title: Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge

abstract: The Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge, more commonly known as the Russian Gulch Bridge, is a reinforced concrete open-spandrel deck arch bridge on California State Highway 1, spanning Russian Gulch Creek in Russian Gulch State Park, Mendocino County, California, United States. It is named after Frederick W. Panhorst, who served as the Chief of the Bridge Section of the California Division of Highways from 1931 to 1960.

text:
# Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge

The **Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge**, more commonly known as the **Russian Gulch Bridge**, is a reinforced concrete open-spandrel deck arch bridge on California State Highway 1, spanning Russian Gulch Creek in Russian Gulch State Park, Mendocino County, California, United States. It is named after Frederick W. Panhorst, who served as the Chief of the Bridge Section of the California Division of Highways from 1931 to 1960.

## Design

The bridge was designed by Henry E. Kuphal. It is similar in design to the more famous Bixby Creek Bridge several hundred miles south on the same highway, but in contrast to the Bixby Creek Bridge, its arch is supported only by the two rocky headlands on either side without need for buttresses. Its main span is 73.2 m (240 ft) long, and its total length is 160.6 m (527 ft); it carries an average of 10,500 vehicles per day.

Two nearby bridges to the north in Jug Handle State Natural Reserve and across Hare Creek also have a similar open spandrel concrete deck arch design.

## History

Prior to the bridge's opening, traffic across the gulch was carried on a wooden trestle bridge, built in 1911, that was designed to support the weight of a 6-horse team but was inadequate for later motorized vehicle traffic.

The present bridge was constructed at the expense of US$109,000 from 1939 to 1940, and it was dedicated by governor Culbert Olson on June 9, 1940. In 1996–1998, the Russian Gulch Bridge and eleven other Mendocino County bridges underwent seismic retrofitting, at a total cost of US$9.7 million.

The Russian Gulch Bridge was renamed to be the Frederick W. Panhorst bridge in 1974, by California Senate Concurrent Resolution 145. Panhorst was Chief of the Bridge Section of the California Division of Highways from 1931 to 1960, and served as a director for the American Society of Civil Engineers.

## Evaluation

Retired California bridge engineer Arthur Elliott considered the Russian Gulch Bridge to be the most beautiful of California's concrete arch bridges, and it is the frequent subject of photographs. The columns of the bridge are spaced more widely as they become longer, adding to its aesthetics. It is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places as the embodiment of a typical mid-20th-century open-spandrel concrete arch bridge, and as an example of the late-career work of Kuphal.

In 2007, Caltrans bridge engineer Barton Newton called the bridge "functionally obsolete" due to its narrow deck, but stated that the bridge was structurally sound.

## InfoBox

| Russian Gulch Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| The Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge, as seen from the beach in Russian Gulch State Park. | |
| Coordinates | 39°19′45″N 123°48′16.5″W / 39.32917°N 123.804583°W / 39.32917; -123.804583 |
| Carries | SR 1 |
| Crosses | Russian Gulch Creek |
| Locale | Russian Gulch State Park, Mendocino County, California, United States |
| Official name | Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge |
| Maintained by | California Department of Transportation |
| ID number | CA 10-151, BH 11140 |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | open-spandrel deck arch bridge |
| Material | Reinforced concrete |
| Total length | 160.6m |
| Longest span | 73.2m |
| No. of spans | 1 |
| History | |
| Designer | Henry E. Kuphal |
| Construction start | 1939 |
| Construction end | 1940 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Tianqi porcelain

abstract: Tianqi porcelain or ko sometsuke refers to Chinese underglaze blue porcelain made in the unofficial kilns of Jingdezhen (景德镇) for a largely Japanese market in the 17th century. The term Tianqi is a reference to the era name of the reign of the Tianqi Emperor during the late Ming dynasty, but the style and the name are not limited to his reign. Over the same period the related Transitional porcelain was being made. Generally speaking, Tianqi porcelain was one variety of porcelain among various styles of the Jingdezhen unofficial kilns from the time of production breakdown of the official kilns at the death of the Wanli Emperor in 1620 to a time of reorganization in 1683 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor during the Qing dynasty. The Tianqi ware, and other associated wares, display a refreshing spontaneity of design that makes them unique in Chinese ceramic history. The influence of the master landscape artist Dong Qichang can be discerned in the use of a dark and light color contrast. Designs for this ware are usually landscapes, birds and flowers, animals, and human figures. Sizes are usually small to mid-size flatware and bowls. Many examples of the ware were treasured in Japan as part of the tea ceremony culture. Many examples of this ware show an unmistakable Japanese influence and it is thought that they were especially ordered from Japan by period tea masters. This ware is also known in Japan as ko sometsuke (古染付け) or “old blue-and white.” Base inscriptions are usually those from previous reigns in the dynasty with a preference for the Chenghua reign mark.

text:
# Tianqi porcelain

**Tianqi porcelain** or ***ko sometsuke*** refers to Chinese underglaze blue porcelain made in the unofficial kilns of Jingdezhen (景德镇) for a largely Japanese market in the 17th century. The term *Tianqi* (天啓; *tenkei* in Japanese) is a reference to the era name of the reign of the Tianqi Emperor (r. 1621–1628) during the late Ming dynasty, but the style and the name are not limited to his reign. Over the same period the related Transitional porcelain was being made.

Generally speaking, Tianqi porcelain was one variety of porcelain among various styles of the Jingdezhen unofficial kilns from the time of production breakdown of the official kilns at the death of the Wanli Emperor in 1620 to a time of reorganization in 1683 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor during the Qing dynasty. The Tianqi ware, and other associated wares, display a refreshing spontaneity of design that makes them unique in Chinese ceramic history. The influence of the master landscape artist Dong Qichang (董其昌; 1555–1636) can be discerned in the use of a dark and light color contrast.

Designs for this ware are usually landscapes, birds and flowers, animals, and human figures. Sizes are usually small to mid-size flatware and bowls. Many examples of the ware were treasured in Japan as part of the tea ceremony culture. Many examples of this ware show an unmistakable Japanese influence and it is thought that they were especially ordered from Japan by period tea masters. This ware is also known in Japan as *ko sometsuke* (古染付け) or “old blue-and white.” Base inscriptions are usually those from previous reigns in the dynasty with a preference for the Chenghua reign mark.

* Hanaoka and Barberri trans., Masahiko Sato, *Chinese Ceramics: A Short History*, Weatherhill, New York and Tokyo, 1981, pp. 195–205.


title: Tianqi Emperor

abstract: The Tianqi Emperor, personal name Zhu Youjiao, was the 16th emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1620 to 1627. He was the eldest son of the Taichang Emperor and a elder brother of the Chongzhen Emperor, who succeeded him. "Tianqi", the era name of his reign, means "heavenly opening".

text:
# Tianqi Emperor

| Tianqi Emperor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Portrait in the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States | |
| Traditional Chinese | 天啓帝 |
| Simplified Chinese | 天启帝 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Tiānqǐ Dì | |
|  | |

The **Tianqi Emperor** (Chinese: 天啓帝; pinyin: *Tiānqǐ Dì*; 23 December 1605 – 30 September 1627), personal name **Zhu Youjiao** (Chinese: 朱由校; pinyin: *Zhū Yóujiào*), was the 16th emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1620 to 1627. He was the eldest son of the Taichang Emperor and a elder brother of the Chongzhen Emperor, who succeeded him. "Tianqi", the era name of his reign, means "heavenly opening".

## Biography

Zhu Youjiao became emperor at the age of 15, following the death of his father, the Taichang Emperor, who ruled less than a month. He did not pay much attention to state affairs, and was accused of failing in his filial duties to his late father by not continuing the latter's wishes. It is possible that Zhu Youjiao suffered from a learning disability or something more. He was illiterate and showed no interest in his studies. However, he was an outstanding carpenter and craftsman, often spending vast amounts of time on woodworking and instructing his servants to sell his creations undercover on the market just to see how much they were worth.

Because the Tianqi Emperor was unable to read court memorials and uninterested in state affairs, the court eunuch Wei Zhongxian and the emperor's wet nurse Madam Ke seized power and controlled the Ming imperial court, with the Tianqi Emperor as merely a puppet ruler. The Tianqi Emperor apparently devoted his time to carpentry. Wei Zhongxian took advantage of the situation and began appointing the people he trusted to important positions in the imperial court. Meanwhile, Madam Ke sought to retain power by removing all other women from the emperor's harem by locking away the emperor's concubines and starving them to death. It is believed that he had two private palaces; one for his female lovers and one for his male lovers.

One Confucian moralist group, the Donglin Movement, expressed distress at the conditions of the government. In response, the imperial court, under Wei Zhongxian's control, covertly ordered the execution of a number of officials associated with the Donglin Movement. Living conditions worsened during the Tianqi Emperor's reign. The Ming dynasty also faced several popular uprisings.

The Tianqi Emperor died heirless on 30 September 1627 due to his only son having died in the Wanggongchang Explosion and was succeeded by his fifth and sole surviving brother, Zhu Youjian. Zhu Youjian was enthroned as the Chongzhen Emperor.

