title: Gurrë

abstract: Gurrë is a former commune in the Dibër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Klos. The population at the 2011 census was 3,369.

text:
# Gurrë

**Gurrë** is a former commune in the Dibër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Klos. The population at the 2011 census was 3,369.

## Demographic history

Gurrë (*Gur*) is recorded in the Ottoman *defter* of 1467 as village in the *timar* of Barak in the vilayet of Mati. The settlement had a total of nine households represented by the following household heads: *Kolë Kibaj*, *Dom Pali*, *Gjon Guribardi*, *Dom Andrija*,  *Mihal Girdepaj*, *Gjergj Mizijo*, *Todor Bila*, *Buzi Bardi*, and *Martin Bili* (*Beli*).

1. "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6367. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
2. "2011 census results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-01-09.
3. Caka, Eduart (2019). *Defteri i hollësishëm për zonat e dibrës i vitit 1467*. Tiranë: Akademia e studimeve albanologjike instituti historisë. p. 154.

## InfoBox

| Gurrë | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal unit | |
| The village of Mishter in Gurrë | |
| Gurrë | |
| Coordinates: 41°32′N 20°1′E / 41.533°N 20.017°E / 41.533; 20.017 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Dibër |
| Municipality | Klos |
| Population (2011) | |
| Municipal unit | 3,369 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Nieuil-l'Espoir

abstract: Nieuil-l'Espoir is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

text:
# Nieuil-l'Espoir

**Nieuil-l'Espoir** (French pronunciation: \[njœj lɛspwaʁ\]) is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 662 |  |
| 1975 | 920 | +4.81% |
| 1982 | 1,193 | +3.78% |
| 1990 | 1,554 | +3.36% |
| 1999 | 1,904 | +2.28% |
| 2007 | 2,220 | +1.94% |
| 2012 | 2,401 | +1.58% |
| 2017 | 2,718 | +2.51% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Nieuil-l'Espoir | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Nieuil-L'Espoir | |
| Location of Nieuil-l'Espoir | |
| Nieuil-l'EspoirNieuil-l'Espoir | |
| Coordinates: 46°28′59″N 0°27′18″E / 46.4831°N 0.455°E / 46.4831; 0.455 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Vienne |
| Arrondissement | Poitiers |
| Canton | Vivonne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Gilbert Beaujaneau |
| Area**1** | 20.64 km2 (7.97 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 2,729 |
| Density | 130/km2 (340/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 86178 /86340 |
| Elevation | 108–136 m (354–446 ft)
(avg. 120 m or 390 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Paul Coughlin (darts player)

abstract: Paul Coughlin is a Scottish darts player currently playing in PDC Challenge Tour events. He qualified for the 2015 BDO World Darts Championship. Coughlin plays as part of Team BTO Behind the Oche

text:
# Paul Coughlin (darts player)

**Paul Coughlin** (born 19 December 1978) is a Scottish darts player currently playing in PDC Challenge Tour events. He qualified for the 2015 BDO World Darts Championship. Coughlin plays as part of Team BTO Behind the Oche

## Career

In 2013, Coughlin won the Latvia Open and in 2014 he won the Hungarian Open. He qualified for the 2015 BDO World Darts Championship, he lost to Karel Sedláček of the Czech Republic in the Preliminary round.

## World Championship results

### BDO

## InfoBox

| Paul Coughlin | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nickname | "Chocolate" |
| Born | (1978-12-19) 19 December 1978
Dundee, Scotland |
| Home town | Dundee, Scotland |
| Darts information | |
| Playing darts since | 2000 |
| Darts | 22 Gram |
| Laterality | Right-handed |
| Walk-on music | "Live Is Life" by DJ Ötzi |
| Organisation (see split in darts) | |
| BDO | 2008–2017 |
| WDF major events – best performances | |
| World Ch'ship | Last 40: 2015 |
| World Masters | Last 80: 2014 |
| Other tournament wins | |
| Tournament | **Years** |
| Latvia Open
Hungarian Open
Bellrock Open | 2013
2014
2013 |


title: Hendrik Willem Mesdag

abstract: Hendrik Willem Mesdag was a Dutch marine painter.

text:
# Hendrik Willem Mesdag

**Hendrik Willem Mesdag** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈɦɛndrɪk ˈʋɪləm ˈmɛzdɑx\]; 23 February 1831  10 July 1915) was a Dutch marine painter.

## Biography

He was born in Groningen, the son of the banker Klaas Mesdag and his wife Johanna Wilhelmina van Giffen. Mesdag was encouraged by his father, an amateur painter, to study art. He married Sina van Houten in 1856, and when they inherited a fortune from her father, Mesdag retired from banking at the age of 35 to pursue a career as a painter.

He studied in Brussels with Willem Roelofs and in 1868 moved to The Hague to paint the sea. In 1870 he exhibited at the Paris Salon and won the gold medal for *The Breakers of the North Sea*.

In 1880 he received a commission from a Belgian company to paint a panorama giving a view over the village of Scheveningen on the North Sea coast near The Hague. With the help of Sina and students he completed the enormous painting, *Panorama Mesdag,* 14 m high and 120 m around  by 1881. However, the vogue for panoramas was coming to an end, and when the company operating it went bust in 1886, Mesdag purchased the painting at auction and thereafter funding its operating losses from his own pocket.

He joined the art society of The Hague (the *Pulchri Studio*) and in 1889 was elected chairman. In 1903 he gave his house at Laan van Meerdervoort and his collection of paintings to the Netherlands; the house is now The Mesdag Collection.

## Honours

## InfoBox

| Hendrik Willem Mesdag | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Hendrik Willem Mesdag
by Hendrik Haverman | |
| Born | (1831-02-23)23 February 1831
Groningen, Netherlands |
| Died | 10 July 1915(1915-07-10) (aged 84)
The Hague, Netherlands |
| Notable work | *Panorama Mesdag* |
| Partner | Sina Mesdag-van Houten |


title: Rich Parker

abstract: Rich Parker is a British professional vert skater. Parker started skating when he was ten years old in 1997 and turned professional in 2004, at the age of 17. He has attended many competitions in his vert skating career, regularly competing on the pro tour. Since becoming professional, Rich has produced an impressive competitive record, including a world X-Games Silver medal as well as winning the European Championships for three consecutive years. Rich Parker still remains the number one ranked halfpipe inline skater in the United Kingdom. Best Tricks: Flatspin 900, 1080, 1260.

text:
# Rich Parker

**Rich Parker** (born 5 February 1987 in Birmingham) is a British professional vert skater. Parker started skating when he was ten years old in 1997 and turned professional in 2004, at the age of 17. He has attended many competitions in his vert skating career, regularly competing on the pro tour. Since becoming professional, Rich has produced an impressive competitive record, including a world X-Games Silver medal as well as winning the European Championships for three consecutive years. Rich Parker still remains the number one ranked halfpipe inline skater in the United Kingdom.

Best Tricks: Flatspin 900, 1080, 1260.

## Vert Competitions

* 2017 – European Champion – (1st)
* 2016 – British Champion – (1st)
* 2016 – NASS, England – (1st)
* 2016 – Bunker, Italy – (1st)
* 2015 – NL Contest, France – (2nd)
* 2015 – ICR, Italy – (2nd)
* 2015 – X Masters, Italy – (1st)
* 2015 – NASS, England – (3rd)
* 2014 – MSS, Bulgaria – (2nd)
* 2014 – Roll Line, England – (1st)
* 2013 – European Champion – (1st)
* 2012 – Asian X Games, Shanghai, China – (4th)
* 2012 – NL Contest, Strasbourg, France – (1st)
* 2012 – Chewits Xtreme Inline Open, Birmingham – (1st)
* 2012 – European Championship Halfpipe, Copenhagen, Denmark – (1st)
* 2012 – King of Warriors 2, Barcelona, Spain – (1st)
* 2012 – ProRad, São Paulo, Brazil – (3rd)
* 2011 – Asian X Games, Shanghai, China – (2nd)
* 2011 – European Championships, Rotterdam, Netherlands – (1st)
* 2011 – King of Warriors, Barcelona, Spain – (2nd)
* 2006 – LG Action Sports World Championships, Dallas, TX, USA – (6th)
* 2006 – LG Action Sports World Tour, Amsterdam, Netherlands – (7th)
* 2005 – LG Action Sports World Championship, Manchester, England – (6th)

## InfoBox

Rich Parker
| Parker in 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Birth name | Richard Parker |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1987-02-05) 5 February 1987<br>Birmingham, United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Professional Rollerblader |
| Sport | |
| Partner | Mary-Jess Leaverland |
| Medal record      Competitions  Representing  United Kingdom  2011 Shanghai, China  Vert  2011 Rotterdam, Netherlands  Vert  2011 Barcelona, Spain  Vert  2012 Copenhagen, Denmark  Vert  2013 European Championship  Vert  2014 Bulgaria  Vert  2015 Rome, Italy  Vert  2017 European Championship  Vert | |


title: Thomas O'Halloran (footballer)

abstract: Thomas Hugh O'Halloran was an Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL between 1925 and 1934 for the Richmond Football Club. He served as Richmond's Reserves Coach in 1935 and as the club's vice president in 1936 and 1940.

text:
# Thomas O'Halloran (footballer)

**Thomas Hugh O'Halloran** (24 December 1904 – 31 March 1956) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL between 1925 and 1934 for the Richmond Football Club. He served as Richmond's Reserves Coach in 1935 and as the club's vice president in 1936 and 1940.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Thomas O'Halloran | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Thomas Hugh O'Halloran | | |
| Date of birth | (1904-12-24)24 December 1904 | | |
| Place of birth | Timaru, New Zealand | | |
| Date of death | 31 March 1956(1956-03-31) (aged 51) | | |
| Place of death | Camberwell, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Wesley College/Burnley | | |
| Height | 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Weight | 79.5 kg (175 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1925–1934 | Richmond | 142 (120) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1934. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
| * Richmond Premiership Player 1932, 1934 * Richmond Hall of Fame – inducted 2013 * Interstate Games:- 2 | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Hive, East Riding of Yorkshire

abstract: Hive is a hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 8 miles (13 km) west of Brough and 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Goole. It lies just to the north of the M62 motorway. Hive forms part of the civil parish of Gilberdyke. In 1823 Hive was in the civil parish of Eastrington, and the Wapentake and Liberty of Howdenshire. Occupations at the time included six farmers.

text:
# Hive, East Riding of Yorkshire

**Hive** is a hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 8 miles (13 km) west of Brough and 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Goole. It lies just to the north of the M62 motorway.

Hive forms part of the civil parish of Gilberdyke.

In 1823 Hive was in the civil parish of Eastrington, and the Wapentake and Liberty of Howdenshire. Occupations at the time included six farmers.

* *Gazetteer  AZ of Towns Villages and Hamlets*. East Riding of Yorkshire Council. 2006. p. 7.

## InfoBox

| Hive | |
| --- | --- |
| HiveLocation within the East Riding of Yorkshire | |
| OS grid reference | SE820309 |
| London | 155 mi (249 km) |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BROUGH |
| Postcode district | HU15 |
| Dialling code | 01430 |
|  | |
| Police | Humberside |
| Fire | Humberside |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Tour of Estonia

abstract: The Tour of Estonia is a road bicycle racing stage race held in Estonia. The race is organised as a 2.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour. The race was created by amalgamating two existing one-day races in Estonia that traditionally took place during the same weekend in early summer, Tallinn–Tartu GP, and Tartu GP. These two races now make up the first and second stage, respectively.

text:
# Tour of Estonia

The **Tour of Estonia** is a road bicycle racing stage race held in Estonia. The race is organised as a 2.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour. The race was created by amalgamating two existing one-day races in Estonia that traditionally took place during the same weekend in early summer, Tallinn–Tartu GP, and Tartu GP. These two races now make up the first and second stage, respectively.

## Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Estonia | Gert Jõeäär | Estonia *(national team)* |
| 2014 | Romania | Eduard-Michael Grosu | Vini Fantini–Nippo |
| 2015 | Estonia | Martin Laas | Estonia *(national team)* |
| 2016 | Poland | Grzegorz Stępniak | CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice |
| 2017 | Estonia | Karl Patrick Lauk | Estonia *(national team)* |
| 2018 | Poland | Grzegorz Stępniak | Wibatech Merx 7R |
| 2019 | Estonia | Mihkel Räim | Israel Cycling Academy |
| 2020 | **No race** due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia | | | |
| 2021 | Estonia | Karl Patrick Lauk | Estonia *(national team)* |
| 2022 | Lithuania | Evaldas Šiškevičius | Lithuania *(national team)* |
| 2023 | Denmark | Rasmus Bøgh Wallin | Restaurant Suri–Carl Ras |
| 2024 | Estonia | Siim Kiskonen | Voltas–Tartu 2024 by CCN |

## Classifications

The jerseys worn by the leaders of the individual classifications are:

* Yellow Jersey – Worn by the leader of the general classification.
* Green Jersey – Worn by the leader of the points classification.
* Red Jersey – Worn by the leader of the climber classification.
* White Jersey – Worn by the best rider under 23 years of age on the overall classification.

## Women's race

In 2022, a one-day women's edition, known as the **Ladies Tour of Estonia**, was established, as a 1.2 category UCI event.

### Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Poland | Agnieszka Skalniak-Sójka | Poland *(national team)* |
| 2023 | Ukraine | Olga Shekel | Ukraine *(national team)* |
| 2024 | Netherlands | Eline van Rooijen | Team Coop–Repsol |

## InfoBox

Tour of Estonia
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | May |
| Region | Estonia |
| English name | Tour of Estonia |
| Discipline | Road race |
| Competition | UCI Europe Tour |
| Type | Stage-race |
| Organiser | Club Tartu Maraton |
| Web site | www.tourofestonia.ee |
| History | |
| First edition | 2013 |
| Editions | 11 (as of 2024) |
| First winner | Gert Jõeäär (EST) |
| Most wins | *(2 wins)* |
| Most recent | Siim Kiskonen (EST) |
| History (women) | |
| First winner | Agnieszka Skalniak-Sójka (POL) |
| Most recent | Eline van Rooijen (NED) |


title: Grange Abbey

abstract: Grange Abbey is a ruined chapel on the former Grange of Baldoyle lands, in the townland of Baldoyle, now in Donaghmede, at the northern edge of Dublin, Ireland. It belonged to the Priory of All Hallows and then, from 1539, to Dublin Corporation. Disused by 1630, it was later noted as a "picturesque ruin" and was registered as a National Monument. It was part-restored in the mid-1980s, and archaeological works were carried out in 1986 and 1999.

text:
# Grange Abbey

**Grange Abbey** is a ruined chapel on the former *Grange of Baldoyle* lands, in the townland of Baldoyle, now in Donaghmede, at the northern edge of Dublin, Ireland. It belonged to the Priory of All Hallows and then, from 1539, to Dublin Corporation. Disused by 1630, it was later noted as a "picturesque ruin" and was registered as a National Monument. It was part-restored in the mid-1980s, and archaeological works were carried out in 1986 and 1999.

## History

The Priory of All Hallows (or All Saints) was founded by the King of Leinster, Diarmuid MacMurrough in 1166, just outside Dublin city, and to support it he gifted to Edan, the Bishop of Louth, the lands of Baldoyle with their existing tenants (and it is later noted that the priory had the rights to wrecks on the Baldoyle coast also). The priory is noted as still holding a Grange at Baldoyle in 1275 and while no early reference to a chapel or church is made, it would have been common for a monastic holding to have some such facility. One writer on the topic, Mac Giolla Phadraig, calculated, based on architecture, that the building might date from the late 13th or early 14th century.

The first explicit reference to the chapel dates from 1369, noting that the Lord Deputy of Ireland held a Parliament in "the Church of the Grange" then. A further reference is made in 1472, when a John Sherreff of Howth left money to the churches at Coolock, Raheny and "Little Grange," this last being the small chapel on the grange lands at Baldoyle. The chapel was noted as having a double-arched bell turret. In the *History of Dublin Parishes* booklet series, Dr Donnelly states that the lands at Baldoyle constituted the home farm of the Priory, and that the small church here was the Parish Church for the area and the priory's tenants, serfs and villeins, served by a member of the priory's brethren residing at this place.

When the Irish Reformation was followed by monastic property seizures, the "Grange of Baldowill" was assessed, and granted, in 1539, to the Corporation of Dublin as part of the property of All Saints. Aside from the small church, described as a rectory, there were 200 acres of arable land, 12 acres of pasture, 12 acres of meadow and 4 wooded acres, in addition to five cottages. While the main priory was donated by the city authorities to Queen Elizabeth for the foundation of Trinity College, the grange farm was retained by the Corporation.

The small church was repaired, by Thomas Fitzsimons, the tenant of the Grange, and others, in 1609, and had a curate, Patricus Beghan, who also served in other parishes, in 1615.

### Ruin

In 1630, the archiepiscopal visitation reported that the church was ruined, only bare walls remaining, and there were no Protestants in the parish, although there was still an assigned curate - and the tenant still collected tithes, while also allowing Roman Catholic Mass to be said in his house.

Renewal of the lease of the Grange was sought in 1630 and granted by Dublin Corporation in 1638, for seventy years at 240 pounds per annum, but there is no mention of any repair to the chapel, and in 1675, the curacy of Baldoyle was merged into the parish of Howth. The chapel is mentioned again from the early to mid-19th century, as a picturesque ruin, abandoned (and without tithes), on the grounds of Grange Lodge, Baldoyle, the whole civil parish still being the property of Dublin Corporation, generating an annual rental of 4,790 pounds.

### From the 1960s

Development of municipal property in the lands surrounding the abbey began in the late 1960s, with the construction of modern roads and corporation housing, but the church building was protected and has been the subject of a formal preservation order since 1981.

Across from Grange "Abbey" was *The Grange House*, a large stone house (thought to be Grange Lodge, and around 700 years old). The house and surrounding lands were privately owned by Raphael Hoey from 1932 and included a dairy farm, that was in operation until 1976. However the house was burned to the ground and several outbuildings including stables, a milking parlour, and cowshed, along with an orchard, were demolished shortly after the sale of the land to a developer in 1991. The rubble of the house was used to fill the last of its fish ponds.

### Status

Grange Abbey is a National Monument site, with separate references for the church (DU015-069-001) and the surrounding graveyard (DU015-069-002; now landscaped and invisible on the surface).

## Naming

No dedication for the chapel is known, nor is it known when what might properly perhaps have been called "Grange Chapel" became popularly known as "Grange Abbey."

## Structure

### Location

The preserved ruin is located in a green space northeast of a roundabout north of central Donaghmede, at the meeting of the R809 and R139 roads, about 1.25 miles west of Baldoyle village.

### Form

The rectangular stone building, aligned east of north east, measures 13.7m by 4.8m internally, and the four walls are intact to a height of about 2.4m. The surviving stone comprises uncoursed limestone masonry, with dressed limestone quoins. There was no separation of nave and chancel. A path leads to a northern doorway (the southern doorway is blocked), and there is a fine two-section west window, the central portion of which is restoration work, while there is also a partially restored eastern two-section window. There are aumbries on each side, and a small basin at the eastern end of the southerly wall. There are also two gravestones inside.

### Restoration works

Restoration work was performed on the chapel in the mid-1980s by AnCO, the then national State training authority.

## Archaeological works

An excavation within the chapel itself was performed in 1986, on the instructions of the Monuments Branch of the Office of Public Works, in whose care the site is vested. This was to prepare for conservation including flooring work, and included study of ground materials. One conclusion was that the original levels of the doorways would have been at least 35 centimetres (1 ft 2 in) lower than now. Many fragments of bone were found, but had been much disturbed over time. Two phases of construction, and of burial prior to the erection of the eastern wall were conjectured. A few fragments of pottery from the thirteenth century, believed to be of local manufacture, were also found, suggesting some activity but not necessarily relating to a religious building.

An excavation of a southerly part of the church site was carried out in June-July 1999, in connection with work on the M50 motorway link road, and found only light traces of Grange of Baldoyle or later estate works, due to disturbance in the 17th century. Finds included domestic refuse pits and a 1.1 metres (3 ft 7 in) wide wall. Also found were remains of a long stone drain, and a small stone "water house" that probably contained controls for water flow into fish ponds which existed adjacent until at least the nineteenth century, with at least one surviving until 1972. The last pond was filled with rubble from Grange House and when this was studied, a hoard of 41 gold sovereigns, dating from 1817 to 1830, was found. The stone drain probably drew water from the Grange Stream, a Mayne River tributary that runs just south of the site (the stream is now culverted).

## Notes and references

## Sources

* Mac Giolla Phadraig, Brian, "Grange Abbey, Baldoyle." Dublin, Old Dublin Society, "Dublin Historical Record" vol. 20, no. 3/4 (June - Sept. 1965), pp. 129–132
* Joyce, Weston St. John, "The neighbourhood of Dublin: its topography, antiquities and historical associations." Dublin, M.H. Gill & Son, 1921 (third, enlarged edition; first edition 1912), Chapter 27

## InfoBox

| Grange Abbey | |
| --- | --- |
| Former church / chapel of the Grange of Baldoyle, once a holding of the Priory of All Hallows | |
| Grange Abbey (preserved ruin) | |
| Grange Abbey | |
| 53°23′56″N 6°09′37″W / 53.3990°N 6.1604°W / 53.3990; -6.1604 | |
| Location | Donaghmede, Dublin (formerly Baldoyle) |
| Country | Ireland |
| History | |
| Status | Disused since 17th century |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Ruined |
| Heritage designation | National monument |
| Completed | 14th century? |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 13.7m |
| Width | 4.8m |
|  | |
| National monument of Ireland | |
| Official name | Grange Abbey |
| Reference no. | 605 |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament is an annual tournament to determine the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II women's college basketball national champion. Basketball was one of 12 women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981–82 school year, as the NCAA and Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) sought for sole governance of women's collegiate athletics. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championships; however, after a year of dual women's championships at the national level, the AIAW disbanded. The 2020 Elite Eight was due to be held at the Birmingham CrossPlex in Birmingham, AL before the NCAA called off the tournament due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The field was reduced to 48 in 2021 and returned to the normal 64 in 2022. Minnesota State are the defending national champions.

text:
# NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament

The **NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament** (officially styled as "Championship" instead of "Tournament") is an annual tournament to determine the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II women's college basketball national champion. Basketball was one of 12 women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981–82 school year, as the NCAA and Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) sought for sole governance of women's collegiate athletics. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championships; however, after a year of dual women's championships at the national level, the AIAW disbanded.

The 2020 Elite Eight was due to be held at the Birmingham CrossPlex in Birmingham, AL before the NCAA called off the tournament due to the COVID-19 outbreak.

The field was reduced to 48 in 2021 and returned to the normal 64 in 2022.

Minnesota State are the defending national champions.

