title: Theodore A. Daniels

abstract: Theodore Athelbert Daniels III is a Panamanian prelate who served as Bishop of the Virgin Islands from 1997 to 2003.

text:
# Theodore A. Daniels

**Theodore Athelbert Daniels III** (born 1944 in Ancon, Panama) is a Panamanian prelate who served as Bishop of the Virgin Islands from 1997 to 2003.

## Biography

Daniels graduated from Florida State University and the Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Caribbean in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He served as assistant of Christ Church in Colón, Panama, and St Christopher's Church in Panama City. He was also priest-in-charge of five missions. After arriving in the U.S. in 1980, he became rector of St Luke's Church in Columbia, South Carolina, while in 1986 he became rector of the Church of the Holy Redeemer in Landover Hills, Maryland. In 1992 he moved to Washington, D.C., and became rector of Calvary Church.

On March 12, 1997, Daniels was elected Bishop of the Virgin Islands and was consecrated on June 30, 1997, by Walter Dennis, Suffragan Bishop of New York. He retired in 2003, and served as Assistant Bishop of Texas until 2005.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Theodore Athelbert Daniels | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of the Virgin Islands | |
| Church | Episcopal Church |
| Diocese | Virgin Islands |
| Elected | March 12, 1997 |
| In office | 1997–2003 |
| Predecessor | E. Don Taylor |
| Successor | Edward Ambrose Gumbs |
| Other post(s) | Assistant Bishop of Texas *(2003-2005)* |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | June 30, 1997
by Walter Dennis |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1944
Ancon, Panama |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Spouse | Christina |
| Children | 2 |


abstract: The Wrecking Crew: The Inside Story of Rock and Roll's Best Kept-Secret is a 2012 book by Kent Hartman about the Wrecking Crew, one of the most successful groups of studio musicians in music history, who played anonymously on many popular recordings in Los Angeles in the 1960s. The book won the Frances Fuller Victor Oregon Book Award in 2013, and it was a Los Angeles Times bestseller. The book was inspired by a conversation between the author and Larry Knechtel, a member of the band Bread, and previously a member of the Wrecking Crew. The 2013 film 20 Feet from Stardom covered uncredited backup singers in the same era, and has been connected with Hartman's The Wrecking Crew in a review.

text:
# The Wrecking Crew: The Inside Story of Rock and Roll's Best-Kept Secret

***The Wrecking Crew: The Inside Story of Rock and Roll's Best Kept-Secret*** is a 2012 book by Kent Hartman about the Wrecking Crew, one of the most successful groups of studio musicians in music history, who played anonymously on many popular recordings in Los Angeles in the 1960s. The book won the Frances Fuller Victor Oregon Book Award in 2013, and it was a *Los Angeles Times* bestseller. The book was inspired by a conversation between the author and Larry Knechtel, a member of the band Bread, and previously a member of the Wrecking Crew.

The 2013 film *20 Feet from Stardom* covered uncredited backup singers in the same era, and has been connected with Hartman's *The Wrecking Crew* in a review.

## Further reading


title: The Wrecking Crew (novel)

abstract: The Wrecking Crew is a spy novel written by Donald Hamilton and first published in 1960. It was the second novel featuring Hamilton's ongoing protagonist, counter-agent and assassin Matt Helm. In this book Hamilton continued the hard-headed and gritty realism he had built up around Helm in the first novel of the series, Death of a Citizen.

text:
# The Wrecking Crew (novel)

***The Wrecking Crew*** is a spy novel written by Donald Hamilton and first published in 1960. It was the second novel featuring Hamilton's ongoing protagonist, counter-agent and assassin Matt Helm. In this book Hamilton continued the hard-headed and gritty realism he had built up around Helm in the first novel of the series, *Death of a Citizen.*

## Film adaptation

*The Wrecking Crew* was loosely adapted in 1969 as a motion picture starring Dean Martin as Matt Helm. This was the fourth and final instalment in the commercially popular but critically derided film series, which took great liberties with Hamilton's original serious novels, turning them into campy comedies.

## Sequel

Hamilton's final published Matt Helm novel, *The Damagers* from 1993, is a sequel to this book, featuring the son of this novel's villain as its antagonist.

## InfoBox

The Wrecking Crew
| The paperback version's original cover. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Donald Hamilton |
| Language | English |
| Series | Matt Helm |
| Genre | Spy novel |
| Publisher | Fawcett Publications |
| Publication date | 1960 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Preceded by | *Death of a Citizen* |
| Followed by | *The Removers* |


title: Francesca Di Lorenzo

abstract: Francesca Di Lorenzo is an American former tennis player. She currently assistant coach of the University of Central Florida womens tennis team. She played collegiately for the Ohio State University. On May 29, 2017, Di Lorenzo and her partner Miho Kowase won the NCAA Women's Doubles Championship.

text:
# Francesca Di Lorenzo

**Francesca Di Lorenzo** (Italian pronunciation: \[franˈtʃeska di loˈrɛntso\]; born July 22, 1997) is an American former tennis player. She currently assistant coach of the University of Central Florida womens tennis team.

She played collegiately for the *Ohio State University*. On May 29, 2017, Di Lorenzo and her partner Miho Kowase won the NCAA Women's Doubles Championship.

## Personal life

Di Lorenzo was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania but raised in Columbus, Ohio, after her family moved there when she was around the age of seven. Her parents, Carlo and Daniela Di Lorenzo, are Italian immigrants from Salerno. Carlo is a physician at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus and Daniela teaches Italian at various colleges. Di Lorenzo attended New Albany High School in New Albany, Ohio.

She has three siblings, and Cristina, her oldest sister, also played tennis at the collegiate level at Xavier University and graduated in 2017. Mario, her oldest brother, also has an athletic background. He won an intramural championship in the inaugural season of wheelchair basketball at Ohio State University.

Di Lorenzo is fluent in Italian. As a child, she played both tennis and soccer.

## Tennis career

### Amateur years

Coming out of high school, Di Lorenzo was ranked as the nation's top tennis recruit. She committed to playing collegiate tennis at Ohio State University. In her final tournament as a junior, she reached the semifinals in both the girls' singles and doubles tournaments at the 2015 US Open.

As a freshman, Di Lorenzo began her season by winning the USTA/ITA National Indoor Intercollegiate Championship, claiming the Buckeyes' first national title in its program's history. She defeated Joana Eidukonytė in the championship match, and concluded the season with a 37–5 record, setting the program record for most victories in a season, and was named singles all-American.

During her sophomore year with the Buckeyes, Di Lorenzo went 37-2 in singles, equaling her school record from the previous year. She also finished the year as the top-ranked women's NCAA singles player. Di Lorenzo repeated as the USTA/ITA National Indoor Champion, beating Hayley Carter in the final. She capped off her sophomore season by winning the NCAA Women's Doubles Championship with her partner, Miho Kowase. This championship was the program's first NCAA in its history. For her accomplishments during the season, Di Lorenzo was named both singles and doubles all-American.

Di Lorenzo earned a wildcard into the qualifiers of the singles tournament at the 2017 US Open. There, she also received a wildcard for the main draw of the doubles tournament and made her Grand Slam debut, partnering with Allie Kiick.

### Professional career

On 18 December 2017, Di Lorenzo announced that she would be leaving Ohio State to become a professional tennis player.

She made her Grand Slam singles debut at the 2018 US Open, winning her section of the qualifying tournament with victories over Antonia Lottner, Verónica Cepede Royg, and Mona Barthel. She made it to the second round where she was defeated by No. 13 seed, Kiki Bertens.

## Performance timeline

Key
| **W** | F | SF | QF | #R | RR | Q# | P# | DNQ | A | Z# | PO | **G** | S | B | NMS | NTI | P | NH |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.  To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.

*Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.*

### Singles

*Current through the 2022 Tennis in the Land.*

| Tournaments | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | SR | W–L | Win% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Grand Slam tournaments** | | | | | | | | | | |
| Australian Open | A | A | A | A | Q2 | Q1 | Q2 | 0 / 0 | 0–0 |  |
| French Open | A | Q2 | A | Q2 | Q2 | Q2 | Q1 | 0 / 0 | 0–0 |  |
| Wimbledon | A | Q1 | A | Q2 | NH | Q1 | Q1 | 0 / 0 | 0–0 |  |
| US Open | Q1 | Q1 | 2R | 2R | 1R | Q2 |  | 0 / 3 | 2–3 | 40% |
| Win–loss | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0 / 3 | 2–3 | 40% |
| **WTA 1000** | | | | | | | | | | |
| Indian Wells Open | A | A | A | Q1 | NH | Q1 | A | 0 / 0 | 0–0 |  |
| Miami Open | A | A | A | A | NH | Q1 | A | 0 / 0 | 0–0 |  |
| Canadian Open | A | A | A | 2R | NH | A | A | 0 / 1 | 1–1 | 50% |
| Cincinnati Open | A | A | Q1 | A | Q1 | A | A | 0 / 0 | 0–0 |  |
| **Career statistics** | | | | | | | | | | |
| Tournaments | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | **Career total: 14** | | |
| Overall win–loss | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 2–5 | 0–3 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 0 / 14 | 4–14 | 22% |
| Year-end ranking | 346 | 302 | 166 | 121 | 143 | 197 |  | **$730,169** | | |

## ITF Circuit finals

### Singles: 6 (4 titles, 2 runner–ups)

| Legend  $60,000 tournaments  $25,000 tournaments  $10,000 tournaments | Finals by surface  Hard (3–2)  Clay (1–0) |
| --- | --- |

| Result | W–L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 1–0 | Aug 2015 | ITF Austin, United States | 10,000 | Hard | Lauren Herring | 4–6, 7–6(2), 6–2 |
| Win | 2–0 | Jul 2016 | ITF Winnipeg, Canada | 25,000 | Hard | Erin Routliffe | 6–4, 6–1 |
| Loss | 2–1 | Jun 2017 | ITF Sumter, United States | 25,000 | Hard | Ashley Lahey | 3–6, 6–7(4) |
| Loss | 2–2 | Jun 2017 | ITF Baton Rouge, United States | 25,000 | Hard | Nicole Gibbs | 3–6, 3–6 |
| Win | 3–2 | Jan 2018 | ITF Wesley Chapel, United States | 25,000 | Clay | Whitney Osuigwe | 6–2, 1–6, 6–4 |
| Win | 4–2 | Nov 2019 | Toronto Challenger, Canada | 60,000 | Hard | Kirsten Flipkens | 7–6(3), 6–4 |

