title: Habeliida

abstract: Habeliida is an order of extinct arthropods that existed during the middle Cambrian. It is divided into two families, Habeliidae, and Sanctacarididae. They are thought to have been durophagous, with robust gnathobases used to shred hard-shelled organisms. Remains of trilobites have been found as stomach contents in Wisangocaris. Messorocaris has been suggested to be part of the order in some studies, but this is uncertain. They are suggested to be stem-group chelicerates, though they lack the chelicerae present in true chelicerates.

text:
# Habeliida

**Habeliida** is an order of extinct arthropods that existed during the middle Cambrian. It is divided into two families, Habeliidae (monotypic, containing only *Habelia*), and Sanctacarididae (containing *Sanctacaris*, *Utahcaris* and *Wisangocaris*). They are thought to have been durophagous, with robust gnathobases (spined basal sections of limbs) used to shred hard-shelled organisms. Remains of trilobites have been found as stomach contents in *Wisangocaris*. *Messorocaris* has been suggested to be part of the order in some studies, but this is uncertain. They are suggested to be stem-group chelicerates, though they lack the chelicerae present in true chelicerates.

## InfoBox

| Habeliida
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Habelia* | |
|  | |
| *Sanctacaris* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Order: | Habeliida
Aria and Caron, 2017 |
|
| Families | |
|  | |


title: Hendrik Vermeulen

abstract:
Hendrik Meyer-Vermeulen is a South African Couturier and fashion designer, specialising in Haute Couture and Corsetry as well as a singer-songwriter performing under stage name Joh Urban. In 2009 Hendrik Vermeulen launches his label Hendrik Vermeulen Couture having previously worked as fashion designer and chef d’atelier for renowned South African Couturiers, such as Gert van de Merwe. In 2012, he legalises his business by creating his own company: Hendrik Vermeulen Couture Pty Ltd in the city of Cape Town, South Africa. He took charges of the creative and financial side of the business as Creative Director and placed his husband Jean-Daniel Meyer-Vermeulen at the head of the company as General Manager. The company opens its first flagship boutique across the famous Heritage Square in the City Centre of Cape Town the following year in 2013. To answer popular demand, the designer started his line of Prêt-à-Porter in 2014 and launched the brand Simply Vermeulen during the renowned Design Indaba in March of the same year.
Hendrik Vermeulen remains one of the very few South African designers who have successfully appeared on the calendar of International Fashion Weeks and showcased their work on prestigious fashion platforms such as: New York Fashion Week, Milan Fashion Week and Alta Roma / Rome Fashion Week in 2015 and 2016.

text:
# Hendrik Vermeulen

**Hendrik Meyer-Vermeulen** (born ***Hendrik Mentz Vermeulen***, 7 April 1982) is a South African Couturier and fashion designer, specialising in Haute Couture and Corsetry as well as a singer-songwriter performing under stage name Joh Urban.

In 2009 Hendrik Vermeulen launches his label Hendrik Vermeulen Couture having previously worked as fashion designer and chef d’atelier for renowned South African Couturiers, such as Gert van de Merwe.

In 2012, he legalises his business by creating his own company: Hendrik Vermeulen Couture Pty Ltd in the city of Cape Town, South Africa. He took charges of the creative and financial side of the business as Creative Director and placed his husband Jean-Daniel Meyer-Vermeulen at the head of the company as General Manager. The company opens its first flagship boutique across the famous Heritage Square in the City Centre of Cape Town the following year in 2013.

To answer popular demand, the designer started his line of Prêt-à-Porter in 2014 and launched the brand Simply Vermeulen during the renowned Design Indaba in March of the same year. Hendrik Vermeulen remains one of the very few South African designers who have successfully appeared on the calendar of International Fashion Weeks and showcased their work on prestigious fashion platforms such as: New York Fashion Week, Milan Fashion Week and Alta Roma / Rome Fashion Week in 2015 and 2016.

## Early life

After the sudden death of his father Johannes Urbanus, the couture prodigy aged six started sewing under the supervision of his mother, Gerbrecht Christina Naudé, a skilled seamstress and talented dressmaker who was renowned in her community for her excellent sewing skills. At age 15, he sold his first evening dress and started to focus all his attention on the fashion industry while attending various related fashion workshops and classes.

In the beginning of 2001 he enrolled in an intensive Couture course at FCI, a fashion institute with schools in Pretoria, South Africa and California, USA; and finished his 4 years program accelerated over 2 years while grabbing the "Student of the Year" award and receiving his diploma in Couture in 2003.

## Fashion career

In 2007 Hendrik Vermeulen decided to start on his own business by producing custom made bridal wear and exclusive formal evening wear under his own name, the Hendrik Vermeulen Couture label was born.

Hendrik received his first invitation to an International fashion week in 2010. A collective of earlier work was showcased at Mozambique Fashion Week in Maputo the same year. The following year, Hendrik became the first South African designer to receive a second invitation and to showcase a second time at Mozambique Fashion Week during their 2014 edition in Maputo.

In March 2011, Hendrik Vermeulen was appointed as a board member of the World Fashion Council to endeavour to make a difference by empowering women through skills development for the future of the World Fashion. In 2012, he was appointed a board member of the South African National Chapter of the World Fashion Organization. Also in 2012, Hendrik Vermeulen Couture showcases at the first edition of the Perth Fashion Week. The presentation thrilled the audience with a South African Inspired Collection called "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrica" (God Bless Africa). This was the start of Hendrik's passion for creating his own unique fabrics through various methods of fabric manipulation, hand dyeing and airbrushing; having learned some of the skills required while practising one of his hobbies, carpentry.

With the arrival of Digital Fabric Printing in South Africa, Hendrik started working very closely with a Cape Town-based printing company to perfect the reactive dye process on silk and other natural fibres. This inspiration led to the creation of the "Reflections of Subterranean Luxury" collection, putting his newly acquired skills to the test. The collection was first presented during the launch of the prêt-à-porter label Simply Vermeulen at the Design Indaba in March 2013.

Early in 2014, Hendrik's work caught the eye of AltaRoma's vice president, Valeria Mangani. The Couture house received its first invitation to showcase at World of Fashion part of Rome Fashion Week's calendar. Hendrik showed off his corsetry skills and knowledge of the female body acquired during his study of physiology, by creating a range called "Insecta Mirabilis", a collection combining a vast array of couture skills and body manipulation through corsetry.

In 2015 the Hendrik Vermeulen House received its first invitation to New York and Milan Fashion Week through FTL Moda. This gave the prêt-à-porter label Simply Vermeulen, the opportunity to explore the field of Prêt-à-Couture, in a collection entitled "Smoke and Mirrors". The Couture house added a new element to its already wide spectrum of techniques, by working with African antelope leather from ethical source. During the NYFW presentation, Hendrik welcomed the inclusion of disabled models (that he calls: differently abled models) to the runway. Using the media attention gathered for this collection, Hendrik spoke out about the unhealthy way the fashion industry is forcing people to look at themselves in comparison to the highly edited, unobtainable perfection depicted in High Fashion Campaigns.

Later in the same year, an invitation to showcase at AltaRoma / World of Fashion was presented again, this was the start of a collaboration with a non-profit ocean conservation initiative headed by Hendrik Vermeulen's close friend Hanli Prinsloo, the "I Am Water Ocean Conservation" foundation, through a collection of the same title. This also reignited a past passion of Hendrik's, music. Hendrik wrote a poem based on the ocean, and composed a song entitled Ndingamanzi ('I Am Water' in Xhosa), in his home based recording studio, which he subsequently recorded with two prominent South African artists: Zolani Mahola and Bianca LeGrange. This song was released in New York at the Vanderbilt Hall on the day of the fashion presentation during American World Champion swimmer and I Am Water Foundation Program Director Peter Marshall's introduction speech, with part of the profits of the song and fashion sale going to the foundation.

The 2016 "I Am Water" collection was used as a way to show the skills of the Vermeulen House as it comprised four collections in one: Swimwear, Resort, Prêt-à-Couture and Couture. It was showcased at the historic and iconic Vanderbilt Hall, at New York Central Station under the umbrella of FTL Moda and in partnership with the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation as well as Global Disability Inclusion. This runway show was named one of the most exciting moments in history due to the first ever international catwalk and participation of Australian Down Syndrome Model, Madeline Stuart and the promotion of "differently abled" models; some of them, like congenital amputee model Shaholly Ayers, having since made career following the event. Hendrik again made use of the very high number of news coverage to bring light to discrimination against minorities.

Hendrik has been noted as a multifaceted designer, due to his overall vision. He uses his skills and talents across many areas and combines it into one story. His skill set ranges from design and conceptualising collections, to execution. He participates in all creative and managerial aspects of the Hendrik Vermeulen brand and labels. His keen eye for balance makes him a trusted collaborator for many film makers, singers, photographers and other artists.

As a leader in his field, Hendrik Vermeulen is often invited as guest speaker during fashion presentations or during special events such as the Africa Luxury & Wealth Summit.

## Music career

Joh Urban was born and raised in the small farming community of South Africa. Music was a family affair, with his parents and siblings partaking in musical activities for recreation. His father Johannes Urbanus Vermeulen having created a band with his siblings when he was a teenager. Joh enjoyed writing music from a young age and frequently recorded his compositions on his small handheld cassette player.

As a multifaceted artist, Joh Urban has many personas and artistic disciplines: couturier, fashion designer, photo model, composer, songwriter, music producer and singer. He believes in tireless work to perfect one's skills in order to bring artistic ideas to life. "Everyone has ideas and talent, many could become successful artists in their own right, but the true art lies in the execution of these ideas and the use of talent. This will depend on how much time you are willing to invest in learning the skills required to bring them to life". (JohUrban.com)

Joh Urban first published song called "Ndingamanzi" ('I Am Water' in Xhosa) is a collaboration with South African artists Zolani Mahola and Bianca LeGrange. The song was written with the I Am Water Foundation in mind; the foundation is an Ocean Conservation non-profit organisation based in South Africa and the U.S. (www.iamwaterfoundation.org) The song was first aired during the opening of Hendrik Vermeulen fashion show at the Vanderbilt Hall in the Grand Central Station, New York City.

The following songs have been written by Hendrik Mentz Vermeulen, sung by the artist Joh Urban and have been published by Studio3 Records for distribution on the main music platforms; such as Spotify, Apple Music, Itunes, YouTube, YouTube Music, Tidal, Amazon Music, Google Play Music, Deezer & Napster :

## InfoBox

| Hendrik Vermeulen | |
| --- | --- |
| Vermeulen in 2016 | |
| Born | Hendrik Mentz Vermeulen
(1982-04-07) 7 April 1982
Fauresmith, Free State Province, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Occupation(s) | Couturier, fashion designer, artist, singer, song writer, record producer, board member World Fashion Organisation |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Labels | * Hendrik Vermeulen (1997–present) * Simply Vermeulen (2013–present) * Studio3 Records (2015 - present) |
| Spouse | Jean-Daniel Meyer-Vermeulen (m.2012) |
| Website | www.hendrikvermeulen.com www.johurban.com |


title: Harpalus natalensis

abstract: Harpalus natalensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Boheman in 1848.

text:
# Harpalus natalensis

***Harpalus natalensis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Boheman in 1848.

## InfoBox

| *Harpalus natalensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Harpalus* |
| Species: | ***H. natalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Harpalus natalensis***<br>Boheman, 1848 | |
|


title: Hawkgirl

abstract: Hawkgirl is the name of several superheroines appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The original Hawkgirl, Shiera Sanders Hall, was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville, and first appeared in Flash Comics #1. Shayera Hol was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Joe Kubert, and first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #34. Kendra Saunders was created by writer David S. Goyer and artist Stephen Sadowski, and first appeared in JSA: Secret Files and Origins #1. One of DC's earliest super-heroines, Hawkgirl has appeared in many of the company's flagship team-up titles including Justice Society of America and Justice League of America. Several incarnations of Hawkgirl have appeared in DC Comics, most of them characterized by the use of archaic weaponry and artificial wings, attached to a harness made from the special Nth metal that allows flight. Some incarnations have real wings. Most incarnations of Hawkgirl work closely with a partner/romantic interest Hawkman. Since DC's continuity was rewritten in the 1985 series Crisis on Infinite Earths, Hawkgirl's history has become muddled with several new versions of the character appearing throughout the years, some associated with ancient Egypt and some with the fictional planet Thanagar. These versions of the character have starred in several series of various durations. Shiera Sanders Hall, Shayera Hol, and Kendra Saunders have all been adapted into various media, including direct-to-video animated films, video games, and both live-action and animated television series, featuring as a main or recurring character in the shows Justice League, Justice League Unlimited, The Flash, Arrow, Young Justice, DC Super Hero Girls and Legends of Tomorrow. In particular, Ciara Renée portrayed Saunders in the Arrowverse franchise while Isabela Merced will portray an unidentified Hawkgirl in the DC Universe (DCU) film Superman (2025).

text:
# Hawkgirl

**Hawkgirl** is the name of several superheroines appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The original Hawkgirl, **Shiera Sanders Hall**, was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville, and first appeared in *Flash Comics* #1 (January 1940). **Shayera Hol** was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Joe Kubert, and first appeared in *The Brave and the Bold* #34 (March 1961). **Kendra Saunders** was created by writer David S. Goyer and artist Stephen Sadowski, and first appeared in *JSA: Secret Files and Origins* #1 (August 1999). One of DC's earliest super-heroines, Hawkgirl has appeared in many of the company's flagship team-up titles including Justice Society of America and Justice League of America.

Several incarnations of Hawkgirl have appeared in DC Comics, most of them characterized by the use of archaic weaponry and artificial wings, attached to a harness made from the special Nth metal that allows flight. Some incarnations have real wings (DCAU "Justice League" and "Justice League Unlimited"). Most incarnations of Hawkgirl work closely with a partner/romantic interest Hawkman.

Since DC's continuity was rewritten in the 1985 series *Crisis on Infinite Earths*, Hawkgirl's history has become muddled with several new versions of the character appearing throughout the years, some associated with ancient Egypt and some with the fictional planet Thanagar. These versions of the character have starred in several series of various durations.

Shiera Sanders Hall, Shayera Hol, and Kendra Saunders have all been adapted into various media, including direct-to-video animated films, video games, and both live-action and animated television series, featuring as a main or recurring character in the shows *Justice League*, *Justice League Unlimited*, *The Flash*, *Arrow*, *Young Justice*, *DC Super Hero Girls* and *Legends of Tomorrow*. In particular, Ciara Renée portrayed Saunders in the Arrowverse franchise while Isabela Merced will portray an unidentified Hawkgirl in the DC Universe (DCU) film *Superman* (2025).

## Publication history

### Golden Age

Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville, Shiera Sanders first appeared in *Flash Comics* #1 (January 1940), in the same 12-page story in which Fox and Neville introduced Hawkman. Shiera first appears as Hawkgirl in *All Star Comics* #5 (July 1941), in a costume created by Sheldon Moldoff, based on Neville's Hawkman costume.

### Silver Age

With the fading popularity of superheroes during the late 1940s, the Hawkman feature ended in the last issue of *Flash Comics* in 1949. In 1956, DC Comics resurrected the Flash by revamping the character with a new identity and backstory. Following the success of the new Flash, DC Comics revamped Hawkman in a similar fashion with *The Brave and the Bold* #34 in 1961. The Silver Age versions of Hawkman and Hawkgirl became married Thanagarian police officers from the planet Thanagar who come to Earth to study police techniques. Silver Age Hawkgirl is introduced as Shayera Hol (phonetically identical to Shiera Hall), who appears in costume as of her first appearance. Although Silver Age Hawkman joins the Justice League in *Justice League of America* #31 in 1964, Silver Age Hawkgirl was not offered membership because Justice League rules only allowed for one new member to be admitted at a time. In 1981, Silver Age Hawkgirl changed her name to Hawkwoman in the Hawkman backup feature of *World's Finest Comics* #274.

