title: Thomas K. Shannon

abstract: Rear Admiral Thomas Kennedy Shannon (USN) is a retired naval officer. His final assignment was as commander of the US Navy Military Sealift Command.

text:
# Thomas K. Shannon

Rear Admiral (United States) **Thomas Kennedy Shannon** (USN) (born 1960) is a retired naval officer. His final assignment was as commander of the US Navy Military Sealift Command.

## Education

Shannon graduated with a BS in Nautical Science from the Maine Maritime Academy (1982) and was commissioned an ensign in the US Navy through the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps program. He later received an MA in National Security and Strategic Studies from the Naval War College in March 1998.

## Career

After his commissioning, Shannon held various US naval commands of increasing responsibility, including in succession chief staff officer of Destroyer Squadron 14, surface operations officer of Cruiser-Destroyer Group Twelve, commanding officer of the USS *De Wert* (FFG-45), commanding officer of the USS *Vicksburg* (CG-69), air defense commander for the USS *John F. Kennedy* (CV-67) battle group, and commander of Carrier Strike Group 1. Shannon was then in the year 2012 promoted from the rank of rear admiral (lower half) to rear admiral, before being relieved of command of Carrier Strike Group 1 and named commander, Military Sealift Command in the year 2013. He completed this assignment on 25 August 2016 when he was relieved by Rear Adm. Dee L. Mewbourne and subsequently retired from the navy.

## Medals and decorations

Among the rear admiral's military decorations and awards are prominently:

|  | Defense Superior Service Medal |
| --- | --- |
|  | Legion of Merit with 3 Oak leaf clusters |
|  | Meritorious Service Medal (United States) |

Media related to Thomas K. Shannon at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Thomas K. Shannon | |
| --- | --- |
| Rear Admiral Thomas K. Shannon (USN) | |
| Born | 1960 (age 6364) |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1982–2016 |
| Rank | Rear admiral |
| Commands | Military Sealift Command
Carrier Strike Group One
USS *Vicksburg* (CG-69)
USS *De Wert* (FFG-45) |
| Awards | Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (4)
Meritorious Service Medal |


title: Matthea Harvey

abstract: Matthea Harvey is a contemporary American poet, writer and professor. She has published four collections of poetry. The most recent of these, If the Tabloids Are True What Are You?, a collection of poetry and images, was published in 2014. Prior to this, the collection Modern Life (2007) earned her the 2009 Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award and was a finalist for the 2007 National Book Critics Circle Award, and a New York Times Notable Book.

text:
# Matthea Harvey

**Matthea Harvey** (born September 3, 1973) is a contemporary American poet, writer and professor. She has published four collections of poetry. The most recent of these, *If the Tabloids Are True What Are You?*, a collection of poetry and images, was published in 2014. Prior to this, the collection *Modern Life* (2007) earned her the 2009 Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award and was a finalist for the 2007 National Book Critics Circle Award, and a *New York Times* Notable Book.

## Life

Harvey was born in Germany and grew up in England and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She earned her B.A. from Harvard University and her M.F.A. from the Iowa Writers' Workshop. She currently lives in Brooklyn and teaches at Sarah Lawrence College. She is the sister of artist Ellen Harvey and is married to editor Rob Casper.

Harvey has served as the poetry editor of *American Letters & Commentary* as well as a contributing editor to *jubilat* and *BOMB*.

She has published poems in literary magazines, including *The New Yorker*, *The New Republic*, *Slope*, *Ploughshares*, and *The American Poetry Review*.

Jeannine Hall Gailey described Harvey's *Modern Life,* as "obsessed with devastated worlds and hybrid forms of life," and the two longest poems in the collection, the "Terror of the Future" and "The Future of Terror," as abecedarian sequences that examine "the dysfunction between civilian and military populations in a stark, futuristic environment." Although Harvey has said that she "didn't set out to write political poems," but to explore "that idea of living in the middle of contradiction—in the grey area, between yes and no," the two poems were nonetheless acclaimed by *The New York Times* as "among the most arresting poems yet written about the current American political atmosphere . . . all the more surprising coming from a writer whose sensibility seems so resistant to our usual ideas about 'political poetry.' "

## Published works

Poetry / Poetry collections * *Pity the Bathtub Its Forced Embrace of the Human Form*, Alice James Books, 2000, ISBN 9781882295265
* *Sad Little Breathing Machine*, Graywolf Press, 2004, ISBN 9781555973964
* *Modern Life*, Graywolf Press, 2007, ISBN 9781555974800
* *If the Tabloids Are True What Are You* (Graywolf Press, 2014)
* Matthea Harvey, Amy Jean Porter, *When Up and Down Left Town* (New York: Cabinet Books, 2016). ISBN 9781932698770, 1932698779

Children's books In translation * *Der kleine General und die riesenhafte Schneeflocke* (luxbooks, 2008)
* *Du kennst das auch* (kookbooks, 2010)

### Anthologies

## InfoBox

| Matthea Harvey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1973-09-03) September 3, 1973
Germany |
| Occupation | Poet, writer, professor |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Harvard University;
Iowa Writers' Workshop. |
| Genre | Poetry |
| Notable awards | Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award |
| Spouse | Rob Casper |


title: Fred W. Dailey

abstract: Fred W. Dailey was an American hotelier and polo enthusiast.

text:
# Fred W. Dailey

**Fred W. Dailey** was an American hotelier and polo enthusiast.

## Biography

In the 1950s, he opened the Waikikian Hotel and the Tahitian Lanai restaurant. They also owned a family farm in Virginia. Meanwhile, he revived the sport of polo in Hawaii, first in Kapiolani Park and then in Mokuleia. It is now known as the Hawaii Polo Club. He also worked for the United States Polo Association. He was inducted into the Museum of Polo and Hall of Fame on February 7, 1997.

He was married to Elizabeth "Murph" Dailey. His son, Michael Dailey, is a polo player and hotelier. He serves as President of the Hawaii Polo Inn and its management company, Honolulu Hotel Operating Corporation. His grandson, Devon Dailey, attended the University of Virginia on a polo scholarship. He now serves as the manager of the Hawaii Polo Club.

## Bibliography

* *Polo Is a Four Letter Word: An Equine History of Polo in Hawaii* (1986)

## InfoBox

| Fred W. Dailey | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Hotelier and polo enthusiast |


title: Franz Christoph von Rothmund

abstract: Franz Christoph von Rothmund was a German surgeon. He was the father of ophthalmologist August von Rothmund (1830–1906). He studied medicine with Ignaz Döllinger (1770–1841), Cajetan von Textor (1782–1860) and Johann Lukas Schönlein (1793–1864) at the University of Würzburg, and under Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe (1787–1840) at the University of Berlin. From 1823, he served as court physician in Miltenberg, later performing similar duties in Volkach. In 1843 he became a professor at the University of Munich, later attaining the title of Obermedicinalrath. Rothmund is known for his work involving "radical surgery" of hernias. He retired from medicine in 1871, and at the time of his death was considered the "doyen of German surgeons".

text:
# Franz Christoph von Rothmund

**Franz Christoph von Rothmund** (28 December 1801 in Dettelbach  30 November 1891 in Munich) was a German surgeon. He was the father of ophthalmologist August von Rothmund (1830–1906).

He studied medicine with Ignaz Döllinger (17701841), Cajetan von Textor (17821860) and Johann Lukas Schönlein (17931864) at the University of Würzburg, and under Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe (17871840) at the University of Berlin.

From 1823, he served as court physician in Miltenberg, later performing similar duties in Volkach. In 1843 he became a professor at the University of Munich, later attaining the title of *Obermedicinalrath*.

Rothmund is known for his work involving "radical surgery" of hernias. He retired from medicine in 1871, and at the time of his death was considered the "doyen of German surgeons".

## Written works

* *Dissertatio inauguralis de oscitatione*, 1824
* *Ueber Radical-Operation beweglicher Leistenbrüche : mit 8 Kupfertafeln*, 1853.


title: FC Gothia

abstract: FC Gothia was a planned new Swedish football club. It would have been created by merging three teams, Örgryte IS, GAIS and BK Häcken, all from Gothenburg. The clubs held a press conference on 14 September 2007, at which they presented their plans and announced that would start an inquiry. However, outside the press conference hundreds of angry supporters of the three teams had gathered showing their deep anger toward the plans. Later the same day the clubs decided not merge because of the strongly negative reactions of the fans. The club maintained in Brazzaville the youth football academy CF Gothia Brazzaville, which was founded 2003 by the Göteborgs Fotbollförbund. The club was affiliated to the Göteborgs Fotbollförbund.

text:
# FC Gothia

**FC Gothia** was a planned new Swedish football club. It would have been created by merging three teams, Örgryte IS, GAIS and BK Häcken, all from Gothenburg. The clubs held a press conference on 14 September 2007, at which they presented their plans and announced that would start an inquiry. However, outside the press conference hundreds of angry supporters of the three teams had gathered showing their deep anger toward the plans. Later the same day the clubs decided not merge because of the strongly negative reactions of the fans. The club maintained in Brazzaville the youth football academy CF Gothia Brazzaville, which was founded 2003 by the Göteborgs Fotbollförbund.

The club was affiliated to the Göteborgs Fotbollförbund.


title: Ibra Diouf

abstract: Ibra Diouf is a Senegalese politician who served as a member of the Pan-African Parliament. Ibra Diouf is also served as the Minister of Regional Planning and Local Government under President Macky Sall from 2013 to 2017. He was born on June 4, 1962, in Kolda, Senegal. Prior to his appointment as a minister, Diouf held various positions in both the public and private sectors. He worked for the Senegalese government as a technical adviser and served as the Director of Studies and Planning at the Ministry of Local Government. Diouf was also involved in politics, and in 2012 he was elected as the mayor of the town of Kolda. He was later appointed as the Minister of Regional Planning and Local Government, where he played a key role in the implementation of the government's decentralization policy. In 2017, Diouf was replaced as Minister of Regional Planning and Local Government by Oumar Guèye. Since then, he has remained active in Senegalese politics and continues to be a prominent figure in the country's political landscape.

text:
# Ibra Diouf

**Ibra Diouf** is a Senegalese politician who served as a member of the Pan-African Parliament. Ibra Diouf is also served as the Minister of Regional Planning and Local Government under President Macky Sall from 2013 to 2017. He was born on June 4, 1962, in Kolda, Senegal.

Prior to his appointment as a minister, Diouf held various positions in both the public and private sectors. He worked for the Senegalese government as a technical adviser and served as the Director of Studies and Planning at the Ministry of Local Government.

