master P, Silkk the Shocker & Mia X) | Mo B. Dick | 5:42 |

Disc 2
| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ghetto Cheeze" (Master P & Silkk the Shocker) | DJ Daryl | 4:25 |
| 2. | "Heaven 4 A Gangsta (TRU Remix)" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & C-Murder) | Craig B, KLC & Mo B. Dick | 4:41 |
| 3. | "TRU 2 Da Game" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker, Big Ed & Mr. Serv-On) | K-Lou | 4:53 |
| 4. | "Freak Hoes" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & Mia X) | KLC | 3:49 |
| 5. | "TRU ?s" (C-Murder) | Craig B | 4:11 |
| 6. | "1nce Upon A Time" (Silkk the Shocker & C-Loc) | KLC | 2:15 |
| 7. | "Pop Goes My 9" (Silkk the Shocker, Master P, Kane & Abel & Mo B. Dick) | Mo B. Dick | 4:46 |
| 8. | "It's My Time" (Mia X) | Craig B | 2:51 |
| 9. | "Torcher Chamber" (C-Murder) | Mo B. Dick | 3:30 |
| 10. | "They Can't Stop Us!" (Master P & Silkk the Shocker) | KLC | 4:57 |
| 11. | "The Lord Is Testin' Me" (C-Murder, Silkk the Shocker & Master P) | KLC | 5:42 |
| 12. | "No Limit Soldiers (Club Mix)" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker, C-Murder & Mia X) | KLC | 7:04 |
| 13. | "Final Ride" (Master P, Silkk the Shocker & C-Murder) | Craig B | 6:03 |

### Sample credits

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Tru 2 da Game | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by TRU | |
| Released | February 18, 1997 |
| Recorded | 1996 |
| Genre | Gangsta rap, Southern hip hop, crunk, G-funk |
| Length | 117:38 |
| Label | No Limit, Priority |
| Producer | Beats By the Pound, K-Lou, DJ Daryl |
| TRU chronology | |
| *True*
(1995) ***Tru 2 da Game***
(1997) *Da Crime Family*
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Tru 2 da Game* | |
| 1. "I Always Feel Like"
Released: January 21, 1997 2. "FEDz"
Released: 1997 | |
|  | |


title: George Francis White

abstract: George Francis White (1808–1898) was a colonel in the British Army who served in the British Raj. He was also an amateur artist and while stationed in India produced a book of engravings and sketches called, Views in India, Chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains. Many of White's drawings were taken up by professional artists such as J. M. W. Turner, Cotman, Cox, Copley Fielding, Henry Martens, Prout, and developed into full-scale works. After serving in India from 1825 to 1846, he returned to England and became the Chief Constable of Durham Constabulary.

text:
# George Francis White

**George Francis White** (1808–1898) was a colonel in the British Army who served in the British Raj. He was also an amateur artist and while stationed in India produced a book of engravings and sketches called, *Views in India, Chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains*.

Many of White's drawings were taken up by professional artists such as J. M. W. Turner, Cotman, Cox, Copley Fielding, Henry Martens, Prout, and developed into full-scale works.

After serving in India from 1825 to 1846, he returned to England and became the Chief Constable of Durham Constabulary.


title: Geology of Nigeria

abstract: The geology of Nigeria formed beginning in the Archean and Proterozoic eons of the Precambrian. The country forms the Nigerian Province and more than half of its surface is igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock from the Precambrian. Between 2.9 billion and 500 million years ago, Nigeria was affected by three major orogeny mountain-building events and related igneous intrusions. Following the Pan-African orogeny, in the Cambrian at the time that multi-cellular life proliferated, Nigeria began to experience regional sedimentation and witnessed new igneous intrusions. By the Cretaceous period of the late Mesozoic, massive sedimentation was underway in different basins, due to a large marine transgression. By the Eocene, in the Cenozoic, the region returned to terrestrial conditions. Nigeria has tremendous oil and natural gas resources housed in its thick sedimentary basins, as well as reserves of gold, lead, zinc, tantalite, columbite, coal and tin.

text:
# Geology of Nigeria

The **geology of Nigeria** formed beginning in the Archean and Proterozoic eons of the Precambrian. The country forms the Nigerian Province and more than half of its surface is igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock from the Precambrian. Between 2.9 billion and 500 million years ago, Nigeria was affected by three major orogeny mountain-building events and related igneous intrusions. Following the Pan-African orogeny, in the Cambrian at the time that multi-cellular life proliferated, Nigeria began to experience regional sedimentation and witnessed new igneous intrusions. By the Cretaceous period of the late Mesozoic, massive sedimentation was underway in different basins, due to a large marine transgression. By the Eocene, in the Cenozoic, the region returned to terrestrial conditions.

Nigeria has tremendous oil and natural gas resources housed in its thick sedimentary basins, as well as reserves of gold, lead, zinc, tantalite, columbite, coal and tin.

## Stratigraphy, Tectonics & Geologic History

The oldest Precambrian rocks in Nigeria likely formed during the Archean or the Paleoproterozoic, forming the Beninian gneiss, in the Benin-Nigeria Orogen, formed during the Proterozoic Pan-African orogeny. The crystalline basement rock of the country is grouped as the Nigerian Province, a southern continuation of the central Hoggar reactivated basement.

The ancient rocks of the Nigerian Province are split up by thrust and shear zones. The Migmatite-Gneiss Complex covers half of Nigeria's surface area and encompasses Archean gray gneisses, with tonalite and granodiorite consistencies. Within this complex are occurrences of schist, migmatite, garnet, sillimanite, kyanite and staurolite, which together indicate high-grade metamorphism up to the level of amphibolite on the sequence of metamorphic facies. Granites are associated with charnockite bodies and granulite facies metamorphism.

The Migmatite-Gneiss Complex differs in the Ibadan area, in the southwest. Banded gneiss, schist and quartzite formed from the metamorphism of greywacke, shale and interbedded sandstones. Some amphibolite layers record the metamorphosed remains of a tholeiitic magma series. The early folding and metamorphism in the Ibadan area was followed by the emplacement of aplite schist and microgranodiorite dikes during the Liberian orogeny 2.75 billion years ago. More intense deformation followed 2.2 billion years ago during the Eburnean orogeny.

Metazquartzites in the Ibadan area, likely from the Proterozoic, are overlain by pelite schist, intruded by mafic sills rich in magnesium. They are overlain by Neoproterozoic pelites, including phyllite and both muscovite and biotite schists, as well as quartzites that form strike ridges in several parts of Nigeria.

Younger metasediments are found in the southwest and northwest in synclinorial schist belts. Compared to the surrounding migmatite-gneiss complexes, these low-grade metamorphic rocks have isoclinal folding and steeply dipping foliation. They have faulted and sheared boundaries with the surrounding rock.

Geologists have interpreted these schist belts the remains of paleo-rift systems. The Pan-African orogeny in the late Proterozoic affected all of the Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks in the region. Continent-continent collision and eastward subduction affected the southern Trans-Saharan mobile belt and emplaced granitoids throughout the Nigerian Province. In Nigeria, Pan-African orogeny related granite, syenite and diorite intrusions formed between 700 and 500 million years ago and are known as the Older Granites.

### Paleozoic (541-251 million years ago)

In the Cambrian, at the beginning of the Paleozoic, volcanic debris filled molasse grabens, forming dacite and shoshonite, as the Older Granites continued to emplace. In some cases, granite intrusions formed large batholiths and charnockite. The end of the Pan-African orogeny was also accompanied by the intrusion of basalt and dolerite dikes.

### Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)

In the Mesozoic, during the Jurassic, ring complexes known as the Younger Granites intruded Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic basement rocks in the Jos Plateau, as well as in the Air region in Niger. The Younger Granites are primarily alkali-feldspar granites, although the ring complexes also include rhyolite, gabbro and syenite. The ring dikes tend to be highly mineralized and enriched in niobium and tin.

Large sedimentary basins formed in southern Nigeria, divided by the Okitipupa Ridge. The basins did not begin to fill with sediment until the Albian age of the Cretaceous. In the southeast, poorly bedded sandy shale alternates with layers of sandstone and sandy limestone, containing ammonite, radiolarian, echinoid and gastropod fossils. Subsequently, some of these sedimentary rock layers experienced lead and zinc mineralization.

The arkose sandstone, limestone and shale of the 600 meter thick Odukpani Formation formed during the Cenomanian until the early Turonian, in the vicinity of modern-day Calabar. Fish teeth, ammonites and echinoids date the Eze-Aku Formation to the Turonian, while the blue-gray shales and marl limestone of the Awgu Formation dates to the Coniacian. During the Santonian age of the Cretaceous, sea levels dropped. However, by the Campanian and the Maastrichtian, the Nkporo Formation records shale, mudstone, limestone and sandstones formed in an offshore environment. In other parts of Nigeria, the Owelli Sandstone, Enugu Shale and Asata Shale formed around the same time in shallow water environments. Other formations of similar age include the ammonite-bearing coals of Mamu Formation and the Nsukka Formation, both from the Maastrichtian.

The Maastrichtian age brought a large marine transgression to southwest Nigeria, depositing the Abeokuta Formation. The Iullemeden Basin, also known as the Sokoto Basin spans Mali, western Niger, northwest Nigeria and northern Benin and began accumulating sediments in the Jurassic, followed by the Maastrichtian Rima Group, which records a brackish environment. Approximately one-tenth of the Chad Basin is situated in Nigeria. Albian Bima sandstone lie unconformably atop Precambrian basement rock, followed by the Turonian limestone and shale sequences of the Gongila Formation. Marine shales of the Fika Formation formed during the Senonian. The Maastrichtian brought a shift to an estuary environment, leading to the deposition of the Gombe Sandstones, which are intercalated with ironstone, siltstone and shales.

### Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)

High sea levels continued into the early Cenozoic. In the west, the Akinbo Formation and Ewekoro Formation both deposited in the Paleocene, while the Ino Formation took shape atop the Nsukka in the east, with layers of thick, clay shale. The Sokoto Group in the Iullemeden Basin contains marine sediments. However, by the Eocene, sea levels retreated and afterward Nigeria mainly experienced terrestrial sedimentation.

