title: Iris lacustris

abstract:
Iris lacustris, the dwarf lake iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris. It is a rhizomatous, beardless perennial plant, native to the Great Lakes region of eastern North America. It has lavender blue or violet-blue flowers, a very short stem
and long fan-like green leaves. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is closely related to Iris cristata.

text:
# Iris lacustris

***Iris lacustris***, the **dwarf lake iris**, is a plant species in the genus *Iris*, subgenus *Limniris* and in the section *Lophiris* (crested irises). It is a rhizomatous, beardless perennial plant, native to the Great Lakes region of eastern North America. It has lavender blue or violet-blue flowers, a very short stem and long fan-like green leaves. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is closely related to *Iris cristata* (another North American crested iris).

## Description

It is similar in form to *Iris cristata* but is chromosomally different and smaller.

It has slender, wiry, or cord-like, greenish-brown, or yellow rhizomes. It has a large central section and outer sections, which are 3–5 cm (1–2 in) long and 0.8–1.2 cm wide. The outer sections have fibrous roots (underneath), and 2–3 brown scale-like leaves above. It creeps across the ground, creating thick clumps of plants.

It has 8–12 sheathing, (fan-like), green or light green, basal leaves. They are falcate (sickle-shaped) or sword-shaped, and linear, and 4–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 10–8 mm wide. After flowering, the leaves elongate up to 15–16 cm (6–6 in) long and 10 mm wide.

When the plant is not in flower, the leaves of the iris might be confused with false asphodel, (*Triantha glutinosa*, a white flowered member of the lily family whose leaves are much narrower) which lives in similar habitats. Although, the flower stem of false asphodel is much longer than that of iris and very sticky.

It has very short stems, which are 0.8–5 cm (0–2 in) long. The stems and flowers are shorter than the leaves.

It has green spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are slightly keeled, and 3–4.5 cm (1–2 in) long. They have scarious (membranous) edges.

The short stems have 1 to 2 flowers, in Spring, or summer (in Europe), in April, or May, or early June, or July. In Spring, it can flower up to 7 to 10 days earlier than *Iris cristata*, and it can have later flush of flowers in the fall (or Autumn), or October.

The flowers are 4–6 cm (2–2 in) in diameter, come in shades of blue, violet-blue, sky blue, deep blue, lavender blue, lilac, or deep purple. A white form has occasionally, also been found.

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. The obovate shaped, falls are 2–2.3 cm (1–1 in) long and 0.8 cm wide. They taper towards the claw (section closest to the stem). They have a white signal patch, which has a deep violet margin, and 3 central, orange, gold, or yellow and white toothed (or fimbriated – fringed) ridges (or crests). The signal patch guides bumblebees in to the middle of the flower, to pollinate it. The standards are narrowly oblanceolate, 1–1.5 cm (0–1 in) long and 0.4–0.5 cm wide. They are shorter and narrower than the falls.

It has a yellow funnel-like, perianth tube, which is 1–2 cm long. The tube is shorter than *Iris cristata*. It has a trigonal (or triangular), ovary, which is 0.8–1 cm long. It has a 1–2 cm long style, which has linear crests and wavy (crenate) edges. The style arm guides bumblebees to the lower section of the sepal, to reach the nectar.

After the iris has flowered, between late June to late July, it produces a roundly triangular, or ovoid, seed capsule, which is covered by the spathes. The capsules are 1.2 mm long and 8 mm wide. Inside the capsule, are 3 mm wide, dark brown seeds, which have a white appendage (or aril, fleshy thickening of seed coat), spiralled around the seed. This spiral or corkscrew-like appendage is called an *eliaosome*. The eliaosomes are used as energy-rich food sources by ants, who help pollinate the plant.

### Biochemistry

In 1994, a study was carried out on the genetic make-up of *Iris lacustris*.

In 2000, a study was carried out on *Iris cristata* and *Iris lacustris*, looking at the genetic variation of both irises.

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has been counted several times, 2n=42, Simonet, 1934; n=21, 2n=42, Chimphamba, 1973 and 2n=32, Pringle, 1976. It is normally published as 2n = 32, 42.

## Taxonomy

The Latin name is pronounced *Iris* (EYE-ris) *lacustris* (lak-US-triss).

It has the common name of **dwarf lake iris**, **lake iris**, and **Great Lakes iris**.

The Latin specific epithet *lacustris* means "of lakes".

The iris was found on Mackinac Island in 1810 by Thomas Nuttall. The botanist travelled from Detroit by canoe with French Canadian voyagers and the surveyor for the Michigan Territory.

It was first then published and described by Thomas Nuttall, in 'The Genera of North American Plants' (published in Philadelphia, US) Volume 1, Issue 23 on 14 July 1818.

An illustration of the iris was published in *Wild flowers of the United States* by Rickett, plate 11 in 1966.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 15 April 1994, then updated on 3 December 2004.

It is a close relative to *Iris cristata*, the only other crested iris native to North America. However, unlike it, *Iris lacustris* is found only in small areas of the Great Lakes region that have been glacier-free for only 11,000 years. While it was once thought to be a form of *Iris cristata* (by William Rickatson Dykes in 1913 and other authors), later chromosomal studies confirmed the two were separate species.

## Distribution and habitat

*Iris lacustris* is native to temperate regions of northern America.

### Range

It is found in Canada within the province of Ontario (on the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island).

It is found in the U.S. within the states of Michigan, and Wisconsin,

It is found on northern shores and smaller islands of Lake Michigan,and Lake Huron, within the Great Lakes region.

The majority of iris populations are within 500 m of the shore, but the largest ones can occur up several kilometres away from the lake.

### Habitat

It grows near the Great Lakes shorelines in cool, moist lake shore air or limestone glades.

It is found on sand, or in thin soil over limestone-rich gravel, in calcareous (chalky) soil, or bedrock. It also grows on alvar limestone barrens, and along shorelines, old beach ridges, beside streams, in ditches, on cliffs, behind open dunes, or at the edges of coniferous woods (in Canada and Michigan).

## Conservation

*Iris lacustris* is designated a "vulnerable" threatened species by federal, state and provincial laws throughout its distribution range. It was added to the U.S. List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants on September 28, 1988. It is on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's endangered species program. It was listed by the federal U.S. government as 'threatened' since February 1, 2001. It has become threatened due to habitat destruction, from shoreline development, from road-widening projects, chemical spraying and salting, and off-road vehicle use have caused disturbance and destruction of habitat, and degradation of habitats.

Due to being a protected species, plants can not be dug up or seeds gathered. A permit is required for any project (including research, development, and construction) which may "take" or "harm" threatened or endangered species in Michigan. Also 37% of the Canadian population is on land in protected areas. Shoreline development has also improved some habitats by opening up the canopy and creating new open ground.

## Cultivation

It is hardy to between USDA Zone 4 and Zone 7. and European Zone H2 It is hardy in Europe, and in the UK.

It is tolerant of a range of soils, but prefers moist, slightly acidic neutral soils.

It flowers mostly in semi-open habitats with partial sun. Although it can tolerate sunny sites.

It can grow in a peat bank, or can be grown in a six-inch pot or similar container.

It is rarely offered for sale in Europe.

A specimen has been grown in Cambridge Botanic Garden.

## Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may also cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.

## Culture

In 1998, *Iris lacustris* was designated the state wildflower of Michigan, where the vast majority of populations exist.

## Other sources

* Center for Plant Conservation. Center for Plant Conservation National Collection of Endangered Plants (on-line resource).
* FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America.
* Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of north eastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2.
* Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
* Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 74–75.
* Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol.
* United States Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Species Information: threatened and endangered animals and plants (on-line resource).
* Voss, E. 1972–. Michigan flora.

Data related to **Iris lacustris** at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Iris lacustris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Iris* |
| Subgenus: | *Iris* subg. *Limniris* |
| Section: | *Iris sect. Lophiris* |
| Species: | ***I. lacustris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Iris lacustris***
Nutt. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Evansia lacustris* (Nutt.) Klatt * *Iris cristata var. lacustris* (Nutt.) Dykes * *Iris cristata subsp. lacustris* (Nutt.) Iltis * *Iris lacustris f. albiflora* Cruise & Catling | |


title: Modeeria

abstract:
Modeeria is a genus of hydrozoans belonging to the family Tiarannidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species:
  - Modeeria irenium Haeckel, 1879
  - Modeeria rotunda
  - Modeeria sagamina

text:
# Modeeria

***Modeeria*** is a genus of hydrozoans belonging to the family Tiarannidae.

The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Modeeria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hydrozoa |
| Order: | Leptothecata |
| Family: | Tiarannidae |
| Genus: | *Modeeria*<br>Forbes, 1848 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Tiaranna* Hartlaub, 1914 | |


title: Tiracola grandirena

abstract: Tiracola grandirena is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1868. It is found from Mexico to Venezuela, as well as on Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.

text:
# Tiracola grandirena

***Tiracola grandirena*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1868. It is found from Mexico to Venezuela, as well as on Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.

## InfoBox

| *Tiracola grandirena* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Tiracola* |
| Species: | ***T. grandirena*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tiracola grandirena***<br>(Herrich-Schäffer, 1868) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Agrotis grandirena* Herrich-Schäffer, 1868 * *Tiracola plagiata* f. *magniplaga* Draudt, 1924 * *Tiracola plagiata* f. *mediosuffusa* Draudt, 1924 * *Tiracola grandirena sacca* Todd & Poole, 1980 | |


title: Rauke Kalan

abstract: Rauke Kalan is a village in the Moga District of Punjab, India. Rauke Kalan is located 25 kilometres from the district capital, Moga City; 179 kilometres from the state capital, Chandigarh, and 396 kilometres from the nation's capital, New Delhi. The nearest airports to Rauke Kalan are Sahnewal Airport (LUH), located in Ludhiana District, and Bathinda Airport (BUP), located in Bathinda City. The nearest international airports are Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport at Amritsar (ATQ) and Chandigarh Airport (IXC). The highest temperature ever recorded is 48 °C and lowest temperature ever recorded is 0 °C.

text:
# Rauke Kalan

**Rauke Kalan** is a village in the Moga District of Punjab, India.

Rauke Kalan is located 25 kilometres from the district capital, Moga City; 179 kilometres from the state capital, Chandigarh, and 396 kilometres from the nation's capital, New Delhi.