Diouf was also involved in politics, and in 2012 he was elected as the mayor of the town of Kolda. He was later appointed as the Minister of Regional Planning and Local Government, where he played a key role in the implementation of the government's decentralization policy.

In 2017, Diouf was replaced as Minister of Regional Planning and Local Government by Oumar Guèye. Since then, he has remained active in Senegalese politics and continues to be a prominent figure in the country's political landscape.


title: Trialeti

abstract: Trialeti is a mountainous area in central Georgia. In Georgian, its name means "a place of wandering". The Trialeti Range is a part of the greater Trialeti Region. It corresponds to the modern-day Tsalka Municipality.

text:
# Trialeti

**Trialeti** (Georgian: თრიალეთი) is a mountainous area in central Georgia. In Georgian, its name means "a place of wandering". The Trialeti Range is a part of the greater Trialeti Region. It corresponds to the modern-day Tsalka Municipality.

41°30′N 44°10′E / 41.500°N 44.167°E / 41.500; 44.167

## InfoBox

| Trialeti თრიალეთი | |
| --- | --- |
| Historical Region | |
| Map highlighting the historical region of Trialeti in Georgia | |
| Country | Georgia |
| Mkhare | Kvemo Kartli |
| Capital | Tsalka |


title: OTE Pathfinder

abstract: The OTE Pathfinder, or James Webb Space Telescope Pathfinder, is a technology demonstrator and test article for the James Webb Space Telescope. It is a non-flight replica of the actual backplane, but only includes the center section, not the two "wings" on the side that extend and have additional segments on the actual JWST. It has been used for various tests and has some different configurations, but some of the major tests have been practicing installing mirror segments with non-flight hardware as well as thermal tests. The Pathfinder has also been tested in conjunction with flight hardware including the Aft Optics System. One of the goals and uses of the pathfinder is risk reduction for JWST program. The pathfinder allows practicing integration and testing procedures, and for risk mitigation With the Pathfinder it was possible to test phasing two mirrors together and also to do tests with the Aft Optical System. The OTE Pathfinder was part of the plan for integration and testing of JWST, and in particular supported the Optical Telescope Element. The OTE pathfinder uses two additional mirror segments and an additional secondary mirror, and puts together various structures to allow testing of various aspects of the section, including Ground Support Equipment. This supports the GSE's use on the JWST itself later on, and allows testing of mirror integration. OTE pathfinder has 12 rather than 18 cells compared to the full telescope, but it does include a test of the backplane structure. The pathfinder allowed practicing installing mirror segments with a non-flight mirror and non-flight backplane. Mirror installation is a task that necessitated practice due to the high-precision required. The Pathfinder backplane was completed in 2011. Three tests planned for the OTE Pathfinder were Optical Ground Support Equipment 1 (OGSE1), Optical Ground Support Equipment 2 (OGSE2), and Thermal Pathfinder. The Pathfinder was used with the Beam Image Analyzer (BIA) and another important related device is the AOS Source Plate Assembly (ASPA). ASPA provides infrared sources for doing optical testing.

text:
# OTE Pathfinder

The **OTE Pathfinder** (for **Optical Telescope Element Pathfinder**), or **James Webb Space Telescope Pathfinder**, is a technology demonstrator and test article for the James Webb Space Telescope. It is a non-flight replica of the actual backplane, but only includes the center section, not the two "wings" on the side that extend and have additional segments on the actual JWST. It has been used for various tests and has some different configurations, but some of the major tests have been practicing installing mirror segments with non-flight hardware as well as thermal tests. The Pathfinder has also been tested in conjunction with flight hardware including the Aft Optics System. One of the goals and uses of the pathfinder is risk reduction for JWST program. The pathfinder allows practicing integration and testing procedures, and for risk mitigation With the Pathfinder it was possible to test phasing two mirrors together and also to do tests with the Aft Optical System. The OTE Pathfinder was part of the plan for integration and testing of JWST, and in particular supported the Optical Telescope Element (primary mirror, backplane, etc.).

The OTE pathfinder uses two additional mirror segments and an additional secondary mirror, and puts together various structures to allow testing of various aspects of the section, including Ground Support Equipment. This supports the GSE's use on the JWST itself later on, and allows testing of mirror integration. OTE pathfinder has 12 rather than 18 cells compared to the full telescope, but it does include a test of the backplane structure. The pathfinder allowed practicing installing mirror segments with a non-flight mirror and non-flight backplane. Mirror installation is a task that necessitated practice due to the high-precision required.

The Pathfinder backplane was completed in 2011. Three tests planned for the OTE Pathfinder were Optical Ground Support Equipment 1 (OGSE1), Optical Ground Support Equipment 2 (OGSE2), and Thermal Pathfinder.

The Pathfinder was used with the Beam Image Analyzer (BIA) and another important related device is the AOS Source Plate Assembly (ASPA). ASPA provides infrared sources for doing optical testing.

## California

The flight-replica backplane was assembled in Redondo Beach, California, at the NASA contractor Northrop Grumman facility there. The flight backplane has two wings and a center section, whereas the pathfinder just as center section. The backplane was transported across country (see Continental United States) in a C-5 Galaxy transport aircraft to Joint Base Andrews, and to GSC by road. The section is contained with the Space Telescope Transporter for Air Road and Sea (STTARS), which was designed for the project. This facilitates hauling items around the country for different tests or assembly for the JWST project.

The backplane is constructed out of graphite composite, titanium, and invar. Invar is an iron-nickel alloy with a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE or α), which means it does not significantly change size during temperature changes. One of the important features of the backplane is that it is thermally stable at low temperatures, because it is holding the main mirror, it must change size less than one-ten-thousandth of a human hair (32 nm) at −240 °C (−400 °F). Another test of the backplane design was the Backplane Structure Test Article, which was a one sixth portion of the full backplane.

## Maryland (Goddard Spaceflight Center)

In 2014 the pathfinder was transported from California to Maryland. In Maryland it was used for practicing mirror installation at Goddard Space Flight Center. It arrived at GSC in Maryland in July 2014. Mirror segments were installed on the Pathfinder, which allowed the procedure to be practiced.

At Goddard Spaceflight Center the two spare main mirror segments and a spare secondary mirror were installed on the pathfinder. The full James Webb Space Telescope main mirror has 18 segments (primary). It was considered to use silver, however gold is more durable than silver as a coating even though it is used for reflecting down to 400 nm wavelength light; JWST is primarily for 800 nm  to 29000 nm.

The Pathfinder weighed about 1,400 kilograms (3,000 lb) after the mirrors were installed.

## Texas (Johnson Space Center)

After the work done in Maryland at Goddard, the pathfinder was taken to Johnson Space Center in Texas, for cold environment testing. The Pathfinder was delivered to JSC by early February 2015. In preparation for its arrival, in 2014 Optical Ground Support Equipment was installed at the cryogenic test chamber at Johnson Space Center. The ground support equipment was tested during the OGSE-1 in Chamber A at JSC, after which the Aft Optical Subsystem and Beam analyzer were installed and tested in OGSE-2. The first test was completed by June 2015, and the second test was completed by November 2015. The third major test, which involves even more modifications to pathfinder is called Thermal Pathfinder. During the optical tests the mirrors had to be "phased" or aligned to a distance less than the wavelength of light, thousands of times smaller than the thickness of a human hair at a temperature hundreds of degree below zero.

> Practice makes perfect. Since we will be testing the world’s largest ever cryogenic telescope for the first time in the world’s largest cryogenic test chamber, we need to be experienced in using our test equipment so we can focus on the performance of the telescope
>
> Webb telescope Observatory Project Scientist

By the end of October 2015 the second round of testing with JWST was completed. The flight Aft Optics System was tested with the Pathfinder, and it was delivered for testing in May 2015. The Aft Optics System is part of the Optical Telescope Element in the flight telescope.

In 2016 the pathfinder was used for the Pathfinder Thermal Test at Johnson Space Center in Texas. At this time it had two spare flight-rated beryllium mirrors (one gold-coated) and ten non-flight gold-coated aluminum test segments functioning as thermal simulators. In 2016 the pathfinder underwent thermal and vacuum tests that the actual JWST was planned to also go through in 2017. The test chamber was originally built to test Apollo program hardware, but was refurbished for testing in the JWST program. The thermal test will take similar hardware on cool down time line, which allows heat flow to be studied. The flight JWST primary mirror is designed to be cooled down to 55 K (−218 °C; −361 °F) for operation, and the thermal tests on the pathfinder support this goal. The pathfinder had to be modified for the thermal tests, including the thermal simulators to stand in for the mirrors, but also insulation. There is also an Aft Optical Subsystem Geometry Simulator and an ISIM Electronics Compartment Simulator. The thermal test also demonstrates the Space Vehicle Thermal Simulator (SVTS) and the Deep Space Edge Radiation Sinks (DSERS).

## Components

As a test article the exact configuration has varied somewhat as it undergoes various tests.

Components have included:

* Test version of the backplane (full-size engineering model)
* Two spare beryllium mirror segments
* Spare secondary mirror
* Ten gold-coated aluminum thermal simulator segments


title: Nurija Pozderac

abstract: Nurija Pozderac was a Bosnian teacher, politician, member of the Yugoslav Muslim Organization, and local liberation leader during World War II, participating in the National Yugoslav Liberation Struggle. He served as Vice President of the Executive Board of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia. His nephews Hakija and Hamdija were influential communist politicians during the era of Yugoslavia.

text:
# Nurija Pozderac

**Nurija Pozderac** (15 January 1892  12 June 1943) was a Bosnian teacher, politician, member of the Yugoslav Muslim Organization, and local liberation leader during World War II, participating in the National Yugoslav Liberation Struggle. He served as Vice President of the Executive Board of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia. His nephews Hakija and Hamdija were influential communist politicians during the era of Yugoslavia.

## Early life

Pozderac was one of 11 children—seven sons and four daughters—born to Bashi-bazouk Agha Murat Pozderac (1862–1930), the last leader of Cazin, Bosnia and Herzegovina during Ottoman rule. His father had three wives, a common practice in 19th century Bosnia.

His six brothers were Mujaga, Mehmed, Muhamed, Smail, Ahmet, Hasan; his four sisters were Semka, Derviša, Šefika, and Zulejha.

## Politics

Nurija was a teacher before moving into politics in the 1930s. His first serious political engagement came as a minister in the local legislative and administrative body of Cazin. He was a member of the Yugoslav Muslim Organization.

