title: Grigorchuk group

abstract: In the mathematical area of group theory, the Grigorchuk group or the first Grigorchuk group is a finitely generated group constructed by Rostislav Grigorchuk that provided the first example of a finitely generated group of intermediate growth. The group was originally constructed by Grigorchuk in a 1980 paper and he then proved in a 1984 paper that this group has intermediate growth, thus providing an answer to an important open problem posed by John Milnor in 1968. The Grigorchuk group remains a key object of study in geometric group theory, particularly in the study of the so-called branch groups and automata groups, and it has important connections with the theory of iterated monodromy groups.

text:
# Grigorchuk group

In the mathematical area of group theory, the **Grigorchuk group** or **the first Grigorchuk group** is a finitely generated group constructed by Rostislav Grigorchuk that provided the first example of a finitely generated group of intermediate (that is, faster than polynomial but slower than exponential) growth. The group was originally constructed by Grigorchuk in a 1980 paper and he then proved in a 1984 paper that this group has intermediate growth, thus providing an answer to an important open problem posed by John Milnor in 1968. The Grigorchuk group remains a key object of study in geometric group theory, particularly in the study of the so-called branch groups and automata groups, and it has important connections with the theory of iterated monodromy groups.

## History and significance

The growth of a finitely generated group measures the asymptotics, as $n\to \infty $ of the size of an *n*-ball in the Cayley graph of the group (that is, the number of elements of *G* that can be expressed as words of length at most *n* in the generating set of *G*). The study of growth rates of finitely generated groups goes back to the 1950s and is motivated in part by the notion of volume entropy (that is, the growth rate of the volume of balls) in the universal covering space of a compact Riemannian manifold in differential geometry. It is obvious that the growth rate of a finitely generated group is at most exponential and it was also understood early on that finitely generated nilpotent groups have polynomial growth. In 1968 John Milnor posed a question about the existence of a finitely generated group of *intermediate growth*, that is, faster than any polynomial function and slower than any exponential function. An important result in the subject is Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth, obtained by Gromov in 1981, which shows that a finitely generated group has polynomial growth if and only if this group has a nilpotent subgroup of finite index. Prior to Grigorchuk's work, there were many results establishing growth dichotomy (that is, that the growth is always either polynomial or exponential) for various classes of finitely generated groups, such as linear groups, solvable groups, etc.

Grigorchuk's group *G* was constructed in a 1980 paper of Rostislav Grigorchuk, where he proved that this group is infinite, periodic and residually finite. In a subsequent 1984 paper Grigorchuk proved that this group has intermediate growth (this result was announced by Grigorchuk in 1983). More precisely, he proved that *G* has growth *b*(*n*) that is faster than $\exp({\sqrt {n})}$ but slower than $\exp(n^{s})$ where $s=\log \_{32}31\approx 0.991$. The upper bound was later improved by Laurent Bartholdi to

$$s={\frac {\log 2}{\log 2-\log \eta }\approx 0.7674,\qquad \eta ^{3}+\eta ^{2}+\eta =2.}$$

A lower bound of $\exp(n^{0.504})$ was proved by Yurii Leonov. It was conjectured that the limit

$$\lim \_{n\to \infty }\log \_{n}\log b(n),$$

and this remained a major open problem until the problem was resolved in 2020 by Anna Erschler and Tianyi Zheng in which it was shown that the limit equals $s$.

Grigorchuk's group was also the first example of a group that is amenable but not elementary amenable, thus answering a problem posed by Mahlon Marsh Day in 1957.

Originally, Grigorchuk's group *G* was constructed as a group of Lebesgue-measure-preserving transformations on the unit interval, but subsequently simpler descriptions of *G* were found and it is now usually presented as a group of automorphisms of the infinite regular binary rooted tree. The study of Grigorchuk's group informed in large part the development of the theory of branch groups, automata groups and self-similar groups in the 1990s2000s and Grigorchuk's group remains a central object in this theory. Recently important connections between this theory and complex dynamics, particularly the notion of iterated monodromy groups, have been uncovered in the work of Volodymyr Nekrashevych, and others.

After Grigorchuk's 1984 paper, there were many subsequent extensions and generalizations.

## Definition

Although initially the Grigorchuk group was defined as a group of Lebesgue measure-preserving transformations of the unit interval, at present this group is usually given by its realization as a group of automorphisms of the infinite regular binary rooted tree *T*2. The tree *T*2 is the set Σ* of all finite strings in the alphabet Σ = {0,1}, including the empty string , which roots *T*2. For a vertex x of *T*2 the string *x*0 is the left child of x and the string *x*1 is the right child of x in *T*2. The group of all automorphisms Aut(*T*2) can thus be thought of as the group of all length-preserving permutations σ of Σ* that also respect the *initial segment* relation: whenever a string x is an initial segment of a string y then σ(*x*) is an initial segment of σ(*y*).

The **Grigorchuk group** G is the subgroup of Aut(*T*2) generated by four specific elements of Aut(*T*2) defined as follows (note that  is fixed by *any* tree-automorphism): $G=\langle a,b,c,d\rangle \leq {\text{Aut}(T\_{2}){\text{,}}}$ where $a(0)=1{\text{,}\qquad a(1)=0{\text{,}\qquad \forall x\in \Sigma ^{\*}\quad {\begin{cases}a(0x)=1x\\a(1x)=0x\end{cases}}}}$ and $\begin{aligned}&b(0)=c(0)=d(0)=0\\\&b(1)=c(1)=d(1)=1{\text{,}\end{aligned}\qquad \forall x\in \Sigma ^{\*}\quad {\begin{aligned}&{\begin{cases}b(0x)=0a(x)\\b(1x)=1c(x)\end{cases}\\\&{\begin{cases}c(0x)=0a(x)\\c(1x)=1d(x)\end{cases}\\\&{\begin{cases}d(0x)=0x\\d(1x)=1b(x){\text{.}\end{cases}\end{aligned}}}}}}}$

Only the element a is defined explicitly; it swaps the child trees of . The elements b, c, and d are defined through a mutual recursion.

To understand the effect of the latter operations, consider the rightmost branch B of *T*2, which begins {, 1, 11, 111, ...}. As a branch, B is order-isomorphic to $\mathbb {N} .$ The original tree *T*2 can be obtained by rooting a tree isomorphic to *T*2 at each element of B; conversely, one can decompose *T*2 into isomorphic subtrees indexed by elements of $B\cong \mathbb {N} $.

The operations b, c, and d all respect this decomposition: they fix each element of B and act as automorphisms on each indexed subtree. When b acts, it fixes every subtree with index  2 (mod 3), but acts as a on the rest. Likewise, when c acts, it fixes only the subtrees of index  1 (mod 3); and d fixes those of index  0 (mod 3).

A compact notation for these operations is as follows: let the left (resp. right) branch of *T*2 be *TL* = 0Σ* (resp. *TR* = 1Σ*), so that $a(T\_{L})\subseteq T\_{R},\quad a(T\_{R})\subseteq T\_{L}{\text{.}}$ We write *f* = (*g*, *h*) to mean that f acts as g on *TL* and as h on *TR*. Thus $\begin{aligned}b=(a,c)\quad &\Longleftrightarrow \quad b(x)={\begin{cases}a(x)&x\in T\_{L}\\c(x)&x\in T\_{R}\end{cases}\\c=(a,d)\quad &\Longleftrightarrow \quad c(x)={\begin{cases}a(x)&x\in T\_{L}\\d(x)&x\in T\_{R}\end{cases}\\d=({\text{id},b)\quad &\Longleftrightarrow \quad d(x)={\begin{cases}x&x\in T\_{L}\\b(x)&x\in T\_{R}{\text{.}\end{cases}\end{aligned}}}}}}$ Similarly $aba=(c,a),\quad aca=(d,a),\quad ada=(b,{\text{id}){\text{,}}}$ where id is the identity function.

## Properties

The following are basic algebraic properties of the Grigorchuk group (see for proofs):

* The group *G* is infinite.
* The group *G* is residually finite. Let $\rho \_{n}:G\to {\text{Aut}(T\[n\])}$ be the restriction homomorphism that sends every element of *G* to its restriction to the first n levels of *T*2. The groups Aut(*T*\[*n*\]) are finite and for every nontrivial *g* in *G* there exists *n* such that $\rho \_{n}(g)\neq 1.$
* The group *G* is generated by *a* and any two of the three elements *b,c,d*. For example, we can write $G=\langle a,b,c\rangle .$
* The elements *a*, *b*, *c*, *d* are involutions.
* The elements *b*, *c*, *d* pairwise commute and *bc* = *cb* = *d*, *bd* = *db* = *c*, *dc* = *cd* = *b*, so that $\langle b,c,d\rangle \leqslant G$ is an abelian group of order 4 isomorphic to the direct product of two cyclic groups of order 2.
* Combining the previous two properties we see that every element of *G* can be written as a (positive) word in *a*, *b*, *c*, *d* such that this word does not contain any subwords of the form *aa*, *bb*, *cc*, *dd*, *cd*, *dc*, *bc*, *cb*, *bd*, *db*. Such words are called *reduced*.
* The group *G* is a 2-group, that is, every element in *G* has finite order that is a power of 2.
* The group G is periodic (as a 2-group) and not locally finite (as it is finitely generated). As such, it is a counterexample to the Burnside problem.
* The group *G* has intermediate growth.
* The group *G* is amenable but not elementary amenable.
* The group *G* is *just infinite*, that is *G* is infinite but every proper quotient group of *G* is finite.
* The group *G* has the *congruence subgroup property*: a subgroup *H* has finite index in *G* if and only if there is a positive integer *n* such that $\ker(\rho \_{n})\leqslant H.$
* The group *G* has solvable subgroup membership problem, that is, there is an algorithm that, given arbitrary words *w*, *u*1, ..., *un* decides whether or not *w* represents an element of the subgroup generated by *u*1, ..., *un*.
* The group *G* is subgroup separable, that is, every finitely generated subgroup is closed in the pro-finite topology on *G*.
* Every maximal subgroup of *G* has finite index in *G*.
* The group *G* is finitely generated but not finitely presentable.
* The stabilizer of the level one vertices in $T\_{2}$ in *G* (the subgroup of elements that act as identity on the strings 0 and 1), is generated by the following elements:

$$G\_{\\{0,1\\}=\langle b,c,d,aba,aca,ada\rangle .}$$

$G\_{\\{0,1\\}}$ is a normal subgroup of index 2 in *G* and

$$G=G\_{\\{0,1\\}\sqcup aG\_{\\{0,1\\}.}}$$

* A reduced word represents an element of $G\_{\\{0,1\\}}$if and only if this word involves an even number of occurrences of *a*.
* If *w* is a reduced word in *G* with a positive even number of occurrences of *a*, then there exist words *u*, *v* (not necessarily reduced) such that:

$$w=(u,v)\quad {\text{and}\quad {\begin{cases}|u|,|v|\leqslant {\tfrac {1}{2}|w|&|w|{\text{ odd}\\\|u|,|v|\leqslant {\tfrac {1}{2}(|w|+1)&|w|{\text{ even}\end{cases}}}}}}}$$

This is sometimes called the *contraction property*. It plays a key role in many proofs regarding *G* since it allows to use inductive arguments on the length of a word.


title: Virginia State Route 206

abstract: State Route 206 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Dahlgren Road, the state highway runs 11.04 miles (17.77 km) from SR 3 at Arnolds Corner east to SR 604 at the entrance to the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division in Dahlgren in eastern King George County.

text:
# Virginia State Route 206

**State Route 206** (**SR 206**) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as **Dahlgren Road**, the state highway runs 11.04 miles (17.77 km) from SR 3 at Arnolds Corner east to SR 604 at the entrance to the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division in Dahlgren in eastern King George County.