## Family

**Consorts and Issue:**

* Empress Xiao'aizhe, of the Zhang clan (孝哀悊皇后 張氏; 1610–1644), personal name Yan ()
    + Zhu Ciran, Crown Prince Huaichong (懷衝皇太子 朱慈燃; 4 November 1623), first son
* Consort Hui, of the Fan clan (慧妃 范氏), later Imperial Noble Consort
    + Princess Yongning (永寧公主; 1622–1624), personal name Shu'e (淑娥), first daughter
    + Zhu Ciyu, Crown Prince Daohuai (悼懷皇太子 朱慈焴; 1623–1624), second son
* Consort Rong, of the Ren clan (容妃 任氏), later Imperial Noble Consort
    + Zhu Cijiong, Crown Prince Xianhuai (獻懷皇太子 朱慈炅; 31 October 1625 – 30 May 1626), third son, died during the Wanggongchang Explosion
* Consort Gonghuichun, of the Duan clan (恭惠純妃 段氏; 10 May 1607 – 3 July 1629)
* Consort Cheng, of the Li clan (成妃 李氏; 1605 – 21 December 1637)
    + Princess Huaining (懷寧公主; 1624), personal name Shumo (淑嫫), second daughter
* Consort Daoshunyu, of the Zhang clan (悼順裕妃 張氏; 22 August 1606 – 16 September 1623)
* Consort Liang, of the Wang clan (良妃 王氏)
* Noble Lady, of the Feng clan (貴人 馮氏)
* Noble Lady, of the Hu clan (貴人 胡氏; d. 1623)

## Ancestry

|  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  | Longqing Emperor (1537–1572) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | |  | | || | |
|  | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | || | | |
|  | | Wanli Emperor (1563–1620) | | | | | | |  | | |
|  | |  | | | |
|  | |  | | | |  |  | | | |
|  | || |
|  | | Empress Dowager Xiaoding (1545–1614) | | | | | |
|  | |  | | |
|  | |  | | | | | |
|  | || |
|  | | Taichang Emperor (1582–1620) | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | |  ||
|  | |  | |  |  | |  |  | | | |
|  | || | | |
|  | | Wang Chaocai | | | | | | |
|  | |  | | |
|  | |  | | | | | |
|  | || |
|  | | Empress Dowager Xiaojing (1565–1611) | | | | |  | | |
|  | |  ||
|  | |  | |  |  | | | |
|  | || |
|  | | Lady Ge | | | | |
|  | |  |
|  | |  | | | |
|  | |
|  | Tianqi Emperor (1605–1627) | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | ||
|  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  |  | | | |
|  | || | | | | |
|  | |  | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | | || |
|  | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | || | | |
|  | | Wang Yue | | | | | | |  | | |
|  | |  | | | |
|  | |  | | | |  |  | | | |
|  | || |
|  | |  | | | | | |
|  | |  | | |
|  | |  | | | | | |
|  | || |
|  | | Empress Dowager Xiaohe (1582–1619) | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | |  ||
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Portrayals in the media

In August and September 2009, a 42-hour television series dramatising the events during the reign of the Tianqi Emperor was shown on Chinese television – two hours per night for 21 days. It vividly showed how a hereditary monarchy can lead to the rampant abuse of power. The series ended on 17 September, just two weeks before the 60th anniversary (five 12-year cycles) of the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

1. 《崇禎長編》卷二指熹宗最初謚號為達天禪道敦孝篤友章文襄武靖穆莊勤**哲皇帝**，後由崇禎帝親自改。《說文解字》：「悊，敬也。」《說文解字》：「哲，知也。悊，哲或從心。」
2. "Tianqi". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 2008.
3. "Zhu Yujiao – The Tianqi Emperor". Retrieved 2014-03-22.
4. "History of Homosexuality". *china.org.cn*. Shanghai Star. Archived from the original on November 19, 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
5. "Donglin". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2014-03-22.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Tianqi Emperor
天啓帝 | |
| --- | --- |
| Palace portrait on a hanging scroll, kept in the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan | |
| Emperor of the Ming dynasty | |
| Reign | 1 October 1620
30 September 1627 |
| Enthronement | 1 October 1620 |
| Predecessor | Taichang Emperor |
| Successor | Chongzhen Emperor |
|  | |
| Born | (1605-12-23)23 December 1605
Wanli 33, 14th day of the 11th month
(萬曆三十三年十一月十四日) |
| Died | 30 September 1627(1627-09-30) (aged 21)
Tianqi 7, 22nd day (*yimao* day) of the 8th month
(天啟七年八月二十二日 (乙卯))
Palace of Heavenly Purity, Forbidden City, Shuntian Prefecture, North Zhili, Ming dynasty |
| Burial | Deling Mausoleum, Ming tombs, Beijing |
| Spouse | Empress Xiao'aizhe (m. 1621) |
| Issue | * Zhu Ciran, Crown Prince Huaichong * Zhu Ciyu, Crown Prince Daohuai * Zhu Cijiong, Crown Prince Xianhuai * Princess Yongning * Princess Huaining * *Third daughter* |
| Names  Zhu Youjiao (朱由校)  Era name and dates  Tianqi (天啓): 22 January 1621 – 4 February 1628  Posthumous name  **Emperor** Datian Chandao Dunxiao Duyou Zhangwen Xiangwu Jingmu Zhuangqin **Zhe** (達天闡道敦孝篤友章文襄武靖穆莊勤**哲皇帝**)
**Emperor** Datian Chandao Dunxiao Duyou Zhangwen Xiangwu Jingmu Zhuangqin **Zhe** (達天闡道敦孝篤友章文襄武靖穆莊勤**悊皇帝**)  Temple name  Xizong (熹宗) | |
| House | Zhu |
| Dynasty | Ming |
| Father | Taichang Emperor |
| Mother | Empress Dowager Xiaohe |


title: Thérèse Brulé

abstract: Thérèse Brulé was a French athlete who specialized in the high jump. Her sister Jeanne assumed the General Secretariat of the Fédération des sociétés féminines sportives de France (FSFSF) in 1920.

text:
# Thérèse Brulé

**Thérèse Brulé** was a French athlete who specialized in the high jump. Her sister Jeanne assumed the General Secretariat of the Fédération des sociétés féminines sportives de France (FSFSF) in 1920.

## Historical

Thérèse Brulé, typist by trade, was with her sister Jeanne and the other sisters Liébrard one of the founders, on 27 July 1912, of Femina Sport, which included Mrs. Faivre Bouvot as the first president. During the great War, they strove to improve gender codes of the day which confined the activities of women in rhythmic gymnastics and athletic sports. This club then established itself as the bastion of sportif feminism, of which Germaine Delapierre, graduate in philosophy, and Alice Milliat were the main organisers. At their instigation the office Fédération des sociétés féminines sportives de France(FSFSF) became exclusively female in 1920 and Therese's sister Jeanne becomes on the General Secretary.

## Sporting career

A versatile sportswoman, Therese Brule participated in July 1917 in the first female French Athletic Championships at the stadium of the porte Brancion in Paris. In 1921 she participated at the 1921 Women's Olympiad in Monaco and also in the runners-up 1922 Women's Olympiad and 1923 Women's Olympiad.

## Performances

On the occasion of the championships, she established French athletic records in 4 events:

* Standing high jump: 0,96 m,
* Running High jump: 1.25 m (tied with Mlle Mireux d'En Avant)
* 80 meters flat: 12.4 s
* 400 meters flat  : 1 min 16.2 s
* In 1920 she again won the high jump with a leap of 1.33 m.
* With her sister Jeanne, she also took part in the world record of the 10 × 100 m replay, in the time of 2 min 23.2 s in 1921.

## InfoBox

Thérèse Brulé
| Thérèse Brulé in 1919 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | France |
| Years active | 1912-1920 |
| Sport | |
| Event | High Jump |
| Club | Femina Sport |


title: Free-software license

abstract: A free-software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software. These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software as conferred by the copyright holder. Free-software licenses are applied to software in source code and also binary object-code form, as the copyright law recognizes both forms.

text:
# Free-software license

A **free-software license** is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software. These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder (usually the author) of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software (or free and open-source software) as conferred by the copyright holder. Free-software licenses are applied to software in source code and also binary object-code form, as the copyright law recognizes both forms.

## Comparison

Types of software license and similar licenses. The highlighted columns are free software.
|  | Public domain & equivalents | Permissive license | Copyleft (protective license) | Noncommercial license | Proprietary license | Trade secret |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Description | Grants all rights | Grants use rights, including right to relicense (allows proprietization, license compatibility) | Grants use rights, forbids proprietization | Grants rights for noncommercial use only. May be combined with copyleft. | Traditional use of copyright; no rights need to be granted | No information is made public |
| Software | Unlicense | MIT, Apache, MPL | GPL, AGPL | JRL, AFPL | proprietary software, no public license | private, internal software |
| Other creative works | PD, CC0 | CC BY | CC BY-SA | CC BY-NC | Copyright, no public license | unpublished |

Free-software licenses provide risk mitigation against different legal threats or behaviors that are seen as potentially harmful by developers:

Frequently used protective and permissive licenses
|  | AGPLv3 | GPLv3 | GPLv2 | LGPLv3 | LGPLv2.1 | MPL-2 | BSD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SaaS/cloud | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Tivoization | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Patent trolling | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Proprietization | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | Partial | Partial | No |
| Granularity / reach | Project | Project | Project | Library | Library | File |  |
| Trademark grant | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | ? | No | No |

## History

### Pre-1980s

In the early times of software, sharing of software and source code was common in certain communities, for instance academic institutions. Before the US Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) decided in 1974 that "computer programs, to the extent that they embody an author's original creation, are proper subject matter of copyright", software was not considered copyrightable. Therefore, software had no licenses attached and was shared as public-domain software. The CONTU decision plus court decisions such as *Apple v. Franklin* in 1983 for object code, clarified that the Copyright Act gave computer programs the copyright status of literary works and started the licensing of software.

Free-software licenses before the late 1980s were generally informal notices written by the developers themselves. These early licenses were of the "permissive" kind.

### 1980s

In the mid-1980s, the GNU project produced copyleft free-software licenses for each of its software packages. An early such license (the "GNU Emacs Copying Permission Notice") was used for GNU Emacs in 1985, which was revised into the "GNU Emacs General Public License" in late 1985, and clarified in March 1987 and February 1988. Likewise, the similar GCC General Public License was applied to the GNU Compiler Collection, which was initially published in 1987. The original BSD license is also one of the first free-software licenses, dating to 1988. In 1989, version 1 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) was published. Version 2 of the GPL, released in 1991, went on to become the most widely used free-software license.

### 1990s to 2000s

Starting in the mid-1990s and until the mid-2000s, the open-source movement pushed and focused the free-software idea forward in the wider public and business perception. In the Dot-com bubble time, Netscape Communications' step to release its webbrowser under a FOSS license in 1998, inspired many other companies to adapt to the FOSS ecosystem. In this trend companies and new projects (Mozilla, Apache foundation, and Sun, see also this list) wrote their own FOSS licenses, or adapted existing licenses. This License proliferation was later recognized as problem for the Free and open-source ecosystem due to the increased complexity of license compatibility considerations. While the creation of new licenses slowed down later, license proliferation and its impact are considered an ongoing serious challenge for the free and open-source ecosystem.

