title: Interbabe Concern

abstract: Interbabe Concern is The Loud Family's third full-length album, and their first to be produced by Scott Miller instead of Mitch Easter. With the exception of keyboard player Paul Wieneke and Miller, this was a new line-up of the band.

text:
# Interbabe Concern

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Interbabe Concern*** is The Loud Family's third full-length album, and their first to be produced by Scott Miller instead of Mitch Easter. With the exception of keyboard player Paul Wieneke and Miller, this was a new line-up of the band.

## Personnel

After touring in support of the 1994 album *The Tape of Only Linda*, three members – bass player Rob Poor, guitarist Zachary Smith, and drummer Jozef Becker – left the group for family or career reasons.

For *Interbabe Concern*, Scott Miller took over the lead guitar duties that he had ceded to Smith on prior Loud Family albums. Paul Wieneke remained on keyboards and occasional lead vocals, and Kenny Kessel and Dawn Richardson joined the group on bass and drums, respectively. Becker remained as drummer long enough to record several tracks on the album.

As credited in the CD booklet, the members were:

* Kenny Kessel - bass guitar and backing vocals
* Scott Miller \- most guitars and vocals
* Dawn Richardson \- most drums and all vibra-slap
* Paul Wieneke - synthesizer, unearthly rackets (beginning of "Sodium", "Chokehold", etc.), guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Uncle Lucky"

Guest musicians included Ken Stringfellow of The Posies on guitar, and Nina Gordon of Veruca Salt. Gordon provided backing vocals on the co-written song "The Softest Tip Of Her Baby Tongue". Stringfellow is credited for co-writing "Sodium Laureth Sulfate" and "I No Longer Fear the Headless," and also played on "Not Expecting Both Contempo And Classique."

Former Game Theory drummer Gil Ray and keyboard player Shelley LaFreniere also appeared as guests; Ray would join the Loud Family as a member for their next album, *Days for Days.* Richardson left the band in 1996, and was replaced on the concert tour by drummer Mike Tittel, who currently leads the Ohio-based band New Sincerity Works.

## Thematic notes

According to the *Los Angeles Times*, the "prevailing mood of frustration and loss" in *Interbabe Concern* sprang from the "collapse of Miller's marriage to Shalini Chatterjee." Critic William Ham, writing in the 2005 book *Lost in the Grooves*, called this a "harsh, difficult album" with "dizzying mood-swings," drawn from a dark period in Miller's life. Ham noted the twin departures of Miller's wife and his longtime producer Mitch Easter, and inferred that "since Chatterjee is \[in 2005\] married to Easter, we can assume that the two events were not mutually exclusive."

The result, according to Ham, was a "jagged sonic mosaic" adeptly fashioned by Miller from the "shattered pieces." The *Tulsa World'*s Thomas Conner identified it as "sort of a concept album... an overanalysis of a divorce ('recorded in cold, passionless digital') by one very intriguing artist."

## Critical response

Mark Deming, in the 2002 book *All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul*, wrote that *Interbabe Concern* features "the fragmented songs and purposefully twisted aural montage" that were missing from the group's prior album, *The Tape of Only Linda*. Deming noted:

> This new Loud Family sounded more like Scott Miller's backing band than the group that made the first two albums, and without producer Mitch Easter on hand, Miller seems to have used *Interbabe Concern* as an opportunity to reacquaint himself with the cryptic side of his musical personality; there are a lot more short pseudo-tunes interspersed between the "real" songs, plenty of odd found noises and sound effects, and while Miller plays plenty of guitar here, there's a decidedly lower hard-and-heavy quotient than on the muscular *The Tape of Only Linda*. *Interbabe Concern* plays like a somewhat stranger version of Loud Family's debut, *Plants and Birds and Rocks and Things* ... the production has a lot less gloss, and Miller's fondness for chaos seems to outweigh his knack for perfect pop hooks.

According to Conner, "Miller arranges his songs like roller coasters; you always know where you're going to end up, but the time signatures and key changes throw you around on the way there." Conner cited the song "Don't Respond, She Can Tell" as a "real kick with what sounds like a BB dropping on a table keeping time."

Reviewers found the album difficult; for example, Deming wrote, "It's an inarguably interesting album, but one that demands a lot more work for the listener to ferret out the good stuff." Conner agreed, and emphasized the reward: "Miller cycles through incongruous guitar chords with the same bravery and success of Steely Dan, and he packs each song with one syllable for nearly every note. Some of these songs might play well with the top down, but those who like to listen too closely to their pop music will get more out of the Loud Family. And you'll have to – it's not an easy album to make sense of on the first spin, but those brave enough to have another go likely will, like me, one day be astonished at how long the disc has been in one chamber of the disc changer."

*CMJ New Music Monthly*′s review categorized the music as "pop of the most depraved variety," and wrote, "There’s always some jarring detail added or subtracted, some unsettling minor component that takes these tunes out of the realm of the normal. Gently plucked acoustic guitars will suddenly be ripped apart by a mutinous fuzzbox, seemingly at random." The review continued, "If pop’s purpose is to soothe and delight, then this is either half-pop or fullblooded mutation/mutilation, as there’s nothing soothing about this in the least. It’s disturbing, but the sort of disturbance you’ll be whistling at work.

## Track listing

1. "Sodium Laureth Sulfate" – 3:19
2. "North San Bruno Dishonor Trip" – 0:45
3. "Don't Respond, She Can Tell" – 3:59
4. "I'm Not Really a Spring" – 3:41
5. "Rise of the Chokehold Princess" – 4:20
6. "Such Little Nonbelievers" – 3:37
7. "The Softest Tip of Her Baby Tongue" – 3:30
8. "Screwed Over by Stylish Introverts" – 2:41
9. "Top-Dollar Survivalist Hardware" – 3:29
10. "Not Expecting Both Contempo and Classique" – 3:31
11. "I No Longer Fear The Headless" – 4:52
12. "Hot Rox Avec Lying Sweet-Talk" – 1:07
13. "Uncle Lucky" – 3:53
14. "Just Gone" – 2:47
15. "Asleep and Awake on the Man's Freeway" – 2:39
16. "Where They Go Back to School but Get Depressed" – 2:48
17. "Where They Sell Antique Food" – 0:38
18. "Where the Flood Waters Soak Their Belongings" – 1:08
19. "Where They Walk Over Sainte Therese" – 4:40

## InfoBox

| Interbabe Concern | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Loud Family | |
| Released | July 1996 |
| Recorded | 1996 |
| Genre | Rock, power pop |
| Length | 57:34 |
| Label | Alias Records |
| Producer | Scott Miller |
| The Loud Family chronology | |
| *The Tape of Only Linda*
(1994) ***Interbabe Concern***
(1996) *Days for Days*
(1998) | |


title: Herman Brookman

abstract: Herman S. Brookman was an architect in Portland, Oregon, United States. Born in New York, Brookman received early training in the office of society architect Harrie T. Lindeberg and worked there until 1923. He was influenced by Edwin Lutyens and was a noted perfectionist. Brookman came to Oregon in 1923 at the request of client Lloyd Frank, and spent the rest of his career there before retiring to California. Noted Portland architect John Yeon trained in his office. The 1926 Bitar Mansion designed by Brookman was put up for sale in 2006.

text:
# Herman Brookman

**Herman S. Brookman** (July 2, 1891 — November 6, 1973) was an architect in Portland, Oregon, United States.

Born in New York, Brookman received early training in the office of society architect Harrie T. Lindeberg and worked there until 1923. He was influenced by Edwin Lutyens and was a noted perfectionist. Brookman came to Oregon in 1923 at the request of client Lloyd Frank, and spent the rest of his career there before retiring to California. Noted Portland architect John Yeon trained in his office. The 1926 Bitar Mansion designed by Brookman was put up for sale in 2006.

## Work

Brookman's work (in Portland, unless otherwise noted) includes:

## InfoBox

| Herman Brookman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1891-07-02)July 2, 1891<br>New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | November 6, 1973(1973-11-06) (aged 82) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Architect |


title: Viva! Health

abstract: Viva! Health, formerly The Vegetarian and Vegan Foundation (VVF), founded by Juliet Gellatley, is a science-based health and nutrition charity. Viva! Health monitors and interprets the growing body of research linking diet and health. Viva! Health provides information and advice about healthy eating. Viva! Health also runs health and education campaigns, presents school talks, cookery demonstrations, contributes to the magazine Viva!life and produces a wide variety of materials, including the free online Vegetarian Recipe Club. Viva! Health also answers nutritional queries from the public, industry and health sector and publishes diet and health-related stories regularly in national, regional and specialist press.

text:
# Viva! Health

**Viva! Health**, formerly **The Vegetarian and Vegan Foundation** (**VVF**), founded by Juliet Gellatley (along with Viva!), is a science-based health and nutrition charity. Viva! Health monitors and interprets the growing body of research linking diet and health. Viva! Health provides information and advice about healthy eating. Viva! Health also runs health and education campaigns, presents school talks, cookery demonstrations, contributes to the magazine *Viva!life* and produces a wide variety of materials, including the free online Vegetarian Recipe Club. Viva! Health also answers nutritional queries from the public, industry and health sector and publishes diet and health-related stories regularly in national, regional and specialist press.

## Celebrity supporters

## InfoBox

Viva! Health
|
|  |
| Founded | 15-02-1994 (15-02-1994) |
| Founder | Juliet Gellatley |
| Type | Health and nutrition charity |
| Registration no. | 1037486 |
| Focus | Veganism |
| Location |  |
| Origins | Vegetarians' International Voice for Animals |
| Area served | United Kingdom |
| Method | Campaigning, education |
| Key people | Juliet Gellatley |
| Website | vivahealth.org.uk |


title: Momir Bakrač

abstract: Momir Bakrač is a former Yugoslav football player, from the 1970s and 1980s. Bakrač was known for playing for several Yugoslav football clubs. He has a younger brother named Miomir who was also football player.

text:
# Momir Bakrač

**Momir Bakrač** (born 1957 in Nikšić) is a former Yugoslav football player, from the 1970s and 1980s.

Bakrač was known for playing for several Yugoslav football clubs. He has a younger brother named Miomir who was also football player.

