title: Waino Hendrickson

abstract: Waino Edward Hendrickson was an American Republican politician & businessman, the final Governor of the Territory of Alaska, before statehood. Hendrickson was born in Juneau in 1896. He served in World War I before he became a manager at the Juneau city dock. He worked in business before he entered politics in 1946 and was elected Mayor of Juneau. He served as mayor until 1953. He was also a member of the Territorial House from 1948 to 1953. He was Secretary of Alaska Territory from 1953 to 1959 in which capacity he served as acting governor twice because of the resignations of Governors Frank Heintzleman and Mike Stepovich.

text:
# Waino Hendrickson

**Waino Edward Hendrickson** (June 18, 1896  June 22, 1983) was an American Republican politician & businessman, the final Governor of the Territory of Alaska, before statehood.

Hendrickson was born in Juneau in 1896. He served in World War I before he became a manager at the Juneau city dock. He worked in business before he entered politics in 1946 and was elected Mayor of Juneau. He served as mayor until 1953. He was also a member of the Territorial House from 1948 to 1953.

He was Secretary of Alaska Territory from 1953 to 1959 in which capacity he served as acting governor twice because of the resignations of Governors Frank Heintzleman and Mike Stepovich.

## Early life

Hendrickson was born June 18, 1896, in Juneau, Alaska, where he grew up the son of Finnish immigrants. After graduating from Juneau High School in 1916, he worked in the mine. After an accident, Hendrickson lost partial sight in one eye. After this, he served in the U.S. military during World War I, and was en route to France before the armistice was signed. After being discharged from the army, he worked as a manager at the Juneau city dock.

## Political career

Hendrickson entered politics in 1946, when, upon the urging of his friends, he was elected mayor of Juneau. In this role, he helped the city gain the power to levy and use sales tax, which had not been enforced before, leading to a lack of funding for Juneau. Because of the collection of this tax, Hendrickson developed Juneau, leading the city to become the first city in Alaska to be fully paved. He served as Mayor of Juneau until 1953. While serving in this role, he was also a member of the territorial House of Representatives from 1948 to 1953.

In 1953, Hendrickson was appointed Secretary of Alaska Territory (equivalent to Lieutenant Governor of Alaska today) by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, under Governor Frank Heintzleman. He held this office until statehood, serving as acting governor twice, once in 1957, and again from 1958 to 1959. Hendrickson was the first Alaska governor born in the territory. After statehood Hendrickson served on several government commissions, as well as chairing the Interior Department's Alaska Field Committee, and the Juneau office of the Bureau of Land Management. He retired due to poor eyesight, in 1965.

## Later life

Hendrickson would stay up at night to care for his wife, who was ill with cancer. She died in 1962.

After his retirement, Hendrickson went to live with his daughter in Anchorage, Alaska, and spent the rest of his life with her until he died in 1983, at the age of 87.

## InfoBox

| Waino Hendrickson | |
| --- | --- |
| Hendrickson in 1957 | |
|  | |
| Acting Territorial Governor of Alaska | |
| **In office**
August 9, 1958  January 3, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Mike Stepovich
(as Territorial Governor of Alaska) |
| Succeeded by | William A. Egan
(as Governor of Alaska) |
| **In office**
January 3, 1957  April 8, 1957 | |
| Preceded by | B. Frank Heintzleman
(as Territorial Governor) |
| Succeeded by | Mike Stepovich
(as Territorial Governor) |
| Secretary of Alaska Territory | |
| **In office**
April 11, 1953  January 3, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Burke Riley |
| Succeeded by | Hugh Wade as Secretary of the State of Alaska |
| Member of the Alaska Territorial House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1948–1953 | |
| Mayor of Juneau, Alaska | |
| **In office**
1946–1953 | |
| Preceded by | Ernest Parsons |
| Succeeded by | Bert F. McDowell |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Waino Edward Hendrickson
(1896-06-18)June 18, 1896
Juneau, District of Alaska |
| Died | June 22, 1983(1983-06-22) (aged 87) |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Marion Kingsworth Jones (19241962; her death) |
| Relations | Linn A. Forrest (in-law) |
| Children | 1 |
| Occupation | Small business owner/operator |
|  | |


title: Perforating cutaneous nerve

abstract: The perforating cutaneous nerve is a cutaneous nerve of the sacral plexus that provides sensory innervation to the skin of the buttocks.

text:
# Perforating cutaneous nerve

The **perforating cutaneous nerve** is a cutaneous nerve of the sacral plexus that provides sensory innervation to the skin of the buttocks.

## Structure

### Origin

The perforating cutaneous nerve typically arises from the posterior divisions of anterior rami of sacral spinal nerves S2 and S3 of the sacral plexus.

### Course

It pierces the inferior part of the sacrotuberous ligament, then passes along the inferior border of the gluteus maximus muscle.

### Distribution

The perforating cutaneous nerve innervates the skin that overlies the inferomedial portion of gluteus maximus muscle.

### Variation

**Origin**

The perforating cutaneous nerve may arise from the pudendal nerve. It is occasionally united with the pudendal nerve at its origin.

It may be absent (this is the case in 36% of individuals) in which case it is replaced by a branch from either the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh or from the anterior rami of either S3-S4 or S4-S5.

**Course**

Instead of piercing the sacrotuberous ligament, the perforating cutaneous may instead run with the pudendal nerve, or pass in between the sacrotuberous ligament and the gluteus maximus muscle.

## InfoBox

| Perforating cutaneous nerve | |
| --- | --- |
| Plan of sacral and pudendal plexuses. | |
| Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. Front and posterior views. (Perforating cutaneous nerve not labeled, but region visible.) | |
| Details | |
| From | S2-S3, sacral plexus |
| Innervates | Gluteal sulcus |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *nervus cutaneus perforans* |
| TA98 | A14.2.07.036 |
| TA2 | 6546 |
| FMA | 19040 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |


title: Hadrothemis scabrifrons

abstract: Hadrothemis scabrifrons, commonly known as the red jungle-skimmer, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss due to rapid deforestation in the area due to agriculture and logging.

text:
# Hadrothemis scabrifrons

***Hadrothemis scabrifrons***, commonly known as the red jungle-skimmer, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss due to rapid deforestation in the area due to agriculture and logging.

## InfoBox

| *Hadrothemis scabrifrons* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Libellulidae |
| Genus: | *Hadrothemis* |
| Species: | ***H. scabrifrons*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hadrothemis scabrifrons***
Ris, 1910 | |
|


title: Viscera (Jenny Hval album)

abstract: Viscera is an album by Norwegian singer Jenny Hval, the first released under her own name. She previously released two albums as rockettothesky. Uncut placed it at number 42 on its list of the "Top 50 Albums of 2011." In Review Online placed it at number 8 on their list of the "Top 15 Albums of 2011."

text:
# Viscera (Jenny Hval album)

***Viscera*** is an album by Norwegian singer Jenny Hval, the first released under her own name. She previously released two albums as rockettothesky. *Uncut* placed it at number 42 on its list of the "Top 50 Albums of 2011." *In Review Online* placed it at number 8 on their list of the "Top 15 Albums of 2011."

## Track listing

1. Engines in the City — 3:38
2. Blood Flight — 6:45
3. Portrait of the Young Girl as an Artist — 6:40
4. How Gentle — 7:25
5. A Silver Fox — 1:43
6. Golden Locks — 6:18
7. This Is a Thirst — 8:02
8. Milk of Marrow — 7:54
9. Black Morning/Viscera — 6:00

## InfoBox

| Viscera | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jenny Hval | |
| Released | April 26, 2011 (2011-04-26) |
| Length | 54:25 |
| Label | Rune Grammofon |
| Producer | Deathprod |
| Jenny Hval chronology | |
| *Medea*
(2008) ***Viscera***
(2011) *Innocence is Kinky*
(2012) | |


title: Material Product System

abstract: Material Product System (MPS) refers to the system of national accounts used by 16 Communist countries for different lengths of time, including the former Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc countries, Cuba, China (1952–1992) and several other Asian countries. The MPS has now been replaced by the UNSNA accounts in most countries that used MPS, although some countries such as Cuba and North Korea have continued to use MPS alongside UNSNA-type accounts. Today it is difficult to obtain detailed information about accounting systems which are an alternative to UNSNA, and therefore few people know that such systems exist and have been used by various countries.

text:
# Material Product System

**Material Product System** (**MPS**) refers to the system of national accounts used by 16 Communist countries for different lengths of time, including the former Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc countries (until around 1990), Cuba, China (1952–1992) and several other Asian countries. The MPS has now been replaced by the UNSNA accounts in most countries that used MPS, although some countries such as Cuba and North Korea have continued to use MPS alongside UNSNA-type accounts. Today it is difficult to obtain detailed information about accounting systems which are an alternative to UNSNA, and therefore few people know that such systems exist and have been used by various countries.

## Differences from SNA

The main structural differences between MPS and UNSNA are attributable to a different interpretation of newly created value, and of the accumulation of stocks of wealth. Consequently, there are differences in grossing and netting procedures for the main aggregates. In MPS, many services are not regarded as value-adding, and therefore excluded from the total net output. As the name suggests, the MPS aims to measure the annual output of *material goods*, in contrast with services. In MPS the economy is divided up into three sectors: (1) productive enterprises, (2) the non-productive sphere, and (3) households. Typically the planning authorities also collected comprehensive data on the physical units of products produced. This is normally not the case in conventional national accounts, which measure only the momentary market value of outputs produced.

## Attribution to Marx and Smith

The MPS accounts originated in the Soviet Union, around the same time that the first Western attempts were also made to create systematic social accounts (i.e. in the later 1920s and 1930s). They were influenced by the ideas Karl Marx had about the creation and accumulation of wealth, and about productive and unproductive labour in capitalist society. However, Marx himself never attempted to create any system of social accounts for socialist economies; his own economic categories concerned the capitalist mode of production, and not a socialist economy. Further, the MPS accounts used a definition of "unproductive labor" which was closer to that of Adam Smith than to that of Marx. The MPS standard accounting system was adopted by CMEA countries in 1969.

