title: Predrag Pažin

abstract: Predrag Pažin is a former footballer who played as a defender. Born in Yugoslavia, he represented Bulgaria internationally.

text:
# Predrag Pažin

**Predrag Pažin** (Bulgarian and Serbian Cyrillic: Предраг Пажин; born 14 March 1973) is a former footballer who played as a defender. Born in Yugoslavia, he represented Bulgaria internationally.

## Club career

He signed his first professional contract with Sutjeska from Nikšić, where he played from 1991 to 1993. Then, until 1995, he played for Rudar from Pljevlja. When in January he moved to Partizan. While he was playing for Partizan, he had an incident with Mateja Kežman during the match that Partizan played against Lazio. After one unsuccessful attack, Pažin blamed Kežman, to which he responded with insults, which caused Pažin to hit him. With Partizan, he was three times the champion of Yugoslavia and once the cup winner. When NATO bombed FR Yugoslavia in 1999, the championship was interrupted, Pažin was out of contract and, in May of the same year, he went to Werder Bremen for a ten-day trial.

He did not sign a contract with Werder, but he received an invitation from Ljupko Petrović, the coach of Levski Sofia at the time. With Levski, he won the title and the Bulgarian Cup, and was declared the best foreign player. He spent two seasons in Bulgaria during which he was offered citizenship and a chance to play for the country's national team - both of which he took. However, he was suddenly sold to Turkish side Kocaelispor, to which he moved in 2001. He won the cup in Turkey, but did not stay there long, so the following year he returned to Bulgaria, where he played for Spartak Pleven.

In the same year, he went to China, where he played for Beijing Guoan, coached by Ljupko Petrović. After China, in 2003 he moved to the Ukrainian Shakhtar Donetsk, for which he would play until 2005. He won the Ukrainian Cup with Shakhtar in 2004. He returned to China again in 2005, where he played for Shandong Luneng until 2007. The following year, he won the championship and the Cup of China. In the AFC Champions League match, which Shandong played against Al-Ittihad, Pažin was accused of spitting at the referee for which he was punished. The last club he played for was Lokomotiv Mezdra, from 2008 to 2010, where he ended his playing career.

## International career

Pažin made his debut for Bulgaria in an August 2000 friendly match against Belgium in Sofia and has earned a total of 31 caps, scoring no goals. He was part of the Bulgarian 2004 European Football Championship team, which was eliminated in the first round, finishing bottom of Group C, having finished top of Qualifying Group 8 in the pre-tournament phase. His final international was against Italy at that tournament in Portugal. Pažin is the most capped non-Bulgarian-born player to appear for the national side.

## Honours

**Partizan**

**Levski Sofia**

**Kocaelispor**

**Shakhtar Donetsk**

**Shandong Luneng**

## InfoBox

Predrag Pažin
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Predrag Pažin | | |
| Date of birth | (1973-03-14) 14 March 1973 | | |
| Place of birth | Nevesinje, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 1+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1987–1991 | Velež Nevesinje | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1991–1993 | Sutjeska Nikšić | 36 | (2) |
| 1993–1995 | Rudar Pljevlja | 40 | (4) |
| 1995–1999 | Partizan | 63 | (7) |
| 1999–2000 | Levski Sofia | 34 | (2) |
| 2001 | Kocaelispor | 31 | (6) |
| 2002 | Spartak Pleven | 9 | (0) |
| 2002 | Beijing Guoan | 26 | (4) |
| 2003–2005 | Shakhtar Donetsk | 22 | (1) |
| 2005–2007 | Shandong Luneng | 62 | (5) |
| 2008–2010 | Lokomotiv Mezdra | 46 | (4) |
| Total |  | **369** | **(35)** |
| International career | | | |
| 2000–2004 | Bulgaria | 31 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2011 | Botev Kozloduy | | |
| 2015 | Lokomotiv 2012 Mezdra | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Isménia do Frederico

abstract: Isménia do Frederico is a Cape Verdean sprinter. She was the first woman to represent Cape Verde at the Olympics. Do Frederico, a two-time Olympian, first competed for Cape Verde at the 1993 World Championships where she ran the 100 metres in 13.03 seconds. Three years later at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Do Frederico made history along with António Zeferino and Henry Andrade by becoming the first athletes to represent the tiny African nation at the Olympic Games. In the women's 100 metres she finished 52nd in a time of 13.03 seconds. The following year she competed in the 1997 Francophone Games, recording her all time personal best in the 100 metres with a time of 12.75 seconds. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Do Frederico had the honour of being the flag bearer at the opening ceremony. In 100 metres, she finished in 78th place crossing the line in 12.99 seconds.

text:
# Isménia do Frederico

**Isménia do Frederico** (born 15 June 1971) is a Cape Verdean sprinter. She was the first woman to represent Cape Verde at the Olympics.

Do Frederico, a two-time Olympian, first competed for Cape Verde at the 1993 World Championships where she ran the 100 metres in 13.03 seconds. Three years later at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Do Frederico made history along with António Zeferino and Henry Andrade by becoming the first athletes to represent the tiny African nation at the Olympic Games. In the women's 100 metres she finished 52nd in a time of 13.03 seconds. The following year she competed in the 1997 Francophone Games, recording her all time personal best in the 100 metres with a time of 12.75 seconds. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Do Frederico had the honour of being the flag bearer at the opening ceremony. In 100 metres, she finished in 78th place crossing the line in 12.99 seconds.

## InfoBox

Isménia do Frederico
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Isménia do Frederico |
| Nationality | Cape Verdean |
| Born | (1971-06-15) June 15, 1971 |
| Years active | 19922000 |
| Height | 1.54 m (5 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 49 kg (108 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Cape Verde |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Events |  |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal bests | * **100 metres**: 12.75 (1997) * **200 metres**: 25.7 (1994) |
| Updated on 2 January 2014 | |


title: We, the Accused

abstract: We, the Accused is a 1935 crime novel by the British writer Ernest Raymond. It is inspired by the Edwardian era Doctor Crippen case. The novel is written to engage the reader's sympathy for the murderous protagonists.

text:
# We, the Accused

***We, the Accused*** is a 1935 crime novel by the British writer Ernest Raymond. It is inspired by the Edwardian era Doctor Crippen case. The novel is written to engage the reader's sympathy for the murderous protagonists.

## Synopsis

Schoolteacher Paul Presset lives with his domineering wife. When he realises there is a chance of finding happiness with a kinder woman, his thoughts turn increasingly to murder.

## Adaptation

In 1980, it was made into a five-part television series of the same name, starring Ian Holm, Angela Down and Iain Cuthbertson.

## Bibliography

* Baskin, Ellen. *Serials on British Television, 1950-1994*. Scolar Press, 1996.
* Dalrymple, Roger. *Crippen: A Crime Sensation in Memory and Modernity*. Boydell & Brewer, 2020.
* Hilfer, Tony. *The Crime Novel: A Deviant Genre*. University of Texas Press, 2014.
* Priestman, Martin . *The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction*. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

## InfoBox

We, the Accused
| 1983 Penguin edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ernest Raymond |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Crime |
| Publisher | Cassell (UK)<br>Stokes (US) |
| Publication date | 1935 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |


title: PDUFA date

abstract: In United States pharmaceutical regulatory practice, the PDUFA date is the colloquial name for the date by which the Food and Drug Administration must respond to a New Drug Application or a Biologics License Application. It is part of the regime established by the Prescription Drug User Fee Act to ensure funding of the Food and Drug Administration's drug approval activities in return for adhering to a largely fixed timetable of regulatory actions.

text:
# PDUFA date

In United States pharmaceutical regulatory practice, the **PDUFA date** is the colloquial name for the date by which the Food and Drug Administration must respond to a New Drug Application or a Biologics License Application. It is part of the regime established by the Prescription Drug User Fee Act to ensure funding of the Food and Drug Administration's drug approval activities in return for adhering to a largely fixed timetable of regulatory actions.

## History

Prior to the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), median approval times of New Drug Applications ranged between 21 and 29 months. The Prescription Drug User Fee Act was first passed in 1992 to facilitate the funding of the Food and Drug Administration while ensuring a more predictable timetable for drug approvals. Under the PDUFA regime, New Drug Applications and Biologics License Applications (together referred to as 'human drug applications' in the PDUFA context) are levied a fee upon filing. As of 2021, this fee was US$2,875,842 for applications requiring clinical data and US$1,437,921 for applications that do not. In return, the FDA strives to complete review of applications within 10 months for most applications and 6 months for priority reviews. The PDUFA date thus serves as a 'best estimate' of when a decision on a New Drug Application or a Biologics License Application would be forthcoming. This response may be a decision to approve the application or a Complete Response Letter (CRL).

The PDUFA date may be extended by the Food and Drug Administration in certain circumstances. These include circumstances such as a 'major amendment', e.g. where data submitted to a final study report is updated or data inadvertently omitted is supplied.

The PDUFA must be reauthorized every five years. The current version, PDUFA VII, was reauthorized as part of the Food and Drug Administration Reauthorization Act (FDARA) signed on 30 September 2022. The reauthorization will expire in September 2027.

## Relevance

The PDUFA date serves as a good first approximation of when a final decision on drug approval can be expected. Sponsors frequently publish PDUFA dates for their pending applications, and while there is no official list of PDUFA dates, several websites collect PDUFA dates from press announcements in a calendar form.

1. Speights, Keith (2016-07-07). "What Is a PDUFA Date?". *The Motley Fool*. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
2. Office of the Commissioner, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. "User Fee Performance Reports - FY 1995 PDUFA Performance Report". *wayback.archive-it.org*. Archived from the original on 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2021-06-30.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
3. "PDUFA". *www.phrma.org*. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
4. "Prescription Drug User Fee Rates for Fiscal Year 2021". *Federal Register*. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
5. "GAO Analysis Says FDA is Meeting PDUFA Commitments". *FDA Law Blog*. 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
6. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs. "Manual of Policies and Procedures (MAPP) 6010.8 Rev. 1: NDAs and BLAs: Communication to Applicants of Planned Review Timelines". *FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research*. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
7. "When Does FDA Extend a PDUFA Date? | Eye on FDA". *eyeonfda.com*. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
8. Office of the Commissioner (2018-11-03). "FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 (FDARA)". *FDA*. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
9. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (2021-06-10). "PDUFA VII: Fiscal Years 2023 – 2027". *FDA*.
10. "What is PDUFA? | Eye on FDA". *eyeonfda.com*. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
11. "FDA Calendar – FDA Tracker". Retrieved 2021-06-30.


title: Walter Brasch

abstract: Walter M. Brasch was an American social issues journalist and university professor of journalism. He was the author of a weekly syndicated newspaper column and the author of 17 books. He was a newspaper editor in California, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio, and a senior editor at OpEdNews., He died on February 9, 2017.

text:
# Walter Brasch

**Walter M. Brasch** (March 2, 1945  February 9, 2017) was an American social issues journalist and university professor of journalism. He was the author of a weekly syndicated newspaper column and the author of 17 books. He was a newspaper editor in California, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio, and a senior editor at *OpEdNews*., He died on February 9, 2017.

