title: USS Holt

abstract: USS Holt (DE-706) was a Rudderow-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy. She was named after William Mack Holt.

text:
# USS Holt

**USS *Holt* (DE-706)** was a *Rudderow*-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy. She was named after William Mack Holt.

## Namesake

William Mack Holt was born on 9 September 1917 in Great Falls, Montana. He enlisted in the Navy on 4 October 1940, and was appointed an Aviation Cadet 26 December 1940. After completing flight training, he reported to the aircraft carrier USS *Enterprise* as a fighter pilot on 16 December 1941. Later transferred to the carrier air wing aboard USS *Saratoga* (VF-3), Holt participated in the air operations over Guadalcanal.

On 7 August 1942, after sighting a group of about 27 Japanese bombers with escorts, Lieutenant (j.g.) Holt led his two-plane section through the enemy fighters, downing several, and helped to turn back the bombers, continuing his attacks until his own aircraft was shot down. Holt was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.

## Construction and commissioning

*Holt*'s keel was laid down on 28 November 1943 at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company of Bay City, Michigan, as one of a series of *Buckley*-class destroyer escorts ordered from Defoe. After completing 13 ships, Defoe received a contract modification to complete the rest with 5-inch guns, which became known as the *Rudderow* class. Launched on 15 February 1944, she was sponsored by Mrs. Robert Holt, mother of Lt.(jg) Holt. She was commissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana on 9 June 1944, with Lieutenant Commander Victor Blue commanding.

## Service history

### World War II, 19441946

*Holt* conducted her shakedown cruise off Bermuda, and after a short stay in Boston, Massachusetts, reported to Norfolk, Virginia, on 8 August 1944. Until 19 August, she helped carry out shallow water tests in the Patuxent River, Maryland, and then joined Escort Division 74 at Norfolk. *Holt* screened the escort carriers *Wake Island* (CVE-65) and *Mission Bay* (CVE-59) from Norfolk to Newport, Rhode Island, and departed on 5 September 1944 on anti-submarine operations along the Eastern seaboard. She came upon the torpedoed SS *George Ade* on 12 September, and joined in the search for the U-boat which had attacked her. The search had to be called off, however, as a hurricane approached the next day. *Holt* returned to Norfolk, and after escorting coastal convoys to Boston and New York, she sailed from Norfolk for the Pacific.

The escort and her division transited the Panama Canal on 23 October, and arrived at Hollandia, New Guinea via the Galapagos and Society Islands on 21 November. The ship then became a unit of the 7th Fleet, and departed on 28 November to join carrier forces in Leyte Gulf providing protection for the vital military operations ashore. She completed this duty on 11 December, and steamed with a convoy toward Mindoro for the establishment of a motor torpedo boat base on that island. During this invasion, an important step in the retaking of the Philippines, *Holt's* gunfire protected her supply convoy and shot down several planes attempting to attack the invasion forces during the landings on 15 December. The destroyer escort returned to Leyte with a convoy on 17 December, and remained in San Pedro Bay until 22 December 1944.

*Holt's* next duty was guarding supply ships on the voyage to Hollandia, and after a stop at Manus Island, she got underway once more from Hollandia on 8 January 1945 with the resupply convoy for Lingayen Gulf. Steaming by way of San Pedro Bay, the task group reached Lingayen on 21 January, and *Holt* began anti-submarine patrol in support of troop movements ashore. She remained in the gulf until 27 January, downing a suicide plane which nearly crashed her on 23 January, and provided protection for the convoys off the beaches.

Departing Lingayen on 27 January, *Holt* arrived at San Pedro Bay on 1 February, and after escorting another convoy to Lingayen Gulf, she entered the recently liberated Subic Bay on 12 February 1945. *Holt* served as an escort to and from the harbor entrance until she steamed from Subic Bay on 27 March to aid in one of the final operations for the securing of Luzon. Arriving off Legaspi on 1 April, *Holt* provided fire support during the landing that day, and then returned to Subic Bay to convoy supporting forces back to Legaspi for the landings on 7–8 April. Possession of this area allowed American forces to control the shores of San Bernardino Strait, thus shortening the supply routes from Leyte Gulf to the assault areas on the western shores of the Philippines.

Returning to San Pedro Bay, *Holt* next steamed to Morotai to join a convoy in support of the assault on Tarakan Island, Borneo. The first target in the series of Borneo landings, Tarakan was taken by Australian forces under Marine and Navy air support on 1 May, and *Holt* arrived with supply ships five days later. The ship was forced to remain constantly on the alert for suicide swimmers and limpet mines while in the area, but departed Borneo safely on 9 May for San Pedro Bay.

After repairs in a floating drydock, *Holt* was assigned to weather patrol, and cruised the eastern South China Sea, sending reports to help guide movements of the vast fleets then operating in the Pacific. On this duty until 18 December 1945, she departed that date with 75 persons on board for San Francisco via the Marshalls and Pearl Harbor, arriving on 9 January 1946.

### Decommissioning and sale

Decommissioned on 2 July 1946, *Holt* was assigned to San Diego Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet, until December 1962, when she began preparations for transfer to a foreign country. Loaned to the Republic of Korea on 19 June 1963 under the Military Assistance Program, she served as *Chung Nam* (D-73). Purchased outright by South Korea on 15 November 1974, *Chung Nam's* hull number was changed to DE-821 in 1980. She was stricken on 31 January 1984.

## Military awards and honors

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entries can be found here and here.*

## InfoBox

| *Holt* arriving in San Francisco, January 1946 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Holt* |
| Namesake | William Mack Holt |
| Ordered | 1942 |
| Builder | Defoe Shipbuilding Company, Bay City, Michigan |
| Laid down | 28 November 1943 |
| Launched | 15 February 1944 |
| Commissioned | 9 June 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 2 July 1946 |
| Stricken | 15 November 1974 |
| Honors and<br>awards | 2 battle stars (World War II) |
| Fate | * Loaned to South Korea, 19 June 1963 * Purchased outright, 15 November 1974 |
| South Korea | |
| Name | ROKS *Chung Nam* (DE-73) |
| Acquired | 19 June 1963 |
| Reclassified | DE-821, 1980 |
| Stricken | 31 January 1984 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1984 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Rudderow*-class destroyer escort |
| Displacement | * 1,450 long tons (1,473 t) light * 1,673 long tons (1,700 t) standard |
| Length | 306 ft (93 m) |
| Beam | 37 ft (11 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft 9 in (4.19 m) full |
| Propulsion | Turbo-electric drive, 12,000 hp (8.9 MW) |
| Speed | 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) |
| Complement | 186 |
| Armament |  |


title: USS Holmes County

abstract: USS Holmes County (LST-836) was an LST-542-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named after counties in Florida, Mississippi, and Ohio, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

text:
# USS Holmes County

**USS *Holmes County* (LST-836)** was an *LST-542*-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named after counties in Florida, Mississippi, and Ohio, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

## Construction

Laid down as *LST-836* by the American Bridge Company of Ambridge, Pennsylvania, on 11 September 1944; launched on 29 October; sponsored by Mrs. H. E. Hetu; and commissioned on 25 November.

## Service in United States Navy

### 1940s

After shakedown off Florida, *LST-836* loaded ammunition, lumber, and cement, then departed New Orleans, on 2 January 1945. She unloaded the cargo at Balboa, Panama, in the Canal Zone, and proceeded to San Diego, arriving on 23 January. In early February she sailed for Hawaii, where she trained, embarked troops, then steamed to the Marshall Islands. Following three weeks of preparation in the Marshalls and Carolines, the landing ship departed Ulithi, on 12 April, for Okinawa. With the battle for this strategic base well underway, *LST-836* arrived six days later; unloaded troops and equipment and returned Ulithi, on 29 April.

For the rest of the war, she shuttled cargo and troops throughout the Pacific; then after VJ Day was assigned to duty with the occupation forces in Japan. Returning to the United States, *LST-836* arrived San Francisco, on 19 January 1946; and remained on the West Coast until she decommissioned at Vancouver, Washington, on 25 July 1946.

### 1950s

Following four years in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, *LST-836* recommissioned at Bremerton, Washington, on 3 November 1950. After refresher training she sailed for the Far East, to join United Nations forces in South Korea. Arriving at Yokosuka, on 28 March 1951, the veteran landing ship was once again assigned to a battle zone and for the next eight months shuttled cargo and troops between Japan and various Korean ports.

After a brief stateside overhaul in early 1952, *LST-836* departed San Diego, on 24 July, for operations in conjunction with the first hydrogen bomb tests in the Marshall Islands. From August to November, she aided scientists as they tested this new source of power. She returned to San Diego; then, after a brief respite, sailed on 16 March 1953, for further duty in the still raging Korean War. Arriving at Yokosuka, on 22 April, *LST-836* immediately commenced cargo runs from the staging areas to Inchon. When the fighting ended, *LST-836* remained in the Far East to transport cargo to the United Nations peacekeeping force stationed in Korea.

From 1954 to 1959, she made three WestPac cruises and participated in training operations along the West Coast. On 1 July 1955, *LST-836* was renamed *Holmes County*. Following a FRAM overhaul in late 1959, the landing ship was assigned to the Pacific Amphibious Force, and for the next five years *Holmes County* engaged in amphibious exercises along the West Coast and in the Hawaiian Islands.

### 1960s-1970s

On 11 October 1965, *Holmes County* left San Diego, for operations in Southeast Asia. She arrived at Da Nang, South Vietnam, on 22 November, and operated there for the rest of the year and into 1966. On 29 March 1966, after 89 days in the combat zone, *Holmes County* steamed for Yokosuka, for upkeep before starting the 5,500-nautical-mile (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) journey home. *Holmes County* received the following message from Commander 7th Fleet: "*As you depart 7th Fleet Intra-Coastal Task Unit, be assured you leave behind an admiration for the extraordinary work you have done this cruise*." On 26 May, *Holmes County* arrived home. After serving in the San Diego area for four months, she participated in the Fleet Exercise "Operation Base Line" in October. This was one of the largest peacetime operations conducted by the Pacific Fleet.

*Holmes County* later returned to Vietnam, operating in that theatre until 1971.