From the free-software licenses, the GNU GPL version 2 has been tested in to court, first in Germany in 2004 and later in the US. In the German case the judge did not explicitly discuss the validity of the GPL's clauses but accepted that the GPL had to be adhered to: "If the GPL were not agreed upon by the parties, defendant would notwithstanding lack the necessary rights to copy, distribute, and make the software 'netfilter/iptables' publicly available." Because the defendant did not comply with the GPL, it had to cease use of the software. The US case (MySQL vs Progress) was settled before a verdict was arrived at, but at an initial hearing, Judge Saris "saw no reason" that the GPL would not be enforceable.

Around 2004 lawyer Lawrence Rosen argued in the essay *Why the public domain isn't a license* software could not truly be waived into public domain and can't be interpreted as very permissive FOSS license, a position which faced opposition by Daniel J. Bernstein and others. In 2012 the dispute was finally resolved when Rosen accepted the CC0 as open source license, while admitting that contrary to his previous claims copyright can be waived away, backed by Ninth circuit decisions.

In 2007, after years of draft discussion, the GPLv3 as major update of the GPLv2 was released. The release was controversial due to the significant extended scope of the license, which made it incompatible with the GPLv2. Several major FOSS projects (Linux kernel, MySQL, BusyBox, Blender, VLC media player) decided against adopting the GPLv3. On the other hand, in 2009, two years after the release of the GPLv3, Google open-source programs office manager Chris DiBona reported that the number of open-source projects licensed software that had moved to GPLv3 from GPLv2 was 50%, counting the projects hosted at Google Code.

### 2010s

In 2011, four years after the release of the GPLv3, 6.5% of all open-source licensed projects were GPLv3 while 42.5% were still GPLv2 according to Black Duck Software data. Following in 2011 *451 Group* analyst Matthew Aslett argued in a blog post that copyleft licenses went into decline and permissive licenses increased, based on statistics from Black Duck Software.

In 2015 according to Black Duck Software and GitHub statistics, the permissive MIT license dethroned the GPLv2 as most popular free-software license to the second place while the permissive Apache license follows already at third place. In June 2016 an analysis of Fedora Project's packages revealed as most used licenses the GPL, MIT, BSD, and the LGPL.

## Definitions

### OSI-approved open-source licenses

The group Open Source Initiative (OSI) defines and maintains a list of approved open-source licenses. OSI agrees with FSF on all widely used free-software licenses, but differ from FSF's list, as it approves against the Open Source Definition rather than the Free Software Definition. It considers Free Software Permissive license group to be a reference implementation of a Free Software license. Thus its requirements for approving licenses are different.

### FSF-approved free-software licenses

The Free Software Foundation, the group that maintains the Free Software Definition, maintains a non-exhaustive list of free-software licences.

The Free Software Foundation prefers copyleft (share-alike) free-software licensing rather than permissive free-software licensing for most purposes. Its list distinguishes between free-software licenses that are compatible or incompatible with the FSF's copyleft GNU General Public License.

## Conditions in free-software licenses

There exists an ongoing debate within the free-software community regarding the fine line between what restrictions can be applied and still be called "free".

Only "public-domain software" and software under a public-domain-like license is restriction-free. Examples of public-domain-like licenses are, for instance, the WTFPL and the CC0 license. Permissive licenses might carry small obligations like attribution of the author but allow practically all code use cases. Certain licenses, namely the copyleft licenses, include intentionally stronger restrictions (especially on the distribution/distributor) in order to force derived projects to guarantee specific rights which can't be taken away.

### Copyleft

The free-software share-alike licenses written by Richard Stallman in the mid-1980s pioneered a concept known as "copyleft". Ensuing copyleft provisions stated that when modified versions of free software are distributed, they must be distributed under the same terms as the original software. Hence they are referred to as "share and share alike" or "*quid pro quo*". This results in the new software being open source as well. Since copyleft ensures that later generations of the software grant the freedom to modify the code, this is "free software". Non-copyleft licenses do not ensure that later generations of the software will remain free.

Developers who use GPL code in their product must make the source code available to anyone when they share or sell the object code. In this case, the source code must also contain any changes the developers may have made. If GPL code is used but not shared or sold, the code is not required to be made available and any changes may remain private. This permits developers and organizations to use and modify GPL code for private purposes (that is, when the code or the project is not sold or otherwise shared) without being required to make their changes available to the public.

Supporters of GPL claim that by mandating that derivative works remain under the GPL, it fosters the growth of free software and requires equal participation by all users. Opponents of GPL claim that "no license can guarantee future software availability" and that the disadvantages of GPL outweigh its advantages. Some also argue that restricting distribution makes the license less free. Whereas proponents would argue that not preserving freedom during distribution would make it less free. For example, a non-copyleft license does not grant the author the freedom to see modified versions of his or her work if it gets publicly published, whereas a copyleft license does grant that freedom.

### Patent retaliation

During the 1990s, free-software licenses began including clauses, such as patent retaliation, in order to protect against software patent litigation cases – a problem which had not previously existed. This new threat was one of the reasons for writing version 3 of the GNU GPL in 2006. In recent years, a term coined tivoization describes a process where hardware restrictions are used to prevent users from running modified versions of the software on that hardware, in which the TiVo device is an example. It is viewed by the FSF as a way to turn free software to effectively non-free, and is why they have chosen to prohibit it in GPLv3. Most newly written free-software licenses since the late 1990s include some form of patent retaliation clauses. These measures stipulate that one's rights under the license (such as to redistribution), may be terminated if one attempts to enforce patents relating to the licensed software, under certain circumstances. As an example, the Apple Public Source License may terminate a user's rights if said user embarks on litigation proceedings against them due to patent litigation. Patent retaliation emerged in response to proliferation and abuse of software patents.

### Attribution, disclaimers and notices

The majority of free-software licenses require that modified software not claim to be unmodified. Some licenses also require that copyright holders be credited. One such example is version 2 of the GNU GPL, which requires that interactive programs that print warranty or license information, may not have these notices removed from modified versions intended for distribution.

## Practical problems with licenses

### License compatibility

Licenses of software packages containing contradictory requirements render it impossible to combine source code from such packages in order to create new software packages. License compatibility between a copyleft license and another license is often only a one-way compatibility. This "one-way compatibility" characteristic is, for instanced, criticized by the Apache Foundation, who provides the more permissive Apache license which doesn't have this characteristic. Non-copyleft licenses, such as the FOSS permissive licenses, have a less complicated license interaction and normally exhibit better license compatibility. For example, if one license says "modified versions must mention the developers in any advertising materials", and another license says "modified versions cannot contain additional attribution requirements", then, if someone combined a software package which uses one license with a software package which uses the other, it would be impossible to distribute the combination because these contradictory requirements cannot be fulfilled simultaneously. Thus, these two packages would be license-incompatible. When it comes to copyleft software licenses, they are not inherently compatible with other copyleft licenses, even the GPLv2 is, by itself, not compatible with the GPLv3.

### Purpose of use

Restrictions on use of a software ("use restrictions") are generally unacceptable according to the FSF, OSI, Debian, or the BSD-based distributions. Examples include prohibiting that the software be used for non-private applications, for military purposes, for comparison or benchmarking, for good use, for ethically questionable means, or in commercial organizations. While some restrictions on user freedom, e.g. concerning nuclear war, seem to enjoy moral support among most free software developers, it is generally believed that such agendas should not be served through software licenses; among other things because of practical aspects such as resulting legal uncertainties and problems with enforceability of vague, broad and/or subjective criteria or because tool makers are generally not held responsible for other people's use of their tools. Nevertheless some projects include legally non-binding pleas to the user, prominently SQLite. Among the repeated attempts by developers to regulate user behavior through the license that sparked wider debate are Douglas Crockford's (joking) “no evil” clause, which affected the release process of the Debian distribution in 2012 and got the JSMin-PHP project expelled from Google Code, the addition of a pacifist condition based on Asimov's First Law of Robotics to the GPL for the distributed computing software *GPU* in 2005, as well as several software projects trying to exclude use by big cloud providers.

## Definition conflicts

As there are several defining organizations and groups who publish definitions and guidelines about FOSS licenses, notably the FSF, the OSI, the Debian project, and the BSDs, there are sometimes conflicting opinions and interpretations.

### Permissive versus copyleft opinions

Many users and developers of BSD-based operating systems have a different position on licensing. The main difference is the belief that the copyleft licenses, particularly the GNU General Public License (GPL), are undesirably complicated and/or restrictive. The GPL requires any derivative work to also be released according to the GPL while the BSD license does not. Essentially, the BSD license's only requirement is to acknowledge the original authors, and poses no restrictions on how the source code may be used.

As a result, BSD code can be used in proprietary software that only acknowledges the authors. For instance, Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 and macOS have proprietary IP stacks which are derived from BSD-licensed software. In extreme cases, the sub- or re-licensing possibilities with BSD or other permissive licenses might prevent further use in the open-source ecosystem. For instance, MathWorks' FileExchange repository offers the BSD license for user contributions but prevents with additional terms of use any usage beside their own proprietary MATLAB software, for instance with the FOSS GNU Octave software.

Supporters of the BSD license argue that it is more free than the GPL because it grants the right to do anything with the source code, provided that the attribution is preserved. The approach has led to BSD code being used in widely used proprietary software. Proponents of the GPL point out that once code becomes proprietary, users are denied the freedoms that define free software. As a result, they consider the BSD license less free than the GPL, and that freedom is more than a lack of restriction. Since the BSD license restricts the right of developers to have changes recontributed to the community, neither it nor the GPL is "free" in the sense of "lacking any restrictions."

### Debian

The Debian project uses the criteria laid out in its Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG). The only notable cases where Debian and Free Software Foundation disagree are over the Artistic License and the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL). Debian accepts the original Artistic License as being a free software license, but FSF disagrees. This has very little impact however since the Artistic License is almost always used in a dual-license setup, along with the GNU General Public License.

