title: Parkhurst Town Centre

abstract: Parkhurst Town Centre is a shopping centre located in the suburb of Parkhurst on the northern outskirts of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. The shopping centre was constructed on the corner of the Bruce Highway and Boundary Road. Due to Cyclone Marcia approvals for the construction of the complex were delayed, but land clearing of the old caravan park site was commenced in December 2014 prior to construction commencing in March 2016. The Managing Director stated that all hardware and construction items would be supplied from local businesses, with the construction creating over 150 jobs and 200 jobs when completed. The shopping centre is predicted to meet the needs of 14,000 residents in Parkhurst and surrounding suburbs. It was announced in June 2016 that the construction of the Woolworths store had been completed and the work on the entire shopping centre was ahead of schedule, with the centre expected to be open in November 2016. Woolworths was the first store in open in the centre, being officially opened at 5pm on 14 November 2016. The official opening of the new Woolworths supermarket was attended by Federal MP Michelle Landry, State MP Brittany Lauga and Rockhampton mayor Margaret Strelow. The centre held a Grand Opening promotional event on Saturday 19 November 2016 where Sea FM held an outside broadcast. Novelty children's amusements were also offered at the event, including a petting zoo, face painting and balloon creations.

text:
# Parkhurst Town Centre

**Parkhurst Town Centre** is a shopping centre located in the suburb of Parkhurst on the northern outskirts of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.

The shopping centre was constructed on the corner of the Bruce Highway and Boundary Road.

Due to Cyclone Marcia approvals for the construction of the complex were delayed, but land clearing of the old caravan park site was commenced in December 2014 prior to construction commencing in March 2016.

The Managing Director stated that all hardware and construction items would be supplied from local businesses, with the construction creating over 150 jobs and 200 jobs when completed.

The shopping centre is predicted to meet the needs of 14,000 residents in Parkhurst and surrounding suburbs.

It was announced in June 2016 that the construction of the Woolworths store had been completed and the work on the entire shopping centre was ahead of schedule, with the centre expected to be open in November 2016.

Woolworths was the first store in open in the centre, being officially opened at 5pm on 14 November 2016. The official opening of the new Woolworths supermarket was attended by Federal MP Michelle Landry, State MP Brittany Lauga and Rockhampton mayor Margaret Strelow.

The centre held a Grand Opening promotional event on Saturday 19 November 2016 where Sea FM held an outside broadcast. Novelty children's amusements were also offered at the event, including a petting zoo, face painting and balloon creations.

## InfoBox

Parkhurst Town Centre
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 23°18′17″S 150°30′57″E / 23.304853°S 150.515719°E / -23.304853; 150.515719 |
| Opening date | 15 November 2016 (2016-11-15)15 November 2016 |
| Owner | AHC |
| No. of stores and services | 35 |
| No. of anchor tenants | 1 |
| Total retail floor area | 8,500 m2 (91,493 sq ft) |
| No. of floors | 1 |
| Parking | 420 Bays |
| Website | www.ahc.com.au/commercial/parkhurst-town-centre |


title: Paraivongius akaensis

abstract: Paraivongius akaensis is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Brian J. Selman in 1972.

text:
# Paraivongius akaensis

***Paraivongius akaensis*** is a species of leaf beetle of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, described by Brian J. Selman in 1972.

## InfoBox

| *Paraivongius akaensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Paraivongius* |
| Species: | ***P. akaensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paraivongius akaensis***<br>Selman, 1972 | |
|


title: Pareledone

abstract: Pareledone is a genus of octopuses in the family Megaleledonidae.

text:
# Pareledone

***Pareledone*** is a genus of octopuses in the family Megaleledonidae.

## Species

The species listed above with an asterisk (*) are questionable and need further study to determine if they are valid species or synonyms.

## RNA editing

Some octopuses exhibit the ability to alter speeds of sodium and potassium ion movement across cell membranes, allowing them to live in very cold water. Researchers at the University of Puerto Rico's Institute of Neurobiology found that a member of the *Pareledone* genus collected from McMurdo Station, Antarctica could speed up the gating kinetics of its potassium channels in cold water to keep up with sodium ion exchange, whose channel is less temperature sensitive. This alteration in the rate of opening is accomplished through RNA editing, in which specific deamination of an adenosine nucleotide to inosine results in a change in a single amino acid in the potassium channel's voltage sensor, destabilizing the open state. They are now looking into whether individuals can alter their protein synthesis in response to changing temperatures, or if this change occurs species-wide, over long-term adaptations. If changes are possible by the individual, these octopuses might be able to adapt quickly to changing climate scenarios.

## InfoBox

| *Pareledone* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pareledone charcoti* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Octopoda |
| Family: | Megaleledonidae |
| Genus: | *Pareledone*<br>Robson, 1932 |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Paraschizognathus miskoi

abstract: Paraschizognathus miskoi is an Australian species of beetle (Coleoptera) in the genus Paraschizognathus and family Rutelidae. It was described by Phillip B. Carne in 1974, and named in honor of Ukrainian-Australian entomologist and artist Stefan Misko. The species is limited in its distribution to east New South Wales — the holotype was collected by Stefan Misko and Everard Baldwin Britton from Apsley Falls in the Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales. The beetles are medium brown in color, they are nocturnal and are attracted to lights.

text:
# Paraschizognathus miskoi

***Paraschizognathus miskoi*** is an Australian species of beetle (Coleoptera) in the genus *Paraschizognathus* and family Rutelidae. It was described by Phillip B. Carne in 1974, and named in honor of Ukrainian-Australian entomologist and artist Stefan Misko.

The species is limited in its distribution to east New South Wales — the holotype was collected by Stefan Misko and Everard Baldwin Britton from Apsley Falls in the Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales. The beetles are medium brown in color, they are nocturnal and are attracted to lights.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| *Paraschizognathus miskoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Hexapoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Superfamily: | Scarabaeoidea |
| Family: | Rutelidae |
| Genus: | Paraschizognathus |
| Species: | **Paraschizognathus miskoi** |
| Binomial name | |
| **Paraschizognathus miskoi**<br>Carne, 1974 | |
|


title: Jacqueline Rigaud

abstract: Jacqueline Rigaud was a French resistant. The daughter of Paul-Raymond and Marie-Louise Rigaud, she took part in the French Resistance.

text:
# Jacqueline Rigaud

**Jacqueline Rigaud** (21 June 1925 – 3 December 2022) was a French resistant. The daughter of Paul-Raymond and Marie-Louise Rigaud, she took part in the French Resistance.

## Honors

## InfoBox

| Jacqueline Rigaud | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 21 June 1925
Gaillac, France |
| Died | 3 December 2022(2022-12-03) (aged 97)
Albi, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Resistance activist |


title: Paramenesia subcarinata

abstract: Paramenesia subcarinata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt in 1951. It is known from China.

text:
# Paramenesia subcarinata

***Paramenesia subcarinata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt in 1951. It is known from China.

## InfoBox

| *Paramenesia subcarinata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Paramenesia*** |
| Species: | ***P. subcarinata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paramenesia subcarinata***<br>(Gressitt, 1951) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Menesia subcarinata* Gressitt, 1951 | |


title: Paramenesia theaphia

abstract: Paramenesia theaphia is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1884, originally under the genus Paraglenea. It is known from Japan and Sakhalin.

text:
# Paramenesia theaphia

***Paramenesia theaphia*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1884, originally under the genus *Paraglenea*. It is known from Japan and Sakhalin.

## InfoBox

| *Paramenesia theaphia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Paramenesia*** |
| Species: | ***P. theaphia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paramenesia theaphia***<br>(Bates, 1884) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Paraglenea theaphia* Bates, 1884 | |


title: Jaime Prieto Mendez

abstract: Jaime Prieto Mendez is a Colombian human rights activist. The Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights describes him as "internationally regarded as a founder of the modern Colombian human rights movement", and in 1998 awarded him its Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along with fellow Colombian activists Berenice Celeyta, Gloria Florez, and Mario Calixto. Prieto began his career as a teacher in a poor area of Bogotá. Feeling that lack of "human rights literacy" increased the abuses against the poor, he began a human rights education program for which authorities later imprisoned him. In 1976, he joined the Committee in Solidarity with Political Prisoners, and in 1990 he became its executive director, a position he held until 1998. He then took a teaching position at a university in Bogotá.

text:
# Jaime Prieto Mendez

**Jaime Prieto Mendez** (born 1 January 1954) is a Colombian human rights activist. The Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights describes him as "internationally regarded as a founder of the modern Colombian human rights movement", and in 1998 awarded him its Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along with fellow Colombian activists Berenice Celeyta, Gloria Florez, and Mario Calixto.

Prieto began his career as a teacher in a poor area of Bogotá. Feeling that lack of "human rights literacy" increased the abuses against the poor, he began a human rights education program for which authorities later imprisoned him. In 1976, he joined the Committee in Solidarity with Political Prisoners, and in 1990 he became its executive director, a position he held until 1998. He then took a teaching position at a university in Bogotá.

## InfoBox

| Jaime Prieto Mendez | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1 January 1954 |
| Nationality | Colombian |
| Organization | Committee in Solidarity with Political Prisoners |
| Known for | human rights activism |
| Awards | Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award |


title: Jaime Sunye Neto

abstract: Jaime Sunye Neto is a Brazilian chess player. Awarded the International Master title in 1980 and the Grandmaster title in 1986, he was Brazilian champion seven times, in 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983. Sunye Neto was also president of the Brazilian Chess Confederation from 1988 to 1992. In 1979 he was invited to play in the Interzonal in Rio de Janeiro as a second representative of the host nation. Untitled at the time, he delivered one of the best performances of his career, finishing =fifth overall and defeating several grandmasters, including the tournament winner Lajos Portisch. In 1989 he won the South American Chess Championship, which was also the South American Zonal, and qualified for the 1990 Interzonal, where he finished equal 29th–39th out of 64 players. Other best results were joint second place at Havana 1985, and first at Zenica 1986. From 1978 to 1986 he was a mainstay on the Brazilian team at the Chess Olympiad.

text:
# Jaime Sunye Neto

**Jaime Sunye Neto** (born May 2, 1957) is a Brazilian chess player. Awarded the International Master title in 1980 and the Grandmaster title in 1986, he was Brazilian champion seven times, in 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983 (jointly with Marcos Paolozzi). Sunye Neto was also president of the Brazilian Chess Confederation from 1988 to 1992.

