title: One Health Model

abstract: The concept of One Health is the unity of multiple practices that work together locally, nationally, and globally to help achieve optimal health for people, animals, and the environment. When the people, animals, and environment are put together they make up the One Health Triad. The One Health Triad shows how the health of people, animals, and the environment is linked to one another. With One Health being a worldwide concept, it makes it easier to advance health care in the 21st century. When this concept is used, and applied properly, it can help protect people, animals, and the environment in the present and future generations.

text:
# One Health Model

The concept of ***One Health*** is the unity of multiple practices that work together locally, nationally, and globally to help achieve optimal health for people, animals, and the environment. When the people, animals, and environment are put together they make up the **One Health Triad *.*** **The One Health Triad** shows how the health of people, animals, and the environment is linked to one another. With One Health being a worldwide concept, it makes it easier to advance health care in the 21st century. When this concept is used, and applied properly, it can help protect people, animals, and the environment in the present and future generations.

## Background

The origins of the One Health Model dates as far back as 1821, with the first links between human and animal diseases being recognized by Rudolf Virchow. Virchow noticed links between human and animal disease, coining the term "zoonosis." The major connection Virchow made was between Trichinella spiralis in swine and human infections. It was over a century later before the ideas laid out by Virchow were integrated into a single health model connecting human health with animal health.

In 1964, Dr. Calvin Schwabe, a former member of World Health Organization (WHO) and the founding chair of Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at the Veterinary School at the University of California Davis, called for a "One Medicine" model emphasizing the need for collaboration between human and wildlife pathologists as a means of controlling and even preventing disease spread. It would be another four decades before the One Health became a reality with the 12 Manhattan Principles, where human and animal pathologists called for "One Health, One World."

The One Health Model has gained momentum in recent years due to the discovery of the multiple interconnections that exist between animal and human disease. Recent estimates place zoonotic diseases as the source 60% of total human pathogens, and 75% of emerging human pathogens.

## Applying the One Health Model

The One Health Model can constantly be applied with human and animal interactions. One of the main situations where One Health can be applied is with canine and feline obesity being linked to their owners and their own obesity. Obesity in canines and felines is not good for them nor is it good for humans. The obesity of humans and their animals can result in many health problems such as diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, and many others. In some cases if the obesity of the pet is too bad the pet may be removed from its owner and put up for adoption. The only solution for this issue is to encourage owners to have a healthy lifestyle for both them and their animals. Zoonotic Diseases is another situation that the One Health model can be applied to. This is talked about more in the Zoonotic Disease section.

## One Health and Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is becoming a serious problem in today's agriculture industry and for humans. One reason for this occurring resistance is that natural resistomes are present in different environmental niches. These environmental resistomes function as an antibiotic resistance gene. There are many questions and research that needs to be further done to find out if these environmental resistomes play a big role in the antibiotic resistance that is occurring in humans, animals, and plants. A recent study was done and reported that 700 000 annual deaths were caused by infections due to drug resistant pathogens This study also reported that if unchecked, this number will increase to 10 million by 2050. The National Antimicrobial Monitoring System is a system used to monitor antimicrobial resistance among bacteria that is isolated from animals that are used as food

In 2013, they found that about 29% of turkeys, 18% of swine, 17% of beef, and 9% of chicken were multi drug resistant, meaning they had resistance to 3 or more classes of antimicrobials. Having this resistance for both animals and humans makes it easier for zoonotic diseases to be transferred between them and also makes it easier for the resistance of these antimicrobials to be passed on. With this being said, there are many possible risk management options that can be taken to help reduce this possibility. Most of these risk management options can take place on the farm or at the slaughter house for animals. When it comes to humans, risk management has to be done by you yourself and you have to be responsible for good hygiene, up to date vaccinations, and proper use of antibiotics. With that being said, the same management on farms needs to be taken for proper use of antibiotics and only using them when it is absolutely necessary and improving the general hygiene in all stages of production. With these management factors added in with research and knowledge on the amount of resistance within our environment, antimicrobial resistance may be able to be controlled and help reduce the amount of zoonotic diseases that are passed between animals and humans.

## Zoonotic Diseases and One Health

Zoonosis or zoonotic disease can be defined as an infectious disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans. One Health plays a big role in helping to prevent and control zoonotic diseases. Approximately 75% of new and emerging infectious diseases in humans are defined as zoonotic. Zoonotic diseases can be spread in many different ways. The most common known ways they are spread are through direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne, and food-borne. Below in (Table 1) you can see a list of different zoonotic diseases, their main reservoirs, and their mode of transmission.

Table 1: Zoonotic Diseases

| Disease | Main reservoirs | Usual mode of transmission to humans |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Anthrax | livestock, wild animals, environment | direct contact, ingestion |
| Animal influenza | livestock, humans | may be reverse zoonosis |
| Avian influenza | poultry, ducks | direct contact |
| Bovine tuberculosis | cattle | milk |
| Brucellosis | cattle, goats, sheep, pigs | dairy products, milk |
| Cat scratch fever | cats | bite, scratch |
| COVID-19 | not yet known | not yet known |
| Cysticercosis | cattle, pigs | meat |
| Cryptosporidiosis | cattle, sheep, pets | water, direct contact |
| Enzootic abortion | farm animals, sheep | direct contact, aerosol |
| Erysipeloid | pigs, fish, environment | direct contact |
| Fish tank granuloma | fish | direct contact, water |
| Campylobacteriosis | poultry, farm animals | raw meat, milk |
| Salmonellosis | poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs | foodborne |
| Giardiasis | humans, wildlife | waterborne, person to person |
| Glanders | horse, donkey, mule | direct contact |
| Haemorrhagic colitis | ruminants | direct contact (and foodborne) |
| Hantavirus syndromes | rodents | aerosol |
| Hepatitis E | not yet known | not yet known |
| Hydatid disease | dogs, sheep | ingestion of eggs excreted by dog |
| Leptospirosis | rodents, ruminants | infected urine, water |
| Listeriosis | cattle, sheep, soil | dairy produce, meat products |
| Louping ill | sheep, grouse | direct contact, tick bite |
| Lyme disease | ticks, rodents, sheep, deer, small mammals | tick bite |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis | rodents | direct contact |
| Orf | sheep | direct contact |
| Pasteurellosis | dogs, cats, many mammals | bite/scratch, direct contact |
| Plague | rats and their fleas | flea bite |
| Psittacosis | birds, poultry, ducks | aerosol, direct contact |
| Q fever | cattle, sheep, goats, cats | aerosol, direct contact, milk, fomites |
| Rabies | dogs, foxes, bats, cats animal | bite |
| Rat bite fever (Haverhill fever) | rats | bite/scratch, milk, water |
| Rift Valley fever | cattle, goats, sheep | direct contact, mosquito bite |
| Ringworm | cats, dogs, cattle, many animal species | direct contact |
| Streptococcal sepsis | pigs | direct contact, meat |
| Streptococcal sepsis | horses, cattle | direct contact, milk |
| Tick-borne encephalitis | rodents, small mammals, livestock | tickbite, unpasteurised milk products |
| Toxocariasis | dogs, cats | direct contact |
| Toxoplasmosis | cats, ruminants | ingestion of faecal oocysts, meat |
| Trichinellosis | pigs, wild boar | pork products |
| Tularemia | rabbits, wild animals, environment, ticks | direct contact, aerosol, ticks, inoculation |
| Ebola, Crimean–Congo HF, Lassa fever, and Marburg virus disease | variously: rodents, ticks, livestock, primates, bats | direct contact, inoculation, tick bite |
| West Nile fever | wild birds, mosquitoes | mosquito bite |
| Zoonotic diphtheria | cattle, farm animals, dogs | direct contact, milk |


title: Anolis laevis

abstract: Anolis laevis, the smooth anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Peru.

text:
# Anolis laevis

***Anolis laevis***, the **smooth anole**, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Anolis laevis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Dactyloidae |
| Genus: | *Anolis* |
| Species: | ***A. laevis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anolis laevis***
(Cope, 1875) | |
|


title: Hedo Türkoğlu

abstract: Hidayet "Hedo" Türkoğlu is a Turkish basketball executive and former professional player. A 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) forward, Türkoğlu played for six teams in his 15-season career in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won the NBA's Most Improved Player for the 2007–08 NBA season and played in the NBA Finals for the Magic in 2009. He also played for Turkey's national team in international competition. Türkoğlu has served as president of the Turkish Basketball Federation since October 2016.

text:
# Hedo Türkoğlu

**Hidayet** "**Hedo**" **Türkoğlu** (Turkish pronunciation: \[hidaːˈjet ˈtyɾkoːɫu\]; born March 19, 1979) is a Turkish basketball executive and former professional player. A 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) forward, Türkoğlu played for six teams in his 15-season career in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won the NBA's Most Improved Player for the 2007–08 NBA season and played in the NBA Finals for the Magic in 2009. He also played for Turkey's national team in international competition. Türkoğlu has served as president of the Turkish Basketball Federation since October 2016.

## Professional career

### Efes Pilsen (1996–2000)

Türkoğlu joined Efes Pilsen (now known as Anadolu Efes) in 1996 and played four seasons with the team. He averaged 8.4 points on 58 percent shooting in 50 games in the EuroLeague. Türkoğlu helped the team reach the 2000 EuroLeague Final Four, averaging 13.6 points, 4.6 rebounds, and 2.7 assists, in 22 games.

### Sacramento Kings (2000–2003)

Türkoğlu was selected by the Sacramento Kings with the 16th pick of the 2000 NBA draft. He was the first Turkish-born player in NBA history. He played alongside other European stars such as Vlade Divac and Peja Stojaković.

Turkoglu received votes for the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award following the 2001–02 season, when he averaged 10.1 points and 4.5 rebounds per game.

### San Antonio Spurs (2003–2004)

During the 2003 offseason, Türkoğlu was traded to the San Antonio Spurs along with Ron Mercer in a three-team trade. The trade also sent Brad Miller to the Kings and Scot Pollard and Danny Ferry to the Pacers. Türkoğlu played one season with the Spurs and averaged 9.2 points on a career-high 42 percent three-point shooting.

### Orlando Magic (2004–2009)

Türkoğlu joined the Orlando Magic in 2004. He scored a career-high 39 points twice: in an April 2007 game against the Toronto Raptors, and in a March 2008 game against the Washington Wizards.

On April 28, 2008, Türkoğlu was named the NBA's Most Improved Player for the 2007–08 NBA season. The Magic won 52 games that season, and Türkoğlu averaged career-highs in points per game (19.5), rebounds per game (5.7), and assists per game (5.0) and started all 82 regular-season games.

In the 2008–09 NBA season, Türkoğlu helped the Magic reach the NBA Finals for the first time since 1995. He led the Magic with 18.0 points per game in the Finals. However, they lost in five games to the Los Angeles Lakers. Türkoğlu decided to opt out of his contract after the season.