### Controversial borderline cases

The vast majority of free software uses undisputed free-software licenses; however, there have been many debates over whether or not certain other licenses qualify for the definition.

Examples of licenses that provoked debate were the 1.x series of the Apple Public Source License, which were accepted by the Open Source Initiative but not by the Free Software Foundation or Debian and the RealNetworks Public Source License, which was accepted by Open Source Initiative and Free Software Foundation but not by Debian.

Also, the FSF recommended GNU Free Documentation License, which is incompatible with the GPL, was considered "non-free" by the Debian project around 2006, Nathanael Nerode, and Bruce Perens. The FSF argues that documentation is qualitatively different from software and is subject to different requirements. Debian accepted, in a later resolution, that the GNU FDL complied with the Debian Free Software Guidelines when the controversial "invariant section" is removed, but considers it "still not free of trouble". Notwithstanding, most GNU documentation includes "invariant sections". Similarly, the FLOSS Manuals foundation, an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software, decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007, citing the incompatibility between the two, difficulties in implementing the GFDL, and the fact that the GFDL "does not allow for easy duplication and modification", especially for digital documentation.

SLUC is a software license published in Spain in December 2006 to allow all but military use. The writers of the license maintain it is free software, but the Free Software Foundation says it is not free because it infringes the so-called "zero freedom" of the GPL, that is, the freedom to use the software for any purpose.

## Market share

While historically the most widely used FOSS license has been the GPLv2, in 2015, according to Black Duck Software the permissive MIT license dethroned the GPLv2 to the second place while the permissive Apache License follows at third place. A study from 2012, which used publicly available data, criticized Black Duck Software for not publishing their methodology used in collecting statistics. Daniel German, professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Victoria in Canada, presented a talk in 2013 about the methodological challenges in determining which are the most widely used free-software licenses, and showed how he could not replicate the result from Black Duck Software.

A GitHub study in 2015 on their statistical data found that the MIT license was the most prominent FOSS license on that platform.

In June 2016 an analysis of the Fedora Project's packages showed as most used licenses the GPL family, followed by MIT, BSD, the LGP family, Artistic (for Perl packages), LPPL (for texlive packages), and ASL. The GNU GPLv2+ was the single most popular license


title: Trichostetha fascicularis

abstract: Trichostetha fascicularis is a large, metallic-green beetle found in South Africa.

text:
# Trichostetha fascicularis

***Trichostetha fascicularis*** is a large, metallic-green beetle found in South Africa.

## Description

The Protea Beetle is about 25mm long. It has metallic-green wing cases with a black head and thorax which has two white vertical stripes. It has orange hairs growing around the bottom of its body.

## Habitat

It is found in South Africa wherever proteas occur. Adults feed on the pollen and nectar. They live in fynbos, mountainous habitats, and residential gardens if its food supply is available.

## Subspecies

*Trichostetha fascicularis* has four subspecies:

* *Trichostetha fascicularis maraisi* Stobbia, 1995
* *Trichostetha fascicularis natalis* Burmeister, 1842
* *Trichostetha fascicularis nigripennis* Allard, 1992
* *Trichostetha fascicularis prunipennis* Burmeister, 1842

1. "Trichostetha fascicularis (Protea Beetle)". *www.biodiversityexplorer.org*. Archived from the original on 2008-09-28.
2. Holm, E.; Perissinotto, R. (March 2011). "New Descriptions and Revisions of Southern African Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). I". *African Entomology*. **19** (1). Entomological Society of Southern Africa: 88–95. doi:10.4001/003.019.0107. ISSN 1021-3589. S2CID 84780437. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
3. Meyers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C.S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G.S.; Dewey, T.A. (2014). "Trichostetha classification". *The Animal Diversity Web*. University of Michigan. Retrieved 11 August 2014.

## InfoBox

| *Trichostetha fascicularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Trichostetha* |
| Species: | ***T. fascicularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichostetha fascicularis***<br>(Donovan, 1805) | |
|


title: Wycliffe and the Cycle of Death

abstract: Wycliffe and the Cycle of Death (1990) is a crime novel by Cornish writer W. J. Burley featuring his series detective, Charles Wycliffe.

text:
# Wycliffe and the Cycle of Death

***Wycliffe and the Cycle of Death*** (1990) is a crime novel by Cornish writer W. J. Burley featuring his series detective, Charles Wycliffe.

## Synopsis

A local bookseller, Matthew Glynn, is found bludgeoned and strangled, setting Wycliffe on the trail of a killer whose identity is embedded deep within a mountain of family secrets. These include the vanishing of Matthew's wife years earlier, the increasingly bitter arguments with his brother, Maurice, over the sale of ancestral land, the mysterious seclusion of his other sibling, Alfred, the web of deception woven by their sister, Sara, and the discovery of important documents in Matthew's safe. And, as all of these sinister factors collude, the cycle of death continues and claims another life...


title: Mihriban Kaya

abstract: Mihriban Kaya, also known as Mihriban Korkmaz, is a Turkish female Paralympian athlete with an intellectual disability competing in the F20 disability class of shot put event. Mihriban Kaya was born in northeastern city of Gümüşhane in Turkey on 10 March 1996. Kaya captured the gold medal in the women's pentathlon event at the 2016 INAS Athletics Indoor Championships held in Ancona, Italy. She competed in the shot put F20 event at the 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships in Grosseto, Italy, and obtained a quota spot for the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil after throwing 11.32 meters, a personal best distance of her.

text:
# Mihriban Kaya

**Mihriban Kaya** (born 10 March 1996), also known as **Mihriban Korkmaz**, is a Turkish female Paralympian athlete with an intellectual disability competing in the F20 disability class of shot put event.

Mihriban Kaya was born in northeastern city of Gümüşhane in Turkey on 10 March 1996.

Kaya captured the gold medal in the women's pentathlon event at the 2016 INAS Athletics Indoor Championships held in Ancona, Italy.

She competed in the shot put F20 event at the 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships in Grosseto, Italy, and obtained a quota spot for the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil after throwing 11.32 meters, a personal best distance of her.

## InfoBox

Mihriban Kaya
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Born | (1996-03-10) 10 March 1996<br>Gümüşhane, Turkey |
| Sport | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Sport | Para-athletics |
| Disability class | F20 |
| Event | Shot put |


title: West Pier Public Convenience

abstract: The West Pier Public Convenience or Victorian Toilets is a public toilet on the west pier of the harbour of Rothesay on the Isle of Bute. It opened in 1900, replacing previous cast-iron facilities, and was renovated in 1994. It is now a tourist attraction and listed for statutory protection.

text:
# West Pier Public Convenience

55°50′19″N 5°3′16″W / 55.83861°N 5.05444°W / 55.83861; -5.05444  The **West Pier Public Convenience** or **Victorian Toilets** is a public toilet on the west pier of the harbour of Rothesay on the Isle of Bute. It opened in 1900, replacing previous cast-iron facilities, and was renovated in 1994. It is now a tourist attraction and listed for statutory protection.

## Construction

The toilet was commissioned in 1899 by the Rothesay Harbour Trustees to replace cruder facilities made from cast iron. At that time, Rothesay was a major seaside resort, being located in the Firth of Clyde and so conveniently accessible by steamer from the major conurbation of Glasgow. Steaming was especially significant on Sundays when the sale of alcohol was banned except on the paddle-steamers and so men would go to drink on them. To cater for the bustling crowds of day-trippers and holiday-makers, the toilets were well made with ornate fittings which were mostly supplied by Twyfords at a cost of £530. There were 20 urinals fed by copper pipes from four cisterns and nine cubicles with lavatory pans.

## Renovation

The toilets were renovated in 1994 at a cost of about £300,000, which was financed by the Strathclyde Building Preservation Trust. An adjacent storeroom and office were converted to provide facilities for ladies, a disabled toilet and a shower. They are now maintained by a charity, Bute Victoriana. Further work was done in 2016 to make the toilets available around the clock.

## Reception

After the renovation, the toilets were reopened by Lady Lucinda Lambton who is an expert on architectural history and has published books on the history of the lavatory. She praised the toilets as "the most beautiful in the world".

The building's listing category was upgraded from B to A as part of a Rothesay listing review in 2010-11. The historic toilets are now a tourist attraction. The *Rough Guide to Scotland* described them as "...a feast of marble, ceramics and brass so ornate that they are now one of the town's most celebrated sights".

Prince Charles was the Duke of Rothesay and has visited the toilets. The urinal which he patronised is marked with his coat of arms, by royal appointment. There is a visitors' book for other patrons.


title: Money Magazine (TV program)

abstract: Money Magazine is a business news and financial programme that is broadcast on Fridays at 8:00 pm in Hong Kong by television channel TVB Pearl. Its re-run is aired after 11 am the next day. The show is also available on TVB News and MyTVSuper mobile apps, and on TVB's website. After 22 years on air, the final episode of Money Magazine was aired on 29 June 2018. The successor of the program is Pearl Magazine, which merges Money Magazine and the current affairs program The Pearl Report on the channel.

text:
# Money Magazine (TV program)

***Money Magazine*** is a business news and financial programme that is broadcast on Fridays at 8:00 pm in Hong Kong by television channel TVB Pearl. Its re-run is aired after 11 am the next day. The show is also available on TVB News and MyTVSuper mobile apps, and on TVB's website.

After 22 years on air, the final episode of Money Magazine was aired on 29 June 2018. The successor of the program is Pearl Magazine, which merges Money Magazine and the current affairs program The Pearl Report on the channel.