## Route description

SR 206 begins at an intersection with SR 3 (Kings Highway) at Arnolds Corner a short distance west of King George, the county seat of King George County. The state highway heads northeast along the height of land between Upper Machodoc Creek to the south and Pepper Mill Creek to the north. After passing through Weedonville, SR 206 leaves the short ridge and crosses Pepper Mill Creek to reach Berthaville, where the highway intersects SR 218 (Caledon Road). The two highways run concurrently east to Owens, where SR 218 turns south as Windsor Drive. SR 206 has an oblique intersection with U.S. Route 301 (James Madison Parkway) then crosses Williams Creek into Dahlgren. After passing through the center of the village, the state highway reaches its eastern terminus at its intersection with SR 604 (Twelfth Street). The roadway continues as unnumbered Dahlgren Road through the gate of the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in King George County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arnolds Corner | 0.00 | 0.00 | SR 3 (Kings Highway) Kilmarnock, Fredericksburg, Culpeper | Western terminus |
| Berthaville | 6.44 | 10.36 |
SR 218 west (Caledon Road) / SR 632 (St. Pauls Road) Caledon Natural Area | West end of concurrency with SR 218 |
| Owens | 8.63 | 13.89 |
SR 218 east (Windsor Drive) / SR 624 (Owens Drive) Colonial Beach | East end of concurrency with SR 218 |
|  | 9.25 | 14.89 | US 301 (James Madison Parkway) Baltimore, Richmond |  |
| Dahlgren | 11.04 | 17.77 | SR 604 (Twelfth Street) / Dahlgren Road Naval Support Facility Dahlgren | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 206KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 206 | |
| --- | --- |
| Dahlgren Road | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 11.04 mi (17.77 km) |
| Existed | 1933–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | SR 3 at Arnolds Corner |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | SR 604 in Dahlgren |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | King George |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 205   SR 207 | |


title: Visionworks

abstract: Visionworks of America, Inc. (formerly known as Doctors' Value Vision) is an American company which operates or manages 711 optical retail stores in 40 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The company was incorporated in 1988. It is based in Downtown San Antonio, Texas, and has about 8,000 employees. Visionworks of America was once a subsidiary of HVHC, a Highmark Inc. company. Visionwork's former parent company, ECCA Holdings Corp., merged with Pittsburgh-based HVHC in 2006, resulting in Eye Care Centers of America Inc. becoming a wholly owned Highmark subsidiary. ECCA had 385 stores, in 36 states, at that time. All stores sell frames, lenses, sunglasses and accessories. Comprehensive service offerings include contact lens dispensing, free adjustments and repairs, and doctors of optometry at or next to every store. Visionworks also sells contact lenses online. On June 27, 2019, VSP Global announced plans to acquire Visionworks. The acquisition was completed on October 1, 2019.

text:
# Visionworks

**Visionworks of America, Inc.** (formerly known as **Doctors' Value Vision**) is an American company which operates or manages 711 optical retail stores in 40 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The company was incorporated in 1988. It is based in Downtown San Antonio, Texas, and has about 8,000 employees.

Visionworks of America was once a subsidiary of HVHC, a Highmark Inc. company. Visionwork's former parent company, ECCA Holdings Corp., merged with Pittsburgh-based HVHC in 2006, resulting in Eye Care Centers of America Inc. becoming a wholly owned Highmark subsidiary. ECCA had 385 stores, in 36 states, at that time.

All stores sell frames, lenses, sunglasses and accessories. Comprehensive service offerings include contact lens dispensing, free adjustments and repairs, and doctors of optometry at or next to every store. Visionworks also sells contact lenses online.

On June 27, 2019, VSP Global announced plans to acquire Visionworks. The acquisition was completed on October 1, 2019.

## InfoBox

Visionworks
| Company type | Private, subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | eyewear/optical retailing |
| Founded | 1988 (1988) |
| Headquarters | 175 E. Houston Street
San Antonio, Texas 78205
United States |
| Number of locations | approx. 699 (as of 2015), operated under various trade names (not the ECCA name) |
| Area served | United States |
| Key people | (CEO) Greg Hare |
| Number of employees | 8,000 |
| Parent | VSP Global |
| Website | https://www.visionworks.com/ |


title: Visionware

abstract: Visionware Ltd was a British software company that developed and marketed products that helped integration of Microsoft Windows clients to Unix-based server applications. It was based in Leeds in West Yorkshire. The three products it was most known for were PC-Connect, XVision, and SQL-Retriever. Visionware was created in June 1989 as a management buy-out from Systime Computers. The firm experienced substantial growth during its five and a half years of existence. Visionware was acquired by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) in December 1994.

text:
# Visionware

**Visionware Ltd** was a British software company that developed and marketed products that helped integration of Microsoft Windows clients to Unix-based server applications. It was based in Leeds in West Yorkshire. The three products it was most known for were PC-Connect, XVision, and SQL-Retriever.

Visionware was created in June 1989 as a management buy-out from Systime Computers. The firm experienced substantial growth during its five and a half years of existence. Visionware was acquired by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) in December 1994.

## Origins in Systime

Visionware has its origins in Leeds-based Systime Computers, which during the late 1970s and early 1980s had become the second largest British manufacturer of computers. Its success was based around selling systems built around OEM components from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), and it had grown to have some 1200 employees with turnover of around £40 million. It had then fallen on quite difficult times, in part due to lawsuits from DEC for intellectual property infringement and even more so due to running afoul of Cold War-era U.S. export restrictions regarding indirect sales to Eastern bloc countries. In 1985 what was left of Systime had been acquired by Control Data Corporation. Systime then focused on selling products built by its own engineers, and placed a greater emphasis on innovation in software technologies.

The Systime-Control Data arrangement did not prosper, and in June 1989, Control Data got out of the position via Systime being split into four separate companies, each funded by a management buyout with some venture capital funding attached.

## Independent company

Visionware Ltd was one of these four management-buyout ventures, focusing on Windows-Unix connectivity products that had been developed at Systime. The two founders were former Systime technical development manager Tony Denson and former commercial manager Chris Holmes. It has been said that Visionware had an initial employee count of 20 people and initial annual revenues of $300,000.The new firm debuted at the European Unix Show in London in June 1989.

As one former SCO UK employee has succinctly summarised, "Visionware specialised in software that ran on Windows that made Unix easier to use." The core Visionware products were:

* **PC-Connect** – in part a terminal emulator for Microsoft Windows, it was composed of implementation elements that ran on both Unix and Windows, and supported cut-and-paste between Windows, X Windows, and Unix character mode applications. It was re-sold under the name of Altos Computer Systems and also was part of several other redistribution agreements. Supported Unix platforms included Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, HP-UX, UnixWare, SCO Unix, Xenix, and various others. PC-Connect was first developed by Systime and released by them in 1987.

* **XVision** – a Windows-based server for the Unix-oriented X Window System. It supported color graphics and maintained the look-and-feel of Windows within the X applications. Originally called PC-XVision when under development at Systime.

* **SQL-Retriever** – an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)-compliant database connectivity software product. It supported operation in conjunction with a number of database products, including Informix, Oracle, Uniplex, and Interbase, with the idea that Windows applications such as Microsoft Excel could pull data from a relational database and incorporate it into the application. Originally called SQL-Connect when first developed by Systime and in its initial releases by Visionware, the name was changed around 1991 to avoid a copyright issue with a large database vendor.

In the early 1990s, the market that Visionware was in – providing connectivity between Windows PCs and corporate applications – was an important and growing one. Overall, the goal of Visionware was expressed as the enablement of "seamless integration" between Windows-based PCs and Unix-based servers.

As of 1992, a majority of Visionware's revenues were coming from the European market. That same year, it set up a North American operation based in Menlo Park, California in the United States. By 1993, Visionware had revenues of around $6 million.

In 1994, Visionware had some $12 million in revenue – double that of the previous year – and 130 employees, most of whom were in Leeds. In addition to the North American operation, the firm also had smaller European ones in Bonn and Paris, where area marketing and communications staff were based, as well as one in Sydney, Australia. By October of that year, there were industry rumours that Visionware was open to being acquired, a notion that the company denied.

## Acquisition by SCO

On 12 December 1994, the Santa Cruz Operation announced that it had acquired Visionware for $14.75 million in cash and a small amount of stock. SCO had worked with Visionware since 1993 on an optimised X server for Wintif, a version of Motif with a Windows look-and-feel that was made by an earlier, Cambridge-based SCO acquisition, IXI Limited. (And Visionware had collaborated with IXI going back to Systime days.) The acquisition gave SCO a better foothold in the Windows client world and the ability to put a Windows-friendly front on its traditional OpenServer-based Unix product line, although there was some skepticism that SCO's traditional base of back-end transaction processing would see much need for desktop client access. Visionware co-founder Denson said that both Visionware's and SCO's customers would benefit from the acquisition.

The Visionware brand continued until 1995 when the company, now a business unit of SCO, was merged with IXI to form **IXI Visionware, Ltd.** Later that year the merged business unit was subsumed more fully into its parent and became the Client Integration Division of SCO, which put out both sets of products under the "Vision" branded family name. This division then developed and released the Tarantella terminal services application in 1997 and that became the core of Tarantella, Inc. in 2001. As a consequence, the Vision family received less investment going forward.

