title: Rhythm & Vines

abstract: Rhythm and Vines is an annual music festival held at Waiohika Estate vineyard, 11 km (6.8 mi) northwest of Gisborne, New Zealand. The festival began in 2003 and was held for the one day of New Year's Eve until 2008 when it expanded to the three days of 29–31 December.

text:
# Rhythm & Vines

**Rhythm and Vines** (commonly known as **R&V**, **RnV** or **Rhythm**) is an annual music festival held at Waiohika Estate vineyard, 11 km (6.8 mi) northwest of Gisborne, New Zealand. The festival began in 2003 and was held for the one day of New Year's Eve until 2008 when it expanded to the three days of 29–31 December.

## History

Rhythm and Vines was founded in 2003 by University of Otago friends Hamish Pinkham, Tom Gibson, and Andrew Witters. They wanted to hold an event for their university friends to celebrate the New Year in a safe and secure location where they would be entertained by New Zealand musicians. The festival has been held each year at Waiohika Estate, Witters' family home.

The first festival had one performance stage, featured dub/reggae/funk band The Black Seeds and was attended by 1800 guests. In 2004 a second stage was added and 5,500 people attended with dub/drum and bass/reggae/roots band Salmonella Dub the headline act. The 2005 event featured roots/dub/reggae/jazz/soul band Fat Freddy's Drop. The 2006 festival had four stages, featured overseas artists such as Mylo and attracted a crowd of 15,000 people.

In 2008, Rhythm and Vines expanded to a three-day event which allowed the organisers to contract bands that were not previously available. This was large factor in making the 2008–2009 festival line-up the strongest yet by far, with many renowned international acts on the bill. Accommodation for the festival is mostly provided by BW Summer Festival, a seven-day camping festival that features bands such as Flume, Kora, and State of Mind.

2010 saw Rhythm and Vines sell-out, hosting international acts such as N.E.R.D, Netsky, Chase & Status, Chromeo, Justice, Flying Lotus & Tinie Tempah along with New Zealand acts Shihad, The Naked and Famous and Dragon with a record breaking, capacity crowd of 25,000.

In 2014 Rhythm and Vines introduced the Arcadia Afterburner concert stage, brought in from Glastonbury Festival.

In 2017, Madeline Anello-Kitzmiller, from Portland, Oregon, was attending Rhythm and Vines; she was topless, having paid to have her breasts painted with glitter at a stall at the festival. While walking through the venue with a friend, a man came up behind her and groped one of her decorated breasts, then retreated to where he had been sitting. Anello-Kitzmiller and her friend retaliated by pouring a drink on the man and hitting him in the face four times. The incident, captured on video, went viral and made international news.

## Line-ups

### Episode 1 (2003)

Episode 1 took place on the last day of 2003. It featured The Black Seeds, The WBC, Soane, Blackbird, Paradigm, Paselode, Groundswell, Dejusa, Callam, Milk Milk Lemonade, BrazilBeat Sound System, Lophonix, and Shortcutz.

### Episode 2 (2004)

Episode 2 took place on the last day of 2004. It featured Salmonella Dub, The Black Seeds, Cornerstone Roots, Greg Churchill, The WBC, Tommy, Skankamelia, Stevie G, and Andy & Tas (SYD).

### Episode 3 (2005)

Episode 3 took place on the last day of 2005. It featured Salmonella Dub, Fat Freddy's Drop, The Black Seeds, Kora, Shapeshifter, Ladi 6, The WBC, Cornerstone Roots, dDub, and Taliband.

### Episode 4 (2006)

Episode 4 took place on the last day of 2006. It featured Mylo, tj Katchafire, Kora, Spektrum, Shapeshifter, Ladi 6, Dick Johnson, Batucada Sound Machine, Skankamelia, One Million Dollars, Rhombus, Opensouls, Missing Link, Connan & the Mockasins, Blackbird, Electric Confectionaires, Sola Rosa, Hollie Smith, Mark De Clive-Lowe, State of Mind, Minuit, Sunrise Ceremony, Sunshine Sound System, Silverbeatz, Sandy Bay Sessions, DJ Lotion, Beat Company, Brazilbeat Sound System, Tim and Elm, DJ Phillips, Public Access, DJ Tapan, Cyril Orson, and The Rinse with DJ Moorhouse.

### Episode 5 (2007)

Episode 5 took place on the last day of 2007. It featured New Young Pony Club, Scribe, Hollie Smith, Don McGlashan, M.A.N.D.Y., DJ T, State of Mind, MC Twincam, North Shore Pony Club, Automatic & Rik Blake, Blue King Brown, Concord Dawn, The Mint Chicks, The Checks, dDub, Jakob, The Tutts, Die! Die! Die!, Dick Johnson, Aural Trash (Greg Churchill & Angela Fiskin), Cyril Orson, DJ Philippa, Motocade, The Have, The Electric Confectionaires, Charlie Ash, Blackbird, Tropical Downbeat Orchestra, BrazilBeat Sound System, Ben Throp Trio, Skankamelia, Dubdoubt, and An Emerald City.

### Episode 6 (2008)

Episode 6 took place on the last three days of 2008. It featured Public Enemy, The Kooks, Franz Ferdinand, Santigold, Late of the Pier (Cancelled), Jamie Lidell, DJ Nu-Mark, Mystery Jets, Shihad, Carl Cox, Ladyhawke, Fur Patrol, Digitalism, A-Trak, Adam Freeland, Ajax, An Emerald City, Anika Moa, Antix, Aquasky, DJ Audit, Bang Bang Eche, Batrider, Blackbird, The Black Seeds, Brain Slaves, Brazil Beat Soundsystem, Busy P and DJ Mehdi, Connan Mockasin, The Cribs, Cut Copy, Cut Off Your Hands, The Datsuns, Die! Die! Die!, Katchafire, Module, Motocade, P-Money, The Phoenix Foundation, The Ruby Suns, SJD, So So Modern, The Tutts, Unity Pacific, The Enright House, and Brain Slaves.

### Episode 7 (2009)

Episode 7 took place on the last three days of 2009. It featured Moby, Empire of the Sun, John Butler Trio, The Checks, 2ManyDJ's (Live), Editors, Biffy Clyro (Cancelled), Roots Manuva, Future of the Left, LCD Soundsystem (DJ Set), Fake Blood, The Juan MacLean, The Proxy, Krafty Kuts, Major Lazer, Midnight Youth, Kora, Open Souls, Sola Rosa, Dane Rumble, Lisa Mitchell, P Money, White Rabbits, Ajax, Bag Raiders, Bang Gang, State of Mind, Emerson Todd, Dick Johnson, Antiform, PNC, Optimus Gryme, Family Cactus, Computers Want Me Dead, Emerald City, Dictaphone Blues, Bionic Pixie, Brand New Math, Six60, Blackbird, Dan Aux, Tim Richards, Joel Armstrong, Cam Robertson, Aural Trash, Logan Baker, Vital Soundsystem, Brazilbeat Soundsystem, Dan Farley, Bondi House DJ's, Dean Campbell, Jason Howson, Mikey Havok, P Vans, Nick D, R.I.A, Cool Kids Club, ThirtyEightFourty, Shirtpants, Maya & Vanya, Alex Bull, Aroha, Beat Mafia, Ange, DJ Hat, DJ Lotion, DJ Robba & MC Dreadeye, ELM, Flex, Snowy, and Jonas.

### Episode 8 (2010)

Episode 8 took place on the last three days of 2010. It featured N.E.R.D., Justice, Shihad, Carl Cox, The Gaslamp Killer, Chase & Status (DJ set), Chromeo, Boys Noize, Erol Alkan, Netsky, Flying Lotus, Mystery Jets, High Contrast, Tinie Tempah, Miami Horror, Hollie Smith, Hudson Mohawke, Flip Grater, BARB, Bulletproof, P-Money, Electric Wire Hustle, Mt Eden Dubstep, Dick Johnson, Blackbird, Afternoon Raj, Dragon, Tim Richards, Chaos in the CBD, Optimus Gryme and Our:House Presents.

### Episode 9 (2011)

Episode took place on the last three days of 2011. On 29 December, it featured Pendulum, Grandmaster Flash, Yuksek, Architecture in Helsinki, Zowie, Danny Byrd, Dick Johnson, The Ruby Suns, Die! Die! Die!, Nick D, Sampology (AV/DJ set), 1814, Ethnic Roots, Urulu, Chaos in The CBD, Philippa, Frank Booker, Grayson Gilmore, and Brazil Beat Sound System. On 30 December, it featured Calvin Harris, Erick Morillo, Cut Copy, A Skillz, Six60, Foreign Beggars, DJ Zinc, Busy P, 12th Planet, She's So Rad, JStar, Homebrew, Eddie Numbers, Julien Dyne, Aural Trash, Scratch 22, Earl Gateshead, Jesse Sheehan, and Jeremy Toy. On 31 December, it featured Example and DJ Wire, Skream and Benga, Youngman, Tiga, Netsky, Beardyman, The Jordan Luck Band, Jack Beats, Kids of 88, Electric Wire Hustle, David Dallas, Ruby Frost, Recloose, Jillionaire, People of Paris, Pikachunes, The Thomas Oliver Band, Antix Live, Our:House DJs, Tim Richards, Thomas Sahs, and Blackbird.

### Episode 10 (2012)

Episode 10 took place on the last three days of 2012. It featured Kimbra, Knife Party, Netsky, Chase & Status, Mark Ronson, High Contrast, Logistics, Camo & Krooked, S.P.Y, MC Wrec, The Presets, Six60, araabMUZIK, tj Maya Jane Coles, Disclosure, Tame Impala, The Black Seeds, Chali 2na, P-Money, Ruby Frost, Parachute Youth, Two Cartoons, The Kaleidoscopes, Dan Aux, Eddie Numbers, and Five Mile Town.

### Episode 11 (2013)

Episode 11 took place on the last three days of 2013. It featured a DJ set by Rudimental, Wiz Khalifa, Empire of the Sun, Shapeshifter, Flux Pavilion, Dynamite MC, Kill The Noise, Julio Bashmore, Hermitude, Chet Faker, Stanton Warriors, The Veils, Ayah Marar Live, Wilkinson, DJ Zinc, Hospitality presents: Camo & Krooked, High Contrast, Danny Byrd and Metrik, Mightyfools, Dusky, Soul Clap, Wolf + Lamb, Kode9, The Phoenix Foundation, David Dallas, @Peace, Concord Dawn, P-Money, Tahuna Breaks, Tomorrow People, Louis Baker, Weird Together, PleasePlease, Benny Tipene, The Remains, Aroha, Paprika and the Saltshakers, Boycrush, Chaos in the CBD, Connor Nestor, CTFD, Dan Aux Live, Daniel Farley, Diaz Grimm, DPTRCLB DJS, Frank Booker Live, High Hoops, Julien Dyne, Jetski Safari, Luke Walker, Matt Drake, MayaVanya, Sam Fitzgerald, Sam Hill, She's So Rad (special disco set), Stack and Piece, Sweet Mix Kids, The Beat Mafia, The Lost Boys, Jay Knight, Tim Richards, Times x Two, Tommy Flowers, and Young Tapz.