## Producers and reporters

The *Money Magazine* team is made up of executive producer Michael Wong and reporters. As of 2018, they are:

* Melissa Gecolea
* Alice Kan
* Zela Chin
* Jennifer Chan
* Natalie Cheng

## InfoBox

| *Money Magazine* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Financial News |
| Created by | TVB News |
| Presented by | Melissa Gecolea |
| Country of origin | Hong Kong |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Michael Wong |
| Producer | TVB |
| Production location | Hong Kong |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | TVB Pearl |
| Release | 6 June 1995 (1995-06-06) <br>29 June 2018 (2018-06-29) |


title: PCDH11Y

abstract: PCDH11Y is a gene unique to Homo males that encodes Protocadherin 11Y, a protein that guides the development of nerve cells. PCDH11X, located on the X chromosome, is common, in both sexes, to humans and our nearest relative, the chimpanzee; however, PCDH11Y, located on the Y chromosome, is unique to males. In terms of human evolution, it has been estimated that pcdh11x "gene jumped" from X to Y around three million years ago; coincident with increased human brain size and the first use of tools. Furthermore, around 120,000 to 200,000 years ago, the PCDH11Y gene was able to further transform, splitting in half and reversing its position. PCDH11X/Y are cadherin family genes. They make proteins, involved in signalling, that attach to the surface of nerve cells. PCDH11X and PCDH11Y, respond in different ways to Retinoic acid, a chemical involved in the development of embryos. The acid stimulates the activity of PCDH11Y but suppresses PCDH11X. This is likely one of the explanations for the differences between the brains of men and women. Psychiatrist, professor Tim Crow, also believes the gene explains lateralisation. Humans have "lateralised" brains, in which the different sides became specialised for particular jobs. For instance 90% of people will use their right hands for fiddly tasks. A chimpanzee is just as likely to use either hand. It also explains why, for right-handed people, linguistic functions are concentrated on the left side of the brain.

text:
# PCDH11Y

**PCDH11Y** is a gene unique to *Homo* males that encodes Protocadherin 11Y, a protein that guides the development of nerve cells. PCDH11X, located on the X chromosome, is common, in both sexes, to humans and our nearest relative, the chimpanzee; however, PCDH11Y, located on the Y chromosome, is unique to males.

In terms of human evolution, it has been estimated that pcdh11x "gene jumped" from X to Y around three million years ago; coincident with increased human brain size and the first use of tools. Furthermore, around 120,000 to 200,000 years ago, the PCDH11Y gene was able to further transform, splitting in half and reversing its position.

PCDH11X/Y are cadherin family genes. They make proteins, involved in signalling, that attach to the surface of nerve cells. PCDH11X and PCDH11Y, respond in different ways to Retinoic acid, a chemical involved in the development of embryos. The acid stimulates the activity of PCDH11Y but suppresses PCDH11X. This is likely one of the explanations for the differences between the brains of men and women.

Psychiatrist, professor Tim Crow, also believes the gene explains lateralisation. Humans have "lateralised" brains, in which the different sides became specialised for particular jobs. For instance 90% of people will use their right hands for fiddly tasks. A chimpanzee is just as likely to use either hand. It also explains why, for right-handed people, linguistic functions are concentrated on the left side of the brain.

## InfoBox

| PCDH11Y | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | PCDH11Y, PCDH-PC, PCDH22, PCDHX, PCDHY, protocadherin 11 Y-linked | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 400022; GeneCards: PCDH11Y; OMA:PCDH11Y - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001278619
NM\_032971
NM\_032972
NM\_032973
NM\_001395587   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001265548
NP\_116753
NP\_116754
NP\_116755   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr Y: 5 – 5.74 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: PRhyme

abstract: PRhyme is an American hip hop duo composed of Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5'9" and New York–based record producer DJ Premier. They created their own record label PRhyme Records and released their first album, PRhyme, on December 9, 2014, and its follow-up, PRhyme 2, on March 16, 2018. The production of each album is based on sampling a single artist's compositions: Adrian Younge for PRhyme and AntMan Wonder for PRhyme 2. When the concept was originally pitched to Premier, he viewed it as a challenge since he recognized that he was previously known for his beats from obscure samples from many different sources, and this project forced him to find what he needed from a single catalogue of work. For PRhyme 2, Royce described the process of receiving compositions to work off of directly from AntMan Wonder as being "like sampling from Mozart but Mozart is actually giving you the music". The duo also appeared on the Southpaw soundtrack. In 2021, DJ Premier confirmed PRhyme 3 is in the works.

text:
# PRhyme

**PRhyme** is an American hip hop duo composed of Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5'9" and New York–based record producer DJ Premier. They created their own record label PRhyme Records and released their first album, *PRhyme*, on December 9, 2014, and its follow-up, *PRhyme 2*, on March 16, 2018. The production of each album is based on sampling a single artist's compositions: Adrian Younge for *PRhyme* and AntMan Wonder for *PRhyme 2*. When the concept was originally pitched to Premier, he viewed it as a challenge since he recognized that he was previously known for his beats from obscure samples from many different sources, and this project forced him to find what he needed from a single catalogue of work. For *PRhyme 2*, Royce described the process of receiving compositions to work off of directly from AntMan Wonder as being "like sampling from Mozart but Mozart is actually giving you the music". The duo also appeared on the *Southpaw* soundtrack. In 2021, DJ Premier confirmed *PRhyme 3* is in the works.

## Discography

**Studio albums**

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | *Billboard* 200
 | Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums
 | Independent Albums
 | |
| 2014 | *PRhyme** Release date: December 9, 2014 * Label: PRhyme, INgrooves | 59 | 7 | 6 | Featured artists: Ab-Soul, Black Thought, Common, Dwele, Jay Electronica, Joey Bada$$, Killer Mike, Logic, Mac Miller, MF Doom, Phonte, Schoolboy Q, Slaughterhouse |
| 2018 | *PRhyme 2** Release date: March 16, 2018 * Label: PRhyme, INgrooves | 40 | 23 | 3 | Featured artists: 2 Chainz, Big K.R.I.T., Brady Watt, Cee-Lo Green, Chavis Chandler, Dave East, Denaun Porter, Novel, Rapsody, Roc Marciano, Yelawolf |

## InfoBox

| PRhyme | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Years active | 2014present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Members | Royce da 5'9"
DJ Premier |
|  | |
| Website | prhymemusic.com |


title: Itiji

abstract: Itiji is an administrative ward in the Mbeya Urban district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 4,663 people in the ward, from 4,231 in 2012.

text:
# Itiji

**Itiji** is an administrative ward in the Mbeya Urban district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 4,663 people in the ward, from 4,231 in 2012.

## Neighborhoods

The ward has 4 neighborhoods.

* Itiji
* Makaburin
* Mbwile
* Mwasanga

## InfoBox

| Itiji Kata ya Itiji | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| ItijiLocation of Itiji | |
| Coordinates: 8°54′04″S 33°25′55″E / 8.901°S 33.432°E / -8.901; 33.432 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Mbeya Region |
| District | Mbeya Urban |
| Ward | Itiji |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 4,663 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| Postcode | 53108 |


title: Paa Grant

abstract:
George Alfred Grant, popularly known as Paa Grant, was a merchant and politician in the Gold Coast who has been called "the father of Gold Coast politics". As a political activist, he was th founder, financer and the first president of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) in August 1947. He was also one of Ghana's Founding Fathers. He paid for Kwame Nkrumah to return to Ghana from the United States.
A roundabout has been named after George Grant in Sekondi Takoradi in his memory.
Many opinion leaders have said it will be right to mention his name in the struggle for Ghanas independence the same vain as the 'Big Six '.

text:
# Paa Grant

**George Alfred Grant**, popularly known as **Paa Grant** (15 August 1878 – 30 October 1956), was a merchant and politician in the Gold Coast who has been called "the father of Gold Coast politics". As a political activist, he was th founder, financer and the first president of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) in August 1947. He was also one of Ghana's Founding Fathers. He paid for Kwame Nkrumah to return to Ghana from the United States. A roundabout has been named after George Grant in Sekondi Takoradi in his memory. Many opinion leaders have said it will be right to mention his name in the struggle for Ghanas independence the same vain as the 'Big Six '.

## Biography

### Education and early career

Grant was born in 1878 in Beyin, Western Nzema, into an influential merchant family. He was the son of William Minneaux Grant and Madam Adjua (Dwowa) Biatwi of the Aboradze clan, and the grandson of Francis Chapman Grant, proprietor of the *Gold Coast Times* and treasurer of the Fanti Confederation.

Grant was educated at Wesleyan School in Cape Coast now Mfantsipim School and through private tuition given by Joseph D. Abraham, a wealthy merchant friend of his father's. Grant was subsequently employed in the timber trade, first at Axim and then for five years in the Ivory Coast. In 1896, he established his own firm, George Grant and Company. He prospered as a timber merchant, with a flourishing export business, at a time when the trade was dominated by European companies.

He visited Britain in 1905 and by the time the First World War broke out in 1914, he had built up business contacts with leading timber companies in Europe and the United States. Between 1914 and 1919 he chartered ships to transport timber to Britain and the USA. He opened his own offices in London, Liverpool and Hamburg between 1920 and 1922, and in the Gold Coast he expanded operations to Dunkwa, Sekondi and Akim Abuakwa. In 1926 he was appointed to the Legislative Council, representing Sekondi. Grant was also a member of the Aborigines' Rights Protection Society and was instrumental in many development projects, including introducing street lighting and pipe-borne water to Sekondi and Axim.

### Political activism and later life

During and after the Second World War, Grant realised that Africans in the Gold Coast were suffering many colonial practices that were discriminatory and unfavourable, and he decided to take steps to deal with the inadequacy of representation of African interests. He invited J. B. Danquah and others to a meeting to launch a nationalist party. Some 40 people, including lawyers R. A. Awoonor-Williams, Edward Akufo-Addo, and Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, met in Saltpond and the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) was founded on 4 August 1947, with the goal of achieving self-government. Kwame Nkrumah was elected UGCC secretary general, after being recommended by Ebenezer Ako-Adjei, and Grant paid Nkrumah's £100 boat fare to return to Ghana from Liverpool that year.

Nkrumah later split from the UGCC to form the Convention People’s Party (CPP), and Grant eventually concentrated more on his businesses than politics. However, they maintained contact, and Nkrumah visited him two days before Grant's death in Axim on 30 October 1956, at the age of 78. In 1955 he had suffered an attack of apoplexy from which he never completely recovered.

