title: Party Girl (1930 film)

abstract: Party Girl is a 1930 American pre-Code crime film directed by Victor Halperin and starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Jeanette Loff, and Marie Prevost. It is also known by the alternative title of Dangerous Business, the title of the novel on which it is based. It follows a New York businessman who inadvertently becomes involved in the criminal activities of a covert escort agency. The film holds the record for the longest transfer from banned status to original release in United Kingdom history, having been rejected for cinema release in 1930, and remaining unreleased there until 2003.

text:
# Party Girl (1930 film)

***Party Girl*** is a 1930 American pre-Code crime film directed by Victor Halperin and starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Jeanette Loff, and Marie Prevost. It is also known by the alternative title of ***Dangerous Business***, the title of the novel on which it is based. It follows a New York businessman who inadvertently becomes involved in the criminal activities of a covert escort agency.

The film holds the record for the longest transfer from banned status to original release in United Kingdom history, having been rejected for cinema release in 1930, and remaining unreleased there until 2003.

## Plot

Maude Lindsay operates the Lindsay Social Bureau, which is a covert front for a "party girl" escort agency that caters to high-class playboys attempting to close business deals. Jay Rountree, the son of a bottle manufacturer, is engaged to marry his secretary, Ellen Powell, a former party girl, whose roommate, Diana Hoster, secretly works as a party girl.

Around Christmas time, Jay and his friends crash one of the girls' parties, where he meets Leeda Cather, the daughter of a formerly-prominent New York family who has gone destitute. A drunken Jay spends the night with Leeda, awaking in her room the next morning, where she exclaims that he "ruined her" the previous night. When Leeda's "mother" confronts the two in bed, Leeda claims she eloped with Jay the night before, a story which he goes along with. Leeda then suggests to Jay that the two marry that afternoon.

When news of their elopement makes the papers, Leeda calls her ex-fiancé Paul Newcast, a businessman who was hesitant to marry her. Happy to be free of the obligation, he gives Jay's father a business contract, as well as sending Leeda $5,000. Jay overhears the conversation and confronts her, but she insists the marriage benefits him and his father's business. At a Christmas Eve dinner at his family's home, Jay tells his father about Leeda's deception, after which she states she pressured Paul into signing the contract, and threatens to implicate Jay and his father in a public scandal.

Meanwhile, Ellen learns of Jay and Leeda's relationship, and is persuaded to attend one of Maude's parties. Police subsequently arrive at Leeda's apartment to investigate the party girl racket, and make a deal with her if she cooperates with the investigation. Leeda attempts to flee via a fire escape, and falls several stories. Jay arrives just before Leeda dies, and she remorsefully instructs him to save Ellen from the party being raided by police. Jay manages to arrive at the party just before the police and explains to them that he and Ellen are not involved in the party girl racket. Maude attempts to convince the police that Ellen is in fact a party girl, but her secretary, Miss Manning, attests that Ellen has never worked for her. After the police depart, Jay proposes to Ellen and she accepts.

## Cast

## Production

During the production of the film, actor Paul Bern dated Loff, Barrie, and Prevost, the film's three principal female stars.

## Release

*Party Girl* premiered in New York City on New Year's Day 1930, expanding on January 25. Due to its themes surrounding sexuality, the film was banned in some U.S. cities, such as Birmingham, Alabama.

### Home media

Alpha Video released *Party Girl* on DVD on April 25, 2006.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Party Girl | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of sheet music for "Oh! How I Adore You" from *Party Girl* | |
| Directed by | Victor Halperin |
| Written by | George Draney
Victor Halperin
Monte M. Katterjohn |
| Based on | *Dangerous Business*
1927 novel
by Edwin Balmer |
| Produced by | Victor Halperin |
| Starring | Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
Jeanette Loff
Marie Prevost |
| Cinematography | Henry Cronjager
Robert Newhard |
| Edited by | Russell F. Schoengarth |
| Music by | Harry Stoddard |
| Production
company | Victory Pictures |
| Distributed by | Tiffany Pictures |
| Release date | * January 1, 1930 (1930-01-01) (New York City) |
| Running time | 67 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: The 10th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 2006, were given on 19 December 2006.

text:
# Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2006

**10th TFCA Awards**

December 19, 2006

---

Best Film:
**The Queen**

The **10th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards**, honoring the best in film for 2006, were given on 19 December 2006.

## Winners

Runners-Up: Ryan Gosling*Half Nelson* and Forest Whitaker*The Last King of Scotland*

Runners-Up: Penélope Cruz*Volver* and Judi Dench*Notes on a Scandal*

Runners-Up: *Over the Hedge* and *A Scanner Darkly*

Runners-Up: *The Journals of Knud Rasmussen*, *Monkey Warfare* and *Six Figures*

Runners-Up: Paul Greengrass*United 93* and Martin Scorsese*The Departed*

Runners-Up: *Deliver Us from Evil* and *An Inconvenient Truth*

Runners-Up: *The Departed* and *United 93*

Runners-Up: *Brick* and *Little Miss Sunshine*

Runners-Up: *Pan's Labyrinth*Mexico/Spain and *Volver*Spain

Runners-Up: *Babel*Guillermo Arriaga and *The Departed*William Monahan

Runners-Up: Danny Huston*The Proposition* and Mark Wahlberg*The Departed*

Runners-Up: Jennifer Hudson*Dreamgirls* and Rinko Kikuchi*Babel*


title: Newman Flower

abstract: Sir Walter Newman Flower was an English publisher and author. He transformed the fortunes of the publishing house Cassell & Co, and later became its proprietor. As an author, he published studies of the composers George Frideric Handel, Franz Schubert and Arthur Sullivan. He also edited the million-word journals of Arnold Bennett for publication.

text:
# Newman Flower

**Sir Walter Newman Flower** (8 July 1879 – 12 March 1964) was an English publisher and author. He transformed the fortunes of the publishing house Cassell & Co, and later became its proprietor. As an author, he published studies of the composers George Frideric Handel, Franz Schubert and (as co-author) Arthur Sullivan. He also edited the million-word journals of Arnold Bennett for publication.

## Life and career

Flower was born at Fontmell Magna, Dorset, England. He was the eldest son of John Walter Flower. After schooling at the Whitgift School he entered the publishing trade in London at the age of 17.

### Publishing

Flower trained under Lord Northcliffe at the Harmsworth Press, after which he joined Cassell & Co in 1906. Cassell was at that time in the doldrums, but Flower built up a stable of magazine titles that grew to dominate the British magazine market for many years. In 1912 he was given charge of the book publishing branch of the company, where he brought in such authors as Arnold Bennett, G. K. Chesterton and H. G. Wells.

In 1926, Cassell's magazines were sold to the Amalgamated Press, and Flower raised enough money to buy the book-publishing branch of the company, becoming proprietor and managing director in 1927. In 1938, shortly after receiving a knighthood for services to literature, he retired, but returned during World War II to look after the literary affairs of the company while his successor, his son Desmond, was on active service. Flower commissioned Winston Churchill's *A History of the English-Speaking Peoples*, which was eventually completed and published during the 1950s. During the war years, Churchill promised Flower that Cassell would be offered anything he later wrote about the war. *The Times* described the result, Churchill's *The Second World War*, as "perhaps the greatest coup of twentieth century publishing."

### Writing

Flower was also an author. His life of George Frideric Handel was published in 1923 and reissued in a revised edition in 1959. The book was well received, but later writers on Handel have disputed Flower's portrait of Handel as "sexless and safe".

In 1927, Flower collaborated with Herbert Sullivan in a biography of the latter's uncle, *Sir Arthur Sullivan, his Life and Letters*. This too was well received at the time but also suffered later from critical disapproval for sanitising its subject by suppressing evidence of Sullivan's gambling and sexual liaisons. In 1928 Flower published a study of Franz Schubert, and in 1945 and 1950 he published two volumes of memoirs. His largest literary project was to prepare the journals of Arnold Bennett for publication – more than a million words in manuscript to be edited. Rupert Hart-Davis later commented on "the prudish timidity of their editor, old Newman Flower. According to Hugh Walpole, N. F. was so appalled by much of what he found in the journals that he published only brief extracts, and those the safest."

### Personal life

Flower was twice married, first in 1903 to Evelyne Readwin of Wells, Norfolk, with whom he had one son, and second in 1943 to Bridget Downes of Coore, County Clare, Ireland. He died at his home, Tarrant Keynston House, near Blandford, Dorset, aged 84.

* Flower, Newman: *Through My Garden Gate*, Cassell, London, 1945
* Flower, Newman: *Just as it Happened*, Cassell, London, 1950
* Hart-Davis, Rupert (ed): *The Lyttelton/Hart-Davis Letters* Vol 2 John Murray, London, 1979 ISBN 0-7195-3673-1


title: Hey Loretta

abstract: "Hey Loretta" is a single by American country music artist Loretta Lynn. Released in October 1973, it was the second single from her album Love Is the Foundation. The song peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. It also reached number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.

text:
# Hey Loretta

"**Hey Loretta**" is a single by American country music artist Loretta Lynn. Released in October 1973, it was the second single from her album *Love Is the Foundation*. The song peaked at number 3 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles chart. It also reached number 1 on the *RPM* Country Tracks chart in Canada.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1973–1974) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles | 3 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 1 |

## InfoBox

| "Hey Loretta" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Loretta Lynn | |
| from the album  *Love Is the Foundation* | |
| B-side | "Turn Me Anyway but Loose" |
| Released | October 1973 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:48 |
| Label | MCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Shel Silverstein |
| Producer(s) | Owen Bradley |
| Loretta Lynn singles chronology | |
| "Love Is the Foundation"
(1973) "**Hey Loretta**"
(1973) "They Don't Make 'em Like My Daddy"
(1974) | |


abstract: The President's Medal for Shooting was a medal awarded in the Republic of Rhodesia to the Champion shot of the Rhodesian Security Forces.

text:
# President's Medal for Shooting (Rhodesia)

The **President's Medal for Shooting** was a medal awarded in the Republic of Rhodesia to the Champion shot of the Rhodesian Security Forces.