### Episode 12 (2014)

Episode 12 took place on the last three days of 2014. It featured Chase and Status, Bastille, Netsky, Zane Lowe, Chet Faker, Danny Brown, Action Bronson, Just Blaze, Broods, Ta-Ku, Jagwar Ma, London Elektricity & MC Wrec, , DC Breaks, P-Money, Mr. Carmack, Etc.!Etc.!, The Cuban Brothers, State of Mind, Addison Groove, Ayah Marar, PNC, DJ Zinc, Kink (live), Meta & The Cornerstones, Little May, Midland, The Funk Brothers, Estère, Kamandi, Team Dynamite, Third3Eye, Young Tapz, Yumi Zouma, and Holly Arrowsmith.

Rhythm and Vines introduced the Arcadia Afterburner concert stage.

### Episode 13 (2015)

Episode 13 took place on the last three days of 2015. It featured Angus & Julia Stone, Astronaut, Barely Alive, Brendon Thomas & The Vibes, Concord Dawn, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer, Cut Snake, Dan Aux, Dave Dobbyn, David Dallas, Diaz Grimm, Dimension, Diskord, Dodge & Fuski, Dubloadz, Eastern Bloc, Emergency DJ Clint Golden Features, Ha The Unclear, Hollie Smith, Jamie Bowen, Jupiter Project, Kamandi, Kove, Matt Stellingwerf, Nero DJ Set, P-Money, Peking Duk, Pendulum DJ Set & Verse, PNC, Race Banyon, RL Grime, Sachi, Scribe, Slumberjack, Sniffers, State of Mind, Sticky Fingers, Sub Focus DJ Set & ID, Summer Thieves, Terace, The Black Club with Mac Mylo, Tim Phin, Virtual Riot, Will Wood, Wuki, Yung Lean, and Zeds Dead.

Headliner Mac Miller was scheduled to perform on the 29th, but cancelled a few days before the event.

### Episode 14 (2016)

Episode 14 took place on the last three days of 2016. It featured Chance The Rapper, ZHU, Rüfüs Du Sol, Wilkinson, Netsky, Getter, GoldLink, Denzel Curry, Dusky, Skream, Hot Chip, AC Slater, S.P.Y, Savage, The Jordan Luck Band, P Money, Sachi, Yoko-Zuna, Pacific Heights, Anna Coddington, Three, Houses Down, Bailey Wiley, Eno X Dirty, Montel2099, Stack & Piece, Heidi, Cut Snake, Aroha, Tali, Baynk, Chores, Dan Aux, Died in 69, Ian Munro, Lee Mvtthews, Maala, Name UL, Quix, Sniffers DJs, Kimbra, Culture Shock, Oscar Key Sung, Beat Mafia, Kinetic, Mitch James, Terace, Maribou State, Ocean Alley, Alae, Eastern Bloc, Ekko Park, Gromz, Kings, Summer Thieves, Wade Unlucky, Cases And Bad Breed and Slo:Wave.

### Episode 15 (2017)

Episode 15 took place on the last three days of 2017. It featured artists and bands such as Schoolboy Q, 2manydjs, Baauer, Mura Masa, Client Liaison, Giggs, Michael Dapaah as Big Shaq, Netsky, Wilkinson, Sub Focus, Tiga, A-Trak, B.Traits, Boombox Cartel, Camo & Crooked, Cut Snake, DJ T., David Dallas, Dick Johnson, Felix da Housecat, High Contrast, Javi Bora, P-Money, and many more.

### Episode 16 (2018)

Episode 16 took place on the last three days of December 2018. It featured Vince Staples, Kyle, Juice Wrld, Flight Facilities, Duke Dumont, Bob Moses, Sonny Fodera, Tchami × Malaa, Bicep, Wilkinson, Sigma, Sasasas, Che Fu, James Zabiela, Openside and more.

### Episode 17 (2019)

Episode 17 took place on the last three days of December 2019. It featured Disclosure, Alison Wonderland, Playboi Carti, RL Grime, Wilkinson, Andy C, Jauz, and Green Velvet.

### Episode 18 (2020)

Episode 18 took place on the last three days of December 2020. It featured Benee, Fat Freddy's Drop, Quix, Montell 2099, Broods, Sachi, Alix Perez, Shapeshifter, Shihad, Dave Dobbyn, Lee Mvtthews, and State of Mind

### Episode 19 (2021)

Episode 19 was postponed to Easter 2022 after being postponed due to COVID-19, with the New Zealand Government making vaccine passports mandatory for attendees of Summer Festivals. It was originally scheduled to take place on the last three days in December 2021.

### Episode 20 (2022)

Episode 20 took place on the last three days of December 2022. It featured Chase & Status, Camelphat, Andy C, Dimension (live), Bonobo (live), Skream, Alison Wonderland, Friction, and special guest Dizzee Rascal.

### Episode 21 (2023)

Episode 21 took place on the last three days of December 2023. It featured Central Cee, Dom Dolla, Hedex, Wilkinson, Peking Duk, Delta Heavy, Sub Focus, and Becky Hill.

### Episode 22 (2024)

Episode 22 is scheduled to take place on the last three days of December 2024.

## Rhythm & Alps

Rhythm & Alps (commonly known as R&A) is the South Island partner festival of *Rhythm & Vines* held in the Cardrona Valley, near Wānaka, New Zealand.

## Rhythm & Sands

Rhythm & Sands (commonly known as R&S) was the international partner festival of *Rhythm & Vines* held in Ko Pha-ngan, southern Thailand. It ran from 2011 to 2013.

* McCafferty, Christine (12 November 2008). "Public Enemy 'the cherry on top'". *The Gisborne Herald*. Retrieved 27 April 2009.

1. "The secret to 16 years of Rhythm and Vines: It's all about the vibe". New Zealand: Stuff. 6 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
2. "Rhythm & Vines history". Rhythm and Vines. Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
3. "2014 LINEUP | BW Summer Festival". 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
4. "RHYTHM AND VINES SELLS OUT!". Rhythm and Vines. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
5. staff, Gisborne Herald (30 December 2014). "Rhythm and Vines' fire-breathing show". *The New Zealand Herald*. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
6. Kirby, Meaghan (4 January 2018). "The woman who fought her groper at a festival has posted a new video explaining why she would fight back again". Yahoo Lifestyle. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
7. "Woman who punched male groper defends actions and attire: 'A human's body is their own'". Yahoo Lifestyle. 2 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
8. "'I'd do it again': Topless woman at Rhythm and Vines speaks out in heartfelt message". *The New Zealand Herald*. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
9. FESTIVAL: Rhythm & Vines Announce Second Line Up – Rip It Up Magazine
10. "Rhythm And Vines 2013 Second Line-Up Announcement". Under The Radar. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
11. "Rhythm And Vines". Retrieved 1 October 2015.
12. "Rapper Mac Miller pulls out of New Zealand and Australia shows". New Zealand: Stuff. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
13. "HOME". *Rhythm and Vines*. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
14. "Covid-19 NZ: Government will mandate new vaccine certificates for summer festival attendees". New Zealand: Stuff. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
15. "Covid-19: Rhythm and Vines festival postponed until Easter 2022". New Zealand: Stuff. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
16. "Rhythm and Vines delayed until Easter 2022 due to COVID-19 risk in Gisborne". *Newshub*. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
17. "Stuff". New Zealand: Stuff. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
18. "Rhythm and Alps". *Eventfinda*. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
19. "Rhythm & Sands". *phanganist.com*. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
20. "ASTON The Freestylers at the Rhythm and Sands festival". *phanganist.com*. Retrieved 7 February 2024.

## InfoBox

| Rhythm & Vines | |
| --- | --- |
| Festival-goers at Rhythm & Vines 2018 | |
| Dates | 29 December – 1 January (2003–2020, 2022–) |
| Location(s) | Gisborne, New Zealand |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Founders | Hamish Pinkham, Tom Gibson, and Andrew Witters |
| Attendance | 21,000 (2018) |
| Organized by | Rhythm Group Entertainment |
| Website | www.rhythmandvines.co.nz |


title: Kofola

abstract: Kofola is a carbonated soft drink produced by the eponymous Czechoslovak company, which is headquartered in Krnov, Czech Republic. It is the principal rival of Coca-Cola and Pepsi in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The company is one of the leading soft drink producers and distributors in Central and Eastern Europe.

text:
# Kofola

**Kofola** (Czech pronunciation: \[ˈkofola\]) is a carbonated soft drink produced by the eponymous Czechoslovak company, which is headquartered in Krnov, Czech Republic. It is the principal rival of Coca-Cola and Pepsi in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The company is one of the leading soft drink producers and distributors in Central and Eastern Europe.

## History

Kofola originated in the Czechoslovak Research Institute of Medicinal Plants in Prague in 1959, during research targeted at finding a possible use for surplus caffeine produced in the process of coffee roasting. The resulting dark-coloured, sweet-and-sour syrup *Kofo* became the main ingredient of a new soft drink named *Kofola*, introduced in 1960. During the 1960s and 1970s, Kofola became exceedingly popular in communist Czechoslovakia, successfully competing with Western cola drinks like Coca-Cola or Pepsi, which were generally available after 1968 (Pepsi in 1974), but were expensive and considered as for high society. Even today, Kofola is a popular option in restaurants as it can be draught-poured from kegs right into a glass.

Since 1998, Kofola has been bottled (in addition to classic 0.33-litre glass bottles) in 0.5-litre and 2-litre plastic bottles. 0.25-litre cans were introduced in 2003, and 1-litre plastic-bottles in December 2004. Kofola draught from 50-litre kegs, traditionally sold in many bars and restaurants across the two countries, remains popular as well.

## Presentation

Since 2002, the producer has run a successful media campaign aimed at a young and hip audience based on the slogan *"Když ji miluješ, není co řešit / Keď ju miluješ, nie je čo riešiť"* (*"If you love her, there is nothing to question"*). Until 2000, the Kofola logo featured a coffee bean. It now resembles a coffee flower.

In 2003, a Christmas TV commercial was created on Kofola, which became one of the best-known and most successful Czech TV commercials. It regularly appears on Czech TV channels every year over Christmas.

## Company

Kofola ČeskoSlovensko a.s.
|
|  |
| Company type | Joint-stock company |
| Traded as |  |
| ISIN | CZ0009000121 |
| Headquarters | Krnov, Czech Republic |
| Key people | Daniel Buryš (Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO) |
| Revenue | EUR 263.6 million (2015) |
| Operating income | EUR 21.6 million (2015) |

After the fall of the communist regime in 1989, Kofola had to compete with many foreign brands that entered the new open market. After a period of decline and trademark lawsuits (many companies produced their own similar-tasting "kofola" because the term became a genericized trademark), in 2000 the *Santa nápoje* company, owned by the Greek-immigrant Samaras family, became the only producer and distributor of Kofola in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Other producers of similar drinks had to rename their products (most notable Slovakian Hejkola and Šofocola. Šofocola was rebranded as Lokálka, but it's the same drink).

