title: Vox Animae

abstract: Vox Animae is an early music ensemble, founded in 1994 by director and instrumentalist Michael Fields. The group specialises in Medieval music, particularly vocal music, such as sequences, chants and other music with a strong story-line, such as Visitatio sepulchri. They are particularly keen on using drama to enhance the audience experience of the music, and feature staged performances individually crafted to suit each venue.. They are renowned for their presentation of Hildegard of Bingen's Ordo Virtutum. Based in South-East England, the group has performed across the UK and Europe, also broadcast live on Danish Radio and BBC Radio 3. Founder members of Vox Animae include sopranos Evelyn Tubb, Ansy Boothroyd and baritone John Hancorn; Lindsay Richardson, Ruth Gomme, Clare Norburn and the rest of the established team of vocal soloists also have extensive experience of this music. Choruses are sung by people recruited and coached locally for each performance.

text:
# Vox Animae

**Vox Animae** is an early music ensemble, founded in 1994 by director and instrumentalist Michael Fields. The group specialises in Medieval music, particularly vocal music, such as sequences, chants and other music with a strong story-line, such as Visitatio sepulchri. They are particularly keen on using drama to enhance the audience experience of the music, and feature staged performances individually crafted to suit each venue. (Also, education-outreach projects, talks and vocal workshops etc. according to each project). They are renowned for their presentation of Hildegard of Bingen's *Ordo Virtutum*.

Based in South-East England, the group has performed across the UK and Europe, also broadcast live on Danish Radio and BBC Radio 3.

Founder members of Vox Animae include sopranos Evelyn Tubb, Ansy Boothroyd and baritone John Hancorn; Lindsay Richardson, Ruth Gomme, Clare Norburn and the rest of the established team of vocal soloists also have extensive experience of this music. Choruses are sung by people recruited and coached locally for each performance.

## Reviews of the live performance and the DVD Recording

‘Stunning simplicity and pure serenity reach out to touch the heart of the listener...a cappella singing of excellent clarity and ensemble, the leading roles illuminating the parts with soaring virtuosity.’  *Bournemouth Evening Echo*

‘...the disciplined drama of Vox Animae's production extracted startling variety from the score - one was left marveling at Hildegard's daring.’ *Opera Magazine*

“This is a wonderful performance...the vocal artistry is at a very high level throughout. If I were forced to limit my library to only one recording of music by Hildegard von Bingen, this would be it. *Continuo Magazine, USA*

‘Opus Arte’s two DVD set explores Hildegard’s many facets and talents with a 70 minute performance of her musical morality play on the journey of the Soul, Ordo Virtutum. Followed by a fully dramatised BBC biographical documentary, Omnibus; a 40 minute documentary from The National Cathedral Washington; a 45 minute interview with two experts on Hildegard’s significance for us today, and a full gallery of Hildegard’s beautiful mystic Mandala-like paintings. A truly insightful performance and will be of interest to many who have a curiosity about human development. Excellent!’ *In Balance Magazine*

‘I can think of no better introduction to this earliest of music dramas than the performance filmed here... one is left overawed by the experience. But this is not just a performance of the Ordo Virtutum. Together, the two DVDs contain over four hours of material designed to create a well-rounded portrait of Hildegard. ... Certainly worth buying...’  *International Record Review*

This stylized performance, sung to music that blends the meditative qualities of Gregorian chant with lyrical emotional expression, presents Hildegard von Bingen's powerful vision of life's difficult journey. The stellar medieval music ensemble Vox Animae treats this morality play as part of a living dramatic tradition, while also stressing the story's contemporary relevance. *Queen's University at Kingston \[syllabus for study unit ‘Women, Gender and Music’\]*

‘I don't know whether it's the piece itself, or this highly stylized and impeccably conceived performance that converted me from a sceptic to a true believer. The end result is one of the most potent and electrifying - and profoundly moving - films I've seen in a long time.’ *Kathy Dobkin, WNET, New York*

## Discography

* *Ordo Virtutum* (Etcetera Record Company BV CD 1995 KTC 1203; also VHS 1997)
* *Hildegard von Bingen In Portrait* (double DVD OA 0874 D, published by BBC Opus Arte 2003)


title: Trabancos (river)

abstract: The Trabancos is a river in Spain that flows between the Zapardiel and the Guareña rivers, and is a tributary of the Duero river. The source of the Trabancos is in Moraña, a region in the north of the province of Ávila, near Blascomillán. The Trabancos is at an elevation of approximately 1,100 metres (3,600 ft), is approximately 85 kilometres (53 mi) long and, although its river bed is stable, only has a constant water flow during and immediately after torrential rains.

text:
# Trabancos (river)

| **Trabancos River** | |
| --- | --- |
|

. | |
| State | Spain |
| Length | 85.86 kilometres (53.35 mi) |
| Elevation at source | 1,120 metres (3,670 ft) |
| Provinces | Ávila and Valladolid |
| River mouth | Duero River near the Village
of Pollos (Valladolid province) |
| Elevation at mouth | 657 metres (2,156 ft) |
| River \- Hydrology | |

The **Trabancos** is a river in Spain that flows between the Zapardiel and the Guareña rivers, and is a tributary of the Duero river. The source of the Trabancos is in Moraña, a region in the north of the province of Ávila, near Blascomillán. The Trabancos is at an elevation of approximately 1,100 metres (3,600 ft), is approximately 85 kilometres (53 mi) long and, although its river bed is stable, only has a constant water flow during and immediately after torrential rains.

## Fluvial geomorphology

From its source in the province of Ávila, to its mouth in the village of Pollos *("Village of Chickens" in Spanish)* in the Vallisoletana (*"confluence of waters"*) region, the course of the Trabancos is markedly affected by a geologic fault originating in the Tertiary era—likely pre-Pliocene that, like most of the observed faults of that geological era, follows a NNE-SSW direction. As shown in the graph below, the fault separates material laid down during the Oligocene epoch on the right margin, from material laid down during the Miocene epoch on the left margin. The surface level represents material deposited during the Quaternary period.

Archeological research in areas that surround the Trabancos River, between the villages of Castrejón and Pollos (Valladolid province) have been compared with the specialized bibliography and the published geological charts (*infra*). This produced identified a sequence of river terraces as follows, on the left hand margin of the chart: **TT-1 platform** (the most ancient, at +35/40 meters over the flood plain); the **TT-2 platform** (the second one at +25/30 meters); the **TT-3 platform** (at +15 meters over the floodplain); and the **TT-4 platform** (at +10 meters, the last and most recent).

The right hand margin of the designated chart depicts a *gravel plateau* present along the middle and final courses of the Trabancos River. The scientist Alfredo Pérez-Gonzalez named this formation *"Superficie de Alaejos"* ("The Plateau of Alaejos", after a nearby village). The Alaejos Plateau incorporates a number of different types of materials, including red argillic soil and a colluvium buildup of gravels with rounded stones of quartz and quartzite.

The terraces of the Trabancos River only occur on the left hand side of the valley. Their sediments overlie Miocene sediments. This is the result of a hard slope in the opposite margin, where the terrain is heavily eroded, which renders the formation and maintenance of river terraces impossible.

Of the previously mentioned river terraces, the one known as **TT-4** is only visible near *Narros del Castillo* (Ávila). Terrace **TT-3** is the best preserved of the lot; although its height on the bed of the stream is not constant, it clearly stands out on the floodplain. Terrace **TT-2** is quite well preserved as well, although it has been more heavily sculptured by other small tributaries of the Trabancos River. By contrast, terrace **TT-1** is greatly eroded; although some sections survive to the south of the municipality of *Alaejos* (Valladolid), they are very difficult to differentiate from the colluvium floor that covers the *Superficie de Alaejos*. Entering into land in the municipality of *Pollos*, the stream stops to form river terraces, cutting traversely and lowering enough (between 40 and 60 meters) to meet the terrace deposits of the Duero River.

The TT-3 platform features a very compact and thick Miocene epoch conglomerate formed of river-smoothed pebbles of quartzite, most likely cut by the Trabancos River ages ago, and cemented together by chalk and sandstone materials. While this Miocene conglomerate emerges from the banks of each river terrace, the quartzite in the conglomerate on the TT-2 platform, just northwest of the municipality of Siete Iglesias de Trabancos, likely derives from the action of the Duero River rather than the Trabancos River, as a slope in the terrain is thought to have caused the formation of an alluvial fan that deposited quartzite on the fluvial fossil river bed of the Trabancos.

The fact that the river terraces of the Trabancos River cut and cross some terraces of the Duero River indicates the affected Duero River terraces are younger than those not formed from activity of the waters of this river. The *"superficie de Alaejos"* carve-out intrudes 4 to 6 meters into the Duero River terrace designated TD-7 (+74/80 m) to the northwest of Siete Iglesias de Trabancos village. Likewise, the TT-2 fluvial terrace of Trabancos cuts some Duero River terraces. Since the previously mentioned Duero River terrace named TD-7 has been dated by Alfredo Pérez-González (op.cit.) to the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, meaning the river terraces of Trabancos River are younger than the "Superficie de Alaejos", it appears plausible that this postdates the creation of Trabancos valley: the proposed date could, thus, be halfway through the Middle Pleistocene or later.

## History of the Trabancos region

Although the eastern portion of the river is of insignificant *hydrographic* importance, at least until the 13th century, it played an important role in the history of the North Spanish Plateau.

### Prehistoric era

Evidence of prehistoric human habitation has been unearthed in hillsides in some areas of *Narros del Castillo* (Ávila), and in *Siete Iglesias de Trabancos* (Valladolid), dating from the Quaternary period, and have been further pinpointed as originating in the Lower Paleolithic era. At both sites, collections of lithic stone artifacts knapped during the Acheulean period are found on the surface (not as a result of archeological excavation), including centripetally knapped lithic cores, others displaying non-arranged lithic reduction, as well as lithic flakes characteristic of both the Levallois and Kombewa techniques, chopping tools, and handaxes.

Only ambiguous archaeological evidence has been found dating from the late Roman period. It has been suggested by some that this is a result of the severity of the land and weather in the Trabancos valley and its surrounding regions. Possibly, during the pre-Roman period the territory was a no-man's-land between the Hispanic tribes of the Vaccei and Vettoni.