## History

A total of 8 medals were won by personnel of the Rhodesian Security Forces, including Inspector D. Toddun, Station Sergeant G. James, and Field Reservist W. Tarr who was awarded a bar for a subsequent award.

The official abbreviation of the medal was *Pres MS*, which was also its postnominal letters.

## Description

A silver, 36mm circular medal, the obverse of the medal depicts a kneeling pioneer rifleman, with the words "The President's Medal". The obverse of the medal depicts .303 and FN rifles crossed over each other and a pioneer-era bandolier, encircled with the words "Champion Shot in the Rhodesian Security Forces". The ribbon also is given a clasp denoting the year the medal was awarded. A silver clasp was also awarded for subsequent awards.

The ribbon consists of three equal vertical stripes of maroon, green, and blue .

## InfoBox

| President’s Medal for Shooting | |
| --- | --- |
| Ribbon of the President’s Medal for Shooting | |
| Awarded for | the Champion shot of the Rhodesian Security Forces |
| Country |  |
| Presented by | President of Rhodesia |
| Post-nominals | Pres MS |
| Clasps | A silver clasp was also awarded for subsequent awards |
| Total | 8 awarded |


title: Rex Collinge

abstract: Rex Alan Collinge is an English former first-class cricketer and Royal Air Force officer. Collinge served in the Royal Air Force from 1954 to 1985, rising to the rank of wing commander and being made an MBE in the 1979 Birthday Honours. He also played first-class cricket for the Combined Services cricket team.

text:
# Rex Collinge

**Rex Alan Collinge** MBE (born 23 April 1935) is an English former first-class cricketer and Royal Air Force officer. Collinge served in the Royal Air Force from 1954 to 1985, rising to the rank of wing commander and being made an MBE in the 1979 Birthday Honours. He also played first-class cricket for the Combined Services cricket team.

## Life and career

Collinge was born at Nottingham. He was educated at Bedford School, where he played for the school cricket team in 1951–52. His batting was described in 1951 as showing "much promise". After completing his education, Collinge carried out his National Service in the Royal Air Force, with him being commissioned as a pilot officer in 1954. He relinquished his commission on the National Service List when he was appointed to a short service commission in September 1955.

He debuted in minor counties cricket for Suffolk in 1955, an association he would maintain until 1962, having made twelve appearances in the Minor Counties Championship. He was promoted to the rank of flying officer in June 1956, with promotion to flight lieutenant coming in April 1960. He made his debut in first-class cricket for the Combined Services cricket team against Cambridge University at Fenner's in 1962, taking a five wicket haul on debut when he took 6 for 52 in the Cambridge first-innings. He made a further first-class appearance for the Combined Services in 1962, against Ireland at Belfast. He scored a total of 101 runs in these matches, with a high score of 41, while with the ball he took 11 wickets at an average of 16.90.

He was promoted to the rank of squadron leader in July 1969. He was mentioned in dispatches in December 1973 for his service in Northern Ireland. He was made an MBE in the 1979 Birthday Honours. He was promoted to the rank of wing commander the following month. Collinge retired from active service at his own request in July 1985.

## InfoBox

Rex Collinge
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Rex Alan Collinge |
| Born | (1935-04-23) 23 April 1935<br>Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1955–1962 | Suffolk |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 101  Batting average 25.25  100s/50s –/–  Top score 41  Balls bowled 419  Wickets 11  Bowling average 16.90  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match   Best bowling 6/52  Catches/stumpings 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 8 March 2019 | |


title: Vaccinium meridionale

abstract: Vaccinium meridionale, agraz or Andean blueberry, is a species in the section Pyxothamnus of the genus Vaccinium, in the heath and heather family. It is found in the mountains of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela and may have been introduced to Jamaica. Like so‑called wild blueberries in North America, it is artisanally tended in a manner that differs little from wild growing conditions, with few inputs. Its fruit is gathered in the wild and widely sold in local health food markets and grocery stores.

text:
# Vaccinium meridionale

***Vaccinium meridionale***, **agraz** or **Andean blueberry**, is a species in the section *Pyxothamnus* of the genus *Vaccinium*, in the heath and heather family. It is found in the mountains of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela and may have been introduced to Jamaica. Like socalled wild blueberries in North America, it is artisanally tended in a manner that differs little from wild growing conditions, with few inputs. Its fruit is gathered in the wild and widely sold in local health food markets and grocery stores.

## Description

It is a shrub which measures from 1.5 m to 7 m in height. The leaves are simple, alternate, elliptical to oval in shape, coriaceous (leathery), with a sharp, slight apiculate apex, cuneate base and a crenate margin. The flowers are tetramerous, or sometimes pentamerous, with a white corolla, possibly marked with pink or red. The inflorescence is racemic, producing 10 to 15 flowers per raceme. The fruits are round, approximately 1.2 cm in diameter, green during growth and dark red (giving the appearance of black or violet) upon reaching maturity, with an acid taste.

## Planting and genetics

It is planted in plots at distances of 3x2 meters, without modifying its habitat since it is a wild species. The best propagation is obtained with seedlings with root buds from old lianas. As natural habitats disappear, there is a growing trend of cultivating wild vegetal species in seed banks.

When propagation is done using seeds, the seedlings can be transplanted after a year and a half; when stakes are used, the transplanting can be done at six months by the rooting of branches, or layering. The productive life of the plants can extend to up to eight decades, with two fruit harvests per year.

The successful conservation of the Agraz requires familiarity with its reproductive biology. This is a clonal plant that produces genetically identical individuals through vegetative reproduction, whose genetic structure is complex, with a mix of plants that arise from sexual and asexual reproduction; it is therefore advisable, in addition to field collection, to keep the seeds of a few plants, for a greater representation of genetic variability. Cytology is 2n = 48.

## Cultivation in Colombia

In Colombia, the presence of this plant has been recorded between altitudes of 2,200 and 3,400 meters above sea level, and it is the only tropical country that proffers two annual harvests of this fruit. A group of researchers from the UN in Medellin chose as field work crops present in the municipalities of Guachetá in Cundinamarca; California in Santander; and La Ceja, Santa Rosa de Osos and Entrerríos in northern Antioquia. This study determined that these red berries, which are often consumed in processed form, undergo changes during their stages of maturation that affect their antioxidant levels.

## InfoBox

| *Vaccinium meridionale* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | *Vaccinium* |
| Species: | ***V. meridionale*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vaccinium meridionale***
Sw. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Metagonia meridionalis* (Sw.) Nutt. * *Vaccinium caracasanum* Kunth | |


title: Vodule

abstract: Vodule is a settlement in the Municipality of Šentjur in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills just east of Dramlje. The settlement, and the entire municipality, are included in the Savinja Statistical Region, which is in the Slovenian portion of the historical Duchy of Styria.

text:
# Vodule

**Vodule** (pronounced \[ˈʋoːdulɛ\]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Šentjur in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills just east of Dramlje. The settlement, and the entire municipality, are included in the Savinja Statistical Region, which is in the Slovenian portion of the historical Duchy of Styria.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from *Sveta Uršula* (literally, 'Saint Ursula') to *Vodule* in 1955. The name was changed on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms. Before *Vodule* became the name of the entire settlement, the name used to refer to one of the hamlets in the settlement.\<

## Church

The local church is dedicated to Saint Ursula and belongs to the Parish of Dramlje. It dates to between 1650 and 1660.

## Notable people

Notable people that were born or lived in Vodule include:

## InfoBox

| Vodule Sveta Uršula (until 1955) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| VoduleLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°16′45.91″N 15°24′53.48″E / 46.2794194°N 15.4148556°E / 46.2794194; 15.4148556 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Savinja |
| Municipality | Šentjur |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.39 km2 (0.54 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400.7 m (1,314.6 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 116 |
| Density | 83/km2 (220/sq mi) |
|  | |


abstract: "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences" is a 1960 article written by the physicist Eugene Wigner, published in Communication in Pure and Applied Mathematics. In it, Wigner observes that a theoretical physics's mathematical structure often points the way to further advances in that theory and to empirical predictions. Mathematical theories often have predictive power in describing nature.

text:
# The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences

"**The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences**" is a 1960 article written by the physicist Eugene Wigner, published in *Communication in Pure and Applied Mathematics*. In it, Wigner observes that a theoretical physics's mathematical structure often points the way to further advances in that theory and to empirical predictions. Mathematical theories often have predictive power in describing nature.

## Observations and arguments

Wigner argues that mathematical concepts have applicability far beyond the context in which they were originally developed. He writes: "It is important to point out that the mathematical formulation of the physicist's often crude experience leads in an uncanny number of cases to an amazingly accurate description of a large class of phenomena." He adds that the observation "the laws of nature are written in the language of mathematics," properly made by Galileo three hundred years ago, "is now truer than ever before."

Wigner's first example is the law of gravitation formulated by Isaac Newton. Originally used to model freely falling bodies on the surface of the Earth, this law was extended based on what Wigner terms "very scanty observations" to describe the motion of the planets, where it "has proved accurate beyond all reasonable expectations." Wigner says that "Newton ... noted that the parabola of the thrown rock's path on the earth and the circle of the moon's path in the sky are particular cases of the same mathematical object of an ellipse, and postulated the universal law of gravitation on the basis of a single, and at that time very approximate, numerical coincidence."