## Education

Dr. Brasch earned an A.B. in sociology from San Diego State College, an M.A. in journalism from Ball State University, and a Ph.D. in mass communication and journalism, with a cognate area in language and culture studies, from Ohio University.

## Awards

Brasch won more than 100 national and regional awards from the National Society of Newspaper Columnists, Society of Professional Journalists, National Federation of Press Women, Pennsylvania Press Club, Pennsylvania Women's Press Association, Pennwriters, International Association of Business Communicators, Pacific Coast Press Club, and Press Club of Southern California.

He was not only a co-recipient of the Civil Liberties Award of the American Civil Liberties Union in 1996, but was also honored by San Diego State University as a Points of Excellence winner in 1997. At Bloomsburg University, he earned the Creative Arts Award, was the first recipient of the Creative Teaching Award, and the first to receive a second award. He was named an Outstanding Student Advisor. He was the first recipient of the Dean's Award of Excellence at Bloomsburg University. For the Pennsylvania Humanities Council, he was a Commonwealth Speaker. In 2004 he was the faculty recipient of the Martin Luther King Jr. Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award.

## Published works

He co-authored *Social Foundations of the Mass Media* (2001) and *The Press and the State* (1986), and was awarded Outstanding Academic Book distinction by *Choice* magazine, published by the American Library Association.


title: Nicolette Hennique

abstract: Marquerite Clarisse Nicolette Hennique-Valentin was a French symbolist poet.

text:
# Nicolette Hennique

**Marquerite Clarisse Nicolette Hennique-Valentin** (17 April 1882 – 11 April 1956) was a French symbolist poet.

## Life

Nicolette Hennique was daughter of the novelist Léon Hennique and Nicolette-Louise Dupont-Châtelain. She was born in Paris on 17 April 1882. She married Pierre Paul Henri Valentin. She inherited the house where Nicolas de Condorcet was born, now the Condorcet Museum. She was a member of the Society for propagation of art books.

Hennique was one of a number of pre-war women poets in France who followed and emulated the symbolism of Stéphane Mallarmé, and who have now been largely forgotten. The highly original work of Hennique and women such as Lucie Delarue-Mardrus, Anna de Noailles, Renée Vivien, Gérard d'Houville and Marie Dauguet astonished the critics, who saw it as a sign of a moral and social revolution as well as a literary one. She contributed to several journals: *L'ermitage*, *L'hémicycle*, *La revue blanche*, *La revue* and *Le gaulois*.

In 1955 Hennique published a moving book of memories of her father. This biography, written towards the end of her life, was anecdotal and at times hagiographical. However, it is the most detailed study available, and informative about his links with the Théâtre Libre and the Académie Goncourt, and with contemporary naturalist writers.

## Reception

* A review of *Des rêves et des choses* (1900) in *L'He-micycle* (15 April 1900) praised its abundant vigour, melancholy and beauty but said what was really new was its profile of a poet with wide and daring dreams, whose beautiful deep eyes caress the contour of things.
* Henri Duvernois classifies her among the Parnassians.
* Nicolette Hennique, almost a child again, has been able to force the attention of scholars with Dreams and Things, Heroes and Gods. (*Le Gaulois* (Paris, 1968)
* "The strange phenomenon! to sing Greek, to think Greek, to see Greek, to dream Greek, as well as the great Sappho of Mitylene and to call herself floristically Nicolette!" Émile Bergerat

## Publications

Publications by Hennique include:

* Nicolette Hennique (1900), *Des rêves et des choses*, Paris: éditions de la "Revue blanche", p. 140
* Nicolette Hennique (1903), *Les douze labeurs héroïques*, Illustrated by Gaston Bussière, preface by Julia Daudet, Paris: André Ferroud, p. 47
* Nicolette Hennique (1904), *Des héros et des dieux*, Paris: E. Fasquelle, p. 257
* Nicolette Hennique (1909), *Du vent sur la plaine*, Paris: E. Fasquelle, p. 215
* Nicolette Hennique (1912), *Invocation* (Songs and piano), Music by Joseph Landeroin, Paris: Office musical, p. 8
* Nicolette Hennique (1926), *Jean-Baptiste Oudry 1686-1755*, Paris: Nilsson, p. 135

Other publications were:

1. *Death Certificate*, City of Paris archives, Civil Acts, Act 721, Side 16D 198
2. Mirbeau, Michel & Nivet 2005, p. 349 fn 5.
3. Badinter & Badinter 2014, Note 12.
4. Goya & Lafond 1907, p. 99.
5. Johnson 2017, PT525.
6. Décaudin 1981, p. 155.
7. Hennique 1899.
8. Hennique 1902.
9. Mirbeau, Michel & Nivet 2005, p. 826 fn 2.
10. Baguley 1994, p. 1026.
11. P.-Q. 1993, p. 123.
12. Duvernois 1904, p. 3.
13. Nicolette Hennique (1886-19..) – BnF.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Nicolette Hennique-Valentin | |
| --- | --- |
| Engraved Portrait published in the *Album Mariani*, volume XI, 1908. | |
| Born | Marquerite Clarisse Nicolette Hennique
17 April 1882
Paris, France |
| Died | 11 April 1956 (aged 73)
Rue Hamelin, Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Poet |


title: Urophora funebris

abstract: Urophora funebris is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Urophora of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Urophora funebris

***Urophora funebris*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Urophora* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Peru, Bolivia.

## InfoBox

| *Urophora funebris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Myopitini |
| Genus: | *Urophora* |
| Species: | ***U. funebris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urophora funebris***<br>(Hering, 1941) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euribia funebris* Hering, 1941 * *Euribia funebrls* Aczél, 1950 | |


title: Indian Tales

abstract: Indian Tales is a collection of connected short narratives written and illustrated by Jaime de Angulo, published by A. A. Wyn in 1953. The stories revolve around an anthropomorphic animal family traveling across California, and encountering various mythological figures, such as Old Man Coyote, Loon Woman, and various animal tribes who live as the indigenous peoples of California did in pre-European times. The book is an imaginative retelling of many of the folktales and myths collected by de Angulo as an erstwhile anthropologist. The stories are written to be of interest to younger readers, but are also read by adults. The books foreword is by Carl Carmer. The Indian Tales were originally read live on KPFA radio in 1949, and released as a recording. The book has been used as a text in California history classes. De Angulo writes in the foreword, "When you find yourself searching for some mechanical explanation, if you don't know the answer, invent one. When you pick out some inconsistency or marvelous improbability, satisfy your curiosity like the old Indian folk: 'Well, that's the way they tell that story. I didn't make it up!'"

text:
# Indian Tales

***Indian Tales*** is a collection of connected short narratives written and illustrated by Jaime de Angulo, published by A. A. Wyn in 1953. The stories revolve around an anthropomorphic animal family traveling across California, and encountering various mythological figures, such as Old Man Coyote, Loon Woman, and various animal tribes who live as the indigenous peoples of California did in pre-European times. The book is an imaginative retelling of many of the folktales and myths collected by de Angulo as an erstwhile anthropologist. The stories are written to be of interest to younger readers, but are also read by adults. The books foreword is by Carl Carmer. The *Indian Tales* were originally read live on KPFA radio in 1949, and released as a recording. The book has been used as a text in California history classes. De Angulo writes in the foreword,

"When you find yourself searching for some mechanical explanation, if you don't know the answer, invent one. When you pick out some inconsistency or marvelous improbability, satisfy your curiosity like the old Indian folk: 'Well, that's the way they tell that story. I didn't make it up!'"

## Reception

Poet Marianne Moore wrote, "I am charmed by the book — text and pictures. It is no effort, of course, to be pleased by the sure touch — stories and animal drawings that are poetry, innate, humor-born, and wise."

## Publication history

* Hill & Wang (1954), first paperback edition, reprinted numerous times through the next 40 years, by successive imprints Farrar, Straus and North Point Press
* Heinemann (1954) (as ***Red Indian Tales***)
* Ballantine Books (1974), first mass market paperback edition, ISBN 978-0345252753
* Heyday Books (2003) California Legacy Project edition, ISBN 978-1890771669

* *Indian Tales*, Jaime de Angulo. Hill & Wang, 1953

## InfoBox

Indian Tales
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jaime de Angulo |
| Illustrator | Jaime de Angulo |
| Genre | folktales, children's literature |
| Publisher | A.A. Wyn
Hill & Wang (p/b, 1954) |
| Publication date | 1953 |
| Media type | hardcover
paperback
mass market paperback |


title: Islam in Aceh

abstract: Islam is the dominant religion in Aceh and over 98% of the 4 million people identify as Muslim. According to data from the 2005 census, the religious percentages in Aceh are 98.87% Islam, 0.87% Protestantism, 0.15% Buddhism, 0.09% Catholicism and 0.02% Hinduism. Islam in Aceh is Sunni with Shafi'i mazhab in Fiqh.

text:
# Islam in Aceh

**Islam** is the dominant religion in Aceh and over 98% of the 4 million people identify as Muslim.

According to data from the 2005 census, the religious percentages in Aceh are 98.87% Islam, 0.87% Protestantism, 0.15% Buddhism, 0.09% Catholicism and 0.02% Hinduism.

Islam in Aceh is Sunni with Shafi'i mazhab in Fiqh.

## History

The earliest Islamic kingdom in Southeast Asia is Samudra Pasai, located along the northern coast of Aceh. Its earliest tombstones date back to 622 Hijri / 1226 CE. The tombstone belongs to Ibnu Mahmud and Teungku Raja Ahmad.


title: We, the Accused (TV series)

abstract: We, the Accused is a British period crime television series which originally aired on BBC 2 in 5 episodes between 10 September and 8 October 1980. It is an adaptation of the 1935 novel of the same title by Ernest Raymond, itself inspired by the Doctor Crippen case.

text:
# We, the Accused (TV series)

***We, the Accused*** is a British period crime television series which originally aired on BBC 2 in 5 episodes between 10 September and 8 October 1980. It is an adaptation of the 1935 novel of the same title by Ernest Raymond, itself inspired by the Doctor Crippen case.

## Main cast

1. Baskin p.175

## Bibliography

* Baskin, Ellen . *Serials on British Television, 1950-1994*. Scolar Press, 1996.

## InfoBox

| *We, the Accused* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Crime drama |
| Based on | *We, the Accused* by Ernest Raymond |
| Written by | Julia Jones |
| Directed by | Richard Stroud |
| Starring | Ian Holm
Angela Down
Iain Cuthbertson |
| Composer | Daryl Runswick |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 5 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Jonathan Powell |
| Cinematography | Ken Westbury |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC 2 |
| Release | 10 September (1980-09-10)
8 November 1980 (1980-11-08) |


title: Third Deuba cabinet

abstract: The third Deuba cabinet of Nepal was formed on 10 June 2004 after the appointment of Sher Bahadur Deuba as prime minister by King Gyanendra. The cabinet was expanded on 5 July 2004 with the inclusion of CPN (UML), Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Nepal Sadbhawana Party. The cabinet was dismissed on 1 February 2005 by King Gyanendra who assumed executive power.

text:
# Third Deuba cabinet

The **third Deuba cabinet** of Nepal was formed on 10 June 2004 after the appointment of Sher Bahadur Deuba as prime minister by King Gyanendra. The cabinet was expanded on 5 July 2004 with the inclusion of CPN (UML), Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Nepal Sadbhawana Party.

The cabinet was dismissed on 1 February 2005 by King Gyanendra who assumed executive power.

## Cabinet

| Portfolio | Minister | Party | | Took office | Left office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister of Nepal
Minister for Palace Affairs
Minister for Defence
Minister for Foreign Affairs | Sher Bahadur Deuba |  | Congress (Democratic) | 10 June 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Finance | Bharat Mohan Adhikari |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Information and Communications | Mohammad Mohsin |  | Rastriya Prajatantra Party | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Forests and Soil Conservation | Badri Prasad Mandal |  | Nepal Sadbhawana Party | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Science and Technology | Balaram Gharti Magar |  | Rastriya Prajatantra Party | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Education and Sports | Bimalendra Nidhi |  | Congress (Democratic) | 10 June 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Industry, Commerce and Supplies | | | | 10 June 2004 | 5 July 2004 |
| Minister for Physical Planning and Construction | Prakash Man Singh |  | Congress (Democratic) | 10 June 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Health | Ashok Rai |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Home Affairs | Purna Bahadur Khadka |  | Congress (Democratic) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation | Dip Kumar Upadhaya |  | Congress (Democratic) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Industry, Commerce and Supplies | Ishwar Pokhrel |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Local Development | Yubaraj Gyawali |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Land Reform and Management | Jog Meher Shrestha |  | Rastriya Prajatantra Party | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Agriculture and Cooperatives | Hom Nath Dahal |  | Congress (Democratic) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Labour and Transportation Management | Raghuji Pant |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Population and Environment | Bachaspati Devkota |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Women, Children and Social Welfare | Astalaxmi Shakya |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs | Tek Bahadur Chokhyal |  | Congress (Democratic) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister for General Administration | Krishna Lal Thakali |  | Independent | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| **Ministers of State** | | | | | |
| Minister of State for Water Supply | Thakur Prasad Sharma |  | Independent | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister of State for Foreign Affairs | Prakash Sharan Mahat |  | Congress (Democratic) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister of State for Local Development | Krishna Gopal Shrestha |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister of State for Education and Sports | Bal Krishna Khand |  | Congress (Democratic) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister of State for Labour and Transportation Management | Urba Dutta Pant |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister of State for Health | Bansidhar Mishra |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister of State for Science and Technology | Pratibha Rana |  | Rastriya Prajatantra Party | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Minister of State for Land Reform and Management | Ram Chandra Raya |  | Rastriya Prajatantra Party | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| **Assistant Minister** | | | | | |
| Assistant Minister for Agriculture and Cooperatives | Uma Kanta Chaudhary |  | Congress (Democratic) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Assistant Minister for Population and Environment | Lal Bahadur Bishwakarma |  | CPN (UML) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Assistant Minister for Physical Planning and Construction | Hari Shankar Pariyar |  | Congress (Democratic) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |
| Assistant Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation | Bhim Kumari Budha Magar |  | Congress (Democratic) | 5 July 2004 | 1 February 2005 |

## InfoBox

| Third Deuba cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
Cabinet of Nepal | |
| June 2004–February 2005 | |
| Date formed | 10 June 2004 (2004-06-10) |
| Date dissolved | 2 February 2005 (2005-02-02) |
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch | King Gyanendra |
| Prime Minister | Sher Bahadur Deuba |
| Total no. of members | 31 appointments |
| Member party |  |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Fifth Thapa cabinet |
| Successor | King Gyanendra cabinet |


title: Itunta

abstract: Itunta is a village in Ibere, Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Itunta falls under the Umuakoo Autonomous Community. The Eze of Umuakoo is HRM Eze Monday Unadindu Okoro in whom is conferred with the title of Akoo II of Umuakoo. Itunta is renowned for her vast cocoa production.

text:
# Itunta

**Itunta** is a village in Ibere, Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Itunta falls under the Umuakoo Autonomous Community. The Eze of Umuakoo is HRM Eze Monday Unadindu Okoro in whom is conferred with the title of Akoo II of Umuakoo. Itunta is renowned for her vast cocoa production.

## Origin

The natives of Itunta are said to be part of the Itu diaspora, a dispersion of peoples of partial Itu(Ibibio) ancestry across Igboland. A notable community of Itu origin is Itumbauzo in Bende. Itu LGA in present-day Akwa Ibom State is the homeland of the Itu people.

## Culture

The people of Itunta mark the Inyang festival annually. They are the only community in Ikwuano who perform this event. It is quite distinct from the usual Ekpe festival in which every other Ikwuano community celebrates. Members of this community are mainly peasant farmers and deal mostly in rice and cocoa. Christianity is widely practiced. English and the Ibere dialect of Igbo are the languages spoken in Itunta.

## Economy

Itunta is situated in a cocoa-producing belt, hence, it is a major cocoa production site in Abia State. The community generates as much as 10 tons of cocoa yearly. They are also adept in plantain, rice, cassava and cucumber generation.

## Schools

* Itunta Community School

## InfoBox

| Itunta ItuntaUmuakoo Autonomous Community | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ItuntaLocation of Itunta in Nigeria | |
| Coordinates: 5°26′57.77″N 7°38′10.9″E / 5.4493806°N 7.636361°E / 5.4493806; 7.636361 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Abia State |
| L.G.A | Ikwuano |
| Clan | Ibere |
| Government | |
| Type | Monarchy |
| Eze | HRM Eze Monday Unadindu Okoro |
| Elevation | 125 ft (38 m) |
| Population | |
| Ethnicities | Igbo |
| Religion | Christianity |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
| 3-digit postal code prefix | 440108 |
| Area code | 440 |
| ISO 3166 code | NG.AB.IK |
| Website | https://ng.geoview.info/itunta,2336974 |


title: Wally Rehg

abstract: Walter Phillip Rehg was a reserve outfielder in Major League Baseball, playing mostly as a right fielder for four different teams between the 1912 and 1919 seasons. Listed at 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m), 160 lb., Rehg batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Summerfield, Illinois. Rehg entered the majors in 1912 with the Pittsburgh Pirates, playing for them one year before joining the Boston Red Sox (1913–1915), Boston Braves (1917–1918) and Cincinnati Reds (1919). He appeared in a career-high 88 games with the 1914 Red Sox, as a backup for the fabled Million-Dollar Outfield of Duffy Lewis (LF), Tris Speaker (CF) and Harry Hooper (RF). His most productive season came in 1917 with the Braves, when he posted career-numbers in batting average (.270), runs (48), RBI (31) and stolen bases (13), while appearing in 87 games. He also was a member of the 1919 National League champions Reds, although he did not play in the World Series. In a seven-season career, Rehg was a.250 hitter (188-for-752) with two home runs and 66 RBI in 263 games, including 85 runs, 24 doubles, 11 triples and 26 stolen bases. In between major league stops, Rehg saw regular action in the minor leagues at St. Paul and Providence, and also served in the United States Navy in 1918 during World War I. He also played in the minors from 1920 through 1930, mostly for Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, and managed the Tucson team of the Arizona State League in his last baseball season. Besides baseball, Rehg appeared in the films Fast Company (1929), playing himself, and as an uncredited ballplayer in Alibi Ike (1935), a baseball comedy starred by Joe Brown and Olivia de Havilland. Following his baseball career, Rehg worked as an electrician helper at Paramount Pictures Studios. He fell ill on March 28, 1946, and left the hospital on April 4. He died of a heart attack on April 5, 1946, at his home in Burbank, California.

text:
# Wally Rehg

**Walter Phillip Rehg** (August 31, 1888 – April 5, 1946) was a reserve outfielder in Major League Baseball, playing mostly as a right fielder for four different teams between the 1912 and 1919 seasons. Listed at 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m), 160 lb., Rehg batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Summerfield, Illinois.

Rehg entered the majors in 1912 with the Pittsburgh Pirates, playing for them one year before joining the Boston Red Sox (1913–1915), Boston Braves (1917–1918) and Cincinnati Reds (1919). He appeared in a career-high 88 games with the 1914 Red Sox, as a backup for the fabled *Million-Dollar Outfield* of Duffy Lewis (LF), Tris Speaker (CF) and Harry Hooper (RF). His most productive season came in 1917 with the Braves, when he posted career-numbers in batting average (.270), runs (48), RBI (31) and stolen bases (13), while appearing in 87 games. He also was a member of the 1919 National League champions Reds, although he did not play in the World Series.

In a seven-season career, Rehg was a .250 hitter (188-for-752) with two home runs and 66 RBI in 263 games, including 85 runs, 24 doubles, 11 triples and 26 stolen bases.

In between major league stops, Rehg saw regular action in the minor leagues at St. Paul and Providence, and also served in the United States Navy in 1918 during World War I. He also played in the minors from 1920 through 1930, mostly for Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, and managed the Tucson team of the Arizona State League in his last baseball season.

Besides baseball, Rehg appeared in the films *Fast Company* (1929), playing himself, and as an uncredited ballplayer in *Alibi Ike* (1935), a baseball comedy starred by Joe Brown and Olivia de Havilland.

Following his baseball career, Rehg worked as an electrician helper at Paramount Pictures Studios. He fell ill on March 28, 1946, and left the hospital on April 4. He died of a heart attack on April 5, 1946, at his home in Burbank, California.

1. Lee, Bill (2009). *The Baseball Necrology: The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of More 7,600 Major League Players and Others*. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 331. ISBN 9780786442393; "Ex-Ball Player, Walter Rehg, Dies of a Heart Attack". *The Valley Times*. April 8, 1946. p. 8.

## InfoBox

| Wally Rehg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** (1888-08-31)August 31, 1888
Summerfield, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Died:** April 5, 1946(1946-04-05) (aged 57)
Burbank, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 14, 1912, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 10, 1919, for the Cincinnati Reds | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .250 |
| Home runs | 2 |
| Runs batted in | 66 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Nicolette Kluijver

abstract: Nicolette Rianne Staudt-Kluijver is a Dutch television presenter and former model. As of 2014 she works for RTL 5, after spending many years at BNN. When she was 17, she was discovered by a modelling agency and she worked for Diesel (brand), Tommy Hilfiger and G-Star After three years, she auditioned for 6pack, a Dutch television program, which she hosted two years. In 2006, she joined the Dutch broadcasting company BNN, co-presenting the program Spuiten en Slikken in which Dutch celebrities are interviewed about drug use and sexual practices. She is one of the eight presenters of Try Before You Die.

text:
# Nicolette Kluijver

**Nicolette Rianne Staudt-Kluijver** (born 29 September 1984) is a Dutch television presenter and former model. As of 2014 she works for RTL 5 (presenting the nude dating show, *Adam Zkt. Eva*), after spending many years at BNN.

When she was 17, she was discovered by a modelling agency and she worked for *Diesel (brand)*, *Tommy Hilfiger* and *G-Star* After three years, she auditioned for *6pack*, a Dutch television program, which she hosted two years.

In 2006, she joined the Dutch broadcasting company BNN, co-presenting the program *Spuiten en Slikken* in which Dutch celebrities are interviewed about drug use and sexual practices. She is one of the eight presenters of *Try Before You Die.*

## Programs

As presenter

As candidate/guest

## InfoBox

| Nicolette Staudt-Kluijver | |
| --- | --- |
| Kluijver in 2008 | |
| Born | (1984-09-29) 29 September 1984<br>Hilversum, Netherlands |
| Occupation(s) | television presenter, model |


title: Ursula Boese

abstract: Ursula Boese was a German operatic contralto. A member of the Hamburg State Opera from 1960 to 1993, she pursued an international career. She appeared as Stravinsky's Iocaste at the San Francisco Opera in the presence of the composer, as Wagner's Fricka in Wieland Wagner's last production of the Ring Cycle at the Bayreuth Festival, and as Verdi's Ulrica alongside Luciano Pavarotti.

text:
# Ursula Boese

**Ursula Boese** (27 July 1928 – 25 October 2016) was a German operatic contralto. A member of the Hamburg State Opera from 1960 to 1993, she pursued an international career. She appeared as Stravinsky's Iocaste at the San Francisco Opera in the presence of the composer, as Wagner's Fricka in Wieland Wagner's last production of the Ring Cycle at the Bayreuth Festival, and as Verdi's Ulrica alongside Luciano Pavarotti.

## Life

Born in Hamburg, Boese studied voice at the Musikhochschule Hamburg in her hometown, graduating with a diploma, and began as a concert singer during her studies.

In 1958, she appeared at the Bayreuth Festival for the first time, making her stage debut, as Floßhilde and the Second Norn in *Der Ring des Nibelungen* conducted by Hans Knappertsbusch. She sang several roles there, including Fricka in the Ring Cycle in 1965, staged by Wieland Wagner.

She became a member of the Hamburg State Opera (HSO) in 1960, where she remained until her retirement in 1993. In 1968 she created the role of Miss Penelope Newkirk in the world premiere of Gian Carlo Menotti's *Help, Help, the Globolinks!* at the HSO. She was awarded the title Hamburgische Kammersängerin on 21 May 1969 by Rolf Liebermann.

She appeared at the Vienna State Opera, first in 1960 as the First Norn in *Götterdämmerung*, and in 1963 at La Scala in Milan as Iocaste in Stravinsky's *Oedipus Rex*. She also appeared as a guest at the Royal Opera House in London, in Rome, Venice, Turin, at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, the Chicago Opera, the Liceu in Barcelona, and the Paris Opéra. She sang at the Edinburgh Festival and the Holland Festival. With the Hamburg ensemble, she appeared in Florence, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, the Opéra de Montréal, the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, in Moscow and in Tokyo.

Boese took part in world premieres, such as Mrs. Bradshaw in Alexander Goehr's *Arden muß sterben* in Hamburg on 5 March 1967, and as the Schwarze Nachbarin in Udo Zimmermann's *Die wundersame Schustersfrau* at the Schwetzingen Festival on 25 April 1982. She sang Jocasta at the San Francisco Opera in 1968 in Stravinsky's *Oedipus Rex*, with Stravinsky in the audience. In 1969, she was the partner of Joan Sutherland in Handel's *Giulio Cesare*. In 1973, she appeared as Ulrica in a new production of Verdi's *Un ballo in maschera*, alongside Luciano Pavarotti and Sherrill Milnes.

## Autobiography

* Ursula Boese. *Erfolg oder Rausschmiß. Auf den Opernbühnen von Bayreuth, Hamburg, Paris…* U. Boese, Hamburg 1993 (140 p.)

## InfoBox

| Ursula Boese | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1928-07-27)27 July 1928
Hamburg, Germany |
| Died | 25 October 2016(2016-10-25) (aged 88)
Hamburg, Germany |
| Education | Musikhochschule Hamburg |
| Occupation |  |
| Organizations | Hamburgische Staatsoper |
| Title | Kammersängerin |


title: I Promise to Pay

abstract: I Promise to Pay is a 1937 American drama film directed by D. Ross Lederman.

text:
# I Promise to Pay

***I Promise to Pay*** is a 1937 American drama film directed by D. Ross Lederman.

## Plot

Eddie Lang, a decent family man making $27.50 a week, borrows fifty-dollars from Richard Farra in order to take his wife, Mary and two small children on a vacation. He soon finds himself in the merciless clutches of Marra and his loan-shark gang. In desperation he tells his story to the district attorney, J.E.Curtis—only to be shot down on the steps of the Hall of Justice.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| I Promise to Pay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | D. Ross Lederman |
| Written by | Lionel Houser<br>Mary C. McCall Jr. |
| Produced by | Myles Connolly |
| Starring | Chester Morris |
| Cinematography | Lucien Ballard |
| Edited by | James Sweeney |
| Music by | M. W. Stoloff |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * April 21, 1937 (1937-04-21) |
| Running time | 68 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Index of Japan-related articles (L)

abstract: This page lists Japan-related articles with romanized titles beginning with the letter L. For names of people, please list by surname. Please also ignore particles when listing articles.

text:
# Index of Japan-related articles (L)

This page lists Japan-related articles with romanized titles beginning with the letter . For names of people, please list by surname (i.e., "Tarō Yamada" should be listed under "Y", not "T"). Please also ignore particles (e.g. "a", "an", "the") when listing articles (i.e., "A City with No People" should be listed under "City").

## L

## La

## Le

## Lg

## Lh

## Li

## Li (cont'd)

## Lj

## Lo

## Lu

## Ly


title: Predispositioning theory

abstract: Predispositioning theory, in the field of decision theory and systems theory, is a theory focusing on the stages between a complete order and a complete disorder. Predispositioning theory was founded by Aron Katsenelinboigen (1927–2005), a professor in the Wharton School who dealt with indeterministic systems such as chess, business, economics, and other fields of knowledge and also made an essential step forward in elaboration of styles and methods of decision-making.

text:
# Predispositioning theory

**Predispositioning theory**, in the field of decision theory and systems theory, is a theory focusing on the stages between a complete order and a complete disorder.

Predispositioning theory was founded by Aron Katsenelinboigen (1927–2005), a professor in the Wharton School who dealt with indeterministic systems such as chess, business, economics, and other fields of knowledge and also made an essential step forward in elaboration of styles and methods of decision-making.

## Predispositioning theory

Predispositioning theory is focused on the intermediate stage between a complete order and a complete disorder. According to Katsenelinboigen, the system develops gradually, going through several stages, starting with incomplete and inconsistent linkages between its elements and ending with complete and consistent ones.

"*Mess*. The zero phase can be called a mess because it contains no linkages between the system's elements. Such a definition of mess as ‘a disorderly, un-tidy, or dirty state of things’ we find in Webster's New World Dictionary. (...)
*Chaos*. Mess should not be confused with the next phase, chaos, as this term is understood today. Arguably, chaos is the first phase of indeterminism that displays sufficient order to talk of the general problem of system development. The chaos phase is characterized by some ordering of accumulated statistical data and the emergence of the basic rules of interactions of inputs and outputs (not counting boundary conditions). Even such a seemingly limited ordering makes it possible to fix systemic regularities of the sort shown by Feigenbaum numbers and strange attractors.
(...) Different types of orderings in the chaos phase may be brought together under the notion of directing, for they point to a possible general direction of system development and even its extreme states. But even if a general path is known, enormous difficulties remain in linking algorithmically the present state with the final one and in operationalizing the algorithms. These objectives are realized in the next two large phases that I call predispositioning and programming. (...) *Programming*. When linkages between states are established through reactive procedures, either by table functions or analytically, it is often assumed that each state is represented only by essentials. For instance, the production function in economics ties together inputs and outputs in physical terms. When a system is represented as an equilibrium or an optimization model, the original and conjugated parameters are stated explicitly; in economics, they are products (resources) and prices, respectively.9 Deterministic economic models have been extensively formalized; they assume full knowledge of inputs, outputs, and existing technologies. (...) Predispositioning (...) exhibits less complete linkages between system's elements than programming but more complete than chaos."

Methods like programming and randomness are well-known and developed while the methodology for the intermediate stages lying between complete chaos and complete order as well as their philosophical conceptualization have never been discussed explicitly and no methods of their measurements were elaborated. According to Katsenelinboigen, operative sub-methods of dealing with the system are programming, predispositioning, and randomness. They correspond to three stages of systems development. Programming is a formation of complete and consistent linkages between all the stages of the systems' development. Predispositioning is a formation of semi-efficient linkages between the stages of the system's development. In other words, predispositioning is a method responsible for creation of a predisposition.

Randomness is a formation of inconsistent linkages between the stages of the system's development. In this context, for instance, Darwinism emphasizes the exclusive role of chance occurrences in the system's development since it gives top priority to randomness as a method. Conversely, creationism states that the system develops in a comprehensive fashion, i.e. that programming is the only method involved in the development of the system. As Aron Katsenelinboigen notices, both schools neglect the fact that the process of the system's development includes a variety of methods which govern different stages, depending on the systems’ goals and conditions.

Unfortunately, predispositioning as a method as well as a predisposition as an intermediate stage have never been discussed by scholars, though there were some interesting intuitive attempts to deal with the formation of a predisposition. The game of chess, at this point, was one of the most productive fields in the study of predispositioning as a method. Owing to chess’ focus on the positional style, it elaborated a host of innovative strategies and tactics that Katsenelinboigen analyzed and systematized and made them a basis for his theory.

To sum up, the main focus of predispositioning theory is on the intermediate stage of systems development, the stage that Katsenelinboigen proposed to call a "predisposition". This stage is distinguished by semi-complete and semi-consistent linkages between its elements. The most vital question when dealing with semi-complete and semi-consistent stages of the system is the question of its evaluation. To this end, Katsenelinboigen elaborated his structure of values, using the game of chess as a model.

## Structure of values

According to Katsenelinboigen's predispositioning theory, in the chess game pieces are evaluated from two basic points of view – their weight in a given position on the chessboard and their weight independent to any particular position. Based on the degree of conditionality, the values are:

* Fully unconditional
* Unconditional
* Semi-conditional
* Conditional

According to Katsenelinboigen, game pieces in chess are evaluated from two basic points of view: their weight with regard to a certain situation on the chessboard and their weight without regard to any particular situation, only to the position of the pieces. The latter are defined by Katsenelinboigen as semi-unconditional values, formed by the sole condition of the rules of piece interaction. The semiunconditional values of the pieces (such as queen 9, rook 5, bishop 3, knight 3, and pawn 1) appear as a result of the rules of interaction of a piece with the opponent's king. All other conditions, such as starting conditions, final goal, and a program that links the initial condition to the final state, are not taken into account. The degree of conditionality is increased by applying preconditions, and the presence of all four preconditions fully forms conditional values.

Katsenelinboigen outlines two extreme cases of the spectrum of values—fully conditional and fully unconditional—and says that, in actuality, they are ineffectual in evaluating the material and so are sometimes replaced by semiconditional or semiunconditional valuations, which are distinguished by their differing degrees of conditionality. He defines fully conditional values as those based on complete and consistent linkages among all four preconditions."

The conditional values are formed by the four basic conditions:

* starting conditions
* final goal
* a program that links the initial conditions with the final state
* rules of interaction

The degree of unconditionality is predicated by the necessity to evaluate things under uncertainty (when the future is unknown) and conditions cannot be specified.

Applying his concept of values to social systems, Katsenelinboigen shows how the degree of unconditionality forms morality and law. According to him, the moral values represented in the Torah as the Ten Commandments are analogous to semi-unconditional values in a chess game, for they are based exclusively on the rules of interactions.

"The difference between these two approaches is clearly manifested in the various translations of the Torah. For instance, The Holy Scriptures (1955), a new translation based on the masoretic text (a vast body of the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible), translates the commandment as ‘Thou shalt not commit murder.’ In The Holy Bible, commonly known as the authorized (King James) version (The Gideons International, 1983), this commandment is translated as ‘*Thou shalt not kill*.’ (...) The difference between unconditional and semi-unconditional evaluations will become more prominent if we use the same example of ‘Thou shalt not kill and ‘Thou shalt not murder’ to illustrate the conduct of man in accordance with his precepts. In an extreme case, one who follows ‘Thou shalt not kill’ will allow himself to be killed before he kills another. These views are held by one of the Hindu sects in Sri Lanka (the former Ceylon). To the best of my knowledge, the former prime minister of Ceylon, Solomon Bandaranaike (1899-1959), belonged to this sect. He did not allow himself to kill an attacker and was murdered. As he lay bleeding to death, he did crawl over to the murderer and knock the pistol from his hand before it could be used against his wife, Sirimavo Bandaranaike. She later became the prime minister of Ceylon-Sri Lanka."

But how does one ascribe weights to certain parameters, establishes the degree of conditionality, etc.? How does the evaluative process go in indeterministic systems?

## The role of subjectivity

Katsenelinboigen states that the evaluative category for indeterministic systems is based on subjectivity. "This pioneering approach to the evaluative process is the subject of Katsenelinboigen’s work on indeterministic systems. The roots of one’s subjective evaluation lie in the fact that the executor cannot be separated from the evaluator, who evaluates the system in accordance with his or her own particular ability to develop it. This can be observed in chess, in which the same position is evaluated differently by different chess players, or in literature with regard to hermeneutics."

Katsenelinboigen writes:

*The subjective element arises not because the set of positional parameters and their valuations are formed based on a player’s intuition. Rather, the choice of relevant parameters depends on the actual executor of the position, that is, the particular strengths and weaknesses of a given player. The role of the executor becomes vital because the actual realization of the position is not known beforehand, so future moves will have to be made based on the contingent situation at hand.*

Katsenelinboigen clearly explains why subjectivity of the managerial decision is inevitable:

"The original subjective evaluation of the situation by the decision-maker is critical in the creative strategic management. Subjectivity of the managerial decisions is inevitable due to the intrinsically indeterministic nature of the strategic management, meaning that the subjectivity arises not just because of the lack of scientific foundation in business management. The effective approach to the strategic decision-making, as demonstrated in the game of chess, presupposes that each player has a unique, individual vision of his strategic position. To make it more systematic, one should not substitute the player’s intuition with some objective laws that relate essential and positional parameters, but rather complement the intuition with the statistical analysis."

To sum up, subjectivity becomes an important factor in evaluating a predisposition. The roots of one's subjective evaluation lie in the fact that the executor cannot be separated from the evaluator who evaluates the system in accordance with his own particular ability to develop it.

The structure of values plays an essential part in calculus of predisposition.

## Calculus of predispositions

Calculus of predispositions, a basic part of predispositioning theory, belongs to the indeterministic procedures. "The key component of any indeterministic procedure is the evaluation of a position. Since it is impossible to devise a deterministic chain linking the inter-mediate state with the outcome of the game, the most complex component of any indeterministic method is assessing these intermediate stages. It is precisely the function of predispositions to assess the impact of an intermediate state upon the future course of development." According to Katsenelinboigen, calculus of predispositions is another method of computing probability. Both methods may lead to the same results and, thus, can be interchangeable. However, it is not always possible to interchange them since computing via frequencies requires availability of statistics, possibility to gather the data as well as having the knowledge of the extent to which one can interlink the system's constituent elements. Also, no statistics can be obtained on unique events and, naturally, in such cases the calculus of predispositions becomes the only option. The procedure of calculating predispositions is linked to two steps – dissection of the system on its constituent elements and integration of the analyzed parts in a new whole. According to Katsenelinboigen, the system is structured by two basic types of parameters – material and positional. The material parameters constitute the skeleton of the system. Relationships between them form positional parameters. The calculus of predispositions primarily deals with

* analyzing the system's material and positional parameters as independent variables and
* measuring them in unconditional valuations.

"In order to quantify the evaluation of a position we need new techniques, which I have grouped under the heading of calculus of predispositions. This calculus is based on a weight function, which represents a variation on the well-known criterion of optimality for local extremum. This criterion incorporates material parameters and their conditional valuations. The following key elements distinguish the modified weight function from the criterion of optimality:

* First and foremost, the weight function includes not only material parameters as independent (controlling) variables, but also positional (relational) parameters.
* The valuations of material and positional parameters composing the weight function are, to a certain extent, unconditional; that is, they are independent of the specific conditions, but do take into account the rules of the game and statistics (experience)."

To conclude, there are some basic differences between frequency-based and predispositions-based methods of computing probability.

* The frequency-based method is grounded in statistics and frequencies of events.
* The predispositions-based method approaches a system from the point of view of its predisposition. It is used when no statistics is available.
* The predispositions-based method is used for the novel and unique situations.

According to Katsenelinboigen, the two methods of computing probability may complement each other if, for instance, they are applied to a multilevel system with an increasing complexity of its composition at higher levels.


title: Isocytosine

abstract: Isocytosine or 2-aminouracil is a pyrimidine base that is an isomer of cytosine. It is used in combination with isoguanine in studies of unnatural nucleic acid analogues of the normal base pairs in DNA. In particular, it is used as a nucleobase of hachimoji RNA. It can be synthesized from guanidine and malic acid. It is also used in physical chemical studies involving metal complex binding, hydrogen bonding, and tautomerism and proton transfer effects in nucleobases.

text:
# Isocytosine

**Isocytosine** or **2-aminouracil** is a pyrimidine base that is an isomer of cytosine. It is used in combination with isoguanine in studies of unnatural nucleic acid analogues of the normal base pairs in DNA. In particular, it is used as a nucleobase of hachimoji RNA.

It can be synthesized from guanidine and malic acid.

It is also used in physical chemical studies involving metal complex binding, hydrogen bonding, and tautomerism and proton transfer effects in nucleobases.

## InfoBox

Isocytosine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 2-Amino-3*H*-pyrimidin-4-one | |
| Other names 2-Aminouracil | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.266 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C4H5N3O/c5-4-6-2-1-3(8)7-4/h1-2H,(H3,5,6,7,8) YKey: XQCZBXHVTFVIFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C4H5N3O/c5-4-6-2-1-3(8)7-4/h1-2H,(H3,5,6,7,8)Key: XQCZBXHVTFVIFE-UHFFFAOYAD | |
| SMILES * O=C1/C=C\N=C(\N)N1 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C4H5N3O |
| Molar mass | 111.104 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Naomi Stead

abstract: Naomi Stead is an architectural academic, scholar and critic, based in Melbourne, Australia. She is currently the Director of the Design and Creative Practice Enabling Capability Platform at RMIT University, Australia.

text:
# Naomi Stead

**Naomi Stead** is an architectural academic, scholar and critic, based in Melbourne, Australia. She is currently the Director of the Design and Creative Practice Enabling Capability Platform at RMIT University, Australia.

## Early years and education

Naomi Stead was born in February 1975 and grew up in Adelaide, South Australia. She studied architecture at the Louise Laybourne School of Architecture, University of South Australia, graduating with a Bachelor of Architecture with first class honours in 1998. Stead's PhD, ‘On the Object of the Museum and its Architecture’, was conferred by The University of Queensland in 2004. The Project, supervised by John Macarthur and Antony Moulis, examined recent developments in museum architecture, with particular reference to Daniel Libeskind's Jewish Museum (Berlin) and the National Museum of Australia (Canberra) designed by ARM.

## Academic career

Stead began her academic career at the University of Technology, Sydney (2001–2009) and became a research fellow at the Research Centre ATCH (Architecture Theory Criticism History), University of Queensland in 2009, later becoming a senior research fellow. In 2015 she took up an academic position as Associate Professor at the School of Architecture, University of Queensland. In 2017, Stead joined Monash University's Department of Architecture and was Head of Department from 2018 to 2020. She left Monash early in 2022 to take up a research leadership role at RMIT University, as Director of the Design and Creative Practice Enabling Capability Platform, where her job is to encourage and enable interdisciplinary research that has high impact and benefit to people and planet, between and beyond the design fields.

Stead has also undertaken a number of research fellowships, including Postdoctoral Fellow, Advanced Cultural Studies Institute of Sweden, Linkoping University (October 2007 – February 2008), and Honorary Visiting Scholar, School of Architecture, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium (June – December 2005). She was visiting fellow in Architectural Theory at TU Delft, the Netherlands, in April 2022.

Stead describes her academic research as engaged with the following areas:

* the history, theory and writing of architectural criticism; experimental writing in architecture;
* representations of architects and architecture in popular media
* the material culture of the architectural workplace; visual sociology in architecture;
* gender equity in architectural practice; feminist architecture theory; women in architecture;
* urban cultural geography and walking as an aesthetic practice; tourist culture in cities
* work-related wellbeing amongst architects and architecture students; work cultures and professional identity in architecture \[NS1\]
* thing theory, artefactuality, and objecthood in architecture; miniaturisation in architecture;

Stead was a researcher with John Macarthur and Deborah van der Plaat on the project The Cultural Logic of Queensland Architecture: Place, Taste and Economy.

### Equity and Diversity in the Australian Architecture Profession: women, work and leadership

Stead initiated and led the Australian Research Council funded project Equity and Diversity in the Australian Architecture Profession: Women, Work and Leadership (2011–2014). This involved eight researchers – Stead, Karen Burns, Justine Clark, Gill Matthewson, Amanda Roan, Gillian Whitehouse, Julie Willis and Sandra Kaji-O'Grady – and sought map women’s participation in the architectural profession in Australia, to understand why women are under-represented at senior management level, and to identify concrete strategies for change. The project resulted in scholarly publications and the founding of the advocacy group Parlour: women, equity, architecture. This also led to the Parlour Guides to Equitable Practice and the Australian Institute of Architects Gender Equity Policy.

### Architectural Work Cultures: professional identity, education and wellbeing

Stead initiated and leads the Australian Research council funded research project Architectural Work Cultures: Professional identity, education and wellbeing (2020-2023). Known more commonly as the Wellbeing of Architects project, this is a comprehensive, three-year programme of research, bringing together researchers and educators, practices and professional organisations to investigate the wellbeing of people working in and studying architecture. Ultimately the project will develop tailored resources to contribute to greater wellbeing for these groups. This is the first major Australian study to use interdisciplinary, qualitative and quantitative methods to question how workplace cultures and professional identity affect mental wellbeing in architecture – and thus lay the foundations for practical improvements in the future. Collaborators include architecture researchers Maryam Gusheh, Byron Kinnaird and Kirsten Orr, and collaborators from the Monash University Department of Management, Julie Wolfram Cox, Brian Cooper and Tracey Shea.

## Architectural criticism

Stead is currently the architecture critic for the Australian national weekly newspaper *The Saturday Paper.* Her architectural criticism has been published in a wide range of professional journals and magazines, including *Architecture Australia*, *Artichoke*, *Monument*, *Architecture Review Australia*, *Pol Oxygen* and *\[Inside\] Australian Design Review*. She was a contributing editor to *Architecture Australia* from 2003 to 2012, architecture columnist for *The Conversation* in 2016–2017 and is a regular columnist for *Places* journal. Stead has also written scholarly work on the history and future of architectural criticism and edited the anthology *Semi-detached: Writing, representation and criticism in architecture (2012).*

## Contributions to public and academic culture

Stead contributes to public and academic culture in a range of ways. She was an expert member of the National Committee for Gender Equity of the Australian Institute of Architects. She has edited academic journals, including *Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research*, with Prof Johan Fornas and Dr Martin Fredriksson; *Architectural Theory Review,* with Dr Lee Stickells and Prof Michael Tawa (2011 – 2014), and was on the Executive Committee of the Society of Architectural Historians of Australia and New Zealand (SAHANZ) from 2003 to 2005, and elected SAHANZ President from 2017-2019.

Stead has also convened and co-convened a number of conferences. These include:

* The Art of Drying: Practices and Aesthetics symposium, University of Queensland Art Museum, 27 March 2015 (with Kelly Greenop and Allison Holland)
* Transform: Altering the Future of Architecture, 30 May 2013 (with Justine Clark and Karen Burns)
* Lost in Conversation: Constructing the Oral History of Modern Architecture, 1 November 2013 (with Janina Gosseye, Naomi Stead and Deborah van der Plaat)
* Writing Architecture II: A Symposium on Innovations in the Textual and Visual Critique of Buildings, Queensland Gallery of Modern Art and the State Library of Queensland, 22–23 July 2010
* Writing Architecture: A Symposium on Architectural Criticism and the Written Representation of Architecture, Institute for Modern Art, Brisbane, 15 & 16 Aug 2009
* Queer Space: Centres and Peripheries a trans-disciplinary international conference on sexuality and space, University of Technology Sydney, February 2007.

Stead also regularly speaks at public and professional events on architecture and the built environment and has done a number of radio interviews.

## Exhibitions

Stead has curated a number of architectural exhibitions:

* 2015. *Portraits of Practice: At Work in Architecture*, Tin Sheds Gallery, Sydney, 11 July- Sept 11, 2015. In collaboration with Justine Clark, Maryam Gusheh, Fiona Young and Gill Matthewson.
* 2015. *Hung Out to Dry: Space, memory, and domestic laundry practices*, University of Queensland Art Museum, 21 March – 10 May 2015. In collaboration with Allison Holland and Kelly Greenop.
* 2010 *Documentation: The Visual Sociology of Architects*, at Extra/Ordinary the national conference of the Australian Institute of Architects, Creative Director Melanie Dodds, Sydney, 22–24 April 2010. In collaboration with Dr Sandra Kaji-O’Grady and Dr Kate Sweetapple.
* 2009 *Mapping Sydney: Experimental Cartography and the Imagined City*, DAB LAB Research gallery UTS Faculty of Design Architecture and Building.

## Selected publications

* 2021 Naomi Stead, Tom Lee, Ewan McEoin and Megan Patty, *After The Australian Ugliness,* National Gallery of Victoria and Thames & Hudson, Melbourne
* 2020 Hélène Frichot and Naomi Stead (eds), *Writing Architectures:* *Ficto-Critical Approaches*, Bloomsbury, London
* Stead, Naomi (with Janina Gosseye and Deborah van der Plaat). (2019): *Speaking of Buildings. Oral History in Architectural Research.* New York, Princeton Architectural Press, 2019, ISBN 9781616897543.
* 2015 Naomi Stead, ‘Lest: In Order Not That,’ *Mongrel Rapture: the Work of Ashton Raggatt Macdougall*, Uro, Melbourne, 2015.
* 2014 Naomi Stead ed., ‘Dossier’, *Architecture Australia*, vol 103, no 5, Sept/Oct 2014, pp. 53–69.
* 2014 Naomi Stead ed., *Women, Practice, Architecture,* Routledge, London, July 2014.
* 2013 Naomi Stead and Cristina Garduno Freeman, ‘Reception,’ *Architectural Theory Review*, vol 18, no 3, December 2013.
* 2012 Naomi Stead ed., "Resigned Accommodation" and "Usurpatory Strategies", *Architectural Theory Review*, vol 17 no 2/3, August/December 2012.
* 2012 Naomi Stead ed., *Semi-Detached: Writing, Representation and Criticism in Architecture*, Uro: Melbourne, May 2012.
* 2011 Naomi Stead, Lee Stickells and Michael Tawa, ‘Fifteen Years of Architectural Theory Review: New Beginnings,’ special issue, *Architectural Theory Review*, vol 16, issue 2, 2011.
* 2007 Naomi Stead and Jason Prior eds., Proceedings of the international conference Queer Space: Centres and Peripheries, University of Technology Sydney, February 2007
* 2012 John Macarthur & Naomi Stead, ‘Aesthetics/Art/Pleasure’ in Sibel Bozdogan, Stephen Cairns, Greig Crysler and Hilde Heynen eds., *Handbook of Architectural Theory*, Berg, Oxford, 123-135.
* 2009 Naomi Stead, ‘Avoidance: On Some Euphemisms for the ‘Smallest Room’’ in Olga Gershenson and Barbara Penner eds, *Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender*, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 2009, pp. 126-132.
* 2008 Naomi Stead, ‘Buildings, Photographs, Sculptures: On Medium and Disciplinarity in the work of the Bechers’, in Andrew Leach and John Macarthur eds., *Architecture, Disciplinarity and Art*, A & S Books, Ghent, pp. 135–149.
* 2007 Naomi Stead, ‘In the Mind of the Architect’: Architecture, Representation and Authorship in Documentary Film’, in *Architecture and Authorship*, Tim Anstey, Katja Grillner & Rolf Hughes eds., Black Dog Press, London, pp. 50–59.
* 2007 Naomi Stead, ‘Criticism in/and/of Crisis: The Australian Context’, in Jane Rendell, Mark Dorrian et al., eds., *Critical Architecture*, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 76–83.
* 2007 Naomi Stead, ‘Museological Landscapes, Mythological Lands: The Garden of Australian Dreams’, in Michael J. Ostwald and Steven Fleming eds. *Museum, Gallery and Cultural Architecture in* *Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Region: Essays on Antipodean Identity*, Edwin Mellen Press, Wales, 2007, pp. 69–80.
* 2006 John Macarthur and Naomi Stead, ‘The National Museum of Australia as Danse Macabre: Baroque Allegories of the Popular’, in *South Pacific Museums: Beyond the New Museology?* Chris Healy and Andrea Witcomb eds., Macquarie University ePress.

## Awards

* 2015 Shortlisted for Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) President’s Awards for Research, for the Parlour Guides to Equitable Practice, (in collaboration with Justine Clark and others).
* 2015 Adrian Ashton Prize, presented to Parlour: Women, Equity, Architecture, by the New South Wales Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects (in collaboration with Justine Clark and others).
* 2015 Bates Smart Award for Architecture in the Media (National Award) awarded to Parlour: Women, Equity, Architecture, at the Victorian Architecture Awards, Australian Institute of Architects Victorian Chapter (in collaboration with Justine Clark and others).
* 2015 Shortlisted as Creative Director of the Australian Pavilion at the 2016 Venice Architecture Biennale, for ParlourLIVE!, with Justine Clark, Catherine Griffiths, Maryam Gusheh and Fiona Young.
* 2008 Adrian Ashton Prize for Architectural Writing, presented by the New South Wales Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects.

Parlour: women, equity, architecture


title: Third Dombrovskis cabinet

abstract: The third Dombrovskis cabinet was the government of Latvia from 25 October 2011 to 22 January 2014. It was the third government to be led by Valdis Dombrovskis who was Prime Minister from 2009 until 2014. It took office after the September 2011 election, succeeding the second Dombrovskis cabinet, which had lasted from 2010 to 2011.

text:
# Third Dombrovskis cabinet

The **third Dombrovskis cabinet** was the government of Latvia from 25 October 2011 to 22 January 2014. It was the third government to be led by Valdis Dombrovskis who was Prime Minister from 2009 until 2014. It took office after the September 2011 election, succeeding the second Dombrovskis cabinet, which had lasted from 2010 to 2011.

| Position | Name | Party | | Dates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | Valdis Dombrovskis |  | Unity | 25 October 2011 - 22 January 2014 |
| Deputy Prime Minister<br>Minister for Defence | Artis Pabriks |  | Unity | 25 October 2011 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Foreign Affairs | Edgars Rinkēvičs |  | Reform Party | 25 October 2011 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Economics | Daniels Pavļuts |  | Reform Party | 25 October 2011 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Finance | Andris Vilks |  | Unity | 25 October 2011 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for the Interior | Rihards Kozlovskis |  | Reform Party | 25 October 2011 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Education and Science | Roberts Ķīlis |  | Independent | 25 October 2011 - 30 April 2013 |
| | *Rihards Kozlovskis* (interim) |  | Reform Party | 30 April 2013 - 2 May 2013 |
| | Vjačeslavs Dombrovskis |  | Reform Party | 2 May 2013 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Culture | Žaneta Jaunzeme-Grende |  | National Alliance | 25 October 2011 - 16 September 2013 |
| | *Jānis Bordāns* (interim) |  | National Alliance | 17 September 2013 - 30 October 2013 |
| | Dace Melbārde |  | Independent | 31 October 2013 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Welfare | Ilze Viņķele |  | Unity | 25 October 2011 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Environmental Protection and Regional Development | Edmunds Sprūdžs |  | Reform Party | 25 October 2011 - 1 December 2013 |
| | *Daniels Pavļuts* (interim) |  | Independent | 1 December 2013 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Transport | Aivis Ronis |  | Independent | 25 October 2011 - 1 March 2013 |
| | Anrijs Matīss |  | Independent | 1 March 2013 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Justice | Gaidis Bērziņš |  | National Alliance | 25 October 2011 - 21 June 2012 |
| | *Žaneta Jaunzeme-Grende* (interim) |  | National Alliance | 21 June 2012 - 5 July 2012 |
| | Jānis Bordāns |  | National Alliance | 5 July 2012 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Health | Ingrīda Circene |  | Unity | 25 October 2011 - 22 January 2014 |
| Minister for Agriculture | Laimdota Straujuma |  | Independent | 25 October 2011 - 22 January 2014 |


title: Paa Dogo

abstract: Raymond Kwaku Takyi popularly known with the stage name Paa Dogo is a Ghanaian musician and songwriter.

text:
# Paa Dogo

**Raymond Kwaku Takyi** popularly known with the stage name **Paa Dogo** is a Ghanaian musician and songwriter.

## Early life and career

Paa Dogo was born in Accra on October 19, 1983 to Francisca Addobea and Edmund Takyi Quarshie. He is the first of seven (7) children.

He is known for the hit songs Osumafour (Mmonto), Medo No and Tykun. He has worked with Obrafour, Tinny, Reggie Rockstone, Joe Fraizer, Kofi Nti and Baffour Kyei.

## Discography

### Album

* *Dogo The Album*

### Singles

* *Tykun*
* *Pese menko menya*
* *My Corner*
* *Hustle*
* *Kantan cross*
* *African Leaders*

## Personal life

Paa Dogo is not married but has two children.

## InfoBox

| Paa Dogo | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Raymond Kwaku Takyi |
| Born | (1983-10-19) 19 October 1983 |
| Origin | Accra, Ghana |
| Genres | Hiplife, Hip hop |
| Occupation | Rapper |
| Labels | Paa Dogo Nation Records |


title: Walter H. Barkas

abstract: Walter Henry Barkas was professor of physics at the University of California, Riverside beginning in 1965. He specialized in the use of nuclear emulsions, i.e., photographic plates having a thick sensitive layer, for purposes of Particle physics. Together with his collaborators, he discovered the difference in range between positive and negative mesons of the same initial energy, and he ascribed this effect to the difference in stopping power between positively and negatively charged particles. Hence, this difference is called Barkas effect or Barkas-Andersen effect, see Bethe formula. Barkas was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1938-40. In 1941 he was elected as Fellow of the American Physical Society.

text:
# Walter H. Barkas

**Walter Henry Barkas** (2 September 1912 – 28 March 1969) was professor of physics at the University of California, Riverside beginning in 1965. He specialized in the use of nuclear emulsions, i.e., photographic plates having a thick sensitive layer, for purposes of Particle physics.

Together with his collaborators, he discovered the difference in range between positive and negative mesons of the same initial energy, and he ascribed this effect to the difference in stopping power between positively and negatively charged particles. Hence, this difference is called *Barkas effect* or *Barkas-Andersen effect*, see Bethe formula.

Barkas was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1938-40. In 1941 he was elected as Fellow of the American Physical Society.

## Biography

He was born on 2 September 1912 in Portland, Oregon to Leander Henrikson Barkas and Ester Emilia Gustafsson. He became a professor of physics at the University of California, Riverside in 1965. He died on 28 March 1969 in Riverside, California.

## Literature

* Barkas W.H., Dyer J.N., Heckmann H.H.: "Resolution of the Σ-mass anomaly", Physical Review Letters 11 (1963) 26
* Sigmund P.: "Particle Penetration and Radiation Effects, General Aspects and Stopping of Swift Point Charges", Springer Series in Solid State Sciences Vol. 151, Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2006)
* he co wrote Data for elementary-particle physics published by the University of California Radiation Laboratory, 1958.


title: Nicolette Milnes-Walker

abstract: Nicolette Daisy Milnes-Walker, MBE (1943-) was the first woman to sail non-stop single-handed across the Atlantic. She set sail on 12 June 1971 from Milford Haven, UK and arrived in Newport USA forty five days later on 26 July. She made her crossing in a 30 ft yacht, Aziz, a 'Pioneer' Class 9 meter designed by Van Der Stadt and constructed by Southern Ocean Shipyard Ltd, Poole, Dorset. Miss Milnes-Walker returned from the US to the UK on board the Cunard passenger liner Queen Elizabeth 2, arriving in Southampton on 11 August 1971. Upon her arrival, Sir Robin Knox-Johnston presented her with a painting of Aziz on behalf of the builders.

text:
# Nicolette Milnes-Walker

**Nicolette Daisy Milnes-Walker**, MBE (1943-) was the first woman to sail non-stop single-handed across the Atlantic. She set sail on 12 June 1971 from Milford Haven, UK and arrived in Newport USA forty five days later on 26 July. She made her crossing in a 30 ft yacht, Aziz, a 'Pioneer' Class 9 meter designed by Van Der Stadt and constructed by Southern Ocean Shipyard Ltd, Poole, Dorset.

Miss Milnes-Walker returned from the US to the UK on board the Cunard passenger liner Queen Elizabeth 2, arriving in Southampton on 11 August 1971. Upon her arrival, Sir Robin Knox-Johnston presented her with a painting of Aziz on behalf of the builders.

Milnes-Walker, Nicolette (1973). *When I Put Out To Sea*. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-23795-6.

