title: John Dillon (hurler)

abstract: John Dillon was an Irish hurler who played for Tipperary Senior Championship club Roscrea. He played for the Tipperary senior hurling team for one season, during which time he usually lined out as a right corner-back. Dillon began his hurling career at club level with Roscrea. After enjoying much success in the minor and under-21 grades, he eventually broke onto the club's senior team. He enjoyed his first success at senior level when the club won the North Tipperary Championship in 1968. Dillon later captained Roscrea to the 1968 Tipperary Senior Championship title before winning a second title in 1969. At inter-county level, Dillon was part of the Tipperary minor team that lost back-to-back All-Ireland finals in 1960 and 1961 before later winning an All-Ireland Championship with the under-21 team in 1964. He joined the Tipperary senior team in 1964. Dillon was a substitute on Tipperary's All-Ireland Championship-winning team in 1965. He also secured Munster Championship and National Hurling League medals that season.

text:
# John Dillon (hurler)

**John Dillon** (14 September 1943 – 23 June 2019) was an Irish hurler who played for Tipperary Senior Championship club Roscrea. He played for the Tipperary senior hurling team for one season, during which time he usually lined out as a right corner-back.

Dillon began his hurling career at club level with Roscrea. After enjoying much success in the minor and under-21 grades, he eventually broke onto the club's senior team. He enjoyed his first success at senior level when the club won the North Tipperary Championship in 1968. Dillon later captained Roscrea to the 1968 Tipperary Senior Championship title before winning a second title in 1969.

At inter-county level, Dillon was part of the Tipperary minor team that lost back-to-back All-Ireland finals in 1960 and 1961 before later winning an All-Ireland Championship with the under-21 team in 1964. He joined the Tipperary senior team in 1964. Dillon was a substitute on Tipperary's All-Ireland Championship-winning team in 1965. He also secured Munster Championship and National Hurling League medals that season.

## Honours

Roscrea Tipperary

## InfoBox

John Dillon
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Seán Diolún* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Right corner-back | | |
| Born | 14 September 1943
Roscrea, County Tipperary, Ireland | | |
| Died | 23 June 2019 (aged 75)
Roscrea, County Tipperary, Ireland | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | Roscrea | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Tipperary titles | 2 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 1964-1965 | Tipperary | 0 (0-00) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 1 | | |
| All-Irelands | 1 | | |
| NHL | 1 | | |


title: Anjum Mumtaz Barg

abstract: Anjum Mumtaz Baig is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder who the winner of Femina Miss India 1968. She came from a conservative Muslim family from Hyderabad, India. She married and moved to the United States.

text:
# Anjum Mumtaz Barg

**Anjum Mumtaz Baig** is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder who the winner of Femina Miss India 1968. She came from a conservative Muslim family from Hyderabad, India. She married and moved to the United States.

## InfoBox

| Anjum Mumtaz Baig | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1954 (age 6970)
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India |
| Height | 1.62 m (5 ft 4 in) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | Femina Miss India Universe 1968
Femina Miss India World 1968 |
| Hair color | Black |
| Eye color | Black |
| Major
competition(s) | Femina Miss India 1968
(Winner)
Miss Universe 1968
(Unplaced) |
|  | |


title: Rufino Torrico

abstract: José Rufino Torrico de Mendiburu was a Peruvian soldier and politician who served as Mayor of Lima three times: in 1880–1881, 1883–1884 and 1895. He also served in the Peruvian Army, fighting in the Battle of La Palma that ended the Liberal Revolution of 1854 and reaching the rank of colonel before his retirement in 1872. In January 1881, his management helped to partially stop the violence and looting of Lima by soldiers retreating from the Battle of Miraflores and he was the highest Peruvian authority at the time of the entry of Chilean troops into the Peruvian capital. After the War of the Pacific, he joined the Constitutional Party of Andrés Avelino Cáceres, whom he served as Minister of War and Navy (1886–87), and of Government and Police (1894–95). He was also a senator in the Congress of the Republic. In 1895, immediately after the civil war between Caceristas and Pierolistas, he again took charge of the government of Lima. In his memory, an important strip or artery of the historic centre of Lima bears his name.

text:
# Rufino Torrico

**José Rufino Torrico de Mendiburu** (Lima; 1833October 14, 1920) was a Peruvian soldier and politician who served as Mayor of Lima three times: in 1880–1881, 1883–1884 and 1895. He also served in the Peruvian Army, fighting in the Battle of La Palma that ended the Liberal Revolution of 1854 and reaching the rank of colonel before his retirement in 1872.

In January 1881, his management helped to partially stop the violence and looting of Lima by soldiers retreating from the Battle of Miraflores and he was the highest Peruvian authority at the time of the entry of Chilean troops into the Peruvian capital. After the War of the Pacific, he joined the Constitutional Party of Andrés Avelino Cáceres, whom he served as Minister of War and Navy (1886–87), and of Government and Police (1894–95). He was also a senator in the Congress of the Republic. In 1895, immediately after the civil war between Caceristas and Pierolistas, he again took charge of the government of Lima. In his memory, an important strip or artery of the historic centre of Lima bears his name.

## InfoBox

| José Rufino Torrico de Mendiburu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1833
Lima, Peru |
| Died | October 14, 1920
Lima, Peru |
| Resting place | Presbítero Maestro |
| Political party | Constitutional Party |
| Parent(s) | Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
María Manuela de Mendiburu |
| Alma mater | Guadalupe College |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Affiliations | National Club |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | Peruvian Army |
| Years of service | 1851–1872 |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Battles/wars | Liberal Revolution of 1854 |
|  | |


title: Oleg Kosarev

abstract: Oleg Leonidovich Kosarev, known as The Elevator Man, is a Soviet-Russian serial rapist, sex offender, child molester, pedophile and robber. He has been sentenced to long terms of imprisonment, the last one being in 2012. According to his own claims, during his criminal career he committed at least 140 rapes, of which more than 40 were proven in court.

text:
# Oleg Kosarev

**Oleg Leonidovich Kosarev** (born 11 March 1966), known as **The Elevator Man**, is a Soviet-Russian serial rapist, sex offender, child molester, pedophile and robber. He has been sentenced to long terms of imprisonment, the last one being in 2012. According to his own claims, during his criminal career he committed at least 140 rapes, of which more than 40 were proven in court.

## First crimes and imprisonment

A native Muscovite, in his own words, from the age of 7 to 12, Kosarev was subjected to depraved actions by another man who dressed him in women's clothing and used him for sexual games. The first rape he committed was at age 18, for which he was sent for involuntary commitment to the psychiatric hospital No. 5, known as "White Pillars", where he raped a nurse with an accomplice. In 1984, the Chekhov City Court declared Kosarev mentally competent to stand trial, and sentenced him to eight years' imprisonment. Kosarev stated later that, in the penal colony, he was subjected to sexual violence. There, he was forcibly tattooed a blossoming rose—the symbol for the *opushchenny* (Russian for "the lowered one"), the name of the lowest level in the social hierarchy of the prisoners.

## Release and crime spree

Kosarev was released in June 1992, and a month and a half later, he made another attack. He usually stalked his victims—teenage girls—on the street, followed them into a building. Once in an elevator, he raped and robbed his victims, threatening them with a knife. To lull vigilant on-lookers, he pretended to be blind. Kosarev's criminal activity peaked in the fall of 1995, when up to three similar attacks on children occurred each day in the capital. In one case, the rapist found five children—two boys and three girls—in an elevator, where he raped all three girls, threatening them with a knife and forcing the boys to have sex with them. In another instance, he raped a young mother in front of a small child, forcing them to observe the entire process.

At the same time, Oleg Kosarev married through a newspaper ad and found a work as a guard in a kindergarten. His wife at the time did not suspect him of any such crimes, and considered him to be a romantic, gallant man.

On 31 October 1995, Kosarev was detained on Arbat Street while trying to sell stolen goods, including a camera taken from one of the victims four hours before his arrest. His suspicious behavior attracted the attention of authorities.

At first, Kosarev denied his guilt, but soon, after some confrontations with the victims, he confessed. Although he admitted to around 137 rapes, the court could only prove around 40 instances, as many of his victims refused to cooperate with the investigators. In March 1997, the court sentenced him to 15 years' imprisonment, of which ten he served in a standard prison, and the other five in a maximum-security prison.

## Imprisonment, release and new crimes

In October 2010, Oleg Kosarev was granted parole, having served 12½ out of 15 years. During his stay at the Vladimir colony, he got married, meeting his future wife on a prison date. In 2002, a daughter was born from this relationship, but soon the spouse, after having discovered Oleg's crimes, left him.

Returning to Moscow, Kosarev, in less than six months, committed another crime. After he arrived in Serpukhov, he attacked a 13-year-old girl on Vesennyaya Street on 25 February 2011. Pretending to be blind, he followed the girl into an elevator, where, with the threat of a knife, he forced the girl to go to the last floor, where he raped her. After that, Kosarev forced the girl to drink the contents of a syringe that he had brought with him—a mixture of phenazepam and diphenhydramine—and drink it with vodka. As a result, the victim was hospitalized with serious poisoning.

The next attack occurred on the afternoon of 7 April, again in Serpukhov. In the area of house number 160, on Tsentralnaya Street, he noticed two girls (17 and 18, respectively), both 11th-grade students of the local high school. On Osenniy Street, he attacked them, overtaking them in the elevator. Kosarev inflicted at least three blows with the handle and blade of the knife on the head and hand of one girl, and the other—nine on the head, hand and body. After that, the offender took gold jewelry from his victims—a chain, rings with precious stones, a pendant and earrings, as well as two mobile phones, raping one the girls again before finally fleeing the scene.

## Third arrest and sentence

When the search for the rapist in Serpukhov began, an investigator from the city's prosecutor's office appealed to the investigative department to inquire about a similar offender, active in Moscow in the mid-1990s. Investigators decided to check out the criminal, and on 21 April 2011, Oleg Kosarev was detained in Moscow. He immediately confessed to everything, and returned all of the stolen items. At the trial, Kosarev was charged with violence against minors, robbery and rape. The defendant argued that "another person entered into him"; however, according to the results of a comprehensive forensic psychiatric examination, he was sane. On 18 October 2012, the Moscow Oblast Court sentenced Oleg Kosarev to 20 years' imprisonment, with the first 12 years to be spent in a standard, and the final eight in a corrective labor colony.

## Copycats

After Kosarev's capture in 1995, attacks with similar modus operandi continued to take place in Moscow, by a criminal named Valery Deyev. Deyev, born 1969, dressed in a similar way as Kosarev and physically resembled him. In one case, he told the girl he had raped that he was Andrei Chikatilo. Even before Kosarev's capture, it was known that there were two different criminals, due to the fact that the rapes occurred simultaneously in different locations of the city. The police even suggested that the rapists could be twin brothers, and therefore sent inquiries to psychiatric hospitals to monitor any twin brothers with paraphilias, but the search yielded no result. Kosarev himself told that during one of his "hunts" for schoolgirls, he saw a man dressed similarly to him, tracking the same girl. That event took place on Chicherina Street.

