title: North Korea at the 2016 Summer Olympics

abstract: North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's tenth appearance at the Summer Olympics. The Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea sent the nation's smallest delegation to the Games since 2000. A total of 31 athletes, 11 men and 20 women, were selected for the North Korean team across nine different sports, marking the fourth straight Games to feature more female athletes than male. North Korea did not register any of its entrants in boxing for the first time since 1972, but was represented in artistic gymnastics for the first time in eight years, after missing out of London 2012 due to a two-year suspension for age falsification. Notable athletes on the North Korean roster included weightlifting champions Om Yun-chol and Rim Jong-sim, twins Kim Hye-gyong and Kim Hye-song in the women's marathon, pistol shooter and three-time Olympian Kim Jong-su, and former gymnastics champion Hong Un-jong in the women's vault. Weightlifting rookie Choe Jon-wi was selected by the committee to lead the North Korean delegation as the flag bearer in the opening ceremony. North Korea left Rio de Janeiro with a total of seven medals, signifying its most successful Olympic outcome based on the overall medal count, but falling short of the 12-medal target set by its sports commission. Half of North Korea's medal haul was distributed to the weightlifters, while the rest to the competitors in artistic gymnastics, shooting, and table tennis. Among the medalists were Rim Jong-sim, who repeated her golden feat from London four years earlier in a heavier category, and double world champion Ri Se-gwang, who obtained the nation's first ever gymnastics title by a male after 24 years.

text:
# North Korea at the 2016 Summer Olympics

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's tenth appearance at the Summer Olympics.

The Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea sent the nation's smallest delegation to the Games since 2000. A total of 31 athletes, 11 men and 20 women, were selected for the North Korean team across nine different sports, marking the fourth straight Games to feature more female athletes than male. North Korea did not register any of its entrants in boxing for the first time since 1972, but was represented in artistic gymnastics for the first time in eight years, after missing out of London 2012 due to a two-year suspension for age falsification.

Notable athletes on the North Korean roster included weightlifting champions Om Yun-chol (men's 56 kg) and Rim Jong-sim (women's 75 kg), twins Kim Hye-gyong and Kim Hye-song in the women's marathon, pistol shooter and three-time Olympian Kim Jong-su, and former gymnastics champion Hong Un-jong in the women's vault. Weightlifting rookie Choe Jon-wi was selected by the committee to lead the North Korean delegation as the flag bearer in the opening ceremony.

North Korea left Rio de Janeiro with a total of seven medals (2 golds, 3 silver, and 2 bronze), signifying its most successful Olympic outcome based on the overall medal count, but falling short of the 12-medal target set by its sports commission. Half of North Korea's medal haul was distributed to the weightlifters, while the rest to the competitors in artistic gymnastics, shooting, and table tennis. Among the medalists were Rim Jong-sim, who repeated her golden feat from London four years earlier in a heavier category, and double world champion Ri Se-gwang, who obtained the nation's first ever gymnastics title by a male after 24 years.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Rim Jong-sim | Weightlifting | Women's 75 kg | 12 August |
| Gold | Ri Se-gwang | Gymnastics | Men's vault | 15 August |
| Silver | Om Yun-chol | Weightlifting | Men's 56 kg | 7 August |
| Silver | Choe Hyo-sim | Weightlifting | Women's 63 kg | 9 August |
| Silver | Kim Kuk-hyang | Weightlifting | Women's +75 kg | 14 August |
| Bronze | Kim Song-guk | Shooting | Men's 50 m pistol | 10 August |
| Bronze | Kim Song-i | Table tennis | Women's singles | 10 August |
|

## Archery

One North Korean archer qualified for the women's individual recurve by obtaining one of the three Olympic places available from the 2015 Asian Archery Championships in Bangkok, Thailand.

| Athlete | Event | Ranking round | | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Score | Seed | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Kang Un-ju | Women's individual | 643 | 15 | Nikitin (BRA)
**W** 6–0 | Bjerendal (SWE)
**W** 6–2 | Chang H-j (KOR)
**L** 2–6 | Did not advance | | | |

## Athletics (track and field)

North Korean athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of three athletes in each event):

Key * **Note**–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **NR** = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank |
| Pak Chol | Men's marathon | 2:15:27 | 27 |
| Kim Hye-gyong | Women's marathon | 2:28:36 | 11 |
| Kim Hye-song | | 2:28:36 | 10 |
| Kim Kum-ok | | 2:38:24 | 49 |

## Diving

North Korean divers qualified for the following individual spots and synchronized teams at the 2016 Olympic Games by having achieved a top three finish from the 2015 World Championships.

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Kim Kuk-hyang | Women's 10 m platform | 263.20 | 25 | Did not advance | | | |
| Kim Un-hyang | | 289.45 | 18 **Q** | 343.70 | 5 **Q** | 357.90 | 7 |
| Kim Kuk-hyang
Kim Mi-rae | Women's 10 m synchronized platform |  | | | | 322.44 | 4 |

## Gymnastics

### Artistic

North Korea has qualified one male and one female artistic gymnast each for of the following apparatus and all-around events through the 2015 World Championships.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | | | | | | | Final | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apparatus | | | | | | Total | Rank | Apparatus | | | | | | Total | Rank |
| | | F | PH | R | V | | | PB | HB | F | PH | R | V | | | PB | HB |
| **Ri Se-gwang** | Vault |  | | | 15.433 |  | | 15.433 | 1 **Q** |  | | | 15.691 |  | | 15.691 |  |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | | | | | Final | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apparatus | | | | Total | Rank | Apparatus | | | | Total | Rank |
| | | V | UB | | | BB | F | V | UB | | | BB | F |
| Hong Un-jong | Vault | 15.683 |  | | | 15.683 | 2 **Q** | 14.900 |  | | | 14.900 | 6 |
| | Floor |  | | | 12.533 | 12.533 | 71 | Did not advance | | | | | |

## Judo

North Korea has qualified three judokas for each of the following weight classes at the Games. Hong Kuk-hyon and Kyong Sol were ranked among the top 22 eligible judokas for men and top 14 for women in the IJF World Ranking List of 30 May 2016, while Kim Sol-mi at women's extra-lightweight (48 kg) earned a continental quota spot from the Asian region as the highest-ranked North Korean judoka outside of direct qualifying position.

| Athlete | Event | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Hong Kuk-hyon | Men's −73 kg | Duprat (FRA)
**L** 000–100 | Did not advance | | | | | | |
| Kim Sol-mi | Women's −48 kg |  | Dolgova (RUS)
**L** 000–001 | Did not advance | | | | | |
| Sol Kyong | Women's −78 kg |  | Bye | Tcheuméo (FRA)
**L** 000–100 | Did not advance | | | | |

## Shooting

North Korean shooters have achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2014 and 2015 ISSF World Championships, the 2015 ISSF World Cup series, and Asian Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) as of March 31, 2016.

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Kim Jong-su | Men's 10 m air pistol | 575 | 27 |  | | Did not advance | |
| | Men's 50 m pistol | 548 | 24 |  | | Did not advance | |
| **Kim Song-guk** | Men's 10 m air pistol | 577 | 17 |  | | Did not advance | |
| | Men's 50 m pistol | 557 | 5 **Q** |  | | 172.8 |  |
| Jo Yong-suk | Women's 10 m air pistol | 381 | 12 |  | | Did not advance | |
| | Women's 25 m pistol | 582 | 6 **Q** | 12 | 7 | Did not advance | |
| Pak Yong-hui | Women's trap | 65 | 12 | Did not advance | | | |

Qualification Legend: **Q** = Qualify for the next round; **q** = Qualify for the bronze medal (shotgun)

## Table tennis

North Korea has fielded a team of three athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games. Kim Song I and 2012 Olympian Ri Myong-sun scored a second-stage draw victory each to book two of six remaining Olympic spots in the women's singles at the Asian Qualification Tournament in Hong Kong.

Ri Mi-gyong was awarded the third spot to build the women's team for the Games by virtue of a top 10 national finish in the ITTF Olympic Rankings.

| Athlete | Event | Preliminary | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| **Kim Song-i** | Women's singles | Bye | | Grzybowska (POL)
**W** 4–0 | Ishikawa (JPN)
**W** 4–3 | Chen S-y (TPE)
**W** 4–2 | Yu My (SIN)
**W** 4–2 | Ding N (CHN)
**L** 1–4 | Fukuhara (JPN)
**W** 4–1 |  |
| Ri Myong-sun | | Bye | | Lovas (HUN)
**W** 4–1 | Solja (GER)
**W** 4–0 | Fukuhara (JPN)
**L** 0–4 | Did not advance | | | |
| Kim Song-i
Ri Mi-gyong
Ri Myong-sun | Women's team |  | | | | Australia (AUS)
**W** 3–0 | China (CHN)
**L** 0–3 | did not advance | | |

## Weightlifting

North Korean weightlifters have qualified a maximum of six men's and four women's quota places for the Rio Olympics based on their combined team standing by points at the 2014 and 2015 IWF World Championships. The team must allocate these places to individual athletes by 20 June 2016.

On 22 June 2016, the International Weightlifting Federation decided to strip one men's and one women's entry place each from North Korea to the Olympics because of "multiple positive cases" of doping throughout the qualifying period.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | | Clean & jerk | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | | |
| **Om Yun-chol** | −56 kg | 134 | 2 | 169 | 2 | 303 |  |
| Kim Myong-hyok | −69 kg | 157 | 3 | ~~196~~ | DNF | - | DNF |
| Kwon Yong-gwang | | 137 | 16 | 176 | 11 | 313 | 14 |
| Choe Jon-wi | −77 kg | 153 | 8 | 190 | 8 | 343 | 8 |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | | Clean & jerk | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | | |
| **Choe Hyo-sim** | −63 kg | 105 | 3 | 143 | 2 | 248 |  |
| **Rim Jong-sim** | −75 kg | 121 | 1 | 153 | 1 | 274 |  |
| **Kim Kuk-hyang** | +75 kg | 131 | 1 | 175 | 2 | 306 |  |

## Wrestling

North Korea has qualified a total of four wrestlers for each of the following weight classes into the Olympic competition. Three of them finished among the top six to book an Olympic spot each in the men's freestyle 57 kg, men's Greco-Roman 59 kg, and women's freestyle 53 kg at the 2015 World Championships, while the other had claimed the remaining Olympic slot to round out the North Korean roster at the initial meet of the World Qualification Tournament in Ulaanbaatar.

