title: Jan Wouters (legal scholar)

abstract: Jan Maria Florent Wouters is a Belgian academic. He is Jean Monnet Chair, and Professor of International Law and International Organizations at KU Leuven, where he is also Director of its Centre for Global Governance Studies and Institute for International Law.

text:
# Jan Wouters (legal scholar)

**Jan Maria Florent Wouters** (born 14 July 1964) is a Belgian academic. He is Jean Monnet Chair, and Professor of International Law and International Organizations at KU Leuven, where he is also Director of its Centre for Global Governance Studies and Institute for International Law.

## Education

Wouters earned a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1984, and Lic. Juris in 1987, both at the University of Antwerp. In 1990 he obtained a Master of Laws at Yale Law School, and was visiting researcher at Harvard Law School (1990-1991). In 1996, he obtained a PhD in law at KU Leuven, with a doctoral thesis focused on the freedom of establishment of business enterprises within the European Union.

## Career

Wouters teaches public international law, international organizations, the law of the World Trade Organization and humanitarian and security law at KU Leuven. He is a visiting professor at the College of Europe (Bruges), SciencesPo (Paris) and LUISS University (Rome), where he teaches on the law of EU external relations. He also teaches in the Master of Laws in International Economic Law (IELPO) at the University of Barcelona and in the European Master's in Human Rights and Democratisation (EMA, EIUC, Venice). He was Référendaire at the European Court of Justice (1991-1994). In addition, he practises law at Linklaters, Brussels.

## Honours and distinctions

* Member, Advisory Board, Centre for Multilevel Federalism, Delhi, India, since January 2015
* Senior Visiting Fellow, the Graduate Institute, Geneva, Spring 2014
* International Chair, Luiss University, Rome, Spring 2014
* Visiting Professor, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Spring 2014
* Senior Visiting Fellow, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Bologna, 2013
* Visiting Professor, Faculty of Law, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
* Senior Visiting Fellow, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 2012
* Fellow, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIAS), 2010
* Honorary President, United Nations Association Flanders – Belgium (Vereniging voor de Verenigde Naties), since June 2009 (President from 2003 to 2009 and since 2013)
* Jean Monnet Chair ad personam European Union and Global Governance granted by European Commission (2009)
* Member of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences and Arts (since 2008)
* Fernand Braudel Fellow, European University Institute, 2008
* Honorary Member, Association of International Relations ("Kring Internationale Betrekkingen", Leuven), since 2002
* Stibbe Prize, 1997
* Walter Leën Prize for Social Law, 1996
* Rotary Foundation Fellow, 1990–91
* Francqui Fellow, Belgian American Educational Foundation, 1989–90

## Publications

* Legal Advisers in International Organizations (2023)
* Contestation and Polarization in Global Governance: European Responses (2023)
* The G20, Development and the UN Agenda 2030 (2023)
* EU Industrial Policy in the Multipolar Economy (2022)
* Research Handbook on Global Governance, Business and Human Rights (2022)
* The Nexus Between Organized Crime and Terrorism. Types, Developmental Conditions and Policies (2022)
* The Rule of Law and Areas of Limited Statehood (2021)
* Japan, the European Union and Global Governance (2021)
* The Law of EU External Relations: Cases, Materials and Commentary on the EU as an International Legal Actor (2021)
* The European Union and Human Rights: Analysis, Cases and Materials (2021)
* Can We Still Afford Human Rights? Critical Reflections on Universality, Proliferation and Costs (2020)
* The European Union and Human Rights: Law and Policy (2020)
* Internationaal Recht in Kort Bestek. Van Co-existentie, Coöperatie en Integratie van Staten tot Global Governance (2020)
* Le statut juridique des standards publics et privés dans les relations économiques internationales (2020)
* The Belt and Road Initiative and Global Governance (2020)
* Assessing the 2019 European Parliament Elections (2020)
* The Faces of Human Rights (2019)
* Changing Borders in Europe: Exploring the Dynamics of Integration, Differentiation and Self-Determination in the European Union (2019)
* General Principles of Law and the Coherence of International Law (2019)
* Parliamentary Cooperation and Diplomacy in EU External Relations (2019)
* International Law: a European Perspective (2018)
* The Commons and a New Global Governance (2018)
* Global Governance (2018)
* The G7, Anti-Globalism and the Governance of Globalization (2018)
* EU Human Rights and Democratization Policies: Achievements and Challenges (2018)
* EU Energy Law and Policy (2017)
* Commercial Uses of Space and Space Tourism. Legal and Policy Aspects (2017)
* International Organizations and Member State Responsibility (2016)
* Judicial Decisions on the Law of International Organizations (2016)
* Armed Conflicts and the Law (2016)
* Verenigde Naties: Mensenwerk (2015)
* Global Governance of Labour Rights (2015)
* The Contribution of International and Supranational Courts to the Rule of Law (2015)
* Global Governance and Democracy: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (2015)
* China, the EU and the Developing World (2015)
* The Law of EU External Relations (2013)
* National Human Rights Institutions in Europe (2013)
* The EU's Role in Global Governance (2013)
* China, the European Union and Global Governance (2012)
* Private Standards and Global Governance (2012)
* Informal International Lawmaking (2012)
* International Prosecutors (2012)
* The European Union and Multilateral Governance (2012)
* Upgrading the EU's Role as Global Actor (2011)
* Accountability for Human Rights Violations by International Organizations (2010)
* Belgium in the Security Council (2009)
* European Constitutionalism Beyond Lisbon (2009)
* The Europeanisation of International Law (2008)
* Multilevel Regulation and the EU (2008)
* The World Trade Organization. A Legal and Institutional Analysis (2007)
* The United Nations and the European Union (2006)
* Legal Instruments in the Fight Against International Terrorism (2004)

In addition, he is Editor of the *International Encyclopedia of Intergovernmental Organizations*, and Deputy Director of the *Revue Belge de Droit International*. He regularly advises international organizations and trains international officials, and is coordinator of a large-scale FP7 Programme FRAME, "Fostering Human Rights Among European (External and Internal) Policies" and of the InBev-Baillet Latour EU China Chair at KU Leuven.

## InfoBox

| Jan Wouters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1964-07-14) 14 July 1964<br>Deurne, Belgium |
| Occupation | Legal scholar |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Antwerp |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | KU Leuven, College of Europe |
|  | |


title: Neurophyseta villarda

abstract: Neurophyseta villarda is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugenie Phillips-Rodriguez and Maria Alma Solis in 1996. It is found in Costa Rica.

text:
# Neurophyseta villarda

***Neurophyseta villarda*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugenie Phillips-Rodriguez and Maria Alma Solis in 1996. It is found in Costa Rica.

## Etymology

The species is named for the Villard Public School in Villard, Minnesota.

## InfoBox

| *Neurophyseta villarda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Neurophyseta* |
| Species: | ***N. villarda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neurophyseta villarda***<br>Phillips & Solis, 1996 | |
|


title: Holy Week in Viveiro

abstract: Holy Week in Viveiro is one of the most important traditional events of Viveiro, Spain. It is celebrated in the week leading up to Easter, and is one of the best known religious events within Galicia. As a reflection of its importance, is also considered as a Fiesta of International Tourist Interest of Spain since 2013. This week features the procession of pasos, floats of lifelike wooden sculptures of individual scenes of the events of the Passion, or images of the Virgin Mary showing restrained grief for the torture and killing of her son. Some of the sculptures are of great antiquity and are considered artistic masterpieces, as well as being culturally and spiritually important to the local Catholic population. During Holy Week, the city is crowded with residents and visitors, drawn by the spectacle and atmosphere. The impact is particularly strong for the Catholic community. The processions are organised by hermandades and cofradías, religious brotherhoods. During the processions, members precede the pasos, dressed in penitential robes. They may also be accompanied by brass bands. The processions work along a designated route from their home churches and chapels, usually via a central viewing area and back. As of 2011, a total of 15 processions are scheduled for the week, from the previous Friday to Palm Sunday through to Easter Sunday afternoon.

text:
# Holy Week in Viveiro

**Holy Week in Viveiro** (*Semana Santa de Viveiro*) is one of the most important traditional events of Viveiro, Spain. It is celebrated in the week leading up to Easter (Holy Week among Christians), and is one of the best known religious events within Galicia. As a reflection of its importance, is also considered as a Fiesta of International Tourist Interest of Spain since 2013.

This week features the procession of *pasos*, floats of lifelike wooden sculptures of individual scenes of the events of the Passion, or images of the Virgin Mary showing restrained grief for the torture and killing of her son. Some of the sculptures are of great antiquity and are considered artistic masterpieces, as well as being culturally and spiritually important to the local Catholic population.

During Holy Week, the city is crowded with residents and visitors, drawn by the spectacle and atmosphere. The impact is particularly strong for the Catholic community. The processions are organised by *hermandades* and *cofradías*, religious brotherhoods. During the processions, members precede the *pasos*, dressed in penitential robes. They may also be accompanied by brass bands.

The processions work along a designated route from their home churches and chapels, usually via a central viewing area and back. As of 2011, a total of 15 processions are scheduled for the week, from the previous Friday to Palm Sunday through to Easter Sunday afternoon.

Notes Bibliography * Adrán Goás, Carlos; Kawamura Kawamura, Yayoi; Pardo de Cela, Santiago F. (2001) (in Spanish). Cruces parroquiales de la ribera del Landro. Fundación Caixa Galicia. ISBN 84-95491-26-5
* Chao Espina, Enrique (1988) (en español). Historia de Viveiro (Documentos para a historia contemporánea de Galicia). Ediciós do Castro. ISBN 84-7492-396-4.
* Donapetry Yribarnegaray, Juan (1953) (in Spanish). Historia de Vivero y su concejo. Diputación Provincial de Lugo. ISBN 84-86824-00-1.
* Fernández García, M. Begoña (2000) (in Spanish). La imaginería religiosa en la Semana Santa de Viveiro. ISBN 84-8192-173-4.
* VV.AA. (2008) (in Spanish). La Semana Santa en Galicia. Hércules de Ediciones. ISBN 978-84-96314-74-0.

