abstract: Pharr-San Juan-Alamo (PSJA) Memorial Early College High School is a public high school in Alamo, Texas (U.S.). It is part of the Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District and is one of the district's six high schools. Located at 800 South Alamo Road, the school serves students in grades 9th through 12 grade. The principal is Raquel Garcia.

text:
# Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Memorial High School

**Pharr-San Juan-Alamo (PSJA) Memorial Early College High School** is a public high school in Alamo, Texas (U.S.). It is part of the Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District and is one of the district's six high schools.

Located at 800 South Alamo Road, the school serves students in grades 9th through 12 grade. The principal is Raquel Garcia.

## Student demographics

The demographic breakdown by race/ethnicity of the 1,812 students enrolled for the 2018–2019 school year was:

Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity
| School
Year | American Indian /
Alaska Native | Asian | Black | Hispanic | Native Hawaiian /
Pacific Islander | White | Two or
More Races |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018–19 | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.2%) | 5 (0.3%) | 1,794 (99%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) |

## Attendance area and feeder patterns

The school's attendance boundary includes most of Alamo as well as parts of San Juan, and the census-designated place of North Alamo.

Feeder elementary schools include Farias, Marcia Garza, Guerra, Santos Livas, John KcKeever, Reed Mock, and Sergeant Trevino. Feeder middle schools include Alamo and Audie Murphy.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| PSJA Memorial Early College High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 800 S Alamo Rd
Alamo, Texas 78516
United States | |
| Coordinates | 26°10′25″N 98°07′24″W / 26.17369°N 98.12331°W / 26.17369; -98.12331 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| Motto | A Wolverine is: Positive, Responsible, Optimistic, University-Bound, and Dedicated. A Wolverine is PROUD! |
| School district | Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District |
| Principal | Raquel Garcia |
| Teaching staff | 138.41 (FTE) (2018–19) |
| Grades | 12 |
| Gender | Co-educational |
| Enrollment | 1,812 (2018–19) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 13.09:1 (2018–19) |
| Mascot | Wolverines |
| Website | www.psjaisd.us/wolverines |


title: Vallabh Bhanshali

abstract: Vallabh Bhanshali is an Indian investment banker, venture capitalist and educationist, best known for co-founding the Enam Group in 1984, where he served as its chairman until 2018. He has previously served as a trustee on the first index committee at the Bombay Stock Exchange, as a committee member for SEBI, and served on the board of directors for the Reserve Bank of India, and Axis Bank. A graduate of Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics, he was previously a chartered accountant and has a degree in law. As an investment banker, he is widely credited for aiding Narayan Murthy to bring Infosys to an IPO in 1993, and the IPO of Coal India in 2010. A founding member for FLAME University and the Indian School of Public Policy, he previously served as chairman of the Global Vipassana Foundation, and was the host for the talkshow Kaun Hai Bharat Bhagya Vidhata on CNBC Awaaz in 2011. In 2012, he also ventured into solar energy. He has an honorary doctorate from Teerthanker Mahaveer University, and is a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

text:
# Vallabh Bhanshali

**Vallabh Bhanshali** (born 4 March 1952 in Pali Marwar) is an Indian investment banker, venture capitalist and educationist, best known for co-founding the Enam Group in 1984, where he served as its chairman until 2018. He has previously served as a trustee on the first index committee at the Bombay Stock Exchange, as a committee member for SEBI, and served on the board of directors for the Reserve Bank of India, and Axis Bank.

A graduate of Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics, he was previously a chartered accountant and has a degree in law. As an investment banker, he is widely credited for aiding Narayan Murthy to bring Infosys to an IPO in 1993, and the IPO of Coal India in 2010. A founding member for FLAME University and the Indian School of Public Policy, he previously served as chairman of the Global Vipassana Foundation, and was the host for the talkshow *Kaun Hai Bharat Bhagya Vidhata* on CNBC Awaaz in 2011. In 2012, he also ventured into solar energy. He has an honorary doctorate from Teerthanker Mahaveer University, and is a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

## InfoBox

| Vallabh Bhanshali | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1952-03-04) 4 March 1952<br>India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Investment Banker |
| Known for | Served on the board of directors for the Reserve Bank of India |
| Spouse | Suraj Balai  (m. 1977) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Nordisk familjeboks sportlexikon

abstract: Nordisk familjeboks sportlexikon: uppslagsverk för sport, gymnastik och friluftsliv is a Swedish-language sports encyclopedia, published in six volumes between 1938 and 1946, with a supplemental volume in 1949. Since 2017, it is digitised by Projekt Runeberg.

text:
# Nordisk familjeboks sportlexikon

***Nordisk familjeboks sportlexikon: uppslagsverk för sport, gymnastik och friluftsliv*** (lit.'Nordic Family Book Sport Lexicon: Encyclopedia for Sport, Gymnastics, and Outdoor Life') is a Swedish-language sports encyclopedia, published in six volumes between 1938 and 1946, with a supplemental volume in 1949. Since 2017, it is digitised by Projekt Runeberg.

## Background

The encyclopedia was published by Nordisk familjebok and first presented in 1937. Åke Svahn was the main editor and Nils Hellsten was assistant editor, while the editorial committee included Erik Bergvall, Folke Bernadotte, Sigfrid Edström, Rolf von Heidenstam, Ivar Holmquist, Anton Johanson, Martin P. Nilsson, Torsten Tegnér, and Bertil Uggla. Martti Jukola was editor for Finland.

By 1943 and its fifth volume, the encyclopedia had 18,000 subscribers.

The volumes of *Nordisk familjeboks sportlexikon* are:

1. A – brännboll
2. bröstsim – flugfiske
3. flugvikt – hjärtstock
4. hockey – Lahtinen
5. Lahtis–röse
6. S–Övrevoll

## Reception

Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet signature Oleg found the first band, dealing with A to brännboll, the best sport lexicon they had seen. According to the same paper, French Minister of National Education and Fine Arts Jean Zay was greeting the high standard of the work.

## Digitisation

In 2012, Lars Aronsson offered to digitise *Nordisk familjeboks sportlexikon* if funded. In September 2017, the digitisation of the six bands was complete and in February 2020, the supplemental band was digitised.


title: Nordisk Vinternatt

abstract: Nordisk Vinternatt is a 2005 folk/traditional album by Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø released in Scandinavia. This album includes folk- and traditional songs in Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.

text:
# Nordisk Vinternatt

***Nordisk Vinternatt*** is a 2005 folk/traditional album by Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø released in Scandinavia. This album includes folk- and traditional songs in Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.

## Track listing

1. Denti, du Astri (Norwegian)
2. Vårvinder friska (Swedish)
3. O tysta ensamhet (Swedish)
4. Det er ingenting i verden så stille som sne (Danish)
5. Om kvelden (Norwegian)
6. Du är den ende (Swedish)
7. Jeg lagde meg så silde (Norwegian)
8. Bereden väg för Herran (Swedish)
9. Musens sang (Danish)
10. Den första gång jag såg dig (Swedish)
11. Bruremarsj (Norwegian)
12. Koppången (Swedish)
13. Sofðu ungá astín min (Icelandic)

## Critical reception

Norwegian newspaper *Vårt Land* wrote: "Sissel sings better and better. She has found beautiful melodies from Nordic songbooks and sings them with a call that is no longer dominated by her glorious extroversion".

## InfoBox

| Nordisk Vinternatt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sissel Kyrkjebø | |
| Released | 2005 |
| Genre | Folk, Traditional, Christian |
| Sissel Kyrkjebø chronology | |
| *My Heart*
(2004) ***Nordisk Vinternatt***
(2005) *Into Paradise*
(2006) | |


title: Hoskoti

abstract: Hoskoti is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

text:
# Hoskoti

**Hoskoti** is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

## InfoBox

| Hoskoti | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Belgaum |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Norman Sperling

abstract: Norman Sperling is an author, editor, publisher, teacher, and telescope designer living in San Mateo, California. Sperling received a BA from Michigan State University after graduating from Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland. He followed that with an MA in History of Science from the University of California, Berkeley. He has taught astronomy and related courses at Sonoma State University, California State University, Hayward, UC Berkeley, and San Francisco State University.

text:
# Norman Sperling

**Norman Sperling** (born March 19, 1947) is an author, editor, publisher, teacher, and telescope designer living in San Mateo, California.

Sperling received a BA from Michigan State University after graduating from Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland. He followed that with an MA in History of Science from the University of California, Berkeley. He has taught astronomy and related courses at Sonoma State University, California State University, Hayward, UC Berkeley, and San Francisco State University.

## Publisher and author

Sperling founded astronomical supplier and publisher Everything in the Universe in 1977. He has been assistant editor for Sky & Telescope magazine and was science editor for AltaVista. As of 2011, Sperling is the editor and publisher of the Journal of Irreproducible Results, a science humor magazine. He authored *What Your Astronomy Textbook Won't Tell You* and *Any Parent's Recipe for Great Baseball* He edited and published John Dobson's book *How and Why to Make a User-Friendly Sidewalk Telescope.* He has also been published in Academic American Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Americana online, Technology Review, San Francisco Examiner, Astronomy, Pacific Discovery, Journal of College Science Teaching, Mercury, Rittenhouse, Popular Astronomy, Telescope Making, Griffith Observer, Reflector, and The Pundit.

Sperling created the Catalog of North American Planetaria (CATNAP), which later expanded into the Planetarium Directory. He has been planetarium director at Duncan Planetarium, Princeton Day School, New Jersey; Rotary-Chabot Planetarium, Chabot Observatory and Science Center, California; and Edgewood Junior High School Planetarium, Maryland, and he has been a lecturer at Morrison Planetarium in San Francisco.

## Inventor

As an inventor, Sperling, with Mike Simmons, created the Astroscan telescope for Edmund Scientific, as well as "The Stars Above" star-finder for Spherical Concepts.

## Expert witness

Sperling serves occasionally as an expert witness in the field of astronomy. The most high-profile case in which he testified was known as the Billionaire Boys Club case in 1992. He was able to nullify the testimony of a key prosecution witness. The defendant was acquitted.

## Volunteer service

Norman Sperling is a recipient of the National Service Award by the Western Amateur Astronomers, and had been recognized "For special and meritorious service for his unusual dedication and service to the astronomical community in all areas of astronomy" by the Astronomical Association of Northern California. He is a Fellow of the International Planetarium Society (first induction).