## World War II

After the 1941 occupation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the creation of the Independent State of Croatia, Pozderac was angry at the Ustasha policy of killing and expelling Jews and Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He rejected Džafer Kulenović's offer to become a minister in the Government of the fascist Independent State of Croatia.

Later in 1941, Pozderac teamed up with the Yugoslav Partisans and became a member of the Yugoslav National Liberation Movement. As an influential and well-known figure among the people of Cazin and the Krajina, in 1942 he was elected president of the National Liberation Committee in Cazin. He participated in the first session of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) on 26—27 November 1942 in Bihać. At this meeting he was elected vice-president of the Executive Board of AVNOJ.

### Death

In June 1943, during the Fifth Enemy Offensive (also known as the Battle of Sutjeska) and one of the Axis forces attack on Partisans' High Command, which was in retreat across the Sutjeska river and over the ridge of Maglić, attempting to reach Vučevo plateau, Pozderac was mortally wounded, while his group tried to take cover from heavy areal bombardment on the edges of Perućica. Four days later, while in the presence of his son Sead, Nurija Pozderac died from his wounds.

## Legacy

In March 2013, Nurija and his wife Devleta received Israel's Righteous Among the Nations medal for rescuing and sheltering Jewish people during the Holocaust. His great-grandson, Serbian politician Vuk Jeremić, spoke at the ceremony saying that he was, "...immensely proud of his origin and ancestors who rose up against the crimes against their Jewish and Serbian citizens during World War II."

## InfoBox

| Nurija Pozderac | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Vice President of the Executive Board of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia | |
| **In office**
26 November 1942  12 June 1943 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | vacant |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1892-01-15)15 January 1892
Cazin, Austro-Hungarian Bosnia, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 12 June 1943(1943-06-12) (aged 51)
near Tjentište, Independent State of Croatia |
| Nationality | Bosniak |
| Spouse | Devleta Pozderac |
| Relatives |  |
|  | |


abstract: Ten Mile Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area is an Illinois state park on 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) in Hamilton and Jefferson Counties, Illinois, United States.

text:
# Ten Mile Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area

**Ten Mile Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area** is an Illinois state park on 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) in Hamilton and Jefferson Counties, Illinois, United States.

* "Ten Mile Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area". Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved July 19, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Ten Mile Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
| Map of the U.S. state of Illinois showing the location of Ten Mile Creek State Fish and Wildlife AreaTen Mile Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area (the United States) | |
| Location | Hamilton and Jefferson Counties, Illinois, United States |
| Nearest city | McLeansboro, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 38°06′N 88°37′W / 38.1°N 88.62°W / 38.1; -88.62 |
| Area | 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) |
| Established | 1988 |
| Governing body | Illinois Department of Natural Resources |


title: Thetis (1801 ship)

abstract: Thetis was launched in 1801 at Lancaster as a West Indiaman. In 1804, in single ship action, she repelled an attack by a French privateer. Between 1806 and 1808 she made two complete voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. On the second, in early 1808 as Thetis was coming to Barbados from Africa, she again drove off a French privateer in a single ship action. With the end of the slave trade, Thetis returned to trading, first with the West Indies and then with Bahia. She was wrecked in December 1815 near Sunderland.

text:
# Thetis (1801 ship)

***Thetis*** was launched in 1801 at Lancaster as a West Indiaman. In 1804, in single ship action, she repelled an attack by a French privateer. Between 1806 and 1808 she made two complete voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. On the second, in early 1808 as *Thetis* was coming to Barbados from Africa, she again drove off a French privateer in a single ship action. With the end of the slave trade, *Thetis* returned to trading, first with the West Indies and then with Bahia. She was wrecked in December 1815 near Sunderland.

## Career

*Thetis* first appeared in *Lloyd's Register* (*LR*), in August 1801.

| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source & notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1801 | J.Charnley | Houseman | Lancaster–Dominica | *LR*; |
|

Captain John Charnley acquired a letter of marque on 17 July 1801.

After war with France resumed in 1803, Captain John Charnley acquired another letter of marque on 26 September 1803.

On 12 December 1803 *Thetis*, Charnley, master, sailed from Madeira for the West Indies. It was reported that the French privateer *Egyptienne* had captured her and taken her into the Canaries. The report was apparently in error as *Thetis*, Charnley, master, was subsequently reported to have arrived at Barbados from Cork and Madeira.

In late 1804 *Thetis* arrived at Barbados after having repelled the attack of a French privateer of 20 guns.

| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source & notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1806 | J.Charnley
J.Christie | Houseman
Hind & Co. | Bristol–Dominica
Liverpool–Africa | *LR*; |
|

**1st enslaving voyage (1806–1807):** Captain David Christie sailed from Liverpool on 8 May 1806. On 19 June she was reported "all well" off Cape Montserrado and in company with five other enslaving ships. She gathered her captives at Bonny, and sailed from there on 11 August. She sailed from São Tomé arrived at Dominica on 1 October. She arrived on 24 October at Kingston, Jamaica with 287 captives. She sailed from Kingston on 9 January 1807 and arrived back at Liverpool on 8 April. She had left Liverpool with 38 crew members and she suffered six crew deaths on her voyage.

**2nd enslaving voyage (1807–1808):** Captain Christie sailed from Liverpool on 1 June 1807. The Act for the abolition of the slave trade had passed Parliament in March 1807 and took effect on 1 May 1807. However, *Thetis* had apparently received clearance to sail before the deadline. Thus, when she sailed on 1 June, she did so legally. *Thetis* acquired her captives at Cabinda and arrived at Barbados on 19 February 1808 with 292 captives.

On her way to Barbados, *Thetis* fell in with the French privateer *Revanche*, of 14 guns and 180 men, at 12°N 52°W / 12°N 52°W / 12; -52. Christie maneuvered his signals in such a way that *Revanche*, sailed off, believing that *Thetis* was a sloop of war, but not before *Thetis* had fired two damaging broadsides into her. Christie believed that *Revanche* had sailed to Cayenne.

*Thetis* arrived at Barbados before the arrival deadline of 30 March 1809. (*Kitty's Amelia* had arrived at Kingston, Jamaica on 25 January 1808. Crow reported that when he arrived there were 16 vessels already in the harbour. Their owners had rushed them into a last, legal journey, with the result that they had arrived in a poor state and under-provisioned. He also noted that there was glut of captives on the market and that some vessels had been waiting six months to land their captives, with captives dying while waiting.) *Thetis* left Barbados on 17 April, and arrived back at Liverpool on 27 May. She had left Liverpool with 37 crew members and she had suffered three crew deaths on her voyage.

| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1808 | D.Christie
J.Yuay | Hind & Co.
Taylor | Liverpool–Africa | *LR* |
| 1810 | J.Young | Taylor | Liverpool–Africa | *Register of Shipping*; small repairs 1806 & 1808 |
| 1810 | J.Yauy
T.Brasley | Taylor | Liverpool–Africa
Liverpool–Madeira | *LR* |
| 1811 | T.Brassey | Todd & Co. | Liverpool–Madeira | *LR* |
| 1812 | T.Brassey
Cowey | Todd & Co. | Liverpool–Madeira
London–West Indies | *LR* |
| 1816 | Cowey (or Cowie) | Captain & Co. | London–Bahia | *LR* |
|

On the voyages to and from Brazil, *Thetis* on occasion stopped at Madeira, the Canaries, or Havana.

## Fate

*Thetis*, Cowie, master, was totally lost on 16 December 1815 near Sunderland. She was sailing from London to Shields.

## Citations

1. "Letter of Marque, p.89 – Retrieved 25 July 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
2. *LR* (1801), "T" supple. pages.
3. "The Marine List". *Lloyd's List*. No. 4424. 3 February 1804. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
4. "The Marine List". *Lloyd's List*. No. 1475. 18 December 1804. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735021.
5. Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – *Thetis* voyage #83747.
6. Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – *Thetis* voyage #83748.
7. "SHIP NEWS", 16 April 1808, *Lancaster Gazetter* (Lancaster, England) Volume: 7, Issue: 357.
8. "The Marine List". *Lloyd's List*. No. 5033. 22 December 1815. hdl:2027/mdp.39015005778165.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Thetis* |
| Launched | 1801, Lancaster |
| Fate | Wrecked 16 December 1815 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 289, or 290, or 298 (bm) |
| Complement | * 1801:20 * 1803:30 |
| Armament | * 1801: 18 × 6-pounder guns * 1803: 18 × 6-pounder guns |


title: Victor Hugo Martínez Contreras

abstract: Víctor Hugo Martínez Contreras was a Guatemalan Roman Catholic archbishop. Martínez Contreras was born in Guatemala and was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. He served as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Huehuetenango, Guatemala, from 1970 to 1975 and as bishop of the diocese from 1975 to 1987. He served as bishop from 1987 to 1996, and then the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Altos, Quetzaltenango-Totonicapán, Guatemala from 1996 to 2007.

text:
# Victor Hugo Martínez Contreras

**Víctor Hugo Martínez Contreras** (29 March 1930 – 26 August 2020) was a Guatemalan Roman Catholic archbishop.

Martínez Contreras was born in Guatemala and was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. He served as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Huehuetenango, Guatemala, from 1970 to 1975 and as bishop of the diocese from 1975 to 1987. He served as bishop from 1987 to 1996, and then the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Altos, Quetzaltenango-Totonicapán, Guatemala from 1996 to 2007.


title: Trialetian Mesolithic

abstract: Trialetian is the name for an Upper Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic stone tool industry from the South Caucasus. It is tentatively dated to the period between 16,000 / 13,000 BP and 8,000 BP.

text:
# Trialetian Mesolithic

**Trialetian** is the name for an Upper Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic stone tool industry from the South Caucasus. It is tentatively dated to the period between 16,000 / 13,000 BP and 8,000 BP.

## Archaeology

The name of the archaeological culture derives from sites in the district of Trialeti in south Georgian Khrami river basin. These sites include Barmaksyzkaya and Edzani-Zurtaketi. In Edzani, an Upper Paleolithic site, a significant percentage of the artifacts are made of obsidian.

The Caucasian-Anatolian area of Trialetian culture was adjacent to the Iraqi-Iranian Zarzian culture to the east and south as well as the Levantine Natufian to the southwest. Alan H. Simmons describes the culture as "very poorly documented". In contrast, recent excavations in the Valley of Qvirila river, to the north of the Trialetian region, display a Mesolithic culture. The subsistence of these groups were based on hunting *Capra caucasica*, wild boar and brown bear.