Deyev was arrested on 29 May 1996. He was unmarried and had two criminal convictions for robberies and theft. While housed in the detention center "Matrosskaya Tishina", he tried to feign mental illness and attempted to cut open his veins twice. Despite this, Deyev was recognized as sane. He named about 50 addresses where he claimed to have committed rapes and robberies, only 23 of them were proven in court. Deyev was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment.

In 2011, Deyev was released, married and, like Kosarev, immediately returned to his criminal activities. He invited teenager boys to his house, plied them with alcohol, and when they fell unconscious, committed sexual acts on them. In February 2016, Deyev, during a quarrel with a neighbor, grabbed a pistol and fired some blank cartridges at him. He was detained, after which details the sexual assaults came to light. In 2017, Valery Deyev was sentenced by the court to 20 years' imprisonment in corrective labor colony.

In 1996, in Moscow, the third "elevator" rapist was arrested—Bunin, who had no resemblance to Kosarev and Deyev. He committed at least six attacks, was found not guilty by reason of insanity, and sent off to involuntary commitment.

In 1998, an episode from the true crime TV-series "Criminal Russia" was filmed about both Kosarev's and Deyev's crimes, titled *A Hunt for the Double*.

## Bibliography

* *S. M. Dyshev*. Russian gangsters. From 'thieves in law' to 'scumbags'. — М.: Eksmo, 2001. — 432 p. — ISBN 5-04-001619-0.

## InfoBox

| Oleg Kosarev | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Oleg Leonidovich Kosarev
(1966-03-11) 11 March 1966
Moscow, RSFSR, USSR |
| Criminal status | Convicted |
| Children | 1 |
|  | |
| Criminal charge | Aggravated rape
Child rape
Sexual abuse
Robbery |
| Penalty | 20 years imprisonment |
| Details | |
| Victims | 40–140 |
| Country | Soviet Union, later Russia |
| Date apprehended | 21 April 2015 |
|  | |


title: Hurricane Hilda tornado outbreak

text:
# Hurricane Hilda tornado outbreak

On October 3–4, 1964, Hurricane Hilda and its remnants generated a tornado outbreak over portions of the Southeastern United States. The outbreak, which yielded at least 12 confirmed tornadoes, killed 22 people and injured 175 others. Most of the casualties occurred as a result of a violent tornado that devastated the northern outskirts of Larose, Louisiana, becoming the deadliest hurricane-generated tornado on record since 1900 and one of only two violent tornadoes (F4+) recorded in the southern Gulf Coast region of Louisiana. The tornado was also one of only two F4s known to have been produced by a tropical cyclone, the other having occurred during Hurricane Carla on September 12, 1961.

## Background

At 23:00 UTC on October 3, 1964, Hurricane Hilda made landfall at 29°30′N 91°30′W / 29.5°N 91.5°W / 29.5; -91.5, near Calumet, Louisiana, with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) and an estimated atmospheric pressure of 959 mb (28.3 inHg). Although Hilda extensively damaged portions of Louisiana, most of its severest impacts, including the vast majority of fatalities, were related to hurricane-spawned tornadoes, along with inland flooding.

## Outbreak statistics

Impacts by region
| Region | Locale | County | Deaths | Injuries | Damages | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | Alabama | Barbour | 0 | 3 | $2,500 |  |
| | Butler | 0 | 0 | $25,000 |  |
| | Conecuh | 0 | 0 | $2,500 |  |
| | Louisiana | Assumption | 0 | 0 | $25,000 |  |
| | Jefferson | 0 | 3 | $2,500,000 |  |
| | Lafourche | 22 | 165 | $2,527,500 |  |
| | Orleans | 0 | 2 | $25,000 |  |
| | St. Tammany | 0 | 0 | $2,500 |  |
| | North Carolina | Unknown | 0 | 2 | $500,000 |  |
| Total | | | 22 | 175 | $8,107,000 |  |

## Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 |

### October 3 event

Confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, October 3, 1964
| F# | Location | County / Parish | State | Start
coord. | Time (UTC) | Path length | Max. width | Summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| F1 | Golden Meadow | Lafourche | LA | 29°22′N 90°14′W / 29.37°N 90.23°W / 29.37; -90.23 (Golden Meadow (October 3, F1)) | 11:45–? | 0.5 miles (0.80 km) | 33 yards (30 m) | A brief tornado downed utility wires and damaged several structures. Losses totaled $2,500. |
| F1 | Galliano | Lafourche | LA | 29°26′N 90°17′W / 29.43°N 90.28°W / 29.43; -90.28 (Galliano (October 3, F1)) | 12:00–? | 0.5 miles (0.80 km) | 33 yards (30 m) | A short-lived tornado affected up to 10 homes and a funeral parlor. Several of the homes shifted on their CBS foundations or were overturned. Some boats were sunk and power lines downed as well. Losses totaled $25,000. Some minor injuries may have occurred. |
| F4 | Northern Larose | Lafourche | LA | 29°36′N 90°22′W / 29.60°N 90.37°W / 29.60; -90.37 (Larose (October 3, F4)) | 12:30–? | 1.5 miles (2.4 km) | 67 yards (61 m) | 22 deaths – This devastating, violent tornado paralleled LA 1 as it leveled a 1-mile-long (1.6 km) swath of homes. Only "shells" of brick homes remained in a few locations. Observers reported debris in Coteau, 16 mi (26 km) to the west of Larose. 165 people were injured and losses totaled $212 million. This was the deadliest hurricane-spawned tornado on record since 1900 and one of only two such tornadoes on record to have attained F4 intensity. |
| F2 | New Orleans to Kenner | Orleans, Jefferson | LA | 29°56′N 90°13′W / 29.93°N 90.22°W / 29.93; -90.22 (Waggaman (October 3, F2)) | 15:00–15:20 | 14.2 miles (22.9 km) | 83 yards (76 m) | This possible tornado family initially damaged automobiles and structures in the French Quarter of New Orleans. It then skipped to the intersection of the Veterans Highway and the Causeway, damaging gasoline stations and nearby buildings. Several vehicles, including a truck, were overturned or thrown into the air. Broken glass injured three people in Jefferson Parish and losses there totaled $212 million. Two other injuries and an additional $212 in losses occurred in Orleans Parish. At Kenner the tornado badly damaged 17 homes, several of which were unroofed. The NCEI indicates that the tornado developed north-northwest of Waggaman and ended near Seabrook. |
| F2 | Oakley to Attakapas Canal | Assumption | LA | 29°55′N 91°06′W / 29.92°N 91.10°W / 29.92; -91.10 (Oakley (October 3, F2)) | 17:10–17:15 | 1.5 miles (2.4 km) | 100 yards (91 m) | This tornado tracked generally westward. It passed near Napoleonville, felling several trees. Homes and other structures shifted on their foundations or were unroofed. Losses totaled $25,000. |
| F2 | White Sand to W of West Poplarville | Pearl River | MS | 30°48′N 89°39′W / 30.80°N 89.65°W / 30.80; -89.65 (White Sand (October 3, F2)) | 21:20–? | 3.3 miles (5.3 km) | 33 yards (30 m) | This strong tornado destroyed a pumphouse, a pair of barns, and a small house. Losses were unknown. |

### October 4 event

Confirmed tornadoes – Sunday, October 4, 1964
| F# | Location | County / Parish | State | Start
coord. | Time (UTC) | Path length | Max. width | Summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| F2 | WNW of Lewisburg | St. Tammany | LA | 30°23′N 90°08′W / 30.38°N 90.13°W / 30.38; -90.13 (Lewisburg (October 4, F2)) | 09:25–? | 1 mile (1.6 km) | 183 yards (167 m) | This tornado destroyed or damaged six lightweight homes. Debris was strewn over a 5-mile (8.0 km) area. Losses totaled $25,000. |
| F1 | N of Flat Rock | Conecuh | AL | 31°30′N 86°50′W / 31.50°N 86.83°W / 31.50; -86.83 (Flat Rock (October 4, F1)) | 15:15–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 33 yards (30 m) | A tornado damaged several outbuildings and a few houses. Losses totaled $2,500. |
| F1 | Northwestern Georgiana | Butler | AL | 31°38′N 86°46′W / 31.63°N 86.77°W / 31.63; -86.77 (Georgiana (October 4, F1)) | 16:20–? | 3.3 miles (5.3 km) | 100 yards (91 m) | A tornado unroofed, destroyed, or otherwise damaged 19 houses, many barns, and a fertilizer plant. Numerous trees were downed as well. Losses totaled $25,000. Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2. |
| F2 | NW of Williamston to SE of Alligator | Martin, Washington, Tyrrell | NC | 35°52′N 77°04′W / 35.87°N 77.07°W / 35.87; -77.07 (Williamston (October 4, F2)) | 20:30–21:30 | 54.1 miles (87.1 km) | 50 yards (46 m) | A possible tornado family severely damaged or destroyed outbuildings and five homes. It also moved heavy machinery for an unknown distance. Losses totaled $250,000. The publication *Storm Data* lists one injury. |
| F2 | Western Eufaula | Barbour | AL | 31°48′N 85°12′W / 31.80°N 85.20°W / 31.80; -85.20 (Eufaula (October 4, F2)) | 21:00–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 33 yards (30 m) | A tornado affected buildings along Pump Station Road in Eufaula. It destroyed or damaged two houses, a factory, and a hospital. Three people were injured and losses totaled $2,500. |
| F2 | NE of Cedar Grove to N of Penderlea | Columbus, Bladen, Pender | NC | 34°18′N 78°54′W / 34.30°N 78.90°W / 34.30; -78.90 (Cedar Grove (October 4, F2)) | 23:15–01:00 | 54.6 miles (87.9 km) | 50 yards (46 m) | This possible tornado family destroyed or damaged a trailer home, tobacco barns, various outbuildings, a few warehouses, and five homes. Losses totaled $250,000. The publication *Storm Data* lists one injury. |

1. Storm Data Publication 1964, Events Reported
2. Edwards 2012, p. 2.
3. Hagemeyer, Bartlett C.; Spratt, Scott M. (2002). Written at Melbourne, Florida. *Thirty Years After Hurricane Agnes: the Forgotten Florida Tornado Disaster* (PDF). 25th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. San Diego, California: American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2008.
4. Grazulis, Thomas P.; Grazulis, Doris (April 26, 2000). "The United States' Worst Tornadoes". *The Tornado Project*. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
5. Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). *Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003)* (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
6. Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
7. Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
8. Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". *The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)*. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
9. "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". *Environment and Climate Change Canada*. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
10. "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". *Tornado and Storm Research Organisation*. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
11. Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
12. Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". *Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes*. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
13. Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135
14. IBTrACS 2021, 1964273N21280
15. U.S. Weather Bureau (1961). "Page 5". Preliminary report on Hurricane "Hilda". *National Hurricane Center* (Report). Miami: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
16. Roth, David. "Hurricane Hilda \- September 28 – October 5, 1964". *Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima*. Silver Spring, Maryland: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
17. USWB 1964, p. 106.
18. USWB 1964, p. 108.
19. Brooks 2004, p. 310.
20. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10030798
21. USWB 1964, p. 107.
22. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10030799
23. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10030801
24. Grazulis 1993, p. 1057.
25. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10030802
26. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10030803
27. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10030804
28. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10048245
29. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10030805
30. Storm Data Publication 1964, #9978107
31. Storm Data Publication 1964, #9978108
32. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10077779
33. Storm Data Publication 1964, #9978109
34. Storm Data Publication 1964, #10077994

