title: Morrell Draper

abstract: Morrell Henry Draper OBE FRSE was an Australian-born medical researcher and administrator. His field was toxicology, particularly in relation to carcinogens, and his research led to the new term of metademography. He specialised in the study of heavy metals and their toxic effects.

text:
# Morrell Draper

**Morrell Henry Draper** OBE FRSE (10 July 1921 – 1 October 2005) was an Australian-born medical researcher and administrator. His field was toxicology, particularly in relation to carcinogens, and his research led to the new term of metademography. He specialised in the study of heavy metals and their toxic effects.

## Life

Draper was born in Adelaide, Australia, on 10 July 1921. He was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide. Whilst at college he began running and reached the level of champion for South Australia. He graduated MB BSc in 1944 and served one year as resident house surgeon at the Royal Adelaide Hospital before being gazetted as a captain into the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1945. In 1946, following demobilisation, he became a research fellow at the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.

In 1949 he won a travelling scholarship and left Australia to study at the University of Cambridge in England where, in 1955, he received a doctorate in neurophysiology. Here he worked with Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and Richard Keynes. In athletics the University awarded him a Blue and he ran last leg in the Oxford-Cambridge relay race of 1951, winning the race.

In 1956 he moved to the University of Edinburgh to begin lecturing in physiology, later becoming a senior lecturer. He left the University in 1962 to take up the post of Principal Scientific Officer at the Agricultural Research Council, going on to become Deputy Director.

In 1971 he was named an Australian Officer of the Order of the British Empire and in 1973 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

In 1976 he moved to the British Council in London and from there to the Department of Health and Social Security where he took over the role of testing and authenticating the safety of new drugs. In 1980 he took a position at the International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, working in Copenhagen and Geneva. He retired in 1984 and continued as a consultant to the Health and Safety Directorate in Britain in relation to issues of toxicology. He died on 1 October 2005, and is buried in the modern north-western section of Grange Cemetery in south Edinburgh. The grave lies in the south-west part of the section.

## Family

In 1944 he married Kathleen Mary Rainsford (1922-2012) and together they had three daughters and one son.


title: Martin S. Auer

abstract: Martin Swift Auer was an American businessman and politician from New York.

text:
# Martin S. Auer

**Martin Swift Auer** (July 21, 1918 – May 21, 1991) was an American businessman and politician from New York.

## Life

Auer was born on July 21, 1918, in Syracuse, New York to Harriet Swift Auer (1888-1948) and Onondaga County Sheriff Edwin Rugby Auer (1882-1965). He graduated from Syracuse University and from the Army Finance School of Duke University. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II as a Paymaster in the Pacific Theatre, reaching the rank of captain. Afterwards he took over the family business, Auer & Company, a candy and tobacco wholesaler in Syracuse. He married Wilma Tucker (1918–1991), and they had three children, Martin Tucker (b. 1948) Michael (b. 1950) and Virginia (b. 1954).

He entered politics as a Republican, and was City Auditor of Syracuse; and a member of the Board of Supervisors of Onondaga County (Syracuse, 18th Ward).

He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1973 to 1984, sitting in the 180th, 181st, 182nd, 183rd, 184th and 185th New York State Legislatures.

On February 16, 1979, he and some other local Republican bosses were indicted for demanding campaign contributions from insurance agencies who wanted to do business with the county administration. Later it was also charged that the Republican bosses asked county employees to hand over part of their wages to the party. On February 19, 1980, Auer was convicted of conspiracy on the latter charge. On November 4, he was re-elected to the State Senate. On January 12, 1981, he pleaded guilty to having been involved in the insurance agency shake-down. As part of a plea-bargain, his crime was classified as combination in restraint of trade, which is a misdemeanor and not a felony, and thus was able to retain his Senate seat.

In November 1984, he ran again for re-election, but was defeated by Democrat Nancy Larraine Hoffmann.

Auer died on May 21, 1991, in Syracuse University Hospital in Syracuse, New York, of a heart attack; and was buried at the Oakwood Cemetery there.


title: Martin S. Flaherty

abstract: Martin S. Flaherty is a legal scholar and international human rights activist. Flaherty is a law professor in New York City and a longtime professor of international affairs at Princeton University. He has also pursued human rights advocacy with a range of organizations, including Human Rights First, the Leitner Center on International Law and Justice, the New York City Bar Association, and the UN, on human rights missions to Northern Ireland, Turkey, Hong Kong, China, Mexico, Kenya, Romania, and the United States, among others. His work focusses on the independence of lawyers and judges.

text:
# Martin S. Flaherty

**Martin S. Flaherty** (born December 15, 1958) is a legal scholar and international human rights activist. Flaherty is a law professor in New York City and a longtime professor of international affairs at Princeton University. He has also pursued human rights advocacy with a range of organizations, including Human Rights First, the Leitner Center on International Law and Justice, the New York City Bar Association, and the UN, on human rights missions to Northern Ireland, Turkey, Hong Kong, China, Mexico, Kenya, Romania, and the United States, among others. His work focusses on the independence of lawyers and judges.

## Education and clerkships

Flaherty graduated from Delbarton School in Morristown, New Jersey, in 1977. He then entered Princeton University, where he received a B.A. and graduated *summa cum laude* in history (1981). Flaherty also attended Yale University, pursuing graduate studies in early American history under the guidance of Edmund. S. Morgan, and received an M.A. (1982) and M.Phil., with distinction (1987), in history. While at Yale, Flaherty spent a year at Trinity College Dublin on an ITT/Fulbright Fellowship. Flaherty also holds a J.D. (1988) from Columbia Law School, where he was Book Reviews and Articles Editor on the *Columbia Law Review.*

## Career

Flaherty is the Leitner Family Professor of International Human Rights Law in New York, where he is the Founding Co-Director (with Professor Tracy Higgins) of the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice. He is also a longtime Visiting Professor at the School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton. In addition, Flaherty has taught at Columbia Law School, Barnard College; China University of Law and Political Science and the National Judges College, both in Beijing; Queens University Belfast, Sungkyunkwan University, St. John’s School of Law, and New York Law School, among others.

### Leitner Center

With Tracy Higgins, Flaherty in 1997 founded the Crowley Program in International Human rights, which ten years later expanded at the Leitner Center on International Law and Justice. Through the Leitner Center, Flaherty led numerous human rights investigations. The Leitner Center has become a human rights program network, encompassing the Crowley Program in International Human Rights, Asia Law and Justice Center, Sustainable Development Law Initiative, the Walter Leitner Human Rights Clinic, the International Law and Development in Africa Clinic, the Corporate Social Responsibility Program, the Vivian Leitner Global South LLM Student Program, and others.


title: Tanymastigidae

abstract:
Tanymastigidae is a family of fairy shrimp. It contains two genera:
  - Tanymastigites
  - Tanymastix

text:
# Tanymastigidae

**Tanymastigidae** is a family of fairy shrimp. It contains two genera:

## InfoBox

| Tanymastigidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Origin of Vertebrates | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Branchiopoda |
| Order: | Anostraca |
| Suborder: | Anostracina |
| Family: | Tanymastigidae<br>Weekers *et al.*, 2002 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| Tanymastigiidae Weekers *et al.*, 2002 (orth. error) | |


title: Hosokawa Harumoto

abstract: Hosokawa Harumoto was a Japanese daimyō of the Muromachi and Sengoku periods, and the head of the Hosokawa clan. Harumoto's childhood name was Sōmei-maru (聡明丸). He was born to Hosokawa Sumimoto, another renowned samurai of the Muromachi era.

text:
# Hosokawa Harumoto

**Hosokawa Harumoto** (細川 晴元, 1514 – March 24, 1563) was a Japanese *daimyō* of the Muromachi and Sengoku periods, and the head of the Hosokawa clan. Harumoto's childhood name was **Sōmei-maru** (聡明丸). He was born to Hosokawa Sumimoto, another renowned samurai of the Muromachi era.

## Early life

Harumoto succeeded to a house at the age of seven, after his father's death in 1520. While still a minor, he was supported by his caretaker Miyoshi Motonaga. His childhood name was Rokurō (六郎).

## Shogun Deputy (*Kanrei*)

In 1531, Harumoto defeated Hosokawa Takakuni, and regained the power. In addition, he feared Motonaga who had got credit and killed him next year.

After that, Harumoto ruled the whole area of Kinai (Yamashiro Province, Yamato Province, Kawachi Province, Izumi Province and Settsu Province) and took hold of the Ashikaga shogunate as the Kanrei.

In 1543, Hosokawa Ujitsuna who was the foster son of Takakuni, raised his armies, and in 1549, Miyoshi Nagayoshi who was a dominant retainer and the first son of Motonaga betrayed Harumoto and took side with Ujitsuna. Because of that, Harumoto was defeated. Harumoto, Ashikaga Yoshiteru who was the 13th Ashikaga *shōgun* and Ashikaga Yoshiharu who was the father of Yoshiteru were purged to Ōmi Province.

## Retirement

Harumoto and Yoshiteru had battled quite hard with Nagayoshi for the power of the Ashikaga shogunate. However, Harumoto was beaten, and he retired after he reconciled himself with Nagayoshi in 1561.

## Death

Harumoto died from a disease in 1563. The head family of the Hosokawa clan broke down as a result of his death.