## InfoBox

| Holy Week in Viveiro | |
| --- | --- |
| The "Virgen de la Clemencia" | |
| Official name | Semana Santa de Viveiro |
| Observed by | Viveiro, Spain |
| Type | Religious, Historical, Cultural |
| Significance | Commemoration of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus |
| Celebrations | Processions |
| Begins | Palm Sunday |
| Ends | Easter Sunday |
| 2023 date | April 2 - April 9 |
| 2024 date | March 24 - March 31 |
| 2025 date | April 13 - April 20 |
| 2026 date | March 29 - April 5 |
| Frequency | Annual |


title: Verdal (disambiguation)

abstract: Verdal may refer to:

text:
# Verdal (disambiguation)

**Verdal** may refer to:

## Places

* Verdal, a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway
* Verdal Station, a railway station located in the town of Verdalsøra in the municipality of Verdal in Trøndelag county, Norway

## People

## Grapes

* *Verdal noir* or Aspiran noir, a red French wine grape variety
* *Verdal* or Forcallat tinta, a red Spanish wine grape variety
* *Verdal* or Malvasia di Sardegna, a group of wine grape varieties grown historically in the Mediterranean region
* *Verdal* or Palomino (grape), a white grape widely grown in Spain and South Africa
* *Verdal* or Verdejo, a variety of wine grape that has long been grown in the Rueda region of Spain

## Other

* Verdal IL, a sports club from Verdalsøra, Norway

* Verdalle, a commune in the Tarn department in southern France


title: Hoplocryptanthus tiradentesensis

abstract: Hoplocryptanthus tiradentesensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, endemic to Brazil. It was first described by Leme in 2007 as Cryptanthus tiradentesensis.

text:
# Hoplocryptanthus tiradentesensis

***Hoplocryptanthus tiradentesensis*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, endemic to Brazil (the state of Minas Gerais). It was first described by Leme in 2007 as ***Cryptanthus tiradentesensis***.

## InfoBox

| *Hoplocryptanthus tiradentesensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Bromelioideae |
| Genus: | *Hoplocryptanthus* |
| Species: | ***H. tiradentesensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hoplocryptanthus tiradentesensis***<br>(Leme) Leme, S.Heller & Zizka | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cryptanthus tiradentesensis* Leme | |


title: WINX-FM

abstract: WINX-FM is a radio station licensed to Saint Michaels, Maryland, United States. The station is currently owned by Forever Media, through licensee FM Radio Licenses, LLC. WINX-FM broadcasts a country music format.

text:
# WINX-FM

**WINX-FM** (94.3 MHz) is a radio station licensed to Saint Michaels, Maryland, United States. The station is currently owned by Forever Media, through licensee FM Radio Licenses, LLC. WINX-FM broadcasts a country music format.

## History

The station was assigned the call sign WFBR on July 25, 1990. On July 7, 2002, the station changed its call sign to the current WINX-FM. The call letters WINX were previously assigned to a station in Rockville, Maryland, from 1951.

## InfoBox

WINX-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area |  |
| Frequency | 94.3 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country music |
| Affiliations | Compass Media Networks |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Forever Media * (FM Radio Licenses, LLC) |
| Sister stations | WCEI-FM |
| History | |
| Former call signs | WFBR (1990–2002) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 14774 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 4,600 watts |
| HAAT | 110 meters (360 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 38°37′49.4″N 76°3′23.8″W / 38.630389°N 76.056611°W / 38.630389; -76.056611 |
| Repeater(s) | 96.7 WCEI-FM HD2 (Easton) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | www.forevermidshore.com/winx943/ |


title: Hold on My Heart

abstract: "Hold on My Heart" is a song by English rock band Genesis from their 14th studio album, We Can't Dance (1991). The ballad was released as the album's third single on 6 April 1992. The song reached number one on the Canadian RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart, the RPM Adult Contemporary chart, and the US Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, as well as number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. In the band's home country, the song peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Hold on My Heart

"**Hold on My Heart**" is a song by English rock band Genesis from their 14th studio album, *We Can't Dance* (1991). The ballad was released as the album's third single on 6 April 1992. The song reached number one on the Canadian *RPM* 100 Hit Tracks chart, the *RPM* Adult Contemporary chart, and the US *Billboard* Adult Contemporary chart, as well as number 12 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. In the band's home country, the song peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Music video

The music video shows the band playing at an empty night club, similar to Collins' 1985 video for "One More Night". To create the visual effect seen in the music video, the music on the recording of the video was played fast and the "singing" was mimed fast. When the music was slowed down to normal speed, the members of the band appear to be moving in slow motion, similar to the video for "Wrapped Around Your Finger" by The Police.

## Live performances

The song was played live during *The Way We Walk*, *Calling All Stations* (with Ray Wilson on vocals, though rarely played in a low key to accommodate Wilson's voice), and *Turn It On Again: The Tour* tours. A live version appears on their albums *The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts*, and *Live over Europe 2007*, as well as on their DVDs *The Way We Walk — Live in Concert* and *When in Rome 2007*.

## Track listings

**7-inch and cassette single**

1. "Hold on My Heart"
2. "Way of the World"

**UK CD single**

1. "Hold on My Heart"
2. "Way of the World"
3. "Your Own Special Way" (live)

**Australian and Japanese CD single**

1. "Hold on My Heart"
2. "Way of the World"
3. "Home by the Sea" (live)
4. "Your Own Special Way" (live)

## Personnel

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Hold on My Heart" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Genesis | |
| from the album  *We Can't Dance* | |
| B-side | "Way of the World" |
| Released | 6 April 1992 (1992-04-06) |
| Studio | The Farm (Surrey, England) |
| Genre | Soft rock |
| Length | 4:38 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Genesis singles chronology | |
| "I Can't Dance"
(1991) "**Hold on My Heart**"
(1992) "Jesus He Knows Me"
(1992) | |


title: Pedro Gibert (footballer)

abstract: Pedro Gibert Requesens was a Spanish footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was nicknamed Grapes because he allowed himself the luxury of blocking the ball with one hand. He was considered the best Catalan goalkeeper of his time and one of the first great idols of Espanyol, in fact, he was the idol of the great Ricardo Zamora.

text:
# Pedro Gibert (footballer)

**Pedro Gibert Requesens** (15 February 1888 – 9 October 1966) was a Spanish footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was nicknamed **Grapes** because he allowed himself the luxury of blocking the ball with one hand. He was considered the best Catalan goalkeeper of his time and one of the first great idols of Espanyol, in fact, he was the idol of the great Ricardo Zamora.

## Club career

Born in Catalonia, he joined the first team of Ibèric FC during the 1903–04 season, where he formed a great defensive partnership with Santiago Massana, and they also were teammates at X Sporting Club and RCD Espanyol. In Ibèric, he stood out as an extraordinary goalkeeper, which earned him a move to Club Español de Fútbol in 1904, but just a few months later the club folded due to financial reasons, and most of the players, including him, joined X Sporting Club. He played a pivotal role in the club's three back-to-back Catalan championships between 1906 and 1908. In 1909, the club was effectively relaunched as the Club Deportivo Español, the name which still stands today. This also means that he was the very first goalkeeper that Espanyol had.

He played for Espanyol for nearly a decade, being a member of the great Espanyol side of the 1910s that had the likes of Bru, Sampere, Blanco and the Armet brothers (Francisco and Kinké), winning two more Catalan championships in 1911–12 and 1914–15, as well as reaching the 1915 Copa del Rey Final, which they lost to Athletic Bilbao, in a game where he conceded 5 goals, including a Pichichi hat-trick.

One day, in a decision of his own, he announced his retirement to the surprise of many. There was a bit of a stir, but Gibert said he had no reason to fear as he would be leaving an exceptional goalkeeper in his place, Ricardo Zamora, who played his first game in April 1916, in a match against Madrid FC.

## International career

Being a Espanyol, he was eligible to play for the Catalonia national team, and he was part of the team that won the 1916 Prince of Asturias Cup, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. He started in both games against a Castile/Madrid XI which ended in a win and a draw, enough for Catalonia to lift their first-ever piece of silverware.

## Honours

### Club

X Sporting Club

**Catalan championship:**

* **Champions (3)**: 1905–06, 1906–07, 1907–08

Espanyol

**Catalan championship:**

* **Champions (2)**: 1911–12, 1914–15

### International

Catalonia

**Prince of Asturias Cup:**

## InfoBox

Pedro Gibert
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Pedro Gibert Requesens | | |
| Date of birth | (1888-02-15)15 February 1888 | | |
| Place of birth | La Pobla de Montornès, Catalonia, Spain | | |
| Date of death | 9 October 1966(1966-10-09) (aged 78) | | |
| Place of death | Barcelona, Spain | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1903–1904 | Ibèric FC |  |  |
| 1904 | Club Español de Fútbol |  |  |
| 1904–1909 | X Sporting Club |  |  |
| 1909–1916 | Espanyol |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1910–1916 | Catalonia | 5 | (0) |
| Medal record      Catalonia  Prince of Asturias Cup  1916 Prince of Asturias Cup Team | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Nerissus tuberculatus

abstract: Nerissus tuberculatus is a species of leaf beetle from Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by Martin Jacoby in 1901.

text:
# Nerissus tuberculatus

***Nerissus tuberculatus*** is a species of leaf beetle from Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by Martin Jacoby in 1901.

## Subspecies

There are two subspecies of *N. tuberculatus*:

## InfoBox

| *Nerissus tuberculatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Nerissus* |
| Species: | ***N. tuberculatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nerissus tuberculatus***<br>Jacoby, 1901 | |
|


title: Kukunjevac

abstract: Kukunjevac is a village in Croatia.

text:
# Kukunjevac

**Kukunjevac**  is a village in Croatia.

45°26′53″N 17°05′35″E / 45.44806°N 17.09306°E / 45.44806; 17.09306

## InfoBox

| Kukunjevac | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Požega-Slavonia |
| Municipality | Lipik |
| Area | |
| Total | 24.7 km2 (9.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 190 |
| Density | 7.7/km2 (20/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Timbarra Gold Mine

abstract: The Timbarra Gold Mine was a highly controversial gold mine located on the Timbarra Plateau, at the head waters of the Clarence River, near Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia. The gold ore body consisted of a greisen type granite. The protracted controversy attracted national and international attention, and catalysed an anti-cyanide extraction campaign in Australia.

text:
# Timbarra Gold Mine

The **Timbarra Gold Mine** was a highly controversial gold mine located on the Timbarra Plateau, at the head waters of the Clarence River, near Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia. The gold ore body consisted of a greisen type granite. The protracted controversy attracted national and international attention, and catalysed an anti-cyanide extraction campaign in Australia.