## InfoBox

Momir Bakrač
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Momir Bakrač | | |
| Date of birth | 1957 (age 6667) | | |
| Place of birth | Nikšić, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1975–1977 | Sutjeska | 20 | (2) |
| 1977–1984 | Budućnost | 169 | (18) |
| 1984–1985 | Hajduk Split | 23 | (0) |
| 1985–1986 | Sutjeska | 18 | (2) |
| 1986–1988 | Brescia |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Idu Entha Premavayya

abstract: Idu Entha Premavayya..! is a 1999 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by Kodlu Ramakrishna and starring Ramesh Aravind and Shilpa. The film's plot is inspired by the Hindi film Kaamchor (1982), which itself was a remake of the Telugu film Subhodayam (1980). The film follows Arun, a lazy man, marries Apoorva, a rich woman, for her money. However, she discovers his true intentions and leaves him, making him realise his mistake and try to win her over again.

text:
# Idu Entha Premavayya

***Idu Entha Premavayya..!*** (transl.What kind of love is this..!) is a 1999 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by Kodlu Ramakrishna and starring Ramesh Aravind and Shilpa. The film's plot is inspired by the Hindi film *Kaamchor* (1982), which itself was a remake of the Telugu film *Subhodayam* (1980).

The film follows Arun, a lazy man, marries Apoorva, a rich woman, for her money. However, she discovers his true intentions and leaves him, making him realise his mistake and try to win her over again.

## Plot

Arun has been an aimless and lazy slacker all his adult life, who has no goals for his future. He lives with his brother, sister-in-law, and nephew Santhosh. On one occasion, he gate crashes into one of his brother's supervisor's friend's wedding ceremony and finds out that the would-be groom is to live with his in-laws. To Arun's delight, he finds out that the bride Aparna has an unmarried sister Apoorva. They both are the daughters of a rich industrialist, Karanam Sadashiva Rai. Friendship develops between the two and she helps him get a job in her father's company. Later Arun convinces her father, and marries her.

## Cast

## Production

The film was initially titled *Idu Entha Premaa*, and was the debut production of Shri Vaibhavalakshmi Pictures. One of the film's producers, Sangayyapanchkatti Matt, used to work as a correspondent at Samyukta Karnataka.

This was Ramesh Aravind's first film to feature him wearing a cap. This was Kodlu Ramakrishna's first film to have a court scene, and his first film to be shot outside of Bangalore after a song was canned in Ooty. Two scenes were shot at a temple in Banashankari: the scene where Ramesh Aravind chases a production boy and the scene where he tells jokes to Shilpa.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Gurukiran and released under the Akash Audio music label. The title track "Yeneno Kanasu Kandalu", was notably written by a female: Asha Kadpatti from Belgaum.

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Andada Chandramancha" |  | Rajesh Krishnan, Manjula Gururaj | 4:31 |
| 2. | "Bandaalo Bandaalo" | Doddarangegowda | Mohammed Haneef, Nanditha | 4:58 |
| 3. | "Doctoru Aadarunu" |  | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | 4:18 |
| 4. | "Ninna Aasegale" | D Bharath | K. S. Chithra, P. Unnikrishnan | 5:07 |
| 5. | "Soniya O Soniya" |  | Gurukiran, Anuradha Sriram, Shankar Shanbhag | 4:45 |
| 6. | "Yeneno Kanasu Kandalu" | Asha Kadapatti | Dr. Rajkumar | 5:03 |
| Total length: | | | | 28:42 |

## Home media

A scene from this film was posted by Colors Kannada on 15 March 2020. The film was telecast on Colors Kannada on 21 July 2022.

## InfoBox

| Idu Entha Premavayya..! | |
| --- | --- |
| OTT thumbnail | |
| Directed by | Kodlu Ramakrishna |
| Written by | Purushottham Kanagal (dialogues) |
| Screenplay by | Kodlu Ramakrishna
K. V. Raju
Joe Simon |
| Story by | Kodlu Ramakrishna |
| Produced by | Basavaraj Sogaladh
Anand B. Sogaladh
Sangayya C. Panchkatti Matt |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | B. S. Basavaraj |
| Edited by | Basavaraj Urs |
| Music by | Gurukiran |
| Production
company | Shri Vaibhavalakshmi Pictures |
| Release date | * 28 April 1999 (1999-04-28) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Joseph Mullaly

abstract: Joseph Mullally was a 19th-century brickmaker in Los Angeles, California, and a member of the Los Angeles Common Council, the city's governing body. Mullally came to California in 1852 and to Los Angeles in 1854, where he began brickmaking along with partners Samuel Ayers and David Porter. Their best year was 1858, when they sold two million bricks for improvements proposed in 1859. Two of the historic buildings for which he made bricks from the clay found on the site or nearby were the John Rains House in today's Rancho Cucamonga, in 1860, and the [Louis Phillips Mansion] in the Pomona Valley, in 1875. The residence of Mr. Mullally is situated on the corner of Buena Vista [today's North Broadway] and College streets,... one of the finest residences in the city of Los Angeles. The grounds have a frontage of one hundred and eighty-five feet on Buena Vista street and two hundred and eighty-five feet on College, and contain a fine bearing orchard, consisting of orange, lemon, pear, apple trees, etc. A Democrat, Mullally was a member of the Los Angeles Common Council in 1857–58, 1872–73, 1874–78 and 1881–83. In 1896 he owned a rooming house called "The Wellington." At the time of his death in December 1906, he was noted as "one of the oldest residents of Los Angeles and a member of the Society of Pioneers."

text:
# Joseph Mullaly

**Joseph Mullally** (died 1906) was a 19th-century brickmaker in Los Angeles, California, and a member of the Los Angeles Common Council, the city's governing body.

Mullally came to California in 1852 and to Los Angeles in 1854, where he began brickmaking along with partners Samuel Ayers and David Porter. Their best year was 1858, when they sold two million bricks for improvements proposed in 1859.

Two of the historic buildings for which he made bricks from the clay found on the site or nearby were the John Rains House in today's Rancho Cucamonga, in 1860, and the \[Louis Phillips Mansion\] in the Pomona Valley, in 1875.

> The residence of Mr. Mullally is situated on the corner of Buena Vista \[today's North Broadway\] and College streets, ... one of the finest residences in the city of Los Angeles. The grounds have a frontage of one hundred and eighty-five feet on Buena Vista street and two hundred and eighty-five feet on College, and contain a fine bearing orchard, consisting of orange, lemon, pear, apple trees, etc.

A Democrat, Mullally was a member of the Los Angeles Common Council in 1857–58, 1872–73, 1874–78 and 1881–83. In 1896 he owned a rooming house called "The Wellington."

At the time of his death in December 1906, he was noted as "one of the oldest residents of Los Angeles and a member of the Society of Pioneers."


title: Hail Satan

abstract: Hail Satan, sometimes Latinized as Ave Satanas or Ave Satana, is an exclamation used by some Satanists to invoke the name of Satan in contexts ranging from sincere expression to comedy or satire. The Satanic Temple uses the phrase as a sincere expression of rational inquiry removed from supernaturalism and archaic tradition-based superstitions. Believers in backmasking think they can hear "Hail Satan" and other similar messages in some songs played in reverse, such as "Walk This Way" by Aerosmith. The grammatically questionable variation Ave Satani is sometimes used, based on the title by Jerry Goldsmith in his theme music to The Omen.

text:
# Hail Satan

***Hail Satan***, sometimes Latinized as *Ave Satanas* or *Ave Satana*, is an exclamation used by some Satanists to invoke the name of Satan in contexts ranging from sincere expression to comedy or satire. The Satanic Temple uses the phrase as a sincere expression of rational inquiry removed from supernaturalism and archaic tradition-based superstitions.

Believers in backmasking think they can hear "Hail Satan" and other similar messages in some songs played in reverse, such as "Walk This Way" by Aerosmith. The grammatically questionable variation *Ave Satani* is sometimes used, based on the title by Jerry Goldsmith in his theme music to *The Omen*.

## Cultural history

The phrase "Hail Satan" is documented as early as 1808, where it is said in the poem *The Monk of Cambray* by an evil monk who uses his pact with Satan to advance in the ranks of the Catholic Church (and finally become Pope).

The Latin version *Ave Satanas* (in its variant spelling *Ave Sathanas*), often appears in literature at least from the 1800s, notably in the popular 1895 faustian novel *The Sorrows of Satan*, and earlier in an 1862 play *St. Clement's Eve* (in reference to satanic undertakings supposed to take place at midnight in a district of Paris). After the phrase "Hail Satan" appeared in the 1967 book *Rosemary's Baby* by Ira Levin and the 1968 film adaptation of it, where it is said by Satanists when they believe Satan's will has been accomplished, and had also appeared in other films and in stock footage, the phrase became part of the common conception of what Satanists say. Some film actors were reluctant to say it, and of those who did said they felt they experienced negative life events afterwards, such as divorce.

Coinciding with its appearance in *Rosemary's Baby*, the phrase became a common greeting and ritual term in the Church of Satan (founded in 1966), both in its English form, *Hail Satan*, as well as in the Latin version of it, *Ave Satanas*. When *Ave Satanas* was used, it was often preceded by the term *Rege Satanas* ("Reign, Satan"). (*Rege Satanas* can be heard in the video of a widely publicized Church of Satan wedding performed by LaVey on February 1, 1967.) The combination "*Rege Satanas, Ave Satanas, Hail Satan!*" is found as a greeting in early Church of Satan correspondence, as well as in their 1968 recording *The Satanic Mass*, and ultimately in their 1969 book *The Satanic Bible*. The same combination also appeared in 1969 in the non-Church of Satan record album by the rock band Coven, in a 13 minute long "Satanic Mass" of their own. The use of "Hail Satan" by Coven (as well as their use of the sign of the horns and inverted crosses on the same album) was the first time this phrase was used in rock music. The phrase is used in some versions of the Black Mass, where it often accompanies the phrase "shemhamforash" and is said at the end of each prayer. This rite was performed by the Church of Satan appearing in the documentary *Satanis* in 1969. Some occultists accompany it with similar addresses to other gods or figures they revere. Rituals involving the phrase tend to be more likely to be mentioned in the press at Halloween.