The company *Santa nápoje* originally produced Kofola drink only in the parent factory in Krnov. In 2002, the company built a new factory in Rajecká Lesná, Slovakia, to satisfy the demand of the Slovak market. In 2003, *Santa nápoje* changed its name to *Kofola, a.s.* and later to *Kofola ČeskoSlovensko a.s*. Apart from Kofola it also produces other soft drinks, the spring water Rajec, the fresh fruit juices UGO, the syrups Jupí and children's drink Jupík, RC Cola under license and from 2008 the grape drink Vinea, that are exported to Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia.

In 2008, Kofola announced a merger with the Polish lemonade producer Hoop. In autumn 2008, the Polish Private Equity fund Enterprise Investors acquired in a Public Tender Offer 42.46% of Kofola-Hoop for approximately €140 million. In 2009, the Polish company Kofola-Hoop S.A. was renamed into Kofola S.A.

In April 2009, Kofola acquired Pinelli and since then has produced the energy drink Semtex. In 2010, Kofola opened a new factory in Mnichovo Hradiště. In December 2014, Kofola bought Slovenian factory for mineral water Radenska.

In 2018, the company took a 100% stake in Czech tea producer Leros.

At the end of 2018, the Kofola Group operated in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Slovenia, Croatia, Russia, Austria and Hungary.

At the end of November 2023, the company announced that it's acquiring the majority stake in Pivovary CZ Group. Buying this group of breweries producing beers under the brands Holba, Zubr and Litovel, the company entered the beer market of Czech Republic.

## Ingredients

Kofo syrup, the main ingredient of Kofola, consists of 14 herbal and fruit ingredients (such as extracts from apple, cherry, currant, or herbal aroma), sugar and/or high fructose corn syrup (2014), and caramel. In contrast with Pepsi or Coca-Cola, it contains 30% less sugar, ~56% more caffeine (15 mg/100ml, Coca-Cola 9.6 mg/100ml) and does not contain phosphoric acid.

## Products

* *Kofola Original* – original distributed in 0.5 L, 1 L, 1.5 L, 2 L plastic bottles, in 0.25 L and 0.33 L glass, in 0.25 L cans and also in kegs.
* *Kofola Citrus* – with a hint of lemon, it was introduced in 2004, distributed in plastic bottles
* *Kofola Bez Cukru*sugar-free alternative was introduced in 2008, available in plastic bottles
* *Kofola Višňová*sour cherry-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2008, available in plastic bottles and cans
* *Kofola Vanilka*vanilla-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2013, available in plastic bottles
* *Kofola Guarana* – energy drink with Kofola and guarana-flavor introduced in 2013, available in plastic bottles and cans
* *Kofola Meruňka*apricot-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2015, available in plastic bottles
* *Kofola Meloun*watermelon-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2016, available in plastic bottles
* *Kofola Černý Rybíz*blackcurrant-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2017, available in plastic bottles and cans
* *Kofola Malina*raspberry-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2017, available in plastic bottles
* *Kofola Ostružina*blackberry-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2018, available in plastic bottles
* *Kofola Ananas*pineapple-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2018, available in cans
* *Kofola Grep*grapefruit-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2018, available in cans
* *Kofola Angrešt*gooseberry-flavoured Kofola introduced in 2019, available in plastic bottles

A Christmas limited edition with a hint of cinnamon was introduced at the end of 2007, and was only available around the Christmas period. In 2011–2016 was sold another variant of the drink called *Kofola Extra Herbal*, it was extended with dandelion, gentian and peppermint. Other flavours introduced in limited editions include: cherry, pomegranate, almond, gingerbread, chocolate, coconut, walnut, plum, pear and mandarin. A 2019 Christmas edition is with a hint of apple and a bit of cinnamon.

## Cocktails

The most popular cocktail with kofola is a highball made of kofola, Czech Tuzemák (domestic rum) and lemon juice called *Kofrum*, *Handlová Libre*, *Student lemonade*, *Rebel* or *Chequia Libre*. Kofola with pilsner lager beer is called *Kofola 'n' Beer* or *Diesel*.

## InfoBox

Kofola
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Soft drink |
| Manufacturer | Kofola ČeskoSlovensko a.s. |
| Country of origin | Czechoslovakia |
| Introduced | 1960 (1960) |
| Colour | Caramel |
| Variants | Kofola Originál, Meruňka, Meloun, Malina, Ostružina, Angrešt, Guarana, Bez cukru, Višňová, Citrus |
| Related products | Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Polo Cocta |
| Website | www.kofola.cz |


title: Konstantin Chaykin

abstract: Konstantin Chaykin is a Russian watchmaker and inventor. He started as an independent watchmaker in 2003, establishing a workshop in St. Petersburg, Russia. In the interests of the business, in 2012 he transferred production to Moscow, Russia, where his company currently resides. He completed his first clock in 2004. and in 2008 Académie Horlogère des Créateurs Indépendants accepted him as a candidate. Since 2010 he has been a member of the AHCI, while in 2016 he was elected by AHCI members as the President, a position held until 2019. In October 2022, the jury of the Temporis International Awards included Konstantin Chaikin in the Temporis Hall of Fame.

text:
# Konstantin Chaykin

**Konstantin Chaykin** (born 1975) is a Russian watchmaker and inventor. He started as an independent watchmaker in 2003, establishing a workshop in St. Petersburg, Russia. In the interests of the business, in 2012 he transferred production to Moscow, Russia, where his company currently resides. He completed his first clock in 2004. and in 2008 Académie Horlogère des Créateurs Indépendants (AHCI, English: "Academy of Independent Creators in Watchmaking") accepted him as a candidate. Since 2010 he has been a member of the AHCI (the only such member from Russia), while in 2016 he was elected by AHCI members as the President, a position held until 2019. In October 2022, the jury of the Temporis International Awards included Konstantin Chaikin in the Temporis Hall of Fame.

## Inventions

Konstantin Chaykin’s first patent, RU2306618, granted to him in January 2007, protects the design of an Orthodox Easter date indicator. That has been followed by numerous other inventions, and as of May 2021, he owns 89 patents. In April 2020, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) through an application of the Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Russia) (Rospatent) awarded Konstantin Chaykin the WIPO Medal for Inventors for his contribution in the field of Technical Sciences in the Russian Federation. As of July 2024, the number of his patents has increased to 96.

## Complicated clocks

In 2003–2004, he built his first clock – the Foundation tourbillon clock, the first of its kind in Russia. He is the creator of several notable complicated astronomical table clocks, including four Orthodox computus clocks – the Easter of Christ Computus Clock (2005), Resurrection Computus Clock (2007), Northern Computus Clock (2015) and Moscow Computus Clock (2016), all developed based on his patents. The Moscow Computus Clock, with 27 complications and mechanisms, 2,506 movement parts, four dials and over 2,500 components in the case, is regarded as the most complicated clock ever created in Russia.

## Wristwatches

Konstantin Chaykin produces handcrafted wristwatches based on his patents and designs, including the Lunokhod with a large spherical moonphase indicator (2011), Levitas gentlemen’s and ladies’ watches, with transparent mysterious dials (2013), timepieces with traditional calendars – including those based on the Jewish (Decalogue collection) and Islamic (Hijra collection) calendars; the mechanical cinematograph Cinema watch (2013), the Genius Temporis watch able to display hours and minutes using a single hand (2014), and other notable timepieces. In 2017, with the Joker watch, he launched the Wristmons (Monsters on the Wrist) collection. In 2018, with the Clown Wristmon watch, Chaykin won the Audacity prize of the Grand Prix d’Horlogerie de Genève (GPHG). His Joker Selfie piece unique sold for 70,000 Swiss francs from an estimate of 18,000–24,000 francs on November 9, 2019, at the Only Watch 2019 charity auction held in Geneva by Christie’s. Recently he has developed timepieces with a Mars time and other cosmic functions, the Mars Conqueror Mk1 (2018) and Mars Conqueror Mk3 Fighter (2020). November 6, 2021, Christie’s held in Geneva an auction Only Watch 2021, the unique Martian Tourbillon wristwatch, made by Konstantin Chaykin for charity was sold for 290,000 Swiss francs from an estimate of 40,000–60,000 francs. It is the first wristwatch from the Russian watchmaker to have a tourbillon, and the world’s first Martian tourbillon, making a revolution every 61.65 seconds – the duration of one Mars minute. In 2023, Konstantin Chaykin presented the Stargazer watch, his most complicated wristwatch with 17 complications and the most complicated wristwatch ever made in Russia. For this watch, the master invented three new astronomical complications: a graphic display of solar activity, a discrete moon phase display and an azimuth display for sunrise and sunset. The Konstantin Chaykin Stargazer watch was awarded Best Astronomical Complication at the Revo Awards 2023 by Revolution magazine.

## 301522 Chaykin asteroid

Leonid Elenin, a Russian amateur astronomer, best known for discovering five comets, and more than 500 asteroid, gave the name “Chaykin” to the asteroid 301522 (2009 FX23), which he discovered on March 22, 2009 Meanings of minor planet names: 301001–302000#522. International Astronomical Union confirmed the name in an official publication. 301522 Chaykin asteroid located in the main asteroid belt, its diameter is approximately 3.528 km, and the period is 2041.64 days (5.59 years).

## InfoBox

| Konstantin Chaykin | |
| --- | --- |
| Konstantin Chaykin in 2020, photo by Alexey Kutkovoy | |
| Born | (1975-11-23) 23 November 1975<br>Saint-Petersburg, Russia |
| Occupation(s) | watchmaker, inventor |
| Website | https://chaykin.ru/ |


title: Konstantin Chevkin

abstract: Konstantin Vladimirovitch Chevkin (1802–1875) was Minister of Transport in Imperial Russia (1855–1862). Chevkin served in the Imperial Russian Army fighting in the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) and Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829). He also participated in the defeat of the Polish November Uprising. He then was sent on diplomatic missions to France and Germany. Reaching the rank of Major General, Chevkin was appointed Chief of Staff of the Corps of Mining Engineers in 1834. We also had visited England and other parts of Western Europe to study the development of railways before joining Lieutenant-Colonel Pavel Petrovich Melnikov and Colonel N. O. Kraft in Alexander von Benckendorff's Commission looking into the viability of establishing the Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway. Chevkinite-(Ce) is a mineral which was named after Konstantin Chevkin.

text:
# Konstantin Chevkin

**Konstantin Vladimirovitch Chevkin** (1802–1875) was Minister of Transport in Imperial Russia (1855–1862).

Chevkin served in the Imperial Russian Army fighting in the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) and Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829). He also participated in the defeat of the Polish November Uprising. He then was sent on diplomatic missions to France and Germany.

Reaching the rank of Major General, Chevkin was appointed Chief of Staff of the Corps of Mining Engineers in 1834. We also had visited England and other parts of Western Europe to study the development of railways before joining Lieutenant-Colonel Pavel Petrovich Melnikov and Colonel N. O. Kraft in Alexander von Benckendorff's Commission looking into the viability of establishing the Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway.