### Trialetian sites

**Caucasus and Transcaucasia**:

**Eastern Anatolia**:

Trialetian influences can also be found in:

**Southeast of the Caspian Sea**:

The belonging of these Caspian Mesolithic sites to the Trialetian has been questioned.

### Relation with the Caspian Mesolithic

Differences have been found between the Trialetian and the **Caspian Mesolithic** of the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea (represented by sites like Komishan, Hotu, Kamarband and Ali Tepe), even though the Caspian Mesolithic had previously been attributed to Trialetian by Kozłowski (1994, 1996 and 1999), Kozłowski and Aurenche 2005 and Peregrine and Ember 2002. These differences have been established through a detailed study of the site of Komishan and are driven by the underlying differences at the level of cultural ecology.

While Trialetian industry developed in steppe riparian and mountain ecozones, as for example in the Khrami river and the mountainous site of Chokh respectively, the Caspian Mesolithic took place in a transitional ecotone between the sea (Caspian Sea), plain and mountains (Alborz mountain range). The Caspian Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were adapted to the exploitation of marine resources and had access to high quality raw material, whereas in the Trialetian sites as Chokh and Trialeti there is imported raw material from distances of 100 km.

### Relation with Kmlo-2

Kmlo-2 is a rock shelter situated on the west slope of the Kasakh River valley, on the Aragats massif, in Armenia. This site seems to present three different phases of occupation (11-10k cal BC, 9-8k cal BC and 6-5k cal BC). The lithic industry of the three phases show similarities such as the predominance of microliths, small cores and obsidian as raw material. The backed an scalene bladelets are the dominant type of microlith; these tools show similarities with those of the Late Upper Paleolithic of Kalavan-1 and the Mesolithic layer B of the Kotias Klde. Cultural affinities of the Kmlo-2 lithic industry with the Epipaleolithic and Aceramic Neolithic sites in Taurus-Zagros mountains have also been noted.

Let us quote a few words from Gasparyan about the industry found in Apnagyugh-8 (Kmlo-2) cave that express these similarities:

> Let us conclude that Apnagyugh-8 industry is closer to the production complexes with traditions of Mesolithic and/or Upper Paleolithic periods. But it’s difficult to show any culture or archaeological source in Armenia today, which belongs to these periods, preceding Apnagyugh-8 and could have been its origin or prototype. The only site that emerged before Apnagyugh-8 is Kalavan-1, an Upper Paleolithic site dating to 16th–14th millennia B.C., where microliths of geometrical forms are fully absent. Though Apnagyugh-8 industry shows some similarities with Zarzian and Trialeti cultures, analytic studies for proving this comparison are still in the process.

Layer III of Kmlo-2 contained the so-called “Kmlo tools”. Kmlo tools are characterized by "continuous and parallel retouch by pressure flaking of one or both lateral edges". Similar tools have been found, as the associated to the Paluri-Nagutny culture in Georgia), the so-called "Çayönü tools” (Çayönü, Cafer Höyük, Shimshara), found in Neolithic sites from the 8th to 7th millennia BC in eastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia, and some found in the layer A2 of the Kotias Klde cave. It has been suggested that the Kmlo tools are distinctive features of a culture established circa 9-8k cal BC on the highlands of western Armenia and continued at least until the 6th-5th millennia calBC. A local development of the Kmlo tools has also been hypothesized.

### Final phase

Little is known about the end of the Trialetian. 6k BC has been proposed as the time on which the decline phase took place. From this date are the first evidence of the Jeitunian, an industry that has probably evolved from the Trialetian. Also from this date are the first pieces of evidence of Neolithic materials in the Belt cave.

In the southwest corner of the Trialetian region it has been proposed that this culture evolved towards a local version of the PPNB around 7k BC, in sites as Cafer Höyük.

Kozłowski suggests that the Trialetian does not seem to have continuation in the Neolithic of Georgia (as for example in Paluri and Kobuleti). Although in the 5k BC certain microliths similar to those of the Trialetian reappear in Shulaveris Gora (see Shulaveri-Shomu) and Irmis Gora.

## Genetics

The genome of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer individual found at the layer A2 of the Kotias Klde rock shelter in Georgia (labeled KK1), dating from 9,700 BP, has been analysed. This individual forms a genetic cluster with another hunter-gatherer from the Satsurblia Cave, the so-called Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) cluster. KK1 belongs to the Y-chromosome haplogroup J2a and mitochondrial haplogroup H13c (an independent analysis has assigned him J2a1b-Y12379\*).

Although the belonging of the Caspian Mesolithic to the Trialetian has been questioned, it is worth noting that genetic similarities have been found between an Mesolithic hunther-gatherer from the Hotu cave (labeled Iran\_HotuIIIb) dating from 9,100-8,600 BCE and the CHG from Kotias Klde. The Iran\_HotuIIIb individual belongs to the Y-chromosome haplogroup J (xJ2a1b3, J2b2a1a1) (an independent analysis yields J2a-CTS1085(xCTS11251,PF5073) -probably J2a2-). Then, both KK1 and Iran\_HotuIIIb individuals share a paternal ancestor that lived approximately 18.7k years ago (according to the estimates of yfull ). At the autosomal level it falls in the cluster of the CHG's and the Iranian Neolithic Farmers.

## Literature

* Stefan Karol Kozłowski: *The Trialetian “Mesolithic” industry of the Caucasus, Transcaspia, Eastern Anatolia, and the Iranian Plateau*. In: Stefan Karol Kozłowski, Hans Georg Gebel (ed.): *Neolithic chipped stone industries of the Fertile Crescent, and their contemporaries in adjacent regions.*, Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence and Environment 3, Berlin 1996, pg. 161–170.
* Sagona, A. (2017). *The Archaeology of the Caucasus: From Earliest Settlements to the Iron Age* (Cambridge World Archaeology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139061254
* Olivier Aurenche, Philippe Galet, Emmanuelle Régagnon-Caroline, Jacques Évin: *Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic Cultures in the Middle East – the Birth of Agriculture, Livestock Raising, and Ceramics: A Calibrated 14C Chronology 12, 500-5500 cal BC*, in: Near East Chronology: Archaeology and Environment. Radiocarbon 43,3 (2001) 1191–1202. (online Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, PDF)

## InfoBox

Trialetian culture
| Period | Mesolithic |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | c. 16/13000 – c. 8000 BP |
| Major sites | Trialeti, Shanidar Cave, Huto and Kamarband Caves, Kotias Klde, Chokh |
| Preceded by | Baradostian culture |
| Followed by | Shulaveri-Shomu culture |


title: Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin

abstract: Admiral Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin was a British naval officer of the 18th and 19th centuries who received the patronage of senior officers such as Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood and William Cornwallis. Gosselin joined the Royal Navy in 1778 and as a junior officer had extensive service in the American Revolution, including participating in the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782. Promoted to commander in April 1793, Gosselin took part in the Glorious First of June as commander of HMS Kingfisher. He was promoted to post-captain in July 1795 and took command of a variety of ships including most notably HMS Syren, HMS Latona, and HMS Audacious. Gosselin frequently served on blockade duties in the English Channel and on convoy duties to and from the West Indies. His final services at sea in 1809 included his assistance in the evacuation from Corunna of the army of Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore. Gosselin refused command of HMS Cressy in 1810 due to health issues and never served at sea again. He was promoted to rear-admiral in June 1814 and admiral in November 1841. In October 1854 Gosselin became the most senior admiral in the Royal Navy but was never promoted to admiral of the fleet, either because of the long length of time since his last service at sea or because of his ongoing health issues.

text:
# Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin

Admiral **Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin** (7 May 1765 – 27 November 1857) was a British naval officer of the 18th and 19th centuries who received the patronage of senior officers such as Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood and William Cornwallis. Gosselin joined the Royal Navy in 1778 and as a junior officer had extensive service in the American Revolution, including participating in the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782. Promoted to commander in April 1793, Gosselin took part in the Glorious First of June as commander of HMS *Kingfisher*. He was promoted to post-captain in July 1795 and took command of a variety of ships including most notably HMS *Syren*, HMS *Latona*, and HMS *Audacious*. Gosselin frequently served on blockade duties in the English Channel and on convoy duties to and from the West Indies.

His final services at sea in 1809 included his assistance in the evacuation from Corunna of the army of Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore. Gosselin refused command of HMS *Cressy* in 1810 due to health issues and never served at sea again. He was promoted to rear-admiral in June 1814 and admiral in November 1841. In October 1854 Gosselin became the most senior admiral in the Royal Navy but was never promoted to admiral of the fleet, either because of the long length of time since his last service at sea or because of his ongoing health issues.

## Early life

Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin was born on 7 May 1765 at Saint Peter Port as the second son of Colonel Joshua Gosselin of the North regiment of the Royal Guernsey Militia, and Martha, daughter of Thomas Le Marchant of Guernsey. His younger brother was General Gerard Gosselin, and he had two other younger brothers who died serving at Trinidad in 1803.

### Early career

Gosselin joined the Royal Navy on 2 August 1778 as a follower of Captain Philip Boteler in the new ship HMS *Actaeon*. He later transferred with Captain Boteler to the ship-of-the-line HMS *Ardent* in June 1779. On 16 August *Ardent* was captured by a combined Franco-Spanish fleet near Portsmouth. Gosselin spent three months as a prisoner of war at Alençon. After his release he joined the ship-of-the-line HMS *Barfleur*, the flag ship of Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, on 11 October 1780. On *Barfleur* Gosselin took part in a number of major actions of the American Revolution as a part of the fleet of Admiral Sir George Rodney, including the Battle of Fort Royal, Battle of the Chesapeake, and the Battle of Saint Kitts. After this battle Gosselin transferred to the frigate HMS *Champion* commanded by Rear-Admiral Hood's brother, Captain Alexander Hood. In *Champion* Gosselin then participated in the Battle of Delaware Bay and the Battle of the Saintes, where the French admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse surrendered. Gosselin was also present at the Battle of the Mona Passage where a squadron under Rear-Admiral Hood captured an escaping French squadron, with *Champion* capturing a French corvette. In June 1782 Gosselin transferred with Captain Hood to the frigate HMS *Aimable*, serving in her until the American Revolution ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783. He returned home on 26 June 1783.