## Mine history

The mine was initially developed in the late 1990s by a medium-sized mining company, Ross Mining. After six months the mine went into "care and maintenance", and never re-opened. Delta Gold acquired the mine through a take-over of Ross Mining. Eventually the mine was acquired by Placer Dome who were in turn taken over in 2006 by Barrick Gold.

Placer Dome undertook an intensive rehabilitation programme at the mine site, setting new standards for mining rehabilitation in New South Wales.

Precious Metal Resources ( ASX: PMR ) has applied for an exploration licence over the mine and is planning to develop the project and start job creation in the area. The senior management at PMR have continued their extensive research in the project and believe over the coming years they will be able to reopen the mine and start production.

The Timbarra Gold Mine has in excess of 300MT of Resource.

## Controversy

Timbarra Gold Mine was subject to intensive protest for several reasons:

* High diversity of threatened species, including rare frogs, on the site.
* Disturbance to an Aboriginal site.
* Unsuitable site for heap-leach cyanide mining due to wetland conditions and high rainfall.

Ross Mining countered the criticism with arguments in favour of the mine:

* Mine provided needed employment and economic stimulus to the local Tenterfield district.
* Mine site was not pristine, being subject to disturbance from previous mining.

Anti-mine action took on different forms:

* Direct action, including roadblocks by protestors, with over 100 arrests.
* Court cases by Aboriginal native title claimants and environmentalists.
* An intensive media campaign.

The controversy surrounding the mine was the subject of a 2002 documentary, *Demon Fault*, which was commissioned by Australia's Special Broadcasting Service and featured miners, protesters, environmental and legal specialists, local farmers and landowners in a protracted battle over the mining operation.

The mine is now owned by an Australian ASX company called Precious Metal Resources ( ASX:PMR)

## Litigation

The project was the subject of litigation in the NSW courts. Ross Mining NL had been granted a development consent by the Tenterfield Shire Council pursuant to the *Environmental Planning and Assessment Act* 1979, which required a Species Impact Statement to be submitted with an application for development consent if the development is "likely to significantly affect threatened species". The respondent did not submit a Species Impact Statement, and the Timbarra Protection Coalition sought to rely upon this to invalidate the development consent. Talbot J who heard the Class 4 proceedings in the Land and Environment Court held that the decision of the Council to accept the application without a Species Impact Statement was not reviewable as it was not an error of jurisdictional fact and, accordingly, refused to admit evidence on the issue of "likely to significantly affect threatened species". The decision of Talbot J of the Land and Environment Court was appealed to the Court of Appeal. The central issue for determination was whether the decision of council to accept a development application without a Species Impact Statement was reviewable. The Court of Appeal had to rule on the question of whether a development 'likely to significantly affect threatened species' involves a jurisdictional fact and whether evidence of the existence or non-existence of that fact was admissible in appeal from council's decision. Spigelman CJ held that the issue of "likely to significantly affect threatened species" involves a jurisdictional fact. It was held that the decision of council regarding need for a Species Impact Statement was reviewable and related evidence was admissible.

## Closure

The mine was closed in 2001 after heavy rainfall resulted in two successive overflows from the cyanide ponds vindicated concerns about the site. Fortunately, cyanide extraction had ceased and actual cyanide levels were low.

Then owners, Delta Gold, undertook a Mine Closure Plan which included former protestors as stakeholders. This resulted in a pioneering consensus approach to the rehabilitation that continued throughout the Mine's ownership by Placer Dome.

The impact from the improved road access to the mine site is an ongoing concern to environmentalists as it has opened up the Timbarra Plateau to potential development, especially agriculture.

## InfoBox

Timbarra
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Timbarra Gold MineLocation in Australia | |
| Location | Tenterfield |
| State | New South Wales |
| Country | Australia |
| Coordinates | 29°07′S 152°18′E / 29.117°S 152.300°E / -29.117; 152.300 |
| History | |
| Closed | 2001 |


title: Holy Well, Malvern

abstract: The Holy Well is set on the slopes of the Malvern Hills above Malvern Wells. The well is believed to be the site of the oldest bottling plant in the world. The Malvern spring water was first bottled on a commercial scale at the well and the building houses a modern commercial bottling plant.

text:
# Holy Well, Malvern

The **Holy Well** is set on the slopes of the Malvern Hills above Malvern Wells. The well is believed to be the site of the oldest bottling plant in the world. The Malvern spring water was first bottled on a commercial scale at the well and the building houses a modern commercial bottling plant.

## History

In 1559 the manor and vicarage of Hanley Castle were bought from the Crown by John Hornyold. Within the manor lay a prolific spring known today as the Holy Well spring.

In 1743 Dr John Wall analysed the spring water. He published his analysis of the water, stating that the water contained "nothing at all".

Edward Popham of Tewkesbury was partially cured of his gout at the Holy Well in 1747 and as a vote of thanks erected a small bath that probably resembled a modest stone sink.

In 1853 the Holy Well and nearby Bath Cottage were purchased from squatters by Thomas Charles Hornyold, who extended the building that housed the baths and spa at a cost of £400.

The building was listed as Grade II and of Architectural Interest in the 1970s.

## Bottling at the Holy Well

Malvern water has been bottled and distributed in the UK and abroad from as early as the reign of James I, with water bottling at the Holy Well being recorded in 1622. Various local grocers have bottled and distributed Malvern water during the 19th and early 20th centuries, but it was first bottled on a large commercial scale by Schweppes, who opened a bottling plant at Holy Well in Malvern Wells in 1850. As official caterers to the Great Exhibition of 1851, Schweppes introduced the water as Malvern Soda, later renaming it Malvern Seltzer Water in 1856. In 1890 Schweppes moved away from Holy Well, entered into a contract with a Colwall family, and built a bottling plant in the village in 1892. The Holy Well was subsequently leased to John and Henry Cuff, who bottled there until the 1960s. The Holy Well became derelict until 2009 when with the aid of a Lottery Heritage grant, production of 1200 bottles per day of Holy Well Spring Water was recommenced by an independent family-owned company.

## Folklore

In the past Holy Well was dressed on St. Oswald's day by people who had been cured at the well. St Oswald supposedly revealed the healing properties of the well to a hermit who lived on the hills.

Until 2006, religious items, flowers and other objects were left as votive offerings at the Holy Well. Local Christians and foreign visitors of a wide range of faiths used to leave prayers and wishes in thanks for the pure water. In 2006 concerns were raised in the local press about religious messages that had been written on the walls of the building. As a result, tokens are regularly removed with the exception of the official well dressing of the site in May.

In *Early British Trackways* Alfred Watkins theorised that a ley line passed along the Malvern Hills through several wells including Holy Well, St Ann's Well, Walms Well and St. Pewtress Well.

## Further reading

* Rose Garrard: 2006, *Malvern: Hill of Fountains — Ancient Origins, Beliefs and Superstitions surrounding Wells and Well Dressing* ISBN 1-905795-01-7
* Bruce Osborne & Cora Weaver: 1994, *Aquae Malvernensis — The Springs and Fountains of the Malvern Hills* ISBN 1-873809-07-7

52°04′44″N 2°20′12″W / 52.0789°N 2.3366°W / 52.0789; -2.3366


title: Vazhappully Temple

abstract: Vazhappully Shree Rajarajeshwari temple is a Hindu temple located at Kazhimbram near Valapad in Thrissur District. This is one of the few family temples in Kerala worshipping Gandharva.

text:
# Vazhappully Temple

**Vazhappully Shree Rajarajeshwari temple** is a Hindu temple located at Kazhimbram near Valapad in Thrissur District. This is one of the few family temples in Kerala worshipping Gandharva.

## InfoBox

| Vazhappully temple | |
| --- | --- |
| Vazhappully Shree Rajarajeshwari Temple | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Thrissur |
| Deity | Raja Rajeswari |
| Festivals | *Makarappathu Maholsavam* |
| Location | |
| Location | Kazhimbram near Valapad |
| State | Kerala |
| Country | India |
| Vazhappully Rajarajeswari Temple, Kazhimbram, Thrissur, Kerala | |
| Geographic coordinates | 10°22′05″N 76°06′43″E / 10.368075°N 76.112005°E / 10.368075; 76.112005 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Architecture of Kerala |
| Specifications | |
| Temple(s) | One |
| Elevation | 28.52 m (94 ft) |


title: Gelincik, Emirdağ

abstract: Gelincik is a village in the Emirdağ District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 74 (2021).

text:
# Gelincik, Emirdağ

**Gelincik** is a village in the Emirdağ District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 74 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Gelincik | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| GelincikLocation in TurkeyGelincikGelincik (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 38°56′03″N 31°29′39″E / 38.9342°N 31.4942°E / 38.9342; 31.4942 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Afyonkarahisar |
| District | Emirdağ |
| Population (2021) | 74 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Nixyaawii Community School

abstract: Nixya'awii Community School is a public charter school in Pendleton, Oregon, United States serving the Native American population.

text:
# Nixyaawii Community School

**Nixya'awii Community School** is a public charter school in Pendleton, Oregon, United States serving the Native American population.

## Academics

In 2008, 58% of the school's seniors received their high school diploma. Of 19 students, 11 graduated, 7 dropped out, and 1 is still in high school. Of the class of 2020, 24 graduated and 5 dropped out.

## InfoBox

| Nixyaawii Community School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 73300 July Grounds Lane
Pendleton, Umatilla County, Oregon 97801
United States | |
| Coordinates | 45°39′55″N 118°39′50″W / 45.665277°N 118.66392°W / 45.665277; -118.66392 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| School district | Pendleton School District |
| Principal | Ryan Heinrich |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Number of students | 93 (2019-2020) |
| Color(s) | Maroon and gold |
| Athletics conference | OSAA Big Sky League 1A-6 |
| Mascot | Golden Eagles |
| Rival | Sherman and Horizon Christian |
| Website |  |


title: WINW

abstract: WINW is a currently silent radio station licensed to Canton, Ohio. WINW is daytimer station, transmitting with 1,000 watts using a directional antenna with a four-tower array; but because AM 1520 is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A WWKB Buffalo, New York and KOKC Oklahoma City, WINW must sign-off at sunset to avoid interference. The transmitter is in Martindale Park in Canton, near Martindale Road NE. The station ceased broadcasting on March 22, 2024.

text:
# WINW

**WINW** (1520 kHz) is a currently silent radio station licensed to Canton, Ohio. WINW is daytimer station, transmitting with 1,000 watts using a directional antenna with a four-tower array; but because AM 1520 is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A WWKB Buffalo, New York and KOKC Oklahoma City, WINW must sign-off at sunset to avoid interference. The transmitter is in Martindale Park in Canton, near Martindale Road NE. The station ceased broadcasting on March 22, 2024.

