title: Sadistic Sex Daemon

abstract: Sadistic Sex Daemon is the 7th studio album by the band Misanthrope. The bonus disc is entirely sung in French, except for the last track. There was also an LP picture disc released in July 2005 by Painkiller Records, which was limited to 500 copies.

text:
# Sadistic Sex Daemon

***Sadistic Sex Daemon*** is the 7th studio album by the band Misanthrope. The bonus disc is entirely sung in French, except for the last track. There was also an LP picture disc released in July 2005 by Painkiller Records, which was limited to 500 copies.

## Track listing

### Original album

1. Révisionniste - 5:33
2. Sadistic Sex Daemon - 4:21
3. La Marche des Cornus - 6:41
4. Armageddon à l'Élysée - 4:34
5. Conversation Métapsychique - 5:28
6. Grand Démonologue - 4:46
7. L'Extinction d'une Etoile - 5:07
8. Bonaparte - 4:09
9. Sans Complaisance - 4:44
10. Le Dernier Répond - 0:12
11. Romantisme Noir - 4:50

### Bonus disc

1. Nouvel Enfer - 4:13
2. Chair Organique - 4:49
3. Conversation Métapsychique (Instrumental version) - 5:29
4. L'extinction D'une Étoile (Instrumental version) - 5:07
5. The Horns Walk - 6:43
6. Sadistic Sex Daemon (English Version) - 4:19

### LP picture disc

#### Side A (English vocals)

1. Revisionist
2. Sadistic Sex Daemon
3. The Horns Walk
4. Great Daemonologist
5. Extinction of a Star

#### Side B (French vocals)

1. Conversation Métapsychique
2. Sans Complaisance
3. Bonaparte
4. Le Dernier Répond
5. Romantisme Noir
6. Nouvel Enfer

## InfoBox

| Sadistic Sex Daemon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Misanthrope | |
| Released | March 2003 |
| Genre | Progressive death metal, avant garde metal |
| Length | 50:25 |
| Label | Holy Records (original album)
Painkiller Records (LP picture disc) |
| Misanthrope chronology | |
| *Misanthrope Immortel*
(2000) ***Sadistic Sex Daemon***
(2003) *Misanthro-Thérapie (15 Années d'Analyse)*
(2004) | |


title: Antimacassar

abstract: An antimacassar is a small cloth placed over the backs or arms of chairs, or the head or cushions of a sofa, to prevent soiling of the permanent fabric underneath. The name also refers to the cloth flap 'collar' on a sailor's shirt or top, used to keep macassar oil off the uniform.

text:
# Antimacassar

An **antimacassar** /ˌæntɪməˈkæsər/ is a small cloth placed over the backs or arms of chairs, or the head or cushions of a sofa, to prevent soiling of the permanent fabric underneath. The name also refers to the cloth flap 'collar' on a sailor's shirt or top, used to keep macassar oil off the uniform.

## History

Macassar oil was an unguent for the hair commonly used by men in the early 19th century and reputed to have been manufactured from ingredients purchased in the port of Makassar in the Dutch East Indies. The poet Byron called it "thine incomparable oil, Macassar". The fashion for oiled hair became so widespread in the Victorian and the Edwardian period that housewives began to cover the arms and backs of their chairs with washable cloths to prevent the fabric coverings from being soiled. Around 1850, these started to be known as antimacassars. They were also installed in theatres from 1865.

They came to have elaborate patterns, often in matching sets for the various items of parlor furniture; they were either made at home using a variety of techniques such as crochet or tatting or purchased. The original antimacassars were usually made of stiff white crochet-work.

In the third quarter of the 19th century, they became simpler and softer, usually fabric embroidered with a simple pattern in wool or silk.

By the beginning of the 20th century, antimacassars had become so associated in people's minds with the Victorian period that the word briefly became a figurative term for it. For example, antimacassars are suggestive of old-fashioned, Victorian-era women in Rebecca West's novel *The Return of the Soldier*.