## Service in Republic of Singapore Navy

### 1970s-1980s

*Holmes County* was transferred on loan to the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) on 1 July in 1971, being renamed as **RSS *Endurance* (L201)**. The ship was eventually sold outright to Singapore on 5 December in 1975. *Endurance*, along with four other ex-US Navy LSTs sold to Singapore by the US at around the same period of time, served as part of the RSN's 191 Squadron of the 3rd Flotilla, with its main roles being transporting Singapore Army troops and personnel to training facilities abroad (in foreign countries such as Taiwan), rescue-and-aid operations, supply missions as well as for officer-cadet training programmes conducted overseas. *Endurance* was re-engined with MTU diesel-powered ship-engines during her service with the Singapore Navy.

### 1990s-2000s

Following the commissioning of the new *Endurance* (LS207) into the Singapore Navy in 1999, she was decommissioned from active service for the last time in that same year, along with her sister ships, *Excellence* (L202; formerly *LST-629*), *Intrepid* (L203; formerly *LST-579*), *Resolution* (L204; formerly *LST-649*) and *Persistence* (L205; formerly *LST-613*). Currently, with the exception of *Resolution*, which is now moored at Tuas Naval Base for use as a training ship, all four ex-US Navy LSTs are employed as floating sea-defense barricades for Changi Naval Base.

## Awards and honors

## Bibliography

* "LST-836". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 29 July 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* "Holmes County". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Naval History and Heritage Command. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* "USS Holmes County (LST-836)". NavSource Online. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
* Moore, John (1985). *Jane's Fighting Ships 1985–86*. London: Jane's Yearbooks. ISBN 0-7106-0814-4.
* Baker, A. D. (1998). *The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1998–1999*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-111-4.
* Wertheim, Eric (30 March 2007). *Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems* (15th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-955-2.

## InfoBox

| USS *Holmes County* underway in 1960s. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *LST-836* |
| Builder | American Bridge Company, Ambridge, Pennsylvania |
| Laid down | 11 September 1944 |
| Launched | 29 October 1944 |
| Commissioned | 25 November 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 25 July 1946 |
| Recommissioned | 3 November 1950 |
| Decommissioned | 1 July 1971 |
| Renamed | *Holmes County*, 1 July 1955 |
| Fate | Sold to Republic of Singapore Navy, 5 December 1975 |
| Singapore | |
| Name | *Endurance* |
| Namesake | Endurance |
| Acquired | 5 December 1975 |
| Commissioned | 1 July 1971 (on loan) |
| Decommissioned | 1999 |
| Homeport | Changi Naval Base, Singapore |
| Identification | L-201 |
| Fate | Serving as a floating sea-defense barricade at Changi Naval Base |
| Status | Decommissioned |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *LST-542*-class tank landing ship |
| Displacement | * 1,625 long tons (1,651 ) (light) * 4,080 long tons (4,145 t) (full (seagoing draft with 1,675 short tons (1,520 ) load) * 2,366 long tons (2,404 t) (beaching) |
| Length | 328 ft (100 ) oa |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draft | * Unloaded: 2 ft 4 in (0.71 m) forward; 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) aft * Full load: 8 ft 3 in (2.51 m) forward; 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) aft * Landing with 500 short tons (450 t) load: 3 ft 11 in (1.19 m) forward; 9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) aft * Limiting 11 ft 2 in (3.40 m) * Maximum navigation 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 11.6 kn (21.5 km/h; 13.3 mph) |
| Range | 24,000 nmi (44,000 km; 28,000 mi) at 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph) while displacing 3,960 long tons (4,024 t) |
| Boats & landing <br>craft carried | 2 x LCVPs |
| Capacity | 1,600–1,900 short tons (3,200,000–3,800,000 lb; 1,500,000–1,700,000 kg) cargo depending on mission |
| Troops | 16 officers, 147 enlisted men |
| Complement | 13 officers, 104 enlisted men |
| Armament |  |
| Aviation facilities | Deck as helipad |


title: USS Sophronia

abstract: USS Sophronia was a 217-ton motorized schooner purchased by the Union Navy during the first year of the American Civil War. The Navy outfitted Sophronia with a powerful 13 in (330 mm) mortar, for use in bombardment, and assigned her to operations on the Mississippi River where Union Navy forces were attempting to gain control of the river in order to split the Confederate States of America in two.

text:
# USS Sophronia

**USS *Sophronia*** was a 217-ton motorized schooner purchased by the Union Navy during the first year of the American Civil War.

The Navy outfitted *Sophronia* with a powerful 13 in (330 mm) mortar, for use in bombardment, and assigned her to operations on the Mississippi River where Union Navy forces were attempting to gain control of the river in order to split the Confederate States of America in two.

## Service history

*Sophronia* was purchased by the Navy at New York City from Charles Clark on 3 September 1861; and commissioned at the New York Navy Yard on 25 January 1862, Acting Master Lyman Bartholomew in command. Assigned to Comdr. David Porter's Mortar Flotilla, the schooner sailed for Key West, Florida, where the other ships of the force assembled before moving on to Ship Island, Mississippi, on 6 March. On the 18th, the mortar boats were towed across the bar at Pass a L'Outre into the Mississippi River. A month later, the flotilla moved upstream to positions below Forts Jackson and St. Philip and opened fire. *Sophronia* anchored some 3,000 yards from Fort Jackson and began lobbing mortar shells into the fort, at 1000, at the rate of six an hour. The bombardment continued intermittently until Admiral David Farragut had safely dashed past Forts Jackson and St. Philip on the morning of the 24th. New Orleans, Louisiana, fell to Admiral Farragut the next day, and the two forts surrendered on 28 April as they were cut off from their source of supplies and Union forces were prepared to attack them from three sides.

Early in May, Porter took his Mortar Flotilla back to the Gulf of Mexico, but they were recalled to the Mississippi River and ascended the river in June to support Farragut's operations against Vicksburg. However, General Robert E. Lee's successful Seven Days campaign prompted the U.S. Navy Department to recall some of Porter's schooners for possible service on the James River to help protect General George McClellan's beleaguered army. *Sophronia* arrived in Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 31 July and thereafter operated in Chesapeake Bay and on the rivers of Virginia. *Sophronia* was attached to the Potomac Flotilla in early 1863 and was assigned duty as a guard ship at Piney Point, Virginia. On 19 May, she captured the schooner *Mignonette* which was carrying contraband. In June 1864, she was one of four schooners assigned to aid a Union Army expedition up the Rappahannock River, after which she resumed her post at Piney Point. *Sophronia* was decommissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 21 August 1865 and sold at auction the following month.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Acquired | 3 September 1861 |
| Commissioned | 25 January 1862 |
| Decommissioned | 21 August 1865 |
| Fate | Sold September 1865 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 217 tons |
| Length | 104 ft 6 in (31.85 m) |
| Beam | 28 ft 4 in (8.64 m) |
| Draft | 8 ft 4 in (2.54 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 9.5 knots (17.6 km/h; 10.9 mph) |
| Complement | 32 |
| Armament | * 1 × 13 in (330 mm) mortar * 2 × 32-pounder guns * 2 × 12-pounder smoothbore guns |


title: Giese

abstract:
Giese is a German surname. Since the mid-19th century, people with this name have migrated throughout the world and now form an extensive diaspora in countries such as the United States and Australia, where they have lived for several generations. Notable people with the surname Giese include:
  - Albrecht Giese (1524–1580), councilman and diplomat from Danzig
  - Bernd Giese, German professor of chemistry
  - Dan Giese, American retired Major League Baseball pitcher
  - Erich Giese (1887–1917), German naval officer
  - Georg Giese (1497–1562), merchant from Danzig
  - Godehard Giese, German actor
  - Harry Giese (1903–1991), German theatre and voice actor
  - Harry C. Giese (1913–2000), Australian administrator, public servant and community leader
  - Horst Giese (1926–2008), East German actor
  - Karl Giese (1898–1938), German archivist and museum curator
  - Kathrin Giese, East German sprint canoer who competed in the 1980s
  - Kenyon E. Giese (1933–1975), American politician
  - Maria Giese, American film director and screenwriter
  - Max Giese (1879–1935), German engineer and inventor
  - Richard Giese (1924–2010), principal flautist with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra (1962-1986)
  - Richard Mclean Giese, known professionally as Social Repose, American Singer and YouTuber
  - Robert Giese, American politician
  - Tiedemann Giese (1480–1550), Catholic bishop from Danzig, Prince-Bishop of Warmia
  - Warren Giese (1924–2013), American politician and football coach
  - William C. Giese (1886–1966), American politician and educator

text:
# Giese

**Giese** is a German surname. Since the mid-19th century, people with this name have migrated throughout the world and now form an extensive diaspora in countries such as the United States and Australia, where they have lived for several generations.

Notable people with the surname Giese include:

* Albrecht Giese (1524–1580), councilman and diplomat from Danzig
* Bernd Giese (born 1940), German professor of chemistry
* Dan Giese (born 1977), American retired Major League Baseball pitcher
* Erich Giese (1887–1917), German naval officer
* Georg Giese (1497–1562), merchant from Danzig
* Godehard Giese (born 1972), German actor
* Harry Giese (1903–1991), German theatre and voice actor
* Harry C. Giese (1913–2000), Australian administrator, public servant and community leader
* Horst Giese (1926–2008), East German actor
* Karl Giese (1898–1938), German archivist and museum curator
* Kathrin Giese, East German sprint canoer who competed in the 1980s
* Kenyon E. Giese (1933–1975), American politician
* Maria Giese, American film director and screenwriter
* Max Giese (1879–1935), German engineer and inventor
* Richard Giese (1924–2010), principal flautist with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra (1962-1986)
* Richard Mclean Giese, known professionally as Social Repose, American Singer and YouTuber
* Robert Giese (born 1955), American politician
* Tiedemann Giese (1480–1550), Catholic bishop from Danzig, Prince-Bishop of Warmia
* Warren Giese (1924–2013), American politician and football coach
* William C. Giese (1886–1966), American politician and educator


title: Gipping Rural District

abstract: Gipping Rural District was a rural district in the county of East Suffolk, England. It was created in 1934 by the merger of the disbanded Bosmere and Claydon Rural District and the disbanded East Stow Rural District, under a County Review Order. It was named after the River Gipping and administered from Needham Market. Its area was reduced slightly in 1952 by an expansion of the county borough of Ipswich. On 1 April 1974 it was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, and has since formed part of the District of Mid Suffolk.

text:
# Gipping Rural District

**Gipping Rural District** was a rural district in the county of East Suffolk, England. It was created in 1934 by the merger of the disbanded Bosmere and Claydon Rural District and the disbanded East Stow Rural District, under a County Review Order. It was named after the River Gipping and administered from Needham Market.

