title: Phan Xích Long

abstract: Phan Xích Long, also known as Hồng Long, born Phan Phát Sanh, was a Vietnamese mystic and geomancer who raised an unsuccessful uprising against French rule in Cochinchina from 1913 to 1916. He attempted to exploit religion as a cover for his own political ambitions, having started his own ostensibly religious organisation. Claiming to be a descendant of Emperor Hàm Nghi, Long staged a ceremony to crown himself as the emperor of Vietnam, before trying to seize power in 1913 by launching an armed uprising against the colonial rule of French Indochina. His supporters launched an attack on Saigon in March 1913, drinking potions that purportedly made them invisible and planting bombs at several locations. The insurrection against the French colonial administration failed when none of the bombs detonated and the supposedly invisible supporters were apprehended. The French authorities imprisoned Long and many of his supporters, who openly admitted their aim of overthrowing French authorities at the trial. During the 1916 Cochinchina uprisings against French rule, many of Long's supporters attempted to break him out of jail. The French easily repelled the attack on the jail, decimating Long's movement. Following the attempted breakout, Long and his key supporters were put to death. Many of the remnants of his support base went on to join what later became the Cao Đài, a major religious sect in Vietnam.

text:
# Phan Xích Long

**Phan Xích Long**, also known as **Hồng Long**, born **Phan Phát Sanh** (1 January 1893 – 22 February 1916), was a Vietnamese mystic and geomancer who raised an unsuccessful uprising against French rule in Cochinchina from 1913 to 1916. He attempted to exploit religion as a cover for his own political ambitions, having started his own ostensibly religious organisation. Claiming to be a descendant of Emperor Hàm Nghi, Long staged a ceremony to crown himself as the emperor of Vietnam, before trying to seize power in 1913 by launching an armed uprising against the colonial rule of French Indochina. His supporters launched an attack on Saigon in March 1913, drinking potions that purportedly made them invisible and planting bombs at several locations. The insurrection against the French colonial administration failed when none of the bombs detonated and the supposedly invisible supporters were apprehended.

The French authorities imprisoned Long and many of his supporters, who openly admitted their aim of overthrowing French authorities at the trial. During the 1916 Cochinchina uprisings against French rule, many of Long's supporters attempted to break him out of jail. The French easily repelled the attack on the jail, decimating Long's movement. Following the attempted breakout, Long and his key supporters were put to death. Many of the remnants of his support base went on to join what later became the Cao Đài, a major religious sect in Vietnam.

## Early career

Phan was born in 1893 in southern Vietnam as **Phan Phát Sanh**. His place of birth is disputed; the historians R. B. Smith and Hue-Tam Ho Tai say that he was from Cholon, the Chinese business district of Saigon, while Oscar Chapuis records Tan An as his place of birth. Sanh's father was a police officer. and it has been speculated that the family were of Chinese descent. He started as a servant in a French family, before travelling to the That Son (*Seven Mountains*) region in the far south of Vietnam, a region that was known as a hotbed of mysticism. There Long trained in mysticism. As a youth, Sanh travelled from Vietnam to Siam, earning his living as a fortune-teller and geomancer.

In mid-1911, Sanh formed a secret society on the unverified pretense that he was a descendant of Hàm Nghi, the boy emperor of the 1880s. Led by Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Đình Phùng—two high-ranking mandarinsHàm Nghi's Cần Vương movement battled against French colonisation in the decade leading up to 1895. Their objective was to expel the French authorities and establish Ham Nghi as the emperor of an independent Vietnam. This failed, and the French exiled the boy emperor to Algeria, replacing him with his brother Đồng Khánh. From then on, the French retained the monarchy of the Nguyễn dynasty, exiling any emperors who rose against colonial rule and replacing them with more cooperative relatives. Sanh also claimed descent from the Lê dynasty, which ruled Vietnam in the 15th and 16th centuries. He was a strong warrior, further presenting himself as the founder of China's Ming dynasty.

At the time of Sanh's activities in the 1910s, there were two members of the Nguyễn dynasty who commanded respect among Vietnamese monarchists. The first was the boy emperor Duy Tân, who was himself deported in 1916 after staging an uprising. Duy Tan's grandfather, Emperor Dục Đức, was the adopted son of the childless Emperor Tự Đức, the last independent emperor of Vietnam. The second figure who was seen by Vietnamese as a possible leader of an independent monarchy was Prince Cường Để. Cường Để was a direct descendant of Emperor Gia Long, who had established the Nguyễn dynasty and unified Vietnam in its modern state. Cường Để was a prominent anti-colonial activist who lived in exile in Japan.

Sanh's two main assistants were Nguyen Huu Tri and Nguyen Van Hiep, whom he met at Tân Châu in Châu Đốc Province (now in An Giang Province). The trio agreed to plot an uprising against the French under the cover of a religious sect. The genesis of their cooperation is unclear, but it may have started before mid-1911. Tri and Hiep were said to have been in awe when Sanh produced a golden plaque that read "heir to the throne". The men agreed that the geographical foci of their movement would be in Cholon and Tan An in Vietnam and Kampot in Cambodia. The trio decided to model their actions on an uprising that had occurred in Kampot in 1909. On that occasion, a group of Cambodians of Chinese descent had marched into the town wearing white robes, claiming to be followers of a Battambang-based Cambodian prince who would overthrow French rule and lead them to independence. After the formation of the sect, Sanh temporarily moved abroad, spending time in Siam and Cambodia. During this time, he learned sorcery and magic, supplementing his mystical training with a military education. He learned pyrotechnics for the purpose of making fireworks and bombs.

## Coronation

Sanh returned to southern Vietnam, and began dressing as a Buddhist monk. He travelled through the six provinces of the Mekong Delta region. His associates Hiep and Tri found an elderly man from Cholon, and presented the senior citizen to the populace as a "living Buddha". After some local elders objected to their activities, they moved to the centre of Cholon. The old man took up residence with Sanh, and peasants and tradespeople soon began flocking to their makeshift temple, located in a house in Cholon's Thuan Kieu Street. As their temple was located in a prominent commercial area, the group began to collect more funds. The donors made offerings of gold and silver, with some individual donations being worth as much as 1,500 piastres. When the "living Buddha" unexpectedly died in February 1912, he was interred in the family shrine of a notable follower. Sanh's strategists declared that before the old man had died, he named Sanh as the rightful emperor of Vietnam. In the meantime, the old man's remains became the object of veneration, providing further cover for political plotting and fundraising when visitors came to pay their respects. After the completion of the funeral rites, Sanh and his followers staged an impromptu coronation ceremony at Battambang in October 1912. Sanh took on the name **Phan Xích Long** and was also known as **Hồng Long**, both of which mean "red dragon".

Vast crowds of locals began flocking to pay homage to Long, vowing to contribute labour and finance in an effort to expel the French from Vietnam and install Long as the independent monarch. By this time, Long was claiming to have received a letter from Cuong De, which supposedly confirmed his royal descent (Duy Tân still reigned during this time). Long's followers spared no expense in decorating Long with royal accoutrements. They made a medallion inscribed "Phan Xích Long Hòang Đế" (Emperor Phan Xích Long) and a royal seal with a dragon's head with the words "Đại Minh Quốc, Phan Xích Long Hòang Đế, Thiên tử" (*Greater Ming State, Emperor Phan Xích Long, Son of Heaven*). The words "Đại Minh" were interpreted as either having arbitrarily been copied from local Chinese Vietnamese secret society slogans, or as a strategic ploy to invoke the names of the Ming dynasty to appeal to the Chinese who had emigrated to Vietnam after the fall of the Ming. Long's supporters produced a sword with the inscription "Tiên đả hôn quân, hậu đả loạn thần" (*First strike the debauched king, next the traitorous officials*) and a ring inscribed "Dân Công" (*Popular Tribute*). From then on, Long presented himself as the emperor and signed documents under the royal title.

Long's strategy of proclaiming himself as a royal descendant or claiming to have supernatural powers in order to rally support for political ends was not new; it has been repeatedly used throughout Vietnamese history. In 1516, a man calling himself Trần Cảo rebelled against the Lê dynasty, claiming to be a descendant of the deposed Trần dynasty and a reincarnation of Indra. During the 19th century, there was a Buddhist revival and many people masqueraded as monks claiming to have supernatural powers. These false monks were frequently able to start new religious movements and secret societies based on millenarianism. Quickly gathering large numbers of disciples, they staged rebellions against Vietnamese imperial and French colonial armies alike. However, these uprisings were typically incoherent and caused minimal disruption to the ruling authorities. On the other hand, the French were often troubled by resistance movements in southern Vietnam that were led by more conventionally motivated nationalist militants, such as the guerrilla outfits of Trương Định and Nguyễn Trung Trực.

## Military buildup

During the time he spent in Battambang for the coronation, Long organised the construction of a pagoda in the town, and in December, he unsuccessfully applied for a land concession. After the coronation, Long was taken to the Thất Sơn region in Châu Đốc, in the far south of the Mekong Delta. There the peasants built a temple for him. They used a small restaurant in a nearby village as a reception centre for the temple, as the temple was increasingly used as a military base, where fighters, weaponry and munitions were being assembled for an uprising. In the village of Tan Thanh, a local leader recruited his peasants for Long's revolt. The village chieftain predicted that a new Vietnamese monarch would descend from the sky at Cholon in March 1913, and that only the royalists would survive this miracle.

Such proclamations were repeated across southern Vietnam and in Cambodia, and notices were posted in Saigon, Phnom Penh, the road between the cities, and in many community venues in rural communities. Long's supporters presented them in the form of a royal edict on wooden blocks, declaring their intention to attack French military installations. They called on the people to rise up and topple French rule and said that supernatural forces would aid the independence fighters, saying that an unnamed monk would arrive from the mountains to lead them. At the time, southern Vietnam was beset by heavy corvée labour demands, especially with large-scale roadworks in progress. This meant that the peasants had less time to tend to their farmland, and revolts and strikes had been common. The simmering discontent is seen as a reason for Long's ability to gather such levels of support in a short time. Long's supporters called on merchants to flee and convert their colonial bank notes into solid copper cash. Word of the planned revolt spread quickly, leading to a substantial depreciation in the currency.

Long took the lead in preparing the explosives, telling his followers that his experience as a fortuneteller, mystic and natural healer made him an expert. The bombs were made from cannon shot, carbon, sulphur and saltpeter, which were then wrapped together.

## Failed uprising

On 22 March, the French arrested Long in the coastal town of Phan Thiết, some 160 kilometres to the east of Saigon. His activities and proclamations had attracted the attention of French colonial officials, and just days before, the Resident of Kampot visited the Battambang temple and spotted the collection of white robes, which were similarly styled to the uniforms worn during the 1909 uprising. However, Long's disciples were unaware that he had been arrested and continued with their plot. After nightfall on 23 March, the bombs were taken into Saigon and placed at strategic points, with proclamation notices being erected in close proximity. None of the bombs successfully detonated. One source says that the bombs failed because the French authorities had defused all of them after uncovering the conspiracy.

On 28 March, the second phase of the operation started when several hundred rebels marched into Saigon dressed all in white, armed with only sticks and spears. Before the march, they had ingested potions that purportedly made them invisible. However, the French military were able to capture more than 80 of the supposedly invisible rebels during demonstrations against French rule. The police raided the homes of several people who were known to be involved with Long's plot, resulting in more arrests. They captured most of Long's main supporters, rendering the organisation impotent. However, Tri managed to escape.

## Trial and imprisonment

Those involved were taken before a tribunal in November 1913, where the leaders freely stated their intentions of overthrowing the French colonial regime. Of the 111 people arrested, the tribunal convicted 104, of whom 63 received prison sentences. During the trial, some community leaders wrote to the governor-general of Indochina, blaming French oppression of the populace through corvee labour and the confiscation of land, for the discontent that led to the uprising. The prosecutor also criticised the way in which colonial authorities operated.

Antoine Georges Amédée Ernest Outrey, the French governor of Cochinchina, the southern region of Vietnam, was known for his support of colonial enterprise and rigid rule of the colony. He was unmoved by claims that the uprising had been fuelled by a sense of injustice. He said

> Individually, the leaders of the movement have no personal motive to invoke in order to justify their xenophobic sentiments. Some of them are men who have remained imbued with the ancient order of things predating French conquest and who have adamantly remained within the tradition and ideas of the past; others are fanatics, who are persuaded that they are devoted to a noble cause.

The governor went on to excoriate the French press for their criticism of colonial policy, claiming that they boosted the morale of anti-colonial activists. The prosecutor thought that Long's movement was affiliated with the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội (VNQPH), an exiled monarchist organisation led by the leading anti-colonial activist Phan Bội Châu, and Cường Để. The suspicion was based on the fact that the VNQPH had printed their own currency and circulated them into Vietnam at the same time that Long's monetary policy had led to a depreciation of the official currency. Cường Để had also secretly re-entered southern Vietnam and had been travelling through the countryside when Long's uprising was launched in March. The prosecutor claimed that activists from northern and central Vietnam, the main source of the VNQPH's followers, were behind the plot. The defendants denied this, asserting that most of the participants were "illiterate peasants", while the VNQPH were dominated by members of the scholar-gentry.

The French intended to deport Long to French Guiana, but the outbreak of World War I in 1914 interrupted their plans. As a result, Long remained in Saigon Central Prison, serving his life sentence with hard labour. The French were unaware that Long was still in contact with his supporters. The uprising also led the French to initiate widespread crackdowns and surveillance of secret societies, resulting in more than 1500 suspects.

## 1916 uprising, attempted jailbreak and execution

Over time, resentment against French rule rose again, due to World War I. The colonial authorities had forced each village to send a quota of men to serve on the Western Front. In Vietnam, rumours circulated that France was close to defeat. Believing that the colonial hold had been weakened by the strain of war in Europe, Vietnamese nationalists were buoyed. In February 1916, uprisings broke out in southern Vietnam, with rebels demanding the restoration of an independent monarchy. One of their many objectives was to secure Long's release by breaking down Saigon prison, and this was the most noted incident during the tumult.

Attacks on prisons were not uncommon in French Indochina, as rebels often viewed the prisoners as a source of reinforcements. Georges Coulet, regarded as French Indochina's leading scholar on anti-French religious movements, said that "The attack on Saigon Central Prison was not simply an attempt to release the pseudo-emperor, Phan Xich Long, but was intended to deliver all prisoners".

Before daybreak on 15 February 1916, between 100 and 300 Vietnamese wearing white headbands, white trousers and black tops, armed with sticks, farm implements and knives, sailed along the Arroyo Chinoise waterway and disembarked near the centre of Saigon. They had pretended to be working the transport industry, delivering fruit, vegetables and building materials. The plan was that this advance party would give signals to a larger party of rebels, who were waiting on the outskirts of Saigon with the majority of the weapons, to move into the city for the main part of the uprising.

The advance party then attempted to proceed to the Central Prison to forcibly release Long, shouting "Let's free big Brother \[Long\]". Long had provided his followers with a detailed strategy from his prison cell, and the attack was led by a Cholon gang leader named Nguyen Van Truoc (also known as Tu Mat) with Tri's assistance. Truoc was the leader of a powerful underworld gang that was linked to the Heaven and Earth Society.

The French had anticipated the trouble, and police, whose presence had been increased along the waterways, arrived quickly, dispersing Long's followers with ease. Although some of the disciples reached the prison, none managed to breach its defenses. Ten of Long's men were killed, whereas only one sentry perished. The French arrested 65 rebels on the spot, including Tri. Of these, 38 were sentenced to death. Long was sentenced to death for his participation in the uprising, and he was executed on 22 February 1916. The French governor-general of Indochina wrote to the French minister of colonies, describing the incident as "a serious attempt to put in execution a vast plot that has been prepared carefully and for a long time by a secret society which grouped together with professional bandits all the enemies of our domination". The colonial authorities commissioned the publication of poems, which praised French rule and warned the populace against insurrections.

Similar events occurred across southern Vietnam, and in one case in Bến Tre, another self-proclaimed mystic launched an uprising that was similar to Long's 1913 effort. In all, riots or uprisings broke out in 13 of the 20 provinces of Cochinchina. The French declared a state of emergency and continued their crackdown against Long's followers and other rebels, making a further 1,660 arrests, which resulted in 261 incarcerations. Within a month, the French had passed laws to restrict travel between Vietnam and Cambodia of people who claimed to be monks, believing that many of them were disguised nationalists.

## Aftermath and legacy

The damage inflicted on Long's organisation led many of his followers to disperse and join a group that has now developed into the Cao Đài politico-religious sect based in Tây Ninh. Nevertheless, Long's uprising was significant because of its abnormal roots. It was the first uprising led by a self-styled religious leader whose support base came about due to man-made discontent. Prior to Long, peasant uprisings with religious themes had always been preceded by floods, outbreaks of disease, famine, crop failure or other natural phenomena, as sections of the rural populace attributed such disasters to the wrath of the heavens and sought help from leaders who purported to have supernatural powers.

Long's demise did not end the sequence of self-proclaimed mystics who raised armies and engaged in politics. During the interwar period, a sorcerer named Chem Keo claimed to be Long's reincarnation. During World War II, Huỳnh Phú Sổ claimed to be a living Buddha and quickly gathered more than a million supporters. He raised a large peasant army and battled both the French and the communist Viet Minh independence movement, before being killed by the latter. In another case in 1939, a Taoist attempted to demonstrate that he was immune to French bullets. Furthermore, in the years immediately after World War II, the Cao Đài's numbers swelled to 1.5 million.

Phan Xich Long is a quickly developing street at the junction of Districts 1, Binh Thanh, and Phu Nhuan.

## InfoBox

| Phan Xích Long | |
| --- | --- |
| 潘赤龍 | |
|  | |
| Born | 1 January 1893<br>Cochinchina, French Indochina |
| Died | 22 February 1916(1916-02-22) (aged 23)<br>Saigon, Cochinchina, French Indochina |
| Other names | Hồng Long, Phan Phát Sanh |
| Organization | Greater Ming State (self-styled) |
| Notes | |
| Claimed to be the emperor of Vietnam | |


title: Phan Đình Phùng

abstract: Phan Đình Phùng was a Vietnamese revolutionary who led rebel armies against French colonial forces in Vietnam. He was the most prominent of the Confucian court scholars involved in anti-French military campaigns in the 19th century and was cited after his death by 20th-century nationalists as a national hero. He was renowned for his uncompromising will and principles—on one occasion, he refused to surrender even after the French had desecrated his ancestral tombs and had arrested and threatened to kill his family. Born into a family of mandarins from Hà Tĩnh Province, Phan continued his ancestors' traditions by placing first in the metropolitan imperial examinations in 1877. Phan quickly rose through the ranks under Emperor Tự Đức of the Nguyễn dynasty, gaining a reputation for his integrity and uncompromising stance against corruption. Phan was appointed as the Imperial Censor, a position that allowed him to criticise his fellow mandarins and even the emperor. As the head of the censorate, Phan's investigations led to the removal of many incompetent or corrupt mandarins. Upon Tự Đức's death, Phan almost died during a power struggle in the imperial court. The regent Tôn Thất Thuyết disregarded Tự Đức's will of succession, and three emperors were deposed and killed in just over a year. Phan protested against Thuyết's activities, was stripped of his honours and briefly jailed, before being exiled to his home province. At the time, France had just conquered Vietnam and made it a part of French Indochina. Along with Thuyết, Phan organised rebel armies as part of the Cần Vương movement, which sought to expel the French and install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi at the head of an independent Vietnam. This campaign continued for three years until 1888, when the French captured Hàm Nghi and exiled him to French Algeria. Phan and his military assistant Cao Thắng continued their guerrilla campaign, building a network of spies, bases and small weapons factories. However, Cao Thắng was killed in the process in late 1893. The decade-long campaign eventually wore Phan down, and he died from dysentery as the French surrounded his forces.

text:
# Phan Đình Phùng

**Phan Đình Phùng** (Vietnamese: \[faːn ɗîŋ̟ fûŋm\]; 1847  January 21, 1896) was a Vietnamese revolutionary who led rebel armies against French colonial forces in Vietnam. He was the most prominent of the Confucian court scholars involved in anti-French military campaigns in the 19th century and was cited after his death by 20th-century nationalists as a national hero. He was renowned for his uncompromising will and principles—on one occasion, he refused to surrender even after the French had desecrated his ancestral tombs and had arrested and threatened to kill his family.

Born into a family of mandarins from Hà Tĩnh Province, Phan continued his ancestors' traditions by placing first in the metropolitan imperial examinations in 1877. Phan quickly rose through the ranks under Emperor Tự Đức of the Nguyễn dynasty, gaining a reputation for his integrity and uncompromising stance against corruption. Phan was appointed as the Imperial Censor, a position that allowed him to criticise his fellow mandarins and even the emperor. As the head of the censorate, Phan's investigations led to the removal of many incompetent or corrupt mandarins.

Upon Tự Đức's death, Phan almost died during a power struggle in the imperial court. The regent Tôn Thất Thuyết disregarded Tự Đức's will of succession, and three emperors were deposed and killed in just over a year. Phan protested against Thuyết's activities, was stripped of his honours and briefly jailed, before being exiled to his home province. At the time, France had just conquered Vietnam and made it a part of French Indochina. Along with Thuyết, Phan organised rebel armies as part of the Cần Vương movement, which sought to expel the French and install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi at the head of an independent Vietnam. This campaign continued for three years until 1888, when the French captured Hàm Nghi and exiled him to French Algeria.

Phan and his military assistant Cao Thắng continued their guerrilla campaign, building a network of spies, bases and small weapons factories. However, Cao Thắng was killed in the process in late 1893. The decade-long campaign eventually wore Phan down, and he died from dysentery as the French surrounded his forces.

## Court official

Phan was born in the village of Đông Thái in the northern central coast province of Hà Tĩnh. Đông Thái was famous for producing high-ranking mandarins and had been the home of senior imperial officials since the time of the Lê dynasty. Twelve consecutive generations of the Phan family had been successful mandarinate graduates. All three of Phan's brothers who lived to adulthood passed the imperial examinations and became mandarins. Early on, Phan indicated his distaste for the Confucian classical curriculum required of an aspiring mandarin. He nevertheless persevered with his studies, passing the regional exams in 1876 and then topping the metropolitan exams the following year. In his exam response, Phan cited Japan as an example of how an Asian country could make rapid military progress given sufficient willpower.

Phan was never known for his scholarly abilities; it was his reputation for principled integrity that led to his quick rise through the ranks under the reign of Emperor Tự Đức. He was first appointed as a district mandarin in Ninh Bình Province, where he punished a Vietnamese Roman Catholic priest, who, with the tacit support of French missionaries, had harassed local non-Catholics. Amid the diplomatic controversy that followed, he avoided blaming the unpopular alliance between Vietnamese Catholics and the French on Catholicism itself, stating that the partnership had arisen out of the military and political vulnerabilities of Vietnam's imperial government. Despite this, the Huế court eventually removed Phan from this post.

Phan was transferred to the Huế court as a member of the censorate, a watchdog body that monitored the work of the mandarinate. He earned the ire of many of his colleagues, but the trust of the emperor, by revealing that the vast majority of the court mandarins were making a mockery of a royal edict to engage in regular rifle practice. Tự Đức later dispatched Phan on an inspection trip to northern Vietnam. His report led to the ousting of many officials who were deemed corrupt or incompetent, including the viceroy of the northern region. He rose to become the Imperial Censor (Sino-Vietnamese: *Ngự Sử*), a position which allowed him to criticise other high officials and even the emperor for misconduct. Phan openly criticised Tôn Thất Thuyết, the foremost mandarin of the court, believing him to be rash and dishonest. Aside from his work in rooting out corruption, Phan also compiled a historical geography of Vietnam, which was published in 1883.

Despite his prominent position in the Nguyễn dynasty, little is known about Phan's personal stance on Vietnamese relations with France, which was in the process of colonising Vietnam. France had first invaded in 1858, beginning the colonisation of southern Vietnam. Three provinces were ceded under the 1862 Treaty of Saigon, and a further three in 1867 to form the colony of Cochinchina. During the period, there was debate in the Huế court on the best strategy to regain the territory. One group advocated military means, while another believed in the use of diplomacy in addition to financial and religious concessions. By the time of Tự Đức's death in 1883, the whole of Vietnam was colonised, henceforth incorporated with Laos and Cambodia into French Indochina.

Upon his death in 1883, the childless Tự Đức had named his nephew, Kiến Phúc, as his successor, rather than Dục Đức, his most senior heir. Tự Đức had written in his will that Dục Đức was depraved and unworthy of ruling the country. However, led by Thuyết, the regents enthroned Dục Đức under the pressure of the ladies of the court. Phan protested against the violation of Tự Đức's will of succession and refused to sanction anyone other than Kiến Phúc. Lucky to escape the death penalty, Phan was stripped of his positions. Later, Dục Đức was deposed and executed by Thuyết on the grounds of ignoring court etiquette, ignoring the mourning rites for Tự Đức and having affairs with the later emperor's consorts. Phan again protested the regents' actions and was briefly imprisoned by Thuyết, before being exiled to his home province.

## Revolutionary career

### Cần Vương

Phan rallied to the cause of the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi—the fourth monarch in little over a year—after an abortive royal uprising at Huế in 1885. Thuyết and fellow regent Nguyễn Văn Tường had enthroned Hiệp Hòa after disposing of Dục Đức. However, the new emperor was wary of the regents' behaviour and attempted to avoid their influence, leading Thuyết to organise his execution. The teenage Kiến Phúc ascended the throne, but was poisoned by his adoptive mother Học Phi—one of Tự Đức's wives—whom he caught having intercourse with Tường. Kiến Phúc was thus replaced by his 14-year-old brother Hàm Nghi. In the meantime, the French concluded that the regents were causing too much trouble and had to be disposed of.

Thuyết had already decided to place Hàm Nghi at the head of the *Phong Trào Cần Vương* (Aid the King Movement), which sought to end French rule with a royalist rebellion. Phan helped the cause by setting up bases in Hà Tĩnh and creating his own guerrilla army. Thuyết had hoped to secure support from the Qing dynasty of China, but Phan thought that Vietnam's best chance of effective support came from Siam. Gia Long, the founder of the Nguyễn dynasty and great-grandfather of Tự Đức, had married his sister off to the King of Siam. He had also used Siam as a base-in-exile during his quest for the throne in the 1780s. However, direct appeals to the Siamese government only yielded a few pack trains of firearms and ammunition. In preparation for the revolt, Thuyết had been building up an armed base at Tân Sở for over a year.

In any case, the Cần Vương revolt started on July 5, 1885, when Thuyết launched a surprise attack against the colonial forces after a diplomatic confrontation with the French. Thuyết took Hàm Nghi northwards to the Tân Sở mountain base near the border with Laos after the attack failed. The campaign was launched when the emperor issued the Cần Vương edict that had been prepared by the regent.

Phan initially rallied support from his native village and set up his headquarters on Mount Vũ Quang, which overlooked the coastal French fortress at Hà Tĩnh. Phan's organisation became a model for future insurgents. For flexibility, he divided his operational zone into twelve districts. His forces upheld military discipline and wore uniforms. Phan initially used the local scholar-gentry as his military commanders. Their first notable attack targeted two nearby Catholic villages that had collaborated with French forces. Colonial troops arrived a few hours later, quickly overwhelming the rebels and forcing them to retreat to their home village, where the retribution was heavy. Phan managed to escape but his elder brother was captured by the same former viceroy of northern Vietnam who had been removed from office as a result of Phan's critical report. The disgraced official was now a French collaborator, serving as the governor of Nghệ An Province.

The strategy of attempting to pressure Phan into capitulating was a classical strategy of coercion. The French used an old friend and fellow villager to make an emotional and deeply Confucian appeal for Phan to surrender in order to save his brother, his ancestral tombs and his entire village. Phan was reported to have replied:

(Original Vietnamese)

Nay tôi chỉ có một ngôi mộ rất to nên giữ là nước Việt Nam.
Tôi chỉ có một ông anh rất to là mấy triệu đồng bào.
Nếu về mà sửa sang lại phần mộ tổ tiên riêng mình thì ngôi mộ cả nước ai giữ?
Về cứu sống ông anh của riêng mình thì còn bao nhiêu anh em trong nước ai cứu?

(English)
From the time I joined with you in the Cần Vương movement, I determined to forget the question of family and village.
Now I have but one tomb, a very large one, that must be defended: the land of Vietnam.
I have only one brother, very important, that is in danger: more than twenty million countrymen.
If I worry about my own tombs, who will worry about defending the tombs of the rest of the country?
If I save my own brother, who will save all the other brothers of the country?
There is only one way for me to die now.

Phan was later reported to have simply retorted, "If anyone carves up my brother, remember to send me some of the soup". However, he held no illusions about the prospect of successfully driving out the French, stating "It is our destiny. We accept it."

This incident and Phan's response are often cited as one of the reasons why he was so admired by the populace and among future generations of Vietnamese anti-colonialists: he adhered to the highest personal standards of patriotism. He identified with a countrywide cause, far removed from the questions of family and region.

Phan's men were well-trained and disciplined, and the military inspiration behind his rebellion was derived from Cao Thắng, a bandit leader who had been protected from royal forces by Phan's brother a decade earlier. They operated in the provinces of Thanh Hóa in the north, Hà Tĩnh, Nghệ An in the centre and Quảng Bình in the south, with their strongest areas being the two central provinces. In 1887, Phan concluded that his tactics were misguided, ordering his subordinates to cease open combat and resort to guerrilla tactics. His men built up a network of base camps, food caches, intelligence agents and peasant supply contacts. Phan traveled to the north in the hope of coordinating strategic and tactical plans with other leaders. In the meantime, Cao Thắng led a force of around 1,000 men with some 500 firearms between them. Cao Thắng produced around 300 rifles by disassembling and copying 1874-model French weapons that had been captured. For the purpose of creating such replica guns, they captured Vietnamese artisans. According to French officers who later captured some of the Vietnamese copies, the weapons were proficiently reproduced. The only details in which they were regarded as being defective were in the tempering of the springs, which were improvised with umbrella spokes, and the lack of rifling in the barrels, which curtailed range and accuracy.

Nevertheless, the weaponry used by Phan's rebels was far inferior to that of their adversaries, and their inland positions were within firing range of the French Navy. The Vietnamese could not rely on China to give them material support, and other European powers such as Portugal, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were unwilling to sell them weapons for various reasons. Thus, Phan had to explore overland routes to procure weapons from Siamese sources—using seafaring transport was impossible due to the presence of the French Navy. He instructed his followers to create a secret route from Hà Tĩnh through Laos into northeastern Siam; one such route from Mount Vũ Quang was believed to have been created around 1888. It is unclear if Phan himself went to Thailand, but a young female supporter named Cô Trâm was his designated arms buyer in Tha Uthen, which boasted a substantial expatriate Vietnamese community. In 1890, the Siamese Army transported around 1,000 Austrian repeating-rifles from Bangkok to Luang Prabang in Laos. However, it is unclear whether the weapons found their way into Vietnamese hands or whether they were related to Cô Trâm's activities.

### After Cần Vương

In 1888, Hàm Nghi's Mường bodyguard Trương Quang Ngọc betrayed him, leading to the emperor's capture and deportation to Algeria. Phan and Cao Thắng fought on in the mountainous areas of Hà Tĩnh, Nghệ An and Thanh Hóa. Another 15 bases were built along the mountain to complement the headquarters at Vũ Quang. Each base had a subordinate commander leading units numbering between 100 and 500 men. The operations were funded by local villagers, who were levied with a land tax in silver and rice. Local bases were supported by nearby villages and excess funds were sent to Vũ Quang. Phan's men foraged and sold cinnamon bark to raise funds, while lowland peasants donated spare metals for the production of weapons.

When Phan returned from the north in 1889, his first order was to track down Hàm Nghi's betrayer Ngọc. When he was found, Phan personally executed Ngọc in Tuyên Hóa. He then began a series of small-unit attacks on French installations through the summer of 1890, but these proved indecisive. The French relied mostly on district and provincial colonial units to man their perpetually increasing line of forts, which were usually commanded by a French lieutenant. In late 1890, a French effort to move into the low-lying villages and isolate the populace from the mountainous rebel bases failed. In the spring of 1892, a major French sweep of Hà Tĩnh failed, and in August, Cao Thắng seized the initiative with a bold counterattack on the provincial capital. The rebels broke into the prison and freed their compatriots, killing a large number of the Vietnamese soldiers who defended the penitentiary as members of the French colonial forces. This caused the French to intensify their efforts against Phan, and a counteroffensive was conducted throughout the remainder of 1892, forcing the rebels to retreat back into the mountains. Two of their bases fell and steady French pressure began to break their covert resistance links with lowland villages. This compounded the problems of securing food, supplies, intelligence data and recruits. A ring of French forts continued to be erected, increasingly pinning down Phan's men. The only notable gain for Phan's forces during this period was the acquisition of gunpowder supplies from Siam. This enabled them to mix foreign and local powder in a 50:50 ratio, rather than their previous weaker mixture of 20:80.

Late in the year, the burden on Phan increased after the loss of two Cần Vương allies. In September, Tống Duy Tân—who led the royalists in Thanh Hóa—was captured and publicly executed. Nguyễn Thiện Thuật, who had been active in the northern provinces of Hưng Yên and Hải Dương, fled to Guangxi in China. The supporters of Tân and Thuật moved south and integrated into Phan's force.

In mid-1893, Cao Thắng proposed a full-scale attack on the provincial seat of Nghệ An and the surrounding posts. The plan proposed to Phan included diversions to the south and the training of almost 2,000 men in conventional military tactics. Unconvinced of its viability, Phan reluctantly approved the plan. The troops were eager, but after overpowering several small posts *en route*, the main force was pinned down while attacking the French fort of No on September 9, 1893. Along with his brother, Cao Thắng was mortally wounded while leading a risky frontal attack with 150 men, and the forces retreated in disarray. Phan regarded the loss of Cao Thắng as a significant one, admitting as much in delivering the eulogy and funeral oration. According to the historian David Marr, there was evidence that Phan clearly realised the advantages and limitations of prolonged resistance. Although Phan had previously stated that he was not expecting ultimate success, the guerrilla leader thought that it was important to keep pressuring the French in order to demonstrate to the populace that there was an alternative to what he felt was a defeatist attitude from the Huế court.

### Downfall

Hoàng Cao Khải, the French-installed viceroy of Tonkin, perceived Phan's intent to a degree that his French masters did not. Khải was from a scholar-gentry family from the same village as Phan. He became the main backer of a determined effort to crush Phan's forces, using every means available: political, psychological and economic. By late 1894, relatives and suspected sympathisers of the insurgents were intimidated and more resistance commanders had been killed. Communications were disrupted, and the rebel hideouts became increasingly insecure. In an attempt to force Phan to surrender, the French arrested his family and desecrated the tombs of his ancestors, publicly displaying the remains in Hà Tĩnh.

Khải delivered a message to Phan via a relative. Phan sent a written reply, allowing their exchange to be studied. Khải recalled the common origins of the pair and promised Phan that he would lobby Governor-General Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan and other French officials for an amnesty in return for Phan's surrender. Khải credited Phan with righteousness, loyalty and dedication towards the monarchy.

> The situation has changed and even those without intelligence or education have concluded that nothing remains to be saved. How is it that you, a man of vast understanding, do not realise this?... You are determined to do whatever you deem to be righteous... All that matters indeed is giving of one's life to one's country. No one therefore can deter you from your goal. I have always been taught that superior men should consider the care of the people as fundamental; who has ever heard of men who were loyal to their King but forgot the people's aspirations?... As of now, hundreds of families are subject to grief; how do you have the heart to fight on? I venture to predict that, should you pursue your struggle, not only will the population of our village be destroyed but our entire country will be transformed into a sea of blood and a mountain of bones.

According to Marr, "Phan Dinh Phung's reply was a classic in savage understatement, utilizing standard formalism in the interest of propaganda, with deft denigration of his opponent". Phan appealed to Vietnamese nationalist sentiment, recalling his country's stubborn resistance to Chinese aggression. He cited defensive wars against the Han, Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, asking why a country "a thousand times more powerful" could not annex Vietnam. Phan concluded that it was "because the destiny of our country has been willed by Heaven itself".

Phan placed the responsibility for the suffering of the people at the feet of the French, who "acted like a storm". After analysing his own actions, Phan concluded with a thinly veiled attack on Khải and his collaborators.

> If our region has suffered to such an extent, it was not only from the misfortunes of war. You must realise that wherever the French go, there flock around them groups of petty men who offer plans and tricks to gain the enemy's confidence. These persons create every kind of enmity; they incriminate innocent persons, blaming one one day, punishing another the next. They use every expedient to squeeze the people out of their possessions. That is how hundred of misdeeds, thousands of offenses have been perpetrated.

Khải's appeal was rebutted with an appeal to history, nationalist sentiment and a demand that the blame for death and destruction lay with the colonial forces and their Vietnamese assistants. Phan raised the stakes above family and village to the entire nation and its populace.

With Phan's rebuke in his hands, Khải translated both documents into French and presented them to De Lanessan, proposing that it was time for the final "destruction of this scholar gentry rebellion". In July 1895, French area commanders called in 3,000 troops to tighten the cordon around the three remaining rebel bases. The insurgents were able to execute ambushes at night, but Phan contracted dysentery and had to be carried on a stretcher whenever his unit moved. A collaborator mandarin named Nguyễn Thân, who had previous experience in pacification in Quảng Ngãi and Quảng Nam, was drafted in to isolate the insurgents from their supporters in the villages. Cut off from their supplies, the insurgents were left to survive by eating roots and occasional handfuls of dried corn. Their shoes were worn through and most were without blankets. Phan died of dysentery on January 21, 1896, and his captured followers were executed. A report submitted by the De Lanessan to the Minister of Colonies in Paris stated that "the soul of resistance to the protectorate was gone".

## Legacy

Phan's remains were disturbed after his death. Ngô Đình Khả, a Catholic mandarin and father of Ngô Đình Diệm—the first President of South Vietnam—was a member of the French colonial administration. Khả had Phan's tomb exhumed and used the remains in gunpowder used for executing revolutionaries. Many historians also accused Nguyễn Thân for this crime but two others, Nguyễn Quang Tô in 1974, then Tôn Thất Thọ in 2017, considered that is oral, fictitious, unofficial information, not historical data with "black ink and white paper".

Phan is widely regarded by Vietnamese people as a revolutionary and national hero. Phan Bội Châu, regarded as the leading Vietnamese anti-colonial figure of the early 20th century, strongly praised Phan in his writing, with particular emphasis on his defiance of Khải. During Phan Bội Châu's career as a teacher, he strongly emphasised Phan's deeds to his students. In 1941, after returning to Vietnam after decades in exile, the Marxist revolutionary Hồ Chí Minh, then using the name Nguyễn Ái Quốc (*Nguyễn the Patriot*), invoked the memory of Phan in appealing to the public for support for his independence movement. Like Phan, Hồ was a native of Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh. In the 1940s, Hồ's Việt Minh named their self-produced style of grenades in honour of Phan. Since then, Hồ's communists have portrayed themselves as the modern day incarnations of revered nationalist leaders such as Phan, Trương Định and Emperors Lê Lợi and Quang Trung, who expelled Chinese forces from Vietnam. Both North and South Vietnam had prominent thoroughfares in their capital cities (Hanoi and Saigon, respectively) named in Phan's honour.

* Chapuis, Oscar (2000). *The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai*. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31170-6.
* Duiker, William J. (2000). *Ho Chi Minh: A Life*. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-450-6.
* Goscha, Christopher E. (1999). *Thailand and the Southeast Asian Networks of the Vietnamese Revolution, 1885–1954*. Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-0622-4.
* Karnow, Stanley (1997). *Vietnam:A history*. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-84218-4.
* Li Tana (1998). *Nguyen Cochinchina*. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Southeast Asia Program. ISBN 0-87727-722-2.
* McLeod, Mark W. (1991). *The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874*. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-93562-0.
* Marr, David G. (1970). *Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925*. Berkeley, California: University of California. ISBN 0-520-01813-3.
* Truong Buu Lam (1967). *Patterns of Vietnamese response to foreign intervention: 1858–1900*. Monograph Series No. 11. New Haven, Connecticut: Southeast Asia Studies Yale University.

## InfoBox

| Phan Đình Phùng<br>潘廷逢 | |
| --- | --- |
| A statue of Phan Đình Phùng located in center of the traffic circle facing the Chợ Lớn General Post Office, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City. | |
| Born | 1847<br>Đông Thái, Hà Tĩnh Province, Nguyễn Empire |
| Died | January 21, 1896 (aged 4849)<br>Nghệ An Province, Annam |
| Other names | Phan Đình Phùng |
| Organization | Nguyễn dynasty |
| Movement | Cần Vương |
| Awards | 1st place, Metropolitan imperial examinations, 1877 |
| Notes | |
| Imperial Censor of Emperor Tự Đức | |


title: Jhalokati Stadium

abstract: Jhalokati Stadium is located by the Thana Rd, Jhalokati, Bangladesh.

text:
# Jhalokati Stadium

**Jhalokati Stadium** is located by the *Thana Rd*, Jhalokati, Bangladesh.

22°39′30.54″N 90°11′55.55″E / 22.6584833°N 90.1987639°E / 22.6584833; 90.1987639

## InfoBox

Jhalokati Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Jhalokati, Bangladesh |
| Owner | National Sports Council |
| Operator | National Sports Council |
| Surface | Grass |
| Tenants | |
| Jhalokati Cricket Team <br>Jhalokati Football Team | |


title: Phalonidia ontariana

abstract: Phalonidia ontariana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Ontario, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Adults have been recorded on wing in June.

text:
# Phalonidia ontariana

***Phalonidia ontariana*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Ontario, Minnesota and Wisconsin.

Adults have been recorded on wing in June.

## InfoBox

| *Phalonidia ontariana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Phalonidia* |
| Species: | ***P. ontariana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phalonidia ontariana***<br>Razowski, 1997 | |
|


title: Phalonidia paliki

abstract: Phalonidia paliki is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

text:
# Phalonidia paliki

***Phalonidia paliki*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Phalonidia paliki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Phalonidia* |
| Species: | ***P. paliki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phalonidia paliki***<br>(Razowski & Becker, 1983) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Saphenista paliki* Razowski & Becker, 1983 | |


title: Peter Paul Pillai

abstract: Peter Paul Pillai was an Indian schoolmaster, landlord, politician and social reformer who represented Tirunelveli at the first session of the Indian National Congress.

text:
# Peter Paul Pillai

**Peter Paul Pillai** was an Indian schoolmaster, landlord, politician and social reformer who represented Tirunelveli at the first session of the Indian National Congress.

## Personal life

Peter Paul Pillai was a Roman Catholic schoolmaster and landowner. Peter Paul Pillai participated in the first session of the Indian National Congress.

## Later life

Pillai qualified as a barrister-at-law in 1902. He led the 1885 inquiry into the condition of India and the 1891 forest law.


title: Generalist

abstract: A generalist is a person with a wide array of knowledge on a variety of subjects, useful or not. It may also refer to:

text:
# Generalist

A **generalist** is a person with a wide array of knowledge on a variety of subjects, useful or not. It may also refer to:

## Occupations

* a physician who provides general health care, as opposed to a medical specialist; see also:
    + General practitioner, a medical doctor who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients
    + Family medicine, comprehensive health care for people of all ages
* Information Technology Generalist, a technology professional proficient in many facets of information technology without any specific specialty

## Biology

## Other


title: Phantom Theater

abstract: Phantom Theater was a dark ride located at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, United States. Manufactured by Morgan Manufacturing, the ride opened to the public on April 11, 1992. Its design incorporated a continuously moving chain of vehicles similar to Disney's Omnimover ride system. The attraction was furnished with sets and characters created by R&R Creative Amusement Designs, Inc., and it was themed as a haunted, abandoned theater. Phantom Theater replaced Smurf's Enchanted Voyage (1984–1991), which in turn was a re-skin of the original Enchanted Voyage (1972–1983). The attraction operated through July 2002 and was overhauled in the offseason, reopening as Scooby-Doo and the Haunted Castle in 2003. The original ride system remains intact, even in the latest iteration of the ride known as Boo Blasters on Boo Hill.

text:
# Phantom Theater

**Phantom Theater** was a dark ride located at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, United States. Manufactured by Morgan Manufacturing, the ride opened to the public on April 11, 1992. Its design incorporated a continuously moving chain of vehicles similar to Disney's Omnimover ride system. The attraction was furnished with sets and characters created by R&R Creative Amusement Designs, Inc., and it was themed as a haunted, abandoned theater.

Phantom Theater replaced Smurf's Enchanted Voyage (1984–1991), which in turn was a re-skin of the original Enchanted Voyage (1972–1983). The attraction operated through July 2002 and was overhauled in the offseason, reopening as Scooby-Doo and the Haunted Castle in 2003. The original ride system remains intact, even in the latest iteration of the ride known as Boo Blasters on Boo Hill.

## History

Taft Broadcasting, interested in finding a way to promote its recently acquired Hanna-Barbera division, purchased Cincinnati's Coney Island in 1969 with the intent of expanding and moving the park. Construction of Kings Island began in 1970, and the most expensive attraction erected for the park's inaugural year was a dark ride called *Enchanted Voyage*, which cost approximately $2 million to construct. The ride was manufactured by Arrow Development and opened with the park in 1972.

Enchanted Voyage was located in a building shaped like a giant TV set, taking guests through several rooms featuring animatronic versions of new and old Hanna-Barbera characters. Its theme song was composed by well-known Hanna-Barbera music producer Paul De Korte, and the lyrics were written by William Hanna and former Coney Island executive Dennis Speigel. It played throughout the ride, reciting themes from familiar characters such as Fred Flintstone, Scooby-Doo, and Yogi Bear. Less common shows such as *Wacky Races* and *The Banana Splits* were also alluded to. The first room introduced the song while the second room changed to a western accent, the third utilized a Caribbean flavor and the fourth had a "spooky" theme. The fifth and final room reverted to the original music with a circus-like ambiance. The rides final exit was at the "mouth" of a giant clown as each boat would travel a few feet up an inclined lift hill before splashing down the drop into the water on the other side.

### Smurf's Enchanted Voyage (1984-1991)

For the 1984 season, Kings Island updated the ride's theme to Hanna-Barbera's The Smurfs, and it was renamed *Smurf's Enchanted Voyage*. New animatronics were used for various characters and decorations, and the song playing throughout the ride was changed to coincide with the cartoon. Smurf's Enchanted Voyage consisted of several rooms, each themed to a different season of the year focusing on holidays such as Christmas and Halloween.

### Phantom Theater (1992–2002)

At the end of the 1991 season, the building housing the attraction was gutted, and the water transportation system was removed. Installed in its place was an Omnimover-type dark ride created by D.H. Morgan Manufacturing, similar in style to The Haunted Mansion attractions at various Disney parks around the world. An Anaheim-based theming company, R&R Creative Amusement Designs, Inc., developed the concept of the ride including its sets, props, animatronics, and music. The original boat loading area used on previous versions of the ride was retained and converted into a queue area for a kiddie roller coaster named Scooby Zoom, which later became Great Pumpkin Coaster. A new entrance was constructed for Phantom Theater at the opposite corner of the building, and a small, unused section of the building was converted into a children's theater called the "Enchanted Theater".

Phantom Theater officially opened to the public on April 11, 1992. It was themed as a behind-the-scenes tour of an abandoned theater haunted by the ghosts of vaudevillian-era performers, staff, and theatergoers who frequented the venue long ago. The exterior of the building was stylized as a dilapidated and crumbling opera theater. The queue area was dimly lit with a pair of electrical chandeliers above. The ride featured 17 separate scenes, some of which utilized a Pepper's ghost trick – a famous and widely used dark ride trick – to display ghostly illusions.

#### Removal

Phantom Theater closed on July 14, 2002. Nearly all thematic elements were removed and replaced with new scenes created by Sally Dark Rides. 28 of the 55 ride vehicles were also removed, while the remaining were retrofitted with laser light guns that riders would use to point and shoot at various targets throughout the ride. The attraction reopened in 2003 as Scooby-Doo and the Haunted Castle. Due to a licensing concern, the ride was slightly altered in 2010 and renamed Boo Blasters on Boo Hill.

In the years following Phantom Theater's removal, leftover ride components have been used as props during the park's annual Halloween Haunt event. Ride vehicles, characters, and other items were occasionally displayed at various attractions and locations across the park.

## Ride experience

### Queue

Guests walk under an archway displaying the ride's logo into a short outdoor queue area before entering what appears to be a very run-down, dilapidated old theater building. The large velvet rope-lined lobby queue serves as the main queue room for the attraction. In the lobby, two chandeliers hung from the ceiling and the walls were decorated with posters of the theater's headlining performers:

Lightning flashed from behind the curtains of two windows accompanied by the sound of thunder. On a balcony between the two windows, the theater's ghostly organist, Maestro (voiced by Richard Doyle), played away on a pipe organ, sitting with his back turned to the guests. Between concertos, Maestro would turn around and address the guests below. Maestro would then sinisterly invite the guests to take a tour of the theater and taunt them, before returning to his organ with a maniacal laugh.

Leaving the lobby, guests climbed a short staircase into a long hallway lined with marble busts on either side. Through the use of a hollow-face illusion, the busts would appear to turn their heads to "watch" the guests as they passed by. Guests the entered the loading station and boarded the black, 3-passenger ride vehicles.

### Ride

The ride cars depart the station and make a left turn. The cars turn to face Maestro, who's seen pulling back a curtain leading backstage and taunting the riders once more. Passing under the curtain, riders faced a row of portraits of the theater performers. Using a scrim effect, the portraits would disappear when lit from behind, revealing the ghostly versions of each performer. Down the hall, a legless ghost usher floats in front of riders and directs them toward the performers' dressing rooms. The doors of each room swing open to show the performers preparing for the show. The final dressing room in the hallway belongs to the Mighty Bosco, a strongman, whose door is stuck and he is shown (ironically) struggling to open it.

Entering the next scene, the cars face an electrician who flips a switch on a lighting board causing the lights in the room to flicker on and off. He shines a flashlight on the riders, telling them to move along. Moving to the next room, riders see a pair of stagehands. One stagehand pulls on a rigging rope, while the other is tangled up by his feet on the other end of the rope and hanging upside-down. Entering the rehearsal rooms, the riders turn toward Houdelini, who pulls a demonic rabbit out of his top hat that roars at the riders as they pass by. In the next room, Hilda Bovine sings a high note, which causes a mirror on the right side of the room to shatter.

The riders encounter the usher again who guides them into the auditorium where the show is about to begin. In the auditorium, riders view a large Pepper's ghost display of the performers doing their respective acts. Maestro plays music on an organ in the orchestra pit, Houdelini levitates high above the stage, Hilda Bovine sings on top of a castle tower, and the Great Garbanzo launches himself out of a cannon across the room and crashes into a wall. The cars move out of the auditorium where they are greeted by Maestro, who forbids to let the riders leave the theater. The riders enter the prop room where they are welcomed by a talking gargoyle. The cars pass by many bizarre sights such as an Egyptian sarcophagus which opens to reveal a wailing mummy inside, a giant mouse that pops up from behind a stack of crates in front of a terrified cat, and a talking Roman centurion statue with projected face. The riders are then taken into the theater's boiler room, where they come face-to-face with a coal-burning furnace. One of the two boilermen opens the doors of the furnace as the cars pass by and the riders are blasted with hot air. The cars then return to the loading station where the guests disembark their vehicles and exit down a hallway. As guests leave the ride building, Maestro is heard one more time, telling the riders that even though they've escaped the theater, "\[they'll\] be back".

## *Phantom Theater Encore*

In celebration of the park's 50th anniversary in 2022, Kings Island introduced a new live stage show based on Phantom Theater called *Phantom Theater Encore*, which plays at Kings Island Theater. The show debuted on June 4, 2022, and combines elements such as musical numbers, acrobatics, and puppetry. There's also an exhibit in the lobby displaying props from the attraction, concept art from R&R Creative, and a scale model of the ride's layout.

## InfoBox

| Phantom Theater | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Kings Island | |
| Area | Hanna-Barbera Land |
| Status | Removed |
| Opening date | April 11, 1992 (1992-04-11) |
| Closing date | July 14, 2002 (2002-07-14) |
| Replaced | Smurf's Enchanted Voyage |
| Replaced by | Scooby-Doo and the Haunted Castle |
|  | |
| Ride statistics | |
| Attraction type | Dark ride / Haunted attraction |
| Manufacturer | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing |
| Model | Omnimover |
| Vehicles | 55 |
| Riders per vehicle | 3 |
| Duration | 5 minutes |


title: Jim Snow

abstract: James Henry Snow is an Australian former politician. Snow was born in the Melbourne suburb of Surrey Hills, Victoria and graduated in pharmacy from the Victorian College of Pharmacy. He worked as a goat farmer, pharmacist and community worker for Queanbeyan City Council. He was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the member for Eden-Monaro in 1983. He was defeated by Gary Nairn in the 1996 election. Prior to parliament Jim Snow was an honorary lieutenant (pharmacist) in the military reserve of officers for some years. Snow chaired the government caucus from 1993 to 1996 after chairing the Transport and Communications Policy Committee. He was also Convenor of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Working Group and the Land Transport and Postal Services Working group. He convened 'search conferences' to find solutions and resolve conflicts in both local and national issues, including two on the need to control feral animals, the first of which was followed by the first National Feral Animal control program. Those and other search conferences brought together local and national expertise and were facilitated by Dr Alistair Crombie of the Australian National University, Geoff Pryor, Penny Lockwood, Kevin Hambly and Justin Mahon. The search conferences also dealt with Land Transport, Fishing and Abalone issues, recycling human waste and the future of Barunguba / Montague Island following the controversial automation of the lighthouse. The latter conference led to agreement to have national parks supervision and a human presence on the island. Snow moved a private member motionthat the parliament deal with drug-related crime, health and social problems by initiating the availability of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines on prescription by addiction trained physicians and dispensers. On 18 November 1993 he moved that the executive move for constitutional change to remove state governments and reform and strengthen local government. Neither motion reached a vote. After leaving parliament Jim Snow and his wife, Lesley, worked with Aboriginal organisations and he became patron of Winnunga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Medical Service. He is a foundation member of the Drug Law Reform Foundation and served as co-convenor of Beyond Federation which seeks constitutional reform, including the removal of the state tier of government and he serves as a member of 'Home in Queanbeyan' an initiative providing accommodation and care to the mentally ill. He has edited four editions of the 'After Parliament Guide' printed by the parliament to assist former members in their transition from parliamentary life. He was made a life member of the Australian Labor Party. Snow was one of three members of the ALP Caucus who were absent in the vote that saw Paul Keating oust Bob Hawke as Prime Minister and ALP leader. The others were Foreign Minister Gareth Evans who was out of the country and Con Sciacca who was instead with his dying son.

text:
# Jim Snow

**James Henry Snow** (born 15 September 1934) is an Australian former politician.

Snow was born in the Melbourne suburb of Surrey Hills, Victoria and graduated in pharmacy from the Victorian College of Pharmacy. He worked as a goat farmer, pharmacist and community worker for Queanbeyan City Council. He was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the member for Eden-Monaro in 1983. He was defeated by Gary Nairn in the 1996 election.

Prior to parliament Jim Snow was an honorary lieutenant (pharmacist) in the military reserve of officers for some years. Snow chaired the government (Parliamentary Labor Party) caucus from 1993 to 1996 after chairing the Transport and Communications Policy Committee. He was also Convenor of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Working Group and the Land Transport and Postal Services Working group. He convened 'search conferences' to find solutions and resolve conflicts in both local and national issues, including two on the need to control feral animals, the first of which was followed by the first National Feral Animal control program. Those and other search conferences brought together local and national expertise and were facilitated by Dr Alistair Crombie of the Australian National University, Geoff Pryor, Penny Lockwood, Kevin Hambly and Justin Mahon. The search conferences also dealt with Land Transport, Fishing and Abalone issues, recycling human waste and the future of Barunguba / Montague Island following the controversial automation of the lighthouse. The latter conference led to agreement to have national parks supervision and a human presence on the island.

Snow moved a private member motion (House of Representatives Hansard 17 December 1992)that the parliament deal with drug-related crime, health and social problems by initiating the availability of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines on prescription by addiction trained physicians and dispensers. On 18 November 1993 he moved that the executive move for constitutional change to remove state governments and reform and strengthen local government. Neither motion reached a vote.

After leaving parliament Jim Snow and his wife, Lesley, worked with Aboriginal organisations and he became patron of Winnunga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Medical Service. He is a foundation member of the Drug Law Reform Foundation and served as co-convenor of Beyond Federation which seeks constitutional reform, including the removal of the state tier of government and he serves as a member of 'Home in Queanbeyan' an initiative providing accommodation and care to the mentally ill. He has edited four editions of the 'After Parliament Guide' printed by the parliament to assist former members in their transition from parliamentary life. He was made a life member of the Australian Labor Party.

Snow was one of three members of the ALP Caucus who were absent in the vote that saw Paul Keating oust Bob Hawke as Prime Minister and ALP leader. The others were Foreign Minister Gareth Evans who was out of the country and Con Sciacca who was instead with his dying son.

## InfoBox

| Jim Snow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Australian Parliament
for Eden-Monaro | |
| **In office**
5 March 1983  2 March 1996 | |
| Preceded by | Murray Sainsbury |
| Succeeded by | Gary Nairn |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1934-09-15) 15 September 1934
Surrey Hills, Victoria |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Political party | Australian Labor Party |
| Alma mater | Victorian College of Pharmacy (now Monash University) |
| Profession | Pharmacist |
|  | |


title: Generalised logistic function

abstract: The generalized logistic function or curve is an extension of the logistic or sigmoid functions. Originally developed for growth modelling, it allows for more flexible S-shaped curves. The function is sometimes named Richards's curve after F. J. Richards, who proposed the general form for the family of models in 1959.

text:
# Generalised logistic function

The **generalized logistic function** or **curve** is an extension of the logistic or sigmoid functions. Originally developed for growth modelling, it allows for more flexible S-shaped curves. The function is sometimes named **Richards's curve** after F. J. Richards, who proposed the general form for the family of models in 1959.

## Definition

Richards's curve has the following form:

$$Y(t)=A+{K-A \over (C+Qe^{-Bt})^{1/\nu }}$$

where $Y$ = weight, height, size etc., and $t$ = time. It has six parameters:

* $A$: the left horizontal asymptote;
* $K$: the right horizontal asymptote when $C=1$. If $A=0$ and $C=1$ then $K$ is called the carrying capacity;
* $B$: the growth rate;
* $\nu \>0$ : affects near which asymptote maximum growth occurs.
* $Q$: is related to the value $Y(0)$
* $C$: typically takes a value of 1. Otherwise, the upper asymptote is $A+{K-A \over C^{\\,1/\nu }}$

The equation can also be written:

$$Y(t)=A+{K-A \over (C+e^{-B(t-M)})^{1/\nu }}$$

where $M$ can be thought of as a starting time, at which $Y(M)=A+{K-A \over (C+1)^{1/\nu }}$. Including both $Q$ and $M$ can be convenient:

$$Y(t)=A+{K-A \over (C+Qe^{-B(t-M)})^{1/\nu }}$$

this representation simplifies the setting of both a starting time and the value of $Y$ at that time.

The logistic function, with maximum growth rate at time $M$, is the case where $Q=\nu =1$.

## Generalised logistic differential equation

A particular case of the generalised logistic function is:

$$Y(t)={K \over (1+Qe^{-\alpha \nu (t-t\_{0})})^{1/\nu }}$$

which is the solution of the Richards's differential equation (RDE):

$$Y^{\prime }(t)=\alpha \left(1-\left({\frac {Y}{K}\right)^{\nu }\right)Y}$$

with initial condition

$$Y(t\_{0})=Y\_{0}$$

where

$$Q=-1+\left({\frac {K}{Y\_{0}\right)^{\nu }}}$$

provided that $\nu \>0$ and $\alpha \>0$

The classical logistic differential equation is a particular case of the above equation, with $\nu =1$, whereas the Gompertz curve can be recovered in the limit $\nu \rightarrow 0^{+}$ provided that:

$$\alpha =O\left({\frac {1}{\nu }\right)}$$

In fact, for small $\nu $ it is

$$Y^{\prime }(t)=Yr{\frac {1-\exp \left(\nu \ln \left({\frac {Y}{K}\right)\right)}{\nu }\approx rY\ln \left({\frac {Y}{K}\right)}}}$$

The RDE models many growth phenomena, arising in fields such as oncology and epidemiology.

## Gradient of generalized logistic function

When estimating parameters from data, it is often necessary to compute the partial derivatives of the logistic function with respect to parameters at a given data point $t$ (see). For the case where $C=1$,

$\begin{aligned}\\\{\frac {\partial Y}{\partial A}&=1-(1+Qe^{-B(t-M)})^{-1/\nu }\\\\\{\frac {\partial Y}{\partial K}&=(1+Qe^{-B(t-M)})^{-1/\nu }\\\\\{\frac {\partial Y}{\partial B}&={\frac {(K-A)(t-M)Qe^{-B(t-M)}{\nu (1+Qe^{-B(t-M)})^{{\frac {1}{\nu }+1}\\\\\{\frac {\partial Y}{\partial \nu }&={\frac {(K-A)\ln(1+Qe^{-B(t-M)})}{\nu ^{2}(1+Qe^{-B(t-M)})^{\frac {1}{\nu }\\\\\{\frac {\partial Y}{\partial Q}&=-{\frac {(K-A)e^{-B(t-M)}{\nu (1+Qe^{-B(t-M)})^{{\frac {1}{\nu }+1}\\\\\{\frac {\partial Y}{\partial M}&=-{\frac {(K-A)QBe^{-B(t-M)}{\nu (1+Qe^{-B(t-M)})^{{\frac {1}{\nu }+1}\\\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

## Special cases

The following functions are specific cases of Richards's curves:

## Footnotes

* Richards, F. J. (1959). "A Flexible Growth Function for Empirical Use". *Journal of Experimental Botany*. **10** (2): 290–300. doi:10.1093/jxb/10.2.290.
* Pella, J. S.; Tomlinson, P. K. (1969). "A Generalised Stock-Production Model". *Bull. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm*. **13**: 421–496.
* Lei, Y. C.; Zhang, S. Y. (2004). "Features and Partial Derivatives of Bertalanffy–Richards Growth Model in Forestry". *Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control*. **9** (1): 65–73. doi:10.15388/NA.2004.9.1.15171.


title: Petroleum News

abstract: The Petroleum News is a weekly newspaper based in Anchorage, Alaska. Prior to April 6, 2003, Petroleum News was known as Petroleum News Alaska. The name change came as a result of the gradual addition of more Canadian and Continental U.S. petroleum news to the weekly paper, and especially coverage of the proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline. The Petroleum News is the only standalone oil and gas publication in Alaska.

text:
# Petroleum News

The ***Petroleum News*** is a weekly newspaper based in Anchorage, Alaska. Prior to April 6, 2003, *Petroleum News* was known as *Petroleum News Alaska*. The name change came as a result of the gradual addition of more Canadian and Continental U.S. petroleum news to the weekly paper, and especially coverage of the proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline. The *Petroleum News* is the only standalone oil and gas publication in Alaska.

## InfoBox

Petroleum News
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Petroleum Newspapers of Alaska, LLC |
| Founder(s) | Kay Cashman |
| Publisher | Kay Cashman |
| Editor-in-chief | Kristen Nelson |
| Headquarters | 5541 Old Seward, #3, Anchorage, Alaska |
| Website | petroleumnews.com |


title: Trapped in the Sky (film)

abstract: Trapped in the Sky is a 1939 American thriller film directed by Lewis D. Collins and produced by Larry Darmour for Columbia Pictures. The film stars Jack Holt, Ralph Morgan and Katherine DeMille. Holt is the "flyboy" who is trying to find the saboteurs of a "silent" aircraft. The plot device of a "noiseless" or stealthy aircraft is a familiar theme in aviation films of the period, including The Sky Ranger (1921), The Silent Flier (1926) and Eagle of the Night (1928).

text:
# Trapped in the Sky (film)

***Trapped in the Sky*** (aka ***Army Spy*** and ***Sabotage***) is a 1939 American thriller film directed by Lewis D. Collins and produced by Larry Darmour for Columbia Pictures. The film stars Jack Holt, Ralph Morgan and Katherine DeMille. Holt is the "flyboy" who is trying to find the saboteurs of a "silent" aircraft. The plot device of a "noiseless" or stealthy aircraft is a familiar theme in aviation films of the period, including *The Sky Ranger* (1921), *The Silent Flier* (1926) and *Eagle of the Night* (1928).

## Plot

Inventor Walter Fielding (Holmes Herbert) has been developing a new type of aircraft that is "noiseless". He offers the United States government first option on his invention. When William Fornay (C. Henry Gordon), a foreign agent, offers him three times the army's price, Fielding decides to sabotage the government tests, thus enabling him to sell his patent to the highest bidder.

After the initial test flight ends in a crash and the death of its pilot, Lieutenant Gray (Regis Toomey), United States Army Air Corps flyer Major Roston (Jack Holt) begins to suspect sabotage. Roston decides to go under cover to catch the culprits. He first stages a court martial and fakes his resentment of the army and soon Roston is contacted by enemy agent Carol Rayder (Katherine DeMille). The trail soon goes cold when Carol and her employer, Joseph Dure (Ivan Lebedeff), are found murdered.

While investigating Carol's murder, Roston learns that Fornay may be involved in the aircraft's mysterious failure. Deducing that Fielding must also be implicated in the sabotage of the test flight, Roston lures Fielding into taking a test flight with him. In the air, he threatens to crash the aircraft, forcing a confession from the inventor.

## Cast

## Production

The working titles of *Army Spy* and *Sabotage* reflected a heightened atmosphere of international intrigue in the immediate period before World War II. Principal photography on *Trapped in the Sky*, took place from December 16 to December 30, 1938.

## Reception

Aviation film historian Michael Paris in *From the Wright Brothers to Top Gun: Aviation, Nationalism, and Popular Cinema* (1995) considered *Trapped in the Sky*, a re-working of *The Great Air Robbery* (1919) a silent two-reel feature.

Aviation film historian James H. Farmer in *Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation* (1984) dismissed *Trapped in the Sky* as a "low-budget action mystery" film.

### Notes

### Citations

1. Pendo 1985, p. 14.
2. Hischak 2017, p. 138.
3. Farmer 1984, pp. 303, 325, 333
4. Erickson, Hal. "Review: 'Storm Over the Andes' (1935)." *Allmovie.com*, 2019. Retrieved: July 29, 2019.
5. "Review: 'Trapped in the Sky' (1939)." *AFI*, 2019. Retrieved: July 30, 2019.
6. "Original print information: 'Trapped in the Sky' (1939)." *TCM*, 2019. Retrieved: July 30, 2019.
7. Paris 1995, p. 64.
8. Farmer 1984, p. 333.

### Bibliography

* Farmer, James H. *Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation*. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books Inc., 1984. ISBN 978-0-83062-374-7.
* Hischak, Thomas S. *1939: Hollywood's Greatest Year*. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. ISBN 978-1-44227-804-2.
* Paris, Michael. *From the Wright Brothers to Top Gun: Aviation, Nationalism, and Popular Cinema*. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-7190-4074-0.
* Pendo, Stephen. *Aviation in the Cinema*. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8-1081-746-2.

## InfoBox

| Trapped in the Sky | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Lewis D. Collins |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Larry Darmour |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | James S. Brown Jr. |
| Edited by | Dwight Caldwell |
| Production<br>company | Larry Darmour Productions |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * June 1, 1939 (1939-06-01) |
| Running time | 61 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Michael Joseph Gross

abstract: Michael Joseph Gross is an American author and journalist. He is a contributing editor to Vanity Fair, where he covers topics including politics, technology, and national security. He has also written extensively for publications such as Blender, The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and GQ. Gross is the author of the book Starstruck: When a Fan Gets Close to Fame, published in 2006 by Bloomsbury Publishing. Gross attended Williams College, and later studied at Princeton Theological Seminary. After graduating, he wrote speeches for Massachusetts Governor William Weld, a Republican.

text:
# Michael Joseph Gross

**Michael Joseph Gross** (born 1970) is an American author and journalist.

He is a contributing editor to *Vanity Fair*, where he covers topics including politics, technology, and national security. He has also written extensively for publications such as Blender, *The New York Times*, *The Boston Globe*, and *GQ*. Gross is the author of the book *Starstruck: When a Fan Gets Close to Fame*, published in 2006 by Bloomsbury Publishing.

Gross attended Williams College, and later studied at Princeton Theological Seminary. After graduating, he wrote speeches for Massachusetts Governor William Weld, a Republican.


title: Peter Saraf

abstract: Peter Saraf is a film, television and theatre producer. His producer credits include Little Miss Sunshine, A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood, and Loving. He began his career producing with director Jonathan Demme on movies such as Philadelphia (film), Beloved, Adaptation (film), Ulee’s Gold, and the Oscar nominated documentary, Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation. He co-founded and co-ran Big Beach (company) with Marc Turtletaub, which he co-ran with Turtletaub for two decades until he exited "quietly" in 2020 after Big Beach moved its headquarters from New York and laid off a number of Saraf's staff. He has been nominated for Oscar, Golden Globe and Tony Awards and won multiple awards including the Spirit, Gotham, and Producers Guild Awards. He was the chair of the PGA East, a Vice President of the PGA, and currently sits on the executive committee of the Producers Branch of the Academy.

text:
# Peter Saraf

**Peter Saraf** is a film, television and theatre producer. His producer credits include Little Miss Sunshine, A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood, and Loving (2016 film). He began his career producing with director Jonathan Demme on movies such as Philadelphia (film), Beloved (1998 film), Adaptation (film), Ulee’s Gold, and the Oscar nominated documentary, Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation. He co-founded and co-ran Big Beach (company) with Marc Turtletaub, which he co-ran with Turtletaub for two decades until he exited "quietly" in 2020 after Big Beach moved its headquarters from New York and laid off a number of Saraf's staff. He has been nominated for Oscar, Golden Globe and Tony Awards and won multiple awards including the Spirit, Gotham, and Producers Guild Awards. He was the chair of the PGA East, a Vice President of the PGA, and currently sits on the executive committee of the Producers Branch of the Academy.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Film | Credit | Award |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | *Into the Rope* |  |  |
| 1997 | *Ulee's Gold* | Co-producer | Nominated–Independent Spirit Award for Best Film |
| 1999 | *The Opportunists* | Executive producer |  |
| 2002 | *The Truth About Charlie* | Produced By |  |
| | *Adaptation* | Executive producer |  |
| 2005 | *Everything Is Illuminated* | Produced By |  |
| 2006 | *Little Miss Sunshine* | Produced By | Independent Spirit Award for Best Film
Producers Guild Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture
Nominated–Academy Award for Best Picture |
| 2007 | *Chop Shop* | Executive producer |  |
| 2008 | *Sunshine Cleaning* | Produced By |  |
| | *Is Anybody There?* | Produced By |  |
| 2009 | *Away We Go* | Produced By |  |
| 2010 | *Jack Goes Boating* | Produced By |  |
| 2011 | *Our Idiot Brother* | Produced By |  |
| 2012 | *Safety Not Guaranteed* | Produced By | Nominated–Independent Spirit Award for Best Feature |
| 2013 | *The Kings of Summer* | Produced By |  |
| | *Gods Behaving Badly* | Produced By |  |
| 2015 | *Me Him Her* | Produced By |  |
| | *3 Generations* | Produced By |  |
| 2016 | *Loving* | Produced By | Producer Guild "Stanley Kramer" Award |
| 2018 | *White Fang* | Produced By |  |
| | *Puzzle* | Produced By |  |
| 2019 | *The Farewell* | Produced By | Independent Spirit Award for Best Film
Nominated–Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Feature |
| | *A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood* | Produced By |  |
| 2020 | *What the Constitution Means to Me* | Executive producer |  |
| 2021 | *Land* | Produced By |  |
| 2022 | *Don't Make Me Go* | Produced By |  |
| TBA | *Intelligent Life* |  |  |
| | *Out of My Mind* | Produced By |  |
| | *Two Wolves* |  |  |

Miscellaneous crew

| Year | Film | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *Beloved* | Mayor: Bluestone Road |

Thanks

| Year | Film | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *The Good Girl* | Special thanks |
| 2005 | *Duane Hopwood* | |
| 2012 | *Sleepwalk with Me* | The filmmakers wish to thank |
| 2014 | *The Skeleton Twins* | Special thanks |
| | *Hollidaysburg* | |
| 2015 | *People Places Things* | The producers wish to thank |
| 2016 | *Morris from America* | Special thanks |
| 2018 | *Maine* | |
| | *The Amaranth* | |
| 2020 | *Penguin Bloom* | Very special thanks |

### Television

| Year | Title | Credit | Awards |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | *Vida* | Executive producer |  |
| 2018−19 | *Sorry for Your Loss* | Executive producer |  |
| 2021 | *These Days* | Executive producer |  |
| | *Nuclear Family* | Executive producer | Nominated for Peabody Award |

## Personal life

Saraf is the son of the late film producer and director, Irving Saraf. Irving Saraf, who was born in Poland and raised in Israel, won an Academy Award for the documentary film, *In the Shadow of the Stars*, in 1991. Peter graduated from Wesleyan University in 1988. He is married to Erika Greene and they have two children.


title: Jim Collins (singer)

abstract: Jim Collins is an American country music singer-songwriter. Between 1985 and 1998, Collins released three studio albums. Seven of his singles reached Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart. The highest of these, "The Next Step," peaked at No. 55 in 1997. As a songwriter, Collins has had 50 of his songs recorded by others, including singles performed by Kenny Chesney, Chad Brock ("Yes!"), Jason Aldean, and Gretchen Wilson which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Song. "The Good Stuff" was Billboard's Number One country single for seven weeks of 2002, and it won ASCAP song of the year. The Thompson Square recording of "Are You Gonna Kiss Me Or Not" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 2011. In 2014, Easton Corbin's performance of "Baby Be My Love Song" rose to number 3 in the US Country Airplay. In 2020, Collins was inducted into the Texas Heritage Songwriters Hall of Fame.

text:
# Jim Collins (singer)

**Jim Collins** (born June 19, 1956) is an American country music singer-songwriter. Between 1985 and 1998, Collins released three studio albums. Seven of his singles reached *Billboard*'s Hot Country Songs chart. The highest of these, "The Next Step," peaked at No. 55 in 1997.

As a songwriter, Collins has had 50 of his songs recorded by others, including singles performed by Kenny Chesney ("She Thinks My Tractor's Sexy", "The Good Stuff", "Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven"), Chad Brock ("Yes!"), Jason Aldean ("Big Green Tractor"), and Gretchen Wilson ("I Don't Feel Like Loving You Today") which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Song. "The Good Stuff" was *Billboard*'s Number One country single for seven weeks of 2002, and it won ASCAP song of the year.

The Thompson Square recording of "Are You Gonna Kiss Me Or Not" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 2011. In 2014, Easton Corbin's performance of "Baby Be My Love Song" rose to number 3 in the US Country Airplay. In 2020, Collins was inducted into the Texas Heritage Songwriters Hall of Fame.

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
|
| *The Next Step* |  |
|

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart
positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country | CAN Country | |
| 1985 | "You Can Always Say Good-Bye in the Morning"A | 78 |  |  |
| | "I Wanna Be a Cowboy 'Til I Die"A | 59 | |  |
| | "What a Memory You'd Make"A | 75 | |  |
| 1986 | "(Because of You) The Things I've Done to Me"A | 65 | |  |
| | "Romance"A | 59 | |  |
|
| 1997 | "The Next Step" | 55 | 90 | *The Next Step* |
| 1998 | "My First, Last, One and Only" | 73 | |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | |
|

* ACredited to Jimmy Collins.

### Music videos

| Year | Video | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | "The Next Step" | Steven Goldmann |

## InfoBox

| Jim Collins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1956-06-19) June 19, 1956 |
| Origin | Nacogdoches, Texas, U.S. |
| Genres | Country |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Labels | White Gold, TKM, Zoo, Arista |


title: Genevieve Garvan Brady

abstract: Genevieve Brady, Duchess of the Holy Roman Church was an American philanthropist and patron of Catholic charities. She served as the Vice President of the Welfare Council of New York, as Vice Chair of the National Women's Committee on Welfare and Relief Mobilization, and as Board Chair of the Girl Scouts of the USA. In 1926 she was ennobled by Pope Pius XI, becoming a papal duchess in her own right. In 1934 she became the first woman to receive an honorary degree from Georgetown University.

text:
# Genevieve Garvan Brady

**Genevieve Brady, Duchess of the Holy Roman Church** (later **Macaulay**, née **Garvan**; April 11, 1880 – November 24, 1938) was an American philanthropist and patron of Catholic charities. She served as the Vice President of the Welfare Council of New York, as Vice Chair of the National Women's Committee on Welfare and Relief Mobilization, and as Board Chair of the Girl Scouts of the USA. In 1926 she was ennobled by Pope Pius XI, becoming a papal duchess in her own right. In 1934 she became the first woman to receive an honorary degree from Georgetown University.

## Biography

Genevieve Garvan was born on April 11, 1880, in Hartford, Connecticut. Her brother was Francis Patrick Garvan. A sister joined the Sisters of Mercy in Hartford, Connecticut. She was raised in the Catholic faith. She attended the Sacred Heart Convent in Providence, Rhode Island, and graduated from the College of the Sacred Heart in Westchester County, New York, before pursuing further studies in Dresden and Paris.

Garvan married Nicholas Frederic Brady on August 11, 1906. Her husband, who was raised Episcopalian, converted to Catholicism before their wedding.

During World War I she purchased the Old Colony Club in New York City and lent it to the United States government as a mobilization center for nurses training for service in Europe. After the war she was decorated by the French government for her financial aid to refugees and was awarded the Order of the Crown by Albert I of Belgium.

In the 1920s, Garvan and her husband spent winters at the palace Casa del Sole in Rome to work within Vatican affairs. Her husband, who was later given the title of papal duke, was the first American to be inducted into the Supreme Order of Christ, the highest chivalric order awarded by the Pope. She was made a papal duchess in 1926 by Pope Pius XI. She was also made a Dame of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, a Dame of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, and received the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice.

Under First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt she served as vice chair of the National Women's Committee on Welfare and Relief Mobilization.

She was the founder of the Carroll Club, a society for Catholic businesswomen, and the board chair for the Girl Scouts of the USA. In 1936, a property she donated to the Girl Scouts was named Camp Genevieve Brady in her honor. She served as vice president of the Welfare Council of New York. In 1934, she received the University of Notre Dame's Laetare Medal as the most notable lay Catholic in America. That year, she also received an honorary Doctor of Law degree from Georgetown University president W. Coleman Nevils, the first woman awarded an honorary degree at the university.

She and her husband lived at 910 Fifth Avenue in New York City and at Inisfada, their Tudor Revival estate in Manhasset, New York. They entertained and hosted various high-ranking Catholic officials, including Francis Spellman and the future Pope Pius XII. In 1937, she gifted the estate, including 250 acres of land and an 87-room mansion, to the New York Province of the Society of Jesus, which used it as a seminary before converting it into the St. Ignatius Jesuit Retreat House in 1963. Its chapel was dedicated to St. Genevieve.

Her husband died in 1930, leaving her his entire estate valued at $12 million. She, in turn, donated 95 works of art that same year to the newly established Jesuit novitiate in Wernersville, Pennsylvania, one of which was later identified as the work of Tintoretto. On March 6, 1937, Brady married William Babington Macaulay, the Irish Free State minister to the Vatican, in a private ceremony witnessed only by clergy and held without notice because Macaulay's presence was required in Rome.

She died in Rome on November 24, 1938, after a brief illness. She was buried next to her first husband in a crypt below the main altar at the Novitiate of St. Isaac Jogues in Wernersville, Pennsylvania. A plaque at the Church of St. Patrick in Rome commemorates her financial contributions to the Catholic Church. Her estate was valued at almost $6 million, much of it bequeathed to the Carroll Club and other charities.

## InfoBox

| Genevieve Garvan Brady | |
| --- | --- |
| Duchess of the Holy Roman Church | |
| Genevieve Garvan Brady with Girl Scouts in 1924 | |
| Born | April 11, 1880
Hartford, Connecticut, United States |
| Died | November 24, 1938
Rome, Italy |
| Buried | Novitiate of St. Isaac Jogues
Wernersville, Pennsylvania
United States |
| Spouse(s) | Nicholas Frederic Brady, Duke of the Holy Roman Church (1906–1930; his death)
William Babington Macaulay (1937–1938; her death) |
| Father | Patrick Garvan |
| Mother | Mary Carroll |