## Family

* Father: Hosokawa Sumimoto
* Mother: Seitai-in
* Wives:
    + daughter of Sanjo Kin'yori
    + daughter of Rokkaku Sadayori
* Children:
    + Hosokawa Akimoto (1548–1615)
    + Hosokawa Haruyuki
    + daughter married Asakura Yoshikage
    + daughter married Inoo Sadamune
    + daughter married Daidoji Akiei

* Louis Frédéric (2002). *Japan Encyclopedia*. Harvard University Press. p. 358. ISBN 9780674017535.

## InfoBox

| Hosokawa Harumoto | |
| --- | --- |
| 細川 晴元 | |
| Born | Hosokawa Harumoto<br>1514 |
| Died | 24 March 1563(1563-03-24) (aged 48–49) |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Other names | Sōmei-maru |
| Occupation | Daimyō |
| Years active | 1520–1561 |
| Relatives |  |


title: Meryl Getline

abstract: Meryl Jan Getline was an American pilot, author, and columnist.

text:
# Meryl Getline

**Meryl Jan Getline** (June 26, 1953 – June 19, 2019) was an American pilot, author, and columnist.

## Biography

Born in Dayton, Ohio, Getline grew up in San Diego, California. She first became interested in flying while in college, and persisted despite a bout of airsickness during her first flying lesson. She attempted to join the military and become a pilot there, but circumstances constrained her to work mostly in air traffic control.

Her first position as an airline pilot was with a California-based commuter airline, during which time she earned a type rating on the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. Getline claims that she was the first American woman to do this. She later joined regional airline Wien Air Alaska. In 1985, she was hired by United Airlines, during a pilot's strike action. In 2006, she retired eight years early from the company.

Getline holds a wide variety of airman certificates, including Airline Transport Pilot License (ATP), AMEL, commercial pilot, Airplane Single Engine Land (ASEL), rotorcraft, control tower operator, flight engineer, and ground instructor, as well as type ratings for the Airbus A320, Boeing 727, Boeing 737, Boeing 777, Cessna Citation, and McDonnell Douglas DC-10.

Meryl Getline died on Wednesday, June 19, 2019, from the cancer that finally reached her brain. She was a resident of Elizabeth Colorado, at the time of her passing.

## Work

Getline has written a number of books based on her experiences as a pilot, and wrote a regular column for USA Today from 2004 to 2006 entitled “Ask the Captain,” in which she answered questions about air travel. She has also written for other publications, including the *Christian Science Monitor* and *Road & Travel Magazine;* and as of 2006, she was a regular contributor to *Executive Travel* magazine.

She has made guest appearances on television news programs, such as ABC's *News Now,* to discuss her career and the issues facing women in aviation, and also speaks before groups on similar aviation-related subjects.

## Books

* *The World at My Feet: The True and Sometimes Hilarious Adventures of a Lady Airline Captain* (2004)
* *Flights of Whimsy: Quips and Quotes* (2005)
* Cancer, We Are Not Amused (2019)


title: Hugpong ng Pagbabago

abstract: Hugpong ng Pagbabago is a regional political party and former political alliance in the Philippines. Formed in 2018 by Sara Duterte, the party was established in support of President Rodrigo Duterte's administration, and was the administration electoral alliance for the 2019 Philippine general election. In the 2022 Philippine presidential election, the party supported the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte for the Philippine presidency and vice presidency, respectively, under the UniTeam Alliance.

text:
# Hugpong ng Pagbabago

**Hugpong ng Pagbabago** (**HNP**; transl.Alliance for Change) is a regional political party and former political alliance in the Philippines. Formed in 2018 by Sara Duterte, the party was established in support of President Rodrigo Duterte's administration, and was the administration electoral alliance for the 2019 Philippine general election.

In the 2022 Philippine presidential election, the party supported the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte for the Philippine presidency and vice presidency, respectively, under the UniTeam Alliance.

## History

The party was formally launched on February 23, 2018, by Sara Duterte and four governors from the Davao Region. In addition to the party's alignment with the Duterte administration, Sara Duterte said that she formed Hugpong ng Pagbabago "to pursue the ideals of what we all want, a strong region, a secure life for our constituents, good governance and effective leadership of the members of the party." The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) granted the accreditation of Hugpong ng Pagbabago as a regional political party in July 2018. A proposal to turn the party into a national party was shelved by Duterte in January 2019.

In preparation for the 2019 elections, HNP held its first political rally on February 12, 2019. HNP partnered with the parties of PDP–Laban, Nacionalista, Lakas–CMD, Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino, Nationalist People's Coalition, Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, National Unity Party, and the People's Reform Party, and formed a senatorial slate consisting of 13 candidates for the 2019 senatorial race. Although HNP was allied with the Duterte administration, President Duterte stated that he would not personally endorse the HNP's slate; he later endorsed all of HNP's candidates, except for senators Bong Revilla and Jinggoy Estrada. 9 out of the 13 candidates under Hugpong ng Pagbabago won a seat in the Senate.

For the 2022 Philippine general election, the HNP formed a coalition with three political parties under the UniTeam Alliance, supporting Bongbong Marcos' 2022 presidential campaign. The party also renewed its alliances with the National Unity Party and the People's Reform Party.

## Current officials

## Candidates for the 2019 Philippine general elections

### Senatorial slate

| Candidate name and party | | Position | Elected |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Sonny Angara**
LDP | Senator | Yes |
|  | **Bong Revilla**
Lakas | former Senator | Yes |
|  | **Pia Cayetano**
Nacionalista | former Senator and House representative for Taguig's second district | Yes |
|  | **Ronald dela Rosa**
PDP–Laban | Chief of the Philippine National Police and Director-General of the Bureau of Corrections | Yes |
|  | **JV Ejercito**
Nationalist People's Coalition | Senator | No |
|  | **Jinggoy Estrada**
Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino | former Senator | No |
|  | **Bong Go**
PDP–Laban | Special Assistant to the President | Yes |
|  | **Dong Mangudadatu**
PDP–Laban | House representative for Maguindanao's second district | No |
|  | **Jiggy Manicad**
Independent | None (former Journalist) | No |
|  | **Imee Marcos**
Nacionalista | Governor of Ilocos Norte | Yes |
|  | **Koko Pimentel**
PDP–Laban | Senator | Yes |
|  | **Francis Tolentino**
PDP–Laban | Presidential Adviser on Political Affairs | Yes |
|  | **Cynthia Villar**
Nacionalista | Senator | Yes |

## Electoral performance

### Presidential and vice presidential elections

| Year | Presidential election | | | | Vice presidential election | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Candidate | Votes | % | Result | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
| 2022 | None | | |  | Sara Duterte | 32,208,417 | 61.53 | Won |

### Legislative elections

| Year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Result | Year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Congress of the Philippines | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | 652,318 | 1.61% | 3 / 11 | N/A | Majority | 2019 | 203,651,824 | 56.23% | 9 / 24 | N/A | Majority |
| 2022 | 1,223,815 | 2.54 | 6 / 11 | 3 |  | 2022 | Not participating | | | |  |

1. "Sara's 'Hugpong' now a regional political party | Philstar.com". *philstar.com*. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
2. "'Hugpong ng Pagbabago' vs 'Otso Diretso' debate unlikely, says Comelec". *philstar.com*. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
3. Regalado, Edith. "Sara rejoins Hugpong ng Pagbabago". *Philstar.com*. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
4. Charm, Neil. "Davao's Hugpong sa Pagbabago political party gets COMELEC approval, eyes alliances | BusinessWorld". *bworldonline.com*. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
5. "Sara Duterte's party to back Dela Rosa, Bong Go, JV Ejercito in 2019". *Rappler*. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
6. Mellejor, Lilian (January 24, 2019). "Mayor Sara nixes nat'l party status plan for HNP". *Philippine News Agency*. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
7. Llemit, Ralph Lawrence G. (October 24, 2021). "Hugpong ng Pagbabago to back Bongbong Marcos presidential candidacy". *SUNSTAR*. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
8. Mendoza, Angelica Yang, John Eric (November 25, 2021). "4 parties form 'UniTeam' alliance for Bongbong Marcos – Sara Duterte tandem". *INQUIRER.net*. Retrieved December 27, 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
9. "Sara Duterte to lead new political party to support father's programs". *RAPPLER*. February 20, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
10. "Comelec grants petition for accreditation of Sara Duterte's regional political party". *Manila Bulletin News*. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
11. Mellejor, Lilian (January 24, 2019). "Mayor Sara nixes nat'l party status plan for HNP". *Philippine News Agency*. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
12. Felipe, Cecille Suerte. "Sara Duterte's Hugpong to have 14 Senate bets". *Philstar.com*. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
13. "Duterte won't endorse Hugpong ng Pagbabago slate". *SUNSTAR*. February 15, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
14. Inquirer, Philippine Daily (July 7, 2021). "NUP to renew alliance with Hugpong". *INQUIRER.net*. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
15. "PRP, Hugpong renew alliance for 2022 elections". *Philstar.com*. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
16. "Hugpong president takes oath as Lakas-CMD member". *GMA News Online*. July 12, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2023.