### Doubles: 10 (4 titles, 6 runner–ups)

| Legend  $80,000 tournaments  $60,000 tournaments  $25,000 tournaments | Finals by surface  Hard (2–6)  Clay (2–0) |
| --- | --- |

| Result | W–L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 1–0 | Jul 2016 | ITF Winnipeg, Canada | 25,000 | Hard | Ronit Yurovsky | Marie-Alexandre Leduc
Charlotte Robillard-Millette | 1–6, 7–5, \[10–6\] |
| Loss | 1–1 | Jun 2017 | ITF Baton Rouge, U.S. | 25,000 | Hard | Julia Elbaba | Ellen Perez
Luisa Stefani | 3–6, 4–6 |
| Loss | 1–2 | Oct 2017 | Challenger de Saguenay, Canada | 60,000 | Hard (i) | Erin Routliffe | Bianca Andreescu
Carol Zhao | w/o |
| Win | 2–2 | May 2018 | Open Saint-Gaudens, France | 60,000 | Clay | Naiktha Bains | Manon Arcangioli
Shérazad Reix | 6–4, 1–6, \[11–9\] |
| Loss | 2–3 | Feb 2019 | Rancho Santa Fe Open, U.S. | 25,000 | Hard | Caty McNally | Hayley Carter
Ena Shibahara | 5–7, 2–6 |
| Loss | 2–4 | Jul 2019 | Berkeley Tennis Challenge, U.S. | 60,000 | Hard | Katie Swan | Madison Brengle
Sachia Vickery | 3–6, 5–7 |
| Loss | 2–5 | Oct 2020 | Tennis Classic of Macon, U.S. | 80,000 | Hard | Jamie Loeb | Magdalena Fręch
Katarzyna Kawa | 5–7, 1–6 |
| Win | 3–5 | Jan 2023 | Vero Beach International Tennis Open, United States | 60,000 | Clay | Makenna Jones | Quinn Gleason
Elixane Lechemia | 4–6, 6–3, \[10–3\] |
| Win | 4–5 | Mar 2023 | Arcadia Pro Open, United States | 60,000 | Hard | Christina Rosca | Rina Saigo
Yukina Saigo | 6–1, 6–1 |
| Loss | 4–6 | Mar 2023 | ITF Boca Raton, United States | 25,000 | Hard | Makenna Jones | Hailey Baptiste
Whitney Osuigwe | 2–6, 2–6 |

## InfoBox

Francesca Di Lorenzo
| Di Lorenzo at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | United States |
| Born | (1997-07-22) July 22, 1997
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) |
| Turned pro | 2017 |
| Plays | Left-handed (two-handed backhand) |
| College | Ohio State University, U.S. |
| Coach | Rene Moller |
| Prize money | $761,507 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 173–162 |
| Career titles | 4 ITF |
| Highest ranking | No. 118 (February 3, 2020) |
| Current ranking | No. 493 (January 15, 2024) |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| Australian Open | Q2 (2020, 2022) |
| French Open | Q2 (2017, 2019, 2021) |
| Wimbledon | Q2 (2019) |
| US Open | 2R (2018, 2019) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 71–73 |
| Career titles | 4 ITF |
| Highest ranking | No. 178 (June 12, 2023) |
| Current ranking | No. 276 (January 15, 2024) |
| Grand Slam doubles results | |
| US Open | 1R (2017, 2019) |
| Last updated on: January 15, 2024. | |


title: Francesca Dolcini

abstract: Francesca Dolcini is a former Italian female pole vaulter who won six national championships at individual senior level from 1995 to 2004.

text:
# Francesca Dolcini

**Francesca Dolcini** (born 28 December 1974) is a former Italian female pole vaulter who won six national championships at individual senior level from 1995 to 2004.

## Biography

In the early 90s Francesca Dolcini was a pioneer of the specialty of the pole vault that was born at the female level in those years throughout the world. Her best result on the international senior level was the 9th place in the pole vault final at the 1998 European Athletics Indoor Championships held in Valencia.

She several times broke the national record of pole vault.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Measure | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | European Indoor Championships | Valencia | 9th | Pole vault | 4.05 m |  |

## National titles

## InfoBox

Francesca Dolcini
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| National team | Italy: 14 caps (1998-2005) |
| Born | (1974-12-28) 28 December 1974<br>Rome, Italy |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Pole vault |
| Club | ACSI Italia Atletica |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | * Pole vault: 4.30 m (2002) |


title: Material Girl

abstract: "Material Girl" is a song recorded by American singer Madonna for her second studio album, Like a Virgin (1984). It was released on January 23, 1985, by the Sire label as the second single from Like a Virgin. It also appears slightly remixed on the 1990 greatest hits compilation, The Immaculate Collection, in its original form on the 2009 greatest hits compilation, Celebration and Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones (2022). The song was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, and produced by Nile Rodgers. Madonna said the concept of the song was indicative of her life at that time, and she liked it because she felt it was provocative. "Material Girl" consists of synthesizer arrangements with a robotic-sounding voice chant repeating the hook, "living in a material world". The lyrics identify with materialism, with Madonna asking for a rich and affluent life, and only wanting to date men who can offer her this. Contemporary critics have frequently identified "Material Girl" along with "Like a Virgin" as the songs that established Madonna as an icon. "Material Girl" was a commercial success, reaching the top-five in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Japan and United Kingdom. It reached the number two position on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, becoming her third top-five single there. The single's release was accompanied by a music video directed by Mary Lambert. The video pays homage to Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, with the mimicked scenes interspersed with scenes of a Hollywood director trying to win the heart of an actress, played by Madonna herself. Discovering that, contrary to her song, the young woman is not impressed by money and expensive gifts, he pretends to be penniless and succeeds in taking her out on a date. Madonna has performed the song in five of her world tours; most of her performances of the song on tour are mimicries of the song's music video. "Material Girl" has been covered by a number of artists, including Britney Spears and Hilary and Haylie Duff. It also became a viral hit on TikTok. Madonna has often remarked that she regrets recording "Material Girl" as its title became a nickname for her in the mainstream media. The song has been labeled an empowering influence for women, and was the subject of debates.

text:
# Material Girl

"**Material Girl**" is a song recorded by American singer Madonna for her second studio album, *Like a Virgin* (1984). It was released on January 23, 1985, by the Sire label as the second single from *Like a Virgin*. It also appears slightly remixed on the 1990 greatest hits compilation, *The Immaculate Collection*, in its original form on the 2009 greatest hits compilation, *Celebration* and *Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones* (2022). The song was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, and produced by Nile Rodgers. Madonna said the concept of the song was indicative of her life at that time, and she liked it because she felt it was provocative.

"Material Girl" consists of synthesizer arrangements with a robotic-sounding voice chant repeating the hook, "living in a material world". The lyrics identify with materialism, with Madonna asking for a rich and affluent life, and only wanting to date men who can offer her this. Contemporary critics have frequently identified "Material Girl" along with "Like a Virgin" as the songs that established Madonna as an icon. "Material Girl" was a commercial success, reaching the top-five in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Japan and United Kingdom. It reached the number two position on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in the United States, becoming her third top-five single there.

The single's release was accompanied by a music video directed by Mary Lambert. The video pays homage to Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in the 1953 film *Gentlemen Prefer Blondes*, with the mimicked scenes interspersed with scenes of a Hollywood director trying to win the heart of an actress, played by Madonna herself. Discovering that, contrary to her song, the young woman is not impressed by money and expensive gifts, he pretends to be penniless and succeeds in taking her out on a date. Madonna has performed the song in five of her world tours; most of her performances of the song on tour are mimicries of the song's music video.

"Material Girl" has been covered by a number of artists, including Britney Spears and Hilary and Haylie Duff. It also became a viral hit on TikTok. Madonna has often remarked that she regrets recording "Material Girl" as its title became a nickname for her in the mainstream media. The song has been labeled an empowering influence for women, and was the subject of debates.

## Background

"Material Girl" was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, while Nile Rodgers produced the track. In 1986, Madonna told *Company* magazine, that although she did not write or create the song, the lyrical meaning and concept did apply to her situation at that point of time. She elaborated, "I'm very career-oriented. You are attracted to people who are ambitious that way, too, like in the song 'Material Girl'. You are attracted to men who have material things because that's what pays the rents and buys you furs. That's the security. That lasts longer than emotions." During a 2009 interview with *Rolling Stone*, Madonna was asked by interviewer Austin Scaggs, regarding her first feelings, after listening to the demos of "Like a Virgin" and "Material Girl". Madonna responded by saying, "I liked them both because they were ironic and provocative at the same time but also unlike me. I am not a materialistic person, and I certainly wasn't a virgin, and, by the way, how can you be *like a virgin*? I liked the play on words, I thought they were clever. They're so geeky, they're cool."

## Composition

"Material Girl" consists of synth arrangements, with a strong backbeat supporting it. A robotic-sounding male voice, sung by Frank Simms, repeats the hook "Living in a material world". According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing, the song is set in the time signature of common time, with a tempo of 120 beats per minute. It is set in the key of C major, with Madonna's voice spanning from the tonal nodes of C4 to C5. The song has a basic chord progression of F–G–Em–Am-F-G-C in the chorus, while the verses are based on the C mixolydian mode, giving a hip, swing-like mood. With its post-disco style, the beat of the song is reminiscent of the Jacksons' "Can You Feel It", which appeared on their 1980 album *Triumph*.

The lyrics explain that Madonna is a "material girl" who will not accept men who cannot provide her with luxuries.

## Critical reception

Following the song's release on November 30, 1984, as the second single from *Like a Virgin*, "Material Girl" received mixed reviews from music critics. Author Rikky Rooksby, in his book *The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna*, compared the song with those of Cyndi Lauper because of Madonna's shrill voice in the song. He added that the song was a "pungent satire on the Reagan/Thatcher young-guns-go-for-it era. Which just goes to show that pop music and irony don't mix." Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic said that "Material Girl" was one of the songs that made Madonna an icon, the other being "Like a Virgin" from the same album, both remaining as a definitive statement. He added that both tunes overshadow the rest of the record, "because they are a perfect match of theme and sound." Debby Miller from *Rolling Stone*, felt that the song portrayed Madonna as a more practical girl than previous female singers. Dave Karger from *Entertainment Weekly*, while reviewing the album in 1995, felt that the song came off a bit repetitious and immature when compared to the present context. Jim Farber from the same publication felt that the song provided then critics a way to criticize Madonna's work. Sal Cinquemani of *Slant Magazine* commented that Madonna had "defined a generation with hits like 'Material Girl'." Alfred Soto from *Stylus Magazine* compared the song with "Everything She Wants" by Wham!. Michael Paoletta from *Billboard* commented that the song sustained a "fevered dance-rock momentum." Nancy Erlick from *Billboard* said that "singer and team conquer once more with their irresistible assembly of new and used pop hooks." *Cashbox* said that the song is "a playful follow-up to 'Like A Virgin'" which "still emphasizes a danceable backbeat, but...has a sense of humor and Madonna doesn't sound quite as squeaky as on past cuts." In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their Top 20 Madonna singles of all time for a special issue of *Q magazine* dedicated to Madonna. "Material Girl" was allocated the 15th spot on the list.