After this Gosselin continued as a midshipman, serving on the ship-of-the-line HMS *Carnatic* at Plymouth, the sloop HMS *Nautilus*, and the ship-of-the-line HMS *Grampus* off the coast of Africa as flag ship of Commodore Edward Thompson. Gosselin then re-joined the now Vice-Admiral Lord Hood on the ships-of-the-line HMS *Triumph* and then *Barfleur* while Vice-Admiral Hood served as Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth. On 1 December 1787 Gosselin was promoted to lieutenant, and in September 1788 he was appointed as such to the newly captured sloop HMS *Atalante* in which he sailed to the East Indies in January 1789 as part of the squadron of Commodore William Cornwallis. Soon after arriving in the East Indies Gosselin was removed by Commodore Cornwallis into his flag ship, the ship-of-the-line HMS *Crown*, and in November 1791 he followed Commodore Cornwallis into the frigate HMS *Minerva* where he served as her first lieutenant. On 23 April 1793 Gosselin was promoted to commander and given command of the brig HMS *Dispatch*. On 19 March 1794 he was given command of the sloop HMS *Kingfisher*. Initially Gosselin commanded her on the Downs Station, but later was attached to the North Sea and Channel fleets. As such, Gosselin and *Kingfisher* participated in the Glorious First of June on 1 June. While serving in the English Channel under the now Vice-Admiral Cornwallis, Gosselin and *Kingfisher* assisted in the capturing of a French convoy carrying wine and naval stores on 7 June 1795. In this action Gosselin attacked a French frigate attempting to tow away a large store ship, forcing the frigate to abandon the ship to Gosselin.

### Post-captain

On 4 July 1795 Gosselin was sent by Vice-Admiral Cornwallis as acting-captain of the ship-of-the-line HMS *Brunswick*, and on 23 July he was confirmed in that position and promoted to post-captain. He served as captain of *Brunswick* until October. Gosselin's next commands were on the Îles Saint-Marcouf station, where he commanded the frigate HMS *Diamond* from 22 April 1796 until 25 July when he took command of another frigate, HMS *Syren*. In March 1798 Gosselin and *Syren* convoyed a large fleet of merchant ships to the Leeward Islands and Jamaica, including Major-General Henry Bowyer and his staff, for which service the masters of the merchant ships presented Gosselin with a valuable sword. Gosselin stayed with *Syren* on the Leeward Islands Station and on 20 August 1799 took part in the successful occupation of Surinam by the forces of Vice-Admiral Lord Hugh Seymour and Lieutenant-General Thomas Trigge. After this he escorted another convoy home in *Syren*. In 1800 Gosselin paid attendance on George III for three months while the latter holidayed with his family in Weymouth, before in February 1801 escorting another convoy of merchant ships to the West Indies. Having done so Gosselin transferred to command of the frigate HMS *Melampus* at Jamaica on 23 October, and in her sailed back to Britain. He paid off *Melampus* in June 1802.

On 2 February 1804 Gosselin's employment was again assisted by his relationship with the now Admiral Cornwallis, taking command of his flag ship, the ship-of-the-line HMS *Ville de Paris* in the Channel Fleet. In early 1804 he also very briefly commanded the frigate HMS *Argo*. Gosselin served in *Ville de Paris* until September when he was given command of the frigate HMS *Latona* and the inshore squadron of the Brest blockade. *Latona*'s captures under Gosselin included the 12-gun Spanish privateer *Amphion* on 22 October 1805. For his service commanding the inshore squadron Gosselin received the thanks of Admiral Cornwallis, Admiral Lord Gardner, and Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Cotton. On 4 February 1806 he assumed command of the ship-of-the-line HMS *Audacious* in the squadron of Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Strachan at Plymouth. On 19 May the squadron sailed to pursue a French squadron of six ships-of-the-line commanded by Jérôme Bonaparte to the West Indies, and by 8 August Gosselin and *Audacious* were cruising off Madeira and the Canary Islands. Less than a week after this *Audacious* was sailing to the north of Barbados when she was totally dismasted in the Great Coastal hurricane of 1806.

By 1807 Gosselin had returned *Audacious* to the Channel Fleet in which he served until the beginning of 1808 when he moved to the blockade of Ferrol. *Audacious* escorted the army of Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore from the Downs to Sweden to fight in the Finnish War, but disagreements with Gustav IV Adolf meant that Gosselin and *Audacious* escorted Moore's army back in July. In August Gosselin convoyed a large body of troops to Portugal with Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Burrard as his personal guest on *Audacious*, as the general went to supersede Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley. After debarking the soldiers, Gosselin joined Vice-Admiral Cotton off the Tagus. Gosselin and *Audacious* continued there until the retreat of the army of Lieutenant-General Moore to Corunna in January 1809, when he assisted in escorting the transports carrying Moore's army back to Britain. The same month, Gosselin received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament for his unremitted exertions in doing so. The army dispatches on the Battle of Corunna were written by Lieutenant-General John Hope, Moore having been killed, on board *Audacious*. Gosselin resigned his command of *Audacious* in March 1809 and was subsequently appointed to command the ship-of-the-line HMS *Cressy* when she was launched in 1810, but Gosselin declined the command on the grounds of ill health.

### Admiral and illness

Gosselin was promoted to rear-admiral as a rear-admiral of the blue on 4 June 1814. By seniority he became a vice-admiral on 27 May 1825 and an admiral on 23 November 1841. Gosselin never served at sea as an admiral, instead becoming a magistrate for Hertfordshire. Sir John Knox Laughton described Gosselin as 'a professional officer of real ability' and suggested that he was only not employed further after 1809 because of either his illness or the circumstances of his rich marriage. Upon the death of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Thomas Byam Martin on 21 October 1854 Gosselin was the most senior admiral alive and might have been expected to be promoted in his place as admiral of the fleet. For the first time this was not done and the post remained empty and Gosselin un-promoted until his death, when Admiral Sir Charles Ogle became the most senior admiral and was made admiral of the fleet. Gosselin was instead described as the 'senior admiral of the red', with it being suggested that his debilitating illness was a mental one which made him unsuitable to be the true senior admiral of the navy.

## Death

Gosselin died at his home in Jersey on 27 November 1857 as an admiral of the red and was buried at St Leonard's Church, Bengeo, Hertfordshire.

## Family

Gosselin married Sarah Hadsley, daughter and heiress of Jeremiah Hadsley of Ware Priory, on 18 March 1809. Together they had one son and three daughters, including:

* Emma Gosselin (b. 24 May 1811)
* Martin Hadsley Gosselin JP (5 July 1813–1869) who married Frances Orris Marshall, the daughter of Rear-Admiral Sir John Marshall.

## Notes and citations

### Notes

### Citations

1. O'Byrne, *Naval Biographical Dictionary*, p. 415
2. Laughton, *Gosselin, Thomas Le Marchant*, ODNB
3. Marshall, *Royal Naval Biography*, p. 416
4. Marshall, *Royal Naval Biography*, p. 417
5. Duncan, *The History of Guernsey*, p. 650
6. Marshall, *Royal Naval Biography*, pp. 417–8
7. Marshall, *Royal Naval Biography*, p. 418
8. Winfield, *British Warships 1793-1817*, p. 308
9. Winfield, *British Warships 1714-1792*, p. 971
10. O'Byrne, *Naval Biographical Dictionary*, p. 416
11. Marshall, *Royal Naval Biography*, p. 419
12. Syrett and DiNardo, *Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy*, p. 182
13. May, 'Admirals of the Fleet', p. 230
14. Berry (1815), p. 347.
15. O'Byrne (1849), p. 730.
16. Walford (1869), p. 417.
* Berry, William (1815). *The History of the Island of Guernsey*. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
* Duncan, Jonathan (1841) *The History of Guernsey, With Occasional Notices of Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, and Biographical Sketches* London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
* Laughton, John Knox. "Gosselin, Thomas Le Marchant". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
* Marshall, John (1823–1835). "Gosselyn, Thomas Le Marchant". *Royal Naval Biography*. London: Longman and company. pp. 671–2, 416–9.
* May, W. E. (1980). "Admirals of the Fleet and their Batons". *The Mariner's Mirror*. **66** (3): 225–232. doi:10.1080/00253359.1980.10659200. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
* O'Byrne, William R. (1849). "Gosselin, Thomas Le Marchant". *A Naval Biographical Dictionary*. London: John Murray. pp. 415–6.
* O'Byrne, William R. (1849). "Marshall, John". *A Naval Biographical Dictionary*. London: John Murray. pp. 729–730.
* Syrett, David and R.L. DiNardo (1994) *The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660-1815.* Aldershot: Scholar Press. ISBN 1 85928 122 2.
* Walford, Edward (1869). *The County Families of the United Kingdom*. London: Robert Hardwicke.
* Winfield, Rif (2007). *British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. London: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-700-6.
* Winfield, Rif (2008). *British Warships in the Age of Sail 17931817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. London: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 7 May 1765
Saint Peter Port, Guernsey |
| Died | 27 November 1857(1857-11-27) (aged 92)
Jersey |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1787–1857 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Commands | HMS *Dispatch*
HMS *Kingfisher*
HMS *Brunswick*
HMS *Diamond*
HMS *Syren*
HMS *Melampus*
HMS *Argo*
HMS *Ville de Paris*
HMS *Latona*
HMS *Audacious*
 |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Relations | Gerard Gosselin (brother) |
| Other work | Magistrate for Hertfordshire |


title: Mamadou Tandja

abstract: Mamadou Tandja was a Nigerien politician who was President of Niger from 1999 to 2010. He was President of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) from 1991 to 1999 and unsuccessfully ran as the MNSD's presidential candidate in 1993 and 1996 before being elected to his first term in 1999. While serving as President of Niger, he was also Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States from 2005 to 2007. Tandja was of mixed Fula and Soninke ethnicity. He was the first President of Niger who was not ethnically Hausa or Djerma. Following a constitutional crisis in 2009, which was caused by Tandja's efforts to remain in office beyond his term, he was ousted by the military in a coup d'état on 18 February 2010.

text:
# Mamadou Tandja

**Mamadou Tandja** (1938 – 24 November 2020) was a Nigerien politician who was President of Niger from 1999 to 2010. He was President of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) from 1991 to 1999 and unsuccessfully ran as the MNSD's presidential candidate in 1993 and 1996 before being elected to his first term in 1999. While serving as President of Niger, he was also Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States from 2005 to 2007.

Tandja was of mixed Fula and Soninke ethnicity. He was the first President of Niger who was not ethnically Hausa or Djerma.

Following a constitutional crisis in 2009, which was caused by Tandja's efforts to remain in office beyond his term, he was ousted by the military in a coup d'état on 18 February 2010.