Around the end of the Cretaceous and the start of the Cenozoic, the sedimentary rocks in the Chad Basin were folded into anticlines and synclines. Erosion created an unconformity with younger rocks. Terrestrial sediments built up in the Paleocene Kerri Kerri Formation, followed by Pliocene lake sediments of the Chad Formation.

## Hydrogeology

Unconsolidated sediments 15 to 30 meters thick line the Niger and Benue rivers and are recharged from rainwater, along with the near surface, shallow aquifers of the Niger Delta Basin and the partially consolidated Benin Formation. In central and eastern Nigeria, regional occurrences of volcanic rock contain groundwater in fractures, less than five meters deep.

Most of Nigeria's large sedimentary basins have intergranular flow, rainwater recharge and few water quality issues. Within the Chad Basin, the Chad Formation is unconfined in some locations, with artesian flow from some deeper layers and a water table depth of 10 to 15 meters. The Gombe Sandstone is comparatively low permeability and the deeper Kerri-Kerri Formation remains poorly studied. The water table in the Sokoto Group varies widely between 20 and 100 meters deep, unconfined near the surface and confined in lower layers of the Gwandu Formation. Within the Sokoto Group, the Wurno Formation has moderate yields and limited recharge, while the Gundumi Formation conglomerates are good aquifers, with artesian conditions, bounded by deeper clay layers. Other sedimentary aquifers include the Nupe Basin, Upper Benue Basin and Lower Benue Basin.

Precambrian crystalline basement rock supports regional aquifers in weathered zones, 10 to 25 meters thick, as well as in fractures. In particular, metasedimentary rocks often weather to be clay rich, forming aquitards.

## Natural resource geology

Nigeria has extensive natural resources and is the largest crude oil producer in Africa and 20 billion barrels of reserves. As such, petroleum is central to economy of Nigeria, producing 80 percent of government revenues and 95 percent of export earnings. Additionally, Nigeria has 2.6 trillion cubic meters of natural gas and a high overall gas to oil ratio. Seventy percent of both oil and gas resources are onshore.

The country also has extensive mineral deposits, although most are under-exploited. According to the Geological Survey of Nigeria Agency, Nigeria has some 34 known major mineral deposits across the country. Exploration of solid minerals like tin, niobium, lead, zinc and gold, goes back for more than 90 years, but there has been a world-wide scale production of tin and niobium only.

Gold mines were active before World War II, extracting from crystalline basement rock in the northwest, but a combination of low gold prices and legal turmoil ended the industry, recently the demand for gold has gone up due its high prices and Gold can be found in commercial quantity in states like Osun, Zamfara and Cross River states in Nigeria. The Younger Granites of the Jos Plateau contain significant tin deposits, mined since before European colonization. However, in recent years, tin mining has been significantly curtailed by flooding in the mines and low tin prices, as well as water pollution from the mines. Tantalite and columbite are both associated with the tin ore in the plateau.

The states of Anambra, Benue, Plateau and Taraba have small-scale lead and zinc mining, from deposits that also have large quantities of cadmium, arsenic and antimony. Barite veins commonly contain lead and zinc in Plateau State and other parts of eastern Nigeria. Kwara State has iron ore in Agbaja Plateau and Itakpe Hills.

Nigeria also has other resources useful for energy and construction, including a poorly understood lignite belt in the south, kaolin, gypsum and feldspar. Coal mining provided much of the country's energy between 1915 and 1960, although the industry has been in a long-running decline, now providing energy only for small-scale kilns and smelters.


title: Trześń, Kolbuszowa County

abstract: Trześń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niwiska, within Kolbuszowa County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Niwiska, 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Kolbuszowa, and 32 km (20 mi) north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

text:
# Trześń, Kolbuszowa County

**Trześń** \[tʂɛɕɲ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niwiska, within Kolbuszowa County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Niwiska, 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Kolbuszowa, and 32 km (20 mi) north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

## InfoBox

| Trześń | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Trześń | |
| Coordinates: 50°13′N 21°40′E / 50.217°N 21.667°E / 50.217; 21.667 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Kolbuszowa |
| Gmina | Niwiska |
| Population | 682 |


title: Trześń, Mielec County

abstract: Trześń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mielec, within Mielec County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Mielec and 49 km (30 mi) north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

text:
# Trześń, Mielec County

**Trześń** \[tʂɛɕɲ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mielec, within Mielec County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Mielec and 49 km (30 mi) north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

## InfoBox

| Trześń | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Trześń | |
| Coordinates: 50°20′N 21°30′E / 50.333°N 21.500°E / 50.333; 21.500 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Mielec |
| Gmina | Mielec |
| Population | 1,291 |


title: George Furner Langley

abstract: Brigadier George Furner Langley, was an Australian soldier who served in both the First and Second World Wars. He was also an educationist, and the headmaster of a number of high schools in Victoria.

text:
# George Furner Langley

Brigadier **George Furner Langley**, CBE, DSO, ED (1 May 1891 – 24 August 1971) was an Australian soldier who served in both the First and Second World Wars. He was also an educationist, and the headmaster of a number of high schools in Victoria.

## Early life

Langley was born on 1 May 1891 in Port Melbourne. He gained a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Melbourne and teaching qualifications from Melbourne Teachers' College and taught at Williamstown High School, then at the Mansfield Agricultural High School in Mansfield, Victoria until the outbreak of the First World War.

## Military career

### First World War

Langley enlisted as a private in the 21st Battalion and was commissioned as a lieutenant on 24 March 1915. After training, the battalion was en route to Gallipoli on 2 September 1915 when the ship on which it was travelling, the *Southland*, was torpedoed. Langley helped with the evacuation of the ship until he collapsed. He and his battalion eventually landed at Gallipoli and remained there until evacuation in December.

After service in the Gallipoli Campaign, Langley was seconded to the Imperial Camel Corps to raise and train the 1st Australian Company, which by December 1916 was one of a number of companies that combined to become the 1st Anzac Battalion. In the latter stages of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Langley was an officer of the 14th Light Horse Regiment. He was awarded a Distinguished Service Order for "skilful leadership and conspicuous gallantry", and was mentioned in despatches four times.

### Interwar period

On his return to Australia, Langley was appointed headmaster of Mansfield Agricultural High School in 1920. In 1924 he became headmaster of Warrnambool High School, a position he held for sixteen years. In 1940 he was transferred to Bendigo High School. He had remained in the Australian Army Reserve as a lieutenant colonel, and in this capacity had commanded various light horse regiments.

### Second World War

In September 1940, Langley was made commander of 38th Battalion and then in 1942, was promoted to a temporary brigadier. Appointed commander of the 2nd Infantry Brigade, he oversaw the brigade, largely made up of militia conscripts, during its service in Western Australia and then from August 1943, in Darwin. Unfit for active duty, he eventually retired as an honorary brigadier in March 1944.

## Later life

After service in England and the Middle East with the Australian Red Cross from 1945 to 1946, Langley returned to teaching. He was the headmaster at Mordialloc High School in 1946 and 1947, and then at Box Hill High School in 1948. From 1949 he was headmaster at Melbourne High School for eight years. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1958. The latter stages of his life were spent working on a history of the Australian Camel Corps. Five years after his death on 24 August 1971 in Sydney, his work *Sand, Sweat and Camels* was published by his wife.

## InfoBox

| George Furner Langley | |
| --- | --- |
| Brigadier George Langley, commander of the 2nd Infantry Brigade, in July 1943 | |
| Born | (1891-05-01)1 May 1891
South Melbourne, Victoria |
| Died | 24 August 1971(1971-08-24) (aged 80)
Killara, New South Wales |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service/branch | Australian Army |
| Years of service | 1913–1934
1940–1944 |
| Rank | Brigadier |
| Commands | 2nd Infantry Brigade (1942–44)
38th Battalion (1940–42)
4th Light Horse Regiment (1925–29)
20th Light Horse Regiment (1920–24)
5th Light Horse Brigade (1919)
14th Light Horse Regiment (1918–19)
1st (Australian) Battalion, Imperial Camel Corps (1916–18) |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Service Order
Efficiency Decoration
Mentioned in Despatches (4)
Commander's Cross of the Order of the White Eagle (Serbia) |


title: Tsarino

abstract: Tsarino is a village in Kirkovo Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

text:
# Tsarino

**Tsarino** is a village in Kirkovo Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Tsarino Царино | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Tsarino | |
| Coordinates: 41°20′00″N 25°26′00″E / 41.3333°N 25.4333°E / 41.3333; 25.4333 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Kardzhali Province |
| Municipality | Kirkovo |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: George M. Skurla

abstract: George Martin Skurla graduated from University of Michigan in 1944 and was an aeronautical engineer with Grumman Corporation. He began his career as an apprentice engineer, rising through the ranks and in 1965 becoming Director of Operations at the Kennedy Space Center. He was responsible for overseeing the production of the Lunar Modules for the Apollo Program. In June 1973, he oversaw operations for the design and production of the F-14 Tomcat and A-6 Intruder aircraft. He was elected president of Grumman Corporation in 1985 and retired the next year after 42 years with Grumman Corporation. He died from pneumonia in Melbourne, Florida at Holmes Regional Medical Center at age 80. At Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne, Florida, the aeronautics building is named after him, where he served on the Board of Trustees. Skurla is of Croatian descent.

text:
# George M. Skurla

**George Martin Skurla** (July 2, 1921 – September 2, 2001) graduated from University of Michigan in 1944 and was an aeronautical engineer with Grumman Corporation. He began his career as an apprentice engineer, rising through the ranks and in 1965 becoming Director of Operations at the Kennedy Space Center. He was responsible for overseeing the production of the Lunar Modules for the Apollo Program. In June 1973, he oversaw operations for the design and production of the F-14 Tomcat and A-6 Intruder aircraft. He was elected president of Grumman Corporation in 1985 and retired the next year after 42 years with Grumman Corporation. He died from pneumonia in Melbourne, Florida at Holmes Regional Medical Center at age 80. At Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne, Florida, the aeronautics building is named after him, where he served on the Board of Trustees. Skurla is of Croatian descent.


title: George M. Scott (West Virginia judge)

abstract: George M. Scott was a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. In November 1999, he was appointed by Republican Governor Cecil H. Underwood to the Supreme Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Justice Margaret Workman.

text:
# George M. Scott (West Virginia judge)

**George M. Scott** (August 5, 1929 – November 10, 2015) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. In November 1999, he was appointed by Republican Governor Cecil H. Underwood to the Supreme Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Justice Margaret Workman.

