title: Thomas Barrow (pirate)

abstract: Thomas Barrow was a pirate active in the Caribbean. He is best known for proclaiming himself Governor of New Providence.

text:
# Thomas Barrow (pirate)

**Thomas Barrow** (died 1726) was a pirate active in the Caribbean. He is best known for proclaiming himself Governor of New Providence.

## History

Barrow had captained a ship making supply runs to Royal Africa Company forts on the African coast around 1702, but some years later he was ship's mate aboard a brigantine out of Jamaica. Removed from his post for assaulting another officer, he was later arrested in the Bahamas for stealing gold from a Spanish Marquis. He then led a crew diving the wrecks of the 1715 Spanish treasure fleet, leaving a year later for Nassau. By then pirates led by Benjamin Hornigold controlled New Providence, and Barrow was roaming free. Thomas Walker, the same man who had arrested Barrow, also arrested Daniel Stillwell, but released him when Hornigold threatened to shoot him and insisted that all New Providence pirates were under his protection.

Barrow declared “that he is Governor of Providence and will make it a second Madagascar, and expects 5 or 600 men more from Jamaica sloops to join in the settling of Providence, and to make war on the French and Spaniards, but for the English, they don't intend to meddle with them, unless they are first attack'd by them.” Barrow said that “he only waits for a vessell to go out a pirating;” even without a ship of his own he managed to rob two vessels in the harbor in quick succession. He also extorted money from locals, once threatening to whip a man if he didn't hand over twenty shillings; as a joke - Barrow having declared himself Governor - he gave the man a receipt. With Barrow and Hornigold's pirates threatening the few citizens and landowners left on the island, most settlers and colonists fled. Only a few traders willing to smuggle supplies to the pirates, such as former pirate John Cockram, were left untouched.

In 1717 King George offered a pardon to all pirates who surrendered within a year. Governor Woodes Rogers arrived in the Bahamas in 1718 to accept the surrenders and hunt down any pirates who refused the pardon or returned to piracy. Hornigold and many other pirates accepted the pardon; he, Cockram, and others even became pirate hunters, bringing their former associates back for trial. Barrow may have taken the pardon as well: he was still on the island and free as of 1725, married and with a daughter. He died in August of the following year.


title: Frank C. Barnes House

abstract: The Frank C. Barnes House, also known as the Barnes Mansion, is a house located in northeast Portland, Oregon, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Author Beverly Cleary called the house "haunted" in her Ramona Quimby series. Its design has been tentatively ascribed to Portland architect David L. Williams, but was more recently linked to Stokes & Zeller.

text:
# Frank C. Barnes House

The **Frank C. Barnes House**, also known as the **Barnes Mansion**, is a house located in northeast Portland, Oregon, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Author Beverly Cleary called the house "haunted" in her Ramona Quimby series.

Its design has been tentatively ascribed to Portland architect David L. Williams, but was more recently linked to Stokes & Zeller.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frank C. Barnes House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Portland Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Frank C. Barnes House in 2010 | |
|  | |
| Location | 3533 NE Klickitat Street<br>Portland, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°32′49″N 122°37′39″W / 45.547064°N 122.627548°W / 45.547064; -122.627548 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1913 |
| Architect | Stokes & Zeller |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Colonial, Jacobethan |
| NRHP reference No. | 83002166 |
| Added to NRHP | September 1, 1983 |


title: Thomas Francis (English physician)

abstract: Thomas Francis was an English academic and physician, Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford, and President of the London College of Physicians.

text:
# Thomas Francis (English physician)

**Thomas Francis** (died 1574) was an English academic and physician, Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford, and President of the London College of Physicians.

## Life

A native of Chester, Francis was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was admitted B.A. 19 June 1540, and M.A. 7 July 1544. According to Anthony Wood, he was acting as deputy to John Warner, the first Regius Professor of Physic at Oxford, by 1551, having had backing from Walter Wright to switch in 1550 from an unpromising theological career. He received the degree of M.B. and license to practise 9 March 1555, and commenced M.D. the following 29 July. At the beginning of 1555 he succeeded Warner in the regius professorship, which he resigned in 1561 to become Provost of The Queen's College. The Lewis Evans who graduated B.A. at Christ Church in 1554, a tutorial pupil of Francis, has been tentatively identified as Lewis Evans the Catholic controversialist of the later 1560s.

The appointment of Francis was not a popular one, and disturbances took place at his inauguration. He retired from the provostship in 1563. He was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians, 21 October 1560, at the comitia specially convened for that purpose. He was censor in 1561 and the three following years. He was provisionally named elect 30 September 1562 in place of John Clement who had gone into exile, and was definitely appointed to the post 12 May 1564. He was President of the college in 1568, and consiliarius in 1571.

In June 1569 he was sent to treat the Earl of Shrewsbury who travelled in a litter from Chatsworth House to Wingfield Manor. Shrewsbury asked Francis to advise Mary, Queen of Scots on her health.

Francis was physician in ordinary to Queen Elizabeth. While President he took action against the unlicensed medical practitioner Eliseus Bomelius, whom he was obliged to prosecute for practising physic without a license from the college. Bomelius in letters to William Cecil offered to expose the ignorance of Francis in Latin and astronomy, but later apologised for having circulated false statements.

Francis lived in Silver Street, London, in the parish of St Olave Hart Street. He died in 1574.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "Francis, Thomas". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Frank Edgar Scobey

abstract: Frank Edgar Scobey (1866–1931) was Director of the United States Mint from 1922 to 1923.

text:
# Frank Edgar Scobey

**Frank Edgar Scobey** (1866–1931) was Director of the United States Mint from 1922 to 1923.

## Biography

Frank Edgar Scobey was born in Miami County, Ohio on February 27, 1866, the son of William Scobey and Martha J. (Vandeveer) Scobey. He attended public schools in Troy, Ohio.

After school, Scobey secured a position as Troy agent for Standard Oil. Scobey later fell ill and sold his business, spending three full years traveling to try to improve his health, wintering in Florida and Texas. He married Mayme Barrington of Covington, Ohio on May 7, 1889. He formed a livery business with his uncle, J. F. Vandeveer, in 1894.

As a young man, Scobey was active in the Miami County Republican Party. In 1897, he was elected sheriff of Miami County. He was re-elected, holding office until his resignation in January 1902.

A supporter of U.S. Senator Joseph B. Foraker, Scobey then became Clerk of the Ohio Senate through Foraker's influence. During this period, Scobey became a personal friend of Warren G. Harding, who was a member of the Ohio Senate from 1899 to 1903. Scobey maintained a correspondence with Harding even after Scobey moved to San Antonio in 1907 to found the Scobey Fireproof Storage Co.

When Harding became President of the United States in the 1920 U.S. presidential election, he appointed Scobey Director of the United States Mint. He held that office from March 1922 until September 1923.

Scobey died in San Antonio in 1931.

1. Mercer, James Kazerta; Rife, Edward K. (1903). *Representative Men of Ohio, 1900-1903*. J. K. Mercer.
2. Thomas C. Harbaugh, *Centennial History of Troy, Piqua, and Miami County* (Chicago: Richmond-Arnwed Publishing Co., 1909)
3. "Texas "Mystery Man" to Entertain Harding", *The New York Times*, Nov. 4, 1921
4. "Texas "Mystery Man" to Entertain Harding", *The New York Times*, Nov. 5, 1920
5. Robert K. Murray, *The Harding Era* (Toronto: Copp Clark Publishing Co., 1969), p. 21

## InfoBox

| Frank Edgar Scobey | |
| --- | --- |
| Frank Edgar Scobey | |
|  | |
| Director of the United States Mint | |
| **In office**
March 1922  September 1923 | |
| President | Warren Harding
Calvin Coolidge |
| Preceded by | Raymond T. Baker |
| Succeeded by | Robert J. Grant |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Frank Edmond

abstract: Frank Edmond is a German former footballer.

text:
# Frank Edmond

**Frank Edmond** (born 23 December 1966) is a German former footballer.

## InfoBox

Frank Edmond
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1966-12-23) 23 December 1966 | | |
| Place of birth | Leisnig, East Germany | | |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | BSG Motor Leisnig | | |
| 0000–1979 | Chemie Böhlen | | |
| 1979–1985 | Lokomotive Leipzig | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1985–1999 | VfB Leipzig | 349 | (21) |
| 1999–2002 | Eintracht Braunschweig | 58 | (10) |
| Total |  | **407** | **(31)** |
| International career | | | |
|  | East Germany U-21 | 15 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Thibault Benistant

abstract: Thibault Benistant is a French professional motocross rider, currently competing in the MX2 World Championship with the number 198.

text:
# Thibault Benistant

**Thibault Benistant** (born 31 July 2002) is a French professional motocross rider, currently competing in the MX2 World Championship with the number 198.

## Career

Benistant has won several European Motocross Championships, including the EMX 125 in 2018 and the EMX 250 in 2020. In 2020, he signed a multi-year contract with Yamaha Motor Europe to race in the MX2 World Championship with a YZ250FM in the MX2 Monster Energy Yamaha Factory Team.

During his rookie season in the World Championship, Benistant achieved two race victories and secured a podium finish at the MX2 Czech Republic Grand Prix. Despite missing the final two rounds due to injury, he finished 8th in the 2021 MX2 World Championship.

In 2022, Benistant faced a setback when he had to take five months off the bike to recover from a knee injury, causing him to miss the first three rounds of the season. However, he returned to the track and claimed a MX2 Grand Prix victory, four race wins, and five GP podiums. Despite the injury, Benistant finished 5th in the 2022 MX2 World Championship.

## InfoBox

| Thibault Benistant | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | French |
| Born | 31 July 2002 (2002-07-31) (age 22)<br>Avignon, France |
| Motocross career | |
| Years active | 2020-present |
| Teams | MX2 Monster Energy Yamaha Factory Racing |
| Championships | • 2018 EMX 125cc • 2020 EMX 250cc |
| Wins | • MX2: 3 |


title: Gibson Desert Nature Reserve

abstract: The Gibson Desert Nature Reserve is an 18,900 km⁲ nature reserve located in the Gibson Desert in central Western Australia. The nature reserve is remote and rarely visited by tourists, and is administered by the Kalgoorlie regional office of the Department of Environment and Conservation. Located in Australia's arid zone, the reserve's landscape features include sand dune and plains, stony mesaform hills and undulating laterite plains. The dominant vegetation is spinifex interspersed with low shrubs and trees. The vast pebbles, red sand plains, and hills of this wilderness are home to many diverse reptiles. Here one can find yellow and brown striped snakes and the thorny devil. In 2020, an agreement with the Gibson Desert People and the Western Australian Government, gave the name Pila Reserve to the area, with management to be shared by the traditional owners, the Gibson Desert People and the Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions.

text:
# Gibson Desert Nature Reserve

The **Gibson Desert Nature Reserve** is an 18,900 km2 nature reserve located in the Gibson Desert in central Western Australia. The nature reserve is remote and rarely visited by tourists, and is administered by the Kalgoorlie regional office of the Department of Environment and Conservation.