## History

### Top 40 Era

WINW established a solid reputation as a Top 40 station in the 1960s and 1970s, using the slogan "WIN-Wonderful." Even as a daytime station with a highly directional 1,000-watt signal, it was successful in Canton for over a decade, sometimes approaching double digits in the ratings, despite its obvious signal limitations.

WINW had shared its frequency with WJMP located in nearby Kent, which made the Canton station difficult to hear in Northern Stark County. The station was originally built and run by Joseph Patterson "Patt" Wardlaw, Jr., who owned radio station KIST 1340 in Santa Barbara, California, and who had previously owned and operated WLEU in Erie, Pennsylvania. New AM Top 40 competition in the form of WQIO (Q-10) (now WILB), in late 1976, as well as the increasing popularity of FM radio stations, eventually brought an end to the glory years of "WIN-Wonderful."

### Adult Standards

WINW purchased FM station WHLQ (106.9) from Susquehanna Radio Corporation in 1978, changing its call sign to WOOS-FM, and installed an automated Top 40 format there, while WINW changed to an Adult Standards format in 1981 and then went through a string of format and call letter changes for the next 15 years.

WINW evolved into an adult contemporary station by the mid-1980s, became an automated oldies station in 1987, changed to album rock WRQK (AM) on February 14, 1989, when it was coupled with WRQK-FM, changed back to WINW on August 16, 1989, then changed once again to WPGY on April 5, 1996 (by that time owned by Sabre Communications, which was "parking" the WPGY call letters for use on its new FM in Elmira, New York), and finally changed back to WINW on March 27, 1997.

### Urban Gospel

The 1997 version of WINW was originally a Contemporary Christian station, but leased an increasing amount of its air time to preachers while playing Urban Gospel music. Eventually the station decided to go full time with urban gospel.

After many years using studios near its transmitter site on Martindale Road, N.E., WINW moved into new studios at 237 West Tuscarawas Street in downtown Canton not long after the format change to Gospel. The "WIN-Wonderful" sign from the station's Top 40 heyday remained standing outside the Martindale studio building until the mid-1990s.

### Transmitter Vandalism

On September 23, 2010, WINW's transmitter site was heavily vandalized - the victim of copper theft during the station's off-hours in the nighttime. Due to that and severed tower support cables, WINW was forced off the air for an extended period. Pinebrook Corp. also realized that a 2004 license renewal was dismissed and the station no longer had authority to operate. It returned to the air with a temporary wire antenna, but would eventually fall silent again on February 23, 2011.

The FCC deleted WINW's license from the records on March 3, 2011. However, on September 15, 2011, the FCC granted special temporary authority (STA), for WINW to resume operations, following a request by Pinebrook Corp., which claimed that repairs to the station's facilities were completed. The station returned to the air in December 2011.

## InfoBox

WINW
| Currently silent | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Canton metro area |
| Frequency | 1520 kHz |
| Branding | Joy 1520 WINW |
| Programming | |
| Format | Silent |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Cap III Media, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | April 14, 1966 (1966-04-14) |
| Former call signs | WINW (196689)
WRQK (1989)
WPGY (198997)
DWINW (2011) |
| Call sign meaning | "Win-Wonderful" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 8549 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 1,000 watts days only |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°50′41.2″N 81°21′1.4″W / 40.844778°N 81.350389°W / 40.844778; -81.350389 (WINW) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: Hoplodactylus

abstract: Hoplodactylus is a genus of geckos in the family Diplodactylidae. The genus is endemic to New Zealand, one of the seven genera of geckos found only in New Zealand. Hoplodactylus comprises two species of large to gigantic brownish lizards.

text:
# Hoplodactylus

***Hoplodactylus*** is a genus of geckos in the family Diplodactylidae. The genus is endemic to New Zealand, one of the seven genera of geckos found only in New Zealand. *Hoplodactylus* comprises two species of large to gigantic brownish lizards.

## Description

Species in this genus (now split into several genera) tend to have rather dull colouration with little variation on a generally brown/grey theme, although mottled greens are seen in some species, notably the forest gecko (*Mokopirirakau granulatus*). The one exception to this rule of general drabness in colouration is the striking "herring boned" colour pattern of green, brown, black and white that is displayed by the "Harlequin Gecko" (*Tukutuku rakiurae*).

Although generally species of this genus cannot compete with those of *Naultinus* in terms of their vivid and beautiful colouration, *Hoplodactylus* species do have the ability to subtly change their skin colour pattern to give better camouflage, thus reducing the risk of predation. "In some of the Hoplodactylus species, the ability to change colour provides a supplementary method of thermoregulation"(\*1). When basking in cold conditions they can darken their skin to increase the amount of heat absorbed and conversely they can lighten the shades in hot weather to reflect more light and keep cool. All species in this genus have more or less nocturnal activity patterns in contrast to the solely diurnal nature of *Naultinus* species and unlike species in the latter genus, are not purely arboreal and will forage on the ground.

*Hoplodactylus* species do not have *prehensile* tails and are thus generally less reluctant to drop them when disturbed by predators than species in the genus *Naultinus*.

Many species of the genus *Hoplodactylus* also have toes that are broader and more expanded than do their relatives in the genus *Naultinus*.

The key differences between New Zealand's two endemic gecko genera are summarised in the table below

| *Hoplodactylus* | *Naultinus* |
| --- | --- |
| Mainly grey-brown | Mainly green |
| Nocturnal | Diurnal |
| Terrestrial - sometimes on tree trunks | Arboreal: on foliage |
| Active-prey-searching | Sit-and-wait predator |
| Fast moving | Slow moving |
| Can change intensity of skin colour | Skin colour intensity cannot be changed |
| Wide, non-prehensile tails - readily shed | Narrow, tapering prehensile tails - reluctantly shed |
| Wider toe pad to assist climbing smooth surfaces in some species | Thin toe pads adapted for grasping twigs and foliage |

\*references used for this table;

## Species

*Hoplodactylus duvaucelii* is the largest species of gecko remaining in New Zealand, although due to predation by introduced mammals such as the brown rat their confirmed range is at present largely restricted to pest-free offshore islands. However, in 2010 a Duvaucel's gecko was caught in a trap near Maungatautari, indicating that there are remnant populations on the New Zealand mainland. In 2023, the population of Hoplodactylus from islands in Cook Strait was determined to be a distinct species, *Hoplodactylus tohu*, which is believed to have formerly had a range across the South Island.

The extinct *Hoplodactylus delcourti* is the largest known gecko in the world. It was first described in 1986, though the only known specimen was collected in the early 19th century but was overlooked in a French museum for more than a century. However, it was later shown by genetic evidence to be nested within New Caledonian geckos, warranting its placement in the separate genus *Gigarcanum,* meaning that it is unlikely that the specimen originated in New Zealand, and thus was probably not the kawekaweau of Maori legend.

## Species list

## Further reading

* Fitzinger L (1843). *Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae*. Vienna: Braumüller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (*Hoplodactylus*, new genus, p. 100). (in Latin).
* *New Zealand Geckos; A guide to captive maintenance and breeding*, RPV Rowlands, Ecoprint, 1999.

## InfoBox

| *Hoplodactylus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duvaucel's gecko (*Hoplodactylus duvaucelii*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Diplodactylidae |
| Genus: | *Hoplodactylus*<br>Fitzinger, 1843 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Jane Williams

abstract: Jane Williams was a British woman best known for her association with the Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Jane was raised in England and India, before marrying a naval officer and settling in London. She soon left him for another military officer, Edward Ellerker Williams. After Edward and she left England for Italy, they became acquainted with Percy and Mary Shelley. Though she never had a romantic relationship with Shelley, near the end of his life he became deeply infatuated with her and addressed several of his poems to her. After Shelley and Edward Williams perished in a boating accident, she lived with Thomas Jefferson Hogg, also a close friend of Shelley, and had two children with him. The rest of her life was spent as a housewife in London.

text:
# Jane Williams

**Jane Williams** (*née* **Jane Cleveland**; 21 January 1798  8 November 1884) was a British woman best known for her association with the Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Jane was raised in England and India, before marrying a naval officer and settling in London. She soon left him for another military officer, Edward Ellerker Williams. After Edward and she left England for Italy, they became acquainted with Percy and Mary Shelley. Though she never had a romantic relationship with Shelley, near the end of his life he became deeply infatuated with her and addressed several of his poems to her. After Shelley and Edward Williams perished in a boating accident, she lived with Thomas Jefferson Hogg, also a close friend of Shelley, and had two children with him. The rest of her life was spent as a housewife in London.

## Early life and first marriage

Jane was born in Marylebone into a wealthy family who owned an extensive library. Her mother gave birth to her when she was close to forty years old. Her father, who had spent much of his life working in India, died shortly after her birth. Her mother soon gambled away much of the family fortune. She was the family's fifth child.

As a girl, she learned to sing and to play the harp, the guitar, and the piano. By her mid teens, Jane possessed an annual annuity of only £30. Jane spent much of her early life around military officers. Her brother, John Wheeler Cleveland, was an officer in the British Army who eventually reached the rank of general. He was deployed to India as a young man. Jane spent part of her childhood in India. While in India, she learned Hindustani and remained proficient in the language throughout her life. She often incorporated Indian harmonies into her music.

After returning to London, she fell in love with John Edward Johnson, who was the captain of an East Indiaman. This was a potentially lucrative career, and they were married at St Pancras Old Church in 1814. Though she could have travelled with him, Jane remained at home. They soon separated, most likely due to abuse by John. Jane later said that she suffered "irreparable injuries" while married to him.

## Relationship with Edward Williams

After John Johnson left on a voyage in May 1817 Jane decided to leave him for Edward Ellerker Williams, to whom she may have been introduced by John. Williams was an Eton College graduate who had served in the Navy before becoming a lieutenant in the 8th Dragoons. Edwards had inherited enough money from his father, a military historian and descendant of Oliver Cromwell, to allow them to live comfortably. Although they never legally married, she became his common-law wife and began referring to herself as Mrs. Jane Williams. Their relationship initially drew disapprobation from their families, with Jane's brother and Edward's stepmother reproaching them for their decisions. Jane's brother later apologised, and declared Johnson a "vile fellow". Edward's stepmother, however, always resented Jane. Though long distance mail moved very slowly then, Jane and her husband exchanged angry letters shortly after she left him for Edward. When John returned to London in late 1818, he made no attempt to force Jane to return to him, although it was his legal right to do so.

