abstract: Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located in the city's North Side neighborhood at 1437 Superior Avenue. Today it is best known as the church from which the funeral services of artist Andy Warhol were held in 1987.

text:
# Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church (Pittsburgh)

**Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church** is an Eastern Catholic church in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located in the city's North Side neighborhood at 1437 Superior Avenue. Today it is best known as the church from which the funeral services of artist Andy Warhol were held in 1987.

## History

A parish of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, the American branch of the Ruthenian Catholic Church, Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church was founded by Rusyn immigrants on Pentecost Sunday, May 18, 1902. The Rev. John Korotnoki, who came to the United States from the Eparchy of Presov, Austria-Hungary (now in eastern Slovakia) was its first pastor.

Originally located on Doerr Street in Woods Run, new property was acquired in 1921 for relocation. In 1925 the interior of that church was damaged by fire, prompting the existing church to be built on Superior Avenue in 1927. It was dedicated in 1928. A Social Center/Educational building was built nearby in 1971.

In 1975 Holy Ghost became the mother church of St. Andrew the Apostle Byzantine Catholic Church in the north suburb of Gibsonia.

## Andy Warhol

The family of Andy Warhol's brothers worshipped here at the time of Andy's death. The brothers decided to have the funeral's Divine Liturgy and burial service for Andy at Holy Ghost, with interment in the family plot at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, a south suburb of Pittsburgh.

* Bockris, Victor (1989). *The Life and Death of Andy Warhol*. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-05708-1.
* Byzantine Catholic Metropolia of Pittsburgh (1999). *Byzantine-Ruthenian Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh Directory*. Pittsburgh: Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh. ISBN none.
* Kidney, Walter C. (1997). *Pittsburgh's Landmark Architecture: The Historic Buildings of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County*. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation. ISBN 0-916670-18-X.

40°27′59″N 80°01′55″W / 40.4664°N 80.0320°W / 40.4664; -80.0320


title: Wave power ship

abstract: A wave-powered ship is a ship, propelled harnessing the energy of the waves.

text:
# Wave power ship

A **wave-powered ship** is a ship, propelled harnessing the energy of the waves.

## Ships

### Constructed boats

As yet, there is only one boat that is propelled by wave harnessing fins:

*Mermaid II* uses a passive fin mechanism mounted at the bow. A combination of fins and springs capture wave energy, then release it as a propelling drive forwards.

### Ship concepts

1. Ship concepts having wave harnessing fins like the "Suntory Mermaid, described above:

* *E/S Orcelle* A conceptual design for a large car ferry has been projected. This is planned to use wave energy as a minor component of its energy supply, the major source of which is hydrogen fuel.

2. Ships with several hulls, that are movable among one another:

* The "Oeko-Trimaran" Using the principles of the stationary "Pelamis wave power" plants to produce hydrogen fuel by wave energy. Also sun and wind (Wind turbine) energy are used for fuel production, which work also during the mooring times of the ship.


title: Norman Gerald Horner

abstract: Norman Gerald Horner (1882–1954) was a physician, surgeon, and medical editor.

text:
# Norman Gerald Horner

**Norman Gerald Horner** (1882–1954) was a physician, surgeon, and medical editor.

## Biography

After education at Tonbridge School, N. Gerald Horner matriculated in October 1899 at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, graduating there B.A. in 1902, M.B. and B.Chir. in 1910, M.A. in 1919, and M.D in 1922. At St Bartholomew's Hospital, he qualified M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. in 1906. After qualification, he was, for a brief time, a house surgeon at the Westminster Hospital and then was appointed a house physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital.

> He edited the *St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Journal*, and subsequently wrote for the *Hospital*, edited by Sir Henry Burdett, to whom Horner was eventually assistant. He combined these literary activities with interludes of general practice and clinical assistantships at Bart’s and at the Children’s Hospital in Shadwell.

He was from 1911 to 1915 an assistant editor at *The Lancet* under the editorship of Sir Samuel Squire Sprigge. Horner served from 1914 to 1919 as a captain in the RAMC and during WW I was in France for two years. On the editorial staff of the British Medical Journal, he was from 1917 to 1928 an assistant editor (under Sir Dawson Williams) and from 1928 to 1946 editor-in-chief, as successor to Williams, who died in 1928. Horner retired in 1946 at age sixty-five and was succeeded as editor-in-chief by Hugh Clegg, CBE, FRCP.

Horner was elected FRCP in 1939 and FRCS in 1942.

## Family

> His father had been a surgeon and naturalist on two Arctic expeditions before settling down to general practice in Tonbridge, where he was medical officer at Tonbridge School.

N. Gerald Horner's father, Arthur Claypon Horner (died 1893), was the surgeon and naturalist on the Northwest Passage expedition of the *Pandora* in 1875. He was a noted coleopterist and a Fellow of the Entomological Society.

In 1911 in Kensington, London, N. Gerald Horner married Grace Malleson Fearon (1891–1950). They had one son.

1. "Horner, Norman Gerald (HNR899NG)". *A Cambridge Alumni Database*. University of Cambridge.
2. "Norman Gerald Horner". *Munk's Roll, Volume V*.
3. "Horner, Norman Gerald - Biographical entry". *Plarr's Lives of the Surgeons, Royal College of Surgeons (livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk)*.
4. Steed, H. E., ed. (1911). *The register of Tonbridge School from 1826 to 1910* (3rd ed.). p. 260.
5. McCorristine, Shane (2018). *The Spectral Arctic: A History of dreams and ghosts in polar exploration*. UCL Press. p. 17. ISBN 9781787352469.
6. "Obituary". *Entomologist's Monthly Magazine*. **29**: 240. October 1893.

## InfoBox

| Norman Gerald HornerFRCP FRCS | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1882-01-01)1 January 1882
Tonbridge, England |
| Died | 7 March 1954(1954-03-07) (aged 72)
London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge |
| Occupation(s) | medical doctor; medical editor |
| Known for | editorship of the *British Medical Journal*, 1926–1946 |


title: Mordellina

abstract: Mordellina is a genus of tumbling flower beetles in the family Mordellidae. There are more than 30 described species in Mordellina.

text:
# Mordellina

***Mordellina*** is a genus of tumbling flower beetles in the family Mordellidae. There are more than 30 described species in *Mordellina*.

## Species

These 34 species belong to the genus *Mordellina*, according to GBIF and BioLib, a well as (Hájek 2012).

The following are additionally listed as species of *Mordellina* in "Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog, Texas A&M University", 2008. These species may no longer be valid.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Mordellina pustulata*, Georgia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellini |
| Genus: | *Mordellina*
Schilsky, 1908 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Mordellina gracilis*
Schilsky, 1908 | |


title: Martial Henri Merlin

abstract: Martial Henri Merlin was a French colonial administrator of the 19th and 20th centuries. He served as the governor-general of Guadeloupe (1901–1903), French West Africa, French Equatorial Africa (1908–1917), French Madagascar (1917–1918), and French Indochina (1923–1925).

text:
# Martial Henri Merlin

**Martial Henri Merlin** (20 January 1860 – 8 May 1935; also **Martial Merlin**) was a French colonial administrator of the 19th and 20th centuries. He served as the governor-general of Guadeloupe (1901–1903), French West Africa (1907–1908 and 1919—1923), French Equatorial Africa (1908–1917), French Madagascar (1917–1918), and French Indochina (1923–1925).

1. "Guadeloupe". *Worldstatesmen*. 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
2. Imprimerie du Gouvernement (1903). "Annuaire de la Guadeloupe et dépendances pour l'année 1903" (PDF). *Manioc, digital library* (in French). p. 64. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
3. Profile of Martial Henri Merlin
4. "BnF catalogue général – Notice d'autorité personne". *BnF* (in French). Retrieved 18 January 2018.
5. Jennings, Eric T. (2017). *Perspectives on French Colonial Madagascar*. Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies. Springer. ISBN 9781137559678.
6. Tai, Hue-Tam Ho (1996). *Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution*. Harvard University Press. pp. 35, 134. ISBN 9780674746138. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
7. Corfield, Justin (2014). *Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City*. Anthem Press. ISBN 9781783083336.

"Notice no. 19800035/31/3997". *Base Léonore* (in French).

## InfoBox

| Martial Henri Merlin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Governor-General of Guadeloupe | |
| **In office**
1901–1903 | |
| Preceded by | Joseph Pascal François |
| Succeeded by | Paul Marie Armand de La Loyère |
| Governor-General of French West Africa | |
| **In office**
1907–1908 | |
| Preceded by | Ernest Roume |
| Succeeded by | Amédée William Merlaud-Ponty |
| Governor-General of French Equatorial Africa | |
| **In office**
28 June 1908  15 May 1917 | |
| Preceded by | Alfred Albert Martineau |
| Succeeded by | Gabriel Louis Angoulvant |
| Governor-General of French Madagascar | |
| **In office**
24 July 1917  1 August 1918 | |
| Preceded by | Hubert Auguste Garbit |
| Succeeded by | Abraham Schrameck |
| Governor-General of French West Africa | |
| **In office**
16 September 1919  18 March 1923 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Désiré Auguste Brunet, (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Jules Carde |
| Governor-General of French Indochina | |
| **In office**
9 August 1923  23 April 1925 | |
| Preceded by | François Marius Baudouin (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Maurice Monguillot |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1860-01-20)20 January 1860
Paris, France |
| Died | 8 May 1935(1935-05-08) (aged 75)
Paris, France |
| Occupation | Colonial administrator |
|  | |


title: Mercy-le-Haut

abstract: Mercy-le-Haut is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France. Albert Lebrun, President of France between 1932 and 1940, was born in the town. Since the 2020 municipal elections, Roland Bourgeois has been the mayor of Mercy-le-Haut.

text:
# Mercy-le-Haut

**Mercy-le-Haut** (French pronunciation: \[mɛʁsi  o\]) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France. Albert Lebrun, President of France between 1932 and 1940, was born in the town. Since the 2020 municipal elections, Roland Bourgeois has been the mayor of Mercy-le-Haut.