## InfoBox

| Hugpong ng Pagbabago | |
| --- | --- |
|
| President | Claude Bautista |
| Chairman | Sara Duterte |
| Secretary-General | Anthony del Rosario |
| Founder | Sara Duterte |
| Founded | February 23, 2018 |
| Ideology | Davao regionalism
Populism |
| National affiliation | Partido Demokratiko Pilipino |
| Colors | Blue,   red, and   green |
| Seats in the House of Representatives | 1 / 11 (Davao Region seats only) |
| Provincial governorships | 0 / 5 (Davao Region only) |
|  | |


abstract: The 59th district of the Texas House of Representatives contains the entirety of Coryell, Erath, Hamilton, and Hood counties. The current representative is Shelby Slawson, who was first elected in 2020.

text:
# Texas's 59th House of Representatives district

The **59th district** of the **Texas House of Representatives** contains the entirety of Coryell, Erath, Hamilton, and Hood counties. The current representative is Shelby Slawson, who was first elected in 2020.

## InfoBox

| Texas's 59th State
House of Representatives
district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
|  | |
| Representative | Shelby Slawson
Stephenville |
| Demographics | 68.0% White
9.2% Black
17.8% Hispanic
2.4% Asian |
| Population (2020)
Voting age | 195,458
152,143 |


title: VTK

abstract: The Visualization Toolkit (VTK) is a free software system for 3D computer graphics, image processing and scientific visualization. VTK is distributed under the GNU-approved and FSF-approved BSD 3-clause License.

text:
# VTK

The **Visualization Toolkit** (**VTK**) is a free software system for 3D computer graphics, image processing and scientific visualization.

VTK is distributed under the GNU-approved and FSF-approved BSD 3-clause License.

## Functionality

VTK consists of a C++ class library and several interpreted interface layers including Tcl/Tk, Java, and Python. The toolkit is created and supported by the Kitware team. VTK supports a various visualization algorithms including: scalar, vector, tensor, texture, and volumetric methods; and advanced modeling techniques such as: implicit modeling, polygon reduction, mesh smoothing, cutting, contouring, and Delaunay triangulation. VTK has an information visualization framework, has a suite of 3D interaction widgets, supports parallel processing, and integrates with various databases and GUI toolkits such as Qt and Tk. VTK is cross-platform and runs on Linux, Windows, Mac and Unix platforms. The core of VTK is implemented as a C++ toolkit, requiring users to build applications by combining various objects into an application. The system also supports automated wrapping of the C++ core into Python, Java and Tcl, so that VTK applications may also be written using these programming languages.

## History

VTK was initially created in 1993 as companion software to the book *The Visualization Toolkit: An Object-Oriented Approach to 3D Graphics*. The book and software were written by three researchers (Will Schroeder, Ken Martin and Bill Lorensen) on their own time and with permission from General Electric (thus the ownership of the software resided with, and continues to reside with, the authors). After the core of VTK was written, users and developers around the world began to improve and apply the system to real-world problems.

With the founding of Kitware, the VTK community grew rapidly, and toolkit usage expanded into academic, research and commercial applications. A number of major companies and organizations, such as Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory funded the development of VTK and even developed a number of VTK modules themselves. VTK forms the core of the 3DSlicer biomedical computing application, and numerous research papers at IEEE Visualization and other conferences based on VTK have appeared. VTK has been used on a large 1024-processor computer at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to process nearly a Petabyte of data.

Later VTK was expanded to support the ingestion, processing and display of informatics data. This work was supported by Sandia National Laboratories under the 'Titan' project.

## Criticism

In 2013, a survey paper on visualization for radiotherapy noticed that while VTK is a powerful and widely known toolkit, it lacked a number of important features, such as multivolume rendering, had no support of proprietary CUDA from NVidia, no support of out-of-core rendering and no native support for visualization of time-dependent volumetric data.

However, since 2013 there have been improvements such as VTK-m which can speed-up and parallelize certain computationally intensive tasks using libraries like Sandia's Kokkos. VTK is also used in the visualization pipeline of radiological imaging software such as MEDInria or Starviewer which perform multi-volume (also called fusion) and time-dependent (also called phase) visualizations.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Kitware Inc. |
|  | |
| Stable release | 9.3.0  / 9 November 2023 (9 November 2023) |
|  | |
| Repository | VTK Repository |
| Written in | , C++, Python |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Scientific visualization |
| License | 3-Clause BSD |
| Website | www.vtk.org |


title: Fore River Generating Station

abstract: The Fore River Generating Station is a power plant operated by Calpine Corporation since 2014 alongside Weymouth Fore River in Weymouth, Massachusetts. It operates two combustion turbines, two heat recovery steam generators and one steam turbine. The plant has a baseload capacity of 750 megawatts. The plant can run off either natural gas or ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel oil. The current plant is on the site of the Edison Illuminating Company's Charles L. Edgar Station, built in 1923.

text:
# Fore River Generating Station

The **Fore River Generating Station** is a power plant operated by Calpine Corporation since 2014 alongside Weymouth Fore River in Weymouth, Massachusetts. It operates two combustion turbines, two heat recovery steam generators and one steam turbine. The plant has a baseload capacity of 750 megawatts. The plant can run off either natural gas or ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel oil.

The current plant is on the site of the Edison Illuminating Company's Charles L. Edgar Station, built in 1923.

42°14′32.00″N 70°57′55.93″W / 42.2422222°N 70.9655361°W / 42.2422222; -70.9655361


title: Norman Thomas High School

abstract: The Norman Thomas High School for Business and Commercial Education was a public high school in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City under the New York City Department of Education. Formerly known as Central Commercial High School (CCHS), and before that, the Central School of Business and Arts, its former location was on 42nd Street in a structure constructed with a 20-story office building in the air rights above it. It was renamed after Presbyterian minister and Socialist activist Norman Thomas and moved to occupy the first nine floors of 3 Park Avenue, a 42-story skyscraper on East 33rd Street at Park Avenue in 1975. The high school was originally designed to train students for secretarial and commercial occupations such as accounting, bookkeeping, merchandising and salesmanship, clerical skills, stenography and typing. As of 1940, every senior at Central Commercial High School was required to complete four weeks of work in an office during the last semester. In later years, this expanded to include such topics as data processing and physical distribution.

text:
# Norman Thomas High School

The **Norman Thomas High School for Business and Commercial Education** was a public high school (closed in June 2014) in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City under the New York City Department of Education. Formerly known as Central Commercial High School (CCHS), and before that, the Central School of Business and Arts, its former location was on 42nd Street in a structure constructed with a 20-story office building in the air rights above it. It was renamed after Presbyterian minister and Socialist activist Norman Thomas and moved to occupy the first nine floors of 3 Park Avenue, a 42-story skyscraper on East 33rd Street at Park Avenue in 1975.

The high school was originally designed to train students for secretarial and commercial occupations such as accounting, bookkeeping, merchandising and salesmanship, clerical skills, stenography and typing. As of 1940, every senior at Central Commercial High School was required to complete four weeks of work in an office during the last semester. In later years, this expanded to include such topics as data processing and physical distribution.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Norman Thomas High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 111 East 33rd Street
New York, (New York County), NY 10016
United States | |
| Coordinates | 40°44′47.39″N 73°58′50.62″W / 40.7464972°N 73.9807278°W / 40.7464972; -73.9807278 |
| Information | |
| School type | Government funding, High school |
| Status | Closed |
| NCES District ID | 3600077 |
| NCES School ID | 360007702039 |
| Principal | Philip Martin, Jr. |
| Faculty | 114.19 (on an FTE basis) |
| Grades | 9 to 12 |
| Enrollment | 2,147  (2009-2010 school year) |
| Grade 9 | 871 |
| Grade 10 | 619 |
| Grade 11 | 302 |
| Grade 12 | 131 |
| Ungraded | 224 |
| Student to teacher ratio | 18.80 |
| Campus type | Urban |
| Color(s) | Maroon and Black |
| Mascot | Tigers |
| Website | www.normanthomas.info/ |


title: Tanymecosticta

abstract: Tanymecosticta is a genus of damselflies in the family Isostictidae. There are about six described species in Tanymecosticta.

text:
# Tanymecosticta

***Tanymecosticta*** is a genus of damselflies in the family Isostictidae. There are about six described species in *Tanymecosticta*.

## Species

These six species belong to the genus *Tanymecosticta*:

## Further reading

* Kalkman, V. J. (2013). *Studies on phylogeny and biogeography of damselflies (Odonata) with emphasis on the Argiolestidae* (PhD). Leiden University. hdl:1887/22953.
* Steinmann, Henrik (1997). Wermuth, Heinz; Fischer, Maximilian (eds.). *World Catalogue of Odonata, Volume I: Zygoptera*. Das Tierreich. Vol. 110. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014933-3.
* Westfall, Minter J. Jr.; May, Michael L. (1996). *Damselflies of North America*. Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-0-945417-93-4.

