abstract: The Community of Portuguese Language Countries consists of nine member states, which list the Portuguese language as an official language, and only East Timor and Equatorial Guinea list a secondary official language. In 2005, during the CPLP Council of Ministers meeting in Luanda, the status of associate observer for non-member states was adopted to enhance international cooperation and achieve the Community's objectives, leading to the subsequent admission of three states.

text:
# Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries

The Community of Portuguese Language Countries consists of nine member states, which list the Portuguese language as an official language, and only East Timor and Equatorial Guinea list a secondary official language (Tetun and Spanish respectively).

In 2005, during the CPLP Council of Ministers meeting in Luanda, the status of associate observer for non-member states was adopted to enhance international cooperation and achieve the Community's objectives, leading to the subsequent admission of three states.

## Members

| Country | Status | Year joined | Official language(s) | Continent | Population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Portugal | Member | 1996 | Portuguese | Europe | 10,347,892 |
| Brazil | Member | 1996 | Portuguese | South America | 210,147,125 |
| Angola | Member | 1996 | Portuguese | Africa | 31,127,674 |
| Mozambique | Member | 1996 | Portuguese | Africa | 30,066,648 |
| Cape Verde | Member | 1996 | Portuguese | Africa | 483,628 |
| Guinea-Bissau | Member | 1996 | Portuguese | Africa | 1,726,000 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Member | 1996 | Portuguese | Africa | 211,028 |
| East Timor | Member | 2002 | Portuguese and Tetum | Asia/Oceania | 1,340,513 |
| Equatorial Guinea | Member | 2014 | Portuguese, Spanish and French | Africa | 1,454,789 |

## Observers

| Country | Status | Year joined | Official language(s) | Continent | Population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mauritius | associate observer | 2006 | None (*de jure*) | Africa | 1,265,475 |
| Senegal | associate observer | 2008 | French | Africa | 15,854,323 |
| Georgia | associate observer | 2014 | Georgian | Asia/Europe | 4,012,104 |
| Japan | associate observer | 2014 | Japanese | Asia | 125,470,000 |
| Namibia | associate observer | 2014 | English | Africa | 2,550,226 |
| Turkey | associate observer | 2014 | Turkish | Asia/Europe | 83,614,362 |
| Czech Republic | associate observer | 2016 | Czech | Europe | 10,701,777 |
| Hungary | associate observer | 2016 | Hungarian | Europe | 9,730,000 |
| Slovakia | associate observer | 2016 | Slovak | Europe | 5,464,060 |
| Uruguay | associate observer | 2016 | Spanish | South America | 3,518,552 |
| Andorra | associate observer | 2018 | Catalan | Europe | 77,543 |
| Argentina | associate observer | 2018 | Spanish | South America | 44,938,712 |
| Chile | associate observer | 2018 | Spanish | South America | 17,574,003 |
| France | associate observer | 2018 | French | Europe | 67,522,000 |
| Italy | associate observer | 2018 | Italian | Europe | 60,317,116 |
| Luxembourg | associate observer | 2018 | Luxembourgish, German and French | Europe | 633,622 |
| Serbia | associate observer | 2018 | Serbian | Europe | 6,926,705 |
| United Kingdom | associate observer | 2021 | English | Europe | 67,081,234 |
| Canada | associate observer | 2021 | English and French | North America | 38,048,738 |
| Greece | associate observer | 2021 | Greek | Europe | 10,718,565 |
| India | associate observer | 2021 | Hindi and English | Asia | 1,352,642,280 |
| Ireland | associate observer | 2021 | English and Irish | Europe | 4,977,400 |
| Ivory Coast | associate observer | 2021 | French | Africa | 26,378,274 |
| Qatar | associate observer | 2021 | Arabic | Asia | 2,795,484 |
| Spain | associate observer | 2021 | Spanish | Europe | 47,450,795 |
| Peru | associate observer | 2021 | Spanish | South America | 32,824,358 |
| Romania | associate observer | 2021 | Romanian | Europe | 19,317,984 |
| United States | associate observer | 2021 | None | North America | 331,449,281 |
| Paraguay | associate observer | 2023 | Spanish and Guarani | South America | 7,439,863 |

## Officially interested countries and territories

| Country/Territory | Interested Status | Official language | Continent | Population | Reference | Possible date of discussion | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Morocco | associate member | Amazigh and Arabic | Africa | 33,757,175 |  | 2010 – VIII CPLP Summit  Luanda | Some areas of Morocco colonized by Portugal, proximity to the  Autonomous Region of Madeira. |
| Philippines | associate member | Filipino and English | Asia | 90,500,000 |  | 2010 – VIII CPLP Summit  Luanda | Historical ties to the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan |
| Venezuela | associate member | Spanish | South America | 26,814,843 |  | 2012 – IX CPLP Summit | Largest Portuguese community in Hispanic America |
| Croatia | associate member | Croatian | Europe | 4,453,500 |  | 2012 – IX CPLP Summit | Large number of Portuguese and Brazilian expats |
| Taiwan (ROC) | associate member | Mandarin | Asia | 23,855,010 |  | In negotiations |  |
| Ukraine | associate member | Ukrainian | Europe | 46,372,700 |  | 2012 – IX CPLP Summit | Has migratory fluxes with Portugal |
| Indonesia | associate member | Indonesian | Asia | 237,512,352 |  | In negotiations | Portugal was the major colonial power until Dutch hegemony (see Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago). Occupied East Timor from 1975–2002. |
| Eswatini | associate member | English and Siwati | Africa | 1,185,000 |  | In negotiations | Shares a border with Mozambique with which it has economic ties |
| Australia | associate member | English | Oceania | 22,420,039 |  | In negotiations | "Discovered" by Portuguese navigators. Has a large community of Portuguese, Brazilian and East Timorese expats |
| Russia | associate member | Russian | Europe and Asia | 145,912,025 |  | In negotiations |  |
| Galicia | member | Galician and Spanish | Europe | 2,783,100 |  | Pending Spanish government approval | Strong cultural, historical, and linguistic ties with Portugal |
| Macau | member | Portuguese and Chinese (Cantonese) | Asia | 520,400 |  | Pending Macanese Government approval | Chinese territory formerly under Portuguese administration and a small minority population is Portuguese |
| Malacca | associate member | Malay | Asia | 733,000 |  | Pending Malaysian Government approval | Portuguese colony for more than a century, small minority population of Portuguese descent |
| South Korea | associate member | Korean | Asia | 51,305,186 |  | In negotiations |  |
| Paraguay | associate observer | Spanish and Guarani | South America | 7,219,638 |  | In negotiations | Shares a border with Brazil. The Portuguese language is very popular and taught in Paraguay, being the third most spoken in the country besides Spanish and Guarani, and there is also a community called "brasiguaios". |
| Germany | associate observer | German | Europe | 84,079,811 |  | In negotiations |  |

1. "Official Website". *Community of Portuguese Language Countries*.
2. "Demography - Population at the beginning of the month - France (including Mayotte since 2014)". *www.insee.fr*. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
3. "Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020". *www.ons.gov.uk*. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
4. "XXII Governo - República Portuguesa". *Portugal.gov.pt* (in Portuguese).
5. "Venezuela, Ucrânia e Croácia querem ser da CPLP". *DN Online* (in Portuguese). 2008-07-16. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04.
6. "CPLP: Galiza com estatuto de observador associado só com "sim" de Madrid". *Notícias Lusa - Sapo Notícias* (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2009-02-21.
7. "CPLP: Austrália, Indonésia, Luxemburgo, Suazilândia e Ucrânia interessados em aderir - Info Cabo Verde - Sapo Notícias". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
8. "Rússia quer ser observador associado da CPLP". *O Observador* (in Portuguese). 2020-01-01.
9. "Página Não Encontrada :: Governo de Portugal". *www.portugal.gov.pt*. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
10. "Interesse na CPLP mostra urgência em mudar foco da língua para economia". *O Observador* (in Portuguese). 2018-03-28.
11. "Ministro de Relações Exteriores do Paraguai anunciou pedido de adesão do país como Estado Observador Associado da CPLP". *Embaixada do Paraguai* (in Portuguese). 2020-07-24.
12. "CPLP acolhe primeira instituição alemã como observador consultivo" (in Portuguese). DW. 2016-11-30.


title: Gabriel Verdalle

abstract: Gabriel Verdalle (1847–1918) was a French virtuoso harpist and composer who held the position of Principal Harp at the Paris Opera for most of his career. He wrote numerous pieces for solo harp and duets with harp. Most of his compositions were published by Carl Giessel Jr in Bayreuth between 1898 and 1901 and a reprinted a few years later by Wilhelm Zimmermann in Leipzig.

text:
# Gabriel Verdalle

**Gabriel Verdalle** (1847–1918) was a French virtuoso harpist and composer who held the position of Principal Harp at the Paris Opera for most of his career.

He wrote numerous pieces for solo harp and duets with harp. Most of his compositions were published by Carl Giessel Jr in Bayreuth between 1898 and 1901 and a reprinted a few years later by Wilhelm Zimmermann in Leipzig.

## Works

### With opus

All works are for solo harp unless specified.