**Key**:

* VT – Victory by Fall.
* PP – Decision by Points – the loser with technical points.
* PO – Decision by Points – the loser without technical points.
* ST – Technical superiority – the loser without technical points and a margin of victory of at least 8 (Greco-Roman) or 10 (freestyle) points.
Men's freestyle

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Yang Kyong-il | −57 kg | Higuchi (JPN)
**L** 1–4 SP | Did not advance | | | Lachinau (BLR)
**W** 3–1 PP | Bonne (CUB)
**L** 1–4 SP | Did not advance | 8 |

Men's Greco-Roman

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Yun Won-chol | −59 kg | Bye | Mahmoud (EGY)
**W** 3–1 PP | Tasmuradov (UZB)
**L** 0–4 ST | Did not advance | | | | 10 |

Women's freestyle

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Kim Hyon-gyong | −48 kg | Dadasheva (RUS)
**L** 1–3 PP | Did not advance | | | | | | 13 |
| Jong Myong-suk | −53 kg | Gallays (CAN)
**W** 4–0 ST | Gün (TUR)
**W** 4–0 ST | Maroulis (USA)
**L** 1–3 PP | Did not advance | Bye | Zhong Xc (CHN)
**L** 1–3 PP | Did not advance | 7 |

## InfoBox

| North Korea at the
2016 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | PRK |
| NOC | Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| in Rio de Janeiro | |
| Competitors | 31 in 9 sports |
| Flag bearers | Choe Jon-wi (opening)
Yun Won-chol (closing) |
| Medals
Ranked 34th | Gold 2 Silver 3 Bronze 2 Total 7 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Tetrarhanis ilma

abstract: Tetrarhanis ilma is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of primary forests.

text:
# Tetrarhanis ilma

***Tetrarhanis ilma*** is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of primary forests.

## Subspecies

* *T. i. ilma* (Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mayumbe, Uele, Ituri, Tshopo, Equateur, Kinshasa, Sankuru, Lualaba and Shaba)
* *T. i. daltoni* (Poulton, 1929) (south-western Uganda, north-western Tanzania)
* *T. i. lathyi* (Joicey & Talbot, 1921) (Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kivu, Tanzania)
* *T. i. ugandae* (Stempffer, 1964) (Uganda, western Kenya, north-western Tanzania)

## InfoBox

| *Tetrarhanis ilma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Tetrarhanis* |
| Species: | ***T. ilma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tetrarhanis ilma***<br>(Hewitson, 1873) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Liptena ilma* Hewitson, 1873 * *Liptena ilma daltoni* Poulton, 1929 * *Liptena ilma lathyi* Joicey & Talbot, 1921 * *Liptena (Tetrarhanis) ilma ugandae* Stempffer, 1964 | |


title: Huañuma

abstract: Huañuma is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 5,200 metres (17,060 ft) high. It is located in the Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Torata District, and in the Tacna Region, Candarave Province, Camilaca District. Huañuma lies south of Limani, Apacheta Limani and Tutupaca, west of the Tutupaca volcano, north of Chuquiananta and northeast of Pomani. Huañuma is also the name of an intermittent stream which originates near the mountain. Its waters flow to Asana River.

text:
# Huañuma

**Huañuma** (possibly from Aymara *waña* dry, *uma* water, "dry water") is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 5,200 metres (17,060 ft) high. It is located in the Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Torata District, and in the Tacna Region, Candarave Province, Camilaca District. Huañuma lies south of Limani, Apacheta Limani and Tutupaca, west of the Tutupaca volcano, north of Chuquiananta and northeast of Pomani.

Huañuma is also the name of an intermittent stream which originates near the mountain. Its waters flow to Asana River.

## InfoBox

| Huañuma | |
| --- | --- |
| HuañumaPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,200 m (17,100 ft) |
| Coordinates | 17°03′57″S 70°26′48″W / 17.06583°S 70.44667°W / -17.06583; -70.44667 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Moquegua Region, Tacna Region, Peru |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: Rugby union in Chile

abstract: Rugby union in Chile is a fairly popular sport. The Chilean Rugby Federation was founded on 4 May 1953 and governs the sport in Chile. Their statutes and regulations were officialized at 16 December 1963. It is affiliated to the Olympic Committee of Chile, the Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby, FIRA and World Rugby. In July 2022 the men's national team defeated the USA to qualify for the 2023 Rugby World Cup in France, the first time the country has qualified for the competition. Following this the team reached an all time high world ranking of 21.

text:
# Rugby union in Chile

**Rugby union in Chile** is a fairly popular sport.

The Chilean Rugby Federation was founded on 4 May 1953 and governs the sport in Chile. Their statutes and regulations were officialized at 16 December 1963. It is affiliated to the Olympic Committee of Chile, the Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby, FIRA and World Rugby. In July 2022 the men's national team defeated the USA to qualify for the 2023 Rugby World Cup in France, the first time the country has qualified for the competition. Following this the team reached an all time high world ranking of 21.

## History

Rugby was first introduced into South America in the late 19th century by British immigrants, but this was mainly in Brazil and neighbouring Argentina.

It was introduced by the British in the 19th century. It is believed that the first people who played it in Chile were the English who worked at the saltmines in Iquique. Rugby was also developed by the English private colleges. For many years it was a sport mostly played by the upper classes in Chile. The first teams appeared in Valparaíso and Santiago de Chile, who later formed the Unión de Rugby de Chile. The British influence can be noticed by the fact that several of the main Chilean teams have English names.

Some rugby did trickle across the border from Argentina, but it was not until the 1920s that the game really became established, around Santiago and Valparaíso.

During the 1950s, Chile was visited by the Irish tour of 1952 and a 1954 French tour.

Chilean delegates were amongst those who went to the centenary congress of the International Rugby Football Board in 1986.

In South America, with the dominance of Argentina, Chile used to consider itself the best of the rest. This was confirmed in many people's minds when Chile won the second place in the 1981 South American Championship in the absence of Argentina. However, of the other South American nations only Uruguay The Only One That Had qualified for the Rugby World Cup Until 2022 When Chile Qualified To Its First Rugby World Cup by beating USA Rugby 52-51 .

In the late 1980s, former French coach Jean-Pierre Juanchich became national administrator of the sport, lending it some extra credibility. During the 1980s, Chilean rugby participation increased by 400%, and whereas it was previously confined to the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso, it began to spread throughout the country.

### Flight 571 & "Alive"

The tragic crash of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, and the resulting books and films, *Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors* and *Alive* brought Uruguayan and Chilean rugby into the global limelight. The Uruguayans were on tour, and had played several games in Argentina, and were due to play some return matches in Chile.

*Alive* tells the story of a Uruguayan Rugby team (who were alumni of Stella Maris College (Montevideo)) and their friends and family who were involved in the airplane crash of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 which crashed into the Andes mountains on October 13, 1972. It was published two years after survivors of the crash were rescued.

## National team

The Chile national rugby union team, known as "Los Condores" ("The Condors") it is currently ranked 25th in the World Rugby Rankings, and it is the third best team from South America, after Argentina and Uruguay.

## Women's rugby

Although Chile's women have not yet played test match rugby, they have been playing international sevens rugby since 2004. (Current playing record).

## Domestic organisation

Chile National Rugby Championship started in 1948, and its first winner was Prince of Wales Country Club.

* Richards, Huw *A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union* (Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84596-255-5)
* Starmer-Smith, Nigel (ed) *Rugby - A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby* (Lennard Books, 1986 ISBN 0-7126-2662-X)
* Thau, Chris *The South American Scene* in Starmer-Smith, Nigel & Robertson, Ian (eds) *The Whitbread Rugby World '89* (Lennard Books, 1988 ISBN 1-85291-038-0)

## InfoBox

| Rugby union in Chile | |
| --- | --- |
| An English rugby union team in Valparaiso 1925. | |
| Country | Chile |
| Governing body | Chilean Rugby Federation |
| National team(s) | Chile |
| First played | Late 19th century |
| Registered players | 18,755 |
| Clubs | 23 |
| National competitions | |
| Rugby World Cup
Rugby World Cup Sevens
IRB Sevens World Series | |


title: Montréverd

abstract: Montréverd is a commune in the department of Vendée, western France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 by merger of the former communes of Saint-André-Treize-Voies, Mormaison and Saint-Sulpice-le-Verdon.

text:
# Montréverd

**Montréverd** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃tʁevɛʁ\]) is a commune in the department of Vendée, western France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 by merger of the former communes of Saint-André-Treize-Voies, Mormaison and Saint-Sulpice-le-Verdon.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 2,487 |  |
| 1975 | 2,193 | −1.78% |
| 1982 | 2,210 | +0.11% |
| 1990 | 2,307 | +0.54% |
| 1999 | 2,414 | +0.51% |
| 2007 | 2,992 | +2.72% |
| 2012 | 3,409 | +2.64% |
| 2017 | 3,700 | +1.65% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Montréverd | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Montréverd | |
| MontréverdMontréverd | |
| Coordinates: 46°56′02″N 1°24′43″W / 46.934°N 1.412°W / 46.934; -1.412 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Vendée |
| Arrondissement | La Roche-sur-Yon |
| Canton | Aizenay |
| Intercommunality | CA Terres de Montaigu |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Damien Grasset |
| Area**1** | 48.47 km2 (18.71 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 3,794 |
| Density | 78/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 85197 /85260 |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: The Shattered Statue

abstract: The Shattered Statue is an adventure module published in 1987 for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

text:
# The Shattered Statue

***The Shattered Statue*** is an adventure module published in 1987 for the *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* fantasy role-playing game.

## Plot summary

*The Shattered Statue* is a Forgotten Realms adventure scenario in which the player characters have been hired to find the pieces of a broken ancient statue so that it can be reassembled and reanimated.

This adventure was designed for *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* but is also compatible with *DragonQuest* and includes new magic rules for that game.

## Publication history

DQ1 *The Shattered Statue* was written by Jennell Jaquays with David J. Ritchie and Gerry Klug, with a cover by Daniel Horne and interior illustrations by Jaquays, and was published by TSR in 1988 as a 48-page booklet with an outer folder.

## Reception

## Reviews

1. Schick, Lawrence (1991). *Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games*. Prometheus Books. p. 92. ISBN 0-87975-653-5.

## InfoBox

*The Shattered Statue*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Code | DQ1 |
| TSR product code | 9221 |
| Authors | Jennell Jaquays with David J. Ritchie and Gerry Klug |
| First published | 1988 |


title: Meow Wars

abstract:
The Meow Wars were an early example of a flame war sent over Usenet which began in 1996 and ended circa 1998. Its participants were known as "Meowers". The war was characterized by posters from one newsgroup "crapflooding", or posting a large volume of nonsense messages, to swamp on-topic communication in other groups. Ultimately, the flame war affected many boards, with Roisin Kiberd writing in Motherboard, a division of Vice, that esoteric Internet vocabulary was created as a result of the Meow Wars. The wars began when some Harvard students, who had "colonized" an abandoned newsgroup for fans of Karl Malden, alt.fan.karl-malden.nose, and were using it as a community newsgroup for such posts about daily student life, jokingly suggested harassing members of the Beavis and Butthead fan group alt.tv.beavis-n-butthead, would be a good idea. One of the students — who was actually using a Boston University address, since he was an alumnus — announced the plan on Usenet on January 9, 1996. The original "Meowers" were denizens of the alt.tv.beavis-n-butthead newsgroup, who responded to the "invasion" by adopting a "scorched earth" policy of rendering the alt.fan.karl-malden.nose newsgroup unusable. They began including the word "meow" in their posts in a reference to a karl-malden user with the initials CAT; the "meow" itself was a reference to Henrietta Pussycat, a character from Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood.
Once the Harvard students abandoned alt.fan.karl-malden.nose, it became the Meowers' base of operations for what they called their "Usenet Performance Art". The Harvard students retreated to a private news server. After taking over alt.fan.karl-malden.nose the Meowers decided to expand their campaign of operations, and spread throughout the alt.* hierarchy, to the so-called "Big 8" groups, and out to the wider Internet. The invasion and disruption of various groups lasted for over one year.

text:
# Meow Wars

The **Meow Wars** were an early example of a flame war sent over Usenet which began in 1996 and ended circa 1998. Its participants were known as "**Meowers**". The war was characterized by posters from one newsgroup "crapflooding", or posting a large volume of nonsense messages, to swamp on-topic communication in other groups. Ultimately, the flame war affected many boards, with Roisin Kiberd writing in *Motherboard*, a division of *Vice*, that esoteric Internet vocabulary was created as a result of the Meow Wars.