Some archaeological remains have been found in the municipality of *Siete iglesias de Trabancos* (Valladolid), but they are not well preserved, having been situated on the surface of the terrain. Such remains consist of, for instance, broken pieces of comb-decorated pottery that appear to date from Spain's Iron Age. There are few other examples of prehistoric findings directly along the Trabancos river. However, in the surrounding regions, such as the municipality of *Alaejos* (Valladolid), archaeological investigation has unearthed several human burials sites that have been dated to the Bronze Age. In addition, some prehistoric remains have been found near the mouth of the Trabancos River, in *Pollos* village that originated from the Duero River. These include relics of the Spanish Bronze Age classified as *Cogotas* pottery, as well as *Proto-Cogotas* pottery, both featuring incised decoration.

|  |  |
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Archaeological remains of pottery found near the Trabancos river basin

### Roman times

The Romans likely came to the Trabancos region in the 2nd century, during the campaigns of Lucius Licinius Lucullus (152 BC), but the area was peripheral to the regions of principal occupation, as well as to the creation of early towns and more importantly, trade routes: most travel routes were in the east of this region, which followed the river Eresma from the town of Coca (*Cauca*, in Roman times) and Matapozuelos village (*Nivaria* in Roman times), up to Simancas (*Septimanca*); and at the west, for the "Vía de la Plata" ("silver road"), the most important Roman route in Lusitania Province. Nevertheless, it is known that in the Vallisoletan area, there were several villages that probably are of pre-Roman origin. In fact, the etymology of the word 'Trabancos' suggests a name originating before the Roman occupation.

At the *Lavachicha* site (municipality of Castrejón, Valladolid) several pieces of typical Roman pottery named terra sigillata hispanica have been unearthed and there was also an archaeological excavation in the 1980s that revealed a necropolis from late Roman times or, perhaps, from Visigothic times. Similar remains of late Roman pottery, have been found in Carpio (Valladolid), but only at ground level, and not from archaeological excavation. Another municipality crossed by the Trabancos River is Nava del Rey (a small town located in Valladolid), where, once again, are found superficial pieces of terra sigillata hispanica and a striking plate fragment with red gloss, resembling those that were carried by Roman legionaries on military campaigns.

### The Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, the area remained a zone of little interest. No written documents exist prior to the 12th century that mention the region. It is known, however, that between 711 and 740 AD the Berbers had stationed troops in the valley of the Duero, but the majority of these peoples left the area because of a severe drought that occurred sometime between 750 and 753 AD. Only the most important centers of habitation survived (Medina del Campo, Olmedo, Alcazarén, Tordesillas, etc.).

During the Christian conquest, little emphasis was placed on resettling the region, as it was essential for the sovereigns of the time to consolidate more strategic zones (in the 11th century, priority was placed on the south of the Sistema Central, a mountain range located in the center of the Iberian Peninsula), which is why Medina del Campo remained intact into the 12th century.

Nevertheless, Tomas Mañanes, a professor at the University of Valladolid, who investigated the Trabancos valley and Guareña area, found numerous defensive turrets or "Torrejones" (according to the local dialect) that were dated to the 11th century; that is to say, previous to any official resettlement. Specifically, more than ten defensive structures of various sizes were verified along the course of the Trabancos River in the province of Valladolid.

#### Character and purpose of the Torrejones

Almost all the torrejones are in areas now uninhabited (except those in Castrejón and Alaejos, both of which were turned into castles, in later history). The torrejones were relatively simple square or egg-shaped structures, with several floors, built of limestone or brick. At least two categories of torrejones can be identified: The first have small peepholes in their walls and are built in regions that were in isolated areas at the time of use, and the other are small castles located in what were rural farming villages (though today they are deserted).

Nevertheless, the typological similarity of the structures and the relatively short distance between them (ideal for visual communication), has led some to think that they were on opposite sides of the frontier line between the Kingdoms of León and Castile (in Salamanca there is a town names *Zorita de la Frontera* ("Zorita on the Border") in memory of those times). These fortresses were reinforced in the 12th and 13th centuries due to conflicts between the two kingdoms; but it appears that they are more plentiful on the Castilian side (near the Trabancos) than on the Leonese side (near the River Guareña). This has been seen as indicative of a certain independence on the part of the militia of the Community of Medina del Campo and surrounding areas, which was thereby forced to defend itself without outside help, while the Leonese side would have been able to rely on the help of Royal troops, and the Knights Hospitaller of the *Order of Saint John of Jerusalem*, billeted in Castronuño and Torrecilla de la Orden.

#### Trabancos River area becomes strategically important

As indicated at the start of the discussion of the area during the Middle Ages, despite its history as a fortified border from the tenth century, the area was unimportant until the thirteenth. The King of the (now united) Kingdom of Castile and Leon, Alphonse VII (1126–1157), made a series of internal territorial changes that transferred Leonese territories to the Crown of Castille: specifically, The Tierra de Campos to the north of the Duero, an area valued at the time for its riches, and the *alfoz de Medina del Campo* (to the south of the Duero), a poor and sparsely populated zone, although it possessed a certain strategic value in terms of the defense of the passes of the Duero valley. During the time of the union of the two crowns, the question of who owned these areas was of little importance; however, upon the death of Alphonse VII and the division of his possession amongst his sons, continuous conflicts arose over the control of the area, especially *Tierra de Campos*, but also, though less importantly, over the area of Medina del Campo.

The wars over the area intensified between 1178 and 1181. The Leonese *Alfoz de Toro* was heavily defended, thanks to the Fortress of Castronuño, with a vicious battle taking place even on the shores of the Trabancos River itself. Of particular note is an encounter in 1179 between Leonese and Castilian forces, just outside the Fortress of *Cast'cam* (Castrejón), which led to the signing of a peace treaty between Alphonse VIII of Castille and Ferdinand II of León. But in fact peace came to a swift end in the year 1183, when the Kings of Castille and Leon made camp on the outskirts of the towns of Carpio and Fresno el Viejo (both towns in the Province of Valladolid) respectively.

After the death of Ferdinand II, fighting resumed (interspersed with a short truce in 1204 thanks to the marriage of Alphonse IX of León to his niece, Berenguela of Castile); but the marriage was annulled by her father because of the close blood-relationship of the spouses. Finally, the Crowns of both kingdoms were taken by King Ferdinand III of Castile.

The logical conclusion of these events was that the border was heavily militarized, involving the building of castles and reinforcements of troops in the areas surrounding the Trabancos River, with some castles being erected in the west, such as in Alaejos. Paradoxically, the wars increased the value of the region, and for the first time there began to appear documents recording the area in the files of the cathedrals of Zamora, Salamanca and Segovia including documents regarding: *Siete Iglesias de Trabancos* ("Seven Churches at Trabancos") in 1178, Alaejos (*Falafeios*) in 1167, and in 1180, *Eván de Arriba, Eván de Abajo, Valdefuentes* and *Pedroso* (which are now deserted villages), together with *Nava del Rey* in 1265, among others.

This last date, 1265, corresponds to a document found in the 'Book of Loans' of Salamanca cathedral, which records the result of a new conflict: the battle between the dioceses of Salamanca and Segovia for the possession of the parishes to the east of the Trabancos; an area that hitherto had been accorded little worth. Salamanca had made use of the frontier struggles to take possession of the towns of Medina del Campo, provoking a conflict of interest since the region was under Castilian rule, and Salamanca belonged to the crown of León. In fact, the Salmantinos created new parishes, like *Siete Iglesias de Trabancos* in 1167, and Alaejos in 1185.

### Trabancos River area today

Looking at the Trabancos today and at a time when it is dry, it might seem preposterous that at one time it held a position of strategic importance for the town of Medina del Campo, and also, for the so-called *"Extremadura Catellana"* (the wildest border of Castile). However, the area's archaeological heritage is fast disappearing.

## ZEPA designation

The middle and final course of the river Trabancos has been included in the Special Protection Area (SPA or in Spanish ZEPA) *Tierra de Campiñas* (Land of champaigns).

ZEPA SPAs, are catalogued by the member states of the European Union as natural zones of special interest for the conservation of bird species threatened with extinction, in accordance with the criteria established by the community board Birds Directive 79/409/CEE and subsequent modifications by the (Directiva de Aves) *"Aviary Regulation Board"* of the EU.

Although the designation also includes a portion of the Guareña River's course to the west, and the Zapardiel River's course to the east, the Trabancos River ZEPA SPA designated area is the largest in the Autonomous Community of Castile and León, since it covers almost 1,400 square kilometres, including the Campo de Peñaranda (in Salamanca), the Moraña (in Ávila) and, especially, a large part of the Tierra de Medina del Campo. In all, 73% of the territory of the Trabancos ZEPA SPA corresponds to the province of Valladolid.

The designated region is largely uninhabited —97% of the area is agricultural land, with an emphasis on cereal crops and other irrigation farming purposes. The areas of ecological interest are found in the remaining 3% percent of the terrain. The region is characterized by tilled land and pastures, small pine woods and holm oak woods, with interspersed wasteland areas covered in halophile bushes. There are also many small ephemeral ponds; a characteristic of Spanish steppes, which are only water-filled during the winter. From a conservation standpoint, such ponds, like nearby segments of the Trabancos River's banks, are in a precarious ecological state. Nevertheless, the areas are still capable of sustaining the flora and fauna commensurate with a natural riverside environment.

The Trabancos region stands out for its concentration of great bustards (more than 2000); as well as having the largest reproductive concentration of black-bellied sandgrouses (*Pterocles orientalis*) in Castile and León (with more than 200 mating pairs). It is also the winter season nesting ground of more than 1,500 red kites (*Milvus milvus*). There are also numerous birds of prey; the most abundant are Montagu's harriers (*Circus pygargus*, 50 mating pairs) and lesser kestrels (*Falco naumanni*; almost 150 mating pairs), but there are also hawks, goshawks, falcons, owls, and others. The region is also host to numerous gamebirds, including the red-legged partridge (*Alectoris rufa*).

Despite their importance, the population of little bustard (*Tetrax tetrax*) in the region appear to be diminishing. Although not all the species protected in this ZEPA SPA can be listed, the protected area is a migratory crossing site and wintertime nesting area that, along with the Riberas de Castronuño (Valladolid) nature reserve, is frequented by many waterfowl (cranes, geese, etc.), some of which even take advantage of the area ephemeral ponds for nesting during humid winters.