### Toronto Raptors (2009–2010)

On July 9, 2009, Türkoğlu was signed and traded to the Toronto Raptors as a part of a four-team deal among the Toronto Raptors, Orlando Magic, Dallas Mavericks and Memphis Grizzlies, which also included Shawn Marion. As part of the deal, the Magic received cash considerations from Dallas and Toronto as compensation.

On March 28, 2010, Türkoğlu was a healthy scratch for the Raptors, his first benching since March 10, 2006, when he was still an Orlando Magic player. This was a disciplinary measure, after he was spotted by fans out late in a nightclub in the Yorkville district of Toronto, immediately after missing a game due to a stomach virus. The fans wrote staff within the Raptors organization, who then notified management and coaching staff, leading to the punishment.

On May 29, 2010, Türkoğlu said in a television interview in Turkey that he felt he was wronged by the Raptors' management and wanted to leave Toronto.

### Phoenix Suns (2010)

On July 14, 2010, he was traded to the Phoenix Suns for Leandro Barbosa and Dwayne Jones.

### Return to Orlando (2010–2014)

On December 18, 2010, Türkoğlu was traded back to the Orlando Magic along with Jason Richardson and Earl Clark for Vince Carter, Marcin Gortat, Mickaël Piétrus, a 2011 first-round draft pick, and $3 million cash. On February 13, 2013, Türkoğlu was suspended for 20 games after testing positive for methenolone. Türkoğlu said that he received medicine containing methenolone from a trainer in Turkey, though he did not know it was a banned substance.

On January 3, 2014, Türkoğlu was waived by the Magic. He did not appear for them in the 2013–14 season.

### Los Angeles Clippers (2014–2015)

On January 16, 2014, Türkoğlu signed with the Los Angeles Clippers for the rest of the 2013–14 season. On January 18, he made his Clippers debut. In 13 minutes he recorded 4 points, 2 rebounds and 1 assist in a 92–106 loss to the Indiana Pacers.

On September 12, 2014, he re-signed with the Clippers.

## International career

Türkoğlu was a member of the Turkish national team which won a silver medal at EuroBasket 2001. He averaged 15.5 points per game in the tournament.

Türkoğlu was named to the preliminary roster for the 2006 World Championship. However, he declined the invitation.

In 2009, Türkoğlu was a member of the Turkish national team which finished in eighth place at the EuroBasket in Poland. One year later, Turkoglu participated in the 2010 FIBA World Championship, in his home country of Turkey. The Turkish national team finished with the silver medal, having beaten every team except for Team USA, the champions. Türkoğlu averaged 12.3 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 3.4 assists per game. At the 2011 EuroBasket, and the 2013 EuroBasket, he averaged 10.6 and 7.3 points per game, respectively.

In March 2014, Türkoğlu retired from international basketball.

## NBA career statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |
| * | Led the league |  |

### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000–01 | Sacramento | 74 | 7 | 16.8 | .412 | .326 | .777 | 2.8 | .9 | .7 | .3 | 5.3 |
| 2001–02 | Sacramento | 80 | 10 | 24.6 | .422 | .368 | .726 | 4.5 | 2.0 | .7 | .4 | 10.1 |
| 2002–03 | Sacramento | 67 | 11 | 17.5 | .422 | .372 | .800 | 2.8 | 1.3 | .4 | .2 | 6.7 |
| 2003–04 | San Antonio | 80 | 44 | 25.9 | .406 | .419 | .708 | 4.5 | 1.9 | **1.0** | .4 | 9.2 |
| 2004–05 | Orlando | 67 | 11 | 26.2 | .419 | .380 | .836 | 3.5 | 2.3 | .6 | .3 | 14.0 |
| 2005–06 | Orlando | 78 | 59 | 33.5 | .454 | .403 | **.861** | 4.3 | 2.8 | .9 | .3 | 14.9 |
| 2006–07 | Orlando | 73 | 73 | 31.1 | .419 | .388 | .781 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 1.0 | .2 | 13.3 |
| 2007–08 | Orlando | **82*** | **82*** | **36.9** | **.456** | .400 | .829 | **5.7** | 5.0 | .9 | .3 | **19.5** |
| 2008–09 | Orlando | 77 | 77 | 36.6 | .413 | .356 | .807 | 5.3 | 4.9 | .8 | .2 | 16.8 |
| 2009–10 | Toronto | 74 | 69 | 30.7 | .409 | .374 | .774 | 4.6 | 4.1 | .7 | .4 | 11.3 |
| 2010–11 | Phoenix | 25 | 16 | 25.2 | .440 | .423 | .722 | 4.0 | 2.3 | .7 | **.6** | 9.5 |
| | Orlando | 56 | 56 | 33.9 | .448 | .404 | .667 | 4.6 | **5.1** | .9 | .4 | 11.4 |
| 2011–12 | Orlando | 53 | 53 | 31.2 | .415 | .353 | .705 | 3.8 | 4.4 | .8 | .3 | 10.9 |
| 2012–13 | Orlando | 11 | 1 | 17.2 | .264 | .042 | .500 | 2.4 | 2.1 | .6 | .1 | 2.9 |
| 2013–14 | L.A. Clippers | 38 | 0 | 10.3 | .385 | **.440** | .500 | 2.3 | .9 | .5 | .3 | 3.0 |
| 2014–15 | L.A. Clippers | 62 | 2 | 11.4 | .441 | .432 | .545 | 1.6 | .6 | .3 | .1 | 3.7 |
| Career | | 997 | 571 | 26.8 | .426 | .384 | .784 | 4.0 | 2.8 | .8 | .3 | 11.1 |

### Playoffs

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | Sacramento | 8 | 0 | 17.6 | .435 | **.571** | **1.000** | 3.5 | 1.4 | .4 | .1 | 7.5 |
| 2002 | Sacramento | 16 | 8 | 27.7 | .401 | .353 | .516 | 5.2 | 1.4 | .4 | .6 | 8.6 |
| 2003 | Sacramento | 10 | 5 | 17.4 | .360 | .286 | .722 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 1.2 | .5 | 5.3 |
| 2004 | San Antonio | 10 | 10 | 27.1 | .321 | .333 | .611 | 4.5 | 1.5 | .9 | .1 | 7.7 |
| 2007 | Orlando | 4 | 4 | 39.0 | **.500** | .333 | .500 | 3.3 | 3.5 | **1.3** | **1.0** | 13.8 |
| 2008 | Orlando | 10 | 10 | **39.9** | .447 | .286 | .848 | **6.4** | **5.5** | .8 | .2 | **17.5** |
| 2009 | Orlando | **24** | **24** | 38.9 | .427 | .386 | .817 | 4.5 | 4.8 | .8 | .2 | 15.8 |
| 2011 | Orlando | 6 | 6 | 34.8 | .294 | .233 | .571 | 3.2 | 3.7 | **1.3** | .2 | 9.2 |
| 2012 | Orlando | 5 | 5 | 32.4 | .366 | .417 | .636 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 1.0 | .8 | 8.4 |
| 2014 | L.A. Clippers | 5 | 0 | 8.2 | .462 | .400 | .000 | 1.0 | .2 | .6 | .0 | 3.2 |
| Career | | 98 | 72 | 29.9 | .406 | .350 | .751 | 4.2 | 2.9 | .8 | .3 | 10.7 |

## Post-playing career

On November 13, 2015, Türkoğlu announced his retirement after 15 seasons playing in the NBA. He was subsequently appointed CEO of the Turkish Basketball Federation.

On March 15, 2016, the Turkish press reported that President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan appointed Türkoğlu as one of his senior advisers.

## Personal life

Türkoğlu was born on March 19, 1979, in the Gaziosmanpaşa district of Istanbul, Turkey. His parents are Bosniaks born in the village of Lažani, in central North Macedonia, and he is fluent in Bosnian. He is a Muslim. His parents are Bosniaks from Sjenica, Serbia, who, after moving from Serbia to Turkey, changed their surname from Ramićević (Serbian Cyrillic: Рамићевић) to Türkoğlu, which translates as "Turkish son". He speaks Serbian fluently.

Türkoğlu and his wife, Banu, welcomed their first daughter in February 2009. The couple's second daughter was born in April 2013.

## InfoBox

Hedo Türkoğlu
| Türkoğlu with the Orlando Magic in 2008 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1979-03-19) March 19, 1979<br>Gaziosmanpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey |
| Listed height | 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) |
| Listed weight | 220 lb (100 kg) |
| Career information | |
| NBA draft | 2000: 1st round, 16th overall pick |
| Selected by the Sacramento Kings | |
| Playing career | 1996–2015 |
| Position | Small forward |
| Number | 5, 14, 15, 26, 19, 8 |
| Career history | |
| 1996–2000 | Efes Pilsen |
| 20002003 | Sacramento Kings |
| 2003–2004 | San Antonio Spurs |
| 20042009 | Orlando Magic |
| 2009–2010 | Toronto Raptors |
| 2010 | Phoenix Suns |
| 20102014 | Orlando Magic |
| 20142015 | Los Angeles Clippers |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NBA statistics | |
| Points | 11,022 (11.1 ppg) |
| Rebounds | 3,971 (4.0 rpg) |
| Assists | 2,832 (2.8 apg) |
|  | |
| Stats  at NBA.com | |
| Stats  at Basketball-Reference.com | |
| Medals      Representing  Turkey  EuroBasket  2001 Turkey National team  FIBA World Cup  2010 Turkey National team | |


title: Giesche

abstract: Giesche Corp. was, during the interwar period, part of and owned by the German firm of Bergwerksgesellschaft Georg von Giesche's Erben and represented those holdings of Giesche's Erben, that after the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles with re-establishment of the Republic of Poland in 1922, were now in Polish territory; registration at Katowice as a Polish corporation followed with a name that had been registered in Prussia about 1907. The corporation was one of the largest mining concerns operating in Upper Silesia, Poland, during interwar. It had the largest Polish zinc output out of the largest zinc mines in Europe. It was one of the largest bituminous coal producers. It had smelters and rolling mills, factories and agricultural and forests properties. Its largest zinc mine was the White Sharley/Bleischarley Its biggest zinc mills were Giesche and Wilhelmina. The largest coal mines were Giesche and Kleofas. All the former property of Giesche's Erben in Upper Silesia, owned and operated by the Giesche family since 1704. It employed nearly 20,000 workers, for which housing quarters were built, today the monumental district of Katowice.

text:
# Giesche

**Giesche Corp.** (**Giesche Spolka Akcyjna**) was, during the interwar period, part of and owned by the German firm of Bergwerksgesellschaft Georg von Giesche's Erben (commonly called Giesche's Erben) and represented those holdings of Giesche's Erben, that after the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles with re-establishment of the Republic of Poland in 1922, were now in Polish territory; registration at Katowice as a Polish corporation followed with a name that had been registered in Prussia about 1907. The corporation was one of the largest mining concerns operating in Upper Silesia, Poland, during interwar. It had the largest Polish zinc output (40% of Poland's zinc production) out of the largest zinc mines in Europe. It was one of the largest bituminous coal producers (3,500,000 tons yearly). It had smelters and rolling mills, factories and agricultural and forests properties. Its largest zinc mine was the White Sharley/Bleischarley Its biggest zinc mills were Giesche (later known as Szopienice) and Wilhelmina. The largest coal mines were Giesche (later known as Janow and thereafter Wieczorek) and Kleofas. All the former property of Giesche's Erben in Upper Silesia, owned and operated by the Giesche family since 1704. It employed nearly 20,000 workers, for which housing quarters were built, today the monumental district of Katowice.

## History

For practical reasons, the Polish properties were transferred to Giesche but their operation seem to have been financially unsuccessful. This was in part because Poland had levied a heavy tax on Giesche and it became difficult to borrow German funds to pay these taxes; so the money was sought through a sale of the company to U.S. investors in 1926.

## American ownership

Giesche's Erben negotiated with Anaconda Copper Mining Corp. and W. Averell Harriman for a swap out of all Giesche capital stock of the new company called the Silesian-American Corporation; to be registered as the Silesian Holding Company in Delaware, United States. Anaconda and Harriman would hold a majority share while Giesche Erben retained a minority share. The Giesche purchase was carried on the first Silesian-American balance sheet at $21,550,000.

## World War II

In late 1939, Germany occupied Polish territory including the entire Silesian area. By 1940, American management in Silesian-American was eliminated and the last general manager left for Switzerland. The company had been under the supervision of the German 'Commissar' or trustee, Dr. Albrecht Jung, head of Giesche's Erben legal department. Direct operations were maintained by Dr. Eduard Schulte, Giesche's Erben general manager, and his deputy, Dr. Lothar Siemon. Giesche's Erben could do what they pleased with the company without any direct interaction with the majority shareholders. But Giesche's Erben realized they did not have absolute legal control so they attempted to own all capital stock of Silesian-American—without success.

## Post-war

The communist government of Poland on January 3, 1946, nationalized certain of its industries, including Silesian-American properties were nationalized and the company’s activity was suspended. In 1967 the assets were paid off.

## Sources

* United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit, December 26, 1950. *Conway v. Silesian-American Corp*. (which may be found at )
* Sixteenth Annual Report of the Securities and Exchange Commission, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1950, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1950 (which may be found at )
* U.S. Supreme Court December 8, 1947 *Silesian American Corporation v. Clark* (which may be found at )
* United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit April 13, 1953 *Conway v. Union Bank of Switzerland* (which may be found at )
* United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit, Second Circuit. July 3, 1946 *Silesian-American Corporation et al. v. Markham, Alien Property Custodian* (which may be found at )
* United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit December 6, 1956 *Scribner & Miller v. Francis Conway, Trustee of Silesian-American Corporation* (which may be found at )
* "Industrial Penetration". *Time*. June 14, 1926.
* Jaros, Jerzy (1983). *Tajemnice górnośląskich koncernów* \[Secrets of Upper Silesian Corporations\]. Śląski Instytut Naukowy, Katowice (in Polish)

Also a lot of Polish language sources, concerning mainly the history of Silesian industry, the history of Katowice and its districts, web pages of particular Polish coal mines. For example: http://www.giszowiec.sewera.pl/ and https://archive.today/20121209132726/http://www.kopalnia.com.pl/.


title: Valea spre Șardu

abstract: The Valea spre Șardu is a right tributary of the river Niraj in Romania. It flows into the Niraj in Gălești. Its length is 8 km (5.0 mi) and its basin size is 27 km⁲ (10 sq mi).

text:
# Valea spre Șardu

The **Valea spre Șardu** is a right tributary of the river Niraj in Romania. It flows into the Niraj in Gălești. Its length is 8 km (5.0 mi) and its basin size is 27 km2 (10 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Valea spre Șardu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Mureș County |
| Villages | Moșuni, Șardu Nirajului, Tâmpa |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Gurghiu Mountains |
|  | |
| Mouth | Niraj |
| location | Gălești |
| coordinates | 46°30′58″N 24°46′02″E / 46.5161°N 24.7672°E / 46.5161; 24.7672 |
| Length | 8 km (5.0 mi) |
| Basin size | 27 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | NirajMureșTiszaDanubeBlack Sea |
| Tributaries |  |
| right | Valea Moșuni, Valea Recea |


title: HD 147506

abstract: HD 147506, also known as HAT-P-2 and formally named Hunor, is a magnitude 8.7 F8 dwarf star that is somewhat larger and hotter than the Sun. The star is approximately 419 light-years from Earth and is positioned near the keystone of Hercules. It is estimated to be 2 to 3 billion years old, towards the end of its main sequence life. There is one known transiting exoplanet, and a second planet not observed to transit.

text:
# HD 147506

**HD 147506**, also known as **HAT-P-2** and formally named **Hunor**, is a magnitude 8.7 F8 dwarf star that is somewhat larger and hotter than the Sun. The star is approximately 419 light-years (128 parsecs) from Earth and is positioned near the keystone of Hercules. It is estimated to be 2 to 3 billion years old, towards the end of its main sequence life. There is one known transiting exoplanet, and a second planet not observed to transit.

## Nomenclature

The designation *HD 147506* comes from the Henry Draper Catalogue. When the star was found to have a planet by the HATNet Project, it was assigned the designation *HAT-P-2*, indicating that it was the second star found to have a planet by this project.

The star HAT-P-2 has the proper name *Hunor*. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Hungary, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. Hunor was a legendary ancestor of the Huns and the Hungarian nation, and brother of Magor (name of the planet HAT-P-2b).

## Variability

In addition to being a planetary transit variable, there are also stellar pulsations induced by the planet. This is the first known instance of a planet inducing pulsations in its host star. The amplitude is very small at approximately 40 parts per million. These pulsations correspond to exact harmonics of the planet's orbital frequency, indicating they are of a tidal origin.

## Planetary system

Orbiting the star is HAT-P-2b, later named Magor, which was at the time of its discovery the most massive transiting exoplanet. At around 9 times the mass of Jupiter and an estimated surface temperature of ~900 kelvins, on a 5.6 day orbit, this planet is unlike any previously discovered transiting planet. The planet has a large mass (nine times the mass of Jupiter), and a surface gravity 25 times that exerted by the Earth. Its orbital eccentricity is very large (*e* = 0.5). Since tidal forces should have reduced the orbital eccentricity of this planet, it was speculated that another massive planet found outside the orbit of HAT-P-2b is in orbital resonance with HAT-P-2b.

The planet was discovered by the HATNet Project, and the researchers there found the planet to be 10-20% larger than Jupiter. This discovery is important as it provides further support for the existing theory of planetary structure.

Additional measurements taken over six years show a long-term linear trend in the radial velocity data consistent with a companion of 15 Jupiter masses or greater. Adaptive optics images were taken at the Keck telescope, and when combined with the radial velocity data show the maximum mass of the companion is that of an M dwarf star. In 2023 the presence of an outer companion, HAT-P-2c, was confirmed, and its mass found to be planetary at around 11 times that of Jupiter.

The HD 147506 planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **b / Magor** | 8.70+0.19
−0.20 MJ | 0.06880+0.00065
−0.00070 | 5.6334754(26) | 0.50833+0.00082
−0.00075 | 86.72+1.1
−0.87 | 1.157+0.073
−0.063 RJ |
| **c** | 10.7+5.2
−2.2 MJ |  | 8500+2600
−1500 | 0.37+0.13
−0.12 | 90±16 |  |

## InfoBox

HD 147506 / Hunor
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Hercules |
|
| Right ascension | 16h 20m 36.3576s |
| Declination | +41° 02 53.107 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | +8.71 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | F8V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Variable type | planetary transit, planet-induced stellar pulsations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | −20.47±0.30 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −10.078(12) mas/yr
Dec.: −29.057(15) mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 7.7811 ± 0.0118 mas |
| **Distance** | 419.2 ± 0.6 ly
(128.5 ± 0.2 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | +3.31 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 1.360±0.040 |
| **Radius** | 1.640+0.090
−0.080 |
| **Luminosity** | 4.3 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.14±0.04 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 6,290±60 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.140±0.080 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 20.80±0.30 km/s |
| **Age** | 2.60±0.50 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| HAT-P-2, BD+41°2693, HD 147506, HIP 80076, SAO 46035 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: SLC17A9

abstract: Solute carrier family 17 member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC17A9 gene.

text:
# SLC17A9

**Solute carrier family 17 member 9** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC17A9 gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a member of a family of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the transport of small molecules. The encoded protein participates in the vesicular uptake, storage, and secretion of adenoside triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides. A mutation in this gene was found in individuals with autosomal dominant disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis-8. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| SLC17A9 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SLC17A9, C20orf59, VNUT, POROK8, solute carrier family 17 member 9 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 612107; MGI: 1919107; HomoloGene: 76562; GeneCards: SLC17A9; OMA:SLC17A9 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001302643
NM\_022082   NM\_183161   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001289572
NP\_071365   NP\_898984   Location (UCSC) Chr 20: 62.95 – 62.97 Mb Chr 2: 180.37 – 180.38 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Onslow Square

abstract: Onslow Square is a garden square in South Kensington, London, England. It is set back between the Old Brompton Road to the northwest and the Fulham Road to the southeast. To the north is South Kensington Underground station. To the south is the Royal Marsden Hospital. As well as the main square, the address covers the street to the southwest that turns into Onslow Gardens, and the street to the northwest that meets Pelham Street by South Kensington tube station.

text:
# Onslow Square

**Onslow Square** is a garden square in South Kensington, London, England.

It is set back between the Old Brompton Road to the northwest and the Fulham Road to the southeast. To the north is South Kensington Underground station. To the south is the Royal Marsden Hospital. As well as the main square, the address covers the street to the southwest that turns into Onslow Gardens, and the street to the northwest that meets Pelham Street by South Kensington tube station.

## History

The houses were built by Charles James Freake, on land belonging to Smith's Charity. His building agreement with the trustees of the charity stipulated that they should be stuccoed, and constructed to elevational designs and specifications provided by the trustees' architect and surveyor, George Basevi. The first four houses in the square, numbers 1,3,5, and 7, were begun in September 1845, and were occupied by 1847. The whole square was completed by 1865.

After the building of the first four houses, and Basevi’s sudden death in 1845, the style of the houses diverged from agreed design, using exposed grey stock brick, nonetheless of similar elevations and with substantial stucco dressings.

## St Paul's Church

St Paul's Church in Onslow Square was created as a part of Sir Charles James Freake's development of the square. The church was built during 1859–60, designed by James Edmeston together with Charles Freake's office. In 1876, a church hall was constructed south of the church. This was extended in 1893. The church is now administered by Holy Trinity Brompton Church.

## Notable people

Sir Albert Hastings Markham, KCB (1841–1918), explorer, author, and officer in the Royal Navy, lived at 4 Onslow Square as a child.

The architect Edwin Lutyens and his sister Mary Wemyss lived at number 16 as children.

The novelist William Makepeace Thackeray lived at 36 Onslow Square from 1853 to 1860. Here he wrote the last part of *The Newcomes*, the *Lectures on the Four Georges*, *The Virginians*, and some of *The Adventures of Philip* and *The Roundabout Papers*.

Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy (1805–1865), commander of HMS Beagle, on board which the naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) also sailed, lived at 38 Onslow Square. Fitzroy lived at No 38 from 1854 to 1865, when he committed suicide (but in another residence in Norwood), through guilt for his part in casting doubt about the truth of the Bible.

Herbert Edward Ryle DD KCVO (1856–1925), later an Old Testament scholar and the Dean of Westminster, was born in the square on 25 May 1856.

Edmund Fisher (1872–1918), British architect, was born in Onslow Square.

John Parker (1799–1881), a barrister and Whig politician, died at 57 Onslow Square.

The architect William Railton, designer of Nelson’s Column, lived at 65 Onslow Square. His daughter married the Rev. Barclay Fowell Buxton (1860–1946), who was curate at Onslow Square from 1884 to 1887. The sculptor Baron Carlo Marochetti – who cast the lions for the column – lived at number 34, and had a workshop and foundry nearby in Sydney Mews.

Frederic John Sidney Parry (1810–1885), an entomologist, lived in Onslow Square.

John William Crombie (1858–1908), a Scottish woollen manufacturer, folklorist and Liberal Party politician, died in the square.

Robert Buhler RA (1916–1989), a Swiss landscape and portrait artist, lived at No. 38.

British billionaire Richard Caring lives in a "£40m mansion" with a two-storey basement, Park House, which replaced a 19th-century cottage that had been owned by Gert-Rudolf Flick, heir to German industrial wealth.

51°29′33″N 0°10′25″W / 51.49250°N 0.17361°W / 51.49250; -0.17361


title: In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach

abstract: In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach was a decision of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand holding that Maori could not hold title to the foreshore because of the effect of section 147 of the Harbours Act 1878; and because investigation of title to land adjacent to the sea by the Māori Land Court had extinguished rights to land below the high water mark. The decision was overturned in 2003 by Ngati Apa v Attorney-General.

text:
# In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach

***In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach*** was a decision of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand holding that Maori could not hold title to the foreshore because of the effect of section 147 of the Harbours Act 1878 (later section 150 of the Harbours Act 1950); and because investigation of title to land adjacent to the sea by the Māori Land Court had extinguished rights to land below the high water mark. The decision was overturned in 2003 by *Ngati Apa v Attorney-General.*

## Background

The plaintiff in the case, Waata Tepania, was the "Chairman of the Taitokerau Maori District Council, a member of the New Zealand Maori Council, and a member of both the Taitokerau and Aupouri Maori Trust Boards, Mr Tepania was a leader and elder of both the Aupouri and Rarawa tribes. A resident at Ahipara, he was born at Wai-mahana and as a lad attended the most northerly school in New Zealand — Te Hapua."

The background to the case was neatly summarised by Justice T.A. Gresson:

> This was an application under s. 161 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953 by Waata Hone Tepania for an investigation of title, and for the issue of a freehold order in respect of the foreshore of the Ninety-Mile Beach in North Auckland. It was heard by the Māori Land Court in November 1957 and the Court found as a fact that immediately before the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 the Te Aupouri and Te Rarawa Tribes owned and occupied the foreshore in question according to their customs and usages. The Chief Judge, however, stated a case, pursuant to s. 67 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, for the opinion of the Supreme Court on two substantial questions of law, which — in abbreviated form — may be stated as follows:
>
> 1. Has the Māori Land Court jurisdiction to investigate title to, and to issue freehold orders in respect of the foreshore — namely, that part of the land which lies between mean high-water mark and mean low-water mark?
>
> 2. If so, is the Māori Land Court prohibited from exercising this jurisdiction by reason of a Proclamation issued by the Governor under s. 4 of the Native Lands Act 1867 on 29 May 1872?

In the Supreme Court, Justice Turner stated that "s 150 of the Harbours Act 1950 operated as "an effective restriction upon the jurisdiction of the Māori Land Court" which in terms of the statute was in effect "forbidden to undertake the investigation of the application.""

Waata Tepania appealed Turner J's decision to the Court of Appeal.

## Judgments

Justices Alfred North and Terence Gresson gave judgments dismissing the appeal with which President Kenneth Gresson concurred. Justice North holds as a preliminary point that the Crown is the only "legal source of private title", and that "on the assumption of British sovereignty — apart from the Treaty of Waitangi — the rights of the Maoris to their tribal lands depended wholly on the grace and favour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, who had an absolute right to disregard the Native title to any lands in New Zealand, whether above high-water mark or below high-water mark."

The judgements contained two principal reasons for denying the Māori Land Court the jurisdiction to investigate title to the foreshore. Firstly, the judges held that the Court was prevented by the Harbour Acts of 1878 and 1950. Secondly, the judges held that Māori Land Court investigations of title to land adjacent to the sea had extinguished customary rights below the high water mark.

### North J

In addition to holding that section 147 of the Harbours Act 1878 prevented the Māori Land Court from investigating title to the foreshore, Justice North held that section 12 of the Crown Grants Act 1866 had the effect of leaving ownership of the foreshore with the Crown when the ocean was "described as being the boundary of the land".

> As the learned Solicitor-General submitted might be the case, I am of opinion that once an application for investigation of title to land having the sea as one of its boundaries was determined, the Maori customary communal rights were then wholly extinguished. If the Court made a freehold order or its equivalent fixing the boundary at low-water mark and the Crown accepted that recommendation, then without doubt the individuals in whose favour the order was made or their successors gained a title to low-water mark. If, on the other hand, the Court thought it right to fix the boundary at high-water mark, then the ownership of the land between high-water mark and low-water mark remained with the Crown, freed and discharged from the obligations which the Crown had undertaken when legislation was enacted giving effect to the promise contained in the Treaty of Waitangi. Finally, as it would appear must often have been the case, if in the grant the ocean sea or any sound bay or creek affected by the ebb and flow of the tide was described as forming the boundary of the land, then by virtue of the provisions of s. 12 of the Crown Grants Act 1866 the ownership of the land between high-water mark and low-water mark likewise remained in the Crown.

### T.A. Gresson J

Justice T.A. Gresson cited section 147 of the Harbours Act 1878:

> No part of the shore of the sea or of any creek, bay, arm of the sea, or navigable river communicating therewith, where and so far up as the tide flows and re-flows, nor any land under the sea or under any navigable river, except as may already have been authorised by or under any Act or Ordinance, shall be leased, conveyed, granted or disposed of to any Harbour Board or any other body (whether incorporated or not) or to any person or persons without the special sanction of an Act of the General Assembly.

T.A. Gresson concluded in light of the Harbours Act,

> "The section in the Harbours Act is in my opinion an effective restriction upon the jurisdiction of the Māori Land Court. The section speaks to prohibit all Courts, all officials, every person, from doing acts whose effect may be to purport to grant to any person any part of the foreshore. The present application is designed to obtain from the Māori Land Court an order having exactly that effect: therefore it must follow that the Māori Land Court is forbidden to undertake the investigation of the application. I must accordingly resolve the first question posed to me in favour of the Crown, and the answer to that question will accordingly be "No"."

## *Ngati Apa v Attorney-General*

The Court of Appeal overturned the ratio of *In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach* in its 2003 decision *Ngati Apa v Attorney-General.* The Court explicitly overruled the decision both on the preliminary point on the source of Aboriginal title and on the specific issues of statutory interpretation. Reaffirming the doctrine of native title established in *R v Symonds,* Chief Justice Elias stated:

> The transfer of sovereignty did not affect customary property. They are interests preserved by the common law until extinguished in accordance with law. I agree that the legislation relied on in the High Court does not extinguish any Maori customary property in the seabed or foreshore. I agree with Keith and Anderson JJ and Tipping J that *In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach* was wrong in law and should not be followed. *In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach* followed the discredited authority of *Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington* (1877) 3 NZ Jur (NS) SC 72, which was rejected by the Privy Council in *Nireaha Tamaki v Baker* \[1901\] AC 561*.* This is not a modern revision, based on developing insights since 1963. The reasoning the Court applied in *In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach* was contrary to other and higher authority and indeed was described at the time as “revolutionary”.

Elias CJ explained the proper interpretation of the Harbours Acts:

> Such legislation, by its terms, applied to future grants. It did not disturb any existing grants. Indeed, substantial areas of seabed and foreshore had already passed into the ownership of Harbour Boards and private individuals by 1878. I agree with the conclusion of Keith and Anderson JJ that the legislation cannot properly be construed to have confiscatory effect. Although a subsequent vesting order after investigation under the Maori Affairs Act 1953 was “deemed” a Crown grant (s162), that was a conveyancing device only and applied by operation of law. It was not a grant by executive action. Only such grants from Crown land were precluded for the future by the legislation. More importantly, the terms of s150 are inadequate to effect an expropriation of Maori customary property.

Elias CJ also noted that,

> Just as the investigation through the Māori Land Court of the title to customary land could not extinguish any customary property in contiguous land on shore beyond its boundaries, I consider that an investigation and grant of coastal land cannot extinguish any property held under Maori custom in lands below high water mark.

## InfoBox

| In Re the Ninety-Mile Beach | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Court of Appeal of New Zealand |
| Decided | 6 March 1963 |
| Citation | \[1963\] NZLR 461 |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | \[1960\] NZLR 673 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Kenneth Gresson P, Alfred North and Terence Gresson JJ |
| Keywords | |
| Foreshore and seabed, Aboriginal title, Ninety Mile Beach | |


title: Anomala albopilosa

abstract: Anomala albopilosa, known by the common names green chafer, white-haired leaf chafer and sugarcane white grub, is a species of chafer beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It was originally described in the genus Euchlora by Frederick William Hope in 1839. The beetle is native to Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

text:
# Anomala albopilosa

***Anomala albopilosa***, known by the common names **green chafer**, **white-haired leaf chafer** and **sugarcane white grub**, is a species of chafer beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It was originally described in the genus *Euchlora* by Frederick William Hope in 1839. The beetle is native to Japan（the three major islands (Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu ) and the Ryukyu Islands）, Korea, and Taiwan.

## Taxonomy

*Anomala albopilosa* contains the following subspecies:

## InfoBox

| *Anomala albopilosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Subfamily: | Rutelinae |
| Tribe: | Anomalini |
| Genus: | *Anomala* |
| Species: | ***A. albopilosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anomala albopilosa***<br>(Hope, 1839) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Anomala puncticollis*  Harold, 1877 * *Euchlora albopilosa*  Hope, 1839 | |


title: Hedon (UK Parliament constituency)

abstract: Hedon, sometimes spelt Heydon, was a parliamentary borough in the East Riding of Yorkshire, represented by two Members of Parliament in the House of Commons briefly in the 13th century and again from 1547 to 1832.

text:
# Hedon (UK Parliament constituency)

**Hedon**, sometimes spelt **Heydon**, was a parliamentary borough in the East Riding of Yorkshire, represented by two Members of Parliament in the House of Commons briefly in the 13th century and again from 1547 to 1832.

## History

The constituency consisted of the market town of Hedon, in Holderness to the east of Hull, which had been of some importance in medieval times but which by 1831 had dwindled to 217 houses and a population of 1,080, and the borough was disfranchised in the Great Reform Act of 1832.

The right of election in Hedon was vested in the burgesses generally, meaning that a high proportion of the male population had the vote. In 1826, when the election was contested, 331 burgesses recorded their votes. Nevertheless, the result was rarely in doubt, Hedon being a classic example of a pocket borough where the influence of the landowner or "patron" was substantial if not absolute. At first the influence seems to have been shared between two families of important local landowners, the Constables of Burton Constable and the Hildyards of Winestead. The patron at the start of the 18th century was Henry Guy; he bequeathed it to his protégé William Pulteney, who not only sat for the borough himself for much of his career but made the other seat available to his cousin and his brother. After Pulteney's death the borough passed to the distinguished admiral Lord Anson, who used his patronage to provide seats for some of his naval colleagues; one of these, Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, inherited the patronage in turn when Anson died.

## Members of Parliament

### MPs 1547–1640

| Parliament | First member | Second member |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1547 | Edward Elrington | Robert Googe |
| 1553 (Mar) | Sir John Constable | Robert Shakerley |
| 1553 (Oct) | Sir John Constable | Robert Shakerley |
| 1554 (Apr) | Hon. Sir Thomas Wharton | Richard Cuthbert |
| 1554 (Nov) | John Long | Richard Cuthbert |
| 1555 | George Brooke alias Cobham | Richard Cuthbert |
| 1558 | Sir John Constable | John Goldwell |
| 1558/9 | John Vaughan | John Salveyn |
| 1562/3 | Sir John Constable | Christopher Hilliard |
| 1571 | Christopher Hilliard | William Paler |
| 1572 | Christopher Hilliard | John Moore |
| 1584 (Oct) | Sir Henry Constable | Fulke Greville |
| 1586 (Oct) | Sir Henry Constable | John Hotham |
| 1588 (Oct) | John Alford | Christopher Hilliard |
| 1593 | Henry Brooke alias Cobham II | Christopher Hilliard |
| 1597 (Sep) | Thomas Salveyn | Christopher Hilliard |
| 1601 (Oct) | Matthew Patteson | Christopher Hilliard |
| 1604 | Christopher Hilliard | Sir Henry Constable,
*replaced 1610 by* John Digby |
| 1614 | Christopher Hilliard | Clement Coke, *sat for Clitheroe
replaced by* William Sheffield |
| 1621 | Sir Matthew Boynton, Bt | Sir Thomas Fairfax of Walton |
| 1624 | Sir Thomas Fairfax of Walton | Christopher Hilliard |
| 1625 | | |  |
| 1626 | | |  |
| 1628 | Sir Christopher Hilliard | Thomas Alured |
| 1629–1640 | *No Parliaments summoned* | |

### MPs 1640–1832

| Year | | | First member | First party | Second member | Second party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | April 1640 | John Alured | Parliamentarian | Sir Philip Stapleton |  |
| |  | November 1640 | | | Sir William Strickland | Parliamentarian |
| |  | | | 1651 | *Alured died 1651, seat vacant thereafter* | |
|  |  | 1653 | *Hedon was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament and the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate* | | | |
|  |  | January 1659 | Thomas Strickland |  | Colonel Matthew Alured |  |
|  |  | May 1659 | Sir William Strickland |  | *One seat vacant* | |
|  |  | April 1660 | Sir John Cloberry |  | Sir Hugh Bethell |  |
|  |  | July 1660 | Henry Hildyard |  | | |
|  |  | 1661 | Sir Matthew Appleyard |  | | |
|  |  | 1670 | Henry Guy |  | | |
|  |  | 1680 | | | William Boynton |  |
|  |  | 1685 | | | Charles Duncombe | Tory |
|  |  | 1689 | | | Matthew Appleyard (younger) |  |
|  |  | October 1695 | Lord Spencer |  | Sir William Trumbull |  |
|  |  | December 1695 | Thomas Frankland |  | Hugh Bethell |  |
|  |  | 1698 | Anthony Duncombe |  | | |
|  |  | January 1701 | | | Sir Robert Bedingfield |  |
|  |  | December 1701 | | | Sir Robert Hildyard |  |
|  |  | July 1702 | Sir Charles Duncombe | Tory | Henry Guy |  |
|  |  | November 1702 | Anthony Duncombe |  | | |
|  |  | 1705 | | | William Pulteney | Whig |
|  |  | 1708 | | | Hugh Cholmley | Whig |
|  |  | March 1722 | | | Daniel Pulteney | Whig |
|  |  | November 1722 | | | Harry Pulteney | Whig |
|  |  | 1734 | Sir Francis Boynton |  | George Berkeley |  |
|  |  | 1739 | Harry Pulteney | Whig | | |
|  |  | 1741 | Francis Chute |  | Luke Robinson |  |
|  |  | 1742 | The Earl of Mountrath | Whig | George Berkeley |  |
|  |  | 1744 | George Anson |  | | |
|  |  | 1746 | | | Samuel Gumley |  |
|  |  | February 1747 | | | Luke Robinson |  |
|  |  | July 1747 | | | Sir John Savile |  |
|  |  | 1754 | Captain Sir Charles Saunders, RN |  | Captain Peter Denis, RN |  |
|  |  | 1768 | | | Beilby Thompson |  |
|  |  | 1776 | | | Hon. Lewis Watson |  |
|  |  | 1780 | Christopher Atkinson |  | William Chaytor |  |
|  |  | 1783 | Stephen Lushington | Foxite Whig | | |
|  |  | 1784 | Lionel Darell |  | | |
|  |  | 1790 | | | Beilby Thompson |  |
|  |  | 1796 | | | Christopher Atkinson |  |
|  |  | 1802 | | | George Johnstone |  |
|  |  | 1806 | | | Anthony Browne |  |
|  |  | 1813 | | | John Broadhurst | Whig |
|  |  | 1818 | Edmund Turton |  | Robert Farrand | Whig |
|  | | 1820 | John Baillie | Tory | | |
| |  | | | 1826 | Thomas Hyde Villiers | Whig |
|  |  | 1830 | Sir Thomas Clifford-Constable, Bt | Tory | Robert Farrand | Tory |
|

* Michael Brock, *The Great Reform Act* (London: Hutchinson, 1973)
* D Brunton & D H Pennington, “Members of the Long Parliament” (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
* J E Neale, "The Elizabethan House of Commons" (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
* J Holladay Philbin, "Parliamentary Representation 1832 - England and Wales" (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)
* Henry Stooks Smith, "The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847" (2nd edition, edited by FWS Craig - Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)
* Frederic A Youngs, jr, "Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol II" (London: Royal Historical Society, 1991)
* Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 2)

## InfoBox

| Hedon | |
| --- | --- |
| Former borough constituency
for the House of Commons | |
| 1547–1832 | |
| Seats | Two |


title: John Heilpern

abstract: John David Heilpern was a British theatre critic, journalist, and author who worked both in the United Kingdom and the United States. He was a contributing editor to Vanity Fair and longtime drama critic for the New York Observer.

text:
# John Heilpern

**John David Heilpern** (8 April 1942 – 7 January 2021) was a British theatre critic, journalist, and author who worked both in the United Kingdom and the United States. He was a contributing editor to *Vanity Fair* (where he wrote the "Out To Lunch" feature) and longtime drama critic for the *New York Observer.*

## Biography

Heilpern, the son of a bookmaker, was born in Manchester, England, and educated at Oxford University. He began his career at *The Observer* of London, where his interviews with numerous cultural figures (including Graham Greene, Rudolf Nureyev, Henry Moore, Artur Rubinstein, John Gielgud and Ralph Richardson) received a British Press Award.

He also worked as Peter Hall's assistant director on *Tamburlaine* at the National Theatre in 1976, and when he went to live in New York in 1980, he subsequently worked on Broadway as a librettist for Michael Bennett (of *A Chorus Line*).

Heilpern is perhaps best known for his 1977 book *Conference of the Birds: The Story of Peter Brook in Africa*. It tells the story of a historic journey made by Peter Brook and an international troupe of actors (including the young Helen Mirren) from Algiers across the Sahara Desert and then through West Africa, in search of a new form of theatre. The current paperback edition of *Conference of the Birds*, re-issued in America by Routledge, was described by *The Sunday Telegraph* as "one of the best books about theatre ever written".

Among his other books, *How Good Is David Mamet, Anyway?* is a collection of theatre essays and reviews, and *John Osborne \- The Many Lives of the Angry Young Man*, is the authorized biography of the iconic playwright who revolutionized British theatre. First published in the UK by Chatto & Windus in 2006 under the title *A Patriot for Us*, the Osborne biography received the award for Best Theatre Book of the Year. On its publication in the US by Knopf in 2007, *The New Yorker* described it as "compelling", *The Wall Street Journal* as "masterful", and *The Philadelphia Inquirer* as "a model of what a literary biography ought to be". *The Wall Street Journal* named it one its Ten Best Books of the Year.

Heilpern died from lung cancer in New York City on 7 January 2021, aged 78.

## Bibliography

* Heilpern, John (1977). *Conference of the birds: the story of Peter Brook in Africa*. London: Faber and Faber.
* (2000). *How good is David Mamet, anyway? Writings on theater and why it matters*. New York: Routledge.
* (December 2012). "Out to lunch with Sir Ian McKellen". *Vanity Fair*. Vol. 628. p. 106.
* (June 2013). "Out to lunch with Eddie Izzard". *Vanity Fair*. Vol. 634. p. 34.


title: Vanier College

abstract: Vanier College is an English-language public college located in the Saint-Laurent borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was founded in 1970 as the second English-language public college of Quebec's public college system, after Dawson College. Vanier is located just north of CEGEP Saint-Laurent, a French-language public college. Today, the student population numbers over 6,700 full-time Diploma students with an additional 2,000 students attending through the Continuing Education Department. Vanier College is one of 48 public Cegeps in the province.

text:
# Vanier College

**Vanier College** (French: *Collège Vanier*) is an English-language public college located in the Saint-Laurent borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was founded in 1970 as the second English-language public college of Quebec's public college system, after Dawson College. Vanier is located just north of CEGEP Saint-Laurent, a French-language public college. Today, the student population numbers over 6,700 full-time Diploma students with an additional 2,000 students attending through the Continuing Education Department (credit and non-credit courses and programs). Vanier College is one of 48 public Cegeps in the province.

## Programs

Vanier College provides a wide range of programs, offering more than twenty-five areas of study in two-year pre-university and three-year technical fields With an average student population of eight thousand, Vanier College is the second-largest English-language college in Québec. The college offers two program types: a full-time pre-university program and technical career programs that lead to a Diploma of College Studies (DCS). The pre-university programs span two years and cover subject matters that align with the additional year of high school education typically provided in other parts of Canada to prepare students for their chosen university fields. Graduates from Vanier College's programs are well-prepared for further studies at the university level \[

## Partnerships

The College of General and Professional Education is affiliated with the Association of Canadian Community Colleges (ACCC) and Canadian Colleges Athletic Association (CCAA).

## Athletics

The college participates as the Vanier Cheetahs in the Canadian Colleges Athletic Association and the Quebec Student Sport Federation, and is known for its men's and women's basketball, football (soccer) and rugby union teams, men's Canadian football teams, and women's flag football teams.

## History

Vanier College was named in honour of Georges Vanier, Canada's second native-born Governor General.

### Before Vanier (1817–1970)

Vanier College today consists of 10 different buildings on a single campus. Each of its buildings was built at a different point in the college's history, and is identified by a letter of the alphabet.

The land that the campus is located on today was first used for the Village de Saint-Laurent chapel, opened in 1817. Thirty years later, a convent, known as the Couvent Notre-Dame-des-Anges, was built nearby by the Sisters of Holy Cross (fr: **Sœurs de Sainte-Croix**). The original Convent building was later expanded into the building known as the "C building" today.

In 1897, the sisters opened the first college on the campus land, on the location of today's "E building". That building was expanded in 1848 and 1857 to become today's "E building". In 1873, a chapel was built that connected the convent and college buildings. That chapel was a forerunner of today's "F building". The "B building" was a further expansion of the convent built on the north side of the "C building" in 1904. It was unclear exactly when the "D building" was built, but it appears to have been at around this same time. The "D building" connected to the rear (east side) of the original "F building" chapel.

Originally, both the "D" and "E" buildings had elaborate balconies on every floor, which were removed in the 1970s. This is why several windows on both buildings today are taller than the rest of the windows in the building - these windows were doors to the balconies in the original building design.

In 1911, the original Village de Saint-Laurent chapel was demolished, to be replaced by a new school for young girls, Académie Saint-Alfred. The cupola at the top of the new building was designed to reflect a similar cupola on the original chapel building. This new building eventually became Vanier's "H building".

In 1933, the Sisters opened the yet another college, Collège Basile-Moreau, within the existing convent buildings. This soon required further expansions to the campus. In the 1940s, the "A building" was built at the north end of the "B building".

In the 1950s, the original "F building" chapel was demolished and replaced with the building that stands as the "F building" today. In 1967, several institutions were merged and became public ones, when the Quebec system of CEGEPs was created.

### Since becoming Vanier (1970–present)

In 1970, the Quebec government purchased the entire property and it was re-opened as Vanier College, Quebec's second English language public college (after Dawson College that had opened the year previous). Enrollment in its first year was approximately 1,400 students.

## Notable alumni

## Notable staff

Other English-language Colleges:

## InfoBox

Vanier College
| Collège Vanier (French) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Motto | *Fiat Voluntas Dei* |
| Motto in English | *God's will be done* |
| Type | College |
| Established | 1970 (1970) |
| Provost | Annie-Claude Banville |
| Director General | John McMahon |
| Students | 9200 |
| Undergraduates | pre-university students; technical |
| Location | Saint-Laurent, Quebec
H4L 3X9
45°30′54″N 73°40′32″W / 45.51500°N 73.67556°W / 45.51500; -73.67556 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Sports team | Cheetahs |
| Colours | Red and Gold |
| Affiliations | CICan, CCAA, QSSF |
| Mascot | Cheetah |
| Website | www.vaniercollege.qc.ca |
|  | |


title: HD 148156 b

abstract: HD 148156 b is an extrasolar planet which orbits the G-type main sequence star HD 148156, located approximately 168 light years away in the constellation Norma. This planet has at least nine-tenths the mass of Jupiter and takes 25 ninths years to orbit the star at a semimajor axis of 2.06 AU. However unlike most other known exoplanets, its eccentricity is not known, but it is typical that its inclination is not known. This planet was detected by HARPS on October 19, 2009, together with 29 other planets.

text:
# HD 148156 b

**HD 148156 b** (also known as **HIP 80680 b**) is an extrasolar planet which orbits the G-type main sequence star HD 148156, located approximately 168 light years away in the constellation Norma. This planet has at least nine-tenths the mass of Jupiter and takes 25 ninths years to orbit the star at a semimajor axis of 2.06 AU. However unlike most other known exoplanets, its eccentricity is not known, but it is typical that its inclination is not known. This planet was detected by HARPS on October 19, 2009, together with 29 other planets.

## InfoBox

HD 148156 b
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | Naef *et al.* |
| Discovery site | La Silla Observatory |
| Discovery date | October 19, 2009 |
| Detection method | radial velocity (HARPS) |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Semi-major axis | 2.06 AU (308,000,000 km) |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 1010 <br>2.77 |
| Star | HD 148156 |
|  | |


title: SLC20A2

abstract: Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC20A2 gene.

text:
# SLC20A2

**Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *SLC20A2* gene.

## Genomics

This gene is found on the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p12-p11) on the minus (Crick) strand. It is 123,077 bases in length. The encoded protein has 652 amino acids and the predicted molecular weight of the protein is 70.392 kilodaltons.

## Function

The protein acts as a homodimer and is involved in phosphate transport by absorbing phosphate from interstitial fluid for normal cellular functions such as cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and nucleic acid and lipid synthesis.

## Clinical significance

Mutations in the SLC20A2 gene are associated with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (Fahr's syndrome). This association suggests that familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification is caused by changes in phosphate homeostasis, since this gene encodes for PIT-2, an inorganic phosphate transporter.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| SLC20A2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SLC20A2, GLVR-2, GLVR2, IBGC1, IBGC3, MLVAR, PIT-2, PIT2, RAM1, Ram-1, solute carrier family 20 member 2, IBGC2 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 158378; MGI: 97851; HomoloGene: 68531; GeneCards: SLC20A2; OMA:SLC20A2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001257180
NM\_001257181
NM\_006749   NM\_011394   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001244109
NP\_001244110
NP\_006740   NP\_035524   Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 42.42 – 42.54 Mb Chr 8: 22.97 – 23.06 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James

abstract: The Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James is a former hôtel particulier located at no 12, place Vendôme in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. Built in 1702, for the doctor of the Sorbonne, Louis Dublineau, by the architect Jacques V Gabriel, it owes its name to Claude Baudard de Saint-James, who was its second owner. The hotel has decorations created in 1777 by François-Joseph Bélanger and the painter Jean-Jacques Lagrenée. In 1849, the Polish composer Chopin died at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James. It is now owned by the Crédit Foncier de France and is occupied by the jeweler Chaumet.

text:
# Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James

The **Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James** is a former hôtel particulier located at no 12, place Vendôme in the 1st arrondissement of Paris.

Built in 1702, for the doctor of the Sorbonne, Louis Dublineau, by the architect Jacques V Gabriel, it owes its name to Claude Baudard de Saint-James, who was its second owner.

The hotel has decorations created in 1777 by François-Joseph Bélanger and the painter Jean-Jacques Lagrenée.

In 1849, the Polish composer Chopin died at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James.

It is now owned by the Crédit Foncier de France and is occupied by the jeweler Chaumet.

48°52′01″N 2°19′48″E / 48.8669°N 2.3301°E / 48.8669; 2.3301


title: Indian Idol Academy

abstract: Indian Idol Academy is a music learning program that was launched during the Grand Finale of Indian Idol Junior Season 1 in September 2013. It is a joint venture of KarmYog Education Network and FreemantleMedia. Indian Idol Academy has programs which offer a variety of musical courses for both beginners and experts in the field of music, which are delivered through the OmniDEL Campus. Indian Idol Academy has been launched in 25 cities.

text:
# Indian Idol Academy

**Indian Idol Academy** is a music learning program that was launched during the Grand Finale of Indian Idol Junior Season 1 in September 2013. It is a joint venture of KarmYog Education Network and FreemantleMedia. Indian Idol Academy has programs which offer a variety of musical courses for both beginners and experts in the field of music, which are delivered through the OmniDEL Campus.

Indian Idol Academy has been launched in 25 cities.

## History

FreemantleMedia, the owners of the Idol brand behind the Indian Idol show, developed the platform for talent development together with KarmYog Education Network, a Kolkata based E-learning company.

## Courses

Indian Idol Academy offers courses at different levels.

### Introductory Workshop: JAAAGO!

JAAAGO! is a musical workshop for children and their parents. It is followed by a digital audition.

### Introductory Course: Music Discovery Program

Music Discovery Program is a music education course for beginners, which aims at helping learners to get to know their core area of interest in music.

It is a 1-year program which is divided into 4 levels of certification with main lessons and "Taleem lessons" (practice sessions). Each main lesson has 4 distinct sections: Gyaan, Swarleela, Palta Time and Song Time. Every main lesson is followed by Taleem lessons.

### Choir Camp for the City Idols

Choir Camp – For the City Idols, is a musical camp conducted by certified music mentors of the Academy.

### Music Mentor Certification Program

Music Mentor Certification program is a course designed especially for the music trainers.

### Talent Development Program

Talent Development program is an advanced course designed especially for talented learners.

### Learning from the Legends

Learning from the legends is a course designed by the Academy to provide direct tutoring for the learners by previous Indian Idol participants.

### Pre-Audition Intensive Course

Pre-Audition Intensive Course is designed for grooming and training Indian Idol show aspirants by the certified mentors of the Indian Idol Academy.

## Campus

### OmniDEL Campus

The OmniDEL campus is a combination of real and virtual spaces for learning.

### Web Campus

Web Campus is an internet-based learning environment which provides individual learners with an archive of their lessons. The web campus is also used by the music mentors of Indian Idol Academy to schedule sessions, evaluate performance and assign tasks.


title: In Rape Fantasy and Terror Sex We Trust

abstract: In Rape Fantasy and Terror Sex We Trust is the sixth full-length album by Joan of Arc, released in 2003 on Perishable Records. The songs were recorded in the same sessions as So Much Staying Alive and Lovelessness, and the album is thought to be something of a companion album to that record. The title track was created as an attempt by Tim Kinsella to capture the effect Bauhaus' The Sky's Gone Out had on him "when he was 10yrs old and accidentally bought it before he was ready to hear it". This is one of the few Joan of Arc albums not to receive a vinyl release.

text:
# In Rape Fantasy and Terror Sex We Trust

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 63/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***In Rape Fantasy and Terror Sex We Trust*** is the sixth full-length album by Joan of Arc, released in 2003 on Perishable Records. The songs were recorded in the same sessions as *So Much Staying Alive and Lovelessness*, and the album is thought to be something of a companion album to that record. The title track was created as an attempt by Tim Kinsella to capture the effect Bauhaus' *The Sky's Gone Out* had on him "when he was 10yrs old and accidentally bought it before he was ready to hear it". This is one of the few Joan of Arc albums not to receive a vinyl release.

## Track listing

1. Sing the Scarecrow Song - 3:29
2. Happy 1984 and 2001 - 6:17
3. Excitement is Exciting - 3:13
4. Barge - 5:08
5. Gang Language - 4:24
6. Moonlighting - 3:33
7. Dinosaur Constellations Part 1 - 1:54
8. Them Brainwash Days - 3:17
9. Dinosaur Constellations Part 2 - 2:46
10. No Corporate News is Good News - 2:47
11. That Radiant Morning - 1:38
12. Them Heartache Nights - 0:46
13. Dinosaur Constellations Part 3 - 0:37
14. In Rape Fantasy and Terror Sex We Trust - 8:34

## InfoBox

| In Rape Fantasy and Terror Sex We Trust | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Joan of Arc | |
| Released | February 4, 2003 |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Length | 46:43 |
| Label | Perishable Records |
| Producer | Graeme Gibson |
| Joan of Arc chronology | |
| *So Much Staying Alive and Lovelessness*
(2003) ***In Rape Fantasy and Terror Sex We Trust***
(2003) *Live in Muenster, 2003*
(2004) | |


title: SCR-284

abstract: The SCR-284 was a World War II era combination transmitter and receiver used in vehicles or fixed ground stations.

text:
# SCR-284

The **SCR-284** was a World War II era combination transmitter and receiver used in vehicles or fixed ground stations.

## History

The Crosley Corporation of Cincinnati, Ohio manufactured the Signal Corps Set, Complete, Radio, 284 **(SCR-284)** that consists of the Basic Component 654 **(BC-654)** and associated support equipment.

The SCR-284 was introduced in Africa during Operation Torch and was the first radio set used for communications from the beach to the U.S. Fleet to coordinate naval gunfire and beach radio networks.

The set was used by Merrill's Marauders while operating in the China-Burma-India Theater and missions behind Japanese lines in Burma to communicate with air transport and other military aircraft, although some radiomen complained that it was "very inefficient" compared to other radio sets and "very hard to generate power".

The SCR-284 saw use in the Guadalcanal Campaign for portable operation with a hand crank generator. Transport over rough roads by Jeep tended to damage it, so it was disassembled and carried by several men.

The SCR-284 was also used in the New Georgia Campaign, but was so heavy and prone to humidity damage it was sometimes left behind.

More than 50,000 SCR-284s were produced and delivered in support of Operation Overlord, the D-Day invasion of Normandy. The complete SCR-284 transmitter, receiver, power unit and accessories weighed more than 100 pounds, but could be divided into sections for transport. The 45 pound BC-654 transmitter was notably difficult for radiomen to carry during combat, and has been described as "roughly the weight, size and shape of a modern window air conditioner".

63972 units were eventually produced in total. After the war, many BC-654s were sold as surplus for $15 each. Today, many are restored and operated by vintage amateur radio enthusiasts.

## Configurations

* Field Radio Set - World War II era. Battery powered receiver, hand crank generator powered transmitter.
* Vehicular Radio Set - World War II era. 6/12 V dynamotor power, vibrator supply.
* Command Radio Set - Korean War era. two-cycle 3600 RPM, 1 horsepower gas generator power.

## Technical description

* Technical Manual TM 11-275, final edition dated 14 January 1944 with Supplements dated 11 February 1944 and 5 April 1945.
* Frequency Range: continuous, 3800 to 5800 kHz
* Modes: AM voice, CW (Morse code), MCW
* Receiver Type: Single conversion superheterodyne receiver
* IF Frequency: 455 kHz
* Dimensions: 18" × 14" × 934" (BC-654 only)
* Weight: 44.75 lb (20.3 kg) (BC-654 only)

## Performance specifications

* Transmitter output
    + AM: 17 watts
    + CW: 24 watts
* Receiver Sensitivity: TBS

1. Fucci, Antonio. "Radio Set BC-654-A SCR-284-A Receiver and Transmitter".
2. \[./Http://dodgem37.com/radio-set-scr-284/ Reinemann, Carl. "Radio Set BC-654-A SCR-284-A Receiver and Transmitter".
3. http://dodgem37.com/radio-set-scr-284/ Reinemann, Carl. "Radio Set BC-654-A SCR-284-A Receiver and Transmitter".
4. Madison, James H. (December 1992). "Discovering America: A Special Issue". *Journal of American History*. **79** (3): 1102–1106. doi:10.2307/2080804. ISSN 0021-8723. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
5. *The American GI in Europe in World War II: The March to D-Day*. Stackpole Books; 22 September 2009. ISBN 978-0-8117-4373-0. p. 51–.
6. Gavin Mortimer. *Merrill's Marauders: The Untold Story of Unit Galahad and the Toughest Special Forces Mission of World War II*. MBI Publishing Company; 15 November 2013. ISBN 978-1-61058-902-4. p. 32–.
7. DIANE Publishing Company. *Merrill's Marauders: February to May, 1944*. DIANE Publishing; 1 January 1990. ISBN 978-0-7881-3275-9. p. 29–.
8. Samuel Milner. *United States Army In WWII - The Pacific - Guadalcanal: The First Offensive: \[Illustrated Edition\]*. Verdun Press; 15 August 2014. ISBN 978-1-78289-399-8. p. 381–.
9. John R. Walker. *Bracketing the Enemy: Forward Observers in World War II*. University of Oklahoma Press; 8 August 2013. ISBN 978-0-8061-5032-1. p. 209–.
10. John C. McManus. *The Dead and Those about to Die: D-Day - The Big Red One at Omaha Beach*. Penguin Publishing Group; 5 May 2015. ISBN 978-0-451-41530-1. p. 135–.
11. The United States Army In WW II, Volume on Statistics, Section on Procurement, 09 APRIL 1952, Page 60.
12. "Newsletter, June 6, 1994". *The Mississippi Historical Radio and Broadcasting Society*. MHRBS. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
13. "Ham Radio On TV" (PDF). *Key Clix*. Amateur Radio Club of Savannah. May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2017.

## General references

* TM-11-275  Technical Manual And Operating Instructions For The SCR-284-A Radio Set (BC-654-A Radio Receiver And Transmitter)


title: R v Hess; R v Nguyen

abstract: R v Hess; R v Nguyen, [1990] 2 S.C.R. 906 is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court struck down part of the Criminal Code offence of rape as a violation of section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

text:
# R v Hess; R v Nguyen

***R v Hess; R v Nguyen***, \[1990\] 2 S.C.R. 906 is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court struck down part of the Criminal Code offence of rape as a violation of section 7 of the *Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms*.

## Background

Victor Hess and Van Nguyen were both charged in two separate incidents with having sexual intercourse with a female under the age of fourteen contrary to section 146(1) of the *Criminal Code*. The provision specifically prohibited a male from having sex with a female under the age of fourteen "whether or not he believes that she is fourteen years of age or more".

In Hess's trial, the conviction was quashed on the basis that the offence violated section 15 of the *Charter*. The verdict was overturned at the Court of Appeal and a new trial was ordered.

In Nguyen's trial, he was convicted, which was upheld on appeal. The court did not find a violation of section 15, but there was a violation of section 7, which was saved under section 1.

The question before the Supreme Court was whether the criminal provision violated sections 7 or 15 of the *Charter*.

## Opinion of the Court

Justice Wilson, writing for the majority, found a violation of section 7 as the provision did not require a *mens rea* element in establishing the offence as the accused did not need to know the girl's age. Wilson noted that a provision that convicts morally innocent individuals as a means to control a certain area of crime is inconsistent with the principles of fundamental justice. She further noted that this form of constructive culpability was not proportional and so it could not be justified through judicial discretion.

As a remedy, the Court severed the infringing words from the text so that to secure a conviction, it must be proved that the accused knew the girl was under fourteen (or was wilfully blind to that fact).

## InfoBox

| R v Hess; R v Nguyen | |
| --- | --- |
| **Supreme Court of Canada** | |
| Hearing: February 1, 1990
Judgment: October 4, 1990 | |
| Full case name | *Victor John Hess v Her Majesty The Queen; Van Hung Nguyen v Her Majesty The Queen* |
| Citations | \[1990\] 2 S.C.R. 906 |
| Ruling | Appeal allowed. |
| Court membership | |
| **Chief Justice:** Brian Dickson
**Puisne Justices:** Antonio Lamer, Bertha Wilson, Gérard La Forest, Claire L'Heureux-Dubé, John Sopinka, Charles Gonthier, Peter Cory, Beverley McLachlin | |
| Reasons given | |
| Majority | Wilson J., joined by Lamer C.J.(\*) and La Forest and L'Heureux-Dubé JJ.
(\*)Chief Justice at time of judgment |
| Dissent | McLachlin J., joined by Gonthier J. |
| Dickson C.J., Cory and Sopinka JJ. took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. | |


title: Head First (book series)

abstract: Head First is a series of introductory instructional books to many topics, published by O'Reilly Media. It stresses an unorthodox, visually intensive, reader-involving combination of puzzles, jokes, nonstandard design and layout, and an engaging, conversational style to immerse the reader in a given topic. Originally, the series covered programming and software engineering, but is now expanding to other topics in science, mathematics and business, due to success. The series was created by Bert Bates and Kathy Sierra, and began with Head First Java in 2003.

text:
# Head First (book series)

***Head First*** is a series of introductory instructional books to many topics, published by O'Reilly Media. It stresses an unorthodox, visually intensive, reader-involving combination of puzzles, jokes, nonstandard design and layout, and an engaging, conversational style to immerse the reader in a given topic.

Originally, the series covered programming and software engineering, but is now expanding to other topics in science, mathematics and business, due to success. The series was created by Bert Bates and Kathy Sierra, and began with *Head First Java* in 2003.

## Concept

The main idea of the series is to effectively stimulate the brain by:

* Telling stories
* Visualizing
* Using attention-grabbing tactics: page layout, non-standard examples, puzzles, jokes, and other means.

By using metacognition the series' authors and editors try to employ varied methods to present information and accelerate the learning process.

## Books

The offerings in the Head First series are quickly expanding. The books are also delving into subjects that are not directly related to IT, such as Math (*Head First Algebra*, *Head First Statistics*), Science (*Head First Physics*) and project management (*Head First PMP*). The books are also gaining some popularity for classroom use  because of their novel approach to their subject matters.

The official web site for the Head First series has forums for each book as well as code downloads and sample chapters. They include:

## Head First Labs

O'Reilly established Head First Labs, where books of the series are presented and the main idea behind the series is explained. The Labs also hosts blogs by some of their authors and hosts some applets that complement their books.

## Awards

The books in the series have received three nominations for Product Excellence Jolt Awards, winning in 2005 for *Head First Design Patterns*, and were recognized on Amazon.com's yearly top 10 list for computer books from 2003 to 2005.


title: Piotr Rogucki

abstract: Piotr Rogucki is a Polish singer, musician, and actor, best known as the leader of rock band Coma. Rogucki is a member of the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry.

text:
# Piotr Rogucki

**Piotr Rogucki** (born 5 May 1978 in Łódź) is a Polish singer, musician, and actor, best known as the leader of rock band Coma. Rogucki is a member of the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry.

## History

Rogucki graduated from Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts. He started his career by performing at various artistic previews and festivals, where he has received many awards.

He has released nine studio albums with Coma: *Pierwsze wyjście z mroku* (2004), *Zaprzepaszczone siły wielkiej armii świętych znaków* (2006), *Hipertrofia* (2008), *Excess* (2010), an untitled album commonly known as *Czerwony album* (2011), *Don't Set Your Dogs on Me* (2013), 2005 YU55 (2016), Metal Ballads vol. 1 (2017) and Sen o 7 szklankach (2019). He has also released two solo studio albums, *Loki – Wizja Dźwięku* (2011) and *95–2003' (2012).*

Apart from his musical career, Rogucki is also an actor. He has performed on stage of TR Warszawa, and starred in several films and TV series.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | POL
 |
| *Loki – Wizja Dźwięku* |  | 2 |
| *95–2003* | * Date: 11 June 2012 * Label: Mystic Production | 1 |
| *J.P. Śliwa* | * Date: 16 October 2015 * Label: Agora S.A. | 8 |

### Music videos

| Title | Year | Director | Album | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Szatany" | 2011 | Mateusz Winkiel | *Loki – wizja dźwięku* |  |
| | | | "Wizja dźwięku" |  |
| "Piosenka pisana nocą" | | 2012 | *95-2003* |  |
| "Dobrze" | 2015 | Zosia Zija i Jacek Pióro | *J.P. Śliwa* |  |
| "Całuj się” | | | 2016 |  |
| | "Płyń” | | Bartosz Piotrowski |  |

### Guest appearances

| Year | Song | Artist | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | "Zaufanie" | Mam Na Imię Aleksander | *Nie myśl o mnie źle* |
| | "Karmelove" | Marcelina | *Wschody / Zachody* |
| 2014 | "Whole World Is Watching" | Within Temptation | *Hydra* (Polish edition) |
| | "Ewolucja albo śmierć" | Frontside | *Sprawa jest osobista* |

## Filmography

Credits adapted from Filmweb database.

## InfoBox

| Piotr Rogucki | |
| --- | --- |
| Piotr Rogucki performing in 2023 | |
| Born | (1978-05-05) 5 May 1978
Łódź, Poland |
| Alma mater | Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, singer, actor |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres | Rock, sung poetry |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar |
| Labels | Mystic Production |
| Website | piotrrogucki.com |
|  | |


title: USS Owl (AM-2)

abstract: USS Owl (AM-2) was an Lapwing-class minesweeper acquired by the U.S. Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing. The first Owl to be so named by the Navy, AM-2 was laid down 25 October 1917 by the Todd Shipbuilding Corp., Brooklyn, New York; launched 4 March 1918; sponsored by Miss Ruth R. Dodd; and commissioned 11 July 1918.

text:
# USS Owl (AM-2)

**USS *Owl* (AM-2)** was an *Lapwing*-class minesweeper acquired by the U.S. Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

The first *Owl* to be so named by the Navy, *AM-2* was laid down 25 October 1917 by the Todd Shipbuilding Corp., Brooklyn, New York; launched 4 March 1918; sponsored by Miss Ruth R. Dodd; and commissioned 11 July 1918.

## World War I Atlantic operations

Following a New York to Charleston, South Carolina towing assignment, *Owl* reported to the 5th Naval District at Norfolk, Virginia, 22 August 1918. Employed as a minesweeper for the remaining months of World War I, she then served as a light ship in the inner approach to Chesapeake Bay until 10 July 1919. From that time until 1936, she was primarily engaged in providing towing services along the eastern seaboard and in the Caribbean. Between June 1936 and January 1941, she operated with units of the Aircraft Division, Base Force, providing planeguard, seaplane tender, and target and mooring buoy planting services from New England to the Caribbean.

Then, temporarily attached to Train, Patrol Force at Culebra, Puerto Rico, she steamed to Bermuda in May for towing and servicing duties with MinDiv 14. Redesignated as Ocean Tug **AT–137** on 1 June 1942, she was based at Bermuda until June 1943. During that time, towing and escort duties frequently took her to the east coast, while numerous salvage and rescue missions, including aid to the submarine USS *R-1* and torpedoed Argentine tanker *Victoria*, kept her busy at Bermuda and in nearby convoy lanes.

## Preparing for the invasion of France

Detached from Bermudan duty in June, *Owl* spent the last six months of 1943 with DesRon 30 operating out of Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. She then steamed back to Norfolk, Virginia, for overhaul, and sailed for Europe. She arrived at Falmouth, Cornwall, United Kingdom, 14 March 1944 to join the Allied forces gathering for the invasion of France. Redesignated **ATO–137** on 15 May 1944, she arrived off the Normandy coast two days after "D-Day." As ground forces pushed inland, she towed port and road construction materials to the French coast, thus aiding the all important flow of men and equipment to the front. Availability at Falmouth, early in the new year, 1945, preceded her return to the United States, 27 February, and mid-Atlantic coast towing assignments.

## Transfer to Pacific operations

Transferred to the U.S. Pacific Fleet, she sailed from Newport, Rhode Island, 5 May, with the Gate Craft *YNG–11* in tow, and arrived at San Diego, 23 June, to join ServRon 2. In August she continued on to Pearl Harbor for four months of target towing duty, returning to the west coast 2 January 1946. *Owl* then provided towing services for the 19th Fleet (Reserve Fleet) until beginning inactivation in April.

## Decommissioning

She decommissioned in the 13th Naval District on 26 July 1946, and on 27 June 1947 was sold for scrapping to the Pacific Metal and Salvage Co. at Port of Nordland, Washington.

## Awards

*Owl* received 1 battle star for World War II service.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| USS *Owl* (AM-2) underway in 1927 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Owl* |
| Builder | Todd Shipyard Co., New York |
| Laid down | 25 October 1917 |
| Launched | 4 March 1918 |
| Commissioned | 11 July 1918 |
| Decommissioned | 26 July 1946 |
| Reclassified | * AT-137, 1 June 1942 * ATO-137, 15 May 1944 |
| Honours and<br>awards | 1 battle star (World War II) |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, 27 June 1947 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Lapwing*-class minesweeper |
| Displacement | 1,009 long tons (1,025 t) full |
| Length | 187 ft 10 in (57.25 m) |
| Beam | 35 ft 6 in (10.82 m) |
| Draft | 10 ft 4 in (3.15 m) |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
| Complement | 78 |
| Armament | 2 × 3 in (76 mm) guns |


title: HD 147513 b

abstract: HD 147513 b is an exoplanet approximately 42 light-years away in the constellation of Scorpius. It is at least 21% more massive than Jupiter. But unlike Jupiter, it orbits the star much closer, mean distance being only a third more than Earth's distance from the Sun. Its orbit is also eccentric; at periastron, it is closer to its star than Earth is from the Sun, whereas at apastron, it is further from its star than Mars to the Sun, finding itself on the outer edge of the habitable zone.

text:
# HD 147513 b

**HD 147513 b** is an exoplanet approximately 42 light-years away in the constellation of Scorpius. It is at least 21% more massive than Jupiter. But unlike Jupiter, it orbits the star much closer, mean distance being only a third more than Earth's distance from the Sun. Its orbit is also eccentric; at periastron, it is closer to its star than Earth is from the Sun, whereas at apastron, it is further from its star than Mars to the Sun, finding itself on the outer edge of the habitable zone.

## InfoBox

HD 147513 b
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | Mayor et al. |
| Discovery site | France |
| Discovery date | June 19, 2002 |
| Detection method | Radial velocity |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Apastron | 1.66 AU (248,000,000 km) |
| Periastron | 0.98 AU (147,000,000 km) |
| Semi-major axis | 1.32 AU (197,000,000 km) |
| Eccentricity | 0.26 ± 0.05 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 528.4 ± 6.3 <br>1.4467 |
| Time of periastron | 2,451,123 ± 20 |
| Argument of periastron | 282 ± 9 |
| Semi-amplitude | 29.3 ± 1.8 |
| Star | HD 147513 |
|  | |


title: Oneco Township, Illinois

abstract: Oneco Township is located in Stephenson County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,331 and it contained 587 housing units. The village of Orangeville, and the unincorporated community of Oneco are located in this township.

text:
# Oneco Township, Illinois

**Oneco Township** is located in Stephenson County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,331 and it contained 587 housing units. The village of Orangeville, and the unincorporated community of Oneco are located in this township.

## Geography

Oneco is Township 29 North, Range 7 and 8 (part) East of the Fourth Principal Meridian.

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 27.44 square miles (71.1 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 (est.) | 1,270 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

1. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
2. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
3. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Oneco Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Stephenson County | |
| Coordinates: 42°29′08″N 89°39′47″W / 42.48556°N 89.66306°W / 42.48556; -89.66306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Stephenson |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | James R. Setterstrom |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.44 sq mi (71.1 km2) |
| Land | 27.44 sq mi (71.1 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2)  0% |
| Elevation | 823 ft (251 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Estimate (2016) | 1,270 |
| Density | 48.5/sq mi (18.7/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 17-177-56120 |