Its area was reduced slightly in 1952 by an expansion of the county borough of Ipswich.

On 1 April 1974 it was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, and has since formed part of the District of Mid Suffolk.

## Statistics

| Year | Area | | Population
 | Density
(pop/ha) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | acres | ha | | |
| 1951 | 78,913 | 31,935 | 20,515 | 0.64 |
| 1961 | 78,464 | 31,754 | 19,314 | 0.61 |

## Parishes

At the time of its dissolution it consisted of the following 49 civil parishes.

## Premises

The council established its headquarters at a large eighteenth century house called "Hurstlea" at 131 High Street in Needham Market. After the council's abolition in 1974 the building passed to the new Mid Suffolk District Council, who built a large extension to the rear which opened in 1982 to serve as its main offices.

1. "Giping RD through time: Census tables with data for the Local Government District". *A Vision of Britain through Time*. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
2. "Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Area (acres)". *A Vision of Britain through Time*. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
3. "Giping RD through time: Population Statistics: Total Population". *A Vision of Britain through Time*. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
4. "No. 45050". *The London Gazette*. 27 February 1970. p. 2464.
5. Historic England. "131 High Street (Grade II) (1254005)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
6. "Four snub £1¾m office opening". *Diss Express*. 22 January 1982. p. 3. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

52°08′N 0°58′E / 52.14°N 0.97°E / 52.14; 0.97

## InfoBox

| Gipping | |
| --- | --- |
|
Location within East Suffolk, 1934
 | |
| History |  |
| Created | 1934 |
| Abolished | 1974 |
| Succeeded by | Mid Suffolk District |
|  | |
| Status | Rural district |
|  | |
| HQ | Needham Market |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: USS Ozama

abstract: USS Ozama was a naval mine carrier that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919. SS Ozama was built as a commercial cargo ship by the Detroit Shipbuilding Company at Wyandotte, Michigan, in 1916. The U.S. Navy acquired her from the Atlantic, Gulf, and West Indies Steamship Line on 24 December 1917 for World War I service and commissioned her the same day as USS Ozama. Unlike many of the former merchant ships the Navy acquired in 1917 and 1918 for use in the war, Ozama did not receive a Navy identification number. Fitted out at Norfolk, Virginia, as a naval mine carrier, Ozama cleared Hampton Roads, Virginia, for Scotland early in 1918. On 15 February 1918, she arrived in the Firth of Clyde with a cargo of nava; minelaying equipment to be used on the North Sea Mine Barrage. On 3 April 1918, Ozama she returned to Norfolk and for the remainder of the war continued to ply the Atlantic Ocean to keep naval mine bases in Scotland supplied with their specialized equipment. Following the Armistice with Germany that ended the war on 11 November 1918, Ozama supported mine clearance operations in the North Sea. Ozama returned to Norfolk for the last time in her naval career on 28 January 1919. On 13 February 1919 she was decommissioned and returned to the Atlantic, Gulf, and West Indies Steamship Line.

text:
# USS Ozama

**USS *Ozama*** was a naval mine carrier that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919.

SS *Ozama* was built as a commercial cargo ship by the Detroit Shipbuilding Company at Wyandotte, Michigan, in 1916. The U.S. Navy acquired her from the Atlantic, Gulf, and West Indies Steamship Line on 24 December 1917 for World War I service and commissioned her the same day as USS *Ozama*. Unlike many of the former merchant ships the Navy acquired in 1917 and 1918 for use in the war, *Ozama* did not receive a Navy identification number (Id. No.).

Fitted out at Norfolk, Virginia, as a naval mine carrier, *Ozama* cleared Hampton Roads, Virginia, for Scotland early in 1918. On 15 February 1918, she arrived in the Firth of Clyde with a cargo of nava; minelaying equipment to be used on the North Sea Mine Barrage.

On 3 April 1918, *Ozama* she returned to Norfolk and for the remainder of the war continued to ply the Atlantic Ocean to keep naval mine bases in Scotland supplied with their specialized equipment.

Following the Armistice with Germany that ended the war on 11 November 1918, *Ozama* supported mine clearance operations in the North Sea.

*Ozama* returned to Norfolk for the last time in her naval career on 28 January 1919. On 13 February 1919 she was decommissioned and returned to the Atlantic, Gulf, and West Indies Steamship Line.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Ozama* |
| Namesake | Previous name retained |
| Builder | Detroit Shipbuilding Company, Wyandotte, Michigan |
| Launched | 7 October 1916 |
| Completed | 1916 |
| Acquired | 24 December 1917 |
| Commissioned | 24 December 1917 |
| Decommissioned | 13 February 1919 |
| Fate | Returned to owners 13 February 1919 |
| Notes | In commercial service as SS *Ozama* 1916-1917 and from 1919 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Naval mine carrier |
| Displacement | 4,300 tons (nominal) |
| Length | 261 ft (80 m) |
| Beam | 43 ft 6 in (13.26 m) |
| Draft | 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m) (mean) |
| Speed | 9 knots |
| Complement | 59 |
| Armament | 2 × 3-inch (76.2-millimeter) guns |


title: Girardin Jean-Louis

abstract: Girardin Jean-Louis is an American academic who is a Professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine. He serves as Director of the Translational Sleep and Circadian Sciences Program and the "Program to Increase Diversity among Individuals Engaged in Health-Related Research" Institute. Dr. Jean-Louis’ translational behavioral sleep and circadian research was recently featured in Science and NPR. In 2020, he was named ‘Pioneer in Minority Health and Health Disparities’ and one of the Community of Scholars' most inspiring Black scientists in America. In 2021, he received the Mary A. Carskadon Outstanding Educator Award from the Sleep Research Society, and in 2022 the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Leadership Award from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

text:
# Girardin Jean-Louis

**Girardin Jean-Louis** is an American academic who is a Professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine. He serves as Director of the Translational Sleep and Circadian Sciences Program and the "Program to Increase Diversity among Individuals Engaged in Health-Related Research" (PRIDE BSM) Institute. Dr. Jean-Louis’ translational behavioral sleep and circadian research was recently featured in Science and NPR. In 2020, he was named ‘Pioneer in Minority Health and Health Disparities’ and one of the Community of Scholars' most inspiring Black scientists in America. In 2021, he received the Mary A. Carskadon Outstanding Educator Award from the Sleep Research Society, and in 2022 the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Leadership Award from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

## Early life and education

Jean-Louis grew up in Haiti. He became interested in engineering as a child, and particularly enjoyed building different contraptions. At the age of seventeen he immigrated to New York City, where he joined the City College of New York as an undergraduate student in engineering. As a student he took an elective course in sleep lab techniques, and became interested in sleep and wakefulness. He earned his doctoral degree at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. His doctoral research considered the impact of melatonin on sleep and cognition in elderly individuals. He was a postdoctoral research associate at the University of California, San Diego, where he specialized in sleep and chronobiology. As part of his research, Jean-Louis advanced the science around wearable technologies (actigraphy) to monitor patient's sleep-wake behavior out of hospital and expensive laboratories. In the early days of his research on sleep science, Jean-Louis struggled to find academic mentors, particularly mentors of color. He continued to improve the science of actigraphy such that it could be more readily used to collect sleep data in the comfort and safety of patient's own home.

## Research and career

Jean-Louis studies the sociocultural and environmental determinants of health. His research considers sleep medicine and health equity, an in particular, how low-income and minority communities are impacted by insufficient sleep. He is particularly interested in why sleep apnea is under-diagnosed in African-Americans. In 2008, he showed that less than 40% of African-American patients with sleep apnea agreed to having a diagnostic test. In an effort to understand the sleep behavior of minority groups, Jean-Louis has led several outreach initiatives. These include programs in churches, barber shops and health salons.

Jean-Louis was awarded an National Institute on Aging (NIA) Leadership Career Award in 2018. In 2020, he was selected as one of The Community of Scholars' most inspiring Black scientists in America. Alongside his academic research, Jean-Louis has launched several initiatives to support underrepresented minority groups in science and medicine. As the satisfaction and medical outcomes of communities of color are impacted by the racial/ethnic heritage of the physician, Jean-Louis believes there is an urgent need for more diverse medical practitioners.

## Selected publications

* Marie-Pierre St-Onge; Michael A Grandner; Devin Brown; Molly B Conroy; Girardin Jean-Louis; Michael Coons; Deepak L Bhatt; American Heart Association Obesity, Behavior Change, Diabetes, and Nutrition Committees of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Stroke Council (19 September 2016). "Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". *Circulation*. **134** (18): e367–e386. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000444. ISSN 0009-7322. PMC 5567876. PMID 27647451. Wikidata Q30243888.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Hagop S Akiskal; Mauro V Mendlowicz; Girardin Jean-Louis; Mark H Rapaport; John R Kelsoe; J Christian Gillin; Tom L Smith (1 March 2005). "TEMPS-A: validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament". *Journal of Affective Disorders*. **85** (1–2): 45–52. doi:10.1016/J.JAD.2003.10.012. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 15780675. Wikidata Q46115558.
* Girardin Jean-Louis; Daniel F Kripke; William J Mason; Jeffrey A Elliott; Shawn D Youngstedt (1 February 2001). "Sleep estimation from wrist movement quantified by different actigraphic modalities". *Journal of Neuroscience Methods*. **105** (2): 185–191. doi:10.1016/S0165-0270(00)00364-2. ISSN 0165-0270. PMID 11275275. Wikidata Q44087593.


title: Girardinus

abstract: Girardinus is a genus of poeciliids native to Cuba. The name of this genus honours the French zoologist Charles Frédéric Girard (1822-1895) for his work on the freshwater fish of North America.

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# Girardinus

***Girardinus*** is a genus of poeciliids native to Cuba. The name of this genus honours the French zoologist Charles Frédéric Girard (1822-1895) for his work on the freshwater fish of North America.

