title: Two-color system

abstract: The two-color system of projection is a name given to a variety of methods of projecting a full-color image using (only) two different single-color projectors. James Clerk Maxwell first suggested he had discovered such a projection system, but it was not reproduced until the 1950s, when Edwin Land accidentally noticed a similar effect while working on his three-color system of projection. Despite Land's later work on the subject, the physics behind the success of this system of projection is not clearly understood since it involves not only the projected light but also the human visual system's response to it.

text:
# Two-color system

The **two-color system** of projection is a name given to a variety of methods of projecting a full-color image using (only) two different single-color projectors. James Clerk Maxwell first suggested he had discovered such a projection system, but it was not reproduced until the 1950s, when Edwin Land accidentally noticed a similar effect while working on his three-color system of projection.

Despite Land's later work on the subject, the physics behind the success of this system of projection (and similar methods of apparent full-color projection involving only one color of light, sometimes in different polarizations) is not clearly understood since it involves not only the projected light but also the human visual system's response to it.


title: Lambrate (Milan Metro)

abstract: Lambrate is a station on Line 2 of the Milan Metro in the Lambrate district of Milan. It was opened on 27 September 1969 as part of the inaugural section of Line 2, between Cascina Gobba and Caiazzo. The station is located at the Piazza Enrico Bottini, in front of Milano Lambrate railway station, and has been connected to it by a tunnel since December 2010.

text:
# Lambrate (Milan Metro)

**Lambrate** is a station on Line 2 of the Milan Metro in the Lambrate district of Milan. It was opened on 27 September 1969 as part of the inaugural section of Line 2, between Cascina Gobba and Caiazzo.

The station is located at the Piazza Enrico Bottini, in front of Milano Lambrate railway station, and has been connected to it by a tunnel since December 2010.

Media related to Lambrate FS station (Milan metro) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Lambrate | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Piazza Enrico Bottini, Milan<br>Italy |
| Coordinates | 45°29′04″N 9°14′09″E / 45.48444°N 9.23583°E / 45.48444; 9.23583 |
| Owned by | Azienda Trasporti Milanesi |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Milano Lambrate railway station |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | STIBM: Mi1 |
| History | |
| Opened | 27 September 1969 (1969-09-27) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Milan Metro Following station  Piolatowards Assago or Abbiategrasso  Line 2  Udinetowards Cologno Nord or Gessate | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Quiriego Municipality

abstract: Quiriego Municipality is a municipality of southern Sonora state, in northwestern Mexico.

text:
# Quiriego Municipality

**Quiriego Municipality** is a municipality of southern Sonora state, in northwestern Mexico.

## County seat

The town of Quiriego is the county seat of Quiriego Municipality. Quiriego is located east of Ciudad Obregón and is connected by dirt road with the main Federal Highway 15 at the village of Funcición.

## Population

The Quiriego Municipality population count was 3,335 in 2005. The municipal population has been decreasing steadily since 1980 when it was 4,474.

There are 121 localities in Quiriego Municipality, the largest of which are:

| **Name** | **2020 Census Population** |
| --- | --- |
| Quiriego | 1,299 |
| Batacosa | 423 |
| Cábora | 289 |
| Tepahui | 274 |
| Goijaquía | 125 |
| Bacusa | 115 |
| Los Bajíos (Ejido los Conejos) | 91 |
| El Tanque | 87 |
| El Puerto | 51 |
| El Frijolar | 23 |
| **Total Municipality** | **3,090** |

## History

The name Quiriego comes from the Latin words in the liturgy of the mass "kirie" lord and "ego" I.

Located in this region are the ruins of the ancient Real de Minas y Villa de Baroyeca, which was one of the most important settlements in Sonora during the colonial period and beginning of the post-independence era.

Ruins of the former missions of Batacosa and Tepahui, founded in the eighteenth century, can also be seen.

The municipal seat, Quiriego, was originally a ranch belonging to Francisco Javier Valenzuela in the last years of the eighteenth century. Quiriego became a municipality in 1932.

## Geography

The Quiriego Municipality area is 2,705.72 km². It is within the Sonoran Desert.

Neighboring municipalities

Neighboring Municipalities are Rosario to the north, Álamos to the east, Navojoa and the state of Chihuahua to the south, and Cajeme to the west.

### Climate

| Climate data for Quiriego | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.6
(78.1) | 28
(82) | 29.7
(85.5) | 33.1
(91.6) | 35.3
(95.5) | 39.0
(102.2) | 36.8
(98.2) | 35.3
(95.5) | 35.4
(95.7) | 33.7
(92.7) | 30.2
(86.4) | 26.6
(79.9) | 32.4
(90.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.3
(45.1) | 7.5
(45.5) | 9
(48) | 11.4
(52.5) | 15.1
(59.2) | 20.9
(69.6) | 23.4
(74.1) | 23
(73) | 21.8
(71.2) | 16
(61) | 10.4
(50.7) | 7.0
(44.6) | 14.4
(57.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30
(1.2) | 13
(0.5) | 10
(0.4) | 5.1
(0.2) | 2.5
(0.1) | 20
(0.8) | 190
(7.3) | 180
(7.2) | 99
(3.9) | 43
(1.7) | 15
(0.6) | 33
(1.3) | 640
(25) |
| Source: Weatherbase | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Economy

Agriculture and cattle raising are the main economic activities. Main crops are watermelon, sorghum, corn, beans, and grasses for cattle raising. There were 34,096 head of cattle in 2000. Gobierno de Sonora

29°08′27″N 111°00′30″W / 29.1408°N 111.0082°W / 29.1408; -111.0082

## InfoBox

| Quiriego Municipality | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Sonora |
| County seat | Quiriego |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,705.72 km2 (1,044.68 sq mi) |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 3,335 |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (No DST) |


title: Wabagai

abstract: Wabagai is a town in Kakching district in Manipur, India. It is located on the bank to the Sekmai river.

text:
# Wabagai

**Wabagai** is a town in Kakching district in Manipur, India. It is located on the bank to the Sekmai river.

## Geography

Wabagai is located at . It has an average elevation of 778  metres (2555 feet). It is located 39 km to the south east from Imphal.

## Education

Wabagai Higher secondary school is the oldest and famous school in and around the town. It is a co-educational in structure. Courses run from standard VI to XII. Medium of instruction is Meitei.Apart from this there are some private run schools also such as The Amutombi Devine Life English School at Lamkhai Bazar, Grace Reach Academy at Hiyanglam Lai Panghanba, The Pole Star School at Wabagai Bamon Leirak, etc.

## Transportation

Mayai Lambi road, state highway connects the Imphal with the national highway no 39 at Kakching through Wabagai. Wabagai connects with Sugnu by Wabagai-Sugunu road.

## Agriculture

Paddy (Rice) is the main crop grown all around the town. Wabagai is famous for the production of cabbage and cauliflower in Manipur. Small scale poultry and piggery farmings are also seen here.

## Shopping centre

Wabagai Lamkhai is the main shopping centre in Wabagai. Agricultural commodities especially fruits and vegetables are very famous here. It is very busy during the morning hours as the export of the vegetable and other agricultural commodities to the other parts of the Manipur are done during this time.

## Music

People of Wabagai love music. Many famous singers are also associated from this place. Baby Pusparani, a singer of modern Meitei song is from Wabagai.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Wabagai is a large village located in Kakching district, Manipur with total 1810 families residing. The Wabagai village has population of 8578 of which 4292 are males while 4286 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Wabagai village population of children with age 0-6 is 1196 which makes up 13.94 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Wabagai village is 999 which is higher than Manipur state average of 985. Child Sex Ratio for the Wabagai as per census is 917, lower than Manipur average of 930

## Politics

Wabagai assembly constituency (Assembly Constituency No. 36) is part of Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency).

## InfoBox

| Wabagai | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| WabagaiLocation in Manipur, IndiaWabagaiWabagai (India) | |
| Coordinates: 24°32′N 93°56′E / 24.53°N 93.93°E / 24.53; 93.93 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Manipur |
| District | Kakching |
| Elevation | 778 m (2,552 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 8,578 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Meiteilon (Manipuri) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 795103 |
| Telephone code | 03848 |
| Vehicle registration | MN |
| Website | manipur.gov.in |


title: François Hammer

abstract: François Hammer, born on 19 November 1958, is a French astrophysicist. He has been an astronomer at the Paris Observatory since 1987 and was an astronomer attached to the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope between 1991 and 1992. He has made several discoveries in the fields of gravitational lensing, cosmology and galaxy formation and structure. He was responsible for the Giraffe spectrograph implemented in 2002 at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Together with the astronomers Lex Kaper, Per Kjaergaard, Roberto Pallavicini, he was the investigator of the X-shooter spectrograph, implemented in 2009 at the VLT.

text:
# François Hammer

**François Hammer**, born on 19 November 1958, is a French astrophysicist. He has been an astronomer at the Paris Observatory since 1987 and was an astronomer attached to the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope between 1991 and 1992.

He has made several discoveries in the fields of gravitational lensing, cosmology and galaxy formation and structure. He was responsible for the Giraffe spectrograph implemented in 2002 at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Together with the astronomers Lex Kaper, Per Kjaergaard, Roberto Pallavicini, he was the investigator of the X-shooter spectrograph, implemented in 2009 at the VLT.

## Career

François Hammer studied at the École centrale des arts et manufactures (1980–82), and obtained his PhD in astrophysics in 1986 at the Université Paris-Diderot. He was the founding director of the laboratory "Galaxies, Etoiles Physique et Instrumentation" (GEPI, 2002-2009). He was elected at the Scientific Council of the "Institut national des sciences de l'Univers" du centre national de recherches scientifiques (CNRS), first secretary (2011-2013) then president in 2014. As a member of the coordination of the National Committee for Scientific Research (2012-2014), he supported the fundamental research for "Assises de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche" as well as the employment of scientists.

He is co-responsible for Franco-Chinese scientific relations in astronomy and astrophysics.

## Research

Hammer established the first gravitational lensing model to explain the giant luminous arcs recently discovered in galaxy clusters. This had led to a new estimate of galaxy cluster masses.

Very few distant galaxies were known in the 80s; together with the astronomers David Crampton, Olivier Le Fèvre and Simon Lilly, Hammer carried out the first spectroscopic survey of a thousand galaxies up to z=1 (Canada-France Redshift Survey). From this, the team discovered that star formation in the Universe had decreased by a factor of ten over the last 8 billion years, a result confirmed using infrared data to account for the dust-enshrouded star formation.

He implemented the first 3D multi-spectroscopy system on an 8- meter class telescope, and invented the new concept of 'morpho-kinematics' to identify the physical processes that govern galaxy formation, by combining the deep morphologies of HST with the 3D spectroscopy performed at the VLT.

