title: Ontario Highway 17B

abstract: Highway 17B was formerly the designation for six business routes of Highway 17, the main route of the Trans-Canada Highway through the Canadian province of Ontario. Each generally followed the original route of Highway 17 through the town or city that it served, and was subsequently given the Highway 17B designation when a newer bypass route was constructed to either reduce traffic pressure on the local street network, or provide a better thoroughfare that avoided urban areas altogether. Four of the five original 17B routes have been decommissioned by the Ministry of Transportation (MTO), and are now maintained only by their local municipalities. However, in some cases the "Highway 17B" name may still be informally used by local residents to refer to the routes, and old highway shields may still be visible along the route in some locations. The lone remaining original 17B designation exists in North Bay. A new Highway 17B was designated in 2009, following a dispute between the MTO and the Garden River First Nation. This article lists the various routes of Highway 17B by location, alphabetically. Current routes are listed first, followed by former routes.

text:
# Ontario Highway 17B

**Highway 17B** was formerly the designation for six business routes of Highway 17, the main route of the Trans-Canada Highway through the Canadian province of Ontario. Each generally followed the original route of Highway 17 through the town or city that it served, and was subsequently given the Highway 17B designation when a newer bypass route was constructed to either reduce traffic pressure on the local street network, or provide a better thoroughfare that avoided urban areas altogether.

Four of the five original 17B routes have been decommissioned by the Ministry of Transportation (MTO), and are now maintained only by their local municipalities. However, in some cases the "Highway 17B" name may still be informally used by local residents to refer to the routes, and old highway shields may still be visible along the route in some locations. The lone remaining original 17B designation exists in North Bay. A new Highway 17B was designated in 2009, following a dispute between the MTO and the Garden River First Nation.

This article lists the various routes of Highway 17B by location, alphabetically. Current routes are listed first, followed by former routes.

## Garden River

| Highway 17B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Garden River First Nations |
| Length | 20.8 km (12.9 mi) |
| Existed | 2007–present |

The Garden River portion of Highway 17B follows the original route of the Trans-Canada Highway within Algoma District into eastern Sault Ste. Marie. Negotiations for the construction of a four-lane bypass of Echo Bay began in the mid-1970s, though ultimately it would take until 1994 for the province to reach an agreement for land transfers with the Garden River First Nation. Following completion of the expressway bypass in 2005, the province of Ontario redesignated the former portion of Highway 17 as Highway 638. The Garden River First Nation insisted on the designation of Highway 17B instead, even going so far as to post their own non-official Highway 17B signs on the route.

As of February 2009, at the southern/eastern terminus with Highway 17, the highway has been officially rebadged as Highway 17B. The signage is in evidence until the intersection of Highway 638 at Echo Bay, after which the route no longer has any official identification. The southern terminus of 17B at Highway 17 features no 17B signage whatsoever. The intersection is identified from 17 simply as Bar River Road. However, the MTO Annual Average Daily Traffic Logs include the Garden River Highway 17B, as do some road maps.

In February 2010, Garden River's band council publicly warned that they would consider imposing tolls on the routes of both Highway 17 and Highway 17B through their territory if the provincial government did not assist the council with a funding shortfall of approximately C$1 million.

At some point since 2010, the MTO has since installed Highway 17B signs at the intersection of Syrette Lake Road, and at its western/northern terminus with Highway 17. Further signs were added at the Highway 638 / Church Street intersection in Echo Bay by 2012.

### Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along the Sault St. Marie route of Highway 17B. The entire route is located within Algoma District.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Macdonald, Meredith and Aberdeen Additional | 0.0 | 0.0 | Bar River Road |  |
| Echo Bay | 4.9 | 3.0 | Highway 638 west (Church Street) | To Highway 17 |
| Garden River First Nation | 13.5 | 8.4 | Ballpark Road | Garden River urban area |
| | 20.8 | 12.9 | Highway 17Sault Ste. Marie | Trans-Canada Highway |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## North Bay

| Highway 17B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | North Bay |
| Length | 0.9 km (0.56 mi; 3,000 ft) |

The Highway 17B route through North Bay originally travelled along Main Street from the western city limits to Algonquin Avenue, where it split into two one-way routes, McIntyre Street for westbound traffic and Oak Street for eastbound traffic. The Highway 17B designation travelled along McIntyre and Oak between Algonquin Avenue and Fisher Street, and Fisher Street constituted the remainder of the easterly route, rejoining Highway 17 near Northgate Square shopping mall.

McIntyre and Oak Streets, as well as the small portions of Fisher Street and Algonquin Avenue which connected the two one-way streets, were also designated as part of Highway 11B. However, after January 1, 1998, the eastern end of Highway 17B was rerouted along former Highway 63 (Cassells Street) to the intersection of Highway 11 and Highway 17 (North Bay Bypass) and Highway 63. The section within North Bay was maintained under a Connecting Link agreement until November 1998, after which it was repealed. This left only the short 900 m (0.56 mi) section outside the western city limits under provincial maintenance.

### Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along the North Bay route of Highway 17B. The entire route is located within Nipissing District.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nipissing First Nation | 0.0 | 0.0 | Highway 17 / TCHSudbury |  |
| Nipissing First Nation–North Bay boundary | 0.9 | 0.56 | Duchesnay Creek bridge | Beginning of former North Bay Connecting Link agreement |
| North Bay | 4.4 | 2.7 | Highway 63 north (Cassells Street)
Highway 11B north (Algonquin Avenue)
Highway 11B south (Main Street) | Route turns onto Cassells Street; former southern terminus of Highway 63; former southern end of Highway 63 concurrency |
| | 6.3 | 3.9 | Highway 11 / Highway 17 (North Bay Bypass) / TCHToronto, Ottawa  ---  Highway 63 north (Trout Lake Road) – Temiscaming | Former northern end of Highway 63 concurrency; end of former Connecting Link agreement |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Ottawa

| Highway 17B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Ottawa |
| Length | 23.7 km (14.7 mi) |
| Existed | 1966–1998 |

Highway 17B, in red, as it appears in the 1996 Ontario Road Map'"\`UNIQ--ref-00000038-QINU\`"'

Highway 17B through Ottawa somewhat followed the route of Highway 17 prior to the building of the Queensway, although it changed in subsequent years. Until the early 1960s, Highway 17 followed Carling Avenue, Bronson Avenue, Laurier Avenue, and eventually Rideau Street and Montreal Road, as it passed through Ottawa. Construction of the Queensway resulted in frequent changes to Highway 17. While the first section opened on November 25, 1960, the full route through Ottawa was not completed until the central section was opened on October 28, 1966. Following this, the Highway 17 designation was applied along the Queensway. Consequently, the Highway 17B designation was applied through Ottawa, following former portions of Highway 17. The 1967 Ontario Road Map shows Highway 17B beginning at the intersection of Carling Avenue and Pinecrest Road; it followed Richmond Road, Wellington Street, Rideau Street, and Montreal Road to end at the interchange with Ottawa Road 174 (then a portion of the Queensway). This route remained until 1970.

Highway 17B reappears in the 1977 edition of the Ontario Road Map, following Richmond Street from its interchange with the Queensway. From there it continued to Churchill Avenue, which it followed north to Scott Street. Scott Street travelled east to Wellington Street, which connected to Rideau Street and Montreal Road to end at the Queensway at Beacon Hill North. This route remained in place until 1982, after which Highway 17B followed Carling Avenue, thence easterly to Bronson Avenue. It then headed north along Bronson to the one-way pair of Chamberlain Avenue eastbound and Catherine Street westbound between Bronson and another pair of one-way streets: Kent Street northbound and O'Connor Street southbound. It travelled along those streets between Catherine/Chamberlain and Wellington Street, and thence easterly, passing Parliament Hill. The route then continued easterly along Rideau Street and Montreal Road to the Queensway.

Highway 17B continued to exist up until 1998, when it was decommissioned and transferred to the city of Nepean, city of Ottawa, city of Vanier and city of Gloucester. The route was likely maintained under a Connecting Link agreement with the City of Ottawa, as it is not listed in the April 1997 or January 1998 highway transfer lists, nor the 1989 or 1997 highway distance tables, yet appears up to the 1996 Ontario Road Map.

## Sault Ste. Marie

Highway 17B, in red, as it appears in the 1996 Ontario Road Map'"\`UNIQ--ref-00000058-QINU\`"'

| Highway 17B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Sault Ste. Marie |
| Existed | 1997 |

Template:Attached KML/Ontario Highway 17BKML is not from Wikidata

Highway 17B in Sault Ste. Marie consisted of two interconnected routes that connected Highway 17 with the International Bridge, via a one-way pairing through downtown Sault Ste. Marie. According to the 1989 Highway distance table, one branch of Highway 17B began at the intersection of Black Road and Trunk Road, following the latter southwest to Wellington Street, thence westerly to Pim Road / Great Northern Road, which it followed north to Highway 17 at Second Line. The second branch followed a complex of streets through the downtown core. Beginning at the foot of the International Bridge, the route split into a one-way pairing at Huron Street. Eastbound traffic was directed along Bay Street to Pim Street, north to Queen Street, east to Church Street thence north to the first branch at Wellington Street; westbound traffic followed Wellington Street, Cathcart Street and Huron Street to the bridge; Andrew Street provided a two-way connection between the one-way streets.

Although the route is no longer officially part of the provincial highway system, some signage remains identifying the route as 17B.

## Thessalon

| Highway 17B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Thessalon |
| Length | 3.1 km (1.9 mi) |
| Existed | 1959–1989 |

The Highway 17B route through Thessalon travelled along Lakeside Drive, Frances Street, Huron Street and River Street, dipping south of the present Highway 17 route through the town. Highway 17B connected to Highway 129 at its eastern connection to Highway 17. The Thessalon Bypass was opened in 1958.

As it does not appear on any road maps, it was likely a Connecting Link.

## Thunder Bay

| Highway 17B | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Thunder Bay |
| Length | 17.5 km (10.9 mi) |
| Existed | 1968–1997 |

Highway 17B between Port Arthur and Fort William (which later amalgamated to become Thunder Bay) was created in 1968 when the Highway 11/17 concurrency was realigned to follow the Thunder Bay Expressway, and was cosigned with Highway 11B for its entire length.

Highway 11B/17B started at Arthur Street and the Thunder Bay Expressway. It travelled east along Arthur Street to May Street, which it turned north along. May Street became Memorial Avenue at the McIntyre River, and farther on became Algoma Street beyond John Street. At Bay Street, the route turned southeast towards Thunder Bay. At Cumberland Street, the highway turned northeast and continued along the lake side on that street. At the Current River, Cumberland Street became Hodder Avenue, which continued north to the Thunder Bay Expressway.