Antimacassars are also used on the seat headrests of commercial passenger transport vehicles, such as trains, buses and, especially, aircraft, to prevent the transmission of hair dressings and medical conditions between passengers, simplify maintenance, and extend the life of fabrics.


title: Industrial arts

abstract: Industrial arts is an educational program that features the fabrication of objects in wood or metal using a variety of hand, power, or machine tools. Industrial Arts are commonly referred to as Technology Education. It may include small engine repair and automobile maintenance, and all programs usually cover technical drawing as part of the curricula. As an educational term, industrial arts dates from 1904 when Charles R. Richards of Teachers College, Columbia University, New York suggested it to replace manual training. In the United States, industrial arts classes are colloquially known as "shop class"; these programs expose students to the basics of home repair, manual craftsmanship, and machine safety. Most industrial arts programs were established in comprehensive rather than dedicated vocational schools and focused on a broad range of skills rather than on a specific vocational training. In 1980, the name of industrial arts education in New York State was changed to "technology education" during what was called the "Futuring Project". The project goal was to increase students' technological literacy. In Victoria, Australia, industrial arts is still a key part of the high school curriculum. The term now describes a key study of technology that focuses on both engineering and industrial technologies. Additionally, design using the aforementioned technologies is now a key part of the industrial arts curriculum and has been since the mid-1980s. One of the most important aspects of industrial arts is that students design and create solutions; learning the challenges involved with working with materials and also the challenges of small-scale project management. Some universities have doctoral programs in industrial arts. Industrial arts includes product design, industrial design, industrial photography and digital business arts.

text:
# Industrial arts

**Industrial arts** is an educational program that features the fabrication of objects in wood or metal using a variety of hand, power, or machine tools. Industrial Arts are commonly referred to as Technology Education. It may include small engine repair and automobile maintenance, and all programs usually cover technical drawing as part of the curricula. As an educational term, *industrial arts* dates from 1904 when Charles R. Richards of Teachers College, Columbia University, New York suggested it to replace *manual training*.

In the United States, industrial arts classes are colloquially known as "**shop class**"; these programs expose students to the basics of home repair, manual craftsmanship, and machine safety. Most industrial arts programs were established in comprehensive rather than dedicated vocational schools and focused on a broad range of skills rather than on a specific vocational training. In 1980, the name of industrial arts education in New York State was changed to "technology education" during what was called the "Futuring Project". The project goal was to increase students' technological literacy.

In Victoria, Australia, industrial arts is still a key part of the high school curriculum. The term now describes a key study of technology that focuses on both engineering and industrial technologies. Additionally, design using the aforementioned technologies is now a key part of the industrial arts curriculum and has been since the mid-1980s.

One of the most important aspects of industrial arts is that students design and create solutions; learning the challenges involved with working with materials and also the challenges of small-scale project management.

Some universities have doctoral programs in industrial arts.

Industrial arts includes product design, industrial design, industrial photography and digital business arts.

## Clubs

An industrial arts club is an organization that promotes the use of industrial fabrication equipment by the general public. Clubs have grown out of the decline of industrial arts (aka shop class) programs in comprehensive school systems in the US.

Clubs began as student organizations in primary and secondary schools offering industrial, the TechShop and Sparqs Industrial Arts Club based in Massachusetts which grew out of campus activities at MIT.

## In New South Wales

Industrial Arts (IA) is an important part of the (NSW) high school curriculum. Industrial Arts syllabi are managed, like all NSW syllabi by the Board of Studies. In some schools Industrial Arts faculties have become part of a larger Technology faculty, however, many schools still have a stand-alone Industrial Arts faculty.

The primary role of Industrial Arts education is to expose students to a variety of industrial and engineering technologies that improve their understanding of the industrial and engineered world. Moreover, students learn both project management and design principles, most courses are project-based with students realizing a solution to a design or engineering challenge. Two key components of the projects are **synthesis** of a solution and **evaluation** of the final product. Both of these components are the highest order objectives in Bloom's Taxonomy.

### Curricula

Industrial Arts have a single compulsory course for Years 7 and 8: Technology (Mandatory). This course also has areas that cover Home Economics concepts and Information Communication Technologies (ICT) content.

For Years 9 and 10 all Industrial Arts courses are electives, the three electives on offer are Design and Technology, Graphics Technology, and Industrial Technology. The most popular Industrial Arts elective is Industrial Technology.

