title: Palaeosiccia

abstract: Palaeosiccia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae erected by George Hampson in 1900.

text:
# Palaeosiccia

***Palaeosiccia*** is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae erected by George Hampson in 1900.

## Species

* Kühne, L. (2007). *Esperiana Buchreihe zur Entomologie*. **Memoir 3**: 353–394.
* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Arctiidae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Palaeosiccia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | ***Palaeosiccia***<br>Hampson, 1900 |
|


title: Tiger Park

abstract: Tiger Park is a softball stadium located on the campus of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It serves as the home field of the LSU Lady Tigers softball team and is located south of Skip Bertman Drive across from the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine. The official capacity of the stadium is 2,671 people. Tiger Park's record attendance of 3,242 came on March 25, 2016, in a game versus the University of Florida. The stadium also features an outfield berm, renamed the Tiger Park Terrace in 2016, that can accommodate in excess of 1,200 fans. The stadium opened prior to the 2009 college softball season. In 2010, Tiger Park was rated the fifth-best architecture building on LSU's campus by the LSU Faculty Senate Monthly Newsletter. According to the newsletter, it is described as "Best seen at night, when its gables and overhang seem to brighten into a shimmering white sails winging through cool ebony skies, the softball stadium shows that LSU can come up with a building that plays to something other than the local taste for plantation imagery and Greco-Roman bric-a-brac. Welling out of a hillock in a way that suggests strong shoulders on the brink of swinging a home run, the softball stadium evidences a modest freshness that brings a smile and popcorn and hot dogs." In 2013, Tiger Park was honored with the prestigious Field of the Year award by the Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) for the college and university softball division. Tiger Park hosted the 2015 SEC softball tournament and 2015 NCAA Division I Regional. In terms of official capacity, Tiger Park is the fourth largest softball stadium in the Southeastern Conference.

text:
# Tiger Park

**Tiger Park** is a softball stadium located on the campus of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It serves as the home field of the LSU Lady Tigers softball team and is located south of Skip Bertman Drive across from the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine. The official capacity of the stadium is 2,671 people. Tiger Park's record attendance of 3,242 came on March 25, 2016, in a game versus the University of Florida. The stadium also features an outfield berm, renamed the Tiger Park Terrace in 2016, that can accommodate in excess of 1,200 fans. The stadium opened prior to the 2009 college softball season.

In 2010, Tiger Park was rated the fifth-best architecture building on LSU's campus by the LSU Faculty Senate Monthly Newsletter. According to the newsletter, it is described as

> "Best seen at night, when its gables and overhang seem to brighten into a shimmering white sails winging through cool ebony skies, the softball stadium shows that LSU can come up with a building that plays to something other than the local taste for plantation imagery and Greco-Roman bric-a-brac. Welling out of a hillock in a way that suggests strong shoulders on the brink of swinging a home run, the softball stadium evidences a modest freshness that brings a smile and popcorn and hot dogs."

In 2013, Tiger Park was honored with the prestigious Field of the Year award by the Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) for the college and university softball division. Tiger Park hosted the 2015 SEC softball tournament and 2015 NCAA Division I Regional.

In terms of official capacity, Tiger Park is the fourth largest softball stadium in the Southeastern Conference.

## Program Records at Tiger Park

### Old Tiger Park (1992-2008), New Tiger Park (2009-Present)

| Year | Overall | PCT | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | 27-4 | .871 |  |
| 1998 | 28-2 | .871 |  |
| 1999 | 30-3 | .909 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2000 | 31-4 | .886 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2001 | 29-1 | .967 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2002 | 28-3 | .903 |  |
| 2003 | 29-6 | .829 |  |
| 2004 | 21-7 | .750 |  |
| 2005 | 21-8 | .724 |  |
| 2006 | 34-3 | .919 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2007 | 30-4 | .882 |  |
| 2008 | 30-6 | .833 | Hosted NCAA Regional, SEC Tournament |
| Total | 338-51 | .869 | 5 NCAA Regionals, 1 SEC Tournament |
| Year | Overall | PCT | Notes |
| 2009 | 19-8-1 | .696 |  |
| 2010 | 31-5 | .861 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2011 | 21-6 | .777 |  |
| 2012 | 24-7 | .774 |  |
| 2013 | 26-6 | .813 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2014 | 19-11 | .679 |  |
| 2015 | 38-5 | .884 | Hosted NCAA Regional, NCAA Super Regional, SEC Tournament |
| 2016 | 31-9 | .775 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2017 | 31-6 | .839 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2018 | 35-4 | .897 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2019 | 29-9 | .763 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2020 | 18-0 | 1.000 | Season cut short by Covid Pandemic |
| 2021 | 22-12 | .647 | Stadium operated at reduced capacity due to continued Covid Pandemic
Hosted NCAA Regional, NCAA Super Regional |
| 2022 | 23-9 | .719 |  |
| 2023 | 27-9 | .750 | Hosted NCAA Regional |
| 2024 |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  |  |  |
| 2026 |  |  |  |
| 2027 |  |  | Scheduled to host SEC Tournament |
| Total | 394-106-1 | .787 | 9 NCAA Regionals, 2 NCAA Super Regional, 1 SEC Tournament |
| Total | Record | PCT | Notes |
| 27 seasons | 732-156-1 | .824 | 14 NCAA Regionals, 2 NCAA Super Regionals, 2 SEC Tournaments |

### Year-by-Year Attendance in the New Tiger Park

| Year | Total | Dates | Average | Head Coach |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | 33,133 | 28 | 1,183 | Yvette Girouard |
| 2010 | 42,686 | 36 | 1,185 | Yvette Girouard |
| 2011 | 33,694 | 27 | 1,247 | Yvette Girouard |
| 2012 | 38,145 | 31 | 1,230 | Beth Torina |
| 2013 | 46,354 | 32 | 1,448 | Beth Torina |
| 2014 | 42,979 | 30 | 1,432 | Beth Torina |
| 2015 | 57,090 | 35 | 1,631 | Beth Torina |
| 2016 | 75,094 | 40 | 1,877 | Beth Torina |
| 2017 | 49,817 | 28 | 1,779 | Beth Torina |
| 2018 | 53,310 | 36 | 1,481 | Beth Torina |
| 2019 | 56,839 | 36 | 1,578 | Beth Torina |
| 2020 | 25,793 | 17 | 1,517 | Beth Torina |
| 2021 | 32,601 | 32 | 1,018 | Beth Torina |
| 2022 | 64,741 | 32 | 2,023 | Beth Torina |
| 2023 | - | - | - | Beth Torina |
| 2024 | - | - | - | - |
| Total | 638,331 | 432 | 1,478 | - |

30°24′38.232″N 91°11′33.432″W / 30.41062000°N 91.19262000°W / 30.41062000; -91.19262000

## InfoBox

Tiger Park
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | 80 Tiger Park Lane
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
United States |
| Location | Campus of Louisiana State University |
| Parking | Free asphalt paved and gravel lots |
| Owner | Louisiana State University |
| Operator | LSU Athletics Department |
| Type | Stadium |
| Genre(s) | Sporting Events |
| Executive suites | 1 |
| Capacity | 1,289 (2,671 including 1,200+ Tiger Park Terrace Seats) |
| Record attendance | 3,242 |
| Field size | L - 200, C - 220, R - 200 |
| Field shape | Softball diamond |
| Acreage | 3.94 |
| Surface | Natural Grass |
| Scoreboard | One in right field
One over home plate press box |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | 2007 |
| Opened | 2009 |
| Construction cost | $12 million |
| Architect | Trahan Architects |
| Tenants | |
| LSU Tigers softball (NCAA) (2009-present) | |


abstract: The Western Junior College Athletic Conference (WJCAC) is a junior college athletic conference for many technical and community colleges within the Southwest states of Texas and New Mexico, sponsored by the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). Conference championships are held in most sports and individuals can be named to All-Conference and All-Academic teams. It is part of NJCAA Region 5.

text:
# Western Junior College Athletic Conference

The **Western Junior College Athletic Conference** (**WJCAC**) is a junior college athletic conference for many technical and community colleges within the Southwest states of Texas and New Mexico, sponsored by the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). Conference championships are held in most sports and individuals can be named to All-Conference and All-Academic teams. It is part of NJCAA Region 5.

## Member schools

### Current members

The WTJCAC currently has 12 full members, all but one are public schools:

| Institution | Location | Founded | Type | Enrollment | Nickname | Joined |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Amarillo College** | Amarillo, Texas | 1929 | Public | 11,675 | Badgers | ? |
| **Clarendon College** | Clarendon, Texas | 1898 | Public | 1,135 | Bulldogs | ? |
| **El Paso Community College** | El Paso, Texas | 1972 | Public | 24,642 | Tejanos | ? |
| **Frank Phillips College** | Borger, Texas | 1948 | Public | ? | Plainsmen | ? |
| **Howard College** | Big Spring, Texas | 1945 | Public | 4,623 | Hawks | ? |
| **Luna Community College** | Las Vegas, New Mexico | 1969 | Public | ? | Rough Riders | ? |
| **Midland College** | Midland, Texas | 1972 | Public | 7,425 | Chaparrals | ? |
| **New Mexico Junior College** | Hobbs, New Mexico | 1965 | Public | 3,375 | Thunderbirds | ? |
| **New Mexico Military Institute** | Roswell, New Mexico | 1891 | Public | 914 | Broncos | ? |
| **Odessa College** | Odessa, Texas | 1946 | Public | 5,803 | Wranglers | ? |
| **South Plains College** | Levelland, Texas | 1957 | Public | 9,900 | Texans | ? |
| **Western Texas College** | Snyder, Texas | 1969 | Public | 3,164 | Westerners | ? |

Notes

## InfoBox

Western Junior College Athletic Conference
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Association | NJCAA |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Sports fielded | * 20     + men's: 10     + women's: 10 |
| Division | Region 5 |
| No. of teams | 17 |
| Headquarters | Austin, Texas |
| Region | Southwest |


title: Orlando Carrió

abstract: Orlando Anibal Carrió Vicidomini was an Argentine-Mexican actor. He died from lung cancer on 26 May 2002.

text:
# Orlando Carrió

**Orlando Anibal Carrió Vicidomini** (5 August 1955  26 May 2002) was an Argentine-Mexican actor. He died from lung cancer on 26 May 2002.