Chevkinite-(Ce) is a mineral which was named after Konstantin Chevkin.


title: Kongō Jōdaranikyō

abstract: Kongō Jōdaranikyō Kongō Jōdaranikyō is a Japanese sūtra of the Vajrayana school of Buddhism. Copied by the priest Hōrin in 686, it is the oldest hand-copied sūtra in Japan and is designated as a National Treasure. Hōrin based his copy on the original by Jñānagupta (523-600).

text:
# Kongō Jōdaranikyō

**Kongō Jōdaranikyō** (金剛場陀羅尼経, *"Dhāraṇī of the Adamantine Place"*) is a Japanese sūtra of the Vajrayana school of Buddhism. Copied by the priest Hōrin in 686, it is the oldest hand-copied sūtra in Japan and is designated as a National Treasure. Hōrin based his copy on the original by Jñānagupta (523-600).

* Kawase, Kazuma; Hisaji Okazaki (2001). *Shoshigaku Nyūmon* (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Yūshōdō Shuppan. p. 164. ISBN 4-8419-0290-2.
* Matsumura, Akira (1995). *Daijirin: 2nd edition* (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Sanseidō. p. 958. ISBN 4-385-14009-X.


title: Kongō-ji

abstract: Kongō-ji (金剛寺) is a Buddhist temple in Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan. It is the head temple of the Shingon Omuro sect. and also known under its mountain-name as Amanosan Kongō-ji. It is the 7th temple on the Shin Saigoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage (新西国三十三箇所) and is notable for the large number of designated cultural properties. The precincts of the temple were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1934 with the area under protection expanded in 2011.

text:
# Kongō-ji

**Kongō-ji** (金剛寺) is a Buddhist temple in Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan. It is the head temple of the Shingon Omuro sect. and also known under its mountain-name as **Amanosan Kongō-ji** (天野山 金剛寺). It is the 7th temple on the Shin Saigoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage (新西国三十三箇所) and is notable for the large number of designated cultural properties. The precincts of the temple were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1934 with the area under protection expanded in 2011.

## History

According to temple legend, one of the 84,000 stupas built by the Indian Emperor Ashoka was on this land. The temple was founded during the Tenpyō era (729–749) through imperial request of Emperor Shōmu by the priest Gyōki. During the early Heian period, Kōbō-Daishi (Kūkai), the founder of Shingon Buddhism is said to have studied here.

Over 400 years of its existence the temple fell into ruins. However at the end of the Heian period, the Kōyasan priest Akan (阿観) (1136-1207) was living in the area. Deeply revered and supported by Emperor Go-Shirakawa and his sister Hachijō‐in Akiko (1137–1211) he revived the temple. Akan brought an image of Kōbō-Daishi drawn by Prince Takaoka (真如親王, *Takaoka-shinnō*) (799–865) from Kōyasan and had it installed in the newly erected Miei Hall. While holding memorial services for Kōbō-Daishi, a monastery consisting of a Main Hall (Kondō), *tahōtō*, *rōmon* and refectory ermerged. The current structures are from this time. It became the head temple for two generations and was known as Women's Kōyasan since, contrary to many other temples at the time, women were allowed to pray here.

At the end of the Kamakura period, Kongō-ji became associated with Emperor Go-Daigo and was the base of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period. From 1354 to 1360 Emperor Go-Murakami set up a temporary loding at the Mani-in (摩尼院) subtemple and the refectory. During that period, three emperors of the Northern Court, Kōgon, Kōmyō and Sukō, were imprisoned in the Kanzō-in (観蔵院) subtemple of Kongō-ji. Kōmyō was released in 1355, the other two in 1357.

At the end of the Nanboku-chō period, the production of rice, charcoal, lumber and most notably amanosake contributed to the economy of the temple. There were more than 90 sub-temples at the time. Under the patronage of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the temple flourished and owned 307 koku land at the end of the Edo period. That's one of the reasons that a large number of cultural properties has been preserved at the temple. The buildings were repaired in 1606 by Toyotomi Hideyori and in 1700 by decree of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi.

No major works happened until 2009, when the disassembly and repair of the buildings was decided. This coincided with the repair of the group of main sculptures and their subsequent designation as National Treasure in 2017. Preservation works were subsidized by the Agency for Cultural Affairs and Kawachinagano city for a total of 1.65 billion yen. They were carried out over a period of 9 years starting in 2009.

## Precinct

The precinct is entered through the *Sanmon* temple gate (1). It is a three ken wide tower gate (*rōmon*) painted red, has an *irimoya*-style roof of *hongawara* type and dates to the Kamakura period between 1275 and 1332.

Built between 1333 and 1392 as a seat for the administration, the refectory (*Jiki-dō*) (2) is also known as Amano-den (天野殿). It is a 7×3 ken structure with an *irimoya*-style *hongawara* type roof and a *nokikarahafu* gable; over the entrance in the gable end.

The temple's main hall (3) is the 7×7 ken Kon-dō, with a one ken step canopy and an *irimoya*-style roof of the *hongawara* type. Built in 1320 it houses the temple's main object of worship: Dainichi Nyorai flanked by Fudō Myōō and Trailokyavijaya. The group of three sculptures has been designated as National Treasure.

In front of the main hall, there is a 3 ken treasure pagoda (*tahōtō*) (4). Originally built during the Heian period, 1086–1184, it is the temple's oldest structure, although it has been restored considerably in 1606–1607. It is roofed in cedar wood shingles. The 3×2 ken bell tower, or shōrō behind the main hall dates to the Kamakura period. It has a flared skirt like lower part (袴腰, *hakamagoshi*) and an *irimoya* style *hongawarabuki* roof.

All of the structures mentioned so far have been designated as Important Cultural Properties.

Other buildings on the western end of the precinct are (from north to south), the Mie Hall (御影堂, *Mie-dō*) (6), the Hall of the Five Buddhas (五仏堂, *Gobutsu-dō*) (7) and the Yakushi Hall (*薬師堂*, Yakushi-dō) (8). All of these three structures have a square layout and a hip roof.

Most notable among them is the Mie Hall, an Important Cultural Property rebuilt in 1606. It is a 4×4 structure with tented roof covered with hinoki cypress shingles, a 1 ken step canopy at the front and a 2 ken step canopy at the back. There is a moon viewing stage under a *karahafu* gable attached to the eastern side of the hall, while the west is connected to the image hall.

## Cultural assets

The temple houses a large number of cultural properties among which the most valuable have been designated as five National Treasures and 29 Important Cultural Properties.

### National Treasures

Landscape of the four seasons screens

Housed in the Kondō, the main sculptural group consists of seated statues of Dainichi Nyorai, Fudō Myōō and Trailokyavijaya and is partially a work of Gyōkai (行快), a disciple of Kaikei. The three sculptures were made of colored wood over a 50-year period with the Dainichi Nyorai dating to the late Heian period, c. 1180, and the Fudō Myōō from 1234, Kamakura period. They measure 313.5 cm (123.4 in) (Dainichi Nyorai), 201.7 cm (79.4 in) (Fudō Myōō) and 230.1 cm (90.6 in) (Trailokyavijaya) respectively. The groups appears in the Sonshō Mandala (尊勝曼荼羅) of Esoteric Buddhism. As a result of a large scale restoration and investigation in the Heisei period a writing in ink was found inside the womb of the statues, giving the date and author of Fudō Myōō. The group was subsequently, in 2017, designated as National Treasure.

The temple owns a pair of National Treasure mid-16th century Muromachi period, six-section folding screens (*byōbu*) known as Landscape of the four seasons (紙本著色日月四季山水図, *shihon chakushoku jitsugetsu shiki sansui-zu*). Drawn with ink and color on paper with gold leaf background, the screens measure 147.0 cm × 313.5 cm (57.9 in × 123.4 in) each. It is said that they were one of the utensils used in the esoteric kanjō (灌頂) ritual.

Now in custody at the Kyoto National Museum, one of few ancient *jokotō* swords has been transmitted at Kongō-ji. The blade is a straight double-edged unsigned *tsurugi* from the early Heian period. Its handle is in the shape of a Buddhist ritual implement, a pestle like weapon with three prongs (*sanko*). The sword was for ceremonial use and together with an acommpanying black lacquer mounting from the Kamakura period has been designated as a National Treasure. The blade is 62.2 cm (24.5 in) long, 3.3 cm (1.3 in) wide and has a 11.1 cm (4.4 in) long tang.

Two National Treasures of the *Engishiki*, a book about Japanese laws and customs compiled between 905 and 927, belong to the temple. Both are transcriptions from 1127, but as the original is lost, they represent the oldest extant copies of the work. One, known as the Kongō-ji edition, consists of three scrolls and contains volume 12 and fragments of volumes 14 and 16. The other is a single scroll of volumes 9 and 10 which contain a register of shrines in Japan.

### Important Cultural Properties

In addition to the six structures mentioned above, Kongō-ji holds a number of Important Cultural Properties in the arts and crafts category.

Paintings Sculpture * an early Kamakura period wooden seated image of Dainichi Nyorai on a lotos pedestal and a halo with 37 kebutsu (化仏), manifestations of nyorai in another body. The sculpture dates to between 1172 and 1192 and is enshrined in the *tahōtō*. It measures 80.4 cm (31.7 in) with its halo is 116.5 cm (45.9 in) high.

* a pair of Kamakura period wooden standing nitennō located inside the *rōmon*, dated to 1279.

Crafts * a Kamakura period censer or incense burner made by gilted copper casting, measuring 36.0 cm (14.2 in) (total length), with a handle width of 2.1 cm (0.83 in) and a container measuring 8.1 cm (3.2 in) (height) by 10.3 cm (4.1 in) (diameter). The lid is thought to be a later addition and has a design with Japanese morning glory. The censer is in custody at the Tokyo National Museum.
* a Kamakura period lacquered wooden box with gilt bronze fittings from 1320, now in custody at the Nara National Museum. The box measures 36.3 cm × 12.7 cm × 14.0 cm (14.3 in × 5.0 in × 5.5 in) and was used for ordination documents.
* a Heian period small lacquer box, now in custody at the Kyoto National Museum. The box measures 27.4 cm × 41.2 cm × 19.0 cm (10.8 in × 16.2 in × 7.5 in) and is covered in lacquer with a design of sparrows in the field in makie-e technique. The inside is decorated with branches and plum blossoms.

* a set of haramaki and hizayoroi armour from the Muromachi and Nanboku-chō periods
* a Kamakura period cupronickel mirror with flowers and birds design
* a Kamakura period three-legged butterfly-shaped table with lotus arabesque, raden inlay and a semi-circular desk board. Made of lacquer covered wood with metal fittings. Height: 45.5 cm (17.9 in), desk: 38.5 cm × 21.3 cm (15.2 in × 8.4 in).
* a Heian period sutra box with lotus design in maki-e technique, now in custody at the Tokyo National Museum

Written materials * a Heian period scroll of volume 8 of the Lotus Sutra with gilt letters on deep blue paper from 1148 by Fujiwara no Motohira.
* one Heian period scroll of the Hōkyōin-darani sutra written with gold paint on deep blue paper
* 12 volumes of the Nirvana sutra from the Kamakura period each with a postscript by Emperor Murakami from 1359
* one scroll of the Hōkyōin-darani sutra from the Heian period
* one scroll from the Heian period on Fugen's practice and vows
* an excess copy of the Chinese 7th century novel *You Xian Ku* produced in 1320. This folding book measures 25.5 cm × 16.2 cm (10.0 in × 6.4 in) and is noted as the oldest existing manuscript from the late Kamakura period. The end contains a description of the kunyomi transmission in reading.