In 1979 he was invited to play in the Interzonal in Rio de Janeiro as a second representative of the host nation. Untitled at the time, he delivered one of the best performances of his career, finishing =fifth overall (tied with Borislav Ivkov) and defeating several grandmasters, including the tournament winner Lajos Portisch. In 1989 he won the South American Chess Championship, which was also the South American Zonal, and qualified for the 1990 Interzonal, where he finished equal 29th–39th out of 64 players.

Other best results were joint second place at Havana 1985 , and first at Zenica 1986. From 1978 to 1986 he was a mainstay on the Brazilian team at the Chess Olympiad.

## Campaign for FIDE presidency

In 1996, Sunye Neto ran for president of FIDE. He assembled a powerful team and won the support of almost all of the chess playing countries of Europe. However he lost to incumbent Kirsan Ilyumzhinov by 87 votes to 44. The German delegate suggested gifts were used by Ilyumzhinov to influence the vote.

## InfoBox

| Jaime Sunye Neto | |
| --- | --- |
| At the Thessaloniki 1984 Olympiad | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Born | (1957-05-02) May 2, 1957<br>Curitiba, Brazil |
| Title | Grandmaster (1986) |
| Peak rating | 2558 (July 2000) |


title: Parepilysta sedlaceki

abstract: Parepilysta sedlaceki is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1976.

text:
# Parepilysta sedlaceki

***Parepilysta sedlaceki*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1976.

## InfoBox

| *Parepilysta sedlaceki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Parepilysta*** |
| Species: | ***P. sedlaceki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parepilysta sedlaceki***<br>Breuning, 1976 | |
|


title: Pig racing

abstract: Pig racing is a sport in which juvenile pigs race around in a small, enclosed area of either dirt, fake grass, gravel track or steel-framed enclosures. This racing is usually purely for entertainment or charity, and betting is rarely part of it, as the races are family-friendly events.

text:
# Pig racing

**Pig racing** is a sport in which juvenile pigs race around in a small, enclosed area of either dirt, fake grass, gravel track or steel-framed enclosures. This racing is usually purely for entertainment or charity, and betting is rarely part of it, as the races are family-friendly events.

## Equipment

The pigs are equipped with vests to differentiate each pig from another. To distinguish the pigs racing, the vests are either colour-coded or have numbers on them. Puppet jockeys are sometimes attached to the vests for entertainment purposes.

The course includes a variety of obstacles which the pigs have to race through, such as tunnels, tyre ramps, hay bales and a series of locked gates. The course distance can vary in length depending on the type of race. The race can be a normal race on the track or a race with obstacles. Most races at the end of the finishing line have a prize waiting for the winning pig, usually food.

## Countries

### Australia

Pig racing is practised in Australia. The MTV Promotions Pig Racing hosts pig racing events which cover all Major Royal Shows and have been running since 1993. The pigs are trained through a 4-week course to prepare them mentally and physically for the race. The pigs run a 50-metre (55 yd) track in a 10-by-20-metre (11 yd × 22 yd) space and there are two races within the 15-minute show production. The pigs get ready at the starting gates while their coloured vests are fitted on them and they wait for the whistle to be blown before they start to race.

Noah's Farm Thoroughbred Pig Racing hosts pig races for entertainment purposes and fundraisers for organisations. The pigs are raised in free-range conditions and begin training for races when they are approximately 5 to 6 weeks of age. For the race, five pigs are pitted against each other wearing coloured jackets. The track dimensions are 14 by 6 metres (15.3 yd × 6.6 yd), and 15 to 20 small square bales of hay are used as obstacles. The race begins with a bugle call as the pigs begin to position themselves in their starting box and wait for the commencement of the race. The crowd counts down from five and then the starting gate opens once the count is finished. On the course, the pigs face tyres, gates and a maze of hay bales. The pigs start to race when they are around 4 weeks old an after being weaned, they continue racing until they are around 12 to 15 weeks old. For each race, a "Race Steward" is picked from the crowd to oversee the pig race. Children are allowed to name each pig, and the best name wins a prize.

The 2003 Easter Show in Melbourne held a pig racing event in Olympic Boulevard. The race featured nine pigs racing around a 36 metres (39 yd) track.

### Ireland

The festival in Portlaoise is known for pig-racing, and it was tried in Durrow for their St. Patrick's day parade in 2009.

### United Kingdom

Pig racing is practised in the United Kingdom. The South of England Rare Breeds Centre holds regular pig races in the summer. Natasha Raskin has also commented that Hall Park in Oswestry is also famous for pig racing. Piglet racing has become popular at the Royal Norfolk Show, which has a course of about 80 metres (87 yd) with three jumps with various breeds participating.

A proposal by the Winchester Cheese and Chilli Festival in August 2018 to stage a steeplechase for six rare-breed pigs over hurdles was abandoned after a campaign group, "Pigs Don't Race", got 46,873 signatures in an online campaign. The charity Animal Aid was quoted as noting "to run in front of potentially loud crowds in scorching heat...caused these sensitive animals undue stress, in addition to the distress and heat produced through transportation". The organisers said they withdrew the event due to continued hot temperatures and after consultations with relevant parties.

Joseph's Amazing Racing Pigs has five different breeds of pigs for racing: Tamworths, Gloucester Old Spots, Saddlebacks, Berkshires, and Oxford Sandy and Blacks. The track dimensions are 65 by 5 metres (71.1 yd × 5.5 yd) of roped off grass area for the track and a 15 by 15 metres (16 yd × 16 yd) display area for the pigs to interact with the audience. The pigs are encouraged to race down the track by the handlers, who shake a bucket of food for the pigs. The pigs are weaned for approximately 10 to 12 weeks and are raised naturally and are not given growth hormones or antibiotics. Once the pigs become too big to race, they are returned to where they came from and new sets of pigs replace them.

Pennywell Farm in South Devon, England holds pig races every day. They use specially-bred pigs called miniature pigs, which they started breeding in 1992. The average pig weighs 250 grams (8.8 oz) at birth.

### United States

Pig racing is most popular in the Southern United States. The city of Charlotte, North Carolina will occasionally host pig races before other sporting events. The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo bills itself as the largest in the world, and the second-largest fair or festival of any kind in North America. Besides the pro rodeo events and livestock exhibitions, pig racing is featured. The minor league baseball team the St. Paul Saints hosts pig races at their stadium during select home games.

The newest pig-racing show traveling the United States is called Hot Dog Pig Races, which includes pig racing and dachshunds. You can find them at fairs and festivals such as Meadowlands State Fair, New Jersey; Ocean County Fair, New Jersey; Dundalk Heritage Festival, Maryland; and the Pig Gig Bay City, Michigan. All-Alaskan Racing Pigs, Sue Wee Pigs and Ugly Pig Racing are other shows traveling the United States. The Bear Creek Saloon and Steakhouse in Bear Creek, Montana, has hosted pig races during the summer season since 1992.

The All-Alaskan Racing Pig hosts pig racing events in the northwest United States with pigs racing on a 91-metre (100 yd) dash course and 46-metre (50 yd) hurdle course. During every show, two teams of four pigs race on flat tracks and high hurdles. At the end of each show, there is a championship round. The race is mainly for entertainment purposes, as it is only for 'pure fun'. They use Gloucestershire Old Spots to race and begin training when they are about 10 weeks old. They travel with 10 pigs, eight for daily races and two spares. The pigs race four times a day.

Bob Hale Racing Stables holds pig races at the Michigan State Fair in which 19 pigs race in seven free daily shows. The pigs race around a 27-metre (90 ft) oval track with 20-centimetre (8 in) bars as obstacles to jump over. The pigs are trained and take four 8-hour days to complete a lap. The pigs run from the starting line to the paddock, where there is food. Once they finish eating the food, the pigs are put back on the starting line and the food on the paddock is replenished. They run to get the food again. The pigs are checked by vets if any of them catch a disease after a carnival or event.

Vogel's Pig Racing hosts pig racing events at many state fairs. The pigs are three months old and race around a series of red pens set up like a circular racetrack. The pigs can be trained to run in three days. The pigs are split into three divisions: men's, women's and Nascar at the South Dakota State Fair in Huron. Three pigs compete in each division, weighing around 27–29 kilograms (60–65 lb) each. At the end of the finish line, there would be an Oreo waiting for the pig who crosses the finish line first.

Leader Area Pig Races hosts county fairs, special events, and benefits from Memorial Day to Labor Day. They use five pigs at a time to race on a circular track. The pigs are named after a person in the crowd, and the prizes won by the winning pig are awarded to both the pig and the person from the crowd. Originally it was supposed to be a gambling/betting race, but the state of Minnesota wouldn't allow gambling on pigs, so it became a family-friendly event. It takes two weeks to train the pigs for racing. The first week of training is teaching the pigs to run around the track by bribing them with doughnuts at the finish line. The second week is devoted to getting the pigs used to large crowds.

The Swifty Swine Productions showcases pig racing events at the Franklin County Show located in Greenfield, Ohio. The pig race is held at the 'Pork Chop International Speedway' track course featuring two races, one with baby pigs and the other with full-grown pigs. Both piglets and full-grown pigs are given names spun off of celebrities' names, such as Brad Pig, Kevin Bacon, Justin Beiboar and Elvis Pigsley. Once the gate opens, the pigs race around a track, competing for an Oreo cookie on a silver plate at the end of the finish line. The races are held on Saturdays and Sundays. After each race, the pigs return to their trailer to take a nap and wait for the next race. However, if they do not return to the trailer, they stay behind to take photos with the public. The races are sponsored by the Greenfield Farmers Cooperative Exchange.

The PigTuckey Derby is a pig race held in Denver Down Farm every fall.

The Bengston's Pumpkin Farm and Fall Fast often holds pig races. The pigs wear a colored, numbered bib when racing around the track.

## International

Pig racing also occurs in the Pig Olympics. 12 pigs participate in the race from seven countries with each pig wearing a numbered bib. Betting occurs in the Pig Olympics. After the pigs participate in the Pig Olympics, 'they go on to produce a new generation of sport pigs'.

## Controversy

There are some controversies with pig racing, as some see it as a cruel sport. Some people protest to have pig racing events cancelled. One animal rights activist started an online petition to stop the pig racing event in the Arklow Seabreeze Festival held in Wicklow, Ireland, from happening, which was signed by over 2,400 people. The pigs race in an hour-long event, running the course five times for a total distance of around 30 metres (33 yd). The festival committee was quoted as saying "the welfare of the pigs is of utmost concern and important to us...a pig handler is also present to ensure no harm or cruelty is inflicted on any of his pigs". The race still went ahead as the festival committee defended the event by saying that many other Irish festivals hold pig races.