## Filmography

* *Aprender a vivir* (1982)
* *Entre el amor y el poder* (1984)
* *Yolanda Luján* (1984)
* *El Pulpo negro* (1985)
* *De carne somos* (1988)
* *Rebelde* (1989)
* *Mi pequeña Soledad* (1990)
* *Madres egoistas* (1991)
* *Las secretas intenciones* (1992)
* *Dulce Ana* (1995)
* *Los Ángeles no lloran* (1996)
* *Los Herederos del poder* (1997)
* *Ricos y Famosos* (1997)
* *Señoras sin señores* (1998)
* *Mi destino eres tú* (2000)
* *Sin pecado concebido* (2001)

## InfoBox

| Orlando Carrió | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Orlando Anibal Carrió Vicidomini
(1955-08-05)August 5, 1955
La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Died | May 26, 2002(2002-05-26) (aged 46)
Mexico City, Mexico |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1981-2002 |


title: Paphiopedilum subg. Parvisepalum

abstract: Paphiopedilum subgenus Parvisepalum is a subgenus of the genus Paphiopedilum.

text:
# Paphiopedilum subg. Parvisepalum

***Paphiopedilum*** subgenus ***Parvisepalum*** is a subgenus of the genus *Paphiopedilum*.

## Distribution

Plants from this section are found from western China down to northern Vietnam.

## Species

*Paphiopedilum* subgenus *Parvisepalum* comprises the following species:

| Image | Name | Distribution | Elevation (m) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Paphiopedilum armeniacum* S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu 1982 | China(Yunnan) | 1,000–2,000 metres (3,300–6,600 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum delenatii* Guillaumin 1924 | South Vietnam | 600–1,300 metres (2,000–4,300 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum emersonii* Koopowitz & Cribb 1986 | northern Vietnam, China ( Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong) | 460–750 metres (1,510–2,460 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum hangianum* Perner & Gruss 1999 | China (Yunnan) and North Vietnam | 460–760 metres (1,510–2,490 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum malipoense* S.C. Chen & Tsi 1984 | China (Yunnan) and North Vietnam | 570–160 metres (1,870–520 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum micranthum* S.C.Chen & Z.H.Tsi 1984 | northern Vietnam and China (western and northern Guangxi, southeastern Yunnan and western Guizhou) | 360–1,600 metres (1,180–5,250 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum vietnamense* O. Gruss & Perner 1999 | Vietnam(Thái Nguyên province) | 350–1,400 metres (1,150–4,590 ft) |
|

## InfoBox

| *Paphiopedilum subg. Parvisepalum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Paphiopedilum delenatii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cypripedioideae |
| Genus: | *Paphiopedilum* |
| Subgenus: | *Paphiopedilum subg. Parvisepalum*
Karasawa & Saito (1982) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Paphiopedilum delenatii*
 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Just Married (1934 film)

abstract: Just Married is a 1934 Italian comedy film directed by Guido Brignone and starring Umberto Melnati, Leda Gloria and Ugo Ceseri. It was shot at the Cines Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Guido Fiorini.

text:
# Just Married (1934 film)

***Just Married*** (Italian: ***Oggi sposi***) is a 1934 Italian comedy film directed by Guido Brignone and starring Umberto Melnati, Leda Gloria and Ugo Ceseri. It was shot at the Cines Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Guido Fiorini.

## Synopsis

A newly married couple from a small town near Como take advantage of a government policy offering new couples a honeymoon in the capital Rome. They enjoy a series of misadventures, and struggle to understand the ways of the city's inhabitants. In one of the most celebrated scenes they win a thoroughbred racehorse which they then have to navigate through the city's traffic.

## Cast

1. Chiti & Poppi p.250
2. Mancini p.88

## Bibliography

* Roberto Chiti & Roberto Poppi. *I film: Tutti i film italiani dal 1930 al 1944*. Gremese Editore, 2005.
* Mancini, Elaine. *Struggles of the Italian film industry during fascism, 1930-1935*. UMI Research Press, 1985.

## InfoBox

| Just Married | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Guido Brignone |
| Written by | Aldo De Benedetti
Oreste Biancoli |
| Starring | Umberto Melnati
Leda Gloria
Ugo Ceseri |
| Cinematography | Ubaldo Arata |
| Edited by | Guido Brignone |
| Music by | Armando Fragna |
| Production
company | Societa Anonima Stefano Pittaluga |
| Distributed by | Società Italiana Cines |
| Release date | * 1934 (1934) |
| Running time | 72 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: Nikolas Antoniou

abstract: Nikolas Antoniou is a Cypriot swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre freestyle at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Nikolas Antoniou

**Nikolas Antoniou** (born 20 January 2004) is a Cypriot swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre freestyle at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Nikolas Antoniou
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Cypriot |
| Born | (2004-01-20) 20 January 2004<br>Limassol, Cyprus |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
| Medal record      Men's swimming  Representing  Cyprus  World Junior Championships  2022 Lima 50 m freestyle  2022 Lima 100 m freestyle | |


title: Art Bakeraitis

abstract: Arthur H. Bakeraitis was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball League for the Detroit Vagabond Kings during the 1948–49 season and averaged 4.6 points per game.

text:
# Art Bakeraitis

**Arthur H. Bakeraitis** (February 19, 1925 – July 4, 2014) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball League for the Detroit Vagabond Kings during the 1948–49 season and averaged 4.6 points per game.

## Military service

Bakeraitis served in the United States Army in the WWII, with deployments to the Southern Philippines and Northern Solomons.

## InfoBox

Art Bakeraitis
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1925-02-19)February 19, 1925
Bay City, Michigan |
| Died | July 4, 2014(2014-07-04) (aged 89)
Auburn, Michigan |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Listed weight | 210 lb (95 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Bay City Central (Bay City, Michigan) |
| College | Bay City JC |
| Position | Forward / center |
| Career history | |
| 1948 | Detroit Vagabond Kings |
|  | |


title: Painted chorus frog

abstract:
The painted chorus frog, also commonly known as Butler's narrow-mouthed toad, Butler's pigmy frog, Butler's rice frog, Butler's ricefrog, noisy frog or tubercled pygmy frog, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northeast India, Myanmar, southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, swamps, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, rural gardens, ponds, open excavations, and irrigated land. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN. Microhyla butleri have skin that is smooth or with small smooth warts above. They are brownish on their back, pale reddish on the sides and limbs, and whitish beneath. Male Microhyla butleri grow to a snout-vent length of 21–23 mm (0.83–0.91 in) and females to 23–26 mm (0.91–1.02 in).

text:
# Painted chorus frog

The **painted chorus frog** (***Microhyla butleri***), also commonly known as **Butler's narrow-mouthed toad**, **Butler's pigmy frog**, **Butler's rice frog**, **Butler's ricefrog**, **noisy frog** or **tubercled pygmy frog**, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northeast India, Myanmar, southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, swamps, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, rural gardens, ponds, open excavations, and irrigated land. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.

*Microhyla butleri* have skin that is smooth or with small smooth warts above. They are brownish on their back, pale reddish on the sides and limbs, and whitish beneath. Male *Microhyla butleri* grow to a snout-vent length of 21–23 mm (0.83–0.91 in) and females to 23–26 mm (0.91–1.02 in).

## Presence in Singapore

*Microhyla butleri* has recently been added to the 'Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (BTNR) checklist in 2019.

## InfoBox

| Painted chorus frog | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Microhyla* |
| Species: | ***M. butleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Microhyla butleri***
Boulenger, 1900 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Microhyla boulengeri* Vogt, 1913
*Microhyla latastii* Boulenger, 1920
*Microhyla grahami* Stejneger, 1924
*Microhyla sowerbyi* Stejneger, 1924
*Microhyla cantonensis* Chen, 1929 | |


title: Hart Bennett

abstract: Hart Bennett was a South African cricketer. He played in three first-class matches for Eastern Province from 1924/25 to 1926/27.

text:
# Hart Bennett

**Hart Bennett** (1 April 1906  8 December 1969) was a South African cricketer. He played in three first-class matches for Eastern Province from 1924/25 to 1926/27.

## InfoBox

Hart Bennett
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1906-04-01)1 April 1906
Wakkerstroom, South Africa |
| Died | 8 December 1969(1969-12-08) (aged 63)
Eshowe, South Africa |
| Source: Cricinfo, 17 December 2020 | |


title: Wei Hai-min

abstract: Wei Hai-min is a Taiwanese Peking opera singer-actress who plays Dan roles. A winner of Taiwan's National Award for Arts and China's Plum Blossom Prize, Wei is widely recognized a Peking opera superstar. She is the first student of Mei Baojiu, who is one of the most well-known Peking opera masters in the world. Wei Hai-min shot to fame in the 1980s with Wu Hsing-kuo's Contemporary Legend Theatre, known for adapting Western classics into Peking opera. In the 1990s she became the leading diva of the newly-founded GuoGuang Opera Company. In 2009 she worked with Robert Wilson on a Peking opera adaptation of Orlando: A Biography, where she played an androgynous character — rare for female performers in this genre.

text:
# Wei Hai-min

**Wei Hai-min** (Chinese: 魏海敏; born 1957) is a Taiwanese Peking opera singer-actress who plays *Dan* roles. A winner of Taiwan's National Award for Arts and China's Plum Blossom Prize, Wei is widely recognized a Peking opera superstar. She is the first student of Mei Baojiu, who is one of the most well-known Peking opera masters in the world.

Wei Hai-min shot to fame in the 1980s with Wu Hsing-kuo's Contemporary Legend Theatre, known for adapting Western classics into Peking opera. In the 1990s she became the leading diva of the newly-founded GuoGuang Opera Company. In 2009 she worked with Robert Wilson on a Peking opera adaptation of *Orlando: A Biography*, where she played an androgynous character — rare for female performers in this genre.

## Filmography

| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | *Orthodox Chinese Kung Fu* | 名門正派 |  |  |
| 1978 | *The 72 Desperate Rebels* | 七十二煞星 | Liu Mei'er |  |
| 1995 | *Confucius* | 孔子傳 | Nan Zi | Voice role |
| 2014 | *Design 7 Love* | 相愛的七種設計 | Mark's aunt |  |
| 2018 | *Kafka's Lovers* | XOXO卡夫卡 |  |  |

* "Opera Artist – Wei Hai-min". *Ministry of Culture (Taiwan)*. 2015-10-12.
* "Beside the Plum - Gratitude: Mei School Peking Opera Highlights by Wei Haimin". *National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)*.
* Lu, Nancy T. (2002-03-21). "Wei Hai-min prepares to sing diverse opera roles". *The China Post*.
* Chou, Oliver (2014-11-02). "Wei Haimin awe-inspiring in ambitious project". *South China Morning Post*.


title: Organitis characopa

abstract: Organitis characopa is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1906. It is found in Sri Lanka. The wingspan is 15–17 mm. The forewings are pale brassy ochreous suffused with light fuscous. The stigmata are rather large, dark fuscous, often elongate, with the plical very obliquely before the first discal, sometimes nearly obsolete, the discal stigmata sometimes connected by an obscure paler streak. The hindwings are pale fuscous.

text:
# Organitis characopa

***Organitis characopa*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1906. It is found in Sri Lanka.

The wingspan is 15–17 mm. The forewings are pale brassy ochreous suffused with light fuscous. The stigmata are rather large, dark fuscous, often elongate, with the plical very obliquely before the first discal, sometimes nearly obsolete, the discal stigmata sometimes connected by an obscure paler streak. The hindwings are pale fuscous.