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## References and notes

1. Pérez-González, A. (1982). "El Cuaternario de la región central de la Cuenca del Duero y sus principales rasgos geomorfológicos". Temas Geológico-Mineros IV. Actas de la 1ª Reunión Regional sobre la Geología de la Cuenca del Duero (Salamanca 1979): 730–731. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
2. Pérez-González, A. (1982). "El Cuaternario de la región central de la Cuenca del Duero y sus principales rasgos geomorfológicos". Temas Geológico-Mineros IV. Actas de la 1ª Reunión Regional sobre la Geología de la Cuenca del Duero (Salamanca 1979): 733 and cuadro 3. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
3. Santonja, Manuel y Pérez González, Alfredo (1984). *Las industrias paleolíticas de la Maya I en su ámbito regional (E.A.E.)*. Ministerio de Cultura, Dirección General de Bellas Artes y Archivos. pp. 90–97. ISBN 84-505-0620-4. `{{cite book}}`: External link in ``|publisher=`` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. Benito Álvarez, José-Manuel y Benito Álvarez, Félix (1982). "Investigaciones arqueológicas en el curso medio/final del valle del río Trabancos". *Cuadernos de I.N.I.C.E*. Cuadernos del I. N. I. C. E. de Investigación Juvenil. IIIer Encuentro Internacional de Jóvenes Investigadores, Salamanca, 1982: 17–18, 208–215. ISSN 0211-5875. `{{cite journal}}`: External link in ``|volume=`` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. Palol, P. y Wattemberg, F. (1974). *Carta arqueológica de España: Valladolid*. Diputación de Valladolid. Página 143. `{{cite book}}`: External link in ``|publisher=`` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
6. Mañanes, Tomás (1979). *Arqueología Vallisoletana (I): La Tierra de Campos y el Sur del Duero*. Institución cultural Simancas (Valladolid). pp. 83–85. ISBN 84-500-3299-7.
7. Mañanes, Tomás (1979). *Arqueología Vallisoletana (I): La Tierra de Campos y el Sur del Duero*. Institución cultural Simancas (Valladolid). pp. 72–73 and 82. ISBN 84-500-3299-7.
8. Villar García; Luis Miguel (1986). *La Extremadura Castellano-Leonesa: guerreros, clérigos y campesinos*. Junta de Castilla y León (Valladolid). p. 58. ISBN 84-505-3723-1. `{{cite book}}`: External link in ``|publisher=`` (help)
9. Mañanes, T. y Valbuena, F (1977). "Torres y fortalezas medievales al sur del Duero en la provincia de Valladolid". **XLIII**. Boletín del seminario de Arte y Arqueología: 111–126. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
10. Ruiz Asencio, J.M. (1986). *Medina del Campo en la Alta Edad Media*. Vol. I. Historia de Medina del Campo y su tierra. p. 150. ISBN 84-505-4412-2.
11. In old Spanish, both, *Torrecilla* and *Castro-Nuño* were referred to different sorts of fortress: *Castro-* was a stronghold founded by a knight named Nuño; and *Torrecilla* was a keep. Consequently, the name *Torrecilla de la Orden* is referred to a keep that belonged to a military order, specifically to the Order of the Hospital of St. John
12. Ruiz Asencio, J.M. (1986). *Medina del Campo en la Alta Edad Media*. Vol. I. Historia de Medina del Campo y su tierra. p. 148. ISBN 84-505-4412-2.
13. Martin Martín; José Luis (1984). *La Península en la Edad Media*. Editorial Teide (Barcelona). pp. 360–362. ISBN 84-307-7346-0. `{{cite book}}`: External link in ``|publisher=`` (help)
14. Martin Martín, J.L.; Villar García, L.M.; Marcos Rodríguez, F y Sánchez Rodríguez, M (1977). *Documentos del archivo catedralicio y diocesano de Salamanca (siglos XI y XII)*. Universidad de Salamanca. `{{cite book}}`: External link in ``|publisher=`` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
15. Martin Martín; José Luis (1985). *Historia de Castilla y León, vol IV: La afirmación de los Reinos (siglos XI-XIII)*. Barcelona: Ámbito ediciones, www.ambitoediciones.com (Valladolid). ISBN 84-86047-51-X.
16. *ZEPA* (*Zona Especial de Protección para las Aves*) is the Spanish term for SPA. Sanz-Zuasti, Joaquín; Arranz Sanz, José Ángel; Molina García, Ignacio y Sánchez, Carlos (2004). *La red de zonas de especial protección para las aves (ZEPA) de Castilla y León*. Náyade for the Junta de Castilla y León. pp. 308–313. ISBN 84-9718-227-8.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

41°26′56″N 5°11′02″W / 41.449°N 5.184°W / 41.449; -5.184


title: VfB Stuttgart (women)

abstract: VfB Stuttgart is a German women's association football team based in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg.

text:
# VfB Stuttgart (women)

**VfB Stuttgart** (German pronunciation: \[faʊ̯ɛfˈbeː ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt\] ) is a German women's association football team based in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg.

## History

VfB Stuttgart founded its women's football department on 31 May 2021. Since 1 July 2022, the first women's team has been part of VfB Stuttgart 1893 AG, the company that operates the professional football department of the club. The women's team started competing in the 2022–23 season, with plans for multiple teams in cooperation with VfB Obertürkheim whose women's football department officially established in 1994.

Heiko Gerber became head coach on 28 July 2022, succeeding Lisa Lang, who remained as team manager. Sascha Glass was appointed as sporting director in June 2023. In the 2023–24 season, the club finished top of Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, securing promotion to the Regionalliga Süd.

## Squad

*As of 22 June 2024*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  GER Vanessa Diehl  3 DF  GER Lara Barth  4 DF  GER Nadine Gairing  5 DF  KOS Laureta Temaj  7 FW  GER Mandy Islacker  8 MF  GER Anna Fliege  9 MF  GER Dafina Redzepi  10 MF  GER Anja Selensky  11 FW  GER Teresa Böpple  13 MF  GER Leonie Kopp  15 MF  GER Svea Fleischmann  16 FW  BIH Farah Jusufović | No. Pos. Nation Player  17 MF  GER Chiara Marziniak  18 FW  GER Jana Spengler  19 FW  GER Sophie Gairing  20 FW  GER Jana Beuschlein  21 DF  GER Katharina Baumann  22 GK  GER Laura Bozenhardt  23 MF  GER Marlen Schmelzle  24 MF  GER Celine Philipp  28 GK  KOS Besarta Leci  30 MF  GER Joy Castor  32 DF  GER Hanna Birkner  33 DF  GER Jessica Knaus  99 MF  GER Gillian Castor |
| --- | --- |

## Current staff

*As of 22 June 2024*

| Coaching staff | |
| --- | --- |
| Heiko Gerber | Head coach |
| Ersin Canpolat
Marc Stütz | Assistant coach |
| Desmond Thompson | Athletic trainer |
| Managerial staff | |
| Sascha Glass | Sporting director |
| Lisa Lang | Team manager |
| Ralph Munz | Game manager |
| Tobias Schwaab
Jürgen Gehrung | Equipment manager |
| Medical department | |
| Lena Grannemann
Thomas Weigele | Physiotherapist |

## InfoBox

VfB Stuttgart
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 31 May 2021 (31 May 2021) |
| Ground | Stadion Hafenbahnstraße, Stuttgart |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| President | Dietmar Allgaier |
| Chairman | Alexander Wehrle |
| Head coach | Heiko Gerber |
| League | Regionalliga Süd |
| 2023–24 | Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, 1st of 12 (promoted) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Vibration (radio station)

abstract: Vibration (French pronunciation: is a French regional radio station, created in 1982 and owned by the Sud Radio Groupe.

text:
# Vibration (radio station)

**Vibration** (French pronunciation: \[vibʁasjɔ̃\] is a French regional radio station, created in 1982 and owned by the Sud Radio Groupe.

## History

Vibration was founded in 1982. It was created as a regional station, mainly for the Centre region.

In the early 1990s, Vibration was bought by *Groupe Start*, which changed its name in 2010 to become *Sud Radio Groupe*.

## Identity of Vibration

### Logos

## InfoBox

Vibration
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | France |
| Frequency | 102.0 MHz (Orléans)
Other frequencies |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | French |
| Format | Adult contemporary music
Top 40 |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Groupe 1981 |
| Sister stations | Ado FM
Black Box (radio)
Forum
Latina
Sud Radio
Voltage
Wit FM |
| History | |
| First air date | 1982 (1982) |
| Links | |
| Website | www.vibration.fr |


title: Vibration calibrator

abstract: Vibration calibrators, sometimes also called reference shakers, are electromechanical instruments which enable calibration of vibration sensors and measuring instruments to traceable standards. They produce sinusoidal mechanical vibration signals with known amplitudes and frequencies. The vibrating part of the instrument is usually a cylindrical steel stud with an internal thread for attachment of the test object. An electrodynamic or piezoelectric actuator system is used to produce the vibrations. With older instruments it was necessary to adjust the vibration amplitude according to the weight of the test object. However, modern instruments contain a built-in reference accelerometer and closed-loop control, with which the amplitude is kept constant up to a maximum specified weight of test object. Older models can be used to calibrate objects weighing up to a maximum of approximately 100 g, whereas the latest instruments can work stably with test objects weighing over 500 g. Vibration calibrators are most often used for testing and checking vibration sensors and measuring instruments at the site of their operation and are, therefore, usually transportable and battery operated. The most commonly occurring vibration frequency of calibrators is 159.2 Hz, which is equivalent to a radian frequency of 1000 rad/s. The vibration displacement, velocity and acceleration of sinusoidal signals are connected with each other through the factor of the radian frequency. Advantageously, at 1000 rad/s the numerical values of the amplitudes for all three vibration quantities are the same. For example, a vibration acceleration of 10 m/s² at 159.2 Hz is equivalent to a vibration velocity of 10 mm/s and a vibration displacement of 10 μm. With some instruments it is possible to choose between several frequencies or to finely tune a specific frequency range. Frequencies between 16 Hz and 10 kHz are common on the market. Occasionally, vibration calibrators also contain a signal conditioner for connection to various types of vibration sensors, and additionally a display for reading the sensitivity. A procedure for the calibration of vibration calibrators is described in the international standard ISO 10816-44.

text:
# Vibration calibrator

**Vibration calibrators** , sometimes also called reference shakers, are electromechanical instruments which enable calibration of vibration sensors and measuring instruments to traceable standards. They produce sinusoidal mechanical vibration signals with known amplitudes and frequencies. The vibrating part of the instrument is usually a cylindrical steel stud with an internal thread for attachment of the test object. An electrodynamic or piezoelectric actuator system is used to produce the vibrations. With older instruments it was necessary to adjust the vibration amplitude according to the weight of the test object. However, modern instruments contain a built-in reference accelerometer and closed-loop control, with which the amplitude is kept constant up to a maximum specified weight of test object. Older models can be used to calibrate objects weighing up to a maximum of approximately 100 g, whereas the latest instruments can work stably with test objects weighing over 500 g.

