abstract: To improve motorcycle safety, many countries mandate the wearing of personal protective equipment such as protective clothing and helmets. Protective clothing may include certain types of jackets, gloves, boots, and pants. Jackets meant for motorcyclists are typically made of leather or specialized man-made fabrics like cordura or Kevlar. These jackets typically include padding on the elbow, spine, and shoulder regions. This was once quite bulky, but modern technology and materials have made it unobtrusive. Gloves are generally made of leather or Kevlar and some include carbon fiber knuckle protection. Boots, especially those for sport riding, include reinforcement and plastic caps on the ankle and toe areas. Pants are usually leather, cordura, or Kevlar. Except for helmets, none of these items are required by law in any state in the USA, or in any part of the UK but are recommended by many of those who ride. "Off road" riders wear a range of plastic armour to protect against injury from falling off, hitting other riders and bikes, debris kicked up from the rear wheel of leading bikes, and from running into track barriers protecting the public. This armour protects the extremities from breakage and dislocation and the back and chest from strain and broken bones. Although fairly efficient, it is of course not always completely effective. Many riders wear "roost protectors" designed specifically to protect against painful debris from other bikes, but are of no use in a fall or collision.

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# Motorcycle personal protective equipment

To improve motorcycle safety, many countries mandate the wearing of **personal protective equipment** such as protective clothing and helmets. Protective clothing may include certain types of jackets, gloves, boots, and pants. Jackets meant for motorcyclists are typically made of leather or specialized man-made fabrics like cordura or Kevlar. These jackets typically include padding on the elbow, spine, and shoulder regions. This was once quite bulky, but modern technology and materials have made it unobtrusive. Gloves are generally made of leather or Kevlar and some include carbon fiber knuckle protection. Boots, especially those for sport riding, include reinforcement and plastic caps on the ankle and toe areas. Pants are usually leather, cordura, or Kevlar. Except for helmets, none of these items are required by law in any state in the USA, or in any part of the UK but are recommended by many of those who ride.

"Off road" riders wear a range of plastic armour to protect against injury from falling off, hitting other riders and bikes, debris kicked up from the rear wheel of leading bikes, and from running into track barriers protecting the public. This armour protects the extremities from breakage and dislocation and the back and chest from strain and broken bones. Although fairly efficient, it is of course not always completely effective. Many riders wear "roost protectors" designed specifically to protect against painful debris from other bikes, but are of no use in a fall or collision.

## Clothing

### Historical development

Originally, motorcycle leathers were adapted from tank corps gear immediately following World War I. Duster coats, which tended to catch in the wheels, were switched for short coats. Wide-pegged breeches were worn by some motorcycle police and by dispatch riders in World War II. The classic American Perfecto motorcycle jacket with epaulets and diagonal zipper, made famous by Marlon Brando in *The Wild One,* (1954) was invented in 1928 by Irving Schott, of Schott NYC in New York City. Leather chaps, adapted from cowboy gear, were used by American bikers starting in the early 1960s.

The one-piece racing leather suit, usually referred to as 'racing leathers', was first used by world champion motorcycle racer Geoff Duke in the 1950s. Duke had the suit made for the purposes of streamlining, not safety, and like the majority of the leathers used at the time, was made from horsehide.

In 1994, the first leathers to achieve the European Standard for motorcycle clothing (EN 13595) were made by BKS (Made-to-Measure) Ltd and then Hideout Leather Ltd. These two companies went on to become the main suppliers of motorcycle clothing to the British police and emergency services (as well as supplying professional racers and ordinary civilians).

In the European Union and UK, motorcycle garments must have armour on the inside at major impact regions such as shoulders, elbows, hips (with the exception of Class A or B) and knees. Optional protection may be present at the back, chest and lumbar. The European Standards for these protectors are EN 1621-1:2012, EN 1621-2:2014 and EN 1621-3:2018. Motorcycle armor was originally made from high density foam or foam backed hard polymers for impact absorption, and designed to prevent or reduce injury by spreading and dampening impact and shear strains to the wearer. However, viscoelastic materials are increasingly being used because they combine being soft to wear with significant impact absorption. In Europe, by law, armor has to have a CE mark. CE-marked armor comes in two levels, with Level 2 providing greater protection.

Also, some motorcycle jackets use an airbag system. It deploys in the event of an accident, inflating to protect the rider's neck, torso, and lower back (see also Airbag and Air bag vest). Airbag protection has been used in MotoGP since 2007, and has been compulsory since 2018.

In September 2021, *Motorcycle News* reported that variable-rigidity clothing could be the future of motorcycle clothing. Wang *et al* (2021) described fabrics with tunable mechanical properties: "Their design can target desirable characteristics, such as high impact resistance."

### Leathers

Leathers are one-piece suits or two-piece jackets and trousers worn by motorcyclists, mainly for protection in a crash. In most cases, the type of leather used is not fashion leather but protective leather, which is thicker, stronger, and only moderately flexible. Today, kangaroo leather is becoming popular for its suppleness, light weight, and strength compared to cowhide. Not all leathers used in garments perform equally; products made from full grain, top grain, corrected grain, and suede can have different levels of resistance to abrasion, as well as tearing and bursting forces.

Leather suits were the first motorcyclists' garments to be tested using the Cambridge impact abrasion tester, Some leather products available have been certified as meeting the European Standard EN 13595-1:2002.

### Textiles

An alternative to leather is clothing constructed of engineered textiles. These can offer improved weather protection from heat, cold, and water, and the increased utility these garments tend to provide in terms of pockets and vents. Common materials include high density (6001000 Denier) ballistic nylon (e.g., Cordura) and Kevlar, or blends of Kevlar, Cordura, and Lycra; and often include waterproof liners made from materials such as Gore-Tex. In both CE marked (meets European Standards) and non-protective garments, localised protection may be provided by armour and airbag systems.

Not all textile clothing is made from synthetic materials. Denim and heavyweight waxed cotton was used for many years before the development of modern materials.

## Boots

Boots are worn by motorcycle riders and passengers to prevent or reduce harm to their feet and ankles while riding and in the event of a crash. They are designed using materials and seam construction that are impact, abrasion, cut, tear and burst resistant. Tough, strong, moderately flexible boots with stiff soles provide the rider protection from a number of risks. Boots with oil-resistant, rubber-based composite soles give a grip on the pavement and help keep the rider's feet on the pegs. Boots may also have energy absorbers and load spreaders on the shin, inside and outside of each ankle. A stiff sole working laterally helps prevent or decrease crash injuries caused by crushing and shear strain.

There is a European standard available for motorcycle boots, and it is a legal requirement in Europe and the UK for these boots to be CE certified. It tests them for resistance to abrasion, penetration by sharp objects and lateral crushing. The label consists of a motorcycle icon, the designation of the test they've passed and then a series of four numbers. The more '2's on the CE label, the more protective the boot. (1 denotes rudimentary protection, while 2 indicates better protection – in tests of resistance against abrasion, cuts and being crushed.)

## Armour

Armour increases the chances of a motorcyclist surviving an accident. The most common form of armour was high-density foam but viscoelastic material has become more common. It is fitted into the shoulders, elbows, back, hips and knees of motorcycle PPE clothing. Research by Afquir *et al* (2019) suggested that coccyx protection was crucial but often omitted. Separate protectors are also available, typically for the chest and back, which are worn under other items of clothing.

The most widely cited standard for armor is its CE rating: level 1 (lower protection) or level 2 (better impact absorption). The criteria for levels 1 and 2 vary by intended use – back protection, air bag vest or body armor each have different requirements. The CE standards also classify the surface area that armor protects. For example, body armour is classed as type A (limited coverage) or type B (better coverage). And back protectors are classed as either Centre Back (CB) – which offers no protection to the shoulder blades – or Full Back (FB) coverage.

Research has found limitations with these standards. De Rome *et al* (2011) found that motorcycle armour was not associated with less risk of fractures. Work by Albanese *et al* (2017) could explain why: "The allowable transmitted force of EN 1621-1 may be too high to effectively reduce the probability of impact injury.".

Dr Roderick Woods at Cambridge University led the work on which the CE standard is based. Initially, there were three levels of armour: Level 1 would be tested with an impact of 40 Joules, Level 2 at 50 Joules, and Level 3 at 60 Joules. The mean transmitted force of all impacts would be below 25 kN, and no single impact should exceed 37.5 kN. Two Italian manufacturers – allegedly concerned their armour would not pass the highest standard – successfully lobbied for Level 3 to be removed. It contributed evidence to the assertion that the EU standards for motorcycle PPE have been subject to *regulatory capture* by manufacturers (a claim reiterated with the advent of EN 17092).

## Helmet

A motorcycle helmet is protective headgear used by motorcycle riders. The primary goal of a motorcycle helmet is to protect the rider's head during impact, although many helmets provide additional protection such as a face shield. In many countries the wearing of motorcycle helmets is mandatory.

Helmets are made in two main layers: hard and energy-absorbing. The hard shell spreads an impact over a larger area, while deformation of the liner (often polystyrene foam) absorbs energy so less is transferred to the skull and brain.

There are three main styles: flip-face, open-face and full-face. An open-face helmet, which includes half helmets and three-quarter helmets, will protect everything but the face. Full-face helmets protect the skull, plus providing protection for the lower jaw as well as the face itself. Full-face helmets offer much more protection than open-face helmets.

Several manufacturers have introduced full-face helmets with a flip-up front, combining the protection of a full-face with the ease of communication and donning or doffing that an open-face gives.

Studies have consistently shown that wearing a helmet:

* Reduces injury and increases a rider's chance of surviving a crash
* Does not contribute to neck injuries
* Does not impair vision or hearing

As with other protective gear, a brightly colored helmet improves the user's visibility.

## Gloves

Motorcycling gloves are typically gloves made of leather. They may have gauntlets to protect the rider's wrists from injury, and help reduce drafts while riding in colder climates. Motorcycling gloves typically have reinforced palms intended to protect the rider from abrasion injuries in case of an accident. Under some jurisdictions, if the manufacturer claims the gloves are protective, then they must display CE marking. European Standard EN 13594:2015 is available for this purpose, with gloves certified to Level 1 or Level 2. The latter provides significantly more protection. For example, knuckle protection is not required for a CE Level 1 rating, but is required to achieve Level 2.

Optional features include additional protection or weatherproofing. For touring gloves, such additional features may include advanced insulating materials and waterproof breathable fabric, although touring gloves may still lack advanced armouring features used in motorcycle racing gloves.