## InfoBox

| *Organitis characopa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Organitis* |
| Species: | ***O. characopa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Organitis characopa***<br>Meyrick, 1906 | |
|


title: Para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

abstract: para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is an organic compound containing amine and aldehyde moieties which is used in Ehrlich's reagent and Kovac's reagent to test for indoles. The carbonyl group typically reacts with the electron rich 2-position of the indole but may also react at the C-3 or N-1 positions. It may also be used for determination of hydrazine.

text:
# Para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

***para*-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde** is an organic compound containing amine and aldehyde moieties which is used in Ehrlich's reagent and Kovac's reagent to test for indoles. The carbonyl group typically reacts with the electron rich 2-position of the indole but may also react at the C-3 or N-1 positions. It may also be used for determination of hydrazine.

## Ehrlich's reagent

*para*-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is the main ingredient in Ehrlich's reagent. It acts as a strong electrophile which reacts with the electron-rich α-carbon (2-position) of indole rings to form a blue-colored adduct. It can be used to detect the presence of indole alkaloids. Not all indole alkaloids give a colored adduct as result of steric hindrance which does not allow the reaction to proceed.

Ehrlich's reagent is also used as a stain in thin layer chromatography and as a reagent to detect urobilinogen in fresh, cool urine. If a urine sample is left to oxidize in air to form urobilin the reagent will not detect the urobilinogen. By adding few drops of reagent to 3 mL of urine in a test tube one can see a change of color, to dark pink or red. The degree of color change is proportional to the amount of urobilinogen in the urine sample.

## Hydrazine determination

*p*-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with hydrazine to form *p*-Dimethylaminobenzalazine azo-dye which has a distinct yellow color. It is therefore used for spectrophotometric determination of hydrazine in aqueous solutions at 457 nm.

## Isaac Asimov essay

Isaac Asimov, in a 1963 humorous essay entitled "You, too, can speak Gaelic", reprinted in the anthology *Adding a Dimension* among others, traces the etymology of each component of the chemical name "para-di-methyl-amino-benz-alde-hyde" (e.g. the syllable "-benz-" ultimately derives from the Arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي, "frankincense from Java"). Asimov points out that the name can be pronounced to the tune of the familiar jig "The Irish Washerwoman", and relates an anecdote in which a receptionist of Irish descent, hearing him singing the syllables thus, mistook them for the original Gaelic words to the jig. This essay inspired Jack Carroll's 1963 filk song "The Chemist's Drinking Song," (NESFA Hymnal Vol. 2 2nd ed. p. 65) set to the tune of that jig, which begins "Paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde, / Sodium citrate, ammonium cyanide, / ..."

## InfoBox

*para*-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde | |
| Other names *p*-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde; 4-Formyl-*N*,*N*-dimethylaniline; *N*,*N*-Dimethyl-4-formylaniline; DMAB; PDAB | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.002.563 |
| EC Number | * 202-819-0 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C9H11NO/c1-10(2)9-5-3-8(7-11)4-6-9/h3-7H,1-2H3 YKey: BGNGWHSBYQYVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1S/C9H11NO/c1-10(2)9-5-3-8(7-11)4-6-9/h3-7H,1-2H3 | |
| SMILES * O=Cc1ccc(N(C)C)cc1 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C9H11NO |
| Molar mass | 149.193 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | yellow-white powder |
| Density | 1.1 g/mL |
| Melting point | 74 °C (165 °F; 347 K) |
| Boiling point | 176 to 177 °C (349 to 351 °F; 449 to 450 K) |
| Solubility in water | 0.3 g/L |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Warning** |
| Hazard statements | H302, H317, H319, H411 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P330, P333+P313, P337+P313, P363, P391, P501 |
| Flash point | 164 °C (327 °F; 437 K) |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | External MSDS |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200

abstract: The Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200 was a NASCAR Busch Series race held at Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Originally a 300 lap race, it was added to the Busch Series schedule in 1988 and last run in 2004, after the owners, International Speedway Corporation, closed the facility. The race was replaced with the Zippo 200 at Watkins Glen, another ISC-owned track. Tim Fedewa and Ron Hornaday Jr. are the only two drivers with multiple wins in this race, both winning the event twice. After the closure of the track, the Xfinity Series would return to racing in Pennsylvania when Pocono Raceway held its inaugural Xfinity Series event, the Pocono Green 250 in 2016. It was won by Kyle Larson after it was shortened by rain showers after just 53 of the scheduled 100 laps. Elliott Sadler was the only former Nazareth winner to start that race.

text:
# Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200

The **Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200** was a NASCAR Busch Series race held at Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Originally a 300 lap race, it was added to the Busch Series schedule in 1988 and last run in 2004, after the owners, International Speedway Corporation, closed the facility. The race was replaced with the Zippo 200 at Watkins Glen, another ISC-owned track.

Tim Fedewa and Ron Hornaday Jr. are the only two drivers with multiple wins in this race, both winning the event twice.

After the closure of the track, the Xfinity Series would return to racing in Pennsylvania when Pocono Raceway held its inaugural Xfinity Series event, the Pocono Green 250 in 2016. It was won by Kyle Larson after it was shortened by rain showers after just 53 of the scheduled 100 laps. Elliott Sadler was the only former Nazareth winner to start that race.

## Past winners

| Year | Date | No. | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Race Distance | | Race Time | Average Speed
(mph) | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | Laps | Miles (km) | | | |
| 1988 | May 7 | 22 | Rick Mast | A.G. Dillard Motorsports | Buick | 300 | 300 (482.803) | 3:27:13 | 86.873 |  |
| 1989 | April 30 | 81 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Ted Conder | Buick | 300 | 300 (482.803) | 3:40:35 | 81.601 |  |
| 1990 | May 12 | 25 | Jimmy Hensley | Dick Moroso | Oldsmobile | 300 | 300 (482.803) | 3:08:08 | 95.676 |  |
| 1991 | May 11 | 63 | Chuck Bown | Hensley Motorsports | Pontiac | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 1:54:32 | 104.772 |  |
| 1992 | May 9 | 34 | Todd Bodine | Team 34 | Chevrolet | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 2:15:39 | 88.463 |  |
| 1993 | May 23 | 59 | Robert Pressley | Alliance Motorsports | Chevrolet | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 2:07:40 | 94.191 |  |
| 1994 | May 22 | 2 | Ricky Craven | RC Racing | Chevrolet | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 2:14:22 | 89.308 |  |
| 1995 | May 21 | 55 | Tim Fedewa | RaDiUs Motorsports | Ford | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 2:28:00 | 81.081 |  |
| 1996 | May 19 | 74 | Randy LaJoie | BACE Motorsports | Chevrolet | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 2:05:53 | 84.181 |  |
| 1997 | May 18 | 29 | Elliott Sadler | Diamond Ridge Motorsports | Chevrolet | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 2:09:27 | 92.7 |  |
| 1998 | May 17 | 33 | Tim Fedewa | BACE Motorsports | Chevrolet | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 2:13:07 | 90.146 |  |
| 1999 | May 23 | 17 | Matt Kenseth | Reiser Enterprises | Chevrolet | 168\* | 168 (270.369) | 2:14:13 | 75.102 |  |
| 2000 | July 16 | 3 | Ron Hornaday Jr. | Dale Earnhardt, Inc. | Chevrolet | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 2:14:38 | 89.131 |  |
| 2001 | May 20 | 60 | Greg Biffle | Roush Racing | Ford | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 1:55:25 | 103.971 |  |
| 2002 | May 18 | 57 | Jason Keller | ppc Racing | Ford | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 2:29:05 | 80.492 |  |
| 2003 | May 18 | 2 | Ron Hornaday Jr. | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 1:57:07 | 102.462 |  |
| 2004 | May 23 | 8 | Martin Truex Jr. | Chance 2 Motorsports | Chevrolet | 200 | 200 (321.868) | 1:48:29 | 110.616 |  |

* **1999:** Race shortened due to darkness after a five-hour rain delay.

## InfoBox

Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| NASCAR Busch Series | |
| Venue | Nazareth Speedway |
| Location | Nazareth, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Corporate sponsor | Goulds Pumps, ITT Industries |
| First race | 1988 |
| Last race | 2004 |
| Distance | 200 miles (321.9 km) |
| Laps | 200 |
| Previous names | **Pennsylvania 300** (1988)
**GM parts 300** (1989)
**Pontiac 300** (1990)
**Pontiac 200** (1991-1992)
**Laneco 200** (1993)
**Meridian Advantage 200** (1994-1996)
**Core States Advantage 200** (1997)
**First Union 200** (1998-1999)
**Econo Lodge 200** (2000)
**Nazareth 200** (2001)
**Stacker 2 200** (2002)
**Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200** (2003-2004) |
| Most wins (driver) | Tim Fedewa
Ron Hornaday Jr. (2) |
| Most wins (team) | BACE Motorsports (2) |
| Most wins (manufacturer) | Chevrolet (10) |
| Circuit information | |
| Surface | Asphalt |
| Length | 0.946 mi (1.522 km) |
| Turns | 4 |


title: Progressive war

abstract: Progressive war is a military strategy in which only enemy combatants are targeted, and non-combatants killed or wounded by collateral damage are kept to a minimum. Its principles were established by Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius, who is considered to be a founder of international law, in his book De jure belli ac pacis libri tres, published in 1625. A successful practitioner was Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, as chief of staff of the Prussian Army in the 19th century. The opposite of progressive war is unlimited war, which includes civilians as legitimate targets. Unlimited war uses military action against civilians, in the hope of undermining the will to fight by the people and their leaders so that they end their resistance. Examples of unlimited war are cluster bombs, the firebombing of Dresden, the German bombing of British cities during the Blitz, the firebombing of Tokyo and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The philosophy of unlimited war is controversial. Many consider it a form of terrorism in the sense of deliberately attacking noncombatants in the hope of changing their mindset. Such ambiguities between unlimited warfare and terrorist strategies could be the source of why many terrorist groups consider themselves honourable fighters, and many consider the US military to be terrorists. Guerrilla warfare can be considered progressive if it is only enemy combatants that are targeted, but it becomes terrorism when noncombatants are targeted.

text:
# Progressive war

**Progressive war** is a military strategy in which only enemy combatants are targeted, and non-combatants killed or wounded by collateral damage are kept to a minimum. Its principles were established by Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius, who is considered to be a founder of international law, in his book *De jure belli ac pacis libri tres* ("On the Law of War and Peace: Three Books"), published in 1625. A successful practitioner was Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, as chief of staff of the Prussian Army in the 19th century.