Another case was seen at the Paddington Tavern in Brisbane, Australia, where animal rights activists protested and called to have the pig racing event cancelled. However, the event had the support of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA).

The Comet Pub in Santry's hosts pig races at the Comet 4th of July Festival in Dublin, Ireland. The pig race is the main event of the festival, and all money raised is donated to two charities. In 2018, the pig racing event gained the public's awareness, which resulted in protests to cancel the event. This was due to health concerns about the heat on the day of the race, which was 26 °C (79 °F). For the event, the pub was supported by the Gardai, the Dublin City Council, and the Dublin Fire Brigade. A vet from the Department of Agriculture agreed to supervise the race to ensure that the pigs were okay. Six pigs wore puppet jockeys on their backs and raced down a ramp and up to the pub while jumping over hurdles. Protesters said it was cruel for the pigs to be put on a noisy track with the sun on their skin. In response, the pub noted that "It's done in fun, it's not done in a dangerous way".


title: Ted Adel

abstract: Ted Adel is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Yukon in the 2016 election. He represented the electoral district of Copperbelt North as a member of the Yukon Liberal Party untl his defeat in the 2021 Yukon general election. Adel worked for Canada Post and held executive positions within the Canadian Union of Postal Workers before retiring in 2007. He worked as a real estate agent and for the Yukon Liquor Corporation before entering territorial politics. He has a bachelor of arts from Wilfrid Laurier University. Adel first ran unsuccessfully in the rural riding of Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes for the Yukon Liberal Party in the 2011 Yukon election, losing to New Democrat Kevin Barr. Adel was elected on November 7, 2016 as MLA for the Whitehorse riding of Copperbelt North as part of the Liberal majority government, narrowly defeating Yukon Party president Pat McInroy. He served as a member of the Standing Committee on Public Accounts, the Standing Committee on Rules, Elections and Privileges, the Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments and the Standing Committee on Appointments to Major Government Boards and Committees.

text:
# Ted Adel

**Ted Adel** is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Yukon in the 2016 election. He represented the electoral district of Copperbelt North as a member of the Yukon Liberal Party untl his defeat in the 2021 Yukon general election.

Adel worked for Canada Post and held executive positions within the Canadian Union of Postal Workers before retiring in 2007. He worked as a real estate agent and for the Yukon Liquor Corporation before entering territorial politics.

He has a bachelor of arts from Wilfrid Laurier University.

Adel first ran unsuccessfully in the rural riding of Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes for the Yukon Liberal Party in the 2011 Yukon election, losing to New Democrat Kevin Barr. Adel was elected on November 7, 2016 as MLA for the Whitehorse riding of Copperbelt North as part of the Liberal majority government, narrowly defeating Yukon Party president Pat McInroy. He served as a member of the Standing Committee on Public Accounts, the Standing Committee on Rules, Elections and Privileges, the Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments and the Standing Committee on Appointments to Major Government Boards and Committees.

## Electoral record

| 2021 Yukon general election: Copperbelt North | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Yukon Party | Currie Dixon | 717 | 51.91 | +9.8 |
|  | Liberal | Ted Adel | 346 | 25.05 | -20.0 |
|  | New Democratic | Saba Javed | 318 | 23.02 | +10.2 |
| Total valid votes | | | 1,381 |
| Total rejected ballots | | |  |
| Turnout | | |  |
| Eligible voters | | |  |
|  | Yukon Party **gain** | | Swing | | -13.43 |
| Source(s) "Unofficial Election Results 2021". Elections Yukon. Retrieved 24 April 2021. | | | | | | |

### 2016 general election

Copperbelt North
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Ted Adel** | 566 | 45.1% | +10.8% |
|  | Yukon Party | Pat McInroy | 529 | 42.1% | -1.7% |
|  | NDP | André Bourcier | 161 | 12.8% | -0.6% |
| Total | | | **1256** | **100.0%** |  |

### 2011 general election

Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | NDP | **Kevin Barr** | 488 | 46.8% |  |
|  | Yukon Party | Deborah Fulmer | 395 | 37.9% |  |
|  | Liberal | **Ted Adel** | 111 | 10.6% |  |
|  | First Nations Party | Stanley James | 49 | 4.7% |  |
| Total | | | **1043** | **100.0%** |  |

## InfoBox

| Ted Adel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Yukon Legislative Assembly
for Copperbelt North | |
| **In office**
November 7, 2016  March 12, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Currie Dixon |
| Succeeded by | Currie Dixon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Yukon Liberal Party |
|  | |


title: TruTV (Southeast Asian TV channel)

abstract: TruTV was a pay television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System Asia. The channel aired "caught-on-video" reality programs, Adult Swim programs or as TruTV called it, "actuality" television. As of 31 December 2018, the selected TruTV programmes is currently shown on Warner TV Asia. The channel shut down alongside TCM.

text:
# TruTV (Southeast Asian TV channel)

**TruTV** was a pay television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System Asia. The channel aired "caught-on-video" reality programs, Adult Swim programs or as TruTV called it, "actuality" television.

As of 31 December 2018, the selected TruTV programmes is currently shown on Warner TV Asia. The channel shut down alongside TCM.

## InfoBox

TruTV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | **Southeast Asia**
Singapore
Indonesia
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Vietnam
**South Asia**
Maldives
Sri Lanka
**East Asia**
South Korea
Taiwan |
| Network | Turner Broadcasting System Asia Pacific
(WarnerMedia Entertainment) |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV
(downscaled to 16:9 480i/576i for the SDTV feed) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | WarnerMedia |
| Sister channels | Warner TV
Turner Classic Movies
Cinemax
HBO
Boomerang
Cartoon Network
CNN International |
| History | |
| Launched | 1 April 2010 |
| Closed | 31 December 2018 |


title: Gibberula thetisae

abstract: Gibberula thetisae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Cystiscidae.

text:
# Gibberula thetisae

***Gibberula thetisae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Cystiscidae.

## InfoBox

| *Gibberula thetisae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Cystiscidae |
| Subfamily: | Cystiscinae |
| Genus: | *Gibberula* |
| Species: | ***G. thetisae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gibberula thetisae***<br>Espinosa, Ortea & Caballer, 2011 | |
|


title: Harris Academy Orpington

abstract: Harris Academy Orpington is a non-selective secondary school and sixth form with academy status in Orpington in the London Borough of Bromley which joined the Harris Federation in September 2016.

text:
# Harris Academy Orpington

**Harris Academy Orpington** (formerly **The Priory School**) is a non-selective secondary school and sixth form with academy status in Orpington in the London Borough of Bromley which joined the Harris Federation in September 2016.

## History

In 2006 its predecessor **The Priory School** gained specialist sports college status, focusing efforts on sports and the community; it was the only school in the borough to have this status. The school converted to academy status in May 2012. An Ofsted report carried out in March 2016 rated The Priory School as ‘inadequate’, in September 2016 and re-named **Harris Academy Orpington**.

In 2019 numerous Harris Academies were accused of 'gaming' the system through the practice of entering entire cohorts for the ESOL qualification, which is aimed at students who have English as an additional language (EAL), Harris Orpington entered their Year 11 cohort. This was shown to be common practice across the Federation.

However, a spokesperson for Harris said the schools were 'categorically not gaming the system'. 'Gaming would only occur if a school systemically entered for ESOL to fill an open bucket space which would not otherwise be filled, for students who didn't need this course because they were not EAL'. The spokesperson added that ESOL literacy skills were a 'useful preparation for English exams', giving students real-exam experience before GCSEs.

## Academics

Academics

Virtually all maintained schools and academies follow the National Curriculum, and are inspected by Ofsted on how well they succeed in delivering a 'broad and balanced curriculum'. Schools endeavour to get all students to achieve the English Baccalaureate (EBACC) qualification- this must include core subjects a modern foreign language, and either History or Geography. Students explore as many subjects as possible at Key Stage 3 before specialising at Key Stages 4 and 5. To achieve this, students study French or Spanish and humanities subjects such as Art, Drama, Photography or Criminology in Key Stage 3.

Students are guided in their year 9 option choice of GCSEs and A-level allowing for Russell Group university ambitions, another universities or for entering into employment or training. A co-curricular enrichment programme is provided. As of 2020 there is an obligation to teach British values; this is done through tutor programme (which explore current events in the world), enrichment activities, charity events and external speakers.

Key Stage 3 Curriculum

The Key Stage 3 curriculum runs from Years 7-9. The current curriculum gives appropriate time to Mathematics, English and Science. Literacy and numeracy skills are developed in every subject and across the curriculum.

All students in Year 7, 8 and 9 study a language which they continue to study until GCSE. Students may pick up a second, additional language in Year 10.

Key Stage 4 Curriculum

The Key Stage 4 curriculum is followed by Years 10 and 11. All students will study Mathematics, English, Science, PE and Religious Education and to obtain a EBacc they are advised to study a humanities subject and a modern foreign language. They choose two further options from an extensive list.

## Harris Federation

Harris Academy Orpington is part of the Harris Federation, a not-for-profit charity that runs 52 primary and secondary academies in London and Essex, including Harris Academy Beckenham, and Harris Academy Bromley.

Three quarters of Harris secondary academies inspected have been rated ‘outstanding’ by Ofsted, with the remaining quarter judged to be ‘good’ - an unmatched track record. Education charity The Sutton Trust has produced successive reports concluding that the Harris Federation is among the top academy trusts for improving the prospects of disadvantaged students. Harris Academy has places in year 7 for 180 students each year. Admissions are made via the Bromley Secondary Schools Admissions form.

## InfoBox

| Harris Academy Orpington | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Tintagel Road
Orpington, Greater London, BR5 4LG
England | |
| Coordinates | 51°22′33″N 0°06′53″E / 51.3758°N 0.1148°E / 51.3758; 0.1148 |
| Information | |
| Type | Academy |
| Motto | Together, We Can |
| Established | 1990 (1990) (as The Priory School)
September 2016 (2016-09) (as Harris Academy Orpington) |
| Department for Education URN | 143427 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Gender | Coeducational |
| Age | 11 to 18 |
| Website | http://www.harrisorpington.org.uk/ |


title: Zinapécuaro

abstract: Zinapécuaro is a municipality in the Mexican state of Michoacán, located 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of the state capital Morelia.

text:
# Zinapécuaro

**Zinapécuaro** is a municipality in the Mexican state of Michoacán, located 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of the state capital Morelia.