Together with colleagues and his students, he discovered that the morphologies of present-day galaxies can be explained by major mergers of gas-rich galaxies, after which the gas is gradually wrapped around the center to form a new disk. This new concept of post-merger disk formation indicates that the hierarchical scenario applies to all galaxy types, either spiral or elliptical. Furthermore, this disk rebuilding scenario solves the so-called spin catastrophe by providing large angular momentum to spiral galaxies. In 2007, he showed that the Milky Way is quite exceptional, as it has not been affected by a collision since the earliest epochs. This was confirmed in 2018 by Gaia observations that have identified the remains of a large collision called Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus which took place nearly 10 billion years ago.

He produced the most accurate modeling of the large Andromeda galaxy with his colleagues, Yanbin Yang and Jianling Wang. This has shown that Andromeda was the result of a major collision two to three billion years ago, explaining the overall properties of the galaxy. He also modeled the large Magellanic Stream of neutral hydrogen, still unexplained since its discovery, 40 years ago. He is currently researching the origin of dwarf galaxies near the Milky Way, using astrometric data from the Gaia satellite.

## Prizes

## Books

* *Building Galaxies: From The Primordial Universe To The Present*, François Hammer *et al.,* (2000)
* *Studying Distant Galaxies: A Handbook Of Methods And Analyses*, François Hammer *et al.*, (2016)

## Medias and podcasts

* C'est pas sorcier, « Mystères de l'Univers », France 3, 2004
* La Terre au Carré : « La galaxie d'Andromède», France Inter, Mathieu Vidard
* La méthode scientifique : « Univers jeune : si loin, si proche », France Culture, Nicolas Martin
* La méthode scientifique : « Galaxie d'Andromède, notre si jeune voisine», France Culture, Nicolas Martin
* La méthode scientifique : « Fin de l'Univers : et après ?», France Culture, Nicolas Martin
* Les preuves de la matière sombre aux différentes échelles, Fête de la Science 2019

## Notes and references


title: Warlock Records

abstract:
Warlock Records is a record label based in New York City that was founded in 1985 by Adam Levy, whose father was record producer Morris Levy. Artists that recorded for Warlock Records include Jungle Brothers, Royal House, Skinny Boys, C-Bo, Esham, Tuff Crew, Blac Haze, Juvenile, Half a Mill, Poison Clan, The Last Mr. Bigg, and Kim Waters. In the 1990s Warlock Records acquired the labels Sleeping Bag Records, Fresh Records, Streetwise Records/Party Time, Ligosa Records, Quality Records USA, Dangerous Records, Pump, N-Coded Music, N2K, Strictly Hype, Underground Construction, High Power Records, Aureus, and Cheetah Records. In September 2009, Warlock Records and all of its acquired labels were sold to Phase One Network, a music-asset management company that now controls over 20 labels in the pop, hip hop, dance, jazz, and R&B genres. These recordings are licensed to Traffic Entertainment for physical distribution. Phase One Network, has licensed songs to various television shows, commercials, video games, and movies including the following:
  - Everybody Hates Chris
  - Sex and the City
  - Entourage
  - I Think I Love My Wife
  - Grand Theft Auto 3
  - Hot Chick
  - DJ Hero

text:
# Warlock Records

**Warlock Records** is a record label based in New York City that was founded in 1985 by Adam Levy (born 1962), whose father was record producer Morris Levy. Artists that recorded for Warlock Records include Jungle Brothers, Royal House, Skinny Boys, C-Bo, Esham, Tuff Crew, Blac Haze, Juvenile, Half a Mill, Poison Clan, The Last Mr. Bigg, and Kim Waters.

In the 1990s Warlock Records acquired the labels Sleeping Bag Records, Fresh Records, Streetwise Records/Party Time, Ligosa Records, Quality Records USA, Dangerous Records, Pump, N-Coded Music, N2K, Strictly Hype, Underground Construction, High Power Records, Aureus, and Cheetah Records.

In September 2009, Warlock Records and all of its acquired labels were sold to Phase One Network, a music-asset management company that now controls over 20 labels in the pop, hip hop, dance, jazz, and R&B genres. These recordings are licensed to Traffic Entertainment for physical distribution.

Phase One Network, has licensed songs to various television shows, commercials, video games, and movies including the following:

## InfoBox

| Warlock Records | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent company | Phase One Network |
| Founder | Adam Levy |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Location | New York City |
| Official website | www.warlockrecords.com |


title: Phasia barbifrons

abstract: Phasia barbifrons is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Phasia barbifrons

***Phasia barbifrons*** is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

British Isles, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Andorra, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Switzerland, Russia, Vietnam, China.

## InfoBox

| *Phasia barbifrons* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phasia barbifrons* (video) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Phasiinae |
| Tribe: | Phasiini |
| Genus: | *Phasia* |
| Species: | ***P. barbifrons*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phasia barbifrons***<br>(Girschner, 1887) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: WeMix

abstract: WeMix was an online music creation community and user-generated record label founded in 2007 by hip-hop musician and actor Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges and reality TV show producer Matt Apfel. It was a privately held joint venture between Ludacris’ Disturbing tha Peace label and MegaMobile TV. The site was a social network that featured a content browsing/filtering structure similar to YouTube. WeMix allowed artists to interact, share their music, give feedback, and collaborate with other artists. The site was free to all users and had an internet-advertising business model. In December 2011, the website underwent maintenance and has not been active since.

text:
# WeMix

**WeMix** was an online music creation community and user-generated record label founded in 2007 by hip-hop musician and actor Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges and reality TV show producer Matt Apfel. It was a privately held joint venture between Ludacris’ Disturbing tha Peace label and MegaMobile TV (a company founded by Apfel). The site was a social network that featured a content browsing/filtering structure similar to YouTube. WeMix allowed artists to interact, share their music, give feedback, and collaborate with other artists. The site was free to all users and had an internet-advertising business model.

In December 2011, the website underwent maintenance and has not been active since.

## InfoBox

WEMIX
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of business | Private |
| Type of site | Social network service, online audio platform |
| Available in | English |
| Founded | New York, New York (2007) |
| Headquarters | New York, New York, U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Owner | \[\[\]\] |
| Key people | Ludacris (creator), Matthew Apfel |
| Registration | Not required |
| Users | 67,848 (October 2010) |
| Launched | April 2008 |
| Current status | Closed |


title: Monsters Menace America

abstract: Monsters Menace America is a 2005 light-strategy board game produced by Avalon Hill, a subsidiary of Wizards of the Coast. The game design is by J.C. Connors and Ben Knight. Monsters Menace America is a redevelopment of Monsters Ravage America, a game published by Avalon Hill shortly before they were acquired by Hasbro in 1998. This new edition streamlined some rules and drastically improved the aesthetics of the game by adding plastic monsters and military units. Like the original version, players are B-Movie monsters who rampage across America, destroying cities, mutating at radioactive sites, and stomping on military bases and famous landmarks. In addition to the monsters, each player also controls a branch of the U.S. armed forces with which they can attack other players. The game ends with a final fight called the "Monster Challenge" where all the surviving monsters fight it out to determine the king. The six monsters included in the game are Gargantis, Konk, Megaclaw, Tomanagi, Toxicor, and Zorb. Each of these represents a famous B-Movie archetype and possesses a special ability that distinguishes it from its fellow monsters. These abilities range from Konk's expertise at smashing fighter jets to Tomanagi's prowess in sea-based combat.

text:
# Monsters Menace America

***Monsters Menace America*** is a 2005 light-strategy board game produced by Avalon Hill, a subsidiary of Wizards of the Coast. The game design is by J.C. Connors and Ben Knight.

*Monsters Menace America* is a redevelopment of *Monsters Ravage America*, a game published by Avalon Hill shortly before they were acquired by Hasbro in 1998. This new edition streamlined some rules and drastically improved the aesthetics of the game by adding plastic monsters and military units.

Like the original version, players are B-Movie monsters who rampage across America, destroying cities, mutating at radioactive sites, and stomping on military bases and famous landmarks. In addition to the monsters, each player also controls a branch of the U.S. armed forces with which they can attack other players. The game ends with a final fight called the "Monster Challenge" where all the surviving monsters fight it out to determine the king.

The six monsters included in the game are Gargantis, Konk, Megaclaw, Tomanagi, Toxicor, and Zorb. Each of these represents a famous B-Movie archetype and possesses a special ability that distinguishes it from its fellow monsters. These abilities range from Konk's expertise at smashing fighter jets to Tomanagi's prowess in sea-based combat.

## InfoBox

Monsters Menace America
| Publication | 2005 |
| --- | --- |
| Players | 2-4 |
| Setup time | 5 minutes |
| Playing time | 90 minutes |
| Chance | Dice, Cards |
| Age range | 12 and up |


title: In Guezzam

abstract: In Guezzam is a town and commune that is the capital of In Guezzam Province, Algeria, on the border with Niger. Until 26 November 2019, it was a part of the Tamanrasset Province. The border town on the Niger side is Assamaka. According to the 2008 census it had a population of 7,045, up from 4,938 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 3.7%, the second highest in the Tamanrasset province's 2008 boundaries.

text:
# In Guezzam

**In Guezzam** (Arabic: عين قزام, *lit.* springs of Guezzam; Berber spelling: **Gezzam**) is a town and commune that is the capital of In Guezzam Province, Algeria, on the border with Niger. Until 26 November 2019, it was a part of the Tamanrasset Province. The border town on the Niger side is Assamaka. According to the 2008 census it had a population of 7,045, up from 4,938 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 3.7%, the second highest in the Tamanrasset province's 2008 boundaries.

## History

The commune of In Guezzam was established on 19 December 1984. The district was established in 1986. On 18 December 2019 it became a provincial capital of the new In Guezzam Province. -**Population history**

| In Guezzam's population growth since 1977: | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Population | Source |
| 1977 | 1 195 |  |
| 1987 | 2 189 |  |
| 1998 | 4 938 |  |
| 2008 (census) | 7,045 |  |

## Geography

In Guezzam lies in the barren Tanezrouft region of far southern Algeria. The landscape is sandy, with frequent sand dunes interspersed with sandstone outcrops. As the town is located in the southern extremity of the nation, the Gulf of Guinea is closer to it than the Mediterranean coast in the north. The distance from In Guezzam to 11 African capital cities is shorter as the crow flies than the distance to Algiers.