The wars began when some Harvard students, who had "colonized" an abandoned newsgroup for fans of Karl Malden, `alt.fan.karl-malden.nose`, and were using it as a community newsgroup for such posts about daily student life, jokingly suggested harassing members of the Beavis and Butthead fan group `alt.tv.beavis-n-butthead`, would be a good idea. One of the students — who was actually using a Boston University address, since he was an alumnus — announced the plan on Usenet on January 9, 1996.

The original "Meowers" were denizens of the `alt.tv.beavis-n-butthead` newsgroup, who responded to the "invasion" by adopting a "scorched earth" policy of rendering the `alt.fan.karl-malden.nose` newsgroup unusable. They began including the word "meow" in their posts in a reference to a karl-malden user with the initials CAT; the "meow" itself was a reference to Henrietta Pussycat, a character from *Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood*. Once the Harvard students abandoned `alt.fan.karl-malden.nose`, it became the Meowers' base of operations for what they called their "Usenet Performance Art". The Harvard students retreated to a private news server. After taking over `alt.fan.karl-malden.nose` the Meowers decided to expand their campaign of operations, and spread throughout the `alt.*` hierarchy, to the so-called "Big 8" groups, and out to the wider Internet. The invasion and disruption of various groups lasted for over one year.

## Escalation

As the Meowers spilled over into more newsgroups, some experienced Usenetters placed the word "meow" and names of commonly seen Meowers into personal filters known as killfiles. This would often lead to the practice of "morphing," where some Meowers repeatedly altered their message headers and text so their messages would bypass those filters. Some users attempted to engage the Meowers with threats, complaints or insults. In response, the Meowers used tools like Deja News to find the favorite newsgroups of Usenet posters who criticized them and invade those as well.

The Meowers did not restrict their activities to Usenet. Since e-mail spam had not yet become a major problem, most Usenet posters generally still used their real electronic mail addresses when posting, and Meowers found it easy to flood mail accounts with thousands of nonsense messages, typically via anonymous remailers. The mail messages were often constructed so that they appeared to originate from other people. The mail systems at Boston University and other area colleges were rendered inoperable by one of these floods.

Another Meower, or at least a willing co-conspirator of the Meowers, was Grillo the Clown, who insisted that his epic-length crosspostings of obscene surrealist rants were not only performance art, but that they were protected by Grillo's right to free speech. Grillo also maintained that his gibberish was absolutely not off-topic to the subjects of the various newsgroups, and that his postings, however incomprehensible, were his heartfelt and valid statements regarding each of those topics.

In yet another series of incidents reported in news sources covering Usenet issues to be caused by Meowers (or, at least, to parties claiming to be such), floods of forged control messages (special posts used to create newsgroups, cancel individual usenet posts, and so on) caused the creation of hundreds of oddly-named newsgroups to appear at many locations. About this time, other Meower incidents included Fluffy the Cata parody of a Harvard student's pet and self-proclaimed owner of Usenetannounced the creation of news.admin.cascade. The control flood prompted some Usenet users to adopt digital signatures to verify the authenticity of such messages.

## Countermeasures

Some Usenet posters added many of the Meower posters to their target lists, and demanded that Meowers' service providers disconnect them. The results of these measures were mixed, as not all servers accepted cancel messages and there were many servers (often inadvertently) open for posting if a Meower's regular access was terminated. Some Meowers also set up faked ISPs and used them to threaten those who filed abuse reports.

Stanley J. Kalisch III was one well-known "despammer" with the power to block posters from multiple Usenet servers. Kalisch declared a limited form of Usenet Death Penalty (UDP) when he became offended by what he termed "spammed cascades." He initially targeted several posting addresses, followed by the first-ever UDP of a specific person, Raoul Xemblinosky (also known as Bufford L. Hatchett and other names). Previously, UDP actions were reserved for servers.

Kalisch later declared UDPs on four other Meowers. Some Usenet posters criticized these bans, stating that the use of UDP violated a consensus that Usenet despammers should only UDP by originating server rather than by user. As Usenet aged, and the morphing of e-mail addresses and de facto handles evolved, Kalisch ran into technical obstacles in declaring UDPs against individuals.

Many Usenet administrators and users saw abuse of anonymous remailers and open news servers as a nuisance. In response to the activities of Meowers, some anonymous remailers were modified so that news posting was restricted, and many open servers were closed. These efforts would be redoubled later when spammers and other vandals began to mimic Meower tactics. The most notable of these vandals was Hipcrime, who flooded many groups with senseless posts constructed using a steganography filter.

Another development that helped to curb Meower activity was server-side article filtering. Limitations could be placed on combinations of newsgroups, posting rates, and other article characteristics. Unlike cancels, server-side filtering only affects the servers on which it is installed.


title: Martin Thomas (footballer, born 1959)

abstract: Martin Richard Thomas is a Welsh former footballer who made more than 500 appearances in the Football League as a goalkeeper and represented Wales at senior international level. After retiring as a player he became a coach, and has worked for various clubs and for the English Football Association.

text:
# Martin Thomas (footballer, born 1959)

**Martin Richard Thomas** (born 28 November 1959) is a Welsh former footballer who made more than 500 appearances in the Football League as a goalkeeper and represented Wales at senior international level. After retiring as a player he became a coach, and has worked for various clubs and for the English Football Association.

## Playing career

Born in Senghenydd, Glamorgan, Thomas moved to England to join Bristol Rovers as a youth player. He made his début for their first team on 3 January 1977, as a substitute for Jim Eadie in the away match at Charlton Athletic. Thomas turned professional in September of that year, and went on to become Rovers' first-choice goalkeeper.

He faced competition for his jersey with England youth goalkeeper Phil Kite before going on loan to three clubs during 1982–83, first Cardiff City, then Tottenham Hotspur and Southend United. He left Bristol completely in 1983 to join Newcastle United for £50,000.

Thomas appeared regularly for Newcastle as they won promotion to the top-flight in 1984. He was the club's first choice goalkeeper for the 1985–86 and 1986–87 seasons. During the 1985–86 season he was part of the Newcastle side that lost a club record away defeat to West Ham United 8–1 a game which saw centre back Alvin Martin hit his only first class hat-trick in English professional football, against a three different goalkeepers. In September 1986, he won his first and only international cap for Wales, in a European Championship qualifier against Finland.

After a spell on loan to local rivals Middlesbrough, Thomas was sold to Division Two Birmingham City for £75,000 in October 1988. The club suffered relegation in 1989, but returned in 1992. He was part of the side that won the 1991 Associate Members' Cup Final. In 1993, after loan spells to Aston Villa and Crystal Palace, Thomas joined non-league club Cheltenham Town. He made 80 league appearances for the club before retiring as a player in 1995.

## Coaching career

Thomas earned a preliminary coaching certificate whilst playing at Newcastle, and supplemented this with further coaching badges during his time at Birmingham. He eventually earned the UEFA 'A' Coaching licence, taking a position within the Football Association in the early 1990s as a Regional Development Officer in the Midlands.

On a part-time basis, Thomas, with other professional goalkeepers, including Steve Ogrizovic, Paul Barron, and Andy Poole, helped train players aged 12–16 from clubs across the Midlands, in a time when clubs did not have goalkeeping-specific coaches.

In 1996, Thomas helped to coach England's under-16 goalkeepers, before joining the FA full-time in 1997, and has since remained part of the England youth coaching. In 1998 Thomas became part of the new Ray Clemence-headed goalkeeping department within the FA, which developed a structure for coaching goalkeeper coaches.

He was part of the England U21 coaching staff which took the team to the semi-finals of the 2007 UEFA under-21 championships.

## InfoBox

Martin Thomas
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Martin Richard Thomas | | |
| Date of birth | (1959-11-28) 28 November 1959 | | |
| Place of birth | Senghenydd, Wales | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1975–1977 | Bristol Rovers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1977–1983 | Bristol Rovers | 162 | (0) |
| 1982 | Cardiff City (loan) | 15 | (0) |
|  | Tottenham Hotspur (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| 1983 | Southend United (loan) | 6 | (0) |
| 1983 | Newcastle United (loan) | 3 | (0) |
| 1983–1988 | Newcastle United | 115 | (0) |
| 1984 | Middlesbrough (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 1988–1993 | Birmingham City | 144 | (0) |
|  | Aston Villa (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| 1993 | Crystal Palace (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| 1993–1995 | Cheltenham Town | 80 | (0) |
| Total |  | **529** | **(0)** |
| International career | | | |
|  | Wales U21 | 2 | (0) |
| 1986 | Wales | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Maciek Pysz

abstract: Maciek Pysz is a jazz musician, guitarist and composer. He is known for his clear lyrical phrasing, his virtuosity and his imaginative, cinematic compositions inspired by people, places and experiences.

text:
# Maciek Pysz

**Maciek Pysz** (born 6 September 1982 in Rybnik, Poland) is a jazz musician, guitarist and composer. He is known for his clear lyrical phrasing, his virtuosity and his imaginative, cinematic compositions inspired by people, places and experiences.

## Career

Maciek Pysz is a self-taught musician, who has been playing guitar since the age of 9. He has been inspired by musicians such as Al Di Meola, Sylvain Luc, Pat Metheny, John McLaughlin, Keith Jarrett, Biréli Lagrène, Chick Corea and Ralph Towner. Pysz plays acoustic and classical guitars and his influences come from tango, flamenco, Latin, jazz, Brazilian and classical music. His compositions are known for their lyricism, well developed melodic sense, and imagination. He moved to London in 2003 and established his first project, the Maciek Pysz Trio, in 2008 and recorded his first EP *Discoveries* the same year. Touring and collaborations followed, including a quartet with the addition of accordionist/pianist Maurizio Minardi and harmonica player Patrick Bettison. He appeared on Polish National TV in 2010, and established his trio with drummer Asaf Sirkis and bassist Yuri Goloubev. He appeared at the Blue Note Jazz Club in Poland in 2011. In 2012 he was a recipient of the UK's Jazz Services Recording Support Scheme (funded by the UK Arts Council).