## Sources

## InfoBox

Hurricane Hilda tornado outbreak
| Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Tornado outbreak
Tropical cyclone |
| Duration | October 3–4, 1964 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Tornadoes
confirmed | 12 |
| Max. rating1 | F4 tornado |
| Duration of
tornado outbreak2 | 1 day, 11 hours, 30 minutes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Fatalities | 22 fatalities, 175 injuries |
| Damage | ≥ $8.107 million (1964 USD)
$79.6 million (2024 USD) |
| Areas affected | Southeastern United States |
| Part of the **tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1964**
1*Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale*
2*Time from first tornado to last tornado* | |


title: Universal USB Installer

abstract: Universal USB Installer (UUI) is an open-source live Linux USB flash drive creation software. It allows users to create a bootable live USB flash drive using an ISO image from a supported Linux distribution, antivirus utility, system tool, or Microsoft Windows installer. The USB boot software can also be used to make Windows 8, 10, or 11 run entirely from USB. YUMI is also a separate open-source product release that has several enhanced features, some have been integrated into UUI.

text:
# Universal USB Installer

YUMI (Your USB Multiboot Installer) exFAT
| Developer(s) | Pendrivelinux |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | 1.0.2.4 / 18 October 2023 (2023-10-18) |
|  | |
| Written in | NSIS |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows, Linux |
| Type | Live USB |
| License | GNU GPL v2 |
| Website | pendrivelinux.com/yumi-multiboot-usb-creator/ |

YUMI (Your USB Multiboot Installer) Legacy (archived)
| Developer(s) | Pendrivelinux |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | 2.0.9.4 / 30 January 2022 (2022-01-30) |
|  | |
| Written in | NSIS |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Type | Live USB |
| License | GNU GPL v2 |
| Website | yumiusb.com/yumi-legacy/ |

YUMI (Your USB Multiboot Installer) UEFI (archived)
| Developer(s) | Pendrivelinux |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Preview release | 0.0.4.5 / 5 March 2022 (2022-03-05) |
|  | |
| Written in | NSIS |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Type | Live USB |
| License | GNU GPL v2 |
| Website | yumiusb.com/yumi-uefi/ |

**Universal USB Installer** (**UUI**) is an open-source live Linux USB flash drive creation software. It allows users to create a bootable live USB flash drive using an ISO image from a supported Linux distribution, antivirus utility, system tool, or Microsoft Windows installer. The USB boot software can also be used to make Windows 8, 10, or 11 run entirely from USB.

YUMI (Your Universal Multiboot Integrator) is also a separate open-source product release that has several enhanced features, some have been integrated into UUI.

## Features

* Can be used to make a Multiboot live USB bootable flash drive containing many different Linux distributions and tools.
* Optionally create a persistent file for saving changes made from the running environment back to the flash drive.
* Can be used to create a Windows Setup or Windows To Go USB.
* Provides additional information regarding each distribution, including category, website URL, and download link for quick reference.
* Use formatting methods that allow the USB flash drive to remain accessible for other storage purposes.
* Unsupported or (unlisted) ISO files can also be tried against several unlisted ISO options

## Example supported Linux distributions

## Reception

*It's FOSS* editor wrote that Universal USB Installer is his "favorite tool and is extremely easy to use." Lifehacker called it "useful".

## InfoBox

Universal USB Installer
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Pendrivelinux |
| Initial release | August 2006 (2006-08) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 2.0.2.0 / 19 October 2023 (2023-10-19) |
|  | |
| Written in | NSIS |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Type | Live USB |
| License | GNU GPL v2 |
| Website | pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/ |


title: Nagar Baul

abstract: Nagar Baul is a Bangladeshi rock band that was founded in Chittagong in 1977 by Kumar Bishwajit. The band is considered to be one of the pioneers of rock and blues music in the country. The frontman of the band, James, is referred to as the "Guru of Rock" as a mark of respect.

text:
# Nagar Baul

**Nagar Baul** (English: *Urban Baul*) is a Bangladeshi rock band that was founded in Chittagong in 1977 by Kumar Bishwajit. The band is considered to be one of the pioneers of rock and blues music in the country. The frontman of the band, James, is referred to as the "Guru of Rock" as a mark of respect.

## History

Nagar Baul started in 1977 and was originally named Feelings and was formed by Kumar Bishwajit. Band members included Ayub Bachchu and James. Ayub Bachchu left the band in 1980.

They released their first album, *Station Road*. James, lead vocal and guitarist, composed all the tracks, and wrote the lyrics for five of them. Though the album was not a hit, the tracks "Ager Jonome", "Amai Jete Dao" and "Rupshagor" enjoyed moderate success.

In 1993, they released their second album, *Jail Theke Bolchhi*. This album was a major hit, and Feelings became a mainstream band.

In 1996, they released their third album, *Nagar Baul*. *The Daily Star* wrote, "Nagar Baul introduced Bangladesh to a whole new way of singing". It had the "classic" and "iconic" song, "Taray Taray Rotiye Debo", based on the poem "Uttor" by great poet Shamsur Rahman.

In 1998, they released their fourth album, *Lais Fita Lais*.

In 1999, the band was renamed from Feelings to Nagar Baul.

In 2001, their fifth album, *Dushtur Cheler Dol*, was released. This was their first album release under the new band name Nagar Baul, named after their album from 1996.

## Members

**Present members**

* Faruq Mahfuz Anam James — vocals, lead guitars (1983–present)
* Ahsan Elahi Fanty – drums (1984–present)
* Sultan Raihan Khan – lead guitars (2008–present)
* Talukdar Sabbir – bass guitar (2011–present)

**Past members**

## Discography

* *"স্টেশন রোড (Station Road)* (1987) (Originally known as *Feelings*)
* *"জেল থেকে বলছি (Speaking from Jail)"* (1993)
* *"নগর বাউল (Urban Baul)"* (1996)
* *"লেইস ফিতা লেইস (Lace Ribbon Lace)"* (1998)
* *"দুষ্ট ছেলের দল (Mischievous Boys' Party)"* (2001)

## InfoBox

| Nagar Baulনগর বাউল | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Feelings (1977–1999) |
| Origin | Chittagong, Bangladesh |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1977–present |
|  | |
| Members |  |
|  | |
| Past members |  |


title: National Service Scheme

abstract: The National Service Scheme (NSS) is an Indian government sector public service program conducted by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports of the Government of India. Popularly known as NSS, the scheme was launched in Mahatma Gandhi's centenary year in 1969.

text:
# National Service Scheme

The **National Service Scheme** (**NSS**) is an Indian government sector public service program conducted by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports of the Government of India. Popularly known as NSS, the scheme was launched in Mahatma Gandhi's centenary year in 1969.

## Further reading

* *National Service Scheme: A Report*, by Khwajala Ghulama Saiyidain. Published by Ministry of Education, Govt. of India, 1961.
* *Training and consultancy needs in national service scheme*, by N. F. Kaikobad, Krishan K. Kapil. Published by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences(TISS), 1971.
* *National Service Scheme: guide-lines to project-masters*, by Andhra University, Dept. of Sociology & Social Work. Published by Dept. of Sociology & Social Work, Andhra University, 1971.
* *National Service Scheme in Gujarat: An Evaluation Report for the Year 1986–87*, by Tata Institute of Social Sciences Training Orientation & Research Centre (NSS), India, India. Dept. of Youth Affairs and Sports. Published by The Centre, 1987.
* *National Service Scheme in Maharashtra: An Evaluation Report for the Year 1986–87*, by Tata Institute of Social Sciences Training Orientation & Research Centre (NSS), India, India Dept. of Youth Affairs and Sports. Published by The Centre, 1988.
* *National Service Scheme in India: A Case Study of Karnataka*, by M. B. Dilshad. Published by Trust Publications, 2001.

## InfoBox

| National Service Scheme (NSS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Motto | *Not me but you* |
| Country | India |
| Launched | 24 September 1969 (1969-09-24) |
| Website | https://nss.gov.in |


abstract: Quebec v Boisbriand, 2000 SCC 27, [2000] 1 S.C.R. 665, is a leading Canadian civil rights decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court considered the nature of a handicap in law and found that a handicap is not merely a biomedical condition but rather can exist as a perceived limitation or social construct. The decision arises from two separate claims by individuals for discrimination under the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. Réjeanne Mercier was refused employment with the city of Montreal as a Gardener-horticulturalist on the grounds that her medical condition involving chronic back pains would be too costly and would interfere with her long-term employment. Palmerino Troilo was a police officer for the city of Boisbriand. He was dismissed after missing work due to having Crohn's disease.

text:
# Quebec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) v Boisbriand (City of)

***Quebec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) v Boisbriand (City of)***, 2000 SCC 27, \[2000\] 1 S.C.R. 665, is a leading Canadian civil rights decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court considered the nature of a handicap in law and found that a handicap is not merely a biomedical condition but rather can exist as a perceived limitation or social construct.

The decision arises from two separate claims by individuals for discrimination under the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. Réjeanne Mercier was refused employment with the city of Montreal as a Gardener-horticulturalist on the grounds that her medical condition involving chronic back pains would be too costly and would interfere with her long-term employment. Palmerino Troilo was a police officer for the city of Boisbriand. He was dismissed after missing work due to having Crohn's disease.

## Judgment of the Court

Justice L'Heureux-Dube wrote the reasons for a unanimous Court and dismissed the appeal.

The issue focused on the interpretation of the word "handicap" in the Quebec *Charter*. She stated that given the *Charter'*s quasi-constitutional status it must be given a liberal and purposive interpretation. A handicap can exist outside of functional limitations. There is also a subjective component on which there can be discrimination.


title: Royal order

abstract: In Belgium, a royal decree (RD) or royal order is a federal government decree implementing legislation, or exercising powers the legislature has delegated to the crown as secondary legislation. Under the Constitution of Belgium, the king cannot act alone. While the monarch is vested with executive power, it is exercised through his ministers. Hence, while Royal Orders are issued with the king's signature, they must be countersigned by a minister to be valid. In turn, the countersigning minister assumes political responsibility for the order. Its implementation usually begins on the date that it is published in the Belgian Official Journal. In Spain, a Royal order was a legal document with the force of law issued by the Spanish sovereign. They were issued by sovereigns from Philip II in the 1550s to Alphonso XIII. With the advent of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, they ceased to be valid, and have been replaced by the decree-law.

text:
# Royal order

In Belgium, a **royal decree** (RD) or **royal order** ( in Dutch, **Arrêté Royal** in French, or **Königlicher Erlass** in German) is a federal government decree implementing legislation, or exercising powers the legislature has delegated to the crown as secondary legislation.

Under the Constitution of Belgium, the king cannot act alone. While the monarch is vested with executive power, it is exercised through his ministers. Hence, while Royal Orders are issued with the king's signature, they must be countersigned by a minister to be valid. In turn, the countersigning minister assumes political responsibility for the order. Its implementation usually begins on the date that it is published in the Belgian Official Journal.

In Spain, a Royal order (**Real orden** in Spanish) was a legal document with the force of law issued by the Spanish sovereign. They were issued by sovereigns from Philip II in the 1550s to Alphonso XIII. With the advent of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, they ceased to be valid, and have been replaced by the decree-law.


title: Olga Andersson

abstract: Olga Andersson was a Swedish film and stage actress. She appeared in 25 films as a character actress between 1920 and her death in 1943.

text:
# Olga Andersson

**Olga Andersson** (1 October 1876 – 6 November 1943) was a Swedish film and stage actress. She appeared in 25 films as a character actress between 1920 and her death in 1943.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Quirk, Lawrence J. *The Films of Ingrid Bergman*. Carol Publishing Group, 1975.
* Swenson, Karen. *Greta Garbo*. Simon & Schuster, 1997.

## InfoBox

| Olga Andersson | |
| --- | --- |
| Andersson in 1911. | |
| Born | (1876-10-01)1 October 1876
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 6 November 1943(1943-11-06) (aged 67)
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1920-1943 (film) |


title: Oh Yoko!

abstract: "Oh Yoko!" is a 1971 song written and performed by John Lennon. It was first released on his album Imagine, and was later included in the greatest hits compilation Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon. The song was written about his wife Yoko Ono, and features Nicky Hopkins on piano and co-producer Phil Spector on harmony vocal. Lennon plays harmonica for the first time on a solo recording, and it would also be the last time he used the instrument in a released recording.

text:
# Oh Yoko!

"**Oh Yoko!**" is a 1971 song written and performed by John Lennon. It was first released on his album *Imagine*, and was later included in the greatest hits compilation *Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon*.

The song was written about his wife Yoko Ono, and features Nicky Hopkins on piano and co-producer Phil Spector on harmony vocal. Lennon plays harmonica for the first time on a solo recording (since the Beatles' "Rocky Raccoon"), and it would also be the last time he used the instrument in a released recording.

## Background

Lennon began writing the song in 1968 during the Beatles' visit to India, but was not fully completed until the sessions for *Imagine* three years later. The melody was inspired by Lonnie Donegan's "Lost John", a song Lennon enjoyed and played often. The song was recorded on 25 May 1971 at Ascot Sound Studios. The song has been described as "a carefree ditty expressing love for his wife." Robert Christgau called it "an instant folk song worthy of Rosie & the Originals".

An uncompleted version of the song can be heard and was recorded on tape at the Sheraton Oceanus Hotel in Freeport, Bahamas, on 25 May 1969.

EMI wanted to release the song as a single but Lennon refused. The only single issued from *Imagine* was the title track in the United States; none was issued in the United Kingdom.

*Stereogum* contributors Timothy and Elizabeth Bracy rated it as Lennon's 9th best solo song, saying that "Few romantic ballads hit home as hard as 'Oh Yoko!,' a lilting testimony to enduring passion, every bit as melancholy as it is devotional." *Ultimate Classic Rock* critic Stephen Lewis rated it as Lennon's 10th greatest solo love song, saying that "A jaunty and swinging tune, with a breathless Nicky Hopkins piano line, the tune beats with a warm, positive optimism."

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| "Oh Yoko!" | |
| --- | --- |
| Label from the Venezuelan single, released in 1971 with "Imagine" as the A-side | |
| Song by John Lennon | |
| from the album  *Imagine* | |
| Released | 9 September 1971 (US) <br>8 October 1971 (UK) |
| Recorded | 25 May–5 July 1971 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 4:20 |
| Label | Apple/EMI |
| Songwriter(s) | John Lennon |
| Producer(s) | John Lennon, Yoko Ono, and Phil Spector |


title: Nottawasaga River Rats

abstract: The Nottawasaga River Rats were a senior hockey team based out of CFB Borden. They played in the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League.

text:
# Nottawasaga River Rats

The **Nottawasaga River Rats** were a senior hockey team based out of CFB Borden. They played in the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League.

## Championships

Nottawasaga has won one WOAA Championship, when they were known as Georgian Bay, when they were Senior "A" champions in 2004.

## 2006–07 River Rats season

This season would prove to be disastrous for the River Rats, as they finished the regular season with a 0-24-0 record, last place in the 18 team WOAA. Georgian Bay did have a victory in mid-December, a 4-3 win over the Durham Thundercats, however they were stripped of the win due to playing with illegal players.

The River Rats struggles continued into their best of three qualifying series with the Drayton Icemen, as they were swept in two games by the Icemen, ending the River Rats season.

## 2007–08 River Rats season

After dropping their first game of the season, the River Rats would earn their first victory in nearly two years when Georgian Bay would defeat the expansion team Shallow Lake Crushers 7-5, ending their long losing streak. Wins would be few and far between for the River Rats all season long, as they finished with a 4-22-0 record, however, the Georgian Bay would finish in seventh place, and earn a spot in the "A" playoffs.

The River Rats opponent in the quarter-finals was the Milverton Four Wheel Drives, and Georgian Bay quickly found themselves down two games to none after Milverton won both the games on their home ice by scores of 13-2 and 9-3. The series moved to Georgian Bay for the next two games, but it was Milverton continue to win by blowout scores, winning both games three and four by a 10-4 score, eliminating the River Rats from the playoffs.

In June 2008, the Georgian Bay River Rats announced that they were moving from Thornbury, Ontario to CFB Borden and were renamed the Nottawasaga River Rats.

## 2008–09 River Rats season

In the River Rats first season in Nottawasaga, the club would continue to struggle, earning only one victory, defeating the Shallow Lake Crushers 6-5 in their fourteenth game of the year. Nottawasaga finished the year with a 1-19-0 record, earning two points, and eleventh place in the WOAA North Division, failing to qualify for the post-season. After the season, the club announced they were ceasing operations, and withdrew from the league.

## Season-by-season record

***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T= Tie, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

| Season | GP | W | L | T | OTL | GF | GA | PTS | Finish | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000–01 | 24 | 7 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 130 | 15 | 6th in North | **Won in Sr. "A" quarter-finals (4-3 vs. Lancers)**
Lost in Sr. "A" semi-finals (1-4 vs. Spitfires) |
| 2001–02 | 24 | 7 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 143 | 15 | 6th in North | Lost in "A" round-robin (3rd place) |
| 2002–03 | 24 | 7 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 103 | 168 | 16 | 12th in WOAA | **Won in "A" round-robin (2nd place)**
**Won in "A" semi-finals (4-2 vs. Rocks)**
Lost in "A" finals (0-4 vs. Spitfires) |
| 2003–04 | 24 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 80 | 109 | 21 | 11th in WOAA | Lost in "AA" qualifying round (0-3 vs. Lancers)
**Won in "A" quarter-finals (4-2 vs. Pirates)**
**Won in "A" semi-finals (4-1 vs. Spitfires)**
**Won in "A" finals (4-1 vs. Wildcats)** |
| 2004–05 | 25 | 6 | 17 | 1 | 1 | 76 | 133 | 14 | 14th in WOAA | Lost in "AA" qualifying round (0-3 vs. Muskies)
Lost in "A" quarter-finals (1-4 vs. Jets) |
| 2005–06 | 25 | 7 | 16 | - | 2 | 96 | 146 | 16 | 13th in WOAA | Lost in "AA" qualifying round (0-3 vs. Lancers)
Lost in "A" quarter-finals (3-4 vs. Pirates) |
| 2006–07 | 24 | 0 | 24 | - | 0 | 49 | 180 | 0 | 9th in North | Lost in preliminary round (0-2 vs. Icemen) |
| 2007–08 | 26 | 4 | 22 | - | 0 | 84 | 224 | 8 | 7th in North | Lost in "A" quarter-finals (0-4 vs. Drives) |
| 2008–09 | 20 | 1 | 19 | - | 0 | 54 | 170 | 2 | 11th in North | Did not qualify |

*More information will be added as more becomes available*

## InfoBox

| Nottawasaga River Rats | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Borden, Ontario |
| League | WOAA Senior Hockey League |
| Division | North |
| Home arena | Andy Anderson Arena |
| Colours | Red, Black, Grey |
| Franchise history | |
| 19xx-2008 | Georgian Bay River Rats |
| 2008-2009 | Nottawasaga River Rats |


title: Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment

abstract: Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment Corporation is an American manufacturer and supplier of metal machine tubes and pipes that is based in Perrysburg, Ohio. Founded in 1985, the company specializes in buying and selling tube mills, pipe mills, and rollforming machines.

text:
# Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment

**Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment Corporation** is an American manufacturer and supplier of metal machine tubes and pipes that is based in Perrysburg, Ohio. Founded in 1985, the company specializes in buying and selling tube mills, pipe mills, and rollforming machines.

## Domain name

The company became known to much wider audiences because its original domain name *uTube.com* appeared to be very similar to *YouTube.com*. The company had purchased the domain name in October 1996. In August 2006, the company's website received 68 million hits that caused its web servers to crash. Many of the users intended to go to the video sharing website YouTube, but typed the homophonic "utube.com" into their browser instead. On October 30, 2006, the company took legal action against YouTube over the website confusion. The company has since moved their domain website to utubeonline.com in April 2007.

The case appears to have been settled in late 2007, when Universal Tube withdrew its opposition to several "YouTube" trademark filings by the video-sharing website, saying that, "The parties have settled their dispute."

## InfoBox

Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment
|
|  |
|
| Founded | 1985 (1985) |
| Headquarters | Perrysburg, Ohio, United States |
| Website | www.utubeonline.com |


title: Miraflores, California

abstract: Miraflores is a former unincorporated community now part of the city of Anaheim in Orange County, in the U.S. state of California. Miraflores is 150 feet above sea level.

text:
# Miraflores, California

**Miraflores** is a former unincorporated community now part of the city of Anaheim in Orange County, in the U.S. state of California. Miraflores is 150 feet above sea level.

## History

Miraflores is a name derived from Spanish meaning "behold the flowers". The town formerly had a post office and currently has a major junction of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railway. The area is mostly commercial, with many industrial warehouses along the railway. The Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center, Angel Stadium, and the Honda Center are nearby to the east, while Disneyland and the surrounding Resorts District is nearby to the west.

33°48′15″N 117°54′28″W / 33.80417°N 117.90778°W / 33.80417; -117.90778


title: NSUN2

abstract: NOP2/Sun domain family, member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NSUN2 gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for the gene.

text:
# NSUN2

**NOP2/Sun domain family, member 2** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *NSUN2* gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for the gene.

## Function

The protein is a methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (m5C) at position 34 of intron-containing tRNA (Leu)(CAA) precursors. This modification is necessary to stabilize the anticodon-codon pairing and correctly translate the mRNA. NSUN2 is also localized on mitochondria and is capable of introducing post-transcriptional modifications in mitochondrial tRNAs.

## Clinical relevance

Mutations in this gene have been found associated to cases of Dubowitz-like syndrome.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| NSUN2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | NSUN2, MISU, MRT5, SAKI, TRM4, NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase family member 2, NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase 2 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 610916; MGI: 107252; HomoloGene: 9817; GeneCards: NSUN2; OMA:NSUN2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001193455
NM\_017755   NM\_145354   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001180384
NP\_060225   NP\_663329   Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 6.6 – 6.63 Mb Chr 13: 69.68 – 69.78 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Harumi Island Triton Square

abstract: Harumi Island Triton Square is high-rise office and residential complex in the Harumi district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan. It consists of four towers, one of which is significantly shorter than the others; the three tall towers are the source of the name "Triton", and the total number of four is the source of the name "Square". Triton Square is located near Kachidoki Station on the Toei Oedo Line and Tsukishima Station on the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line.

text:
# Harumi Island Triton Square

**Harumi Island Triton Square** (晴海アイランドトリトンスクエア, *Harumi-airando-toriton-sukuea*) is high-rise office and residential complex in the Harumi district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan.

It consists of four towers, one of which is significantly shorter than the others; the three tall towers are the source of the name "Triton", and the total number of four is the source of the name "Square".

Triton Square is located near Kachidoki Station on the Toei Oedo Line and Tsukishima Station on the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line.

## InfoBox

| Harumi Island Triton Square | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Location | Chūō, Tokyo, Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°39′27″N 139°47′02″E / 35.65751°N 139.78377°E / 35.65751; 139.78377 |


abstract: Quebec v. Canadian Owners and Pilots Association, 2010 SCC 39, [2010] 2 SCR 536, also referred to as Quebec v. COPA, is a leading case of the Supreme Court of Canada on determining the applicability of the doctrines of interjurisdictional immunity and federal paramountcy in Canadian constitutional law.

text:
# Quebec (AG) v Canadian Owners and Pilots Assn

***Quebec (Attorney General) v. Canadian Owners and Pilots Association***, 2010 SCC 39, \[2010\] 2 SCR 536, also referred to as ***Quebec v. COPA***, is a leading case of the Supreme Court of Canada on determining the applicability of the doctrines of interjurisdictional immunity and federal paramountcy in Canadian constitutional law.

## The facts

An aerodrome, registered under the federal *Aeronautics Act*, was constructed on land zoned as agricultural in the province of Quebec. Section 26 of the Quebec *Act respecting the preservation of agricultural land and agricultural activities* (“ARPALAA”) prohibited the use of lots in a designated agricultural region for any purpose other than agriculture, subject to prior authorization by the *Commission de protection du territoire agricole du Québec*.

Since the Commission’s permission was not obtained prior to constructing the aerodrome, the Commission ordered the return of the land to its original state pursuant to the ARPALAA. The Commission’s decision was challenged on the ground that aeronautics is within federal jurisdiction.

## The courts below

The Administrative Tribunal of Quebec, the Court of Quebec and the Superior Court of Quebec all upheld the Commission's decision, but the Quebec Court of Appeal found that interjurisdictional immunity precluded the Commission from ordering the dismantling of the aerodrome.

## Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada

The appeal was dismissed. Interjurisdictional immunity was held to apply in the matter, under a two-part test that was stated by McLachlin CJ:

> \[27\] The first step is to determine whether the provincial law ... *trenches on the protected “core” of a federal competence*. If it does, the second step is to determine whether the provincial law’s effect on the exercise of the protected federal power is *sufficiently serious* to invoke the doctrine of interjurisdictional immunity.

While ARPALAA is valid provincial legislation, it is inapplicable to the extent that it impacts the federal power over aeronautics. The federal aeronautics jurisdiction encompasses not only the regulation of the operation of aircraft and airports, but also the power to determine the location of airports and aerodromes. This power is an essential and indivisible part of aeronautics and, as such, lies within the protected core of the federal aeronautics power.

In prohibiting the building of aerodromes on designated agricultural land unless prior authorization has been obtained from the Commission, the ARPALAA effectively removed the total area of the designated agricultural regions from the territory that Parliament may designate for aeronautical uses. This is not an insignificant amount of land, and much of it is strategically located.

* Although s. 26 does not sterilize Parliament’s power to legislate on aeronautics  the doctrine of paramountcy would permit Parliament to legislatively override provincial zoning legislation for the purpose of establishing aerodromes , it nevertheless seriously affected the manner in which the power can be exercised.
* If s. 26 applied, it would force the federal Parliament to choose between accepting that the province can forbid the placement of aerodromes on the one hand, or specifically legislating to override the provincial law on the other hand. This would seriously impair the federal power over aviation, effectively forcing the federal Parliament to adopt a different and more burdensome scheme for establishing aerodromes than it has in fact chosen to do.

In the appeal, it had been argued by Quebec that interjurisdictional immunity did not apply where a law raises a double aspect. Although it was not necessary to decide that question, it was stated that the argument misapprehended the doctrine of interjurisdictional immunity:

> The interjurisdictional immunity analysis presumes the validity of a law and focuses exclusively on the law’s effects on the core of a federal power.... What matters, from the perspective of interjurisdictional immunity, is that the law has the effect of impairing the core of a federal competency. In those cases where the doctrine applies, it serves to protect the immunized core of federal power from any provincial impairment.

The doctrine of federal paramountcy would not apply in this case.

* Paramountcy may flow either from the impossibility of complying with both federal and provincial laws or from the frustration of a federal purpose. Here, there was no operational conflict, since the federal legislation did not require the construction of an aerodrome and it is possible to comply with both the provincial and federal legislation by demolishing the aerodrome.
* There was also no evidence establishing that a federal purpose regarding the location of aerodromes was frustrated by the provincial legislation. The federal regulations provide that the Minister responsible may determine that the location of each registered aerodrome is in the public interest, but they do not disclose any federal purpose with respect to the location of aerodromes.

### Dissent

Deschamps J declared that the only difference between the present case and *Quebec (Attorney General) v. Lacombe* (which was released on the same day) was that *Lacombe* was concerned with municipal zoning and *COPA* with a provincial agricultural zoning scheme. She concluded that there was no evidence of an incidental effect that would amount to an impairment of the core of the federal aeronautics power.

## Impact

This case, together with the concurrent case of *Lacombe*, has further added to the Court's jurisprudence on Canadian federalism in a significant manner. There has been discussion as to the consistency of these rulings in comparison to previous jurisprudence, but the Court's tests for paramountcy and interjurisdictional immunity in *COPA* have been cited in subsequent constitutional jurisprudence, especially in:

## InfoBox

| Quebec (AG) v Canadian Owners and Pilots Assn | |
| --- | --- |
| **Supreme Court of Canada** | |
| Hearing: October 14, 2009
Judgment: October 15, 2010 | |
| Full case name | *Attorney General of Quebec v Canadian Owners and Pilots Association* |
| Citations | 2010 SCC 39 (CanLII), \[2010\] 2 SCR 536 |
| Docket No. | 32604 |
| Prior history | Appealed from *Laferrière c. Québec (Procureur général)*, 2008 QCCA 427 (CanLII), 48 M.P.L.R. (4th) 26, \[2008\] Q.J. No. 1597 (QL), 2008 CarswellQue 14277, reversing a decision of the Superior Court, *Laferrière c. Lortie* 2006 QCCS 3377 (CanLII), \[2006\] J.Q. no 5998 (QL), 2006 CarswellQue 5622, upholding a decision of the Court of Québec, *Laferrière c. Québec (Commission de protection du territoire agricole)* 2002 CanLII 41590 (QC CQ), \[2002\] J.Q. no 4771 (QL). |
| Court membership | |
| **Chief Justice:** Beverley McLachlin
**Puisne Justices:** Ian Binnie, Louis LeBel, Marie Deschamps, Morris Fish, Rosalie Abella, Louise Charron, Marshall Rothstein, Thomas Cromwell | |
| Reasons given | |
| Majority | McLachlin C.J. |
| Dissent | Deschamps J., joined by LeBel J. |


title: Royal palace of Werla

abstract: The Royal Palace of Werla is located near Werlaburgdorf in Lower Saxony. The grounds of the royal palace cover about 20 hectares rising atop Kreuzberg hill, a 17 m high natural plateau overlooking the Oker river. In the Early Middle Ages the palace was an important place in the Holy Roman Empire, serving as an important base for the Ottonians in the 10th century in particular. Although it subsequently lost its political significance to the newly established Imperial Palace of Goslar at Rammelsberg, it developed into an independent settlement with a busy industrial quarter. In the 14th century it fell into ruin and was completely unknown until its rediscovery in the 18th century. The core fortress in particular was thoroughly excavated in the 20th century. Excavations carried out since 2007 have brought new understanding to the hitherto largely unexplored outworks. Since 2010 the palace complex with foundation and enceinte, as well as earthworks, has been partially reconstructed and is now open to the public as the Archäologie- und Landschaftspark Kaiserpfalz Werla.

text:
# Royal palace of Werla

The **Royal Palace of Werla** (German: *Königspfalz Werla*) is located near Werlaburgdorf (municipality: Schladen-Werla) in Lower Saxony. The grounds of the royal palace cover about 20 hectares rising atop Kreuzberg hill, a 17 m high natural plateau overlooking the Oker river. In the Early Middle Ages the palace was an important place in the Holy Roman Empire, serving as an important base for the Ottonians in the 10th century in particular. Although it subsequently lost its political significance to the newly established Imperial Palace of Goslar at Rammelsberg, it developed into an independent settlement with a busy industrial quarter. In the 14th century it fell into ruin and was completely unknown until its rediscovery in the 18th century. The core fortress in particular was thoroughly excavated in the 20th century. Excavations carried out since 2007 have brought new understanding to the hitherto largely unexplored outworks. Since 2010 the palace complex with foundation and enceinte, as well as earthworks, has been partially reconstructed and is now open to the public as the *Archäologie- und Landschaftspark Kaiserpfalz Werla* (Archaeological and Wilderness Park of the Imperial Palace of Werla).

## Location

The palace is one of the five most important Ottonian and Salian palaces in modern Lower Saxony (The other four are Goslar, Dahlum, Grona, Pöhlde).

The palace complex is located about 15 km south of Wolfenbüttel and northeast of Goslar. It is located in the free lands between Schladen und Werlaburgdorf. There is no direct access for vehicles. However, there is a carpark on the road between the two places, on the right hand side as one travels from Schladen, from which the complex can be reached on foot in a few minutes. Alternatively, one can follow a trail along the Wedde and then left along the banks of the Oker. The heritage house *Alte Mühle* (Old Mill) in Schladen is a convenient starting point. After two kilometres one is confronted with a 17m high plateau on which the palace is located.

The nearby town of Werlaburgdorf first acquired its name in 1958. Before that it was simply called Burgdorf.

## Palace complex

The main fortress was a cross-shaped complex with a diameter of about 150 m. It sat on the Kreuzberg hill with two sides directly abutting on steep 17-metre-high (56 ft) banks of the river Oker. This fortified area was surrounded by a metre thick enceinte and a 9-metre-wide and 4-metre-deep moat. The curtain walls linked two or more gates and several towers. Three baileys were connected to the (older) donjon: the 1st and 2nd inner baileys and the outer bailey. Altogether, an area of around 20 hectares was enclosed within the fortifications. The baileys had similarly deep ditches, but with earthworks (probably equipped with palisades) instead of a wall. There were further buildings within the main fortress:

* Chapel (23 × 7.5 m)
* cabinet (5 × 8 m)
* Hall building (17 × 7 m)
* Palas I (22 m long with heating system)
* Palas II (15 × 34 m)
* Underground "Escape route" (35 m long)
* So-called "watch houses" (*Wachhäuser*), so-called "kitchen buildings" (*Küchenhäuser*) and cellar.

A reconstructed model of Werla Palace is on display in the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum. It shows the complex in its 10th-century incarnation, with individual stone buildings and a stone ring wall. The model represents the state of research on Werla as of 1985. Subsequent excavations have altered the picture somewhat.

Site of the early Königspfalz of Werla in a natural outcrop above the Oker with the area of the distinct, individual buildings in the centre

## History

### Prehistory and Etymology

The raised area above the Oker was probably settled in prehistoric times as indicated by numerous finds from that period, mainly ceramic, but also stone and bone tools. In autumn 2010 a grave richly supplied with ceramic grave goods from the late Baalberg Culture was discovered. It contained the skeleton of an older woman and a small child.

The etymology of Werla is not entirely clear. In 1935 the etymologist Edward Schröder proposed the theory that Werla meant *Männerwald* (Forest of Man). In his view, the name derived from the Latin or Germanic words for "man" (*vir* and *wer* respectively) and the rest of the name would be the suffix *-la(h)*, an alternative word for "forest". Schröder then suggested that the name referred to a "holy forest area" in the region of the later palace in which Gau officers met to discuss matters. Another view, advanced by W. Flechsig.

The most recent excavations revealed indications of a gap in habitation between the Roman Imperial period (1st-3rd centuries AD) and the Early Middle Ages (8th/9th centuries). The number of pottery finds from this time period proved very low and none of the buildings that were uncovered can be dated to this period.

Evidence for habitation on the surface is first apparent in the 9th century. A sort of fortified farmstead existed at this time. A ring wall encompassed several wooden buildings in the area of the later donjon.

### Palatial period

At the beginning of the 10th century, the construction of the fortified palace complex occurred. The first documentary attestations also belong to this period. In his *Saxon Chronicle* the Saxon chronicler Widukind of Corvey records a stay by King Henry the Fowler which depending on the interpretation of the evidence occurred in either 924 or 926. The king took shelter there with his untrained army in the face of an attack by the Hungarians. At the same time a Hungarian leader was captured as well. This was probably Zoltán, son of the Hungarian Grand Prince Árpád. In exchange for freeing him, Henry was later able to organise a nine-year truce, which enabled him to strengthen the defenses of the Empire.

Under the Ottonians Werla experienced its first golden age, as shown by documents recording fourteen royal visits between 924 and 1013. All Ottonians visited the palace at least once; Otto the Great is recorded at Werla on five separate occasions. The visit of the Salian Conrad II in 1035 during a meeting of the Imperial Diet is doubtful, however. At least twice the royal succession was decided at the Palace. Thus, during the succession crisis in 1002, the Bavarian duke Henry IV was accepted at Werla as successor to Otto III, who had died without children. The chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg reports he had provoked an uproar when he wasted the time reserved for an audience with visiting Abbesses. Even before the election of Conrad II in 1024, the Saxons had held discussions at Werla. In total, four meetings of Saxon nobles are known; this is not evidence for a regularly occurring *Landtag*, however. During the palatial period, the ring walls and the most important public buildings within the main fortress were built. To the north an original bailey developed, which at first covered only three hectares, however.

### Settlement

Already under Henry II Werla had begun to lose its political importance on account of the newly established palace at Goslar, which controlled the rich vein of silver at Rammelsberg. However, Werla's palace status was not abolished as the Sachsenspiegel would later claim. In 1086 Henry IV leased around 400 Hufen of the palace's estate to Udo von Gleichen-Reinhausen, Bishop of Hildesheim, probably a gift to secure the bishop's support in the Investiture Controversy. The loss of political significance did not cause the complex to fall into decay. On the contrary, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries the first bailey was massively expanded to the west and strengthen with a new, secondary donjon. Later a second outer bailey was added as well. The palace complex thus grew to cover an area of almost 20 hectares. In addition, the fortifications were strengthened by new ditches and towers and major additions were made to the central buildings of the donjon. Numerous new finds in the baileys show that a permanent settlement developed at Werla. Metal and textile workshops seem to have developed in the pit-houses of the baileys during this time. In 1180 the palace was visited by an Emperor for the last time. Frederick Barbarossa ended his conflict with his enemy Henry the Lion here, close to Braunschweig, and issued an ultimatum to his followers calling for them to surrender. That Barbaroosa returned to the old palace after such a long period of time shows that it had retained an important symbolic role in the collective consciousness of the Saxons.

### Decay & ruin

In 1240 the Bishop of Hildesheim gave the tithe of Werla to Heiningen Abbey. The church of the old palace was taken over by the abbey as well, having been under the administration of Dorstadt Abbey for a little while. In the 13th century there is evidence of renewed building activity. Inside the donjon, graves and cellar buildings were built, whose purpose is not entirely clear. Into the 14th century it is still possible to detect signs of habitation, but Werla and its parish church seem to have fallen into ruin by 1550 at the latest. Some of the residents probably moved to Burgdorf to the east, which is now called Werlaburgdorf. The villagers and in some cases Heiningen Abbey made use of the building material as a cheap building material. In the following centuries, the name was used several times in reference to the fields on the hilltop in documents. Until 1817 a chapel still stood on the site, its origin no longer known to the locals. With the disappearance of the last visible walls, knowledge of the royal palace disappeared from the memory of man.

However, around 50 textual references to the palace's existence from the 10th to the 13th century remained, including royal documents and chronicles.

## Archaeological investigation

### Rediscovery and initial investigation

The first attempts to locate Werla palace took place in the 19th century. Suspected candidates included the Burg Werle in Mecklenburg and Werl in Westphalia. Hermann Adolf Lüntzel's study of the documents in the middle of the 19th century narrowed the location down to the neighbourhood of Schladen. Local farmers had reported that they had ploughed up stones on Kreuzberg. In 1875, the Bauinspektor of Goslar Palace, E. F. A. Schulze dug a small ditch and revealed some foundations which were seen as clear evidence of the palace. In commemoration a stone was set up inscribed *Kaiserpfalz Werla* and a linden tree was planted which can still be seen today. Further scholarly investigations were not undertaken, however. Around 1920 a teacher in Schladen, Franz Kaufmann, became interested in Werla and called archaeological interest to the palace. This led to a one-day test excavation under the leadership of the architectural historian Uvo Hölscher of the Technical University of Hannover. As a result of increased scholarly interest Goslar District bought part of the land in the area of the donjon in 1929 in order to protect it from further ploughing damage. In 1933 the Werla Commission was founded which consisted of scholars and representatives of Goslar District and the central government. They were to co-ordinate the excavations planned to follow.

### Excavations between 1934 and 1939

In the year 1934 the first excavation campaign organised by the Werla commission began. It was led by civil engineer Karl Becker. Prehistoric finds were expected and Hermann Schroller of the Hannover Provincial Museum was consulted on these. For the first time, the surrounding area was subjected to scholarly investigation. Becker became ill in the following year and was no longer able to undertake excavations, so the architectural historian Heinrich Steckeweh was appointed acting head of excavations. But in 1937, for unclear reasons the Werla commission decided to put Hermann Schroller in charge of the whole excavation, even though he specialised solely in prehistory. At any rate, he endeavoured to further increase the high official interest in the excavations. Scholars, party officials and classes of school children were shown around the site and the latest discoveries were published in the press. A film was even produced for educational purposes. Through his numerous political contacts, Scholler who was an NSDAP member, was able to secure the support of the Reichsarbeitsdienst and even the Army Aviation School of Hildesheim for the excavation. In 1937 aerial investigation making use of stereophotography for the first time ever brought sensational revelations. Areas of soil discolouration were apparent from the photos which revealed the outlines of the palace and its baileys (c. 600 x 600 m). The new evidence led to great interest among experts.

Also new and innovative was the use of modern chemical analysis and the interdisciplinary interaction between architectural historians, archaeologists and geologists in identifying the building remains. Despite the use of advanced techniques, the documentation of the excavations suffers from significant technical issues. Finds were constantly reinterpreted and published results corrected. The poor-quality and hasty interpretation of discoveries cannot be fully explained by Schroller's lack of professional training  an important factor was the strong ideological influence of Nazism. A specific idea of an Ottonian palace was imposed on Werla, which was referred to as the "Cradle of the First Reich", which the Nazis considered to be the direct ancestor of Nazi Germany. Accordingly, attempts were made to date the finds to the Ottonian period as much as possible, and preferably to the reign of the so-called "Reich-founder" Henry I. Furthermore, there were vicious internal conflicts among the leaders of the excavations. The resulting interpretative errors have continued to trouble scholarly literature to this day. With the outbreak of the Second World War, the excavations came to an early end.

### Renewed excavations: 1957-1964

At the resumption of excavation in 1957, Hermann Schroller was once again appointed as the head of excavation. After his unexpected death in 1959, his students Gudrun Stelzer and Carl-Heinrich Seebach continued the excavations until 1964. A large part of the donjon was excavated; it is considered almost completely explored. Furthermore, traces of earlier structures were documented in detail for the first time and the significance of the renovations during the High Middle Ages to the development of the palace came to be recognised. During the excavations, thousands of individual finds were preserved, mostly pottery, but also iron and bronze items. The coins discovered came from Rostock, Göttingen, Bremen and other mints and mostly dated from the 13th century. Evidence for short visits by high-ranking individuals was lacking and the early royal presence was reflected only in the construction work at the complex. The two baileys were only patchily investigated. The approximate course of the fortifications was determined by large test trenches, in which remains of workshops and pit-houses were revealed for the first time. The theory that the baileys had served purely as "army-forts" (*Heerburgen*) was therefore disproven. On account of the new information historians were focused on the archaeological finds for many years. The role of the palace as a defensive fortificationa against the Hungarians increasingly retreated into the background. Instead, focus fell in particular on the role of the palace as an important regional centre of government and economy.

### Festival, 2005

On the 21 and 22 May 2005 a festival entitled *Pfalz Werla – Leben vor 1000 Jahren* (Werla Palace: Life before the 1000s) was held on the palace grounds. 300 actors, 130 tents, a dozen horses and five guns entertained around 17,000 visitors with three time periods: "Europe around 1000 AD," "Welf and Staufen period in the Middle Ages" as well as "the Late Middle Ages" looking at the defensive techniques and crafts of an urban community. The festival was meant to support Braunschweig's (unsuccessful) application to be a European Capital of Culture for 2010. For the application Wolfenbüttel district also commissioned a study published in 2003 which proposed a lavish reconstruction of the palace. The project was cancelled in 2005 when Braunschweig's application was rejected in favour of Essen with Ruhr.2010, Pécs and Istanbul.