Vibration calibrators are most often used for testing and checking vibration sensors and measuring instruments at the site of their operation and are, therefore, usually transportable and battery operated.

The most commonly occurring vibration frequency of calibrators is 159.2 Hz, which is equivalent to a radian frequency of 1000 rad/s. The vibration displacement, velocity and acceleration of sinusoidal signals are connected with each other through the factor of the radian frequency. Advantageously, at 1000 rad/s the numerical values of the amplitudes for all three vibration quantities are the same. For example, a vibration acceleration of 10 m/s² at 159.2 Hz is equivalent to a vibration velocity of 10 mm/s and a vibration displacement of 10 μm.

With some instruments it is possible to choose between several frequencies or to finely tune a specific frequency range. Frequencies between 16 Hz and 10 kHz are common on the market.

Occasionally, vibration calibrators also contain a signal conditioner for connection to various types of vibration sensors, and additionally a display for reading the sensitivity.

A procedure for the calibration of vibration calibrators is described in the international standard ISO 10816-44.

* T. Usuda, A.O. Oota, H. Nozato, Y. Hino. (2009) "Transportable Vibration Calibration System Employing E-trace Scheme", Proceedings of the IMAC-XXVII


title: Mount David Douglas

abstract: Mount David Douglas is a summit in Lane County, Oregon, in the United States. The peak was named for David Douglas, a Scottish botanist. The Douglas Fir was also named in honor of David Douglas.

text:
# Mount David Douglas

**Mount David Douglas** is a summit in Lane County, Oregon, in the United States. The peak was named for David Douglas, a Scottish botanist. The Douglas Fir was also named in honor of David Douglas.

## InfoBox

| Mount David Douglas | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount David DouglasLocation in Oregon | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 6,255 ft (1,907 m)NGVD 29 |
| Prominence | 775 ft (236 m) |
| Coordinates | 43°39′13″N 122°09′44″W / 43.6535444°N 122.1620975°W / 43.6535444; -122.1620975 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Lane County, Oregon |
| Parent range | Cascade Range |
| Topo map | USGS Mount David Douglas |


title: Mościce

abstract: Mościce is industrial district of Tarnów, Poland. In the 1920s, there was located the National Factory of Nitric Compounds. Currently, the enterprise operates as Grupa Azoty S.A. and its Capital Group focuses the largest plants of great chemical synthesis in the country that are located in Tarnów, Police, Kędzierzyn-Koźle and Puławy, at the same time, it is the leading producer of mineral fertilisers, construction plasticisers as well as OXO alcohols and plasticisers in Poland and Europe. The name of the district directly comes from the surname of the initiator of the construction of these plants - chemist, inventor, politician, the president of II Polish Republic in 1926-1939, prof. Ignacy Mościcki. The person of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski - chemist, minister of industry and commerce, vice-president, minister of State Treasury in the II Polish Republic, who was the director of National Factory of Nitric Acids in Mościce in 1930–1935. Mościce was designed in such a way so that the residents would not see the negative effects of industrial plant operation, hence, the high number of green strips and the park. Currently, Mościce is one of the largest and most important districts in Tarnów. It has a developed sports-leisure infrastructure. The City Stadium, a complex of swimming pools with uncovered Olympic pool, a few football grounds and a sports hall. The neighbourhood of the industrial plants results in developing cultural life in Mościce, the example of which is: Mościce Art Centre, where the theatre spectacles are performed as well as numerous concerts are organised.

text:
# Mościce

**Mościce** is industrial district of Tarnów, Poland. In the 1920s, there was located the National Factory of Nitric Compounds. Currently, the enterprise operates as Grupa Azoty S.A. and its Capital Group focuses the largest plants of great chemical synthesis in the country that are located in Tarnów, Police, Kędzierzyn-Koźle and Puławy, at the same time, it is the leading producer of mineral fertilisers, construction plasticisers as well as OXO alcohols and plasticisers in Poland and Europe.

The name of the district directly comes from the surname of the initiator of the construction of these plants - chemist, inventor, politician, the president of II Polish Republic in 1926-1939, prof. Ignacy Mościcki. The person of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski \- chemist, minister of industry and commerce, vice-president, minister of State Treasury in the II Polish Republic, who was the director of National Factory of Nitric Acids in Mościce in 1930–1935.

Mościce was designed in such a way so that the residents would not see the negative effects of industrial plant operation, hence, the high number of green strips and the park (*garden city*).

Currently, Mościce is one of the largest and most important districts in Tarnów. It has a developed sports-leisure infrastructure. The City Stadium, a complex of swimming pools with uncovered Olympic pool, a few football grounds and a sports hall (*Jaskółka Hall*).

The neighbourhood of the industrial plants results in developing cultural life in Mościce, the example of which is: Mościce Art Centre, where the theatre spectacles are performed as well as numerous concerts are organised.

## History of Mościce

* The district was constructed in the territory of Świerczków village and Dąbrówka Infułacka.
* On 12 March 1927 the government decided to build the National Factory of Nitric Acids.
* In May 1927 the construction of “*factory housing estate*” was started.
* On 29 June 1929 the combined areas of Świerczków and Dąbrówka villages were named Mościce.
* In January 1930 the National Factory of Nitric Acids was officially opened with the participation of the president of Polish Republic Ignacy Mościcki. Its first technical director was Romuald Wowkonowicz.
* In 1931 and 1934 - the establishment of “*Nasz Dom*” and “*Osiedle*” co-operatives.
* Mościce commune functioned independently in 1934–1954.
* On 2 June 1934 the erection act for the construction of “Za torem” housing estate was built in with the participation of the president Ignacy Mościcki and bishop Franciszek Lisowski. The main axis of a new housing estate under construction was the present Norwida Street (*formerly Jaracza*), village built-up with flat roofs characteristic for popular functionalism in that period (*“Osiedle” co-operative*).
* At the same time, the construction of the common school at Zbylitowska street (*post-war “Ósemka”*) was started.
* In 1936 the construction of the medical outpatient clinic at Chemiczna and Zbylitowska streets was started, a so-called “*na górce*” outpatient clinic.
* In the second half of the 30s the “Nasz Dom” Co-operative performed the construction of twin houses.
* The built-up was constructed in the interwar period.
* The characteristic built-up of post-war Mościce: regular (*houses according to one project*), symmetrical, the same fencings, trees along the streets, toned faced colours.

## Monuments

* The bust of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, the director of National Factory of Nitric Acids (currently Grupa Azoty) in 1931-1935. The monument shows the portrait view of the character. The bust was placed in the rectangular pedestal with dimensions 126 x 76 cm, The concept refers to the vision of the monument of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski in Gdynia. The artist which made the pedestal, a sculptor prof. Stanisław Szwechowicz, proposed a kind of a band or ribbon 248 cm long and 110 cm wide, dynamically running through the diagonal, symbolising the Vision and Action which were impersonalised by Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski in the period of II Polish Republic. The bust the width of which is 172 cm, is cast from bronze, whereas, the pedestal is a monolith 216 cm high made of granite block. A so-called pedestal expansion is another 8 cm. It all makes the statue of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski is a giant personification of the ethos of developing the bases of the Polish industry. The official unveiling of the monument on 9 October 2012 on the day of the celebrations of 85th anniversary of Grupa Azoty S.A. performed the president of Polish Republic Bronisław Komorowski and the granddaughter of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski Julita Maciejewicz-Ryś.
* Obelisk - the board commemorating the official unveiling of the National Factory of Nitric Acids (currently Grupa Azoty S.A.). The obelisk was unveiled on 18 January 1930 with the participation of the president of Polish Republic, representatives of the government and bishop Leon Wałęga. When the German occupied the factory in September 1939, two workers decided to hide the board. During the disassembly it broke into ca. 10 pieces. The workers kept them until 1989. On 12 October 1990 a copy of the historical board, built-in the rectangular pedestal placed there was hollowed and officially unveiled in front of the administration building of Azoty in Tarnów. The original incomplete board is in the museum collection of Grupa Azoty S.A. Due to its immaterial value, the exhibit is not available to visitors.
* The busts of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski and Ignacy Mościcki in the Park named after E. Kwiatkowski. The busts of the architects of the interwar industry are ca. 68 cm high. The statues were made of bronze and placed on ca. 160 cm sandstone monoliths. The park around the Kwiatkowski Villa - one of the most beautiful palaces in Tarnów - was chosen as their location. The bust of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski can also be found inside the villa. In the residential hall, where the director Kwiatkowski lived in 1931-1935, there is almost a 160 cm entablement on which there is the bust of one of the most honoured politicians of the interwar period. The bust the height of which is ca. 60 cm is made of bronze. The author of the project and the performer of the bust is prof. Stanisław Szwechowicz an artist sculptor. The bust was unveiled in 2012.
* The stone commemorating the built-in of the erection act for the construction of the “Za torem” housing estate was unveiled in 1934. Due to efforts of the residents of the “Za torem” housing estate a monument-stone was placed in the site where the erection act was built-in to commemorate the fact of construction of the housing estate and 80th anniversary of the regained independence.
* The statue of Grey Rank scoutmaster, Wincenty Mucha in the eponymous park. It is made of granite stone, irregular in shape and placed on a concrete plinth which was erected in 1998. There is a marble plaque on the stone with the scout cross carved on the left and the scouting oath to the right. The project was conceived by Edward Kupiniak. The monument was erected on the initiative of the Mościce and Grey Rank Soldiers Housing Estate.
* Monument-Grey Rank Mausoleum. The monument is made of the foundation under the obelisk and the plate with four boards. On the first of them it is written “Died fighting with the Hitler occupant in 1939-1945”, on the next ones there are named, surnames, pseudonimes and age of the diseased. The remaining parts of the monument are two pillars with convex elements, behind which there is a concave wall with the quote from the text by Mieczysław Jastrun “What will become the history book... you wrote with blood and hope”. The project was performed by Jacek Sumara and the producers were Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnów (*currently Grupa Azoty S.A.*) and Chemobudowa. The official monument unveiling was on 30 September 1975. Upon political changes in 1989, the cross (based on the papal one) was placed on the pillars and the reliefs were placed on the decorative elements: White Eagle, Scout's Badge, the sign of Fighting Poland and Military Eagle of 1944.
* The spatial forms acc. to Dagarama's vision. Four spatial forms made by Marcin Zarzeka in 2011 are inspired by these which were created upon Biennale of Spatial Forms in 1965 and 1967. At the same time, they are the copies of construction projects of architect-visioner Jan Głuszak Dagarama.
* The spatial form of Wilhelm Sasnal. It is a pyramid made of 14 concrete circles connected with cement. Inside one of them there is date 28 March 1983 which symbolises “the threat that never took place”. The sculpture is placed on the right side of Tarnów-Mościce Railway Station. The “off-the-way” place was chosen on purpose as according to the designer's vision, the statue should be hidden, surrounded by trees and bushes and, with time, forgotten. The spatial form of Wilhelm Sasnal was unveiled on 28 August 2010.