## Family and personal life

Current surviving children are Sarah Esi Grant, Mrs Rosamond Hammond-Grant, William Minneaux Grant, and numerous grand- and great-grandchildren across the globe.

Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, is the mother of lawyer Phyllis Christian.

Other known grandchildren are: Georgina Grant, Margaret Grant, Stella Blay-Kwofie, Christine Blay-Kwofie, Dorothy Blay-Kwofie, Joyce Christian, Letitia Hammond, Rosamond Hammond, James Hemans Hammond, Matilda Hammond, Georgina Hammond, Emmanuel Hammond, George Hammond, Alberta Hammond, Lawrence Hammond, Yvonne Hammond, Samuel Duker-Ako, George Grant, Felix Grant, Sabina Grant, Kweku Robert Grant, Kwesi Brown Grant, Frances Grant, Maame Efua Lartey-Grant, Sefa Gohoho of Songhai Africa, a Panafrican Luxury Consumer Goods. Known great grand children are:Angela Kukua Blay-Kwofie, Kwesi, Blay-Kwofie.

## Memorial and legacy

In honour of Grant's role in the struggle for Independence, the Ghana government named a new flyover after him at Caprice, in Accra.

### Paa Grant Soccer Academy

The Paa Grant Soccer Academy was formed in 2009 by Kim Tyrone Grant, a former national player for Ghana Black Stars, to honour his grandfather's "dedication and work ethic helping bring freedom and independence to all Ghanaians from colonial rule until 1957".

### George Grant University of Mines and Technology

On 12 January 2018, President Akufo-Addo announced during a special congregation held at the university, the renaming of the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) which is located in the Western Region of Ghana, to the George Grant University of Mines and Technology in honour of him being a founding father of Ghana's fight towards independence and also being a native of the western region.

## Further reading

* Ako Adjei, *The Life and Work of George Alfred Grant (Paa Grant)*, Accra: Waterville Pub. House, 1992, 31 pp.

## InfoBox

| George Alfred Grant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1878-08-15)15 August 1878
Beyin, Western Nzema, Gold Coast |
| Died | 30 October 1956(1956-10-30) (aged 78)
Axim, Ghana |
| Other names | Paa Grant |
| Occupation(s) | Merchant, politician |
| Known for | Founding president of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) |
| Children | Sarah Esi Grant, Mrs Rosamond Hammond-Grant, William Minneaux Grant |
| Parent(s) | William Minneaux Grant and Madam Adjoa (Dwowa) Biatwi |
| Relatives | Francis Chapman Grant (grandfather);
Phyllis Christian (granddaughter);
Kim Tyrone Grant (grandson) Yvonne Candice Hammond (granddaughter), The Hammond family |


title: Italian Aesculapian snake

abstract: The Italian Aesculapian snake is a species of snake in the Colubridae family.

text:
# Italian Aesculapian snake

The **Italian Aesculapian snake** (***Zamenis lineatus***) is a species of snake in the Colubridae family.

## Geographic range

*Z. lineatus* is endemic to southern Italy and Sicily. The northern limit of its geographical range is the Province of Caserta in the west and the Province of Foggia in the east. It is absent from the Salentine Peninsula (Salento), which is the "heel" of the "boot" of Italy.

The type locality is Naples.

## Description

The Italian Aesculapian snake is a medium to large snake that reaches a maximum total length (including tail) of 2 m (6+12 ft). Dorsally, it is yellowish brown and may have four dark brown stripes. If present, the stripes are of equal width and equidistant. The dorsal scales are smooth. The iris of the eye is red, giving it the common name in Italian of *saettone occhirossi* (red-eyed racer).

## Habitat

The natural habitats of *Z. lineatus* are temperate forests, temperate shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, and urban areas, at altitudes from sea level to 1,600 m (5,200 ft).

## Behavior

*Z. lineatus* is partly arboreal.

## Diet

The Italian Aesculapian snake feeds on lizards, small mammals, and eggs.

## Reproduction

*Z. lineatus* is oviparous.

## Further reading

* Camerano L (1891). "*Monografia degli ofidi italiani. Parte seconda — colubridi e monografia dei cheloni italiani* ". *Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Serie seconda* **41** (2): 403–469. (*Callopeltis longissimus* Var. *lineata*, p. 458). (in Italian).
* Lenk P, Wüster W (1999). "A Multivariate Approach to the Systematics of Italian Rat Snakes of the *Elaphe longissima* Complex (Reptilia, Colubridae): Revalidation of Camerano's *Callopeltis longissimus* var. *lineata*". *The Herpetological Journal* **9** (4): 153–162.
* Utiger U, Helfenberger N, Schätti B, Schmidt C, Ruf M, Ziswiler V (2002). "Molecular systematics and phylogeny of Old World and New World ratsnakes, *Elaphe* Auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae)". *Russian Journal of Herpetology* **9** (2): 105–124.

## InfoBox

| Italian Aesculapian snake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| An adult *Zamenis lineatus* from Sicily. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Zamenis* |
| Species: | ***Z. lineatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zamenis lineatus***
(Camerano, 1891) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Coluber romanus*
Suckow, 1798 * *Callopeltis longissimus* var. *lineata*
Camerano, 1891 * *Elaphe longissima romana*
— Capocaccia, 1964 * *Elaphe lineata*
Lenk & Wüster, 1999 * *Zamenis lineatus*
Utiger et al., 2002 * *Zamenis lineata*
Venchi & Sindaco, 2006 * *Zamenis lineatus*
Li Vigni, 2013 | |


title: PX5 RTOS

abstract: PX5 RTOS is a real-time operating system (RTOS) designed for embedded systems. It is implemented using the ANSI C programming language.

text:
# PX5 RTOS

**PX5 RTOS** is a real-time operating system (RTOS) designed for embedded systems. It is implemented using the ANSI C programming language.

## Overview

The PX5 RTOS, created by William Lamie, is an embedded real-time operating system (RTOS) that was launched in January 2023. Lamie, who also developed other RTOSes such as Nucleus RTX, Nucleus PLUS, and ThreadX (acquired by Microsoft), currently serves as the President and CEO of PX5, an embedded software company headquartered in San Diego, California, United States. Among these RTOSes, approximately 10 billion devices are operated by the ThreadX RTOS, while the Nucleus RTOS is used in around 3 billion devices.

The name *PX5* is an abbreviation where *P* stands for POSIX threads, *X* stands for thread switching, and *5* represents fifth generation RTOS. Written in ANSI C, the PX5 RTOS is compatible with various embedded microcontroller unit (MCU) and memory protection unit (MPU) architectures. It has minimal resource requirements, needing less than 1KB of FLASH and 1KB of RAM for basic operations on microcontrollers.

One of the notable features of the PX5 RTOS is its native support for POSIX Threads (pthreads), which is an industry-standard API often absent in many other RTOS solutions. Additionally, it offers real-time extensions such as event flags, fast queues, tick timers, and memory management.

The PX5 RTOS executes most API calls and context switches in less than a microsecond on typical 32-bit microcontrollers. It is also deterministic – ensuring predictable processing for each API and context switch regardless of the number of active threads.

The PX5 RTOS incorporates Pointer/Data Verification (PDV) technology, which verifies function return addresses, function pointers, system objects, global data, memory pools, and more.

In November 2023, PX5 introduced PX5 NET adding TCP/IP networking to the PX5 RTOS. Like PX5 RTOS, PX5 NET has a small minimal footprint (under 6KB) and leverages PDV for run-time safety and security.

## Supported platforms

PX5 RTOS supports most of the embedded MCU and MPU architectures, including ARM's Cortex-M, Cortex-R, Cortex-A, and RISC-V architecture families. It supports both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures, and provides support for both asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) and symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) configurations.

## Technology

The PX5 RTOS uses a microkernel which enhances device security by integrating with Arm TrustZone technology, specifically designed for Cortex-M23 and Cortex-M33 microcontrollers. As a fifth-generation RTOS, PX5 is tailored for industrial-grade applications, enabling the separation of secure and non-secure MCU functions at the hardware level.

To further strengthen security measures, PX5 RTOS incorporates a technology called Pointer/Data Verification (PDV). This technology identifies and prevents computer program errors, including buffer errors. In addition, the operating system is constructed using industry-standard POSIX pthreads APIs, facilitating the development of multi-threaded programs in C/C++. This allows for the execution of multiple tasks simultaneously across different operating systems.

The POSIX pthreads APIs in PX5 RTOS offer support for various mechanisms, such as signals, condition variables, semaphore, mutex, and message queues. Furthermore, extensions like event flags, fast queues, tick timers, and memory management are also included. PX5 RTOS maintains a small footprint and exhibits rapid scalability. Its installation process involves a 3-step procedure, aided by two accessible source files: px5.c and px5\_binding.s. Additionally, the operating system automatically promotes one "main" file to the first system thread.

PX5 RTOS accommodates read-only memory (ROM) Flash, ranging from a minimum of 1KB to a maximum of less than 40KB. The solution also ensures portability through its support for portable ANSI C for system programming. Moreover, PX5 RTOS has been verified by C-STAT static analysis and adheres to MISRA compliance standards.

## Partnerships

In January 2023, PX5 and Clarinox have joined forces to facilitate wireless connectivity in resource-constrained embedded systems. They integrated ClarinoxBlue and ClarinoxWiFi protocol stack software with the PX5 RTOS.

On 25 January 2023, Cypherbridge made an announcement regarding the integration of its SDKPac and uLoadXL IoT software with PX5 RTOS.

In March 2023, Percepio AB entered into a partnership agreement with PX5. The PX5 integrated the Percepio Tracealyzer trace recorder and Percepio supported the RTOS PX5 in a commercially available version.