Located in Australia's arid zone, the reserve's landscape features include sand dune and plains, stony mesaform hills and undulating laterite plains. The dominant vegetation is spinifex interspersed with low shrubs and trees.

The vast pebbles, red sand plains, and hills of this wilderness are home to many diverse reptiles. Here one can find yellow and brown striped snakes and the thorny devil.

In 2020, an agreement with the Gibson Desert People and the Western Australian Government, gave the name **Pila Reserve** to the area, with management to be shared by the traditional owners, the Gibson Desert People and the Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions.

## Further reading

* Turner, J. (2018). "The view from below: A selected history of contact experiences, patjarr, gibson desert, Western Australia". *Journal of the Anthropological Society of South Australia*. **42**: 13–47. ISSN 1034-4438. Wikidata Q106616162.
* Neil Burrows; Bruce Ward; Alex Robinson (March 1991). "Fire behaviour in spinifex fuels on the Gibson Desert Nature Reserve, Western Australia". *Journal of Arid Environments*. **20** (2): 189–204. doi:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)30708-0. ISSN 0140-1963. Wikidata Q106616044.

## InfoBox

| Gibson Desert Nature Reserve
Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve) | |
| The Gibson Desert Nature Reserve from Gunbarrel Highway | |
| Gibson Desert Nature Reserve | |
|  | |
| Nearest town or city | Wiluna |
| Coordinates | 24°44′55″S 125°15′05″E / 24.748619°S 125.251404°E / -24.748619; 125.251404 |
| Established | 1977 |
| Area | 1,842,053 hectares (4,551,810 acres) |
| Managing authorities | Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions |
| See also | List of protected areas of
Western Australia |


title: GSM 03.40

abstract: GSM 03.40 or 3GPP TS 23.040 is a mobile telephony standard describing the format of the Transfer Protocol Data Units (TPDU) part of the Short Message Transfer Protocol (SM-TP) used in the GSM networks to carry Short Messages. This format is used throughout the whole transfer of the message in the GSM mobile network. In contrast, application servers use different protocols, like Short Message Peer-to-Peer or Universal Computer Protocol, to exchange messages between them and the Short Message service center (SMSC). GSM 03.40 is the original name of the standard. Since 1999 has been developed by the 3GPP under the name 3GPP TS 23.040. However, the original name is often used to refer even to the 3GPP document.

text:
# GSM 03.40

| **Internet history timeline** |
| --- |
| ***Early research and development:***
***Merging the networks and creating the Internet:***
***Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:***
***Examples of Internet services:*** |

**GSM 03.40** or **3GPP TS 23.040** is a mobile telephony standard describing the format of the **Transfer Protocol Data Units** (TPDU) part of the **Short Message Transfer Protocol** (SM-TP) used in the GSM networks to carry Short Messages. This format is used throughout the whole transfer of the message in the GSM mobile network. In contrast, application servers use different protocols, like Short Message Peer-to-Peer or Universal Computer Protocol, to exchange messages between them and the Short Message service center (SMSC).

GSM 03.40 is the original name of the standard. Since 1999 has been developed by the 3GPP under the name 3GPP TS 23.040. However, the original name is often used to refer even to the 3GPP document.

## Usage

The GSM 03.40 TPDUs are used to carry messages between the Mobile Station (MS) and Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) using the Short Message Relay Protocol (SM-RP), while between MSC and Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) the TPDUs are carried as a parameter of a Mobile Application Part (MAP) package.

In emerging networks which use IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Short Messages are carried in the MESSAGE command of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Even in these IP-based networks an option exists which (due to compatibility reasons) defines transfer of Short Messages in the GSM 03.40 format embedded in 3GPP 24.011 as Content-Type: application/vnd.3gpp.sms.

## TPDU Types

GSM 03.40 defines six types of messages between Mobile Station (MS) and SMS Center (SC), which are distinguished by the message direction and the two least significant bits in the first octet of SM-TP message (the TP-MTI field):

TPDU Types
| TP-MTI | direction | message type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 0 | MS → SC | SMS-DELIVER-REPORT |
| 0 0 | SC → MS | SMS-DELIVER |
| 0 1 | MS → SC | SMS-SUBMIT |
| 0 1 | SC → MS | SMS-SUBMIT-REPORT |
| 1 0 | MS → SC | SMS-COMMAND |
| 1 0 | SC → MS | SMS-STATUS-REPORT |
| 1 1 | any | Reserved |

SMS-SUBMIT is used to submit a short message from a mobile phone (Mobile Station, MS) to a short message service centre (SMSC, SC).

SMS-SUBMIT-REPORT is an acknowledgement to the SMS-SUBMIT; a success means that the message was stored (buffered) in the SMSC, a failure means that the message was rejected by the SMSC.

SMS-COMMAND may be used to query for a message buffered in the SMSC, to modify its parameters or to delete it.

SMS-DELIVER is used to deliver a message from SMSC to a mobile phone. The acknowledgement returned by the mobile phone may optionally contain a SMS-DELIVER-REPORT. When home routing applies, SMS-DELIVER is used to submit messages from an SMSC to another one.

SMS-STATUS-REPORT may be sent by the SMSC to inform the originating mobile phone about the final outcome of the message delivery or to reply to a SMS-COMMAND.

## TPDU Fields

The fields of SM-TP messages, including their order and size, are summarized in the following table, where **M** means a mandatory field, **O** an optional field, **E** is used for fields which are mandatory in negative responses (RP-ERR) and not present in positive responses (RP-ACK), **x** is a field present elsewhere:

SM-TL TPDU fields
| SMS-COMMAND | | | | | | | size | Field name |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | SMS-STATUS-REPORT | | | | | |  |
| | | SMS-SUBMIT-REPORT | | | | | |  |
| | | SMS-SUBMIT | | | | | |  |
| | | SMS-DELIVER-REPORT | | | | | |  |
| | | SMS-DELIVER | | | | | |  |
| | | | | | | | field |  |
| TP-MTI | M | M | M | M | M | M | 2 bits | Message Type Indicator |
| TP-MMS | M |  |  |  | M |  | 1 bit | More Messages to Send |
| TP-RD |  |  | M |  |  | |  | Reject Duplicates |
| TP-LP | O |  |  |  | O |  | 1 bit/
2 bits | Loop Prevention |
| TP-VPF |  |  | M |  |  | |  | Validity Period Format |
| TP-SRI | O |  |  |  |  |  | 1 bit | Status Report Indication |
| TP-SRR |  |  | O |  |  | | O | Status Report Request |
| TP-SRQ |  |  |  |  | M | |  | Status Report Qualifier |
| TP-UDHI | O | O | O | O | O | O | 1 bit | User Data Header Indicator |
| TP-RP | M |  | M |  |  |  | 1 bit | Reply Path |
| TP-FCS |  | E |  | E |  |  | 1 octet | Failure Cause |
| TP-MR |  |  | M |  | M | M | 1 octet | Message Reference |
| TP-DA |  |  | M |  |  | x | 2–12 octets | Destination Address |
| TP-OA | M |  |  |  |  |  | 2–12 octets | Originating Address |
| TP-RA |  |  |  |  | M |  | 2–12 octets | Recipient Address |
| TP-SCTS | x |  |  | x | M |  | 7 octets | Service Centre Time Stamp |
| TP-DT |  |  |  |  | M |  | 7 octets | Discharge Time |
| TP-ST |  |  |  |  | M |  | 1 octet | Status |
| TP-PI |  | M |  | M | O |  | 1 octet | Parameter Indicator |
| TP-SCTS | x |  |  | M | x |  | 7 octets | Service Centre Time Stamp |
| TP-PID | M | O | M | O | O | M | 1 octet | Protocol Identifier |
| TP-DCS | M | O | M | O | O |  | 1 octet | Data Coding Scheme |
| TP-SCTS | M |  |  | x | x |  | 7 octets | Service Centre Time Stamp |
| TP-VP |  |  | O |  |  |  | 0, 1 or 7 octets | Validity Period |
| TP-UDL | M | O | M | O | O |  | 1 octet | User Data Length |
| TP-UD | O | O | O | O | O |  | given by TP-UDL | User Data |
| TP-CT |  |  |  |  |  | M | 1 octet | Command Type |
| TP-MN |  |  |  |  |  | M | 1 octet | Message Number |
| TP-DA |  |  | x |  |  | M | 2-12 octets | Destination Address |
| TP-CDL |  |  |  |  |  | M | 1 octet | Command Data Length |
| TP-CD |  |  |  |  |  | O | given by TP-CDL | Command Data |

The first octet of the TPDU contains various flags including the TP-MTI field described above:

Bit fields in the first octet of SM-TL TPDU
| bit(s) | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| 1-0 | TP-Message-Type-Indicator (TP-MTI) |
| 2 | TP-More-Messages-to-Send (TP-MMS) in SMS-DELIVER (0 = more messages) |
| 2 | TP-Reject-Duplicates (TP-RD) in SMS-SUBMIT |
| 3 | TP-Loop-Prevention (TP-LP) in SMS-DELIVER and SMS-STATUS-REPORT |
| 4-3 | TP-Validity-Period-Format (TP-VPF) in SMS-SUBMIT (00 = not present) |
| 5 | TP-Status-Report-Indication (TP-SRI) in SMS-DELIVER |
| 5 | TP-Status-Report-Request (TP-SRR) in SMS-SUBMIT and SMS-COMMAND |
| 5 | TP-Status-Report-Qualifier (TP-SRQ) in SMS-STATUS-REPORT |
| 6 | TP-User-Data-Header-Indicator (TP-UDHI) |
| 7 | TP-Reply-Path (TP-RP) in SMS-DELIVER and SMS-SUBMIT |

By setting the TP-More-Messages-to-Send (TP-MMS) bit to 0 (reversed logic), the SMSC signals it has more messages for the recipient (often further segments of a concatenated message). The MSC usually does not close the connection to the mobile phone and does not end the MAP dialogue with the SMSC, which allows faster delivery of subsequent messages or message segments. If by coincidence the further messages vanish from the SMSC in the meantime (when they are for example deleted), the SMSC terminates the MAP dialogue with a MAP Abort message.

The TP-Loop-Prevention (TP-LP) bit is designed to prevent looping of SMS-DELIVER or SMS-STATUS-REPORT messages routed to a different address than is their destination address or generated by an application. Such message may be sent only if the original message had this flag cleared and the new message must be sent with the flag set.

By setting the TP-Status-Report-Indication (TP-SRI) bit to 1, the SMSC requests a status report to be returned to the SME.

By setting the TP-Status-Report-Request (TP-SRR) bit to 1 in a SMS-SUBMIT or SMS-COMMAND, the mobile phone requests a status report to be returned by the SMSC.

