title: Power assembly

abstract:
The term power assembly refers to an Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) engine sub-assembly designed to be "easily" removed and replaced in order to restore engine performance lost to wear or engine failure. Typical of heavy-duty internal combustion engines used in industrial applications, EMD engines are designed to allow the cylinder liners, pistons, piston rings and connecting rods to be replaced at overhaul without removing the entire engine assembly from its application location. This increases engine value, reduces downtime and allows the engine to be returned to true new engine performance. Other terms such as cylinder pack, liner pack, cylinder assembly and cylinder kit are used in the engine industry to describe similar assemblies. In the large-engine industry, the term "power assembly" has also become generic and is often used to refer to the assemblies used in non-EMD engines where "power pack" may be the preferred term, although both terms are functionally the same. Because of the size and weight of the engine assembly and the difficulties of removing and transporting them for repair, they are typically serviced on-site in stationary applications and in the ship or locomotive in transportation applications. Designing the engine for "easy" service is done out of necessity rather than the desire to increase engine serviceability. Power assemblies are large and heavy and overhead lifting equipment sufficient to lift the fixture and assembly are required. An EMD power assembly consists of the following components:
  - Cylinder head assembly less fuel system components
  - Cylinder liner
  - Piston and piston rings
  - Piston carrier
  - Connecting rod In an EMD diesel engine, since two power assemblies share a common connecting-rod journal, and since the power assemblies are directly opposite each other rather than staggered as in a typical V-type engine, two different power assemblies are required in a single engine. The difference between the two assemblies is in the connecting rods. One connecting rod "big end" has to fit inside that of its companion rod and the two types are referred to as "blade rods" and "fork rods". The "fork rod" is logically the "master" as only it has a "rod cap", in this specific case referred to as a "basket", whereas the "blade rod" is logically the "slave" as its "big toe" is designed to fit completely within, and is guided by, and is retained by the "fork", and both are retained by the single "basket". Several situations can require power assembly replacement. Most are due to failure within the power assembly itself such as a dropped valve, broken piston or internal coolant leak. Less common are replacements to repair catastrophic failures such as broken connecting rods or a "hydro-locked" power assembly that has been broken or knocked out of the cylinder block when the cylinder filled with coolant during engine operation and the inability of the piston to compress the liquid caused catastrophic failure. Complete power assembly replacements, where all of the assemblies in an engine are replaced, are least common and are normally done as part of a comprehensive engine overhaul. In a normal in-service power assembly replacement situation, the replacement will follow an inspection of the engine specifically performed to find internal engine failures. With the engine crankcase access and cylinder block airbox covers removed, a visual inspection of the engine's rotating and reciprocating assemblies can be performed. The use of a fiber optic endoscope may facilitate this inspection and evaluation, but this is not a requirement, nor is it a part of EMD's maintenance program. The engine airbox covers are removed to allow visual inspection of the inside of the cylinder liners and the piston crowns, skirts and rings. The crankcase access covers are also removed to inspect for coolant leakage, damaged components and excessive wear. A proper inspection requires filling and pressurizing the cooling system to check for leakage from the power assemblies. To inspect the engine, it can be manually "barred over" with a lever, but manual engine rotation is slow and inefficient. In some applications manually barring the engine over can be difficult or impossible. The preferred tool for engine rotation is an electrically powered, hydraulically operated "turning jack". The turning jack uses a hydraulic cylinder and ram assembly that automatically advances to engage a hole in the flywheel. When the ram reaches its limit, it automatically retracts and advances again to engage another hole. The engine is then progressively rotated through its cycle and can be rotated in either direction by installing the jack on either side of the engine. Not only is a turning jack faster and more efficient, it is also safer since there is no risk of a barring lever coming loose and causing injury or damage. Also, with a turning jack, there is no need for the mechanic to be in physical contact with the engine at any point during the inspection process. A turning jack also allows a complete top deck and crankcase inspection to be performed by one mechanic in minutes, and inspecting the engine with the components in motion produces a better inspection. Rocker arm rollers can be inspected for proper rotation, potential valvetrain problems such as insufficient or excessive clearance can be observed, piston ring movement in the ring grooves indicating excessive groove wear can be observed, broken valvesprings can be more easily seen, and so on. A turning jack also allows the mechanic to observe the flywheel timing marks while the engine is rotating to time the engine properly for maintenance or post-repair engine valve-train and fuel-system adjustments. Claims of power assembly replacement being possible with "ordinary tools" in a "few hours" are subjective, as the tools necessary are hardly "ordinary" in typical mechanic shops and actual repair times can vary widely depending on the situation. At the minimum, large sockets and high-capacity torque multipliers are necessary to enable the large nuts retaining the hold-downs to be removed and retorqued to proper specifications. Various other special tools, while not strictly required, make the job much easier. Additionally, there are special tools required for adjustment of the fuel system after assembly replacement. As far as repair time goes, power assembly replacement is typically performed by at least two mechanics so the labor involved is at least twice the repair time required. If the engine comes in for inspection or repair "hot", the unit may need to cool for several hours before repairs can begin. If parts are not readily available, the delays will increase. Typically, for a power assembly replacement in an engine cool enough to work on and with the proper tools and necessary parts readily at hand, two mechanics can replace a power assembly properly and safely in a 4-hour period. Rarely are major repairs involving expensive engines and components and significant safety hazards rushed to create "efficiency" at the expense of safety and reliability. The quality and layout of the work area also has a big effect on the time required and the quality of the work. Proper equipment and tools make the job "easy". Poor working conditions and having to make do without the appropriate tools and equipment can make the replacement process a nightmare. The aforementioned "barring over" with a lever versus having a turning jack is a good example of being properly equipped. A properly equipped repair shop for mobile equipment (locomotives) or individual engines or the area where stationary engines are permanently installed will be equipped with sufficient overhead lifting equipment to allow the assemblies to be safely and efficiently handled, removed and installed. Although the components are large and heavy and specialized tools are required, the replacement process is straightforward and simple. The engine coolant is drained, the test valve "snifter" is removed, the rocker arm assembly and fuel system components are removed, the connecting rod is disconnected from the crankshaft, the power assembly hold-downs are removed, the cooling system plumbing is disconnected, piston cooling tube is removed, the lifting fixture is installed and the power assembly is lifted out of the cylinder block. The process is reversed to install the replacement power assembly. Following installation of the replacement assembly, all hardware is torqued to specs, the cooling system is refilled, the engine crankshaft is properly timed to allow the valves and fuel injector of the new power assembly to be adjusted, the valve train and fuel injection system is adjusted using appropriate gauges, the fuel system is primed and the engine is started and checked for proper operation and leaks within the cooling system, if any, are identified. As in any other situation where an engine is rebuilt, there is a "break-in" period for replacement power assemblies that should include operating the engine at varying speeds and loads for a specified period of time to seat the cylinder rings before the engine is placed into normal service.

text:
# Power assembly

The term **power assembly** refers to an Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) engine sub-assembly designed to be "easily" removed and replaced in order to restore engine performance lost to wear or engine failure. Typical of heavy-duty internal combustion engines used in industrial applications, EMD engines are designed to allow the cylinder liners, pistons, piston rings and connecting rods to be replaced at overhaul without removing the entire engine assembly from its application location. This increases engine value, reduces downtime and allows the engine to be returned to true new engine performance. Other terms such as cylinder pack, liner pack, cylinder assembly and cylinder kit are used in the engine industry to describe similar assemblies. In the large-engine industry, the term "power assembly" has also become generic and is often used to refer to the assemblies used in non-EMD engines where "power pack" may be the preferred term, although both terms are functionally the same.

Because of the size and weight of the engine assembly and the difficulties of removing and transporting them for repair, they are typically serviced on-site in stationary applications and in the ship or locomotive in transportation applications. Designing the engine for "easy" service is done out of necessity rather than the desire to increase engine serviceability. Power assemblies are large and heavy and overhead lifting equipment sufficient to lift the fixture and assembly are required.

An EMD power assembly consists of the following components:

1. Cylinder head assembly (including valves, springs, keepers etc.) less fuel system components
2. Cylinder liner
3. Piston and piston rings
4. Piston carrier
5. Connecting rod

In an EMD diesel engine, since two power assemblies share a common connecting-rod journal, and since the power assemblies are directly opposite each other rather than staggered as in a typical V-type engine, two different power assemblies are required in a single engine. The difference between the two assemblies is in the connecting rods. One connecting rod "big end" has to fit inside that of its companion rod and the two types are referred to as "blade rods" and "fork rods". The "fork rod" is logically the "master" as only it has a "rod cap", in this specific case referred to as a "basket", whereas the "blade rod" is logically the "slave" as its "big toe" is designed to fit completely within, and is guided by, and is retained by the "fork", and both are retained by the single "basket".

Several situations can require power assembly replacement. Most are due to failure within the power assembly itself such as a dropped valve, broken piston or internal coolant leak. Less common are replacements to repair catastrophic failures such as broken connecting rods or a "hydro-locked" power assembly that has been broken or knocked out of the cylinder block when the cylinder filled with coolant during engine operation and the inability of the piston to compress the liquid caused catastrophic failure. Complete power assembly replacements, where all of the assemblies in an engine are replaced, are least common and are normally done as part of a comprehensive engine overhaul.

In a normal in-service power assembly replacement situation, the replacement will follow an inspection of the engine specifically performed to find internal engine failures. With the engine crankcase access and cylinder block airbox covers removed, a visual inspection of the engine's rotating and reciprocating assemblies can be performed. The use of a fiber optic endoscope (flexible borescope) may facilitate this inspection and evaluation, but this is not a requirement, nor is it a part of EMD's maintenance program.

The engine airbox covers (the upper covers observed on the side of an EMD engine - they cover the "airbox" that allows air to flow through the cylinder block to the power assemblies) are removed to allow visual inspection of the inside of the cylinder liners and the piston crowns, skirts and rings. The crankcase access covers (the lower covers observed on the side of an EMD engine) are also removed to inspect for coolant leakage, damaged components and excessive wear. A proper inspection requires filling and pressurizing the cooling system to check for leakage from the power assemblies.

To inspect the engine, it can be manually "barred over" with a lever, but manual engine rotation is slow and inefficient. In some applications manually barring the engine over can be difficult or impossible. The preferred tool for engine rotation is an electrically powered, hydraulically operated "turning jack". The turning jack uses a hydraulic cylinder and ram assembly that automatically advances to engage a hole in the flywheel. When the ram reaches its limit, it automatically retracts and advances again to engage another hole. The engine is then progressively rotated through its cycle and can be rotated in either direction by installing the jack on either side of the engine. Not only is a turning jack faster and more efficient, it is also safer since there is no risk of a barring lever coming loose and causing injury or damage. Also, with a turning jack, there is no need for the mechanic to be in physical contact with the engine at any point during the inspection process.

A turning jack also allows a complete top deck and crankcase inspection to be performed by one mechanic in minutes, and inspecting the engine with the components in motion produces a better inspection. Rocker arm rollers can be inspected for proper rotation, potential valvetrain problems such as insufficient or excessive clearance can be observed, piston ring movement in the ring grooves indicating excessive groove wear can be observed, broken valvesprings can be more easily seen, and so on. A turning jack also allows the mechanic to observe the flywheel timing marks while the engine is rotating to time the engine properly for maintenance or post-repair engine valve-train and fuel-system adjustments.

Claims of power assembly replacement being possible with "ordinary tools" in a "few hours" are subjective, as the tools necessary are hardly "ordinary" in typical mechanic shops and actual repair times can vary widely depending on the situation. At the minimum, large sockets and high-capacity torque multipliers are necessary to enable the large nuts retaining the hold-downs to be removed and retorqued to proper specifications. Various other special tools, while not strictly required, make the job much easier. Additionally, there are special tools required for adjustment of the fuel system after assembly replacement.

As far as repair time goes, power assembly replacement is typically performed by at least two mechanics so the labor involved is at least twice the repair time required. If the engine comes in for inspection or repair "hot", the unit may need to cool for several hours before repairs can begin. If parts are not readily available, the delays will increase. Typically, for a power assembly replacement in an engine cool enough to work on and with the proper tools and necessary parts readily at hand, two mechanics can replace a power assembly properly and safely in a 4-hour period. Rarely are major repairs involving expensive engines and components and significant safety hazards rushed to create "efficiency" at the expense of safety and reliability.

The quality and layout of the work area also has a big effect on the time required and the quality of the work. Proper equipment and tools make the job "easy". Poor working conditions and having to make do without the appropriate tools and equipment can make the replacement process a nightmare. The aforementioned "barring over" with a lever versus having a turning jack is a good example of being properly equipped. A properly equipped repair shop for mobile equipment (locomotives) or individual engines (rebuild/overhaul shop) or the area where stationary engines are permanently installed (marine applications where the engine cannot be practically removed for service or electrical power plants, etc.) will be equipped with sufficient overhead lifting equipment to allow the assemblies to be safely and efficiently handled, removed and installed.

Although the components are large and heavy and specialized tools are required, the replacement process is straightforward and simple. The engine coolant is drained, the test valve "snifter" is removed, the rocker arm assembly and fuel system components are removed, the connecting rod is disconnected from the crankshaft, the power assembly hold-downs (commonly called "crabs") are removed, the cooling system plumbing is disconnected, piston cooling tube is removed, the lifting fixture is installed and the power assembly is lifted out of the cylinder block. The process is reversed to install the replacement power assembly.

Following installation of the replacement assembly, all hardware is torqued to specs, the cooling system is refilled, the engine crankshaft is properly timed to allow the valves and fuel injector of the new power assembly to be adjusted, the valve train and fuel injection system is adjusted using appropriate gauges, the fuel system is primed and the engine is started and checked for proper operation and leaks within the cooling system, if any, are identified. As in any other situation where an engine is rebuilt, there is a "break-in" period for replacement power assemblies that should include operating the engine at varying speeds and loads for a specified period of time to seat the cylinder rings before the engine is placed into normal service.


title: Judaa

abstract: Judaa is the seventh studio album by Indian singer Amrinder Gill, released on November 5, 2011, by Envy Entertainment, Music Waves, Speed Records and Times Music. The album was produced by Dr Zeus. The lyrics were penned by Bilal Saeed, Raj Kakra, and Nimma Loharka. The album was followed by Judaa 2 (2014), which featured mostly similar artists. The album was commercial success; songs "Judaa", "Ki Samjhaiye" and "Yarrian" were well received by audience. The album won numerous awards including Best Album at Brit Asia Music Awards and Best Romantic Ballad at PTC Punjabi Music Awards. Three songs from the album, "Ki Samjhaiye", "Yarrian", and "Judaa" peaked in UK Asian music weekly charts by Official Charts Company.

text:
# Judaa

***Judaa*** is the seventh studio album by Indian singer Amrinder Gill, released on November 5, 2011, by Envy Entertainment, Music Waves, Speed Records and Times Music. The album was produced by Dr Zeus. The lyrics were penned by Bilal Saeed, Raj Kakra, and Nimma Loharka. The album was followed by *Judaa 2* (2014), which featured mostly similar artists.

The album was commercial success; songs "Judaa", "Ki Samjhaiye" and "Yarrian" were well received by audience. The album won numerous awards including Best Album at Brit Asia Music Awards and Best Romantic Ballad at PTC Punjabi Music Awards. Three songs from the album, "Ki Samjhaiye", "Yarrian", and "Judaa" peaked in UK Asian music weekly charts by *Official Charts Company*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Asi Gabru Punjabi" | Bilal Saeed | Dr Zeus | 3:48 |
| 2. | "Judda" | Raj Kakra | Dr Zeus | 5:29 |
| 3. | "Ki Samjiye" | Nimma Loharka | Dr Zeus | 4:44 |
| 4. | "Ki Samjiye" (Unplugged) | Nimma Loharka | Dr Zeus | 4:27 |
| 5. | "Mirza" |  | Dr Zeus | 3:15 |
| 6. | "Mitran Da Dil" |  | Dr Zeus | 4:28 |
| 7. | "Naajra" |  | Dr Zeus | 4:21 |
| 8. | "Tere Raah" |  | Dr Zeus | 3:12 |
| 9. | "Tere Utte" |  | Dr Zeus | 4:08 |
| Total length: | | | | 37:52 |

## Reception

Three songs "Ki Samjhaiye", "Yarrian", and "Judaa" from the album peaked on the UK Asian Music chart by *Official Charts Company*. The album topped iTunes World Albums charts in United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada.

## Charts

| Title | Chart (2011–12) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Ki Samjhaiye" | UK Asian (*OCC*) | 6 |
| "Yarrian" | | 13 |
| "Judaa" | | 21 |

## Accolades

* Best Album - Brit Asia Music Awards 2012

## InfoBox

| Judaa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Amrinder Gill | |
| Released | November 19, 2011 (2011-11-19) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 37:52 |
| Label | * Envy * Music Waves * Speed * Times |
| Producer | Dr Zeus |
| Amrinder Gill chronology | |
| *Dooriyan*
(2009) ***Judaa***
(2011) *Judaa 2*
(2014) | |


title: Judge Henry Wood Jr. House

abstract: The Judge Henry Wood Jr. House is a historic home located at Clarksville, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. It is a two-story, Queen Anne style brick dwelling built in three sections. The original section was built between about 1820 and 1840, and forms the center section. The north wing was added after 1872, and the south wing, with an octagonal end, in the 1880s. Confederate General William Mahone (1826-1895), owned the property from 1862 to 1868. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

text:
# Judge Henry Wood Jr. House

The **Judge Henry Wood Jr. House** is a historic home located at Clarksville, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. It is a two-story, Queen Anne style brick dwelling built in three sections. The original section was built between about 1820 and 1840, and forms the center section. The north wing was added after 1872, and the south wing, with an octagonal end, in the 1880s. Confederate General William Mahone (1826-1895), owned the property from 1862 to 1868.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Judge Henry Wood, Jr., House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Facade | |
|  | |
| Location | 105 Sixth St., Clarksville, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 36°37′29″N 78°33′35″W / 36.62472°N 78.55972°W / 36.62472; -78.55972 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1830 (1830) |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 99001201 |
| VLR No. | 192-0060 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 24, 1999 |
| Designated VLR | June 19, 1999 |


title: Pozhiyoor

abstract: Pozhiyoor is a village in the district of Thiruvananthapuram in the State of Kerala in India. It has gradually grown to a well known tourist destination in India. The major attractions of Poovar tourism area are in Pozhiyoor. Pozhikkara, estuary formed by river Neyyar before it falls into the mighty Arabian Sea is the centre of attraction of tourism circuit in Poovar. Golden Beach, Elephant Rock, Anantha Victoria Marthanda Varma Canal, Pieta are other major attractions in Pozhiyoor Beach area in Thiruvananthapuram. It is at the coastal border of the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

text:
# Pozhiyoor

**Pozhiyoor** is a village in the district of Thiruvananthapuram in the State of Kerala in India. It has gradually grown to a well known tourist destination in India. The major attractions of Poovar tourism area are in Pozhiyoor. Pozhikkara, estuary formed by river Neyyar before it falls into the mighty Arabian Sea is the centre of attraction of tourism circuit in Poovar. Golden Beach, Elephant Rock, Anantha Victoria Marthanda Varma Canal, Pieta are other major attractions in Pozhiyoor Beach area in Thiruvananthapuram. It is at the coastal border of the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu .

## History

The history of Pozhiyoor traces to the ancient ages. Pozhiyoor had an ancient port at the present golden sand beach at Pozhikkara and was a major trading centre on those days, around 1000 BC, period of David and Solomon. Pozhiyoor wan an ancient trading centre of timber, sandal wood, ivory, spices and other important goods of that era. It is believed that the ships of Solomon landed in the port and conducted trade with this part of world. Ancient day name of Pozhiyoor was Ophir, which is mentioned in the Bible (1Kings 10:11).

Pozhiyoor and Poovar had witnessed early settlement of Muslims from Arabia. It is believed that the mosque in Poovar was founded by Malik Dinar, an early Muslim preacher came to Kerala for spreading the new faith.

Pozhiyoor was a thriving port in early days during the golden period of Greece and Roman Empire. As new centres like Muzirus and Kozhikode got emerged as the major trading centres, Pozhiyoor lost its glory.

## Administration

Nation - **India**
State - **Kerala**
District - **Thiruvananthapuram**
Taluk - **Neyyattinkara**
Pozhiyoor falls into Kulathoor Grama Panchayat and Karode Panchayat of Parassala Block in Thiruvananthapuram District. Pozhiyoor is divided into Pozhikkara, Parithiyoor, South Kollemcode, Poipallivilakam.

## Location

Pozhiyoor is near several other tourist destinations such as Kovalam, Poovar and Padmanabhapuram Palace. It has an estuary which connects with the sea during high tides. The Pozhikkara beach is located in Pozhiyoor, where the Neyyar, Southern Peninsular river joins at the Arabian Sea.

Pozhiyoor is about 36 km from Thiruvananthapuram International Airport and 34 km from Central Railway Station and Bus Station. The nearest railway stations are Neyyattinkara and Parassala. The nearest bus stand is at Poovar just 5 km away.

From Pozhiyoor which mark the end of South Kerala lease the first village, Neerody of Tamil Nadu which is just 2.5 km, by Parssala Kollengode Road.

## Religion

The three main religious communities in Pozhiyoor are Christian, Hindu, and Muslim. There are two churches, two mosques (one *Juma Masjid* other one Town Masjid) and a major Hindu temple with a subdivision. Two major churches, St. Mathew's Church, South Kollemcode and St. Mary Magdalene Church, Paruthiyoor are under the Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum / Archdiocese of Trivandrum (Latin Rite). There is an ancient Shiva/Siva temple, Sri Mahadeva Temple Pozhiyoor, which is administered by Travancore Devaswom Board. There is a reference about this temple in *Vellayani Sasanam* availed from Vellayani Lake, Thiruvananthapuram. A notable Devi temple Kollemcode Thookapura is located 2 km from Pozhiyoor.

## Tourism

Pozhiyoor is where the backwater meets the sea. The beach attracts many tourists every year. It is also a natural resourced area with boating facilities and backwater tourism. Isola Di Cocco Beach Resort, Estuary Island, Poovar Island, Over The Hill, Havelia Island Resort...etc. are few of the resorts in and around Pozhiyoor Pozhikkara. Affordable boating services are available from both Poovar & Pozhiyoor for enjoying backwater beauty.Pozhiyoor is also known to witness bioluminescence. On certain special days, we can personally experience the mesmerizing phenomenon of bioluminescence.Pozhiyoor is renowned as one of the top party destinations in Kerala, celebrated for its vibrant Christmas and New Year parties, accompanied by lively DJs.

## Sports

Pozhiyoor is well known for its sports enthusiasm and spirit, and is popularly known as the 'Football Capital' of Kerala. Pozhiyoor is also known as the Santhosh Trophy Village. Both SMRC (a Trivandrum District Super Division Qualified Soccer Club) and Udhaya made a vital role to encourage and develop football in the region. It also has contributed many football players to national and state teams. In 2017 Santosh Trophy Tournament, Pozhiyoor was the only village to contribute 10 players representing different teams across India. Two players have played in the 2018–19 I-League season. S. Rajesh for Gokulam FC and Britto PM for Mohun Bagan.Football takes center stage as the main sports event in Pozhiyoor, with at least one sports person hailing from every family. Moreover, Pozhiyoor also boasts the development of national-level players in diverse sports such as Badminton, Basketball, and Cricket.

## Anantha Victoria Marthandam Canal

The Anantha Victoria Marthandam Canal also known as AVM Canal was formed in July 1860 during the reign of Uthradam Thirunal Marthanda Varma Maharaja of Travancore state. It was a scheme for connecting Thiruvananthapuram with Kanyakumari and thus extending the water communications to the extreme south of the country. All the coastal villages numbering more than 20, including, Pozhiyoor, Marthandamthurai, Thengapagttinam, Colachel, and Mondaicadu, all depended upon this resource for most of their needs, including navigation, but today the purpose is no longer served.

## Major establishments and institutions

### Educational Institutions

* St. Mathew's High School
* Government Upper Primary School
* St.Mary's LP School
* St. Mathew's English Medium School
* Noorul Huda English Medium School

### Banks and Financial Institutions

* State Bank of India
* Thiruvananthapuram District Cooperative Bank (Pozhiyoor Branch)
* Muthoot Finance (Pozhiyoor Branch)

### Government Institutions

* Government Hospital Pozhiyoor
* Indian Postal Service Pozhiyoor (Pin Code - 695513)
* Police Station Pozhiyoor
* Matsyafed
* Matsya Bhavan
* Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (Govt. of India)

https://www.erikonway.in/tag/pozhiyoor/

## InfoBox

| Pozhiyoor | |
| --- | --- |
| PozhiyoorLocation in Kerala, IndiaPozhiyoorPozhiyoor (India) | |
| Coordinates: 8°18′03″N 77°05′35″E / 8.300699756015973°N 77.09296345710754°E / 8.300699756015973; 77.09296345710754 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Thiruvananthapuram |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 695513 |
| Telephone code | 0471-221 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-19 |
| Nearest city | Thiruvananthapuram |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Thiruvananthapuram |
| Climate | moderate climate (Köppen) |


title: Juan Bautista Cambiaso (ship)

abstract: Juan Bautista Cambiaso (BE-01) is a training ship for the Dominican Navy. Launched in 2009, it is a three-masted barquentine with a hull made of steel and a teak-covered deck. It is named after Genoese-born Dominican Admiral Juan Bautista Cambiaso, who founded the Dominican Navy in 1844.

text:
# Juan Bautista Cambiaso (ship)

***Juan Bautista Cambiaso (BE-01)*** is a training ship for the Dominican Navy. Launched in 2009, it is a three-masted barquentine (schooner barque) with a hull made of steel and a teak-covered deck. It is named after Genoese-born Dominican Admiral Juan Bautista Cambiaso, who founded the Dominican Navy in 1844.

## History

*Juan Bautista Cambiaso* was launched on 29 August 2009 in Varna, Bulgaria. The ship — originally named *Royal Helena*— was acquired by the Dominican Navy in August 2018 and named in honor of Admiral Juan Bautista Cambiaso, founder of the Dominican Navy, who defeated the Haitian navy in the Battle of Tortuguero. During this engagement, a force of three Dominican schooners led by then-Commander Juan Bautista Cambiaso (at the helm of the flagship schooner *Separación Dominicana*) defeated a force of three warships of the Haitian Navy, ensuring naval supremacy for the newborn nation.

The ship replaces an earlier training ship of the same name, acquired from the Canadian Navy in 1947. That ship, a motor-ship of the corvette class, had previously been named HMCS Belleville. It was scrapped by the Dominican Navy in 1972.

The ship has also appeared in the 2016 Black Sea Tall Ships Regatta, 2017 Tall Ships Regatta, and 2017 Tall Ship Races.

For a short period in 2018 after the acquisition by the Dominican Navy, the vessel was named *Maria Trinidad Sanchez.*. Maria Trinidad Sanches is a heroine from the independence wars of the Dominican Republic.

Additionally, *Juan Bautista Cambiaso* has played a part in Domincan international relations, and is used as an "Ambassador of the Seas of the World" by the Dominican navy. In July 2023, the ship made a port call in Jamaica, strengthening ties between the two nations.

## Description

*Juan Bautista Cambiaso* is a barquentine. She is 54 metres (177 ft 2 in) long with a beam of 8 metres (26 ft 3 in) and can accommodate up to 37 cadets for multiple-day journeys, with a permanent crew of 12.

Her callsign is HIWA and she is identified by the MMSI number 327801018.

## Accidents

On 20 June 2017 she struck docked Spanish replica ship Victoria, while entering the port of Oudeschild, Netherlands. (Original ship *Nao Victoria* is famed as the first ship to successfully circumnavigate the world). There were no reports of injured people in this incident.

* Dominican Navy Official website: *Armada de República Dominicana incorpora a su flota naval el buque escuela* (Dominican Navy incorporates training ship into its Navy)
* Naval News: The Dominican Republic commissioned its new training tall ship
* La Armada Dominicana ya tiene su propio buque escuela
* Naval News: The Dominican Republic commissioned its new training tall ship
* Sail Training International profile of ARD Juan Bautista Cambiaso
* View to shipyard (Royal Helena in progress) at MTG Dolphin in Varna/Bulgaria

## InfoBox

| ARD Juan Bautista Cambiaso at port of Nesebar, Bulgaria (June 2010) | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Dominican Republic | |
| Name | *ARD Almirante Juan Bautista Cambiaso* |
| Owner | Dominican Navy (Armada de la República Dominicana) |
| Port of registry | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Builder | MTG-Dolphin PLC, Varna/Bulgaria |
| Launched | 29 August 2009 |
| Acquired | August 2018 |
| Renamed | August 2018 |
| Identification |  |
| Status | Active |
| General characteristics | |
| Length | 54 m (177 ft 2 in) |
| Beam | 8 m (26 ft 3 in) |
| Sail plan | three-masted barquentine; 16 sails, total sail area of 1,000 m2 (11,000 sq ft) |


title: Presidio

abstract:
A presidio was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire between the 16th and 18th centuries in areas under their control or influence. The term is derived from the Latin word praesidium meaning protection or defense. In the Mediterranean and the Philippines, the presidios were outposts of the Christian defense against Islamic raids. In the Americas, the fortresses were built to protect against raids by pirates, rival colonial powers, and Native Americans. Later in western North America, with independence, the Mexicans garrisoned the Spanish presidios on the northern frontier and followed the same pattern in unsettled frontier regions such as the Presidio de Sonoma, at Sonoma, California, and the Presidio de Calabasas, in Arizona. In western North America, a rancho del rey or king's ranch would be established a short distance outside a presidio. This was a tract of land assigned to the presidio to furnish pasturage to the horses and other beasts of burden of the garrison. Mexico called this facility "rancho nacional".
Presidios were only accessible to Spanish military and soldiers.

text:
# Presidio

A **presidio** (*jail, fortification*) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire between the 16th and 18th centuries in areas under their control or influence. The term is derived from the Latin word *praesidium* meaning *protection* or *defense*.

In the Mediterranean and the Philippines, the presidios were outposts of the Christian defense against Islamic raids. In the Americas, the fortresses were built to protect against raids by pirates, rival colonial powers, and Native Americans.

Later in western North America, with independence, the Mexicans garrisoned the Spanish presidios on the northern frontier and followed the same pattern in unsettled frontier regions such as the Presidio de Sonoma, at Sonoma, California, and the Presidio de Calabasas, in Arizona.

In western North America, a *rancho del rey* or *king's ranch* would be established a short distance outside a presidio. This was a tract of land assigned to the presidio to furnish pasturage to the horses and other beasts of burden of the garrison. Mexico called this facility "rancho nacional". Presidios were only accessible to Spanish military and soldiers.

## Canada

## Chile

## Italy

Several fortresses formerly held by the Republic of Siena were acquired by Spain following the latter's demise, by treaty between Philip II of Spain and Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany on 3 July 1557, to form what became known as the *Estado de los Presidios*. They were held by Spain until the War of the Spanish Succession, when they came under Austrian ownership, and were administered from Naples.

## Mexico

Few presidios were established in the present-day desert frontier regions in northern Mexico to control and confine the existing rebellious indigenous tribes. Captured indigenous warriors were confined and enslaved at the presidio. Presidios was used to protect the colonial silver ship from rebellious raids from Indians in Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, mainly in Zacatecas and Guanajuato, starting new settlements.

### Aguascalientes

* The Presidio de las Bocas and later **Presidio de las Bocas de Gallardo**, founded in 1570 in Asientos. Today reconverted into the **hacienda de Santa María de Gallardo**.
* The Presidio de Ciénega Grande, founded in 1570 in Asientos. Today reconverted into the **hacienda Ciénega Grande**.

### Baja California Sur

### Chihuahua

### Coahuila

### Durango

### Guanajuato

### Hidalgo

* The Presidio de San Francisco, founded in 1522 in Zimapán

### Jalisco

* The Presidio Jamay, founded in 1529.
* The Presidio Ojuelos, founded in 1570, which developed into the city of Ojuelos.
* The Presidio de Santa María de los Lagos, founded in 1563 in Lagos de Moreno.
* El Fuerte de la Isla, founded in 1817 in Mezcala Island.

### Nuevo León

### Querétaro

### San Luis Potosí

* The Presidio de Santiago de Los Valles de Oxitipa, founded in 1533 in Ciudad Valles

### Sonora

### Zacatecas

* The Presidio Tlaltenango, founded in 1530 in Tlaltenango.
* The Presidio Xuchipilan, founded in 1530 in Juchipila.
* The Presidio de Espíritu Santo de Guadalajara (1532–1533) near the present-day Nochistlán, destroyed by the Tlaltenango Caxcan in 1533.
* The Presidio de Fresnillo, founded in 1554 in Fresnillo.
* The Presidio de Jerez de la Frontera, founded in 1570 in Jerez de García Salinas.
* The Presidio Palmillas (1570–?), near the present-day Ojocaliente.
* The Presidio Malpaso, founded reconverting an *estancia* in 1580 in Villanueva. Today the **former hacienda de Malpaso**.
* The Presidio de San Pedro de Chalchihuites, founded in 1591 in Chalchihuites.
* The Presidio de Sacramento y Real de Minas de Ojocaliente de Bastidas, founded in 1620 in Ojocaliente.

## North Africa

After the Granada War and the completion of the Spanish *Reconquista*, the Catholic Monarchs took their fight across the Strait of Gibraltar, as the Portuguese had done several generations earlier with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415. The establishment of Spanish military outposts on the North African coast echoed earlier endeavors by the Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century (and again in Djerba under Frederick III of Sicily) and the Kingdom of France in the 13th century (Eighth Crusade of 1270). During the period of Iberian Union between 1580 and 1640, the Spanish Crown gained Ceuta and the Portuguese outposts on the Atlantic Coast, such as Tangier, Mazagão/El Jadida and Casablanca; but of these, it only retained Ceuta by the Treaty of Lisbon (1668).

The Spanish North African *presidios* are listed here in geographical sequence, from West to East, and including neither Spain's Atlantic settlements in the Moroccan far South (e.g. Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña) nor outposts gained after 1830 (e.g. the Chafarinas Islands).

## Philippines

### Luzon

### Mindanao

### Visayas

## United States

### Arizona

### California

### Florida

**Source:**

* The Presidio San Augustin, founded in 1565, which developed into the city of St. Augustine, ceded to Great Britain in 1763, regained 20 years later, and transferred to the United States in 1821
* The Presidio San Mateo, founded in 1565 on the ruins of Fort Caroline near today's Jacksonville, recaptured and destroyed by the French in 1568
* The Presidio Ais, founded in 1565 on the Indian River Lagoon, abandoned after one month
* The Presidio Santa Lucia, founded in 1565 near Cape Canaveral, abandoned four months later
* The Presidio San Antonio de Padua, founded in 1566 at Calos, capital of the Calusa, abandoned in 1569
* The Presidio Tocobaga, founded in 1567 on Tampa Bay, destroyed by the Tocobagas within ten months
* The Presidio Tequesta, founded in 1567 on the site of what is now Miami, abandoned in 1568
* The Presidio Santa Maria de Galve, founded in 1696, near Fort Barrancas at present-day Naval Air Station Pensacola; captured by French in 1719, Spanish relocated to Presidio Bahía San José de Nueva Asturias (see below)
* The Presidio Bahía San José de Valladares, founded in 1701 on St. Joseph Bay, captured by French in 1718
* The Presidio San Marcos de Apalachee, founded in 1718 at the existing port of San Marcos, which developed into the town of St. Marks, ceded to Great Britain in 1763, regained 20 years later, and transferred to the United States in 1821
* The Presidio Bahía San José de Nueva Asturias, founded in 1719 on St. Joseph Point, abandoned when Spanish regained Pensacola Bay area from French in 1722, Spanish relocated to Presidio Isla Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza (see below)
* The Presidio Isla Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza, founded in 1722 on Santa Rosa Island, destroyed by a hurricane in 1755, Spanish relocated to Presidio San Miguel de Panzacola (see below)
* The Presidio San Miguel de Panzacola, founded in 1755, which developed into the city of Pensacola, ceded to Great Britain in 1763, regained 20 years later, and transferred to the United States in 1821

### Georgia

**Source:**

### Louisiana

### New Mexico

### South Carolina

* The Presidio Santa Elena, founded in 1566 on Parris Island, destroyed by Native Americans in 1576, re-established in 1577, abandoned in 1587

### Texas

## References and further reading

* Gerald, Rex E. (1968). *Spanish Presidios of the Late Eighteenth Century in Northern New Spain*. Santa Fe, NM: Museum of New Mexico Press.
* Javellana, Rene, S. J. *Fortress of Empire*. Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1997.
* Moorhead, Max L. *The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands*. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975.
* Williams, J. S. "Appendix: Presidios of Northern New Spain". *Historical Archaeology* 38, 2004.


abstract: The Presiding Officer of the Tobago House of Assembly is elected by the assembly members and presides over all Sittings of the assembly. The current Presiding Officer of the Tobago House of Assembly is Abby Taylor of the Progressive Democratic Patriots.

text:
# Presiding Officer of the Tobago House of Assembly

The **Presiding Officer of the Tobago House of Assembly** is elected by the assembly members and presides over all Sittings of the assembly.

The current Presiding Officer of the Tobago House of Assembly is Abby Taylor of the Progressive Democratic Patriots.

## List of Presiding Officers

| Name | | Term of office | | Political Party | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jefferson Davidson | 16 December 1986 | 2000 | NAR |  |
| 2 | Anne Mitchell-Gift | 2001 | 24 January 2013 | PNM |  |
| 3 | Kelvin Charles | 25 January 2013 | 23 March 2016 | PNM |  |
| 4 | Vanessa Cutting-Thomas | 28 April 2016 | 26 January 2017 | PNM |  |
| 5 | Denise Tsoiafatt Angus | 26 January 2017 | 21 November 2019 | PNM |  |
| (4) | Vanessa Cutting-Thomas | 19 December 2019 | 25 September 2020 | PNM |  |
| 6 | Oswald Williams | 22 October 2020 | 28 January 2021 | PNM |  |
| 7 | Abby Taylor | 9 December 2021 | Incumbent | PDP |  |

## List of Deputy Presiding Officers

| Name | | Term of office | | Political Party | Electoral District | Notes | Name | | Entered office | Left office | Political Party | Electoral District | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Christo Gift | 1996 | 2000 | NAR |  |  |  | | | | | | |
|  | Anthony Arnold | | 2001 | 2005 | PNM |  |  |
|  | Albert Pilgrim | | 2005 | 24 January 2013 | PNM | Black Rock/Whim/Spring Garden |  |
|  | Ancil Dennis | 25 January 2013 | 5 May 2020 | PNM | Buccoo/Mount Pleasant |  |  | Dion Isaac | 25 January 2013 | 26 January 2017 | PNM |  |  |
|  | Shomari Hector | 29 May 2020 | 28 January 2021 | PNM | Bethel/Mt. Irvine |  |  | | | | | | |
|  | Joel Sampson | 9 December 2021 | Incumbent | PDP | Bon Accord/Crown Point |  |  | | | | | | |

1. "DRAFT ESTIMATES OF THE REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE 2019" (PDF). Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
2. "About The Assembly". *Tobago House of Assembly*. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
3. Williams, Elizabeth (25 September 2020). "Presiding Officer Resigns". *Caribbean Communications Network*. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
4. "New THA Presiding Officer appointed". *www.guardian.co.tt*. Retrieved 27 October 2020.

## InfoBox

| Presiding Officer of the Tobago House of Assembly | |
| --- | --- |
| Incumbent
Abby Taylor
since 9 December 2021 | |
| Style | Presiding Officer
(Within Parliament)
The Honourable
(Formal) |
| Term length | Elected by the Tobago House of Assembly at the start of each session, and upon a vacancy, no limits imposed |
| Inaugural holder | Jefferson G. Davidson
Christo Gift (Deputy Presiding Officer) |
| Formation | 1996 |
| Deputy | Joel Sampson |
| Salary | TT$20,890 (per month) (Presiding Officer)
TT$13,930 (per month) (Deputy Presiding Officer) |


title: Preptothauma

abstract: Preptothauma is a monotypic moth genus in the family Eupterotidae. Its only species, Preptothauma oxydiata, is found in Colombia. Both the genus and species were described by Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt in 1931.

text:
# Preptothauma

***Preptothauma*** is a monotypic moth genus in the family Eupterotidae. Its only species, ***Preptothauma oxydiata***, is found in Colombia. Both the genus and species were described by Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt in 1931.

## InfoBox

| *Preptothauma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Eupterotidae |
| Genus: | ***Preptothauma***
Draudt, 1931 |
| Species: | ***P. oxydiata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Preptothauma oxydiata***
Draudt, 1931 | |
|


# Republic of the Congo at the 2000 Summer Olympics

The Republic of the Congo competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

## Athletics

Key * **Note**–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **NR** = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men Track and road events

| Athletes | Events | Heat Round 1 | | Heat Round 2 | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Benjamin Youla | 400 metres | 47.54 | 61 | did not advance | | | | | |

Women Track and road events

| Athletes | Events | Heat Round 1 | | Heat Round 2 | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Léontine Tsiba | 800 metres | 2:04.08 | 28 |  | did not advance | | | |

## Judo

Men

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Repechage 3 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Kevin Ngapoula-Mbembo | −66 kg | Uematsu (ESP)
**L** | did not advance | | | | | | | | |

## Swimming

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Marien Michel Ngouabi | 100 m freestyle | 1:00.39 | 69 | did not advance | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Monika Bakale | 100 m backstroke | 1:16.36 | 46 | did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Republic of the Congo at the
2000 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the Republic of the Congo | |
| IOC code | CGO |
| NOC | Comité National Olympique et Sportif Congolais |
| in Sydney | |
| Competitors | 5 in 3 sports |
| Flag bearer | Marien Michel Ngouabi |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Preprophase

abstract:
Preprophase is an additional phase during mitosis in plant cells that does not occur in other eukaryotes such as animals or fungi. It precedes prophase and is characterized by two distinct events:
  - The formation of the preprophase band, a dense microtubule ring underneath the plasma membrane.
  - The initiation of microtubule nucleation at the nuclear envelope.

text:
# Preprophase

**Preprophase** is an additional phase during mitosis in plant cells that does not occur in other eukaryotes such as animals or fungi. It precedes prophase and is characterized by two distinct events:

1. The formation of the preprophase band, a dense microtubule ring underneath the plasma membrane.
2. The initiation of microtubule nucleation at the nuclear envelope.

## Function of preprophase in the cell cycle

Plant cells are fixed with regards to their neighbor cells within the tissues they are growing in. In contrast to animals where certain cells can migrate within the embryo to form new tissues, the seedlings of higher plants grow entirely based on the orientation of cell division and subsequent elongation and differentiation of cells within their cell walls. Therefore, the accurate control of cell division planes and placement of the future cell wall in plant cells is crucial for the correct architecture of plant tissues and organs.

The preprophase stage of somatic plant cell mitosis serves to establish the precise location of the division plane and future cell wall before the cell enters prophase. This is achieved through the formation of a transient microtubule structure, the preprophase band, and a so far unknown mechanism by which the cell is able to "memorize" the position of the preprophase band to guide the new cell wall growing during cytokinesis to the correct location. In gametophyte tissues during the reproductive phase of the plant life cycle, cell division planes may be established without the use of a preprophase band.

In highly vacuolated plant cells, preprophase may be preceded by the formation of a phragmosome. The function of the phragmosome is to suspend the cell nucleus in the center of the cell in preparation for mitosis. If a phragmosome is visible, the preprophase band will appear at its outer edge.

## Preprophase band formation

At the beginning of preprophase, the cortical microtubules of a plant cell disappear and aggregate into a dense ring underneath the plasma membrane. This preprophase band runs around the equatorial plane of the future mitotic spindle and marks the plane of cell division and future fusion site for the cell plate. It consists of microtubules and microfilaments (actin) and persists into prophase. Spindle formation occurs during prophase with the axis perpendicular to the plane surrounded by the preprophase band.

## Microtubule nucleation

In contrast to animal cells, plant cells do not possess centrosomes to organize their mitotic spindles. Instead, the nuclear envelope acts as a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) for spindle formation during preprophase. The first sign is a clear, actin-free zone appearing around the nuclear envelope. This zone fills with microtubules nucleating on the surface of the nucleus. The preprophase spindle forms by self-assembly of these microtubules in the cytoplasm surrounding the nuclear envelope. It is reinforced through chromosome (kinetochore)-mediated spindle assembly after the nuclear envelope breaks down at the beginning of prometaphase.

## Transition into prophase

During progression from preprophase into prophase, the randomly oriented microtubules align parallel along the nuclear surface according to the spindle axis. This structure is called the *prophase spindle*. Triggered by nuclear membrane breakdown at the beginning of prometaphase, the preprophase band disappears and the prophase spindle matures into the metaphase spindle occupying the space of the former nucleus. Experiments with drugs destroying microfilaments indicate that actin may play a role in keeping the cellular "memory" of the position of the division plane after the preprophase band breaks down to direct cytokinesis in telophase.

## Notes and references

## Bibliography

* P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005): *Biology of Plants*, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, ISBN 0-7167-1007-2


title: Kirchheim (Unterfranken) station

abstract: Kirchheim (Unterfranken) station is a railway station in the municipality of Kirchheim, located in the Würzburg district in Bavaria, Germany.

text:
# Kirchheim (Unterfranken) station

**Kirchheim (Unterfranken) station** is a railway station in the municipality of Kirchheim, located in the Würzburg district in Bavaria, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Kirchheim (Unterfranken) | |
| --- | --- |
| 2005 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Kleinrinderfelder Straße/Carl-Schilling-Straße
97268 Kirchheim
Bavaria
Germany |
| Coordinates | 49°39′26″N 9°51′30″E / 49.65711°N 9.85835°E / 49.65711; 9.85835 |
| Elevation | 285 m (935 ft) |
| Owned by | DB Netz |
| Operated by | DB Station&Service |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Train operators | Westfrankenbahn |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 3197 |
| DS100 code | TKU |
| IBNR | 8003284 |
| Category | 6 |
| Fare zone |  |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  DB Regio Bayern Following station  Geroldshausentowards Würzburg Hbf  RB 85  Gaubüttelbrunntowards Osterburken | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Kirchheim (Unterfranken)Location within Bavaria | |


title: Jules Lechevalier

abstract: Jules André Louis Lechevalier was a French utopian socialist, economist and anthropologist. He was at first a Saint-Simonian, then a Fourierist and a collaborator of Proudhon. After 1855 he was also known as Jules Lechevalier Saint-André. His years of birth and death are sometimes given as 1800 and 1850, respectively, but this is incorrect.

text:
# Jules Lechevalier

**Jules André Louis Lechevalier** (21 April 1806 – 10 June 1862) was a French utopian socialist, economist and anthropologist. He was at first a Saint-Simonian, then a Fourierist and a collaborator of Proudhon. After 1855 he was also known as **Jules Lechevalier Saint-André**. His years of birth and death are sometimes given as 1800 and 1850, respectively, but this is incorrect.

## Early life

Jules André Louis Lechevalier was born on 21 April 1806, in Saint-Pierre-le-Mouillage, Martinique, in the French Antilles. His father was a wealthy merchant originally from Bordeaux; his mother was Creole. In the 1820s he came to Paris to study at the École Polytechnique in Paris. He studied philosophy under Victor Cousin and was influenced by the philosophy of Hegel. The Polytechnique was then a hotbed of utopian socialism. Auguste Comte, Prosper Enfantin, Olinde Rodrigues, Michel Chevalier and other disciples of Henri de Saint-Simon were all *Polytechniciens*, as was Victor Considerant, the Fourierist. Lechevalier joined the Saint-Simonians in 1826 and was a very effective propagandist on their behalf. Reportedly it was Lechevalier's relationship with an actress, frowned upon by some of the Saint-Simonians but endorsed by Enfantin, which prompted Enfantin to proclaim the doctrine of free love. In 1830 he welcomed the July Revolution, although it was not yet in his opinion a real *social* revolution; he hoped that the new constitutional monarchy of Louis Philippe might be more receptive to social reform than the Restoration absolutism of Charles X. However, in 1832, the Saint-Simonian school split, due to a conflict between the Saint-Simonian leaders Prosper Enfantin and Saint-Armand Bazard. Lechevalier left the Saint-Simonians and shortly afterward joined the disciples of Charles Fourier. Together with Victor Considerant, he founded the journal *Le Phalanstère.* Later, he founded his own journal, *La revue du progrès social.*

## Anthropological work and Revolution

In 1838–1839 he returned to the Antilles on behalf of the French Ministry of the Marine and the Colonies and carried out a study on the status of slavery in the French colonies. He became an advocate of the abolition of slavery, advancing plans for slave emancipation that invoked the Fourierist idea of association, although some historians have seen his activities as overly conciliatory to the colonial planters' interests. Lechevalier also explored the prospects of setting up model Fourierist settlements, or phalansteries, in the French colonies (such as French Guiana) and in the United States. Back in France, he was active in the co-operative movement and the early trade union movement. In 1848, he supported the February Revolution and the creation of the Second French Republic and was very active in the republican club led by Armand Barbès. He collaborated with the republican socialists, or "social democrats" as they were beginning to call themselves, such as Louis Blanc and Pierre Leroux. He also contributed to various journals, including *La Tribune des Peuples* edited by the Polish poet and nationalist Adam Mickiewicz.

In 1848–1849 he collaborated with the anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in setting up a "People's Bank" based on mutualist principles. He also contributed to Proudhon's *Le Représentant du Peuple*. Around this time he began to distance himself somewhat from orthodox Fourierism. The Fourierists had always insisted that they did not want to abolish private property, but merely to organise it. Under Proudhon's influence, Lechevalier seems to have contemplated replacing the absolute right of property with a conditional right of usufructure. Going even further than Proudhon, who opposed communism (i.e., collectivisation of property), Lechevalier declared: "Socialism is communism in transition; communism is its logical and necessary end." For this he was given a citation by the police.

## Exile and return

In 1849 Lechevalier opposed the election of Louis Bonaparte to the presidency and participated in an anti-Bonapartist demonstration on 13 June, organised by Considerant. The uprising was put down, and Lechevalier went into hiding, escaping to Britain. After the coup of 2 December 1852, Bonaparte proclaimed himself Napoléon III and founded the Second Empire. In Britain, Lechevalier participated in the co-operative and trade union movements and wrote a book about the prospects of co-operative communities there. He was also involved in setting up consumers' association. Lechevalier at first worked with the Christian socialists, Frederick Denison Maurice, Charles Kingsley and John Malcolm Ludlow (whom he had known for years). After quarrelling with Ludlow, Lechevalier worked with the British trade unionist and secularist George Jacob Holyoake. In the late 1850s, the Second Empire became more liberal. At bottom, Lechevalier had always regarded politics as secondary to social organisation; as he had hoped for social reform from the constitutional monarchy of Louis Philippe, so, in later years, he came to hope for social reform from the Bonapartist empire. He began to write favourable articles about the Second Empire. In return, the French government exercised a certain leniency: he was allowed to travel to France several times without being arrested, and was eventually allowed to return to France permanently. For a while he worked in the French government's statistical office. Some of his fellow republicans thought ill of him for this; Holyoake even accused him of being a Bonapartist police spy, but this was not true. On his return he rekindled his connections with the Saint-Simonians. His various co-operative projects, his voyages and his spell of exile had decimated his fortune, and he spent his later years in financial difficulty. He died of an aneurysm in Paris on 10 June 1862.

Lechevalier wrote extensively on sociological, economic, anthropological and political topics. Long a forgotten figure of nineteenth century socialism, he has recently attracted some scholarly interest. He has been credited with being a forerunner of the French welfare system, a pioneer of international development theory and of community microeconomics. He also wrote extensively on finance and the organisation of credit and promoted such ideas as the chequing account.

"*Il y a toute la lucidité d'un Max Havelaar dans l'analyse du colonialisme dont Jules Lechevalier est par naissance l'enfant prodigue*." (There is all the lucidity of a Max Havelaar in Jules Lechevalier's analysis of colonialism, of which he is by birth the prodigal son.) -- Jean-Philippe Brun, 'Jules Lechevalier (1806-1862).'

## Works

* *Aux Saint-Simoniens: Lettre sur la Division survenue dans l'Association Saint-Simonienne.* Paris, 1831.
* *Études sur la Science Sociale*. Paris, 1834.
* *Note sur la Fondation d'une Nouvelle Colonie dans la Guyane Française.* Paris, 1844.
* *De l'Avenir de la Monarchie Représentative en France.* Paris, 1845.
* *Five Years In The Land Of Refuge: A Letter on the Prospects of Cooperative Associations in England.* London, 1854.

## Further reading


title: Resist Records discography

abstract: This is a list of albums and EPs released by Resist Records. Some of the label's recent releases have gained mainstream chart success. The most recent being Parkway Drive's third album, Deep Blue, debuting at number 2 in the ARIA Charts in 2010. Carpathian's Isolation debuted in the top 20 in its first week of release in 2008, and Parkway Drive's sophomore release Horizons, which debuted at number 6 in its first week of release. Along with CD releases, Resist has released ten 7" records, two 10" records and six 12" full length records. Since Resist's first release, Found My Direction's Before Their Time 7", they have released over 100 CDs, EPs, 7", 10" and LPs.

text:
# Resist Records discography

This is a **list of albums and EPs released by Resist Records.** Some of the label's recent releases have gained mainstream chart success. The most recent being Parkway Drive's third album, *Deep Blue*, debuting at number 2 in the ARIA Charts in 2010. Carpathian's *Isolation* debuted in the top 20 in its first week of release in 2008, and Parkway Drive's sophomore release *Horizons*, which debuted at number 6 in its first week of release. Along with CD releases, Resist has released ten 7" records, two 10" records and six 12" full length records.

Since Resist's first release, Found My Direction's *Before Their Time 7"*, they have released over 100 CDs, EPs, 7", 10" and LPs.

## Releases

* RES001 Found My Direction – Before Their Time 7"
* RES002 Where's the Pope? – PSI CD
* RES003 Voice of Dissent – Self Titled CD
* RES004 Vicious Circle – Perfect World Disaster CD
* RES005 Age Of Distrust – Self Titled 7"
* RES006 Frontside – Last Day CDep
* RES007 Found My Direction – Burn All White Flags CD
* RES008 Within Blood – First Blood
* RES009 Home of the Brave – Compilation CD
* RES010 Voice Of Dissent – Truth Untold CDep
* RES011 Frontside – Photosynthesis CDep
* RES012 Irrelevant – The Need For Divinity CDep
* RES013 Demolition Highstyle – Ruin CDep
* RES014 Ceasefire – The Cycle Of Unbelief CD
* RES015 No Grace – Intentions CD
* RES016 Within Blood – Captain Blood CD
* RES017 Found My Direction – The Path Remains CD
* RES018 Irrelevant – Reflecting And Refracting CDep
* RES019 Voice Of Dissent – That Was Then CDep
* RES020 Life Love Regret – Sick Of Goodbyes CD
* RES021 The Killchoir Project – No Love For The Haters CDep
* RES023 Stronger Than Hate – As Seasons Pass CDep
* RES024 After The Fall – As Far As Thoughts Can Reach CDep
* RES025 Day Of Contempt – See Through The Lies CD
* RES026 One Way Out – Running Fast Headed Nowhere CDep
* RES027 Last Nerve – Self Titled CD/7"
* RES028 No Grace – Forced Expression CD
* RES029 I Killed The Prom QueenWhen Goodbye Means Forever CD
* RES031 Taking Sides – Smash The Windows To The Dead Hearts CDep
* RES032 Stronger Than Hate – Between Day And Darkness CD
* RES033 Parkway DriveDon't Close Your Eyes CDep
* RES034 Shotpointblank – Heart Of A Disbeliever CD
* RES035 Internal Affairs/Last Nerve – Split 7"
* RES036 The Hot Lies – Streets Become Hallways CDep
* RES037 Mindsnare – The Death LP
* RES038 Irrelevant – Ascension CD
* RES039 I Killed The Prom QueenYour Past Comes Back to Haunt You CD
* RES040 Forza Liandri – The Modus Operandi CDep
* RES041 Taking Sides – Dress Code CD
* RES042 The Dead Walk! – Reanimation CDep
* RES043 H Block 101 – 1996-1999 CD
* RES044 The Disables – Nuthin For No One CD
* RES045 Parkway DriveKilling With A Smile CD
* RES046 Her Nightmare – No Heaven No Hell CD
* RES047 Bad Blood – Harsh Reality CDep
* RES048 Just Say Go! – Revive CD
* RES049 Cry Murder – From The Shadow Of Doubt CD
* RES050 CarpathianNothing to Lose CD
* RES051 The Dead Walk!/Jungle Fever – Split 7"
* RES052 The Dead Walk! – We Prowl The Streets CD
* RES053 Panic – Circles CD
* RES054 Betrayed – Substance CD
* RES055 The Hope Conspiracy – Hang Your Cross CDep
* RES056 The Hope ConspiracyDeath Knows Your Name CD
* RES057 Miles Away – Brainwashed 7"
* RES058 God So Loved The World – Self Titled CDep/10"
* RES059 Icepick – Violent Epiphany CD
* RES060 Mindsnare – Disturb The Hive CD/LP
* RES061 Zombie Ghost Train – Dealing The Death Card CD
* RES062 Miles Away – Rewind, Repeat CD
* RES063 Internal Affairs – Deadly Visions CD
* RES064 No Apologies – Survival CD
* RES065 50 Lions – Time Is The Enemy CD
* RES066 Bad Blood – Inner Peace Outer Grief CD/LP
* RES067 Just Say Go! – Where It Ends CDep/7"
* RES068 Parkway DriveHorizons CD
* RES069 MadballInfiltrate The System CD
* RES070 Terror – Rhythm Amongst The Chaos CDep
* RES071 Coué Method – To Mock A Vapid World CD
* RES072 Carpathian – Wrecked 7"
* RES073 The Gaslight AnthemSink Or Swim CD
* RES074 The Gaslight AnthemSenor And The Queen CDep
* RES075 Her Nightmare – Come Anarchy Come Ruin CD
* RES076 The Dead Walk! – Hunting Humans 7"
* RES077 50 Lions/Down To Nothing – Split CDep
* RES078 CarpathianIsolation CD/LP
* RES079 Clever Species – Modern Problems CD
* RES080 Irrelevant – New Guilt CD
* RES081 Confession – Can’t Live Can’t Breathe CDep
* RES082 A Death In The Family – This Microscopic War LP
* RES083 Tom GabelHeart Burns CDep
* RES084 A Death In The Family – Small Town Stories CD
* RES085 Cry Murder – Above Us The Waves CD
* RES086 50 Lions – Self Titled 7″
* RES087 Break Even – The Bright Side CD
* RES088 Blkout – Total Depravity CD/LP
* RES089 Parkway DriveThe DVD
* RES090 50 Lions – Where Life Expires CD
* RES091 Confession – Cancer CD
* RES092 BanePerth 7:58am CDep
* RES093 Extortion – Loose Screws CD/10″
* RES094 Toe To Toe – The Best Defence Is Attack CD
* RES095 Toe To Toe – Tao CD
* RES096 Toe To Toe – Consolidated CD
* RES097 Toe To Toe – Artusto Gatti CD
* RES098 A Death In The Family – Origins 10"/CD
* RES099 Blkout – No Justice No Peace 7"
* RES100 Parkway DriveDeep Blue CD
* RES101 Miles Away – Endless Roads


title: Jules Le Cœur

abstract: Jules Le Cœur was a French architect and painter and a friend and early supporter of Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919). Le Cœur also appeared as a subject in two of Renoir's paintings, Mother Anthony's Tavern and Jules Le Cœur and his dogs in the forest of Fontainebleau, both in 1866. Jules was the son of Joseph Le Cœur, a carpenter, and Catherine Félicie Jaullain. The architect Charles Le Cœur was his brother. Like his brother, Jules was also an architect and a student of Henri Labrouste. He married Marianne Bouwens in 1861, but she died shortly thereafter in 1863. Subsequently, Le Cœur gave up architecture and devoted himself to painting. By 1865, he was spending time at a house in Bourron-Marlotte and painting in the Fontainebleau forest with Renoir. At the same time, Le Cœur began a relationship with Clémence Tréhot while Renoir was involved with her sister Lise Tréhot who also became his model. Le Cœur died at his home on the rue Campagne-Première at the age of 49 in 1882.

text:
# Jules Le Cœur

**Jules Le Cœur** (September 17, 1832 – April 26, 1882) was a French architect and painter and a friend and early supporter of Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919). Le Cœur also appeared as a subject in two of Renoir's paintings, *Mother Anthony's Tavern* and *Jules Le Cœur and his dogs in the forest of Fontainebleau*, both in 1866. Jules was the son of Joseph Le Cœur, a carpenter, and Catherine Félicie Jaullain. The architect Charles Le Cœur was his brother. Like his brother, Jules was also an architect and a student of Henri Labrouste. He married Marianne Bouwens in 1861, but she died shortly thereafter in 1863. Subsequently, Le Cœur gave up architecture and devoted himself to painting. By 1865, he was spending time at a house in Bourron-Marlotte and painting in the Fontainebleau forest with Renoir. At the same time, Le Cœur began a relationship with Clémence Tréhot while Renoir was involved with her sister Lise Tréhot who also became his model. Le Cœur died at his home on the rue Campagne-Première at the age of 49 in 1882.

## Selected work

* *View of Bas-Meudon near Paris*
* *Portrait de jeune lle assise à l'éventail*
* *Vue du Val de Grâce*
* *Greek family in a landscape*
* *Envol de grues devant une jonque*
* *Selling fish at Les Halles, Paris*
* *La joncque*

## Further reading


title: Kiri Mariner

abstract: Kiri Mariner is a Samoan former professional rugby union player. A three-quarter, Mariner was a physically strong player, first capped for Samoa in 2003 in rugby sevens. He was a member of Samoa's team at the 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Hong Kong and later gained his only XV cap on that year's tour of Argentina, as a centre in a win over the Pumas in Buenos Aires. Mariner, based in France since 2006, was in the RC Toulon side that won the Pro D2 tournament in 2008. He played with Stade Phocéen in the 2009–10 season, then crossed to US Montauban, where he won a Fédérale 1 title in 2014.

text:
# Kiri Mariner

**Kiri Mariner** (born 26 August 1984) is a Samoan former professional rugby union player.

A three-quarter, Mariner was a physically strong player, first capped for Samoa in 2003 in rugby sevens. He was a member of Samoa's team at the 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Hong Kong and later gained his only XV cap on that year's tour of Argentina, as a centre in a win over the Pumas in Buenos Aires.

Mariner, based in France since 2006, was in the RC Toulon side that won the Pro D2 tournament in 2008. He played with Stade Phocéen in the 2009–10 season, then crossed to US Montauban, where he won a Fédérale 1 title in 2014.

## InfoBox

Kiri Mariner
| Date of birth | (1984-08-26) 26 August 1984 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Western Samoa |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) |
| Weight | 210 lb (95 kg) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Centre / Wing  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2006–09 RC Toulon  19  (10)  2009–10 Stade Phocéen  14  (25)  2010–17 US Montauban  85  (70)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2005 Samoa  1  (0) | |


title: Resurrection (Fabergé egg)

abstract: The Resurrection egg is a jewelled rock crystal Easter egg believed to have been made by Michael Perchin under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé sometime before 1899. Long considered to be a separate Fabergé egg, it has been postulated that the Resurrection egg is actually the missing surprise from the Renaissance egg. The egg depicts Jesus rising from his tomb, and it is the only Fabergé egg to explicitly reference the Easter story.

text:
# Resurrection (Fabergé egg)

The **Resurrection** egg is a jewelled rock crystal Easter egg believed to have been made by Michael Perchin under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé sometime before 1899. Long considered to be a separate Fabergé egg, it has been postulated that the Resurrection egg is actually the missing surprise from the Renaissance egg.

The egg depicts Jesus rising from his tomb, and it is the only Fabergé egg to explicitly reference the Easter story.

## History

The Resurrection egg bears the mark of Michael Perchin and assay marks indicating that it was made in Saint Petersburg before 1899.

Long considered a Fabergé egg, and recognised as such by leading Fabergé experts, it does not bear an inventory number. It has been postulated by Christopher Forbes that the Resurrection egg is the missing surprise from the 1894 Renaissance egg, as it perfectly fits the curvature of the Renaissance egg's shell, has a similar decoration in enamel on the base, and features a pearl, which is mentioned in the invoice for the Renaissance egg but not present on that egg.

The Resurrection egg was bought in 1922 by a London art dealer, then sold at Christie's in 1934. Owned by Lord Grantchester, it was bought from his estate by Manhattan art dealers A La Vieille Russie. In 1978, A La Vieille Russie negotiated a private sale of the Resurrection egg and the First Hen Egg to the Forbes Collection.

In 2004, it was sold as part of the Forbes Collection to Viktor Vekselberg. He purchased nine Imperial Easter eggs, as part of the collection, for almost $100 million. The egg is now housed in Vekselberg's Fabergé Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

## Surprise

There is no surprise in this egg, possibly because it is a surprise itself.

## InfoBox

| Resurrection Fabergé egg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Year delivered | 1894 |
| Customer | Alexander III |
| Recipient | Maria Feodorovna |
| Current owner | |
| Individual or institution | Viktor Vekselberg<br>Fabergé Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia |
| Year of acquisition | 2004 |
| Design and materials | |
| Workmaster | Michael Perkhin |
| Surprise | none (possibly the surprise of the Renaissance Egg) |


abstract: Until 1933, Article 66 of the Constitution of the Irish Free State permitted appeals of decisions of the Supreme Court of the Irish Free State to be made to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London. This was a requirement of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which underpinned the creation of the Irish Free State. The treaty specified that the Free State's constitutional status would be the same as Canada, another British Dominion, whose local courts allowed further appeal to the JCPC. While Article I of the 1921 treaty said the Free State's "constitutional status" would match all the existing Dominions, Article II said "the relationship of the Crown or the representative of the Crown" to the Free State would match Canada. Although Article II ought to have covered the JCPC, in negotiations on the 1922 Free State constitution, the Lloyd George government allowed the provisional Irish government to use the model of South Africa, a unitary state with fewer JCPC appeals than Canada, a federal state for which the JCPC often heard cases of dispute between federal and provincial governments. Kevin O'Higgins predicted there would "not be two or three appeals in a century, where appeals [would] only be granted in very special cases, raising matters other than purely Irish interests, raising international issues of the first importance". The Cumann na nGaedheal governments of 1922–32 sought to minimise appeals to the Privy Council as undermining the autonomy of the Free State and giving fuel to its republican opponents. An additional impetus was that JCPC members included former politicians who were now Lords of Appeal, among them prominent unionists Lord Carson, Viscount Sumner, and Viscount Cave. In the event Carson and Sumner recused themselves from Free State cases; however, Cave did not and ruled against Cumann na nGaedheal in several cases. Conversely, Southern Irish unionists regarded the JCPC as a safeguard against tyranny of the majority, a fear which Irish nationalists insisted was unfounded. Article XII of the 1921 treaty provided for a three-person Irish Boundary Commission to finalise the border between the Free State and Northern Ireland. In 1924, when Craigavon's Stormont government refused to appoint Northern Ireland's commissioner, MacDonald's Westminster government referred to the JCPC the question of whether it could either force Stormont to nominate or make one in its stead. The JCPC corresponded with Cosgrave's Dublin government, which chose to view the matter as internal to the UK and refused to be a party to the deliberations. At the Imperial Conferences of 1926 and 1930, Cosgrave's governments attempted to secure the abolition of JCPC appeal; although neither conference explicitly agreed to this, the 1930 conference led to the UK Parliament recognising Dominion parliaments as its equals via the Statute of Westminster 1931. In the runup to that UK statute, Cosgrave's government prepared two bills for the Free State Oireachtas (parliament): one to remove Article 66 from the constitution, and the other to make any Supreme Court decision final. The bills had not been introduced by the 1932 general election after which Fianna Fáil came to power after and began removing British and monarchist elements from the constitution. The Constitution Act 1933 abolished the right of appeal to the JCPC. The JCPC itself ruled in 1935 that the Free State Oireachtas had the power to do so under the Statute of Westminster.

text:
# Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Irish Free State

Until 1933, Article 66 of the Constitution of the Irish Free State permitted appeals of decisions of the Supreme Court of the Irish Free State to be made to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London. This was a requirement of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which underpinned the creation of the Irish Free State. The treaty specified that the Free State's constitutional status would be the same as Canada, another British Dominion, whose local courts allowed further appeal to the JCPC.

While Article I of the 1921 treaty said the Free State's "constitutional status" would match all the existing Dominions (Canada, Union of South Africa, Australia, New Zealand), Article II said "the relationship of the Crown or the representative of the Crown" to the Free State would match Canada. Although Article II ought to have covered the JCPC, in negotiations on the 1922 Free State constitution, the Lloyd George government allowed the provisional Irish government to use the model of South Africa, a unitary state with fewer JCPC appeals than Canada, a federal state for which the JCPC often heard cases of dispute between federal and provincial governments. Kevin O'Higgins predicted there would "not be two or three appeals in a century, where appeals \[would\] only be granted in very special cases, raising matters other than purely Irish interests, raising international issues of the first importance".

The Cumann na nGaedheal governments of 1922–32 sought to minimise appeals to the Privy Council as undermining the autonomy of the Free State and giving fuel to its republican opponents. An additional impetus was that JCPC members included former politicians who were now Lords of Appeal, among them prominent unionists Lord Carson, Viscount Sumner, and Viscount Cave. In the event Carson and Sumner recused themselves from Free State cases; however, Cave did not and ruled against Cumann na nGaedheal in several cases. Conversely, Southern Irish unionists regarded the JCPC as a safeguard against tyranny of the majority, a fear which Irish nationalists insisted was unfounded.

Article XII of the 1921 treaty provided for a three-person Irish Boundary Commission to finalise the border between the Free State and Northern Ireland. In 1924, when Craigavon's Stormont government refused to appoint Northern Ireland's commissioner, MacDonald's Westminster government referred to the JCPC the question of whether it could either force Stormont to nominate or make one in its stead. The JCPC corresponded with Cosgrave's Dublin government, which chose to view the matter as internal to the UK and refused to be a party to the deliberations.

At the Imperial Conferences of 1926 and 1930, Cosgrave's governments attempted to secure the abolition of JCPC appeal; although neither conference explicitly agreed to this, the 1930 conference led to the UK Parliament recognising Dominion parliaments as its equals via the Statute of Westminster 1931. In the runup to that UK statute, Cosgrave's government prepared two bills for the Free State Oireachtas (parliament): one to remove Article 66 from the constitution, and the other to make any Supreme Court decision final. The bills had not been introduced by the 1932 general election after which Fianna Fáil came to power after and began removing British and monarchist elements from the constitution. The Constitution (Amendment No. 22) Act 1933 abolished the right of appeal to the JCPC. The JCPC itself ruled in 1935 that the Free State Oireachtas had the power to do so under the Statute of Westminster.

## List of referrals

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases relating to the Irish Free State
| Date | Case | Legal citations | Type | Justices | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 July 1923 | 1. *R.* (Bowman) v Joseph Healy and Major Thomas William Marshall Fuge 2. Alexander E. Hull and Co. v Mary Anne McKenna 3. The "Freeman's Journal" Limited v Follum Traesliberi 4. The "Freeman's Journal" Limited v Erik Fernstrom | \[1923\] 57 ILT & SJ 173, 197
\[1926\] 2 IR 402 | Appeal from Court of Appeal in Ireland (leave denied) | Haldane, Buckmaster, Parmoor | The first Free State petitions. 1. *Bowman v. Healy* appealed the refusal of insurance officer Fuge and umpire Healy to apply the Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 to Inchicore railway works employees laid off during a strike by others on the Great Southern and Western Railway. The state was a party, and Hugh Kennedy appeared at the JCPC with John A. Costello, later his successor as Free State Attorney General. Lionel Curtis, at Kennedy's request, persuaded the JCPC registrar to have that petition heard first of the four listed. The case was withdrawn before decision. 2. McKenna was hit by a lorry after stepping into the roadway where the footpath was blocked by Hull's hoarding. The lorry driver, Harry Stephens, was a party to the original case but not the appeal petition. 3. The *Freeman's Journal* newspaper paid less than the agreed amount for newsprint after a steep fall in global prices. 4. Similar to *Follum*, involving a different newsprint supplier.  The decision in cases 2, 3, and 4 (often cited as *Hull v. McKenna*) was to refuse leave to appeal on the basis that there was no automatic right of appeal and that the questions at issue were internal matters for the Free State. |
| 31 July 1924 | In the Matter of the Reference as to the Tribunal under Article 12 of the Schedule appended to the Irish Free State Agreement Act 1922. | Cmd. 2214 | Special reference | Dunedin, Blanesburgh, Lawrence Jenkins, Lyman Duff, Adrian Knox | Four questions were submitted in advance and a supplementary question during the JCPC hearing beginning 22 July 1924. The answers were transmitted to the UK government by Maurice Hankey, secretary to the JCPC. The substance was that there was no way "under existing law" to bring the Irish Boundary Commission into being without the co-operation of the Northern Ireland government. |
| 27 December 1925 | James O'Callaghan v. Charles O'Sullivan | \[1925\] 1 IR 90
\[1926\] 2 IR 586 | Appeal from Supreme Court (leave denied) | Cave, Dunedin, Shaw | O'Callaghan contested *in forma pauperis* his dismissal as parish priest of Eyeries by O'Sullivan, Catholic Bishop of Ardfert and Aghadoe. |
| 27 December 1925 | Lynham v Butler | \[1925\] 2 IR 82 | Appeal from Supreme Court (leave granted) | Cave, Dunedin, Shaw | The JCPC granted leave to appeal a Supreme Court ruling on the Land Act 1923, but the Land Act 1926 was rushed through the Oireachtas to make explicit the interpretation given by the Supreme Court judgment, obviating the need for JCPC consideration. |
| 22 June 1926 | Martin Fitzgerald v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue | \[1926\] 2 IR 182, 585 | Appeal from Supreme Court (leave denied) | Haldane, Dunedin, Atkinson, Phillimore | A tax case for compensation for damage from the 1916 Rising. |
| 3 May 1927 | John Howard Wigg and Robert Oliver Cochrane v The Attorney General of the Irish Free State | 1927 UKPC 45
1927 AC 674 | Appeal from Supreme Court (heard; overturned verdict) | Cave, Haldane, Finlay, Dunedin | Questioned the applicability to Free State civil servants who had previously been employed by the Dublin Castle administration of a change to the UK Superannuation Act's civil service scheme effected by a Treasury minute of 20 March 1922. The minute was after the Provisional Government was created on 16 January but before the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922 transferred control of the Irish civil service from 1 April. |
| 13 November 1928 | In the matter of certain questions relating to the payment of compensation to Civil Servants under Article X of the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland | 1928 UKPC 85 | Special reference | Reading, Phillimore, Hanworth, Alness, Anglin | Special reference due to the Free State government's refusal to enforce the JCPC decision in the Wigg case. In response to both decisions, the Irish and British governments agreed to amend the 1921 treaty. |
| 10 April 1930 | The Performing Right Society, Limited v The Urban District Council of Bray | 1930 UKPC 36 | Appeal from Supreme Court (heard; overturned verdict) | Sankey, Blanesburgh, Hanworth, Thankerton, Russell | Overturned a 1928 Supreme Court decision that the Copyright Act 1911 had not been carried over from UK to Free State law. In the interim, the Oireachtas had passed the Copyright (Preservation) Act 1929 to replicate the 1911 Act. |
| 6 June 1935 | Robert Lyon Moore and others v The Attorney General for the Irish Free State and others *\[Petition\]* | 1935 UKPC 34
1935 1 IR 472 | Appeal from Supreme Court (leave denied) | Sankey, Atkin, Tomlin, Macmillan, Wright | Moore and the other plaintiffs represented the Erne Fishery Company in a fishing rights case begun in 1925, in which the Supreme Court ruled against the company in 1933. The appeal to the JCPC was filed before the bill to abolish such appeals was introduced, and heard after the bill had been enacted as the Constitution (Amendment No. 22) Act 1933. Whereas abolition statutes in other Commonwealth countries usually allowed appeals already pending to proceed to the JCPC, the 1933 act made no such exception. Conformant to Irish law that the JCPC no longer had jurisdiction, the Supreme Court refused to transmit the case files to the JCPC and the Attorney-General of the Irish Free State was not represented at its proceedings. The JCPC ruled in 1935 that it no longer had jurisdiction because the 1933 act was legitimate. The Oireachtas in 1934 had passed a law enabling the Erne Fishery Company to regain possession of the disputed fishing rights. |

### Footnotes

### Sources

* "Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922". *Irish Statute Book*.
* Fitzpatrick, Claire. "Contexts; Jurisdictions; Territorial; Irish Free State". *Privy Council Papers*. University of Exeter.
* Hughes, Hector (1931). *National Sovereignty and Judicial Autonomy in the British Commonwealth of Nations*. London: P. S. King and Son. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
* Mohr, Thomas (2002a). "The Privy Council appeal as a minority safeguard for the Protestant community of the Irish Free State, 1922-1935" (PDF). *Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly*. **63** (3): 365–395. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
* Mohr, Thomas (2002b). "Law without loyalty–the abolition of the Irish appeal to the privy council". *Irish Jurist*. **37**: 187–226. hdl:10197/5308. JSTOR 44027022.
* Swinfen, David B. (1990). *Imperial Appeal: The Debate on the Appeal to the Privy Council, 1833–1986*. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719023125. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
* Towey, Thomas (1977). "Hugh Kennedy and the Constitutional Development of the Irish Free State, 1922–1923". *Irish Jurist*. **12** (2). ISSN 0021-1273. JSTOR 44026237.

### Citations

1. Constitution of the Irish Free State Article 75; Henchy, Seamus (1962). "Precedent in the Irish Supreme Court". *The Modern Law Review*. **25** (5): 547. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1092346.
2. Maguire, Martin (2008). "5: Cumann na nGaedheal and the civil service, 1923–32". *The Civil Service and the Revolution in Ireland 1912-1938: Shaking the Blood-stained Hand of Mr Collins'* (PDF). Manchester University Press. pp. 182–195. ISBN 9781781702611. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
3. Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922 Schedule 1, Article 66: "nothing in this Constitution shall impair the right of any person to petition His Majesty for special leave to appeal from the Supreme Court to His Majesty in Council or the right of His Majesty to grant such leave"
4. Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922; Schedule 2
5. "In Committee on the Constitution of Saorstat Eireann Bill. — Article 65". *Dáil debates*. Oireachtas. 10 October 1922. Vol. 1 No. 20 p.25 cc.1401–1416. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
6. "Public Business. - Land Bill, 1926—Second Stage". *Dáil Éireann (4th Dáil) debates*. Houses of the Oireachtas. 3 February 1926. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
7. Viscount Cave (3 March 1926). "Appeal From The Irish Free State Courts". *Hansard*. HL Deb vol 63 c404. Retrieved 17 April 2018. I dare say he was told also that the Free State would be like South Africa, a unitary State, so that the questions which frequently arise, for instance, in Canada between the Dominion and Provinces would not arise in the Irish Free State, and that accordingly the number of appeals would be less than they are in the case of Canada.
8. Mohr, Thomas (2010). "Lord Cave, the Privy Council and Ireland". *UCD Working Papers in Law, Criminology & Socio-Legal Studies* (Research Paper 42/2010). doi:10.2139/ssrn.1713114.
9. Towey 1977 p.367
10. Rankin, K. J. (2006). "The provenance and dissolution of the Irish boundary commission" (PDF). *IBIS Working Papers* (79). Institute for British-Irish Studies, University College Dublin: 14.
11. Executive Council (1924). "Correspondence between the Registrar of the Privy Council and His Excellency the Governor-General of the Irish Free State : on matters arising out of article 12 of the Treaty" (PDF). *Documents Laid*. Oireachtas Library. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
12. Mohr 2002b pp.194–195
13. Mohr 2002b p.190
14. "Status of Free State Courts; Right of Appeal to Privy Council". *Weekly Irish Times*. 4 August 1923. p. 2. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
15. "The Inchicore Case Again". *The Irish Times*. 13 April 1923. p. 3. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
16. Towey 1977 pp.368–370
17. McCullagh, David (2010). "Chapters 2 and 3". *The Reluctant Taoiseach: A Biography of John A. Costello*. Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7171-5163-9. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
18. Mohr 2002b fn.4
19. "Memorandum: Irish Boundary Commission". *Catalogue*. UK National Archives. 31 July 1924. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
20. Hudson, Manley O. (January 1925). "The Irish Boundary Question". *The American Journal of International Law*. **19** (1): 150–155. doi:10.2307/2189090. JSTOR 2189090.
21. Reprinted in Quekett, Arthur S. (1933). *The Constitution Of Northern Ireland*. Vol. Part II. Belfast: HMSO. pp. 171-175. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
22. Hughes 1931 p.80 fn.1; Murdoch, Henry (December 2004). "Beating the Bishop: O'Callaghan v O'Sullivan" (PDF). *Law Society Gazette*. **98** (10). Dublin: 10. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
23. Hughes 1931 p.85 fn.1
24. Mohr 2002b pp.191–192
25. "Civil Service (Transferred Officers) Compensation Act 1929". *electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)*. Retrieved 31 May 2020.; "In Committee on Finance — Civil Service (Transferred Officers) Compensation Bill, 1929 — Second Stage". *Dáil Éireann (6th Dáil) debates*. Oireachtas. 11 July 1929. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
26. Clark, Robert; Shúilleabháin, Máire Ní (2010). *Intellectual Property Law in Ireland*. Kluwer Law International. p. 32 s.1.22. ISBN 9789041133021. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
27. Mohr 2002b, Parts I, V, VI
28. "S.R. & O. No. 177/1934 - River Erne (Tidal Waters) Order, 1934". *Irish Statute Book*. Retrieved 24 April 2018.; "Fisheries (Tidal Waters) Bill, 1934—Second Stage". *Dáil Éireann Debates*. 25 May 1934. pp. Vol.52 No.14 p.4 cc.1817–1850. Retrieved 24 April 2018.

### Further reading

* Mohr, Thomas (2016). *Guardian of the Treaty: The Privy Council Appeal and Irish Sovereignty*. Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781846825873.


title: Kirstead Green

abstract: Kirstead Green is a village in the English county of Norfolk. Administratively it is part of the civil parish of Kirstead within the district of South Norfolk.

text:
# Kirstead Green

**Kirstead Green** is a village in the English county of Norfolk. Administratively it is part of the civil parish of Kirstead within the district of South Norfolk.

Media related to Kirstead Green at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Kirstead Green | |
| --- | --- |
| A house on Green Man Lane | |
| Kirstead GreenLocation within Norfolk | |
| OS grid reference | TM294971 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Norwich |
| Postcode district | NR15 |
|


title: Kissing Couple

abstract: Kissing Couple is a 5,815-foot-elevation (1,772-meter) sandstone pillar located in Colorado National Monument, in Mesa County of western Colorado, United States. This iconic 400-foot-high tower is situated on the west side of Monument Canyon, 1.5 mile southeast of the monument's visitor center, and nine miles (14 km) west of the community of Grand Junction. It is also a half-mile south-southeast of another popular climbing destination, Independence Monument, and both can be seen from viewpoints along Rim Rock Drive. It is so named because it resembles an embracing couple. This geographical feature's name was officially adopted in 1982 by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Older USGS maps have the feature's name misplaced by about one-half mile to the southeast. The first ascent of the summit was made May 4, 1960, by Layton Kor, Harvey Carter, and John Auld via the five pitch, class 5.11a route named Long Dong Wall. The first free ascent was made in 1977 by Andy Petefish, Tom Stubbs, and Jim Pearson. Some climbers alternatively refer to Kissing Couple as "Bell Tower."

text:
# Kissing Couple

**Kissing Couple** is a 5,815-foot-elevation (1,772-meter) sandstone pillar located in Colorado National Monument, in Mesa County of western Colorado, United States. This iconic 400-foot-high tower is situated on the west side of Monument Canyon, 1.5 mile southeast of the monument's visitor center, and nine miles (14 km) west of the community of Grand Junction. It is also a half-mile south-southeast of another popular climbing destination, Independence Monument, and both can be seen from viewpoints along Rim Rock Drive. It is so named because it resembles an embracing couple. This geographical feature's name was officially adopted in 1982 by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Older USGS maps have the feature's name misplaced by about one-half mile to the southeast. The first ascent of the summit was made May 4, 1960, by Layton Kor, Harvey Carter, and John Auld via the five pitch, class 5.11a route named *Long Dong Wall*. The first free ascent was made in 1977 by Andy Petefish, Tom Stubbs, and Jim Pearson. Some climbers alternatively refer to Kissing Couple as "Bell Tower."

## Geology

This tower is the remnant of a differentially eroded fin composed primarily of cliff-forming Wingate Sandstone, which consists of wind-borne, cross-bedded quartzose sandstones deposited as ancient sand dunes approximately 200 million years ago in the Late Triassic. The thin caprock at the summit consists of fluvial sandstones of the resistant Kayenta Formation. The slope around the base of the Kissing Couple is Chinle Formation. The floor of the canyon is Precambrian basement rock consisting of gneiss, schist, and granites. The tower has a small natural arch which formed from an enlarged vertical joint. Precipitation runoff from this geographical feature drains to the Colorado River, approximately three miles to the northeast.

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Kissing Couple is located in a semi-arid climate zone. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are cold with some snow. Temperatures reach 100 °F (38 °C) on 5.3 days, 90 °F (32 °C) on 57 days, and remain at or below freezing on 13 days annually. The months April through October offer the most favorable weather to visit.

## InfoBox

| Kissing Couple | |
| --- | --- |
| Southeast aspect | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,815 ft (1,772 m) |
| Prominence | 305 ft (93 m) |
| Parent peak | Black Ridge |
| Isolation | 2.28 mi (3.67 km) |
| Coordinates | 39°05′21″N 108°43′05″W / 39.0891483°N 108.7181544°W / 39.0891483; -108.7181544 |
| Geography | |
| Kissing CoupleLocation in ColoradoKissing CoupleKissing Couple (the United States) | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Mesa |
| Protected area | Colorado National Monument |
| Parent range | Colorado Plateau<br>Uncompahgre Plateau |
| Topo map | USGS *Colorado National Monument* |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Late Triassic to Early Jurassic |
| Type of rock | Wingate Sandstone |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1960 |
| Easiest route | class 5.11a climbing |