Wigner's second example comes from quantum mechanics: Max Born "noticed that some rules of computation, given by Heisenberg, were formally identical with the rules of computation with matrices, established a long time before by mathematicians. Born, Jordan, and Heisenberg then proposed to replace by matrices the position and momentum variables of the equations of classical mechanics. They applied the rules of matrix mechanics to a few highly idealized problems and the results were quite satisfactory. However, there was, at that time, no rational evidence that their matrix mechanics would prove correct under more realistic conditions." But Wolfgang Pauli found their work accurately described the hydrogen atom: "This application gave results in agreement with experience." The helium atom, with two electrons, is more complex, but "nevertheless, the calculation of the lowest energy level of helium, as carried out a few months ago by Kinoshita at Cornell and by Bazley at the Bureau of Standards, agrees with the experimental data within the accuracy of the observations, which is one part in ten million. Surely in this case we 'got something out' of the equations that we did not put in." The same is true of the atomic spectra of heavier elements.

Wigner's last example comes from quantum electrodynamics: "Whereas Newton's theory of gravitation still had obvious connections with experience, experience entered the formulation of matrix mechanics only in the refined or sublimated form of Heisenberg's prescriptions. The quantum theory of the Lamb shift, as conceived by Bethe and established by Schwinger, is a purely mathematical theory and the only direct contribution of experiment was to show the existence of a measurable effect. The agreement with calculation is better than one part in a thousand."

There are examples beyond the ones mentioned by Wigner. Another often cited example is Maxwell's equations, derived to model the elementary electrical and magnetic phenomena known in the mid-19th century. The equations also describe radio waves, discovered by David Edward Hughes in 1879, around the time of James Clerk Maxwell's death.

## Responses

Amongst the responses the thesis received include:

* Richard Hamming in computer science, "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics".
* Arthur Lesk in molecular biology, "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in Molecular Biology".
* Peter Norvig in artificial intelligence, "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data"
* Max Tegmark in physics, "The Mathematical Universe".
* Ivor Grattan-Guinness in mathematics, "Solving Wigner's mystery: The reasonable (though perhaps limited) effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences".
* Vela Velupillai in economics, "The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of Mathematics in Economics".

### Richard Hamming

Mathematician and Turing Award laureate Richard Hamming reflected on and extended Wigner's *Unreasonable Effectiveness* in 1980, discussing four "partial explanations" for it, and concluding that they were unsatisfactory. They were:

1. *Humans see what they look for*. The belief that science is experimentally grounded is only partially true. Hamming gives four examples of nontrivial physical phenomena he believes arose from the mathematical tools employed and not from the intrinsic properties of physical reality.

* Hamming proposes that Galileo discovered the law of falling bodies not by experimenting, but by simple, though careful, thinking. Hamming imagines Galileo as having engaged in the following thought experiment (the experiment, which Hamming calls "scholastic reasoning", is described in Galileo's book *On Motion*.):

> Suppose that a falling body broke into two pieces. Of course, the two pieces would immediately slow down to their appropriate speeds. But suppose further that one piece happened to touch the other one. Would they now be one piece and both speed up? Suppose I tie the two pieces together. How tightly must I do it to make them one piece? A light string? A rope? Glue? When are two pieces one?

There is simply no way a falling body can "answer" such hypothetical "questions." Hence Galileo would have concluded that "falling bodies need not know anything if they all fall with the same velocity, unless interfered with by another force." After coming up with this argument, Hamming found a related discussion in Pólya (1963: 83-85). Hamming's account does not reveal an awareness of the 20th-century scholarly debate over just what Galileo did.

2. *Humans create and select the mathematics that fit a situation*. The mathematics at hand does not always work. For example, when mere scalars proved awkward for understanding forces, first vectors, then tensors, were invented.

3. *Mathematics addresses only a part of human experience*. Much of human experience does not fall under science or mathematics but under the philosophy of value, including ethics, aesthetics, and political philosophy. To assert that the world can be explained via mathematics amounts to an act of faith.

4. *Evolution has primed humans to think mathematically*. The earliest lifeforms must have contained the seeds of the human ability to create and follow long chains of close reasoning.

### Max Tegmark

Physicist Max Tegmark argued that the effectiveness of mathematics in describing external physical reality is because the physical world is an abstract mathematical structure. This theory, referred to as the mathematical universe hypothesis, mirrors ideas previously advanced by Peter Atkins. However, Tegmark explicitly states that "the true mathematical structure isomorphic to our world, if it exists, has not yet been found." Rather, mathematical theories in physics are successful because they approximate more complex and predictive mathematics. According to Tegmark, "Our successful theories are not mathematics approximating physics, but simple mathematics approximating more complex mathematics."

### Ivor Grattan-Guinness

Ivor Grattan-Guinness found the effectiveness in question eminently reasonable and explicable in terms of concepts such as analogy, generalization, and metaphor. He emphasizes that Wigner largely ignores "the effectiveness of the natural sciences in mathematics, in that much mathematics has been motivated by interpretations in the sciences".

### Michael Atiyah

The tables were turned by Michael Atiyah with his essay "The unreasonable effectiveness of physics in mathematics." He argued that the toolbox of physics enables a practitioner like Edward Witten to go beyond standard mathematics, in particular the geometry of 4-manifolds. The tools of a physicist are cited as quantum field theory, special relativity, non-abelian gauge theory, spin, chirality, supersymmetry, and the electromagnetic duality.

## Further reading


title: Haysfield Airport

abstract: Haysfield Airport - MD24 was an airport located in Howard County, Maryland.

text:
# Haysfield Airport

**Haysfield Airport - MD24** was an airport located in Howard County, Maryland.

## History

Haysfield Airport started operations in 1974. The airport was founded by Alfred Bassler. Bassler's father owned a large strategic parcel and airfield where Howard Research Associates intended to build the development of Columbia, Maryland. Bassler exchanged land to avoid capital gains for a 504-acre Hayland farm in nearby Clarksville, Maryland where he established Haysfield Airport and a tree nursery. At its peak the airfield hosted 50 aircraft onsite. The airfield faced regular zoning battles throughout its history. There were efforts to convert the airport to public use, but the NSA and Maryland Aviation Administration opposed the plan.

After the September 11th attacks, a series of highly restrictive airspace changes now called the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area Special Flight Rules Area overlapped the field slowing business. In 2013, the airfield was closed by the Bassler family corporation in a 5 to 3 vote in order to create the 159 unit Walnut Creek housing development.

## InfoBox

| Haysfield Airport<br>Haysfield | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Owner | Alfred Bassler |
| Operator | Alfred Bassler |
| Serves | Clarksville, Maryland |
| Location | Clarksville, Maryland |
| Opened | 1974 |
| Closed | 2012 |
| Occupants | 27 |
| Elevation AMSL | 128 m / 420 ft |
| Coordinates | 39°14′N 76°56′W / 39.233°N 76.933°W / 39.233; -76.933 |
| Map | |
| **MD24**Location of airport in Maryland | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  13/31 732 2,400 Grass | |


title: Jairos Jiri

abstract: Jairos Jiri MBE was born in the district of Bikita, then Southern Rhodesia now Zimbabwe. He was also known respectfully as Baba, which means Father in his Shona culture.

text:
# Jairos Jiri

**Jairos Jiri** MBE (26 June 1921 – 12 November 1982) was born in the district of Bikita, then Southern Rhodesia now Zimbabwe. He was also known respectfully as *Baba*, which means Father in his Shona culture.

## History

Baba Jiri was born in 1926. In the early days of his childhood, he had a dream of helping disabled people. These dreams were motivated by his family background. His father, Chief Mutenyami Jiri was an Appointer of Rozvi Chiefs. The Rozvi Empire ruled the Shona Dzimbabwe (now Zimbabwe) until the death of the last Shona King Tohwechipi Chibhamubhamu in Uhera (now Buhera) in 1873. He is buried in the Mavangwe Hills and his grave is a national monument. As Royal people, people like Chief Mutenyami would not only appoint chiefs but provide social services in the community like feeding the hungry. His mother, Mai Marufu came from a royal family too and was charitable as was expected of her role. Mai Marufu was the daughter of the sub-chief Mazimba of Gutu. As expected of Royal Rozvi, Baba Jiri's family was a spiritual and valued family and community. They prayed to Mwari (God) and respected their elders. Jairos grew up herding cattle and learning to write in the sand with sticks or his fingers or on rocks with charcoal. His community was poor and overcrowded after people were moved by white settlers from good land a few decades before he was born. His family and many others in Bikita Reserve struggled to take care of themselves as they did not have good and large enough land to farm.

No doubt this background influenced Jairos's view of life when he saw destitute people on the streets of Masvingo (then Fort Victoria) where he worked briefly and in Bulawayo where he arrived on foot from Masvingo in 1939 with his brother Mazviyo Jiri. It was in Bulawayo where he came across more destitute people. Some of the people he saw were half-naked, blind, or disabled, and they were begging. This situation was very different from life in his village were any people needing this kind of help were assisted not to live a harsh kind of life. He was motivated to help, but he was only a gardener working for white families and at times a newspaper vendor or deliverer who used an employer's bicycle. He helped in small ways nevertheless.

Around the 1940s, he joined the Rhodesian Africa Rifles as a dishwasher. This was during World War II. The facility where he worked rehabilitated soldiers injured in war. He observed rehabilitation workers, and doctors and this left him with ideas about rehabilitation. This experience shaped his rehabilitation model. One day, it is reported that he used his worker's bicycle to carry a disabled young man to Old Memorial Hospital, persuaded the hospital to do corrective surgery which he paid for from his meager earnings. He did not stop there but took beggars who were blind from the streets of Bulawayo to his lodgings.

He created backyard facilities in the 1940s for disadvantaged and disabled people in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe. His inspiration came from unhu (also known as Ubuntu) values of helping, giving, friendship, being good in the community, and working and doing work that please Mwari (God). He was probably also motivated by Christian principles of charity, patience, and non-judgmental tolerance that he gained from Gokomere Mission School where he attended school for a few days before falling sick and returning home.