## Fates

PC-Connect had evolved into the TermVision product under SCO, with 32-bit and Windows 95 support, but that product then faded away with the Vision product line. SQL-Retriever was dropped from the Vision line by Tarantella and had no more releases. However, the source code for SCO's XVision product was purchased by MKS Inc., an American company based in Fairfax, Virginia, and with further enhancements and a new name, became the basis for that company's ongoing MKS X/Server product.

Tarantella, Inc. struggled and following company-wide layoffs, the Cambridge development site closed in the summer of 2003. However the Leeds office stayed open, and became part of Sun Microsystems following its purchase of Tarantella and later became part of the Oracle Secure Global Desktop product team, moving to a facility in Lawnswood within Leeds.

## InfoBox

Visionware, Ltd
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Computer software |
| Founded | June 1989 |
| Defunct | December 1994 |
| Fate | Acquired by SCO |
| Headquarters | Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom |
| Key people | * Tony Denson * Chris Holmes |
| Products | * Remote software * terminal software * database retrieval |
| Revenue | $12 million (1994) |
| Number of employees | 130 (1994) |


title: Grigori Kromanov

abstract: Grigori Kromanov was an Estonian theatre and film director. He directed some of the best known Estonian movies, including Viimne reliikvia and Dead Mountaineer's Hotel. His 1976 film Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat is based on the homonymous 1974 detective novel by Yulian Semyonov.

text:
# Grigori Kromanov

**Grigori Kromanov** (8 March 1926 in Tallinn – 18 July 1984 in Lahe, Lääne-Virumaa) was an Estonian theatre and film director. He directed some of the best known Estonian movies, including *Viimne reliikvia* (*The Last Relic*) and *Dead Mountaineer's Hotel*.

His 1976 film *Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat* is based on the homonymous 1974 detective novel by Yulian Semyonov.

## Further reading

* *Director Grigori Kromanov: memoirs, articles, letters, diaries*. Compiled by Irena Veisaitė-Kromanova (1995)


title: Greens

abstract:
Greens may refer to:
  - Leaf vegetables such as collard greens, mustard greens, spring greens, winter greens, spinach, etc.

text:
# Greens

**Greens** may refer to:

* Leaf vegetables such as collard greens, mustard greens, spring greens, winter greens, spinach, etc.

## Politics

### Supranational

### Established parties

### Other

## Places

## In sport

* Ashland Greens basketball team in Pennsylvania, United States
* Bentleigh Greens soccer team in a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
* Baywood Greens public golf club in Long Neck, Delaware, United States
* Greens Worldwide sports management company
* Greens (golf), the very closely mown areas of a golf course around the holes, maintained by a Greenskeeper

## Manufacturing

* A British brand of railway locomotives, road rollers and other products; see Thomas Green & Son


abstract: Musical settings of sayings of Jesus on the cross are compositions which set seven short phrases uttered by Jesus on the cross, as gathered from the four Christian Gospels narrating the Crucifixion of Jesus. Several composers have written musical settings of the traditional collection of seven sayings, sometimes called Seven Last Words and ultima septem verba, for various combinations of voice and/or instruments. Eventually these settings became a separate form of Passion music. Perhaps the most outstanding work in this genre in the Lutheran tradition is the work by Heinrich Schütz. Joseph Haydn composed string quartets titled Die sieben letzten Worte unseres Erlösers am Kreuze.

text:
# Musical settings of sayings of Jesus on the cross

**Musical settings of sayings of Jesus on the cross** are compositions which set seven short phrases uttered by Jesus on the cross, as gathered from the four Christian Gospels narrating the Crucifixion of Jesus. Several composers have written musical settings of the traditional collection of seven sayings, sometimes called *Seven Last Words* and *ultima septem verba*, for various combinations of voice and/or instruments. Eventually these settings became a separate form of Passion music. Perhaps the most outstanding work in this genre in the Lutheran tradition is the work by Heinrich Schütz. Joseph Haydn composed string quartets titled *Die sieben letzten Worte unseres Erlösers am Kreuze* (The seven last words of our Redeemer on the cross).

## Chronological list of settings

Early Latin motet settings of the *ultima septem verba* can be found from 1500.

### 16th century

* John Browne: *O mater venerabilis,* c. 1500, Latin polyphonic votive antiphon (contains the phrase 'Heloy, Heloy, lama zabathani' - 'My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?')
* Robert Fayrfax: *Maria plena virtute,* before 1521, Latin polyphonic votive antiphon (contains six of the sayings)

### 17th century

### 18th century

### 19th century

### 20th century

### 21st century

* The 2001 System of a Down song Chop Suey! references "Father into your hands I commend my spirit" (Luke 23:46) and "Why have you forsaken me?" (Mark 15:34 and Matthew 27:46).
* Christophe Looten, *Mourning* (2008)
* Tristan Murail: *Les Sept Paroles* for orchestra, chorus and electronics (2010)
* Daan Manneke: *The Seven Last Words* Oratorio for chamber choir (2011)
* Paul Carr: *Seven Last Words from the Cross* for soloist, choir and orchestra (2013)
* Juan Jurado: *Seven Words* (2013) for mixed choir and four cellos.
* Rotting Christ: *Ze Nigmar* (2016)
* Richard Burchard: *The Seven Last Words of Christ* for choir, strings, and organ (2016)
* Michael John Trotta: *Seven Last Words* (Septem Ultima Verba) for choir and orchestra (2017)
* Andrew Peterson: *Last Words* (Tenebrae) (2018)
* Pamela Decker: *The Seven Last Words and Triumph of Christ* (in 2 parts) for organ (2018)
* Paulo Ferreira-Lopes: *Die sieben Worte Jesu Christi am Kreuz* for chamber ensemble and electronics (2019)


title: Vitamin L

abstract: "Vitamin L" is a song by the American pop rock band B.E. Taylor Group. It is the fifth track on the band's second studio album, Love Won the Fight, and also the third single pulled from that album. In a departure of the norm of B. E. Taylor singing lead vocals, drummer Joey d'Amico sings lead on this track. It also heavily uses synthesizers and a brass sections as the main instruments. The guitar's role is minimized to a steady strumming pattern with sustained power chords in the chorus. The lyrics tell the story of a man whose medical condition can only be treated with an unstable drug, called Vitamin L, that reacts "when boy meets girl". In the last verse, it is revealed the drug was, in fact, love, and the man is cured of his ailment when he falls in love with a woman. This song is the B. E. Taylor Group's most popular song, as it peaked at #66 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1984 and stayed on the chart for eight weeks. The song also spawned a popular music video that scored heavy airplay on MTV. B. E. and Rick Witkowsi are featured as the doctor and pharmacist in the video, respectively. The song also is a near constant at live performances. B. E. Taylor later re-recorded this song on his first solo album, Try Love, as more of a rock song, getting rid of the synthesizers and making the bass, lead guitar, and drums much more involved. The lyrics in the verses have entire lines changed as well, mildly changing the story in the process, e.g. "A chemical reaction occurs/Every time that boys meets girl" to "It could keep us all in touch/But we can never take too much", erasing the idea that the vitamin is an unstable drug. Three whole lines in the third verse are changed, but these do not change the story in any way.

text:
# Vitamin L

**"Vitamin L"** is a song by the American pop rock band B.E. Taylor Group. It is the fifth track on the band's second studio album, *Love Won the Fight*, and also the third single pulled from that album. In a departure of the norm of B. E. Taylor singing lead vocals, drummer Joey d'Amico sings lead on this track. It also heavily uses synthesizers and a brass sections as the main instruments. The guitar's role is minimized to a steady strumming pattern with sustained power chords in the chorus. The lyrics tell the story of a man whose medical condition can only be treated with an unstable drug, called Vitamin L, that reacts "when boy meets girl". In the last verse, it is revealed the drug was, in fact, love, and the man is cured of his ailment when he falls in love with a woman.

This song is the B. E. Taylor Group's most popular song, as it peaked at #66 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in 1984 and stayed on the chart for eight weeks. The song also spawned a popular music video that scored heavy airplay on MTV. B. E. and Rick Witkowsi are featured as the doctor and pharmacist in the video, respectively. The song also is a near constant at live performances.

B. E. Taylor later re-recorded this song on his first solo album, *Try Love*, as more of a rock song, getting rid of the synthesizers and making the bass, lead guitar, and drums much more involved. The lyrics in the verses have entire lines changed as well, mildly changing the story in the process, e.g. "A chemical reaction occurs/Every time that boys meets girl" to "It could keep us all in touch/But we can never take too much", erasing the idea that the vitamin is an unstable drug. Three whole lines in the third verse are changed, but these do not change the story in any way.

## Track listing

1. A. "Vitamin L" (Club Version) (4:46)
2. B. "Vitamin L" (LP Version) (5:29)

## InfoBox

| "Vitamin L" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by B.E. Taylor Group | |
| from the album  *Love Won the Fight* | |
| A-side | "Vitamin L (Club Version)" |
| B-side | "Vitamin L (LP Version)" |
| Released | 1983 |
| Genre | Electropop |
| Length | 5:29 |
| Label | MCA Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Rick Witkowski, Debbie Witkowski |
| Producer(s) | Rick Witkowski, Joe Macre |
| B.E. Taylor Group singles chronology | |
| "Love Won the Fight"
(1983) "**Vitamin L**"
(1983) "Dangerous Rhythm"
(1986) | |


title: Vitamin K deficiency bleeding

abstract: Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) of the newborn, previously known as haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, is a rare form of bleeding disorder that affects newborns and young infants due to low stores of vitamin K at birth. It commonly presents with intracranial haemorrhage with the risk of brain damage or death. Newborn infants have low stores of vitamin K, and human breast milk has low concentrations of the vitamin. This combination can lead to vitamin K deficiency and later onset bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency leads to the risk of blood coagulation problems due to impaired production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and protein S by the liver. More rarely VKDB can be caused by maternal medicines causing vitamin K deficiency in the newborn. VKDB can largely be prevented by prophylactic supplementation of vitamin K, which is typically given shortly after birth by intramuscular injection. Most national health organisations recommend routine vitamin K supplementation after birth. Widespread use of this has made this a rare disease.

text:
# Vitamin K deficiency bleeding

**Vitamin K deficiency bleeding** (**VKDB**) of the newborn, previously known as **haemorrhagic disease of the newborn**, is a rare form of bleeding disorder that affects newborns and young infants due to low stores of vitamin K at birth. It commonly presents with intracranial haemorrhage with the risk of brain damage or death.