## Early life, 1974 coup, the Kountché regime and the MNSD

Tandja was born in Maïné-Soroa, French West Africa in 1938, in the south-eastern part of what is now Niger. After joining the Nigerien army and rising to the rank of colonel, he participated in the 1974 coup that brought Seyni Kountché to power and became a member of the Supreme Military Council. He became Prefect of Maradi in 1976 before being appointed to the government as Minister of the Interior on 10 September 1979; he remained in the latter position until being replaced by Kountché himself on 31 August 1981. He was then Prefect of Tahoua from 1981 to March 1988, Ambassador to Nigeria from June 1988 to March 1990 and Minister of the Interior again from March 1990 to March 1991.

In 1991, Tandja emerged as the head of one of two powerful factions in the ruling National Movement of the Development Society (*Mouvement National pour la Societé de Développement*, MNSD) and at a party congress held in November 1991, he was elected as MNSD President. Tandja's obtaining of the party leadership over rival faction leader Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye marked a departure from the traditional dominance of the party by Djermakoye's Zarma (Djerma) ethnic group.

## 1993 election and subsequent events

Tandja ran for President in the elections of 1993, taking first place in the first round in February with 34.22% of the vote, but then losing to Mahamane Ousmane in the second round in March, taking 45.58% of the vote. Tandja accepted the results and congratulated Ousmane.

Tandja participated in an opposition protest against the government of the Alliance of the Forces of Change ruling coalition on 16 April 1994 and was arrested along with 90 others. Ousmane was overthrown in a military coup led by Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara on 27 January 1996.

## 1996 election

Under Maïnassara, a new presidential election was held on 7–8 July 1996, in which Tandja ran again; this time he took third place with 15.65% of the vote, behind Maïnassara with about 52% and Ousmane with about 20%, according to official results. On the second day of polling he was placed under house arrest along with the other three opposition candidates and held for two weeks. Following a pro-democracy demonstration on 11 January 1997, Tandja was arrested along with Ousmane and former Prime Minister Mahamadou Issoufou and held until 23 January.

## 1999 election and first term

In April 1999, Maïnassara was assassinated and a new military government led by Major Daouda Malam Wanké took over. This junta promised a return to democracy within the year, and the elections were held in October and November. Tandja won the presidential election, receiving first place, with 32% of the vote, in the first round, and 59.89% in the second round, defeating Issoufou. Tandja received the backing of Ousmane in the second round. The MNSD also won the most seats in the parliamentary election in November 1999 and Tandja himself was elected to the National Assembly as an MNSD candidate from Diffa constituency, although due to his concurrent election as President his seat was filled by his substitute, Nassourou Samaila. He took office as President on 22 December 1999. He appointed Hama Amadou as Prime Minister in January 2000.

Niger was heavily in debt and was not receiving any foreign aid due to the 1996 coup and subsequent suspension of democratic institutions. Tandja focused on economic development, negotiating with the civil service unions and with foreign donors. Many did not approve of Tandja's measures in reducing government spending. In 2001, students at the University of Niamey staged violent protests against the reduction of their government grants. On 31 July 2002, some soldiers in Diffa started a mutiny demanding pay and improved living conditions; this briefly spread to Niamey a few days later. Loyalists defeated the mutineers and restored peace by 9 August, but Tandja came under political fire for his decrees blocking communication about the rebellion.

## 2004 election and second term

Tandja was a candidate for re-election in the 2004 presidential election. In the first round of the election, held on 16 November, he took first place with 40.7% of the vote, the rest being divided between five opponents. As in 1999, Mahamadou Issoufou took second place, and he participated in a runoff with Tandja on 4 December. Tandja was re-elected in the second round with 65.53% of the vote, with Issoufou receiving the remaining 34.47%. All four of the defeated first round candidates supported Tandja in the second round. He was sworn in for his second term on 21 December at a ceremony at the Général Seyni Kountché Stadium in Niamey, which was attended by six other African presidents.

Although there had been speculation about a possible constitutional change to enable Tandja to run again in 2009, he said in an interview with *Le Monde*, published on 6 October 2007, that he intended to step down at the end of his second term. However, on 21 December 2008, a large rally was held in front of the National Assembly building in Niamey calling for an extension of Tandja's term by three years, so that it would end on 22 December 2012. According to supporters of this proposal—which also called for extending the mandates of the National Assembly and other institutions—a three-year extension would be beneficial to the course of Niger's development. Prime Minister Seyni Oumarou was among those taking part in the rally. The opposition furiously denounced this proposal, and a large demonstration opposing the proposal was held in Niamey a few days later. On 30 December 20 non-governmental organizations and unions, including the Democratic Confederation of Workers of Niger (CDTN), formed the United Front for the Safeguarding of Democratic Gains (FUSAD) in opposition to the extension proposal, and they called on Tandja—who had up to that point expressed no opinion on the matter in public—to speak out against the proposal.

The relationship with the French nuclear company Areva, which had enjoyed a *de facto* four decade monopoly in the country, worsened under Tandja as he sought to curb the power of French influence by striking a deal with Sino-U in 2007 to develop a uranium mine, resulting in competition for Areva.

## 2009 constitutional crisis

In the run-up to the 2009 elections (presidential, Assembly, and municipal), a movement to draft President Tandja for a third term appeared. Led by public figures of the MNSD outside government, the group took the name of Tandja's 2004 re-election slogan, *Tazartché*: a Hausa word meaning "*Continuity*". Through several well funded and well attended public rallies in late 2008, the President remained silent on the calls for him to remain. The 1999 constitution not only limited the president to two terms (article 36), but explicitly barred amending this provision by any means (article 136). Prime Minister Seyni Oumarou reiterated on 22 January that all scheduled elections would go ahead before the end of 2009. In March, during his meetings with French President Sarkozy, Tandja explicitly stated that he would not seek a third term.

Then, in early May 2009, when questioned by the press on his visit to Agadez to begin peace talks with Tuareg rebels, Tandja announced he would seek a third term, saying. "The people have demanded I remain; I cannot ignore their call." His spokesman then outlined a plan in which a referendum could be held in mid-2009, not to amend the 1999 constitution, but to scrap it and begin work on a constitution of the Sixth Republic of Niger, which would contain no term limits for the President, and create a fully presidential republic.

On 15 May 2009, in response to their parties' opposition to a proposed referendum to allow the President to seek a third term, the three members of RDP-Jama'a and ANDP-Zaman Lahiya were replaced with ministers drawn from the MNSD-Nassara. With the continued support of the CDS, the MNSD maintained a working majority of 67 seats in the 113-seat National Assembly.

According to the 1999 Constitution of Niger, the President may call a referendum on any matter (except for a revision of those elements of the Constitution outlined in Article 136—including the presidential term limits). The Constitutional Court of Niger and the National Assembly of Niger must advise the president, but there is no provision that the president must heed their advice. On 25 May 2009, the Constitutional Court, made up of appointed judges, released a ruling that any referendum to create a new constitution would not only be unconstitutional, but would violate the oath Tandja had sworn on the Qur'an (a serious matter in this overwhelmingly Muslim country). The week prior, two major parties had come out in their opposition to the referendum proposal as well. On 13 May, the ANDP-Zaman Lahiya, led by Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye, declared its opposition to any change in the constitution. On 15 May the CDS-Rahama, the party without which the MNSD could not have formed governments in 1999, 2004, and 2007, came out opposing the referendum, and calling the constitution unalterable. Neither party moved into the opposition, and both Ousmane and Djermokoye said they were willing to negotiate with the president.

On 26 May, within hours of the Constitutional Court's statement, official media read out a statement that Tandja had dissolved the National Assembly. Under the 1999 Constitution he is allowed to do this once every two years, but he must call parliamentary elections within three months. This would mean the government of Niger would carry out scheduled parliamentary elections in September, two months early, and a referendum on a new constitution before presidential elections which could have been held no later than December, assuming the 1999 constitution was in effect.

Following a ruling by the Constitutional Court, this time binding, that the referendum could not go ahead, the President released a statement on 21 June saying he would forgo the referendum, at least for the near future. But on 24 June he released a further statement, demanding the court reverse its ruling. This was immediately (the 25th) followed by a previously postponed one day general strike by seven labor confederations, and the abandonment of his government by the CDS-Rahama party of Mahamane Ousmane.

On 27 June, President Tandja announced he was suspending the government and would rule by decree. On 27 June, the leader of the main opposition party, Mahamadou Issoufou, denounced what he called a coup, and called on Nigeriens to resist by all legal means, citing Article 13 of the 1999 Constitution which mandates officials to ignore "manifestly illegal orders".

## February 2010 coup

On 18 February 2010, during a government meeting at the presidential palace, rebel soldiers attacked and deposed Tandja in a *coup d'état*, establishing a military junta called the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy (CSRD). Tandja was believed to be held at a military barracks on the outskirts of Niamey.

The junta kept Tandja in detention while it organized a political transition. He was held under house arrest and then moved to a prison in January 2011. Tandja's mother, having reached a very advanced age, died in March 2011.

The junta held elections in 2011, which were won by Issoufou, who led the opposition to Tandja during the 10 years of the latter's presidency. The transition ended with Issoufou taking office in April 2011. A month later, the Niamey Court of Appeal threw out all of the legal charges against Tandja, and he was released on 10 May 2011. MNSD officials, including party leader Seyni Oumarou, promptly went to his home to greet and congratulate him, but it was not immediately clear whether he planned to return to active politics.

## Illness and death

Tandja suffered from an illness in his final years and travelled to France, Germany and Morocco for medical treatment. He died on 24 November 2020 in Niamey at the age of 82.

## InfoBox

| Lieutenant ColonelMamadou Tandja | |
| --- | --- |
| Tandja in 2007 | |
|  | |
| 7th President of Niger | |
| **In office**
22 December 1999  18 February 2010 | |
| Prime Minister | Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki
Hama Amadou
Seyni Oumarou
Albadé Abouba (Acting)
Ali Badjo Gamatié |
| Preceded by | Daouda Malam Wanké (Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council) |
| Succeeded by | Salou Djibo (Chairman of the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1938
Maïné-Soroa, French West Africa (now Niger) |
| Died | (aged 82)
Niamey, Niger |
| Political party | National Movement for the Development of Society |
| Spouse | Hadjia Laraba Tandja |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Niger |
| Branch/service | Niger Army |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
|  | |


title: Masterblazer

abstract: Masterblazer is a video game developed by Rainbow Arts and published by Lucasfilm Games in 1990 for the Amiga, Atari ST, and MS-DOS. It is the sequel to the 1985 game Ballblazer. Masterblazer presentes a futuristic sport where the playing field is a large rectangle made of squares. A Plasmorb ball must be moved into a goal as many times as possible within the course of three minutes. This is accomplished by using a Rotofoil vehicle. Unlike its predecessor, the game features a tournament mode which allows up to 8 players to compete for the Master Blazer prize. This game also allows Rotofoils to race against each other.

text:
# Masterblazer

***Masterblazer*** is a video game developed by Rainbow Arts and published by Lucasfilm Games in 1990 for the Amiga, Atari ST, and MS-DOS. It is the sequel to the 1985 game *Ballblazer*.