* **Design and Technology**: this course centers on design without a prescribed context, so students may work with a variety of non-specified technologies. Students are given a design challenge and they come up with a solution. Their passage through the design process is documented in a Design Folio. In some schools, Design and Technology may not be delivered by the Industrial Arts faculty, in some schools the Home Economics faculty may run the Design and Technology course.
* **Graphics Technology**: this course introduces students to both manual (pencil) technical drawing and Computer Aided Design (CAD). This course has a core study in Year 9 and then a variety of electives for Year 10 including Engineering Drawing, Architectural Drawing, and Computer Animation.
* **Industrial Technology**: this course may be studied with a variety of different disciplines with the most popular ones being: timber, metal, electronics, multimedia and engineering. All have a common theme that students are involved in designing and making projects relevant to the context being studied. For example, a student in Industrial Technology – Multimedia may be asked to design an animation or website advertising a product. The development of their project is documented in their Project Report. A key part of the project report is the evaluation of the finished product.

In Years 11 and 12, Industrial Arts offers three Higher School Certificate (HSC) non-Vocational courses: Design and Technology, Engineering Studies, and Industrial Technology.

* **Design and Technology** is an extension of the junior course of the same name. The course centers on design without a prescribed context, so students may work with a variety of non-specified technologies. For their HSC students must create a Major Design Project. Students establish a need and then try to solve it and realize a solution. A key part of the project is evaluated through the design process. The Major Design project counts for 60% of their final HSC examination mark.
* **Engineering Studies** is primarily a theory course that introduces students to the engineered world. The course looks at a variety of engineering applications and fields of engineering. Students learn about engineering history and societal implications, engineering mechanics, engineering materials, engineering electronics, and engineering communication methods. The course introduces students to many concepts that they would otherwise the first encounter in undergraduate engineering programs at university. One of the fundamental aspects of the course is learning engineering through the investigation of real-life applications. This builds greater significance and understanding in students.
* **Industrial Technology** is also an extension of the junior course of the same name. The course centers on students working within a prescribed technology such as Timber Products and Furniture Industries, Multimedia Industries Automotive Industries, Electronics Industries, Graphics Industries, and Metal and Engineering Industries. For their HSC students must create a Major Project. Students develop a project and document their progress through the project. Hence they learn the vital skills of project management. Similar to Design and Technology evaluation of the project is an important part of the associated documentation. The Major Project counts for 60% of their final HSC examination mark. The fundamental difference between Industrial Technology and Design and Technology is that a student studying Industrial Technology must study theory relevant to specific technology and also study industry practices relevant to their technology.

### Professional association

In NSW the professional association for Industrial Arts teachers is the Institute of Industrial Arts Technology Education (IIATE). This organization releases a quarterly journal (on CD) and also runs an annual conference that investigates matters relevant to Industrial Arts education. Moreover, the IIATE represents Industrial Arts teachers in a variety of situations such as syllabus development meetings and teacher training interviews.

Another important role that The IIATE fulfills is that of Professional Learning. The IIATE has run some very successful training days called *Hands-on Technology* where teachers can build their skills and knowledge in a variety of areas. This *Hands-on* concept has now been extended with the *Hands-on Engineering* day now being developed to assist teachers in delivering the Industrial Arts' courses Industrial Technology - Engineering and Engineering Studies.

The IIATE has also successfully run training programs for CAD software which has enabled many more teachers to effectively embed CAD into their teaching.

1. "History | Department of Technology". *www.oswego.edu*. 2017. sec. Technology Education. Retrieved 2018-01-07.


title: Indoleacetate—lysine synthetase

abstract:
In enzymology, an indoleacetate—lysine synthetase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - ATP + (indol-3-yl)acetate + L-lysine ⇌ ADP + phosphate + N6-[(indol-3-yl)acetyl]-L-lysine The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, (indol-3-yl)acetate, and L-lysine, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and [[N6-[(indol-3-yl)acetyl]-L-lysine]]. This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (indol-3-yl)acetate:L-lysine ligase (ADP-forming). This enzyme is also called indoleacetate:L-lysine ligase (ADP-forming).

text:
# Indoleacetate—lysine synthetase

In enzymology, an **indoleacetate—lysine synthetase** (EC 6.3.2.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + (indol-3-yl)acetate + L-lysine $\rightleftharpoons $ ADP + phosphate + N6-\[(indol-3-yl)acetyl\]-L-lysine

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, (indol-3-yl)acetate, and L-lysine, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and \[\[N6-\[(indol-3-yl)acetyl\]-L-lysine\]\].

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases (peptide synthases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is **(indol-3-yl)acetate:L-lysine ligase (ADP-forming)**. This enzyme is also called **indoleacetate:L-lysine ligase (ADP-forming)**.