The nearest airports to Rauke Kalan are Sahnewal Airport (LUH), located in Ludhiana District, and Bathinda Airport (BUP), located in Bathinda City. The nearest international airports are Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport at Amritsar (ATQ) and Chandigarh Airport (IXC).

The highest temperature ever recorded is 48 °C and lowest temperature ever recorded is 0 °C.

## History

Rauke Kalan was founded by a Dhaliwal Jat landowner by the name of Choudhary Rau Dhaliwal. One of Rau Dhaliwal's many descendants was Daswandha Dhaliwal and his daughter Sada Kaur who was born in the village of Rauke in 1762.

## InfoBox

| Rauke Kalan | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Nickname(s): Rauke; Raoke | |
| Rauke KalanLocation in PunjabRauke KalanRauke Kalan (India) | |
| Coordinates: 30°49′19″N 75°10′58″E / 30.8219132°N 75.1827908°E / 30.8219132; 75.1827908 | |
| State | Punjab |
| Region | Malwa (Punjab) |
| District | Moga District |
| Government | |
| Type | Democracy |
| Body | The Government of Punjab |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 226 m (741 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 7,891 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 142037 |
| Telephone code | 01636 |
| Vehicle registration | PB-29 |
| There are approximately 1,540 homes in the village, as of 2011. | |


title: Waring School

abstract: Waring School is a co-educational private school in Beverly, Massachusetts, United States, for students in grades 6–12. The school offers studies in Humanities; extensive music, art, and theatre options, mathematics and science courses, as well as a curriculum of French language and cultural exchange.

text:
# Waring School

**Waring School** is a co-educational private school in Beverly, Massachusetts, United States, for students in grades 6–12. The school offers studies in Humanities; extensive music, art, and theatre options, mathematics and science courses, as well as a curriculum of French language and cultural exchange.

## History

Waring was founded by Philip and Josée Waring in 1972, and was based in their home in Rockport, Massachusetts, with four students attending. It was originally known as La Petite École. As it expanded, the school purchased the Edith Miles Coolidge Estate in Beverly, Massachusetts, and moved there in 1976. At this time, it changed its name to École Bilingue de Beverly, though it was referred to as the Waring School unofficially. Waring has been based in Beverly ever since, and it has since expanded, in terms of students (from 18 in 1976 to 165 in 2018) and new buildings being constructed, including a theater, gym, and new science labs. The school recently completed a new passive house school building in 2021.

Waring also runs two FIRST Robotics Programs, who won the Inspire(#1) award at the FIRST Tech Challenge World Championship. They also notably won the top award at the Massachusetts State FTC Championship in 2022 and have been invited to the FIRST Lego League Championship twice in 2020 and 2019 for winning the FLL State Championship.

## Heads of School

* Philip Waring (1972–1991)
* Peter Smick (1991–2012)
* Mel Brown (2012–2015)
* Tim Bakland (2015–Present)

## Waring Works

Waring Works is a long-established summer camp that takes place at Waring over the summer and usually in the month of July. The camp offers a selection of Majors and Electives that campers get to pick out for themselves. These include Video, Theater, Visual Arts, Science Exploration, Chess, Strategy Games, Improv, and Photography.

42°34′9.6″N 70°50′42.8″W / 42.569333°N 70.845222°W / 42.569333; -70.845222

## InfoBox

| Waring School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Beverly, Massachusetts
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent |
| Founded | 1972 (1972) |
| Head of School | Tim Bakland |
| Faculty | 40 |
| Grades | 6-12 |
| Number of students | 168 |
| Average class size | 10-16 |
| Student to teacher ratio | 7:1 |
| Campus | Suburban, 32 acres |
| Color(s) | Blue and White |
| Athletics | Soccer, Basketball, Lacrosse, Cross Country Running, Ultimate Frisbee, Kick Boxing |
| Mission | "To create and sustain a community of lifelong learners who are working together for the individual and common good." |
| Website | www.waringschool.org |
|
Waring School Seal | |


title: Henry C. Courtney

abstract: Henry C. Courtney was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

text:
# Henry C. Courtney

**Henry C. Courtney** (b. 1856 - d. April 9, 1887) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

## Biography

Born in 1856 in Springfield, Illinois, Courtney joined the Navy from that state in 1873. By February 7, 1882, he was serving as a seaman on the training ship USS *Portsmouth*. On that day, while *Portsmouth* was at the Washington Navy Yard, Courtney and another sailor, Boatswain's Mate Thomas Cramen, jumped overboard and rescued Jack-of-the-Dust Charles Taliaferro from drowning. For this action, both Courtney and Cramen were awarded the Medal of Honor two and a half years later, on October 18, 1884. He left the Navy in 1886.

Courtney's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

> On board the U.S. Training Ship *Portsmouth*, Washington Navy Yard, 7 February 1882. Jumping overboard from that vessel, Courtney assisted in rescuing Charles Taliaferro, jack-of-the-dust, from drowning.

## InfoBox

| Henry C. Courtney | |
| --- | --- |
| Navy Medal of Honor | |
| Born | 1856
Springfield, Illinois, US |
| Died | April 9, 1887
Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Place of burial | Cypress Hills National Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1873 - 1886 |
| Rank | Seaman |
| Unit | USS *Portsmouth* |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |


title: Haylahte Indian Reserve No. 3

abstract: Haylahte Indian Reserve No. 3, officially Haylahte 3, is an Indian reserve under the administration of the Tlowitsis Nation band government, located at the mouth of the Adam River on Johnstone Strait on northern Vancouver Island. The Matilpi village of Klaywatse was located nearby to the west, on an island in the mouth of the Adam River. In 1885, the reserve was allotted by the Government of Canada to the Ma'amtagila First Nation, known then as Mahteelthpe or Matilpi Tribe. In 1945, the Ma'amtagila amalgamated with the Tlowitsis Tribe to create the Tlowitsis-Mumtagila First Nation.

text:
# Haylahte Indian Reserve No. 3

**Haylahte Indian Reserve No. 3**, officially **Haylahte 3**, is an Indian reserve under the administration of the Tlowitsis Nation band government, located at the mouth of the Adam River on Johnstone Strait on northern Vancouver Island. The Matilpi village of Klaywatse was located nearby to the west, on an island in the mouth of the Adam River.

In 1885, the reserve was allotted by the Government of Canada to the **Ma'amtagila First Nation**, known then as **Mahteelthpe** or **Matilpi Tribe**. In 1945, the Ma'amtagila amalgamated with the **Tlowitsis Tribe** to create the **Tlowitsis-Mumtagila First Nation**.

50°28′00″N 126°16′00″W / 50.46667°N 126.26667°W / 50.46667; -126.26667 (Haylahte 3 (Indian reserve))


title: Ruth and Robert Hatch Jr. House

abstract: The Ruth and Robert Hatch Jr. House is a historic house at 309 Bound Brook Way in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. It is one of a modest number of surviving houses in Wellfleet that combine elements of Modern architecture with traditional Cape Cod architecture. This single story wood-frame house was built in 1961 on Bound Brook Island to a design by local architect Jack Hall. The house was built for Robert Hatch, editor of The Nation, and Ruth Hatch, a painter. Their family remained living there until 2008. Extremely rustic in appearance, its exterior is sheathed in vertical boards and its windows have working shutters but no glass, resulting in a sharply vertical appearance. The structure consists of three rectangular sections of different sizes that are based on modular 7' by 7' squares; the main public living space is 35' by 49', the master bedroom is 7' by 21', and the guest bedrooms are in a block that is 7' by 14'. The house, which is within the bounds of the Cape Cod National Seashore, was sold by the Hatches to the National Park Service, but they retain occupancy rights. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

text:
# Ruth and Robert Hatch Jr. House

The **Ruth and Robert Hatch Jr. House** is a historic house at 309 Bound Brook Way in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. It is one of a modest number of surviving houses in Wellfleet that combine elements of Modern architecture with traditional Cape Cod architecture. This single story wood-frame house was built in 1961 on Bound Brook Island to a design by local architect Jack Hall.

The house was built for Robert Hatch, editor of *The Nation*, and Ruth Hatch, a painter. Their family remained living there until 2008.

Extremely rustic in appearance, its exterior is sheathed in vertical boards and its windows have working shutters but no glass, resulting in a sharply vertical appearance. The structure consists of three rectangular sections of different sizes that are based on modular 7' by 7' squares; the main public living space is 35' by 49', the master bedroom is 7' by 21', and the guest bedrooms are in a block that is 7' by 14' (enlarged from the original 7' by 7' in 1978). The house, which is within the bounds of the Cape Cod National Seashore, was sold by the Hatches to the National Park Service, but they retain occupancy rights.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ruth and Robert Hatch Jr. House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Park Service photo, undated | |
|  | |
| Location | 309 Bound Brook Way, Wellfleet, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 41°57′21″N 70°4′29″W / 41.95583°N 70.07472°W / 41.95583; -70.07472 |
| Built | 1961 |
| Architect | Jack Hall |
| Architectural style | Modern Cape |
| NRHP reference No. | 14000018 |
| Added to NRHP | February 25, 2014 |


title: Van Hook State Wildlife Management Area

abstract: Van Hook State Wildlife Management Area is a Wildlife Management Area on the Van Hook Arm of Lake Sakakawea in Mountrail County, North Dakota. The Van Hook Arm of Lake Sakakawea is managed by a different county than the Garrison Dam which formed it. The closest town to the WMA is New Town, North Dakota and the Soo Line Railroad runs through it on its way to Parshall, North Dakota.

text:
# Van Hook State Wildlife Management Area

**Van Hook State Wildlife Management Area** is a Wildlife Management Area on the Van Hook Arm of Lake Sakakawea in Mountrail County, North Dakota. The Van Hook Arm of Lake Sakakawea is managed by a different county than the Garrison Dam which formed it. The closest town to the WMA is New Town, North Dakota and the Soo Line Railroad runs through it on its way to Parshall, North Dakota.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

47°58′12″N 102°16′32″W / 47.97000°N 102.27556°W / 47.97000; -102.27556


title: Iran at the 2019 Military World Games

abstract: Iran competed at the 2019 Military World Games held in Wuhan, China from 18 to 27 October 2019. In total, athletes representing Iran won four gold medals, two silver medals and five bronze medals. The country finished in 14th place in the medal table.

text:
# Iran at the 2019 Military World Games

**Iran** competed at the **2019 Military World Games** held in Wuhan, China from 18 to 27 October 2019. In total, athletes representing Iran won four gold medals, two silver medals and five bronze medals. The country finished in 14th place in the medal table.