Sperling is active in the Bay Area Skeptics, Northern California Historical Astronomy Luncheon and Discussion Association.


title: House at 965 Castlegate Court

abstract: The House at 965 Castlegate Court is a historic house located at 965 Castlegate Court in the Deerpath Hill Estates development in Lake Forest, Illinois. Developer Henry K. Turnbull, who planned the original section of Deerpath Hill Estates, built the house in 1930. The house is located at the northern entrance to the First Addition to Deerpath Hill Estates; it is technically outside of the development, and was marketed as being in the "Deerpath Hill Estates district". It is the only house Turnbull built outside of the original three sections of Deerpath Hill Estates; its location served to draw potential buyers into the estate from Waukegan Road. The house has a Colonial Revival design in keeping with the revivalist styles used in the development; its design features two stone-faced gables and a developed cornice. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 2006.

text:
# House at 965 Castlegate Court

The **House at 965 Castlegate Court** is a historic house located at 965 Castlegate Court in the Deerpath Hill Estates development in Lake Forest, Illinois. Developer Henry K. Turnbull, who planned the original section of Deerpath Hill Estates, built the house in 1930. The house is located at the northern entrance to the First Addition to Deerpath Hill Estates; it is technically outside of the development, and was marketed as being in the "Deerpath Hill Estates district". It is the only house Turnbull built outside of the original three sections of Deerpath Hill Estates; its location served to draw potential buyers into the estate from Waukegan Road. The house has a Colonial Revival design in keeping with the revivalist styles used in the development; its design features two stone-faced gables and a developed cornice.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 2006.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| House at 965 Castlegate Court--Deerpath Hill Estates | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 965 Castlegate Court, Lake Forest, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 42°15′16″N 87°52′14″W / 42.25444°N 87.87056°W / 42.25444; -87.87056 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1930 (1930) |
| Architect | Anderson, Stanley D. |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| MPS | Deerpath Hill Estates:an English Garden Development in Lake Forest, Illinois MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 06000382 |
| Added to NRHP | May 12, 2006 |


title: House at 931 Prince

abstract: The House at 931 Prince, in Las Vegas, New Mexico, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The wood-frame house is built in the vernacular style locally employed in the 1890s, with stick work within their front-facing gables alluding to the formal Stick Style and with lathe-rounded porch posts suggestive of vernacular Queen Anne style. Houses built in the 1890s are larger than workers' houses built in the area in the 1880s, which also had front gable massing. The house at 931 Prince was, in 1985, one of "few intact examples" of its type. A 2012 photo of the building shows that the stick work which had appeared in the 1982 photo accompanying the NRHP nomination, has been lost.

text:
# House at 931 Prince

The **House at 931 Prince**, in Las Vegas, New Mexico, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

The wood-frame house is built in the vernacular style locally employed in the 1890s, with stick work within their front-facing gables alluding to the formal Stick Style and with lathe-rounded porch posts suggestive of vernacular Queen Anne style. Houses built in the 1890s are larger than workers' houses built in the area in the 1880s, which also had front gable massing. The house at 931 Prince was, in 1985, one of "few intact examples" of its type.

A 2012 photo of the building shows that the stick work which had appeared in the 1982 photo accompanying the NRHP nomination, has been lost.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| House at 931 Prince | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| 2012 photo | |
|  | |
| Location | 931 Prince, Las Vegas, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 35°35′18″N 105°12′59″W / 35.58833°N 105.21639°W / 35.58833; -105.21639 (House at 931 Prince) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Architectural style | Stick/eastlake, Queen Anne |
| MPS | Las Vegas New Mexico MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002620 |
| Added to NRHP | September 26, 1985 |


title: North Palisade

abstract: North Palisade is the third-highest mountain in the Sierra Nevada range of California, and one of the state's small number of peaks over 14,000 feet, known as fourteeners. It is the highest peak of the Palisades group of peaks in the central part of the Sierra range. It sports a small glacier and several highly prized rock climbing routes on its northeast side.

text:
# North Palisade

**North Palisade** is the third-highest mountain in the Sierra Nevada range of California, and one of the state's small number of peaks over 14,000 feet, known as fourteeners. It is the highest peak of the Palisades group of peaks in the central part of the Sierra range. It sports a small glacier (the Palisade Glacier) and several highly prized rock climbing routes on its northeast side.

## History

North Palisade has a collection of names from the 19th century. The Wheeler Survey referred to it as Northwest Palisade in 1878. The following year, Lilbourne A. Winchell called it Dusy's Peak after local rancher Frank Dusy. In 1895, Bolton Brown advocated yet another name, after David Starr Jordan. In 2009, U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein, supported by U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer, introduced legislation to rename the peak as "Brower Palisade", in honor of environmentalist David Brower. There was significant opposition to this proposal.

The first ascent was made on July 25, 1903, by James S. Hutchinson, Joseph Nisbet LeConte and James K. Moffitt. They approached the area overland from south of the Palisades, and scouted possible routes from the summits of Marion Peak and Mount Sill. Armed with this intelligence, they planned to ascend the southwest chute of the U Notch, and find a way to bypass the rock face between the notch and the upper reaches of North Palisade. Around 13,100 feet (4,000 m), they followed a northward branch of this chute, and slowly climbed a difficult system of cracks. From here they found a catwalk ledge that took them to a series of icy gullies, bound toward the summit. These gullies were blocked by a pair of chockstones, requiring class 4 moves to pass. Beyond these obstacles, they crested the southeast ridge, and climbed a series of granite blocks to the summit.

After making this climb, LeConte is quoted as writing in a letter, "I have called the peak merely the North Palisade. Put Dusy's name on some less imposing mass, and give us a name to be handed down through all time." The peak has been called North Palisade since that day, and received official recognition by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.

## Subsidiary peaks

North Palisade has several named subsidiary peaks (nearby peaks which have less than 300 ft (91 m) of topographic prominence). These all lie on the main ridge crest, and are as follows:

* **Polemonium Peak**, 14,080+ ft (4,294+ m). Prominence of 160 feet (49 m). This lies between the "U-Notch" and "V-Notch" couloirs (popular snow/ice climbs), 0.15 mi (0.25 km) east-southeast of North Palisade. Named on the USGS topographic map. The peak is named for the *Polemonium eximium* skypilot (plant) found in the area.
* **Starlight Peak**, 14,200 feet (4,328 m). Prominence of 80 feet (24 m). This is the northwest summit of North Palisade, less than 0.1 mi (0.15 km) from the main summit. Some climbing routes end atop this peak known for its famous "Milk Bottle", a 20 ft (6.1 m) pillar of rock with huge exposure (class 5.6).
* **Thunderbolt Peak**, 14,003 feet (4,268 m). Prominence of 203 feet (62 m). About 0.25 mi (0.4 km) northwest of North Palisade. Named on the USGS topographic map. The Sierra Club guidebook notes: "This was the last 14,000 foot (4,267 m) peak to be climbed in the Sierra. During a wild storm on the first ascent, a bolt of lightning left Jules Eichorn severely shaken; hence the name".

## Climate

There is no weather station at the summit, but this climate table contains interpolated data for an area around the summit. The peak of North Palisade has an Alpine climate (*ET*).

| Climate data for North Palisade 37.0914 N, 118.5081 W, Elevation: 13,494 ft (4,113 m) (1991–2020 normals) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 25.3
(−3.7) | 23.6
(−4.7) | 26.5
(−3.1) | 31.1
(−0.5) | 38.5
(3.6) | 48.1
(8.9) | 54.4
(12.4) | 53.7
(12.1) | 48.6
(9.2) | 40.3
(4.6) | 31.8
(−0.1) | 25.0
(−3.9) | 37.2
(2.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 15.5
(−9.2) | 13.5
(−10.3) | 15.9
(−8.9) | 19.4
(−7.0) | 25.9
(−3.4) | 34.9
(1.6) | 41.5
(5.3) | 40.6
(4.8) | 35.6
(2.0) | 28.4
(−2.0) | 21.6
(−5.8) | 15.7
(−9.1) | 25.7
(−3.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 5.8
(−14.6) | 3.4
(−15.9) | 5.3
(−14.8) | 7.7
(−13.5) | 13.4
(−10.3) | 21.8
(−5.7) | 28.6
(−1.9) | 27.6
(−2.4) | 22.7
(−5.2) | 16.5
(−8.6) | 11.4
(−11.4) | 6.3
(−14.3) | 14.2
(−9.9) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 8.89
(226) | 7.32
(186) | 6.42
(163) | 4.25
(108) | 2.09
(53) | 0.53
(13) | 0.32
(8.1) | 0.18
(4.6) | 0.31
(7.9) | 2.02
(51) | 2.76
(70) | 7.98
(203) | 43.07
(1,093.6) |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| North Palisade | |
| --- | --- |
| Starlight Peak | |
| North Palisade from Windy Point (by Ansel Adams, 1936) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 14,248 ft (4,343 m)
NAVD88 |
| Prominence | 2,894 ft (882 m) |
| Parent peak | Mount Whitney |
| Isolation | 32.2 mi (51.8 km) |
| Listing |  |
| Coordinates | 37°05′39″N 118°30′52″W / 37.094260386°N 118.514455033°W / 37.094260386; -118.514455033 |
| Geography | |
| North PalisadeCalifornia | |
| Location | Fresno County, California, U.S. |
| Parent range | Sierra Nevada, The Palisades |
| Topo map | USGS North Palisade Quadrangle |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Igneous, primarily diorite |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | July 25, 1903 by James S. Hutchinson, Joseph N. LeConte, James K. Moffitt |
| Easiest route | The LeConte Route, class 4 |


title: Norboletone

abstract: Norboletone, or norbolethone, is a synthetic and orally active anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) which was never marketed. It was first developed in 1966 by Wyeth Laboratories and was investigated for use as an agent to encourage weight gain and for the treatment of short stature, but was never marketed commercially because of fears that it might be toxic. It subsequently showed up in urine tests on athletes in competition in the early 2000s. Norboletone was found to have been brought to the market by the chemist Patrick Arnold, of the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO), an American nutritional supplement company. It is reputed to have been the active ingredient in the original formulation of the "undetectable" steroid formulation known as "The Clear" before being replaced by the more potent drug tetrahydrogestrinone. In 2002, Don Catlin, the founder and then-director of the UCLA Olympic Analytical Lab, identified norboletone for the first time in an athlete's urine sample. In the same year, U.S. bicycle racer Tammy Thomas was caught using it and was banned from her sport. The following year, Catlin identified and developed a test for tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), the second reported designer anabolic sample—a key development in the BALCO Affair. Norboletone is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited substances, and is therefore banned from use in most major sports.

text:
# Norboletone

**Norboletone** (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name) (former proposed brand name **Genabol**), or **norbolethone**, is a synthetic and orally active anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) which was never marketed. It was first developed in 1966 by Wyeth Laboratories and was investigated for use as an agent to encourage weight gain and for the treatment of short stature, but was never marketed commercially because of fears that it might be toxic. It subsequently showed up in urine tests on athletes in competition in the early 2000s.

Norboletone was found to have been brought to the market by the chemist Patrick Arnold, of the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO), an American nutritional supplement company. It is reputed to have been the active ingredient in the original formulation of the "undetectable" steroid formulation known as "The Clear" before being replaced by the more potent drug tetrahydrogestrinone.

In 2002, Don Catlin, the founder and then-director of the UCLA Olympic Analytical Lab, identified norboletone for the first time in an athlete's urine sample. In the same year, U.S. bicycle racer Tammy Thomas was caught using it and was banned from her sport. The following year, Catlin identified and developed a test for tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), the second reported designer anabolic sample—a key development in the BALCO Affair.