In February 2013, Pysz recorded his debut album *Insight* with his trio at Artesuono Studio in Udine, Italy with acclaimed sound engineer Stefano Amerio from ECM Records. The album was released in May 2013 on 33 Jazz Records. The critic Stephen Graham wrote \[this is\] "an album that announces a major new presence on the jazz guitar scene" and "There is real musicianship as in the quality of the guitar solo on 'Moody Leaf'. Even Pat Metheny would be proud of this one." Ian Mann wrote "Pysz's highly melodic writing and well delineated and unhurried playing style make for a highly satisfying and often beautiful album." Tracks from the album featured on several occasions on Polskie Radio. and, on Jazz FM (UK) and BBC Radio 3 Jazz Record Requests He performed at London Jazz Festival in 2013.

In 2009, Pysz was a member of the Somali singer-songwriter Aar Maanta's band. In 2014, he played guitar on Maanta's song "Deeqa".

In 2014, Pysz received funding from the UK's Jazz Services National Touring Support Scheme. The funds enabled the trio to complete a UK-wide promotional tour in the spring of 2014, including a concert at London's PizzaExpress Jazz Club, which featured a guest appearance with the trio by Grammy award winner, British saxophonist, Tim Garland. The critic Peter Bacon, writing in the Birmingham Post wrote "Their album, called Insight, was released last year and shows Pysz to be an exceptionally accomplished and wide-ranging musician on both acoustic and classical guitars."

In early 2014, Pysz recorded a new album, with Italian guitarist Gianluca Corona. The album, *London Stories* was released in 2017 on 33 Jazz Records. He also featured on an album released in mid-2014 by Polish singer Monika Lidke *If I was to describe you* which featured bass player Janek Gwizdala and singer Basia Trzetrzelewska.

In late December 2014 he recorded his second album, *A Journey* with Yuri Goloubev, Asaf Sirkis and Daniele di Bonaventura at Artesuono Studio. It was released worldwide in October 2015 on Dot Time Records. He received funding for his November 2015 album launch tour of the UK from Arts Council England. The 19 date UK tour received favourable reviews. Of a performance in Newcastle, the reviewer Lance Liddle wrote “From the start it was obvious that this was going to be something special … Pysz had the audience enthralled." Sebastian Scotney of London Jazz News attended the album launch at The Forge, London and wrote "increasingly Pysz is finding his own individual descriptive harmonic colours, and is with the right colleagues to explore them further."

On 23 February 2016 Pysz appeared at London's PizzaExpress Jazz Club with his Quartet. The critic for Central and Eastern European London Review wrote "The genius of the quartet included achieving sounds both layered and deep with the efforts and skill of just four instruments or, at frequent moments, even fewer." In late 2016 Pysz formed a duo with British pianist Ivo Neame. Ian Mann described their first performance at The Arena Wolverhampton as "An excellent showing from Neame and Pysz, and I'm certain that their already impressive rapport will continue to develop." Since 2014 Pysz has been a member of Sur Amar Pysz Inwardness \[formerly One Million Faces\], a group playing improvised music and based in the South of France. Of one of their performances in Biot, France a critic said “One Million Faces offers stunning music, open, both avant-garde and very accessible...”. ". The band made its UK debut at Manchester Jazz Festival 2017 and the London Jazz News reviewer wrote "Three unscripted, immersive pieces, across a full hour... This trio’s improvisations evolve both organically and patiently, their emotional reach potentially quite powerful...". And Jazzwise praised their "subtly dynamic, ambient tone poems".

## Instruments

Pysz mainly plays acoustic and flamenco/classical guitars with various models of Godin guitar. While his favourite guitar is a Godin Grand Concert SA, he also plays a Tanglewood steel string acoustic guitar.

## Style

Pysz mostly plays with a plectrum and has his own picking style, he uses a lot of rhythm variations in his playing, and sometimes uses a fingerstyle, often switching from one to the other in one song. His style is soft, clean, melodic and highly emotional. Of his style on *Insight*, the critic Jack Massarik in Jazzwise said \[this is\] "Melodic music played with sensitivity and conviction in a style that borrows more from folk and contemporary classical music than jazz...". Bruce Lindsay in All About Jazz wrote "Pysz favors a crystal clear acoustic sound, delicate yet precise finger-work and fluid melodies. Pysz overdubs lead and rhythm guitar on much of the album, creating a fuller, richer sound in so doing. "Those Days" is a fine opening track: Pysz' lead lines are forceful and upbeat, his rhythm playing full-toned." In London Jazz News, John Watson wrote of a performance in March 2017 "However impressive his technique may be, it is certainly not “showy” – everything is at the service of creative expression."

## *Insight*

*Insight* was released in May 2013 on 33 Jazz Records. All tracks are composed by Pysz, except track 3, which is jointly composed and arranged by Gianluca Corona and Maciek Pysz.

Personnel Reviews

*Insight* received universally favourable reviews. The critic Stephen Graham proclaimed "an album that announces a major new presence on the jazz guitar scene". Peter Bacon in The Jazz Breakfast wrote "Maciek Pysz himself plays both acoustic and classical guitars, though so rich is the recording quality and so varied the sounds he manages to get that you’d swear sometimes there was electricity involved." In London Jazz News, Al Ryan wrote "There is an intuition or shorthand between the musicians that brings together some of the freshest musical ideas and worldwide musical influences to jazz. This CD is a culmination of three years of playing and touring together and the vibe and connection is obvious in the music." And Ian Mann wrote "Pysz's highly melodic writing and well delineated and unhurried playing style make for a highly satisfying and often beautiful album." Jack Massarik in Jazzwise said \[this is\] "Melodic music played with sensitivity and conviction in a style that borrows more from folk and contemporary classical music than jazz..." Adam Baruch praised the sound quality of the album, stating there is "an astonishing sonic ambience" and awarded the album 4 stars. Marcin Pulawski in Laboratorium Muzycznych Fuzji wrote of the painterly qualities of the music, of the shadows and light, warmth and colour, which give the listener a sense of truth and beauty. He gave the album eight out of ten stars.

## *A Journey*

*A Journey* was released in October 2015 on Dot Time Records. All tracks are composed by Pysz, except track 6 which was composed by Ralph Towner and track 11 which is jointly composed by Maciek Pysz and Gianluca Corona.

Personnel Reviews

*A Journey* was given 4 stars Recommended by Stephen Graham. "There’s a delicate humanity to the atmosphere throughout, sometimes touching on Pat Metheny territory by cleverly harnessing complex acoustic melodic lines underpinned by a very emotion-laden but uncloying sense of harmony." Ian Mann said "Pysz is a quiet virtuoso who has developed into one of the most distinctive guitarists around." In London Jazz News, Adrian Pallant wrote "the crisp balance of sound and space in this recording is flawless. Throughout, it's great to witness the development of Maciek Pysz's own musical personality." Adam Baruch wrote "There is no doubt that this is an amazing album, full of musical beauty, aesthetic pleasure and extraordinary musicianship, an album that has only a very few equals among the numerous other albums released on a world scale.”

## *London Stories*

*London Stories* was released in May 2017 on 33 Jazz Records.

Personnel Reviews

*London Stories* was awarded 5 stars by Lance Liddle who wrote "There won't be many if any, better guitar albums either side of the Atlantic this year." \*****

## *Coming Home*

*Coming Home* was released in October 2017 on Caligola Records.

Personnel Reviews

*Coming Home* received good reviews in the UK, Italy and Poland. The London Jazz News reviewer wrote 'Coming Home is a stunningly beautiful album that very nearly got my vote for best of the year. A triumph of understatement and restraint.'

## Discography

As leader * 2019: *A View* (Caligola Records) Maciek Pysz solo guitar
* 2015: *A Journey* (Dot Time) with Maciek Pysz Quartet feat. Daniele di Bonaventura
* 2013: *Insight* (33 Jazz) with Maciek Pysz Trio

As co-leader * 2018: *Space Jazz* Inwardness (Ozella Music) with Davy Sur and David Amar
* 2017: *Coming Home* (Caligola Records) with Daniele di Bonaventura
* 2017: *London Stories* (33 Jazz) duo with Gianluca Corona

As sideman or guest * 2019: David Barrows (Hounds Of Renown Records) - *The Species That Knew Too Much*
* 2017: Julian Costello Quartet (33 Jazz) - *Transitions*
* 2017: Monika Lidke (Dot Time) - *Gdyby Kazdy Z Nas...*
* 2014: Monika Lidke (33 Jazz)/Polskie Radio) – *If I Was to Describe You*
* 2014: Rom D Collective (La Note Bleue) – *Energy in Motion – Live at La Note Bleue*

## InfoBox

| Maciek Pysz | |
| --- | --- |
| Maciek Pysz at Dempsey's, Cardiff, UK, April 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1982-09-06) 6 September 1982<br>Rybnik, Poland |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Guitar |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Labels | 33 Jazz, Dot Time, Caligola Records, Ozella Music |
|  | |
| Website | www.maciekpysz.com |


title: Martin Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gresford

abstract: Donald Martin Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gresford, is a British Liberal Democrat politician. Born the son of a Llangollen policeman, he was educated at Grove Park Grammar School, Wrexham, and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, he graduated with a degree of LLB and an MA in Classics. He practised as a solicitor in Wrexham from 1961 to 1966 before becoming a lecturer in law. He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1967, and was appointed QC in 1979. He became a Crown Court Recorder in 1976, and was authorised to sit as a deputy High Court judge in 1995. Having been appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1982 Birthday Honours, Thomas was created a Life Peer as Baron Thomas of Gresford, of Gresford in the County Borough of Wrexham on 30 September 1996, whereupon he took the Liberal Democrat Whip. Since then he has been a spokesman on Wales and Home Affairs, and has sat on a number of committees. His political interests include Hong Kong, China, criminal justice, and Wales. In 1961 Thomas married Nan Kerr, with whom he had three sons and one daughter. She died in 2000. In 2005, he married fellow Liberal Democrat peer Baroness Walmsley. Lord Thomas was a vice-president of the Lloyd George Society until February 2012, when he was elected president. Lord Thomas is the honorary chairman of the Association of Military Court Advocates. Lord Thomas is the honorary president of the Hong Kong Welsh Male Voice Choir

text:
# Martin Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gresford

**Donald Martin Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gresford**, OBE, KC (born 13 March 1937) is a British Liberal Democrat politician.

Born the son of a Llangollen policeman, he was educated at Grove Park Grammar School, Wrexham, and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, he graduated with a degree of LLB and an MA in Classics. He practised as a solicitor in Wrexham from 1961 to 1966 before becoming a lecturer in law. He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1967, and was appointed QC in 1979. He became a Crown Court Recorder in 1976, and was authorised to sit as a deputy High Court judge in 1995.

