title: The Oxford Freestylers

abstract:
The Oxford Freestylers is the team name for a group of young freestyle ice skaters that were formed in Oxford.
They were crowned champions on the 4th season of Torvill and Dean's Dancing on Ice: Ice Star in 2009, where they were to perform in front of 13 million people on live television on the celebrity final of the show. In addition, The Oxford Freestylers went on to perform to a live audience of 42 thousand on the Dancing on Ice Tour at the Wembley Arena.

text:
# The Oxford Freestylers

**The Oxford Freestylers** is the team name for a group of young freestyle ice skaters that were formed in Oxford. They were crowned champions on the 4th season of Torvill and Dean's Dancing on Ice: Ice Star in 2009, where they were to perform in front of 13 million people on live television on the celebrity final of the show. In addition, The Oxford Freestylers went on to perform to a live audience of 42 thousand on the Dancing on Ice Tour at the Wembley Arena.

## Background

The Oxford Freestylers were formed initially under the love of the same hobby. Curious to the limits of their own skills and others that were unknown to them, the Oxford Freestylers would go in search of a challenge to their skill in the surrounding counties.

## *Dancing on Ice: Ice Star* (2009)

The Oxford Freestylers auditioned for the 4th series of Torvill and Dean's *Dancing on Ice: Ice Star* in 2009. Torvill and Dean's nationwide search for an Ice Star was an invitation for thousands of talented ice performers to bring their skills to the "frozen stage".

Making their way through the first round of the auditions and onto Torvill and Dean's shortlisted 20 they then carried on to making the final 4 selections of the competition.

* Hannah and Daniel - Junior Pairs Skaters.
* Nick Rigby - Figure Skater.
* Oxford Freestylers - Extreme Freestyle Ice Skaters.
* The Elody - Skating Girlband.

Each of the 4 groups were aided by professional choreographers and trainers to help them produce a winning routine for the grand final of Ice Star.

After weeks of training and choreography with the help of Mark Naylor, The Oxford Freestylers were crowned the winners of *Ice Star*, performing to Kanye West's Stronger.

### Performances on *Dancing on Ice*

The Oxford Freestylers were featured on the *Dancing on Ice: Ice Star* spin-off series and performed on the *Dancing on Ice* Live Celebrity Final. Each routine was performed to the following songs:

| Week | Song choice | Original artist | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Week 1 | "Freestyler" | Bomfunk MCs | Safe |
| Week 2 | "Freestyler" | Bomfunk MCs | Safe |
| Week 3 | "Stronger" | Kanye West | Safe |
| Week 4 | "Pump It" | The Black Eyed Peas | Celebrity Final |

## Post *Dancing on Ice: Ice Star*

The Oxford Freestylers were invited to perform on Torvill and Dean's Live Tour for the Wembley Arena dates. Suffering from injuries prior to the performance they were limited to performing with only 4 of the original 6 members.

Following The Oxford Freestyler's debut on *Dancing on Ice: Ice Star*, the Oxford Freestylers have continued to train at their local ice rink. They have held performances for their home hockey team (The Oxford City Stars) and have been involved in charity fund raising activities. Robert Firkins left the group circa July 2009.

They also performed at "Kyran Bracken's Ice Party" over the BIC's (Bournemouth International Centre) 25th Anniversary.

## InfoBox

| The Oxford Freestylers | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Oxfordshire, England |
| Years active | 2009–present |
|  | |
| Members | Jordan Heeley
Wayne Oliver
Andrew Hastings
Lawrence Orsborn
Aiden DiToro |
|  | |
| Past members | Robert David Firkins
Joey Tsang
Ricky Venn |


title: Parapsestis meleagris

abstract: Parapsestis meleagris is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Constant Vincent Houlbert in 1921. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Jilin, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan.

text:
# Parapsestis meleagris

***Parapsestis meleagris*** is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Constant Vincent Houlbert in 1921. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Jilin, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan.

## InfoBox

| *Parapsestis meleagris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Drepanidae |
| Genus: | *Parapsestis* |
| Species: | ***P. meleagris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parapsestis meleagris***<br>Houlbert, 1921 | |
|


abstract:
The Game Developers Choice Award for the Game of the Year, also known as GDCA Game of the Year, is the main video game award presented at the Game Developers Conference (GDC), the largest annual gathering of professional video game developers. The conference, usually held in or around March in San Francisco, presents the award as part of the Game Developers Choice Awards (GDCA), a series of awards honoring outstanding achievements in video game design for games released during the previous calendar year. It has been awarded since 2001. Only four studios have won the award more than once:
  - Valve, for Half-Life 2 (2004) and Portal (2007)
  - Bethesda Game Studios, for Fallout 3 (2008) and The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011)
  - Naughty Dog, for Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009) and The Last of Us (2013)
  - Rockstar Games, for Grand Theft Auto III (2001) and Red Dead Redemption (2010) The most successful video game publisher to date is Sony Interactive Entertainment with 13 nominations and 4 wins, followed by Nintendo, Electronic Arts and Rockstar Games. Indie games have won the award 4 times: Journey in 2012, Untitled Goose Game in 2019, Hades in 2020, and Inscryption in 2021.

text:
# Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year

The **Game Developers Choice Award for the Game of the Year**, also known as **GDCA Game of the Year**, is the main video game award presented at the Game Developers Conference (GDC), the largest annual gathering of professional video game developers. The conference, usually held in or around March in San Francisco, presents the award as part of the Game Developers Choice Awards (GDCA), a series of awards honoring outstanding achievements in video game design for games released during the previous calendar year. It has been awarded since 2001.

Only four studios have won the award more than once:

The most successful video game publisher to date is Sony Interactive Entertainment with 13 nominations and 4 wins, followed by Nintendo (11 nominations, 1 win), Electronic Arts (8 nominations and 1 win) and Rockstar Games (7 nominations and 2 wins). Indie games have won the award 4 times: *Journey* (published by Sony Interactive Entertainment) in 2012, *Untitled Goose Game* in 2019, *Hades* in 2020, and *Inscryption* in 2021.

## List of winners

### 2000s

Note: From 2005 to 2007 the award was titled **Best Game**. Years listed represent calendar years for which the awards were given. Ceremonies are usually held in March the following year.

| Year | Game | Developer(s) | Publisher(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000
(1st) | ***The Sims*** | **Maxis** | **Electronic Arts** |  |
| | | *Deus Ex* | Ion Storm | Eidos Interactive |
| | | *Jet Set Radio* | Smilebit | Sega |
| | | *No One Lives Forever* | Monolith Productions | Fox Interactive |
| | | *Shenmue* | Sega AM2 | Sega |
| 2001
(2nd) | ***Grand Theft Auto III*** | **DMA Design** | **Rockstar Games** |  |
| | | *Black & White* | Lionhead Studios | Electronic Arts |
| | | *Halo: Combat Evolved* | Bungie | Microsoft Game Studios |
| | | *Ico* | Team Ico | Sony Computer Entertainment |
| | | *Max Payne* | Remedy Entertainment | Gathering of Developers / Rockstar Games |
| 2002
(3rd) | ***Metroid Prime*** | **Retro Studios** | **Nintendo** |  |
| | | *Battlefield 1942* | Digital Illusions | Electronic Arts |
| | | *Grand Theft Auto: Vice City* | Rockstar North | Rockstar Games |
| | | *Neverwinter Nights* | BioWare | Atari |
| | | *Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell* | Ubisoft Montreal | Ubisoft |
| 2003
(4th) | ***Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic*** | **BioWare** | **LucasArts** |  |
| | | *Beyond Good & Evil* | Ubisoft Montpellier / Ubisoft Milan | Ubisoft |
| | | *Call of Duty* | Infinity Ward | Activision |
| | | *Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time* | Ubisoft Montreal | Ubisoft |
| | | *The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker* | Nintendo EAD | Nintendo |
| 2004
(5th) | ***Half-Life 2*** | **Valve** | **Valve** |  |
| | | *Burnout 3: Takedown* | Criterion Games | Electronic Arts |
| | | *Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas* | Rockstar North | Rockstar Games |
| | | *Katamari Damacy* | Namco | Namco |
| | | *World of Warcraft* | Blizzard Entertainment | Blizzard Entertainment |
| 2005
(6th) | ***Shadow of the Colossus*** | **Team Ico** | **Sony Computer Entertainment** |  |
| | | *Animal Crossing: Wild World* | Nintendo EAD | Nintendo |
| | | *God of War* | Santa Monica Studio | Sony Computer Entertainment |
| | | *Guitar Hero* | Harmonix | RedOctane |
| | | *The Movies* | Lionhead Studios | Activision |
| 2006
(7th) | ***Gears of War*** | **Epic Games** | **Microsoft Game Studios** |  |
| | | *The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion* | Bethesda Game Studios | Bethesda Softworks |
| | | *The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess* | Nintendo EAD | Nintendo |
| | | *Ōkami* | Clover Studio | Capcom |
| | | *Wii Sports* | Nintendo EAD | Nintendo |
| 2007
(8th) | ***Portal*** | **Valve** | **Valve** |  |
| | | *BioShock* | 2K Boston / 2K Australia | 2K Games |
| | | *Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare* | Infinity Ward | Activision |
| | | *Rock Band* | Harmonix | MTV Games / Electronic Arts |
| | | *Super Mario Galaxy* | Nintendo EAD Tokyo | Nintendo |
| 2008
(9th) | ***Fallout 3*** | **Bethesda Game Studios** | **Bethesda Softworks** |  |
| | | *Fable II* | Lionhead Studios | Microsoft Game Studios |
| | | *Grand Theft Auto IV* | Rockstar North | Rockstar Games |
| | | *LittleBigPlanet* | Media Molecule | Sony Computer Entertainment |
| | | *Left 4 Dead* | Turtle Rock Studios | Valve |
| 2009
(10th) | ***Uncharted 2: Among Thieves*** | **Naughty Dog** | **Sony Computer Entertainment** |  |
| | | *Assassin's Creed II* | Ubisoft Montreal | Ubisoft |
| | | *Batman: Arkham Asylum* | Rocksteady Studios | Eidos Interactive / Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment |
| | | *Demon's Souls* | FromSoftware | Sony Computer Entertainment |
| | | *Dragon Age: Origins* | BioWare | Electronic Arts |

### 2010s

| Year | Game | Developer(s) | Publisher(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010
(11th) | ***Red Dead Redemption*** | **Rockstar San Diego** | **Rockstar Games** |  |
| | | *Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood* | Ubisoft Montreal | Ubisoft |
| | | *Call of Duty: Black Ops* | Treyarch | Activision |
| | | *Limbo* | Playdead | Playdead |
| | | *Mass Effect 2* | BioWare | Electronic Arts |
| 2011
(12th) | ***The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim*** | **Bethesda Game Studios** | **Bethesda Softworks** |  |
| | | *Batman: Arkham City* | Rocksteady Studios | Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment |
| | | *Dark Souls* | FromSoftware | Namco Bandai Games |
| | | *Deus Ex: Human Revolution* | Eidos Montréal | Square Enix |
| | | *Portal 2* | Valve | Valve |
| 2012
(13th) | ***Journey*** | **Thatgamecompany** | **Sony Computer Entertainment** |  |
| | | *Dishonored* | Arkane Studios | Bethesda Softworks |
| | | *Mass Effect 3* | BioWare | Electronic Arts |
| | | *The Walking Dead* | Telltale Games | Telltale Games |
| | | *XCOM: Enemy Unknown* | Firaxis Games | 2K Games |
| 2013
(14th) | ***The Last of Us*** | **Naughty Dog** | **Sony Computer Entertainment** |  |
| | | *Gone Home* | The Fullbright Company | The Fullbright Company |
| | | *Grand Theft Auto V* | Rockstar North | Rockstar Games |
| | | *Super Mario 3D World* | Nintendo EAD Tokyo | Nintendo |
| | | *Tomb Raider* | Crystal Dynamics | Square Enix |
| 2014
(15th) | ***Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor*** | **Monolith Productions** | **Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment** |  |
| | | *Alien: Isolation* | Creative Assembly | Sega |
| | | *Bayonetta 2* | PlatinumGames | Nintendo |
| | | *Destiny* | Bungie | Activision |
| | | *Hearthstone* | Blizzard Entertainment | Blizzard Entertainment |
| 2015
(16th) | ***The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt*** | **CD Projekt Red** | **CD Projekt** |  |
| | | *Bloodborne* | FromSoftware | Sony Computer Entertainment |
| | | *Fallout 4* | Bethesda Game Studios | Bethesda Softworks |
| | | *Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain* | Kojima Productions | Konami |
| | | *Rocket League* | Psyonix | Psyonix |
| 2016
(17th) | ***Overwatch*** | **Blizzard Entertainment** | **Blizzard Entertainment** |  |
| | | *Dishonored 2* | Arkane Studios | Bethesda Softworks |
| | | *Firewatch* | Campo Santo | Panic |
| | | *Inside* | Playdead | Playdead |
| | | *Uncharted 4: A Thief's End* | Naughty Dog | Sony Interactive Entertainment |
| 2017
(18th) | ***The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild*** | **Nintendo EPD** | **Nintendo** |  |
| | | *Horizon Zero Dawn* | Guerrilla Games | Sony Interactive Entertainment |
| | | *Nier: Automata* | PlatinumGames | Square Enix |
| | | *PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds* | PUBG Corporation | PUBG Corporation |
| | | *Super Mario Odyssey* | Nintendo EPD | Nintendo |
| 2018
(19th) | ***God of War*** | **Santa Monica Studio** | **Sony Interactive Entertainment** |  |
| | | *Celeste* | Matt Makes Games | Matt Makes Games |
| | | *Marvel's Spider-Man* | Insomniac Games | Sony Interactive Entertainment |
| | | *Red Dead Redemption 2* | Rockstar Games | Rockstar Games |
| | | *Return of the Obra Dinn* | Lucas Pope | 3909 LLC |
| 2019
(20th) | ***Untitled Goose Game*** | **House House** | **Panic** |  |
| | | *Death Stranding* | Kojima Productions | Sony Interactive Entertainment |
| | | *Control* | Remedy Entertainment | 505 Games |
| | | *Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice* | FromSoftware | Activision |
| | | *Outer Wilds* | Mobius Digital | Annapurna Interactive |

### 2020s

| Year | Game | Developer(s) | Publisher(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020
(21st) | ***Hades*** | **Supergiant Games** | **Supergiant Games** |  |
| | | *Animal Crossing: New Horizons* | Nintendo EPD | Nintendo |
| | | *Ghost of Tsushima* | Sucker Punch Productions | Sony Interactive Entertainment |
| | | *Half-Life: Alyx* | Valve | Valve |
| | | *The Last of Us Part II* | Naughty Dog | Sony Interactive Entertainment |
| 2021
(22nd) | ***Inscryption*** | **Daniel Mullins Games** | **Devolver Digital** |  |
| | | *Deathloop* | Arkane Studios | Bethesda Softworks |
| | | *Forza Horizon 5* | Playground Games | Xbox Game Studios |
| | | *It Takes Two* | Hazelight Studios | Electronic Arts |
| | | *Resident Evil Village* | Capcom | Capcom |
| 2022
(23rd) | ***Elden Ring*** | **FromSoftware** | **Bandai Namco Entertainment** |  |
| | | *God of War Ragnarök* | Santa Monica Studio | Sony Interactive Entertainment |
| | | *Immortality* | Sam Barlow | Half Mermaid Productions |
| | | *Pentiment* | Obsidian Entertainment | Xbox Game Studios |
| | | *Stray* | BlueTwelve Studio | Annapurna Interactive |
| | | *Tunic* | Finji | Finji |
| 2023
(24th) | ***Baldur's Gate 3*** | **Larian Studios** | **Larian Studios** |  |
| | | *Cocoon* | Geometric Interactive | Annapurna Interactive |
| | | *Dave the Diver* | Mintrocket | Mintrocket |
| | | *Dredge* | Black Salt Games | Team17 |
| | | *Marvel's Spider-Man 2* | Insomniac Games | Sony Interactive Entertainment |
| | | *The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom* | Nintendo EPD | Nintendo |


title: New Manchester High School

abstract: New Manchester High School is a public high school in the area of Douglasville, Georgia, United States. It opened its doors in 2011. It is the fifth high school in the Douglas County School District.

text:
# New Manchester High School

**New Manchester High School** is a public high school in the area of Douglasville, Georgia, United States. It opened its doors in 2011. It is the fifth high school in the Douglas County School District.

## Location

New Manchester High School was built on an 80-acre site located on Boundary Waters Parkway in Douglasville on SR 70/SR 92/SR 154/SR 166. The school is located one mile from the Fulton County and Douglas County border, near Boundary Waters Park.

## About New Manchester

New Manchester has 102 classrooms, and the school holds 1,975 students. The school mascot is the Jaguar.

The school serves grades 9 through 12.

## F.A.M.E Magnet Program

New Manchester is home of the Fine Arts Magnet Education (FAME) program, which offers concentrations in Dance, Drama, Vocal Music, Instrumental Music, and Visual Art. Because New Manchester was established as the magnet school for fine arts in Douglas County when it opened in 2011, the school has ample resources for the fine arts student, including a fully equipped dance studio, acoustically designed vocal and instrumental music studios, and the largest and most state-of-the art theater in the county. The rigorous FAME program trains and prepares students for post-secondary collegiate or professional options. FAME has a variety of community partners including: The Alliance Theatre, The Atlanta Ballet Centre for Dance Education, and Kenny Leon's True Colors Theatre. In addition to a faculty of seven full-time teaching artists, FAME engages a host of adjunct teaching artists in the field of sound design, lighting design, dance, instrumental music, and vocal pedagogy. FAME's nationally recognized a cappella group InToneNation has won numerous vocal competitions in recent years.

## Administration

The Douglas County Board of Education named Constance Craft the school's inaugural principal. She was the principal of Douglas County High School from 2006 to 2011, and was its assistant principal from 2002 to 2006. At Robert S. Alexander High School, Craft was an administrative assistant from 2001–2002 and an English language arts teacher from 1999–2001. Craft retired in 2016.

Fhonda Strong was named assistant principal at New Manchester High School at the January 4, 2011 Douglas County Board of Education meeting. A 14-year employee, Strong has been a Math Instructional Coach for the district since 2009.

Shawn Bissell was named assistant principal and athletic director at New Manchester High School at the January 18, 2011 Douglas County Board of Education meeting. A twelve-year veteran of the Douglas County School System and Alexander High School, Bissell has been a Credit Recovery/Coordinated Career Academic Teacher at the school since 2006. Prior to his current position he was a science teacher at Alexander. His coaching experience includes Girls' Soccer Varsity Coach, 2000–present; Assistant Football Coach, 1999–present; Assistant Basketball Coach, 1999–2003, 2005; and Girls' Soccer Assistant Coach, 1999–2000.

## InfoBox

| New Manchester High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 4925 Georgia 92/166
Douglasville, Georgia 30135
United States | |
| Coordinates | 33°40′36″N 84°39′59″W / 33.67662°N 84.66652°W / 33.67662; -84.66652 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Motto | Where Scholarship, Talent, Respect, Opportunity, Noble intentions, and Gratitude are our focus. |
| Established | 2011 |
| School district | Douglas County School District |
| Principal | Casey M. Bethel |
| Staff | 97.10 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Enrollment | 1,894 (2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 19.51 |
| Color(s) | Scarlet and gray |
| Athletics | Georgia High School Association |
| Mascot | Jaguar |
| Website | nmhs.dcssga.org |


title: Herman Dillon

abstract: Herman Dillon, Sr. was a Native American leader of the Puyallup Nation. Dillon served in the United States Naval Reserve and then in the United States Army during the Korean War. In 1971, Dillon was elected to the Puyallup Nation tribal council and served as chairman. He helped negotiated compacts with the state of Washington on gambling and to protect hunting and fishing rights.

text:
# Herman Dillon

**Herman Dillon, Sr.** (June 15, 1931  May 23, 2014) was a Native American leader of the Puyallup Nation.

Dillon served in the United States Naval Reserve and then in the United States Army during the Korean War. In 1971, Dillon was elected to the Puyallup Nation tribal council and served as chairman. He helped negotiated compacts with the state of Washington on gambling and to protect hunting and fishing rights.


title: Hilbert's sixteenth problem

abstract:
Hilbert's 16th problem was posed by David Hilbert at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900, as part of his list of 23 problems in mathematics. The original problem was posed as the Problem of the topology of algebraic curves and surfaces. Actually the problem consists of two similar problems in different branches of mathematics:
  - An investigation of the relative positions of the branches of real algebraic curves of degree n.
  - The determination of the upper bound for the number of limit cycles in two-dimensional polynomial vector fields of degree n and an investigation of their relative positions. The first problem is yet unsolved for n = 8. Therefore, this problem is what usually is meant when talking about Hilbert's sixteenth problem in real algebraic geometry. The second problem also remains unsolved: no upper bound for the number of limit cycles is known for any n > 1, and this is what usually is meant by Hilbert's sixteenth problem in the field of dynamical systems. The Spanish Royal Society for Mathematics published an explanation of Hilbert's sixteenth problem.

text:
# Hilbert's sixteenth problem

**Hilbert's 16th problem** was posed by David Hilbert at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900, as part of his list of 23 problems in mathematics.

The original problem was posed as the *Problem of the topology of algebraic curves and surfaces* (*Problem der Topologie algebraischer Kurven und Flächen*).

Actually the problem consists of two similar problems in different branches of mathematics:

The first problem is yet unsolved for *n* = 8. Therefore, this problem is what usually is meant when talking about Hilbert's sixteenth problem in real algebraic geometry. The second problem also remains unsolved: no upper bound for the number of limit cycles is known for any *n* \> 1, and this is what usually is meant by Hilbert's sixteenth problem in the field of dynamical systems.

The Spanish Royal Society for Mathematics published an explanation of Hilbert's sixteenth problem.

## The first part of Hilbert's 16th problem

In 1876, Harnack investigated algebraic curves in the real projective plane and found that curves of degree *n* could have no more than

$$n^{2}-3n+4 \over 2$$

separate connected components. Furthermore, he showed how to construct curves that attained that upper bound, and thus that it was the best possible bound. Curves with that number of components are called M-curves.

Hilbert had investigated the M-curves of degree 6, and found that the 11 components always were grouped in a certain way. His challenge to the mathematical community now was to completely investigate the possible configurations of the components of the M-curves.

Furthermore, he requested a generalization of Harnack's curve theorem to algebraic surfaces and a similar investigation of surfaces with the maximum number of components.

## The second part of Hilbert's 16th problem

Here we are going to consider polynomial vector fields in the real plane, that is a system of differential equations of the form:

$$dx \over dt}=P(x,y),\qquad {dy \over dt}=Q(x,y)$$

where both *P* and *Q* are real polynomials of degree *n*.

These polynomial vector fields were studied by Poincaré, who had the idea of abandoning the search for finding exact solutions to the system, and instead attempted to study the qualitative features of the collection of all possible solutions.

Among many important discoveries, he found that the limit sets of such solutions need not be a stationary point, but could rather be a periodic solution. Such solutions are called limit cycles.

The second part of Hilbert's 16th problem is to decide an upper bound for the number of limit cycles in polynomial vector fields of degree *n* and, similar to the first part, investigate their relative positions.

### Results

It was shown in 1991/1992 by Yulii Ilyashenko and Jean Écalle that every polynomial vector field in the plane has only finitely many limit cycles (a 1923 article by Henri Dulac claiming a proof of this statement had been shown to contain a gap in 1981). This statement is not obvious, since it is easy to construct smooth (C) vector fields in the plane with infinitely many concentric limit cycles.

The question whether there exists a finite upper bound *H*(*n*) for the number of limit cycles of planar polynomial vector fields of degree *n* remains unsolved for any *n* \> 1. (*H*(1) = 0 since linear vector fields do not have limit cycles.) Evgenii Landis and Ivan Petrovsky claimed a solution in the 1950s, but it was shown wrong in the early 1960s. Quadratic plane vector fields with four limit cycles are known. An example of numerical visualization of four limit cycles in a quadratic plane vector field can be found in. In general, the difficulties in estimating the number of limit cycles by numerical integration are due to the nested limit cycles with very narrow regions of attraction, which are hidden attractors, and semi-stable limit cycles.

## The original formulation of the problems

In his speech, Hilbert presented the problems as:

> The upper bound of closed and separate branches of an algebraic curve of degree *n* was decided by Harnack (Mathematische Annalen, 10); from this arises the further question as of the relative positions of the branches in the plane. As of the curves of degree 6, I have – admittedly in a rather elaborate way – convinced myself that the 11 branches, that they can have according to Harnack, never all can be separate, rather there must exist one branch, which have another branch running in its interior and nine branches running in its exterior, or opposite. It seems to me that a thorough investigation of the relative positions of the upper bound for separate branches is of great interest, and similarly the corresponding investigation of the number, shape and position of the sheets of an algebraic surface in space – it is not yet even known, how many sheets a surface of degree 4 in three-dimensional space can maximally have. (cf. Rohn, Flächen vierter Ordnung, Preissschriften der Fürstlich Jablonowskischen Gesellschaft, Leipzig 1886)

Hilbert continues:

> Following this purely algebraic problem I would like to raise a question that, it seems to me, can be attacked by the same method of continuous coefficient changing, and whose answer is of similar importance to the topology of the families of curves defined by differential equations – that is the question of the upper bound and position of the Poincaré boundary cycles (cycles limites) for a differential equation of first order of the form:
>
> $$dy \over dx}={Y \over X$$
>
> where *X*, *Y* are integer, rational functions of *n*th degree in resp. *x*, *y*, or written homogeneously:
>
> $$X\left(y{dz \over dt}-z{dy \over dt}\right)+Y\left(z{dx \over dt}-x{dz \over dt}\right)+Z\left(x{dy \over dt}-y{dx \over dt}\right)=0$$
>
> where *X*, *Y*, *Z* means integral, rational, homogenic functions of *n*th degree in *x*, *y*, *z* and the latter are to be considered function of the parameter *t*.


title: Montpollin

abstract: Montpollin is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire département in western France. On 1 January 2013, it was merged with the former communes of Baugé, Pontigné, Saint-Martin-d'Arcé and Le Vieil-Baugé to create the commune of Baugé-en-Anjou. Its population was 248 in 2019.

text:
# Montpollin

**Montpollin** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃pɔlɛ̃\] ) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire *département* in western France. On 1 January 2013, it was merged with the former communes of Baugé, Pontigné, Saint-Martin-d'Arcé and Le Vieil-Baugé to create the commune of Baugé-en-Anjou. Its population was 248 in 2019.

## InfoBox

| Montpollin | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Baugé-en-Anjou | |
| Location of Montpollin | |
| MontpollinMontpollin | |
| Coordinates: 47°35′14″N 0°06′10″W / 47.5872°N 0.1028°W / 47.5872; -0.1028 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Maine-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Saumur |
| Canton | Baugé |
| Commune | Baugé-en-Anjou |
| Area**1** | 4.49 km2 (1.73 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 248 |
| Density | 55/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Montpolinéun, Montpolinéune |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 49150 |
| Elevation | 56–103 m (184–338 ft)
(avg. 78 m or 256 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Kiranomena

abstract: Kiranomena is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Fenoarivobe, which is a part of Bongolava Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 32,354 in 2018 commune census. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 95% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are peanuts and cassava. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.

text:
# Kiranomena

**Kiranomena** is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Fenoarivobe, which is a part of Bongolava Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 32,354 in 2018 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 95% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are peanuts and cassava. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.

## Rivers

The Sandrozo rivers crosses the town of Kiranomena.

## References and notes

18°17′S 46°3′E / 18.283°S 46.050°E / -18.283; 46.050

## InfoBox

| Kiranomena | |
| --- | --- |
| KiranomenaLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 18°17′S 46°3′E / 18.283°S 46.050°E / -18.283; 46.050 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Bongolava |
| District | Fenoarivobe |
| Elevation | 650 m (2,130 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 32,354 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |


title: Harpalus nanniscus

abstract: Harpalus nanniscus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Peringuey in 1896.

text:
# Harpalus nanniscus

***Harpalus nanniscus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Peringuey in 1896.

## InfoBox

| *Harpalus nanniscus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Harpalus* |
| Species: | ***H. nanniscus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Harpalus nanniscus***<br>Peringuey, 1896 | |
|


title: Virginia State Route 733

abstract: State Route 733 in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 733.

text:
# Virginia State Route 733

**State Route 733** (**SR 733**) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 733.

## List

| County | Length
(mi) | Length
(km) | From | Via | To | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Accomack | 0.40 | 0.64 | Dead End | Tilghman Road | SR 641 (Broadway Road) |  |
| Albemarle | 0.20 | 0.32 | Dead End | Campbell Farm Lane | SR 729 (Buck Island Road) |  |
| Amherst | 1.30 | 2.09 | Dead End | Windy Ridge Way | SR 658 (Grandmas Hill Road) |  |
| Augusta | 3.60 | 5.79 | SR 736 (Union Church Road) | Moffet Branch Road | SR 739 (Curry Road) |  |
| Bedford | 2.30 | 3.70 | Dead End | Chellis Ford Road | SR 630 (Carters Mill Road) |  |
| Campbell | 0.70 | 1.13 | SR 712 (Dearing Ford Road) | Leewood Road | Dead End |  |
| Carroll | 4.28 | 6.89 | SR 707 (Mount Zion Road) | Mill Hill Road

Backwoods Road | SR 635 (Pot Rock Road) |  |
| Chesterfield | 2.28 | 3.67 | US 360 (Hull Street) | Pocoshock Boulevard

Ruthers Road | US 60 (Midlothian Turnpike) |  |
| Dinwiddie | 1.20 | 1.93 | SR 670 (Old Stage Road) | Little Zion Road | SR 703 (Carson Road) |  |
| Fairfax | 0.40 | 0.64 | SR 710 (Wakefield Chapel Road) | Glen Park Road | SR 620 (Braddock Road) |  |
| Fauquier | 1.40 | 2.25 | SR 647 (Crest Hill Road) | Wilson Road

John Barton Payne Road | SR 732 (Tanner Branch Road/John Barton Payne Road) |  |
| Franklin | 1.05 | 1.69 | SR 731 (Dugwell Road) | Nursery Road | SR 735 (Retreat Road) |  |
| Frederick | 2.70 | 4.35 | SR 707 (Hollow Road) | Fletcher Road

Fairview Road | Dead End |  |
| Halifax | 4.70 | 7.56 | SR 604 (Rip Rap Road) | East Hitesburg Road

West Hitesburg Road | SR 737 (Hudson Road) | Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 734 |
| Hanover | 1.80 | 2.90 | SR 680 (Shiloh Church Road) | Rocky Ford Road | SR 715 (Beaver Dam Road) |  |
| Henry | 0.38 | 0.61 | Dead End | Country Road | SR 672 (Bassett Heights Road Extension) |  |
| James City | 0.15 | 0.24 | Dead End | Chanco Road | SR 629 (Hickory Signpost Road) |  |
| Loudoun | 9.75 | 15.69 | SR 611 (Saint Louis Road) | Turkey Roost Road

Beverdam Bridge Road

Leith Lane

Mountville Road

Lime Kiln Road | US 15 (James Monroe Highway) | Gap between segments ending at different points along SR 734 |
| Louisa | 0.45 | 0.72 | Dead End | Kents Mill Road | SR 623 (Chopping Road) |  |
| Mecklenburg | 1.82 | 2.93 | SR 735 (White House Road) | M T Hayes Road | SR 734 (Cherry Hill Road) |  |
| Montgomery | 0.60 | 0.97 | Dead End | Huff Lane | SR 657 (Merrimac Road) |  |
| Pittsylvania | 1.80 | 2.90 | SR 734 (Ringgold Road) | Barker Road | SR 726 (Ringgold Church Road) |  |
| Prince William | 0.37 | 0.60 | SR 638 (Colchester Road) | Woodside Drive | Dead End |  |
| Pulaski | 1.00 | 1.61 | SR 100 | Lillydell Circle | Dead End |  |
| Roanoke | 0.90 | 1.45 | SR 619 (Wildwood Road) | Richland Hills Drive | Dead End |  |
| Rockbridge | 1.00 | 1.61 | SR 631 (Old Buena Vista Road) | Jordan Road | Dead End |  |
| Rockingham | 1.00 | 1.61 | SR 734 (Bank Church Road) | Dale Enterprise Road | US 33 (Rawley Pike) |  |
| Scott | 0.34 | 0.55 | SR 614 (A P Carter Highway) | Country Shire Circle | SR 614 (A P Carter Highway) |  |
| Shenandoah | 0.70 | 1.13 | SR 728 | Limestone Road | SR 42 (Senedo Road) |  |
| Spotsylvania | 0.68 | 1.09 | SR 208 (Courthouse Road) | Brockenburg Road | SR 208 (Courthouse Road) |  |
| Stafford | 0.60 | 0.97 | SR 628 (Winding Creek Road) | Embrey Mill Road | Dead End |  |
| Tazewell | 0.17 | 0.27 | SR 831 (Whitney Branch Road) | Unnamed road | Dead End |  |
| Washington | 2.25 | 3.62 | SR 714 (South Fork River Road) | Rush Creek Road | SR 605 (Widener Valley Road) |  |
| Wise | 0.05 | 0.08 | SR 713 (Riverside Drive) | Hickory Street | Dead End |  |
| York | 0.03 | 0.05 | SR 708 (Basta Drive) | Janis Drive | SR 707 (Janis Drive) |  |

## InfoBox

| State Route 733 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: The Ring and the Rajah

abstract: The Ring and the Rajah is a 1914 British silent drama film directed by Harold M. Shaw and starring Edna Flugrath, Arthur Holmes-Gore and Vincent Clive. It was written by Anne Merwin.

text:
# The Ring and the Rajah

***The Ring and the Rajah*** is a 1914 British silent drama film directed by Harold M. Shaw and starring Edna Flugrath, Arthur Holmes-Gore and Vincent Clive.

It was written by Anne Merwin.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Geoffrey Nowell-Smith. *The Oxford History of World Cinema*. Oxford University Press, 1996.

## InfoBox

| The Ring and the Rajah | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Harold M. Shaw |
| Written by | Anne Merwin |
| Starring |  |
| Production<br>company | Florence Turner Productions |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release date | * March 1914 (1914-03) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Languages |  |


title: Parapsestis albida

abstract: Parapsestis albida is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Suzuki in 1916. It is found in Japan and China. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index gives this name as a synonym of Parapsestis umbrosa.

text:
# Parapsestis albida

***Parapsestis albida*** is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Suzuki in 1916. It is found in Japan and China (Shaanxi, Gansu). The Global Lepidoptera Names Index gives this name as a synonym of *Parapsestis umbrosa*.

## InfoBox

| *Parapsestis albida* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Drepanidae |
| Genus: | *Parapsestis* |
| Species: | ***P. albida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parapsestis albida***<br>Suzuki, 1916 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nemacerota bilineata* Matsumura, 1921 * *Palimpsestis dysanacrita* R.J. West, 1932 | |


title: Game Design Workshop

abstract: Game Design Workshop is a book on game design by Tracy Fullerton, originally published by CMP Books in 2004. It has been updated and released in four subsequent editions, the latest by A K Peters/CRC Press in 2023. The book is based on the core game design curriculum taught at the USC Interactive Media & Games Division of the USC School of Cinematic Arts. Contributors to the fourth edition include many notable game designers, including: Eric Zimmerman, Christina Norman, Keita Takahashi, Anna Anthropy, Randy Smith, Robin Hunicke, Michael John, Asher Vollmer, Elan Lee, Jane McGonigal, Tim LeTourneau, Chaim Gingold, Jenova Chen, Richard Lemarchand, Frank Lantz, Adrian Hon, Stone Librande, Warren Spector, Kellee Santiago, among others. Game Design Workshop is cited by numerous sources as one of the "must have" books for new game designers. It is in used in game design courses worldwide.

text:
# Game Design Workshop

***Game Design Workshop***  is a book on game design by Tracy Fullerton, originally published by CMP Books in 2004. It has been updated and released in four subsequent editions, the latest by A K Peters/CRC Press in 2023.

The book is based on the core game design curriculum taught at the USC Interactive Media & Games Division of the USC School of Cinematic Arts. Contributors to the fourth edition include many notable game designers, including: Eric Zimmerman, Christina Norman, Keita Takahashi, Anna Anthropy, Randy Smith, Robin Hunicke, Michael John, Asher Vollmer, Elan Lee, Jane McGonigal, Tim LeTourneau, Chaim Gingold, Jenova Chen, Richard Lemarchand, Frank Lantz, Adrian Hon, Stone Librande, Warren Spector, Kellee Santiago, among others.

Game Design Workshop is cited by numerous sources as one of the "must have" books for new game designers. It is in used in game design courses worldwide.

1. Four Must Have Books for Learning Game Designers
2. Best Video Game Design Books
3. Popular Game Design Books
4. Basic Introduction to Game Design syllabus
5. "Game Design syllabus". Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
6. Game Design Workshop syllabus
7. Video Game Design and Architecture syllabus
8. Game Design and Development syllabus

## InfoBox

Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games
| 4th Edition cover art | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tracy Fullerton |
| Original title | *Game Design Workshop: Designing, Prototyping, & Playtesting Games (1st Edition)* |
| Subject | Game design |
| Publisher | AK Peters/CRC Press |
| Publication date | 2004, 2008, 2014, 2018, 2023 |
| Pages | 556 |
| ISBN | 978-1-138-09877-0 |
| OCLC | 859196163 |


title: Herpetogramma olivescens

abstract: Herpetogramma olivescens is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Warren in 1892. It is found in Ecuador.

text:
# Herpetogramma olivescens

***Herpetogramma olivescens*** is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Warren in 1892. It is found in Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Herpetogramma olivescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Herpetogramma* |
| Species: | ***H. olivescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Herpetogramma olivescens***<br>(Warren, 1892) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acharana olivescens* Warren, 1892 | |


title: Herman Didrich Janson

abstract: Herman Didrich Janson was a Norwegian shipper, businessman and powerful figure, and owner of Damsgård hovedgård, which he bought at auction in 1796. The gardens were often known as the Janson-gården and as the Jansonmarken. The property was in the family's ownership until 1983. Herman Didrich Janson was also the owner of Stiftsgården from 1805, an estate which he sold in 1809 to his stepson, County Governor Edvard Hagerup.

text:
# Herman Didrich Janson

**Herman Didrich Janson** (8 July 1757 – 13 March 1822) was a Norwegian shipper, businessman and powerful figure, and owner of Damsgård hovedgård, which he bought at auction in 1796. The gardens were often known as the *Janson-gården* and as the *Jansonmarken*. The property was in the family's ownership until 1983.

Herman Didrich Janson was also the owner of Stiftsgården from 1805, an estate which he sold in 1809 to his stepson, County Governor Edvard Hagerup.


title: Highlander: The Series season 1

abstract: The first season of the international fantasy series Highlander: The Series, part of the Highlander franchise, consisted of 22 episodes produced between 1992 and 1993, and began airing on October 3, 1992 in broadcast syndication. Highlander: The Series follows the adventures of Duncan MacLeod, a 400-year-old Immortal who can only die if he is beheaded; conflict inevitably finds him because he is part of the Gathering, an ongoing battle in which all Immortals have to fight and behead each other until only one is left. The season was released on DVD as a nine-disc boxed set on November 12, 2002 by Anchor Bay Entertainment. It is also available at the online video on demand service Hulu, a joint venture between NBC and Fox Broadcasting Company.

text:
# Highlander: The Series season 1

The first season of the international fantasy series *Highlander: The Series*, part of the *Highlander* franchise, consisted of 22 episodes produced between 1992 and 1993, and began airing on October 3, 1992 in broadcast syndication. *Highlander: The Series* follows the adventures of Duncan MacLeod, a 400-year-old Immortal who can only die if he is beheaded; conflict inevitably finds him because he is part of the Gathering, an ongoing battle in which all Immortals have to fight and behead each other until only one is left. The season was released on DVD as a nine-disc boxed set on November 12, 2002 by Anchor Bay Entertainment. It is also available at the online video on demand service Hulu, a joint venture between NBC and Fox Broadcasting Company.

## Production

The French leading production company Gaumont Television bought the rights to the series to have it produced in syndication in America with a local crew, a ground-breaking move at the time. *Highlander* marked the first time a French production company was creatively involved in a show intended for the American market. The show was co-produced in syndication by international partners including Gaumont, RTL Plus (Germany), Rysher Distribution (United States), Reteitalia Productions (Italy), Amuse Video (Japan) and TF1 (France). The budget of the first season was US$26.1 million. Keith Samples, president of Rysher, stated that "about 75% of the guaranteed budget came from overseas sales." The remaining 25% came from United States sales and the producers retained the distribution rights, which allowed the show to produce $800,000 per episode only from international income, believed to be the top result of the 1992-1993 season. To secure an adequate share of European content, and as a result of the co-production agreement, each season was divided into two segments, the first segment was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (posing at the fictional location of Seacouver, Washington, United States), the second in Paris, France. The production of the first segment began in Vancouver on 13 July 1992, while the production of the second segment started in December 1992 in Paris and used the studios of French state production agency Société Française de Production (SFP) at Bry-sur-Marne near Paris.

The executive producers were Bill Panzer, Peter S. Davis, Gaumont Television president Christian Charret and Gaumont co-production chief Marla Ginsburg. Steven Maier, Sheryl Hardy and Guy Collins were co-executive producers. Kevin Droney and Philip John Taylor were supervising producers at the beginning of the season; from the seventh episode onwards, David Abramowitz became supervising producer instead of Taylor. The producers were Barry Rosen and Gary Goodman. Executives in charge of production were Marc du Pontavice and Denis Leroy. Scripts were contributed by both staff and freelance writers, Brian Clemens among the latter. Brent-Carl Clackson was line producer on the Vancouver segment, from episode one to thirteen. When production moved to Paris, Clackson was succeeded by Patrick Millet (with the title of production manager) for episodes fourteen to twenty-two. The regular directors were Thomas J. Wright, Jorge Montesi and Ray Austin. The fencing coach was Bob Anderson, who coined for himself the title of Master of Swords. Anderson choreographed the fights on the Vancouver segment then was succeeded by Peter Diamond, credited as second unit director and stunt coordinator on the Paris segment. The opening theme was "Princes of the Universe" from the 1986 album *A Kind of Magic* by Queen; incidental music was composed by Roger Bellon.

## Cast

Three roles had star billing: Adrian Paul played Duncan MacLeod, Alexandra Vandernoot acted as MacLeod's French lover Tessa Noël, a mortal artist and sculptor, and Stan Kirsch portrayed young, quick-talking petty thief Richie Ryan. Amanda Wyss, who played ambitious and inquisitive journalist Randi McFarland, was only credited in the six episodes she appeared in. The first episode, "The Gathering", features a guest appearance of Christopher Lambert, reprising his role as Connor MacLeod from the *Highlander* movies. Several recurring characters were also introduced this season, including Werner Stocker as Immortal monk Darius, Roland Gift as hedonistic killer Xavier St. Cloud, Elizabeth Gracen as international thief Amanda, Roger Daltrey as Immortal Hugh Fitzcairn and Peter Hudson as James Horton, the leader of the Hunters, a group of mortals who believe that Immortals must be eliminated.

## Reception

The pilot episode "The Gathering" achieved a 3.4/7 rating, meaning that 3.4 percent of viewers aged 18 to 49 as well as 7 percent of all viewers watching television at the time saw the episode. *The Hollywood Reporter* qualified this as a "solid performance" and Samples commented that it "more than met the company's expectations." Samples also estimated that "the first season averaged a healthy 4 rating in domestic syndication and was strong in both men and women demos 1849," while Charret felt the first season did "quite well." Rick Sanchez of IGN wrote that season one was "all about finding the show's footing" and "was pretty squarely mired in the movies that had come before and in the formula for making a weekly action series." It has been released on DVD in Region 1 on November 12, 2002 by Anchor Bay Entertainment, and in Region 2 on December 7, 2004.

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "The Gathering" | Thomas J. Wright | Dan Gordon | October 3, 1992 (1992-10-03) | 92102-1 |
| Richie Ryan breaks into Duncan MacLeod and Tessa Noel's antique store, but his robbery is interrupted by the dramatic entrance of Immortals Slan Quince (Richard Moll) and Connor MacLeod (Christopher Lambert). Witnessing them, Tessa realizes to her dismay that Duncan can be challenged and beheaded at any time. Duncan, knowing that he cannot flee the Game, expects her to leave him for her own safety. After Duncan saves Tessa from Quince, Connor fights Quince on a bridge, but is shot by a hidden weapon and knocked over the railing. Duncan beheads Quince and leaves the town. Connor advises Duncan to "watch" Richie, and tells Tessa where Duncan is. Accepting the danger, Tessa reunites with Duncan, while Connor departs to continue his war against Evil Immortals. | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "Family Tree" | Jorge Montesi | Kevin Droney | October 10, 1992 (1992-10-10) | 92106-2 |
| Richie, now living with Duncan and Tessa, tries to find his parents. Duncan remembers that he was banished from his village in 1622 after suffering a deadly battle wound and awakening as an Immortal; his father had told him he was an orphan. Con man Joe Scanlon (J.E. Freeman) tells Richie he is his father. Richie half believes it and develops a close relationship with Scanlon until Scanlon steals a priceless pre-Columbian mask to repay his gambling debts. After Duncan saves Scanlon and retrieves the mask, Richie helps Scanlon to disappear. | | | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "The Road Not Taken" | Thomas J. Wright | Terry Nelson | October 17, 1992 (1992-10-17) | 92108-3 |
| Richie's friend Gary dies in a bank robbery. When Duncan and Richie see his body at the hospital, they notice strange marks on Gary's forehead. Duncan remembers those marks are an after-effect of the potion made by his immortal friend Kiem Sun (Soon-Tek Oh), which gives people enormous strength and makes them ignore pain. Kiem Sun tells Duncan his potion has been stolen by his student Chou Lin (Dustin Nguyen). Duncan finds Chou Lin and fights him, but Kiem Sun interferes and kills him. Duncan destroys the potion, which makes Kiem Sun so angry that he fights Duncan. Duncan defeats him and spares him, but warns him that he will finish him if they meet again. | | | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "Innocent Man" | Jorge Montesi | Dan Gordon | October 24, 1992 (1992-10-24) | 92103-4 |
| Immortal Lucas Desiree (Victor A. Young), an old friend of Duncan, is beheaded by Sheriff Howard Crowley (John Novak), who frames homeless Vietnam war veteran Leo Atkins (Vincent Schiavelli) for the crime. When Duncan comes to town to investigate the death, he realizes Leo is innocent and, with Richie's help, saves Leo from being lynched by the townspeople. Duncan then fights and beheads Crowley. | | | | | | |
| 5 | 5 | "Free Fall" | Thomas J. Wright | Philip John Taylor | October 31, 1992 (1992-10-31) | 92101-5 |
| Immortal Felicia Martins (Joan Jett) is pursued by Immortal Devereux (Eli Gabay), whose wife and baby she had killed a century ago. In the present, she seduces Richie to obtain shelter and fencing lessons from Duncan, pretending she is a young, newborn Immortal. Devereux finds Martins and she beheads him. Meanwhile, Duncan discovers that a Coronelli map Martins has faked is two hundred years old. Duncan fights Martins but spares her life due to Richie begging for it. | | | | | | |
| 6 | 6 | "Bad Day in Building A" | Jorge Montesi | Kevin Droney | November 7, 1992 (1992-11-07) | 92107-6 |
| Duncan, Tessa and Richie are taken hostage in a court building by assassin Bryan Slade (Andrew Divoff). Duncan is knocked out. Slade kills Duncan to blackmail the SWAT commando outside into giving them a helicopter to flee. While Tessa does her best to keep the hostages alive and Randi McFarland reports the event live outside, Duncan revives and subdues or kills Slade's men one by one. MacLeod finally kills Slade. | | | | | | |
| 7 | 7 | "Mountain Men" | Thomas J. Wright | Marie-Chantal Droney | November 14, 1992 (1992-11-14) | 92110-7 |
| While photographing old petroglyphs in the mountains, Tessa is abducted by mountain men led by Immortal Caleb Cole (Marc Singer), who wants to marry her. Duncan pursues them but must throw himself into a crevasse to escape Cole's henchmen. They bring Duncan's sword back to their camp and Cole realizes Duncan is Immortal when he sees it. Tessa instigates infighting among the kidnappers, buying Duncan time to find her. Duncan then fights and beheads Cole with his own axe. | | | | | | |
| 8 | 8 | "Deadly Medicine" | Ray Austin | Robert L. McCullough | November 21, 1992 (1992-11-21) | 92111-8 |
| Duncan is hit by a car and brought to the hospital. When Dr. Wilder (Joe Pantoliano) realizes that Duncan walked out by himself, he captures him and locks him in his basement to find out why. Duncan escapes but is so confused by the drugs Wilder gave him that he cannot remember the location of Wilder's house. Wilder kidnaps Randi McFarland, who was investigating Duncan's disappearance. With Tessa's help, Duncan finds Wilder's place and saves Randi. Wilder accidentally sets fire to his basement while fighting Duncan and dies. | | | | | | |
| 9 | 9 | "The Sea Witch" | Thomas J. Wright | David Tynan | December 5, 1992 (1992-12-05) | 92112-9 |
| A meeting between Richie's friend Nikki (Johannah Newmarch), her boyfriend and two drug dealers ends in a shooting and Nikki secretly keeps both the drugs and the money. Duncan foils several attempts by the dealers to retrieve the stolen goods and discovers that their leader is Immortal Alexei Voshin (Stephen Macht), who had betrayed Duncan in 1938. When Voshin discovers that Duncan has destroyed the drug and is protecting Nikki, he challenges him. Duncan fights Voshin, who is beheaded by his ship's propeller. | | | | | | |
| 10 | 10 | "Revenge is Sweet" | Ray Austin | Loraine Despres | December 12, 1992 (1992-12-12) | 92109-10 |
| In 1988 (New Year's Eve to 1989), Immortal Walter Reinhardt (Christoph M. Ohrt) disappeared after losing a fight against Duncan. In the present, Reinhardt's former lover Rebecca (Vanity) recognizes Reinhardt's sword in Duncan's antique shop and begins stalking Duncan. Reinhardt, who is still alive, manipulates Rebecca in order to make her believe that Duncan has killed him, and kidnaps Richie to draw MacLeod into a fight. Duncan eventually draws Reinhardt out and beheads him. | | | | | | |
| 11 | 11 | "See No Evil" | Thomas J. Wright | Brian Clemens | December 19, 1992 (1992-12-19) | 92114-11 |
| Tessa's friend Natalie (Moira Walley-Beckett) is attacked by serial killer "the Scalper" (Dee McCafferty). Duncan realizes the Scalper is imitating Immortal Marcus Korolus (J. G. Hertzler), who used to kill blonde women in 1925 until Duncan beheaded him. Duncan is the only one apart from the Scalper to know that Korolus used the Orpheum Theater as a base. Duncan sets up a trap in which Tessa acts as a bait, but the Scalper foils their plan by attacking another woman. Tessa hits him with Duncan's Thunderbird to stop him. | | | | | | |
| 12 | 12 | "Eyewitness" | Ray Austin | David Tynan | February 6, 1993 (1993-02-06) | 92115-12 |
| Tessa witnesses the murder of artist Anne Wheeler (Diana Barrington) but police refuse to investigate because they found no body. Investigating the murder on their own, Tessa and Duncan are targeted by the murderer, who Duncan realizes is Immortal. Later, police discover Wheeler's body and put Tessa under protection, but a bomb is planted at the safe house and Duncan saves Tessa from the explosion. Duncan discovers that the murderer is Chief Detective Andrew Ballin (Tom Butler) fights him and beheads him. | | | | | | |
| 13 | 13 | "Band of Brothers" | René Manzor | Marie-Chantal Droney | February 13, 1993 (1993-02-13) | 92118-13 |
| Immortal Grayson (James Horan) is killing the protegees of his former teacher Darius (Werner Stocker) to make him leave Holy Ground and fight him. Darius asks Duncan to protect his mortal student Victor Paulus (Earl Pastko) from Grayson, so Duncan saves Paulus' life twice and meets Grayson. Realizing Grayson will not give up, Duncan fights and beheads him. Duncan then joins Tessa and Richie in Paris and they settle on a barge near Notre Dame. | | | | | | |
| 14 | 14 | "For Evil's Sake" | Ray Austin | David Abramowitz and Fabrice Ziolkowski | February 20, 1993 (1993-02-20) | 92117-14 |
| Immortal Kuyler (Peter Howitt) makes his victims laugh so that they drop their guard and he can kill them. Duncan, having seen Kuyler kill Baron Deschields in 1783, recognizes Kuyler's modus operandi when an old man is killed in a nearby café. Duncan remembers how Kuyler caught him without his sword in 1980, resulting in Duncan fleeing on a Bateau Mouche and meeting Tessa for the first time. Duncan, knowing Kuyler's taste for absinthe, tracks him down, then fights and beheads him. | | | | | | |
| 15 | 15 | "For Tomorrow We Die" | Robin Davis | Philip John Taylor | February 27, 1993 (1993-02-27) | 92116-15 |
| Immortal Xavier St. Cloud (Roland Gift) robs a jewelry using poison gas then confesses it to Darius to provoke him. Darius refuses to violate the privacy of the confession for Inspector LeBrun (Hugues Leforestier) and does not tell him about Xavier. When LeBrun mentions the gas, Duncan remembers Xavier. In the meantime, Xavier lends an African sculpture to the exhibition Tessa is organizing and plants a bomb inside. During the opening party of the exhibition, Duncan realizes where the sculpture comes from, discovers the bomb and disarms it. Duncan then fights Xavier and severs his left hand, but Xavier escapes. | | | | | | |
| 16 | 16 | "The Beast Below" | Daniel Vigne | Marie-Chantal Droney | March 6, 1993 (1993-03-06) | 92123-16 |
| Ursa (Christian Van Acker), a mentally deficient Immortal living under the Opera de Paris, loves singer Carolyn Lamb (Dee Dee Bridgewater); taking advantage of this, Carolyn makes Ursa kidnap backing vocalist Jenny (Fay Masterson) out of jealousy of her talent. Duncan sets out in the catacombs of Paris, finds Ursa's hiding place, and frees Jenny. After Duncan discovers that Ursa was manipulated by Carolyn, Carolyn provokes Ursa by telling him that Duncan tried to kill her. Furious, Ursa fights Duncan on the roof of the Opera, falls over the edge and dies. When Carolyn sees Ursa revive, she flees in terror and is hit by a car. | | | | | | |
| 17 | 17 | "Saving Grace" | Ray Austin | Elizabeth Baxter and Martin Broussellet | March 13, 1993 (1993-03-13) | 92120-17 |
| Grace Chandel (Julia Stemberger) has been stalked by fellow Immortal Carlo Sendaro (Georges Corraface) ever since she left him decades ago. Duncan, who had a romantic relationship with Grace in 1660, protects her; while Tessa is jealous of Grace at first, she soon befriends her. Sendaro refuses to accept that Grace does not love him anymore and kidnaps her. Duncan frees Grace and fights Sendaro in the Paris Métro, where Sendaro is beheaded by a train. | | | | | | |
| 18 | 18 | "The Lady and the Tiger" | Robin Davis | Philip John Taylor | April 24, 1993 (1993-04-24) | 92121-18 |
| Amanda (Elizabeth Gracen) brings Duncan to fellow Immortal Zachary Blaine (Jason Isaacs) in exchange for her life. Blaine attacks Duncan but their fight is interrupted, so Blaine threatens to take Amanda's head instead. Amanda dissuades him by telling him of a priceless manuscript and offering him to assist her in stealing it. Meanwhile, Duncan realizes Amanda and Blaine know each other, follows them and foils their robbery attempt. Blaine fights Duncan and loses but is beheaded by Amanda. | | | | | | |
| 19 | 19 | "Eye of the Beholder" | Dennis Berry | Christian Bouveron and Lawrence Shore | May 1, 1993 (1993-05-01) | 92124-19 |
| Immortal Gabriel Piton (Nigel Terry) kills his lover Cynthia (Rachel Palmieri) and replaces her with top model Maya (Katia Douvalian). Richie meets Maya in a cafe and falls in love with her. Richie is jealous of Piton and, after hearing about Cynthia's death, suspects that Piton killed her and investigates Piton's flat. Interrupted by Piton, Richie escapes, but Piton is suspicious and sends Richie to prison in retaliation. Duncan decides to intervene and finds Piton about to kill Maya. Duncan fights Piton and beheads him. | | | | | | |
| 20 | 20 | "Avenging Angel" | Paolo Barzman | Fabrice Ziolkowski | May 8, 1993 (1993-05-08) | 92122-20 |
| Alfred Cahill (Martin Kemp) is stabbed by a prostitute, dies and awakes Immortal. Made insane by the shock of becoming Immortal, Cahill believes he has become God's avenging angel and starts killing prostitutes and people around them, including a client and the pimp of Tessa's friend Elaine Trent (Sandra Nelson). After Cahill threatens Tessa, Duncan fights and beheads him. | | | | | | |
| 21 | 21 | "Nowhere to Run" | Dennis Berry | David Abramowitz | May 15, 1993 (1993-05-15) | 92125-21 |
| Mark Rothwood (Jason Riddington) rapes Lori Bellian (Marion Cotillard) while Duncan, Tessa and Richie are visiting Mark's father Alan (Anthony Head). Lori's stepfather, Immortal Everett Bellian (Peter Guinness) learns of the rape and reacts by besieging Rothwood's chateau with his mercenaries. Duncan leads the defense of the chateau and foils their attacks. But when Alan Rothwood goes out with his son to talk to Bellian, he is shot by one of Bellian's men. Duncan fights Bellian, but spares him. Mark appears and threatens them with a gun, but is killed by Lori (in self-defense). | | | | | | |
| 22 | 22 | "The Hunters" | Paolo Barzman | Kevin Droney | May 22, 1993 (1993-05-22) | 92126-22 |
| Duncan and his best friend, Immortal Hugh Fitzcairn (Roger Daltrey), find Darius beheaded in his chapel. They investigate his death, but the murderers kidnap Fitzcairn. Duncan discovers that they are mortals called the Hunters and that they have a particular tattoo on their wrists. Duncan finds a dilapidated old book in Darius' rectory and narrowly escapes capture, before following a Hunter to their headquarters. Their leader, James Horton (Peter Hudson), is about to guillotine Fitzcairn and manages to escape during the ensuing fight. Duncan frees Fitzcairn and together with Tessa and Richie they disperse Darius' ashes in the Seine River. | | | | | | |

## Home media

1. Wyss was also credited in the eighteenth episode, "The Lady and the Tiger", although she did not appear in it.

## InfoBox

| *Highlander: The Series* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 1 | |
| DVD box set | |
| No. of episodes | 22 |
| Release | |
| Original network | Syndication |
| Original release | October 3, 1992 (1992-10-03)
May 22, 1993 (1993-05-22) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: Montauk Project

abstract: The Montauk Project is a conspiracy theory that alleges there were a series of United States government projects conducted at Camp Hero or Montauk Air Force Station in Montauk, New York, for the purpose of developing psychological warfare techniques and exotic research including time travel. The story of the Montauk Project originated in the Montauk Project series of books by Preston Nichols which intermixes those stories with stories about the Bulgarian Experiment.

text:
# Montauk Project

41°03′44″N 71°52′26″W / 41.06222°N 71.87389°W / 41.06222; -71.87389

The **Montauk Project** is a conspiracy theory that alleges there were a series of United States government projects conducted at Camp Hero or Montauk Air Force Station in Montauk, New York, for the purpose of developing psychological warfare techniques and exotic research including time travel. The story of the Montauk Project originated in the *Montauk Project* series of books by Preston Nichols which intermixes those stories with stories about the Bulgarian Experiment.

## Origin

Stories about the Montauk Project have circulated since the early 1980s. According to UFO researcher Jacques Vallée, the Montauk Experiment stories seem to have originated with the highly questionable account of Preston Nichols and Al Bielek, who both claimed to have recovered repressed memories of their own involvement. Preston Nichols also claims that he was periodically abducted to continue his participation against his will. Nichols, born May 24, 1946, on Long Island, New York, claims to have degrees in parapsychology, psychology, and electrical engineering, and he has written a series of books, known as the *Montauk Project* series, along with Peter Moon, whose real name is Vincent Barbarick. The primary topic of the Montauk Project concerns the alleged activities at Montauk Point. These center on topics including United States government/military experiments in fields such as time travel, teleportation, mind control, contact with extraterrestrial life, and staging faked Apollo Moon landings, framed as developments that followed the 1943 Philadelphia Experiment.

Both Peter Moon and Preston Nichols have encouraged speculation about the contents; for example, they wrote, "Whether you read this as science fiction or non-fiction you are in for an amazing story" in their first chapter, describing much of the content as "soft facts" in a *Guide For Readers* and publishing a newsletter with updates to the story.

The work has been characterized as fiction, because the entire account was fabricated by Preston Nichols, and to some extent, Stewart Swerdlow, who has consistently been shown to contradict his own backstory, and it does appear as if Swerdlow just wanted to become famous in the New Age Community, and establish a reputation for himself.

## In media

In 2015, *Montauk Chronicles*, a film adaptation of the conspiracy featuring Preston Nichols, Alfred Bielek, and Stewart Swerdlow, was released online and on DVD and Blu-ray. The film won the best documentary award at the Philip K. Dick Film Festival in New York City and has been featured on *Coast to Coast AM* and *The Huffington Post*.

The Netflix TV series *Stranger Things* (2016) was inspired by the somewhat dubious Montauk Project, and at one time *Montauk* was used as its working title.

The Montauk Experiment was featured on a season 8 episode of Discovery Channel's *Mysteries of the Abandoned* on October 23, 2003. The episode, titled, "The Montauk Conspiracy" documented the conspiracies that "swirled around an abandoned military base" (Camp Hero) in Long Island. Experts discussed the critical role that the base played in defending America's coastline.


title: Kite (bird)

abstract: Kite is the common name for certain birds of prey in the family Accipitridae, particularly in subfamilies Milvinae, Elaninae, and Perninae. The term is derived from Old English cȳta, possibly from the onomatopoeic Proto-Indo-European root *gū-, "screech." Some authors use the terms "hovering kite" and "soaring kite" to distinguish between Elanus and the milvine kites, respectively. The group may also be differentiated by size, referring to milvine kites as "large kites", and elanine kites as "small kites".

text:
# Kite (bird)

**Kite** is the common name for certain birds of prey in the family Accipitridae, particularly in subfamilies Milvinae, Elaninae, and Perninae. The term is derived from Old English *cȳta* (“kite; bittern”), possibly from the onomatopoeic Proto-Indo-European root **gū-* , "screech."

Some authors use the terms "hovering kite" and "soaring kite" to distinguish between *Elanus* and the milvine kites, respectively. The group may also be differentiated by size, referring to milvine kites as "large kites", and elanine kites as "small kites".

## Species

A few of the traditional **Perninae**are also called kites.

## Taxonomy and systematics

### 19th century

In 1824, Vigors proposed five divisions or *stirpes* of the family Falconidae: Aquilina (eagles), Accipitrina (hawks), Falconina (falcons), Buteonina (buzzards) and Milvina (kites, containing two genera *Elanus* and *Milvus*). He characterized the kites as having weaker bill and feebler talons than the buzzards, tail more or less forked, and wings longer than the tail.

In *Elanus*, he grouped the black-winged kite (now several *Elanus* spp.), scissor-tailed kite (now *Chelictinia*), and swallow-tailed kite (now *Elanoides*). These species all have pointed wings with the second primary the longest. The pattern of scales on the legs (acrotarsi) is reticulated, and the toes are separated. But Vigors noted that only the black-winged kite had rounded undersides on the nails of its talons, a trait found in the osprey but not in any other raptors, and thus suggested a separation of *Elanus* into two sections. A year later, he established a separate genus *Nauclerus* for the scissor- and swallow-tailed kites.

*Milvus* contained the familiar red and black kites. The fourth primary feather is the longest, leg scales are scutellated, and the exterior toe is united to the middle toe by a membrane.

Vigors placed *Ictinia*  "the *Milan Cresserelle* of M. Vieillot" and "the *Mississippi Kite* of Mr. Wilson"  into Buteonina. Though noting that "the wings are of considerable length, extending far beyond the tail, a character which has induced M. Vieillot and others to place this bird near the *Kites*", he wrote that the strong affinity in characteristics and manners warranted it to be placed closer to the falcons.

### 20th century

Swann's 1922 synopsis grouped all the kites together with the "cuckoo-falcons" and honey buzzards into a large Milvinæ subfamily. His order was: *Elanoides*, *Chelictinia*, *Milvus*, *Lophoictinia*, *Rostrhamus*, *Helicolestes*, *Chondrohierax*, *Odontriorchis*, *Gypoictinia* (=*Hamirostra*), *Elanus*, *Gampsonyx*, *Ictinia*, *Harpagus*, *Baza*, *Aviceda*, *Henicopernis*, *Machærhamphus*, *Pernis*.

In contrast, Peters grouped the large kites into subfamily Milvinae and most small kites into Elaninae, with a few small kites joining the honey-buzzards and bazas in Perninae. His arrangement of kite genera was as follows:

* Elaninae: *Elanus*, *Chelictinia*, *Machaerhamphus*.
* Perninae: *Elanoïdes*, (*Aviceda*, *Henicopernis*, *Pernis*, *Odontotriorchis*), *Chondrohierax*.
* Milvinae: *Harpagus*, *Ictinia*, *Rostrhamus*, *Helicolestes*, *Milvus*, *Lophoictinia*, *Hamirostra*, *Haliastur*.
* Polyhieracinae: *Gampsonyx*

The pearl kite *Gampsonyx* had variously been placed with the accipiters, forest-falcons, or elanine kites. It was not until the 1960s that a similar molt schedule established its affinity to *Elanus*.

### 21st century

By 2015, genetic research showed that many of the kite genera are related to honey-buzzards, and that the tiny bat hawk (*Machaerhamphus*  or *Macheirhamphus*) is actually related to the huge harpy eagles. Several of the large kites are related more closely to the *Buteo* hawks (buzzards) than to the group of "true" kites and sea-eagles.

Boyd places the "true" milvine kites (*Milvus* and *Haliastur*) with the sea-eagles in tribe Milvini within Buteoninae. This results in the following arrangement (genera in parentheses are not generally called kites):

* Elaninae: *Gampsonyx*, *Chelictinia*, *Elanus*.
* Perninae: *Chondrohierax*, *Leptodon*, *Elanoides*, (*Pernis*), *Hamirostra*, *Lophoictinia*, (*Henicopernis*).
* Buteoninae
    + Harpagini: *Harpagus*.
    + Milvini: *Haliastur*, *Milvus*, (*Haliaeetus*, *Icthyophaga*).
    + Buteonini: many genera, including the kites *Ictinia*, *Rostrhamus*, and *Helicolestes*. *Ictinia* is near-basal, after the Old-World genus *Butastur*. *Rostrhamus* and *Helicolestes* form a clade with the black-collared hawk (*Busarellus*) and the crane hawk (*Geranospiza*).

As early as 1882, Anton Reichenow had also placed Section Milvinæ alongside Section Buteoninæ in Subfamily Buteoninæ.

## In mythology

Isis is said in ancient Egyptian mythology to have taken the form of a kite in various situations in order to resurrect the dead.

It also figures in several fables by Aesop which underline its character as a predator: The Sick Kite, The Kite and the Doves and a variant of The Crow and the Snake.

In pre-colonial Philippine mythology, the Tagalog creation myth begins with a kite, the sea, and the sky. The kite causes the sea and sky to go to war, and after the war, land is formed, allowing the kite to finally land and build a nest.

In Bushongo mythology, Chedi Bumba (third son of the god M'Bombo: the original creator of everything) in his quest to improve upon his father's design; was only able to create the Kite.

## InfoBox

| Kite (bird) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Black kite <br>(*Milvus migrans*) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | Accipitridae |
| Groups included | |
|  | |


title: Murder of Nubia Barahona

abstract: Nubia Docter Barahona was a 10-year-old American girl who was abused and murdered on February 11, 2011. Her body was found February 14, 2011, wrapped in a plastic garbage bag in the bed of her adoptive father's pickup truck on the side of I-95 in West Palm Beach, Florida. Her body had partially decomposed from being covered in chemicals, possibly pesticides. Her twin brother, Victor Docter Barahona, was in the cab of the truck with his father, suffering seizures from chemical burns and inhalation of toxic gas. Her adoptive parents Jorge and Carmen Barahona were indicted on charges of first-degree murder, aggravated child abuse and child neglect on March 23, 2011. They face the death penalty if convicted, and are currently being held while awaiting trial. The case has sparked outrage from Florida citizens and officials regarding the Florida Department of Children and Families' handling of previous allegations of abuse by the Barahonas.

text:
# Murder of Nubia Barahona

**Nubia Docter Barahona** was a 10-year-old American girl who was abused and murdered on February 11, 2011. Her body was found February 14, 2011, wrapped in a plastic garbage bag in the bed of her adoptive father's pickup truck on the side of I-95 in West Palm Beach, Florida. Her body had partially decomposed from being covered in chemicals, possibly pesticides.

Her twin brother, Victor Docter Barahona, was in the cab of the truck with his father, suffering seizures from chemical burns and inhalation of toxic gas. Her adoptive parents Jorge and Carmen Barahona were indicted on charges of first-degree murder, aggravated child abuse and child neglect on March 23, 2011. They face the death penalty if convicted, and are currently being held while awaiting trial.

The case has sparked outrage from Florida citizens and officials regarding the Florida Department of Children and Families' handling of previous allegations of abuse by the Barahonas.

## Background

Fraternal twins Nubia and Victor Docter were born on May 26, 2000, in Spokane, Washington, to Sandra K. Docter, a mother with drug and alcohol abuse issues. Their mother had borne four children before them, all of whom had been taken from her by the Department of Children and Families (DCF). Nubia was born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It was recommended she be placed in a medical foster home, but she was instead allowed to stay with her biological mother, who claimed to be sober.

The twins were removed from their mother's care in 2003 and placed with their father, Victor Bustillo, but they did not stay with him long. In 2004 he was charged with sexual battery of a child not in his care. The twins were placed in foster care, and eventually ended up in the home of Jorge and Carmen Barahona in Miami, Florida. The couple had already adopted an autistic boy. Jorge owned a pest control business; Carmen was a homemaker. Just months after being placed with the Barahonas, a nurse noted that Nubia was missing medical appointments because the Barahonas did not wish to accompany her to these, despite the appointments being required to manage Nubia's ongoing condition. The nurse recommended that the Barahonas not be allowed to adopt the children.

In 2005, Nubia reportedly told someone at her school that her father was molesting her. Unclear on whether she had meant her birth father or her foster father, DCF investigated. They determined that she had meant her birth father and the case was closed. Then, in 2006, school staff called DCF to report a large bruise on Nubia's face that they suspected was child abuse. The Barahonas were ordered to bring her to an appointment with the Department of Health's Child Protection Team in Miami, but did not show up until a week later. By then, most of the bruising had disappeared and state doctors agreed with the Barahonas' assertion that the bruise was from a fall.

Further complaints were filed in 2007: school authorities reported that Nubia was extremely thin, always hungry, and had an unpleasant odor. DCF investigated the claims, but were met with insistence from the Barahonas that Nubia's condition was not from hygiene problems or neglect, but caused by her medical condition. The investigation was dropped.

The Barahonas began the adoption process of the twins in 2008, but were met with resistance from the twins' guardian ad litem, Paul Neumann. They claimed Neumann was operating "behind \[their\] backs", unfairly interfering with their adoption attempt. They claimed they had a "personality conflict" with Neumann and cited that as the reason he was accusing them of neglect. To override him, the Barahonas wrote letters appealing to people as high up as then-governor Charlie Crist. In these letters, the Barahonas described the care that they were providing to the twins positively, stating that they were "raising \[their\] children with love, as any mother and father would do." Neumann was removed as the twins' guardian ad litem without explanation shortly before the adoption was finalized.

The twins were formally adopted in May 2009. In 2010, complaints similar to the ones in 2007 were again raised by school authorities, this time adding that Nubia was losing her hair. DCF was met with the same reasoning from the Barahonas—that it was caused by her endocrine condition and medication she was taking for it—and the investigation was dropped again.

## "Toxic Truck"

At 5:00 a.m. on Monday, February 14, 2011, a Road Ranger noticed a red Toyota pickup truck on the shoulder of northbound I-95 between Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard and 45th Street in West Palm Beach. When the truck was still there two and a half hours later, he called the police.

West Palm Beach Fire Rescue responded to the call and found 53-year-old Jorge Barahona on the ground and 10-year-old Victor Barahona in the cab of the truck. Both were conscious by the time rescuers arrived, but Victor was convulsing with seizures. One fireman was overcome by a strong smell when approaching the truck, and decontamination procedures were started. The bed of the truck was full of plastic containers of chemicals, some unlabeled. The truck was branded with the name of Jorge's pest extermination business, CJ Pest Control, causing investigators to believe the chemicals were pesticides. One unlabeled container held some form of acid, causing firefighters to wonder why an exterminator would have such a chemical. State Troopers were sent to the address of CJ Pest Control, but were unable to contact anyone.

Further investigation revealed that Victor was covered in acid, and there was so much of it in the car that it soaked the carpet and seats, making the air around the truck poisonous. Victor and Jorge were taken to separate hospitals for their injuries. A city hazmat team and the state Department of Environmental Protection arrived by the afternoon to decontaminate the area. At about 3:45 p.m., a DEP contractor sorting through tubs of chemicals in the bed of the truck found a black garbage bag. Inside were human remains.

FBI investigators joined the effort to decontaminate the site to clear the way for county forensics investigators to examine the body. At about 8:30 p.m. Tuesday the body was taken to the medical examiner's office for an autopsy. The identity of the body was withheld from the public for two days after its discovery, then revealed to be that of Nubia Barahona, Victor's twin sister. Her body was badly decomposed and difficult to identify, as it had been covered with acid and other hazardous chemicals.

## Investigation

Victor was initially taken to nearby St. Mary's Medical Center (West Palm Beach, Florida), then transferred two days later to Jackson Memorial Hospital's burn center in Miami. He had suffered "severe internal reactions" to the inhalation of toxic fumes in the truck, and had chemical burns over large portions of his body. Doctors also found several previous injuries to the boy, including a broken collarbone, broken arm, scars on his buttocks and lower abdomen, and rope marks on both wrists. Victor was finally released on March 2, 2011, and placed in a therapeutic foster home.

Jorge was arrested on child abuse charges against Victor and moved from Columbia Hospital (West Palm Beach) to the Palm Beach County jail on February 16. While in custody, he confessed to police that he had been upset by the death of his daughter and had driven to Palm Beach County with the plan to commit suicide by setting himself on fire. He said the shoulder of I-95 was chosen so that he would be "easily found". He claimed he gave Victor a handful of sleeping pills, then, with the boy's head in his lap, poured gasoline over his own head. He then attempted to ignite a lighter, but could not do it, as he did not want to take Victor with him. Investigators found a red gasoline container in the truck filled with acid. When asked by police why he did not have as many obvious burns as Victor, Jorge said that some of the gas must have splashed the boy. The police concluded that Jorge's version of events was inconsistent with the boy's injuries.

Autopsy results concluded that Nubia was beaten to death on February 11, the day a DCF official came to investigate a call to their abuse hotline. According to the police report, Jorge allegedly "repeatedly punched and beat Nubia" who "screamed and cried until she was dead".

Carmen Barahona, Jorge's wife, told investigators when questioned that she and her husband had been separated for six months, when in fact they had never been apart. The couple's other two children were taken from the home and placed with Carmen's parents, then placed in foster care.

### A "family secret"

On February 10, 2011, four days before Jorge Barahona's truck was found on the side of the road, the therapist of Carmen Barahona's granddaughter, Alessandra, placed a call to child welfare officials. Alessandra had alleged to her therapist that while visiting her grandmother's house, twins Nubia and Victor were bound by their hands and feet and made to stand for hours in a bathtub. Their hands were unbound only when it was time to eat, she claimed, and she also alleged that she was not permitted to speak to them when she used the bathroom. The therapist told the operator that Alessandra felt threatened by her grandmother to keep quiet. Carmen allegedly told Alessandra not to tell people about how the twins were treated because it was a "family secret".

The couple's 11-year-old autistic son, Jorge, also tried to tell a DCF investigator visiting the home shortly before Nubia's death about a "secret", but the investigator claimed Carmen dismissed him as "low-functioning" and told him to watch TV in another room.

After the discovery of Nubia's body, Alessandra was removed from the care of her mother, Jennifer Perez, and placed with her father, Yovani Perez. In addition, a judge ordered that neither the girl's mother nor any member of her family have any contact with the girl. A DCF official stated that Alessandra should no longer be with her mother because "the mother, Jennifer Perez, not only psychologically abused the child by exposing her to the torture of the twins, but also by threatening the child over and over to keep quiet and encourage her to be complicit in the deception ... including a calculated effort by the mother to keep the child from disclosing it to DCF officials."

### Role of DCF

The Florida Department of Children and Families has been heavily criticized for their handling of the Barahona case. Judge Cindy Lederman expressed outrage at the actions of Andrea Fleary, a DCF worker assigned to the case. On Thursday, February 10, Fleary visited the Barahona home to investigate an abuse hotline call, but despite not making contact with the children, she reported they were safe. When Fleary told the judge about 11-year-old Jorge's attempts to alert her to abuse on Friday, she said the conversations had taken place late in the evening. Judge Lederman responded "So we don't do investigations on weekends? Is that what you are telling me?" Fleary responded that she had stopped her investigation at 9:00 p.m. because "we don't do investigations on weekends."

DCF Secretary David Wilkins defended Fleary, claiming she was rattled during the hearing and that "\[w\]e do investigations 24/7 ... We have employees who work weekends. We have employees who work nights." Fleary was first placed on paid administrative leave, then fired. When asked how they could have ignored signs of Nubia's abuse, such as her hair loss and constant hunger, Wilkins stated that "\[t\]he medical conditions of the children complicated the decision-making of our investigators". Wilkins also reminded critics that "these people have been deceiving the system for quite a long time". In response to the Docter twins being adopted despite objections from their guardian ad litem Paul Neumann, head of Miami-Dade County's guardian ad litem program Sonia Ferrer said the program did everything it could at the time despite admitting Neumann had concerns. She said that the judge overseeing the adoption had heard other evidence and decided to place them with the Barahonas.

Wilkins called upon David Lawrence Jr., former publisher of *The Miami Herald* and current president of the Children's Movement of Florida, Bobby Martinez, a former U.S. Attorney in South Florida, and James Sewell, former assistant commissioner of the Florida Department of Law Enforcement and chair of the task force that investigated the 2009 death of Broward County foster child Gabriel Myers, to look into the handling of the Barahona case. The panel subsequently called DCF's handling of the case "inept" and a "failure of common sense and listening".

Wilkins, who had only been DCF secretary for a few months at the time of Nubia's death, has also criticized the organization's abuse hotline, comparing it to a "low-cost call center". Regarding a call reporting the Barahonas, Wilkins said "\[t\]hey have a low-cost call center mentality ... You don't want to get off the phone in this situation ... you could tell the operator wanted to get off the phone because he's measured by how long his call is." Employees are rated by how quickly they handle calls because in the past they had been criticized for taking too long to answer calls, causing callers to hang up. Wilkins also claims the technology is outdated, making it difficult to piece together different parts of a case from separate calls. He claimed to have plans to remedy these situations.

## Charges and trial

After being informed he had to attend a hearing on a felony child abuse charge, Jorge Barahona tried twice to injure himself. He first jumped backward off of a sink in his cell, landing on his head. He was examined and declared competent to stand before a judge, but refused to cooperate with deputies and did not show up for the hearing. At the hearing, his bail was set for $1 million. He later attempted again to injure himself and was taken to a hospital for a CT scan, then returned to jail and placed in the mental health unit.

Carmen Barahona filed for divorce from Jorge in late February, but was arrested and charged with first-degree murder on March 5. She was held without bond.

Jorge and Carmen Barahona together have been indicted on eighteen charges: one count of first-degree murder, eight counts of child abuse resulting in great bodily harm, one count of child neglect resulting in great harm, six counts of child neglect (no great harm), one count of child neglect (no great bodily harm), and one count of mutilating a dead body. They face the death penalty if convicted.

The Barahonas have both pleaded not guilty to first-degree murder and child abuse charges. Jorge Barahona's trial on the murder of Nubia and the attempted murder of Victor was set to begin on September 28, 2015.

In January 2016, Circuit Judge Samantha Schosberg Feuer set the case for jury selection to start July 25. The case was set to begin in September 2015, but the Barahonas' attorneys requested more time. Prosecutors are seeking the death penalty for the couple.

The Barahonas' granddaughter, who wished not to be identified, came forward and described the abuse as "a persistent pattern of psychological and physical abuse." She was six years old when the twins arrived at the Barahonas' home. The granddaughter was a regular visitor and witnessed the torture of the twins, even stating that "the twins would be stripped naked and forced to walk around the living room." Jorge Barahona forced everyone to watch the naked twins. Another time during the granddaughter's visit, Jorge tried to drown Victor in the swimming pool and at another time, Jorge and Carmen wrapped rope around Victor's neck, choking him "until he fainted". The granddaughter also said that the twins were only given milk and bread to eat.

In April 2017, Victor Barahona received US$3.75 million as part of a settlement with the Florida Department of Children and Families. The state's government said the department "poorly handled the case of the Barahona twins" and that the department "had many red flags they did not pay attention to".

On February 21, 2020, Carmen Barahona pleaded guilty to first-degree murder and multiple counts of aggravated child abuse. She also agreed to testify against Jorge as part of a plea deal. Her sentencing has been deferred until her cooperation with prosecutors against Jorge is complete. If she does not fully cooperate, she could still face the death penalty.

## Trial delays

On February 26, 2020, lawyers for Jorge Barahona requested his trial date be delayed due to Carmen's plea deal. On March 1, 2021, Barahona was attacked in the Pre-Trial Detention Center as he slept and suffered multiple bruises on his face, a nosebleed, and a small cut on his nose. He was attacked by five other inmates because "of the nature of his pending charges," according to a police report.

In August 2021, Barahona fired his legal team and continued to ask for postponements.

In February 2024, a court hearing about whether he is competent to stand trial was again reset. A local news station reported that, after 13 years, it is a "case that is still nowhere near trial" because "judges and attorneys have changed for years (and)... Jorge Barahona continues to ask for postponements." Gail Levine, the case's original prosecutor, who is now retired, said that "Due to judges' calendars, due to the defense, and the attorney's decision to go to trial on other cases, Jorge Barahona's case took a backseat".

## InfoBox

| Nubia Barahona | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Nubia Docter
(2000-05-26)May 26, 2000 |
| Died | February 11, 2011(2011-02-11) (aged 10) |
| Body discovered | February 14, 2011 |
| Nationality | American |
| Parent(s) | Jorge and Carmen Barahona (adoptive)
Victor Bustillo and Sandra K. Docter (biological) |
| Relatives | Victor Barahona (twin brother) |


title: The Ring magazine Hall of Fame

abstract:
The Ring magazine was established in 1922. In 1954, the magazine established its own boxing Hall of Fame and inducted 155 members before it was abandoned after the 1987 inductions. Boxing inductions continue through the International Boxing Hall of Fame. 142 members of the old The Ring magazine Hall of Fame have been elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame since 1990. The 13 members who have yet to be elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame are listed below, with their year of induction into The Ring's Boxing Hall of Fame: Modern Group
  - 1973 – Gus Lesnevich
  - 1977 – Ceferino Garcia
  - 1977 – Yoshio Shirai Old-Timers
  - 1976 – Jimmy Britt
  - 1978 – Peter Maher
  - 1982 – Harry Jeffra Pioneers
  - 1962 – Ned Price
  - 1964 – Sam Collyer
  - 1968 – Jacob Hyer
  - 1971 – Nobby Clark
  - 1972 – Tom Chandler Non-Participant
  - 1977 – Dan Daniel

text:
# The Ring magazine Hall of Fame

***The Ring*** **magazine** was established in 1922. In 1954, the magazine established its own boxing **Hall of Fame** and inducted 155 members before it was abandoned after the 1987 inductions. Boxing inductions continue through the International Boxing Hall of Fame. 142 members of the old *The Ring* magazine Hall of Fame have been elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame since 1990. The 13 members who have yet to be elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame are listed below, with their year of induction into *The Ring*'s Boxing Hall of Fame:

**Modern Group**

**Old-Timers**

**Pioneers**

* 1962  Ned Price
* 1964  Sam Collyer
* 1968  Jacob Hyer
* 1971  Nobby Clark
* 1972  Tom Chandler

**Non-Participant**

Official website


title: Parapsestis implicata

abstract: Parapsestis implicata is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Gyula M. László, Gábor Ronkay, László Aladár Ronkay and Thomas Joseph Witt in 2007. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi, Sichuan and Hubei.

text:
# Parapsestis implicata

***Parapsestis implicata*** is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Gyula M. László, Gábor Ronkay, László Aladár Ronkay and Thomas Joseph Witt in 2007. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi, Sichuan and Hubei.

## InfoBox

| *Parapsestis implicata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Drepanidae |
| Genus: | *Parapsestis* |
| Species: | ***P. implicata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parapsestis implicata***<br>László, G. Ronkay, L. Ronkay & Witt, 2007 | |
|