Norboletone is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited substances, and is therefore banned from use in most major sports.

## InfoBox

Norboletone
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | Norbolethone; 17α-Ethyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone; 17α-Ethyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one; 13β-Ethyl-17α-hydroxy-18,19-dinorpregn-4-en-3-one |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth |
| Drug class | Androgen; Anabolic steroid |
| ATC code | * None |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (8*R*,9*S*,10*R*,13*S*,14*S*,17*S*)-13,17-diethyl-17-hydroxy-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta\[*a*\]phenanthren-3-one | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C21H32O2 |
| Molar mass | 316.485 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=C4\C=C3/\[C@@H\](\[C@H\]2CC\[C@\]1(\[C@@H\](CC\[C@@\]1(O)CC)\[C@@H\]2CC3)CC)CC4 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C21H32O2/c1-3-20-11-9-17-16-8-6-15(22)13-14(16)5-7-18(17)19(20)10-12-21(20,23)4-2/h13,16-19,23H,3-12H2,1-2H3/t16-,17+,18+,19-,20-,21-/m0/s1 Y * Key:FTBJKONNNSKOLX-XUDSTZEESA-N Y | |
| (verify) | |


title: Norrington Table

abstract: The Norrington Table is an annual ranking of the colleges of the University of Oxford based on a score computed from the proportions of undergraduate students earning each of the various degree classifications based on that year's final examinations.

text:
# Norrington Table

The **Norrington Table** is an annual ranking of the colleges of the University of Oxford based on a score computed from the proportions of undergraduate students earning each of the various degree classifications based on that year's final examinations.

## Overview

The rankings of each college in the Norrington Table are calculated by awarding 5 points for a student who receives a First Class degree, 3 points for a 2:1, 2 for a 2:2 and 1 for a Third; the total is then divided by the maximum possible score (i.e. the number of finalists in that college multiplied by 5), and the result for each college is expressed as a percentage, rounded to 2 decimal places. Although the differences between the highest places on the table are usually slight, the top colleges remain very competitive about their rankings in the Table. Their competitiveness has been heightened in recent years by increased media attention towards the rankings.

Previously the university had refused to endorse an official table, leading to inaccuracies (see Criticisms below), so the university finally published its own rankings using examination results from all final year undergraduates in 2005.

## History

Contrary to popular belief, the Norrington Table was not created in 1962 by Sir Arthur Norrington, who was then president of Trinity College. Norrington did not invent the idea of producing a table of the results of Oxford colleges. Rather, he suggested a refinement to the weightings given to results in a existing table. Norrington's scoring system was suggested in 1963 and abandoned after 1985, owing to changes in the Oxford examination system.

On 5 September 1963, Norrington had a letter published in *The Times*, in which he objected to the table that their correspondent had published two days earlier (3 September 1963, p. 12). *The Times* had previously published a table of Oxford colleges' results in 1962 (29 August 1962, p. 5).

Norrington wrote: "Your Correspondent has analysed the final examination results this year and gives an order of merit, among the first colleges, based on the percentage of Firsts and Seconds. This, in effect, is the same as basing it on the percentage of Thirds, and gives it no extra credit for Firsts. College A, for example, that gets 20 Firsts, 60 Seconds, and 20 Thirds scores less by this method than College B that gets no Firsts, 81 Seconds and 19 Thirds, but surely A has, in reality, done much better than B. A better result, I submit, is obtained by a points system in which a First scores more than a second and a Second more than a Third. If you make the points 3, 2, and 1 respectively and calculate what percentage of its "possible" each college has secured, you will find that College A, with 200 points out of 300, has scored 66.67 per cent, and B, with 181, only 60 per cent. This method of calculation will be found to promote Magdalen and Merton, which come surprisingly low in your Correspondent's order." (5 September 1963, p. 13)

In 1986, when Oxford for the first time split Second Class honours into Upper Seconds and Lower Seconds, *The Times* unilaterally adopted the Tompkins Table, which gives more weight to a First class degree: five points for a First, three for a 2.1, two for a 2.2, and one for a Third. This system was devised in 1981 by Peter Tompkins, of Birkenhead, to classify the results of Cambridge colleges, and a table compiled by Tompkins on this basis was published on 28 August by *The Times* (28 Aug 1981, p. 10) alongside a table using the Norrington scoring system, which had been compiled by the *Cambridge Evening News*. The Tompkins Table became the preferred rating for Cambridge colleges and has prevailed for Oxford colleges as well since 1986.

### Recent rankings

Below is the Norrington Table for the academic years 2021/22 and 2019/20 along with mean values for the period 2006 to 2019.

| College/
Hall | 2022 Score
% | 2020 Score
% | Mean Score
(2006–2019)
% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Merton | 80.9 | 81.0 | 75.60 |
| Lincoln | 80.7 | 79.5 | 71.06 |
| Harris Manchester | 77.7 | 77.4 | 65.90 |
| Queen's | 77.7 | 81.7 | 69.90 |
| St Peter's | 77.6 | 81.5 | 67.94 |
| St Catherine's | 77.2 | 82.5 | 70.48 |
| Wadham | 76.8 | 80.9 | 71.91 |
| St John's | 76.5 | 80.2 | 74.49 |
| Somerville | 76.4 | 72.8 | 68.27 |
| Pembroke | 75.8 | 78.0 | 69.03 |
| Keble | 75.8 | 76.6 | 69.65 |
| Magdalen | 75.7 | 77.4 | 75.42 |
| Mansfield | 75.6 | 75.5 | 68.44 |
| New College | 75.5 | 83.5 | 74.65 |
| Brasenose | 74.9 | 80.4 | 70.81 |
| Worcester | 74.4 | 78.8 | 71.52 |
| Oriel | 74.3 | 79.8 | 69.54 |
| University | 74.1 | 78.9 | 70.85 |
| St Hilda's | 73.9 | 78.3 | 67.99 |
| Balliol | 73.7 | 78.6 | 72.62 |
| Corpus Christi | 73.6 | 77.0 | 71.00 |
| St Anne's | 72.8 | 77.0 | 69.51 |
| Christ Church | 72.5 | 75.6 | 72.02 |
| St Edmund Hall | 71.8 | 76.5 | 68.08 |
| St Benet's Hall | 71.7 | 69.5 | 62.76 |
| St Hugh's | 71.2 | 78.8 | 68.55 |
| Hertford | 70.6 | 79.2 | 70.39 |
| Trinity | 70.3 | 79.1 | 71.30 |
| Lady Margaret Hall | 69.7 | 75.7 | 68.11 |
| Jesus | 68.5 | 78.0 | 71.26 |
| Exeter | 68.0 | 75.8 | 69.09 |
| Wycliffe Hall | 60.0 | 63.6 | 67.43 |
| Regent's Park | 68.9 | 74.3 | 64.13 |
| St Stephen's House | 50.0 | 80.0 | 59.46 |
|

### Past rankings

Norrington Table rankings from 2006 to 2019 by college, ordered by mean rank, and omitting all PPHs since they take very few undergraduates, with the exception of Regent's Park:

## Criticisms

The table is biased towards colleges with above average proportions of students in science subjects such as chemistry and mathematics, in which a higher proportion attain a first-class degree compared to humanities (in which more students attain a 2:1). The corresponding Tompkins Table at Cambridge makes an adjustment for this feature.

John Lucas, Fellow of Merton, presented a critique of the Norrington Table in a 1980 article titled "Norrington Blues".

## Other tables and debate over use of Norrington name

The Norrington Table has inspired other tables ranking the performance of Oxford colleges, such as the "Vegetarian Norrington Table", which was first published in 2016. A play on the original, the Vegetarian Norrington Table ranks the best and worst colleges in Oxford not for their undergraduate examination results, but for the quality of their vegetarian and vegan food, using data collected from staff and students of the University. The table caused some controversy, however, as a number of college bursars argued that it bore no relation to the original and further questioned its metrics. The current top-ranked college in the Vegetarian Norrington Table is Mansfield College, followed by Worcester College, with Kellogg College in third.

There have been attempts to rework the original Norrington Table, specifically in light of debates surrounding access and the equality of Oxford University § Admission process. In 2018, one article used geographical data to rank colleges based on the percentage of undergraduate students from poorer backgrounds. In this same report, the Vice President of the Oxford University Student Union announced work was underway on an "alternative Norrington Table" which would seek to measure social mobility as well as academic success in colleges.


title: Hoʻomaluhia Botanical Garden

abstract: The Hoʻomaluhia Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located at 45–680 Luluku Road, Kāne'ohe, Oahu, Hawaii. It is part of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens, and is open daily, without charge, except for Christmas Day and New Year's Day. The garden was established in 1982, and designed and built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers for flood protection. It is a rainforest garden, with plantings from major tropical regions around the world, grouped into distinct collections that focus on Africa, Hawaii, India and Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Melanesia, the Philippines, Polynesia, and the tropical New World. Special emphasis is placed on conserving plants native to Hawaii and Polynesia, as well as arecaceae, aroids, and heliconias. The garden includes a lake and walking trails, as well as a day use area, campgrounds, and a visitor center with lecture room, exhibition hall, workshop, and botanical library. The garden features plants rarely seen in America, such as the Açaí tree.

text:
# Hoʻomaluhia Botanical Garden

The **Hoʻomaluhia Botanical Garden** (approximately 400 acres) is a botanical garden located at 45–680 Luluku Road, Kāne'ohe, Oahu, Hawaii. It is part of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens, and is open daily, without charge, except for Christmas Day and New Year's Day.

The garden was established in 1982, and designed and built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers for flood protection. It is a rainforest garden, with plantings from major tropical regions around the world, grouped into distinct collections that focus on Africa, Hawaii, India and Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Melanesia, the Philippines, Polynesia, and the tropical New World. Special emphasis is placed on conserving plants native to Hawaii and Polynesia, as well as arecaceae, aroids, and heliconias.

The garden includes a lake (32 acres) and walking trails, as well as a day use area, campgrounds, and a visitor center with lecture room, exhibition hall, workshop, and botanical library.

The garden features plants rarely seen in America, such as the Açaí tree.

## Images

* *Honolulu Botanical Gardens* (brochure), Department of Parks and Recreation, City and County of Honolulu, Revision 1/05.

21°23′16″N 157°48′29″W / 21.38778°N 157.80806°W / 21.38778; -157.80806


title: Hoʻoponopono

abstract: Hoʻoponopono is a traditional Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness. The Hawaiian word translates into English simply as correction, with the synonyms manage or supervise. Similar forgiveness practices are performed on islands throughout the South Pacific, including Hawaii, Samoa, Tahiti and New Zealand. Traditional Hoʻoponopono is practiced by Indigenous Hawaiian healers, often within the extended family by a family member.

text:
# Hoʻoponopono

**Hoʻoponopono** (Hawaiian pronunciation: \[ho.ʔo.po.no.po.no\]) is a traditional Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness. The Hawaiian word translates into English simply as *correction*, with the synonyms *manage* or *supervise*. Similar forgiveness practices are performed on islands throughout the South Pacific, including Hawaii, Samoa, Tahiti and New Zealand. Traditional *Hoʻoponopono* is practiced by Indigenous Hawaiian healers, often within the extended family by a family member.