* *Op.1. Andante religioso*
* *Op.2. L'oiseau-mouche*
* *Op.3. Petite marche*
* *Op.4. Aubade*
* *Op.5. Sérénade*
* *Op.6. Romance sans paroles*
* *Op.7. Adagio*
* *Op.8. Valse-Caprice*
* *Op.9. Mazurka*
* *Op.10. Barcarolle*
* *Op.11. Ballade*
* *Op.12. Caprice original*
* *Op.13. Prière*
* *Op.14. Air de ballet*
* *Op.15. Bébé dort!*
* *Op.16. Canzonetta (1898)*
* *Op.18. Méditation pour violoncelle et harpe* (cello and harp)
* *Op.20–22. Trois Romances sans Paroles No. 1. Op. 20 in F. No. 2. Op. 21 in D#. No.3 Op. 22 in F.*
* *Op.20 (bis) Larghetto pour violon et harpe en sol* (1898) (violin and harp)
* *Op.23. Saltarelle*
* *Op.24. Rêverie pour violon et harpe* (violin and harp)
* *Op.26. Cantilène pour violon et harpe* (violin and harp)
* *Op.27. Sevillana*
* *Op.29. Chant d'Amour pour violon et harpe* (violin and harp)
* *Op.30. Mélancolie pour violon et harpe* (violin and harp)
* *Op.32. Larmes et Rires pour violon et harpe* (violin and harp)
* *Op.33. Invocation*
* *Op.34. Doux songe*
* *Op.39. Lucciola*
* *Op.40. Danse slave*
* *Op.41. Légende bretonne*
* *Op.42. Remembrance*
* *Op.43. Recueillement*
* *Op.45. Childish March*
* *Op.46. Leggenda d'amore*
* *Op.67. Primavera*
* *Op.73. Badinage*
* *Op.76. Amoroso*
* *Op.77. Serpoletta*
* *Op.79. Berceuse*
* *Op.84. Fantasia pour harpe en fa majeur* (published by Izzo, 1901)
* *Op.87. Scherzetto*
* *Op. 89 Impromptu*

### Without opus

* *Air de ballet No.4*
* *Butterflies, morceau caractéristique*
* *A Capri*
* *Capricciosa, valse lente*
* *Impromptu No.2*
* *Vision*
* *6 Morceaux pour harpe*
* *Ninetta, sérénade andalouse pour piano* (1904)
* *Divertissement pour piano* (1902)
* *Sous l'olivier, mélodie pour voix et harpe* (lyrics by Jacques Linerais)
* *On the Lake*

1. "Gabriel VERDALLE (1847–1918)". *musiqueclassique.forumpro.fr* (in French). Retrieved 21 April 2024.
2. "Category:Verdalle, Gabriel – IMSLP". *imslp.org*. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
3. "Butterflies, by Gabriel Verdalle – Elizabeth Jaxon". *elizabethjaxon.com*. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
4. "Valse caprice Op. 8". *www.presser.com*. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
5. Zingel, Hans Joachim; Palkovic, Mark (1992). *Harp Music in the Nineteenth Century*. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-253-36870-7.


abstract:
This is a list of members of the Victorian Legislative Council between 1976 and 1979. As half of the Legislative Council's terms expired at each triennial election, half of these members were elected at the 1973 state election with terms expiring in 1979, while the other half were elected at the 1976 state election with terms expiring in 1982. The 1975 redistribution, which created four new seats in Greater Melbourne and abolished one in the country, came into effect during the term.
  - ⁱ On 6 August 1976, John Tripovich, Labor MLC for Doutta Galla, died. Labor candidate David White won the resulting by-election on 16 October 1976.
  - ⁲ In April 1978, Keith Bradbury, National (Country) MLC for North Eastern, resigned. National candidate Bill Baxter won the resulting by-election on 24 June 1978.
  - ⁳ In August 1978, Vance Dickie, Liberal MLC for Ballarat, resigned. Labor candidate David Williams won the resulting by-election on 28 October 1978.

text:
# Members of the Victorian Legislative Council, 1976–1979

This is a list of **members of the Victorian Legislative Council** between 1976 and 1979. As half of the Legislative Council's terms expired at each triennial election, half of these members were elected at the 1973 state election with terms expiring in 1979, while the other half were elected at the 1976 state election with terms expiring in 1982.

The 1975 redistribution, which created four new seats in Greater Melbourne and abolished one (Northern Province) in the country, came into effect during the term.

| Name | Party | Province | Term expires | Term of office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bill Baxter\[2\] | National | North Eastern | 1979 | 1978–1984; 1985–2006 |
| Peter Block | Liberal | Boronia | 1979 | 1973–1985 |
| Keith Bradbury\[2\] | National | North Eastern | 1979 | 1953–1978 |
| Bill Campbell | Liberal | East Yarra | 1979 | 1964–1983 |
| Bruce Chamberlain | Liberal | Western | 1982 | 1976–2002 |
| Digby Crozier | Liberal | Western | 1979 | 1973–1985 |
| Hon Vance Dickie\[3\] | Liberal | Ballarat | 1979 | 1956–1978 |
| Bernie Dunn | National | North Western | 1982 | 1969–1988 |
| Dolph Eddy | Labor | Thomastown | 1982 | 1970–1982 |
| Doug Elliot | Labor | Melbourne | 1979 | 1960–1979 |
| David Evans | National | North Eastern | 1982 | 1976–1996 |
| Kevin Foley | Liberal | Boronia | 1982 | 1976–1982 |
| Hon William Fry | Liberal | Higinbotham | 1979 | 1967–1979 |
| John Galbally | Labor | Melbourne North | 1979 | 1949–1979 |
| Stan Gleeson | Liberal | South Western | 1979 | 1965–1979 |
| Jock Granter | Liberal | Central Highlands | 1982 | 1964–1988 |
| Fred Grimwade | Liberal | Bendigo | 1979 | 1967–1987 |
| James Guest | Liberal | Monash | 1982 | 1976–1996 |
| Vernon Hauser | Liberal | Nunawading | 1982 | 1970–1982 |
| Murray Hamilton | Liberal | Higinbotham | 1982 | 1967–1982 |
| Charles Hider | Liberal | Monash | 1979 | 1970–1979 |
| Hon Vasey Houghton | Liberal | Templestowe | 1979 | 1967–1985 |
| Ralph Howard | Liberal | Templestowe | 1982 | 1976–1982 |
| Hon Alan Hunt | Liberal | South Eastern | 1979 | 1961–1992 |
| Glyn Jenkins | Liberal | Geelong | 1982 | 1970–1982 |
| Alexander Knight | Labor/Independent | Melbourne West | 1979 | 1963–1979 |
| Rob Knowles | Liberal | Ballarat | 1982 | 1976–1999 |
| Bill Landeryou | Labor | Doutta Galla | 1982 | 1976–1992 |
| Dick Long | Liberal | Gippsland | 1979 | 1973–1992 |
| Stuart McDonald | National | Northern | 1979 | 1967–1979 |
| Bruce Reid | Liberal | Bendigo | 1982 | 1976–1988 |
| Don Saltmarsh | Liberal | Waverley | 1982 | 1976–1982 |
| Neil Stacey | Liberal | Chelsea | 1982 | 1976–1982 |
| Haddon Storey | Liberal | East Yarra | 1982 | 1971–1996 |
| James Taylor | Liberal | Gippsland | 1982 | 1976–1982 |
| Bon Thomas | Labor | Melbourne West | 1982 | 1970–1982 |
| Ivan Trayling | Labor | Melbourne | 1982 | 1972–1982 |
| John Tripovich\[1\] | Labor | Doutta Galla | 1979 | 1960–1976 |
| John Walton | Labor | Melbourne North | 1982 | 1958–1982 |
| Roy Ward | Liberal | South Eastern | 1982 | 1970–1988 |
| David White\[1\] | Labor | Doutta Galla | 1979 | 1976–1996 |
| David Williams\[3\] | Labor | Ballarat | 1979 | 1978–1979 |
| Ken Wright | National | North Western | 1979 | 1973–1992 |

**1**  On 6 August 1976, John Tripovich, Labor MLC for Doutta Galla, died. Labor candidate David White won the resulting by-election on 16 October 1976. **2**  In April 1978, Keith Bradbury, National (Country) MLC for North Eastern, resigned. National candidate Bill Baxter won the resulting by-election on 24 June 1978. **3**  In August 1978, Vance Dickie, Liberal MLC for Ballarat, resigned. Labor candidate David Williams won the resulting by-election on 28 October 1978.

## Sources


title: Toms (cartoonist)

abstract: V. T. Thomas, popularly known as Toms, was an Indian cartoonist from the state of Kerala, who created the cartoon characters Boban and Molly.

text:
# Toms (cartoonist)

**V. T. Thomas** (6 June 1929 – 27 April 2016), popularly known as **Toms**, was an Indian cartoonist from the state of Kerala, who created the cartoon characters Boban and Molly.

## Early life and career

Toms was born to Vaadakkal Thoppil Kunjuthomman Kunjithomman and Sicily Thomas on 6 June 1929 in Kuttanad. He completed his graduation from St. Berchmans College, Changanassery. Later he joined the army as an electrician and left the job soon. He then devoted his career completely to drawing cartoons. His elder brother Peter Thomas was his inspiration behind drawings. Peter was a cartoonist at *Shankar's Weekly* at that time. Toms started his career in 1950 through *Sathyadeepam*, a Catholic weekly and *Kerala Kaumudi*. He then joined *Malayala Manorama* in 1955.

## Boban and Molly

Toms created the Malayalam cartoon characters Boban and Molly, the brother sister duos accompanied by a tiny puppy based on two real life persons of the same name. They were two children from his neighborhood and he discovered them in his 30s. *Boban and Molly* (ബോബനും മോളിയും) first appeared in the cartoon column of Sathyadeepam. Later the characters became more popular through Malayala Manorama. They were first published in 1957. He resigned from Manorama in 1987 and started Toms Publications.

## Other characters created by Toms

Toms also created other characters which appeared along with *Boban and Molly*, which all represented various personalities and life style of Keralites.

* Pothen Vakkeel and Wife- Parents of the kids
* Appy Hippy - The local romoeo
* Ittunnan and Chettathy - Panchayath president and his wife
* Motta - Friend of Boban and Molly
* Unnikkuttan - a naughty kid
* Kunchukuruppu - an intelligent and witty person
* Aasan - A knowledgeable and witty person
* Uppayi Mapla - A village simpleton

## Film adaptation

A film Bobanum Moliyum based on the characters was released in 1971 directed by J. Sasikumar, starring Madhu and Kaviyoor Ponnamma. In 2006, an animation film was also released.

## Books

Autobiography of Toms, titled *Ente Bobanum Molliyum* was released on 29 December 2015 by actor Mammootty.

## Personal life

Toms was married to Thresiakutty. They have 6 children. Two of them were named Boban and Molly.

## Death

He died on 27 April 2016 at SH Medical Centre in Kottayam around 10.45 PM. He was suffering from age related illness.