## Early life and education

Scott graduated from Walton High School in 1945. He served in the United States Army Air Corps from 1946 to 1949, attaining the rank of sergeant. Scott attended West Virginia University and West Virginia University College of Law, graduating with honors and serving as editor of the West Virginia Law Review.

After law school, Scott was a law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Ben Moore for one year. Thereafter, he practiced law in the Spencer firm of Ryan & Scott. Scott served as Roane County Prosecuting Attorney from 1956 to 1964. Scott also held various offices in the West Virginia State Bar, including President-elect in 1972, when he was appointed as a circuit court judge in the Fifth Judicial Circuit. He was elected judge three times before retiring in 1987.

Then-Governor Cecil Underwood appointed him to the West Virginia Supreme Court on November 4, 1999. He served until December 31, 2000, after which he returned to practicing law in Spencer and was of counsel to the Charleston law firm of Carey, Scott and Douglas.

## InfoBox

| George M. Scott | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia | |
| **In office**
Nov. 4, 1999  December 31, 2000 | |
| Preceded by | Margaret Workman |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Albright |
| Judge of 5th Circuit Court of West Virginia | |
| **In office**
1972–1987 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1929-08-05)August 5, 1929
Roane County, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | November 10, 2015(2015-11-10) (aged 86) |
| Alma mater | West Virginia University
West Virginia University College of Law |
|  | |


title: George M. Seignious

abstract: Lieutenant General George Marion Seignious U.S. Army was a distinguished military leader, diplomat and college president.

text:
# George M. Seignious

Lieutenant General **George Marion Seignious** U.S. Army (June 21, 1921 – July 3, 2005) was a distinguished military leader, diplomat and college president.

## Biography

General Seignious was born and raised in Orangeburg, South Carolina but attended high school in Kingstree; he was a 1942 graduate of The Citadel where he held the rank of Cadet Major and served as a Battalion Commander, his classmates included future South Carolina Governors John C. West and Ernest Hollings who was also a long time U.S. senator. He was commissioned as an Infantry Officer in the United States Army and won the Silver Star while serving as a Platoon Leader with the 10th Armored Division in the European Theater of Operations during World War II. Postwar assignments included attending the Army Armor School at Fort Knox, Kentucky; training officer with the Military Assistance Group in Brazil and as a staff officer with the Caribbean Command in Panama.

During the 1950s he served as Assistant Executive Secretary to the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Pentagon, attended the Joint Services Staff College in England and served with the Military Assistance Advisory Group in Spain. From 1957 to 1960 he was the Military Assistant to Secretary of the Army Wilber Marion Brucker, in 1961 he graduated from the National War College; he then returned to Europe to assume command of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment followed by tours on the staff of U.S. Army, Europe and as Chief of Staff of the 3d Infantry Division. In 1964 he became one of the youngest generals in Army history at the age of 42.

Returning to Washington, DC he was assigned as Director of Policy Plans for the Assistant Secretary of Defense and served as a military advisor to the delegation of Secretary of State Dean Rusk at the ANZUS and SEATO treaty negotiations followed by duty as Deputy Director for Policy and Plans (J-5) for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In June 1968 President Lyndon Johnson appointed Seignious to the critical and sensitive role of Military Advisor to the Paris Peace Talks, the following year he was promoted to major general and became Commanding General of the 3d Infantry Division in Germany, in 1970 he assumed command of U.S. Army, Berlin where he also served as a military advisor to Ambassador Kenneth Rush during the Quadripartite Negotiations on Berlin.

Returning to the Pentagon he served concurrently as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs and Director, Defense Security Assistance Agency. Promoted to Lieutenant General in 1972 he was appointed as the first Director of the Joint Staff for the Joint Chiefs of Staff; he retired in July, 1974 after being selected as the 14th President of his alma mater The Citadel.

During his tenure enrollment soared after suffering from the anti-military sentiment of the Vietnam War; endowments and scholarships were increased, a new physical education building was completed and major renovations were made to the barracks, mess hall and main academic building. He resigned as president in March, 1979 when President Jimmy Carter appointed him as Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency where he had a major role in the delicate negotiations with the Soviet Union over the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty. In 1981 President Ronald Reagan made him Delegate-at-Large for Arms Control Negotiations with the rank of Ambassador; after retiring from public service in 1984 he served as President of the Atlantic Council, a foreign policy think tank. He was later chairman of the board for a high tech telecommunications company and also served as a trade representative for the state of South Carolina.

General Seignious died in Charleston on July 3, 2005; his funeral service took place in Summerall Chapel at The Citadel and he was buried with full military honors at the National Cemetery in Beaufort. In addition to the Silver Star his military awards included 3 awards of the Distinguished Service Medal and Bronze Star Medal, 4 awards of the Legion of Merit and the Joint Service Commendation Medal. Seignious Hall, the football facility at The Citadel is named in his honor.

## Awards and decorations

## InfoBox

| George Marion Seignious | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1921-06-21)June 21, 1921
Orangeburg, South Carolina |
| Died | July 3, 2005(2005-07-03) (aged 84)
Charleston, South Carolina |
| Place of burial | Beaufort National Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1942 - 1974 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands | 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
3d Infantry Division
United States Army Berlin |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Silver Star
Distinguished Service Medal (3)
Bronze Star
Legion of Merit (4)
Joint Service Commendation Medal |


title: George N. Saegmuller

abstract: George N. Saegmuller was an American inventor of many astronomical instruments and other mechanical devices.

text:
# George N. Saegmuller

**George N. Saegmuller** (1847 - 1934) was an American inventor of many astronomical instruments and other mechanical devices.

## Early life

Saegmuller attended technical schools in Erlangen and Nuremberg. In 1870 he moved to the United States, where he settled in Washington, D.C., and began working for a craftsman involved in the production of astronomical and geodetic instruments. He also worked for the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in charge of precision instruments.

## Personal life

Saegmuller married Maria Jane Van den Bergh while living in Washington and lived on the Van den Bergh family farm, Reserve Hill, in Arlington County, Virginia. Saegmuller was involved in many different scientific pursuits including road maintenance and water wheel pumps. He worked with Camill Fauth in the scientific equipment supply business.

## Career

Saegmuller invented or contributed to the development of a multitude of devices. He held more than 35 patents. His inventions include the solar attachment for engineering transits, a new type of naval bore sight, and numerous telescopes and telescope mounts.

Saegmuller, as part of Fauth & Co., joined with Bausch & Lomb Optical Company in 1905.

## Death

He died on February 12, 1934, in Arlington, Virginia. He is buried in Columbia Gardens Cemetery in Arlington.

## InfoBox

| George N. Saegmuller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1847-02-12)February 12, 1847
Bavaria |
| Died | February 12, 1934(1934-02-12) (aged 87)
Arlington, Virginia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Columbia Gardens Cemetery
Arlington, Virginia, U.S. |
| Occupations | * engineer * inventor * instrument maker |
| Notable work | USNO 12" refractor |


title: Mieczysław Baszko

abstract: Mieczysław Kazimierz Baszko – is a Polish politician, from 2014 to 2015 marshal of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, member of the VIII and IX Sejm. Member of The Republicans since 2021. Agreement member in 2018-2021, until 2018 member of PSL.

text:
# Mieczysław Baszko

**Mieczysław Kazimierz Baszko** (born 26 June 1961 in Boratyńszczyzna) – is a Polish politician, from 2014 to 2015 marshal of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, member of the VIII and IX Sejm. Member of The Republicans since 2021. Agreement member in 2018-2021, until 2018 member of PSL.

## InfoBox

| Mieczysław Baszko | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Sejm | |
| **In office**
12 November 2015  12 November 2023 | |
| Constituency | 24 – Białystok |
| Marshal of Podlaskie Voivodeship | |
| **In office**
8 December 2014  25 October 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Jarosław Dworzański |
| Succeeded by | Jerzy Leszczyński |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-06-26) 26 June 1961
Boratyńszczyzna, Polish People's Republic |
| Citizenship | Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Political party | Polish People's Party |
| Alma mater | University of Białystok |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Mieczysław Burda

abstract: Mieczysław Burda was a Polish ice hockey player. He played for Dąb Katowice, KTH Krynica, Cracovia, and Gwardia Bydgoszcz during his career. He also played for the Polish national team at the 1948 Winter Olympics, and three world championships, in 1937, 1938, and 1939. After his playing career he turned to coaching.

text:
# Mieczysław Burda

**Mieczysław Burda** (19 April 1916 – 29 April 1990) was a Polish ice hockey player. He played for Dąb Katowice, KTH Krynica, Cracovia, and Gwardia Bydgoszcz during his career. He also played for the Polish national team at the 1948 Winter Olympics, and three world championships, in 1937, 1938, and 1939. After his playing career he turned to coaching.

## InfoBox

| Mieczysław Burda | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1916-04-19)April 19, 1916
Kraków, Austria-Hungary | | |
| Died | April 29, 1990(1990-04-29) (aged 74)
Krynica, Poland | | |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) | | |
| Weight | 137 lb (62 kg; 9 st 11 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Played for | Dąb Katowice
KTH Krynica
Cracovia
Gwardia Bydgoszcz | | |
| National team | Poland | | |
| Playing career | 19321939
1947–1955 | | |


title: Victor Papanek

abstract: Victor Josef Papanek was an Austrian-born American designer and educator, who became a strong advocate of the socially and ecologically responsible design of products, tools, and community infrastructures. His book Design for the Real World, originally published in 1971 and translated into more than 24 languages, had lasting international impact.

text:
# Victor Papanek

**Victor Josef Papanek** (German pronunciation: \[ˈvɪktoʁ ˈjoːsɛf ˈpapanɛk\]; 22 November 1923  10 January 1998) was an Austrian-born American designer and educator, who became a strong advocate of the socially and ecologically responsible design of products, tools, and community infrastructures. His book *Design for the Real World*, originally published in 1971 and translated into more than 24 languages, had lasting international impact.