The opposite of progressive war is unlimited war, which includes civilians as legitimate targets. Unlimited war uses military action against civilians, in the hope of undermining the will to fight by the people and their leaders so that they end their resistance. Examples of unlimited war are cluster bombs, the firebombing of Dresden, the German bombing of British cities during the Blitz, the firebombing of Tokyo and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The philosophy of unlimited war is controversial. Many consider it a form of terrorism in the sense of deliberately attacking noncombatants in the hope of changing their mindset. Such ambiguities between unlimited warfare and terrorist strategies could be the source of why many terrorist groups consider themselves honourable fighters, and many consider the US military to be terrorists.

Guerrilla warfare can be considered progressive if it is only enemy combatants that are targeted, but it becomes terrorism when noncombatants are targeted.

1. Caleb, Carr (2002). *The Lessons of Terror: A History of Warfare Against Civilians: Why It Has Always Failed and Why It Will Fail Again*. Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-375-50843-0


title: Holger Mitterer

abstract:
Holger Mitterer is a German cognitive scientist and linguist and associate professor at the University of Malta. He is known for his works on applied psycholinguistics.
Mitterer is co-editor-in-chief with Cynthia Clopper of Language and Speech.
He is a former associate editor of Laboratory Phonology (2013-2018) and a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Phonetics.

text:
# Holger Mitterer

**Holger Mitterer** (born 4 January 1973) is a German cognitive scientist and linguist and associate professor at the University of Malta. He is known for his works on applied psycholinguistics. Mitterer is co-editor-in-chief with Cynthia Clopper of *Language and Speech*. He is a former associate editor of *Laboratory Phonology* (2013-2018) and a member of the editorial board of the *Journal of Phonetics*.

## Select publications

* Mitterer, H., & Reinisch, E., & McQueen, J.M. (2018). Allophones, not phonemes in spoken-word recognition. *Journal of Memory and Language*. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2017.09.005
* Mitterer, H. (2018). Not all geminates are created equal: Evidence from Maltese glottal consonants. *Journal of Phonetics*, 66, 28–44. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2017.09.003
* Mitterer, H., & Reinisch, E. (2015). Letters don't matter: No effect of orthography on the perception of conversational speech. *Journal of Memory and Language*, 85, 116–134. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.08.005
* Mitterer, H., Scharenborg, O., & McQueen, J.M. (2013). Phonological abstraction without phonemes in speech perception. *Cognition*, 129, 356–361. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.011
* Mitterer, H., & McQueen, J.M. (2009). Foreign subtitles help but native-language subtitles harm foreign speech perception. *PLoS One*, 4, A146-A150. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007785
* Escudero, P., Hayes-Harb, R., & Mitterer, H. (2008). Novel second-language words and asymmetric lexical access. *Journal of Phonetics*, 36(2), 345–360. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2007.11.002
* Ruiter, J.-P. de, Mitterer, H., & Enfield, N. J. (2006). Projecting the End of a Speaker's Turn: A Cognitive Cornerstone of Conversation. *Language*, 82(3), 515–535. doi:10.1353/lan.2006.0130

## InfoBox

| Holger Mitterer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1973-01-04) 4 January 1973
Hanau, Germany |
| Education | University of Maastricht (PhD)
University of Bielefeld
University of Leiden |
| Known for | computational architecture of spoken-word recognition, applied psycholinguistics |
| Awards | Excellence Initiative (2017)
DFG grant |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Cognitive neuroscience, linguistics, experimental psychology |
| Institutions | University of Malta
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
University of Tübingen |
| Thesis | *Understanding 'gardem bench': Studies on the perception of assimilated words forms*  (2003) |
| Academic advisors | Odmar Neumann
Alexander van der Heijden |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.holgermitterer.eu/ |


title: Rapid Dragon (missile system)

abstract: Rapid Dragon is a palletized and disposable weapons module which is airdropped in order to deploy flying munitions, typically cruise missiles, from unmodified cargo planes. Developed by the United States Air Force and Lockheed, the airdrop-rigged pallets, called "deployment boxes," provide a low cost method allowing unmodified cargo planes, such as C-130 or C-17 aircraft, to be temporarily repurposed as standoff bombers capable of mass launching any variant of long or short range AGM-158 JASSM cruise missiles against land or naval targets. The size of the deployment boxes is configurable and ranges from 4 to 45 AGM-158B JASSM-ER cruise missiles, which can strike targets at a range of 570 to 1,200 mi. Large numbers of JASSM-XR will become available in 2024. The system has been successfully used with C-130 and C-17 cargo planes to strike both land and sea targets with armed and test version JASSM-ERs. Future development will generalize the system beyond the AGM-158 missile family to include JDAM bombs, sea mines, drones, and other missile systems as well as integrating the launch system into use on other supporting cargo and non-cargo aircraft. The current version uses unmodified cargo aircraft while missile deployment requires no additional crew skills beyond those for airdrops of supplies or vehicles. The system can be thought of as a smart and disposable bomb bay in a box that includes an interface allowing targeting information that is gathered from allied units in the area to be fed to the munitions from a distant fire control center.

text:
# Rapid Dragon (missile system)

**Rapid Dragon** is a palletized and disposable weapons module which is airdropped in order to deploy flying munitions, typically cruise missiles, from unmodified cargo planes. Developed by the United States Air Force and Lockheed, the airdrop-rigged pallets, called "deployment boxes," provide a low cost method allowing unmodified cargo planes, such as C-130 or C-17 aircraft, to be temporarily repurposed as standoff bombers capable of mass launching any variant of long or short range AGM-158 JASSM cruise missiles against land or naval targets.

The size of the deployment boxes is configurable and ranges from 4 to 45 AGM-158B JASSM-ER (extended range) cruise missiles, which can strike targets at a range of 570 to 1,200 mi (925 to 1,900 km). Large numbers of JASSM-XR (extreme range) will become available in 2024.

The system has been successfully used with C-130 and C-17 cargo planes to strike both land and sea targets with armed and test version JASSM-ERs.

Future development will generalize the system beyond the AGM-158 missile family to include JDAM bombs, sea mines, drones, and other missile systems as well as integrating the launch system into use on other supporting cargo and non-cargo aircraft.

The current version uses unmodified cargo aircraft while missile deployment requires no additional crew skills beyond those for airdrops of supplies or vehicles. The system can be thought of as a smart and disposable bomb bay in a box that includes an interface allowing targeting information that is gathered from allied units in the area to be fed to the munitions from a distant fire control center.

## Overview

The project name is derived from a tenth century Chinese volley-firing siege weapon, known as the Ji Long Che (疾龙车 "rapid dragon cart"), which could simultaneously launch large numbers of long range crossbow missiles from a safe distance. Similarly, the present-day Rapid Dragon launch system is intended to saturate a target's defenses from standoff weapon distances, where the launching aircraft is not threatened. It can be rapidly fielded, using existing fleets of airlift assets to offer the option of significant surges in mass attack missions at minimal cost and training. Strategically, it also allows the United States to rapidly provide strategic strike capability to any of its foreign military partners that already possess the commonplace capacity to air drop supplies from cargo planes. It also increases the amount of places that cruise missile-carrying aircraft can deploy from and complicates an adversary's attempts to cripple the operator's strike aircraft fleet by destroying their established airbases. While a B-52 Stratofortress requires a 10,000 ft (3,000 m) concrete runway to take off and land, a C-130 can operate from 3,000 ft (910 m) stretches of less developed surfaces. In addition to enhancing USAF capabilities, the Rapid Dragon concept enables other air forces without strategic bombers but which do operate transport aircraft to mass fire JASSMs.

Developed from 2020 to 2021 by a team of US Air Force development groups and industry partners, Rapid Dragon has all of its capabilities self-contained on its disposable drop pallet; allowing a standard military cargo plane to be used at any time as a standoff strategic bomber before reverting back to regular transport missions. For example, a C-130 could launch 12 JASSM cruise missiles from a safe distance of 620 to 1,180 mi (1,000 to 1,900 km) from target with the use of two Rapid Dragon pallets. The larger C-17 could accommodate 5 Rapid Dragon pallets, each carrying 9 missiles for a mission, with a total payload of 45 missiles with 1,100 lb (500 kg) warheads. In a test over the Gulf of Mexico on December 16, 2021, an armed Rapid Dragon received target data from a distant command and control node in flight, used the data to target its armed JASSM, was airdropped from the aircraft, and successfully deployed its payloads with the live missile destroying its naval target. The other 3 bays of the 4-pack palette had ballast rounds with the same shape and weight in order to test the system's method of preventing missile releases from conflicting with each other. To maintain consistent stability during drops, these non-munition ballast rounds will continue to be used for missions requiring fewer missiles than the module's full capacity. The cargo plane, an MC-130J, was flown by an Air Force Special Operations Command operational flight crew and carried a 4-pack version of the Rapid Dragon missile module. The airdrop crew treated the load as a standard supply drop with the pallet's Rapid Dragon's control unit autonomously receiving command and control data to be used for programming the JASSM's targeting data.

Based on prior conflicts, it is known that even modern air defense systems struggle with defending against cruise missile barrages as seen with the 2018 Riyadh missile strike during the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen as well as the 2018 missile strikes against Syria during the American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war. Due to the vulnerability of sophisticated air defense systems such as S-300 and S-400 to mass attacks from low flying cruise missiles, it is thought that Rapid Dragon is well suited for swarm tactics missions to suppress enemy air defenses with large numbers of JASSM-ER optionally accompanied by swarms of miniature spoofing decoy drones released from a second airdrop module.

The US Air Force intends to continue live tests with C-17s, AGM-158C Long Range Anti Ship (LRASM), and 1,200 mi (1,900 km) range AGM-158D JASSM-XR which became available in low production numbers in 2021. The Air Force's Strategic Development Planning and Experimentation (SDPE) group is also researching integration of Boeing's lower cost but shorter range (50 mi or 80 km) JDAM-ER bombs, and is working with Raytheon to support Rapid Dragon launch of ADM-160 MALD decoys. In November 2022, the first European-theater, live-fire demonstration of a Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile was performed with a MC-130J at Andøya Space test range in Norway with support from Polish, Norwegian, Romanian, and British military partners for the Atreus 2022 military exercise.

Some of the cruise missiles compatible with Rapid Dragon can carry nuclear warheads. This could change how the terms of arms limitation treaties will need to be written or re-written. Stipulations based on the number of launch vehicles would no longer be effective if any cargo aircraft with a suitable bay could be converted into one.

## Historical context

* Airdrops of supplies have been commonplace since World War II but Rapid Dragon differs from modern palletized airdrops due to the parachute being rigged so that the missile cargo is oriented nose down. As each missile is released in series, it falls out of its barrel-like cell, unfolds its wings alongside its tail, ignites the engine to generate thrust, and performs a pull up maneuver before proceeding to its target.
* Fixed-wing cargo aircraft have been used in an offensive role since before the Second World War, with the Bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War in 1937 and the Bombing of Warsaw in 1940 through German Ju-52 transport planes used as auxiliary bombers. The US started to use cargo planes as bombers during the Vietnam War when C-130s were used to drop BLU-82 bombs. Despite losses in Vietnam due to ground fire, the technique continued to be used such as in the 1991 Iraq War and in Afghanistan with larger GBU-43/B MOAB bombs. Due to the extended range of its missiles, Rapid Dragon allows use of cargo planes as arsenal ships facing much more heavily contested target airspaces with the aircraft staying safely outside the kill ranges of hostile air defenses. Likewise, the theoretical capability of using cargo planes to launch missiles has been around since the 1970s. In 1974, the US demonstrated the feasibility of launching an ICBM from practically anywhere when it test fired a 57 ft (17.4 m), 88,000 lb (40,000 kg) LGM-30 Minuteman airdropped from a C-5A Galaxy.
* In the 1980s when the B-1 bomber faced the possibility of cancelation, a lower cost alternative to the B-1 bomber known as the Cruise Missile Carrier Aircraft (CMCA) was designed. It consisted of reconfiguring Boeing 747-200 cargo airframes as special-purpose cruise missile launchers with a capacity of 50 to 100 AGM-86 ALCM missiles. Like the Rapid Dragon, missiles were released rapidly from the rear of the aircraft (in this case, via a rotary launcher ejecting missiles out the side of the tail fuselage) and were dynamically targeted by an onboard control system. While the CMCA was never fully developed with the revival of the B-1B bomber, Rapid Dragon leverages the CMCA's thematic concepts of adapting existing aircraft to become standoff arsenal ships in support of cost-cutting purposes. By adapting the concept to a "roll on, roll off" capability, Rapid Dragon can be rapidly used to convert virtually any of the numerous cargo aircraft capable of airdropping pallets from a rear ramp that are operated by the US and its allies into a standoff strike bomber.
* The concept of loading and launching palletized missiles from American cargo aircraft was first explored by graduate students in preliminary concept studies at the Air Force Institute of Technology in 2003 with explored launch systems including cruise missiles deployed from the aft of the aircraft atop of parachuted pallet trays, ejected rearwards from rotary launchers, or ejected rearwards from spring-loaded launchers. Later in the 2010s, with the emergence of near-peer adversaries exploring anti-access area denial tactics to counter the United States military's aerial and naval power projection capabilities, other research institutions such as the RAND Corporation began exploring concepts that may extend standoff bombing capabilities for the US military while balancing Congressional budgetary restraints. Similar concepts for parachuting pallets from cargo aircraft to launch rockets have independently been proposed in the civilian aerospace sector by a cross-industrial team sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2011 at the 25th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites to facilitate the deployment of satellites weighing 100-200 kilograms to Low Earth orbit without the need for a dedicated spaceport. Follow-up design research was published in 2013 and 2015 at the 27th and 29th AIAA/USU Conferences on Small Satellites respectively. These design proposals have also been preceded and paralleled with other related Air-launch-to-orbit concepts that launch spacecraft deployed either from cargo ramps or external mounts.
* Rapid Dragon adds standoff range and modularity to prior offensive airdrop approaches. This enables vulnerable but large-capacity cargo planes to be used at much greater distances from the target; allowing for the greater flexibility and lower cost of temporarily repurposing unmodified cargo planes as standoff cruise missile bombers. Current research efforts include enhancing Rapid Dragon to support missions such as precision aerial mine laying alongside mass drone dispersal. Similar work in adapting cargo planes for such missions has also been conducted under DARPA with the experimental Dynetics X-61 Gremlins to prove the feasibility of deploying and retrieving unmanned aerial vehicles from the back of a C-130 aircraft with an integrated launch-and-retrieval crane.

## InfoBox

| Rapid Dragon missile deployment system | |
| --- | --- |
| A Rapid Dragon module being loaded on a C-130 for airdrop. | |
| Type | Palletized airdrop standoff missile
launch system |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 2021 (JASSM-ER successful test) |
| Used by | United States Air Force |
| Production history | |
| Designer | US Air Force Research Lab SDPE group
Air Force Futures |
| Designed | 2020 |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control
Systima Technologies
Safran Electronics & Defense |
| Produced | 2022 (low production) |
| Variants | C-130: 6 tube module (max 2)
C-17: 9 tube module (max 5) |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 17 ft (520 cm) (approx.) |
| Width | 8.4 ft (260 cm) for 6 and 9 tube configurations |
| Crew | 4 (Airdrop cargo crew) |
| --- | |
| Barrels | 4 to 9+ (configurable to cargo deck size) |
| Effective firing range | JASSM-ER: \> 575 mi (925 km)
JASSM-XR: \> 1,200 mi (1,900 km)
LRASM (naval targets): \> 500 mi (800 km)+
JDAM-ER: \> 50 mi (80 km) |
| Feed system | Vertical drop |
| --- | |
| Main
armament | AGM-158 variants (anti surface & anti naval) |
| Payload capacity | 8,800 to 21,800 lb (4,000 to 9,900 kg) |
| Launch
platform | Pallet-airdrop capable aircraft:
C-130, C-17 (confirmed compatibility) |


title: Painted electric ray

abstract: The painted electric ray or variegated electric ray is a poorly known species of numbfish, family Narcinidae, native to the western Atlantic Ocean from southeastern Venezuela to the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil. It is common on soft substrates at a depth of 2–120 meters.

text:
# Painted electric ray

The **painted electric ray** or **variegated electric ray** (***Diplobatis pictus***, sometimes misspelled *picta*) is a poorly known species of numbfish, family Narcinidae, native to the western Atlantic Ocean from southeastern Venezuela to the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil. It is common on soft substrates at a depth of 2–120 meters.

## InfoBox

| Painted electric ray | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Torpediniformes |
| Family: | Narcinidae |
| Genus: | *Diplobatis* |
| Species: | ***D. pictus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diplobatis pictus***
G. Palmer, 1950 | |
|
|  | |
| Range of the painted electric ray | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Diplobatis altenai* Boeseman, 1963 | |


title: Tim Talton

abstract: Marion Lee "Tim" Talton was an American professional baseball player who appeared in 83 games in Major League Baseball as a catcher, first baseman and pinch hitter for the Kansas City Athletics in 1966 and 1967. He threw right-handed, batted left-handed, and was listed as 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and 200 pounds (91 kg). Born in Pikeville, North Carolina, Talton attended East Carolina University and began his pro career in the San Francisco Giants' organization in 1959. Acquired by the Athletics in January 1965, he was in the midst of his eighth straight year in minor league baseball when he was recalled from Triple-A Vancouver in July 1966. He then spent the rest of 1966 and all of 1967 on the Kansas City roster, largely in pinch hitting roles. He was in the starting lineup for only six of his 83 MLB games, but batted.417 (1966) and.303 (1967) as a pinch hitter, with 20 total hits in 57 at bats (.351), including one pinch home run. All told, he batted.295 in the majors; Talton's 33 hits included six doubles, two triples and two home runs. He returned to the minors in 1968 and retired after the following year, his eleventh in professional baseball. Talton died on July 22, 2021, in Goldsboro, North Carolina, at the age of 82.

text:
# Tim Talton

**Marion Lee** "**Tim**" **Talton** (January 14, 1939 – July 22, 2021) was an American professional baseball player who appeared in 83 games in Major League Baseball as a catcher, first baseman and pinch hitter for the Kansas City Athletics in 1966 and 1967. He threw right-handed, batted left-handed, and was listed as 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and 200 pounds (91 kg).

Born in Pikeville, North Carolina, Talton attended East Carolina University and began his pro career in the San Francisco Giants' organization in 1959. Acquired by the Athletics in January 1965, he was in the midst of his eighth straight year in minor league baseball when he was recalled from Triple-A Vancouver in July 1966. He then spent the rest of 1966 and all of 1967 on the Kansas City roster, largely in pinch hitting roles. He was in the starting lineup for only six of his 83 MLB games, but batted .417 (1966) and .303 (1967) as a pinch hitter, with 20 total hits in 57 at bats (.351), including one pinch home run.

All told, he batted .295 in the majors; Talton's 33 hits included six doubles, two triples and two home runs. He returned to the minors in 1968 and retired after the following year, his eleventh in professional baseball.

Talton died on July 22, 2021, in Goldsboro, North Carolina, at the age of 82.

## InfoBox

| Tim Talton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Catcher / First baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1939-01-14)January 14, 1939
Pikeville, North Carolina | |
| **Died:** July 22, 2021(2021-07-22) (aged 82)
Goldsboro, North Carolina | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 8, 1966, for the Kansas City Athletics | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 1, 1967, for the Kansas City Athletics | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .295 |
| Home runs | 2 |
| Runs batted in | 11 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Harmostes serratus

abstract: Harmostes serratus is a species of scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae. It is found in Central America, North America, South America, and Mexico.

text:
# Harmostes serratus

***Harmostes serratus*** is a species of scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae. It is found in Central America, North America, South America, and Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Harmostes serratus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Rhopalidae |
| Genus: | *Harmostes* |
| Species: | ***H. serratus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Harmostes serratus***<br>(Fabricius, 1775) | |
|


title: Werris Creek

abstract: Werris Creek is a small town in New South Wales, Australia, near Tamworth, in Liverpool Plains Shire. It is north of Quirindi and is at the junction of the Main North railway line to Armidale and Moree. At the 2011 census, Werris Creek had a population of 1,437.

text:
# Werris Creek

**Werris Creek** is a small town in New South Wales, Australia, near Tamworth, in Liverpool Plains Shire. It is north of Quirindi and is at the junction of the Main North railway line to Armidale and Moree. At the 2011 census, Werris Creek had a population of 1,437.

## History

The area was originally occupied by the Gamilaraay people. "Werris" appears to derive from an Aboriginal word first written as "Weia Weia", but the exact meaning is not known. There is a similar aboriginal word pronounced "werai", which means "look out", which might be related, because there are prominent hills in the area. In earlier years, Werris was written in a variety of ways, including Werres, Werries and Weery's.

The first European settlers came to the area in the 1830s and the Weia Weia Creek Station was established by the Reverend Francis Vidal around 1841. By the 1870s, there were 20 pastoral families occupying the valley and, on the eastern side of the present townsite, was Summer Hill station, belonging to John Single, after whom the main street is named.