## Chart performance

The song debuted on the *Billboard* Hot 100 during the week of February 9, 1985, at position 43, when "Like a Virgin" was descending out of the top ten. The single climbed the Hot 100 quickly, jumping 13 spots to number five the week of March 9, 1985, and eventually spent two weeks at number two, held off by REO Speedwagon's "Can't Fight This Feeling" and Phil Collins' "One More Night". The week when the song slipped to position three, her upcoming single "Crazy for You" reached number four, giving Madonna two simultaneous top-five hits. "Material Girl" reached the top of the Hot Dance Club Songs but was less successful on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, failing to enter the top 40 and peaking at number 49. It was placed at number 58 on the year-end chart for 1985, with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year. In Canada, the song debuted on the *RPM* Singles Chart at number 76, on the issue dated February 16, 1985. After five weeks, it reached a peak position of four on the chart and was present on the chart for a total of 21 weeks. It was ranked at number 46 on the *RPM* Year-End chart for 1985.

In the United Kingdom, "Material Girl" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 24 on March 2, 1985, and reached a peak position of number three. It was present for a total of ten weeks on the chart. In August 2023, The song was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, for sales and streams exceeding 600,000 units. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 405,000 copies there. Across Europe, the song reached the top-ten in Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain and the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, while reaching the top 40 of Germany, Italy and Switzerland.

In Australia, the single debuted at number 25 on 17 March 1985 and peaked at number four three weeks later. It also reached the Top 5 in New Zealand and Japan.

## Music video

The music video for "Material Girl" (*left*) was inspired by Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" (*right*) in the 1953 film *Gentlemen Prefer Blondes*.

The music video was inspired by Madonna's admiration of Marilyn Monroe and mimicked the latter's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film *Gentlemen Prefer Blondes*. The video was developed to simultaneously be an exegesis and a critique of the lyrics and Madonna herself. It was the first time Madonna was able to showcase her acting ability to the public, combining the dance routines of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" with the storyline of a man who impresses Madonna with daisies, rather than diamonds. In a 1987 interview with *New York Daily News*, Madonna said:

> Well, my favorite scene in all of Monroe's movies is when she does that dance sequence for 'Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend'. And when it came time to do the video for the song \[Material Girl\], I said, I can just redo that whole scene and it will be perfect. \[...\] Marilyn was made into something not human in a way, and I can relate to that. Her sexuality was something everyone was obsessed with and that I can relate to. And there were certain things about her vulnerability that I'm curious about and attracted to.

The music video was shot January 10 and 11, 1985, at Ren-Mar Studios in Hollywood, California, and was directed by Mary Lambert; Lambert had previously directed the videos for "Borderline" and "Like a Virgin". It was produced by Simon Fields with principal photography by Peter Sinclair, editing by Glenn Morgan and choreography by Kenny Ortega. Much of the jewelry is from the collection of Connie Parente, a popular Hollywood jewelry collector.

The video featured actor Keith Carradine as Madonna's wealthy love interest. According to Carradine, Madonna had asked for him to appear in the video. Actor Robert Wuhl appeared in the video's opening sequence as George, an employee of Carradine's character. It was on the set of the video that Madonna met actor Sean Penn, whom she began a relationship with and married eight months later.

The video opens with two men (Carradine) watching a rush in the screening rooms of a Hollywood studio. On the screen, an actress played by Madonna sings and dances to "Material Girl", dressed like Monroe from "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend". One of the men, played by Carradine, is a director or a producer and is immensely rich. He falls in love with the actress and wants to express his passion for her. He tells his employee, played by Wuhl: "She's \[Madonna\] fantastic. She could become a star." The employee answered: "She could be. She could be great. She could be a major star." The former then concludes by saying: "She *is* a star, George." Madonna is in a pink strapless gown and has her hair in blond locks ala Monroe. The background is a reconstruction of the Monroe video, complete with staircase, chandeliers and a number of tuxedo clad chorus boys. Madonna dances and sings the song, while she is showered with cash, expensive jewelry, furs and is carried by the men over the stairs. At one time, she eludes herself from the men, by dismissing them with her fan. As the producer tries to impress Madonna, he comes to learn she is not impressed by material items, rather preferring simple romance. He pretends to be penniless, and brings her hand-cut flowers while paying a poor man a large amount to borrow (or possibly buy) his dirty truck to take her on a date. His plan seems to work, because the final scene shows him and Madonna kissing in an intimate position.

It was in the video of "Material Girl" that Madonna began to accept and utilize herself being compared to Monroe. However, she established a safe distance from those comparisons and developed inside the same pastiche. Details like the usage of different gloves or different fans in the video brought forth the connections between these women, but Madonna alluded to herself in subtle ways. The fan in Monroe's hand for the original video was an iconography of the Sudarshana Chakra (wheel) held by the Indian idol Vishnu. Scholar Georges-Claude Guilbert, who wrote *Madonna as postmodern myth: how one star's self-construction rewrites sex*, said that the fan symbolized fiery desire aroused by Monroe as well as ritual sacrifice, eerily foreshadowing her untimely death in 1962. Madonna's fan, which appeared at the end of the video, signified that Madonna – while paying her tribute to Monroe – was signaling that she had no intention of being a victim like her, and that she was on the path of becoming a feminist post-modern myth. Author Nicholas Cook commented that the video promoted Madonna's identity as the song suggested, with the purpose of shifting "Madonna's image from that of a disco-bimbo to authentic star." Lisa A. Lewis, author of *Gender, Politics and MTV* said that with the video, Madonna achieved the rare distinction of being accepted as a literature medium by the music authors. "Material Girl" was nominated for best female video at the 1985 MTV Video Music Awards, but lost to Tina Turner's "What's Love Got to Do with It". The video was ranked at position 54 on VH1's 100 Greatest Videos. On YouTube, the video became her ninth video to surpass 100 million views.

## Live performances

"Material Girl" was performed by Madonna on five of her world tours. She ended the Virgin Tour (1985) with a self-parodying performance of the song. She wore a white tube top and a tight white skirt and carried a bunch of notes in her left hand. At the end of the performance she asked the audience "Do you really think I'm a material girl?...I'm not...Take it \[Throwing fake money\]... I don't need money... I need love." As she began to strip off more clothes, she was apprehended and marched offstage by an extra posing as her father. In Detroit, her father Tony himself did the honors. The performance was included in the VHS release *Madonna Live: The Virgin Tour*.

In the Who's That Girl World Tour of 1987, Madonna performed it as a medley with "Dress You Up" and "Like a Virgin". She wore an elaborate costume, inspired by Dame Edna Everage. It consisted of a hat strewn with fake fruits, flowers and feathers, jeweled batwing spectacles with heavy, black frames, a ruffled skirt, a bodice covered with objects like watches and dolls and fishnets. Author Carol Clrek stated that the dress was more "ludicrous for Madonna, than humorous." Two different performances of the song on this tour can be found on the videos: *Who's That Girl: Live in Japan*, filmed in Tokyo, Japan, on June 22, 1987, and *Ciao Italia: Live from Italy*, filmed in Turin, Italy, on September 4, 1987.

For the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990, Madonna and her supporting dancers Niki Haris and Donna De Lory were dressed as old women in fluffy dressing gowns with dollar signs and curling pins in their hair. Singing the song with a strong mid-western accent, they got up and revealed a frivolish pink dress underneath their gown, in which they danced around. On some dates Madonna replaced the words "experience has made me rich" with "experience has made me a bitch". After singing, she produced dollar bills out of her corsage and threw them up in the air for the audience to catch. Two different performances were taped and released on video, *Blond Ambition: Japan Tour 90*, taped in Yokohama, Japan, on April 27, 1990, and *Blond Ambition World Tour Live*, taped in Nice, France, on August 5, 1990. During the Re-Invention World Tour of 2004, a general setlist was decided where the show rehearsals would start with "I'm So Stupid" from *American Life*, "Dress You Up" and "Material Girl". But "Dress You Up" and "I'm So Stupid" were later dropped from the show. Hence "Material Girl" was transferred as the closing song of the military segment of the show, and was re-arranged as an electric guitar version. Madonna wore military themed clothes and sang the song while standing in front of a microphone and playing an electric guitar. The backdrops displayed mathematical equations along with DNA helixes rushing through the screens.

Minimal elements of the song were included in the live performance of "Girl Gone Wild" on the MDNA Tour (2012). "Material Girl" was included in the final section of the Rebel Heart Tour (2015–16). For this section, Madonna worked with designer Jeremy Scott for party inspired costumes. She wanted a "Harlem-flapper-meets-Paris-in-the-Twenties" look, and Scott came up with the final dress adorned with thousands of Swarovski crystals. Following the jazz rendition of 2000 single "Music", Madonna's started performing "Material Girl", in a similar theme like the music video. Towards the end, Madonna changed the choreography, and made her dancers who posed as suitors fall down the stairs instead. The performance ended with Madonna walking down the catwalk in a bridal veil and carrying a white bouquet, which she eventually throws into the crowd. Utsing the stage as both stairs as well as video backdrop, the stairs rose up and down during the song. A recording of the performance at the March 19–20 2016 shows in Sydney's Allphones Arena was released in Madonna's fifth live album, *Rebel Heart Tour*.

In June 2022, to accompany the remix album release *Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones*, Madonna performed at Pride at the Women of the World Party in New York City. In the event, she premiered "Material Gworrllllllll!", a mashup of "Material Girl" with Saucy Santana's hip hop song of the same name. The song was released the following month.

## Legacy

After the song's release, the phrase "material girl" became another nickname for Madonna. She has since remarked that if she had known she would constantly be referred to by the "Material Girl" moniker, she probably would not have recorded the song. Reflecting on the song, Madonna said:

> I can't completely disdain the song and the video, because they certainly were important to my career. But talk about the media hanging on a phrase and misinterpreting the damn thing as well. I didn't write that song, you know, and the video was about how the girl rejected diamonds and money. But God forbid irony should be understood. So when I'm ninety, I'll still be the Material Girl. I guess it's not so bad. Lana Turner was the Sweater Girl until the day she died.

Guilbert commented that "material girl" designated a certain type of liberated women, thus deviating from its original coinage which meant a girl who is tangible and accessible. Cook said that the meaning and impact of "material girl" was no longer circumscribed by the video, rather by its lyrics. Its influence was seen later among such diverse groups such as female versus male, gay versus straight, and academic versus teenage.

In 1993, a conference was held at the University of California, Santa Barbara, with the subject as *Madonna: Feminist Icon or Material Girl?*. The conference pondered on the duality of Madonna as both of them and deduced that the question of Madonna's feminism is not easy to decide. Some of the feminists left the conference, citing that they had not been able to make up their minds. As New Age spirituality became popular in the U.S. in the late 1990s, Madonna embarked on a spiritual quest of her own, and journals like *The Times* and *The Advocate* described her as "the Ethereal Girl" and "Spiritual Girl" respectively.