## InfoBox

PX5 RTOS
| Developer | William Lamie |
| --- | --- |
| Written in | ANSI C |
| OS family | POSIX |
| Working state | Current |
| Source model | Source-available |
| Initial release | January 2023 (2023-01) |
| Marketing target | Embedded systems, IoT |
| Available in | English |
| Platforms | ARM, AMD, NXP, Renesas, RISC-V, STM32 |
| Kernel type | Embedded, deterministic, real-time microkernel |
| License | Proprietary |
| Official website | px5rtos.com/px5-rtos/ |


title: Paci

abstract:
Paci is an Italian surname. People with this name include:
  - Alessandro Paci, Italian actor, film director, and comedian
  - Alfred Paci (born ?), Swiss curler
  - Francesca Paci, Italian journalist
  - Frank G. Paci, Italian-born Canadian novelist and teacher
  - Guido Paci (1949–1983), Italian motorcycle racer
  - Mario Paci (1878–1946), Italian pianist, orchestra conductor, and educator
  - Massimo Paci, Italian footballer and coach
  - Roberto Paci Dalò, Italian author, composer, musician, film maker, theatre director, and visual artist
  - Roy Paci, Italian trumpeter, singer, composer, and arranger

text:
# Paci

**Paci** is an Italian surname. People with this name include:

* Alessandro Paci (born 1964), Italian actor, film director, and comedian
* Alfred Paci (born ?), Swiss curler
* Francesca Paci (born 1971), Italian journalist
* Frank G. Paci (born 1948), Italian-born Canadian novelist and teacher
* Guido Paci (1949–1983), Italian motorcycle racer
* Mario Paci (1878–1946), Italian pianist, orchestra conductor, and educator
* Massimo Paci (born 1978), Italian footballer and coach
* Roberto Paci Dalò (born 1962), Italian author, composer, musician, film maker, theatre director, and visual artist
* Roy Paci (born 1969), Italian trumpeter, singer, composer, and arranger


title: Pachytyla

abstract: Pachytyla is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Pachytyla

***Pachytyla*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Pachytyla* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Pachytyla*** |
|


title: PS TGM Medan

abstract: Persatuan Sepakbola Thamrin Graha Metropolitan Medan is an Indonesian football club based in Medan, North Sumatra. They currently compete in the Liga 3. TGM Medan stadium named Teladan Stadium. Its location is in downtown Medan

text:
# PS TGM Medan

**Persatuan Sepakbola Thamrin Graha Metropolitan Medan** (simply known as **PS TGM Medan**) is an Indonesian football club based in Medan, North Sumatra. They currently compete in the Liga 3.

TGM Medan stadium named Teladan Stadium. Its location is in downtown Medan

## Honours

## InfoBox

PS TGM Medan
| Full name | Persatuan Sepakbola Thamrin Graha Metropolitan Medan |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2002 (2002) |
| Ground | Teladan Stadium |
| Capacity | 15,000 |
| Owner | PT. Thamrin Graha Metropolitan |
| Chairman | Husein Thamrin |
| Coach | Syamsir Alamsyah |
| League | Liga 3 |
| 2023 | 3rd in Group F, (North Sumatra zone) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: PS Tanggamus

abstract: Perserikatan Sepakbola Tanggamus or PS Tanggamus is an Indonesian football team based in Tanggamus Regency, Lampung. They currently competes in Liga 3.

text:
# PS Tanggamus

**Perserikatan Sepakbola Tanggamus** or **PS Tanggamus** is an Indonesian football team based in Tanggamus Regency, Lampung. They currently competes in Liga 3.

## Honours

## InfoBox

PS Tanggamus
| Full name | Perserikatan Sepakbola Tanggamus |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *Lumba-lumba Teluk Semaka* (The Semaka Bay Dolphins) |
| Founded | 1997 (1997) |
| Ground | Tangsi Field<br>Tanggamus Regency, Lampung |
| Capacity | 2.000 |
| Owner | Askab PSSI Tanggamus |
| Chairman | Iskandar Juned |
| Coach | Anton Irawan |
| League | Liga 3 |
| 2021 | Quarter-finals, (Lampung zone) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Istanbul (board game)

abstract:
Istanbul is a Euro-style board game designed by Rüdiger Dorn and illustrated by Andreas Resch and Hans-Georg Schneider, published in 2014 by Pegasus Spiele. Istanbul won the Kennerspiel des Jahres award in 2014.
An expansion, Istanbul: Mocha & Baksheesh, which includes coffee, guild halls and taverns, was released in 2015.
The expansion Istanbul: Letters & Seals, which has players delivering letters and may be integrated with the other expansion, was released in 2016.

text:
# Istanbul (board game)

***Istanbul*** is a Euro-style board game designed by Rüdiger Dorn and illustrated by Andreas Resch and Hans-Georg Schneider, published in 2014 by Pegasus Spiele.

*Istanbul* won the Kennerspiel des Jahres award in 2014. An expansion, ***Istanbul: Mocha & Baksheesh***, which includes coffee, guild halls and taverns, was released in 2015. The expansion ***Istanbul: Letters & Seals***, which has players delivering letters and may be integrated with the other expansion, was released in 2016.

## Gameplay

The players move a merchant and his four assistants through the bazaar in Istanbul. At various locations, you can leave assistants to handle specific tasks and you need to pick them up again, once finished. Hence careful planning of the allocation of your assistants is needed. During the game, the merchant pushes a wheelbarrow of increasable size and acquires special abilities, but most importantly buys and sells goods in order to be the first one to acquire five rubies.

## Reception

The game has received predominantly positive reviews and sits in the top 150 of all board games according to BGG. I Slay The Dragon mentioned that the game 'offers some unique ideas and employs an overall game strategy that is sound' where as Board Games Land mentioned that the game 'stands out as a perfect family board game due to its elegant and smart design'. Paste Magazine has also described ***Istanbul*** as 'fantastic family game'.

## Awards and nominations

* 2014 Kennerspiel des Jahres winner
* 2014 Swiss Gamers Award Winner
* 2014 Gouden Ludo Winner
* 2014 Golden Geek Board Game of the Year Nominee
* 2014 Golden Geek Best Strategy Board Game Nominee
* 2014 Golden Geek Best Family Board Game Nominee
* 2014 Meeples' Choice Nominee

## InfoBox

Istanbul
| The box cover of *Istanbul* | |
| --- | --- |
| Designers | Rüdiger Dorn |
| Publishers | Pegasus Spiele<br>Albi |
| Players | 2 to 5 |
| Playing time | 50 minutes |
| Age range | 10 and up |


title: Pagination

abstract: Pagination, also known as paging, is the process of dividing a document into discrete pages, either electronic pages or printed pages. In reference to books produced without a computer, pagination can mean the consecutive page numbering to indicate the proper order of the pages, which was rarely found in documents pre-dating 1500, and only became common practice c. 1550, when it replaced foliation, which numbered only the front sides of folios.

text:
# Pagination

**Pagination**, also known as **paging**, is the process of dividing a document into discrete pages, either electronic pages or printed pages.

In reference to books produced without a computer, pagination can mean the consecutive page numbering to indicate the proper order of the pages, which was rarely found in documents pre-dating 1500, and only became common practice c. 1550, when it replaced foliation, which numbered only the front sides of folios.

## Pagination in word processing, desktop publishing, and digital typesetting

Word processing, desktop publishing, and digital typesetting are technologies built on the idea of print as the intended final output medium, although nowadays it is understood that plenty of the content produced through these pathways will be viewed onscreen as electronic pages by most users rather than being printed on paper.

All of these software tools are capable of flowing the content through algorithms to decide the pagination. For example, they all include automated word wrapping (to obviate hard-coded newline delimiters), machine-readable paragraphing (to make paragraph-ending decisions), and automated pagination (to make page-breaking decisions). All of those automated capabilities can be manually overridden by the human user, via soft hyphens (that is, inserting a hyphen which will only be used if the word is split over two lines, and thus not shown if not), manual line breaks (which force a new line within the same paragraph), hard returns (which force both a new line and a new paragraph), and manual page breaks.

## Pagination in print

Today printed pages are usually produced by outputting an electronic file to a printing device, such as a desktop printer or a modern printing press. These electronic files may for example be Microsoft Word, PDF or QXD files. They will usually already incorporate the instructions for pagination, among other formatting instructions. Pagination encompasses rules and algorithms for deciding where page breaks will fall, which depend partly on cultural considerations about which content belongs on the same page: for example one may try to avoid widows and orphans. Some systems are more sophisticated than others in this respect. Before the rise of information technology (IT), pagination was a manual process: all pagination was decided by a human. Today, most pagination is performed by machines, although humans often override particular decisions (e.g. by inserting a hard page break).

## Pagination in electronic display

"Electronic page" is a term to encompass paginated content in presentations or documents that originate or remain as visual electronic documents. This is a software file and recording format term in contrast to electronic paper, a hardware display technology. Electronic pages may be a standard sized based on the document settings of a word processor file, desktop publishing application file, or presentation software file. Electronic pages may also be dynamic in size or content such as in the case of HTML pages. When end-user interactivity is part of the user experience design of an electronic page, it is better known as a graphical user interface (GUI). The number and size of electronic pages in a document are limited by the amount of computer data storage, not by the display devices or amount of paper.

Most electronic pages are for either display (screen output) on a computer monitor or handheld device, or output to a printing device. PDF and some e-book file format pages are designed to do both. Most applications will print electronic pages without the need for a screen capture. However, not all software supports WYSIWYG printing of pages. Pages exclusively for screen output are more commonly known as screens, windows, interfaces, scenes, or cards. In the case of presentation software, electronic pages are known as slides.

### In web browsers

Electronic pages displayed on a web browser are often called web pages, regardless of whether they are accessed online via a web server on the World Wide Web, or stored locally offline. More accurately, such documents are named by the markup language that makes them displayable via a web browser, e.g. "HTML page".

With dynamic web pages, pagination is used for such things as displaying a limited number of results on search engine results pages, or showing a limited number of posts when viewing a forum thread.

Pagination is used in some form in almost every web application to divide returned data and display it on multiple pages **within** one web page. Pagination also includes the logic of preparing and displaying the links to the various pages.

Pagination can be handled client-side or server-side.

For client-side pagination, the content of each page is included in the HTML source code pre-loaded within the page, while server-side pagination requests each page individually upon navigation.

Server-side pagination is more common. Client-side pagination can be used when there are very few records to be accessed, in which case all records can be returned, and the client can use JavaScript or CSS to view the separate pages.