Ancient documents

## Architectural notes

1. (*irimoya-zukuri*, 入母屋造): a hip-and-gable roof combining a ridge and two gable pediments on the upper part with a hipped roof on all sides in the lower part of the roof
2. (*hongawarabuki*, 本瓦葺): a tile roof composed of flat broad concave tiles and semi-cylindrical convex tiles covering the seams of the former
3. (*nokikarahafu*, 軒唐破風): an undulating *Karahafu* gable at eave ends

### Citations

### General sources

* Media related to Kongō-ji at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Kongō-ji<br>金剛寺 | |
| --- | --- |
| Temple grounds with main hall and refectory | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Buddhist |
| Deity | Dainichi Nyorai |
| Rite | Shingon Omuro |
| Location | |
| Location | 996 Amano-chō, Kawachinagano, Osaka Prefecture, Osaka-fu |
| Country | Japan |
| Geographic coordinates | 34°25′43″N 135°31′46″E / 34.4286°N 135.52935°E / 34.4286; 135.52935 |
| Architecture | |
| Founder | Gyōki |
| Date established | 729–748 |
| Website | |
| Official website | |
| National Treasure National Important Cultural Property National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: Kolathur, Tiruvannamalai

abstract: Kolathur is a village located in Kilpennathur Tehsil of Tiruvannamalai district in Tamil Nadu, India. Tiruvannamalai is the district and sub-district headquarters of Kolathur village. As per 2009 stats, Kolathur village is also a gram panchayat. The total geographical area of the village is 727.25 hectares. Kolathur has a total population of 2,160 people. There are about 530 houses in Kolathur. Kilpennathur, which is approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) away, is the nearest town.

text:
# Kolathur, Tiruvannamalai

**Kolathur** is a village located in Kilpennathur Tehsil of Tiruvannamalai district in Tamil Nadu, India. Tiruvannamalai is the district and sub-district headquarters of Kolathur village. As per 2009 stats, Kolathur village is also a gram panchayat.

The total geographical area of the village is 727.25 hectares (1,797.1 acres). Kolathur has a total population of 2,160 people. There are about 530 houses in Kolathur. Kilpennathur, which is approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) away, is the nearest town.

## Sub villages in Kolathur

* Ponnankulam
* Erpakkam

## Census - demographic data

### Population

* Total population - 3021
* Male - 1517
* Female - 1504

### Child population(0-6 years)

* Total - 336
* Male - 179
* Female - 157

### Scheduled Caste population

* Total - 781
* Male - 401
* Female - 380

### Scheduled Tribe Population

* Total - 13
* Male - 8
* Female - 5

### Literates population

* Total - 1744
* Male - 998
* Female - 746

### Illiterates population

* Total - 1277
* Male - 519
* Female - 758

### Workers population

* Total - 1749
* Male - 936
* Female - 813

### Non-workers population

* Total - 1272
* Male - 581
* Female - 691

## Schools

* Government High School
* Government Elementary School
* Palvadi school

## Tourist palace in Tiruvannamali District

* Ramanar Ashram
* Javvadhu Hills
* Parvadha Hills
* Sathanur Dam
* Shenbaga Thoppu Dam
* Vedhapurishwarar Temple, Cheyyar

## Temple

* Arasumarathu Vinayagar Temple (Nadu Street)
* Muthalamman Temple (South Street)
* Kamatchi Amman Temple (South Street)
* Sri Maariyamman Temple (North Street)
* Kali Temple
* Ayyanar temple
* Putru Maariyamman Temple

```
 (Earpakkam Lake)
```

## Transport

* Public bus service - Available within village
* Private bus service - Available within village
* Railway station - Available within 12 km (7.5 mi) distance

## InfoBox

| Kolathur | |
| --- | --- |
| Grama Panchayat (LGD Code - 231227) | |
| Kolahtur Tiruvannamalai | |
| Nickname: Mathapoondi Kolathur | |
| KolathurLocation in Tamil Nadu, India | |
| Coordinates: 12°10′N 79°12′E / 12.17°N 79.20°E / 12.17; 79.20 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Tiruvannamalai |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 606755 |
| Telephone code | 04175 |
| Vehicle registration | TN 25 |
| Website | http://www.kolathur.org |


title: I Don't Care (Cheryl song)

abstract: "I Don't Care" is a song recorded by English recording artist Cheryl from her fourth studio album, Only Human (2014). It was co-written by Jocke Åhlund, Bonnie McKee, John Stuart Newman and Cheryl, and was produced by Åhlund and Oliver "Oligee" Goldstein. The song was released on 2 November 2014 through Polydor Records as the second single from the album. Musically, "I Don't Care" is a pop and dance song, which features breezy synthesizers and pumping bassline and lyrically sees Cheryl taking on a dismissive attitude to former lovers and critics. Upon its release, "I Don't Care" received positive reviews from contemporary music critics, who praised its production and commended Cheryl's choice to departure from overproduced songs. The song was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the UK Singles Chart, giving Cheryl her fifth number-one single as a solo artist, and making her the first British female solo artist to do this, overtaking then current record sharers Geri Halliwell and Rita Ora. Additionally, it is the ninth number-one single of her entire career, including those from when she was part of British-Irish girl group Girls Aloud. An accompanying music video for "I Don't Care" was directed by past collaborator Colin Tilley in August 2014 in Málaga, Spain. The video depicts Cheryl on the beach, dancing on a cliff top and on a luxury boat. The music video was met with mixed reviews, with some calling it fearless and others calling Cheryl's attitude disappointing. To further promote the single, Cheryl performed it on The X Factor eleventh series' results show on 2 November 2014; the performance was questioned by fans and critics, who accused Cheryl of miming.

text:
# I Don't Care (Cheryl song)

"**I Don't Care**" is a song recorded by English recording artist Cheryl from her fourth studio album, *Only Human* (2014). It was co-written by Jocke Åhlund, Bonnie McKee, John Stuart Newman and Cheryl, and was produced by Åhlund and Oliver "Oligee" Goldstein. The song was released on 2 November 2014 through Polydor Records as the second single from the album. Musically, "I Don't Care" is a pop and dance song, which features breezy synthesizers and pumping bassline and lyrically sees Cheryl taking on a dismissive attitude to former lovers and critics.

Upon its release, "I Don't Care" received positive reviews from contemporary music critics, who praised its production and commended Cheryl's choice to departure from overproduced songs. The song was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the UK Singles Chart, giving Cheryl her fifth number-one single as a solo artist, and making her the first British female solo artist to do this, overtaking then current record sharers Geri Halliwell and Rita Ora. Additionally, it is the ninth number-one single of her entire career, including those from when she was part of British-Irish girl group Girls Aloud.

An accompanying music video for "I Don't Care" was directed by past collaborator Colin Tilley in August 2014 in Málaga, Spain. The video depicts Cheryl on the beach, dancing on a cliff top and on a luxury boat. The music video was met with mixed reviews, with some calling it fearless and others calling Cheryl's attitude disappointing. To further promote the single, Cheryl performed it on *The X Factor* eleventh series' results show on 2 November 2014; the performance was questioned by fans and critics, who accused Cheryl of miming.

## Background

> "It was potentially going to be the first track but I didn't want to open it with it because of how it can be taken. I mean, of course I care about things - you know people and stuff - but it was more I didn't want to open the album with that message".

Cheryl explaining why she was worried on the carefree nature of "I Don't Care".

Following the release of Cheryl's third studio album, *A Million Lights*, in June 2012 and embarking on her debut solo headlining tour, Cheryl confirmed that a Girls Aloud's reunion would occur in November 2012. The group released their second greatest hits compilation, *Ten* on 26 November 2012 and In 2013, the group embarked on Ten: The Hits Tour. In March 2013, following the completion of the tour, Girls Aloud released a statement via their official Twitter to confirm that they were splitting permanently.

On 30 September 2014, Cheryl announced that "I Don't Care" would receive its radio debut on the following day, 1 October on Capital FM, serving as the second single from her fourth studio album *Only Human*. That same day, she revealed the single's artwork through Instagram; it sees Cheryl with her head in her hand and laughing while sat on a chair. It also gave a glimpse of her rose tattoo. While being interviewed by Capital FM, Cheryl told that "A lot of the time I'm on set, so I had a lot of freedom. \[...\] \['I Don't Care'\] it sums up pretty much how I feel right now. \[It's\] very pop, but fun pop!" "I Don't Care" was officially released as the second single from *Only Human* on 2 November 2014.

## Composition

"I Don't Care" is a pop and dance song which lyrically finds Cheryl singing "It feels so fucking good to say, I swear that I don't care". Idolator website editor Bianca Gracie noted that the song carries "an 80s carefree vibe to it, thanks to the breezy synths and pumping bass line", and in contrast to her other songs like "Ghetto Baby", there are no "massive bass drops or an in-your-face dance theme". According to journalist Harriet Gibsone from *The Guardian*, the song had the same energy as Erasure's song "A Little Respect" (1988). EntertainmentWise commented that "I Don't Care" "sums up the underlying message of the whole project quite nicely". According to Lewis Corner from Digital Spy, the song showcases Cheryl's new-found "F-You" attitude in a "spectrum of rasping electronics, jump-around beats and a massive middle-finger chorus". He considered that the lyrics were directed "at a collective of former love rats, keyboard warriors and sensationalised headlines". Songwriter Bonnie McKee has revealed the song, originally titled "Waking Up Diagonal" after the opening lyric, had been originally written for herself to perform, given the lyrics drew from McKee's life experiences. Along the way, Cheryl and songwriters changed some lyrics and changed the title to "I Don't Care.

## Critical reception

"I Don't Care" received mostly positive reviews from contemporary music critics. Harriet Gibsone, while writing for *The Guardian* newspaper called it a "bombastic pop blast teetering on the edge of ridiculousness. \[...\] Song of the year". While reviewing *Only Human* for the same publication, Caroline Sullivan also gave a positive review and described it as an "actual radio-ready chorus to I Don't Care \[which has\] a jaunty bit of Casio-pop". Bianca Gracie from Idolator website gave a positive review for the song, stating that on the current "haze of over-produc\[ed songs\], it's actually quite refreshing", and emphasising that Cheryl's vocals "shine" in the song. Matthew Horton, while reviewing *Only Human* during its week of release for Virgin Media, commented that "the utterly addictive bounce of new single I Don't Care is an equally striking departure \[from her previous releases\], and not just because she's swearing her head off", in relation to its lyrics.