Gloves intended for motorcycle racing typically incorporate pre-curved finger sections and the best available protection, obtained through additional armour incorporated within the glove. Additional protection may involve titanium or carbon panels for knuckles and the joints of the fingers. Furthermore, racing gloves may and often do incorporate additional wrist and other protection panels to protect the heel of the hand, back of the hand and other easily injured parts of the hand. Race gloves - and more premium road gloves - often have the pinky finger attached to the ring finger to reduce the chance of it being over flexed backwards during crashes.

Frequently, scaphoid injuries can occur in road, race and motocross accidents. Knobloch *et al.* (2015) found: "Hyperextension rather than wrist flexion appears as the predominant mechanism of wrist injuries in motocross riders. A more axial impact on the wrist is more likely to produce a radial fracture during the landing phase. Preventive strategies are internal muscular wrist stabilisation using eccentric training and external stabilisation by rigid gloves allowing only limited hyperextension." Often, gloves designed for road and track riding feature hard plastic scaphoid protectors that claim to reduce fracture risk by encouraging the heel to slide on the road (instead of gripping the road surface, causing hyperextension). Some manufacturers claim stingray leather or SuperFabric layers offer the same protective sliding effect. However, there is a shortage of independent research into the effectiveness of SuperFabric, stingray leather and plastic scaphoid protectors.

## Goggles/glasses

Motorcycle goggles or glasses help protect the eyes from dust, wind and debris while riding and typically feature anti-fog treatment and protection against UV rays. For motorcycle sports such as motocross, goggles typically feature a foam rim which seals against the face and layered, tinted lenses to accommodate for varying light conditions. Motocross goggles may also have the ability to use *tear-offs*, which are disposable films that cover the lens and which can be easily torn off while riding, to clear the lens of accumulated mud or other fouling and restore good vision to the rider.

## Testing

### Europe

For many years, the most recognised method for evaluating protective motorcycle clothing was the European Standard EN 13595-1:2002. This clothing standard was for professional riders. The standard offered two levels of protection: lower (level 1) or higher (level 2) protection with an emphasis on impact abrasion resistance, seam burst resistance, tear strength and cut resistance.

The standard specifies the use of the Cambridge-type impact abrasion tester. This test involves dropping the clothing material onto an abrasive belt moving at 28 km/h and measuring the time for a hole to form. Dr Roderick Woods (at Cambridge University) used accident damage to clothing from real-life crashes – combined with damage seen in manikins thrown from a moving vehicle – to ensure that the test replicated the real-world damage as close as possible. This test found a relationship between fabric thickness and time to hole for protective denim products.

In 2017, a new European Standard began development, and EN 17092 was created. The standard follows similar testing methods, with abrasion resistance, tear strength and seam strength key factors assessed.

A new class system was introduced to replace the level 1 and 2 rating system. Class AAA garments provide the highest possible requirements, while Class AA and Class A garments have lower standards. The tests vary significantly between them. For example, Class A jackets do not require any abrasion resistance on the back. And neither Class A nor AA trousers consider the buttocks a high-risk zone in their test requirements. Only Class AAA trousers protect a rider's backside by treating it as "zone 1" for abrasion resistance.

While the standards for EN 13595 were independently validated, there was no peer-reviewed independent validation for the A, AA and AAA standards in EN 17092; the test settings for the AA rating were lowered from 75kph to 70kph because materials in common use in motorcycle garments could not withstand the 75kph starting point.

Two specialist classes are also available. Class B garments provide abrasion resistance but do not require impact protection to be present. Class C garments are to be worn as part of an ensemble and have no abrasion-resistant qualities. However, Class C garments must have a least one impact protector present. This class would be used for garments such as base layers.

EN 17092 abrasion resistance is carried out on a Darmstadt impact abrasion machine rather than the previous Cambridge abrasion machine. The Darmstadt was developed at a similar time but was not adopted by European Committee for Standardization. It involves dropping the test specimen onto a concrete block and assessing whether the layer closest to the skin forms a hole of 5mm or more. The specimen is held on the outer edge of a rotating arm and is travelling at speeds of up to 707rpm when it hits the surface. As the specimen holder is no longer driven, once dropped, the sample will slide on the concrete surface until it stops due to surface friction between it and the concrete surface. Unlike the Cambridge machine, a slide time in seconds is not given. Therefore, no direct comparison is readily available.

EN 17092 was published in March 2020, with EN 13595 withdrawn in March 2023. The Cambridge abrasion and impact cut test methods remain used for EN 13594 glove and EN 13634 motorcycle boot testing. Also, Australia's Motorcycle Clothing Assessment Program (MotoCAP) uses the Cambridge impact abrasion test.

### Australia and New Zealand

A consortium of government and related organisations across Australia and New Zealand established MotoCAP. Its safety ratings assess how well clothing protects a motorcyclist in a crash (based on impact protection, burst resistance and abrasion resistance). Test results are weighted to emphasise the need for greater security in high-risk areas. Additionally, MotoCAP test results give a breathability score based on the Relative Vapour Permeability Index.

## Psychology

Research at Brunel University investigated riders’ considerations regarding wearing protective clothing. They found: "Greater intentions, anticipated regret and perceived benefits were significantly associated with increased motorcycle jacket, trousers and boots wear, with habit presence and scooter use significantly associated with increased high-visibility wear. Lower intentions, anticipated regret and risk perceptions, being female, not holding a car licence and urban riding were significantly associated with increased non-PPE wear."


title: Hills House (Hudson, New Hampshire)

abstract: The Hills House is a historic house museum at 211 Derry Road in Hudson, New Hampshire. Built in 1890 as a summer country house by a local philanthropist, it is an excellent local example of Shingle style architecture. The house is now used by the local historical society as a museum and meeting space. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

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# Hills House (Hudson, New Hampshire)

The **Hills House** is a historic house museum at 211 Derry Road (New Hampshire Route 102) in Hudson, New Hampshire. Built in 1890 as a summer country house by a local philanthropist, it is an excellent local example of Shingle style architecture. The house is now used by the local historical society as a museum and meeting space. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## Description and history

The Hills House is located in northern Hudson, on the east side of Derry Road opposite Alvirne High School. It is a 2½-story wood-frame structure, with a variety of roof lines, projections, porches, and a turret with conical roof. The main roof section is a steeply pitched hip roof, and the building exterior is finished in wooden shingles, with most windows set in rectangular openings. A front-facing gable is enlivened by a small narrow window, and there is an oval window on another front-facing wall. An eyebrow dormer adorns one of the front-facing roof faces.

The house was probably designed by Boston architect Hubert G. Ripley early in his career, and was built in 1890 as the summer home of Albert and Ida Verginia Hills. Albert Hills was a native of Hudson who practiced as a physician in New York City. The Hills named the property "Alvirne", after a combination of their first names. Hills bequeathed his property to the town for the construction of a high school; Alvirne High School stands on land that is part of this bequest. The Hillses also gave funds for the construction of Hills Memorial Library (also designed by Ripley), and the nearby Hills Memorial Chapel.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hills House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 211 Derry Rd., Hudson, New Hampshire |
| Coordinates | 42°47′46″N 71°26′5″W / 42.79611°N 71.43472°W / 42.79611; -71.43472 |
| Area | 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) |
| Built | 1890 (1890) |
| Architect | Ripley, Hubert G. |
| Architectural style | Shingle Style |
| NRHP reference No. | 83001141 |
| Added to NRHP | April 8, 1983 |


title: Guido Horn d'Arturo

abstract: Guido Horn d'Arturo was an Italian astronomer born in Trieste, then part of the Austrian Empire. He obtained Italian citizenship after serving as a volunteer in the Italian army during the First World War. To avoid being persecuted as an irredentist by the Austrian authorities, he officially added to his surname Horn that of "d'Arturo" which he used in the war. He was director of the Astronomical Observatory of Bologna from 1921 to 1954, with an interruption of over six years following the persecution for fascist racial laws. In 1931 he founded the magazine Coelum for the dissemination of astronomy in the society. The asteroid 3744, discovered in 1983, bears the name "Horn-d'Arturo".

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# Guido Horn d'Arturo

**Guido Horn d'Arturo** (13 February 1879 – 1 April 1967) was an Italian astronomer born in Trieste, then part of the Austrian Empire. He obtained Italian citizenship after serving as a volunteer in the Italian army during the First World War. To avoid being persecuted as an irredentist by the Austrian authorities, he officially added to his surname Horn that of "d'Arturo" which he used in the war.

He was director of the Astronomical Observatory of Bologna from 1921 to 1954, with an interruption of over six years following the persecution for fascist racial laws. In 1931 he founded the magazine *Coelum* for the dissemination of astronomy in the society.

The asteroid 3744, discovered in 1983, bears the name "Horn-d'Arturo".

## Segmented mirror telescope

In the 1930s, Horn d'Arturo created the tessellated telescope, a progenitor of segmented mirror telescopes.

In 1932 Horn d'Arturo began to work on a new idea of combining small mirror tassels, to build a larger telescope mirror. The difficulty of building high quality monolithic glass mirrors with diameters bigger than a few meters was becoming apparent during the development of the 5m Palomar telescope. These mirrors were in any case too expensive for the Italian economy, still struggling after the great depression of 1929. Horn's idea was to build smaller mirrors of the same spherical section of the larger one in which they would be combined so that the rays reflected by the single elements would converge in the same focal plane and produce a single image of each star in the field of view. This way, spherical aberration would be eliminated, together with other aberrations characteristic of spherical mirrors: a pioneering idea of active optics, commonly used nowadays in modern telescopes.

In 1935, Horn d'Arturo constructed a 1 m prototype. Some years later in 1952, he assembled a larger 1.8 meter diameter telescope consisting of 61 tassels, which was installed in the astronomical tower in Bologna. More than 17000 photographic plates were obtained by Horn d'Arturo and collaborators who used this telescope for a systematic survey of the local zenithal sky and discovered a dozen of variable stars. Both the prototype and the 1.8 m telescope are exhibited at the Museo della Specola di Bologna at the University of Bologna.

The original principle devised by Horn d'Arturo is at the foundation of the new generation of multi-mirror telescopes (or segmented mirrors): the Multiple Mirror Telescope in Arizona, built in 1979, the twin telescopes of the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, built between 1993 and 1996, consisting of 36 segments 1.8 m each for a total diameter of 10 meters. On Cerro Armazones in the Atacama Desert in Chile work on the dome of the ELT (Extremely Large Telescope), a 39.3 m telescope composed of 798 segments, started in 2017. The James Webb Space Telescope, launched on 25 December 2021, has a primary mirror composed of 18 hexagonal segments for a diameter of 6.5 m

The Società Astronomica Italiana (SAIT), and the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), dedicated the telescope ASTRI (Astrophysics with Mirrors with Italian Replicant Technology), located on the volcano Etna in Sicily, to Horn. On 10 November 2018, with an official ceremony, the telescope was named "ASTRI-Horn".