## Geography

The municipality of Zinapécuaro is located in northeast Michoacán on the border with Guanajuato. In Michoacán it borders the municipalities of Álvaro Obregón to the west, Indaparapeo and Queréndaro to the southwest, Hidalgo to the southeast, and Maravatío to the east. To the north it borders the municipality of Acámbaro in Guanajuato. Zinapécuaro covers an area of 598.179 square kilometres (230.958 sq mi) and comprises 1.0% of the state's area.

The flat western part of the municipality lies in the Lake Cuitzeo basin. Along the basin's eastern edge are a series of hills and ridges where the municipal seat is located. The Ucareo Valley in the eastern part of the municipality comprises part of an ancient caldera, and is over 700 metres (2,300 ft) higher in elevation than Lake Cuitzeo. It is an agricultural area flanked by forested hills and ridges.

Zinapécuaro's climate is temperate with summer rains. Average annual precipitation in the municipality ranges between 700 and 1600 millimetres.

| Climate data for Zinapécuaro weather station (1981–2010 averages, 1951–2010 extremes) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.0
(86.0) | 33.0
(91.4) | 34.0
(93.2) | 37.8
(100.0) | 37.2
(99.0) | 40.0
(104.0) | 37.5
(99.5) | 37.0
(98.6) | 32.0
(89.6) | 32.0
(89.6) | 30.0
(86.0) | 31.0
(87.8) | 40.0
(104.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.4
(75.9) | 25.9
(78.6) | 27.9
(82.2) | 30.3
(86.5) | 30.5
(86.9) | 29.2
(84.6) | 26.5
(79.7) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.2
(79.2) | 26.1
(79.0) | 25.5
(77.9) | 24.7
(76.5) | 27.0
(80.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.9
(58.8) | 16.3
(61.3) | 18.0
(64.4) | 20.8
(69.4) | 21.9
(71.4) | 21.4
(70.5) | 19.8
(67.6) | 19.5
(67.1) | 19.3
(66.7) | 18.2
(64.8) | 16.5
(61.7) | 15.4
(59.7) | 18.5
(65.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.4
(41.7) | 6.8
(44.2) | 8.1
(46.6) | 11.3
(52.3) | 13.3
(55.9) | 13.6
(56.5) | 13.1
(55.6) | 12.7
(54.9) | 12.3
(54.1) | 10.3
(50.5) | 7.5
(45.5) | 6.0
(42.8) | 10.0
(50.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −4.0
(24.8) | −4.0
(24.8) | −1.0
(30.2) | 4.0
(39.2) | 7.0
(44.6) | 4.0
(39.2) | 5.7
(42.3) | 3.5
(38.3) | 0.0
(32.0) | 0.0
(32.0) | −1.5
(29.3) | −3.5
(25.7) | −4.0
(24.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 19.1
(0.75) | 12.2
(0.48) | 4.9
(0.19) | 8.8
(0.35) | 42.1
(1.66) | 127.0
(5.00) | 216.3
(8.52) | 233.1
(9.18) | 153.2
(6.03) | 56.8
(2.24) | 14.5
(0.57) | 4.3
(0.17) | 892.3
(35.13) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 5.8 | 14.9 | 21.4 | 20.6 | 15.7 | 7.5 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 95.4 |
| Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## History

Two Purépecha words have been suggested as possible sources of the place name Zinapécuaro: *tzinapo* "obsidian" or *tzinápecua* "healing". The obsidian quarries near Ucareo include one of the largest known pre-Hispanic quarries in Mesoamerica and were already exploited in the early Formative period. In the late Classic period Ucareo was the principal source of obsidian at Tula and Xochicalco, and Ucareo obsidian was distributed throughout central Mexico, Oaxaca and the northern Yucatán, being found as far away as Chichen Itza. In the Postclassic period the area was controlled by the Tarascans, who built a temple there to worship Cuerauáperi, the mother goddess of Purépecha mythology.

Around 1530, a Spanish settlement was founded at Zinapécuaro by the conquistador Don Luis Montañez. Zinapécuaro was first incorporated on 15 March 1825 as a *partido* in the department of Oriente in Michoacán. It became a free municipality on 5 February 1918.

## Administration

The municipal government comprises a president, a councillor (Spanish: *síndico*), and ten trustees (*regidores*), six elected by relative majority and four by proportional representation. The current president of the municipality is Alejandro Correa.

## Demographics

In the 2010 Mexican Census, the municipality of Zinapécuaro recorded a population of 46,666 inhabitants living in 11,608 households. It recorded a population of 47,327 inhabitants in the 2015 Intercensal Survey.

There are 97 localities in the municipality, four of which are classified as urban:

* Zinapécuaro de Figueroa, the seat of the municipality located in its west-central part, which recorded a population of 15,875 inhabitants in the 2010 Census;
* Jeráhuaro, a town located 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of the municipal seat in the Ucareo Valley, which had 2822 inhabitants in 2010;
* Ucareo, a town located 27 kilometres (17 mi) east of the municipal seat, which had 2284 inhabitants in 2010;
* Bocaneo, a town located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the municipal seat, which had 2082 inhabitants in 2010.

## Economy

Zinapécuaro's economy is largely dependent on foreign remittances. Fruit is produced in the area around Jeráhuaro and Ucareo in the eastern part of the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Zinapécuaro | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Hidalgo Theatre in Zinapécuaro de Figueroa | |
| Location in Michoacán | |
| ZinapécuaroLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 19°51′31″N 100°49′38″W / 19.85861°N 100.82722°W / 19.85861; -100.82722 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Michoacán |
| Established | 15 March 1825 |
| Seat | Zinapécuaro de Figueroa |
| Government | |
| President | Alejandro Correa |
| Area | |
| Total | 598.179 km2 (230.958 sq mi) |
| Elevation (of seat) | 1,887 m (6,191 ft) |
| Population (2010 Census) | |
| Total | 46,666 |
| Estimate (2015 Intercensal Survey) | 47,327 |
| Density | 78/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Seat | 15,875 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central) |
| Postal codes | 58930–58967 |
| Area code | 451 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Uravukku Kai Koduppom

abstract: Uravukku Kai Koduppom is a 1975 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Y. G. Mahendran, produced and written by K. S. Gopalakrishnan. It is based on Visu's play of the same name, also directed by Mahendran. The film stars Gemini Ganesan and Sowcar Janaki. It was released on 28 March 1975, and failed at the box office, although the story was reused by Visu for Samsaram Adhu Minsaram in 1986.

text:
# Uravukku Kai Koduppom

***Uravukku Kai Koduppom*** (transl.We shall give a helping hand to blood relatives) is a 1975 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Y. G. Mahendran, produced and written by K. S. Gopalakrishnan. It is based on Visu's play of the same name, also directed by Mahendran. The film stars Gemini Ganesan and Sowcar Janaki. It was released on 28 March 1975, and failed at the box office, although the story was reused by Visu for *Samsaram Adhu Minsaram* in 1986.

## Plot

## Cast

## Production

*Uravukku Kai Koduppom* was the first play written by Visu, and directed by Y. G. Mahendran. K. S. Gopalakrishnan bought the rights to adapt the play into a film with the same name; besides producing the film under Chitra Productions, he also wrote the screenplay. Mahendran was retained as director, while Gopalakrishnan served as supervising director.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by D. B. Ramachandran and S. P. Venkatesh, with lyrics by A. Maruthakasi.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Koduppom Kai Koduppom" | Sirkazhi Govindarajan |  |
| 2. | "Thiruvennum Peyarukku Uriyavale" | P. Susheela, Madhuri, T. K. Kala |  |
| 3. | "Oru Kodi Aasaigal Uyir Moochin" | Sirkazhi Govindarajan, Vani Jairam |  |

## Release and reception

*Uravukku Kai Koduppom* was released on 28 March 1975, and failed commercially. Kanthan of *Kalki* criticised the film for omitting the entertaining parts of the play, and Mahendran's direction. Despite the film's failure, the story was reused by Visu for the 1986 film *Samsaram Adhu Minsaram*.

## InfoBox

| Uravukku Kai Koduppom | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | Y. G. Mahendran |
| Screenplay by | K. S. Gopalakrishnan |
| Based on | *Uravukku Kai Koduppom*
by Visu |
| Produced by | K. S. Gopalakrishnan |
| Starring | Gemini Ganesan
Sowcar Janaki |
| Cinematography | P. Ramasami |
| Edited by | R. Devarajan |
| Music by | D. B. Ramachandran
S. P. Venkatesh |
| Production
company | Chitra Productions |
| Release date | * 28 March 1975 (1975-03-28) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: The World Is Yours (radio show)

abstract: The World Is Yours (TWIY) was a weekly thirty-minute radio show that aired Sunday afternoons from June 7, 1936 to May 10, 1942 as part of the Educational Radio Project, funded by the Works Progress Administration. TWIY was the first radio program produced by the Smithsonian Institution, in conjunction with United States Department of the Interior Office of Education and was one of the most successful educational radio programs of the 1930s. Out-of-work actors and musicians presented the 303 programs which covered various aspects of the Smithsonian's collections and research. Starting in 1939, the program came with additional print materials which could be requested for ten cents each. The Smithsonian filled 800,000 requests for supplementary materials, and has 9,000 pages of educational supplements in their archives. The scripts for the show were also made available for people who wished to air their own programs, and were provided by request along with a production manual, handbook of sound effects and a bibliography. The program was incredibly popular, generating over half a million letters by 1941. Webster P. True, Chief of the Smithsonian Institution Editorial Division, was the manager of the project and described it in a presentation as, "not a classroom or direct instruction program – we think of it rather as collateral listening." Episodes were narrated by an explorer named Oldtimer, who gave dramatic lectures in travelogue style to tell people about topics in geography, natural history, science and the arts. Topics were popularized to bring learning to more Americans, but some curators at the Smithsonian were concerned that this approach "trivialized science and history and contributed to reductive stereotyping of complex civilizations." The program ended in 1942 because of the war effort.

text:
# The World Is Yours (radio show)

***The World Is Yours*** (TWIY) was a weekly thirty-minute radio show that aired Sunday afternoons from June 7, 1936 to May 10, 1942 as part of the Educational Radio Project, funded by the Works Progress Administration.

TWIY was the first radio program produced by the Smithsonian Institution, in conjunction with United States Department of the Interior Office of Education and was one of the most successful educational radio programs of the 1930s. Out-of-work actors and musicians presented the 303 programs which covered various aspects of the Smithsonian's collections and research. Starting in 1939, the program came with additional print materials which could be requested for ten cents each. The Smithsonian filled 800,000 requests for supplementary materials, and has 9,000 pages of educational supplements in their archives. The scripts for the show were also made available for people who wished to air their own programs, and were provided by request along with a production manual, handbook of sound effects and a bibliography. The program was incredibly popular, generating over half a million letters by 1941.