## Climate

In Guezzam has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification *BWh*), with long, extremely hot summers and short, very warm winters. Despite an extremely dry climate, some occasional rainfall occur during the months of August and September due to the influence of the far northern edge of the West African Monsoon, unlike most of the Algerian Desert. Averages high temperatures soar during the height of the long summer season, with daytime highs always over 40 °C (104 °F) during nearly 4 months and even above 45 °C (113 °F).

| Climate data for In Guezzam | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.5
(79.7) | 29.3
(84.7) | 33.7
(92.7) | 38.3
(100.9) | 41.0
(105.8) | 41.6
(106.9) | 40.1
(104.2) | 39.0
(102.2) | 38.9
(102.0) | 37.0
(98.6) | 32.6
(90.7) | 28.4
(83.1) | 35.5
(96.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.6
(65.5) | 21.1
(70.0) | 25.3
(77.5) | 30.1
(86.2) | 33.3
(91.9) | 34.6
(94.3) | 33.3
(91.9) | 32.4
(90.3) | 31.8
(89.2) | 29.3
(84.7) | 24.6
(76.3) | 20.6
(69.1) | 27.9
(82.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.7
(51.3) | 13.0
(55.4) | 17.0
(62.6) | 22.0
(71.6) | 25.6
(78.1) | 27.6
(81.7) | 26.5
(79.7) | 25.9
(78.6) | 24.8
(76.6) | 21.6
(70.9) | 16.6
(61.9) | 12.8
(55.0) | 20.3
(68.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 1
(0.0) | 3
(0.1) | 7
(0.3) | 23
(0.9) | 9
(0.4) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 43
(1.7) |
| Source: Climate-data.org | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Transportation

In Guezzam lies on the Trans-Sahara Highway, at the end of the N1 Algerian national highway, which leads north to Tamanrasset and eventually Algiers. The road continues southeast to Arlit in Niger. In Guezzam is also served by In Guezzam Airport, which is, however, closed for public usage.

## Education

1.7% of the population has a tertiary education (the equal lowest rate in the province), and another 4.9% has completed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 39.4%, and is 50.7% among males and 29.1% among females; all three rates are the lowest in the province.

## Localities

The commune is composed of six localities:

* In Guezzam
* In Azaoua
* Laouni
* In Ataye
* Garet Nous
* Hassi in Tafouk

## InfoBox

| In Guezzam عين قزام / Gezzam | |
| --- | --- |
| Town and commune | |
| Main street before the border with Niger, 1985. | |
| Location of In Guezzam commune within In Guezzam Province | |
| In GuezzamLocation of In Guezzam within Algeria | |
| Coordinates: 19°34′7″N 5°46′20″E / 19.56861°N 5.77222°E / 19.56861; 5.77222 | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | In Guezzam |
| District | In Guezzam **(coextensive)** |
| Government | |
| PMA Seats | 7 |
| Area | |
| Total | 46,813 km2 (18,075 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 7,045 |
| Density | 0.15/km2 (0.39/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01 (CET) |
| Postal code | 11130 |
| ONS code | 1104 |


title: German-Texan Heritage Society

abstract: The German-Texan Heritage Society is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Austin, Texas dedicated to preserving the cultural heritage of German Texans and promoting German culture throughout the state.

text:
# German-Texan Heritage Society

The **German-Texan Heritage Society** is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Austin, Texas dedicated to preserving the cultural heritage of German Texans and promoting German culture throughout the state.

## History

The German-Texan Heritage Society was formed in 1978 by members of the annual Society for German-American Studies symposium. The organization moved into its current headquarters at the German Free School in downtown Austin in 1991.

In 2010, the German-Texan Heritage Society was designated a Preserve America Steward by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.

## Leadership

As of 2024, the German-Texan Heritage Society staff, a paid team which coordinates the organization's volunteer efforts, is helmed by executive director Christopher Markley. The society's board of directors is led by president Janis Gonser.

## Activities

### Education

The German-Texan Heritage Society offers German language instruction for children and adults.

#### German International School of Texas

In 2021, the society opened the German International School of Texas, a German language immersion school serving preschoolers, kindergarteners, and first graders.

#### German Saturday School

The German-Texan Heritage Society has offered German courses for children on Saturdays since 1995 and has since expanded to San Antonio.

### Events

The German-Texan Heritage Society hosts yearly Maifest and Oktoberfest festivities as well as a Christmas market in Austin. Additionally, the organization's annual meeting is held in a different Texas City each year.

### Library

The society's headquarters at the German Free School is home to the Charles G. Trenckmann Family Library, which contains genealogy resources and other publications about German heritage in Texas.

## InfoBox

German-Texan Heritage Society
| Type | Nonprofit |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | German Free School |
| Location |  |
| Publication | The GTHS Journal |
| Website | www.germantexans.org |


title: Rokas Kostiuškevičius

abstract: Rokas Kostiuškevičius is a Lithuanian balloonist. In 2012 Marijampolė hosted first World Junior Championships, where Kostiuškevičius won. In 2012 World Championships for seniors he finished in 27th place. In 2013 European Championships he won the overall competition, ahead of his father Rimas Kostiuškevičius, who won silver.

text:
# Rokas Kostiuškevičius

**Rokas Kostiuškevičius** (born 1990) is a Lithuanian balloonist.

In 2012 Marijampolė hosted first World Junior Championships, where Kostiuškevičius won. In 2012 World Championships for seniors he finished in 27th place.

In 2013 European Championships he won the overall competition, ahead of his father Rimas Kostiuškevičius, who won silver.

## InfoBox

Rokas Kostiuškevičius
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hot air ballooning | | |
| Representing  Lithuania | | |
| European Championship | | |
|  | 2013 Włocławek | Overall |
| World Junior Championships | | |
|  | 2012 Marijampolė | Overall |
|  | 2014 Vichy | Overall |


title: Kamil Kuzma

abstract: Kamil Kuzma is a Slovak footballer who plays for MŠK Tesla Stropkov as a midfielder.

text:
# Kamil Kuzma

**Kamil Kuzma** (born 8 March 1988) is a Slovak footballer who plays for MŠK Tesla Stropkov as a midfielder.

## Club career

He was signed by Spartak Trnava in July 2013 and made his debut for them against Trenčín on 21 July 2013.

## Honours

Košice

## InfoBox

Kamil Kuzma
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Kamil Kuzma | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-03-08) 8 March 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Stropkov, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Stropkov | | |
| Number |  | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Stropkov | | |
| 2003–2008 | Košice | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008–2013 | Košice | 108 | (3) |
| 2013 | SFM Senec (loan) | 12 | (2) |
| 2013–2015 | Spartak Trnava | 37 | (3) |
| 2015–2016 | Košice | 16 | (1) |
| 2016–2018 | Podbrezová | 36 | (2) |
| 2017 | Podbrezová II (loan) | 9 | (1) |
| 2019– | Stropkov | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2006 | Slovakia U19 | 2 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Slovakia U21 | 7 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 25 January 2019 | | | |


title: Wabagishik Dam and Generating Station

abstract: The Wabagishik Dam and Generating Station is a concrete gravity dam and hydroelectric power plant on the Vermilion River. It is located within the former town of Walden in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The complex is owned and operated by Vale Limited, which is notable in the area for its mining operations.

text:
# Wabagishik Dam and Generating Station

The **Wabagishik Dam and Generating Station** (or **Lorne Falls Generating Station**) is a concrete gravity dam and hydroelectric power plant on the Vermilion River. It is located within the former town of Walden in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The complex is owned and operated by Vale Limited, which is notable in the area for its mining operations.

## History

### Before the dam

People of the indigenous First Nations have inhabited the area for thousands of years. Groups such as the Ojibwe and Odawa used the Vermilion River as a transportation corridor, living in seasonal camps along its length and crossing troublesome sections, like falls and rapids, with portages. European colonization of the area formally began with the 1850 Robinson-Huron Treaty, and began to intensify after the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway's Algoma Branch in the 1880s, running parallel and to the north of the river. Townships were surveyed along the line around this time, including Lorne Township, named after John Campbell, the Marquis of Lorne, who had recently been Governor General of Canada. The stretch of river in Lorne Township was soon the site of significant logging operations, as well as settlement by Finnish homesteaders.

At the same time, small mining operations had sprung up around the Sudbury area, facilitated by rapid technological changes, relative ease of extraction, and the logistical advantages created by the railway. Among these was the Mond Nickel Company, founded by the German-British chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond. In 1900, Mond opened the Victoria Mine in Denison Township, which initially operated using cordwood boilers to produce steam power at the smelter. As a fuel source, however, wood was a quickly-depleting resource in the area due to extensive deforestation caused by logging, wood-burning, and clearance for new settlements.

Mond was a smaller competitor to the Canadian Copper Company, whose subsidiary, the Huronian Power Company (established by 1902), had developed the High Falls dam on the Spanish River to leverage hydropower for its mining and smelting operations. Mond would follow suit with its own competing subsidiary, the Lorne Power Company.

### Construction and early operations

The Lorne Power Company's first major project was the Wabagishik dam at Lorne Falls. Dam construction occurred in either 1908 or 1909, and the plant was commissioned in 1909. By the end of the year, the generating station was connected to the Victoria Mine, which switched to electric power, though not soon enough to save the lives of two workers who had died in 1908 when a steam boiler exploded. The Lorne Falls plant was followed in 1915 by the Nairn Falls Dam and Generating Plant on the Spanish River, also owned and managed by the Lorne Power Company. Both plants provided 60 Hz power to Mond's operations, in contrast to the 25 Hz produced by Inco's Huronian Power Company.

In 1929, 20 years after operations at the plant began, the Mond company merged with the International Nickel Company, or Inco, which was the Canadian Copper Company's corporate successor. Not long after this, the Lorne Power Company was also merged into the Huronian Power Company, bringing its pair of plants under Huronian management. By 1952, Huronian was managing five main plants: the Lorne pair as well as three of its own construction, and still operating parallel 25 Hz and 60 Hz distribution networks. The 60 Hz power from the former Lorne plants was being supplied to the Garson Mine, Lawson quarry, and the smelters at Creighton, Copper Cliff, and Coniston.

### Recent history

In the mid-2010s, safety inspections revealed deterioration of the concrete of the spillway, which was causing safety and stability issues with the dam. A 2016 assessment resulted in a "moderate" hazard potential rating, and rehabilitation of the existing spillway structure was discounted due to the level of deterioration, resulting in a decision to replace the original spillway. The dam owner, Vale Limited, conducted a number of surveys of fish populations around the dam, which included minnows, perch, pike, suckers, sunfish, bullheads, and walleye. Other species identified as being potentially affected by construction work included painted and snapping turtles, as well as seven species of bat. Ultimately, a minimum flow provision was added to the spillway replacement project to improve walleye spawning conditions at the base of the spillway, along with a post-construction monitoring program and a staged timeline of bush clearing recommended to minimize the impact on bat habitat.

## Geography and hydrography

The dam sits on the Vermilion River, downstream from Ella Lake (which is the dam's headpond) and upstream from Wabagishik Lake. It is located in the geographic Lorne Township, Concession No. 3, Lot No. 8, within the boundaries of the former town of Walden, now a part of Greater Sudbury in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. The nearest sizable communities are Lively to the east and Nairn Centre to the west; the nearest city is Sudbury to the east, whose municipal boundaries the complex falls within.