## Medal summary

### Medal by sports

| Medals by sport | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sport |  |  |  | Total |
| Athletics | 2 | 0 | 0 | **2** |
| Taekwondo | 0 | 1 | 3 | **4** |
| Wrestling | 2 | 1 | 2 | **5** |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Hassan Taftian | Athletics | Men's 100 metres |
| Gold | Mehdi Pirjahan | Athletics | Men's 400 metres hurdles |
| Gold | Mohammad Hossein Mohammadian | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 97 kg |
| Gold | Pejman Poshtam | Wrestling | Men's Greco-Roman 77 kg |
| Silver | Iman Akbarzadeh | Taekwondo | Men's -54 kg |
| Silver | Yadollah Mohebbi | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 125 kg |
| Bronze | Mohammad Hassan Palangafkan | Taekwondo | Men's -58 kg |
| Bronze | Mohammad Mehdi Emadi | Taekwondo | Men's -68 kg |
| Bronze | Amir Mohammad Bakhshi | Taekwondo | Men's -74 kg |
| Bronze | Ahmad Bazri | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 86 kg |
| Bronze | Amin Mirzazadeh | Wrestling | Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg |

## InfoBox

| Iran at the
2019 Military World Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Iran | |
| IOC code | IRI |
| in Wuhan, China
18 October 2019 (2019-10-18) – 27 October 2019 (2019-10-27) | |
| Medals
Ranked 14th | Gold 4 Silver 2 Bronze 5 Total 11 |
| Military World Games appearances | |
|  | |


title: Tiracola aureata

abstract: Tiracola aureata is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1989. It is found from India and from China to Sundaland.

text:
# Tiracola aureata

***Tiracola aureata*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1989. It is found from India and from China to Sundaland.

## InfoBox

| *Tiracola aureata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| caterpillar | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Tiracola* |
| Species: | ***T. aureata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tiracola aureata***<br>Holloway, 1989 | |
|


abstract: Washington Township is a township in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 9,285, an increase of 183 (+2.0%) of the 2010 census count of 9,102, reflecting an increase of 164 (+1.8%) from the 8,938 counted in the 2000 census.

text:
# Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey

**Washington Township** (officially the **Township of Washington**) is a township in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 9,285, an increase of 183 (+2.0%) of the 2010 census count of 9,102, reflecting an increase of 164 (+1.8%) from the 8,938 counted in the 2000 census.

## History

The Lenape Native Americans first inhabited the township and many names throughout the general area were passed down from the Lenape. Pascack and Kinderkamack are just two of these names. However, after Dutch and other European settlers began arriving in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Lenape population was decimated. It is estimated that by 1750, 90% of the Lenape population in and around present-day New Jersey was killed by European settlement through war and European diseases.

Washington Township was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 13, 1840, from the territories between the Hackensack River and Saddle River that had been part of Harrington Township. At the time of its creation, the township encompassed an area of 19,525 acres (79.01 km2), more than 30 square miles (78 km2). The township was named for George Washington, one of more than ten communities statewide named for the first president. It is one of five municipalities in the state of New Jersey with the name "Washington Township". Another municipality, Washington Borough, is completely surrounded by Washington Township, Warren County.

Growth in the area exploded after the Civil War with the completion of the New Jersey and New York Railway through the Pascack Valley, as communities were established near the railroad's stations.

Orvil Township was created on January 1, 1886, from the western portion of The Township of Washington and the southern portion of Hohokus Township.

The Borough Act resulted in a flurry of new boroughs created from portions of the township in 1894 as the "Boroughitis" phenomenon swept through the Township of Washington, with Westwood (May 8, 1894), Park Ridge (May 14, 1894), Eastwood (part; created June 6, 1894, borough lasted until 1896), Montvale (part; created August 31, 1894) and Woodcliff (part; created August 31, 1894, name changed to Woodcliff Lake in 1910) formed among the 26 boroughs created that year in the county. Hillsdale Township (now a borough) was created on March 25, 1898. Etna Borough, which ultimately became Emerson, was formed on April 8, 1903. River Vale (part) was the last to leave when it was created on April 30, 1906. The departures have taken the township from over 30 square miles (78 km2) to its current 3-square-mile (7.8 km2) size.

Seven Chimneys is a house with the described seven chimneys, located on Ridgewood Road atop a small hill. George Washington is said to have stayed at the house during the Revolutionary War. Seven Chimneys, the oldest house in the township, is an impressive example of eighteenth-century, regional, domestic architecture and is an important remnant of the community's early settlement period. The house is listed on the State Register and National Register of Historic Places. Notable visitors include Theodore Roosevelt. The house was used as a stop on the Underground Railroad during the Civil War. On November 3, 1968, the Bergen County Historical Society placed a historic-site marker on the property and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

During the mid-1950s, the completion of the 173-mile (278 km) Garden State Parkway split the township in two. The Parkway created two access routes with Exit 166 on the southern border closest to Paramus and Exit 168 on Washington Avenue. The northernmost toll plaza was built off of East Glen. During the decade after the Parkway was completed, the township dramatically increased in population.

Efforts to gain a ZIP Code for the township back to the mid-1970s, when efforts were made to have the unused 07676 code allocated to the Township of Washington. Previously, the township had been served by the Westwood post office as ZIP Code 07675, which also served Old Tappan, River Vale and Woodcliff Lake. ZIP Code 07676 for Township of Washington was established effective July 2000.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 3.00 square miles (7.8 km2), including 2.95 square miles (7.6 km2) of land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km2) of water (1.67%).

The township is located in the northern portion of Bergen County, which in turn is in the far northeastern corner of New Jersey, 15 miles (24 km) northwest of New York City. It is within the Hackensack River watershed, which comprises Musquapsink Brook, Schlegel Lake, Pascack Brook, Oradell Reservoir, Woodcliff Lake Reservoir, and Lake Tappan. The township borders the Bergen County municipalities of Emerson, Hillsdale, Ho-Ho-Kus, Paramus, Ridgewood, Saddle River and Westwood.

Located within the Pascack Valley of north-central Bergen County, elevations rise gradually in an east to west/south to north trajectory, and range anywhere from 50 feet (15 m) or less in the wooded swamplands behind Westwood Regional High School to approximately 360 feet (110 m) just west of Van Emburgh Avenue. Three hills are in the township: at the border of Westwood, west of Pascack Road, and another located west of Van Emburgh Avenue. Being higher in elevation, it is slightly cooler and less prone to flooding than the rest of the valley and other parts of northwestern Bergen County.

The southern end of the township bordering Emerson and Paramus is wooded wetlands at the convergence of Musquapsink Brook and three cemeteries, and has consistently the densest overnight and morning fog in the area.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1840 | 1,833 |  |  |
| 1850 | 1,807 |  | −1.4% |
| 1860 | 2,273 |  | 25.8% |
| 1870 | 2,514 |  | 10.6% |
| 1880 | 2,853 |  | 13.5% |
| 1890 | 2,942 | * | 3.1% |
| 1900 | 782 | * | −73.4% |
| 1910 | 100 | * | −87.2% |
| 1920 | 194 |  | 94.0% |
| 1930 | 402 |  | 107.2% |
| 1940 | 491 |  | 22.1% |
| 1950 | 1,208 |  | 146.0% |
| 1960 | 6,654 |  | 450.8% |
| 1970 | 10,577 |  | 59.0% |
| 1980 | 9,550 |  | −9.7% |
| 1990 | 9,245 |  | −3.2% |
| 2000 | 8,938 |  | −3.3% |
| 2010 | 9,102 |  | 1.8% |
| 2020 | 9,285 |  | 2.0% |
| 2023 (est.) | 9,263 |  | −0.2% |
| Population sources: 1840–1920
1840 1850–1870 1850
1870 1880–1890 1910–1930
1900–2020 2000
2010 2020
* = Lost territory in previous decade. | | | |

### 2020 Census

**Washington township, Bergen County, New Jersey – Racial and Ethnic Composition**
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 7,839 | 7,585 | 86.12% | 81.69% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 93 | 87 | 1.02% | 0.94% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 8 | 0.00% | 0.09% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 581 | 566 | 6.38% | 6.10% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 1 | 0 | 0.01% | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 9 | 27 | 0.10% | 0.29% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 84 | 212 | 0.92% | 2.28% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 495 | 800 | 5.44% | 8.62% |
| **Total** | **9,102** | **9,285** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

### 2010 Census

The 2010 United States census counted 9,102 people, 3,261 households, and 2,632 families in the township. The population density was 3,128.8 people per square mile (1,208.0 people/km2). There were 3,341 housing units at an average density of 1,148.5 units per square mile (443.4 units/km2). The racial makeup was 90.50% (8,237) White, 1.08% (98) Black or African American, 0.01% (1) Native American, 6.47% (589) Asian, 0.02% (2) Pacific Islander, 0.62% (56) from other races, and 1.31% (119) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.44% (495) of the population.