Webster P. True, Chief of the Smithsonian Institution Editorial Division, was the manager of the project and described it in a presentation as, "not a classroom or direct instruction program – we think of it rather as collateral listening." Episodes were narrated by an explorer named Oldtimer, who gave dramatic lectures in travelogue style to tell people about topics in geography, natural history, science and the arts. Topics were popularized to bring learning to more Americans, but some curators at the Smithsonian were concerned that this approach "trivialized science and history and contributed to reductive stereotyping of complex civilizations."

The program ended in 1942 because of the war effort.

## A Public Service

The programs were works produced by federal employees of the United States government, thus all episodes underwritten by the Office of Education are in the public domain. As Marcel Chotkowski LaFollette writes in his book, *Science on the Air: Popularizers and Personalities on Radio and Early Television*, “The economics of the arrangement favored the network and the Smithsonian. American taxpayers, through the Office of Education, underwrote all production costs, including professional scriptwriters, and subsidized publication of the supplementary booklets and monthly magazine whose circulation grew eventually to 150,000.” But, as federal WPA and Office of Education funding waned, beginning on July 1, 1940, "the Smithsonian supported Webster True’s time and the salary of a professional writer to produce first-draft scripts,” while, “the network paid for final script writing and for the actors, production director, music director, and New York staff.”

## Recognition

The Women's National Radio Committee awarded *The World Is Yours* a 'Best Adult Education Program' recognition on April 19, 1939.

## InfoBox

The World Is Yours
| Supplementary material for the radio program The World is Yours | |
| --- | --- |
| Running time | 30 min. |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Language(s) | English |
| Home station | NBC Red Network |
| Produced by | Webster P. True |
| Executive producer(s) | John W. Studebaker |
| Original release | June 7, 1936 <br>May 10, 1942 |


title: Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra

abstract: The Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra (FWSO) is an American symphony orchestra based in Fort Worth, Texas. The orchestra is resident at the Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass Performance Hall. In addition to its symphonic and pops concert series, the FWSO also collaborates with the Fort Worth Opera, Van Cliburn International Piano Competition, Southwestern Seminary Master Chorale. and the Children's Education Program of Bass Performance Hall. The FWSO also presents the Concerts In The Garden summer music festival at the Fort Worth Botanic Garden.

text:
# Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra

The **Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra** (FWSO) is an American symphony orchestra based in Fort Worth, Texas. The orchestra is resident at the Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass Performance Hall. In addition to its symphonic and pops concert series, the FWSO also collaborates with the Fort Worth Opera, Van Cliburn International Piano Competition, Southwestern Seminary Master Chorale. and the Children's Education Program of Bass Performance Hall. The FWSO also presents the Concerts In The Garden summer music festival at the Fort Worth Botanic Garden.

## History

The orchestra gave its first public performance in 1912, and disbanded in 1917 during World War I. In 1925, Brooks Morris re-established the FWSO, and served as its first music director and conductor. Sixty-eight musicians performed at the first concert on December 11, 1925, before an audience of approximately 4,000 at the First Baptist Church auditorium. The Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra presented its earliest concerts in the Will Rogers Auditorium. The FWSO disbanded again in 1943 during World War II. In 1957, Morris again revived the orchestra, whose musicians initially performed without salary, and provided general organisational leadership. Interim conductors included Robert Hull, Rudolf Kruger, and Ralph R. Guenther. Starting in the 1968–1969 season FWSO concerts were held in the Fort Worth Convention Center Auditorium. Beginning with the 1998–1999 season, the symphony moved to its current home, the world-class Bass Performance Hall. The orchestra had offices and held rehearsals in Orchestra Hall starting in the early '70s until 2001 when they moved to their current home, the Maddox Muse Center, across the street from Bass Hall.

John Giordano, then conductor of the Youth Orchestra of Greater Fort Worth and the Texas Christian University Symphony, became the FWSO's music director in 1972, holding the post until 2000, making him the longest-serving music director in the FWSO's history. Giordano was a charismatic leader and a very effective fundraiser. During his tenure, the Texas Little Symphony (later renamed the Fort Worth Chamber Orchestra) was formed as a full-time chamber ensemble and served as a professional core for the FWSO. This attracted world-class talent which began the orchestra's transition from a very good regional per-service part-time orchestra to a world-class full-time salaried ensemble. The Concerts In The Garden Summer Festival began in 1991, and takes place each June-July at the Fort Worth Botanic Garden. The FWSO also serves as the host Orchestra for the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition held every 4 years in Fort Worth, accompanying the finalists in the last stages of the competition. In 1998, the FWSO took up its current residence at the Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass Performance Hall. Giordano now has the title of conductor emeritus of the FWSO.

In 2000, Miguel Harth-Bedoya succeeded Giordano as FWSO music director. Harth-Bedoya and the FWSO have made commercial recordings for such labels as harmonia mundi. In September 2016, the FWSO musicians took industrial action and went on strike. On December 8, almost three months after the strike, an anonymous donor gave US$700,000 to help close the orchestra's deficit. This allowed the two sides to come to an agreement of keeping musicians' salaries at its current levels for the first two years, followed by a 2% raise the third year and a 2.5% raise the fourth year. In May 2018, the FWSO announced that Harth-Bedoya was to conclude his music directorship of the orchestra at the close of the 2019–2020 season, and subsequently to take the title of conductor laureate.

In March 2019, Robert Spano first guest-conducted the FWSO. The orchestra announced the appointment of Spano as its new principal guest conductor, with immediate effect, with a contract through the 2022–2023 season, at the time of his FWSO debut. In February 2021, the FWSO announced the appointment of Spano as its next music director, effective with the 2022–2023 season, with an initial contract of three years. Spano transitioned from principal guest conductor to music director-designate of the FWSO on 1 April 2021.

In September 2021, Kevin John Edusei first guest-conducted the FWSO. In December 2021, the FWSO announced the appointment of Edusei as its next principal guest conductor, effective with the 2022-2023 season, with an initial contract of 3 years. In January 2023, Dame Jane Glover first guest-conducted the FWSO. In February 2024, the FWSO announced the appointment of Glover as its next principal guest conductor, the first female conductor ever named to the post, effective 1 August 2025.

## Music directors

* Brooks Morris (1925–1943)
* Robert Hull (interim conductor, 1957–1963)
* Rudolf Kruger (resident music director, 1963–1965)
* Ralph R. Guenther (interim conductor, 1963–1965)
* Ezra Rachlin (1965–1972)
* John Giordano (1972–2000)
* Miguel Harth-Bedoya (2000–2020)
* Robert Spano (2022–present)

## Selected recordings

The orchestra's most recent recordings, some of which are released on their own label, include:

## InfoBox

| Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra | |
| --- | --- |
| Orchestra | |
|  | |
| Founded | 1912 (1912) |
| Location | Fort Worth, Texas, United States |
| Concert hall | Bass Performance Hall |
| Music director | Robert Spano |
| Website | www.fwsymphony.org |


title: Masashi Shimada

abstract: Masashi Shimada is a Japanese professional golfer. Shimada plays on the Japan Golf Tour, where he has won once.

text:
# Masashi Shimada

**Masashi Shimada** (born 1 July 1971) is a Japanese professional golfer.

Shimada plays on the Japan Golf Tour, where he has won once.

## Professional wins (2)

### Japan Golf Tour wins (1)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of
victory | Runners-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 11 Jun 2000 | PGA Philanthropy Tournament | −15 (66-68-67=201)\* | Playoff | Tatsuya Mitsuhashi,  Tatsuhiko Takahashi |

**Note: The 2000 PGA Philanthropy Tournament was shortened to 54 holes due to weather.*

**Japan Golf Tour playoff record (1–0)**

| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponents | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2000 | PGA Philanthropy Tournament | Tatsuya Mitsuhashi,  Tatsuhiko Takahashi | Won with birdie on fourth extra hole
Takahashi eliminated by birdie on first hole |

### Other wins (1)

## InfoBox

| Masashi Shimada | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| **Born** | (1971-07-01) 1 July 1971
Shiga Prefecture, Japan |
| **Height** | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| **Weight** | 83 kg (183 lb; 13.1 st) |
| **Sporting nationality** | Japan |
| Career | |
| **Status** | Professional |
| **Current tour(s)** | Japan Golf Tour |
| **Professional wins** | 2 |
| Number of wins by tour | |
| Japan Golf Tour | 1 |
| Other | 1 |


title: Forssa Program

abstract: The Forssa Program is a political declaration issued by the Labour Party of Finland at its party convention in Forssa, Finland in August 1903. At the same time the party was renamed Social Democratic Party of Finland. The program served as the official platform of the Social Democratic Party until 1952.

text:
# Forssa Program

The **Forssa Program** (Finnish: *Forssan ohjelma*) is a political declaration issued by the Labour Party of Finland at its party convention in Forssa, Finland in August 1903. At the same time the party was renamed Social Democratic Party of Finland. The program served as the official platform of the Social Democratic Party until 1952.

## Contents

The Forssa Program was based on the program of the Social Democratic Party of Austria and the Erfurt Program issued by the Social Democratic Party of Germany. It included the following eleven claims:

1. Universal suffrage, proportional representation, unicameralism and secret ballot

2. Direct democracy

3. Freedom of association, assembly, speech and the press

4. Free and mandatory education

5. Separation of church and state and abolition of religious education

6. Introduction of a progressive income tax

7. Free trial and legal aid and compensation for false indictments

8. Publicly funded health care

9. Abolition of conscription and promotion of pacifism

10. Gender equality under law

11. Prohibition of alcohol

The Forssa Program was more socialist than the previous program of the Labour Party which was based on the thoughts of Viktor Julius von Wright.

## Votes and elections

The most significant unfulfilled list requirement is the right to vote. Of paragraph 1, only the right to elect has been exercised. The literal content of the Forssa list in that regard (Items 1 and 2) was;

*1. Universal, equal and direct **election and voting rights** for all Finnish citizens aged 21 and over, regardless of gender, in all **elections and voting** in both municipal and state sectors. Relative representation and single chamber system. Secret ballot. Conduct of **elections and voting** on public holidays. Remuneration for elected representatives in all fields.*

*2. Direct legislative right for the people through the right to propose and reject laws.*

In paragraph 1, a clear distinction is made between **elections and voting**. The right to participate on elections has been designated as the elections right and the right to vote has been designated as the voting right. **Elections and voting** have been deemed necessary in both the municipal and state sectors. The most important meaning of voting is specified in item 2 of the list. To date, the Finnish people have not had the right to immediately (Directly) propose and vote on laws. In general, the Finnish people have only been allowed to vote twice in opinion polls, once for Alcohol in 1931 and about EU in 1994.

The Finnish people therefore do not have the right to vote within the meaning of the Forssa program.

1. *Vuosisatamme kronikka*. Gummerus. 1987. p. 49. ISBN 951-20-2893-X.
2. "Forssan ohjelma". *sdp.fi*. Social Democratic Party of Finland. Retrieved 12 August 2017.


title: Mascha Pijnenborg

abstract: Mascha Pijnenborg is a Dutch retired road racing cyclist.

text:
# Mascha Pijnenborg

**Mascha Pijnenborg** (born 30 June 1981) is a Dutch retired road racing cyclist.

## Career

Pijnenborg began racing at an amateur level in 2006. In 2008 she was a guest rider with Red Sun Cycling Team at the Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche. Following this she joined the team for 2 years.

She spent her 2 most successful seasons at Dolmans Landscaping Team, before joining Team Futurumshop.nl–Polaris for the final two years of her career.

## Outside of Cycling

Pijnenborg is also a counselor for people living with disabilities.

## Major Results

2008 3rd Boezinge - Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen 2011 5th Overall Tour de Feminin-O cenu Českého Švýcarska 1st Stage 4 2012 7th Overall Tour de Free State 6th Road race, National Road Championships 6th Overall Tour de Feminin-O cenu Českého Švýcarska 9th Overall Internationale Thüringen Rundfahrt Der Frauen 2014 5th Overall Gracia–Orlová

## InfoBox

Mascha Pijnenborg
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1981-06-30) 30 June 1981<br>Waalwijk, Netherlands |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Retired |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Amateur teams | |
| 2006 | Team Brabant 2000 |
| 2007 | TCW Het Snelle Wiel |
| 2015 | NWVG |
|  | |
| Professional teams | |
| 2009–2010 | Red Sun Cycling Team |
| 2011–2012 | Dolmans Landscaping Team |
| 2013–2014 | Team Futurumshop.nl–Polaris |
|  | |


title: Fort Steuben

abstract: Fort Steuben was a fortification erected in Feb. 1787 on the Ohio River in eastern Ohio Country at the northern end of the Seven Ranges land tract to be surveyed. It was at the location of the modern city of Steubenville, Ohio. The fort was built by Major John Hamtramck and named for Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a Prussian army officer who had served under General Washington. The original purpose was to provide protection from Indians for the first surveyors to venture into the Northwest Territory.

text:
# Fort Steuben

**Fort Steuben** was a fortification erected in Feb. 1787 on the Ohio River in eastern Ohio Country at the northern end of the Seven Ranges land tract to be surveyed. It was at the location of the modern city of Steubenville, Ohio. The fort was built by Major John Hamtramck and named for Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a Prussian army officer who had served under General Washington. The original purpose was to provide protection from Indians for the first surveyors to venture into the Northwest Territory.

## History

Acquired by Great Britain from France following the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the Ohio Country had been closed to white settlement by the Proclamation of 1763. The United States claimed the region after the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War. The Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 as a formal means of surveying, selling, and settling the land and raising revenue. The survey was to begin in present-day East Liverpool, Ohio, on the north bank of the Ohio River where it leaves Pennsylvania, and then work westward into present day Ohio. The Geographer of the United States, Thomas Hutchins, assisted by surveyors from a number of states, began the survey on September 30, 1785. On October 8, word was received of an Indian attack on the Tuscarawas River. He and his men were scared, and returned to Pittsburgh after only a few miles of the first westward line, (the Geographers Line), had been completed. Hutchins returned to New York that autumn.

On July 20, 1786, Hutchins and his group gathered at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to resume their survey. Fort Harmar had been constructed at the confluence of the Muskingum River and Ohio River, present day Harmar district of Marietta, Ohio. Hutchins had requested federal troops for protection. Colonel Josiah Harmar ordered Major John Francis Hamtramck and some of the First American Regiment to guard the surveyors. Hamtramck felt it necessary to build a fort to protect the surveyors, and to prevent squatters from settling in the area.

## Fort constructed

The site was chosen for a fort on October 11, 1786. Major Erkuries Beatty, who made a drawing seen here, described the site as 47 miles below Fort McIntosh and 23 above Wheelin‘, a site he erroneously calls Mingo Bottom. Major Beatty described the fort:

> It is about 120 yards from the river on very high excellent bank of commanding ground. A square with a large blockhouse on each corner and picquets between each blockhouse form the fort. . .The big gate fronting the main on the west, and the sally port the river, with the guard house over the latter. The blockhouse serves for all the men and the officers‘ houses are each side of the big gate, the back part of them serving as a row of pickets. It is garrisoned by Capt. Hamtramck‘s and Mercer‘s companies, the former commanding.
>
> Major Erkuries Beatty, 1787

Hamtramck named the fort for military officer Baron von Steuben on January 2, 1787, and completed construction January 8. On May 23, 1787, Hamtramck was ordered to evacuate, as the surveyors were by then closer to Fort Harmar. Troops were sent to Fort Harmar, while supplies were sent to Fort Henry in Wheeling. The fort was destroyed by fire in 1790, and not rebuilt. In 1797, Bezaleel Wells founded the city of Steubenville on the site. A replica of the fort and visitors center have been constructed on the site as a tourist attraction that also includes the original Steubenville Federal Land Office.

40°21′28″N 80°36′48″W / 40.35778°N 80.61333°W / 40.35778; -80.61333 (Old Fort Steuben)


title: Parepilysta ochreoguttata

abstract: Parepilysta ochreoguttata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1961.

text:
# Parepilysta ochreoguttata

***Parepilysta ochreoguttata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1961.

## InfoBox

| *Parepilysta ochreoguttata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Parepilysta*** |
| Species: | ***P. ochreoguttata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parepilysta ochreoguttata***<br>Breuning, 1961 | |
|


title: John Hind (mathematician)

abstract: John Hind (1796–1866), was an English mathematician.

text:
# John Hind (mathematician)

**John Hind** (1796–1866), was an English mathematician.

## Life

Hind was born in Cumberland in 1796, entered St. John's College, Cambridge, as a sizar, on 2 February 1813, but was elected to a scholarship in 1815. He graduated B.A. in 1818 as second wrangler and second Smith's prizeman, and the next year was chosen Taylor mathematical lecturer and fellow-commoner (B.A.) of Sidney Sussex College. In 1821 he proceeded M.A., and took orders; was elected fellow in 1823, but resigned his lectureship in that year, and his fellowship in the year following. For some time he acted as tutor. He acted as moderator in 1822, 1823, and 1826, and as examiner in 1824 and 1827. He died at Cambridge on 17 Dec. 1866, aged 70 He was married and had a family.

Hind was a fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and of the Royal Astronomical Society.

## Works

* *The Principles of the Differential and Integral Calculus*, vol. i., 8vo, Cambridge, 1827.
* *The Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry*, &c., 2nd edit., 8vo, Cambridge, 1828; 5th ed. 1855.
* *The Elements of Algebra*, &c., 8vo, Cambridge, 1829; 6th ed, revised, 1855.
* *The Principles of the Differential Calculus, with its application to Curves and Curve Surfaces...*, Second Ed., 8vo, Cambridge. 1831.
* *A Digested Series of Examples in the applications of the Principles of the Differential Calculus*, 8vo, Cambridge, 1832.
* *The Principles and Practice of Arithmetic*,8vo, Cambridge, 1832; 8th ed., with a new appendix of miscellaneous questions, 1856.
* *The Principles and Practice of Arithmetical Algebra*, &c., 3rd ed., 8vo, Cambridge, 1855.
* *The Solutions of the Questions in the Principles and Practice of Arithmetic*, 2nd ed., 12mo, Cambridge, 1856.

"Hind, John". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Luna crater

abstract: Luna crater is an impact crater at Luna village in Bhuj taluka of Kutch district of Gujarat, India. The crater is located in a low-lying, soft, flat area and appears unconventional and deceptive when compared to other craters in India, which are usually found on hard, rocky surfaces.

text:
# Luna crater

**Luna crater** is an impact crater at Luna village in Bhuj taluka of Kutch district of Gujarat, India. The crater is located in a low-lying, soft, flat area and appears unconventional and deceptive when compared to other craters in India, which are usually found on hard, rocky surfaces.

## Description

Rock fragments and glasslike materials found at the site indicate a meteorite impact, the date of which has tentatively been put at around 2000 BCE. The crater, located in the Rann of Kutch, is circular, with a diameter of 1.2 kilometres (34 mi), and its lowest point is only about 2 metres (6.6 ft) above sea level.

Crater is visibly a kilometre wide, but the satellite radar imagery shows it is spread over a five kilometres radius. Since it lacks the characteristics of a typical impact site, it is a unique site in the world, it has a very low depth to diameter ratio. A round lake of 1 km2 in area and 2 meter in depth lies in the centre of crater, which remains dry during summers. Crater depression is covered with thick vegetation of thorny Acacia species (Acacia nilotica and Prosopis juliflora). Rim of the crater, with up-turned beds and shutter cone, has no hard rocks. X-ray analysis of the materials adhering to meteorite fragments carried out by George Mathew, Earth Science Department, the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay revealed stishovite and coesite, the high pressure polymorphs of silica, which confirms the impact origin of the crater.

Among the various objects/products expected in an impact site, fragments appearing like metallic meteorites that are dark, heavy and magnetic with spherical cavities are found at the rim of the suspected crater, and glassy objects comparable to tektites have been recovered.

## Religious significance

Luna Dham Temple lies in the north end of the crater.

## More potential craters in Kutch

The satellite data indicates that there could be a few more craters within the Kutch, which are hidden by the subsequent denudational activities.

Impact craters in India Other related topics

23°42′17″N 69°15′37″E / 23.70472°N 69.26028°E / 23.70472; 69.26028

## InfoBox

| Luna crater | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Impact crater/structure | |
| Diameter | 1.2 kilometres (34 mi) |
| Country | India |
| State | Gujarat |
| District | Kutch district |
| Municipality | Luna village in Bhuj taluka |


title: George Gunton

abstract: George Gunton was an influential figure in the labor movement of the United States around the turn of the 20th century and was an avid supporter of industrial combinations and trusts. He was a close colleague of Ira Steward, and upon Steward's death in 1883 he agreed to complete and prepare for publication a book that Steward had been writing. Gunton found only notes, not a nearly complete book. Deciding the notes were not sufficient for editing, Gunton discarded them, instead building on the ideas of his colleague to formulate his own book on the labor movement, Wealth and Progress, which was published in 1887, followed by Principles of Social Economics in 1891. He founded a school, the Institute of Social Economics, in 1891, with the aim of educating the masses in the path of responsible citizenship. Gunton was the editor of Gunton's Magazine, a goal-oriented publication, which drew many prominent thinkers of his time. An early supporter and adviser to Theodore Roosevelt, Gunton later became a vocal critic of the president, when the administration began attacking trusts, forming a Bureau of Corporations with full investigative powers in 1903. Though Gunton was accused in his life of being bought by big business, he genuinely believed, and made good argument to the fact, that well organized capital was vital to the protection of the rights of a well-organized labor force.

text:
# George Gunton

**George Gunton** (September 8, 1845 – September 11, 1919) was an influential figure in the labor movement of the United States around the turn of the 20th century and was an avid supporter of industrial combinations and trusts. He was a close colleague of Ira Steward, and upon Steward's death in 1883 he agreed to complete and prepare for publication a book that Steward had been writing. Gunton found only notes, not a nearly complete book. Deciding the notes were not sufficient for editing, Gunton discarded them, instead building on the ideas of his colleague to formulate his own book on the labor movement, *Wealth and Progress*, which was published in 1887, followed by *Principles of Social Economics* in 1891. He founded a school, the Institute of Social Economics, in 1891, with the aim of educating the masses in the path of responsible citizenship.

Gunton was the editor of *Gunton's Magazine*, a goal-oriented publication, which drew many prominent thinkers of his time. An early supporter and adviser to Theodore Roosevelt, Gunton later became a vocal critic of the president, when the administration began attacking trusts, forming a Bureau of Corporations with full investigative powers in 1903. Though Gunton was accused in his life of being bought by big business, he genuinely believed, and made good argument to the fact, that well organized capital was vital to the protection of the rights of a well-organized labor force.

## Philosophy

George Gunton was of a scientific mind and thus rooted his philosophy in the principle of evolution. He articulated the principle of evolution as the development from the simple and similar to the complex and heterogeneous. In other words, as a system develops, it becomes increasingly multifaceted and specialized.

Applying this view of progress to human society, Gunton distinguished three elements at play within this process – material, intellect, and morality. He saw the material factor as the most fundamental, initiating social development through human want and the exploitation of nature. Intellect is the guide of humanity, and morality is the result. For example, in the case of altruism, the moral codes against murder or theft are rooted in self-preservation, the gains to be had from being a member of a stable society outweighing the gains of the immediately selfish act. He believed that the development of egoistic wants stimulated man's intellect, which in turn differentiated, specialized, the field of morality and thus the conscious egoism and unconscious morality transforms into unconscious egoism and conscious morality. So ultimately, it is the development of man's desires that leads to the development of moral character.

Gunton saw the exploitation of nature as man's greatest power, and he saw no limit to the progress that could be made by its harnessing. In relation to matters of the labor movement, he saw this as the key to the mutual benefit of worker and employer. Gunton was an enthusiastic optimist, believing nature to be an unending wealth from which all could reap. All that was needed to augment the technological advances now bringing nature under man's domination was a balanced system of organized capital and organized labor.

In regards to the organization of capital, Gunton was a defender of trusts. He believed that industrial combination and consolidation was not only inevitable, but also necessary to the protection of the worker. He saw small business as an enemy of labor. In his time, it was small businesses that were participating in petty practices such as blacklisting and organizing in "employer's associations" to engage in anti-union activity. In his view, the greater the capital investment, the more the employer has at stake, and thus the more likely the employer is to respond to the needs and wants of his workforce, to avoid loss due to a stop in productivity. Gunton contended that popular protest to industrial concentration was due to a misunderstanding of competition, from viewing competition from the standpoint of the receding competitor. For example, in the industry of fabric and textiles, a hand loom will lose out to a small factory. This is not an eradication of competition, it is a raising of the competitive plane. So the development of concentrated capital with better machinery and better facilities does not eliminate competition, it makes such organization necessary in all industries.

Gunton was ready to admit that trusts were responsible for abuses, but maintained that abuses were not inseparable from principle – "as is always the case in social revolts, the genuine are arraigned with the spurious and all are put under the ban."

## Institute of Social Economics

In 1885 Gunton began an annual lecture series in the church of Rev. Herber Newton in New York City, which he continued for six years. This series led to the opening of the Institute of Social Economics, which opened in 1891 at 126 East Twenty-Third Street in New York. The institute was established not as a classical university, but as a venue to spread Gunton's specific message and with the goal of training the general public in becoming wholesome, rational citizens who understand politics, the economy and the responsibilities of being a citizen. It began as a night school and Gunton himself gave a free lecture every Wednesday evening. Soon the institute expanded to a day school as well, which offered a one-year course. Subjects included accounting, penmanship, arithmetic, rhetoric, business correspondence, commercial law, social economics, English and American literature, civil government and principles of economics and practical statesmanship. Tuition was $150 per year and admission was open to both sexes.

By 1882, the institute had to move to 34 Union Square, a 6-story building that could accommodate the rapidly growing student body. It added a High school in 1894 and began offering classical studies as well, such as languages and law. The popular free Wednesday lectures continued, now with many guest speakers in addition to Gunton. In 1897 the institute moved yet again to a ten-story building at 41 Union Square. At this time, it was changed to the Gunton Institute and its vision changed greatly, now with the aim of educating the citizenry of all the United States. It became primarily a correspondence school. The home study plan offered a two-year curriculum, each year independent of the other. Gunton's weekly lecture was printed and mailed to students who had to complete required reading, including Gunton's Magazine, correspond with teachers regarding any questions, and complete a written theses at the end of each year.

By October 1900, the lectures began to be printed monthly instead of weekly, then semi-monthly, then irregular, until the last was published in December 1903. The list of men associated with the institute included the following: Thomas Brackett Reed; Dr. Charles DeGarmo, president of Swarthmore; Theodore Roosevelt; Dr. Edwin R. A. Seligman; Carroll D Wright, U.S. Commissioner of Labor; Henry Cabot Lodge; David Starr Jordan, president of Leland Stanford jr. University; G. Stanley Hall, president of Stanford University; Booker T. Washington; and Archbishop Ireland.

## Gunton as an economist

There were three systems of economics recognized during those days. Gunton rejected Karl Marx, Henry George and the laissez-faire economics of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. He did this in his Principles of Economics Inductively Considered and Practically Applied, With Criticisms on Current Theories, *Outlines of Social Economics*, *Wealth and Progress*, and Economic Heresies of Henry George. Gunton was of the tradition of protectionism, otherwise known as the American System of Political Economy. Gunton followed in the footsteps of Alexander Hamilton, writer of the 1790 Report on Manufacturing, Mathew Carey, Friedrich List, Daniel Raymond, greatest American 19th-century economist and most prolific writer of his time, Henry Charles Carey, William Elder, author of Questions of the Day, and Conversations on Political Economy, Vanburen Denslow, and the American Protective Tariff League in rejecting the British System of Laissez faire, and also socialism. Gunton is cited in George Boughton Curtiss' The Industrial Development of Nations volume 2 and Protection and Prosperity.

Gunton rejected Malthus and Ricardo's theories on, rent, land, population. Marx adopted the rent theory, and also the wages fund theory of Ricardo. Smith's conception of scientist not being producers was rejected, as science played a crucial role in productivity for an economy, and that human beings were not capital. Human beings brought skill to the process of manufacturing and agriculture, this was fostered by developing his natural talents. Animals and other forms of capital do not have that. The human is the only creative species.

Ricardo and Malthus saw profits only increasing by decreasing wages and insisting that energy flux density does not exist. Energy flux density decreases the cost of production by increasing quality of labor. This was first catalyzed in Henry Carey's Principles of Political Economy. Marx saw that laborers wages could only increase by decreasing the share the capitalist got thus also insisting that energy flux density does not exist. They also thought that the laborer created the profit by himself so rent had to be abolished. They also gave no credit to the industrialist.

Along with economists of the British school, Gunton refuted Darwin's survival of the fittest. He reasoned that natural selection would give way to inferior type of cultivating and breeding. Gunton was of the opinion that scientific selection attributed to creativity superseded natural selection. Unconscious selection did not create the type of horses that scientific selection did. Thus scientific selection could breed out inferior breeds of a particular horse, the variety of sheep we have today is not because they were gladiators same goes for cats and dogs. The seedless fruit or vegetable, the various types of oranges were not a product of laissez faire but of creativity.

## *Gunton's Magazine*

*Gunton's Magazine*, also called *The Social Economist*, was unapologetically rooted in a specific ideology, it had a mission to disseminate correct ideas. It had the freedom to do this as it required little advertising through means of endowment. Though it was begun as an adjunct to the Institute of Social Economics, it soon became Gunton's primary activity. Though it was primarily a vehicle for Gunton's philosophy, it also included articles on other matters of contemporary interest such as "Women's opportunity for Social Service", "Colored Men as Cotton Manufacturers" ,"Do the Filipinos Desire American Rule?", and "Shall the Ballot be Given to Women?"

Many contributors to the magazine were well known and respected. Carroll D. Wright wrote an article almost every issue during the early years. Edwin R. A. Seligman contributed about half a dozen articles and Theodore Roosevelt wrote "The Need of a Navy" in the January 1898 issue.

## Personal life

George Gunton was born in Chatteris, Cambridgeshire, England on September 8, 1845. He was the only son of Mathew Gunton, an English agricultural laborer. With no means for formal education, George Gunton still exhibited and avid interest in learning and read widely.

At age 17, he married Elizabeth Bocock, by whom he had 8 children. In 1874 he left his family in England for America, where he had secured work as a weaver in the cotton mills of Fall River, Massachusetts. He separated from his first wife in 1882, seven years after she and his family had joined him in Fall River. In 1884 he married Mrs. Amelia Whipple, who aided him in becoming established in New York City. Gunton divorced her some time before 1904 and on February 14, 1904, he married Mrs. Rebecca Douglas Lowe. Mrs. Lowe was the president of the General Federation of Women's clubs from 1901 to 1905 and was the widow of a prominent Georgian banker. In 1906 Mrs. Amelia Whipple Gunton sued Gunton to test the legality of their divorce, which she claimed he did not tell her about until some time later. She also sued Mrs. Lowe allegedly alienation the affections of Mr. Gunton. The rulings and findings of the suit were kept private.

George and Amelia Gunton lived in Hot Springs, Virginia until they separated in July 1915. Amelia was granted an uncontested divorce on the grounds of infidelity on November 21, 1916. George Gunton lived in obscurity in New York until his death at Bellevue Hospital on September 11, 1919.

## Sources

* Weary, Daniel C. "George Gunton, Advocate for Labor, Defender of Trusts, Social Darwinian" Harvard University. April 13, 1949
* Gunotn, George. "Trusts and the Public"
* Bailey, Thomas A. "A Diplomatic History of the American People" 1946
* Beard, Mary R. "A Short History of the American Labor Movement" 1920
* Cahill, Marion C."Shorter Hours, A Study of the Movement Since the Civil War" 1932

## InfoBox

| George Gunton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1845-09-08)September 8, 1845
Chatteris, England |
| Died | September 11, 1919(1919-09-11) (aged 74)
New York City |
| Occupation | Trade unionist |
|  | |


title: Type 212CD submarine

abstract: The Type 212CD class is a submarine class developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) for the Norwegian and German navies. The class is derived from the Type 212 submarine class, but will be significantly larger than the 212 class.

text:
# Type 212CD submarine

The **Type 212CD** class (for Common Design) is a submarine class developed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) for the Norwegian and German navies. The class is derived from the Type 212 submarine class, but will be significantly larger than the 212 class.

## Project history

A €5.5 billion contract for development and procurement of the six submarines was placed with TKMS on 8 July 2021 after the German and Norwegian governments reached an agreement in principle in March. This followed an extensive period of negotiation between industry and the two governments which took place after Norway had, in 2017, decided on an extensive naval partnership with Germany and TKMS for their *Ula*-class replacement project. The *Ula*-class submarines were also built by TKMS/HDW.

In Kiel, a German-Norwegian Building Program Office (BPO) is to be set up and tasked with representing the two states in matters of design, construction and acceptance. Management will alternate between a German and Norwegian representative, with a third of the staff being Norwegian.

Afterwards, a Lifetime Management Program Office (LMPO) is to be established in Haakonsvern Naval Base. Management will also alternate, with a third of the staff being German. The office is to handle questions concerning maintenance and repairs of the submarines. Norway will establish maintenance facilities for both countries submarines. Construction of the first submarine started in September 2023.

According to the Norwegian Armed Forces Long-Term Plan adopted by the Norwegian Parliament on June 4th 2024, Norway will purchase two more submarines in addition to the four submarines already ordered from Germany.

Norwegian and German U212CD (Common Design) submarines are to be based together in Southern Norway. A Norwegian Ministry of Defence official told Janes on 7 June 2024 that a new base for the U212CD, including infrastructure, would be built at Haakonsvern, where Norway's current Ula-class submarines are already based. The new infrastructure will include pier, maintenance, and test facilities for the U212CD.

### Critical design review

In August 2024, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence announced having completed the design review of the Type 212CD programme.

## Submarine design

The submarines will be based on, but nearly twice the size of the current Type 212A class and features a new stealth design - the hull will be diamond-shaped to deflect emissions by the active sonars common on modern anti-submarine warfare (ASW) ships.

### Propulsion

Just like the Type 212A, the submarines will be fitted with a hydrogen fuel cell-based air-independent propulsion system, although they will receive two (MTU 4000 series) diesel engines instead of one. The overall endurance is to be increased as well.

### Command and control systems

A new combat system ("ORCCA") to be developed by *kta naval systems*, a joint venture between TKMS' naval electronics division Atlas Elektronik and Norwegian manufacturer Kongsberg will be installed on the boats and is claimed to allow the analysis of larger amounts of sensor data as well as to improve interoperability with allied forces. The first batch of German Type 212 submarines already uses the Kongsberg-developed MSI-90U Mk1+ combat system.

### Sensors

Two optronics masts including sensors from Hensoldt (OMS 150 and OMS 300) will be used instead of the hull-penetrating periscope of the previous U212A class for search, surveillance and attack functions. A Hensoldt panoramic surveillance system will be installed while Kongsberg will contribute the active SA9510S MKII Mine Avoidance and Navigation Sonar as well as echo sounders for navigation.

### Weapons

The submarines will feature four tubes for DM2A4 heavyweight torpedoes and Germany plans to fit the IDAS air-defense missile to theirs.

## List of boats

The submarines are being procured by the Norwegian Defence Materiel Agency *Forsvarsmateriell* (six submarines) and the German Armed Forces Procurement Agency *BAAINBw* (two submarines).

| Name | No. | Order in class | Status | Contract | Laid down | Launched | Comm. | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Deutsche Marine (2 ordered + 4 to 7 planned) | | | | | | | | |
| ***U-37*** | S187 | 3rd | Under contract | 30 Aug 2021 |  |  | 2031 |  |
| ***U-38*** | S188 | 5th | | |  |  | 2034 | |
|  |  |  | Minimum of **4** planned future fleet |  |  |  |  | As part of the *Zielbild der Marine ab 2035* (target of the fleet from 2035), Germany plans to have a total of 6 to 9 Type 212 CD, therefore 4 to 7 additional submarines to be ordered. |
|  |  |  | |  |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | |  |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | |  |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | Up to **3** additional expected |  |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | |  |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  | |  |  |  |  | |
| Royal Norwegian Navy (4 ordered + 2 planned to be ordered) | | | | | | | | |
| **TBD** | TBD | 1st | Under construction | 30 Aug 2021 | 12 Sep 2023 | 2027 | 2029 |  |
| **TBD** | TBD | 2nd | | |  |  | 2030 | |
| **TBD** | TBD | 4th | Under contract | |  |  | 2033 | |
| **TBD** | TBD | 6th | | |  |  | 2035 | |
| **TBD** | TBD |  | Approved for order by parliament |  |  |  |  | Approved in Jun 2024, waiting for order confirmation |
| **TBD** | TBD |  | |  |  |  |  | |

Planned commissionning   Ships planned

## Operators

### Future operators

Germany (2) 2 ships to be delivered in 2032 and 2034.  Norway (4 on order + 2 approved for order) In March 2021, the Norwegian Navy ordered 4 ships. The contract was signed in July 2021. In June 2023, the Norwegian Defence Chief recommended to increase the order to 6. In June 2024, this purchase was approved by the parliament, and a contract is to be signed. The submarines are to be delivered from 2029 to 2035.

### Potential contracts

Canada (12) Germany and Norway offered an Arctic protection partnership to Canada, which includes the Type 212 CD for Canada. In July 2024, Canada publicly unveiled its plan for the future of its navy, which includes up to 12 submarines.  Germany (4 to 7 additional) According to the *Zielbild Marine 2035+* plan, the German will operate from 6 to 9 Type 212 CD, and it includes the successors to the Type 212A, which would mean 4 to 7 additional Type 212 CD to be built. As of July 2024, the defence minister announced that they were looking for 4 additional submarines to be ordered in 2024. As of August 2024, Germany and Norway approved the design review, and both nations negotiate together to order each 6 submarines in total, with a decision planned for 2024.  Poland (3) The Polish Navy is planning to purchase 3 attack submarines as part of its Orka programme. The mentioned competitors include the A26 Blekinge, the KSS-III, the S-80, the Scorpene SSK and the Type 212CD.

### Failed bids

Netherlands The Type 212CD was in competition with the pair Saab Kockums / Damen with a Blekinge derivative submarine and with Naval Group who proposed the Orka-class. Naval Group won the competition in April 2024 and should build 4 ships if approved by the parliament.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Builders | ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) |
| Operators |  |
| Preceded by |  |
| Planned | * **Total: 12 to 15** * Norway: 6 * Germany: 6 to 9 |
| On order |  |
| Building | **2** |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Attack submarine |
| Displacement | 2,500 t (2,500 long tons) surfaced, 2,800 t (2,800 long tons) submerged |
| Length | 73 m (239 ft 6 in) |
| Beam | 10 m (32 ft 10 in) |
| Draught | 7 m (23 ft 0 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | \> 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Endurance | 41 days |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems |  |
| Armament |  |


title: Harris Academy Morden

abstract: Harris Academy Morden is a secondary school with academy status in London, England. The school is part of the Harris Federation.

text:
# Harris Academy Morden

**Harris Academy Morden** (formerly Bishopsford Art College) is a secondary school with academy status in London, England. The school is part of the Harris Federation.

## History

The school opened in 1999, and by 2003 it was one of the top schools in Merton. However, this was not always the case. Previously, the school was named Garth High School, though it was a failing school and changed its name to Watermeads in 1995, before finally closing in August 1999. It is built on the land previously occupied by Catherine Gladstone Convalescent Home. In summer 2008, Bishopsford announced their best-ever GCSE results – 57% achieved 5 GCSEs at grades A\*-C. In the early days of February 2012 it was announced that the school would be changed to Harris Academy Morden in September 2013 after failing its latest OFSTED inspection.

The Harris Academy opened in September 2013. and was inspected by Ofsted in December 2014. There had been some staff changes and the principal was praised for addressing the previous weaknesses. The changes had not filtered through into the pupils results so the school was graded as 'Good'. A second full Ofsted in June 2018 upgraded this judgement to 'Outstanding'.

## Description

This is a small secondary school situated on a large six-acre site in South London.

The school had been successful using a three-year Key Stage 4, but when Ofsted warned Impington Village College that it could not be 'Outstanding' using this curriculum model, it has reverted to the 3+2, three-year Key Stage 3/ two-year Key Stage 4.

## Curriculum

Students entering the school in September 2020 as eleven year olds join year 7 and start the three year Key Stage 3. The school does not stream students. Virtually all maintained schools and academies follow the National Curriculum, and are inspected by Ofsted on how well they succeed in delivering a 'broad and balanced curriculum'.

In Key Stage 4, the school endeavours to get all its students to achieve the English Baccalaureate (EBACC) qualification- this must include core subjects a modern or ancient foreign language, and either History or Geography. Here the language is Spanish.

## InfoBox

| Harris Academy Morden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Lilleshall Road
Morden, Surrey, SM4 6DU
England | |
| Coordinates | 51°23′30″N 0°10′49″W / 51.39157°N 0.18022°W / 51.39157; -0.18022 |
| Information | |
| Type | Academy |
| Established | 1999 |
| Department for Education URN | 138495 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Head teacher | Julian Sparks |
| Gender | Coeducational |
| Age | 11 to 18 |
| Enrolment | 857 |
| Capacity | 1150 |
| Website | http://www.harrismorden.org.uk/ |