Newborn infants have low stores of vitamin K, and human breast milk has low concentrations of the vitamin. This combination can lead to vitamin K deficiency and later onset bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency leads to the risk of blood coagulation problems due to impaired production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and protein S by the liver. More rarely VKDB can be caused by maternal medicines causing vitamin K deficiency in the newborn.

VKDB can largely be prevented by prophylactic supplementation of vitamin K, which is typically given shortly after birth by intramuscular injection. Most national health organisations recommend routine vitamin K supplementation after birth. Widespread use of this has made this a rare disease.

## Classification

VKDB is classified as early, classical or late depending on when it first starts with each having somewhat different types of bleeding and underlying cause:

Classification of vitamin K deficiency in the newborn (VKDB)
| Syndrome | Time of onset | Common sites of bleeding | Potential causes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Early | First 24 hours | Scalp, skin, brain, chest, abdomen | Maternal medications |
| Classical | 1-7 days | Gut, umbilicus, skin, nose, circumcision | Idiopathic, breast feeding |
| Late | After day 8 | Brain, skin, gut | Idiopathic, breast feeding, cholestasis |

## Signs and symptoms

VKDB presents typically in the first month of life with bleeding which can be from various locations. Late onset VKDB presents with bleeding into the brain (intracranial haemorrhage) in more than half of cases.

## Causes

Newborns are relatively vitamin K deficient for a variety of reasons: They have low vitamin K stores at birth as vitamin K passes the placenta poorly. Levels of vitamin K in human breast milk are low. Gut flora, that in adults produces vitamin K, has not yet developed. Early VKDB is rare and caused by maternal medications that interact with vitamin K such as warfarin, phenytoin, or rifampicin. Classical VKDB is more common and caused by the relative deficiency at birth with inadequate vitamin K intake. This is often termed idiopathic as no one cause is found. Late VKDB presents after day 8 and up to 6 months of age, coinciding with the typical age for exclusive breast feeding due to the low levels of vitamin K in human breast milk. Many of these infants have poor vitamin K absorption due to cholestasis which compounds low intake.

## Diagnosis

Bleeding in an infant without vitamin K supplementation with elevated prothrombin time (PT) that is corrected by vitamin K administration is typically sufficient to make the diagnosis. Confirmation, or investigation of minor deficiency, can be performed by testing proteins produced in the absence of vitamin K, the most established assay being for PIVKA-II.

## Prevention

Late onset VKDB is nearly completely prevented by early supplementation of vitamin K which is typically given to newborns shortly after birth. The most effective method of administration is by intramuscular injection shortly after birth but it can be given orally in three doses over the first month.

It is not possible to reliably distinguish which infants are at high risk of late VKDB and the potential consequences are high, as such most national health organisations recommend routine supplementation in the first 24 hours of life.

### Controversy

Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding routine supplementation, when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer. However, both studies have been discredited on the basis of poor methodology and small sample sizes, and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two.

## Treatment

Treatment of established bleeding depends on the location but includes vitamin K1 (phylloquinone; phytomenadione; phytonadione) administration which restores the prothrombin time rapidly. Severe bleeding may require blood products such as fresh frozen plasma (FFP), a prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC).

## InfoBox

| Vitamin K deficiency bleeding | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn |
|  | |
| Vitamin K1 | |
| Specialty | Pediatrics |
| Symptoms | Bleeding |
| Usual onset | Birth to 2 months of age |
| Types | Early, Classical, Late |
| Causes | Vitamin K deficiency |
| Prevention | Vitamin K supplementation after birth |


title: Violence against women in Guatemala

abstract: Violence against women in Guatemala reached severe levels during the long-running Guatemalan Civil War (1960-1996), and the continuing impact of that conflict has contributed to the present high levels of violence against women in that nation. During the armed conflict, rape was used as a weapon of war.

text:
# Violence against women in Guatemala

**Violence against women in Guatemala** reached severe levels during the long-running Guatemalan Civil War (1960-1996), and the continuing impact of that conflict has contributed to the present high levels of violence against women in that nation. During the armed conflict, rape was used as a weapon of war.

## Femicide

Femicide in Guatemala is an extremely serious problem. According to a 2002 report by the Small Arms Survey, Guatemala has the third highest rate of femicide in the world, behind only El Salvador and Jamaica. According to official figures, 560 women were murdered in the country in 2012, 631 in 2011 and 695 in 2010, though the exact number is not known.

Murders rarely result in any conviction and often are not properly investigated; less than 4 percent of all homicide cases result in conviction for the perpetrators. Perpetrators are confident they will get away with murder, in part because of the "machismo" culture in Latin America. This culture allows women to be treated as objects rather than humans; equality and basic rights granted to men are not even in question for women. Rape culture and victim blaming are the tactics that go along with machismo, and both men and women largely agree with the misogynistic tendencies that have survived for so long. **Furthermore, machismo subordinates women to men in the household, with their roles often taking on multiple forms from housewife, to maid, to mother, to even a financial provider–women are seen as less than but given almost double the tasks, which is where the term “double day” originates from.**

## Attacks on women activists

Women who work as human rights defenders, including activists working to protect land and natural resources, face violence, including threats, reprisal, and arbitrary arrests. Such acts are often committed by government authorities and security forces.

In Guatemala, women human rights defenders experience at least one attack each day on average, and an estimated eighty-three percent of these activists are land and natural resource defenders. Resource exploitation is linked to gender-based violence against women. As a result, indigenous women are primary victims of threats and violence. For instance, Topacio Reynoso Pacheco, a 16 year old activist, was shot and killed by representatives of the Guatemalan government after forming a group advocating against mining within her community. This instance is just one of many in which the Guatemalan government actively works to silence and oppress female voices. In 2020, approximately 1,825 people disappeared in Guatemala, according to data collected by the National Civil Police of Guatemala (PNC). Of these 1,825 individuals, the majority (61.5%) of them were women. This data delineates the failures found within the nation’s effort to eradicate violence against women and gender inequality, as the numbers continue to show just how many women are continually put in these situations–whether it be through men or through their government.

## Sexual violence

Sexual violence is widespread in Guatemala. There are about 10,000 cases of reported rape per year, but the total number is likely much higher because of under-reporting due to social stigma. According to *Doctors without Borders*, "Survivors \[of sexual violence\] are stigmatized and they cannot easily find treatment in Guatemala yet. There are no resources and too little comprehension of patients’ needs by the doctors." The nation's health care institutions are ill-equipped and unwilling to provide adequate care for the thousands of women victimized by sexual violence each year.

### Sexual violence against adolescent girls

Many survivors are adolescent girls, leading to Guatemala having the highest teen pregnancy and preteen pregnancy rates in Latin America. Girls as young as 10 years old are impregnated by rape, and they usually carry these pregnancies to birth. Most of these instances of sexual violence are perpetrated by the girl's father or other close male relative (89%). These men do not suffer consequences largely because of the lack of education, poverty, and lack of social respect for women. According to photo activist Linda Forsell, most young girls face expulsion from school if they are visibly pregnant.

### Sexual Violence as a War Tactic

Sexual violence is often used as a tactic in war, and many women, particularly women from indigenous tribes, often become sex slaves to soldiers and are subjected to rape and other forms of sexual violence. When a community is occupied or destroyed, an entire community of women may be subjected to rape and sexual or domestic slavery, affecting the prosperity and health of the community after a conflict’s end.

In February 2016, the Sepur Zarco trial convicted two ex-soldiers of crimes against humanity for their sexual abuse of 11 indigenous Q’eqchi’ women, the forced disappearance of the women's husbands, and the murder of a woman and her two daughters. Expert witnesses called by the prosecution included Brazilian feminist academic Rita Segato. The women of the Q’eqchi” community received substantial reparations for the damage done by the convicted soldiers. This is the first time a case of sexual slavery during armed conflict has been considered in court. In Guatemala, it was the first time any form of sexual violence during a conflict had been settled in court.

### Sex trafficking

Citizen and foreign women and girls have been victims of sex trafficking in Guatemala. They are raped and experience physical and psychological trauma in brothels, homes, and other locations. The illegal transporting and sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States is a problem.

### Long-Term Health Problems

Common health problems that victims of sexual assault in Guatemala often suffer include HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, Hepatitis B, syphilis, Chlamydia, and Gonorrhoea. Because health care is not readily accessible and education about sexual violence not prevalent, avoidable and treatable health problems often go untreated.

The emotional and psychological impact of sexual violence often requires professional health care to treat, but the stigma surrounding sexual violence makes it difficult for people to discuss.

### International Organizations.

International organizations like Doctors Without Borders try to fill the gap in Guatemala's health care and provide assistance to victims of sexual violence. In 2007, Doctors Without Borders opened a clinic in Guatemala City that provides comprehensive care for such victims. The organization is also implementing educational programs in Guatemala City that aim to end the prevalence of sexual violence there.

The Center for Gender and Refugee Studies investigates and reports on sexual violence in Guatemala, working with human rights advocates, government groups, and community groups based in Guatemala. They have published papers on the ineffectiveness of Guatemala's Law Against Femicide and Other Forms of Violence Against Women, passed in 2008. They also provide resources for attorney representing female victims of sexual violence, and help advocates in Guatemala implement laws that prevent sexual violence. They also educate countries around the world about the prevalence of sexual violence in Guatemala, so that international pressure can be put on the country to prevent sexual violence against women.

## Effects of militarization

The increased militarization of Guatemala has resulted in abuse and mistreatment of the people of Guatemala. Militarism spreads a perception of brutality and makes it easier to access weapons, which makes the rates of domestic violence against women go up. Guatemala's military has a substantial history of human rights violations. Murders, torture, and missing people became a daily reality for people in Guatemala. Most findings show that communities where an army is present tend to have more violence against women. The Guatemalan military is also correlated with corruption. Recent records state that the government and military are often associated with criminal activity.

### Increased military presence to combat the War on Drugs

Militarization came to Guatemala in the early 1980s. In Guatemala, as well as in other parts of Latin America, there is an intense "war on drugs", that is a conflict between state forces and drug cartels, which has taken a violent turn. As a result of the war on drugs, there is a widespread presence of the military throughout the country thanks to three military bases in known drug trafficking areas. Jody Williams, a Nobel Peace Prize recipient, said, "The war on drugs and increased militarization in Mexico, Honduras and Guatemala is becoming a war on women."

### The military's role in public safety initiatives

From 2006 to 2011, the budget the military was allotted went from sixty-three million United States dollars to one hundred and seventy-five million dollars. Otto Pérez Molina became the first military official to be elected as president. Shortly after being elected president in 2012, Pérez increased the role of the military in fighting crime. Soldiers now are assigned public safety duties that would normally be reserved for police forces.