## Species

There are currently seven recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Girardinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Metallic livebearer *(G. metallicus)* | |
|  | |
| Smallfinger topminnow *(G. microdactylus)* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Poeciliidae |
| Tribe: | Girardini |
| Genus: | *Girardinus*
Poey, 1854 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Girardinus metallicus*
Poey, 1854 | |


title: Ulrike Gottschalck

abstract: Ulrike Gottschalck is a German politician who served as a member of the Bundestag from 2009 to 2017. Born in Sondershausen, she completed secondary school in 1970, and after training in information technology, she became an IT consultant from 1984 to 1996. She is married and has three children. Gottschalck was first active politically with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) upon joining the party in 1974. From 1999 to 2005, she served as a parliamentary manager for SPD, and in 2005 she was elected to the state parliament of Hesse. After serving for four years, she was elected in 2009 to the Bundestag with 38% of the vote in the Kassel constituency, after originally being a last-second replacement for another SPD candidate who withdrew. During her first term, she served on the Committee for Transport, Building and Urban Development. Gottschalck was re-elected in 2013 with 40% of the vote. During her time in the Bundestag, she served as a member of the Budget Committee, and a deputy member of the Committee on Family, Seniors, Women and Youth. Gottschalck chose not to seek a third term, and retired at the end of the 18th Bundestag.

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# Ulrike Gottschalck

**Ulrike Gottschalck** (born 8 November 1955) is a German politician who served as a member of the Bundestag from 2009 to 2017. Born in Sondershausen, she completed secondary school in 1970, and after training in information technology, she became an IT consultant from 1984 to 1996. She is married and has three children.

Gottschalck was first active politically with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) upon joining the party in 1974. From 1999 to 2005, she served as a parliamentary manager for SPD, and in 2005 she was elected to the state parliament of Hesse. After serving for four years, she was elected in 2009 to the Bundestag with 38% of the vote in the Kassel constituency, after originally being a last-second replacement for another SPD candidate who withdrew. During her first term, she served on the Committee for Transport, Building and Urban Development.

Gottschalck was re-elected in 2013 with 40% of the vote. During her time in the Bundestag, she served as a member of the Budget Committee, and a deputy member of the Committee on Family, Seniors, Women and Youth. Gottschalck chose not to seek a third term, and retired at the end of the 18th Bundestag.

## InfoBox

| Ulrike Gottschalck | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Bundestag | |
| **In office**
20092017 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1955-11-08) 8 November 1955
Sondershausen, Germany |
| Political party | SPD |
|  | |


title: USS Washington (BB-47)

abstract: USS Washington (BB-47), a Colorado-class battleship, was the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 42nd state. Her keel was laid down on 30 June 1919, at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 1 September 1921, sponsored by Miss Jean Summers, the daughter of Congressman John W. Summers of Washington. On 8 February 1922, two days after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armaments, all construction work ceased on the 75.9%-completed superdreadnought. She was sunk as a gunnery target on 26 November 1924, by the battleships New York and Texas.

text:
# USS Washington (BB-47)

**USS *Washington* (BB-47)**, a *Colorado*-class battleship, was the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 42nd state. Her keel was laid down on 30 June 1919, at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 1 September 1921, sponsored by Miss Jean Summers, the daughter of Congressman John W. Summers of Washington.

On 8 February 1922, two days after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armaments, all construction work ceased on the 75.9%-completed superdreadnought. She was sunk as a gunnery target on 26 November 1924, by the battleships *New York* and *Texas*.

## Design

In 1916, design work was completed on the next class of battleships to be built for the United States Navy beginning in 1917. These ships were nearly direct copies of the preceding *Tennessee* class, with the exception of the main battery, which increased from twelve 14-inch (356 mm) guns to eight 16 in (406 mm) guns. The *Colorado* class proved to be the last class of battleships completed of the standard type.

*Washington* was 624 ft (190 m) long overall and she had a beam of 97 ft 6 in (29.72 m) and a draft of 30 ft 6 in (9.30 m). She displaced 32,693 long tons (33,218 ) as designed and up to 33,590 long tons (34,130 t) at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric turbo-electric drives with steam provided by eight oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The ship's propulsion system was rated at 28,900 shaft horsepower (21,600 kW) for a top speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph). She had a normal cruising range of 8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph), but additional fuel space could be used in wartime to increase her range to 21,100 nmi (39,100 km; 24,300 mi) at that speed. Her crew numbered 64 officers and 1,241 enlisted men.

She was armed with a main battery of eight 16 in /45 caliber Mark 1 guns in four twin-gun turrets on the centerline, two forward and two aft in superfiring pairs. The secondary battery consisted of sixteen 5-inch (127 mm)/51 caliber guns, mounted individually in casemates clustered in the superstructure amidships. She carried an anti-aircraft battery of eight 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber guns in individual high-angle mounts. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she had a 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tube mounted in her hull below the waterline on each broadside. *Washington*'s main armored belt was 8–13.5 in (203–343 mm) thick, while the main armored deck was up to 3.5 in (89 mm) thick. The main battery gun turrets had 18 in (457 mm) thick faces on 13 in (330 mm) barbettes. Her conning tower had 16 in (406 mm) thick sides.

## History

With fiscal year 1917 appropriations, bids on the four *Colorado*s were opened on 18 October 1916; though *Maryland*'s keel was laid on 24 April 1917. The other three battleships, including *Washington*, were not laid down until 1919–1920. With the cancellation of the first *South Dakota* class, the *Colorado*s were the last U.S. battleships to enter service for nearly two decades. They were also the final U.S. battleships to use twin gun turrets—the *North Carolina* and second *South Dakota* classes used nine 16-inch/45 caliber Mark 6 guns and the *Iowa*s used nine 16-inch/50 caliber Mark 7 guns in three triple turrets. *Washington* was laid down on 30 June 1919.

On 8 February 1922, two days after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty for the Limitation of all Naval Armaments, all construction work was stopped on the 75.9-percent-completed superdreadnought. By that time, she had her underwater armored protection in place.

The ship was towed out in November 1924, to be used as a gunnery target. On the first day of testing, the ship was hit by two 400-pound (180 kg) torpedoes and three 1-metric-ton (1.1-short-ton) near-miss bombs causing minor damage and a list of three degrees. She then had 400 pounds of TNT detonated on board, but remained afloat. Two days later, the ship was hit by fourteen 14-inch (356 mm) shells dropped from 4,000 feet (1,200 m), but only one penetrated. The ship was finally sunk by *Texas* and *New York* with fourteen more 14-inch shells. After the test, it was decided that the existing deck armor on battleships was inadequate, and that future battleships should be fitted with triple bottoms, which was underwater armor with three layers.

## Footnotes

### Notes

### Citations

1. Ferguson 2007, p. 57.
2. Graff 2010, p. 41.
3. Friedman 1985, p. 137.
4. Friedman 1986, p. 118.
5. Friedman 1985, p. 445.
6. Friedman 1985, pp. 137, 420–421.
7. Friedman 1980, pp. 97–100.
8. Friedman 1985, p. 186.
9. Kearns & Morris 2011, p. 47.
10. Martin 1997, p. xi.
* Ferguson, John C. (2007). *Historic Battleship Texas: The Last Dreadnought*. Military History of Texas No. 4. Abilene: State House Press. ISBN 978-1-933337-07-4.
* Friedman, Norman (1980). "United States of America". In Gardiner, Robert & Chesneau, Roger (eds.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 86–166. ISBN 978-0-87021-913-9.
* Friedman, Norman (1985). *U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-715-1.
* Friedman, Norman (1986). "United States of America". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921*. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 105–133. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
* Graff, Cory (2010). *The Navy at Puget Sound*. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. OCLC 700503123.
* Kearns, Patricia M.; Morris, James M. (2011). *Historical dictionary of the United States Navy* (Second ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7229-5.
* Martin, Robert J. (1997). *USS West Virginia (BB-48)*. Nashville: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56311-341-3.

## InfoBox

| Incomplete hull of USS *Washington* (1922) | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Washington* |
| Namesake | Washington |
| Builder | New York Shipbuilding Corporation |
| Laid down | 30 June 1919 |
| Launched | 1 September 1921 |
| Stricken | 8 February 1922 |
| Fate | Sunk as target, 25 November 1924 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Colorado* class |
| Displacement | 32,600 long tons (33,100 ) |
| Length | 624 ft (190 m) |
| Beam | 97 ft 6 in (29.72 m) |
| Draft | 30 ft 6 in (9.30 m) |
| Speed | 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph) |
| Complement | 1,354 officers and men |
| Armament |  |
| Armor | * Belt: 8–13.5 in (203–343 mm) * Barbettes: 13 in (330 mm) * Turret face: 18 in (457 mm) * Turret sides: 9–10 in (229–254 mm) * Turret top: 5 in (127 mm) * Turret rear 9 in (229 mm) * Conning tower: 11.5 in (292 mm) * Decks: 3.5 in (89 mm) |


title: Gillellus arenicola

abstract: Gillellus arenicola, the sandy stargazer, is a species of sand stargazer native to the Pacific coast of Central America from Baja California, Mexico, to Panama where it can be found on sandy substrates at depths of from 8 to 137 metres. It can reach a maximum length of 5.5 centimetres (2.2 in) TL.

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# Gillellus arenicola

***Gillellus arenicola***, the **sandy stargazer**, is a species of sand stargazer native to the Pacific coast of Central America from Baja California, Mexico, to Panama where it can be found on sandy substrates at depths of from 8 to 137 metres (26 to 449 ft). It can reach a maximum length of 5.5 centimetres (2.2 in) TL.

## InfoBox

| *Gillellus arenicola* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Dactyloscopidae |
| Genus: | *Gillellus* |
| Species: | ***G. arenicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gillellus arenicola***
C. H. Gilbert, 1890 | |
|


title: Misako Tamura

abstract: Misako Tamura Misako Tamura is a Japanese former freestyle swimmer. She competed in two events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Misako Tamura

**Misako Tamura** (田村 美佐子, *Tamura Misako*, born 8 April 1934) is a Japanese former freestyle swimmer. She competed in two events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Misako Tamura
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1934-04-08) 8 April 1934 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's swimming  Representing  Japan  Asian Games  1954 Manila 400 m freestyle  1954 Manila 4×100 m freestyle | |


abstract: Mississippi River State Fish and Wildlife Area is an 24,386-acre (9,869 ha) protected area in Jersey and Calhoun Counties, Illinois. The park is maintained by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.

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# Mississippi River State Fish and Wildlife Area

**Mississippi River State Fish and Wildlife Area** is an 24,386-acre (9,869 ha) protected area in Jersey and Calhoun Counties, Illinois. The park is maintained by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.

* "Mississippi River State Fish and Wildlife Area". Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Mississippi River State Fish and Wildlife Area | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
| Location in IllinoisLocation in United States | |
| Location | Jersey and Calhoun counties, Illinois, United States |
| Nearest city | Grafton, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 39°5′N 90°30′W / 39.083°N 90.500°W / 39.083; -90.500 |
| Area | 24,386 acres (98.69 km2) |
| Governing body | Illinois Department of Natural Resources |


title: Francis Wyman House

abstract: The Francis Wyman House is a historic house at 56 Francis Wyman Road in Burlington, Massachusetts. Built ca. 1730, the Wyman House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. On November 26, 1996, a fire severely burned the inside of the house. During the summer of 2012 the house was open to the public for the first time ever. The house was named as one of the 1,000 places to visit in Massachusetts by the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission.

text:
# Francis Wyman House

The **Francis Wyman House** is a historic house at 56 Francis Wyman Road in Burlington, Massachusetts.

Built ca. 1730, the Wyman House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

On November 26, 1996, a fire severely burned the inside of the house. During the summer of 2012 the house was open to the public for the first time ever.

The house was named as one of the 1,000 places to visit in Massachusetts by the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission.

Media related to Francis Wyman House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Francis Wyman House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Francis Wyman House | |
|  | |
| Location | Burlington, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°30′59.2″N 71°13′32.6″W / 42.516444°N 71.225722°W / 42.516444; -71.225722 |
| Built | ca. 1730 |
| NRHP reference No. | 75000255 |
| Added to NRHP | March 17, 1975 |


title: Pauli Ellefsen

abstract: Joen Pauli Højgaard Ellefsen was a Faroese politician and member of the Union Party. He was Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands from 1981 to 1985. Pauli Ellefsen was the eldest of eight children born to Sofia from Rituvík and Joen Elias Ellefsen from Miðvágur. He was the brother of former Parliament member Svend Aage Ellefsen, and brother-in-law of former parliament member Jóannes Dalsgaard. He was married to Henni Egholm. He and his wife lived in Hoyvík, near Tórshavn. Ellefsen worked as a fisherman from 1954 to 1956. After that, he worked as a telecommunications technician and later he attended a business school in Copenhagen. In 1969, he became a government surveyor. He lived in Denmark while he was studying and a few years after that, but in the early 1970s, he moved back to the Faroes with his family. He and Jógvan Sundstein, who later became Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands, worked together as Chartered Accountants. In 1975 he started his own auditor firm. Ellefsen was first elected to the Løgting in 1974. From 1974 to 1990 he was the chairman of the Union Party, which advocates a stronger bond between Denmark and the Faroe Islands. From 1977 to 1987 and 1988 to 1990 he was one of the two Faroese members of the Danish Folketing. From 1975 to 1976 and in 1979 he represented the Faroese in the Nordic Council.

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# Pauli Ellefsen

**Joen Pauli Højgaard Ellefsen** (20 April 1936 – 24 August 2012) was a Faroese politician and member of the Union Party. He was Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands from 1981 to 1985.

Pauli Ellefsen was the eldest of eight children born to Sofia (née Højgaard) from Rituvík and Joen Elias Ellefsen from Miðvágur. He was the brother of former Parliament member Svend Aage Ellefsen, and brother-in-law of former parliament member Jóannes Dalsgaard. He was married to Henni Egholm (née Rasmussen). He and his wife lived in Hoyvík, near Tórshavn.

Ellefsen worked as a fisherman from 1954 to 1956. After that, he worked as a telecommunications technician and later he attended a business school in Copenhagen. In 1969, he became a government surveyor. He lived in Denmark while he was studying and a few years after that, but in the early 1970s, he moved back to the Faroes with his family. He and Jógvan Sundstein, who later became Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands, worked together as Chartered Accountants. In 1975 he started his own auditor firm.

Ellefsen was first elected to the Løgting in 1974. From 1974 to 1990 he was the chairman of the Union Party, which advocates a stronger bond between Denmark and the Faroe Islands. From 1977 to 1987 and 1988 to 1990 he was one of the two Faroese members of the Danish Folketing. From 1975 to 1976 and in 1979 he represented the Faroese in the Nordic Council.

## Honor

Ellefsen was awarded the Order of the Dannebrog, Knight 1st Class (Ridder af 1. grad) on 7 May 1984.

* *Løgtingið 150 - Hátíðarrit*. Tórshavn 2002, Volume 2, p. 276 (PDF-Download)

## InfoBox

| Pauli Ellefsen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands | |
| **In office**
5 January 1981  10 January 1985 | |
| Monarch | Margrethe II |
| Preceded by | Atli P. Dam |
| Succeeded by | Atli P. Dam |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Joen Pauli Højgaard Ellefsen
20 April 1936
Miðvágur, Vágar, Faroe Islands |
| Died | 24 August 2012(2012-08-24) (aged 76)
Hoyvík, Faroe Islands |
| Political party | Sambandsflokkurin |
| Spouse | Henni Egholm |
|  | |


title: Herpetogramma phthorosticta

abstract: Herpetogramma phthorosticta is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1929. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

text:
# Herpetogramma phthorosticta

***Herpetogramma phthorosticta*** is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1929. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

## InfoBox

| *Herpetogramma phthorosticta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Herpetogramma* |
| Species: | ***H. phthorosticta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Herpetogramma phthorosticta***<br>(Meyrick, 1929) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pyrausta phthorosticta* Meyrick, 1929 | |


title: Morrell House

abstract: The Morrell House is a historic house on Morrills Mill Road in North Berwick, Maine. Built in 1763 by a descendant of one of the area's first European settlers, it is a fine local example of Georgian craftsmanship. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

text:
# Morrell House

The **Morrell House** is a historic house on Morrills Mill Road in North Berwick, Maine. Built in 1763 by a descendant of one of the area's first European settlers, it is a fine local example of Georgian craftsmanship. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

## Description and history

The Morrell House stands on the east side of Morrills Mill Road, a short way south of its crossing of Great Works River near the town line between North Berwick and Sanford. It is a 2+12-story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof, large central chimney, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Oriented to face south, the main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by simple wooden pilasters and topped by a transom window and simple pediment. The interior follows a typical period central-chimney plan, with a narrow winding staircase in the front vestibule, with the parlor to the right and study to the left. The rear of the house is taken up by the kitchen, with a second staircase leading to one of the three bedrooms upstairs.

The area that is today North Berwick was originally part of Kittery in the 17th century, when land was granted here to John Morrell, Sr. He built a log house in the area in 1640, and his sons Peter and Jedediah operated mills on the Great Works River. Jedediah's son Winthrop built this house in 1763. The building underwent a major restoration in the early 1970s.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Morrell House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Morrills Mill Rd., North Berwick, Maine |
| Coordinates | 43°21′21″N 70°44′20″W / 43.35583°N 70.73889°W / 43.35583; -70.73889 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1763 (1763) |
| Built by | Winthrop Morrell |
| Architectural style | Colonial |
| NRHP reference No. | 76000194 |
| Added to NRHP | September 29, 1976 |


title: Ganophyllite

abstract: Ganophyllite is a phyllosilicate mineral. It was named by Axel Hamberg in 1890 from the Greek words for leaf (φύλλον) and luster (γανωμα); the latter one was chosen due to the lustrous cleavages. The mineral was approved by the IMA in 1959, and it is a grandfathered mineral, meaning its name is still believed to refer to an existing species until this day. Tamaite is the calcium analogue, while eggletonite is the natrium analogue of said mineral.

text:
# Ganophyllite

**Ganophyllite** is a phyllosilicate mineral. It was named by Axel Hamberg in 1890 from the Greek words for leaf (φύλλον) and luster (γανωμα); the latter one was chosen due to the lustrous cleavages. The mineral was approved by the IMA in 1959, and it is a grandfathered mineral, meaning its name is still believed to refer to an existing species until this day. Tamaite is the calcium analogue, while eggletonite is the natrium analogue of said mineral.

## Properties

Ganophyllite is a member of the ganophyllite group, among with eggletonite and tamaite, and it is the potassium variety of eggletonite. Common impurities of the mineral include lead, iron, calcium, barium, and zinc. The zinc impurities can be explained with the fact the mineral usually grows in zinc-manganese mines. The formula of ganophyllite includes potassium (K), while eggletonite includes sodium (Na) and tamaite includes calcium (Ca). It has a barely detectable potassium radioactivity and a barely detectable 1.8% radiation measured by GRapi (Gamma Ray American Petroleum Institute Units). It mostly consists of oxygen (47.02%), manganese (21.77%) and silicon (16.69%), but otherwise contains aluminium (5.88%), potassium (3.87%), which gives ganophyllite its radioactive attributes, magnesium (2.41%), hydrogen (1.6%) and sodium (0.76%). Ganophyllite is pleochroic, which means the mineral's color seems as though it changes depending on the axis it is inspected on: on the X axis, it is seen in a pale yellow-brown color, and on the Y and Z axis, it can be seen as a dark yellow-brown gem. The mineral has a foliated crystal habit \- it forms platy, thin sheets that part, and are layered on top of one another.

## Distribution

Ganophyllite occurs in metamorphosed manganese deposits, especially in zinc-manganese ones. It is a type locality of the Harstigen mine in Sweden, although the first specimen was found at the Nant mine in Wales, however, it can also be found in the Benallt mine as well. Other places where it has been found include Molinello and Gambatesa mines in Italy, Maple-Hovey deposits in Franklin, New Jersey and at Mont Saint-Hilaire in Canada. Asian mines include the Kumahata mine, the Noda-Tamagawa mine, the Ananai mine, and the Osu and Yonoyama mines, all in Japan. Ganophyllite can be found at the Broken hill in Australia as well.

## Associated minerals

Ganophyllite has a lot of minerals associated with it, although most of it is mine specific. In each mine, the minerals associated with ganophyllite may vary.

In the Harstigen mine, the associated minerals are the followings: pyrophanite, caryopilite, calcite, garnet, rhodonite, barite, lead, and manganoan biotite.

Ganophyllites from the Molinello mine have the following associated minerals: caryopilite and parsettensite.

The following associated minerals can occur with specimens from Franklin: axinite, rhodonite, datolite, willemite, , bustamite, charlesite, clinohedrite and roeblingite.

## InfoBox

| Ganophyllite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General | |
| Category | Mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | (K,Na,Ca)2Mn8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)32 · 8H2O |
| IMA symbol | Gnp |
| Strunz classification | 09.EG.30 |
| Dana classification | 74.01.02.01 |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | Prismatic (2/m) |
| Space group | A2/a |
| Unit cell | 22,545.01 |
| Identification | |
| Formula mass | 1,514.2 |
| Color | Brownish yellow to cinnamon brown |
| Crystal habit | Foliated micaceous |
| Cleavage | Perfect on {???} |
| Fracture | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 4 - 4.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Streak | Brownish yellow |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to transculent |
| Specific gravity | 2.84 |
| Density | 2.84 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial(-) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.537
nβ = 1.611
nγ = 1.613 |
| Birefringence | 0.076 |
| Pleochroism | X = Pale yellow brown
Y = Z = Dark yellow brown |
| Dispersion | Weak |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | None |
| Common impurities | Fe, Zn, Pb, Ca, Ba |
| Other characteristics | Radioactive 3.87% (K) |


title: Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard

abstract: Esquimalt Royal Naval Dockyard was a major British Royal Navy yard on Canada's Pacific coast from 1842 to 1905, subsequently operated by the Canadian government as HMC Dockyard Esquimalt, now part of CFB Esquimalt, to the present day. The naval dockyard was located in Esquimalt, British Columbia, adjacent to Esquimalt Harbour and the city of Victoria, to replace a base in Valparaíso, Chile, as the home of the Royal Navy's Pacific Station and was the only Royal Navy base in western North America.

text:
# Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard

**Esquimalt Royal Naval Dockyard** was a major British Royal Navy yard on Canada's Pacific coast from 1842 to 1905, subsequently operated by the Canadian government as HMC Dockyard Esquimalt, now part of CFB Esquimalt, to the present day.

The naval dockyard was located in Esquimalt, British Columbia, adjacent to Esquimalt Harbour and the city of Victoria, to replace a base in Valparaíso, Chile, as the home of the Royal Navy's Pacific Station and was the only Royal Navy base in western North America.

## Harbour

A hydrographic survey carried out by HMS *Pandora* around 1842, determined that the location and depth of the Esquimalt Harbour would make it acceptable for use as a British naval port on the west coast of North America. The following year, James Douglas went out to Vancouver Island intending to set up a trading post for the Hudson's Bay Company. After looking at the shores of Esquimalt Harbour, he decided they were too densely wooded for development, so he opted to build what would become Fort Victoria on the shores of the adjacent Victoria Harbour and thereby establish what would become the city of Victoria. Pandora Avenue in Victoria is named in honour of the survey ship, which in turn was named after Pandora of Greek mythology.

In 1848, HMS *Constance* arrived at Esquimalt and became the first Royal Navy vessel based there. She was commanded by Captain George William Courtenay, after whom Courtenay, British Columbia, is named.

From 3 July 1850 to February 1854 Augustus Leopold Kuper was captain of HMS *Thetis* from her commissioning at HMNB Devonport. He sailed her to the southeast coast of America and then to Esquimalt. Kuper Island in the Strait of Georgia, off the east coast of Vancouver Island, was named for Captain Kuper after he surveyed the area from 1851 to 1853. Thetis Island and Thetis Lake are named for the survey ship. In 1852, sailors from the *Thetis* built a trail through the forest linking the Esquimalt Harbour with the Victoria Harbour and Fort Victoria. The trail would eventually be paved and is now known as Old Esquimalt Road (it runs parallel to and just north of Esquimalt Road).

In the summer of 1854, several ships, including *President*, *Pique*, *Trincomalee*, *Amphitrite*, and *Virago*, set out from Valparaíso and sailed across the Pacific Ocean, stopping at Marquesas Islands and then proceeding to Honolulu, where they met a French fleet of warships. In late August, the combined fleets sailed to Russia to engage in the Siege of Petropavlovsk, at which Commander-in-Chief Pacific Station David Price died. Captain of the *Pique* Frederick William Erskine Nicolson was brevetted and took command of the British naval forces from 31 August 1854 until the arrival of the next commander-in-chief.

## Construction begins

On 25 November 1854, Rear-Admiral Henry William Bruce, who had been at the West Africa Squadron, was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Pacific. Upon arrival at Esquimalt, Bruce asked Governor James Douglas to provide the navy with a hospital to receive the expected sick and wounded from the Crimean War. In 1855, three wooden huts were built on Duntze Head, which would also be known as Hospital Point. The buildings were the first shore establishment of the Royal Navy at Esquimalt.

In 1859, the British Colony of Vancouver Island started to construct lighthouses on the approaches to Esquimalt and Victoria Harbours, in part to support the Royal Navy and in part to support civilian navigation amidst the Fraser gold rush and other gold rushes. Fisgard Light was illuminated on 16 November 1860, and Race Rocks Light was lit on 26 December 1860.

In 1865, the facilities in Esquimalt were recognized as an alternate base for the Pacific Station, which was based in Valparaíso. The emphasis of the station started shifting more to British Columbia as the United Kingdom's economic interests shifted northward. The move also allowed the British Admiralty to avoid involvement in the Chincha Islands War (18641866) between Spain, Chile, and Peru.

## First graving dock

In the late 1860s and early 1870s, any navy vessel in need of hull repair at Esquimalt had to be taken to shipyards in Seattle, Washington, in the United States. Motivated by a desire to remove the dependence on American shipyards, and as a negotiated term enticing British Columbia to join confederation with Canada in 1871, a graving dock was constructed at Esquimalt starting in 1876. The graving dock was commissioned in 1887 and cost CA$1,177,664 to build. HMS *Cormorant* became the first vessel to use the new drydock on 20 July 1887. In its first seven years of use, the graving dock serviced 24 merchant ships and 70 navy ships. From 1887 through 1927, the graving dock averaged work on 21 vessels per year. The naval graving dock was put out of use until HMCS *Coaticook* docked there on 31 August 1945. Now over a century old, the dock is used regularly to service HMC ships and is part of the Fleet Maintenance Facility.

## Royal Naval Dockyard closure

Esquimalt was vacated by the British Royal Navy at sunset on 1 March 1905. The Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries took over control of the shore establishment and the responsibility of enforcing control of Canada's maritime interests in the area after the Royal Navy left. After passage of the *Naval Service Act* in 1910, there was a Canadian Naval Service (CNS) that controlled the base; the CNS became the Royal Canadian Navy in 1911. The geographic boundaries of the Royal Navy's Pacific Station would be added to that of the Bermuda-based North America and West Indies Station after the war, with Bermuda-based vessels reaching the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal, and utilising Esquimalt as a forward operating base when patrolling in the North Pacific.

## Esquimalt Graving Dock

Although the original graving dock was large enough to accommodate the largest ships in the British Pacific fleet at the time of its construction, by the early 20th century larger ships were routinely being built. In 1924, the government of Canada built a larger graving dock 500 metres (1,600 ft) distant, able to accommodate ships larger than Panamax size. Today, this dock is a separate facility named the Esquimalt Graving Dock. It is operated by Public Services and Procurement Canada and is the largest non-military hard bottom dry dock on the west coast of the Americas.

In February 1942, RMS *Queen Elizabeth* spent two weeks in the Esquimalt Graving Dock refitting and adding 3,000 extra berths for troopship duty. Stabilizer pockets have more recently been built into the concrete walls of the drydock. This new feature enables cruise ships to extend their stabilizers for inspection, maintenance and repair while in drydock.

## Dockyard

In the 1960s, a consolidation of defence forces in Canada led to the drydock's reformation as the Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt. It is now home to the Pacific Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy. The dockyard, along with three nearby sites (the former Royal Navy Hospital, the Veterans’ Cemetery and the Cole Island Magazine) were designated the Esquimalt Naval Sites National Historic Site of Canada in 1995.

## InfoBox

| Esquimalt Royal Naval Dockyard | |
| --- | --- |
| Esquimalt, British Columbia | |
| SS *Islander* in the Esquimalt graving dock in the 1890s | |
| Coordinates | 48°25′52″N 123°25′54″W / 48.43111°N 123.43167°W / 48.43111; -123.43167 |
| Type | Shipyard, dockyard |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | Royal Navy (18421905)
Department of Marine and Fisheries (19051910)
Royal Canadian Navy (19101968)
Royal Canadian Navy (1968present) |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1842 |
| In use | 1842present |
| Battles/wars | Oregon boundary dispute (1840s)
Crimean War 18541856
Pig War 1859
Alaska boundary dispute 18211903 |
| Garrison information | |
| Past
commanders | Henry William Bruce (25 November 1854July 1857)
Robert Lambert Baynes (8 July 18575 May 1860)
Andrew K. Bickford (19001903) |
| Garrison | Pacific Station (18651905)
Royal Canadian Navy Pacific Command (19101968)
Canadian Forces Maritime Forces Pacific (1968-present) |
| Occupants | George W. Courtenay (circa 1848) |


title: Teruhiko Kobayashi

abstract: Teruhiko Kobayashi was a Japanese fighter pilot during World War II and a flying ace of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. He began his flying career as a bomber pilot, but then rose to fame when he became the leader of the 244th Sentai, making him the youngest sentai leader in the IJAAF when he took command in November 1944. He was described as an excellent and charismatic leader by his men and under his command the 244th would become the most famous and successful aerial defense unit in Japan. While leading this unit he achieved five kills in the aerial defense of the Japanese Home Islands. He would survive the war and in 1954 join the newly created Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).

text:
# Teruhiko Kobayashi

**Teruhiko Kobayashi** (小林 照彦, *Kobayashi Teruhiko,* 17 November 1920  4 June 1957) was a Japanese fighter pilot during World War II and a flying ace of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. He began his flying career as a bomber pilot, but then rose to fame when he became the leader of the 244th Sentai, making him the youngest sentai leader in the IJAAF when he took command in November 1944. He was described as an excellent and charismatic leader by his men and under his command the 244th would become the most famous and successful aerial defense unit in Japan. While leading this unit he achieved five kills (three Boeing B-29 Superfortresses and two F6F "Hellcats") in the aerial defense of the Japanese Home Islands. He would survive the war and in 1954 join the newly created Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).

## Early life

Teruhiko Kobayashi was born on 17 November 1920, in Tokyo Prefecture and would receive his education at Kokushikan Junior High School. He would end up later attending the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in the late 1930s graduating in 1940 in the 53rd class of the academy. Upon graduation he was appointed as a second lieutenant in the artillery, he would later switch this to become a light bomber pilot and began his flight training to become a bomber pilot. After completing flight training he was assigned to the 45th *Sentai*.

