title: The Hound of Death

abstract: The Hound of Death and Other Stories is a collection of twelve short stories by British writer Agatha Christie, first published in the United Kingdom in October 1933. Unusually, the collection was not published by Christie's regular publishers, William Collins & Sons, but by Odhams Press, and was not available to purchase in shops. This was the first time that a Christie book had been published in the UK but not in the US, although all of the stories contained within it appeared in later US collections. Unusually, most of these are tales of fate and the supernatural, with comparatively little detective content. This collection is most notable for the first appearance in a book of Christie's short story "The Witness for the Prosecution". The author subsequently wrote an award-winning play based on this story which has been adapted for the 1957 film and twice for television.

text:
# The Hound of Death

***The Hound of Death and Other Stories*** is a collection of twelve short stories by British writer Agatha Christie, first published in the United Kingdom in October 1933. Unusually, the collection was not published by Christie's regular publishers, William Collins & Sons, but by Odhams Press, and was not available to purchase in shops (see *Publication of book collection* below).

This was the first time that a Christie book had been published in the UK but not in the US, although all of the stories contained within it appeared in later US collections (see *US book appearances of stories* below). Unusually, most of these are tales of fate and the supernatural, with comparatively little detective content. This collection is most notable for the first appearance in a book of Christie's short story "The Witness for the Prosecution". The author subsequently wrote an award-winning play based on this story which has been adapted for the 1957 film and twice for television.

## List of stories

* "The Hound of Death"
* "The Red Signal"
* "The Fourth Man"
* "The Gypsy"
* "The Lamp"
* "Wireless"
* "The Witness for the Prosecution"
* "The Mystery of the Blue Jar"
* "The Strange Case of Sir Arthur Carmichael"
* "The Call of Wings"
* "The Last Séance"
* "SOS"

## Plot summaries

### The Hound of Death

William P. Ryan, an American journalist, is having lunch with a friend called Anstruther when he hears that the latter is about to visit his sister in Folbridge, Cornwall, at her house called "Treane". Ryan has heard of the place, and tells a story from the recent First World War when he heard of a German attempt to take over a convent during the Rape of Belgium. As soon as the soldiers entered the building it blew up, killing them all. It was proven that the soldiers had no high explosives on them, and speaking with the locals afterwards Ryan was told of one of the nuns having miraculous powers: she brought down a lightning bolt from heaven that destroyed the convent and killed the Germans. All that was left of the building were two walls, one of which had a powder mark in the shape of a giant hound. This scared the local peasants who avoided the area after dark. The nun in question survived and went with other refugees to "Treane" in Cornwall, and Anstruther confirms that his sister did take in some Belgians at the time.

In Cornwall, Anstruther finds out from his sister that the nun, Marie Angelique, is still in the area. She has constant hallucinations and is being studied by a local, new, young doctor by the name of Rose, who intends to write a monograph on her condition. Anstruther meets Rose and persuades him to let him meet the young nun.

She is boarding with the local district nurse. She talks of her dreams, but when Anstruther tells her of the story he heard from Ryan, she is shocked to realise that what she thought was a dream was true – that of unleashing the "Hound of Death" on the Germans as they approached the altar. She rambles on about the "City of Circles" and the "People of the Crystal", and when they have left her, Rose tells Anstruther that he has heard her mention crystals before, and on a previous occasion he produced a crystal and showed it to her to test her reaction. She gasped, "Then the faith still lives!"

The next day, the young nun tells Anstruther that she feels that the crystal is a symbol of faith, possibly a second Christ, and the faith has endured for many centuries. Rose tries a word association test in which Marie Angelique makes references to signs – and the sixth sign is destruction. Anstruther starts to feel uneasy about Rose's interest in the case, suspecting something more than purely medical motives. Some time later, Anstruther receives a letter from the nun in which she voices her fears of Rose and says that the doctor is trying to obtain her powers by progressing to the sixth sign. The same day he hears from his sister that both Rose and the nun are dead. A landslide swept away the cliffside cottage they were in, and the debris on the beach is in the shape of a giant hound. He also hears that Rose's rich uncle died the same night, struck by lightning, although there were no storms in the area, and the burn-mark on him is in an unusual shape. Remembering comments from Marie Angelique, Anstruther wonders if Rose acquired the ancient (or possibly future?) powers of the crystal but failed to control them properly, resulting in his own death. His fears are confirmed when he comes into possession of Rose's notes which detail his attempts to become a superman with "the Power of Death" in his hands.

### The Red Signal

A dinner party is taking place in the London home of Jack and Claire Trent. Their three guests are a Mrs Violet Eversleigh, Sir Alington West (a noted psychiatrist), and West's nephew, Dermot West. The talk turns round to precognitive abilities and premonitions, of which Sir Alington is dismissive, believing them to be both coincidences and situations that are talked up after the event. Dermot is not so sure, describing such feelings as having a red signal – "danger ahead!" – and tells one story of near-death in Mesopotamia, when he avoided being murdered by an Arab servant. What he does not tell the group is that he is again experiencing the red signal tonight at the dinner party. He ponders who could be the source of danger, his thoughts moving to his love for Claire Trent, a feeling that he constantly suppresses as Jack Trent is his best friend. Coming out of his reverie, he finds the conversation has turned to madness and the dangers of suppressing delusions. Sir Alington looks pointedly at Claire Trent, who is visibly disturbed by this talk.

One of the purposes of the evening is to meet a medium who is there to conduct a sitting. She does so and warns one of the people in the room not to go home, as there is danger there. The party breaks up and Sir Alington asks Dermot to accompany him home to Harley Street before going on to join his friends at the Grafton Galleries. Once inside, he tells his nephew that he knows of his infatuation for Claire, and admonishes him not to give in to it. He disapproves of divorce, and speaks of a history of insanity in their family, and his suspicions of homicidal mania. The discussion becomes emotional and Dermot utters a threat against his uncle, one which is overheard by the manservant, Johnson, as he brings in drinks. Going to the Grafton Galleries, Claire tells Dermot that his feelings for her are reciprocated, and because of this she wants him to go away. He asks her to join him, but she refuses.

Going back to his flat, Dermot is once again assailed by the feeling of danger and, to his astonishment, finds a revolver hidden in a bedroom drawer. There is a knock on the door and Dermot opens it to the police. The feeling of danger makes him tell the police that he is Milson, his own manservant, and the police tell him that his "master" is wanted for the murder of Sir Alington who was shot dead earlier that night after being overheard arguing with his nephew. The police search the flat, find the revolver, and decide to leave an officer there in case West "comes back". Dermot escapes from the flat through the kitchen window while supposedly getting drinks, and quickly bumps into Jack Trent who gets him away to his own house. He locks himself in a room with Dermot, produces a gun, and then insanely confesses to the murder. Sir Alington recognised his condition and was at the dinner party to assess his true mental state. Dermot assumed that his uncle was speaking of Claire, who was actually assisting Sir Alington in his diagnosis. She now assists the police to gain entry to the house and the locked room. Jack shoots himself before they can take him.

### The Fourth Man

Canon Parfitt just manages to catch his train on time for a night journey. In his first class carriage he is reacquainted with Sir George Durand, a famous lawyer. A third man in the carriage introduces himself as Dr Campbell Clark, an eminent physician who is an expert on conditions of the mind. There is a fourth man with them who appears to be asleep.

The three other men, confessing to various degrees of insomnia, talk throughout the journey. Their conversation covers the idea that a body can house more than one soul and Dr Clark cites the case of a French girl called Felicie Bault. She was a Brittany peasant who, at the age of five, lost her parents when her father in a drunken rage strangled her mother, and he was then transported for life. She was taken into the care of a Miss Slater, an English woman, who ran a charity orphanage in the area. Felicie was slightly backward and brutish-looking and Miss Slater had an uphill task to teach her the rudiments of reading and writing. In later years she had one maid's job after another due to her perceived stupidity and laziness. Suddenly, at the age of twenty-two, a change came over her. Following a mental illness she split into three or four distinct personalities. The first was the continuation of her known self but the second was cultured and educated, able to play the piano and speak two foreign languages. The third had the second's education but also knew of the coarser side of life and the less respectable side of Parisian society. The fourth seemed dreamy and pious but was suspected to be the third putting on an act. The change from one personality to another occurred after a severe headache and a deep sleep, and left her with no recollection of the other personalities. The end of the story came when she was discovered dead in bed one morning, somehow having strangled herself with her own hands.

At this point, the fourth man in the carriage laughs and joins in the conversation. He speaks with a foreign accent and tells them that Felicie's case is inextricably bound up with that of another girl called Annette Ravel. The two girls and the man himself – Raoul Letardeau – were together at Miss Slater's orphanage. He was a witness to the bullying hold that Annette had over Felicie, that included an incident when Annette seems to have successfully hypnotised Felicie into carrying out an act of which she had no memory. He also saw how much Felicie hated Annette. The latter was an ambitious girl who was determined to become a famous dancer in Paris. Raoul left the orphanage when work was found for him that took him abroad for five years. Returning to Paris he saw by chance a poster advertising Annette as singing on the stage and met her in her dressing room. She seemed to have achieved her ambitions but Raoul witnessed the unmistakable signs of consumption, and two years later he returned to Miss Slater's orphanage where Annette had retreated, plainly dying but refusing to believe so. Felicie was also there, serving as a maid, as hateful of Annette as ever but still bullied and humiliated by the ruthless woman who seemed to have a strange hold on her.

Annette died soon afterwards. When Raoul returned six months later he was told by an amazed Miss Slater of the first symptoms of Felicie's abnormal personality changes. He witnessed one of these and also heard Felicie speak of Annette, "taking ... the clothes from your back, the soul from your body" and she was plainly in some terror of the dead girl. Nevertheless, she knew that she had strong hands – should she wish to escape ... The other three are amazed to hear the story and Raoul emphasises how much Annette longed for her life. The doctor had previously said that the body was a residence for the soul. Raoul compares the situation to finding a burglar in one's home.

### The Gypsy

Dickie Carpenter breaks off his recent engagement to Esther Lawes and confides the reason to Mcfarlane, a dour Scot who is the fiancée of Rachel Lawes, Esther's younger sister. Dickie, a former naval man, has had an aversion to gypsies since his childhood, when he started to have recurring dreams in which he would be in a given situation and suddenly feel a presence. When he looked up, a gypsy woman stood there looking at him. The sudden appearance of this woman always unnerved him, although it was not until some years after these dreams started that he encountered a real gypsy. This happened on a walk in the New Forest, and she warned him not to take a certain path. He ignored her and the wooden bridge he was crossing broke beneath his weight, casting him into the fast-running stream below and nearly drowning him.