Jane and Edward decided to leave London in 1819 after listening to Edward's friend Thomas Medwin discuss his travels of Europe. They travelled to Geneva in September 1819 and stayed in a house that Medwin had found for them. By the time they arrived, Jane was four months pregnant. In February 1820, she gave birth to their first child, Edward Medwin Williams. That summer, Jane became pregnant again. Medwin left Geneva in September 1820 to visit his cousin, Percy Shelley, in Pisa. Jane and Edward then travelled to France for several months, before joining Medwin and the Shelleys in Pisa in January 1821.

### In Italy

Jane and Edward enjoyed living in Italy and immediately got along well with Percy and Mary Shelley. Medwin soon left them to travel to Rome. Their second child, Jane Rosalind, was born in March 1821. While they lived in Pisa the Shelleys and the Williamses often dined and went for walks together. Edward and Percy Shelley soon became close friends and often went boating, though this practice made their wives nervous. Percy Shelley often read his poetry to Edward, who was very impressed by its quality. Shelley also encouraged Edward to begin writing a play himself.

That summer, both couples moved into nearby summer homes. In November, they returned to Pisa and met Lord Byron, who had recently arrived there himself. The two couples later shared a house in a remote location near Lerici, where they were visited in early 1822 by Edward John Trelawny. Though they enjoyed each other's company, the house was small and the arrangements led to numerous conflicts between the servants of each family.

## Shelley's infatuation

In June 1822, Mary Shelley suffered a miscarriage that left her depressed and irritable. After the conflicts this caused in her marriage, Percy Shelley developed strong feelings for Jane. He was particularly taken by her musical gifts and skill as a housewife. Shelley saw Jane as an ideal or even utopian woman, the embodiment of the qualities that he had always sought in a woman. This attraction and the close quarters in which the couples lived caused what has been described as "an extraordinary and mounting tension within the isolated household". Though she was flattered by the attention, Jane was careful not to reciprocate openly in order to avoid arousing her husband's suspicions. She was successful in her attempts to prevent Edward from suspecting infidelity on her part.

### Poetry

Shelley wrote eleven poems for Jane during that time. She served as the primary inspiration for the last poems that he wrote before his death. This did not bother Edward; he was proud that his wife inspired such poetry. Some biographers of Shelley have maintained that Shelley's feelings for Jane were strictly platonic, although different scholars have observed themes of frustrated sexual desires in Shelley's poetry during this period. Other critics have noted that Shelley's poems during this period struggle to define his feelings.

Having previously been drawn to other musical women, Shelley greatly appreciated her talents. Jane could skilfully play the flute, harp, and guitar. Shelley was particularly captivated by Jane's singing voice, to the extent that some commentators have suggested it had a hypnotic effect on him. Shelley once purchased a guitar for Jane, and commemorated the gift in the poem "With a Guitar, to Jane". In this poem, he ascribes to her voice the ability to alter the consciousnesses of her audience. Jane kept the guitar for her entire life and played it often. Shelley also purchased her a flageolet and wanted to give her a harp, but abandoned that plan due to its expense.

Shelley attempted to disguise his feelings for her in these poems because he expected that Edward and she would read them together. In some cases, Shelley addressed the poems that were inspired by his feelings for Jane to both Edward and Jane. After writing poems in which his affections were less disguised, such as "The Serpent is shut out from Paradise", he hinted to Edward that he did not want Jane to see the poem. Shelley also used Edward as a stand-in for himself, having Edward read poems to Jane that Shelley had filled with ambiguous pronouns and innuendos. During this time, Percy Shelley concealed many of his interactions with Jane from his wife Mary. Jane later passed on the poems that Shelley had given her to Thomas Medwin and Edward John Trelawny; Trelawny later published them.

## Return to England

In July 1822, Edward Williams and Percy Shelley drowned when their boat sank during a storm while returning to Lerici from Pisa. Shortly before their deaths, Jane dreamed of floods and on one occasion thought that she had seen Shelley's ghost through a window. After hearing of their deaths, Jane and Mary travelled back to Pisa for the funerals of their husbands; Williams and Shelley were cremated on consecutive days in August 1822. After Shelley's cremation, Jane was forced to settle a dispute between Mary Shelley and Leigh Hunt over what to do with what they believed was the unburnt heart of Percy Shelley. Though Hunt had initially taken it from Shelley's pyre, Mary insisted that he return it to her. Though Hunt was initially unwilling to do so, Jane later convinced him that it should be returned. Mary Shelley and Jane Williams briefly settled in Albaro, before proceeding to Genoa together. There they separated in September due to Jane's desire to quickly return to England. Jane brought Edward's ashes with her back to England.

Upon returning to England, Jane initially stayed with her elderly mother and often visited Vincent Novello and his family. Leigh Hunt was acquainted with Novello and had provided Jane with a letter of introduction. Novello enjoyed her company due to her excellent knowledge of music. When Edward's stepmother learned that Jane had returned, she unsuccessfully attempted to gain control of Edward's ashes and their children.

Though she initially contemplated returning to Italy, Jane remained in England, though she described it as a "vile country". Part of the reason she disliked England was the climate, which she blamed for her poor health upon returning to England. Though her legal husband, John Edward Johnson, lived in London as well, Jane referred to herself as a widow during that period. While Jane was in Italy, John Johnson had also told people that he was widowed in order to freely attempt to find a new wife. Soon after her return to England, Jane met Thomas Jefferson Hogg, a lawyer who had been a longtime friend of Percy Shelley, after Mary suggested that Jane consult him about Edward's estate. Hogg had been a schoolmate and a close friend of Percy Shelley, and was drawn to Jane immediately upon her return from Italy. Hogg immediately began pursuing her and in early 1823 they began regularly spending time together. In March 1823, Jane moved out of her mother's home into a home of her own due to renovations at her mother's house. This allowed Hogg to visit her more freely. In the summer and early autumn of 1823, however, Hogg left for northern England on business.

After Mary returned to England in 1823, Jane and Mary initially remained close friends and lived together in Kentish Town. During that time, Jane helped introduce Mary into society.

## Relationship with Hogg

Hogg's father died in late 1823. This removed one of the potential obstacles to him openly living with Jane, the possibility of his father disinheriting him. Jane was initially hesitant to pursue a relationship with Hogg, however. As a condition of her acceptance, she insisted that he qualify by taking a tour of Europe. He left England in August 1825 and returned nine months later. She moved into his house in April 1827, and shortly after became pregnant. Few people in London knew that they were not married, with the exception of Hogg's family and their close friends. Mary Shelley was particularly approving of their union.

In November 1827, Jane gave birth to Mary Prudentia Hogg after a difficult pregnancy. Mary Prudentia only lived 18 months, however, dying in May 1829. During Jane's pregnancy, Mary Shelley learned that Jane had spoken openly of Percy Shelley's attraction to her and coolness towards Mary late in his life. These revelations significantly hurt Mary's feelings. Their friendship survived, however, and Mary Shelley was selected as the godmother of Jane's daughter Prudentia Sarah Jefferson Hogg in 1836.

Jane's legal husband, who was still living in London, attempted to blackmail her in 1838 by publishing the details of her marital status in Barnard Gregory's *The Satirist*. Johnson published the notice after learning that she was living with a Mr. Hogg. He was mistaken as to the identity of her lover, however, and attempted to blackmail James Hogg, a Member of Parliament for Beverly. After James Hogg prepared to bring a libel suit, Johnson quickly disappeared. Although one journalist initially planned to publish the correct identities of the parties involved, at Mary Shelley's request Leigh Hunt convinced him not to publish the story. Johnson died in Hammersmith in 1840, ensuring an end to the matter. Though they were now free to marry, Jane and Thomas declined to marry in order not to draw attention to the fact that they had been unmarried for so long.

When Jane Rosalind and Henry, Leigh Hunt's son, became romantically involved, Jane strongly disapproved of the relationship. She sent Jane Rosalind to live with her old friend Claire Clairmont in France in an attempt to thwart the match. Clairmont, however, took Jane Rosalind's side and sent her back to England to be with Henry. Jane then relented and allowed them to marry, which they did in 1842. Jane's disapproval of the match caused serious offence to Leigh Hunt and his family.

After Hogg's father died, he had to opportunity to move into his family home north of London. Although he initially considered doing so, he chose to stay in London due to the expense that maintaining a large home would involve. Jane also enjoyed living in London, she visited with friends and often gardened with her husband in his later years. The family led a quiet and stable life together, though at times their finances were strained.

## Widowhood

Thomas Jefferson Hogg died in 1862. Though the bulk of Hogg's estate was left to their daughter Prudentia, Jane was provided for in the will as well.

Though Jane never used her connection with Shelley to gain any publicity, she did entertain prominent admirers and biographers of Shelley, including George Eliot and William Michael Rossetti. In the years before Hogg's death, a nephew of Jane's, one of John Cleveland's seven children, came to live with them after leaving the military due to an illness. Jane and her nephew, Harry Cleveland, became close friends and he began to run her household as she grew older. In her later years, Jane often read novels, played the piano, and spent time with Harry's daughter and her grandchildren.

She lived a long life, and in her later years often wrote on census forms that she was born later than she actually was. Shortly before she died in 1884, she had a stroke that left her deaf and bedridden. After her death, she was buried along with the ashes of Edward Williams next to Thomas Jefferson Hogg in Kensal Green Cemetery.