## Polynesian antecedents

In many Polynesian cultures, it is believed that a person's errors (called *hara* or *hala*) caused illness. Some believe error angers the gods, others that it attracts malevolent gods, and still others believe the guilt caused by error made one sick.  "In most cases, however, specific 'untie-error' rites could be performed to atone for such errors and thereby diminish one's accumulation of them."

Among the islands of Vanuatu in the South Pacific, people believe that illness usually is caused by sexual misconduct or anger. "If you are angry for two or three days, sickness will come," said one local man. The therapy that counters this sickness is confession. The patient, or a family member, may confess. If no one confesses an error, the patient may die. The Vanuatu people believe that secrecy is what gives power to the illness. When the error is confessed, it no longer has power over the person.

Like many other islanders, including Hawaiians, people of Tikopia in the Solomon Islands, and on Rarotonga in the Cook Islands, believe that the sins of the father will fall upon the children. If a child is sick, the parents are suspected of quarreling or misconduct. In addition to sickness, social disorder could cause sterility of land or other disasters. Harmony could be restored only by confession and apology.

In Pukapuka, it was customary to hold sort of a confessional over patients to determine an appropriate course of action in order to heal them.

Similar traditions are found in Samoa, Tahiti, and among the Maori of New Zealand.

## Etymology

"Hoʻoponopono" is defined in the *Hawaiian Dictionary* as:

(a) "To put to rights; to put in order or shape, correct, revise, adjust, amend, regulate, arrange, rectify, tidy up make orderly or neat, administer, superintend, supervise, manage, edit, work carefully or neatly; to make ready, as canoemen preparing to catch a wave."

(b) "Mental cleansing: family conferences in which relationships were set right (*hoʻoponopono*) through prayer, discussion, confession, repentance, and mutual restitution and forgiveness."

Literally, *hoʻo* is a particle used to make an actualizing verb from the following noun. Here, it creates a verb from the noun *pono*, which is defined as: "...goodness, uprightness, morality, moral qualities, correct or proper procedure, excellence, well-being, prosperity, welfare, benefit, true condition or nature, duty; moral, fitting, proper, righteous, right, upright, just, virtuous, fair, beneficial, successful, in perfect order, accurate, correct, eased, relieved; should, ought, must, necessary."

*Ponopono* is defined as "to put to rights; to put in order or shape, correct, revise, adjust, amend, regulate, arrange, rectify, tidy up, make orderly or neat."

So hoʻoponopono can be translated literally as "to make right" or "to make good".

## Traditional practice

Hawaiian scholar Nana Veary in her book *Change We Must: My Spiritual Journey* wrote that ho'oponopono was a practice in Ancient Hawaii and this is supported by oral histories from contemporary Hawaiian elders. Pukui first recorded her experiences and observations from her childhood (born 1895) in her 1958 book.

Although the word *hoʻoponopono* was not used, early Hawaiian historians documented a belief that illness was caused by breaking kapu, or spiritual laws, and that the illness could not be cured until the sufferer atoned for this transgression, often with the assistance of a praying priest (*kahuna pule*) or healing priest (*kahuna lapaʻau*). Forgiveness was sought from the gods or from the person with whom there was a dispute.

Pukui described it as a practice of extended family members meeting to "make right" broken family relations. Some families met daily or weekly, to prevent problems from erupting. Others met when a person became ill, believing that illness was caused by the stress of anger, guilt, recriminations and lack of forgiveness. Kupuna Nana Veary wrote that when any of the children in her family fell ill, her grandmother would ask the parents, "What have you done?" They believed that healing could come only with complete forgiveness of the whole family.

## Ritual

Hoʻoponopono corrects, restores and maintains good relationships among family members and with their god(s) by getting to the causes and sources of trouble. Usually the most senior member of the family conducts it. He or she gathers the family together. If the family is unable to work through a problem, they turn to a respected outsider.

The process begins with prayer. A statement of the problem is made, and the transgression discussed. Family members are expected to work problems through and cooperate, not "hold fast to the fault". One or more periods of silence may be taken for reflection on the entanglement of emotions and injuries. Everyone's feelings are acknowledged. Then confession, repentance and forgiveness take place. Everyone releases (*kala*) each other, letting go. They cut off the past (*ʻoki*), and together they close the event with a ceremonial feast, called *pani*, which often included eating *limu kala* or kala seaweed, symbolic of the release.

In a form used by the family of *kahuna* Makaweliweli of the island of Molokai, the completion of hoʻoponopono is represented by giving the person forgiven a lei made from the fruit of the hala tree.

## Modern uses

"Aunty" Malia Craver, who worked with the Queen Liliʻuokalani Children's Centers (QLCC) for more than 30 years, taught courses in traditional hoʻoponopono. On August 30, 2000, she spoke about it to the United Nations.

### Traditional applications

In the late 20th century, courts in Hawaiʻi began to order juvenile and adult offenders to work with an elder who would conduct hoʻoponopono for their families, as a form of alternative dispute resolution. The hoʻoponopono is conducted in the traditional way, without court interference, with a practitioner picked by the family from a list of court-approved providers.

Some native practitioners provide hoʻoponopono to clients who otherwise might seek family counseling.

### Freedom from karma

In 1976 Morrnah Simeona, regarded as a healing priest or *kahuna lapaʻau*, adapted the traditional hoʻoponopono of family mutual forgiveness to the social realities of the modern day. For this she extended it both to a general problem solving process outside the family and to a psycho-spiritual self-help rather than group process.

Simeona's version is influenced by her Christian (Protestant and Catholic) education and her philosophical studies about India, China and Edgar Cayce. Like Hawaiian tradition she emphasizes prayer, confession, repentance, and mutual restitution and forgiveness. Unlike Hawaiian tradition, she describes problems only as the effects of negative karma, saying that "you have to experience by yourself what you have done to others." But that you are the creator of your life circumstances was common knowledge for the people of old as "things we had brought with us from other lifetimes." Any wrongdoing is memorized within oneself and mirrored in every entity and object which was present when the cause happened. As the Law of Cause and Effect predominates in all of life and lifetimes, the purpose of her version is mainly "to release unhappy, negative experiences in past reincarnations, and to resolve and remove traumas from the 'memory banks'." Karmic bondages hinder the evolution of mind, so that "(karmic) cleansing is a requisite for the expansion of awareness". Using her 14-step-process would dissolve those bondages. She did not use mantras or conditioning exercises.

Her teachings include: there is a Divine Creator who takes care of altruistic pleas of Men; "when the phrase 'And it is done' is used after a prayer, it means Man's work ends and God's begins." "Self-Identity" signifies, e.g. during the hoʻoponopono, that the three selves or aspects of consciousness are balanced and connected with the Divine Creator. Different from egoistic prayers, "altruistic prayers like hoʻoponopono, where you also pray for the release of other entities and objects, reach the Divine plane or Cosmos because of their high vibrations. From that plane the Divine energy or "mana" would come," which would transform the painful part of the memory of the wrong actions in all participants to "Pure Light", on whatever plane they are existing; "all are set free". Through this transmutation in the mind the problems will lose their energy for physical effects, and healing or balancing is begun. In this sense, Simeona's mana is not the same as the traditional Polynesian understanding of mana.

Pacifica Seminars, founded by Morrnah Simeona, started the first Ho'oponopono seminars in Germany. Seminars are still held on a regular basis in Germany, Poland, France, and Denmark.

### State of Zero

After Simeona's death in 1992, her former student and administrator, Ihaleakala Hew Len, co-authored a book with Joe Vitale called *Zero Limits* referring to Simeona's Hoʻoponopono teachings. Len makes no claim to be a *kahuna*. In contrast to Simeona's teachings, the book brings the new idea that the main objective of Hoʻoponopono is getting to the "zero state — it's where we have zero limits. No memories. No identity." To reach this state, which Len called 'Self-I-Dentity thru Ho'oponopono', includes using the mantra, "I love you. I'm sorry. Please forgive me. Thank you." It is based on Len's idea of 100% responsibility, taking responsibility for everyone's actions, not only for one's own. If one would take complete responsibility for one's life, then everything one sees, hears, tastes, touches, or in any way experiences would be one's responsibility because it is in one's life. The problem would not be with our external reality, it would be with ourselves. Total Responsibility, according to Hew Len, advocates that everything exists as a projection from inside the human being.

## Footnotes

* Buck, Peter Te Rangi Hiroa, *The Coming of the Maori*, Wellington, Whitcombe and Tombs (1950)
* Chai, Makana Risser, *Na Moʻolelo Lomilomi: The Traditions of Hawaiian Massage & Healing*, Bishop Museum Press (2005) ISBN 978-1-58178-046-8
* Handy, E.S.Craighill *Polynesian Religion,* Kraus Reprint & Periodicals (1971)
* Kamakau, Samuel, *Ka Poʻe Kahiko (The People of Old)*, Bishop Museum Press (1992)
* Lee, Pali Jae, *Ho'opono,* I M Publishing (2008)
* Lee, Pali Jae, Koko Willis, *Tales from the Night Rainbow*, Night Rainbow Publishing Co. (1990) ISBN 0-9628030-0-6
* Malo, Davida, (Chun, trans) *Ka Moʻolelo Hawaii: Hawaiian Traditions*, First Peoples Productions
* Oliver, Douglas, *Polynesia in Early Historic Times*, Bess Press (2002) ISBN 978-1-57306-125-4
* Parsons, Claire F., *Healing Practices in the South Pacific*, Institute for Polynesian Studies (1995) ISBN 978-0-939154-56-2
* Pukui, Mary Kawena and Elbert, Samuel H., University of Hawaii (1986) ISBN 978-0-8248-0703-0
* Pukui, Mary Kawena, Haertig, E.W. and Lee, Catherine, *Nana i ke Kumu*: Look to the Source, Vol 1, Hui Hanai (1983) ISBN 978-0-916630-13-3
* Pukui, Mary Kawena, E.S. Craighill Handy, *The Polynesian Family System in Kaʻu*, Hawaii, 1958, Mutual Pub Co, (Hawaii 2006) ISBN 978-1-56647-812-0
* Shook, Victoria E. *Hoʻoponopono: Contemporary Uses of a Hawaiian Problem Solving Process*, University of Hawaii Press (1986) ISBN 978-0-8248-1047-4
* Simeona, Morrnah, *Self-Identity through Hoʻoponopono, Basic 1*, Pacifica Seminars (1990)
* Steuterman, Kim Rogers, "Sacred Harmony", *Hawaii Magazine* (Jan/Feb 2004)
* Titcomb (1948) "Kava in Hawaii", *Journal of the Polynesian Society*, 57:105–71, 144
* Vitale, Joe, Hew Len Ph.D., *Zero Limits*, Wiley (2007)


title: Ho–Lee model

abstract:
In financial mathematics, the Ho-Lee model is a short-rate model widely used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, and in modeling future interest rates. It was developed in 1986 by Thomas Ho and Sang Bin Lee. Under this model, the short rate follows a normal process:
  - d r t = θ t d t + σ d W t The model can be calibrated to market data by implying the form of θ t from market prices, meaning that it can exactly return the price of bonds comprising the yield curve. This calibration, and subsequent valuation of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, is typically performed via a binomial lattice based model. Closed form valuations of bonds, and "Black-like" bond option formulae are also available. As the model generates a symmetric distribution of rates in the future, negative rates are possible. Further, it does not incorporate mean reversion. For both of these reasons, models such as Black–Derman–Toy and Hull–White are often preferred. The Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model is a lognormal analogue to the Ho–Lee model, although is less widely used than the latter two.

text:
# Ho–Lee model

In financial mathematics, the **Ho-Lee model** is a short-rate model widely used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, and in modeling future interest rates. It was developed in 1986 by Thomas Ho and Sang Bin Lee.