## InfoBox

| Wabagishik Dam and Generating Station | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Wabagishik Dam and Generating Station in Ontario | |
| Country | Canada |
| Location | Walden, Greater Sudbury, Ontario |
| Coordinates | 46°18′56″N 81°31′16″W / 46.3156°N 81.5212°W / 46.3156; -81.5212 |
| Purpose | Power |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | 1908–1909 |
| Opening date | 1909 |
| Owner(s) | Vale Limited |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Gravity dam |
| Impounds | Vermilion River |
| Length | 220.98 metres (725 ft) |
| Spillways | 1 |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Ella Lake (headpond) |
| Wabagishik Generating Station | |
| Commission date | 1909 |
| Type | Run-of-the-river |
| Installed capacity | 3.74 MW |


title: Warlocked

abstract: Warlocked is a real-time strategy video game developed by Bits Studios and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color. It was solely released in North America on July 24, 2000. Choosing between human and beast factions, the player plays through twelve scenarios from each faction, gathering resources, building fortresses, and managing troops to defeat the opposing force. The music for Warlocked was composed by Jeroen Tel. Critical reception towards the game was positive, with some critics noting its status as the only real-time strategy game for the handheld. It received IGN's "Best Game Boy Strategy" award in 2000. Despite the accolades, sales were low. A sequel was planned for the Game Boy Advance titled Wizards but it was cancelled.

text:
# Warlocked

***Warlocked*** is a real-time strategy video game developed by Bits Studios and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color. It was solely released in North America on July 24, 2000. Choosing between human and beast factions, the player plays through twelve scenarios from each faction, gathering resources, building fortresses, and managing troops to defeat the opposing force.

The music for *Warlocked* was composed by Jeroen Tel. Critical reception towards the game was positive, with some critics noting its status as the only real-time strategy game for the handheld. It received *IGN*'s "Best Game Boy Strategy" award in 2000. Despite the accolades, sales were low. A sequel was planned for the Game Boy Advance titled *Wizards* but it was cancelled.

## Gameplay

*Warlocked* is a real-time strategy game. Split between two campaigns based on the human and beast factions, the player goes through their campaign to defeat the enemy. There are 24 missions, 12 for both campaigns. Played in an overhead perspective, locations range from forests to tundras. A fog of war covers the field, which can be revealed after sending out soldiers to their positions. Different soldiers such as archers and wizards can be used for both factions. Wizards unique for each side range from giving opposing soldiers the plague or turning them to chickens. Multiplayer can be played between two people with Game Boy Colors and the Game Link Cable. The Link Cable can also be used to trade wizards between players to collect them all.

## Development and release

*Warlocked* was developed by British company Bits Studios and published by Nintendo. Beginning development in early 1999, the game was programmed by Steven Clark, with Martin Wheeler being the graphics artist and game designer. The music was composed by Jeroen Tel. The game was showcased by Nintendo at the Kimpton Sir Francis Drake Hotel for games journalists to play. It was released on the Game Boy Color exclusively in the United States on July 24, 2000.

## Reception

*Warlocked* received an aggregate score of 86% on *GameRankings*. Critics compared the game to the *Warcraft* and *Command & Conquer* franchises. Justin Whirledge of the *Daily Radar* noted that it was the only real-time strategy game for the Game Boy Color, calling it a "treat" and praising the game's depth and multiplayer options. He also called it so simple to pick up that it would even appeal to casual gamers. *Nintendojo*'s Schuyler Lystad considered it the best game he ever played on the system, giving the game a perfect score. A reviewer for *Nintendo Power* thought it was a great introduction for people to the real-time strategy genre.

Andy McNamara for *Game Informer*, while criticizing the game for its slow movement, gave praise to its gameplay. Jeff Gerstmann for *GameSpot* was less positive, criticizing its control scheme and the difficulty of selecting and deselecting units. Gerstmann also believed that the game would be too simple and too much like *Warcraft* for RTS fans to play for long. Despite this, he called the game *pretty good* and commended it for overcoming the limitations of being on the Game Boy Color. *IGN* named the game as the "Best Game Boy Strategy" game of 2000.

Retrospective reviews were also positive. *Digitally Downloaded*'s Matt Sainsbury gave praise towards its multiplayer. Joshua Jankiewicz at *Hardcore Gaming 101* considered it a feat from Bits Studios making a great Game Boy Color title. In 2009, IGN listed the game as one they would like to see on a hypothetical Virtual Console platform for the Nintendo DSi, owing partially due to its real-time strategy interface. While receiving positive reception, sales for the game were low.

## Legacy

In spite of the game's low sales, Bits Studios attempted to make a sequel to the game, titled *Wizards*. It was in development for the Game Boy Advance and was to feature four-player multiplayer and gaming modes such as capture the flag. Originally slated for release in 2003, it was cancelled due to the lack of a publisher, despite screenshots of the sequel being shown. The studio continued to make unrelated games for other consoles, such as *Die Hard: Vendetta* and *Constantine* for the PS2 and Xbox, respectively, as well as *Rogue Ops*. Nevertheless, the lukewarm reception of these games caused the studio's parent company to sell them off in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Warlocked | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Bits Studios |
| Publisher(s) | Nintendo |
| Designer(s) | Martin Wheeler |
| Programmer(s) | Steven Clark |
| Artist(s) | Martin Wheeler |
| Composer(s) | Jeroen Tel |
| Platform(s) | Game Boy Color |
| Release | * NA: July 24, 2000 |
| Genre(s) | Real-time strategy |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Harcourt Powell

abstract: Harcourt Powell (1718–1782) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1754 and 1775. Powell was the son of Thomas Powell of the Six Clerks office, and his wife Anne Harcourt, daughter of Sir Philip Harcourt. He was admitted at Lincoln's Inn in 1736. He married Beata Parker, daughter of Rev. Hyde Parker, granddaughter of Sir Henry Parker, 2nd Baronet. The Powell family came from Pembrokeshire and held the manor of Uggaton near Brighstone. They acquired three burgages in Newtown, Isle of Wight. In the 1754 general election Powell was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Newtown and was returned unopposed again in 1761. In parliament he was an independent country gentleman. In 1768 he had to fight a contested election at Newtown, standing jointly with Sir John Barrington against Sir Thomas Worsley and John Glynn. He was returned unopposed again in 1774, but on 21 March 1775 he accepted 4,000 guineas to vacate his seat in Parliament and convey his three burgages at Newtown to Sir Richard Worsley. There is no record of Powell having spoken during his 21 years in the Commons. Powell died on 26 February 1782.

text:
# Harcourt Powell

**Harcourt Powell** (1718–1782) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1754 and 1775.

Powell was the son of Thomas Powell of the Six Clerks office, and his wife Anne Harcourt, daughter of Sir Philip Harcourt. He was admitted at Lincoln's Inn in 1736. He married Beata Parker, daughter of Rev. Hyde Parker, granddaughter of Sir Henry Parker, 2nd Baronet.

The Powell family came from Pembrokeshire and held the manor of Uggaton near Brighstone. They acquired three burgages in Newtown, Isle of Wight. In the 1754 general election Powell was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Newtown (Isle of Wight) and was returned unopposed again in 1761. In parliament he was an independent country gentleman. In 1768 he had to fight a contested election at Newtown, standing jointly with Sir John Barrington against Sir Thomas Worsley and John Glynn. He was returned unopposed again in 1774, but on 21 March 1775 he accepted 4,000 guineas to vacate his seat in Parliament and convey his three burgages at Newtown to Sir Richard Worsley. There is no record of Powell having spoken during his 21 years in the Commons.

Powell died on 26 February 1782.

## Sources


title: Nashville (Josh Rouse album)

abstract: Nashville is the fifth album by indie folk musician Josh Rouse. It was released in 2005 by Rykodisc.

text:
# Nashville (Josh Rouse album)

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 80/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Blender* |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | A− |
| *The Independent* |  |
| *The Irish Times* |  |
| *Mojo* |  |
| *Now* | 4/5 |
| *Pitchfork* | 6.6/10 |
|  |  |
| *Uncut* |  |

***Nashville*** is the fifth album by indie folk musician Josh Rouse. It was released in 2005 by Rykodisc.

## Track listing

1. "It's the Nighttime" (Josh Rouse, Daniel Tashian) — 4:04
2. "Winter in the Hamptons" (Rouse, Tashian) — 3:08
3. "Streetlights" (Rouse) — 4:24
4. "Carolina" (Rouse) — 3:31
5. "Middle School Frown" (Rouse) — 3:24
6. "My Love Has Gone" (Rouse) — 4:19
7. "Saturday" (Rouse) — 4:22
8. "Sad Eyes" (Rouse, Sean Kelly) — 4:49
9. "Why Won't You Tell Me What" (Rouse) — 3:50
10. "Life" (Rouse, Tashian) — 3:47

## InfoBox

| Nashville | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Josh Rouse | |
| Released | February 22, 2005 (2005-02-22) |
| Recorded | Nashville, Tennessee, USA |
| Genre | Folk music
Indie rock |
| Length | 39:40 |
| Label | Rykodisc |
| Producer | Brad Jones |
| Josh Rouse chronology | |
| *The Smooth Sounds of Josh Rouse*
(2004) ***Nashville***
(2005) *Bedroom Classics, Vol. 2*
(2005) | |


abstract: Monsters Inside: The 24 Faces of Billy Milligan is a 2021 docuseries about Billy Milligan, released on Netflix on 22 September 2021. It stars Kathy Preston, Bob Ruth and Sheila Porter.

text:
# Monsters Inside: The 24 Faces of Billy Milligan

***Monsters Inside: The 24 Faces of Billy Milligan*** is a 2021 docuseries about Billy Milligan, released on Netflix on 22 September 2021. It stars Kathy Preston, Bob Ruth and Sheila Porter.

## Synopsis

Billy Milligan was arrested in 1977 for a series of robberies, kidnappings, and rapes of three women on the Ohio State University campus. Despite evidence suggesting he had committed the crimes, Milligan had no memories of the assaults, appearing to exhibit continually changing personality traits. This resulted in a team of psychiatrists diagnosing him as having dissociative identity disorder. His lawyers pleaded insanity, claiming two of his initial 10 personalities committed the crimes without Milligan's knowledge. Milligan was acquitted but spent the next decade in mental hospitals, where he was diagnosed with an additional 14 personalities. He was released in 1988, then discharged from the Ohio mental health system and Ohio courts in 1991. His life outside the system of trying to lead a normal life is also discussed.