Werris Creek Post Office opened on 1 January 1878 and a railway station was built there in 1879, designed by the NSW railway engineer John Whitton. It is 411 km (255 mi) from Sydney by rail and was termed 'the first railway town in Australia'.

On 2 October 2013 Werris Creek was slated to be the location for a film, *Unbroken*, written by the Coen brothers, and directed by Angelina Jolie.

## Heritage listings

Werris Creek has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

## Geography

Werris Creek is overlooked by Mount Terrible, known to the locals as 'Terrible Billy'. It is 380m or 1246 feet above sea level. It has an average annual rainfall of 685 mm or 27 inches. On 18 July 1965, for the first and only time in recorded history, Werris Creek was blanketed by three inches of snow.

## Facilities

Werris Creek has one school, Werris Creek Public, which was established in the 1880s, The town previously had two schools, with St Joseph's Catholic school having been established in 1915 but it closed on 9 April 2009.

The town has a swimming pool (opened in 1968), tennis courts, bowling green and golf club. There is a rugby league team, the Magpies, which is part of the Group 4 Rugby League competition. In 1996 the Werris Creek Magpies won the Clayton Cup for being the best performed, premiership-winning first grade team, in country New South Wales.

The town has a large grain silo and a recently opened (2005) coal mine. The main employer in the town is Pacific National. A high percentage of the working population are also employed in nearby Tamworth.

Werris Creek is a four-hour drive from Sydney and is situated midway between the famous wine growing area of the Hunter Valley and the cooler climate vineyards of the Northern Tablelands. Werris Creek is also located within three hours of beaches in Newcastle and four hours of Australia's coastal resorts of Forster, Port Macquarie and Coffs Harbour.

## Railway station

Werris Creek railway station opened in 1878, and was moved to its present location in 1880. The heritage listed Werris Creek station building, built in the late 1880s, was designed by the famed NSW railway engineer John Whitton. The Australian Railway Monument was opened in October 2005 near the station and part of the station building has been opened as a railway museum. A historic display depicts the history of Werris Creek as the first railway town in Australia from the age of steam through to the modern day diesel. It is still served by the daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer service to and from Sydney Central which amalgamates/divides at the station, half the train to and from Armidale, the other half to and from Moree. Werris Creek was a railway town with a large locomotive depot.

Marie Hodson, a country musician, lives in Werris Creek.

Tokyo 2020 Australian rhythmic gymnast Scott Suckling began his career in Werris Creek.

American singer/songwriter and Country/Rockabilly recording artist Jason Lee Wilson memorialized the town in the song "Werris Creek" which was included on his 2007 debut solo album entitled "High Country".

Bobby Rivers played by musician and Australian Rock Legend, Jon English, reminisces about growing up in Werris Creek in the 1960s during an episode of the final series of his TV sitcom *All Together Now*, an actual yearbook from Werris Creek school 1967 was used as a prop in the episode.

## Filming of Angelina Jolie's "Unbroken"

In 2013, different historic locations in Werris Creek including the train station, alleyways and streets were filmed for Angelina Jolie's "Unbroken" (2014). During the filming, Angelina visited Werris Creek and walked around the town talking with locals and happily had pictures taken with them.

Werris Creek travel guide from Wikivoyage

Media related to Werris Creek at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Werris Creek<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Single St, the main street of Werris Creek, 2017 | |
| Werris Creek | |
| Coordinates | 31°20′S 150°39′E / 31.333°S 150.650°E / -31.333; 150.650 |
| Population | 14,437 (2011 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2341 |
| Elevation | 380 m (1,247 ft) |
| LGA(s) | Liverpool Plains Shire |
| County | Buckland |
| Parish | Church of Saint Pat-Ricky Martin |
| State electorate(s) | Tamworth |
| Federal division(s) | New England |


title: Osiecznica, Lubusz Voivodeship

abstract: Osiecznica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krosno Odrzańskie, within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Krosno Odrzańskie and 36 km (22 mi) north-west of Zielona Góra.

text:
# Osiecznica, Lubusz Voivodeship

**Osiecznica** \[ɔɕɛt͡ʂˈnit͡sa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krosno Odrzańskie, within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Krosno Odrzańskie and 36 km (22 mi) north-west of Zielona Góra.

## InfoBox

| Osiecznica | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Osiecznica | |
| Coordinates: 52°4′N 15°2′E / 52.067°N 15.033°E / 52.067; 15.033 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Krosno Odrzańskie |
| Gmina | Krosno Odrzańskie |
| Population | 1,000 |
| Website | http://osiecznica\_2008.republika.pl |


title: Jack Nicklaus 4

abstract: Jack Nicklaus 4 is a 1997 sports golf video game. It was published by Accolade, and is the fourth in a series of video games named after golfer Jack Nicklaus, following Jack Nicklaus Golf & Course Design: Signature Edition (1992). The original Microsoft Windows version was developed by Cinematronics. Versions were also released for Macintosh and DVD. A PlayStation version titled Jack Nicklaus '98 was also in development. The game was followed by Jack Nicklaus 5, released later in 1997.

text:
# Jack Nicklaus 4

***Jack Nicklaus 4*** is a 1997 sports golf video game. It was published by Accolade, and is the fourth in a series of video games named after golfer Jack Nicklaus, following *Jack Nicklaus Golf & Course Design: Signature Edition* (1992). The original Microsoft Windows version was developed by Cinematronics. Versions were also released for Macintosh and DVD. A PlayStation version titled ***Jack Nicklaus '98*** was also in development. The game was followed by *Jack Nicklaus 5*, released later in 1997.

## Gameplay

*Jack Nicklaus 4* includes eight different game modes. The game features five 18-hole courses, including four real-life courses: Muirfield Village, Colleton River Plantation, Country Club of the South and Cabo del Sol. The fifth course is Winding Springs, a fictional location created by the developers using a golf course designer program that comes with the game. The course designer allows the player to create a custom golf course, one hole at a time. The course designer includes over 100 scalable objects, including bushes, trees, and rocks. Approximately two-thirds of the game's instruction manual is devoted to the course designer, which also includes a built-in wizard program to aid the user. The game includes the ability to import and convert online user-created golf courses from *Jack Nicklaus Golf & Course Design: Signature Edition*, which also featured a course designer. Courses created in *Jack Nicklaus 4* are compatible with the game's sequel, *Jack Nicklaus 5*. The player competes against various opponents throughout the game, including Jack Nicklaus, who is not a playable character. The game includes four multiplayer modes, via serial cable, modem, LAN, or the Internet. While aiming, the player can get an overhead view that goes up to 150 feet high.

The DVD version includes 10 game modes and an ABC Sports video titled *Toughest 18 Holes*. The DVD version also features four golf courses, as well as six others that were made with the course designer. In addition, the game offers three types of weather and five types of wind.

## Development and release

*Jack Nicklaus 4* was developed by Cinematronics, with Michael Franco as producer. The team's goal was to develop a game which would recreate the experience of playing real golf, partially through graphics and sounds. The game would also offer more viewing angles than other golf games, and more control over the swing profile. During development, the game included the subtitle *Golden Bear Edition*. Development was underway as of January 1995, and the game was announced that month at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show. The game was developed for Microsoft Windows due to the operating system's increased prevalence.

Franco produced the game on behalf of Accolade, while Brad Fregger produced it for Cinematronics; they both also handled the game design. Fregger joined the development team in 1996, when Cinematronics contacted him to help finish the game. Dennis Clark programmed the physics, while Mike Sandige programmed the rendering. Jim Mischel programmed the course designer. The game includes 16.7 million colors. The game does not support 3D cards, as it already uses a fast rendering engine. Another factor was scheduling and the competitive market, prompting Accolade to release the game without 3D card support. The game has 32 megabytes' worth of sound, which include regionally authentic bird sounds for the golf courses. The game uses DirectSound, and its multiplayer mode utilizes DirectPlay. The course designer was modeled after Nicklaus Productions' computer-aided design system.

Accolade began shipping the Microsoft Windows version on March 25, 1997. In May 1997, Accolade announced that it would release the game on Macintosh later in the summer. A free upgrade with several new features was released online in June 1997. That month, Accolade announced it would release the game on DVD in the summer, to take advantage of the format's increasing popularity. A PlayStation version, titled *Jack Nicklaus '98* and featuring the same courses as *Jack Nicklaus 4*, had been scheduled for release in late 1997, although it was never released. The Macintosh version was published by MacSoft. An online game, *Jack Nicklaus Online Golf Tour*, was released in 1998. It was based on the *Jack Nicklaus 4* game engine, and online courses created with *Jack Nicklaus 4* were playable through *Jack Nicklaus Online Golf Tour*.

## Reception

*Jack Nicklaus 4* received positive reviews, but sold poorly. The game was praised for its graphics, its multitude of online courses, and its course designer, although some reviewers were critical of the inability to create custom objects with the designer. Some praised the golf ball animations for their realism when hitting different terrains.

Scott A. May of *Computer Gaming World* called it "the preeminent golf simulation of our time" and an "absolute model of perfection" with nearly "everything you could ever hope for" in a golfing video game. Anthony Baize of AllGame praised the game for its realism, options, and sound effects, but criticized the golfers for looking noticeably different against the game's backgrounds. T. Liam McDonald of GameSpot called it "a fine piece of work with only a couple minor flaws," which included a lack of certain ideas that McDonald hoped to see in a future *Jack Nicklaus* game.

*Computer Gaming World* and GameSpot noted that self-made golf courses could take up to 10 megabytes of space, considered high at the time. *Computer Gaming World* further noted that the game took approximately 171 megabytes of hard drive space to download, and wrote, "As if anticipating consumer resistance, Accolade makes absolutely no mention of this fact on the box or in the manual." The *Edmonton Journal* also mentioned the high installation requirements and noted that such requirements were not specified on the game's box. *PC Zone* criticized the game for difficult aiming and putting. *The Palm Beach Post* praised the course designer but considered it difficult to use. The newspaper praised the game's swing meter as "greatly improved" over previous games.

*Macworld*'s Michael Gowan wrote about the Macintosh version, "Featuring five courses, network play, a convincing physics model, and the ability to create your own courses from scratch, this golf simulation has only one bogey: the delay between swinging the club and the corresponding animation." Dean Renninger of *MacAddict* stated that while some of the game's graphical details were good, they were "a far cry from photorealistic." Renninger considered the game too easy, and believed that the *Links* series was superior.

AllGame's Jonathan Sutyak reviewed the DVD version and criticized it for not taking advantage of the DVD format. In addition, Sutyak criticized the graphics and sound for not being improved over the computer version, and criticized the in-game instructions for being erroneous. He praised the gameplay and called the game "very good," but "not enough of an improvement" over the computer version, stating that people who owned the original version would have no reason to buy the DVD version.

1. "Accolade". Archived from the original on 1998-02-01.
2. "Accolade". Archived from the original on 1998-02-01.
3. "Accolade". Archived from the original on 1998-02-01.
4. Millward, Brian. "Jack Nicklaus 4". *Coming Soon Magazine*. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
5. May, Scott A. (September 1997). "Double Eagle: Accolade Drives to Perfection With the Stunning, Deep Jack Nicklaus 4". *Computer Gaming World*. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
6. McDonald, T. Liam (April 11, 1997). "Jack Nicklaus 4". *GameSpot*. Archived from the original on July 7, 2003.
7. Thomas, Chet (December 4, 1997). "Jack Nicklaus 5". *GameSpot*. Archived from the original on July 7, 2003.
8. Anthony, Baize. "Jack Nicklaus 4 overview". *AllGame*. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
9. "Design golf courses like Nicklaus with JN4". *The Advocate*. April 24, 1997. Retrieved February 28, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
10. Sutyak, Jonathan. "Jack Nicklaus 4 (DVD)". *AllGame*. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
11. McDonald, T. Liam (January 1997). "Jack Nicklaus Four". *PC Gamer*. pp. 48–49. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
12. Buchanan, Lee (January 1995). "Tee Time". *PC Gamer*. p. 147. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
13. "First Look – Jack Nicklaus Golf: Golden Bear Edition". *Computer Gaming World*. February 1997. p. 48. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
14. "The 1995 Winter Consumer Electronic Show". *Coming Soon Magazine*. 1995. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
15. "Jack Nicklaus 4 credits". *AllGame*. Archived from the original on November 16, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
16. "Jack Nicklaus 4 and 5". *fregger.com*. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
17. McCauley, Dennis (June 1997). "3D or Not 3D?". *Computer Gaming World*. p. 177. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
18. "Accolade's Jack Nicklaus Series Returns with a Vengeance!". Accolade. March 25, 1997. Archived from the original on February 1, 1998.
19. Staff (March 25, 1997). "Jack Nicklaus 4 Shipping". *PC Gamer*. Archived from the original on February 18, 1998. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
20. Lee, Helen (May 15, 1997). "Accolade Releases Mac Versions of Three Popular Titles". *GameSpot*. Archived from the original on March 12, 2000.
21. "Accolade Releases Free Feature Upgrade for Jack Nicklaus 4". Accolade. June 9, 1997. Archived from the original on February 1, 1998. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
22. "Accolade Brings Jack Nicklaus 4 to DVD This Summer". Accolade. June 19, 1997. Archived from the original on February 1, 1998. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
23. Lee, Helen (June 13, 1997). "Accolade's E3 Lineup". *GameSpot*. Archived from the original on May 27, 2000.
24. "Huge Sports Extravaganza". *IGN*. August 21, 1997. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
25. "Jack Nicklaus '98 Tees Off on the Sony PlayStation". Accolade. June 19, 1997. Archived from the original on February 1, 1998. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
26. "Mac games aim for high visibility". *Next Generation*. January 1998. p. 20. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
27. Poole, Stephen (June 22, 1998). "Jack Nicklaus Online Golf Tour". *GameSpot*. Archived from the original on July 7, 2003.
28. "Jack Nicklaus Online Golf Tour". *Computer Gaming World*. September 1997. p. 118. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
29. Anthony, Baize. "Jack Nicklaus 4 review". *AllGame*. Archived from the original on November 16, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
30. Sutyak, Jonathan. "Jack Nicklaus 4 (DVD)". *AllGame*. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
31. Presley, Paul (June 1997). "Jack Nicklaus 4". *PC Zone*. p. 101. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
32. Renninger, Dean (April 1998). "Jack Nicklaus 4". *MacAddict*. Archived from the original on September 25, 2004.
33. Gowan, Michael (February 1999). "Name Your Game; From Goofy to Gory, *Macworld* Reviews 48 Ways to Play". *Macworld*. Archived from the original on August 10, 2001.
34. La Rue, Steve (July 1, 1997). "These golf simulation games offer chance to link up to some real fun". *The San Diego Union-Tribune*. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
35. McDonald, Tim (May 7, 1999). "Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge Review". *GameSpot*. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
36. "Hacker's Heaven". *The Palm Beach Post*. July 20, 1997. Retrieved February 28, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
37. "Head out on the cyberfairway and play in Hawaii, St. Andrews and Idaho in one glorious day". *Edmonton Journal*. July 24, 1997. Retrieved February 28, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
38. Goble, Gordon (August 1997). "Fore!". *The Computer Paper*. pp. 106, 109. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
39. "Playing Golf With the Pros". *The Daily Oklahoman*. August 11, 1997. Retrieved February 28, 2019  via Newspapers.com.

## InfoBox

| Jack Nicklaus 4 | |
| --- | --- |
| Windows cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Cinematronics |
| Publisher(s) | Accolade
MacSoft (Macintosh version only) |
| Producer(s) | Michael Franco
Brad Fregger |
| Designer(s) | Michael Franco
Brad Fregger |
| Series | *Jack Nicklaus* |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows
Macintosh
DVD-ROM |
| Release | March 25, 1997 (Windows)
Q2 1997 (Machintosh) |
| Genre(s) | Sports |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: VTLS

abstract: VTLS Inc. was a global company that provided library automation software and services to a diverse customer base of more than 1900 libraries in 44 countries. The for-profit company was founded in 1985 by Dr. Vinod Chachra, who became the President and CEO of the company. VTLS originated as "Virginia Tech Library Systems", an automated circulation and cataloging system created for Virginia Tech’s Newman Library in 1975. In addition to its headquarters in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States, VTLS had five international offices in Australia, Brazil, India, Malaysia and Spain. VTLS was one of the few ISO 9001:2008 quality-certified companies within the library industry for many years. The company was acquired by Innovative Interfaces in 2014.

text:
# VTLS

**VTLS** Inc. was a global company that provided library automation software and services to a diverse customer base of more than 1900 libraries in 44 countries. The for-profit company was founded in 1985 by Dr. Vinod Chachra, who became the President and CEO of the company. VTLS originated as "Virginia Tech Library Systems", an automated circulation and cataloging system created for Virginia Tech’s Newman Library in 1975. In addition to its headquarters in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States, VTLS had five international offices in Australia, Brazil, India, Malaysia and Spain. VTLS was one of the few ISO 9001:2008 quality-certified companies within the library industry for many years. The company was acquired by Innovative Interfaces in 2014.

## History

VTLS Inc. was the offspring of a project launched in 1974 at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University's (Virginia Tech’s) Newman Library, a member of the Association of Research Libraries with more than 2 million cataloged volumes. Having explored available library automation alternatives and having found no system suitable for the needs of its libraries, Virginia Tech initiated a development project to create an automated library system, spearheaded by Dr. Vinod Chachra, head of Systems Development (SD). This forerunner of VTLS Classic and Virtua, consisting of an Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) and an automated circulation system, was installed at Virginia Tech's Newman Library in September 1975.

By 1980, the software had evolved into the integrated library system (ILS) known as "VTLS Classic", a MARC based ILS including library automation. In 1983, VTLS became the first integrated library system to implement linked Authority Control and to feature full integration and support of the MARC Format for bibliographic records. On July 1, 1985, VTLS Inc. was formed by Dr. Vinod Chachra as a subsidiary corporation of Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties (VTIP), which granted VTLS Inc. exclusive, worldwide rights to enhance and market VTLS software. The ensuing years witnessed dramatic growth for VTLS and innovative development of the VTLS system. By 1987, VTLS became the first ILS to fully support the US MARC Format for Holdings and Locations in a fully integrated Serials Control Subsystem. In 1989, VTLS introduced a multilingual user interface design that allowed users to change language dynamically within their user session. VTLS also began offering imaging services and digital library solutions in 1993.

In 1998, VTLS launched their next-generation library automation suite with the first release of the "Virtua Integrated Library System" (ILS). Virtua incorporated all of the functionality of VTLS Classic but utilized an entirely new software architecture that included full Unicode support throughout the system as well as full native Z39.50 support. Since the introduction of Virtua, VTLS continued to develop support for new standards and emerging technologies. In 2000, VTLS introduced support for radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology for circulation and security, later expanding it into the "Fastrac" product division. In 2002, VTLS introduced full support for Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), a key bibliographic standard enabling full Resource Description and Access (RDA) Level 1 implementation. In 2004, VTLS introduced the "VITAL Digital Asset Management System". Later developments focused on discovery software for patrons with the introduction of "Visualizer Discovery" in 2008, the "Chamo Social OPAC" in 2009, and a hybrid of the two products called "Chamo Discovery" in 2012. VTLS later introduced a service called "Vorpal Solutions", which offered custom Drupal modules that allowed deployment of a complete custom Drupal-based front-end for VTLS solutions. This was followed in 2013 by the introduction of the "Open Skies" unified software platform initiative, planning for the future interconnectivity of various VTLS-based software components as well as more open connectivity with external library services.

Throughout its history, VTLS was a member of many industry organizations, including: American Library Association (ALA), Book Industry Study Group (BISG), Coalition for Networked Information (CNI), EDUCAUSE, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), MARBI, National Information Standards Organization (NISO) for Z39.50, Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), the Unicode Consortium, and the Virginia Business Pipeline (VBP). VTLS was also a founding member of the Coalition for Networked Information (CNI).

In June 2014, VTLS was purchased by Innovative Interfaces Inc., who continues to actively develop and support most of the VTLS-based software suites.

## InfoBox

VTLS Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Software |
| Founded | 1985 |
| Fate | Acquired in 2014 |
| Successor | Innovative Interfaces |
| Headquarters | Blacksburg, Virginia, United States |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Library & Archive Management, Digital Asset Management, Tracking & Security (RFID), Discovery |


title: Progressively measurable process

abstract: In mathematics, progressive measurability is a property in the theory of stochastic processes. A progressively measurable process, while defined quite technically, is important because it implies the stopped process is measurable. Being progressively measurable is a strictly stronger property than the notion of being an adapted process. Progressively measurable processes are important in the theory of Itô integrals.

text:
# Progressively measurable process

In mathematics, **progressive measurability** is a property in the theory of stochastic processes. A progressively measurable process, while defined quite technically, is important because it implies the stopped process is measurable. Being progressively measurable is a strictly stronger property than the notion of being an adapted process. Progressively measurable processes are important in the theory of Itô integrals.

## Definition

Let

The process $X$ is said to be **progressively measurable** (or simply **progressive**) if, for every time $t$, the map $\[0,t\]\times \Omega \to \mathbb {X} $ defined by $(s,\omega )\mapsto X\_{s}(\omega )$ is $\mathrm {Borel} (\[0,t\])\otimes {\mathcal {F}\_{t}}$-measurable. This implies that $X$ is $\mathcal {F}\_{t}$-adapted.

A subset $P\subseteq \[0,\infty )\times \Omega $ is said to be **progressively measurable** if the process $X\_{s}(\omega ):=\chi \_{P}(s,\omega )$ is progressively measurable in the sense defined above, where $\chi \_{P}$ is the indicator function of $P$. The set of all such subsets $P$ form a sigma algebra on $\[0,\infty )\times \Omega $, denoted by $\mathrm {Prog} $, and a process $X$ is progressively measurable in the sense of the previous paragraph if, and only if, it is $\mathrm {Prog} $-measurable.

## Properties

* It can be shown that $L^{2}(B)$, the space of stochastic processes $X:\[0,T\]\times \Omega \to \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ for which the Itô integral

$$\int \_{0}^{T}X\_{t}\\,\mathrm {d} B\_{t}$$

with respect to Brownian motion $B$ is defined, is the set of equivalence classes of $\mathrm {Prog} $-measurable processes in $L^{2}(\[0,T\]\times \Omega ;\mathbb {R} ^{n})$. * Every adapted process with left- or right-continuous paths is progressively measurable. Consequently, every adapted process with càdlàg paths is progressively measurable.
* Every measurable and adapted process has a progressively measurable modification.


title: Hopewell, Fayette County, West Virginia

abstract: Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 1480 feet.

text:
# Hopewell, Fayette County, West Virginia

**Hopewell** is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 1480 feet (451 m).

## InfoBox

| Hopewell, Fayette County,<br>West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| HopewellHopewell | |
| Coordinates: 38°07′28″N 81°04′15″W / 38.12444°N 81.07083°W / 38.12444; -81.07083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Fayette |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |


title: Rapid Equipping Force

abstract: The Rapid Equipping Force (REF) was a United States Army organization headquartered in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The organization was charged with quickly providing Army units deployed globally with innovative government off-the-shelf and commercially available solutions that address urgent requirements within 180 days or less. The REF was able to do this through unique authorities and by maintaining a presence near the point of need. REF personnel were positioned in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kuwait and mobile laboratories are available for quick solutions. Additionally, the REF empowered the Army at a grassroots level, enabling individual soldiers to communicate needs directly through simple request forms. Along with leveraging existing technology to meet urgent needs of Army forces deployed globally, the REF also informed longer-term materiel development for the future force. In October 2020, the Army announced it would dissolve the Asymmetric Warfare Group and the Rapid Equipping Force, by year-end FY2021.

text:
# Rapid Equipping Force

The **Rapid Equipping Force (REF)** was a United States Army organization headquartered in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The organization was charged with quickly providing Army units deployed globally with innovative government off-the-shelf and commercially available solutions that address urgent requirements within 180 days or less. The REF was able to do this through unique authorities and by maintaining a presence near the point of need. REF personnel were positioned in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kuwait and mobile laboratories are available for quick solutions. Additionally, the REF empowered the Army at a grassroots level, enabling individual soldiers to communicate needs directly through simple request forms.

Along with leveraging existing technology to meet urgent needs of Army forces deployed globally, the REF also informed longer-term materiel development for the future force. In October 2020, the Army announced it would dissolve the Asymmetric Warfare Group and the Rapid Equipping Force, by year-end FY2021 (September 30, 2021).

## Mission

The REF provides innovative materiel solutions to meet the urgent requirements of U.S. Army forces employed globally, informs materiel development for the future force, and on order expands to meet operational demands.

## Functions

The REF lines of support fall into four distinct categories: assess, equip, insert, and inform. Its primary function is to equip units with technologies that fill identified capability gaps. The REF provides training on these technologies downrange and at home-stations. It can insert selected future force solutions for operational evaluation in addition to providing new capabilities not readily available in the existing Army inventory. Finally, the REF constantly identifies and assesses emerging technologies and Army practices concerning operational needs affecting force readiness.

## Organization overview

The REF is structured to integrate three distinct functions to provide the Army with a responsive, rapid acquisition organization. First, the REF Director has the unique authority to validate requirements. Second, the REF has acquisition authority and provided by the United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology chartered Project Manager housed within REF's chain of command. Finally, the REF receives funding from a variety of sources, allowing it the flexibility to support Soldiers deployed around the world.

These three pillars of authority allow REF to quickly insert solutions into theater in weeks rather than years. REF aims to deliver items into Soldiers’ hands within 90 days, and has even provided a solution in 72 hours after learning of an urgent need.

The REF can receive requests for support from any soldier, from a private to the Chief of Staff of the Army. These requests are submitted via a simple document called a "10-Liner" that prompts soldiers to describe the capability gaps they are facing downrange or as they prepare to deploy. From that information, the REF team begins the analysis and procurement process in order to best equip the requesting unit.

It is important to note that the REF equips specific units, not the entirety of the Army. If a solution is applicable to a larger portion of the Army, REF works with partner organizations to transition technologies to project managers who can then field the equipment to a larger portion of the Army.

## History

The REF was created in 2002 after U.S. soldiers realized the need for non-standard equipment to meet the demands of new terrain, warfare tactics and their assigned missions.

The 2004 REF Charter and Implementation Guidance and Coordination memo, signed by Lieutenant General Richard A. Cody, formalized REF's "equip," "insert," "assess" functions. The excerpt below outlines how each line of support would shape REF's mission.

"The REF will identify and evaluate emerging technologies, concepts, and surrogates to estimate/approximate threshold capabilities, while simultaneously providing operationally relevant capabilities to our combat forces within a time frame relevant to current operations... It is my intent to insert critical future technologies and capabilities into the current force while continuously shaping the future force and accelerating its evolution. Therefore, I direct expansion of the mission of the REF to encompass two additional critical functions:

1. First, the REF will analyze relevant technologies and capabilities that exist in the Army's laboratory, developmental systems, other Services and Federal Agencies, and international sources, and when appropriate, bring these capabilities into an operational environment to examine and evaluate the concepts and their effectiveness. If suitable, the REF will assess the potential to accelerate fielding and the contribution such fielding would make to increased combat effectiveness.
2. Second, REF initiatives will serve as the testbed to construct a model for lasting change and improvement of Army business practices and to better streamline Army Acquisition processes. Establish a continuous feedback process to provide lessons learned and best practices identified through the rapid equipping process to the relevant staff and US Army Major Command (MACOMs). The Army Acquisition Executive (AAE), with the support of the REF, will use REF initiatives to develop a process to transfer REF initiatives to a fast-tracked fielding program of selected systems. The Assistant Secretary of the Army, Financial Management and Comptroller, in coordination with the Chief of Legislative Liaison and the REF, will develop a concept and Congressional strategy to support significant Army reprogramming actions and request modifications to laws as necessary to facilitate rapid acquisition when acceleration of future technologies contribute significant combat power to the force in the near term."

In January 2014, the REF was deemed critical by the Army and transitioned to the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command.

### Discontinuation

On October 2, 2020, the Department of the Army announced the discontinuation of the REF as the U.S. Army transitions from counter-insurgency operations to a focus on multi-domain operations and large scale combat operations. TRADOC directed the orderly closure of REF facilities, transfer of equipment and property, and transition of military and civilian personnel (to support other army efforts).

## Projects

The REF mitigates capability gaps across the spectrum of warfighter function areas and has supported many projects as listed below.

* PackBot: Remote-Controlled, full sensor package capable tracked vehicle.
* Magnetometer: Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) ultra-sensitive metal detecting wand.
* Wellcam: Complete man-portable video system to search wells.
* Armor Kit: 4-door vehicle protection kit equipped to units during Operation Iraqi Freedom.
* PILAR: Acoustically based, fully passive system that determines sniper fire direction on LCD screen.
* Talon Robot: A man-portable robot used for the disposal of IEDs and other dangerous explosives.
* Boomerang Counter-Fire Detection: A gunfire locator that uses microphone sensors to detect where shots originate.
* Minotaur: A robotic loader with front mine rollers to support dismounted operations.
* Raven: A hand-launched, remote controlled unmanned aerial vehicle for surveillance.
* Tactical Aerostats: Smaller aerostats used as ISR and communications platforms.
* Pole Cam: Extendable pole-mounted camera with a handheld receiver.
* Rapid Deployment Integrated Surveillance System (RDISS): System to monitor movement near remote FOBs and COPs.
* Man-Portable Line Charge (MPLC): Backpack-packaged clearing charge to disrupt IED trigger mechanisms.

The REF currently supports priority equipping efforts over a wide range of challenges including solutions for subterranean operations, electronic warfare, unmanned and counter-unmanned aerial systems, intelligence, and expeditionary force protection.

* Official REF Website
* Official U.S. Army Website
* Official TRADOC Website
* "Army Rapid Equipping Force Taking Root, Chief Says," National Defense, October 2006
* "Mobile Labs Build On-the-Spot Combat Solutions," Military News, 17 August 2012
* “Army 'can't afford' not to have Rapid Equipping Force, leader says,” Army.mil, 18 October 2013
* "Army Confirms Rapid Equipping Force as ‘Enduring’" Army News Service, 3 February 2014
* "How to Run the Pentagon: Letters to the Editor Regarding ‘Running the Pentagon Right,’" Foreign Affairs, May/June 2014
* "Battlefield tech demands: Rapid Equipping Force preps for surge with new Army brigades," Defense News, 27 February 2018
* “Rapid Equipping Force to deliver new electronic warfare platforms,” C4ISRNET 9 August 2018
* "Rapid Equipping Force in Afghanistan enables Soldiers' ideas into battlefield solutions," Army.mil, 15 November 2018
* "Rapid Response: Unit Works to Quickly Fulfill Urgent Requests" AUSA Army Magazine, 20 August 2019
* "Still in service: ‘Ex Lab’ is the US Army's problem-solving MacGyver," Defense News, 14 October 2019
* "Temperature checks begin at Commissary," Belvoir Eagle, 8 April 2020
* "Army REF deploys thermal imaging sensors," Army.mil, 1 May 2020
* "Army REF Expands Thermal Imaging Sensors Deployment Effort," DVIDS, 21 May 2020
* "FIGHTING COVID-19 -- Fort Rucker brings new asset to bear in protecting force, mission, surrounding communities," Army.mil, 5 June 2020
* "Army to discontinue AWG, REF efforts next year," Army.mil, 2 October 2020
* "Army to discontinue Asymmetric Warfare Group and Rapid Equipping Force," Army.mil, 2 October 2020

## InfoBox

| US Army Rapid Equipping Force | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 2002-2021 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | U.S. Army |
| Part of | United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) |
| Headquarters | Fort Belvoir |
| Website | https:// www.ref.army.mil |
| Commanders | |
| Director | COL Joe D. Bookard |