## Qualification

A total of 64 bids are normally available for each tournament: 23 automatic bids (awarded to the champion of each Division II all-sports conference) and 41 at-large bids. Due to COVID-19 issues, the 2020 tournament was canceled, and the 2021 tournament was reduced to 48 teams when nine all-sports conferences chose not to compete in women's basketball in 2020–21.

The bids are allocated evenly among the eight NCAA-designated regions (Atlantic, Central, East, Midwest, South, South Central, Southeast, and West), each of which contains either two or three of the 23 Division II conferences that sponsor women's basketball. Each region normally consists of two or three automatic qualifiers (the teams who won their respective conference tournaments) and five or six at-large bids (awarded regardless of conference affiliation).

### Conference tournaments

| Region | Conference | Tournament | Debut | Most titles | Current champion (2024) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Atlantic | CIAA | Tournament | 1975 | Shaw (11) | Fayetteville State (5th) |
| | Mountain East | Tournament | 2014 | Glenville State (5) | Fairmont State (1st) |
| | PSAC | Tournament | 1980 | California (PA) (7) | Gannon (4th) |
| Central | Great American | Tournament | 2012 | Southwestern Oklahoma State (4) | Henderson State (1st) |
| | MIAA | Tournament | 1983 | Emporia State and Washburn (9) | Pittsburg State (1st) |
| | NSIC | Tournament | 2000 | Minnesota–Duluth (8) | Minnesota State (1st) |
| East | CACC | Tournament | 2002 | Holy Family (7) | Jefferson (5th) |
| | East Coast | Tournament | 1991 | *Saint Rose* (7) | Daemen (4th) |
| | Northeast-10 | Tournament | 1982 | Bentley (23) | Bentley (23rd) |
| Midwest | GLIAC | Tournament | 1991 | Northern Michigan and Michigan Tech (8) | Grand Valley State (4th) |
| | GLVC | Tournament | 1998 | Drury (10) | Lewis (4th) |
| | G-MAC | Tournament | 2013 | Ashland (3) | Ashland (3rd) |
| South | Gulf South | Tournament | 1983 | Delta State (16) | West Georgia (3rd) |
| | SIAC | Tournament | 1979 | Fort Valley State (11) | Miles (1st) |
| | Sunshine State | Tournament | 1982 | Florida Southern (12) | Eckerd (3rd) |
| South Central | Lone Star | Tournament | 1983 | West Texas A&M (16) | Texas Woman's (2nd) |
| | RMAC | Tournament | 1985 | CSU Pueblo and *Nebraska–Kearney* (6) | Regis (4th) |
| Southeast | Carolinas | Tournament | 1996 | Anderson (SC) and Belmont Abbey (6) | UNC Pembroke (2nd) |
| | Peach Belt | Tournament | 1992 | Three teams (6) | Georgia Southwestern (2nd) |
| | SAC | Tournament | 1991 | Wingate Bulldogs (10) | Wingate (10th) |
| West | CCAA | Tournament | 1986 | Cal Poly Pomona (11) | Cal State San Marcos (2nd) |
| | GNAC | Tournament | 2011 | Alaska Anchorage (6) | Western Washington (4th) |
| | Pacific West | Tournament | 2013 | Azusa Pacific and Hawaii Pacific (4) | Azusa Pacific (4th) |

## Results

| NCAA Division II Women's Basketball Championship | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Site
(Host Team) |  | Championship | | |  | Third Place Match / Semifinalists | | |
| | | | Champion | Score | Runner-up | | Third place | Score | Fourth place |
| 1982
*Details* | Springfield, MA (Springfield Civic Center) | | **Cal Poly Pomona** | 93–74 | Tuskegee | | Mount St. Mary's | 73–62 | Oakland |
| 1983
*Details* | | | **Virginia Union** | 73–60 | Cal Poly Pomona | | Southern Connecticut State
Central Missouri State | | |
| 1984
*Details* | | | **Central Missouri State** | 80–73 | Virginia Union | | Dayton
Valdosta State | | |
| 1985
*Details* | | | **Cal Poly Pomona** (2) | 80–69 | Central Missouri State | | Hampton
Mercer | | |
| 1986
*Details* | | | **Cal Poly Pomona** (3) | 70–63 | North Dakota State | | Delta State
Philadelphia Textile | | |
| 1987
*Details* | | | **New Haven** | 77–75 | Cal Poly Pomona | | Northern Kentucky
Pitt Johnstown | | |
| 1988
*Details* | Fargo, ND
(Bison Sports Arena) | | **Hampton** | 65–48 | West Texas State | | Delta State
North Dakota State | | |
| 1989
*Details* | Cleveland, MS
(Walter Sillers Coliseum) | | **Delta State** | 88–58 | Cal Poly Pomona | | Bentley | 83–81 | Central Missouri State |
| 1990
*Details* | Pomona, CA
(Kellogg Gymnasium) | | **Delta State** (2) | 77–43 | Bentley | | Cal Poly Pomona | 87–68 | Oakland |
| 1991
*Details* | Cape Girardeau, MO
(Show Me Center) | | **North Dakota State** | 81–74 | Southeast Missouri State | | Bentley | 60–58 | Norfolk State |
| 1992
*Details* | Fargo, ND
(Bison Sports Arena) | | **Delta State** (3) | 65–63 | North Dakota State | | Portland State | 72–69 | Bentley |
| 1993
*Details* | Waltham, MA
(Dana Athletic Center) | | **North Dakota State** (2) | 95–63 | Delta State | | Michigan Tech | 74–60 | Bentley |
| 1994
*Details* | Fargo, ND
(Bison Sports Arena) | | **North Dakota State** (3) | 89–56 | Cal State San Bernardino | | North Alabama | 79–75 | Bellarmine |
| 1995
*Details* | | | **North Dakota State** (4) | 98–85 | Portland State | | Missouri Western State | 76–66 | Stonehill |
| 1996
*Details* | | | **North Dakota State** (5) | 104–78 | Shippensburg | | Abilene Christian | 83–65 | Delta State |
| 1997
*Details* | Grand Forks, ND
(Hyslop Sports Center) | | **North Dakota** | 94–78 | Southern Indiana | | UC Davis | 76–61 | Bentley |
| 1998
*Details* | Pine Bluff, AR
(H.O. Clemmons Arena) | | **North Dakota** (2) | 92–76 | Emporia State | | Francis Marion
Northern Michigan | | |
| 1999
*Details* | | | **North Dakota** (3) | 80–63 | Arkansas Tech | | Emporia State
Northern Kentucky | | |
| 2000
*Details* | | | **Northern Kentucky** | 71–62 (OT) | North Dakota State | | Columbus State
Western Washington | | |
| 2001
*Details* | Rochester, MN
(Mayo Civic Center) | | **Cal Poly Pomona** (4) | 87–80 (OT) | North Dakota | | Shippensburg
Columbus State | | |
| 2002
*Details* | | | **Cal Poly Pomona** (5) | 74–62 | Southeastern Oklahoma | | Glenville State
South Dakota State | | |
| 2003
*Details* | St. Joseph, MO
(St. Joseph Civic Arena) | | **South Dakota State** | 65–50 | Northern Kentucky | | Bentley
California (PA) | | |
| 2004
*Details* | | | **California (PA)** | 75–72 | Drury | | Henderson State
Merrimack | | |
| 2005
*Details* | Hot Springs, AR
(Summit Arena) | | **Washburn** | 70–53 | Seattle Pacific | | Central Arkansas
Merrimack | | |
| 2006
*Details* | | | **Grand Valley State** | 58–52 | American International | | Chico State
St. Cloud State | | |
| 2007
*Details* | Kearney, NE
(Health and Sports Center) | | **Southern Connecticut State** | 61–45 | Florida Gulf Coast | | Clayton State
UC San Diego | | |
| 2008
*Details* | | | **Northern Kentucky** (2) | 63–58 | South Dakota | | Alaska Anchorage
Delta State | | |
| 2009
*Details* | San Antonio, TX
(Bill Greehey Arena) | | **Minnesota State** | 103–94 | Franklin Pierce | | Alaska Anchorage
Delta State | | |
| 2010
*Details* | St. Joseph, MO
(St. Joseph Civic Arena) | | **Emporia State** | 65–53 | Fort Lewis | | Franklin Pierce
Gannon | | |
| 2011
*Details* | | | **Clayton State** | 69–50 | Michigan Tech | | Shaw
Northwest Missouri State | | |
| 2012
*Details* | San Antonio, TX
(Bill Greehey Arena) | | **Shaw** | 88–82 (OT) | Ashland | | Bentley
Rollins | | |
| 2013
*Details* | | | **Ashland** | 71–56 | Dowling | | Augustana (SD)
Western Washington | | |
| 2014
*Details* | Erie, PA
(Erie Insurance Arena) | | **Bentley** | 73–65 | West Texas A&M | | Cal Poly Pomona
Nova Southeastern | | |
| 2015
*Details* | Sioux Falls, SD
(Sanford Pentagon) | | **California (PA)** (2) | 86–69 | California Baptist | | Emporia State
Limestone | | |
| 2016
*Details* | Indianapolis, IN
(Bankers Life Fieldhouse) | | **Lubbock Christian** | 78–73 | Alaska Anchorage | | Bentley
Grand Valley State | | |
| 2017
*Details* | Columbus, OH
(Alumni Hall) | | **Ashland** (2) | 93–77 | Virginia Union | | California Baptist
Harding | | |
| 2018
*Details* | Sioux Falls, SD
(Sanford Pentagon) | | **Central Missouri** (2) | 66–52 | Ashland | | Indiana (PA)
Union (TN) | | |
| 2019
*Details* | Columbus, OH
(Alumni Hall) | | **Lubbock Christian** (2) | 95–85 (2OT) | Southwestern Oklahoma | | Drury
Indiana (PA) | | |
| 2020
*Details* | Birmingham, AL
(Birmingham CrossPlex) | | *Canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic* | | | | | | | | |
| 2021
*Details* | Columbus, OH
(Alumni Hall) | | **Lubbock Christian** (3) | 69–59 | Drury |  | Central Missouri
Lander | | |
| | 2022
*Details* | | Birmingham, AL
(Birmingham CrossPlex) | **Glenville State** | 85–72 | Western Washington | Grand Valley State
North Georgia | | |
| | 2023
*Details* | | Dallas, TX
(American Airlines Center) | **Ashland** (3) | 78–67 | Minnesota–Duluth | Catawba
Glenville State | | |
| | 2024
*Details* | | St. Joseph, MO
(St. Joseph Civic Arena) | **Minnesota State** (2) | 89–73 | Texas Woman's | Cal State San Marcos
Ferris State | | |
| | 2025 | | Pittsburgh, PA
(UPMC Cooper Fieldhouse) |  |  |  |  | | |
| | | | 2026 |  |  |  |  | | |

1. Only the final game was held in Dallas. The remainder of the Elite Eight was held at St. Joseph Civic Arena in St. Joseph, Missouri.