## Early life

Victor Josef Papanek was born in Vienna, Austria, on 22 November 1923. There have been conflicting published information on Papanek's birth date, and the dates range between 1923 and 1927. His mother was Helene (née Spitz) and his father was Richard Papanek, a Jewish deli owner. Victor was born during a time in Austria when it was a Social Democratic led state. He attended school in England. His father died in 1935, while serving in the French Army.

In 1939, following Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria, 15-year-old Papanek emigrated to the United States via Ellis Island as a refugee. In 1940, he taught German lessons at the New York YMCA.

Upon arrival to New York City, the 1939 New York World's Fair was happening which included work by Raymond Loewy, this shaped some of Papanek's early ideas on design as a form of Democracy. In the late 1940s, Papanek created his first New York City-based design consultancy called, *Design Clinic*.

## Education

Papanek studied architecture with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona in 1949. Papanek earned his bachelor's degree at Cooper Union in New York (1950) and completed graduate studies in design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.A. 1955).

The Berlin emigre Paul Zucker had a significant influence on Papanek during his studies at Cooper Union.

## Career

Papanek created product designs for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Volvo of Sweden contracted design work with him, in order to create a taxi for the disabled.

He worked with a design team that prototyped an educational television set that could be utilized in the developing countries of Africa and produced in Japan for $9.00 per set (cost in 1970 dollars).

His designed products also included a remarkable transistor radio, made from ordinary metal food cans and powered by a burning candle, that was designed to actually be produced cheaply in developing countries. His design skills also took him into projects like an innovative method for dispersing seeds and fertilizer for reforestation in difficult-to-access land, as well as working with a design team on a human-powered vehicle capable of conveying a half-ton load, and another team to design a very early three-wheeled, wide-tired all-terrain vehicle.

Papanek received numerous awards, including a Distinguished Designer fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1988. The following year in 1989, he received the IKEA Foundation International Award.

### Ideology and pedagogy

Papanek's ideas on iconoclastic design, journalism, and his unique global approach to pedagogic initiatives was a radical shift away from the existing design movements of the 1960s and 1970s. His perception of design was of an object or system, specifically working as a political tool. With his interest in all aspects of design and how design affected people and the environment, Papanek felt that much of what was manufactured was inconvenient, often frivolous and even unsafe. His book "Design for the Real World" (1971), outlined many of these ideas.

### Teaching

Throughout most of his career, Papanek taught design courses. He was an associate professor and the Head of the Department of Product Design in the School of Design at North Carolina State College (1962). Additionally, Papanek taught at the Ontario College of Art, the Rhode Island School of Design, Purdue University, the California Institute of the Arts (where he was dean), Kansas City Art Institute (from 1976 to 1981), University of Kansas (J.L. Constant Professor of Architecture and Design, 1982–1998), and other places in North America, Europe and elsewhere.

## Death and legacy

Papanek died on January 10, 1998, in Lawrence, Kansas, aged 74.

The *Victor J Papanek Social Design Award* was created as a joint venture between the Papanek Foundation, the University of Applied Arts Vienna, the Museum of Arts and Design and the Austrian Cultural Forum, to give an award to designed “projects that upheld Papanek’s vision of environmental and/or social responsibility”.

In 2015, the Parsons School of Design and the Victor Papanek Foundation of the University of Applied Arts Vienna held a symposium and exhibition, *How Things Don’t Work: The Dreamspace of Victor Papanek.*

In 2018–2021, the Vitra Design Museum and the Victor Papanek Foundation of the University of Applied Arts Vienna held a posthumous solo exhibition, *Victor Papanek: The Politics of Design.*

## Personal life

Papanek was married four times and had two daughters. His last spouse was Harlanne Herdman (married from 1966 to 1989, divorced), together they had one daughter. Winifred N. Nelson Higginbotham (married from 1951 to 1957, divorced), together they had one daughter. He often referred to Winifred as his first wife, even though she was not, and the last name "Higginbotham" was from Winifred's first marriage. His first two wives were of Russian-Jewish ethnicity from Brooklyn, Ada M. Epstein (married from 1949 to 1950, divorced) and Anna Lipschitz (married from 1944, divorced).

In June 1945, Papanek became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

## Bibliography

### Books authored by Papanek

* Papanek, Victor (1971). *Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change*. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-47036-2.
* Papanek, Victor; Hennessey, Jim (1973). *Nomadic Furniture: How to Build and Where to Buy Lightweight Furniture That Folds, Collapses, Stacks, Knocks-Down, Inflates or Can be Thrown Away and Re-Cycled*. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-70228-X.
* Papanek, Victor; Hennessey, Jim (1974). *Nomadic Furniture 2*. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-70638-2.
* Papanek, Victor; Hennessey, Jim (1977). *How Things Don't Work*. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-49251-X.
* Papanek, Victor (1983). *Design for Human Scale*. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-27616-8.
* Papanek, Victor (1995). *The Green Imperative: Natural Design for the Real World*. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27846-6.

### Books about Papanek

* Clarke, Alison J. (2021). *Victor Papanek: Designer for the Real World*. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-2620449-4-3.
* Kries, Mateo; Klein, Amelie; Clarke, Alison J., eds. (2018). *Victor Papanek: The Politics of Design*. Weil am Rhein, Germany: Vitra Design Museum and Victor Papanek Foundation. ISBN 978-3-9458522-6-2.
* Fineder, Martina; Geisler, Thomas; Hackenschmidt, Sebastian (2017). *Nomadic Furniture 3.0 – Neues befreites Wohnen? / New Liberated Living?* (in English and German). Niggli. ISBN 978-3-721209617.
* Gowan, Al (2015). *Victor Papanek: Path of a Design Prophet*. Cambridge Massachusetts: Merrimack Media. ISBN 978-1-939166-72-2.

## InfoBox

| Victor Joseph Papanek | |
| --- | --- |
| Papanek circa 1981 | |
| Born | Victor Josef Papanek
(1923-11-22)22 November 1923
Vienna, Austria |
| Died | 10 January 1998(1998-01-10) (aged 74)
Lawrence, Kansas U.S. |
| Other names | Victor Joseph Papanek |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation(s) | professor, author |
| Known for | design theory |
| Spouses | *   Harlanne Herdman  (m. 1966; div. 1989) *   Winifred N. Nelson  (m. 1951; div. 1957) *   Ada M. Epstein  (m. 1949; div. 1950) *   Anna Lipschitz  (m. 1944, divorced) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Victor Paranjoti

abstract: Victor Paranjoti (1906-1967) is known for his role in promoting choral music in India in the middle of the 20th century. He was also the founder president of the Association of the Business Communicators of India (ABCI).

text:
# Victor Paranjoti

**Victor Paranjoti** (1906-1967) is known for his role in promoting choral music in India in the middle of the 20th century. He was also the founder president of the Association of the Business Communicators of India (ABCI).

## Western classical music in India

Was the founder and Conductor of the Bombay-based Paranjoti Choir. He has been described as "a person passionately involved with Western Classical music in India"

## Life

According to The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India Paranjoti was born in Bangalore in 1906 and died on February 1, 1967, in Mumbai and was an "(e)minent conductor and composer of Western music and a pioneer in synthesizing Western and Eastern musical forms." Born in a Tamil-speaking family, he got his early contact with melody through church-music.

In his earlier career, Paranjoti was the Chief, Publication Relations of the India-based ACC Cement company in the 1950s. After retiring, he joined The Times of India newspaper as its first National Business Editor. His other achievements include being the founder-President of the Indian Association of Industrial Editors. He is believed to have launched the Caltex and PTI-Reuters house journals in India.

On the All India Radio, he conducted programmes and was known for his excellence in spoken English. He created the Paranjoti Choir.

## Publications

According to WorldCat.org the publications of Victor Paranjoti include:

* Instrumental and orchestral music by Victor Paranjoti (Book, 1971)
* Dravidian dithyramb by Victor Paranjoti
* The Dravidian suite by Victor Paranjoti
* The Konkan suite by Victor Paranjoti
* Musical offerings for community singing by Victor Paranjoti (Book, 1971)
* Sacred choral and vocal music by Victor Paranjoti
* The Song of Radha that is no flute you play on, beloved; words, based on 2 Central Indian songs, and music; some notes about the composer by Victor Paranjoti (1961)
* On this and that, etc. by Victor Paranjoti (Book, 1958)

Another book has also been written on him, titled 'The legacy of Victor Paranjoti by Violet Paranjoti'.

## Paranjoti Academy Chorus

As of December 2018, the Paranjoti Academy Chorus, named in his memory, was still active. It is known to have sung in 22 languages, mostly Indian, including a 2011 performance in Goa of a Konkani song, *Poili Santa* arranged by Paranjoti's late founder Victor Paranjoti. It has been described as a "30-strong acapella choir"


title: Mount Gilbert (California)

abstract: Mount Gilbert is a 13,106-foot (3,995 m) mountain located on the crest of the Sierra Nevada range in California, United States. It is situated on the shared boundary of Kings Canyon National Park and John Muir Wilderness, and along the common border of Fresno County and Inyo County. It is 18 miles (29 km) west of the community of Big Pine, 0.8 mile northwest of Mount Johnson, and one mile southeast of Mount Thompson, which is its nearest higher neighbor. Mount Gilbert ranks as the 127th-highest summit in California. Topographic relief is significant as the south aspect rises 3,900 feet (1,189 m) above LeConte Canyon in less than two miles, and the northern aspect rises 3,340 feet above South Lake in 2.5 miles.

text:
# Mount Gilbert (California)

**Mount Gilbert** is a 13,106-foot (3,995 m) mountain located on the crest of the Sierra Nevada range in California, United States. It is situated on the shared boundary of Kings Canyon National Park and John Muir Wilderness, and along the common border of Fresno County and Inyo County. It is 18 miles (29 km) west of the community of Big Pine, 0.8 mile (1.3 km) northwest of Mount Johnson, and one mile (1.6 km) southeast of Mount Thompson, which is its nearest higher neighbor. Mount Gilbert ranks as the 127th-highest summit in California. Topographic relief is significant as the south aspect rises 3,900 feet (1,189 m) above LeConte Canyon in less than two miles, and the northern aspect rises 3,340 feet above South Lake in 2.5 miles.