Having been appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1982 Birthday Honours, Thomas was created a Life Peer as **Baron Thomas of Gresford**, of Gresford in the County Borough of Wrexham on 30 September 1996, whereupon he took the Liberal Democrat Whip. Since then he has been a spokesman on Wales and Home Affairs, and has sat on a number of committees. His political interests include Hong Kong, China, criminal justice, and Wales.

In 1961 Thomas married Nan Kerr, with whom he had three sons and one daughter. She died in 2000. In 2005, he married fellow Liberal Democrat peer Baroness Walmsley.

Lord Thomas was a vice-president of the Lloyd George Society until February 2012, when he was elected president.

Lord Thomas is the honorary chairman of the Association of Military Court Advocates.

Lord Thomas is the honorary president of the Hong Kong Welsh Male Voice Choir

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Lord Thomas of GresfordOBE KC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
30 September 1996
Life Peerage | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1937-03-13) 13 March 1937
Wrexham |
| Nationality | Welsh |
| Political party | Liberal Democrats |
| Spouse(s) | Nan Kerr (m. 1961 - her death 2000)
Baroness Walmsley (m. 2005) |
| Alma mater | Peterhouse, Cambridge University |
| Profession | Solicitor, Barrister, Judge, Lecturer |
|  | |


title: Martin Reynolds (politician)

abstract: Martin 'Marty' Reynolds is a Wisconsin politician and legislator. Born in Ladysmith, Wisconsin, Reynolds served in the United States Air Force and was a plumbing contractor. He served as mayor of Ladysmith. In 1990, Reynolds, a Democrat, was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly. Reynolds served in the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1991 until 2003, when he ran for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin with Ed Thompson on the Libertarian Party ticket in the 2002 Wisconsin Gubernatorial Election.

text:
# Martin Reynolds (politician)

**Martin 'Marty' Reynolds** (born February 8, 1950) is a Wisconsin politician and legislator.

Born in Ladysmith, Wisconsin, Reynolds served in the United States Air Force and was a plumbing contractor. He served as mayor of Ladysmith. In 1990, Reynolds, a Democrat, was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly. Reynolds served in the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1991 until 2003, when he ran for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin with Ed Thompson on the Libertarian Party ticket in the 2002 Wisconsin Gubernatorial Election.


title: Envis Williams

abstract: Envis Rebecca Williams is a Trinidadian former cricketer who played as a right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in one Test match and 21 One Day Internationals for the West Indies between 1997 and 2005. She played domestic cricket for Trinidad and Tobago.

text:
# Envis Williams

**Envis Rebecca Williams** (born 8 October 1962) is a Trinidadian former cricketer who played as a right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in one Test match and 21 One Day Internationals for the West Indies between 1997 and 2005. She played domestic cricket for Trinidad and Tobago.

## InfoBox

Envis Williams
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Envis Rebecca Williams |
| Born | (1962-10-08) 8 October 1962<br>Tobago |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | Bowler |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Only Test (cap 29) | 15 March 2004 v Pakistan |
| ODI debut (cap 33) | 11 December 1997 v Sri Lanka |
| Last ODI | 9 April 2005 v South Africa |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1999–2005 | Trinidad and Tobago |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WTest WODI WLA  Matches 1 21 39  Runs scored 24 120 288  Batting average 12.00 10.00 15.15  100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0  Top score 13 28 45  Balls bowled 168 1,047 1,407  Wickets 2 18 45  Bowling average 25.50 28.22 16.51  5 wickets in innings 0 0 0  10 wickets in match 0 0 0  Best bowling 2/51 3/9 3/7  Catches/stumpings 0/— 7/— 8/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 14 December 2021 | |


title: Holy Maid of Leominster

abstract: The Holy Maid of Leominster, known only as Elizabeth, was installed in the rood loft above the chancel of the priory of Leominster by its prior in the late 15th or early 16th century. The prior claimed that she had been sent by God, and that she could survive without either food or drink except for "Aungels foode". Elizabeth had no need to descend to the chapel for her sustenance, as during Mass the bread was seen to fly up out of the prior's hands and into her mouth. Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, had convened a council whose task was to investigate cases like those of the Holy Maid, who had developed a cult following, and attracted visitors seeking cures and blessings. Upon investigating Elizabeth's living quarters they discovered excrement that had "no saintly savour", meat bones hidden under her bed, and perhaps most damning of all, a thin wire extending from the altar to her loft. Margaret ordered that Elizabeth was to be removed from the chapel, following which the latter confessed that she was in reality the prior's mistress. The pair were punished by being ordered to perform a public penance.

text:
# Holy Maid of Leominster

The **Holy Maid of Leominster**, known only as Elizabeth, was installed in the rood loft above the chancel of the priory of Leominster by its prior in the late 15th or early 16th century. The prior claimed that she had been sent by God, and that she could survive without either food or drink except for "Aungels foode" (communion bread). Elizabeth had no need to descend to the chapel for her sustenance, as during Mass the bread was seen to fly up out of the prior's hands and into her mouth.

Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, had convened a council whose task was to investigate cases like those of the Holy Maid, who had developed a cult following, and attracted visitors seeking cures and blessings. Upon investigating Elizabeth's living quarters they discovered excrement that had "no saintly savour", meat bones hidden under her bed, and perhaps most damning of all, a thin wire extending from the altar to her loft. Margaret ordered that Elizabeth was to be removed from the chapel, following which the latter confessed that she was in reality the prior's mistress. The pair were punished by being ordered to perform a public penance.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Pollard, Justin (2009), *Secret Britain: The Hidden Bits of Our History*, John Murray, ISBN 978-1-84854-198-6


title: Le Peyrat

abstract: Le Peyrat is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

text:
# Le Peyrat

**Le Peyrat** is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

## Population

Inhabitants of Le Peyrat are called *Peyratais*.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 356 |  |
| 1968 | 373 | +4.8% |
| 1975 | 353 | −5.4% |
| 1982 | 410 | +16.1% |
| 1990 | 401 | −2.2% |
| 1999 | 456 | +13.7% |
| 2008 | 476 | +4.4% |

## InfoBox

| Le Peyrat | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Le Peyrat | |
| Le PeyratLe Peyrat | |
| Coordinates: 42°57′27″N 1°55′17″E / 42.9575°N 1.9214°E / 42.9575; 1.9214 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Ariège |
| Arrondissement | Pamiers |
| Canton | Mirepoix |
| Intercommunality | Pays de Mirepoix |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Alain Boulbes |
| Area**1** | 6.13 km2 (2.37 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 486 |
| Density | 79/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 09229 /09600 |
| Elevation | 406–763 m (1,332–2,503 ft)
(avg. 450 m or 1,480 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


# North Korea at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics

North Korea competed at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China, from 22–30 August 2015 in two events: men and women's marathon.

## Results

### Men

Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Pak Chol | Marathon |  | | | | 2:15:44 **SB** | 11 |

### Women

Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Kim Hye-gyong | Marathon |  | | | | DNF | |
| Kim Hye-song | |  | | | | 2:30:59 | 9 |

## InfoBox

| North Korea at the<br>2015 World Championships in Athletics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | PRK |
| in Beijing | |
| Competitors | 3 |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Championships in Athletics appearances | |
|  | |
|


title: Martin Thelander

abstract: Martin Thelander is a professional Swedish ice hockey player. He is currently playing for the BIK Karlskoga in the Swedish HockeyAllsvenskan. His former teams are Färjestad, Bofors, Södertälje, Storhamar Dragons and Herlev Hornets. Thelander was a member of the 2008 Swedish national inline hockey team that competed at the 2008 Men's World Inline Hockey Championships in Bratislava.

text:
# Martin Thelander

**Martin Thelander** (born 15 May 1981, in Sweden) is a professional Swedish ice hockey player. He is currently playing for the BIK Karlskoga in the Swedish HockeyAllsvenskan. His former teams are Färjestad, Bofors, Södertälje, Storhamar Dragons and Herlev Hornets.

Thelander was a member of the 2008 Swedish national inline hockey team that competed at the 2008 Men's World Inline Hockey Championships in Bratislava.

Martin Thelander
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's Inline Hockey | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2008 - Bratislava | 1st Gold |

## InfoBox

| Martin Thelander | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1981-05-15) 15 May 1981
SWE | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shoots | left | | |
| Allsvenskan team
Former teams | *BIK Karlskoga*
Färjestad
Bofors
Södertälje
Storhamar Dragons
Herlev Hornets | | |
| Playing career | 2000present | | |


title: Montréjeau-Gourdan-Polignan station

abstract: Montréjeau or Montréjeau-Gourdan-Polignan is a railway station in Gourdan-Polignan, Occitanie, France. The station opened on 9 June 1862 and is located on the Toulouse – Bayonne and the Montréjeau–Luchon railway lines. The station is served by Intercités and TER (local) services operated by the SNCF.

text:
# Montréjeau-Gourdan-Polignan station

**Montréjeau** or **Montréjeau-Gourdan-Polignan** is a railway station in Gourdan-Polignan, Occitanie, France. The station opened on 9 June 1862 and is located on the Toulouse – Bayonne and the Montréjeau–Luchon railway lines. The station is served by Intercités (long distance) and TER (local) services operated by the SNCF.

## Train services

The following services currently call at Montréjeau:

* intercity services (*Intercités*) Hendaye–Bayonne–Pau–Tarbes–Toulouse
* local service (TER Occitanie) Toulouse–Saint-Gaudens–Tarbes–Pau

| Preceding station | SNCF | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lannemezantowards Hendaye |  | Intercités |  | Saint-Gaudenstowards Toulouse |
| Preceding station | TER Occitanie | | | Following station |
| Lannemezantowards Pau |  | 15 |  | Saint-Gaudenstowards Toulouse |

43°04′39″N 0°34′27″E / 43.07750°N 0.57417°E / 43.07750; 0.57417


title: Mesoponera

abstract: Mesoponera is an Old World genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae. It is found in the tropics, from Sub-Saharan Africa to Australia.

text:
# Mesoponera

***Mesoponera*** is an Old World genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae. It is found in the tropics, from Sub-Saharan Africa to Australia.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Mesoponera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Mesoponera melanaria* worker | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Ponerinae |
| Tribe: | Ponerini |
| Genus: | *Mesoponera*
Emery, 1900 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Ponera melanaria*
Emery, 1893 | |
| Diversity | |
| 20 species | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Xiphopelta* Forel, 1913 | |


title: Epaphius acco

abstract: Epaphius acco is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is native to Japan.

