title: Friends of the British Library

abstract: The Friends of the British Library is a registered charitable organisation in the UK with close links to the British Library. It provides funding in the form of grants to the British Library in order to allow the Library to acquire new items and collections, procure new equipment and facilities, and produce exhibitions.

text:
# Friends of the British Library

The **Friends of the British Library** is a registered charitable organisation in the UK with close links to the British Library. It provides funding in the form of grants to the British Library in order to allow the Library to acquire new items and collections, procure new equipment and facilities, and produce exhibitions.

## Origin

The inaugural meeting of the *Friends* was held on 12 January 1989 with the objective of "the education of the public by promotion, support, assistance and improvement of the British Library through the activities of a group of Friends". It operates under a written constitution as an unincorporated association and registered charity.

The *Friends* first President was Lord Eccles, a man heavily involved in the original creation of the British Library via the British Library Act 1972 as well as being the British Library's first Chairman. He would be President of the *Friends* from its creation in 1989 until his death in 1999. The first Chairman of the Friends of the British Library was Christopher Henry Beaumont Pease, 2nd Baron Wardington. He became a Vice President in 1994, and President in 1999  a post he held until his death in 2005.

## President and council

The hierarchy of the *Friends* include a President, several Vice Presidents, a Chairman and deputy, and a council of members. The council members are trustees of the charity for the purposes of charity law.

Officers and members of the council are elected as required by the Constitution of the membership at each year's Annual General Meeting. The current President of the *Friends* is Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury and the Vice Presidents consist of Lord Bragg of Wigton, Frank Field MP, William Hague MP, Lord Hameed, Lord Jones of Birmingham, Sir Geoffrey Leigh, Penelope Lively, Sir Andrew Motion, Cdr Michael Saunders Watson and Lord Steel of Aikwood. The Chairman of the *Friends* in 2013 was Ferdinand Mount, and Deputy Chairman was Graham Allatt.

## Acquisitions

The *Friends* principally fund acquisitions for the British Library's collections that it would not otherwise be able to fund from its own finances.

Such acquisitions have included author Graham Swift's archive, which included manuscripts, notes, revisions and proofs to all eight of his novels including the Booker Prize-winning Last Orders.

Funding has also included a contribution towards the £500,000 required in order to purchase the Ted Hughes archive, a former poet laureate, which included more than 220 files and boxes of manuscripts.

One acquisition was the *Macclesfield Alphabet*, a collection of 14 different types of alphabet that date from around 1500 AD. The *Friends* collaborated with the National Heritage Memorial Fund, The Art Fund, members of the British Library and several individual donors in order to enable the British Library to purchase the book.

### Dering Roll

Those three charities had previously collaborated, along with Friends of the National Libraries, to purchase the Dering Roll in 2008. The Dering Roll is the oldest extant English roll of arms, dating from around 1270 AD. It depicts 324 coats of arms which are approximately a quarter of the entire English baronage during the reign of Edward I. It was purchased by the British Library at auction for £194,184 (including VAT).

### Bust of King George III

In 1998 the *Friends* purchased Peter Turnerelli's 1812 marble bust of King George III to commemorate the move of the King's Library into the new facility at St. Pancras. The bust was purchased entirely by the Friends for the sum of £25,000. It is currently on public display on the first floor, at the head of the stairs at the main British Library facility in St. Pancras.

### Mary Welch

The single largest contribution that the *Friends* have made towards the British Library was the grant of £130,000 towards a new conservation room as part of a bequest from Mary Welsh. She was a *Friends* volunteer and conservation enthusiast.

### Mervyn Peake's archive

The Friends again collaborated with the British Library, The Art Fund, Friends of the National Libraries and individual donors to purchase Mervyn Peake's archive for a sum of £410,000. The archive included 39 Gormenghast notebooks, as well as the complete set of original drawings for the 1954 edition of Lewis Carroll's *Alice Through the Looking-Glass* and *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*.

The archive itself dates from between 1940 and Peake's death in 1968 and includes unpublished material such as correspondence with writers Laurie Lee, Walter de la Mare and C. S. Lewis. It also included the unpublished draft of the sequel to the Gormenghast trilogy, *Titus Awakes* which was published in 2011 by Vintage Classics to celebrate the centenary of Peake's birth.

### Merger

At their AGM on 19 March 2018, the Friends voted in favour of a proposal to merge with the Library's Membership scheme. This went into effect on 1 April 2018.

## InfoBox

Friends of the British Library
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | FBL |
| Formation | 1989 |
| Type | Charity |
| Purpose | Supports the British Library with grants for acquisitions, exhibitions, new equipment, facilities, and other activities. |
| Location | * 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB |
| Region served | Britain |
| Remarks | Chairman: Dame Marina Warner |


abstract: Friends of the British Overseas Territories (FOTBOT) is a charitable and youth organisation based in the United Kingdom that seeks to raise awareness of the fourteen British Overseas Territories (BOTs) by promoting their culture, history and bio-diversity. As an educational charity, it facilitates visits to BOTs for mainland British students, and has also pledged to alleviate certain financial constraints faced in the UK by students from the BOTs themselves. Such efforts are supported by regular fundraising activities, as well as through the backing of several prominent British politicians. Founded in Leeds by sole Chief Executive, Philip Smith, in 2013, FOTBOT has since been consulted by various national media organisations on articles regarding British relations with its dependencies. At least two university associations have been founded in assistance of the organisation's objectives.

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# Friends of the British Overseas Territories

**Friends of the British Overseas Territories** (**FOTBOT**) is a charitable and youth organisation based in the United Kingdom that seeks to raise awareness of the fourteen British Overseas Territories (BOTs) by promoting their culture, history and bio-diversity. As an educational charity, it facilitates visits to BOTs for mainland British students, and has also pledged to alleviate certain financial constraints faced in the UK by students from the BOTs themselves. Such efforts are supported by regular fundraising activities, as well as through the backing of several prominent British politicians.

Founded in Leeds by sole Chief Executive, Philip Smith, in 2013, FOTBOT has since been consulted by various national media organisations on articles regarding British relations with its dependencies. At least two university associations have been founded in assistance of the organisation's objectives.

## Foundation and development

The organisation was founded in 2013 by Philip Smith, predominantly as a vehicle to foster ties between the young people of the United Kingdom and the sparsely located British Overseas Territories (BOTs), a group of 16 dependencies under the ultimate sovereignty and jurisdiction of the UK, having been former colonies of the British Empire. Its headquarters are currently based in Leeds, a city in Yorkshire.

Its unofficial flag, reminiscent of that of many BOTs and depicted only on membership badges, was the result of an internal design competition and is registered with the Flags of the World association. Though falling outside of its stated charitable aims, FOTBOT is regularly consulted by media organisations regarding political developments in the BOTs. Instances have included an article published by *The i*, in which the charity expressed its disappointment that BOTs, excluding Gibraltar, would be unable to vote in the 2016 European Union membership referendum; more emotively, FOTBOT were quoted in *The Times* as considering the British Government's 2018 motion to demand that the British Virgin Islands publicly declare the owners of its businesses as "bring\[ing\] in the feeling of a colonial master again". Several politicians have declared their support for the organisation, including Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Andrew Rosindell, former Secretary of State for International Development, Priti Patel, and Julia Reid, a UK Independence Party (UKIP) Member of the European Parliament (MEP). Historically, at least two student unions, at the universities of Cambridge and Newcastle respectively, have been affiliated with membership societies seeking to further the objectives of FOTBOT.

## Activities

Established foremostly as a youth organisation, FOTBOT have oriented much of their activities toward educating young people, a motivation that has facilitated short excursions for British students to BOTs, as well as for students from the BOTs themselves to visit other dependencies and study in the UK without undue financial burden. In this vein, FOTBOT was partnered in a project headed by geographer Stewart McPherson, 'Treasure Islands', which "aim\[ed\] to showcase the wildlife, cultures and history of all of the UK Overseas Territories" by dispersing educative materials across the UK.

As an organisation, FOTBOT host regular ticketed events that range from formal functions to round-table discussions surrounding the cultural and political situation of the BOTs; past committees have explored the possibility of BOT representation in the UK Parliament, as well as the challenges of day-to-day governance in British protectorates.

### Citations

## InfoBox

Friends of the British Overseas Territories
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | FOTBOT |
| Founded | 2013 (2013) |
| Founder | Philip Smith |
| Type | Charitable organisation |
| Registration no. | 1156763 (England and Wales) |
| Focus | British Overseas Territories |
| Location |  |
| Area served | United Kingdom and British Overseas Territories |
| Website | fotbot.org |


title: Friends of the Chicago River

abstract: Friends of the Chicago River is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1979 to improve and restore the 156-mile Chicago River and Calumet River system for all people, water, and animals. Friends of the Chicago River works through education and outreach, on the ground projects, and public policy and planning to achieve their vision that the Chicago-Calumet River system and its watershed are a healthy, climate resilient, biologically rich ecosystem with equitable, open access for all. As the only organization solely dedicated to the Chicago-Calumet River system, Friends has spent over four decades reclaiming the river as a natural urban environment and its success can be measured in miles of trail; species of fish; and people in, on, and along the water. Friends has won over 50 awards in its 44 years and engaged millions of people in its work. People who become dedicated allies in the fight for urban natural resources and investing in nature as a way to battle the climate crisis and help preserve global biodiversity. Friends works across sectors and boundaries with elected officials, businesses, frontline organizations, government agencies, municipalities, nonprofits, and volunteers to repair past environmental harm and illuminate the river as a valuable natural resource instead of a sewage and shipping canal.

text:
# Friends of the Chicago River

**Friends of the Chicago River** is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1979 to improve and restore the 156-mile Chicago River and Calumet River system for all people, water, and animals. Friends of the Chicago River works through education and outreach, on the ground projects, and public policy and planning to achieve their vision that the Chicago-Calumet River system and its watershed are a healthy, climate resilient, biologically rich ecosystem with equitable, open access for all.