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Guido Horn d'Arturo | |
| --- | --- |
| Guido Horn d'Arturo | |
| Born | (1879-02-13)13 February 1879
Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy |
| Died | 1 April 1967(1967-04-01) (aged 88)
Bologna, Italy |
| Nationality | Austrian, Italian |
| Alma mater | University of Vienna |
| Known for | Inventor of the tessellated telescope |
| Awards | War Cross of Military Valor (1919)
Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1957) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Astronomy, Celestial Mechanics |
| Institutions | Catania Astrophysical Observatory, Turin Astronomical Observatory, Collegio Romano Observatory, Bologna Observatory |
|  | |
| Signature | |
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title: Hills Prairie, Texas

abstract: Hills Prairie, or Hill's Prairie, is an unincorporated community in Bastrop County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 50 in 2000. It is located within the Greater Austin metropolitan area.

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# Hills Prairie, Texas

**Hills Prairie,** or **Hill's Prairie**, is an unincorporated community in Bastrop County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 50 in 2000. It is located within the Greater Austin metropolitan area.

## History

Hills Prairie was founded in the 1830s by the area's first settlers, Elisha Barton and Edward Jenkins. In 1833, John Gilmer McGehee visited the town, returning two years later with 140 homesteaders from Georgia and Alabama. By that time, Jenkins had died. His widow, Sarah, sold 2,220 acres (900 ha) to Abram Wiley (Wylie) Hill who built a home on the land. Thereafter, the settlement was known as Hills Prairie.

Religious services (Methodist) were held in the Hill and McGehee homes. Hill himself built a cotton gin in 1843. A post office request was granted in 1877. In 1888, under postmaster John McDonald, the facility was renamed McDonald's Store. When Sarah Hill became postmistress four years later, it reverted to Hills Prairie.

The population was estimated at 30 in 1884. When an extension of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad arrived, the figure rose to 50. By the mid-1890s, town businesses included a drug store, a general store, a swine dealer, and a second cotton gin. In 1914, Hills Prairie's population was 75; however, in 1925 records, it is listed as only six. The town's nearness to the fast-growing Bastrop is thought to have played a part in the decline. In 1930, the post office was shuttered. Following the Great Depression, the population rose again, reaching 62 in the late 1960s, then fell to 35 according to the 1990 census. The 2000 census listed 50 residents.

## Hills Prairie today

Area residents are engaged primarily in farming and ranching. Notable businesses include the Hills Prairie Livestock Co., which holds auctions every Wednesday at noon, and The Gas Station (formerly Ryan's Hills Prairie Grocery), a barbecue restaurant housed in the building featured as the Last Chance Gas Station in the film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre.

The Abram Wiley Hill House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

Hills Prairie is located off Farm to Market Road 304, 8 miles (13 km) southeast of the town of Bastrop, 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Smithville and 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Austin.

## Education

The community constructed a private school. In 1925, Hills Prairie closed its school. Today, the community is served by the Bastrop Independent School District.

## InfoBox

| Hills Prairie, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Hills PrairieHills Prairie | |
| Coordinates: 30°03′06″N 97°17′31″W / 30.05167°N 97.29194°W / 30.05167; -97.29194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Bastrop |
| Elevation | 351 ft (107 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 512 & 737 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1802956 |


title: James Dumper

abstract: James Dumper was a professional footballer. An outside right, he played in the Football League for Blackpool.

text:
# James Dumper

**James Dumper** was a professional footballer. An outside right, he played in the Football League for Blackpool.

## InfoBox

James Dumper
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Position(s) | Outside right | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1919 | Blackpool | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Heliophora

abstract: Heliophora orbicularis, also known as the West African Sand Dollar, is a small sand dollar in to the family Rotulidae, and the only species in the genus Heliophora. It, and other members of Rotulidae have been found in West African marine strata from the Late Miocene onward. Like the related Rotula, it is still extant.

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# Heliophora

***Heliophora orbicularis***, also known as the **West African Sand Dollar,** is a small sand dollar in to the family Rotulidae, and the only species in the genus ***Heliophora***. It, and other members of Rotulidae have been found in West African marine strata from the Late Miocene onward. Like the related Rotula, it is still extant.

## Description

Individuals of *H. orbicularis* are very distinctive in appearance and also highly morphic, with a remarkable diversity in individual specimens. This genus has an extremely variable circular to oval-shaped test. The indentations may remain restricted to the posterior edge or may be found along the entire margin of the test. The indentations may be very shallow or quite deep, forming long "fingers," or digits. The digits are very fragile, and prone to breaking off.

## Ecology and feeding

*Heliophora orbicularis* live in large groups in very shallow water of lagoons and estuaries, usually lightly buried in mud.

Food particles are picked out of the substrate by the tube feet, and are maneuvered into the food grooves along the oral side of the test, which are underneath the digits of the test. Once placed into a food groove, food particles are caught in a string of mucus and moved into the mouth, which is located in the very center of the oral side of the test.

## Distribution

This sand dollar is present from western coast of Sahara and Senegal to Angola.

## Morphology

Within a group of organisms, taxa showing morphological extremes are favorite objects in constructional morphology, and the West African Sand Dollar is no exception. The West African Sand Dollar is a bilaterian (animals with bilateral symmetry) even though adults possess radial symmetry, because the larvae possess bilateral symmetry. Since the organism is a bilaterian, it has three tissue layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. The sand dollar is part of the phylum *Echinodermata*, and so the organism has an endoskeleton composed of calcareous ossicles which grow from the mesodermal tissue. This endoskeleton is covered in ciliated tissue. The West African Sand Dollar is a deuterostome, meaning that the blastopore forms an anus instead of the mouth. The organism has an oral surface with podia (tube feet) and ambulacral grooves and an aboral surface. These tube feet are not used for locomotion in sand dollars, but instead for gas exchange. Instead, locomotion is achieved by movable spines. In the center of the test, the West African Sand Dollar has a feeding device called “Aristotle’s lantern.” Aristotle’s lantern is a complex system of jaws and muscles which are capable of a variety of feeding types including suspension feeding, herbivory and detritivory feeding, and occasionally predation. Adaptations to this lantern have allowed sand dollars to live in habitats which have fine, shifting substrates.

Just like other sand dollars, the West African Sand Dollar has a shallow dome with a thin edge that is ideal for burrowing. Equally important, as echinoids living on an unstable sediment surface swept by waves and currents, their form minimizes drag and facilitates maintenance of position. However, their low, domed profile acts as a hydrofoil and generates lift, which could send the sand dollar flowing into a harsh current. One adaptation to this generation of lift is the presence of lunules. Lunules reduce lift by interfering with attachment of flow or by bleeding off pressure from the under surface. Excess pressure on the oral surface of lunulate sand dollars is relieved by flow along pressure drainage channels which lead from the central region of the disc into the lunules and ambital notches. It is also hypothesized that lunules shorten the food path of sand dollars, however this is not fully supported by observation. West African Sand Dollars also have small spines that help them sieve food particles from sandy or silty sediments. These spines have lost their protection function and are used more for burrowing and feeding. Types of sand dollar spines include: Shoe spines (broad and tuberculate), Ambulatory spines (longer than shoe spines on lower surface), frill spines (flatter than ambulatory and larger), non-ambulatory spines (food collecting spines of ventral surface), and miliary spines (small and short).

## Delayed metamorphosis

The West African Sand Dollar, just like all other sand dollars, is capable of delaying metamorphosis for a limited amount of time. One study by Raymond C. Highsmith and Richard B. Emlet studied two sand dollar relatives of the West African Sand Dollar during the delayed metamorphosis period, testing with differing lengths of time in replicate fed and unfed treatments. Their results showed that spontaneous metamorphosis increased gradually during the first 3 weeks of competence, peaked sharply in the fourth week, and then declined to approximately 20% for each of the remaining 3 weeks. Their evidence also supports that growth rates of juveniles from weeks 2 and 4 that were maintained at 20 °C with and without sand indicate that juveniles grew more rapidly if sand was present. The reason this adaptation is beneficial is because sand dollars with higher growth rates also have higher mortality rates, which suggests that either the larvae did not use a significant amount of lipid energy reserves to survive or that energy reserves are not critical for the survival of the larvae. Another reason this adaptation is beneficial is because newly metamorphosed sand dollars are extremely vulnerable to tube-building predators such as *Leptochelia dubia*.

* Schultz, Heinke (2006) *Sea Urchins I: a guide to worldwide shallow water species* Heinke + Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications ISBN 3-9809868-2-9; Sea Urchins
* Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part U, Volume 2 1966
* Mortensen, T. 1948. A Monograph of the Echinoidea IV.2 Clypeasteroida. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen.
* Seilacher A. 1979. Constructional Morphology of Sand Dollars. *Paleobiology*. 5(3): 191-221
* Mooi, R. 2016. Paedomorphosis, Aristotle's lantern, and the origin of the sand dollars (Echinodermata: Clypeasteroida) *Paleobiology.* 16(1):25-48
* Telford M. 1981. A Hydrodynamic Interpretation of Sand Dollar Morphology. *Bulletin of Marine Science*. 31(3):605-622(18)
* Highsmith RC, Emlet RB. 1986. Delayed metamorphosis: Effect on growth and survival of juvenile sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida). *Bulletin of Marine Science*. 39(2):347-361(15).
* Highsmith RC. 1982. Induced Settlement and Metamorphosis of Sand Dollar (Dendraster Ecentricus) Larvae in Predator‐Free sites: Adult Sand Dollar Beds. *Ecology.* 63(2)

## InfoBox

| *Heliophora*
Temporal range: Late Miocene to Recent | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Pliocene-aged fossils from Moroccoa | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Clypeasteroida |
| Family: | Rotulidae |
| Genus: | *Heliophora*
Agassiz 1840 |
| Species: | ***H. orbicularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Heliophora orbicularis***
Agassiz 1840 | |
|


title: Richard Dell

abstract: Richard Kenneth Dell was a New Zealand malacologist.

text:
# Richard Dell

**Richard Kenneth Dell** QSO (11 July 1920 – 6 March 2002) was a New Zealand malacologist.

## Biography

Dell was born in Auckland in 1920. As a young boy, he took an interest in shells, collecting them from the shores of Waitematā Harbour. He even managed to start a "museum" in his backyard. He also helped curate the Auckland War Memorial Museum shell collection.

Dell studied at Mount Albert Grammar School and later at the Auckland University College. He took a teacher’s course at Auckland Teachers' College, but World War II delayed his plans to become a teacher. He joined the New Zealand Artillery, serving on Nissan Island, the Solomon Islands, Southwest Asia, Egypt, and Italy. He later published several papers on the land snails he had collected in the Solomon Islands.