## Bibliography

* Angeli, Helen Rossetti (1911), *Shelley and his friends in Italy*, Brentano's
* Crook, Nora; Webb, Timothy (1997), *The Faust Draft Notebook: A Facsimile of Bodleian MS. Shelley adds. e.18*, Bodleian Shelley Manuscripts, vol. 19, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-8153-1154-6
* Garnett, Richard (1900). "Williams, Edward Elliker". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 61. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
* Garnett, Richard (1891). "Hogg, Thomas Jefferson". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 27. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 104.
* Gribble, Francis Henry (1911), *The romantic life of Shelley and the sequel*, G.P. Putnam's Sons, ISBN 978-0-8383-1566-8
* Jeaffreson, John Cordy (1885), *The Real Shelley: New Views of the Poet's Life*, vol. 2, Hurst and Blackett
* Matthews, G.M. (1961), "Shelley and Jane Williams", *The Review of English Studies* (45), Oxford University Press: 40–48, doi:10.1093/res/XII.45.40
* Mellor, Anne Kostelanetz (1989), *Mary Shelley: her life, her fiction, her monsters*, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-90147-5
* Norman, Sylva (1934), Norman, Sylva (ed.), *After Shelley: The Letters of Thomas Jefferson Hogg to Jane Williams*, Oxford University Press
* O'Neill, Michael; Reiman, Donald H. (1997), *Shelley VIII: Fair-Copy Manuscripts of Shelley's Poems in European and American Libraries*, Manuscripts of the Younger Romantics, vol. 7, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-8153-1151-5
* Rees, Joan (1985), *Shelley's Jane Williams*, William Kimber, ISBN 978-0-7183-0549-9
* Salt, Henry Stephens (1887), *A Shelley primer*, Reeves and Turner
* Seymour, Miranda (2002), *Mary Shelley*, Grove Press, ISBN 978-0-8021-3948-1
* Vatalaro, Paul (2009), *Shelley's music: fantasy, authority, and the object voice*, Ashgate, ISBN 978-0-7546-6233-4

## InfoBox

| Jane Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Jane Williams by George Clint | |
| Born | Jane Cleveland
(1798-01-21)21 January 1798
Marylebone, London, England |
| Died | 8 November 1884(1884-11-08) (aged 86)
London, England |
| Resting place | Kensal Green Cemetery |
| Occupation | Housewife |
| Known for | Inspiring poems by Percy Bysshe Shelley |
| Spouse | John Edward Johnson  (m. 1814; died 1840) |
| Partner(s) | Edward Ellerker Williams
Thomas Jefferson Hogg |
| Children | Edward Medwin Williams
Jane Rosalind Williams
Mary Prudentia Hogg
Prudentia Sarah Jefferson Hogg |
| Parent(s) | John and Mary Cleveland |


title: Nerita balteata

abstract: Nerita balteata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae.

text:
# Nerita balteata

***Nerita balteata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae.

## Description

The length of the shell is 11.5-33.8 mm.

## Distribution

Peninsular Malaysia

## Habitat

Mangrove forests.

This species can be used as bioindicator of heavy metals in its environment, because it accumulates cadmium, nickel and lead in its shell and copper, zinc and iron in its soft tissues.

* Hill, D. S. The Neritidae (Mollusca; Prosobranchia) of Hong Kong. In: Morton B, editor. Proceedings of the first International workshop on the malacofaunal of Hong Kong and Southern China. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. 85–99.

## InfoBox

| *Nerita balteata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Nerita balteata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Neritimorpha |
| Order: | Cycloneritida |
| Family: | Neritidae |
| Genus: | *Nerita* |
| Species: | ***N. balteata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nerita balteata***<br>Reeve, 1855 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nerita (Amphinerita) articulata* Gould, 1847 (junior synonym) * *Nerita (Cymostyla) balteata* Reeve, 1855 accepted, alternate representation * *Nerita (Nerita) articulata* A. Gould, 1847 (nomen dubium) * *Nerita (Pila) birmanica* Troschel, 1878 (a junior synonym) * *Nerita articulata* A. Gould, 1847 * *Nerita lineata* Gmelin, 1791 (non Müller, 1774) | |


title: Riku Matsuda (footballer, born 1999)

abstract: Riku Matsuda is a Japanese footballer who plays for JEF United Chiba. His regular playing position is right full-back.

text:
# Riku Matsuda (footballer, born 1999)

**Riku Matsuda** (松田 陸, *Matsuda Riku*, born 3 May 1999) is a Japanese footballer who plays for JEF United Chiba. His regular playing position is right full-back.

## Career

After graduating from Maebashi Ikuei High School, with whom he won the All Japan High School Soccer Tournament, Matsuda signed for Gamba Osaka ahead of the 2018 J1 League season. He debuted for Gamba's Under-23 side in week 2 of the 2018 J3 League, coming on as a 58th-minute substitute for Yuto Mori in a 4-1 defeat away to Kagoshima United.

Matsuda played a total of 24 games, including 23 starts, in his first season of senior football to help Gamba U-23 finish 6th in the final standings. He didn't feature in any of Gamba's top team's matches but was named on the substitutes bench twice, once in the J.League and once in the J.League Cup.

## Career statistics

Last update: *2 December 2018*

| Club performance | | | League | | Cup | | League Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | | | League | | Emperor's Cup | | League Cup | | Asia | |  | | Total | |
| 2018 | Gamba Osaka | J1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 0 | 0 |
| 2019 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 0 | 0 |

## Reserves performance

Last Updated: 2 December 2018

| Club performance | | | League | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|
| Japan | | | League | | Total | |
| 2018 | Gamba Osaka U-23 | J3 | 24 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| 2019 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 24 | 0 | 24 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Riku Matsuda
松田 陸
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Riku Matsuda | | |
| Date of birth | (1999-05-03) May 3, 1999 | | |
| Place of birth | Fujioka, Gunma, Japan | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | JEF United Chiba | | |
| Number | 36 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Milestri SC | | |
|  | Maebashi FC | | |
|  | Maebashi Ikuei High School | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018–2020 | Gamba Osaka | 2 | (0) |
| 2018–2020 | Gamba Osaka U-23 | 78 | (1) |
| 2021–2023 | Zweigen Kanazawa | 81 | (2) |
| 2023– | JEF United Chiba | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 August 2022 | | | |


title: Tingena levicula

abstract: Tingena levicula is a species of moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand.

text:
# Tingena levicula

***Tingena levicula*** is a species of moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described by Alfred Philpott using specimens collected by Charles Edwin Clarke at Flat Mountain near Lake Manapouri at an altitude of about 4,000 ft in December. Philpott named *Borkhausenia levicula*. In 1939 George Hudson discussed and illustrated this species under the name *B. levicula*. In 1988 J. S. Dugdale placed this species in the genus *Tingena*. The male holotype specimen, collected at Flat Top Mountain, is held at the Auckland War Memorial Museum.

## Description

Philpott described this species as follows:

> ♂ . 13 mm. Head, palpi and thorax whitish ochreous mixed with brown. Antennae ochreous closely annulated with fuscous, ciliations in ♂34. Abdomen grey, brassy tinged. Legs grey mixed with ochreous and brown. Forewings narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely oblique; greyish white mixed with dark fuscous; markings pale ochreous mixed with dark fuscous; a rather broad fascia from costa at base to dorsum at about 13; a similar fascia from costa at 14 to dorsum at 23; a third fascia from costa at 12 to above tornus where it coalesces with an inwardly oblique fascia from costa at 45 ; a moderately broad band round termen: fringes greyish white mixed with ochreous and fuscous. Hindwings grey: fringes grey with obscure darker basal line.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in Fiordland.

## Behaviour

The adults of this species are on the wing in December.

## InfoBox

| *Tingena levicula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male holotype | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Oecophoridae |
| Genus: | *Tingena* |
| Species: | ***T. levicula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tingena levicula***<br>(Philpott, 1930) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Borkhausenia levicula* Philpott, 1930 | |


title: Holly Norton

abstract: Holly Norton is a South African–British rower.

text:
# Holly Norton

**Holly Norton** (born 1 January 1993) is a South AfricanBritish rower.

## Biography

Born and raised in Harare, Zimbabwe, Holly's family moved to South Africa in 2003. It was at St Stithians Girl's College that she first took up rowing.

She was part of the British team that topped the medal table at the 2015 World Rowing Championships at Lac d'Aiguebelette in France, where she won a silver medal as part of the coxless four with Rebecca Chin, Karen Bennett and Lucinda Gooderham. She won the gold medal in the coxless four at the 2016 World Rowing Championships with Donna Etiebet, Holly Nixon and Fiona Gammond.

Norton formerly represented South Africa as a junior rower. She rowed collegiately for the Ohio State Buckeyes, and helped the team to three consecutive NCAA national championship titles in 2013, 2014 and 2015. She currently rows for the Leander Club.

## InfoBox

Holly Norton
| Holly Norton | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 1 January 1993 (1993-01) (age 31)<br>Harare, Zimbabwe |
| Home town | Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Education | BSc Psychology from Ohio State University |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Great Britain |
| College team | Ohio State Buckeyes |
| Club | Leander |
| Medal record      Women's rowing  Representing  Great Britain  World Championships  2016 Rotterdam Coxless four  2015 Aiguebelette Coxless four  European Championships  2018 Glasgow Eight  2019 Lucerne Eight  2017 Račice Coxless pair  Representing  South Africa  World Junior Championships  2011 Eton Coxless pair | |


title: Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple

abstract: Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple is a Hindu temple located in Vazhappally near Changanassery in Kottayam district in the Indian state of Kerala. The temple is administered by the Travancore Devaswom Board. The temple is believed to be constructed by the first Chera king of Kodungallur. The legends suggest that the installation of the idol of god Mahadeva (Shiva) was performed by Parasurama himself. This temple is one among the 108 Shiva temples established by Parasurama. It is one of the few temples in Kerala where two nalambalams and two flag-masts are dedicated. The temple, a Grama Kshetra, also contains some seventeenth century wood carvings depicting figurines from epics. A Vattezhuttu inscription on the northern part of the base of the cultural shrine indicates that the repairs were completed in Kollam Era 840 (1665 CE).

text:
# Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple

**Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple** is a Hindu temple located in Vazhappally near Changanassery in Kottayam district in the Indian state of Kerala. The temple is administered by the Travancore Devaswom Board. The temple is believed to be constructed by the first Chera king of Kodungallur. The legends suggest that the installation of the idol of god Mahadeva (Shiva) was performed by Parasurama himself. This temple is one among the 108 Shiva temples established by Parasurama. It is one of the few temples in Kerala where two nalambalams and two flag-masts are dedicated. The temple, a Grama Kshetra, also contains some seventeenth century wood carvings (daru silpas) depicting figurines from epics. A Vattezhuttu inscription on the northern part of the base of the cultural shrine indicates that the repairs were completed in Kollam Era 840 (1665 CE).