* Glass NL, Kosuge T (1986). "Cloning of the gene for indoleacetic acid-lysine synthetase from Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi". *J. Bacteriol*. **166** (2): 598–603. PMC 214646. PMID 3084452.
* Hutzinger O, Kosuge T (1968). "Microbial synthesis and degradation of indole-3-acetic acid. 3. The isolation and characterization of indole-3-acetyl-epsilon-L-lysine". *Biochemistry*. **7** (2): 601–5. doi:10.1021/bi00842a013. PMID 5644130.

## InfoBox

| Indoleacetate—lysine synthetase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 6.3.2.20 |
| CAS no. | 103537-15-1 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Walt Whitman Shops

abstract: Walt Whitman Shops is a shopping mall in Huntington Station, New York, on Long Island. The mall features the traditional retailers Macy's, Bloomingdale's, and Saks Fifth Avenue. The mall is named for the poet Walt Whitman due to the close proximity to his birthplace, a US National Historic Site, located near the mall. The mall is owned and managed by Simon Property Group, one of the largest developers of shopping malls in the US.

text:
# Walt Whitman Shops

**Walt Whitman Shops** (formerly known as **Walt Whitman Mall**) is a shopping mall in Huntington Station, New York, on Long Island. The mall features the traditional retailers Macy's, Bloomingdale's, and Saks Fifth Avenue. The mall is named for the poet Walt Whitman due to the close proximity to his birthplace, a US National Historic Site, located near the mall.

The mall is owned and managed by Simon Property Group, one of the largest developers of shopping malls in the US.

## History

### Walt Whitman Shopping Center

Built as New York's first indoor shopping mall, the facility cost $20 million at included 75 stores. It opened around anchors R.H. Macy & Company and Abraham & Straus in November 1962. It was the first time both companies directly competed with each other in the same location.

The Walt Whitman Shopping Center, as it was called then, was built by the Winston-Muss Corporation and featured a Japanese garden, aviary, and sculpted mobile based on the poetry of Walt Whitman. By January 1963, the facility was fully rented. In May, a single-screen movie theater opened, operated by Century.

### Walt Whitman Mall

By the early 1970s, the location was being referred to as the Walt Whitman Mall. Winston-Muss sold the mall to N.K. Winston, Inc. in 1973, who sold it to Corporate Property Investors three years later.

On November 13, 1984, a fire destroyed seven stores, damaged 25 others, and collapsed part of the roof. It took seven fire companies four hours to get the blaze under control; 13 people were treated for minor injuries. Two thirds of the stores were able to reopen soon after, while the rest were sealed off for repair.

On May 16, 1991, a fire killed two people and injured 36 others. It was the fourth fire at the McCrory's location in six months. In 1993, a McCrory's worker pleaded guilty to tossing a lit cigarette into a display of silk flowers set on a block of styrofoam, causing significant damage to the store and killing two of his coworkers, aged 20 and 27. The store never reopened.

By 1995, CPI was planning a massive, $50 million expansion project that would grow the mall 30% by adding a second floor, 80 stores, food court, multiscreen cinema, and two new garages. However, the plan faced significant protest from local homeowners. When Federated Department Stores merged A&S into Macy's, the Walt Whitman Mall became the first location in the country to have two Macy's storefronts. However, Bloomingdale's was soon brought in to serve as a new anchor store.

In February 1998, Simon DeBartolo Group purchased CPI and took control of the mall. Simon completed a $85 million renovation in March 1999, adding 32 stores, marble floor tiles, vaulted ceilings, skylights, and a glass domed center court to expand the mall to one million square feet. Programmable advertising displays and traffic monitoring features were also installed. Walt Whitman's poem "Leaves of Grass" was etched onto the outside of the building. Saks Fifth Avenue opened in March 1999, joining new tenants Williams Sonoma, L'Occitane, Sephora, and Brooks Brothers. By June 2000, sales had increased by 18%, putting it ahead of the national sales average. In July, Legal Seafoods opened a standalone location next to the mall. The Whitman Theater closed in 2002. In May 2003, an Apple Store opened at the mall.

### Walt Whitman Shops

In February 2012, Simon received approval for another expansion project that would add 72,000 square feet to the upper and lower levels of the mall and 30 new storefronts. Indoor renovations were completed in summer 2013 and the Walt Whitman Shops, as it was now called, was unveiled in November. The walls featuring quotes from "Leaves of Grass" were removed and replaced by a bronze statue of Walt Whitman at the Mall's new main entrance.