With the establishment of DC's multiverse system, the Golden Age Hawkgirl was said to have lived on Earth-Two and the Silver Age Hawkgirl on Earth-One.

### Post-Crisis and One Year Later

Following the events of DC's miniseries, *Crisis on Infinite Earths*, the histories of Earth-One, Two, Four, S, and X were merged into one single Earth with a consistent past, present, and future. As a result, both the Golden Age and the Silver Age versions of Hawkman and Hawkgirl live on the same Earth. Shortly after *Crisis on Infinite Earths*, DC decided that having the Justice Society on the same Earth as all of the other superheroes was redundant and most of the team, including Golden Age Hawkman and Hawkgirl were given a sendoff in the *Last Days of the Justice Society* one-shot. The Justice Society were trapped in another dimension, Limbo, where they would battle for all of eternity to prevent Ragnarök from occurring on the Earth.

Initially, the Silver Age Hawkman and Hawkwoman were kept in continuity unchanged after *Crisis on Infinite Earths*. However, DC reversed this decision and rebooted Hawkman continuity after the success of the *Hawkworld* miniseries. Originally, *Hawkworld* was a miniseries set in the past that revised the origins of Hawkman and Hawkwoman, but after the series became a success, DC Comics made *Hawkworld* an ongoing series set in the present, with both heroes only recently appearing on Earth after the events in the *Invasion!* miniseries, resulting in a complete reboot of Hawkman continuity. Several continuity errors regarding Hawkman and Hawkgirl's Justice League appearances then needed to be fixed, including their appearance in the *Invasion!* miniseries. All previous appearances by the Silver Age Hawkgirl in the Justice League were explained by the Golden Age Hawkgirl taking the Silver Age Hawkgirl's place. However, Hawkwoman continued to appear in some pre-*Hawkworld* Justice League adventures during the time Golden Age Hawkgirl was trapped in Limbo. To explain this continuity error, a new Hawkwoman, Sharon Parker, was created and retconned into the Justice League during the time Golden Age Hawkgirl was in Limbo.

After the Hawkworld reboot, Hawkgirl (Hawkwoman) was now Shayera Thal and not married to Katar Hol, instead merely his police partner. In post-Hawkworld continuity, Shayera adopts the name Hawkwoman from the very beginning of her costumed career and never uses the name Hawkgirl. The Golden Age Hawkgirl is eventually returned from Limbo, but during the *Zero Hour* miniseries she is merged with Katar Hol and Golden Age Hawkman into a new persona.

A new Hawkgirl was introduced as part of the 1999 revival of the JSA monthly title. The new Hawkgirl is Kendra Saunders, granddaughter of the Golden Age Hawkgirl's cousin, Speed Saunders. Hawkgirl would continue to appear regularly in the monthly *JSA* series and later in the *Hawkman* monthly. In 2006, the ongoing *Hawkman* monthly series was retitled *Hawkgirl* starting with issue #50 as part of the "One Year Later" jump forward; Kendra replaced Hawkman as the lead character. The *Hawkgirl* comic book series was finished with issue #66.

## Fictional character biographies

### Shiera Sanders Hall

The Golden Age Hawkgirl was Shiera Sanders Hall, the reincarnation of the Egyptian princess Chay-Ara, and partner of Carter Hall, the Golden Age Hawkman.

### Shayera Hol

### Kendra Saunders

Kendra Saunders was a young Hispanic woman who took her own life. When Kendra's soul left her body, that of her grandfather's first cousin Shiera Hall, the Golden Age Hawkgirl entered it, making Kendra a walk-in. Her grandfather, former OSS agent and globe-trotting adventurer Speed Saunders, recognized this, in part due to a change in eye color, and encouraged his granddaughter to embrace her destiny as the "new" Hawkgirl.

## Powers and abilities

Hawkgirl owes her powers to a belt of Nth metal, a substance native to the planet Thanagar (once home of another pair of Hawk-heroes, Katar Hol and Hawkwoman). The metal is psycho-reactive, responding to its bearer's thoughts and in its base form has a number of electromagnetic/gravitational properties. To the Hawks, it grants the power of flight, superhuman strength, super-acute vision, and an enhanced healing/regeneration ability.

Additionally, she displays advanced hand-to-hand combat skills. Like Hawkman, she retains the knowledge of several lifetimes worth of fighting. Her preferred weapons are a spear or mace, but she has also been depicted using swords, axes, warhammers, shields, and other melee weapons. She possesses shooting skills from her times as the gunfighter, Cinnamon.

In addition, the Nth metal knife which murdered Hawkgirl in her original incarnation as Chay-Ara had an unusual effect upon her soul and that of her lover Khufu (Hawkman). The pair are locked in a seemingly endless cycle of death and rebirth throughout the centuries. While not a superhuman power per se, this propensity for reincarnation has allowed Hawkgirl to cheat death and return to active duty in her current incarnation.

Like all modern Thanagarians, Shayera Hol has a pair of wings growing from her back which allows her to fly. As a Thanagarian, she has considerable physical strength, endurance and durability. As a former member of the Thanagarian military, she had extensive training in tactics, military science, and personal combat skills. Additionally, her focus in espionage can make her a difficult opponent to track, and provides her with an advantage when tracking villains.

Hawkgirl carries a mace made of Nth metal, which can generate electric currents and repel magical energies, her mace is highly effective against magic, as shown when Hawkgirl defeated Doctor Fate, a powerful magician of the DC Universe. Hawkgirl is skilled at wielding and throwing the mace accurately. She has creatively used the mace as a shield to deflect incoming projectiles as well as a makeshift defibrillator unit.

Hawkgirl is fluent in many Earth languages, through the use of the Absorbascon. Her unique Thanagarian physiology also enables her to verbally communicate with birds.

The Nth metal also regulates the body temperature of the wearer, preventing the need for heavy protective clothing while in high altitudes. It also has the property of radiating heat, which can be controlled to warm the wearer in colder climates.

Recently, Kendra has discovered that she had enhanced healing, strength, vision and limited hover abilities when not wearing Nth metal. She speculates that this is due to her prolonged exposure to the substance. It remains to be seen if she still possesses these abilities now that she is Shiera Hall once again.

## Other versions

### *Flashpoint*

In the alternate timeline of the *Flashpoint* event, Hawkgirl joined with the Amazons' Furies. Later, Hawkgirl is seen aiding Artemis in her attempt to kill the Resistance movement member, Lois Lane. Although, Lois is rescued by Resistance member Penny Black using the smoke grenades, Penny is seriously wounded. Later, when the Furies attack Grifter and the Resistance, Hawkgirl pins Grifter down, but he pulls Hawkgirl down and then stabs her chest with a trench knife.

### *DC Bombshells*

In the *DC Bombshells* continuity set in World War II, Shiera is a technological genius and archaeologist who aids the Bombshells with her lover, Vixen. As Hawkgirl, she uses a jetpack rather than fly with wings, though when Cheetah forces her to build weapons out of ancient technology, she designs one with wings as well as a powerful mace.

Shiera grew up in an orphanage in Mexico. From a young age she had a passion for history and ancient cultures, as well as the magnificent structures that they built. She became an archaeologist and her work caught the eye of Hans Garber. He informed her of the Zambesi Amulets and the power that they possessed.

Intrigued, Shiera went to Zambesi to try to discover the secret of the amulets. There she met Queen Mari of Zambesi and the two of them fell in love. Shiera stayed in Zambesi with Mari and became her personal mechanic, building gadgets to assist Mari against her enemies.