## Measurement of prices

Critics of MPS accounts argue that by providing a lot of detail about the value and physical quantity of tangible products produced, but very little detail about those who depended on that production as consumers, how income, consumer items and capital wealth were truly *distributed* in the USSR. However, supporters of the system argued that, if many goods and services are supplied to ordinary consumers free of charge, or below cost (a "socialized" component of household income) then valuing consumption expenditures in money prices becomes both difficult and rather meaningless. In that case, it is argued, a more appropriate strategy is to measure what physical goods and services people actually consume, and to what benefits they are entitled. Whatever the case, it is clear that there is a big difference in valuation methods between MPS and UNSNA, since MPS in large part works with administered prices set by the state, whereas UNSNA largely uses (real or imputed) "market" prices (these market prices should not be understood as being necessarily "free market prices" – Post-Keynesian economics has shown that a large proportion of prices in Western countries are in reality also a type of administered prices or regulated prices). For example, if corporations transfer goods and assets between their corporate branches in different countries, they may not value them at market prices at all, but at prices which incur less tax and levies – prompting governments to set rules for how the goods must be valued and priced (see transfer pricing).

1. Janos Arvay, "The Material Product System (MPS): A Retrospective," *The Accounts of Nations*, edited by Zoltan Kenessey, IOS Press, 1994, p. 218 and 236. The full list of countries that used the MPS is: USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Cambodia, the Korean Democratic Republic, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Vietnam and Yugoslavia.
2. Yoshiko M. Herrera, *Mirrors of the economy: national accounts and international norms in Russia and beyond.* Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010.
3. Janos Arvay, "The material Product System (MPS): A Retrospective," *The Accounts of Nations*, edited by Zoltan Kenessey, IOS Press, 1994, pp. 218

## Further reading

* M. Yanovsky, *Anatomy of Social Accounting Systems*. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1965.
* Vaclav Holesovsky, "Karl Marx and Soviet National Income Theory", *The American Economic Review*, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Jun., 1961), pp. 325–344.
* Paul Studenski, "Methods of Estimating National Income in Soviet Russia", *Studies in Income and Wealth*, Vol. 8, NBER 1946
* Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Jorge Pérez-López, *A study of Cuba's material product system, its conversion to the system of national accounts, and estimation of gross domestic product per capita and growth rates*. World Bank staff working papers, ISSN 0253-2115 no. 770, 1985, 104 pp.
* UN Department of international economic and social affairs, Statistical office, *Comparisons of the system of national accounts and the system of balances of the national economy* (2 Vols). Studies in methods. Series F / Statistical Office, ISSN 0498-014X ; no. 20. New York: United Nations, 1977-81.
* UN Department of international economic and social affairs, Statistical office, *Basic principles of the System of Balances of the National Economy*. Studies in Methods, Series F, no. 17,ST/STAT/ser. F/2/17. New York: United Nations, 1971.
* UN Department of international economic and social affairs, Statistical office, *Basic methodological principles governing the compilation of the system of statistical balances of the national economy, Vol. 1 and 2*. Studies in Methods, Series F, no. 17, rev. 1, ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/rev.1. New York: United Nations, 1989.
* Robert Wellington Campbell, *Conversion of National Income Data of the U.S.S.R. to Concepts of the System of National Accounts in Dollars and Estimation of Growth Rate* (World Bank Staff Working Paper). Washington: World Bank, December 1985
* *Planned economies. A guide to the data. 1993 edition featuring economies of the former Soviet Union*. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, December 1993.
* Janos Arvay, "The Material Product System (MPS): A Retrospective," *The Accounts of Nations*, edited by Zoltan Kenessey, IOS Press, 1994, pp. 218ff.
* Howard Nicholas, *Marx's theory of price and its modern rivals*. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
* Yoshiko M. Herrera, *National accounts and international norms in Russia and beyond*. Cornell University Press, 2010.
* Tatiana A. Khomenko, "Estimation of Gross Social Product and Net Material Product in the USSR", Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, *Discussion Paper No. 172*, July 2006.


title: Tsintsabis

abstract: Tsintsabis is a settlement of about 4,000 inhabitants in the Oshikoto Region of Namibia. It is situated c. 65 kilometres (40 mi) northeast of Tsumeb and belongs to the Guinas electoral constituency. The settlement features a clinic and a police station. Tsintsabis is not a proclaimed settlement. It is situated on farm land, some of which has been obtained by government to resettle landless people. The area is inhabited predominantly by San people but also by Damara, Ovambo and people from the Kavango Region.

text:
# Tsintsabis

**Tsintsabis** is a settlement of about 4,000 inhabitants in the Oshikoto Region of Namibia. It is situated c. 65 kilometres (40 mi) northeast of Tsumeb and belongs to the Guinas electoral constituency. The settlement features a clinic and a police station. Tsintsabis is not a proclaimed settlement. It is situated on farm land, some of which has been obtained by government to resettle landless people. The area is inhabited predominantly by San people but also by Damara, Ovambo and people from the Kavango Region.

## Development and infrastructure

The place is riddled with poverty and alcohol abuse. Apart from farms surrounding the settlement there are no job opportunities such that many of the residents live on government handouts. Tsintsabis Combined School is the only school in the area. It offers classes up to Grade 10. The school had had bad pass rates in the past.

## InfoBox

| Tsintsabis | |
| --- | --- |
| Informal settlement | |
| TsintsabisLocation in Namibia | |
| Coordinates: 18°46′S 17°58′E / 18.767°S 17.967°E / -18.767; 17.967 | |
| Country | Namibia |
| Region | Oshikoto Region |
| Constituency | Guinas Constituency |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 4,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (South African Standard Time) |


title: Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation

abstract: Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI, pronounced ) is a NASA mission to measure how deforestation has contributed to atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A full-waveform LIDAR was attached to the International Space Station to provide the first global, high-resolution observations of forest vertical structure. This will allow scientists to map habitats and biomass, particularly in the tropics, providing detail on the Earth's carbon cycle. The Principal Investigator is Ralph Dubayah, at the University of Maryland. The Deputy Principal Investigator & Instrument Scientist is J. Bryan Blair at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.

text:
# Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation

**Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation** (**GEDI**, pronounced /ˈɛd/) is a NASA mission to measure how deforestation has contributed to atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A full-waveform LIDAR was attached to the International Space Station to provide the first global, high-resolution observations of forest vertical structure. This will allow scientists to map habitats and biomass, particularly in the tropics, providing detail on the Earth's carbon cycle.

The Principal Investigator is Ralph Dubayah, at the University of Maryland. The Deputy Principal Investigator & Instrument Scientist is J. Bryan Blair at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.

## Overview

GEDI was competitively selected as a NASA Earth Ventures Instrument (EVI) mission in 2014. Cost-capped at $94 M, GEDI is led by the University of Maryland in collaboration with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

Climate change is closely tied to that of the carbon cycle. GEDI produces high resolution laser ranging observations of the 3D structure of the forests of Earth, which will provide answers to how deforestation has contributed to atmospheric CO2 concentrations, how much carbon forests will absorb in the future, and how habitat degradation will affect global biodiversity and the water cycle. This, in turn, is also of value for weather forecasting, forest management, glacier and snowpack monitoring. Overall, GEDI will help to better understand how the Earth behaves as a living system.

GEDI's LIDAR system provides precise geolocated elevation data that drastically improve global Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). Owing to the vast number of data points that GEDI is capable of collecting it will provide a stronger baseline for DEMs and remove more system errors compared to ICESat.

It launched on 5 December 2018 on board a Falcon 9 and it is part of the SpaceX CRS-16 mission. It was mounted on the Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) *Kibo* module for a two-year mission. After three month, GEDI started collecting data for scientific use on March 25, 2019. The mission is being led by Professor Ralph Dubayah of the University of Maryland. Once reaching the end of its two-year mission, GEDI will be removed from the JEM-EF and loaded into another Dragon Capsule trunk for disposal.

## Instrument

The GEDI instrument is a geodetic-class, light detection and ranging (Lidar) laser system consisting of three lasers that produce eight parallel tracks of observations. Each laser fires 242 times per second and illuminates a 25 m spot (a footprint) on the surface over which 3D structure is measured. Each footprint is separated by 60 m along track, with an across-track distance of about 600 m between each of the eight tracks. GEDI is expected to produce about 10 billion cloud-free observations during its nominal 24-month mission length.

Using an 80 cm telescope attached to the bottom of the instrument, GEDI will be able to receive the pulses of light that bounce back from the Earth' surface and collect information on the 3D structure of the area in question. Upon the optical bench, the instrument contains three Beam Dither Units (BDU), three beam expanders, three star trackers, and three HOMER lasers. The three HOMER lasers built and installed on GEDI were built by D. Barry Coyle, Furqan L. Chiragh, and Erich A. Frese.

The GEDI instrumentation is designed to collect data between 51.6° N latitude and 51.6° S latitude. Within this area, GEDI gathers data from approximately four percent of the Earth's surface, including both tropical and temperate forests.

The LIDAR system can only operate effectively over relatively cloud free areas. Dense cloud cover blocks the laser pulses and prevents accurate measurements.

GEDI uses an active across-track pointing system in order to help show area that is not normally covered due to the International Space Station's orbit pattern. These occur because the ISS is not maintained in a repeating orbit and can get stuck in orbital resonances that essentially repeat orbital tracks and result in large coverage gaps.

## InfoBox

Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation lidar (GEDI)
| Operator | NASA |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Goddard Space Flight Center |
| Instrument type | LIDAR |
| Function | 3D structure of forests |
| Mission duration | 2 years |
| Website | science.nasa.gov/missions/gedi/ |
| Host spacecraft | |
| Spacecraft | International Space Station |
| Launch date | 5 December 2018 |
| Rocket | Falcon 9 Block 5 |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral SLC-40 |


title: Progressive tonality

abstract: Progressive tonality is the music compositional practice whereby a piece of music does not finish in the key in which it began, but instead 'progresses' to an ending in a different key or tonality. In this connection 'different key' means a different tonic, rather than merely a change to a different mode: Gustav Mahler's Second Symphony (1888–94), for example, which moves from a C minor start to an E-flat major conclusion, exhibits 'progressive tonality'—whereas Ludwig van Beethoven's Fifth Symphony (1804–08), which begins in C minor and ends in C major, does not. A work which ends in the key in which it began may be described as exhibiting 'concentric tonality'. The terms 'progressive' and 'concentric' were both introduced into musicology by Dika Newlin in her book Bruckner, Mahler, Schoenberg (1947).

text:
# Progressive tonality

**Progressive tonality** is the music compositional practice whereby a piece of music does not finish in the key in which it began, but instead 'progresses' to an ending in a different key or tonality. In this connection 'different key' means a different tonic, rather than merely a change to a different mode (see: Picardy third and List of major/minor compositions): Gustav Mahler's Second Symphony (1888–94), for example, which moves from a C minor start to an E-flat major conclusion, exhibits 'progressive tonality'—whereas Ludwig van Beethoven's Fifth Symphony (1804–08), which begins in C minor and ends in C major, does not. A work which ends in the key in which it began may be described as exhibiting '**concentric tonality'**. The terms 'progressive' and 'concentric' were both introduced into musicology by Dika Newlin in her book *Bruckner, Mahler, Schoenberg* (1947).

## Instrumental and orchestral

In instrumental and orchestral music, *progressive tonality* is a development of the later nineteenth century, but its seeds are already evident in the early part of the century. One of the results of Franz Schubert's creation of the four-movement fantasy (in such works as the *Wanderer Fantasy* and the Fantasy in F minor) was that individual movements no longer ended in the key in which they began but rather in the key of the immediately following movement. Other composers became increasingly fascinated with ending movements in unstable ways.

Fanny Hensel, Robert Schumann, and Frédéric Chopin all employed, at one point or another, the technique of avoiding a full cadence on the tonic in the last measure of a piece to create a sense of ambiguous closure (examples of this are: Hensel's lied 'Verlust,' published by Felix Mendelssohn as Op. 9, No. 10; Schumann's lied 'Im wunderschönen Monat Mai' from *Dichterliebe*, Op. 48, No. 1; Chopin's Mazurka in A minor, Op. 17, No. 4). Chopin explored progressive tonality in his instrumental music as well (see his second ballade, beginning in F major and ending in A minor) and efforts by him and other progressive composers such as Hector Berlioz and Franz Liszt (whose 1855 *Dante Symphony* begins in D minor and ends in B major), had a profound effect on later composers, such as Richard Wagner, whose harmonic developments in *Tristan und Isolde* and *Der Ring des Nibelungen* were altogether different from the use of tonal language by previous composers. Charles-Valentin Alkan also contributed several pieces, such as his *Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'* (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his *Symphony for Solo Piano* (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his *Concerto for Solo Piano* (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major).

Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies of Mahler (nos. 2, 4, 5, 7, and 9) but never at all in the symphonies of his predecessors Brahms or Bruckner. As Mahler's 7th Symphony shows, 'progressive tonality' may occur within an individual movement (the work's first movement 'progresses' from an implied B minor to an explicit E major) as well as across an entire multi-movement design (the symphony ends with a C major finale).

## Vocals

Vocal music, with its explicit and verbally defined narrative and programmatic allegiances, perhaps featured the initial exploration of 'progressive tonality.' While J.S. Bach in his instrumental and orchestral suites would often place every movement in the same key (see, for example, the solo cello Suites, BWV 1007-1012 or the equally homotonal A minor solo flute partita BWV 1013), in a work like his *St Matthew Passion* he felt able to 'progress' from an E minor start to an ending in C minor, and his Mass in B minor actually ends in D major. Nor, after the establishment of opera, did composers feel compelled to end even individual operatic acts and scenes in the starting key. Single operatic 'numbers' which (usually for some discernible dramatic and expressive purpose) fail to return to their original tonics can also be found—while in the quartets, symphonies and sonatas of the time such a practise was exceedingly uncommon.

As in his symphonies, Mahler took the idea of 'progressive tonality' in the song cycle to an extreme of refinement: each of his four *Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen* ends in a key other than its original tonic. The four songs 'progress' as follows: (1) D minor to G minor; (2) D major to F-sharp major; (3) D minor to E-flat minor; (4) E minor to F minor.

## Schenker

For musical analysts of a Schenkerian orientation, progressive tonality presents a challenge. Heinrich Schenker's concept of the 'background' Ursatz (fundamental structure), rooted as it is in a metaphysically elaborated appreciation of the acoustic resonance of a single tone, inclines towards a severely monotonal approach to musical structure: either the opening or the closing key of a progressive tonal structure will frequently not be considered to be a true tonic.

By contrast, Graham George developed a theory of 'interlocking tonal structures', in which two tonal 'axes' could coexist, with the second emerging after the first was established, and persisting after it was abandoned. Later generations of Schenkerians, following Harald Krebs have begun to identify "background conglomerates" in works that permanently change tonics: in this approach, two fundamental structures (Ursätze) are held to be present in the background of such works, one of them being the so-called elided fundamental structure (Ursatz).

## Keller and others

In British post-World War II musicology, 'progressive tonality' was sometimes contrasted with 'regressive tonality' (e.g. in the analytic and critical writings of Hans Keller). The distinction was not one of chronological or stylistic 'advancedness', but rather a means of distinguishing between tonal motions that could either be reckoned as 'up' or 'down' around a circle of fifths construed as intersecting with the original tonic. By this measure, Mahler's 4th Symphony would exhibit 'progressive tonality' (it begins in G and ends in E, three fifths 'higher')—while the same composer's 5th Symphony would display 'regressive tonality' (it begins in C and ends in D, five fifths 'lower').

The same period showed a quickening of interest in 'progressive tonality' as displayed in the music of Carl Nielsen, in which it plays a particularly significant role. In Nielsen's Fourth Symphony, for example, the initial tonal focus of D minor (clashing with C) issues at the end of the work in a firm E major. In the two-movement Fifth Symphony, more radical in this regard, the first movement begins in F and rises by fifths to a conclusion in G, while the second begins on B, with an opposing pull to F, and while tending towards A major works round instead, by a similar tritone opposition, to a triumphant close in E flat. The tonal workings of these symphonies were analysed with particular clarity by the British composer and writer Robert Simpson in his book *Carl Nielsen, Symphonist* (first edition 1952), which gave the whole conception of 'progressive tonality' something like popular currency in the English-speaking world; and similar principles, partly derived from Nielsen, infuse the tonal workings of Simpson's own early symphonies and quartets.

A significant earlier example of the use of 'progressive tonality' by a British composer is the First Symphony (*The Gothic*) by Havergal Brian. This huge six-movement, two-part work begins with a sonata movement in D minor whose second-subject area is initially D-flat, becoming C-sharp; this moves to E in the matching portion of the recapitulation. This is a harbinger of E's later importance. Part I of the symphony closes in D major (end of movement 3), and Part II begins there, but during movement 4 the tonality shifts to E major, which for the remainder of Part II is opposed by its relative minor C-sharp until the unequivocal E major of the final *a cappella* bars.

One notable comment about this subject was made by the American 20th-century composer Charles Ives. Looking back at the conservative musical establishment who would often insist a musical piece had to eventually return to its original key, Ives drew an analogy and stated to the effect that this made as much sense as being born and dying in the same place.

"Dramatic key symbolism" is another term used to indicate directional tonality.

## Examples of compositions exhibiting progressive tonality

## Bibliography

* George, Graham (1970). *Tonality and Musical Structure*. London.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* MacDonald, Malcolm (1974). *The Symphonies of Havergal Brian Volume I: Symphonies 1-12*. London.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Newlin, Dika (1978). *Bruckner, Mahler, Schoenberg* (rev. ed.). New York.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Simpson, Robert (1979) \[1952\]. *Carl Nielsen, Symphonist* (rev. ed.). London.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


title: Robert Caesar

abstract: Robert Caesar was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1625 and 1626. Caesar was the son of Sir Julius Caesar, privy councillor of James I and Charles I. He attended Eton from 1609 to 1615. He matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford on 26 January 1616, aged 13 and was awarded BA on 15 October 1618. He was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1622. In 1625, he was elected Member of Parliament for Bodmin. He was elected MP for Ilchester in 1626. From 1628 to 1636 he was a Clerk of the Petty Bag and from 1636 to 1637 one of the Six Clerks in the Court of Chancery. On 7 December 1630 in Rolls Chapel he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Manning, a merchant of London. Caesar died at the age of 35.

text:
# Robert Caesar

**Robert Caesar** (9 October 1602 – 27 October 1637) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1625 and 1626.

Caesar was the son of Sir Julius Caesar, privy councillor of James I and Charles I. He attended Eton from 1609 to 1615. He matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford on 26 January 1616, aged 13 and was awarded BA on 15 October 1618. He was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1622.

In 1625, he was elected Member of Parliament for Bodmin. He was elected MP for Ilchester in 1626. From 1628 to 1636 he was a Clerk of the Petty Bag and from 1636 to 1637 one of the Six Clerks in the Court of Chancery .

On 7 December 1630 in Rolls Chapel he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Manning, a merchant of London.

Caesar died at the age of 35.


title: Robert Cabaj

abstract: Robert Piotr Cabaj was an American psychiatrist, scholar and author, known for his extensive publications on LGBT mental health, including editing one of the early and influential textbooks in the field. He served as president of the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists (AGLP) and of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association.

text:
# Robert Cabaj

**Robert Piotr Cabaj** (28 November 1948 – 24 February 2020) was an American psychiatrist, scholar and author, known for his extensive publications on LGBT mental health, including editing one of the early and influential textbooks in the field. He served as president of the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists (AGLP) and of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association.

## Early life

Cabaj grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He attended the University of Notre Dame receiving his B.S. in 1970 and then matriculated at Harvard Medical School. He moved to San Francisco in 1991 and lived and worked in the Bay Area for the next three decades. During the 1980s and 1990s, he worked, taught, and wrote on topics of mental health in LGBT people and in mental health in relation to HIV/AIDS.

## Career

Cabaj was very active in medical and psychiatric professional societies, including the American Psychiatric Association, the California Psychiatric Association, the Northern California Psychiatric Society, and the American Medical Association. He was president of the American Association of Physicians for Human Rights when it changed its name in 1994 to the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association to more openly reflect its membership and mission of advocating for LGBT physicians. He was quoted in the Los Angeles Times:

> "Our name has kept us hidden for the last 12 years or so", Cabaj says. "People in the know knew who we were. But I think we've learned that to fight the impact of homophobia on health care ... It should, hopefully, instill a new sense of pride in the members."

In 1996, he and colleague Terry Stein published one of the first evidence-based textbooks on LGBT mental health. He continued to write and speak on these topics and to be active in LGBT health and mental health organizations. He was frequently quoted on topics of LGBT mental health by outlets ranging from the *New York Times* to JAMA. He was an advisor on sex and gender considerations in DSM-IV.

In addition to his advocacy for LGBT patients and physicians, he strongly advocated for public psychiatry programs. He served for several years as the Director of the San Francisco Department of Mental Health. At the time of his death, he was chair of psychiatry and medical director for San Mateo County Behavioral Health and Recovery Services, in San Mateo, California, as well as associate clinical professor of psychiatry at University of California, San Francisco.Cabaj died in February 2020 at the age of 72.

## Notable publications

* Cabaj Robert P. (1988) "Homosexuality and neurosis: considerations for psychotherapy." Journal of Homosexuality, 15(1-2):13-23.
* Cabaj Robert P. (1989) AIDS and chemical dependency: special issues and treatment barriers for gay and bisexual men. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; 21:387-393.
* Cabaj, Robert P., and Terry S. Stein, eds. *Textbook of homosexuality and mental health*. American Psychiatric Association, 1996.
* Cabaj, Robert P., and David W. Purcell, eds. (1998) *On the road to same-sex marriage: a supportive guide to psychological, political, and legal issues.* San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.


title: LAI Games

abstract: LAI Games is an arcade game and consumer video game developer owned and operated by Helix Leisure Pte Ltd. LAI Games is recognised as an early pioneer of the family entertainment centre (FEC) concept for its founding of one of the first FECs, Timezone, in 1978. LAI Games operates worldwide and is headquartered in Dallas, Texas.

text:
# LAI Games

**LAI Games** (an abbreviation of **Leisure and Allied Industries**) is an arcade game and consumer video game developer owned and operated by Helix Leisure Pte Ltd. LAI Games is recognised as an early pioneer of the family entertainment centre (FEC) concept for its founding of one of the first FECs, Timezone, in 1978.

LAI Games operates worldwide and is headquartered in Dallas, Texas.

## History

LAI Games was founded in Perth, Australia in 1958 by Malcolm Steinberg as Leisure and Allied Industries. Today, it operates under its abbreviated name 'LAI Games'.

## Consumer video games

During the COVID-19 pandemic, LAI Games started developing consumer video games.

The first consumer product launched was Arcade Online in late 2020, an online browser game in which users are able to play real arcade games remotely. This was followed in early 2021 by the announcement of Arcade Legend, a consumer virtual reality game where players can build and operate their own virtual arcade venue with interactable replicas of real-world arcade games, planned for release in 2022.

## Notable arcade games

* Stacker
* Speed of Light
* Let's Bounce
* Color Match
* Angry Birds Coin Crash
* Pearl Fishery

## Awards

LAI Games has won seven AMOA Innovator Awards for its arcade games, including Let's Bounce and HYPERshoot in 2017, Virtual Rabbids VR in 2018, HYPERpitch in 2020 and Angry Birds Coin Crash in 2021.

1. "LAI Games: Timezone | Bus Ex". *www.bus-ex.com*. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
2. "About LAI (Leisure & Allied Industries)". *laigames.com*. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
3. Baker, Harry (2021-11-04). "Manage A Classic Games Arcade With Arcade Legend For Quest, PC VR In 2022". Retrieved 2022-09-05.
4. "Lets Bounce And Hypershoot Are 2017s Standouts". *www.vendingtimes.com*. 2017-05-18. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
5. "LAI Games brings award-winning VR game Virtual Rabbids: The Big Ride to EAS". *Blooloop*. 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
6. "LAI Games Hyperpitch wins AMOA Innovator Award". *InterGame: iGaming, Casino & Coin-Op News*. 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
7. "LAI Games win 7th AMOA innovator award". *www.vendingtimes.com*. 2021-07-08. Retrieved 2022-04-11.

## InfoBox

LAI Games
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Out-of-home entertainment |
| Founded | 23 Jan. 1958 (23 Jan. 1958)<br>Perth, Western Australia |
| Founder | Malcolm Steinberg |
| Headquarters | Dallas, Texas, United States |
| Number of employees | ~100 |
| Parent | Helix Leisure Pte Ltd |
| Website | laigames.com |


title: Robert James Bell

abstract: Dr Rob is the host of the Australian children's television programme Scope where Dr Rob breaks down the science of subjects relevant to school-aged children. Dr Rob is employed at CSIRO as a science education officer.

text:
# Robert James Bell

**Dr Rob** (**Robert James Bell**, born 10 April 1975 ) is the host of the Australian children's television programme *Scope* where Dr Rob breaks down the science of subjects relevant to school-aged children. Dr Rob is employed at CSIRO as a science education officer.

## Education

Dr Rob studied science at the University of Queensland, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in 1994, and going on to a complete an honours year in 1995, writing a thesis on superconductors. In 1996, he went directly into his PhD in the field of Material Chemistry, which he graduated in 2000. His PhD thesis was entitled "Investigation and characterisation of co-precipitation syntheses for the production of La1-xSrxMnO3" in the field of "Solid oxide fuel cells using Perovskite and ceramic powders".

After 12 months traveling and work in Europe, he returned to Australia and commenced work at the Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in the education children's division, where he visited schools & juvenile detention centres presenting scientific experiments & explanations for the audience.

## Major interests

Dr Rob is keen soccer player, playing during his study years for the UQ Soccer Club. He continued to play after his graduation and went on to become the joint treasurer in 2001, and was sole treasurer from 2002 till 2007. In 2007, he was awarded the UQ Soccer Club service award for being the best keeper for the club, creation of the club alumni and the years served as club treasurer.

Dr Rob 's enjoyment of chocolate was made evident while studying at the University of Queensland. He joined the Chocolate appreciation society and was eventually made president. This included hosting a chocolate tasting each semester. The society at the time had a membership of 700.

## Work

In 2001, Bell commenced work at the CSIRO Science Education Centre (CSIROSEC) in Brisbane as science education officer, where he was initially involved with the schools programme for Southern Queensland and Science on Saturdays.

A side task to his employment was appearances on the television programme *Totally Wild* and later became the host of a new programme called *Scope*.

In 2005, Bell gave the keynote address at the District conference of Coopers Plains Learning Community, where he presented the topic "Making Links with the Wider Community".

### *Totally Wild*

Bell appeared on *Totally Wild* on Tuesdays in the scientific segment. Over the two years that he spent doing this segment, he developed his character of "Dr Rob".

### *Scope*

Network Ten in conjunction with CSIRO developed a programme called *Scope*, initially airing on Mondays at 4pm. New episodes now airs at 8am Thursdays and repeat episodes air at 9am Saturdays on Eleven.

Dr Rob has been described as a "mad scientist", as well as being "zany" and "mad capped". This is most likely to the very animated style of his TV personality.

Dr Rob's appearances on *Scope* are nearly always in his signature white lab coat, even scuba diving in it one episode about marine life. This can also be seen in any publicity photograph of himself or *Scope*, as he was even wearing it when receiving the Japan prize in Tokyo.

He eventually passed on the reins to Lee Constable who hosted the show from 20 August 2016 forward.

#### Awards

In 2006, *Scope* was nominated for "Most Outstanding Children's Program" in the 2006 TV Week Logie awards. *Scope* won the 2008 Japan Prize, an award for outstanding educational children's television, 2008 for best television series. Dr Rob flew to Tokyo to collect the prize on 28 October 2008.

## Other appearances

In February 2008, Dr Rob flew to New York City to appear on the *Rachael Ray Show*, where he used a food theme to demonstrate some scientific principles, using ingredients such as corn starch and hydrogen peroxide. The episode went to air on 16 Feb 2009 and can be viewed on the "Rachel Ray Show" website.

He made a second appearance on 3 July 2009 performing some spectacular experiments for 4 July. This also can be viewed on the "Rachel Ray Show" website.

Dr Rob also appeared as a member of the Brains Trust on episode 13 of *The Einstein Factor*, on ABC Television in Australia, which went to air on 3 May 2009.

Most recently, Dr Rob hosted the Big Bloody Experiment in 2023's National Science Week, a campaign aimed at educating children about blood with fun experiments and workshops. This was sponsored by Lifeblood.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Robert Bell | |
| --- | --- |
| In the Scope Lab Studio | |
| Born | (1975-04-10) 10 April 1975<br>Melbourne, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Other names | Dr Rob |
| Education | PhD - Material Chemistry and Bachelor of Science (Honours) |
| Occupation | Education Officer |
| Employer | CSIRO |
| Known for | Host of Network TEN programme, Scope |


title: Robert James Blair Cunynghame

abstract: Robert James Blair Cunynghame of Cronan, FRCSEd, FRSE JP was a prominent Scottish surgeon, physiologist and early forensic scientist in the late 19th century. He served as President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh from 1891 to 1893. He is said to have had a calm, beautiful face and his opinion was used as a benchmark to medical thought.

text:
# Robert James Blair Cunynghame

**Robert James Blair Cunynghame** of Cronan, FRCSEd, FRSE JP (13 January 1841 – 23 December 1903) was a prominent Scottish surgeon, physiologist and early forensic scientist in the late 19th century. He served as President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh from 1891 to 1893. He is said to have had a calm, beautiful face and his opinion was used as a benchmark to medical thought.

## Early life and education

He was born in Leith on 13 January 1841 the son of Jane Hinchcliff Addy Clark and George Cunynghame (born 1809). His father worked in the Leith shipbuilding company of Strachan, Gasvin and Cunynghame.

He studied at the University of Edinburgh, graduating MD in 1862, and is said to have been a favourite of Prof William Tennant Gairdner. He won the university Gold Medal for Forensic Medicine. He served for a while as Resident Physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary then did further studies in Paris, Berlin, Vienna and London. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1866.

## Surgical career

He enlisted in the British Army as a Surgeon serving with the Rifle Brigade in India. He retained a military connection in Britain, serving with the Queen’s Edinburgh Volunteer Brigade.

On the death of his brother in Edinburgh he resigned his commission and returned to look after family affairs. His roles were clearly well-chosen, serving as main Physician to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, and with administrative roles for both Longmore Hospital for Incurables and the Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute (which trained District Nurses). He was also Superintendent of Statistics for the General Registrar of Scotland, 1879–1901, replacing Dr William Robertson FRSE. He was made President of the Royal Medical Society in 1862 and President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1891. He was Justice of the Peace for Perthshire, where he held his country estate of Cronan.

In 1868 he was elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh. In 1871 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being fellow forensic scientist, Prof William Rutherford Sanders. In 1879 he was elected a member of the Aesculapian Club. At this time he was living at 6 Walker Street in Edinburgh’s West End.

## Later life and death

He had been in ill-health for some time and the death of his daughter early in December 1903 worsened his condition and he died at home, 18 Rothesay Place in Edinburgh’s West End, on Wednesday 23 December 1903. He is buried with his wife Joanna in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. The grave lies on the southern path of the Victorian north extension, close to the link to the original cemetery. Their grandson Sir James Blair-Cunynghame (1913-1990) lies with them.

## Family

He was married to Joanna (1851–1893). They had two sons, Edwin Blair Cunynghame (1873–1955) and Ronald Ogilvy Blair Cunynghame who was killed in the First World War.


title: Robert Kolb

abstract: Robert Kolb is professor emeritus of Systematic Theology at Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, and a world-renowned authority on Martin Luther and the history of the Reformation.

text:
# Robert Kolb

**Robert Kolb** is professor emeritus of Systematic Theology at Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, and a world-renowned authority on Martin Luther and the history of the Reformation.

## Biography and education

Robert Kolb was born on June 17, 1941, in Fort Dodge, Iowa. He married Pauline J. Ansorge on August 14, 1965.

He attended Concordia Senior College, Fort Wayne, Indiana, from which he earned the B.A. in 1963. He graduated from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri with a Master of Divinity in 1967 and a Master of Sacred Theology in 1968. He attended the University of Wisconsin—Madison from which he obtained an M.A. in 1969 and a Ph.D. in 1973, studying under the prominent Reformation scholar Robert M. Kingdon.

## Scholarship

Kolb served as director of the Center for Reformation Research at Concordia Seminary from 1973 to 1977. He then taught at Concordia College in St. Paul, Minnesota, in various roles from 1977 to 1993, including serving as acting president from 1989 to 1990. From there he joined Concordia Seminary as missions professor of Systematic Theology, a position he held until his retirement in 2009. While at Concordia Seminary, he also served as director of the Institute for Mission Studies. From 1994 to 2010, he spent three months each year teaching at educational institutes in other parts of the world.

Kolb has served as associate editor and coeditor of *The Sixteenth Century Journal* and as co-editor of *Lutheran Mission Matters*. He has served as president of two academic societies: the Sixteenth Century Studies Conference (1981-1982) and the Society for Reformation Research (1994-1996). He has been a member of the Continuation Committee of the International Congress for Luther Research since 1993, and is a member of the Society for Reformation Research.

Robert Kolb is internationally recognized as one of "the most respected scholars of the Reformation" and "one of the best historians of Luther at work today". His work has garnered multiple accolades and awards, including honorary doctorates from Valparaiso University in 2000; Concordia University in Irvine, California, in 2005; Concordia University in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 2008; and Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia, in 2017. In 2013, he was awarded the Hermann Sasse Prize for theological literature by the Lutherische Theologische Hochschule in Oberursel, Germany—the first American to ever receive the award.

A *Festschrift* in Kolb's honor was published in 2018, entitled *From Wittenberg to the World: Essays on the Reformation and its Legacy in Honor of Robert Kolb*. In addition to his historical research on the Reformation, the *Festschrift* highlights several of Kolb's particular contributions to the study of theology, including the recovery of Luther's distinction of the Two Kinds of Righteousness, his emphasis on the Word of God's conversational and performative aspects, and the significance of the created world in all aspects of Christian theology.

Notable among Kolb's numerous publications is the 2000 edition of The Book of Concord, which he edited along with Timothy J. Wengert. Its publication was hailed "a historic moment" by some, although others questioned the edition's use of the September 1531 octave edition of the Augsburg Confession rather than the earlier quarto edition, which has been used in all other editions of the Book of Concord.

## Works

### Author

* *Andreae and the Formula of Concord: Six Sermons on the Way to Lutheran Unity*. Concordia Publishing House, 1977.
* *Nikolaus von Amsdorf (1483 - 1565): Popular Polemics in the Preservation of Luther's Legacy*. Brill, 1978 (Revised edition:*Nikolaus von Amsdorf: Champion of Martin Luther's Reformation*. Concordia Publishing House, 2019.)
* *For All the Saints: Changing Perceptions of Martyrdom and Sainthood in the Lutheran Reformation*. Mercer University Press, 1987.
* *Confessing the Faith: Reformers Define the Church, 1530-1580*. Concordia Publishing House, 1991.
* *The Christian Faith: A Lutheran Exposition*. Concordia Publishing House, 1993.
* *Speaking the Gospel Today: A Theology for Evangelism*. Concordia Publishing House, 1995.
* *Martin Luther as Prophet, Teacher, and Hero: Images of the Reformer, 1520-1620*. Baker Academic, 1999.
* (With Charles P. Arand) *The Genius of Luther's Theology: A Wittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church*. Baker Academic, 2008
* *Martin Luther: Confessor of the Faith*. Oxford University Press, 2009.
* *Die Konkordienformel. Eine Einführung in ihre Geschichte und Theologie*. Oberurseler Hefte Ergänzungsband 8; Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht, 2011.
* *Luther and the Stories of God: Biblical Narratives as a Foundation for Christian Living*. Baker Academic, 2012.
* *Martin Luther and the Enduring Word of God*. Baker Academic, 2016.
* (With Carl Trueman |Carl R. Trueman\]) *Between Wittenberg and Geneva: Lutheran and Reformed Theology in Conversation*. Baker Academic, 2017.
* *Bound Choice, Election, and Wittenberg Theological Method: From Martin Luther to the Formula of Concord*. Fortress Press, 2017.
* *Luther's Wittenberg World: The Reformer's Family, Friends, Followers, and Foes*. Fortress Press, 2018.
* *Martin Luther as He Lived and Breathed*. Cascade Books, 2018.
* *Luther's Treatise on Christian Freedom and its Legacy*. Fortress Press, 2019.

### Editor

* (With Timothy J. Wengert) *The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church*. Augsburg Fortress, 2000.
* (with James A. Nestingen) *Sources and Contests of The Book of Concord*. Augsburg Fortress, 2001.
* (With Irene Dingel, Nicole Kuropka, and Timothy J. Wengert) *Philip Melanchthon: Theologian in Classroom, Confession, and Controversy*. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012.
* (With Irene Dingel and L'ubomir Batka) *The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology*. Oxford University Press, 2014.


title: Robert L. Myers (politician)

abstract: Robert L. Myers III was a former member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, serving from 1974 to 1976.

text:
# Robert L. Myers (politician)

**Robert L. Myers III** (May 15, 1928 – February 5, 1993) was a former member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, serving from 1974 to 1976.

## InfoBox

| Robert L. Myers III | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania Senate
from the 31st district | |
| **In office**
June 11, 1974  November 30, 1976 | |
| Preceded by | George Wade |
| Succeeded by | John Hopper |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1928-05-15)May 15, 1928
Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | February 5, 1993(1993-02-05) (aged 64)
Cumberland, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
|  | |


title: Robert L. Myers (coach)

abstract: Robert Lee "Chief" Myers was an American football coach and athletic director foundational in the success of the Centre Praying Colonels football programs of Centre College in the period from 1917 to 1925. This era included the 1921 Centre vs. Harvard football game, one of the sport's greatest upsets.

text:
# Robert L. Myers (coach)

**Robert Lee "Chief" Myers** (September 1, 1887 – May 5, 1953) was an American football coach and athletic director foundational in the success of the Centre Praying Colonels football programs of Centre College in the period from 1917 to 1925. This era included the 1921 Centre vs. Harvard football game, one of the sport's greatest upsets.

## Early years

Myers was born in Atchison, Kansas. He graduated from Centre College, class of 1907. He then found himself in Chicago watching clinics performed by Amos Alonzo Stagg.

## Coaching career

### High school

Myers coached at North Side High School in Fort Worth, Texas c. 1916. He had implemented a system of play akin to Pop Warner's. His team there included future Centre stars Bo McMillin and Red Weaver, who, after needing more credits, were recruited by boosters to Somerset High School in Kentucky, where they joined up with Kentucky native Red Roberts. Also at North Side were Sully Montgomery, Matty Bell, Bill James, and Bob Mathias. Myers brought all of these to his alma mater Centre College in Danville, Kentucky.

### Centre

As one writer explains, Centre's success in football from 1917 to 1924 "came about because one man dreamed it, and put his feet to the ground with a plan, and then realized his dream to make Centre the No. 1 football team in America. That person was Robert Livingston "Chief" Myers, who had been a 98-pound weakling when he played football. He was a scrub and they made him the water boy. But he had a love for football, a passion for football, so even though he didn't make varsity, that didn't stop him from wanting to coach Centre, and didn't stop him from trying to put together the best team possible."

#### 1917

The first two games were coached by Myers, and the rest by Charley Moran. According to Centre publications, "Myers realized he was dealing with a group of exceptional athletes, who were far beyond his ability to coach. He needed someone who could \[do\] the team justice, and found that person in Charles Moran."

#### 1921

Myers was then athletic director of Centre from 1920 to 1922. Centre's undefeated season in 1919 drew attention and a challenge from Harvard. Centre lost to Harvard in 1920, but in 1921 it defeated the Crimson 6 to 0 in what is widely considered one of the greatest upsets in college football history. McMillin got the score with Roberts providing the blocking. Following the game, students from MIT who came to cheer against Harvard carried McMillin off the field and tore down the goalposts.

#### 1924

Myers led the Colonels to their last Southern championship in 1924. The team defeated both Georgia and SoCon champion Alabama.

## Later years and death

Myers left Centre in 1925 and worked with his father in the White & Myers Chautauqua and subsequently with Interstate Lyceum Bureau of Chicago. In 1932, he was hired as director of admissions and publicity at the Kentucky Military Institute in Lyndon, Kentucky. Myers returned in 1944 to Centre, serving as director of publicity until 1950 when he took the same position at Trinity University in San Antonio. He left Trinity in 1953 and moved to Algonquin, Illinois to live with his son. Myers died on May 5, 1953, in Algonquin.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Centre** *(Independent)* (1917) | | | | | | | | |
| 1917 | Centre | 1–1 |  |  |  |
| **Centre Praying Colonels** *(Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association)* (1924) | | | | | | | | |
| 1924 | Centre | 5–1–1 | 1–0 | T–1st |  |
| 1925 | Centre | 3–6 | 1–1 | 11th |  |
| **Centre:** | | 9–8–1 | 2–1 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 9–8–1 |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Robert L. Myers
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1887-09-01)September 1, 1887
Atchison, Kansas, U.S. |
| Died | May 5, 1953(1953-05-05) (aged 65)
Algonquin, Illinois, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1907 | Centre |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1916 | North Side HS (TX) |
| 1917 | Centre |
| 1918 | Centre (assistant) |
| 1924–1925 | Centre |
|  | |
| Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
| 1917–1925 | Centre |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 9–8–1 (college) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| 1 SIAA (1924) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Robert L. Genillard

abstract: Robert L. Genillard was a Swiss businessman. His activities spanned both the fields of finance and industry. After graduate studies in economics and finance, he started a financial career in New York City. In 1954, he joined White Weld & Co., one of the oldest and leading American investment banking firms, acquired by Merrill Lynch in 1977. He became a general partner of White, Weld & Co. in 1958 and a member of its management committee in 1964. He moved to Europe to establish in the early 1960s, as chairman and chief executive, the firm of Credit Suisse White Weld which was to become Credit Suisse First Boston. Genillard was born in Lausanne in 1929. He is regarded as one of the main architects and developers of the Eurocapital market (Eurobond) in which the firm he led played a dominant role. His professional writings and accomplishments have been widely published. He forecast that the Eurobond market would become the supranational capital market. This was again demonstrated in 2016 when an international syndicate of banks floated a $42 billion issue of bonds for Anheuser-Bush InBev. A private company, for which they received $112 billion in subscriptions. No single capital market could have competed. During the last twenty years, Genillard has also been quite active in industry, notably with ties to the Thyssen-Bornemisza Group, an industrial employing some 20,000 people worldwide at the time, having led the parent company, TBG Holdings N.V. as its chief executive from 1977 to 1983, and having served as deputy chairman of its supervisory board between 1971 and 1994. Since 1983, his principal activity has been as an independent corporate director and investor. He has served as a director or advisor on the boards of various companies of international significance, among which Alusuisse (vice-chairman), American Express Company, Cabot Corporation International Board, Clariden Bank, Compagnie des Machines Bull, Credit Suisse Group (vice-chairman), Credit Suisse[2] (vice-chairman), Credit Suisse First Boston (vice-chairman), Corning Inc., Honeywell International, Novartis, and Société des bains de mer de Monaco (SBM). Geinllard died on 18 September 2016 at the age of 87.

text:
# Robert L. Genillard

**Robert L. Genillard** (15 June 1929 – 18 September 2016) was a Swiss businessman. His activities spanned both the fields of finance and industry. After graduate studies in economics and finance, he started a financial career in New York City. In 1954, he joined White Weld & Co., one of the oldest and leading American investment banking firms, acquired by Merrill Lynch in 1977. He became a general partner of White, Weld & Co. in 1958 and a member of its management committee in 1964. He moved to Europe to establish in the early 1960s, as chairman and chief executive, the firm of Credit Suisse White Weld which was to become Credit Suisse First Boston.

Genillard was born in Lausanne in 1929. He is regarded as one of the main architects and developers of the Eurocapital market (Eurobond) in which the firm he led played a dominant role. His professional writings and accomplishments have been widely published.

He forecast that the Eurobond market would become the supranational capital market. This was again demonstrated in 2016 when an international syndicate of banks floated a $42 billion issue of bonds for Anheuser-Bush InBev. A private company, for which they received $112 billion in subscriptions. No single capital market could have competed.

During the last twenty years, Genillard has also been quite active in industry, notably with ties to the Thyssen-Bornemisza Group, an industrial employing some 20,000 people worldwide at the time, having led the parent company, TBG Holdings N.V. as its chief executive from 1977 to 1983, and having served as deputy chairman of its supervisory board between 1971 and 1994.

Since 1983, his principal activity has been as an independent corporate director and investor. He has served as a director or advisor on the boards of various companies of international significance, among which Alusuisse (vice-chairman), American Express Company, Cabot Corporation International Board, Clariden Bank (later Clariden Leu) (founder-chairman – honorary chairman), Compagnie des Machines Bull, Credit Suisse Group (vice-chairman), Credit Suisse\[2\] (vice-chairman), Credit Suisse First Boston (vice-chairman), Corning Inc. (now director emeritus), Honeywell International, Novartis, and Société des bains de mer de Monaco (SBM).

Geinllard died on 18 September 2016 at the age of 87.

* Who's Who in the World. Eleventh Edition 1993/1994
* Fortune, December 1967, Our first Real International Bankers.
* Business Week, April 4, 1970: Where the money talk is multilingual.
* Euromoney International Monetary Fund issue 1971, The future of the International Capital Market.
* *Opera Mundi Europe*, 21 November 1967, Vers un marché européen des capitaux.
* World Economic Forum, Davos, February 7, 1977: Financial Strategies and Competitiveness.
* Euromoney June 1999 by David Shereff: Heroes and Villains.
* Agefi, 16 October 1997: Classement des plus importants administrateurs de Suisse.
* American Petroleum Institute, Annual Financial Conference 1976: A European view of international financial and political trends.
* Stanford Research Institute, SRI International: International Industrial Conference, September 22, 1981: External influences and strategic management.
* Centre d’Etudes Monétaires, Genève, 13 novembre 1975: L’ Adaptation des instruments du marché international des capitaux aux nouvelles réalités économiques.
* The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, May 18, 1967: The European Capital Market: Unification or Internationalization.
* Federal Trust for Education and Research, London. November 23, 1966: The working of the Eurobond market.
* Chambre Nationale des Conseillers Financiers, Paris.22 mai 1967: Le marché des Euro-obligations.
* David Kynaston, The City of London IV-A club no more 1945-2000. London 2002. Pimlico
* Stanislas Yassukovich. Two Lives. Finance in our times. 2016. Austin Macaully Publishers


title: Robert L. Genin

abstract: Robert Lawrence Genin was a Democratic member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing Hancock County from 1912 to 1920 and from 1926 to 1928.

text:
# Robert L. Genin

**Robert Lawrence Genin** (July 12, 1886 – April 6, 1961) was a Democratic member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing Hancock County from 1912 to 1920 and from 1926 to 1928.

## Early life

Robert Lawrence Genin was born on July 12, 1886, in New Orleans, Louisiana. His father, John Genin, was born in Paris, France. His mother, Delphine (Murr) Genin, was also of French descent. He attended the public schools of New Orleans, and later, Bay St. Louis. He was a manager of the Cumberland Telephone and Telegraph Company at Bay St. Louis from 1905 to 1909. He took a law course at the University of Mississippi and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree on June 2, 1909. He began practicing law at Bay St. Louis the same year.

## Political career

Genin was a city councilman of Bay St. Louis from March 1910 to January 1912. In November 1911, he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing Hancock County as a Democrat for the 1912–1916 term. During this term, he introduced a bill to protect Mississippi's coastline and a bill to connect Mississippi to New Orleans by dredging the Pearl River. He was re-elected without opposition for the 1916–1920 term. Although he was not re-elected in 1919, after the resignation of Curtis Longino Waller from the House in 1925, Genin was elected to fill in his position for the session of 1926.

## Later life

At the time of his death, Genin was a member of the Hancock County Board of Election Commissioners. He died on April 6, 1961, in Bay St. Louis. He was survived by two sons and two daughters.

1. Rowland, Dunbar (1917). *The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi*. Department of Archives and History. p. 860.
2. Rowland, Dunbar (1912). *The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi*. Department of Archives and History. pp. 419–420.
3. *Mississippi Official and Statistical Register*. 1924. pp. 212–213.
4. "Obituary for Robert L. Genin". *Clarion-Ledger*. 1961-04-07. p. 15. Retrieved 2021-04-12.

## InfoBox

| Robert L. Genin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Mississippi House of Representatives
from the Hancock County district | |
| **In office**
January 1926  January 1928 | |
| Preceded by | Curtis Longino Waller |
| **In office**
January 1912  January 1920 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1886-07-12)July 12, 1886
New Orleans, LA |
| Died | April 6, 1961(1961-04-06) (aged 74)
Bay St. Louis, MS |
| Political party | Democrat |
|  | |


title: Robert L. Birch

abstract: Robert Louis Birch was an American librarian known for creating National Trivia Day and other lesser-known holidays such as Swap Ideas Day and Lumpy Rug Day. National Trivia Day is celebrated in the United States and Canada and is seen as a way for organizations to share interesting facts about their subject areas. The holiday was first celebrated in 1980. Birch founded the Puns Corp, intended to help people have fun with words. Birch was born in Mobile, Alabama, 1925 and grew up in Cuba. He got a degree from the University of Miami, Florida, with a double major in literature and philosophy and earned a master's degree in library science from the Catholic University of America in 1958. He served in the military during the Korean War. Birch worked for the Patent Office Scientific Library and at the National Agricultural Library, each for ten years. He worked on a research project with the Science Index Group determining a way to make writing or speeches maximally intelligible. This work was centered around translations of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. He did other library research into wording styles of material titles to determine what would make them most efficiently retrieved. He also published papers about Lincoln's speech style that suggested Lincoln was making use of similar wording and memory techniques. Birch was the president of the Lincoln Group of the District of Columbia. Birch co-authored the book Memory Dynamics: A complete Memory System with Judge William Fauver which outlined how people could use "coded memory pictures" to recall information. He did presentations about these memory systems to professional librarian associations. Birch lived in Falls Church, Virginia. He and his wife Grace had eight children.

text:
# Robert L. Birch

**Robert Louis Birch** (August 9, 1925  July 26, 2005) was an American librarian known for creating National Trivia Day and other lesser-known holidays such as Swap Ideas Day and Lumpy Rug Day. National Trivia Day is celebrated in the United States and Canada and is seen as a way for organizations to share interesting facts about their subject areas. The holiday was first celebrated in 1980. Birch founded the Puns Corp, intended to help people have fun with words.

Birch was born in Mobile, Alabama, 1925 and grew up in Cuba. He got a degree from the University of Miami, Florida, with a double major in literature and philosophy and earned a master's degree in library science from the Catholic University of America in 1958. He served in the military during the Korean War.