## InfoBox

| Toms | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | V. T. Thomas
(1929-06-06)6 June 1929
Kuttanad, Kingdom of Travancore, British India
(present day Alappuzha, Kerala, India) |
| Died | 27 April 2016(2016-04-27) (aged 86)
Kottayam, Kerala, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | St. Berchmans College, Changanassery |
| Occupation | Cartoonist |
| Notable work | Boban and Molly |
| Spouse | Thresiakutty |
| Children | 6 |


title: Toms Brook, Virginia

abstract: Toms Brook is a town in Shenandoah County, Virginia, United States. The population was 258 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Toms Brook, Virginia

**Toms Brook** is a town in Shenandoah County, Virginia, United States. The population was 258 at the 2010 census.

## History

During the American Civil War, the Battle of Tom's Brook was fought nearby, a Union victory that became dubbed "the Woodstock Races."

The Toms Brook School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

## Geography

Toms Brook is located at 38°56′50″N 78°26′23″W / 38.94722°N 78.43972°W / 38.94722; -78.43972 (38.947214, 78.439657).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.4 km2), all of it land.

### Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Toms Brook has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

## Transportation

U.S. Route 11 is the only significant highway directly serving Toms Brook. US 11 serves as a local service road for nearby Interstate 81. The closest interchange on I-81 is Exit 291, which connects to Toms Brook via US 11 and Mount Olive Road (SR 651).

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1860 | 598 |  |  |
| 1930 | 240 |  |  |
| 1940 | 219 |  | −8.7% |
| 1950 | 256 |  | 16.9% |
| 1960 | 244 |  | −4.7% |
| 1970 | 258 |  | 5.7% |
| 1980 | 226 |  | −12.4% |
| 1990 | 227 |  | 0.4% |
| 2000 | 255 |  | 12.3% |
| 2010 | 258 |  | 1.2% |
| 2019 (est.) | 272 |  | 5.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 255 people, 100 households, and 70 families living in the town. The population density was 1,652.4 people per square mile (656.4/km2). There were 103 housing units at an average density of 667.4 per square mile (265.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.90% White, 1.18% African American, 0.78% Native American, 0.39% from other races, and 2.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78%.

Of the 100 households 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 24.0% of households were one person and 10.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.07.

The age distribution was 22.4% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.

The median household income was $38,214 and the median family income was $44,688. Males had a median income of $27,750 versus $20,972 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,712. About 2.5% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those sixty-five or over.

1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
2. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
5. "National Register of Historic Places Listings". *Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 8/15/11 through 8/19/11*. National Park Service. August 26, 2011.
6. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
7. Climate Summary for Toms Brook, Virginia
8. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.

## InfoBox

| Toms Brook, Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| St. Peter's Lutheran Church (1904) | |
| Location of Toms Brook, Virginia | |
| Coordinates: 38°56′50″N 78°26′23″W / 38.94722°N 78.43972°W / 38.94722; -78.43972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| County | Shenandoah |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.13 sq mi (0.33 km2) |
| Land | 0.13 sq mi (0.33 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 702 ft (214 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 258 |
| Estimate (2019) | 272 |
| Density | 2,158.73/sq mi (832.95/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 22660 |
| Area code | 540 |
| FIPS code | 51-79024 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1500231 |


title: Tomruksuyu

abstract: Tomruksuyu is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Samandağ, Hatay Province, Turkey. Its population is 3,722 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is to the north of the highway connecting Samandağ to Antakya. The distance to Samandağ is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) and to Antakya is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). The settlement was founded in 1807 during the Ottoman Empire era, after an earthquake. Between 1918 and 1938, like most other settlements in Liwa Iskenderun it was under French rule and a part of Syria. The original name was Karamanlı. But after 1960, it was renamed Tomruksuyu. In 1999 it was declared a seat of township. Vegetables and olive are the two important crop of Tomruksuyu.

text:
# Tomruksuyu

**Tomruksuyu** is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Samandağ, Hatay Province, Turkey. Its population is 3,722 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (*belde*). It is to the north of the highway connecting Samandağ to Antakya (the capital of the province). The distance to Samandağ is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) and to Antakya is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi).

The settlement was founded in 1807 during the Ottoman Empire era, after an earthquake. Between 1918 and 1938, like most other settlements in Liwa Iskenderun it was under French rule and a part of Syria. The original name was *Karamanlı*. But after 1960, it was renamed Tomruksuyu. In 1999 it was declared a seat of township. Vegetables and olive are the two important crop of Tomruksuyu.

## InfoBox

| Tomruksuyu Karamanlı | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| TomruksuyuLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 36°09′N 36°03′E / 36.150°N 36.050°E / 36.150; 36.050 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Hatay |
| District | Samandağ |
| Elevation | 130 m (430 ft) |
| Population (2022) | 3,722 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Postal code | 31800 |
| Area code | 0326 |


title: GPRS Tunnelling Protocol

abstract: GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) is a group of IP-based communications protocols used to carry general packet radio service (GPRS) within GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G NR radio networks. In 3GPP architectures, GTP and Proxy Mobile IPv6 based interfaces are specified on various interface points. GTP can be decomposed into separate protocols, GTP-C, GTP-U and GTP'. GTP-C is used within the GPRS core network for signaling between gateway GPRS support nodes (GGSN) and serving GPRS support nodes (SGSN). This allows the SGSN to activate a session on a user's behalf, to deactivate the same session, to adjust quality of service parameters, or to update a session for a subscriber who has just arrived from another SGSN. GTP-U is used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats. GTP' uses the same message structure as GTP-C and GTP-U, but has an independent function. It can be used for carrying charging data from the charging data function (CDF) of the GSM or UMTS network to the charging gateway function (CGF). In most cases, this should mean from many individual network elements such as the GGSNs to a centralized computer that delivers the charging data more conveniently to the network operator's billing center. Different GTP variants are implemented by RNCs, SGSNs, GGSNs and CGFs within 3GPP networks. GPRS mobile stations (MSs) are connected to a SGSN without being aware of GTP. GTP can be used with UDP or TCP. UDP is either recommended or mandatory, except for tunnelling X.25 in version 0. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP.

text:
# GPRS Tunnelling Protocol

**GPRS Tunnelling Protocol** (**GTP**) is a group of IP-based communications protocols used to carry general packet radio service (GPRS) within GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G NR radio networks. In 3GPP architectures, GTP and Proxy Mobile IPv6 based interfaces are specified on various interface points.

GTP can be decomposed into separate protocols, GTP-C, GTP-U and GTP'.

GTP-C is used within the GPRS core network for signaling between gateway GPRS support nodes (GGSN) and serving GPRS support nodes (SGSN). This allows the SGSN to activate a session on a user's behalf (PDP context activation), to deactivate the same session, to adjust quality of service parameters, or to update a session for a subscriber who has just arrived from another SGSN.

GTP-U is used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats.

GTP' (*GTP prime*) uses the same message structure as GTP-C and GTP-U, but has an independent function. It can be used for carrying charging data from the charging data function (CDF) of the GSM or UMTS network to the charging gateway function (CGF). In most cases, this should mean from many individual network elements such as the GGSNs to a centralized computer that delivers the charging data more conveniently to the network operator's billing center.

Different GTP variants are implemented by RNCs, SGSNs, GGSNs and CGFs within 3GPP networks. GPRS mobile stations (MSs) are connected to a SGSN without being aware of GTP.

GTP can be used with UDP or TCP. UDP is either recommended or mandatory, except for tunnelling X.25 in version 0. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP.

## General features

All variants of GTP have certain features in common. The structure of the messages is the same, with a GTP header following the UDP/TCP header.

#### GTP version 1

GTPv1 headers contain the following fields:

| + | 0-2 | | | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8-15 | | | | | | | | 16-23 | | | | | | | | 24-31 | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Version | | | Protocol type | Reserved | Extension Header Flag | Sequence Number Flag | N-PDU Number Flag | Message Type | | | | | | | | Message length | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 32 | TEID | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 64 | Sequence number | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N-PDU number | | | | | | | | Next extension header type | | | | | | | |

VersionIt is a 3-bit field. For GTPv1, this has a value of 1. Protocol Type (PT)a 1-bit value that differentiates GTP (value 1) from GTP' (value 0). Reserveda 1-bit reserved field (must be 0). Extension header flag (E)a 1-bit value that states whether there is an extension header optional field. Sequence number flag (S)a 1-bit value that states whether there is a Sequence Number optional field. N-PDU number flag (PN)a 1-bit value that states whether there is a N-PDU number optional field. Message Typean 8-bit field that indicates the type of GTP message. Different types of messages are defined in 3GPP TS 29.060 section 7.1 Message Lengtha 16-bit field that indicates the length of the payload in bytes (rest of the packet following the mandatory 8-byte GTP header). Includes the optional fields. Tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID)A 32-bit(4-octet) field used to multiplex different connections in the same GTP tunnel. Sequence numberan (optional) 16-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the S bit is on. N-PDU numberan (optional) 8-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the PN bit is on. Next extension header typean (optional) 8-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the E bit is on.

Next Extension Headers are as follows:

| + | Bits 0-7 | | | | | | | | 8-23 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24-31 | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Extension length | | | | | | | | Contents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ... | ... | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ... | Contents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Next extension header | | | | | | | |

Extension lengthan 8-bit field. This field states the length of this extension header, including the length, the contents, and the next extension header field, in 4-octet units, so the length of the extension must always be a multiple of 4. Contentsextension header contents. Next extension headeran 8-bit field. It states the type of the next extension, or 0 if no next extension exists. This permits chaining several next extension headers.

#### GTP version 2

It is also known as evolved-GTP or eGTP. GTPv2-C headers contain the following fields:

| + | Bit 0-2 | | | 3 | 4 | 5-7 | | | 8-15 | | | | | | | | 16-23 | | | | | | | | 24-31 | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Version | | | Piggybacking flag (P) | TEID flag (T) | Spare | | | Message Type | | | | | | | | Message length | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 32 | TEID (only present if T=1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 64 (32 if TEID not present) | Sequence number | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Spare | | | | | | | |

There is no GTPv2-U protocol, GTP-U in LTE also uses GTPv1-U.