Under this model, the short rate follows a normal process:

$$dr\_{t}=\theta \_{t}\\,dt+\sigma \\,dW\_{t}$$

The model can be calibrated to market data by implying the form of $\theta \_{t}$ from market prices, meaning that it can exactly return the price of bonds comprising the yield curve. This calibration, and subsequent valuation of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, is typically performed via a binomial lattice based model. Closed form valuations of bonds, and "Black-like" bond option formulae are also available.

As the model generates a symmetric ("bell shaped") distribution of rates in the future, negative rates are possible. Further, it does not incorporate mean reversion. For both of these reasons, models such as Black–Derman–Toy (lognormal and mean reverting) and Hull–White (mean reverting with lognormal variant available) are often preferred. The Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model is a lognormal analogue to the Ho–Lee model, although is less widely used than the latter two.

**Notes**

**Primary references**

**Online tools**


title: Nordart

abstract: NordArt is an international contemporary art exhibition and a non-profit cultural initiative of the ACO Group and the cities of Büdelsdorf and Rendsburg. It has taken place annually in the summer since 1999 at Carlshütte, a former iron foundry. The site features 22,000 m² of interior space and 60,000 m² for outdoor installations.

text:
# Nordart

**NordArt** is an international contemporary art exhibition and a non-profit cultural initiative of the ACO Group and the cities of Büdelsdorf and Rendsburg. It has taken place annually in the summer since 1999 at Carlshütte, a former iron foundry. The site features 22,000 m² of interior space and 60,000 m² for outdoor installations.

## NordArt Prizes

In 2010, NordArt began awarding the **NordArt Prize** and the **NordArt Public Choice Award**. All award recipients are invited to participate again in NordArt the year after their win.

### The NordArt Prize

Sponsored by Johanna and Hans-Julius Ahlmann, the NordArt Prize is awarded each year to one artist. The artist selected receives an endowment of 10,000 euros.

*Previous NordArt Prize Winners*

* 2010: Zeng Chenggang (China)
* 2011: Peter Lundberg (USA)
* 2012: Gheorghi Filin (Bulgaria / Italy)
* 2013: SINN (South Korea) and Wolfgang Gramm (Germany)
* 2014: AES+F (Tatiana Arzamasova, Lev Evzovitch, Evgeny Svyatsky + Vladimir Fridkes) (Russia)
* 2015: Liu Yonggang (China)
* 2017: Jörg Plickat (Germany)
* 2018: Michal Gabriel (Czech Republic)

### The NordArt Public Choice Award

The Public Choice Award is based upon votes from NordArt visitors. A prize of 1,000 euros is awarded to the top three artists.

*Previous Audience Award Winners*

2010

* 1st place - Teija and Pekka Isorättyä (Finland)
* 2nd place - Wolfgang Stiller (Berlin)
* 3rd place - Hiroko

2011

* 1st place - Dan Hudson (Canada)
* 2nd place - Gerhard Mantz (Germany)
* 3rd place - Zdeněk Šmíd (Czech Republic)

2012

* 1st place - Gilles T. Lacombe (France)
* 2nd place - Zhi XinXin (China)
* 3rd place - SINN (Korea)

2013

* 1st place - Jovanka Stanojević (Serbia)
* 2nd place - Villu Jaanisoo (Estonia / Finland)
* 3rd place - Soon Mi Oh (South Korea)

2014

* 1st Prize - Confronting Anitya - China Garden (China)
* 2nd Prize - Jovanka Stanojević (Serbia)
* 3rd prize - Dmitry Gutov (Russia)

2015

* 1st place - Jang Yongsun (South Korea)
* 2nd place - Lv Shun (China)
* 3rd place - Ochirbold Ayurzana (Mongolia)

2016

* 1st prize - Liu Ruowang (China)
* 2nd Prize - Talia Keinan (Israel)
* 3rd Prize - Jo Kley (Germany)

2017

* 1st place - Xu Bing (China)
* 2nd place - Varol Topaç (Turkey)
* 3rd place - David Černý (Czech Republic)

2018

* 1st Prize - Xiang Jing (China)
* 2nd Prize - Zhang Dali (China)
* 3rd Prize - Ekaterina Zacharova (Russia)


title: Northaven Trail

abstract: The Northaven Trail is a 8.2 mile hike/bike commuter and recreational trail that runs through the northern neighborhoods in Dallas, Texas.  Currently, the trail connects the neighborhoods from Central Expressway (US75) to Denton Drive and the Dallas DART station.  It provides a recreational resource for the area as well as providing east / west transportation alternatives. The trail is part of the greater Dallas Parks Department and part of the Texas Department of Transportation’s and Dallas City Council's plan to increase alternative means of transportation throughout the city. The near future plans for the trail include the first ever pedestrian bridge over Central Expressway which will connect the Northaven Trail to the White Rock Creek Trail, SoPac Trail and Cottonwood Creek Trail on the east. For western expansion, the aim is to connect the trail to Bachman Lake and Dallas Love Field area.

text:
# Northaven Trail

The **Northaven Trail** is a 8.2 mile hike/bike commuter and recreational trail that runs through the northern neighborhoods in Dallas, Texas. Currently, the trail connects the neighborhoods from Central Expressway (US75) to Denton Drive and the Dallas DART station. It provides a recreational resource for the area as well as providing east / west transportation alternatives. The trail is part of the greater Dallas Parks Department and part of the Texas Department of Transportation’s and Dallas City Council's plan to increase alternative means of transportation throughout the city.

The near future plans for the trail include the first ever pedestrian bridge over Central Expressway which will connect the Northaven Trail to the White Rock Creek Trail, SoPac Trail and Cottonwood Creek Trail on the east.

For western expansion, the aim is to connect the trail to Bachman Lake and Dallas Love Field area.

## About

The Northaven Trail is a commuter and recreational bike and hike trail built and maintained by the Dallas Parks and Recreation Department. The trail runs from Valleydale Drive (near Central Expressway) to Monroe Drive with plans to connect to the White Rock Creek Trail and Cottonwood Creek Trail on the east, and Irving’s Campion Trail on the west.

The trail consists of a 12-foot-wide concrete path for pedestrians and cyclists that runs 7.8 miles (12.6 km) through the Hillcrest Forest, Hockaday, Northaven Park, and Sparkman neighborhoods of North Dallas.

## History

The Northaven Trail started out as a 2.5 mile trail stretching from Valleydale Drive (near Central Expressway) on the east to Preston Road on the west. Construction on the Northaven Trail began in 2010 and was completed in 2012.

The trail’s path took advantage of Oncor’s east-west power line coordinator through North Dallas neighborhoods.

The trail’s western expansion began to take shape with construction starting in 2017 and finishing in 2019. This phase extended the trail to 8.8 miles between Valleydale Drive and Monroe Drive.

Initial funding for the project came through a variety of sources, including federal, Dallas County, city, and private donations. The Friends of the Northaven Trail, a nonprofit organization, was founded in 2010 to organize public and private support for development, maintenance, and usage of the Northaven Trail.

The Northaven Trail is part of the overall Dallas Parks and Recreation’s plan to provide alternative transportation options to the residences of Dallas.

## Rewilding

The United Nations have listed re-wilding as one of several methods needed to achieve massive scale restoration of natural ecosystems, which they say must be accomplished by 2030. As part of this activity, the Friends of Northaven Trail, along with Dallas Parks Department, annually plants native wildflowers along the trail and prevents mowing of these areas.

In the future, the trail plans to integrate stands of Blackland prairie grasses and wildflowers, with garden sections to specifically attract butterflies, pollinators, hummingbirds, and migrating songbirds, with accents and ornamental places for friends and neighbors to meet and enjoy the trail.

The carefully curated landscape of native plants will resemble flowing slices of the original North Texas Blackland prairie, punctuated by ornamental gardens. Landscaping choices have meaningful effects on the populations of birds and the insects they need to survive. The landscape will benefit birds, pollinators and other wildlife who need these native plants to survive and thrive, and at the same time be a pleasant place for people to visit.

For more information on Rewilding and its benefits, here are some key sources of information:

"What is Rewilding" by Rewilding Institute

"What is Rewilding" by True Nature Foundation

"Why Native Plants Matter" by National Audubon Society

"Native Plants" by The National Wildlife Federation

## Master plan

In 2021, the trail will continue to expand, this time to the east. With the first pedestrian bridge over Central Expressway, Northaven Trail will connect to the wider Dallas trail system with White Rock Creek Trail, Cottonwood Trail, and, eventually, the SoPAC Trail. This bridge is aptly named the "Low Five" in contrast to the Dallas High Five interchange bridge connecting 75 an 635.

"Northaven Trail Pedestrian Bridge Over US 75 Will Link Disconnected Neighborhoods: An expansion over the highway will link the North Dallas trail to the White Rock Creek, Cottonwood, and SoPac trails on the east side of Central." D-Magazine

The bridge is being funded by TxDot which states "The project will join the Northaven Trail to existing trails east of US 75 and the regional trail system. The project also will stand as a regional example of the positive benefits of appropriate location and design aesthetics for future bicycle and pedestrian trails and amenities."

1. "Dallas City Hall - Bike Plan" (PDF).
2. "Dallas City Hall - Northaven Trail".
3. "Plans for the Trail". *Friends of Northaven Trail*. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
4. "Trails in Dallas County | Northaven Trail". *plandev-trails*. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
5. "2.3 Meeting Notes\_Northaven Trail Phase II Joint Meeting 4.25.2013".
6. "Friends of Northaven Trail".
7. "Friends of Northaven Trail Map".
8. "What is Rewilding".
9. "What is Rewilding".
10. "Why Native Plants Matter". 22 January 2015.
11. "Native Plans".
12. "Northaven Trail Pedestrian Bridge Over US 75 Will Link Disconnected Neighborhoods". *D-Magazine*. 4 May 2021.
13. "TxDOT Article on the Northaven Trail Bridge" (PDF).


title: Howard Simpson

abstract: Howard Woodworth Simpson was a pioneering American automotive engineer whose numerous groundbreaking inventions and designs have been extensively used by most automobile manufacturers across the globe in automatic transmissions.

text:
# Howard Simpson

**Howard Woodworth Simpson** (8 May 1892 – 4 November 1963) was a pioneering American automotive engineer whose numerous groundbreaking inventions and designs have been extensively used by most automobile manufacturers across the globe in automatic transmissions.