## Champions

**Cal Poly Pomona***NDSU***Delta State****Lubbock Christian***UND***Ashland****Central Missouri****California** *NKU***Minnesota State****Bentley****Clayton State****Emporia State****Glenville State****Grand Valley State***HU***New Haven****Shaw***SDSU***SCSU****VUU****Washburn**class=notpageimage|*Schools that have won the NCAA Division II Women's Basketball Championship*
**5,  4,  3,  2,  1**

### Active programs

| Team | Titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cal Poly Pomona | 5 | 1982, 1985, 1986, 2001, 2002 |
| Ashland | 3 | 2013, 2017, 2023 |
| Lubbock Christian | 3 | 2016, 2019, 2021 |
| Delta State | 3 | 1989, 1990, 1992 |
| Minnesota State | 2 | 2009, 2024 |
| Central Missouri | 2 | 1984, 2018 |
| California (PA) | 2 | 2004, 2015 |
| Glenville State | 1 | 2022 |
| Bentley | 1 | 2014 |
| Shaw | 1 | 2012 |
| Clayton State | 1 | 2011 |
| Emporia State | 1 | 2010 |
| Southern Connecticut | 1 | 2007 |
| Grand Valley State | 1 | 2006 |
| Washburn | 1 | 2005 |
| New Haven | 1 | 1987 |
| Virginia Union | 1 | 1983 |

### Former programs

| Team | Titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *North Dakota State* | 5 | 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 |
| *North Dakota* | 3 | 1997, 1998, 1999 |
| *Northern Kentucky* | 2 | 2000, 2008 |
| *South Dakota State* | 1 | 2003 |
| *Hampton* | 1 | 1988 |

1. As of 2023–24, this school is a current member of NCAA Division I.
1. "Championship Central". National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2019-03-04. Retrieved 2020-03-13.
2. "Central Missouri stuns Ashland to win NCAA Div. II Championship". *Argus Leader*. Retrieved 2018-03-28.

## InfoBox

NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament
| **Current season, competition or edition:**
*2024 NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sport | Basketball |
| Founded | 1982 |
| No. of teams | 64 |
| Country | NCAA Division II (U.S.) |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Minnesota State (2nd) |
| TV partner(s) | CBS Sports Network |
| Official website | NCAA.com |


abstract: The table below lists the Nigerian senators of the 8th National Assembly. The Senate included three senators from each of the 36 states, plus one senator for the Federal Capital Territory. The Senate president was Sen. Bukola Saraki of the All Progressives Congress and the deputy Senate president was Ike Ekweremadu. The Senate president and his deputy were assisted by the principal officers including the majority leader, deputy majority leader, minority leader, deputy minority leader, chief whip, deputy chief whip, minority whip and deputy minority whip.

text:
# Nigerian senators of the 8th National Assembly

The table below lists the **Nigerian senators of the 8th National Assembly**. The Senate included three senators from each of the 36 states, plus one senator for the Federal Capital Territory. The Senate president was Sen. Bukola Saraki of the All Progressives Congress and the deputy Senate president was Ike Ekweremadu. The Senate president and his deputy were assisted by the principal officers including the majority leader, deputy majority leader, minority leader, deputy minority leader, chief whip, deputy chief whip, minority whip and deputy minority whip.

## Senators

Senator Mustapha Sani-Niger state(net worth:36 million dollars)approx

Senator Bukola Saraki-senate president(net worth:55 million dollars)approx

Senator Dino melaye-Kogi state(net worth:80 million dollars)approx

1. "National Assembly | Federal Republic of Nigeria". *www.nassnig.org*. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
2. Assembly, Nigerian National. "National Assembly - Federal Republic of Nigeria". *www.nass.gov.ng*. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
3. Assembly, Nigerian National. "National Assembly - Federal Republic of Nigeria". *www.nass.gov.ng*. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
4. Assembly, Nigerian National. "National Assembly - Federal Republic of Nigeria". *www.nass.gov.ng*. Retrieved 13 October 2017.


title: James S.Y. Ivins

abstract: James Sterling Yard Ivins was a judge of the United States Board of Tax Appeals from 1924 to 1925. A New York city accountant and an authority in tax work, Ivins was the deputy attorney general of New York from 1915 to 1923, and served as director of the New York Income Tax Bureau. He was one of the original twelve members appointed to the United States Board of Tax Appeals by President Calvin Coolidge, and one of a group of seven appointed "from the public". Ivins notified the court of his intent to resign in 1925, testifying before a Congressional committee that his resignation was prompted by the low salary given to board members. Following his service on the board, Ivins and fellow member Percy W. Phillips joined with tax lawyer Richard Barker to form the law firm of Ivins Phillips Barker. Ivins retired from legal practice in 1953, and moved to Marathon, Florida. He died in a hospital in Miami, Florida in 1960, at the age of 74. He graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Law School.

text:
# James S.Y. Ivins

**James Sterling Yard Ivins** (December 23, 1885 – May 25, 1960) was a judge of the United States Board of Tax Appeals (later the United States Tax Court) from 1924 to 1925.

A New York city accountant and an authority in tax work, Ivins was the deputy attorney general of New York from 1915 to 1923, and served as director of the New York Income Tax Bureau.

He was one of the original twelve members appointed to the United States Board of Tax Appeals by President Calvin Coolidge, and one of a group of seven appointed "from the public". Ivins notified the court of his intent to resign in 1925, testifying before a Congressional committee that his resignation was prompted by the low salary given to board members.

Following his service on the board, Ivins and fellow member Percy W. Phillips joined with tax lawyer Richard Barker to form the law firm of Ivins Phillips Barker.

Ivins retired from legal practice in 1953, and moved to Marathon, Florida. He died in a hospital in Miami, Florida in 1960, at the age of 74. He graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Law School.


title: Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom

abstract: Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom was a Dutch chemist who studied phase behaviour in physical chemistry.

text:
# Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom

**Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈɦɛndrɪk ˈʋɪləm ˈbɑkɦœys ˈroːzəboːm\]; October 24, 1854 – February 8, 1907) was a Dutch chemist who studied phase behaviour in physical chemistry.

## Education and career

Bakhuis Roozeboom (originally "Bakhuys Roozeboom") was born in Alkmaar in the Netherlands. Financial difficulties did not allow him to directly pursue a university education, and he left school to work in a chemical factory for some time. Due to support from his mentor, J. M. van Bemmelen, he became an assistant at the University of Leiden in 1878, which enabled him to start his academic education there. In 1881 he became a teacher at a girls school, and in 1884 he obtained his PhD with works on the hydrates of acids. J. D. van der Waals introduced him to the theoretical works of J. Willard Gibbs on the phase rule which so far had little experimental verification in chemistry, prompting him to start a lifelong research program on phase equilibria. In 1896, he became professor for chemistry at the University of Amsterdam, where he died on February 8, 1907.

Bakhuis Roozeboom's main work was in the field of thermodynamics, in which he studied the equilibrium of multiple-phase systems. The theoretical foundations for this were laid by J. Willard Gibbs with his phase rule, but Roozeboom would be the one to apply the theory and demonstrate its usefulness. He is mainly remembered for his melting phase diagrams of metal alloys, i.e. studying how mixtures of metals melt depending on the relative amounts of the components, which is important for metallurgy. Roozeboom also was the first to plot ternary phase equilibria in two-dimensional plots that were taken as vertical or horizontal slices from the three-dimensional solid diagrams. These are termed, respectively, isopleths and isotherms. He also contributed to the science of chiral substances, clarified how to distinguish the different types of crystalline racemates and predicted how mixtures of enantiomers behave in a heterogeneous system of solid and solution.

In 1890 Bakhuis Roozeboom became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Roozeboom succeeded J. H. van't Hoff at the University of Amsterdam. In 1904, he published the first volume and first part of the second volume of the multi-volume treatise on heterogeneous equilibria entitled *Die Heterogenen Gleichgewichte von Standpunkte des Phasenlehre* "Heterogeneous Equilibria from the Phase Rule Viewpoint."

In 1911, the Bakhuis Roozeboom Fund was established in his honour; every four years it awards a gold medal for research on phase theory.

1. J. M. van Bemmelen, W. P. Jorissen, W. E. Ringer, *Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft*, **1907**, 40, 5141.
2. H. W. B. Roozeboom, *Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre*, **1899**, 28, 494-517.
3. "Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom (1854 - 1907)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

## InfoBox

| H. W. Bakhuis Roozeboom | |
| --- | --- |
| H. W. Bakhuis Roozeboom | |
| Born | Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom
October 24, 1854
Alkmaar, Netherlands |
| Died | February 8, 1907 (1907-02-09) (aged 52)
Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Alma mater | University of Leiden |
| Known for | physical chemistry |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | chemistry |
| Institutions | University of Amsterdam |
| Doctoral advisor | Jakob Maarten van Bemmelen |
| Doctoral students | Andreas Smits |
|  | |


title: Thornton, Idaho

abstract: Thornton is an unincorporated community in Madison County, Idaho, United States, that was founded in 1917. Thornton was named in honor of William Ezra Thornton, who had been prominent in the establishment of the townsite, and who also was for a time Thornton's postmaster.

text:
# Thornton, Idaho

**Thornton** (originally called **Texas Siding**) is an unincorporated community in Madison County, Idaho, United States, that was founded in 1917.

Thornton was named in honor of William Ezra Thornton, who had been prominent in the establishment of the townsite, and who also was for a time Thornton's postmaster.

## Location

Thornton lies approximately 7 miles (11 km) south of Rexburg, Idaho and is bordered on the south by the Lorenzo Bridge, which crosses over the South Fork of the Snake River. Visible in the near west horizon are the Menan Buttes. Thornton lies on the Oregon Short Line Railroad and was built around what is now a remnant of U.S. Highway 191. This short segment of the original highway terminates within Thornton, at an old cement bridge. Since its original establishment, Thornton has been bisected by the construction of US Highway 20. The larger portion lies south of the highway- the northern portion has been nearly completely eliminated by the construction of the highway. The Archer-Lyman highway begins to the north and east of Thornton and meanders south and then east towards Ririe, Idaho.

The old brick Thornton Hotel is no longer in operation and has been abandoned due to disrepair.

The legal description of Thornton is "NE 4 NE 4 of Sec. 222, and of SW 4 SW 4 of Sec. 14 and of SE 4 SE 4 of sec 15 all in TS 5 N R 39 E.B.M."

## History

Though Thornton once thrived as "an enterprising center of commerce," Thornton is now primarily a rural community. It is home to a potato warehouse and the original Thornton Merc convenience store.

At one time, Thornton "boasted of two fine general mercantile stores". Thornton's store was owned in the early 1900s by George Marler. A competing store in Thornton was owned by C. L. Galbraith. In 1971 Thornton Merc, which replaced the two prior mercantile stores, was opened at the old Marler's location by Mrs. Geraldine Evans. As of 2010 it is still in operation, and "Marler" can still be seen faintly painted on the north side. Descendants of the Marler family still own property in Thornton.

Thornton was once a place for recreation and amusement, featuring a movie picture house operated by Mr. Fritz Hansen, a saloon, and a dance hall.

In the mid-1940s, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (The Church of Jesus Christ) purchased a grain elevator in Thornton from M.G. Koon and Sons. This elevator served to store welfare grain for church stakes until 1959, and can still be seen from U.S. Route 20 for many miles north and south of Thornton.

When Thornton had a train depot, the Yellowstone Park Special passenger train would stop in Thornton on its way to Mack's Inn and Yellowstone Park. Visitors to Heise Hot Springs would arrive by railroad at Thornton and travel by horse-drawn vehicle to the nearby mineral springs.

Thornton once had a community church directed by Reverend Baird. He presided over the church until religious services were discontinued due to insufficient numbers of attendees. The Church of Jesus Christ also supported a primary and Sunday school service in Thornton for a few years. This was also discontinued as the population of Thornton diminished. The Church of Jesus Christ continues to thrive in the nearby area, as expansion of Rexburg has caused commuters including employees and students of Brigham Young University–Idaho to seek available housing in Thornton and surrounding Archer and Lyman.