## InfoBox

| *Tanymecosticta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Isostictidae |
| Genus: | *Tanymecosticta*<br>Lieftinck, 1935 |
|


title: Non-blocking I/O (Java)

abstract: java.nio is a collection of Java programming language APIs that offer features for intensive I/O operations. It was introduced with the J2SE 1.4 release of Java by Sun Microsystems to complement an existing standard I/O. NIO was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 51. An extension to NIO that offers a new file system API, called NIO.2, was released with Java SE 7 ("Dolphin").

text:
# Non-blocking I/O (Java)

**java.nio** (NIO stands for New Input/Output) is a collection of Java programming language APIs that offer features for intensive I/O operations. It was introduced with the J2SE 1.4 release of Java by Sun Microsystems to complement an existing standard I/O. NIO was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 51. An extension to NIO that offers a new file system API, called NIO.2, was released with Java SE 7 ("Dolphin").

## Features and organization

The APIs of NIO were designed to provide access to the low-level I/O operations of modern operating systems. Although the APIs are themselves relatively high-level, the intent is to facilitate an implementation that can directly use the most efficient operations of the underlying platform.

The Java NIO APIs are provided in the `java.nio` package and its subpackages. The documentation by Oracle identifies these features.

### NIO buffers

NIO data transfer is based on buffers (`java.nio.Buffer` and related classes). These classes represent a contiguous extent of memory, together with a small number of data transfer operations. Although theoretically these are general-purpose data structures, the implementation may select memory for alignment or paging characteristics, which are not otherwise accessible in Java. Typically, this would be used to allow the buffer contents to occupy the same physical memory used by the underlying operating system for its native I/O operations, thus allowing the most direct transfer mechanism, and eliminating the need for any additional copying. In most operating systems, provided the particular area of memory has the right properties, transfer can take place without using the CPU at all. The NIO buffer is intentionally limited in features in order to support these goals.

There are buffer classes for all of Java's primitive types except `boolean`, which can share memory with byte buffers and allow arbitrary interpretation of the underlying bytes.

#### Usage

NIO buffers maintain several pointers that dictate the function of their accessor methods. The NIO buffer implementation contains a rich set of methods for modifying these pointers:

* The `flip()` method, rather than performing a "flip" or paging function in the canonical sense, moves the *position* pointer to the origin of the underlying array (if any) and the *limit* pointer to the former position of the *position* pointer.
* Three `get()` methods are supplied for transferring data out of a NIO buffer. The bulk implementation, rather than performing a "get" in the traditional sense, "puts" the data into a specified array. The "offset" argument supplied to this method refers not to the offset from within the buffer from which to read, nor an offset from the *position* pointer, but rather the offset from 0 within the target array.
* Unless using the absolute `get()` and `put()` methods, any `get()` or `put()` is conducted from the *position* pointer. Should one need to read from a different position within the underlying array, whilst not adjusting the *writing* position, the `mark()` and `reset()` methods have been supplied.
* The `mark()` method effectively stores the position of the *position* pointer by setting the *mark* pointer to the position of the *position* pointer. The `reset()` method causes the *position* pointer to move to the *mark* pointer's position.
* Upon invocation of the `clear()` method or the `flip()` method the *mark* pointer is discarded.
* The `clear()` method does not ensure zero-ing of the buffer, but does return the *limit* pointer to the upper boundary of the underlying array, and the *position* pointer to zero.
* `put()` and `get()` operations for NIO buffers are not thread safe.
* You can only `map()` a `java.nio.MappedByteBuffer` from a `java.nio.channels.FileChannel` up to `Integer.MAX_VALUE` in size (2GiB); regions beyond this limit can be accessed using an offset greater than zero.

### Channels

Channels (classes implementing the interface `java.nio.channels.Channel`) are designed to provide for bulk data transfers to and from NIO buffers. This is a low-level data transfer mechanism that exists in parallel with the classes of the higher-level I/O library (packages `java.io` and `java.net`). A channel implementation can be obtained from a high-level data transfer class such as `java.io.File`, `java.net.ServerSocket`, or `java.net.Socket`, and vice versa. Channels are analogous to "file descriptors" found in Unix-like operating systems.

File channels (`java.nio.channels.FileChannel`) can use arbitrary buffers but can also establish a buffer directly mapped to file contents using memory-mapped file. They can also interact with file system locks. Similarly, socket channels (`java.nio.channels.SocketChannel` and `java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel`) allow for data transfer between sockets and NIO buffers.

`FileChannel` can be used to do a file copy, which is potentially far more efficient than using old read/write with a byte array. The typical code for this is:

```
// Getting file channels
try(FileChannel in = FileChannel.open(source, StandardOpenOption.READ);
    FileChannel out = FileChannel.open(target, StandardOpenOption.WRITE)) {

    // JavaVM does its best to do this as native I/O operations.
    in.transferTo(0, in.size(), out);
}

```

### Selectors

A selector (`java.nio.channels.Selector` and subclasses) provides a mechanism for waiting on channels and recognizing when one or more become available for data transfer. When a number of channels are registered with the selector, it enables blocking of the program flow until at least one channel is ready for use, or until an interruption condition occurs.

Although this multiplexing behavior could be implemented with threads, the selector can provide a significantly more efficient implementation using lower-level operating system constructs. A POSIX-compliant operating system, for example, would have direct representations of these concepts, select(). A notable application of this design would be the common paradigm in server software which involves simultaneously waiting for responses on a number of sessions.

### Character sets

In Java, a character set is a mapping between Unicode characters (or a subset of them) and bytes. The `java.nio.charset` package of NIO provides facilities for identifying character sets and providing encoding and decoding algorithms for new mappings.

### Reception

It is unexpected that a Channel associated with a Java IO RandomAccess file closes the file descriptor on an interrupt, whereas RandomAccessFiles own read method does not do this.

## JDK 7 and NIO.2

JDK 7 includes a `java.nio.file` package which, with the `Path` class (also new to JDK 7), among other features, provides extended capabilities for filesystem tasks, e.g. can work with symbolic/hard links and dump big directory listings into buffers more quickly than the old File class does. The `java.nio.file` package and its related package, `java.nio.file.attribute`, provide comprehensive support for file I/O and for accessing the file system. A zip file system provider is also available in JDK 7.

The `java.nio.file.LinkOption` is an example of emulating extensible enums with interfaces. In Java, it is not possible to have one `Enum` extend another `Enum`. However, it is possible to emulate an extensible `Enum` type by having an `Enum` implement one or more interfaces. `LinkOption` is an enum type that implements both the `OpenOption` and `CopyOption` interfaces, which emulates the effects of an extensible `Enum` type. A small down-side to this approach is that implementations cannot be inherited between various `Enum` types.

## Citations

* Bloch, Joshua (2018). *"Effective Java: Programming Language Guide"* (third ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0134685991.


title: Meryl Smith

abstract: Meryl Smith is a Scottish rugby union player who plays as a centre.

text:
# Meryl Smith

**Meryl Smith** (born 11 June 2001) is a Scottish rugby union player who plays as a centre.

## Early life

Smith started playing rugby with the Murrayfield Wanderers Girls team aged 13. She became a student at Edinburgh University studying biomedical science from September 2019. She was capped by Scotland U18 and U20 in Touch Rugby.

## Career

In 2019 Smith was called up by the Scotland senior team for the first time to compete at the World Rugby Women’s Sevens Series event in Biarritz. Smith was selected to play for Scotland at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in rugby sevens. She was also selected for the COVID-delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup held in October 2022. In December 2022 she was awarded a professional contract by Scottish Rugby.

## InfoBox

Meryl Smith
| Date of birth | (2001-06-11) 11 June 2001 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Centre  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2019 - Scotland  13  (18) | |


title: Hull loss

abstract: A hull loss is an aviation accident that damages the aircraft beyond economical repair, resulting in a total loss. The term also applies to situations where the aircraft is missing, the search for their wreckage is terminated, or the wreckage is logistically inaccessible. The aviation industry uses the metric of "Hull losses per 100,000 flight departures" to measure the relative risk of a given flight or aircraft. There is no official ICAO or NTSB definition. From 1959 to 2006, 384 of 835 hull losses were non-fatal. Constructive hull loss takes into account other incidental expenses beyond repair, such as salvage, logistical costs of repairing non-airworthy aircraft within the confines of the incident site, and recertifying the aircraft. Airlines typically have insurance to cover hull loss. Their policies—like many covering assets that are subject to depreciation—typically pay the insured a formulaic used-item value. A damaged aircraft will often simply be scrapped.

text:
# Hull loss

A **hull loss** is an aviation accident that damages the aircraft beyond economical repair, resulting in a total loss. The term also applies to situations where the aircraft is missing, the search for their wreckage is terminated, or the wreckage is logistically inaccessible. The aviation industry uses the metric of "Hull losses per 100,000 flight departures" to measure the relative risk of a given flight or aircraft. There is no official ICAO or NTSB definition.

From 1959 to 2006, 384 of 835 hull losses were non-fatal.

**Constructive hull loss** takes into account other incidental expenses beyond repair, such as salvage, logistical costs of repairing non-airworthy aircraft within the confines of the incident site, and recertifying the aircraft.

Airlines typically have insurance to cover hull loss. Their policies—like many covering assets that are subject to depreciation—typically pay the insured a formulaic used-item value. A damaged aircraft will often simply be scrapped.

## History

In the initial years of aviation (1900s–1920s) hull losses were common due to limited understanding of aerodynamics and aircraft technology. Pioneering aviators like the Wright Brothers and their contemporaries faced numerous accidents and losses.