The Highway 11B/17B designation remained on the official Ontario road map until 1998. However, it is not listed amongst the decommissioned highways of April 1, 1997, nor January 1, 1998. It is unclear when the route was decommissioned.

## InfoBox

| Highway 17B | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Auxiliary route of Highway 17 | |
| Maintained by Ministry of Transportation of Ontario | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Major cities | North Bay
Garden River |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Highway 17A   Highway 19 | |
| Former provincial highways  Highway 18 | |


title: Saad Haroon

abstract:
Saad Haroon is a Pakistani comedian, actor, and writer. He is the creator of the first ever Pakistani improvisational comedy troupe "BlackFish", and was the first Pakistani stand-up comedian to perform in English in cities across Pakistan in his tour "Saad Haroon: Very Live".
Haroon created and hosted the first ever English language comedy television show in Pakistan, called The Real News. In October 2014, he was voted the second funniest person in the world, securing 59,213 votes in the Laugh Factory competition.

text:
# Saad Haroon

**Saad Haroon** is a Pakistani comedian, actor, and writer. He is the creator of the first ever Pakistani improvisational comedy troupe "BlackFish", and was the first Pakistani stand-up comedian to perform in English in cities across Pakistan in his tour "Saad Haroon: Very Live". Haroon created and hosted the first ever English language comedy television show in Pakistan, called *The Real News*. In October 2014, he was voted the second funniest person in the world, securing 59,213 votes in the Laugh Factory competition.

## Improvisational comedy

Haroon worked on "SHARK" in 2008, the first improv troupe to tour Pakistan and perform Long Form Improvisational Comedy. SHARK's tour included performances in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore where audiences throughout Pakistan witnessed musical forms of improv comedy and a long form improv structure known as the Harold for the first time. SHARK's lineup includes Haroon, Danish Ali, Umair Pervez, Jaffar Ali, Daniyal Ahmed, Sohaib Khan, and Sana Nasir.

In 2002, Haroon created BlackFish, Pakistan's first improv troupe, which was chosen to represent Pakistan in an international Theater Project at Contact Theatre in Manchester, England. Haroon stepped down as director of BlackFish in 2005 to pursue other projects but has continued to work on other projects with Contact Theatre.

Haroon is also creator, co-writer and director of ‘We’ve made contact’; a half improvised half scripted original format play created for the British councils Connecting Futures Project which was performed in Manchester, England.

## Open mic nights

Saad Haroon arranges Open Mic Nights which features aspiring comedians, writers, poets, and other talented enthusiasts.

## The Real News

*The Real News* is Pakistan's first ever English Language comedy show in Pakistan. Created and hosted by Haroon, the show pokes fun at current news events using political and social satire.

## Conan (talk show)

Saad Haroon’s video sketch was selected by Conan O’Brien as part of the opening monologue for his show. “The sketch is about how people in Pakistan enjoy Conan’s late night talk show,” Nabhan Karim, the director of the video, told The Express Tribune.

## InfoBox

| Saad Haroon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Pakistan |
| Medium | * Stand-up * television * film * writing |
| Education | University of Massachusetts Amherst |
| Years active | 2001–present |
| Genres |  |


title: Helix Semiconductors

abstract: Helix Semiconductors, formerly Semitrex, is an Irvine, California-based fabless semiconductor company that designs chips for improved power management. The company's patented capacitive voltage reduction technology uses cascading capacitors to store power and convert voltages on chips, reducing the energy consumption of electronic devices. The company also has offices throughout the United States and in Europe.

text:
# Helix Semiconductors

**Helix Semiconductors**, formerly **Semitrex**, is an Irvine, California-based fabless semiconductor company that designs chips for improved power management. The company's patented capacitive voltage reduction technology uses cascading capacitors to store power and convert voltages on chips, reducing the energy consumption of electronic devices.

The company also has offices throughout the United States and in Europe.

## History

Semitrex was founded in 2012 in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Michael H. Freeman, an Emmy Award-winning designer of mobile video technology that became the basis for the 802.11n wireless standard. The company's technology development efforts started with a search for improving the battery life of mobile phones, which led to power saving technology discoveries using capacitor-based circuits.

The company relocated to Laguna Beach, CA, and in February 2015 exited stealth mode and announced its technology. By that time, the company had filed 46 patents for its capacitive voltage reduction technology, which it called Muxcapacitor.

In March 2015, the company's integrated circuit (IC) was reportedly on its third generation, which the company announced was the last prototype before sample chips would be released to the market.

In July 2015, Semitrex hired Washington DC lawfirm Hogan Lovells to lobby for energy efficiency issues.

In February 2016, the company opened a design center in Irvine, California's "Technology Corridor", and an office in Milan, Italy, for better access to local engineering talent. The Milan office, also a design center, was reportedly focusing on mixed-signal analog chips, including digital power control designs. The Irvine design center became the company’s new headquarters.

In June 2016, the company opened its London Integrated Design Center and formed a UK subsidiary, Semitrex Integrated Semiconductors, Limited. The UK expansion would reportedly allow the company to modify its Muxcapacitor technology to create power inverters to support the European Union's 2009 Renewable Energy Directive.

In March 2017, the company rebranded as Helix Semiconductors, and Harold Blomquist was announced as the company's new CEO and President.

## Products/Technology

### Muxcapacitor

The company's core semiconductor product is used for energy efficient power supplies. Its patented gate switch technology, called Muxcapacitor, is pre-regulation capacitive voltage reduction technology which uses cascading capacitors to more efficiently store power on a chip. Some capacitor banks are shut down when not in use, conserving power. The device also reduces the primary voltage through a transformer before the energy is processed for voltage and current adjustment and isolation. This reduces the size of the transformer and limits the need for secondary parts. Also, by using capacitive rather than inductive reductions, the need for magnets is eliminated, and very efficient high voltage conversions are achieved across a range of electrical loads.

### Tronium PSSoC

Muxcapacitor technology is used on the company's Tronium brand of Power Supply System on a Chip (PSSoC), to manage power and reduce energy consumption for electronic devices. The Tronium PSSoC includes a dial-a-voltage feature which allows the chip to be programmed for a range of outputs from 1.8 to 48 volts, eliminating the need for additional country-specific power supplies. It also includes primary side regulation technology that eliminates the need for the opto-couplers which are traditionally required to maintain constant voltage and transfer electrical signals in the presence of high voltages. This reduces part count, allowing cost and size reductions of electrical equipment. The company sells a transformer-free Tronium variation called pwIoT (p-watt) designed for Internet of Things-type connected devices, which are often required to be compact to support a particular application. It takes AC line voltage and reduces it to the level of voltage the sensor requires. Products designed to work with minimal standby power requirements conserve energy and help solve the problem of vampire power drain, so-called because it drains while a machine or device is inactive. The pwIoT can be controlled remotely and wirelessly.

### Inverter Supply System on a Chip

In June 2016, the company announced it was working in London on the reverse of the power supply process, with the Inverter Supply System on a Chip (ISSoC). While the core Tronium technology is designed to reduce energy consumption with high to low voltage power converters, the company began exploring the feasibility of designing an inverter to take low voltage DC, which typically comes from renewable energy sources, and boost it to high voltage AC. A so-called micro-inverter would help countries meet the EU's renewable energy application requirements.

## InfoBox

Helix Semiconductors
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Semiconductor |
| Predecessor | Semitrex |
| Founder | Michael H. Freeman |
| Headquarters | 9980 Irvine Center Drive, Irvine, CA 92618 |
| Key people | Harold Blomquist, CEO and President |
| Products | Muxcapacitor technology for power management,
Tronium Power Supply System on a Chip (PSSoC),
Inverter Supply System on a Chip (ISSoC) |
| Website | helixsemiconductors.com |


title: Anse Moore

abstract: Anselm Winn Moore was an American professional baseball player whose career spanned 1939–1942 and 1946–1953 and included a full season and 51 games played in Major League Baseball for the 1946 Detroit Tigers. An outfielder, Moore batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 190 pounds (86 kg). Moore was born in 1917 at Delhi, Louisiana. His professional baseball career began in 1939 with the Alexandria Aces of Alexandria, Louisiana. He played for Alexandria in 1939 and 1940 and the Beaumont Exporters of the Texas League in 1941 and 1942. He compiled a.293 batting average in 148 games for Beaumont in 1942. He missed the 1943, 1944, and 1945 seasons while serving in the European Theater of Operations for the United States Army during World War II. After the war, Moore joined the Detroit Tigers i nearly 1946. Moore compiled a.209 batting average with 28 hits, 16 runs scored, eight runs batted in and one home run in 134 career at bats. He played 17 games in left field and 15 in right field. His lone homer, a solo shot, came off knuckleball pitcher Roger Wolff of the Washington Senators on May 14 at Briggs Stadium — representing the Tigers' only run in a 15–1 rout. Moore continued playing in the minor leagues through the 1953 season, including stints with the Buffalo Bison (1947-1949), Baltimore Orioles (1950-1951), Toledo Mud Hens (1952), and Jackson Senators (1953). Moore died at age 76 in Pearl, Mississippi.

text:
# Anse Moore

**Anselm Winn Moore** (September 22, 1917 – October 29, 1993) was an American professional baseball player whose career spanned 1939–1942 and 1946–1953 and included a full season and 51 games played in Major League Baseball for the 1946 Detroit Tigers. An outfielder, Moore batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 190 pounds (86 kg).

Moore was born in 1917 at Delhi, Louisiana. His professional baseball career began in 1939 with the Alexandria Aces of Alexandria, Louisiana. He played for Alexandria in 1939 and 1940 and the Beaumont Exporters of the Texas League in 1941 and 1942. He compiled a .293 batting average in 148 games for Beaumont in 1942. He missed the 1943, 1944, and 1945 seasons while serving in the European Theater of Operations for the United States Army during World War II.

After the war, Moore joined the Detroit Tigers i nearly 1946. Moore compiled a .209 batting average with 28 hits, 16 runs scored, eight runs batted in and one home run in 134 career at bats. He played 17 games in left field and 15 in right field. His lone homer, a solo shot, came off knuckleball pitcher Roger Wolff of the Washington Senators on May 14 at Briggs Stadium — representing the Tigers' only run in a 15–1 rout.

Moore continued playing in the minor leagues through the 1953 season, including stints with the Buffalo Bison (1947-1949), Baltimore Orioles (1950-1951), Toledo Mud Hens (1952), and Jackson Senators (1953).

Moore died at age 76 in Pearl, Mississippi.