## Attractions, Landmarks

Within Thornton next to the remaining Thornton Merc is an old trailer park which now accommodates both campers and longer-term residents, many of whom are migrant workers who labor in the nearby potato warehouses. Another RV Park lies south across the old concrete bridge nearer to the Snake River South Fork. The Thornton Shell gas station and convenience store lies between Highway 20 and the railroad and used to be known as the Mini Mart. Behind the Shell station is the old grain elevator which now advertises the gas station. Also marooned between the two highways is an older home which was once owned by the Keith Wilcox family in the mid 1900s, which has been stranded now due to the removal of a portion of South 3300 West.

Idaho portal

Media related to Thornton, Idaho at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Thornton, Idaho | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| ThorntonThornton | |
| Coordinates: 43°45′30″N 111°50′43″W / 43.75833°N 111.84528°W / 43.75833; -111.84528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Idaho |
| County | Madison |
| Elevation | 4,859 ft (1,481 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| Area code(s) | 208 and 986 |
| GNIS feature ID | 398240 |


title: HiveColab

abstract: HiveColab is an innovation hub and startup incubator in Kampala, Uganda. The space was founded in 2010 and is noted as being one of Africa's first innovation hubs of note along with the IHub. HiveColab was founded by African technologist and Appfrica CEO Jon Gosier, Senegalese Born, British Businesswoman Marieme Jamme, Daniel Stern, Teddy Ruge and supported by Director Barbara Birungi. The space is funded by Appfrica, IndigoTrust and Dutch NGO Hivos. HiveColab is one of the founding members of Afrilabs a network of African innovation hubs across the continent. Barbara Birungi has stated she's passionate about how technology can change the future of Africa, for women in particular.

text:
# HiveColab

**HiveColab** is an innovation hub and startup incubator in Kampala, Uganda. The space was founded in 2010 and is noted as being one of Africa's first innovation hubs of note along with the IHub. HiveColab was founded by African technologist and Appfrica CEO Jon Gosier, Senegalese Born, British Businesswoman Marieme Jamme, Daniel Stern, Teddy Ruge and supported by Director Barbara Birungi. The space is funded by Appfrica, IndigoTrust and Dutch NGO Hivos. HiveColab is one of the founding members of Afrilabs a network of African innovation hubs across the continent. Barbara Birungi has stated she's passionate about how technology can change the future of Africa, for women in particular.


title: Mezhbizh

abstract: Mezhbizh is the name of the town of Medzhybizh in the present Ukraine which is significant as both the source of a Hasidic dynasty that bears its name and as a symbolic name for the roots of Hasidism. The Mezhbizh dynasty served as the earliest "trunk" of Hasidic Judaism, led by the Baal Shem Tov and his direct descendants.

text:
# Mezhbizh

**Mezhbizh** (also spelled as **Medzibuz**, **Mezbuz**, **Mez'buz**, and in various other ways, transcribed from various Yiddish dialects) is the name of the town of Medzhybizh in the present Ukraine which is significant as both the source of a Hasidic dynasty that bears its name and as a symbolic name for the roots of Hasidism.

The Mezhbizh dynasty served as the earliest "trunk" of Hasidic Judaism, led by the Baal Shem Tov and his direct descendants.

## The town of Mezhbizh in Hasidic history

The Mezhbizh dynasty is more than just a branch of Hasidic Judaism because it was the small town from where Hasidism eventually spread throughout the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe.

Geographically, the Hasidic movement originated in Mezhbizh, where the movement's founder, Yisroel ben Eliezer made his home, Beis Medrash (a synagogue and place of Torah study), held court, and is buried. He came to be known as the Baal Shem Tov ("master \[of the\] good name" in Hebrew) abbreviated as BESHT, a name that was given to various Jewish miracle workers in the Middle Ages.

## The Hasidic dynasty of Mezhbizh

Besides the position of the Mezhbizh dynasty as a "trunk" of Hasidic Judaism, an important branch of Hasidism led by the Baal Shem Tov's descendants and heirs evolved from there as well.

The Baal Shem Tov's grandson, Reb Boruch (known in his childhood as Reb Boruch'l, a Yiddish diminutive, and subsequently as *Reb Boruch'l HaKadosh*) was the first "rebbe" of the Hasidic movement to hold court in Mezhbizh in his grandfather's home and *Beis Medrash*, which he inherited. He was the son of R' Yechiel Mikhl Ashkenazi and Udl, only daughter of the Baal Shem Tov.

As recorded in the early Hasidic work *Mekor Boruch* (first published in 1880 from handwritten manuscripts), at the time of the Baal Shem Tov's death, Reb Pinchos of Korets and Reb Yosef of Polonoe, two of the Baal Shem Tov's closest followers, reported to the Hasidim that the Baal Shem Tov had designated Reb Boruch as his successor, and instructed Reb Pinchos to take responsibility for carrying out those wishes. Reb Boruch was not yet bar mitzvah (under 13 years) at the time of his grandfather's death, and he was then taken to live in Reb Pinchos' home, where the Baal Shem Tov's other close Hasidim and other leaders of the Hasidic movement visited regularly to check on his progress and assist with his preparation to assume his grandfather's mantle.

Reb Boruch remained with Reb Pinchos of Korets until the *Chevraya Kadisha* ("holy circle"), as the close inner circle of the Baal Shem Tov was known, decided that he was ready to return to Mezhbizh and become "The Rebbe." When he finally returned to Mezhbizh, all of the Hasidic leaders of that time regularly visited Reb Boruch, including the Maggid of Chernobyl, the Magid of Mezritch, Reb Shneur Zalman of Liadi (founder of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement), and others.

From Reb Boruch the mantle of leadership was inherited by his son-in-law Reb Yitzchok Drubitsher, who was a son of Reb Yosef of Yampol, the son of Reb Yechiel Michl, the Magid of Zlotshov. Reb Yitzchok's son, Reb Yechiel Michl (known as Reb Mekhl Drubitsher), succeeded him, followed by his son, Reb Mordechai. Both Reb Yechiel Michl and his son Reb Mordechai married descendants of the Chernobyl Hasidic dynasty.

The last rebbe of this lineage to be born in Mezhbizh was Grand Rabbi Yaakov Yisroel Korff. Son of the last Mezhbizher Rebbe, Reb Mordechai, he was a direct descendant of the Baal Shem Tov and his grandson, Reb Boruch of Mezhbizh (the first Rebbe), and the Hasidic dynasties of the Rebbes of Mezhbizh, Chernobyl, Karlin, Ryzhin, and Apt. Reb Yaakov Yisroel married the daughter of the Zvhiller Rebbe of that time, Reb Yichiel Michl. He subsequently succeeded his father-in-law as Zvhiller Rebbe until his own father, Reb Mordechai of Mezhbizh died, after which he then became the Zvhil-Mezhbizh Rebbe, continuing the dynasty after his father, although he continued to be known as the Zvhiller Rebbe (see also Zvhil (Hasidic dynasty).

## Lineage of the Mezhbizh dynasty

* **1. Rebbe Yisroel Baal Shem Tov** (1698-1760) - founder of Hasidism
    + **Rabbi Tsvi of Pinsk** (died 1780) - (*son of the Baal Shem Tov*; did not serve as an admor).
        - **Rebbe Aharon of Titiov** (died 1800) – *son of Rabbi Tsvi*.
            * Rabbi Hershl of Skver - *son of Rebbe Aharon*
        - **Rebbe Dov Ber of Ulanov***son of Rabbi Tsvi*.
    + Rabbi Yechiel Mikhl Ashkenazi of Tulchyn - married Udl, daughter of the Baal Shem Tov
        - **2. Rebbe Boruch of Mezhbizh (1753-1811)** \- author of **Butsina diNehoiro** \- (*son of Rabbi Yechiel Mikhl; son-in-law of R. Aharon of Titiov*).
            * **Rebbe Yitschak Drubitsher** (*son-in-law of Rebbe Boruch, son of Rabbi Yosef of Yampol, son of Rabbi Yekhiel Mikhl of Zlotshev*; succeeded his father-in-law as rebbe in Mezhbizh).
                + **Rebbe Yekhiel Mikhl** (*son of Rebbe Yitschak; son-in-law of Rebbe Motl of Chernobyl*)
                    - **Rebbe Mordechai of Mezhbizh** (*son of Rebbe Yekhiel Mikhl*)
                        * **Rebbe Yakov Israel Korff** (*son of Rebbe Mordechai, son-in-law of Rebbe Yekhiel Mikhl of Zvhil-Korets*)
                + **Rebbe Boruch Rabinovich of Yas**
                    - **Rebbe Eliezer Chaim of Skolye** (died 1916) (the first rebbe in America) – son of Rebbe Boruch
                        * **Rebbe Shmuel Avrohom of Mezhbizh** (1883- ) – son of Rebbe Eliezer Chaim
            * Rabbi Yaakov Pinchos Averbuch/Auerbach (*son-in-law of Rebbe Boruch*).
                + Rabbi Israel of Mezhbizh – (*son of Rabbi Yaakov Pinchos*).

## Mezhbizher Rebbe today

### Zvhil-Mezhbizh of Boston

The late rebbe's grandson, Grand Rabbi Yitzhak Aharon Korff is the present Zvhil-Mezhbizh Rebbe.

* Grossman, Leivi, *Sheim uSheiris* (1943, Jerusalem, pages 58–60) (Hebrew)
* Chapin, David A. and Weinstock, Ben, *The Road from Letichev: The history and culture of a forgotten Jewish community in Eastern Europe, Volume 1*. ISBN 0-595-00666-3 iUniverse, Lincoln, NE, 2000
* *Mekor Boruch* (Hasidic work, first published in 1880 from handwritten manuscripts) (Hebrew)
* Kupfer, Efraim, *Te‘udot ḥadashot be-davar ha-maḥloket ben Rashaz mi-La’di u-ven R. Avraham ha-Kohen mi-Kalisk ve-R. Barukh mi-Medz´iboz´,* Tarbits 47.3–4 (1978): 230–237 (Hebrew)
* Re’uven Margaliyot, Mekor Barukh (Lwów, Pol., 1930/31) (Hebrew)
* Rabinowicz, Tzvi M. *The Encyclopedia of Hasidism*: ISBN 1-56821-123-6 Jason Aronson, Inc., 1996


title: Motobloc

abstract: Motobloc was a French automobile manufacturer, building vehicles from 1902 to 1931 in a factory in Bordeaux.

text:
# Motobloc

**Motobloc** was a French automobile manufacturer, building vehicles from 1902 to 1931 in a factory in Bordeaux.

## History

The company was a descendant of the earlier Schaudel marque, which was noted for the development of an innovative engine design which combined the engine, clutch and gearbox in a single main casing. Unfortunately, this made it so that engine oil would seep into the transmission. Schaudel constructed automobiles from 1900 to 1902, and in June 1902 "la Societe Anonyme des automobiles Motobloc" was established to continue vehicle production based on the Schaudel designs.

A 1908 model Motobloc was among the six entries in the 1908 New York to Paris Race. Motobloc entered the race at its start in New York but withdrew in Iowa due to breakdowns and a lack of funds. The name Motobloc is one of the car company names featured on a placard at the beginning of the movie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang


title: Hispaniolan pine forests

abstract: The Hispaniolan pine forests are a subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion found on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, which is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The ecoregion covers 11,600 km⁲ (4,500 sq mi), or about 15% of the island. It lies at elevations greater than 800 m (2,600 ft) in the mountains of Hispaniola, extending from the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic and into the Massif du Nord of Haiti. It is surrounded at lower elevations by the Hispaniolan moist forests and Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregions, which cover the remainder of the island. Annual rainfall is 1,000–2,000 mm (39–79 in).

text:
# Hispaniolan pine forests

The **Hispaniolan pine forests** are a subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion found on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, which is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The ecoregion covers 11,600 km2 (4,500 sq mi), or about 15% of the island. It lies at elevations greater than 800 m (2,600 ft) in the mountains of Hispaniola, extending from the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic and into the Massif du Nord of Haiti. It is surrounded at lower elevations by the Hispaniolan moist forests and Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregions, which cover the remainder of the island. Annual rainfall is 1,000–2,000 mm (39–79 in).