In 1946, he married botanist and schoolteacher Miriam Matthews, and they had four daughters together. His wife continued working after their marriage and became a well-known women's advocate.

After the war, Dell was offered a job as malacologist at the Dominion Museum, where he started to standardise the cabinets and built up a collection of more than 30,000 specimens. In the meantime, he took a master's degree in Science at Victoria University College, with a pioneering thesis on cephalopods, octopuses and squid. Dell was one of the zoologists studying invertebrates on the 1949 New Zealand American Fiordland Expedition.

His breakthrough came with the 1954 Chatham Islands expedition. The results were published in 1956 as *The Archibenthal Mollusca of New Zealand*, which was a major contribution to the knowledge of molluscan fauna in the bathyal zone of New Zealand waters. This publication earned him a Doctorate in Science in 1956.

Soon after, Dell started to work on Antarctic collections, with among others Alan Beu and Winston Ponder. In 1964, he published a major monograph on the Antarctic bivalves, chitons and scaphopods.

In 1965 Dell was a participant in the Royal Society Expedition to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.

Dell became first Assistant Director in 1961 and later in 1966, Director of the Dominion Museum, which would become the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. He retired in 1980, and started writing again. In 1990, he published his standard work *Antarctic Mollusca with special reference to the Fauna of the Ross Sea*. Dell published more than 150 papers on Mollusca (marine, terrestrial and freshwater), crabs and birds. He also made a major contribution to the Antarctic biogeography.

## Honours and awards

In the 1981 New Year Honours, Dell was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services. In 1977, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, and in 1990 he received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. He was an honoured member of many scientific societies and committees. He won prizes and medals in New Zealand and abroad, including the Hamilton Prize in 1955, and the Hector Medal in 1965, both awarded by the Royal Society of New Zealand. He has named many new species of molluscs and several new crustaceans.

## Death

Dell died in 2002, after a long illness, in Wellington. He was survived by his wife, Dame Miriam Dell, and their four daughters.

## Selected publications

In scientific journals * Dell, R.K. (1950) *A Tertiary molluscan fauna from Waikowhai, Manukau Harbour, Auckland*. Dominion Museum Records in Zoology, 1, 29–37.
* Dell, R.K. (1952) *A revision of the molluscan fauna of the Hurupi beds, southern Wairarapa*. Dominion Museum Records in Zoology, 1, 71–86.
* Dell, R.K. (1953) *A molluscan fauna from the Chatham Rise, New Zealand*. Dominion Museum Records in Zoology, 2, 37–50.
* Dell, R.K. (1955) *Nature in New Zealand Native Shells*. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington, 64 pp.
* Dell, R.K. (1956) *The archibenthal Mollusca of New Zealand*. Dominion Museum Bulletin, 18, 1–235.
* Dell, R.K. (1956) *Some new off-shore Mollusca from New Zealand*. Dominion Museum Records in Zoology, 3, 27–59.
* Dell, R.K. (1962) *Additional archibenthal Mollusca from New Zealand*. Dominion Museum Records in Zoology, 4, 67–76.
* Dell, R.K. (1963) *Notes on some New Zealand Mollusca in the British Museum*. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology, 3, 171–177.
* Dell, R.K. (1963) *Archibenthal Mollusca from northern New Zealand*. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology, 3, 205–216.
* Dell, R.K. (1972) *Notes on nomenclature of some Mollusca from Antarctica and southern South America*. Records of the Dominion Museum, 8, 21–42.
* Dell, R.K. (1990) *Antarctic Mollusca with special reference to the fauna of the Ross Sea*. The Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin, 27, 1–311.

Other publications * *The New Zealand Cephalopoda* (1952)
* *The fresh-water Mollusca of New Zealand*, 3 parts (1953–1956)
* *The position of systematics in the biological sciences* (1953)
* *Cephalopoda* (1959)
* *Antarctic and Subantarctic Mollusca, Bivalvia, Amphineura and Scaphopoda* (1964)

## Taxa named by R.K. Dell

Apart from having named numerous species in the Mollusca and some in the Crustacea, he has also established a number of new genera :

## Taxa named in honour of R.K. Dell

## Sources

* Tucker, J.K. 2004 *Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)*. Zootaxa 682:1-1295

## InfoBox

| Richard DellQSO | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Richard Kenneth Dell
11 July 1920
Auckland, New Zealand |
| Died | 6 March 2002 (2002-03-07) (aged 81)
Wellington, New Zealand |
| Alma mater | Victoria University College |
| Known for | Work on molluscs of the Chatham Islands and the Antarctic |
| Spouse | Miriam Matthews (m. 1946) |
| Children | 4 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Malacology |
| Institutions | Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa |
|  | |


title: Historical science

abstract:
Historical science may refer to:
  - History, the study of the past as it is described in written documents
  - Auxiliary sciences of history
  - Any science that draws its data from records of past events, as opposed to "experimental" or "operational" science
  - Some philosophers of science create a distinction between experimental science and "historical science," using the term history to describe all of the past as "historical sciences"."Historical sciences" can include geology, paleontology, and certain aspects of astrophysics. It is important to understand that these philosophers do not cast doubt on scientific predictions related to the past but rather propose a semantic difference which has not been widely adapted by historians or any scientific discipline which studies the past.
  - Various pseudo-scientists have used a hypothetical distinction between experimental science and "historical science." to claim that science can not make predictions about the past. This claim is demonstrably false.
  - History of science

text:
# Historical science

**Historical science** may refer to:

* History, the study of the past as it is described in written documents
* Auxiliary sciences of history
* Any science that draws its data from records of past events, as opposed to "experimental" or "operational" science
* Some philosophers of science create a distinction between experimental science and "historical science," using the term history to describe all of the past as "historical sciences" ."Historical sciences" can include geology, paleontology, and certain aspects of astrophysics. It is important to understand that these philosophers do not cast doubt on scientific predictions related to the past but rather propose a semantic difference which has not been widely adapted by historians or any scientific discipline which studies the past.
* Various pseudo-scientists have used a hypothetical distinction between experimental science and "historical science." to claim that science can not make predictions about the past. This claim is demonstrably false.


abstract: Thomas Fairfax, 9th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1762–1846), was an American planter who also held a Scottish peerage. Along with his father, on 11 December 1799, he was among the last guests at Mount Vernon before George Washington died.

text:
# Thomas Fairfax, 9th Lord Fairfax of Cameron

**Thomas Fairfax, 9th Lord Fairfax of Cameron** (1762–1846), was an American planter who also held a Scottish peerage. Along with his father, on 11 December 1799, he was among the last guests at Mount Vernon before George Washington died.

## Early life and family

Thomas Fairfax was born in 1762. He was the son of Bryan Fairfax, 8th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1736–1802) and his wife, Elizabeth Cary, daughter of Colonel Wilson Cary and Sarah Cary. His brother was Ferdinando Fairfax (1766–1820), whose godparents were George Washington and Martha Washington.

### Plantation

In 1802, he succeeded his father to the title of Lord Fairfax of Cameron after his father's death. He lived the life of a country squire overseeing his 40,000 acres (160 km2), lived at Belvoir, Ash Grove, and Vaucluse, where he died.

## Personal life

He married three times: Mary Aylett, Laura Washington, Margaret Herbert. Fairfax birthed children with Mary Aylett, a Native Indian woman. He had seven children by his third wife Margaret:

* Albert Fairfax (1802–1835), who married Caroline Eliza Snowden (1812–1899)
* Henry Fairfax (d. 1847), who fought and died in the Mexican–American War, at Saltillo, Mexico.
* Orlando Fairfax
* Reginald Fairfax
* Eugenia Fairfax
* Aurelia Fairfax
* Monimia Fairfax (1820–1875), who married Archibald Cary (1815-1854), the son of the son of Wilson Jefferson Cary (1783–1823) and Virginia Randolph (1786–1852).

He maintained a winter home at 607 Cameron Street, Alexandria, Virginia, which he built in 1816.

Thomas Fairfax was a follower of Swedenborg. Because of these religious beliefs, he manumitted his slaves (including the great-great-great grandfather of Virginia Lieutenant Governor Justin Fairfax), some of whom he taught a trade and sent to Liberia. This is consistent with the thinking of the American Colonization Society.

### Descendants

His grandson, Charles Snowdown Fairfax, 10th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1829–1869), succeeded him as the 10th Lord Fairfax of Cameron as Fairfax's eldest son, his father, predeceased him. Another grandson, John Fairfax, 11th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1830–1900), a physician, became the 11th Lord Fairfax of Cameron as his brother Charles died without issue. His granddaughter was the writer Constance Cary (1843–1920).

Thomas Fairfax was referenced by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson on rap musician Logic's 2017 album *Everybody* on the song "Waiting Room."

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Lord Fairfax of Cameron | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1762 |
| Died | 1846 |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1802—1846 |
| Parent(s) | Bryan Fairfax, 8th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
Elizabeth Cary |


title: Metius guillermoi

abstract: Metius guillermoi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Will in 2005.

text:
# Metius guillermoi

***Metius guillermoi*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Will in 2005.

## InfoBox

| *Metius guillermoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Metius* |
| Species: | ***M. guillermoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metius guillermoi***<br>Will, 2005 | |
|


title: Valery Vigilucci

abstract: Valery Vigilucci is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie A club ACF Fiorentina and the Italy women's national team.

text:
# Valery Vigilucci

**Valery Vigilucci** (born 15 April 1997) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie A club ACF Fiorentina and the Italy women's national team.

## InfoBox

Valery Vigilucci
| Vigilucci with Fiorentina Women's in 2018 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-04-15) 15 April 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | Volterra, Italy | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | AC Milan | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Firenze | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2015 | Firenze | 17 | (3) |
| 2015–2022 | Fiorentina | 87 | (8) |
| 2023– | AC Milan | 37 | (8) |
| International career | | | |
| 2013 | Italy U17 | 10 | (5) |
| 2015–2016 | Italy U19 | 6 | (1) |
| 2019 | Italy U23 | 1 | (0) |
| 2016– | Italy | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 15:24, 19 July 2024 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15:24, 19 July 2024 (UTC) | | | |


title: Hills Pan Kōjō

abstract: Hills Pan Kōjō The Hills Pan Kōjō, often shortened to simply Pan Kōjō, is an indoor arena located in Kitahorie, Osaka, Japan. It is being operated by Giza Studio, the only major record company and label in Kansai region. It was originally built for solely being a bakery cafe, one year after its establishment in 2003, it changed its main purpose of being live venue for the Kansai artist. A number of famous pop and rock acts from the same music company have played at the Pan Kōjō, including Zard, B'z, Mai Kuraki, Garnet Crow and Sard Underground.

text:
# Hills Pan Kōjō

The **Hills Pan Kōjō** (hills パン工場, *Hiruzu Pan Kōjō*), often shortened to simply **Pan Kōjō**, is an indoor arena located in Kitahorie, Osaka, Japan. It is being operated by Giza Studio, the only major record company and label in Kansai region.