## History

This mountain's name commemorates eminent geologist Grove Karl Gilbert (1843–1918), who worked much of the Sierra Nevada range with the Wheeler Survey. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1911 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. The first ascent of the peak was made September 15, 1928, by Norman Clyde, who is credited with 130 first ascents, most of which were in the Sierra Nevada.

## Climbing

Established climbing routes:

* Southwest slope – class 2 – September 15, 1928, by Norman Clyde
* Northeast slope – class 3 – May 19, 2002, by party of seven
* Engram Couloir – class 5.6 – September 3, 1972 by Al Fowler, Dan Eaton, Ron Cale
* West face – class 5.7 – 1985 by Claude Fiddler, Vern Clevenger

## Climate

Mount Gilbert is located in an alpine climate zone. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel east toward the Sierra Nevada mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the range (orographic lift). Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains south into the Middle Fork Kings River, and north into Bishop Creek.

## InfoBox

| Mount Gilbert | |
| --- | --- |
| North aspect, upper right<br>(Mt. Johnson on left, South Lake below) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 13,106 ft (3,995 m) |
| Prominence | 426 ft (130 m) |
| Parent peak | Mount Thompson (13,494 ft) |
| Isolation | 0.94 mi (1.51 km) |
| Listing | Sierra Peaks Section |
| Coordinates | 37°08′11″N 118°35′54″W / 37.1363688°N 118.5982233°W / 37.1363688; -118.5982233 |
| Naming | |
| Etymology | Grove Karl Gilbert |
| Geography | |
| Mount GilbertMount Gilbert | |
| Location |  |
| Country | United States of America |
| State | California |
| Parent range | Sierra Nevada |
| Topo map | USGS *Mount Thompson* |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Cretaceous |
| Mountain type | Fault block |
| Type of rock | granitic |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1928 Norman Clyde |
| Easiest route | Scramble class 2 |


title: Victor Scott

abstract: Victor Ramone Scott is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for the Colorado Buffaloes.

text:
# Victor Scott

**Victor Ramone Scott** (born June 1, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for the Colorado Buffaloes.

## Early life

Scott attended East St. Louis Senior High School, where he practiced football, basketball and baseball. In football, he helped his school win a state championship, where he caught 6 passes for 116 yards.

He was an All-state, league, city and metro selection. He was named to the Chicago Tribune Super 22 All-star team and was invited to play in the state high school All-star contest.

## College career

Scott accepted a football scholarship from the University of Colorado during a low point in the school history, where his teams never had a winning record and he was usually recognized as the most talented player of the defense. He was a four-year starter (43 out 44 games) at cornerback, that also excelled on special teams.

As a junior, he led the team in interceptions with 4, including 2 returned for touchdowns. Against Oklahoma State University, he intercepted 3 passes, returning 2 for touchdowns of 30 and 25 yards.

As senior, he had 4 interceptions, returning one for a 71-yard touchdown against Kansas State University.

He was named All-Big Eight in 1982 and 1983. He received second-team All-American honors in 1983, and played in the Hula Bowl and the Senior Bowl.

Scott set school career records with 3 interceptions returned for touchdowns and 24 passes defensed. He also had 10 interceptions, 4 blocked field goals and 4 blocked extra points. He received an honorable-mention for the Big Eight All-Decade team of the eighties.

## Professional career

### Dallas Cowboys

Scott was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round (40th overall) of the 1984 NFL draft. As a rookie, he won the nickelback role and played on special teams. His diving, fourth-quarter interception in the eleventh game against the St. Louis Cardinals, set up the game's winning touchdown.

The next season, he had a chance to start 3 games at right cornerback in place of an injured Ron Fellows. In the fifteenth game of the season against the New York Giants, he helped the Cowboys clinch the NFC East Championship when he intercepted a Phil Simms pass with 46 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter. He also had 3 sacks, 2 interceptions (one returned for a touchdown), 7 passes defensed and one forced fumble.

In 1986, he was voted the special teams captain, but had an injury plagued season, playing in only 5 games after having early problems with a preseason hamstring injury and breaking his wrist in the fifth game against the Denver Broncos. He returned to play in the last game of the season.

In 1987, he strained a chest muscle that limited him in the preseason. He played in only 6 games, after refusing to take a drug test and being placed on the reserve-non football illness list for personal reasons on October 29. In the final 3 games he made 9 tackles, defended 3 passes and recovered a fumble.

In 1988, he only played in 2 games, after suffering an ankle injury and being placed on the injured reserve list. He also was suspended by the league for testing positive for Cocaine.

In 1990, after being out of football for one year, the Cowboys gave him a chance to make the team, but he was released before the season started.

### Orlando Predators (AFL)

Scott signed with the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League for the 1991 season, where he played as a Wide receiver/linebacker.

### San Antonio Force (AFL)

In 1992, he played for the San Antonio Force as a Wide receiver/linebacker.

### Massachusetts Marauders (AFL)

Scott signed with the Massachusetts Marauders for the 1994 season, playing as a Wide receiver/linebacker.

## InfoBox

Victor Scott
| No. 22 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1962-06-01) June 1, 1962<br>East St. Louis, Illinois, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 200 lb (91 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | East St. Louis (IL) Senior |
| College: | Colorado |
| NFL draft: | 1984 / round: 2 / pick: 40 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Interceptions: 5  Sacks: 3.0  Fumble recoveries: 3 | |
| Career Arena statistics | |
| Receptions: 6  Receiving yards: 76  Touchdowns: 1  Tackles: 29  Interceptions: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** · **ArenaFan.com** | |
|  | |


title: Mufu Mountains

abstract: The Mufu Mountains are a range of mountains located on the border of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces in China. Some maps label the range as 幕埠山, which would be transliterated as Mùbù Shān, but this apparently is a typo.

text:
# Mufu Mountains

The **Mufu Mountains** (Chinese: 幕阜山; pinyin: *Mùfù Shān*) are a range of mountains located on the border of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces in China.

Some maps label the range as 幕埠山, which would be transliterated as Mùbù Shān (Mubu Mountains), but this apparently is a typo.

## Description

The Mufu range is a subrange of the Luoxiao Mountains. It stretches for about 200 km in a roughly southwest–northeast direction between close to Pingjiang in Hunan to the Yangtze valley near Jiujiang.

## InfoBox

| Mufu Range | |
| --- | --- |
| 幕阜山 | |
| Rice fields in a valley in the Mufu Range, seen from National Highway 106 east of Tongshan | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,597.2 m (5,240 ft) |
| Coordinates | 28°59′N 113°50′E / 28.983°N 113.833°E / 28.983; 113.833 |
| Geography | |
| Mufu RangeLocation in ChinaMufu RangeMufu Range (China) | |
| Location | Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi, China |
| Parent range | Luoxiao Mountains |


title: Vescles

abstract: Vescles is a commune in the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

text:
# Vescles

**Vescles** (French pronunciation: \[vɛskl\]) is a commune in the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 156 |  |
| 1975 | 153 | −0.28% |
| 1982 | 143 | −0.96% |
| 1990 | 167 | +1.96% |
| 1999 | 183 | +1.02% |
| 2009 | 213 | +1.53% |
| 2014 | 204 | −0.86% |
| 2020 | 184 | −1.71% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Vescles | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Ruins of the *Château d'Oliferne* | |
| Location of Vescles | |
| VesclesVescles | |
| Coordinates: 46°21′40″N 5°36′50″E / 46.3611°N 5.6139°E / 46.3611; 5.6139 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Jura |
| Arrondissement | Lons-le-Saunier |
| Canton | Moirans-en-Montagne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Pierre Boisson |
| Area**1** | 20.27 km2 (7.83 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 184 |
| Density | 9.1/km2 (24/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 39557 /39240 |
| Elevation | 305–800 m (1,001–2,625 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Muchnów

abstract: Muchnów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelce, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Strzelce, 7 km (4 mi) north-east of Kutno, and 56 km (35 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Muchnów

**Muchnów** \[ˈmuxnuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelce, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Strzelce, 7 km (4 mi) north-east of Kutno, and 56 km (35 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Muchnów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Muchnów | |
| Coordinates: 52°16′51″N 19°25′52″E / 52.28083°N 19.43111°E / 52.28083; 19.43111 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Kutno |
| Gmina | Strzelce |


title: Mount Schank, South Australia

abstract: Mount Schank is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located about 385 kilometres south-east of the state capital of Adelaide and 14 kilometres south of the municipal seat of Mount Gambier in the south-east of the state. British colonisation of the area began in 1842 when brothers Edward and Fortescue Arthur established the Mount Schank Station. The Arthur brothers were in continuous conflict with the local Bungandidj people from the time of their arrival. Many of their shepherds absconded, horses were speared and hundreds of their sheep were taken. The brothers had to do much of the shepherding work themselves and often engaged in close combat with "the Blacks". On one occasion Fortescue was slightly wounded after being speared. After capturing and chaining up a Bungandidj man, Edward forced him to reveal the location of their camp. An armed group of settlers was then organised by Edward and the Aboriginal camp was raided and destroyed, with six or eight Bungandidj being killed. The Arthur brothers could not sustain the effort of keeping the sheep station and with ruinous financial losses they sold out to Robert Leake of nearby Glencoe station in 1844. The Clarke family then owned Mount Schank station for around 140 years before it was bought in 2005 by former chairman of the AFL, Ron Evans. In 2017 the property was valued at around fifty million dollars. Part of Mount Schank became a private sub-division of land within the cadastral unit of the Hundred of MacDonnell. Boundaries were created on 31 October 1996 for the “long established name.” Mount Schank consists of land adjoining both sides of the Riddoch Highway between Mount Gambier to the north and Port MacDonnell to the south. The locality includes a number of geological features consisting of the dormant volcano, Mount Schank, which is located on the eastern side of the Riddoch Highway and a number of water-filled sinkholes such as the Little Blue Lake located on land to the west of the Riddoch Highway. The majority land use within the locality is agriculture with an area located between the Riddoch highway and the western side of the dormant volcano is zoned for industrial purposes. The following places within Mount Schank are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register - Mount Salt Limestone Track and Mount Schank state heritage area Mount Schank is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of Mount Gambier and the local government area of the District Council of Grant.

text:
# Mount Schank, South Australia

**Mount Schank** is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located about 385 kilometres (239 miles) south-east of the state capital of Adelaide and 14 kilometres (8.7 miles) south of the municipal seat of Mount Gambier in the south-east of the state.