When the TP-SRQ has value of 1 in an SMS-STATUS-REPORT message, the message is the result of an SMS-COMMAND; otherwise it is a result of an SMS-SUBMIT.

When TP-UDHI has value 1, the TP-UD field starts with User Data Header.

Setting the TP-RP bits turns on a feature which allows to send a reply for a message using the same path as the original message. If the originator and the recipient home networks differ, the reply would go through another SMSC then usually. The mobile operator must take special measures to charge such messages.

Both SM-RP and MAP used to transmit GSM 03.40 TPDU carry enough information to return acknowledgementthe information whether a request was successful or not. However, a GSM 03.40 TPDU may be included in the acknowledgement to carry even more information. The GSM 03.40 has undergone the following development:

* Up to GSM 03.40 5.2.0 SMS-DELIVER-REPORT and SMS-SUBMIT-REPORT was sent only in the case of an error. Since 5.3.0 they are sent in case of success as well. MO-ForwardSM-Res was introduced back in GSM 09.02 5.6.0 August 1997
* Up to GSM 03.40 6.0.0 SMS-DELIVER-REPORT and SMS-SUBMIT-REPORT sent in case of an error contained only TP-MTI and TP-FCS fields and the last field in SMS-STATUS-REPORT was TP-ST. Since version 6.1.0 these TPDUs has format shown in the table above.

Although these changes are ancient (version 6.1.0 occurred in July 1998), old formats of MAP are frequently seen even in today's networks.

### Message Content

The content of the message (its text when the message is not a binary one) is carried in the TP-UD field. Its size may be up to 160 × 7 = 140 × 8 = 1120 bits. Longer messages can be split into multiple parts and sent as a Concatenated SMS. The length of message content is given in the TP-UDL field. When the message encoding is GSM 7-bit default alphabet (depends on TP-DCS field), the TP-UDL gives length of TP-UD in 7-bit units; otherwise TP-UDL gives length of the TP-UD in octets.

When TP-UDHI is 1, the TP-UD starts with User Data Header (UDH); in this case the first octet of the TP-UD is User Data Header Length (UDHL) octet, containing the length of the UDH in octets without UDHL itself. UDH eats room from the TP-UD field. When the message encoding is GSM 7-bit default alphabet and a UDH is present, fill bits are inserted to align start of the first character of the text after UDH with septet boundary. This behaviour was designed for older mobile phones which don't understand UDH; such mobile phones might display the UDH as a jumble of strange characters; if the first character after UDH was Carriage Return (CR), the mobile phone would rewrite the message with the rest of the message.

### Addresses

A GSM 03.40 message contains at most one address: destination address (TP-DA) in SMS-SUBMIT and SMS-COMMAND, originator address (TP-OA) in SMS-DELIVER and recipient address (TP-RA) in SMS-STATUS-REPORT. Other addresses are carried by lower layers.

The format of addresses in the GSM 03.40 is described in the following table:

| octet | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | address length in nibbles (semi-octets) |
| 1 | EXT, TON, NPI |
| 2-11 | address digits |

Type of number (TON):

| Bit
6 5 4 | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| 0 0 0 | Unknown |
| 0 0 1 | International number |
| 0 1 0 | National number |
| 0 1 1 | Network specific number |
| 1 0 0 | Subscriber number |
| 1 0 1 | Alphanumeric, (coded according to 3GPP TS 23.038 \[9\] GSM 7-bit default alphabet) |
| 1 1 0 | Abbreviated number |
| 1 1 1 | Reserved for extension |

If a subscriber enters a telephone number with \`+' sign at its start, the \`+' sign will be removed and the address gets TON=1 (international number), NPI=1. The number itself must always start with a country code and must be formatted exactly according to the E.164 standard.

In contrast, for numbers written without \`+' sign the address gets TON=0 (unknown), NPI=1. In this case the number must adhere to the mobile operator's dial plan, which means that international numbers must have the international prefix (00 in most countries, but 011 in the USA) before the country code and numbers for long-distance calls must start with the trunk prefix (0 in most countries, 1 in the USA) followed by a trunk code.

Numbering plan identification (NPI):

| Bits
3 2 1 0 | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| 0 0 0 0 | Unknown |
| 0 0 0 1 | ISDN/telephone numbering plan (E.164/E.163) |
| 0 0 1 1 | Data numbering plan (X.121) |
| 0 1 0 0 | Telex numbering plan |
| 0 1 0 1 | Service Centre Specific plan 1) |
| 0 1 1 0 | Service Centre Specific plan 2) |
| 1 0 0 0 | National numbering plan |
| 1 0 0 1 | Private numbering plan |
| 1 0 1 0 | ERMES numbering plan (ETSI DE/PS 3 01 3) |
| 1 1 1 1 | Reserved for extension |

Telephone numbers should have NPI=1. Application servers may use alphanumeric addresses which have TON=5, NPI=0 combination.

The EXT bit is always 1 meaning "no extension".

#### Address examples

U.S. number +1 555 123 4567 would be encoded as 0B 91 51 55 21 43 65 F7 (the F in upper four bits of the last octet is a filler which is used when the number length is odd).

Alphanumeric address is at first put to the GSM 7-bit default alphabet, then encoded the same way as any message text in TP-UD field (that means it is 7-bit packed) and then the address is supplied with the "number" length and TON and NPI.

For example, a fictional alphanumeric address *Design@Home* is converted to the GSM 7-bit default alphabet which yields 11 bytes 44 65 73 69 67 6E 00 48 6F 6D 65 (hex), the 7-bit packing transforms it to 77 bits stored in 10 octets as C4 F2 3C 7D 76 03 90 EF 76 19; 77 bits is 20 nibbles (14 hex) which is the value of the first octet of the address. The second octet contains TON (5) and NPI (0), which yields D0 hex. The complete address in the GSM format is 14 D0 C4 F2 3C 7D 76 03 90 EF 76 19.

### Message Reference

The Message Reference field (TP-MR) is used in all messages on the submission side with exception of the SMS-SUBMIT-REPORT (that is in SMS-SUBMIT, SMS-COMMAND and SMS-STATUS-REPORT). It is a single-octet value which is incremented each time a new message is submitted or a new SMS-COMMAND is sent. If the message submission fails, the mobile phone should repeat the submission with the same TP-MR value and with the TP-RD bit set to 1.

### Time Format

A date and time used in TP-SCTS, TP-DT and in Absolute format of TP-VP is stored in 7 octets:

Format of Date and Time Fields in SM-TL TPDU
| octet | Content |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | Last two digits of the year |
| 1 | Month |
| 2 | Day |
| 3 | Hour |
| 4 | Minute |
| 5 | Second |
| 6 | Time zone |

In all octets the values are stored in binary coded decimal format with switched digits (number 35 is stored as 53 hex).

Time zone is given in quarters of an hour. If the time zone offset is negative (in Western hemisphere) bit 3 of the last octet is set to 1.

23:01:56 Mar 25th 2013 PST (GMT-7) would be encoded as 31 30 52 32 10 65 8A.

In this example, the time zone, 8A is binary 1000 1010. Bit 3 is 1, therefore the time zone is negative. The remaining number (bit-wise 'and' with 1111 0111) is 1000 0010, hexadecimal 82. Treat this as any previous element in the sequence, (hex 82 represents number 28). Finally the time zone offset is given by 28 × 15 minutes = 420 minutes (7 hours).

### Validity Period

An SMS-SUBMIT TPDU may contain a TP-VP parameter which limits the time period for which the SMSC would attempt to deliver the message. However, the validity period is usually limited globally by the SMSC configuration parameter often to 48 or 72 hours. The Validity Period format is defined by the Validity Period Format field:

Validity Period Formats
| TP-VPF | TP-VP format | TP-VP length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 0 | TP-VP not present | 0 |
| 0 1 | Enhanced format | 7 |
| 1 0 | Relative format | 1 |
| 1 1 | Absolute format | 7 |

#### Relative format

Relative Validity Period Values
| TP-VP value | Validity period | Possible validity periods |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0–143 | (TP-VP + 1) x 5 minutes | 5, 10, 15 minutes ... 11:55, 12:00 hours |
| 144–167 | (12 + (TP-VP - 143) / 2 ) hours | 12:30, 13:00, ... 23:30, 24:00 hours |
| 168–196 | (TP-VP - 166) days | 2, 3, 4, ... 30 days |
| 197–255 | (TP-VP - 192) weeks | 5, 6, 7, ... 63 weeks |

#### Absolute format

The absolute format is identical to the other time formats in GSM 03.40.

#### Enhanced format

Enhanced format of TP-VP field is seldom used. It has always 7 octets, although some of them are not used. The first octet is TP-VP Functionality Indicator. Its 3 least significant bits have the following meaning:

Bits 2 to 0 of TP-VP Functionality Indicator meaning
| 2 1 0 | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| 0 0 0 | No validity period specified |
| 0 0 1 | The following octet is a relative validity period as described in the Relative Validity Period Values table |
| 0 1 0 | The following octet contains a relative validity period in seconds in the range 0 to 255 |
| 0 1 1 | The following 3 octets contain a relative validity period in hours, minutes and seconds as the 3rd to 5th octet of time format |
| 1 X X | Reserved |

The value of 1 in the bit 6 of the first octet means that the message is Single-shot. The value of 1 in the bit 7 of the first octet indicates that TP-VP functionality indicator extends to another octet. However, no such extensions are defined.

### Protocol Identifier

TP-PID (Protocol identifier) either refers to the higher layer protocol being used, indicates interworking with a certain type of telematic device (like fax, telex, pager, teletex, e-mail), specifies replace type of the message or allows download of configuration parameters to the SIM card. Plain MO-MT messages have PID=0.

| TP-PID | meaning |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | Default store and forward short message |
| 1–31 | no telematic interworking, but SME to SME protocol |
| 32 | implicit telemetic device |
| 33 | Telex or teletex reduced to telex format |
| 34 | Group 3 telefax |
| 35 | Group 4 telefax |
| 36 | Voice telephone |
| 37 | ERMES (European Radio Messaging System) |
| 38 | National Paging system (known to the SC) |
| 39 | Videotex (T.100 \[20\] /T.101 \[21\]) |
| 40 | Teletex, carrier unspecified |
| 41 | Teletex, in PSPDN |
| 42 | Teletex, in CSPDN |
| 43 | Teletex, in analog PSTN |
| 44 | Teletex, in digital ISDN |
| 45 | UCI (Universal Computer Interface, ETSI DE/PS 3 01 3) |
| 46–47 | Reserved |
| 48 | A message handling facility (known to the SC) |
| 49 | Any public X.400 based message handling system |
| 50 | Internet Electronic Mail |
| 51–55 | Reserved |
| 56–62 | SC-specific; usage based on mutual agreement between the SME and the SC |
| 63 | A GSM/UMTS mobile station. |
| 64 | Short Message Type 0 |
| 65 | Replace Short Message Type 1 |
| 66 | Replace Short Message Type 2 |
| 67 | Replace Short Message Type 3 |
| 68 | Replace Short Message Type 4 |
| 69 | Replace Short Message Type 5 |
| 70 | Replace Short Message Type 6 |
| 71 | Replace Short Message Type 7 |
| 72 | Device Triggering Short Message |
| 73–93 | Reserved |
| 94 | Enhanced Message Service (Obsolete) |
| 95 | Return Call Message |
| 96–123 | Reserved |
| 124 | ANSI-136 R-DATA |
| 125 | ME Data download |
| 126 | ME De personalization Short Message |
| 127 | (U)SIM Data download |
| 128–191 | reserved |
| 192–255 | Assigns bits 0 5 for SC specific use |

For TP-PID = 63 the SC converts the SM from the received TP Data Coding Scheme to any data coding scheme supported by that MS (e.g. the default).

Short Message Type 0 is known as a silent SMS. Any handset must be able to receive such short message irrespective of whether there is memory available in the (U)SIM or ME or not, must acknowledge receipt of the message, but must not indicate its receipt to the user and must discard its contents, so the message will not be stored in the (U)SIM or ME.

### Data Coding Scheme

A special 7-bit encoding called *GSM 7 bit default alphabet* was designed for Short Message System in GSM. The alphabet contains the most-often used symbols from most Western-European languages (and some Greek uppercase letters). Some ASCII characters and the Euro sign did not fit into the GSM 7-bit default alphabet and must be encoded using two septets. These characters form GSM 7-bit default alphabet *extension table*. Support of the GSM 7-bit alphabet is mandatory for GSM handsets and network elements.

Languages which use Latin script, but use characters which are not present in the GSM 7-bit default alphabet, often replace missing characters with diacritic marks with corresponding characters without diacritics, which causes a not entirely satisfactory user experience, but is often accepted. For best look the 16-bit UTF-16 (in GSM called UCS-2) encoding may be used at price of reducing length of a (non segmented) message from 160 to 70 characters.

The messages in Chinese, Korean or Japanese languages must be encoded using the UTF-16 character encoding. The same was also true for other languages using non-Latin scripts like Russian, Arabic, Hebrew and various Indian languages. In 3GPP TS 23.038 8.0.0 published in 2008 a new feature, an extended National language shift table was introduced, which in the version 11.0.0 published in 2012 covers Turkish, Spanish, Portuguese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu languages. The mechanism replaces GSM 7-bit default alphabet code table and/or extended table with a national table(s) according to special information elements in User Data Header. The non-segmented message using national language shift table(s) may carry up to 155 (or 153) 7-bit characters.

The Data Coding Scheme (TP-DCS) field contains primarily information about message encoding. GSM recognizes only 2 encodings for text messages and 1 encoding for binary messages:

* GSM 7-bit default alphabet (which includes using of National language shift tables as well)
* UCS-2
* 8-bit data

The TP-DCS octet has a complex syntax to allow carrying of other information; the most notable are message classes:

Message Classes
| Value | Message Class |
| --- | --- |
| 0 0 | 0 - Flash messages |
| 0 1 | 1 - ME-specific |
| 1 0 | 2 - SIM / USIM specific |
| 1 1 | 3 - TE-specific |

Flash messages are received by a mobile phone even though it has full memory. They are not stored in the phone, they just displayed on the phone display.

Another feature available through TP-DCS is Automatic Deletion: after reading the message is deleted from the phone.

Message Waiting Indication group of DCS values can set or reset flags of indicating presence of unread voicemail, fax, e-mail or other messages.

A special DCS values also allows message compression, but it perhaps is not used by any operator.

The values of TP-DCS are defined in GSM recommendation 03.38. Messages sent via this encoding can be encoded in the default GSM 7-bit alphabet, the 8-bit data alphabet, and the 16-bit UCS-2 alphabet.

### Discharge Time

The TP-DT field indicates the time and date associated with a particular TP-ST outcome:

* if the message has been delivered or, more generally, other transaction completed (TP-ST is 0-31), the TP-DT is the time of the completion of the transaction
* if the SMSC is still trying to deliver the message (TP-ST is 32-63), the TP-DT is the time of the last delivery attempt
* if the SMSC is not making any more delivery attempts (TP-ST is 64-127), the TP-DT is either the time of the last delivery attempt or the time at which the SMSC disposed the message

### Parameter Indicator

The TP-PI field indicates presence of further fields in the SUBMIT-REPORT, DELIVER-REPORT or SMS-STATUS-REPORT TPDU.

TP-PI bits
| bit | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | TP-PID |
| 1 | TP-DCS |
| 2 | TP-UDL and TP-UD |
| 8 | another TP-PI octet (extension bit) |

As currently there are still four free bits in TP-PI, it can be expected that the extension bit will be zero even in the future, which helps to distinguish TP-PI field from TP-FCS field when information whether TPDU is part of positive or negative response is not available: if the most significant bit of the second octet of TPDU is 1, the second octet is TP-FCS (in a negative response), otherwise it is TP-PI (in a positive response).


title: HMS Redpole (1808)

abstract: HMS Redpole was a sailing brig of the Royal Navy, launched in July 1808. She was 238 52⁄94(tons bm), armed with eight 18-pounder carronades and two 6-pound bow chasers, and carried a crew of 75. One of the notorious Cherokee class, dubbed 'coffin brigs' because of the large numbers that were wrecked or foundered, she was sunk in action in August 1828 but prior to that played an active part in the Napoleonic Wars. At the Battle of the Basque Roads in 1809, she and HMS Lyra guided the fireships into position, during the initial attack, then later engaged French ships, stranded in the Charente River. In September, she took part in the Walcheren expedition; an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to destroy the dockyards and arsenals at Antwerp, Terneuse and Flushing, and to capture the French fleet stationed in the river Scheldt. Redpole was serving in the English Channel Fleet when, on 3 September 1811, she and another Cherokee-class brig, HMS Rinaldo, attacked the Boulogne flotilla, despite being outnumbered. Unable to inflict any substantial damage, the two British brigs eventually withdrew. On 21 September, Napoleon Bonaparte, who was at Boulogne carrying out an inspection of his invasion fleet, spotted Redpole, Rinaldo, the frigate HMS Naiad, and the brigs HMS Castillian and HMS Viper off the coast and ordered a division of 12-gun prames and 15 smaller vessels, to attack. Redpole and Rinaldo badly damaged the 12-gun Ville de Lyon, which was subsequently boarded and captured by men from Naiad. After the war, Redpole was converted for use as a packet boat and employed on the Falmouth Packet Service. While returning to Britain from Rio de Janeiro in August 1828, she was caught in an action with an 18-gun pirate vessel. Following an engagement of about an hour-and-a-quarter, Redpole sank with all lives lost.

text:
# HMS Redpole (1808)

**HMS *Redpole*** was a sailing brig of the Royal Navy, launched in July 1808. She was 238 5294(tons bm), armed with eight 18-pounder carronades and two 6-pound bow chasers, and carried a crew of 75. One of the notorious *Cherokee* class, dubbed 'coffin brigs' because of the large numbers that were wrecked or foundered, she was sunk in action in August 1828 but prior to that played an active part in the Napoleonic Wars.

At the Battle of the Basque Roads in 1809, she and HMS *Lyra* guided the fireships into position, during the initial attack, then later engaged French ships, stranded in the Charente River. In September, she took part in the Walcheren expedition; an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to destroy the dockyards and arsenals at Antwerp, Terneuse and Flushing, and to capture the French fleet stationed in the river Scheldt. *Redpole* was serving in the English Channel Fleet when, on 3 September 1811, she and another *Cherokee*-class brig, HMS *Rinaldo*, attacked the Boulogne flotilla, despite being outnumbered. Unable to inflict any substantial damage, the two British brigs eventually withdrew. On 21 September, Napoleon Bonaparte, who was at Boulogne carrying out an inspection of his invasion fleet, spotted *Redpole*, *Rinaldo*, the frigate HMS *Naiad*, and the brigs HMS *Castillian* and HMS *Viper* off the coast and ordered a division of 12-gun prames and 15 smaller vessels, to attack. *Redpole* and *Rinaldo* badly damaged the 12-gun *Ville de Lyon*, which was subsequently boarded and captured by men from *Naiad*.

After the war, *Redpole* was converted for use as a packet boat and employed on the Falmouth Packet Service. While returning to Britain from Rio de Janeiro in August 1828, she was caught in an action with an 18-gun pirate vessel. Following an engagement of about an hour-and-a-quarter, *Redpole* sank with all lives lost.

## Design and armament

HMS *Redpole* was a 10-gun brig-sloop of the Royal Navy. Designed by Henry Peake, she was one of the *Cherokee* class that were later dubbed 'coffin brigs' because of the large numbers that were wrecked or foundered They were not as well armed nor as highly regarded as the larger *Cruizer* class but were nimble; quick to change tack and with a smaller crew, more economical to run.

The Admiralty ordered *Redpole* on 31 December 1807 and work began in the May following, when her keel was laid down at the yard of Robert Guillaume in Northam on the banks of the Itchen.

Launched on 29 July 1808, her dimensions were: 89 feet 11 inches (27.4 m) along the gun deck, 73 feet 8+12 inches (22.5 m) at the keel, with a beam of 24 feet 8 inches (7.5 m) and a depth in the hold of 10 feet 10+12 inches (3 m). This made her 238 5294 (bm). She would have a complement of 75 men when fully manned.

Her armament comprised eight 18-pounder carronades and two 6-pound long guns directed forward for use as bow chasers. The carronades were lighter so could be manoeuvred with fewer men and had a faster rate of fire but had a much shorter range than the long gun.

## Service

*Redpole* was first commissioned in September 1808 under Commander John Joyce and was taken to The Downs, where she was completed by 17 November. In 1809, she convoyed a squadron of fireships to the Basque Roads, joining James Gambier's fleet there on 10 April. On the journey out, she and HMS *Dotterel* captured a chasse maree, *Maria Anne* on 6 April. At the Battle of the Basque Roads, *Redpole* was one of the vessels that acted as a lightship, guiding the fireships to their targets during the initial attack on 11 April.

At 12:00 on 13 April, after Lord Cochrane had taken his squadron into the Basque Roads to attack the stranded French fleet, *Redpole*, *Dotterel*, HMS *Foxhound* and two rocket vessels, joined Cochrane at the mouth of the Charente River where several enemy ships had been driven onto the shoals. Cochrane was recalled and replaced in charge by George Wolfe of HMS *Aigle*. At around 15:30 on 14 April, the brigs and the bomb vessel, HMS *Aetna*, bombarded the French ships that had been working their way up the river at high tide but were now aground once more. The offensive lasted until 19:00 but had little effect. Sporadic attacks continued on the French fleet until 29 April when the last assailable enemy ship, the 74-gun *Regulus* got free and escaped upriver. The crew of *Redpole* would later receive a share of the prize money for the enemy vessels captured or destroyed during the battle.