## World War II

As a bomber pilot, Kobayashi would participate in one of the first actions in the war at the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941. During this battle as part of the 45th Sentai, he would pilot an obsolete Kawasaki Ki-32 "Mary" light bomber attacking British military installations and ships. He would later join the 66th *Sentai* based in Manchuria, gaining valuable experience with this unit. In November 1943 he officially switched from a being a bomber pilot to being a fighter pilot, and would go on to receive his fighter pilot training at the Akeno Army Air Service School at its Kameyama Branch. After completing fighter student education, he was kept in Japan for instructor duties at Akeno Army Airfield, Sano Army Airfield, and Hayashi Army Airfield.

In late November 1944, at the rank of captain, he was given command of the 244th *Sentai* based at Chōfu Airbase, he was only 24 years old at the time, making him the youngest sentai commander in all of the IJAAF. The 244th Sentai was assigned to the aerial defense of the capital Tokyo. As commander of this unit, Kobayashi would pilot the Kawasaki Ki-61 "Hien" fighter, by October 1944, the 244th had around 40 Ki-61s and had spent a large amount of time training to intercept B-29 bombers that would inevitably come bomb the capital. As a result of this, the 244th was considered an exceptional unit, capable of defending the capital. They were also one of the only home defense fighter units that practiced night formation flying allowing them to perform night interceptions (this was limited to the more veteran pilots).

On December 3rd 1944, Kobayashi shot down his first B-29, and in a single pass the 244th claimed 6 of these bombers -on that same sortie- through ramming attacks with all pilots surviving their attacks. On December 22nd 1944, Kobayashi claimed he damaged a B-29 when the bombers had come to attack a Mitsubishi factory, an operation which was later aborted. The B-29 which was damaged by Kobayashi's head on attack had its No.3 engine damaged and the bomber soon fell out of formation and failed to return to its base. On January 27th 1945, during a diving attack on a B-29, Kobayashi's "Hien" fighter rammed into the B-29. Luckily, he parachuted out of his craft and landed safely on the ground suffering only minor bruises. The exploits of the 244th were published daily in the newspapers at time, earning the young captain much fame.

Kobayashi would once again damage another B-29 on April 12th 1945, but was wounded in the leg as a result of the attack forcing him to parachute once again. In May 1945 he began flying the new Kawasaki Ki-100 (Type 5 Army Fighter) which had a more reliable engine compared to the Hien and better performance as well as armament. In that same month his unit would receive a letter of commendation from the Army High Command and his actions would be recognized when he was awarded the Second-class Bukōshō medal as well as a promotion to major.

Major Kobayashi was almost court martialed as a result of disobeying orders on July 25, 1945, when he and his men took off in their Kawasaki Ki-100 *Goshikisen* (Type 5 Fighter) fighters in order to attack marauding US Navy F6F Hellcats of VF-31 from the carrier USS *Belleau Wood* (CVL-24). Kobayashi's unit had been ordered to stand down and wait for incoming bombers. Ignoring this order, they then proceeded to engage the Hellcats that were attacking Yokaichi Air Field in an aerial dogfight that took place almost at hangar-top height. The 244th claimed that they had destroyed 10 Hellcats from VF-31 when in reality both sides lost 2 planes each. While the newspapers celebrated the unit's actions, the court martial was set to go on for the young commander, which carried a very serious penalty. However, when news of Kobayashi's actions reached the Emperor, and words of Imperial approval for Kobayashi's actions were spoken, the court martial was dropped.

## Post-war years and death

Major Kobayashi survived the war and would go working in the civilian sector for some nine years until joining the recently created Japan Air Self-Defense Force in 1954. He entered the Japan Air Self-Defense Force executive school and went on to become a fighter pilot again. After working at Matsushima and Tsuiki bases, he studied abroad in the United States for about half a year from November 1955, and received training on the operation of F-86 fighters. On 4 June 1957 Kobayashi was flying a T-33 Shooting Star on a training sortie from Hamamatsu when a technical problem occurred just shortly after takeoff. Kobayashi ordered his co-pilot to eject then tried to take control of the aircraft and attempted to land it away from any populated areas, but the jet crashed shortly after and he did not survive the crash.

## Bibliography

* Osuo, Katsuhiko & Ledet, Michel (June 2001). "Kobayashi et ses avions au 244 Sentai" \[Kobayashi and his Aircraft of the 244th Sentai\]. *Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire* (in French) (99): 9–16. ISSN 1243-8650.

## InfoBox

| Teruhiko Kobayashi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Native name | 小林 照彦 |
| Born | (1920-11-17)17 November 1920
Tokyo, Empire of Japan |
| Died | 4 June 1957(1957-06-04) (aged 36)
Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan |
| Allegiance | Empire of Japan (1941–45)
Japan (1954–57) |
| Service/branch | Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJA)
Japan Air Self-Defense Force |
| Years of service | 1941–1945
1954–1957 |
| Rank | *Major* (IJAAF)
*Lieutenant Colonel* (JASDF) |
| Unit | 45th Sentai, 66th Sentai, 244th Sentai |
| Commands | 244th Sentai |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Bukochosho medal, 2nd Class |


title: Maberly, Newfoundland and Labrador

abstract: Maberly is a tiny coastal hamlet at the end of route 238-II on the Bonavista Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland with a permanent year-round population of about 20. In the 1921 census, there were 83 inhabitants. It has long been associated with nearby Elliston, being about 3 km from Elliston Centre by road, and was officially annexed by that town in the 1960s. Driving from Elliston Centre to Maberly, you pass through Sandy Cove and the Neck.

text:
# Maberly, Newfoundland and Labrador

**Maberly** locally /ˈmæbərli/ is a tiny coastal hamlet (called an outport in Newfoundland) at the end of route 238-II on the Bonavista Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland with a permanent year-round population of about 20. In the 1921 census, there were 83 inhabitants. It has long been associated with nearby Elliston, being about 3 km from Elliston Centre by road, and was officially annexed by that town in the 1960s. Driving from Elliston Centre to Maberly, you pass through Sandy Cove and the Neck.

## Geography

Maberly is located by sea between the towns of Little Catalina and Elliston. Among the named coves in Maberly as you enter the community are *Thomas' Cove* (48°37′14.43″N 53°00′51.48″W / 48.6206750°N 53.0143000°W / 48.6206750; -53.0143000), *Chris' Cove* (48°37′13.26″N 53°00′48.05″W / 48.6203500°N 53.0133472°W / 48.6203500; -53.0133472) and *Charlie's Cove* (48°37′10.99″N 53°00′44.92″W / 48.6197194°N 53.0124778°W / 48.6197194; -53.0124778). There is a small cove between Chris' Cove and Charlie's Cove which never seems to have been named (48°37′13.05″N 53°00′45.19″W / 48.6202917°N 53.0125528°W / 48.6202917; -53.0125528) — at least not a name which stuck.

### The coves and roads of Maberly

Thomas' Cove, just off the coast of which lies South (Suder) Bird Island (48°37′29.59″N 53°00′35.61″W / 48.6248861°N 53.0098917°W / 48.6248861; -53.0098917), is the broadest of the coves and its shore is covered with relatively large beach stones; between Thomas' Cove and Chris' Cove there are cliffs and a small gulch; Chris' Cove, into which Muddy Brook empties, has a broad, flat bedrock formation which slopes into the ocean and received a government-sponsored slipway which fell into disrepair in the 1990s and has been removed; the aforementioned 'nameless cove' is on the other side of a tiny point of land; then there is a headland between this nameless cove and Charlie's Cove called *The Gaze* or often just *over below*. A gravel road climbs a much larger headland to the other side of Charlie's Cove, passing a steep-sided gulch and then peters out into the wilderness after several hundred metres and several houses. It is this road which now forms the beginning of the Little Catalina-Maberly walking trail. The coast rises to relatively steep cliffs with no harbour possibilities for several kilometres. Another rough road leaves the community on the inland side and quickly branches, the shorter branch being the gravel pit road in whose gravel pit several demolition derbies have been held and a much longer road which brings you out into Duke's Land (named for a man by the name of Marmaduke, not a nobleman).

### Muddy Brook: the brook and the pond

The brook which flows through the community is still called Muddy Brook, reminiscent of the community's former name, and the brook flows from Muddy Brook Pond just below which is a wide steady which looks almost like another small pond. The road to Duke's Land brings you here. (48°36′26.35″N 53°01′35.32″W / 48.6073194°N 53.0264778°W / 48.6073194; -53.0264778)

### Regional Geography

Flowers Cove (48°36′32.17″N 53°00′22.59″W / 48.6089361°N 53.0062750°W / 48.6089361; -53.0062750), named for the treacherous maritime rock shallows known as the 'Flowers' is within easy walking distance from the community along the Little Catalina-Maberly walking trail through some very productive and picturesque berry-picking grounds. Northern (Noder) Bight is an abandoned community between Maberly and Little Catalina most of whose former inhabitants moved to Maberly or to Catalina from the 1850s to the 1890s. Residents of Maberly themselves mostly resettled to more central parts of Elliston or to Bonavista during the 1950s and 1960s.

## Settlement and early history

Maberly was originally called Muddy Brook and was first permanently settled by John Chaulk and his sons in or around 1806.

## Former Provincial Park

Just inside the entrance to Maberly, there is a look-out for the Bird Islands which was originally constructed as *Maberly Provincial Park* in the same category as *Dungeon Provincial Park* in Bonavista i.e. a day park for picnicking and, in Maberly's case, bird-watching. Elliston town council has assumed responsibility for the park and now there is a demonstration garden there and tourist poster boards describing topics such as root cellar construction and gardening in the area.

## Fishing grounds

Historically, the shoals in the area of Maberly were highly productive.

48°37′12″N 53°00′51″W / 48.62000°N 53.01417°W / 48.62000; -53.01417


title: Maben Hill

abstract: Maben Hill is a mountain located in Greene County, New York east-southeast of Prattsville, New York. Maben Hill is located south of Patterson Ridge. It drains south and east into Schoharie Creek.

text:
# Maben Hill

**Maben Hill** is a mountain located in Greene County, New York east-southeast of Prattsville, New York. Maben Hill is located south of Patterson Ridge. It drains south and east into Schoharie Creek.

1. "Maben Hill". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2018-01-14.