In August 2013, an Urban Outfitters opened. On February 22, 2014, a carbon monoxide leak at Legal Seafoods killed one person and sickened 28 others. All three restaurants in the complex (Legal Sea Foods, The Cheesecake Factory, and Panera Bread) were evacuated. The leak was blamed on a faulty water heater pipe. The restaurant permanently closed at the end of the year. On March 2, 2016, 10 people were hospitalized after Panera Bread suffered another carbon monoxide leak that originated from the construction site where Legal Seafoods used to be.

On March 19, 2020, the Walt Whitman Shops closed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and didn't reopen until July 10. On August 27, 2020, it was announced that Lord & Taylor would shutter its traditional brick-and-mortar format as a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The previous Lord & Taylor outpost is in the approval stages to become reconstructed for a vibrant modern office use concept.

## InfoBox

Walt Whitman Shops
| The Walt Whitman statue in front of Walt Whitman Shops | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Huntington Station, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°49′20″N 73°24′35″W / 40.8223°N 73.4097°W / 40.8223; -73.4097 |
| Opening date | November 23, 1962 (1962-11-23) |
| Owner | Simon Property Group |
| Architect | Welton Becket |
| No. of stores and services | 105 |
| No. of anchor tenants | 3 |
| Total retail floor area | 1,089,350 sq ft (101,204 m2) |
| No. of floors | 1 (2 in Saks Fifth Avenue, 3 in Bloomingdale's, 4 in Macy's) |
| Parking | 5,043 spaces |
| Public transit access | **Suffolk County Transit**: 1, 3, 6
**Huntington Area Rapid Transit**: H20, H30, H40
**Nassau Inter-County Express**: n79, n79x |
| Website | simon.com/mall/walt-whitman-shops |


title: John William Buckle

abstract: John William Buckle, was a businessman, merchant and solicitor of Mark Lane, London. He was a partner in the ship-owning merchant firm of Buckle, Buckle, Bagster and Buchanan, whose partners were his brother, Thomas Henry Buckle, Henry Bagster and Walter Buchanan. John William Buckle was chairman of the Shipowners’ Society from 1814 to 1824 and of the Committee for the Relief of Distressed Seamen from 1818. He was a member of the short-lived London chamber of commerce in 1823 and 1824, as a wine and brandy merchant, insurance broker and ship manager. Buckles, Bagster and Buchanan's ships included the Admiral Gambier, Baring, Barossa, Batavia, General Graham and Mangles. They carried convicts, wool and general cargoes and their Australian contacts included, the Colonial Surgeon James Bowman, and the Sydney merchant, Thomas Iceley. The brothers were the sons of William Buckle, then at Elbow Lane, Ratcliffe, London, but already a wine merchant. The 1784 London Directories showed William Buckle had moved to 64 Queens Street, Cheapside. Henry & Wm Bagster were then sugar refiners in Princes Street, Ratcliffe. They came together as Buckles & Bagster, wine and spirit traders, about 1811. In 1807 John William Buckle gained the Freedom of the City of London as a member of the Company of Skinners. By 1825 he was a director of the Australian Agricultural Company and remained so until his death. He was a director of Indemnity Mutual Marine Insurance and of the Union Bank of Australia from 1837, until his death. In 1825 he became solicitor for the New Zealand Company and remained on its board until 1844. In 1798 Buckle married Sarah Boyd. They lived at Hither Green. Many places in Wellington and elsewhere were given names associated with the New Zealand Company. One of them is Buckle St, in Mount Cook, Wellington, named after John William Buckle. It now forms part of State Highway 1, between Taranaki Street and Basin Reserve.

text:
# John William Buckle

**John William Buckle** (1775-20 February 1846), was a businessman, merchant and solicitor of Mark Lane, London. He was a partner in the ship-owning merchant firm of Buckle, Buckle, (sometimes abbreviated to Buckles) Bagster and Buchanan, whose partners were his brother, Thomas Henry Buckle, Henry Bagster and Walter Buchanan. John William Buckle was chairman of the Shipowners’ Society from 1814 to 1824 and of the Committee for the Relief of Distressed Seamen from 1818. He was a member of the short-lived London chamber of commerce in 1823 and 1824, as a wine and brandy merchant, insurance broker and ship manager.