## The Legend

In the time of Pallibana perumal, it was decided to convert the Neelamperoor Shiva Temple into a Buddhist monastery. It is believed that the ten Brahmin families (later known as Pattiyillam Pottimar) came to Vazhappally by shaking the Shiva Linga of the temple of Neelamperoor and then merged with the existing shiva temple in Vazhappally. The Shiva lingam brought from Neelamperoor was first placed in the Devalokam at north part of Vazhappally gramam. Later, when they tried to shake the Shiva Linga but was unable to do so, Parasurama appeared to the grieving Brahmin family and offered him the Shiva Linga he had worshiped and advised him to build the temple on the Ardhanariswara concept. He built a huge shrine for the Shiva Linga and the Parvati idol.

The sanctum sanctorum was built inside the three walls of the rounded stone granite shrine to the east of the Shiva Linga and to the west the Parvathi idol. Dakshinamoorthy and Ganapathi were placed inside the sanctum sanctorum as a vision south. In the south-eastern corner of the Nambalam, there was a large Tidapalli built. Raja built the subshrine temple for Sastha at the Kannimoola outside the Nambalam temple. He was promoted to the position of temple tantric rites to the Taranalloor series and the Tulu Brahmin family of Kasaragod for priests for daily pooja. The main priest was appointed as an umbrella and provided accommodation in the Kuthasanthi Math.

## History

The temple was very popular in the second Chera dynasty. After the fall of the Cheras, the place came under several rulers, the Thekkumkur and Travancore kings were prominent, witnessed many brutal wars, treachery, murder and annihilation. However, in all these cases, the temple was saved from destruction by the will of God and the prayers of the devotees. The legend behind this concept is that Chera king Palli Bana Perumal, when de-throwned by the Bhattas (learned Brahmins) following a defeat in argument, traveled to Neelamperoor. The news came to the ears of the Potti Leaders of the Pathu Illams (Chengazhi Muttam, Kainikkara, Eravi Mangalam, Kunnithidasserry, Athrasserry, Kolencherry, Kizhangazhuthu, Kannancherry, Thalavana etc.), that the king is going to install his own personal idol at Neelamperoor. The Potti Leaders of the Pathu Illams thus managed to run with the idol of Neelamperoor Shiva and install it at Vazhappally.

### Ten Illoms

The temple administration belonged to ten Brahmin families (ten illoms). These ten Brahmin families came from Neelamperoor village later settled in Vazhappally. Their temple administration lasted until the end of the 17th century. These are the ten Brahmin families are "Changazhimuttom, Kainikkara, Iravimangalom, Kunnithidasseri, Athrsseri, Kolancheri, Kizhangezhuthu, Kizhakkumbhagom, Kannancheri, Thalavana". The famous Copper scripts (Vazhappally Inscription) was recovered from one of this mattu "Thalavana Mutt". The main rituals in the Vazhappally temple were conducted by the monks of the Changazhimutttom Mutt.

### Cheraman Perumal

Rajasekhara Varman (820-844 CE) was the second emperor of the Kulasekhara series. His story is recounted in the Chekkizhar Periyapuranam. It is believed that during his tenure, the steps were taken to renovate the Vazhappally temple. Rajasekhara Varma is said to have been the contemporary of Adi Shankaracharya, as he is mentioned in the Adi Shankaracharya and Shankaracharya victory of Madhavacharya. The oldest inscription received from Kerala is the Vazhappally inscription by Rajasekhara Varman (Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty.

### Raja Chempakassery

In ancient times, the temple had 54,000 para paddy fields (Punja nilam). The soldiers of the Chembakassery Raja killed a Unni of the Changazhimuttam madom family at Venattukara in Kuttanad, who had gone there to gauge the "Pata Nelu" of Devaswom. The Brahmins of temple urazhma installed a brahma rakshas in the temple to satisfy the Brahma rakshas of Changazhimattum Unni. Additionally a hanging tree was erected in front of the Rakshas shrine and the statue of Raja of Chembakassery was hanged. But later, these forms were removed in the late 19th century. Chempakassery Raja offered pujas to the temple as a sign of repentance for killing Unni. Raja appointed the members of the Thiruvenkathapuram Warrior as the heirs of "Panthiradi Choru".

## Vazhappally copper plate

Vazhappally copper plate, dated to early 9th century CE, is the earliest available inscription in Malayalam language. It is a temple committee resolution in the presence of the Chera king of Kodungallur Rama "Rajasekhara" (9th century CE) Rajasekhara is usually identified by scholars with Cheraman Perumal Nayanar**,** the venerated Shaiva (Nayanar) poet-musician.

The inscription (incomplete) is engraved in an old form of Malayalam in Vattezhuthu and Grantha scripts. It was inscribed in copper sheet and is an agreement between administrators of Vazhappally temple 18 citizens of a place and also describe the punishment if the temple rituals do not follow for Thiruvattuvai temple (Thiru Vazhappally Temple). This proclamation was understandably for strengthening the stature and status of Vazhappally and Vazhappally Siva temple

1. "Travancore Devaswom Board goes in for modernisation of temple prasadam production".
2. Book Title: The Collected Aithihyamaala - The Garland of legends from Kerala Volume 1-3, Author: Kottarathil Sankunni Translated by Leela James, ISBN 978-93-5009-968-1; Publisher: Hachette Book Publishing india Pvt Ltd, 4/5 floor, Corporate Centre, Plot No.:94, Sector 44, Gurgaon, India 122003; (First published in Bhashaposhini Literary Magazine in 1855~1937)
3. Book Title: Kerala District Gazetteers: Palghat; Gazetteer of India Volume 6 of Kerala District Gazetteers, Kerala (India) Authors Kerala (India), C. K. Kareem Publisher printed by the Superintendent of Govt. Presses, 1976 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 2 Sep 2008 Subjects History › Asia › India & South Asia History / Asia / India & South Asia Kerala (India)
4. Book Title: Cultural Heritage of Kerala; Author Name: A. Sreedhara Menon; Publisher Name: D.C. Books, 2008; ISBN 8126419032, 9788126419036; Length 312 pages
5. Kottarathil, Sankunni (2018). *Aithihyamala (Malayalam)*. 1 (Issue No. 1 ed.). Kottayam, Kerala, India: DC Books. p. 20. ISBN 9780195698893.
6. Biju, Mathew (September 2017). *Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage*. 1 (Issue No. 10 ed.). Kacheripady, Kochi, India: Info Kerala Communications Pvt. Ltd. p. 155. ISBN 978-81-934567-0-5.
7. Bibliographic information QR code for Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India Title Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, Volume 24 Contributor Epigraphical Society of India Publisher The Society, 1998 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 8 May 2008
8. Narayan, M. G. S. (1988). The Perumalas of Kerala: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala under the Chera Perumals of Makotai, University of Calicut. pp. 76, 77, 88-89.
9. Noburu Karashmia (ed.), *A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.* New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143.
10. Veluthat, Kesavan. "The Temple and the State in Medieval South India." *Studies in People’s History*, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 15–23.
11. Narayanan, M. G. S. *Perumāḷs of Kerala.* Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-66, 88-95, 107.
12. Title Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, Volume 24 Contributor Epigraphical Society of India Publisher The Society, 1998 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 8 May 2008
13. Book Title: The Dravidian Languages; Author/Edited by: Sanford B. Steever; Publisher: Routledge, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE; British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data; ISBN 0-415-10023-2 First published 1998
14. Mathew, Alex - *Political identities in History* (2006) Unpublished Doctoral Thesis (M. G. University)
15. Book Title: EARLY TAMIL EPIGRAPHY, Volume 62 Early Tamil Epigraphy Volume 62 of Harvard oriental series Editor Iravatham Mahadevan Edition illustrated Publisher Cre-A, 2003 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 17 May 2008 ISBN 0674012275, 9780674012271 Length 719 pages

## InfoBox

| Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| Eastern entrance of Vazhappally temple | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Kottayam |
| Deity |  |
| Festivals |  |
| Location | |
| Location | Vazhappally, Changanassery |
| State | Kerala |
| Country | India |
| Location within Kerala | |
| Geographic coordinates | 9°27′21.852″N 76°31′35.8824″E / 9.45607000°N 76.526634000°E / 9.45607000; 76.526634000 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Kerala Architecture |
| Creator | Rebuilt by Cheraman Perumal (Nayanar) |
| Completed | Rebuilt in 820 CE |
| Temple(s) | 2 |
| Inscriptions | Vazhappally copper plate |


abstract: A Treatise on the Law of the Prerogatives of the Crown is an 1820 legal text by Joseph Chitty. The text provides the most comprehensive list of royal prerogative powers in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Treatise on the Law of the Prerogatives of the Crown

***A Treatise on the Law of the Prerogatives of the Crown*** (full title: *A Treatise on the Law of the Prerogatives of the Crown; and the Relative Duties and Rights of the Subject*) is an 1820 legal text by Joseph Chitty. The text provides the most comprehensive list of royal prerogative powers in the United Kingdom.

1. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)


title: Niya (mythology)

abstract: Niya is a Lechitic god of the underworld of unknown sex, whose exact functions are unknown. Niya is mentioned together with other gods worshipped by Poles, such as Yesha, Łada, or Devana. Niya's cult may be demonstrated by the sayings "Go to Niye" and "Dwell in Nya" collected by Polish ethnographer Aleksander Brückner. In recent years, the confidence in the authenticity of Niya has increased in the scientific community.

text:
# Niya (mythology)

**Niya** (Polish: Nyja IPA: \[nɨja\], Nija IPA: \[ɲja\], Latin: Nya) is a Lechitic god of the underworld of unknown sex, whose exact functions are unknown. Niya is mentioned together with other gods worshipped by Poles, such as Yesha, Łada, or Devana. Niya's cult may be demonstrated by the sayings "Go to Niye" ("pójść do Nyje") and "Dwell in Nya" ("bydlić w Nyi") collected by Polish ethnographer Aleksander Brückner. In recent years, the confidence in the authenticity of Niya has increased in the scientific community.

## Etymology

According to Stanisław Urbańczyk, the name Niya comes from the root *ny-*, which appears in the Old Polish word *nyć*, meaning "to fade, disappear". The variant *naw* appears in Ruthenian and Bulgarian in the forms nav, navje, navka. Andrzej Szyjewski agrees with this claim, adding that Niya is an echo of the proto-Slavic word **nawь* meaning "corpse", "deceased." In Bulgarian spells, there are "twelve naves" as evil demons spreading the plague, and South Slavic *navije* or *navje* are seen as evil birds harassing pregnant women. In the Eastern Slavs, "navya bone" was used in rites related to death. In other Slavic languages *nici* means "lying face downwards" which indicates the downward direction and chthonic afterlife.