World War I and World War II extensively used military aircraft, leading to numerous hull losses in combat. The post-war period witnessed the rapid development of commercial aviation. The introduction of pressurized cabins, jet engines, and improved navigation systems reduced the likelihood of hull losses in commercial aviation.

The emergence of jet aircraft in the 1950s led to faster, more reliable, and safer aircraft. However, the early years of the jet age also saw some high-profile accidents and hull losses, prompting improvements in training and safety regulations.


title: The Sound of White (song)

abstract: "The Sound of White" is the fourth and final single released from Australian singer-songwriter Missy Higgins' first album, The Sound of White (2004). It was released on 15 August 2005 and peaked at number 22 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart.

text:
# The Sound of White (song)

"**The Sound of White**" is the fourth and final single released from Australian singer-songwriter Missy Higgins' first album, *The Sound of White* (2004). It was released on 15 August 2005 and peaked at number 22 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart.

## Track listing

**Australian CD single**

1. "The Sound of White" – 4:52
2. "Unbroken" – 3:42
3. "Hold Me Tight" – 3:49

## Charts

| Chart (2005) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 22 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "The Sound of White" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Missy Higgins | |
| from the album  *The Sound of White* | |
| Released | 15 August 2005 |
| Length | 4:52 |
| Label | Eleven: A Music Company |
| Songwriter(s) | Missy Higgins |
| Producer(s) | John Porter |
| Missy Higgins singles chronology | |
| "The Special Two"
(2005) "**The Sound of White**"
(2005) "Steer"
(2007) | |


title: Goulds, St. John's

abstract: The Goulds is a designated place in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is a rural neighbourhood within the City of St. John's southeast of the city centre.

text:
# Goulds, St. John's

**The Goulds** is a designated place in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is a rural neighbourhood within the City of St. John's southeast of the city centre.

## History

The Goulds was an incorporated community up until 1991, at which time it was amalgamated with Wedgewood Park and Kilbride into the City of St. John's.

## Geography

The Goulds is in the City of St. John's on the island of Newfoundland within Division No. 1.

## Demographics

As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, The Goulds recorded a population of 4418 living in 1676 of its 1724 total private dwellings, a change of -2.4% from its 2011 population of 4525. With a land area of 6.13 km2 (2.37 sq mi), it had a population density of 720.7/km2 (1,866.7/sq mi) in 2016.

## Arts and culture

The Goulds is known for having had two residents appear as contestants *Canada's Worst Driver*: Jillian Kieley (née Matthews) (in Season 11), and Ashley Dunne (in Season 13).

## Transportation

Some of the highways going through the Goulds include:

* Main Road (Route 10); link to Kilbride and into downtown St. John's
* Petty Harbour Road (Route 11); link to Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove, Cape Spear, and also into downtown St. John's
* Robert E. Howlett Memorial Drive (Route 3); currently links to Mount Pearl (at Route 2, Pitts Memorial Drive) and will eventually link with new route known as Bifurcation Road

In addition, the Goulds is served by the Metrobus public transportation system, with service connecting with the neighbourhood of Kilbride and The Village Shopping Centre.

## Education

The community has three schools: Goulds Elementary for grades K-5, St. Kevin's Junior High School for grades 6–8, and St. Kevin's High School for grades 9-12.

## Notable people

47°28′43″N 52°46′00″W / 47.47861°N 52.76667°W / 47.47861; -52.76667

## InfoBox

| The Goulds | |
| --- | --- |
| Designated place | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
| City | St. John's |
| Ward | 5 |
| Government | |
| Administrative body | St. John's City Council |
| Councillor | Carl Ridgeley |
| Demonym | Gouligan |
| Highways | Route 2
Route 3
Route 10
Route 11 |


abstract: The 54th district of the Texas House of Representatives contains roughly half of the population of Bell County, and includes most of the city of Killeen. The current representative is Brad Buckley, who was first elected in 2018.

text:
# Texas's 54th House of Representatives district

The **54th district** of the **Texas House of Representatives** contains roughly half of the population of Bell County, and includes most of the city of Killeen. The current representative is Brad Buckley, who was first elected in 2018.

## InfoBox

| Texas's 54th State
House of Representatives
district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
|  | |
| Representative | Brad Buckley
Salado |
| Demographics | 38.7% White
31.4% Black
24.7% Hispanic
5.0% Asian |
| Population (2020)
Voting age | 185,290
134,595 |


title: The Sound of Wilson Pickett

abstract: The Sound of Wilson Pickett is a studio album by Wilson Pickett, released in 1967.

text:
# The Sound of Wilson Pickett

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide* |  |

***The Sound of Wilson Pickett*** is a studio album by Wilson Pickett, released in 1967.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Soul Dance Number Three" | Wilson Pickett, Jerry Wexler | 2:41 |
| 2. | "Funky Broadway" | Arlester "Dyke" Christian | 2:36 |
| 3. | "I Need a Lot of Loving Every Day" | Dan Penn, Lindon Oldham | 2:23 |
| 4. | "I Found A Love, Part I" | Wilson Pickett, Willie Schofield, Robert West | 2:34 |
| 5. | "I Found A Love, Part II" | Wilson Pickett, Willie Schofield, Robert West | 3:00 |
| 6. | "You Can't Stand Alone" | Rudy Clark | 2:51 |
| 7. | "Mojo Mamma" | Bert Berns, Jerry Wexler | 2:02 |
| 8. | "I Found The One" | Bobby Womack | 2:33 |
| 9. | "Something Within Me" | Bobby Womack | 3:43 |
| 10. | "I'm Sorry About That" | Bobby Womack | 3:06 |
| 11. | "Love Is a Beautiful Thing" | Felix Cavaliere, Eddie Brigati | 2:15 |

## Personnel

Technical * Rick Hall, Tom Dowd \- recording engineer
* Haig Adishian - cover design
* Nick Samardge - cover photography

## InfoBox

| The Sound of Wilson Pickett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Wilson Pickett | |
| Released | July 1967 |
| Recorded | FAME Studios, Muscle Shoals, Alabama |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 28:11 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer | Rick Hall, Tom Dowd, Jerry Wexler |
| Wilson Pickett chronology | |
| *Wicked Pickett \[Atlantic\]*
(1966) ***The Sound of Wilson Pickett***
(1967) *I'm in Love*
(1968) | |


title: Evan McEneny

abstract: Evan McEneny is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He most recently played for the Laval Rocket in the American Hockey League (AHL). Undrafted, he formerly played with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

text:
# Evan McEneny

**Evan McEneny** (born May 22, 1994) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He most recently played for the Laval Rocket in the American Hockey League (AHL). Undrafted, he formerly played with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Playing career

McEneny went undrafted in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft after playing only two games for the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League due to a torn ACL suffered in the second game of the season which caused him to miss the remaining games. He later signed with the Vancouver Canucks on September 13, 2012, as an undrafted free agent. On November 20, 2013, McEneny was traded by the Rangers to the Kingston Frontenacs.

McEneny spent most of the 2015–16 season, his first professional season, playing with the Kalamazoo Wings of the ECHL. The following season, he was assigned to start the season with the Utica Comets of the AHL. On February 24, 2017, McEneny was recalled to the NHL for the first time by the Canucks. He made his NHL debut the following night against the San Jose Sharks as the Canucks were defeated 4–1.

As an unsigned free agent from the Canucks, McEneny sat out the opening months of the 2019–20 season recovering from a knee injury. On completing rehabilitation, McEneny signed a professional tryout with the Laval Rocket of the AHL, an affiliate of the Montreal Canadiens, on November 21, 2019.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2009–10 | Burlington Cougars | OJHL | | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | Kitchener Rangers | OHL | | 44 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 14 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2011–12 | Kitchener Rangers | OHL | | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–13 | Kitchener Rangers | OHL | | 65 | 6 | 28 | 34 | 42 | | 10 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 14 |
| 2013–14 | Kitchener Rangers | OHL | | 15 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 23 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2013–14 | Kingston Frontenacs | OHL | | 46 | 5 | 30 | 35 | 55 | | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 2013–14 | Utica Comets | AHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | Kingston Frontenacs | OHL | | 68 | 9 | 36 | 45 | 71 | | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| 2015–16 | Utica Comets | AHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2015–16 | Kalamazoo Wings | ECHL | | 36 | 1 | 24 | 25 | 19 | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 2016–17 | Utica Comets | AHL | | 64 | 8 | 15 | 23 | 20 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Vancouver Canucks | NHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | Utica Comets | AHL | | 11 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Utica Comets | AHL | | 58 | 8 | 23 | 31 | 39 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | Laval Rocket | AHL | | 21 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Evan McEneny | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| McEneny with the Laval Rocket in 2020 | | | |
| Born | (1994-05-22) May 22, 1994<br>Grimsby, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 215 lb (98 kg; 15 st 5 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Vancouver Canucks | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 20142020 | | |


title: Mordellistena hirticula

abstract: Mordellistena indistincta is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1882 by Herbert Huntingdon Smith.

text:
# Mordellistena hirticula

***Mordellistena indistincta*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1882 by Herbert Huntingdon Smith.

## InfoBox

| Mordellistena hirticula | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. indistincta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena indistincta***<br>Smith, 1882 | |
|


title: The Sound of Your Cry

abstract: "The Sound of Your Cry" is a song written by Bernie Baum, Bill Giant and Florence Kaye and originally recorded and released by Elvis Presley. It reached number 19 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart in 1971.

text:
# The Sound of Your Cry

"**The Sound of Your Cry**" is a song written by Bernie Baum, Bill Giant and Florence Kaye and originally recorded and released by Elvis Presley.