## Cast

* Kathy Preston
* Bob Ruth
* Sheila Porter
* Frank W. Putnam
* Allen J. Frances
* Bobby Lacer
* Jim Morrison
* Bernard Yavitch
* Sharon Lansing
* Cornelia B. Wilbur
* Jack Ward
* Pam Flynn
* Jamie Schmerbeck
* Ron O'Brien
* George Harding
* Jim Murray
* David Malawista
* Terry Sherman
* Rob Baumgardt
* Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen
* Beverly Lynn
* Ronald Litvak
* Colin Ross
* Marlene Kocan
* Robert Booker

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "The Campus Rapist" | 22 September 2021 (2021-09-22) |
| 2 | "The Monsters Inside Me" | 22 September 2021 (2021-09-22) |
| 3 | "The Golden Age" | 22 September 2021 (2021-09-22) |
| 4 | "The Escape" | 22 September 2021 (2021-09-22) |

## InfoBox

| *Monsters Inside: The 24 Faces of Billy Milligan* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Documentary |
| Starring | * Bob Ruth * Sheila Porter |
| Opening theme | "Them" by The Limiñanas and David Menke |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 4 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 59–63 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Netflix |
| Release | 22 September 2021 (2021-09-22) |


title: One More Mountain to Climb

abstract: "One More Mountain to Climb" is the 14th Diamond Records single for Ronnie Dove.

text:
# One More Mountain to Climb

"**One More Mountain to Climb**" is the 14th Diamond Records single for Ronnie Dove.

## Background

Released in 1967, this single peaked at #45 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. It was his first single since 1964’s Hello Pretty Girl to miss the Billboard Top 40 chart.

The single's B-side , "All", was originally issued on Dove's 1965 album *One Kiss for Old Times' Sake*.

According to an episode of *Nashville Now*, Glen Campbell played on this song.

## Chart positions

| Chart (1967) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 45 |

## InfoBox

| "One More Mountain to Climb" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Ronnie Dove | |
| from the album  *Cry* | |
| B-side | "All" |
| Released | February 1967 |
| Recorded | 1967 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 2:20 |
| Label | Diamond |
| Songwriter(s) | Al Kasha, Joel Hirschhorn |
| Producer(s) | Phil Kahl |
| Ronnie Dove singles chronology | |
| "Cry"
(1966) "**One More Mountain to Climb**"
(1967) "My Babe"
(1967) | |


title: German-occupied Europe

abstract:
German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly militarily occupied and civil-occupied, including puppet governments, by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945, during World War II, administered by the Nazi regime under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. The German Wehrmacht occupied European territory:
  - as far east as the town of Mozdok in the North Caucasus in the Soviet Union (1942–1943)
  - as far north as the settlement of Barentsburg in Svalbard in the Kingdom of Norway
  - as far south as the island of Gavdos in the Kingdom of Greece
  - as far west as the island of Ushant in the French Republic In 1941, around 280 million people in Europe, more than half the population, were governed by Germany or their allies and puppet states. It comprised an area of 3,300,000 km⁲ (1,300,000 sq mi). Outside of Europe, German forces controlled areas of North Africa, including Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia between 1940 and 1945. German military scientists established the Schatzgraber Weather Station as far north as Alexandra Land in Francis Joseph Land. Manned German weather stations also operated in North America included three in Greenland, Holzauge, Bassgeiger, and Edelweiss. German Kriegsmarine ships also operated in all oceans of the world throughout World War II.

text:
# German-occupied Europe

**German-occupied Europe** (or **Nazi-occupied Europe**) refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly militarily occupied and civil-occupied, including puppet governments, by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945, during World War II, administered by the Nazi regime under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler.

The German Wehrmacht occupied European territory:

In 1941, around 280 million people in Europe, more than half the population, were governed by Germany or their allies and puppet states. It comprised an area of 3,300,000 km2 (1,300,000 sq mi).

Outside of Europe, German forces controlled areas of North Africa, including Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia between 1940 and 1945. German military scientists established the Schatzgraber Weather Station as far north as Alexandra Land in Francis Joseph Land. Manned German weather stations also operated in North America included three in Greenland, Holzauge, Bassgeiger, and Edelweiss. German Kriegsmarine ships also operated in all oceans of the world throughout World War II.

## History

Several German-occupied countries initially entered World War II as Allies of the United Kingdom or the Soviet Union. Some were forced to surrender before the outbreak of the war such as Czechoslovakia; others like Poland (invaded on 1 September 1939) were conquered in battle and then occupied. In some cases, the legitimate governments went into exile, in other cases the governments-in-exile were formed by their citizens in other Allied countries. Some countries occupied by Nazi Germany were officially neutral. Others were former members of the Axis powers that were subsequently occupied by German forces, such as Finland and Hungary.

## Concentration camps

| Part of German-occupied Europe | |
| --- | --- |
| Head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, inspects captured prisoners in German occupied Minsk, August 1941. | |
| Date | 1941–1945 |
| Attack type | Starvation, death marches, executions, forced labor |

Germany operated thousands of concentration camps in German-occupied Europe. The first camps were established in March 1933 immediately after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Following the 1934 purge of the SA, the concentration camps were run exclusively by the SS via the Concentration Camps Inspectorate and later the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. Initially, most prisoners were members of the Communist Party of Germany, but as time went on different groups were arrested, including "habitual criminals", "asocials", and Jews.

After the beginning of World War II, people from German-occupied Europe were imprisoned in the concentration camps. About 1.65 million people were registered prisoners in the camps, of whom about a million died during their imprisonment. Most of the fatalities occurred during the second half of World War II, including at least 4.7 million Soviet prisoners who were registered as of January 1945.

Following Allied military victories, the camps were gradually liberated in 1944 and 1945, although hundreds of thousands of prisoners died in the death marches.

After the expansion of Nazi Germany, people from countries occupied by the Wehrmacht were targeted and detained in concentration camps. In Western Europe, arrests focused on resistance fighters and saboteurs, but in Eastern Europe arrests included mass roundups aimed at the implementation of Nazi population policy and the forced recruitment of workers. This led to a predominance of Eastern Europeans, especially Poles, who made up the majority of the population of some camps. The ethnicities of captured people were various other groups from other different nationalities were transferred to Auschwitz or sent to local concentration camps.

## Occupied countries

The countries occupied included all, or most, of the following nations or territories:

| Country or territory of occupation | Puppet state(s) or military administration(s) | Timeline of occupation(s) | German annexed or occupied territory | Resistance movement(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Albanian Kingdom | Albanian Kingdom | 8 September 1943 – 29 November 1944 | None | Albanian resistance |
| Bailiwick of Guernsey   ---  Bailiwick of Jersey | German Occupied Channel Islands
(Part of the Military Administration in France) | 30 June 1940 – 9 May 1945 (Guernsey)   ---  1 July 1940 – 9 May 1945 (Jersey) | None | Channel Islands resistance |
| First Czechoslovak Republic   ---  Second Czechoslovak Republic
---  Third Czechoslovak Republic | Slovak Republic   ---  German Zone of Protection in Slovakia | 1 October 1938 – 11 May 1945 | Gau Bayreuth
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Reichsgau Niederdonau
Reichsgau Oberdonau
Reichsgau Sudetenland | Czechoslovakian resistance |
| Federal State of Austria | None | 12 March 1938  – 9 May 1945 | Reichsgau Kärnten
Reichsgau Niederdonau
Reichsgau Oberdonau
Reichsgau Salzburg
Reichsgau Steiermark
Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg
Reichsgau Wien | Austrian resistance |
| Free City of Danzig | None | 1 September 1939 – 9 May 1945 | Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia | Danzigian resistance |
| French Republic   ---  Free France
---  Provisional Government of the French Republic
---  French Tunisia | Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
---  Military Administration in France
---  Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France | 10 May 1940 – 9 May 1945 | Gau Baden
Gau Westmark
Reichsgau Wallonien | French resistance |
| Luxembourg | Military Administration of Luxembourg   ---  Civil Administration of Luxembourg | 10 May 1940 – February 1945 | Gau Moselland | Luxembourg resistance |
| Italian Islands of the Aegean | Italian Islands of the Aegean | 8 September 1943 – 8 May 1945 | None |  |
| Belgium | Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France   ---  Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France | 10 May 1940 – 4 February 1945 | Gau Cologne-Aachen
Reichsgau Wallonien | Belgian resistance |
| Denmark | Protectorate state | 9 April 1940 – 5 May 1945 | None | Danish resistance |
| Kingdom of Greece | Military Administration in Greece | 6 April 1941 – 8 May 1945 | None | Greek resistance |
| Kingdom of Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary | 19 March 1944  – May 1945 | None | Hungarian resistance |
| Kingdom of Italy | Italian Social Republic | 8 September 1943 – 2 May 1945 | None | Italian resistance |
| Norway | Reichskommissariat Norwegen | 9 April 1940 – 8 May 1945 | None | Norwegian resistance |
| Netherlands | Reichskommissariat Niederlande | 10 May 1940 – 20 May 1945 | None | Dutch resistance |
| Kingdom of Yugoslavia | Albanian Kingdom   ---  German-occupied territory of Montenegro
---  Independent State of Croatia
---  Independent State of Macedonia
---  Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia
 | 6 April 1941 – 15 May 1945 | Reichsgau Kärnten
Reichsgau Steiermark | Yugoslav resistance |
| Monaco | None | 8 September 1943 – 3 September 1944 | None |  |
| Finland | None | September 15, 1944 – April 25, 1945 | None | Finnish resistance |
| Republic of Lithuania   ---  Provisional Government of Lithuania | Reichskommissariat Ostland | 22 March 1939 – 21 July 1940   ---  23 June 1941 – 5 August 1941 | Gau East Prussia | Lithuanian resistance |
| Republic of Poland | Military Administration in Poland   ---  General Government administration
---  Reichskommissariat Ostland
---  Reichskommissariat Ukraine | 1 September 1939 – 9 May 1945 | Bezirk Bialystok
Gau East Prussia
Gau Schlesien
Gau Oberschlesien
General Government
Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
Reichsgau Wartheland | Polish resistance |
| San Marino | None (military trespassing) | 17–20 September 1944 | None |  |
| Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia | Commissioner Government   ---  Government of National Salvation | April 30, 1941 – January 1945 | None | Serbian resistance |
| Slovak Republic | German Zone of Protection in Slovakia | 23 March 1939 – May 1945 | None | Slovakian resistance |
| Territory of the Saar Basin | None. | 1 March 1935 – April 1945 | Gau Palatinate-Saar
Gau Saar-Palatinate
Gau Westmark | Saar Basinian resistance |
| Ukrainian National Government | Reichskommissariat Ukraine | 30 June 1941 – September 1941 | General Government | Ukrainian resistance |
| Parts of the  Soviet Union | Lepel Republic   ---  Military Administration in the Soviet Union
---  Reichskommissariat Ostland
---  Reichskommissariat Ukraine | 22 June 1941 – 10 May 1945 | Bezirk Bialystok
General Government | Soviet resistance |