Popjustice rated it eight stars, out of ten. EntertainmentWise website noted that "I Don't Care" was a particular highlight from the album. However, Edwin McFee from *Hot Press* gave a negative review for the album, and called "I Don't Care" a "club-tinged plastic pop song". Bradley Stern of MuuMuse said that the song "undeservedly stole the crown from Geri Halliwell" for most British female number-one singles. Kim Gregory from *Now* magazine wrote a negative review for the song, criticizing the Auto-Tune usage and repetition of the line "I don't care".

## Chart performance

In the United Kingdom, "I Don't Care" debuted at number one with 82,000 sales in its first week of release, as predicted by mid-week sales data. In doing so, Cheryl achieved her ninth number-one single (including those from Girls Aloud), and fifth as a solo artist, therefore becoming the British female artist with the most solo UK number ones at the time, overtaking previous record sharers Geri Halliwell, Rita Ora and herself. It additionally peaked at number one in Scotland. "I Don't Care" debuted at number 92 on Flanders' Ultratip chart in Belgium on the issue dated 8 November 2014. The next week, it reached number 82.

## Music video

The accompanying music video for "I Don't Care" was directed by Colin Tilley in August 2014 in Málaga, Spain. The pair had previously collaborated on previous single "Crazy Stupid Love". The same month, the singer teased her followers on social media with pictures from the video. It starts with a honey-skinned Cheryl skipping around a beach with long locks and smiling, wearing oversized woolly jumper. In another scene, Cheryl is on a luxury boat with a group of friends in a white crop-top, denim shorts and bright pink sunglasses. During the video she also dances in a yellow crop-top, while shots of her on top of a cliff are also shown. At one point, the singer is in a bed wearing nothing but a white shirt and smudged eyeliner, with glimpses of black, lace underwear underneath, and looks directly into the camera and mouthing "zero fucks given".

The music video received mixed reviews from critics. Kim Gregory from *Now* magazine provided a negative review for the video, pointing out her "dodgy" outfits and makeup, and stating she was disappointed with Cheryl's entire attitude in the video.

## Live performance

Cheryl performed "I Don't Care" on *The X Factor* eleventh series' results show on 2 November 2014, where she is also a judge. Following the performance, fans and critics alike accused the singer of miming during her set. Reportedly, the 3,300 lights used as a backdrop during the performance caused a 66-year-old viewer to have an epileptic seizure.

## Remixes

One Direction member Liam Payne remixed "I Don't Care" under his DJ alter ego Payno. Cheryl publicly thanked the singer for the remix version, and it was included on "I Don't Care"'s remix EP, under the title "Payno Vs. Afterhrs Remix". Four other remixes were available through the EP.

## Track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "I Don't Care" – 4:00

* **Digital download – The Remixes**

1. "I Don't Care" – 4:03
2. "I Don't Care" (Payno Vs. Afterhrs Remix) – 3:58
3. "I Don't Care" (Sonic Matta Club Edit) – 5:38
4. "I Don't Care" (Cahill Club Mix) – 6:33
5. "I Don't Care" (TIEKS Remix) – 5:42
6. "I Don't Care" (Clutch Real Club Mix) – 6:28

## Credits and personnel

Credits are taken from the *Only Human* liner notes.

**Locations**

**Personnel**

* Cheryl Tweedy — vocals, writing
* Jocke Åhlund — writing, production, recording, original vocal production, synthesizer, programming
* Bonnie McKee — writing
* John Newman — writing
* Oligge — co-production, programming, additional synthesizer
* Figge Bostrǒn — recording
* Red Triangle — vocal recording, vocal production
* Mellatron — original vocal production,
* Maegan Cottone — backing vocals
* George Tizzard — backing vocals
* Rick Parkhouse — backing vocals
* Serban Ghenea — mixing
* John Hanes — mixing

## Charts

| Chart (2014) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 82 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 19 |
| Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) | 30 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 4 |
| Romania (Airplay 100) | 81 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 1 |
| Slovakia (Rádio Top 100) | 58 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 1 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 400,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "I Don't Care" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Cheryl | |
| from the album  *Only Human* | |
| Released | 2 November 2014 (2014-11-02) |
| Recorded | 2014 |
| Studio | Apmammann Studio, Stockholm |
| Genre | Dance-pop |
| Length | 4:00 |
| Label | Polydor |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Cheryl singles chronology | |
| "Crazy Stupid Love"
(2014) "**I Don't Care**"
(2014) "Only Human"
(2015) | |


title: Muhamed Hadžiefendić

abstract: Muhamed Hadžiefendić was a Bosnian Muslim officer in the Home Guard of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II, commanding the Hadžiefendić Legion.

text:
# Muhamed Hadžiefendić

**Muhamed Hadžiefendić** (January 1898 – 2 October 1943) was a Bosnian Muslim officer in the Home Guard of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II, commanding the Hadžiefendić Legion.

## Life

Muhamed Hadžiefendić was born in Tuzla. After primary education in his hometown, he attended the Commercial Academy in Sarajevo. It was the wish of his father that he inherit and lead the family business but instead he showed more interest in pursuing a military career. During the First World War he volunteered for the Habsburg Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry and returned from the war with the rank of lieutenant. He succeeded his father in his commercial affairs but also continued his military training, studying emergency examinations at the Military Academy in Belgrade.

## World War II

In 1938 he was appointed a reserve Major in the Yugoslav Royal Army. In 1941 Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia and the Independent State of Croatia (including Bosnia) became an Axis puppet state under the control of the Ustaše.

With the formal proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) on 10 April 1941, he returned to his native Tuzla. In December 1941 he visited the NDH Minister of the Armed Forces, Marshal Slavko Kvaternik and requested permission to create a Croatian Home Guard (*Domobran*) formation that would consist of Bosnian Muslims from the Tuzla area. Hadžiefendić was offered a commission as a major and was appointed to command the NDH III. 8th Battalion Infantry Regiment in Tuzla. During Chetnik attacks in early November 1941 the Home Guards of III. Battalion panicked and began to withdraw in disarray. Major Hadžiefendić restored discipline and order with a gun in his hand and the Home Guards returned to the fight, but he quickly realized that he could secure greater resolve from arming local people. Most of the Home Guard under his command were in fact conscripts from nearby Slavonia. He surmised that these Croat conscripts did not have much motivation to fight so far from their homes and that the armed forces of the NDH were not able to provide effective protection of the Bosnian Muslim population from Chetnik attacks and massacres. Therefore, on 7 December 1941, Hadžiefendić met with Kvaternik and outlined his own proposals. Kvaternik agreed with his ideas and Hadžiefendić returned to Tuzla.

On 20 December 1941 Hadžiefendić met with local mayors, representatives of the government and other prominent people to discuss forming a local volunteer force. This was formally established two days later and initially consisted of a company deployed in the villages east of Tuzla and around Živinice, which were then directly threatened by Chetnik attacks. Less than four months later in May 1942 the Volunteers Department was renamed the Hadžiefendić Legion (*Hadžiefendićeva legija*) and was formally recognised as a special Home Guard volunteer regiment. The regiment consisted of a headquarters in Tuzla and six battalions deployed in the cities and towns in northern Bosnia (Tuzla, Gračanica, Brčko, Bijeljina, Zvornik and Puračić). The Muslim population commonly referred to it as the *Hadžiefendićeva legija*, whilst the Partisans and the Chetniks called it the *Muslimanska legija* ("Muslim Legion"). The formation was highly motivated and fought well, but lacked weaponry and trained officers.

In 1942 Hadžiefendić was sick and spent some time recuperating in hospitals in Zagreb. He was also involved in recruiting local Muslim men into the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian). In March 1943, *SS Standartenführer* Karl von Krempler travelled to Tuzla in central Bosnia and met with Hadžiefendić, and on 28 March Hadžiefendić escorted von Krempler to Sarajevo where he introduced him to the leader of the Islamic clergy in all Bosnia, reis-ul-ulema Hafiz Muhamed Pandža, and other leading Bosnian Muslim politicians not involved with the Ustaše.

By mid-May 1943, over 6,000 members of *Hadžiefendić's legion* had been mustered to join *SS Handschar*. The Germans wished to induct Hadžiefendić into *SS Handschar* but their intention was never achieved. Over the period July to August 1943 there were major desertions from the Hadžiefendić legion to the Partisans, organised by Partisan spies. On 2 October 1943, Hadžiefendić and fifty-five of his men were executed by Partisans near Tuzla.

* Noel Malcolm, *Bosnia: A Short History*, 1994
* Fikret Karčić, *The Bosniaks and the Challenges of Modernity: Late Ottoman and Hapsburg* Times (1995)
* Johann C. Allmayer-Beck, Erich Lessing: *Die K.u.k. Armee. 1848-1918*. Verlag Bertelsmann, München 1974, ISBN 3-570-07287-8
* Stefan Rest: *Des Kaisers Rock im ersten Weltkrieg*. Verlag Militaria, Wien 2002, ISBN 3-9501642-0-0
* Werner Schachinger, *Die Bosniaken kommen! - Elitetruppe in der k.u.k. Armee 1879-1918*. Leopold Stocker Verlag, Graz 1994, ISBN 978-3-7020-0574-0
* k.u.k. Kriegsministerium „*Dislokation und Einteilung des k.u.k Heeres, der k.u.k. Kriegsmarine, der k.k. Landwehr und der k.u. Landwehr*“ in: Seidels kleines Armeeschema - Herausg.: Seidel & Sohn Wien 1914
* Lepre, George (1997). *Himmler's Bosnian Division: The Waffen-SS Handschar Division 1943–1945*. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-0134-9.

## InfoBox

| Muhamed Hadžiefendić | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | January 1898
Tuzla, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 2 October 1943(1943-10-02) (aged 45)
Tuzla, Independent State of Croatia |
| Buried | Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Allegiance | Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Independent State of Croatia |
| Service/branch | Croatian Home Guard |
| Years of service | 1914–43 |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |


title: Uki goshi

abstract: Uki Goshi (浮腰) is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the first group, Dai Ikkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a hip technique, Koshi-Waza. Uki goshi is known as a favorite throw of Jigoro Kano himself. It is demonstrated in the Nage no Kata. It used to be much drilled in traditional judo dojos. Uki Goshi (浮腰) is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the first group, Dai Ikkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo, of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a hip technique, Koshi-Waza. Uki goshi is known as a favorite throw of Jigoro Kano himself. It is demonstrated in the Nage no Kata. It used to be much drilled in traditional judo dojos.

text:
# Uki goshi

**Uki Goshi** (浮腰) is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the first group, Dai Ikkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a hip technique, Koshi-Waza. Uki goshi is known as a favorite throw of Jigoro Kano himself. It is demonstrated in the Nage no Kata. It used to be much drilled in traditional judo dojos.

## Technique description

Uki Goshi, also known as floating hip, is a type of hip throw. To execute the throw, the person throwing (known as tori) pulls the person being thrown, (known as uke) up and forward putting them off balance. *Tori* places *uke* round his/her back while turning so that the side of his/her hip is in close contact with *uke* and pulling *uke's* arm around. *Tori* then twists *uke* around using *tori's* back and hip as a pivot point.

*Tori's* leading leg barely blocks *uke's* leading leg and *tori* is initially slightly sideways to *uke* rather than completely giving his back. It relies on a high level of skill but can be used more easily against heavier people than O Goshi.