By using AJAX, hybrid server/client-side pagination can be used, in which JavaScript is used to request the subsequent page from the server which is loaded and inserted into the Document Object Model via AJAX.

Server-side pagination is appropriate for large data sets providing faster initial page load, accessibility for those not running Javascript, and complex view business logic, while client-side pagination allows navigating between pages without delay from a server request.

Correctly implementing pagination can be difficult. There are many different usability questions such as should "previous" and "next" links be included, how many links to pages should be displayed, and should there be a link to the first and last pages. Also ability to define the number of records displayed in a single page is useful.

In comparison to bottomless scrolling, pagination allows skipping pages and can be implemented with permanent links (as done with the `offset` URL parameter in the MediaWiki wiki engine), whereas bottomless scrolling does not require clicking or tapping if loaded automatically.

### In Database

Pagination is an approach used to limit and display only a part of the total data of a query in the database. Instead of showing hundreds or thousands of rows at the same time, the server is requested only one page (a limited set of rows, per example only 10 rows), and the user starts navigating by requesting the next page, and then the next one, and so on. It is very useful, specially in web systems, where there is no dedicated connection between the client and the server, so the client does not have to wait to read and display all the rows of the server.

## Presentation vs. content

Today, all content, no matter which output medium is planned, predicted, or not predicted, can be produced with technologies that allow downstream transformations into any presentation desired, although such best-practice preparation is still far from universal. This usually involves a markup language (such as XML, HTML, or SGML) that tags the content semantically and machine-readably, which allows downstream technologies (such as XSLT, XSL, or CSS) to output them into whatever presentation is desired. This concept is known as the separation of presentation and content. This paradigm is now the conventional one in most commercial publishing, except to the extent that legacy and backward compatibility issues and budget constraints interfere, and to the extent that many of the people involved do not understand the topic enough to help build compliance. But the need to manually paginate has diminished as the technology for dynamic display and automatic pagination advances. Also, there is less need to make a hierarchical distinction between pagination in print and pagination in electronic display, because the same underlying content will most likely be used for the latter exclusively if not for both display methods.


title: PTK2B

abstract: Protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTK2B gene.

text:
# PTK2B

**Protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *PTK2B* gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is involved in calcium-induced regulation of ion channels and activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway. The encoded protein may represent an important signaling intermediate between neuropeptide-activated receptors or neurotransmitters that increase calcium flux and the downstream signals that regulate neuronal activity.

The encoded protein undergoes rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and activation in response to increases in the intracellular calcium concentration , nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation, membrane depolarization, or protein kinase C activation. In addition, SOCE-induced Pyk2 activation mediates disassembly of endothelial adherens junctions, via tyrosine (Y1981-residue) phosphorylation of VE-PTP.

This protein has been shown to bind a CRK-associated substrate, a nephrocystin, a GTPase regulator associated with FAK, and the SH2 domain of GRB2.

The encoded protein is a member of the FAK subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases but lacks significant sequence similarity to kinases from other subfamilies. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.

## Interactions

PTK2B has been shown to interact with:

## Further reading

* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: *Q14289* (Protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta) at the PDBe-KB.

## InfoBox

| PTK2B | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | PTK2B, CADTK, CAKB, FADK2, FAK2, PKB, PTK, PYK2, RAFTK, protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 601212; MGI: 104908; HomoloGene: 23001; GeneCards: PTK2B; OMA:PTK2B - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_004103
NM\_173174
NM\_173175
NM\_173176   NM\_001162365
NM\_001162366
NM\_172498
NM\_001360233   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_004094
NP\_775266
NP\_775267
NP\_775268   NP\_001155837
NP\_001155838
NP\_766086
NP\_001347162   Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 27.31 – 27.46 Mb Chr 14: 66.39 – 66.52 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Paddy Enright

abstract: Patrick Enright was an Irish hurler who played as a full-back for the Limerick senior team. Enright was a stalwart of the Limerick team throughout the 1950s. During that time he won one Munster winners' medal. At club level, Enright won a club championship winners' medal with his local Ahane club.

text:
# Paddy Enright

**Patrick Enright** (11 April 1926 – 12 October 2009) was an Irish hurler who played as a full-back for the Limerick senior team.

Enright was a stalwart of the Limerick team throughout the 1950s. During that time he won one Munster winners' medal.

At club level, Enright won a club championship winners' medal with his local Ahane club.

## InfoBox

Paddy Enright
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Pádraig Mac Ionnrachtaigh* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Full-back | | |
| Born | 11 April 1926
Ahane, County Limerick, Ireland | | |
| Died | 12 October 2009 (aged 83)
Annacotty
, County Limerick, Ireland | | |
| Occupation | Freight Manager CIÉ employee | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | Ahane | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Limerick titles | 1 | | |
| Inter-county(ies)\* | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 1952–1956 | Limerick | 7 (0-00) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 1 | | |
| All-Irelands | 0 | | |
| NHL | 0 | | |
| \*Inter County team apps and scores correct as of 18:10, 16 February 2015. | | | |


title: Paddy Embry

abstract: Patrick Paul Elliot Embry is a former Australian politician. Born in Oundle in the United Kingdom to Air Chief Marshal Basil Embry and Lady Margaret Elliot, he arrived in Australia in December 1956 and became a farmer. In 2001, he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council for South West Region, representing One Nation. On 15 May 2003, he resigned from One Nation to sit as an independent. He co-founded the New Country Party with fellow ex-One Nation independent Frank Hough on 30 November 2004. Embry was defeated in 2005. Embry ran for the Senate at the 2010 federal election as an independent grouped candidate.

text:
# Paddy Embry

**Patrick Paul Elliot Embry** (born 19 October 1942) is a former Australian politician. Born in Oundle in the United Kingdom to Air Chief Marshal Basil Embry and Lady Margaret Elliot, he arrived in Australia in December 1956 and became a farmer. In 2001, he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council for South West Region, representing One Nation. On 15 May 2003, he resigned from One Nation to sit as an independent. He co-founded the New Country Party with fellow ex-One Nation independent Frank Hough on 30 November 2004. Embry was defeated in 2005.

Embry ran for the Senate at the 2010 federal election as an independent grouped candidate.

## InfoBox

| Paddy Embry | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the New Country Party | |
| **In office**
9 January 2004  24 November 2007 | |
| Deputy | Frank Hough
Jeff Knuth |
| Preceded by | *Party established* |
| Succeeded by | Chris Dodoff |
| Leader of Pauline Hanson's
One Nation in Western Australia | |
| **In office**
3 October 1998  15 May 2003 | |
| Leader | John Fischer |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | Frank Hough |
| Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for South West | |
| **In office**
22 May 2001  21 May 2005 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Patrick Paul Elliot Embry
(1942-10-19) 19 October 1942
Oundle, England |
| Political party | New Country (2004–2008) |
| Other political
affiliations | One Nation (1998–2003)
Independent (2003–2004) |
| Spouse | Patricia Finnegan |
| Children | 4 |
| Parent(s) | Basil Embry
Margaret Elliot |
| Occupation | Sheep farmer
(Self–employed) |
| Profession | Farmer
Politician |
|  | |


title: Pablo Garretón

abstract: Pablo Arturo Garretón is a former Argentine rugby union player. He played as a flanker. His father was a rugby fan and took him to Tucumán Lawn Tennis when he was only 7 years old, in 1973. A domestic accident made him quit but he would come back to Universitario Rugby Club de Tucumán in 1976, where he spent most of his career. He had his debut for the first team in 1983/84, aged 17 years old, and he stayed there until 1991/92. He moved to Buenos Aires in 1992 to work in the Italian Hospital. For that reason he moved to Belgrano Athletic and later played for Hindú Club. He won the URBA tournament in 1997/98. He had 31 caps for Argentina, from 1987 to 1993, scoring 2 tries, 8 points on aggregate. He was called for the 1991 Rugby World Cup, where he was the captain and played in three games, without scoring. He was the first captain of the "Pumas" from outside Buenos Aires. He was also President of the Universitario Rugby Club de Tucumán.

text:
# Pablo Garretón

**Pablo Arturo Garretón** (born 26 June 1966 in San Miguel de Tucumán) is a former Argentine rugby union player. He played as a flanker.

His father was a rugby fan and took him to Tucumán Lawn Tennis when he was only 7 years old, in 1973. A domestic accident made him quit but he would come back to Universitario Rugby Club de Tucumán in 1976, where he spent most of his career. He had his debut for the first team in 1983/84, aged 17 years old, and he stayed there until 1991/92. He moved to Buenos Aires in 1992 to work in the Italian Hospital. For that reason he moved to Belgrano Athletic and later played for Hindú Club. He won the URBA tournament in 1997/98.

He had 31 caps for Argentina, from 1987 to 1993, scoring 2 tries, 8 points on aggregate. He was called for the 1991 Rugby World Cup, where he was the captain and played in three games, without scoring. He was the first captain of the "Pumas" from outside Buenos Aires.

He was also President of the Universitario Rugby Club de Tucumán.

## InfoBox

Pablo Garretón
| Birth name | Pablo Arturo Garretón |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1966-07-26) July 26, 1966 |
| Place of birth | San Miguel de Tucumán |
| Occupation(s) | Neurosurgeon |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Flanker  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1973-1976
1988-2004 Tucumán Lawn Tennis
Universitario Rugby Club de Tucumán   ()  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1989 Tucumán   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1991-1995  Argentina  30  (50) | |


title: Pakistan (disambiguation)

abstract: Pakistan is a country in South Asia. Pakistan may also refer to:

text:
# Pakistan (disambiguation)

**Pakistan** is a country in South Asia.

**Pakistan** may also refer to:

## Places

### Historical

* Dominion of Pakistan, an independent federal dominion in the British Empire from August 1947 to March 1956;
* West Pakistan, former western provincial wing of Pakistan from 1955 until the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War (now Pakistan);
* East Pakistan, former eastern provincial wing of Pakistan from 1955 until the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War (now Bangladesh).

## Institutes

## Songs