It was originally built for solely being a bakery cafe, one year after its establishment in 2003, it changed its main purpose of being live venue for the Kansai artist.

A number of famous pop and rock acts from the same music company have played at the Pan Kōjō, including Zard, B'z, Mai Kuraki, Garnet Crow and Sard Underground.

## Location

The Hills Pan Kōjō is located in Kitanomaru Park in the Osaka, three minutes' walking distance from Shinsaibashi subway Station, and soon after the leaving exit No.6 on the Yotsubashi Subway Station. The building is structured of 1 floor-entrance which leads directly to the downstairs. It has also 2 underfloors-B1 and B2. The B2 floor structure holds 300 people (floor seats: 100, standee: 200).

## Venue history

### Music

In 2001, was held the world's first internet live-performance stream of the concert titled *GIZA studio R&B PARTY at the Hills Pankojo Kitahorie vol.1*. It was streamed by NTT communications. Only female vocalist took part of the session, including Mai Kuraki, Aiuchi Rina, Yuri Nakamura from Garnet Crow, Akiko Matsuda and Mami Miyoshi from Rumania Montevideo and Ami Matsunaga from The Tambourines. One year later in 2002, the full-length live footage has been released on DVD with the same title.

On the open day 20 March 2003, they've launched series of the weekly live event "Thursday Live". On the open day, the rock-band Wag making the main appearance and Inaba Koshi from B'z make a special guest appearance. By next year in 2004, artist outside the music agency made stage appearance included Daigo Stardust and Fayray.

All the concerts held at Pankojo were streamed at the "Flets Square" (operated by NTT) from July 17, 2003, in the western area of Japan and from May 2005 in the East Japan area until March 29, 2007.

In 2009, the live session series title changed to Saturday Live and since the held irregularly.

In 2013, the bakery cafe has been closed, the announcement was made through the Twitter status.

The record for the most Pan Kojo music concerts is held by Shiori Takei, following Yumi Shizukusa and Utoku Keiko

Artists that have made stage appearance from the venue include:

#### 2000s

#### 2010s

#### 2020s

**Notes**:

* Datas of the 2000s artist were taken from the guide book *THURSDAY LIVE: TRACKS OF THREE YEARS* released in 2006.
* Datas of the 2010s artist were taken from the WebArchived version of the official website
* Datas include artist only once, not multiple times during various decades

## Releases

### Guide Book

| Title | Author | Release | Publisher | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| THURSDAY LIVE:TRACKS OF THREE YEARS | THURSDAY LIVE BOOK STAFF Hen | 13 November 2003 | Music Freak Magazine | ISBN 4-916019-45-8 |

### CD/DVD

| Release date | Title | Rank | CD code | Format |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002/2/14 | GIZA studio R&B PARTY at the Hills Pan Kōjō Kitahorie Vol.1 | 3 | BMBD-7005 | DVD |
| 2002/12/22 | CCP presents hills Pan Kōjō cafe vol.1 | \- | TCR-12 | CD |
| 2003/10/16 | Rock Me Baby Kondo Fusanosuke LIVE hills Pan Kōjō 2004 (Kondo Fusanosuke) | \- | ONBD-7035 | DVD |
| 2004/4/14 | CCP presents hills Pan Kōjō cafe vol.2 | \- | TCR-12 | CD |
| 2005/4/14 | Fukkatsu! F.S.B NIGHT LIVE at hills Pan Kōjō (Feel So Bad) | \- | ONBD-7059 | DVD |
| 2006/8/30 | Kitto mou Koi ni wa Naranai (Shiori Takei) | \- | ONBD-7059 | CD (Track No.3) |
|

## InfoBox

Hills Pan Kōjō
| hills パン工場 | |
| --- | --- |
| Pan Kōjō | |
| Address | 1-chōme-3-17 Kitahorie, Nishi Ward |
| Location | Osaka, Japan |
| Public transit |  |
| Owner | Giza Studio |
| Capacity | 300 (100 for seats, 200 standee) |
| Construction | |
| Built | 2000 |
| Opened | 20 March 2003 |
| Renovated | 2019 |
| Main contractors | Saida Sai (2003-2023)<br>Kawaguchi (2024-) |


title: My Sister of Eternal Flower

abstract: My Sister of Eternal Flower, is the title of a Hong Kong television drama starring Charmaine Sheh, Raymond Lam, Ngo Ka-nin, and Toby Leung. Produced by Kwan Wing Chung My Sister of Eternal Flower is a TVB production. It premiered on 16 May 2011.

text:
# My Sister of Eternal Flower

***My Sister of Eternal Flower*** (Traditional Chinese: 花花世界花家姐), is the title of a Hong Kong television drama starring Charmaine Sheh, Raymond Lam, Ngo Ka-nin, and Toby Leung. Produced by Kwan Wing Chung *My Sister of Eternal Flower* is a TVB production. It premiered on 16 May 2011.

## Synopsis

The company XENUS was successfully run by Zhang Sum (Bowie Wu). One day Zhang Sum ended up in the hospital, and his spoiled grandson Hugo (Raymond Lam) took over the company. However, Hugo was incapable and loses control of the company to Mike (Ngo Ka-nin), a genuinely skilled manager.

Mike manipulated the company and moved all the clients to his own company. XENUS was near collapse, while Hugo loses everything and becomes the joke of society. At the lowest point of his life, the only one that backed him up was a mentally low-IQ girl Fa Lai-chu (Charmaine Sheh). Hugo would bounce back and have to decide between the intellectually disabled girl Fa and Agnes (Yoyo Chen), the beautiful perfect model who didn't stand by him enough.

## Cast

### Fa's family

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Charmaine Sheh** | Fa Lai Chu,JoJo
花麗珠 | Intellectual disabilities with only 10 year-old's IQ
Restaurant waitress, later XENUS Bountique's office assistant
Lo Fung's niece
Fa Lai Ping and Fa Wai Chung's elder sister
Zhang Yik's girlfriend, later wife |
| **Toby Leung** | Fa Lai Ping, Jenny or Jennifer
花麗萍 | XENUS Bountique's brand officer
Lo Fung's niece
Luk Ho Cheung's girlfriend, finally wife
Fa Lai Chu's younger sister
Fa Wai Chung's elder sister
To Ting's college friend |
| **Jazz Lam** | Fa Wai Chung, Danny
花偉聰 | A bartender
Lo Fung's nephew
Fa Lai Chu and Fa Lai Ping's younger brother
Chi Hei's boyfriend, later broke up
Luk Mei Tsz's boyfriend |

### Chiang's family

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Bowie Wu** | Zhang Sum
蔣森 | XENUS Boutique chairman
Zhang Yik's grandfather |
| **Raymond Lam** | Zhang Yik, Hugo
蔣奕 | XENUS Boutique's brand general manager, later demoted to office assistant
Zhang Sum's grandson
Fai Lai Chu's boyfriend, later husband
To Ting's boyfriend, later broke up
Luk Ho Cheung's friend |

### Luk's family

| Cast | Role | Descripsion |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Ngo Ka-nin** | Luk Ho Cheung, Mike
陸浩昌 | XENUS Bountique's brand general manager
Fa Lai Ping's boyfriend and supervisor, eventually husband
Zhang Yik's friend
Luk Mei Tsz's elder brother
Had stomach cancer, finally recovered
(Semi-villain) |
| **Annie Chong** | Luk Mei Tsz, Gigi
陸美芝 | XENUS Bountique's sales executive
Luk Ho Cheung's younger sister
Fa Wai Chung's girlfriend
Was jailed for two years due to drug hiding
Released from jail in Episode 9 |

### Ha's family

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wong Ching | Ha Yi Bun
哈爾濱 | A former triad leader
A mahjong school and pornographic magazine owner
Ha Kau Kau's father |
| **Catherine Chau** | Ha Kau Kau
哈皎皎 | Intellectual disabilities
Ha Yi Bun's daughter
Fa Lai chu's best friend |

### XENUS Boutique

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Bowie Wu** | Zhang Sum
蔣森 | Chairman |
| **Raymond Lam** | Zhang Yik, Hugo
蔣奕 | Brand general manager, later degraded to office assistant then fired from office. |
| **Ngo Ka-nin** | Luk Ho Cheung, Mike Luk 陸浩昌 | Brand general manager
Fa Lai Ping's boyfriend and supervisor
(Semi-villain) |
| Yeung Ying Wai |  | Human Resources manager |
| Tsang Wai Wan | Ho Yuet Tai
何月娣 | Purchase & Maintenance manager, later fired by Luk Ho Cheung |
| **Toby Leung** | Fa Lai Ping, Jenny
花麗萍 | Brand officer
Luk Ho Cheung's girlfriend and subordinate, later wife. |
| Peter Lai | Ng Yuen Chai
吳懸濟 | Purchase & Maintenance officer |
| Mat Yeung | Koo Suk Lam
古叔藍 | Purchase & Maintenance officer |
| **Charmaine Sheh** | Fa Lai Chu,花麗珠 | Office assistant |
| Kibby Lau | Teresa | Secretary |
| Lily Ho | Chi Hei, Kimchi, Kim Kim 池晞 | Sales executive
Fa Wai Chung's girlfriend, later broke up
Bullied Fa Wai Chung
(Villain) |
| Shermon Tang | Dora | Sales executive |
| Cha Cha Chan | Elaine | Sales executive |
| **Chung Wong** | Luk Mei Tsz, Gigi
陸美芝 | Sales executive |

### Other cast

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Yoyo Chen** | To Ting, Agnes
杜婷 | **Agnes. D**
A top-model
Zhang Yik's girlfriend, later broke up
Fa Lai Ping's friend
Chan Po Lai's girlfriend, later broke up
Framed Fa Lai-chu
(Semi-villain) |
| **Chun Wong** | Lo Fung
魯鳳 | Lo Fung Restaurant owner
Fa Lai Chu, Fa Lai Ping and Fa Wai Chung's uncle |
| Benjamin Yuen | Chan Po Lai
陳步禮 | Grandson of Zhang Sum's business rival
Zhang Yik's enemy
To Ting's boyfriend, later broke up
Bullied To Ting
(Villain) |
| Yeung Chun-hung | Ngai Suk Fai
倪淑輝 | Zhang Yik's friend/partner-in-crime |
| Casper Chan | Si Hong Man Wai
司空敏慧 | Zhang Yik's friend/partner-in-crime |
| Wilson Tsui | Kau Kei
裘其 | A fabrics store owner
Lo Fung and Fa Lai Chu's friend |
| Calvin Chan |  |  |
| Cheng Fan-sang |  | Mahjong house co-worker |
| Sin Ho-ying |  | Mahjong house co-worker |
| Chan On-ying |  |  |
| Cheung Kwok-keung |  |  |

## Awards and nominations

### 45th TVB Anniversary Awards 2011

* Nominated: Best Drama
* Nominated: Best Actress (Charmaine Sheh)
* Nominated: Most Improved Male Artiste (Jazz Lam)
* Nominated: Most Improved Male Artiste (Matt Yeung)

## Viewership ratings

|  | Week | Episodes | Average Points | Peaking Points | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | May 16–20, 2011 | 1 — 5 | 27 | 30 |  |
| **2** | May 23–27, 2011 | 6 — 10 | 26 |  |  |
| **3** | May 30 - June 3, 2011 | 11 — 15 | 26 |  |  |
| **4** | June 6–10, 2011 | 16 — 20 | 28 | 31 |  |

## Analysis

The show did generate a lot of online comments. Some people felt that a screenplay having a mentally ill character was a disrespect to the mentally disabled community. Others felt that the role played by Charmaine Sheh is largely a copy of Roger Kwok's role of a mentally disabled person (previously in Square Pegs).