## Track listing

* **US and UK 7-inch single**

1. "Material Girl" – 4:00
2. "Pretender" – 4:28

* **US and UK 12-inch single; reissue CD single (1995)**

1. "Material Girl" (extended dance mix) – 6:05
2. "Pretender" – 4:28

* **Japanese 12-inch single; reissue CD single**

1. "Material Girl" (extended dance mix) – 6:10
2. "Into the Groove" – 4:45
3. "Angel" (extended dance mix) – 6:14

* **Digital single (remastered) (2024)**

1. "Material Girl" – 4:00
2. "Pretender" – 4:28
3. "Material Girl" (extended dance mix) – 6:05

## Credits and personnel

Credits are adapted from the album and 12-inch maxi-single liner notes.

## Charts

## Certifications and sales

Certifications and sales for "Material Girl"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 50,000 |
| Japan (Oricon Charts) |  | 47,060 |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Gold | 30,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI)
*Original release* | Silver | 250,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI)
*2006 release* | Platinum | 600,000 |
| United States
*Digital downloads* |  | 347,000 |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## "Material Gworrllllllll!"

| "Material Gworrllllllll!" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Song by Madonna and Saucy Santana | |
| Released | August 5, 2022 (2022-08-05) |
| Recorded | 2022 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:42 |
| Label | Warner |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Mike Dean |
| Madonna chronology | |
| "Break My Soul (The Queens Remix)"
(2022) "**Material Gworrllllllll!**"
(2022) "Hung Up on Tokischa"
(2022) | |
|  | |
| Saucy Santana chronology | |
| *"Booty"*
(2022) ***"Material Gworrllllllll!"***
(2022) *"I'm Too Much"*
(2022) | |
| Lyric video | |
| "Material Gworrllllllll!" on YouTube | |
|  | |

In August 2022, Madonna and Saucy Santana released "Material Gworrllllllll!". The song is a remix of Saucy Santana's 2019 single, "Material Girl", combining elements of the song with Madonna's of the same name. "Material Gworrllllllll!" is an electronic track with elements of rap. Madonna and Saucy Santana first performed the song in June 2022 at Terminal 5 during New York City Pride. The song debuted and peaked at number 69 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart dated August 18, 2022, and fell off the chart the following week.

### Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Material Gworrllllllll!"
| Chart (2022) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles Downloads (OCC) | 69 |

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| "Material Girl" | |
| --- | --- |
| Artwork for North American, Iberian, Australian, and Brazilian releases | |
| Single by Madonna | |
| from the album  *Like a Virgin* | |
| B-side | "Pretender" |
| Released | January 23, 1985 |
| Recorded | 1984 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:01 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Nile Rodgers |
| Madonna singles chronology | |
| "Like a Virgin"
(1984) "**Material Girl**"
(1985) "Crazy for You"
(1985) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Material Girl" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Thesprotia maculata

abstract: Thesprotia maculata, the grass mantis, is a species of mantis found in Bolivia and Brazil.

text:
# Thesprotia maculata

***Thesprotia maculata***, the **grass mantis**, is a species of mantis found in Bolivia and Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Thesprotia maculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Thespidae |
| Genus: | *Thesprotia* |
| Species: | ***T. maculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thesprotia maculata***<br>Saussure & Zehntner, 1894 | |
|


title: Maszków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Maszków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oława, within Oława County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Oława and 35 km (22 mi) south-east of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Maszków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

**Maszków** \[ˈmaʂkuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oława, within Oława County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Oława and 35 km (22 mi) south-east of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Maszków | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Maszków | |
| Coordinates: 50°53′N 17°21′E / 50.883°N 17.350°E / 50.883; 17.350 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Oława |
| Gmina | Oława |


title: Maszków, Lubusz Voivodeship

abstract: Maszków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzeszyce, within Sulęcin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of Sulęcin and 21 km (13 mi) south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

text:
# Maszków, Lubusz Voivodeship

**Maszków** \[ˈmaʂkuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzeszyce, within Sulęcin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of Sulęcin and 21 km (13 mi) south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

## InfoBox

| Maszków | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Maszków | |
| Coordinates: 52°34′N 15°7′E / 52.567°N 15.117°E / 52.567; 15.117 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Sulęcin |
| Gmina | Krzeszyce |
| Population | 90 |


title: Maszkowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Maszkowo is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kobylnica, within Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Kobylnica, 10 km (6 mi) south of Słupsk, and 107 km (66 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Maszkowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Maszkowo** \[maʂˈkɔvɔ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kobylnica, within Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Kobylnica, 10 km (6 mi) south of Słupsk, and 107 km (66 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Maszkowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Maszkowo | |
| Coordinates: 54°22′41″N 16°59′55″E / 54.37806°N 16.99861°E / 54.37806; 16.99861 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Słupsk |
| Gmina | Kobylnica |
| Population | 7 |


title: Theatre Royal, Edinburgh

abstract: The history of the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh involves two sites. The first building, on Princes Street, opened 1769 and was rebuilt in 1830 by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd. The second site was on Broughton Street.

text:
# Theatre Royal, Edinburgh

The history of the **Theatre Royal, Edinburgh** involves two sites. The first building, on Princes Street, opened 1769 and was rebuilt in 1830 by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd. The second site was on Broughton Street.

## History

The first Theatre Royal was in Shakespeare Square, at the east end of Princes Street. This was opened 9 December 1769 by actor-manager David Ross. Mary Bulkley performed here during the 1780s. In July 1792 Harriet Pye Esten became the theatre manager when she purchased the lease. The theatre had been run by Stephen Kemble but he lost the rights to perform which were withdrawn by Esten's lover Douglas Hamilton, 8th Duke of Hamilton. In 1794 Esten returned the rights to Stephen Kemble to perform in Edinburgh in exchange for £200 a year.

In 1809 the theatre was taken over by Sarah Siddons's actor son, Henry Siddons. It went into a period of decline under his control, but following his death in 1815 was revived by his wife, Harriet Siddons who took a 21-year lease from 1809 until 1830, then becoming outright owner and leasing to her brother William Henry Murray from 1830 until 1851.

The first theatre was closed in 1859 to make way for the building of the General Post Office (which survives but is converted to office use) whose foundation was laid by Prince Albert in October 1861.

The theatre was taken over by R H Wyndham around 1860. The royal patent and title was then transferred to the Queen's Theatre and Operetta House in a site in Broughton Street, on an earlier Circus (previously the Adelphi Theatre). The manager of the theatre was Robert Henry Wyndham. It burned down and was rebuilt in 1865, 1875, and 1884, each time retaining the patent. The last architect was Charles Phipps when in 1884 it was leased to Cecil Beryl of the Princess's Theatre, Glasgow. This Theatre Royal became part of Howard & Wyndham Ltd formed in Glasgow in 1895. From the 1920s Howard & Wyndham leased it out to Fred Collins, lessee of Glasgow's Pavilion Theatre, as the Theatre Royal Varieties, with the Collins family establishing its wardrobe and production centre adjacent. It was destroyed by fire in 1946 and not rebuilt only due to post-war shortages of building materials.


title: Francis Billy Hilly

abstract: Sir Francis Billy Hilly is a Solomon Islands politician who was the Prime Minister of Solomon Islands from 18 June 1993 to 7 November 1994. He represented the Ranogga/Simbo Constituency in the National Parliament from 1976 to 1984, and has represented the constituency again since 1993. Hilly has been Minister of Commerce, Industry and Employment since December 2007. Hilly was elected to the First Parliament in 1976 and was re-elected in 1980 to the Second Parliament, which sat until 1984. He returned to Parliament in May 1993 and has been re-elected in every election since: in August 1997, December 2001, and April 2006. He was appointed prime minister after the 1993 election, but in October 1994, resigned after not having sufficient support in the Parliament. After serving as prime minister, he was Leader of the Opposition from 1994 to 1995. He was one of two candidates nominated by the government for the position of prime minister in June 2000, but the opposition's candidate, Manasseh Sogavare, was elected. In July 2004, he became Leader of the Opposition again, receiving five votes from the eight members of the opposition who were present and defeating the other candidate for the position, Alfred Sasako. Following his election, he said that, unlike the two previous Opposition Leaders, he would not cross the floor to join the government, stressing the importance of the role of Opposition Leader. He remained Leader of the Opposition until 4 April 2006. Hilly opposed the election of Snyder Rini as prime minister on 18 April 2006, alleging that bribes were used to gain votes for Rini and that the election "was controlled and influenced by outsiders". In May 2006, Hilly became Minister of Commerce, Industries and Employment under Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare. However, in August 2006, he was dismissed from that position, a decision that he said was primarily due to an agreement between his National Party and the People's Republic of China in 2005; the Solomon Islands recognises the Republic of China (Taiwan). He has also served for periods as Minister for Home Affairs and as Minister for Health and Medical Services and deputy prime minister. In Parliament, he was Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee from 15 November 2004 to 5 December 2005 and became Chairman of the Parliamentary House Committee on 10 May 2006. After Sogavare was defeated in a no-confidence vote in December 2007, Hilly again became Minister of Commerce, Industry and Employment under Prime Minister Derek Sikua on 22 December 2007. Hilly was Minister of Finance and Treasury in 2010. Already Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG), Hilly was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 2012 Birthday Honours.

text:
# Francis Billy Hilly

**Sir Francis Billy Hilly** KCMG (born 20 July 1948) is a Solomon Islands politician who was the Prime Minister of Solomon Islands from 18 June 1993 to 7 November 1994. He represented the Ranogga/Simbo Constituency in the National Parliament from 1976 to 1984, and has represented the constituency again since 1993. Hilly has been Minister of Commerce, Industry and Employment since December 2007.

Hilly was elected to the First Parliament in 1976 and was re-elected in 1980 to the Second Parliament, which sat until 1984. He returned to Parliament in May 1993 and has been re-elected in every election since: in August 1997, December 2001, and April 2006. He was appointed prime minister after the 1993 election, but in October 1994, resigned after not having sufficient support in the Parliament.

After serving as prime minister, he was Leader of the Opposition from 1994 to 1995. He was one of two candidates nominated by the government for the position of prime minister in June 2000, but the opposition's candidate, Manasseh Sogavare, was elected. In July 2004, he became Leader of the Opposition again, receiving five votes from the eight members of the opposition who were present and defeating the other candidate for the position, Alfred Sasako. Following his election, he said that, unlike the two previous Opposition Leaders, he would not cross the floor to join the government, stressing the importance of the role of Opposition Leader. He remained Leader of the Opposition until 4 April 2006.

Hilly opposed the election of Snyder Rini as prime minister on 18 April 2006, alleging that bribes were used to gain votes for Rini and that the election "was controlled and influenced by outsiders". In May 2006, Hilly became Minister of Commerce, Industries and Employment under Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare. However, in August 2006, he was dismissed from that position, a decision that he said was primarily due to an agreement between his National Party and the People's Republic of China in 2005; the Solomon Islands recognises the Republic of China (Taiwan).