The experience led him to register the first disability organisation by a black person in Zimbabwe. The organisation was registered as Bulawayo and Bikita Physically Defective Society, but later changed to Jairos Jiri Association for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled and the Blind. Initial attempts to register were dismissed by the colonial administrators who thought his ideas were wild. He had to overcome numerous bureaucratic hurdles as a black person registering a first charity organization in colonial Rhodesia. The Jairos Jiri Association was founded in Bulawayo in 1950. The first committee was made up of Stephen Kwenda (Secretary), Fabian Dururu (Treasurer), and members Job Mapfinya and Jacob Mufute. After hard years of setting up a new organisation, in 1950 the first skills training workshop was held with the support of Bulawayo City Council. In 1959, he opened a training center in Nguboyenja. This was followed by a tour of rehabilitation facilities in the United States and Europe supported by donors. He expanded his work to Harare (then Salisbury) after getting land from Salisbury City Council.

The art center outlet for the association quickly achieved prominence and by the 1960s was a prime source of curios for tourists. These items were made by disabled people and included tiles and tiled tables and wall plaques, carvings, pottery, painted artworks, and sculptures. His rehabilitation center in Bulawayo also fostered music and dance resulting in bands like the Jairos Jiri band popularised by Paul Matavire who was blind. By 1974 the centers had expanded and diversified to include homes for the disabled, and legal representation was gained locally and in the United Kingdom. Jairos Jiri centers and his philosophy are still a major resource for community action and charity in Zimbabwe.

## Baba Jairos Jiri's Charity Model

Mr Jiri's work charity model was replicated by several organizations in Zimbabwe. His model can be described by the acronym HOPESS as follows:

1. Have values of *hunhu* (*hunhu* means *ubuntu*).
2. Observe the environment for opportunities to helping.
3. Provide help using your own physical, financial and other resources.
4. Encourage and treat people you want to help as your friends and family.
5. Seek outside help.
6. Start and sustain a charity organization.

## *Baba* Jairos Jiri's Disability and Rehabilitation Model

*Baba* Jiri's rehabilitation work can be described as follows:

* Encourage and treat people you want to help as friends or family, that is, be their parent.
* Use existing facilities and resources, for example, work together with friends, family, community, and use local resources at hospitals and clinics.
* Provide resources, e.g. take people to facilities because they may not be able to go on their own.
* Provide ideas about how rehabilitation could be done, that is, be an active carer.
* Provide accommodation (institutionalization) to reduce stigma and cost of care.
* Provide training and income opportunities like enterprises.

This model has been referred to by the acronym TO-PARENT as shown in the table below:

Jiri's TO-PARENT model of disability and rehabilitation
| Letter | Description |
| --- | --- |
| T | Take people you want to help as your friends or family (*ukama*). |
| O | Only use existing facilities like friends, hospitals and homes (*ujamaa*). |
|  |  |
|
|
| P | Provide resources like transport people to facilities because they may not be able to go on their own. |
| A | Adequate care, education and support. Provide practical ideas about how rehabilitation could be done. |
| R | Reduce stigma and cost of care by providing housing (institutionalization). |
| E | Enterprises (*ushavi*) for income. |
| N | Need for supporting carers like his wife and friends. |
| T | Training opportunities for self-reliance. |

The major strengths of his model are that it supports the building of skills and income but a major weakness in institutionalization because resources like food are limited. Further once institutionalized, people are separated from the community and it becomes very difficult for them to thrive in those communities when they go back. This model does not address the structural issues that cause disability, exclusion, and injustice. However, the work that he started has changed to include community work and advocacy for social inclusion.

## Awards in Zimbabwe

Getting recognized by the name Baba on a national scale is not an easy thing to achieve in Zimbabwe. That respect is given to people who have played a major role in nation building. Baba Jiri was honored by Zimbabweans who refer to him as Baba, meaning Respected Father. In 1982 when he died, he was honored with National Hero of Zimbabwe status but opted to be buried in his home village of Bikita instead of at the National Heroes Acre in Harare. Being buried in the village among your other deceased family members is a key *unhu* value. Later, the government of Zimbabwe honored him by naming an award in his name, The Jairos Jiri Humanitarian Award given to people who contribute significantly to helping others, for example, those who helped Cyclone Idai victims in Chimanimani in 2019. In 1977, he was awarded an Honours Degree in Masters of Arts by the then University of Rhodesia.

## International awards

In 1959, the Queen of the United Kingdom awarded Mr. Jiri an MBE, which means Member of the British Empire. Other awards included:

1. International Symposium on Rehabilitation awarded in Kampala, Uganda in 1975.
2. Audience with Pope Paul VI, where he received a blessing for his great work and was presented with a medal marking a Holy year in 1975.
3. Lions International Service Award in 1977.
4. Humanitarian Award from the then Salisbury Union of Jewish Women in 1977.
5. Freedom of the City of Los Angeles in 1981.
6. Goodwill Industries International Award for Humanitarian and Rehabilitation Work in 1981.
7. Rotary International presented him with their International Year of Disabled Person Award for Africa which carries the citation “Greatest Contribution to Rehabilitation in Africa - IYDP 1981”.

## Birth of the Zimbabwe disability movement

The Zimbabwean disability movement for equality was born in institutions run by Jairos Jiri in 1975 but he did not support it. Like many people at that time, he saw the call for involvement, participation, and increased opportunities as a threat to his charity model. The movement emanated from people like Joshua Malinga who went on to become a politician against while rule and Mayor of Bulawayo from 1993-1995. The activists formed and registered the National Council of Disabled Persons Zimbabwe which started as Kubatsirana Welfare Society later National Council for the Welfare of Disabled while still in the institutions. In 1980, Malinga attended an international disability congress, Disabled Peoples' International’s Winnipeg World Congress in Canada. This marked internationalization of disability work in Zimbabwe.

## Legacy

At the time of his death, the Association, which Mr. Jiri founded, had grown from 1 center in 1950 to 16 centers including schools, special schools for the deaf and blind, hostels and homes, vocational training center, agriculture skills training center, clinics, orthopedic workshops and satellite units, Community-based Rehabilitation Programme, craft shops and gender empowerment programs. "(Baba)Jairos Jiri not only gave hope and opportunity to thousands of people living with disabilities during his lifetime and after his death, but also earned Zimbabwe international recognition in the care and rehabilitation of the disabled. It takes a man of great compassion and courage to assume responsibility for such people and to break down the barriers and attitudes of society towards them, and in doing so, restore to human dignity and rightful place in the community. He has left a tangible legacy to the nation and all of us inherit the Jairos Jiri Association with gratitude and pride in its achievements to date".

## Family

Jairos Jiri had 18 children in total and was divorced three times. He lived with his last wife Ethel Jiri, their seven daughters: Patricia, Patience, Precious, Primrose, Priscilla, Penelope Pamela who was 11 days old when he died in 1982. One of his sons, Last was involved in the Jairos Jiri Family Trust. Ethel Jiri died from throat cancer and was buried alongside her husband in Bikita – Mutenyami village. Jairos Jiri was supposed to be buried at the recently established National Heroes Acre in Harare but his brother Ziwumbwa opted to have him buried in the village alongside his people, a key ubuntu value. Jairos was buried in the Mutenyami Village in Bikita and the burial was attended by prominent people including the then Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, Robert Gabriel Mugabe and by the then Deputy Prime Minister the late Comrade Simon Muzenda

* Farquhar, June (1987). *Jairos Jiri, the man and his work*. Mambo Press. ISBN 0-86922-416-6.
* Iliffe, John (1987). *The African Poor: A History*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–210. ISBN 0-521-34877-3.
* Robertson, J. H. (December 1966). "The Jairos Jiri hospital and rehabilitation centre". *Central African Journal of Medicine*. **12** (12): 240.
* Devlieger, P. (1995-03-01). "From Self-help to Charity in Disability Service: the Jairos Jiri Association in Zimbabwe". *Disability and Society*. **1** (10). Routledge: 39–48. doi:10.1080/09687599550023714.


title: Metelimumab

abstract: Metelimumab (CAT-192) is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that neutralizes TGF beta 1 which had been chosen for further development for the treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma. It was dropped from further development in favour of fresolimumab, which was being developed by Genzyme as of 2006.

text:
# Metelimumab

**Metelimumab** (**CAT-192**) is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that neutralizes TGF beta 1 which had been chosen for further development for the treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma. It was dropped from further development in favour of fresolimumab, which was being developed by Genzyme as of 2006.

## History

Metelimumab was isolated by Cambridge Antibody Technology (CAT) using its phage display technology. In 2000, CAT signed a collaborative deal with Genzyme to further develop TGF beta antibodies.

In 2004, CAT and Genzyme revealed that Phase I/II trials of metelimumab for scleroderma showed this antibody to be safe and well tolerated across all dose levels, although no conclusions regarding efficacy of the compound could be made.

Initial trials targeted the skin condition scleroderma but, after some unsuccessful clinical trial results, the product was dropped in favour of fresolimumab, which was being developed by Genzyme as of 2006.

## InfoBox

Metelimumab
| Monoclonal antibody | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Whole antibody |
| Source | Human |
| Target | TGF beta 1 |
| Clinical data | |
| ATC code | * none |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * Investigational |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| ChemSpider | * none |
| UNII |  |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Hexham and Allendale Railway

abstract: The Hexham and Allendale Railway was a railway company formed in 1865 to build a branch line from the lead mining district of Allendale in Northumberland to a junction near Hexham on the Carlisle to Newcastle line. It opened to goods and mineral traffic in two stages from 1867, and to passengers in 1869. The area was thinly populated apart from the lead mining and smelting settlements, and a slump in lead prices around the time of opening made the financial status of the line difficult, and it was not completed to its intended southern terminus of Allenheads. The company was absorbed by the North Eastern Railway in 1876, and the passenger service was withdrawn in 1930; the line closed completely in 1950.

text:
# Hexham and Allendale Railway

The **Hexham and Allendale Railway** was a railway company formed in 1865 to build a branch line from the lead mining district of Allendale in Northumberland to a junction near Hexham on the Carlisle to Newcastle line. It opened to goods and mineral traffic in two stages from 1867, and to passengers in 1869.