British colonisation of the area began in 1842 when brothers Edward and Fortescue Arthur (sons of Sir George Arthur) established the **Mount Schank Station**. The Arthur brothers were in continuous conflict with the local Bungandidj people from the time of their arrival. Many of their shepherds absconded, horses were speared and hundreds of their sheep were taken. The brothers had to do much of the shepherding work themselves and often engaged in close combat with "the Blacks". On one occasion Fortescue was slightly wounded after being speared. After capturing and chaining up a Bungandidj man, Edward forced him to reveal the location of their camp. An armed group of settlers was then organised by Edward and the Aboriginal camp was raided and destroyed, with six or eight Bungandidj being killed. The Arthur brothers could not sustain the effort of keeping the sheep station and with ruinous financial losses they sold out to Robert Leake of nearby Glencoe station in 1844.

The Clarke family then owned Mount Schank station for around 140 years before it was bought in 2005 by former chairman of the AFL, Ron Evans. In 2017 the property was valued at around fifty million dollars.

Part of Mount Schank became a private sub-division of land within the cadastral unit of the Hundred of MacDonnell. Boundaries were created on 31 October 1996 for the “long established name.”

Mount Schank consists of land adjoining both sides of the Riddoch Highway between Mount Gambier to the north and Port MacDonnell to the south. The locality includes a number of geological features consisting of the dormant volcano, Mount Schank, which is located on the eastern side of the Riddoch Highway and a number of water-filled sinkholes such as the Little Blue Lake located on land to the west of the Riddoch Highway. The majority land use within the locality is agriculture with an area located between the Riddoch highway and the western side of the dormant volcano is zoned for industrial purposes.

The following places within Mount Schank are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register \- Mount Salt Limestone Track and Mount Schank state heritage area

Mount Schank is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of Mount Gambier and the local government area of the District Council of Grant.

## InfoBox

| Mount Schank
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| View of Mount Schank from the road to Port MacDonnell. | |
| Mount Schank | |
| Coordinates | 37°56′24″S 140°43′26″E / 37.94°S 140.724°E / -37.94; 140.724 |
| Population | 264 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 31 October 1996 |
| Postcode(s) | 5291 |
| Time zone | ACST (UTC+9:30) |
| • Summer (DST) | ACST (UTC+10:30) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | District Council of Grant |
| State electorate(s) | Mount Gambier |
| Federal division(s) | Barker |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  19.0 °C
66 °F 8.2 °C
47 °F 708.4 mm
27.9 in | |
| **Suburbs around Mount Schank:**  Kongorong Moorak
OB Flat OB Flat  Kongorong Mount Schank Caveton  Cape Douglas Cape Douglas
Allendale East Caveton | |
| Footnotes | Locations
Climate
Adjoining localities |


title: Very large database

abstract: A very large database, or VLDB, is a database that contains a very large amount of data, so much that it can require specialized architectural, management, processing and maintenance methodologies.

text:
# Very large database

A **very large database**, (originally written **very large data base**) or **VLDB**, is a database that contains a very large amount of data, so much that it can require specialized architectural, management, processing and maintenance methodologies.

## Definition

The vague adjectives of *very* and *large* allow for a broad and subjective interpretation, but attempts at defining a metric and threshold have been made. Early metrics were the size of the database in a canonical form via database normalization or the time for a full database operation like a backup. Technology improvements have continually changed what is considered *very large*.

One definition has suggested that a database has become a VLDB when it is "too large to be maintained within the window of opportunity… the time when the database is quiet".

## Sizes of a VLDB database

There is no absolute amount of data that can be cited. For example, one **cannot** say that any database with more than 1 TB of data is considered a VLDB. This absolute amount of data has varied over time as computer processing, storage and backup methods have become better able to handle larger amounts of data. That said, VLDB issues may start to appear when 1 TB is approached, and are more than likely to have appeared as 30 TB or so is exceeded.

## VLDB challenges

Key areas where a VLDB may present challenges include configuration, storage, performance, maintenance, administration, availability and server resources.

### Configuration

Careful configuration of databases that lie in the VLDB realm is necessary to alleviate or reduce issues raised by VLDB databases.

### Administration

The complexities of managing a VLDB can increase exponentially for the database administrator as database size increases.

### Availability and maintenance

When dealing with VLDB operations relating to maintenance and recovery such as database reorganizations and file copies which were quite practical on a non-VLDB take very significant amounts of time and resources for a VLDB database. In particular it typically infeasible to meet a typical recovery time objective (RTO), the maximum expected time a database is expected to be unavailable due to interruption, by methods which involve copying files from disk or other storage archives. To overcome these issues techniques such as clustering, cloned/replicated/standby databases, file-snapshots, storage snapshots or a backup manager may help achieve the RTO and availability, although individual methods may have limitations, caveats, license, and infrastructure requirements while some may risk data loss and not meet the recovery point objective (RPO). For many systems only geographically remote solutions may be acceptable.

#### Backup and recovery

Best practice is for backup and recovery to be architectured in terms of the overall availability and business continuity solution.

### Performance

Given the same infrastructure there may typically be a decrease in performance, that is increase in response time as database size increases. Some accesses will simply have more data to process (scan) which will take proportionally longer (linear time); while the indexes used to access data may grow slightly in height requiring perhaps an extra storage access to reach the data (sub-linear time). Other effects can be caching becoming less efficient because proportionally less data can be cached and while some indexes such as the B+ automatically sustain well with growth others such as a hash table may need to be rebuilt.

Should an increase in database size cause the number of accessors of the database to increase then more server and network resources may be consumed, and the risk of contention will increase. Some solutions to regaining performance include partitioning, clustering, possibly with sharding, or use of a database machine.

#### Partitioning

Partitioning may be able assist the performance of bulk operations on a VLDB including backup and recovery., bulk movements due to information lifecycle management (ILM), reducing contention as well as allowing optimization of some query processing.

### Storage

In order to satisfy needs of a VLDB the database storage needs to have low access latency and contention, high throughput, and high availability.

### Server resources

The increasing size of a VLDB may put pressure on server and network resources and a bottleneck may appear that may require infrastructure investment to resolve.

## Relationship to big data

VLDB is not the same as *big data*, but the storage aspect of *big data* may involve a VLDB database. That said some of the storage solutions supporting *big data* were designed from the start to support large volumes of data, so database administrators may not encounter VLDB issues that older versions of traditional RDBMS's might encounter.


title: Victoria Loustalot

text:
# Victoria Loustalot

## Biography

Loustalot was raised in Sacramento, California and graduated from Columbia University with a B.A. in English. At age 21, an essay she wrote about her father's death was published in *The New York Times* "Modern Love" column. She was offered a nonfiction writing fellowship from Columbia University. She accepted and went on to earn her M.F.A. in writing from Columbia's School of the Arts.

Her work has appeared in numerous print and online publications, including *The New Yorker* *Women's Wear Daily*, *The Onion*, *Publishers Weekly*, *The Huffington Post*, and *The New York Times*. Her first book, *This Is How You Say Goodbye*, a memoir about her unusual childhood and traveling alone in her early twenties, was published in 2013.

She lives in New York City.

## InfoBox

| Victoria Loustalot | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Sacramento, California, United States |
| Period | 2006–present |
| Genre | Memoir |


title: Victor Hugo Tinoco

abstract: Victor Hugo Tinoco Fonseca is a Nicaraguan politician and former Sandinista guerilla. He was Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs with the Sandinista National Liberation Front, ambassador to the United Nations and a deputy in the National Assembly. In the late 1990s he grew critical of Daniel Ortega and was expelled from the party in 2005, joining the Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS) instead and later its successor, the Democratic Renewal Union (Unamos) party. In June 2021, he was part of a wave of arrests of opposition figures, including seven aspiring opposition candidates for president in the 2021 Nicaraguan general election.

text:
# Victor Hugo Tinoco

**Victor Hugo Tinoco Fonseca** (born June 10, 1952) is a Nicaraguan politician and former Sandinista guerilla. He was Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs with the Sandinista National Liberation Front, ambassador to the United Nations and a deputy in the National Assembly. In the late 1990s he grew critical of Daniel Ortega and was expelled from the party in 2005, joining the Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS) instead and later its successor, the Democratic Renewal Union (Unamos) party. In June 2021, he was part of a wave of arrests of opposition figures, including seven aspiring opposition candidates for president in the 2021 Nicaraguan general election.

## Biography

Victor Hugo Tinoco was born on June 10, 1952, in León. He attended high school at the National Seminary where he began studying philosophy. It was as a seminarian that he connected with the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), and joined in 1973 while studying for a degree in sociology at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN-Managua). He then moved to León where he worked in the Revolutionary Student Front (FER).

He also has a postgraduate degree in advanced business management from the Central American University (UCA).