He has also served for periods as Minister for Home Affairs and as Minister for Health and Medical Services and deputy prime minister. In Parliament, he was Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee from 15 November 2004 to 5 December 2005 and became Chairman of the Parliamentary House Committee on 10 May 2006.

After Sogavare was defeated in a no-confidence vote in December 2007, Hilly again became Minister of Commerce, Industry and Employment under Prime Minister Derek Sikua on 22 December 2007.

Hilly was Minister of Finance and Treasury in 2010.

Already Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG), Hilly was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 2012 Birthday Honours.

## InfoBox

| SirFrancis Billy HillyKCMG | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Prime Minister of Solomon Islands | |
| **In office**
18 June 1993  7 November 1994 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governors General | George Lepping, Moses Pitakaka |
| Preceded by | Solomon Mamaloni |
| Succeeded by | Solomon Mamaloni |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1948-07-20) 20 July 1948
Emu Harbour, Ranongga Island |
| Political party | Independent Group |
|  | |


title: Francis Levy

abstract: Francis Levy is the author of the comic novels Erotomania: A Romance, published by Two Dollar Radio in 2008 and subsequently translated in a Spanish edition in 2009, and Seven Days in Rio, published by Two Dollar Radio in 2011. Levy is also the co-founder of the Philoctetes Center for the Multidisciplinary Study of Imagination. He has been profiled in The East Hampton Star, AIGA Voice, Nerve.com, and elsewhere.

text:
# Francis Levy

**Francis Levy** (born March 28, 1948) is the author of the comic novels *Erotomania: A Romance*, published by Two Dollar Radio in 2008 and subsequently translated in a Spanish edition in 2009, and *Seven Days in Rio*, published by Two Dollar Radio in 2011. Levy is also the co-founder of the Philoctetes Center for the Multidisciplinary Study of Imagination. He has been profiled in *The East Hampton Star*, *AIGA Voice*, Nerve.com, and elsewhere.

## Education

Levy received a BA from Columbia University in 1969 and an M.F.A from the Yale School of Drama in 1973.

## Writing

Levy's debut novel, *Erotomania: A Romance*, a satirical examination of compulsive sexuality, was a *Queerty* Top 10 Book of 2008 and named a Standout Book of the Year by *Inland Empire Weekly*. *Erotomania* was reviewed in *The Village Voice*, *Los Angeles Times*, *Publishers Weekly*, *Time Out Chicago* and elsewhere.

Levy's short stories, poems, criticism, and essays have appeared in *The New York Times, The Washington Post, The New Republic, The Village Voice, The East Hampton Star, The Quarterly*, and *Evergreen Review*. The journal *American Imago* published a long autobiographical essay about Levy's psychoanalytic treatment entitled "Psychoanalysis: The Patient’s Cure” in its Spring 2010 issue. Levy blogs as The Screaming Pope.

## The Philoctetes Center

Inspired by CP Snow's famed "Two Cultures" essay, The Philoctetes Center (2003–2011) brought together scientists, artists, and scholars in an attempt to bridge the separation between the worlds of science and the humanities. In doing so, the Center hosted a range of figures from the humanities, including Edward Albee, John Turturro, Nicholson Baker, John Cameron Mitchell, Rick Moody, Ned Rorem, Rocco Landesman, C. K. Williams, Sharon Olds, Kiki Smith, Bruce McCall, Lewis Black, Philip Pearlstein, and Chuck Close, together with such distinguished scientists as physicist Brian Greene, Nobel prize-winning researchers Gerald Edelman and Christian de Duve, and neuroscientists Antonio Damasio and Joseph E. LeDoux, among others.

## Life

He also holds a third-degree black belt from Seido Karate, and was the subject of a profile concerning his workout regimen in the online edition of *The Wall Street Journal*.

## InfoBox

| Francis Levy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1948-03-12) March 12, 1948<br>New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Period | 1993–present |
| Literary movement | Postmodern literature |
| Notable works | *Erotomania: A Romance* (2008) |
| Spouse | Hallie Cohen (1982–present) |
| Website | |
| www.mwww.screamingpope.com | |


title: Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper

abstract: Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper, known as Viscount Fordwich from 1837 to 1856, was a British Liberal politician. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1880 to 1882. Overwhelmingly by inheritance he was rendered a sterling millionaire, a threshold reached by his own death estate which is estimated to apply to seven other British residents per year, only, in 1905.

text:
# Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper

**Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper** KG PC DL (11 June 1834  18 July 1905), known as **Viscount Fordwich** from 1837 to 1856, was a British Liberal politician. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1880 to 1882.

Overwhelmingly by inheritance he was rendered a sterling millionaire, a threshold reached by his own death estate which is estimated to apply to seven other British residents per year, only, in 1905.

## Background

Cowper (pronounced "Cooper") was the eldest son of George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper, by his wife Anne de Grey, 7th holder of the barony of Lucas of Crudwell, daughter of Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. He was educated at Harrow School and the University of Oxford.

He was commissioned a cornet in the Yorkshire Hussars on 19 February 1852. On 22 November 1855, his father appointed him a deputy lieutenant of Kent.

## Political career

Cowper entered the House of Lords on his father's death in 1856 and served under William Ewart Gladstone as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms (Government Chief Whip in the House of Lords) from 1871 to 1874 and as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1880 to 1882. He became a Knight of the Garter in 1865 and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1871.

## Other public positions

Apart from his political career Cowper held the position of Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire between 1861 and 1905. He was also a Deputy Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire and Kent.

## Peerages

In 1871, Cowper managed to obtain a reversal of the attainder of the Scottish lordship of Dingwall and the English barony of Butler, which had been under attainder since 1715, and he became the 4th Lord Dingwall and the 3rd Baron Butler as well. In 1880, he succeeded his mother as 8th Baron Lucas.

## Relative wealth

He came to own more than £1M of assets which Sir Leo Chiozza Money, an analyst of the rich of the era, estimated was true of only eight British people who died "in an average year". In the US, a concentration of greater wealth existed: by the start of the World War I, Rockefeller had become the world's first billionaire estimated (in somewhat cheaper US dollars), in the year he died.

He owned almost 38,000 acres.

## Family

Lord Cowper married Lady Katrine Compton, daughter of William Compton, 4th Marquess of Northampton, in 1870. The marriage was childless. Cowper died in July 1905, aged 71. On his death, the baronetcy of Ratlingcourt, barony of Cowper, viscountcy of Fordwich and earldom of Cowper became extinct. He was succeeded in the barony of Lucas of Crudwell and the lordship of Dingwall by his nephew, Auberon.

His probate was resworn as per the official Calendar in 1905 at £1,326,681 (equivalent to about £179,900,000 in 2023). Because Lord Cowper died childless and there were no other male-line descendants of the first Earl Cowper at the time of his death, his wealth stated mainly devolved to issue of his three married sisters (Lady Florence Herbert, Lady Adine Fane and Lady Amabel Kerr)

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Earl CowperKG PC DL | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Lord Lieutenant of Ireland | |
| **In office**
4 May 1880  4 May 1882 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Preceded by | The Duke of Marlborough |
| Succeeded by | Lord Spencer |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 June 1834 (1834-06-11) |
| Died | 18 July 1905(1905-07-18) (aged 71) |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Lady Katrine Compton |
| Parent(s) | George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper
Anne de Grey |
| Alma mater | University of Oxford |
|  | |


title: Wakachichibu Komei

abstract: Wakachichibu Komei was a sumo wrestler from Chichibu, Saitama, Japan. He made his professional debut in May 1954 and reached the top division in September 1958. His highest rank was sekiwake. Upon retirement from active competition he became an elder in the Japan Sumo Association, under the name Tokiwayama. He reached the Sumo Association's mandatory retirement age in March 2004.

text:
# Wakachichibu Komei

**Wakachichibu Komei** (real name **Komei Kato**, 16 March 1939 – 17 September 2014) was a sumo wrestler from Chichibu, Saitama, Japan. He made his professional debut in May 1954 and reached the top division in September 1958. His highest rank was *sekiwake*. Upon retirement from active competition he became an elder in the Japan Sumo Association, under the name Tokiwayama. He reached the Sumo Association's mandatory retirement age in March 2004.

## Career record

* *The Kyushu tournament was first held in 1957, and the Nagoya tournament in 1958.*

Wakachichibu Komei
| Year | January
Hatsu basho, Tokyo | March
Haru basho, Osaka | May
Natsu basho, Tokyo | July
Nagoya basho, Nagoya | September
Aki basho, Tokyo | November
Kyūshū basho, Fukuoka |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1954 | x | x | (Maezumo) | **Not held** | East Jonokuchi #10
53
 | **Not held** |
| 1955 | East Jonidan #48
44
 | West Jonidan #31
44
 | West Jonidan #24
53
 | **Not held** | East Jonidan #3
80P
Champion
 | **Not held** |
| 1956 | East Sandanme #59
80P
 | West Sandanme #8
53
 | East Makushita #68
53
 | **Not held** | East Makushita #62
62
 | **Not held** |
| 1957 | East Makushita #46
62
 | East Makushita #30
53
 | West Makushita #24
62
 | **Not held** | East Makushita #13
71P
Champion
 | East Makushita #1
53
 |
| 1958 | East Jūryō #24
114
 | West Jūryō #14
114
 | West Jūryō #6
114P
Champion
 | East Jūryō #1
114
 | West Maegashira #18
123
F | West Maegashira #4
78
 |
| 1959 | West Maegashira #4
105
F | West Komusubi #1
213
 | West Maegashira #11
87
 | East Maegashira #10
96
 | East Maegashira #4
78
 | West Maegashira #4
69
 |
| 1960 | West Maegashira #7
78
 | East Maegashira #9
510
 | West Maegashira #14
132
 | East Maegashira #4
87
 | West Maegashira #1
411
 | West Maegashira #8
69
 |
| 1961 | West Maegashira #12
78
 | West Maegashira #12
411
 | West Jūryō #1
87
 | East Jūryō #1
132
Champion
 | West Maegashira #9
78
 | East Maegashira #10
105
 |
| 1962 | East Maegashira #5
114
 | East Maegashira #1
114
 | East Komusubi #1
510
 | East Maegashira #4
96
 | East Komusubi #1
510
 | West Maegashira #3
69
 |
| 1963 | East Maegashira #6
87
 | West Maegashira #2
96
 | East Komusubi #1
114
 | West Sekiwake #1
87
 | West Sekiwake #1
510
 | East Maegashira #2
78
 |
| 1964 | East Maegashira #3
78
 | East Maegashira #3
213
 | East Maegashira #12
105
 | East Maegashira #5
213
 | West Maegashira #13
105
 | East Maegashira #7
114
 |
| 1965 | East Maegashira #3
510
 | East Maegashira #7
105
 | West Maegashira #1
69
 | West Maegashira #3
87
 | West Maegashira #2
411
 | West Maegashira #8
69
 |
| 1966 | West Maegashira #13
96
 | East Maegashira #10
96
 | East Maegashira #6
69
 | West Maegashira #8
87
 | West Maegashira #5
510
 | West Maegashira #8
510
 |
| 1967 | East Jūryō #1
105
 | East Maegashira #13
87
 | West Maegashira #12
510
 | East Jūryō #4
96
 | West Jūryō #1
87
 | West Maegashira #11
411
 |
| 1968 | West Jūryō #3
510
 | East Jūryō #9
87
 | East Jūryō #7
78
 | West Jūryō #8
87
 | East Jūryō #5
312
 | West Jūryō #12
**Retired**
195 |
| Record given as **wins–losses–absences**    Top division champion Top division runner-up Retired Lower divisions Non-participation