Later in 1809, *Redpole* was sent to the North Sea where she took part in Walcheren expedition. Comprising more than 600 vessels and nearly 40,000 troops, it left The Downs on 28 July, intent on destroying the dockyards and arsenals at Antwerp, Terneuse and Flushing, and capturing the French fleet stationed in the river Scheldt. A two-day long bombardment of Flushing forced its capitulation on 15 August and left the British in control of Walcheren, which they garrisoned with 10,000 troops. Schouwen and Duiveland on the Eastern branch of the Scheldt, were occupied peacefully two days later. The French fleet had already withdrawn to Antwerp however, leaving more than 35,000 French soldiers, garrisoned in heavily armed forts at Lillo, Liefkenshoech, and Antwerp, between them and the British. The deliberate destruction of dykes by the French had led to widespread flooding, and with disease spreading through the British army, it was decided to abandon the expedition in early September. Also in September, Commander Colin MacDonald took charge of *Redpole* and on 10 December, she captured the 16-gun privateer, *Grand Rodeur*.

In 1811, *Redpole* was attached to the Western Squadron in the English Channel, keeping an eye on Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion fleet at Boulogne. On 3 September movement was detected among the Boulogne flotilla and *Redpole* and HMS *Rinaldo* took up a position to windward in order to attack should any enemy vessels stray too far from the shore. On following a prame and 4-gun brig, they discovered a portion of the flotilla which, despite being outnumbered, they attacked. Minimal damage was done however, and the two British brigs eventually withdrew.

On 20 September Napoleon arrived to inspect his invasion fleet and on discovering HMS *Naiad* lying off the coast, ordered Rear Admiral Baste to take a division of 12-gun prames, a bomb vessel and ten 4-gun brigs, and attack her. *Naiad*, anchored with springs, forced the French to retreat beneath the shore batteries after an hour-and-a-half-long engagement at distance.

The following day, the prames were again sent out with 15 smaller vessels but by then, *Naiad* had been reinforced by *Redpole* and *Rinaldo*, the 18-gun HMS *Castillian* and 8-gun HMS *Viper*. Baste only just managed to avoid being captured, and the 12-gun *Ville de Lyon*, in attempting to rescue his prame, was badly damaged by *Redpole* and *Rinaldo*, then boarded and captured by men from the *Naiad*. The British ships withdrew when the battle drifted within range of the French batteries.

By October 1812, *Redpole* was back in the Downs and under Commander Alexander Fraser. Between June 1814 and 1815 she was under Commander Edward Denman and in August 1815, *Redpole* escorted Napoleon, in HMS *Northumberland*, to exile in St Helena.

## Post-war service and fate

*Redpole* was undergoing repairs at Plymouth from June 1816 until May 1817 then refitted for foreign service, still at Plymouth from September to November 1817. She was recommissioned in September 1817 under Commander James Pasley for a further trip to St Helena. In October 1819, *Redpole* was at Portsmouth under Commander William Evance, who remained her captain until November 1820 when she was recommissioned by D. D. H. Haye and sailed to the Mediterranean.

Between July 1824 and February 1825, *Redpole* was converted for use as a packet boat at Plymouth. Under her master, John Bullock, she was employed on the Falmouth Packet Service. While returning to Britain from Rio de Janeiro in August 1828, she was caught in an action with an 18-gun pirate vessel from Buenos Aires, *Congress*. After an engagement off Cape Frio, lasting about an hour-and-a-quarter, *Redpole* sank with all hands lost.

## Citations

1. Blake p. 42
2. Gardiner p. 90
3. Knight pp. 60, 170
4. Winfield p. 314
5. Henry pp. 13–17
6. James p. 105
7. "No. 16355". *The London Gazette*. 27 March 1810. p. 465.
8. James p. 120
9. James pp. 120–121
10. James pp. 121–122
11. "No. 17458". *The London Gazette*. 9 March 1819. p. 450.
12. James pp. 131–132
13. James p. 138
14. James pp. 134, 138
15. James pp. 138–139
16. Clowes p. 492
17. Davies p. 188
18. Clowes p. 493
19. Ussher p. 191
* Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (1999). *The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy*. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-090-6.
* Clowes, William Laird (1997) \[1900\]. *The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V*. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-014-0.
* Davies, David (1996). *Fighting Ships*. Fulham Palace Road, London.: Constable and Robinson Limited. ISBN 1-84119-469-7.
* Gardiner, R. (2001). *The Naval War of 1812*. Nottingham: Caxton Editions. ISBN 978-1840673609.
* Henry, Chris (2004). *Napoleonic Naval Armaments 1792-1815*. Botley, Oxford.: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-635-5.
* James, William (1827). *The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume V, 1808–1811*. London: Richard Bentley. OCLC 918372293.
* Knight, Roger (2022). *Convoys - Britain's Struggle Against Napoleonic Europe and America*. Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300246971.
* Ussher, Thomas (1906). *Napoleon's last voyages : being the diaries of Admiral Sir Thomas Ussher, R. N., K. C. B. (on board the "Undaunted"), and John R. Glover, secretary to Rear Admiral Cockburn (on board the "Northumberland")*. New York: Charles Scribner. OCLC 1049880975.
* Winfield, Rif (2008). *British Warships in the Age of Sail 17931817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. Barnsley: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Redpole* |
| Namesake | redpoll |
| Ordered | 31 December 1807 |
| Builder | Robert Guillaume, Northam, Southampton |
| Laid down | May 1808 |
| Launched | 29 July 1808 |
| Completed | 17 November 1808 |
| Commissioned | September 1808 |
| Fate | Sunk in action |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Cherokee*-class brig-sloop |
| Tons burthen | 238 5294 (tons bm) |
| Length | * 89 ft 11 in (27.4 m) (gundeck) * 73 ft 8+12 in (22.5 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 24 ft 8 in (7.5 m) |
| Draught | 6 ft 6 in (2 m) (bow) 9 ft 3 in (3 m) |
| Depth of hold | 10 ft 10+12 in (3 m) |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Sail plan | brig |
| Complement | 75 |
| Armament |  |


title: Wang's Carpets

abstract: "Wang's Carpets" is a science-fiction short story by Australian writer Greg Egan, first published in New Legends edited by Greg Bear and Martin H. Greenberg on 5 April 1995. It was later included in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Thirteenth Annual Collection in 1996 and Best of the Best: 20 Years of the Year's Best Science Fiction in 2005, both edited by Gardner Dozois, as well as The Mammoth Book of Extreme Science Fiction edited by Mike Ashley in 2006. The short story was also included in Egan's novel Diaspora. The title refers to the mathematician Wang Hao.

text:
# Wang's Carpets

"**Wang's Carpets**" is a science-fiction short story by Australian writer Greg Egan, first published in *New Legends* edited by Greg Bear and Martin H. Greenberg on 5 April 1995.

It was later included in *The Year's Best Science Fiction: Thirteenth Annual Collection* in 1996 and *Best of the Best: 20 Years of the Year's Best Science Fiction* in 2005, both edited by Gardner Dozois, as well as *The Mammoth Book of Extreme Science Fiction* edited by Mike Ashley in 2006. The short story was also included in Egan's novel *Diaspora* (but minorly reworked). The title refers to the mathematician Wang Hao (or Hao Wang in western order).

## Plot

When the polis Carter-Zimmermann reaches the planet Orpheus in orbit around the star Vega, alien life is found in its oceans. An attempt for first contact fails, but micro probes sent down reveal their structure to be that of carpets made out of 20,000 unique polysaccarides. Closer inspection reveals, that the carpets are growing by adding new lines of polysaccarides and that they are resembling Wang tiles. According to a theorem by Hao Wang, any Turing machine can be described this way with new lines corresponding to new iterations of the calculation. A Fourier transformation uncovers, that the carpets are simulating a sixteen-dimensional universe and squid-like aliens living within. Even though contacting them is impossible, the characters reflect that them waiting on aliens to communicate with and seeing these ones as isolated also applies the exact other way around.

## Reception

### Reviews

Rich Horton, writing in the *Locus Magazine*, compares Egan's other short story "3-adica" to "Wang's Carpets" and calls the latter "one of his very best".

Greg Johnson, writing for the *SF Site*, states that "the references to 'Gleisner body' and 'physiological model', in the context of Egan's universe, are very revealing" and that "Egan's technical and scientific language works to a double purpose," since "it contributes to the story's worldbuilding and adds to characterization."

### Awards

The short story was nominated for the Aurealis Award for Best Science Fiction Short Story in 1995. Egan's other short stories "Mister Volition" and "Luminous" were also nominated with the latter winning the award that year.

## InfoBox

| "Wang's Carpets" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Greg Egan | |
| Country | Australia |
| Language | English |
| Genre(s) | Science fiction |
| Publication | |
| Published in | *New Legends* |
| Media type | Print |
| Publication date | 5 April 1995 |


title: Jamarko Simmons

abstract: Jamarko Simmons is a former American football wide receiver. He was originally signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2009 but was cut after sustaining a leg injury that sidelined him for several weeks.

text:
# Jamarko Simmons

**Jamarko Simmons** (born September 23, 1986) is a former American football wide receiver. He was originally signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2009 but was cut after sustaining a leg injury that sidelined him for several weeks.

## Early life

Simmons played high school football, basketball and track for Flint Central High School in Flint, Michigan.

## College career

Simmons played football at Western Michigan University, and was a standout wide receiver. He is the Broncos all-time receptions leader.

## Professional career

### Virginia Destroyers

Simmons was signed by the Virginia Destroyers of the United Football League on July 6, 2011. Simmons helped the Destroyers win the 2011 UFL Championship Game.

### Jacksonville Sharks

Simmons signed with the Jacksonville Sharks of the Arena Football League on July 19, 2011. Simmons was a key contributor for the Sharks throughout the 2011 season. The Sharks won Arena Bowl XXVI, in which Simmons scored three touchdowns.

### New York Jets

Simmons was signed by the New York Jets to their practice squad on October 31, 2011. Simmons was placed on the practice squad injured reserve list on December 12, 2011 after suffering a back injury.

### Jacksonville Sharks

On April 10, 2012, it was announced that Simmons signed on for his second stint with the Jacksonville Sharks.

### San Jose SaberCats

Simmons played the 2013 season with the San Jose SaberCats.

### Iowa Barnstormers

On November 22, 2013, the SaberCats traded Simmons to the Iowa Barnstormers in exchange for waiver positioning.

### Las Vegas Outlaws

On October 28, 2014, Simmons was assigned to the Las Vegas Outlaws.

## InfoBox

Jamarko Simmons
| No. 27, 80 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1986-09-23) September 23, 1986<br>Flint, Michigan, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 235 lb (107 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Flint (MI) Central |
| College: | Western Michigan |
| Undrafted: | 2009 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career Arena statistics | |
| Receptions: 131  Receiving yards: 1,394  Receiving touchdowns: 35  Rushing yards: 74  Rushing touchdowns: 21 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **ArenaFan.com** | |
|  | |


title: Swimming at the 1992 Summer Olympics

text:
# Swimming at the 1992 Summer Olympics

At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, 31 swimming events were contested. There was a total of 641 participants from 92 countries competing.

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | United States (USA) | 11 | 9 | 7 | 27 |
| 2 | Unified Team (EUN) | 6 | 3 | 1 | 10 |
| 3 | Hungary (HUN) | 5 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
| 4 | China (CHN) | 4 | 5 | 0 | 9 |
| 5 | Germany (GER) | 1 | 3 | 7 | 11 |
| 6 | Australia (AUS) | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| 7 | Canada (CAN) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 8 | Japan (JPN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Spain (ESP) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 10 | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 11 | Brazil (BRA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | New Zealand (NZL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Poland (POL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | France (FRA) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 15 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 16 | Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Suriname (SUR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (18 entries) | | 31 | 31 | 31 | 93 |

## Medal summary

### Men's events

| Games | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle
 | Alexander Popov
Unified Team
( Russia) | 21.91 **OR**, **ER** | Matt Biondi
United States | 22.09 | Tom Jager
United States | 22.30 |
| 100 m freestyle
 | Alexander Popov
Unified Team
( Russia) | 49.02 **ER** | Gustavo Borges
Brazil | 49.43 **SA** | Stéphan Caron
France | 49.50 |
| 200 m freestyle
 | Yevgeny Sadovyi
Unified Team
( Russia) | 1:46.70 **OR**, **NR** | Anders Holmertz
Sweden | 1:46.86 | Antti Kasvio
Finland | 1:47.63 **NR** |
| 400 m freestyle
 | Yevgeny Sadovyi
Unified Team
( Russia) | 3:45.00 **WR** | Kieren Perkins
Australia | 3:45.16 **OC** | Anders Holmertz
Sweden | 3:46.77 **NR** |
| 1500 m freestyle
 | Kieren Perkins
Australia | 14:43.48 **WR** | Glen Housman
Australia | 14:55.29 | Jörg Hoffmann
Germany | 15:02.29 |
| 100 m backstroke
 | Mark Tewksbury
Canada | 53.98 **OR**, **NR** | Jeff Rouse
United States | 54.04 | David Berkoff
United States | 54.78 |
| 200 m backstroke
 | Martin López-Zubero
Spain | 1:58.47 **OR** | Vladimir Selkov
Unified Team
( Russia) | 1:58.87 | Stefano Battistelli
Italy | 1:59.40 |
| 100 m breaststroke
 | Nelson Diebel
United States | 1:01.50 **OR** | Norbert Rózsa
Hungary | 1:01.68 | Phil Rogers
Australia | 1:01.76 **OC** |
| 200 m breaststroke
 | Mike Barrowman
United States | 2:10.16 **WR** | Norbert Rózsa
Hungary | 2:11.23 **ER** | Nick Gillingham
Great Britain | 2:11.29 **NR** |
| 100 m butterfly
 | Pablo Morales
United States | 53.32 | Rafał Szukała
Poland | 53.35 **NR** | Anthony Nesty
Suriname | 53.41 |
| 200 m butterfly
 | Melvin Stewart
United States | 1:56.26 **OR** | Danyon Loader
New Zealand | 1:57.93 | Franck Esposito
France | 1:58.51 |
| 200 m individual medley
 | Tamás Darnyi
Hungary | 2:00.76 | Greg Burgess
United States | 2:00.97 | Attila Czene
Hungary | 2:01.00 |
| 400 m individual medley
 | Tamás Darnyi
Hungary | 4:14.23 **OR** | Eric Namesnik
United States | 4:15.57 | Luca Sacchi
Italy | 4:16.34 **NR** |
| 4 × 100 m freestyle relay
 | United States (USA)
Joe Hudepohl (50.05)
Matt Biondi (48.69)
Tom Jager (49.72)
Jon Olsen (48.28)
Shaun Jordan*
Joel Thomas* | 3:16.74 | Unified Team (EUN)
Pavlo Khnykin (49.92)
Gennadiy Prigoda (50.05)
Yuri Bashkatov (49.76)
Alexander Popov (47.83)
Vladimir Pyshnenko*
Veniamin Tayanovich* | 3:17.56 | Germany (GER)
Dirk Richter (49.97)
Christian Tröger (49.35)
Steffen Zesner (49.78)
Mark Pinger (48.80)
Andreas Szigat*
Bengt Zikarsky* | 3:17.90 **NR** |
| 4 × 200 m freestyle relay
 | Unified Team (EUN)
Dmitry Lepikov (1:49.55)
Vladimir Pyshnenko (1:46.58)
Veniamin Tayanovich (1:48.99)
Yevgeny Sadovyi (1:46.83)
Aleksey Kudryavtsev*
Yury Mukhin* | 7:11.95 **WR** | Sweden (SWE)
Christer Wallin (1:49.69)
Anders Holmertz (1:46.16)
Tommy Werner (1:49.35)
Lars Frölander (1:50.31) | 7:15.51 **NR** | United States (USA)
Joe Hudepohl (1:49.52)
Melvin Stewart (1:48.41)
Jon Olsen (1:49.19)
Doug Gjertsen (1:49.11)
Scott Jaffe*
Dan Jorgensen* | 7:16.23 |
| 4 × 100 medley relay
 | United States (USA)
Jeff Rouse (53.86) **WR**
Nelson Diebel (1:01.45)
Pablo Morales (52.83)
Jon Olsen (48.79)
David Berkoff*
Hans Dersch*
Melvin Stewart*
Matt Biondi* | 3:36.93 **=WR** | Unified Team (EUN)
Vladimir Selkov (55.50)
Vasili Ivanov (1:01.59)
Pavlo Khnykin (53.56)
Alexander Popov (47.91)
Vladimir Pyshnenko*
Vladislav Kulikov*
Dmitri Volkov* | 3:38.56 | Canada (CAN)
Mark Tewksbury (54.09)
Jonathan Cleveland (1:01.93)
Marcel Gery (53.72)
Stephen Clarke (49.92)
Tom Ponting* | 3:39.66 |

* Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

### Women's events

| Games | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle
 | Yang Wenyi
China | 24.79 **WR** | Zhuang Yong
China | 25.08 | Angel Martino
United States | 25.23 |
| 100 m freestyle
 | Zhuang Yong
China | 54.64 **OR** | Jenny Thompson
United States | 54.84 | Franziska van Almsick
Germany | 54.94 |
| 200 m freestyle
 | Nicole Haislett
United States | 1:57.90 **AM** | Franziska van Almsick
Germany | 1:58.00 | Kerstin Kielgass
Germany | 1:59.67 |
| 400 m freestyle
 | Dagmar Hase
Germany | 4:07.18 | Janet Evans
United States | 4:07.37 | Hayley Lewis
Australia | 4:11.22 |
| 800 m freestyle
 | Janet Evans
United States | 8:25.52 | Hayley Lewis
Australia | 8:30.34 | Jana Henke
Germany | 8:30.99 |
| 100 m backstroke
 | Krisztina Egerszegi
Hungary | 1:00.68 **OR** | Tünde Szabó
Hungary | 1:01.14 | Lea Loveless
United States | 1:01.43 |
| 200 m backstroke
 | Krisztina Egerszegi
Hungary | 2:07.06 **OR** | Dagmar Hase
Germany | 2:09.46 **NR** | Nicole Stevenson
Australia | 2:10.20 **OC** |
| 100 m breaststroke
 | Yelena Rudkovskaya
Unified Team
( Belarus) | 1:08.00 **NR** | Anita Nall
United States | 1:08.17 **AM** | Samantha Riley
Australia | 1:09.25 **OC** |
| 200 m breaststroke
 | Kyoko Iwasaki
Japan | 2:26.65 **OR**, **AS** | Lin Li
China | 2:26.85 **NR** | Anita Nall
United States | 2:26.88 |
| 100 m butterfly
 | Qian Hong
China | 58.62 **OR** | Crissy Ahmann-Leighton
United States | 58.74 | Catherine Plewinski
France | 59.01 **NR** |
| 200 m butterfly
 | Summer Sanders
United States | 2:08.67 | Wang Xiaohong
China | 2:09.01 **AS** | Susie O'Neill
Australia | 2:09.03 **OC** |
| 200 m individual medley
 | Lin Li
China | 2:11.65 **WR** | Summer Sanders
United States | 2:11.91 **AM** | Daniela Hunger
Germany | 2:13.92 |
| 400 m individual medley
 | Krisztina Egerszegi
Hungary | 4:36.54 **NR** | Lin Li
China | 4:36.73 **AS** | Summer Sanders
United States | 4:37.58 **AM** |
| 4 × 100 m freestyle relay
 | United States (USA)
Nicole Haislett (55.33)
Dara Torres (55.33)
Angel Martino (54.79)
Jenny Thompson (54.01)
Ashley Tappin*
Crissy Ahmann-Leighton* | 3:39.46 **WR** | China (CHN)
Zhuang Yong (54.51) **OR**
Lu Bin (55.90)
Yang Wenyi (54.90)
Le Jingyi (54.81)
Zhao Kun* | 3:40.12 **AS** | Germany (GER)
Franziska van Almsick (54.99)
Simone Osygus (55.74)
Daniela Hunger (55.12)
Manuela Stellmach (55.75)
Kerstin Kielgass*
Annette Hadding* | 3:41.60 |
| 4 × 100 m medley relay
 | United States (USA)
Lea Loveless (1:00.82) **AM**
Anita Nall (1:08.67)
Crissy Ahmann-Leighton (58.58)
Jenny Thompson (54.47)
Janie Wagstaff*
Megan Kleine*
Summer Sanders*
Nicole Haislett* | 4:02.54 **WR** | Germany (GER)
Dagmar Hase (1:01.61)
Jana Dörries (1:09.43)
Franziska van Almsick (59.08)
Daniela Hunger (55.07)
Daniela Brendel*
Bettina Ustrowski*
Simone Osygus* | 4:05.19 | Unified Team (EUN)
Nina Zhivanevskaya (1:02.54)
Yelena Rudkovskaya (1:07.44)
Olga Kiritchenko (1:00.98)
Natalya Meshcheryakova (55.48)
Elena Choubina* | 4:06.44 |

* Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

## Participating nations

641 swimmers from 92 nations competed.

## InfoBox

| Swimming
at the Games of the XXV Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Piscines Bernat Picornell | |
| Venue | Piscines Bernat Picornell |
| Dates | 26 – 31 July 1992 |
| No. of events | 31 |
| Competitors | 641 from 92 nations |
|


title: Ostrówek, Turek County

abstract: Ostrówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobra, within Turek County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south of Dobra, 17 km (11 mi) southeast of Turek, and 129 km (80 mi) southeast of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Ostrówek, Turek County

**Ostrówek** \[ɔsˈtruvɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobra, within Turek County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south of Dobra, 17 km (11 mi) southeast of Turek, and 129 km (80 mi) southeast of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Ostrówek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ostrówek | |
| Coordinates: 51°53′N 18°36′E / 51.883°N 18.600°E / 51.883; 18.600 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Turek |
| Gmina | Dobra |


title: Margarita Tamargo-Sanchez

abstract: Dr. Margarita Tamargo-Sanchez was a prominent pharmacist and bacteriologist in Cuba. Dr. Tamargo-Sanchez was the daughter of Domingo Tamargo-Bautista (1883–1947) and Gloria Sanchez-del Monte (1888–1963). She never married but had three siblings, Ana Gloria (1910–1996), Domingo Alberto (1913–2002), and Alberto (1919–1984). She graduated from University of Havana in 1939, obtaining a doctorate in pharmacy, and became the director of the pharmacy department of the anti-tuberculosis Children's Hospital in Havana. In 1949, she won a scholarship to further studies specialized in bacteriology with Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin, becoming the first Cuban woman to obtain this scholarship. She studied under the direction of Dr. Fleming at St. Mary's Hospital in the University of London and, later, Dr. Fleming and his wife visited Tamargo-Sanchez and her family in Cuba, where, at her request, he lectured at the University of Havana. She came to the United States in 1968 and worked at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, until her retirement in 1980. She then spent her last 22 years in Miami with her family.

text:
# Margarita Tamargo-Sanchez

Dr. **Margarita Tamargo-Sanchez** (September 30, 1915 in Havana, Cuba  October 2, 2005 in Miami, Florida) was a prominent pharmacist and bacteriologist in Cuba.

Dr. Tamargo-Sanchez was the daughter of Domingo Tamargo-Bautista (1883–1947) and Gloria Sanchez-del Monte (1888–1963). She never married but had three siblings, Ana Gloria (1910–1996) (wife of Francisco Diaz-Silveira Lopez), Domingo Alberto (1913–2002), and Alberto (1919–1984).

She graduated from University of Havana in 1939, obtaining a doctorate in pharmacy, and became the director of the pharmacy department of the anti-tuberculosis Children's Hospital in Havana. In 1949, she won a scholarship to further studies specialized in bacteriology with Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin, becoming the first Cuban woman to obtain this scholarship. She studied under the direction of Dr. Fleming at St. Mary's Hospital in the University of London and, later, Dr. Fleming and his wife visited Tamargo-Sanchez and her family in Cuba, where, at her request, he lectured at the University of Havana.

She came to the United States in 1968 and worked at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, until her retirement in 1980. She then spent her last 22 years in Miami with her family.

* *The Miami Herald* \- October 4, 2005
* *Anuario Social de La Habana 1939*, Julio de Cespedes & Miguel Baguer, editors (Havana, Cuba: Luz-Hilo, S.A., 1939) (in Spanish)
* *Directorio Social de la Habana 1948*, Maria R. de Fontanills & Eduardo Fontanills Jr., editors (Havana, Cuba: P. Fernandez y Cia., S. en C., 1948) (in Spanish)
* *Libro de Oro de la Sociedad Habanera 1949*, Joaquin de Posada, Eduardo Cidre & Pablo Alvarez de Canas, editors (Havana, Cuba: Editorial Lex, 1949) (in Spanish)
* *Libro de Oro de la Sociedad Habanera 1950*, Joaquin de Posada, Eduardo Cidre & Pablo Alvarez de Canas, editors (Havana, Cuba: Editorial Lex, 1950) (in Spanish)
* *Libro de Oro de la Sociedad Habanera 1953*, Joaquin de Posada & Pablo Alvarez de Canas, editors (Havana, Cuba: Editorial Lex, 1953) (in Spanish)
* *Registro Social de la Habana 1955*, Julio de Cespedes, editor (Havana, Cuba: Molina y Cia., S.A., 1955) (in Spanish)
* *Registro Social de la Habana 1958*, Julio de Cespedes, editor (Havana, Cuba: Molina y Cia., S.A., 1958) (in Spanish)
* *Anuario de Familias Cubanas 1988*, Joaquin de Posada, editor (Costa Rica: Trejos Hermanos Sucrs., Inc., 1988) (in Spanish)

## InfoBox

| Margarita Tamargo-Sanchez | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 30 September 1915
Havana, Cuba |
| Died | 2 October 2005
Miami, Florida USA |


title: Melissa River

abstract: The Melissa River is a river of Paraná state in southern Brazil.

text:
# Melissa River

The **Melissa River** is a river of Paraná state in southern Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Melissa River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Paraná state |
|  | |
| Mouth | Piquiri River |
| coordinates | 24°29′S 53°13′W / 24.483°S 53.217°W / -24.483; -53.217 |


title: Thibault Damour

abstract: Thibault Damour is a French physicist. He was a permanent professor in theoretical physics at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS) from 1989 to 2022. Since then, he is professor emeritus. An expert in general relativity, he has long taught this theory at the École Normale Supérieure (Ulm). He contributed greatly to the modelling of gravitational waves from compact binary systems, and with Alessandra Buonanno, he invented the "effective one-body" approach to representing the orbital trajectories of binary black holes. In 2021 he was awarded, with Alessandra Buonanno, the Balzan Prize for Gravitation: physical and astrophysical aspects as well as the Galileo Galilei Medal and the Dirac Medal of the ICTP, both also shared with Frans Pretorius.

text:
# Thibault Damour

**Thibault Damour** (French: \[tibo damuʁ\]; born 7 February 1951) is a French physicist.

He was a permanent professor in theoretical physics at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS) from 1989 to 2022. Since then, he is professor emeritus.

An expert in general relativity, he has long taught this theory at the École Normale Supérieure (Ulm). He contributed greatly to the modelling of gravitational waves from compact binary systems, and with Alessandra Buonanno, he invented the "effective one-body" approach to representing the orbital trajectories of binary black holes.

In 2021 he was awarded, with Alessandra Buonanno, the Balzan Prize for Gravitation: physical and astrophysical aspects as well as the Galileo Galilei Medal and the Dirac Medal of the ICTP, both also shared with Frans Pretorius.

## InfoBox

| Thibault Damour | |
| --- | --- |
| Thibault Damour (2010) | |
| Born | (1951-02-07) 7 February 1951
Lyon, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Alma mater | École Normale Supérieure
Université Paris 6 |
| Known for | Effective one-body formalism |
| Awards | Prix Paul Langevin (1984)
Albert Einstein Medal (1996)
Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (2016)
CNRS Gold medal (2017)
Dirac Medal of the ICTP (2021)
Balzan Prize (2021) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Astronomy
General Relativity |
| Institutions | Observatoire de Paris
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques |
|  | |


abstract: The UCLA School of Education and Information Studies is one of the academic and professional schools at the University of California, Los Angeles. Located in Los Angeles, California, the school combines two departments. Established in 1881, the school is the oldest unit at UCLA, having been founded as a normal school prior to the establishment of the university. It was incorporated into the University of California in 1919. The school offers doctoral and master's degrees, including the MA, MEd, MLIS, EdD, and PhD, as well as professional certificates and credentials in education and information studies. It also hosts visiting scholars and a number of research centers, institutes, and programs. Ed&IS recently initiated an undergraduate major in Education & Social Transformation in addition to the minor that it has offered in Education Studies. Both of its departments have consistently ranked highly among graduate schools of education and Master's of Library and Information Science by U.S. News & World Report in every year in which the magazine has published such rankings. U.S. News & World Report does not rank doctoral programs in information studies, but the information studies faculty consistently ranks among the most productive and highly cited faculty in its field, according to a standard quadrennial peer-reviewed study by professors within that field. Ed&IS faculty are members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Institute of Medicine, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the National Academy of Education. Admission to Ed&IS is selective, particularly admission to the departments' doctoral programs; between 60 and 70% of those admitted enroll. Roughly 150 doctoral students in education and 8 doctoral students in information studies are admitted to the school each year. Each class in the two-year MLIS and MA programs in information studies has approximately 80 students, while each class in the one-year MEd and MA programs in education has approximately 250 students. Since 1994, the name of the school has been the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies (GSE&IS). In 2020, it was changed to UCLA School of Education and Information Studies to reflect its provision of undergraduate courses as well as post-graduate.

text:
# UCLA School of Education and Information Studies

The **UCLA School of Education and Information Studies** (**UCLA Ed & IS**) is one of the academic and professional schools at the University of California, Los Angeles. Located in Los Angeles, California, the school combines two departments. Established in 1881, the school is the oldest unit at UCLA, having been founded as a normal school prior to the establishment of the university. It was incorporated into the University of California in 1919.

The school offers doctoral and master's degrees, including the MA, MEd, MLIS, EdD, and PhD, as well as professional certificates and credentials in education and information studies. It also hosts visiting scholars and a number of research centers, institutes, and programs. Ed&IS recently initiated an undergraduate major in Education & Social Transformation in addition to the minor that it has offered in Education Studies.

Both of its departments have consistently ranked highly among graduate schools of education and Master's of Library and Information Science by *U.S. News & World Report* in every year in which the magazine has published such rankings. *U.S. News & World Report* does not rank doctoral programs in information studies, but the information studies faculty consistently ranks among the most productive and highly cited faculty in its field, according to a standard quadrennial peer-reviewed study by professors within that field. Ed&IS faculty are members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Institute of Medicine, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the National Academy of Education.

Admission to Ed&IS is selective, particularly admission to the departments' doctoral programs; between 60 and 70% of those admitted enroll. Roughly 150 doctoral students in education and 8 doctoral students in information studies are admitted to the school each year. Each class in the two-year MLIS and MA programs in information studies has approximately 80 students, while each class in the one-year MEd and MA programs in education has approximately 250 students.

Since 1994, the name of the school has been the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies (GSE&IS). In 2020, it was changed to UCLA School of Education and Information Studies (Ed & IS) to reflect its provision of undergraduate courses as well as post-graduate.

## Location

Ed & IS is located in three buildings on the UCLA campus in Westwood, Los Angeles. Moore Hall primarily houses the school's administration and education faculty. Built in 1930 and designed by George W. Kelham, Moore Hall is among the most architecturally significant buildings at UCLA, an example of the school's original Romanesque Revival style. During the campus' expansion during the 1950s, the modernist architect Kemper Nomland refurbished Moore Hall. The building was again refurbished by the Los Angeles-based architectural firm Robert Englekirk & Associates in 1993. Moore Hall is located directly south of Powell Library, adjacent to Bruin Walk, Kerkhoff Hall and Ackerman Union, in the middle of campus.