## Technique history

Uki goshi was developed by Jigoro Kano in the nineteenth century while he was studying Jujutsu in Japan. Kano went on to create Judo and in 1895 he included Uki goshi in the first standard syllabus of Judo throws called the gokyo no waza.

## Included systems

Systems:

Lists:

## Similar techniques, variants, and aliases

English aliases:

* Floating hip throw

Similar techniques:

* 1/2 hip throw: uki goshi

## InfoBox

| Uki goshi | |
| --- | --- |
| Uki goshi by Kano (l) and Yamashita (r) | |
| Classification | Nage-waza |
| Sub classification | Koshi-waza |
| Kodokan | Yes |
| Technique name | |
| Rōmaji | Uki-goshi |
| Japanese | 浮腰 |
| English | Floating hip throw (Half-hip throw) |
| Korean | 허리 띄기 |


title: Mythbuntu

abstract: Mythbuntu is a discontinued media center operating system based on Ubuntu, which integrated the MythTV media center software as its main function, and did not install with all of the programs included with Ubuntu. Following the principles of fellow Linux distributions LinHES and MythDora, Mythbuntu was designed to simplify the installation of MythTV on a home theater PC. After Mythbuntu had been installed the MythTV setup program begins in which it can be configured as a frontend, backend, or combination of the two. Mythbuntu aimed to keep close ties with Ubuntu thus allowing changes to be moved upstream for the greater benefit of the Ubuntu Community. Due to the close link with Ubuntu, easy conversions between desktop and standalone Mythbuntu installations are possible. The development cycle of Mythbuntu originally followed that of Ubuntu, with releases occurring every six months. Starting with 12.04, Mythbuntu releases tracked Ubuntu's LTS releases, which release approximately every two years. On 4 November 2016 the development team announced the end of Mythbuntu as a separate distribution, citing insufficient developers. The team will continue to maintain the Mythbuntu software repository; the announcement advised new users to install another Ubuntu distribution, then install MythTV from the repository.

text:
# Mythbuntu

**Mythbuntu** is a discontinued media center operating system based on Ubuntu, which integrated the MythTV media center software as its main function, and did not install with all of the programs included with Ubuntu.

Following the principles of fellow Linux distributions LinHES and MythDora, Mythbuntu was designed to simplify the installation of MythTV on a home theater PC. After Mythbuntu had been installed the MythTV setup program begins in which it can be configured as a frontend (a media viewer), backend (a media server), or combination of the two.

Mythbuntu aimed to keep close ties with Ubuntu thus allowing changes to be moved upstream for the greater benefit of the Ubuntu Community. Due to the close link with Ubuntu, easy conversions between desktop and standalone Mythbuntu installations are possible. The development cycle of Mythbuntu originally followed that of Ubuntu, with releases occurring every six months. Starting with 12.04, Mythbuntu releases tracked Ubuntu's LTS (long-term support) releases, which release approximately every two years.

On 4 November 2016 the development team announced the end of Mythbuntu as a separate distribution, citing insufficient developers. The team will continue to maintain the Mythbuntu software repository; the announcement advised new users to install another Ubuntu distribution, then install MythTV from the repository.

## Desktop

Mythbuntu uses the Xfce desktop interface by default, but users can install ubuntu-desktop, kubuntu-desktop, or xubuntu-desktop through the Mythbuntu Control Centre, allowing users to get the default interfaces from those flavors of Ubuntu. The only software that is included in this release is media-related software such as VLC, Amunix, and Rhythmbox.

## Mythbuntu Control Centre

The Mythbuntu Control Centre provides a GUI which can be used to configure the system. The user can select what kind of system (Backend, Frontend, Both) they wish to have installed. Inside the Control Centre, the user can perform common actions such as installing plugins for MythTV, configuring the MySQL database, setting passwords, and installing drivers and codecs. MythTV updates can be enabled here as well as switching to the latest release version or development branch of MythTV. Configuration of remote controls and a range of other utilities and small programs are performed all from within this program.

## Different applications of Mythbuntu

### Complete installation (front-end and back-end)

Mythbuntu can be used to install a full MythTV system on a single device (acting as both a client and a server). The front-end is the software required for the visual elements (or the GUI) and is utilised by the common user to find, play, and manipulate media files. The back end is the server where the media files, tuners, and database are actually stored. A combined front-and-back-end system may have an advantage in that it has *portability*: it is a standalone device that is not dependent on a separate server, such as a gaming console.

### Front-end-only installations

Alternatively, Mythbuntu can be used to install a MythTV client: a front-end-only system. This might be useful where users already have a central storage server in their home. The central storage device can act as a MythTV server, and the MythTV front-end client software can be installed on devices with low-power hardware. Mythbuntu can also run directly from a CD-ROM (without installation), provided that there is a network connection to a PC with a MythTV back-end server.

Using a server separate from one or more front-end units offers the ability to use multiple clients with simultaneous access to a single repository of shared media files. The server used would generally have hardware of a relatively high specification and can be kept outside of the main living room or other entertainment area of the home. Another advantage is the ability to move some of the potentially noisy hardware out of the living room, as low-noise, high-performance hardware can be expensive.

## Adding Mythbuntu to Ubuntu

Mythbuntu is an Ubuntu derivative that offers an easy single-click conversion from Ubuntu to Mythbuntu. This means a user no longer needs to type in command line, which can be daunting to new users, or hunt for packages in the various package managers.

## Version history

| Version | Code Name | Release date | MythTV version | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7.10 | *Gutsy Gibbon* | 22 October 2007 | .20 |  |
| 8.04 | *Hardy Heron* | 24 April 2008 | .21 |  |
| 8.10 | *Intrepid Ibex* | 30 October 2008 | .21 |  |
| 9.04 | *Jaunty Jackalope* | 23 April 2009 | .21-fixes |  |
| 9.10 | *Karmic Koala* | 29 October 2009 | .22 |  |
| 10.04 | *Lucid Lynx* | 29 April 2010 | .23 |  |
| 10.10 | *Maverick Meerkat* | 19 October 2010 | .23.1 |  |
| 11.04 | *Natty Narwhal* | 28 April 2011 | .24 |  |
| 11.10 | *Oneiric Ocelot* | 13 October 2011 | .24 |  |
| 12.04 | *Precise Pangolin* | 26 April 2012 | .25 |  |
| 14.04 | *Trusty Tahr* | 17 April 2014 | .27 |  |
| 16.04 | *Xenial Xerus* | 21 April 2016 | .28 |  |
| 18.04 | *Bionic Beaver* | 20 April 2018 | .29 |  |

## InfoBox

Mythbuntu
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mythbuntu showing a program guide/recording scheduler | |
| OS family | Linux (Unix-like) |
| Working state | Discontinued |
| Source model | Open source |
| Final release | Mythbuntu 16.04 / April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21) |
| Package manager | dpkg |
| Kernel type | Monolithic (Linux) |
| Default<br>user interface | Xfce, MythTV |
| Official website | web.archive.org/web/20181130222553/http://www.mythbuntu.org/ |


title: Mary Green (sprinter)

abstract: Mary Green was a British sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Green was originally from Norfolk. Her brother, Mike Tagg, was also an athlete and represented Great Britain at the same Olympics. She died in April 2022, at the age of 78.

text:
# Mary Green (sprinter)

**Mary Green** (née **Tagg**; 10 November 1943 – 7 April 2022) was a British sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

Green was originally from Norfolk. Her brother, Mike Tagg, was also an athlete and represented Great Britain at the same Olympics.

She died in April 2022, at the age of 78.

## InfoBox

Mary Green
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1943-11-10)10 November 1943<br>Derby, England |
| Died | 7 April 2022(2022-04-07) (aged 78) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 400 metres |


title: Julia Clark

abstract: Julia Clark was the third woman to receive a pilot's license from the Aero Club of America, and the first American woman to die while piloting an airplane. She earned her pilot's license on May 19, 1912 and died less than one month later.

text:
# Julia Clark

**Julia Clark** (December 21, 1880  June 17, 1912) was the third woman to receive a pilot's license from the Aero Club of America, and the first American woman to die while piloting an airplane. She earned her pilot's license on May 19, 1912 and died less than one month later.

## Biography

Clark was born in Bangor, Michigan on December 21, 1880. Her family moved to California and subsequently to Denver where she worked as a stenographer. Her interest in flying began when she attended the 1911 Chicago International Aviation Meet. After first overcoming Glenn Curtiss' reluctance to train women pilots, she was enrolled in his flying school in San Diego where, on May 19, 1912, she earned her pilots license (#133) after soloing to 1,000 feet. She then joined the Curtiss-Wright Aviators exhibition team, being billed as "The Daring Bird-Girl" and contracted for several exhibitions in the Midwest. On June 17, 1912, in Springfield, Illinois, she decided to make a test flight around dusk. Visibility was poor and, after striking a tree limb, the plane, a Curtiss pusher, tumbled to the ground, pinning her beneath the wreckage. She died after being rushed by automobile to the hospital, having never regained consciousness. Her body was sent to her home in Denver.

Clark was the first American woman to die in an air accident, preceding Harriet Quimby's death by two weeks. She was also said to be the first licensed woman pilot to die piloting an aircraft. The previous two woman pilots who died, Denise Moore in July 1911 and Suzanne Bernard in March 1912, died prior to earning their licenses. Moore and Bernard were both attending Henri Farman's flying school, in Étampes-sur-Marne, France at the time of their deaths.


title: Michigan Geological Survey

abstract: The Michigan Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the U.S. state of Michigan. The survey is headed by the State Geologist of Michigan. The survey has been composed of three individual surveys: the first from 1837 through 1845, the second from 1859 through 1862, and the third from 1869 to present. During most of that time, the survey has been a department of the state government. Since 2011 however, the survey has been administered by the Department of Geosciences at Western Michigan University.

text:
# Michigan Geological Survey

The **Michigan Geological Survey** is a scientific agency of the U.S. state of Michigan. The survey is headed by the **State Geologist of Michigan**.

The survey has been composed of three individual surveys: the first from 1837 through 1845, the second from 1859 through 1862, and the third from 1869 to present. During most of that time, the survey has been a department of the state government. Since 2011 however, the survey has been administered by the Department of Geosciences at Western Michigan University.

## History

### First and second geological surveys

An act to provide for a geological survey of the state
> SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Michigan, That the governor is hereby authorized and directed to nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to appoint a competent person, whose duty it shall be to make an accurate and complete geological survey of this State, which shall be accompanied with proper maps and diagrams, and furnish a full and scientific description of its rocks, soils, minerals, and of its botanical and geological productions, together with specimens of the same; which maps, diagrams, and specimens shall be deposited in the State library, and similar specimens shall be deposited in such literary and scientific institutions as the governor shall direct; and the governor is further authorized to appoint, from time to time, as the exigencies of the case may require, competent persons to act as assistants under the directions of the geologist.
>
> SECTION 2. A sum not exceeding $3,000 for the year 1837, a sum not exceeding $6,000 for the year 1838, a sum not exceeding $8,000 for the year 1839, and a sum not exceeding $12,000 for the year 1840, is hereby appropriated to defray the expenses that may be incurred under this act, which sums shall be paid out of the treasury from any money not otherwise appropriated, at such times and in such sums as the governor may direct; and an account of all the expenditures of each year shall be annually reported to the legislature.
>
> SECTION 3. The geologist appointed under the provisions of this act shall make a report annually to the legislature, on the first Monday of January, in each year, setting forth generally the progress made in the survey hereby authorized.
>
> Approved February 23, 1837.