Sanshō key: **F**=Fighting spirit; **O**=Outstanding performance; **T**=Technique     Also shown: =Kinboshi; **P**=Playoff(s)
Divisions: Makuuchi  Jūryō  Makushita  Sandanme  Jonidan  Jonokuchi

*Makuuchi* ranks: Yokozuna  Ōzeki  Sekiwake  Komusubi  Maegashira | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Wakachichibu Komei | |
| --- | --- |
| 若秩父 高明 | |
|  | |
| Personal information | |
| Born | Komei Kato
(1939-03-16)16 March 1939
Chichibu, Saitama, Japan |
| Died | 17 September 2014(2014-09-17) (aged 75) |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 150 kg (330 lb) |
| Career | |
| Stable | Hanakago |
| Record | 570-527-5 |
| Debut | May, 1954 |
| Highest rank | Sekiwake (July, 1963) |
| Retired | November, 1968 |
| Elder name | Tokiwayama |
| Championships | 2 (Jūryō)
1 (Makushita)
1 (Jonidan) |
| Special Prizes | Fighting Spirit (2) |
| Gold Stars | 3
Tochinoumi (2)
Chiyonoyama |
| * Up to date as of June 2020. | |


title: Para-Chlorophenylpiperazine

abstract: para-Chlorophenylpiperazine (pCPP) is a psychoactive drug of the phenylpiperazine class. It is relatively obscure, with limited human use, and produces slightly psychedelic effects. It has been encountered in illicit capsules as a recreational drug similarly to other piperazines like mCPP. Scientific research has demonstrated pCPP to have serotonergic effects, likely acting as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and/or releasing agent. A known use has been in the synthesis of L-745,870.

text:
# Para-Chlorophenylpiperazine

***para*-Chlorophenylpiperazine** (**pCPP**) is a psychoactive drug of the phenylpiperazine class. It is relatively obscure, with limited human use, and produces slightly psychedelic effects. It has been encountered in illicit capsules as a recreational drug similarly to other piperazines like mCPP. Scientific research has demonstrated pCPP to have serotonergic effects, likely acting as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and/or releasing agent.

A known use has been in the synthesis of L-745,870.

## InfoBox

*para*-Chlorophenylpiperazine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Routes of
administration | Oral |
| ATC code | * none |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 1-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.155.613 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C10H13ClN2 |
| Molar mass | 196.68 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * Clc1ccc(cc1)N2CCNCC2 | |


title: The Hound of Silver Creek

abstract: The Hound of Silver Creek is a 1928 American drama film directed by Stuart Paton, and written by Paul M. Bryan and Gardner Bradford. The film stars Dynamite the Dog, Edmund Cobb, Gloria Grey, Gladden James, Billy "Red" Jones, and Frank Rice. The film was released on May 20, 1928, by Universal Pictures.

text:
# The Hound of Silver Creek

***The Hound of Silver Creek*** is a 1928 American drama film directed by Stuart Paton, and written by Paul M. Bryan and Gardner Bradford. The film stars Dynamite the Dog, Edmund Cobb, Gloria Grey, Gladden James, Billy "Red" Jones, and Frank Rice. The film was released on May 20, 1928, by Universal Pictures.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Hound of Silver Creek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Stuart Paton |
| Screenplay by | Paul M. Bryan
Gardner Bradford |
| Story by | Paul M. Bryan |
| Starring | Dynamite the Dog
Edmund Cobb
Gloria Grey
Gladden James
Billy 'Red' Jones
Frank Rice |
| Cinematography | Jerome Ash |
| Edited by | Arthur Hilton |
| Production
company | Universal Pictures |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * May 20, 1928 (1928-05-20) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Inside Love

abstract: "Inside Love" is the debut single by the British band Seven, released by Polydor in 1990. It was written by band members Keith McFarlane and Simon LeFevre, and was produced by John Parr. "Inside Love" reached number 78 in the UK Singles Chart and remained in the top 100 for four weeks. Seven had secured a contract with Polydor in 1989 and they produced two singles for the label, "Inside Love" and "Man With a Vision", both of which were produced by John Parr. The limited commercial success of the singles led to the band being dropped by Polydor and subsequently splitting. In 2014, the original line-up reunited and released their self-titled debut album that year through Escape Music. It included a re-recorded version of "Inside Love".

text:
# Inside Love

"**Inside Love**" is the debut single by the British band Seven, released by Polydor in 1990. It was written by band members Keith McFarlane and Simon LeFevre, and was produced by John Parr. "Inside Love" reached number 78 in the UK Singles Chart and remained in the top 100 for four weeks.

Seven had secured a contract with Polydor in 1989 and they produced two singles for the label, "Inside Love" and "Man With a Vision", both of which were produced by John Parr. The limited commercial success of the singles led to the band being dropped by Polydor and subsequently splitting. In 2014, the original line-up reunited and released their self-titled debut album that year through Escape Music. It included a re-recorded version of "Inside Love".

## Critical reception

Upon its release, Steve Duffy of the *South Wales Echo* gave "Inside Love" a one out of five star rating and wrote, "Thoroughly bland pop/rock, looking for a personality. You can spot the inevitable guitar solo long before it arrives."

## Formats

**7-inch single**

1. "Inside Love" – 3:53
2. "Till Then" – 3:51

**12-inch single**

1. "Inside Love" (Extended Version) – 6:46
2. "Inside Love" – 3:53
3. "Till Then" – 3:51

**CD single**

1. "Inside Love" – 3:53
2. "Till Then" – 3:51
3. "Inside Love" (Extended Version) – 6:46

## Personnel

**Seven**

* Mick Devine – lead vocals
* Keith Macfarlane – guitar, backing vocals
* Pat Davey – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Simon Lefevre – keyboards, backing vocals
* Austin Lane – drums

**Production**

* John Parr – production ("Inside Love")
* Tim Lewis – production ("Till Then")
* Mike Parker – production ("Till Then")
* John Spence – engineer ("Inside Love")
* Stephen W Taylor – remixing ("Inside Love")

**Other**

## Charts

| Chart (1990) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles Chart | 78 |

## InfoBox

| "Inside Love" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Seven | |
| B-side | "Till Then" |
| Released | January 1990 |
| Recorded | 1989 |
| Length | 3:53 |
| Label | Polydor |
| Songwriter(s) | * Keith McFarlane * Simon LeFevre |
| Producer(s) | John Parr |
| Seven singles chronology | |
| "**Inside Love**"
(1990) "Man With a Vision"
(1990) | |


title: Milledge Luke Bonham

abstract: Milledge Luke Bonham was an American politician and Congressman. He was later the 70th Governor of South Carolina from 1862 until 1864, and a Confederate General during the American Civil War.

text:
# Milledge Luke Bonham

**Milledge Luke Bonham** (December 25, 1813  August 27, 1890) was an American politician and Congressman. He was later the 70th Governor of South Carolina from 1862 until 1864, and a Confederate General during the American Civil War.

## Early life and career

Bonham was born near Redbank (now Saluda), South Carolina, the son of Maryland native Capt. James Bonham and Sophie Smith Bonham, the niece of Capt. James Butler, who was the head of an illustrious South Carolina family. Milledge was a 1st cousin once removed to Andrew Pickens Butler. He was a descendant of an Englishman named Thomas Butler, who arrived to the American colonies in the 1600s.

He attended private schools in the Edgefield District and at Abbeville. He graduated with honors from South Carolina College at Columbia in 1834. He served as Captain and adjutant general of the South Carolina Brigade in the Seminole War in Florida in 1836. That same year, his older brother James Butler Bonham died at the Battle of the Alamo.

Bonham studied law and was admitted to the bar, in 1837, and commenced practice in Edgefield. During the Mexican–American War, he was lieutenant colonel (from March 1847) and colonel (from August 1847) of the 12th US Infantry Regiment. Two other members of his regiment, Major Maxcy Gregg and Captain Abner Monroe Perrin, would also become generals in the Civil War. After he returned home, Bonham was the major general of the South Carolina Militia. Entering politics, he served in the state house of representatives from 1840 to 1843. He married Ann Patience Griffin on November 13, 1845. Bonham was solicitor of the southern circuit of South Carolina from 1848 to 1857. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth United States Congress (succeeding his cousin, Preston Smith Brooks) and the Thirty-sixth United States Congress, and served from March 4, 1857, until his retirement on December 21, 1860.

## Civil War

In early 1861, the Southern states that had seceded from the Union appointed special commissioners to travel to those other slaveholding Southern states that had yet to secede. A slaveowner, Bonham served as the Commissioner from South Carolina to the Mississippi Secession Convention, and helped to persuade its members that they should also secede from the Union.

Bonham was appointed major general and commander of the Army of South Carolina by Gov. Francis W. Pickens in February 1861. He was appointed brigadier general in the Confederate Army on April 19, 1861, and commanded the First Brigade of the Confederate "Army of the Potomac" under P.G.T. Beauregard. He fought in the First Battle of Manassas, commanding his brigade as well as two artillery batteries and six companies of cavalry in the defense of Mitchell's Ford on Bull Run.

He resigned his commission January 27, 1862, to enter the Confederate Congress. On December 17, 1862, the South Carolina General Assembly elected Bonham as governor by secret ballot. He served until December 1864. During his term, the General Assembly enacted a prohibition against distilling in 1863 and also that year, it demanded that more land be used to grow food instead of cotton to increase the supply of food in the state. Bonham rejoined the Confederate Army as brigadier general of cavalry in February 1865, and was actively engaged in recruiting when the war ended.

Near Greenville, South Carolina a group of troops positioned there, because of worry of federal invasion from North Carolina, named their emplacement, Camp Bonham, in his honor.

## Dates of rank

* Major General (South Carolina Militia), February 10, 1861
* Brigadier General, April 23, 1861
* Brigadier General, February 20, 1865

## Postbellum activities

Bonham owned an insurance business in Edgefield and in Atlanta, Georgia, from 1865 to 1878. Returning to politics, Bonham was again a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1865 to 1866 and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1868. He was a member of the South Carolina taxpayers' convention in 1871 and 1874. Retiring from public service, he resumed the practice of law in Edgefield and engaged in planting. He was appointed state railroad commissioner in 1878 and served until his death at White Sulphur Springs, North Carolina. He was buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Columbia.