As of 2013 there were twenty-one thousand troops deployed to assist in public safety duties.

## Violence against indigenous women

Amerindian (indigenous) women in Guatemala face high levels of violence by the military, and state authorities. It is very difficult for indigenous women to obtain justice. Many of them have not received school education, and live in extreme poverty. Girls in indigenous communities do not attend school because of the distance from their homes to school. Indigenous population is estimated at 39.8% of Guatemala's population (in 2012). High illiteracy rates and the fact that they do not speak Spanish makes the justice system limited for them.

During the civil war, many indigenous women were forced into sexual slavery by the military. In 2016, a court in Guatemala ordered two former military officers to pay over $1m (£710,000) to 11 indigenous women whom they held as sex slaves during the civil war.

## Child marriage and pregnancy

Early marriage for girls is common in Guatemala; the country has one of the highest rates of child marriage in Latin America. As of 2015, men and women must be at least 18 years of age to marry; sometimes exceptions can be made by judges for girls to be married at 16. Previously, girls could be married at 14 and boys could be married at 16. The age was increased and made the same regardless of gender in hopes to hold both men and women to the same standard. It is estimated that 7% of girls are married before 15 years of age and 30% by 18 years of age. Rates are even higher in rural areas where 53% of females are married before they are 18. Some reasons for early marriage is poverty, rigid gender norms, access to education, and tradition. Older men also provide more financial support to these girls. After marriage, girls are expected to start a family and face a lot of pressure to get pregnant. Teen mothers account for a quarter of births in Guatemala. "Complications in pregnancy and childbirth are the second highest cause of death for 15- to 19-year-old girls globally".

## Mob violence

According to data from the National Civil Police of Guatemala, at least 84 people were killed by lynching in Guatemala between January 2012 and May 2015. The lynchings primarily took place in the departments of Huehuetenango, Guatemala and Alta Verapaz. Men accounted for 76 of the lynching deaths, while women accounted for eight.

Guatemala is ranked the 25th most violent country in the world and Guatemalan police have a reputation for being non-responsive to the high crime rates. The lack of security within the government is what encouraged the start of mobs turning to vigilante justice. Unfortunately, much of the crime associated with these mobs is just as bad as the crime they claim they are attempting to prevent. Most of the locals keep quiet for fear of being targeted by these groups themselves, and many of the people participating in the violence are forced to do so.

As in other countries where the population does not trust the authorities, people in Guatemala often enforce informal 'justice' by subjecting to violence and even murdering individuals whom they believe have violated moral standards. For example, in 2015, a 16-year-old girl was lynched and burned alive by a mob after reportedly being accused of being part of a group that killed a taxi driver.

## Problems within the justice system

After years of violence, dictatorship, and conflict, Guatemala's public institutions are ineffective, including its justice system. Lack of funding has made the law-enforcement departments ineffective and, seeing how unlikely it is to be charged, criminals are encouraged to continue normalizing this widespread, unchecked violence. Based on the numbers of incidents actually reported and taken to court, only 3% result in any sort of court resolution. Authorities do not always conduct proper investigations. A minority of the reported crimes against women go to trial, and even fewer result in a conviction. According to Nobel Women's Initiative, in the 1980s, 200,000 people were murdered, and thousands of women were raped. Many cases similar to these have not gone to trial. Of the complaints about violence against women that were registered in 2010 by the Judicial Department, only one percent of them resulted in sentencing.

Law enforcement often fails to investigate in a timely manner, and blames the victims of the case. Many women abandon their cases because the stress and hardship put onto them. Without proper trials, investigations, and sentencing, the violence towards women will progressively increase.

Women are often murdered or subjected to violence by family members such as fathers, brothers, stepfathers and husbands, but when they try to report a crime that was done by family members, the women themselves are often treated as criminals for complaining. Discrimination in the justice system is one of the many problems women face in Guatemala. The justice system discriminates against others' race, class, sex, and ethnicity. Discrimination is worst for women who are poor, migrant, young, lesbian, and those that demand justice.

There is a lack of female representation in the political system. As of 2015, only 13.9% of members of Parliament were women.

The justice system is limited for people who do not speak Spanish. This means that the women must be educated in order to protect their rights. The 2008 law against femicide and other forms of violence against women has enforced people to treat women equally. The 2008 law addressed the private and public crimes in Guatemala. Women in Guatemala are often uninformed of their rights and do not have the courage to report the crimes committed against them.

## Legislation

Guatemala is a country that has one of the most prevalent rates of violence against women in the world. Instances of gendered violence in Guatemala include domestic violence, sexual violence, human trafficking, incest, and femicide (the deliberate killing of women). In response to violence against women, the government has passed laws and created agencies in order to stunt the high rates of gendered violence in Guatemala in the 1990s: in 1996 it enacted *Ley para prevenir, sancionar y erradicar la violencia intrafamiliar* (Law on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Domestic Violence). In 2008, it enacted *Ley contra el Femicidio y otras Formas de Violencia Contra la Mujer*  (Law against Femicide and Other Forms of Violence Against Women), and in 2009 it enacted *Ley contra la violencia sexual, explotación y trata de personas* (Law against Sexual Violence, Exploitation and Trafficking in Persons). **Despite the introduction of these laws over the past decade, data shows a continued persistence in attacks against women. Not only this, but the Guatemalan congress’s approval of Ley 5272 on International Women’s Day of 2022 can even be deemed regressive, as the policy would have illegalized abortion and marriage amongst members of the LGBTQ+ community. Despite the law ultimately failing to be ratified, it is important to note that the Guatemalan government’s hand in this law could almost be seen as misogynist–especially on the date in which they chose to initially approve this policy.**

### Procurador de los Derechos Humanos

In 2008, the Procurador de los Derechos Humanos (Human Rights Ombudsman) was created, which is an agency that operates with the intention of enforcing citizens' cooperation with human rights laws. Despite these efforts made by Guatemala's government, the number of women who experience gendered violence persists. The ineffectiveness of Procurador de los Derechos Humanos is a result of a multitude of factors including the weakness of the justice system, a lack of clarity surrounding laws made regarding gendered violence, and the absence of free institutions that would aid victims. Despite the intentions of enacting Procurador de los Derechos Humanos, the full potential of its efficiency has not yet been reached.

More recently, social groups advocating for gender equality in Guatemala helped reform the age at which a girl is able to legally be married. The Angélica Fuentes Foundation and Girl Up (a United Nations youth foundation) together put forth an initiative to change the legal age of marriage in Guatemala from 14 to 18. These advocates had integral roles in the passing of the legislation in January 2016. The leaders of both The Angélica Fuentes Foundation and Girl Up stated that their main goal of pushing for a higher marriage age was to aid the children in Guatemala. Young girls often would be forced to give up their education and be constricted to a life devoted to marriage, however with the marriage age raised young women would be free to pursue other interests. The leader of The Angélica Fuentes Foundation states that it is her hope that this initiative promotes gender equality and an increase in opportunity for young girls in Guatemala, as well as in other Latin American countries.


title: Grob G103 Twin Astir

abstract: The Grob G 103 Twin Astir is a glass-reinforced plastic two-seat sailplane that was developed in Germany in the 1970s by Grob Aircraft AG as a counterpart to the single-seat G 102 Astir, then in production. Construction throughout is similar, although to preserve the centre of gravity of the design, the wings were given a slight forward sweep. While many two-seat derivatives of single-seat sailplanes have fixed undercarriage, due to the added space restrictions created by the second seat, Grob devised a novel retraction system for the Twin Astir. The single wheel was designed to rotate 90° sideways before retracting "flat" under the rear seat, resulting in a rather unusual seating position. This was only incorporated in early examples, later on, the wheel was fixed. Factory options offered to customers included whether the front seat should be equipped with flight instruments, and whether water ballast capacity should be installed. Production continued until around 1980, when it was replaced in production by the Twin II, a new and not directly related design originally designated G 118 but later redesignated the G 103a. The G 103a was in turn replaced by the Twin III in production in 1989. The Twin was one of the first two-seat sailplanes built from fibreglass and has higher glide performance than most similar sailplanes of the time.

text:
# Grob G103 Twin Astir

The **Grob G 103 Twin Astir** is a glass-reinforced plastic two-seat sailplane that was developed in Germany in the 1970s by Grob Aircraft AG as a counterpart to the single-seat G 102 Astir, then in production. Construction throughout is similar, although to preserve the centre of gravity of the design, the wings were given a slight forward sweep. While many two-seat derivatives of single-seat sailplanes have fixed undercarriage, due to the added space restrictions created by the second seat, Grob devised a novel retraction system for the Twin Astir. The single wheel was designed to rotate 90° sideways before retracting "flat" under the rear seat, resulting in a rather unusual seating position. This was only incorporated in early examples, later on, the wheel was fixed. Factory options offered to customers included whether the front seat should be equipped with flight instruments, and whether water ballast capacity should be installed.

Production continued until around 1980, when it was replaced in production by the Twin II, a new and not directly related design originally designated *G 118* but later redesignated the *G 103a*. The G 103a was in turn replaced by the Twin III in production in 1989.

The Twin was one of the first two-seat sailplanes built from fibreglass and has higher glide performance than most similar sailplanes of the time (e.g. Schleicher ASK 21, Scheibe SF 34 and SZD-50 Puchacz).

## Operators

Italy  Australia

## Specifications

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Length:** 8.1 m (26 ft 7 in)
* **Wingspan:** 17.5 m (57 ft 5 in)
* **Height:** 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in)
* **Wing area:** 17.8 m2 (191.6 sq ft)
* **Aspect ratio:** 17.1
* **Empty weight:** 390 kg (860 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 650 kg (1,435 lb)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 250 km/h (160 mph, 135 kn)
* **Maximum glide ratio:** 38
* **Rate of sink:** 0.60 m/s (120 ft/min)

* Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. London: Studio Editions. p. 441.
* Hardy, Michael (1982). *Gliders and Sailplanes of the World*. Shepperton: Ian Allan. p. 49.
* Coates, Andrew (1978). *Jane's World Sailplanes and Motor Gliders*. London: MacDonald and Jane's. p. 61.