The area was thinly populated apart from the lead mining and smelting settlements, and a slump in lead prices around the time of opening made the financial status of the line difficult, and it was not completed to its intended southern terminus of Allenheads.

The company was absorbed by the North Eastern Railway in 1876, and the passenger service was withdrawn in 1930; the line closed completely in 1950.

## First railways

The Newcastle and Carlisle Railway was built to connect the east and west coasts of northern England, but in its construction, priority was given to opening the section between Hexham and Blaydon. This was to give early access to the River Tyne for lead ore extracted in the area, considered to be the most lucrative potential traffic for the line. The Newcastle and Carlisle Railway was completed (from Carlisle to Gateshead) in 1837.

Much of the ore was extracted from hilly locations north and south of the N&CR main line, and for some time it was carted down to the N&CR at Hexham or Haydon Bridge for onward conveyance by train. This was an improvement on the previous arrangement, but it was not long before proposals for railway connections were put forward. As early as 1841 the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway considered a connection to Alston and Nenthead, high in the hills south of and above Haltwhistle. The Nenthead part of that was dropped, but the branch line from Alston to Haltwhistle was opened in two stages in 1851 and 1852.

A rival proposal to the N&CR Alston branch had been the Wear Valley Extension Railway, which was proposed in 1845 to build from Frosterley on the Wear Valley Railway to near Milton on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway main line. Sponsored by the Stockton and Darlington Railway this was conceived as part of a future through main line route to Scotland. The terrain was very challenging, and attempts to keep to main line curvatures and gradients had to compromise with realistic earthworks. Opposition from the Earl of Carlisle, the major landowner in the area, resulted in the proposal being dropped in 1846.

Now in the same year the Newcastle and Carlisle published their intention to build a branch to Allendale from Morralee, but they were unable to prepare timely and accurate survey documents for the line through difficult terrain and the plan was deferred; even the Alston branch, serving a greater concentration of the lead industry, was much delayed in opening..

The independently promoted Border Counties Railway ran north from Hexham, connecting mineral deposits to the main line as well as harbouring strategic plans to reach further, which it later achieved. The first part opened in 1858.

## Allendale

The Beaumont Lead Company was operating at Allendale, 12 miles east of Alston. The Alston branch was of no benefit to it, and it continued to convey its output by road down to Haydon Bridge on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, while its competitors now had the advantage of a railway connection. The company was owned by Wentworth Blackett Beaumont and on 31 August 1864 he chaired a meeting in Allendale to promote a locally financed railway to Hexham, on the N&CR. The Greenwich Hospital Estates, trading as the London Lead Company had a lead smelting plant at Langley, and had become major proprietors of smelting facilities in the area and they supported the scheme, being prepared to invest £10,000. Beaumont stated that he would invest £20,000.

| Hexham and Allendale Railway Act 1865 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Citation | 28 & 29 Vict. c. lxxxvii |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 19 June 1865 |

The company's manager was Thomas J. Bewicke, and he arranged a survey; although a steep and continuous gradient of 1 in 40 was required there were no major engineering difficulties and no landowner opposition, and the North Eastern Railway was amenable to a junction being made with its main line. The line was to run from Hexham to Allendale, with a 7-mile extension to Allenheads. Parliamentary plans were deposited in November 1864; the bill was unopposed and the **Hexham and Allendale Railway Act 1865** (28 & 29 Vict. c. lxxxvii) received royal assent on 19 June 1865.

Construction proceeded reasonably rapidly, although the deep embankment at Coastley Dene proved difficult to stabilise. The parliamentary plans had shown the junction with the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway at about 400 yards west of Border Counties Junction, where the BCR diverged. This was too far to control the junction to the Allendale from the Border Counties Junction signalbox, and a separate signalbox was inappropriate, so informal arrangements were made to make the junction close to the Border Counties Junction and within the control of that signalbox.

The company had difficult raising capital; the large subscriptions taken by Beaumont, the Greenwich Hospital and certain other principals with an interest in the line were not matched by individual subscriptions, and the decision was taken to stop construction about a mile short of Allendale, and not to proceed to Allenheads at all.

## Opening

The line was opened for mineral traffic between Border Counties Junction and Langley on 19 August 1867. The line was worked by the North Eastern Railway. The next section to Allendale was opened for goods and mineral traffic on 13 January 1868; the "temporary terminus" was named Catton Road. The junction at Border Counties was also a temporary arrangement, unsuitable for passenger operation, and the North Eastern Railway had undertaken to improve Hexham station but had not yet done so.

The Hexham and Allendale company paid for the use of the 1+12 miles of NER line into Hexham station, and for the use of Hexham station. The cost of a locomotive on the H&AR was three guineas a day, and the H&AR paid the crews’ wages, any locomotive repairs, and stores used.

On 2 February 1869 the Board of Trade Inspecting Officer visited the line to approve it for passenger operation, but he declined to do so because of deficiencies in the signalling; he also criticised the arrangements at the North Eastern Railway's Hexham station. Yolland visited again on 25 February 1869 and this time passed the line for passenger opening. Passenger trains ran from 1 March 1869; there were two services each way every weekday, with a third on Hexham market day, Tuesday.

At this time the world price of lead had slumped considerably, and the commercial viability of the lead works, and the business they brought to the line, declined. In fact the slump led to a collapse, and depopulation of the area followed rapidly, with serious consequences for the line. Allendale parish's population fell from 6,401 in 1861 to 5,397 by 1871. In 1881 it was down to 4,030. The collapse of the lead industry occurred from about 1880, most mines closing, and by 1886 the Allendale and Langley smelters had closed and the Beaumont lead concern had given-up its local interests entirely. Nonetheless it carried 240,000 passenger journeys during its independent existence.

Receipts for the half year to 30 June 1868 were:

* goods £697;
* minerals £331;
* livestock £2;
* parcels £2.

In 1876 the company sold its line to the North Eastern Railway, and its shareholders received about 60% of their investment, effective on 13 July 1876. Dividends had been paid on three occasions.

The line continued but the depopulation and industrial decline had an adverse effect on business. Nonetheless for many years there were two goods trains daily on the branch; milk was an exceptionally buoyant traffic.

The line was single, worked on the one engine in steam principle, intermediate sidings being served by ground frame connections released by the train staff.

## After 1923

Following the Railways Act 1921, the North Eastern Railway was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER), as part of the "grouping" of the main line railways of Great Britain, effective from 1 January 1923.

The new owner was unable to sustain the passenger service, and it was withdrawn from 22 September 1930.

After nationalisation of the railways on 1 January 1948 the line was under the control of British Railways. The residual goods service was unprofitable and the line closed completely in November 1950.

## Topography

| Hexham and Allendale Railway |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The passenger service on the line started on 1 March 1869 and closed 22 September 1930. Station list:

* *Border Counties Junction*;
* Elrington;
* Langley;
* Staward;
* Catton Road; renamed Allendale 1 May 1898.

The line climbed steeply to a summit at Langley, 800 feet above sea level, and then descended to Staward, then falling gently to the terminus.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Hexham and Allendale Railway | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Status | Disused |
| Locale | Northumberland |
| Termini |  |
| Former connections | Newcastle and Carlisle Railway (1867–1950) |
| Service | |
| Type | Heavy rail |
| History | |
| Commenced | 19 August 1867 |
| Completed | 1 March 1869 |
| Closed to passengers | 22 September 1930 |
| Closed to freight | 20 November 1950 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 12+14 miles (19.7 km) |
| Number of tracks | Single track |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |


title: Hildebrandt's spurfowl

abstract:
Hildebrandt's spurfowl is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae.
It is found in Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia. The species is named for Johann Maria Hildebrandt, who collected the first specimens in Kenya. The sexes differ markedly in their plumage and females are smaller than males.

text:
# Hildebrandt's spurfowl

**Hildebrandt's spurfowl** (***Pternistis hildebrandti***) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is found in Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia. The species is named for Johann Maria Hildebrandt, who collected the first specimens in Kenya. The sexes differ markedly in their plumage and females are smaller than males.

## Taxonomy

Hildebrandt's spurfowl was described in 1878 by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis based on specimens collected by the zoologist Johann Maria Hildebrandt in the Taita–Taveta County of Kenya. Cabanis honoured Hildebrandt and coined the scientific name *Francolinus (Scleroptera) hildebrandti*. The species is now placed in the genus *Pternistis* that was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Georg Wagler in 1832. A phylogenetic study published in 2019 found that Hildebrandt's spurfowl is sister to the Natal spurfowl.

Two subspecies are recognised:

* *P. h. hildebrandti* (Cabanis, 1878) — Kenya, north and west Tanzania, southeast Democratic Republic of the Congo, northeast Zambia
* *P. h. johnstoni* (Shelley, 1894) — southeast Tanzania, north Mozambique, Malawi

## InfoBox

| Hildebrandt's spurfowl | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Galliformes |
| Family: | Phasianidae |
| Genus: | *Pternistis* |
| Species: | ***P. hildebrandti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pternistis hildebrandti***
(Cabanis, 1878) | |
|
|  | |
| geographic distribution | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Francolinus hildebrandti* | |


title: Prins

abstract:
Prins is a Dutch surname. In 2007, Prins was the 48th most common surname in the Netherlands. The surname does not derive from an ancestor who was a prince. Instead, the original may have lived in or worked at a location, like a windmill or inn, with that name, or was called "the prince" as a nickname. Historical records note Sephardic Italian Jewish surname of Principe or Prinzi later being changed to the more locally accepted Prins. People with the name Prins include:
  - Ada Prins (1879-1977), Dutch chemist
  - A. H. J. Prins (1921–2000), Dutch Africanist and maritime anthropologist
  - Adolphe Prins (1845–1919), Belgian jurist and criminologist
  - Alwin de Prins, Luxembourgish swimmer
  - Anna Prins, American basketball player
  - Anthony Winkler Prins (1817–1903), author of Winkler Prins a Dutch encyclopedia
  - Ary Prins (1816–1867), Dutch jurist and politician, twice interim Governor General of the Dutch East Indies
  - Benjamin Prins (1860–1934), Dutch genre painter
  - Celine Prins, Dutch fashion model
  - Co Prins (1938–1987), Dutch football player
  - Dave Prins, English darts player
  - Denise Prins, Dutch cricketer
  - Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins (1835-1915), Dutch merchant
  - Gert-Jan Prins, Dutch musician
  - Harald Prins, Dutch anthropologist in the US
  - Hendrik Jacobus Prins (1889–1958), Dutch chemist, discovered the Prins reaction
  - Igor Prins, Estonian football player and coach
  - Jan Prins (1944–2008), Dutch newspaper editor and journalist
  - Jeanfrançois Prins, Belgian jazz guitarist
  - Johannes Huibert Prins (1757–1806), Dutch painter
  - Johannes Jacobus Prins (1814–1898), Dutch theologian
  - Laurens Prins, Dutch buccaneer
  - Lodewijk Prins (1913–1999), Dutch chess player
  - Marie Prins, South African botanist
  - Nomi Prins, American author and journalist
  - Pierre Prins (1838–1913), French painter
  - Piet Prins, pen name of Piet Jongeling (1909–1985), Dutch politician and children's book author
  - Ray Prins, Canadian politician
  - Sharon Prins, Dutch darts player
  - Stanislav Prins, Estonian footballer
  - Stefan Prins, Belgian composer and performer
  - Vernon Prins (1924–2003), Ceylonese cricketer
  - Yopie Prins, English professor

text:
# Prins

**Prins** (Dutch: Prince) is a Dutch surname. In 2007, Prins was the 48th most common surname in the Netherlands (15,361 people). The surname does not derive from an ancestor who was a prince. Instead, the original may have lived in or worked at a location, like a windmill or inn, with that name, or was called "the prince" as a nickname. Historical records note Sephardic Italian Jewish surname of Principe or Prinzi later being changed to the more locally accepted Prins (and then Prince once in England or Colonial America).

People with the name Prins include:


title: Knowledge (legal construct)

abstract: In law, knowledge is one of the degrees of mens rea that constitute part of a crime. For example, in English law, the offence of knowingly being a passenger in a vehicle taken without consent (TWOC) requires that the prosecution prove not only that the defendant was a passenger in a vehicle and that it was taken by the driver without consent, but also that the defendant knew that it was taken without consent. Under the principle of ignorantia juris non excusat, ignorance of or mistake about the law is no defense. The mens rea of knowledge refers to knowledge about certain facts. It is "a positive belief that a state of affairs exists". Knowledge can be actual, constructive, or imputed.

text:
# Knowledge (legal construct)

In law, **knowledge** is one of the degrees of *mens rea* that constitute part of a crime. For example, in English law, the offence of knowingly being a passenger in a vehicle taken without consent (TWOC) requires that the prosecution prove not only that the defendant was a passenger in a vehicle and that it was taken by the driver without consent, but also that the defendant knew that it was taken without consent.

Under the principle of *ignorantia juris non excusat*, ignorance of or mistake about the law is no defense. The *mens rea* of knowledge refers to knowledge about certain facts. It is "a positive belief that a state of affairs exists".

Knowledge can be actual, constructive, or imputed.

## Actual knowledge

A defendant does not have *actual knowledge* if they believe something to the contrary. The standard is subjective and the belief of the defendant need not be reasonable, only honest. For example, in *R v. Williams* the defendant intervened in what he thought was a mugging but was in fact a citizen's arrest. His mistake was upheld as a defence against a charge of assault. In *Beckford v. R* the defendant was a police officer who shot and killed V. Beckford claimed that he believed that V was shooting at him. It was found that the correct test was whether D "honestly believed" facts which, if true, would establish a defence. The reasonableness of the belief would be evidential in finding whether it was truly believed.

## Constructive knowledge

Knowledge is also found where a defendant suspects that circumstances exist and "deliberately decides not to make any further enquiries" in case his suspicions prove well founded. A common example is a person who purchases significantly inexpensive and unprovenanced but desirable items from a stranger. Such a person is likely to be fixed with *constructive knowledge* that the items were stolen.

## Imputed knowledge

This is relevant in strict liability offences and in corporate crime. For example, if a bar manager delegates his duties to others and those others know of unlawful activities on the premises, the manager can be fixed with *imputed knowledge* of the unlawful activities.

## Bibliography

* Herring, J. (2004). *Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 170–172. ISBN 0-19-876578-9.


title: Grugé-l'Hôpital

abstract: Grugé-l'Hôpital is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 15 December 2016, it was merged into the new commune Ombrée d'Anjou.

text:
# Grugé-l'Hôpital

**Grugé-l'Hôpital** is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 15 December 2016, it was merged into the new commune Ombrée d'Anjou.

## InfoBox

| Grugé-l'Hôpital | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Ombrée d'Anjou | |
| Location of Grugé-l'Hôpital | |
| Grugé-l'HôpitalGrugé-l'Hôpital | |
| Coordinates: 47°45′08″N 1°02′18″W / 47.7522°N 1.0383°W / 47.7522; -1.0383 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Maine-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Segré |
| Canton | Segré |
| Commune | Ombrée d'Anjou |
| Area**1** | 15.71 km2 (6.07 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 269 |
| Density | 17/km2 (44/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Grugéen, Grugéenne |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 49520 |
| Elevation | 41–108 m (135–354 ft)
(avg. 80 m or 260 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: The Yale Review

abstract: The Yale Review is the oldest literary journal in the United States. It is published by Johns Hopkins University Press. It was founded in 1819 as The Christian Spectator to support Evangelicalism. Over time it began to publish more on history and economics and was renamed The New Englander in 1843. In 1885 it was renamed The New Englander and Yale Review until 1892, when it took its current name The Yale Review. At the same time, editor Henry Wolcott Farnam gave the periodical a focus on American and international politics, economics, and history. The modern history of the journal starts in 1911 under the editorship of Wilbur Cross. Cross remained the editor for thirty years, throughout the magazine's heyday. Contributors during this period, according to the Review's website, included Thomas Mann, Henry Adams, Virginia Woolf, George Santayana, Robert Frost, José Ortega y Gasset, Eugene O'Neill, Leon Trotsky, H. G. Wells, Thomas Wolfe, John Maynard Keynes, H. L. Mencken, A. E. Housman, Ford Madox Ford, and Wallace Stevens. The current editor is Meghan O'Rourke, nonfiction writer, poet, and critic.

text:
# The Yale Review

***The Yale Review*** is the oldest literary journal in the United States. It is published by Johns Hopkins University Press.

It was founded in 1819 as ***The Christian Spectator*** to support Evangelicalism. Over time it began to publish more on history and economics and was renamed ***The New Englander*** in 1843. In 1885 it was renamed ***The New Englander and Yale Review*** until 1892, when it took its current name *The Yale Review*. At the same time, editor Henry Wolcott Farnam gave the periodical a focus on American and international politics, economics, and history.

The modern history of the journal starts in 1911 under the editorship of Wilbur Cross. Cross remained the editor for thirty years, throughout the magazine's heyday. Contributors during this period, according to the *Review's* website, included Thomas Mann, Henry Adams, Virginia Woolf, George Santayana, Robert Frost, José Ortega y Gasset, Eugene O'Neill, Leon Trotsky, H. G. Wells, Thomas Wolfe, John Maynard Keynes, H. L. Mencken, A. E. Housman, Ford Madox Ford, and Wallace Stevens.

The current editor is Meghan O'Rourke, nonfiction writer, poet, and critic.

## InfoBox

*The Yale Review*
| Discipline | Literary magazine |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Meghan O'Rourke |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | The Christian Spectator, The New Englander |
| History | 1819–1989, 1991–present |
| Publisher | Johns Hopkins University Press for Yale University (United States) |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Yale Rev.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0044-0124 (print)
1467-9736 (web)
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Jacob Nagle

abstract: Jacob Nagle (1761–1841) was an American and British soldier, sailor, and, above all, diarist who provides an exceptional first-hand account of many of the dramatic events of his lifetime. His journal covers the period from 1775 to 1841.

text:
# Jacob Nagle

**Jacob Nagle** (1761–1841) was an American and British soldier, sailor, and, above all, diarist who provides an exceptional first-hand account of many of the dramatic events of his lifetime. His journal covers the period from 1775 to 1841.

## Service in the American Revolutionary War

Nagle was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, and fought in the American Revolutionary War along with his father. He was in the Battle of Brandywine and in George Washington's artillery at Valley Forge. He resigned from the Continental Army in 1778 and enlisted in the tiny Continental Navy.

When construction on the USS *Saratoga* was delayed, Nagle took to sea as a privateer in 1780 on *Fair American*, then on *Rising Sun* in 1781. He was captured by the British and taken to St. Kitts in the Caribbean in chains. He was freed when the French Navy captured the island in 1782 but was almost immediately arrested again for aiding British sailors. He was then taken to Martinique. From that point on, he served in the Royal Navy.

## Service in the First Fleet

He sailed with the famous First Fleet expedition in 1787 as an able seaman on the expedition's naval escort *Sirius*. The expedition was charged with the task of founding the first British colony on the continent of Australia, in the territory of New South Wales.

Botany Bay, the First Fleet's designated destination in New South Wales, proved unsuitable for a colony, however, when the expedition landed there in the first month of the new year. The ships of the First Fleet subsequently moved up the New South Wales coastline, under the direction of Captain Arthur Phillip, soon finding refuge in a splendid harbour which would become known as Port Jackson.

Here, on 26 January 1788, Phillip officially founded the Colony of New South Wales, on the site of the future City of Sydney. This key historical event is marked annually in Australia by a public holiday and Australia Day celebrations.