### Governments in exile

#### Allied governments in exile

| Government in exile | Capital in exile | Timeline of exile | Occupier(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Austrian Democratic Union | London | 1941–1945 | German Reich/Greater German Reich |
| Free France | London
(1940–1941)
Algiers, French Algeria
(1942 – August 31, 1944) | 1940 – August 31, 1944 | French State
German Reich/Greater German Reich
Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France |
| Government of the Republic of Poland in exile | Paris
(September 29/30, 1939 – 1940)
Angers, French Republic
(1940 – June 12, 1940)
London
(June 12, 1940 – 1990) | September 29/30, 1939 – December 22, 1990 | German Reich/Greater German Reich
Reich Commissariat East
Reich Commissariat Ukraine
Slovak Republic
Soviet Union
People's Republic of Poland |
| Belgium | London
(October 22, 1940 – September 8, 1944) | October 22, 1940 – September 8, 1944 | German Reich/Greater German Reich
Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France |
| Denmark | None | 1943–1945 | German Reich/Greater German Reich |
| Luxembourg | London | 1940–1944 | German Reich/Greater German Reich |
| Kingdom of Greece | Cairo, Egypt | April 29, 1941 – October 12, 1944 | German Reich/Greater German Reich
Kingdom of Italy
Kingdom of Bulgaria |
| Norway | London | June 7, 1940 – May 31, 1945 | Reichskommissariat Norwegen |
| Kingdom of Yugoslavia | London | June 7, 1941 – March 7, 1945 | Albanian Kingdom
Commissioner Government
German-occupied territory of Montenegro
German Reich/Greater German Reich
Government of National Salvation
Independent State of Croatia
Independent Macedonia
Kingdom of Bulgaria
Kingdom of Hungary
Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia
 |
| Netherlands | London | 1940–1945 | Reichskommissariat Niederlande |
| Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia | Paris
(October 2, 1939 – 1940)
London
(1940–1941)
Aston Abbotts, United Kingdom
(1941–1945) | October 2, 1939 – April 2, 1945 | German Reich/Greater German Reich
Kingdom of Hungary
Slovak Republic |
|

#### Axis governments in exile

| Government in exile | Capital in exile | Timeline of exile | Occupier(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kingdom of Bulgaria | Vienna, Greater German Reich | September 16, 1944 – May 10, 1945 | Kingdom of Bulgaria
Kingdom of Greece
Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
| French State | Sigmaringen, Greater German Reich | 1944 – April 22, 1945 | Provisional Government of the French Republic |
| Kingdom of Hungary | Vienna, Greater German Reich   ---  Munich, Greater German Reich | March 28/29, 1945 – May 7, 1945 | Czechoslovak Republic
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Romania
Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
| Kingdom of Romania | Vienna, Greater German Reich | 1944–1945 | Kingdom of Romania |
| Montenegrin State Council | Zagreb, Independent State of Croatia | Summer of 1944 – May 8, 1945 | Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
| Slovak Republic | Kremsmünster, Great-German Reich | April 4, 1945 – 8 May 1945 | Czechoslovak Republic |
| Government of National Salvation | Kitzbühel, Great-German Reich | October 7, 1944 – 8 May 1945 | Soviet Union |

#### Neutral governments in exile

| Government in exile | Capital in exile | Timeline of exile | Occupier(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Belarusian Democratic Republic | Prague, Czechoslovak Republic
(1923–1938)   ---  Prague, Czecho-Slovak Republic
(1938–1939)
---  Prague, German Reich/Greater German Reich
(1939–1945) | 1919 – present | German Reich/Greater German Reich
Realm Commissariat East
Realm Commissariat Ukraine
Republic of Poland
Soviet Union |
| Republic of Estonia | Stockholm, Kingdom of Sweden
(1944 – August 20, 1991)   ---  New York City, United States | June 17, 1940 – August 20, 1991 | Reichskommissariat Ostland
Soviet Union |
| Ukrainian People's Republic | Warsaw, Republic of Poland
(1920–1939)   ---  Prague, German Reich/Greater German Reich
(1939–1944) | 1920 – August 22, 1992 | German Reich/Greater German Reich
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Romania
Reichskommissariat Ukraine
Soviet Union |

1. Berend, Iván T. (2016). *An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization*. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 9781107136427.
2. Encyclopædia Britannica, German occupied Europe. World War II. Retrieved 1 September 2015 from the Internet Archive.
3. "WWII: population of Germany and occupied areas 1941". *Statista*. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
4. Prazmowska, Anita (1995-03-23). *Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521483858.
5. Moorhouse, Roger (2014-10-14). *The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939–1941*. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465054923.
6. Goldstein, Erik; Lukes, Igor (2012-10-12). *The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II*. Routledge. ISBN 9781136328329.
7. Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José (2001-08-30). *Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45*. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781782389910.
8. Hanson, Victor Davis (2017-10-17). *The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won*. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465093199.
9. Cornelius, Deborah S. (2011). *Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron*. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 9780823233434.

## Bibliography

* Bank, Jan. *Churches and Religion in the Second World War (Occupation in Europe)* (2016).
* Gildea, Robert and Olivier Wieviorka. *Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe* (2007).
* Klemann, Hein A.M. and Sergei Kudryashov, eds. *Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939–1945* (2011).
* Lagrou, Pieter. *The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945–1965* (1999).
* Mazower, Mark (2008). *Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe*. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 9780713996814.
* Scheck, Raffael; Fabien Théofilakis; and Julia S. Torrie, eds. *German-occupied Europe in the Second World War* (Routledge, 2019), 276 pp. online review.
* Snyder, Timothy. *Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin* (2010), on Eastern Europe.
* Toynbee, Arnold, ed. *Survey of International Affairs, 1939–1946: Hitler's Europe* (Oxford University Press, 1954), 730 pp. online review; full text online free.

### Primary sources

* Carlyle Margaret, ed. *Documents on International Affairs, 1939–1946. Volume II, Hitler's Europe* (Oxford University Press, 1954), 362 pp.

## InfoBox

| German-occupied Europe
 | |
| --- | --- |
| 1938–1945 | |
| Flag    Emblem | |
| **Anthem:**
1938–1945
"Das Lied der Deutschen"
"The song of the Germans"
 | |
| Europe at the height of German expansion in 1942: | |
| Capital | Berlin |
| Common languages | German |
| Demonym(s) | German |
| Reich Commissioner |  |
|  | |
| 1938–1945 | Fritz Katzmann |
|  | |
| Reichsstatthalter |  |
|  | |
| 1938–1945 | Adolf Eichmann |
| 1940–1945 | Heinrich Himmler |
| 1941–1945 | Hermann Göring |
|  | |
| Historical era | Interwar period |
| Area | |
| 1942 | 3,300,000 km2 (1,300,000 sq mi) |
| Population | |
|  | |
| 1942 | 238,000,000 |
|  | |
| Currency | Reichsmark (ℛℳ) |
|  | |


title: NSW Schoolhouse Museum

abstract: The NSW Schoolhouse Museum, also known as the New South Wales Schoolhouse Museum of Public Education, is located within the school grounds of North Ryde Public School in North Ryde, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The museum includes a replica of an 1870s classroom to be found in the original 1877 school building. It was restored by volunteers in 1992 and officially opened by Virginia Chadwick, then the NSW Minister for Education in November 1992. As well as school furniture, the collection includes books, magazines, photographs and documents. School groups visit the museum and are greeted by staff in 1870s period costumes. The students are given a lesson using pen and ink from inkwells in the classroom which has no artificial lighting. The museum site and furniture is let to film and television crews, providing an additional source of income to that paid for school excursions. Entry is by appointment only. The museum is managed by a committee of volunteers.

text:
# NSW Schoolhouse Museum

The **NSW Schoolhouse Museum**, also known as the **New South Wales Schoolhouse Museum of Public Education**, is located within the school grounds of North Ryde Public School in North Ryde, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The museum includes a replica of an 1870s classroom to be found in the original 1877 school building. It was restored by volunteers in 1992 and officially opened by Virginia Chadwick, then the NSW Minister for Education in November 1992. As well as school furniture, the collection includes books, magazines, photographs and documents.

School groups visit the museum and are greeted by staff in 1870s period costumes. The students are given a lesson using pen and ink from inkwells in the classroom which has no artificial lighting.

The museum site and furniture is let to film and television crews, providing an additional source of income to that paid for school excursions. Entry is by appointment only.

The museum is managed by a committee of volunteers.

## InfoBox

NSW Schoolhouse Museum
| NSW Schoolhouse Museum in October 2021 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 154 Coxs Road, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 33°47′41″S 151°07′17″E / 33.794633°S 151.121475°E / -33.794633; 151.121475 |
| Type | School museum |
| Website | www.schoolhousemuseum.org.au |


title: Harcourt North

abstract: Harcourt North is a locality in the City of Greater Bendigo and Mount Alexander Shire in the Australian state of Victoria.

text:
# Harcourt North

**Harcourt North** is a locality in the City of Greater Bendigo and Mount Alexander Shire in the Australian state of Victoria.

1. "2016 Census QuickStats: Harcourt North". *quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au*.

## InfoBox

| Harcourt North<br>Bendigo, Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Barkers Creek Reservoir, Harcourt North | |
| Harcourt North | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 36°55′40″S 144°17′2″E / 36.92778°S 144.28389°E / -36.92778; 144.28389 |
| Population | 265 (2016 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 3551 |
| Elevation | 424 m (1,391 ft) |
| LGA(s) |  |
| State electorate(s) | Bendigo East |
| Federal division(s) | Bendigo |


title: Naruto: Rise of a Ninja

abstract: Naruto: Rise of a Ninja is an action adventure game for the Xbox 360 with high emphasis on fighting and platforming mechanics, like with most Naruto games, it features cel-shaded graphics. The game was developed by Ubisoft Montreal, making it the first Naruto game to be developed by a non-Japanese company. The game is specifically based on the English dubbed version of the anime. The game was released in 2007. A sequel titled Naruto: The Broken Bond was released in the following year.

text:
# Naruto: Rise of a Ninja

***Naruto: Rise of a Ninja*** is an action adventure game for the Xbox 360 with high emphasis on fighting and platforming mechanics, like with most Naruto games, it features cel-shaded graphics. The game was developed by Ubisoft Montreal, making it the first *Naruto* game to be developed by a non-Japanese company. The game is specifically based on the English dubbed version of the anime. The game was released in 2007. A sequel titled *Naruto: The Broken Bond* was released in the following year.

## Gameplay

*Naruto: Rise of a Ninja* consists of two major gameplay modes: The first is a 3D action-adventure mode that takes place from the beginning of the series to the end of the Invasion of Konoha arc (episodes 1-80 of the anime) where you explore the environment, and do predominantly platforming and racing based tasks to earn money for upgrades and progress the story. It features gameplay similar to that of a 3D platformer, like jumping acrobatically from rooftop to rooftop or racing through checkpoints. In this mode when combat is initiated the game swaps to a more traditional 2D fighting game set-up of combos and special moves, many of which are acquired as the game progresses.

The second is based solely around the combat portion of the game and is essentially a one-on-one fighting mode that allows for online versus multiplayer via Xbox Live titled "The Forest of Death". By defeating other opponents, players rank up and eventually gain points to complete the exam. If the player is defeated, they must begin from the bottom of the table all over again, but the points are still kept. Offline play and two-player versus mode are also available.

The game supports downloadable content; five new characters have been made available (Shikamaru, Choji, Jiraiya, the 3rd Hokage, and Temari). Downloadable content also adds two new arenas to play in and additional achievements for each character played in the Forest of Death.