Following the fall of the Somoza dictatorship, Tinoco was appointed ambassador to the United Nations, serving from 1979 to 1981. In 1981 he became Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs (vice-chancellor), a position he held until 1990. He was also a member of FSLN Assembly. He led the Nicaraguan delegation at Manzanillo talks with the United States in 1984 and was the chief Sandinista representative in the Contadora negotiations.

He was also a member of the FSLN National Directorate and twice served as a National Assembly deputy, first for the FSLN (from 1997 to 2001) and later for the Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS). As of 2010, he was head of the MRS bench.

He grew critical of Daniel Ortega, particularly seeing Ortega’s 1998 pact with Arnoldo Alemán as a turning point toward authoritarianism. The cooperation with Alemán’s ostensibly incompatible ideology (he represented the right-wing Constitutionalist Liberal Party) was unpopular among Sandinistas and that reaction spurred a greater suppression of dissent, in Tinoco’s view, leading to a strengthening of the authoritarian current in the FSLN overall. Hoping to open up space for differing opinions within the party, he mounted an ultimately unsuccessful challenge to Ortega in 2001 in the FSLN internal primary elections for president. Then in February 2005 he was expelled from the party for his support of Herty Lewites's candidacy against Ortega. He served as campaign manager to Lewites, who broke from the FSLN to continue to pursue his presidential bid under the Sandinista Renovation Movement, until Lewites' sudden death four months prior to the election. Following the revocation of MRS's legal status, Tinoco became a member of its successor, Democratic Renewal Union (Unamos).

In June 2021 Tinoco was part of a wave of arrests of opposition candidates for president in the November 2021 elections and other opposition figures. He was arrested on June 13, 2021, the same day as other Unamos leaders including Suyén Barahona, Ana Margarita Vijil and Tinoco’s former Sandinista comrade, commander Dora María Téllez, who is famous for her role in a 1978 raid that freed 60 Sandinista political prisoners. Like most of those arrested, Tinoco is accused of violations of controversial Law 1055, passed by the FSLN-controlled legislature in December 2020, which gives the government unilateral power to arrest anyone it designates as a “traitor to the homeland”. Before his arrest he recorded a video calling for continued resistance in the event he was detained: "This is a struggle that has to go forward, that is not going to stop...the bright future that the people deserve is victory and freeing themselves from the dictatorship and the dynasty that they want to impose on us.”

Initially Tinoco was believed to be held in Evaristo Vásquez Police Complex, but as of 27 June 2021 neither his family nor his attorney have seen him since his arrest. His family has expressed concern about his health, given his preexisting hypertension, asthma, and Ménière’s disease.

Tinoco was convicted and sentenced to 13 years imprisonment on 21 February 2022.

## InfoBox

| Victor Hugo Tinoco | |
| --- | --- |
| Tinoco in 2018 | |
|  | |
| Ambassador to the United Nations | |
| **In office**
1979–1981 | |
| Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs | |
| **In office**
1981–1990 | |
| National Assembly Deputy | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Victor Hugo Tinoco Fonseca
(1952-06-10) June 10, 1952
León, Nicaragua |
| Political party | Sandinista National Liberation Front (1973–2005)
Sandinista Renovation Movement
Democratic Renewal Union |
| Alma mater | National Autonomous University of Nicaragua
Central American University |
|  | |


title: Victor Hugues

abstract: Jean-Baptiste Victor Hugues was a French politician and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Guadeloupe from 1794 to 1798. He is best known for his actions during the French Revolutionary Wars, where Hugues played a major role in implementing the Law of 4 February 1794 which abolished slavery in France's colonies.

text:
# Victor Hugues

**Jean-Baptiste Victor Hugues** (July 20, 1762 – August 12, 1826) was a French politician and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Guadeloupe from 1794 to 1798. He is best known for his actions during the French Revolutionary Wars, where Hugues played a major role in implementing the Law of 4 February 1794 which abolished slavery in France's colonies.

## Early life

Jean-Baptiste Victor Hugues was born on 20 July 1762 in Marseille into a wealthy family. His father, Jean-François Hugues, was a merchant, and Hugues's mother Catherine Fodrin was born into family of silk traders from Saint-Étienne. Hugues moved along with his family to the French colony of Saint-Domingue during the early 1780s, where he eventually acquired ownership of a number of slave plantations. During the 1790s, Hugues was forced to return to France as a result of the Haitian Revolution. There, he was appointed as prosecutor of the Committee of Public Safety in La Rochelle with the support of the city's branch of the Jacobin Club. In 1794, he was appointed as the governor of Guadeloupe by the National Convention, which had voted to abolish slavery in all French colonies in 4 February of that year.

## Governor of Guadeloupe

In Guadeloupe, counter-revolutionary French royalists signed the Whitehall Accord with the Kingdom of Great Britain, pledging to place their islands under British protection in exchange for the continuation of slavery. A British expeditionary force invaded and occupied Guadeloupe in April 1794, and Hugues arrived at the colony on 21 May with 1,150 French troops. He immediately declared the abolition of slavery on Guadeloupe, which quickly led to most of the island's Black population, both free and enslaved, coming over to his side. Hugues's forces captured Pointe-à-Pitre from the British on 26 May, and retook control of all of Guadeloupe on 6 October when he forced a British force of 800 white royalists and 900 Black soldiers to surrender at their camp in Barville.

Even though he abolished slavery in Guadeloupe, Hugues maintained a system of forced labour in the colony. He also reorganised the military forces of Guadeloupe, recruited a large number of newly emancipated people until Hugues had a force of 10,000 men under his command. This force consisted of racially integrated units where Black people were allowed to serve as officers, a rarity for the era. Hugues also purged all alleged counter-revolutionaries from the colony by executing them using a guillotine brought from France, and devoted significant efforts to establish a successful economy in Guadeloupe which would continue to export cash crops grown on plantations to Europe.

During his tenure as governor, Hugues authorised privateers operating out of Guadeloupe to attack British and American merchant shipping, which contributed to stabilising the colony's finances but also led to the outbreak of the Quasi-War between France and the United States. He also made several attempts to invade nearby islands under British control, with mixed results. On 18 April 1795, Hugues landed in British-held Saint Lucia with 600 soldiers and joined forces with 250 white French republicans and 300 Black republicans; the latter were mostly equipped with pikes but some carried muskets captured from the island's British garrison. In response, the British landed over 1,000 troops from Castries at Vieux Fort who marched overland to Soufrière.

On April 22, the British attacked Hugues' troops at Fond Doux and Rabot, though after intense fighting they were eventually forced to withdraw back to Castries. On 19 June, the remaining British forces in Saint Lucia withdrew from the colony along with a number of white royalists, the latter of whom had their slaves liberated by Hugues. In 1796, he led a failed attempt to capture Anguilla from the British. On 22 November 1798, Hugues was replaced as governor of Guadeloupe by Edme Étienne Borne Desfourneaux, and returned to France.

## Later life and death

In 1799, the French Consulate sent Hugues as a official to French Guiana, where he was responsible for managing forced labour in the colony and then slavery itself after Napoleon re-established slavery in France's colonies via the Law of 20 May 1802. He continued to serve as an official there until the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana in January 1809. Hugues eventually returned to France, where he was prosecuted for allegedly committing treason and engaging in conspiracy with the enemy. He was only acquitted in 1814, and returned to French Guiana when the Portuguese handed it back to France in 1817, where Hugues continued to serve as an official before staying on after retiring as a private citizen. He died on 21 August 1826 in Cayenne. Hugues had been featured in several works of historical fiction, including Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier's 1962 work *Explosion in a Cathedral* and American author James A. Michener's 1989 work *The Caribbean*.

* Hugues, Victor. "Guyane française. Code civil. Avec modifications, ordonnance coloniale du 1er Vendémiaire an XIV (23 septembre 1805), pour son introduction dans cette colonie", Cayenne, Imprimerie du roi, 1822.
* Sainte-Croix de La Roncière, Georges de. "Grandes Figures coloniales : Victor Hugues, le conventionnel", Paris, chez l'auteur, 1932.
* Lara Henri Adolphe. "Contribution de la Guadeloupe à la pensée française : 1635-1935", Paris, Jean Crès, 1936.
* Brard, René. "Le dernier caraïbe", Bordeaux, chez l'auteur, 1849.


title: Vibeke Skofterud

abstract: Vibeke Westbye Skofterud was a Norwegian cross-country skier. She won gold in the 4 × 5 km relay at Vancouver in 2010. Her best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was eighth in the 30 km event at Salt Lake City in 2002. Skofterud won a complete set of 4 × 5 km relay medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and earned her best individual finish of 13th in the 5 km + 5 km double pursuit in 2003. Her first individual victory came in a pursuit race in Norway in 2006. In 2012, Skofterud became the first Norwegian to win the Vasaloppet official ladies class. She set a new record time, 4.08,24, more than 8 minutes faster than the previous record from 1998. This was the first time ever she competed in a race as long as 90 km. The 2012/2013 World Cup season proved to be difficult for Skofterud, due to illness and injuries, and she was forced to quit the season halfway through. She made a comeback on the national team the following winter. After failing to qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics, Skofterud announced her retirement from the national team, in favour of a career in ski marathon. She retired from cross-country skiing in 2015.

text:
# Vibeke Skofterud

**Vibeke Westbye Skofterud** (20 April 1980 – 29 July 2018) was a Norwegian cross-country skier. She won gold in the 4 × 5 km relay at Vancouver in 2010. Her best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was eighth in the 30 km event at Salt Lake City in 2002.

Skofterud won a complete set of 4 × 5 km relay medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (gold: 2005, gold: 2011, silver: 2003, bronze: 2007) and earned her best individual finish of 13th in the 5 km + 5 km double pursuit in 2003.

Her first individual victory came in a pursuit race in Norway in 2006.

In 2012, Skofterud became the first Norwegian to win the Vasaloppet official ladies class. She set a new record time, 4.08,24, more than 8 minutes faster than the previous record from 1998. This was the first time ever she competed in a race as long as 90 km.