## InfoBox

| G 103 Twin Astir | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| G103 Twin Astir landing | |
| Role | Sailplane |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Grob Aircraft |
| First flight | 31 December 1976 |
| Number built | 291 |


title: My Soul Is Slashed

abstract: My Soul Is Slashed, also known as From Dracula with Love, is a 1991 Japanese comedy horror film directed by Shūsuke Kaneko. It stars Ken Ogata as a pharmaceutical company employee who finds himself in intensive care after a critical injury. During a transfusion,he is given the blood of Count Dracula.

text:
# My Soul Is Slashed

***My Soul Is Slashed*** (咬みつきたい, *Kamitsukitai*, lit.'I want to bite'), also known as ***From Dracula with Love***, is a 1991 Japanese comedy horror film directed by Shūsuke Kaneko. It stars Ken Ogata as a pharmaceutical company employee who finds himself in intensive care after a critical injury. During a transfusion,he is given the blood of Count Dracula.

## Plot

After the complete destruction of Count Dracula, his vampiric blood arrives in Japan, where a young scientist who is researching vampires hides it in a hospital for later experiments.

At the same time, Shutaro Ishikawa, who works for a pharmaceutical company, discovers a scandal, but is killed before he can make it public. In the hospital, he accidentally receives some of Dracula's blood. The young scientist tells the daughter of Shutaro to drop blood on his ashes to allow him to revive.

One year later, Shutaro is reborn as a vampire. After some familiarization with his situation and help from his daughter and the scientist, his goal is to avenge his murder by feasting on the blood of the strong and virile.

## Cast

## Reception

Hikari Ishida won seven awards for Best New Actress: Japan Academy Awards, Blue Ribbon Awards, Hochi Film Awards, Kinema Junpo Awards, Mainichi Film Concours, Nikkan Sports Film Award, Yokohama Film Festival.

Ken Ogata was nominated as Best Actor for the 1992 Japan Academy Awards, but did not win.

## InfoBox

| My Soul Is Slashed | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Shūsuke Kaneko |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring | Ken Ogata |
| Cinematography | Koichi Kawakami |
| Edited by | Isao Tomita |
| Music by | Kow Otani |
| Distributed by | Toho |
| Release date | * 1991 (1991) |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: My Soul Looks Back

abstract: My Soul Looks Back: A Memoir is a memoir by cookbook author and food historian Jessica B. Harris, particularly describing on her life and friendships with major black writers including James Baldwin, Maya Angelou, and Toni Morrison in New York City in the 1970s.

text:
# My Soul Looks Back

***My Soul Looks Back: A Memoir*** is a memoir by cookbook author and food historian Jessica B. Harris, particularly describing on her life and friendships with major black writers including James Baldwin, Maya Angelou, and Toni Morrison in New York City in the 1970s.

## Publication history

Harris published the 255-page book with Scribner on March 9, 2017.

## Content and reception

*Publishers Weekly* described the book as "a lively, entertaining, and informative recounting of a time and place that shaped and greatly enriched American culture," namely Harris's life as a young person in New York City in the 1970s amid black authors including James Baldwin, Maya Angelou, and Toni Morrison; Harris was introduced to this circle through her romantic relationship with Sam Floyd, Baldwin's best friend. Reviewing the book for *The New York Times*, critic Dwight Garner described it as having a "simmering warmth" and "was never, to this reader, uninteresting" even if it also had a "softness of focus", suggesting at times the book fails to "recall the best lines and jokes" from the literati Harris describes.

## InfoBox

My Soul Looks Back: A Memoir
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jessica B. Harris |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Autobiography |
| Genre | Memoir |
| Publisher | Scribner |
| Publication date | 2017 |
| Pages | 255 |
| ISBN | 978-1-5011-2590-4 (Hardcover) |


title: My Soul Pleads for You

abstract: "My Soul Pleads For You" is the second single released from Blue band-member Simon Webbe's second solo album, Grace. The track was first premiered on 12 December 2006 through Webbe's official website. The B-side for the single is a cover version of The Killers first single, "When You Were Young", recorded live on the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge. The single was only released in the UK and the Netherlands, the latter due to notable airplay and live performances by Webbe in the country. The single subsequently peaked at #38 on the Dutch Singles Chart. The single failed to enter the UK Top 100 upon its release via iTunes in January 2007, but managed to peak at #45 upon its physical release.

text:
# My Soul Pleads for You

"**My Soul Pleads For You**" is the second single released from Blue band-member Simon Webbe's second solo album, *Grace*. The track was first premiered on 12 December 2006 through Webbe's official website. The B-side for the single is a cover version of The Killers first single, "When You Were Young", recorded live on the BBC Radio 1 *Live Lounge*. The single was only released in the UK and the Netherlands, the latter due to notable airplay and live performances by Webbe in the country. The single subsequently peaked at #38 on the Dutch Singles Chart. The single failed to enter the UK Top 100 upon its release via iTunes in January 2007, but managed to peak at #45 upon its physical release.

## Track listing

1. "My Soul Pleads For You" - 3:05
2. "When You Were Young" - 2:57

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 38 |
| Italy (FIMI) | 47 |
| Slovak IFPI Chart | 62 |
| Turkish Nielsen Chart | 77 |
| United Kingdom | 45 |
|

## InfoBox

| "My Soul Pleads for You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Simon Webbe | |
| from the album  *Grace* | |
| B-side | "When You Were Young" |
| Released | 19 February 2007 |
| Recorded | 2006 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:48 |
| Label | Innocent Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Wesley Johnson, Clinton Outen |
| Producer(s) | Wesley Johnson |
| Simon Webbe singles chronology | |
| "Coming Around Again"
(2006) "**My Soul Pleads for You**"
(2007) "Seventeen"
(2007) | |


title: Virginia State Route 420

abstract: State Route 420 is an unsigned primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway is known as Seminary Road and Janneys Lane on its 2.75-mile (4.43 km) course from Interstate 395 (I-395) east to SR 7 within the independent city of Alexandria.

text:
# Virginia State Route 420

**State Route 420** (**SR 420**) is an unsigned primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway is known as **Seminary Road** and **Janneys Lane** on its 2.75-mile (4.43 km) course from Interstate 395 (I-395) east to SR 7 within the independent city of Alexandria.

## Route description

SR 420 begins at a three-level diamond interchange with I-395 (Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway). The roadway continues west as an unnumbered segment of Seminary Road that passes by the Mark Center Building, a massive office building for the United States Department of Defense, on its way to Bailey's Crossroads. SR 420, which begins as a four-lane divided highway, crosses over the northern terminus of SR 401 (Van Dorn Street) immediately to the east of the I-395 interchange. Access to SR 401 is provided via a pair of right-in/right-out intersections with Kenmore Avenue. SR 420 reduces to a four-lane undivided street that passes by Inova Alexandria Hospital, after which it again narrows to a two-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The state highway passes its namesake, the Virginia Theological Seminary, just west of its intersection with Quaker Lane, which heads north as SR 402. SR 420 continues east as Janneys Lane, a two-lane undivided street that passes to the north of the Gerald R. Ford Jr. House on its way to its eastern terminus at SR 7 (King Street).

## History

SR 420 was assigned to its present location, previously unnumbered, in the mid-1980s. However, as it was once part of Fairfax County, the Seminary Road portion of SR 420 was numbered SR 716 until it was annexed by Alexandria in the 1950s.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Alexandria.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | I-395 (Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway) / Seminary Road west Washington, Richmond | Exit 4 (I-395); western terminus |
|  |  |
Kenmore Avenue to SR 401 (Van Dorn Street) | Right-in/right-out intersections with Kenmore Avenue |
| 1.72 | 2.77 |
SR 402 north (Quaker Lane) / Quaker Lane south |  |
| 2.75 | 4.43 | SR 7 (King Street) | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 420KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 420 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 2.75 mi (4.43 km) |
| Existed | mid-1980s–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | I-395 in Alexandria |
| Major intersections | SR 402 in Alexandria |
| East end | SR 7 in Alexandria |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | City of Alexandria |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 419   US 421 | |


title: Virginia State Route 407

abstract: State Route 407 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Indian River Road, the state highway runs 2.32 miles (3.73 km) from SR 168 in Norfolk east to a continuation of Indian River Road at the boundary between the independent cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach. SR 407 connects U.S. Route 460 and US 13 on the south side of the Eastern Branch Elizabeth River.

text:
# Virginia State Route 407

**State Route 407** (**SR 407**) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as **Indian River Road**, the state highway runs 2.32 miles (3.73 km) from SR 168 in Norfolk east to a continuation of Indian River Road at the boundary between the independent cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach. SR 407 connects U.S. Route 460 (US 460) and US 13 on the south side of the Eastern Branch Elizabeth River.

## Route description

SR 407 begins at an intersection with SR 168 (Campostella Road) in the city of Norfolk. Indian River Road continues west toward the Berkley neighborhood of the city and intersects Wilson Road, which carries US 460 and SR 168. Access to westbound US 460 and southbound SR 166 toward Chesapeake is via continuing west to Wilson Road; access to eastbound US 460 and northbound SR 166 to cross the Campostella Bridge over the Eastern Branch Elizabeth River toward Downtown Norfolk is via SR 168. Though not designated as such by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) as such, Indian River Road west of here and Berkley Avenue to the SR 337 intersection is signed as a part of SR 407. SR 407 heads east as a six-lane divided highway that crosses over Steamboat Creek and passes the former Ford assembly plant before entering the city of Chesapeake by crossing over a Norfolk Southern Railway line. The state highway passes through residential neighborhoods and crosses the Indian River before reaching its eastern terminus at MacDonald Road, which follows the boundary between Chesapeake and the city of Virginia Beach. Indian River Road continues east as an unnumbered highway through an intersection with US 13 (Military Highway).

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| City of Norfolk | | 0.00 | 0.00 |

SR 168 (Campostella Road) to US 460 / SR 166 / Indian River Road west | Western terminus |
| City of Chesapeake | | 2.32 | 3.73 |
Indian River Road east / MacDonald Road to US 13 | Chesapeake  Virginia Beach city boundary; eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 407KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 407 | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian River Road | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 2.32 mi (3.73 km) |
| Existed | early 1980s–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | SR 168 in Norfolk |
| East end | Indian River Road at Chesapeake  Virginia Beach city line |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | City of Norfolk, City of Chesapeake |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 406   SR 409 | |


title: VisualCron

abstract: VisualCron is a job scheduler and automation tool for Windows.

text:
# VisualCron

**VisualCron** is a job scheduler and automation tool for Windows.

## Overview

VisualCron is a replacement for the Windows Task Scheduler and a similar cron job scheduler in Unix-like operating systems. The software is split into client and server parts, with the former being invoked by the user on demand and the latter always running as a process in the background. Due to the client-server architecture of the program, the administrator can use a single client to manage several servers over the network.