---

As the only organization solely dedicated to the Chicago-Calumet River system, Friends has spent over four decades reclaiming the river as a natural urban environment and its success can be measured in miles of trail; species of fish; and people in, on, and along the water. Friends has won over 50 awards in its 44 years and engaged millions of people in its work. People who become dedicated allies in the fight for urban natural resources and investing in nature as a way to battle the climate crisis and help preserve global biodiversity. Friends works across sectors and boundaries with elected officials, businesses, frontline organizations, government agencies, municipalities, nonprofits, and volunteers to repair past environmental harm and illuminate the river as a valuable natural resource instead of a sewage and shipping canal.

## Overview

Friends of the Chicago River has 15 full time professional staff; 24 members on its board of directors; and 41,000 members, volunteers, and online activists. Margaret Frisbie has served as executive director of Friends of the Chicago River since 2005. She is a Roman Nomitch Fellow, and was named a National River Hero by River Network in 2017 and a Notable Leader in Sustainability by *Crain's Chicago Business* in 2022.

## Big Ideas

Friends of the Chicago River has a long history of innovative initiatives. Friends secured the first river protection access ordinance in the City of Chicago in 1983, leading to a regional commitment to a continuous Chicago-Calumet River trail system today. Friends' volunteer canoe program put the first organized cane trips on the water in 1992 before public access was considered acceptable leading to public events such as the Chicago River Flatwater Classic canoe and kayak race that started in 2000. The Flatwater Classic and a report entitled "Waterways for Our Future," published by Friends, Openlands, and the Chicago Civic Federation, led to the establishment of new recreational water quality standards approved in 2011 by the Illinois Pollution Control Board, which protects much of the river system for swimming. The new standards also required sewage effluent disinfection at the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago's O'Brien and Calumet water reclamation plants that discharge to the river. A third, Stickney, is the world's largest sewage treatment plant and still does not disinfect despite its common practice nationwide.

In 2002, Friends and Illinois Department of Natural Resources began the Chicago River Dam Removal Program which led to the removal of the North Branch Dam, the Winnetka Road Dam, and a statewide dam removal initiative by Illinois Governor Pat Quinn (2009–2015). The Tam O'Shanter Dam in Niles and Chick Evan Dam in Morton Grove are still slated for removal.

Furthering the need for fish habitat, Friends invented the Chicago River Fish Hotel, the first floating wetland in the Chicago-Calumet River System in 2004. Such structures can be a good solution for river reaches where natural banks are lacking. In 2013, Friends and Illinois Department of Natural Resources invented and installed 400 channel catfish nesting cavities. Friends also secured funding for fish habitat at the Jetty on the Chicago Riverwalk and launched an instream native planting project using highly adaptive water willow and lizard's tail to provide high-quality habitat for aquatic organisms, protect shoreline from bank erosion, create shelter for aquatic life during floods, and improve the aesthetics of the river for recreational users, adapted from a successful program on the Fox River. These native species are tolerant of changing water levels and spread via rhizome to form much larger colonies. In 2023, Friends received a National Fish & Wildlife Foundation Coastal Resilience Fund grant of $630,000 to expand this project to the entire 156 mile system.

In 2013, Friends and Openlands released “*Our Liquid Asset: The Economic Benefits of a Clean Chicago River*,” an economic analysis which found that for every $1 spent on clean water infrastructure and public open space there is a $1.70 return on investment from individual income, taxes, corporate revenue, and jobs.

In 2017, Friends and Cook County Commissioner Josina Morita (13th District), then a Metropolitan Water Reclamation District Commissioner, hosted the inaugural Big Jump to demonstrate the health and future for swimming in the Chicago-Calumet River system. First-year jumpers from all levels of government include U.S. Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky (IL-9), U.S. Congressman Mike Quigley (IL-5), Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle and Friends' Executive Director Margaret Frisbie.

In 2021, Friends received the Dr. George B. Rabb Force of Nature Award for successfully reconnecting the Mill Creek to the Cal-Sag Channel. This project resulted in the immediate colonization of the high quality creek by five new species and helped to restore the adjacent land through invasive plant removal and addition of new native shrubs and trees. The project partners were Friends, the Forest Preserves of Cook County (FPCC), the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR), and the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Friends of the Chicago River and the Forest Preserves of Cook County have worked together on countless restoration projects including at Beaubien Woods, Blue Star Woods, Chipilly Woods, Crooked Creek, Kickapoo Woods, McClaughrey Springs Woods, Skokie Lagoons, Somme Woods, Wampum Lake, Watersmeet Woods, and Whistler Woods among others and included the specific investment in the nesting success of turtle, osprey, and bat species. Rehabilitation activities for turtle habitats began in 2014 and resulted in an astonishing result of an increase from zero to 60% in nesting success.

Friends of the Chicago River also documents the impact of its restoration work with annual Natural Areas Assessment Surveys that have shown continued improvement of the native plant community in the places where Friends has worked.

In 2023 Friends of the Chicago River received a Chicago Innovation award as a Climate Champion for the Natural Solutions Tool they developed through the Greater Chicago Watershed Alliance in partnership with the Trust for Public Land. The Tool also won a 2023 Dr. George B. Rabb Force of Nature Award from the Chicago Wilderness Alliance. Friends has received over 50 awards since its founding in 1979.

## Public Policy and Planning

Friends' Public Policy and Planning programs solve the long term complex problems the river systems faces including:

### Impaired Water Quality

* · Combined Sewer Overflows: untreated sewage is discharged into the Chicago-Calumet River system during severe storms
* · Stormwater runoff: pollutants from roofs and pavement run into the river during rain events
* · Nutrient Pollution: excess phosphorus and nitrogen harm aquatic wildlife
* · Lack of Dissolved Oxygen: poor water quality lowers dissolved oxygen that aquatic life require
* · Excessive Chlorides: excessive use of road salts harm our waters and aquatic wildlife
* · Litter / Floatables: plastics and other trash flow into the river system during rain events

### Threatened Habitat and Wildlife

* · Invasive Species: nonnative plants and wildlife crowd out native species and reduce biodiversity
* · Degraded Habitat and Fragmentation: urban development isolates habitats, lessening biodiversity
* · Loss of Open Space: the risk of losing valuable open spaces increases as development pressure expands
* · Increasingly Endangered Species: habitat loss and fragmentation threaten the existence of many species

### Responsible River Edge Development

* · Lack of River Friendly Design: too often the river is treated as a water feature not a living natural resource full of life
* · Lack of Public Access: many areas still do not have public access to the river's edge
* · Inconsistent Treatment of the River Edge Setback: some developments lack amenities required by Chicago's 2019 guidelines
* · Impervious Surfaces: with increasing development along the river, hard surfaces increase stormwater reaching the river

### Public Access and Community Engagement

* · Inequity in Recreational Access: not enough neighborhoods, especially on the south and southwest sides of Chicago have access
* · Disconnected Trail Systems: the many paths, existing or planned, do not yet create a continuous system
* · Unaware of River Recreational Opportunities: there is no single resource about recreation on the river
* · Priority is Given to Commercial Operations: despite rules saying otherwise, barges and large tour boats get the right of way

## Other Select Programs

### Chicago River Schools Network

Since its inception, the Chicago River Schools Network (CRSN) has partnered with K-12 teachers to introduce over 475,000 young people to the history, ecology, and health of the river. Friends' staff provide training and one-on-one support for educators, sharing techniques and strategies to engage students in environmental issues and activities solving everyday problems the river faces. Friends complements this individual support with curricula and lesson plans, classroom presentations, field trips, equipment loans, and workshops.

### Greater Chicago Watershed Alliance

Friends of the Chicago River initiated the Greater Chicago Watershed Alliance in 2020 to establish a cross jurisdictional forum that would result in the expanded use of nature-based solutions to manage stormwater which will reduce combined sewer overflows, community flooding, the urban heat island effect, air pollution while building climate resilience, protecting wildlife and their habitats, and improving public health and wellness.

The 25+ member Watershed Alliance includes many of the most influential practitioners and policy makers in this space including the stormwater agencies for Cook and Lake Counties, Alliance for the Great Lakes, Center for Neighborhood Technology, City of Chicago, Chicago Park District, the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, Chicago Wilderness Alliance, Department of Illinois Natural Resources, Forest Preserves of Cook County, the Illinois Coastal Zone Program, The Nature Conservancy, Openlands, Trust for Public Land, and The Wetlands Initiative who all serve in a volunteer capacity on the steering committee.

### Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum

The McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum is a program of Friends of the Chicago River that aims to educate visitors about the history and ecology of the Chicago River. The museum is located in the southwest tower of the Michigan Avenue Bridge, which is one of the most iconic bridges in Chicago. Visitors to the museum can learn about the engineering and architecture of the bridge, as well as the history of the Chicago River and its impact on the city. The museum features exhibits on the ecology of the river, including the wildlife that inhabits it, and the efforts being made to restore its health.

### Chicago River Day

Friends of the Chicago River founded Chicago River Day in 1992. This annual clean-up day activates more than 2,000 volunteers working along the river at over 80 city and suburban locations, and serves an activation for increased river stewardship for people of all ages. Event activities include removing 80 tons of garbage and invasive plants, repairing river-edge trails, and implementing habitat improvement projects. Nearly 2 million pounds of garbage and invasive plant material have been removed since it was founded.