### Characters

Downloadable characters

Choji, Temari, the Third Hokage and Jiraiya came bundled in packs of two: Choji and Temari, Third Hokage and Jiraiya. Each bundle also came with two new maps/arenas. Shikamaru is free, but players must be registered to Ubisoft and link their Xbox Live to their Ubisoft account. The DLC is no longer available on the Xbox Marketplace.

## Development

*Rise of a Ninja* was released in 2007. Ubisoft has also released a free 60MB download, which includes a Japanese voice option, the ability to change the in-game voices to Japanese, while still keeping the English subtitles.

## Reception

The game received "favorable" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

*Naruto: Rise of a Ninja* was nominated for Best Game Based on a Movie Or TV Show at 2007 Spike Video Game Awards, but lost to *The Simpsons Game*.

## InfoBox

| Naruto: Rise of a Ninja | |
| --- | --- |
| European cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Ubisoft Montreal |
| Publisher(s) | Ubisoft |
| Designer(s) | Olivier Palmieri |
| Composer(s) | Inon Zur
Musashi Project
Toshiro Masuda
Masaaki Iizuka |
| Engine | Jade |
| Platform(s) | Xbox 360 |
| Release | * NA: October 30, 2007 * AU: November 1, 2007 * EU: November 2, 2007 |
| Genre(s) | Fighting, role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Montana Mountain

abstract: Montana Mountain is a deeply eroded Late Cretaceous stratovolcano located south of Carcross, Yukon, Canada. As well as its main peak, the mountain includes many sub-peaks and contains felsic pyroclastics and flows; typically altered and orange-weathering. Montana Mountain was formed when the ancient Kula Plate was subducting under southwestern Yukon during the Late Cretaceous period. A flurry of quartz mining activity took place on Montana Mountain starting in 1899, peaking in 1905-1906 when American mining promoter John Conrad consolidated claims on Montana Mountain and built three tramways to carry the ore back down, including a 4-mile-long one from Windy Arm on Tagish Lake to the Mountain Hero mine. Montana Mountain is also an important landmark for the Carcross/Tagish First Nations living in the area. According to legend, Montana Mountain is one of the peaks Game Mother used to hang a swing for her animal creations. On this swing each kind of animal danced and sang a different song. Following this "celebration" Game Mother gave each animal their characteristic attributes of today. In addition to its spiritual importance, the mountain was also an important source of food, medicines, and refuge. During the early quartz mining period, an extensive network of trails were constructed on the mountain to connect the many silver claims with Carcross and/or Windy Arm. In 2005 the Carcross/Tagish First Nation took back the mountain in its land claim settlement and set out to restore some of the old trails and make them accessible for public use and enjoyment. Through a programme called "SingleTrack to Success" an extensive network of mountain bike trails have been developed on the lower slopes of Montana Mountain. Additionally, these trails have been mapped and the maps are publicly available.

text:
# Montana Mountain

**Montana Mountain** is a deeply eroded Late Cretaceous stratovolcano located south of Carcross, Yukon, Canada. As well as its main peak, the mountain includes many sub-peaks and contains felsic pyroclastics and flows; typically altered and orange-weathering. Montana Mountain was formed when the ancient Kula Plate was subducting under southwestern Yukon during the Late Cretaceous period.

A flurry of quartz mining activity took place on Montana Mountain starting in 1899, peaking in 1905-1906 when American mining promoter John Conrad consolidated claims on Montana Mountain and built three tramways to carry the ore back down, including a 4-mile-long one from Windy Arm on Tagish Lake to the Mountain Hero mine.

Montana Mountain is also an important landmark for the Carcross/Tagish First Nations living in the area. According to legend, Montana Mountain is one of the peaks Game Mother used to hang a swing for her animal creations. On this swing each kind of animal danced and sang a different song. Following this "celebration" Game Mother gave each animal their characteristic attributes of today. In addition to its spiritual importance, the mountain was also an important source of food, medicines, and refuge.

During the early quartz mining period, an extensive network of trails were constructed on the mountain to connect the many silver claims with Carcross and/or Windy Arm. In 2005 the Carcross/Tagish First Nation took back the mountain in its land claim settlement and set out to restore some of the old trails and make them accessible for public use and enjoyment.

Through a programme called "SingleTrack to Success" an extensive network of mountain bike trails have been developed on the lower slopes of Montana Mountain. Additionally, these trails have been mapped and the maps are publicly available.

## InfoBox

| Montana Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| View from "Big Thing Mine" | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,205 m (7,234 ft) |
| Prominence | 923 m (3,028 ft) |
| Listing | List of mountains of Canada |
| Coordinates | 60°03′28.8″N 134°41′27.6″W / 60.058000°N 134.691000°W / 60.058000; -134.691000 |
| Geography | |
| Montana MountainYukon, Canada | |
| Parent range | Boundary Ranges |
| Topo map | NTS 105D2 Carcross |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Late Cretaceous |
| Mountain type | Stratovolcano |


title: Once Upon a Cool Motorcycle Dude

abstract: Once Upon a Cool Motorcycle Dude is a 2005 picture book written by Kevin O'Malley and illustrated by O'Malley, Carol Heyer, and Scott Goto. The book is told in dialogue between a boy and girl who are assigned to write a story together. After interrupting each other and having trouble at first, the two are able to complete the story together. The Washington Post called "the illustrations, by O'Malley, Carol Heyer and Scott Goto... a gleeful clash of styles and stereotypes". Kirkus Reviews said the "disarming, funny and not agenda-driven dig at the hot-button issue of gender differences is likely to excite plenty of giggles—and perhaps some discussion, too." Publishers Weekly said, "Three artists with distinct styles combine efforts for this rollicking story, which takes on the topic of gender differences with humor and insight." The book had a sequel, Once Upon a Royal Superbaby.

text:
# Once Upon a Cool Motorcycle Dude

***Once Upon a Cool Motorcycle Dude*** is a 2005 picture book written by Kevin O'Malley and illustrated by O'Malley, Carol Heyer, and Scott Goto. The book is told in dialogue between a boy and girl who are assigned to write a story together. After interrupting each other and having trouble at first, the two are able to complete the story together. *The Washington Post* called "the illustrations, by O'Malley, Carol Heyer and Scott Goto... a gleeful clash of styles and stereotypes". Kirkus Reviews said the "disarming, funny and not agenda-driven dig at the hot-button issue of gender differences is likely to excite plenty of giggles—and perhaps some discussion, too." *Publishers Weekly* said, "Three artists with distinct styles combine efforts for this rollicking story, which takes on the topic of gender differences with humor and insight." The book had a sequel, *Once Upon a Royal Superbaby*.


title: Rokeby School

abstract: Rokeby School is an 11–16 secondary school for boys located in Canning Town, Greater London, England. In 2010 the school relocated to new building on the Barking Road. Facilities at the school include technology and ICT rooms, a six court indoor sports hall, creative arts areas, a performance theatre, an all-weather multi-use games pitch and a fitness trail. Previously a foundation school administered by Newham London Borough Council, in December 2021 Rokeby School converted to academy status. It is now sponsored by the Newham Community Schools Trust. Rokeby School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils.

text:
# Rokeby School

**Rokeby School** is an 11–16 secondary school for boys located in Canning Town, Greater London, England.

In 2010 the school relocated to new building on the Barking Road. Facilities at the school include technology and ICT rooms, a six court indoor sports hall, creative arts areas, a performance theatre, an all-weather multi-use games pitch and a fitness trail.

Previously a foundation school administered by Newham London Borough Council, in December 2021 Rokeby School converted to academy status. It is now sponsored by the Newham Community Schools Trust.

Rokeby School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils.

## Notable former pupils

## InfoBox

| Rokeby School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Barking Road
Canning Town, Greater London, E16 4DD
England | |
| Coordinates | 51°31′07″N 0°00′56″E / 51.51864°N 0.01558°E / 51.51864; 0.01558 |
| Information | |
| Type | Academy |
| Local authority | Newham London Borough Council |
| Trust | Newham Community Schools Trust |
| Department for Education URN | 148901 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Headteacher | Jo Doyle |
| Gender | Boys |
| Age range | 11–16 |
| Enrolment | 770 (2019) |
| Capacity | 900 |
| Website | www.rokeby.newham.sch.uk |


title: Kangryong County

abstract: Kangryŏng County is a county in the South Hwanghae province of North Korea.

text:
# Kangryong County

**Kangryŏng County** is a county in the South Hwanghae province of North Korea.

## Geography

Kangryŏng is bordered to the north by Pyŏksŏng, to the west by Ongjin, to the east by the Bay of Haeju and to the south by the Korea Bay. The county is situated on the western half of the Ongjin Peninsula, and most of the land is rocky and hilly with many coves and little flat land. There are also many islands in the seas surrounding the county, the largest being Sunwi-do, Ŏhwa-do, and the Suap Islands. The highest point is Mt. Ch'amnamu, at 286 meters.

Kangryŏng is famous for its seafaring bird populations, including the rare red-crowned crane. The county is the site of the large Kangryong Crane Habitat, one of four designated breeding sites in North Korea, and Natural Monument #130.

## History

Kangryŏng county was created under the Yi dynasty. It was briefly merged into the newly formed Hwanghae District in 1895 during an experimental redistricting, but was restored to its previous form in 1896. In 1909, it was incorporated into Ongjin. It was again made an independent municipality in the 1952 redistricting changes and received its old name.

## Transportation

Kangryŏng county is served by the Ongjin and Pup'o lines of the Korean State Railway, as well as an extensive network of roads.

