title: George Jessel (actor)

abstract: George Albert "Georgie" Jessel was an American actor, singer, songwriter, and film producer. He was famous in his lifetime as a multitalented comedic entertainer, achieving a level of recognition that transcended his limited roles in movies. He was widely known by his nickname, the "Toastmaster General of the United States," for his frequent role as the master of ceremonies at political and entertainment gatherings. Jessel originated the title role in the stage production of The Jazz Singer.

text:
# George Jessel (actor)

**George Albert "Georgie" Jessel** (April 3, 1898 – May 23, 1981) was an American actor, singer, songwriter, and film producer. He was famous in his lifetime as a multitalented comedic entertainer, achieving a level of recognition that transcended his limited roles in movies. He was widely known by his nickname, the "Toastmaster General of the United States," for his frequent role as the master of ceremonies at political and entertainment gatherings. Jessel originated the title role in the stage production of *The Jazz Singer*.

## Early years

Jessel was born to Jewish parents, Joseph and Charlotte "Lottie" (née Schwarz) Jessel, on 118th Street in Harlem, New York City. By age 10, he was appearing in vaudeville and on Broadway to support his family after the death of his father, who was a playwright.

His mother, who worked as a ticket seller at the Imperial Theater, helped him form The Imperial Trio, a harmony group of ushers to entertain patrons of the theater, with Walter Winchell and Jack Wiener, using the stage names Leonard, Lawrence and McKinley, in their early teens (such usher-singer groups were common). At age 11, he was a partner of Eddie Cantor in a kid sketch and performed with him on stage until he outgrew the role at age 16. He later partnered with Lou Edwards and then became a solo performer.

## Career

### Vaudeville

His most famous comedy skit was called "Hello Mama" or "Phone Call from Mama," which portrayed a one-sided telephone conversation. In 1919 he produced his own solo show, *George Jessel's Troubles*.

Jessel co-wrote the lyrics for a hit tune, "Oh How I Laugh When I Think How I Cried About You," and he performed in several successful comedy stage shows in the early 1920s. In 1921 he recorded a hit single, "The Toastmaster." He sometimes appeared in blackface in his vaudeville shows.

### Film and broadcasting

Jessel appeared in his first motion picture, the silent movie *The Other Man's Wife* (1919). In 1924, he appeared in a brief comedy sketch in a short film made in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process.

In 1925, he emerged as one of the most popular leading men on Broadway with the starring role in the stage production of *The Jazz Singer*. The success of the show prompted Warner Bros.—after their success with *Don Juan* (1926) with music and sound effects only—to adapt *The Jazz Singer* as the first "talkie" with dialogue and to cast Jessel in the lead role. However, the studio refused his salary demands, so Jessel turned down the movie role, which was eventually played by Al Jolson. According to Jessel during an interview around 1980, Warner Bros. still owed Jessel money for earlier roles and lacked enough funds to produce this movie with a leading star. Jolson, the biographical inspiration for the movie, became the movie's main financial backer.

Jessel's next movie role was in *Private Izzy Murphy* (1926). Whereas Jolson's film career skyrocketed after the 1927 release of *The Jazz Singer*, Jessel remained in smaller movie roles, often intended for audiences fond of Jewish and other "ethnic" humor. He was elected to The Lambs Theatre Club in 1942.

In the mid-1940s, he began producing musicals for 20th Century Fox, producing 24 films in all in a career that lasted through the 1950s and 1960s. At the same time he became known as a host on the banquet circuit, famous for his good-natured wit aimed at his fellow celebrities. In 1946, he was one of the founding members of the California branch of the Friars Club. (A recording exists of an example of his "blue" work in front of a stag audience, although it was actually recorded at a roast hosted by the Friars' rival, the Masquers Club.) He also traveled widely overseas with the USO entertaining troops. As he grew older, he wrote eulogies for many of his contemporaries in Hollywood. He wrote three volumes of memoirs, *So Help Me* (1943), *This Way, Miss* (1955), and *The World I Lived In* (1975).

Jessel produced a number of Hollywood films, including *The Dolly Sisters* (1945), *Nightmare Alley* (1947), *Golden Girl* (1951) and *The I Don't Care Girl* (1953).

In the early 1950s, he performed on the radio in *The George Jessel Show*, which became a television series of the same name from 1953 to 1954.

He guest-starred on NBC's *The Jimmy Durante Show*. In 1968, he starred in *Here Come the Stars*, a syndicated variety show. However, his attempt to extend his career was undermined by a perception that his style of comedy was outdated, as well as by his outspoken support of the American entry into the Vietnam War and of conservative political causes. He often crossed the era's stereotypical political lines with its support for the civil rights movement and criticism of racism and anti-Semitism. His outspoken political opinions were, at times, the source of scandal.

In 1971, while being interviewed by Edwin Newman on *The Today Show* on NBC, he repeatedly referred to *The New York Times* as *Pravda* (the house organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), and the interview was cut short.

Later film roles included a cameo as himself in *Valley of the Dolls* (1967), *The Busy Body* (1967) opposite Sid Caesar, and the controversial musical *Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness?* (1969) directed by and starring Anthony Newley. He made additional cameos in other all-star films such as *The Phynx* (1970) and *Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood* (1976).

## Personal life

In the 1930s, his personal life kept him in the public eye as much as his movies. On May 2, 1930, Jessel married Florence Courtney in Chicago. She divorced him on October 24, 1932, on the grounds of cruelty. On April 23, 1934, Jessel married silent movie star Norma Talmadge, causing a scandal because Talmadge was married at the time that they started their affair, and she obtained a Mexican divorce only ten days earlier. After their divorce on August 11, 1939, he caused another scandal by breaking into her house with a pistol and firing shots at her current lover. In 1940, he married a 16-year old showgirl, Lois Andrews, when he was 42. They had a daughter, Jerrilyn, before divorcing in 1942. In his 1975 autobiography, *The World I Lived In*, Jessel claimed he had affairs with actresses Pola Negri, Helen Morgan and Lupe Vélez.

In 1961, actress Joan Tyler filed a paternity suit against Jessel claiming he was the father of her daughter Christine. Jessel later admitted he was Christine's father and settled the suit out of court. As part of the terms of the settlement, Jessel agreed to pay Tyler $500 a month in child support (equivalent to $5,036 in 2023).

In 1964, Jessel reportedly sexually groped an adult Shirley Temple. According to Temple, he invited her to his office under the guise of discussing a recent role. During their meeting, Jessel put an arm around Temple while taking off his pants. He then grabbed the 35 year-old Temple's breasts. She fought off his attempts by kicking him in the groin.

## Death

On May 23, 1981, Jessel died of a heart attack at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center at the age of 83. He was interred in the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California.

## Honors and awards

In 1969, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored him for his charity work by awarding him the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, a Special Academy Award. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, George Jessel has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1777 Vine Street in Los Angeles.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1919 | *The Other Man's Wife* | Davy Simon | Lost film |
| 1926 | *Private Izzy Murphy* | Isadore "Izzy" Murphy / Patrick Murphy | **Lost** film |
| 1927 | *Sailor Izzy Murphy* | Izzy Murphy | **Lost** film |
| 1927 | *Ginsberg the Great* | Johnny Ginsberg | **Lost** film |
| 1928 | *George Washington Cohen* | George Washington Cohen | **Lost** film |
| 1929 | *Lucky Boy* | Georgie Jessel |  |
| 1929 | *Happy Days* | Minstrel show performer #4 |  |
| 1929 | *Love, Live and Laugh* | Luigi |  |
| 1943 | *Stage Door Canteen* | Himself |  |
| 1944 | *Four Jills in a Jeep* | Master of ceremonies |  |
| 1953 | *Yesterday and Today* | Narrator | Voice |
| 1953 | *The I Don't Care Girl* | Himself | Uncredited |
| 1957 | *Beau James* | Himself |  |
| 1959 | *Juke Box Rhythm* | Himself |  |
| 1967 | *The Busy Body* | Mr. Fessel |  |
| 1967 | *Valley of the Dolls* | MC Grammy Awards |  |
| 1969 | *Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness?* | The Presence |  |
| 1970 | *The Phynx* | Himself |  |
| 1976 | *Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood* | Awards Announcer |  |
| 1981 | *Reds* | Himself - Witness |  |
| 2018 | *The Other Side of the Wind* | Himself | Final film role; filmed between 1970 and 1976 |

## InfoBox

| George Jessel | |
| --- | --- |
| Jessel c. 1926 | |
| Born | George Albert Jessel
(1898-04-03)April 3, 1898
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | May 23, 1981(1981-05-23) (aged 83)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery, Culver City, California, U.S. |
| Other names | Georgie Jessel |
| Years active | 1909–1981 |
| Spouses | *   Florence Courtney  (m. 1923; div. 1932) *   Norma Talmadge  (m. 1934; div. 1939) *   Lois Andrews  (m. 1940; div. 1943) |
| Children | 2 |
| Signature | |
|  | |


abstract: The College of Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology is one of the six colleges at the institute.

text:
# Georgia Institute of Technology College of Sciences

The **College of Sciences** at the Georgia Institute of Technology is one of the six colleges at the institute.

## History

Until 1990, there was no independent college for the sciences. Before then, there had been three colleges: the College of Engineering, the College of Management, and College of Science and Liberal Studies (COSALS). As part of his restructuring plan, John Patrick Crecine reorganized the institute; he split COSALS into the College of Sciences and combined the liberal arts and management programs into the Ivan Allen College of Management and Liberal Arts. The latter would be split by G. Wayne Clough in 1998.

## Schools

## Degrees

### Undergraduate

Almost all of the undergraduate degrees offered by the College of Sciences have concentration options and/or a "business plan."

### Master’s

### Doctoral

## InfoBox

College of Sciences
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1885/1990 |
| Dean | Susan Lozier |
| Undergraduates | 2,106 |
| Postgraduates | 884 |
| Location | Atlanta, Georgia, US |
| Website | cos.gatech.edu |


abstract: The School of Cybersecurity and Privacy (SCP) is an academic unit located within the College of Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology. This interdisciplinary unit draws its faculty from the College of Computing as well as the College of Engineering, the School of Public Policy, the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, the Scheller College of Business, and the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI). Faculty are engaged in both research and teaching activities related to computer security and privacy at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The school's unifying vision is to keep "cyberspace safer and more secure."

text:
# Georgia Institute of Technology School of Cybersecurity and Privacy

The **School of Cybersecurity and Privacy** (SCP) is an academic unit located within the College of Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology. This interdisciplinary unit draws its faculty from the College of Computing as well as the College of Engineering, the School of Public Policy, the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, the Scheller College of Business, and the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI). Faculty are engaged in both research and teaching activities related to computer security and privacy at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The school's unifying vision is to keep "cyberspace safer and more secure."