1. "Less Wastewater in Chicago's Rivers Has Been Great for Fish, But Climate Change and Road Salt Threaten Decades of Progress". *WTTW News*. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
2. "River Network River Hero".
3. "Press-release".
4. "National Coastal Resilience Fund | NFWF". 22 February 2024.
5. "Our Liquid Asset - Planning - Advocacy - Friends of the Chicago River".
6. "Dr. George B. Rabb Force of Nature Awards". *Chicago Wilderness Alliance*.
7. "Forest Preserves of Cook County, Friends of the Chicago River Join Together to Help Turtles". *Forest Preserves of Cook County*. 2016-09-30. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
8. "The Chicago River Keeps Getting Wilder, And That's a Good Thing". *WTTW News*. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
9. "The Chicago Innovation Awards".
10. "McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum". *McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum*. Retrieved 2023-04-12.

## InfoBox

Friends of the Chicago River
| Formation | 1979 |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Chicago |
| Executive Director | Margaret Frisbie |
| Website | https://www.chicagoriver.org/ |


title: Tiefenbach (Wisper)

abstract: Tiefenbach is a river of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse, Germany. It flows into the Wisper near Lorch am Rhein.

text:
# Tiefenbach (Wisper)

**Tiefenbach** is a river of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse, Germany. It flows into the Wisper near Lorch am Rhein.

## InfoBox

| Tiefenbach | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| States |  |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Wisper |
| coordinates | 50°03′05″N 7°49′15″E / 50.0514°N 7.8208°E / 50.0514; 7.8208 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | WisperRhineNorth Sea |


title: Friends of Medicare

abstract: Friends of Medicare is Canadian non-profit organization that advocates for the Canadian universal public health system. The group was founded in September 1979 in Edmonton, Alberta. Friends of Medicare is a coalition of many individuals and organizations, from physicians to patients, seniors’ organizations, cultural and community groups, and labour unions. It has played a role in defending the principles of Canada's universal public health system both in Alberta and nationally.

text:
# Friends of Medicare

**Friends of Medicare** is Canadian non-profit organization that advocates for the Canadian universal public health system. The group was founded in September 1979 in Edmonton, Alberta. Friends of Medicare is a coalition of many individuals and organizations, from physicians to patients, seniors’ organizations, cultural and community groups, and labour unions. It has played a role in defending the principles of Canada's universal public health system both in Alberta and nationally.

## History

The Friends of Medicare fought against extra billing in the 1980s and against the introduction of private, for-profit health care with Bills 37 and 11 in the 1990s. In 2005, the group fought and won against the government's push to introduce sweeping reforms to the Canadian health care system through the Third Way under Premier Ralph Klein.

## Campaigns

### Advocation

Friends of Medicare work with a wide range of organizations and groups to ensure that Canadian healthcare remains publicly available and accessible. The BC Health Coalition, along with Canadian Doctors for Medicare, Oxfam Canada and the Council of Canadians, launched Friends of Medicare in 2007 a campaign to protect and improve public health care in B.C.

### Senior care

In 2019, Friends of Medicare launched a campaign advocating for the political parties to pay more attention to the health care needs of Alberta's oldest population. The group wants the government to mandate staff-to-patient ratios and address a lack of at-home caregivers.

### Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID)

In 2018, Friends of Medicare asked the provincial government to create legislation that would ensure equal access to Medical Assistance In Dying (MAID) at all Alberta hospital facilities. The group urged the Alberta government and Alberta Health Services to take a clear position and establish legislation that will address unequal access and various interpretations of the federal law.

### Dental coverage

Sandra Azocar, Executive Director with Friends of Medicare, stated that “\[Albertans are paying\] 114% more than people in BC for example in essential things such as \[Dental\] check-ups.” The Alberta government in 2017 recommended an 8.5 per cent drop in dental prices for 60 common dental procedures, the fee guide is a list of recommendations not mandates. Friends of Medicare applauded the new guide, but said the best way to ensure affordability is to eventually have dental services covered by the province's health insurance plan.

### Pharmacare

Sandra Azocar of Friends of Medicare says not including medication coverage in the Canadian single-payer system translates into 1 in 10 Canadians and 1 in 5 Albertans being unable to afford their medication. The patchwork of drug coverage, with more than 100,000 different drug and supplementary plans, and only 23 different public drug and supplementary plans within Alberta alone, providing benefits for just 20 percent of Albertans. According to Azocar, the push for a PharmaCare program is the unfinished business of Medicare in Canada.


title: Mayfield College

abstract: Mayfield College is a defunct Roman Catholic boys' boarding school founded as the Holy Trinity Orphanage For Boys in 1865–1866 by the American-born Dowager Duchess of Leeds, Louisa Catherine Caton, one mile from Mayfield, East Sussex. The main building and attached chapel were built in the Gothic style, primarily of red brick and are Grade II listed, having been designed by E. W. Pugin. After closure in 1999 both the main building and chapel were converted into luxury apartments now called collectively Mayfield Grange. Officially opening in 1868 it was also known as the Xaverian Brothers School, St Xavier's College and Xaverian College at various times. Mayfield College was built as one of a pair of orphanages at the Duchess's expense, the other originally known as St. Michael's Orphanage for Girls in Bletchingley, East Sussex, also designed by Pugin. From 1936 to 1959 Mayfield College had an associated preparatory boarding school known as the School of St. Edward the Confessor at Foxhunt Manor in Waldron, East Sussex where the religious order of Xaverian Brothers also taught boys from 8–12 years of age. On closing the prep school became a convent known as Monastery of the Visitation.

text:
# Mayfield College

**Mayfield College** is a defunct Roman Catholic boys' boarding school founded as the Holy Trinity Orphanage For Boys in 1865–1866 by the American-born Dowager Duchess of Leeds, Louisa Catherine Caton, one mile from Mayfield, East Sussex. The main building and attached chapel were built in the Gothic style, primarily of red brick and are Grade II listed, having been designed by E. W. Pugin. After closure in 1999 both the main building and chapel were converted into luxury apartments now called collectively Mayfield Grange. Officially opening in 1868 it was also known as the Xaverian Brothers School, St Xavier's College and Xaverian College at various times. Mayfield College was built as one of a pair of orphanages at the Duchess's expense, the other originally known as St. Michael's Orphanage for Girls in Bletchingley (Mark Cross), East Sussex, also designed by Pugin.

From 1936 to 1959 Mayfield College had an associated preparatory boarding school known as the School of St. Edward the Confessor at Foxhunt Manor in Waldron, East Sussex where the religious order of Xaverian Brothers also taught boys from 8–12 years of age. On closing the prep school became a convent known as Monastery of the Visitation.

## History

Located on Little Trodgers Lane, on a 400 ft. hill midway between the valley of the River Rother and the village of Mark Cross, ground was broken for the original orphanage in 1864. The area was originally known as De Hellingly, comprising Colkins and Pennybridge Farms. It cost £20,000 to build and took four years to complete. Many of the Canterbury red clay bricks were dug from the 109-acre plot at sites which later became a rifle range to the south-east and a pond to the south. They were fired in situ and transported 200 yards to the building area. Most of the external masonry was made from local sandstone also quarried nearby.

The main wall was built 3 ft 3ins in thickness (approx. 1 meter) and the internal masonry was in Caen stone. The passages, original play rooms and offices were in finished brickwork. The basement is vaulted and the floor of the first story laid with Mintons patent tiles. Above the ground floor the walls are recessed and arched, the piers of which are further relieved by corbelled brickwork. A gothic-style chapel accommodating 150 was added to the east and to the north a playground was laid. On the far north side of the playground a series of buildings were added at right angles, intended for a laundry, bake-house and workshops. The contractor was a Mr Wilson of Canterbury.

In front of the school to the south lay extensive fields, meadows and woods. In the early years the school was self-sufficient with its own chicken run, most of the fields were cultivated or used for grazing and on the opposite hill was Pennybridge Farm, owned by the school and managed by the Brothers who employed labourers to run it. Milk and orchard produce were of sufficient quantity for the school to be a major trading partner with Mayfield Village and its Convent. Later cultivation ceased in the field immediately in front of the school where football (later cricket and rugby) pitches were laid out. A cultivated plot with lawns and a cemetery to one side were also installed. Until 1913, Pugin's vision stood untouched as a distinguished edifice visible from many miles around, faithful to his plans, but owing to faulty foundations the building had to be underpinned at this time. The tower's spire, a large chimney block and other heavy adornments were removed and its external beauty was sacrificed for practical safety.

It was almost a century before the spire was replaced and the building's majesty restored.

On 19 May 1868, less than a dozen Xaverian brothers arrived with the first 30 orphan boys from the original orphanage in St. Leonard's-on-Sea where they had been wounded by stoning and suffered continual verbal abuse. The funds left by the Duchess were found to be inadequate for even such a small number of boys so in 1883 permission was obtained from the Charity Commissioners for the acceptance of regular fee-paying boarders. The school prospered rapidly and soon 100 boys were on the roll. In 1884, it was decided to admit boys who desired to be Brothers, collected together from various Xaverian schools, to give them special religious training at Mayfield but this project was deemed largely unsuccessful and promptly discontinued. Every year a small number of fatherless boys were admitted to the school with fees paid out of the Duchess's remaining funds.

By 1904, paraffin lamps and candles had been replaced with an acetylene gas lamp installation, and much later electricity came with the arrival of other houses along the main road between Mayfield and Tunbridge Wells. Most of the Brothers had practical skills and so refectory tables, wainscoting and linen-room cupboards are a few examples of surviving woodwork meticulously hand built by Bro. Boniface in the early days. The brother of Bro. Aloysius Hollingshead, said to be one of the foremost stained glass designers of the time, installed the chapel's current rose window and the lobby windows depicting four English Martyrs. Between 1926 and 1968 additional low-budget utilitarian accommodation buildings were erected around the original school, including a school hall (erected 1907), a presbytery, an off-site sanatorium (sold by 1907), staff accommodation wing/library, an art room, physics and chemistry laboratories, indoor squash courts, a gymnasium (1964), and later a retirement home for older Xaverian Brothers. Additionally new farm buildings had been erected, a rifle range established, and an open-air swimming pool and pump house were built. All the close outbuildings, except the presbytery (later used by the school as a more convenient sanatorium), were demolished during the 2006 redevelopment.