## Historical Buildings

* Kwiatkowski Villa (*formerly Chemist House*) - the facility located at 9 Jarzębinowa Street. It has the status of the cultural weal entered to the monument register under the decision of the Voivodship Monument Conservator of 17 December 1979. The villa-garden complex is situated in two lots within 192 m2, lot no. 27/13 with surface of 10,779 m² and lot no. 27/21 with surface of 19.412 m². The building is located in the surrounding of the Park named after Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski (surface 8.34 ha) covered by conservator's protection of 21 July 2006. Kwiatkowski villa was built in 1927–1928 acc. to project of Konrad Kłos architect. The construction was performed by Construction Office of engineer Antoni Kiełbasiński and Company. It was made in the modernistic style, referring to neoclassicism. It is a detached, one-storey, three-axial, two-bay building partly cellared with originally roof void, based on a rectangular shape with eastern jutty. The Palace usable area – ca. 320 m², premises – ca. 180 m², cubage – 1,260 m3. The facade of Kwiatkowski villa: breaks with four-pillar porticos; cornice with banister balustrade, stone vases in the corners. North facade - front one is regular, five-axial, with small concave portico, hemispherical balcony on the first floor with banister balustrade, supported with four columns. In turn, the south, garden facade has regular nature, five-axial, big hemispherical terrace open to the park, with fan-shaped stairs and with a rectangular balcony on the first floor supported with pillars. Originally, Kwiatkowski Villa functioned as a comfortable company flat with a garden for the first main directors of the National Factory of Nitric Compounds in Mościce. Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, during his visit, stayed in this villa. Before World War II the building was a representational hotel. During war, it was the headquarters of the German main director of the factory and Feldgericht the German military summary court. Upon war, its rooms were used by e.g. ZHP team in Mościce, Plant Council, Voivodship National Council, City National Council, Association for Promoting Physical Activity, Retiree and Pensioner Club, SITPChem Association of Engineers and Technical Engineers in Chemical Industry, Plant Division of Polish Touristic-Landscape Community, touristic equipment rental, division of Technological University of Cracow, division of AGH University of Science and Technology, Commerce Department of Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnów-Mościce, Licence Department of Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnów-Mościce as well as ONT Export Office and Technical Support Office of Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnów-Mościce. The general overhaul of the palace-garden complex was in 2010-2011. Currently, Kwiatkowski villa has a representative function. The owner of the estate is Grupa Azoty S.A.
* “Kasyno” restaurant - the public building complex constructed in 1936-1938. The facility was erected in the modernistic style in an axial, symmetrical composition, it consists of the main building and two side wings with the yard and park in the south side. At first, the building was an office casino for employees of the State Nitric Compounds Factory in Mościce (currently Grupa Azoty S.A.). On 15 November 1947 a plant recreation room was opened in the villa where the spectacles of hobby theatre group were performed. in 1956 “New Casino”, since the building was called this way, started to serve the function of a community centre, hence, the other name “old Community Centre”. The building functioned as the cultural institution in the 1950s. Next, it was transformed into a gastronomical facility (the main building). In side wings there are the seats of, e.g. PTTK Azoty Club, HDK Club named after Tytus Chałubiński at Grupa Azoty S.A., division of Association of Engineers and Chemists from Chemical Industry in Tarnów, division of emergency services. The facility is located at 20 Kwiatkowskiego Street.
* “Old Casino” - the building constructed in 1929 at the commission of the Farming Club Warehouse in Mościce at current 16 Chemiczna Street. In the 1950s Azot cinema has its seat in the “Old Casino”. \[2l\] At present, the seat of the Tarnów division of the National Archive in Cracow is located in the facility. The works to adapt the building to serve a new function were performed in 1985-1991.
* The stone benches - six-metre, oval stone benches cast from artificial sandstone are located in the south side of Topolowa street. The benches from 1929 “have gently filleted seats and supports decorated with stone spheres. Their material and form indicate that they were created around 1930 in the spirit of the Polish type of modernism, combining the modernity of forms and materials with the tradition of classical architecture and garden art from the break of XVIII and XIX century”.

## Industry

Grupa Azoty, based in Mościce, is the largest group in the Great Chemical Synthesis sector in Poland as well as one of the key holdings in the chemical sector in Europe. The history of the Plants reaches 1927 when the government on the initiative of the president of Polish Republic Ignacy Mościcki made decision allowing for the construction of the National Factory of Nitric Compounds near Tarnów. The establishment of Mościce is also connected with its establishment - that was the name of combined areas of Świerczków and Dąbrówka Infułacka villages in 1929, on the territory of which the investment was completed.

The National Factory of Nitric Compounds was opened in 1930 and in 1933 it was merged with the National Factory of Nitric Compounds in Chorzów. The director of the enterprise in Mościce, Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski was the leader of the United Factories of Nitric Compounds in Mościce and Chorzów.

The National Factory of Nitric Compounds was one of the key and the largest investments of interwar period in Poland, functioning in the scope of Central Industrial District. During world war II, the German took hold of the enterprise which operated under the name Stickstoffwerke Moscice.

After the war, the factory restarted its activity in 1948. In the 1950s, the company operated to a 6-year economic plan. Further development and modernisation of the enterprise occurred in the 1960s, 70s and 80s. In 1991 the plants were transformed into a joint-stock S.A. company of the State Treasury.

In the period of re-investment (*2001-2007*) and unsuccessful attempts of privatisation (*2001*), on 5 March 2006 the management board of Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnów-Mościce S.A. (*currently Grupa Azoty S.A.*) decided to enter the Warsaw Stock Exchange. From a time perceptive, the company debut on the Stock Exchange on 30 June 2008 turned out to be “*spiritus movens*” not only for its further development, but also for consolidation of the Polish chemical industry. In May 2010 the Grupa Azoty took on the function of the Polish chemical industry consolidator. In 2014 the process of integration of two largest Polish chemical plants was completed. Thus the *Grupa Azoty Capital* Group was established, with the dominant unit, Grupa Azoty S.A. based in Tarnów. Grupa Azoty includes other businesses such as Grupa Azoty POLICE, Grupa Azoty PUŁAWY, Grupa Azoty ZAK, Grupa Azoty SIARKOPOL and foreign acquisitions allowed to also include a German company Grupa Azoty ATT Polymers GmbH in the portfolio. Currently, the Grupa Azoty incorporates or is associated with over fifty other entities where it is a minority capital shareholder.

Grupa Azoty is included in the following indices WIG, WIG30, mWIG 40, WIG-Poland, WIG-CHEMIA, Respect Index of the Warsaw Stock Exchange as well as International MSCI Emerging Markets and the FTSE Global Equity Index Series Emerging Markets.

50°00′23″N 20°55′29″E / 50.0064°N 20.9247°E / 50.0064; 20.9247


title: Victor Panelin-Borg

abstract: Victor Panelin-Borg is a Swedish ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays with Aalborg Pirates of the Danish Metal Ligaen. Panelin-Borg made his Elitserien debut playing with Rögle BK during the 2012–13 Elitserien season.

text:
# Victor Panelin-Borg

**Victor Panelin-Borg** (born 11 October 1990) is a Swedish ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays with Aalborg Pirates of the Danish Metal Ligaen.

Panelin-Borg made his Elitserien (now the SHL) debut playing with Rögle BK during the 2012–13 Elitserien season.

## InfoBox

| Victor Panelin-Borg | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1990-10-11) 11 October 1990
Ängelholm, Sweden | | |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (191 cm) | | |
| Weight | 236 lb (107 kg; 16 st 12 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| ML team
Former teams | *Aalborg Pirates*
Rögle BK
Sparta Warriors
Graz 99ers | | |
| Playing career | 2010present | | |


title: Verticillium alfalfae

abstract: Verticillium alfalfae is a fungus. It causes verticillium wilt in some plant species, particularly alfalfa. It produces yellow-pigmented hyphae and microsclerotia, while producing resting mycelium. It is most closely related to V. albo-atrum and V. nonalfalfae.

text:
# Verticillium alfalfae

***Verticillium alfalfae*** is a fungus. It causes verticillium wilt in some plant species, particularly alfalfa. It produces yellow-pigmented hyphae and microsclerotia, while producing resting mycelium. It is most closely related to *V. albo-atrum* and *V. nonalfalfae*.

## Further reading

* Inderbitzin, Patrik, et al. "Identification and differentiation of Verticillium species and V. longisporum lineages by simplex and multiplex PCR assays." PLoS ONE8.6 (2013): e65990.
* Stajner, Natasa. "Identification and Differentiation of Verticillium Species with PCR Markers and Sequencing of ITS Region." Plant and Animal Genome XXIII Conference. Plant and Animal Genome.
* Inderbitzin, Patrik, and Krishna V. Subbarao. "Taxonomic challenges-molecular evidence for species and sub-specific groups in Verticillium." 11 th International Verticillium Symposium. 2013.
* Inderbitzin, Patrik; Subbarao, Krishna V. (2014). "Verticillium systematics and evolution: How confusion impedes Verticillium wilt management and how to resolve it". *Phytopathology*. **104** (6): 564–574. doi:10.1094/phyto-11-13-0315-ia. PMID 24548214.
* Tyvaert, L.; França, S.C.; Debode, J.; Höfte, M. (2014). "The endophyteVerticilliumVt305 protects cauliflower against Verticillium wilt". *Journal of Applied Microbiology*. **116** (6): 1563–1571. doi:10.1111/jam.12481. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 24905219.