The client side of VisualCron is a graphical program that allows the administrator to manage jobs and view logs of the software's activities. The log viewer also allows searching for events based on queries, defining event type, time of execution, message content and other parameters.

## Jobs

A VisualCron job consists of six elements: triggers, tasks, notifications, time exceptions, conditions, and timeouts. Like the Windows Task Scheduler, VisualCron allows user to bind several options for each job. The program provides the set of triggers and task types that the administrator can choose among; after the job is run, the user-configured notification is issued. The built-in tasks include file operations, SQL queries, system restart, and executing user-defined macros.

## Reception

Reviewing the program, Joshua Hoskins of TechRepublic praised the flexibility of the program while noting the difficulties of setting up the jobs: "The setup of the VisualCron monitors was slightly more difficult that expected. This was understandable though due to the massive power difference I was using. It was very quickly apparent that this tool was magnitude\[s\] of power greater than the solution I was currently using." Codrut Nistor of Softpedia also noted the high quality of the program's documentation, though he said that "Beginners may not find this program useful and easy to learn, while people who don't need to enable advanced scheduled tasks may find the \[$47\] price tag a bit high."

## InfoBox

VisualCron
| Developer(s) | NetCart AB |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | 11.0.0 (January 29, 2024 (2024-01-29)) \[±\] |
|  | |
| Operating system | Windows XP and later |
| Platform | IA-32 and x86-64 |
| Available in | 100 languages |
| Type | Job scheduler |
| License | Shareware |
| Website | visualcron.com |


title: My Architect

abstract: My Architect: A Son's Journey is a 2003 documentary film about the American architect Louis Kahn (1901–1974), by his son Nathaniel Kahn, detailing the architect's extraordinary career and his familial legacy after his death in 1974. In the film, Louis Kahn is quoted as saying “When I went to high school I had a teacher, in the arts, who was head of the department of Central High, William Grey, and he gave a course in Architecture, the only course in any high school I am sure, in Greek, Roman, Renaissance, Egyptian, and Gothic Architecture, and at that point two of my colleagues and myself realized that only Architecture was to be my life. How accidental are our existences are really, and how full of influence by circumstance.” The film features interviews with renowned architects, including B. V. Doshi, Philip Johnson, Frank Gehry, Shamsul Wares, I.M. Pei, Moshe Safdie and Anne Tyng. Throughout the film, Kahn visits all of his father's buildings including The Yale Center for British Art, The Salk Institute, Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban and the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad. The film explores Kahn's family life which involved his fathering children by three different partners, each of whom was kept in the dark about the existence of his other families. Reviewing the film in Chicago Reader, David Schwartz wrote: "This absorbing, beautiful documentary is the first-person odyssey of Nathaniel Kahn, son of legendary architect Louis Kahn by one of his longtime mistresses. Despite his accomplishments, Kahn Sr. died a penniless loner in Penn Station in 1974, leaving behind three families, none of them aware of the others' existence. Seeking to unravel his father's mysterious personal life, Nathaniel combines rare personal footage and compelling interviews with the elder Kahn's colleagues, friends, and families."

text:
# My Architect

***My Architect: A Son's Journey*** is a 2003 documentary film about the American architect Louis Kahn (19011974), by his son Nathaniel Kahn, detailing the architect's extraordinary career and his familial legacy after his death in 1974.

In the film, Louis Kahn is quoted as saying “When I went to high school I had a teacher, in the arts, who was head of the department of Central High, William Grey, and he gave a course in Architecture, the only course in any high school I am sure, in Greek, Roman, Renaissance, Egyptian, and Gothic Architecture, and at that point two of my colleagues and myself realized that only Architecture was to be my life. How accidental are our existences are really, and how full of influence by circumstance.”

The film features interviews with renowned architects, including B. V. Doshi, Philip Johnson, Frank Gehry, Shamsul Wares, I.M. Pei, Moshe Safdie and Anne Tyng. Throughout the film, Kahn visits all of his father's buildings including The Yale Center for British Art, The Salk Institute, Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban and the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad.

The film explores Kahn's family life which involved his fathering children by three different partners, each of whom was kept in the dark about the existence of his other families. Reviewing the film in *Chicago Reader*, David Schwartz wrote: "This absorbing, beautiful documentary is the first-person odyssey of Nathaniel Kahn, son of legendary architect Louis Kahn by one of his longtime mistresses. Despite his accomplishments, Kahn Sr. died a penniless loner in Penn Station in 1974, leaving behind three families, none of them aware of the others' existence. Seeking to unravel his father's mysterious personal life, Nathaniel combines rare personal footage and compelling interviews with the elder Kahn's colleagues, friends, and families."

## Reception

### Critical response

*My Architect* has an approval rating of 93% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 91 reviews, and an average rating of 7.57/10. The website's critical consensus states, "A moving and enlightening documentary about architect Louis Kahn". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

### Awards

*My Architect* was nominated for the 2003 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

## InfoBox

| My Architect | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Nathaniel Kahn |
| Written by | Nathaniel Kahn |
| Produced by | Nathaniel Kahn<br>Susan Rose Behr |
| Cinematography | Robert Richman |
| Edited by | Sabine Krayenbühl |
| Music by | Joseph Vitarelli |
| Distributed by | New Yorker Films |
| Release date | * 2003 (2003) |
| Running time | 110 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $2.9 million |


title: Music of Buryatia

abstract: Buryatia is a part of the Russian Federation. One of the country's main instruments is a two-stringed horse-head fiddle called a morin khuur. This is an instrument closely linked to the all-important cult of the horse, belonging to the intangible heritage of all Mongolic peoples. Other elements of Buryat music, such as the use of fourths both in tuning instruments and in songs, and pentatonic scales, reveal similarities to music from Siberia and Eastern Asia. There traditionally was no polyphony, instead voices and instruments performed the same melody in unison but varied in timing and ornamentation. Narrative structures are a part of most Buryat folk music, often in the form of epic tales, and the last song of famous leaders; these include the Last Song of Rinchin Dorzhin. Under Soviet control, Buryat folk music was sanitized and mostly allowed in forms that were supportive of the state's power. This period saw state-approved songs recollecting events such as the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War. The first Buryat rock band was Uragsha, who were one of the few bands of the time to sing both in Russian and their native Mongolian language. Their collaborations with La MaMa theater in New York City in late 1990s led to their embrace of traditional music and shamanic roots too, and eventually to formation of the group Namgar that represents Buryat traditional music at world music festivals since 2001. Vladlen Pantaev is also a notable Buryat musician; one of the key composers of Buryat folk music. He has devoted many years to the National Theater in Ulan-Ude. Many of his songs are widely recognized in the region.

text:
# Music of Buryatia

| Music of Russia: Central Asian music | |
| --- | --- |
| Genres | Bards \- Classical music \- Hip hop \- Jazz \- Opera \- Rock |
| Awards | MTV Russia Music Awards |
| Charts |  |
| Festivals | Bard Music Festival |
| Media |  |
| National anthem | "National anthem of Russia" |
| Music of Central Asia | |
| Afghanistan \- Badakhshan \- Buryatia \- Gansu \- Inner Mongolia \- Kazakhstan \- Khakassia \- Kyrgyzstan \- Mongolia \- Qinghai \- Tajikistan \- Tibet \- Turkmenistan \- Tuva \- Uzbekistan \- Xinjiang | | |
| Russian regions and ethnicities | |
| Adygea \- Altai \- Astrakhan \- Bashkortostan \- Buryatia \- Belarusian \- Chechnya \- Chukotka \- Chuvashia \- Dagestan \- Evenkia \- Ingushetia \- Irkutsk \- Kaliningrad \- Kalmykia \- Kamchatka \- Karelia \- Khakassia \- Khantia-Mansia \- Komi Republic - Krasnodar \- Mari El \- Mordovia \- Nenetsia \- Ossetia \- Rostov \- Russian Traditional \- Sakha \- Sakhalin \- Tatarstan \- Tyva \- Udmurtia \- Ukrainian | | |

Buryatia is a part of the Russian Federation. One of the country's main instruments is a two-stringed horse-head fiddle called a *morin khuur*. This is an instrument closely linked to the all-important cult of the horse, belonging to the intangible heritage of all Mongolic peoples. Other elements of Buryat music, such as the use of fourths both in tuning instruments and in songs, and pentatonic scales, reveal similarities to music from Siberia and Eastern Asia. There traditionally was no polyphony, instead voices and instruments performed the same melody in unison but varied in timing and ornamentation.

Narrative structures are a part of most Buryat folk music, often in the form of epic tales, and the last song of famous leaders; these include the *Last Song of Rinchin Dorzhin*.

Under Soviet control, Buryat folk music was sanitized and mostly allowed in forms that were supportive of the state's power. This period saw state-approved songs recollecting events such as the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War.

The first Buryat rock band was Uragsha, who were one of the few bands of the time to sing both in Russian and their native Mongolian language. Their collaborations with La MaMa theater in New York City in late 1990s led to their embrace of traditional music and shamanic roots too, and eventually to formation of the group Namgar that represents Buryat traditional music at world music festivals since 2001.

Vladlen Pantaev is also a notable Buryat musician; one of the key composers of Buryat folk music. He has devoted many years to the National Theater in Ulan-Ude. Many of his songs are widely recognized in the region.

## Further reading

* *Anthology of Buryat folklore*, Pushkinskiĭ dom, 2000 (CD)


title: Vitulano

abstract: Vitulano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located about 50 km northeast of Naples and about 12 km northwest of Benevento. Vitulano borders the following municipalities: Campoli del Monte Taburno, Castelpoto, Cautano, Foglianise, Frasso Telesino, Guardia Sanframondi, Paupisi, San Lorenzo Maggiore, Solopaca, Torrecuso.

text:
# Vitulano

**Vitulano** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located about 50 km northeast of Naples and about 12 km northwest of Benevento.

Vitulano borders the following municipalities: Campoli del Monte Taburno, Castelpoto, Cautano, Foglianise, Frasso Telesino, Guardia Sanframondi, Paupisi, San Lorenzo Maggiore, Solopaca, Torrecuso.

## Main sights

### Santissima Annunziata convent

According to tradition, the convent was founded in 1440 by Saint Bernardino of Siena. It was part of a Foglianise parish until 1852, when it was incorporated in the *comune* of Vitulano. In 1884 the cemetery of the latter municipality was installed in the garden of the church. In July 1991 pope John Paul II gave it the title of minor basilica.

### Santa Maria in Gruptis

Near Vitulano, but belonging to the *comune* of Foglianise, are the ruins of the Santa Maria in Gruptis abbey, founded around the year 940 and deconsecrated in 1705. It was used by several monastic orders, the first of which were the Benedictines.

