title: Josef Reinsberg

abstract: Josef Reinsberg (18 August 1844 Přibyslav – 29 January 1930 Prague) was a Czech physician, professor of forensic medicine at the Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, founder of Czech forensic medicine. Later dean of the Faculty and rector of the University (1898-1899), member of the Bohemian Diet, and contributor to the Otto's encyclopedia.

text:
# Josef Reinsberg

**Josef Reinsberg** (18 August 1844 Přibyslav – 29 January 1930 Prague) was a Czech physician, professor of forensic medicine at the Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, founder of Czech forensic medicine. Later dean of the Faculty and rector of the University (1898-1899), member of the Bohemian Diet, and contributor to the Otto's encyclopedia.

## Life

He was born on 18 August 1844 in Přibyslav (Austrian Empire) as the son of Marie and Jan Reinsberg. In 1864 he graduated from the secondary school in Klatovy and on 19 March 1870 he was graduated from the Prague Medical Faculty.

He worked first as an external physician in the surgical department of the General University Hospital in Prague, then as an assistant in the obstetric clinic of prof. Jan Streng. In 1871 he was appointed town and factory physician in Žamberk. Two years later he became a court physician and a general practitioner at the Catharine Hospital in Žamberk. At the same time he worked as a court-appointed physician at the district courts in Hradec Králové, Rokytnice and Žamberk as well as at the regional court in Hradec Králové. In 1874 he established a private chemical laboratory.

On 12 January 1879, after passing the examinations, he was appointed district physician for the Klatovy Health District.

### Pedagogical activity

He made annual study trips to Austrian university towns. In 1883 he stayed in Munich for an internship. A year later he was admitted to the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University, where he founded the Institute for Forensic Medicine. In July 1885 he was appointed an associate professor and in July 1886 a full professor. In addition to forensic medicine, he also lectured on public health, health policy and hygiene. His lectures on emergency life support were intended for a wider audience. When professor Václav Bělohradský died in 1896, Reinsberg taught forensic medicine at the faculty of law for several years.

In 1891, 1896, and 1903 he held the position of Dean of the Prague Medical Faculty. In 1899 he was appointed rector of the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University. During his rectorship he was also a member of the Bohemian Diet. He gave up teaching in 1908 for health reasons.

### Public life

He has been publicly active all his life. As a physician, he was one of the founders of the Association of Czech Medics, where he co-published a journal with Vítězslav Janovský and was also elected chairman. Together with Štěpán Pučálka, the executive of the association, he had a portrait of J. E. Purkyně painted by Petr Maixner and donated it to the Institute of Physiology. He also participated in the collection of Czech medical terminology.

In Žamberk he introduced evening lectures in the trade and apprenticeship school. He also served in the municipal council, the town council, as deputy mayor and district mayor. On his retirement, he was made an honorary citizen. He co-founded the Literary Unity in Klatovy.

In Prague, he served as a court-appointed physician at the provincial court from 1885 to 1908. Starting from 1896, he also worked at the arbitration court of the accident insurance company. Additionally, he was a member of the provincial health council and the city health commission from 1885 to 1912. He became active in the Association of Czech Physicians in 1886, eventually holding the position of mayor. After the departure of dr. Chodounský, he edited the *Časopis českých lékařů* (Journal of Czech Physicians).

From 1885 he gave popular lectures for the benefit of the student support societies and on festive occasions. As rector of the university, on 5 April 1899, he launched a series of popular lectures for the general public, organised mainly thanks to Otakar Hostinský and his colleagues from the Faculty of Philosophy.

He was a co-founder (with prof. Jarník) and the first chairman of the large student canteen (Mensa Academica), and after the passing of prof. Antonín Frič, he took over the management of the supportive Hus Foundation.

He was also briefly chairman of the ethnographic society and participated in the management of the 1895 ethnographic exhibition.

### Family life

Josef Reinsberg married Anna, née Havlíček (1850-??), daughter of the local postmaster, on 3 October 1871 in Lovčice. The Reinsbergs had nine children, some of whom died prematurely.

### The end of life

He died on 29 January 1930 and was buried in Olšany.

## Work

He was the author of a number of studies published in professional journals, such as:

* Reinsberg, Josef (1879). *O uškození na těle (Časopis českých lékařů XVIII)* (in Czech).
* Reinsberg, Josef (1885–87). *Kausistické příspěvky k nauce o náhlé a násilné smrti* (in Czech).
* Reinsberg, Josef (1901). *Příspěvek k nauce o otravě nikotinem (Věstník III. sjezdu českých přírodozpytců a lékařů v Praze* (in Czech).

Separately published, for example:

* Reinsberg, Josef (1885). *Soudní lékařská kasuistika* (in Czech).
* Reinsberg, Josef (1896). *Nauka o soudním lékar̆ství* (in Czech). Prague: Bursík a Kohout. OCLC 14791835.
* Reinsberg, Josef (1896). *Sbírka soudních lékařských posudků (superarbitrií) České lékařské fakulty* (in Czech). Prague: Bursík a Kohout. OCLC 85654015.
* Reinsberg, Josef (1899). *O zhoubném účinku elektřiny na tělo lidské a zvířecí* (in Czech).

He contributed to the Otto's encyclopedia under the mark Rg.

## Family

* Son Viktor Reinsberg (1875-1938) was a professor, also rector of Comenius University in Bratislava
* Grandson Jiří Reinsberg (1918-2004), son of Viktor, was a well-known Catholic priest, writer and scout leader.
* His son-in-law Václav Kafka (1868-1946), husband of his daughter Marianna, was an orthopaedic physician, head of the Czech Children's Hospital in Prague
* Son-in-law František Prokop (1870-1959), husband of daughter Emma, was a professor at the University of Bratislava
* Son-in-law Václav Girsa (1875-1954), husband of daughter Berta, was a physician and diplomat
* Son-in-law Jaromír Stretti-Zamponi (1882-1959), husband of daughter Zdeňka, was known as an academic painter.

## Literature

## InfoBox

| Josef Reinsberg | |
| --- | --- |
| J. Reinsberg in a photograph from 1892 | |
| Born | (1844-08-18)18 August 1844
Přibyslav(Austrian Empire) |
| Died | 29 January 1930(1930-01-29) (aged 85)
Prague (Czechoslovakia) |
| Burial place | Olšany Cemetery |
| Occupation(s) | doctor and teacher |
| Awards | Honorary citizenship of the town of Žamberk |


title: Portland Breakwater Fort

abstract: The Portland Breakwater Fort is a 19th-century fort, built between 1868-1875 to defend Portland Harbour, Dorset, England. It is located on the outer breakwater of the harbour and has been Grade II Listed since 1978. The fort is not open to the public and remains derelict. On the opposite side of the next stretch of the breakwater is the Portland Breakwater Lighthouse.

text:
# Portland Breakwater Fort

50°35′06″N 2°24′51″W / 50.5849°N 2.4141°W / 50.5849; -2.4141

The **Portland Breakwater Fort** is a 19th-century fort, built between 1868-1875 to defend Portland Harbour, Dorset, England. It is located on the outer breakwater of the harbour and has been Grade II Listed since 1978. The fort is not open to the public and remains derelict. On the opposite side of the next stretch of the breakwater is the Portland Breakwater Lighthouse.

## History and design

Designed by Captain E. H. Steward of the Royal Engineers, the circular fort was first planned in 1859. It was built as a result of the Royal Commission to guard the new Portland harbour and Royal Navy institutions on the island. Due to subsidence, the fort was constructed on a granite base, based on a 200-foot (61 m) diameter ring of stone laid down on the seabed. The main floor consists of gun rooms and ports for 14 heavy guns. Below the gun floor are the shell and cartridge stores and engine rooms. The fort also has its own harbour and ancillary barrack buildings. The fort cost £75,968 to build.

In 1892, the fort was installed with seven 12.5-inch RML cannons, and these were replaced in 1907 by two 6-inch BL guns and two 12-pounder QF guns. During World War I, it was armed with two 6-inch BL Mk. VII guns. During World War II, the fort was used as an examination battery. It was reduced to care and maintenance by 1945 and abandoned in 1956. For decades, remains of a cut up 12 inch R.M.L. cannon can be seen out of the water.

In 1995, the Dorset Sculpture Trust attempted to gain a grant from the Millennium Fund to turn the site into an arts centre. In 2005, BBC Spotlight's Jonathan Hudston had an exclusive tour of the fort. At the time, it was estimated that it would take £10 million to repair the fort for commercial use, and that it was not a priority for the owners, Portland Port Ltd.


title: Portland Breakwater Light

abstract: The Portland Breakwater Light is a small lighthouse in South Portland, Maine, United States.

text:
# Portland Breakwater Light

The **Portland Breakwater Light** (also called **Bug Light**) is a small lighthouse in South Portland, Maine, United States.

## History

A lighthouse was first built here in 1855 as a wooden structure. The breakwater was extended and a new lighthouse was constructed at the end of it in 1875. The new lighthouse was made of curved cast-iron plates whose seams are disguised by six decorative Corinthian columns. Its design was inspired by the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, made well-known by engravings. The architect was Thomas U. Walter, most noted as the designer of the U.S. Capitol east and west wings and its current dome. Wooden sheds and a six-room house for the lighthouse-keeper were added incrementally as needed. In 1897, Spring Point Ledge Light was erected and the houses around Bug Light were demolished and the Spring Point Ledge Lighthouse keepers tended to both lighthouses. During World War II, the breakwater was slowly absorbed by landfill as the New England Shipbuilding Corporation built two shipyards next to the lighthouse. These shipyards produced Liberty Ships for the war effort. Because of the smaller breakwater, there was less need for the lighthouse and it was decommissioned in 1943.

## Restoration

The light was fully restored in 1989 and was reactivated in 2002. It appears as a private aid to navigation in the US Coast Guard Light List as **South Portland Breakwater Light**. A park named after the lighthouse, Bug Light Park, allows visitors to view the Portland Breakwater Light up close, while memorializing the shipbuilding efforts of World War II. The light was added to the National Register of Historic Places as **Portland Breakwater Light** on June 19, 1973, reference number 73000238.