text:
# Epaphius acco

***Epaphius acco*** is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is native to Japan.

## InfoBox

| *Epaphius acco* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Trechinae |
| Tribe: | Trechini |
| Subtribe: | Trechina |
| Genus: | *Epaphius* |
| Species: | ***E. acco*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epaphius acco***<br>(Ueno, 1991) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trechus chinensis* * *Trechus acco* | |


title: Njål Sparbo

abstract: Njål Sparbo is a Norwegian classical bass-baritone singer. Njål Sparbo is a merited oratorio singer with more than 50 major oratorioes on his repertoire, and he has sung leading parts in a number of opera productions. He is an advocate of contemporary music and has sung numerous world premiere performances. His solo engagements include all the major Norwegian choirs and orchestras, The Norwegian National Opera, and venues all over Europe, including Russia, the U.S., Japan and South-Korea. Sparbo has had more than 150 Lieder recitals together with Norway's leading pianists, and his recordings of "Grieg & Schubert: Songs", and Franz Schubert’s "Winterreise", have been praised. (Exemplary Sparbo, brilliant Schubert:... I must give him my unreserved congratulations to a recording which leaves you with a sense of loss from the moment it ceases. It is in fact not just the work itself that so strongly spellbinds the listener in me, it is equally Sparbo's interpretation... Espen Mineur Sætre, Morgenbladet). Sparbo has released the first two recordings of a CD-anthology of Norwegian songs: "Norge, mitt Norge!", and "Natt og Dag". He performs regularly at festivals and on television/radio. Among his performances are Mahler’s ”Lieder eines fahrendes Gesellen” with the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields in London, Bach’s ”Christmas Oratorio” with the Drottningholm's Baroque Orchestra in Uppsala and Rossini’s ”Petite Messe Sollenelle” in Köln Philharmonie, Kverno's "St. Matthew Passion" in New York City and Manoa in Handel's "Samson" at the London Handel Festival. Sparbo has been awarded numerous awards and scholarships, among from the Wallenberg stipend fund, Klæstad's endowment, Fegersten's endowment, Ingrid Bjoner's scholarship and the Kirsten Flagstad Prize. After a series of concerts performing all the songs by Edvard Grieg, he received the Grieg Prize in 2009 from the Edvard Grieg museum Troldhaugen for his contributions to renew the musical interpretation tradition in Grieg's songs, particularly by bringing up the dramatic scope. Sparbo has held The Norwegian Government Grant for Artists to study Art song and Contemporary Norwegian song repertoire. In 2009-2014 he worked as a research fellow at the Oslo National Academy of the Arts in The Norwegian Artistic Research Fellowship Programme with the project «Singing on the Stage - with a Psychophysical Approach» - merging different aspects of artistic performance practice with the Norwegian psychomotor tradition. He has continued as a researcher of psychophysical stage presence, combining contemporary aesthetics with the tradition of Norwegian Psychomotor Therapy. He has coached a number of choirs and vocal ensembles, including The Oslo Philharmonic Choir, and has had engagements as associate professor at the Academy of Opera and at the Academy of Ballet at the Oslo National Academy of the Arts. In 2014-15 he joined the research group "The Reflective Musician" at the National Academy of Music in Oslo in the Project Program for Artistic Development, and he is currently part of a research group at the University of Bergen with the project: "(Un-) settling Sites and Styles: Performers in Search of New Expressive Means". Sparbo has conducted peer reviews at The Norwegian Academy of Music, at The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the University College of Opera in Stockholm and has been a member of The Artists' Union Scholarship Committee. He is a board member of the International Grieg Society, and has been managing director of Oslo Grieg Society, festival director of the Oslo Grieg Festival and member of the Norwegian Operatic Association. As an entrepreneur, he has founded several websites and the record company Quattro Records.

text:
# Njål Sparbo

**Njål Sparbo** (born May 13, 1964) is a Norwegian classical bass-baritone singer.

Njål Sparbo is a merited oratorio singer with more than 50 major oratorioes on his repertoire, and he has sung leading parts in a number of opera productions. He is an advocate of contemporary music and has sung numerous world premiere performances. His solo engagements include all the major Norwegian choirs and orchestras, The Norwegian National Opera, and venues all over Europe, including Russia, the U.S., Japan and South-Korea. Sparbo has had more than 150 Lieder recitals together with Norway's leading pianists, and his recordings of "Grieg & Schubert: Songs", and Franz Schubert’s "Winterreise", have been praised.

*(Exemplary Sparbo, brilliant Schubert: ... I must give him my unreserved congratulations to a recording which leaves you with a sense of loss from the moment it ceases. It is in fact not just the work itself that so strongly spellbinds the listener in me, it is equally Sparbo's interpretation ... Espen Mineur Sætre, Morgenbladet).*

Sparbo has released the first two recordings of a CD-anthology of Norwegian songs: "Norge, mitt Norge!", and "Natt og Dag".

He performs regularly at festivals and on television/radio. Among his performances are Mahler’s ”Lieder eines fahrendes Gesellen” with the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields in London, Bach’s ”Christmas Oratorio” with the Drottningholm's Baroque Orchestra in Uppsala and Rossini’s ”Petite Messe Sollenelle” in Köln Philharmonie, Kverno's "St. Matthew Passion" in New York City and Manoa in Handel's "Samson" at the London Handel Festival.

Sparbo has been awarded numerous awards and scholarships, among from the Wallenberg stipend fund, Klæstad's endowment, Fegersten's endowment, Ingrid Bjoner's scholarship and the Kirsten Flagstad Prize. After a series of concerts performing all the songs by Edvard Grieg, he received the Grieg Prize in 2009 from the Edvard Grieg museum Troldhaugen for his contributions to renew the musical interpretation tradition in Grieg's songs, particularly by bringing up the dramatic scope.

Sparbo has held The Norwegian Government Grant for Artists (1997-1999 and 2005-2008) to study Art song and Contemporary Norwegian song repertoire. In 2009-2014 he worked as a research fellow at the Oslo National Academy of the Arts in The Norwegian Artistic Research Fellowship Programme with the project «Singing on the Stage - with a Psychophysical Approach» - merging different aspects of artistic performance practice with the Norwegian psychomotor tradition. He has continued as a researcher of psychophysical stage presence, combining contemporary aesthetics with the tradition of Norwegian Psychomotor Therapy. He has coached a number of choirs and vocal ensembles, including The Oslo Philharmonic Choir, and has had engagements as associate professor at the Academy of Opera and at the Academy of Ballet at the Oslo National Academy of the Arts. In 2014-15 he joined the research group "The Reflective Musician" at the National Academy of Music in Oslo in the Project Program for Artistic Development, and he is currently part of a research group at the University of Bergen with the project: "(Un-) settling Sites and Styles: Performers in Search of New Expressive Means".

Sparbo has conducted peer reviews at The Norwegian Academy of Music, at The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the University College of Opera in Stockholm and has been a member of The Artists' Union Scholarship Committee. He is a board member of the International Grieg Society, and has been managing director of Oslo Grieg Society, festival director of the Oslo Grieg Festival and member of the Norwegian Operatic Association. As an entrepreneur, he has founded several websites and the record company Quattro Records.


title: Lee Sexton

abstract: Lee Sexton was an American banjo player from Letcher County, Kentucky. He began playing the banjo at the age of eight and was proficient in the two-finger picking and "drop-thumb" (clawhammer) traditional styles of east Kentucky. He also sang and played fiddle. His Whoa Mule album includes recordings from a 1952 home recording with fiddler Fernando Lusk to recordings made in 2001. Four solo songs also appear on Smithsonian Folkways album Mountain Music of Kentucky. In 1999 Kentucky governor Paul Patton presented Lee with the Governor's Award in the Arts.

text:
# Lee Sexton

**Lee Sexton** (March 23, 1928 – February 10, 2021) was an American banjo player from Letcher County, Kentucky. He began playing the banjo at the age of eight and was proficient in the two-finger picking and "drop-thumb" (clawhammer) traditional styles of east Kentucky. He also sang and played fiddle. His *Whoa Mule* album includes recordings from a 1952 home recording with fiddler Fernando Lusk to recordings made in 2001. Four solo songs also appear on Smithsonian Folkways album *Mountain Music of Kentucky.*

In 1999 Kentucky governor Paul Patton presented Lee with the Governor's Award in the Arts.

## Career

Lee Sexton worked as a field hand to earn the $1 he needed to buy his first banjo when he was eight years old. He received lessons from his father and uncles, one of whom was Morgan Sexton, the revered banjo player with a liquid and serene two-finger picking style. Growing up, Lee worked in the mines during the week and played his banjo on weekends, usually for house parties or corn shuckings. When Lee was 23 years old his right hand was crushed in a mining accident, forcing him to start playing the banjo with a new style of drop thumbing that he developed himself. By the 1940s he had migrated his career to the radio. In 1988, he released his EP titled "Whoa Mule"; it was later turned into a CD in 2004.

## Family

Lee Sexton was married to Opal Sexton. Together they had no children, but Lee had 2 sons from a previous marriage. The oldest, Johnny, is an ordained minister. The youngest, Phillip, continued to pursue a musical interest with his father until his untimely death in September 2000.

## Documentary

An immersive, feature-length documentary film, *Linefork,* was made with Lee and his wife Opal in their home and community. The film was directed by Jeff Silva and Vic Rawlings and is a project of Sensory Ethnography Lab. The working title for the film was *Lee and Opal*.

Lee can also be seen playing banjo and discussing his coal-mining days in the BBC documentary "Searching For The Wrong-Eyed Jesus".


title: Yelia (volcano)

abstract: Yelia is a stratovolcano and collection of lava domes in Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. It was first identified in 1963. The summit crater is occupied by a large lava dome which bears 11 craters. Two large lava domes are located on its north-northeastern slopes while two smaller domes are located to the west. No eruptions in the Holocene are known and the last major eruption occurred 18,000 years ago. However, there are unconfirmed reports from the native population of an eruption in the 1940s. The volcano presently displays fumarolic activity at its summit.

text:
# Yelia (volcano)

**Yelia** is a stratovolcano and collection of lava domes in Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. It was first identified in 1963. The summit crater is occupied by a large lava dome which bears 11 craters. Two large lava domes are located on its north-northeastern slopes while two smaller domes are located to the west. No eruptions in the Holocene are known and the last major eruption occurred 18,000 years ago. However, there are unconfirmed reports from the native population of an eruption in the 1940s. The volcano presently displays fumarolic activity at its summit.

## InfoBox

| Yelia | |
| --- | --- |
| YeliaEastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,384 m (11,102 ft) |
| Coordinates | 7°03′00″S 145°51′29″E / 7.05°S 145.858°E / -7.05; 145.858 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Stratovolcano |
| Last eruption | Pleistocene |


abstract: The Story of Them Featuring Van Morrison is a compilation album, that includes almost every song recorded by the Northern Irish band Them, during the two-year history of the band when it featured Van Morrison as the vocalist for the group.

text:
# The Story of Them Featuring Van Morrison

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Uncut* |  |

***The Story of Them Featuring Van Morrison*** is a compilation album, that includes almost every song recorded by the Northern Irish band Them, during the two-year history of the band when it featured Van Morrison as the vocalist for the group.

## Track listing

All songs written by Van Morrison except as noted

**Disc 1**

1. "The Story of Them" \[Parts 1 & 2\] – 7:18
2. "Don't Start Crying Now" (Moore, West) – 2:03
3. "Gloria" 2:35 (stereo)
4. "Philosophy" – 2:35
5. "One Two Brown Eyes" – 2:34 (stereo)
6. "Baby, Please Don't Go" (Williams) – 2:40
7. "Here Comes the Night" (Berns) – 2:46 (stereo)
8. "All for Myself" – 2:47
9. "One More Time" – 2:48
10. "Little Girl – 2:47
11. "I Gave My Love a Diamond" (Berns) – 3:02
12. "Go on Home Baby" (Berns) – 2:32 (stereo)
13. "My Little Baby" (Berns, Farrell) – 2:00 (stereo)
14. "Mystic Eyes" – 2:41 (rechanneled)
15. "Don't Look Back" (Hooker) – 3:20 (rechanneled+)
16. "If You and I Could Be as Two" – 2:51 (stereo)
17. "I Like It Like That" – 3:16 (rechanneled+)
18. "I'm Gonna Dress in Black" (Gillon aka Tommy Scott) – 3:29 (stereo)
19. "(Get Your Kicks On) Route 66" (Troup) – 2:22 (rechanneled+)
20. "Just a Little Bit" (Gordon) – 2:21
21. "You Just Can't Win" – 2:21
22. "Bright Lights, Big City" (Reed) – 2:30
23. "Baby What You Want Me to Do" (Reed) – 3:26
24. "I'm Gonna Dress in Black" (Gillon) – 3:34 \[**Alternate Mix**\]
25. "One More Time" – 2:45 \[**US Version – Stereo Mix**\] (stereo)
26. "Little Girl" – 2:47 \[**Alternate Version**\] (rechanneled+)

* UK release contains a different **take** of "I Gave My Love A Diamond". It also omits the alternate version of "Little Girl"

**Disc 2**

All songs written by Van Morrison except as noted

1. "How Long Baby" (Gillon) – 3:37
2. "(It Won't Hurt) Half As Much" (Berns) – 3:01 (stereo)
3. "Something You Got" (Kenner) – 2:31
4. "Call My Name" (Scott) – 2:20
5. "Turn On Your Love Light" (Malone, Scott) – 2:19 (rechanneled++)
6. "I Put a Spell on You" (Hawkins) – 2:36
7. "I Got A Woman" (Charles) – 3:12
8. "Out of Sight" (Wright, Brown) – 2:21
9. "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" (Dylan) – 3:47
10. "Bad Or Good" – 2:06
11. "Hello Josephine" (Domino, Bartholomew) – 2:04
12. "Don't You Know" (Scott) – 2:22
13. "Hey Girl" – 3:00
14. "Bring 'em on In" 3:13
15. "Times Gettin' Tougher Than Tough" (Witherspoon) – 2:12 (rechanneled+++)
16. "Stormy Monday" (Walker) – 2:40 (rechanneled+++)
17. "Friday's Child" – 3:27
18. "Richard Cory" (Simon) – 2:43
19. "My Lonely Sad Eyes" – 2:28 (rechanneled)
20. "I Can Only Give You Everything" (Scott/Coulter)– 2:39 (rechanneled++)
21. "Could You, Would You" – 3:08
22. "Bring 'em on In" – 3:41 \[**US Version 2**\]
23. "Richard Cory" (Simon) – 3:47 **Version 2** (stereo)
24. "Call My Name" (Scott) – 2:18 \[**Version 2**\]

(In regards to the rechanneled tracks, + indicates sides using the Parrot rechanneled mixes with non-original added percussion, probably done for the 2LP Parrot anthology from the 1970s, ++ indicates sides using the Parrot rechanneled mixes from the second album, and +++ indicates demos that were slightly rechanneled when issued on LP in the 1960s in Germany, and they did not have the mono mixes available.)

## Notes on the album sleeve

* Note: The Demo "Mighty Like a Rose" has been excluded from this album
* Package design: Phil Smee at Waldo's Design & Dream Emporium
* Digitally re-mastered from the original analogue masters by Jon Astley

## InfoBox

| The Story of Them Featuring Van Morrison | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Them | |
| Released | 20 October 1997 (UK) |
| Recorded | 1964–1966 |
| Genre | Rhythm and blues, Garage rock |
| Length | 143:34 |
| Label | Deram |
| Producer | Tommy Scott, Bert Berns, Dick Rowe |
| Them chronology | |
| *Them Again*
(1966) ***The Story of Them Featuring Van Morrison***
(1997) | |


title: Useless Wooden Toys (band)

abstract:
The Useless Wooden Toys aka UWT are an electro dance band from Cremona, created by Riccardo Terzi e Gilberto Girardi. They collaborated with Bugo, for whom they did the remixes of Plettrofolle, Piotta, Bassi Maestro, Cristina Donà, Il Genio, Amari, Dargen D'Amico, Ghemon Scienz and Mistaman. The name of the band is an homage to
the 2005 album of Jon Kennedy: Useless Wooden Toys.

text:
# Useless Wooden Toys (band)

The **Useless Wooden Toys** aka **UWT** are an electro dance band from Cremona, created by Riccardo Terzi e Gilberto Girardi. They collaborated with Bugo, for whom they did the remixes of Plettrofolle, Piotta, Bassi Maestro, Cristina Donà, Il Genio, Amari, Dargen D'Amico, Ghemon Scienz and Mistaman. The name of the band is an homage to the 2005 album of Jon Kennedy: Useless Wooden Toys.

## Discography

### Album

* 2008 – *Dancegum* (Virgin Records)
* 2011 – *Piatto forte* (Time Records)

### Singole

* 2009 – *Teen Drive In*
* 2009 – *Bomba*
* 2009 – *Fucking business*
* 2011 – *Il Tirannosauro*
* 2012 – *Pioverà benza*

1. "Useless Wooden Toys, nerd di legno – GQItalia.it". Archived from the original on 4 December 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

## InfoBox

| Useless Wooden Toys | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Cremona, Italy |
| Genres | Dance music |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Labels | I Dischi De La Valigetta, EMI |
|  | |
| Website | uselesswoodentoys.net |


title: Mesoplodon

abstract: Mesoplodont whales are 16 species of toothed whale in the genus Mesoplodon, making it the largest genus in the cetacean order. Two species were described as recently as 1991 and 2002, and marine biologists predict the discovery of more species in the future. A new species was described in 2021. They are the most poorly known group of large mammals. The generic name "mesoplodon" comes from the Greek meso- (middle) - hopla (arms) - odon (teeth), and may be translated as 'armed with a tooth in the centre of the jaw'.

text:
# Mesoplodon

**Mesoplodont whales** are 16 species of toothed whale in the genus ***Mesoplodon***, making it the largest genus in the cetacean order. Two species were described as recently as 1991 (pygmy beaked whale) and 2002 (Perrin's beaked whale), and marine biologists predict the discovery of more species in the future. A new species was described in 2021. They are the most poorly known group of large mammals. The generic name "mesoplodon" comes from the Greek *meso*\- (middle) - *hopla* (arms) - *odon* (teeth), and may be translated as 'armed with a tooth in the centre of the jaw'.

## Physical description

Mesoplodont beaked whales are small whales, 3.9 m (13 ft) (pygmy beaked whale) to 6.2 m (20 ft) (strap-toothed whale) in length, even compared with closely related whales such as the bottlenose whales and giant beaked whales. The spindle-shaped body has a small dorsal fin and short and narrow flippers. The head is small and tapered and has a semicircular blow hole that is sometimes asymmetric. The beak, which vary in length between species, blends with the small melon without a crease.

Sexual dimorphism is poorly known, but the females tend to be the same size or larger than males at least in some species. The males typically have a bolder coloration and a unique dentition. The males of most species are covered in scars from the teeth of other males.

The lower jaw often forms a huge arch in some species, sometimes extending above the rostrum in a shape comparable to a playground slide. Every species has large (sometimes tusk-like) teeth of variable size, shape, and position.

Both sexes often have bites from cookie-cutter sharks. The dorsal fin is rather small and located between two-thirds and three-quarters down the back of the animal. Information on longevity and lactation is non-existent, and information on gestation is nearly so.

## Behavior

Most species are very rarely observed, and little is known about their behavior. They are typically found in groups, possibly segregated between sexes. Some species are so uncommon, they have yet to be observed alive. On the surface, they are typically very slow swimmers and do not make obvious blows. They have never been observed raising their flukes above the water. They are all very deep divers, and many feed entirely on squid.

## Conservation

The mesoplodonts are completely unknown as far as population estimates are concerned. They have been hunted occasionally by the Japanese, but never directly. They are also accidentally captured in drift nets. It is not known what effect this has on the population.

## Species

Longman's beaked whale (*Indopacetus pacificus*, also known as the Indo-Pacific beaked whale or the tropical bottlenose whale) was originally assigned to *Mesoplodon*, but Joseph Curtis Moore placed it in its own genus, *Indopacetus*, a taxonomic assignment which has been followed by all researchers.

Four extinct species of *Mesoplodon* are known, *M. longirostris* *M. posti*, *M. slangkopi*. and *M. tumidirostris*.

### Notes

### Sources

* Dalebout, M. L.; Baker, C. S.; Steel, D.; Thompson, K.; Robertson, K. M.; Chivers, S. J.; Perrin, W. F.; Goonatilake, M.; Anderson, R. C.; Mead, J. G.; Potter, C. W.; Thompson, L.; Jupiter, D.; Yamada, T. K. (2014). "*Mesoplodon hotaula*: Resurrection of Mesoplodon hotaula Deraniyagala, 1963: A New Species of Beaked Whale in the tropical Indo-Pacific". *Marine Mammal Science*. **30** (3): 1081–1108. doi:10.1111/mms.12113. hdl:1957/51503.
* Pitman, R. (2008). "Mesoplodont Whales (*Mesoplodon* spp.)". In Perrin, W. F.; Würsig, B.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.). *Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals* (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 721–726. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.
* Carroll, Emma L.; McGowen, Michael R.; McCarthy, Morgan L.; Marx, Felix G.; Aguilar, Natacha; Dalebout, Merel L.; Dreyer, Sascha; Gaggiotti, Oscar E.; Hansen, Sabine S.; van Helden, Anton; Onoufriou, Aubrie B.; Baird, Robin W.; Baker, C. Scott; Berrow, Simon; Cholewiak, Danielle; Claridge, Diane; Constantine, Rochelle; Davison, Nicholas J.; Eira, Catarina; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Gatesy, John; Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg; Martín, Vidal; Mead, James G.; Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A.; Morin, Phillip A.; Reyes, Cristel; Rogan, Emer; Rosso, Massimiliano; Silva, Mónica A.; Springer, Mark S.; Steel, Debbie; Olsen, Morten Tange (27 October 2021). "Speciation in the deep: genomics and morphology reveal a new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon eueu". *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*. **288** (1961): 20211213. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1213. PMC 8548795. Retrieved 27 October 2021.