## InfoBox

| *Verticillium alfalfae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Subclass: | Hypocreomycetidae |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Incertae sedis |
| Genus: | *Verticillium* |
| Species: | ***V. alfalfae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Verticillium alfalfae***<br>Inderbitzin et al., 2011 | |
|


title: Mount Gilbert (Antarctica)

abstract: Mount Gilbert is a mountain, 1,420 metres (4,660 ft) high, on the divide between Airy Glacier and Seller Glacier, 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Mount Castro, in the west-central Antarctic Peninsula. It was photographed from the air by the British Graham Land Expedition in February 1937, and the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in November 1947. It was surveyed from the ground by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in December 1958, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for William Gilbert, an English physician whose pioneer work De magnete, magneticisque corporibus (1600) laid the foundations for an understanding of earth magnetism and the variation of the compass.

text:
# Mount Gilbert (Antarctica)

**Mount Gilbert** (69°16′S 66°17′W / 69.267°S 66.283°W / -69.267; -66.283) is a mountain, 1,420 metres (4,660 ft) high, on the divide between Airy Glacier and Seller Glacier, 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Mount Castro, in the west-central Antarctic Peninsula.

It was photographed from the air by the British Graham Land Expedition in February 1937, and the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in November 1947. It was surveyed from the ground by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in December 1958, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for William Gilbert, an English physician whose pioneer work *De magnete, magneticisque corporibus* (1600) laid the foundations for an understanding of earth magnetism and the variation of the compass.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Gilbert, Mount". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Peace of Vervins

abstract: The Peace of Vervins or Treaty of Vervins was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain under the auspices of the papal legates of Clement VIII, on 2 May 1598 at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, northern France, close to the territory of the Habsburg Netherlands.

text:
# Peace of Vervins

The **Peace of Vervins** or **Treaty of Vervins** was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain under the auspices of the papal legates of Clement VIII, on 2 May 1598 at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, northern France, close to the territory of the Habsburg Netherlands.

## Background

Henry had declared war on Spain in 1595 and after victory at the Siege of Amiens in 1597, he then promulgated the Edict of Nantes, on 13 April the following year. The Edict effectively brought the Wars of Religion in France including the Brittany Campaign to an end, which had spread to a European-wide conflict.

## Treaty

The parties to the treaty were hosted by Guillemette de Coucy, co-seigneur of Vervins, in her Châteauneuf de Vervins (*fr*) Close to the Spanish Netherlands, the Thiérache region had suffered much damage in the recent fighting. Its numerous 16th-century fortified churches still bear witness today.

The terms were worked out under the auspices of the papal legate of Clement VIII, Alessandro de' Medici, the "architect of the treaty", according to Bernard Barbiche.

By its terms, Philip recognized the formerly Protestant Henry as King of France and withdrew his forces from French territory, depriving the remnants of the faltering Catholic League of their support. Additionally, the vitally important city of Calais and the coastal fortress of Risban, which had been captured by the Spaniards in 1596, were returned to the French.

## Aftermath

Philip died on 13 September, but his heir Philip III respected the terms of the treaty. Carlo Emanuele, duke of Savoy, who had held back from the treaty, was defeated by Henry IV in 1599. He signed a separate Treaty of Lyon with Henry in 1601.

Some historians have seen this as the final defeat of Philip II, who had furthered dynastic causes through championing ultra-Catholic principles, and a sign of the long downfall of Habsburg Spain and the gradual rise in European hegemony of France during the ensuing *Grand Siècle*.

1. Braudel 1995, p. 1222.
2. Lindberg 1996, p. 385.
3. Benedict 2007, p. 196.
4. Golden 1988, p. 31.
5. Wolfe 1999, p. 839-840.

## Sources

* Benedict, Philip (2007). *Graphic History: The Wars, Massacres and Troubles of Tortorel and Perrissin*. Librairie Droz.
* Braudel, Fernand (1995). *The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II*. Vol. 2. University of California Press.
* Golden, R.M., ed. (1988). *The Huguenot Connection: The Edict of Nantes, Its Revocation, and Early*. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
* Lindberg, Carter (1996). *The European Reformations*. Blackwell Publishing.
* Wolfe, Michael (1999). "Vidal and Pilleboue 1998". *The Sixteenth Century Journal*.

Media related to Treaty of Vervins at Wikimedia Commons


title: Mary Jane Goodson Carlisle

abstract: Mary Jane Goodson Carlisle was a social leader from Kentucky. As the wife of politician John G. Carlisle, who served as speaker of the House, secretary of the Treasury, and as U.S. senator from Kentucky, Mary Jane Carlisle was prominent in Washington, D.C. social circles for many years. She was the lead author of Mrs. John G. Carlisle's Kentucky Cook Book, published in 1893. She died in 1905.

text:
# Mary Jane Goodson Carlisle

**Mary Jane Goodson Carlisle** (née, **Goodson**; August 28, 1835 – August 4, 1905) was a social leader from Kentucky. As the wife of politician John G. Carlisle, who served as speaker of the House, secretary of the Treasury, and as U.S. senator from Kentucky, Mary Jane Carlisle was prominent in Washington, D.C. social circles for many years. She was the lead author of *Mrs. John G. Carlisle's Kentucky Cook Book,* published in 1893. She died in 1905.

## Early life and education

Mary Jane Goodson was born in Covington, Kentucky, on August 28, 1835. She was educated in the Covington schools.

Her stepfather, Major John Allen Goodson, was a veteran of the War of 1812 who served several terms in the House of Representatives and the Senate, and was mayor of Covington for four years. He was said to bear a strong resemblance to General Andrew Jackson, both physically and mentally. At the age of 40, he married Hetty Wasson of Covington.

## Career

On January 25, 1857, Mary Jane Goodson married John Griffin Carlisle, a politician from Kentucky who became well known on the national stage. Carlisle was popular in Washington, D.C. social circles, and greatly aided her husband's political career. He served as 41st United States Secretary of the Treasury, 31st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Leader of the House Democratic Caucus, United States Senator from Kentucky, and 20th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky.

In 1893, together with Mrs. Walter Q. Gresham, Mrs. General Crook, Mrs. W. A. Dudley, and others, she published *Mrs. John G. Carlisle's Kentucky Cook Book: Containing Original Recipes*, one-third of the recipes being devoted to sugar treats.

## Family

She was the mother of two sons, William Kinkaed Carlisle and Lilbon Logan Carlisle, who both became lawyers. Lilbon served as his father's private secretary while John G. Carlisle was secretary of the Treasury.

## Death

Mary Jane Goodson Carlisle died at her summer home in Bay Shore, West Islip, Long Island, New York on August 4, 1905. Her interment was at Linden Grove Cemetery, Covington, Kentucky.

## Selected works

* *Mrs. John G. Carlisle's Kentucky Cook Book: Containing Original Recipes,* by Mrs. John G. Carlisle, Mrs. Walter Q. Gresham, Mrs. General Crook, Mrs. W. A. Dudley, and others (1893)

## InfoBox

| Mary Jane Goodson Carlisle | |
| --- | --- |
| "A Woman of the Century" | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mary Jane Goodson
August 28, 1835
Covington, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | August 4, 1905 (aged 69)
Bay Shore, West Islip, Long Island, New York, U.S. |
| Resting place | Linden Grove Cemetery, Covington, Kentucky |
| Spouse | John G. Carlisle (m. 1857) |
| Children | 2 sons |
| Occupation | * Political spouse * social leader * author |
|  | |


title: Rendezvous fish

abstract: The rendezvous fish is a species of fish in the family Phosichthyidae (lightfish). Its specific name is derived from the Greek κόρυθος; and αἰόλος.

text:
# Rendezvous fish

The **rendezvous fish** (*Polymetme corythaeola*) is a species of fish in the family Phosichthyidae (lightfish).

Its specific name is derived from the Greek κόρυθος (*korythos*, "helmet"); and αἰόλος (*aiolos*, "glittering").

## Description

The rendezvous fish has a dark dorsum, with silver flanks and a black pigment on the outer caudal rays. Its length is maximum 26 cm (10 in). It has a large mouth and medium-sized eyes. It has two rows of photophores on its body. It has 10–14 dorsal soft rays, 27–34 anal soft rays and 43–45 vertebrae. It has an adipose fin.

## Habitat

The rendezvous fish is benthopelagic, living in coastal waters worldwide.

## InfoBox

| Rendezvous fish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Stomiiformes |
| Family: | Phosichthyidae |
| Genus: | *Polymetme* |
| Species: | ***P. corythaeola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polymetme corythaeola***
(Alcock, 1898) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Diplophos corythaeolum* Alcock, 1898 * *Pollymetme corythaeola* Alcock, 1898 * *Polymetme africana* Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924 * *Yarella corythaeola* Alcock, 1898 * *Yarrella africana* Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924 * *Yarrella blackfordi africana* Alcock, 1898 * *Yarrella blackfordi corythaeola* Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924 * *Yarrella blackfordi illustris* Alcock, 1898 * *Yarrella corythaeola* McCulloch, 1926 * *Yarrella illustris* Alcock, 1898 * *Diplophos corythaeolum* McCulloch, 1926 | |


title: HDMS Knud Rasmussen

abstract: HDMS Knud Rasmussen is a Royal Danish Navy patrol vessel. Knud Rasmussen and her sister ships normally operate in the waters around Greenland. HDMS Knud Rasmussen is capable of breaking through ice up to 80 cm thick. Knud Rasmussen participated in Operation Nanook 2010, in August 2010, and 2014, in Baffin Bay and the Davis Strait, with Canadian and American vessels.

text:
# HDMS Knud Rasmussen

**HDMS *Knud Rasmussen*** is a Royal Danish Navy patrol vessel. *Knud Rasmussen* and her sister ships normally operate in the waters around Greenland. HDMS *Knud Rasmussen* is capable of breaking through ice up to 80 cm thick.

*Knud Rasmussen* participated in Operation Nanook 2010, in August 2010, and 2014, in Baffin Bay and the Davis Strait, with Canadian and American vessels.

## Sources

* Warship International Staff (2010). "New Danish Navy Patrol Ship". *Warship International*. **XLVII** (3): 194. ISSN 0043-0374.