## Flora

The natural vegetation of the region consists primarily of stands of pino criollo (*Pinus occidentalis*). Pines are mixed with other conifers, including sabina (*Juniperus gracilior*) and *Podocarpus aristulatus* (syn. *P. buchii*). Below 2,100 m (6,900 ft), pine forests are found on lateritic soils and are interspersed with areas of wet montane forest. Important broad-leaved species are *Garrya fadyenii* and *Vaccinium cubense* near Constanza and the Sierra de Bahoruco, *Rapanea ferruginea* near Jarabacoa and San José de las Matas, and *Buddleja domingensis* along the Cordillera Central. Plants of montane steppe (2,100–3,175 m or 6,890–10,417 ft) include cara de hombre (*Lyonia* spp.), abey (*Cojoba arborea*), yaya fina (*Oxandra lanceolata*), pajón (*Danthonia domingensis*), *Verbena officinalis* var. *officinalis*, and *Weinmannia pinnata*.

## Fauna

Many endemic and rare animal species occur in this ecoregion, including the Hispaniolan crossbill (*Loxia megaplaga*), white-winged warbler (*Xenoligea montana*), golden swallow (*Tachycineta euchrysea*) and the Darlington's galliwasp (*Caribicus darlingtoni*).

## Threats

More than half of the ecoregion's area has been lost to clearing for agriculture, pasture, or plantations of exotic trees. The Haitian portion of the ecoregion is much more deforested than the Dominican portion.

## InfoBox

| Hispaniolan pine forests | |
| --- | --- |
| Hispaniolan pine forest as seen from Pico Duarte | |
| Ecoregion territory (in purple) | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Neotropical |
| Biome | tropical and subtropical coniferous forests |
| Borders |  |
| Geography | |
| Area | 11,600 km2 (4,500 sq mi) |
| Countries |  |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/Endangered |


title: W.A.R. F4U Corsair

abstract: The W.A.R. F4U Corsair is a 50% scale homebuilt replica of the Chance-Vought F4U Corsair Second World War carrier fighter.

text:
# W.A.R. F4U Corsair

The **W.A.R. F4U Corsair** is a 50% scale homebuilt replica of the Chance-Vought F4U Corsair Second World War carrier fighter.

## Design and development

The aircraft is a single place, single engine gull-wing design with retractable conventional landing gear. The F4U was the second completed aircraft in the W.A.R. series, with the first example displayed at the EAA airshow in 1975. The aircraft featured folding wings.

## Operational history

A WAR F4U built by Fred Bauer Jr. was featured as the cover plane on the January 1980 *Popular Mechanics*. The plane was built from plans that cost $145.

## Variants

Some versions were built using 125 hp (93 kW) Lycoming O-235 and 123 hp (92 kW) HCI radial engines. One example was built using a Rotec R2800 radial engine.

## Specifications (W.A.R. F4U Corsair)

*Data from* Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 16 ft 6 in (5.03 m)
* **Wingspan:** 20 ft 0 in (6.10 m)
* **Height:** 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m)
* **Empty weight:** 912 lb (414 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 1,200 lb (544 kg)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Continental O-200-A air-cooled flat-four, 100 hp (75 kW)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 147 kn (169 mph, 272 km/h)
* **Cruise speed:** 105 kn (121 mph, 195 km/h)
* **Range:** 347 nmi (399 mi, 643 km)
* **Rate of climb:** 1,400 ft/min (7.1 m/s)

* Taylor, John W. R. *Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89*. Coulsdon, UK:Jane's Defence Data, 1988. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.
* Gallager, Sheldon M.; Levy, Howard (January 1980). "7 exciting new sports planes you can build". *Popular Mechanics*. Vol. 153, no. 1. pp. 76–79.
* Gallager, Sheldon M. (January 1981). "21 exciting new sports planes you can build". *Popular Mechanics*. **155** (1): 74–77.
* *Kitplanes*. August 2001. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
* *Recreational Flyer*. November 1988. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
* *Recreational Flyer*. Fall 1987. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)

* *Popular Flying*. November 1981. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
* *Homebuilt Aircraft*. November 1980. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)

## InfoBox

| W.A.R. F4U Corsair | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Corsair displayed with a Rotec R2800 engine while under construction. | |
| Role | Homebuilt aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | War Aircraft Replicas International, Inc. |
| Introduction | 1975 |


title: Nicolò Mineo

abstract: Nicolò Mineo was an Italian literary critic, literary historian and philologist. He was professor emeritus of Italian literature at the University of Catania from 2010.

text:
# Nicolò Mineo

**Nicolò Mineo** (2 January 1934 – 6 February 2023) was an Italian literary critic, literary historian and philologist. He was professor emeritus of Italian literature at the University of Catania from 2010.

## Life and career

Born in Alcamo, in 1956 Mineo graduated in Classical Literature at the University of Catania with a thesis on Giosuè Carducci and got a master's in Modern Philology at the Normale University in Pisa.

After working as a liceo classico teacher and a voluntary university assistant, in 1980 he became a full professor in his Alma Mater, and later was nominated head of the Department of Modern Philology and president of the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy. He was also visiting professor at La Sorbonne and at the University of Tours.

The main object of Mineo's studies was Dante Alighieri, to whom he dedicated a large number of essays and studies, notably a Dante monograph first published in 1970 and which had numerous new editions over the years. He was a founding member of the Société dantesque de France, and the founder of the Lectura Dantis association. Mineo was also regarded as a major scholar of Giovanni Verga and Verismo.

A former Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity member, between 1998 and 2004 Mineo served as Councillor for Culture and Education in Giarre. He died in Giarre on 6 February 2023, at the age of 89.

## InfoBox

| Nicolò Mineo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 2 January 1934 (1934-01-02)
Alcamo, Trapani, Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | 6 February 2023 (2023-02-07) (aged 89)
Giarre, Catania, Italy |


title: Hendrik Willem Schweickhardt

abstract: Hendrik Willem Schweickhardt, was an 18th-century painter from Germany.

text:
# Hendrik Willem Schweickhardt

**Hendrik Willem Schweickhardt** (born *Heinrich Wilhelm Schweickhardt*; 17471797), was an 18th-century painter from Germany.

## Biography

He was born in Hamm and moved to The Hague where he became a pupil of Hieronymus Lapis and started a family. He moved to London in 1786 for economic reasons and did quite well there. His daughter Katharina learned to draw and paint and became a poet; she married Willem Bilderdijk after having an affair with him in 1795 when he taught her and her sisters in London. Schweickhardt died in London.

## InfoBox

| Hendrik Willem Schweickhardt | |
| --- | --- |
| Hendrik Willem Schweickhardt, self portrait | |
| Born | Heinrich Wilhelm Schweickhardt
1747
Hamm, Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 1797 (aged 4950)
London, England |
| Nationality | German |
| Other names | Heinrich Wilhelm Schweickhardt (born name) |
| Occupation(s) | Painter, Draftsman |


title: Kota Kemuning (state constituency)

abstract: Kota Kemuning is a state constituency in Selangor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Selangor State Legislative Assembly since 2018. The state constituency was created in the 2003 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Selangor State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.

text:
# Kota Kemuning (state constituency)

**Kota Kemuning** is a state constituency in Selangor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Selangor State Legislative Assembly since 2018.

The state constituency was created in the 2003 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Selangor State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.

## Demographics

Ethnic breakdown of Kota Kemuning's electorate as of 2023

Malay (39.81%)  Chinese (33.36%)  Indian (23.07%)  Other ethnicities (3.76%)

## History

### Polling districts

According to the federal gazette issued on 30 March 2018, the Kota Kemuning constituency is divided into 14 polling districts.

| State constituency | Polling Districts | Code | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kota Kemuning（N50） | Shah Alam S 27 A | 111/50/01 | SK Hicom Seksyen 27 Shah Alam |
| | Shah Alam S 28 | 111/50/02 | SK Taman Alam Megah |
| | Sri Muda 1 | 111/50/03 | SK Taman Sri Muda |
| | Sri Muda 2 Utara | 111/50/04 | SK Taman Sri Muda (2) |
| | Bukit Kemuning | 111/50/05 | SJK (C) Khe Beng Batu 8 |
| | Kampung Baru Hicom | 111/50/06 | Dewan Blok A, Pangsapuri PPR Hicom |
| | Putra Heights | 111/50/07 | SK Alam Megah (3) Shah Alam |
| | Sri Muda 2 Selatan | 111/50/08 | SMK Taman Sri Muda |
| | Kota Kemuning Jalan 31/1 - 31/80 | 111/50/09 | SK Bukit Kemuning |
| | Bukit Rimau | 111/50/10 | SK Bukit Rimau |
| | Shah Alam S 27 B | 111/50/11 | SK Seksyen 27 (1) Shah Alam |
| | Apartment S 28 | 111/50/12 | SMK Alam Megah 2 |
| | Kota Kemuning Jalan 31/81 - 31/170 | 111/50/13 | SK Bukit Kemuning 2 |
| | Shah Alam S 26 | 111/50/14 | SMA Hira' Shah Alam Taman Bukit Saga Seksyen 26 |

### Representation history

| Members of the Legislative Assembly for Kota Kemuning | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |
| *Constituency created from Sri Muda* | | | |
| 14th | 2018-2023 | Ganabatirau Veraman | **PH** (**DAP**) |
| 15th | 2023–present | Preakas Sampunathan | |

## Election results

Selangor state election, 2023
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ∆% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | PH | Preakas Sampunathan | 41,254 | 70.08 | 0.55 |
|  | PN | Jimmy Chew Jyh Gang | 16,966 | 28.81 | 28.81 |
|  | Parti Rakyat Malaysia | K Gunasekaran Kuppan | 651 | 1.11 | 1.11 |
| Total valid votes | | | 58,871 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 242 |
| Unreturned ballots | | | 116 |
| Turnout | | | 59,229 | 72.28 | 20.43 |
| Registered electors | | | 81,946 |
| Majority | | | 24,288 | 41.27 | 12.14 |
|  | PH **hold** | | Swing | |  |
|  | | | | | | |

Selangor state election, 2018
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ∆% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | PH | Ganabatirau Veraman | 28,617 | 70.63 |  |
|  | PAS | Burhan Adnan | 6,978 | 17.22 |  |
|  | BN | Tiew Hock Huat | 4,601 | 11.36 |  |
|  | Parti Sosialis Malaysia | Abdul Razak Ismail | 226 | 0.56 |  |
|  | Independent | Rajasekaran Soundarapandy | 93 | 0.23 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 40,515 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 88 |
| Unreturned ballots | | | 2,766 |
| Turnout | | | 43,369 | 92.71 |
| Registered electors | | | 46,777 |
| Majority | | | 21,639 | 53.41 |
| This was a new constituency created | | | | | | |

* "Keputusan Pilihan Raya Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya". *Election Commission of Malaysia*. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-05-21.