Two newspaper obituaries (*Fisherman and Farmer*, Edenton, North Carolina 12 September 1890 and *Swain County Herald*, Bryson City, North Carolina from 11 Sep 1890) report General Milledge L. Bonham, railroad commissioner, was found dead in his bed in his room at Hawood, White Sulphur Springs, North Carolina from hemorrhage during the night. WSS, North Carolina was a late-nineteenth resort in Surry County near Mount Airy, N.C.

## InfoBox

| Milledge Bonham | |
| --- | --- |
| 1860s portrait of by Bonham, Mathew Brady | |
|  | |
| Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from Edgefield County | |
| **In office**
November 27, 1865  April 16, 1868 | |
| 70th Governor of South Carolina | |
| **In office**
December 17, 1862  December 18, 1864 | |
| Lieutenant | Plowden Weston |
| Preceded by | Francis Wilkinson Pickens |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Gordon Magrath |
| Member of the Confederate House of Representatives
from South Carolina's 4th District | |
| **In office**
February 18, 1862  October 13, 1862 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | William Dunlap Simpson |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from South Carolina's 4th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1857  December 21, 1860 | |
| Preceded by | Preston S. Brooks |
| Succeeded by | James H. Goss (1868) |
| Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives
from Edgefield district | |
| **In office**
November 23, 1840 – November 25, 1844 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1813-12-25)December 25, 1813
Redbank, South Carolina, US |
| Died | August 27, 1890(1890-08-27) (aged 76)
White Sulphur Springs, North Carolina, US |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States
Confederate States |
| Branch/service | US Army
Confederate States Army |
| Years of service | 1836, 1847–1848 (USA)
1861–1862, 1865 (CSA) |
| Rank | Colonel (USA)
Major General (Militia)
Brigadier General (CSA) |
| Commands | 12th U.S. Infantry
1st Brigade, Confederate
Army of the Potomac
Bonham's Cavalry Brigade |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: Operation Star (Laos)

abstract: Operation Star was a highly classified military intelligence gathering program set up in late 1965 by the Royal Thai Government during the Vietnam War. It was co-located with the American Central Intelligence Agency's Operation Hardnose at Camp Siberia 26 kilometers northeast of Savannakhet, Laos. The operation was founded although American intelligence sources in the area already shared their results with the Thais. Royal Thai Special Forces assigned as instructors to Operation Hardnose were utilized as reconnaissance teams. In early 1967, the CIA eventually severed the Thai intelligence operation from the instructional duties for Lao irregular military troops.

text:
# Operation Star (Laos)

**Operation Star** was a highly classified military intelligence gathering program set up in late 1965 by the Royal Thai Government during the Vietnam War. It was co-located with the American Central Intelligence Agency's Operation Hardnose at Camp Siberia 26 kilometers northeast of Savannakhet, Laos. The operation was founded although American intelligence sources in the area already shared their results with the Thais. Royal Thai Special Forces assigned as instructors to Operation Hardnose were utilized as reconnaissance teams. In early 1967, the CIA eventually severed the Thai intelligence operation from the instructional duties for Lao irregular military troops.

## Background

American awareness of the importance of the Ho Chi Minh Trail took root early. It was soon concluded that if this sole land supply route through the Annamese Cordillera were cut or blocked, the communist insurgency in South Vietnam would wither for lack of supplies. Because of this, the Trail was subjected to constant air and ground surveillance by American, Lao, and Thai intelligence operations.

## Operations

Operating in deep security, Operation Star's four six-man road watch teams generally infiltrated toward the Mu Gia Pass on the border between Laos and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In one case, Team Red Bull was infiltrated overseeing Route 912 of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, only to be ambushed and dispersed. The survivors took up to a month to emerge from the Annamese Cordillera.

In February 1966, Operation Star got to share in the newly assigned helicopter assets of Operation Pony Express for infiltration and exfiltration of intelligence teams. As 1966 progressed, Operation Star swelled to ten teams. In conjunction with the operation, the CIA tried using Thai espionage agents, in an attempt to hurdle the language barrier between Americans and Lao hill tribesmen. English-speaking Thais from the Royal Thai Marine Corps, Border Patrol Police, and RTSF were trained for 30 days at the old Wapi Project camp 36 kilometers northwest of Pakse. Inserted near the Ho Chi Minh Trail at the end of 1966, they were exfiltrated without moving onto the Trail. This failure saw them discharged by March 1967. It also led impetus to the efforts that developed the Hark-1 radio for Project Hardnose.

Arrival of a CIA case agent to oversee the Camp Siberia operations in early 1967 led to changes. The five Thai instructors were severed from support of Operation Star, to devote their entire energies to training Operation Hardnose road watchers. A building program included two classrooms, obstacle course, dining hall, and a land navigation course. There was also a move to replace Thai instructors with Lao; to American surprise, the latter performed as well in the instructional role as Thais.

* Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995). *Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos*. Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-535-8.
* Dunnigan, James F. and Albert A. Nofi (2000). *Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know*. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0312252823.

## InfoBox

| Operation Star | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Laotian Civil War; Vietnam War<br>supported by Operation Pony Express and Operation Hardnose | |
| Type | Military intelligence program |
| Location | Camp Siberia, Savannakhet Province, Laos |
| Planned | Royal Thai Government |
| Objective | Gather military intelligence; train irregulars |
| Date | Late 1965—early 1967 |
| Executed by | Royal Thai Special Forces, CIA, RTMC, BPP |
| Outcome | Active until early 1967 when subsumed by Operation Hardnose |


title: Vyooham (1990 film)

abstract: Vyooham is a 1990 Indian Malayalam-language crime film, directed by Sangeeth Sivan, starring Raghuvaran, Sukumaran, Captain Raju, Babu Antony, Urvashi, Rajan P. Dev and Parvathy Jayaram. It was the debut directorial of Sangeeth Sivan. The lead characters were loosely based on the characters of Mel Gibson and Danny Glover in Lethal Weapon, where Raghuvaran and Sukumaran played the lead roles respectively, while the plot is original. Vyooham was Raghuvaran's return to Malayalam after Rugma released in 1983. It was dubbed into Tamil language as Kaaval Athikari.

text:
# Vyooham (1990 film)

***Vyooham*** is a 1990 Indian Malayalam-language crime film, directed by Sangeeth Sivan, starring Raghuvaran, Sukumaran, Captain Raju, Babu Antony, Urvashi, Rajan P. Dev and Parvathy Jayaram. It was the debut directorial of Sangeeth Sivan.

The lead characters were loosely based on the characters of Mel Gibson and Danny Glover in Lethal Weapon, where Raghuvaran and Sukumaran played the lead roles respectively, while the plot is original.

*Vyooham* was Raghuvaran's return to Malayalam after *Rugma* released in 1983. It was dubbed into Tamil language as *Kaaval Athikari*.

## Plot

An undercover agent, Tony Leous was hired by Kochi police to find some drug dealers. Mohan is also a policeman as part of Narcotic control. Tony raids one of Captain Raju's facilities and recovers smuggled items. This gives a heavy blow to the smugglers. At night, Babu Antony enters Tony house and kills the pet dog. The gundas also enter Sukumaran's house and tie Sukumaran and his family, wearing a mask and telling them to be careful. Raghuvaran wants to get evidence to catch the smugglers. Urvashi, sister of Sukumaran, falls in love with Tony, who seems serious always. Finally, Rajan P. Dev, who lost his son now gets a threatening call from the smugglers to help them smuggle or else his second son also may get converted to a drug addict. Rajan P. Dev tells the whole story of his killed son as a smuggler and drug addict due to the villains. A meeting place was fixed between the villain and Rajan P. Dev. At the meeting area, Raghuvaran records the talks. But the villain finds out Raghuvaran, attacks him and also kills Rajan P. Dev. In the end, at the smuggling area, Raghuvaran finishes all the villains. The film ends with Raghuvaran going in a jeep, smiling with Urvashi.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Vyooham | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster designed by Gayathri Ashokan | |
| Directed by | Sangeeth Sivan |
| Written by | Sab John
Sangeeth Sivan |
| Starring | Raghuvaran
Sukumaran
Parvathi |
| Cinematography | Santosh Sivan |
| Edited by | A. Sreekar Prasad |
| Music by | S. P. Venkatesh |
| Release date | * 1 November 1990 (1990-11-01) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Toxic Twins

abstract: The Toxic Twins is a nickname given to lead singer Steven Tyler and lead guitarist Joe Perry of American hard rock band Aerosmith. They were given that name in the 1970s due to their rampant use of drugs both on and off stage. Despite maintaining sobriety for most of the past 30 years, Tyler and Perry have continued to be known as the Toxic Twins. Their camaraderie can be viewed in several of the band's videos, including The Making of Pump, Big Ones You Can Look At, and You Gotta Move. An accomplished songwriting duo, the Toxic Twins are often referred to as the "Tyler/Perry" partnership in songwriting. They have written over 85 songs together. In 2013, Tyler and Perry were recipients of the ASCAP Founders Award and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

text:
# Toxic Twins

The **Toxic Twins** is a nickname given to lead singer Steven Tyler and lead guitarist Joe Perry of American hard rock band Aerosmith. They were given that name in the 1970s due to their rampant use of drugs both on and off stage.

Despite maintaining sobriety for most of the past 30 years, Tyler and Perry have continued to be known as the Toxic Twins. Their camaraderie can be viewed in several of the band's videos, including *The Making of Pump*, *Big Ones You Can Look At*, and *You Gotta Move*.

An accomplished songwriting duo, the Toxic Twins are often referred to as the "**Tyler/Perry**" partnership in songwriting. They have written over 85 songs together. In 2013, Tyler and Perry were recipients of the ASCAP Founders Award and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

## Collaborations

Often, the Toxic Twins appear for special performances, appearances, and collaborations without the other members of Aerosmith.

Additionally, Tyler and Perry are part of the "Boneyard Boys", a loose collective of musicians which was formed in the late 1990s. In addition to Tyler and Perry, the Boneyard Boys include friends Marti Frederiksen and Mark Hudson who, among others, helped spearhead the songwriting, production, and much of the creative process in Aerosmith.

## Songwriting partnership

Tyler and Perry are a notable songwriting duo. The list of songs they have co-written includes the following:

## Personal life

In the mid-1990s, between the albums *Get a Grip* and *Nine Lives*, Tyler and Perry and their families vacationed together in Florida. The Toxic Twins were also notably featured in Ted Nugent's book *God, Guns, and Rock 'n' Roll*, in which Nugent praises the duo for coming clean and talks about how they came to his ranch in the 1990s to shoot firearms and spend time with him and his family.