## InfoBox

| *Mesoplodon* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sowerby's beaked whale (on Faroese stamp) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Infraorder: | Cetacea |
| Family: | Ziphiidae |
| Subfamily: | Hyperoodontinae |
| Genus: | *Mesoplodon*
Gervais, 1850 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Delphinus sowerbensis*
de Blainville, 1817 | |
| Species | |
| 16, *See text*. | |


title: Tantamayo District

abstract: Tantamayo is one of eleven districts of the Huamalíes Province in Peru.

text:
# Tantamayo District

**Tantamayo** (from Quechua *Tanta Mayu*) is one of eleven districts of the Huamalíes Province in Peru.

## Geography

One of the highest peaks of the district is Hatun Kancha at approximately 4,400 m (14,400 ft). Other mountains are listed below:

* Chawpi Hirka
* Kiswar
* Maman Punta
* Pinqullu
* Susupillu
* Wak'a Rumi Punta
* Wiñaq

## Ethnic groups

The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (72.93%) learnt to speak in childhood, 26.47% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).

## Archaeology

Some of the most important archaeological sites of the district are Anku, Isuq, Phiruru, Susupillu and Wanqaran.

9°23′34″S 76°43′10″W / 9.3927°S 76.7195°W / -9.3927; -76.7195

## InfoBox

| Tantamayo Tanta Mayu | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Tantamayo as seen from the archaeological sites of Phiruru | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Huánuco |
| Province | Huamalíes |
| Founded | October 29, 1923 |
| Capital | Tantamayo |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Sofonias Heriberto Gutierrez Antonio |
| Area | |
| Total | 249.95 km2 (96.51 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,495 m (11,467 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 2,780 |
| Density | 11/km2 (29/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 100511 |


title: Horace Smith (Australian cricketer)

abstract: Horace Smith was an Australian cricketer. He played six first-class matches for Tasmania between 1913 and 1928.

text:
# Horace Smith (Australian cricketer)

**Horace Smith** (31 October 1892  6 April 1977) was an Australian cricketer. He played six first-class matches for Tasmania between 1913 and 1928.

## InfoBox

Horace Smith
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1892-10-31)31 October 1892
Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia |
| Died | 6 April 1977(1977-04-06) (aged 84)
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1913-1928 | Tasmania |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 23 January 2016 | |


title: Eupithecia infortunata

abstract: Eupithecia infortunata is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by András Mátyás Vojnits in 1984. It is found in China.

text:
# Eupithecia infortunata

***Eupithecia infortunata*** is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by András Mátyás Vojnits in 1984. It is found in China.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia infortunata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. infortunata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia infortunata***<br>Vojnits, 1984 | |
|


title: Russell Loines Award for Poetry

abstract: Russell Loines Award for Poetry was a poetry award by the American Academy of Arts and Letters of $1000.

text:
# Russell Loines Award for Poetry

**Russell Loines Award for Poetry** was a poetry award by the American Academy of Arts and Letters of $1000.

| Year | Winner | Title |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1983 | Geoffrey Hill | *The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy* |
| 1981 | Ben Belitt |  |
| 1976 | Mona Van Duyn | *To See, To Take* |
| 1974 | Philip Larkin | *High Windows* |
| 1972 | William Jay Smith | *The Tin Can and Other Poems.* |
| 1970 | Robert Hayden | *Words in the Mourning Time: Poems by Robert Hayden* |
| 1968 | Anthony Hecht | *The Hard Hours* |
| 1966 | William Meredith | *The Wreck of the Thresher and Other Poems* |
| 1964 | John Berryman | *77 Dream Songs* |
| 1962 | Ivor Armstrong Richards |  |
| 1960 | Abbie Huston Evans | *Fact of Crystal.* |
| 1958 | Robert Graves | *The Poems of Robert Graves* |
| 1957 | Edwin Muir | *One foot in Eden* |
| 1956 | John Betjeman | *Poems In The Porch* |
| 1954 | David Jones | *The Anathemata* |
| 1951 | John Crowe Ransom | *Selected Poems* |
| 1948 | William Carlos Williams | *Paterson* |
| 1942 | Horace Gregory | *Poems, 1930-1940.* |
| 1939 | Joy Davidman | *Letter to a Comrade.* |
| 1933 | Edward Doro | *The Boar and Shibboleth: with other poems* |
| 1931 | Robert Frost | *Collected Poems* |


title: Wasting My Time (disambiguation)

abstract:
"Wasting My Time" is a 2001 song by Default. Wasting My Time may also refer to:
  - "Wasting My Time", a 1981 song by Klaus Nomi from Klaus Nomi
  - "Wasting My Time", a 2000 song by the Spice Girls from Forever
  - "Wasting My Time", a 1993 song by Take That from Everything Changes
  - "Wasting My Time", a 1999 song by The White Stripes from The White Stripes

text:
# Wasting My Time (disambiguation)

**"Wasting My Time"** is a 2001 song by Default.

**Wasting My Time** may also refer to:

* "Wasting My Time", a 1981 song by Klaus Nomi from *Klaus Nomi*
* "Wasting My Time", a 2000 song by the Spice Girls from *Forever*
* "Wasting My Time", a 1993 song by Take That from *Everything Changes*
* "Wasting My Time", a 1999 song by The White Stripes from *The White Stripes*


title: Hugh Dubh O'Neill

abstract: Hugh Dubh O'Neill, 5th Earl of Tyrone (1611–1660) was an Irish soldier of the 17th century. He is best known for his participation in the Irish Confederate Wars and in particular his defence of Clonmel in 1650. O'Neill was a member of the O'Neill dynasty, the leaders of which left Ireland in the flight of the Earls in 1607. Hugh Dubh's father, Art Óg O'Neill, was among those exiles who made careers for themselves in the Spanish Army of Flanders. Hugh Dubh was, as a result, born in Brussels in 1611 and grew up in the Irish military community there, becoming a professional soldier and serving in the Irish regiment of the Spanish army in Flanders during the Eighty Years' War against the United Provinces of the Netherlands. In 1642, his uncle, Owen Roe O'Neill, organised the return of 300 Irish officers in the Spanish service to Ireland to support the Irish Rebellion of 1641. O'Neill's men became the nucleus of the Ulster army of Confederate Ireland - a de facto independent Irish state. Hugh Dubh was captured early in the war by Scottish Covenanter enemies, but was exchanged back to his own side after the Confederate victory at the Battle of Benburb in 1646. He subsequently rose to prominence after the death of his commander, Owen Roe O'Neill, in 1649. In 1649, after the onset of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Hugh Dubh was sent south with 2,000 of the best Ulster troops to defend southern Ireland. He distinguished himself at the Siege of Clonmel in May 1650, inflicting the worst casualties ever experienced by the New Model Army. He was then made commander of the defenders at the Siege of Limerick (1650-51), fighting off the Parliamentarians' first attempt to take the city in late 1650. However, the following year, Henry Ireton besieged the city again, eventually forcing Hugh Dubh to surrender when the city's population was dying of hunger and plague, and part of his garrison mutinied against him. Ireton himself died of disease. Under the terms of surrender, Hugh Dubh was to be executed for his stubborn defence of the city, but the Parliamentarian general Edmund Ludlow did not carry out the sentence and instead sent Hugh Dubh into imprisonment in the Tower of London. Hugh Dubh's imprisonment was cut short by the intervention of the Spanish Ambassador to England, who argued that Hugh Dubh was a Spanish subject. Hugh Dubh was subsequently released into Spanish custody on condition that he would not serve in campaigns against English forces. He did not, therefore, return to Flanders, but was posted to Spain, where he became a General of Artillery, helping to suppress a rebellion in Catalonia. He became the Spanish recognised 5th Earl of Tyrone upon the death of his first cousin, Hugh Eoghan. In around 1660, after the English Restoration, Hugh Dubh wrote to Charles II and asked for his family's ancestral lands to be restored, and that he be made the English Earl of Tyrone. However, Charles did not grant the request and Hugh Dubh died of disease later that year.

text:
# Hugh Dubh O'Neill

**Hugh Dubh O'Neill, 5th Earl of Tyrone** ("Black Hugh", meaning "black-haired" or "dark tempered") (1611–1660) was an Irish soldier of the 17th century. He is best known for his participation in the Irish Confederate Wars and in particular his defence of Clonmel in 1650.

O'Neill was a member of the O'Neill dynasty, the leaders of which left Ireland in the flight of the Earls in 1607. Hugh Dubh's father, Art Óg O'Neill, was among those exiles who made careers for themselves in the Spanish Army of Flanders. Hugh Dubh was, as a result, born in Brussels in 1611 and grew up in the Irish military community there, becoming a professional soldier and serving in the Irish regiment of the Spanish army in Flanders during the Eighty Years' War against the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

In 1642, his uncle, Owen Roe O'Neill, organised the return of 300 Irish officers in the Spanish service to Ireland to support the Irish Rebellion of 1641. O'Neill's men became the nucleus of the Ulster army of Confederate Ireland \- a de facto independent Irish state. Hugh Dubh was captured early in the war by Scottish Covenanter enemies, but was exchanged back to his own side after the Confederate victory at the Battle of Benburb in 1646. He subsequently rose to prominence after the death of his commander, Owen Roe O'Neill, in 1649.

In 1649, after the onset of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Hugh Dubh was sent south with 2,000 of the best Ulster troops to defend southern Ireland. He distinguished himself at the Siege of Clonmel in May 1650, inflicting the worst casualties ever experienced by the New Model Army. He was then made commander of the defenders at the Siege of Limerick (1650-51), fighting off the Parliamentarians' first attempt to take the city in late 1650. However, the following year, Henry Ireton besieged the city again, eventually forcing Hugh Dubh to surrender when the city's population was dying of hunger and plague, and part of his garrison mutinied against him. Ireton himself died of disease. Under the terms of surrender, Hugh Dubh was to be executed for his stubborn defence of the city, but the Parliamentarian general Edmund Ludlow did not carry out the sentence and instead sent Hugh Dubh into imprisonment in the Tower of London.

Hugh Dubh's imprisonment was cut short by the intervention of the Spanish Ambassador to England, who argued that Hugh Dubh was a Spanish subject. Hugh Dubh was subsequently released into Spanish custody on condition that he would not serve in campaigns against English forces. He did not, therefore, return to Flanders, but was posted to Spain, where he became a General of Artillery, helping to suppress a rebellion (known as the Reaper's War) in Catalonia. He became the Spanish recognised 5th Earl of Tyrone upon the death of his first cousin, Hugh Eoghan. In around 1660, after the English Restoration, Hugh Dubh wrote to Charles II and asked for his family's ancestral lands to be restored, and that he be made the English Earl of Tyrone. However, Charles did not grant the request and Hugh Dubh died of disease later that year.

## Sources

* J.G. Simms, *War and Politics in Ireland 1649-1730*, Hambledon Press, London, 1986.