## InfoBox

Kota Kemuning
| Selangor constituency | |
| --- | --- |
| State constituency | |
| Legislature | Selangor State Legislative Assembly |
| MLA |
     Preakas Sampunathan
PH |
| Constituency created | 2018 |
| First contested | 2018 |
| Last contested | 2023 |
| Demographics | |
| Electors (2023) | 81,946 |


title: Thornton, Lancashire

abstract: Thornton is a village in the Borough of Wyre, about 4 miles (6 km) north of Blackpool and 2 miles (3 km) south of Fleetwood. The civil parish of Thornton became an urban district in 1900, and was renamed Thornton-Cleveleys in 1927. In 2011, the Thornton built-up area sub division had a population of 18,941.

text:
# Thornton, Lancashire

**Thornton** is a village in the Borough of Wyre, about 4 miles (6 km) north of Blackpool and 2 miles (3 km) south of Fleetwood. The civil parish of Thornton became an urban district in 1900, and was renamed Thornton-Cleveleys in 1927. In 2011, the Thornton built-up area sub division had a population of 18,941.

## History

Thornton is first mentioned in 1086 in the Domesday Book, in which it was referred to as *Torentum* (a name preserved by Torentum Court on Lawsons Road). At the time, it covered a large area including what are now Cleveleys and Fleetwood, and had a very low population density. It is thought that a settlement had existed at the site since the Iron Age, and a Roman road passes close to the village. The area remained lightly populated until 1799, when the marshland around the village was drained and agricultural production began on a large scale.

Marsh Mill, a large well-preserved windmill, built in 1794, is a prominent landmark. It was commissioned by Bold Hesketh, uncle of Peter Hesketh (later Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood), who would go on to play a prominent role in the expansion of Fleetwood. Tragedy struck in May 1930, when a Miss Alice Baldwin and a Mrs Mary Jane Bailey visited the windmill with an interest in purchasing it. However, when both women stepped onto the fantail platform, the platform collapsed and the women fell to their deaths.

The opening of salt works at nearby Burn Naze by the United Alkali Company in the early 1890s (later becoming ICI, with ICI Hillhouse being formed) led to significant expansion of the village, with new houses and community buildings constructed. Thornton became an Urban District Council in 1900, surviving until 1974, when it became part of Wyre Borough Council.

A notable early building, The Illawalla, stood in the Skippool area of Thornton between 1902 and 1996.

In 2015, the complete skeleton of a pre-historic wolf, nicknamed the Thornton Wolf, was discovered in the back garden of a home in the village.

## Transport

### Rail

A railway station, Thornton for Cleveleys railway station, was opened in Thornton in 1865. It was formerly the principal intermediate stop on the Fleetwood branch of the LMS/British Rail London Midland Region railway, running from Poulton-le-Fylde, but it has been years since the station was used, with the level crossing at Station Road now fenced over; however, a decision by the Poulton & Wyre Railway Society means they will finance a feasibility study into bringing the railway back to Thornton and Fleetwood.

### Bus

Thornton Centre's stops 1 and 2 are served by three bus routes:

Blackpool Transport's route 14 serves Fleetwood Road, stopping at the Gardener's Arms.

## Amenities

Thornton's village shopping precinct opened in 1978. It was replaced by a Co-op in the early 21st century.

Thornton contains a number of schools, including Baines Endowed Primary School, Thornton Primary School, Stanah Primary School, Royles Brook Primary School, Sacred Heart Primary School and Millfield Science & Performing Arts College. The public library, situated at Four Lane Ends, was closed down in the autumn of 2016 as a result of cost-cutting measures by Lancashire County Council. This decision was hugely unpopular, and the library reopened in February 2018 after the decision was reversed.

## Sport

Thornton-Cleveleys is home to Thornton-Cleveleys R.U.F.C., who play rugby in the RFU Northern Division, North Lancs 1. Their home ground is the YMCA sports centre on Victoria Road East.

Thornton Cleveleys F.C. play in the North West Counties Football League. Their home matches are played at Gamble Road.

The town boasts two cricket clubs—Thornton-Cleveleys C.C. and Norcross C.C.—both playing in the Moore & Smalley Palace Shield competition and both having three senior sides and several junior teams in a variety of age groups.

Thornton Judo Club was established in 1974, formerly at the sports centre and now at the Scout Hall on Marsh Road. It is a member club of The British Judo Council and The British Judo Association.

## InfoBox

| Thornton | |
| --- | --- |
| Marsh Mill, on Fleetwood Road | |
| ThorntonShown within Wyre BoroughThorntonShown on the FyldeThorntonLocation within Lancashire | |
| OS grid reference | SD339421 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | THORNTON-CLEVELEYS |
| Postcode district | FY5 |
| Dialling code | 01253 |
|  | |
| Police | Lancashire |
| Fire | Lancashire |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Am I in Porn?

abstract: Am I in Porn? is a non-profit picture-based search engine built to allow people to search for and take action against online content uploaded without their permission. It aims to help victims of revenge porn to find content and take it down.

text:
# Am I in Porn?

**Am I in Porn?** is a non-profit picture-based search engine built to allow people to search for and take action against online content uploaded without their permission. It aims to help victims of revenge porn to find content and take it down.

## History

Am I in Porn? was founded by Lukas Henseleit, Jonas Schnabel and Yannick Schuchmann in 2018 after a member of their friendship group became a victim of revenge porn.

In 2020, the website became public and has helped many victims remove explicit content from pornographic sites.

## Service

Users are able to visit the website and upload a picture of themselves. In the next step, the algorithm will examine the photo and make comparisons to its database of over ten million videos. Up to 30 results links will be returned, ranked by how likely they are to have a match to the submitted image.

The service does not keep a record of the photograph and the user's identity is protected.

If any pornographic content resembling the uploaded image is located, the user will be notified and a detailed set of instructions on how to delete the offending material from the sites is provided. In addition, the user will be provided with resources for obtaining both mental health and legal assistance.

## Criticism

Erotic portals are concerned that individuals may use them to locate pornographic material for acquaintances. They believe that individuals may use third-party images to obtain information about individuals, and may potentially misuse any content discovered. The General Data Protection Regulation explicitly forbids the processing of biometric data to identify people and “the right to own the picture” specifically forbids the use of images without explicit consent from people portrayed. Stefan Brink, Baden-Wüttembergs Regional Data Protection Officer, has claimed that the website is operating illegally.

## InfoBox

Am I in Porn?
| Type of site | Search engine |
| --- | --- |
| Available in | English, French, German, Spanish, Chinese, and Portuguese |
| Founder(s) | * Lukas Henseleit * Jonas Schnabel * Yannick Schuchmann |
| URL | amiinporn.org |
| Registration | Yes |
| Launched | 2018 |


title: Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga

abstract: Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga (MK) is a Russian company responsible for the export of Russian books, periodicals, stamps and music to other countries of the world. During the Soviet era, MK had a monopoly over the export of music records.

text:
# Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga

**Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga** (**MK**) (meaning International Books) is a Russian company responsible for the export of Russian (formerly Soviet) books, periodicals, stamps and music to other countries of the world.

During the Soviet era, MK had a monopoly over the export of music records.

## History

Vladimir Lenin signed a decree on 14 June 1921 titled "Law on Acquiring and Distributing Foreign Literature", that established a Russian – German joint stock company called "Kniga" in Berlin. This company was dedicated to the import and export of books and other literature. In 1922 its Moscow branch office was established under the name "Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga" MK. On 11 April 1923, this company was converted into a "Joint Stock Corporation".


title: Motobu Airfield

abstract: Motobu Airfield is a World War II airfield on the Motobu Peninsula of Okinawa, near the East China Sea coast. The airfield was deactivated after 1945.

text:
# Motobu Airfield

**Motobu Airfield** is a World War II airfield on the Motobu Peninsula of Okinawa, near the East China Sea coast. The airfield was deactivated after 1945.

## History

The airfield was built in April 1945 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and United States Navy Seabees as a combat airfield to support the Army and Marine Corps ground forces during the Battle of Okinawa. It had a 7,000' x 100' single runway and was used as the support field for Headquarters, Fifth Air Force and its subordinate commands on Okinawa from August through October 1945 until they moved to Honshu, Japan for postwar occupation duty.

## Units assigned

.\* Assigned to nearby town of Hamasaki and used Motobu Airfield for air operations.

In addition to the Army units, several Navy aviation squadrons used the airfield. Its postwar use is undetermined. Today, parts of the runway can still be seen on aerial photography.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.

## InfoBox

| Motobu Airfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Motobu, Okinawa, Japan | |
| Aerial view of Motobu airfield, Okinawa | |
| Coordinates | 26°41′009.15″N 127°53′23.90″E / 26.6858750°N 127.8899722°E / 26.6858750; 127.8899722 |
| Type | Military airfield |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | United States Army Air Forces |
| Site history | |
| Built | April 1945 |
| In use | 1945 |


title: Niederbieber (Palaeolithic site)

abstract: The archaeological site Niederbieber is an important representative of the Federmesser culture. Dating to the end of the Pleistocene, the site is one of the most extensively excavated archaeological sites dating to the late Upper Palaeolithic. Finds and features are extraordinarily well preserved as the site was protected by fallout from the Laacher See volcanic eruption approximately 12,900 years ago. Comprehensive archaeological studies have provided a detailed view of activities and settlement dynamics of hunter-gatherer groups at the end of the ice age.

text:
# Niederbieber (Palaeolithic site)

The archaeological site **Niederbieber** is an important representative of the Federmesser culture. Dating to the end of the Pleistocene, the site is one of the most extensively excavated archaeological sites dating to the late Upper Palaeolithic. Finds and features are extraordinarily well preserved as the site was protected by fallout from the Laacher See volcanic eruption approximately 12,900 years ago. Comprehensive archaeological studies have provided a detailed view of activities and settlement dynamics of hunter-gatherer groups at the end of the ice age.

## Location

The site is located in Germany's Middle Rhine region at the north-eastern edge of the Neuwied basin within Neuwied’s district Niederbieber.

## Discovery and history of research

The site was discovered in 1980 during pumice mining conducted in the area. Volcanic pumice was deposited during a major eruption of the Laacher See volcano, which according to recent dating occurred approximately 12,900 years ago. Over the course of a few days the pumice deposits, measuring up to 40 metres in thickness near the crater, sealed-in the late glacial Allerød landscape of the Neuwied basin, thus preserving the archaeology. Evidence of the massive Laacher See volcano eruption, which most likely took place during spring/early summer, can be found the form of tephra all over northern and Central Europe and is used by geologists and archaeologists as a chronostratigraphic marker.

At Niederbieber the pumice layer measured approximately 1m in thickness under which several scatters of burned and unburned artefacts were encountered. Extensive excavations of an area almost covering 1000m2 were conducted between 1981 and 1988 and again between 1996 and 1999 by MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution of the Romano-Germanic-Centralmuseum Mainz and the State Office for Preservation of Historical Monuments Coblence.

## Dating the site

The human activities at Niederbieber have been dated by various approaches that have delivered matching results. The human occupations appear to predate the Laacher See volcanic eruption (12,900 years ago) by several years or decades.

* The finds and features lie on top of a late-glacial surface, directly underneath the pumice deposits which provide a terminus ante quem for the human activities. The archaeology must therefore predate the volcanic eruption 12,900 years ago.
* Radiocarbon dating with bone samples from areas II and III have produced (calibrated) ages of up to 13,100 years.
* The backed points from Niederbieber conform to the typologies known from the Allerød along the Middle Rhine and can thus be used as a relative-chronologic marker

## Notable finds and features

An arrow shaft smoother made of red sandstone was discovered during the excavation of area II in 1981. The object is engraved (see below) and measures 71 × 34 × 22mm. Both in terms of function and artistic expression, the arrow smoother is one of the most superb finds from Niederbieber. Arrow shaft smoothers are characteristic tool types of the Federmesser culture. They were used in pairs and also serve as indirect evidence for the increasing reliance on bow and arrow. In the case of Niederbieber, the presence of the arrow smoother indicates manufacture or repair of hunting weapons.

The unusual decoration of the arrow smoother with a stylised woman figure of the *Gönnersdorf type* is a rare example of artistic expressions dating to this period. Stylistically the engraving is a continuation of the engravings of women known from the Magdalenian site *Gönnersdorf* (located about 15 km northwest of Niederbieber) and thus serves as example for the continuation of this particular tradition in the region.

The finds from Niederbieber are on display at MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution of the Romano-Germanic-Centralmuseum Mainz in Neuwied.

## Results of archaeological analyses

The results of comprehensive studies have yielded detailed information about the life of hunter-gatherer groups at the end of the Pleistocene as well as providing information about late glacial climate and the environment.

Faunal remains, including Elk, red deer, horse, wild boar and beaver indicate a moderate, wet, atlantic climate. Botanical remains of birch, willow, populus, spruce and pinesuggest an open forest landscape.

20 discrete finds concentrations in similar stratigraphic position were recorded at Niederbieber. These concentrations are made up of lithic tools, by-products of their manufacture as well as faunal remains. Using artefact analysis and GIS analyses of the find distributions, these concentrations are currently interpreted as ephemeral working areas of late glacial hunter-gatherer groups.

All find concentrations are spatially discrete units separated from one another, with decreasing find density towards the periphery of the excavated area. Spatial analyses show the recurrence of similar arrangements of these concentrations in respect to one another. At least two opposite concentrations are separated by an artefact-poor area. These artefact-poor areas are characterised by the presence burned bone and flint. They are currently interpreted as unpreserved, ephemeral hearths. Several re-fits of stone artefacts from different concentrations show that these working areas were contemporaneous and existed next to one another.

Among the lithic artefacts backed points dominate over scrapers and burins. Backed points are interpreted as projectile points that were affixed to arrow shafts using birch tar.

The various lithic raw materials that were used for the production of stone tools were acquired locally (tertiary-aged Quartzite, Chalcedony Radiolarite) but also super-regionally, as flint from the Meuse\- and southern Ruhr regions, Claystone from the Saar-Nahe Basin and Triassic chert from Saarland-Lorraine area attests to. The acquisition of these raw materials indicates high mobility of the hunter-gatherer groups, since some of these areas are up to 150 km away.

Spatial analyses of the various artefact categories and investigations of the lithic inventory resulted in new insights about subsistence strategies of late Palaeolithic hunters. At Niederbieber preparations for the hunt were carried out. Activities included production and maintenance of weapons, but also food preparation and animal product (hides, antler and bone) processing. Most of these activities occurred in the open; however, the spatial arrangement of some of the concentrations suggests that structures (i.e. tents) may have been present.

## Context

The Middle-Rhine valley preserves a unique record of the Central European Upper Palaeolithic. As a result of favourable preservation conditions and a longstanding history of research, many archaeological sites were discovered and analysed. Only through the comparison on a local and regional scale can settlement and land-use strategies of these hunter-gatherer groups be reconstructed.

Against the background of other late Palaeolithic sites in the region (e.g. *Andernach*, *Urbar* and *Kettig*), it was possible to propose new models in regards to Federmesser culture settlement dynamics along the Middle Rhine. Alongside more ephemeral hunting camps, such as Niederbieber, there were also longer-term camps (e.g. *Kettig*). The differences in the distribution of lithic artefacts, relative proportion of specific tool types, as well as the presence of burst quartzite boulders (pot boilers) indicates longer-term occupations and different activity spectra.

## Further reading

BAALES, M. 2002. *Der spätpaläolithische Fundplatz Kettig. Untersuchungen zur Siedlungsarchäologie der Federmesser-Gruppen am Mittelrhein*. Monographie des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz **51** (Mainz 2002).

BAALES, M. 2005: Archäologie des Eiszeitalters – Frühe Menschen an Mittelrhein und Mosel. *Archäologie an Mittelrhein und Mosel* 16 (Koblenz 2005).

BAALES, M., O. JÖRIS, M. STREET, F. BITTMANN, B. WENIGER and J. WIETHOLD. 2002. Impact of the Late Glacial Eruption of the Laacher See Volcano, Central Rhineland, Germany. *Quaternary Research* **58**, pp. 273–288.

BOLUS, M. 1992. *Die Siedlungsbefunde des späteiszeitlichen Fundplatzes Niederbieber (Stadt Neuwied)*. Monographie des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 22.

GELHAUSEN, F. 2007. *Verteilungsmuster ausgewählter Fundkonzentrationen des allerødzeitlichen Fundplatzes Niederbieber, Stadt Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz) – Grabungen 1996–1999*. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 54, pp. 1–23.

GELHAUSEN, F. 2009. *Die Fundkonzentrationen der Fläche II des allerødzeitlichen Fundplatzes Niederbieber, Stadt Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz)*. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 56, pp. 1–38.

GELHAUSEN, F. 2011a. *Siedlungsmuster allerødzeitlicher Federmesser-Gruppen in Niederbieber, Stadt Neuwied. Monographie des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz* 90 (Mainz 2011).

GELHAUSEN, F. 2011b. Subsistence strategies and Settlement systems at the Federmesser-Gruppen Site of Niederbieber (Central Rhineland, Germany). In: S. GAUDZINSKI-WINDHEUSER, O. JÖRIS, M. SENSBURG, M. STREET and E. TURNER (eds.). *Site-internal spatial organization of hunter-gatherer societies: case studies from the European Palaeolithic and Mesolithic*. Papers submitted at the session (C58) "Come in and find out: opening a new door into the analysis of hunter-gatherer social organisation and behaviour". 15th U.I.S.P.P. conference in Lisbon, Portugal, September 2006. Mainz, Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz.

## InfoBox

Niederbieber
| Shown within Germany | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Neuwied, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany |
| Region | Middle Rhine |
| Coordinates | 50°25′43″N 7°27′41″E / 50.42861°N 7.46139°E / 50.42861; 7.46139 |
| History | |
| Periods | Upper Paleolithic |
| Cultures | Federmesser culture |


title: Gustav Eisen

abstract: Gustavus Augustus Eisen was a Swedish-American polymath. He became a member of California Academy of Sciences in 1874 and a Life Member in 1883. In 1893, he became the 'Curator of Archaeology, Ethnology, and Lower Animals' at the academy. He later changed titles to 'Curator of Marine Invertebrates'. In 1938, he was appointed as an 'Honorary Member', which is considered the highest honor from the academy.

text:
# Gustav Eisen

**Gustavus Augustus Eisen** (August 2, 1847 − October 29, 1940) was a Swedish-American polymath. He became a member of California Academy of Sciences in 1874 and a Life Member in 1883. In 1893, he became the 'Curator of Archaeology, Ethnology, and Lower Animals' at the academy. He later changed titles to 'Curator of Marine Invertebrates'. In 1938, he was appointed as an 'Honorary Member', which is considered the highest honor from the academy.

## Biography

Eisen was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on August 2, 1847. He attended school at Visby and later graduated from the University of Uppsala in 1873. He came to California that same year to participate in a biotic survey sponsored by the Swedish Academy of Sciences. He decided to make California his home and joined the California Academy of Sciences the following year.

He was known to have diverse interests, including "art and art history, archeology and anthropology, agronomy and horticulture, history of science, geography and cartography, cytology, and protozoology, as well as marine invertebrate zoology"

A 2012 article in the San Francisco Chronicle describes him as, "One of those 19th century polymaths, Eisen also studied malaria-vector mosquitoes, founded a vineyard in Fresno, introduced avocados and Smyrna figs to California, campaigned to save the giant sequoias, and wrote a multivolume book about the Holy Grail."

He is perhaps best known for his studies of oligochete worms and many species were named after him including those in the genus *Eisenia*. In addition, he is considered to have been responsible for the introduction of the avocado and the smyrna fig to California and he wrote a detailed history of figs.

He was a correspondent of Charles Darwin and his work was referenced twice by Darwin in *The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms*.

Mt. Eisen, in the Sierra Nevada in California, was named after him.

## World renown

Eisen's opinions were sought on the practicalities of new horticulture crops in Australia. His advice was valued in fig cultivation and in processing grapes into raisins.

## Organisms named after him

Earthworms

Brown algae

Vascular Plants

Mosquitoes

Ant

Bee

Grasshopper

Copepods

Zygoptera

Tipulidae

Diptera

Spider

Snake

Fish

## Publications

* Eisen, G.A. 1888. On the anatomy of Sutroa rostrata, a new annelid of the sub-family Lumbriculina. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 2(1):1–9.
* Eisen, G.A. 1890. The raisin industry. A practical treatise on the raisin grapes, their history, culture and curing. Available online at https://archive.org/details/raisinindustrypr00eise.
* Eisen, G.A. 1893. Anatomical studies on new species of Ocnerodrilus. Proceedings of the California Academy
* of Sciences, ser. 2, 3:228–290.
* Eisen, G.A. 1894. On California Eudrilidae. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 2(3):21–62.
* Eisen, G.A. 1895. Pacific Coast Oligochaeta I. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 2(4):63–122.
* Eisen, G.A. 1896. Pacific Coast Oligochaeta II. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 2(5):123–200.
* Eisen, G.A. 1897. Plasmocytes; the survival of the centrosomes and archoplasm of the nucleated erythrocytes, as free and independent elements in the blood of Batrachoseps attenuatus Esch. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 3, Zoology, 1(1):1–72.
* Eisen, G.A. 1897. Explorations in the Cape Region of Baja California. Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol. 29, No. 3 (1897), pp. 271–280.
* Eisen, G.A. 1899. Notes on North-American earthworms of the genus Diplocardia. Zoological Bulletin Vol. 2, No. 4, Feb., 1899 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1535422
* Eisen, G.A. 1900. Researches in American Oligochaeta, with especial reference to those of the Pacific coast and adjacent islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 3, Zoology, 2(2):85–276.
* Eisen, G.A. 1900. Explorations in the Cape Region of Baja California. Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/197262
* Eisen, G.A. 1900. The Spermatogenesis of Batrachoseps. Polymorphous spermatogonia, auxocytes, and spermatocytes. Journal of Morphology. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1050170102.
* Eisen, G. A. 1901. The fig: its history, culture, and curing, with a descriptive catalogue of the known varieties of figs. Available online here: https://archive.org/details/figitshistorycul00eise.
* Eisen, G.A. 1903. The earthquake and volcanic eruption in Guatemala in 1902. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/197952.

## Further reading

* Radcliffe, Jane; Fidler, Christina V. "Gustav Eisen (1847-1947) Biographical Sketch" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences.
* Shields, Allan (2006). "Gustav Eisen, Wilderness Steward: An Appraisal". *Wayward Tendrils Quarterly*. **16** (1).
* Shields, Allan (2010). "Gustav Eisen: A Man of Many Achievements". *Wayward Tendrils Quarterly*. **20** (1, Supplement).

## InfoBox

| Gustav Eisen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1847-08-02)August 2, 1847<br>Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 1940 |
| Alma mater | University of Uppsala |
| Known for | Studies of worms; Cultivation of raisins and figs |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Zoology Horticulture |
| Institutions | California Academy of Sciences |
|  | |