## InfoBox

| Anse Moore | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** (1917-09-22)September 22, 1917
Delhi, Louisiana, U.S. | |
| **Died:** October 29, 1993(1993-10-29) (aged 76)
Pearl, Mississippi, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 17, 1946, for the Detroit Tigers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 29, 1946, for the Detroit Tigers | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .209 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| Runs batted in | 8 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Misterton Marshes

abstract: Misterton Marshes is a 6.8-hectare (17-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Misterton in Leicestershire. This is one of the largest areas of unimproved wetland in the county. Its large areas of tall fen are dominated by common reed, reed canary grass and lesser pond-sedge. There is also an area of grazed marsh and a stream. The site is private land with no public access.

text:
# Misterton Marshes

**Misterton Marshes** is a 6.8-hectare (17-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Misterton in Leicestershire.

This is one of the largest areas of unimproved wetland in the county. Its large areas of tall fen are dominated by common reed, reed canary grass and lesser pond-sedge. There is also an area of grazed marsh and a stream.

The site is private land with no public access.

52°27′40″N 1°10′52″W / 52.461°N 1.181°W / 52.461; -1.181

## InfoBox

Misterton Marshes
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Leicestershire |
| Grid reference | SP 556 851 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 6.8 hectares |
| Notification | 1986 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: Walt Veach

abstract: William Walter Veach was an American football halfback who played one season for the Decatur Staleys of the National Football League (NFL).

text:
# Walt Veach

**William Walter Veach** (September 29, 1892 – February 24, 1976) was an American football halfback who played one season for the Decatur Staleys of the National Football League (NFL).

## InfoBox

Walt Veach
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1892-09-29)September 29, 1892<br>Macon, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died: | February 24, 1976(1976-02-24) (aged 83) |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 180 lb (82 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | none |
| Position: | Halfback |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 2 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Index of Japan-related articles (Q–R)

abstract: This page lists Japan-related articles with romanized titles beginning with the letters Q–R. For names of people, please list by surname. Please also ignore particles when listing articles.

text:
# Index of Japan-related articles (Q–R)

This page lists Japan-related articles with romanized titles beginning with the letters . For names of people, please list by surname (i.e., "Tarō Yamada" should be listed under "Y", not "T"). Please also ignore particles (e.g. "a", "an", "the") when listing articles (i.e., "A City with No People" should be listed under "City").

## Q

## R

## Ra

## Re

## Ri

## Ro

## Ru

## Ry


title: Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf

abstract: The Vancouver Island wolf, also known as the coastal wolf or sea wolf is a subspecies of grey wolf, endemic to the coast of the Pacific Northwest. They are a unique subspecies of wolf due to their semi-aquatic lifestyle, which includes a diet that is almost entirely marine-based. The wolves play important roles in the cultures and spiritual beliefs of local indigenous people, with mythical creatures like the Gonakadet and Wasgo, found among the Tsimshian, Tlingit, and Haida peoples of British Columbia and Alaska, being inspired by them.

text:
# Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf

The **Vancouver Island wolf,** also known as the **coastal wolf** or **sea wolf** (***Canis lupus crassodon***) is a subspecies of grey wolf, endemic to the coast of the Pacific Northwest. They are a unique subspecies of wolf due to their semi-aquatic lifestyle, which includes a diet that is almost entirely marine-based.

The wolves play important roles in the cultures and spiritual beliefs of local indigenous people, with mythical creatures like the Gonakadet and Wasgo, found among the Tsimshian, Tlingit, and Haida peoples of British Columbia and Alaska, being inspired by them.

## Description

Vancouver Island wolves measure between 1.2 and 1.5 metres (4 and 5 ft) from nose to tail-tip, and are noticeably lighter than their interior counterparts, weighing between 29 and 40 kilos (65-90lbs), as opposed to the 36 to 68 kilos (80-150lbs) of a mainland British Columbia wolf. As with other wolves, there is a difference in size between the sexes, with males being larger than females.

The colour of their coat ranges between individuals, with varying degrees of reddish-brown, grey, beige, and white fur, though entirely white and melanistic individuals are seen on occasion.

## Range

Vancouver Island wolves range from southern Alaska, down along the coast of British Columbia, including within the Great Bear Rainforest. Owing to their propensity as strong swimmers, they also inhabit several islands in the Salish Sea, including their namesake, Vancouver Island.

## Behaviour

One of the defining features of this subspecies is their movements between islands, in some cases swimming up to 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) between landmasses. These movements are sometimes seasonal, including following the migration of salmon, one of their preferred food sources.

Vancouver Island wolves have a diverse diet, with between 75 and 90 percent of it being sourced from the ocean. A quarter of that is salmon, of which the wolves are documented eating solely the brains of, potentially to avoid a bacterial infection known as "salmon poisoning" which can be fatal to canids.

Along the coast, they will forage for barnacles, clams, mussels, and crabs, digging into the sand with their paws and using powerful jaw muscles to break open shells. They also scavenge whatever has been left behind by the tide, which can include everything from abalone to whale carcasses.

Coastal wolves will also actively hunt marine mammals like otters, seals, and their offspring, as well as terrestrial mammals like black-tailed deer.

## Taxonomy and genetics

The Vancouver Island wolf is recognized as a subspecies of *Canis lupus* in the taxonomic authority *Mammal Species of the World (2005)*. Studies using mitochondrial DNA have indicated that the wolves of coastal southeast Alaska are genetically distinct from inland grey wolves, reflecting a pattern also observed in other taxa. They show a phylogenetic relationship with extirpated wolves from the south (Oklahoma), indicating that these wolves are the last remains of a once widespread group that has been largely extirpated during the last century and that the wolves of northern North America had originally expanded from southern refuges below the Wisconsin glaciation after the ice had melted at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. These findings call into question the taxonomic classification of *C.l. nulibus* proposed by Nowak. Another study found that the wolves of coastal British Columbia were genetically and ecologically distinct from the inland wolves, including other wolves from inland British Columbia. A study of the three coastal wolves indicated a close phylogenetic relationship across regions that are geographically and ecologically contiguous, and the study proposed that *Canis lupus ligoni* (Alexander Archipelago wolf), *Canis lupus columbianus* (British Columbia wolf), and *Canis lupus crassodon* (Vancouver Island wolf) should be recognized as a single subspecies of *Canis lupus*.

In 2016, two studies compared the DNA sequences of 42,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in North American grey wolves and found the coastal wolves to be genetically and phenotypically distinct from other wolves. They share the same habitat and prey species, and form one of the study's six identified ecotypes \- a genetically and ecologically distinct population separated from other populations by their different type of habitat. The local adaptation of a wolf ecotype most likely reflects the wolf's preference to remain in the type of habitat that it was born into. Wolves that prey on fish and small deer in wet, coastal environments tend to be smaller than other wolves.

## Conservation

The pressure commercial hunting puts on Vancouver Island wolves was brought to international attention when "Takaya", a male wolf whose uniquely solitary life was heavily documented, including in the 2019 documentary *Takaya: Lone Wolf*, was shot and killed on March 24, 2020, by a hunter. His death prompted calls from both the local and international community for changes to the law regarding the hunting of wolves in British Columbia.

Human-wildlife conflict also presents an issue for coastal wolves, especially in places like Vancouver Island, a prominent tourist destination.

## InfoBox

| Vancouver Island wolf | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A Vancouver Island wolf in Clayoquot Sound. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Genus: | *Canis* |
| Species: | *C. lupus* |
| Subspecies: | ***C. l. crassodon*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Canis lupus crassodon***
Hall, 1932 | |
|  | |
| Historical and present range of grey wolf subspecies in North America. | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Canis crassodon crassodon* | |


title: Open Source Physics

abstract: Open Source Physics, or OSP, is a project sponsored by the National Science Foundation and Davidson College, whose mission is to spread the use of open source code libraries that take care of a lot of the heavy lifting for physics: drawing and plotting, differential equation solvers, exporting to animated GIFs and movies, etc., tools, and compiled simulations for physics and other numerical simulations. The OSP collection provides curriculum resources that engage students in physics, computation, and computer modeling. The core library is in the Java programming language and licensed with GNU General Public License licenses. The site now serves over 10,000 visitors per month. The Open Source Physics Project is an extension of the Physlet Project.

text:
# Open Source Physics

**Open Source Physics**, or OSP, is a project sponsored by the National Science Foundation and Davidson College, whose mission is to spread the use of open source code libraries that take care of a lot of the heavy lifting for physics: drawing and plotting, differential equation solvers, exporting to animated GIFs and movies, etc., tools, and compiled simulations for physics and other numerical simulations . The OSP collection provides curriculum resources that engage students in physics, computation, and computer modeling. The core library is in the Java programming language and licensed with GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) licenses. The site now serves over 10,000 visitors per month. The Open Source Physics Project is an extension of the Physlet Project.

## Sub-projects

They have four projects with this purpose.

* **OSP libraries**: Java code libraries for numerical simulations. The OSP code library was created to meet the need by the broader science education community for a synthesis of curriculum development, computational physics, computer science, and physics education that will be useful for scientists and students wishing to write their own simulations and develop their own curricular material. OSP code library is described in the **OSP User's Guide** by Wolfgang Christian in **An Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods** by Harvey Gould, Jan Tobochnik, and Wolfgang Christian.
* **Easy Java Simulations (EJS) (New name: Easy JavaScript Simulations = EJSS)**: A free and open source computer-based modeling environment used to generate automatically Java and JavaScript code. Easy JavaScript Simulations is an authoring and modeling tool that allows users to create Java or JavaScript programs with minimal programming. EjsS creates programs that other people can easily inspect or modify.
* **Tracker**: An open-source software video analysis and modeling tool designed for use in physics education and distributed under the GNU General Public License. In the context of physics education, *video analysis* means tracking the motions of objects in videos to obtain their 2-D position-time data and associated physical quantities such as velocity, acceleration, momentum and energy. Computerized video analysis has been used widely in physics education since the 1990s. By contrast, *video modeling* involves defining a theoretical model and drawing it as an animation directly on a video and was introduced only in 2009. Tracker has a built-in dynamic model builder to define particles that move according to Newton's laws. External models built with spreadsheets, Easy Java Simulations or other modeling program can also be used. Tracker also has a line profile tool for measuring light spectra and other optical phenomena. Tracker 1.0 was distributed on disc at the 2003 Summer Meeting of the American Association of Physics Teachers. The current version, 6.0, was released in 2021.
* **OSP Curricular Development**: A set of programs, packages, and worksheets for the teaching of advanced physics topics. Many instructors do not teach (or do research in) computational physics. For these instructors they have made the various physical models available in an easily accessible, modifiable, and distributable form for teaching of physics. For convenience, OSP programs are almost always packaged in Java archive (jar) files. These jar files contain compiled code and resources such curricular materials, images, and data files.