Milnes-Walker, Nicolette (1972). *When I Put Out To Sea*. Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-1467-3.


title: Ursula Booth

abstract: Ursula Agnes Booth (1740–1803) was a British stage actress of the eighteenth century. She first appeared at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 1 November 1775, but at the season switched to the rival Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and remained a part of the company for the next twenty years under the management of Richard Brinsley Sheridan. She specialised in character roles of older woman. She also appeared in the summers at the Haymarket. Her husband John Booth was the resident tailor at Drury Lane. She was the mother of the actress Elizabeth Field who married the actor William Wallack and was therefore the grandmother of James William Wallack and Henry John Wallack.

text:
# Ursula Booth

**Ursula Agnes Booth** (1740–1803) was a British stage actress of the eighteenth century. She first appeared at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 1 November 1775, but at the season switched to the rival Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and remained a part of the company for the next twenty years under the management of Richard Brinsley Sheridan. She specialised in character roles of older woman. She also appeared in the summers at the Haymarket. Her husband John Booth was the resident tailor at Drury Lane. She was the mother of the actress Elizabeth Field who married the actor William Wallack and was therefore the grandmother of James William Wallack and Henry John Wallack.

## Selected roles

## Bibliography

* Bratton, Jacqueline S. *New Readings in Theatre History*. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
* Highfill, Philip H, Burnim, Kalman A. & Langhans, Edward A. *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660–1800, Volumes 1–2*. SIU Press, 1973.


title: Ardashir (king of Marv)

abstract: Ardashir was a Sasanian prince, who ruled Marv from ca. 240 to 262. He was either a brother or son of the Sasanian king Ardashir I, who had installed him as the ruler of Marv, which was the outpost of his empire in the north-east.

text:
# Ardashir (king of Marv)

**Ardashir** (Middle Persian: ) was a Sasanian prince, who ruled Marv from ca. 240 to 262. He was either a brother or son of the Sasanian king Ardashir I (r. 224-242), who had installed him as the ruler of Marv, which was the outpost of his empire in the north-east.

## Sources

* Frye, R. N. (1984). *The History of Ancient Iran*. C.H.Beck. pp. –411. ISBN 9783406093975. The history of ancient iran.
* Frye, R. N. (1993). "The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians". In Bayne Fisher, William; Gershevitch, Ilya; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, R. N.; Boyle, J. A.; Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence; Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). *The Cambridge History of Iran*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20092-X.


title: Indivior

abstract: Indivior is a specialty pharmaceuticals business. Established as a division of Reckitt Benckiser in 1994 and demerged from that company in December 2014, the company has been fined for false marketing claims about the safety of its drug, Suboxone. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.

text:
# Indivior

**Indivior** is a specialty pharmaceuticals business. Established as a division of Reckitt Benckiser in 1994 and demerged from that company in December 2014, the company has been fined for false marketing claims about the safety of its drug, Suboxone. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.

## History

The company was established as the Buprenorphine division of Reckitt Benckiser in 1994. In December 2014, Reckitt Benckiser spun off its specialty pharmaceuticals business into a separate company named Indivior. By February 2015, the company was capitalised at £2.3 billion (US$3.1 billion) on the London Stock Exchange.

In 2019, Indivior was indicted over claims that it had made false marketing claims about the safety of its drug, Suboxone, and had concocted a scheme to direct patients towards doctors who were likely to prescribe Suboxone. Reckitt Benckiser has settled with the Justice Department to pay $1.4 billion to resolve a U.S. Federal investigation into sales and marketing of opioid addiction treatment.

In July 2020, Indivior Solutions, Indivior Inc., and Indivior PLC agreed to pay $600 million to resolve liability related to false marketing of Suboxone to MassHealth for use by patients with children under the age of six years old. Additionally, Indivior Solutions Inc pleaded guilty to one-count of felony information.

In November 2022, it was announced Indivior had acquired the Santa Monica-headquartered, NASDAQ-listed biopharmaceutical company, Opiant.

In July 2023 Indivior paid $20.4 million to C4X Discovery for the full rights to the orexin-1 receptor antagonist being developed for substance use disorder. Indivior had already made an upfront payment of $10 million in 2018 and pledged milestone payments of up to $284 million. Under the new agreement C4X Discovery waived any rights to further payment.

In May 2024, the company confirmed that it would transfer its primary share listing to the U.S.

## Operations

The company's main products are Sublocade, Subutex and its Naloxone-combined preparation Suboxone, both substitution products for opioid addiction. Other products include remedies for cocaine and opioid analgesic overdose and treatment for alcohol dependence: the company claims this to be the largest pipeline of addiction drugs in the world.

## InfoBox

Indivior
|
|  |
| Company type | Public company |
| Traded as | LSE: INDV |
| Industry | Pharmaceutics |
| Founded | 1994 |
| Headquarters | Richmond, Virginia |
| Key people | Graham Hetherington, Chairman<br>Mark Crossley, CEO |
| Products | Subutex/Subuxone/Sublocade |
| Revenue | 1,093 million (2022) |
| Operating income | (4) million (2022) |
| Net income | 2 million (2023) |
| Website | www.indivior.com/ |


title: Juan Gualberto Amaya

abstract: Juan Gualberto Amaya (1887–1964) was a Mexican brigadier general and politician who served the Mexican Revolution and was notable for serving in the Third Battle of Torreón and being the former governor of Durango.

text:
# Juan Gualberto Amaya

**Juan Gualberto Amaya** (1887–1964) was a Mexican brigadier general and politician who served the Mexican Revolution and was notable for serving in the Third Battle of Torreón and being the former governor of Durango.

## Biography

Originally from Santa María del Oro, Durango. Since 1913 he joined the forces that rose up in those surroundings against Victoriano Huerta, but his more notable military operations were carried out under the orders of General Francisco Murguía in the campaign against Pancho Villa in the north of the country, between 1917 and 1919. He joined the pronouncement of the Agua Prieta Plan against President Venustiano Carranza. Later on, he was loyal to the government of General Álvaro Obregón, reaching the rank of Brigadier General. He triumphed in the electoral fight to be Governor of Durango from 1928 to 1932, taking office on September 15, 1928. However, in March of the following year he adhered to the Hermosillo Plan, acting in agreement with the Chief of Operations in the state, General Francisco Urbalejo, to support General José Gonzalo Escobar, who had spoken in Torreón. He left the government when the Escobar Rebellion failed, in addition to the fact that the federal government ignored his military rank, taking refuge in the United States, where he remained for several years. He returned afterwards and retired to private life. He died in 1964.

### Bibliography

* Naranjo, Francisco (1935). *Diccionario biográfico Revolucionario* (Imprenta Editorial "Cosmos" ed.). México. ISBN 968-805-293-0.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## InfoBox

| Juan Gualberto Amaya | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Governor of Durango | |
| **In office**
1928–1930 | |
| President | Emilio Portes Gil |
| Preceded by | José Aguirre S. |
| Succeeded by | José Adolfo Terrones Benítez |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1887
Santa María del Oro, Durango, Mexico |
| Died | 1964 (aged 77)
*Location Unknown* |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Constitutionalists
Carrancistas |
| Branch | Mexican Army |
| Years of service | 1910–1920 |
| Rank | Brigadier General |
| Battles/wars | Mexican Revolution |
|  | |


abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) act primarily through a process known as oxidative dissolution, wherein Ag+ ions are released through an oxidative mechanism. AgNPs have potentially vast applications within the fields of medicine, science, and food and drug industries due to their antimicrobial properties, low cytotoxicity in humans, and inexpensive cost.

text:
# Oxidative dissolution of silver nanoparticles

**Silver nanoparticles** (AgNPs) act primarily through a process known as **oxidative dissolution**, wherein Ag+ ions are released through an oxidative mechanism. AgNPs have potentially vast applications within the fields of medicine, science, and food and drug industries due to their antimicrobial properties, low cytotoxicity in humans, and inexpensive cost.

## Mechanism

Silver is stable in water and needs an oxidizing element to achieve oxidative dissolution. When oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or oxygen are present, they dissolute AgNPs to release Ag+. The release of Ag+ leads to creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside cells, which can further dissolute the nanoparticles. Some nano silver particles develop protective Ag3OH surface groups and it is thought that dissolution removes these groups and forms oxygen radicals, which attenuate reactivity of the AgNPs by entering into the lattice to form a highly stable Ag6O octahedral structure. It has been thought AgNP efficacy can mainly be attributed to shape, as nanoprisms and naorods have proven more active than nanospheres because they possess more highly exposed facets, thus leading to a faster release of Ag+ ions.

### Environmental factors

Environmental factors that play a role in particle dissolution:

* pH (rate increases with increasing pH ( 6–8.5)),
* presence of halide ions (cause Ag+ precipitation),
* particle coating
* presence of reducing sugars.
* The presence of cysteine (inhibits dissolution).
* presence of natural organic matter.

## Synthesis

AgNPs are synthesized using microwave irradiation, gamma irradiation UV activation, or conventional heating of the precursor silver nitrate, AgNO3 using an alginate solution as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The carboxyl or hydroxyl groups on the alginate reagent form complexes during the synthesis of the AgNPs that stabilize the reaction. Nanoparticle size and shape can be specified by changing the ratio of alginate to silver nitrate used and/or the pH. A coating such as PVP may be added to the nanoparticles by heating and subsequent slow cooling.

## Kinetics

Stopped-flow spectrometry has been used to characterize the chemical mechanism and kinetics of AgNPs. Oxidative dissolution of AgNPs has been shown to be a first order reaction with respect to both silver and hydrogen peroxide and is independent of particle size.

## Antimicrobial activity

Antibacterial, antiviral and anti-fungal properties have been investigated in response to AgNP dissolution. Antibacterial activities of AgNPs are much stronger in oxygenic conditions than anoxic conditions. Through their oxidative dissolution in biological systems, AgNPs can target important biomolecules such as “DNA, peptides, and cofactors” as well as absorb into nonspecific moieties and simultaneously disrupt several metabolic pathways. They have been known to act as a bridging agent between thiols, to have affinity for organic amines and phosphates. The combination of silver ions’ reaction with biomolecules with oxidative stress, ultimately leads to toxicity in biological environment.

### Inhibition of nitrification

Oxidative dissolution of AgNPs, which gives rise to Ag+, potentially inhibits nitrification within Ammonia oxidizing bacteria. A key step in nitrification is the oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine (NH2OH) catalyzed by the enzyme ammonia monooxyganase (AMO). The enzymatic activity of AMO is highly vulnerable to interference due to its intracytoplasmic location and its abundance of copper. It is speculated that Ag+ ions from AgNPs interfere with AMO's copper bonds by replacing copper with Ag+ causing a decrease in enzymatic activity, and thus nitrification.