The Mathematical Sciences Building houses some of the school's research centers, programs, and institutes, in addition to the administrative and faculty offices of the Mathematical Sciences. The building was built in 1957 and designed by Stanton & Stockwell in the mid-century modernist style. The Mathematical Sciences Building is located in the middle of campus, directly south of Moore Hall, at the north-west corner of the Court of Sciences. The GSEIS Building primarily houses the information studies faculty and computer and research labs. Built in 1991, the building is located in the northern part of the UCLA campus, off Sunset Boulevard, directly adjacent to the Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA's main research library.

## History

The UCLA School of Education and Information Studies can trace its history back to a state legislative act in 1881 that established a "southern branch" of the California State Normal School in Los Angeles. When it opened in 1882 (on what is now the site of the Central Library of the Los Angeles Public Library system), its primary responsibility was teacher training. The Department of Education was established in 1894. The school was renamed the Los Angeles State Normal School in 1914, and in 1917 the school was moved to a larger site on Vermont Avenue (on what is now the site of Los Angeles City College). The new facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their teaching technique on children. That same year Ernest Carroll Moore (for whom Moore Hall is named) was appointed its director. The University of California opened its southern branch in 1919 by replacing the Los Angeles State Normal School with the University's Teachers College. A southern branch of the College of Letters and Science, which enrolled considerably fewer students than the Teachers College, was also established as part of the campus. Moore became director of the southern campus (later provost) and dean of the Teachers College, a position he held until 1939. The campus moved to its current location in Westwood, Los Angeles in 1929.

In 1930 Los Angeles City Librarian Everett R. Perry proposed to the president of the University of California the establishment of a library school on the Los Angeles campus of the University. By 1935 the School of Librarianship was opened at the University's campus at Berkeley (now the UC Berkeley School of Information), which was later suspended through World War II. UCLA University Librarian Lawrence Clark Powell, among other Los Angeles leaders, resumed the prewar interest in a library school at UCLA. The Regents of the University of California approved the establishment of the school in 1958. Powell (for whom Powell Library is named) resigned his position as University Librarian to become dean of the new school. The school was established with collaboration from the School of Librarianship at Berkeley. The two schools initially created a single alumni association and doctoral students took courses, when appropriate, at either campus. From its inception the school hired faculty from other disciplines, namely mathematician Robert M. Hayes. With innovation in information technology after World War II, library programs became increasingly multidisciplinary, effectively providing a disciplinary home for the interdisciplinary study of information science. Many library schools have since been repositioned as information schools, schools of information science, or schools of library and information science. *See the history of information science.*

The School of Education and the School of Library and Information Science were incorporated into the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies in 1994. UCLA is the only major research university in the country that combines these two areas of study into a single school or college.

On January 29, 2014, Dean Marcelo Suárez-Orozco became the inaugural Wasserman Dean of Education & Information Studies. Suárez-Orozco left UCLA to become Chancellor at the University of Massachusetts, Boston and was replaced by Christina A. Christie as the new Wasserman Dean of Education & Information Studies in 2020.

## Departments

### Department of Education

The Department of Education is ranked within the top ten graduate schools of education by *U.S. News & World Report*, and currently ranked 3rd in the nation. The Department of Education is UCLA's oldest unit, since UCLA was founded as a normal school for the training of teachers. Divisions within the Department of Education include Urban Schooling, Student Affairs, Educational Leadership, Higher Education and Organizational Change, Human Development and Psychology (formerly Psychological Studies in Education), Social Research Methodology, Social Sciences and Comparative Education, among others. The program offers an undergraduate major in Education & Social Transformation, an undergraduate minor in Education Studies, a Master's (awarded after one year of study) and PhD program. The department is known for its research in the study of student testing and assessment, teacher and continuing education and development - particularly in urban, multi-ethnic environments, early childhood development, and issues of access, equity and quality facing higher education. The department is home to National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST), the Higher Education Research Institute (HERI), The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles (CRP/PDC), the UC All Campus Consortium On Research and Diversity (UC ACCORD), and the Center for International and Development Education (CIDE), among others.

### Department of Information Studies

Accredited by the American Library Association and a founding member of the I-Schools caucus, the Department of Information Studies ranks the 4th most productive and 3rd most highly cited faculty in the latest Budd survey of "Scholarly Productivity of U.S. LIS Faculty" (as measured per capita of faculty). *U.S. News & World Report* ranks the Master's of Library Science program among the top 13 in the country.

The department offers an undergraduate program in Information Studies; the Master's in Library and Information Science (awarded after two years of study), which has three focus areas: Library Studies, Archival Studies, and Informatics; the PhD in Information Studies; and the Moving Image Archive Studies MA, an inter-departmental program jointly sponsored by the UCLA Film and Television Archive, and the Department of Film, Television and Digital Media in the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. The department is home to the California Center for the Book, a division of the Center for the Book, the Center for Information as Evidence, and the California Rare Book School, among many other institutes, programs, and research centers.

## UCLA Lab School

The UCLA Lab School, a quasi-private, quasi-public-school, has been on the UCLA campus since 1947 and currently has 450 students ranging in ages 4–12. Ed&IS's Department of Education is the only department in the United States that enjoys direct access to an on-campus elementary school. The Lab School classrooms provide an experiential education by serving as laboratories for exploring ideas about teaching, learning, and child development. The school is located on the northern part of the UCLA campus, directly north of the UCLA Anderson School of Management, off Sunset Boulevard. The school has also opened satellite campuses in South Los Angeles, where educators can try to address the educational challenges posed by poverty, lack of English fluency and achievement gaps on the part of racial and ethnic minorities.

## UCLA Community School (UCLA-CS)

UCLA-CS is located at the former Ambassador Hotel site in Mid-Wilshire district of Los Angeles. The school, a part of the Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools, opened its doors in September 2010 to students in grades K-12.

## Journals

### *InterActions*

The school's journal is *InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies*. The journal is "a peer-reviewed on-line journal committed to the promotion of interdisciplinary and critical scholarship. Edited by students in the UCLA School of Education and Information Studies, the journal brings together senior and emerging scholars, activists, and professionals whose work covers a broad range of theory and practice." The journal is an open access journal housed by the Berkeley Electronic Press and the eScholarship initiative of the California Digital Library.

### *Freire Online Journal*

The school also houses the *Freire Online Journal*, which publishes "Freirean academic, in the field, experimental, and research-based works."

## Current degree programs

Doctorate degrees  * Educational Leadership Program (EdD)
* Higher Education and Organizational Change (PhD)
* Human Development and Psychology (PhD)
* Information Studies (PhD)
* Joint Special Education Program with Cal State Los Angeles (PhD)
* Social Research Methodology (PhD)
* Social Sciences & Comparative Education (PhD)
* Urban Schooling (PhD)

Master's degree  * Higher Education and Organizational Change (MA)
* Human Development and Psychology (MA)
* Library and Information Science (MLIS)
* Principal Leadership Institute (MEd)
* Social Research Methodology (MA)
* Social Sciences & Comparative Education (MA)
* Student Affairs (MEd)
* Teacher Education Program (MEd)
* Transformative Coaching and Leadership (MEd)

Bachelor's degree * Education and Social Transformation (BA)

## Centers

### Center X

**Center X** is a coalition of professional credentialing and continuing education programs housed within the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies. In the past ten years, Center X has awarded the preliminary teaching credential and Master of Education to more than 1700 teachers through its Teacher Education Program (TEP) and the Tier I administrative credential and Master of Education to nearly 400 administrators in training through its Principal Leadership Institute (PLI). Center X was founded in response to a report published by the University of California's Advisory Committee calling for a transformation of the relationship between university teacher training programs and the public schools to employ prospective student teachers. In response to this report and the social upheaval in Los Angeles of the early 1990s, the newly formed center explicitly focused on some of the most impoverished areas in Los Angeles: East Los Angeles, Pico Union, South Los Angeles, and the Crenshaw District. Both of Center X's flagship professional programs, TEP and PLI, have a social justice emphasis as core to their work.

Center X works to staff schools that are underserved, in communities of color, low-income, and with students that have academic needs. Schools that employ TEP Candidates have seen success, particularly in the area of teacher retention. A 2003 study found that "Center X graduates stay in teaching at higher rates than national averages. As expected, retention decreases over time, yet even after 5 years, 70% of Center X graduates remain in the classroom compared to 61% of teachers nationally". For the 2010-2011 academic year, four TEP alumni were selected as United States Department of Education "Teaching Ambassador Fellows".

Center X is committed to Vygotskyian sociocultural theory and continues to do work around child development through language.

Center X provides ongoing development for urban educators and schools through eight projects. These include five subject matter Projects (Writing, Reading and Literature, Mathematics, Science, and History-Geography), the UCLA Parent Project, a National Boards Project, and a School Transformation Project.

## Institutes

* Black Male Institute (BMI)
* Higher Education Research Institute (HERI)
* Institute for Democracy, Education, & Access (IDEA)
* Institute for Immigration, Globalization and Education
* Paulo Freire Institute
* Sudikoff Family Institute

## Programs

* California Rare Book School
* Teaching to Change LA
* International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems (InterPARES)
* REFORMA Los Angeles Chapter (The National Association to Promote Library and Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish Speaking)

## Notable faculty

## Endowed chairs

* Allan Murray Cartter Chair in Higher Education (Walter R. Allen)
* George F. Kneller Chair in Education & Anthropology (Teresa McCarty)
* George F. Kneller Chair in Education & Philosophy (Christine L. Borgman)
* Martin and Bernard Breslauer Professorship in Bibliography
* Presidential Chair in Education and Diversity (Sandra Graham)
* Pritzker Family Endowed Chair in Education to Strengthen Families (Tyrone Howard)
* The Wasserman Endowed Deanship of Education & Information Studies (Christine Christie)

## InfoBox

UCLA School of Education and Information Studies
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | Graduate School of Education and Information Studies (1994–2020)
**Department of Education:** California State Normal School in Los Angeles (1881–1914), Los Angeles State Normal School (1914–1919), Teachers College (1919–1939), School of Education (1939–1994)

**Department of Information Studies:** School of Library Service (1958–1973), School of Library and Information Science (1973–1994)
 |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1881 as the California State Normal School in Los Angeles
1919 incorporated into the University of California |
| Parent institution | University of California, Los Angeles |
| Endowment | US$4.7 million (parent endowment = US$2.81 billion) |
| Dean | Christina A. Christie |
| Academic staff | ~100 |
| Students | ~1,000 |
| Location | Los Angeles, California, United States
34°04′21″N 118°26′21″W / 34.07259°N 118.43928°W / 34.07259; -118.43928 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Nickname | UCLA Ed & IS |
| Website | www.seis.ucla.edu |