* TVB.com *My Sister of Eternal Flower* \- Official Website (in Chinese)
* K for TVB English Synopsis (in English)

## InfoBox

| *My Sister of Eternal Flower* | |
| --- | --- |
| Official poster | |
| 花花世界花家姐 | |
| Genre | Drama |
| Starring | Charmaine Sheh
Raymond Lam
Ngo Ka-nin
Toby Leung
Bowie Wu
Jazz Lam
Yoyo Chen
Catherine Chau
Annie Chong |
| Opening theme | “Light Up My Life” by Raymond Lam, Unknown instrumental music for EncoreTVB version |
| Country of origin | Hong Kong |
| Original language | Cantonese |
| No. of episodes | 20 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Kwan Wing Chung |
| Production location | Hong Kong |
| Camera setup | Multi camera |
| Running time | 42 – 45 minutes |
| Production company | TVB |
| Original release | |
| Network | TVB Jade |
| Release | 16 May 2011 (2011-05-16)
June 10, 2011 (2011-06-10) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Niels Guldbjerg

abstract: Niels Guldbjerg is a Danish retired professional footballer who played in the North American Soccer League and the Major Indoor Soccer League for the Detroit Express, Philadelphia Fever, New Jersey Rockets and Buffalo Stallions. In his native country Guldbjerg played for Aalborg (1976–1977), Frederikshavn (1978) and Herfølge BK (1979) before moving to the US. In the summer of 1982, he played in the National Soccer League originally with Detroit Besa, and later with Toronto Italia. In 1983, he played in the Canadian Professional Soccer League with Hamilton Steelers. He also served as Head Coach of the NCAA Division 1 Niagara University Purple Eagles during the 1984 season posting a 4–8 record.

text:
# Niels Guldbjerg

**Niels Guldbjerg** (born 10 February 1958) is a Danish retired professional footballer who played in the North American Soccer League and the Major Indoor Soccer League for the Detroit Express, Philadelphia Fever, New Jersey Rockets and Buffalo Stallions.

In his native country Guldbjerg played for Aalborg (1976–1977), Frederikshavn (1978) and Herfølge BK (1979) before moving to the US. In the summer of 1982, he played in the National Soccer League originally with Detroit Besa, and later with Toronto Italia. In 1983, he played in the Canadian Professional Soccer League with Hamilton Steelers.

He also served as Head Coach of the NCAA Division 1 Niagara University Purple Eagles during the 1984 season posting a 4–8 record.

## InfoBox

Niels Guldbjerg
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Niels Guldbjerg | | |
| Date of birth | (1958-02-10) 10 February 1958 | | |
| Place of birth | Aalestrup, Denmark | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1979–1980 | Detroit Express | 9 | (1) |
| 1979–1980 | Detroit Express (indoor) | 7 | (2) |
| 1980–1981 | Philadelphia Fever (indoor) | 37 | (6) |
| 1981–1982 | New Jersey Rockets (indoor) | 39 | (20) |
| 1982–1984 | Buffalo Stallions (indoor) | 62 | (18) |
| 1982 | Detroit Besa |  |  |
| 1982 | Toronto Italia |  |  |
| 1983 | Hamilton Steelers |  |  |
| Total |  | **154** | **(47)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1984 | Niagara Purple Eagles | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Patrick O'Shea

abstract: Patrick O'Shea was a farm labourer and IRA soldier who fought on the anti-Treaty side during the Irish Civil War in north Kerry. He died after falling from a cliff trying to escape from Irish Free State forces in a siege at Clashmealcon in the last major military action of the civil war.

text:
# Patrick O'Shea

**Patrick O'Shea** (c.1900 - 18 April 1923) was a farm labourer and IRA soldier who fought on the anti-Treaty side during the Irish Civil War in north Kerry. He died after falling from a cliff trying to escape from Irish Free State forces in a siege at Clashmealcon (Irish: *Clais Maolchon*) in the last major military action of the civil war.

## Life

He was the eldest son of Patrick O'Shea, a farmer. He lived at Ballinbranig, Ballyduff.

He served with the IRA in the 3rd Battalion, 1st Kerry Brigade, under the command of Michael Laid and John McElligott. Post-Treaty, he was part of "Aero" Lyons's flying column that operated around Ballyduff (on different historical documentation he is recorded as having commenced IRA activities either from 1917, 1920 or 1921). Amongst other actions, the column had robbed the post office at Ballyduff and attacked the Civic Guard station at Ballyheigue. On 15th April 1923, they attacked a National Army party which was involved in a raid. The National troops then pursued the column, gaining reinforcements from the 1st Western Division led by Michael Hogan. O'Shea and his colleagues entered Dumfort's Cave set into the Atlantic cliff, a hiding place with one entrance and no means of escape. A siege followed, lasting more than three days, in which National troops detonated mines and tried to smoke the column out with devices made on the spot. James McGrath, O'Shea's first cousin and brother to his IRA colleague Thomas McGrath who was trapped with him, was arrested by the National Army and taken to the caves to try to effect a surrender. Two National troops were shot by Lyons as they tried to access the cave, one dying at the scene and another, Captain Henry Pearson, succumbing to his injuries in Tralee hospital. On the night of 17-18 April. O'Shea and his cousin Tom McGrath made an attempt to escape by leaving the cave and scaling the cliff. They both fell into the sea and drowned and their bodies were never found. Three of O'Shea's colleagues, James McEnery, Edmond Greaney and "Rudge" Hathaway surrendered and were later executed. The siege ended after Lyons agreed to surrender but fell from a rope provided by troops onto rocks and was riddled with bullets where he lay.

O'Shea's father, Patrick, was awarded £12 from the Irish White Cross because of his son's death. With new legislation passed in the early 1930s, and further Army Pension legislation, he applied for an allowance for dependency on his son, as did O'Shea's brother John, and the latter with O'Shea's other sibling Michael seeking a final payment when their father died. This involved representation from Eamon Kissane, Teachta Dála (for Kerry and then North Kerry) and included discussion about the absence of a coroner's inquest (before 1924, inquests were not held without a body) and exceeding time limits for applications. Correspondence lasted until 1959. Only O'Shea's father was successful with his allowance application, receiving a partial dependency award, but died during the period covered by it between 1941 and 1942.


title: Rice Lake Weighing Systems

abstract: Rice Lake Weighing Systems is an American multinational industrial scale manufacturer headquartered in Rice Lake, Wisconsin. An ISO 9001 certified company, Rice Lake Weighing Systems manufactures industrial scale and process-control equipment for a variety of industries including agriculture, food and beverage processing, forestry, pharmaceuticals, retail, transportation, logistics and waste.

text:
# Rice Lake Weighing Systems

**Rice Lake Weighing Systems** is an American multinational industrial scale manufacturer headquartered in Rice Lake, Wisconsin. An ISO 9001 certified company, Rice Lake Weighing Systems manufactures industrial scale and process-control equipment for a variety of industries including agriculture, food and beverage processing, forestry, pharmaceuticals, retail, transportation, logistics and waste.

## History

In 1945, Donald B. Johnson and Warren Thomas founded Thomas & Johnson Scale Service in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1946, they moved to Rice Lake, WI; an area with a high demand for scale service due to the dairies, creameries and railroads. Thomas & Johnson Scale Service became Rice Lake Bearing Inc. in 1971, as the company began to offer refurbishing services for pivots and bearings. In 1981, Donald B. and his son Mark became sole owners of the company. In 1986, the company changed its name to Rice Lake Weighing Systems. Today, Rice Lake Weighing Systems is the largest employer in the city of Rice Lake, WI with over 600 employees

## Locations

The Rice Lake Weighing Systems corporate headquarters, primary manufacturing facility and NVLAP accredited metrology lab are located in Rice Lake, Wisconsin.

### Jasper, Alabama

Rice Lake Weighing Systems acquired Powell Scale in 2005. The facility in Jasper is used for an expansion of the manufacturing of truck scales and other heavy-capacity products.

### Fernley, Nevada

The Fernley facility was established in 2011 as a west coast manufacturing hub for truck scales and other heavy-capacity products.

### Seattle, Washington

Rice Lake Weighing Systems acquired Measurement Systems International in 2012. The Seattle facility offers a comprehensive line of industrial electronic scales, crane scales, tension dynamometers and other load monitoring instrumentation.

### Monterrey, Mexico

Rice Lake de Mexico provides sales, service and training support to Latin America.

### Heteren, Nederlands

Rice Lake Weighing Systems acquired the Dutch belt-scale manufacturer Master Engineering in 2013. Rice Lake Weighing Systems Europe B.V. provides distribution and support of Rice Lake products for their European customer base.

### Chennai, India

Rice Lake Weighing Systems India Ltd. Is a joint venture between Rice Lake Weighing Systems and Strategic Weighing Systems Limited. Products include electronic weighing systems, material handling systems and batching and blending solutions.

### Sao Paulo, Brazil

Rice Lake Weighing systems and Fefa Sensores have developed a distribution agreement to deliver product and customer service to the Brazilian marketplace through local service, warehousing and support in São Paulo, Brazil.

### Other Divisions

Other divisions of Rice Lake Weighing Systems include Mattson Spray Equipment, Rice Lake Custom Machining and Intruder.