## Administrative divisions

Kangryŏng is divided into one town (*ŭp*), one Worker's District (*rodongjagu*) and 31 villages (*ri*).

|  | Chosŏn'gŭl | Hancha |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kangryŏng-ŭp | 강령읍 |  |
| Pup'o-rodongjagu | 부포노동자구 | 勞動者 |
| Hyangjug-ri | 향죽리 | 香竹 |
| Inbong-ri | 인봉리 |  |
| Kŭmdong-ri | 금동리 |  |
| Kŭmjŏng-ri | 금정리 |  |
| Kwangch'ŏl-li | 광천리 |  |
| Naedong-ri | 내동리 |  |
| Obong-ri | 오봉리 |  |
| Ŏhwado-ri | 어화도리 |  |
| Pongo-ri | 봉오리 |  |
| Pumil-li | 부민리 | 富民 |
| P'yŏnghwa-ri | 평화리 | 平和 |
| Ryongyŏl-li | 룡연리 |  |
| Sambong-ri | 삼봉리 |  |
| Sayol-li | 사연리 |  |
| Sigyŏ-ri | 식여리 |  |
| Sin'am-ri | 신암리 |  |
| Songhyŏl-li | 송현리 |  |
| Ssanggyo-ri | 쌍교리 |  |
| Suap-ri | 수압리 |  |
| Sunwi-ri | 순위리 |  |
| Tonggang-ri | 동강리 |  |
| Tongp'o-ri | 동포리 |  |
| Tŭngam-ri | 등암리 |  |
|

1. North Korea: Administrative Division
2. http://www.cybernk.net/EV\_CyberNKFile/image/Map/l\_2136112.jpg
3. "더 북한".

## InfoBox

| Kangryŏng County 강령군 | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| Korean transcription(s) | |
| Hanja | 康翎郡 |
| McCune-Reischauer | Kangryŏng-gun |
| Revised Romanization | Gangryeong-gun |
|  | |
| Country | North Korea |
| Province | South Hwanghae Province |
| Administrative divisions | 1 *ŭp*, 31 *ri* |
| Area | |
| Total | 522.7 km2 (201.8 sq mi) |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 106,827 |
| Density | 200/km2 (530/sq mi) |


title: WYGI

abstract: WYGI is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Madison, Tennessee, and serving the Nashville metropolitan area. WYGI and sister station WHPY-FM simulcast a classic hits radio format. They are owned by Kensington Digital Media and are known as "Hippie Radio." The stations focus on the "hippie era," playing the hits of the 1960s, 70s and 80s. By day, WYGI is powered at 15,000 watts non-directional. But at night, to protect other stations on 1430 AM from interference, it reduces power to 1,000 watts and uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array. The transmitter is on Nesbitt Lane in Nashville, near Gallatin Pike North.

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# WYGI

**WYGI** (1430 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Madison, Tennessee, and serving the Nashville metropolitan area. WYGI and sister station WHPY-FM simulcast a classic hits radio format. They are owned by Kensington Digital Media and are known as "Hippie Radio." The stations focus on the "hippie era," playing the hits of the 1960s, 70s and 80s.

By day, WYGI is powered at 15,000 watts non-directional. But at night, to protect other stations on 1430 AM from interference, it reduces power to 1,000 watts and uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array. The transmitter is on Nesbitt Lane in Nashville, near Gallatin Pike North (U.S. Route 31E).

## History

### WENO and WQDQ

The station signed on the air on September 14, 1958. Its original call sign was WENO. For its first few decades, WENO was a country music station and a network affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System.

It was owned by the Central Broadcasting Company with studios in Nashville. It was considered the first station to play country music during all of the broadcast day, not just at night as the legendary WSM 650 did for many years. AM 1430 went through several ownership, call letter and format changes over the years. It became WQDQ in 2002, simulcasting the news programming of local CBS television affiliate WTVF and its affiliated cable outlet.

### Nashville Public Radio

On April 1, 2002, the station was acquired by Nashville Public Radio. WQDQ became WPLN on April 9, 2002. The station was generally considered to be financially marginal, which is why the frequency was available for sale to the local public radio board, due to lack of interest by potential commercial buyers. Nashville Public Radio was able to put most of its spoken word programs on its AM station, while allowing its FM station, 90.3 WPLN-FM to devote some hours to music programming.

WPLN was part of a trend for large cities to have multiple public radio outlets carrying distinct formats. However, with Nashville Public Radio's purchase of Vanderbilt University student station WRVU and converting it to an all-classical music format as WFCL, WPLN-FM's format was changed on June 8, 2011, to an all-news-and-talk format. (WFCL is now WNXP and changed in 2020 to an adult album alternative format, with classical music moving to a WPLN-FM HD-2 signal.)

The former call sign WPLN originated from **P**ublic **L**ibrary of **N**ashville, reflecting the original status of public radio in Nashville as a subsidiary of the public library. Although the library and the radio station had developed separate operations and boards of directors well before the addition of the AM station, the FM radio had retained the 'PLN' moniker.

As of March 2020, WPLN was also heard on its sister station WPLN-FM's HD3 channel. From May 2011 until March 2020, it was previously heard on the HD2 subchannel. In 2020, WPLN converted its format to the BBC World Service, broadcasting its programming 24 hours a day, seven days a week. All other programs were dropped.

### WYGI

On September 20, 2022, Nashville Public Radio announced that it was selling WPLN to Kensington Digital Media. WPLN signed off the air at noon on December 22, 2022, in preparation for the sale to Kensington Digital Media.

Kensington announced that it planned to debut a new format after the New Year in 2023 and change the station's call sign to WYGI. The BBC World Service and the WPLN International format continued to be broadcast on the WPLN-FM HD3 subchannel. AM 1430 began simulcasting WHPY-FM 94.5. The call sign change occurred on January 10, 2023.

## InfoBox

WYGI
| Simulcast of WHPY-FM Bellevue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Nashville metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 1430 kHz |
| Branding | *Hippie Radio 94.5* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic hits |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Kensington Digital Media, L.L.C. |
| Sister stations | WHPY-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | September 14, 1958 (1958-09-14) (as WENO) |
| Former call signs | WENO (1957–1977)
WJRB (1977–1988)
WWRB (1988)
WRLT (1988–1990)
WHNK (1990–1995)
WCKD (1995–1996)
WMAK (1996–2000)
WKDA (2000–2002)
WQDQ (2002)
WPLN (2002–2023) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 21473 |
| Class | B |
| Power | 15,000 watts days
1,000 watts nights |
| Transmitter coordinates | 36°16′19″N 86°42′53″W / 36.27194°N 86.71472°W / 36.27194; -86.71472 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | hippieradio945.com |


title: Thomas Le Boteller

abstract: Thomas Le Boteller, or Thomas Butler, nicknamed Thomas Bacach i.e. Thomas the Lame, was the illegitimate son of the 3rd Earl of Ormond, and a leading political figure in early fifteenth-century Ireland. He held the offices of Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Lord Deputy of Ireland and Prior of Kilmainham. In his own lifetime, he was a highly unpopular statesman, who was accused by his numerous enemies of treason. He is now chiefly remembered as a professional soldier, who was present at the Siege of Rouen in 1418–19. He had previously fought in the sanguinary conflict known as the Battle of Bloody Bank near Dublin in 1402.

text:
# Thomas Le Boteller

**Thomas Le Boteller**, or Thomas Butler, nicknamed Thomas *Bacach* i.e. *Thomas the Lame* (before 1386 – 1420), was the illegitimate son of the 3rd Earl of Ormond, and a leading political figure in early fifteenth-century Ireland. He held the offices of Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Lord Deputy of Ireland and Prior of Kilmainham. In his own lifetime, he was a highly unpopular statesman, who was accused by his numerous enemies of treason. He is now chiefly remembered as a professional soldier, who was present at the Siege of Rouen in 1418–19. He had previously fought in the sanguinary conflict known as the Battle of Bloody Bank near Dublin in 1402.

## Family

He was the son of James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond, by an unknown mistress; he was not, as is sometimes said, the son of the Earl's first wife Anne Welles. His date of birth is uncertain, but since he saw combat in 1402, was Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1406 and Prior of Kilmainham by 1410, it must have been long before his first legitimate brother was born in 1392, and probably several years before his father's first marriage in 1386.

Thomas' Gaelic nickname *Bacach*, "the lame" indicates that he was crippled, but this disability did not stop him from pursuing a highly successful military career. It is said that he had a son named John Beagh Botiller, who was born before 1420 and died in Kilkenny, County Kilkenny, although this cannot be verified with certainty. Stories that he fathered numerous other out-of-wedlock children are probably without foundation.

## Career

He was appointed Prior of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller at Kilmainham sometime before 1410, and held office until his death in 1420. He was made Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1412 but due to the pressure of his other duties, he usually acted through his deputy, Robert Sutton. He was made Lord Deputy of Ireland in the absence of Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence in 1406, in which office he exercised great political influence. O'Flanagan states that Parliament threw out a Bill to regulate the Irish Church on Le Boteller's sole objection. Such conduct naturally led to complaints of corruption and maladministration, and these complaints may explain the attack on him by his political opponents in 1411–12. At his urging Clarence confirmed the charter of Wexford, first granted in 1318.

## Bloody Bank

The Knights Hospitaller were a military order and Thomas was a military man, being praised as a soldier of "tried courage". In 1402 he led an army of 1400 men against the O'Byrne clan of Wicklow, who frequently raided Dublin, and was joined by a larger force made up of the Dublin city militia, under the command of John Drake, Lord Mayor of Dublin, in an encounter popularly known as the Battle of Bloody Bank. Half of Thomas' force deserted to the enemy and he was forced to withdraw in good order. Although accounts of the battle are confused, it seems clear that Drake rallied his men and defeated the O'Byrnes on the banks of the River Dargle near Bray, County Wicklow. killing at least 400 of them (or 40000 by one account). So much blood poured into the Dargle that the spot was known for centuries afterwards as Bloody Bank.

## Complaints about his regime

Boteller's rule as Lord Chancellor had by now become so unpopular that the Privy Council of Ireland sent an impressive deputation, including two archbishops, to England to complain about his misconduct, and he was summoned to London to answer the charges made against him. He appears to have simply ignored both the original summons and a second order to appear before the English Council. On the death of King Henry IV of England in 1413, the Lord Lieutenancy of his son the Duke of Clarence automatically lapsed, and Thomas' Deputyship lapsed with it.

## Boteller accused of treason

In 1417 and 1418 he was engaged in a private war with the Burkes in Tipperary and Kilkenny. This led to a clash with John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who supported the Burkes, and whose feud with Thomas's legitimate half-brother James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormonde would dominate Irish politics for many years. Thomas was accused of treasonable correspondence with Gerald FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Kildare and Christopher Preston, 2nd Baron Gormanston, both of whom were briefly imprisoned. No action seems to have been taken against Thomas himself: he was repeatedly summoned to Parliament but, as in 1411-2, he simply refused to appear.In the event, his willingness to lead an army to France helped to resolve the crisis. Preston and Gormanston were soon released and restored to favour: Otway-Ruthven concludes that they are unlikely to have been engaged in a treasonable conspiracy, and were simply opposed to Shrewsbury's high-handed regime. Thomas was also accused of treasonable dealings with Irish clans hostile to the English Crown and of allowing them to lay waste lands in English territory. Again, nothing seems to have come of these changes.

## Siege of Rouen

In 1418–1419 Thomas led a force to fight with Henry V of England at the Siege of Rouen; French and English sources agree that he was present although they differ greatly on the size of his force. The best estimate of the number of Irish troops is about 700. According to one description, there were:

"eighteen score men with red shields and eighteen score with pure white shields; and not often has so numerous and well-born a host embarked from England".

He is said to have given good service to the English cause in France, and died there in 1420, still probably less than forty years old. William Fitz Thomas succeeded him as Prior.

## Character

O'Flanagan calls Thomas a man of great courage and considerable administrative ability, who overcame what were then the serious double drawbacks of illegitimacy and physical disability to become a successful soldier and statesman. Otway-Ruthven, on the other hand, while praising his military ability, regarded him as a quarrelsome and unsatisfactory character with a dubious record of loyalty to the Crown. Archdall calls him "a man of tried courage".