## Biography

Howard Simpson was born on 8 May 1892 in Kalamazoo, Michigan, the son of John Robert Bruce Simpson, a carriage maker who was a superintendent for the Fisher Body Company. The Simpsons moved to Detroit in 1902. Simpson graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1910 and entered an apprenticeship program at Cadillac Motor Company. He attended the University of Michigan, graduating in 1917 with a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering.

Simpson volunteered for military service during World War I, but was rejected owing to poor eyesight. He served as a civilian employee in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, inspecting aircraft engines. After the war he went to work for the Henry Ford & Son Tractor Plant in Dearborn, Michigan, as a draftsman.

Simpson married Gertrude Haeger in 1918; they had two children, Bruce (b. 1921) and Charlotte (b. 1924).

In 1921 Henry Ford & Son was acquired by the Ford Motor Company. Simpson became a design engineer at Ford, working primarily on tractor designs and planetary gearsets. He often worked directly with Henry Ford himself.

Simpson left Ford in 1938. In 1948 he was diagnosed with cancer. Told he had less than six months to live, he moved to the American southwest (California and then Arizona). He spent much of his time drawing every arrangement he could conceive for planetary gearsets, filing patents on each. He was granted 23 patents in this field during his lifetime.

## The Simpson Gearset

Simpson's preferred gearset was for a three-speed automatic transmission using two identical planetary gearsets in series, linked by a common sun gear. The use of largely identical parts for the front and rear gearset made the transmission substantially cheaper to manufacture by reducing tooling costs. This three-speed gearing arrangement, patented in 1950, is commonly known as the "**Simpson Gearset**," although it is only one of numerous arrangements Simpson successfully patented during his life.

In the early 1950s Simpson attempted to sell his patent to major American automakers in Detroit, but was greeted with skepticism, despite his experience and positive reputation. Ford Motor Company licensed his three-speed gearset in 1953, although they did not put it into production at that time. In 1955 Chrysler Corporation licensed the same gearset for use in their new three-speed Torqueflite automatic, which went into production in mid-1956. General Motors was reluctant to adopt this gearset, but eventually relented and licensed it for the Turbo Hydramatic, which entered production for the 1964 model year. Ford similarly introduced reengineered Cruise-O-Matic transmissions (C3, C4, and C6) using the gearset they had already licensed. The Simpson-geared Cruise-O-Matics were introduced in the 1964 and 1965 model years. Germany's Daimler-Benz licensed the gearset as well, although it did not enter production until the early 1970s, as the Mercedes-Benz three-speed automatic.

## Death and legacy

Simpson died of cancer in November 1963. During his lifetime he was granted a total of 41 patents, which eventually resulted in millions of dollars of royalty payments to him and his estate.

In 2007 the Timken Company and the SAE Transmission and Driveline Committee established the annual SAE/Timken-Howard Simpson Automotive Transmission and Driveline Innovation Award for innovations in automotive transmissions and drivelines.

In 1964 an uncredited writer for *Motor Trend* magazine said of Simpson, "\[h\]e was neither eccentric nor egocentric. An excellent engineer, he was usually calm and humble, always able to see merit in the other fellow's idea."

## Sources

* "Man with a Pencil: Engineering Genius of the Modern Automatic Transmission," *Motor Trend*, Vol. 16, No. 10, Oct. 1964, pp. 82–85.
* Ford R. Bryan, *Henry's Lieutenants* (Chicago: IL: Wayne State University Press: 1993), ISBN 0-8143-2428-2.


title: Nordic Centre of Heritage Learning

abstract: The Nordic Heritage Learning Centre (NCK) is a joint Nordic initiative, developing and promoting the lifelong learning processes at the cultural heritage institutions in the Nordic countries. NCK is a meeting ground and a forum where students and other interest groups can search for information, exchange ideas and thoughts and establish new contacts. NCK is based in Östersund, Sweden and run jointly by Jamtli, the Föreningsarkivet in Jämtland county, and the Landsarkivet in Östersund.

text:
# Nordic Centre of Heritage Learning

**The Nordic Heritage Learning Centre** (NCK) is a joint Nordic initiative, developing and promoting the lifelong learning processes at the cultural heritage institutions in the Nordic countries. NCK is a meeting ground and a forum where students and other interest groups can search for information, exchange ideas and thoughts and establish new contacts.

NCK is based in Östersund, Sweden and run jointly by Jamtli, the Föreningsarkivet (the Popular Movement Archive) in Jämtland county, and the Landsarkivet (the Regional Archives) in Östersund.


title: Huang Yingjie

abstract: Huang Yingjie was a Chinese sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Prior to the Olympics, he set a new national record in the 110 meter hurdles, a record that stood for almost two decades.

text:
# Huang Yingjie

**Huang Yingjie** (1 March 1912  1999) was a Chinese sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Prior to the Olympics, he set a new national record in the 110 meter hurdles, a record that stood for almost two decades.

## InfoBox

Huang Yingjie
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Born | (1912-03-01)1 March 1912
Baisha, China |
| Died | 1999 (aged 8687)
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 4 × 100 metres relay |


title: Pangari Tarf Haveli

abstract: Pangari Tarf Haveli is a small village near the town of Dapoli, in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra state in Western India. The 2011 Census of India recorded a total of 1,284 residents in the village. Pangari Tarf Haveli is 811 hectares in size.

text:
# Pangari Tarf Haveli

**Pangari Tarf Haveli** is a small village near the town of Dapoli, in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra state in Western India. The 2011 Census of India recorded a total of 1,284 residents in the village. Pangari Tarf Haveli is 811 hectares in size.

## InfoBox

| Pangari Tarf Haveli | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |


title: Mike Rodríguez (footballer)

abstract: Mike Davis Rodríguez Sornoza is an Ecuadorian footballer. He currently plays for Ecuadorian Deportivo Quito. He is considered to be one of the young promises of Ecuadorian football along with Jefferson Pinto, Fernando Guerrero, Michael Arroyo, Jefferson Montero, and Felipe Caicedo.

text:
# Mike Rodríguez (footballer)

**Mike Davis Rodríguez Sornoza** (born April 20, 1989) is an Ecuadorian footballer. He currently plays for Ecuadorian Deportivo Quito. He is considered to be one of the young promises of Ecuadorian football along with Jefferson Pinto, Fernando Guerrero, Michael Arroyo, Jefferson Montero, and Felipe Caicedo.

## International career

Rodriguez made his appearance internationally in the 2007 South American Youth Championship. In May 2008 he scored a double against Deportivo Quito in Quito, making him an important figure for his club.

*
*
*

## InfoBox

Mike Rodríguez
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mike Davis Rodríguez Sornoza | | |
| Date of birth | (1989-04-20) April 20, 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Guayaquil | | |
| Height | 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Deportivo Quito | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2003–2009 | Barcelona | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2012 | Barcelona | 68 | (8) |
| 2013–2014 | Deportivo Cuenca |  |  |
| 2015– | Deportivo Quito |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 04 April 2010 | | | |


title: Monte Cadria

abstract: Monte Cadria is a mountain in the Alps located in Italy. It is the highest peak of the Brescia and Garda Prealps.

text:
# Monte Cadria

**Monte Cadria** is a mountain in the Alps located in Italy. It is the highest peak of the Brescia and Garda Prealps.

## Geography

Administratively the mountain belongs to the Italian region of Trentino Alto Adige/Südtirol and to the province of Trento.

### SOIUSA classification

According to SOIUSA (*International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps*) the mountain can be classified in the following way:

## InfoBox

| Monte Cadria | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,254 m (7,395 ft) |
| Prominence | 1,434 m (4,705 ft) |
| Coordinates | 45°56′23″N 10°41′50″E / 45.93972°N 10.69722°E / 45.93972; 10.69722 |
| Geography | |
| Monte CadriaLocation in the Alps | |
| Location | Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy |
| Parent range | Garda Mountains |


title: Manzanares el Real

abstract: Manzanares el Real is a town in the north of the autonomous Community of Madrid. It is located at the foot of La Pedriza, a part of the Sierra de Guadarrama, and next to the embalse de Santillana. In 2020, the town had 8,936 inhabitants.

text:
# Manzanares el Real

**Manzanares el Real** is a town in the north of the autonomous Community of Madrid. It is located at the foot of La Pedriza, a part of the Sierra de Guadarrama, and next to the *embalse de Santillana* (the Santillana reservoir). In 2020, the town had 8,936 inhabitants.

## Main sights

* The New Castle of Manzanares el Real, the best conserved castle in the Community of Madrid. Construction commencing in 1475, it has been used in several motion pictures, most notably *El Cid*.
* The Old Castle of Manzanares el Real is the ruin of a former fortress, also known as Plaza de Armas. Only two walls remain standing, now integrated into a garden complex. It was built in Mudejar style of granite with brick curbing.
* Church of *Nuestra Señora de las Nieves*, founded in the early 14th century. It has a nave and two aisles, separated by arcades on stone columns. The nave, in Romanesque styles, ends into a pentagonal presbytery. The church has also a 16th-century Renaissance portico.
* Hermitage of *Nuestra Señora de la Peña Sacra*.
* The Town Square and the Town Hall Houses \- The Square has always been, and remains the place for celebrations, where local events, celebrations, and social life take place. The Town Hall Houses are peculiar because although our municipality was the head of the County of El Real de Manzanares, they did not exist as such: they were the County jail. It has always preserved its portico, the balcony, and its railings, a construction that may have been commissioned by the Great Cardinal Mendoza in the 16th century.

## Bus

There are three lines passing through the village, which are the following:

## InfoBox

| Manzanares el Real | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Castle of the Mendoza in Manzanares el Real | |
|  | |
| Manzanares el RealLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 40°43′38″N 3°51′40″W / 40.72722°N 3.86111°W / 40.72722; -3.86111 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Community of Madrid |
| Comarca | Cuenca Alta del Manzanares |
| Government | |
| Mayor | José Luis Labrador Vioque |
| Area | |
| Total | 128.4 km2 (49.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 908 m (2,979 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 8,597 |
| Density | 67/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Manzanariegos/as |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Virginia State Route 41

abstract: State Route 41 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Franklin Turnpike, the state highway runs 22.5 miles (36.2 km) from SR 360 northeast of Danville to SR 57 in Callands. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) officially designates the route north of U.S. Route 29 Business in Danville as a part of SR 41 but the Franklin Turnpike south and east of this point is signed as SR 41.

text:
# Virginia State Route 41

**State Route 41** (**SR 41**) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as **Franklin Turnpike**, the state highway runs 22.5 miles (36.2 km) from SR 360 northeast of Danville to SR 57 in Callands. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) officially designates the route north of U.S. Route 29 Business (US 29 Bus.) in Danville as a part of SR 41 but the Franklin Turnpike south and east of this point is signed as SR 41.