VersionIt is a 3-bit field. For GTPv2, this has a value of 2. Piggybacking flagIf this bit is set to 1 then another GTP-C message with its own header shall be present at the end of the current message. There are restrictions as to what type of message can be piggybacked depending on what the toplevel GTP-C message is. TEID flagIf this bit is set to 1 then the TEID field will be present between the message length and the sequence number. All messages except Echo and Echo reply require TEID to be present. Message lengthThis field shall indicate the length of the message in octets excluding the mandatory of the GTP-C header (the first 4 octets). The TEID (if present) and the Sequence Number shall be included in the length count.

### Connectivity mechanisms

Apart from the common message structure, there is also a common mechanism for verifying connectivity from one GSN to another GSN. This uses two messages.

* echo request
* echo response

As often as every 60 seconds, a GSN can send an echo request to every other GSN with which it has an active connection. If the other end does not respond it can be treated as down and the active connections to it will be deleted.

Apart from the two messages previously mentioned, there are no other messages common across all GTP variants meaning that, for the most part, they effectively form three completely separate protocols.

## GTP-C - GTP control

The GTP-C protocol is the **control** section of the GTP standard. When a subscriber requests a PDP context, the SGSN will send a *create PDP context request* GTP-C message to the GGSN giving details of the subscriber's request. The GGSN will then respond with a *create PDP context response* GTP-C message which will either give details of the PDP context actually activated or will indicate a failure and give a reason for that failure. This is a UDP message on port 2123.

The **eGTP-C** (or, GTPv2-C) protocol is responsible for creating, maintaining and deleting tunnels on multiple Sx interfaces. It is used for the control plane path management, tunnel management and mobility management. It also controls forwarding relocation messages; SRNS context and creating forward tunnels during inter LTE handovers.

## GTP-U - GTP user data tunneling

GTP-U is, in effect a relatively simple IP based tunnelling protocol which permits many tunnels between each set of end points. When used in the UMTS, each subscriber will have one or more tunnel, one for each PDP context that they have active, as well as possibly having separate tunnels for specific connections with different quality of service requirements.

The separate tunnels are identified by a TEID (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier) in the GTP-U messages, which should be a dynamically allocated random number. If this random number is of cryptographic quality, then it will provide a measure of security against certain attacks. Even so, the requirement of the 3GPP standard is that all GTP traffic, including user data should be sent within secure private networks, not directly connected to the Internet. This happens on UDP port 2152.

The **GTPv1-U** protocol is used to exchange user data over GTP tunnels across the Sx interfaces. An IP packet for a UE (user endpoint) is encapsulated in an GTPv1-U packet and tunnelled between the P-GW and the eNodeB for transmission with respect to a UE over S1-U and S5/S8 interfaces.

## GTP' - charging transfer

The GTP' protocol is used to transfer charging data to the Charging Gateway Function. GTP' uses TCP/UDP port 3386.

## Within the GPRS core network

GTP is the primary protocol used in the GPRS core network. It is the protocol which allows end users of a GSM or UMTS network to move from place to place whilst continuing to connect to the Internet as if from one location at the GGSN. It does this by carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current SGSN to the GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session. Three forms of GTP are used by the GPRS core network.

* GTP-U for transfer of user data in separated tunnels for each PDP context
* GTP-C for control reasons including:
    + setup and deletion of PDP contexts
    + verification of GSN reachability
    + updates; e.g., as subscribers move from one SGSN to another.
* GTP' for transfer of charging data from GSNs to the charging function.

GGSNs and SGSNs (collectively known as GSNs) listen for GTP-C messages on UDP port 2123 and for GTP-U messages on port 2152. This communication happens within a single network or may, in the case of international roaming, happen internationally, probably across a GPRS roaming exchange (GRX).

The *Charging Gateway Function* (CGF) listens to GTP' messages sent from the GSNs on TCP/UDP port 3386. The core network sends charging information to the CGF, typically including PDP context activation times and the quantity of data which the end user has transferred. However, this communication which occurs within one network is less standardized and may, depending on the vendor and configuration options, use proprietary encoding or even an entirely proprietary system.

## Use on the IuPS interface

GTP-U is used on the IuPS between the GPRS core network and the RAN, however the GTP-C protocol is not used. In this case, RANAP is used as a control protocol and establishes GTP-U tunnels between the SGSN and the radio network controller (RNC).

## Protocol Stack

| Application Protocols |
| --- |
| IP (user) |
| GTP |
| UDP |
| IP |
| Layer 2 (e.g., WAN or Ethernet) |
| <br>GTP-U protocol stack |

GTP can be used with UDP or TCP. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP.

As of 2018 there are three versions defined, versions 0, 1 and 2. Version 0 and version 1 differ considerably in structure. In version 0, the signalling protocol (the protocol which sets up the tunnels by activating the PDP context) is combined with the tunnelling protocol on one port. Versions 1 and 2 are each effectively two protocols, one for *control* (called GTP-C) and one for *user* data tunneling (called GTP-U). GTP version 2 is different to version 1 only in GTP-C. This is due to 3GPP defining enhancements to GTP-C for EPS in version 2 to improve bearer handling.

GTP-U is also used to transport user data from the RNC to the SGSN in UMTS networks. However, in this case signalling is done using RANAP instead of GTP-C.

## Historical GTP versions

The original version of GTP (version 0) had considerable differences from the current versions (versions 1,2):

* the tunnel identification was non-random;
* options were provided for transporting X.25;
* the fixed port number 3386 was used for all functions (not just charging as in GTPv1);
* TCP was allowed as a transport option instead of UDP, but support for this was optional;
* subscription-related fields such as quality of service were more limited.

The non-random TEID in version 0 represented a security problem if an attacker had access to any roaming partner's network, or could find some other way to remotely send packets to the GPRS backbone. Version 0 is going out of use and being replaced by version 1 in almost all networks. Fortunately, however the use of different port numbers allows easy blocking of version 0 through simple IP access lists.

## GTP standardization

GTP was originally standardized within ETSI (GSM standard 09.60 ). With the creation of the UMTS standards this was moved over to the 3GPP which, as of 2005 maintains it as 3GPP standard 29.060. GTP' uses the same message format, but its special uses are covered in standard 32.295 along with the standardized formats for the charging data it transfers.

Later versions of TS 29.060 deprecate GTPv1/v0 interworking such that there is no fallback in the event that the GSN does not support the higher version.

GTPv2 (for evolved packet services) went into draft in early 2008 and was released in December of that year. GTPv2 offers fallback to GTPv1 via the earlier "Version Not Supported" mechanism but explicitly offers no support for fallback to GTPv0.

* GSM standard 09.60, ETSI, 1996–98, this standard covers the original version 0 of GTP.
* *3GPP TS 29.060 V6.9.0 (2005-06)*, 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne - FRANCE, 2005–06. This is the primary standard defining all of the GTP variants for GTP version 1.
* *3GPP TS 32.295 V6.1.0 (2005-06)*, 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne - FRANCE, 2005–06. This standard covers using GTP for charging.
* *3GPP TS 29.274 V8.1.0 (2009-03)*, 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne - FRANCE, 2009–03. GTPv2 for evolved GPRS.


title: GTPBP3

abstract: tRNA modification GTPase GTPBP3, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in human is encoded by the GTPBP3 gene on chromosome 19. The GTPBP3 gene encodes a GTP-binding protein that is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to mammals and which is localized to the mitochondrion and functions in tRNA modification. At least two major isoforms due to alternative splicing are known In addition, a polymorphism on valine 250 is known and may influence aminoglydoside-induced deafness.

text:
# GTPBP3

**tRNA modification GTPase GTPBP3, mitochondrial** is an enzyme that in human is encoded by the *GTPBP3* gene on chromosome 19.

The GTPBP3 gene encodes a GTP-binding protein that is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to mammals and which is localized to the mitochondrion and functions in tRNA modification. At least two major isoforms due to alternative splicing are known In addition, a polymorphism on valine 250 is known and may influence aminoglydoside-induced deafness.

## Structure

The GTPBP3 gene contains 10 exons, and encodes a ~44 kDa GTP-binding protein that is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to mammals. The N-terminal domain of mitochondrial tRNA modification GTPase mediates the dimerization of the protein in a potassium-independent manner, which is thought to be related to the construction of the binding site for the one-carbon-unit donor in its tRNA modification reaction function.

## Function

Mitochondrial tRNA modification GTPase is thought to catalyze the formation of 5-taurinomethyluridine (τm(5)U) in the anticodon wobble position of five mitochondrial tRNA. The gene was first discovered yeast where the mutation of the yeast homolog of human GTPBP3, MSS1, is found to elicit respiratory defect in yeast only when the mitochondrial 155 rRNA P(R)454 is present. The latter is equivalent to the human 12 rRNA A1555G mutation which has been found to associate with deafness. Hence GTPBP3 and its yeast homolog function in modification of mitochondrial function. In human, GTPBP3 is ubiquitously expressed in multiple tissues in multiple transcripts. As a tRNA modification enzyme, it is thought to function to modify codon-anticodon interaction, which is consistent with its modification of the severity of phenotypes in 12S rRNA A1555G mutation..

## Clinical Significance

Mutations in GTPBP3 are known to cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitochondrial defects. Individuals with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in GTPBP3 present with combined deficiency of respiratory chain complexes in skeletal muscle, which require mitochondrial translation of mitochondrial-encoded complex subunits to assemble. GTPBP3 mutations cause severe mitochondrial translation defect. The majority of characterized subjects presented with lactic acidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

The valine 250 polymorphisms on GTPBP3 is associated with severity of aminoglycoside-induced deafness in human, a disease associated with homoplasmic A1555G mutation in the mitochondrial-encoded 12S rRNA and is characterized by deafness, varying from profond congenital hearing loss to normal hearing.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| GTPBP3 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | GTPBP3, GTPBG3, MSS1, MTGP1, THDF1, COXPD23, GTP binding protein 3 (mitochondrial), GTP binding protein 3, mitochondrial | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 608536; MGI: 1917609; HomoloGene: 6600; GeneCards: GTPBP3; OMA:GTPBP3 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_133644
NM\_001128855
NM\_001195422
NM\_032620   NM\_032544   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001122327
NP\_001182351
NP\_116009
NP\_598399   NP\_115933   Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 17.33 – 17.34 Mb Chr 8: 71.49 – 71.5 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: GTP cyclohydrolase II

abstract:
In enzymology, a GTP cyclohydrolase II is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - GTP + 3 H2O ⇌ formate + 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine + diphosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are GTP and H2O, whereas its 3 products are formate, 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine, and diphosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amidines. The systematic name of this enzyme class is GTP 7,8-8,9-dihydrolase (diphosphate-forming). Other names in common use include guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase II, and GTP-8-formylhydrolase. This enzyme participates in riboflavin metabolism.

text:
# GTP cyclohydrolase II

In enzymology, a **GTP cyclohydrolase II** (EC 3.5.4.25) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

GTP + 3 H2O $\rightleftharpoons $ formate + 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine + diphosphate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are GTP and H2O, whereas its 3 products are formate, 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine, and diphosphate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amidines. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **GTP 7,8-8,9-dihydrolase (diphosphate-forming)**. Other names in common use include **guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase II**, and **GTP-8-formylhydrolase**. This enzyme participates in riboflavin metabolism.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 2BZ0 and 2BZ1.