"Ave Satani", the theme song for *The Omen* (1976), written by Jerry Goldsmith, which won him an Academy Award, has a title which is intended to mean "Hail Satan" in Latin, in opposition to "Ave Christi". (The song contains other Latin phrases inverting Christ, such as "Ave Versus Christi", meaning "Hail Anti-Christ", and "Corpus Satani", an inversion of "Corpus Christi", the body of Christ). The song has been described as hair-raising and has inspired cover versions such as those by Fantômas or Gregorian. The music is used in comic portrayals of stock "sinister" characters, for instance in the *South Park* episode "Woodland Critter Christmas", which involves devil-worshiping woodland creatures, a version of the "Ave Satani" is heard in the background when the animals use their demonic powers; also the episode's commercial bumpers involving a squirrel saying "Hail Satan!" The chant is also parodied in the episode "Damien", where Damien is accompanied by the chant "Rectus Dominus Cheesy Poofs."

In 1985, the phrase received national news coverage in the United States when serial killer Richard Ramirez, known as the "Night Stalker", shouted "Hail Satan!" as he was led from the courtroom, while raising his hand with a pentagram drawn onto it. Members of Ramirez's family denied that he said the phrase, believing that he said "We'll see," but "Hail Satan" was still being used by journalists over twenty years later as being characteristic of Ramirez. In reviewing whether Ramirez was deprived of his due process and right to a fair trial by being restrained by leg shackles, the Supreme Court of California itself highlighted Ramirez's use of "Hail Satan" to support its conclusion that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering Ramirez to be physically restrained during trial.

The phrase may be used ironically by heavy metal fans as part of their rebellious ethos. Heavy metal musicians may use it as part of their act or their songs, such as *Hail Satanas We Are the Black Legions* by Mütiilation. Heavy metal musicians, for instance Ozzy Osbourne, a member of the Church of England, rarely consider themselves to be Satanists, instead using it as part of their stage persona, a role they play. *RuPaul's Drag Race* Season 4 Winner Sharon Needles has a song called "Hail Satan", in which she cites icons from the satanic culture. John Darnielle, discussing the closing refrain of "Hail Satan" in the Mountain Goats song "The Best Ever Death Metal Band in Denton," asserted that "if you believe in Satan, then you believe in God." In an episode of the podcast *I Only Listen to the Mountain Goats*, Darnielle described recording this line: "The Hail Satan wasn’t written down; it was a spontaneous eruption \[during recording\], but it felt like a religious confession. Not obviously the dark principal that people talk about… the Satan, John Milton’s Satan. That’s not what that means. It means a celebration of two people being true to themselves. It’s a celebration of that later satanic principal of self knowledge which isn’t really satanic at all, it’s actually God-like."

The ubiquity of the phrase has led to it being used in parodic imitation of evangelism, as with the *Mr. Show with Bob and David* sketch "Hail Satan Network" which includes characters who are Satanic televangelists. It received another humorous use when *The Simpsons* character Bart Simpson was punished for using it to end the Pledge of Allegiance in the episode "Burns' Heir" (1994).

"Ave Satanas" is chanted in episode 5 of *American Horror Story: Cult* and more prominently throughout *American Horror Story: Delicate*.

## Reputation

Some of those who believe in backmasking, along with some Christian fundamentalists, believe messages such as "Hail Satan" may subliminally inspire people to do evil, a view which may have received some reinforcement when the phrase was used as part of the vandalizing of churches, but its use then might have been the expression of a general anti-religious sentiment, as suggested by its use along with slogans such as "Think, don't Pray". Vandalism accompanying it may include the anarchy symbol or other slogans intended to shock, such as racial slurs. It can accompany symbols such as a swastika, inverted pentagram, or inverted cross. Such vandalism is usually by rebellious young people rather than Satanists, whose activities are not often criminal.

Rick Alan Ross, an anti-cultist and deprogrammer, referred to the murder trial of Scott Peterson, in which the defense made the claim that the killings were by a "Satanic cult" rather than the defendant. Ross called this a ridiculous manifestation of the Satanic panic, referred to it as a "Hail Satan Pass", similar to the Hail Mary pass in football, a desperate and unlikely attempt.


title: Intelligence and public policy

abstract: A large body of research indicates that IQ and similar measures vary between individuals and between certain groups, and that they correlate with socially important outcomes such as educational achievement, employment, crime, poverty and socioeconomic status. In the United States, certain public policies and laws regarding employment, military service, education and crime incorporate IQ or similar measurements. Internationally, certain public policies, such as improving nutrition and prohibiting neurotoxins, have as one of their goals raising or preventing a decline in intelligence.

text:
# Intelligence and public policy

A large body of research indicates that IQ ("intelligence quotient") and similar measures vary between individuals and between certain groups, and that they correlate with socially important outcomes such as educational achievement, employment, crime, poverty and socioeconomic status.

In the United States, certain public policies and laws regarding employment, military service, education and crime incorporate IQ or similar measurements. Internationally, certain public policies, such as improving nutrition and prohibiting neurotoxins, have as one of their goals raising or preventing a decline in intelligence.

### History

In the early 20th century, eugenics legislation was passed in many US states which allowed, or encouraged, sterilization of "feeble-minded" individuals .

In the 1927 case *Buck v. Bell*, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes closed the 8–1 majority opinion upholding the sterilization of Carrie Buck, who along with her mother and daughter was labeled "feeble-minded", with the infamous phrase, "Three generations of imbeciles are enough."

Eugenics fell out of favor in the middle part of the century and is now widely denounced, though memories of the period continue to influence public policy.

### US education

Cognitive test scores predict educational performance better than they predict any other outcome, and cognitive testing is pervasive in academics. Central policy issues concern the proper role of testing in assessing educational quality and in college admission; efforts to characterize and close the educational achievement gap between racial and socioeconomic groups in the US; and the importance of cognitive ability differences in educational affirmative action.

The existence of educational achievement gaps between racial and socioeconomic groups is broadly accepted; the source and stability of the gaps remain areas of active research and debate. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) is aimed explicitly at reducing achievement gaps by race. Federally defined formulas in NCLB call for elimination of all achievement disparity by 2014. Regardless of the source of the gap, most educators agree that it must be addressed. They often advocate equitable funding for education.

The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals interpreted state and federal statutes to require that IQ tests not be used in a manner that was determinative of tracking students into classes designed for the mentally retarded. *Larry P. v. Riles*, 793 F.2d 969 (9th Cir. 1984). The court specifically found that the tests involved were designed and standardized based on an all-white population, and had not undergone a legislatively mandated validation process. In addition, the court ruled that predictive validity for a general population is not sufficient, since the rights of an individual student were at issue, and emphasized that had the tests not been treated as controlling but instead used as part of a thorough and individualized assessment by a school psychologist a different result would have been obtained. In September 1982, the judge in the *Larry P.* case, Federal District Judge Robert F. Peckham, relented in part in response to a lawsuit brought by black parents who wanted their children tested. The parents' attorney, Mark Bredemeier, said his clients viewed the modern special education offered by California schools today as helpful to children with learning disabilities, not a dead-end track, as parents contended in the original 1979 *Larry P.* case.

A major area of controversy regarding the NCLB Act is whether achievement gaps are the result of "the soft bigotry of low expectations" or reflect real cognitive ability differences between groups. Because the Act includes warnings and funding consequences for schools which do not meet performance goals, whether disparate student performance is due primarily to environment (which is perceived to be under substantial school and teacher control) or to genetics (which is perceived to be far less malleable) has become a crucial issue.

Gifted education and special education programs aim to provide tailored instruction to students with especially high or low ability. Research in both civilian and military training has demonstrated that bright individuals learn 2–5 times faster than their less able peers.

### Employment

One summary of the relationship between employment policy and IQ testing is provided by Murphy (2002):

> Cognitive ability tests represent the best single predictor of job performance, but also represent the predictor most likely to have substantial adverse impact on employment opportunities for members of several racial and ethnic minority groups. Debates over the use of these tests in selection often involve trade-offs between two criteria that are valued by decision makers – that is, efficiency and equity. Findings and methods from decision research can help us frame these trade-offs, but in most cases they cannot be avoided.

Before the late twentieth century, on the basis of studies showing widely varying validities for personnel selection techniques, the theory of "situational specificity" held sway. This principle holds that each organization, work setting and job is unique, requiring unique employee characteristics or skills, and that selection on any general ability yields little benefit. However, the development of statistical techniques such as meta-analysis allowed large samples to be assembled from smaller studies, revealing that apparent validity variations reflected statistical artifacts. Re-analysis, and subsequent studies, have established that general mental ability (IQ) predicts job performance across all jobs. The validity of IQ varies most notably with job complexity: IQ matters little for simple jobs such as packing, and a great deal in complex jobs such as medicine.

These findings have major significance. For example, racial groups differ in average performance on mental ability tests: East Asians on average score higher than Whites, who on average score higher than Blacks (see Race and intelligence for a more thorough discussion). Race-blind hiring on the basis of cognitive test score, among the best predictors of job performance, tends to lead to under-representation of some racial groups in favor of others, a phenomenon called "adverse impact" or "disparate impact" in employment law. (In contrast, "disparate treatment" refers to deliberate discrimination.)

In 1971, in the case *Griggs v. Duke Power Co.*, the US Supreme Court handed down a seminal ruling which framed US public policy on adverse impact. *Griggs* concerned a company which had rejected a large number of Black applicants who either lacked a high-school education or performed poorly on a paper-and-pencil cognitive test. Referring to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Court wrote,

> The Act proscribes not only overt discrimination but also practices that are fair in form, but discriminatory in operation. The touchstone is business necessity. If an employment practice which operates to exclude Negroes cannot be shown to be related to job performance, the practice is prohibited.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act generally prohibits employment practices that are unfair or discriminatory. One provision of Title VII, codified at 42 USC 2000e-2(h), specifically provides that it is not an "unlawful employment practice for an employer to give and to act upon the results of any professionally developed ability test provided that such test, its administration or action upon the results is not designed, intended or used to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex or national origin." This statute was interpreted by the Supreme Court in *Griggs v. Duke Power Co.*, 401 US 424 (1971). In *Griggs*, the Court ruled that the reliance solely on a general IQ test that was not found to be specifically relevant to the job at issue was a discriminatory practice where it had a "disparate impact" on hiring. The Court gave considerable weight in its ruling to an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulation interpreting Section 2002e-2(h)'s reference to a "professionally developed ability test" to mean "a test which fairly measures the knowledge or skills required by the particular job or class of jobs which the applicant seeks, or which fairly affords the employer a chance to measure the applicant's ability to perform a particular job or class of jobs." In other words, the use of any particular test would need to be shown to be relevant to the particular job or class of jobs at issue.

In 1989, the US Supreme Court decision in *Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio* reduced the defendant's burden of proving business necessity to a burden of producing evidence of business justification. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 overturned that portion of the *Wards Cove* decision.

These decisions added a legal dimension to trade-offs between "efficiency and equity" referenced by Murphy. Though cognitive testing is generally inexpensive, reliable and valid, US employers risk expensive legal action if such testing produces disparate impact. In practice, companies have responded with a variety of strategies, from abandonment of cognitive testing to maintenance of racial hiring quotas. The latter derives from enforcement of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's "four-fifths rule", which states that any group selection rate that is less than four-fifths (80%) of the highest rate will be regarded by Federal enforcement agencies as evidence of adverse impact.

Attempts to formulate a test with reliability and validity equal to cognitive testing, but that does not produce disparate impact, have generally failed.

Microsoft is known for using non-illegal tests that correlate with IQ tests as part of the interview process, weighing the results even more than experience in many cases.

### US military service

All US military recruits take the Armed Forces Qualification Test, an intelligence test that strongly measures the general intelligence factor. A recruit's cognitive test scores in part determine the professions available to them.

The Military Doesn't conduct IQ tests any more, Instead Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is conducted. The (ASVAB) test has nothing to do with IQ test and the scores between the two tests vary. The Minimum Score in the test is 31. Those who score less than 31 in Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery are also selected.

The U.S. military uses the Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT), as higher scores correlate with significant increases in effectiveness of both individual soldiers and units.

### US crime

In its 2002 ruling on the case *Atkins v. Virginia*, the US Supreme Court outlawed the execution of intellectually-disabled criminals on the grounds that it constituted cruel and unusual punishment, which is prohibited by the 8th Amendment. The designation of *mental retardation* (or developmental disability) typically requires a measured IQ below 70 or 75.

The Supreme Court of the United States has utilized IQ test results during the sentencing phase of some criminal proceedings. The Supreme Court case of *Atkins v. Virginia*, decided June 20, 2002, held that executions of mentally challenged criminals are "cruel and unusual punishments" prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. In *Atkins* the court stated that

"\[I\]t appears that even among those States that regularly execute offenders and that have no prohibition with regard to the mentally retarded, only five have executed offenders possessing a known IQ less than 70 since we decided *Penry*. The practice, therefore, has become truly unusual, and it is fair to say that a national consensus has developed against it."

In overturning the Virginia Supreme Court's holding, the *Atkins* opinion stated that petitioner's IQ result of 59 was a factor making the imposition of capital punishment a violation of his eighth amendment rights. In the opinion's notes the court provided some of the facts relied upon when reaching their decision

> At the sentencing phase, Dr. Nelson testified: "Atkins' full scale IQ is 59. Compared to the population at large, that means less than one percentile. ... Mental retardation is a relatively rare thing. It's about one percent of the population." App. 274. According to Dr. Nelson, Atkins' IQ score "would automatically qualify for Social Security disability income." Id., at 280. Dr. Nelson also indicated that of the over 40 capital defendants that he had evaluated, Atkins was only the second individual who met the criteria for mental retardation. Id., at 310. He testified that, in his opinion, Atkins' limited intellect had been a consistent feature throughout his life, and that his IQ score of 59 is not an "aberration, malingered result, or invalid test score." Id., at 308.

Individuals with IQs below 70 have been essentially exempted from the death penalty in the U.S. since 2002, even though this cannot be definitely confirmed.

### US Social Security

The Social Security Administration also uses IQ results when deciding disability claims. In certain cases, IQ results alone are used (in those cases where the result shows a "full scale IQ of 59 or less") and in other cases IQ results are used along with other factors (for a "full scale IQ of 60 through 70") when deciding whether a claimant qualifies for Social Security Disability benefits.

## Race issues

The public policy implications of intelligence research have often been defined by debates surrounding race and intelligence.

Pseudoscientific claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have played a central role in the history of scientific racism. The first tests showing differences in IQ scores between different population groups in the United States were the tests of United States Army recruits in World War I. In the 1920s, groups of eugenics lobbyists argued that these results demonstrated that African Americans and certain immigrant groups were of inferior intellect to Anglo-Saxon white people, and that this was due to innate biological differences. In turn, they used such beliefs to justify policies of racial segregation. However, other studies soon appeared, contesting these conclusions and arguing instead that the Army tests had not adequately controlled for environmental factors, such as socioeconomic and educational inequality between black people and white people. Later observations of phenomena such as the Flynn effect, and the steady closing of the gap between black and white Americans, along with recognition of disparities in access to prenatal care, all highlighted ways in which environmental factors affect group IQ differences. In recent decades, as understanding of human genetics has advanced, claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have been broadly rejected by scientists on both theoretical and empirical grounds.


title: Antonina Pojarkova

abstract: Antonina Ivanovna Pojarkova (1897–1980) was a Russian expert on the flora of the Caucasus, with a particular interest in ferns and seed plants. Pojarkova authored 230 land plant species names, the eighth-highest number of such names authored by any female scientist.

text:
# Antonina Pojarkova

**Antonina Ivanovna Pojarkova** (1897–1980) was a Russian expert on the flora of the Caucasus, with a particular interest in ferns and seed plants. Pojarkova authored 230 land plant species names, the eighth-highest number of such names authored by any female scientist.

## Work

Pojarkova was a principal editor with B. N. Gorodkov and author of many components of the 5-volume series *Flora of the Murmansk region* (*Flora Murmanskoj oblasti*) which was published by the USSR Academy of Sciences, and with Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov of the 30-volume series *Flora SSSR*, which was translated into English as *Flora of the USSR*.

As well as discovering new species, her work is notable for creating infrageneric groups, such as *Acer* section *Trilobata* and *Crataegus* series *Orientales*.

Her specimen collection has been published for scientific study.

The genus *Pojarkovia* in the daisy family Asteraceae is named in her honour.

The standard author abbreviation Pojark. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## InfoBox

| Antonina Ivanovna Pojarkova | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1897 |
| Died | 1980 |
| Nationality | Russian |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | **Pojark.** |
|  | |


title: Oscar Stanton De Priest House

abstract: The Oscar Stanton De Priest House is a historic apartment building at 4536-4538 South Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive in Chicago, Illinois,. It was built in 1920, and one of its units was from 1929 to 1951 home to Oscar Stanton De Priest (1871–1951), the first African-American to be elected to the United States Congress from a northern state. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 15, 1975. It is not open to the public.

text:
# Oscar Stanton De Priest House

The **Oscar Stanton De Priest House** is a historic apartment building at 4536-4538 South Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive in Chicago, Illinois,. It was built in 1920, and one of its units was from 1929 to 1951 home to Oscar Stanton De Priest (1871–1951), the first African-American to be elected to the United States Congress from a northern state. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 15, 1975. It is not open to the public.

## Description and history

The Oscar Stanton De Priest House is located on Chicago's South Side community area of Grand Boulevard, on the west side of King Drive south of 45th Street. It is an architecturally-unexceptional three-story masonry structure built of brick with stone trim, with a full basement. It houses eight units, two to each floor including the basement. Its dominant features are projecting rectangular bays on both sides of the recessed entry, with bracketed flower boxes on the second and third floors and a bracketed cornice below the roof. Based on its styling, it was built about 1920.

Oscar Stanton De Priest lived with his wife, Jessie De Priest, in one of the second-floor units of this building from 1929 to his death, in 1951. A native of Alabama, he migrated to Chicago in the late 19th century, where he gained employment as a building contractor. He became active in local politics, winning election as a Cook County commissioner in 1904. In 1915, he was the first African-American to win a seat on Chicago's Board of Aldermen, representing the city's wealthy Second Ward. In 1928, De Priest was chosen as a late replacement on the Republican Party ticket in the election to Illinois's first Congressional district, replacing the incumbent Martin B. Madden, who died shortly after the primary. De Priest won and was seated in Congress over the objections of Southern representatives. As the first post-Reconstruction African-American in that body and the first from any northern state, De Priest became a prominent voice on matters of interest to African Americans, working in particular to secure equitable funding for the education of blacks. De Priest served three terms in Congress before he returned to city politics.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Oscar Stanton De Priest House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 4536-4538 South Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Chicago, IL |
| Coordinates | 41°48′42.08″N 87°37′4.65″W / 41.8116889°N 87.6179583°W / 41.8116889; -87.6179583 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1920 |
| NRHP reference No. | 75000646 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 15, 1975 |
| Designated NHL | May 15, 1975 |


title: New Mexico State Ethics Commission

abstract: The New Mexico State Ethics Commission (SEC) is an independent state agency tasked with promoting the integrity of New Mexico State Government through the interpretation, enforcement, and improvement of New Mexico's campaign finance, governmental conduct, procurement, and lobbying laws.

text:
# New Mexico State Ethics Commission

The **New Mexico State Ethics Commission** (**SEC**) is an independent state agency tasked with promoting the integrity of New Mexico State Government through the interpretation, enforcement, and improvement of New Mexico's campaign finance, governmental conduct, procurement, and lobbying laws.

## Background

The SEC was created via constitutional amendment in 2018. In 2019, the New Mexico Legislature passed the State Ethics Commission Act which serves as the enabling legislation for the SEC.

### Jurisdiction

The SEC's jurisdiction began on January 1, 2020. The SEC has authority to adjudicate civil complaints arising under nine laws provided for in the State Ethics Commission Act.

### Responsibilities

In addition to adjudicating ethics complaints, the SEC also provides advisory opinions on ethics issues to persons subject to its jurisdiction, conducts ethics trainings, and is charged with developing and disseminating a model code of ethics.

1. "Law | New Mexico State Ethics Commission". Retrieved January 22, 2020.
2. "New Mexico Constitutional Amendment 2, Independent Ethics Commission Amendment (2018)". *Ballotpedia*. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
3. "| Chapter 10 - Public Officers and Employees". *laws.nmonesource.com*. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
4. "About | New Mexico State Ethics Commission". Retrieved January 22, 2020.