## Training Programs

### Welding Program

Rice Lake Weighing Systems was awarded a $78,795 grant from the Department of Workforce Development to develop a multi-level welding skills program . This program provides training and skill enhancement to 53 incumbent workers and 38 new hires at the company.

### Intern Program

Rice Lake Weighing Systems has the largest Summer Internship program in the region, hosting 40 to 60 high school and college students each year. Interns work in a variety of fields from Maintenance, to Marketing, to HR, and gain real world experience to add to their resumes.


title: Thomas J. Balkany

abstract: Thomas J. Balkany is an American ear surgeon, otolaryngologist and neurotologist specializing in cochlear implantation. He is the Hotchkiss Endowment Distinguished Professor and Chairman Emeritus in the Department of Otolaryngology and Professor of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics at the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine. Additionally, he is a fellow of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, the American College of Surgeons and the American Academy of Pediatrics.

text:
# Thomas J. Balkany

**Thomas J. Balkany** is an American ear surgeon, otolaryngologist and neurotologist specializing in cochlear implantation.

He is the Hotchkiss Endowment Distinguished Professor and Chairman Emeritus in the Department of Otolaryngology and Professor of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics at the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine. Additionally, he is a fellow of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, the American College of Surgeons and the American Academy of Pediatrics.

## Early life and education

Balkany was born and raised in Coral Gables, Florida, and decided to be a physician at the age of 12. He graduated from the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in 1972.

His postgraduate training included surgical residency at St. Joseph Hospital in Denver, and his otolaryngology residency at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. Balkany also completed additional neurotology and cochlear implantation training under William House at the House Ear Institute in Los Angeles.

## Career

In 1990, Balkany returned to the University of Miami as founding director of the Ear Institute and cochlear implant program. He established the department's Microsurgery Training Laboratory in 1995 to provide training for surgeries that restore hearing, remove tumors from the skull base, repair facial nerves, correct balance disorders and treat chronic ear infections. Balkany succeeded W. Jarrard Goodwin as chairman of the Department of Otolaryngology in 2000.

In 2007, Balkany was elected vice president of the American Otologic, Rhinologic and Laryngologic Society.) During his 25 years at the University of Miami, Balkany has helped restore hearing to more than 2,000 deaf children and adults from South Florida, Latin America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East and other regions, including a three-year-old Iraqi child who was born deaf and transported from a battle zone to Miami by the U.S. Military. In 2009, he stepped down as chairman and became director of the University of Miami Ear Institute. He has also served as Senior Examiner of the American Board of Otolaryngology and the American Board of Neurotology and a member of the Boards of Directors of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Auditory-Verbal International, AG Bell, Florida and as President of the Florida Society of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. Dr. Balkany is the founding chairman of the William House Cochlear Implant Study Group and founding board member of the American Cochlear Implant Alliance (ACIA).

Balkany holds 14 U.S. and international patents on cochlear implant technologies. Additionally, he has written three books and more than 300 scientific publications on the topic of ear surgery. Balkany founded the Institute for Cochlear Implant Training, ICIT, a Florida nonprofit corporation, in 2012. ICIT provides 3 month-long advanced training courses for surgeons, audiologists, language specialists ant others with a goal of improving patient outcomes.

## Recognition

Balkany was honored by the Prime Minister of the State of Israel for performing the first cochlear implants and helping to start the first two cochlear implant centers in that country. He has received the New York League for the Hard of Hearing's Fowler Award for his work in the ethics of cochlear implantation of young children. He also received the Hallpike-Nylen prize for clinical research from the Bárány Society in Uppsala, Sweden. Balkany received the Graham Frasier Award of the British Cochlear Implant Group at the Royal Society of Medicine in 2004 for his work in cochlear implantation. He was also recognized with the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce at the Health Care Heroes Awards Luncheon in 2012.

## Bibliography

* The Ear Book Thomas Balkany and Kevin Brown. Johns Hopkins Press, 2017.
* The Cochlear Implant, Thomas Balkany (Ed.). Elsevier (1986)
* Clinical Pediatric Otolaryngology. Thomas Balkany, Nigel Pashley. Mosby (1986).
* Cochlear Implant Surgeons Training Course MOOC, Balkany TJ, Roland P, Luxford W, Zwollan TA, Buchman CA (Institute for Cochlear Implant Training) 2014.
* Otoacoustic Emissions, Balkany TJ, Lonsbury-Martin BL. Am J Otol (Monograph) Supplement 15:1 1994;1-38.

## InfoBox

| Thomas J. Balkany | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Coral Gables, Florida, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of Miami |
| Spouse | Diane Balkany |
| **Medical career** | |
| Field |  |
| Institutions | Miller School of Medicine (University of Miami) |
| Research | Cochlear implantation |
|  | |


title: Metius gigas

abstract: Metius gigas is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1953.

text:
# Metius gigas

***Metius gigas*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1953.

## InfoBox

| *Metius gigas* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Metius* |
| Species: | ***M. gigas*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metius gigas***<br>Straneo, 1953 | |
|


title: Gouni

abstract: Gouni is a small town and seat of the commune of Meguetan in the Cercle of Kangaba in the Koulikoro Region of south-western Mali.

text:
# Gouni

**Gouni** is a small town and seat of the commune of Meguetan in the Cercle of Kangaba in the Koulikoro Region of south-western Mali.

## InfoBox

| Gouni | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| GouniLocation in Mali | |
| Coordinates: 12°52′27″N 7°31′54″W / 12.87417°N 7.53167°W / 12.87417; -7.53167 | |
| Country | Mali |
| Region | Koulikoro Region |
| Cercle | Kangaba Cercle |
| Commune | Meguetan |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Niels Geusebroek

abstract: Niels Geusebroek is a Dutch singer and songwriter.

text:
# Niels Geusebroek

**Niels Geusebroek** (Dutch pronunciation: \[nils ˈxøːsəbruk\]; born 4 August 1979) is a Dutch singer and songwriter.

## In Silkstone

In 1996, he formed the Dutch pop group Silkstone becoming the vocalist of the band in partnership with guitar player Frans van Essen. There were many changes in line-up with various members that included earlier on Daniel van Luipen (bass), Paul van Twisk (keyboards), Boxie van Gerrisheim and Jeroen Vrolijk (drums). At later stages, the band was composed of Geusbroek and van Essen, in addition to the new line-up of Niels Bik (drums), Dave Besse (bass) and Marco Kuypers (keyboards). After initial success, the band signed with BMG releasing two albums, *What's the Reason* in 2003 and *Here in Your World* in 2008. Various hit singles by Silkstone included "Ready", "Rain Has Come" and "Blue X-mas" all in 2002, "What's the Reason" and "Lost" in 2003 and "Here in Your World" in 2008. He have also done a cover version of the British pop band Right Said Fred's song Don't Talk Just Kiss in 2013 in the Netherlands talkshow De Frank en Vrijdag Show. Silkstone also toured to US and Russia. The band broke up in 2009 after more than 13 years.

## In *Voice of Holland*

Geusebroek continued on a solo career, taking part in 2011 in the second season of *The Voice of Holland* as a contestant in Team Angela (Angela Groothuizen). During his run, three of his interpretations became minor hits appearing on the Dutch "Single Top 100" charts, namely for "Save the World", "Old and Wise" (an Alan Parsons project song) and "Titanium" (from David Guetta). He reached the semi-finals before getting eliminated in week 6 finishing in the 5th to 8th bracket.

## Solo career

In November 2012, he teamed up with Wildstylez with a massive hardstyle hit called "Year of Summer" where he was featured on the vocals of the popular dance hit and reaching #3 on Dutch Top 40. The single was certified gold in January 2013.

## Discography

### Albums

As part of Silkstone * 2003: *What's the Reason* (BMG, peaked NED #43 on Album Top 100)
* 2008: *Here in Your World* (BMG, peaked NED #36 on Album Top 100)

### Singles

as part of Silkstone * 2002: "Ready" (peaked at #40 on Dutch Top 40)
* 2003: "What's the Reason" (reaching Tip 3 just below the Top 40)
* 2008: "Here in Your World" (peaked at #36 on Dutch Top 40)

Solo, during *The Voice of Holland*

| Year | Single | Original by | Chart
peak
NED
Single Top 100 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | "Save the World" | Swedish House Mafia | 66 |
| | "Cold and Rice" | Alan Parsons Project | 13 |
| | "Titanium" | David Guetta featuring Sia | 23 |

featured in

| Year | Single | Chart
peak
NED
Dutch Top 40 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | "Year of Summer" | 3 |

### Duets


title: Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées

abstract: Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées is an epistolary novel by the French writer Honoré de Balzac. It was serialized in the French newspaper La Presse in 1841 and published by Furne in 1842 as the first work in the second volume of Balzac's La Comédie humaine. It was dedicated to the French novelist George Sand. The 1902 English translation of the novel included a preface by Henry James.

text:
# Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées

***Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées*** (***Letters of Two Brides***) is an epistolary novel by the French writer Honoré de Balzac. It was serialized in the French newspaper *La Presse* in 1841 and published by Furne in 1842 as the first work in the second volume (*Scènes de la vie privée, tome II* or *Scenes from Private Life, Volume 2*) of Balzac's *La Comédie humaine*. It was dedicated to the French novelist George Sand. The 1902 English translation of the novel included a preface by Henry James.

## History of the text

*Letters of Two Brides* grew out of two earlier works which Balzac never completed: *Mémoires d'une jeune femme* (*Memoirs of A Young Woman*), which was written in 1834, and *Sœur Marie des Anges* (*Sister Marie des Anges*), which was probably written around 1835. In 1840, Balzac informed his future wife Ewelina Hańska of his intention to write an epistolary novel: "I am writing an epistolary novel, though I do not know what title to give it, as *Soeur Marie des Anges* is too long, and that would only apply to the first part." In June 1841, Balzac wrote again to Mme Hanska: "I have just finished *Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées*". The manuscript to which this letter refers is no longer extant.

On 10 November 1841, Balzac's editor Hippolyte Souverain authorized the serialization of the novel in the French journal *La Presse*. The editor of the journal, however, bowdlerized Balzac's text. Between 26 November and 6 December 1841 letters I through XXV, which comprised part one of the novel, were serialized. Part two (letters XXVI through XLVII) and part three (letters XLVIII through LIX) were serialized between then and 1 January 1842. The serialization had neither a foreword nor a dedication.

The first Furne edition, which faithfully reproduced Balzac's original text, appeared in two volumes in January 1842. This edition included a foreword (dated "Les Jardies, May 1840") and a dedication to George Sand. The original division of the novel into three parts was retained.