Hawkgirl discovered her true Thanagarian origins while fighting against Baroness Paula von Gunther. After connecting herself with an ancient mechanic god it was revealed to Shiera that her parents were members of the Wingmen of Thanagar, they sought to warn the humans of the intentions of Thanagar who wished to conquer the Earth; due to their actions they were captured and murdered.

### Elseworlds

Shayera and Katar are featured in the Elseworlds three-part series *Legend of the Hawkman* (2000). The story takes place in the Earth-One timeline, some time after *The Brave and the Bold* #34. She is shown wanting to return home to Thanagar while Katar has grown accustomed to life on Earth. Although this mini-series was never labelled as an *Elseworlds* project when originally published, it is now accepted as being one, with this story clearly based on the Silver Age versions of Hawkman and Hawkgirl during the pre-*Crisis on Infinite Earths* era.

### *Legend of the Hawkman*

Hawkgirl (Shayera Hol) and Hawkman feature in this mini-series set soon after their arrival on Earth as the duo faces an ancient menace with connections to their Thanagarian heritage. In the first chapter, *"The Fallen One"*, Shayera has been anxious to return to Thanagar, but Katar feels a responsibility to the museum, especially its upcoming extraterrestrial treasure exhibit. While Katar has adopted Earth as his home Shayera doesn't feel like they belong there. In Tibet a group of archaeologists discovers a Thanagarian gateway carved into a cliff side, after being informed of this Hawkgirl and Hawkman travel to the location.

Hawkman deciphers the writing on the gateway and it depicts the life of Thasaro, a Thanagarian child so evil that he threatened the existence of Thanagar's ancient gods. The ancient gods of Aerie condemned Thasaro into a mystic urn. Shayera's ancestor was entrusted with burying the urn so no one could release Thasaro. The archeologists and Katar want to examine the gateway but Shayera insists that the gateway be left alone. Hawkman and Shayera get into a fight until Shayera flies away heartbroken because Katar cares more about archeology than her feelings. Katar's fingerprints genetically open the gateway. Shayera hears an explosion and heads back to the site. Thasaro appears and makes the stone sentries throughout his chamber come to life. The sentries attack Hawkgirl but she manages to defeat his enforcers and finds Katar within Thasaro's grip. Thasaro then summons corpses like talons that rise up from the ground and pull Hawkgirl into a cavern beneath Thasaro's chamber. The talons maim Hawkgirl, but she manages to break away. Shayera's distress in the cavern awakens the spirit of her ancestor. Shayera's ancestor channels his aura into Shayera and gives her the edge she needs to subdue Thasaro. Thasaro is banished once again into the urn. The urn is then transported to the Midway City Museum so Katar and Shayera can safeguard it. Three months later Shayera is shown wanting to start a family, in the meantime Thanagarian zealots return to Earth to free the heinous fallen god. Thasaro's return brings chaos and devastation to Midway City, but using their Nth Metal weapons Hawkgirl and Hawkman are able to subdue him, banishing him to the fiery depths of Earth's Hell.

### *JLA: The Nail* & *JLA: Another Nail*

In *JLA: The Nail* and *JLA: Another Nail*, Hawkgirl is a member of a Justice League, and remains so even after her husband's death by Amazo, although the team faces anti-alien prejudice and suspicion. She briefly contemplates abandoning Earth when anti-alien propaganda leads to a museum exhibit dedicated to Hawkman being vandalized, but when she returns to save two children from a burning building, her faith in humanity is restored when a group of civilians stand between her and government officials attempting to bring her in as an alien, the family she saved affirming that they still see Hawkman and her as heroes. In *Another Nail*, she appears to be close friends with Zatanna. She has forgiven Oliver Queen (in Amazo's body) after he admits feeling responsible for getting Katar killed, Queen believing that his attempts to prove himself caused Hawkman to put himself in danger to protect the more vulnerable Oliver. Her role as the sole Hawk with League membership is much like her animated counterpart in the *Justice League* animated series.

### *Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again*

In *Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again*, the Hawks tried to return to Thanagar to flee from Lex Luthor's military dictatorship, only to crash in the rain forests of Costa Rica. They decided to remain in hiding. They gave birth to a son and daughter, giving them natural wings. Katar and Shayera were killed in a military strike ordered by Lex Luthor, embracing each other in their final moments. The children were brought up in the jungle ever since. They were bent on revenge against Lex. As **Hawkboy**, the son ultimately kills Lex with Batman's permission, since he understands what he has been through.

### *Justice*

In Alex Ross's Silver Age-toned *Justice*, Hawkgirl is a member of the Justice League and co-director of the Midway City Museum, alongside her husband. With the entire JLA's secrets and weaknesses in hand, the Legion of Doom stages a simultaneous attack on nearly every member of the League. Hawkgirl and Hawkman are surprised by Toyman in the Midway City Museum, but manage to survive and decide to investigate his warehouse, where they are assaulted by his forces, and discover that he is making multiple Brainiac androids. She also appears in *Secret Origins* and *Liberty and Justice*.

### *Gotham City Garage*

Kendra Saunders's version of Hawkgirl is featured in *Gotham City Garage* series. She is the youngest member of a very old team. It's revealed that Kendra's parents were killed during an alien invasion, she was later rescued by the Blackhawks and trained from a young age with captain Blackhawk. She is shown using the Lady Blackhawk costume and the alias Kendra Blackhawk. She resigns from the Blackhawks to help the Gotham City Garage against Lex Luthor's attacks.

### *DC New Talents Showcase*

Hawkgirl was chosen for one of the seven features in the one-shot comic book. She lives in Chicago, working as a police detective. She is from Thanagar, her mace vibrates like a smartphone when Nth-Metal Thanagarian weapons are near and she has a secret Hawkroom. It is revealed that she did not leave Thanagar on good terms. After some time collecting Thanagarian weapons from crime scenes, she started suspecting something was wrong. This led to her fighting against an ancient Thanagarian that wanted her dead since she chose humans instead of Thanagarians.

Erica Schultz, said she was inspired by the DC Animated Universe version of the character: "I've always been drawn to strong characters, but what really solidified my love for Shayera was the *Justice League* cartoon show."

### *Scooby-Doo Team-Up* #17

During a crossover with the cast of *Scooby-Doo*, the Silver Age version of Hawkgirl is featured alongside Hawkman in the Midway City Museum, working as curators. The heroes team-up with the characters from the animated series to discover who stole from their workplace. Later they uncover that Shadow Thief, Matter Master and Fadeaway Man were behind it. After a fight against the villains the heroes retrieve the stolen items.

### *Bombshells: United*

Hawkgirl appears as Shiera Hall in the continuation series to *DC Comics Bombshells*, *Bombshells: United* set in the United States in 1943. Shiera is shown in Green Light alongside her lover, Green Light. Hawkgirl is later featured fighting against the Apokolips invasion on Earth.

## In other media

### Television

#### Animation

#### Live-action

### Film

### Video games

### Miscellaneous

## Reception

IGN's list of the "Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics" ranked Hawkgirl as #22. She was ranked 80th in Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.