## Shipwrecked in Norfolk Island

*Sirius* subsequently acted as a re-supply vessel and communications link between New South Wales, the Pacific Ocean colony of Norfolk Island, and England. The ship was wrecked on a reef on Norfolk Island in 1790 during one of its replenishment missions. Nagle would spend a year on the island until he was eventually collected by a British vessel and returned to England, arriving there in 1792.

## Life in India

He lived his version of the high life until press ganged aboard the *Hector* in that same year, serving on *Hector* until certain Bounty Mutineers were taken. In 1794, Nagle jumped to a new ship to go to Madras and Calcutta in India. In India, he linked with two women convicts who had escaped from Sydney and had set up a brothel.

## Service in the Napoleonic Wars

In 1795, Nagle returned to England and married. He and his wife had seven children over the ensuing years. In 1796, he served with Admiral Lord Nelson aboard the *Blanche*, and in 1798 he served on the *Netley* as "prize-master", which resulted in his making considerable sums of money from captured enemy shipping during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1802, a temporary peace was declared, and so he left the Navy and went to America to visit his family.

## Merchant mariner

He then entered the merchant marine, sometimes in American service and sometimes British. Nagle worked on shipping between Portugal and its colony in Brazil, basing himself in Lisbon where he lived from 1811 to 1821. He retired for good from the sea in 1824 shortly after his wife and all their children died of yellow fever.

## Journal and memoir

His journal provides a vivid record of the major events and new territories of these decades, and he wrote his *Memoirs* late in his life.

* Easton, Arthur (2005). "Nagle, Jacob (1761–1841)". *Australian Dictionary of Biography*. Vol. Supplemental volume. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
* Hill, David "1788, The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet, the biggest single overseas migration the world had ever seen" Random house Australia (ISBN 9781741667974)
* Frost, Alan. "Jacob Nagle" in Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. *The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.* vol. 45, 108–109. London: OUP, 2004.
* Shy, John. "Benjamin Gilbert and Jacob Nagle: Soldiers of the American Revolution" in Nancy L. Rhoden and Ian I. Steele, eds. *The Human Tradition in the American Revolution*, 329–50. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 2000. ISBN 0-8420-2748-3.

## Further reading

* Gillen, Mollie, *The Founders of Australia: a biographical dictionary of the First Fleet*, Sydney, Library of Australian History, 1989. (ISBN 0908120699)
* Nagle, Jacob; Dann, John C (1988), *The Nagle journal : a diary of the life of Jacob Nagle, sailor, from the year 1775–1841* (1st ed.), Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 1-55584-223-2


title: Tottenham University Technical College

abstract: Tottenham University Technical College, in Haringey, London, was a secondary educational institution focusing on education in the sciences, health and sports. It opened in September 2014 and closed in July 2017. The school was part of the Northumberland Development Project with Middlesex University as a partner, and part of the University Technical College program operated by the Baker Dearing Educational Trust. It was housed in a new building, above a new Sainsbury's supermarket, to the north of the former stadium White Hart Lane. The UTC closed at the end of the 2016–17 academic year, owing to low pupil numbers; in January 2017 there were 38 enrolled. The site became the home of the London Academy of Excellence Tottenham, a sixth-form college.

text:
# Tottenham University Technical College

**Tottenham University Technical College**, in Haringey, London, was a secondary educational institution focusing on education in the sciences, health and sports. It opened in September 2014 and closed in July 2017.

The school was part of the Northumberland Development Project with Middlesex University as a partner, and part of the University Technical College program operated by the Baker Dearing Educational Trust. It was housed in a new building, above a new Sainsbury's supermarket, to the north of the former stadium White Hart Lane.

The UTC closed at the end of the 2016–17 academic year, owing to low pupil numbers; in January 2017 there were 38 enrolled. The site became the home of the London Academy of Excellence Tottenham, a sixth-form college.

51°36′20″N 0°4′0″W / 51.60556°N 0.06667°W / 51.60556; -0.06667

## InfoBox

| Tottenham University Technical College | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| London | |
| Information | |
| Department for Education URN | 140968 Tables |


title: Hildebrandt's starling

abstract: Hildebrandt's starling is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It forms a superspecies with and has previously been included in the same species as Shelley's starling, a migratory species ranging from Ethiopia and Somalia to Kenya. Both of these species have also been combined into a superspecies with the chestnut-bellied starling of West Africa. It was originally placed in the now defunct genus Notauges. The species is named for Johann Maria Hildebrandt, a German collector who was the first European to obtain specimens.

text:
# Hildebrandt's starling

**Hildebrandt's starling** (***Lamprotornis hildebrandti***) is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It forms a superspecies with and has previously been included in the same species as Shelley's starling, a migratory species ranging from Ethiopia and Somalia to Kenya. Both of these species have also been combined into a superspecies with the chestnut-bellied starling of West Africa. It was originally placed in the now defunct genus *Notauges*. The species is named for Johann Maria Hildebrandt, a German collector who was the first European to obtain specimens.

## Distribution and habitat

Hildebrandt's starling is found in Kenya and Tanzania, where it occupies open country between 500 and 2,200 m (1,600 and 7,200 ft). Its habitat is open woodland and open thornbrush country. The species is often recorded as being uncommon, but it varies from being fairly common to fairly uncommon. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN, and is listed as least concern. Its habitat is not threatened and it occurs in a number of protected areas.

## Description

Hildebrandt's starling is 18 cm (7.1 in) in length and weighs 50 to 69 g (1.8–2.4 oz). The adult has bright iridescent plumage on its upper body and upper surfaces. As in its relatives, this iridescence is derived from the interference of reflected light from regimented microscopic feather structures and not from pigments. The head is blue as are most of the upperparts, the wings are bronze-green with blue primaries, the throat and upper breast are glossy purple, and the tail is glossy blue-green. The middle breast and upper belly are orange-buff and the lower belly is rufous. The iris is orange-red, and the bill and legs are black. Male and female adults are identical in external appearance. Can be confused with the superb starling. The juveniles are quite different, with charcoal grey upperparts and chestnut brown lowerparts.

The species makes a number of calls and songs. Its song is a slow low "ch-rak ch-rak chee-chee-wee chee-wee rak rak rak". It also has an alarm call, "chu-ee" and has a contact call, "chule".

## Behaviour

The diet of Hildebrandt's starling is a combination of insects and fruit, with insects apparently being the more important constituent. It has been observed feeding on beetles and grasshoppers, as well as hawking for flying termites. Seeds from fruit have also been found in the stomachs of some birds, including those from *Carissa edulis*, *Euclea*, *Rhus* and *Apodytes dimidiata*. It usually feeds on the ground, in pairs and small flocks, and will readily follow large mammals and catch prey flushed by their movement. It also joins mixed flocks of other starlings.

Hildebrandt's starling is a seasonal nester, with birds nesting in March to May and October to December, although in some parts of Kenya the season is May to July. It usually breeds in pairs but cooperative breeding has been recorded on occasion. It is a cavity nester, usually building its nest of plant fibres in an abandoned woodpecker nest in a tree. Where this is not possible it has been recorded nesting in a hole in a fence post, lamppost or telegraph pole. It competes with the greater blue-eared starling for nesting sites. Little is known about its nesting behaviour, although it is known that the clutch is three to four eggs. Both the parents are involved in feeding the young. The nests of this species are parasitised by the great spotted cuckoo.

## InfoBox

| Hildebrandt's starling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult in Tanzania | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Sturnidae |
| Genus: | *Lamprotornis* |
| Species: | ***L. hildebrandti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lamprotornis hildebrandti***
(Cabanis, 1878) | |
|


title: Prins Gunasekera

abstract: Prins Gunasekera was a Ceylonese politician, who represented the Habaraduwa electorate in the Galle district. Gunasekera was born on 17 July 1924 in Kataluwa, a village in Habaraduwa. He was educated at the Kataluwa Government Boys School, Sri Sumangala Vidyalaya, Weligama and Ananda College, Colombo. He obtained a degree from the University of London, as an external student, before entering the Ceylon Law College, becoming an Attorney at Law in 1955. Gunasekera worked as a journalist for the Lankadeepa newspaper, later becoming its chief sub-editor. In 1956 he was one of the founding members of the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna where he was elected as the co-secretary to the party and Philip Gunawardena's secretary. Gunawardena requested that he contest for the seat of Horana, on behalf of the party at the 1956 parliamentary elections but he refused due to his work commitments. Gunasekera was elected to parliament, representing the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, as the member for the newly created seat of Habaraduwa, at the 4th parliamentary elections held on 19 March 1960. However, as neither of the major political parties managed to obtain a sufficient majority a new election was called. At the subsequent July 1960 elections Gunasekera suffered a heavy loss to the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate, D. S. Goonesekera. At the parliamentary elections in 1965 he ran as an independent, successfully regaining the Habaraduwa electorate. At the 1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election he was re-elected, however this time as the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) candidate. In 1971 he left the SLFP, following differences of opinion with Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, and continued as an independent member of parliament, although between 1972 and 1975 he worked with the United National Party members, who were in opposition.

text:
# Prins Gunasekera

**Prins Gunasekera** (17 July 1924 – 29 December 2018) was a Ceylonese politician, who represented the Habaraduwa electorate in the Galle district.

Gunasekera was born on 17 July 1924 in Kataluwa, a village in Habaraduwa. He was educated at the Kataluwa Government Boys School, Sri Sumangala Vidyalaya, Weligama and Ananda College, Colombo. He obtained a degree from the University of London, as an external student, before entering the Ceylon Law College, becoming an Attorney at Law in 1955. Gunasekera worked as a journalist for the *Lankadeepa* newspaper, later becoming its chief sub-editor.

In 1956 he was one of the founding members of the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) where he was elected as the co-secretary to the party and Philip Gunawardena's secretary. Gunawardena requested that he contest for the seat of Horana, on behalf of the party at the 1956 parliamentary elections but he refused due to his work commitments.