*Masterblazer* presentes a futuristic sport where the playing field is a large rectangle made of squares. A Plasmorb ball must be moved into a goal as many times as possible within the course of three minutes. This is accomplished by using a Rotofoil vehicle. Unlike its predecessor, the game features a tournament mode which allows up to 8 players to compete for the Master Blazer prize. This game also allows Rotofoils to race against each other (basically a normal game but without the ball).

## InfoBox

| Amiga cover art | |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Rainbow Arts |
| Publisher(s) | Lucasfilm Games |
| Designer(s) | Gero Presser |
| Composer(s) | Chris Hülsbeck <br>Jochen Hippel (ST) |
| Platform(s) | Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS |
| Release | 1990 |
| Genre(s) | Action |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Oh Bondage Up Yours!

abstract: "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" is the debut single by English punk rock band X-Ray Spex. Released in September 1977, it is regarded by critics as a prototypic example of British punk, though it was not a chart hit.

text:
# Oh Bondage Up Yours!

"**Oh Bondage Up Yours!**" is the debut single by English punk rock band X-Ray Spex. Released in September 1977, it is regarded by critics as a prototypic example of British punk, though it was not a chart hit.

## Background

A version taped on 2 April 1977 at one of the band's earliest public performances had already been issued on a live compilation album, *The Roxy London WC2*, in June.

The song attracted wide notice and led directly to the band's first record deal—a pact with the Virgin label for one single.

Poly Styrene, X-Ray Spex's songwriter as well as lead vocalist, had been motivated to join the punk scene like many others as a result of attending a Sex Pistols concert—her first encounter with the band, when she still went by Marianne Elliot-Said, was in Hastings in early July 1976. Concerned with issues of consumerism and disposability, reflected in the name she soon adopted, she wrote "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" shortly after seeing the Pistols for a second time the following month. The lyrics combine a depiction of contemporary capitalist materialism as a brand of servitude with a "feminist \[...\] rallying cry".  Styrene later described it as "a call for liberation. It was saying: 'Bondage—forget it! I'm not going to be bound by the laws of consumerism or bound by my own senses.' It has that line in it: 'Chain smoke, chain gang, I consume you all': you are tied to these activities for someone else's profit."

X-Ray Spex' instrumental lineup featured a saxophonist, unusual for a punk band. What made the woodwind player particularly stand out was that she was a girl, Susan Whitby (known as Lora Logic), just 16 years old as of mid-1977. Band manager Falcon Stuart had helped convince Styrene that the presence of a second woman in the band would be a boon to their marketing.

## Content

Whitby's "freeform" style on her horn, writes Maria Raha, often yielded "staccato wails that faded quickly, like those of a sax player whizzing by in a car". Redubbed Lora Logic, her signature "rough rasp" would feature prominently in "Oh Bondage Up Yours!"

Richie Unterberger describes the single version's brief setup and raucous payoff:

> "Some people think little girls should be seen and not heard," Poly Styrene solemnly intones. ... "But I think"—and then the voice suddenly rises to a scream—"OH BONDAGE UP YOURS! 1-2-3-4!" Then the band kicks in with all the immediacy of a custard pie in the face. Fuzzy power chords and careening saxophone bleats fight it out with Styrene's half-chanted, half-sung vocals, a mixture of glee and rage that periodically trails off into caterwauling shrieks.

Steve Huey describes it as "one of the most visceral moments in all of British punk", though Al Spicer considers the studio single recording a "fairly lacklustre" version.

In Gillian G. Gaar's analysis, the song "eagerly steamrolled over the idea of objectifying women by confronting the notion head on". Raha writes, "Styrene and Logic were joyfully angry, liberated by the freedom punk afforded them." In Lauraine Leblanc's view, Styrene's compositions, and "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" in particular, exemplify the emphasis female punk artists placed on parody and paradox. As she describes, the first verse goes

> "Bind me, tie me, chain me to the wall / I wanna be a slave to you all!" Paradoxically, the chorus \[runs\]: "Oh bondage! Up yours! / Oh bondage! Come on!" As Styrene continue\[s\] on to the second verse, she reveal\[s\] that the song is not about sex, but about consumerism: "Chain store, chain smoke, I consume you all / Chain gang, chain mail, I don't think at all!" In this one utterance, Styrene transformed a seemingly masochistic plea into an indictment of consumer culture, denouncing the blind impulses of the mainstream shopper. In depicting herself as both an agent of and resister to her submission, she created a parody of both positions, juxtaposing them powerfully against each other.

Logic later gave her view of the band leader's vision: "I think Marianne felt that everyone was in a type of bondage—restricted, crushed, and alienated by modern materialistic society. The goal of our society is sense gratification—that is the only prize on offer. But one can never satisfy the senses; it is an impossible goal."

## Release and reception

Banned by the BBC, the single was very well received by critics, and though it failed to register on the charts, it made the band a subject of extensive media interest. According to Gaar, among punk aficionados the single "quickly became an essential item that found its way into every self-respecting" collection. Retrospectively, John Dougan identifies it, alongside the early recordings of the Sex Pistols and The Clash, as "one of punk rock's defining moments". Jon Savage similarly calls it a "deserved press sensation" and a "definitive punk snapshot".

Within a few weeks of its release, Logic departed the band, apparently sacked because Styrene wanted to be the exclusive focus of attention. The band, now with a male saxophonist, signed with EMI for its debut album, *Germfree Adolescents*, on which "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" did not appear.

In 2021, it was ranked at No. 120 on *Rolling Stone*'s "Top 500 Best Songs of All Time".

## Personnel

* Poly Styrene (Marianne Elliot-Said) – vocals
* Lora Logic (Susan Whitby) – saxophone
* Jak Airport (Jack Stafford) – guitar
* Paul Dean – bass
* B. P. Hurding – drums

**Sources**

* Dougan, John (2002). "X-Ray Spex", in *All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul*, 3d ed., ed. Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine (Backbeat). ISBN 0-87930-653-X
* Gaar, Gillian G. (2002). *She's a Rebel: The History of Women in Rock & Roll*, 2d ed. (Seal). ISBN 1-58005-078-6
* Heylin, Clinton (2007). *Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge* (Canongate). ISBN 1-84195-879-4
* Huey, Steve (2002). "*Germ Free Adolescents*", in *All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul*, 3d ed., ed. Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine (Backbeat). ISBN 0-87930-653-X
* Leblanc, Lauraine (1999). *Pretty in Punk: Girls' Gender Resistance in a Boys' Subculture* (Rutgers University Press). ISBN 0-8135-2651-5
* Raha, Maria (2005). *Cinderella's Big Score: Women of the Punk and Indie Underground* (Seal). ISBN 1-58005-116-2
* Savage, Jon (1992). *England's Dreaming: Anarchy, Sex Pistols, Punk Rock, and Beyond* (St. Martin's). ISBN 0-312-08774-8
* Spicer, Al (2003). "X-Ray Spex", in *The Rough Guide to Rock*, 3d ed., ed. Peter Buckley (Rough Guides). ISBN 1-84353-105-4
* Tyler, Kieron (2005). Liner notes to *Germfree Adolescents* \[X-Ray Spex\] (Castle 36202–2).
* Unterberger, Richie (1998). *Unknown Legends of Rock 'n' Roll: Psychedelic Unknowns, Mad Geniuses, Punk Pioneers, Lo-Fi Mavericks & More* (Backbeat). ISBN 0-87930-534-7

## InfoBox

| "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by X-Ray Spex | |
| B-side | "I Am a Cliché" |
| Released | 30 September 1977 |
| Genre | Punk rock |
| Length | 2:45 |
| Label | Virgin |
| Songwriter(s) | Poly Styrene |


title: Temple of Love (BWO song)

abstract: "Temple of Love" is an electronica song performed by Swedish band BWO. The song was released as the first single from their second album, Halcyon Days in Sweden, on April 19, 2006. BWO competed in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2006 with Temple of Love, qualifying for the final at the Stockholm Globe Arena, where they finished second behind Carola. Temple of Love went on to reach Number 1 in the Swedish singles chart, and has been assessed as the most internationally successful Melodifestivalen song from the 2006 competition.

text:
# Temple of Love (BWO song)

"**Temple of Love**" is an electronica song performed by Swedish band BWO. The song was released as the first single from their second album, Halcyon Days in Sweden, on April 19, 2006.

BWO competed in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2006 with *Temple of Love*, qualifying for the final at the Stockholm Globe Arena, where they finished second behind Carola. *Temple of Love* went on to reach Number 1 in the Swedish singles chart, and has been assessed as the most internationally successful Melodifestivalen song from the 2006 competition.

## Track list

Digital download; CD single:

1. Temple of Love (radio edit) 3:25
2. Temple of Love (SoundFactory radio mix) 3:59
3. Temple of Love (Brasco 80s mix) 3:55
4. Temple of Love (Glam As You mix) 5:48

CD Single - The Club Mixes: Temple of Love (radio edit) 03:25 Temple of Love (Organs Without Bodies remix) 05:18 Temple of Love (SoundFactory Reconstruction Anthem) 09:08 Temple of Love (SoundFactory Thumping Sex dub) 06:00 Temple of Love (Carl Ryden remix) 07:07 Temple of Love (Air Bureau remix) 08:58

## Charts

1. "Melodifestivalen 2000-2007: Most successful songs outside Sweden", http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/10581
2. "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
3. "BWO – Temple Of Love". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
4. "Årslista Singlar – År 2006" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 28 December 2020.