## InfoBox

Portland Breakwater Light
| Portland Breakwater Lighthouse after restoration | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | NE end of Portland Breakwater in Portland Harbor, South Portland, Maine |
| Coordinates | 43°39′19.872″N 70°14′5.471″W / 43.65552000°N 70.23485306°W / 43.65552000; -70.23485306 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1855 |
| Foundation | Granite block caisson |
| Construction | Iron plate with brick lining |
| Automated | 1934 (1934) |
| Height | 7.5 m (25 ft) |
| Shape | conical |
| Markings | resembles 4th-century Greek monument |
| Heritage | National Register of Historic Places listed place |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1875 (1875) (current tower) |
| Deactivated | 1942 (1942) |
| Focal height | 30 feet (9.1 m) |
| Lens | Sixth order fresnel, 1855 |
| Characteristic | Flashing white 4 s |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Portland Breakwater Light | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Architect | Thomas U. Walter |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 73000238 |
| Added to NRHP | June 19, 1973 |
|  | |


title: Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo

abstract: Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo, Count Hugo de Cogolludo y Sigüenza was a French general in the Napoleonic Wars. He was the husband of Sophie Trébuchet and the father of four sons. He is best known for his relationship to his third son, the eminent writer and French peer, Victor Hugo.

text:
# Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo

**Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo, Count Hugo de Cogolludo y Sigüenza** (French pronunciation: \[ʒozɛf leɔpɔl(d) siʒisbɛʁ yɡo\]; 15 November 1773 – 29 January 1828) was a French general in the Napoleonic Wars. He was the husband of Sophie Trébuchet and the father of four sons. He is best known for his relationship to his third son, the eminent writer and French peer, Victor Hugo.

## Early life

Joseph Léopold Hugo was the youngest son of Joseph Hugo, a former adjutant in the army of the Kingdom of France, and Jeanne-Marguerite Hugo. His four elder brothers all served as soldiers, a profession he himself took up in 1787 when he enlisted at the age of fourteen. He met Sophie Trébuchet in 1796 in a town of France called Châteaubriant, marrying her the following year in Paris. They had three sons. Abel, Eugène, and Victor.

## Military career

Joseph Léopold Hugo was appointed an officer in 1790, and in 1791 he was appointed to a command in the Army of the Rhine. He fought in engagements along the length of the Rhine and as far as the Danube. Later, he was assigned as a battalion commander to fight against insurgents in Vendée and Brittany.

From 1800 to 1802, he was stationed in Besançon, after which point he transferred first to Marseille and afterwards to Bastia. There, he went into the service of Joseph Bonaparte, then King of Naples, and fought against insurgents in the kingdom. The King appointed him a Colonel in February 1808, for capturing and executing the famed guerilla leader Fra Diavolo. Hugo followed the King to serve in Spain throughout the Peninsular War, where he was appointed General.

After the retreat from Spain and the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813, General Hugo was demoted to the rank of Major by order of Napoleon. Later, after being restored to the rank of General, he remained with the army until Napoleon's abdication, later returning to his service during the Hundred Days.

## Death

After being relieved of duty by ordinance in 1824, Joseph Léopold Hugo retired to his residence in Blois at the age of 51. On 29 January 1828 Hugo suffered a stroke and died at age 54; his body was interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

## Publications

Hugo, writing under the pseudonym *Genti*, published several works throughout his life, including:

* *Memoirs on the means of supplying the slave trade with free individuals, etc.*, Blois, 1818;
* *Historical journal of the blockade of Thionville in 1815, and of the sieges of this city, Sierck and Rodemack in 1815*, Blois 1819;
* *Memoirs of General Hugo*, Paris 1820.

* Mullié, Charles (1852). "HUGO (JOSEPH-LEOPOLD-SIGISBERT, comte)". *Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850* (in French). Paris: Poignavant et Compagnie.

## InfoBox

| Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait attributed to Julie Hugo | |
| Born | 15 November 1773
Nancy, France |
| Died | 29 January 1828 (1828-01-30) (aged 54)
Paris, France |
| Rank | Field Marshal |
| Spouse(s) | Sophie Trébuchet |
| Children | 4 sons, among them Abel and Victor |


title: Joseph Lytle House

abstract: The Joseph Lytle House is a private residence in Hoquiam, Washington. Built in 1900, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

text:
# Joseph Lytle House

The **Joseph Lytle House** is a private residence in Hoquiam, Washington. Built in 1900, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## Description

The 2+12-story, four-bedroom, wood-frame house is approximately 35 by 50 feet (11 m × 15 m). It is Queen Anne in style, with the irregular massing, projecting porches and window bays, and a variety of exterior textures consistent with that style. The interior woodwork is golden oak. Behind the home are a carriage house, which is connected to the main house by a breezeway, and the caretaker's cottage.

## History

The Lytle brothers, Robert and Joseph, ran a grocery business in Fairhaven, Washington, then moved their business to Hoquiam. In the 1880s, Hoquiam became a center for lumber. When a customer paid his bill by turning over his logging operation, the brothers became part of the logging industry.

Joseph built his house on a hill overlooking Hoquiam in 1900, next door to his brother's grander mansion. After his death in 1914, his widow lived in the home until the early 1930s. In the 1940s, the home was converted to apartments.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Joseph Lytle House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Joseph Lytle house | |
|  | |
| Location | 509 Chenault, Hoquiam, Washington |
| Coordinates | 46°59′03″N 123°53′24″W / 46.98417°N 123.89000°W / 46.98417; -123.89000 (Lytle, Joseph, Home) |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1900 |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 90001073 |
| Added to NRHP | July 12, 1990 |


title: Joseph J. Marbach

abstract: Dr. Joseph J Marbach DDS was a leader in the field of facial pain. He was a chaired professor at University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Marbach was born in Paterson, New Jersey to immigrant parents. He was educated at Drew University, Madison, New Jersey and University of Pennsylvania where he received his degree in dentistry. From 1960 to 1963, he was a captain in the US Air Force based in Aviano, Italy. He returned to NYC in 1963 and joined the practice of Lazlo Schwartz, DDS and began working in the dental clinic at Columbia University. He assisted Laszlo Schwartz in clinical tasks and research, and as the result of Schwartz's illness taught the course in TMJ disorders to the third-year dental students during the 1964/65 academic year. From 1966 to 1971 he worked as an assistant clinical professor at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Marbach established a TMJ facial pain clinic at Mount Sinai Hospital. He taught theory and practice of pain disorders to general dental and oral surgery residents. He attended Mount Sinai Hospital Arthritis Clinic and conducted combined research with the director Dr Harry Spiera. Between 1969 and 1983 Marbach directed the TMJ facial pain clinic at Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery. The clinic was changed during that time from a solely patient care clinic to encompass a center for clinical research. From 1969 to 1976 he held an adjunct professorship at Columbia University and from 1976 to 1984 he was the clinical professor of dentistry there. He taught third year and doctorate students of dentistry. From 1983 to 1997 Marbach worked at Columbia University School of Public Health as a clinical professor of public health. There he developed teaching programs in chronic pain for graduate students in the social sciences. From 1983 to 1996 he was the director of the Pain Research Unit Columbia University School of Public Health He was responsible for developing research programs applying the social sciences to problems in chronic pain. He linked sociology, anthropology and psychology methods to help address issues in the diagnosis and treatment of various painful disorders affecting various organ systems. From 1985 to 1987 he became a lecturer on social medicine and health policy at Harvard University School of Medicine. He initiated research projects related to social issues that affected the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain. From 1985 to 1987 Marbach was a visiting professor and director of the Harvard University Oral and Facial Pain Clinic at Harvard University School of Dental Medicine. The clinic is primarily designed to serve as a research facility while at the same time offering diagnosis and care for unusual chronic pain disorders. From 1993 to 1997 he held a joint appointment as clinical professor of public health in the Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University. From 1998 to 2001 Marbach held a joint appointment as lecturer at the School of Public Health Division of Sociomedical Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University. From 1996 to 2001 he was the first Robert & Susan Carmel Professor in Algesiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Department of Oral Pathology, Biology & Diagnostic Science Department of Psychiatry.

text:
# Joseph J. Marbach

**Dr. Joseph J Marbach DDS** (April 4, 1935  July 22, 2001) was a leader in the field of facial pain. He was a chaired professor at University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Marbach was born in Paterson, New Jersey to immigrant parents. He was educated at Drew University, Madison, New Jersey and University of Pennsylvania where he received his degree in dentistry.

From 1960 to 1963, he was a captain in the US Air Force based in Aviano, Italy. He returned to NYC in 1963 and joined the practice of Lazlo Schwartz, DDS and began working in the dental clinic at Columbia University. He assisted Laszlo Schwartz in clinical tasks and research, and as the result of Schwartz's illness taught the course in TMJ disorders to the third-year dental students during the 1964/65 academic year.

From 1966 to 1971 he worked as an assistant clinical professor at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Marbach established a TMJ facial pain clinic at Mount Sinai Hospital. He taught theory and practice of pain disorders to general dental and oral surgery residents. He attended Mount Sinai Hospital Arthritis Clinic and conducted combined research with the director Dr Harry Spiera. Between 1969 and 1983 Marbach directed the TMJ facial pain clinic at Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery. The clinic was changed during that time from a solely patient care clinic to encompass a center for clinical research. From 1969 to 1976 he held an adjunct professorship at Columbia University and from 1976 to 1984 he was the clinical professor of dentistry there. He taught third year and doctorate students of dentistry.

From 1983 to 1997 Marbach worked at Columbia University School of Public Health (Division of Sociomedical Sciences) as a clinical professor of public health. There he developed teaching programs in chronic pain for graduate students in the social sciences. From 1983 to 1996 he was the director of the Pain Research Unit Columbia University School of Public Health (Division of Sociomedical Sciences) He was responsible for developing research programs applying the social sciences to problems in chronic pain. He linked sociology, anthropology and psychology methods to help address issues in the diagnosis and treatment of various painful disorders affecting various organ systems.

From 1985 to 1987 he became a lecturer on social medicine and health policy at Harvard University School of Medicine. He initiated research projects related to social issues that affected the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain. From 1985 to 1987 Marbach was a visiting professor and director of the Harvard University Oral and Facial Pain Clinic at Harvard University School of Dental Medicine. The clinic is primarily designed to serve as a research facility while at the same time offering diagnosis and care for unusual chronic pain disorders.

From 1993 to 1997 he held a joint appointment as clinical professor of public health in the Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University.

From 1998 to 2001 Marbach held a joint appointment as lecturer at the School of Public Health Division of Sociomedical Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University.