## InfoBox

| Hawkgirl | |
| --- | --- |
| Hawkgirl (Shayera Thal / Shiera Hall) as depicted in *Sensation Comics* vol. 2 #1 (March 1999). Art by Dave Johnson and Lee Loughridge. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | DC Comics |
| First appearance | **(Hall)**<br>*Flash Comics* #1 (January 1940)<br>**(Hall as Hawkgirl)<br>** *All Star Comics* #5 (June 1941)<br>**(Hol)**<br>*The Brave and the Bold* #34 (March 1961)<br>**(Saunders)**<br>*JSA: Secret Files* #1 (August 1999) |
| Created by | **(Hall)**<br>Gardner Fox<br>Dennis Neville<br>Sheldon Moldoff<br>**(Saunders)**<br>James Robinson<br>David Goyer<br>**(Hol)**<br>Gardner Fox<br>Joe Kubert |
| In-story information | |
| Full name | Shiera Sanders Hall<br>Shayera Hol<br>Kendra Saunders |
| Team affiliations | **(Hall, Sanders)**<br>Justice Society of America<br>**(Hall)**<br>All-Star Squadron<br>Justice League<br>**(Saunders)**<br>Justice League<br>Justice Society of America<br>Birds of Prey<br>Black Lantern Corps<br>Blackhawks<br>Legends<br>**(Hol)**<br>Justice League |
| Partnerships | Hawkman (various)<br>John Stewart<br> |
| Notable aliases | **(Hol)**<br>Shiera Hall<br>Hawkwoman<br>**(Saunders)**<br>Lady Blackhawk |
| Abilities | * Flight via Nth metal feathered wings * Reincarnation via Nth metal knife * Superhuman hearing, vision, strength, senses, durability, and stamina * Healing factor * Highly skilled armed and unarmed combatant * Ability to communicate with birds * Utilizes Nth metal gravity-defying belt and archaic weaponry * Temperature regulation * Immortality granted through reincarnation process * Multilingualism |


title: Le Petit Vingtième

abstract: Le Petit Vingtième was the weekly youth supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle from 1928 to 1940. The comics series The Adventures of Tintin first appeared in its pages.

text:
# Le Petit Vingtième

***Le Petit Vingtième*** (French: \[ pti vɛ̃tjɛm\], *The Little Twentieth*) was the weekly youth supplement to the Belgian newspaper *Le Vingtième Siècle* ("The Twentieth Century") from 1928 to 1940. The comics series *The Adventures of Tintin* first appeared in its pages.

## History

*Le Vingtième Siècle* was a Catholic and conservative newspaper published in Brussels, led by abbot Norbert Wallez. In 1925, 18-year-old Hergé (Georges Prosper Remi), the creator of Tintin, worked there, first as a clerk and, after he fulfilled his military service, as an illustrator for the main pages and for some supplements like the weekly arts pages and the women's section.

In 1928, the abbot decided to start a weekly 8-page youth supplement, appearing every Thursday. He called it *Le Petit Vingtième* (*The Little Twentieth*). Hergé was named editor-in-chief. In the first issue, appearing on 1 November 1928, he illustrated a short comic made by Desmedt, the sports editor of the newspaper called *Les Aventures de Flup, Nénesse, Poussette et Cochonnet*. Sensing that this comic lacked spirit and was rather old-fashioned compared to the current American comics and to the works of Alain Saint-Ogan, Hergé started working on his own comic. In 1927 he met Germaine Kieckens, the secretary of the abbot at the newspaper. They were engaged in 1932 and married on 20 July the same year.

On 10 January 1929, in issue 11, *Tintin in the Land of the Soviets* began. Every issue featured two pages of the story, and Hergé often made covers for the supplement depicting Tintin as well. A year later, on 23 January 1930, the supplement increased from eight to 16 pages, and the first page of *Quick & Flupke*, a new gag strip, appeared in the magazine. 310 gags would appear before the paper folded.

The supplement, especially the comics, was an overwhelming success, with circulation of the publication quadrupling on Thursdays. At the end of each of the first three stories of *The Adventures of Tintin*, an actual reception of the comic hero (played by an actor) at the station in Brussels was organized, with thousands of people attending. The first of these was attended by Zita of Bourbon-Parma, the former empress of Austria, and her children.

In the meantime the first assistants to Hergé were hired to help him fill the supplement and to do minor work on *Tintin* and *Quick & Flupke*: Eugène Van Nijverseel, better known as Evany, and Paul Jamin (also signing as Jam).

To capitalize on the success, a new publishing house was started, *Les éditions du Petit Vingtième*. It published the first three books of *Tintin* and the first two of *Quick & Flupke* before folding and passing the rights in 1934 to Casterman, which was better suited to cope with the international success of Tintin (which by then also appeared in France and Switzerland). Both the newspaper comics and the album publications were in black and white, although the covers to the supplement, which were also often made by Hergé, used a supporting colour.

Between 8 February and 16 August 1934, Hergé also published the more juvenile story *Les aventures de Popol et Virginie chez les Lapinos* (translated as *Popol out west*). This story was only first published as an album (in French) in 1952 though.

In February 1940, an attempt was made to launch *De Bengel*, a Dutch translation of *Le Petit Vingtième*. This magazine marked the first appearance of Tintin in Dutch. The magazine seems to have never been distributed though, and only one copy is known to exist. In the 2011 film, *The Adventures of Tintin*, *Le Petit Vingtième* makes an appearance with its French title, but with a front page in English and the Dutch words *redactie en beheer* ("editorial board and management") visible in the banner.

The publication of *Tintin* and *Quick & Flupke* continued in the newspaper supplement until the German occupation of Belgium in May 1940.

## Tintin publications

## Quick & Flupke publications

Between 1930 and 1940, some 310 gags of Quick & Flupke appeared in 'Le Petit Vingtième, all in black and white. They regularly appeared on the cover of the supplement as well. Two albums were published by the Editions du Petit Vingtième. Most of the other gags appeared later at Casterman.

### Bibliography

* Goddin, Philippe (2008). *Hergé. Levenslijnen. Biografie* (in Dutch). Moulinsart. ISBN 978-2-87424-171-0.
* de Grand Ry, Michel; Nizette, André; Lechat, Jean-Louis (1986). "Hergé". *Le livre d'or de la bande dessinée*. Brussels: Centre de la bande dessinée Belge.


title: Grand Burgher

abstract: Grand Burgher [male] or Grand Burgheress [female] is a specific conferred or inherited title of medieval German origin and legally defined preeminent status granting exclusive constitutional privileges and legal rights. Grand Burghers were magnates and subordinate only to the Emperor, independent of feudalism and territorial nobility or lords paramount. A member class within the patrician ruling elite, the Grand Burgher was a type of urban citizen and social order of highest rank. They existed as a formally defined upper social class, made up of affluent individuals and elite burgher families in medieval German-speaking city-states and towns under the Holy Roman Empire. They usually came from a wealthy business or significant mercantile background and estate. This hereditary title was privy to very few individuals and families across Central Europe. The title formally existed well into the late 19th century and early part of the 20th century. In some instances, the Grand Burghers (Großbürger) or patricians ("Patrizier") constituted the ruling class. This was true in autonomous German-speaking cities and towns of Central Europe that held a municipal charter, town privileges. Grand Burghers also existed as a ruling class in free imperial cities that held imperial immediacy, or where nobility had no power of authority or supremacy.

text:
# Grand Burgher

**Grand Burgher** \[male\] or **Grand Burgheress** \[female\] (from German: **Großbürger** \[male\], **Großbürgerin** \[female\]) is a specific conferred or inherited title of medieval German origin and legally defined preeminent status granting exclusive constitutional privileges and legal rights (German: *Großbürgerrecht*). Grand Burghers were magnates and subordinate only to the Emperor, independent of feudalism and territorial nobility or lords paramount.

A member class within the patrician ruling elite, the Grand Burgher was a type of urban citizen and social order of highest rank. They existed as a formally defined *upper* social class, made up of affluent individuals and elite *burgher* families in medieval German-speaking city-states and towns under the Holy Roman Empire. They usually came from a wealthy business or significant mercantile background and estate. This hereditary title (and influential constitutional status) was privy to very few individuals and families across Central Europe. The title formally existed well into the late 19th century and early part of the 20th century.

In some instances, the Grand Burghers (Großbürger) or patricians ("Patrizier") constituted the ruling class. This was true in autonomous German-speaking cities and towns of Central Europe that held a municipal charter, town privileges (German town law). Grand Burghers also existed as a ruling class in free imperial cities (such as Hamburg, Augsburg, Cologne, and Bern) that held imperial immediacy, or where nobility had no power of authority or supremacy.