## History

The School of Cybersecurity and Privacy was founded in 2020 and Richard DeMillo was appointed as the school's founding chair. The creation of the school represented an enlargement and continuation of the vision held by the Institute for Information Security & Privacy (IISP), the former organizing locus of cybersecurity research at Georgia Tech.

## Degrees offered

The School of Cybersecurity and Privacy offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees in several fields. These degrees are technically granted by the School's parent organization, the Georgia Tech College of Computing, and often awarded in conjunction with other academic units within Georgia Tech.

## Research

The faculty and students of the school lead and conduct a variety of research in areas including Cyber-physical systems, information security, Internet of Things (IoT), networking, and policy. Notable labs include the GTRI Cyber Technology and Information Security Laboratory (CIPHER) founded in 2010, and the Georgia Tech Information Security Center (GTISC) founded in 1998.

## Location

The School of Computational Science & Engineering's administrative offices, as well as those of most of its faculty and graduate students, are located in the CODA Building.

## InfoBox

Georgia Institute of Technology School of Cybersecurity and Privacy
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2020 |
| Chair | Richard DeMillo |
| Academic staff | 21 |
| Location | Atlanta, Georgia, USA |
| Website | scp.cc.gatech.edu |


abstract:
The Faculty of Architecture Poznań University of Technology is one of the schools of architecture in Poland. It was founded in 1950, existed until 1954. The founder was Władysław Czarnecki. In 1999 the faculty was revived by Robert Ast. Departments:
  - Department of Architecture of the Services and Housing
  - Institute of Architecture and Planning
  - Department of Drawing, Painting, Sculpture List of presidents:
  - Władysław Czarnecki (1950-1954)
  - Robert Ast (1999-2002)
  - Wojciech Bonenberg (2002-2008)
  - Jerzy Suchanek (2008-2016)
  - Ewa Pruszewicz-Sipińska (2016-)

text:
# Faculty of Architecture Poznań University of Technology

The **Faculty of Architecture Poznań University of Technology** (Pl. **Wydział Architektury Politechniki Poznańskiej**) is one of the schools of architecture in Poland. It was founded in 1950, existed until 1954. The founder was Władysław Czarnecki. In 1999 the faculty was revived by Robert Ast.

Departments:

* Department of Architecture of the Services and Housing
* Institute of Architecture and Planning
* Department of Drawing, Painting, Sculpture

List of presidents:

52°25′00″N 16°58′53″E / 52.41667°N 16.98139°E / 52.41667; 16.98139

## InfoBox

Faculty of Architecture
Poznań University of Technology
| Type | Faculty |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1950 (1999) |
| President | Ewa Pruszewicz-Sipińska |
| Location | Poznań, Greater Poland Voivodeship,  Poland |
| Website | http://architektura.put.poznan.pl/n/ |


title: Kalanchoe adelae

abstract: Kalanchoe adelae is a succulent plant that grows in the Comoros. It was discovered by French botanist Raymond Hamet. It is named after Madame Adele Le Chartier, an acquaintance of Hamet.

text:
# Kalanchoe adelae

***Kalanchoe adelae*** is a succulent plant that grows in the Comoros. It was discovered by French botanist Raymond Hamet. It is named after Madame Adele Le Chartier, an acquaintance of Hamet.

## InfoBox

| *Kalanchoe adelae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Crassulaceae |
| Genus: | *Kalanchoe* |
| Species: | ***K. adelae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Kalanchoe adelae***<br>Raym.-Hamet | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bryophyllum adelae* (Raym.-Hamet) A.Berger) * *Kalanchoe floribunda* Tul. | |


title: Palaestra (mythology)

abstract: Greek mythology associates the name Palaestra (Παλαίστρα) with two separate characters, both associated with the god Hermes: one became a mortal lover of Hermes, whereas the other was considered his daughter and a goddess of wrestling. Myths concerning both provided an etiology for the Greek word for a wrestling school: palaestra.

text:
# Palaestra (mythology)

Greek mythology associates the name **Palaestra** (Παλαίστρα) with two separate characters, both associated with the god Hermes: one became a mortal lover of Hermes, whereas the other was considered his daughter and a goddess of wrestling. Myths concerning both provided an etiology for the Greek word for a wrestling school: *palaestra*.

## Palaestra, lover of Hermes

According to a story recorded by Servius, **Palaestra** was a daughter of the Arcadian king Choricius, and sister to Plexippus and Enetus. Her two brothers would wrestle each other, and their father, finding the sight of them wrestling to be of aesthetic value, made it into a sports game. Palaestra told about this to her lover Hermes; he liked the new game even more and, after making some improvements, introduced it to all people. Plexippus and Enetus learned from Palaestra that their invention had been divulged and reported the matter to Choricus. He got angry at his sons and ordered them to punish the thief. They found Hermes sleeping on a mountain and dismembered him, from which circumstance the mountain was believed to have been named Cyllene (a folk etymology based on the Greek κυλλός *kyllos* "crippled"), and the hermae had no arms. Hermes complained about this to Zeus and eventually had Choricus eviscerated and his remains collected in a bag. Still wishing to commemorate Palaestra, he made her name refer to the art of wrestling.

There was also an alternate version, found in the *Etymologicum Magnum*: according to it Palaestra was the daughter of Pandocus, a man who lived at the crossroads of three paths and would kill all the passers-by until Hermes paid him a visit and suffocated him at the instigation of Palaestra. Two folk etymologies were based on this tale: one that derived the word πάλη *palē* "wrestling" from the name of Palaestra, and the other that considered the word πανδοκεία *pandokeia* "act or habit of welcoming every guest" to come from the name of Pandocus.

## Palaestra, daughter of Hermes

According to Philostratus the Elder, **Palaestra**, a daughter of Hermes, was believed to have grown up in Arcadia, which connected her with Olympia and the Olympian Games. She was credited with inventing the art of wrestling for men to entertain themselves during the times of peace. Palaestra herself was seen as a skilled wrestler with androgynous looks and boyish ways, as is evident from the extended physical description of her by Philostratus:

> The figure of Palaistra, if it be compared with a boy, will be that of a girl; but if it be taken for a girl, it will seem to be a boy. For her hair is too short even to be twisted into a knot; the eye might be that of either sex; and the brow indicates disdain for both lovers and wrestlers; for she claims that she is able to resist both the one and the other and that not even in a wrestling bout could anyone touch her breasts, so much does she excel in the art. And the breasts themselves, as in a boy of tender years, show but slight signs of beginning fullness. She cares for nothing feminine; hence she does not even wish to have white arms, and apparently even disapproves of the Dryades because they stay in the shade to keep their skin fair; nay, as one who lives in the vales of Arkadia, she begs Helios (the Sun) for colour, and he brings it to her like a flower and reddens the girl with moderate heat.


title: Peter Sinnerud

abstract: Peter Sinnerud was a Norwegian speed skater.

text:
# Peter Sinnerud

**Peter Sinnerud** (4 January 1876 – 22 March 1972) was a Norwegian speed skater.

## Biography

At the 1895 World Allround Championships Sinnerud won a silver medal and set a world record over 10,000 m at 18:50.0, though later that day the gold medalist Jaap Eden broke that record by almost a minute. After that Sinnerud skated for 15 years in North America, winning six U.S. and Canadian titles in total. He returned to Norway for the 1904 world and national championships. He won both, but was later stripped of these titles because he participated in professional races in the U.S. (it is not known whether he was paid for that). Disappointed, Sinnerud returned to the U.S. and skated there professionally for several years, winning nothing, but placing within the podium in several races. Although Sinnerud was Norwegian he was often referred to in American newspapers by the nickname "The Terrible Swede" because of his speed and the Swedish–Norwegian Union.

In 1910 he returned to Norway for good and worked as a farmer outside of Hamar. He also converted his house into an accommodation and training center, becoming Norway's first speed skating coach. His trainees included Jan Langedijk, Klaas Schenk, Kees Broekman, Michael Staksrud, Reidar Liaklev and Hans Engnestangen.

Sinnerud was married to Astrid Margaretha Fjetre. He closed up his training center in 1956, after a sudden death of his son Arve at age 43. His grandson Sven Peter Sinnerud became a technician at the Vikingskipet, preparing ice for all championships conducted there since 1994.

### Notes

## InfoBox

Peter Sinnerud
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 4 January 1876
Stange, Norway |
| Died | 22 March 1972 (aged 96)
Hamar, Norway |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Speed skating |
| Club | Hamar SK |
| Medal record      Representing  Norway  World Championships  1895 Hamar Allround | |


title: Goguryeo revival movements

abstract: The Goguryeo revival movements were various attempts to revive the Kingdom of Goguryeo after its defeat by the Silla-Tang alliance in 668. After 668, several different revival movements were initiated throughout the former territories of Goguryeo and some even in Tang territory. A new theory among Korean historians states that Gung-ye, the founder of Taebong, was a descendant of Anseung and the Go Dynasty. This theory has not been completely accepted yet, as more research is still in process.

text:
# Goguryeo revival movements

The **Goguryeo revival movements** were various attempts to revive the Kingdom of Goguryeo after its defeat by the Silla-Tang alliance in 668. After 668, several different revival movements were initiated throughout the former territories of Goguryeo and some even in Tang territory. A new theory among Korean historians states that Gung-ye, the founder of Taebong, was a descendant of Anseung and the Go Dynasty. This theory has not been completely accepted yet, as more research is still in process.

## The revival movement of Anseung and Geom Mojam

After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, the Goguryeo general Geom Mojam gathered Goguryeo refugees and revived Goguryeo at Hanseong, one of the three capitals of Goguryeo located in South Hwanghae. Geom selected Prince Anseung, a descendant of king Bojang, to become the new king of the revived Goguryeo.

This new Goguryeo was greatly assisted by Silla and its ruler, Munmu of Silla. The two factions arose from within the kingdom, and the infighting resulted in the assassination of Geom Mojam on King Anseung's orders. Geom Mojam's death left the restored Goguryeo gravely weakened. Anseung surrendered to King Munmu shortly after the event, and was given the title "King of Bodeok" as well as the Silla Royal surname "Kim". The exact number of Goguryeo people that followed Anseung into Silla is unknown, but it is thought that most of them became a part of the Kingdom of Bodeok. The Kingdom of Bodeok was demolished in 683 by King Sinmun, son of King Munmu, mostly due to the possible threat of rebellion by the Goguryeo people.

## The revival movement of Dae Jung-Sang

When Goguryeo fell in 668, General Dae Jung-sang and his son, General Dae Joyeong, led Goguryeo soldiers from the Western borders to Dongmo Mountain, and established the kingdom of Balhae.


title: Timișoara metropolitan area

abstract: The Timișoara metropolitan area is a metropolitan area in Timiș County, which includes Timișoara and 14 surrounding communes. It was legally established in 2008 as an inter-community development association and is a member of the Federation of Metropolitan Areas and Urban Agglomerations in Romania (FZMAUR).

text:
# Timișoara metropolitan area

The **Timișoara metropolitan area** is a metropolitan area in Timiș County, which includes Timișoara and 14 surrounding communes. It was legally established in 2008 as an inter-community development association and is a member of the Federation of Metropolitan Areas and Urban Agglomerations in Romania (FZMAUR).

## History

The first attempts to create a metropolitan area appeared in 1999–2000, when Timișoara and six peri-urban communes in the first ring surrounding the city (Dumbrăvița, Ghiroda, Giroc, Moșnița Nouă, Săcălaz and Sânmihaiu Român) entered into a local partnership. The result of this partnership was the elaboration of a medium- and long-term "strategic concept of economic and social development". In 2004, by a decision of the Timiș County Council, the first Metropolitan Consultative Council was established.

The delimitation of the area of influence was approved by HCL no. 387/2008.

## Geography

The total area on which the Timișoara metropolitan area extends is 1,079.54 km2 – of which 129.27 km2 represent the administrative territory of Timișoara, and 950.27 km2 the area of influence of the city – occupying about 3.4% of the West development region and about 12.5% of Timiș County.

## Administration

The Timișoara metropolitan area is administered by the Timișoara Growth Pole Intercommunity Development Association, led by a General Assembly, a Board of Directors and a General Manager. The General Assembly is the supreme governing body, composed of all members of the Association. The president of the Association is the mayor of Timișoara. The total number of representatives in the General Assembly is 31 members. The Board of Directors is the executive governing body of the Association, composed of the president of the Association and two members appointed by the General Assembly for a period of two years.

### Subdivisions

The Timișoara metropolitan area includes an urban center (Timișoara) and its area of influence, i.e. 14 communes (Becicherecu Mic, Bucovăț, Dudeștii Noi, Dumbrăvița, Ghiroda, Giarmata, Giroc, Moșnița Nouă, Orțișoara, Pișchia, Remetea Mare, Săcălaz, Sânmihaiu Român and Șag) with 35 villages.

| Name | Population (2018 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Timișoara | 330,209 | 129.27 | 2,554 |
| Becicherecu Mic | 3,207 | 46.65 | 69 |
| Bucovăț | 1,894 | 32.52 | 58 |
| Dudeștii Noi | 3,509 | 53.93 | 65 |
| Dumbrăvița | 10,984 | 18.99 | 578 |
| Ghiroda | 7,188 | 34.13 | 211 |
| Giarmata | 7,469 | 71.51 | 104 |
| Giroc | 14,037 | 52.77 | 266 |
| Moșnița Nouă | 9,095 | 68.87 | 132 |
| Orțișoara | 4,655 | 145.63 | 32 |
| Pișchia | 3,165 | 123.61 | 26 |
| Remetea Mare | 2,639 | 72.89 | 36 |
| Săcălaz | 9,314 | 119.49 | 78 |
| Sânmihaiu Român | 7,685 | 75.26 | 102 |
| Șag | 3,631 | 34.02 | 107 |
| Total | 418,681 | 1,079.54 | 388 |

Given the accentuated polarization of the area and the continuous expansion of Timișoara and its suburbs, it was proposed to extend the metropolitan area with the following subdivisions:

## Demographics

| Population census | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | 2002 | 2011 | 2021 |
| Pop. | 368,102 | 387,604 | 367,430 |
| ±% |  | +5.3% | −5.2% |
| Source: | | | |

According to the 2021 census, the population of the 15 administrative units totals 367,430 people, of whom 250,849 live in Timișoara.

According to the 2011 census, the resident population of the Timișoara metropolitan area was 387,604, 5.3% higher than previously reported in the 2002 census. The population of the metropolitan area represents 21.2% of the population of the West development region and 56.26% of the population of Timiș County. The majority of the population (82.38%) lives in Timișoara (319,279) and only 17.62% in the area of influence (68,325), given that the area of Timișoara represents about 12% of the area of the metropolitan area. The population growth was more pronounced in the peri-urban countryside than in Timișoara, the share of the city in the total population of the area decreasing by almost 4% between 2002–2011. In its extended area of influence, defined as the area that can be reached within a 60-minute drive from the city proper, live about 950,000 people.

Network of localities and population at the 2002 and 2011 censuses
| City/Commune | Locality | 2002 | 2011 | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Timișoara | | 317,660 | 319,279 | +0.5% |
|  | Timișoara | 317,660 | 319,279 |
| Becicherecu Mic | | 2,417 | 2,853 | +18.0% |
|  | Becicherecu Mic | 2,417 | 2,853 |
| Bucovăț | | 1,410 | 1,601 | +13.5% |
|  | Bucovăț | 1,150 | 1,318 |
| | Bazoșu Nou | 260 | 283 |
| Dudeștii Noi | | 2,395 | 3,179 | +32.7% |
|  | Dudeștii Noi | 2,395 | 3,179 |
| Dumbrăvița | | 2,693 | 7,522 | +179.3% |
|  | Dumbrăvița | 2,693 | 7,522 |
| Ghiroda | | 4,907 | 6,200 | +26.4% |
|  | Ghiroda | 3,499 | 4,605 |
| | Giarmata-Vii | 1,408 | 1,595 |
| Giarmata | | 5,407 | 6,502 | +20.3% |
|  | Giarmata | 4,405 | 5,210 |
| | Cerneteaz | 1,002 | 1,292 |
| Giroc | | 4,295 | 8,388 | +95.3% |
|  | Giroc | 2,291 | 5,652 |
| | Chișoda | 2,004 | 2,736 |
| Moșnița Nouă | | 4,298 | 6,203 | +44.3% |
|  | Moșnița Nouă | 1,450 | 2,833 |
| | Moșnița Veche | 1,370 | 1,590 |
| | Urseni | 1,151 | 1,315 |
| | Albina | 279 | 386 |
| | Rudicica | 48 | 79 |
| Orțișoara | | 4,080 | 4,190 | +2.7% |
|  | Orțișoara | 2,256 | 2,289 |
| | Călacea | 674 | 723 |
| | Seceani | 595 | 590 |
| | Cornești | 555 | 588 |
| Pișchia | | 3,006 | 3,051 | +1.5% |
|  | Pișchia | 1,127 | 1,116 |
| | Bencecu de Sus | 870 | 844 |
| | Murani | 582 | 646 |
| | Bencecu de Jos | 386 | 396 |
| | Sălciua Nouă | 41 | 49 |
| Remetea Mare | | 2,111 | 2,302 | +9.0% |
|  | Remetea Mare | 1,286 | 1,495 |
| | Ianova | 825 | 807 |
| Săcălaz | | 6,273 | 7,204 | +14.8% |
|  | Săcălaz | 3,758 | 4,596 |
| | Beregsău Mare | 1,704 | 1,747 |
| | Beregsău Mic | 811 | 861 |
| Sânmihaiu Român | | 4,396 | 6,121 | +39.2% |
|  | Sânmihaiu Român | 1,788 | 2,805 |
| | Utvin | 1,875 | 2,451 |
| | Sânmihaiu German | 733 | 865 |
| Șag | | 2,754 | 3,009 | +9.3% |
|  | Șag | 2,754 | 3,009 |

## Economy

Timișoara polarizes over 80% of the county's turnover and over 30% of the region's.

The city's economic profile, largely based on manufacturing, has encouraged the expansion of urban mass toward the larger metropolitan area. If between 1992–2012 Timișoara expanded by 13%, the metropolitan area expanded by about 18%. Some of the peri-urban localities have undergone a dramatic process of transformation. For example, during this period, Dumbrăvița expanded by 138%. Other localities expanded by 20%, 30% or 50%.

The area of influence has a mixed functional profile, generally dominated by the service sector. The villages in the immediate vicinity of the city – Ghiroda, Remetea Mare, Giroc – crossed or delimited by major roads (E70) and the villages in the vicinity of well-defined industrial areas of the city (Sânmihaiu Român) have micro-industrial areas, the industrial units located here having significant shares in the turnover of the locality (over 40%, even over 50% in the case of Giroc). In general, agriculture plays a minor role in the functional profile of the area of influence.

## InfoBox

| Timișoara metropolitan area *Zona metropolitană Timișoara* | |
| --- | --- |
| Metropolitan area | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Romania |
| Development region | West |
| County | Timiș |
| Component LAUs | Cities: Timișoara
Communes: Becicherecu Mic, Bucovăț, Dudeștii Noi, Dumbrăvița, Ghiroda, Giarmata, Giroc, Moșnița Nouă, Orțișoara, Pișchia, Remetea Mare, Săcălaz, Sânmihaiu Român, Șag |
| Established | 2008 |
| Area | |
| Metro | 1,079.54 km2 (416.81 sq mi) |
| Population (2021 census) | |
| Metropolitan area | 367,430 |
| Density | 341/km2 (880/sq mi) |
| Website | adi-pct.ro |


title: Villanueva Tobera

abstract: Villanueva Tobera is a hamlet and minor local entity located in the municipality of Condado de Treviño, in Burgos province, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 11.

text:
# Villanueva Tobera

**Villanueva Tobera** is a hamlet and *minor local entity* located in the municipality of Condado de Treviño, in Burgos province, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 11.

## Geography

Villanueva Tobera is located 99km east-northeast of Burgos.

## InfoBox

| Villanueva Tobera | |
| --- | --- |
| Minor local entity | |
|  | |
| Villanueva ToberaVillanueva ToberaVillanueva Tobera | |
| Coordinates: 42°41′12″N 2°45′57″W / 42.68667°N 2.76583°W / 42.68667; -2.76583 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Province of Burgos |
| Municipality | Condado de Treviño |
| Elevation | 575 m (1,886 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 11 |


title: Nikita Ens

abstract: Nikita Ens is a Canadian Paralympic swimmer who competes in international swimming competitions. She is a World silver medallist and has competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

text:
# Nikita Ens

**Nikita Ens** (born October 19, 1988) is a Canadian Paralympic swimmer who competes in international swimming competitions. She is a World silver medallist and has competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

## Early life and education

Nikita Ens was born in 1988 to parents Rod and Monica Ens. She attended Carpenter High School and was a high school provincial champion in shot put in 2006. In 2010, she graduated from the University of Saskatchewan with a bachelor of science in biology. She is pursuing a master’s degree in theological studies.

## Career

After becoming paralyzed, Ens trained in track and field with the Saskatoon Cyclones. She was a medallist at the Canadian nationals. She made the standards for the Rio 2016 Paralympics but did not compete.