These occurrences came back to him when he returned to England and started to see the Lawes family. At one dinner party he saw a woman called Alistair Haworth whom he seemed to see in his own eyes as wearing a red scarf on her head, just like the gypsy of his dreams. He walked on the terrace with her after dinner and she warned him not to go back into the house. He did so and found himself falling for Esther Lawes. They became engaged a week later and two weeks after that he again caught sight of Mrs Haworth who once more warned him. He again ignored her and that very night Esther stated that, after all, she did not love him. The reason he is now confiding in Macfarlane is that he is due for a routine operation, and he thought he saw in one of the nurses in the hospital the image of Mrs Haworth, who warned him not to go ahead with the surgery.

Dickie subsequently dies during the operation and some impulse makes Macfarlane go to see Mrs Haworth at her moorland home. There he is surprised to find that her husband is not really suited to such a striking woman as her. The two walk on the moors and Mrs Haworth tells Macfarlane that he too has second sight. For proof, she asks him to look at a rock and he fancies he sees a hollow filled with blood. She tells him it is a sacrificial stone from olden times and he has had his own vision. She confides that she married her husband because she saw some portent hanging over him and wanted to prevent it. She also tells Macfarlane that they won't meet again.

Determined to challenge the fates, Macfarlane drives back from his inn to the Haworth's cottage the next day and finds that the lady is dead. She drank something poisonous thinking it was her tonic and her husband is beside himself with grief. Back at his inn, the landlady tells him stories of long-gone ghosts seen on the moor, including a sailor and a gypsy. Macfarlane wonders if they will walk again.

### The Lamp

Young widow Mrs Lancaster takes a lease on an empty house that sits in a square in an old cathedral town. Suspicious of the extremely low rent, she correctly guesses that the house is haunted and pushes the agent for details. He reluctantly tells her the version of the story that he has heard, about a man called Williams living there some thirty years ago with his young son. Williams went up to London for the day and, being a wanted man on the run, was arrested and jailed by the police. His young son was left to fend for himself in the house but died of starvation. The story goes that the boy's sobbing as he waits for his father to return can sometimes be heard.

Mrs Lancaster soon moves into the house with her elderly father, Mr Winburn, and her lively young son, Geoffrey. Mr Winburn knows that the house is haunted and hears another set of footsteps on the stairs following his grandson down. He also has a disturbing dream that he is in a town populated by no one but children who are begging him to know if he has "brought him". In addition, he overhears the servants gossiping about hearing a child cry. Somewhat oblivious to this, Geoffrey nevertheless asks his startled mother if he can play with the little boy that he sometimes sees watching him, but Mrs Lancaster brusquely stops all such talk. A month later, Geoffrey starts to fall ill and even his mother begins to hear the sobs of the other little boy with whom they seem to share the house. The doctor confesses to his grandfather that there is little they can do as Geoffrey's lungs were never strong. One night, Geoffrey dies and his mother and grandfather suddenly hear the sound of the other child's joyous laughter and the receding sound of two pairs of footsteps. The little boy has a playmate at last.

### Wireless

Mary Harter, an old lady in her seventies, has a consultation with her doctor. He advises her that she has something of a weak heart and should avoid undue exertion to ensure many more years of life. Dr Meynall also tells Mrs Harter's beloved resident nephew, Charles Ridgeway, of the advice he has given, adding that Mrs Harter should be cheerfully distracted and avoid brooding. To this end, Charles persuades his aunt to have a radio installed. She resists at first, but quickly comes to enjoy the programmes that are broadcast. One evening, when Charles is out with friends, the radio suddenly emits the voice of her dead husband, Patrick, who tells her that he is coming for her soon. Although naturally shocked, Mrs Harter remains composed but thoughtful.

Some days later the radio set emits a similar message, and the old lady decides to ensure that her affairs are in order. She makes sure that Elizabeth, her maid, knows where her burial requests are kept, and decides to increase the amount she has left her in her will from fifty to one hundred pounds. To accomplish this, she writes to her lawyer and asks him to send her the will that he has in his possession. Mrs Harter is somewhat startled that day at lunch when Charles comments that, when he was coming up the drive of the house the previous evening, he thought he saw a face at an upstairs window, and realised afterwards that it resembled a portrait in a little-used room that he has since found out is that of Patrick Harter. The latter's widow looks on this as further proof that her time is near.

That evening, Mrs Harter again hears a message through the radio from Patrick, telling her that will be coming for her at half-past nine on Friday night. She writes a note detailing what she has heard as proof, should she die at that time, that it is possible to receive messages from the afterlife. She gives this to Elizabeth to pass on to the doctor in the event of her death. On the Friday night in question, she sits in her room with the radio switched on and the will in her hand as she peruses its contents, having had fifty pounds in cash withdrawn from the bank to supplement the amount bequeathed to Elizabeth. She hears the noise of a step outside her room and staggers to her feet, dropping something from her fingers as the door swings open and she sees her dead husband's bewhiskered figure standing before her. She collapses and is found an hour later by Elizabeth.

Two days later the maid passes the note to the doctor, who dismisses it all as hallucinations. Charles agrees, not wanting to spoil things now that his plan appears to be reaching fruition. Having safely disconnected the wire from the radio set to his bedroom, and burnt the false whiskers he wore on the night of his aunt's death, he looks forward to the reading of the will and inheriting his aunt's money – a sum desperately needed to stave off possible imprisonment as a result of his business misdeeds.

He receives a shock when his aunt's lawyer calls and tells him that he posted the will on to the dead lady at her request. It can no longer be found among her papers, and Charles realises that, as she fell dying, the will she was holding in her fingers dropped into the fire. No other copy exists, and therefore a former will comes into effect. This one left Harter's fortune to a niece (Charles's cousin) Miriam, who had proved unsatisfactory to her aunt for marrying a man of whom her aunt did not approve. Charles receives a second shock when the doctor telephones him to say that the results of the autopsy prove that his aunt's heart was in a worse condition than he thought, and there is no way she could have lived more than two months at the outside. Charles angrily realises he need never have set up his elaborate stunt.

### The Witness for the Prosecution

A solicitor, Mr Mayherne, interviews his latest client in his office: Leonard Vole is a young man who has been arrested on the capital charge of the murder of an old lady, Miss Emily French. Vole tells how he met Miss French when he helped her to pick up some parcels she dropped in Oxford Street and, by coincidence, he met her again that night at a party in Cricklewood. She asked him to call at her house and he was ribbed by his friends, who joked that he had made a conquest of a rich, lonely old lady.

He did call and struck up a friendship with Miss French, and started to see her on many other occasions at a time when he himself was in low water financially. Vole's story is that Miss French asked him for financial advice, despite the testimony of both her maid, Janet Mackenzie, and Miss French's bankers that the old lady was astute enough herself on these matters. He protests that he never swindled her of a single penny and, if he had been doing so, surely her death would have frustrated his plans? Vole is then staggered when Mayherne tells him that he is the principal beneficiary of Miss French's will, and that Janet Mackenzie swears that her mistress told her that Vole was informed of this change in his fortunes.

The facts of the murder are that Janet Mackenzie, on her night off, returned to Miss French's house briefly at half-past-nine and heard voices in the sitting-room. One was Miss French and the other was a man's. The next morning, the body of Miss French was found, killed with a crowbar, and several items had been taken from the house. Burglary was at first suspected, but Miss Mackenzie's suspicions of Vole pointed the police in his direction and led eventually to his arrest. Vole, though, is delighted to hear of Miss Mackenzie's testimony about the visitor at nine-thirty, as he was with his wife, Romaine, at the time, and she can provide him with an alibi.

Mayherne has already wired Mrs Vole to return from a trip to Scotland to see him, and he goes to her house to interview her. He is surprised to find that she is foreign and is staggered when she cries out her hatred of Vole and that he is not her husband – she was an actress in Vienna, and her real husband is still living there, but in an asylum. She alleges that Vole returned from Miss French's an hour later than he claims and, as he is not her lawful husband, she can testify against him in court.

Romaine Heilger does indeed appear as a witness for the prosecution at the committal hearing, and Vole is sent for trial. In the intervening period, Mayherne tries to find evidence that will discredit Romaine, but he is unsuccessful until he receives a scrawled and badly spelt letter which directs him to call at an address in Stepney and ask for Miss Mogson if he wants evidence against the "painted foreign hussy". He does so, and in a reeking tenement slum meets a bent, middle-aged crone of a woman with terrible scars on her face caused by the throwing of sulphuric acid. This attack was carried out by a man by the name of Max with whom Romaine Heilger is now having an affair. Miss Mogson herself was involved with Max many years before, but Romaine took him away from her. Meyherne is passed a series of letters written by Romaine to Max, all dated, which prove that Vole is innocent and that Romaine is lying to be rid of him. Mayherne pays the crone twenty pounds for the letters, which are then read out at the trial. The case against Vole collapses and he is declared "Not Guilty". Mayherne is delighted at his success, but is suddenly stopped in his tracks when he remembers a curious habit of Romaine's in the witness box when she clenched and unclenched her right hand – a habit shared by Miss Mogson in Stepney.

Some time later he confronts Romaine with the accusation that she, a former actress, was Miss Mogson, and that the letters were fakes. Romaine confesses: she loves Vole passionately and knew that her evidence would not have been enough to save him – she had to provoke an emotional reaction in the court in favour of the accused man. Mayherne is unhappy, protesting that he could have saved the innocent man by more conventional means but Romaine tells him she couldn't have risked it. Mayherne presumes she means that was because she knew Vole was innocent; however, the story ends with Romaine telling the lawyer that she couldn't risk it because Vole was actually guilty all along. She is willing to go to gaol for perjury, but Vole is free.

### The Mystery of the Blue Jar

Jack Hartington, a young man of twenty-four years of age, is something of a golf addict and consequently has taken a room at a hotel near to Stourton Heath links, so that he can practise for an hour each morning before having to take the train to his dull city job. One morning he is disturbed in mid-swing when he hears a female voice crying out "Murder! Help! Murder!". Running in the direction of the cry he comes across a quaint cottage, outside of which is a young girl quietly gardening. When questioned, she denies hearing the call for help and seems surprised at Jack's story, referring to him as "Monsieur".

Confused, he leaves her and hunts in the surrounding area for the source of the cry, but in the end gives up. That evening, he looks through the papers to see if any crime has been reported, and repeats this action the next morning – a day of heavy rain which cancels his practise routine – but still finds nothing. The next day, the strange occurrence of two days earlier is repeated at the same spot and the exact time. Also, once more the girl outside the cottage denies hearing any such sound, and sympathetically enquires if Jack has suffered from shellshock in the past.

The third day, he hears the cry again but this time doesn't let on to the girl that this is the case when he passes the cottage, and instead they discuss her gardening. Nevertheless, he is intensely troubled by these occurrences and notices that at the hotel breakfast table he is being watched by a bearded man whom he knows to be called Dr Lavington. Concerned that his sanity is under attack, Jack invites Lavington to join him for a few holes the next morning and the doctor agrees. When the cry is repeated Lavington denies hearing anything. The doctor discusses Jack's possible delusions and they talk of the possibility of some sort of psychic phenomena. He suggests that Jack go off to work as usual while he investigates the history of the cottage.

Back at the hotel that night, the doctor tells him what he has learnt. The present occupants, who have been *in situ* for just ten days, are an elderly French professor with consumption and his daughter. However, a year ago, and several tenants back, the occupants were a strange couple called Turner who seemed to be afraid of something. They suddenly vacated the premises early one morning. Mr Turner has been seen since then, but no one seems to have laid eyes on his wife. The doctor, although arguing against jumping to conclusions, theorises that Jack is receiving some sort of message from the woman.

A few days later, Jack receives a visit from the girl at the cottage who introduces herself as Felise Marchaud. She is in terror as, knowing of local gossip that the cottage is haunted, she has started to have a recurring dream of a distressed woman holding a blue jar. The last two night's dreams ended with a voice crying out in the same way as Jack heard on the links. Jack brings Lavington into the discussion and Felise shows them both a rough watercolour she found in the house of a woman holding a blue jar, as in her dream. Jack recognises it as similar to a Chinese one bought by his uncle two months ago, which coincides with the date on which one of the previous tenants left the cottage. Lavington suggests bringing the jar to the cottage, where the three of them will sit with it for the night and see what happens. As Jack's uncle is away he is able to obtain the jar and bring it as requested, and Felise recognises it as the one from the dream. Lavington switches off the lights in the sitting-room and the three of them sit in the darkness at a table on which the jar is placed. After waiting for some time, Jack suddenly starts to choke and falls unconscious.

He wakes up in a copse near the cottage, in daylight, to find out from his pocket watch that it is half-past-twelve in the afternoon. He gets no answer at the cottage and goes back to the hotel, where he finds his uncle, newly arrived back from a continental trip. Jack tells him of the events, prompting a cry of outrage from the old man: the blue Chinese jar was a priceless Ming piece and the only one of its kind in the world. Jack rushes to the hotel office and finds that Lavington has checked out, but has left a mocking note for Jack from himself, Felise, and her invalid father, saying that their twelve hours start ought to be ample.

### The Strange Case of Sir Arthur Carmichael

Dr Edward Carstairs, a noted psychologist, is called in to investigate the case of Sir Arthur Carmichael, a young man of twenty-three who woke up the previous morning at his estate in Herefordshire with a totally changed personality. Carstairs travels down there with a colleague called Dr Settle, who tells him that he feels that the house could be haunted, and that this phenomenon has connections with the case. The household consists of Sir Arthur, his stepmother, Lady Carmichael, his half-brother of eight years of age, and a Miss Phyllis Patterson to whom Arthur is engaged to be married. As their horse carriage comes up the drive, they see Miss Patterson walking across the lawn. Carstairs remarks on the cat at her feet, which provokes a startled reaction from Settle.

Going into the house, they make the acquaintance of Lady Carmichael and Miss Patterson, and again Carstairs causes a reaction when he mentions seeing the cat. They then see their patient and observe his strange behaviour – sitting hunched, without speaking, then stretching and yawning and drinking a cup of milk without using his hands.

After dinner that night, Carstairs hears a cat meowing, and this sound is repeated during the night outside his bedroom door, but he is unable to find the animal in the house. The next morning he does spy the cat from the bedroom window as it walks across the lawn and straight through a flock of birds which seem oblivious to its presence. He is further puzzled when Lady Carmichael insists that there is no cat in their home. Talking to a footman, Carstairs is informed that there used to be a cat, but it was destroyed a week ago and buried in the grounds. There are further appearances of this apparition, and they realise that it is targeting Lady Carmichael. Carstairs even dreams of the cat the following night: in the dream, he follows it into the library and it shows him to a gap in the volumes on the bookshelf. The next morning, Carstairs and Settle find that there is a book missing from that very spot in the room, and Carstairs glimpses the truth later on in the day when Sir Arthur jumps off his chair when he spots a mouse, and crouches near the wainscoting, waiting for it to appear.

That night, Lady Carmichael is badly attacked in her bed by the ghostly creature, and this prompts Carstairs to insist that the body of the dead cat be dug up. It is, and he sees that it is the very creature that he has spotted several times, and a smell shows that it was killed by prussic acid.

Several days pass, as Lady Carmichael starts to recover, until one day Sir Arthur falls into the water of the lake. Pulled out onto the bank, he is at first thought to be dead, but he comes round and he has also recovered his personality, but he has no recollection of the intervening days. The sight of him gives Lady Carmichael such a shock that she dies on the spot, and the missing book from the library is found – a volume on the subject of the transformation of people into animals. The inference is that lady Carmichael used the book to put Sir Arthur's soul into the cat, then killed it to ensure that her own son would inherit the title and estate. As stated at the beginning of the story, Carstairs later died, and his notes containing the details of the case were subsequently found.

### The Call of Wings

Millionaire Silas Hamer and East-End Parson Dick Borrow, after having dinner with their friend Bertrand Seldon, discuss how they are completely opposite in nature, yet both contentedly happy. Hamer is economically happy because he has risen from his poverty-ridden background and built up a fortune, whereas Borrow is spiritually happy because he aids the poor. The two go their separate ways home, and on his way Silas witnesses a homeless man being hit by a bus and killed. Thinking he could have saved the man, Silas goes home mentally troubled.

Before he goes through his front door, he hears a legless piper playing a tune that he feels lifts him off the ground in joy. Having heard this tune for several days before falling asleep, he thinks that he floats around his bedroom with joy, witnessing amazing scenes of red sand, and a completely new colour that he nicknames Wing Colour. However, every time something pulls him back to the ground, causing him physical pain. He talks to his friend Seldon about it, to which the nerve-specialist replies he should talk to the piper and ask about the music.

Silas confronts the piper, and demands to know who he is. In response, the piper draws a picture of the faun god Pan (who has goat's legs) playing his pipes on a rock, and saying "They were evil", implying that the piper is the god Pan, who had his legs cut off to appear human. Now addicted to the music, Silas feels that his wealth is the only thing stopping him from reaching true happiness. In response, he donates all of his money to Dick Borrow, so that he can help the whole of East London. Deciding to get the train home, Silas waits on the platform with a homeless man. The man, in a drunken stupor, walks to the edge and accidentally falls off as the train is about to arrive. Remembering the man hit by a bus, Silas pulls the man off the tracks and throws him onto the platform, himself falling onto the tracks in the process. Before he is killed, he briefly hears a piper playing.

### The Last Seance

Raoul Daubreuil is a man in France, who is in love with Simone, a medium who has been wearied over the years by all the seances which she has performed. They live in a flat, together with their servant Elise. Of all the seances, the strangest were those performed for Madame Exe, a woman who lost her daughter Amelie. In these seances, Amelie's materialisations have been very clear and accurate. However, this day is the day on which she will perform her last seance, and it is for Madame Exe. Arriving in their flat, Raoul comforts Simone and, despite her initial refusal to perform the seance, he convinces her to do it. She is further convinced when Madame Exe arrives, and reminds her of her promise. Upon arriving in the room where the seance will take place, Madame Exe states that she wants to make sure that the last seance is not a scam, and asks to tie Raoul to a chair. He agrees, but tells Madame Exe that the materialisation must not be touched at all, in case Simone is harmed. Madame Exe reluctantly agrees.

Simone hides behind a curtain for the seance, and the materialisation of Amelie starts to form from a mist. This materialisation is the most vivid of them all, causing great surprise to Raoul and Madame Exe. However, Madame Exe rushes towards the materialisation and hugs it, causing Simone to scream in pain. Raoul shouts at Madame Exe to stop touching the materialisation, but instead she picks up the ghostly form of Amelie and runs off with it, wanting Amelie to be hers forever. As Raoul attempts to untie his bonds, Simone shrivels and dies. After Raoul unties himself, the tragedy ends with Elise and Raoul crying over the bloodstained corpse of Simone.

### SOS

The Dinsmead family, mother Maggie, father, son Johnnie and daughters Charlotte and Magdalen, are about to eat supper with cups of tea, when they hear a rap the door.

Mortimer Cleveland, an authority in mental science, finds himself stranded in the bare Wiltshire downs in the driving rain after a second car tyre puncture within ten minutes of each other. He spots a light in the distance and makes his way to the house of the Dinsmead family. They invite him in, offering freshly made tea and viands. The family seem hospitable but Cleveland feels something is not right. Maggie seems afraid. The two daughters are both pretty, but look nothing alike. The daughters are sent upstairs to prepare the room for Cleveland; when he retires he notices the table by his bed is smothered in dust. Written in the dust are three clearly visible letters “SOS”, confirming his suspicions.

The next day Cleveland asks Charlotte if she wrote the SOS in his room. She did not, though she feels frightened of the house. Her parents and Magdalen all seem different. Cleveland believes his arriving has upset the family and caused tension. He can understand Charlotte's unease due to her psychic connection, but not that of the others.

Johnnie comes into the house, fingers stained, and sits down to breakfast. Cleveland glances at the stained hands. Johnnie explains that he is always messing about with chemicals, much to his father’s dismay. His father wants him to go in to building. Mr Dinsmead smiles, yet Cleveland’s distrust of the father grows. Again Maggie appears afraid of her husband. Magdalen seems disappointed when Cleveland says that he slept well.

Cleveland does not want to leave but has no reason to prolong his stay. As he walks past the kitchen window, he hears Mr Dinsmead say “it's a fair lump of money, it is”. He cannot hear Maggie's reply. Mr Dinsmead adds, “nigh on £60,000, the lawyer said”. Not wanting to eavesdrop, Cleveland makes his way back into the house. That amount of money makes things clearer and uglier.

Mr Dinsmead chats with Cleveland about leaving. Cleveland mentions how the two daughters look nothing alike. In a flash of intuition, Cleveland remarks that they are not both Dinsmead’s daughters by birth. Dinsmead admits that one is a foundling. She is unaware of this, but will soon have to know. Cleveland surmises that it must be due to an inheritance. Mr Dinsmead says that they took the child in to help the mother for a consideration. Recently he noticed an advertisement regarding a child whom he strongly believed was Magdalen. He will take Magdalen to London next week. Magdalen’s father was a wealthy man who had learned of his daughter shortly prior to his death. His money was left to her. Cleveland believes Dinsmead, yet thinks that there is more to the tale.

Cleveland thanks Mrs Dinsmead for her hospitality. She drops a miniature of Charlotte made in the style of 25 years earlier. Cleveland notices her look of fear. He does not ask her about the girls. He leaves the house. At about 0.5 mi (0.80 km) down the road, Magdalen appears. She wants to speak with Cleveland. She wrote SOS in the dust, feeling uneasy about the house. Mr and Mrs Dinsmead and Charlotte are different. Johnny is untouched by it all. Magdalen knew everyone was afraid without knowing why. Being a practical person, she does not believe in spirits. Cleveland believes that he can figure out what is wrong, but needs time to think it through. He sends Magdalen home.

His thoughts come back to Johnny. Cleveland remembers Maggie dropping her cup at breakfast, when Johnnie mentioned his interest in chemistry. Mr Dinsmead did not sip his tea. Charlotte arrested her cup the previous evening. Though the tea was hot, Mr Dinsmead emptied the cups and claimed that it was cold. Cleveland recalls reading a paper about a whole family being poisoned by a lad’s carelessness. A packet of arsenic left in the larder had dripped through on the bread below. It is possible that Mr Dinsmead read the same paper. Cleveland rises to his feet and heads for the cottage.

The Dinsmead family are again sitting down for supper of tinned of brawn and tea. Cleveland enters as Maggie pours the tea. Cleveland swiftly takes a test tube from his pocket and pours some tea from a cup into it. Mr Dinsmead demands to know what Cleveland is doing. Cleveland is certain that this is a case of poisoning meant to look accidental, with just one person not recovering. Johnnie would be blamed for carelessness. Cleveland puts tea from a second cup in a second test tube, labelling each: red for Charlotte's cup and blue from Magdalen’s cup. Cleveland prophesies that Charlotte’s cup will contain 4-5 times more poison than Magdalen’s.

Cleveland realises that Magdalen is their daughter and that Charlotte is the adopted child. The father planned for Magdalen to inherit. Arsenic in Charlotte's tea was meant to kill her. Maggie cackles “tea, that's what he said not lemonade”.

Magdalen implores Cleveland out of earshot of the others not to divulge this secret. Cleveland says he will keep the phials to safeguard Charlotte now and in the future.

## Literary significance and reception

As this book was not published through the usual channels or available to buy in shops until 1936, there were no reviews of the original publication.

Robert Barnard: "Mostly semi-supernatural stories. In this setting, 'Witness for the Prosecution' stands out as the jewel it is: surely this is the cleverest short story she wrote. Of the others, the best is perhaps *The Call of Wings*, but that, depressingly, was one of the very first things she wrote (pre-First World War). In this mode she got no better."

## Publication history

* 1933, Odhams Press, October 1933, Hardcover, 247 pp
* 1936, Collins Crime Club (London), February 1936, Hardcover, 247 pp
* 1960, Pan Books, Paperback (Great Pan G377), 218 pp
* 1964, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 190 pp
* 1968, Ulverscroft Large Print Edition, Hardcover, 218pp, ISBN 0-7089-0187-5
* 2010, HarperCollins; Facsimile edition, Hardcover: 256 pages, ISBN 978-0-00-735465-8

### First publication of stories

The first UK magazine publication of all the stories has not been fully documented. A partial listing is as follows:

* *The Red Signal*: First published in issue 232 of *The Grand Magazine* in June 1924.
* *The Fourth Man*: First published in issue 250 of *The Grand Magazine* in December 1925.
* *Wireless*: First published in the *Sunday Chronicle Annual* in December 1926.
* *The Mystery of the Blue Jar*: First published in issue 233 of *The Grand Magazine* in July 1924.
* *The Last Seance*: First published under the title of *The Stolen Ghost* in issue 87 of *The Sovereign Magazine* in March 1927. The illustrator of the story was not named.
* *SOS*: First published in issue 252 of *The Grand Magazine* in February 1926.

In addition to the above, in the US *The Witness for the Prosecution* was published in the 31 January 1925 issue of *Flynn's Weekly* (Volume IV, No 2), under the title of *Traitor Hands*, with an uncredited illustration; and the first true printing of *The Last Seance* also occurred in the US when it was published in the November 1926 issue of *Ghost Stories* under the title of *The Woman Who Stole a Ghost*.

No magazine printings of the remaining stories prior to 1933 have yet been traced.

### Publication of book collection

The book was not available to buy in the shops but only through coupons collected from *The Passing Show*, a weekly magazine published by Odhams. The coupons appeared in issues 81 to 83, published from 7 to 21 October 1933, as part of a promotional relaunch of the magazine. In exchange for the coupons and seven shillings (7/-), customers could receive one of six books. The other five books to choose from were *Jungle Girl* by Edgar Rice Burroughs, *The Sun Will Shine* by May Edginton, *The Veil'd Delight* by Marjorie Bowen, *The Venner Crime* by John Rhode and *Q33* by George Goodchild. The promotion appears to have been successful, insofar as *The Hound of Death* is by far the easiest pre-war UK Christie book to obtain as a first edition in its dustwrapper. An edition for sale in the shops appeared in February, 1936, published by the Collins Crime Club.

### US book appearances of stories

The stories contained in *The Hound of Death* appeared in the following US collections:

## Adaptations

### The Witness for the Prosecution

The story "The Witness for the Prosecution" has been widely adapted, including a theatrical movie, six television movies, and a number of stage plays.

### The Red Signal

### The Fourth Man

### The Mystery of the Blue Jar

## InfoBox

The Hound of Death
| Dust-jacket illustration of the first UK edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Agatha Christie |
| Cover artist | Dermonay |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Short stories |
| Publisher | Odhams Press |
| Publication date | October 1933 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 252 (first edition, hardcover) |
| Preceded by | *Lord Edgware Dies* |
| Followed by | *Murder on the Orient Express* |


title: Inside Lara Roxx

abstract: Inside Lara Roxx is a 2011 EyeSteelFilm Canadian documentary film by Canadian film director Mia Donovan. It covers the circumstances of a 21-year-old Canadian woman Lara Roxx who in the Spring of 2004, left her hometown Montreal heading to Los Angeles to work in pornography. Within two months she contracted HIV after shooting an unprotected sex scene with two men. It was revealed that one of the two men, porn actor Darren James, was HIV positive. The film did well critically. In 2012, it was nominated for a Claude Jutra Award for Best Documentary.

text:
# Inside Lara Roxx

***Inside Lara Roxx*** is a 2011 EyeSteelFilm Canadian documentary film by Canadian film director Mia Donovan. It covers the circumstances of a 21-year-old Canadian woman Lara Roxx who in the Spring of 2004, left her hometown Montreal heading to Los Angeles to work in pornography. Within two months she contracted HIV after shooting an unprotected sex scene with two men. It was revealed that one of the two men, porn actor Darren James, was HIV positive. The film did well critically. In 2012, it was nominated for a Claude Jutra Award for Best Documentary.

## Synopsis

The film's director Mia Donovan documents Roxx's life in the 5-year period following her diagnosis. Donovan meets her in a psychiatric ward in Montreal suffering from bipolar disorder. The film covers Roxx's return to L.A. and Las Vegas to reconnect with the industry, her appearance on *The Maury Povich Show*, her attempt to establish a foundation for the protection of sex workers, and her crack addiction and entry into rehab.

The film has interviews with a number of Roxx's former associates – porn agents, porn actors and actresses like Bill Margold, Dick Nasty, Ron Jeremy and Anita Cannibal. The film also interviews the doctor who diagnosed her HIV, and her parents.

## Screenings and awards

The film had its world premiere at Hot Docs, Toronto's international documentary film festival under "Canadian Spectrum" section on 5, 6 and 8 May 2011.

The film placed second in the Bacchus Award for best feature at the Boston Underground Film Festival. It also won Documentary on Society and Humanity at the 2011 Guangzhou International Documentary Film Festival. In 2012 the film was nominated for a Claude Jutra Award for Best Documentary.

## InfoBox

| Inside Lara Roxx | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Mia Donovan |
| Written by | Mia Donovan |
| Produced by |  |
| Edited by | Omar Majeed |
| Production<br>company | EyeSteelFilm |
| Release date | * November 25, 2011 (2011-11-25) (Montreal) |
| Running time | 81 minutes |
| Country | Canada |


title: Tweet (singer)

abstract: Charlene Keys, better known by the stage name Tweet, is an American singer-songwriter.

text:
# Tweet (singer)

**Charlene Keys** (born January 21, 1971), better known by the stage name **Tweet**, is an American singer-songwriter.

## Career

### Early career

In the early nineties, Tweet joined the female trio Sugah, leaving her daughter with her parents in Panama City, Florida. Sugah was composed of Tweet, Susan Weems, and Rolita White, and was a part of Devante Swing's Swing Mob collective. While there, she met Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott, with whom she formed a close friendship. Around 1999, Tweet returned to her parents' home in Panama City.

In 2001, Tweet was featured on Missy Elliott's platinum-selling third album, *Miss E... So Addictive*, with her featuring on one track and providing background vocals to another four. She also contributed background vocals to Ja Rule's *Pain Is Love*, Bubba Sparxxx's *Dark Days, Bright Nights*, Timbaland and Magoo's *Indecent Proposal*, and Petey Pablo's *Diary of a Sinner: 1st Entry*.

### 2002–04: *Southern Hummingbird*

In March 2002, Tweet released her debut solo single, "Oops (Oh My)". The song was produced by Timbaland and features guest vocals by Missy Elliott. The single hit number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number seven on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

In April 2002, Tweet released her debut album *Southern Hummingbird*. The album featured production by Craig Brockman, Nisan Stewart, guitarist John "Jubu" Smith, Timbaland, and Tweet herself. The album includes features from Elliott, Bilal, and Ms. Jade. The album debuted at number three on the *Billboard* 200 chart. The album spawned two follow-up singles: the Timbaland-produced "Call Me" and "Smoking Cigarettes".

In 2002, Tweet appeared as a guest vocalist on Trina's second single "No Panties" her album *Diamond Princess*. Tweet also appeared as a background vocalist on Meshell Ndegeocello's *Cookie: The Anthropological Mixtape*, Karen Clark Sheard's *2nd Chance*, Ms. Jade's *Girl Interrupted*, Whitney Houston's *Just Whitney...* and Elliott's *Under Construction*. For the latter, Tweet appeared on four of the tracks and made cameo performances in two videos released from the album, "Work It" and "Gossip Folks". Among others, Tweet appeared in the music video for Aaliyah's posthumous hit single, "Miss You".

Tweet was nominated for a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best New Artist but lost to Ashanti. That year Tweet was awarded the Key to the City for Rochester, New York.

In 2003, Tweet appeared as a background vocalist on the following releases: Madonna's *American Life The Remixes Single*, Monica's *After the Storm*, Mark Ronson's *Here Comes the Fuzz*, and Angie Stone's *Stone Love* on the 2004 Grammy Award-nominated song "U-Haul".

In 2003, Tweet had a cameo appearance in the film *Honey* and contributed the song "Thugman" for its soundtrack.

### 2005–07: *It's Me Again*

During 2003 and 2004, Tweet began recording songs for her follow-up to *Southern Hummingbird*. The album was supposed to be released in early 2004, but was pushed back when Tweet moved from Elektra Entertainment Group to Atlantic Records in 2004. In late 2004, Tweet released the single "Turn da Lights Off. The song was produced by Missy Elliott and Kwamé, featured vocals from Elliott and contained a sample of Marvin Gaye's "If This World Were Mine" and Nat King Cole's "Lost April". To promote the single, Tweet joined Cee-Lo Green and Teedra Moses on the 2004 Seagram's Gin Live Tour. The same year, Tweet appeared in Elliott's music video "I'm Really Hot". Tweet also appeared on the posthumous unreleased Elliott-produced Aaliyah track "Where Could He Be".

On March 22, 2005, Tweet released her second album *It's Me Again*. The album featured production from Missy Elliott on several of the tracks. The album featured vocals from Tweet's 15-year-old daughter, Tashawna, on "Two of Us", Rell and Missy Elliott were also featured. "When I Need a Man" (theme song from the USA Network Original Series, Kojak) was included as a hidden track. The album peaked at #17 on the Billboard album charts and then quickly fell off the charts. Tweet then broke away from her manager, Mona Scott, and Violator Management, and signed with Mathew Knowles of Music World.

Tweet appeared on Elliott's sixth album release, *The Cookbook*, contributing vocals to three tracks, including the single "Teary Eyed".

### 2007–16: *Simply Tweet* and *Charlene*

In 2007, Tweet performed with Timbaland, Eve, Keyshia Cole, Nelly Furtado, Fat Man Scoop and Ciara at the 4th annual VH1 Hip Hop Honors, honoring the work of Missy Elliott which aired on October 8. The same year, she departed from Missy Elliott's Goldmind Inc. camp and signed to Jheryl Busby and Mike City's record label, Umbrella Recordings. There, she began recording material for her third album along with producers Nisan Stewart, Warryn Campbell and Novel. Initially titled *Love, Tweet*, the album was preceded by the buzz single "Good Bye My Dear", a collaboration with rapper T.I., and expected to be released on April 8, 2008. The release of lead single "Anymore" failed to materialize however. On April 26 and 27, 2008, Tweet along with Bilal, Dwele and German singer Joy Denalane performed with The Dresden Soul Symphony in Dresden, Germany. The quartet reinterpreted soul hits and combined them with classical music. An album *The Dresden Soul Symphony* and DVD were later released on October 24, 2008.

In 2010, Tweet split from Umbrella due to a lack of promotion and ongoing delays. In late 2011, Tweet signed to MC Lyte's record label DuBose Music Group. In June 2012, she began posting previously unreleased material from the *It's Me Again* and *Love, Tweet* recording sessions on her new website as a part of her weekly SoundCloud-hosted special, *Tweet Tuesdays*. In February 2013, DuBose released her *Simply Tweet* EP. Recorded live with a full band, the five-track set was preceded by the single "Enough". The digital extended play reached the top thirty on both the US *Billboard* Independent Albums and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

In July 2015, Tweet confirmed that she had signed with the independent eOne Music label. Her third regular studio album *Charlene*, featuring production from Missy Elliott, is expected to be released on January 22, 2016, in the United States, with its lead single to be released on September 21, 2015. On February 29, 2016, the 'Hummingbird' singer sat down with Lindsey Sullivan (of *Billboard*) to discuss her new album "Charlene". During the interview Tweet mentioned her excitement teaming up with Timbaland and Missy Elliott. She also stated the album was a growing experience.

## Awards and nominations

### Soul Train Music Awards

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Tweet | Best New Artist | Nominated |  |

## Discography

Studio albums

## Filmography

### Film

### Television

## Endorsements

## InfoBox

| Tweet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Charlene Keys |
| Born | (1971-01-21) January 21, 1971<br>Rochester, New York, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer-songwriter * guitarist |
| Instruments | * Vocals * guitar |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Labels |  |


title: Operation Staunch

abstract: Operation Staunch was launched in the spring of 1983 by the United States State Department to stop the flow of U.S. arms to Iran.

text:
# Operation Staunch

**Operation Staunch** was launched in the spring of 1983 by the United States State Department to stop the flow of U.S. arms to Iran.

## Background

The Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979 and the hostage crisis in Tehran frustrated American policymakers whose response came as an embargo on the new government of Iran. On January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan was inaugurated, the hostages in Tehran were released. In turn, the embargo was relaxed, but relations with Iran did not improve diplomatically. In fact, the newly elected Reagan refused to sell arms directly to Iran. Even so, arms manufactured in the US that were sold to foreign nations continued to find their way to the Iranian military arsenal. The Iran–Iraq War raised the demand for arms and "created opportunities that arms merchants around the world simply could not afford to miss. Indeed, the lure of windfall profits was so great that few countries had any scruples about selling weapons to Iran or Iraq—or both at the same time."

In response, The State Department dispatched special envoy Richard Fairbanks, who "spoke with diplomats, intelligence officers and arms industry officials" in targeted Arab countries as well as South Korea, Italy, Spain and Portugal. The State Department successfully dissuaded American allies from selling American arms to Iran on the tenet, created by Iran's association with Hezbollah, that Iran sponsors terrorism.

## Iran-Contra affair

Between 1981 and 1986, the US was secretly facilitating the sale of arms to Iran, in direct contradiction of Operation Staunch. Known as the Iran–Contra affair, it proved humiliating for the United States when the story first broke in November 1986 that the US itself was selling arms to Iran.

1. Fanning the Flames: Guns, Greed & Geopolitics in the Gulf War by Kenneth R. Timmerman. Retrieved on 5 April 2007.
2. Carroll, Maureen (1 January 1993). "Ethics and foreign policy decisions: Iran-Contra United States-Iraq interaction, 1988-1991". *UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations*. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
3. Gibson, Bryan (2010). *Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran-Iraq War*. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 67. ISBN 9780313386107. Retrieved 5 May 2022.


title: Všestary (Hradec Králové District)

abstract: Všestary is a municipality and village in Hradec Králové District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants.

text:
# Všestary (Hradec Králové District)

**Všestary** is a municipality and village in Hradec Králové District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants.

## Administrative parts

The villages of Bříza, Chlum, Lípa, Rosnice and Rozběřice are administrative parts of Praskačka.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 1,964 |  |
| 1880 | 2,151 | +9.5% |
| 1890 | 2,032 | −5.5% |
| 1900 | 1,999 | −1.6% |
| 1910 | 1,933 | −3.3% |
| 1921 | 2,013 | +4.1% |
| 1930 | 1,910 | −5.1% |
| 1950 | 1,501 | −21.4% |
| 1961 | 1,498 | −0.2% |
| 1970 | 1,380 | −7.9% |
| 1980 | 1,405 | +1.8% |
| 1991 | 1,394 | −0.8% |
| 2001 | 1,483 | +6.4% |
| 2011 | 1,627 | +9.7% |
| 2021 | 1,692 | +4.0% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Všestary | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of the Holy Trinity | |
|  | |
| VšestaryLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°15′23″N 15°45′26″E / 50.25639°N 15.75722°E / 50.25639; 15.75722 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Hradec Králové |
| District | Hradec Králové |
| First mentioned | 1360 |
| Area | |
| Total | 16.20 km2 (6.25 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 265 m (869 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,804 |
| Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 503 12 |
| Website | www.vsestary-obec.cz |


title: Gary Herbert Lyman

abstract: Gary Herbert Lyman is an American academic hematologist, medical oncologist, and cancer researcher. Lyman is most known for his efforts in managing the adverse effects of cancer treatment including neutropenia and thrombosis among other toxicities along with establishing the clinical application of colony-stimulating factors and oral anticoagulants. He has also led efforts to address rising health care costs through national policy initiatives, clinical practice guidelines and the clinical integration of biosimilars and other approaches to reducing the financial burden of cancer on patients. His contributions extend to the development and validation of risk prediction models and the application of biomarkers for molecularly targeted therapies. Among his authored works are his publications in academic journals as well as books such as Comprehensive geriatric oncology, Breast cancer : Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Cancer Supportive Care: Advances in Therapeutic Strategies, and Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Oncology. He is a Distinguished Emeritus member of the American Society of Hematology as well as the recipient of the Statesman Award from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

text:
# Gary Herbert Lyman

**Gary Herbert Lyman** is an American academic hematologist, medical oncologist, and cancer researcher.

Lyman is most known for his efforts in managing the adverse effects of cancer treatment including neutropenia and thrombosis among other toxicities along with establishing the clinical application of colony-stimulating factors and oral anticoagulants. He has also led efforts to address rising health care costs through national policy initiatives, clinical practice guidelines and the clinical integration of biosimilars and other approaches to reducing the financial burden of cancer on patients. His contributions extend to the development and validation of risk prediction models and the application of biomarkers for molecularly targeted therapies. Among his authored works are his publications in academic journals as well as books such as *Comprehensive geriatric oncology*, *Breast cancer : Translational Therapeutic Strategies*, *Cancer Supportive Care: Advances in Therapeutic Strategies*, and *Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Oncology*. He is a Distinguished Emeritus member of the American Society of Hematology as well as the recipient of the Statesman Award from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

## Education

Lyman earned his B.A. in 1968 from the State University of New York at Buffalo, followed by a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1972 from the same institution. In 1974 he completed an internal medicine residency at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill and in 1977 completed his Medical Oncology and Hematology Fellowship at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. In 1982, he obtained a Master of Public Health degree in biostatistics from the Harvard University School of Public Health while completing a Postdoctoral Fellowship under Marvin Zelen.

## Career

Lyman began his academic journey in 1974, assuming the role of research instructor in medicine at the State University of New York, Buffalo School of Medicine, serving until 1977. He then became an assistant professor of medicine at the University of South Florida, College of Medicine's Department of Internal Medicine in 1977, becoming an associate professor in 1981. At the University of South Florida, College of Medicine, he served as the director of the Division of Medical Oncology in the Department of Internal Medicine from 1979 to 1993. During this time period, he worked with HL Moffitt and others to help establish the Moffitt Cancer Center opening in 1985 and served as the Chief of Medicine. He was subsequently appointed as a professor of medicine from 1986 to 2000. In 1987, he testified before the US Congress on the value of screening mammography supporting the eventual coverage of screening mammograms by Medicare.

Transitioning to Albany Medical College in 2000, Lyman held the Thomas Ordway Endowed Professorship of Medicine within the Department of Medicine, where he also served as the Cancer Center director and head of the Division of Hematology/Oncology until 2002. Subsequently, he joined the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry in 2002 as a professor of medicine, serving until 2007. In 2007, he joined the Duke University School of Medicine, where he served as a professor of medicine until 2014 .Subsequently, he has contributed to cancer outcomes research at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington (UW) School of Medicine. From 2014 to 2020, he served as a professor in the Public health Sciences Division and served as co-director of the Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research. He is a member of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center as well as adjunct professor of medicine at Duke University School of Medicine.

Lyman served on the Oncology Drug Advisory Committee (ODAC) to the US Food and Drug Administration from 2007 to 2013. Between 2000 and 2020, he led a multi-institutional academic-industry research collaboration focused on identifying risk factors and risk reduction strategies for treatment-related hematologic and thromboembolic complications in patients with cancer.

## Works

With over 15 authored and edited books, Lyman has made contributions to the field of oncology, with his published research cited more than 93,000 times in the medical literature. In 2004, he co-edited a book titled *Comprehensive Geriatric Oncology* with Balducci and others. The book provided a review of the effects of age on tolerance of cancer treatments, prevention, treatment strategies, while also analyzing major clinical trials and addressing emerging issues in geriatric oncology, pain control, supportive care, and rehabilitation for elderly cancer patients. His 2007 book *Breast Cancer: Translational Therapeutic Strategies* serves as a guide covering translational breakthroughs in breast cancer research, including strategies and agents impacting early detection, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, with a focus on improved patient selection for evolving therapies. His 2008 book *Cancer Supportive Care: Advances in Therapeutic Strategies* highlighted advances in the prevention and treatment of cancer and cancer treatment related complications. In 2009, his edited work *Oxford American Handbook of Oncology* was published. The book provides an overview of cancer care, including information on various types of cancer, treatment choices, algorithms, guidelines, and references. Moreover, his 2011 book *Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Oncology* focused on advancements in supportive care for cancer patients, particularly in managing hematologic toxicities resulting from myelosuppressive chemotherapy, covering topics such as hematopoietic growth factors and their clinical use based on evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses.

## Research

In his early research Lyman investigated how aprotic solvents and divalent cations affect the stability of phospholipid membranes and their correlation with the differentiation of Friend leukemia cells in vitro. In 1980, his RCT investigated the potential of lithium carbonate supplementation to reduce infectious complications and improve outcomes in patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy for small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. The study demonstrated favorable effects on neutropenia, febrile episodes, infection-related hospitalizations, and blood cell parameters. While lithium proved too toxic, it was associated with increased production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) found to be effective clinically in collaboration with J Crawford and others.

In a 1985 study, Lyman and his team reported an association between radium groundwater contamination and the incidence of leukemia in Florida. In 1987 he testified before the US Congress on the risk of indoor radon and the importance of radon testing in homes.

In a 1996 study, along with DS Reintgen, C Cox and others, Lyman demonstrated through a prospective trial that lymphatic mapping in invasive breast cancer accurately identifies sentinel lymph nodes, offering potential benefits for staging accuracy and focused histologic examination. His 2001 collaborative study with C M Balch and others presented AJCC's proposed revisions to melanoma staging based on extensive analysis of data from multiple cancer centers. The study identified key prognostic factors such as tumor thickness, ulceration, nodal involvement, and metastasis type to improve the accuracy of staging and prognosis in cutaneous melanoma. His 2005 research in collaboration with AE Giuliano and others advocated for sentinel node biopsy (SNB) as the preferred option over routine axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for early-stage breast cancer patients with negative axillary nodes, stressing its safety, accuracy, and the necessity of ALND if metastases are found.

In 2008, with colleagues including AA Khorana, NM Kuderer, and others, Lyman and his team developed and presented a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated venous thromboembolism in cancer outpatients based on five clinical and laboratory variables. Furthermore, his 2020 joint study led by NM Kuderer, he provided important insights into the outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with cancer and identified factors associated with mortality, providing valuable information for clinical management and future research. In his later work with NM Kuderer and others, he provided a review of chemotherapy-associated adverse events, discussing their biological mechanisms, available treatment strategies, evidence-based guidelines, risk factors, validated assessment tools, and emerging supportive-care opportunities for cancer patients and survivors.

## Awards and honors

* 1972 – Bernhardt and Sophie B. Gottlieb Award, State University of New York
* 1976 – Special Fellow Award, Leukemia Society of America
* 1977 – Special Clinical Fellow Award, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
* 1999 – Thomas C. Chalmers Award, VII Cochrane Colloquium
* 2010 – Statesman Award, American Society of Clinical Oncology

## Bibliography

### Books

### Selected articles

* Lyman GH, Preisler HD, Papahadjopoulos D (1976): Membrane Action of Dimethylsulfoxide and Other Chemical Inducers of Friend Leukemic Cell Differentiation. Nature. 262:361–363.
* Lyman GH, Lyman CG, Johnson W: Association of Leukemia with Radium Groundwater Contamination,(1985) J Am Med Assoc, 254:621–626.
* Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, Lyman GH, Francis CW: Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis.(2008) Blood;111(10):4902–4907.
* Kuderer NM, Choueiri TK, Shah DP, Shyr Y, Rubinstein SM, Rivera DR, Lyman GH\*, Rini BI\*, Warner JL\*; Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study (2020) The Lancet; 395: 1907–1918
* Lyman GH\*, Carrier M\*, Ay C, Dinisio M, Hicks L, Khorana A,...Pablo Alonso-Coello17 American Society of Hematology 2020 Guidelines for Management of Venous Thromboembolism: Prevention and Treatment in Patients with Cancer.(2021) Blood Advances; 5:927–974.
* Kuderer NM, Desai A, Lustberg MB, Lyman GH: Mitigating acute chemotherapy-associated adverse events in patients with cancer.(2022) Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 19: 681–697.

## InfoBox

| Gary Herbert Lyman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Hematologist, medical oncologist, academic and author |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Bachelor of Arts
Doctor of Medicine
Master of Public Health |
| Alma mater | State University of New York at Buffalo
Harvard University School of Public Health |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
Duke University |
|  | |


title: Media in Saskatoon

abstract: This is a list of media outlets in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

text:
# Media in Saskatoon

This is a **list of media outlets in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan**.

## Radio

| Frequency | Call sign | Branding | Format | Owner | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AM 600 | CJWW | CJWW 600 | Country music | Saskatoon Media Group |  |
| AM 650 | CKOM | NewsTalk 650 | News radio, talk radio | Rawlco Communications |  |
| AM 860 | CBKF-2 | Ici Radio-Canada Première | Talk radio, public radio | Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | Rebroadcaster of CBKF-FM (Regina) |
| FM 88.7 | CKSB-FM-2 | Ici Musique | Adult contemporary, public radio | Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | Rebroadcaster of CKSB-FM (Winnipeg) |
| FM 90.5 | CFCR-FM | CFCR 90.5 | community radio | Community Radio Society of Saskatoon |  |
| FM 91.7 | CITT-FM |  | Tourist information | Saskatoon Visitor and Convention Bureau |  |
| FM 92.9 | CKBL-FM | 92.9 The Bull | Country music | Saskatoon Media Group |  |
| FM 94.1 | CBK-1-FM | CBC Radio One | Talk radio, public radio | Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | Rebroadcaster of CBK (Watrous/Regina) |
| FM 95.1 | CFMC-FM | C95 | Contemporary hit radio | Rawlco Communications |  |
| FM 96.3 | CFWD-FM | 96.3 Cruz FM | Adult hits | Harvard Broadcasting | Formerly known as Wired 96.3 |
| FM 98.3 | CJMK-FM | 98 Cool FM | Classic hits | Saskatoon Media Group | Formerly known as Magic 98.3 |
| FM 100.3 | CFAQ-FM | Free 100.3 | Christian music | Bertor Communications |  |
| FM 102.1 | CJDJ-FM | Rock 102 | Active rock | Rawlco Communications |  |
| FM 104.1 | CIRN-FM | MBC Radio | Community radio | Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation | First Nations community radio; rebroadcaster of CJLR-FM (La Ronge) |
| FM 105.5 | CBKS-FM | CBC Music | Adult contemporary, public radio | Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | Rebroadcaster of CBK-FM (Regina) |

### Defunct stations

CFNS was a francophone community radio station which aired from 1952 to 1973. It was purchased by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1973, and continues to broadcast as CBKF-2 860.

CJUS-FM, which ceased broadcasting in 1985, was the campus radio station of the University of Saskatchewan. The university has never launched another terrestrial radio station, although an Internet radio operation was launched in 2005 under the CJUS name.

## Television

| OTA virtual channel (PSIP) | OTA actual channel | Shaw Communications | SaskTel Max | Call sign | Network | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4.1 | 42 (UHF) | 3 | 5 | CFSK-DT | Global |  |
| 8.1 | 8 (VHF) | 9 | 4 | CFQC-DT | CTV |  |
|  |  | 7 | 19 | City Saskatchewan | City | Former provincial public broadcaster; airs educational television and cultural programming from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. |
|  |  | 10 |  |  | Shaw TV | Community channel for Shaw Cable subscribers |

As of 2022, CFQC and CFSK are the only full-fledged stations in Saskatoon.

Saskatoon was previously served by CBKST channel 11, a semi-satellite of Regina's CBC Television outlet CBKT-DT; and CBKFT-1 channel 13, a repeater of Radio-Canada outlet CBKFT-DT. However, CBKST and its network of 20 associated rebroadcasters were officially licensed as CBKT rebroadcasters. As a result, both stations, which were never upgraded to digital, ceased operations on July 31, 2012, along with all of the CBC's analogue rebroadcasters. As a result, both CBC and Radio-Canada are available only on cable and satellite in Saskatoon (though both continue to be available on their longstanding Shaw Cable stations, 12 and 2, respectively). However, as most households in Saskatoon have cable or satellite, few residents lost access to CBC or Radio-Canada programming.

The main cable television provider in Saskatoon is Shaw Cable (formerly known as Telecable), which began servicing the city in 1978. Network programming from the United States is currently received on cable via satellite from affiliates in Detroit, Michigan and Rochester, New York (and, briefly, WTOL in Toledo, Ohio, after WJBK switched networks in 1994).

When cable transmissions began in the late 1970s in Saskatoon, American network programming was initially piped in via microwave transmission from broadcasters in North Dakota, beginning with KUMV-TV & KXMD-TV in Williston, North Dakota. They were later joined by KTHI (now KVLY) from Fargo and KGFE (Prairie Public Television) from Grand Forks. In the early 1980s, KTHI was briefly replaced by WDAZ-TV from Devil's Lake. In October 1984, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved an application by Telecable and other Saskatchewan cable providers to replace these signals with that of stations from Seattle, Washington and Detroit, though ultimately Saskatoon consumers only received the Detroit stations. The switch occurred almost immediately after the decision was handed down. An additional broadcaster from Rochester, New York, WUHF, was added after the 1986 launch of the Fox network, and as noted above a broadcaster from Toledo was briefly carried after one of the Detroit stations changed affiliation.

In addition to US broadcasters, the advent of cable in the Saskatoon market saw the launch of a community access channel initially branded as Telecable Ten, and from the early 1980s until its closure the Prince Albert station CKBI was also carried in the Saskatoon market via cable.

US superstations, as well as (sustainable) Canadian and US-based cable network programming began to emerge in the 1990s and continues to be available via Shaw or satellite providers. Digital cable service is also available.

As well, Sasktel provides cable television service through their service. On this cable system, American network programming is received from affiliates in Boston, Massachusetts, Minneapolis, Minnesota and Seattle, Washington.

In 1978-1979, Saskatoon was serviced by CPN, a Saskatchewan-based cable system and competitor to Telecable that provided several first-generation specialty channels (including HBO) for about two years before folding. A Saskatchewan-based movie channel, Teletheatre, served Saskatoon during the early 1980s until it was replaced by what would eventually become Movie Central. Like other Canadian centres, Saskatoon viewers also received C Channel and other premium cable networks that survived for a short time in 1983.

## Newspapers

### Daily

* *Saskatoon StarPhoenix* \- the city's only daily newspaper from 1928 to 2012, and again following the closure of the Saskatoon edition of *Metro* in the mid-2010s.
* Like most cities in Canada, Saskatoon also receives the national editions of *The Globe and Mail* and *National Post*.

### Weekly and bi-weekly

* *Bridges* \- published by the *StarPhoenix* since 2012
* *The Saskatoon Mirror*
* *Saskatoon Shopper* \- formerly independent, now distributed on Thursdays by *The StarPhoenix*
* *The Sheaf* \- University of Saskatchewan student newspaper
* *The Sunday Phoenix* \- formerly the *Saskatoon Sun*, published by *The StarPhoenix*
* *The Western Producer* \- weekly newspaper
* *L'Eau vive* \- francophone newspaper

### Monthly

* *Business Today* \- founded by G. Rekve; was published for 3 years; was distributed province-wide as a paid-for newspaper
* *Eagle Feather News*

### Defunct

* *Saskatoon Express* \- weekly local community information
* *Metro*\- daily Swedish-based commuter newspaper franchise that launched a Saskatoon edition on April 2, 2012
* *Saskatoon Commentator* \- weekly community newspaper in the 1970s-80s
* *Saskatoon Free Press* \- twice weekly newspaper in the 1990s
* *Saskatoon Phoenix* \- 1902-1928; later became part of the *StarPhoenix*
* *Saskatoon Sentinel* \- first newspaper, published in 1884
* *Saskatoon Sun* \- weekly published by the *StarPhoenix*; relaunched as *Sunday Phoenix* in 2012
* *Verb* \- general interest, ceased publication in 2015


title: Masuada Karokhi

abstract: Masuada Karokhi is an Afghan peace activist, women's rights advocate, and recipient of the N-Peace Award in 2013. Karokhi twice ran to be a member of the Lower House for Herat, in 2005 and 2010. She won in 2010.

text:
# Masuada Karokhi

**Masuada Karokhi** is an Afghan peace activist, women's rights advocate, and recipient of the N-Peace Award in 2013. Karokhi twice ran to be a member of the Lower House for Herat, in 2005 and 2010. She won in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Masuada Karokhi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1962 (age 6162)<br>Herat Province, Afghanistan |
| Other names | Mrs. Karukhi Masuda |
| Occupation(s) | Politician, activist, educator |
| Known for | N-Peace Award recipient |


title: Fox Plaza (San Francisco)

abstract: Fox Plaza is a 29-story building located at 1390 Market Street in the Civic Center area of San Francisco. Built in 1966, the tower stands 354 ft (108 m) on the site of the former historic Fox Theatre at 1350 Market, which was opened in June 1929 and demolished in 1963. The first twelve floors contain office space. Unlike many buildings, Fox Plaza has a 13th floor actually labeled "13", although this floor is the service floor and is not rented out. The 14th floor contains laundry facilities as well as apartments, while floors 15 through 29 are exclusively rental apartments. The ground floor contains a gymnasium for residents. There is a corner low-rise retail component in which a virtual-reality gym, offices, Starbucks, and a U.S. Post Office operate. The site formerly housed a credit union. The buildings' current owners are in the early planning and permitting stage of demolishing the low-rise retail and replacing it with a 120 ft (37 m) building containing condominiums.

text:
# Fox Plaza (San Francisco)

**Fox Plaza** is a 29-story building located at 1390 Market Street in the Civic Center area of San Francisco. Built in 1966, the tower stands 354 ft (108 m) on the site of the former historic Fox Theatre at 1350 Market, which was opened in June 1929 and demolished in 1963.

The first twelve floors contain office space. Unlike many buildings, Fox Plaza has a 13th floor actually labeled "13", although this floor is the service floor and is not rented out. The 14th floor contains laundry facilities as well as apartments, while floors 15 through 29 are exclusively rental apartments. The ground floor contains a gymnasium for residents.

There is a corner low-rise retail component in which a virtual-reality gym, offices, Starbucks, and a U.S. Post Office operate. The site formerly housed a credit union. The buildings' current owners are in the early planning and permitting stage of demolishing the low-rise retail and replacing it with a 120 ft (37 m) building containing condominiums.

## InfoBox

| Fox Plaza | |
| --- | --- |
| In 2021 | |
| Location within San FranciscoFox Plaza (San Francisco) (California)Fox Plaza (San Francisco) (the United States) | |
| General information | |
| Type | Commercial offices
Residential |
| Location | 1390 Market Street
San Francisco, California |
| Coordinates | 37°46′38″N 122°25′02″W / 37.77714°N 122.41723°W / 37.77714; -122.41723 |
| Completed | 1966 |
| Owner | Asn Fox Plaza LLC |
| Height | |
| Roof | 107.9 m (354 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 29 |
| Floor area | 804,120 sq ft (74,705 m2) |
| Lifts/elevators | 3 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Victor Gruen Associates |
| Main contractor | Cahill Contractors |
| References | |
|  | |


title: Fox Point, Newfoundland and Labrador

abstract: Fox Point is a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador.

text:
# Fox Point, Newfoundland and Labrador

**Fox Point** is a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador.

48°38′56″N 53°54′58″W / 48.649°N 53.916°W / 48.649; -53.916

## InfoBox

Fox Point Lighthouse
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Fox Point, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada |
| Coordinates | 51°21′22″N 55°33′18″W / 51.356167°N 55.555083°W / 51.356167; -55.555083 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 2003 |
| Height | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Shape | square truncated tower with balcony and lantern |
| Markings | white (tower), red (balcony, trim), gray (lantern) |
| Operator | Lightkeepers Seafood Restaurant |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 2003 |
| Focal height | 26.8 m (88 ft) |
| Range | 17 nmi (31 km; 20 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fl W 10s |
|  | |
|  | |
| Second light | |
|  | |
| Constructed | 1960 |
| Construction | lumber |
| Height | 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) |
| Shape | square (tower) |
|  | |
| Deactivated | 2003 |
| Focal height | 88 ft (27 m) |
|  | |
| Original light | |
| Constructed | 1912 |
| Construction | iron (tower) |
| Shape | cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern |
| Markings | stripe (red, white, vertical direction) |
|  | |
| Deactivated | 1960 |
| Focal height | 67 ft (20 m) |
| Characteristic | Iso W 5s |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract:
Masters M50 discus world record progression is the progression of world record improvements of the discus M50 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics. The M50 division consists of male athletes who have reached the age of 50 but have not yet reached the age of 55, so exactly from their 50th birthday to the day before their 55th birthday. The M50 division throws a 1.5 kg implement.
  - Key
  -   Incomplete information
  Pending

text:
# Masters M50 discus world record progression

**Masters M50 discus world record progression** is the progression of world record improvements of the discus M50 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics.  The M50 division consists of male athletes who have reached the age of 50 but have not yet reached the age of 55, so exactly from their 50th birthday to the day before their 55th birthday. The M50 division throws a 1.5 kg implement.

Key

*Incomplete information*   *Pending*

| Distance | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 68.40 | Klaus Weiffenbach | Germany | 21.01.1945 | Medelby | 10.05.1997 |
| 65.30 | Al Oerter | United States | 19.09.1936 |  | 28.12.1986 |
| 56.62 | Parry O'Brien | United States | 28.01.1932 | San Diego | 08.06.1985 |
| 54.92 | Carmelo Rado | Italy | 04.08.1933 | Asti | 25.06.1984 |
| 54.26 | Kauko Jouppila | Finland | 03.03.1921 | Kauhava | 05.08.1973 |
| 54.18 | Fortune Gordien | United States | 09.09.1922 | Walnut | 28.04.1973 |
|

Masters Athletics Discus list All Time Athletics


title: Four-funnel liner

abstract: A four-funnel liner, also known as a four-stacker, is an ocean liner with four funnels. Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, launched in 1897, was the first ocean liner to have four funnels and was one of the first of the golden era of ocean liners that became prominent in the 20th century. Among the most well known four-funnels are Titanic, sunk on her maiden voyage on 15 April 1912, and Lusitania, torpedoed on 7 May 1915, during the First World War. In all, 15 four-funnel liners were produced; Great Eastern in 1858, and the remainder between 1897 and 1922. Four were sunk during the World Wars, and all others besides Titanic were scrapped. Mauretania was the fastest of all four-funnelled liners. The last four-funnelled liner ever built was Windsor Castle; however, two of her funnels were later removed making the Aquitania the last four-funnel liner in service and the only one to survive service during both World Wars.

text:
# Four-funnel liner

A **four-funnel liner**, also known as a **four-stacker**, is an ocean liner with four funnels.

*Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse*, launched in 1897, was the first ocean liner to have four funnels and was one of the first of the golden era of ocean liners that became prominent in the 20th century.

Among the most well known four-funnels are *Titanic*, sunk on her maiden voyage on 15 April 1912, and *Lusitania*, torpedoed on 7 May 1915, during the First World War. In all, 15 four-funnel liners were produced; *Great Eastern* in 1858, and the remainder between 1897 and 1922. Four were sunk during the World Wars, and all others besides *Titanic* were scrapped.

*Mauretania* was the fastest of all four-funnelled liners. The last four-funnelled liner ever built was *Windsor Castle*; however, two of her funnels were later removed making the *Aquitania* the last four-funnel liner in service and the only one to survive service during both World Wars.

## Description

### Rise of the four-funnel liner

The primary purpose of funnels on steamships was to allow smoke, heat and excess steam to escape from the boiler rooms. As liners became larger, more boilers were used. The number of funnels became symbolic of speed and safety, so shipping companies sometimes added false funnels—like the *Olympic*-class ocean liners—to give an impression of power.

*Great Eastern*, launched on 31 January 1858 (a full 40 years ahead of any comparable ships), was the only ocean liner to sport five funnels. As one funnel was later removed in 1865, *Great Eastern*, by default, became the first ocean liner to have four funnels. However, she was converted to a cable-laying vessel not long afterwards and never operated as a liner when she only had four funnels.

*Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse*, launched on 4 May 1897, was the first purpose-built ocean liner to have four funnels and was one of the first of the golden era of ocean liners that became prominent in the early- to mid-20th century. The trend of competing shipping lines building four-funnel liners encompassed a very short time span ranging from the SS *Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse* in 1897 to the RMS *Windsor Castle* in 1922.

The Cunard Line record holders, *Lusitania* and *Mauretania*, were both laid out with four boiler rooms with one funnel to each room.

In keeping with the style and fashion of the early-20th century, the White Star Line opted to fit the three *Olympic*-class ships with a dummy fourth funnel to rival the two Cunard ships.

### End of the four-funnel liner

The ideology of four funnels representing size and power rapidly diminished soon after the First World War. Subsequent flagships including the SS *Imperator*, SS *Normandie*, and RMS *Queen Mary* all sported three funnels to conserve deck space. Later, as shipbuilding became more efficient, RMS *Queen Elizabeth*, *Mauretania*, *Bremen*, *Nieuw Amsterdam*, and *America* further reduced the number of funnels down to two. Today's modern cruise ships are mostly built with only a single funnel, and many military vessels no longer sport them at all.

Soon, the remaining four-funnel liners seemed old. The first four-funnel liner to go was the *Titanic* when she sank in 1912 after hitting an iceberg. During the First World War, *Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse*, *Lusitania*, and *Britannic* sank after being attacked by enemy vessels (with *Britannic* striking a mine). The last four-funnel liners built were the sister ships *Arundel Castle* and *Windsor Castle* which entered service in 1921. By 1922, only 10 of the 14 four-funnel liners remained. In 1923, the ex-*Kronprinz Wilhelm* was sold for scrap, followed by the ex-*Deutschland* in 1925.

By the start of the Great Depression, only 8 four-funnel liners remained. In 1935, the *Mauretania*, *Olympic* and *France* were sold for scrap after 28, 24, and 23 years of service respectively. In 1937, the *Arundel Castle* and *Windsor Castle* were refurbished by having two of their four funnels removed and their bows replaced by more raked bows, leaving the *Kaiser Wilhelm II*, *Kronprinzessin Cecilie* and *Aquitania* as the three remaining four-funnel liners. In 1940, the ex-*Kaiser Wilhelm II* and ex-*Kronprinzessin Cecilie* were sold for scrap. The *Aquitania*, now the last four-funnel liner afloat, served in the Second World War and thereafter enjoyed a quiet postwar career, until finally she was scrapped in 1950. With this, the era of the four-funnel liner came to an end.

## List of four funnel liners

| Picture | Liner | Owner | Launched | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | RMS *Aquitania* | Cunard Line | 1913, April 21 | scrapped 1950 |
|  | RMS *Arundel Castle* | Union-Castle Line | 1919, September 11 | scrapped 1959 |
|  | HMHS *Britannic* | White Star Line | 1914, February 26 | sunk 21 November 1916 |
|  | SS *Deutschland* | Hamburg-Amerika Line | 1900, January 10 | scrapped 1925 |
|  | SS *France* | Compagnie Générale Transatlantique | 1910, September 10 | scrapped 1935 |
|  | SS *Kaiser Wilhelm II* | North German Lloyd Line | 1902, August 12 | scrapped 1940 |
|  | SS *Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse* | North German Lloyd Line | 1897, May 4 | sunk 26 August 1914; wreck dismantled on site in 1952 |
|  | SS *Kronprinz Wilhelm* | North German Lloyd Line | 1901, March 30 | scrapped 1923 |
|  | SS *Kronprinzessin Cecilie* | North German Lloyd Line | 1906, December 1 | scrapped 1940 |
|  | RMS *Lusitania* | Cunard Line | 1906, June 7 | sunk 7 May 1915 |
|  | RMS *Mauretania* | Cunard Line | 1906, September 20 | scrapped 1935 |
|  | RMS *Olympic* | White Star Line | 1910, October 20 | scrapped 1935–37 |
|  | RMS *Titanic* | White Star Line | 1911, May 31 | Sank 15 April 1912 |
|  | RMS *Windsor Castle* | Union-Castle Line | 1921, March 9 | sunk 23 March 1943 |

**Notes**:

## Proposed ships

The United States never operated any four-funnelled ocean liners in commercial service. However, in the late 1910s, William Francis Gibbs began to draft designs for new 1,000-foot liners that could reach a speed of 30 knots. Among the proposals was a pair of four-funnelled ships designed in 1919. The funnel and boiler arrangement would have been similar to the German four stackers, with the four funnels grouped in pairs with a wider gap between the second and third funnels. Possible names for the liners were the SS *Boston* and the SS *Independence*. The ships never made it past the design phase.

In the late 1920s Britain's White Star Line placed an order to the shipbuilder Harland and Wolff for *Oceanic*, which would have been the third ship in White Star's history to bear that name. The exact intended design of *Oceanic* III is unknown, although company concept renderings show it to be a three-funnelled 1,000-foot (300 m) liner. However, early plans from Harland and Wolff's archives show a design from 1927 for a four-funnelled liner almost identical to the *Olympic-class*, except with a more-modern cruiser stern. Construction of *Oceanic* III halted in mid-1929, before the onset of the Great Depression led to its cancellation.

1. Ljungström, Henrik. "Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse". The Great Ocean Liners. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
2. Pocock, Michael. "The Four-Funnel Liners". Retrieved 8 September 2008.
3. "Titanic Station: Titanic's Funnels, or Smokestacks". Titanicstation.blogspot.com. 21 May 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
4. "History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - Great Eastern". Atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
5. "Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse – TGOL".
6. "Titanic – TGOL".
7. King, Greg and Wilson, Penny (2015). *Lusitania: Triumph, Tragedy and the End of the Edwardian Age*. p. 273
8. "Deutschland – TGOL".
9. Smith, Edgar C. (2013) \[1937\]. *A Short History of Naval and Marine Engineering*. p. 315. ISBN 978-1107672932.
10. "Atlantic Liners Book". *www.atlanticliners.com*. Archived from the original on 25 February 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
11. "Aquitania – TGOL".
12. The 4 funnel liners. "The 4 funnel liners". Allatsea.co.za. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-07-05.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
13. Ljungström, Henrik. "Kronprinzessin Cecilie". The Great Ocean Liners. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
14. "Image 7 of the New York times (New-York \[N.Y.\]), August 3, 1919". *Library of Congress*.
15. four-funnel liner plans, Harland and Wolff 1927 at titanichistoricalsociety.net. Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine


title: Theodore A. Hurd

abstract: Theodore A. Hurd was a justice of the Kansas Supreme Court from April 23, 1884, to December 1, 1884.

text:
# Theodore A. Hurd

**Theodore A. Hurd** (December 21, 1819 – February 22, 1899) was a justice of the Kansas Supreme Court from April 23, 1884, to December 1, 1884.

## Life and education

He was born December 21, 1819, in Pawling, New York.

He graduated from the law department of the University of Utica, New York in 1847, and was admitted to the bar that same year.

He married and had children.

## Career

Soon after obtaining the bar he started private practice with B. Davis Noxon, and then later becoming a law partner with Joshua A. Spencer in New York.

In 1859, he moved to Leavenworth, Kansas and continued practising law. He was recognised as a very able lawyer and was in high demand from large corporations and wealthy clients. He specialised in corporation and constitutional law, and was the attorney for the Missouri Pacific Railroad. He was also the attorney for the Missouri Valley Life Insurance company from its inception until its end.

In 1868, he ran for District Judge but was unsuccessful and Judge Ide won.

In 1875, he was the senior partner in the law firm of *Hurd and Monroe*, with Mr Chas Monroe the other partner.

In April 1884, he was appointed by Governor George Washington Glick to fill the position on the supreme court left by the resignation of justice David Josiah Brewer. He only served the court a few months until the election of William Agnew Johnston.

He had stood as a Democratic candidate for various positions, but was only ever elected to one school board position.

## Death

He died, February 22, 1899, after a slight illness, he had been sitting near the breakfast table before suddenly falling from his chair dead. He died from heart failure. Several judges gave eulogies, and the Bar Association and Templar societies attended his funeral.