The second edition appeared on 3 September 1842 as part of Furne's publication of *La Comédie humaine*. *Letters of Two Brides* was the first book in the second volume of the series, *Scènes de la vie privée*(*Scenes from Private Life*), followed by *A Daughter of Eve*. For this edition Balzac removed the foreword and divided the novel into two parts. He also altered the date of the foreword to "Paris, 1841".

There exists a final revision of the text in Balzac's own hand in the Lovenjoul Collection. In this revision Canalis replaces M. de Saint-Héreen, and the dates of letters XLVIII, XLIX and LI have been altered.

The fragmentary *Sœur Marie des Anges* was to form part of the series of works known as *Scènes de la vie parisienne* (*Scenes from Parisian Life*). However, this fragment has little in common with *Letters of Two Brides*; it is not in epistolary form and its plot is quite different. Its relation to the later novel has still not been satisfactorily explained. A character called Mère Marie des Anges, the superior of the Ursuline convent at Arcis-sur-Aube, appears in another of Balzac's novels, *The Member for Arcis*, as do a number of characters from *Letters of Two Brides*.

## Plot

The story concerns two young French women, Louise de Chaulieu (1805–1835) and Renée de Maucombe (born 1807), who become close friends during their novitiate at the Carmelite convent of Blois. When they leave the convent, however, their lives follow two very different paths. Louise chooses a life of romance, whereas Renée takes a much more pragmatic approach; but their friendship is preserved through their correspondence, which continues for a dozen years from 1823 through 1835.

Louise is expected to sacrifice herself for her two brothers and take the veil, but the young girl refuses to submit to such a fate. Her dying grandmother intercedes on her behalf and bequeaths her her fortune, thereby rescuing her from the enclosed life of a Carmelite nun and leaving her financially independent. Free to assist her brothers financially without having to sacrifice her own ambitions, Louise settles in Paris and throws herself into a life of Italian operas, masqued balls and romantic intrigues. She falls in love with an unbecoming but noble Spaniard, Felipe Hénarez, Baron de Macumer. Banished from Spain, he lives incognito in Paris where he is forced to support himself by teaching Spanish. When he regains his fortune and noble standing, he woos Louise with a romantic fervour that finally wins her over. The pair are married in March 1825. They live a life of carefree happiness, but Louise's jealousy embitters him and leads to his physical break-down. He dies in 1829, leaving a grieving widow of twenty-four.

Renée de Maucombe's attitude to love and life are in marked contrast to those of Louise. When she leaves the convent at Blois Renée moves to Provence, where she marries an older man of little wealth or standing whom she can hardly be said to love. She bears Louis de L'Estorade three children, and over the course of the next decade she devotes herself body and soul to the happiness of her family. Gradually she grows to love her husband in her own way, and with her encouragement he makes a career for himself in local politics, which culminates in his becoming a peer of France and a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. During this time Renée is quite scathing in her criticisms of Louise, whom she sees as a selfish and self-indulgent coquette. True happiness for a woman lies in motherhood and devotion to her family.

Meanwhile, four years after the death of Felipe, Louise falls in love again. This time the object of her love is a poor poet and playwright Marie Gaston, who is several years younger than she is. As though taking a leaf out of Renée's book, Louise sells her Parisian property, moves to a chalet in Ville-d'Avray (a small village near Paris) and lives a life of seclusion with her new husband. But Renée is not fooled by this masquerade. Louise, she warns, is still living a life devoted to selfishness and self-indulgence, while true happiness lies only in self-sacrifice to one's husband and children - Louise remains childless.

After a few years of apparent bliss, Louise detects a change in her husband. He becomes solicitous about the financial success of his plays, and a large sum of money goes missing. Suspecting him of having an expensive mistress, Louise makes enquiries and comes to the shocking conclusion that he has another family in Paris – an Englishwoman known by the name Madame Gaston, and two children, who look remarkably like Marie. Louise confides her feelings of despair to Renée and announces her determination to commit suicide rather than to submit to such a fate. Renée's husband makes enquiries and discovers the truth of the situation. Madame Gaston is the widow of Marie's brother. The death of her husband has left her financially destitute and Marie has taken it upon himself to assist her and his two nephews, but he is ashamed to ask his wife for money. Reneé writes to Louise to inform her of the truth and rushes to the chalet, but she is too late. Louise has contracted consumption by lying out in the dew overnight and she dies a few days later.

## English translations

* Katherine Prescott Wormeley: *Memoirs of Two Young Married Women* (Roberts Bros., 1894)
* R. S. Scott: *Letters of Two Brides* (J. M. Dent, 1897)
* Lady Mary Loyd: *The Two Young Brides* (1902)
* Jordan Stump: *The Memoirs of Two Young Wives* (New York Review Books, 2018)

* Nez, Caroline. "Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées". Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
* Pierrot, Roger; Honoré de Balzac (1990). *Lettres à Madame Hanska, tome 1: 1832-44*. Paris: Bouquins. ISBN 978-2-221-05923-4.

## InfoBox

Letters of Two Brides
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Honoré de Balzac |
| Original title | *Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées* |
| Translator | R. S. Scott |
| Illustrator | Adrien Moreau |
| Language | French |
| Series | *La Comédie Humaine* |
| Genre | *Scènes de la vie privée* |
| Publisher | Furne |
| Publication date | 1842 |
| Publication place | France |
| Published in English | 1898 |
| Preceded by | *Le Bal de Sceaux* |
| Followed by | *La Bourse* |


title: Niels Geuking

abstract: Niels Geuking is a German politician, serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Germany since 5 February 2024, representing the Family Party of Germany.

text:
# Niels Geuking

**Niels Geuking** (born 17 November 1992) is a German politician, serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Germany since 5 February 2024, representing the Family Party of Germany.

## Career

Niels Geuking was appointed to a vacancy in the European Parliament caused by the resignation of his father Helmut Geuking, who nevertheless intends to seek re-election in 2024. His father was elected but opted not to take the seat, so Niels Geuking stayed as MEP.

## InfoBox

| Niels GeukingMEP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
5 February 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Helmut Geuking |
| Constituency | Germany |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1992-11-17) 17 November 1992
Coesfeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany |
| Political party | Family Party of Germany |
|  | |


title: Jam roly-poly

abstract: Jam roly-poly, shirt-sleeve pudding, dead man's arm or dead man's leg is a traditional British pudding probably first created in the early 19th century. It is a flat-rolled suet pudding, which is spread with jam and rolled up, similar to a Swiss roll, then steamed or baked and traditionally served with custard. In days past, jam roly-poly was also known as shirt-sleeve pudding, because it was often steamed and served in an old shirt-sleeve, leading to the nicknames of dead-man's arm and dead man's leg. In the past it was known as roly poly pudding.

text:
# Jam roly-poly

**Jam roly-poly**, **shirt-sleeve pudding**, **dead man's arm** or **dead man's leg** is a traditional British pudding probably first created in the early 19th century. It is a flat-rolled suet pudding, which is spread with jam and rolled up, similar to a Swiss roll, then steamed or baked and traditionally served with custard. In days past, jam roly-poly was also known as shirt-sleeve pudding, because it was often steamed and served in an old shirt-sleeve, leading to the nicknames of dead-man's arm and dead man's leg. In the past it was known as **roly poly pudding**.

## Description

Jam roly-poly features in Mrs Beeton's cookery book, as roly-poly jam pudding. It is one of a range of puddings that are now considered part of the classic desserts of the mid 20th century British school dinners. Jam roly-poly is considered a modern British classic, alongside sticky toffee pudding and spotted dick. In Beatrix Potter's 1908 book *The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or, The Roly-Poly Pudding*, the character Tom Kitten is rolled into a pudding by the invading rats.

Media related to Jam roly-poly at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Jam roly-poly
| Jam roly-poly | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names | Dead Man's Arm, Dead Man's Leg, Roly poly pudding |
| Type | Pudding |
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Main ingredients | Suet, jam |
|  | |


title: Nayabans

abstract: Nayabans (Nayābans) is a village in Kotla block of Firozabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,417, in 236 households.

text:
# Nayabans

**Nayabans** (*Nayābans*) is a village in Kotla block of Firozabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,417, in 236 households.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Nayabans (called "Nayabash" in the 2011 census data) had a population of 1,417, in 236 households. This population was 53.9% male (764) and 46.1% female (653). The 0-6 age group numbered 239 (128 male and 111 female), making up 16.9% of the total population. 47 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 3.3% of the total.

The 1981 census recorded Nayabans (as "Naya Bans") as having a population of 718 people (382 male and 336 female), in 123 households and 122 physical houses.

The 1961 census recorded Nayabans (as "Naya Bans") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 414 people (242 male and 172 female), in 64 households and 60 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 136 acres.

The 1951 census recorded Nayabans as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 359 people (198 male and 161 female), in 58 households and 41 physical houses.

## Infrastructure

As of 2011, Nayabans had 3 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both *kachcha* and *pakka* materials.

## InfoBox

| Nayabans | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Map showing Nayabans in Kotla block | |
| NayabansLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 27°15′36″N 78°25′44″E / 27.26001°N 78.42883°E / 27.26001; 78.42883 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Firozabad |
| Tehsil | Firozabad |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.556 km2 (0.215 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,417 |
| Density | 2,500/km2 (6,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Kosači

abstract: Kosači is the fifth studio album by Montenegrin singer Boban Rajović. It was released in late spring 2008.

text:
# Kosači

***Kosači*** (English translation: ***Mowers***) is the fifth studio album by Montenegrin singer Boban Rajović. It was released in late spring 2008.

## Track listing

Main songs 1. Crna lala (*Black Tulip*)
2. Kosači (*Mowers*)
3. Pomozite mi drugovi (*Help Me, Friends*)
4. Latice od ruža (*Rose Petals*)
5. Da li, da li je? (*Is It, Is It*)
6. Broj 23 (*Number 23*)
7. Izdaja (*Betrayal*)
8. Pola sata do Beograda (*Half an Hour to Belgrade*)
9. Autoput (*Highway*)
10. Ljubav (*Love*)
11. Bata

Bonus tracks 1. Usne boje vina (*Lips the Color of Wine*)
2. Ubi me ti (*You Killed Me*)
3. Provokacija (*Provocation*)
4. Na dan kad si rođena (*On the Day You Were Born*)
5. Puklo srce (*My Heart Exploded*)
6. Flaša (*Bottle*)
7. Koga foliraš (*Who Are You Fooling*)

## InfoBox

| Kosači | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Boban Rajović | |
| Released | late-spring 2008 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Label | Sound Production |
| Boban Rajović chronology | |
| *Usne boje vina*
(2007) ***Kosači***
(2008) *Najbolje do sada*
(2009) | |