Ens began para-swimming in 2017 and joined the Saskatoon Lasers Swim Club, training under Eric Kramer. She made her major international debut at the 2019 World Para Swimming Championships, where she competed in the 100-metre freestyle S3, the 50-metre freestyle S4, the 50-metre backstroke S3, and the 150-metre individual medley SM4. Going into Worlds, she held the Canadian records in S3 100-metre freestyle and 50-metre backstroke. She broke her record for the 100-metre freestyle S3 and qualified for two finals.

In June 2021, she competed in a para swimming World Series event in Germany, setting new personal best times in the 100-metre breaststroke SB2 and 200-metre freestyle S3. She made her Paralympic debut at the Tokyo Paralympics. She posted personal bests in all her races, but finished ninth in her heats the 50-metre backstroke S3 and the 100m freestyle S3 events, failing to post a top eight time to qualify for the finals.

She won a silver medal in the women's 200-metre freestyle S3 at the 2022 World Para Swimming Championships. At the 2023 World Para Swimming Championships, Ens placed fifth in the women's 200-metre freestyle S3 and in the 50-metre backstroke SB2. She will represent Canada at the 2024 Paralympic Games.

## Personal life

Ens became a C5 paraplegic in February 2014 following a car crash with an impaired driver near Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan.

## InfoBox

Nikita Ens
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1988-10-19) October 19, 1988<br>Vancouver, Canada |
| Height | 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Paralympic swimming |
| Disability class | S3 |
| Club | Saskatoon Lasers |
| Medal record      Paralympic swimming  Representing  Canada  World Championships  2022 Madeira 200m freestyle S3 | |


title: Nikon D3S

abstract: The Nikon D3S is a 12.1-megapixel professional-grade full frame (35mm) digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) announced by Nikon Corporation on 14 October 2009. The D3S is the fourth camera in Nikon's line to feature a full-frame sensor, following the D3, D700 and D3X. It is also Nikon's first full-frame camera to feature HD (720p/30) video recording. While it retains the same number of pixels as its predecessor, the imaging sensor has been completely redesigned. Nikon claims improved ultra-high image sensor sensitivity with up to ISO 102400, HD movie capability for extremely low-lit situations, image sensor cleaning, optimized workflow speed, improved autofocus and metering, enhanced built-in RAW processor, quiet shutter-release mode, up to 4,200 frames per battery charge and other changes compared with the D3. It was replaced by the D4 as Nikon's high speed flagship DSLR.

text:
# Nikon D3S

The **Nikon D3S** is a 12.1-megapixel professional-grade full frame (35mm) digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) announced by Nikon Corporation on 14 October 2009. The D3S is the fourth camera in Nikon's line to feature a full-frame sensor, following the D3, D700 and D3X. It is also Nikon's first full-frame camera to feature HD (720p/30) video recording. While it retains the same number of pixels as its predecessor, the imaging sensor has been completely redesigned. Nikon claims improved ultra-high image sensor sensitivity with up to ISO 102400, HD movie capability for extremely low-lit situations, image sensor cleaning, optimized workflow speed, improved autofocus and metering, enhanced built-in RAW processor, quiet shutter-release mode, up to 4,200 frames per battery charge and other changes compared with the D3. It was replaced by the D4 as Nikon's high speed flagship DSLR.

## Features

* Full-frame (36 mm × 24 mm) 12.1 megapixel sensor with ISO 200–12800 (ISO 100–102400 Boost) using reworked gapless microlenses
* 14-bit A/D conversion, 12 channel readout
* Image sensor cleaning (dust removal with 4 frequencies)
* Nine to eleven frames per second in continuous and FX/DX mode
* Quiet shutter-release mode
* Faster operation workflow
* Automatic correction of lateral chromatic aberration for JPEGs. Correction-data is additionally stored in RAW-files and used by Nikon Capture NX, View NX and some other RAW tools.
* Larger buffer for 48 RAW frames in one burst
* Enhanced built-in RAW processing with extended Retouch menu for image processing without using a computer
* 720p/24 frames HD movie mode for extremely low-lit situations, 50/60 Hz flicker reduction, HDMI HD video output and stereo input (3.5-mm diameter) with optional manual sound level control. The Motion JPEG compression allows easy extraction of single frames afterwards as JPEG
* Supports DX lenses (5.1 megapixels), viewfinder automatically masks. Newly added 1.2x crop factor
* Multi-CAM3500FX Auto-focus sensor (51-point, 15 cross-type, more vertical coverage) with improved acquisition and tracking and Auto-focus calibration for up to 20 separate lens settings
* 1005-pixel AE sensor enables Auto-focus tracking by color, highlight analysis and Scene Recognition System
* Kevlar/carbon fibre composite shutter with a rating of 300,000 actuations
* Live View with either phase detect or improved contrast detect Auto Focus
* Virtual horizon indicates in Live View mode, also available during video capture
* "Active D-Lighting" with six settings and bracketing (adjusts metering and D-Lighting curve)
* Dual Compact Flash UDMA card slots (mirror, overflow, back-up, RAW on 1/JPEG on 2, Stills on 1/Movies on 2, copy)
* Expeed 2 image processor with power management for up to 4,200 frames per battery charge
* Dual battery charger as standard
* Fully weather sealing with series of O-rings and other specialized seals available
* GPS interface for direct geotagging, supported by Nikon GP-1

## Reception

Many independent reviews and comparisons show that image noise was improved up to 2 stops compared to the Nikon D3 or D700. Other functions, especially autofocus and speed, support this, causing PhotographyBlog to conclude: "hand-held photography anytime, anywhere, without flash". There are comparisons with the Canon EOS-1D Mark IV, which is rated 1.3 stops lower by DxOMark on their low-light ISO score (1320 ISO vs. 3253 ISO for the D3s).

Low-noise videos are valuated useful. While not officially documented in user's manual, D3s indeed features the full manual control in D-Movie mode, including aperture, shutter speed and ISO. This feature was reported and posted by various users and eventually confirmed officially.

On 21 December 2009, Nikon announced that NASA had purchased 11 D3s bodies and assorted lenses for use in the United States space program, including on the International Space Station. The D3s cameras are identical to the model sold to terrestrial users and will be used unmodified.

In April 2010, the D3S received a Technical Image Press Association (TIPA) 2010 Award in the category of "Best Digital SLR Professional". In August 2010, the European Imaging and Sound Association (EISA) presented the D3S with the European Professional Camera 2010-2011 award, citing high ISO sensitivity combined with low noise and a high level of detail.

## InfoBox

Nikon D3S
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Type | Digital single-lens reflex camera |
| Released | 14 October 2009 |
| Lens | |
| Lens | Interchangeable, Nikon F-mount |
| Sensor/medium | |
| Sensor | 36.0 mm × 23.9 mm CMOS, Nikon FX format|DX format |
| Sensor maker | Nikon |
| Maximum resolution | 12.1 effective megapixels (4,256 × 2,832 pixels) |
| Film speed | ISO equivalency 200 to 12800 in 1/3, 1/2 or 1.0 EV steps, Boost: 100–102400 in 1/3, 1/2 or 1.0 EV steps |
| Storage media | Two CompactFlash (Type I) card slots |
| Focusing | |
| Focus modes | Single-servo AF (S), Continuous-servo AF (C), Manual |
| Focus areas | 51-area Nikon Multi-CAM 3500FX |
| Focus bracketing | none |
| Exposure/metering | |
| Exposure modes | Programmed Auto \[P\], Shutter-Priority Auto \[S\], Aperture-Priority Auto \[A\], Manual \[M\] |
| Exposure metering | TTL full aperture exposure metering system |
| Metering modes | 1,005-pixel RGB 3D Color Matrix Metering II, Variable Center-Weighted, Spot AF |
| Flash | |
| Flash | n/a |
| Flash bracketing | 2-9 frames in steps of 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 or 1 EV |
| Shutter | |
| Shutter | Electronically controlled vertical-travel focal-plane shutter |
| Shutter speed range | 30 to 1/8000 second and bulb |
| Continuous shooting | 9 frame/s (11 frame/s in DX crop mode) |
| Viewfinder | |
| Viewfinder | Optical-type fixed eye level pentaprism |
| Image processing | |
| White balance | Auto, Presets (5), Manual, and Color temperature in kelvins |
| WB bracketing | 2 to 9 frames, 10,20,30 MIRED steps |
| General | |
| LCD screen | 3-inch diagonal, 307,000 pixels (920,000 dots), TFT VGA |
| Battery | Li-ion EN-EL4a |
| Optional battery packs | EH-6 AC Adapter |
| Weight | 1,240 g (2.73 lb) |
| Made in | Japan |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Nikon D3 |
| Successor | Nikon D4 |


title: Nikon D3200

abstract:
The Nikon D3200 is a 24.2-megapixel DX format DSLR Nikon F-mount camera officially launched by Nikon on April 19, 2012.
It is marketed as an entry-level DSLR camera for beginners and experienced DSLR hobbyists who are ready for more advanced specs and performance. The guide mode, with integrated tutorials, is especially useful for beginners. The D3200 replaces the D3100 as Nikon's entry level DSLR, but its improved image quality has been compared to that of pro DSLRs. Based on DxOMark, the Nikon D3200 entry-level crop DSLR surpassed the DxOMark Overall Sensor Score of the fullframe Canon EOS 5D Mark II, although 5D Mark II was state-of-the-art when it was launched four years before. Its successor is the Nikon D3300 announced in January 2014 with new Nikon Expeed 4 image processor, without optical low pass filter (OLPF), 5 fps and the Nikon's first DSLR camera with Easy (sweep) Panorama. As in the Nikon D5300, the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer body and also the new retractable kit lens makes it smaller and lighter.

text:
# Nikon D3200

The **Nikon D3200** is a 24.2-megapixel DX format DSLR Nikon F-mount camera officially launched by Nikon on April 19, 2012. It is marketed as an entry-level DSLR camera for beginners and experienced DSLR hobbyists who are ready for more advanced specs and performance.

The guide mode, with integrated tutorials, is especially useful for beginners. The D3200 replaces the D3100 as Nikon's entry level DSLR, but its improved image quality has been compared to that of pro DSLRs. Based on DxOMark, the Nikon D3200 entry-level crop DSLR surpassed the DxOMark Overall Sensor Score of the fullframe Canon EOS 5D Mark II, although 5D Mark II was state-of-the-art when it was launched four years before.

Its successor is the Nikon D3300 announced in January 2014 with new Nikon Expeed 4 image processor, without optical low pass filter (OLPF), 5 fps and the Nikon's first DSLR camera with Easy (sweep) Panorama. As in the Nikon D5300, the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer body and also the new retractable kit lens makes it smaller and lighter.