It reached number 19 on the *Billboard* Easy Listening chart in 1971 (as a double A-side with "It's Only Love").

## Composition

The song was written by Bernie Baum, Bill Giant and Florence Kaye.

## Recording

Presley recorded the song on June 4, 1970, at RCA's Studio B in Nashville.

## Track listing

7" single (RCA Victor 48-1017, 1971)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "It's Only Love" | Mark James, Steve Tyrell | 2:37 |
| 2. | "The Sound of Your Cry" | Bernie Baum, Bill Giant, Florence Kaye | 3:11 |

## Charts

| Chart (1971) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 19 |
| Chart (1982) | Peak
position |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 59 |

## InfoBox

| "The Sound of Your Cry" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Elvis Presley | |
| A-side | "It's Only Love"
"The Sound of Your Cry" |
| Released | 1971 |
| Recorded | June 4, 1970 |
| Studio | RCA's Studio B, Nashville |
| Genre | Soft rock |
| Length | 3:11 |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Elvis Presley singles chronology | |
| "I'm Leavin'" / "Heart of Rome"
(1971) "It's Only Love" / "**The Sound of Your Cry**"
(1971) "Merry Christmas Baby" / "O Come, All Ye Faithful"
(1971) | |


title: The Sound of Your Voice

abstract: "The Sound of Your Voice" is a song by American rock band 38 Special and the second single from their ninth studio album Bone Against Steel (1991).

text:
# The Sound of Your Voice

"**The Sound of Your Voice**" is a song by American rock band 38 Special and the second single from their ninth studio album *Bone Against Steel* (1991).

## Critical reception

In a review of *Bone Against Steel*, Alex Henderson of AllMusic regarded "The Sound of Your Voice" as one of the "Tame, run-of-the-mill corporate rock tunes" which he commented "sound like third-rate Journey, and don't hold a candle to some of Special's earlier efforts."

## Charts

| Chart (1991) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 133 |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 43 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 33 |
| US Mainstream Rock (*Billboard*) | 2 |

## InfoBox

| "The Sound of Your Voice" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by 38 Special | |
| from the album  *Bone Against Steel* | |
| B-side | "Last Thing I Ever Do" |
| Released | July 1991 |
| Recorded | 1990 |
| Genre | Southern rock |
| Length | 4:59 |
| Label | A&M |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Rodney Mills |
| 38 Special singles chronology | |
| "Rebel to Rebel"
(1991) "**The Sound of Your Voice**"
(1991) "Fade to Blue"
(1997) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "The Sound of Your Voice" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Non-bonding orbital

abstract: A non-bonding orbital, also known as non-bonding molecular orbital (NBMO), is a molecular orbital whose occupation by electrons neither increases nor decreases the bond order between the involved atoms. Non-bonding orbitals are often designated by the letter n in molecular orbital diagrams and electron transition notations. Non-bonding orbitals are the equivalent in molecular orbital theory of the lone pairs in Lewis structures. The energy level of a non-bonding orbital is typically in between the lower energy of a valence shell bonding orbital and the higher energy of a corresponding antibonding orbital. As such, a non-bonding orbital with electrons would commonly be a HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital). According to molecular orbital theory, molecular orbitals are often modeled by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. In a simple diatomic molecule such as hydrogen fluoride (chemical formula: HF ), one atom may have many more electrons than the other. A sigma bonding orbital is created between the atomic orbitals with like symmetry. Some orbitals (e.g. px and py orbitals from the fluorine in HF ) may not have any other orbitals to combine with and become non-bonding molecular orbitals. In the HF example, the px and py orbitals remain px and py orbitals in shape but when viewed as molecular orbitals are thought of as non-bonding. The energy of the orbital does not depend on the length of any bond within the molecule. Its occupation neither increases nor decreases the stability of the molecule, relative to the atoms, since its energy is the same in the molecule as in one of the atoms. For example, there are two rigorously non-bonding orbitals that are occupied in the ground state of the hydrogen fluoride diatomic molecule; these molecular orbitals are localized on the fluorine atom and are composed of p-type atomic orbitals whose orientation is perpendicular to the internuclear axis. They are therefore unable to overlap and interact with the s-type valence orbital on the hydrogen atom. Although non-bonding orbitals are often similar to the atomic orbitals of their constituent atom, they do not need to be similar. An example of a non-similar one is the non-bonding orbital of the allyl anion, whose electron density is concentrated on the first and third carbon atoms. In fully delocalized canonical molecular orbital theory, it is often the case that none of the molecular orbitals of a molecule are strictly non-bonding in nature. However, in the context of localized molecular orbitals, the concept of a filled, non-bonding orbital tends to correspond to electrons described in Lewis structure terms as "lone pairs." There are several symbols used to represent unoccupied non-bonding orbitals. Occasionally, n* is used, in analogy to σ* and π*, but this usage is rare. Often, the atomic orbital symbol is used, most often p for p orbital; others have used the letter a for a generic atomic orbital. (By Bent's rule, unoccupied orbitals for a main-group element are almost always of p character, since s character is stabilizing and will be used for bonding orbitals. As an exception, the LUMO of phenyl cation is an spx (x ≈ 2) atomic orbital, due to the geometric constraint of the benzene ring.) Finally, Woodward and Hoffmann used the letter ω for non-bonding orbitals (occupied or unoccupied) in their monograph Conservation of Orbital Symmetry.

text:
# Non-bonding orbital

A **non-bonding orbital**, also known as *non-bonding molecular orbital* (NBMO), is a molecular orbital whose occupation by electrons neither increases nor decreases the bond order between the involved atoms. Non-bonding orbitals are often designated by the letter **n** in molecular orbital diagrams and electron transition notations. Non-bonding orbitals are the equivalent in molecular orbital theory of the lone pairs in Lewis structures. The energy level of a non-bonding orbital is typically in between the lower energy of a valence shell bonding orbital and the higher energy of a corresponding antibonding orbital. As such, a non-bonding orbital with electrons would commonly be a HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital).

According to molecular orbital theory, molecular orbitals are often modeled by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. In a simple diatomic molecule such as hydrogen fluoride (chemical formula: $\ce {HF}$), one atom may have many more electrons than the other. A sigma bonding orbital is created between the atomic orbitals with like symmetry. Some orbitals (e.g. px and py orbitals from the fluorine in $\ce {HF}$) may not have any other orbitals to combine with and become non-bonding molecular orbitals. In the $\ce {HF}$ example, the px and py orbitals remain px and py orbitals in shape but when viewed as molecular orbitals are thought of as non-bonding. The energy of the orbital does not depend on the length of any bond within the molecule. Its occupation neither increases nor decreases the stability of the molecule, relative to the atoms, since its energy is the same in the molecule as in one of the atoms. For example, there are two rigorously non-bonding orbitals that are occupied in the ground state of the hydrogen fluoride diatomic molecule; these molecular orbitals are localized on the fluorine atom and are composed of p-type atomic orbitals whose orientation is perpendicular to the internuclear axis. They are therefore unable to overlap and interact with the s-type valence orbital on the hydrogen atom.

Although non-bonding orbitals are often similar to the atomic orbitals of their constituent atom, they do not need to be similar. An example of a non-similar one is the non-bonding orbital of the allyl anion, whose electron density is concentrated on the first and third carbon atoms.

In fully delocalized canonical molecular orbital theory, it is often the case that none of the molecular orbitals of a molecule are strictly non-bonding in nature. However, in the context of localized molecular orbitals, the concept of a filled, non-bonding orbital tends to correspond to electrons described in Lewis structure terms as "lone pairs."

There are several symbols used to represent unoccupied non-bonding orbitals. Occasionally, **n\*** is used, in analogy to σ\* and π\*, but this usage is rare. Often, the atomic orbital symbol is used, most often **p** for p orbital; others have used the letter **a** for a generic atomic orbital. (By Bent's rule, unoccupied orbitals for a main-group element are almost always of p character, since s character is stabilizing and will be used for bonding orbitals. As an exception, the LUMO of phenyl cation is an sp*x* (*x* ≈ 2) atomic orbital, due to the geometric constraint of the benzene ring.) Finally, Woodward and Hoffmann used the letter **ω** for non-bonding orbitals (occupied or unoccupied) in their monograph *Conservation of Orbital Symmetry*.

## Electron transitions

Electrons in molecular non-bonding orbitals can undergo electron transitions such as n→σ\* or n→π\* transitions. For example, n→π\* transitions can be seen in ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of compounds with carbonyl groups, although absorbance is fairly weak.

1. Anslyn, Eric V.; Dougherty, Dennis A. (2006). *Modern Physical Organic Chemistry*. University Science Books. pp. 841–842. ISBN 978-1-891389-31-3.
2. Alfred D. Bacher. "Theory of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy". UCLA Chemistry Department. Retrieved 1 February 2012.


title: Lucas Elmendorf

abstract: Lucas Conrad Elmendorf was a United States representative from New York.

text:
# Lucas Elmendorf

**Lucas Conrad Elmendorf** (1758 – August 17, 1843) was a United States representative from New York.

## Biography

Born in Kingston, New York, he graduated from Princeton College in 1782, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1785 and practiced.