Of the 3,261 households, 33.1% had children under the age of 18; 71.0% were married couples living together; 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 19.3% were non-families. Of all households, 16.9% were made up of individuals and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.15.

22.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 30.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.1 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 90.7 males.

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $117,394 (with a margin of error of +/− $14,960) and the median family income was $133,191 (+/− $10,285). Males had a median income of $91,038 (+/− $11,435) versus $56,599 (+/− $4,609) for females. The per capita income for the township was $48,415 (+/− $4,855). About 1.6% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 0.6% of those age 65 or over.

Same-sex couples headed 27 households in 2010, an increase from the 10 counted in 2000.

### 2000 Census

As of the 2000 United States census there were 8,938 people, 3,219 households, and 2,687 families residing in the township. The population density was 3,071.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,185.8/km2). There were 3,245 housing units at an average density of 1,115.0 units per square mile (430.5 units/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 92.07% White, 0.98% African American, 0.04% Native American, 5.57% Asian, 0.44% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.35% of the population.

There were 3,219 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.2% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.5% were non-families. 14.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the township, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $83,694, and the median income for a family was $88,017. Males had a median income of $67,090 versus $41,699 for females. The per capita income for the township was $39,248. About 1.5% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Economy

Washington Town Center is a shopping mall located in the center of the township on Pascack Road. The privately held Washington Town Center is the township's single largest taxpayer. Through a quirk in the town's tax code, the not-for-profit Washington Township Recreation Club remains the township's second-largest taxpayer.

## Parks and recreation

The Township of Washington offers various sports activities—baseball, softball, football, cheerleading, and soccer—which are played at the numerous parks and fields throughout the town. Clark Field includes a little league baseball field with two large dugouts and electronic scoreboard, a basketball court, a playground, sandbox, and a concession stand. The playground has many slides, monkey bars, games, gliders, fire poles, regular swings, baby swings, and a tire swing. Memorial Field is in the major recreation site in the township and provides facilities for multiple uses: baseball, softball, soccer and youth football. Adjacent to the Washington Elementary School, it also includes a recreation building with concession stand and a covered picnic pavilion. Other fields include Sherry Field which is close to the border of Westwood and township and offers a baseball field with two playing areas. The other field is Gardener Field which is a baseball field and also a playground. Both of these fields include a concession stand.

As the township does not provide for any recreational pool service, the Washington Township Recreation Club (WTRC) fills this void. Membership at the Washington Township Recreation Club, more commonly known as the 'swim club' or 'pool', is not limited to township residents and is open to any individual or family who wishes to join. In addition to the Olympic sized outdoor pool, the WTRC also offers a game room and picnic area. Additional recreational facilities include the Bergen County YJCC, offering fitness programs, indoor swimming and a variety of classes for all denominations. The town also has a privately owned Racquet and Health Club.

Schlegel Lake, once referred to as Schlegel's Pond and commonly referred to as Washington Lake, is a 28-acre (110,000 m2) artificial body of water privately owned and managed by the Washington Lake Association (WLA) since 1947, whose members have exclusive rights to use of the pond and surrounding property. WLA members may enjoy fishing, boating, picnicking, nature observation and other outdoor activities.

## Government

### Local government

The Township of Washington is governed within the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the Mayor-Council system of municipal government (Plan E), implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of January 1, 1970. The township is one of 71 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of a mayor and a five-member Township Council, all of whom are elected at-large on a partisan basis to four-year terms of office, as part of the November general election. Members of the Township Council are elected to serve four-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election together and the other two seats (along with the mayor) up for election two years later in odd-numbered years.

As of 2023, the Mayor of the Township of Washington is Republican Peter Calamari, whose term of office ends December 31, 2025. Members of the Township Council are Council President Desserie Morgan (R, 2023), Council Vice President Steven Cascio (R, 2023), Stacey Feeney (R, 2023), Tom Sears (R, 2025) and Daisy Velez (R, 2025).

### Federal, state and county representation

The Township of Washington is located in the 5th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 39th state legislative district.

For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 5th congressional district is represented by Josh Gottheimer (, Wyckoff). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027) and George Helmy (Mountain Lakes, term ends 2024).

For the 2024–2025 session, the 39th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Holly Schepisi (, River Vale) and in the General Assembly by Robert Auth (R, Old Tappan) and John V. Azzariti (R, Saddle River).

Bergen County is governed by a directly elected County Executive, with legislative functions performed by a Board of County Commissioners composed of seven members who are elected at-large to three-year terms in partisan elections on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats coming up for election each November; a Chairman and Vice Chairman are selected from among its seven members at a reorganization meeting held every January. As of 2024, the county executive is James J. Tedesco III (, Paramus), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026.

Bergen County's Commissioners are: Thomas J. Sullivan Jr. (D, Montvale, 2025), Chair Germaine M. Ortiz (D, Emerson, 2025), Joan Voss (D, Fort Lee, 2026), Vice Chair Mary J. Amoroso (D, Mahwah, 2025), Rafael Marte (D, Bergenfield, 2026), Steven A. Tanelli (D, North Arlington, 2024) and Tracy Silna Zur (D, Franklin Lakes, 2024).

Bergen County's constitutional officials are: Clerk John S. Hogan (D, Northvale, 2026), Sheriff Anthony Cureton (D, Englewood, 2024) and Surrogate Michael R. Dressler (D, Cresskill, 2026).

### Politics

As of March 2011, there were a total of 6,381 registered voters in the Township of Washington, of which 1,364 (21.4% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 2,412 (37.8% vs. 21.1%) were registered as Republicans and 2,601 (40.8% vs. 47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 70.1% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 91.0% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).

In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 3,036 votes (56.1% vs. 41.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 2,184 votes (40.3% vs. 54.2%) and other candidates with 196 votes (3.6% vs. 4.6%), among the 5,484 ballots cast by the township's 7,010 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.2% (vs. 72.5% in Bergen County). In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 2,883 votes (58.3% vs. 43.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,000 votes (40.5% vs. 54.8%) and other candidates with 33 votes (0.7% vs. 0.9%), among the 4,941 ballots cast by the township's 6,619 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.6% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 3,146 votes (58.1% vs. 44.5% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,159 votes (39.8% vs. 53.9%) and other candidates with 42 votes (0.8% vs. 0.8%), among the 5,418 ballots cast by the township's 6,735 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.4% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 3,207 votes (59.6% vs. 47.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 2,137 votes (39.7% vs. 51.7%) and other candidates with 27 votes (0.5% vs. 0.7%), among the 5,379 ballots cast by the township's 6,582 registered voters, for a turnout of 81.7% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county).

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 69.3% of the vote (2,079 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 29.6% (889 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (31 votes), among the 3,067 ballots cast by the township's 6,527 registered voters (68 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 47.0%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 2,329 votes (56.7% vs. 45.8% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,475 votes (35.9% vs. 48.0%), Independent Chris Daggett with 200 votes (4.9% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 20 votes (0.5% vs. 0.5%), among the 4,110 ballots cast by the township's 6,623 registered voters, yielding a 62.1% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county).

## Education

Public school students in kindergarten through twelfth grade attend the Westwood Regional School District, a comprehensive regional school district serving students from both the Township of Washington and Westwood Borough. The district is the county's only regional district serving grades K–12. As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 2,796 students and 256.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Berkeley Avenue Elementary School with 289 students in grades K–5, Brookside Elementary School with 398 students in grades K–5, Jessie F. George Elementary School with 274 students in grades K–5, Washington Elementary School with 316 students in grades K–5, Westwood Regional Middle School with 640 students in grades 6–8 and Westwood Regional High School with 843 students in grades 9–12.

Public school students from the township, and all of Bergen County, are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools, which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Bergen Tech campus in Paramus. The district offers programs on a shared-time or full-time basis, with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student's home school district.

Immaculate Heart Academy is a parochial, college preparatory, all-girls Catholic high school located on Van Emburgh Avenue, operating under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. The school was founded in 1960 as the first all-girls school operated by the Newark Archdiocese.

## Emergency services

The Washington Township Volunteer Fire Department was founded in 1934. The station is located at 656 Washington Avenue and is home to Rescue 40, Tower Ladder 41, Engine 43, and Engine 44.

The Washington Township Volunteer Ambulance Corps was founded in 1957. The station is located at 354 Hudson Avenue and is home to Ambulance 4–6.

The Washington Township Police Department was founded in 1934. The station is located at 350 Hudson Avenue in the municipal complex.

## Transportation

### Roads and highways

As of May 2010, the township had a total of 43.48 miles (69.97 km) of roadways, of which 34.76 miles (55.94 km) were maintained by the municipality, 6.90 miles (11.10 km) by Bergen County and 1.82 miles (2.93 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.

Located within the New York metropolitan area's arterial network, the township is easily accessible by car. The Garden State Parkway serves the Township with exits 166 (south) and 168 (north). The Parkway's final tool booth, the Pascack toll, is located in the township. County Route 502 also travels through the township. Route 17 is accessible nearby.

### Public transportation

NJ Transit bus route 165 serves nearby Westwood with access to and from the Township of Washington to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and local service on the 752 route. Westwood train station can also be easily accessed from the township.

Rockland Coaches provides express service from Pascack Road and Washington Avenue via Garden State Parkway Exit 168, with weekday rush-hour service provided to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan, heading to New York in the morning and returning to the township weekday evenings on routes 46, 47 and 49.

## Entertainment

The Township of Washington has a movie theater in the Washington Township Shopping Center, with three viewing screens. It closed in 2016 as Bowtie Cinemas, but reopened shortly thereafter as an independent cinema.

## Community

The Township of Washington has its own TV station, Washington Community Television (WCTV), run entirely by volunteers. The non-profit, community access group is funded by cable franchise fees and provides a 24/7 electronic bulletin board telecast over several cable systems in surrounding towns. WCTV provides live programming and coverage of high school sports, local events and activities on the Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV channels as well as the Internet. Its volunteers have been honored for their efforts. Town Meetings are broadcast live and are archived on the WCTVNJ YouTube pages.

The Township of Washington Public Library offers a collection of 48,325 volumes with a circulation of over 80,000 items per year. It is a member of the Bergen County Cooperative Library System. In addition to traditional materials, the library offers an online collection and specialty items not typically found in a library setting, including technology, housewares and hobby equipment. Laura Rifkin is the current Library Director.

As the township does not provide residential trash pickup service, residents must pay for trash pickup services through a choice of two private garbage companies.

## Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the Township of Washington include:

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Washington Township, New Jersey | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
|  | |
| Location of Washington Township in Bergen County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Bergen County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right). | |
| Census Bureau map of the Township of Washington, Bergen County, New Jersey | |
| Washington TownshipLocation in Bergen CountyWashington TownshipLocation in New JerseyWashington TownshipLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 40°59′18″N 74°03′53″W / 40.988306°N 74.064693°W / 40.988306; -74.064693 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
| County | Bergen |
| Incorporated | April 13, 1840 |
| Named for | George Washington |
| Government | |
| Type | Faulkner Act (mayor–council) |
| Body | Township Council |
| Mayor | Peter Calamari (, term ends December 31, 2025) |
| Administrator | Mark DiCarlo |
| Municipal clerk | Susan Witkowski |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.00 sq mi (7.78 km2) |
| Land | 2.95 sq mi (7.65 km2) |
| Water | 0.05 sq mi (0.13 km2)  1.67% |
| Rank | 334th of 565 in state
26th of 70 in county |
| Elevation | 89 ft (27 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 9,285 |
| Estimate (2023) | 9,263 |
| Rank | 256th of 565 in state
43rd of 70 in county |
| Density | 3,144.3/sq mi (1,214.0/km2) |
| Rank | 212th of 565 in state
44th of 70 in county |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (Eastern (EDT)) |
| ZIP Code | 07676 |
| Area code(s) | 201 |
| FIPS code | 3400377135 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0882311 |
| Website | www.twpofwashington.us |


abstract: Playing Out: Songs For Children & Robots is the ninth studio album by Kathryn Williams, released on CAW Records on 9 September 2010. It is a collaboration with Anna Spencer with both using their own sons as a focus group

text:
# Playing Out: Songs For Children & Robots

***Playing Out: Songs For Children & Robots*** is the ninth studio album by Kathryn Williams, released on CAW Records on 9 September 2010. It is a collaboration with Anna Spencer (formerly of punk band Delicate Vomit) with both using their own sons as a focus group

## Critical reception

*The Guardian* regarded the songs "sufficiently simple for a child to love but with enough depth that they don't drive parents mad".

## Track listing

1. Robots In The Rain—3:25
2. Disco Teeth—2:50
3. Rainy Day—1:12
4. Hopscotch—3:24
5. Emergency—2:53
6. Sweet On The Floor—1:53
7. Lets Dance On The Moon—3:16
8. Spooky Way Home—3:05
9. How Hot Is A Toad? -- 2:16
10. Pirates On The Bus—2:36
11. Illegal—3:09

## Personnel

* Kathryn Williams – vocals & guitar
* Anna Spencer – vocals & instruments
* Simon Edwards—double bass
* Gayle Hutchinson—viola

## Recording details

* Illustrations by Sammi Solar
* Engineered by Kathryn Williams
* Mastered by Denis Blackham
* Mixed by David Wrench

## InfoBox

| Playing Out: Songs For Children & Robots | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Crayonettes | |
| Released | 9 September 2010 |
| The Crayonettes chronology | |
| *The Quickening*
(2010) ***Playing Out: Songs For Children & Robots***
(2010) *The Pond*
(2012) | |


title: Heathcote wine region

abstract: The Heathcote Wine Region of Victoria, Australia, is nestled between the Goulburn Valley and Bendigo regions. The region is famous for its Shiraz production.

text:
# Heathcote wine region

The **Heathcote Wine Region** of Victoria, Australia, is nestled between the Goulburn Valley and Bendigo regions. The region is famous for its Shiraz production.

## Geography

North of the Great Dividing Range the region is at elevations between 160 and 380 metres (520 and 1,250 ft). The climate and soils are strongly influenced by the Mt Camel range that extends from Corop to Tooborac. For the most part, the soil under vine is Cambrian \- red and deep with excellent water holding capacity. The region’s rainfall is evenly distributed between the seasons and the temperature range is defined as temperate, with cooling winds emanating from the south resulting in summer temperatures two to three degrees cooler than nearby Bendigo.

## Wines

The oldest Shiraz vines on the Cambrian soil were planted by Albino Zuber in the late 1960s on a site that has now been acquired by Shadowfax Winery. The Heathcote wine region includes wineries such as; Merindoc, McIvor Estate, Heathcote Winery, Wild Duck Creek, Sanguine, Humis Vineyard and many more.

36°54′58″S 144°41′46.5″E / 36.91611°S 144.696250°E / -36.91611; 144.696250


title: Legend of the Demigods

abstract: Legend of the Demigods is a TVB fantasy-adventure TV series starring Linda Chung, Benny Chan and Sunny Chan as the main lead, with Halina Tam, Stephen Au, Nancy Wu and Charmaine Li as the main supporting cast. The ending theme song Fat Sai is performed by Linda Chung and can be found in the Lady in Red album. It was produced in 2007 and first broadcast in August 2008.

text:
# Legend of the Demigods

***Legend of the Demigods*** (Chinese: 搜神傳) is a TVB fantasy-adventure TV series starring Linda Chung, Benny Chan and Sunny Chan as the main lead, with Halina Tam, Stephen Au, Nancy Wu and Charmaine Li as the main supporting cast. The ending theme song *Fat Sai* (Chinese: 發誓; lit. '*Swear*') is performed by Linda Chung and can be found in the *Lady in Red* album. It was produced in 2007 and first broadcast in August 2008.

## Plot

Gai Choi-Chi is no different from an ordinary girl, except that Lady Luck seems to smile upon her and keep her out of trouble all the time. She is thus nicknamed "Ho-Choi Mui" ("Lucky Girl"). However, she does not know that her stepmother, called Ho-Choi Ma, is actually a plant spirit. Choi-Chi helps some deities defeat an evil spirit once and her stepmother turns her into a demigod to save her life.

As a child, Shek Kam-Dong was constantly bullied and looked down upon, but he still remains filial to his mother and shows great respect for the gods. Wong Tai Sin, a wish-granting god, takes pity on Shek and grants him superhuman strength. However, Shek starts to abuse his new power and uses it to bully others, becoming a local tyrant in town.

An Hei has narcolepsy, as he is always tired and falls asleep at random timings. Wong Tai-Sin tries to help An Hei by presenting him a magical sword that is possessed by the spirit of a warrior. Whenever An Hei runs into trouble, the powerful spirit will possess him and help him defeat his enemies.

One day, an evil wizard disturbs the quiet town and captures Ho-Choi Ma. Gai Choi-Chi, Shek Kam-Dong and An Hei joins hands to confront the wizard and defeat her to save Ho-Choi Ma. They travel across the continent on their heroic quest, encountering strange and mystical events along the journey.

## Cast

| Cast | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| Linda Chung | Gwai Choi-Chi
薊彩芝 (好彩妹) | Shek Kam-Dong and Chiang Chin's good friend
An Hei's lover |
| Benny Chan | Shek Kam-Dong
石敢當 | Gwai Choi-Chi's good friend |
| Sunny Chan | An Hei
晏喜 | Gwai Choi-Chi's lover |
| Halina Tam | Mo Kik Tin Chuen
無極天尊 | Evil Grand Wizard |
| Nancy Wu | Ka Lau-Loh/Mok Che
迦樓羅/莫邪 | Grand Wizard's follower
Died in episode 17. |
| Stephen Au | Gon Cheung
干將 | Sword Spirit |
| Kara Hui | Cho Mong-Yau/Ho Choi-Ma
草忘憂 (好彩媽) | Plant spirit
Gai Choi-Chi's stepmother. |
| Charmaine Li | Shek Kam-Yin
石敢言 | Shek Kam-Dong's younger sister. |
| Casper Chan | Chiang Chin
蔣倩 | Gwai Choi-Chi's good friend. |
| Anderson Junior | Wong Tai-Sin
黃大仙 | Heavenly God
Shek Kam-Dong's godfather |
| Sherming Yiu | Lung Liu Sam-Leung
龍女三娘 | Dragon princess
Introduced in episode 09. |

## Viewership ratings

|  | Week | Episode | Average Points | Peaking Points | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | August 25–29, 2008 | 1 — 5 | 27 | 28 |  |
| **2** | September 1–5, 2008 | 6 — 10 | 28 | 29 |  |
| **3** | September 8–12, 2008 | 11 — 15 | 29 | 30 |  |
| **4** | September 15–19, 2008 | 16 — 20 | 30 | 32 |  |
| **5** | September 22–26, 2008 | 21 — 25 | 31 | 33 |  |
| **6** | September 29 - October 3, 2008 | 26 — 30 | 32 | 34 |  |
| **7** | October 6–10, 2008 | 31 — 35 | 33 | 35 |  |
| **8** | October 13–16, 2008 | 36 — 40 | 34 | 37 |  |
| **8** | October 13–17, 2008 | 36 — 42 | 35 | 39 |  |
| **8** | October 17, 2008 | 41 — 42 | 35 | 39 |  |
| **1-8** | Aug 25 - Oct 17, 2008 | Esp 1 - Esp 42 | 31 | 39 |  |

## Award nominations

**41st TVB Anniversary Awards (2008)**

* "Best Drama"
* "My Favourite Male Character" (Sunny Chan \- An Hei) **(Top 15)**
* "My Favourite Female Character" (Linda Chung \- Gwai Choi-Chi) **(Top 5)**

* TVB.com *Legend of the Demigods* \- Official Website (in Chinese)
* K for TVB.net *Legend of the Demigods* \- Episodic Synopsis and Screen Captures (in English)

## InfoBox

| *Legend of the Demigods* | |
| --- | --- |
| Official poster | |
| 搜神傳 | |
| Genre | Fantasy-adventure |
| Starring | Linda Chung
Benny Chan
Sunny Chan
Halina Tam
Stephen Au
Nancy Wu
Charmaine Li |
| Ending theme | *Fat Sai* (發誓) performed by Linda Chung |
| Country of origin | Hong Kong |
| Original languages | Cantonese
Mandarin |
| No. of episodes | 42 (Hong Kong)
22 (Overseas) |
| Production | |
| Producer | Lee Tim-shing |
| Running time | 45 minutes per episode |
| Original release | |
| Network | TVB |
| Release | 25 August (2008-08-25)
17 October 2008 (2008-10-17) |


title: Isaie and Scholastique Martin House

abstract: The Isaie and Scholastique Martin House at 137 Saint Catherine Street in Madawaska, Maine, is a well-preserved example of an Acadian log house built following traditional regional techniques. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

text:
# Isaie and Scholastique Martin House

The **Isaie and Scholastique Martin House** at 137 Saint Catherine Street in Madawaska, Maine, is a well-preserved example of an Acadian log house built following traditional regional techniques. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

## Description and history

Isaie Martin was the grandson of Francois Martin who, as an 11-year-old, was one of the Acadians deported from Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1755. Francois Martin and his family were later among the first families to settle in the Saint John River Valley between the Madawaska and Green rivers, in an area that is still today heavily characterized by Acadian culture and traditions. Most of Francois' sons established farms along the Saint John River during the first three decades of the 19th century, and his grandsons and great grandsons followed suit.

The Martin House is composed of two joined log structures, the earlier of which was probably constructed between 1823 and 1844. The house features log construction cloaked by a clapboarded exterior with a steep A-frame dormer with a round arched window, and a generous wrap-around porch. On the interior, the house exhibits some unusual, probably regional, woodworking details and has a type of root cellar once commonly found in Acadian homes, but now rare. With the exception of the replacement of some of the windows, the house retains integrity of location, association, feeling, workmanship, design and materials to the period of significance, which spans the approximate dates of construction, c. 1823 to c. 1860. The house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 for its architectural significance within the context of 19th century Acadian traditions.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Isaie and Scholastique Martin House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 137 Saint Catherine St.<br>Madawaska, Maine |
| Coordinates | 47°21′17.3″N 68°20′16.5″W / 47.354806°N 68.337917°W / 47.354806; -68.337917 |
| Area | 0.7 acres (0.28 ha) |
| Architectural style | Mid 19th Century Revival, Other, Acadian Log House |
| NRHP reference No. | 09001147 |
| Added to NRHP | December 23, 2009 |


title: Mobile Mysticks

abstract: The Mobile Mysticks were a professional minor league ice hockey team based in Mobile, Alabama that played in the ECHL. They played their home games at the Mobile Civic Center. The team was founded in 1995 as an expansion franchise, joining the ECHL alongside the Louisville RiverFrogs and the Louisiana IceGators. The Mysticks owed their name to the prevalence of mystic societies—social organizations responsible for throwing parades and balls during the Carnival season—that existed in Mobile since the early 18th century. The Mysticks qualified for the Kelly Cup playoffs for five out of their seven seasons, but never advanced past the second round. In 2002, the franchise suspended operations and moved to Duluth, Georgia for the 2003–04 season. Originally the Gwinnett Gladiators, the team changed its name to the Atlanta Gladiators in 2015.

text:
# Mobile Mysticks

The **Mobile Mysticks** were a professional minor league ice hockey team based in Mobile, Alabama that played in the ECHL. They played their home games at the Mobile Civic Center. The team was founded in 1995 as an expansion franchise, joining the ECHL alongside the Louisville RiverFrogs and the Louisiana IceGators. The Mysticks owed their name to the prevalence of mystic societiessocial organizations responsible for throwing parades and balls during the Carnival seasonthat existed in Mobile since the early 18th century.

The Mysticks qualified for the Kelly Cup playoffs for five out of their seven seasons, but never advanced past the second round. In 2002, the franchise suspended operations and moved to Duluth, Georgia for the 200304 season. Originally the Gwinnett Gladiators, the team changed its name to the Atlanta Gladiators in 2015.

## Franchise history

The Mobile Mysticks began play in the ECHL as an expansion franchise for the 199596 season under head coach and former NHL player Eddie Johnstone. During this time, they served as a minor league affiliate for the NHL's Philadelphia Flyers and the AHL's Hershey Bears.

Following a rough start (the Mysticks finished seventh in their division and did not qualify for the playoffs their inaugural year; the following year they finished fourth in their division and were eliminated from the playoffs in a first-round sweep by the Louisiana IceGators) the Mysticks decided against renewing Johnstone's contract. His replacement, Matt Shaw, led Mobile to a fifth-place divisional finish and another first-round loss, again in a three-game sweep by the IceGators. Shaw did not return to the Mysticks for the following season.

Jeff Pyle joined the Mysticks as head coach for the 199899 season. With Pyle at the helm, the team saw postseason action for the next three seasonslosing in the 1999 preliminary round to the Birmingham Bulls; falling in the first round of the 2000 playoffs to the Greenville Grrrowl; and in their most successful playoff bid, falling in double overtime in the second round to the South Carolina Stingrays (the eventual Kelly Cup champions) in 2001. The Mysticks failed to qualify for the playoffs in 2002, and the franchise suspended operations, eventually moving to Duluth, Georgia, in 2003 to become the Gwinnett Gladiators (branded as the Atlanta Gladiators since the 2015–16 ECHL season).

## Season-by-season record

Records as of 200102 season.

### Regular season

| Season | Games | Won | Lost | Tied | OTL | SOL | Points | Goals
for | Goals
against | Standing | Average attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 199596 | 70 | 22 | 37 | 11 |  |  | 55 | 265 | 325 | 7th, South | 5,310 |
| 199697 | 70 | 34 | 25 | 11 |  |  | 79 | 257 | 263 | 4th, South | 4,917 |
| 199798 | 70 | 35 | 27 | 8 |  |  | 78 | 236 | 233 | 5th, Southwest | 4,558 |
| 199899 | 70 | 31 | 31 | 8 |  |  | 70 | 231 | 259 | 5th, Southwest | 3,874 |
| 199900 | 70 | 40 | 28 | 2 |  |  | 82 | 275 | 230 | 2nd, Southwest | 4,177 |
| 200001 | 72 | 38 | 28 | 6 |  |  | 82 | 240 | 233 | 3rd, Southwest | 3,542 |
| 200102 | 72 | 28 | 26 | 18 |  |  | 74 | 215 | 237 | 6th, Southwest | 2,618 |

### Playoffs

| Season | Prelim | 1st round | 2nd round | 3rd round | Finals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 199596 | Out of playoffs | | | | |
| 199697 |  | L, 03, LOU |  |  |  |
| 199798 |  | L, 03, LOU |  |  |  |
| 199899 | L, 02, BIR |  |  |  |  |
| 199900 |  | L, 23, GRN |  |  |  |
| 200001 |  | W, 32, JAC | L, 32, SC |  |  |
| 200102 | Out of playoffs | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Mobile Mysticks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Mobile, Alabama |
| League | ECHL |
| Operated | 19952002 |
| Home arena | Mobile Civic Center |
| Colors | Purple, gold, green
 |
| Franchise history | |
| 19952002 | **Mobile Mysticks** |
| 2003–2015 | Gwinnett Gladiators |
| 2015–present | Atlanta Gladiators |


abstract: Washington Township is a township in eastern Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,810 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Washington Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania

**Washington Township** is a township in eastern Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,810 at the 2010 census.

## History

The Barto Bridge, Borneman Mill, Philip Christman House, and Dale Furnace and Forge Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Washington Township is named in honor of George Washington, first US President.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 14.0 square miles (36.3 km2), all land. It is drained by the Perkiomen Creek into the Schuylkill River. The northwestern portion is located in the South Mountains. Washington Township's villages include Barto, Clayton (also in Hereford Township), Dale, Shultzville, and Eshbach.

### Adjacent municipalities

The township has a hot-summer humid continental climate (*Dfa*) and is in hardiness zone 6b. The average monthly temperature in Barto ranges from 29.4 °F in January to 74.2 °F in July.

Washington Township surrounds the boroughs of Bally and Bechtelsville.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | 2,569 |  |  |
| 1990 | 2,799 |  | 9.0% |
| 2000 | 3,354 |  | 19.8% |
| 2010 | 3,810 |  | 13.6% |
| 2016 (est.) | 4,023 |  | 5.6% |
| Source: US Census Bureau | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,354 people, 1,212 households, and 970 families living in the township. The population density was 239.2 inhabitants per square mile (92.4/km2). There were 1,250 housing units at an average density of 89.2 per square mile (34.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.88% White, 0.75% African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.66% of the population.

There were 1,212 households, out of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.5% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.9% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the township the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 104.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $53,241, and the median income for a family was $60,054. Males had a median income of $37,951 versus $26,298 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,454. About 2.1% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over.

## Government and politics

### Legislators

### Board of Supervisors

* David Moyer, Chairman
* Thomas Powanda, Vice Chairman
* James Roma

## Recreation

One parcel of the Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 315 is located on Forge Dale Road north of Barto, a second parcel is located along the northern border with Hereford Township.

## Transportation

As of 2019, there were 46.55 miles (74.91 km) of public roads in Washington Township, of which 13.51 miles (21.74 km) were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and 33.04 miles (53.17 km) were maintained by the township.