* Foor F, Brown GM (1975). "Purification and properties of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase II from Escherichia coli". *J. Biol. Chem*. **250** (9): 3545–51. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41549-4. PMID 235552.

## InfoBox

| GTP cyclohydrolase II | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.5.4.25 |
| CAS no. | 56214-35-8 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Melvin Johnson (serial killer)

abstract: Melvin Johnson was an American serial killer, rapist and sex offender who was posthumously linked to at least four murders committed in Decatur, Illinois from 1984 to 1988, three of which were sexually motivated. He was never convicted of murder during his lifetime, and died before he could be brought to trial for the crimes.

text:
# Melvin Johnson (serial killer)

**Melvin Johnson** (1958 – October 2003) was an American serial killer, rapist and sex offender who was posthumously linked to at least four murders committed in Decatur, Illinois from 1984 to 1988, three of which were sexually motivated. He was never convicted of murder during his lifetime, and died before he could be brought to trial for the crimes.

## Criminal record

Little is known of Johnson's past. Born in 1958, his first known conviction dated back to 1978, when he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for sexually abusing a 10-year-old boy. He was paroled for that crime in 1982, whereupon he moved to Decatur and started dating John L. Woods, who served as his financial and emotional support throughout his many prison stints.

## Murders

On Halloween night in 1984, Johnson abducted, sexually assaulted and killed two underage cousins: 12-year-old Sherry Gordon and 10-year-old Theresa Hall. At the time of their deaths, the pair had gone trick-or-treating when they came across their future killer. The murders caused a panic among the residents living in their neighborhood, many of whom were scared that their children would be harmed. Gordon and Hall were buried in Greenwood Cemetery more than a week after the murders, but authorities were unable to apprehend the killer at the time.

On April 2, 1985, the nude body of 25-year-old Sandra Hopson was found inside her apartment in Decatur by her 5-year-old son, Arcadio. An autopsy concluded that she had been sexually assaulted, and that her killer had smothered her with a pillow and stabbed her numerous times. Two days later, based on testimony provided by the boy, authorities arrested 25-year-old Bruce A. Casey and 43-year-old Erma T. Britton, who were relatives of Hopson's. Britton was later released after prosecutors decided not to press charges against him, while Casey was ordered to stand trial.

Despite a lack of concrete evidence linking him to the crime, prosecutors refused to drop the charges against Casey solely based on the testimony provided by Arcadio Hopson, who had picked him from a police line-up and identified him as the assailant. His credibility was questioned by Casey's defense attorney due to his young age, with Casey himself pleading not guilty and seeking a jury trial. Due to the controversial and unusual circumstances of the case, it was delayed in order to conclusively establish whether Arcadio could testify at all or not. Eventually, Casey was acquitted of the murder charges and released, and with no other suspects in the case, it went cold.

In December 1987, Johnson would be paroled from prison yet again, this time from a 4-year sentence on a burglary conviction. On April 30, 1988, he stabbed Woods to death under unclear circumstances at the latter's apartment in Decatur. He attempted to cover his tracks by setting the crime scene to look like a burglary, before leaving the area. Sometime later, an anonymous caller, later determined to be Johnson, phoned the police and informed them of Woods' "bloody murder". Upon conducting an autopsy of his body, the coroner determined that he had been stabbed numerous times, sustaining two fatal stabs to the heart and lungs. A few months after his death, police announced that they were looking for two persons of interest in the case, one being described as a young white adult male who had apparently been in Woods' company at a Hardee's, while the other was described as a young black male who was seen jogging with him near a YMCA. Nothing came out of these searches, and this case remained unsolved as well.

Johnson was initially considered a strong suspect in Woods' murder, as he could not provide a credible alibi, had stolen items from the deceased's apartment and even had a knife that matched the supposed murder weapon. However, it was not considered sufficient evidence to have him arrested, and he was eventually let go.

## Death and identification

Johnson was never linked to any of his known murders during his lifetime, but at an unknown period of time, he was imprisoned on unrelated charges in Texas. While serving a sentence there, he succumbed to a combination of stomach cancer and AIDS in October 2003. Following his death, his DNA was submitted to CODIS in an attempt to match him to any unsolved cases.

In February 2009, his DNA was matched to the murders of Gordon and Hall, resulting in the closure of the double murder. To the detectives' shock, they received another hit only seven months later, when Johnson's DNA was linked to the murders of Hopson and Woods as well. With this revelation, the Decatur Police Department officially announced that they considered him a serial killer, and would begin further investigations to seek whether they could link him to any additional crimes. Reportedly, he was considered a suspect in the murder of a Millikin University student sometime during the 1980s and another killing in Indiana, but as of July 2022, no new findings have been reported.

## InfoBox

| Melvin Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1958 (1958)
Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | October 2003(2003-10-00) (aged 44–45)
Texas, U.S. |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Indecent liberties with a child, theft, robbery |
| Criminal penalty | Varied |
| Details | |
| Victims | 4+ |
| Span of crimes | 1984–1988 |
| Country | United States |
| State(s) | Illinois, possibly Indiana |
| Date apprehended | N/A |
|  | |


title: Men and War

abstract: Men and War is a trilogy of epic war films directed by Satsuo Yamamoto, based on the novel of the same name by Junpei Gomikawa. The films are subtitled Prelude to Destiny (1970), Land of Love and Sorrow (1971), and The Final Chapter (1973). Part I was also released internationally under the title The Battle of Manchuria. The trilogy follows the rise of the Godai family conglomerate and its involvement in the Second Sino-Japanese War, from the Jinan incident in 1928 to the Nomonhan incident in 1939. Yamamoto had conceived a five-part series, and the story was to continue through the Pacific War to the Tokyo Trials, but Nikkatsu reduced the series to a trilogy after the release of the second film for financial reasons.

text:
# Men and War

***Men and War*** (戦争と人間, *Sensō to ningen*) is a trilogy of epic war films directed by Satsuo Yamamoto, based on the novel of the same name by Junpei Gomikawa. The films are subtitled *Prelude to Destiny* (1970), *Land of Love and Sorrow* (1971), and *The Final Chapter* (1973). Part I was also released internationally under the title *The Battle of Manchuria*.

The trilogy follows the rise of the Godai family conglomerate and its involvement in the Second Sino-Japanese War, from the Jinan incident in 1928 to the Nomonhan incident in 1939. Yamamoto had conceived a five-part series, and the story was to continue through the Pacific War to the Tokyo Trials, but Nikkatsu reduced the series to a trilogy after the release of the second film for financial reasons.

## Synopsis

### Part I

Shimegi Kohei's brother, suborbinate to an engineer at a factory owned by the upstart Godai zaibatsu, is arrested during the March 15 police raids. Kohei is adopted by the engineer and introduced to the Godai family. In the family salon, Yusuke Godai, the head of the family, confers with his eldest son Eisuke, and his brother Kyosuke, who has returned from Manchuria and established contacts in the Kwantung Army. The younger son Shunsuke befriends Kohei, who introduces him to Haiyama, a left-wing artist. The elder Godai sister, Yukiko, falls in love with Lieutenant Tsuge.

When the National Army of Chiang Kai-shek displace the forces of warlord Zhang Zuolin, Shigata Komijiro, an operative for the Godai company, provokes a clash between the Nationalists and the Japanese Army stationed at Jinan. An order to attack Zhang's army is expected from the Emperor, but it never arrives. Regardless, The Kwantung Army assassinates Zhang Zuolin. Takahata, also working for the Godai company, is abducted from a remote outpost by bandits, and offers to smuggle supplies to them in exchange for his freedom. During a communist guerrilla uprising, he is taken hostage by a band of Korean guerrillas led by Xu Zailin, whose family members were killed by the Japanese for their part in the Sam-il movement, but he is freed without ransom on the orders of the Communist Party. Takahata's arrangement is ended when a Japanese agent is spotted on one of his shipments, his post is destroyed, and his wife Motoko abducted. He traces his wife to the Korean guerrillas and pays them ransom, but he is told that she committed suicide after being raped.

Despite protests from the Japanese consulate, the Kwantung Army initiates the invasion of Manchuria. Kohei's brother, drafted into the army, is killed in an attack at Changchun. Tsuge leaves for Taiwan to take part in an investigation into the Musha incident but after criticizing colonial policy, he is also ordered to Manchuria.

### Part II

After the invasion of Manchuria, the state of Manchukuo is formed by Japan. There is a struggle between the militarist Imperial Way Faction and Control Faction in the Japanese government, as well as a wave of political repression. Shunsuke is refused permission to see Haiyama, who has been imprisoned with other dissident artists, and begins meeting with Sato Atsuko, a married woman who had previously been set to marry Eisuke. Kohei, having left the Godai household behind, refuses the advances of Yoriko, the young Godai sister, and is later imprisoned for protesting the war.

The Godai company assists in Japanese encroachment into Hubei, but Yusuke, fearing the militarists will interfere with his business in Manchukuo, seeks assistance from Cho Daifuku, a wealthy comprador, but Cho refuses to hand over his mine. In Harbin, Tsuge, working for the Kempeitai, arrests Shigata for dealing in opium, but he is released due to his association with Godai. Takahata's guide Haku Eisho is outed as a spy of the communist guerrillas but Takahata aids in his escape, and is sent away by Godai so that he is not arrested by the Kempeitai. When Xu Zailin threatens to break from a Chinese guerrilla camp, Haku reads a party announcement that all people of China must stop fighting and unite to fight the Japanese. Xu still leaves to join the Korean resistance, but turns back and sacrifices his band to divert a Japanese column away from the camp.