## InfoBox

| Maben Hill | |
| --- | --- |
| Maben HillLocation of Maben Hill within New YorkMaben HillMaben Hill (the United States) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,827 ft (557 m) |
| Coordinates | 42°16′20″N 74°23′45″W / 42.27222°N 74.39583°W / 42.27222; -74.39583 |
| Geography | |
| Location | ESE of Prattsville, New York, U.S. |
| Topo map | USGS *Prattsville* |


abstract: The Tenterfield Intercolonial Courier and Fairfield and Wallangarra Advocate was a newspaper published in Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia from 1891 to 1914. It was also published as the International Courier and continued by the Tenterfield Courier and District Advocate.

text:
# Tenterfield Intercolonial Courier and Fairfield and Wallangarra Advocate

The ***Tenterfield Intercolonial Courier and Fairfield and Wallangarra Advocate*** was a newspaper published in Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia from 1891 to 1914. It was also published as the *International Courier* and continued by the *Tenterfield Courier and District Advocate*.

## History

The *Tenterfield Intercolonial Courier and Fairfield and Wallangarra Advocate* was first published in 1891 by Geoffrey William Bentley. The newspaper was a Broadsheet bi-weekly and circulated every Tuesday and Friday. Priced at two pennies, it was four pages long, with 7 columns across each page. Dominating the front page was an array of product and service advertisements; however, the Post Office timetable flanked the left side. Local news began on the second page and was followed by wider national and international news. This encompassed events occurring in Sydney and Queensland, to correspondence from London about the Transvaal War or the Second Boer War.

In February 1914, the publication became the *Tenterfield Courier and District Advocate* when Gordon Cumming Stevenson took over ownership.

## Digitisation

The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia.


title: MV H. Lee White

abstract: M/V H. Lee White is a diesel-powered Lake freighter owned and operated by the American Steamship Company (ASC). This vessel was built in 1974 at Bay Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin and included self-unloading technology. The ship is 704 feet (215 m) long and 78 feet (24 m) wide, with a carrying capacity of 35,400 tons, limestone, grain, coal or iron ore.

text:
# MV H. Lee White

**M/V *H. Lee White*** is a diesel-powered Lake freighter owned and operated by the American Steamship Company (ASC). This vessel was built in 1974 at Bay Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin and included self-unloading technology.

The ship is 704 feet (215 m) long and 78 feet (24 m) wide, with a carrying capacity of 35,400 tons (at midsummer draft), limestone, grain, coal or iron ore.

## History

The ship was built for American Steamship in 1974 and was named *H. Lee White* for former chairman Harris Lee White.

On September 6, 1992, *H. Lee White* struck the Grosse Ile Toll Bridge knocking off one of the spans. Damage to the bridge was around $1.7 million for repairs and lost toll revenue. Courts initially ruled the bridge company 100% liable as they did not open the bridge as promised. On appeal, the judgement was reversed and sent back to the district court for re-evaluation of liability. In 2006, the ship and American Steamship were found 3% liable, as the port anchor could have been deployed to potentially avoid the collision. The bridge company was found 97% liable for not opening the bridge in a timely manner as promised and requested.

## InfoBox

| *H. Lee White* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | MV *H. Lee White* |
| Builder | Bay Shipbuilding Company |
| Yard number | 711 |
| Completed | 1974 |
| In service | June 1974 |
| Identification |  |
| Status | In service as of 2024 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Lake freighter |
| Tonnage | * 14,449 gross tonnage * 0,348 net tonnage |
| Length | * 704 feet (215 m) (overall) * 690.8 feet (211 m) |
| Beam | 78 ft (24 m) |
| Draft | * 30 ft 7.625 in (9.33768 m) (Midsummer Draft) * 42.7 ft (13.0 m) (hull depth) |
| Propulsion | two 3500 HP General Motors Electro Motive Division (EMD) diesel engines, 7,000 SHP |


title: MV Grigory Lovtsov

abstract: MV Grigory Lovtsov was a Russian roll-on/roll-off cargo ship which became stuck in the ice and lost in the Sea of Okhotsk in January 2022.

text:
# MV Grigory Lovtsov

**MV *Grigory Lovtsov*** was a Russian roll-on/roll-off cargo ship which became stuck in the ice and lost in the Sea of Okhotsk in January 2022.

## Description

*Grigory Lovtsov* was a small coastal trading vessel with a shallow draft of 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in), a length of 41.3 metres (135 ft 6 in), and a beam of 9.4 metres (30 ft 10 in). It had a summer deadweight of 194 DWT and a gross tonnage of 272 GT, and operated with a crew of eight. Made of steel, the vessel was propelled by a single diesel engine, shaft, and screw.

## History

*Grigory Lovtsov* was built in Japan in 2002 by Watanabe Zosen K. K., who gave it the yard number 102.

On 4 January 2022, the ship was transiting through the waters of the Shantar Islands in the Sea of Okhotsk when it became stuck in the ice and suffered a power outage. The ship's captain issued a distress signal and ordered the crew to abandon ship, and the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations dispatched an Mi-8 helicopter to perform an evacuation of the crew. By 0800 the next day, all eight crew had been successfully evacuated and airlifted to safety in Nkolayevsk, Khabarovsk Krai, without any injuries. The vessel was left to drift with the ice flows.

The ship was apparently recovered and was photographed in good condition Vladivostok in November 2022.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Russian | |
| Name | * *Kenyo Maru* (2002–2010) * *Uglegorsk 1* (2010–2015) * *Grigory Lovtsov* (2015– ) |
| Port of registry | Korsakov, Russia |
| Builder | Watanabe Zosen K. K. |
| Yard number | 102 |
| Launched | 7 September 2002 |
| Identification |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Roll-on/roll-off coastal cargo ship |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | 41.3 m (135 ft 6 in) |
| Beam | 9.4 m (30 ft 10 in) |
| Draft | 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) |
| Crew | 8 |


title: Etziken

abstract: Etziken is a municipality in the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

text:
# Etziken

**Etziken** is a municipality in the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## History

Etziken is first mentioned in 1252 as *Ezzinchon*. In 1342 it was mentioned as *Ertzenkon*.

## Geography

Etziken has an area, as of 2009, of 3.38 square kilometers (1.31 sq mi). Of this area, 1.82 km2 (0.70 sq mi) or 53.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.09 km2 (0.42 sq mi) or 32.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.45 km2 (0.17 sq mi) or 13.3% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 (2.5 acres) or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 (2.5 acres) or 0.3% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 8.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.8%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 41.1% is used for growing crops and 11.8% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Wasseramt district, on the Solothurn-Herzogenbuchsee in the hills created from a terminal moraine. It consists of the linear village of Etziken.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Gules a Water Tower Argent issuant from a Mount of 3 Coupeaux Vert.*

## Demographics

Etziken has a population (as of December 2020) of 973. As of 2008, 5.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -7.1%. It has changed at a rate of -6.7% due to migration and at a rate of -0.6% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (755 or 96.4%), with French being second most common (6 or 0.8%) and Italian being third (5 or 0.6%).

As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. The population was made up of 347 Swiss men (45.8% of the population) and 26 (3.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 365 Swiss women (48.2%) and 19 (2.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 275 or about 35.1% were born in Etziken and lived there in 2000. There were 257 or 32.8% who were born in the same canton, while 189 or 24.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 41 or 5.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

In 2008 there were 4 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 8 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 4 while the foreign population increased by 1. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland and 1 Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man and 3 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 6 and the non-Swiss population increased by 9 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.4%.

The age distribution, as of 2000, in Etziken is; 59 children or 7.5% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 135 teenagers or 17.2% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 36 people or 4.6% of the population are between 20 and 24 years old. 235 people or 30.0% are between 25 and 44, and 196 people or 25.0% are between 45 and 64. The senior population distribution is 85 people or 10.9% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 37 people or 4.7% who are over 80.

As of 2000, there were 310 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 399 married individuals, 48 widows or widowers and 26 individuals who are divorced.

As of 2000, there were 310 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 81 households that consist of only one person and 16 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 315 households that answered this question, 25.7% were households made up of just one person and there were 4 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 93 married couples without children, 115 married couples with children There were 13 single parents with a child or children. There were 4 households that were made up of unrelated people and 5 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

In 2000 there were 154 single family homes (or 67.5% of the total) out of a total of 228 inhabited buildings. There were 30 multi-family buildings (13.2%), along with 35 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (15.4%) and 9 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.9%). Of the single family homes 22 were built before 1919, while 31 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (31) were built between 1981 and 1990.

In 2000 there were 332 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 91. There were 2 single room apartments and 154 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 302 apartments (91.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 21 apartments (6.3%) were seasonally occupied and 9 apartments (2.7%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 3.89%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Politics

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 30.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (26.03%), the FDP (18.9%) and the SP (15.54%). In the federal election, a total of 324 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.3%.

## Economy

As of  2010, Etziken had an unemployment rate of 2.7%. As of 2008, there were 38 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. 391 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 18 businesses in this sector. 66 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 19 businesses in this sector. There were 421 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.7% of the workforce.

In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 438. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 22, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 369 of which 356 or (96.5%) were in manufacturing and 10 (2.7%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 47. In the tertiary sector; 14 or 29.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 10.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 3 or 6.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 6.4% were the insurance or financial industry, 8 or 17.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 3 or 6.4% were in education and 6 or 12.8% were in health care.

In 2000, there were 256 workers who commuted into the municipality and 297 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 10.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.5% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 397 or 50.7% were Roman Catholic, while 274 or 35.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church who belonged, there were 5 individuals (or about 0.64% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 15 individuals (or about 1.92% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 (or about 0.26% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist and 3 individuals who were Hindu. 71 (or about 9.07% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 13 individuals (or about 1.66% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Etziken about 319 or (40.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 85 or (10.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 85 who completed tertiary schooling, 75.3% were Swiss men, 20.0% were Swiss women.

As of 2000, there were 12 students in Etziken who came from another municipality, while 47 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Etziken | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Etziken | |
| EtzikenEtziken | |
| Coordinates: 47°11′N 7°39′E / 47.183°N 7.650°E / 47.183; 7.650 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Solothurn |
| District | Wasseramt |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.38 km2 (1.31 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 479 m (1,572 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 881 |
| Density | 260/km2 (680/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 4554 |
| SFOS number | 2518 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-SO |
| Surrounded by | Aeschi, Bolken, Hersiwil, Horriwil, Hüniken, Subingen |
| Website | http://etziken.ch
SFSO statistics |