## Features

* 24.2 (total 24.7) megapixel DX-format CMOS sensor with 12 bit resolution, made by Nikon
* 1080p Full HD movie mode
* Nikon Expeed 3 image/video processor
* Active D-Lighting
* Automatic chromatic aberration correction
* Image Sensor Cleaning function by vibrations and Airflow Control System
* Image area Pixels is the DX Format which can be adjusted to (Large) 6,016 × 4,000 (Medium) 4,512 × 3,000 (Small) 3,008 × 2,000
* Storage media is either SD, SDHC or SDXC, UHS-I bus mode, and Eye-Fi Wireless LAN
* GPS interface for direct geotagging supported by Nikon GP-1

### Wide dynamic range versus automatic exposure bracketing

The dynamic range of the Nikon D3200 (Expeed 3 named Expeed 2 type, 14 bits reduced to 12 bits) exceeds even full-frame DSLRs like Nikon D3S (Expeed 2 named Expeed (1) type, 14 bits) or Canon 5D MK3 (DIGIC 5+, 14 bits) at low film speeds (ISO 100 and ISO 200) due to reduced effective resolution of the analog-to-digital converters.

The D3200 does not have automatic exposure bracketing. The very high dynamic range of the Nikon D3200 makes it possible to shoot high dynamic range images (HDR, mostly created by combining multiple images with different exposures) with one shot, especially when using raw image format. The one-shot HDR method also avoids disadvantages like blurring, ghost images or other errors when merging multiple images.

## Reception

DxO Labs awarded its sensor an overall score of 81, partly due to a very wide dynamic range. At time of testing the second-highest result of all APS-C DSLRs in the DxO Labs/DxOMark sensor rating was achieved, above that of much more expensive competitors. Digital Photography Review awarded the camera a score of 73% earning it a "silver award", praising the versatility and value while also noting its "slow AF" and lack of in-camera filter effects. TechRadar gave it a score of 4/5, citing the camera's guide mode and sensor as its strong points and its "odd colours" on the LCD screen as its weakest. *T3* magazine called the D3200 "one of the best beginner DSLRs around", stating that while "slightly pricey" and with some LCD screen problems, the guide mode and "excellent picture quality" make it "great if you're a DSLR beginner looking for a friendly camera".

## InfoBox

Nikon D3200
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Type | Digital single-lens reflex |
| Lens | |
| Lens | Interchangeable, Nikon F-mount |
| Sensor/medium | |
| Sensor | 23.2 mm × 15.4 mm Nikon DX format RGB CMOS sensor, 1.5 × FOV crop, 3.85 µm pixel size |
| Sensor maker | Nikon |
| Maximum resolution | 6,016 × 4,000 (24.2 effective megapixels) |
| Film speed | 100–6400 in 1 EV steps, up to 12800 as boost |
| Storage media | Secure Digital, SDHC and SDXC compatible, UHS-I bus |
| Focusing | |
| Focus modes | Instant single-servo (AF-S); full time-servo (AF-F); auto AF-S/AF-F selection (AF-A); manual (M) |
| Focus areas | 11-area AF system, Multi-CAM 1000 AF Sensor Module |
| Exposure/metering | |
| Exposure modes | Auto modes (auto, auto \[flash off\]), Guide Mode, Advanced Scene Modes (Portrait, Landscape, Sports, Close-up, Night Portrait), programmed auto with flexible program (P), shutter-priority auto (S), aperture-priority auto (A), manual (M), (Q) quiet mode. |
| Exposure metering | TTL 3D Color Matrix Metering II metering with a 420-pixel RGB sensor |
| Metering modes | 3D Color Matrix Metering II, Center-weighted and Spot |
| Flash | |
| Flash | Built in Pop-up, Guide number 13 m at ISO 100, Standard ISO hotshoe, Compatible with the Nikon Creative Lighting System |
| Flash bracketing | 2 or 3 frames in steps of 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 1 or 2 EV |
| Shutter | |
| Shutter | Electronically-controlled vertical-travel focal-plane shutter |
| Shutter speed range | 30 s to 1/4000 s in 1/2 or 1/3 stops and Bulb, 1/200 s X-sync |
| Continuous shooting | 4 fps |
| Viewfinder | |
| Viewfinder | Optical 0.80x, 95% Pentamirror |
| Image processing | |
| White balance | Auto, Incandescent, Fluorescent, Sunlight, Flash, Cloudy, Shade, Kelvin temperature, Preset |
| General | |
| LCD screen | 3.0-inch TFT-LCD, 640 × 480 pixel (307,200 pixels), 267 ppi |
| Battery | Nikon EN-EL14 rechargeable Lithium-Ion battery |
| Weight | Approx. 455 g (1.003 lb) without battery, memory card or body cap |
| Made in | Thailand |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Nikon D3100 |
| Successor | Nikon D3300 |


title: Hollywood Split

abstract:
The Hollywood Split is a freeway interchange in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, California. The interchange is officially named in the memory of California Highway Patrol officer Bruce T. Hinman, who was killed by a drunk driver. It is the interchange of the following routes:
  - US 101 – Ventura, Los Angeles
  - SR 134 east – Pasadena
  - SR 170 north – Sacramento

text:
# Hollywood Split

The **Hollywood Split** (officially **Bruce T. Hinman Memorial Interchange**) is a freeway interchange in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, California. The interchange is officially named in the memory of California Highway Patrol officer Bruce T. Hinman, who was killed by a drunk driver. It is the interchange of the following routes:

## Description

The interchange is the western terminus of SR 134 and the southern terminus of SR 170 and is also known as the interchange of the Hollywood Freeway and the Ventura Freeway. Motorists, especially visitors and newcomers to the Los Angeles area, find the interchange confusing for a number of reasons.

The Hollywood Freeway runs north-south through the interchange, while the Ventura Freeway runs east-west; however, the numerical designations of these roads change as they pass through the interchange: the name "Hollywood Freeway" is attributed to US 101 south of the interchange and SR 170 north of the interchange, while "Ventura Freeway" is attributed to US 101 west of the interchange and SR 134 east of the interchange. Thus, a motorist following US 101 must change cardinal directions, while a motorist following the Hollywood Freeway does not.

Additionally, the Ventura Freeway segment of US 101 has an east–west alignment, but is signed as a north–south highway due to the overall designation of US 101 as a north-south highway. Throughout the San Fernando Valley, the same onramp may be signed as both 101 North and 101 West or 101 South/101 East.

For motorists entering the interchange, the freeways' acute intersecting angles limits their ability to exit in certain directions of travel due to missing ramps. For example, motorists approaching the interchange on northbound US 101 may continue on northbound US 101 (in a westbound direction) or northbound on SR 170 but not to eastbound SR 134; signage instead instructs drivers to use the previous exit at Vineland Avenue to make the connection to SR 134.

## Dedication

The interchange is officially dedicated as the "Bruce T. Hinman Memorial Interchange." Hinman was a motorcycle officer with the California Highway Patrol who was killed by a drunk driver while assisting a stranded motorist at the interchange in 1995.

## InfoBox

| Hollywood Split | |
| --- | --- |
| Bruce T. Hinman Memorial Interchange | |
|  | |
| Location | |
| North Hollywood, California | |
| Coordinates | 34°09′13″N 118°22′37″W / 34.153508°N 118.377063°W / 34.153508; -118.377063 |
| Roads at
junction | US 101
SR 134

SR 170 |
| Construction | |
| Maintained by | Caltrans |


title: Holcocera laudis

abstract: Holcocera laudis is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Costa Rica.

text:
# Holcocera laudis

***Holcocera laudis*** is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Holcocera laudis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Blastobasidae |
| Genus: | *Holcocera* |
| Species: | ***H. laudis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Holcocera laudis***<br>Adamski, 2002 | |
|


title: Nikos Bel-Jon

abstract: Nikos Bel-Jon was a Greek American artist. He was born Nikolaos Baloyannis in the village of Valtesiniko, Arcadia. After receiving his master's from the Athens School of Fine Arts in Athens in 1936, Bel-Jon continued his studies at the École des Beaux-Arts and the École du Louvre in Paris on a Greek government scholarship in 1938. He also studied Byzantine art at Mount Athos in 1935. Bel-Jon served in the Greek army during the Greco-Italian War and was hospitalised for shrapnel in his leg, an injury that plagued him for the rest of his life. In 1946, he returned to France to continue his studies under a French government scholarship. That same year, he emigrated to the United States and took up residence in Los Angeles, where he met his wife, Troy Kendall, also an artist. They were married in 1947 and had two daughters. Bel-Jon began experimenting with murals on metal, a genre for which he is best known. Moving to San Francisco, in 1950 Bel-Jon opened a studio on Maiden Lane. He also changed his name to Nikos Bel-Jon and became a US citizen in 1952. He subsequently moved to New York, where he opened a studio. In 1964, Bel-Jon was decorated by the Greek state with the Order of the Phoenix in recognition of his art and contribution to Greek heritage. He died in New York.

text:
# Nikos Bel-Jon

**Nikos Bel-Jon** (20 March 1911 – 11 August 1966) was a Greek American artist.

He was born Nikolaos Baloyannis (Νικόλαος Μπαλογιάννης) in the village of Valtesiniko, Arcadia.

After receiving his master's from the Athens School of Fine Arts in Athens in 1936, Bel-Jon continued his studies at the École des Beaux-Arts and the École du Louvre in Paris on a Greek government scholarship in 1938.

He also studied Byzantine art at Mount Athos in 1935.

Bel-Jon served in the Greek army during the Greco-Italian War and was hospitalised for shrapnel in his leg, an injury that plagued him for the rest of his life.

In 1946, he returned to France to continue his studies under a French government scholarship.

That same year, he emigrated to the United States and took up residence in Los Angeles, where he met his wife, Troy Kendall, also an artist. They were married in 1947 and had two daughters.

Bel-Jon began experimenting with murals on metal, a genre for which he is best known.

Moving to San Francisco, in 1950 Bel-Jon opened a studio on Maiden Lane.

He also changed his name to Nikos Bel-Jon and became a US citizen in 1952.

He subsequently moved to New York, where he opened a studio.

In 1964, Bel-Jon was decorated by the Greek state with the Order of the Phoenix in recognition of his art and contribution to Greek heritage.

He died in New York.

## InfoBox

| Nikos Bel-Jon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nikolaos Baloyannis
(1911-03-20)20 March 1911
Valtesiniko, Arcadia, Greece |
| Died | 11 August 1966(1966-08-11) (aged 55)
New York, USA |
| Website | bel-jonstudios.com |


title: Holbrook/Randolph station

abstract: Holbrook/Randolph station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station on the border of Holbrook and Randolph, Massachusetts. It is served by the Middleborough/Lakeville Line.

text:
# Holbrook/Randolph station

**Holbrook/Randolph station** (also signed as **Randolph/Holbrook**) is an MBTA Commuter Rail station on the border of Holbrook and Randolph, Massachusetts. It is served by the Middleborough/Lakeville Line.

## History

The Fall River Railroad opened in phases in 1845–46. The section between Braintree and Randolph opened on August 28, 1846; it was extended to North Bridgewater by October, with through service to Fall River beginning in December 1846. **Randolph** station was located between the villages of Randolph Centre and East Randolph.

After the 1866 opening of the Dighton and Somerset Railroad, which passed directly through Randolph Centre with a station there, the existing Randolph station was renamed **East Randolph**. On February 29, 1872, East Randolph separated from Randolph to become Holbrook. The station was renamed **Holbrook** in March. A new freight house was built in 1883.

Holbrook station closed on June 30, 1959, when all remaining Old Colony Division service was discontinued. From 1984 to 1988, the Cape Cod & Hyannis Railroad stopped near the current station site. Holbrook/Randolph station opened in September 1997.

Media related to Holbrook/Randolph station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Holbrook/Randolph | |
| --- | --- |
| An outbound train at Holbrook/Randolph station in June 2017 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Union Street and Center Street<br>Randolph, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°9′23″N 71°1′38″W / 42.15639°N 71.02722°W / 42.15639; -71.02722 |
| Line(s) | Middleborough Main Line |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Connections | MBTA bus: 238, 240 |
| Construction | |
| Parking | 369 spaces ($4.00 daily) |
| Bicycle facilities | 8 spaces |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 3 |
| History | |
| Opened | September 29, 1997 |
| Previous names | Holbrook |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2018 | 473 (weekday average boardings) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  MBTA Following station  Braintreetoward South Station  Middleborough/Lakeville Line  Montellotoward Middleborough/Lakeville | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station Cape Cod and Hyannis Railroad Following station  BraintreeTerminus  Braintree-Hyannis1984–1988  Brocktontoward Hyannis or Falmouth  Preceding station New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Following station  Braintree Highlandstoward Boston  Boston–MiddleboroughService ended 1959  Avontoward Middleborough | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Future services   Preceding station  MBTA Following station  Braintreetoward South Station  South Coast Rail  Montellotoward Fall River or New Bedford | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Holbrook (electoral division)

abstract: Holbrook is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Peter Catchpole, is also Cabinet Member for Adults' Services.

text:
# Holbrook (electoral division)

51°05′29″N 0°18′55″W / 51.09145°N 0.31517°W / 51.09145; -0.31517

| **Holbrook** | |
| --- | --- |
| <br>*Shown within West Sussex* | |
| District: | Horsham |
| UK Parliament Constituency: | Horsham |
| Ceremonial county: | West Sussex |
| Electorate (2009): | 8534 |
| County Councillor | |
| Peter Catchpole (Con) | |

**Holbrook** is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Peter Catchpole, is also Cabinet Member for Adults' Services.

## Extent

The division covers the northern part of the town of Horsham.

It comprises the following Horsham District wards: Holbrook East Ward and Holbrook West Ward; and of the following civil parishes: the western part of North Horsham and the northern part of Horsham.

## Election results

### 2013 Election

Results of the election held on 2 May 2013:

Holbrook
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Peter Catchpole | 1,237 | 46.2 | −0.9 |
|  | UKIP | Sally Wilkins | 678 | 25.3 | N/A |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Leonard Crosbie | 487 | 18.2 | −25.1 |
|  | Labour | Sheila Chapman | 273 | 10.2 | +6.7 |
| Majority | | | 559 | 20.9 | +17.1 |
| Turnout | | | 2,675 | 30.4 | −12.6 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2009 Election

Results of the election held on 4 June 2009:

Holbrook
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Peter Catchpole | 1,729 | 47.1 | +2.7 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Belinda Walters | 1,590 | 43.3 | +1.9 |
|  | BNP | Francis Carlin | 192 | 5.2 | N/A |
|  | Labour | Ray Chapman | 161 | 4.4 | −9.8 |
| Majority | | | 139 | 3.8 | +0.8 |
| Turnout | | | 3,672 | 43.0 | −25.7 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2005 Election

Results of the election held on 5 May 2005:

Holbrook
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Peter Catchpole | 2,546 | 44.4 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Leonard Crosbie | 2,374 | 41.4 |  |
|  | Labour | Ray Chapman | 815 | 14.2 |  |
| Majority | | | 172 | 3.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 5,734 | 68.7 |  |
|  | Conservative **win** (new seat) | | | | |

Election Results \- West Sussex County Council


title: Hole-in-the-Wall (saloon)

abstract: The Hole-in-the-Wall was a popular saloon and underworld hangout in what is now the South Street Seaport, Manhattan, New York City during the early- to mid-19th century. It has been described as the "most notorious" saloon in New York city during the 19th century. It was one of many dive bars and similar establishments in New York's infamous Fourth Ward, located at the corner of Water and Dover Streets. The saloon was owned by "One Armed" Charley Monell and featured notorious female criminals Kate Flannery and Gallus Mag as bouncers. Both women were employed by Monell as lieutenants in his local criminal organization, which included shanghaiing, and the latter woman supposedly kept a collection of human ears which she had bitten off from unruly customers in bar brawls. She displayed these as trophies on the bar in pickle jars. Sadie the Goat, the later leader of the Charlton Street Gang, was of the many victims who lost her ear in a brawl with Gallus Mag. The bar was widely known as "the most vicious resort in the city", with seven murders having occurred in a two-month period, and it was at the saloon in 1855 that a bar room brawl between waterfront thugs Slobbery Jim and Patsy the Barber, both members of the Daybreak Boys, resulted in Patsy's death. Slobbery Jim was forced to flee the city soon after. The Hole-in-the-Wall was finally closed down by Captain Thomas Woolsey Thorne. According to Richard McDermott, founder of the quarterly New York Chronicle, the Hole-in-the-Wall may have occupied the present-day site of one of New York's oldest surviving saloons, the Bridge Cafe.

text:
# Hole-in-the-Wall (saloon)

The **Hole-in-the-Wall** was a popular saloon and underworld hangout in what is now the South Street Seaport, Manhattan, New York City during the early- to mid-19th century. It has been described as the "most notorious" saloon in New York city during the 19th century. It was one of many dive bars and similar establishments in New York's infamous Fourth Ward, located at the corner of Water and Dover Streets. The saloon was owned by "One Armed" Charley Monell and featured notorious female criminals Kate Flannery and Gallus Mag as bouncers. Both women were employed by Monell as lieutenants in his local criminal organization, which included shanghaiing, and the latter woman supposedly kept a collection of human ears which she had bitten off from unruly customers in bar brawls. She displayed these as trophies on the bar in pickle jars. Sadie the Goat, the later leader of the Charlton Street Gang, was of the many victims who lost her ear in a brawl with Gallus Mag.

The bar was widely known as "the most vicious resort in the city", with seven murders having occurred in a two-month period, and it was at the saloon in 1855 that a bar room brawl between waterfront thugs Slobbery Jim and Patsy the Barber, both members of the Daybreak Boys, resulted in Patsy's death. Slobbery Jim was forced to flee the city soon after. The *Hole-in-the-Wall* was finally closed down by Captain Thomas Woolsey Thorne. According to Richard McDermott, founder of the quarterly *New York Chronicle*, the *Hole-in-the-Wall* may have occupied the present-day site of one of New York's oldest surviving saloons, the Bridge Cafe.

## Further reading

* Bonner, Arthur. *Jerry McAuley and His Mission*. Neptune, New Jersey: Loizeaux Bros., 1967.
* Murtagh, John M. and Sara Harris. *Cast The First Stone*. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957.

40°42′29″N 74°00′00″W / 40.708°N 74.000°W / 40.708; -74.000

## InfoBox

Hole-in-the-Wall
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | On the corner of Water and Dover Street |
| Location | Manhattan, New York, United States |
| Owner | Charley Monell |
| Type | Dive bar |
| Opened | 1850s |
| Closed | c. 1855 |


title: Holly Hellmuth

abstract: Holly Wiles is an American former soccer player who played as a defender, making one appearance for the United States women's national team.

text:
# Holly Hellmuth

**Holly Wiles** (née **Hellmuth**; born March 19, 1971) is an American former soccer player who played as a defender, making one appearance for the United States women's national team.

## Career

Hellmuth played for the Lee Lancers in high school, where she was a two-time NSCAA High School All-American. In college, she played for the UMass Minutewomen from 1989 to 1992, where she was a letter-winner. In total, she scored 15 goals and recorded 13 assists in 76 appearances for the Minutewomen. She was an NSCAA and *Soccer America* First-Team All-American in 1991 and 1992, and All-New England in 1989, 1990, and 1991. She was also a finalist for the Hermann Trophy.

Hellmuth made her only international appearance for the United States on July 27, 1990 in a friendly match against Canada. The match in Winnipeg finished as a 4–1 win for the U.S.

Hellmuth has coached various youth girls' soccer teams, including FCV Ashburn Blast, FC Virginia, McLean Youth Soccer, Loudoun Soccer, and as the assistant for Washington Spirit Academy VA since 2017.

## Career statistics

### International

| United States | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1990 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Holly Hellmuth
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Holly Wiles | | |
| Birth name | Holly Hellmuth | | |
| Date of birth | (1971-03-19) March 19, 1971 | | |
| Place of birth | Fairfax Station, Virginia, U.S. | | |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–1989 | Lee Lancers | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1989–1992 | UMass Minutewomen | 76 | (15) |
| International career | | | |
| 1990 | United States | 1 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2012–201? | FCV Ashburn Blast | | |
|  | FC Virginia | | |
|  | McLean Youth Soccer | | |
|  | Loudoun Soccer | | |
| 2017– | WA Spirit Academy VA (assistant) | | |


title: Hog Island (Oregon)

abstract: Hog Island, also known as Oak Island, is an island in the Willamette River in Clackamas County, Oregon. It is located within the boundaries of the census-designated place of Oak Grove. Hog Island is owned by Clackamas County and maintained by a nonprofit group known as Willamette Riverkeeper. It is accessible by boat. The island's native plants include Oregon White Oak, Douglas Fir, Oregon grape, Snowberry, and Camas.

text:
# Hog Island (Oregon)

**Hog Island**, also known as **Oak Island**, is an island in the Willamette River in Clackamas County, Oregon. It is located within the boundaries of the census-designated place of Oak Grove.

Hog Island is owned by Clackamas County and maintained by a nonprofit group known as Willamette Riverkeeper. It is accessible by boat. The island's native plants include Oregon White Oak, Douglas Fir, Oregon grape, Snowberry, and Camas.