The 2012/2013 World Cup season proved to be difficult for Skofterud, due to illness and injuries, and she was forced to quit the season halfway through. She made a comeback on the national team the following winter. After failing to qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics, Skofterud announced her retirement from the national team, in favour of a career in ski marathon.

She retired from cross-country skiing in 2015.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

* 1 medal – (1 gold)

| Year | Age | 10 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | Sprint | 4 × 5 km
relay | Team
sprint |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *21* |  | 28 | 28 |  | 21 |  |  |
| 2010 | *29* | 22 |  | DNF |  |  | **Gold** |  |
|

### World Championships

* 4 medals – (2 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze)

| Year | Age | 10 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | Sprint | 4 × 5 km
relay | Team
sprint |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *20* |  |  | 36 | CNX\[a\] | 16 |  |  |
| 2003 | *22* | 22 |  | 13 |  |  | **Silver** |  |
| 2005 | *24* |  |  | 15 |  | 37 |  | **Gold** |
| 2007 | *26* | 21 |  | 13 |  | 33 | **Bronze** |  |
| 2011 | *30* |  |  |  |  |  | **Gold** |  |
|

**a.** **1** Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.

### World Cup

#### Season standings

| Season | Age | Discipline standings | | | | | Ski Tour standings | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Overall | Distance | Long Distance | Middle Distance | Sprint | Nordic
Opening | Tour de
Ski | World Cup
Final |
| 2000 | *20* | 83 |  | NC |  | 58 |  |  |  |
| 2001 | *21* | 43 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  |
| 2002 | *22* | 11 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  |
| 2003 | *23* | 21 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |
| 2004 | *24* | 13 | 13 |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |
| 2005 | *25* | 28 | 23 |  |  | 30 |  |  |  |
| 2006 | *26* | 43 | 31 |  |  | 69 |  |  |  |
| 2007 | *27* | 15 | 11 |  |  | 75 |  | 9 |  |
| 2008 | *28* | 30 | 20 |  |  | 79 |  | DNF |  |
| 2009 | *29* | 57 | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010 | *30* | 18 | 12 |  |  | 59 |  | DNF | 27 |
| 2011 | *31* | 27 | 17 |  |  | 31 | 6 |  | DNF |
| 2012 | *32* | 11 | 6 |  |  | 33 |  |  | DNF |
| 2013 | *33* | 23 | 18 |  |  | NC | 7 |  |  |
| 2014 | *34* | 56 | 33 |  |  | NC | 21 | DNF |  |

#### Individual podiums

* 15 podiums – (12 WC, 3 SWC)

| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2001–02 | 8 December 2001 | Cogne, Italy | 5 km Individual C | World Cup | 3rd |
| 2 | | 9 December 2001 | | 1.5 km Sprint F | World Cup | 2nd |
| 3 | | 23 March 2002 | Birkebeinerrennet, Norway | 58 km Mass Start C | World Cup | 2nd |
| 4 | 2003–04 | 28 November 2003 | Rukatunturi, Finland | 10 km Individual C | World Cup | 2nd |
| 5 | 2007–08 | 24 November 2007 | Beitostølen, Norway | 10 km Individual F | World Cup | 2nd |
| 6 | | 8 December 2007 | Davos, Switzerland | 10 km Individual C | World Cup | 2nd |
| 7 | 2009–10 | 29 November 2009 | Rukatunturi, Finland | 10 km Individual C | World Cup | 3rd |
| 8 | 2011–12 | 19 November 2011 | Sjusjøen, Norway | 10 km Individual F | World Cup | 3rd |
| 9 | | 25 November 2011 | Rukatunturi, Finland | 1.2 km Sprint C | Stage World Cup | 3rd |
| 10 | | | 26 November 2011 | 5 km Individual F | Stage World Cup | 2nd |
| 11 | | | 27 November 2011 | 10 km Pursuit C | Stage World Cup | 3rd |
| 12 | | 25–27 November 2011 | Nordic Opening | Overall Standings | World Cup | 3rd |
| 13 | | 10 December 2011 | Davos, Switzerland | 15 km Individual F | World Cup | 2nd |
| 14 | | 17 December 2011 | Rogla, Slovenia | 10 km Mass Start C | World Cup | 2nd |
| 15 | 2012–13 | 16 December 2012 | Canmore, Canada | 7.5 km + 7.5 km Skiathlon C/F | World Cup | 3rd |

#### Team podiums

* 17 victories – (17 RL)
* 23 podiums – (23 RL)

| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place | Teammates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **2001–02** | 16 December 2001 | Davos, Switzerland | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Bay / Skari / Pedersen |
| 2 | | 10 March 2002 | Falun, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 2nd | Moen / Bjørgen / Pedersen |
| 3 | **2002–03** | 24 November 2002 | Kiruna, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Moen / Skari / Sorkmo |
| 4 | | 8 December 2002 | Davos, Switzerland | 4 x 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Skari / Pedersen / Sorkmo |
| 5 | **2003–04** | 23 November 2003 | Beitostølen, Norway | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Pedersen / Steira / Bjørgen |
| 6 | | 14 December 2003 | Davos, Switzerland | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Bjørgen / Stemland / Pedersen |
| 7 | | 11 January 2004 | Otepää, Estonia | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Pedersen / Steira / Bjørgen |
| 8 | | 22 February 2004 | Umeå, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Bjørgen / Steira / Pedersen |
| 9 | **2004–05** | 24 November 2004 | Gällivare, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Bjørnås / Pedersen / Bjørgen |
| 10 | | 12 December 2004 | Val di Fiemme, Italy | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 3rd | Bjørnås / Pedersen / Bjørgen |
| 11 | **2005–06** | 20 November 2005 | Beitostølen, Norway | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Berg / Pedersen / Bjørgen |
| 12 | | 15 January 2006 | Val di Fiemme, Italy | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 3rd | Bjørgen / Stemland / Steira |
| 13 | **2006–07** | 19 November 2006 | Gällivare, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Pedersen / Steira / Bjørgen |
| 14 | | 4 February 2007 | Davos, Switzerland | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 2nd | Jacobsen / Steira / Bjørgen |
| 15 | **2007–08** | 25 November 2007 | Beitostølen, Norway | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Jacobsen / Johaug / Bjørgen |
| 16 | | 9 December 2007 | Davos, Switzerland | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Stemland / Johaug / Steira |
| 17 | **2009–10** | 22 November 2009 | Beitostølen, Norway | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 2nd | Johaug / Steira / Bjørgen |
| 18 | **2010–11** | 21 November 2010 | Gällivare, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Johaug / Steira / Bjørgen |
| 19 | | 19 December 2010 | La Clusaz, France | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Johaug / Steira / Bjørgen |
| 20 | **2011–12** | 20 November 2011 | Sjusjøen, Norway | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Johaug / Steira / Bjørgen |
| 21 | | 12 February 2012 | Nové Město, Czech Republic | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Johaug / Jacobsen / Bjørgen |
| 22 | **2012–13** | 25 November 2012 | Gällivare, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Johaug / Hagen / Bjørgen |
| 23 | | 20 January 2013 | La Clusaz, France | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 3rd | Østberg / Hagen / Jacobsen |

## Personal life

In 2005, Skofterud turned down an offer to appear in the Norwegian edition of the men's magazine *FHM*. The rejection came after pressure from the Norwegian Ski Federation.

Skofterud suffered from eating disorders, which she claimed as a reason for canceling many competitions in the previous seasons.

Skofterud confirmed in June 2008 that she was in a committed relationship with a woman. She had previously been in relationships with men.

Skofterud was reported missing in the early morning of 29 July 2018 and was found deceased on an islet. The police stated that she most likely died instantly from injuries after a jetski accident near Arendal. Skofterud was under the influence of alcohol at the time of the incident, with a blood alcohol level above the legal limit of 0.8‰. She was 38 years old.

## InfoBox

| Vibeke Skofterud | |
| --- | --- |
| Vibeke Skofterud in May 2015 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Full name | Vibeke Westbye Skofterud |
| Born | (1980-04-20)20 April 1980
Askim, Norway |
| Died | 29 July 2018(2018-07-29) (aged 38)
Arendal, Norway |
| Ski club | Slitu IF |
| World Cup career | |
| Seasons | 15 – (20002014) |
| Starts | 191 |
| Podiums | 15 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Overall titles | 0 – (11th in 2002, 2012) |
| Discipline titles | 0 |
| Medal record      Women's cross-country skiing  Representing  Norway  Olympic Games  2010 Vancouver 4 × 5 km relay  World Championships  2005 Oberstdorf 4 × 5 km relay  2011 Oslo 4 × 5 km relay  2003 Val di Fiemme 4 × 5 km relay  2007 Sapporo 4 × 5 km relay  Junior World Championships  2000 Štrbské Pleso 4 × 5 km relay | |


title: Vestskogen

abstract: Vestskogen is a village in Færder Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The village is located on the northwestern coast of the island of Nøtterøy. The village area lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the southwest of the centre of the city of Tønsberg, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the northwest of the village of Borgheim, and about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the west of Teie. The Vestskogen area has a population of 1,934. It is considered to be part of the urban city of Tønsberg metropolitan area which includes the central city area plus the northern and eastern parts of the island of Nøtterøy.

text:
# Vestskogen

**Vestskogen** is a village in Færder Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The village is located on the northwestern coast of the island of Nøtterøy. The village area lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the southwest of the centre of the city of Tønsberg, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the northwest of the village of Borgheim, and about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the west of Teie.

The Vestskogen area has a population (in 2023) of 1,934. It is considered to be part of the urban city of Tønsberg metropolitan area which includes the central city area plus the northern and eastern parts of the island of Nøtterøy.

## InfoBox

| Vestskogen | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of the village | |
| VestskogenLocation of the villageVestskogenVestskogen (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 59°14′42″N 10°23′57″E / 59.24496°N 10.3991°E / 59.24496; 10.3991 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Eastern Norway |
| County | Vestfold |
| Municipality | Færder Municipality |
| Elevation | 37 m (121 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 3142 Vestskogen |