## Route description

SR 41 begins at a stop-controlled T-intersection with SR 360 (Old Richmond Road) in an unincorporated area of Pittsylvania County. The route starts as a four-lane divided highway and within 0.2 miles (0.32 km) of its southern terminus, it has an interchange with the US 29 freeway. After the interchange, SR 41 crosses over Falls Creek and a railroad on a 640-foot-long (200 m), curved bridge. While traveling over the bridge, the route enters the city limits of Danville. The route has only a few driveways and one road intersection before its intersection with SR 293 (Main Street). The highway then heads northwest through a more residential neighborhood and intersects US 29 Bus. (Piney Forest Road) before leaving the independent city and reentering Pittsylvania County. SR 41 passes through the unincorporated communities of Mount Hermon and Pleasant Gap, where the highway crosses White Oak Mountain. The state highway curves west then veers north at Swansonville. SR 41 reaches its northern terminus at SR 57 (Callands Road) in Callands. The state highway follows the height of land north of the watershed of the Sandy River, which empties into the Dan River in Danville. To the north of SR 41 are the watersheds of Little Falls Creek east of White Oak Mountain and the Bannister River west of the mountain; these streams empty into the Dan River at Danville and near South Boston, respectively.

## History

Prior to 1949, the route continued north past VA 57 down what is now SR 969 Sago Road/Danville Turnpike into Franklin County, where it met up with what is now SR 890 Snow Creek Road, then VA 108. This might explain why VA 40 east of Rocky Mount in Franklin County is named "Old Franklin Turnpike" while VA 41 is named Franklin Turnpike.

The route was truncated to its present northern terminus at SR 57 in 1949 due to low traffic counts. In August 1962, the Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB) approved a motion to drop the 0.92-mile-long (1.48 km) segment of SR 41 between North Main Street (US 29) and Piney Forest Road (what was then Alt. US 29) at the same time major highways were constructed throughout downtown Danville. Despite this truncation, the route continued to be signed to North Main Street.

In 2001, the Franklin Turnpike Extension was approved by the CTB to be constructed. Initially, the new road was designated **SR 265**. The portion of the extension from the US 29 interchange to SR 360 had already been completed when construction on the remainder of the extension began. The project (later renamed to East Franklin Turnpike and renumbered to be a part of SR 41) was completed in late 2011 at a cost of US$19,000,000.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pittsylvania |  | 0.0 | 0.0 | SR 360 (Old Richmond Road) Halifax, Danville, Richmond | Southern terminus |
| |  | 0.2 | 0.32 | US 29 Greensboro, Lynchburg | Partial cloverleaf interchange |
| City of Danville | | 1.5 | 2.4 | SR 293 (North Main Street) |  |
| | 2.4 | 3.9 |
US 29 Bus. (Piney Forest Road) |  |
| Pittsylvania | Callands | 22.5 | 36.2 | SR 57 (Callands Road) Martinsville, Chatham | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 41KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 41 | |
| --- | --- |
| Franklin Turnpike | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 22.5 mi (36.2 km) |
| Existed | July 1, 1933–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SR 360 near Danville |
| Major intersections | US 29 near Danville |
| North end | SR 57 in Callands |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | Pittsylvania, City of Danville |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 40   SR 42 | |


title: Meillionen railway station

abstract: Meillionen railway station is a halt on the Welsh Highland Railway. It opened to the public when the section of line between Rhyd Ddu and Beddgelert re-opened on 8 April 2009. The station has been built to serve the popular the holiday cabins and campsite at Beddgelert, run by Forest Holidays. The railway provides a greener alternative to the car for visitors wishing to travel to Caernarfon, Porthmadog and, other points served in the Snowdonian National Park. The name Meillionen derives from the Afon Meillionen which runs under the railway a little to the north. Before completion, it was to be called Beddgelert Forest Halt but was renamed to comply with the company's policy of naming WHR halts in Welsh. After completion the halt's running in board, however, did have the sub-title Forest Camp Site. This subsequently changed in April 2018 and now displays the main title Meillionen only. Construction of the station started in 2006 and a waiting shelter was built in April 2009.

text:
# Meillionen railway station

**Meillionen railway station** is a halt on the Welsh Highland Railway. It opened to the public when the section of line between Rhyd Ddu and Beddgelert re-opened on 8 April 2009.

The station has been built to serve the popular the holiday cabins and campsite at Beddgelert, run by Forest Holidays. The railway provides a greener alternative to the car for visitors wishing to travel to Caernarfon, Porthmadog and, other points served in the Snowdonian National Park.

The name **Meillionen** derives from the Afon Meillionen (Welsh for *Clover River*) which runs under the railway a little to the north. Before completion, it was to be called *Beddgelert Forest Halt* but was renamed to comply with the company's policy of naming WHR halts in Welsh. After completion the halt's running in board, however, did have the sub-title **Forest Camp Site**. This subsequently changed in April 2018 and now displays the main title Meillionen only. Construction of the station started in 2006 and a waiting shelter was built in April 2009.

| Preceding station | Heritage railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rhyd Ddu |  | Welsh Highland Railway
Porthmadog - Caernarfon |  | Beddgelert |

1. "Phase 4: Rhyd Ddu to Porthmadog; Hafod Ruffydd - Beddgelert Forest Campsite". Retrieved 28 June 2009.

## InfoBox

| Meillionen | |
| --- | --- |
| Station on heritage railway | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Beddgelert, Gwynedd
Wales |
| Coordinates | 53°01′05″N 4°07′22″W / 53.01817°N 4.12290°W / 53.01817; -4.12290 |
| Grid reference | SH576489 |
| Owned by | Festiniog Railway Company |
| Managed by | Welsh Highland Railway |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Key dates | |
| 8 April 2009 | Public opening |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Jhajhpuri Kalan

abstract: Jhajhpuri Kalan is a village in the Mungeli district of Chhattisgarh State, India. It is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away from the sub-district headquarter Lormi, 29 kilometres (18 mi) from the district headquarter Mungeli, 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Bilaspur, and 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the state capital Raipur. The village is administered by a Sarpanch, an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Jhajhpuri Kalan

**Jhajhpuri Kalan** is a village in the Mungeli district of Chhattisgarh State, India. It is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away from the sub-district headquarter Lormi, 29 kilometres (18 mi) from the district headquarter Mungeli, 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Bilaspur, and 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the state capital Raipur. The village is administered by a Sarpanch, an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, Jhajhpuri Kalan has 780 houses and a population of 3,313, comprising 1,662 males and 1,651 females, according to the Census India report published in 2011. The literacy rate in Jhajhpuri Kalan is 53.15%, with 65.82% of males and 40.40% of females being literate. The village has 640 children aged 0-6, making up 19.32% of the total population. The average sex ratio in Jhajhpuri Kalan is 993, which is higher than the Chhattisgarh state average of 991. The child sex ratio is 1,032, exceeding the Chhattisgarh average of 969.

## InfoBox

| Jhajhpuri Kalan | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Jhajhpuri KalanLocation in Chhattisgarh, IndiaJhajhpuri KalanJhajhpuri Kalan (India) | |
| Coordinates: 22°17′17″N 81°40′07″E / 22.2880165°N 81.6686726°E / 22.2880165; 81.6686726 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Chhattisgarh |
| Region | Bilaspur |
| District | Mungeli |
| Tehsil | Lormi |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 489.79 ha (1,210.30 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,313 |
|  | Sex ratio 1662/1651 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Chhattisgarhi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 495115 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-CG |
| Post office | Jhajhpuri Kalan |


title: Vayda (rapper)

abstract: Vayda is an American rapper and record producer. After starting her rap career in 2021, she released the mixtapes Breeze and Forrest Gump in 2023.

text:
# Vayda (rapper)

**Vayda** is an American rapper and record producer. After starting her rap career in 2021, she released the mixtapes *Breeze* and *Forrest Gump* in 2023.

## Career

Vayda was born and raised in Decatur, Georgia. Her father is a former rapper who was part of a hip hop group. As a child, she learned to play piano by ear. After receiving a subscription to the production software FruityLoops in high school, she was inspired by mashups on Soulection to become a record producer. She produced remixes that she posted on SoundCloud as well as beats that she sold on Twitter.

Vayda started producing music professionally in 2019 and started rapping in 2021, following the COVID-19 pandemic. She released her extended play, *VV*, in 2022. In 2023, she released the mixtape *Breeze*, her EP *Shade*, and performed as an opening act for Veeze. *Pitchfork* named *Breeze* as one of the best rap albums of 2023 and Vayda's song "Jenner" as one of the best rap songs of 2023. Her mixtape, *Forrest Gump*, was released on December 8, 2023, with her song "Hood Zendaya" released as its lead single in November 2023.

## Musical style

Vayda's songs have been described as trap music, particularly plugg and drill, and dance music. Her songs are often sped-up and around two minutes in length. She has stated that she "barely \[has\] any songs that reach two minutes". For BET, Paul Meara wrote that her lyrics were "whisper-quiet" and "snarky" and compared her sound to "FKA Twigs mixed with early 2010's and modern-day Jersey club". For *Pitchfork*, Alphonse Pierre wrote that her songs were "lush hybrids of ASMR R&B and airy rap" that were typically "not much longer than a minute". DeAsia Paige, for *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution*, described her voice as "soft and squeaky" and her beats as "sped-up". Jordan Darville of *The Fader* wrote that Vayda sounded "effortlessly cool" in her music. Tirhakah Love of *The Cut* wrote that her songs were sample-heavy and "two-to-three-minute short stories, where she mows over snakes attempting to test her backbone".