## InfoBox

| Mercy-le-Haut | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Mercy-le-Haut | |
|  | |
| Location of Mercy-le-Haut | |
| Mercy-le-HautMercy-le-Haut | |
| Coordinates: 49°22′07″N 5°49′35″E / 49.3686°N 5.8264°E / 49.3686; 5.8264 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meurthe-et-Moselle |
| Arrondissement | Briey |
| Canton | Pays de Briey |
| Intercommunality | Cœur du Pays-Haut |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Roland Bourgeois"Répertoire national des élus: les maires". *data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises* (in French). 2 December 2020.\</ref\> |
| Area**1** | 13.35 km2 (5.15 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 271 |
| Density | 20/km2 (53/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 54363 /54560 |
| Elevation | 298–377 m (978–1,237 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Tang dynasty art

abstract: Tang dynasty art refers to Chinese art created during the Tang dynasty (618–907). The period saw significant advancements in arts such as painting, sculpture, calligraphy, music, dance, and literature. During the Tang dynasty, the capital city Chang'an, was the most populous city in the known world, and the era is generally regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization and a golden age of Chinese literature and art. In several areas developments during the Tang set the direction for many centuries to come. This was especially so in pottery, with glazed plain wares in celadon green and whitish porcelaineous types brought to a high level, and exported on a considerable scale. In painting, the period saw the peak level of Buddhist painting, and the emergence of the landscape painting tradition known as shanshui (mountain-water) painting. Trading along the Silk Road of various products increased cultural diversity in small China cities. Stimulated by contact with India and the Middle East, the empire saw a flowering of creativity in many fields. Buddhism, originating in what is modern day India around the time of Confucius, continued to flourish during the Tang period and was adopted by the imperial family, becoming thoroughly sinicized and a permanent part of Chinese traditional culture. Block printing made the written word available to vastly greater audiences. Culturally, the An Lushan Rebellion of 745-763 weakened the confidence of the elite, and brought an end to the lavish style of tomb figures, as well as reducing the outward-looking culture of the early Tang, that was receptive to foreign influences from further west in Asia. The Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, in fact against all foreign religions, which reached its peak in 845, had a great impact on all the arts, but especially the visual arts, greatly reducing demand for artists.

text:
# Tang dynasty art

**Tang dynasty art** (simplified Chinese: 唐朝艺术; traditional Chinese: 唐朝藝術) refers to Chinese art created during the Tang dynasty (618–907). The period saw significant advancements in arts such as painting, sculpture, calligraphy, music, dance, and literature. During the Tang dynasty, the capital city Chang'an (today's Xi'an), was the most populous city in the known world, and the era is generally regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization and a golden age of Chinese literature and art.

In several areas developments during the Tang set the direction for many centuries to come. This was especially so in pottery, with glazed plain wares in celadon green and whitish porcelaineous types brought to a high level, and exported on a considerable scale. In painting, the period saw the peak level of Buddhist painting, and the emergence of the landscape painting tradition known as *shanshui* (mountain-water) painting.

Trading along the Silk Road of various products increased cultural diversity in small China cities. Stimulated by contact with India and the Middle East, the empire saw a flowering of creativity in many fields. Buddhism, originating in what is modern day India around the time of Confucius, continued to flourish during the Tang period and was adopted by the imperial family, becoming thoroughly sinicized and a permanent part of Chinese traditional culture. Block printing made the written word available to vastly greater audiences.

Culturally, the An Lushan Rebellion of 745-763 weakened the confidence of the elite, and brought an end to the lavish style of tomb figures, as well as reducing the outward-looking culture of the early Tang, that was receptive to foreign influences from further west in Asia. The Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, in fact against all foreign religions, which reached its peak in 845, had a great impact on all the arts, but especially the visual arts, greatly reducing demand for artists.

## Painting

A considerable amount of literary and documentary information about Tang painting has survived, but very few works, especially of the highest quality. There is a good deal of biographical information and art criticism, mostly from later periods such as the Ming dynasty, several centuries after the Tang; the accuracy of this needs to be considered, and much of it was probably already based on seeing copies of the art, not originals. With a very few exceptions, traditional attributions of particular scroll paintings to Tang masters are now regarded with suspicion by art historians.

A walled-up cave in the Dunhuang (Mogao Caves) complex was discovered by Aurel Stein, which contained a vast haul, mostly of Buddhist writings, but also some banners and paintings, making much the largest group of paintings on silk to survive. These are now in the British Museum and elsewhere. They are not of court quality, but show a variety of styles, including those with influences from further west. As with sculpture, other survivals showing Tang style are in Japan, though the most important, at Nara, was very largely destroyed in a fire in 1949.

The rock-cut cave complexes and royal tombs also contain many wall-paintings; the paintings in the Qianling Mausoleum are the most important group of the latter, mostly now removed to a museum. Not all the royal tombs have yet been opened. Court painting mostly survives in what are certainly or arguably copies from much later, such as *Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy*, probably a later copy of the 7th century original by Yan Liben, though the front section of the famous portrait of the Emperor Xuanzong's horse *Night-Shining White* is probably an original by Han Gan of 740–760. Yan Liben is an example of a famous painter who was also a very important official.

Most Tang artists outlined figures with fine black lines and used brilliant color and elaborate detail filling in the outlines. However, Wu Daozi used only black ink and freely painted brushstrokes to create ink paintings that were so exciting that crowds gathered to watch him work. From his time on, ink paintings were no longer thought to be preliminary sketches or outlines to be filled in with color. Instead, they were valued as finished works of art.

The Tang dynasty saw the maturity of the landscape painting tradition known as *shanshui* (mountain-water) painting, which became the most prestigious type of Chinese painting, especially when practiced by amateur scholar-official or "literati" painters in ink-wash painting. In these landscapes, usually monochromatic and sparse, the purpose was not to reproduce exactly the appearance of nature but rather to grasp an emotion or atmosphere so as to catch the "rhythm" of nature.

## Pottery

Chinese ceramics saw many significant developments, including the first Chinese porcelain meeting both Western and Chinese definitions of porcelain, in Ding ware and related types. The earthenware Tang dynasty tomb figures are better known in the West today, but were only made to placed in elite tombs close to the capital in the north, between about 680 and 760. They were perhaps the last significant fine earthenwares to be produced in China. Many are lead-glazed *sancai* (three-colour) wares; others are unpainted or were painted over a slip; the paint has now often fallen off.

Sancai was also used for vessels for burial, and perhaps for use; the glaze was less toxic than in the Han, but perhaps still to be avoided for use at the dining table. The typical shape is the "offering tray", a round or circular and lobed shape with geometrically regular floral-type decoration in the centre.

In the south the wares from the Changsha Tongguan Kiln Site in Tongguan are significant as the first regular use of underglaze painting; examples have been found in many places in the Islamic world. However the production tailed off and underglaze painting remained a minor technique for several centuries.

Yue ware was the leading high-fired, lime-glazed celadon of the period, and was of very sophisticated design, patronized by the court. This was also the case with the northern porcelains of kilns in the provinces of Henan and Hebei, which for the first time met the Western as well as the Eastern definition of porcelain, being a pure white and translucent. One of the first mentions of porcelain by a foreigner was in the *Chain of Chronicles* written by the Arab traveler and merchant Suleiman in 851 AD during the Tang dynasty who recorded that:

> They have in China a very fine clay with which they make vases which are as transparent as glass; water is seen through them. The vases are made of clay.

The Arabs were well used to glass, and he was certain that the porcelain that he saw was not that.

Yaozhou ware or Northern Celadon also began under the Tang, though like Ding ware its best period was under the next Song dynasty.

## Sculpture

Most sculpture before the official rejection of Buddhism in 845 was religious, and a vast amount was destroyed during the Tang period itself, with most of the rest lost in later periods. There were many bronze and wooden sculptures, whose style is best seen in the survivals in Japanese temples. Monumental sculpture in stone, and also terracotta, has survived at several complexes of rock-cut temples, of which the largest and most famous are the Longmen Grottoes and the Mogao Caves (at Dunhuang), both of which were at their peak of expansion during the Tang. The best combined "the Indian feeling for solid, swelling form and the Chinese genius for expression in terms of linear rhythm ... to produce a style which was to become the basis of all later Buddhist sculpture in China."

The tomb-figures are discussed above; though probably not treated very seriously as art by their producers, and sometimes rather sloppily made, and especially painted, they remain vigorous and effective as sculpture, especially when animals and foreigners are depicted, the latter with an element of caricature. A rather different class and type of tomb sculpture is seen in the reliefs of the six favourite horses at the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong (d. 649). By tradition these were designed by the court painter Yan Liben, and the relief is so flat and linear that it seems likely they were carved after drawings or paintings.