The Control Faction is effectively destroyed in the February 26 incident. Disillusioned, Shunshuke moves to Manchuria after finishing school, in part to avoid seeing Atsuko, but he is confronted by Atsuko's husband Kano, who dares Shunsuke to have an affair. Atsuko arrives in Manchukuo and Shunsuke makes arrangements with Kyosuke to pay off Kano and elope with her as a Godai company employee. However, knowing Shunsuke will be harassed as long as they are together, Atsuko leaves voluntarily with her husband. Cho Daifuku is labelled an enemy of the state and his mine is confiscated. After the Xi'an incident, the Chinese form a united front against the Japanese and the full-scale war between China and Japan begins. Yuriko meets Tsuge, who is engaged to another woman but plans to make her wait until the war has finished.

### Part III

The Godai family gather for Yuriko's marriage into the prosperous Amemiya family, headed by Koichiro Amemiya, head of the East Asia Bank. After Kohei receives his draft papers, Shunsuke forges a marriage certificate for Kohei and Yoriko. Yoriko admits to her father that she married Kohei and lived with him under the guise of a week-long trip, and is told to leave the household. Yusuke and Kyosuke are informed by Amemiya of an upcoming bill for general mobilization and concur that the government is preparing for war not only with China, but with the Soviet Union or United States.

Kohei and his fellow recruits are subject to abuse. When his unit is ordered to practice bayonet thrusts on Chinese prisoners, Kohei hesitates and is beaten unconscious by lance-corporal Taneda. While Kohei is still recovering, Taneda takes him on guard duty along a railway and confides that he would been beaten more severely had he been properly punished for insubordination. Exempt from the draft, Shunsuke speaks openly in his office about the unlikelihood of Japan's victory. He is barred from publishing an essay on Manchurian labor conditions in an economic journal, but meets with the publisher Tajima, who understands the struggle of working under the Kempaitai. The two pool their data and make a report to a boardroom of Kwantung Army officers, which ends disastrously. They are both imprisoned by the Kempaitai, but Shunsuke is released shortly after. Taneda is killed on patrol, and Kohei's unit attacks a Chinese village, killing civilians indiscriminately. Again, Kohei refuses to kill and is beaten near to death by an officer. Chinese soldiers appear and repel the Japanese attackers. Yoriko, now a social worker, receives news of Kohei's death. However, when Kempaitai arrive to search her room for letters, she realizes that Kohei is still alive and has defected to the Chinese resistance.

Shunsuke is enlisted in the military against his will and placed under the command of Tsuge, now a major, who informs him that he will be stationed on the Soviet border. The Kwantung Army clashes with Soviet forces without orders, but the Minister of War does not intervene. The army launch a full-scale assault across the Khalkin Gol River, which ends in disaster, and Soviet advances also make no progress. The Japanese dig in, with dwindling supplies. The Soviet Army finally attacks, obliterating the Kwantung Army. Tsuge is killed. His unit destroyed, Shunsuke wanders aimlessly and comes across the wounded Haiyama, who he carries on his back. He is confronted by an officer riding in a sidecar who chastises him for retreating, but runs when Shunsuke threatens to shoot him. A ceasefire is signed. Surviving commanders are shown committing suicide or being ordered to commit suicide. War breaks out in Europe.

## Cast

### Part I

### Part II

### Part III

## Production

Satsuo Yamamoto had viewed the Vietnamese film *Kim Đồng* at the 1964 Afro-Asian Film Festival in Jakarta, as well as multiple documentaries produced by the Liberation Front, and subsequently acted as supervisor in the production of the documentary film *Vietnam*, shot by Japanese filmmakers on location from the perspective of the North Vietnam. In his autobiography, Yamamoto recalled that his experience of imperialist aggression against Vietnam made him embrace the goal of depicting Japanese imperialist aggression against China in the form of an adaptation of the novel *Men and War* by Junpei Gomikawa.

*Men and War* began production before the re-establishment of China-Japan relations in 1972. Consequently, the sequences of the film set in Northeast China were shot in Hokkaido and elaborate interior sets at Nikkatsu studios. The end of the third film, depicting the battle between the Japanese and Soviets at Nomonhan, was shot with the participation of Mosfilm on location in Volgograd, using several companies of soldiers and tanks from the Soviet Armed Forces.

Gomikawa had been displeased by the Chinese dialogue as spoken by Japanese actors in the adaptation of his novel *The Human Condition* and requested that Yamamoto not use the Chinese language at all in adapting *Men and War*, but the request was disregarded. Scenes of Mandarin Chinese dialogue in the film were often awkward or unintelligible to native speakers, as were scenes of Russian dialogue.

## Reception

*Men and War* Parts I and II were ranked among the top films of 1970 and 1971 respectively in Kinema Junpo. Part I was awarded the Mainichi Film Awards for Best Art Direction and Sound Recording and Yamamoto was awarded Best Director. The trilogy was praised in the Soviet Union for "the clarity of its conception, demonstrating not only the catastrophe of war but its ideology", but was denounced by Yao Wenyuan of the Gang of Four as "an extremely reactionary film that goes so far as to glorify fascists and aggressors".

### Bibliography

## Further reading

宜野座; 菜央見 (2019). "映画『戦争と人間』3部作の挑戦と限界" \[The Attempts and Limitations of the Film Trilogy *War and Man*\]. *明治大学国際日本学部*. 65–88.

## InfoBox

| Men and War | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster for Part III | |
| 戦争と人間 | |
| Directed by | Satsuo Yamamoto |
| Screenplay by | * Nobuo Yamada * Atsushi Takeda (II & III) |
| Based on | *Men and War*
by Junpei Gomikawa |
| Cinematography | Shinsaku Himeda |
| Music by | Masaru Sato |
| Production
company | Nikkatsu |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release dates | * 14 August 1970 (1970-08-14) (I) * 12 June 1971 (1971-06-12) (II) * 11 August 1973 (1973-08-11) (III) |
| Running time | * 197 minutes (I) * 179 minutes (II) * 187 minutes (III) |
| Country | Japan |
| Languages | Japanese
Mandarin
Korean
Russian |


title: Men Yang

abstract: Men Yang is a Chinese football player who currently plays for China League One side Suzhou Dongwu.

text:
# Men Yang

**Men Yang** (Chinese: 门阳; born 20 February 1991 in Luoyang) is a Chinese football player who currently plays for China League One side Suzhou Dongwu.

## Club career

His father is former footballer Men Wenfeng and he would start his football career with the Chengdu Blades youth team before going abroad where he joined Hungary football club Ferencváros. He would be promoted to the Ferencváros senior team in the 2009–10 Nemzeti Bajnokság I league season. The club did not extend his contract and Men Yang returned to China where on 25 March 2011 he joined top-tier club Changchun Yatai for the start of the 2011 Chinese Super League campaign. Under Head coach Shen Xiangfu he would make his debut in a league game on 21 August 2011 against Jiangsu Sainty F.C. in a 1–0 victory.

The following season he would join newly promoted team Guangzhou R&F on 11 February 2012. He would make his first appearance on 7 October 2012 against his former club Changchun Yatai in a league game that ended in a 2–1 defeat. After the game Men Yang struggled to establish himself within the team and did not represent the senior throughout the whole of the next season. To gain some playing time he was loaned out to third tier football club Yinchuan Helanshan for the 2014 China League Two campaign.

In March 2016 Men Yang transferred to third tier football club Lijiang Jiayunhao on a free transfer. In his debut season with the club they would go on to win the division title and promotion to the second tier at the end of the 2016 China League Two campaign. In the next league campaign he was unable to ensure the clubs survival within the league and they were relegated at the end of the 2017 China League One campaign.

He would join third tier club Shenzhen Ledman for the 2018 China League Two league season, however they disbanded at the end of the campaign. He would be free to join Zibo Cuju for the 2019 China League Two season. His following season with the club would see them come runners-up and gain promotion into the second tier.

## Career statistics

*As of 31 December 2020*.

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Ferencváros | 2009–10 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 0 | 0 |
| Changchun Yatai | 2011 | Chinese Super League | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 1 | 0 |
| Guangzhou R&F | 2012 | Chinese Super League | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 1 | 0 |
| | 2013 | Chinese Super League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 0 | 0 |
| | 2015 | Chinese Super League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | 0 | 0 |
| | Total | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Yinchuan Helanshan (loan) | 2014 | China League Two | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 13 | 2 |
| Lijiang Jiayunhao | 2016 | China League Two | 12 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | | - | | 15 | 3 |
| | 2017 | China League One | 20 | 6 | 1 | 0 | - | | - | | 21 | 6 |
| | Total | | 32 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 9 |
| Shenzhen Ledman F.C. | 2018 | China League Two | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | | - | | 10 | 0 |
| Zibo Cuju | 2019 | China League Two | 23 | 10 | 2 | 1 | - | | - | | 25 | 11 |
| | 2020 | China League Two | 12 | 2 | - | | - | | - | | 12 | 2 |
| | Total | | 35 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 13 |
| Career total | | | 91 | 22 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 98 | 24 |

## Honours

### Club

**Lijiang Jiayunhao**

## InfoBox

Men Yang
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1991-02-20) 20 February 1991 | | |
| Place of birth | Luoyang, Henan, China | | |
| Height | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Suzhou Dongwu | | |
| Number | 20 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2002–2008 | Chengdu Blades | | |
| 2009 | Ferencváros | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009–2010 | Ferencváros | 0 | (0) |
| 2011 | Changchun Yatai | 1 | (0) |
| 2012–2015 | Guangzhou R&F | 1 | (0) |
| 2014 | Yinchuan Helanshan (loan) | 13 | (2) |
| 2016–2017 | Lijiang Jiayunhao | 32 | (8) |
| 2018 | Shenzhen Ledman | 9 | (0) |
| 2019–2020 | Zibo Cuju | 35 | (12) |
| 2021–2022 | Liaoning Shenyang Urban | 29 | (4) |
| 2022– | Suzhou Dongwou | 0 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 27 April 2022 | | | |


title: Memecylon tirunelvelicum

abstract: Memecylon tirunelvelicum is a plant species endemic to the Tinurelveli Hills in Tamil Nadu, India. It is known from only 3 localities in the Western Ghat Mountains, at elevations of 900–1100 m. Memecylon tirunelvelicum is a tree up to 4 m tall. Leaves are opposite, ovate to lanceolate, pointed at the tip, up to 9 cm long. Flowers are blue, about 1 cm in diameter.

text:
# Memecylon tirunelvelicum

***Memecylon tirunelvelicum*** is a plant species endemic to the Tinurelveli Hills in Tamil Nadu, India. It is known from only 3 localities in the Western Ghat Mountains, at elevations of 900–1100 m.

*Memecylon tirunelvelicum* is a tree up to 4 m tall. Leaves are opposite, ovate to lanceolate, pointed at the tip, up to 9 cm long. Flowers are blue, about 1 cm in diameter.

## InfoBox

| *Memecylon tirunelvelicum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Melastomataceae |
| Genus: | *Memecylon* |
| Species: | ***M. tirunelvelicum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Memecylon tirunelvelicum***<br>Murugan, Manickam & Sundaresan | |
|


title: Memecylon sisparense

abstract: Memecylon sisparense is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is endemic to Sispara in the Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu, India. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Memecylon sisparense

***Memecylon sisparense*** is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is endemic to Sispara in the Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu, India. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Memecylon sisparense* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Melastomataceae |
| Genus: | *Memecylon* |
| Species: | ***M. sisparense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Memecylon sisparense***
Gamble | |
|


title: Toni Häppölä

abstract: Toni Häppölä is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward who most recently played for HPK of the SM-liiga during the 2010-11 season.

text:
# Toni Häppölä

**Toni Häppölä** (born April 9, 1981) is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward who most recently played for HPK of the SM-liiga during the 2010-11 season.

## InfoBox

| Toni Häppölä | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1981-04-09) April 9, 1981<br>Helsinki, Finland | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 203 lb (92 kg; 14 st 7 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| SM-liiga team | *HPK* | | |
| Playing career | 2001present | | |


title: Our Lady's College, Hong Kong

abstract: Our Lady's College is an aided girls' secondary school in Wong Tai Sin, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was founded in 1953 and is sponsored by the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians. It uses English as the medium of instruction.

text:
# Our Lady's College, Hong Kong

| Our Lady's College, Hong Kong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 聖母書院 |
| Simplified Chinese | 圣母书院 |
| Literal meaning | Saint Mother (Virgin Mary) College |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Shèngmǔ Shūyuàn  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping sing3 mou5 syu1 jyun6\*2 | |
|  | |

**Our Lady's College** (Chinese: 聖母書院) is an aided girls' secondary school in Wong Tai Sin, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was founded in 1953 and is sponsored by the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians. It uses English as the medium of instruction.

## History

| **Year** | **School Events** |
| --- | --- |
| 1953 | Laying of the foundation stone of Our Lady's School in Chuk Yuen. |
| 1954 | Our Lady's School opens with two classes of kindergarten, one class of Primary One and one class of Primary Two. |
| 1960 | The English Secondary Section begins. The Primary Section is divided into the English and the Chinese sections. The construction of a new building of Our Lady's School begins. |
| 1962 | The school is renamed as Our Lady's College. Opening of the Chinese Secondary Section. |
| 1965 | The first class of Form Five pupils joins the Hong Kong School Certificate Examination. |
| 1969 | The school becomes private assisted. |
| 1979 | The Secondary Section becomes fully aided. 11 and 12 May - Open Day to celebrate the Silver Jubilee of Our Lady's College. |
| 1984 | The school begins operating F.6 classes. |
| 1986 | The formation of the Students' Association. |
| 1996 | The Parent-Teacher Association is officially established. |
| 1998 | The government approves that the school's continued use of English as the medium of instruction. |
| 2003 | Handover of the site for construction of the new extension. The school celebrates its golden jubilee. |
| 2006 | An external school review is conducted on the school by the EMB. |
| 2007 | Completion of the annex. |
| 2008 | 55th Anniversary. Completion of the conversion: CAL room, Language room and CAL preparation room. |
| 2013 | 60th Anniversary. Diamond jubilee reunion dinner was on 18 May. |

## Facilities

The school occupies an area of 66,000 sq ft (6,100 m2) and has 30 classrooms, 17 special rooms, a chapel, an assembly hall that can accommodate all staff and students, two playgrounds, and a spacious basement.

## Class structure

| Secondary | No. of class | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| S.1 | 4 | |
| S.2 | 4 | |
| S.3 | 5 | |
|  | **Arts Stream** | **Science Stream** |
| S.4 | 3 | 2 |
| S.5 | 4 | 2 |
| S.6 | 3 | 2 |

## School Uniform and accessories

* Hair accessories: Black, white and blue colours only.
* Form 1–Form 2: the school badge is pink in colour
* Form 3–Form 6: the school badge is blue in colour

## Students' Association

The aims of the Students' Association are to enhance communication between the school and the students, promote the interface of the students and strengthen the sense of unity among students. Moreover, students are encouraged to participate actively in extra-curricular activities and community service. Committee members include representatives of all levels.

## School Press

School Press is in its 22nd year. Each year, it publishes three issues of Our Ladian. By the effort of its members, it provides schoolmates with interesting news about the school and the world.

## Houses

* Faith House
* Hope House
* Love House
* Wisdom House

## InfoBox

| Our Lady's College
Chinese: 聖母書院 | |
| --- | --- |
| New extension of Our Lady’s College | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 3 Lung Fung Street
Wong Tai Sin, Kowloon
Hong Kong | |
| Coordinates | 22°20′41.87″N 114°11′47.47″E / 22.3449639°N 114.1965194°E / 22.3449639; 114.1965194 |
| Information | |
| Type | Aided |
| Motto | Purity and Charity |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Catholicism |
| Established | c. 1953 (1953) |
| School district | Wong Tai Sin District |
| Supervisor | Sr Tso Enid |
| Principal | Sr Amy Lim Lai-ling |
| Grades | Form 1–Form 6 |
| Gender | Girls |
| Enrollment | approx. 1,100 |
| Language | English |
| Publication | Our Ladian |
| Affiliation | The Daughters of Mary Help of Christians |
| Website | olc.edu.hk |


title: Warwick Town Hall

abstract: Warwick Town Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 72 Palmerin Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1887 to 1917. It is also known as Footballers Memorial. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

text:
# Warwick Town Hall

**Warwick Town Hall** is a heritage-listed town hall at 72 Palmerin Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1887 to 1917. It is also known as Footballers Memorial. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

## History

Officially opened on 1 October 1888 by Mayor of Warwick, Arthur Morgan, this sandstone building survives as evidence of the consolidation of Warwick as a business and administrative centre for the surrounding district during the late nineteenth century.

Warwick township developed slowly during the 1850s and by 1857 the population of the parish of Warwick had reached just over 1,300. Under the provisions of the 1858 Municipalities Act (NSW), any centre with a population in excess of 1,000 was entitled to petition the colonial government for recognition as a municipality. Brisbane was the first town in what was soon to become Queensland to receive municipal status under the 1858 Act, and was proclaimed Borough of Brisbane on 7 September 1859.

By 1859, the year of separation of Queensland from New South Wales, the township of Warwick was recognised as a major urban centre on the Darling Downs, and when Queensland's new electoral districts (settled areas only) were proclaimed on 20 December 1859, the electorate of the Town of Warwick had its own representative in the Legislative Assembly.

In February 1861 a petition calling for municipal status for the town of Warwick, with 110 signatures appended, was sent to the Queensland Governor, and on 25 May 1861 the Borough of Warwick was proclaimed a municipality under the 1858 NSW legislation. The municipal boundary followed the original Warwick Town Reserve of five square miles. Warwick was the fifth corporation created in Queensland outside of Brisbane, being preceded by Ipswich, Toowoomba, Rockhampton and Maryborough. The first Warwick municipal election was conducted on 5 July 1861, and at its first meeting on 15 July 1861, the Warwick Municipal Council elected John James Kingsford as the first mayor of Warwick.

In 1861 the first Warwick Town Hall was established in a slab building at the northern end of Albion Street, which had been constructed in the early 1850s as Warwick's first Court House. In 1873 the Council purchased the Masonic Hall, a brick building in Palmerin Street, and this served as the Warwick Town Hall until imposing new premises were constructed in 1887.

A competition for the design of the new Town Hall was held in 1885, expenditure not exceeding £3 500. First place in the competition was won by Clark Bros, a partnership formed in Sydney in 1883 between architect brothers John J and George Clark; the design by Clark Bros coming closest to Council's budget. However it was the design of second place getter Willoughby Powell which although more costly, was eventually chosen for the new Town Hall.

Powell had arrived in Queensland c.1873, and practiced as an architect until c.1913. During Powell's architectural career in which he alternated between employment in the Queensland Public Works Department and periods of private practice, he was responsible for the design of a number of substantial buildings in Toowoomba, Maryborough and Brisbane including churches, private residences, shops, hotels, and the Toowoomba Grammar School. Powell was also responsible for the winning design in a competition for the (third) Toowoomba City Hall, although he subsequently had to give up supervision of its construction to Toowoomba architects James Marks and Son in order to take up an appointment in the Works Department.

Tenders for the building were called in 188?. Although tenders were called for brick and stone, Council accepted the tender of Michael O'Brian for a stone building, and the contract with O'Brian was signed in March 1887. Shortly after the commencement of construction, O'Brian advised the Council he was insolvent, and arranged for the firm of Stewart, Law and Longwill to take over the work. The stone work was sub-let to John McCulloch, a Warwick stonemason responsible for the stone work on a number of prominent buildings in the town including Pringle Cottage, the Warwick Court House, St Mark's Anglican Church, St Andrews Church, Warwick Central State School, Our Lady of Assumption Convent), the goods sheds at Warwick railway station and the former Albion Street Post Office.

The foundation stone of the new Town Hall was laid in August 1887 by Lady Griffith, wife of then Premier of Queensland, Sir Samuel Walker Griffith. A bottle, sealed with the Corporation seal and containing a copy of a commemorative scroll, copies of the local papers and coins, was placed in a cavity in the stone.

A clock tower was not part of Powell's original design for the new Town Hall. In late 1887 however, it had been suggested that the building would be enhanced by the addition of a clock tower. At a meeting of ratepayers in December 1887, a vote was carried in favour of the addition of a tower which was subsequently incorporated into the building. The clock itself was not installed until c.1892. As part of the striking apparatus, it is understood that the Council acquired a bell from St Mary's Church in Warwick which was eventually installed on the outside of the tower.

Occupied by the Council from September 1888, the new Town Hall was formally opened in October that year by the Mayor of Warwick, Arthur Morgan. The event was marked with a concert given by the local Philharmonic Society. In his remarks, Morgan described the new Town Hall as *"...a credit to the town and If there were any truth in the saying that the history of a town was known by the character of its buildings, then the Municipal Council of Warwick had no reason to be ashamed of the page they had contributed to the history of their town"*.

Gas lighting was installed in the building in 1889, subsequently replaced by electricity c.1912.

In early 1917 a movement was initiated by James Brown, Patron of the Warwick and District Amateur Rugby Football League, to erect a memorial to honour the Warwick league football heroes, who have given their lives for their King and country (and those who may yet fall). A committee was formed, subscriptions collected and a tablet unveiled at a ceremony in May 1917. Inscribed with names and placed at the entrance to the Town Hall, the tablet was the work of Warwick masons Troyahn, Coulter and Thompson. In unveiling the tablet, the then Mayor of Warwick Ald. Gilham drew contemporary parallels between war and sport, suggesting that There were worse places for young fellows to be than on the football field and places that were not such good training grounds to fit the young fellows for service to the Empire. It was said that Waterloo was won on the cricket fields of England. Probably some of the glories of the war had been contributed to, and to some extent made possible by, the previous practice the boys had received on the football fields of sunny Queensland.

A tablet/plaque to the memory of Colonel William James Foster CB, CMG, DSO, Australian Staff Corps is also located at the entrance to the Town Hall. Colonel Foster was born in Warwick in 1881 and died in England in 1927. The memorial was erected by Colonel Foster's Brother Officers, Australian Staff Corps and Australian Light Horse.

In October 1935 Warwick celebrated (prematurely) 75 years of municipal government, and at this time the local press popularised the idea of the town being proclaimed a city. Under the provisions of the Local Government Acts, Queensland Cabinet approved the granting of city status to Warwick on 2 April 1936, and this was celebrated in the new City of Warwick on 29 June.

By the late 1960s, the Town Hall was considered generally inadequate for the purposes of the City Council. A new administration centre was erected at the corner of Fitzroy and Albion Streets, and the last meeting of the Council was held in the Town Hall in August 1975.

The hall was re-roofed in 1975, and a damp course inserted into the main building in 1976. The facades were cleaned in 1978, and the foyer and interior of the hall have been remodelled.

On 1 October 1988, the centenary of the town hall was celebrated with a plaque commemorating the event. The plaque was unveiled by Mayor of Warwik, Stanley Richard Walsh. A path of trees was also planted in Apex Park (Victoria Park) to commemorate the occasion.

In July 1994 the Queensland Government amalgamated the City of Warwick and the surrounding Shires of Allora, Glengallan and Rosenthal to form the Shire of Warwick.

The former Council offices in the Town Hall are now occupied by the Warwick Education Centre. The Town Hall remains in use as a venue for community functions including flower shows, school plays and other entertainment.

## Description

The Warwick Town Hall is a two-storeyed sandstone building of Classical influence, with a symmetrical principal facade addressing Palmerin Street, the main street of Warwick. This main western facade has recessed colonnaded verandahs to both levels, and a central entry bay emphasised by an imposing clock tower. The stone is laid in ashlar coursing and mostly of tooled finish with polished trims. This western end of the building contains two levels of offices, behind which is the main hall with the stage at the eastern end. Beyond this is a single-storey timber extension of backstage areas.

The central bay to the street facade emphasises the entry with columns and pilasters of Tuscan order, and a segmental pediment with a shield motif at its centre. The upper level of this bay has similar columns and pilasters and a bracketed triangular pediment, with "1888" carved to its centre and "TOWN HALL" to its entablature. To either side at the lower level is a colonnade of segmental arches, and to the upper level is a recessed verandah of semicircular arches with cast iron balustrades and timber handrails. Above is a bracketed cornice and a stone parapet with circular openings, topped with urns. The clock tower is square in plan, with square pilastered corners and a clock face on all four sides. It is capped by a high-pitched truncated pyramid roof of corrugated iron, with horseshoe-shaped louvred vents, decorative iron cresting and a flagpole at its apex.

The lower colonnade has a concrete floor, boarded soffit, and single- pane vertical sash windows with semicircular heads. Within the colonnade are archways to either side of the entry forming a small vestibule. Mounted on the wall is the Footballers Memorial. The returns to this western facade are less ornate, with similar windows, projecting stone sills, string courses, and the continuing cornice and parapet. The exterior to the main body of the hall is less ornate again, with only projecting sills, tall awning windows also with semicircular heads, and a gabled corrugated iron roof with three decorative vents to its ridge. The roof behind the parapet to the western end is hipped, with a protruding stone chimney and dormer window. The chamferboard addition to the rear has an assortment of windows, and a corrugated iron lean-to roof with several skylights.

Entry to the building is through a pair of substantial six-panelled timber doors, which have a smaller segmental stone pediment over, and '"TOWN HALL" set into the threshold. The Entry Hall has several four- panelled cedar doors with glazed fanlights to offices on either side, and a moulded plaster archway leading to the cedar staircase up to the second level. This open-welled stair begins with a curtail step and handrail scroll, and features turned newels and balusters, and a boarded soffit lining. From the second landing is the entry to the Gallery through a similar doorway. At the top of the stair is a series of doorways to offices, formally the "Mayor's Room", the "Council Chambers" and the "Town Clerk", as announced by the painted signs on the doors' lock rails. Above this is a further stair of similar character but of lesser width which leads into the clocktower. The former Council Chamber has glazed French doors with semicircular fanlights leading onto the recessed verandah; a moulded cedar chimney piece; and two panelled cedar bulkheads to the Town Clerk's room, one of which still has its hinged panelled cedar dividing wall. Fixed to the south wall is a timber post, a remnant of a rail which has since been removed. The windows generally to the side wall also have semicircular heads. These rooms have boarded ceilings with fretted roses.

Beyond the stair lobby is a recently altered foyer space giving entry to the main hall. The foyer features two cast iron columns, with two more enclosed in glass cases built into the wall. Entry to the Hall is through a pair of timber doors with glazed panels etched with "TOWN HALL", which appear to have been repositioned into the new wall alignment. The hall itself is a long rectangular room with the stage at the eastern end. Tall narrow windows with awning sashes and semicircular heads punctuate the walls on both sides. The coffered ceiling is of wide beaded board with beaded timber-clad beams between, and a curved perimeter of narrow horizontal boards. There is a pressed metal ceiling rose in every second coffer. The hall contains a gallery to the western end over the entry foyer. The gallery has a wrought iron balustrade, and a pressed metal frieze along the fascia and return with brackets over the columns. There is an exit via a side door and a steel external stair.

The stage is of timber boards. Over the stage is a proscenium decorated with timber mouldings. Above the stage is a timber catwalk, from which can be seen the substantial timber king-post roof trusses.

Beyond the stage is a single-storey chamferboard extension on timber stumps, which houses backstage areas, change rooms, a meeting room and a kitchen. It has wall linings of fibrous cement and tongue-and groove boards. Parts of these areas have timber brackets and beads to the wall and ceiling linings painted to give these rooms something of a Tudor flavour.

### Footballer's Memorial

On the external front wall of the hall is a marble plaque, the Warwick Amateur Rugby League War Memorial to Footballers. It lists nineteen footballers who lost their lives during the First World War. It is an honour board of classical influence with leaded lettering, and decorated with bas-relief carving. The base is supported by two brackets ornamented with acanthus leaves. Pilasters with Corinthian capitals and foliage motifs border the role, joined at the top by a dentil cornice. Above the cornice is a triangular pediment, within which are crossed rifles over a football and a crown at its apex.

## Heritage listing

Town Hall and Footballers Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

Officially opened in October 1888, this sandstone building survives as evidence of the consolidation and importance of Warwick as a business and administrative centre for the surrounding district during the late nineteenth century.

**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**

The Town Hall is a rare surviving intact example of a nineteenth century town hall in Queensland.

Erected in 1917 at the main entrance to the town hall, the Footballers Memorial is an unusual example of a war memorial, reflecting the contemporary parallels drawn between war and sport, and providing a unique historical record of local participation and sacrifice in the First World War.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

Internally, the building retains much of its original layout, including timber joinery, and contains evidence via signage, of the allocation of functions and offices.

The tablet displays fine craftsmanship, and demonstrates the work of local stonemasons, Troyahn, Coulter and Thompson.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

Prominently situated within Palmerin Street, this substantial stone building contributes to the Palmerin Street streetscape and Warwick townscape.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The building continues a long association with the Warwick community as a focal point for social and community functions.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

The Warwick Town Hall has an association with the public work of architect Willoughby Powell, as one of a number of substantial public buildings in Queensland centres designed by Powell during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

## InfoBox

| Warwick Town Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Warwick Town Hall, 2020 | |
| Location | 72 Palmerin Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 28°12′55″S 152°02′01″E / 28.2152°S 152.0335°E / -28.2152; 152.0335 |
| Design period | 1870s–1890s (late 19th century) |
| Built | 1887–1917 |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Town Hall and Footballers Memorial |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 21 October 1992 |
| Reference no. | 600961 |
| Significant period | 1880s–1890s; 1910s (fabric)
1887–1975 (historicall)
1888–ongoing (social) |
| Significant components | tower – clock |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Warwick Town Hall in QueenslandWarwick Town Hall (Australia) | |