title: Trolleybuses in Wellington

abstract: Trolleybuses in Wellington were part of the Wellington public transport system from 1924 until 1932 and again from 1949 until 2017. It was the last trolleybus system operating commercially in Oceania and the last major system operating in a country where driving is on the left side of the road.

text:
# Trolleybuses in Wellington

**Trolleybuses in Wellington** were part of the Wellington public transport system from 1924 until 1932 and again from 1949 until 2017. It was the last trolleybus system operating commercially in Oceania and the last major system operating in a country where driving is on the left side of the road.

## History

### First era

On 29 September 1924 the first trolleybus route was inaugurated with a single AEC 602 trolleybus running from Thorndon along Hutt Road to Kaiwharawhara (then known as Kaiwarra).

A trolleybus was chosen over an extension to the Wellington tramway system because a large water main on the route precluded tram track construction. Patronage was not very high, and as bus services in the area were introduced and expanded in the years following, patronage declined further and the service was withdrawn on 30 May 1932.

### Second era

A second and more extensive network was approved in 1945, when it was decided to gradually replace trams with trolleybuses, preferred for being more manoeuvrable and more modern. Trolleybuses were also preferred over diesel or petrol buses due to better traction on steep slopes. The first route opened on 20 June 1949 to Roseneath continuing beyond the Oriental Parade tram terminus. It was extended to Hataitai School in October 1949. The next route opened to Aotea Quay to serve a new Social Security Department building. It ceased ten years later when that office moved, and was notable as the only trolleybus terminus in New Zealand where trolleybuses reversed to turn round.

Tram conversion started in 1951 with the opening of the route to Wadestown, followed by Karori (1954), Northland (1956), Seatoun and Miramar (1958), Aro Street and Brooklyn, the latter extended beyond the tram terminus to Mornington (1960), Lyall Bay (1963) and Island Bay (1964). The building of Wellington Airport across the Rongotai isthmus required a deviation from the Coutts Street route that the trams had taken. The short Northland route closed in 1972. As late as 1984, a route was converted from diesel to electric operation, with the network reaching its maximum extent at around 50 kilometres. In 1990 the Wadestown to Roseneath route closed.

Operation of the system was privatised in 1992, when the Wellington City Council sold its transport operations to Stagecoach. The council retained ownership of the system's infrastructure with Stagecoach maintaining it under contract. In November 2005, the trolleybus network was included in the sale of Stagecoach's New Zealand operations to Infratil.

The network was threatened with closure over the years, mainly on grounds of cost. In 2014, the Greater Wellington Regional Council recommended closure of the entire system. Public consultations on the proposal were followed by a final decision to close the entire system by 2017. The published reasons included cost of infrastructure maintenance and upgrading, inflexibility of a wire linked network, plus slower speeds and less reliability than diesel buses. The Hataitai loop was replaced by diesel buses in October 2015.

The closure was questioned after the results of the 2017 New Zealand general election. The Labour Party had gained victory by entering into a coalition with the Green Party and New Zealand First, both of the latter who were on record as saying that they wanted to upgrade and maintain trolleybus services in Wellington. However, new transport minister Phil Twyford stated that the government would not step in to save the network. Twyford claimed that the costs of paying out the demolition contracts would be far too high, which came under heavy criticism from Wellington residents and council members in support of the trolleys. On 31 October 2017 the system closed. Work to remove the infrastructure began in October 2017 with all works scheduled for completion by late-2018.

## Operations

Trolleybuses were an integral part of the Wellington bus service. In the system's last years, they were operated by NZ Bus under the GO Wellington brand. They served the southern, western, and eastern parts of Wellington, using overhead wires owned by Wellington Cable Car Limited, a subsidiary of Wellington City Council and powered at 550 volts DC. The steepest grade on the system was 1 in 10.

### Routes

The following routes were operated:

| Route | From | To | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Wellington railway station | Island Bay |  |
| 2 | Wellington railway station | Miramar |  |
| 3 | Karori Park | Lyall Bay |  |
| 5 | Wellington railway station | Hataitai | converted to diesel buses October 2015 |
| 6 | Wellington railway station | Lyall Bay |  |
| 7 | Wellington railway station | Kingston |  |
| 9 | Wellington railway station | Aro Street |  |
| 10 | Wellington railway station | Wellington Zoo |  |
| 11 | Wellington railway station | Seatoun |  |
|

Routes operated all day every day, except route 6 (Monday-Friday peak hours only), 9 and 10 (Monday-Friday only, not evenings). There were insufficient trolleybuses to operate all journeys on these routes, and diesel buses operated daily. In the system's last years, some journeys on route 6 ran beyond the wires to Molesworth Street, and were operated by diesel buses, evening services were usually operated by diesel buses, and trolleybuses did not run at the weekend.

### Route descriptions

The main city-centre corridor was along the Golden Mile from Wellington railway station (terminus of all routes except the 3) via Lambton Quay and Willis Street (served by all routes) to Courtenay Place (served by routes 1, 2, 3, and 6).

To the west, route 3 traveled to Karori Park via Glenmore Street and the Karori Tunnel, connecting into the Golden Mile south of the railway station.

To the south-west, routes 7 and 9 ran along Willis Street (northbound), Victoria Street (southbound) before splitting – the 7 climbed the hill southwards to Brooklyn, Mornington and Kingston, the 9 ran west up the Aro Valley.

To the south, four routes ran to Newtown (1 and 3 via the Basin Reserve, 10 and 11 via Taranaki Street), with the 1 continuing south to Island Bay, the 10 terminating at Wellington Zoo, and the 3 and 11 turning east to Kilbirnie, where they met routes 2 and 6 via the bus tunnel and Hataitai. From Kilbirnie, routes 2 and 11 ran east to Hobart Street, where the 2 headed north to Miramar, and the 11 continued east to Seatoun; routes 3 and 6 ran south to Lyall Bay.

## Vehicles

The initial service from 1924 until 1932 was operated by an AEC 602.

For the expanded network, 10 Crossley Empires were purchased in 1949. These were followed by BUT RETB/1s bodied by Commonwealth Engineering (38), Metro Cammell Weymann (52) and New Zealand Motor Bodies (19) between 1951 and 1964, the last 38 chassis being manufactured under subcontract by Scammell. Sixty-eight Hawke Coachwork and Coachwork International Volvo B58s were delivered between 1981 and 1986, with 20 unused New Zealand Motor Bodies bodied Volvo B10Ms purchased from the Auckland Regional Authority after it cancelled plans to renew its network. The B10Ms were later converted to diesel buses.

A prototype DesignLine trolleybus was delivered in March 2003 followed by another two in May 2005. Delivery of the 57-vehicle production series began in December 2007 and finished in September 2009. Using some components from the Volvos, they had a greater passenger capacity than previous trolleybuses, were low-floor and incorporated other improvements. They were able to operate for short distances off-wire from batteries. The electrical equipment was provided by Eletra Industrial of Brazil.

In April 2016, NZ Bus announced that it would repower several buses, including all of its trolleybuses, with Wrightspeed gas-turbine hybrid powertrains. However this was not completed before the trolleybuses were withdrawn.

| Fleet numbers | Quantity | Chassis | Axles | Body | Entered service |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | AEC 602 | 2 | DSC & Cousins | 1924 |
| 1–10 | 10 | Crossley Empire | 2 | Wellington City Council | 1949–50 |
| 11–48 | 38 | BUT RETB/1 | 2 | Commonwealth Engineering | 1951–56 |
| 49–81 | 33 | BUT RETB/1 | 2 | Metro Cammell Weymann | 1958–59 |
| 82–100 | 19 | BUT RETB/1 | 2 | Metro Cammell Weymann | 1964 |
| 101–119 | 19 | BUT RETB/1 | 2 | New Zealand Motor Bodies | 1964 |
| 120–139 | 20 | Volvo B10M | 2 | New Zealand Motor Bodies | 1983 |
| 201–233 | 33 | Volvo B58 | 2 | Hawke Coachwork | 1981 |
| 234–268 | 35 | Volvo B58 | 2 | Coachwork International | 1984–86 |
| 301–303 | 3 | DesignLine | 2 | DesignLine | 2003–05 |
| 331–387 | 57 | DesignLine | 3 | DesignLine | 2007–09 |
|

**^†**  manufactured under subcontract by Scammell

Vehicles were initially painted silver, until an all red livery was adopted in 1958. Stagecoach applied its corporate white with orange and blue stripes livery.

### Preservation

Several former Wellington trolleybuses have been preserved:

### Notes

## InfoBox

| Trolleybuses in Wellington | |
| --- | --- |
| GO Wellington DesignLine trolleybus in February 2016 | |
| Operation | |
| Locale | Wellington, New Zealand |
| First era: 1924 (1924)–1932 (1932)  Status Closed  Routes 1  Operator(s) Wellington City Transport  Electrification \***  DC parallel overhead lines | |
| Second era: 1949 (1949)–2017 (2017)  Status Closed  Routes 9  Operator(s)   Electrification 550  DC parallel overhead lines  Depot(s) Kilbirnie  Stock 60 (October 2017)  Route length 50 km (31 mi) (maximum)   Website GO Wellington | |


title: George Critchett (surgeon)

abstract: George Critchett was an ophthalmic surgeon.

text:
# George Critchett (surgeon)

**George Critchett** (c. 1817 in Highgate – 1 November 1882, in London) was an ophthalmic surgeon.

## Biography

Critchett studied at the London Hospital. He became an M.R.C.S. in 1839 and a F.R.C.S. in 1844. He was a demonstrator of anatomy at and, from 1861–3, a surgeon to the London Hospital.

Critchett became a member of the council of the College of Surgeons in 1870 and served as an ophthalmic surgeon and lecturer at Middlesex Hospital from 1876–82.

He died on 1 November 1882 and was buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.

* "Critchett, George". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Georg Büchner

abstract: Karl Georg Büchner was a German dramatist and writer of poetry and prose, considered part of the Young Germany movement. He was also a revolutionary and the brother of physician and philosopher Ludwig Büchner. His literary achievements, though few in number, are generally held in great esteem in Germany and it is widely believed that, had it not been for his early death, he might have joined such central German literary figures as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller at the summit of their profession.

text:
# Georg Büchner

**Karl Georg Büchner** (17 October 1813 – 19 February 1837) was a German dramatist and writer of poetry and prose, considered part of the Young Germany movement. He was also a revolutionary and the brother of physician and philosopher Ludwig Büchner. His literary achievements, though few in number, are generally held in great esteem in Germany and it is widely believed that, had it not been for his early death, he might have joined such central German literary figures as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller at the summit of their profession.

## Life and career

Born in Goddelau (now part of Riedstadt) in the Grand Duchy of Hesse as the son of a physician, Büchner attended the Darmstadt gymnasium, a humanistic secondary school.

In 1828, he became interested in politics and joined a circle of William Shakespeare aficionados, which later on probably became the Giessen and Darmstadt section of the Society for Human Rights (*Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte*).

In 1831, at age 18, he began to study medicine in Strasbourg. In Strasbourg, he immersed himself in French literature and political thought. He was influenced by the utopian communist theories of François-Noël Babeuf and Claude Henri de Saint-Simon. In 1833 he moved to Giessen and continued his studies at the local university.

While Büchner continued his studies in Giessen, he established a secret society dedicated to the revolutionary cause. In July 1834, with the help of evangelical theologian Friedrich Ludwig Weidig, he published the leaflet *Der Hessische Landbote*, a revolutionary pamphlet critical of social injustice in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. The authorities charged them with treason and issued a warrant for their arrest. Weidig was arrested, tortured and later died in prison in Darmstadt; Büchner managed to flee across the border to Strasbourg where he wrote most of his literary work and translated two French plays by Victor Hugo, *Lucrèce Borgia* and *Marie Tudor*. Two years later, his medical dissertation, "Mémoire sur le Système Nerveux du Barbeaux (Cyprinus barbus L.)" was published in Paris and Strasbourg. In October 1836, after receiving his M.D. and being appointed by the University of Zürich as a lecturer in anatomy, Büchner relocated to Zürich where he spent his final months writing and teaching until his death from typhus at the age of twenty-three.

His first play, *Dantons Tod* (*Danton's Death*), about the French Revolution, was published in 1835, followed by *Lenz* (first partly published in Karl Gutzkow's and Wienberg's *Deutsche Revue*, which was quickly banned). *Lenz* is a novella based on the life of the Sturm und Drang poet Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz. In 1836 his second play, *Leonce and Lena*, satirized the nobility. His unfinished and most famous play, *Woyzeck*, exists only in fragments and was published posthumously.

## Legacy

By the 1870s, Büchner was nearly forgotten in Germany when Karl Emil Franzos edited his works; these later became a major influence on the naturalist and expressionist movements. Arnold Zweig described *Lenz*, Büchner's only work of prose fiction, as "the beginning of modern European prose".

The play *Woyzeck* became the basis for many adaptations including Alban Berg's landmark atonal opera *Wozzeck* which premiered in 1925, and Werner Herzog's 1979 film *Woyzeck* (see main article, *Woyzeck*, for a full list). *Woyzeck* has been included in the curriculum for students in grade 12 in Germany.

A German literary Georg Büchner Prize is awarded annually. It was created in 1923.

## Works

### Editions

* Georg Büchner, *Werke und Briefe. Münchner Ausgabe* (dtv, 1997). ISBN 3-423-12374-5.
* Georg Büchner, *Dichtungen, Schriften, Briefe und Dokumente* (Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 2006). ISBN 978-3-618-68013-0. The most complete, authoritative edition.

### Translations

* Red Yucca – German Poetry in Translation (trans. Eric Plattner)
* Georg Büchner, *Complete Plays and Prose*, trans. Carl Richard Mueller (Hill and Wang, 1963)
* Georg Büchner, *The Complete Plays: Danton's Death; Leonce and Lena; Woyzeck; Lenz; the Hessian Messenger; on Cranial Nerves; Selected Letters* trans. John Reddick (Penguin Classics, 1993) ISBN 0-14-044586-2.
* Georg Büchner, *Danton's Death, Leonce and Lena and Woyzeck*, trans. Victor Price, (Oxford World's Classics, 1998). ISBN 0-19-283650-1.

* Garland, Henry and Mary (Eds.). *The Oxford Companion to German Literature*. 2nd ed. by Mary Garland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. "Büchner, Georg", p. 121.
* Heiner Boehncke, Peter Brunner, Hans Sarkowicz. *Die Büchners oder der Wunsch, die Welt zu verändern*. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Georg Büchner | |
| --- | --- |
| Pencil drawing of Büchner, c.1835 | |
| Born | Karl Georg Büchner
(1813-10-17)17 October 1813
Riedstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse |
| Died | 19 February 1837(1837-02-19) (aged 23)
Zürich, Switzerland |
| Occupation | Dramatist |
| Alma mater | University of Strassburg, University of Giessen |
| Notable works | *Danton's Death*; *Leonce and Lena*; *Woyzeck* |
| Relatives | Ludwig Büchner, Luise Büchner, Ernst Büchner |


title: Troschel's tree frog

abstract: Troschel's treefrog, also known as the blue-flanked treefrog or the convict treefrog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is found in most parts of the Amazon Basin including Suriname. Colombian, Guianan and Venezuelan records need confirmation.

text:
# Troschel's tree frog

**Troschel's treefrog** (***Boana calcarata***), also known as the **blue-flanked treefrog** or the **convict treefrog**, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is found in most parts of the Amazon Basin including Suriname. Colombian, Guianan and Venezuelan records need confirmation.

## Taxonomy

This species was originally described by Franz Hermann Troschel as *Hyla calcarata* in 1848. After Edward Drinker Cope transferred it to the genus *Hypsiboas* as *Hypsiboas calcaratus* in 1867, it was variously recognized with either name until Faivovich and colleagues validated *Hypsiboas* in 2005. However, in 2017 Alain Dubois showed that *Hypsiboas* was a junior synonym of *Boana*, the latter then being the valid name. Many sources, however, still use the old name.

## Description

Adult males measure 28–43 mm (1.1–1.7 in) and adult females 46–56 mm (1.8–2.2 in) in snout–vent length. The fingers have only basal webbing while the toes are webbed. Males have pre-pollical spines. The dorsal coloration varies from light brown to reddish brown or brown. There is a dark brown middorsal line, and some specimens have brown diffuse transversal bands. The limbs bear pale brown transversal bars dorsally. Scattered minute white and black dots, or large dark brown blotches, might be present on the dorsum. The flanks are white, light blue or blue and have dark brown vertical bars. The venter is creamy white and the belly is yellowish white.

## Habitat and conservation

This species occurs in tropical rainforest at elevations up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level, but mostly below 400 m (1,300 ft). It is an arboreal frog. During the rainy season, adults can be seen perched on stems and small branches above slow-moving streams. The eggs are deposited in water where the larvae will then develop. Habitat loss associated with forest conversion, logging, clear cutting, and fire is a threat to this species. However, it is abundant in parts of its range, is present in protected areas, and is not threatened overall.

## InfoBox

| Troschel's tree frog | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Yasuni National Park | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | *Boana* |
| Species: | ***B. calcarata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Boana calcarata***
(Troschel, 1848) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hyla calcarata* Troschel, 1848 * *Boana calcarata* (Troschel, 1848) * *Hyla leptoscelis* Boulenger, 1918 * *Hypsiboas calcaratus* (Troschel, 1848) | |


title: Trosaån

abstract: Trosaån is a river in Sweden. The river flows east from the south east of Lake Sillen in the Södermanland Region of Sweden. It flows along the path of the D 800 road through Vagnhärad where the river bend to the south along the 218 road. The Trosaån river splits the town of Trosa. where the river gets its name, in half. From there it empties out into the Baltic Sea. The river has small quaint houses on its banks in some parts, leading to spectacular pictures, and will freeze over in winter.

text:
# Trosaån

**Trosaån** is a river in Sweden. The river flows east from the south east of Lake Sillen in the Södermanland Region of Sweden. It flows along the path of the D 800 road through Vagnhärad where the river bend to the south along the 218 road. The Trosaån river splits the town of Trosa. where the river gets its name, in half. From there it empties out into the Baltic Sea. The river has small quaint houses on its banks in some parts, leading to spectacular pictures, and will freeze over in winter.

www.openstreetmap.org

58°53′N 17°33′E / 58.883°N 17.550°E / 58.883; 17.550

## InfoBox

| Trosaån | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Etymology | Swedish |
| Location | |
| Country | Sweden |
| County | Södermanland County |
| District | Trosa Municipality |
| City | Vagnhärad, Trosa |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Lake Sillen |
| location | Sweden |
| coordinates | 58.944N/17.426E |
|  | |
| Mouth | Baltic Sea |
| location | Södermanland, Sweden |
| coordinates | 58.892N/17.551E |
| Basin size | 572.0 km2 (220.9 sq mi) |


title: Tročany

abstract: Tročany is a village and municipality in Bardejov District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia.

text:
# Tročany

**Tročany** (Hungarian Trocsány) is a village and municipality in Bardejov District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village, which was part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1920, was first mentioned in 1270.

The wooden Greek Catholic Church of St. Luke the Evangelist was constructed in 1739, on the site of a church erected in 1338. It contains a large iconostasis with many 17th century icons painted on canvas.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 345 metres and covers an area of 8.468 km². It has a population of about 320 people.

## InfoBox

| Tročany | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Wooden church in village | |
| TročanyLocation of Tročany in the Prešov RegionTročanyLocation of Tročany in Slovakia | |
| Coordinates: 49°10′57″N 21°19′19″E / 49.18250°N 21.32194°E / 49.18250; 21.32194 | |
| Country | Slovakia |
| Region | Prešov |
| District | Bardejov |
| First mentioned | 1270 |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.468 km2 (3.270 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 345 m (1,132 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 320 |
| Density | 38/km2 (98/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 086 41 |
| Area code | +421 (0)54 |
| Car plate | BJ |
| Website | www.trocany.eu |


title: George Brann

abstract: George Brann was an English amateur cricketer and footballer who had a long career with Sussex County Cricket Club at the end of the 19th century, and played three matches for the England national football team.

text:
# George Brann

**George Brann** (23 April 1865 – 14 June 1954) was an English amateur cricketer and footballer who had a long career with Sussex County Cricket Club at the end of the 19th century, and played three matches for the England national football team.

## Education

Brann was born in Eastbourne, East Sussex and was educated at Ardingly College, near Haywards Heath, West Sussex, where he spent ten years and represented the school at football.

## Football career

After leaving school he joined the Swifts based in Slough, who in 1890 merged with Slough Albion and Young Men's Friendly Society to form a new club, Slough F.C., who later became Slough Town.

Being an amateur, Brann was free to play for more than one club, and he joined the famous amateur club Corinthian in 1885. He made his first appearance for them in a 3–1 defeat against Preston North End on 28 November 1885. In the 1885–86 season he played eight times for Corinthian, in all five forward positions, scoring three goals.

In the 1885–86 FA Cup tournament, Brann was part of the Swifts team, together with Charlie & Arthur Bambridge who reached the sixth round stage, where they were eliminated by the Cup holders Blackburn Rovers.

His first England appearance came at Cathkin Park, Glasgow in a 1–1 draw against Scotland on 27 March 1886 in the British Home Championship. England's goal was scored by fellow Corinthian Tinsley Lindley. Brann was retained for the next match against Wales two days later, and scored in a 3–1 victory.

His Corinthian appearances over the next few seasons were fairly infrequent, and he ended his career in 1893, having made 32 appearances, with eight goals.

He made his third, and final, England appearance against Wales on 7 March 1891 when he played on the right wing alongside professionals including Johnny Goodall, Jack Southworth, Alf Milward and Edgar Chadwick. England were too strong for the Welsh and won 4–1, with each of the other forwards scoring.

## Cricket career

| Cricket information | |
| --- | --- |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 291  Runs scored 11,205  Batting average 25.69  100s/50s 25/43  Top score 161  Balls bowled 5,857  Wickets 69  Bowling average 44.31  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 5/73  Catches/stumpings 145/2 | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 10 April 2023 | |

He made his debut for Sussex against Hampshire in May 1883 although he made little impact scoring a duck as Sussex won by an innings and 42 runs but his career really began in 1885.

His highest first-class score was 161 against Cambridge University at Hove in 1899, although he did score 219 against Hampshire in a non-first-class match in June 1886. In 1899 he and C. B. Fry opened the two Sussex innings against Middlesex at Lord's with partnerships of 135 and 148.

In 1892 he enjoyed what was then the rare distinction of scoring two centuries in a match – 105 and 101 against Kent. This had only been achieved previously by W. G. Grace (three times) and William Lambert, also of Sussex.

Brann went to Australia in 1887–88 as a member of Arthur Shrewsbury's Team, visited South Africa under Walter Read in 1891–92 and America in 1899 when K. S. Ranjitsinhji was captain.

According to his obituary in Wisden, he was "originally a very free batsman and powerful hitter, \[but\] forsook his dashing methods during his last few years of county cricket, \[and\] although becoming a far more watchful type of batsman he continued to make many runs".

His last significant season was 1904, although his final first-class match for Sussex was against Cambridge University in June 1905. In his first-class career, he scored a total of 11,205 runs at an average of 25.69, including twenty-five centuries for Sussex. Standing nearly six feet tall, he was also a fine fielder taking 145 catches during his career; as a fast bowler he claimed 69 wickets at an average of 44.31.

## Life outside sport

After retiring from cricket he became a good golfer and was secretary to the Home Park Golf Club in Surbiton for twenty years.

He was a career schoolteacher, teaching at his former school, Ardingly College.

He died at his home at Surbiton, Surrey, on 14 June 1954, aged 89.

## InfoBox

George Brann
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | George Brann | | |
| Date of birth | (1865-04-23)23 April 1865 | | |
| Place of birth | Eastbourne, England | | |
| Date of death | 14 June 1954(1954-06-14) (aged 89) | | |
| Place of death | Surbiton, England | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Ardingly College | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Swifts/Slough |  |  |
| 1885–1893 | Corinthian | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 1886–1891 | England | 3 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Tru Collins

abstract: Trudy "Tru" Collins is an American actress and indie-pop singer. She is known for her role of Julie on MTV's original high school comedy, Awkward.

text:
# Tru Collins

**Trudy "Tru" Collins** is an American actress and indie-pop singer. She is known for her role of Julie on MTV's original high school comedy, *Awkward*.

## Early life and education

Tru was born in Richmond, Virginia, to five-time Emmy Award winning television journalist Reid Collins and choreographer Lindy Fisher. She attended Manhattan's Professional Performing Arts School at 15 while studying classical piano and training with Elaine Kudo of American Ballet Theatre. Collins began college with a songwriting scholarship from Universal and studied at New York University and The New School in New York City.

## Career

In 2014, she guest starred on Showtime's period drama *Masters of Sex* opposite Michael Sheen, and had a supporting role in *Spring Awakening*, an indie film set in the late 1800s. Collins has recurred as mean girl Julie on MTV's *Awkward* seasons 2–5. In 2017, she featured along with Hayley Kiyoko in a TV series called *Insecure*. In 2018, she acted in another TV series, *Vida*.

As a singer, she performed with Grammy-winning soul singer Latrice Varrett, opening for Aretha Franklin at the Nokia Theatre Times Square in 2009. In 2010, she joined Atlantic Records' multi-platinum progressive rock band Trans-Siberian Orchestra as a vocalist, touring arenas across North America and promoting the band performing acoustic guitar/vocal solos live on numerous rock radio stations. That year, TSO reached #12 on the Billboard charts for American Arena Tours, beating Taylor Swift and Justin Bieber. The tour grossed $47,395,108 and sold out 51 arenas.

Collins has co-written songs with Rostrum Records artist Vali and Three 6 Mafia's Juicy J, and her work has been featured on various recordings and television soundtracks. In 2012, Collins performed with DJ Ravi Drums, Kitara player Craig Dobbin, and rapper Wes Period at the Air Canada Centre Arena in Toronto. In 2015, Collins joined Steven Seagal's blues band, Thunderbox, for a European tour and performed with ten-time Grammy Award winner George Benson at the Cognac Blues Passion Festival in Cognac, France.

Her debut solo EP, *Story of A Gypsy Child*, from producer Jonny on the Rocks of Brooklyn bands Shinobi Ninja and Rocky Business, is set for 2015 release. Her music video for the first single, "Party Dress", was released via YouTube in February 2015.

Media related to Tru Collins at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tru Collins | |
| --- | --- |
| Collins sings with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra in 2010 | |
| Born | Trudy Collins<br>Richmond, Virginia, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, singer |


title: George Francis Robert Henderson

abstract: Colonel George Francis Robert Henderson, CB was a British Army officer and author best known for writing Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (1898).

text:
# George Francis Robert Henderson

Colonel **George Francis Robert Henderson**, CB (2 June 1854 – 5 March 1903) was a British Army officer and author best known for writing *Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War* (1898).

## Early life

Henderson was born in Saint Helier, Jersey on 2 June 1854. His father was William George Henderson, later Dean of Carlisle, and Jane Melville Dalyell, Educated at Leeds Grammar School, of which his father was headmaster, he was early attracted to the study of history, and obtained a scholarship at St John's College, Oxford. But he soon left the university for Sandhurst, from where he was commissioned into the British Army's 84th Regiment of Foot in 1878.

## Military service

After a few months service in India, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant and returned to England, and in 1882 he went on active service to Egypt, fighting in the battles of Kassassin and Tel el-Kebir. During this time, he received numerous citations for bravery in combat, being promoted to captain in 1886. In 1885 he was seconded to the Ordnance Store Department. In 1889 appeared (anonymously) his first work, *The Campaign of Fredericksburg*. In the same year he became Instructor in Tactics, Military Law and Administration at Sandhurst. From this post he proceeded as Professor of Military Art and History to the Staff College (1892–1899), and there exercised a profound influence on the younger generation of officers. His study on the Battle of Spicheren had been begun some years before. Then in 1898 appeared, as the result of eight years work, his masterpiece: *Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War*.

## Later life and death

In the Second Boer War, Henderson served with distinction on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Lord Roberts, as Director of Intelligence, and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 23 December 1899. He received the local rank of colonel whilst in South Africa only weeks later, on 10 January 1900. In a despatch dated 31 March 1900, Lord Roberts wrote that Henderson gave him "valuable and reliable information regarding the physical features of the country and the disposition of the enemy".

But overwork and malaria broke his health, and he had to return home in January 1902, being eventually selected to write the official history of the war. Failing health obliged him to go to Egypt, where he died at Assuan on 5 March 1903. He had completed the portion of the history of the South African War dealing with the events up to the commencement of hostilities, amounting to about a volume, but the War Office decided to suppress this, and the work was restarted by Sir F. Maurice.

## Legacy

Various lectures and papers by Henderson were collected and published in 1905 by Captain Malcolm, D.S.O., under the title *The Science of War*; to this collection a memoir was contributed by Lord Roberts.

* Military profile
* Henderson, G. F. R., *Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War*, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 2006,
ISBN 0-7607-7954-6.


title: Geology of North Dakota

abstract: The geology of North Dakota includes thick sequences oil and coal bearing sedimentary rocks formed in shallow seas in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, as well as terrestrial deposits from the Cenozoic on top of ancient Precambrian crystalline basement rocks. The state has extensive oil and gas, sand and gravel, coal, groundwater and other natural resources.

text:
# Geology of North Dakota

The **geology of North Dakota** includes thick sequences oil and coal bearing sedimentary rocks formed in shallow seas in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, as well as terrestrial deposits from the Cenozoic on top of ancient Precambrian crystalline basement rocks. The state has extensive oil and gas, sand and gravel, coal, groundwater and other natural resources.

## Geologic history, stratigraphy and tectonics

North Dakota is underlain by Precambrian crystalline basement rock, although these rocks are less well understood than in neighboring states. In the Proterozoic, a mountain range known as the Western Dakota Mobile Belt formed between two billion and 1.8 billion years ago in connection with the Trans-Hudson orogeny, stretching north into Manitoba and Saskatchewan before eroding almost entirely 1.5 billion years ago, shedding sediments now found in the Montana Belt Supergroup. Commonly glacial erratic boulders are Precambrian rocks transported to the region by ice sheets.

### Paleozoic (541–251 million years ago)

In the Cambrian at the beginning of the Paleozoic, North Dakota was located at the equator. Extensive deposition of sedimentary rocks began 515 million years ago, when the Canadian Shield and North Dakota flooded during a marine transgression forming the Sauk Sequence. The sequence contains only one major unit—the Deadwood Formation. The area of the Nesson Anticline and some hills eroded out of the rugged Precambrian landscape likely remained above the water surface. The sequence begins with sandstone eroded from Precambrian rocks and ascends through limestone and shale, before returning to sandstone when sea levels dropped again. Conodont fossils are common in the Deadwood Formation.

During a dryland period, for 15 to 20 million years the land surface was eroded and no rocks from 485 to 470 million years ago are found in the rock record. A renewed marine transgression began the Tippecanoe Sequence, including Winnipeg Group sandstone and shale, overlain by Red River, Stony Mountain, Stonewall and Interlake Formation carbonates. In total, the Tippecanoe Sequence is 2000 feet thick.

During the Silurian, the Williston Basin subsided becoming a defined feature. Percolating groundwater eroded limestone into caves and hollows typical of a karst topography during a mid-Paleozoic dry period, before a return to a shallow sea in the Ordovician.

The region was above sea level for 40 million years during the Devonian as streams eroded the land surface until sea levels rose 356 million years ago. A weathered paleosol (known as the Ashern Formation) at the top of the Interlake Formation indicates that the Devonian and Mississippian Kaskaskia Sequence eroded the carbonates of the Interlake Formation. Winnipegosis Formation limestone and dolomite formed on top of the Ashern Formation, ascending to sandstone and shale in the Souris River and Dawson Bay formations. Periodically, the area dried out, resulting in weathered paleosols and the red and green siltstone layers of the Three Forks Formation which cover the Birdbear Formation carbonates. The collision of North America and Europe as Pangea began to form kicked off the Caledonian orogeny and realigned the Williston Basin opening to the sea in the west rather than the north.

During the maximum extent of the sea, the Lodgepole and Mission Canyon formations took shape. A dry period precipitated Charles Formation evaporites, followed by Big Snowy Group carbonates, sand and shale. The ancestral Rocky Mountains began to rise around this time, bringing the Otter Formation shales and then draining the sea and uplifting the land.

After a 10 million year dry period, shallow water crept back in during the Pennsylvanian beginning the Absaroka Sequence with Tyler Formation sandstone and shale, overlain by carbonates and brown clastic rocks in the Amsden Formation and Broom Creek Formation sandy carbonates. Another 10 million years of erosion is marked by an unconformity. Through the Permian, salt and red bed formations filled the Williston Basin belonging to the Opeche and Spearfish formations, along with the Minnekahta Formation limestone.

### Mesozoic (251–66 million years ago)

In the Triassic, at the beginning of the Mesozoic, a meteorite struck McKenzie County, rearranging older sediments. Some salt and gypsum remains from the time period, indicative of the vast deserts that covered Pangea at the time. An unconformity wipes out 45 million years of the early Jurassic before the beginning of the Zuni Sequence. North Dakota was a low forested landscape experiencing ongoing erosion. Rivers and streams moving across the eroded Jurassic landscape deposited the sandstone and siltstone Inyan Kara Formation. Thick layers of shale, such as the Pierre Formation, formed in the Western Interior Seaway during a major global marine transgression in the Cretaceous.

### Cenozoic (66 million years ago–present)

In the early Cenozoic, uplift and erosion of the Rocky Mountains with the continuation of the Laramide orogeny dumped sediment into the Williston Basin, creating the sandstone and shale of the Ludlow Formation, Cannonball Formation and Slope Formation together with a final marine transgression into North Dakota from 65 to 55 million years ago. The Bullion Creek Formation and the Sentinel Butte Formation covered over these units with lignite coal. They outcrop in the west and contain most of the state's coal reserves (although the single most productive unit is the Sentinel Butte Formation). Coal formation took place in a coastal swamp environment akin to large coastal marshes that exist currently in the Holocene along the US Atlantic coast. Even as Bullion Creek sediments were being deposited in the center of the state, swamps to the west were filling and covering them over with Sentinel Butte material.

From 50 to 60 million years ago in the Paleocene and Eocene the clay and sand units of the Golden Valley Formation deposited in lakes and streams and lie above Sentinel Butte units in some locations in the west. During the Eocene, mammals and grasses diversified in the area as North Dakota transitioned from a warm temperate to subtropical climate. With long running dryland conditions, North Dakota has gone through a period of extensive weathering that continues in the modern period, often producing unconsolidated sediments rather than rocks. The Tejas Sequence began to form in the Oligocene, starting off with conglomerate, siltstone, clay, volcanic ash, freshwater limestone and sands of the White River Group. Widespread volcanism to the west deposited volcanic ash in Miocene and Pliocene lake beds, which now forms the peaks of the Killdeer Mountains.

From around 35 million years ago, large quantities of gravel and sand from the Absaroka Mountains, Big Horn Mountains and Black Hills deposited in western North Dakota and up to 400 feet of limestone plated the bottom of a lake that remains as the Killdeer Mountains. Estimates suggest several thousand cubic miles of sediment were eroded from five million years ago until three million years ago. Evidence of the erosion is found in the Turtle Mountains, which were originally part of a continuous plateau before up to 600 feet of sandstone and shale eroded between the two features prior to glaciation.

Pliocene erosion created the Red River Valley, as a tributary of the Cheyenne River eroded a gently sloping escarpment 1000 feet down (the ground surface of the valley is higher, due to glacial and lake bed sediments). The Killdeer Mountains are up to 1300 feet above the Little Missouri River, leading to inferences about the previous height of the plain.

The state was glaciated six to seven times during the Pleistocene, contributing to erosion and rechanneling rivers. During the last 11,000 years of the Holocene, an initial warm period led to widespread sagebrush grasslands around 7000 years ago with large dunes formed at Wyndmere, Walhalla and Denbigh. This gave way to a wetter period with more widespread forests. Devils Lake and Stump Lake have periodically dried up or fluctuated in response to climate changes. In the 1800s, when European settlers arrived in large numbers, Stump Lake contained the stumps of trees that had grown on dryland in the 1300s.

## Hydrogeology

The water table in North Dakota ranges between 15 and 50 feet deep, or 100 feet in upland areas. Fully wet areas are recognized in drill cores by unoxidized dark material. The lignite and sandstone of the Fort Union Group in the west is the top groundwater unit and a common source of water for farms and ranches. The western two-thirds of the state is underlain by an extensive sandstone aquifer, mainly in the Fox Hills Formation and the lower Hell Creek Formation. Although it is close to the surface in the east, it slopes to up to 2000 feet below the ground surface in south-central North Dakota. Below this unit is fine-grained Cretaceous shale and sandstone that produce almost no water. The underlying Kara Formation limestones are beneath almost the entire state. Known as the Dakota aquifer, it is commonly tapped for artesian wells.

Very few wells were drilled in the aquifer before 1900, although one at Elledale in 1886 went down 1087 feet and produced up to 700 gallons a minute with a pressure reaching 176 pounds per square inch. Widespread drilling in the 1910s prompted state requirements for pressure control valves due to a drop in pressure and the drying up of many wells. The water has high salinity but tends to be warm and is preferred in parts of the state for watering cattle in the winter. It is frequently used for oil-field operations and waste brine is injected back into the aquifer. Thick Jurassic and Triassic separates the Dakota aquifer from the deepest Paleozoic limestone aquifer underlying most of the state.

## Natural resource geology

The Williston Basin produces most of North Dakota's oil and gas, particularly since the boom in hydraulic fracturing after 2006. The Bakken Formation is particularly productive and underlies all but the southwest corner of the basin.

Bowman County in the southwest has structurally controlled fields in Ordovician formations. Between the north of the Little Missouri River and the Burke County line is the Nesson Anticline, one of the largest geologic features in the state. Limestone to the northeast and east of the anticline in Bottineau, Burke and Renville counties, oil and gas is trapped by anhydrite infilling or shale and siltstone cap rock in the Triassic Spearfish Formation, over an unconformity.

The beach and nearshore sediments of the Tyler Formation, close to Dickinson, North Dakota also house oil, trapped in Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments together with a shoreline stream filled with oil-bearing sand, south of Dickinson at Rocky Ridge. In one unusual case, the oil-bearing Red Wing Structure in McKenzie County contains Mississippian strata uplifted 3000 feet higher than neighboring sediments of the same age due to a meteorite impact.

Western North Dakota is notable for widespread clinker—clay, shale and sandstone baked into a material like natural brick by burning coal. Some beds are up to 50 feet thick in the state. Prairie fires periodically light lignite on fire, including one fire that burned near Medora from 1951 until 1977, or over at 30 locations over a 7000-acre area close to Amidon. It is widely used as a road material and as ornamentation for gardens.

Iron oxide, calcium carbonate and silica concretions frequently form nodules and concretions in the west, including siderite ironstone and petrified logs. Two-thirds of the west of the state are underlain by lignite, which was mined for fuel by Native Americans and by American explorers, Lewis and Clark. Before 1902, mining was done by hand limited by more than 10 feet of overburden. However, the introduction of heavy equipment increased mining efforts. In areas, old mine shafts have collapsed, pitting the overlying landscape. After peaking at 320 mines in 1940 after 21 years of heavy machinery mining, the number of mines began to drop. The number of mines dropped to 100 in 1950 and only 38 by 1965. During the 1970s, new large power plants opened adjacent to Lake Sakakawea and together with a gasification project at North American Coal Company's Beulah plant, helped to drive new demand.

Weathering and oxidation of lignite produces leonardite which is used as a dispersant and a control on viscosity for oil wells. Peat, concentrated in areas like the Souris River in McHenry County is used in gardens, but not widely produced, and the state has up to 100,000 tons of reserves.

Fine sand is common, suitable for foundries as well as mortar and plaster. Both sand and gravel are most common in the formerly glaciated parts of the state northeast of the Missouri River where beach deposits formed after the ice sheets melted. Shale is common in the western Red River Valley and appears frequently in glacial till. Point bars in rivers and glacial kame deposits are also important sources of sand and gravel. Large outwash plains are found in Nelson, Eddy, Benson, Logan, Ransom and Sheridan counties.

In 1955, ore grade uranium was found in lignite between Belfield and Amidon in southeast Billings County. Uranium dissolved from enriched ash and percolated upward into the coal. Only a few hundred tons were ever extracted and ended in 1967 due to difficulty milling lignite compared with sandstone deposits in the Colorado Plateau. North Dakota has up to 1700 cubic miles of halite salt deposits below ground discovered during oil drilling.

Gold, volcanic ash, quartzite, clay and sulfur are also resources.


title: Geology of North Carolina

abstract: The geology of North Carolina includes ancient Proterozoic rocks belonging to the Grenville Province in the Blue Ridge. The region experienced igneous activity and the addition of new terranes and orogeny mountain building events throughout the Paleozoic, followed by the rifting of the Atlantic Ocean and the deposition of thick sediments in the Coastal Plain and offshore waters.

text:
# Geology of North Carolina

The **geology of North Carolina** includes ancient Proterozoic rocks belonging to the Grenville Province in the Blue Ridge. The region experienced igneous activity and the addition of new terranes and orogeny mountain building events throughout the Paleozoic, followed by the rifting of the Atlantic Ocean and the deposition of thick sediments in the Coastal Plain and offshore waters.

## Geologic History, Stratigraphy & Tectonics

The oldest rocks in North Carolina are part of the Grenville Province, which stretches from Texas to Labrador and which was impacted by the Grenville orogeny in the Mesoproterozoic to form the Appalachian Mountains. Grenville age rocks are exposed in the Blue Ridge province and the Sauratown Mountains. The Bakersville mafic dike swarm from 734 million years ago along with the peralkaline granites of the Crossnore Complex and bimodal volcanic rocks atop the crystalline basement point to the rifting of the proto-North American continent Laurentia.

### Paleozoic (539-251 million years ago)

Neoproterozoic rifting formed the Iapetus Ocean and the Cambrian Unicoi Formation and Chillhowee Group, from the early Paleozoic show a transition from terrestrial sandstone to marine sedimentary rocks. Small volcanic island arcs and pieces of oceanic crust, collectively known as terranes, accreted onto the edge of Laurentia with the shifting of the Iapetus, Rheic and Theic ocean basins. Folding, thrusting and compression resulted in a series of different mountain building events.

The Taconic orogeny deformed and metamorphosed terranes in northwest North Carolina between 470 and 440 million years ago. The Salisbury and Concord Plutonic Suites formed 400 million years ago and may have been related to the Acadian orogeny in the Devonian.

South of the Brevard fault zone, granitoid plutons formed during the Alleghanian orogeny which was the final phase in the buildup of the Appalachians. The orogeny produced amphibolite grade rocks on the sequence of metamorphic facies in the Raleigh and Kiokee metamorphic belts in the eastern Piedmont as well as near High Shoals Granite, introduced strike-slip faulting from the Brevard fault southeast to the Piedmont fault zone and produced the thrust sheets of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont.

### Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)

In the Mesozoic, rifting in the Triassic began to break apart the supercontinent Pangea which had assembled during the Alleghanian orogeny. Thinning of the crust produced diabase dikes in the early Jurassic 200 million years ago throughout the Piedmont, as well as felsic dikes and diabase sills in the Deep River Basin. Seismic data indicates that large basalt flows found offshore extend onshore, reaching Charleston, South Carolina. Few Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks are rare on the continental margin.

More deeply buried crystalline basement rock that remains poorly understood underlies eastern North Carolina, although the present geology of the area at the surface is dominated entirely by the Atlantic coastal plain, which resulted from sediment eroded off the Appalachian Mountains that began to steadily form in the Cretaceous.

### Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)

The Atlantic coastal plain continued to build out to sea during the Cenozoic and the current sand, clay and gravel at surface on dry land and in rivers, lakes, and nearshore water all formed during the last 2.5 million years of the Quaternary. The Waccamaw Formation includes fossil bearing sands and formed between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene, in the southeasternmost part of North Carolina, south of Wilmington. The Comfort Member and New Hanover Member formed earlier and include bryozoan and echinoid fossils, skeletal limestone and phosphate pebble conglomerate. The smaller Riverbend Formation lies just to the east, running north and south from Jackson with a limestone unit and abuts the oyster shell mounds and clay sands of the Pollocksville Member.

Rising up to 25 feet above sea level atop the Suffolk Scarp, Quaternary sediments comprise the Outer Banks and both the peninsulas and bottom of the water in and around Pamlico Sound and Albemarle Sound.


title: George Dalston

abstract: Sir George Dalston (1581–1657) of Dalston Hall, Cumberland was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons of England between 1621 and 1643. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War.

text:
# George Dalston

**Sir George Dalston** (1581–1657) of Dalston Hall, Cumberland was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons of England between 1621 and 1643. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War.

## Life

Dalston was the eldest son of Sir John Dalston, of Dalston Hall, Cumberland and his second wife Frances Warcop, daughter of Thomas Warcop, of Smardale, Westmorland. He matriculated from Queens' College, Cambridge in about 1596. He was knighted on 26 June 1607.

He was appointed Captain of Carlisle Castle, Cumberland from 1608 to at least 1643. He served as a Justice of the Peace for Cumberland and Westmorland from 1615 to 1644 and in 1618 was High Sheriff of Cumberland. He was Custos Rotulorum of Cumberland from 1641 to 1644.

In 1621 Dalston was elected Member of Parliament for Cumberland. He was re-elected MP for Cumberland in 1624. He was awarded BA and MA from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1624. In 1628 he was elected MP for Cumberland again and sat until 1629 when King Charles I decided to rule without parliament for eleven years. He succeeded his father to Dalston Hall in 1633.

In April 1640, when parliament reassembled for the Short Parliament Dalston was elected MP for Cumberland again. He was re-elected in November 1640 for the Long Parliament but was disabled for supporting the king in 1643. In the 1644-5 Siege of Carlisle he was forced to flee Dalston Hall when General Leslie requisitioned it as the Covenantor headquarters.

Dalston died in September 1657 and his funeral sermon was preached by Jeremy Taylor. He had married Catharine Thornworth, daughter of John Thornworth, of Halsted, Leicestershire. Their son William was MP for Carlisle and a supporter of the king.


title: Microlarinus lypriformis

abstract: Microlarinus lypriformis is a weevil of the family Curculionidae. It lays eggs in the stems of the puncturevine, Tribulus terrestris, and the larvae feed on the pith of the plant. After pupation, the adult emerges through holes bored in plant. Along with the seed-feeding Microlarinus lareynii it has been introduced as a biological control agent in the United States of America and Canada against Tribulus terrestris.

text:
# Microlarinus lypriformis

***Microlarinus lypriformis*** is a weevil of the family Curculionidae. It lays eggs in the stems of the puncturevine, *Tribulus terrestris*, and the larvae feed on the pith of the plant. After pupation, the adult emerges through holes bored in plant. Along with the seed-feeding *Microlarinus lareynii* it has been introduced as a biological control agent in the United States of America and Canada against *Tribulus terrestris*.

## InfoBox

| Microlarinus lypriformis | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Microlarinus* |
| Species: | ***M. lypriformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Microlarinus lypriformis***<br>(Wollaston, 1861) | |
|


title: Tsuchizaki Station

abstract: Tsuchizaki Station is a railway station in Tsuchizaki Minato, Akita City, Akita Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company.The station is also a freight depot for the Japan Freight Railway Company.

text:
# Tsuchizaki Station

**Tsuchizaki Station** (土崎駅, *Tsuchizaki-eki*) is a railway station in Tsuchizaki Minato, Akita City, Akita Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).The station is also a freight depot for the Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight).

## Lines

Tsuchizaki Station is served by the Ōu Main Line, and is located 292.3 km from the starting point of the line at Fukushima Station. The Oga Line train services also stop at this station, which is past the nominal terminus of the line at Oiwake.

There was a 1.8 km freight branch line from this station to Akita Port Station.

## Station layout

The station has two unnumbered opposed side platforms serving two tracks connected by a footbridge. The station is attended.

### Platforms

| **west** | Oga Line | for Oga |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Ōu Main Line | for Higashi-Noshiro and Hirosaki |
| **east** | Ōu Main Line | for Akita and Ōmagari |

## History

Tsuchizaki Station opened on 21 October 1902. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2018, the station was used by an average of 2076 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

Media related to Tsuchizaki Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tsuchizaki Station
土崎駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tsuchizaki Station in December 2012 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 6-16-15 Chūō, Tsuchizaki Minato, Akita-shi, Akita-ken 011-0946
Japan |
| Coordinates | 39°45′30.44″N 140°4′24.98″E / 39.7584556°N 140.0736056°E / 39.7584556; 140.0736056 |
| Operated by |  |
| Line(s) |  |
| Distance | 292.3 kilometers from Fukushima |
| Platforms | 1 side + 1 island platform |
| Other information | |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 21 October 1902 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2018 | 2076 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR East Following station  Izumi-Sotoasahikawatowards Akita  Ōu Main LineRapid  Kami-Iijimatowards Aomori  Izumi-Sotoasahikawatowards Shinjō  Ōu Main LineLocal   Izumi-Sotoasahikawatowards Akita  Oga Line  Kami-Iijimatowards Oga | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tsuchizaki StationLocation within Akita PrefectureTsuchizaki StationTsuchizaki Station (Japan) | |


title: Georg Krauß

abstract: Georg Krauß, from 1905 Ritter von Krauß was a German industrialist and the founder of the Krauss Locomotive Works in Munich, Germany and Linz, Upper Austria. The spelling of the company name was later changed from Krauß to Krauss, once the form of the name in capital letters on the company's emblems had become established.

text:
# Georg Krauß

**Georg Krauß**, from 1905 *Ritter von Krauß* (25 December 1826 – 5 November 1906) was a German industrialist and the founder of the Krauss Locomotive Works (*Locomotivfabrik Krauß & Comp.*) in Munich, Germany and Linz, Upper Austria. The spelling of the company name was later changed from *Krauß* to *Krauss*, once the form of the name in capital letters on the company's emblems had become established.

## Early beginnings

Krauß was born in Augsburg as the eldest child of four, to master weaver, Johann Georg Friedrich Krauß and his wife Anna Margarethe, née Stahl. After attending primary school, he went to the Royal Polytechnic School, founded in 1833 (today Augsburg High School). After completing his education, he worked temporarily in the Maffei Locomotive Works in Munich, then for the Royal Bavarian State Railways (*Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn*) in Hof, Germany, Kempten and Lindau. A decisive step in his development was his job as a master machinist with the Northeast Railway (*Nordostbahn*) in Zurich, where he built his first four locomotives. From then on, he was already preparing for the founding of his factory in Munich. Despite opposition from a powerful figure in the industry, Joseph Anton von Maffei, the factory was founded in Munich-Neuhausen on 17 July 1866, and additional factories were opened in 1872 and 1880, to avoid import taxes of the Danube monarchy, and expand the business.

A locomotive built by Krauss, the "Degen und Wiegand KARL" (serial number 2062), was constructed in 1888. Degen und Wiegand were a construction company in Kiel. The locomotive was sold to and used by various construction companies, including Hermann Bachstein. It was also used for rail services on the Sued Harz Eisenbahn. The Centrale Limburgsche Spoorweg (CLS) obtained the locomotive through purchase in 1916. It remained in service until 1921 and was scrapped in 1923.

## Further Successes

In addition to locomotives, Krauß also supported other technological developments, such as Linde's first refrigerators. He took part in the expansion of railway lines in the Saxony, Thuringia and Alsace, in the conversion of the horse-drawn tramways to steam operations in Munich and Vienna, the building of the Chiemsee Railway and the establishment of the Lokalbahn AG. In 1876, he was one of the founders of the VDI, an association for German engineers, and in 1903, he donated 100,000 marks and the repurchase of his first locomotive, 'Landwührden,' to help create the Deutsches Museum.

## Twists of Fate

In 1876, Krauß lost his first wife, Lydia, and in 1885 his only son, Conrad, died in an accident. After these losses, Krauß stepped back from active management of his company, transforming it into a public limited company.

## Honours

As early as 1880, he was awarded the Knight's Cross 1st Class of the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar, as well as the title of Royal Bavarian Industrialist (*Königlich bayerischer Kommerzienrat*) from King Ludwig II of Bavaria for his services.

## A Life with Foresight

In 1905, Krauß decided to move the location of the factory from the crowded town centre out to Allach, from where its successor organisation still operates today. Sadly, he did not live to see the technical completion of the Deutsches Museum or the move to Allach. On 5 November 1906, the manufacturer Georg von Krauß died shortly before his 80th birthday in Munich. His friend and one of his first co-workers, Carl von Linde, took over the chair of the board. His factory made 7,186 locomotives from 1866 until its merger with the bankrupt Maffei locomotive works in 1931.

## Sources

* Siegfried Baum: Die Augsburger Localbahn, EK Reihe Regionale Verkehrsgeschichte Band 30; Freiburg: Eisenbahn Kurier 2000, ISBN 3-88255-444-4
* Dr. Ing. Georg R. v. Krauss +, in: Die Lokomotive (Wien), Jahrgang 1906, Seite 213
* Alois Auer (Hrsg.): *Krauss-Maffei. Lebenslauf einer Münchner Fabrik und ihrer Belegschaft.* 3K-Verlag, Kösching 1988.


title: Georg Krause (oologist)

abstract: Georg Krause was a Silesian-German oologist and bookseller from Hirschberg. He illustrated and published a book on the eggs of palearctic birds. Among his significant collections were eggs of the now-extinct Aepyornis.

text:
# Georg Krause (oologist)

**Georg (Albert Julius) Krause** (1858 – 7 February 1915) was a Silesian-German oologist and bookseller from Hirschberg. He illustrated and published a book on the eggs of palearctic birds. Among his significant collections were eggs of the now-extinct *Aepyornis*.

## Biography

Krause was born in Glogau, Kingdom of Prussia, and became a collector of eggs from childhoold. He later lived in Hirschberg, Silesia. In 1900 he was in charge of the natural and geological collections at the Karkonosze Museum in Jelenia Góra. In 1901 he published a pamphlet on the anatomical structure of the ear of birds. In 1905 he became a curator at the Zoological Museum in Berlin and published the *Oologia universalis palaearctica* from 1906 to 1913 in 78 fascicles (out of a projected 150) with (quarto) plates made from his own illustrations of eggs.

In 1914 he was concerned by the collection of tern's eggs, especially those of Sandwich tern, being used in large numbers in the Berlin chocolate industry for the production of Easter eggs. His note, with his address at Pankow, Berlin, on the topic was published posthumously in 1919.


title: Micropogonias furnieri

abstract: Micropogonias furnieri, the whitemouth croaker, golden croaker, hardhead, mangrove snapper, rocando ronco, two-belly bashaw, West Indian croaker, West Indian drum or whitemouth drummer, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. This fish is found in the western Atlantic Ocean.

text:
# Micropogonias furnieri

***Micropogonias furnieri***, the **whitemouth croaker**, **golden croaker**, **hardhead**, **mangrove snapper**, **rocando** **ronco**, **two-belly bashaw**, **West Indian croaker**, **West Indian drum** or **whitemouth drummer**, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. This fish is found in the western Atlantic Ocean.

## Taxonomy

*Micropogonias furnieri* was first formally described in 1823 as *Umbrina furnieri* by the French zoologist Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest with its type locality given as Havana. The genus *Micropogonias* was originally proposed as a genus in 1830by Georges Cuvier when he described *Micropogon lineatus*, also from Havana, but that genus name was objectively invalid preoccupied by *Micropogon* Boie, 1826 in birds. It was subsequently determined that Cuviers' *M. lineatus* was a synonym of Desmarest's *Umbrina furnieri* and so this species is the type species of the genus *Micropogonias*. This species has been placed in the subfamily Micropogoniinae by some workers, but the 5th edition of *Fishes of the World* does not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the order Acanthuriformes.

## Etymology

*Micropogonias furnieri* has a specific name which honours a Marcellin Fournier, the who collected specimens in Cuba and who gave Desmarest the type, Desmarest may have dropped the "o" in Fournier's name in error.

## Description

*Micropogonia furnieri* has a slightly compressed, elongate body with a snout that clearly protrudes beyond the moderately large and inferior mouth. The mouth has villiform teeth arranged in bands, with the outer row in the upper jaw being made up of slightly larger teeth than the rest. The chin has 5 pores and between 3 and 5 rather small barbels along the side of the lower jaw but not on the edge. There are 10 pores on the snout with 5 on the front and 5 along the side. The eye is relatively large. The preoperculum has robust serrations along its edge. The dorsal fin is incised with 10 spines in front of the incision and a single spine and between 26 and 30 soft rays after the incision, typically no more than 27. The anal fin is supported by 2 spines, the second spine being robust and half the length of first anal fin ray, and between 7 and 9 soft rays. The caudal fin has a concave edge on its upper and lower lobes separated by an angular point. This species has an overall silver colour on the body with a brown back with dark, vertical streaks running to just below the lateral line. The maximum published total length for the whitemouth croaker is 60 cm (24 in), although 45 cm (18 in) is more typical.

## Distribution and habitat

*Micropogonia furnieri* is found in the western Atlantic Ocean where it occurs in the Gulf of Mexico off Veracruz and northeastern Cuba, through the Caribbean from Cuba southwards and along the coast of Central and South America from southern Belize south to northern Argentina. It is found at depths down to 80 m (260 ft) over muddy and sandy substrates in coastal waters. Juveniles in their first year are found around the mouths of rivers and in estuaries, with the older fish living in deeper coastal areas. These fishes are euryhaline and is able to tolerate disturbanceof its habitat, to some extent.

## Biology

*Micropogonia furnieri* has a diet that varies with age, with newly hatched fish feeding largely on copepods, as they grow they change prey to migratory crustaceans as well as benthic and sessile molluscs. It will feed on a variety of prey when its preferred prey is unavailable., including fishes and polychaetes. They gather in small schools outside the breeding season but form large aggregations in the summer to breed which is when these fish do most of their croaking. This sound can attract predators such as the bottle-nosed dolphin (*Tursiops truncatus*). The eggs have an oil which makes the buoyant and they float near the surface. Sexual maturity is reached between 4 months and 2 years old.

## Fisheries

*Micropogonia furnieri* is a target species for fisheries in Colombia and Venezuela, as well as in southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina where it is the most important species for coastal fisheries. It is caught using gill nets and bottom trawls and in southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina over 64,000 tonnes were landed in 2018. Elsewhere it is a bycatch in shrimp trawl fisheries and is often used as bait. It is regarded as an important food fish and the catch is either sold fresh or preserved by salting.

## InfoBox

| *Micropogonias furnieri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Sciaenidae |
| Genus: | *Micropogonias* |
| Species: | ***M. furnieri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Micropogonias furnieri***
(Desmarest, 1823) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Corvina adusta*  Agassiz, 1831 * *Micropogon argenteus*  Cuvier, 1830 * *Micropogon barretoi*  MacDonagh, 1934 * *Corvina crawfordi*  Regan, 1903 * *Umbrina furnieri*  Desmarest, 1823 * *Micropogon furnieri*  (Desmarest 1823) * *Micropogon lineatus*  Cuvier, 1830 * *Micropogon manni*  Moreno, 1970 * *Sciaena opercularis*  Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 * *Micropogon opercularis*  (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) * *Micropogon patagonensis*  MacDonagh, 1934 * *Sciaena unicirrata*  Larrañaga, 1923 * *Ophioscion woodwardi*  Fowler, 1937 | |


title: Princess Marie Anne of Saxe-Altenburg

abstract: Princess Marie Anne of Saxe-Altenburg was the consort of Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe. As the eldest daughter of Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen, and the sister of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, Marie Anne was a member of the Ducal House of Saxe-Altenburg.

text:
# Princess Marie Anne of Saxe-Altenburg

**Princess Marie Anne of Saxe-Altenburg** (14 March 1864  3 May 1918) was the consort of Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe. As the eldest daughter of Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen, and the sister of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, Marie Anne was a member of the Ducal House of Saxe-Altenburg.

## Marriage and issue

On 16 April 1882 at Altenburg, Marie Anne married Georg, Hereditary Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe. He was the eldest son of Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, and succeeded as Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe in 1893.

The couple had nine children together:

### Silver wedding anniversary

On the occasion of their silver wedding anniversary in 1907, Emperor Wilhelm II presented to Georg and Marie Anne the family ancestral seat, Castle Schaumburg. The castle had been controlled by the Hohenzollerns ever since Georg's grandfather sided with the Austrians in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. The gift was also meant to be in recognition of Georg's support in the dispute over the succession to the Lippe-Detmold throne.

Prince George died on 29 April 1911. Princess Marie Anne died seven years later, on 3 May 1918 at age 54.

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Princess Marie Anne | |
| --- | --- |
| *Princess consort of Schaumburg-Lippe* | |
| Marie Anne, c. 1885 | |
| Born | (1864-03-14)14 March 1864
Altenburg |
| Died | 3 May 1918(1918-05-03) (aged 54)
Bückeburg |
| Burial | Bückeburg Mausoleum |
| Spouse | Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe  (m. 1882; died 1911) |
| Issue | Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
Prince Moritz Georg
Prince Peter
Wolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
Prince Stephan
Prince Heinrich
Princess Margaretha
Prince Friedrich Christian
Princess Elisabeth |
| House | House of Saxe-Altenburg (by birth)
House of Lippe (by marriage) |
| Father | Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg |
| Mother | Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen |


title: Kolathur (Kasaragod)

abstract: Kolthur is a village in Kasaragod taluk of Kasaragod district in Indian state of Kerala.

text:
# Kolathur (Kasaragod)

**Kolthur** is a village in Kasaragod taluk of Kasaragod district in Indian state of Kerala.

## Location

Kolathur is located 19 km south east of Kasaragod town, 18 km north of Kanhangad and 7 km away from Poinachi on Poinachi-Bandadka-Kannadithode road.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census, Kolathur village had population of 5,780 of which 2,710 are males and 3,070 are females. Kolathur village spreads over an area of 17.63 km2 (6.81 sq mi) with 1,331 families residing in it. The sex ratio of Kolathur was 1,133 higher than state average of 1,084. The population of children below 6 years was 11.2%. Kolathur had overall literacy of 87% lower than state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 91.3% and female literacy at 83.2%.

## Administration

Kolathur village is locally administered by Bedadka Grama Panchayat under Karadka Block Panchayat. Kolathur is politically a part of Udma (State Assembly constituency) in Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency).

## Transportation

National Highway 66 passes through Poinachi Junction which connects Mangalore and Mumbai in the northern side and Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram in the southern side. Poinachi-Kannadithode road connects Kolathur with Poinachi, Bandadka and other nearby towns. Both Kasaragod and Kanhangad railway stations are equidistant from Kolathur of 20 km away. The nearest airports are Mangalore International Airport and Kannur International Airport.

## InfoBox

| Kolathur | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| KolathurLocation in Kerala, IndiaKolathurKolathur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 12°27′28″N 75°05′48″E / 12.4577°N 75.0967°E / 12.4577; 75.0967 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kasargod |
| Taluk | Kasaragod |
| Government | |
| Body | Bedadka Grama Panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.63 km2 (6.81 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5,780 |
| Density | 330/km2 (850/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 671541 |
| Telephone code | 04994 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-14 |
| Nearest city | Kasaragod |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Kasaragod |
| Climate | 20c to 40c (Köppen) |


title: Naja romani

abstract: Naja romani is an extinct species of cobra from the Miocene of Europe. Its remains have been found from France to Russia and suggest a continued growth to larger sizes throughout its range in time. While successful during the early and middle stages of the Miocene, the species disappeared from the fossil record of Central Europe during the late Miocene with the last known specimen being recovered from a site in the modern Caucasus, inferred to have been a refuge for reptiles. Estimates suggest that Naja romani may have reached a length of over 2 m.

text:
# Naja romani

***Naja romani*** is an extinct species of cobra from the Miocene of Europe. Its remains have been found from France to Russia and suggest a continued growth to larger sizes throughout its range in time. While successful during the early and middle stages of the Miocene, the species disappeared from the fossil record of Central Europe during the late Miocene with the last known specimen being recovered from a site in the modern Caucasus, inferred to have been a refuge for reptiles. Estimates suggest that *Naja romani* may have reached a length of over 2 m (6 ft 7 in).

## History and naming

*Naja romani* was first described by Hofstetter in the year 1939 on the basis of several cranial and postcranial remains from La Grive-Saint Alban in France. Hofstetter coined the name *Palaeonaja romani* as well as *Palaeonaja crassa*. Later Szyndlar & Rage sunk *Palaeonaja* into the extant *Naja* while determining that *P. crassa* does not differ significantly enough to be considered a distinct species. Additional instances of *Naja romani* were later reported from various localities across Europe. Fossils from Austria had previously been considered to be their own species, *Naja austriaca*, but were later deemed to be indistinguishable from those of *Naja romani*. The most recent find assigned to the species was collected in 2009 in the Caucasus and formed the youngest record of *Naja romani*.

The species was named in honor of French geologist Frédéric Roman.

## Description

The type specimen of *Naja romani* was determined to have reached a length of 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) by Hoffstetter. Hoffstetter also estimated a length of over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) for the larger remains he named *Naja crassa*, which were later found to also belong to *Naja romani*. An even greater size is indicated by the youngest remains assigned to the species, however no precise estimates are given.

## Classification

Within *Naja* two distinct lineages can be observed, an Asian lineage as well as an African lineage (which is further divided into *Afronaja*, *Boulengerina* and *Uraeus*). Both groups can be distinguished by the anatomy of the basisphenoid, which is distinctly narrower before the basipterygoid crest, has shorter vidian canals and anterior orifices on the ventral rather than the dorsal surface. These characteristics are shared by *Naja romani*, clearly placing it in the Asian branch of the genus. A second character that would allow assignment to one of the two branches would be the location of the vestibular window. However this is only possible in the French specimens, which support the identification of *Naja romani* as a member of the Asian lineage. Szyndlar and Zerova conclude that the species was likely an early member of the Asian group, but certainly diverged from the other species after the Asian-African split.

## Range and extinction

The oldest recorded specimens of *Naja romani* date to the Burdigalian (MN 4) and were discovered in Petersbuch, Germany, with similarly aged remains tentatively referred to the taxon also being found in Echzell (Germany, MN 4) and Vieux-Collonges (France, MN 4/5). By the middle and late Miocene *Naja romani* could also be found in Grund (Austria, MN 5), La Grive-Saint Alban (France, MN 7+8), Gritsev and Rudabánya (Ukraine and Hungary, MN 9), Ravin de la Pluie (Greece, MN 10) and Kohfidisch (Austria, MN11). Ongoing climate change however likely lead to the extinction of cobras in central Europe by the latest Miocene, with the specimens from Kohfidisch being the last known remains of the species from the region. Cobras did however manage to survive in other regions of Europe and the last known records of *Naja romani* were found in Solnechnodolsk in the northern Caucasus in strata dating to the late Turolian (MN 13). Notably however, despite being known to preserve a rich and diverse reptile fauna, only a single bone of *Naja romani* is known from the region, indicating that the species was already declining in this part of the world as well.

This pattern of distribution and disappearance matches the climatic changes that occurred in Europe during the Miocene around the same time as the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Although temperatures remained favorable during the latest stages of the Miocene, the snake fauna of the continent is known to have experienced a loss of diversity. In central Europe in particular temperatures began to drop during the Middle Miocene, causing the formation of distinct climate zones faced with regional extinctions that restricted certain snakes to the warmer regions of western Europe (France and Spain) and southern Europe (Greece and Turkey). The locality in Solnechnodolsk was likely a refugium not just for *Naja romani* but also for other species of reptiles that had gone extinct elsewhere in Europe. Younger remains of cobras, which are known from the Pliocene of Spain, have been shown to be unrelated to *Naja romani* and instead are thought to be members of the African-lineage that likely entered Europe following the drying of the Mediterranean.

It has been suggested by Syromyatnikova, Tesakov & Titov that *Naja romani* grew larger as the Miocene progressed, with specimens from Petersbuch and Vieux-Collonges being generally smaller than younger fossils, which reached their greatest size with those found in Kohfidisch and Solnechnodolski. The exact ecology of *Naja romani* is not known, though the species is thought to be thermophilous like most other Asian *Naja* species with the exception of the Caspian cobra. Based on the presence of *Naja romani* as well as that of monitor lizards, a mean annual temperature of 15°C or more is estimated for the Solnechnodosk locality, suggesting subtropical conditions.

## Possible influence on grass snake behavior

In a 2017 publication, Pokrant and colleagues note that in rare cases, modern grass snakes and Iberian grass snakes display defensive behavior similar to that of cobras, raising their upper body and flattening it in a way that resembles a cobra's hood. They note that this behavior is not found in other European snakes while further pointing to the fact that there is no significant overlap in grass snake and cobra ranges. The only areas where the two coexist in the modern day are small regions in Tunisia and east of the Caspian Sea in Iran and Turkmenistan. Pokrant and his team argue that this form of mimicry could have developed during the Neogene when *Natrix longivertebrata*, thought to be the direct ancestor to both modern grass snake species, coexisted in multiple localities with *Naja romani* and may have imitated the cobra to scare off predators. As this form of mimicry is only effective when the predator is aware of the model species, rearing behavior would have become increasingly ineffective following the extinction of cobras in Central Europe. Pokrant and colleagues argue that the rareness of rearing behavior in grass snakes might indicate that the species are currently in the process of losing this behavior, tho it may still be effective against migratory birds that encounter cobras on their travels.

## InfoBox

| *Naja romani*
Temporal range: Miocene | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Vertebrae of *Naja cf. romani* from Echzell, Germany | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | *Naja* |
| Species: | ***N. romani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Naja romani***
(Hofstetter, 1939) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Naja austriaca*  Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1985 * *Palaeonaja crassa* Hofstetter, 1939 * *Palaeonaja romani* Hofstetter, 1939 | |


title: Ocean Falls Water Aerodrome

abstract: Ocean Falls Water Aerodrome is located in Cousins Inlet, adjacent to Ocean Falls, British Columbia, Canada.

text:
# Ocean Falls Water Aerodrome

**Ocean Falls Water Aerodrome** (IATA: **ZOF**, TC LID: **CAH2**) is located in Cousins Inlet, adjacent to Ocean Falls, British Columbia, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Ocean Falls Water Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Ocean Falls Improvement District |
| Location | Ocean Falls, British Columbia |
| Time zone | PST (UTC−08:00) |
| Summer (DST) | PDT (UTC−07:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 0 ft / 0 m |
| Coordinates | 52°22′N 127°43′W / 52.367°N 127.717°W / 52.367; -127.717 |
| Map | |
| CAH2Location in British ColumbiaCAH2CAH2 (Canada) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  n/a n/a n/a Water | |
| Source: Water Aerodrome Supplement | |