## Hierarchy

Since before the 15th century the group of legally coequal "burghers" started to split into three different groups: hereditary grand-burghers, ordinary burghers termed petty-burghers (German *Kleinbürger* or simply *Bürger*) made up largely of artisans, tradesman, business owners, merchants, shopkeepers and others who were obliged according to city or town constitution to acquire the ordinary petty-burghership, and non-burghers, the latter being merely "inhabitants" or otherwise resident aliens without specific legal rights in the territorial jurisdiction of a city or town and largely consisted of the working class, foreign or migrant workers and other civil employees who were neither able nor eligible to acquire the ordinary petty-burghership.

Burghership in general gave a person the right to exist in the territorial jurisdiction of the city-state or town of burghership, be an active member of its society, acquire real estate, pursue their specified economic activity or occupation, access social protection and participate in municipal affaires amongst many other exclusive constitutional rights, privileges, exemptions and immunities, especially that of the "grand" burghership (German: *Großbürgerschaft*).

Grand Burghers held rich historical and cultural roles created and expanded over the decades, including union with other families of the same eminent status and branches of nobility, Grand Burghers were often of such extraordinary wealth and significant economic importance that they far exceeded the wealth and influence of even the most highest-ranking members of nobility, the latter often sought inter-marriage with elite grand-burgher families to maintain their noble lifestyles. The names of the individuals and families is generally known in the city or town where they lived, and in many cases, their ancestors had contributed to regional history. The conferred grand-burghership was in most instances hereditary in both their male and female family descendants, and a hereditary title or rank stated as the person's occupation in records.

In Hamburg for example only the Grand Burghers were privileged to full unrestricted freedom of large-scale trade, including unrestricted foreign import and export trade, were allowed to entertain a bank account, as well as be elected to the Senate of Hamburg, amongst other privileges.

## Confer of burghership

As with the administration expense for conferring letters patent to nobility, both types of burghership were also subject to expenses. The burghership expense in Hamburg in year 1600 was 50 Reichstaler for the *grand* and 7 Reichstaler for the *petty* burghership, in 1833 the initial expense for receiving *grand* burghership in Hamburg was 758 Mark 8 Schilling (Hamburg Mark); that of the *petty* burghership, 46 Mk 8 Sh. Other ways to become a Grand Burgher were to marry a grand burgher or, subject to meeting constitutional conditions, the daughter of a grand burgher born in the city or town. These rules varied locally.

## German Revolution of 1918–19

Following the German Revolution of 1918–19, the German "Großbürger" along with German nobility as a legally defined class was abolished on August 11, 1919, with the promulgation of the Weimar Constitution, under which all Germans were made equal before the law, and the legal rights and privileges due to the Großbürger (Grand Burgher) and all ranks of nobility ceased. Any title, however, held prior to the Weimar Constitution, were permitted to continue merely as part of the family name and heritage, or erased from future name use. The Grand Burghers would nevertheless continue to retain their powerful economic significance, political authority and influence, as well as their personal status and importance in society, beyond the Weimar Constitution.

## Other states, other developments

It seems that this medieval German concept has been taken over by other countries and cities. In Hamburg, hereditary *grand* and ordinary *petty* burghership were existing before 1600, and in like manner, France. In 1657 the Dutch council of New Netherland for example established criteria for the rights of *burghers* in New Amsterdam (present day New York City), distinguishing between "great" and "petty" burgher rights following the distinction made in this regard in Amsterdam 1652. In New Amsterdam during the mid-1600s, the ordinary petty-burghership was conferred at the administration expense of 20 Dutch florins, the hereditary great-burghership 50 fl. 1664 the concept was assumed by Beverwijck (present day Albany).

## Further reading

* *Lehrbuch des teutschen Privatrechts; Landrecht und Lehnrecht enthaltend. Vom Geheimen Rath Schmalz zu Berlin.* Theodor von Schmalz, Berlin, 1818, bei Duncker und Humblot. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in München. (English: *Textbook of German Private Law; containing State Law and Feudal Law. By Privy Counsellor Schmalz of Berlin.* Theodor von Schmalz, Berlin, 1818, Duncker and Humblot.), in German, Bavarian State Library in Munich.


title: Fremont Bridge (Seattle)

abstract: The Fremont Bridge is a double-leaf bascule bridge that spans the Fremont Cut in Seattle, Washington. The bridge, which connects Fremont Avenue North and 4th Avenue North, connects the neighborhoods of Fremont and Queen Anne. The Fremont Bridge was opened on Friday June 15, 1917, at a cost of $410,000. The first traffic over the bridge was to "owl cars", the last run of the trolleys, and then after 5am the same day to all other traffic. The Lake Washington Ship Canal was dedicated on July 4, 1917, which has caused confusion about the opening date, for this bridge crosses the canal. The Fremont Bridge is the first of four city bascules to cross the canal, the others being Ballard Bridge (1917), University Bridge (1919), and Montlake Bridge (1925). The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and is also a designated city landmark, ID #110347.In its early years, before the construction of the nearby Aurora Bridge in 1932, the Fremont Bridge had the most vehicle traffic of any bascule bridge in the United States. In another respect, it remains among the busiest even today: due to its low vessel clearance of 30 feet (9.1 m), the Fremont Bridge opens an average of 35 times a day, which makes it the most frequently opened drawbridge in the United States and one of the busiest bascule bridges in the world. Federal law gives marine traffic the right-of-way over vehicular traffic; however, the Fremont Bridge is closed to most water traffic during rush hours. The Fremont Bridge was originally painted a dull green. In 1972, the Fremont Improvement Committee picked a new color, Fremont Orange, and residents approved the change. The bridge's blue and orange color was chosen by voters at a 1985 street fair. In 2006, the Fremont Bridge underwent a $41.9 million restoration project to replace the approaches and maintenance shop, as well as renovation of the mechanical and electrical systems that operate the bascule. The approaches were completed in May 2007 and testing lasted through the Spring of 2008. In 2014 the city began repainting the bridge. The bridge received a permanent art installation in February 2018 as part of an artist residency program coinciding with the centennial of the bridge and two of the ship canal's other bascule bridges. The Fremont Bridge was outfitted with what is to be the first of three dynamic lighting designs. The Ballard Bridge and University Bridge will also receive installations assuming funding can be secured. A bicycle counter was installed in 2012. It was the first of twelve counters in the city, as of 2018. Bike traffic reached 1.12 million rides in 2019, a 13% increase from the year before.

text:
# Fremont Bridge (Seattle)

The **Fremont Bridge** is a double-leaf bascule bridge that spans the Fremont Cut in Seattle, Washington. The bridge, which connects Fremont Avenue North and 4th Avenue North, connects the neighborhoods of Fremont and Queen Anne.

The Fremont Bridge was opened on Friday June 15, 1917, at a cost of $410,000. The first traffic over the bridge was to "owl cars", the last run of the trolleys, and then after 5am the same day to all other traffic. The Lake Washington Ship Canal was dedicated on July 4, 1917, which has caused confusion about the opening date, for this bridge crosses the canal.

The Fremont Bridge is the first of four city bascules to cross the canal, the others being Ballard Bridge (1917), University Bridge (1919), and Montlake Bridge (1925). The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and is also a designated city landmark, ID #110347.

In its early years, before the construction of the nearby Aurora Bridge in 1932, the Fremont Bridge had the most vehicle traffic of any bascule bridge in the United States. In another respect, it remains among the busiest even today: due to its low vessel clearance of 30 feet (9.1 m), the Fremont Bridge opens an average of 35 times a day, which makes it the most frequently opened drawbridge in the United States and one of the busiest bascule bridges in the world. Federal law gives marine traffic the right-of-way over vehicular traffic; however, the Fremont Bridge is closed to most water traffic during rush hours.