## InfoBox

| *Knud Rasmussen* participates in Operation Nanook 2010. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Kingdom of Denmark | |
| Name | *Knud Rasmussen* |
| Namesake | Knud Rasmussen |
| Launched | 19 October 2006 |
| Identification |  |
| Status | In service |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Knud Rasmussen*-class patrol vessel |
| Displacement | 1,720 long tons (1,748 t) |
| Length | 61 m (200 ft 2 in) |
| Beam | 14.6 m (47 ft 11 in) |
| Draft | 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in) |
| Propulsion | 2 × MAN B&W Diesel ALPHA 8L27/28 generating 2720 kW each |
| Speed | Less than 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) |
| Range | 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried |  |
| Complement | 18 + aircrew and transients (Accommodation for up to 43 in total) |
| Sensors and
processing systems | * 1 × Terma Scanter 4100 surface and air search radar * 3 × Furuno navigation radars * SAAB CEROS 200 radar and optronic tracking system and CWI illumination radar |
| Armament |  |
| Aviation facilities | Aft helicopter deck, no hangar |


title: USS Pawtucket (YT-7)

abstract: USS Pawtucket, was a district harbor tug serving in the United States Navy in the early 20th century, during both World War I and World War II. This was the first of two US Navy namesakes of the city of Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and the Native American tribe bearing the same name.

text:
# USS Pawtucket (YT-7)

**USS *Pawtucket* (Harbor Tug No. 7/YT-7/YTM-7)**, was a district harbor tug serving in the United States Navy in the early 20th century, during both World War I and World War II. This was the first of two US Navy namesakes of the city of Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and the Native American tribe bearing the same name.

## Service history

*Pawtucket* was ordered on 3 March 1897, laid down at Mare Island Navy Yard in California on 22 July 1898, and launched on 17 November 1898, christened by five year old Heather Baxter, daughter of Naval Constructor W. J. Baxter. The 19th century designation "Harbor Tug No.7" was officially replaced with "YT-7" (District harbor tug) on 17 July 1920.

*Pawtucket*'s entire career was spent on the Pacific coast, active in the 13th Naval District, the Puget Sound Navy Yard being her permanent base for more than thirty years. During World War II she was armed with a single 20 mm gun and served as a patrol craft and minesweeper in the Puget Sound area, with an increased complement of 16. *Pawtucket* was redesignated "YTM-7" on 15 May 1944.

At the war's end, *Pawtucket* was declared surplus, placed out of service on 13 December 1946, and transferred to the Maritime Commission. She was then sold to the Northeast Merchandising Service, which operated her briefly in Puget Sound before scrapping her in 1947.

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| *Pawtucket* in 1899 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Pawtucket* |
| Ordered | 3 March 1897 |
| Builder | Mare Island Navy Yard, California |
| Laid down | 22 July 1898 |
| Launched | 17 November 1898 |
| Commissioned | 1 January 1899 |
| Decommissioned | 13 December 1946 |
| Reclassified | * YT-7, 17 July 1920 * YTM-7, 15 May 1944 |
| Homeport | Puget Sound Navy Yard |
| Fate | Sold and scrapped, 1947 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Tugboat |
| Displacement | 225 long tons (229 t) |
| Length | 92 ft 6 in (28.19 m) |
| Beam | 21 ft 1 in (6.43 m) |
| Draft | 8 ft 9 in (2.67 m) |
| Propulsion | Steam, single screw |
| Speed | 12.2 knots (22.6 km/h; 14.0 mph) |
| Complement | * 9 (orig.) * 16 (World War II) |
| Armament |  |


title: Vox Christi

abstract: Vox Christi, Latin for Voice of Christ, is a setting of Jesus' words in a vocal work such as a Passion, an Oratorium or a Cantata. Conventionally, for instance in Protestant music of the Baroque era, the vox Christi is set for a bass voice. In Protestant Germany the words of the vox Christi are in German: when the vocal work contains a sung Gospel reading, such as in Bach's Passions, the words are taken from Luther's Bible translation, but the words may also be free verse, as for instance in the Brockes Passion. In either case the composition may also contain a setting of an Evangelist's words, which are traditionally set for a tenor voice. Apart from a difference in voice type, settings of Jesus' words in recitatives can be further differentiated from surrounding text settings by, for instance, giving them a more arioso character, or setting them accompagnato.

text:
# Vox Christi

**Vox Christi**, Latin for **Voice of Christ**, is a setting of Jesus' words in a vocal work such as a Passion, an Oratorium or a Cantata. Conventionally, for instance in Protestant music of the Baroque era, the vox Christi is set for a bass voice.

In Protestant Germany the words of the vox Christi are in German: when the vocal work contains a sung Gospel reading, such as in Bach's Passions, the words are taken from Luther's Bible translation, but the words may also be free verse, as for instance in the *Brockes Passion*. In either case the composition may also contain a setting of an Evangelist's words, which are traditionally set for a tenor voice.

Apart from a difference in voice type, settings of Jesus' words in recitatives can be further differentiated from surrounding text settings by, for instance, giving them a more arioso character, or setting them accompagnato (while the Evangelist and other characters sing secco).

## Passions and Oratorios of the first half of the 18th century

*Jesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet* is a *St Mark Passion* which originated in Hamburg in the first decade of the 18th century. Johann Sebastian Bach's first staging of this Passion music was in Weimar c.1712. Its vox Christi bass appears in secco and accompagnato recitatives, and in an arioso on the Gospel words "Eli, eli, lama asabthani". In his *Brockes Passion* George Frideric Handel set Jesus' words for bass in recitatives, ariosos and arias. The Evangelist's recitatives are set for tenor.

In Bach's extant Passion compositions the vox Christi bass combines with an Evangelist's tenor voice. The Evangelist narrates the story in the Gospel's exact words in recitative secco. In the *St John Passion* the words of Jesus are set as recitatives secco leaning toward arioso. In the *St Matthew Passion* they are in accompanied recitative, that is they are additionally highlighted by an accompaniment of strings and basso continuo. The Vox Christi also appears in Bach's *Christmas Oratorio*, and in his *Ascension Oratorio*.

## Bach's cantatas

In Bach's church cantatas the *vox Christi* may utter either literal words from the Bible which are neither direct quotes of or even attributed to Christ but are presented in the context of the musical work as being made by Christ, or extra-biblical words, for example in a dialogue between the Bridegroom (Christ) and the Bride (the Soul), or in an address to the Bride.

In Bach's Weimar cantatas (1714–1716):

* In *Himmelskönig, sei willkommen*, BWV 182, (25 March 1714), Bach's first cantata in Weimar, for Palm Sunday coinciding with Annunciation, verses from a Psalm are treated as if Jesus said them, set as the only recitative of the cantata, expanding to an Arioso: "Siehe, ich komme, im Buch ist von mir geschrieben" ("Lo, I come: in the volume of the book \[it is\] written of me, I delight to do thy will." Psalms 40:7—8.
* In *Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten!* BWV 172 (20 May 1714) for Pentecost the bass sings the words of Christ from the Gospel of John: "Wer mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten" ("If a man love me, he will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our abode with him." John 14:23.
* In *Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland*, BWV 61, (2 December 1714) the bass sings the words of Christ from the Book of Revelation: "Siehe, ich stehe vor der Tür und klopfe an. So jemand meine Stimme hören wird und die Tür auftun, zu dem werde ich eingehen und das Abendmahl mit ihm halten und er mit mir." ("Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me. " Revelation 3:20.
* In *Barmherziges Herze der ewigen Liebe*, BWV 185, (14 July 1715), the bass summarizes admonitions from the Sermon on the Mount, all introduced by the keywords "Das ist der Christen Kunst" (That is the Christian art).
* In *Bereitet die Wege, bereitet die Bahn*, BWV 132, (22 December 1715) the question *Wer bist du?* (Who are you), posed to St. John in the Gospel, is given to the bass, as if Jesus asked the listener this question.
* In *Mein Gott, wie lang, ach lange?* BWV 155, (19 January 1716) serious questions get answered by words of consolation, sung by the bass as the vox Christi, almost as an arioso on the words "Damit sein Gnadenlicht dir desto lieblicher erscheine" (so that the light of His grace might shine on you all the more brightly).

In Bach's first cantata cycle (1723–1724):

* In *Jesus nahm zu sich die Zwölfe*, BWV 22 (7 February 1723, Oculi Sunday), the cantata starts with a scene from the Gospel, the announcement of suffering in Jerusalem, quoting Luke 18:31,34. The tenor as the Evangelist begins the narration from the verse 31, **Jesus nahm zu sich die Zwölfe** (Jesus gathered the twelve to Himself). The bass sings the announcement of the suffering, **Sehet, wir gehn hinauf gen Jerusalem** (Behold, we go up to Jerusalem), A choral fugue illustrates the reaction of the disciples.
* In *O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort*, BWV 60, (7 November 1723) the bass as the voice of Christ answers in dialogue a recitative of the tormented Fear three times with *Selig sind die Toten*.
* In *Schau, lieber Gott, wie meine Feind*, BWV 153, (2 January 1724) the Bible word from Isaiah 41:10, "Fürchte dich nicht, ich bin mit dir" ("Fear not, I am with you"), is given to the bass as the vox Christi, as if Jesus said it himself.
* In *Mein liebster Jesus ist verloren*, BWV 154, (9 January 1724) the bass sings in an arioso the answer of Jesus, found in the temple 12 years old, to the questioning of his desperate parents: "Wisset ihr nicht, daß ich sein muß in dem, das meines Vaters ist?" ("Do you not know that I must be in that which is My Father's?", Luke 2:49.
* In *Jesus schläft, was soll ich hoffen?* BWV 81, (30 January 1724) the bass sings in an arioso, central within the cantata, the question of Jesus: "Ihr Kleingläubigen, warum seid ihr so furchtsam?" (Why are ye fearful, O ye of little faith?), Matthew 8:26.
* The sixth movement of *Halt im Gedächtnis Jesum Christ*, BWV 67, (16 April 1724) is an "operatic scene", with the bass serenely repeating the words of Jesus from the Gospel, "Peace be with you", four times (three times each), contrasted by agitated choral answers which see Jesus as help in the battle, in strengthening of the weary in spirit and body, and in overcoming death.
* Cantata *Wo gehest du hin?* BWV 166, (7 May 1724) is opened by the bass singing a quote from the gospel, the third Farewell Discourse, but turned into a general question about the direction of life.
* In the cantata *Wahrlich, wahrlich, ich sage euch*, BWV 86, (14 May 1724) the bass sings in the opening movement three times the promise from the Farewell Discourse of Jesus: "Verily, verily, I say unto you, whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he will give you" (John 16:23).