Oleg Trubachyov also noted the relationship between the proto-Slavic word **navь* and the Proto-Indo-European word **nāu*, meaning "to flow", and pointed to the Latin word *navis* meaning "boat". This would connect Niya with the function of a psychopomp and in that case would be the equivalent of the Greek Charon.

Aleksander Brückner took the name from the word *niti* meaning "to rot", "to molder".

## Sources

The first source mentioning a deity named Niya is theologian Lucas of Wielki Koźmin. As the most likely author of the *Gniezno sermon* created in the years 1410–1412 for bishop Wojciech Jastrzębiec, he wrote:

> One should pay attention to those who say ungodly things today in dances or elsewhere in performances, consider unclean things in their hearts, shout out and mention the names of idols, and consider whether conversion to God the Father is possible. Certainly not. For it is forbidden to hear freely these holidays, which unfortunately celebrate according to what was left of the rites of the accursed pagans of our ancestors, unless for punishment, as once the shout of the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah rose. For at this festival indecent exposure and other abominations, which the Apostle says should not even be named because of God the Father. However, due to the fact that preachers have arrived, such things cease, and in many places they have already ceased \[...\] There is no other name under heaven in which we can be saved. For a man is not saved in the name of Lado, Jassa, !Quia, **Nija**, but in the name of Jesus Christ ... Not Lada, not Jassa, not **Nija**, which are the names of idols worshiped here in Poland, as some chronicles of Poles testify ...
>
> Lucas of Wielki Koźmin, *Gniezno sermon* (1420–1422)

*Statua provincialia breviter* from 1420–1422 mentions the name of the god as Tya/Tiya:

> Also forbid clapping and singing which calls the names of the gods Lado, Yleli, Yassa, and **Tya**, which were used to celebrate during Green week.
>
> Mikołaj Trąba, *Gniezno sermon* (1410–1412)

Jan Długosz describes the cult of Nya, presenting him as the Polish equivalent of Pluto and his temple in Gniezno:

> They called Pluto **Niya**, considering him the god of the underworld and the guardian and protector of souls when they leave the body. To him they prayed that the introduction would be after death to better places in the underground. For these souls \[or: this god\], the most important temple was built in the city of Gniezno, to which pilgrims came from all sides.
>
> Jan Długosz, *Annales seu cronici incliti regni Poloniae* (1455–1480)

After Długosz, the cult of Nya is described by Maciej Stryjkowski:

> Pluto, also the infernal god, whom they called **Nya**, praised the evening, and also asked him for a better and earlier place in hell and rain, or to tame the bad weather, whose church was the holiest in Gniezno, as Dlugosus testifies.
>
> Maciej Stryjkowski, *O starodawnych ceremoniach albo raczej szaleństwach ruskich, polskich, żmudzkich, litewskich, liflandskich i pruskich obywatelów bałwochwalców i różność ich bogów fałszywych* (1582)

Jakub Parkoszowic writes about Nya as a god of Poles independently of sources from Jan Długosz in his *traktat o ortografii polskiej* ("treatise on Polish orthography"):

> whenever it came soft "n" ... , they were always written with a double "y" in front of the appropriate vowel ... Such spelling was not enough to differentiate, because between "**Nija**", which was the name of the idol, and "nia", a syllable in the word 'gniazdo', there was no difference in spelling.

After Długosz, the cult of Nya is also described by Maciej Miechowita. Niya was also mentioned by Marcin Bielski and his son Joachim and by priest Jakub Wujek together with other gods worshipped by Poles. *Sermones per circulum anni Cunradi* from 1423 mentions about god named *Yaya* which is believed to be other version of name of Niya.

## Description

### Temple in Gniezno

When writing about Niya, Długosz mentions a temple that was to be built in his honour in Gniezno. Archaeological research carried out at Lech Hill revealed the presence of a stone structure in the form of a mound on which were found fragments of animal bones and early-medieval ceramics, probably representing traces of sacrifices there. In addition, at the top of the hill there was a periodically wet basin, which in the theological vision of the world could emphasize the sacred (aquatic-chtonic) character of the place. Archaeologist Paweł Szczepanik interprets it as a remnant of a cult site corresponding to the temple mentioned in the chronicle of Długosz.

### Interpretations

Grzegorz Niedzielski believes that Tiya (and/or Diya) is not a distortion of the name Niya but rather the other name of Niya. He derives Diya and Tiya from *dąć*, *tchnąć* – "to blow, breathe" from which comes *dech*, *tchnienie* – "breath", followed by *duch* "spirit", *dusza* "soul", *natchnienie* "inspiration". The Greek term for god – *θεός* (*theós*) – is to come from the same indoeuropean root **dheu*-. He also notes the connections between characters with similar names and the underworld in Greek mythology: nymph Thynia is said to be the mother of Delphus who replaced Python as Delphic oracle and the name Python is derived from the same root as the Indic mythological serpent Ahi Budhnya and badnjak. Semele changed her name to Thyone after she was rescued by her son Dionysus from Hades and she is related to Dionysian frenzy – inspiration. Anthesteria is festival of Dionysus where dead were resurrected. A similar relationship can be found in Slavdom: vilas, Bulgarian *wilněja* ("crazy, someone who lost his mind"), Czech *wilny* ("voluptuous"), Slavic velna ("wave, waters") and Panslavic god of underground Veles (probably from **wel* – death). Latin word *thya*, *thyon* means "fragrant tree" and brings to mind a wooden log depicting badnjak. He also notes the similarity of the names of Niya, badnjak, badnik and bannik, suggesting the common sound cluster "b-(d)-n-j" (also existing in the name Ahi Budhnya), similar to the word *bezdenna \[przepaść\]*, the "bottomless \[pit\]" connected to the abode of god of underground. In that case Niya's name could mean "Disappearing \[in the abyss\]" and be equivalent to the meaning of Hades's name "The Unseen One, The Invisible One".

For Alexander Gieysztor, Niya is the equivalent of Pluto. Brückner, who was hypercritical of the Długosz pantheon, said that Niya could indeed be a pagan remnant. According to Krzysztof Witczak, Niya is the Slavic equivalent of the Greek goddess Enyo. Both were supposed to be the remains of a proto-Indo-European goddess, "the perpetrator, the performer of disappearance, i.e. drying, disappearing", and reconstructed the name of this goddess as **Nūyā*. Szczepaniak states that Niya is a female deity, caring for the dead, human fate and the community of the living. For Kolankiewicz, Niya was the equivalent of Veles as guardian of souls of the dead and synonymous with the moon.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Niya | |
| --- | --- |
| Underworld | |
| *Nyja*, Marek Hapon, 2017 | |
| Other names | Nya, Tiya, Yaya |
| Venerated in | Poland |
| Major cult center | Gniezno |
| Equivalents | |
| Greek equivalent | Hades |
| Roman equivalent | Pluto |


title: NSU German History X

abstract: NSU German History X is the American name for the 2016 German TV miniseries Mitten in Deutschland: NSU. The three-part series dramatizes the true events and characters of the National Socialist Underground, a neo-Nazi German terrorist group that was uncovered in November 2011. The show was licensed and syndicated by Netflix for US audiences in 2017, but in July 2020, it was removed.

text:
# NSU German History X

***NSU German History X*** is the American name for the 2016 German TV miniseries ***Mitten in Deutschland: NSU***. The three-part series dramatizes the true events and characters of the National Socialist Underground, a neo-Nazi German terrorist group that was uncovered in November 2011.

The show was licensed and syndicated by Netflix for US audiences in 2017, but in July 2020, it was removed.

## Episodes

The story is told through three ninety-minute episodes. The first one shows how Beate Zschäpe became involved in the group, along with Uwe Mundlos and Uwe Böhnhardt. Episode two focuses on the victims of their terror campaigns, and the last episode presents the police investigation that ultimately uncovered and thwarted the group.

1. *Die Täter – Heute ist nicht alle Tage* (directed by Christian Schwochow)
2. *Die Opfer – Vergesst mich nicht* (directed by Züli Aladağ)
3. *Die Ermittler – Nur für den Dienstgebrauch* (directed by Florian Cossen)

## InfoBox

| *NSU German History X* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Historical drama |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | Germany |
| Original language | German |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 3 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Netflix |
| Release | 2016 (2016) |


title: Pegas (bicycle company)

abstract: Pegas is the name of a bicycle produced in Romania since 1972 when the first adult model came on the market.

text:
# Pegas (bicycle company)

**Pegas** is the name of a bicycle produced in Romania since 1972 when the first adult model came on the market.

## History

Production started in 1972 in Mechanical Plant Tohan (*Uzina Mecanică Tohan*, originally an armaments factory), the first model for adults coming to market that year. In 1975 Pegas introduced a bicycle for children and a stationary bicycle for indoor exercise. In the 1980s series Pegas diversified to multi-speed bicycles, including the five-speed Pegas 1027 Campion. In the 1990s it introduced 18-speed mountain bikes and hybrids, as well as a stationary bicycle equipped with electronic readouts.

The brand's logo, the winged horse Pegasus, is borrowed from Greek mythology as a "symbol of poetic inspiration" and of courage, swiftness, and adventurous spirit. One of the plant's slogans is taken from a letter written by French writer Gustave Flaubert: "Pegasus walks more often than he gallops; talent consists in making him take the desired pace."

## Workshop Pegas

In 2012, no-one owned the rights to the Pegas name, so Romanian Andrei Botescu quickly registered the trademark.

Raising 70,000 euros ($77,000; £55,000) from savings, family, friends, and bank loans, he quit his medical research job and set up his business Workshop Pegas. Mr Botescu had no prior experience of either making bicycles, or running a business, but after taking on a specialist bike designer, his company was up and running.

In 2013 the firm sold 500 bicycles, which then doubled in 2014, and reached 3,000 in 2015. To help build up sales, Mr Botescu was savvy with his promotional work, setting up a Facebook page, a YouTube channel and Instagram account.

## InfoBox

Pegas
|
|  |
| Industry | Cycle manufacture |
| Founded | 1972 (1972) |
| Headquarters | Bucharest, Romania |
| Key people | Andrei Botescu |
| Products | Bicycles (including workbikes) and tricycles |
| Number of employees | 50 |
| Website | bicicletapegas.ro |