## InfoBox

New Mexico State Ethics Commission
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| <br>State Ethics Commission Office Building | |
| Government Agency overview | |
| Formed | **Start date: Jan 1, 2020** |
| Jurisdiction | All state-level public officials, public employees, persons subject to Campaign Reporting Act, lobbyists, lobbyist employers, state contractors, and seekers of state contracts |
| Headquarters | 800 Bradbury Dr. SE, Suite 217 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106 |
| Parent department | Independent |
| Website | **https://www.sec.state.nm.us/** |


title: Virginia Reginato

abstract: Virginia María del Carmen Reginato Bozzo is a Chilean politician. A member of the Independent Democratic Union (UDI) party, she formerly served as mayor of the city of Viña del Mar. From 1992 to 2004 she served as councilor, and in 2004 was elected for the first time to lead the municipality for a four-year term. In the 2008 municipal elections, she was re-elected with the top national majority in votes (107,355) and the sixth largest percentage, with 78.76%. She is popularly known as "Tía Coty".

text:
# Virginia Reginato

**Virginia María del Carmen Reginato Bozzo** (born 16 July 1939) is a Chilean politician. A member of the Independent Democratic Union (UDI) party, she formerly served as mayor of the city of Viña del Mar.

From 1992 to 2004 she served as councilor, and in 2004 was elected for the first time to lead the municipality for a four-year term. In the 2008 municipal elections, she was re-elected with the top national majority in votes (107,355) and the sixth largest percentage, with 78.76%. She is popularly known as "Tía Coty" (Aunt Coty).

## Biography

Born on 16 July 1939 in Valparaíso, she lived in the Playa Ancha area until age three, when her parents moved to Viña del Mar.

While her official biography states that she studied at the Scuola Italiana and the College of the French Nuns of Valparaíso, her formal education is known to have reached the third grade, and in 2007 she passed her basic and secondary education through free exams at El Sembrador de Colina school. This validation of studies has been questioned for having been allegedly carried out in a day, and deputies filed a complaint against Reginato in 2013 for falsification of a public instrument, an accusation which was dismissed.

During her youth she was a beauty queen five times – at the centenary celebrations of the Sixth Fire Company of Valparaiso, the Red Cross carnival, the Società Canotieri Italiani, the Scuola Italiana kermesse, and the first International Industrial Fair.

> \[It was\] an event that was held at the Casino, where each exhibitor had a candidate. I was attending my family's stand and I came out queen by one vote, which was not bad, since it was put out in the defunct Valparaiso newspaper *La Union*.
>
> Virginia Reginato

She married Juan Gray, with whom she had two children, Verónica and Ricardo.

## Political career

### Roles during the military dictatorship and councilor

A sympathizer of the right, her political career began as a volunteer at the National Secretariat for Women in 1975, an institution where she later served as the communal secretary of Viña del Mar (1981) and provincial secretary of Valparaíso (1982). She joined the Community Development Council (CODECO) of the Municipality of Viña del Mar from 1983 to 1988. She later served as regional secretary of the National Secretariat for Women.

In the municipal elections of 1992, she was elected as councilor for Viña del Mar. She was reelected in 1996 and 2000, fulfilling this function until 2004.

### Mayor of Viña del Mar

In the municipal elections of 2004 she defeated incumbent mayor Dr. Jorge Kaplán with 47.88% of the votes, becoming the first woman in the city to attain the position through the electoral process, and the second after Eugenia Garrido, a councilor appointed by the military regime.

Her administration put emphasis on the tourist image of Viña del Mar, the social development of the most vulnerable sectors of the municipality, as well as implementing an extensive citizen security program and bidding for organizing rights for the Viña del Mar International Song Festival.

In the municipal elections of 2008 she obtained 78.84% of the votes, being re-elected as mayor of Viña del Mar for the term 2008–2012, with the top national majority, and the most votes of any woman mayor in the country, with 107,355. In 2012 and 2016 she was also re-elected to the position, for the terms 2012–2016 and 2016–2020, after which she will have served 16 years in the mayor's office of the so-called "garden city".

## InfoBox

| Virginia Reginato | |
| --- | --- |
| December 2018 | |
|  | |
| Councilor of Viña del Mar | |
| **In office**
26 September 1992  6 December 2004 | |
| Mayor of Viña del Mar | |
| **In office**
December 6, 2004  June 28, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Jorge Kaplán |
| Succeeded by | Macarena Ripamonti |
| Councilor of Viña del Mar | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
June 28, 2021 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Virginia María del Carmen Reginato Bozzo
(1939-07-16) 16 July 1939
Valparaíso, Chile |
| Political party | Independent Democratic Union |
| Spouse | Juan Gray |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Website | www.virginiareginato.cl |
|  | |


abstract: The United States Post Office is a historic post office building located at Little Valley in Cattaraugus County, New York. It was designed and built in 1941-1942 as a Works Progress Administration project, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Louis A. Simon. It is a one-story symmetrically massed brick structure with a stone watertable in the Colonial Revival style. Its design is the same as that used in 13 other post offices across New York State. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Little Valley has had a post office in some form since October 15, 1822. It serves one ZIP Code, 14755, which covers the village and large portions of the towns of Napoli, Mansfield and west Salamanca.

text:
# United States Post Office (Little Valley, New York)

The **United States Post Office** is a historic post office building located at Little Valley in Cattaraugus County, New York. It was designed and built in 1941-1942 as a Works Progress Administration project, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Louis A. Simon. It is a one-story symmetrically massed brick structure with a stone watertable in the Colonial Revival style. Its design is the same as that used in 13 other post offices across New York State.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Little Valley has had a post office in some form since October 15, 1822. It serves one ZIP Code, 14755, which covers the village and large portions of the towns of Napoli, Mansfield and west Salamanca (including Bucktooth and Sawmill Runs).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| US Post Office--Little Valley | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| United States Post Office, August 2010 | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location of the U.S. Post Office-Little Valley | |
| Location | 115 Main St., Little Valley, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°14′57″N 78°47′55″W / 42.24917°N 78.79861°W / 42.24917; -78.79861 |
| Built | 1941 |
| Architect | Simon, Louis A.; US Treasury Department |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| MPS | US Post Offices in New York State, 1858-1943, TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 88002344 |
| Added to NRHP | May 11, 1989 |


title: Porticello, Sicily

abstract: Porticello is a fishing port in Sicily, Italy, located between Palermo and Cefalu. It is a frazione or village within the township of Santa Flavia. The village is dominated by the remains of the Punic civilization city of Solunto, one of the first Phoenician trading posts established in Sicily. The city, which had been prosperous until then, was sacked and destroyed in the Middle Ages by the Arabs. The ruins still exist. In August 2024, a storm sank the Bayesian, a large luxury yacht owned by the British tech entrepreneur billionaire Mike Lynch, while moored just offshore from Porticello.

text:
# Porticello, Sicily

**Porticello** is a fishing port in Sicily, Italy, located between Palermo and Cefalu. It is a frazione or village within the township of Santa Flavia.

The village is dominated by the remains of the Punic civilization city of Solunto, one of the first Phoenician trading posts established in Sicily. The city, which had been prosperous until then, was sacked and destroyed in the Middle Ages by the Arabs. The ruins still exist.

In August 2024, a storm sank the *Bayesian*, a large luxury yacht owned by the British tech entrepreneur billionaire Mike Lynch, while moored just offshore from Porticello.

## InfoBox

| Porticello | |
| --- | --- |
| Frazione or village | |
| View of the port at Porticello from above | |
| Porticello | |
| Coordinates: 38°5′17.2144″N 13°32′15.3222″E / 38.088115111°N 13.537589500°E / 38.088115111; 13.537589500 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Island | Sicily |
| Metropolitan area | Metropolitan City of Palermo |
| Township | Santa Flavia |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: Haitón del Guarataro

abstract: The Haitón del Guarataro is a solutional cave system in the Sierra de San Luis in Falcón State, Venezuela, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south-east of Curimagua. It is the deepest limestone cave in Venezuela, and the entrance is a tourist attraction within the Juan Crisóstomo Falcón National Park. A large entrance shaft 12 metres (39 ft) in diameter leads via drops of 168 metres (551 ft), 55 metres (180 ft), and 19 metres (62 ft) to a stream passage which follows the dip down for a distance of about 350 metres (1,150 ft) to the north to where it eventually chokes. An upstream passage is intercepted which runs south for about 150 metres (490 ft) to the base of a shaft. The cave has a depth of 305 metres (1,001 ft), and a total passage length of 640 metres (2,100 ft). It was first explored and surveyed in April 1973 by members of the Venezuela '73 British Karst Research Expedition. It is formed in Oligocene reefal limestone. A faunal survey was undertaken during the exploration of the cave, but only a few cavernicoles were recorded. They included cave crickets, phalangodid harvestmen, a depigmented troglophile garnmarid shrimp found in a large pool, and a troglobitic trichopolydesmid millipede found on the roof of the terminal chamber.

text:
# Haitón del Guarataro

The **Haitón del Guarataro** is a solutional cave system in the Sierra de San Luis in Falcón State, Venezuela, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south-east of Curimagua. It is the deepest limestone cave in Venezuela, and the entrance is a tourist attraction within the Juan Crisóstomo Falcón National Park. A large entrance shaft 12 metres (39 ft) in diameter leads via drops of 168 metres (551 ft), 55 metres (180 ft), and 19 metres (62 ft) to a stream passage which follows the dip down for a distance of about 350 metres (1,150 ft) to the north to where it eventually chokes. An upstream passage is intercepted which runs south for about 150 metres (490 ft) to the base of a shaft. The cave has a depth of 305 metres (1,001 ft), and a total passage length of 640 metres (2,100 ft). It was first explored and surveyed in April 1973 by members of the Venezuela '73 British Karst Research Expedition. It is formed in Oligocene reefal limestone.

A faunal survey was undertaken during the exploration of the cave, but only a few cavernicoles were recorded. They included cave crickets, phalangodid harvestmen, a depigmented troglophile garnmarid shrimp (*Hyalella meinerti*) found in a large pool, and a troglobitic trichopolydesmid millipede found on the roof of the terminal chamber.

## InfoBox

| Haitón del Guarataro | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance shaft of Haitón del Guarataro | |
| Location of Haitón del Guarataro within Venezuela | |
| Location | Falcón State, Venezuela |
| Coordinates | 11°08′59″N 69°41′23″W / 11.149748°N 69.689774°W / 11.149748; -69.689774 |
| Depth | 305 metres (1,001 ft) |
| Length | 640 metres (2,100 ft) |
| Elevation | 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) |
| Discovery | April 1973 |
| Geology | Oligocene limestone |
| Entrances | 1 |
| Hazards | Verticality |
| Cave survey | BKRE 1973 |


title: Apaki

abstract: Apaki is a village in western Benin near the Togolese border. It is located in Savalou commune in the Collines Department. Nearby towns and villages include Agbanho (1.0 nm), Kotongbo (1.4 nm), Lekpa (2.0 nm), Alekpo (3.6 nm), Pepelou (3.6 nm), Ekpa (1.0 nm) and Takete (1.4 nm).

text:
# Apaki

**Apaki** is a village in western Benin near the Togolese border. It is located in Savalou commune in the Collines Department.

Nearby towns and villages include Agbanho (1.0 nm), Kotongbo (1.4 nm), Lekpa (2.0 nm), Alekpo (3.6 nm), Pepelou (3.6 nm), Ekpa (1.0 nm) and Takete (1.4 nm).

## InfoBox

| Apaki | |
| --- | --- |
| ApakiLocation in Benin | |
| Coordinates: 8°5′N 1°38′E / 8.083°N 1.633°E / 8.083; 1.633 | |
| Country | Benin |
| Department | Collines Department |
| Commune | Savalou |


title: Otis Spann's Chicago Blues

abstract: Otis Spann's Chicago Blues is an album by blues pianist and vocalist Otis Spann recorded in Chicago at two sessions in 1965 and released by the Testament label.

text:
# Otis Spann's Chicago Blues

***Otis Spann's Chicago Blues*** (also released as *Nobody Knows My Troubles*) is an album by blues pianist and vocalist Otis Spann recorded in Chicago at two sessions in 1965 and released by the Testament label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings* |  |

AllMusic reviewer Richie Unterberger stated "divided between solo piano performances and pieces with a full band ... The variation in approach means that this isn't the most consistent Spann album, and the material and performances don't rank among his best either, although they're reasonably solid".

## Track listing

All compositions by Otis Spann except where noted

1. "Get Your Hands Out of My Pocket" − 2:30
2. "Nobody Knows My Troubles" − 3:20
3. "Sarah Street" − 3:22
4. "Worried Life Blues" (Big Maceo Merriweather) − 2:00
5. "You Can't Hide" − 2:33
6. "Jack-Knife" − 2:52
7. "What's On Your Worried Mind?" − 2:24
8. "Vicksburg Blues" − 4:32
9. "Who's Out There?" − 2:30
10. "Spann's Boogie Woogie" − 2:10
11. "See See Rider" (Ma Rainey) − 2:59
12. "Lovin' You" − 3:23
13. "One Room Country Shack" (Mercy Dee Walton) − 2:43
14. "Mr. Jelly Roll Baker" − 3:02

## Personnel

* Otis Spann − vocals, piano, organ
* James Cotton − harmonica (tracks 1-3, 6, 9 & 12)
* Johnny Young − guitar (tracks 1-3, 6, 9 & 12)
* Jimmy Lee Morris − bass (tracks 1-3, 6, 9 & 12)
* S. P. Leary (tracks 1-3, 6, 9 & 12), Robert Whitehead (track 8) – drums

## InfoBox

| Otis Spann's Chicago Blues | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Otis Spann | |
| Released | 1966 |
| Recorded | November 22, 1965 and undated 1965 session |
| Studio | Chicago |
| Genre | Blues |
| Length | 42:24 |
| Label | Testament
T-2211 |
| Producer | Pete Welding |
| Otis Spann chronology | |
| *The Blues Never Die!*
(1965) ***Otis Spann's Chicago Blues***
(1966) *The Blues Is Where It's At*
(1966) | |
|  | |
| *Nobody Knows My Troubles* Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: New Mexico State Fair

abstract: The New Mexico State Fair is an annual state fair held in September at Expo New Mexico in the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The event features concerts, competitions, rodeos, carnival rides, games, farm animals, horses, agriculture, art of the American Southwest, New Mexican cuisine, and New Mexico music. The Tingley Coliseum is on the fairgrounds.

text:
# New Mexico State Fair

The **New Mexico State Fair** is an annual state fair held in September at **Expo New Mexico** (formerly the New Mexico State Fairgrounds) in the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The event features concerts, competitions, rodeos, carnival rides, games, farm animals, horses, agriculture, art of the American Southwest, New Mexican cuisine, and New Mexico music. The Tingley Coliseum is on the fairgrounds.

## History

The fair was first held in October 1881 under the direction of Elias S. Stover. Originally referred to as the territorial fair, it became a state fair in 1911 in anticipation of New Mexico's upcoming statehood. The original fairgrounds, also known as Traction Park, were southwest of Old Town Plaza and were promoted as a year-round destination by the Albuquerque streetcar company in order to boost ridership on their line. In 1917, the fair was canceled and replaced with a "great patriotic demonstration" marking the recent U.S. entry into World War I. Subsequently, the State Fair was not held for several years.

The fair was reinstated in 1938 at its current location on Central Avenue in the International District. The new fairgrounds were built in 1936–38 with Works Progress Administration funding which was secured in part due to the efforts of Governor Clyde Tingley. Leon Harms, formerly the founder of the Marion County Fair in Kansas, laid out the grounds and managed the fair from its inception until 1958. The first state fair in 1938 attracted about 64,000 visitors. By the 1960s, attendance had grown to over 500,000 visitors annually, and the grounds included "83 structures of varying sizes". The fair was originally held in October but was moved up to mid-September in 1960 in hopes of having better weather.

World War II interrupted the fair from 1942 to 1944, and it resumed in 1945, when it was uninterrupted for the next 75 years until 2020. In 2020, the fair had to be cancelled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2021, the Governor's office announced the state fair would require proof of vaccination for attendance, with some exceptions for religious or medical reasons.

The 2020 State Fair was canceled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. When it reopened in 2021, it saw record low attendance due to strict restrictions. In 2022, attendance was back to normal due to state restrictions being lifted.

## Grounds

The New Mexico State Fairgrounds are located in eastern Albuquerque between Central Avenue, Lomas Boulevard, San Pedro Drive, and Louisiana Boulevard, and cover approximately 210 acres (85 ha). The facilities have been branded as "Expo New Mexico" since 2003.

The original adobe fair buildings were built by the WPA between 1936 and the early 1940s. Surviving buildings from this period include the Agricultural Building, Fine Arts Building, Horse Barn, and Cattle Barn. The Agricultural Building was listed on the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1988. Tingley Coliseum, an 11,800-seat indoor arena, opened in 1957.

Expo New Mexico is the site of New Mexico's Merci Train boxcar, which was a gift from France in 1949. The boxcars were filled with gifts and distributed to each of the 48 U.S. states at the time, along with a 49th car that was shared by Hawaii and the District of Columbia.

Security and law enforcement are handled by the New Mexico State Police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Albuquerque Police, and the Bernalillo County Sheriff's Office, along with private security guards.

35°4′58.5″N 106°34′29.1″W / 35.082917°N 106.574750°W / 35.082917; -106.574750

## InfoBox

| New Mexico State Fair | |
| --- | --- |
| New Mexico State Fair in 2010 | |
| Genre | State fair |
| Dates | 07–17 September 2023. |
| Location(s) | Expo New Mexico
300 San Pedro NE
Albuquerque, NM 87108
United States |
| Years active | 1881–1910 (Territorial Fair)
1911–1916, 1938–1941, 1945–2019, 2021– (State Fair) |
| Attendance | 475,318 (2022) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Virginia Reh

abstract: Virginia Reh grew up in New York City and studied dramatic arts in Berkeley, California. She joined the faculty of Dramatic Arts at Brock University from a professional career as an actor, director, dramaturg and coach, working in theatre, opera and film and television. For 13 years she taught part-time at Brock and officially became full-time in 2006, teaching acting, directing and voice. Her vocal work includes directing all the voices for the last 76 episodes of Sailor Moon that were dubbed into English. She has directed Ring Round the Moon, Marat/Sade, A Little Night Music, Phedre, Orpheus Descending, and The Blue Room for mainstage DART productions. She has worked professionally with Opera In Concert, Toronto Operetta Theatre and Tapestry New Opera. Reh was founding co-director of Script Lab, developing plays, musicals and film scripts. She was artistic director of the Gryphon Theatre. For many years Reh was acting coach and production manager to the Canadian Children's Opera Chorus. In 1994, Reh received the Theatre Ontario's Maggie Bassett award for outstanding contribution to theatre in Ontario. Reh organized a national conference, Lyric Canada 2010, bringing together the creators and scholars of Canadian music theatre and opera. Reh was an Ontario councillor for the Canadian Actors' Equity Association and secretary/treasurer of the executive through 2012. In the course of nine years at Brock she directed seven main stage.

text:
# Virginia Reh

**Virginia Reh** grew up in New York City and studied dramatic arts in Berkeley, California. She joined the faculty of Dramatic Arts at Brock University from a professional career as an actor, director, dramaturg and coach, working in theatre, opera and film and television. For 13 years she taught part-time at Brock and officially became full-time in 2006, teaching acting, directing and voice. Her vocal work includes directing all the voices for the last 76 episodes of Sailor Moon that were dubbed into English. She has directed Ring Round the Moon, Marat/Sade, A Little Night Music, Phedre, Orpheus Descending, and The Blue Room for mainstage DART productions. She has worked professionally with Opera In Concert, Toronto Operetta Theatre and Tapestry New Opera. Reh was founding co-director of Script Lab, developing plays, musicals and film scripts. She was artistic director of the Gryphon Theatre. For many years Reh was acting coach and production manager to the Canadian Children's Opera Chorus. In 1994, Reh received the Theatre Ontario's Maggie Bassett award for outstanding contribution to theatre in Ontario. Reh organized a national conference, Lyric Canada 2010, bringing together the creators and scholars of Canadian music theatre and opera. Reh was an Ontario councillor for the Canadian Actors' Equity Association and secretary/treasurer of the executive through 2012. In the course of nine years at Brock she directed seven main stage.

## Early life

Reh began acting at a young age with the Emerson Players, a community theatre company based out of the unitarian church which she participated in with her parents in New York. She attended the University of Berkeley as a French major but soon transitioned to Dramatic Arts major after her first audition. In her studies at Berkeley, it was required for her to take directing courses for her masters, which then lead her to the Scholar Director PHD program. She dropped out of the PHD program so that she could pursue acting in a small theatre company in California. The company did not have enough directors, so she volunteered. She started directing seriously in the early 1980s, at a time when a movement of women playwrights and directors was beginning.

## Selected Theatre Work: Acting

## Selected Theatre Work: Directing for young audiences

* *La Sante c'est pas sorcier*, Waterloo Productions, Ontario Tours 1986-1988
* *Il Drago di Energio* (Conserving Kingdom), Waterwood Productions/Ministry of Energy 1987
* *I'm Never Growin' Up* (Lukasiewicz & Reynolds), Aladdin Theatre at the Limelight, Toronto 1987
* *Which Witch is which? (McMaster)*, Aladdin Theatre at the Limelight, Toronto 1987
* *Fox of a Thousand facts (Campbell), Colonnade Theatre, Toronto, September 1974*

## Selected Theatre Work: Directing

### Selected Film/Television


title: Mohmand Dam

abstract: Mohmand Dam is an under construction multi-purpose concrete-faced rock-filled dam located on the Swat River approximately 37 km north of Peshawar and 5 km upstream of Munda Headworks in Mohmand District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Once completed, the dam will generate 800 MW of hydroelectricity, would irrigate 16,100 acres of land and control floods downstream. It is expected to provide numerous estimated annual benefits including Rs. 4.98 billion in annual water storage benefits, Rs. 19.6 billion in power generation benefits by generating 2.4 billion units of electricity annually and Rs. 79 million in annual flood mitigation benefits. Mohmand Dam is also expected to protect Nowshera and Charsadda districts from seasonal floods by storing peak flood water in its reservoir and releasing it in dry seasons. In December 2010, in the aftermath of the July 2010 floods in Pakistan, the Pakistan Supreme Court had constituted a flood inquiry commission to investigate the damage caused by the July floods that engulfed the country and caused unprecedented damage to life and property. In its report, the commission noted that if the Mohmand Dam had been constructed, there would have been minimal damage downstream in Charsadda, Peshawar and Nowshera districts and Munda Headworks. The reservoir that will be created behind the dam would also provide recreational facilities and promote fisheries.

text:
# Mohmand Dam

**Mohmand Dam** (previously known as **Munda Dam**) is an under construction multi-purpose concrete-faced rock-filled dam located on the Swat River approximately 37 km north of Peshawar and 5 km upstream of Munda Headworks in Mohmand District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Once completed, the dam will generate 800 MW of hydroelectricity, would irrigate 16,100 acres of land and control floods downstream. It is expected to provide numerous estimated annual benefits including Rs. 4.98 billion in annual water storage benefits, Rs. 19.6 billion in power generation benefits by generating 2.4 billion units of electricity annually and Rs. 79 million in annual flood mitigation benefits.

Mohmand Dam is also expected to protect Nowshera and Charsadda districts from seasonal floods by storing peak flood water in its reservoir and releasing it in dry seasons. In December 2010, in the aftermath of the July 2010 floods in Pakistan, the Pakistan Supreme Court had constituted a flood inquiry commission to investigate the damage caused by the July floods that engulfed the country and caused unprecedented damage to life and property. In its report, the commission noted that if the Mohmand Dam had been constructed, there would have been minimal damage downstream in Charsadda, Peshawar and Nowshera districts and Munda Headworks.

The reservoir that will be created behind the dam would also provide recreational facilities and promote fisheries.

## Planning and Financing

The initial feasibility study of the Mohmand Dam Project was completed in March 2000. Subsequently, Pakistan's Ministry of Water & Power awarded a review of the initial feasibility study to an American firm, AMZO LLC, which submitted a revised feasibility study to the Private Power Infrastructure Board (PPIB). The Ministry of Water & Power reassigned the project to Pakistan's Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) for carrying out detailed engineering design and construction of the project. Revised Project Cost (PC-II) amounting estimate to Rs. 648.324 million was approved by CDWP subject to availability of foreign funding.

Expression of Interest (EOI) for shortlisting of consultants for detailed engineering design and preparation of tender documents were received on 23 November 2010. Nine firms/joint ventures (JVs) submitted EOI documents out of which five firms/JVs were shortlisted and RFP issued to shortlisted firms. Technical and financial proposals from shortlisted firms for detailed engineering design and preparation of tender documents were invited on 6 July 2011. A consortium of consulting firms comprising include (i) SMEC(Australia), (ii) NK (Japan) and (iii) NESPAK-ACE-BAK (Pakistan) were finalized as the detailed engineering design consultants for the project in August 2011. Currently, the dam is in final detailed design.

France has granted Euro 61 million (Rs. 8.5 Billion) funding for two hydropower projects in Pakistan. The two projects were :Munda hydropower project (800 MW) located in Mohmand Agency, KPK and Harpo hydropower project (35 MW) in the Gilgit-Baltistan, Skardu region.

Mohmand Dam detailed engineering design was completed in April, 2017. \- Its PC-1 approved by CDWP on 19-3-2018 \- Its PC-I approved by ECNEC on 26-4-2018 \- Rs 2 billion allocated in PSDP 2018–19 to start the project in 2019 after completion of procedures. On 6 July 2018 chief justice of Pakistan donated 1 million Pakistani rupees for the construction of Diamer-Bhasha and Mohmand Dams project.

After completion of initial planning, study, financing, consultation and cooking up by previous governments finally, Prime Minister Imran Khan inaugurated construction of Mohmand Dam on May 2, 2019. Its expected completion year is 2024.

On May 21, 2019, WAPDA signed the contract agreement worth Rs9.98 billion with a joint venture namely Mohmand Dam Consultants Group (MDCG) for consultancy services, construction design, construction supervision and contract management of Mohmand Dam Hydropower Project. The JV, led by NESPAK, comprised six partners and seven sub-consultants (four foreign and nine local firms). It is pertinent to mention that a Pakistani engineering firm had been assigned the lead role in the contract for consultancy services in such a mega water sector project for the first time in the history of Pakistan for capacity building of the local engineering firms and making them at par with the known international consultants.

## Salient features

**Dam:**
Type: Concrete-Faced Rock-Filled
Length: 2,500 ft (760 m)
Height: 698.82 ft (213.00 m)
Width: N/A

**Reservoir Capacity:**
Gross: 1.293 million acre-feet (1.595 km3)
Live: 0.676 MAF
Dead: 0.617 MAF
Flood: 0.081 MAF

**Power Generation estimate:**
Maximum Capacity: 800 MW

**Command Area:**
Total: 17,000 Acres

**Construction:**
Construction Period estimated: 5 years + 8 months

## InfoBox

| Mohmand Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Mohmand Dam in Pakistan | |
| Official name | Mohmand Dam |
| Location | Mohmand District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| Coordinates | 34°21′11.49″N 071°31′58.72″E / 34.3531917°N 71.5329778°E / 34.3531917; 71.5329778 |
| Status | Under Construction |
| Construction began | 02 May 2019 |
| Opening date | 2026 |
| Construction cost | Rs. 340 billion (US$1.2 billion) |
| Owner(s) | Government of Pakistan |
| Operator(s) | Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Concrete-faced rock-filled |
| Impounds | Swat River |
| Height | 698.82 ft (213.00 m) |
| Length | 2,500 ft (760 m) |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Mohmand Reservoir |
| Power Station | |
| Installed capacity | 800 MW |
| Annual generation | 2407 GWh |


title: Ilagala

abstract: Ilagala is an administrative ward in Uvinza District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 570 km⁲ (220 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 975 m (3,199 ft). In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 29,333 people in the ward, from 47,026 in 2012. Prior to 2014 the village of Mwakizega was in the Igalula Ward before splitting off to become the Mwakizega Ward.

text:
# Ilagala

**Ilagala** is an administrative ward in Uvinza District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 570 km2 (220 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 975 m (3,199 ft). In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 29,333 people in the ward, from 47,026 in 2012. Prior to 2014 the village of Mwakizega was in the Igalula Ward before splitting off to become the Mwakizega Ward.

## Villages / neighborhoods

The ward has 2 villages and 11 hamlets.

* Ilagala
    + Kabuyange
    + Katete
    + Lugogoni
    + Lugongoni
    + Machazo
    + Mahanga
    + Msambara
* Kajeje
    + Kajeje A
    + Kajeje B
    + Mkanga
    + Tundegambazi

## InfoBox

| Ilagala *Kata ya Ilagala* (Swahili) | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Kata ya Ilagala, Wilaya ya Uvinza | |
| IlagalaLocation of Ilagala | |
| Coordinates: 5°11′33″S 29°50′17.16″E / 5.19250°S 29.8381000°E / -5.19250; 29.8381000 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Kigoma Region |
| District | Uvinza District |
| Area | |
| Total | 570 km2 (220 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 975 m (3,199 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 29,333 |
| Density | 51/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Tanzanian Postal Code | 47609 |


title: Portianou

abstract: Portianou is a village on the Greek island of Lemnos, located northeast of Myrina.

text:
# Portianou

**Portianou** (Greek: Πορτιανού) is a village on the Greek island of Lemnos, located northeast of Myrina.

## Geography

## Population

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1981 | 244 |
| 1991 | 251 |
| 2001 | 306 |
| 2011 | 314 |
| 2021 | 236 |

## The name

Originally the village was located further west near the area known as **Ayios Spyridon**, where we find remains of a cemetery and traces of old houses. According to old testaments, which cannot be verified, about three centuries ago a plague forced the population to move the village to its present position. In any event, the village’s name is not mentioned in any record kept by the Byzantine monasteries in Lemnos, as is the case with most other villages in the island. The first encounter of the name can be traced in 1785 on a map by *Choiseul-Gouffier* with the name of **Portiano**, a fact that leads us to conclude that the village was actually established three centuries ago.

From later-day travelers like: *Conze* (1858), *De Launay* (1898) and *Fredrich* (1904) the place name is noted as **Portianos** in the male gender. In community documents it is referred as **Portianou**. Finally, it was recorded as **Portianon** (neutral).

The place name is of Latin origins and seems to come from the merging of two words: “porto juno: new port”, referring to a small port that once existed to the southeast of the village, in an area known as **Melagga** (=black earth). The remains of an old watchtower (vigla) are still visible there, overlooking the port. It was probably built by the Venetians during their brief occupation of the island between 1656–57. Until 1940 the remains of the tower stood at approximately 6 meters (20 ft) high, however it was almost destroyed during the German occupation of the island during World War II.

## The Ottoman period

From the old community documents we learn that during 1854 the village had a priest named Margaritis. In 1856 it had 147 young men who paid 2.070 “grossia”γρόσια to avoid military service. In 1863 it had 71 resident families which in 1874 became 80, proof of a growing population. In the same year (1874), 97 houses were recorded in the village, which belonged to the municipal area of Kondias. The Portianites had also the right to send two representatives to the Pan-Lemnian regional council.

At the end of the 19th century the community had circulated coins stamped with initials **ΧΠ** Χωρίον Πορτιανού (Chorion Portianou =Portianou Village), whilst in 1912 the village hosted local post office with its own distinct seal. During that period the village was used as a midway station and crossing point of the Moudros Gulf for all those wishing to cross to the east side of the island and vice versa. This was due to the difficulty of crossing the “Varos” bridge which became impassable during the winter months due to the overflowing of the stream of *Metropolis*. There were close ties and social contact with Moudros because many merchants had shops on both sides of the bay. There were reports of shipping activities with special mention of the ship-owner Podaras around 1875.

## The church

In 1835, during the diocese of the metropolitan (bishop) Nectarios, as it is noted on the inscription, the main church of the village was built dedicated to **“the Entry of the Most Holy Mother to the Temple”** (**Εισόδια της Θεοτόκου**). In 1858 when Conze passed through the village he admired the colors of the church, which housed a marble sarcophagus. In a later inscription, during 1875, Pantelis Zanis is recorded as the master builder credited with the erection of this church. The same builder is credited with the building of churches in the villages of Atsiki (1868), Plati and Varos. The church was decorated by Aggelos Binetas from the village of Sarpi.

The Church, a triclit basilica, is impressive as it towers over the village, built on a small hill on the northwestern area of the village. It has an impressive screen (τέμπλο) with elaborate carvings, gold plated and icons painted by Gregoris Papamalis. The columns of the outer narthex are made from marble and most probably belonged to an earlier building. The bell tower is a later addition.

## The schools

The community school was established in 1870 by the name of **Χριστοδουλίδειον Αρρεναγωγείον** (**Christodoulidion boys school**), in honour of the founders and benefactors Kyriakos and Maria Christodoulou, wealthy Lemnians from Cairo, also instrumental in the erection of metropolitan church of Myrina and the founding of the **Lemnian Brotherhood**. The school had about 80 students and in 1874 became the community school. Initially with three classes, in 1909 adding another class and another in 1912.

An all-girls school was established in 1905, named **Fergadiotiko**, after its founder Athanasios Feragadiotis who came to lemons from Smyrne.

The two schools merged in 1920 and formed a primary (six classes) mixed school 1920, which was eventually housed in an impressive new school in building in 1931. Originally it functioned with three teachers and later with two eventually with only one teacher in 1963. Eventually it was closed in the 80’s due to lack of students. Today part of it functions as a nursery school. The main benefactors were Vassilios and Pinelopi Tselios, Yiorgos and Myrsine Constantinou as well as Antonios Velissaridis.

Amongst many, notable teachers of the Portionou School were: Christos Kontellis (1916–22, 1923–44), Emmanuel Ioannidis (1922–23, 1928–37), Evangelia Mauroudi (1948–63), Vaios Rigopoulos (1955–63) and Ignatios Papadopoulos (1966–76).

## Recent period

From April 1915 up until 1920, hundreds of dead soldiers from the Gallipoli Campaign were buried in the “Allied Cemetery of Portianou”, which stands to this day. There are 352 well-kept graves of British, French, Australian, New Zealand, Egyptian and Indian soldiers in this cemetery. During the Gallipoli Campaign Portianou was chosen as the command centre by the young **Winston Churchill**, mastermind behind the ill-fated war effort. The seat he used in the house he occupied is on exhibition in the local “Portianou Folkloric Museum”.

During 1918–21, hundreds of Russian expatriates and soldiers were accommodated in an area between the villages of Portianou and Tsimandria. They lived in very bad conditions, selling off their belongings in order to survive. Finally, 292 of them died during an epidemic which broke out during 1920–21. They were buried in what is today known as the “Russian Cemetery”, close to the sea.

In 1918 Portianon was listed as a community, which included the village of Pesperagon for a few months and later, between 1919 and 1928 the village of Angariones. Between the two World Wars the community witnessed important growth. The population increased to 617 residents in 1920 and in 1938 it numbered 750 residents and 250 houses. Notable amongst other activities, was the establishment the ‘Thriamvos” football club, which played against Livadochori and Moudros in 1931.

After the war the village population was in decline due to migration. From a population of 564 people in 1951, today it numbers a population of just above 200. Despite the population drain it still keeps a regional medical office and a Cultural Society. The Local Folklore Museum was established in 1995, featuring traditional dresses, household utensils, farming aids, old photographs and furniture donated by the local people and people from the surrounding villages. A venture by the Athens – Piraeus Portianites who also published a newspaper, “**Τα νέα του Πορτιανού**”(**The Portianou News**).

## Personalities

Apart from their agricultural and commercial activities, the people of Portianou developed a notable cultural and artistic tradition which is alive to this day.

* Notable stonemasons were Xenophon Keramidas, Constantinos Vogdanos, Paris Vogdanos, Dimitrios (Jim) Vogdanos, Ilias Vogdanos, Panayiotis Fergadiotis and others.
* Icon painters such as Gregorios, Manos and Stratonikos Papamalis, and artists like Yiannis Papaioannou (Pagonis) and Andreas Kontellis among others
* Educators and writers, notably Despina Vogdanou – Constantiou who became the mayor of Myrina and Costas Kontellis who wrote an excellent monogram on “Portianou of Lemnos”, with a great deal of information and photographs about the history of the village during the 20th century.

## Sources

* “Portianou of Lemnos” by Costas Kontellis, 1998.
* “Lemnos and its villages” by Th. Belitsos 1994.
* Vasiliki Tourptsoglou-Stefanidou *Adventurous And Geographic Features On Lemnos Island (15th to 20th Centuries)* (*Ταξιδιωτικά και γεωγραφικά κείμενα για τη νήσο Λήμνο (15ος-20ος αιώνας)* = *Taxidiotika ke geografika kimena gia ti niso Limno (15os-20os eonas)* Thessaloniki 1986
* *Lemnos/Limnos Province CD Rom* (*Cdrom Επαρχείου Λήμνου* = *CD Rom Eparcheiou Limnou*): *Lovable Lemnos*

## InfoBox

| Portianou Πορτιανού | |
| --- | --- |
| Community | |
| Portianou | |
| Coordinates: 39°53′N 25°11′E / 39.883°N 25.183°E / 39.883; 25.183 | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | North Aegean |
| Regional unit | Lemnos |
| Municipality | Lemnos |
| Municipal unit | Nea Koutali |
| Population (2021) | |
| Community | 236 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Wannig

abstract: The Wannig is a 2,493-metre-high mountain in the Mieming Chain in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

text:
# Wannig

The **Wannig** (also **Hochwannig** or **Wanneck**) is a 2,493-metre-high mountain in the Mieming Chain in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

## Location

The Wannig forms the western end of the Mieming Range. To the southwest lies the village of Nassereith in the Gurgltal valley, to the south is the Holzleiten Saddle that links the Gurgltal with the Mieming Plateau. To the north lies the Fern Pass, a crossing from the Gurgltal to Biberwier in the Ehrwald Basin. To the east the Mieming Chain continues with the *Handschuhspitzen* and the Marienbergjoch (1,789 m).

The upper 400m of the Wannig are characterised by crags and boulder fields, below which is a wide belt of mountain pine. In the lower regions of its western and southern slopes are the remains of old mine workings. Here in the Feigenstein Field (*Revier Feigenstein*), lead and zinc ore (Smithsonite) was mined.

## Ascents

The Wannig is usually climbed from the *Nassereither Alm* (1,718 m, also called the *Muthenaualm*) to the northwest, which can be reached from the Fern Pass, from *Albangerle* north of Nassereith, from Biberwier or from the Marienbergjoch. This route runs across the western flank, the Green Wanne (*Grüne Wanne*), to the summit (UIAA grade I in places). Another route from Nassereith meets this path at a height of about 1,780 m.

From the Marienbergjoch the Wannig can be climbed from the Handschuhspitzen (UIAA I); other ascents along the north arête (UIAA I) and the north face (UIAA III) are rarely used.

## Literature

Rudolf Wutscher (1989), Österreichischer Alpenverein; Deutscher Alpenverein; Alpenverein Südtirol (eds.), *Alpenvereinsführer Mieminger Kette* (in German), München: Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, pp. 160–161, ISBN 3-7633-1099-1

Peter Simon. "Das Bergbaurevier Feigenstein". Kulturverein und Arbeitsgemeinschaft historischer Bergbau Nassereith. Retrieved 12 September 2008.

## InfoBox

| Wannig | |
| --- | --- |
| Wannig (the lower peak on the right) seen from the Nassereither Alm | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,493 m (AA) (8,179 ft) |
| Prominence | 704 m (2,310 ft) |
| Coordinates | 47°20′15″N 10°51′45″E / 47.3375°N 10.8625°E / 47.3375; 10.8625 |
| Geography | |
| WannigLocation in the Alps | |
| Location | Tyrol, Austria |
| Parent range | Mieming Chain |
| Geology | |
| Type of rock | Wetterstein limestone |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | first recreational ascent: L. Höß, G. Beyrer on 28 August 1894 via the *Handschuhspitzen* |
| Normal route | Fern Pass – Nassereither Alm – Wannig |