## Awards

In 2011, the project received an important award, the Science Prize for Online Resources in Education, or SPORE from Science magazine In 2015, the project received the UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize for the Use of ICTs in Education  and Excellence Award Multimedia Physics Teaching and Learning Conference MPTL20  In 2020, the project received the Excellence in Physics Education Award from the American Physical Society

Notes  * M. Belloni, W. Christian, and D. Brown, "Open Source Physics Curricular Material for Quantum Mechanics: Dynamics and Measurement of Quantum Two-state Superpositions," Computing in Science and Engineering 9, 4, 24-31 (2007).
* W. Christian, *Open Source Physics: A User’s Guide with Examples,* Addison-Wesley (2006).
* W. Christian, M. Belloni, and D. Brown, "An Open Source XML Framework for Authoring Curricular Material," Computing in Science and Engineering, September/October (2006).


title: SJK(C) Han Chiang

abstract: SJK(C) Han Chiang (韩江小学) is a national-type primary school located in Lim Lean Teng Road, Penang, Malaysia. The school was founded by Lim Lean Teng in 1961.

text:
# SJK(C) Han Chiang

**SJK(C) Han Chiang** (**韩江小学**) is a national-type primary school located in Lim Lean Teng Road, Penang, Malaysia. The school was founded by Lim Lean Teng in 1961.

## InfoBox

| SJK(C) Han Chiang
Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina Han Chiang
槟城韩江国民型小学 | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Lim Lean Teng Road, George Town, Penang, Malaysia | |
| Information | |
| Type | National type primary school |
| Established | 1961 |
| Founders | Teochew Association of Penang and Lim Lean Teng |
| Principal | Cik Ong Ai Leng (2023–present) |
| Staff | 46 |
| Enrolment | 1000+ students (as of 2024) |
| Campus | Urban area |
| Houses | White, Green, Blue, Grey and Yellow |


title: Hemilophini

abstract: Hemilophini is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

text:
# Hemilophini

**Hemilophini** is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

## Taxonomy

## InfoBox

| Hemilophini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Adesmus divus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Tribe: | Hemilophini<br>Thomson, 1868 |
|


title: John Southern (engineer)

abstract: John Southern (c.1758–1815) was an English engineer, son of Thomas Southern of Derbyshire. In 1796 he and his employer James Watt co-invented the Indicator, an instrument for measuring and recording the pressure inside a steam engine cylinder through its stroke. This data was crucial for assessing an engine's efficiency. Southern became a partner of the firm of Boulton & Watt in 1810. The use of the instrument was kept as a trade secret for a generation, only becoming public in the 1830s.

text:
# John Southern (engineer)

**John Southern** (c.1758–1815) was an English engineer, son of Thomas Southern of Derbyshire. In 1796 he and his employer James Watt co-invented the Indicator, an instrument for measuring and recording the pressure inside a steam engine cylinder through its stroke. This data was crucial for assessing an engine's efficiency. Southern became a partner of the firm of Boulton & Watt in 1810. The use of the instrument was kept as a trade secret for a generation, only becoming public in the 1830s.


title: Girjaprasad Chinubhai

abstract: Sir Chinubhai Madhowlal Ranchhodlal, 2nd Baronet of Shahpur, commonly known as Sir Girjaprasad Chinubhai Baronet was an Indian businessman, an independence activist and social reformer from Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India.

text:
# Girjaprasad Chinubhai

**Sir Chinubhai Madhowlal Ranchhodlal, 2nd Baronet of Shahpur**, commonly known as **Sir Girjaprasad Chinubhai Baronet** (19 April 1906 – 1990) was an Indian businessman, an independence activist and social reformer from Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India.

## Life Sketch

He was born on 19 April 1906 to Sir Chinubhai Madhowlal Ranchhodlal, 1st Baronet and Devlaxmi Sarabhai. He was educated at Gujarat College and later at University of Bombay. In 1924, he married Tanumati, daughter of Jahaverilal Mehta and had issue.

He succeeded his father, Sir Chinubhai Madhowlal's legacy and textile business, who died in 1916. In mid 1920s he came in contact with Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel and other leading Indian independence activist and was actively involved in the movement at Gujarat front. He was also a member of Bombay Legislative Assembly from 1937 to 1939.

He continued philanthropic works of his father and remained as main patron of Gujarat College, Victoria Jubilee Hospital and other institutions, during his lifetime.

Later, under influence of Mahatma Gandhi and other social leaders like Jamnalal Bajaj, ( although, their family being staunch Nagar Brahmin) he and his mother threw open doors of their family's personal temple (known as Sir Chinubhai's Temple) to Dalit and all communities. The opening ceremony of this was done by Mahatma Gandhi at a function on 2 August 1931, which was attended by at least 300 people.

However, after independence of India, he decided to live secluded and peaceful life away from politics. He spent time managing affairs of family owned textile mill. He died in the year 1990, at an age of 86, at his home, the Sir Chinubhai Mansion in Ahmadabad. He is survived by three sons, of whom the eldest, Udayan, became the Sir Chinubhai Madhowlal Ranchhodlal, 3rd Baronet.


title: Namphan

abstract: Namphan, also known as Na-hpan, is the capital town of Namphan Township, Shan State. It is part of the Wa Self-Administered Division.

text:
# Namphan

**Namphan**, also known as *Na-hpan*, is the capital town of Namphan Township, Shan State. It is part of the Wa Self-Administered Division.

## Geography

Namphan is located in a small valley east of the Salween, about 28 km from the border with China.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Namphan *Na-hpan* | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| NamphanLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 22°36′0″N 99°5′0″E / 22.60000°N 99.08333°E / 22.60000; 99.08333 | |
| Country | Burma |
| Division | Shan State (Wa Self-Administered Division) |
| District | Matman District |
| Township | Namphan Township |
| Elevation | 3,127 ft (953 m) |
| Population | |
| Ethnicities | Wa |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MST) |


abstract: The women's 25 km competition of the open water swimming events at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 28.

text:
# Open water swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 25 km

The **women's 25 km** competition of the open water swimming events at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 28.

## Results

The race was started at 08:00.

| Rank | Swimmer | Nationality | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Martina Grimaldi | Italy | 5:07:19.7 |
|  | Angela Maurer | Germany | 5:07:19.8 |
|  | Eva Fabian | United States | 5:07:20.4 |
| 4 | Alice Franco | Italy | 5:07:22.9 |
| 5 | Ana Marcela Cunha | Brazil | 5:07:23.4 |
| 6 | Christine Jennings | United States | 5:07:32.3 |
| 7 | Margarita Dominguez Cabezas | Spain | 5:11:55.5 |
| 8 | Yumi Kida | Japan | 5:16:25.7 |
| 9 | Lei Shan | China | 5:16:34.3 |
| 10 | Alexandra Sokolova | Russia | 5:18:14.3 |
| 11 | Yang Dandan | China | 5:19:13.7 |
| 12 | Celia Barrot | France | 5:20:31.8 |
| 13 | Paola Pérez | Venezuela | 5:22:40.1 |
| 14 | Silvie Rybářová | Czech Republic | 5:22:42.4 |
| 15 | Julia Lucila Arino | Argentina | 5:22:47.0 |
| 16 | Vicenia Navarro | Venezuela | 5:23:31.8 |
| 17 | Nadine Williams | Canada | 5:42:17.9 |
| 18 | Xeniya Romanchuk | Kazakhstan | 5:43:40.5 |
|  | Wasella Hussien | Egypt | OTL |
|  | Svenja Zihsler | Germany | DNF |
|  | Olga Beresnyeva | Ukraine | DNF |
|  | Barbora Picková | Czech Republic | DNF |

## InfoBox

| Women's 25 km <br>at the Open water swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 28 July |
| Competitors | 22 from 16 nations |
| Winning time | 5:07:19.7 |
| Medalists | |
| Italy  Germany  United States | |
|


title: O. Winston Link

abstract: Ogle Winston Link, known commonly as O. Winston Link, was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photography and sound recordings of the last days of steam locomotive railroading on the Norfolk and Western in the United States in the late 1950s. A commercial photographer, Link helped establish rail photography as a hobby. He also pioneered night photography, producing several well known examples including Hotshot Eastbound, a photograph of a steam train passing a drive-in movie theater, and Hawksbill Creek Swimming Hole showing a train crossing a bridge above children bathing.

text:
# O. Winston Link

**Ogle Winston Link** (December 16, 1914 – January 30, 2001), known commonly as **O. Winston Link**, was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photography and sound recordings of the last days of steam locomotive railroading on the Norfolk and Western in the United States in the late 1950s. A commercial photographer, Link helped establish rail photography as a hobby. He also pioneered night photography, producing several well known examples including *Hotshot Eastbound*, a photograph of a steam train passing a drive-in movie theater, and *Hawksbill Creek Swimming Hole* showing a train crossing a bridge above children bathing.

## Early life

Link and his siblings, Eleanor and Albert Jr., spent their childhood in the borough of Brooklyn, New York City, where they lived with their parents, Albert Link Sr. and Anne Winston Jones Link. Link's given names honor ancestors Alexander Ogle and John Winston Jones, who had served in the U.S. House of Representatives in the 19th century. Al Link, who taught woodworking in the New York City Public School system, encouraged his children's interest in arts and crafts and introduced Winston to photography.

Link's early photography was created with a borrowed medium format Autographic Kodak camera. By the time, he was in high school he had built his own photographic enlarger. After completing high school, Link attended the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, receiving a degree in civil engineering. Before his graduation in 1937, he spoke at a banquet for the institute's newspaper, where he served as photo editor. An executive from Carl Byoir's public relations firm was present and was impressed by Link's speaking ability. He offered Link a job as a photographer.

## Career

Link worked for Carl Byoir and Associates for five years, learning his trade on the job. He adapted to the technique of making posed photographs looking candid, as well as creatively emphasizing a point. On his first major assignment, to photograph part of the state of Louisiana in the summer of 1937, he found himself in New Iberia, the location where Cecil B. DeMille's 1938 movie *The Buccaneer*, about Jean LaFitte was being filmed. Here he met his future first wife, a former Miss Ark-La-Tex, now actress/model/body double, Vanda Marteal Oglesby, who stood-in for lead actress Franciska Gaal. They "took a shine" to one another, and later that year she posed for some of his photographs in the French Quarter of New Orleans. They eventually married in 1942, but later divorced. Some of Link's photographs from this time included an image of a man aiming a gun at a pig wearing a bulletproof vest, and one eventually known as "What Is This Girl Selling?" or "Girl on Ice," which was widely published in the United States and later featured in *Life* as a "classic publicity picture." According to Thomas Garver, a later assistant to Link, during his employment at Byoir's firm, Link "clearly defined a point of view and developed working methods that were to shape his entire career."