### Footnotes


title: The Hound of Rowan

abstract: The Hound of Rowan (2007) is the first book of the Tapestry Series illustrated and written by American author Henry H. Neff, about a twelve-year-old boy named Max McDaniels who comes across a strange Celtic tapestry one day in a secret room in a museum. Max finds a letter in his coat pocket afterwards that leads him to Rowan Academy, a secret school where other gifted students like him go.

text:
# The Hound of Rowan

***The Hound of Rowan*** (2007) is the first book of the Tapestry Series illustrated and written by American author Henry H. Neff, about a twelve-year-old boy named Max McDaniels who comes across a strange Celtic tapestry one day in a secret room in a museum. Max finds a letter in his coat pocket afterwards that leads him to Rowan Academy, a secret school where other gifted students like him go.

## Characters

* Max McDaniels is a twelve-year-old boy from Chicago who lives with his father, Scott McDaniels. His mother disappeared a few years prior to the beginning of the book.
* David Menlo is Max's roommate at Rowan and one of his close friends.
* Astaroth is a mythical demon and the main antagonist of the Tapestry series
* Nigel Bristow is the recruiter that tests Max prior to attending Rowan.
* Gabrielle Richter is the director of Rowan Academy.

## Chapters

* The Boy, The Train and the Tapestry
* Three Soft Knocks
* A Time to Choose
* The Flight to Rowan
* Evils Old and New
* The Last Lymrill
* A Full House
* The New and Weird
* A Golden Apple in the Orchard
* The Course
* All Hallow's Eve
* Secret Prisons
* Fibs and a Fiddle
* Meeting the Vyes
* Unexpected Guests
* Rowan's New Resident
* The Hound of Ulster
* Smugglers on the North Atlantic
* The Crypt of Marley Augur
* Father and Son

## Reception

*The Hound Of Rowan* was nominated for the Texas Bluebonnet Award. Awarded the Missouri Truman Award and Northern California Book of the year.

## InfoBox

The Hound of Rowan
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Henry H. Neff |
| Cover artist | Cory Godbey |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Published | 2007 |
| Publisher | Yearling |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (audiobook, ebook, hardcover, paperback) |
| Pages | 488 |
| ISBN | 978-0375838958 |


title: Francis Cowherd House

abstract: The Francis Cowherd House, off U.S. Route 68 near Greensburg, Kentucky, was probably built in the 1830s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It is a house with "fine Federal interior woodwork. It is a one-story, seven-bay brick house, with brick laid in Flemish bond. It has end chimneys which are partially exterior. A second story, probably having five bays, was destroyed by a tornado "recently".

text:
# Francis Cowherd House

The **Francis Cowherd House**, off U.S. Route 68 near Greensburg, Kentucky, was probably built in the 1830s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

It is a house with "fine Federal interior woodwork. It is a one-story, seven-bay brick house, with brick laid in Flemish bond. It has end chimneys which are partially exterior. A second story, probably having five bays, was destroyed by a tornado "recently" (as of 1984).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Francis Cowherd House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Greensburg, Kentucky |
| Coordinates | 37°18′41″N 85°30′44″W / 37.31139°N 85.51222°W / 37.31139; -85.51222 (Francis Cowherd House) |
| Area | 0.2 acres (0.081 ha) |
| Built | c.1830s |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| MPS | Green County MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 85000908 |
| Added to NRHP | April 19, 1985 |


title: Wakabunga

abstract: The Wakabunga are an indigenous Australian people of the state of Queensland.

text:
# Wakabunga

The **Wakabunga** are an indigenous Australian people of the state of Queensland.

## Language

Norman Tindale referred to material by two early correspondents, Urquhart and O'Reilley, in a publication by E. M. Curr for details about the Wakabunga and their language, but the word-list is not considered to contain elements of this tongue, about which the general belief is that no information survives. It has been suggested by Barry Blake however, that a word-list compiled in the Wakabunga domain by Curr's brother Montagu Curr, belong to a Mayi dialect. From this it has been inferred that Wakabunga may have belonged to the Mayi language family.

## Country

The Wakabunga traditional lands covered an estimated 4,900 square miles (13,000 km2) in the area of the Upper Leichhardt River and Gunpowder Creek.

## People

According to Norman Tindale they were related to the Kalkatungu. They were crocodile hunters, stalking freshwater crocodiles with spears on the upper Leichhardt.

## Alternative names

* *Workabunga*
* *Workoboongo*
* *Wakobungo, Waukaboonia*
* *Waggabundi*
* *Waggaboonyah*
* *Kabikabi*

### Citations

1. Blake 1990, p. 52.
2. Curr 1886, pp. 318–320.
3. Tindale 1974, p. 187.
4. Roth 1897, p. 92.

## Sources

* Blake, Barry (1990). "Languages of the Queensland/Northern Territory Border: Updating the classification". In Austin, Peter (ed.). *Language and History: Essays in Honour of Luise A. Hercus*. Research School of Pacific Studies. pp. 49–65. ISBN 978-0-858-83398-2.
* Curr, Montagu (1886). "Kamilaroi station, Leichardt River" (PDF). In Curr, Edward Micklethwaite (ed.). *The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent*. Vol. 2. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 318–320.
* Roth, W. E. (1897). *Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines* (PDF). Brisbane: Edmund Gregory, Government Printer.
* Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Wakabunga (QLD)". *Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names*. Australian National University Press.
* Urquhart, F.; Joseph, O'Reilley (1886). "Seymour, Templeton and Cloncurry Rivers" (PDF). In Curr, Edward Micklethwaite (ed.). *The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent*. Vol. 2. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 326–329.


title: Parakramabahu VII

abstract: Parakramabahu VII was King of Kotte in the fifteenth century, who ruled from 1480/1 to 1484. He succeeded his father Bhuvanekabahu VI as king of Kotte and was succeeded by Parakramabahu VIII.

text:
# Parakramabahu VII

**Parakramabahu VII** was King of Kotte in the fifteenth century, who ruled from 1480/1 to 1484. He succeeded his father Bhuvanekabahu VI as king of Kotte and was succeeded by Parakramabahu VIII.

## InfoBox

| Parakramabahu VII | |
| --- | --- |
| *King of Kotte* | |
| Reign | 1480/1–1484 |
| Predecessor | Bhuvanekabahu VI |
| Successor | Parakramabahu VIII |
| House | House of Kotte |
| Father | Bhuvanekabahu VI |
| Mother | Queen Consort Dhana Manike |
| Religion | Theravāda Buddhist |


title: Jack Westwood

abstract: Jack Westwood is an American former politician, who was a Republican member of the Kentucky Senate. Westwood represented District 23 from January 1997 to January 2013. Prior to politics, he was an English and journalism teacher from 1966 to 1993. He served on the Erlanger-Elsmere School Board from 1995 to 1996. He resides in Erlanger, Kentucky.

text:
# Jack Westwood

**Jack Westwood** (born March 6, 1944) is an American former politician, who was a Republican member of the Kentucky Senate. Westwood represented District 23 from January 1997 to January 2013. Prior to politics, he was an English and journalism teacher from 1966 to 1993. He served on the Erlanger-Elsmere School Board from 1995 to 1996. He resides in Erlanger, Kentucky.

## InfoBox

| Jack Westwood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Kentucky Senate
from the 23rd district | |
| **In office**
January 1, 1997  January 1, 2013 | |
| Preceded by | Joseph U. Meyer |
| Succeeded by | Christian McDaniel |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1944-03-06) March 6, 1944
Covington, Georgia |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence | Erlanger, Kentucky |
| Alma mater |  |
|  | |


title: Paraplatyptilia fragilis

abstract: Paraplatyptilia fragilis is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It was described by Lord Walsingham from the Klamath Lakes area in northern California, and has a wide range in the Great Basin, inland montane and desert ranges from eastern British Columbia to Utah, and from New Mexico to southern California and Baja California Norte in Mexico. The wingspan is 17–19 mm. Adults are on wing in April. Paraplatyptilia fragilis is very similar to Paraplatyptilia carduidactylus, but averages much paler, particularly on the abdomen which is uniformly pale. In P. carduidactylus the abdomen is usually patterned or banded, and often has more spots on browner wings. Some specimens, particularly worn or pale examples of P. carduidactylus, may require dissection for definite identification. The larvae feed on Penstemon cyananthus.

text:
# Paraplatyptilia fragilis

***Paraplatyptilia fragilis*** is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It was described by Lord Walsingham from the Klamath Lakes area in northern California, and has a wide range in the Great Basin, inland montane and desert ranges from eastern British Columbia to Utah, and from New Mexico to southern California and Baja California Norte in Mexico.

The wingspan is 17–19 mm. Adults are on wing in April. *Paraplatyptilia fragilis* is very similar to *Paraplatyptilia carduidactylus*, but averages much paler, particularly on the abdomen which is uniformly pale. In *P. carduidactylus* the abdomen is usually patterned or banded, and often has more spots on browner wings. Some specimens, particularly worn or pale examples of *P. carduidactylus*, may require dissection for definite identification.

The larvae feed on *Penstemon cyananthus*.

## InfoBox

| *Paraplatyptilia fragilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Paraplatyptilia* |
| Species: | ***P. fragilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paraplatyptilia fragilis***<br>(Walsingham, 1880) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Platyptilus fragilis* Walsingham, 1880 | |


title: Paraplatyptilia edwardsii

abstract: Paraplatyptilia edwardsii is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in North America. The wingspan is 22–27 mm. The head and thorax are ochreous brown. The abdomen is ochreous and slender and the legs are ochreous brown. The forewings are reddish brown, but darker on the costa. There is a dark brown triangular costal spot, bordered on the outside by whitish scales. A small brown spot occurs near the hind margin at the basal fourth, another near the costa at the basal third, and a transverse white line at the apical third of the lobe. The fringes are whitish, with a patch of dark scales before and another just behind the apex of the costal triangle. The hind wings are reddish brown and the fringes brown, but whitish at the base of the hind margin. There is a small patch of dark scales just before the apex.

text:
# Paraplatyptilia edwardsii

***Paraplatyptilia edwardsii*** is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in North America (including Maine, Massachusetts and eastern Canada).

The wingspan is 22–27 mm. The head and thorax are ochreous brown. The abdomen is ochreous and slender and the legs are ochreous brown. The forewings are reddish brown, but darker on the costa. There is a dark brown triangular costal spot, bordered on the outside by whitish scales. A small brown spot occurs near the hind margin at the basal fourth, another near the costa at the basal third, and a transverse white line at the apical third of the lobe. The fringes are whitish, with a patch of dark scales before and another just behind the apex of the costal triangle. The hind wings are reddish brown and the fringes brown, but whitish at the base of the hind margin. There is a small patch of dark scales just before the apex.

## InfoBox

| *Paraplatyptilia edwardsii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Paraplatyptilia* |
| Species: | ***P. edwardsii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paraplatyptilia edwardsii***<br>(Fish, 1881) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Platyptilus edwardsi* Fish, 1881 * *Paraplatyptilia edwardsi* * *Platyptilia edwardsii* | |