### Excavation between 2007 and 2012

The excavations have not come to an end as of September 2012; a comprehensive publication is still pending. However, the latest results shed further light on the continual change and development of Werla, providing an insight into its economic life and providing important data for the projected reconstruction and visualisation.

#### Excavation in the donjon

In spring 2007, renewed excavations began in the donjon. The chapel, the buildings, gates and walls were uncovered until 2008 and re-surveyed. The evidence later provided the foundations for a reconstruction within the scope of the "Archäologie- und Landschaftsparks Kaiserpfalz Werla." Along with the sighting and checking of already known finds, new discoveries were also made. Thus, the wall plan of the earlier 9th century complex was accurately documented. In addition, new techniques in mortar analysis and comparison to similar buildings enabled individual buildings to be dated more accurately and certainly. A geological investigation of the building stone provided the foundations for determining the weight of the central buildings. The transport costs and workload associated with the construction of the building could therefore be roughly calculated for the first time. This indicated that the construction of the donjon would have taken many years and that the majority of the construction materials came from the surrounding region. The relationship of Werla with Schladen and Burgdorf also needs to be rethought. Schladen was hitherto understood as the location of the *Curtis*, the palace's economic centre. However, this may be contradicted by the new evidence which might show that the baileys were inhabited in several periods and were used for a much longer time than previously thought. With respect to Burgdorf, the 9th/10th century graveyard is important, since it was likely the burial ground of a village (*Dorf*) whose inhabitants probably worked in the palace's demesne.

#### Excavation in the bailey

Furthermore, a geomagnetic survey of the baileys was carried out. The resulting data enabled a new reconstruction of the palace's history. West of the north tower, a wall was discovered, which later excavations dated to the 10th or 11th century by means of ceramic finds. Surprisingly, this wall appeared to divide the inner bailey from north to south. Thus the construction of the bailey has to be divided into at least two phases. In the palatial period, then, the bailey was considerablyu smaller than it was later and was first expanded to the west and fortified with an additional ditch in the High Middle Ages. Part of this development is probably indicated by another ditch, which was discovered in the area of the so-called Chapel Hill (*Kapellenberg*). On this hill, the external remains of stone buildings were discovered which were probably built in connection with the foundation of another donjon. New aerial photographs and a systematic survey of the area helped to more closely determine the layout and arrangement of various workshops within the bailey. Some of these buildings may be examined more closely in the future. Through wide-scale excavations paved streets, pit-houses, waste pits and traces of a hay barrack were brought to light. Remains of looms and loom-weights in one spot indicate an area used for textile production, while clay nozzles of bellows and slag in another location indicate a metalworking area. Finally, the excavations focussed on the fortification system of the inner bailey. In the investigation of the walls and ditches, an embankment was discovered which was located immediately behind the walls.

#### Neolithic grave

In October 2010 the Braunschweig district archaeologists discovered three female skeletons dated to around 3700 BC in the course of a field school excavation with students. The women's ages at death were determined to be 4, 20 and 45 years old, with the child spatially associated with the twenty-year-old woman. More than thirty vessels from the Baalberge group were also discovered.

## Archaeological and Wilderness park of the Imperial Palace of Werla

Building on the plans made when the 2007 excavations were begun, the remains of the palace were turned into a public park, the "Archaeological and Wilderness park of the Imperial Palace of Werla" (*Archäologie- und Landschaftspark Kaiserpfalz Werla*). Therefore, in 2008 the Lower Saxon Ministry for Scholarship and Culture purchased the surrounding fields. Meanwhile, around 1.5 million euro were invested in the project. Work was carried out with the advice of the Ostfalen Open-air and Experiential Museum and the Harz – Brunswick Land – Eastphalia National Geopark, beginning in autumn 2010. On 14 September 2012 the Minister-President David McAllister officially inaugurated the park.

Through the restoration of the earthworks and ditches, the impressive scale of the donjon and bailey complex has been made clear. For their protection the foundations of the original earthworks were covered over with the earth of the new earthworks. In the area of the donjon the walls of the buildings were partially reconstructed and the "West tower" (tower II of the donjon) was fully reconstructed to give an idea of the appearance of the buildings as a whole.

## Bibliography

* Carl Bochers. *Werla-Regesten*. Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde 68, 1935, pp. 15–27.
* Clara Redlich. *Die Knochennadeln von Werla*. Die Kunde 3, 1936, pp. 59–65.
* Hermann Schroller. *Ein steinzeitliches Hockergrab von der Werlaburg*. Die Kunde 3, 1935, pp. 57–59.
* Martin V. Rudolph. *Die baugeschichtlichen Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1937 \[Werla\]*. Die Kunde 6, 1938, pp. 106–118.
* Martin V. Rudolph. *Pfalz Werla. Die baugeschichtlichen Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung 1938*. Die Kunde 7, 1939, pp. 79–94.
* Carl-Heinrich Seebach. *Freilegung einer frühmittelalterlichen Heißluftheizung auf der sächsischen Königspfalz Werla*. Mannus 33, 1941, pp. 256–273.
* Wilhelm Geilmann. *Glasscheiben aus der Kaiserpfalz Werla*. Die Kunde N. F. 7, 1956, pp. 41–46.
* Wilhelm Geilmann. *Der Mörtel der Kaiserpfalz Werla*. Die Kunde N. F. 7, 1956, pp. 96–113.
* Wilhelm Berges. *Zur Geschichte des Werla-Goslarer Reichsbezirks vom 9. bis zum 11. Jahrhundert*. In: *Deutsche Königspfalzen. Beiträge zu ihrer historischen und archäologischen Erforschung.* Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Institutes für Geschichte 11/1, Göttingen 1963, pp. 113–157.
* Horst Fesser, Ulrich Horst. *Herkunfts- und Altersbestimmung einer alten Erzschlacke aus dem nordwestdeutschen Harzvorland*. Die Kunde N.F. 14, 1963, pp. 240–254.
* A. Gauert. *Zur Struktur und Topografie der Königspfalzen*. In: *Deutsche Königspfalzen. Beiträge zu ihrer historischen und archäologischen Erforschung.* Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 1–60.
* Sabine Krüger. *Einige Bemerkungen zur Werla-Forschung*. In: *Deutsche Königspfalzen. Beiträge zu ihrer historischen und archäologischen Erforschung.* Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 210–264.
* Hans-Jürgen Rieckenberg. *Zur Geschichte der Pfalz Werla nach der schriftlichen Überlieferung*. In: *Deutsche Königspfalzen. Beiträge zu ihrer historischen und archäologischen Erforschung.* Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 174–209.
* Carl-Heinrich Seebach. *Die Königspfalz Werla. Die baugeschichtlichen Untersuchungen*. Göttinger Schriften zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 8, Neumünster 1967.
* Adolf Gauert. *Das Palatium der Pfalz Werla. Archäologischer Befund und schriftliche Überlieferung*. In: *Deutsche Königspfalzen. Beiträge zu ihrer historischen und archäologischen Erforschung.* Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte 11/3, Göttingen 1979, pp. 263–277.
* Ralf Busch. *Zur Metallverarbeitung auf der Werla*. Harz-Zeitschrift 37, 1985, pp. 49–54.
* Edgar Ring. *Heißluftheizungen im Harzgebiet*. Harz-Zeitschrift 37, 1985, pp. 37–48.
* Volker Zedelius. *Fundmünzen der Werla*. Harz-Zeitschrift 37, 1985, pp. 55–60.
* Ernst A. Friedrich. *Der Werlahügel bei Schladen.* In: *Wenn Steine reden könnten.* Landbuch-Verlag, Hannover 1989, ISBN 3-7842-0397-3, pp. 115–117.
* Edgar Ring. *Die Königspfalz Werla. Die mittelalterliche Keramik*. Forschungen und Berichte des Braunschweigischen Landesmuseums 1, Braunschweig 1990.
* Hans W. Heine. *Frühe Burgen und Pfalzen in Niedersachsen – Von den Anfängen bis zum frühen Mittelalter*. Wegweiser zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte Niedersachsens 17, Hildesheim 1995.
* Günther Binding. *Deutsche Königspfalzen. Von Karl dem Großen bis Friedrich II. (765–1240)*. Darmstadt 1996.
* Klaus Bingenheimer. *Die Luftheizungen des Mittelalters. Zur Typologie und Entwicklung eines technikgeschichtlichen Phänomens*. Antiquitates 17, Hamburg 1998.
* Rüdiger Schniek. *Mittelalterliche Warmluftheizungen in Norddeutschland und Dänemark*. Offa 56, 1999, pp. 171–181.
* Robert Slawski. *Königspfalz Werla Forschungsreise in das 10. Jahrhundert.* 1. Auflage. Zelter Verlag, Braunschweig 2005, ISBN 3-931727-05-X.
* Hans Joachim Bodenbach. *Dr. Hermann Schroller (1900–1959) – Archäologe und Apotheker.* In: *Die Kunde* (Zeitschrift für niedersächsische Archäologie), N. F. 56, Hannover 2005, pp. 191–218 (mit 3 Abb., darunter 2 Porträtphotos von Hermann Schroller).
* Michael Herdick. *Herrschaftssitze und handwerklich-gewerbliche Produktion*. In: J. Zeune (Hrsg.): *Alltag auf Burgen im Mittelalter.* Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium des Wissenschaftlichen Beirates der Deutschen Burgenvereinigung, Passau 2005. Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Burgenvereinigung, Reihe B 10, Braubach 2006, pp. 177–184.
* Markus C. Blaich, Jörg Weber: *Im Banne des Zeitgeistes – Hermann Schroller und die Ausgrabungen auf der Pfalz Werla von 1936 bis 1939.* In: *Die Kunde* N.F. 59, 2008, pp. 147–188.
* Markus C. Blaich, H. Zellmer: *Die ottonische Pfalz Werla – Überlegungen zu Baugrund und Baugestein.* In: H.-G. Röhling, H. Zellmer (Hrsg.): *GeoTop 2008 „Landschaft lesen lernen“* – 12. Internationale Jahrestagung der Fachsektion GeoTop der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 30. April – 4. Mai 2008 in Königslutter. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, Heft 56, Hannover 2008, pp. 27–39.
* Markus C. Blaich, Michael Geschwinde, Andreas Memmert, Frank Oesterhelweg, Uwe Rullmann, Karl-Friedrich Weber: *Pfalz Werla – zwischen archäologischer Forschung, Naturschutz und touristischer Erschließung.* In: *Berichte zur Denkmalpflege in Niedersachsen.* 2010, pp. 6–9.
* Markus C. Blaich, Michael Geschwinde: *Das neue Werla-Projekt: Rettung für die Königspfalz?* In: *Archäologie in Niedersachsen 13.* 2010, pp. 120–124.
* Markus C. Blaich: *Rezeption der Grabungen in der Pfalz Werla in Archäologie und Geschichtswissenschaft.* In: U. Ickerodt, F. Mahler (Hrsg.): *Archäologie und völkisches Gedankengut: Zum Umgang mit dem eigenen Erbe.* Frankfurt 2010, pp. 45–54.
* Christian Frey: *Burgen und symbolische Kommunikation – Werla und Harzburg*. Burgen und Schlösser 2010, pp. 2–7.
* Caspar Ehlers: *Königliche Burgen und Pfalzen als Zentren für den reisenden Hof des ostfränkischen Reiches*. Concilium medii aevi 14, 2011, pp. 3–19.
* Michael Geschwinde: *Die ungewöhnliche Lehrgrabung der TU Braunschweig auf der Königspfalz Werla*. Archäologie in Niedersachsen 14, 2011, pp. 87–89.
* Markus C. Blaich: *Bemerkungen zu den ökonomischen und ökologischen Bezügen ottonischer Königspfalzen.* In: B. U. Hucker, J. Leuschner (Hrsg.): *Unvollendete und verschollene Städte. Ein vergessenes Kapitel Stadtgeschichte in den Welfenlanden.* Salzgitter-Jahrbuch 30, 2012, pp. 157–170.
* Markus C. Blaich: *Der Archäologie- und Landschaftspark „Kaiserpfalz Werla“ – Zur Visualisierung eines archäologischen Denkmals im Kontext von Natur- und Landschaftsschutz.* In: *Berichte zur Denkmalpflege in Niedersachsen.* 2/2012, pp. 89–94.
* Markus C. Blaich: *Werla – Fronhof, Königspfalz und Ansiedlung des 9.–13. Jahrhunderts.* In: *Chateau Gaillard* 25, 2012, pp. 27–37.
* Markus C. Blaich, Michael Geschwinde: *Die Ausgrabungen auf der Königspfalz Werla 2007 bis 2011 – Vorbericht.* In: *Nachrichten aus Niedersachsens Urgeschichte*, Bd. 81, Stuttgart 2012.