From 1996 to 2001 he was the first Robert & Susan Carmel Professor in Algesiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Department of Oral Pathology, Biology & Diagnostic Science Department of Psychiatry.


title: Pothyne flavostictica

abstract: Pothyne flavostictica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

text:
# Pothyne flavostictica

***Pothyne flavostictica*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

## InfoBox

| *Pothyne flavostictica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pothyne* |
| Species: | ***P. flavostictica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pothyne flavostictica***<br>Breuning, 1940 | |
|


title: Pothyne femoralis

abstract: Pothyne femoralis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

text:
# Pothyne femoralis

***Pothyne femoralis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

## InfoBox

| *Pothyne femoralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pothyne* |
| Species: | ***P. femoralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pothyne femoralis***<br>Breuning, 1940 | |
|


title: José Cardel, Veracruz

abstract:
José Cardel is a city in the Mexican state of Veracruz.
It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of La Antigua.

text:
# José Cardel, Veracruz

**José Cardel** is a city in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of La Antigua.

## InfoBox

| José Cardel | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| José CardelLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 19°22′0″N 96°22′0″W / 19.36667°N 96.36667°W / 19.36667; -96.36667 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Veracruz |
| Municipality | La Antigua |
| Elevation | 19.8 m (65.0 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | 19,341 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Postal Code | 91680 |
| Area code | 296 |


title: Porto Covo

abstract: Porto Covo is one of the two civil parishes in the municipality of Sines, located along the western Alentejo coast of Portugal, about 170 km (110 mi) south of Lisbon. The population in 2011 was 1,038, in an area of 50.72 km⁲. Known for its beaches and ties to the ocean, the name Porto Covo likely translates as port of the covos, the term covo referring to a fishing net, used for capturing lobsters and crabs.

text:
# Porto Covo

**Porto Covo** is one of the two civil parishes in the municipality of Sines, located along the western Alentejo coast of Portugal, about 170 km (110 mi) south of Lisbon. The population in 2011 was 1,038, in an area of 50.72 km2. Known for its beaches and ties to the ocean, the name *Porto Covo* likely translates as *port of the covos*, the term *covo* referring to a fishing net, used for capturing lobsters and crabs.

## History

The earliest record of human settlement in the area of Porto Covo dates to the Carthaginian trading along the coast. By the time of the conquest of Hispania by Rome, the island of Pessegueiro hosted a small fish processing centre (from archaeological excavation of salt tanks linked to this industry).

The parish of Porto Covo, by the middle of the 18th century, was nothing more than a small coastal settlement around a beach and small cove. Its small dimensions was reflected in the number of homes, which numbered only four by 1780. On the island of Pessegueiro, King Philip II of Spain hoped to found a maritime port to support his claim to the territory and defend against marauding pirates. At that time an artificial rock barrier was constructed to connect the island of Pessegueiro to the coastline. Two forts were constructed on the island, supporting small garrisons to watch over the coast, but today in ruins.

Still in the 18th century, the community of Porto Covo began to become an anchorage for the small fishing boats and small businesses. Yet, even these activities were limited, due to the climatic and ocean conditions which limited the port's accessibility. During these periods, it was difficult entering the cove and, in periods when storms came from the southwest, it was not safe attempting landfall on the island of Pessegueiro.

The area began to occupy an important role after the capitalist Jacinto Fernandes Bandeira, a member of a merchant classes of the capital appeared around the late part of the 18th century. Born on 28 April 1745, he came from a poor family in Viana do Castelo, working for family in the capital, succeeding and becoming wealthy under the government of the Marquess de Pombal: in 1768, at the age of 23, his was a member of the Inquisition; in 1774, he was made a knight in the Order of Christ; and in 1792, he was a secretary, deputy and, later, inspector in the *Junta de Comérico* (*Commission for Commerce*). He began using the stylized *Bandeira* to his name, after being born along the Rua da Bandeira in Viana do Castelo. With his career in ascendancy, Jacinto Fernandes began collecting aristocratic titles, such as the *Loyal Knight of the Royal House* (**Fidalgo Cavaleiro da Casa Real**), in 1794. He obtained the right to use the name *Senhor de Porto Covo* after 13 June 1796, for *"his activity to promote the establishment and settlement of Porto Covo, to benefit agriculture, fishing and promotion of the Corte, in addition to diverse commissions in which he held with satisfaction"*. He realized his project to establish a permanent settlement in Porto Covo, by producing two plans (now archived in the Torre do Tombo National Archive. Jacinto Fernandes became the alcalde of Vila Nova de Milfontes on 14 November 1802 and later the council to the Royal Finances. He was given the title of Baron of Porto Covo on 15 August 1805.

While he lived Jacinto Fernandes Bandeira strove to grow the community, a fact that did not influence his successors, following his death on 30 May 1806. A bachelor, he left his enormous fortune to his two nephews, children of his sister, Maria Josefa Cristina Bandeira. It was the eldest nephew, Jacinto Fernandes da Costa Bandeira, that inherited the majority from his uncle, succeeding his uncle as the alcalde of Vila Nova de Milfontes, and second Baron of Porto Covo on 26 February 1822. For his contribution to the Crown, he went as far as Minister for Finances and President of the Bank of Lisbon, eventually achieving the title of Viscount of Porto Covo da Bandeira on 15 September 1843. By this time, Porto Covo had little more than 20 residences: little more than the original nucleus left behind on the death of the first Baron. Porto Covo never really achieved an important place along the Alentejo coast. The area on which it was located remained unsettled; the area between Sines and the River Mira were likely destinations for fishermen and traders then the village. Fishing tended to remain archaic and never really commercialized by its population.

Demographically, by 1940, Porto Covo had little more than 55 residences, comprising 246 inhabitants. After 1980 the numbers had grown significantly: 194 residences, comprising 539 inhabitants. Its growth was, in some part, achieved through the development of the Sines Industrial Complex and container port.

Porto Covo became a civil parish on 31 December 1984, that included the island of Pessegueiro.

## Geography

The civil parish of Porto Covo has 48.73 km2 (18.81 sq mi) of area, and today includes 1400 inhabitants (based on 2008 census). A coastal parish, it is located about 13 km (8.1 mi) south of the municipal seat Sines, but comprises an interior catchment that extends seven kilometres into the interior. While it is fronted to its north by the civil parish of Sines, it is surrounded to the west by the civil parish of Cercal (in Santiago do Cacém municipality) and south by the civil parish of Vila Nova de Milfontes (in Odemira municipality).

Its northern frontier extends from the beach of Vieirinha into the interior, until reaching the IC4 motorway (each of Brejos do Morgave) and extending south to the village of Sonega. Its eastern border with Cercal meanders along the foothills until southeast of Herdade da Cabeça da Cabra, before the border joins that of the civil parish of Vila de Milfontes meandering west (following the Ribeira da Azenha) reaching the coast 1.5 kilometres south of the island of Pessegueiro. The space includes, apart from the town of Porto Covo, several other localities, including: Barradinha, Brejos do Morgave, Caeiro, Cabeça da Cabra, Camarneira, Casa Nova, Fonte do Muro, Fonte Nova, Foros da Pouca Farinha, Herdade de Cabeça da Cabra, Monte das Pias and Vale Travesso. The area is part of the Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park consisting of protected landscapes and habitats for migratory and endemic species.

The original projects for the community never materialized in the plans of Henrique Guilherme de Oliveira. Rather than a seaside settlement, the architect laid-down the settlement further to the interior, mindful of the farmers distance from their lands. The square, although simple, developed from the original plans of the Pombaline-era architects that favoured a visible square grid and squares, the repetition in the facades, the volume and rhythm of the groups of buildings (including the placement of the structures, such as the church).

## Economy

Although characterized as a "small fishing community", its move towards the tourist market has driven its growth since the 1990s. Influenced by its white, fine sand beaches, natural rock-cliff shores, secluded coves and warm temperatures (water temperatures reaching a minimum 15 °C), the local economy absorves a constant number of summer visitors and foreign vacationers. During the summer the population increases ten-fold with visitors, who occupy vacation homes, rented apartments and campgrounds, helped by the classification of many of its beaches as Blue Flag beaches, including the popular *Praia do Espingardeiro*, *Praia Pequena* and *Praia dos Buizinhos*. In front of the island of Pessegueiro is one of the more popular beaches, attracting windsurfers, boaters and sport fishermen to the waters off the coast. Alongside the beach of Pessegueiro is the 17th-century fortress, partially destroyed by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. On the island of Pessegueiro, which inspired the contemporary musician Rui Veloso to pen a composition, is another 17th-century fortress, the ruins of a Roman porto and 15th-century chapel. These have also attracted visitors, as boats regularly visit the island for visits, or fishing around its waters.

## Architecture

### Civic

* **Historic Centre of Porto Covo** (**Núcleo urbano da povoação de Porto Côvo/Aldeia de Porto Côvo**), that includes the *Praça Marques de Pombal* square and the buildings in its vicinity;

### Military

* **Fort of Pessegueiro** (**Forte do Pessegueiro*)*, located on the beach of Pessegueiro, a 15th-16th century military fortification, consisting of star-shaped bulwarks surmounted by a platform that held canons, in addition to casemates and chapel;
* **Fort of Pessegueiro Island** (**Forte na Ilha do Pessegueiro**), comparable to the Pessegueiro beach fortification, the fortress on the island is in a greater deal of ruin, owing to its location on the island. Constructed during the 15th-16th century it includes casemates and chapel, as well as triangular bulwarks;

### Religious

The main square of Porto Covo, the *Praça Marquês de Pombal*, planned by Jacinto Fernandes Bandeira, first Baron of Porto Covo at the end of the 18th century, following the regular grid-pattern of the post-1755 Pombaline design aesthetic

## Culture

The parish is highlighted by their three-day long (August 28–30) religious festival in honour of *Nossa Senhora da Soledade* (*Our Lady of Solitude*), marked by spectacles, dances, concerts and traditional fireworks.

## InfoBox

| Porto Covo | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
| The old quarter, around the *Praça Marquês de Pombal* | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 37°51′07″N 8°47′31″W / 37.852°N 8.792°W / 37.852; -8.792 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Alentejo |
| Intermunic. comm. | Alentejo Litoral |
| District | Setúbal |
| Municipality | Sines |
| Area | |
| Total | 50.72 km2 (19.58 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 25 m (82 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,038 |
| Density | 20/km2 (53/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |
| Postal code | 7520 |
| Area code | 269 |
| Patron | Nossa Senhora da Soledade |
| Website | http://www.fportocovo.pt/ |


title: Porto Challenger

abstract: The Porto Challenger was a professional tennis tournament in Portugal played on clay courts that was part of the ATP Challenger Series. Held in Porto, the first edition of the tournament was in 1982, then it was contested every year from 1987 to 1994, biannually in 1991, 1992 and 1993. It continued as a semi regular event until 1998.

text:
# Porto Challenger

The **Porto Challenger** was a professional tennis tournament in Portugal played on clay courts that was part of the ATP Challenger Series. Held in Porto, the first edition of the tournament was in 1982, then it was contested every year from 1987 to 1994, biannually in 1991, 1992 and 1993. It continued as a semi regular event until 1998.

## Past finals

### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | Jairo Velasco Sr. | Juan Avendaño | 6–7, 6–3, 6–3 |
| 1983-1986 | Not contested |  |  |
| 1987 | Christian Bergström | Alex Antonitsch | 6–1, 6–3 |
| 1988 | Paul Dogger | Michiel Schapers | 6–2, 3–6, 6–3 |
| 1989 | Andrei Cherkasov | Javier Sánchez | 7–6, 7–5 |
| 1990 | Mark Koevermans | Franco Davín | 6–3, 6–3 |
| 1991 | Stefano Pescosolido | Roberto Azar | 6–1, 6–1 |
| 1991 (2) | Bart Wuyts | Martin Wostenholme | 6–3, 7–5 |
| 1992 | José Francisco Altur | Claudio Mezzadri | 1–6, 7–6, 7–5 |
| 1992 (2) | Jordi Arrese | Lars Jönsson | 2–6, 6–1, 6–0 |
| 1993 | Younes El Aynaoui | Jordi Arrese | 7–5, 0–6, 6–4 |
| 1993 (2) | Franco Davín | Gabriel Markus | 6–4, 6–3 |
| 1994 | Gilbert Schaller | Marcelo Filippini | 6–2, 7–5 |
| 1995 | Not contested |  |  |
| 1996 | Richard Fromberg | Galo Blanco | 6–3, 7–6 |
| 1997 | Not contested |  |  |
| 1998 | Younes El Aynaoui | Stefan Koubek | 4–6, 6–2, 6–4 |
|

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | Libor Pimek
Thierry Stevaux | Andy Kohlberg
Robbie Venter | 4–6, 7–6, 7–5 |
| 1983-1986 | Not contested |  |  |
| 1987 | Conny Falk
Stefan Svensson | Ronnie Båthman
Michael Tauson | 7–5, 5–7, 6–3 |
| 1988 | Michiel Schapers
Huub van Boeckel | Andrei Olhovskiy
Alexander Zverev | 6–3, 3–6, 7–6 |
| 1989 | Tomás Carbonell
Carlos Costa | Paul Haarhuis
Denis Langaskens | 6–4, 6–3 |
| 1990 | Eduardo Bengoechea
Christian Miniussi | Jose Clavet
Francisco Roig | 6–0, 6–3 |
| 1991 | Dimitri Poliakov
Tomáš Anzari | Paul Haarhuis
Mark Koevermans | 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 |
| 1991 (2) | Josef Čihák
Tomáš Anzari | Juan Carlos Báguena
Andrés Gómez | 7–5, 6–2 |
| 1992 | Carl Limberger
Tomáš Anzari | Brian Devening
Bent-Ove Pedersen | 3–6, 6–1, 6–4 |
| 1992 (2) | Doug Eisenman
Bent-Ove Pedersen | Jordi Arrese
Àlex Corretja | 1–6, 6–4, 6–2 |
| 1993 | Menno Oosting
Daniel Vacek | Jordi Burillo
Javier Sánchez | 6–3, 7–6 |
| 1993 (2) | Johan de Beer
Brent Haygarth | Cristian Brandi
Federico Mordegan | 6–2, 2–6, 7–6 |
| 1994 | Luis Lobo
Javier Sánchez | Jorge Lozano
Roberto Saad | 7–6, 6–3 |
| 1995 | Not contested |  |  |
| 1996 | Emanuel Couto
Nuno Marques | Bernardo Mota
Jimy Szymanski | 6–7, 6–3, 7–5 |
| 1997 | Not contested |  |  |
| 1998 | Juan Ignacio Carrasco
Jairo Velasco Jr. | Cristian Brandi
Stephen Noteboom | 7–5, 6–4 |

## InfoBox

| Porto Challenger | |
| --- | --- |
| ATP Challenger Tour | |
| Location | Porto, Portugal |
| Category | ATP Challenger (1982–1998) |
| Surface | Clay |


title: Portable Island: Te no Hira no Resort

abstract: Portable Island: Te no Hira no Resort is a game for the PlayStation Portable handheld system. It was shown at Sony's PlayStation Meeting on the 22 July 2005. It involves the player spending time on a tropical island. The game's clock is based on the PSP's internal clock, so if its day in the real world it will be day in the game world and if its night time it will be night time in the game. Other features include an alarm clock and also interaction with the objects in the game. For example, if the player character picks up a ukulele on the beach, the PSP can then be used as a ukulele with the buttons being the chords and the analog pad is used to strum.

text:
# Portable Island: Te no Hira no Resort

***Portable Island: Te no Hira no Resort*** (ポータブルアイランド 手のひらのリゾート, *Pōtaburu Airando Te no Hira Rizōto*, Portable Island: Palm Resort) is a game for the PlayStation Portable handheld system. It was shown at Sony's PlayStation Meeting on the 22 July 2005. It involves the player spending time on a tropical island. The game's clock is based on the PSP's internal clock, so if its day in the real world it will be day in the game world and if its night time it will be night time in the game. Other features include an alarm clock and also interaction with the objects in the game. For example, if the player character picks up a ukulele on the beach, the PSP can then be used as a ukulele with the buttons being the chords and the analog pad is used to strum.

## InfoBox

| Portable Island: Te no Hira no Resort | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Bandai Namco Games |
| Publisher(s) | Bandai Namco Games |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation Portable |
| Release | * JP: July 30, 2006 |
| Genre(s) | Simulation, Non-game |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Pothyne sericeomaculata

abstract: Pothyne sericeomaculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1950.

text:
# Pothyne sericeomaculata

***Pothyne sericeomaculata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1950.

## InfoBox

| *Pothyne sericeomaculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pothyne* |
| Species: | ***P. sericeomaculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pothyne sericeomaculata***<br>Breuning, 1950 | |
|


title: Joseph M. Newman

abstract: Joseph M. Newman was an American film director most famous for his 1955 film This Island Earth. His credits include episodes of The Twilight Zone and The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. He was nominated for two Academy Awards in the now defunct category of Assistant Director, for David Copperfield and San Francisco. He was also the last person nominated Assistant Director to die.

text:
# Joseph M. Newman

**Joseph M. Newman** (August 17, 1909  January 23, 2006) was an American film director most famous for his 1955 film *This Island Earth*. His credits include episodes of *The Twilight Zone* and *The Alfred Hitchcock Hour*.

He was nominated for two Academy Awards in the now defunct category of Assistant Director, for *David Copperfield* and *San Francisco*. He was also the last person nominated Assistant Director to die.

## Career

### Assistant director

Newman first established his reputation in the industry as an assistant director at MGM. He worked on *Clear All Wires!* (1933), *Gabriel Over the White House* (1933), *The Nuisance* (1933), *Another Language* (1933), *Dinner at Eight* (1933), *Stage Mother* (1933), *Going Hollywood* (1933), *Riptide* (1934), and *The Merry Widow* (1934), working with Ernst Lubitsch.

He was nominated for an Oscar for *David Copperfield* (1935), and worked on *China Seas* (1935), and *I Live My Life* (1935), *Rose-Marie* (1936). *San Francisco* (1936) earned him another Oscar nomination. He worked as assistant director on *Lady of the Tropics* (1937), *Maytime* (1937), *The Firefly* (1937), and *Too Hot to Handle* (1938).

### Director of shorts

Newman began directing short films starting with *Man's Greatest Friend* (1938). He followed it with *The Story of Alfred Nobel* (1938), *Money to Loan* (1939), *The Story That Couldn't Be Printed* (1939) (the story of John Zenger), *Maintain the Right* (1940), *Know Your Money* (1940) (part of the *Crime Does Not Pay* series), *Women in Hiding* (1940), *Cat College* (1940), *Buyer Beware* (1940), *Respect the Law* (1941), *Coffins on Wheels* (1941), *Triumph Without Drums* (1941), *Don't Talk* (1942), and *Vendetta* (1942).

Newman returned to assistant directing with *Tarzan's Secret Treasure* (1941) and *The Bugle Sounds* (1942).

### Feature director

Newman made his debut as a director of feature films with *Northwest Rangers* (1941), a B-movie about the Canadian Mounties starring James Craig.

Newman served as a major with the U.S. Army Signal Corps during World War II. While there, he directed the short film *Diary of a Sergeant* (1945) starring Harold Russell which led to Russell's appearance in *The Best Years of Our Lives* (1946).

After the war, Newman returned to directing shorts at MGM: *The Luckiest Guy in the World* (1947) and *The Amazing Mr. Nordill* (1947).

He went back to features with the low budget *Jungle Patrol* (1948) at Fox. He went on to direct *The Great Dan Patch* (1949), the film noir crime dramas *Abandoned* (1949), with Gale Storm, and *711 Ocean Drive*, which starred Edmond O'Brien.

Newman directed George Raft in *Lucky Nick Cain* (1951) aka *I'll Get You For This* in England, distributed by Fox.

### 20th Century Fox

Newman went to Fox where he directed *The Guy Who Came Back* (1951); *Love Nest* (1952), featuring an early supporting role for Marilyn Monroe. The studio were impressed and assigned him to larger budgeted films: *Red Skies of Montana* (1952) with Richard Widmark; and *The Outcasts of Poker Flat* (1952).

Fox picked up his option and he directed *Pony Soldier* (1952) with Tyrone Power; and *Dangerous Crossing* (1953) with Michael Rennie.

In 1952 it was announced he would form Joe Newman Productions to make *Island in the Sky* but the film ended up being made by others.

In 1953 Newman set up his own production company, Sabre Productions. Their first productions were to be *This Island Earth* and *Tehran*.

Newman directed *The Human Jungle* (1954) for Allied Artists.

### Sabre Productions

Newman made *This Island Earth* for Universal. It starred Rex Reason as a scientist and jet pilot who is transported to another world by beings from a dying civilization who secretly intend to invade and take over his home planet. The film attracted a cult following that increased decades later when the television comedy series *Mystery Science Theater 3000* spoofed it in 1996 in its first feature-film venture.

Also at Universal he directed *Kiss of Fire* (1955). He did *Flight to Hong Kong* (1956) for Sabre, then *Death in Small Does* (1957).

Two of actor Joel McCrea's final westerns followed for the director, *Fort Massacre* (1958) and *The Gunfight at Dodge City* (1959).

Newman directed *The Big Circus* (1959) for Irwin Allen at Allied Artists then went to MGM to do *Tarzan, the Ape Man* (1959).

### Television

Newman went into television directing "Meeting at Appalachia" for *Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse* and "The High Cost of Fame" for *Dan Raven*, "The Lady and the Lawyer" for *The Asphalt Jungle*.

Newman did some films for Allied Artists, *The Big Bankroll* (1961), and *The George Raft Story* (1962). In between he made *It Started in Tokyo* (1961), *The Lawbreakers* (1961) and *A Thunder of Drums* (1961).

His final years as a director were for TV, doing episodes of *The Great Adventure*, *The Alfred Hitchcock Hour* and *The Big Valley*. He did several *Twilight Zone* episodes including "In Praise of Pip", "The Last Night of a Jockey", "Black Leather Jackets", and "The Bewitchin' Pool".

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Joseph M. Newman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1909-08-17)August 17, 1909
Logan, Utah, United States |
| Died | January 23, 2006(2006-01-23) (aged 96)
Simi Valley, California, United States |
| Occupation | Film director |
| Years active | 1933  1965 |


title: Josiah Quincy I

abstract: Colonel Josiah Quincy I (1710–1784) was an American merchant, planter, soldier, and politician. He was the son of Colonel Edmund Quincy III and Dorothy Flynt Quincy. He was named after his grandfather, Reverend Josiah Flynt. After graduating from Harvard in 1728, he returned to Braintree, Massachusetts. In 1735 he moved to Boston and engaged in commerce and shipbuilding. He returned to Braintree in 1748. Josiah was an American Patriot and supporter. He wrote to General George Washington about British troop movements and was a friend of Benjamin Franklin.

text:
# Josiah Quincy I

**Colonel Josiah Quincy I** (1710–1784) was an American merchant, planter, soldier, and politician. He was the son of Colonel Edmund Quincy III and Dorothy Flynt Quincy. He was named after his grandfather, Reverend Josiah Flynt. After graduating from Harvard in 1728, he returned to Braintree, Massachusetts. In 1735 he moved to Boston and engaged in commerce and shipbuilding. He returned to Braintree in 1748. Josiah was an American Patriot and supporter. He wrote to General George Washington about British troop movements and was a friend of Benjamin Franklin.

## Life

He was in business with brother Edmund. He and his father traveled in Europe making contacts and contracts to promote the business. When his firm's ship, *Bethel*, captured the Spanish ship *Jesus Maria* and *Joseph* in 1748, he retired from that business and went back to Braintree. He was a local magistrate and a colonel of the Suffolk Regiment who made investments. He went to Pennsylvania as a commissioner in 1755 to ask for assistance in a proposed expedition to Crown Point in the French and Indian War. Benjamin Franklin helped him and remained a friend. In retirement, Franklin assisted Quincy and Joseph Palmer in several speculative business ventures involving glass, candle and chocolate making.

## Family

He married Hanna Sturgis in 1733. They had: Edmund, Samuel, Hannah, and Josiah. Hanna died in 1755. Josiah married Elizabeth Waldron and they had Elizabeth. He married Ann Marsh after his second wife died and they had Nancy and Frances. Josiah Quincy died in 1784.

Josiah's sons Samuel and Josiah took part in the trial of Captain Thomas Preston for the murders committed at the Boston Massacre. Samuel, who was a Tory, was in charge of the prosecution as the solicitor-general. His younger brother Josiah Quincy II, an outspoken critic of the British and proponent for an American Revolution, and John Adams were the defending counsel.

## InfoBox

| Colonel Josiah Quincy I | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1 April 1710 (1710-04)
Braintree, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | 3 March 1784 (1784-03-04) (aged 73)
Braintree, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Education | Harvard University |
| Occupations | * Merchant * planter * soldier * politician |
| Title | Colonel |
| Spouses | * Hanna Sturgis  (m. 1733; died 1755) * Elizabeth Waldron (died) * Ann Marsh |
| Children | 7, including Josiah Quincy II |
| Father | Edmund Quincy III |
| Family | = Quincy political family |


title: Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun

abstract: Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun Pty Ltd is a decision of the High Court of Australia. The case is notable for originating the 'Anshun estoppel' doctrine in Australian civil proceedings. The rule estops parties from making novel legal claims, when those claims should have been pursued in an earlier legal proceeding. Anshun is the 29th most cited High Court case as of January 2021.

text:
# Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun

**Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun Pty Ltd** (also known as '**Anshun**') is a decision of the High Court of Australia.

The case is notable for originating the 'Anshun estoppel' doctrine in Australian civil proceedings. The rule estops parties from making novel legal claims, when those claims should have been pursued in an earlier legal proceeding.

Anshun is the 29th most cited High Court case as of January 2021.

## Facts

The appellant (the authority), lent a crane to Anshun Pty Ltd. While the crane was in use by Anshun, its load struck and severely injured a man named Soterales.

Soterales sued both Anshun and the Port Authority in negligence. The Authority and Anshun each claimed that the other had contributed to the tort alleged. These claims were contained within notices served under Victorian Supreme Court Rules. The notice of the Authority claimed contribution, but not an indemnity. This was despite Anshun having agreed in 1968 to indemnify the Authority in the crane hiring contract.

The negligence action resulted in a jury awarding ~$44,000 in damages for Soterales. No pleadings had been made regarding contribution. The jury had found both defendants jointly liable in negligence, also finding that the Authority would have to pay 90% of the damages, with Anshun paying 10%.

Subsequently, the Authority commenced an action against Anshun in the Supreme Court, claiming it ought to pay the Authority's share of the damages and legal costs. This was based upon the 1968 indemnity clause within the crane hiring contract.

Anshun's sole defence to this claim was in estoppel, claiming that the Authority could have raised its claim against Anshun during Soterales' original lawsuit against them both. Therefore, Anshun argued; the authority should be barred against seeking an indemnity.

The trial judge, O'Bryan J, dismissed Anshun's application for summary judgement. At the full heading, the primary judge held it was not a case of res judicata, or issue estoppel. However, he granted a perpetual stay on the grounds that the claim was on a matter which should have been raised in an earlier litigation, relying upon *Henderson v Henderson*. The Full Court agreed that while not an issue estoppel case, *Henderson v Henderson* applied. They held that as a reasonably diligent party would have raised the indemnity issue at the hearing; the Authority would be barred unless special circumstances existed. Finding none, they dismissed the appeal.

The Authority appealed to the High Court, submitting that the indemnity wasn't at issue in Soterales' action, and so shouldn't be prevented to litigate upon it now.

## Judgement

The majority decided that the case was not strictly one of issue estoppel, as the defence of indemnity hadn't been raised at trial. Discussing the UK line of authority regarding *Henderson v Henderson*, the court cast doubt on its precedential value. However, they accepted the 'powerful arguments based on considerations of convenience and justice which were associated with it'. The court also found that applying a legal test for abuse of process would not be helpful.

Regarding the reasonableness of raising the issue at a prior proceeding, the court said:

> 'There will be no estoppel unless it appears that the matter relied upon as a defence in the second action was so relevant to the subject matter of the first action that it would have been unreasonable not to rely on it. Generally speaking, it would be unreasonable not to plead a defence if, having regard to the nature of the plaintiff's claim, and its subject matter it would be expected that the defendant would raise the defence and thereby enable the relevant issues to be determined in the one proceeding. In this respect, we need to recall that there are a variety of circumstances, some referred to in the earlier cases, why a party may justifiably refrain from litigating an issue in one proceeding yet wish to litigate the issue in other proceedings e.g. expense, importance of the particular issue, motives extraneous to the actual litigation, to mention but a few ...

The test was then stated as being:

> '... the likelihood that the omission to plead a defence will contribute to the existence of conflicting judgments is obviously an important factor to be taken into account in deciding whether the omission to plead can found an estoppel against the assertion of the same matter as a foundation for a cause of action in a second proceeding. By "conflicting" judgments we include judgments which are contradictory, though they may not be pronounced on the same cause of action. It is enough that they appear to declare rights which are inconsistent in respect of the same transaction.'

They then found against the plaintiff, writing:

> It is for this reason that we regard the judgment that the Authority seeks to obtain as one which would conflict with the existing judgment, though the new judgment would be based on a different cause of action, a contractual indemnity'

## Significance

Anshun is significant for having forked Australian estoppel jurisprudence with that of England and other common law nations. The position in most common law jurisdictions (which follow England) is that if an issue is not barred by a finding of 'cause of action estoppel', or 'issue estoppel', the question then turns to whether an abuse of process can be established on the *Henderson v Henderson* line of authority.

Some commentators have characterised Australia's position as an extension of issue estoppel jurisprudence. Similar extensions exist in Canada.

The nature of Anshun estoppel as a doctrine has often been the subject of High Court proceedings. Complexities have arisen as to; the rule's application in group proceedings (such as class actions), and its relationship with abuse of process.

1. *Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun Pty Ltd* \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589.
2. "Citation index". *LawCite*. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
3. *Anshun* \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589, at para.9
4. *Anshun* \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589, at para.10
5. *Anshun* \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589, at para. 21
6. *Anshun* \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589, at para.34
7. *Anshun* \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589, at para.36
8. *Anshun* \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589, at para.37
9. *Anshun* \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589, at para.40
10. *Anshun* \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589, at para.41
11. Footnote 40, at page 11 Nazzini, Renato (12 June 2018), "Enforcement of International Arbitral Awards: Res Judicata, Issue Estoppel, and Abuse of Process in a Transnational Context", *American Journal of Comparative Law*, vol. 20, 2018, SSRN 3249060
12. Hulmes, Louise (29 January 2024). "Anshun estoppel and representative proceedings". *Bar News: The Journal of the New South Wales Bar Association*. (2017, Autumn) *Bar News: Journal of the NSW Bar Association* 18 – via Austlii.

## InfoBox

| Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun Pty Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | High Court of Australia |
| Decided | 1 Sep 1981 |
| Citations | \[1981\] HCA 45, 147 CLR 589 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Gibbs CJ, Mason, Murphy, Aickin and Brennan JJ |
| Case opinions | |
| **majority**
Gibbs CJ, Mason and Aickin JJ
Murphy J
Brennan J | |


title: Port of Melbourne

abstract:
The Port of Melbourne is the largest port for containerised and general cargo in Australia. It is located in Melbourne, Victoria, and covers an area at the mouth of the Yarra River, downstream of Bolte Bridge, which is at the head of Port Phillip, as well as several piers on the bay itself. Since 1 July 2003, the Port of Melbourne has been managed by the Port of Melbourne Corporation, a statutory corporation created by the State of Victoria. Most of the port is in the suburb of West Melbourne and should not be confused with the Melbourne suburb of Port Melbourne although Webb Dock and Station Pier, parts of the Port of Melbourne, are in Port Melbourne. Port Melbourne was a busy port early in the history of Melbourne, but declined as a cargo port with the development of the Port of Melbourne in the late 19th century. It retains Melbourne's passenger terminal however, with cruise ships using Station Pier. Infrastructure Victoria estimate that the Port of Melbourne will reach its capacity in 2055. In September 2016, the port’s commercial operations were leased to the Lonsdale Consortium for a term of 50 years for more than $9.7 billion. The Lonsdale Consortium comprises
  - Global Infrastructure Partners (40%)
    - China Investment Corporation (20%)
    - NTS, a Korean pension fund (20%)
  - Future Fund (20%)
  - Queensland Investment Corporation (20%)
  - Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System (20%)

text:
# Port of Melbourne

The **Port of Melbourne** is the largest port for containerised and general cargo in Australia. It is located in Melbourne, Victoria, and covers an area at the mouth of the Yarra River, downstream of Bolte Bridge, which is at the head of Port Phillip, as well as several piers on the bay itself. Since 1 July 2003, the Port of Melbourne has been managed by the Port of Melbourne Corporation, a statutory corporation created by the State of Victoria.

Most of the port is in the suburb of West Melbourne and should not be confused with the Melbourne suburb of Port Melbourne although Webb Dock and Station Pier, parts of the Port of Melbourne, are in Port Melbourne.

Port Melbourne (or Sandridge as it was known until 1884) was a busy port early in the history of Melbourne, but declined as a cargo port with the development of the Port of Melbourne in the late 19th century. It retains Melbourne's passenger terminal however, with cruise ships using Station Pier.

Infrastructure Victoria estimate that the Port of Melbourne will reach its capacity in 2055.

In September 2016, the port’s commercial operations were leased to the Lonsdale Consortium for a term of 50 years for more than $9.7 billion.

The Lonsdale Consortium comprises

## Facilities

The Port of Melbourne consists of several major man-made docks on the Yarra River and Port Melbourne, including (from upstream to downstream):

## History

In Melbourne's early days, large ships were unable to navigate the Yarra River, so cargo destined for Melbourne had to be unloaded at either Hobsons Bay (now Williamstown) or Sandridge (now Port Melbourne) and transferred either by rail or by cargo lighter to warehouses which were concentrated around King Street. This was an expensive and inefficient process.

In 1877, Victoria's government resolved to make the Yarra more navigable and engaged English engineer John Coode to devise a solution. His solution was to change the course of the river by cutting a canal south of the original course of the river. This shortened it by a mile and made it much wider. It also created Coode Island, a name still used today although the northern course of the river has long since disappeared.

With these works, ships were now able to sail as far up the river as Queensbridge where a turning basin was constructed.

Coode also oversaw the construction of Victoria Dock in swampland to the west of the city. This opened in 1889.

Over time the docks moved progressively downstream as ships became larger and road bridges were built across the Yarra. The construction of the Spencer Street Bridge in 1928 and the Charles Grimes Bridge in 1975 each closed access to docks to the east. The barque *Polly Woodside* lying in the old Duke and Orr drydock, the warehouses of South Wharf and the Mission to Seafarers building are now the only reminders of the maritime history of this area.

## Expansion

Development slowed during the Great Depression and World War II but resumed after the war with construction of Appleton Dock (1956), Webb Dock (1960) at the mouth of the Yarra and Swanson Dock, the first container terminal, on what was Coode Island.

Eventually Victoria Dock became too small to handle large container ships and was closed. Its fate was permanently sealed by the construction of the Bolte Bridge, part of CityLink, across its entrance in 1999. It now forms the centrepiece of the Docklands redevelopment.

In 1991 a large fire at the Coode Island bulk liquid handling facility blanketed much of Melbourne in toxic fumes. The public outrage forced the government to investigate relocating the facility. Point Lillias near Geelong was considered. However, due to the high cost involved and local opposition the facility has remained at Coode Island.

The Port of Melbourne was also the scene of a watershed industrial battle in 1998 between Patrick and the Maritime Union of Australia (MUA).

Recently further controversy has resulted from plans to dredge Port Phillip to deepen shipping channels to allow larger ships into the Port of Melbourne. This process commenced in 2008 and was completed in November 2009. It involved removing more than 22 million cubic metres of sand and silt to provide a minimum 14-metre draught at all times. Opposition to this project stems from potential environmental damage due to silting and loss of amenity for bayside residents due to the noise produced by the dredges. The project was subject to the strictest environmental testing and monitoring requirements in the world at the time. These activities will continue on for many years to help protect the Port Phillip Bay ecosystems.

In the future the Victorian Government will redevelop the Port of Melbourne to better integrate it with other modes of transport. The Melbourne wholesale fruit and vegetable market was relocated to Epping in 2013. Footscray Road is planned to be raised so that port users will have improved access to the rail facilities at South Dynon.

## Facts and Figures

The Port of Melbourne is made up of the following:

* Swanson Dock West has four berths and is used for containerised cargo, managed by DP World
* Swanson Dock East has four berths and is used for containerised cargo, managed by Patrick
* Appleton Dock berths B,C and D are used for general cargo, managed by DP World
* Appleton Dock E is used for general cargo destined for or from Tasmania
* Appleton Dock F is used for bulk dry cargo
* Maribyrnong (Coode Island) is a bulk liquid facility
* Webb Dock West is a roll-on-roll-off facility for motor vehicles, managed by Toll Stevedores
* Webb Dock East 1 is managed by Strait Link for Tasmanian general cargo
* Webb Dock East 2 is managed by SeaRoad Shipping for general Tasmanian cargo.
* Webb Dock East 4 & 5 is utilised for containerised cargo, is managed by Victoria International Container Terminal, a division of ICTSI
* Gellibrand Pier is operated by ExxonMobil Australia and has a direct pipeline to the Altona Refinery
* Holden Dock handles refined petroleum products
* South Wharf berths 26 to 33 handle general cargo

From May 2003 till May 2004, approximately 3,400 ships from 42 different lines called at the Port of Melbourne. The port handled 64.4 million tonnes of cargo, including a throughput of 1.9 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of cargo. In 2006-07 it became the first Australian port to handle two million TEU in a year.

## Rail access

Railway goods sidings serve both Swanson Dock East and West, permitting the transfer of shipping containers between sea and rail transport. Originally provided in the 1960s with the development of the port, they were later removed and not restored until 2003 as a 1500 metre long siding. Rail sidings at Appleton Dock reopened in 2000 to serve a new export grain terminal at the port. Dual gauge access is provided to the majority of sidings in the area. Extensive sidings once served the Victoria Dock area, as well as Webb Dock which had a dedicated line.

## InfoBox

| Port of Melbourne | |
| --- | --- |
| Container crane and ship at Swanson Dock East | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Location | West Melbourne |
| Coordinates | 37°51′S 144°54′E / 37.850°S 144.900°E / -37.850; 144.900 |
| UN/LOCODE | AUMEL |
| Details | |
| Built | 1889 |
| Operated by | DP World
Patrick |
| Size | 143,000 m2 |
| No. of berths | 31 |
| Draft depth | 14.7 m. |
| No. of platforms | 16 |
| Rail gauge | Dual gauge |
| Street access | Docklands Highway |
| Statistics | |
| Annual TEU | 3.02 million |
| **Website**
www.portofmelbourne.com | |


title: Portobello Vegan Trattoria

abstract: Portobello Vegan Trattoria was an Italian restaurant specializing in plant-based cuisine in Portland, Oregon's Hosford-Abernethy neighborhood, in the United States.

text:
# Portobello Vegan Trattoria

**Portobello Vegan Trattoria** was an Italian restaurant specializing in plant-based cuisine in Portland, Oregon's Hosford-Abernethy neighborhood, in the United States.

## Description

Portobello Vegan Trattoria was an Italian restaurant in southeast Portland's Hosford-Abernethy neighborhood, housed in the Banana Building on Division Street. The menu included beet tartare, a beet burger, gnocchi, and ravioli. According to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), Portobello also served lobster mushroom potato cakes, tiramisu, and coconut ice cream. The restaurant offered a four-course tasting menu.

## History

The restaurant was co-founded by Dinae Horne and Aaron Adams in December 2008 or January 2009. In 2010, chef Adams represented Portobello in the first Vegan Iron Chef, presented by Try Vegan PDX.

Adams sold his part of the company in 2014.

Portobello closed on December 31, 2016, after hosting a New Year's Eve party. The restaurant was replaced by Heart Bar and later Aviv. In 2017, *Portland Monthly* said Portobello had "served as Portland's only all-vegan pizza spot for several years".

## Reception

In 2009, Patrick Alan Coleman of the *Portland Mercury* wrote, "Portobello is already making a mark in Portland and is set to be a favorite of vegans and omnivores alike. Sharing a space with Cellar Door Coffee, it's cozy while remaining refined and open relatively late. Swooning is permitted, as are passionate displays of ingestion."

In 2012, Grant Butler included the beet tartare in *The Oregonian*'s list of Portland's 10 best vegan dishes and wrote, "Chef Aaron Adams is one of Portland's most creative vegan chefs, and his Southeast Division trattoria is one of the city's best Italian kitchens, producing dishes that strike the right balance between inventiveness and comfort. Adams insists on using the best ingredients, sourced for both their ethical and organic qualities, and he's fascinated with modernist cooking techniques."

In his 2013 review of Portobello, Butler said, "This Italian American restaurant strikes the right balance between approachable vegan fare such as pizza and homemade veggie burgers and inventive culinary whimsy from ... Adams, who currently is experimenting with how principles of molecular gastronomy can play out in plant-based fare. It's a daring approach that pays off, giving diners the choice between comfort and shazam." He said the four-course tasing menu "is one of the best deals around" and wrote, "Still not impressed by faux cheese? Portobello's plate of artisan nut- and tofu-cheeses could make you a believer."

Following the restaurant's closure, *Eater Portland*'s Mattie John Bamman called Portobello a "pioneer in Portland's vegan cooking".

## InfoBox

| Portobello Vegan Trattoria | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Portobello Vegan Trattoria was housed in the Banana Building (*pictured in 2021*), in the space later occupied by Aviv | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | December 2008 (2008-12) |
| Closed | December 31, 2016 (2016-12-31) |
| Food type | Italian |
| Street address | 1125 Southeast Division St. |
| City | Portland |
| State | Oregon |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 45°30′18.8″N 122°39′14.9″W / 45.505222°N 122.654139°W / 45.505222; -122.654139 |


title: Joseph Pease (railway pioneer)

abstract: Joseph Pease was a British proponent and supporter of the Stockton and Darlington Railway Company, one of first public railway systems in the world, and was the first Quaker permitted to take his seat in Parliament.

text:
# Joseph Pease (railway pioneer)

**Joseph Pease** (22 June 1799 – 8 February 1872) was a British proponent and supporter of the Stockton and Darlington Railway Company, one of first public railway systems in the world, and was the first Quaker permitted to take his seat in Parliament.

## Life

Joseph Pease joined his father Edward and other members of the Pease family in starting the Stockton and Darlington Company. In 1826 he married Emma Gurney, youngest daughter of Joseph Gurney of Norwich. They had twelve children, amongst whom, were Sir Joseph Whitwell Pease, his eldest son, and Arthur Pease (1837-1898), his fourth son. Joseph's fifth child, Elizabeth Lucy Pease, married the agricultural engineer and inventor John Fowler, a pioneer in the application of steam power to agriculture.

In 1829 Pease was managing the Stockton and Darlington Railway in place of his father. In 1830, he bought a sufficient number of the collieries in the area, to become the largest owner of collieries in South Durham. That same year, along with his father-in-law Joseph Gurney of Norfolk, and other Quaker businessmen, they bought a large tract of land at Middlesbrough, which they projected as a port for exporting coal. In December 1830, a new railway line was opened on the Stockton and Darlington railway, to Middlesbrough, for transporting the coal to the new port. In addition to collieries, he was interested in quarries and ironstone mines in Durham and North Yorkshire, as well as in cotton and woollen manufactures, and he was active in educational and philanthropic work.

In 1832, Pease was elected Member of Parliament for South Durham. As a Quaker, he was not immediately allowed to take his seat, because he refused to take the oath of office. A special committee considered the question and decided that Pease could affirm, rather than swear and thus, he was allowed to take his seat in Parliament, the first Quaker so to do. He was also unusual, in that, like most Quakers of the day, he refused to remove his hat, even when he entered the House of Commons.

Pease introduced as a bill the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835, being a member of the committee of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The law was passed in part due to lobbying by the Society (founded 1824, since 1840 the RSPCA). The 1835 Act amended the existing legislation to prohibit the keeping of premises for the purpose of staging the baiting of bulls, dogs, bears, badgers or "other Animal (whether of domestic or wild Nature or Kind)". The Act also banned (but failed to eradicate) dog fighting and cockfighting.

Pease supported the Whig governments of Earl Grey and Lord Melbourne. He joined Thomas Fowell Buxton in the anti-slavery movement. He supported the removal of bishops from the House of Lords. He was also in favour of shorter Parliaments and the secret ballot. He retired from politics in 1841.

In 1860, Pease became the president of the Peace Society, a post he held until his death.

He wrote a poem in praise of Newington Academy for Girls, founded by Quaker scientist and abolitionist, William Allen.

Like his father before him, he is buried at the Friends Burial Ground, Skinnergate, Darlington, County Durham.

A statue to Joseph Pease stands at the junction of High Row and Bondgate, in the centre of Darlington. It was unveiled in 1875, to mark the golden jubilee of the opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway.

Joseph Pease also paid for the building of the Clock Tower in Darlington as a gift to Darlington.


title: Joseph Pease, 2nd Baron Gainford

abstract: Joseph Pease, 2nd Baron Gainford (1889–1971) was a British hereditary peer and member of the Pease family.

text:
# Joseph Pease, 2nd Baron Gainford

**Joseph Pease, 2nd Baron Gainford** (1889–1971) was a British hereditary peer and member of the Pease family.

## Family

He was the only son of the Liberal peer Jack Pease, 1st Baron Gainford and his wife Ethel Havelock-Allan, a daughter of Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, 1st Baronet He married 1921, Veronica Margaret Noble, (died 1995) daughter of Sir George John William Noble, 2nd Baronet.

Their children were:

## Career

Pease was educated at Eton College and reached the rank of Major in the British Army. He fought in both world wars before becoming Baron in 1943. He died in September 1971.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Joseph Pease, 2nd Baron Gainford
|  | CrestUpon the capital of an Ionic column a dove rising holding in the beak a pea stalk as in the arms all Proper. EscutcheonPer fess Azure and Gules a fess nebuly Ermine between two lambs passant in chief Argent and in base upon a mount Proper a dove rising Argent holding in the beak a pea stalk the blossoms and pods also Proper. SupportersOn either side a barbary wild sheep ram guardant Or. MottoPax Et Spes |
| --- | --- |


title: Joseph Swan (engraver)

abstract: Joseph Swan was an engraver and publisher active in Glasgow in the early nineteenth century.

text:
# Joseph Swan (engraver)

**Joseph Swan** (11 November 1796 Manchester, England – 22 September 1872 Anderston, Scotland) was an engraver and publisher active in Glasgow in the early nineteenth century.

## Life and work

Joseph Swan was born 11 November 1796 in Manchester England to Thomas Swan and Janet Russell.

He started his career in what had become his hometown of Edinburgh as an apprentice to engraver John Beugo and worked with other engravers. In August 1817, he married Margaret Thomson in Edinburgh before setting off to Glasgow. There he took over the engraving business established by Charles Dearie, who died 28 November 1818.

Swan was one of a number of engravers and printers in Glasgow whose business encompassed pictures, portraits, maps, bookplates, plans, invoices, bills, bank notes, and silver work. One of his commissions was to illustrate rare plants in the collection of the Royal Botanic Institute of Glasgow.

In 1836 Swan was one of the first to apply steam to the lithographic printing process. He employed staff who specialised in a particular area such as pictures, letter and seal engraving. They included Robert Charles Bell who, like Swan, had worked with John Beugo in Edinburgh and Thomas Annan, later known for his photographic work.

Swan's reputation was established by his engraved illustrations of Scottish towns and landscapes which were based on pictures by contemporary Scottish artists such as John Fleming, John Knox, Andrew Donaldson, James Stewart and William Brown.

The first major work, *Views of Scotland and its environs*, appeared in 1826 with accompanying text by John Leighton and sold at five shillings and sixpence for fine proof impressions on India paper and four shillings and sixpence for common impressions.

To ensure the commercial success of such a project, subscribers were required to make payments in advance of publication to ensure that the work could proceed. Subscribers for the Views of Glasgow included the Duchess of Montrose, the Lord Provost of Glasgow and Archibald McLellan, a founder of the civic art collection. The engravings were made from pictures produced by Greenock-based John Fleming, Glasgow’s John Knox and Swan himself. The thirty-three plates include views of the city from different vantage points, the leading thoroughfares, buildings, and districts. Contemporary newspapers praised the work both for its choice of subjects and the quality of workmanship.

Following the success of the *Select Views of Glasgow*, Swan published part one of the *Select Views on the River Clyde* in February 1828. The engravings for the series were taken from pictures by John Fleming and Andrew Donaldson. They were larger than the Glasgow set and the price rose accordingly. By February 1830 the series was complete and included views of country houses such as Blythswood, Carstairs, Erskine and Hamilton Place plus Helensburgh, Greenock, Rothesay, and Campbelltown.

Then followed *Views of the Lakes of Scotland*, the first part of which was published in 1830. Swan was keen to point out to potential subscribers and purchasers that the work was of national importance as it was the first to group together Highland and Lowland lochs and included many of the lesser-known ones. He attracted well over 1000 subscribers from throughout Britain. All the engravings were based on pictures by John Fleming and the text was by Leighton with an introduction by Professor Wilson. From 1832 to 1836 Swan’s entry in the Post Office Directory shows him as ‘engraver and publisher of the Lakes of Scotland’.

Two works by Charles Mackie, *Historical Description of the Abbey and Town of Paisley* (1835) and *Historical Description of the Town of Dundee* (1836), contain Swans engravings. The Paisley views were all based on Swan’s own artwork while the Dundee volume contains both his work and that of James Stewart.

Stewart provided the artwork for the *History of the County of Fyfe* (1840), Sir William Hooker’s *Perthshire Illustrated* (1843), also has Swan’s engravings after Stewart, William Brown, Andrew Donaldson and D. MacKenzie. Swan’s engravings appear in further works including *Strathclutha; or the Beauties of Clyde* (1839), which combines views from the Glasgow and Clyde series; *The Topographical, Statistical and Historical Gazetteer of Scotland* (1845); and the new edition of James Browne’s *A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans*.

Joseph Swan was a committee member and for some time treasurer of the Glasgow Mechanics’ Institution which was founded in 1832. From January 1824, the institution published a very successful magazine which included many of his engravings such as portraits of James Watt and John Anderson, founder of Anderson’s institution, and the numerous mechanical inventions and improvements discussed in the text.

A key figure in Glasgow’s art world, Swan co-founded the Glasgow Dilettanti Society in 1825 to promote interest in the fine arts among the city’s artists, art collectors and connoisseurs. He was an honorary member of the West of Scotland Academy of the Fine Arts, founded in 1841, to which his firms supplied printed material. In the same year, he was on the management committee and treasurer of the newly founded Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts, an art union.

Swan operated his business from a number of locations through his career. These included different addresses in the Trongate between 1818 and 1841 when he relocated to St Vincent Street, adjacent to the Western Club. Other premises were at Exchange Square, Bothwell Street, Buchannan Street, and Parliamentary Road where the renowned *Swan’s Universal Copy Books* were manufactured for use in schools worldwide. He was listed in the *Post Office Directory* as an engraver and lithographer into the 1860s.

## Family

He lived with his family at various locations in Glasgow between 1818 and his death in 1872. Some survive such as the villa at 114 Hill Street, Garnethill and 21 Sandyforth place, Sauchiehall Street, where he died 22 September 1872. His first wife with whom he had eight children, Margaret Thomson, died in 1836 and he later married Helen Gourlay Cumming with whom he had seven children.

He was buried at the Glasgow Necropolis where his monument stands. The monument is a valuable record of his family including nine of his children who predeceased him, though it does not include the names of four daughters who survived him. It also hints at his religious convictions and support for overseas missionary work.

Media related to Joseph Swan at Wikimedia Commons


title: Poussinists and Rubenists

abstract: In 1671 an argument broke out in the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris about whether drawing or color was more important in painting. On one side stood the Poussinists who were a group of French artists, named after the painter Nicolas Poussin, who believed that drawing was the most important thing. On the other side were the Rubenists, named after Peter Paul Rubens, who prioritized color. There was a strong nationalistic flavour to the debate as Poussin was French but Rubens was Flemish, though neither was alive at the time. After over forty years the final resolution of the matter in favor of the Rubenists was signalled when Antoine Watteau's The Embarkation for Cythera was accepted as his reception piece by the French Academy in 1717. By that time the French Rococo was in full swing.

text:
# Poussinists and Rubenists

In 1671 an argument broke out in the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris about whether drawing or color was more important in painting. On one side stood the **Poussinists** (Fr. *Poussinistes*) who were a group of French artists, named after the painter Nicolas Poussin, who believed that drawing was the most important thing. On the other side were the **Rubenists** (Fr. *Rubénistes*), named after Peter Paul Rubens, who prioritized color. There was a strong nationalistic flavour to the debate as Poussin was French but Rubens was Flemish, though neither was alive at the time. After over forty years the final resolution of the matter in favor of the Rubenists was signalled when Antoine Watteau's *The Embarkation for Cythera* was accepted as his reception piece by the French Academy in 1717. By that time the French Rococo was in full swing.

## The argument

The Poussinists believed in the Platonic idea of the existence in the mind of ideal objects that could be reconstructed in concrete form by the selection, using reason, of elements from nature. For the Poussinists, therefore, color was a purely decorative addition to form and drawing (design or *disegno*), the use of line to depict form, was the essential skill of painting. Their leader was Charles Le Brun (died 1690), Director of the Academy, and their heroes were Raphael, the Carracci, and Poussin himself, whose severe and stoical works exemplified their philosophy. Their touchstones were the forms of classical art.

They were opposed by the Rubenists who believed that colour, not drawing, was superior as it was more true to nature. Their models were the works of Rubens who had prioritised the accurate depiction of nature over the imitation of classical art. The Rubenists argued that the aim of painting was to deceive the eye by creating an imitation of nature. Drawing, according to the Rubenists, although based on reason, appealed only to a few experts whereas colour could be enjoyed by everyone. The ideas of the Rubenists therefore had revolutionary political connotations as they elevated the position of the lay person and challenged the idea that had held sway since the Renaissance that painting, as a liberal art, could only be appreciated by the educated mind.

In 1672, Charles Le Brun, Chancellor of the French Academy, attempted to halt the argument by stating officially that "the function of colour is to satisfy the eyes, whereas drawing satisfies the mind." He failed, and the debate was continued in the pamphlets of Roger de Piles, who favoured the colourists and set out the arguments in his 1673 *Dialogue sur le Coloris* (Dialogue on Colour), and his 1677 *Conversations sur la Peinture* (Conversations on Painting).

The argument was similar to the argument over the merits of *disegno* and *colore* in Italy in the fifteenth century but with a particularly French character as the importance of drawing was one of the key tenets of the French Academy and any attack on it was effectively an attack on everything the Academy stood for, including its political functions in support of the King.

To a certain extent, the debate was simply about whether it was acceptable to paint purely in order to give pleasure to the viewer without the nobler purposes typical of a "history" painting.

## Resolution

A success for the Rubenists was achieved when Roger de Piles was elected a member (as an amateur) of the French Academy in 1699, and the final signal that the Rubenists had won came when Antoine Watteau's *The Embarkation for Cythera* was accepted as his reception piece by the Academy in 1717.

Watteau's acceptance was, however, perhaps not everything that he could have hoped for. When he applied to join the Academy, there was no suitable category for his *fête galante* works, so the academy simply created one rather than reject his application, describing him as a "peintre des festes galantes". While this acknowledged Watteau as the originator of that genre, and was a significant mark of acceptance both of him and his style of painting, it also prevented him being recognised as a history painter, the highest class of painter, and the only one from which the academy's professors were drawn. Charles-Antoine Coypel, the son of its then director, tellingly said: "The charming paintings of this gracious painter would be a bad guide for whoever wished to paint the Acts of the Apostles."

Watteau is considered the greatest of the Rubenist artists. Other important Rubenists include François Boucher and Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin benefited from the newfound interest in still-life and genre painting.

## Significance

The debate and the overlapping development of the Rococo in eighteenth century France have been seen as a form of revival. Michael Levey has pointed out that it was during the seventeenth century that the new categories of genre, landscape and still life had become established with their emphasis on the observation of nature, and therefore the arguments of the Rubenists amounted to a revival of existing traditions of naturalism and a call for a greater discipline in painting rather than representing an attitude of general licence or *laissez-faire* as is sometimes assumed.

The argument also took place during the beginning of the Enlightenment and the Rubenists found support in John Locke's *Essay Concerning Human Understanding* (1690), which argued that all ideas derived from experience and that none were innate. Jean-Baptiste Dubos observed that what was comprehended through the mind paled compared to what was apprehended through the senses.


title: Joséphine Nyssens Keelhoff

abstract: Joséphine Nyssens Keelhoff (1833–1917) was a Belgian activist and social reformer identified with the temperance, feminist, and women's rights movements. She was also an editor of publications that supported her activities. Her struggle for temperance social reform included classic propaganda means for the time: organs, brochures, and conferences. Keelhoff wrote articles for the Union des femmes belges contre l'alcoolisme's organs: L'Action sociale first, La Clairière, and Het Geluk des Huisgezins, financing these publications itself. Her death was a severe loss to the temperance movement in Belgium.

text:
# Joséphine Nyssens Keelhoff

**Joséphine Nyssens Keelhoff** (1833–1917) was a Belgian activist and social reformer identified with the temperance, feminist, and women's rights movements. She was also an editor of publications that supported her activities. Her struggle for temperance social reform included classic propaganda means for the time: organs, brochures, and conferences. Keelhoff wrote articles for the Union des femmes belges contre l'alcoolisme (Belgian Women's Union Against Alcoholism)'s organs: *L'Action sociale first*, *La Clairière*, and *Het Geluk des Huisgezins*, financing these publications itself. Her death was a severe loss to the temperance movement in Belgium.

## Early life and education

Joséphine Nyssens was born at Lokeren, East Flanders, 4 April 1833. She was raised in a Catholic environment, a typically bourgeois family, whre her mother raised a large family of fifteen children, of whom Joséphine was ninth. Her father ran a cotton fabric factory.

At a time when compulsory education was not legislated, young Joséphine seemed to have benefited from a quality education, at the beguinage at Kortrijk.

## Career

Between 1866 and 1869, she worked in the tea and Chinese porcelain industry at "À la Porte Chinoise", run by her sister, Hélène, in Brussels.

During the short Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), according to family oral tradition, she became involved as a volunteer nurse in the Belgian Association for the Relief of Soldiers Wounded in Wartime, made up mainly of notables.

In 1875, she married François Keelhoff, a painter from Limbourg and son of the notary of Neerhaeren. She was then 42 years old, her husband 55. She settled in Neerhaeren, her husband's hometown, and she invested in the education of poor children.

### Temperance

Widowed in 1893, and without descendants, Keelhoff sold a large part of her possessions and moved to Brussels to devote herself to the fight against alcohol and to mobilize for the women's cause. As president of the *Union des femmes belges contre l'alcoolism* of which she was also one of the founders, her long tenure of office (1899–1914) bore witness to her efficient leadership of that society. She was the founder of the temperance journal *La Clairiere* and of the Flemish publication *Het Geluk der Huisgezin* (The Health of the Family). From 1904 to 1914, she directed the publication of *L'almanach de la femme* (The Woman's Almanac), and wrote several small brochures, among others "La Poupee Humaine" (The Human Doll).

The Union's ideals also included more progressive issues such as the status of the worker, women's rights, and compulsory education. The aim was to improve the social system of the time. These ideals became international, and Keelhoff took part in major anti-alcohol demonstrations in Paris in 1900, Geneva in 1903, Budapest in 1905, and Milan in 1907. She received honors at these events: the honorary diploma in Budapest and three gold medal diplomas in Milan. The Union was later subsidized by the Ministry of Agriculture.

Keelhoff's most remarkable achievement was the opening of the Restaurant Hygiénique, on 3 December 1901, on the Place du Sablon in Brussels. With her own funds, Keelhoff took the initiative of renting the first floor of number 40 and setting up a restaurant offering complete meals at affordable prices. The Hygienic Restaurant also housed a library, a reading room, and a conference room. It was in these rooms that feminist speakers would give speeches, for Keelhoff's activism was first and foremost a feminist one. The Restaurant hygiénique was so successful that several similar establishments were built throughout the country.

For some time, she was a member of the general council of the *La Ligue patriotique contre l'alcoolisme* (The Patriotic League Against Alcoholism). She attended the Sixth International Congress Against Alcoholism, at Brussels, in 1897, and the Eighth Congress, at Vienna, in 1901. At the latter meeting, she read in French a paper, "On Woman’s Participation in the Fight Against Alcoholism". In 1905, Keelhoff became a member of the *Conseil Général du Comité National contre l’Alcoolisme* (General Council of the National Committee against Alcoholism).

### Feminism

Keelhoff's feminist struggle was an extension of her anti-alcoholism campaign. She held feminist conferences in her Restaurant Hygiénique and delivered speeches that were very modern for the time, calling for gender equality at all levels and denouncing male oppression.

In 1899, Keelhoff joined the Ligue belge du droit des femmes (Belgian League for Women's Rights). She became increasingly involved. In 1905, she joined the Conseil national des femmes belges (CNFB) under the leadership of Marie Popelin, its founder. This council also included the Ligue belge du droit des femmes. Keelhoff contributed to the development of Belgian feminism, while at the same time displaying a pacifism imbued with great humanism. In the same year, she took on the role of Commissioner in the *Association des cités-jardins*, one of eleven associations developed by the CNBF, offering social housing to families living in slums. In 1909, she became a member of the Belgian Labour Party and devoted her life to the peaceful defense of the Belgian feminist movement.

## Later life

Keelhoff practised total alcohol abstinence herself. She worked tirelessly until 1914. As Europe got bogged down in World War I, Keelhoff retired to Neerhaeren, where she died 14 March 1917.

## Awards and honours

## Selected works

* "Répertoire de la presse féminine et féministe en Belgique 1830–1944", *Action sociale*, Brussels, Inbel, vol. I, 1903–1914, pp. 2, 87.
* "Repertorium van de feministische en vrouwenpers 1830–1994", *Het Geluk Des Huisgezins*, Brussels, Inbel, vol. II, 1994, pp. 76–77.

1. Matkava, Sophie, "Engagements féminins", *Sextant*, vol. 9, Groupe interdisciplinaire d’Études sur les femmes de l’Université libre de Bruxelles, 1998, pp. 115–150.
2. Cherrington, Ernest Hurst (1928). "KEELHOFF, JOSEPHINE (NYSSENS)". *Standard encyclopedia of the alcohol problem. Vol IV. Kansas-Newton*. Vol. 4. Westerville, Ohio: American Issue Pub. Co. pp. 1445–46. Retrieved 17 January 2024  via Internet Archive.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
3. Gubin, Eliane (2006). *Dictionnaire des femmes belges: XIXe et XXe siècles* (in French). Lannoo Uitgeverij. p. e426. ISBN 978-2-87386-434-7. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
4. Associations Belge de secours aux militaires Blessés en temps de guerre, "Compte rendu des opérations du comité de Bruxelles", Imprimerie J. Sannes, Brussels, 1871, p. 17.
5. AVB, Nyssens Fund, box 17, letter addressed to Antonia Nyssens-Van-Dreveld, December 25, 1942 by her nephew Raymond Van der Burght, notary in Vilvoorde, accompanying a biography of Joséphine Keelhoff (“Aunt Josse”), written by Burght in 1921.
6. AVB, Fond Nyssens, box 8, L'Union des femmes..., PV des séances, séance du 298 June 1900 and G. Malherbe, *Les sociétés de temperance*, Binche-Bruxelles, 1900, p. 22-27

### Sources

* Jacques, Catherine (2013). *Le féminisme en Belgique du 19e siècle aux années 1970* (in French). Vol. 7–8. Courrier Hebdomadaire du CRISP. pp. 5–54.
* Coorebyter, Vincent de (2008). *Clivages et partis en Belgique* (in French). Vol. 15. Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP. pp. 7–95.

## InfoBox

| Joséphine Nyssens Keelhoff | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Joséphine Nyssens
4 April 1833
Lokeren, East Flanders, Belgium |
| Died | 14 March 1917 (aged 83)
Neerhaeren, Belgium |
| Occupations | * temperance activist * women's rights activist * feminist * editor |
| Spouse | François Keelhoff  (m. 1875; died 1893) |