## InfoBox

| "Temple of Love" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by BWO | |
| from the album  *Halcyon Days* | |
| Released | 15 March 2006 |
| Recorded | 2006 |
| Genre | Electronica; Pop |
| Length | 3:24 |
| Label | Capitol
EMI |
| Songwriter(s) | Alexander Bard, Anders Hansson, Martin Rolinski |
| Producer(s) | 2N Productions |
| BWO singles chronology | |
| "Voodoo Magic"
(2005) "**Temple of Love**"
(2006) "We Could Be Heroes"
(2006) | |


title: Hōraku ware

abstract: Hōraku ware (豊楽焼) is a type of Japanese pottery historically from Nagoya, Owari Province, central Japan. The first kanji character 豊, which means "abundant", can be compounded and pronounced as "Hō" or "Toyo", therefore it is also known as Toyoraku ware. Use of that kanji is common in the region, where cities such as Toyohashi, Toyokawa, Toyota, and Toyoake can be found.

text:
# Hōraku ware

**Hōraku ware** (豊楽焼) is a type of Japanese pottery historically from Nagoya, Owari Province, central Japan. The first *kanji* character 豊, which means "abundant", can be compounded and pronounced as "Hō" or "Toyo", therefore it is also known as *Toyoraku* ware. Use of that kanji is common in the region, where cities such as Toyohashi, Toyokawa, Toyota, and Toyoake can be found.

## History

Production started in the later Edo period when it was founded by Rikei Katō (1708–1796), a ceramist who lived in the Owari domain. His successor, Toyohachi (?–1801), continued the style under that name. Some source state he worked in the central Ōsu area of Nagoya, south of the temple Banshō-ji. However, that conflicts with the family memoir, which states that he lived in Fujimigahara, and that the third generation moved in 1753 from Fujimigahara to central Nagoya, which is also confirmed by a reference in the *sen-cha* text called "*Sencha Soshinan*", published in 1779.

Toyoraku's third generation, Daiki Toyosuke (大喜豊助 1779–1864), took up the family name Daiki, which was to continue. He served as a master of his craft in the Owari domain. In addition to Unge ware, Oribe, *aka-e*, *shimitsu* and *fukai*, etc., he also used natural mottling on earthenware to produce a marbleized effect. The tea handbook *Sencha haya-shinan* of 1801 mentions Toyosuke as an expert of teaware, with the following words of praise: "Except for *kibisho* (*kyūsu*) teapots, it is unnecessary to go seek for masters in the capital." The seals were "Toyaka" (豊禾) and "Toyosuke" (豊助).

The fourth generation, Toyosuke (四代豊助 1813–1858), moved back to Nagoya and worked in Kami-maezu (上前津) in today's Naka-ku. He also produced ceramic ware in Owari domain. He specialised in making elaborate ceramic pieces by applying *maki-e*, to make them resemble lacquerware or wood. Some of his works were done in the Raku ware style, from which it received its name.

The fifth generation, Toyosuke, died in 1885.

The sixth generation, Toyosuke, lived from 1848 to1917. He apparently made tea wares and sculptural pieces to the order of Emperor Meiji in 1876, and also exhibited domestically and abroad, winning a prize at the Exposition Universelle (1878) in Paris. From 1896 he began actively exporting wares to the United States. In his late years, he turned his attention to the workshop specialty of Raku-type ware.

His son became the seventh head of the workshop, but died prematurely from illness. Therefore his second son became the eighth and last generation head of the workshop in Taishō 3 (1915).

During the time of the production, Ofukei ware, Hagiyama ware and Sasashima ware were also made, mostly for tea utensils.

Other pottery from Nagoya and the wider Owari region:

Media related to Toyoraku ware at Wikimedia Commons


title: Zach Phelps

abstract: Zachary Phelps was an American Major League Baseball executive who served as a principal shareholder, front office executive and president of the Louisville Colonels of the American Association from 1884 to 1889. He later served as president of the association.

text:
# Zach Phelps

**Zachary Phelps** (July 17, 1857 - August 29, 1901) was an American Major League Baseball executive who served as a principal shareholder, front office executive and president of the Louisville Colonels of the American Association from 1884 to 1889. He later served as president of the association.

## Early life and career

Phelps was born in Hopkinsville, Kentucky in 1857, and moved to Louisville, Kentucky at a young age. His father was a wealthy tobacco merchant. Phelps became a lawyer, and formed a partnership with William Jackson.

Phelps, along with his brother, John, and William Jackson, purchased the Louisville Colonels following the 1883 season. He became club president in 1885 and was elected chairman of the American Association in December 1886. In February 1888, he stepped down as Louisville president and was replaced by W. L. Lyons. He then worked as an attorney for the association. In June 1888, he sold his remaining shares of the club to Mordecai Davidson. However, he would return to the club as a director on July 13, 1889.

On November 15, 1889, Phelps was elected president of the association by league delegates, He was reelected in November 1890, but refused to accept the position. He would again serve as president near the end of the 1891 season. He would later serve an attorney for the National League. He died in Louisville in 1901, and is buried near former Colonel Pete Browning in Cave Hill Cemetery.

## Bibliography

* Nemec, David (2011). *Major League Baseball Profiles, 1871-1900, Volume 2: The Hall of Famers and Memorable Personalities Who Shaped the Game*. Bison Books. ISBN 978-0-803-23532-8.

## InfoBox

| Zach Phelps | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1857-07-17)July 17, 1857
Hopkinsville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | August 29, 1901(1901-08-29) (aged 44)
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Resting place | Cave Hill Cemetery
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |


title: Storkau, Stendal

abstract: Storkau is a village and a former municipality in the district of Stendal, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Tangermünde.

text:
# Storkau, Stendal

**Storkau** is a village and a former municipality in the district of Stendal, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Tangermünde.

## InfoBox

| Storkau | |
| --- | --- |
| Stadtteil of Tangermünde | |
| Location of Storkau | |
| Storkau Storkau | |
| Coordinates: 52°37′N 12°0′E / 52.617°N 12.000°E / 52.617; 12.000 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony-Anhalt |
| District | Stendal |
| Town | Tangermünde |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.59 km2 (3.70 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 28 m (92 ft) |
| Population (2006-12-31) | |
| Total | 164 |
| Density | 17/km2 (44/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 39590 |
| Dialling codes | 039321 |
| Vehicle registration | SDL |


title: Yvonne Wavinya

abstract: Yvonne Wavinga is a Kenyan volleyball player who plays for Kenya Prisons. She has played for Kenya's U23's and helped qualify Kenya women's national volleyball team for the beach volleyball tournament at the postponed 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, having never participated previously.

text:
# Yvonne Wavinya

**Yvonne Wavinga** (born 1996) is a Kenyan volleyball player who plays for *Kenya Prisons*. She has played for Kenya's U23's and helped qualify Kenya women's national volleyball team for the beach volleyball tournament at the postponed 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, having never participated previously.

## Life

Wavinya was born in 1996 in Makueni.

She was in Kenya's national under 23 team in 2017 where she helped them win despite having an injured finger.

Wavinga was in the team that gained Kenya qualification for the postponed 2020 Summer Olympics with Brackcides Agala, Phosca Kasisi and Gaudencia Makokha They qualified when they won at the African Continental Cup Finals in Morocco in 2021. She and Kasisi beat the Nigerian pair of Tochukwu Nnoruga and Albertina Francis 2-0 while Agala and Makokha beat Francisca ‘Franco’ Ikhiede and Amara Uchechukwu 2–1.

Kenya's beach volleyballers were in the four Continental Cup winners with Argentina, Cuba and China (who had already gained Olympic qualification). Kenya has never had a beach volleyball team at the Olympics. The team, chosen by the coach Sammy Mulinge, was drawn into pool D with Brazil, the United States and Latvia at the postponed 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. However, Wavinya was not selected as part of Kenya's two-person beach volleyball pair, which was Gaudencia Makokha and Brackcidise Agala.

Wavinya's partner was Phosca Kasisi. However in 2023 she formed a new partnership with the Olympian Gaudencia Makokha.

## Clubs

## InfoBox

| Yvonne Wavinya | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Kenyan |
| Born | (1996-02-22) 22 February 1996 |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 63 kg (139 lb) |
| Spike | 280 cm (110 in) |
| Block | 230 cm (91 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Wing Spiker |
| Current club | Kenya Pipeline |
| National team | |
| Kenya | |


title: Westray Ladd

abstract: Westray Ladd was an American architect. Ladd was born in Hong Kong to American parents. His family came back to Bucksport, Maine, when he was one. He worked in the office of Wheelwright & Haven in Boston, Massachusetts, as well as with William Emerson and Peabody & Stearns. In November 1883, he moved to Philadelphia and ran his own office until 1902. He worked mostly on residences including homes in Overbrook, where he lived. He was a member of the American Institute of Architects and of the T-Square Club.

text:
# Westray Ladd

**Westray Ladd** (December 8, 1863  August 15, 1909) was an American architect.

Ladd was born in Hong Kong to American parents. His family came back to Bucksport, Maine, when he was one. He worked in the office of Wheelwright & Haven in Boston, Massachusetts, as well as with William Emerson and Peabody & Stearns. In November 1883, he moved to Philadelphia and ran his own office until 1902. He worked mostly on residences including homes in Overbrook, where he lived. He was a member of the American Institute of Architects and of the T-Square Club.


title: Stiff Box 12

abstract: Stiff Box 12 is a public artwork by Lucas Samaras, installed in a courtyard at the University of Michigan Museum of Art (UMMA).

text:
# Stiff Box 12

***Stiff Box 12*** is a public artwork by Lucas Samaras, installed in a courtyard at the University of Michigan Museum of Art (UMMA).

## Background

Samaras created the piece in 1971, and UMMA acquired it in 1997. Previously, it was on display in the White House gardens, while on loan from the Guggenheim Museum.

In 1982, Norman Parkinson shot a photo of model Iman by the sculpture in Palm Beach, Florida.

## Description

The piece is made of Cor-Ten steel, and it is 75 inches tall, 56 inches wide, and 15 inches deep.

UMMA describes the piece as follows:

> Made of thick steel, this sculpture has two very distinct halves. One on side, the thick sheet of steel gracefully curves around and back on itself, making loops and rounded edges. On the reverse, the steel is angular, jagged, and sharp, jutting into the spaces in the sculpture's interior and the space around the whole. At the very center of the piece, along the implied dividing line between the two sides, is a relatively small box.

Albert Hofammann, writing for the Morning Call in 1984, wrote of the sculpture, "The work has an enormous physical weight, but its mass viewed in aesthetic terms is not clumsy for several reasons: The depth is only 14 inches, thus providing a two- dimensional effect, and the configurations are as much concerned with open space as with solid mass."

Thomas E. Mcevilley noted in *Sculpture in the Age of Doubt* that the piece has a "lightninglike and dragonlike support . . . a delicate balancing that would be unbalanced by removing from or adding anything to the box itself."