Over the years the school became known as an academically successful secondary Independent school, exclusively teaching boys aged 11–18.

## School Life

Many of the boarding students came from ethnic minorities, and while Catholicism was the underlying faith students were accepted without obligation from any race or religion. In later years additional lay staff were employed with non-Catholic and even non-religious beliefs. Pupils of all denominations were encouraged to maintain their religious commitment but the Catholic faith was the integrating principle, providing an ethos for work and play at the school. Pupils all belonged to one of four Houses named after saints (Edmund) Campion, (John) Fisher, (Thomas) More and (Oliver) Plunkett, memorialized both in stained glass windows in the chapel lobby and on house captain boards in the second-floor lobby, most which are preserved in the converted building. In the second half of the 20th century the House System was the most important element in a pupil's life at Mayfield, and was used to foster both camaraderie and competition in sporting, social and cultural activities. Everyone was expected to play a role and contribute to their House, and as a senior pupil it was the main mechanism through which to discover and develop a capacity for leadership in preparation for later life. "In addition to what is normally termed Catholic education we aim to give boys practice in the right use of liberty and to develop in them a sense of true responsibility," explained the headmaster in 1966.

The Duchess had stipulated that there should be six hours' schooling per day, Monday to Friday, and this became the general pattern throughout the school's existence. Prep (corresponding to homework in a day school) was rigidly enforced both before breakfast and before supper. In the early days workshops existed where boys learned a variety of practical trades including tailoring, carpentry and shoemaking. From 1915 onwards weekends were given over to Cadet Training (Saturday) choir practice and obligatory Mass attendance for all Catholic boys, sports and letter writing (Sunday) interspersed with very little unorganised time.

Prefects were appointed and while there was no official fagging system pupils were expected to help with chores in return for a House Points system, which ultimately ranked their House and was recognized with a wide range of trophies at the end of the school year. The school motto was 'Concordia', abbreviated from the Xaverian Brothers' own motto, 'Concordia res parvae crescunt' (In harmony, small things grow) and the school song was the Hymn to St Francis Xavier.

Uniforms in 1891 consisted of a dark blue jersey with sleeves, a porkpie cap and an Eton collar worn on Sundays and special occasions. Discipline was maintained at this time in medieval fashion by use of the birch and the headmaster also carried a knuckle duster. Later this was replaced with a slim bamboo cane administered by both lay staff and Brothers and used liberally well into the 1970s.

## Mayfield College Army Cadet Force

The Xaverian College Detachment of the Sussex Army Cadet Force was formed just before Christmas in 1915 with the first recruit, a refugee Belgian Xaverian Brother, joining on 19 January 1916. It was initially affiliated to the Sussex Yeomanry but swiftly changed to the 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment based in Crowborough. Throughout the existence of Mayfield College the rigid discipline of cadet training was seen to fit with the regimented school life described elsewhere here. Initially shooting took a high priority, firstly in a sand pit until later in 1934 a brick range was built in the clay quarry that had produced the school's own bricks and mortar. This remained in use until the early 1970s. During World War II Army & Home Guard Schools brought professional week-long and weekend courses for both officers and cadets where pupils and staff had very real defense responsibilities. In 1944 'doodlebugs' and planes flying overhead were a regular sight and sound. Mayfield College was used by pilots as a visual landmark on their way to London. Dogfights between German and British planes were part of Mayfield life, the skies above being at the forefront of the conflict after the Battle of Britain. On one occasion a Polish pilot's plane was shot down adjacent to one of the ponds in the school grounds where his body was found. Initially recruitment was voluntary but with the arrival of World War II all able pupils were required to join the ACF which continued to flourish on this basis into the 1970s, though by the company's disbandment in 1981 participation had become voluntary again. From 1945 sporting activities became a prominent part of cadet life with inter-school boxing, cross country running, rugby and soccer (not an official school sport) all progressively being introduced at a competitive, highly successful level. In 1957 a Nissen hut was built and regular training by Brothers and lay ex-servicemen continued in the use of firearms, military drilling, signals and fieldcraft which were all taught in a separate Saturday curriculum. Voluntary adventure camps were arranged for school holidays and many pupils were encouraged to continue into careers in the military and security services.

Forty Mayfield Old Boys died in the First World War before the corps was formed, and 29 former Mayfield cadets, mostly in the RAF or Naval Flying, died in World War II. Seventeen decorations were awarded during World War II, including a Military Cross. On several occasions planes were landed on the school playing fields during official visits, anniversaries and celebrations, most notable being that of a Harvard plane in 1944 by a much decorated squadron leader.

## Final years

By 1976 the school faculty consisted of few Xaverian Brothers, and day-to-day running was taken over by lay trustees. It nevertheless retained strong links with the Brothers, several of whom still lived and taught at the school. At its peak in the mid 1970s there were over 200 pupils but the character had changed with a third of boys being day-pupils and many others being weekly boarders who went home for weekends. Subsequently, with the downturn in applications from boys in the 1980s a few girls were admitted on an experimental basis. Much later in 1991 the headmaster announced that from the following year the school would officially become a coeducational institution.

In 1995 the trust sold the school to Bellerby's College of Wadhurst. Bellerby's was owner of Wadhurst College and this led to students being bussed between schools for reciprocal co-educational sixth form classes that were held at either Mayfield or Wadhurst. In 1994 the whole business was taken over by Study Group. They had acquired the two colleges as show pieces in their language school firm but quickly realised that the serious state of disrepair of both properties would never allow their investment to repay. They closed both schools in 1999.

The Mayfield College buildings lay empty for six years with the last remaining lay teacher, Anthony Walters, living on site in a caravan. A stipulation was written into the developer's contract that until the final school occupant died, or chose to leave, the redevelopment could not proceed. After Walters' death and interment in the on-site graveyard in 2005, demolition of the various newer outbuildings commenced, at which time Weston Homes Plc, under the guidance of English Heritage, started restoration work to the main school and chapel buildings. An auction was held for some of the chapel artifacts, and the organ was donated to St Thomas of Canterbury Catholic church in Mayfield village, where it was fully restored and installed.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Mayfield College | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Mayfield, East Sussex, TN20 6PW
England | |
| Coordinates | 51°02′28″N 0°16′06″E / 51.041126°N 0.268266°E / 51.041126; 0.268266 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private boarding and day |
| Motto | *Concordia*
(Latin for *Harmony*) |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Roman Catholic (Xaverian) |
| Established | 1868 |
| Closed | 1999 |
| Gender | 1868-1992 (Boys) 1992-1999 (Coeducational) |
| Age | 11 to 18 |
| Colour(s) | Navy/Light Blue/Yellow |
| Former pupils | Old Magaveldians |
| School Magazine | Magavelda |
| Affiliated school | Foxhunt Manor |


title: McDunn, West Virginia

abstract: McDunn is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States.

text:
# McDunn, West Virginia

**McDunn** is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States.

## InfoBox

| McDunn, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| McDunnMcDunn | |
| Coordinates: 38°3′25″N 81°18′32″W / 38.05694°N 81.30889°W / 38.05694; -81.30889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Fayette |
| Elevation | 1,342 ft (409 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS ID | 1555084 |


title: Fresh (Sly and the Family Stone album)

abstract: Fresh is the sixth album by American funk band Sly and the Family Stone, released by Epic/CBS Records in June 1973. Written and produced by Sly Stone over two years, Fresh has been described as a lighter and more accessible take on the dense, drum machine-driven sound of its landmark 1971 predecessor There's a Riot Goin' On. It was the band's final album to reach the US Top 10, entering the Billboard Album Chart on June 30, and their last of three consecutive number-one albums on the R&B chart. In 2003, the album was ranked number 186 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

text:
# Fresh (Sly and the Family Stone album)

***Fresh*** is the sixth album by American funk band Sly and the Family Stone, released by Epic/CBS Records in June 1973. Written and produced by Sly Stone over two years, *Fresh* has been described as a lighter and more accessible take on the dense, drum machine-driven sound of its landmark 1971 predecessor *There's a Riot Goin' On*. It was the band's final album to reach the US Top 10, entering the *Billboard* Album Chart on June 30, and their last of three consecutive number-one albums on the R&B chart. In 2003, the album was ranked number 186 on *Rolling Stone* magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

## Recording and release

The album's biggest hit was "If You Want Me to Stay". Other notable tracks include "Frisky" and "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)", a cover of Doris Day's Academy Award-winning song from Alfred Hitchcock's 1956 film *The Man Who Knew Too Much*, sung here by Rose Stone. "Que Sera, Sera" is notable as the only cover song issued on an original Family Stone album. The cover photo is by Richard Avedon. The track "If It Were Left Up to Me" is purportedly an outtake from 1968's *Life*.