When World War II reached the United States, Link found himself unable to join the military due to mumps-induced hearing loss. He left Byoir's employ in 1942 to work for the Airborne Instruments Laboratory, part of Columbia University. Drawing on his university degree and professional photographic experience, Link worked at the laboratory as both project engineer and photographer. The laboratory was then researching a device to enable aircraft to detect submerged submarines. Link's main responsibility was photographing the project for the United States government.

In 1945, with the end of the war, Link's employment at the Airborne Instruments Laboratory ended. Byoir invited Link back, but Link instead opened his own studio in New York City in 1946. His clients included Goodrich, Alcoa, Texaco, and Ethyl.

## Rail photography: Norfolk and Western project

While in Staunton, Virginia, for an industrial photography job in 1955, Link's longstanding love of railroads became focused on the nearby Norfolk and Western Railway line. N&W was the last major (Class I) railroad to make the transition from steam to diesel motive power and had refined its use of steam locomotives, earning a reputation for "precision transportation." Link took his first night photograph of the road on January 21, 1955, in Waynesboro, Virginia. On May 29, 1955, the N&W announced its first conversion to diesel and Link's work became a documentation of the end of the steam era. He returned to Virginia for approximately 20 visits to continue photographing the N&W. His last night shot was taken in 1959 and the last of all in 1960. That year the road completed the transition to diesel, by which time he had accumulated 2400 negatives on the project.

Although it was entirely self-financed, Link's work was encouraged and facilitated by N&W officials, from president Robert H. Smith downwards. Besides the locomotives, he captured the people of the N&W performing their jobs on the railroad and in the trackside communities. Some of his images were of the massive Roanoke Shops, where the company had built and maintained its locomotives.

Link's images were meticulously set up and posed, and he chose to take most of his railroad photographs at night. He said "I can't move the sun  and it's always in the wrong place  and I can't even move the tracks, so I had to create my own environment through lighting." Although others, including Philip R. Hastings and Jim Shaughnessy, had photographed locomotives at night before, Link's vision required him to develop new techniques for flash photography of such large subjects. For instance, the drive-in image *Hotshot Eastbound (Iaeger, West Virginia)*, photographed on August 2, 1956 \[negative NW1103\], used 42 #2 flashbulbs and one #0 fired simultaneously. Link, with an assistant such as George Thom, had to lug all his equipment into position and wire it up: this was done in series so any failure would prevent a picture being taken. Taking night shots of moving trains the right position for the subject could only be guessed at. Link used a 4 x 5 Graphic View view camera with black and white film, from which he produced silver gelatin prints.

*Hawksbill Creek Swimming Hole (Luray, Virginia)* was photographed on August 9, 1956 \[NW1126\]. Other widely known images include *Swimming Pool (Welch, West Virginia)* (1958 \[NW1963\]), *Ghost Town (Stanley, Virginia)* \[NW1345\], *Main Line on Main Street (Northfork, West Virginia)* (1958 \[NW1966\]) and *Mr and Mrs Ben Pope watch the last steam powered passenger train (Max Meadows, Virginia)* (1957 \[NW1648\]).

In addition to his black and white night shots, Link also recorded the single daytime train on the Norfolk & Western's hilly Abingdon branch, serving the rural communities from Abingdon, Virginia, 55 miles (88 km) south to West Jefferson, North Carolina. It was also on this line that most of his railroad color photography was done; a selection is included in *The Last Steam Railroad in America*. His familiar 1956 view of a horse and steam locomotive *Maud bows to the Virginia Creeper (Green Cove, Virginia)* exists in black and white and color versions.

In addition to photographing them, Link was also making sound recordings of the trains, which he issued on a set of six gramophone records between 1957 and 1977 under the overall title *Sounds of Steam Railroading*. In the railfan world he was probably best known by these, and by photographs published in *Trains* magazine and elsewhere in the 1950s, which inspired others to follow his example. The recordings he made from 1957 to 1977 were inducted into the National Recording Registry in 2003.

A traveling exhibition in 1983 brought his work to a wider public as did Paul Yule's award-winning documentary *Trains That Passed In The Night* (1990), in which Link re-visited the scenes of his classic photographs of the Norfolk and Western.

## Later life

From 1960 until he retired in 1983, Link devoted himself to advertising. Among notable pictures taken during this period are those recording construction of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and other views of New York Harbor including the great ocean liners. In retirement, Link moved to South Salem, Westchester County, New York.

In 1996, Link's second wife, Conchita, was arrested for (and later convicted of) stealing a collection of Link's photographs and attempting to sell them, claiming that Link had Alzheimer's disease and that she had power of attorney. After being released in 2003, she again attempted to sell some of Link's works that she had stolen, this time using the Internet auction site eBay. She received a three-year sentence. Conchita was also accused of imprisoning her husband. However, this allegation is disputed by some, and it never led to any criminal charges against Conchita. The story of Winston and Conchita became the subject of the documentary *The Photographer, His Wife, Her Lover* (2005) made by Paul Yule. Conchita died on October 1, 2016.

Link made a cameo appearance as a steam locomotive engineer in the 1999 film *October Sky*, operating Southern Railway 4501 (decorated to look like an N&W steam locomotive). He was actively involved with the planning of a museum of his work when he suffered a heart attack near his home in South Salem. He was transported to Northern Westchester Hospital in Mt. Kisco, New York, where he died on January 30, 2001. Mr. Link was interred adjacent to his parents in Elmwood Cemetery, Shepherdstown, Jefferson County, West Virginia.

## Museum

The rail photography of Winston Link is featured at the O. Winston Link Museum in Roanoke, Virginia, which opened in January 2004. The museum is housed in the former passenger station of the Norfolk and Western Railway. Link's N&W caboose forms part of the display.

* Dulaney, Ben (1956). "Flash bulb artist photographs the Norfolk and Western". *Norfolk and Western Magazine*: 580–3.
* Garver, Tom (2004). *O. Winston Link: the Man and the Museum*. O. Winston Link Museum. ISBN 0-9710531-4-6
* Garver, Thomas H. (2000). "Railroad photographs of O. Winston Link". *American Art Review*. **12** (5): 202–7.
* Jones, Malcolm (1999). "The most beautiful trains in the world". *Preservation*. **51** (6): 30–8.
* Korner, Anthony (1989). "The Night Owl". *Artforum International*. **27**: 141–6.
* Link, O. Winston (1957). *Night Trick on the Norfolk and Western Railway*. Norfolk and Western RY.
* Link, O. Winston (1983). *Ghost Trains*. Chrysler Museum. ISBN 0-940744-43-0. ISBN 0-940744-43-0
* Link, O. Winston (1987). *Steam, Steel & Stars*. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-8185-8. ISBN 0-8109-1645-2
* Link, O. Winston (1995). *The Last Steam Railroad in America*. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-2587-7. ISBN 0-8109-3575-9
* Morgan, David (July 1957). "The mixed train: photography by O. Winston Link". *Trains*: 31–43.
* Morgan, David (November 1957). "Steam after dark". *Trains*: 30–43.
* Oughterbridge, David E. (1989). "Chugging to Extinction". *Connoisseur*. **219** (935): 122–7.
* O. Winston Link Museum official website
* The works of O. Winston Link
* The photographs of O. Winston Link

## InfoBox

| O. Winston Link | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ogle Winston Link
(1914-12-16)December 16, 1914
Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Died | January 30, 2001(2001-01-30) (aged 86)
Katonah, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Photographer |
| Years active | 1937–1983 |
| Spouses | *   Vanda Link  (m. 1942; div. 1950) *   Conchita Link  (m. 1983; div. 1996) |
| Children | Winston Conway Link |


title: Varberg Vipers

abstract: The Varberg Vipers, also known as Varberg Hockey or Varberg HK, is a Swedish ice hockey club located in Varberg. The club will play the 2014–15 season in group South of Hockeyettan, the third tier of Swedish ice hockey. The club plays its home games in Varbergs Ishall, which has a capacity of 544 spectators.

text:
# Varberg Vipers

**The Varberg Vipers**, also known as **Varberg Hockey** or **Varberg HK**, is a Swedish ice hockey club located in Varberg. The club will play the 2014–15 season in group South of Hockeyettan, the third tier of Swedish ice hockey. The club plays its home games in Varbergs Ishall, which has a capacity of 544 spectators.

1. "About Varberg Vipers" (in Swedish). Varberg Vipers.
2. "Varbergs Ishall". *eurohockey.com*.

## InfoBox

| Varberg Vipers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Varberg, Halland, Sweden |
| League | Hockeytrean Södra B |
| Division | South |
| Founded | 1981 |
| Home arena | Varbergs Ishall (capacity 544) |
| Colors | Black, white, red<br> |
| Head coach |  |
| Website | Official website |
| Franchise history | |
| 1981–2011 | Varberg Hockey |
| 2011–present | **Varberg Vipers** |


title: Operation Marion

abstract: Operation Marion was a domestic military operation fielded by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the 1980s. The apartheid security forces trained Inkatha operatives to build an irregular militia.

text:
# Operation Marion

**Operation Marion** was a domestic military operation fielded by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the 1980s. The apartheid security forces trained Inkatha operatives to build an irregular militia.

## History

Operation Marion became an important element of the apartheid government's response to the rising popular insurgency led by the United Democratic Front and the Congress of South African Trade Unions during the 1980s. SADF Special Forces trained a Zulu militia at a camp in the Caprivi Strip in 1985. The first group of Zulu militia from the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were dispatched to the Caprivi Strip from Durban by C-130 aircraft on 16 April 1986.

On 20 January 1987 the militia were used in what later became known as the KwaMakhutha Massacre when 13 people were killed as a result of flawed intelligence. In January 1988 IFP leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi again approached Chief of Staff Intelligence asking for additional training of his militia in order to swing the balance of power against the United Democratic Front (UDF) and Confederation of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) forces, then operating as a surrogate for the African National Congress (ANC) in areas of KwaZulu. This request was interpreted as consistent with the Total National Strategy then in place, so the support was given.

On 1 December 1988, a vigilante force from the IFP took over a place called Trust Feed, which had recently become a UDF centre of power. On 3 December, the Trust Feed Massacre took place, killing 11 and wounding 2.

The perpetrators were brought to trial and sentenced to 15 years in prison on 23 May 1992. One of the most high-impact activities allegedly arising from Operation Marion was the Boipatong massacre by IFP members, which left 43 dead on 17 June 1992. This event became a turning point for the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) when Nelson Mandela withdrew the ANC over claims of police involvement. The activities arising from Operation Marion became the subject of intense investigation by the Goldstone Commission of Enquiry. The Commission appointed Peter Waddington to make an independent enquiry, which reported no evidence of police collusion in the massacre.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Operation Marion | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of South Africa under Apartheid | |
| <br>An anti-apartheid protest in South Africa in the 1980s. | |
| Date 1985 - 1989  Location South Africa | |
| Belligerents | |
|  |  |


title: Anshan-class destroyer

abstract: The Anshan-class destroyers were the People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) first destroyers. They were ex-Soviet Gnevny-class destroyers purchased in the 1950s. The Chinese later added HY-2 anti-ship missiles and removed some of the torpedo tubes, and redesignated as Type 6607. All four ships of the class had been stricken by 1992.

text:
# Anshan-class destroyer

The ***Anshan*-class destroyers** were the People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) first destroyers. They were ex-Soviet *Gnevny*-class destroyers purchased in the 1950s. The Chinese later added HY-2 anti-ship missiles and removed some of the torpedo tubes, and redesignated as **Type 6607**. All four ships of the class had been stricken by 1992.

## Design

The class has a length of 112.8 m (370 ft) with length between perpendiculars of 109 m (358 ft), a beam of 10.2 m (33 ft), with a draught of 4 m (13 ft), and their displacement were 1,660 long tons (1,690 t) standard and 2,040 long tons (2,070 t) at full load. The ships was powered by two sets of Tosi geared steam turbines with three drum boilers, with total power output of 48,000 shaft horsepower (36 MW) distributed in two shafts. *Anshan* class has a maximum speed of 32 knots (59 km/h), with range of 2,670 nautical miles (4,940 km) while cruising at 19 knots (35 km/h) or 850 nautical miles (1,570 km) at 32 knots (59 km/h). The ships has a complement of 205 personnel, including 15 officers.

The class were initially armed with four 130 mm (5 in)/50 caliber B13 Pattern 1936 guns in four turrets, two 76.2 mm (3 in)/55 34-K guns in two turrets, four 37 mm/63 70-K guns in single-mounts, one Oerlikon 20 mm/70 autocannon, and two triple-tube 533-millimetre (21 in) torpedo tubes. In 1971-1974, all ships were modernized by replacing the two torpedo tubes with two twin HY-2 surface-to-surface missile launchers, the four Soviet single-mount 37 mm/63 70-K guns were replaced with four Chinese twin-mount 37 mm/63 Type 61 guns, and removal of the 76 mm guns and 20 mm autocannon. The ships also equipped with two projectors and two racks for depth charges and can carry up to 60 naval mines.

The ships electronics and sensors consisted of *Mina* fire-control system, Gius-2 (NATO code: "Cross Bird") air-search radar, "High Sieve" air/surface-search radar, "Square Tie" surface-search radar, "Ball End" and "Fin Curve" navigational radar, and Pegas-2M active sonar.

## History

After 1949 the PLAN negotiated with Britain through Hong Kong to buy some second-hand ships and boats but unable to do so due to the Korean War. As a result, the PLAN turned to the Soviet Union to buy four worn-out destroyers. The purchase was made on 4 June 1953, with prices equivalent to 17 tons of gold each at the time.

The *Anshan*-class ships were withdrawn from active service by the 1990s, but retained three ships as training ship (*Taiyuan*) and museum ships (*Anshan* and *Changchun*). The PLAN retains ownership of the ships through PLAN funded institutions.

## Ships in class

| Pennant No. | Name | Former Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 101 | *Anshan* (鞍山) | ex-*Rekordny* (Рекордный) | Shipyard No. 202 (Dalzavod), Vladivostok | 25 September 1936 / July 1937 | 6 April 1939 | 24 October 1954 | Museum ship in Qingdao from April 1992. |
| 102 | *Fushun* (撫順) | ex-*Rezky* (Резкий) | | 5 May 1936 / 20 August 1938 | 29 April 1940 | 24 October 1954 | Scrapped 1989. |
| 103 | *Changchun* (长春) | ex-*Reshitelny* (Решительный) | Shipyard No. 199, Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 23 August 1936 / 23 August 1937 | 30 April 1940 | 6 July 1955 | Museum ship in Rushan from 1990. |
| 104 | *Taiyuan* (太原) | ex-*Retivy* (Ретивый) | | 23 August 1936 / 29 July 1937 | 27 September 1939 | 6 July 1955 | Stationary training ship for Dalian Naval Academy from September 1991. |

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Yakubov, Vladimir; Worth, Richard (2008). "The Soviet Project 7/7U Destroyers". In Jordan, John; Dent, Stephen (eds.). *Warship 2008*. London: Conway. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-1-84486-062-3.
* Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
* Moore, John, ed. (1974). *Jane's Fighting Ships 1974–75*. New York: Franklin Watts Incorporated. ISBN 0-531-02743-0.
* Moore, John, ed. (1981). *Jane's Fighting Ships 1981–82*. New York: Jane's Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 0-531-03977-3.
* Sharpe, Richard, ed. (1989). *Jane's Fighting Ships 1989-90*. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710608864.

## InfoBox

| *Anshan* on 24 August 2017 | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *Anshan* class |
| Builders |  |
| Operators | People's Liberation Army Navy |
| Succeeded by | Type 051 "Luda" class |
| Subclasses | *Gnevny* class |
| Built | 1936-1942 |
| In commission | 1954-1992 |
| Completed | 4 |
| Retired | 4 |
| Scrapped | 1 |
| Preserved | 3 |
| General characteristics (after 1970s modernization) | |
| Type | Destroyer / Guided-missile destroyer |
| Displacement |  |
| Length | 112.8 m (370 ft) |
| Beam | 10.2 m (33 ft) |
| Draught | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Installed power | 48,000 shaft horsepower (36 MW) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × geared steam turbines * 3 × drum boilers * 2 × shafts |
| Speed | 32 knots (59 km/h) |
| Range | 2,670 nautical miles (4,940 km) at 19 knots (35 km/h) |
| Complement | 205 |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | * *Mina* FCS * "Cross Bird" air-search radar * "High Sieve" air/surface-search radar * "Square Tie" surface-search radar * "Ball End" and "Fin Curve" navigational radar * Pegas-2M active sonar |
| Armament |  |


title: Ndumiso Mvelase

abstract: Ndumiso Mvelase is a South African first-class cricketer. He was included in Gauteng's squad for the 2016 Africa T20 Cup. In September 2018, he was named in Gauteng's squad for the 2018 Africa T20 Cup. In April 2021, he was named in North West's squad, ahead of the 2021–22 cricket season in South Africa.

text:
# Ndumiso Mvelase

**Ndumiso Mvelase** (born 23 August 1996) is a South African first-class cricketer. He was included in Gauteng's squad for the 2016 Africa T20 Cup. In September 2018, he was named in Gauteng's squad for the 2018 Africa T20 Cup. In April 2021, he was named in North West's squad, ahead of the 2021–22 cricket season in South Africa.

## InfoBox

Ndumiso Mvelase
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1996-08-23) 23 August 1996<br>Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 21 September 2016 | |


# Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016

Ukraine participated in and won the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "1944" written and performed by Jamala. Ukraine returned to the Eurovision Song Contest after the nation withdrew from the 2015 due to financial and political reasons related to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

The Ukrainian broadcaster National Television Company of Ukraine (NTU) organised a national final in collaboration with commercial broadcaster STB in order to select the Ukrainian entry for the 2016 contest in Stockholm, Sweden. The national selection consisted of two semi-finals, held on 6 and 13 February 2016, and a final, held on 21 February 2016; nine entries competed in each semi-final with the top three from each semi-final advancing to the final. In the final, "1944" performed by Jamala was selected as the winner after tying for first place following the combination of votes from a three-member jury panel and a public televote—the tie was decided in Jamala's favour after "1944" scored the highest with the public. "1944" is the first Eurovision Song Contest song to feature lyrics in the Crimean Tatar language. The Ukrainian entry caused controversy and garnered international media interest both for Jamala, a Ukrainian singer of Crimean Tatar descent, and the song "1944", which was inspired by the story of her great-grandmother during the 1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the Soviet Union under the rule of Joseph Stalin. Despite media reports that the song could be disqualified due to its alleged political overtones, the Eurovision Song Contest Reference Group cleared the song for the competition and stated that neither the title nor the lyrics of the song contained political speech.

Ukraine was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 12 May 2016. Performing during the show in position 14, "1944" was announced among the top 10 entries of the second semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 14 May. It was later revealed that Ukraine placed second out of the 18 participating countries in the semi-final with 287 points. In the final, Ukraine performed in position 21 and placed first out of the 26 participating countries, winning the contest with 534 points. This was Ukraine's second win in the Eurovision Song Contest; their first victory was in 2004.

## Background

Prior to the 2016 contest, Ukraine had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest twelve times since its first entry in 2003, winning it in 2004 with the song "Wild Dances" performed by Ruslana. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the 2004, Ukraine had managed to qualify to final in every contest they participated in thus far. Ukraine had been the runner-up in the contest on two occasions: in 2007 with the song "Dancing Lasha Tumbai" performed by Verka Serduchka and in 2008 with the song "Shady Lady" performed by Ani Lorak. Ukraine's least successful result had been 19th place, which they achieved during the 2005, with the song "Razom nas bahato" performed by GreenJolly.

The Ukrainian national broadcaster, National Television Company of Ukraine (NTU), broadcasts the event within Ukraine and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. NTU confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest on 16 September 2015. In the past, NTU had alternated between both internal selections and national finals in order to select the Ukrainian entry. Between 2011 and 2014, the broadcaster had set up national finals with several artists to choose both the song and performer to compete at Eurovision for Ukraine, with both the public and a panel of jury members involved in the selection. In September 2014, the Ukrainian broadcaster announced that the country would not participate in the 2015 because of the unstable financial and political situation caused by the conflict in east Ukraine. Along with the announcement of their withdrawal, NTU revealed that it had discussed the matter with the organising body of the contest, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), and that their absence would be limited to one year only with an expected return in 2016. On 18 November 2015, it was announced that NTU would collaborate with commercial broadcaster STB in order to organise a national final to select the 2016 Ukrainian entry. General director of NTU Zurab Alasania praised the collaboration between the two broadcasters stating that they would do everything possible for the Ukrainian contender to represent the country successfully. Likewise, CEO of STB Vladimir Borodyansky stated that together the broadcasters would create "a national movement" by organising a selection that would involve the best producers, directors and choreographers.

## Before Eurovision

### *Vidbir* *2016*

*Vidbir 2016* was the first edition of *Vidbir* which selected the Ukrainian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The competition took place at the STB Studios in Hostomel, Kyiv Oblast and consisted of two semi-finals held on 6 and 13 February 2016 and a final on 21 February 2016. All shows in the competition were hosted by Dmytro Tankovich and Oleksandr Pedan and broadcast on both UA:Pershyi and STB as well as online via NTU's YouTube broadcasts.

#### Format

The selection of the competing entries for the national final and ultimately the Ukrainian Eurovision entry took place over three stages. In the first stage, artists and songwriters had the opportunity to apply for the competition either through an online submission form or by attending a scheduled audition during designated dates. Eighteen acts were selected and announced on 26 January 2016. The second stage consisted of the televised semi-finals which took place on 6 and 13 February 2016 with nine acts competing in each show. Three acts were selected to advance from each semi-final based on the 50/50 combination of votes from a public televote and an expert jury. Both the public televote and the expert jury assigned scores ranging from 1 (lowest) to 9 (highest) and the three entries that had the highest number of points following the combination of these scores advanced to the final. The third stage was the final, which took place on 21 February 2016 and featured the six acts that qualified from the semi-finals vying to represent Ukraine in Stockholm. The winner was selected via the 50/50 combination of votes from a public televote and an expert jury. Both the public televote and the expert jury assigned scores ranging from 1 (lowest) to 6 (highest) and the entry that had the highest number of points following the combination of these scores was declared the winner. Viewers participating in the public televote during the three live shows had the opportunity to submit a single vote per phone number for each of the participating entries via SMS. In the event of a tie during the semi-finals and final, the tie was decided in favour of the entry that received the highest score from the public televote.

The jury panel that voted during the three shows consisted of:

Crimean Tatar leaders pledged to enable people in Crimea to vote in the national selection; according to Crimean Tatar public figure Refat Chubarov: "If Crimeans are not able to vote in such Ukrainian competitions, we are silently agreeing with those who say Crimea is not part of Ukraine." In 2014 Crimea was unilaterally annexed by Russia.

#### Competing entries

Artists and composers had the opportunity to submit their entries via an online submission form which accepted entries between 19 November 2015 and 20 January 2016. In addition, interested performers could also attend auditions that were held between 5 and 20 December 2015 in the following cities and locations:

* 5–6 December 2015: Zaporizhia (Hotel "Inturist") and Kharkiv (Hotel "Kharkiv")
* 12–13 December 2015: Odesa (Hotel "OK") and Lviv (Hotel "Dnister")
* 19–20 December 2015: Dnipropetrovsk ("Parle" Conference Centre) and Kyiv (STB Headquarters)

Composer and producer Konstantin Meladze was assigned as the music producer of the show and was the lead in reviewing the received submissions and shortlisting entries to compete in the national final. On 26 January 2016, the eighteen selected competing acts were announced. The eighteen acts were allocated to one of two semi-finals during a draw that took place on 27 January, which was hosted by Ruslana. Among the competing artists was former Eurovision Song Contest contestant Anastasia Prikhodko, who represented Russia in 2009 with the song "Mamo". Viktoria Petryk represented Ukraine in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008.

| Artist | Song | Songwriter(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aida Nikolaychuk | "Inner Power" | Alena Melnik, Evheniy Matyushenko |
| Alloise | "Crown" | Alloise, Alexey Casual Man |
| Anastasia Prikhodko | "I Am Free Now" | Shushan Sargsyan, Mykola Brovchenko |
| Arkadiy Voytyuk | "Vse v tobi" (Все в тобі) | Arkadiy Voytyuk |
| Brunettes Shoot Blondes | "Every Monday" | Andrey Kovalev |
| Jamala | "1944" | Jamala |
| Japanda | "Anime" | Alisa Kosmos |
| Lavika | "Hold Me" | Ivan Danchenko, Lavika, Freddy Newton |
| NuAngels | "Higher" | Alexander Bard, Andreas Öhrn, Chris Wahle |
| Peaks of Kings | "Last Hope" | Valentine Peak |
| Pringlez | "Easy to Love" | Anna Korsun |
| Pur:Pur | "We Do Change" | Nata Smirina, Evgeniy Zhebko |
| Sunsay | "Love Manifest" | Andrey Zaporozhets, Yevgeny Filatov |
| Svitlana Tarabarova | "Never Again" | Svitlana Tarabarova |
| The Hardkiss | "Helpless" | Yulia Sanina, Valeriy "Val" Bebko |
| Tonya Matvienko | "Tin Whistle" | Antonina Matviyenko, Maria Gedroits |
| Viktoria Petryk | "Overload" | Ylva Persson, Linda Persson, Niclas Haglund, William Taylor |
| Vladislav Kurasov | "I'm Insane" | Vladislav Kurasov, Natalia Rostova |

#### Shows

##### Semi-finals

Two semi-finals took place on 6 and 13 February 2016. In each semi-final nine acts competed and the top three entries determined following the combination of votes from a public televote and an expert jury advanced to the final of the competition, while the remaining six entries were eliminated. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, 2016 Belarusian Eurovision entrant Ivan performed the 2016 Belarusian entry "Help You Fly" and 2016 Spanish Eurovision entrant Barei performed the 2016 Spanish entry "Say Yay!" as guests in the first and second semi-finals respectively.

Semi-final 1 – 6 February 2016
| Draw | Artist | Song | Jury | Televote | | Total | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Percentage | Points | | |
| 1 | Anastasia Prikhodko | "I Am Free Now" | 4 | 2.89% | 3 | 7 | 7 |
| 2 | The Hardkiss | "Helpless" | 7 | 16.03% | 8 | 15 | 2 |
| 3 | Tonya Matvienko | "Tin Whistle" | 5 | 2.83% | 2 | 7 | 8 |
| 4 | Vladislav Kurasov | "I'm Insane" | 3 | 3.91% | 4 | 7 | 6 |
| 5 | Lavika | "Hold Me" | 1 | 0.73% | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| 6 | Jamala | "1944" | 9 | 49.22% | 9 | 18 | 1 |
| 7 | Aida Nikolaychuk | "Inner Power" | 2 | 10.41% | 7 | 9 | 5 |
| 8 | Svitlana Tarabarova | "Never Again" | 6 | 7.24% | 6 | 12 | 4 |
| 9 | Brunettes Shoot Blondes | "Every Monday" | 8 | 6.74% | 5 | 13 | 3 |

Semi-final 2 – 13 February 2016
| Draw | Artist | Song | Jury | Televote | | Total | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Percentage | Points | | |
| 1 | Arkadiy Voytyuk | "Vse v tobi" | 4 | 5.34% | 6 | 10 | 4 |
| 2 | Alloise | "Crown" | 6 | 1.95% | 2 | 8 | 6 |
| 3 | Japanda | "Anime" | 1 | 1.47% | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| 4 | NuAngels | "Higher" | 7 | 14.69% | 8 | 15 | 2 |
| 5 | Pur:Pur | "We Do Change" | 8 | 10.19% | 7 | 15 | 3 |
| 6 | Peaks of Kings | "Last Hope" | 3 | 3.38% | 3 | 6 | 8 |
| 7 | Viktoria Petryk | "Overload" | 2 | 4.64% | 4 | 6 | 7 |
| 8 | Pringlez | "Easy to Love" | 5 | 5.30% | 5 | 10 | 5 |
| 9 | Sunsay | "Love Manifest" | 9 | 53.03% | 9 | 18 | 1 |

##### Final

The final took place on 21 February 2016. The six entries that qualified from the semi-finals competed. The winner, "1944" performed by Jamala, was selected through the combination of votes from a public televote and an expert jury. Ties were decided in favour of the entries that received higher scores from the public televote. "1944" is the first Eurovision Song Contest song to feature lyrics in the Crimean Tatar language. 382,602 votes were registered by the televote during the show. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, 2016 Irish Eurovision entrant Nicky Byrne performed the 2016 Irish entry "Sunlight" as a guest. The Hardkiss and Jamala were tied at 11 points each but since Jamala received the most votes from the public she was declared the winner.

Final – 21 February 2016
| Draw | Artist | Song | Jury | Televote | | Total | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Percentage | Points | | |
| 1 | Brunettes Shoot Blondes | "Every Monday" | 1 | 3.40% | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 2 | NuAngels | "Higher" | 3 | 5.94% | 2 | 5 | 5 |
| 3 | The Hardkiss | "Helpless" | 6 | 21.11% | 5 | 11 | 2 |
| 4 | Jamala | "1944" | 5 | 37.77% | 6 | 11 | 1 |
| 5 | Sunsay | "Love Manifest" | 4 | 18.20% | 4 | 8 | 3 |
| 6 | Pur:Pur | "We Do Change" | 2 | 13.58% | 3 | 5 | 4 |

### Lyrical subject matter controversy

The 2016 Ukrainian entry garnered international media exposure both for Jamala, a Ukrainian singer of Crimean Tatar descent, and the song "1944", which was inspired by the story of her great-grandmother during the 1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the Soviet Union under the rule of Joseph Stalin. Jamala stated that one of the reasons for entering the Ukrainian national selection and participating in the Eurovision Song Contest was so that people would hear a song written "in a state of helplessness", drawing comparison between the 1944 deportation of Crimean Tatars and the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014. International media reported that although the song lyrics do not directly reference the Crimean deportation event in 1944, the entry could violate the Eurovision Song Contest rules which state that "no lyrics, speeches, gestures of political or similar nature shall be permitted". Representatives of the Russian parliament's lower house, State Duma, called for the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) to reject the Ukrainian entry on the grounds that its selection was intended to offend Russia. Crimea's deputy prime minister, Ruslan Baalbek, stated that the Ukrainian authorities used the song for political purposes with the aim of "capitalising on the tragedy of the Tatars to impose on European viewers a false picture of alleged harassment of the Tatars in the Russian Crimea." In contrast, Mustafa Dzhemilev, a prominent Crimean Tatar politician in Ukraine, commended the selection of the song and stated: "I am confident that Jamala will present with dignity our country at the Eurovision. I believe that the whole world will know about 1944".

During a press conference for the Ukrainian Independent Information Agency on 26 February, Jamala stated that "1944" has no political overtones and that she could not be held responsible for the interpretations others make from the lyrics. Jamala also stated that she would change the lyrics if required to do so by the EBU. In an interview for Euronews published on 3 March, Jamala stated that there is no political statement being made in the song and that the purpose of the song was to commemorate her great-grandmother and the thousands of Crimean Tatars.

On 9 March, the EBU announced that the Eurovision Song Contest Reference Group concluded that "1944" was eligible for the contest as neither the title nor the lyrics of the song contained political speech.

### Preparation

As part of NTU's collaboration with the commercial broadcaster STB, all costs related to the preparations surrounding the Ukrainian entry, including travel and accommodation in Stockholm, were covered by STB. In early March, Jamala began rehearsals for her Eurovision performance together with stage director and choreographer Konstantin Tomilchenko. Jamala announced that her performance would feature 3D mapping graphics developed by Front Pictures. In early April, Jamala collaborated with Vogue Ukraine in a special project which involved the presentation of nine stage costume designs by different designers. On 12 April, Jamala and the Vogue team ultimately selected the costume designed by Ivan Frolov. Jamala's outfit for the contest was ultimately determined during the rehearsals in Stockholm where the costume by Frolov and an additional two options designed by STB chief stylist Dmitry Kuryata were considered.

### Promotion

Following Jamala's victory at the Ukrainian national final, the singer stated that an extensive promotional tour would not be necessary as the internet solves many problems by allowing access to information and performances. Jamala's PR manager, Denis Kozlovskiy, noted that the international media interest the song received had already completed a large part of the promotional campaign. Jamala announced that she would focus her promotional efforts in Ukraine where she would begin a concert tour which featured several dates scheduled in March and April prior to the Eurovision Song Contest. On 23 April, Jamala performed "1944" during the STB programme *Ukrayina maye talant Diti*.

In addition to her appearances within Ukraine, Jamala also promoted "1944" on 9 April during a performance at the *Eurovision in Concert* event which was held at the Melkweg venue in Amsterdam, Netherlands and hosted by Cornald Maas and Hera Björk.

## At Eurovision

According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country (Sweden) and the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 25 January 2016, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Ukraine was placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 12 May 2016, and was scheduled to perform in the second half of the show.

Once all the competing songs for the 2016 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Originally, Ukraine was set to perform in position 15, following the entry from Denmark and before the entry from Norway. However, following Romania's disqualification from the contest on 22 April and subsequent removal from the running order of the second semi-final, Ukraine's performing position shifted to 14.

In Ukraine, both the semi-finals and the final were broadcast on UA:Pershyi with commentary by Timur Miroshnychenko and Tetiana Terekhova. The three shows were also broadcast via radio on Radio Ukraine with commentary by Olena Zelinchenko. The Ukrainian spokesperson, who announced the top 12-point score awarded by the Ukrainian jury during the final, was 2007 Ukrainian representative Verka Serduchka.

### Semi-final

Jamala took part in technical rehearsals on 5 and 7 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 11 and 12 May. This included the jury show on 11 May where the professional juries of each country watched and voted on the competing entries.

The Ukrainian performance featured Jamala performing on stage in a blue costume designed by Ivan Frolov together with two backing vocalists. The performance focused on Jamala as the predominately dark stage displayed yellow, red and orange colours and patterns with a large colourful tree appearing on the LED screens during the final chorus. The stage director and choreographer for the Ukrainian performance was Konstantin Tomilchenko. The two backing vocalists that joined Jamala on stage were Alina Kosenko and Aleksandra Makarovskaya.

At the end of the show, Ukraine was announced as having finished in the top 10 and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. It was later revealed that Ukraine placed second in the semi-final, receiving a total of 287 points: 152 points from the televoting and 135 points from the juries.

### Final

Shortly after the second semi-final, a winners' press conference was held for the ten qualifying countries. As part of this press conference, the qualifying artists took part in a draw to determine which half of the grand final they would subsequently participate in. This draw was done in the reverse order the countries appeared in the semi-final running order. Ukraine was drawn to compete in the second half. Following this draw, the shows' producers decided upon the running order of the final, as they had done for the semi-finals. Ukraine was subsequently placed to perform in position 21, following the entry from Latvia and before the entry from Malta.

Jamala once again took part in dress rehearsals on 13 and 14 May before the final, including the jury final where the professional juries cast their final votes before the live show. Jamala performed a repeat of her semi-final performance during the final on 14 May. Ukraine won the contest placing first with a score of 534 points: 323 points from the televoting and 211 points from the juries. This was Ukraine's second victory in the Eurovision Song Contest; their first victory was in 2004.

#### Marcel Bezençon Awards

The Marcel Bezençon Awards, first awarded during the 2002 contest, are awards honouring the best competing songs in the final each year. Named after the creator of the annual contest, Marcel Bezençon, the awards are divided into 3 categories: the Press Award, given to the best entry as voted on by the accredited media and press during the event; the Artistic Award, presented to the best artist as voted on by the shows' commentators; and the Composer Award, given to the best and most original composition as voted by the participating composers. Jamala was awarded the Artistic Award, which was accepted at the awards ceremony by Jamala.

### Voting

Voting during the three shows was conducted under a new system that involved each country now awarding two sets of points from 1-8, 10 and 12: one from their professional jury and the other from televoting. Each nation's jury consisted of five music industry professionals who are citizens of the country they represent, with their names published before the contest to ensure transparency. This jury judged each entry based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury was permitted to be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. The individual rankings of each jury member as well as the nation's televoting results were released shortly after the grand final.

Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Ukraine and awarded by Ukraine in the second semi-final and grand final of the contest, and the breakdown of the jury voting and televoting conducted during the two shows:

#### Points awarded to Ukraine

#### Points awarded by Ukraine

#### Detailed voting results

The following members comprised the Ukrainian jury:

|
|  |
Detailed voting results from Ukraine (Semi-final 2)
| Draw | Country | Jury | | | | | | | Televote | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | O. Ksenofontov | M. Burmaka | V. Koval | V. Chachibaya | A. France | Rank | Points | Rank | Points |
| 01 | Latvia | 8 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 3 |
| 02 | Poland | 10 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 1 | **12** |
| 03 | Switzerland | 13 | 11 | 16 | 7 | 13 | 14 |  | 16 |  |
| 04 | Israel | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 2 |
| 05 | Belarus | 9 | 7 | 4 | 9 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 10 |
| 06 | Serbia | 6 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 14 |  |
| 07 | Ireland | 7 | 10 | 6 | 16 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 13 |  |
| 08 | Macedonia | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 17 |  | 15 |  |
| 09 | Lithuania | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 6 |
| 10 | Australia | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | **12** | 4 | 7 |
| 11 | Slovenia | 11 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 13 |  | 12 |  |
| 12 | Bulgaria | 12 | 8 | 15 | 15 | 6 | 11 |  | 6 | 5 |
| 13 | Denmark | 16 | 14 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 15 |  | 11 |  |
| 14 | Ukraine |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 15 | Norway | 15 | 13 | 9 | 13 | 8 | 12 |  | 10 | 1 |
| 16 | Georgia | 3 | 16 | 14 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 17 | Albania | 14 | 15 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 16 |  | 17 |  |
| 18 | Belgium | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 7 | 4 |

|
|  |
Detailed voting results from Ukraine (Final)
| Draw | Country | Jury | | | | | | | Televote | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | O. Ksenofontov | M. Burmaka | V. Koval | V. Chachibaya | A. France | Rank | Points | Rank | Points |
| 01 | Belgium | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 18 |  |
| 02 | Czech Republic | 15 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 18 | 14 |  | 21 |  |
| 03 | Netherlands | 16 | 16 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 12 |  | 22 |  |
| 04 | Azerbaijan | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 10 |
| 05 | Hungary | 9 | 10 | 5 | 17 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 13 |  |
| 06 | Italy | 20 | 23 | 21 | 16 | 21 | 21 |  | 17 |  |
| 07 | Israel | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 16 |  |
| 08 | Bulgaria | 12 | 9 | 10 | 15 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 9 | 2 |
| 09 | Sweden | 10 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 1 |
| 10 | Germany | 22 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 |  | 20 |  |
| 11 | France | 14 | 11 | 22 | 13 | 10 | 13 |  | 14 |  |
| 12 | Poland | 6 | 12 | 16 | 9 | 9 | 11 |  | 3 | 8 |
| 13 | Australia | 7 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 4 |
| 14 | Cyprus | 23 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |  | 11 |  |
| 15 | Serbia | 17 | 13 | 18 | 14 | 20 | 17 |  | 25 |  |
| 16 | Lithuania | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | **12** | 8 | 3 |
| 17 | Croatia | 25 | 22 | 17 | 18 | 22 | 23 |  | 24 |  |
| 18 | Russia | 21 | 21 | 24 | 24 | 12 | 22 |  | 1 | **12** |
| 19 | Spain | 11 | 14 | 12 | 20 | 23 | 16 |  | 15 |  |
| 20 | Latvia | 4 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
| 21 | Ukraine |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 22 | Malta | 18 | 17 | 20 | 22 | 19 | 20 |  | 19 |  |
| 23 | Georgia | 8 | 8 | 11 | 5 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
| 24 | Austria | 19 | 19 | 15 | 19 | 16 | 19 |  | 12 |  |
| 25 | United Kingdom | 24 | 18 | 19 | 10 | 13 | 18 |  | 23 |  |
| 26 | Armenia | 13 | 20 | 7 | 21 | 17 | 15 |  | 4 | 7 |

## After Eurovision

### Petition for cancellation of tender results

> Ukraine is, and will remain, the winner of the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest. Whether you agree or disagree, we call upon those who signed this petition to embrace the result, valid in accordance with the rules, and to continue a constructive dialogue about how to further strengthen and improve the Eurovision Song Contest.
>
> EBU,

A petition was started on Change.org on 15 May 2016 calling on the EBU and the contest's organisers to void the final results in view of the fact that the overall winner only placed second in both the jury and televote. The EBU later responded to the petition by stating that Jamala's win was decided upon by juries made up of professionals of the music industry and by the viewing public. The EBU went on to say that Ukraine would remain the winner, regardless of the petition's view.

### Song release date eligibility

Following the contest, reports emerged of a potential rule violation in regards to the eligibility of the Ukrainian entry after a video performance of "1944" dating back to May 2015 was discovered on YouTube. The video featured Jamala performing a medley of songs, which included an early version of "1944" with different lyrics. According to the rules of the contest, songs "must not have been commercially released before the 1st of September 2015". However, the rules also specify that if a song had been made available to the public prior to that date, the entry would be evaluated for eligibility and could still compete as long as the release did not give the song an unfair competitive advantage against the other entries. On 19 May 2016, the EBU released a statement clearing the entry of any rule violations as the insignificant viewership of the video was seen as not having given the song an unfair advantage. The rule was used by the EBU in prior contest years to clear the 2013 Dutch entry and the 2013 Belarusian entry for the competition.

## InfoBox

| Eurovision Song Contest 2016 | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Ukraine |
| National selection | |
| Selection process | Vidbir 2016 |
| Selection date(s) | **Semi-finals:**<br>6 February 2016<br>13 February 2016<br>**Final:**<br>21 February 2016 |
| Selected artist(s) | Jamala |
| Selected song | "1944" |
| Selected songwriter(s) | Jamala |
| Finals performance | |
| Semi-final result | *Qualified* (2nd, 287 points) |
| Final result | 1st, 534 points |
| Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest | |
| ◄2014 **2016** 2017► | |