## InfoBox

| Vitulano | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Vitulano | |
|  | |
| Location of Vitulano | |
| VitulanoLocation of Vitulano in ItalyVitulanoVitulano (Campania) | |
| Coordinates: 41°11′N 14°39′E / 41.183°N 14.650°E / 41.183; 14.650 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Campania |
| Province | Benevento (BN) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Raffaele Scarinzi |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.99 km2 (13.90 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 430 m (1,410 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2017) | |
| Total | 2,920 |
| Density | 81/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Vitulanesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 82038 |
| Dialing code | 0824 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Mycena adscendens

abstract: Mycena adscendens, commonly known as the frosty bonnet, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. The fungus produces small white fruit bodies (mushrooms) with caps up to 7.5 mm (0.3 in) in diameter that appear to be dusted with sugar-like granules. Caps are supported by thin, hollow stems up to 20 mm (0.8 in) long, which are set on a disc-like base. Its distribution includes Europe, Turkey and the Pacific coast of the United States. The fruit bodies grow on fallen twigs and other woody debris on the forest floor, including fallen hazel nuts. The variety carpophila is known from Japan. There are several small white Mycena species that are similar in appearance to M. adscendens, some of which can be reliably distinguished only by examining microscopic characteristics.

text:
# Mycena adscendens

| *Mycena adscendens*Mycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Gills** on hymenium |
|  | Cap is **conical** |
|  | Hymenium is **free** or **adnexed** |
|  | Stipe is **bare** |
|  | Spore print is **white** |
|  | Ecology is **saprotrophic** |
|  | Edibility is **unknown** |

***Mycena adscendens***, commonly known as the **frosty bonnet**, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. The fungus produces small white fruit bodies (mushrooms) with caps up to 7.5 mm (0.3 in) in diameter that appear to be dusted with sugar-like granules. Caps are supported by thin, hollow stems up to 20 mm (0.8 in) long, which are set on a disc-like base. Its distribution includes Europe, Turkey and the Pacific coast of the United States. The fruit bodies grow on fallen twigs and other woody debris on the forest floor, including fallen hazel nuts. The variety *carpophila* is known from Japan. There are several small white *Mycena* species that are similar in appearance to *M. adscendens*, some of which can be reliably distinguished only by examining microscopic characteristics.

## Taxonomy

The species, originally named *Agaricus adscendens* by Wilhelm Gottfried Lasch in 1829, was first collected in the Province of Brandenburg, in what was then the Kingdom of Prussia (now Germany). It was Dutch mycologist Maas Geesteranus who assigned the species its current name in a 1981 publication. According to Maas Geesteranus, Miles Berkeley's 1836 *Agaricus tenerrimus* is the same species as *Mycena adscendens*, as well as all later synonyms based on this basionym: *Mycena tenerrima*, published by Lucien Quélet in 1872; *Prunulus tenerrimus* by William Alphonso Murrill in 1916; and Karel Cejp's 1930 *Pseudomycena tenerrima*. Although Index Fungorum agrees with Maas Geesteranus's synonymy, other authorities treat the species as independent. An additional synonym is *Agaricus* (*Mycena*) *farinellus*, described by Johann Feltgen from Luxembourg in 1906.

The variety *M. adscendens* var. *carpophila*, published by Dennis Desjardin in 1995, was originally proposed as *M. tenerrima* var. *carpophila* by Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1914.

*Mycena adscendens* is the type species of section *Sacchariferae* of the genus *Mycena*, which contains white species with floccose caps (covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs). Other members of this section include *M. floccifera*, *M. discopus*, and *M. nucicola*. The mushroom is commonly known as the "frosty bonnet". The specific epithet *adscendens*, derived from the Latin, means "ascending" or "curving up from a prostrate base". *Tenerrima* derives from the Latin *tener*, meaning "tender" or "delicate".

## Description

The cap is white and small, with a diameter typically ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in). Initially convex to cucullate (hood-shaped), it flattens during maturity, developing visible surface grooves that correspond to the gills underneath the cap; the surface may also be covered with glistening particles, remnants of the partial veil. The cap is pallid gray with a whitish margin when young, but soon becomes white overall. The flesh is membranous, fragile, and thin (less than 0.5 mm). The gills are free from attachment or narrowly attached (adnexed) to the stem. They are up to 0.5 mm broad, distantly-spaced (usually numbering between 7 and 12), and sometimes adhering to each other to form a slight collar (a *pseudocollarium*) around the stem. They are translucent-white throughout their development, with a fringed, white edge. The hollow stem is 0.5 to 2 cm (0.2 to 0.8 in) long, and usually curved and threadlike. The bottom of the stem is enlarged into a slight bulb, which is initially nearly spherical. At the very base of the stem is a small, white, and hairy disk-like base that attaches to the substrate. The edibility of the mushroom is unknown, but like many small Mycenas, they are insubstantial and not likely to be considered for the table.

The variety *carpophila* is characterized by its tiny white cap up to 1 mm in diameter, and narrowly conical caulocystidia (cystidia found on the stem).

### Microscopic characteristics

*Mycena adscendens* produces a white spore print. The spores are broadly ellipsoid, amyloid, and have dimensions of 8–10 by 5–6.5 μm. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are two-spored, club-shaped, and measure 14–17 by 7–9 μm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill faces) may be present or absent. If present, they are similar to the cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edges). The cheilocystidia are abundant, measuring 28–44 by 8–12 μm. They are variable in shape, often fusoid-ventricose (fuse-shaped with a swollen center) or with 2–3 needle-like projections arising from the apex; the projections are sometimes forked. The swollen parts of the cheilocystidia are covered with short rodlike protuberances or warts. The flesh of the gills is vinaceous-brown when stained in iodine. The flesh of the cap is made up of greatly enlarged cells, with the surface covered with club-shaped to almost globular cells measuring 25–40 by about 20 μm. Their walls are finely verrucose (covered with small warts), and all but the verrucose cells are vinaceous-brown in iodine. Clamp connections are abundant in the hyphae.

### Similar species

Other Mycenas that resemble *M. adscendens* include *M. alphitophora* and *M. stylobates*. The former is distinguished from *M. adscendens* by a stem base that is not swollen or disc-like, the latter by its larger and sturdier fruit body and lack of granules on the cap. A poorly known Japanese species, *M. cryptomeriicola*, is similar to *M. adscendens*, but has non-amyloid spores and lacks clamps. *M. nucicola* is most reliably distinguished from *M. adscendens* by microscopic characteristics: *M. nucicola* has four-spored basidia, clamp connections are rare in the hyphae of the gill tissue, and the spores are less broad (typically 4.2–5 μm). The Finnish species *M. occulta* grows on the decaying needles of Norway spruce and Scots pine. It differs from *M. adscendens* in that its gills do not form a pseudocollarium, it lacks clamps in the hyphae and cells of the hymenium, and the terminal cells in its cap cuticle are densely covered with protuberances.

## Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies of *Mycena adscendens* are found scattered to grouped together in twos or threes on fallen twigs, bark, and woody debris of hardwoods during the spring and autumn; it fruits less frequently on the wood of conifers. Fruitings are most common after periods of wet weather. They are also found growing on hazel nuts that have fallen to the ground; two other Mycenas known to grow on this substrate include *M. discopus* and *M. nucicola*. In the United States, it is known from Washington to California. It is also found in Europe, and has been collected in Amasya Province, Turkey. The variety *carpophila*, originally described from Denmark, was reported from Japan in 2003.

### Cited text

## InfoBox

| *Mycena adscendens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Mycenaceae |
| Genus: | *Mycena* |
| Species: | ***M. adscendens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mycena adscendens***<br>(Lasch) Maas Geest. (1981) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Agaricus adscendens* Lasch (1829) * *Agaricus tenerrimus* Berk. (1836) * *Mycena tenerrima* (Berk.) Sacc. * *Mycena tenerrima* (Fr.) Quél. (1874) * *Prunulus tenerrimus* (Berk.) Murrill (1916) * *Pseudomycena tenerrima* (Berk.) Cejp (1930) | |


title: Gelato (mixtape)

abstract: Gelato is the fifteenth mixtape by American rapper Young Dolph. The mixtape was released on February 2, 2017, by Paper Route Empire. The mixtape features guest appearances from Wiz Khalifa, Migos and Lil Yachty. Meanwhile, the production includes Zaytoven, Izze The Producer and Drumma Boy, among others. It was supported by one single, "Bagg".

text:
# Gelato (mixtape)

***Gelato*** is the fifteenth mixtape by American rapper Young Dolph. The mixtape was released on February 2, 2017, by Paper Route Empire. The mixtape features guest appearances from Wiz Khalifa, Migos and Lil Yachty. Meanwhile, the production includes Zaytoven, Izze The Producer and Drumma Boy, among others. It was supported by one single, "Bagg".

## Singles

The lead single for the album, "Bagg" was released on January 4, 2017.

## Track listing

*Gelato*
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Gelato" |  | Izze The Producer | 3:24 |
| 2. | "Baller Alert" | * Thornton, Jr. * Izell Staton | Izze The Producer | 3:31 |
| 3. | "On the River" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) |  | Izze The Producer | 3:18 |
| 4. | "Whole Lot" | * Thornton, Jr. * Staton | Izze The Producer | 2:56 |
| 5. | "Drop It Off" (featuring Migos) |  | Zaytoven | 2:45 |
| 6. | "Run It Up" | * Thornton, Jr. * Bryan Johnson | Reazy Renegade | 2:32 |
| 7. | "Yeezy" |  | Drumma Boy | 3:01 |
| 8. | "Bagg" (featuring Lil Yachty) |  | TM88 | 4:58 |
| 9. | "Special" | * Thornton, Jr. * Staton | Izze The Producer | 3:09 |
| 10. | "Meech" | * Thornton, Jr. * Staton | Izze The Producer | 2:58 |
| 11. | "Play wit Yo Bitch" | * Thornton, Jr. * Dotson | Zaytoven | 5:10 |
| Total length: | | | | 37:42 |

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 54 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 22 |

## InfoBox

| Gelato | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mixtape by Young Dolph | |
| Released | February 2, 2017 |
| Length | 37:42 |
| Label | Paper Route Empire |
| Producer |  |
| Young Dolph chronology | |
| *Rich Crack Baby*
(2016) ***Gelato***
(2017) *Bulletproof*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Gelato* | |
| 1. "Bagg"
Released: January 4, 2017 | |
|  | |