## InfoBox

Hog Island
| A view of Hog Island | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 45°24′4″N 122°38′35″W / 45.40111°N 122.64306°W / 45.40111; -122.64306 |
| Adjacent to | Willamette River |
| Area | 4 ha (9.9 acres) |
| Highest elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Administration | |
| **United States** | |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Clackamas |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |


title: Hog Island (Wisconsin)

abstract: Hog Island is an uninhabited island located off the eastern shore of Washington Island in the town of Washington, Door County, Wisconsin, United States. The island has a land area of 2.14 acres (8,656 m⁲) and an elevation of 10 feet or 20 feet above Lake Michigan.

text:
# Hog Island (Wisconsin)

**Hog Island** is an uninhabited island located off the eastern shore of Washington Island in the town of Washington, Door County, Wisconsin, United States. The island has a land area of 2.14 acres (8,656 m2) and an elevation of 10 feet or 20 feet above Lake Michigan.

## History

### Native American

From Holand's diagram showing Native American use and remains; the dots to the right of the site 11 label mark the tentative location of the village.

In 1917, historian Hjalmar Holand recorded "indications of an aboriginal village site" at Sand Bay, on the shore directly opposite of Hog Island. This area had a half-mile of sandy beach, the only such beach on the east side of Washington Island. Holand cautioned that the extent of the village was still unknown. In 2012, United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) staff noted that no cultural resources survey to look for artifacts had been made on Hog Island.

### Shipwreck

On August 7, 1871, while bound from Menominee, Michigan, for Chicago with a cargo of lumber, the *General Winfield Scott* encountered heavy seas off Spider Island and capsized without loss of life. Her capsized hull floated north until she ran aground on the shoal extending between Hog Island and Washington Island. Items worth salvaging were taken by residents of Washington Island, but remains from the shipwreck are visible today in the shallow water about 7 feet (2.1 m) deep.

### Bird reservation

In 1908, A. C. Burrill of the State Entomologist's Office in Madison, Wisconsin, publicly advocated the creation of reservations for gulls or other birds in Wisconsin. He was able to interest many people, but his efforts failed.

In 1911, Charles E. Pidgeon surveyed the island for the United States General Land Office. He wrote a summary:

Charles E. Pidgeon's plat of the island
> The island seems to be of a hard lime stone formation with very little soil but covered with a heavy growth of fir, pine, and cedar. There is a reef extending from the North end of the island in a Northwesterly direction to the shore of Washington Island, in many places barely covered with water. There is much shoal water between Hog Island and Washington Island which makes navigation very difficult and dangerous. The maximum altitude of Hog Island is about 10 ft. above the water and it forms a roosting and breeding place for a large number of sea fowl, chiefly gulls. I saw no improvements on the island.

In 1912, Frank Bond, the chief of the Drafting Division of the General Land Office was responsible for getting Hog Island protected as the Green Bay Reservation in Executive Order 1487 by President William H. Taft in 1912 as the Green Bay Reserve. The island was the only one in the reserve. Bond's clerk position entailed locating and recommending action on all bird reservations and also preparing executive orders for the President's signature. He was a life-long bird lover and was also a member of the American Ornithologists' Union and his local Audubon Society. Prior to service in the General Land Office he had been a director of the National Association of Audubon Societies. At the time, few people in Wisconsin knew about Bond's work or the creation of the reserve.

The basis for creating the reservation and also three other new federal bird reserves during the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1912, included an ornithologists' report published in the 1890s on birds beneficial to agriculture. The list included game birds, insectivorous birds, and birds of prey. The report showed that the populations of beneficial birds altogether had declined over the previous 25 years.

In 1912 there were 56 federal bird reserves, which were all created by executive orders following the recommendation of the Department of the Interior to the President. They were "regarded as in all essential particulars reservations of public lands for public use or other purposes" and were created under the authority of the 1906 law introduced by John F. Lacey, which followed his earlier Lacey Act of 1900. The 1906 act forbade anyone to kill birds, take eggs, or to "willfully disturb" birds upon the reservations, "except under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture may from time to time prescribe". The reservations were administered under the direction of the Bureau of Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture.

Another similar effort similar to the 1908 attempt was made in the autumn of 1912 by Dean H. L. Russell and C. R. Van Hise, the chairman of the Conservation Commission of Wisconsin. Their effort focused on locating and protecting the breeding grounds of the American herring gull. They gathered signatures and affidavits from Door County landowners near gull nesting areas, using federal forms provided by the United States General Land Office. The Conservation Commission forwarded their paperwork along with its own urging to the U.S. Biological Survey officials. Their efforts secured Executive Order 1678 on January 9, 1913, which set aside Spider Island and Gravel Island as the Gravel Island Reserve.

Hog Island on June 5, 1938; the average lake level for June 1938 was 176.28 meters above sea level.

The intention for the islands was that they would eventually become nesting areas for Caspian terns, shore birds, and herons in addition to gulls. Another purpose of the reserves was to please the many bird-lovers in the state and to aid farmers, since these birds eat insect pests and rodents. An additional purpose was to improve the human public health of the lake and shore communities where the birds would act as beneficial scavengers. Additional efforts in favor of the reservation were made by T. S. Palmer of the U.S. Biological Survey and by people in a variety of Wisconsin communities who recorded bird observations in 1912.

In 1926, volunteers William I. Lyon of Waukegan, Illinois, George Lyon, and Clark Miller banded birds at Hog Island and other islands in the county. They recorded data and sent it to the U.S. Biological Survey. In 1930, volunteers William I. Lyon and Clark Miller of Racine visited "the many small islands surrounding Washington island" and altogether banded around 1,000 gulls and Caspian terns. The two men were part of a large bird banding project coordinated by the U.S. Biological Survey involving 1,800 people. Birds on islands along the peninsula were banded by Ephraim residents.

### Wildlife refuge

In 1940, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt changed the name to Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge by issuing Proclamation 2416. The proclamation renamed federal bird reservations in order to easily distinguish them from state-owned and managed bird reserves.

### Wilderness area

#### County hearing

On February 15, 1967, a hearing on a proposed Wisconsin Islands Wilderness concerning Hog, Spider, and Gravel islands was held at the Door County courthouse. It was noted that prior visitation to the three islands had been limited to a few bird enthusiasts who expected the repulsive smells and discomforts associated with nesting colonies of gulls and herons. It was proposed that "Public access would need to be prudently limited in numbers and restricted to late summer and early fall when Lake Michigan travel is often difficult." No one was opposed to the proposal.

#### Department of the Interior recommendation

On March 13, 1968, Stewart Udall, the Secretary of the Department of the Interior recommended the addition of the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness along with the Michigan Islands Wilderness to the National Wilderness Preservation System to President Lyndon B. Johnson, noting of the islands in both proposed wilderness areas:

> They are all relatively isolated and seldom visited because of difficult access. The islands are considered extremely important breeding and nesting areas for herring and ring-billed gulls. Other birds of lesser importance are black-crowned night herons, great blue herons, double-crested cormorants, common and Caspian terns, and several species of waterfowl. Though small and isolated, the quiet and solitude of these rugged, wind-swept and wave battered islands offer an excellent wilderness experience to those willing to visit them. The fragile island ecology, abundant bird populations, and picturesque terrain features have unique beauty and are of great interest to the scientist, the student, and nature lover.

#### Initial bill

On May 7, 1968, Congressman John W. Byrnes introduced a bill in the United States House of Representatives to designate the three islands as the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness. He justified his intentions on the basis that the islands "are extremely important nesting and resting grounds for thousands of native birds, and while seldom visited because of difficult accessibility and landing conditions, they offer a unique wilderness opportunity to the serious student of nature."

#### Senate hearing

In 1969, Senator Gaylord Nelson and three other senators introduced Senate Bill 826, which included the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness proposed earlier in the House by Byrnes. Following the introduction of the bill, the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs held a hearing concerning the proposed wilderness designation, which was filmed and shown by a Green Bay television station. A total of 27 people were present at the hearing, with statements presented by eight as individuals and seven who represented organizations. All 15 statements favored the proposal. Communications about the proposal were submitted by 159 individual citizens, and all were in favor of the proposal. The main argument submitted was that wilderness status would protect the islands from undesirable developments. Following the hearing, an additional 32 individuals submitted communications, and all also in favor of designating the islands as wilderness. The main argument from 17 total organizations, all of which supported the proposal, was that wilderness status would preserve the islands in their existing state. In addition, a county supervisor commended the past protection given to the islands, and also supported the proposal. The Wisconsin State Conservation Department likewise submitted a favorable statement concerning the proposal.

The synopsis of the Senate hearing noted that "Some of the tree and shrub cover of the islands has been lost due to avian life such as the great blue and black-crowned night herons." The report noted that nesting conditions on the island were especially ideal during low water conditions, which created additional habitat. It concluded that:

> Little social or economic impact in the vicinity would result from the island being added to the National Wilderness Preservation System. Many areas in the vicinity are available for a variety of recreational uses and designation of the islands as wilderness would not interfere with such uses. Few visitors would find the small, smelly islands attractive, and visitors could easily erase the prime requisite for bird use—solitude. Travel to the islands is difficult and landing conditions on the island must be perfect before any visits are possible. All visitor use must therefore continue only by special permit in order to protect bird nesting colonies and to provide public safety.

The bill passed the Senate without dissenting votes on May 26, 1969.

#### House hearing

Subsequently, a hearing was held before several subcommittees of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Nelson repeated statements used earlier by Udall in his letter, and urged that the areas be "forever protected from the intrusions of man".

Congressman Robert Kastenmeier, who had introduced House Resolution 4275 as an identical measure to Senate Bill 826 in the House, also attended this hearing. He also repeated the same statements used by Udall, and added that "the lands are all Federally owned and no cost will be incurred by designating them as wilderness. It is to secure the perpetuation of these treasured areas that I urge favorable support of this legislation." He also cited in support that "A hearing on the Wisconsin islands wilderness proposal at Sturgeon Bay, Wis., in 1967 produced unanimous support from local and State conservation groups, as well as a favorable statement from the State of Wisconsin."

Byrnes noted that the islands were "seldom visited except by dedicated bird enthusiasts" and pointed out that earlier the three islands had only been protected by executive orders rather than by legislation. He advised that "Such legislation will secure additional, statutory protection for these islands, which are valuable only because they have been kept wild and undisturbed, and because they remain so to this day." In addition, he knew of no opposition to the proposal in his congressional district.

During the hearing, Congressman Sam Steiger challenged John S. Gottschalk, the director of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife over how the islands would be managed. Gottschalk noted that the islands were "primarily valuable from the standpoint of nesting habitat which they provide for Colonial birds" but "are virtually inaccessible because of the shallow water surrounding them. It is hazardous, and sticky to get out to these islands and very few people do have a chance to get out to these islands." When Steiger asked about staffing, he replied that, designated as wilderness, the islands would require less personnel for staffing than otherwise.

Steiger responded,

> I think you will agree that we will be stretching a point if we said that the solitude and the opportunity for observing ecology, et cetera, are outstanding for people. What they are outstanding for are birds. Now, I have no particular antipathy to birds, but here again we are in a position of, if you will, stretching at best and perhaps violating the particular language of the act.

Gottschalk replied,

> I don't think so, of course, but this depends on how we interpret that particular section of the act. What the act says is that it should have outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation. Now, we have to start analyzing sentences. Does "outstanding" modify the word "opportunities" or does it modify the "solitude" or the "primitive and unconfined type of recreation?" I think this is a legitimate question, because even if you take a little Gravel Island or Shoe Island or one of those other islands, it certainly has outstanding opportunities for solitude. You can go there most of the year and you wouldn't see another person except perhaps on the bridge of a Great Lakes freighter.

Steiger responded,

> Excuse me, but of course-- I am not going to belabor this, but, as a matter of fact, you are going to prohibit people from going there. You are not going to let them go; isn't that correct?

Gottschalk replied,

> People will be permitted when their presence is not unduly disturbing to the wildlife.

Steiger replied,

> They will have to be qualified people. The general run — am I misinterpreting your remarks earlier?

Gottschalk responded with a "Yes".

Steiger asked,

> I thought it was only going to be qualified students?

Gottschalk admitted,

> Well, on one of these islands this is basically correct. Although in our regular refuge program we do make it possible for the general public to enjoy the refuge.

Steiger responded,

> All right... but here, noteworthy of record, the description of Hog Island, and as you can see \[on a photograph\] the birds flying around and it says: 'When approaching these islands gulls fill the air with form and sound.' I think he will have to admit that is a lot more imaginative than birds fly away or something which will be a little more accurate. Now, possibly under the aegis of filling the air we could qualify the area more readily under the Wilderness Act, but the point is that all of this is a conflict or accommodation of the actual condition with the language of the Wilderness Act and might be remedied...Their basic aim is to preserve wildlife and not ecologize it.

The National Wildlife Federation and its state affiliate endorsed the proposed wilderness designation on the basis of the islands' "values to waterfowl, herring gulls, and ring-billed gulls. Travel to the islands is difficult and visitor use is limited to special permittees for scientific and educational purposes."

#### Passage

The content concerning the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness was incorporated into subsequent legislation and eventually became part of the 1970 Omnibus Wilderness Act, which passed the House with a 91-504 vote. The Act was signed by President Richard Nixon on October 23, 1970, designating the three islands as the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness.

### La Salle: Expedition II

On November 4, 1976, 23 members participating in the La Salle: Expedition II reenactment took off from East Side Park along Jackson Harbor on Washington Island at 5:30 am. Their plan was to go around Washington Island and reach Gislason beach, and then later on cross the Porte des Mortes passage to the Door Peninsula. They encountered six-to-eight-foot (1.8 to 2.4 m) high waves and gale force winds. Two of the simulated birch bark canoes used by the expedition party capsized.

One of these canoes carried four young men from Streamwood and Elgin in Illinois. They were thrown into the water and when their canoe hit a shoal about a half-mile from Hog Island, capsized, and smashed. Survival time in the 39 °F water was estimated at ten to fifteen minutes. They tried to push the damaged canoe through the water in the rough conditions, but eventually gave up. They removed their sleeping bags and sent the canoe off in a direction where they hoped it would not get crushed when they reached the shore and swam to Hog Island, having spent about ten minutes in the water. As soon as they reach the island, they removed their clothes and got into the sleeping bags. An airplane flying overhead with a television crew spotted a submerged canoe floating in the water, but no bodies.

A second canoe with four crew members from Chicago, Rolling Meadows, and Streamwood was hit from the side by a large wave, causing it to begin to sink. Flotation equipment and an equipment bag in the canoe gave it some buoyancy, so it was only submerged six inches (150 mm) under the water line. The crew members paddled it to Hog Island.

Reid Lewis, who portrayed La Salle and was leading the reenactment became nervous and attempted to reach Hog Island from Washington Island in a motor boat, but was unable to due to the shallow water. Instead he sent one of their canoes, and a crewmember went through the brush on the island to find the four young men, who were still in their sleeping bags. He immediately built a fire for them. A Washington Island resident predicted the damaged canoe would wash ashore in a small, shallow cove no wider than 30 feet (9.1 m). Crewmembers waded in and got the canoe, which was sent to Chicago for repairs. It was back in service 48 hours later.

Washington Islanders told them that the only time the waters would be calm would be if the wind changed, which would give them about 20 minutes of calm water conditions. They waited on Washington Island for seven days, and especially for the end of the northwesterly wind, which lasted four days. An hour after the wind subsided and began shifting around to the southwest, all five canoes made it across the Porte des Mortes to the Door Peninsula.

The following summer, Gary Heintz of Laurel, Maryland, went to Door County for research work. His wife Patricia was about 100 yards (91 m) east of Hog Island when she found in the water a rotted canvas bag, a small leather pouch with leaves and five coins, a cup, a large skillet, a Dutch oven with its lid, and another pot. Most of the pots were quite rusty, with the exception of the stainless steel cup. She sent a letter to Reid Lewis on September 18, 1977, who thought it was amazing she figured out that the gear was from the expedition.

### State park proposal

Taken November 1, 1978; the average lake level for November 1978 was 176.62 meters above sea level.

In 1978, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) proposed including Hog Island, six other islands, and one shoal for inclusion in a new Grand Traverse Islands State Park. The DNR thought that Hog Island could both be included in the new state park and remain under United States Fish and Wildlife Service ownership. An informational meeting was held at the Door County Courthouse on March 9, 1978. The department intended that Hog Island would be preserved in a near wilderness state. Some present were concerned about intended recreational development. The department planned to forbid camping on Hog Island and that "public access would not be encouraged" on Hog and other islands intended as wildlife refuges. There were no active measures to preserve shipwrecks lying in the waters surrounding the islands.

One concern expressed by citizens was the large amount of traffic from automobiles and boats which would be brought into the county as a result of the proposed park. Likewise, a group commander for the United States Coast Guard reviewed the proposal and expressed concerns that the creation of the park would increase the Coast Guard's workload as boating activity increased in the area. He noted that "rapidly changing weather conditions and many shoal areas make boating extremely hazardous" in the area of the proposed park.

The DNR noted that presently "human use is extremely limited" on Hog Island. An alternative considered by the department was for Hog Island to remain a National Wildlife Refuge. The department noted that in this case, "prohibited access would help protect the nesting bird colonies from disturbance". The director of the Eastern States Office of the Bureau of Land Management questioned whether islands with very high wildlife values ought to be included in the park. He thought this would encourage visitor use and asked whether some other type of management was more suitable.

## Plants and animals

The vegetation on the island is low and bushy. In 1999, the plants on the island mostly consisted of red-berried elder, red raspberry, and other weedy shrubs. There were a few remnant balsam firs and some Canada yew. In the 1970s the island also had white cedar, white birch, aspen, and the shrub red-osier dogwood.

Because Hog Island contains two state-listed sensitive plant species, Western fescue and elk sedge, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service prior to 2016 destroyed nests and eggs of double-crested cormorants on the island. By doing so, they prevented cormorant chicks from hatching on the island. The service controlled cormorants on the island because their nests and excrement kills plants. Another reason the service prevented cormorants from raising young on the island was to preserve the remaining woody vegetation. Following a 2016 court judgement from a lawsuit filed by Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, the service stopped issuing cormorant depredation permits for Hog Island, which allowed for successful cormorant nesting on Hog Island in 2016 and 2017. As of 2018, the service planned to continue non-lethal cormorant management on Hog Island and to monitor the impacts of the non-lethal tactics on cormorants and non-target species.

Hog Island supports a nesting colony of herring gulls, which nest around the edges of the island on open areas. Great blue herons, black-crowned night-herons, and great egrets nest in trees on the island interior, and red-breasted merganser nests can be found hidden in the dolomite ledges. Sandbar willows (*Salix exigua*) on the gravel spit provide cover for nesting waterfowl like mallards, black ducks, and Canada geese. The solid dolomite base of the island discourages burrowing predators from taking up residence. For birds the island is a refuge from predation by mammals.

The island is managed by staff who must travel from the much larger refuge at Horicon Marsh. There is concern that visits by staff may cause nesting failure. This can happen in multiple ways: If the staff visit prior to nesting time or while the birds are building nests, they might decide to abandon the island for current and also future years. If staff visit before the eggs hatch or while the chicks are in the nest, the parents may fly away for awhile. While the parents are away from the nest, gulls and other opportunistic predators may eat the eggs and chicks. In addition, without parents to provide shade the nests may be exposed to direct sunlight, which can kill chicks or eggs in a matter of minutes if the day is hot enough.

Over the three years, from 2012 to 2015, the island was visited on seven different days. Two of the days were spent addling cormorant eggs with oil and destroying nests, and the other five days involved no killing or nest destruction.

## Geography

Dolomite ledges, which form broad steps around three-fourths of the island are barren and wave-washed. The remaining quarter of the shoreline has slopes that are covered with vegetation. The interior of the island is densely grown up with shrubs and trees. A long gravel spit on the northwest corner of the island protrudes northwestward, branching out at the tip.

Hog Island lies 0.6 miles (0.97 km) east of Washington Island. Hog Island is located midway on a shoal which extends from Washington Island for one and a quarter miles (2 kilometres). The shoal is up to 12 or 13 feet (3.7 or 4.0 metres) deep at the outer edge. The surrounding shoals and the lack of protected areas or docking facilities on the island make boat landing difficult.

The small size and low elevation of the island makes it susceptible to lake level changes. The area of the island and the plant and animal communities it supports fluctuate with the lake level. Lower lake levels are concerning to the USFWS because Hog Island could end up connected to Washington Island, even temporarily. If the reef connects the two islands there is a greater risk of predators accessing Hog Island or people walking over and disturbing the nesting bird colonies.

Water levels are from the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory.

## Climate

| Hog Island   Climate chart (explanation)   Imperial conversion  J F M A M J J A S O N D  2.6     25 16       2.4     14 7       2.4     32 23       4.4     37 30       3.4     48 37       3     54 50       3.8     64 61       2.9     63 59       4.3     61 57       4.7     48 45       4.3     43 39       2.6     36 34   Average max. and min. temperatures in °F  Precipitation totals in inches |
| --- |

## Diagram of the island

* *Wisconsin v. Michigan*, a 1936 U.S. Supreme Court decision which found that Hog Island and other islands were part of Wisconsin

## InfoBox

Hog Island
| The island on April 12, 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| Hog IslandHog Island | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Door County, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 45°21′26″N 86°51′05″W / 45.35722°N 86.85139°W / 45.35722; -86.85139 |
| Area | 2.14 acres (0.87 ha) |
| Highest elevation | 587 ft (178.9 m) |
| Administration | |
| **United States** | |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Door County |
| Town | Washington Island |