As with *There's a Riot Goin' On*, Stone held on to the *Fresh* masters well beyond the record's official release, constantly remixing and re-recording the tracks. As a result, alternate and significantly different versions of at least ten songs from the album are known to exist. In 1991, Sony Music, by then owner of the Epic catalog, accidentally issued a sequencing of *Fresh* on CD featuring alternate takes of every song except "In Time", which remained unchanged. Sony allowed the alternate version to remain in stores to be bought up by fans and then later issued the standard 1973 version of the album. However, the mix-up sparked debate among fans over which release was superior. When Sony BMG reissued *Fresh* in CD and digital download formats for Sly & the Family Stone's 40th anniversary, five alternate mixes were included as bonus tracks. These tracks are extremely similar, if not identical, to the alternate, accidental 1991 release. The alternate version is known to be very accessible in Japan, while it is very scarce in the U.S.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | A |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Stylus Magazine* | B+ |
| *Uncut* |  |

*Fresh* was met with positive reviews. Writing for *Creem* in 1973, Dave Marsh believed Stone is "coming to terms with himself as rock star" on an album that is among the richest from 1973, if not all time. He went on to predict the album would produce hits "because Sly, however great the contradictions he feels may be, is a truly great rock singer in the first place." In a review for *Crawdaddy!*, Vernon Gibbs found the music to be "quite worthy of the founder of progressive soul", saying it offers "plenty of ass-shaking rhythms for the present and reason for optimism about the future". Stephen Davis from *Rolling Stone* hailed *Fresh* as Stone's "masterpiece", "in its own sense, and on its own terms", and "a growing step for Sly — out of the murky and dangerous milieu that infused *Riot* and into a greater perspective on his own capacity to make music a positive form of communication". While crediting Stone for "open\[ing\] himself up lyrically" albeit for the sake of making commercial music, he found the album to be "both new and cheeky: It aims for honesty and decadence at the same time. It focuses on certain of his hassles while thoroughly entrancing his listener with the conjuring charms of the rhythms of black life. It's a bitch."

In a year-end list for *Newsday*, Robert Christgau ranked *Fresh* sixth among 1973's best albums. He later called the album "*Riot*-lite, which equated to minor funk classic" and said both *Fresh* and its predecessor are "easily \[Stone's\] best albums-as-albums".

## Legacy

Jazz legend Miles Davis was so impressed by the song "In Time" from the album that he made his band listen to the track repeatedly for a full 30 minutes. Composer and music theorist Brian Eno cited *Fresh* as having heralded a shift in the history of recording, "where the rhythm instruments, particularly the bass drum and bass, suddenly \[became\] the important instruments in the mix."

George Clinton, who has listed *Fresh* as one of his favorite albums, later convinced the Red Hot Chili Peppers to cover "If You Want Me to Stay" on their second 1985 album *Freaky Styley*, which was produced by him.

In 2003, the album was ranked number 186 on *Rolling Stone* magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list.

In 2006, Robert Randolph and the Family Band recorded a cover of "Thankful N Thoughtful" for their second studio album *Colorblind*.

## Track listing

All songs written, produced and arranged by Sylvester "Sly Stone" Stewart, except where noted.

**Side one**

1. "In Time" – 5:48
2. "If You Want Me to Stay" – 3:03
3. "Let Me Have It All" – 2:56
4. "Frisky" – 3:10
5. "Thankful N' Thoughtful" – 4:40

**Side two**

1. "Skin I'm In" – 2:53
2. "I Don't Know (Satisfaction)" – 3:51
3. "Keep on Dancin'" – 2:23
4. "Qué Será, Será (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)" (Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) – 5:20
5. "If It Were Left Up to Me" – 1:58
6. "Babies Makin' Babies" – 3:38

* Sides one and two were combined on CD reissues as tracks 1–11.

**CD reissue bonus tracks**

1.
2. "Let Me Have It All" (alternate mix) – 2:19
3. "Frisky" (alternate mix) – 3:27
4. "Skin I'm In" (alternate mix) – 2:48
5. "Keep On Dancin'" (alternate mix) – 2:44
6. "Babies Makin' Babies" (alternate version) – 4:20

## Personnel

Sly and the Family Stone

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1973) | Peak positions |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Pop Albums | 7 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Soul Albums | 1 |
| Canadian RPM Albums Chart | 17 |

| Chart (2007) | Peak positions |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese Chart (Oricon) | 84 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1973) | Peak positions |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Pop Albums | 76 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Soul Albums | 17 |

## InfoBox

| Fresh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sly and the Family Stone | |
| Released | June 1973 (1973-06) |
| Recorded | 1972–73 |
| Studio | Record Plant (Sausalito, California) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 39:39 |
| Label | Epic |
| Producer | Sly Stone |
| Sly and the Family Stone chronology | |
| *There's a Riot Goin' On*
(1971) ***Fresh***
(1973) *Small Talk*
(1974) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Fresh* | |
| 1. "If You Want Me to Stay"
Released: 1973 2. "Frisky"
Released: 1973 | |
|  | |


title: Fresh (Shawn Desman album)

abstract: Fresh is the third studio album by Canadian singer Shawn Desman. It was first released in Canada on August 3, 2010. The album was preceded by its Top 20-peaking lead single "Shiver" and the Platinum-certified dual singles "Electric" and "Night Like This".

text:
# Fresh (Shawn Desman album)

***Fresh*** is the third studio album by Canadian singer Shawn Desman. It was first released in Canada on August 3, 2010. The album was preceded by its Top 20-peaking lead single "Shiver" and the Platinum-certified dual singles "Electric" and "Night Like This".

## Track listing

1. "Fresh"
2. "Electric"
3. "Moneyshot"
4. "Quickie"
5. "Click"
6. "Trouble"
7. "Shiver"
8. "Night Like This"
9. "Impossible"
10. "Something Stupid"
11. "Dynamite"

## Chart performance

### Album

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canadian Albums (*Billboard*) | 29 |
|

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart
positions | Certification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | CAN
 | |
| 2010 | "Shiver" | 18 | MC: Gold |
| | "Night Like This" | 22 | MC: Platinum |
| | "Electric" | 23 | MC: Platinum |
| 2011 | "Moneyshot" |  |  |
| | "Something Stupid" |  |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart. | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| Fresh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Shawn Desman | |
| Released | August 3, 2010 |
| Recorded | 2009–2010 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 38:20 |
| Label | UOMO, Sony BMG Music Entertainment |
| Producer | Shawn Desman, Christopher Stewart, Leeyou & Danceey, Scott Storch, The Clutch, Stargate, Random |
| Shawn Desman chronology | |
| *Back for More*
(2005) ***Fresh***
(2010) *Alive*
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Fresh* | |
| 1. "Shiver"
Released: February 23, 2010 2. "Electric / Night Like This"
Released: June 15, 2010 3. "Moneyshot / Something Stupid"
Released: 2011 | |
|  | |


title: Meadow River Lumber Company

abstract: The Meadow River Lumber Company, which operated in Rainelle, West Virginia from 1906 to 1975, was the largest hardwood sawmill in the world. It had three 9 feet (2.7 m) bandsaws under one roof. In 1928, during peak production, its 500 employees produced 31 million board feet of lumber, cutting 3,000 acres (12 km⁲) of virgin timber a year.

text:
# Meadow River Lumber Company

The **Meadow River Lumber Company**, which operated in Rainelle, West Virginia from 1906 to 1975, was the largest hardwood sawmill in the world. It had three 9 feet (2.7 m) bandsaws under one roof. In 1928, during peak production, its 500 employees produced 31 million board feet (73 thousand cubic meters) of lumber, cutting 3,000 acres (12 km2) of virgin timber a year.

## History

In 1903, the brothers Thomas and John Raine of Ironton, Ohio and later Empire, Pennsylvania joined a lumber firm operating near Evenwood in Randolph County, West Virginia. Later, in 1906, they began purchasing 100,000 acres (400 km2) of land, containing one of the last large stands of virgin hardwood in the United States, mostly on the Meadow River drainage, in western Greenbrier County, West Virginia. Being 20 miles (32 km) to the nearest railroad mainline, they first formed the Sewell Valley Railroad Company to construct a spur line, which eventually evolved into the Meadow River Railroad. This spur was initially used to haul building materials into the wilderness area, and eventually to haul their products out to market. Mill construction began in 1909, and the first board was sawed in September, 1910. Ultimately the mill contained three 9-foot (2.7 m) bandsaws under one roof, making it the largest hardwood sawmill.

The plant and railroad operated several Shay locomotives, one of which was acquired by the Cass Scenic Railroad in 1964, and has since fallen into disrepair.

The plant included a planing mill with the capacity of turning out a million feet (2,360,000 cubic meters) of flooring, ceiling, siding and trim pieces a year. Six large kilns dried lumber for use in the planing mill.

3 miles (4.8 km) of lumber piles, some 40 feet (12 m) high, were stacked on the ten, 1,300 feet (400 m) long lumber docks.

In 1913,the firm created the nearby town of Rainelle. Company-owned houses there were plastered and papered inside, painted white outside, and designed for sanitation, with modern plumbing and electricity. Each had a yard and a garden space surrounding it.

The original mill building was destroyed by fire in 1924. The employees were set to work building a new one, which was operational by March of the following year.

Meadow River lumber began the process called clearcutting in 1939.

Major products included flooring, hardwood shoe heels, furniture, and later moldings and trim. By the time the mill ceased operation, it was the world's largest producer of women's hardwood shoe heels and flooring. It was also the last of the Eastern United States' large independent wood producers.

The business was sold to Georgia-Pacific Corporation in 1970, and the mill was subsequently torn down in 1975.


title: McrA RNA motif

abstract: The mcrA RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. mcrA motif RNAs are found in the genus Listeria, as well as two phages that infect such species: Listeria phage 2389 and Listeria phage B025. mcrA RNAs are often found upstream of genes that encode restriction endonucleases of the mcrA type. These endonucleases are typically found in phages. This fact could suggest that the RNAs function as cis-regulatory elements. However, mcrA RNA are clearly associated with phages, which often organize their genes such that all genes are transcribed in one huge unit. Therefore, it is possible that mcrA RNAs are located upstream of protein-coding genes merely because they happen to be adjacent in these long phage transcripts.

text:
# McrA RNA motif

The ***mcrA* RNA motif** is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics.

*mcrA* motif RNAs are found in the genus *Listeria*, as well as two phages that infect such species: *Listeria* phage 2389 and *Listeria* phage B025.

*mcrA* RNAs are often found upstream of genes that encode restriction endonucleases of the *mcrA* type. These endonucleases are typically found in phages. This fact could suggest that the RNAs function as cis-regulatory elements. However, *mcrA* RNA are clearly associated with phages, which often organize their genes such that all (or many) genes are transcribed in one huge unit. Therefore, it is possible that *mcrA* RNAs are located upstream of protein-coding genes merely because they happen to be adjacent in these long phage transcripts.

## InfoBox

| mcrA | |
| --- | --- |
| Consensus secondary structure and sequence conservation of mcrA RNA | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | mcrA |
| Rfam | RF03010 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; sRNA |
| SO | SO:0001263 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Fresnel imager

abstract: A Fresnel imager is a proposed ultra-lightweight design for a space telescope that uses a Fresnel array as primary optics instead of a typical lens. It focuses light with a thin opaque foil sheet punched with specially shaped holes, thus focusing light on a certain point by using the phenomenon of diffraction. Such patterned sheets, called Fresnel zone plates, have long been used for focusing laser beams, but have so far not been used for astronomy. No optical material is involved in the focusing process as in traditional telescopes. Rather, the light collected by the Fresnel array is concentrated on smaller classical optics, to form a final image. The long focal lengths of the Fresnel imager require operation by two-vessel formation flying in space at the L2 Sun-Earth Lagrangian point. In this two-spacecraft formation-flying instrument, one spacecraft holds the focussing element: the Fresnel interferometric array; the other spacecraft holds the field optics, focal instrumentation, and detectors.

text:
# Fresnel imager

A **Fresnel imager** is a proposed ultra-lightweight design for a space telescope that uses a Fresnel array as primary optics instead of a typical lens. It focuses light with a thin opaque foil sheet punched with specially shaped holes, thus focusing light on a certain point by using the phenomenon of diffraction. Such patterned sheets, called Fresnel zone plates, have long been used for focusing laser beams, but have so far not been used for astronomy. No optical material is involved in the focusing process as in traditional telescopes. Rather, the light collected by the Fresnel array is concentrated on smaller classical optics (e.g. 1/20 of the array size), to form a final image.

The long focal lengths of the Fresnel imager (a few kilometers) require operation by two-vessel formation flying in space at the L2 Sun-Earth Lagrangian point. In this two-spacecraft formation-flying instrument, one spacecraft holds the focussing element: the Fresnel interferometric array; the other spacecraft holds the field optics, focal instrumentation, and detectors.

## Advantages

* A Fresnel imager with a sheet of a given size has vision just as sharp as a traditional telescope with a mirror of the same size, though it collects about 10% of the light.
* The use of vacuum for the individual subapertures eliminates phase defects and spectral limitations, which would result from the use of a transparent or reflective material.
* It can observe in the ultraviolet and infrared, in addition to visible light.
* It achieves images of high contrast, enabling observation of a very faint object in the close vicinity of a bright one.
* Since it is constructed using foil instead of mirrors, it is expected to be more lightweight, and therefore less expensive to launch, than a traditional telescope.
* A 30-metre Fresnel imager would be powerful enough to see Earth-sized planets within 30 light years of Earth, and measure the planets' light spectrum to look for signs of life, such as atmospheric oxygen. The Fresnel imager could also measure the properties of very young galaxies in the distant universe and take detailed images of objects in the Solar System.

## Development

The concept has been successfully tested in the visible, and awaits testing in the UV. An international interest group is being formed, with specialists of the different science cases. A proposal for a 2025-2030 mission has been submitted to ESA Cosmic Vision call. In 2008 Laurent Koechlin of the Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées in Toulouse, France, and his team planned to construct a small ground-based Fresnel imager telescope by attaching a 20-centimetre patterned sheet to a telescope mount.

Koechlin and his team completed the ground-based prototype in 2012. It uses a piece of copper foil 20 cm square with 696 concentric rings as the zone plate. Its focal length is 18 metres. They were able to resolve the moons of Mars from the parent planet with it.

## Further reading


title: Tidal diamond

abstract: Tidal diamonds are symbols on British admiralty charts and others that indicate the direction and speed of tidal streams. The symbols consist of a letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet in a rhombus, printed in purple ink. On any particular chart each tidal diamond will have a unique letter starting from "A" and continuing alphabetically. Either somewhere on the chart or else on a separate sheet, will be a Tidal Diamond table. This contains a grid of thirteen rows and three columns for each Diamond. The rows are the hours of the tidal cycle showing the 6 hours before high water, high water itself and the 6 hours after high water. It is important to realise that the tidal hour lasts from half an hour before the nominal time to half an hour after. For instance the row for 3 hours after high water is valid from HW+2½ to HW+3½, not from HW+3 to HW+4. The columns show the bearing of the tidal stream and its speed, in knots, at both spring tide and neap tide. The times on the table are related to the high water of the standard port displayed on the table. To calculate the rate at an intermediate tide between neap and spring, interpolation is required. Traditionally this has been done using a "calculation of rates" chart. An alternative to a tidal diamond is a tidal atlas which are often more accurate and easier to use.

text:
# Tidal diamond

**Tidal diamonds** are symbols on British admiralty charts and others that indicate the direction and speed of tidal streams.

The symbols consist of a letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet in a rhombus, printed in purple ink. On any particular chart each tidal diamond will have a unique letter starting from "A" and continuing alphabetically.

Either somewhere on the chart (generally on land) or else on a separate sheet, will be a *Tidal Diamond table*. This contains a grid of thirteen rows and three columns for each Diamond. The rows are the hours of the tidal cycle showing the 6 hours before high water, high water itself and the 6 hours after high water. It is important to realise that the tidal hour lasts from half an hour before the nominal time to half an hour after. For instance the row for 3 hours after high water is valid from HW+2½ to HW+3½, not from HW+3 to HW+4. The columns show the bearing of the tidal stream and its speed, in knots, at both spring tide and neap tide. The times on the table are related to the high water of the standard port displayed on the table. To calculate the rate at an intermediate tide between neap and spring, interpolation is required. Traditionally this has been done using a "calculation of rates" chart.

An alternative to a **tidal diamond** is a tidal atlas which are often more accurate and easier to use (if available).

## Footnotes

1. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office 2016, H46.
2. Noice 2015, p. 60.
3. Royal Yachting Association (Great Britain) 2016, pp. 26–27.

## Citations

* Noice, Alison (2015). *Yachtmaster for sail & power: a manual for the RYA yachtmaster certificates of competence*. ISBN 978-1-4729-2549-7.
* Royal Yachting Association (Great Britain) (2016). *Rya yachtmaster shorebased notes*. ISBN 978-1-906435-92-9.
* United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (2016). *Symbols and abbreviations used on admiralty paper charts* (Edition 6 ed.). Taunton, Somerset: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. ISBN 978-0-7077-4174-1.


title: Tidal creek

abstract: A tidal creek or tidal channel is a narrow inlet or estuary that is affected by the ebb and flow of ocean tides. Thus, it has variable salinity and electrical conductivity over the tidal cycle, and flushes salts from inland soils. Tidal creeks are characterized by slow water velocity, resulting in buildup of fine, organic sediment in wetlands. Creeks may often be a dry to muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but with significant depth of water at high tide. Due to the temporal variability of water quality parameters within the tidally influenced zone, there are unique biota associated with tidal creeks which are often specialised to such zones. Nutrients and organic matter are delivered downstream to habitats normally lacking these, while the creeks also provide access to inland habitat for salt-water organisms.

text:
# Tidal creek

A **tidal creek** or **tidal channel** is a narrow inlet or estuary that is affected by the ebb and flow of ocean tides. Thus, it has variable salinity and electrical conductivity over the tidal cycle, and flushes salts from inland soils. Tidal creeks are characterized by slow water velocity, resulting in buildup of fine, organic sediment in wetlands. Creeks may often be a dry to muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but with significant depth of water at high tide. Due to the temporal variability of water quality parameters within the tidally influenced zone, there are unique biota associated with tidal creeks which are often specialised to such zones. Nutrients and organic matter are delivered downstream to habitats normally lacking these, while the creeks also provide access to inland habitat for salt-water organisms.

## Terminology

A "creek" normally refers to a tidal water channel in British English and in other parts of the Anglosphere. This is the case in many countries in the Commonwealth, such as The Bahamas, as well as some parts of the United States (near the Chesapeake Bay, parts of New England, and southern Florida). In the tidal section of the River Thames in London, the names of the rivers that flow into it all become Creeks for the lower section that is tidal; thus, for example, the River Lea becomes Bow Creek in its tidal section. In parts of southwest England and Wales, the term "pill" is used, and is found in placenames such as Huntspill.

A narrow channel between islands in the Florida Keys is known there as a creek. On the India and Pakistan borders, the term also applies to the salt water inlets enclosed by mangroves. Creeks are found dispersed all along the Indian coast.

A "tidal course" is the more general term for any elongated indentation or valley in a wetland originated by tidal processes along which water flows pumped by tidal influence. It includes a series of indentations within a wide spectrum of sizes (width, length, and depth) and with at least two levels of inundation. Subtypes are tidal rills, tidal grooves, tidal gullies, that normally do not contain water even during neap low tide, and tidal creeks and tidal channels, that have water permanently. A tidal course creates a system for its ecosystem that circulates water, sediments, organic matter, nutrient, and pollutants. A tidal course is essential to the surrounding flora and fauna because they provide protection, nutrients, a place to reproduce, and a habitat for juvenile species before they go into the ocean.

## Development

Whereas areas of coastline that experience high wave activity are usually characterized by beaches, areas sheltered from wave action may develop tidal wetland systems. In these areas, upland creeks drain towards the shore, draining the high part of the coast. At some point they become tidal, technically estuarine.

As they come closer to shore, they often become very sinuous, due to the flatness of the land. In addition to draining upland fresh water (in many instances) tidal creeks form by the ebb tide seaward flow and downward incision of the water as it flows from inland to the shore. At high tide and spring tide, large areas are covered with water. This huge volume of water retreats at the start of the ebb tide in a surge. Later on during the ebb tide, water remains only in the creeks and the current is mainly a river (drainage) current and not tidal. Tidal creeks deposit sediment in a process called accretion, during the flood tide, which can maintain a flat plain by counteracting sea level rise or land subsidence. High tidal flow will maintain channels, while slower flow velocity can lead to closure of tidal creeks as they become clogged with sediment. Well-developed wetlands have sharp-banked tidal creeks, with vegetation stabilizing the sides of the creeks. Such tidal creeks will also be connected in networks: a multitude of smaller creeks called first-order creeks will feed into large ones, creating complex patterns of drainage.

## Human impact

Especially in areas prone to compaction or subsidence - like peat wetlands - human use of tidal creek flow can lead to the expansion of the creeks. Natural subsidence is compounded by anthropogenic sediment compaction, lowering the land level. Deforestation and other human-development-related processes can destabilize the banks of creeks and increase the amount of sediment in them. This slows the velocity of the water, which means that instead of cutting deeper channels, the water flows gently farther inland in shallow channels. Human development in tidal areas often results in diking, which changes the course of the tidal creeks and the salinity of the tidal area into freshwater.

Restoration of tidal wetlands begins with restoration of the creek systems, which determine the shape of the land, the nutrient and salinity levels, and the type of vegetation and animal communities in a wetland.

## Examples

There are thousands of examples of tidal creeks throughout the world. A few specific ones are:

## Footnotes

1. Healy, Terry R. (2005), "Tidal Creeks", in Schwartz, Maurice L. (ed.), *Encyclopedia of Coastal Science*, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 949–950, doi:10.1007/1-4020-3880-1\_313, ISBN 978-1-4020-3880-8, retrieved 2021-04-02
2. Zedler, Joy B., ed. (2001). "Hydrology and Substrate". *Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands*. CRC Press.
3. "About the Spruce Creek Watershed". Archived from the original on 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
4. "Terra Ceia Aquatic Preserve -DEP-staff-Randy-Runnels-Frog-Creek | Florida Department of Environmental Protection". *floridadep.gov*. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
5. *The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary*. Vol. II (P–Z). Oxford University Press. 1971. p. 2174.
6. Perillo, Gerardo. "TIDAL COURSES: CLASSIFICATION, ORIGIN AND FUNCTIONALITY" (PDF). Elsevier.
7. Perillo, Gerardo. "TIDAL COURSES: CLASSIFICATION, ORIGIN AND FUNCTIONALITY" (PDF). Elsevier.
8. Pierik, Harm Jan; Stouthamer, Esther; Schuring, Tim; Cohen, Kim M. (2018-09-25). "Human-caused avulsion in the Rhine-Meuse delta before historic embankment (The Netherlands)". *Geology*. **46** (11): 935–938. Bibcode:2018Geo....46..935P. doi:10.1130/g45188.1. hdl:1874/374673. ISSN 0091-7613.
9. Karberg, Jennifer M.; Beattie, Karen C.; O’Dell, Danielle I.; Omand, Kelly A. (2018-06-18). "Tidal Hydrology and Salinity Drives Salt Marsh Vegetation Restoration and Phragmites australis Control in New England". *Wetlands*. **38** (5): 993–1003. doi:10.1007/s13157-018-1051-4. ISSN 0277-5212. S2CID 49298710.
10. Isdell, Robert E.; Bilkovic, Donna M.; Hershner, Carl (2018). "Shorescape-level factors drive distribution and condition of a salt marsh facilitator (Geukensia demissa)". *Ecosphere*. **9** (10): e02449. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2449. ISSN 2150-8925.
11. Li, Runxiang; Yu, Qian; Wang, Yunwei; Wang, Zheng Bing; Gao, Shu; Flemming, Burg (2018). "The relationship between inundation duration and Spartina alterniflora growth along the Jiangsu coast, China". *Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science*. **213**: 305–313. Bibcode:2018ECSS..213..305L. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.027. ISSN 0272-7714. S2CID 135052098.


title: Freeman's Marsh

abstract: Freeman's Marsh is a 25.1-hectare (62-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the northern outskirts of Hungerford in Berkshire. It is in the North Wessex Downs, which is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The site is owned by the Town and Manor of Hungerford. Freeman's Marsh is in the flood plain of the River Dun, which goes through the site. It has unimproved meadows, which have long been traditionally managed by grazing, marsh, reedbeds and scattered woodland. Many species of birds nest on the river bank and in the marshy meadows, including snipe, little grebes and mute swans, while sedge warblers, reed warblers and reed buntings nest in tall fen and reed. The site is crossed by public footpaths.

text:
# Freeman's Marsh

**Freeman's Marsh** is a 25.1-hectare (62-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the northern outskirts of Hungerford in Berkshire. It is in the North Wessex Downs, which is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The site is owned by the Town and Manor of Hungerford.

Freeman's Marsh is in the flood plain of the River Dun, which goes through the site. It has unimproved meadows, which have long been traditionally managed by grazing, marsh, reedbeds and scattered woodland. Many species of birds nest on the river bank and in the marshy meadows, including snipe, little grebes and mute swans, while sedge warblers, reed warblers and reed buntings nest in tall fen and reed.

The site is crossed by public footpaths.

## InfoBox

Freeman's Marsh
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location within Berkshire | |
| Location | Berkshire |
| Grid reference | SU 329 686 |
| Coordinates | 51°24′54″N 1°31′55″W / 51.415°N 1.532°W / 51.415; -1.532 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 25.1 hectares (62 acres) |
| Notification | 1986 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


abstract: As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection. Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 462001–463000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 462001–462100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 462078 Carlosbriones | 2007 FS4 | *Carlos Briones*, a Spanish scientist and writer | IAU **·** 462078 |

## 462101–462200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 462201–462300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 462301–462400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 462401–462500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 462501–462600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 462601–462700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 462701–462800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 462801–462900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 462901–463000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

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title: Farnham Pottery

abstract: Farnham Pottery is located in Wrecclesham near Farnham, Surrey. This is one of the best preserved examples of a working Victorian country pottery left in England and is a grade II listed building. Its significance in the local area is shown by it featuring on the emblem of Wrecclesham Cricket Club.

text:
# Farnham Pottery

**Farnham Pottery** is located in Wrecclesham near Farnham, Surrey. This is one of the best preserved examples of a working Victorian country pottery left in England and is a grade II listed building. Its significance in the local area is shown by it featuring on the emblem of Wrecclesham Cricket Club.

## History

A major pottery industry has existed in the Farnham area since Roman times and in the 16th century supplied London with a substantial part of its pottery requirements. In the Middle Ages, Farnham clay was shipped by river to Kingston upon Thames and surrounding villages, where it was potted; collectively this is known as "Surrey whiteware". A letter in 1594 mentions that white clay was dug in Farnham Park to make drinking vessels used by lawyers at the Inner Temple in London. At its height, the pottery operated its own clay pits, had four working kilns and employed up to thirty men. A lightweight tramway connected the pits to the pottery, with tubs being pushed along the temporary tracks.

In 1872 it was owned by Absalom Harris. The early work was utility wares including drainpipes and tiles. Around 1880, he was asked to copy a French vase. After many trials, Harris managed to produce a reasonable example using a lead glaze made green by the addition of copper oxide.

After that, the production of art pottery featured more prominently in the company's agenda, and Farnham Greenware, as it was known, established itself. A strong connection with Farnham School of Art was formed.

W. H. Allen designed for Farnham Pottery from the turn of the century until 1943. The pots were sold at Heals and Liberty. The company was widely known for its 'owl jugs' which were produced up to the 1950s.

The pottery is now no longer owned by the Harris family. Farnham Buildings Preservation Trust (FBPT) bought the site in 1998 and they have their own group of potters (West Street Potters) producing pottery there. The pottery still contains many examples of the original moulds and a number of local houses were built using architectural fittings made on this site.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Farnham Pottery | |
| --- | --- |
| The Bottle kiln | |
| Type | Pottery |
| Coordinates | 51°11′42″N 0°49′14″W / 51.19500°N 0.82056°W / 51.19500; -0.82056 |
| OS grid reference | SU 82520 44636 |
| Architectural style(s) | Victorian |
| Owner | Farnham Buildings Preservation Trust |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | The Farnham Pottery, including the pottery workshops, kiln, water cistern, entrance block, toilet block, former forge, messroom and garage |
| Designated | 27 May 1999 |
| Reference no. | 1387288 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Farnham Pottery in Surrey | |


title: Palaeonemertea

abstract: Palaeonemertea is a class of primitive nemertean worm. It may be para- or polyphyletic, consisting of three to five clades and totalling about 100 species. These worms have several apparently simple features and, as their name suggests, they are often considered to be the most primitive nemerteans. The primary body-wall musculature consists of an outer circular layer overlying a longitudinal layer. The group includes genera such as Cephalothrix in which the nerve cords are inside the body-wall longitudinal muscle, and Tubulanus, in which the nerve cords are between the outer circular muscle and the epidermis. Tubulanids are commonly encountered in rocky areas of intertidal zones in the northern hemisphere. They are often bright orange or have very distinctive banding and or stripes and can be many metres long, although only a few millimetres thick.

text:
# Palaeonemertea

**Palaeonemertea** is a class of primitive nemertean worm. It may be para- or polyphyletic, consisting of three to five clades and totalling about 100 species.

These worms have several apparently simple features and, as their name suggests, they are often considered to be the most primitive nemerteans. The primary body-wall musculature consists of an outer circular layer overlying a longitudinal layer.

The group includes genera such as *Cephalothrix* in which the nerve cords are inside the body-wall longitudinal muscle, and *Tubulanus*, in which the nerve cords are between the outer circular muscle and the epidermis. Tubulanids are commonly encountered in rocky areas of intertidal zones in the northern hemisphere. They are often bright orange or have very distinctive banding and or stripes and can be many metres long, although only a few millimetres thick.

## Taxonomy

Chernyshev (2021) placed the group in its own superclass Pronemertea, and included the following three orders and six families in the group:

* Thoney, Dennis A. and Schlager, Neil (eds.) (2004) "Anopla (*Anoplans*)" *Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Volume 1 - Lower Metazoans and Lesser Deuterostomes* (2nd ed.) Thomson-Gale, Detroit, pp. 245–251 ISBN 0-7876-5777-8;
* Gibson, Ray (2002) *The Invertebrate Fauna of New Zealand: Nemertea (Ribbon Worms)* (NIWA Biodiversity Memoir No. 118) National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand, ISBN 0-478-23249-7 ;
* Sundberg, Per; Turbeville, J. McClintock and Lindh, Susanne (2001) "Phylogenetic Relationships among Higher Nemertean (Nemertea) Taxa Inferred from 18S rDNA Sequences" *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* 20(3): pp. 327–334;

## InfoBox

| Palaeonemertea | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Cephalothrix linearis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nemertea |
| Superclass: | Pronemertea
Chernyshev, 2021 |
| Class: | Palaeonemertea
Hubrecht, 1879 |
|
| Orders and families | |
| See text | |


title: Francesco Trivulzio

abstract: Francesco Trivulzio was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Nocera de' Pagani (1621–1631).

text:
# Francesco Trivulzio

**Francesco Trivulzio** (died 1631) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Nocera de' Pagani (1621–1631).

## Biography

Francesco Trivulzio was born ordained a priest in 1605. On 29 March 1621, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Bishop of Nocera de' Pagani. In April 1621, he was consecrated bishop by Giovanni Garzia Mellini, Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati. He served as Bishop of Nocera de' Pagani until his death on 22 August 1631.

* Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Nocera Inferiore-Sarno". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) \[*self-published*\]
* Chow, Gabriel. "Diocese of Nocera Inferiore-Sarno (Italy)". *GCatholic.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) \[*self-published*\]

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Francesco Trivulzio | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Nocera de' Pagani | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Nocera de' Pagani |
| In office | 1621–1631 |
| Predecessor | Stefano de Vicari |
| Successor | Ippolito Franconi |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | April 1621
by Giovanni Garzia Mellini |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 22 August 1631
Nocera de' Pagani, Italy |


title: Vladimir Kostin

abstract: Vladimir Mikhailovich Kostin was a Russian basketball referee. He has refereed in the 1952 Olympics, 1956 Olympics, 1976 Olympics, 1963 World Championship, 1959 Women's World Championship and many European Championships. In 2007, he was enshrined in the FIBA Hall of Fame.

text:
# Vladimir Kostin

**Vladimir Mikhailovich Kostin** (Russian: Владимир Михайлович Костин, 22 June 1921 in Moscow, Russia – 3 May 1994 in Moscow, Russia) was a Russian basketball referee. He has refereed in the 1952 Olympics, 1956 Olympics, 1976 Olympics, 1963 World Championship, 1959 Women's World Championship and many European Championships. In 2007, he was enshrined in the FIBA Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

Vladimir Kostin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 22 June 1921 (1921-06-22)
Moscow, Russia |
| Died | 3 May 1994 (1994-05-04) (aged 72)
Moscow, Russia |
| Position | Referee |
| Officiating career | 1936–unknown |
|  | |
| FIBA Hall of Fame as official | |
|  | |


title: Mesoplia dugesi

abstract: Mesoplia dugesi is a species of bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Arizona and Mexico.

text:
# Mesoplia dugesi

***Mesoplia dugesi*** is a species of bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Arizona and Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Mesoplia dugesi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Mesoplia* |
| Species: | ***M. dugesi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mesoplia dugesi***<br>(Cockerell, 1917) | |
|


title: Indiana University Press

abstract: Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences. Its headquarters are located in Bloomington, Indiana. IU Press publishes approximately 100 new books annually, in addition to 38 academic journals, and maintains a current catalog comprising some 2,000 titles. Indiana University Press primarily publishes in the following areas: African, African American, Asian, cultural, Jewish, Holocaust, Middle Eastern studies, Russian and Eastern European, and women's and gender studies; anthropology, film studies, folklore, history, bioethics, music, paleontology, philanthropy, philosophy, and religion. IU Press undertakes extensive regional publishing under its Quarry Books imprint.

text:
# Indiana University Press

**Indiana University Press**, also known as **IU Press**, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences. Its headquarters are located in Bloomington, Indiana. IU Press publishes approximately 100 new books annually, in addition to 38 academic journals, and maintains a current catalog comprising some 2,000 titles.

Indiana University Press primarily publishes in the following areas: African, African American, Asian, cultural, Jewish, Holocaust, Middle Eastern studies, Russian and Eastern European, and women's and gender studies; anthropology, film studies, folklore, history, bioethics, music, paleontology, philanthropy, philosophy, and religion. IU Press undertakes extensive regional publishing under its Quarry Books imprint.

## History

IU Press began in 1950 as part of Indiana University's post-war growth under President Herman B Wells. Bernard Perry, son of Harvard philosophy professor Ralph Barton Perry, served as the first director. IU Press's first book was a translation of Edouard de Montulé's *Travels in America, 1816–1817*, published in March 1951. A total of six books were published the first year.

In 1952, IU Press earned full membership with the Association of American University Presses (now known as the "Association of University Presses"). During its first decade in operation, IU Press published more than 200 books. That same decade, in 1955, it published Rolfe Humphries's translation of the *Metamorphoses* of Ovid, IU Press's all-time bestseller, having sold more than 500,000 copies to date.

Bernard Perry retired as director in 1976 and was replaced by John Gallman who focused on the academic strengths of Indiana University. The IU Press Journals Division, launched in 1987 with three journals, now carries 38 in its 2023 portfolio. By the end of John Gallman's tenure as director in 2000, IU Press published 150 books annually and in 2022, the press maintains an annual output of approximately 100–120 scholarly books per year.

In 2004 IU Press launched **Quarry Books**, an imprint dedicated to regional topics. It launched **Red Lighting Books,** another imprint, that focuses on food and drink, lifestyle, travel, sports, the Midwest, and true crime.

## Honors and awards

In 1965, IU Press received the Centennial Medal, the highest prize of the U.S. Civil War Centennial Commission, for its role in preserving Civil War history. IU Press's 1967 translation of volume 1 of Kierkegaard's *Journals and Papers* won a National Book Award. It was followed by a second National Book Award in 1970 for a translation of Bertolt Brecht's *Saint Joan of the Stockyards*. In 2009 Indiana University Press publication *The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945*, Volume I was selected as the winner of the 2009 National Jewish Book Award in the Holocaust category.

In a ranking of scholarly publishers in political science, IUP ranked 28th among all scholarly publishers by respondent preferences for publishers whose books they read or rely upon for the best research in political science.

## InfoBox

Indiana University Press
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent company | Indiana University |
| Founded | 1950 |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Headquarters location | Bloomington, Indiana |
| Distribution | Hopkins Fulfillment Services (North America)<br>Combined Academic Publishers Ltd (Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific, Australia and New Zealand) |
| Publication types | Books, academic journals |
| Imprints | Quarry Books, Red Lightning Books |
| Official website | iupress.org |


title: WUME-FM

abstract: WUME 95.3 FM is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary format. Licensed to Paoli, Indiana, the station is owned by Diamond Shores Broadcasting, LLC.

text:
# WUME-FM

**WUME** 95.3 FM is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary format. Licensed to Paoli, Indiana, the station is owned by Diamond Shores Broadcasting, LLC.

## InfoBox

WUME-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 95.3 MHz |
| Branding | *Mix 95.3* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Hot adult contemporary |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Diamond Shores Broadcasting, LLC |
| Sister stations | WSEZ |
| History | |
| First air date | September 1972 |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 28600 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 3,000 watts |
| HAAT | 91 meters (299 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 38°32′25″N 86°28′42″W / 38.54028°N 86.47833°W / 38.54028; -86.47833 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | wume953.com |


title: Milagro de amor (1955 film)

abstract: Milagro de amor is a 1955 Costan Rican zarzuela by the composer Alcides Prado Quesada. Prado's zarzuela, to a libretto by his wife Carmen Carvajal de Prado, was inspired by Costa Rican folklore. It premiered at the Teatro Nacional and was such a success that a 16mm filmed version was made under the direction of the impresario José Gamboa. Gamboa's 16mm film was one of only three fictional films made in Costa Rica between 1955 and 1970.

text:
# Milagro de amor (1955 film)

***Milagro de amor*** (*Miracle of Love*) is a 1955 Costan Rican zarzuela by the composer Alcides Prado Quesada.

Prado's zarzuela, to a libretto by his wife Carmen Carvajal de Prado, was inspired by Costa Rican folklore. It premiered at the Teatro Nacional and was such a success that a 16mm filmed version was made under the direction of the impresario José Gamboa. Gamboa's 16mm film was one of only three fictional films made in Costa Rica between 1955 and 1970.


title: Ödeborg

abstract: Ödeborg is a locality situated in Färgelanda Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 598 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Ödeborg

**Ödeborg** (Swedish pronunciation: \[ˈø̂ːdɛˌbɔrj\]) is a locality situated in Färgelanda Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 598 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Ödeborg | |
| --- | --- |
| ÖdeborgÖdeborg | |
| Coordinates: 58°32′42″N 11°58′28″E / 58.54500°N 11.97444°E / 58.54500; 11.97444 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Dalsland |
| County | Västra Götaland County |
| Municipality | Färgelanda Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.74 km2 (0.29 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 598 |
| Density | 805/km2 (2,080/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Climate | Cfb |