On January 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted as a state. On that same day, a bill was introduced and approved in the state legislature to conduct a geological survey of Michigan. Dr. Douglass Houghton, who created and planned the survey, convinced legislators to approve its creation and funding. The bill, titled "An act to provide for a geological survey of the state", was signed into law by Governor Stevens T. Mason on February 23, commencing the state's first geological survey. Owing to his effort in creating the survey, Houghton was named the first State Geologist. Abram Sager was appointed as Houghton's assistant for the zoological and botanical aspects of the survey. The survey was appropriated $3000 for its first year. The motivational factor for establishing a geological survey was primarily to secure supplies of salt. Lesser reasons were to help dispel negative beliefs about the state and to investigate copper resources in the Upper Peninsula. As established, the survey was expected to be completed in four years; however, it was soon realized that a proper survey of the entire state would take much longer.

In March 1838, the survey was divided into four departments: geological and mineralogical, zoological, botanical, and topographical. Each department was headed by a specialist under the direction of the State Geologist. In 1840, the botanical and zoological aspects of the survey were abolished by the legislature. They were perceived as offering the state little benefit, overriding Houghton's protests that they remain. In 1845, Houghton was out sailing on Lake Superior when a storm overturned his boat and he drowned. After this incident the survey was suspended, although Houghton's assistant and another surveyor continued to map the mineralogical deposits on the south shore of Lake Superior.

In the late 1850s, the Michigan Legislature received petitions from various interests to further investigate the state's salt resources, leading to the establishment of a second geological survey on February 15, 1859. Dr. Alexander Winchell of the University of Michigan was named State Geologist on March 9. Winchell spent much of his time from 1859 through 1862 conducting field work that culminated in a single comprehensive report. His report included a general description of the state's geology and more detailed descriptions of some of its mineral resources of economic interest, including coal, gypsum, and salt in the Lower Peninsula, and iron in the Upper Peninsula. In 1863 the legislature did not approve further funding for the survey, as the state treasury was dedicated to funding the American Civil War. Official termination of the survey occurred on March 7, 1863, by a joint resolution of the state legislature.

### Third geological survey

#### 1869 to 1920

By 1869 there was widespread public support for resuming the geological survey, and legislation was passed in March. The survey was officially known as the Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. An *ex officio* Board of Geological Survey was created to oversee the department, consisting of the Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and President of the State Board of Education. Unlike the previous two surveys, botanical and zoological investigations were not included. On April 24, Winchell was reappointed as State Geologist. This time Winchell's ideas for the direction of the survey were in conflict with those of the board. Winchell wanted to concentrate on a scholarly investigation of the Lower Peninsula, but the Board wanted the survey to focus on copper and iron resources in the Upper Peninsula. In response, the Board contracted independent surveys of the Marquette Iron Range and the Copper Country. As a result of frequent debates and political infighting, Winchell resigned in April 1871.

Dr. Carl Rominger was named as Winchell's replacement. Rominger worked "practically alone" from 1872 through 1876, focusing primarily on investigating fossil corals and elucidating the geologic structure of the Michigan Basin in the Lower Peninsula. He also supported the independent contractors who were investigating economic resources in the Upper Peninsula. In May 1885, Charles E. Wright, who had previously been the state's Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, succeeded Rominger. He primarily engaged in the drawing of topographical maps and sketches of the geologic phenomena of the Upper Peninsula. After Wright's death in March 1888, Marshman Edward Wadsworth was appointed as State Geologist. Under Wadsworth, the survey obtained its own offices at the Michigan Mining School, having previously relied on private offices or the homes of the various geologists. In order that the Michigan Geological Survey could concentrate on economic geology, Wadsworth arranged for the United States Geological Survey to assume responsibility for studies of paleontology and other non-economic scientific topics.

The Board of 1891 to 1892 recommended to the legislature a number of changes. These included incorporating the office of Mineral Statistics with the survey, appropriating offices in Lansing, and hiring geologists who were independent of state universities and who could dedicate the whole of their time to the survey. In 1893, Wadsworth became aware of these intentions, and offered to resign from the Michigan Mining School if he were given a raise to $4,000 per year. His offer was rejected and Wadsworth resigned.

Dr. Lucius Lee Hubbard was appointed State Geologist on July 1, 1893, with Dr. Alfred Church Lane as Assistant State Geologist. The research results published by these two men, documenting the copper deposits in the Upper Peninsula, salt and gypsum deposits, and petroleum resources in the Upper Peninsula, became noted reference tools for future geologists. During Hubbard's tenure the survey terminated its remaining connections with the Michigan Mining School and the University of Michigan, as the relationship was considered "beneficial to \[the universities\], but detrimental to the survey". Hubbard resigned in 1899, and Lane became State Geologist in April. Lane moved the survey's headquarters from Houghton to Lansing. During his tenure, the legislature reinstated funding for zoological and biological studies, and the first topographical survey was commenced. In 1909, Lane resigned to accept a professorship at Tufts College, and was succeeded by Roland C. Allen in September.

Around the time that Allen became State Geologist, the survey took over the responsibilities of the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, including preparing reports on the state's metallic and non-metallic minerals and conducting annual assessments of iron mines. The survey significantly reduced its activities during World War I due to a lack of funding and workers, but continued its topographical research, resulting in the relocation and marking of the Ohio-Michigan border. In 1919, Allen resigned and his assistant, Richard A. Smith, became State Geologist. In 1920, responsibility for the survey was transferred to the newly created Michigan Department of Conservation. However, the topographical elements of the survey were transferred to other state departments.

#### 1920 to present

In 1946 Smith retired, after 26 years as the longest-serving State Geologist to date. Dr. Gerald E. Eddy succeeded Smith, and remained until 1951. He was followed by Franklin G. Pardee from 1951 through 1952. William L. Daoust succeeded him as Acting State Geologist through 1954 and as State Geologist through 1964. After twelve years as the Department of Conservation's Director, Eddy was reappointed State Geologist in 1964. In 1968, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources was created, to which the survey was transferred, retaining its name as the Geological Survey Division.

Eddy was succeeded by Arthur E. Slaughter in 1971. R. Thomas Segall followed in 1981, serving until 1996. In 1995, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality was created, taking over the survey. In 1996, Harold R. Fitch became State Geologist. In 2002 and 2004, the survey was respectively renamed the Geological and Land Management Division and the Office of Geological Survey.

In 2010, Fitch began discussions with Western Michigan University (WMU) to assume the non-regulatory functions of the survey. Funding cuts were restricting the survey's ability to perform any non-regulatory duties, so a transfer to a different institution would permit their accomplishment. In October 2011, the survey was transferred to Western Michigan University's Department of Geosciences. WMU professor Alan E. Kehew was then appointed director of the survey. In 2013, John A. Yellich was appointed director of the survey.

## List of State Geologists

| Portrait | Name | Post | Took office | Left office | Division | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Douglass Houghton
 | State Geologist | 1837 | 1845
(death) | First Geological Survey |  |
| Office suspended (1845–1859) | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Alexander Winchell | State Geologist | March 9, 1859 | 1862 | Second Geological Survey |  |
| Office suspended (1862–1869) | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Alexander Winchell | State Geologist | April 24, 1869 | April 17, 1871 | Third Geological Survey
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey |  |
|  | Carl Rominger | State Geologist | 1871 | 1885 | Third Geological Survey
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey |  |
|  | Charles E. Wright | State Geologist | 1885 | 1888
(death) | Third Geological Survey
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey |  |
|  | Marshman E. Wadsworth
 | State Geologist | 1888 | 1893 | Third Geological Survey
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey |  |
|  | Lucius L. Hubbard
 | State Geologist | July 3, 1893 | 1899 | Third Geological Survey
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey |  |
|  | Alfred Church Lane
 | State Geologist | 1899 | 1909 | Third Geological Survey
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey |  |
|  | Roland C. Allen | State Geologist | 1909 | 1919 | Third Geological Survey
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey |  |
|  | Richard A. Smith | State Geologist | 1919 | 1920 | Third Geological Survey
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey |  |
|  | Richard A. Smith | Division Chief and State Geologist | 1920 | 1946 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Conservation |  |
|  | Gerald E. Eddy | Division Chief and State Geologist | 1946 | 1951 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Conservation |  |
|  | Franklin G. Pardee | Division Chief and State Geologist | 1951 | 1952 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Conservation |  |
|  | William L. Daoust | Acting State Geologist | 1952 | 1954 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Conservation |  |
|  | William L. Daoust | Division Chief and State Geologist | 1954 | 1964 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Conservation |  |
|  | Gerald E. Eddy | State Geologist | 1964 | 1971 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Natural Resources |  |
|  | Arthur E. Slaughter | State Geologist | 1971 | 1976 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Natural Resources |  |
|  | Arthur E. Slaughter | State Geologist | 1976 | 1977 | Third Geological Survey
Division of Geology, Department of Natural Resources |  |
|  | Arthur E. Slaughter | State Geologist | 1977 | 1981 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Natural Resources |  |
|  | R. Thomas Segall | State Geologist | 1981 | 1996 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Natural Resources |  |
|  | Harold R. Fitch | State Geologist | 1996 | 2002 | Third Geological Survey
Geological Survey Division, Department of Environmental Quality |  |
|  | Harold R. Fitch | State Geologist | 2002 | 2004 | Third Geological Survey
Geological and Land Management Division, Department of Environmental Quality |  |
|  | Harold R. Fitch | State Geologist | 2004 | 2011 | Third Geological Survey
Office of Geological Survey, Department of Environmental Quality |  |
|  | Alan E. Kehew | Director | 2011 | 2013 | Third Geological Survey
WMU Department of Geosciences |  |
|
|  | John A. Yellich | Director | 2013 |  | Third Geological Survey
WMU Department of Geosciences |  |
|

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

Michigan Geological Survey
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | MGS |
| Formation | 1837 |
| Type | Research & Education |
| Region served | Michigan |
| Website | mgs.geology.wmich.edu |


title: Trevor French

abstract: Trevor French was an Australian Paralympic swimmer. At the 1964 Tokyo Paralympics, he won a silver medal in the Men's 25 m Freestyle Supine complete class 2 event.

text:
# Trevor French

**Trevor French** (died 22 August 2012) was an Australian Paralympic swimmer. At the 1964 Tokyo Paralympics, he won a silver medal in the Men's 25 m Freestyle Supine complete class 2 event.

## InfoBox

Trevor French
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Australia |
| Died | 22 August 2012 |
| Medal record      Swimming  Paralympic Games  1964 Tokyo  Men's 25 m Freestyle Supine complete class 2 | |