Bach uses the Vox Christi in several cantatas of his second cycle (1724–1725):

The last four of these were on a libretto by Christiana Mariana von Ziegler

From Bach's third cantata cycle (1725–1726):

Later additions to the chorale cantata cycle:

In one of the other late church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach:

* In *Schwingt freudig euch empor*, BWV 36, (2 December 1731) in the bass aria beginning part II, "Willkommen, werter Schatz!" (Welcome, worthy treasure!) the bass voice is the vox Christi, addressing the bride.

## Vox Christi performers

Some basses and baritones are especially known for singing the words of Jesus in Bach's Passions, including:


title: Joseph Nguyễn Tấn Tước

abstract: Joseph Nguyễn Tấn Tước is a Vietnamese prelate. He is the current Bishop of Phú Cường and the Head of the Episcopal Committee on Social Communications.

text:
# Joseph Nguyễn Tấn Tước

**Joseph Nguyễn Tấn Tước** is a Vietnamese prelate. He is the current Bishop of Phú Cường and the Head of the Episcopal Committee on Social Communications.

## Biography

He was born on 22 September 1958, in Bình Dương, Vietnam. From 1971 to 1978, he studied philosophy and theology at local seminaries. On 4 April 1991, he was ordained a priest by Bishop Louis Hà Kim Danh, the second bishop of Phú Cường. In 1999, he was sent to France to continue his studies at the Institut Catholique de Paris until 2006. After returning to Vietnam, he worked at the Phú Cường diocese's Pastoral Center.

Pope Benedict XVI appointed him as Coadjutor Bishop of Phú Cường on 14 March 2011. He was consecrated a bishop by Bishop Pierre Trần Đình Tứ, the third bishop of Phú Cường, on 29 April that year.

He succeeded Bishop Pierre Trần Đình Tứ, who was retiring, to be the fourth bishop of Phú Cường on 30 June 2012.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Joseph Nguyễn Tấn Tước | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Phú Cường | |
|  | |
| Native name | **Giuse Nguyễn Tấn Tước** |
| Province | Sài Gòn |
| See | Phú Cường |
| Appointed | 14 March 2011 (as Coadjutor) |
| Installed | 30 June 2012 |
| Predecessor | Pierre Trần Đình Tứ |
| Other post(s) | Head of Episcopal Committee on Social Communications |
| Previous post(s) | Coadjutor Bishop of Phú Cường
(2011-2012) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 4 April 1991
by Louis Hà Kim Danh |
| Consecration | 29 April 2011
by Peter Trần Đình Tứ |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1958-09-22) 22 September 1958
Bình Dương, Republic of Việt Nam |
| Nationality | Vietnamese |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Residence | 444 Cách Mạng Tháng Tám,
Thủ Dầu Một, Bình Dương |
| Motto | *Illum oportet crescere* (Vietnamese: Ngài phải lớn lên)
(English: *He must increase*) |


title: Mexikoplatz

abstract: Mexikoplatz is a square in the Austrian capital Vienna. It is located in the city's 2nd district, Leopoldstadt, near the banks of the Danube, on the southwestern end of the Reichsbrücke, which links Leopoldstadt with Donaustadt, the 22nd district of Vienna.

text:
# Mexikoplatz

**Mexikoplatz** (Mexico Square) is a square in the Austrian capital Vienna. It is located in the city's 2nd district, Leopoldstadt, near the banks of the Danube, on the southwestern end of the Reichsbrücke (Empire Bridge), which links Leopoldstadt with Donaustadt, the 22nd district of Vienna.

## Overview

The square was named Mexikoplatz in 1956, to honor the support Mexico (led by President Lázaro Cárdenas) gave to Austria in 1938, when it was the only country at the time to protest the Anschluss (annexation) of Austria by Nazi Germany. Previously it was named "Erzherzog-Karl-Platz", after Archduke Charles of Austria, from 1884 to 1919 and from 1934 to 1956, respectively. From 1919 to 1934, it was called Volkswehrplatz (after the peoples' militias that were formed in Austria after World War I).

A church named St Francis of Assisi Church is located in the southeastern part of the square. It was consecrated in 1898, in celebration of the Golden Crown Jubilee of Emperor Francis Joseph.

## InfoBox

| Mexikoplatz | |
| --- | --- |
| Square | |
| Former name(s): * Erzherzog-Karl-Platz * Volkswehrplatz | |
| St. Francis of Assisi Church and the Mexikoplatz | |
| Features | St Francis of Assisi Church |
| Opening date | 1884 |
| Dedicated to | Mexican protesters of the Anschluss |
| Location | Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria |
| Mexikoplatz | |
| Coordinates: 48°13′36″N 16°24′17″E / 48.226570°N 16.404700°E / 48.226570; 16.404700 | |


title: Mfinu language

abstract: Mfinu is a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is spoken by the Bamfinu tribe.

text:
# Mfinu language

**Mfinu** (also known as Emfinu, Funika, Mfununga, Ntsiam or Ntswar) is a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is spoken by the Bamfinu tribe.

## InfoBox

| Mfinu | |
| --- | --- |
| Emfinu | |
| Native to | DR Congo |
| Native speakers | 8,400 (2002) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `zmf` |
| *Glottolog* | `mfin1238` |
| Guthrie code | `B.83` |


title: Tre giorni son che Nina

abstract: "Tre giorni son che Nina in letto senesta" is an 18th-century song long attributed to Pergolesi, but now more often to Vincenzo Legrenzo Ciampi (1719–1762). The song was one of the "Arie antiche" favourites of 19th-century salons associated with Alessandro Parisotti, and in the 20th century was recorded by Enrico Caruso, Tito Schipa, Giuseppe Anselmi, Richard Tucker as well as more recently, by Alfredo Kraus and Ramon Vargas. The attribution to Pergolesi may have come from the mistaken assumption that the song is based on an aria sung about Nina in Pergolesi's Lo frate 'nnamorato.

text:
# Tre giorni son che Nina

**"Tre giorni son che Nina in letto senesta"** (often called "Nina" or the "Siciliana") is an 18th-century song long attributed to Pergolesi, but now more often to Vincenzo Legrenzo Ciampi (1719–1762). The song was one of the "Arie antiche" favourites of 19th-century salons associated with Alessandro Parisotti, and in the 20th century was recorded by Enrico Caruso, Tito Schipa, Giuseppe Anselmi, Richard Tucker as well as more recently, by Alfredo Kraus and Ramon Vargas. The attribution to Pergolesi may have come from the mistaken assumption that the song is based on an aria sung about Nina in Pergolesi's *Lo frate 'nnamorato*.


title: Tre kronor (TV series)

abstract: Tre kronor was a Swedish soap opera that aired on TV4 during the period 1994–1999. The series took place in the fictional middle class suburb Mälarviken, located in the vicinity of Stockholm. The exteriors were filmed in Sätra, a suburb of Stockholm, and the interiors were filmed in a studio in Kvarnholmen as well as in Kungens Kurva. TV4 started Tre kronor in 1994 to compete for the viewers of SVT series Rederiet. Both shows aired in the same time slot and both had around 1-2 million viewers. The signature tune was written by Lasse Holm. The spin-off movie Reine & Mimmi i fjällen! was based on two of the characters; Reine and Mimmi. The series ended with the majority of the cast being unceremoniously killed off in a suicide bombing at the Tre Kronor restaurant, perpetrated by Sten Frisk. Two big cliffhangers in the series was when Hans Wästberg, played by Ulf Brunnberg, robbed the post office and shot his son Hans-Åke by mistake. Hans Wästberg was taken to prison and disappeared from the series after the second season. Season Three ended with Sirpa "Bimbo" Koskinen, the girlfriend of Hans-Åke Wästberg, died in a bus crash. Salongo was a refugee and a rich business man from Uganda who fell in love with a married police woman, Lena Sjökvist, and he later bought the restaurant, Tre Kronor. Later in the series, Salongo buys another restaurant and he also disappears from the series. Christina Schollins character Birgitta Wästberg is the only one appearing in all 123 episodes. In the premiere episode, broadcast in October 1994, television show host Leif "Loket" Olsson appeared as a special guest star. Olsson played himself as an auctioneer at Hans Wästbergs auction.

text:
# Tre kronor (TV series)

***Tre kronor*** was a Swedish soap opera that aired on TV4 during the period 19941999. The series took place in the fictional middle class suburb *Mälarviken*, located in the vicinity of Stockholm. The exteriors were filmed in Sätra, a suburb of Stockholm, and the interiors were filmed in a studio in Kvarnholmen as well as in Kungens Kurva. TV4 started *Tre kronor* in 1994 to compete for the viewers of SVT series *Rederiet*. Both shows aired in the same time slot and both had around 1-2 million viewers. The signature tune was written by Lasse Holm.

The spin-off movie *Reine & Mimmi i fjällen!* was based on two of the characters; Reine and Mimmi. The series ended with the majority of the cast being unceremoniously killed off in a suicide bombing at the Tre Kronor restaurant, perpetrated by Sten Frisk. Two big cliffhangers in the series was when Hans Wästberg, played by Ulf Brunnberg, robbed the post office and shot his son Hans-Åke by mistake. Hans Wästberg was taken to prison and disappeared from the series after the second season. Season Three ended with Sirpa "Bimbo" Koskinen, the girlfriend of Hans-Åke Wästberg, died in a bus crash. Salongo (played by Richard Sseruwagi) was a refugee and a rich business man from Uganda who fell in love with a married police woman, Lena Sjökvist (played by Catharine Hansson), and he later bought the restaurant, Tre Kronor. Later in the series, Salongo buys another restaurant and he also disappears from the series. Christina Schollins character Birgitta Wästberg is the only one appearing in all 123 episodes.

In the premiere episode, broadcast in October 1994, television show host Leif "Loket" Olsson appeared as a special guest star. Olsson played himself as an auctioneer at Hans Wästbergs auction.

## Characters

## InfoBox

| *Tre kronor* | |
| --- | --- |
| Farstahallen, which in the series acted as the Tre Kronor restaurant and sports hall. | |
| Genre | Drama |
| Created by | Peter E Falck |
| Starring | Ulf Brunnberg
Christina Schollin
Bertram Heribertson
Ing-Marie Carlsson
Emil Lindroth |
| Theme music composer | Lasse Holm |
| Opening theme | Lasse Holm |
| Ending theme | Lasse Holm |
| Composer | Lasse Holm |
| Country of origin | Sweden |
| Original language | Swedish |
| No. of seasons | 10 |
| No. of episodes | 123 |
| Original release | |
| Release | 21 September 1994 (1994-09-21TSweden)
7 April 1999 (1999-04-07TSweden) |