Birch worked for the Patent Office Scientific Library and at the National Agricultural Library, each for ten years. He worked on a research project with the Science Index Group determining a way to make writing or speeches maximally intelligible. This work was centered around translations of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. He did other library research into wording styles of material titles to determine what would make them most efficiently retrieved. He also published papers about Lincoln's speech style that suggested Lincoln was making use of similar wording and memory techniques. Birch was the president of the Lincoln Group of the District of Columbia.

Birch co-authored the book *Memory Dynamics: A complete Memory System* with Judge William Fauver which outlined how people could use "coded memory pictures" to recall information. He did presentations about these memory systems to professional librarian associations.

Birch lived in Falls Church, Virginia. He and his wife Grace had eight children.

## InfoBox

| Robert L. Birch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | August 9, 1925
Mobile, Alabama |
| Died | July 26, 2005(2005-07-26) (aged 79)
Falls Church, Virginia |
| Occupation | Librarian |
| Known for | National Trivia Day |


title: Robert L. Barry

abstract: Robert Louis Barry was an American ambassador and diplomat. He was a member of the United States Foreign Service and a United States ambassador to Bulgaria and Indonesia.

text:
# Robert L. Barry

**Robert Louis Barry** (August 28, 1934 – March 11, 2024) was an American ambassador and diplomat. He was a member of the United States Foreign Service and a United States ambassador to Bulgaria and Indonesia.

## Biography

Robert Louis Barry was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on August 28, 1934.

A member of Dartmouth College's Class of 1956, he was his class' 50th-year reunion honorary degree recipient, receiving a Doctor of Laws at the College's 236th Commencement Exercises on June 11, 2006. Barry also received a master's degree from Columbia University in 1962.

Barry was the United States ambassador Indonesia from 1992 to 1995. He served as ambassador to Bulgaria from 1981 to 1984. He was the head of the US delegation to the Stockholm Conference on Disarmament in Europe from 1985 to 1987, the Deputy Director of the Voice of America from 1988 to 1990 and the Coordinator of US Assistance to Eastern Europe from 1990 to 1992. Following retirement he was the Head of Mission for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1998 to 2001.

Barry lived in Rindge, New Hampshire. Barry died from vascular dementia at his home in Newton, Massachusetts, on March 11, 2024, at the age of 89.

## InfoBox

| Robert L. Barry | |
| --- | --- |
| Barry in Oval Office in 1981 | |
|  | |
| United States Ambassador to Bulgaria | |
| **In office**
November 25, 1981  July 12, 1984 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Jack Richard Perry |
| Succeeded by | Melvyn Levitsky |
| United States Ambassador to Indonesia | |
| **In office**
July 7, 1992  July 10, 1995 | |
| President | George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | John Cameron Monjo |
| Succeeded by | J. Stapleton Roy |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1934-08-28)August 28, 1934
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | March 11, 2024(2024-03-11) (aged 89)
Newton, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Profession | Diplomat, Career Ambassador |
|  | |


title: Robert Paterson (bishop)

abstract: Robert Mar Erskine Paterson is a British Anglican bishop. He was the Bishop of Sodor and Man in the Church of England from 2008 until his retirement in 2016.

text:
# Robert Paterson (bishop)

**Robert Mar Erskine Paterson** (born 27 February 1949) is a British Anglican bishop. He was the Bishop of Sodor and Man in the Church of England from 2008 until his retirement in 2016.

## Early life and education

Paterson was born on 27 February 1949 in Cardiff, Wales. He was educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry, a \[a local authority grammar school\] He studied at St John's College, Durham, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1971, and was awarded the Van Mildert Scholarship in the same year. He then spent a year training for ordained ministry at Cranmer Hall, Durham (an Anglican theological college that is part of St John's College, Durham), and completed a Diploma in Theology (DipTh) in 1972. He graduated with a Master of Arts (MA) degree from Durham University in 1983.

## Ordained ministry

Paterson was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1972. From 1972 to 1973, he was a curate in the Diocese of Manchester at Christ Church, Harpurhey. In 1973, he transferred to the Church in Wales and was ordained as a priest in 1973 by the Bishop of Swansea and Brecon. He undertook a further curacy in Sketty, Swansea from 1973 to 1978, during which he was seconded to a parish in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. From 1978 to 1983 he was Rector of two parishes and Diocesan World Mission Officer. From 1983 to 1994 he was Vicar of St Mark's Cardiff, during which he was a member of the Church in Wales Forward Planning Group. In 1994 he became Team Rector of Cowbridge, Vale of Glamorgan, during which he was a Trustee of the South Glamorgan Buildings Preservation Trust and an examining chaplain for the Bishop of Llandaff. From 2000 to 2006 he was Principal Officer of the Church in Wales Council for Mission and Ministry. He was a member of the Governing Body of the Church in Wales 1974-83, 1989-1992, and 1995-2006. He has served on a number of national and international bodies, including the Church Mission Society, the Church Pastoral-Aid Society and the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. In 1993 he was a consultant on African Culture and Anglican Liturgy in Kenya and Uganda, and gave a series of lectures in Pretoria, South Africa in 2001 on Mission in the New Testament. From 1998 to 2003 he was a Trustee of the Church Education and Development Partnership for Southern Africa (Chair from 1999). In 1992 he co-founded of the Four Nations Liturgical Group (Convener 2000-03). He was a member of the Porvoo Churches' Contact Group and co-chaired two international symposia on the Diaconate. He chaired the Churches Together in Britain and Ireland Ecumenical Architecture Group for Wales, drafted the Church in Wales Ecumenical Canons and was a member of the Anglican - Roman Catholic Liaison Group. From 2002-09 he was Vice Chair of the Anglican Primates' Working Group on Theological Education (Convener of its Steering Group), and was a consultant on theological education at the Anglican Primates' Meetings in 2003 and 2005, and at the Anglican Consultative Council in 2005. In 2004 he was made a metropolitical canon of the Province of Wales. He was appointed chaplain and researcher to John Sentamu, Archbishop of York, in 2006.

### Episcopal ministry

Paterson was nominated as the next Bishop of Sodor and Man in 2008 to replace Graeme Knowles. The appointment was confirmed by Letters Patent issued by Queen Elizabeth II on 18 April 2008. He was consecrated as a bishop on 25 April 2008 at York Minster. He was enthroned Bishop and Dean of Sodor and Man on 14 June 2008 at St German's Cathedral in Peel, Isle of Man. He chaired the Central Readers' Council for England and Wales, was Vice Chair of the Liturgical Commission and the Fresh Expressions Board, convened the House of Bishops' Working Group on Civil Partnerships (2011–12), co-chaired the Church of England Lay Ministries Working Group (2015–16) and was the Archbishop of Canterbury's envoy to the Church of Ceylon (2014–15). He chaired reviews of training for ministry in Wales (2013–14) and Ireland (2015–16).

He retired from full-time ministry on 11 November 2016. In retirement, he is an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Worcester and the Diocese of Hereford. In retirement he has become involved with clergy review and has been appointed Dean for Evangelism in the Worcester Diocese; he is a mentor in the Germinate Leadership programme.

## Other works

He is author of a number of books on liturgy and preaching and his interests include current affairs, early music, literature, walking, cycling and the countryside. As the island's bishop, he sat *ex officio* on the Legislative Council and Tynwald Court and was required to vote on all matters. Throughout his period of office Paterson spoke in Tynwald particularly on ethical issues concerning international aid, a register of beneficial ownership, family and end-of-life issues and the rights of minorities.

## Personal life

Paterson is married to Pauline Anne. Together they have one son, two daughters and two grandsons.

## Selected works

* Paterson, Robert (1987). *Short, sharp and off the point: the art of good (and bad) preaching*. Eastbourne: MARC Europe. ISBN 978-0947697501.
* Paterson, Robert M. E., ed. (1997). *The Monarch book of Christian wisdom*. Crowborough: Monarch. ISBN 978-1854243607.
* Paterson, Robert (2018). *Making Christ Visible.*

## Styles

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Robert Paterson | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Sodor and Man | |
| Church | Church of England |
| Diocese | Diocese of Sodor and Man |
| In office | 2008–2016 |
| Predecessor | Graeme Knowles |
| Successor | Peter Eagles |
| Other post(s) | Dean of Peel (*ex officio*; 2008–2011)
Member of the Legislative Council (*ex officio*; 2008–2016) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1972 |
| Consecration | 25 April 2008 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1949-02-27) 27 February 1949 |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Spouse | Pauline Anne |
| Children | Three |
| Alma mater | St John's College, Durham |


title: Robert Paterson (footballer)

abstract: Robert Paterson was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Derby County. Paterson played in the 1899 FA Cup Final defeat against Sheffield United.

text:
# Robert Paterson (footballer)

**Robert Paterson** was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Derby County. Paterson played in the 1899 FA Cup Final defeat against Sheffield United.

## InfoBox

Robert Paterson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Robert Paterson | | |
| Place of birth | Glasgow, Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Centre Half | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1896–1897 | Clyde |  |  |
| 1897–1900 | Derby County | 19 | (1) |
| 1900 | Coventry City |  |  |
| Total |  | **19** | **(1)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Robert C. Hector

abstract: Robert C. Hector was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the 104th and 114th district of the Florida House of Representatives.

text:
# Robert C. Hector

**Robert C. Hector** (April 16, 1918 – April 18, 2004) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the 104th and 114th district of the Florida House of Representatives.

## Life and career

Hector was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He attended Phillips Academy and Princeton University.

In 1966, Hector was elected to the Florida House of Representatives. The next year, he was elected as the first representative for the newly-established 104th district. He served until 1972, when he was succeeded by William H. Lockward. In the same year, he was elected to represent the 114th district, succeeding Fred N. Tittle. He served until 1980, when he was succeeded by John Plummer.

Hector died on April 18, 2004, at the age of 86.

## InfoBox

| Robert C. Hector | |
| --- | --- |
| Hector in 1970 | |
|  | |
| Member of the
Florida House of Representatives
from Dade County | |
| **In office**
1966–1967 | |
| Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 104th district | |
| **In office**
1967–1972 | |
| Preceded by | *District established* |
| Succeeded by | William H. Lockward |
| Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 114th district | |
| **In office**
1972–1980 | |
| Preceded by | Fred N. Tittle |
| Succeeded by | John Plummer |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1918-04-16)April 16, 1918
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S. |
| Died | April 18, 2004(2004-04-18) (aged 86) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Alice Guyton  (died. 2001) |
| Alma mater | Princeton University |
|  | |


title: LESLi

abstract: LESLi is an American online resource that helps academics, sourcing, legal, and investment professionals gain access to continually updated information on labor, wage, and health and safety laws applicable to social compliance assessments. LESLi was launched by STR Responsible Sourcing in February 2010, it contains a searchable collection of relevant legal text excerpts for over 140 countries, translated into English from their foreign-language originals.

text:
# LESLi

**LESLi** (short for **Labor and Employment Standards Library**) is an American online resource that helps academics, sourcing, legal, and investment professionals gain access to continually updated information on labor, wage, and health and safety laws applicable to social compliance assessments.

LESLi was launched by STR Responsible Sourcing in February 2010, it contains a searchable collection of relevant legal text excerpts for over 140 countries, translated into English from their foreign-language originals.

## InfoBox

LESLi
| Owner | STR |
| --- | --- |
| URL | www.lesli.strrs.com |
| Launched | February 2010 |


title: Robert Lawrence Dundas

abstract: Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Lawrence Dundas was a British Whig and military commander during the Peninsular War. He was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons representing Malton from 1807 to 1812, East Retford from 1826 to 1827, and Richmond from 1828 to 1834 and from 1839 to 1841.

text:
# Robert Lawrence Dundas

Lieutenant-General **Sir Robert Lawrence Dundas** KCB (27 July 1780 – 23 November 1844) was a British Whig and military commander during the Peninsular War. He was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons representing Malton from 1807 to 1812, East Retford from 1826 to 1827, and Richmond from 1828 to 1834 and from 1839 to 1841.

## Early life and family

Dundas was born in Middlesex, the seventh son of Thomas Dundas and Lady Charlotte Fitzwilliam. His grandfathers were Sir Lawrence Dundas, 1st Baronet and William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam. His father succeeded to the baronetcy in 1781 and in 1794 was raised to the peerage as Baron Dundas. His elder brothers were Lawrence Dundas, 1st Earl of Zetland (1766–1839), Charles Lawrence Dundas (1771–1810), and Rear Admiral George Heneage Lawrence Dundas (1778–1834).

## Career

Dundas entered the British Army on 1 December 1797 as a second lieutenant. He served as an engineer officer in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland. He became lieutenant in 1800 and the following year he served in Egypt against the French campaign, including the Battle of Alexandria. He was promoted to captain in 1802 and major in 1804. In 1805, he served in the north of Germany with the Royal Staff Corps.

During the Peninsular War, he saw action at the Battles of Talavera (1809), Buçaco (1810), Fuentes de Oñoro (1811), Salamanca (1812), Vitoria (1813), the Pyrenees (1813), the Nivelle (1813), the Nive (1813), and Toulouse (1814).

For his services in the Peninsular War, he received the Army Gold Medal with Gold Cross and three clasps and was appointed a Knight of the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword in 1814 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1815.

Dundas was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1811, full Colonel in 1821, Major-General in 1830 and Lieutenant-General in 1841. In June 1840, he was made colonel of the 59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot.

## Personal life

Dundas was unmarried. He died at his home at Loftus Hall in Yorkshire, aged 64.

## InfoBox

| Lieutenant-General
Sir Robert Dundas
KCB | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Birth name | Robert Lawrence Dundas |
| Born | 27 July 1780
Middlesex, England |
| Died | 23 November 1844 (aged 64)
Loftus, Yorkshire, England |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Great Britain
United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1797–1844 |
| Rank | Lieutenant-General |
| Battles/wars | Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland
Peninsular War |
| Awards | Army Gold Cross
Knight of the Order of the Tower and Sword
Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath |
| Relations | Thomas, 1st Lord Dundas (father)
Lawrence, 1st Earl of Zetland (brother)
Charles Lawrence Dundas (brother)
G. H. L. Dundas (brother) |


title: Robert Lawrence (film editor)

abstract: Robert Lawrence was a Canadian film editor who was nominated at the 33rd Academy Awards in the category of Best Film Editing for the film Spartacus.

text:
# Robert Lawrence (film editor)

**Robert Lawrence** (November 9, 1913 – September 19, 2004) was a Canadian film editor who was nominated at the 33rd Academy Awards in the category of Best Film Editing for the film *Spartacus*.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Robert Lawrence | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1913-11-09)November 9, 1913
Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Died | September 19, 2004(2004-09-19) (aged 90)
Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
| Occupation | Film editor |
| Years active | 1953–1987 |


title: LaMar Lemmons III

abstract: LaMar Lemmons III is an American politician and educator from the state of Michigan. A member of the Democratic Party, Lemmons served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1999 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2007.

text:
# LaMar Lemmons III

**LaMar Lemmons III** (born July 7, 1957) is an American politician and educator from the state of Michigan. A member of the Democratic Party, Lemmons served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1999 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2007.

## Career

Born in Detroit, Michigan, Lemmons was a social studies teacher in African-American studies and reading instructor. He also owned a political consulting/marketing firm. Lemmons served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1999 until 2007 as a Democrat. Lemmons then served on the Detroit Board of Education and was president of the board of education. His father is Lamar Lemmons, Jr. who also served in the Michigan Legislature.

## InfoBox

| LaMar Lemmons III | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Michigan House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
January 1, 2005  January 1, 2007 | |
| Preceded by | Artina Tinsley Hardman |
| Succeeded by | Bettie Cook Scott |
| Constituency | 3rd district |
| **In office**
January 1, 1999  January 3, 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Curtis Hertel |
| Succeeded by | Ken Daniels |
| Constituency | 2nd district |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Robert Megginson

abstract:
Robert Eugene Megginson is an American mathematician, the Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Mathematics at the University of Michigan. His research concerns functional analysis and Banach spaces; he is the author of the textbook An Introduction to Banach Space Theory. Megginson was born in 1948 in Washington, Illinois, of Oglala Sioux heritage on his mother's side, and grew up in Sheldon, Illinois, where his father was mayor. He earned a degree in physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1969, and became a software specialist for the Roper Corporation until 1977, when he returned to graduate school. He earned a master's degree in statistics in 1983, He completed his Ph.D. in 1984 at the University of Illinois, with a thesis on normed vector spaces supervised by Mahlon M. Day.
This accomplishment made him one of only approximately 12 Native Americans to hold a doctorate in mathematics, and he has taken great interest in underrepresented minorities in mathematics. Because his wife was employed nearby in Decatur, Illinois, Megginson took a teaching position in 1983, joining the faculty of Eastern Illinois University as an assistant professor, rather than doing postdoctoral research. He moved to the University of Michigan in 1992, was on leave as the deputy director of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California from 2002 to 2004, and became the Thurnau Professor at Michigan in 2008. Megginson won the U.S. Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring in 1997. The American Indian Science and Engineering Society gave him their Ely S. Parker Award for lifetime service to the Native American community in 1999. The American Association for the Advancement of Science elected him as a fellow in 2009, and in the same year the Mathematical Association of America gave him their Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service, for his work on underrepresented minorities. In 2012, Megginson became one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society.

text:
# Robert Megginson

**Robert Eugene Megginson** is an American mathematician, the Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Mathematics at the University of Michigan. His research concerns functional analysis and Banach spaces; he is the author of the textbook *An Introduction to Banach Space Theory* (GTM 183, Springer, 1998).

Megginson was born in 1948 in Washington, Illinois, of Oglala Sioux heritage on his mother's side, and grew up in Sheldon, Illinois, where his father was mayor. He earned a degree in physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1969, and became a software specialist for the Roper Corporation until 1977, when he returned to graduate school. He earned a master's degree in statistics in 1983, He completed his Ph.D. in 1984 at the University of Illinois, with a thesis on normed vector spaces supervised by Mahlon M. Day. This accomplishment made him one of only approximately 12 Native Americans to hold a doctorate in mathematics, and he has taken great interest in underrepresented minorities in mathematics.

Because his wife was employed nearby in Decatur, Illinois, Megginson took a teaching position in 1983, joining the faculty of Eastern Illinois University as an assistant professor, rather than doing postdoctoral research. He moved to the University of Michigan in 1992, was on leave as the deputy director of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California from 2002 to 2004, and became the Thurnau Professor at Michigan in 2008.

Megginson won the U.S. Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring in 1997. The American Indian Science and Engineering Society gave him their Ely S. Parker Award for lifetime service to the Native American community in 1999. The American Association for the Advancement of Science elected him as a fellow in 2009, and in the same year the Mathematical Association of America gave him their Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service, for his work on underrepresented minorities. In 2012, Megginson became one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society.


title: La 7 (Region of Murcia)

abstract: La 7 is an autonomous television channel for the Region of Murcia, Spain. It is owned by Televisión Autonómica de Murcia, S.A. Test transmissions began on 14 April 2006, with the main launch on 20 September 2006.

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# La 7 (Region of Murcia)

**La 7** (*La Siete*) is an autonomous television channel for the Region of Murcia, Spain. It is owned by Televisión Autonómica de Murcia, S.A. (TAM, S.A.)

Test transmissions began on 14 April 2006, with the main launch on 20 September 2006.

## History

The origins of regional television in Murcia go back to 1990, when between January 21 and 28 of that year, Tele 3 was broadcast, a channel that was tested for a week. Subsequently the test broadcast ceased and the project was abandoned.

From the Tele 3 project, 13 years passed before the Murcia regional television project was resumed. On April 14, 2006, the test broadcasts of the new channel that was called 7RM began, finally the channel began to broadcast fully on October 23. In 2009 the HD version of the channel was launched.

In September 2012, due to the financial situation of the channel, the Murcia government decided to privatize its management. After the privatization of the channel, the programming was based on movies, series and canned content, keeping only the newscasts as live programs, although made by an external company. In June 2015, the management of the channel passed to Grupo Secuoya, which has held this position since then.

## Programming

La 7's programming is focused on the Region of Murcia, which is why its schedule is made up of news programs, entertainment magazines, contests, and outreach content on the life and culture of the peoples of the region. In addition, the channel also broadcasts some sporting events in which local teams are involved.

## Logos

## InfoBox

La 7
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Spain |
| Broadcast area | Murcia |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Spanish |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Televisión Autonómica de Murcia, S.A. |
| History | |
| Launched | 20 September 2006 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.la7tv.es |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| Digital | Channel 29 (SD and HD) |
|  | |