Pennsylvania Route 100 crosses Washington Township north-to-south on its path from Lehigh County to Pottstown via Bally. Other local roads of note include Barto Road, County Line Road, Forgedale Road, Hoffmansville Road, Old Route 100, and Niantic Road.

## InfoBox

| Washington Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Barto Bridge in Washington Township | |
| Motto: "Continuing the Vision/Preserving the Values" | |
| Location of Washington Township in Berks County, Pennsylvania | |
| Washington TownshipLocation of Washington Township in PennsylvaniaWashington TownshipWashington Township (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 40°23′00″N 75°37′59″W / 40.38333°N 75.63306°W / 40.38333; -75.63306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Berks |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.0 sq mi (36 km2) |
| Land | 14.0 sq mi (36 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Elevation | 554 ft (169 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 3,810 |
| Estimate (2016) | 4,023 |
| Density | 239.2/sq mi (92.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 18041, mainly 19504, 19505 |
| Area Code | 610 and 484 |
| FIPS code | 42-011-81184 |
| Website | www.washtwpberks.org/index.asp |


title: Playing Place

abstract: Playing Place is a village southwest of Truro in Cornwall, England, UK. It is to the east of the A39 road. The name derives from Cornish 'plain an gwarry', an open-air performance area used historically for entertainment and instruction.

text:
# Playing Place

**Playing Place** is a village southwest of Truro in Cornwall, England, UK. It is to the east of the A39 road. The name derives from Cornish 'plain an gwarry' (meaning "playing place"), an open-air performance area used historically for entertainment and instruction.

## History

The village is located in the parish of Kea, and nearby Old Kea is where St Kea landed in Cornwall on the banks of the River Truro. Plays featuring St Kea were particularly performed here amongst other ordinalia according to a plaque in the village. *Bewnans Ke* (*The Life of Saint Ke*) is a Middle Cornish play on the life of the saint, rediscovered in 2000. In more recent times the play facilities of the village's skatepark have also gained renown. Built in 1977, it is one of the few remaining examples of skateparks built at that period. It has a bowl with gentle transitions with a tighter speed bowl at one end. In the 1980s, a concrete extension was added providing an additional quarter pipe. It has been saved from destruction owing to the roots of some nearby protected trees which have spread underneath it. However, it is not always kept clean.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Playing PlaceLocation within Cornwall | |
| OS grid reference | SW811414 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|


title: Heinlein juveniles

abstract: The Heinlein juveniles are the science-fiction novels written by Robert A. Heinlein for Scribner's young-adult line. Each features "a young male protagonist entering the adult world of conflict, decisions, and responsibilities." Together, they tell a loosely connected story of space exploration. Scribner's published the first 12 between 1947 and 1958, but rejected the 13th, Starship Troopers. That one was instead published by Putnam. A 14th novel, Podkayne of Mars, is sometimes listed as a "Heinlein juvenile", although Heinlein himself did not consider it to be one. The intended market was teenaged boys, but the books have been enjoyed by a wide range of readers. Heinlein wanted to present challenging material to children, such as the firearms for teenagers in Red Planet. This led to "annual quarrels over what was suitable for juvenile reading" with Scribner's editors. In addition to the juveniles, Heinlein wrote two short stories about Scouting for boys and three short stories featuring Puddin', a teenaged female protagonist, for girls.

text:
# Heinlein juveniles

The **Heinlein juveniles** are the science-fiction novels written by Robert A. Heinlein for Scribner's young-adult line. Each features "a young male protagonist entering the adult world of conflict, decisions, and responsibilities." Together, they tell a loosely connected story of space exploration. Scribner's published the first 12 between 1947 and 1958, but rejected the 13th, *Starship Troopers*. That one was instead published by Putnam. A 14th novel, *Podkayne of Mars*, is sometimes listed as a "Heinlein juvenile", although Heinlein himself did not consider it to be one.

The intended market was teenaged boys, but the books have been enjoyed by a wide range of readers. Heinlein wanted to present challenging material to children, such as the firearms for teenagers in *Red Planet*. This led to "annual quarrels over what was suitable for juvenile reading" with Scribner's editors.

In addition to the juveniles, Heinlein wrote two short stories about Scouting for boys and three short stories featuring Puddin', a teenaged female protagonist, for girls.

## Beginning of the Scribner's association

When Heinlein returned to writing after World War II, he sought to diversify beyond "the pulps". In 1946, Heinlein told his agent that his "own propaganda purposes will be best served by writing a series of boys' books." This would simultaneously broaden the audience for science fiction and also put Heinlein into a steady, lucrative market. Heinlein had already had success as a writer of short fiction for the sci-fi pulp magazines; the juveniles established him as a novelist for major publishers.

To prepare for the task, he analyzed samples of several popular series for boys, probably including Tom Swift, "Roy Rockwood", and Carl H. Claudy's stories for *The American Boy* magazine. By September, Heinlein's agent was able to report that the YA editor at Scribner's, Alice Dalgliesh, had liked Heinlein's draft of the first book. He had also shown her a list of contemplated sequels. In early 1947 Heinlein signed the contract with Scribner's for the first book and was having the revised draft typed; by midsummer, he had planned the second book. Heinlein went on to submit a book per year to Scribner's for a dozen years.

## Novels written for Scribner's

Reviewers are divided on whether *Starship Troopers* should be listed with the others. Sci-fi writer Jo Walton argues that it "is best understood" as one of the juveniles. Other reviewers limit the juveniles to only the books actually published by Scribner's.

## Organization of the series

The novels are "stand-alone"; they do not share any characters and do not form a strict chronological series. The later novels are not sequels to the earlier ones. They nonetheless tell a story of space exploration. James Gifford wrote "It is not often recognized that \[the juveniles\] are a reasonably consistent 'Future History' of their own".

Jack Williamson wrote: "The books, taken together, tell an epic story of the expansion of mankind across the planets of our own Sun and the stars beyond. ... a generally consistent story of the future conquest of space. The first, *Rocket Ship Galileo*, begins in a backyard shortly after World War II, with three boys testing a primitive rocket motor. The last, *Have Space Suit—Will Travel*, ends with the triumphant return of its young hero from the Lesser Magellanic Cloud... Nobody has written a more convincing and inspiring future human epic."

Another reviewer explains:

> There’s a distinct story arc that follows the books; in *Rocket Ship Galileo*, a friendly scientist puts together a spaceship in his backyard and takes the neighbor’s kids to the moon ... As the stories move on, often in the same "Future History" universe, and never clearly out of it, we see humanity spread out into the solar system (*Space Cadet*, *Farmer in the Sky*, *Red Planet*, *Between Planets*) and eventually the stars (*Time for the Stars*, *Starman Jones*, *Tunnel in the Sky*) and space-faring humanity goes through its own voyage to adulthood, from explorer to colony to free nation, and finally to come into contact/conflict with galactic civilization (*Have Spacesuit Will Travel*) to have our maturity as a species challenged.

*Have Space Suit—Will Travel* recapitulates the earlier books, as the protagonist first struggles to get to the Moon, then travels to the limit of the Solar System, and eventually gets to another galaxy, where he integrates Earth into an intergalactic society.

## Reception

Groff Conklin wrote in 1955, "Nobody but nobody can beat Heinlein in the writing of teen-age science fiction." Jack Williamson wrote: "\[An\] inspiring theme of space conquest unifies the dozen Scribner's titles."

A literature review in 1985 called the juvenile books "classics in their field" that "have stood the test of time," continuing "even more than a quarter of a century after they were written, these novels are still 'contemporary,' and are still among the best science fiction in the YA range."

A *Wall Street Journal* reviewer said in 2014 that Heinlein "lavished so much skill and imagination on these books that today they are regarded as defining elements of old-school sci-fi."

## End of the Scribner's association

*Starship Troopers* was submitted as a juvenile for Scribner's. Heinlein told his agent that he wrote it "omitting all cleavage and bed games, such that Miss Dalgliesh can offer it in the same list in which she has my other books." But he also said "I anticipate that \[Dalgliesh\] is not going to like parts of this book." The publisher did reject it. Heinlein told his agent he was "irked" by the rejection:

> But my irk is not alone at her \[Dalgliesh\]; it includes Mr. Scribner himself. I feel that I was treated in a very shabby fashion, and I regard him as in part responsible and do not wish to place any more stories with his firm. Scribner's had published 12 of my books and every single one of them made a profit for them and each one is still making money for them. At one time, Miss Dalgliesh told me that my books had kept her department out of the red. So I offer a thirteenth book...and it is turned down with a brisk little note which might as well have been a printed rejection slip, for it was just as cold and just as informative.

Heinlein ended his association with Scribner's. Putnam published the novel in 1959.

## Scouting stories for boys

The Scouting stories, originally printed in the Boy Scouts of America magazine *Boys' Life*, were part of Heinlein's effort to diversify beyond pulp science fiction. *Farmer in the Sky*, which also had a strong connection to Scouting, was serialized in *Boys' Life* under the title "Satellite Scout". Heinlein considered writing another Boy Scout story called "Polar Scout" in conjunction with a planned trip to Antarctica in early 1964, with the goal of releasing a collection of Scouting-related stories as a juvenile book. The trip did not take place and the author never wrote "Polar Scout".

## Puddin' stories for girls

Upon delivery of one of his early juveniles, his editor at Scribner's wished someone would write stories for girls. Heinlein took this as a challenge and wrote a short story for girls. The story, a first-person tale featuring Maureen "Puddin'", appeared under the byline "R. A. Heinlein" in *Calling All Girls* magazine. He wrote two more, and planned four additional stories with the goal of publishing a collection titled *Men Are Exasperating*, but he never wrote any more and the Puddin' stories have never been collected in one volume.

## *Podkayne of Mars*

Heinlein wrote, "I grew so fond of Maureen \[from the Puddin' stories\] that I helped her to get rid of that excess weight, changed her name to 'Podkayne', and moved her to Mars (along with her unbearable kid brother)." Heinlein felt that a particular ending for *Podkayne of Mars*, published in 1963, was dramatically necessary to the story. Early readers hated it, however, and he reluctantly changed it. In 1995, the book was released again with both the published and original endings.

Podkayne's categorization as a "Heinlein juvenile" is unclear. Some reviewers list it with the juveniles, and it is narrated by a teenager, but Heinlein himself did not regard it as a "juvenile".

## Ties to other works

Heinlein wrote a few series of linked stories and novels. Three of the juveniles are connected to his *Future History*. Hazel Stone of *The Rolling Stones* also appears in *The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress*, *The Number of the Beast*, and *The Cat Who Walks Through Walls*. *Space Cadet* is set after "The Long Watch", which appears on Heinlein's *Future History* chart. The protagonist of *Farmer in the Sky*, Bill Lermer, plays the song "The Green Hills of Earth" on his accordion; the song is featured in the story of the same name from Heinlein's *Future History*. *Farmer* also refers to the Space Patrol, the interplanetary peace-keeping organization described in *Space Cadet*.

The Mars of *Red Planet* seems to be the Mars of *Stranger in a Strange Land*; Jack Williamson wrote, "The Martians in this story have a special interest, because they are the educators of Valentine Michael Smith \[and\] they display the same appalling powers that Smith brings back to Earth." *Have Space Suit—Will Travel* mentions a recently established lunar base and an "infant Luna City", possible early references to what Heinlein developed into the lunar outpost of his *Future History* and the lunar colony of *The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress*.

Other juveniles do not as a whole integrate easily into those series. For example, the timeline for interstellar travel in *Time for the Stars* does not fit into the *Future History*. Neither does the Arachnid War from *Starship Troopers*, nor the appearance of the advanced civilization in the Lesser Magellanic Cloud from *Have Space Suit—Will Travel*. Some of the juveniles which do not integrate with each other, nevertheless share similar elements of setting. The Mars of several of the books (*Red Planet*, *Between Planets*, *The Rolling Stones*, and *Time for the Stars*) has indigenous, intelligent (even dangerous) life, but they are not necessarily the same Martians in each book.


title: Hasmonean Baris

abstract: The Hasmonean Baris was a citadel constructed north of Jerusalem's Temple Mount in existence during the Hasmonean period.

text:
# Hasmonean Baris

The **Hasmonean Baris** was a citadel constructed north of Jerusalem's Temple Mount in existence during the Hasmonean period.

## History

Nehemiah refers to a "birah" on or adjacent to the Temple Mount. This may have been the predecessor or identical to the Hellenistic fortress mentioned in the Letter of Aristeas. It is unclear whether this structure was demolished under the Seleucids or during the Maccabean revolt.

The Baris was rebuilt or repurposed as a fortress-residence under the Hasmoneans during the late 2nd century BCE. Little is known of its form except that it was rectangular and possessed several high towers, one of which was known as "Straton's Tower". The High Priest resided in the Baris, and Josephus reports that Hyrcanus I spent more time in it than at the Hasmonean palace in Jerusalem's upper city. The Baris was connected to the Temple Mount by an underground passageway and also housed the sacred vestments worn by the High Priest. The Baris was besieged by Pompey the Great during his Siege of Jerusalem in 63 BCE, during which one of its towers was felled by Roman siege engines. Under Herod the Great, the Hasmonean Baris underwent renovation or reconstruction, and it was renamed Antonia in honor of his patron Mark Antony.

## Archaeology

Some remains north of the Temple Mount have been tentatively identified with the Hasmonean Baris. The current consensus is that this fortress must have been located in the vicinity of the northwest corner of the Temple Mount, as described by Josephus. Because requests to allow archaeological excavation within the current walls of the Temple Mount have been denied by the Wakf which administers the area, current evidence does not allow for pinning down the exact extent and boundaries of the structure.

31°46′48″N 35°14′05″E / 31.78000°N 35.23472°E / 31.78000; 35.23472


title: Russell L. Vittrup

abstract: Russell Lowell Vittrup was a United States Army lieutenant general who served as chief of staff of the United States European Command from June 1963 to June 1965. He previously served as the U.S. Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel from 1961 to 1963.

text:
# Russell L. Vittrup

**Russell Lowell Vittrup** (28 July 1906 – 7 December 1992) was a United States Army lieutenant general who served as chief of staff of the United States European Command from June 1963 to June 1965. He previously served as the U.S. Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel from 1961 to 1963.

## Early life and education

Born in Rockdale, Texas and raised in Dallas, Vittrup attended Southern Methodist University for one year before being appointed to the United States Military Academy. He graduated with a B.S. degree in 1929 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of infantry. Vittrup later graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College in 1941, the National War College in 1948 and the Army War College in 1951.

## Military career

During World War II, Vittrup served in a series of staff positions. In June 1943, he was assigned to Allied Force Headquarters in Algiers. He then moved with the headquarters to Italy, where he helped to plan the invasion of Southern France. During the last years of the war, Vittrup participated in the invasions of Southern France and Germany.

After the war, Vittrup commanded the 33rd Infantry Regiment at Fort Kobbe in the Panama Canal Zone. As a brigadier general, he was chief of the Army section of the Joint U.S. Military Assistance Group in Athens, Greece from August 1952 to September 1953. As a major general, Vittrup commanded the 24th Infantry Division in South Korea. In 1958, while serving as the Army’s deputy commander for operations in the Pacific, Vittrup negotiated a military aid package with Indonesia.

Vittrup was promoted to lieutenant general effective 1 April 1961. After serving as Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel at the Pentagon, he was sent to Paris to serve as chief of staff of the U.S. European Command. He retired from active duty on 1 June 1965.

## Personal

Vittrup married Muriel Louise Brunner (17 January 1907 – 8 September 1985) on 6 September 1930. They had a son, daughter and four grandchildren. Their son John Frederick Vittrup (20 April 1933 – 28 December 1968) was an U.S. Army major and physician.

Vittrup moved to Fort Belvoir, Virginia after the death of his wife. He died of cardiopulmonary arrest at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Vittrup and his wife were interred at Arlington National Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Russell Lowell Vittrup | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1906-07-28)28 July 1906
Rockdale, Texas |
| Died | 7 December 1992(1992-12-07) (aged 86)
Washington, D.C. |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1929–1965 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands | 24th Infantry Division
33rd Infantry Regiment |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit (2)
Bronze Star Medal |


abstract: Van Hook Township is a township in Mountrail County in the U.S. state of North Dakota. At the time of the 2000 Census, its population was 42, and estimated to be 41 as of 2009.

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# Van Hook Township, Mountrail County, North Dakota

**Van Hook Township** is a township in Mountrail County in the U.S. state of North Dakota. At the time of the 2000 Census, its population was 42, and estimated to be 41 as of 2009.

## History

The township is named for Fred Van Hook who helped survey the area in the early 1910s. A Soo Line Railroad station was established at Van Hook in 1914, resulting in rapid population growth. Van Hook Township's population grew from 65 in 1910 to 278 in 1920, at which time it was counted as an organized civil township. The population peaked 1930.

The village of Van Hook continued to grow, reaching a population of 380 in 1950. However, the town soon declined after it was flooded by Lake Sakakawea. Most of the residents were relocated to the nearby city of New Town after the city disincorporated in 1953.

The resort community of Van Hook in Van Hook township has since been rebuilt on the old town site most of which was never flooded. It is currently a thriving community on the north shore of Lake Sakakawea with both permanent and summer residents. The community is unincorporated, and many of the homes are second homes for residents. US Census population is untabulated. The 2018 population of Van Hook township far exceeds 42, especially if summer residents are counted.

## Geography

Much of the township is part of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. The township covers 36.5 square miles (95 km2), 10 percent (2.6 sq mi (6.7 km2)) of which is underwater. The southern portion of the township was flooded when Lake Sakakawea was created due to construction of Garrison Dam in the early 1950s. Lake Sakakawea's Van Hook Arm is named for the township.

## Demographics

As of the 2000 Census, there were 42 individuals, 23 households, and 13 families living in the township but this number seriously underestimates the number of people who have homes in the township. On average, the population density was 1.3 inhabitants per square mile (0.50/km2). Racially, based on those who identified having only one race in their responses to the Census, the township was 31% White and 12% were American Indians. 57.1% of the township identified themselves as being from two or more races. The 2000 Census also allowed respondents to select more than one race. When that is taken into account, 88.1% of the residents identified themselves as White and 14.3% identified themselves as American Indian.

## InfoBox

| Van Hook Township, North Dakota | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Van Hook Township, North DakotaLocation within the state of North Dakota | |
| Coordinates: 47°58′14″N 102°19′58″W / 47.97056°N 102.33278°W / 47.97056; -102.33278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| County | Mountrail |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.5 sq mi (95 km2) |
| Land | 32.9 sq mi (85 km2) |
| Water | 3.6 sq mi (9 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,903 ft (580 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 42 |
| Density | 1.3/sq mi (0.5/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 701 |
| FIPS code | 38-81420 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1037116 |


title: Isaie Louis

abstract: Isaie Louis is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward.

text:
# Isaie Louis

**Isaie Louis** (born January 18, 2005) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward.

## Career

### Youth

Louis joined the New England Revolution academy in 2019 from Valeo FC.

In 2020, Louis spent time with the club's USL League One affiliate team New England Revolution II. He made his debut on September 9, 2020, appearing as an 87th-minute substitute during a 2–1 loss to Chattanooga Red Wolves.

## InfoBox

Isaie Louis
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Isaie Louis | | |
| Date of birth | (2005-01-18) January 18, 2005 | | |
| Place of birth | Everett, Massachusetts, United States | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2019–2022 | New England Revolution | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2020–2022 | New England Revolution II | 4 | (0) |
| 2023 | Athlone Town | 10 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16:29, 25 March 2024 (UTC) | | | |