The Fremont Bridge was originally painted a dull green. In 1972, the Fremont Improvement Committee picked a new color, Fremont Orange, and residents approved the change. The bridge's blue and orange color was chosen by voters at a 1985 street fair.

In 2006, the Fremont Bridge underwent a $41.9 million restoration project to replace the approaches and maintenance shop, as well as renovation of the mechanical and electrical systems that operate the bascule. The approaches were completed in May 2007 and testing lasted through the Spring of 2008. In 2014 the city began repainting the bridge.

The bridge received a permanent art installation in February 2018 as part of an artist residency program coinciding with the centennial of the bridge and two of the ship canal's other bascule bridges. The Fremont Bridge was outfitted with what is to be the first of three dynamic lighting designs. The Ballard Bridge and University Bridge will also receive installations assuming funding can be secured.

A bicycle counter was installed in 2012. It was the first of twelve counters in the city, as of 2018. Bike traffic reached 1.12 million rides in 2019, a 13% increase from the year before.

## Earlier bridges

The present bridge is actually the third bridge at this location. A low trestle bridge was built in 1890 or 1891. In 1911, in anticipation of the construction of the Ship Canal, it was replaced by a higher trestle bridge. While that bridge was always intended as temporary, it proved even more so than planned, because early in the afternoon of March 12, 1914, the Fremont dam, which controlled the level of Lake Union, gave way. Over the course of a day, the lake level lowered by nine feet, stranding vessels and floating homes, and rupturing the central portion of the second Fremont bridge. The Stone Avenue Bridge, which included a streetcar trestle from Westlake Avenue to Stone Way, remained intact. Streetcar traffic that had used the Fremont Bridge was rerouted over that trestle until the completion of the present-day bridge.

### Archives

## InfoBox

| Fremont Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| The Fremont Bridge from the George Washington Memorial Bridge | |
| Coordinates | 47°38′51″N 122°21′00″W / 47.6475°N 122.35°W / 47.6475; -122.35 |
| Carries | Fremont Avenue N |
| Crosses | Fremont Cut |
| Locale | Seattle, Washington |
| Maintained by | Seattle Department of Transportation |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | bascule |
| Total length | 502 feet (153 m) |
| Longest span | 242 feet (74 m) |
| Clearance below | 30 feet (9.1 m) |
| History | |
| Opened | June 15, 1917 |
|  | |
| Seattle Landmark | |
| Designated | December 28, 1981 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Fremont Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Location | Spans Lake Washington Ship Canal, Seattle, Washington |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1917 (1917) |
| Engineer | Arthur H. Dimock |
| MPS | Historic Bridges/Tunnels in Washington State TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 82004234 |
| Added to NRHP | July 16, 1982 |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Ward Cheney

abstract: Ward Cheney was a pioneer manufacturer of silk fabrics.

text:
# Ward Cheney

**Ward Cheney** (23 February 1813 Manchester, Connecticut \- 22 March 1876) was a pioneer manufacturer of silk fabrics.

## Biography

Cheney was principal founder of the house of Cheney Brothers and was most active in its business management. He entered the dry goods business in Providence, Rhode Island, with his brother Charles. When Charles moved to Ohio, Ward returned to South Manchester and found several brothers raising a Chinese mulberry, *Morus multicaulis*. The success of the experiments led him and brothers Frank and Rush to start a silk culturing operation in Burlington, New Jersey. In 1838 he and his brothers Ralph, Rush and Frank established the manufacturing firm of Cheney Brothers in South Manchester.

They had many obstacles with which to contend. The factory was suspended after three or four years, but was revived in 1841. The business was finally organized as a joint-stock company, retaining the firm name, and Ward became president of the corporation. The brothers steadily built an extensive business, with mills at South Manchester and Hartford, employing 2,500 people. The materials they produced were considered equal to the best made in Europe, and found a special demand for use in sewing machines on account of their strength, uniformity of twist, and fine finish. They afterward made great progress in weaving silk goods with power-looms and made printed as well as plain-dyed fabrics.

On their father's farm, the brothers established the model manufacturing village of South Manchester, with cottage homes, and a spacious and architecturally elegant hall and theatre where dramatic and other entertainments were given gratis, and religious exercises were held on Sundays. It also had a school, a library and reading room, boarding houses, and pleasure grounds. The brothers had their homes there too, and their relations with their workmen afforded a rare instance of cordiality and affection. From time to time, skilled operatives were brought over from England to settle in South Manchester.

Cheney was known in business circles as generous and progressive, and frequently aided young men beginning mercantile life. He was president of the Silk Association of America.

## Family

Cheney's brother Seth Wells Cheney was an artist, married to writer Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney. His brother John Cheney, a portrait engraver, was praised by curator S. R. Koehler at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, although interest in line engraving was in decline at that time.

Ward's brothers who joined him at Cheney Brothers were:

**Charles Cheney** (26 December 1803 - 20 June 1874) went to Tolland, Connecticut as a clerk when he was about fourteen years old, and before he was of age engaged in mercantile business on his own account in Providence. In 1834, he moved to Ohio and established himself as a farmer at Mount Healthy, near Cincinnati, Ohio, where he remained eleven years, during which period he became interested in the anti-slavery movement. In 1847 he joined his brothers at Cheney Brothers in South Manchester. He spent a considerable portion of his time in Hartford, where they had also extensive manufactories. He served in the legislature for one or two terms and was distinguished for his public spirit and generous charities.

**Ralph Cheney** (13 January 1806 - 16 September 1869) As well as joining his brothers in the silk enterprise, he was fond of agricultural pursuits and devoted most of his life to farming.

**Rush Cheney** (25 April 1815 - 7 June 1882) He possessed inventive talent and capability in the application of mechanical principles to manufacturing; and thus contributed a very important element to the building up of the manufacture of silk fabric, in which he was engaged most of his life.

**Frank Cheney** (born 5 July 1817) A natural mechanic, he joined with his brother Rush in the invention and construction of machinery which made the family business successful.

Sons of the brothers who joined the enterprise were **Frank Woodbridge** and **Arthur**:

**Frank Woodbridge Cheney** (born 5 June 1832) was a son of Charles. After graduation at Brown University in 1854, he joined the Cheney Brothers operations at Hartford. He volunteered for the Civil War in 1862 and became lieutenant colonel of the 16th Connecticut Volunteers. The regiment went to the front on 29 August, 1,010 strong but undisciplined and almost wholly ignorant of drill. The Confederates were beginning the invasion of Maryland that ended in repulse at Antietam, and all available troops were hurried forward to meet them irrespective of experience as soldiers. On 12 September, Frank Cheney led his regiment of recruits in a skirmish that proved preliminary to the battle of Antietam, in which engagement he was severely wounded, late in the afternoon, while endeavoring to rally his men, who, never having had a battalion drill, had been thrown into disorder by the enemy's fire. Cheney's wound proved so serious that he was obliged to retire from the service on 24 December 1862. In 1863, Frank married Mary Bushnell, daughter of Horace Bushnell. They had 12 children. Frank traveled in Europe, China, and Japan, studying the silk industries of those countries, and joined Cheney Brothers as its treasurer. His eldest son Horace B. Cheney followed in his footsteps.

**Arthur Cheney** (14 January 1837 - December 1878) was the youngest of Ward's three children. He interested himself in the drama and built the Globe Theatre, Boston, originally called Selwyn's Theatre. It was managed with varying success by Selwyn, Floyd, and others, and, when it was burned, was rebuilt by Arthur and carried on at a loss.

In addition to Arthur, Ward Cheney also had two other children, Louis and Alice.


title: Platyptilia peyrierasi

abstract: Platyptilia peyrierasi is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Madagascar.

text:
# Platyptilia peyrierasi

***Platyptilia peyrierasi*** is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Platyptilia peyrierasi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Platyptilia* |
| Species: | ***P. peyrierasi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Platyptilia peyrierasi***<br>Gibeaux, 1994 | |
|


title: Harpalus nevadensis

abstract: Harpalus nevadensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by K. Daniel & J. Daniel in 1898.

text:
# Harpalus nevadensis

***Harpalus nevadensis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by K. Daniel & J. Daniel in 1898.

## InfoBox

| *Harpalus nevadensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Harpalus* |
| Species: | ***H. nevadensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Harpalus nevadensis***<br>K. Daniel & J. Daniel, 1898 | |
|


title: Natural regions of Chile

abstract: Because Chile extends from a point about 625 kilometers north of the Tropic of Capricorn to a point hardly more than 1,400 kilometers north of the Antarctic Circle, within its territory can be found a broad selection of the Earth's climates. In 1950, CORFO defined, following criteria of geographic and economic homogeneity, six regions in continental Chile: Norte Grande, Norte Chico, Núcleo Central, Concepción y La Frontera, Los Lagos and Los Canales. Although this territorial division was never used to define administrative entities, the natural regions continue to be used for reference purposes.

text:
# Natural regions of Chile

Because Chile extends from a point about 625 kilometers north of the Tropic of Capricorn to a point hardly more than 1,400 kilometers north of the Antarctic Circle, within its territory can be found a broad selection of the Earth's climates.

In 1950, CORFO defined, following criteria of geographic and economic homogeneity, six regions in continental Chile: *Norte Grande*, *Norte Chico*, *Núcleo Central*, *Concepción y La Frontera*, *Los Lagos* and *Los Canales*.

Although this territorial division was never used to define administrative entities (as the current Regions of Chile), the natural regions continue to be used for reference purposes.

## Overview

These natural regions are ordered from north to south and reduced to five natural regions:

the Pacific, its own distinct topography.

| Natural Regions | Regions of Chile | Characteristics |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Norte Grande (*Far North*) | Arica & Parinacota Region | Desert climate with areas of extreme aridity. Coastal cliffs, high coast range, intermediate depression and Andes. Plateaus in the Andes. Salt flats, copper and saltpeter deposits in the interior. Puna grassland with summer precipitation in the eastern fringes. |
| | Tarapacá Region | |
| | Antofagasta Region | |
| | North Atacama Region | |
| Copiapó River (27° S) | | |
| Norte Chico (*Near North*) | South Atacama Region | Semi-arid climate. Coast range and Andes merge, transversal east-west valleys instead of intermediate depression. Agriculture limited to narrow valley bottoms. Periodic flowering in parts of the desert. No volcanism. Important gold, copper and iron deposits. |
| | Coquimbo Region | |
| | North Valparaíso Region | |
| Aconcagua River (33° S) | | |
| Zona Central (*Central Chile*) | South Valparaíso Region | Mediterranean climate and Matorral vegetation. The Andes is massive and high. Coast range and Andes lose height as they separate from each other to the south, fertile intermediate depression. Summer runoff of large rivers is heavily dependent on glacier and snowmelt. |
| | Santiago Metropolitan Region | |
| | O'Higgins Region | |
| | Maule Region | |
| | Ñuble Region | |
| | North Bío-Bío Region | |
| Bío-Bío River (37° S) | | |
| Zona Sur (*Southern Zone*) | South Bío-Bío Region | Temperate oceanic climate and Valdivian vegetation. Coast range and Andes are low, intermediate depression near sea level. Lakes of glacial origin, intensive volcanic and geothermal activity. |
| | Araucanía Region | |
| | Los Ríos Region | |
| | North Los Lagos Region | |
| Chacao Channel (42° S) | | |
| Zona Austral (*Austral Zone*) | South Los Lagos Region | Subpolar oceanic climate in the west and steppe climate in the east. Magellanic forest and Magellanic moorland vegetation in the west, grasslands in the east. Glacial landscape; Coast range consists of islands, intermediate depression absent or under sea level. Fjords and ice fields in the Andes. |
| | Aisén Region | |
| | Magallanes Region | |

## Norte Grande

Most of the region is covered by the Atacama Desert and has a dry arid climate. The coast range has peaks over 2000 m and ends in cliffs in the coast. There are large salt flats in the Intermediate depression and the Andes. Norte Grande has Chile's highest mountains including Ojos del Salado (6,891 m) but host also the Altiplano and puna high plateaus.

## Norte Chico

The region has semi-arid climate, characterized by the transition from the Atacama Desert to the Mediterranean Matorral vegetation. The coast range and the Andes merges in this zone leaving no space for the Intermediate depression which is "replaced" by several transversal (east-west) valleys. The lack of an intermediate depression and absence of volcanic activity are believed to be the result of the flat-slab subduction of the Juan Fernández Ridge.

## Zona Central

Mediterranean climate, vegetation of the Chilean Matorral. The Intermediate Depression of central Chile extends from Santiago to the south as a fertile region and is considered the agricultural heartland of Chile. After the Destruction of Seven Cities (1598–1604), all major settlements within the colonial Captaincy General of Chile came to be confined in central Chile, excepting only La Serena and the Chiloé Archipelago.

## Zona Sur

Temperate oceanic climate, vegetation of Valdivian temperate rain forests. The coast range is lower than further north with no peak over 1,500 m. The Intermediate depression is close to sea level. There are features from the last glacial maximum in the Andes and the Intermediate depression such as moraines and glacial lakes. Intensive volcanism in the Andes in form of volcanoes and hot springs.

## Zona Austral

Covers all of Chilean Patagonia, and the Chiloé Archipelago. Zona austral has a subpolar oceanic climate and a vegetation of Magellanic subpolar forests in the west and Patagonian grasslands in the east. The former Patagonian Ice Sheet have eroded the coast range so that it now of islands and is not present south of Taitao Peninsula. The Intermediate depression is under the sea level. Fjords penetrate the Andes where there are also two ice sheets and several glacial lakes.


title: Le Peuchapatte

abstract: Le Peuchapatte is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the formerly independent municipality of Le Peuchapatte merged into the municipality of Muriaux.

text:
# Le Peuchapatte

**Le Peuchapatte** is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the formerly independent municipality of Le Peuchapatte merged into the municipality of Muriaux.

## InfoBox

| Le Peuchapatte | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Le Peuchapatte | |
| Le PeuchapatteLe Peuchapatte | |
| Coordinates: 47°12′N 06°58′E / 47.200°N 6.967°E / 47.200; 6.967 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Jura |
| District | Franches-Montagnes |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.57 km2 (0.99 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,131 m (3,711 ft) |
| Population (2003) | |
| Total | 40 |
| Density | 16/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 2345 |
| SFOS number | 523 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-JU |
| Surrounded by | Le Noirmont, Les Breuleux, Muriaux |
| Website |
SFSO statistics |


title: Grand Bénare

abstract:
The Grand Bénare is a volcanic peak on the island of Réunion, located in the western part of the island, overlooking the "Cirque de Mafate" and "Cirque de Cilaos".
It is the third highest peak on the island, after the Piton des Neiges and the Gros Morne. It is most often accessed by hike from the Maido in the heights of Saint Paul.

text:
# Grand Bénare

The **Grand Bénare** is a volcanic peak on the island of Réunion, located in the western part of the island, overlooking the "Cirque de Mafate" and "Cirque de Cilaos". It is the third highest peak on the island, after the Piton des Neiges and the Gros Morne.

It is most often accessed by hike from the Maido in the heights of Saint Paul.

## InfoBox

| Grand Bénare | |
| --- | --- |
| Grand Bénare seen from Mafate with the hamlet of Marla in the foreground | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,898 m (9,508 ft) |
| Coordinates | 21°06′58″S 55°25′22″E / 21.11611°S 55.42278°E / -21.11611; 55.42278 |
| Naming | |
| Language of name | French |
| Geography | |
| Grand BénareRéunion, Indian Ocean | |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | From Maïdo |