He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Congresses, serving from March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1803. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1802 and was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1804 and 1805. He served in the New York Senate from 1814 to 1817 and was the first judge of the Court of Common Pleas (now county court) of Ulster County, serving from 1815 to 1821. He was surrogate of Ulster County from 1835 to 1840.

He died in Kingston in 1843; interment was in the crypt of the First Dutch Church.

## Personal life

He was the son of Jonathan (1723–1798) and Magdelena (Smedes) Elmendorf (1728 – before 1765). His family was one of the first to arrive to Wiltwyck, now Kingston, New York and helped settle many parts of Ulster County, New York. Through his mother, he is a descendant of Louis DuBois.

His 2nd great-niece, through his sister, Blandina Elmendorf Brodhead, was Cordelia Phythian, who married Joel R. P. Pringle.

* United States Congress. "Lucas Elmendorf (id: E000153)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.


title: Gary Gillette

abstract: Gary Gillette is a baseball writer, author, and editor. He is co-editor of both the ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia and the ESPN Football Encyclopedia. For both series of books, he partnered with noted statistician Pete Palmer, as well as writers Sean Lahman and Matt Silverman. He has been featured as a baseball commentator and analyst for several NPR radio stations, including WHYY-FM in Philadelphia, WKAR in East Lansing, Michigan, and Minnesota Public Radio. He also contributed to NBC Sports 1988 postseason baseball coverage. Gillette served in the role of team leader and lead reporter for Total Sports for the first-ever live pitch-by-pitch baseball Webcasts at the College World Series (1997), at the World Series (1997), and at the MLB All-Star Game (1998). Gillette works as an expert witness on baseball-related litigation, as a consultant to insurance companies on player contract issues, and as an adviser to player agents on salary arbitration cases. From 1992 to 1997, Gillette was the president and owner of The Baseball Workshop, which operated a national stringer network covering Major League Baseball while producing and maintaining a unique set of baseball databases. In 1997, the Baseball Workshop merged with Koz Sports and Baseball Ink to form Total Sports. Gillette served as vice president of Total Sports from 1997 to 1999. Beginning in 2005, Gillette has held the title of president for Hidden Game Sports/24-7 Baseball, a sports data research and management agency that represents the proprietors of comprehensive databases for Major League Baseball, Minor League Baseball, Professional Football, Professional Basketball, and Professional Hockey. These professional-grade sports databases have been licensed to many clients, including major media organizations like ESPN, Sports-Reference.com, SportRadar US, STATS LLC, and SportsTicker. Other clients include tech companies, sports game publishers, professional sports agents, insurance companies, university business schools and medical schools, and nonprofit organizations.

text:
# Gary Gillette

**Gary Gillette** is a baseball writer, author, and editor. He is co-editor of both the *ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia* and the *ESPN Football Encyclopedia*. For both series of books, he partnered with noted statistician Pete Palmer, as well as writers Sean Lahman and Matt Silverman.

He has been featured as a baseball commentator and analyst for several NPR radio stations, including WHYY-FM in Philadelphia, WKAR in East Lansing, Michigan, and Minnesota Public Radio. He also contributed to NBC Sports 1988 postseason baseball coverage. Gillette served in the role of team leader and lead reporter for Total Sports for the first-ever live pitch-by-pitch baseball Webcasts at the College World Series (1997), at the World Series (1997), and at the MLB All-Star Game (1998).

Gillette works as an expert witness on baseball-related litigation, as a consultant to insurance companies on player contract issues, and as an adviser to player agents on salary arbitration cases.

From 1992 to 1997, Gillette was the president and owner of The Baseball Workshop, which operated a national stringer network covering Major League Baseball while producing and maintaining a unique set of baseball databases. In 1997, the Baseball Workshop merged with Koz Sports and Baseball Ink to form Total Sports. Gillette served as vice president of Total Sports from 1997 to 1999.

Beginning in 2005, Gillette has held the title of president for Hidden Game Sports/24-7 Baseball, a sports data research and management agency that represents the proprietors of comprehensive databases for Major League Baseball, Minor League Baseball, Professional Football, Professional Basketball, and Professional Hockey. (24-7 Baseball, L.L.C., became part of Hidden Game Sports in 2012.) These professional-grade sports databases have been licensed to many clients, including major media organizations like ESPN, Sports-Reference.com, SportRadar US, STATS LLC, and SportsTicker. Other clients include tech companies, sports game publishers, professional sports agents, insurance companies, university business schools and medical schools, and nonprofit organizations.

## Published works

### As an editor

* Editor-in-chief and designer: *The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia* (five editions from Sterling Publishing, 2004–2008)
* Editor-in-chief and designer: *The Baseball Encyclopedia* (Barnes & Noble Publishing, 2004)
* The *ESPN Pro Football Encyclopedia* (two editions from Sterling, 2006–2007)
* Editor and creator of the annual *Emerald Guide to Baseball*, 2007–2015 (nine editions)
* Executive editor and contributor: *Calling the Game:Baseball Broadcasting, 1920 to the Present* ( Society for American Baseball Research, 2015)
* Editor and contributor: *Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues*, second edition (to be published in 2021)
* 61atFifty.com Web site publisher and editor, 2011
* Editor of Baseball-Reference.com’s *Baseball Early Bird* daily newsletter, 2008–2009
* Editor and contributing author: *Total Baseball Companion* series (30 MLB team booklets for Total Sports Publishing, 2000)
* Executive editor of and contributor to *Total Baseball Daily*, 1996–1999
* Editor of the *Baseball Workshop Online* on AOL, 1996
* Baseball editor of Motley Fool’s online sports community, 1996
* Editor, *The Scouting Report: 1995 and 1996* (HarperCollins)
* Editor, *The Great American Baseball Stat Book* 1992, 1993, and 1994 editions (HarperCollins)
* Editor and co-author, *1992 Fantasy League Baseball* (Publications International)
* Contributing editor, *Bill James Presents The Great American Baseball Stat Book* (1986 and 1987 editions)

### As an author

* Lead author, *Big League Ballparks: The Complete Illustrated History of Major-League Baseball Parks* (Metro Books, 2009)
* Baseball columnist for ESPN.com’s *MLB Insider*, 2005–2006
* Contributor to third through eighth editions of *Total Baseball* encyclopedia, 1993–2004. *(Total Baseball was the official encyclopedia of Major League Baseball from 1995–2003)*
* Co-author of "The Changing Game" in the seventh and eighth editions of Total Baseball, 2001 and 2004
* Author of “Going, Going, Gone,”a groundbreaking piece on the history of the home run in the sixth edition of Total Baseball, 1999
* Contributing author, SABR Bio Project (SABR.org)
* Contributing author, *Puerto Rico and Baseball: 60 Biographies* (SABR, 2017)
* Contributing author, *Detroit the Unconquerable* (SABR, 2014)
* Contributing author, *Bridging Two Dynasties: The 1947 Yankees* (University of Nebraska Press, 2013)
* Contributing author, *Detroit Tigers 1984: What a Start! What a Finish!* (SABR, 2013)
* Contributing author, *Sweet ’60: The 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates* (SABR, 2013)
* Co-author, “Not Chiseled in Stone: Baseball’s Enduring Records and the SABR Era” in the Baseball Research Journal, Fall 2011
* Contributing editor to SABR.org’s “History of SABR” update, 2011
* Co-author, “Interleague Attendance Boost Mostly a Mirage” in SABR’s Baseball Research Journal, 2006
* Contributing author, *Baseball . . . The Perfect Game: An All-Star Anthology Celebrating the Games’ Greatest Players, Teams, and Moments* (Voyageur Press, 2005)
* Contributing author, *Baseball: The Biographical Encyclopedia* (Total Sports Publishing, 2000)
* Contributor to the best-selling annual *Baseball Prospectus* book and BaseballProspectus.com (2002–2008)
* Contributor to annual editions of the *Baseball Weekly Almanac* (1992–2000)
* Co-author, *Baseball Weekly Insider* 1999 & 2000 (Total Sports)
* Author, *The Spy: Baseball '98* (Total Sports)
* Contributor to Sports Illustrated Online, 1996–1999

### As a book consultant

## Baseball preservation efforts

In 2012, Gillette founded Friends of Historic Hamtramck Stadium, a nonprofit organization dedicated to restoring and preserving historic Hamtramck Stadium, ensuring its future through educational, cultural, and recreational programming honoring the history of Negro league baseball and amateur sports in Hamtramck and Detroit. Gillette has served in the role of president/chair. He led the effort to have Hamtramck Stadium listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 and to have a State of Michigan Historic Marker placed at the site in 2014. Currently, the organization is raising money for renovation of Hamtramck Stadium. Hamtramck Stadium was the recipient of a 2017 National Park Service African American Civil Rights Grant and a 2020 African American Cultural Heritage grant, both based upon detailed historical research undertaken by Gillette.