Buckles, Bagster and Buchanan's ships included the Admiral Gambier, Baring, Barossa, Batavia, General Graham and Mangles. They carried convicts, wool and general cargoes and their Australian contacts included, the Colonial Surgeon James Bowman, and the Sydney merchant, Thomas Iceley.

The brothers were the sons of William Buckle, then at Elbow Lane, Ratcliffe, London, but already a wine merchant. The 1784 London Directories showed William Buckle had moved to 64 Queens Street, Cheapside. Henry & Wm Bagster were then sugar refiners in Princes Street, Ratcliffe. They came together as Buckles & Bagster, wine and spirit traders, about 1811. In 1807 John William Buckle gained the Freedom of the City of London as a member of the Company of Skinners. By 1825 he was a director of the Australian Agricultural Company and remained so until his death. He was a director of Indemnity Mutual Marine Insurance (now part of Aviva) and of the Union Bank of Australia from 1837, until his death. In 1825 he became solicitor for the New Zealand Company and remained on its board until 1844.

In 1798 Buckle married Sarah Boyd. They lived at Hither Green.

Many places in Wellington and elsewhere were given names associated with the New Zealand Company. One of them is Buckle St, in Mount Cook, Wellington, named after John William Buckle. It now forms part of State Highway 1, between Taranaki Street and Basin Reserve.


title: Udea platyleuca

abstract: Udea platyleuca is a moth of the family Crambidae. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii. The larvae feed on Touchardia latifolia and Urera sandwicensis.

text:
# Udea platyleuca

***Udea platyleuca*** is a moth of the family Crambidae. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii.

The larvae feed on *Touchardia latifolia* and *Urera sandwicensis*.

* Zimmerman, Elwood C. (1958). *Insects of Hawaii*. Vol. 8 Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea. University of Hawaii Press. hdl:10125/7337.

## InfoBox

| *Udea platyleuca* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Udea* |
| Species: | ***U. platyleuca*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Udea platyleuca***<br>(Meyrick, 1899) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phlyctaenia platyleuca* Meyrick, 1899 * *Oeobia platyleuca* | |


title: Sabrina Soussan

abstract: Sabrina Soussan is an engineer and manager of French and German nationality. Until 31 December 2021, Soussan has been CEO of dormakaba Holding AG, a global group in the access industry based in Switzerland. She took her new position of Chief Executive Officer of SUEZ on the 1st February 2022. She was appointed Chairman and CEO on the 1st August 2022.

text:
# Sabrina Soussan

**Sabrina Soussan** (born 1969 in Paris) is an engineer and manager of French and German nationality. Until 31 December 2021, Soussan has been CEO of dormakaba Holding AG, a global group in the access industry based in Switzerland. She took her new position of Chief Executive Officer of SUEZ on the 1st February 2022. She was appointed Chairman and CEO on the 1st August 2022.

## Early life and education

Soussan studied mechanical and aeronautical engineering at the École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d'Aérotechnique in Poitiers, France, and received her master's degree in 1992. In 1993, she completed her Masters of Business Administration (MBA) from the Université de Poitiers in France and Trinity College Dublin in Ireland.

## Career

Soussan began her career at Renault in Paris as an engineer in engine research and development in 1994. From 1997 onwards, she worked in various positions at Siemens Automotive/Siemens VDO, first as project director for gasoline and diesel systems for Ford projects, then as managing director for diesel systems for the Renault-Nissan business unit, a position she initially kept after Siemens sold its Siemens VDO division to Continental.

### Siemens, 2009–2021

In 2009, Soussan returned to Siemens as Head of Strategy and Marketing for Building Automation for the Building Technologies Division in Switzerland. In 2011, she became Vice President Sustainability and Energy Management in the same division before moving to the Mobility Division of Siemens in 2013, first as Vice President Commuter and Regional Trains, then as CEO of the Rolling Stock Business Unit in 2015 and as Co-CEO of Siemens Mobility, a company offering transportation solutions, from 2017 onwards.

### dormakaba, 2021–2022

In April 2021, Sabrina Soussan left Siemens to succeed Riet Cadonau as CEO at dormakaba Holding AG, a global group in the access industry based in Switzerland, as of 1 April 2021. She held this position until 31 December 2021.

### Suez, 2022–present

In 22 August Soussan was appointed chairman and CEO of SUEZ SA. She joined about a year after the company was merged with rival Veolia following a much-publicized hostile takeover bid.

## Other activities

* Boeing, Member-elect of the board of directors (since 2023)
* SUEZ, Chairman of the board of directors (since 2022)
* ITT Inc, Member of the board of directors (2018-2023)
* Schaeffler AG, Member of the supervisory board(2019–2021)

1. "Biography of Sabrina Soussan" (PDF). Retrieved 15 July 2021.
2. "Profile Sabrina Soussan". Retrieved 15 July 2021.
3. "Sabrina Soussan". *MarketScreener*. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
4. "CV Sabrina Soussan". *Dormakaba Group*. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
5. "Continental officially closes VDO acquisition". *Reuters*. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
6. "CV Sabrina Soussan". *Dormakaba*. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
7. "dormakaba appoints Sabrina Soussan as CEO effective 1 April 2021". *Dormakaba*. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
8. "Jim Heng Lee to Assume CEO Role". *dormakaba.com*. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
9. Valerie Insinna and Tim Hepher (2 March 2023), Boeing nominates first Europe-based board member *Reuters*.
10. Valerie Insinna and Tim Hepher (2 March 2023), Boeing nominates first Europe-based board member *Reuters*.
11. "ITT Corporate Governance". Retrieved 15 July 2021.
12. "Schaeffler AGM adopts dividend of 25 eurocents per common non-voting share". 23 April 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.


title: Rabin fairness

abstract: Rabin fairness is a fairness model invented by Matthew Rabin. It goes beyond the standard assumptions in modeling behavior, rationality and self-interest, to incorporate fairness. Rabin's fairness model incorporates findings from the economics and psychology fields to provide an alternative utility model. Fairness is one type of social preference.

text:
# Rabin fairness

**Rabin fairness** is a fairness model invented by Matthew Rabin. It goes beyond the standard assumptions in modeling behavior, rationality and self-interest, to incorporate fairness. Rabin's fairness model incorporates findings from the economics and psychology fields to provide an alternative utility model. Fairness is one type of social preference.

## Including fairness in the standard utility model

Past utility models incorporated altruism or the fact that people may care not only about their own well-being, but also about the well-being of others. However, evidence indicates that pure altruism does not occur often, contrarily most altruistic behavior demonstrates three facts (as defined by Rabin) and these facts are proven by past events. Due to the existence of these three facts, Rabin created a utility function that incorporates fairness.:

1. People are willing to sacrifice their own material well-being to help those who are being kind.
    1. The attempt to provide public goods without coercion departs from pure self-interest.
    2. Experiments show that people cooperate to contribute toward a public good to a degree greater than would be implied by pure self-interest. Individually optimal contribution rates, as defined by the standard utility model, are close to 0 percent.
    3. During an experiment, the willingness for an individual to contribute to a public good is highly contingent on the behavior of others.
2. People are willing to sacrifice their own material well-being to punish those who are being unkind.
    1. Evidence provided by the ultimatum game, consisting of two people, a proposer and decider, splitting a fixed amount of money. The proposer offers a division of the money, then the decider decides if he or she refuses or accepts the proposal. If the decider says yes, they split the money according to the proposer's offer, but if the decider says no, neither person gets any money.
    2. Standard utility model would find that any offer proposed to the decider should be accepted if it is greater than zero because utility should increase with any increase in income. Along the same lines, the standard utility model would predict that the proposer would offer the smallest amount of money possible to the decider in order to maximize his or her own utility
    3. However, data shows that deciders are willing to punish any unfair offer and proposers tend to make fair offers.
3. Both motivations 1 and 2 have a greater effect on behavior as the material cost of sacrificing becomes smaller.

## Rabin's fairness model

Rabin formalized fairness using a two-person, modified game theory matrix with two decisions (a two by two matrix), where i is the person whose utility is being measured. Furthermore, within the game theory matrix payoffs for each person are allocated. The following formula was created by Rabin to model utility to include fairness:

$U\_{i}(a\_{i},b\_{j},c\_{i})=\pi \_{i}(a\_{i},b\_{j})+{\tilde {f}\_{j}(b\_{j},c\_{i})\*\[1+f\_{i}(a\_{i},b\_{j})\].}$

Where:

1. ai represents player i's strategy, bj represents player i's belief about what player j's strategy will be, and ci represents what player i's beliefs about player j's beliefs about player i's strategy.
    1. Although this seems complicated, a is simply player i's strategy, b is player j's strategy given how he/she believes player i will act, and c is player i's decision given what strategy player j is believed to partake in.
    2. In the game below, a, b, and c, will all take the form of either Grab or Share and then the payoffs would be determined and placed into Rabin's Fairness Model.
2. $\pi \_{i}(a\_{i},b\_{j})$ represents the payoffs player i receives
3. Player i's kindness to player j is given by: $f\_{i}(a\_{i},b\_{j})=\[\pi \_{j}(b\_{j},a\_{i})-\pi \_{j}^{e}(b\_{j})\]/\[\pi \_{j}^{h}(b\_{j})-\pi \_{j}^{\text{min}(b\_{j})\]}$
    1. $\pi \_{j}^{e}(b\_{j})=\[\pi \_{j}^{h}(b\_{j})+\pi \_{j}^{l}(b\_{j})\]/2,$, where $\pi \_{j}^{h}(b\_{j})$ is player j's highest payoff and $\pi \_{j}^{l}(b\_{j})$ is player j's lowest payoff among points that are Pareto efficient
    2. $\pi \_{j}^{\text{min}(b\_{j})}$ is the worst possible payoff in the matrix for player j
4. Player i's belief about how kind player j is being to him is given by: $\tilde {f}\_{j}(b\_{j},c\_{i})=\[\pi \_{i}(c\_{i},b\_{j})-\pi \_{i}^{e}(c\_{i})\]/\[\pi \_{i}^{h}(c\_{i})-\pi \_{i}^{\text{min}(c\_{i})\]}$
    1. $\pi \_{i}^{\text{min}(c\_{i})}$ is player i's worst possible payoff
    2. $\pi \_{i}^{e}(c\_{i})=\[\pi \_{i}^{h}(c\_{i})+\pi \_{i}^{l}(c\_{i})\]/2$, where $\pi \_{i}^{h}(c\_{i})$ is player i's highest payoff and $\pi \_{i^{l}(c\_{i})}$ is player i's lowest payoff among points that are Pareto efficient
5. The two functions above can now specify player's preferences. Player i chooses ai to maximize the expected utility of $U\_{i}(a\_{i},b\_{j},c\_{i})$

### Fairness model implications

The fairness model implies that if player j is treating player i badly, if $f\_{j}(b\_{j},c\_{i})\<0$, then player i wishes to treat player j badly as well by choosing an action, ai, that is low or negative. However, if player j is treating player i kindly, $f\_{j}(b\_{j},c\_{i})\>0$, then player i will act kindly towards player j, as well (For more in depth examples see Rabin (1993)).

## Welfare and fairness: an application

Rabin also used the fairness model as a utility function to determine social welfare. Rabin used a game theory "Grabbing Game" which posited that there are two people shopping, with two cans of soup left. The payoffs for each are given as follows, where player i's payoffs are on the left of each pair and player j's payoffs are on the right of each pair:

|  | Grab | Share |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Grab** | x, x | 2x, 0 |
| **Share** | 0, 2x | x, x |

If both grab or both share, each player i and j get one can of soup. However, one grabs, and the other does not, then the person who grabbed gets both cans of soup. There is a Nash Equilibrium present of (grab, grab). Moreover, applying Rabin's fairness model (grab, grab) will always be a fairness equilibrium but for small values of x the cooperative choice (share, share) will Pareto dominate (grab, grab). The reasoning behind this is that if the two people both grab for and therefore fight over the cans, the angriness and bad tempers that arise are likely to outweigh the importance of receiving the cans. Therefore, while (Grab, Grab) and (Share, Share) are fairness equilibria when material payoffs are small, (Share, Share) will dominate (Grab, Grab) since people are affected by the kindness, which increases utility, or unkindness, which decreases utility, of others. This example could be generalized further to describe the allocation of public goods.

### Public goods provision and fairness

Stouten (2006) further generalized the principle of fairness to be applied to the provision of public goods. He and his colleagues ran three experiments to find how participants reacted when one member of their group violated the equality rule, which states that all group members will coordinate to equally and fairly contribute to the efficient provision of public goods. Their findings demonstrated that the participants believed that the equality rule should be applied to others and therefore when one person violated this rule punishment was used against this person, in terms of negative reactions. Therefore, the equality rule applied in real-life situations should lead to the efficient provision of public goods if violations of the important coordination and fairness rules can be detected. However, often these violations cannot be detected which then leads to the free rider problem and an under-provision of public goods.