## Discography

### Mixtapes

List of mixtapes, with selected details
| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Silent Garden* |  |
| *2 Hard 2 Waste* | * Released: January 15, 2022 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Breeze* | * Released: March 13, 2023 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Dawn* | * Released: May 26, 2023 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Forrest Gump* | * Released: December 8, 2023 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |

### Extended plays

List of extended plays, with selected details
| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Pretty Beats for Pretty Bitches* | * Released: July 10, 2020 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *VV* | * Released: February 8, 2022 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Goodnight Kitty* | * Released: May 25, 2022 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Airhead* | * Released: August 19, 2022 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *5* | * Released: September 19, 2022 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Digitalgirl* | * Released: October 26, 2022 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Shade* | * Released: January 1, 2023 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Fever*
(with Attnwhore) | * Released: March 13, 2023 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Kali Ma*
(with Space) | * Released: October 20, 2023 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |

### Singles

#### As lead artist

List of singles as lead artist, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Mental Exhaustion" | 2021 | Non-album singles |
| | | "U Can Get Money Too" |
| "Videogirl" | | 2022 |
| | | "Sumo"
(featuring Nedarb) |
| "Sprite"
(featuring Noah Salem) | 2023 | *Forrest Gump* |
| | | "Tweaker" |
| | "Shoes" | Non-album single |
| | "Adele" | *Forrest Gump* |
| | "Heart Eyez"
(with Attnwhore) | *Fever* |
| | "Hood Zendaya" | *Forrest Gump* |
| "Hilary Duff"
(with Attnwhore) | 2024 | *Fever* |
| | "Witness"
(with 40streak) | Non-album single |

List of singles as featured artist, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Astronomy"
(Upset Ocho featuring Vayda) | 2023 | Non-album singles |
| | | "Dreamin'"
(NoGum Hundo featuring Vayda and 4pooch) |
| | | "Parlay"
(Shoey featuring Vayda and Dylvinci) |
| "Pull Up"
(Faro and Eagle Syndrome featuring Vayda) | | 2024 |

### Guest appearances

List of non-single guest appearances, showing year released and album name
| Title | Other artist(s) | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Lookin..'! (Gorgeous)" | Pink Siifu, Turich Benjy, WiFiGawd | 2023 | *It's Too Quiet..'!* |

## InfoBox

| Vayda | |
| --- | --- |
| Vayda in 2024 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | Decatur, Georgia, U.S. |
| Origin | Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Rapper * record producer |
| Instruments | * Vocals * piano |
| Years active | 2019–present |


title: Vaydor

abstract: The Vaydor is constructed with a body kit that is designed to be built onto a 2003-2007 Infiniti G35 coupe donor car. Vaydor Body Kits are currently available for purchase only from Carolina Vaydor, and manufactured by Custom Crafted Cars based out of Saint Petersburg, FL. The Vaydor first appeared in public at the 2013 SEMA auto show. Vaydor Bodykits originally designed, built and sold the Vaydor as a body kit. However, in 2018, the Vaydor business and brand was sold to Custom Crafted Cars, who sold Vaydors as a completed turn-key custom cars until 2020. On March 4, 2020, Custom Crafted Cars and Carolina Vaydor reached an agreement to re-launch Vaydor kits to the public. While Custom Crafted cars continues to manufacture complete high-performance Vaydor Supercars, Carolina Vaydor is the exclusive world-wide dealer for Vaydor Body Kits that do-it-yourselfers can build themselves. The Vaydor was featured as the Joker's car in the 2016 film Suicide Squad, and featured on Fox News. The Vaydor was also the main car featured on Car Masters: Rust to Riches season two, episode 5 on Netflix, where the crew from Gotham Garage builds and sells a highly customized Vaydor for a special customer. Custom Crafted Cars plans to release an all-new production car in 2020 called the Volant, built onto a custom tube chassis and powered by a Tesla powertrain.

text:
# Vaydor

The **Vaydor** is constructed with a body kit that is designed to be built onto a 2003-2007 Infiniti G35 coupe donor car. Vaydor Body Kits are currently available for purchase only from Carolina Vaydor, and manufactured by Custom Crafted Cars based out of Saint Petersburg, FL. The Vaydor first appeared in public at the 2013 SEMA auto show.

Vaydor Bodykits originally designed, built and sold the Vaydor as a body kit. However, in 2018, the Vaydor business and brand was sold to Custom Crafted Cars (dba Supercraft cars), who sold Vaydors as a completed turn-key custom cars until 2020.

On March 4, 2020, Custom Crafted Cars and Carolina Vaydor reached an agreement to re-launch Vaydor kits to the public. While Custom Crafted cars continues to manufacture complete high-performance Vaydor Supercars, Carolina Vaydor is the exclusive world-wide dealer for Vaydor Body Kits that do-it-yourselfers can build themselves.

The Vaydor was featured as the Joker's car in the 2016 film *Suicide Squad*, and featured on Fox News. The Vaydor was also the main car featured on Car Masters: Rust to Riches season two, episode 5 on Netflix, where the crew from Gotham Garage builds and sells a highly customized Vaydor for a special customer.

Custom Crafted Cars plans to release an all-new production car in 2020 called the Volant, built onto a custom tube chassis and powered by a Tesla powertrain.

## Design

The Vaydor was designed by entrepreneur Matt McEntegart, who had previous experience making custom hot-rod interiors. There are two primary models of Vaydor, the coupe and hard-top roadster convertible. To support the new body, a custom roll cage is provided with the exterior body kit for structural support and safety. The Vaydor has a 52% front 48% rear weight distribution, and weighs an average of 500-700 lbs less than the original donor car, increasing the power to weight ratio by 15-20%.

## Construction

The build process consists of an exterior and interior kit architecture that must be assembled onto an Infiniti G35 coupe donor car. First, the donor Infiniti has to be stripped of its body panels and interior down to the raw chassis. A custom roll cage is provided with the kit that is welded to the donor chassis before the new fiberglass body kit, both exterior and interiors are installed.

## Engine

The Infiniti G35 coupe comes with the Nissan VQ 3.5L V-6 engine. The engine produces 280 hp (209 kW) and 268 lb⋅ft (363 N⋅m) of torque. Versions of this engine appear in the Infiniti QX60, Mitsubishi Proudia, Renault Laguna, and others. A number of different engines can be installed into the G35 chassis, such as the GM LT4, GM LS3, GM LT1, or Toyota 2JZ.

## Slingshot variant

In February 2019, Custom Crafted Cars announced a front-end conversion kit for the Polaris Slingshot, which will be produced in collaboration with the company Underground Autostyling.

1. "Vaydor Build Process".
2. Schultz, Myles. "INFINITY G35 PROJECT". *www.cigarsandcars.net*. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
3. "Here's What the Joker's Car in Suicide Squad Really is". 2 August 2016.
4. "A 'supercar' for a fraction of the price - Story | FOX 13 Tampa Bay". *www.fox13news.com*. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22.
5. "Pricing | Vaydor Exotics". *Vaydor Exotics*. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
6. "Vaydor". *Vaydor G35 Exotics - The Turn Key Vaydor Builders*. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
7. "Matt Mcentegart, CEO of Vaydor Electric super car". *Driving the Nation*. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
8. "Vaydor". *Carolina Vaydor*. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
9. "2003-2007 Infiniti G35 Coupe - Used Car Review - Autotrader". *Autotrader*. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
10. "Polaris Slingshot Supercar Front End Bolt-On Body Kit". *www.universalaudiosolutions.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-26.

## InfoBox

| Vaydor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Custom Crafted Cars |
| Production | 2013-present |
| Assembly | St. Petersburg, Florida |
| Designer | Matt McEntegart |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Body Kit |
| Body style | Coupe or Roadster |
| Layout | Front engine, rear-wheel drive |
| Platform | Nissan FM platform |
| Doors | 2 Scissor doors |
| Related | Infiniti G35/Nissan Skyline v35 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 3.5L V-6, V-8 LS, 2JZ Engine |
| Transmission | 6-speed manual or 5-speed automatic |


title: Valmont Abbey

abstract: Valmont Abbey is a Benedictine abbey in Valmont, Seine-Maritime, France. Its chapel and surviving ruins of other parts of the abbey were classed as historical monuments in 1951 and the facades and roofs of all the abbey buildings were made historic monuments in 1965.

text:
# Valmont Abbey

**Valmont Abbey** (*Abbaye de Valmont*, *Sainte-Marie de Valmont* or *abbaye Sainte-Marie*) is a Benedictine abbey in Valmont, Seine-Maritime, France. Its chapel and surviving ruins of other parts of the abbey were classed as historical monuments in 1951 and the facades and roofs of all the abbey buildings were made historic monuments in 1965.

## History

The Abbey was founded in 1169 by Nicolas d'Estouteville with Benedictines monks, from Hambye Abbey. It never had more than 25 monks and was destroyed and rebuilt several times with the abbey church only truly completed in the 16th century – Countess Marie II of Saint-Pol is buried in it.

The abbey buildings were built from 1678 to 1782 under Louis de La Fayette (1634–1729), commendatory abbot, who tried to introduce the Saint Maur reforms to the abbey in 1680. It was finally reformed in 1754 by the Maurists and was rebuilt during the second half of the 18th century, until the French Revolution when it was dissolved – its monks were dispersed in 1789 and its buildings sold off to private owners in 1791.

In the 19th century the painter Eugène Delacroix often holidayed at his family estate at Valmont and the abbey ruins inspired his drawing *Ruines de l'abbaye de Valmont*, now in The Louvre. The abbey became a monastic site again in 1994, re-founded by Benedictines nuns from Notre-Dame-du-Pré at Lisieux and re-dedicated in 2004.

## Architecture

The axial chapel of the abbey (from the 16th century) dedicated to the Virgin is the only surviving part of the main church as the nave collapsed in 1730. It is the artistic marvel of the site entirely in Renaissance style. The most well-known is the *Chapel of Six O'clock* which refers to the time when the monks heard the first office of the day. There are tombs and recumbent tombstones (from the 15th and 16th centuries) of the Lords of Estouteville and their wives. The vault is harmonious and well-designed: the very prominent ribs abut against a circular keystone recessed in the dome. Stained glass dating to 1552 depicts the life of the Virgin and, above the altar, an Annunciation attributed to Germain Pilon.

Of the abbey church itself, there remains only the ruins of the choir built in 1520. Consisting of four straight rows, it ends in a five-sided rounded end leading to an Ambulatory which opens in to the *Chapel of Six O'clock*. Large semicircular arches rest on cylindrical columns and are surmounted by a gallery of ionic columns forming the triforium. The whole is in very pure Renaissance style. This elegant architectural layout was designed by Jehan Ribaud, former abbot of Bec Abbey, who headed Valmont in 1517. It restored the abbey to the fashionable style and may have been used at the Abbey by Italian workers who worked at the time at the Chateau of Gaillon and Fécamp Abbey.

The Departmental Museum of Antiquities at Rouen conserves the 16th century stained glass from the Abbey.

## Sources

* Valmont, in *The Heritage of communes of Seine-Maritime*, Charenton-le-Pont, Éditions Flohic, coll. "The Heritage of communes of France", 1997, 1389 pages, (ISBN 2-84234-017-5) (in French)
* Frédérique Barbut, *The Abbeys Route in Normandy*, Editions Ouest-France (ISBN 2-7373-2129-8) (in French)
* *Seine-Maritime*, Guides Gallimard, 1995 (ISBN 978-2-7424-0267-0) (in French)

## InfoBox

Valmont Abbey
| Abbaye de Valmont, Sainte-Marie de Valmont or abbaye Sainte-Marie | |
| --- | --- |
| The abbey chapel | |
| Location within France | |
| Monastery information | |
| Order | Benedictine |
| Established | 1169 |
| Mother house | Catholic |
| People | |
| Founder(s) | Nicolas d'Estouteville |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Renaissance |
| Completion date | 1782 |
| Site | |
| Location | Valmont, Seine-Maritime, France |
| Coordinates | 49°44′40″N 0°30′55″E / 49.74444°N 0.51528°E / 49.74444; 0.51528 |