From 2007-2017, he served as an officer and director of the nonprofit Old Tiger Stadium Conservancy. At first, the nonprofit organization was involved in the struggle to save Tiger Stadium, and then shifted its efforts to the redevelopment of the site of the historic field at the corner of Michigan and Trumbull in Detroit.

## Other distinctions

Gillette organized, hosted, and served as a panelist at the Detroit Negro Leagues Centennial Symposium, held in 2020. He is honored as an elector on the Sports Panel of the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame, a service he has performed since 2006.


title: Yatra (2002 TV series)

abstract: Yatra is an Indian religious travel guide television program that was broadcast on STAR Plus. Produced and hosted by Deepti Bhatnagar and sometimes by Nilanjana Sharma, Kavita Paudwal, Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar & Tia Bajpai, the program focuses on a spiritual journey around the Indian temples. The series premiered on 7 July 2002, and aired Sunday mornings. The word Yatra in Hindi language, and almost all other Indian languages, means "travel", more usually "travel to spiritual places".

text:
# Yatra (2002 TV series)

***Yatra*** is an Indian religious travel guide television program that was broadcast on STAR Plus. Produced and hosted by Deepti Bhatnagar and sometimes by Nilanjana Sharma, Kavita Paudwal, Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar & Tia Bajpai, the program focuses on a spiritual journey around the Indian temples. The series premiered on 7 July 2002, and aired Sunday mornings. The word *Yatra* in Hindi language, and almost all other Indian languages, means "travel", more usually "travel to spiritual places".

## InfoBox

| *Yatra* | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo image of "Yatra" with host Deepti Bhatnagar. | |
| Presented by | Deepti Bhatnagar |
| Country of origin | India |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 117 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Deepti Bhatnagar |
| Running time | approx. 52 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | STAR Plus |
| Release | 7 July 2002 (2002-07-07) <br>2003 (2003) |


title: Hubert Robert

abstract: Hubert Robert was a French painter in the school of Romanticism, noted especially for his landscape paintings and capricci, or semi-fictitious picturesque depictions of ruins in Italy and of France.

text:
# Hubert Robert

**Hubert Robert** (French pronunciation: \[ybɛʁ ʁɔbɛʁ\]; 22 May 1733 – 15 April 1808) was a French painter in the school of Romanticism, noted especially for his landscape paintings and capricci, or semi-fictitious picturesque depictions of ruins in Italy and of France.

## Biography

### Early years

Hubert Robert was born in Paris in 1733. His father, Nicolas Robert, was in the service of François-Joseph de Choiseul, marquis de Stainville a leading diplomat from Lorraine. Young Robert finished his studies with the Jesuits at the Collège de Navarre in 1751 and entered the atelier of the sculptor Michel-Ange Slodtz who taught him design and perspective but encouraged him to turn to painting. In 1754 he left for Rome in the train of Étienne-François de Choiseul, son of his father's employer, who had been named French ambassador and would become a Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to Louis XV in 1758.

### In Rome

He spent fully eleven years in Rome, a remarkable length of time; after the young artist's official residence at the French Academy in Rome ran out, he supported himself by works he produced for visiting connoisseurs like the abbé de Saint-Non, who took Robert to Naples in April 1760 to visit the ruins of Pompeii. The marquis de Marigny, director of the *Bâtiments du Roi* kept abreast of his development in correspondence with Natoire, director of the French Academy, who urged the *pensionnaires* to sketch out-of-doors, from nature: Robert needed no urging; drawings from his sketchbooks document his travels: Villa d'Este, Caprarola.

The contrast between the ruins of ancient Rome and the life of his time excited his keenest interest. He worked for a time in the studio of Giovanni Paolo Panini, whose influence can be seen in the *Vue imaginaire de la galerie du Louvre en ruine* (*illustration*). Robert spent his time in the company of young artists in the circle of Piranesi, whose *capricci* of romantically overgrown ruins influenced him so greatly that he gained the nickname *Robert des ruines*. The albums of sketches and drawings he assembled in Rome supplied him with motifs that he worked into paintings throughout his career.

He is reported to have carved his name into the walls of the Colosseum in 1767.

### In Paris

His success on his return to Paris in 1765 was rapid: the following year he was received by the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, with a Roman capriccio, *The Port of Rome, ornamented with different Monuments of Architecture, Ancient and Modern.* Robert's first exhibition at the Salon of 1767, consisting of thirteen paintings and a number of drawings, prompted Denis Diderot to write: "The ideas which the ruins awake in me are grand." Robert subsequently showed work at every Salon until 1802. He was successively appointed "Designer of the King's Gardens", "Keeper of the King's Pictures" and "Keeper of the Museum and Councilor to the Academy".

Robert was arrested in October 1793, during the French Revolution. During the ten months of his detention at Sainte-Pélagie and Saint-Lazare he made many drawings, painted at least 53 canvases, and painted numerous vignettes of prison life on plates. He was freed one week after the fall of Robespierre. Robert narrowly escaped the guillotine when through error another prisoner with a similar name was guillotined in his place.

Subsequently, he was placed on the committee of five in charge of the new national museum at the Palais du Louvre.

The Revolution also resulted in the destruction of some of Robert's work; his painting *Péché Cardinal* (ca.1799) is one that is thought to be lost or destroyed in a fire. Robert had designed the decorations for a little theatre in the new wing at the location of the current staircase Gabriel in the Palace of Versailles. Designed to seat about 500, this theatre was built from the summer of 1785 and opened in early 1786. It was intended to serve as an ordinary court theatre, replacing the Theatre of the Princes Court which was too old and too small, but was destroyed during the time of Louis Philippe. A watercolour of Robert's design is in the National Archives in Paris.

Robert died of a stroke on 15 April 1808.

## Style and legacy

The quantity of his work is immense, comprising perhaps one thousand paintings and ten thousand drawings. The Louvre alone contains nine paintings by his hand and specimens are frequently to be met with in provincial museums and private collections. Robert's work has more or less of that scenic character which justified his selection by Voltaire to paint the decorations of his theatre at Ferney.

His work was much engraved by the abbé de Saint-Non, with whom he had visited Naples in the company of Fragonard during his early days; in Italy his work has also been frequently reproduced by Chatelain, Linard, Le Veau, and others.

He is noted for the liveliness and point with which he treated the subjects he painted. Equally at ease painting small easel pictures or huge decorations, he worked quickly using an *alla prima* technique. Along with this incessant activity as an artist, his daring character and many adventures attracted general admiration and sympathy. In the fourth canto of his *L'Imagination* Jacques Delille celebrated Robert's miraculous escape when lost in the catacombs.

### Robert and picturesque gardens

Enterprising and prolific, Robert also acted in a role similar to that of a modern-day art director, conceptualizing fashionably dilapidated gardens for several aristocratic clients, summarized by his possible intervention at Ermenonville; there he would have been working with the architect Jean-Marie Morel for the marquis de Girardin, who was the author of *Compositions des paysages* (1777) and had distinct views of his own. In 1786 he began his better documented collaboration at Méréville, with his most significant patron, the financier Jean-Joseph de Laborde, who found François-Joseph Bélanger's plans too expensive and perhaps too formal.

Though documents are again lacking, Hubert Robert's name is invariably invoked in connection with Marie Antoinette's 'premier architecte' Richard Mique through several phases of the creation of an informal landscape garden at the Petit Trianon, and the setting of the *petit hameau*. Robert's contribution to garden design was not in making practical ground plans for improvements but in providing atmospheric inspiration for the proposed effect. At Ermenonville and at Méréville "Hubert Robert's paintings both recorded and inspired", according to W.H. Adams: Robert's four large ruin fantasies, painted in 1787 for Méréville may be searched in vain for direct connections with the garden. Hubert's paintings of the Moulin Joly of his friend Claude-Henri Watelet render the fully-grown atmosphere of a garden that had been under way since 1754. His set of six Italianate landscape panels painted for Bagatelle were not the inspiration for the formal turfed parterre set in the thinned woodlands, designed by Bélanger; the later picturesque extensions of Bagatelle were carried out by its Scottish gardener, William Blaikie. Robert's commissioned painting of the long-delayed rejuvenation of the park at Versailles, begun in 1774 with the cutting down of the trees for sale as firewood, is a record of the event, resonant with allegorical meaning. Robert was more certainly responsible for the conception of the grotto and cascades of the 'Baths of Apollo,' tucked within a grove of the chateau's park and built to house François Girardon's celebrated sculpture group *Apollo Attended by Nymphs*.

**Works on paper**

**Oil paintings**

## References, notes and sources

References and notes Sources * Adams, William Howard, *The French Garden 1500–1800* (New York: Braziller) 1979.
* Huisman, Philippe, *French Watercolours of the 18th Century* (1969) London, Thames and Hudson ISBN 978-0-500-23105-0
* Wiebenson, Dora, *The Picturesque Garden in France* (Princeton University Press) 1978.
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Robert, Hubert". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 402.
* Sarah Catala. *Les Hubert Robert de Besançon*. Milan: Silvana Editoriale, 2013 \[catalogue raisonné of drawings from public library and fine art museum of Besançon\].

## InfoBox

| Hubert Robert | |
| --- | --- |
| *Hubert Robert* by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun | |
| Born | 22 May 1733
Paris, France |
| Died | 15 April 1808(1808-04-15) (aged 74)
Paris, France |