Gunasekera was elected to parliament, representing the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, as the member for the newly created seat of Habaraduwa, at the 4th parliamentary elections held on 19 March 1960. However, as neither of the major political parties managed to obtain a sufficient majority a new election was called. At the subsequent July 1960 elections Gunasekera suffered a heavy loss to the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate, D. S. Goonesekera.

At the parliamentary elections in 1965 he ran as an independent, successfully regaining the Habaraduwa electorate. At the 1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election he was re-elected, however this time as the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) candidate. In 1971 he left the SLFP, following differences of opinion with Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, and continued as an independent member of parliament, although between 1972 and 1975 he worked with the United National Party members, who were in opposition.

## Bibliography

* Gunasekera, Prins (1998). *A Lost Generation (Sri Lanka in Crisis)*. Colombo, Sri Lanka: S. Godage & Brothers. ISBN 955-20-2826-4.


title: Uvaria macclurei

abstract: Uvaria kweichowensis is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is a shrub or climbing liana endemic to southern China, where it grows in Yunnan, southwestern Guizhou, western Guangxi, and Hainan.

text:
# Uvaria macclurei

***Uvaria kweichowensis*** is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is a shrub or climbing liana endemic to southern China, where it grows in Yunnan, southwestern Guizhou, western Guangxi, and Hainan.

## InfoBox

| *Uvaria macclurei* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Annonaceae |
| Genus: | *Uvaria* |
| Species: | ***U. macclurei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uvaria macclurei***
Diels (1931) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Uvaria kweichowensis* P.T.Li (1976) | |


title: Gro Steinsland

abstract: Gro Steinsland is a Norwegian scholar of medieval studies and history of religion and since August 2009 has been the Scientific Director of the Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Steinsland has most recently been a professor in the Institute for Linguistic and Nordic Studies at the University of Oslo, where she was also a member of the international interdepartmental Centre for Studies in the Viking Age and Nordic Middle Ages from its founding in 1993 until its dissolution. She taught in the Institute for Religious Studies at the University of Tromsø and has held guest faculty positions at Linacre College, Oxford University and at the University of Bonn. In 2007-08, she led the international interdisciplinary research group in "The Power of the Ruler and the Ideology of Rulership in Nordic Culture 800-1200" at the Centre for Advanced Study of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and, since 1 August 2009, has been its Scientific Director. Steinsland specialises in pre-Christian religion, the associated Old Norse texts and mythology and the conversion of Scandinavia. At both Oslo and Tromsø, she made Norse religion a main subject within the history of religion programme. She is a member of the group for theology and religious studies in the Academy of Science and Letters. As a historian of religion, her publications take Norse paganism seriously and present it in a non-traditional light as having been still strong and vital when it encountered Christianity. In 2005, she published a wideranging introductory book, Norrøn religion, which presents the subject from the perspective of myth and praxis. In her 1989 Ph.D. dissertation, Det hellige bryllup og norrøn kongeideologi: en analyse av hierogami-myten i Skírnismál, Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal og Hyndluljód, she reinterpreted the sacred marriage between a god and a giantess as a power myth legitimising rulership rather than a fertility myth; she specialises in the interpretation of written sources but made extensive use of archaeology and frequently takes an interdisciplinary approach. She emphasised the female aspect of pre-Christian religion, particularly in her 1997 book Eros og død i norrøne myter, in which she contrasts the sexualisation of death in, for example, references to drowning as being embraced by the sea goddess Rán with the post-conversion view of female sexuality as shameful. Steinsland has written newspaper opinion articles, for example in 2000 taking the position that Thor Heyerdahl's Odin expedition to Azerbaijan was inspired by a conjectural "charade" orchestrated by Snorri Sturluson.

text:
# Gro Steinsland

**Gro Steinsland** (born 1945) is a Norwegian scholar of medieval studies and history of religion and since August 2009 has been the Scientific Director of the Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Steinsland has most recently been a professor in the Institute for Linguistic and Nordic Studies at the University of Oslo, where she was also a member of the international interdepartmental Centre for Studies in the Viking Age and Nordic Middle Ages from its founding in 1993 until its dissolution. She taught in the Institute for Religious Studies at the University of Tromsø and has held guest faculty positions at Linacre College, Oxford University and at the University of Bonn. In 2007-08, she led the international interdisciplinary research group in "The Power of the Ruler and the Ideology of Rulership in Nordic Culture 800-1200" at the Centre for Advanced Study of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and, since 1 August 2009, has been its Scientific Director.

Steinsland specialises in pre-Christian religion, the associated Old Norse texts and mythology and the conversion of Scandinavia. At both Oslo and Tromsø, she made Norse religion a main subject within the history of religion programme. She is a member of the group for theology and religious studies in the Academy of Science and Letters. As a historian of religion, her publications take Norse paganism seriously and present it in a non-traditional light as having been still strong and vital when it encountered Christianity. In 2005, she published a wideranging introductory book, *Norrøn religion* (Norse religion), which presents the subject from the perspective of myth and praxis.

In her 1989 Ph.D. dissertation, *Det hellige bryllup og norrøn kongeideologi: en analyse av hierogami-myten i Skírnismál, Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal og Hyndluljód* (the sacred marriage and Norse ideology of kingship: an analysis of the myth of the *hieros gamos* in *Skírnismál*, *Ynglingatal*, *Háleygjatal* and *Hyndluljóð*), she reinterpreted the sacred marriage between a god and a giantess as a power myth legitimising rulership rather than a fertility myth; she specialises in the interpretation of written sources but made extensive use of archaeology and frequently takes an interdisciplinary approach. She emphasised the female aspect of pre-Christian religion, particularly in her 1997 book *Eros og død i norrøne myter* (Eros and death in Norse myths), in which she contrasts the sexualisation of death in, for example, references to drowning as being embraced by the sea goddess Rán with the post-conversion view of female sexuality as shameful.

Steinsland has written newspaper opinion articles, for example in 2000 taking the position that Thor Heyerdahl's Odin expedition to Azerbaijan was inspired by a conjectural "charade" orchestrated by Snorri Sturluson.

## Selected publications

* *Det hellige bryllup og norrøn kongeideologi: en analyse av hierogami-myten i Skírnismál, Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal og Hyndluljód*. Oslo: Solum, 1991. ISBN 82-560-0764-8. Doctoral dissertation, University of Oslo, 1989.
* (with Preben Meulengracht Sørensen) *Før kristendommen: digtning og livssyn i vikingetiden* Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1990. ISBN 87-00-79194-6
* (with Preben Meulengracht Sørensen) *Menneske og makter i vikingenes verden* Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1994. ISBN 82-00-21316-1
* *Eros og død i norrøne myter*. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1997. ISBN 82-00-22938-6
* (with Preben Meulengracht Sørensen) *Voluspå, Gjendiktning og kommentar*. Oslo: Pax, 1999. ISBN 82-530-2136-4
* *Den hellige kongen; om religion og herskermakt fra vikingtid til middelalder*. Oslo: Pax, 2000. ISBN 82-530-2227-1
* (with Magnus Rindal) *Heilage stader i Norge*. Oslo: Det Norske samlaget, 2001. ISBN 82-521-5657-6
* *Norrøn religion: Myter, riter, samfunn*. Oslo: Pax, 2005. ISBN 82-530-2607-2
* (Ed.) *Words and Objects: Towards a Dialogue Between Archaeology and History of Religion*. (Conference proceedings) Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning Serie B-Skrifter 71. Oslo: Norwegian University Press / Oxford/New York: Oxford University, 1984. ISBN 82-00-07751-9
* (Ed.) *Voluspå, og andre norrøne helligtekster*. Verdens hellige skrifter. Oslo: De norske Bokklubbene, 2003. ISBN 82-525-4113-5
* (Ed.) *Draumkvedet, og tekster fra norrøn middelalder*. Verdens hellige skrifter. Oslo: De norske Bokklubbene, 2004. ISBN 82-525-4627-7


title: The Yale Journal of International Law

abstract: The Yale Journal of International Law is a student-edited international law review at the Yale Law School. The journal publishes articles on a range of topics in international and comparative law.

text:
# The Yale Journal of International Law

***The Yale Journal of International Law*** is a student-edited international law review at the Yale Law School (New Haven, Connecticut). The journal publishes articles on a range of topics in international and comparative law.

## History

*The Yale Journal of International Law* is the oldest of Yale Law School's eight secondary journals still in publication. The journal was founded in 1974 by a group of students who were followers of the New Haven School of international law, and their publication was originally known as *Yale Studies in World Public Order*. Under the leadership of then editor in chief Eisuke Suzuki, a graduate fellow from Tokyo, the first issue was produced without assistance from the Law School. After being renamed *The Yale Journal of World Public Order*, the journal obtained its current title. About ten years after its founding, the Yale Law School started to support the journal.

## Content

Some of the journal's most-cited articles include:

## Rankings

The journal was ranked second among international law reviews in the 2007 *ExpressO Guide to Top Law Reviews* based on the number of manuscripts received.

## Events

In collaboration with *Opinio Juris,* occasional online symposia centering on scholarly conversations on articles published in the journal are organized. In collaboration with the Forum on the Practice of International Law, the journal periodically convenes workshops and presentations on various topics. Some recent events are:

## InfoBox

*The Yale Journal of International Law*
| Yale Journal of International Law cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Law |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Varun Char, Jessica Laird |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1974-present |
| Publisher | Yale Law School (United States) |
| Frequency | Biannual |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| Bluebook | *Yale J. Int'l L.* |
| ISO 4 | *Yale J. Int. Law* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0889-7743
 |
| LCCN | 86642406 |
| OCLC no. | 12626339 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Mesosa obscura

abstract: Mesosa obscura is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles Joseph Gahan in 1895. It is known from Myanmar, and possibly also China.

text:
# Mesosa obscura

***Mesosa obscura*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles Joseph Gahan in 1895. It is known from Myanmar, and possibly also China.

## InfoBox

| *Mesosa obscura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Mesosa* |
| Species: | ***M. obscura*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mesosa obscura***<br>Gahan, 1895 | |
|