## Metalwork and decorative arts

Tang elite metalwork, surviving mostly in bronze or silver cups and mirrors, is often of superb quality, decorated using a variety of techniques, and often inlaid with gold and other metals. An exceptionally fine deposit is the collection in the Tōdai-ji in Nara in Japan of the personal goods of Emperor Shōmu, given to the Buddhist shrine by his daughter Empress Kōmyō after her father's death in 756. As well as metalwork, paintings and calligraphy, this includes furniture, glass, lacquer and wood pieces such as musical instruments and board games. Most is probably made in China, though some is Japanese and some from the Middle East.

Another important deposit was discovered in 1970 at Xi'an when the Hejia Village hoard was uncovered by construction. Placed into two large ceramic pots, 64 cm high, and a silver one, 25 cm high, this was a large collection of over a thousand objects, altogether representing a rather puzzling collection. Several of them were gold or silver vessels and other objects of the highest quality, as well as hardstone carvings in jade and agate, and gemstones. It was probably hidden in a hurry during the An Lushan revolt, in which the Tang capital was taken more than once. Many of the objects are imported, mostly from along the Silk Road, especially Sogdia, and others show Sogdian influence. Two objects from the hoard (illustrated) are included on the very select official list of Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad. The hoard is now in the Shaanxi History Museum.

## Architecture

There had been an enormous amount of building of Buddhist temples and monasteries, but in 845 these were all confiscated by the government, and the great majority destroyed. The normal construction material for buildings other than towers, pagodas, and military works in the Tang was still wood, which does not survive very long if not maintained. The rock-cut architecture of the famous surviving sites of course survives neglect far better, but the Chinese generally left the external facades of cave-temples unornamented, unlike the Indian equivalents at sites like the Ajanta Caves.

Two large Tang pagodas survive in the capital, now Xi'an, which otherwise has few remains dating back to the Tang. The oldest is the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, rebuilt in 704 in brick, and reduced in height after damage in the 1556 Shaanxi earthquake. The Small Wild Goose Pagoda was also rebuilt in 704, but only lost a few metres in the earthquake. Some Tang pagodas tried to reconcile the form with the Indian shikara temple tower, or even had a stupa as part of the superstructure; the Tahōtō at the Ishiyama-dera temple in Japan is a surviving later example, with a roof on top of the stupa.

The main hall of the relatively small rural Nanchan Temple has a main structure of wood. Much of it appears to have survived from the original construction in 782, and it is recognised as the oldest wooden building in China. The third oldest is the main hall of the nearby Foguang Temple of 857.

Both are studied for their *dougong* bracketing systems, joining the roof to the walls. These complicated arrangements persisted until the end of traditional Chinese architecture, but are often considered to have reached a peak of elegance and harmony in the Song and Yuan dynasties, before becoming over-elaborate and fussy. The Tang examples show an increase in complexity before the great periods, and the beginnings of the uplift at the edges of roof lines that was to grow stronger in later periods. Japan has preserved rather more temple halls built in very similar styles (or in many cases has carefully rebuilt them as exact replicas over the centuries).

## Music

The first major well-documented flowering of Chinese music was for the qin during the Tang dynasty, though the qin is known to have been played since before the Han dynasty.

Late 20th century excavations of an intact tomb of the period revealed not only a number of instruments (including a spectacular concert bell set) but also inscribed tablets with playing instructions and musical scores for ensemble concerts, which are now heard again as played on reproduction instruments at the Hubei Provincial Museum.

## Opera

Chinese opera is generally dated back to the Tang dynasty with Emperor Xuanzong (712–755), who founded the Pear Garden, the first known opera troupe in China. The troupe mostly performed for the emperors' personal pleasure.

## Poetry

The poetry of the Tang dynasty is perhaps the most highly regarded poetic era in Chinese poetry. The *shi*, the classical form of poetry which had developed in the late Han dynasty, reached its zenith. The anthology *Three Hundred Tang Poems*, compiled much later, remains famous in China.

During the Tang dynasty, poetry became popular, and writing poetry was considered a sign of learning. One of China's greatest poets was Li Po, who wrote about ordinary people and about nature, which was a powerful force in Chinese art. One of Li Po's short poems, "Waterfall at Lu-Shan", shows how Li Po felt about nature.

## Tang dynasty artists

## Further reading


title: The Story of Tonight

abstract: "The Story of Tonight" is the fourth song from Act 1 of the musical Hamilton, based on the life of Alexander Hamilton, which premiered on Broadway in 2015. Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote both the music and lyrics to the song.

text:
# The Story of Tonight

"**The Story of Tonight**" is the fourth song from Act 1 of the musical *Hamilton*, based on the life of Alexander Hamilton, which premiered on Broadway in 2015. Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote both the music and lyrics to the song.

## Synopsis

The song recounts a meeting which occurred in 1776 between Alexander Hamilton, John Laurens, Hercules Mulligan and Marquis de Lafayette. In the song, the four young revolutionaries declare their loyalty and fealty to the newly-started American Revolutionary War, and consume alcohol in a bar as they talk, toasting every now and then. They state that their liberty and freedom can never be taken from them, and that there will soon be more people joining their cause. They also confess that they are willing to die in the fight, which Laurens eventually did.

## Reprises

The song has two reprises in the first act of the musical:

### "The Story of Tonight (Reprise)"

| "The Story of Tonight (Reprise)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Anthony Ramos, Okieriete Onaodowan, Daveed Diggs, and Leslie Odom Jr. | |
| from the album  *Hamilton* | |
| Released | 2015 |
| Genre | Show tune |
| Length | 1:55 |
| Songwriter(s) | Lin-Manuel Miranda |
|  | |
| Audio | |
| "The Story of Tonight (Reprise)" on YouTube | |
|  | |

The first reprise of the song is the twelfth song in Act One of the musical. It takes place following the wedding of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler in 1780. The group from the first rendition of the song is reunited, all of them drunk from the party and jokingly singing about the consequences of his marriage. They refer to Alexander as "the tomcat", referencing a moniker given to him by Martha Washington as a result of his promiscuous nature. Mulligan states that he is "newly not poor", as he has married into the wealthy Schuyler family. Their drunken festivities are interrupted by the arrival of Aaron Burr, who had recently been promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Hamilton expresses envy at Burr's command, and Burr congratulates Hamilton on his nuptials, and Laurens inquires as to Burr's own romantic status. Hamilton dismisses his friends and Burr reveals that he is unlawfully consorting with the wife of a British officer. Hamilton asks Burr why he is so hesitant to be with this woman if he loves her, a question that leads Burr to reveal his world-view and philosophy in the next song, "Wait for It".

### "Tomorrow There'll Be More of Us: Laurens' Interlude"

| "Tomorrow There'll Be More of Us: Laurens' Interlude" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Anthony Ramos, and Phillipa Soo | |
| Genre | Show tune |
| Songwriter(s) | Lin-Manuel Miranda |

A second reprise of "The Story of Tonight", titled "Tomorrow There'll Be More of Us: Laurens' Interlude" ("The Laurens Interlude" in the Off-Broadway version), occurs in the show near the end of Act One. Hamilton is working at home when his wife Eliza informs him that he has received a letter from South Carolina. Hamilton puts off reading the letter, believing it to be from John Laurens. However, Eliza reveals that the letter is actually from Laurens' father. At Hamilton's request, she reads the letter aloud, delivering the news of Laurens' death in the Battle of the Combahee River, and all the black soldiers that were with him had either been killed or captured and returned to their owners. This battle had occurred because the British troops in the southern territories had not yet received word that the war had ended, meaning that Laurens had died for no reason. Laurens' father laments that his son's dream of freedom for his people as well as his plans for the first "black battalion" have died with him. As the scene plays, a ghost-like Laurens appears and interjects lines from "The Story of Tonight", suggesting that he held on to the beliefs espoused in the song to very end. Hamilton suppresses his emotional reaction to the news, saying only that he has "so much work to do," leading directly into "Non-Stop", the act's finale number.

The song was not included on the original Broadway cast recording. Miranda explained that it was "more of a scene than a song, the only scene in the \[sung-through\] show", and he wanted to reserve the impact of "at least one revelation" that could be experienced more fully onstage.

## Analysis

The song stylistically differs from many other songs in the musical due to the absence of hip-hop elements. Elizabeth Logan wrote that the song demonstrates the "characters' naïveté" as they are consumed with dreams of glory.

The song is referenced multiple times in the musical, most importantly in "The World Was Wide Enough", when, having been wounded in a duel in Weehawken, New Jersey, Hamilton's final words in his final soliloquy is "Raise a glass to freedom".

## Critical reception

The Young Folks considered the original song to be the musical's 28th best, and its first reprise to be the 44th.

## We the Kings version

We the Kings, an American rock band, recorded a cover version of "The Story of Tonight" which was released as a single in 2016.

## "Found/Tonight"

"Found/Tonight", a mashup charity single of "The Story of Tonight" with "You Will Be Found" from *Dear Evan Hansen* was released on March 19, 2018. It peaked at number 49 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

## Other performances

*The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon* taped segments in Puerto Rico when *Hamilton* debuted on the island with the "And Peggy Tour" cast, including a performance of "The Story of Tonight", where Jimmy Fallon joined in as a second Alexander Hamilton next to Miranda singing about *The Tonight Show* and ending the performance with a salsa version of Fallon's *Tonight Show* opening song.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 400,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.<br> | | |

## InfoBox

| "The Story of Tonight" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Anthony Ramos, Okieriete Onaodowan, Daveed Diggs and the original Broadway cast of *Hamilton* | |
| from the album  *Hamilton* | |
| Released | 2015 |
| Genre | Show tune |
| Length | 1:31 |
| Songwriter(s) | Lin-Manuel Miranda |
|  | |
| Audio | |
| "The Story of Tonight" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Niourk

abstract: Niourk is a science fiction novel by the French writer Stefan Wul. It first appeared as one of the Fleuve Noir Anticipation collection published in France since 1951 which reflected the authors' attitudes towards the supposed post war rise of a "technocracy" in the country.

text:
# Niourk

***Niourk*** (published 1957) is a science fiction novel by the French writer Stefan Wul. It first appeared as one of the *Fleuve Noir Anticipation* collection published in France since 1951 which reflected the authors' attitudes towards the supposed post war rise of a "technocracy" in the country.

## Plot

The name of the novel, "Niourk", comes from the pronunciation of the name of New York City, and the book presents a future in which Earth is deserted and only small bands of hunter-gatherer tribes exist on a paleolithic level.

"The Black Child" lives with his tribe on the dry bottom of the Caribbean Sea, where Cuba and Haiti are mountain ranges. Considered a mutant because of his skin colour, he is sentenced to death by the tribal shaman, and will be executed when the shaman has returned from his pilgrimage to the city of the gods. When the shaman does not come back, the child defies a taboo and follows the shaman's route into the ruins of an abandoned city. There, he finds pre-apocalyptic human artefacts, and picks up a laser rifle. The Black Child finds the frozen dead body of the shaman and, according to tribal custom, eats the shaman's brain and adds one of the shaman's vertebrae to the necklace of similar vertebrae that is the symbol of his power. By doing this, the Black Child becomes the tribal shaman. The child is attacked by a bear and defends himself with the laser weapon, but then, instead of killing it, tames the beast, which becomes his companion.

In the meantime, driven from their usual hunting grounds by a wildfire which has driven off all game, the tribe moves towards another hunting area, where they are attacked by intelligent, tentacled monsters mutated from octopuses by nuclear waste on the bottom of the now nearly dry Atlantic Ocean. The tribesmen kill one of the monsters and eat it, which makes them stronger, faster, and more intelligent. However, they also become heavily irradiated.

The Black Child returns to the tribe and saves them with the laser rifle from a larger monster attack. He then eats one of the monster's brains and begins to experience an exponential transformation of his intellect and abilities, but is also heavily irradiated.

As they travel, the tribe meet a human (whom they take to be a mad god) from a space-bound branch of mankind shipwrecked on earth. He directs them to New York before wandering off. On the trip there, all the tribesmen die from acute radiation sickness. New York is a futuristic city full of functional autonomous machinery. There, the Black Child meets two other humans from the shipwrecked crew. They heal the child, and in the process he develops tremendous intelligence, teaches himself to read, learns most of the human history, and develops superhuman powers. He is increasingly able to manipulate matter and space, which enables him to fly, go through walls, manipulate objects psycho-kinetically, and be in many places simultaneously. He creates a space ship and sends his three human companions home to Venus. Then he recreates them, plus all the members of his tribe, and relocates the Earth to the centre of the galaxy. The final sentences of the book also reveal that he has created a copy of himself to accompany the real humans home to Venus.

## Adaptations

A graphic novel adaptation by Olivier Vatine was published by Ankama Editions in 2012, and was translated into English by Dark Horse Comics in 2018.


title: Stanley Reiter

abstract: Stanley Reiter was an American author, economist, and Emeritus Professor at Northwestern University. Reiter was a leading pioneer in the field of mechanism design. In 2006, he and the 2007 Nobel prize-winning economist Leonid Hurwicz authored the book Designing Economic Mechanisms.

text:
# Stanley Reiter

**Stanley Reiter** (April 26, 1925 – August 9, 2014) was an American author, economist, and Emeritus Professor at Northwestern University. Reiter was a leading pioneer in the field of mechanism design.

In 2006, he and the 2007 Nobel prize-winning economist Leonid Hurwicz authored the book *Designing Economic Mechanisms*.

## Education

Reiter completed his A.B. with honors in economics from Queens College in 1947. He then completed his M.A. (1950) and Ph.D. in economics (1955) from the University of Chicago.

## Career

From 1949 to 1954, he was associated with Stanford University as an instructor and a research associate. From 1954 to 1967, he was at the faculty of Purdue University. He joined the faculty at Northwestern University in 1967.

In 1960 Reiter coined the term Cliometrics.

Reiter is a leading pioneer in the field of mechanism design. In 2006, he and the 2007 Nobel prize-winning economist Leonid Hurwicz authored the book *Designing Economic Mechanisms*.

Reiter is a fellow of the Econometric Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

He died in 2014, and is survived by his wife Nina to whom he was married for 70 years, and children Carla and Frank.

## Selected bibliography

### Books

* Reiter, Stanley; Hurwicz, Leonid (2008). *Designing economic mechanisms*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521724104.

### Journal articles

## InfoBox

| Stanley Reiter | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1925-04-26)April 26, 1925 |
| Died | August 9, 2014(2014-08-09) (aged 89) |
| Nationality | American |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Institution | Northwestern University |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago |
| Doctoral
advisor | Leonid Hurwicz
Tjalling Koopmans |
| Doctoral
students | Hugo F. Sonnenschein |
| Influences | Kenneth Arrow |
| Information at IDEAS / RePEc | |
|  | |


title: Terry Haydon

abstract: Terry Haydon is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level. Haydon played two official A-international matches for the New Zealand in 1968, scoring in the first, a 5–0 win over Pacific neighbours Fiji on 17 September. His second and final appearance was as a substitute a 1–3 loss to New Caledonia on 8 October 1968.

text:
# Terry Haydon

**Terry Haydon** is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.

Haydon played two official A-international matches for the New Zealand in 1968, scoring in the first, a 5–0 win over Pacific neighbours Fiji on 17 September. His second and final appearance was as a substitute a 1–3 loss to New Caledonia on 8 October 1968.

## InfoBox

Terry Haydon
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Terry J F Haydon | | |
| Place of birth | New Zealand | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Christchurch Rangers |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1968 | New Zealand | 2 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Norman Gifford

abstract: Norman Gifford is a retired English cricketer, who played primarily as a left-arm spinner. Gifford played county cricket for Worcestershire, and Warwickshire County Cricket Clubs, and represented England in fifteen Test matches and two One Day International between 1964 and 1985. Cricket writer Colin Bateman said, "a spinner who pushed Derek Underwood out of the England side had to be something special, and Norman Gifford was just that. A great competitor with a deep knowledge of the game, 'Giff' could find turn from most surfaces despite firing in his left-arm deliveries".

text:
# Norman Gifford

**Norman Gifford** MBE (born 30 March 1940) is a retired English cricketer, who played primarily as a left-arm spinner. Gifford played county cricket for Worcestershire, and Warwickshire County Cricket Clubs, and represented England in fifteen Test matches and two One Day International between 1964 and 1985.

Cricket writer Colin Bateman said, "a spinner who pushed Derek Underwood out of the England side had to be something special, and Norman Gifford was just that. A great competitor with a deep knowledge of the game, 'Giff' could find turn from most surfaces despite firing in his left-arm deliveries".

## Early career

Known to Worcestershire folk as "Apple Norm", Gifford served his apprenticeship as a professional cricketer in the Worcestershire second team during 1959, and when in May 1960 he took 2–25 from 18 overs in a drawn Second XI match against Kent, he was called up to the first team for the game against the same opposition that began the very next day. Gifford took four wickets in Kent's first innings, but Worcestershire collapsed to their second-lowest ever score of 25 all out on their way to an innings defeat. In the next game against Cambridge University Gifford took ten wickets in the match, including second-innings analysis of 15.5–7–18–6.

## Recognition

Gifford finished 1960 with 41 wickets at an average of 17.90, but this only hinted at the success he was to enjoy the following year. 1961 proved to be the most productive season of Gifford's career as he took 133 wickets. In July 1961, he was notified he was on the long list to tour India and Pakistan with the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) side, but was not selected for the final party. In compensation he toured Rhodesia and Pakistan with an International XI. He was again fairly successful in the 1962 and 1963 seasons, with 92 and 72 wickets respectively, and in 1962 was selected for the Players in their penultimate match against the Gentlemen before the distinction between amateur and professional cricketers was abolished.

## International selection

1964 was the year when Gifford really broke through as he was selected for the Second Ashes Test at Lord's in June. Although the game was ruined by rain, with no play at all possible on the first two days, Gifford had time to impress, returning miserly analyses of 12–6–14–2 in the first innings and 17–9–17–1 in the second. He was retained for the Third Test at Headingley, but took only two wickets as Australia recorded a comfortable win. It would be seven years before he played Test cricket again.

## County cricketer

Worcestershire's won the County Championship in 1964, and retained their title the following year. Gifford was instrumental in these successes, and although he reached 100 wickets only in 1964, between 1963 and 1968 he averaged under 20 with the ball every season. He took his career-best bowling figures in July 1968 when he took 8–28 (albeit in a losing cause) against Yorkshire.

## International recall

Gifford was recalled to the England team in 1971, replacing Derek Underwood for the Second Test against Pakistan. He was in and out of the team during the next two years, including a tour of the Indian sub-continent in 1972–3.

He played two more Tests against New Zealand the following summer, but thereafter the selectors' minds turned decisively towards Underwood and Gifford never played Test cricket again. He contented himself with consistent displays in county cricket, leading Worcestershire to another County Championship triumph in 1974, for which he was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year. Later he played for Worcestershire's great rivals Warwickshire, whom he joined for the 1983 season. That year he took 104 first-class wickets, the final time he was to reach the 100 mark.

## One Day captain

Gifford's England career, however, was not quite over. He made his One Day International debut – extraordinarily as captain – in the absence of David Gower who was being rested, at the age of 44 in the 1984/85 'Rothmans Four-Nations Cup' contest in Sharjah. England lost both their matches, against Australia and Pakistan, but Gifford showed that he still had the ability in the second game when he took 4–23 including the prize wicket of Imran Khan for a first-ball duck. Despite this performance, however, these two games proved to be the extent of Gifford's brief ODI career.

## Later years

Gifford continued to play for Warwickshire into his late forties, and when he retired from playing at the age of 48 in 1988, he had taken 2,068 first-class wickets. The reduction in the amount of first-class cricket played means that he is likely to remain the last man to reach the 2,000 mark. Never much of a batsman, he made only three half-centuries in more than 800 innings, his 7,000 runs coming at an average of just 13. After retirement, Gifford went into coaching and became coach of first Sussex, and then Durham.

He is now a scorer for his hometown side, Ulverston C.C. He is still helping to coach youngsters at Worcestershire in 2015, sharing his wealth of knowledge and expertise.

## Teams

### International

### English county

### Other first-class

## Career highlights

### Tests

### One-Day International

* ODI debut: vs Australia, Sharjah, 1984/85
* Last ODI: vs Pakistan, Sharjah, 1984/85
    + Highest score: 0 vs Pakistan, Sharjah 1984/85
    + Best bowling: 4–23 vs Pakistan, Sharjah 1984/85
    + ODI captaincy record: 2 matches; 0 wins, 2 losses

### First-class

### List A Limited Overs

## InfoBox

Norman Gifford
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Norman Gifford |
| Born | (1940-03-30) 30 March 1940<br>Ulverston, Lancashire, England |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left-arm orthodox |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 423) | 18 June 1964 v Australia |
| Last Test | 21 June 1973 v New Zealand |
| ODI debut (cap 81) | 24 March 1985 v Australia |
| Last ODI | 26 March 1985 v Pakistan |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1960–1982 | Worcestershire |
| 1983–1988 | Warwickshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test ODI FC LA  Matches 15 2 710 397  Runs scored 179 0 7,048 1,478  Batting average 16.27 0.00 13.00 11.11  100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/3 0/0  Top score 25 0 89 38  Balls bowled 3,084 120 128,412 17,601  Wickets 33 4 2,068 443  Bowling average 31.09 12.50 23.56 26.01  5 wickets in innings 1 0 93 5  10 wickets in match 0 0 14 0  Best bowling 5/55 4/23 8/28 6/8  Catches/stumpings 8/– 1/– 319/– 96/– | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 29 May 2017 | |


title: Lee Eunae

abstract: Lee Eunae is a South Korean judge. She was named a Justice of the Constitutional Court of Korea in 2018. On November 10, 2023, due to the resignation of Constitutional Court President Yoo Nam-seok, Judge Lee Jongseok, who had been appointed to succeed him, was delayed in the appointment process, resulting in a vacancy. Due to the vacancy of the post of President of the Constitutional Court, Senior Judge Lee Eun-ae held the post of Acting President of the Constitutional Court from 11 November 2023 until the appointment of Judge Lee Jongseok on 29 November 2023.

text:
# Lee Eunae

**Lee Eunae** is a South Korean judge. She was named a Justice of the Constitutional Court of Korea in 2018. On November 10, 2023, due to the resignation of Constitutional Court President Yoo Nam-seok, Judge Lee Jongseok, who had been appointed to succeed him, was delayed in the appointment process, resulting in a vacancy. Due to the vacancy of the post of President of the Constitutional Court, Senior Judge Lee Eun-ae held the post of Acting President of the Constitutional Court from 11 November 2023 until the appointment of Judge Lee Jongseok on 29 November 2023.

## Career

* 1987 29th National Bar Exam
* 1990 Judge, Western Branch of Seoul District Court
* 1992 Judge, Seoul Civil District Court
* 1994 Judge, Gwangju District Court
* 1999 Judge, Southern Branch of Seoul District Court
* 1999 UC Berkeley (overseas training)
* 2000 Judge, Northern Branch of Seoul District Court
* 2002 Rapporteur Judge, Constitutional Court of Korea
* 2005 Senior Judge, Incheon District Court
* 2008 Senior Judge, Eastern Branch of Seoul District Court
* 2010 Senior Judge, Seoul Central District Court
* 2012 Senior Judge, Jeonju Branch of Gwangju High Court
* 2014 Senior Judge, Seoul High Court
* 2017 (Acting) Chief Senior Judge, Seoul Family Court
* 2018~ Justice, Constitutional Court (Since September 21, 2018)

* "Constitutional Court Korea \> Introduction \> Organization". *Constitutional Court of Korea*. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
* "인물". *Constitutional Court of Korea*. Retrieved 2018-02-07.

## InfoBox

| Lee Eunae | |
| --- | --- |
| 이은애 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Justice of the Constitutional Court of Korea | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
September 2018 | |
| Acting President of the Constitutional Court | |
| **In office**
11 November 2023  29 November 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Yoo Nam-seok (As the 7th President of the Constitutional Court) |
| Succeeded by | Lee Jongseok (As the 8th President of the Constitutional Court of Korea) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-05-21) 21 May 1966 |
| Alma mater | Seoul National University (LL.B.) |
|  | |


title: The Spinning Ball (1919 film)

abstract: The Spinning Ball is a 1919 German silent drama film directed by Rudolf Biebrach and starring Ernst Hofmann, Olga Limburg and Martha Angerstein-Licho. It is an adaptation of the 1866 novel The Gambler by Fyodor Dostoevsky. It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin.

text:
# The Spinning Ball (1919 film)

***The Spinning Ball*** (German: ***Die rollende Kugel***) is a 1919 German silent drama film directed by Rudolf Biebrach and starring Ernst Hofmann, Olga Limburg and Martha Angerstein-Licho. It is an adaptation of the 1866 novel *The Gambler* by Fyodor Dostoevsky.

It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Bock, Hans-Michael & Töteberg, Michael. *Das Ufa-Buch*. Zweitausendeins, 1992.

## InfoBox

| The Spinning Ball | |
| --- | --- |
| Scene from a film | |
|  | |
| German | *Die rollende Kugel* |
|  | |
| Directed by | Rudolf Biebrach |
| Written by | Henrik Galeen |
| Based on | *The Gambler*
by Fyodor Dostoevsky |
| Produced by | Oskar Messter |
| Starring | Ernst Hofmann
Olga Limburg
Martha Angerstein-Licho |
| Production
company | Messter Film |
| Distributed by | UFA |
| Release date | * 9 May 1919 (1919-05-09) |
| Running time | 66 minutes |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages | Silent
German intertitles |


title: Toombs County School District

abstract: The Toombs County School District is a public school district in Toombs County, Georgia, United States, based in Lyons. It serves the communities of Lyons, Santa Claus, and Vidalia.

text:
# Toombs County School District

The **Toombs County School District** is a public school district in Toombs County, Georgia, United States, based in Lyons. It serves the communities of Lyons, Santa Claus, and Vidalia.

## Schools

The Toombs County School District has three elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school.

### Elementary schools

* Lyons Primary School
* Lyons Upper Elementary School
* Toombs Central Elementary School

### Middle school

* Toombs County Middle School

### High school

## InfoBox

| Toombs County School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 600 Bulldog Rd Unit 1 Lyons, Georgia, 30436-1368
United States | |
| Coordinates | 32°12′22″N 82°19′21″W / 32.206250°N 82.322482°W / 32.206250; -82.322482 |
| District information | |
| Grades | Pre-school - 12 |
| Superintendent | Mr. Barry Waller |
| Accreditation(s) | Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Georgia Accrediting Commission |
| Students and staff | |
| Enrollment | 2,856 |
| Faculty | 177 |
| Other information | |
| Telephone | (912) 526-3141 |
| Fax | (912) 526-3291 |
| Website | www.toombscountyschools.org |


title: Tandi Wright

abstract: Tandi Wright is a New Zealand actress. She first gained recognition for portraying Nurse Caroline Buxton on the long running New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street. She is best known for her roles as Fenn Partington on Seven Periods with Mr Gormsby and Catherine Duvall on Nothing Trivial. She played a recurring role in 800 Words portraying the character Laura Turner.

text:
# Tandi Wright

**Tandi Wright** (born 4 May 1970) is a New Zealand actress. She first gained recognition for portraying Nurse Caroline Buxton on the long running New Zealand soap opera *Shortland Street*.

She is best known for her roles as Fenn Partington on *Seven Periods with Mr Gormsby* and Catherine Duvall on *Nothing Trivial*.

She played a recurring role in *800 Words* portraying the character Laura Turner.

## Life

Wright was born in Zambia to New Zealander parents Vernon Wright and Dinah Priestley. She grew up in Wellington and attended Wellington High School and Victoria University of Wellington. She graduated from Toi Whakaari: New Zealand Drama School with a Diploma in Acting in 1994. Her father Vernon Wright, is a former journalist for "The Listener" who now lives in Zambia, and her mother Dinah is a writer and actress in Wellington. Wright has two sisters, Nicky (DOC policy advisor) and Justine (film editor), and two step sisters, Stephanie (information architect) and Victoria (teacher). Her husband Michael Beran is also an actor and they live in Auckland with their daughter, Olive.

## Career

From 1995 to 2000, she appeared as Nurse Caroline Buxton in *Shortland Street*. Other roles include *Power Rangers: S.P.D.*, *Crash Palace*, *Out of the Blue*, *Seven Periods with Mr Gormsby*, *The Lost Children*, *Black Sheep* and *Legend of the Seeker*.

In 2010, she played the role of Callie Ross, the wife of the main character, in *This Is Not My Life*. Her next major role followed in 2011–2014, as Dr Catherine Duvall on the TVNZ drama *Nothing Trivial*. She starred 2014 in the drama thriller series The Returned as Claire Winship.

Wright is vice president of the performers trade union Equity New Zealand.

## Filmography

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | *The Enid Blyton Adventure Series* | Ingrid | Episode: "Ship of Adventure" |
| 1995–2000 | *Shortland Street* | Caroline Buxton | Main role |
| 2000 | *Street Legal* | Detective Senior Sergeant Angela Watson | Main role |
| 2000 | *Xena: Warrior Princess* | Sarah / Sonata | Episode: "Who's Gurkhan?" |
| 2001 | *Crash Palace* | Penny Watts | Main role |
| 2001–2002 | *Being Eve* | Alannah Lush | Main role |
| 2003 | *Willy Nilly* | Joy | Main role |
| 2004 | *Serial Killers* | Sally | Main role |
| 2005 | *Power Rangers S.P.D.* | Isinia Cruger | Main role |
| 2005–2008 | *Seven Periods with Mr Gormsby* | Fenn Partington | Main role |
| 2006 | *The Lost Children* | Charlotte Melville | Main role |
| 2006 | *Maddigan's Quest* | Timon's Mother | Episode: "Hillfolk" |
| 2009–2010 | *Legend of the Seeker* | Mord'Sith / Alina | 3 episodes |
| 2010 | *Outrageous Fortune* | Mandy | Episode: "Let The Door Be Lock'd" |
| 2010 | *This Is Not My Life* | Callie Ross | Main role |
| 2011–2014 | *Nothing Trivial* | Catherine Duvall | Main role |
| 2015 | *The Returned* | Claire Winship | Main role |
| 2015–2018 | *800 Words* | Laura Turner | Recurring role |
| 2021 | *Creamerie* | Lane | Main role |

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 | *Iris* | *unknown* |  |
| 1992 | *Absent Without Leave* | Tom's Fiancée |  |
| 2002 | *This Is Not a Love Story* | Studio Art Dept |  |
| 2003 | *Sylvia* | 2nd Woman at Ted Hughes' Lecture |  |
| 2004 | *Raising Waylon* | Tina Stanfil |  |
| 2004 | *Not Only But Always* | Julie Andrews |  |
| 2006 | *Black Sheep* | Doctor Rush |  |
| 2006 | *Out of the Blue* | Julie-Anne Bryson |  |
| 2009 | *Piece of My Heart* | Chloe Morton |  |
| 2012 | *Kiwi Flyer* | Karen |  |
| 2013 | *Jack the Giant Slayer* | Queen |  |
| 2020 | *Love and Monsters* | Joel's Mother |  |
| 2022 | *Pearl* | Ruth |  |

## InfoBox

| Tandi Wright | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1970-05-04) 4 May 1970<br>Zambia |
| Nationality | New Zealand |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1995–present |


title: The Story of Tom Brennan

abstract: The Story of Tom Brennan is a 2005 Australian young adult novel written by J. C. Burke. It was named as book of the year for older readers by the Children's Book Council of Australia. The story follows Tom Brennan, a 17-year-old boy known for his football skills. An accident involving his brother forces the family to move towns, and the novel shows the various Brennan family members changing after the accident and how it affected them. The story involves issues relevant to teenagers such as alcohol, relationships and fitting in. This novel is often studied in Australian high schools as it is accessible to most readers.

text:
# The Story of Tom Brennan

***The Story of Tom Brennan*** is a 2005 Australian young adult novel written by J. C. Burke. It was named as book of the year for older readers by the Children's Book Council of Australia. The story follows Tom Brennan, a 17-year-old boy known for his football skills. An accident involving his brother forces the family to move towns, and the novel shows the various Brennan family members changing after the accident and how it affected them.

The story involves issues relevant to teenagers such as alcohol, relationships and fitting in. This novel is often studied in Australian high schools as it is accessible to most readers.

## Plot

For Tom Brennan, life is about rugby, mates, and family—until a night of celebration changes his life forever. Tom's world explodes as his brother Daniel is sent to jail and the Brennans are forced to leave the small town Tom's lived in his whole life. Tom is a survivor but needs a ticket out of the past just as much as Daniel.

The novel is based around the aftermath of the incident that leads to the Brennan family leaving the town of Mumbilli and is written from Tom's perspective. Beginning in the present, Tom is at his grandmother’s house and hating every minute of his new life, we soon begin to see glimpses of the events in Tom's recent past: the "sudden death" football party where all the trouble begins, and the terrible, tragic events of that night and days that follow. The novel involves teenage issues such as alcohol, drink driving, relationships, and moving on after your world turns upside down.

In the end, Tom becomes friends with a girl named Chrissy, which they progress from a friendship into a relationship. Chrissy and others help Tom come to terms with what happened in the past and have a positive outlook on the future.

## Characters (main)

* **Tom Brennan**—Narrator
* **Daniel Brennan**—Tom's Brother
* **Brendan Brennan**—Tom's Uncle
* **Christina "Chrissy" Tulake** —Tom's love interest, later girlfriend
* **Theresa "Tess" Brennan** —Tom's mother
* **Joeseph Brennan** —Tom's father
* **Kylie Brennan** —Tom's sister
* **Carmen Healy** —Tom's Grandmother
* **Aunty Kath** —Fin's mother
* **Finbar "Fin"**  —Tom's cousin

## Awards

The Story of Tom Brennan has been awarded the **2006 CBC Book of the Year** for Older Readers and the 2006 **Australian Family Therapists Award for Children's Literature**. The book is on the Australian's HSC syllabus list and is studied by high-schoolers in Australia.

## InfoBox

The Story of Tom Brennan
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | J.C Burke |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Young adult fiction |
| Publisher | Random House Australia |
| Publication date | 2005 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Pages | 284 |
| ISBN | 978-1-74166-092-0 |


title: Hoplocryptanthus schwackeanus

abstract: Hoplocryptanthus schwackeanus is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, endemic to Brazil. It was first described by Carl Christian Mez in 1891 as Cryptanthus schwackeanus.

text:
# Hoplocryptanthus schwackeanus

***Hoplocryptanthus schwackeanus*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, endemic to Brazil (the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo). It was first described by Carl Christian Mez in 1891 as ***Cryptanthus schwackeanus***.

## InfoBox

| *Hoplocryptanthus schwackeanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Bromelioideae |
| Genus: | *Hoplocryptanthus* |
| Species: | ***H. schwackeanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hoplocryptanthus schwackeanus***<br>(Mez) Leme, S.Heller & Zizka | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cryptanthus schwackeanus* Mez | |


title: Yawarkucha

abstract: Yawarkucha or Yawar Kucha, Hispanicized spellings Yaguarcocha, Yahuarcocha) is a lake in Ecuador located in the eastern outskirts of the city of Ibarra in Imbabura Province, Ibarra Canton. The lake is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long and wide and has an elevation of 2,190 metres (7,190 ft) above sea level. The lake was formed from glacial meltwater about 10,000 BCE. The scenic lake is a popular tourist attraction. Yawarkucha acquired its name as a result of a battle and massacre which allegedly took place here during the conquest of the area by the Inca Empire in the late 15th or early 16th century. The local chiefdom called the Caranqui fiercely resisted the Inca invasion of their territory. The Inca Emperor, Huayna Capac finally achieved victory near the present-day city of Ibarra. According to Spanish chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa, Huayna Capac ordered the massacre of the male population of Caranqui in retribution for its resistance. The massacre of thousands of men took place on the shores of a lake, known thereafter as Yawarkucha or "Blood Lake."

text:
# Yawarkucha

**Yawarkucha** or **Yawar Kucha** (Kichwa *yawar* blood, *kucha* lake, "blood lake"), Hispanicized spellings *Yaguarcocha, Yahuarcocha*) is a lake in Ecuador located in the eastern outskirts of the city of Ibarra in Imbabura Province, Ibarra Canton. The lake is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long and wide and has an elevation of 2,190 metres (7,190 ft) above sea level. The lake was formed from glacial meltwater about 10,000 BCE.

The scenic lake is a popular tourist attraction.

Yawarkucha acquired its name as a result of a battle and massacre which allegedly took place here during the conquest of the area by the Inca Empire in the late 15th or early 16th century. The local chiefdom called the Caranqui fiercely resisted the Inca invasion of their territory. The Inca Emperor, Huayna Capac (ruled c. 1493–1525) finally achieved victory near the present-day city of Ibarra. According to Spanish chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa, Huayna Capac ordered the massacre of the male population of Caranqui in retribution for its resistance. The massacre of thousands of men took place on the shores of a lake, known thereafter as Yawarkucha or "Blood Lake."

## InfoBox

| Yawarkucha | |
| --- | --- |
| Yawarkucha | |
| Yawarkucha | |
| Location | Ecuador<br>Imbabura Province |
| Coordinates | 0°22′19.31″N 78°6′2.30″W / 0.3720306°N 78.1006389°W / 0.3720306; -78.1006389 |
|  | |
| Surface area | 257 hectares (640 acres) |
| Max. depth | 8 metres (26 ft) |


title: Rugby union in Catalonia

abstract: Rugby union is a small but popular field sport in Catalonia. The game is most popular in the North near the French border.

text:
# Rugby union in Catalonia

**Rugby union** is a small but popular field sport in Catalonia. The game is most popular in the North near the French border.

## History

Rugby union was introduced in Southern Catalonia in 1921, when Baldiri Aleu i Torres founded the Unió Esportiva Santboiana. In 1922 the Catalan Rugby Federation was founded, which was one of the founding members of the Paris-based FIRA – Association of European Rugby, from which it was expelled at the behest of Franco's fascist regime. It has still to be readmitted.

## Club Rugby

In Southern Catalonia UE Santboiana, who have won the Spanish championship seven times, and FC Barcelona, are the best Catalan rugby union teams that compete in the División de Honor. In Northern Catalonia, USA Perpignan are the best-known Catalan club. They compete in the French Top 14 and also in European competitions such as the Heineken Cup and Amlin Challenge Cup

## National Side

The National side played its first match in 1923 against the French club team, Toulouse Lalande Olympique. Its first international match as an official national team was in 1934 against Italy. The teams tied, 5–5, in front of a crowd of more than 15,000 in the Camp de Les Corts. One month later Catalonia played France, losing 15–22.


title: Montrécourt

abstract: Montrécourt is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is one of the smallest, least populated communes of Nord.

text:
# Montrécourt

**Montrécourt** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃tʁekuʁ\]) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

It is one of the smallest, least populated communes of Nord.

## Heraldry

|  | The arms of Montrécourt are blazoned :
*Argent, on a bend azure, 3 escallops bendwise Or.* (Awoingt and Montrécourt use the same arms.)

 |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Montrécourt | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Montrécourt | |
|  | |
| Location of Montrécourt | |
| MontrécourtMontrécourt | |
| Coordinates: 50°13′59″N 3°27′07″E / 50.2331°N 3.4519°E / 50.2331; 3.4519 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Nord |
| Arrondissement | Cambrai |
| Canton | Caudry |
| Intercommunality | CC Pays Solesmois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Marc Guillez |
| Area**1** | 3.56 km2 (1.37 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 225 |
| Density | 63/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 59415 /59227 |
| Elevation | 47–85 m (154–279 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: The Spinster's Secret

abstract: The Spinster's Secret is a 1946 mystery detective novel by Anthony Gilbert, the pen name of British writer Lucy Beatrice Malleson. First published in London by the Collins Crime Club it is the eighteenth in her long-running series featuring the unscrupulous London solicitor Arthur Crook, one of the more unorthodox investigators of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction. It was published in the United States by Barnes under the alternative title By Hook or By Crook.

text:
# The Spinster's Secret

***The Spinster's Secret*** is a 1946 mystery detective novel by Anthony Gilbert, the pen name of British writer Lucy Beatrice Malleson. First published in London by the Collins Crime Club it is the eighteenth in her long-running series featuring the unscrupulous London solicitor Arthur Crook, one of the more unorthodox investigators of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction. It was published in the United States by Barnes under the alternative title ***By Hook or By Crook***.

## Bibliography

* Magill, Frank Northen . *Critical Survey of Mystery and Detective Fiction: Authors, Volume 2*. Salem Press, 1988.
* Murphy, Bruce F. *The Encyclopedia of Murder and Mystery*. Springer, 1999.
* Reilly, John M. *Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers*. Springer, 2015.

## InfoBox

The Spinster's Secret
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Anthony Gilbert |
| Language | English |
| Series | Arthur Crook |
| Genre | Mystery thriller |
| Publisher | Collins Crime Club (UK)<br>A.S. Barnes (US) |
| Publication date | 1946 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |
| Preceded by | *The Black Stage* |
| Followed by | *Death in the Wrong Room* |


title: Toome

abstract: Toome or Toomebridge is a small village and townland on the northwest corner of Lough Neagh in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies in the civil parish of Duneane in the former barony of Toome Upper, and is in the Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council area. It had a population of 781 in the 2011 census.

text:
# Toome

**Toome** or **Toomebridge** (from Irish *Tuaim*, meaning 'tumulus') is a small village and townland on the northwest corner of Lough Neagh in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies in the civil parish of Duneane in the former barony of Toome Upper, and is in the Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council area. It had a population of 781 in the 2011 census.

## History

In the 5th and/or 6th centuries, there was a woman in the parish of Dún dá Én (Duneane) known as **Ercnat ingen Dáire**. In 800 she was remembered as a saint but her cult was forgotten.

Roddy McCorley, a Presbyterian radical, was a local of the parish of Duneane. He fought as a United Irishman in the Rebellion of 1798 against British rule in Ireland but was captured. He was hanged on 28 February 1800 "near the bridge of Toome", which had been partially destroyed by rebels in 1798 to prevent the arrival of reinforcements from west of the River Bann. His body was then dissected by the British and buried under the road that went from Belfast to Derry. In 1852, when the road was being reconstructed, a nephew had McCorley's body exhumed and given a proper burial in an unmarked grave in Duneane. A memorial in honour of McCorley now stands in Toome as you enter the village from County Londonderry. His story became the subject of a popular song written in 1898 by Ethna Carbery.

## Economy

The largest industry in Toome is eel fishing, supplying the European market. The eel fisheries have been commemorated in a number of poems by Seamus Heaney.

Within the last century, mining for diatomite has developed as extensive deposits are found in the Toome area. This mineral was used as an absorbent for gelignite and for toothpaste.

## Sport

The local Gaelic Athletic Association club in the area is Erins Own, Cargin.

Some of the most thrilling motor boat (hydroplane) racing ever seen in Ireland took place at Toombridge on the River Bann in 1930. Hydroplanes from Ulster, the Irish Free State and England took part in the 'Bann 100'. The main trophies was The Belfast Newsletter Challenge trophy. Hydroplanes reached speeds of 34.77 mph.

## Transport

Toome had long been a bottleneck to traffic on the main Belfast to Derry road route. Construction of a bypass began in May 2002 and was completed in March 2004, shortening journey times and relieving congestion in the village.

Toome Bridge railway station was opened on 10 November 1856, shut for passenger traffic on 28 August 1950 and shut altogether on 1 October 1959.

## Population

### 2011 census

In the 2011 census, Toome had a population of 781 (263 households); 91% were from a Catholic background and 6.3% were from a Protestant background.

### 2001 census

Toome is classified as a small village or hamlet by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000). On census day (29 April 2001) there were 722 people living in Toome. Of these:

27.2% were aged under 16 years and 10.9% were aged 60 and over 48.8% were male and 51.3% were female 96.3% were from a Catholic background and 2.9% were from a Protestant background 6.2% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed

### 1911 census

In the 1911 census, Toome had a population of 194. Of these:

72.7% were Catholic and 27.3% were Protestant

## Notable people

### Notes

### Sources

* River Bann, Ireland \- Toome visitor information (archived)
* Landscapes Unlocked \- Aerial footage from the BBC *Sky High* series explaining the physical, social and economic geography of Northern Ireland.

## InfoBox

| Toome | |
| --- | --- |
| The bridge over the River Bann at Toome<br>(built 2004) | |
| ToomeLocation within Northern Ireland | |
| Population | 781 (2011 census) |
| Irish grid reference | H9990 |
| Belfast | 24 |
| District |  |
| County |  |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ANTRIM |
| Postcode district | BT41 |
| Dialling code | 028 |
| UK Parliament |  |
| NI Assembly |  |
|


title: Eosinophilic cellulitis

abstract: Eosinophilic cellulitis, also known as Wells' syndrome, is a skin disease that presents with painful, red, raised, and warm patches of skin. The rash comes on suddenly, lasts for a few weeks, and often repeatedly comes back. Scar formation does not typically occur. Eosinophilic cellulitis is of unknown cause. It is suspected to be an autoimmune disorder. It may be triggered by bites from insects and arachnids such as spiders, fleas, or ticks, or from medications or surgery. Diagnosis is made after other potential cases are ruled out. Skin biopsy of the affected areas may show an increased number of eosinophils. Other conditions that may appear similar include cellulitis, contact dermatitis, and severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis. Treatment is often with a corticosteroids. Steroids applied as a cream is generally recommended over the use of steroids by mouth. Antihistamines may be used to help with itchiness. Many times the condition goes away after a few weeks without treatment. The condition is uncommon. It affects both sexes with the same frequency. It was first described by George Crichton Wells in 1971.

text:
# Eosinophilic cellulitis

**Eosinophilic cellulitis**, also known as **Wells' syndrome** (not to be confused with Weil's disease), is a skin disease that presents with painful, red, raised, and warm patches of skin. The rash comes on suddenly, lasts for a few weeks, and often repeatedly comes back. Scar formation does not typically occur.

Eosinophilic cellulitis is of unknown cause. It is suspected to be an autoimmune disorder. It may be triggered by bites from insects and arachnids such as spiders, fleas, or ticks, or from medications or surgery. Diagnosis is made after other potential cases are ruled out. Skin biopsy of the affected areas may show an increased number of eosinophils. Other conditions that may appear similar include cellulitis, contact dermatitis, and severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis.

Treatment is often with a corticosteroids. Steroids applied as a cream is generally recommended over the use of steroids by mouth. Antihistamines may be used to help with itchiness. Many times the condition goes away after a few weeks without treatment. The condition is uncommon. It affects both sexes with the same frequency. It was first described by George Crichton Wells in 1971.

## Cause

Eosinophilic cellulitis is of unknown cause. It is suspected to be an autoimmune disorder. It may be triggered by bites from insects such as mosquitos, spiders, fleas, or ticks, or from medications or surgery.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis requires ruling out other potential causes. This includes ruling out vasculitis on skin biopsy.

## Treatment

Treatment is often with a steroids. This can be either applied as a cream or taken by mouth. As the condition tends to get better on its own taking steroids by mouth should generally only be tried if the rash covers a large area and it does not get better with other measures.

## InfoBox

| Eosinophilic cellulitis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Wells' syndrome, recurrent granulomatous dermatitis with eosinophilia |
|  | |
| Initial rash in eosinophilic cellulitis | |
| Specialty | Dermatology |
| Symptoms | Painful, red, raised, warm patches of skin, fever, joint pain |
| Usual onset | Sudden and recurrent |
| Duration | Few weeks |
| Causes | Unknown |
| Differential diagnosis | Vasculitis, cellulitis, anaphylaxis |
| Medication | Corticosteroids, antihistamines |
| Prognosis | Often goes away by itself |
| Frequency | ~200 documented cases |


title: Martin Munkácsi

abstract: Martin Munkácsi was a Hungarian photographer who worked in Germany (1928–1934) and the United States, where he was based in New York City.

text:
# Martin Munkácsi

**Martin Munkácsi** (born **Mermelstein Márton**; 18 May 1896 – 13 July 1963) was a Hungarian photographer who worked in Germany (1928–1934) and the United States, where he was based in New York City.

## Life and works

Munkácsi was a newspaper writer and photographer in Hungary, specializing in sports. At the time, sports action photography could only be done in bright light outdoors. Munkácsi's innovation was to make sport photographs as meticulously composed action photographs, which required both artistic and technical skill.

Munkácsi's break was to happen upon a fatal brawl, which he photographed. Those photos affected the outcome of the trial of the accused killer, and gave Munkácsi considerable renown.  That renown helped him get a job in Berlin in 1928, for *Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung,* where his first published photo was a motorcycle splashing its way through a puddle. He also worked for the fashion magazine *Die Dame.*

More than just sports and fashion, he photographed Berliners, rich and poor, in all their activities. He traveled to Turkey, Sicily, Egypt, London, New York and Liberia, for photo spreads in *Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung.*

The speed of the modern age and the excitement of new photographic viewpoints enthralled him, especially flying. There are aerial photographs; there are air-to-air photographs of a flying school for women; there are photographs from a Zeppelin, including the ones on his trip to Brazil, where he crossed over a boat whose passengers wave to the airship above.

On 21 March 1933, he photographed the fateful *Day of Potsdam,* when the aged President Paul von Hindenburg handed Germany over to Adolf Hitler. On assignment for *Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung,* he photographed Hitler's inner circle, although he was a Jewish foreigner.

Munkácsi left for New York City, where he signed on, for a substantial $100,000, with *Harper's Bazaar,* a fashion magazine. He was discovered by Carmel Snow, who in 1933 persuaded him to photograph the *Harper's Bazaar* December edition's 'Palm Beach' bathing suit issue. For this issue, he had the model Lucille Brokaw run toward the camera while he photographed her, which was the first instance of a fashion model being photographed in motion.

In a change from usual practice, he often left the studio to shoot outdoors, on the beach, on farms and fields, at an airport. He produced one of the first articles in a popular magazine to be illustrated with nude photographs.

In 1934, the Nazis nationalized *Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung,* fired its Jewish editor-in-chief, Kurt Korff, and replaced its innovative photography with pictures of German troops. He died on July 13, 1963.

Munkácsi's portraits include Katharine Hepburn, Leslie Howard, Jean Harlow, Joan Crawford, Jane Russell, Louis Armstrong, and the definitive dance photograph of Fred Astaire.

Munkácsi died in poverty and controversy after suffering a heart attack while attending a soccer game at Randall’s Island in New York City. Several universities and museums declined to accept his archives, and they were scattered around the world. Berlin's Ullstein Archives and Hamburg's F. C. Gundlach collection are home to two of the largest collections of Munkácsi's work.

Munkácsi's family (The Hilbert Family) remain in Hungary.

## Munkácsi's influence

In 1932, the young Henri Cartier-Bresson, at the time an undirected photographer who catalogued his travels and his friends, saw the Munkácsi photograph *Three Boys at Lake Tanganyika,* taken on a beach in Liberia. Cartier-Bresson later said,

> For me this photograph was the spark that ignited my enthusiasm. I suddenly realized that, by capturing the moment, photography was able to achieve eternity. It is the only photograph to have influenced me. This picture has such intensity, such joie de vivre, such a sense of wonder that it continues to fascinate me to this day.

He paraphrased this many times during his life, saying,

> I suddenly understood that photography can fix eternity in a moment. It is the only photo that influenced me. There is such intensity in this image, such spontaneity, such joie de vivre, such miraculousness, that even today it still bowls me over.

Richard Avedon said of Munkácsi,

> He brought a taste for happiness and honesty and a love of women to what was, before him, a joyless, loveless, lying art. Today the world of what is called fashion is peopled with Munkácsi's babies, his heirs. ... The art of Munkácsi lay in what he wanted life to be, and he wanted it to be splendid. And it was.

W. Eugene Smith credited Munkácsi,

> For the first time I realized how tremendously deep, rhythmic, and powerful photography could be. It was this simple revelation by Munkacsi-- that photography offered a great deal more than I had seen-- that affected me greatly. \[Vicki Goldberg (ed.) 1981 p.433\]

In 2005, the House of Photography in the Deichtorhallen Hamburg mounted the retrospective exhibition *Martin Munkácsi: Think While You Shoot!,* which was then presented at the International Center of Photography in 2007, in conjunction with the show *Henri Cartier-Bresson's Scrapbook: Photographs, 1932-46*. In 2009, the Howard Greenberg Gallery in New York City staged a joint exhibit of photographs by Edward Steichen and Munkácsi.

In 2021, the Jewish Museum in New York City included several of Munkácsi's photographs in an exhibit titled "Modern Look: Photography and the American Magazine," exploring how photography, graphic design, and popular magazines converged to transform American visual culture from 1930 to 1960.

* *Martin Munkacsi: An Aperture Monograph* by Martin Munkacsi and Susan Morgan, Aperture, 1992.
* *Martin Munkacsi* by Klaus Honnef, Enno Kaufhold, Richard Avedon, and F. C. Gundlach, Aperture 2007.

## InfoBox

| Martin Munkácsi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mermelstein Márton
(1896-05-18)18 May 1896
Kolozsvár, Hungary (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) |
| Died | 13 July 1963(1963-07-13) (aged 67)
New York City, New York, U.S. |


title: Nishabdha

abstract: Nishabdha is a 1998 Indian Kannada thriller film directed and written by Dinesh Babu and stars Vishnuvardhan, Sumanth, Mohini and Revathy in the lead roles. The film was produced by Jayashri Devi for the "Chinni Films" banner and the music is composed by Stephen-Dharma. This was Revathy's second and final Kannada film to date.

text:
# Nishabdha

***Nishabdha*** (transl.*Silence*) is a 1998 Indian Kannada thriller film directed and written by Dinesh Babu and stars Vishnuvardhan, Sumanth, Mohini and Revathy in the lead roles. The film was produced by Jayashri Devi for the "Chinni Films" banner and the music is composed by Stephen-Dharma. This was Revathy's second and final Kannada film to date.

## Cast

All characters in this movie are named with the letter .

## Legacy

Devraj Kumar titled his film as *Nishabda 2* released in 2017 which had no relation with this film.

## InfoBox

| Nishabdha | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Dinesh Babu |
| Written by | Dinesh Babu |
| Produced by | Jayashree Devi |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Dinesh Babu |
| Edited by | B. S. Kemparaj |
| Music by | Stephen-Dharma |
| Production<br>company | Chinni films |
| Release date | * 10 March 1998 (1998-03-10) |
| Running time | 125 min |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |