title: Greengauge 21

abstract: Greengauge 21 is a non-for-profit registered company that aims to investigate and develop the concepts associated with a UK high-speed rail network.

text:
# Greengauge 21

| Greengauge 21 |
| --- |
|  |
| 2009 Proposal |
|  |
| Key |
|  |

**Greengauge 21** is a non-for-profit registered company that aims to investigate and develop the concepts associated with a UK high-speed rail network.

## Research

Previous research into High Speed Rail (HSR) has tended to focus on the international spatial level. Greengauge is one of a number of groups now using a multilevel (regional, national and international) analysis to satisfactorily understand HSR's territorial implications. Greengauge 21 has shown that while capacity on the new line (HS2) is expected to be fully used soon enough (certainly within 20 years of opening), there is plenty of scope and a good business case for a second north–south high-speed line.

In February 2010, Greengauge 21 contracted KPMG, one of the big four auditing firms, to conduct a study into the economic benefits of a high-speed rail network. The findings of this research were published in the report "Consequences for employment and economic growth".

Greengauge 21 research has found that the price of travel on a future domestic High Speed network will be comparable with fares on conventional trains. A new report says that many passengers could be paying no more than £20 and dismisses claims that high-speed rail will be the preserve of a wealthy elite.

Many of Greengauge 21's recommendations have been incorporated into the planning of High Speed 2, a high-speed rail line, which will link London to Birmingham, with possible future phases extending the line to the North of England and Scotland.

## Publications

* Capturing the benefits of HS2 on existing lines
* HS2 - Why the critics are wrong
* High-Speed Rail: Fair and Affordable
* Fast Forward: A High-Speed Rail Strategy for Britain
* The Next Steps for High Speed Rail in Britain

## InfoBox

Greengauge 21
| Founded | 2006 |
| --- | --- |
| Focus | High Speed Rail, |
| Location |  |
| Area served | UK |
| Method | lobbying, research, innovation |
| Key people | Jim Steer, Julie Mills, |
| Website | www.greengauge21.net |


title: Greengate, London

abstract: Greengate is a neighbourhood located in Plaistow, in East London within the London Borough of Newham. A notable feature of the area is the Greengate House, previously the home to a YMCA and an Art college. The Barking Road runs nearby. Historically, Greengate was in the ancient parish of West Ham, within the hundred of Becontree, and part of the historic county of Essex.

text:
# Greengate, London

**Greengate** is a neighbourhood located in Plaistow, in East London within the London Borough of Newham. A notable feature of the area is the Greengate House, previously the home to a YMCA and an Art college. The Barking Road runs nearby.

Historically, Greengate was in the ancient parish of West Ham, within the hundred of Becontree, and part of the historic county of Essex.

51°31′41″N 0°01′37″E / 51.528°N 0.027°E / 51.528; 0.027


title: Grigore Tocilescu

abstract: Grigore George Tocilescu was a Romanian historian, archaeologist, epigrapher and folkorist, and member of the Romanian Academy. He was a professor of ancient history at the University of Bucharest, author of Marele Dicționar Geografic al României, general secretary of the Romanian Ministry of Teaching and multiple times senator, with conservative political views. Tocilescu is one of the first Romanian historians who focused on the study of civilizations in ancient Dacia. As a folklorist he collaborated on the publication of a folkloristics compendium.

text:
# Grigore Tocilescu

**Grigore George Tocilescu** (26 October 1850 – 18 September 1909) was a Romanian historian, archaeologist, epigrapher and folkorist, and member of the Romanian Academy.

He was a professor of ancient history at the University of Bucharest, author of Marele Dicționar Geografic al României (The Great Geographical Dictionary of Romania), general secretary of the Romanian Ministry of Teaching and multiple times senator, with conservative political views. Tocilescu is one of the first Romanian historians who focused on the study of civilizations in ancient Dacia. As a folklorist he collaborated on the publication of a folkloristics compendium.

## Life

### Education

After finishing primary and secondary school in Ploieşti, Tocilescu went to Bucharest where he graduated from the Saint Sava National College. He then studied in universities in Prague and Vienna, where he obtained the Doctor of Philosophy title and the license to practice law. Back in Romania, in 1881 he became professor of ancient history and epigraphy at the University of Bucharest.

### Involvement

In 1884 the Archaeological Seminary's Library was established through Professor Tocilescu's grant.

At the death of Romanian historian, Romantic author, academic and politician Vasile Alexandrescu Urechia, November 21, 1901, Tocilescu delivered the funeral oration.

## Professional activity

In 1877 Tocilescu went to Moscow, to the Rumyantsev Museum, where he copied the book *From the Beginning of the First World* (*De-nceputul lumiei de-ntâiu*), written by Mihail Moxa, and sent the copy to *Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu*, who published it in *Cuvente den batrâni* ( vol. I, 1878). The work is a universal history that begins with the "creation of the world", speaks of the Assyrians, Egyptians, Persians, then passes to the Romans. It makes a brief history of the Roman Republic, after which it lists the emperors of the West and the East until the establishment of the Turkish rule in Europe and ends with the first battles of the Turks with the Romanians in 1489. Later, he left for Paris to continue his studies in the French archives and libraries, about Dimitrie Cantemir. On this occasion he attended courses at the Collège de France and the *École Pratique de Hautes-Etudes* (Sorbonne).

Returning to the country, he was appointed the director of the National Museum of Antiquities and held the position of professor of ancient history and epigraphy at the University of Bucharest (1881). From the point of view of archaeology, Tocilescu was the initiator of the Romanian archaeological excavations in Dobrogea. He is co-author of the work *The Great Geographical Dictionary of Romania* published in 5 volumes in Bucharest between 1898-1902. He was general secretary at the Ministry of Education and, several times, conservative senator. Tocilescu is one of the first historians to study the civilizations on the territory of the former Dacia. He left three impressive works: *Dacia before the Romans* (*Dacia înainte de romani*), *the Adamclisi Monument* (*Monumentul de la Adamclisi*) in collaboration with O. Benndorf and G. Niemann and *Fouilles et recherches archéologiques en Roumanie*.

He was also concerned with the republishing of some fundamental works, such as *The Chronicle of the Antiquity of the Romanian-Moldavian-Vlachs* (*Hronicul vechimei a româno-moldo-vlahilor*) (Ed. Academiei, 1901) by Dimitrie Cantemir.

## Bibliography

* *Cumu se scrie la noi istoria* (How the history gets written in our lands), Bucharest, 1873
* *Dacia înainte the Romani* (Dacia before the Romans), Bucharest, 1880 - One of the first history books on the Pre-Roman Dacian subject
* *Manual de istoria româna: pentru școlele secundare de ambe-sexe*, Bucuresci, Lito-Tipografia Carol Göbl, 1894
* *Marele Dicționar Geografic al României* (The Great Geographical Dictionary of Romania), Bucharest, 1898-1902, 5 volumes
* *Materialuri Folkloristice*, Bucharest, 1900
* *Balade și doine*, (prefață Marin Bucur), București, Editura Tineretului, 1958

## Reissue

* *534 Slavo-Romanian historical documents from Wallachia and Moldova, regarding the connections with Transylvania (1346-1603) from the archives of Brașov and Bistrita in original Slavic text accompanied by Romanian translation, printed in Vienna in 1905-1906 in Adolf Holzhausen Workshops*, Sep 28, 1909, reprinted "Casa Românească" Bookstore, 1931
* *History of the Romanians*, (re-edition) Tipo Moldova Publishing House, 2010
* *Ballads and doines* (reissue), Miracol Publishing House, 2010; Dacia XXI Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca, 2011, ISBN 978-606-604-096-9.

## InfoBox

| Grigore Tocilescu | |
| --- | --- |
| Professor Grigore Tocilescu | |
| Born | 26 October 1850 (1850-10-26)
Fefelei village, Mizil town, Prahova County, Romania |
| Died | 18 September 1909(1909-09-18) (aged 58)
Bucharest, Romania |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Citizenship | Romanian |
| Known for | Marele Dicționar Geografic al României, research on Dacia |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | History, Archaeology, Epigraphy, Folkloristics |
| Institutions | Romanian Academy |
|  | |


title: Grigore Trandafil

abstract: Grigore Trandafil was a Wallachian-born Romanian magistrate and politician. Born in Bucharest, he studied law at the University of Paris, obtaining a doctorate. After returning home, he entered the magistracy, where he was successively prosecutor, president of the Ilfov County tribunal, department head in the Justice Ministry (1866), general prosecutor (1867), president of the Bucharest appeals court (1868) and prosecutor at the High Court of Cassation and Justice (1872). Trandafil joined an early conservative association in 1878, and entered the Conservative Party after it was founded in 1880. A close associate of Lascăr Catargiu, he was first elected to the Assembly of Deputies in 1879. Trandafil was Justice Minister in the cabinet of Gheorghe Manu from November 1890 to February 1891. He served as mayor of Bucharest from June 1892 until the following February. He was Assembly President from February 1905 until his death two years later. Many laws were adopted during his presidency, some of them aiming to improve villagers' material situation, but the measures failed to prevent the 1907 Peasants' Revolt.

text:
# Grigore Trandafil

**Grigore Trandafil** (February 4, 1840February 23, 1907) was a Wallachian-born Romanian magistrate and politician.

Born in Bucharest, he studied law at the University of Paris, obtaining a doctorate. After returning home, he entered the magistracy, where he was successively prosecutor, president of the Ilfov County tribunal, department head in the Justice Ministry (1866), general prosecutor (1867), president of the Bucharest appeals court (1868) and prosecutor at the High Court of Cassation and Justice (1872).

Trandafil joined an early conservative association in 1878, and entered the Conservative Party after it was founded in 1880. A close associate of Lascăr Catargiu, he was first elected to the Assembly of Deputies in 1879. Trandafil was Justice Minister in the cabinet of Gheorghe Manu from November 1890 to February 1891. He served as mayor of Bucharest from June 1892 until the following February. He was Assembly President from February 1905 until his death two years later. Many laws were adopted during his presidency, some of them aiming to improve villagers' material situation, but the measures failed to prevent the 1907 Peasants' Revolt.


title: Paranillopsis

abstract: Paranillopsis is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are at least two described species in Paranillopsis found in Argentina.

text:
# Paranillopsis

***Paranillopsis*** is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are at least two described species in *Paranillopsis* found in Argentina.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus *Paranillopsis*:

## InfoBox

| *Paranillopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Trechinae |
| Tribe: | Bembidiini |
| Subtribe: | Anillina |
| Genus: | *Paranillopsis*<br>Cicchino & Roig-Juñent, 2001 |
|


title: Paranillus

abstract: Paranillus is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are about 13 described species in Paranillus.

text:
# Paranillus

***Paranillus*** is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are about 13 described species in *Paranillus*.

## Species

These 13 species belong to the genus *Paranillus*:

## InfoBox

| *Paranillus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Trechinae |
| Tribe: | Bembidiini |
| Subtribe: | Anillina |
| Genus: | *Paranillus*<br>Jeannel, 1949 |
|


title: Pardosa drenskii

abstract: Pardosa drenskii is a wolf spider species in the genus Pardosa found in Bulgaria.

text:
# Pardosa drenskii

***Pardosa drenskii*** is a wolf spider species in the genus *Pardosa* found in Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| *Pardosa drenskii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lycosidae |
| Genus: | *Pardosa* |
| Species: | ***P. drenskii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pardosa drenskii***<br>Buchar, 1968 | |
|


title: Pardosa elegans

abstract: Pardosa elegans is a species of wolf spiders found in Russia.

text:
# Pardosa elegans

***Pardosa elegans*** is a species of wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) found in Russia.

## InfoBox

| *Pardosa elegans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lycosidae |
| Genus: | *Pardosa* |
| Species: | ***P. elegans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pardosa elegans***<br>(Thorell, 1875) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Lycosa elegans* Thorell, 1875 | |


title: Group Against Racial Discrimination

abstract: The Group Against Racial Discrimination (GARD) was formed in Fiji in 1990 to act as a pressure group against the unilateral imposition of a discriminatory constitution by the military Government controlled by Major General Sitiveni Rabuka.

text:
# Group Against Racial Discrimination

The **Group Against Racial Discrimination** **(GARD)** was formed in Fiji in 1990 to act as a pressure group against the unilateral imposition of a discriminatory constitution by the military Government controlled by Major General Sitiveni Rabuka.

## Imposition of new constitution on people of Fiji

After the two coups executed by Major General Sitiveni Rabuka against Timoci Bavadra’s NFP–Labour Coalition government in 1987, the country was still in a state of political uncertainty in 1990. It had been declared a Republic by Rabuka soon after his second coup in September 1987, but after two attempts at finding a Constitution acceptable to all sections of Fiji's community, success was still elusive. Fiji was ostensibly being ruled by an interim government with Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau as President and Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara as Prime Minister. The military, however, still held a strong grip on the affairs of the nation, and called all the shots.

After the failure of the interim government in having two versions of its proposed Constitution accepted by all people of Fiji, the country was in a political stalemate. The announcement on the night of the 25 July 1990 by the President of Fiji of a new Constitution came as a complete shock to the people of Fiji as it had happened without any prelude.

Initially, those opposed to the imposition of the new constitution, and brave enough to express their views, began expressing their opposition to the new constitution through letters to the media. But the interim government was adamant that the constitution was there to stay. And it did everything in its power to create an impression that the unilaterally-imposed Constitution had been accepted by all citizens of Fiji.

## Formation

To co-ordinate efforts against the imposition which was regarded as unjust, it was decided to form a pressure group, known as **Group Against Racial Discrimination (GARD)**. This was a loose grouping of like-thinking individuals, most of whom were University of the South Pacific (USP) academics, who had the common desire to see the restoration of a democratic government in the country after the 1970 constitution had been abrogated by Major-General Rabuka. Their main aim was to bring the plight of the people of Fiji to the notice of the free world through letters and other means of communication. Efforts towards the local campaign quickly became ineffectual after the media began refusing to publish the letters.

## Burning of Constitution

**GARD** decided that a better way to demonstrate its opposition was by burning copies of the constitution. This had been tried a couple of times earlier, however, these actions had been largely ineffective as they had failed to gain any publicity. To gain widespread publicity in Fiji, and internationally, it was decided to carry out the protest during celebrations for the Diwali Festival, also known as the festival of lights, celebrated by Hindus.

The protest was implemented on Thursday, 18 October 1990 in Suva. After a short speech by Dr. Anirudh Singh, a USP lecturer, a copy of the constitution was burnt. The protest was duly reported in the *Daily Post* the next day, with the front-page headline saying “Hindus burn constitution”. The interim government called an emergency cabinet meeting. It condemned the protest, and released a statement calling the action “treasonous and despicable”. It asked the police to investigate.

In the week that made, plain-clothes policemen visited USP to obtain statements from some of the members of the protest group. Members of **GARD**, including the Chair-person, Dr. Anirudh Singh, were taken to the Police Headquarters in Suva for questioning. During the week, a member of **GARD** who worked for the media informed **GARD** members that they were under surveillance by the army. The group feared receiving the same type of punitive treatment that some of their USP colleagues had received soon after the 1987 coups at the hands of the military. They had been taken captive and detained by the military for extended periods of time, during which they had been subjected to physical and psychological torture and interrogation.

## Chairperson of GARD abducted

Despite precautions by members of the group, on the morning of Wednesday, 24 October 1990, Dr Anirudh Singh was abducted while on his way to work. Dr Singh was blind-folded and taken to a forest in hills outside Suva called Colo-i-Suva. He was gagged and severely beaten and interrogated for 12 hours. His captors then left him in the dark and disappeared. Dr Singh made his way to a road and was driven to safety by a passing taxi. He had incurred severe injuries to his face and hands and needed to travel to Australia for medical treatment.

On 22 November 1990, five members of the Special Operations Security Unit of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces pleaded guilty to the abduction and torture of Dr Singh and were sentenced to 12 months imprisonment suspended for 15 months. The army denied that the five had acted on its orders and even sent them on peace keeping duties overseas.

## High Court of Fiji rules in favour of GARD chairperson

Dr Singh sued the five and the Attorney General and after a thirteen-year delay, on 1 November 2006, the High Court of Fiji ruled in favour of Dr Singh. In his judgement, Justice R.J. Coventry said "I do find that there were tortious acts as pleaded in the Statement of Claim committed by the first five defendants. I do not find that the defence under section 52 of the Royal Fiji Military Forced Act is available to the five defendants nor consequently the sixth defendant. I find that the tortious acts committed by the five defendants were so closely connected with their employment and in particular the functions and purposes of the Special Operations Security Unit that the sixth defendant, representing the State, is vicariously liable for those tortious acts.”

Dr Singh, speaking to *Fiji Live* said he has finally found closure as the matter has been in the judicial system for 13 years. "People have been asking me, is it about the money? Money is not important. What's important is the fact that we have proved ourselves that we were right. Today's ruling has set a precedent and is clearly a landmark case that will definitely have positive ramifications. There are many others that were tortured during the period after the 1987 coup.”


title: Grover Lowdermilk

abstract: Grover Cleveland "Slim" Lowdermilk was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox between 1909 and 1920. Lowdermilk batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Sandborn, Indiana.

text:
# Grover Lowdermilk

**Grover Cleveland "Slim" Lowdermilk** (January 15, 1885 – March 31, 1968) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox between 1909 and 1920. Lowdermilk batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Sandborn, Indiana.

## InfoBox

| Grover Lowdermilk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1885-01-15)January 15, 1885
Sandborn, Indiana, U.S. | |
| **Died:** March 31, 1968(1968-03-31) (aged 83)
Odin, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 3, 1909, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 12, 1920, for the Chicago White Sox | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 23–39 |
| Earned run average | 3.58 |
| Strikeouts | 296 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Parque Carrasco

abstract: Parque Carrasco is a residential neighbourhood and resort of Ciudad de la Costa in Canelones, Uruguay.

text:
# Parque Carrasco

**Parque Carrasco** is a residential neighbourhood and resort of Ciudad de la Costa in Canelones, Uruguay.

## Geography

This resort is located near Montevideo, on the Río de la Plata coast. It became part of Ciudad de la Costa on 19 October 1994, upon foundation of the city.

## Population

In 2011 Parque Carrasco had a population of 8,628.

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1963 | 922 |
| 1975 | 3,914 |
| 1985 | 5,658 |
| 1996 | 8,169 |
| 2004 | 8,476 |
| 2011 | 8,628 |

Source: *Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay*

## Street map

## InfoBox

| Parque Carrasco | |
| --- | --- |
| Resort of Ciudad de la Costa | |
| Centro Hípico in Parque Carrasco. | |
| Location of Parque Carrasco in Ciudad de la Costa | |
| Coordinates: 34°51′18″S 56°0′54″W / 34.85500°S 56.01500°W / -34.85500; -56.01500 | |
| Country | Uruguay |
| Department | Canelones Department |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 8,628 |
| Time zone | UTC -3 |
| Postal code | 15000 |
| Dial plan | +598 2 (+7 digits) |


title: Parque Centenario

abstract: Parque Centenario is an extensive public park in the Caballito district of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

text:
# Parque Centenario

**Parque Centenario** is an extensive public park in the Caballito district of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

## Overview

Presiding over a rapidly expanding city, the Buenos Aires City Council in 1908 approved the purchase of a 10 hectare (25 acre) plot belonging to Parmenio Piñero, a local brickmaker, for the purpose of a creating a "Westside Park" (the area was near Buenos Aires' western limits at the time). The project was entrusted to the City Parks Administrator, the renowned French Argentine urbanist Charles Thays, who completed the project in time for the 1910 centennial of the May Revolution (hence the park's name, *Centenario*). Rerouting two streets, Thays created a circular green space anchored by fountain in the middle. The outer sections of the park were planned for residential development, though these plans were later rescinded.

The outermost lots were made available to a number of cultural and scientific institutions, notably the Louis Pasteur Institute (founded in 1927), the Marie Curie Oncological Institute (1931), the Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum, which relocated there from its original building in 1937, and the Argentine Friends of Astronomy Association, who opened their observatory at the park in 1944; the Leloir Institute \- one of the nation's leading biotechnology research centers - and the Central Naval Hospital were both opened during the early 1980s in lots facing the park. President Juan Perón had the central fountain replaced in 1951 by an amphitheatre with a capacity for 20,000 spectators, a structure lost to arson in 1959. Mayor Osvaldo Cacciatore had a shallow lake built over 2000 m2 (21,000 ft²) of the central section of the park during the late 1970s, later populated with ducks, swans and other waterfowl. The mile-long perimeter became a popular joggers' route and a number of important public institutions had been opened along the park's surroundings.

Parque Centenario increasingly suffered from neglect during the 1980s, a trend underscored by the 1989 theft of the iconic bronze female nude in sculptor Luis Perlotti's *Fountain of the Irupé Flower*. Mayor Aníbal Ibarra initiated an ambitious restoration project for the park in 2005, resulting in the reconstruction of the amphitheatre, the refurbishment of the swan lake and the creation of a number of new facilities. The park's refurbishment was concluded in May 2009, and the new, 2,000 seat amphitheatre was inaugurated with a performance by the City Tango Orchestra. Mayor Mauricio Macri's decision to install a perimeter fence around the park in 2013, however, resulted in a violent protest by opponents of the plan.

34°36′23″S 58°26′08″W / 34.60639°S 58.43556°W / -34.60639; -58.43556


title: Parflange F37

abstract: The Parflange F37 system is a technology from the hydraulic area of Parker-Hannifin, which allows a non welded flange connection of hydraulic tubes and pipes.

text:
# Parflange F37

The **Parflange F37 system** is a technology from the hydraulic area of Parker-Hannifin, which allows a non welded flange connection of hydraulic tubes and pipes.

## Processing

Use-orientated, the connection will be done by either flaring or retaining ring technology.

**Flaring Technology** After putting a F37 flange onto a seamless hydraulic tube or pipe, the tube end will be flared to 37°, what also explains the name of this technology. The flaring is done by a special orbitally flaring process, which compresses the surface of the pipe end, gaining an excellent sealing surface.

An insert made of carbon or stainless steel will be placed into the flared pipe end. The insert is soft sealed by an O-Ring to the pipe side. To be sealed against a flat counterpart (e.g. manifold or block) the insert has a groove on the front side for a so-called "F37-Seal" made of Polyurethane or optionally an o-ring or bonded seal made of carbon steel or stainless steel with a Nitrile rubber or FKM sealing lip. Alternatively, the front side of the insert can be flat. For a pipe to pipe connection, a special insert design with soft sealed cones on both sides to fit between two flared pipe ends is available.

Afterwards, the flange will be positioned to the pipe end and connected to a hydraulic component or another pipe having a similar flange and corresponding insert.

**Retaining Ring Technology**

For the Retaining Ring connection, a groove will be machined onto the pipe end to hold the retaining ring. The retaining ring is made of a segmented stainless steel ring covered by a steainless steel spring and is used to fix the flange. For the assembly, the retaining ring flange has to be put onto the machined pipe end. The retaining ring has to be widened for getting it on the pipe end to snap into the before machined groove. The inside contour of the retaining ring flange will cover the retaining ring from the outside.

The sealing of the Parflange F37 retaining ring connection is done by a bonded seal on the face side of the pipe end or alternatively by a pipe seal carrier ("PSC"). The pipe seal carrier has soft seales (o-rings or F37-Seals) on both sides. On one side, the pipe seal carrier has a centering aid to improve assembly.

## Functionality

**Flaring Technology**

By flaring the pipe end, the flange gets a supporting surface and is able to build up force to ensure a stable connection.

At first, the insert has a sealing function. With its o-ring on the pipe end side, the sealing against the pipe is achieved. The sealing against the connecting part is done by the F37-Seal or a bonded seal. If the connecting part has a soft seal on the face side, an insert with a flat face has to be used. For the connection of two pipes, an insert with cones on both sides, which are soft sealed by o-rings, can be used as well.

Simultaneously, the insert stabilises the connection. The achieved pressure by tightening the flange bolts can be spread on a bigger contact surface of the insert, increasing the solidity of the connection.

**Retaining Ring Technology**

The special inside contour of the retaining ring flange covers the retaining ring, which is installed onto the machined pipe end. A form-closed connection results from the tightening of the flange, which will be sealed by bonded seal or pipe seal carrier on the face side.

## Application

The Parflange F37 system is used to connect haydraulic tubes, pipes and components without welding.

Depending on pipe and flange size, the F37 system is approved for pressure ratings up to 420 bar (6000 psi, respectively 42 MPa). It is commonly used in shipbuilding, offshore and heavy machinery industry for moving and controlling of e.g. cranes and elevators.

Furthermore, the Parflange F37 technology allows to connect tubes and pipes from 16 to 273 millimeter outside diameter (1/2" to 10" flange size).

## Approvals

The F37 system is approved by leading classification societies.

The flange hole patterns are according to ISO 6162-1/SAE J 518 Code 61 (3000 psi/210 bar), ISO 6162-2/SAE J518 Code 62 (6000 psi/420 bar) and ISO 6164 (400 bar).

## Other information

Advantages of Parflange F37 compared to welded flange connections are mainly in savings on time and costs. No costly inspection of welds (f.e. by x-ray graphing) and post-weld acid cleaning is needed, making the connection also more environment-friendly and safer than welding.

Compared to welding, no welding stress corrosion is possible, resulting in maximum service time of the pipe connection and a reduction of service costs.

* *Fluid Markt 2008* (edition 2008), Measurement Technology Equipment, Tube Fittings (Verlag Moderne Industrie)
* *Fluid* (edition 10/2012), Economic and high pressure resistant - flanges for compact, quick installed hydraulic connections (Verlag Moderne Industrie)
* *Fluid* (edition 05/2013), From design to installation - hydraulic lines according customer needs (Verlag Moderne Industrie)
* Parflange F37 for pipe and tube connections, catalog 4162-4 (edition 03/2013), Parker Hannifin Corporation


title: Parfocal lens

abstract: A parfocal lens is a lens that stays in focus when magnification/focal length is changed. There is inevitably some amount of focus error, but too small to be considered significant.

text:
# Parfocal lens

A **parfocal lens** is a lens that stays in focus when magnification/focal length is changed. There is inevitably some amount of focus error, but too small to be considered significant.

## Microscopy

Parfocal microscope objectives stay in focus when magnification is changed; i.e., if the microscope is switched from a lower power objective (e.g., 10×) to a higher power objective (e.g., 40×), the object stays in focus. Most modern bright-field microscopes are parfocal.

## Photography

*Zoom lenses* (sometimes referred to as "true" zoom) are ideally *parfocal*, in that focus is maintained as the lens is zoomed (i.e., focal length and magnification changed), which is convenient and has the advantage of allowing more accurate focusing at maximal focal length then zooming back to a shorter focal length to compose the image.

Many zoom lenses, particularly in the case of fixed-lens cameras, are actually *varifocal lenses*, which gives lens designers more flexibility in optical design trade-offs (e.g., focal length range, maximal aperture, size, weight, cost) than parfocal zoom, which is practical because of auto-focus, and because the camera processor can automatically adjust the lens to keep it in focus while changing focal length ("zooming"), making operation practically indistinguishable from a parfocal zoom.

## Cinematography

Zoom lenses used for moviemaking applications must have the parfocal ability in order to be of practical use. It is almost impossible to stay in correct focus (as done manually by the focus puller) while zooming. This could be possible theoretically, but if the subject and/or camera also move, there are too many variables to correct consistently.

## Telescopy

Parfocal telescope eyepieces stay in focus when magnification is changed; i.e., if the telescope is switched from a lower-power eyepiece (e.g., 10×) to a higher-power eyepiece (e.g., 20×), or vice versa, the object stays in focus.


title: Gu Achi Peak

abstract: Gu Achi Peak is a mountain in the Santa Rosa Mountains of Arizona. It is on the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, about 56 miles (90 km) west of Tucson. Gu Achi Peak can be translated as "big ridge." In precolonial times it was the central territory of the Totokwan group of the O'odham, and it may have served as the ceremonial center for the northern O'odham groups.

text:
# Gu Achi Peak

**Gu Achi Peak** (O'odham: **Ge Aji Doʼag**) is a mountain in the Santa Rosa Mountains of Arizona. It is on the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, about 56 miles (90 km) west of Tucson. Gu Achi Peak can be translated as "big ridge." In precolonial times it was the central territory of the Totokwan group of the O'odham, and it may have served as the ceremonial center for the northern O'odham groups.

## InfoBox

| Gu Achi Peak | |
| --- | --- |
| Gu Achi PeakLocation in Arizona | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,558 ft (1,389 m)NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 2,636 ft (803 m) |
| Coordinates | 32°20′51″N 111°52′35″W / 32.347614228°N 111.876380161°W / 32.347614228; -111.876380161 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Pima County, Arizona, U.S. |
| Parent range | Santa Rosa Mountains |
| Topo map | USGS Santa Rosa Mountains |


title: Parthenina flexuosa

abstract: Parthenina flexuosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Parthenina flexuosa

***Parthenina flexuosa*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the following locations:

Additional information regarding this species:

* **Habitat:** Known from seamounts and knolls

* Lygre F., Schander C., Kongsrud J.A. & Krakstad J.O. (2011) *Three species of Parthenina (Chrysallidinae, Pyramidelloidea) new to West Africa.* Journal of Conchology 40(4): 477-481 page(s): 480

## InfoBox

| *Parthenina flexuosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Parthenina* |
| Species: | ***P. flexuosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parthenina flexuosa***<br>(Monterosato, 1874) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chrysallida flexuosa* (Monterosato, 1874) * *Chrysallida interspatiosa* van der Linden & Eikenboom, 1992 * *Odostomia flexuosa* Monterosato, 1874 (original combination) | |


abstract: Guangxi University of Finance and Economics is a university located in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region's capital Nanning at Ming Xiu xi lu. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses and programs leading to officially recognized degrees in several areas of study. Guangxi University of Finance and Economics also provides several academic and non-academic facilities and services to students including a library, as well as administrative services.

text:
# Guangxi University of Finance and Economics

**Guangxi University of Finance and Economics** (Chinese: 广西财经学院; pinyin: *Guǎngxī Cáijīng Xuéyuàn*) is a university located in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region's capital Nanning at Ming Xiu xi lu. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses and programs leading to officially recognized degrees in several areas of study. Guangxi University of Finance and Economics also provides several academic and non-academic facilities and services to students including a library, as well as administrative services.


title: Partial verdict

abstract: A partial verdict occurs when a judge permits a jury to return verdicts on fewer than all of the counts it has to decide, though it has not yet determined the remainder. The verdicts the jury has reached may or may not be announced immediately. The term may also be used in criminal or civil procedure. In a criminal case, it occurs when the judge or jury finds the defendant guilty or not guilty on some, but not all, of the charges against them.

text:
# Partial verdict

A **partial verdict** occurs when a judge permits a jury to return verdicts on fewer than all of the counts it has to decide, though it has not yet determined the remainder (and, it is possible, may never so determine). The verdicts the jury has reached may or may not be announced immediately. The term may also be used in criminal or civil procedure. In a criminal case, it occurs when the judge or jury finds the defendant guilty or not guilty on some, but not all, of the charges against them.


title: Partial agonist

abstract: In pharmacology, partial agonists are drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist. They may also be considered ligands which display both agonistic and antagonistic effects—when both a full agonist and partial agonist are present, the partial agonist actually acts as a competitive antagonist, competing with the full agonist for receptor occupancy and producing a net decrease in the receptor activation observed with the full agonist alone. Clinically, partial agonists can be used to activate receptors to give a desired submaximal response when inadequate amounts of the endogenous ligand are present, or they can reduce the overstimulation of receptors when excess amounts of the endogenous ligand are present. Some currently common drugs that have been classed as partial agonists at particular receptors include buspirone, aripiprazole, buprenorphine, nalmefene and norclozapine. Examples of ligands activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as partial agonists are honokiol and falcarindiol. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a partial agonist at CB2 receptors and this activity might be implicated in ∆9-THCV-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a partial agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, with the former being responsible for its psychoactive effects.

text:
# Partial agonist

In pharmacology, **partial agonists** are drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist. They may also be considered ligands which display both agonistic and antagonistic effects—when both a full agonist and partial agonist are present, the partial agonist actually acts as a competitive antagonist, competing with the full agonist for receptor occupancy and producing a net decrease in the receptor activation observed with the full agonist alone. Clinically, partial agonists can be used to activate receptors to give a desired submaximal response when inadequate amounts of the endogenous ligand are present, or they can reduce the overstimulation of receptors when excess amounts of the endogenous ligand are present.

Some currently common drugs that have been classed as partial agonists at particular receptors include buspirone, aripiprazole, buprenorphine, nalmefene and norclozapine. Examples of ligands activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as partial agonists are honokiol and falcarindiol. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a partial agonist at CB2 receptors and this activity might be implicated in ∆9-THCV-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a partial agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, with the former being responsible for its psychoactive effects.


title: Guadalupe Arizpe de la Vega

abstract: Guadalupe Arizpe De La Vega is a Mexican humanitarian who founded the Federación Mexicana de Asociaciones y Empresas Privadas (FEMAP), which supports a network of clinics, hospitals, and nursing schools in the North of Mexico, based in Ciudad Juárez. She is a proponent of women's right to access birth control and health care. De La Vega and her late husband, border billionaire, Federico De La Vega, are greatly revered for their impact on the region through their philanthropic efforts focused on propelling education, healthcare, and sports.

text:
# Guadalupe Arizpe de la Vega

**Guadalupe Arizpe De La Vega** is a Mexican humanitarian who founded the Federación Mexicana de Asociaciones y Empresas Privadas (FEMAP), which supports a network of clinics, hospitals, and nursing schools in the North of Mexico, based in Ciudad Juárez. She is a proponent of women's right to access birth control and health care. De La Vega and her late husband, border billionaire, Federico De La Vega, are greatly revered for their impact on the region through their philanthropic efforts focused on propelling education, healthcare, and sports.

## Biography

De la Vega had been volunteering for the Red Cross since she was eight. In the 1960s, she raised money for the Mexican Red Cross. De la Vega began working with women on family planning after reading about a poor mother of nine who, when pregnant again, "tried to kill her fetus by stabbing herself in the stomach." De la Vega visited her in prison and was shocked to find out that this woman did not know anything about family planning or birth control. She helped her obtain legal counsel and she began educating other women in Mexico. In 1973, she began working with women in Juárez, and helped them gain access to family planning and a maternity clinic. De la Vega became a member of the El Paso Planned Parenthood Board.

De la Vega founded Federación Mexicana de Asociaciones y Empresas Privadas (FEMAP or Federation of Private Family Planning Associations) and worked as the director of the network of health clinics in Mexico. These clinics increased the number of Mexican women using birth control from 50,000 women in 1982 to 360,000 women using birth control methods in 1987.

De la Vega was named a CNN Hero in 2010. When Juárez became the "murder capital of the world" during the Mexican Drug Wars, De la Vega continued visiting her hospital in the city several times a week. She and her family had recently moved to El Paso because her family was threatened. Vega was awarded the Woodrow Wilson Award in 2013 from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

## InfoBox

| Guadalupe Arizpe De La Vega | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Mexican |
| Occupation | Humanitarian |
| Known for | Founded the Federación Mexicana de Asociaciones y Empresas Privadas |


title: Parliament of the Province of Canada

abstract: The Parliament of the Province of Canada was the legislature for the Province of Canada, made up of the two regions of Canada West and Canada East.

text:
# Parliament of the Province of Canada

The **Parliament of the Province of Canada** was the legislature for the Province of Canada, made up of the two regions of Canada West (formerly Upper Canada, later Ontario) and Canada East (formerly Lower Canada, later Quebec).

## Creation of the Parliament

The Province of Canada was created by an Act of the British Parliament, the *Act of Union 1840*, which was proclaimed in force by the Governor General of the Canadas, Lord Sydenham, effective February 10, 1841. The Act united the two provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada into a single province, with a single parliament. The parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished. Lower Canada was renamed Canada East, and Upper Canada was renamed Canada West, but the two regions were administrative divisions only. They did not have separate governments. The Union had been recommended by Lord Durham in his Report on the Affairs of British North America, in response to the Rebellions of 1837–1838 in both Lower Canada and Upper Canada.

## Structure of the Parliament

The new Parliament consisted of the British monarch, represented by the Governor General; the elected lower house, the Legislative Assembly, and the appointed upper house, the Legislative Council. The new parliament had the general power to legislate for the "Peace, Welfare, and good Government of the Province of Canada", provided Canadian laws did not conflict with British statutes which applied to the Province.

The Legislative Assembly was required to have equal representation from Canada East and Canada West, even though the population of Canada East was considerably larger. In 1840, the population of Canada East was estimated at 670,000, while the population of Canada West was estimated to be 480,000. Lord Durham had not recommended this approach, and had instead proposed that the representation should be based on the respective populations of the two regions. The British government rejected that recommendation and instead implemented equal representation, apparently to give the English-speaking population of the new province a dominant voice in the provincial government, furthering the goal of assimilating the French-speaking population.

The Act did not determine the size of the Legislative Council, simply providing that it had to consist of at least twenty members, who were appointed for life. In his initial appointments, Lord Sydenham appointed twenty-four members.

## Elections and Qualifications

The first election was governed by the election laws in force in Upper Canada and in Lower Canada prior to the union.

### Right to vote

The right to vote in elections to the Legislative Assembly was restricted to male British subjects (by birth, naturalisation or by conquest and cession), aged 21 and older. They were also required to meet a property qualification. In rural areas, only the owners of land of a net yearly value of forty shillings or higher were entitled to vote. In towns and townships, the right to vote was restricted to those who owned a dwelling house and land of a yearly value of at least five pounds sterling, or to those who rented their dwelling house at an annual rate of ten pounds sterling and had lived in the town or township for at least one year before the election. Individuals who had been convicted of treason or a felony were excluded from voting.

### Qualification for the Legislative Assembly

Only male British subjects (by birth, naturalisation or by conquest and cession), aged 21 and older, were eligible for election to the Legislative Assembly. Members of the clergy, whether Protestant or Roman Catholic, were barred from election to the Legislative Assembly, as were individuals who had been convicted of treason or a felony. Members of the Legislative Council could not be members of the Legislative Assembly.

Members of the Legislative Assembly had to meet a property qualification, which was considerably higher than the property qualification for voting. They were required to own real estate of a net value of five hundred pounds sterling, over and above all rents, charges, mortgages and encumbrances.

Before taking their seats, members of the Legislative Assembly had to swear an oath of allegiance to the British monarch.

### Qualification for the Legislative Council

Members of the Legislative Council were required to be 21 years old or over, and a British subject, by birth or naturalisation. The Governor General appointed the members of the Legislative Council, who held office for life, unless a member resigned or the seat was declared vacant by reason of absence or adherence to any foreign power.

Before taking their seats, members of the Legislative Council had to swear an oath of allegiance to the British monarch.

### Conduct of elections

Elections for the Legislative Assembly were initiated by issuance of writs for election, one to each electoral district. The elections were conducted in each electoral district by a local returning officer. If more than one candidate was nominated, the returning officer would conduct a poll at a central location in the electoral district. Voters would come to the polling location, and would publicly vote for the candidate of their choice, which would be recorded by the poll clerk in a poll book against the voters' names. The returning officer would declare the candidate with the most votes to be elected. The returning officer for each electoral district would send a return of the writ to the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery.

## Parliamentary government

### Sittings and duration

The Parliament was to be summoned by the Governor General at least once per year. Elections of the Legislative Assembly were to occur every four years, subject to earlier dissolution by the Governor General. The Governor General also retained the power to prorogue the Parliament.

### Executive government

Although Lord Durham had recommended that the British government institute responsible government, with the members of the Executive Council responsible to the Parliament, the British government rejected this proposal. Control of the executive initially remained with the Governor General. There was an Executive Council, appointed by the Governor General, but the Governor General was not required to act on their advice. He retained the ability to exercise executive powers on his own initiative alone.

### Reservation and disallowance of bills

The Governor General had the power to grant assent to bills passed by the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council, to refuse assent, or to reserve a bill for consideration by the monarch. If a bill was reserved, it was forwarded to London, where the government would decide if the bill should be allowed to come into force. The British Cabinet would advise the monarch whether to grant or withhold royal assent. If the monarch granted assent, the bill came into force. If royal assent was denied, the bill never became law.

Even if the Governor General granted assent, the British government retained the power to disallow a law. All acts had to be sent to the Colonial Office after the Governor General granted assent. The British government could advise the monarch to disallow an Act, at any time up to two years after receipt of the Act. If an Act was disallowed, it ceased to have effect from the date the Governor General advised the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council of the disallowance.

### Political parties

Candidates at this time would be loosely affiliated in early political parties, but party structure was not strong, and there were different party groups in Canada East and Canada West. In the early years of the new Province, the major political debate was over local control of the government. Groups such as the Chateau Clique in Canada East and the Family Compact in Canada West favoured the power of the Governor General, appointed by the British government and taking instructions from Britain. Their opponents, known by various names such as Reformers, Parti patriote, and Groupe canadien-français, argued for local control of the government, under the system of responsible government used in Britain itself.

## Legislative Sessions

The Parliament was convened eight times in its history:

Following the Province of Canada's entry into Canadian Confederation on 1 July 1867, the Parliament of the Province of Canada ceased to exist. Because the new country of Canada was a federation, the Parliament's powers were divided between levels of government. Its section 91 powers were assigned to the current Parliament of Canada, while its section 92 powers were assigned to the current Parliament of Ontario (for Canada West) and the Legislature of Quebec (for Canada East).

## Legacy

The Parliament is noteworthy for its efforts in codifying the law, generally with respect to the statute law in 1859, with the enactment of the *Consolidated Statutes of Canada*, the *Consolidated Statutes for Lower Canada*, and the *Consolidated Statutes for Upper Canada*; and especially for the passage of the *Civil Code of Lower Canada* in 1866.

Several effects of actions taken by the Parliament can still be felt to the present day. Under s. 129 of the *Constitution Act, 1867*, limits have been placed on the ability of the legislatures of Ontario and Quebec to amend or repeal Acts of the former Province of Canada. Where such an Act created a body corporate operating in the former Province, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council held that such bodies cannot have "provincial objects" and only the Parliament of Canada had power to deal with such acts. It has been held that this restriction exists for any Act applying equally to Upper and Lower Canada, which became problematic when the *Civil Code of Lower Canada* was replaced by the *Civil Code of Quebec*.

1. *Union Act, 1840* 3 & 4 Vict., c. 35 (UK); re-printed RSC 1985, App. II, No. 4.
2. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 1.
3. *Proclamation*, February 5, 1841, *Journal of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, 1841*, pp. v-vi.
4. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 2.
5. *Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America*, January 31, 1839; re-printed, with an introduction by Sir Charles Lucas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912), Vol. 2, pp. 307-308.
6. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 3.
7. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 12.
8. "Province of Canada (1841-67)", *Canadian Encyclopedia*.
9. *Lord Durham's Report*, pp. 323-324.
10. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 4.
11. *Return of the names of Gentlemen summoned to the Legislative Council of Canada, by writs issued by His Excellency the Governor-General of Canada, bearing date the ninth day of June, instant, pursuant to Mandamus, dated the eleventh day of May, last past*, Office of the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, Kingston, 14th June, 1841. Printed in the *Journal of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada*, June 14, 1841, p. 13.
12. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 27.
13. *Constitutional Act, 1791*, 31 Geo. III, c. 31 (U.K.), s. 22.
14. *Constitutional Act, 1791*, s. 23.
15. *Constitutional Act, 1791*, s. 20.
16. *Constitutional Act*, s. 21
17. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 28.
18. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 37.
19. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 5.
20. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 6
21. *Union Act, 1840, s. 7.*
22. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 31.
23. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 40.
24. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 37
25. *Union Act, 1840*, s. 38.
26. *Rev. Robert Dobie v The Board for Management of the Presbyterian Church of Canada* \[1882\] UKPC 4, 7 App Cas 136 (21 January 1882), P.C. (on appeal from Quebec)
27. Lefroy, Augustus Henry Frazer (1918). *A short treatise on Canadian constitutional law*. Toronto: The Carswell Company. p. 189.
28. *An Act to amend the laws in force respecting the Sale of Intoxicating Liquors and the issue of Licenses therefor, and otherwise for repression of abuses resulting from such sale*, S.Prov.C. 1864, c. 18
29. Lefroy, Augustus Henry Frazer (1913). *Canada's Federal System*. Toronto: The Carswell Company. pp. 162–163.
30. *The Attorney General for Ontario v The Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada, and the Distillers and Brewers’ Association of Ontario (The "Local Prohibition Case")* \[1896\] UKPC 20, \[1896\] AC 348 (9 May 1896), P.C. (on appeal from Canada)
31. Leclair, Jean (1999). "Thoughts on the Constitutional Problems Raised by the Repeal of the *Civil Code of Lower Canada*". *The Harmonization of Federal Legislation with the Civil Law of the Province of Quebec and Canadian Bijuralism*. Ottawa: Department of Justice. pp. 347–394.

## InfoBox

| Parliament of the Province of Canada
Parlement de la Province du Canada | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | |
| Type | Bicameral |
| Houses | Legislative Council
Legislative Assembly |
| Term limits | Four years from election, unless sooner dissolved |
| History | |
| Founded | February 10, 1841 (1841-02-10) |
| Disbanded | July 1, 1867 (1867-07-01) |
| Preceded by | Special Council of Lower Canada
Parliament of Upper Canada |
| Succeeded by | Parliament of Canada
Parliament of Ontario
Legislature of Quebec |
| Leadership | |
| Head of state | British Monarch |
| Monarch's Representative | Governor General of the Province of Canada |
| Heads of government | Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada |
| Legislative leaders | Speaker of the Legislative Council
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly |
| Seats | Legislative Council: 24
Legislative Assembly: 84 |
| Elections | |
| Legislative Council voting system | Life appointments |
| Legislative Assembly voting system | Single-member districts
First-past-the-post voting
Open ballot system
Adult male franchise with property qualification |
| Constitution | |
| *Act of Union 1840* | |


title: Parthenina multicostata

abstract: Parthenina multicostata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Parthenina multicostata

***Parthenina multicostata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Parthenina multicostata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Parthenina* |
| Species: | ***P. multicostata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parthenina multicostata***<br>(Jeffreys, 1884) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chrysallida multicostata* (Jeffreys, 1884) * *Odostomia interstincta* var. *multicostata* Jeffreys, 1884 (original combination) | |


title: Gubbio

abstract: Gubbio is an Italian town and comune in the far northeastern part of the Italian province of Perugia (Umbria). It is located on the lowest slope of Mt. Ingino, a small mountain of the Apennines.

text:
# Gubbio

**Gubbio** (Italian pronunciation: \[ˈɡubbjo\]) is an Italian town and *comune* in the far northeastern part of the Italian province of Perugia (Umbria). It is located on the lowest slope of Mt. Ingino, a small mountain of the Apennines.

## History

The city's origins are very ancient. The hills above the town were already occupied in the Bronze Age. As *Ikuvium*, it was an important town of the Umbri in pre-Roman times, made famous for the discovery there in 1444 of the Iguvine Tablets, a set of bronze tablets that together constitute the largest surviving text in the Umbrian language. After the Roman conquest in the 2nd century BC – it kept its name as *Iguvium* – the city remained important, as attested by its Roman theatre, the second-largest surviving in the world.

Gubbio became very powerful in the beginning of the Middle Ages. The town sent 1000 knights to fight in the First Crusade under the lead of Girolamo of the prominent Gabrielli family, who, according to an undocumented local tradition, were the first to reach the Church of the Holy Sepulchre when Jerusalem was seized (1099).

The following centuries in Gubbio were turbulent, featuring wars against the neighboring towns of Umbria. One of these wars saw the miraculous intervention of its bishop, Ubald, who secured Gubbio an overwhelming victory (1151) and a period of prosperity. In the struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines, the Gabrielli, such as the *condottiero* Cante dei Gabrielli (c. 1260–1335), fought for the Guelph faction, supporting the papacy. As Podestà of Florence, Cante exiled Dante Alighieri, ensuring his own lasting notoriety.

In 1350 Giovanni Gabrielli, count of Borgovalle seized power as the lord of Gubbio. His rule was short, and he was forced to hand over the town to Cardinal Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz, representing the Papal states (1354).

A few years later, Gabriello Gabrielli, the bishop of Gubbio, also proclaimed himself lord of Gubbio (*Signor d'Agobbio*). Betrayed by a group of noblemen which included many of his relatives, the bishop was forced to leave the town and seek refuge at his home castle at Cantiano.

With the decline of the political prestige of the Gabrielli, Gubbio was thereafter incorporated into the territories of the House of Montefeltro. The lord of Urbino, Federico da Montefeltro rebuilt the ancient Palazzo Ducale in Gubbio, incorporating in it a studiolo veneered with intarsia like his studiolo at Urbino. The maiolica industry at Gubbio reached its apogee in the first half of the 16th century, with metallic lustre glazes imitating gold and copper.

Gubbio became part of the Papal States in 1631, when the della Rovere family, to whom the Duchy of Urbino had been granted, was extinguished. In 1860 Gubbio was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy along with the rest of the Papal States.

The name of the Pamphili family, a great papal family, originated in Gubbio then went to Rome under the pontificate of Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492), and is immortalized by Diego Velázquez and his portrait of Pope Innocent X.

## Geography

### Overview

The town is located in northern Umbria, near the border with Marche. The municipality borders Cagli (PU), Cantiano (PU), Costacciaro, Fossato di Vico, Gualdo Tadino, Perugia, Pietralunga, Scheggia e Pascelupo, Sigillo, Umbertide and Valfabbrica.

### *Frazioni*

The frazioni (territorial subdivisions) of the *comune* of Gubbio are the villages of: Belvedere, Bevelle, Biscina, Branca, Burano, Camporeggiano, Carbonesca, Casamorcia-Raggio, Cipolleto, Colonnata, Colpalombo, Ferratelle, Loreto, Magrano, Mocaiana, Monteleto, Monteluiano, Nogna, Padule, Petroia, Ponte d'Assi, Raggio, San Benedetto Vecchio, San Marco, San Martino in Colle, Santa Cristina, Scritto, Semonte, Spada, Torre Calzolari and Villa Magna.

## Monuments and sites of interest

The historical centre of Gubbio has a decidedly medieval aspect: the town is austere in appearance because of the dark grey stone, narrow streets, and Gothic architecture. Many houses in central Gubbio date to the 14th and 15th centuries, and were originally the dwellings of wealthy merchants. They often have a second door fronting on the street, usually just a few centimetres from the main entrance. This secondary entrance is narrower, and 30 centimetres (1 ft) or so above the actual street level. This type of door is called a *porta dei morti* (door of the dead) because it was proposed that they were used to remove the bodies of any who might have died inside the house. This is almost certainly false, but there is no agreement as to the purpose of the secondary doors. A more likely theory is that the door was used by the owners to protect themselves when opening to unknown persons, leaving them in a dominating position.

### Religious architecture or sites

* *Duomo*: This cathedral was built in the late 12th century. The most striking feature is the rose-window in the façade with, at its sides, the symbols of the Evangelists: the eagle for John the Evangelist, the lion for Mark the Evangelist, the angel for Matthew the Apostle and the ox for Luke the Evangelist. The interior has latine cross plan with a single nave. The most precious art piece is the wooden Christ over the altar, of Umbrian school.
* *San Francesco*: This church from the second half of the 13th century is the sole religious edifice in the city having a nave with two aisles. The vaults are supported by octagonal pilasters. The frescoes in the left side date from the 15th century.
* *Santa Maria Nuova*: This is a typical Cistercian church of the 13th century. In the interior is a 14th-century fresco portraying the so-called *Madonna del Belvedere* (1413), by Ottaviano Nelli. It also has a work by Guido Palmeruccio. Also from the Cistercians is the *Convent of St. Augustine*, with some frescoes by Nelli.
* *Basilica of Sant'Ubaldo*, with a nave and four aisles is a sanctuary outside the city. Noteworthy are the marble altar and the great windows with episodes of the life of Ubald, patron of Gubbio. The finely sculpted portals and the fragmentary frescoes give a hint of the magnificent 15th-century decoration once boasted by the basilica.
* *San Giovanni Battista, Gubbio*: 13th-century church withone nave only with four transversal arches supporting the pitched roof,a model for later Gubbio churches.
* *San Domenico*, once known as San Martino
* *Sant'Agostino*
* *Santa Croce della Foce*

### Secular architecture or sites

## Culture

Gubbio is home to the Corsa dei Ceri, a run held every year always on Saint Ubaldo Day, the 15th day of May, in which three teams, devoted to Ubald, Saint George and Saint Anthony the Great run through throngs of cheering supporters clad in the distinctive colours of yellow, blue and black, with white trousers and red belts and neckbands, up much of the mountain from the main square in front of the Palazzo dei Consoli to the basilica of St. Ubaldo, each team carrying a statue of their saint mounted on a wooden octagonal prism, similar to an hour-glass shape 4 metres (13 ft) tall and weighing about 280 kg (617 lb).

The race has strong devotional, civic, and historical overtones and is one of the best-known folklore manifestations in Italy; the Ceri were chosen as the heraldic emblem on the coat of arms of Umbria as a modern administrative region.

A celebration like the Corsa dei Ceri is held also in Jessup, Pennsylvania. In this small town the people carry out the same festivities as the residents of Gubbio do by "racing" the three statues through the streets during the Memorial Day weekend. This remains an important and sacred event in both towns.

Gubbio was also one of the centres of production of the Italian pottery (maiolica), during the Renaissance. The most important Italian potter of that period, Giorgio Andreoli, was active in Gubbio during the early 16th century.

The town's most famous story is that of "The Wolf of Gubbio"; a man eating wolf that was tamed by St. Francis of Assisi and who then became a docile resident of the city. The legend is related in the 14th-century *Little Flowers of St. Francis*.

### The Gubbio Layer

Gubbio is also known among geologists and palaeontologists as the discovery place of what was at first called the "Gubbio layer", a sedimentary layer enriched in iridium that was exposed by a roadcut outside of town. This thin, dark band of sediment marks the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, also known as the K–T boundary or K–Pg boundary, between the Cretaceous and Paleogene geological periods about 66 million years ago, and was formed by infalling debris from the gigantic meteor impact probably responsible for the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. Its iridium, a heavy metal rare on Earth's surface, is plentiful in extraterrestrial material such as comets and asteroids. It also contains small globules of glassy material called tektites, formed in the initial impact. Discovered at Gubbio, the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary is also visible at many places all over the world. The characteristics of this boundary layer support the theory that a devastating meteorite impact, with accompanying ecological and climatic disturbance, was directly responsible for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

### Gubbio in fiction

In Hermann Hesse's novel *Steppenwolf* (1927) the isolated and tormented protagonist – a namesake of the wolf – consoles himself at one point by recalling a scene that the author might have beheld during his travels: "(...) that slender cypress on the hill over Gubbio that, though split and riven by a fall of stone, yet held fast to life and put forth with its last resources a new sparse tuft at the top".

The town is a backdrop in Antal Szerb's novel *Journey by Moonlight* (1937) as well as Danièle Sallenave's *Les Portes de Gubbio* (1980).

The TV series *Don Matteo*, where the title character ministers to his parish while solving crimes, was shot on location in Gubbio between 2000 and 2011.

The 2024 novel *What We Buried* by Robert Rotenberg takes place in Canada and Gubbio. In particular, the novel involves the 40 "Martyrs of Gubbio", civilians seized from their homes by German soldiers late in WW2 and shot, in reprisal for the shooting of a German officer by partisans.

### Other

Anna Moroni, a popular cook on the Italian daytime TV series "La Prova del Cuoco" discusses Gubbio in many of her TV segments. She often cooks dishes from the region on TV, and she featured Gubbio in her first book.

## Sport

A.S. Gubbio 1910 football club play in Serie C at the Pietro Barbetti Stadium.

## Transportation

The city is served by Fossato di Vico–Gubbio railway station located in Fossato di Vico; until 1945 it also operating the Central Apennine railway (*Ferrovia Appenino Centrale* abbreviation *FAC*) with a narrow gauge which departed from Arezzo and reached as far as Fossato di Vico and in Gubbio had his own railway station located in via Beniamino Ubaldi 2, now completely demolished.

## International relations

### Twin towns – Sister cities

Gubbio is twinned with:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Gubbio | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Città di Gubbio | |
| Panorama of Gubbio | |
|  | |
| Gubbio within the Province of Perugia | |
| Location of Gubbio | |
| GubbioLocation of Gubbio in ItalyGubbioGubbio (Umbria) | |
| Coordinates: 43°21′N 12°34′E / 43.350°N 12.567°E / 43.350; 12.567 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Umbria |
| Province | Perugia (PG) |
| *Frazioni* | see list |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Filippo Mario Stirati (SEL) |
| Area | |
| Total | 525 km2 (203 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 522 m (1,713 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 32,998 |
| Density | 63/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Eugubini |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 06024, 06020 |
| Dialing code | 075 |
| Patron saint | St. Ubaldus |
| Saint day | May 16 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Parnell Commission

abstract: The Parnell Commission, officially Special Commission on Parnellism and Crime, was a judicial inquiry in the late 1880s into allegations of crimes by Irish parliamentarian Charles Stewart Parnell which resulted in his vindication.

text:
# Parnell Commission

The **Parnell Commission**, officially **Special Commission on Parnellism and Crime**, was a judicial inquiry in the late 1880s into allegations of crimes by Irish parliamentarian Charles Stewart Parnell which resulted in his vindication.

## Background

On 6 May 1882 two leading members of the British Government in Ireland, Chief Secretary for Ireland Lord Frederick Cavendish and the Permanent Under-Secretary for Ireland T.H. Burke were stabbed to death in Phoenix Park, Dublin by the Irish National Invincibles (see Phoenix Park Murders).

In March 1887, *The Times* published a series of articles, "Parnellism and Crime", in which Home Rule League leaders were accused of being involved in murder and outrage during the land war. *The Times* produced a number of facsimile letters, allegedly bearing Parnell's signature and in one of the letters Parnell had excused and condoned the murder of T.H. Burke in the Phoenix Park.

In particular the newspaper had paid £1,780 for a letter supposedly written by Parnell to Patrick Egan, a Fenian activist, that included: "Though I regret the accident of Lord F Cavendish's death I cannot refuse to admit that Burke got no more than his deserts" and was signed "Yours very truly, Charles S. Parnell". On the day it was published (18 April 1887), Parnell described the letter in the House of Commons as "a villainous and barefaced forgery."

Also on 18 April the Perpetual Crimes Act had its second reading and debate in the Commons. It appeared to nationalists that it was more than coincidental that the *Times* article on the letter was published on the same day and was obviously intended to sway the debate.

## The Commission

After considerable argument, the government eventually set up a Special Commission to investigate the charges made against Parnell and the Home Rule party. The commission sat for 128 days between September 1888 and November 1889. In February 1889, one of the witnesses, Richard Pigott, admitted to having forged the letters; he then fled to Madrid, where he shot himself. Parnell's name was fully cleared and *The Times* paid a large sum of money by way of compensation after Parnell brought a libel action. His principal lawyer was Charles Russell, who later become Lord Chief Justice. Russell also wrote an influential book about the case.

In an out-of-court settlement Parnell accepted £5,000 in damages. While this was less than the £100,000 he sought, the legal costs for *The Times* brought its overall costs to £200,000. When Parnell re-entered parliament after he was vindicated, he received a standing ovation from his fellow MPs.

The Commission did not limit itself to the forgeries, but also examined at length the surrounding circumstances, and in particular the violent aspects of the Land War and the Plan of Campaign. Testimony included an extensive submission by Land League founder Michael Davitt for which he was paid by The Irish Party. In July 1889, the Irish Nationalist MPs and their lawyers withdrew, satisfied with the main result. When it eventually published its 35 volumes of evidence it satisfied for the most part the pro- and anti-nationalist camps in Ireland:

* Nationalists were pleased that Parnell had been heroically vindicated, in particular against *The Times* which had become a supporter of the high Tory prime minister Lord Salisbury.
* Unionists conceded that Parnell was innocent, but pointed to a surrounding mass of sworn evidence that suggested that some of his MPs had condoned or advocated violence in such a way that murders were inevitable. They also made much of the fact that Pigott had formerly been a Nationalist supporter and was clearly deranged.

## Historiography

A balanced and up-to-date overview of the "Parnellism and Crime" affair is given by T. W. Moody (1968), who was able to take advantage of the important modern contributions of Henry Harrison in the 1940s and 1950s and of Leon Ó Broin in the 1960s. Andrew Robert's biography of Salisbury (1999) mainly lists the government's concerns; chapter 27 covers the period from March 1887 to July 1891. The commission has a chapter in Myles Dungan's *Conspiracy: Irish Political Trials* (2009). See also Jane Stanford, *That Irishman: The Life and Times of John O'Connor Power*, Part Four, "Taking a Stand".

### Sources

Primary * Special Commission to inquire into Charges and Allegations against certain M.P.s in Proceedings in Action of O'Donnell v. Walter (1890). *Report*. Command papers. Vol. C.5891. HMSO. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
* "Ireland—Special Commission (1888) Report". *Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)*. 21 March 1890. HL Deb vol 342 cc1357-497.

Secondary

### Citations


title: The Law of the North (1917 film)

abstract: The Law of the North is a 1917 American silent adventure film directed by Burton George and Edward H. Griffith and starring Shirley Mason, Pat O'Malley and Richard Tucker.

text:
# The Law of the North (1917 film)

***The Law of the North*** is a 1917 American silent adventure film directed by Burton George and Edward H. Griffith and starring Shirley Mason, Pat O'Malley and Richard Tucker.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Brégent-Heald, Dominique. *Borderland Films: American Cinema, Mexico, and Canada During the Progressive Era*. University of Nebraska Press, 2015.

## InfoBox

| The Law of the North | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Burton George
Edward H. Griffith |
| Written by | Edward H. Griffith |
| Starring | Shirley Mason
Pat O'Malley
Richard Tucker |
| Cinematography | Charles E. Gilson |
| Production
company | Edison Studios |
| Distributed by | K-E-S-E Service |
| Release date | * April 2, 1917 (1917-04-02) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation

abstract: The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) is a charitable organization dedicated to multiple myeloma, an incurable blood cancer. The MMRF runs as if it were a for-profit business, expecting high returns from the money the organization raises from donors.

text:
# Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation

The **Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation** (**MMRF**) is a charitable organization dedicated to multiple myeloma, an incurable blood cancer. The MMRF runs as if it were a for-profit business, expecting high returns from the money the organization raises from donors.

## History

MMRF was founded in 1998 by twin sisters Kathy Giusti and Karen Andrews, following Kathy's diagnosis with multiple myeloma. Giusti, a pharmaceutical company executive and Harvard Business School Alum, wanted to encourage researchers to develop treatments for multiple myeloma by using business models rather than academic models of drug development.

## About The MMRF

MMRF is a private funder of multiple myeloma research, having raised over $120 million since its inception to contribute funding to more than 120 laboratories worldwide. MMRF funding contributes to diverse research strategies to yield long-, mid-, and short-term results in an effort to deliver better treatments to patients faster: basic science programs to better understand the disease and identify new druggable targets through genomics and proteomics research; validation programs to prioritize new compounds and combinations based on key targets; and clinical trials conducted at a number of myeloma centers.

In 2009, the MMRF funded research into 30 compounds at the pre-clinical stage. By 2013 it had raised more than $250 million and its work has helped gain approval of six new drugs to treat the disease.

1. Groopman, Jerome (January 28, 2008). "Buying a Cure.(Kathy Giusti's Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation)". *The New Yorker*. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
2. "Harvard Business School Awards MMRF Founder, CEO with Alumni Achievement Award". Reuters (Business wire). 2009-10-22. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
3. Duxbury, Sarah (December 8, 2006). "Foundations move in where VCs fear to tread". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
4. "A Mission with Precision", Forbes Magazine, December 3, 2013


title: Raffaele Mertes

abstract: Raffaele Mertes is an Italian film director. He began as a cinematographer, with his first work being on the 1982 film Un gusto molto particolare. His first film as director was the made-for-TV biblical film Ester in 1998.

text:
# Raffaele Mertes

**Raffaele Mertes** (born 1959) is an Italian film director. He began as a cinematographer, with his first work being on the 1982 film *Un gusto molto particolare*. His first film as director was the made-for-TV biblical film *Ester* in 1998.

## Filmography

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Raffaele Mertes | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1959 |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation | Italian film director |
| Notable work | Giuseppe di Nazareth, 2000 |


abstract: Northside High School is a high school in Warner Robins, Georgia, United States. Located at 926 Green Street on the northern side of Warner Robins, it was built in 1963 and enrolls approximately 1827 students. It is a part of Houston County Schools. Northside's mascot is the eagle. Its official colors are blue and white, though orange is also commonly used.

text:
# Northside High School (Warner Robins, Georgia)

**Northside High School** is a high school in Warner Robins, Georgia, United States. Located at 926 Green Street on the northern side of Warner Robins, it was built in 1963 and enrolls approximately 1827 students. It is a part of Houston County Schools.

Northside's mascot is the eagle. Its official colors are blue and white, though orange is also commonly used.

## History

Northside High School originally opened in 1963 as the second high school to be built in Warner Robins, after Warner Robins High School.

## Campus

Many cosmetic changes were implemented starting in 2001. At the end of the 2004-2005 school year, the school began renovation projects to increase the size of the school. Northside was last renovated during 2005 and 2006. This most recent renovation included a new commons area, an expanded lobby, a bigger cafeteria which connects the Vocational Building with the main building, an expansion of the Technology lab and the band room, and a new gymnasium. Construction ended during the 2006-2007 school year.

### Tabor Academy

In 2004, Tabor Middle School became Tabor Academy at Northside, a 9th grade-only school which introduces 9th grade students to the high school atmosphere.

## Extracurricular activities

### Athletics

The school sponsored athletic teams are football, cross country, volleyball, softball, cheerleading (competition, football, and basketball), basketball, swimming, wrestling, soccer, baseball, track, tennis, and golf. There is a bass fishing team under the Houston County Bass Angler Federation, not associated with any state or national organization.

In 1998, Northside Eagle ladies' track team won state in the 100 meters.

### Football

Home football games for the Northside Eagles are played at McConnell-Talbert Stadium.

The Northside Eagles football team have had winning seasons for 22 consecutive years; they are 146-15 from 1998 to the present. Northside had 17 consecutive seasons with 10 or more wins from 1998-2014.

From 1998 to 2005, the school had five teams go 10-0 in the regular season but falter in the playoffs. In 2006 and 2007, the school broke through with consecutive 15-0 finishes in Class 4-A, and won two state championships.

In 2009 the Eagles had wins against Lowndes (#1 in the state, #4 in the nation), Valdosta, and Newnan (#2 in the state, #10 in the nation) in the semi-finals, leading the way for the Eagles to contest for the 5A state championship in 2009, which they lost against Camden County (December 12) at the Georgia Dome (31-3). Northside was moved back down to 4-A due to lack of enough students to remain in the 5-A classification.

Northside won the 5A Georgia State Football Championship in 2014. This brought their total number of state titles to three, with three state runner-up titles.

Since 1999, Northside has had nine semi-final appearances and six final appearances in the play-offs, making it to the second round or higher every year, except 2010.

### The Blue Wind Band

In the 2011-2012 school year, the band won first place in class 3A East Georgia Marching Festival, and third place, overall band of the day. They received Superior ratings at LGPE Symphonic Band, and Excellent ratings at Concert Band LGPE. Their marching show was "The Music of Journey."

### Show choir

The school has a show choir program, integrating fundamentals of dance and vocal music.

### One-act play

Northside has an annual one-act play. Over the years, Northside productions have participated in the GHSA One-Act Competition, the Georgia Theatre Conference, Georgia Thespian Conference, International Thespian Festival (held annually in Lincoln, Nebraska; held in Muncie, Indiana prior to Lincoln), and the Southeastern Theatre Conference. Northside placed at the GHSA State One-Act Play Competition 34 years in a row, 1974-2008. Overall, Northside has finished first or second 27 times, 19 of those as State Champion. Northside was State One-Act Champion in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014. Until the 1980s, the GHSA State One-Act Competition was held in late January or early February. During the 1990s it was held the first weekend in December. It is now held in mid-November. School holds state record for number of One-Act Play State Championships.

### Literary

The GHSA State Literary Contest has ten events: Boys'/Girls' Dramatic Interpretation, Boys'/Girls' Essay, Boys'/Girls' Extemporaneous Speaking, Boys'/Girls' Solo, Trio and Quartet. Until the 1999-2000 school year, One-Act Play and Debate were also included in the total points calculated for the literary events. Northside has placed as one of the top three schools 33 times and finished as State Literary Champion 20 times.

Northside was State Literary Champion in 1969, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, and 2013.

### Yearbook

The *Aquila* is Northside's yearbook created by members of the school's yearbook staff.

### State titles

* Girls' Basketball (2) - 1967(2A), 1968(2A)
* Boys' Cross Country (1) - 1959(Open)
* Football (3) - 2006(4A), 2007(4A), 2014(5A)
* Girls' Swimming (1) - 1956(Open)

### Other GHSA state titles

* Literary (22) - 1968(2A), 1969(3A), 1976(3A), 1978(3A), 1979(4A), 1981(4A), 1982(4A), 1987(4A), 1989(4A), 1991(4A), 1992(4A), 1994(4A), 1995(4A), 1996(4A), 1997(4A), 2000(4A), 2001(5A), 2003(5A), 2004(5A), 2007(4A), 2008(4A), 2013(5A)
* One Act Play (9) - 2006(4A), 2007(4A), 2008(5A), 2010(4A), 2011(4A), 2012(5A), 2013(5A), 2014(5A), 2016(6A)

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Northside High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 926 Green Street
Warner Robins, Georgia 31093
United States | |
| Coordinates | 32°37′37″N 83°37′52″W / 32.62694°N 83.63111°W / 32.62694; -83.63111 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| Mottoes | It's great to be a Northside Eagle (IGTBANE). Tradition•Family•Excellence |
| Established | 1963 (1963) |
| School district | Houston County Schools |
| Principal | Dustin Dykes |
| Staff | 114.10 (FTE) |
| Faculty | 120 |
| Grades | 12 |
| Enrollment | 1,959 (2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 17.17 |
| Color(s) | Blue and white |
| Athletics | GHSA |
| Athletics conference | AAAAAA (6A) Region 1 |
| Mascot | Eagle |
| Rival | Warner Robins Demons |
| Website | nhs.hcbe.net |


title: Grady O'Cummings III

abstract: Grady O'Cummings III was a declared candidate for president in the United States presidential election of 1964 in both the Democratic primaries and for his self-formed National Civil Rights Party. He later withdrew to challenge Democratic representative John J. Rooney in New York's 14th congressional district. In 1969, he faked his own death to avoid threats to him and his family from the Black Panther Party. O'Cummings died in 1996 at the age of 63.

text:
# Grady O'Cummings III

**Grady O'Cummings III** was a declared candidate for president in the United States presidential election of 1964 in both the Democratic primaries and for his self-formed National Civil Rights Party. He later withdrew to challenge Democratic representative John J. Rooney in New York's 14th congressional district. In 1969, he faked his own death to avoid threats to him and his family from the Black Panther Party. O'Cummings died in 1996 at the age of 63.


title: Guanqiao station

abstract: Guanqiao station is a future elevated station of Line 4 of the Guangzhou Metro. It will be located at Guanqiao Village, Shilou Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou. The station began construction in December 2023 and will be completed by the end of 2026.

text:
# Guanqiao station

**Guanqiao station** (simplified Chinese: 官桥站; traditional Chinese: 官橋站; pinyin: *Guānqiáo Zhàn*; Jyutping: *gun1 kiu4 zaam6*) is a future elevated station of Line 4 of the Guangzhou Metro. It will be located at Guanqiao Village (Chinese: 官桥村), Shilou Town (Chinese: 石楼镇), Panyu District, Guangzhou. The station began construction in December 2023 and will be completed by the end of 2026.

## History

This station was originally a reserved station on Line 4. Because most of the surrounding areas of the station are farmland and there is no road to connect with the outside world, the station was not built simultaneously with Line 4, therefore only the equipment required for the signal system was installed at the predetermined location of the station, and no civil facilities for the station were reserved.

As construction of the Guangzhou–Huizhou intercity railway neared completion, the station started planning construction around 2020 to channel passengers onto the intercity line. The preliminary design estimate for the station project was approved in February 2021. The station was originally scheduled to start construction in the second half of 2021 and be completed and opened in 2024. As a result, the parties issued a supervision tender in October of the same year, but suspended the tender ahead of schedule in March 2022. In May 2022, the construction bidding supervision bidding was restarted again. In September 2022, the relevant person in charge said in response to media and public inquiries that the station has completed the bidding for the project and is carrying out preliminary work such as land acquisition, planning and construction approval.

In February 2024, the construction of the steel structure of the station began.

## InfoBox

| Guanqiao
官桥 | |
| --- | --- |
| Metro Guanqiao station is proposed to be built on the southwestern side of Guanqiao North (Guanqiaobei) railway station | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 官桥站 |
| Traditional Chinese | 官橋站 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Guānqiáo Zhàn  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping gun1 kiu4 zaam6 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong
China |
| Coordinates | 22°59′01″N 113°26′20″E / 22.983511°N 113.438881°E / 22.983511; 113.438881 |
| Operated by | Guangzhou Metro Co. Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Line 4 |
| Platforms | 2 (2 side platforms) |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Guanqiao North |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 416 |
| History | |
| Opening | 2026 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Guangzhou Metro Following station  Line 4 does not stop here | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Paruchy

abstract: Paruchy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Końskie, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Końskie and 39 km (24 mi) north of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Paruchy

**Paruchy** \[paˈruxɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Końskie, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Końskie and 39 km (24 mi) north of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Paruchy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Paruchy | |
| Coordinates: 51°13′37″N 20°33′6″E / 51.22694°N 20.55167°E / 51.22694; 20.55167 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Końskie |
| Gmina | Końskie |
| Population | 200 |


title: Guaraguaoonops

abstract: Guaraguaoonops is a genus of spiders in the family Oonopidae. It was first described in 2012 by Brescovit, Rheims & Bonaldo. As of 2016, it contains 2 species, both from Brazil.

text:
# Guaraguaoonops

***Guaraguaoonops*** is a genus of spiders in the family Oonopidae. It was first described in 2012 by Brescovit, Rheims & Bonaldo. As of 2016, it contains 2 species, both from Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Guaraguaoonops* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Oonopidae |
| Genus: | *Guaraguaoonops*<br>Bonaldo |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Passmore Sisters

abstract:
The Passmore Sisters are a British Indie band who formed in Bradford, England in 1984. In 1986 the band relocated to Manchester with guitarist Peter Richardson leaving to be replaced by Brian E Roberts. Drummer Adrian Lee left in 1987 to be replaced by Robert Grace, joining Martin Sadofski (vocals) and Howard Taylor (bass) to complete the line up. They recorded three sessions for BBC Radio 1, two for John Peel
and one for Janice Long (1987).

text:
# Passmore Sisters

The **Passmore Sisters** are a British Indie band who formed in Bradford, England in 1984. In 1986 the band relocated to Manchester with guitarist Peter Richardson leaving to be replaced by Brian E Roberts. Drummer Adrian Lee left in 1987 to be replaced by Robert Grace, joining Martin Sadofski (vocals) and Howard Taylor (bass) to complete the line up. They recorded three sessions for BBC Radio 1, two for John Peel (1985 and 1986) and one for Janice Long (1987).

## Discography

### Singles

* Three Love Songs (7") (A) Dance The House Down (B) Goodbye To The Girl / Shatter. (CAL 3 Sharp Records 1985)
* Violent Blue (12") (A) Violent Blue / Pretty But Hollow (B) At Home With The Walls / Love Songs For Ever. (CAL 4 Sharp Records 1986)
* Every Child In Heaven (12") (A) Every Child In Heaven (Longer) (B) June In The Water / Difficult. (CAL6T Sharp Records 1987)
* Every Child In Heaven (7") (A) Every Child In Heaven (B) Grim English Joke. (CAL6 Sharp Records 1987)
* A Safe Place To Hide (12”) (A) A Safe Place To Hide (B) All I Need Is Change / Red Star Blue Heart (CAL7T Sharp Records 1987)
* A Safe Place To Hide (7”) (A) A Safe Place To Hide (B) All I Need Is Change (CAL7 Sharp Records 1987)
* Last Train To Clarksville (Vegetable Records 1941520267117 2019)
* These Things I Feel (Vegetable Records FEHUDL04 2020)

### Albums

* First Love Last Rites - (Side 1) Difficult / Every Child In Heaven / Goodbye Billy Wild / Shatter / Sally Why / A Safe Place To Hide. (Side 2) Dance The House Down / June In The Water / Foundry Of Lies / Grim English Joke / Red Star Blue Heart / All I Need Is Change (CAL P1 Sharp Records 1988)
* The Original Rock’n’Roll Chair - Every Child In Heaven / June In The Water / Difficult / A Safe Place To Hide / All I Need Is Change / Dance The House Down / Goodbye To The Girl / The Grim English Joke / Red Star, Blue Heart / Pretty But Hollow / Shatter / At Home With The Walls / Beautiful Now / Admission / Love Songs Forever / Strong For Europe / Violent Blue / After Imitation / Every Child In Heaven (Longer) (Vegetable Records FEHUCD005 2018)

1. "BBC - Radio 1 - Keeping It Peel - 28/07/1985 The Passmore Sisters". *www.bbc.co.uk*.
2. "BBC - Radio 1 - Keeping It Peel - 05/10/1986 The Passmore Sisters". *www.bbc.co.uk*.
3. Garner, Ken (1993). *In Session Tonight: Complete Radio 1 Recordings*. BBC Books. ISBN 9780563364528.
4. "The Passmore Sisters". *Discogs*.


title: Parrearra, Queensland

abstract: Parrearra is a suburb in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Parrearra had a population of 4,661 people. Parrearra is located within the Kawana Waters urban area and is informally referred to as Kawana Island.

text:
# Parrearra, Queensland

**Parrearra** is a suburb in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Parrearra had a population of 4,661 people.

Parrearra is located within the Kawana Waters urban area and is informally referred to as **Kawana Island**.

## Geography

The suburb is bounded to the west by the Mooloolah River, to the north by Nicklin Way, to the north-east by the Parrearra Canal, to the south-east and south by the Wyuna Canal, making the suburb an island. The canals combined are unofficially known as Parrearra Lake. The primary purpose of the canals together with the associated locks and weirs is for flood mitigation in the Kawana Waters area, while recreational use of the waterways is a secondary purpose.

Access to the island suburb is principally via Kawana Way which enters the suburb from the east (Mountain Creek / Sippy Downs) crossing the Mooloola River and exits the suburb to the south via a bridge over the Wyuna Canal (Warana). Kawana Island Boulevard connects Kawana Way and exits the suburb to the east crossing a bridge over Wyuna Canal to Warana.

Nicklin Way travels the northern boundary of Parrearra from Mooloolaba to Minyama but there is no access from the Nicklin Way into Parearra.

The suburb is residential in character.

## History

The name of the suburb was one of several proposed in 1967 by the Kawana Waters developer, Alfred Grant, drawing on an unattributed reference by Justine Kenyon in her book on Aboriginal words, denoting a *length of river*. Parrearra was named as a town by the Queensland Place Names Board on 1 September 1967, but was redesignated and bounded as a suburb in 1989.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Parrearra had a population of 4,468 people.

In the 2021 census, Parrearra had a population of 4,661 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Parrearra. The nearest primary schools are Brighwater State School in Mountain Creek and Buddina State School in Buddina. The nearest secondary school is Kawana Waters State College in Bokarina.

* "Parrearra". *Queensland Places*. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.

## InfoBox

| Parrearra
Sunshine Coast, Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Park in Sunbird Close, 2021 | |
| Parrearra | |
| Coordinates | 26°42′40″S 153°07′18″E / 26.7111°S 153.1216°E / -26.7111; 153.1216 |
| Population | 4,661 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 1,860/km2 (4,830/sq mi) |
| Established | 1967 |
| Postcode(s) | 4575 |
| Area | 2.5 km2 (1.0 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Sunshine Coast Region |
| County | Canning |
| Parish | Mooloolah |
| State electorate(s) | Kawana |
| Federal division(s) | Fisher |
| **Suburbs around Parrearra:**  Mooloolaba Minyama Buddina  Mountain Creek Parrearra Warana  Sippy Downs Warana Warana | |