52°02′16″N 10°33′17″E / 52.0377°N 10.5548°E / 52.0377; 10.5548

## InfoBox

| Royal palace of Werla | |
| --- | --- |
| near Werlaburgdorf, Schladen-Werla in Wolfenbüttel | |
| West tower of the palace complex as reconstructed in 2012 | |
| Coordinates | 52°02′16″N 10°33′17″E / 52.037683°N 10.554771°E / 52.037683; 10.554771 |
| Type | Königspfalz |
| Area | c. 20 ha (49 acres) |
| Height | 110 m (360 ft) |
| Site information | |
| Condition | Foundation walls visible, reconstructed earthworks and walls |
| Site history | |
| Built | 9th century |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | King of the Romans / Holy Roman Emperor |


title: Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny

abstract: Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny The second season of Ikki Tousen, titled Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny, is an anime television series based on the manga by Yuji Shiozaki, published by Wani Books and serialized in the seinen manga magazine Comic GUM. A second season, titled Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny, aired 12 episodes on AT-X between February 26, 2007 and May 14, 2007, with subsequent broadcasts on Chiba TV, KBS Kyoto, TV Kanagawa, Tokyo MX, Sun Television, TV Aichi, and TV Saitama. Produced by ARMS, the series is directed by Koichi Ohata, series composition by Takao Yoshioka, music by Yasuharu Takanashi, characters by Rin-Sin, and produced by Osamu Koshinaka, Shinsaku Tanaka, Takuro Hatakeyama, and Yoshikazu Beniya. The opening theme is "HEART&SOUL" by Mai Kariyuki while the ending theme is Garasu no Hana by IORI. The anime is licensed in North America by Media Blasters. The anime is also licensed in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, as with the first season.

text:
# Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny

The second season of *Ikki Tousen*, titled ***Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny***, is an anime television series based on the manga by Yuji Shiozaki, published by Wani Books and serialized in the seinen manga magazine Comic GUM. A second season, titled *Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny* (一騎当千 Dragon Destiny, *Ikkitōsen Doragon Desutinī*), aired 12 episodes on AT-X between February 26, 2007 and May 14, 2007, with subsequent broadcasts on Chiba TV, KBS Kyoto, TV Kanagawa, Tokyo MX, Sun Television, TV Aichi, and TV Saitama. Produced by ARMS, the series is directed by Koichi Ohata, series composition by Takao Yoshioka, music by Yasuharu Takanashi, characters by Rin-Sin, and produced by Osamu Koshinaka, Shinsaku Tanaka, Takuro Hatakeyama, and Yoshikazu Beniya. The opening theme is "HEART&SOUL" by Mai Kariyuki while the ending theme is *Garasu no Hana* (硝子の花, "Glass Flower") by IORI. The anime is licensed in North America by Media Blasters. The anime is also licensed in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, as with the first season.

## Episode list

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14 | 1 | "Signs of the Dragon Spirit"
Transliteration: "Ryūkon Taidō" (Japanese: 龍魂胎動) | February 26, 2007 (2007-02-26) |
| 15 | 2 | "The Evil Lord Awakens"
Transliteration: "Maō Kakusei" (Japanese: 魔王覚醒) | March 5, 2007 (2007-03-05) |
| 16 | 3 | "Bloodshed and Tears"
Transliteration: "Rūketsu Rakusei" (Japanese: 流血落涙) | March 12, 2007 (2007-03-12) |
| 17 | 4 | "Chance Meeting of the Two Dragons"
Transliteration: "Niryū Kaikō" (Japanese: 弐龍邂逅) | March 19, 2007 (2007-03-19) |
| 18 | 5 | "Ruthless Fighters"
Transliteration: "Tōshi Muzan" (Japanese: 闘士無惨) | March 26, 2007 (2007-03-26) |
| 19 | 6 | "Encounter with the Crouching Dragon"
Transliteration: "Fukuryū Hōchaku" (Japanese: 伏龍逢着) | April 2, 2007 (2007-04-02) |
| 20 | 7 | "Kanu Surrenders"
Transliteration: "Kan'u Tōkō" (Japanese: 関羽投降) | April 9, 2007 (2007-04-09) |
| 21 | 8 | "The Little Conqueror's Heroic Death"
Transliteration: "Shōhaō Sanga" (Japanese: 小覇王散華) | April 16, 2007 (2007-04-16) |
| 22 | 9 | "Friendships in Chaos"
Transliteration: "Yūgi Metsuretsu" (Japanese: 友義滅裂) | April 23, 2007 (2007-04-23) |
| 23 | 10 | "The Wandering Koukin"
Transliteration: "Kōrin Ruten" (Japanese: 公瑾流転) | April 30, 2007 (2007-04-30) |
| 24 | 11 | "Fighter Melee"
Transliteration: "Tōshi Ransen" (Japanese: 闘士乱戦) | May 7, 2007 (2007-05-07) |
| 25 | 12 | "Red Cliffs in Flames"
Transliteration: "Sekiheki Enjō" (Japanese: 赤壁炎上) | May 14, 2007 (2007-05-14) |

## Home media

### Japanese

Six DVD volumes were released by Media Factory between July 25, 2007 and November 22, 2007. The DVD volumes contain an original video animation called *Dragon Destiny: Great Battle at the Red Cliffs Hot Springs* (Dragon Destiny 赤壁温泉大決戦, *Doragon Desutinī: Sekiheki Onsen Dai Kessen*), featuring the female cast in a hot spring setting. A DVD box set was later released on December 22, 2009.

### English

Media Blasters released the series on three DVD volumes between November 24, 2009 and April 20, 2010. A box set was later released on August 31, 2010.

## InfoBox

| *Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 2 | |
| No. of episodes | 12 |
| Release | |
| Original network | AT-X, Chiba TV, KBS Kyoto, TV Kanagawa, Tokyo MX, Sun Television, TV Aichi, and TV Saitama |
| Original release | February 26 (2007-02-26)
May 14, 2007 (2007-05-14) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: Offutt Lake

abstract: Offutt Lake is a lake in the U.S. state of Washington. The community of Offutt Lake surrounds the area. The lake has a surface area of 192 acres (78 ha) and reaches a depth of 25 feet (7.6 m). Offutt Lake was named after Levi and Milford Offutt, early settlers.

text:
# Offutt Lake

**Offutt Lake** is a lake in the U.S. state of Washington. The community of Offutt Lake surrounds the area.

The lake has a surface area of 192 acres (78 ha) and reaches a depth of 25 feet (7.6 m).

Offutt Lake was named after Levi and Milford Offutt, early settlers.

## InfoBox

| Offutt Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Offutt Lake | |
| Location | Thurston County, Washington |
| Coordinates | 46°55′00″N 122°49′43″W / 46.91667°N 122.82861°W / 46.91667; -122.82861 |
| Type | Lake |
|  | |
| Surface area | 192 acres (78 ha) |
| Average depth | 25 feet (7.6 m) |


title: Notte prima degli esami

abstract: Notte prima degli esami is a 2006 Italian comedy teen film, written and directed by Fausto Brizzi. It describes the lives of two groups of Italian teenagers during the preparation of the esame di maturità. It is set in Rome during the year 1989. The inspiration for the title was a famous 1980s song by Antonello Venditti.

text:
# Notte prima degli esami

***Notte prima degli esami*** (English: *Night Before the Exams*) is a 2006 Italian comedy teen film, written and directed by Fausto Brizzi. It describes the lives of two groups of Italian teenagers during the preparation of the *esame di maturità* (the final exam of Italian high school). It is set in Rome during the year 1989.

The inspiration for the title was a famous 1980s song by Antonello Venditti.

## Plot

The film follows two teenagers, Luca (Nicolas Vaporidis) and Claudia (Cristiana Capotondi), and their friends as they all prepare for the dreaded *maturità* (high school graduation) exams during the summer of 1989. At a party, Luca meets and immediately falls for Claudia. The film then follows both teenagers and their friends through their various personal experiences and adventures during the summer. In addition, throughout the film, Luca is desperately trying to get back in favour with his literature teacher (Giorgio Faletti), who will be the teacher sitting in on his oral exams.

The film contains many references to music that was popular in the 1980s, and includes songs of the time period by bands such as Europe, Duran Duran ("Save a Prayer" and "The Wild Boys"), and Cecchetto ("Gioca Jouer").

## Sequels and remakes

A sequel, *Notte prima degli esami – Oggi* was released in 2007. The sequel features many of the same actors playing the same characters they played in the original, but it is set in 2006, during Italy's World Cup winning summer. And in 2011, Italian television station Rai Uno aired *Notte prima degli esami '82*, a two-part miniseries involving many of the same characters as the first two movies, but using mostly different actors and setting the story in the summer of 1982.

A French remake of the original movie, titled *Nos 18 ans*, was released in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Notte prima degli esami | |
| --- | --- |
| Original movie poster | |
| Directed by | Fausto Brizzi |
| Written by | Fausto Brizzi
Massimiliano Bruno
Marco Martani
Giannandrea Pecorelli |
| Produced by | Federica Lucisano
Fulvio Lucisano
Giannandrea Pecorelli |
| Starring | Giorgio Faletti
Cristiana Capotondi
Nicolas Vaporidis
Sarah Maestri
Chiara Mastalli
Andrea De Rosa
Eros Galbiati
Elena Bouryka
Valeria Fabrizi |
| Cinematography | Marcello Montarsi |
| Edited by | Luciana Pandolfelli |
| Music by | Bruno Zambrini |
| Distributed by | 01 Distribuzione |
| Release date | * 17 February 2006 (2006-02-17) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |