title: Fibro-purF RNA motif

abstract:
The Fibro-purF RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics.
Fibro-purF motif RNAs are found in Fibrobacterota, a group of bacteria that are common in cow rumen. Additionally, the RNAs are found in metagenomic sequences of DNA isolated from cow rumen. Fibro-purF motif RNAs likely function as cis-regulatory elements, in view of their positions upstream of protein-coding genes.
In fact, instances of the Fibro-purF RNA motif are often located nearby to the predicted Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the downstream gene. This arrangement is consistent with a model of cis-regulation where the RNA allosterically controls access to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, thus regulating the gene translationally. All known Fibro-purF RNAs are found upstream of purF genes, which encode amidophosphoribosyltransferase, which participates in the biosynthesis of biological purine molecules. The Fibro-purF motif is found only in closely related organisms. As a result, the RNAs do not exhibit a high degree of mutations when compared, and it was difficult to study the RNA's secondary structure by covariation methods. As a result, the predicted secondary structure is uncertain in some places. The Fibro-purF RNA motif was considered a potential candidate riboswitch, but no ligand has been established, as of 2022. However, experiments have confirmed that the RNA motif corresponds to a regulatory element and in vitro experiments corroborate the predicted structure. Due to the instability of the proposed ligand, 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine, direct experiments to confirm this ligand have not yet been conducted.

text:
# Fibro-purF RNA motif

The **Fibro-*purF* RNA motif** is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. Fibro-*purF* motif RNAs are found in Fibrobacterota, a group of bacteria that are common in cow rumen. Additionally, the RNAs are found in metagenomic sequences of DNA isolated from cow rumen.

Fibro-*purF* motif RNAs likely function as cis-regulatory elements, in view of their positions upstream of protein-coding genes. In fact, instances of the Fibro-*purF* RNA motif are often located nearby to the predicted Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the downstream gene. This arrangement is consistent with a model of *cis*-regulation where the RNA allosterically controls access to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, thus regulating the gene translationally.

All known Fibro-*purF* RNAs are found upstream of *purF* genes, which encode amidophosphoribosyltransferase, which participates in the biosynthesis of biological purine molecules. The Fibro-*purF* motif is found only in closely related organisms. As a result, the RNAs do not exhibit a high degree of mutations when compared, and it was difficult to study the RNA's secondary structure by covariation methods. As a result, the predicted secondary structure is uncertain in some places.

The Fibro-*purF* RNA motif was considered a potential candidate riboswitch, but no ligand has been established, as of 2022. However, experiments have confirmed that the RNA motif corresponds to a regulatory element and *in vitro* experiments corroborate the predicted structure. Due to the instability of the proposed ligand, 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine, direct experiments to confirm this ligand have not yet been conducted.

## InfoBox

| Fibro-purF | |
| --- | --- |
| Consensus secondary structure and sequence conservation of Fibro-purF RNA | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | Fibro-purF |
| Rfam | RF02974 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Cis-reg |
| SO | SO:0005836 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Marian Bantjes

abstract: Marian Bantjes is a Canadian designer, artist, illustrator, typographer and writer. Describing her work as graphic art, Marian Bantjes is known for her custom lettering, intricate patterning and decorative style. Inspired by illuminated manuscripts, Islamic calligraphy, Baroque ornamentation, Marian Bantjes creates detailed work, often combining the forms of her disparate influences. Marian Bantjes has published two books.

text:
# Marian Bantjes

**Marian Bantjes** (born 1963) is a Canadian designer, artist, illustrator, typographer and writer. Describing her work as graphic art, Marian Bantjes is known for her custom lettering, intricate patterning and decorative style. Inspired by illuminated manuscripts, Islamic calligraphy, Baroque ornamentation, Marian Bantjes creates detailed work, often combining the forms of her disparate influences.

Marian Bantjes has published two books.

## Biography

Born in 1963, Marian Bantjes grew up in Saskatchewan, Canada. She studied art for a year in 1982, before dropping out.

She started working in the field of visual communication in 1983 and worked as a book typesetter from 1984 to 1994 for Hartley & Marks. She became well known as a talented graphic designer from 1994 to 2003, when she was a partner and senior designer at Digitopolis in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where she created identity and communication designs for a wide range of corporate, education and arts organizations. She owned and ran the design firm, with a small staff.

In 2003 Marian left her firm and "strategic design" behind to embark on the work that she has since become internationally known for. Describing herself as a graphic artist, working primarily with custom type and ornament, Bantjes' highly personal, obsessive and sometimes strange graphic work has brought her international recognition and fame as a world-class visual designer. Bantjes is known for her detailed and lovingly precise vector art, obsessive hand work, patterning and highly ornamental style.

Stefan Sagmeister calls Bantjes "one of the most innovative typographers working today," and Noreen Morioka calls Bantjes "the Doyald Young of her generation." In 2005 Bantjes was named one of 25 up-and-coming Designers to Watch (*STEP Magazine*, January 2005).

Bantjes' clients include Pentagram, Stefan Sagmeister, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bruce Mau Design, Young & Rubicam Chicago, Anni Kuan, Houghton Mifflin, *Print Magazine*, *Wallpaper\** , *WIRED*, *The Guardian (UK)*, *The New York Times*, among others. She has also worked on design materials for AIGA, TypeCon 2007, and the Society of Graphic Designers of Canada (GDC).

Her work has been featured in *STEP*, *étapes* (Paris), *Azure*, *Matrix* (Quebec) *Tupigrafia* (Brazil) and *Print*, *Fontshop'*s Font 004, and *Eye magazine* (#58). She has written the design book "I wonder", published by the Monacelli Press, which was dubbed one of the 13 best design books of 2010 by Fastco design. Bantjes has been honored with numerous awards and her work is now part of the permanent collection at the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum.

Bantjes is an accomplished writer on the subjects of typography and design, and was a regular contributor to the popular design website *Speak Up*. *Speak Up* is no longer in publication. Bantjes is frequently invited to sit on design award juries and speak at design conferences – such as Trimarchi in 2008 – and design schools around the world. Bantjes says "throwing your individuality into a project is heresy" but she has built a career doing just that, as her signature style is unmistakable. In 2007 she released Restraint, a typeface that integrates her style of ornamentation to be used as shapes and borders.

From 2002–2006 Bantjes served as the Communications VP of the Society of Graphic Designers in British Columbia. She was also the Chair and Creative Director of the 2006 Graphex Canadian design awards. In 2008 Bantjes was invited back to serve as a judge for 'Graphex 2008 Canadian National Design Awards'. Bantjes lives and works internationally from her base on Bowen Island off the west coast of Canada, near Vancouver, BC.

## Shows

## Awards

* Print’s Regional Design Annual, Certificate of Excellence, with Stefan Sagmeister for "The Vanity of Allegory". 2006.
* Communication Arts, Award of Excellence, (as writer) with Pentagram for "The Alphabet." 2007.
* Print’s Regional Design Annual, Certificate of Excellence, with Pentagram for "Yale School of Architecture, Seduction Poster". 2007.
* 26th Annual Western Magazine Awards. For illustration "My Dear Can We Work Together" in Vancouver Review. 2008.
* Type Directors’ Club tdc2. With Ross Mills for the font "Restraint". 2008.
* Type Directors’ Club 54. For the TypeCon 2007 material. 2008.
* Communication Arts Design Annual 2009. With Pentagram for Strathmore paper ream wrap.

## Further reading

* Telford, Anne. "Marian Bantjes: Designing a Life". *Communication Arts*. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
* Bantjes, Marian, Rick Poynor, and Marian Bantjes. *Marian Bantjes: Pretty Pictures*. New York, NY: Metropolis Books, 2013.
* Bantjes, Marian. *I Wonder*. London: Thames & Hudson, 2010.
* "Marian Bantjes." *IdN* (2012): 107–9.

## InfoBox

| Marian Bantjes | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer Marian Bantjes at Pop!Tech 2008. | |
| Born | 1963 (age 6061) |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Occupation(s) | Typographer, Illustrator, Graphic Designer |
| Website | bantjes.com |


title: Marian Beitialarrangoitia

abstract: Maria Angeles Beitialarrangoitia Lizarralde is a Basque journalist and politician. She was previously a member of the Congress of Deputies of Spain and Basque Parliament, and mayor of Hernani.

text:
# Marian Beitialarrangoitia

**Maria Angeles Beitialarrangoitia Lizarralde** (born 20 January 1968) is a Basque journalist and politician. She was previously a member of the Congress of Deputies of Spain and Basque Parliament, and mayor of Hernani.

## Early life

Beitialarrangoitia was born on 20 January 1968 in Legazpia, Basque Country. She has degree in journalism from the University of the Basque Country.

## Career

Beitialarrangoitia worked for the *Hots* magazine and Hoska radio station in her youth. Later she worked at the Egin Irratia radio station, part of the *Egin* newspaper group. She moved to Hernani which was the base for the radio station and newspaper. In July 1998 judge Baltasar Garzón ordered the closure of both media outlets because of their alleged links to the separatist ETA. Beitialarrangoitia became active on groups, such as Gestoras pro Amnistía, supporting the release of ETA prisoners.

Beitialarrangoitia then joined EITB, the Basque public broadcaster, where she worked as an announcer on a morning show on the Euskadi Irratia radio station. She contested the 2007 local elections as a Basque Nationalist Action (Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, EAE) candidate in Hernani and was elected. She was mayor of Hernani from 2007 to 2011.

On 12 January 2008, at an EAE rally in Pamplona, Beitialarrangoitia requested applause for ETA members Igor Portu and Mattin Sarasola. A few days earlier Portu and Sarasola has been arrested in connection with the 2006 Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing and been tortured by the Civil Guard. In June 2009 the Audiencia Nacional convicted Beitialarrangoitia of "supporting terrorism" and sentenced her to one year in prison and barred her from holding public office for seven years. She was acquitted of the more serious crime of insulting the security forces by accusing the Civil Guard of torture. Beitialarrangoitia appealed to the Supreme Court who overturned the guilty verdict in March 2010. In December 2010 four Civil Guard officers - Juan Jesús Casas, José Manuel Escamilla, Sergio García and Sergio Martínez - were convicted of torturing Portu and Sarasola.

The EAE was banned in 2008 for being the successor of Batasuna but as the ban wasn't retroactive Beitialarrangoitia continued to hold office. In 2008 Garzón investigated Beitialarrangoitia for continuing EAE's activities. She was also accused of "exalting terrorism" after naming a park in Hernani after Jose Ariztimuño but judge Fernando Grande-Marlaska acquitted her of the charge after she agreed to rename the park. She played a key role in the formation of the Amaiur and Bildu electoral alliances. She did not seek re-election at the 2011 local elections. She was communication director for the Gipuzkoa Provincial Council from 2011 to 2012.

Beitialarrangoitia is a member of Sortu and in January 2017 she was elected to the party's national council. She contested the 2012 regional election as an EH Bildu electoral alliance candidate in the Province of Gipuzkoa and was elected to the Basque Parliament. She contested the 2015 general election as an EH Bildu candidate in the Province of Gipuzkoa and was elected to the Congress of Deputies. She was re-elected at the 2016 general election.

## Electoral history

Electoral history of Marian Beitialarrangoitia
| Election | Constituency | Party | | Alliance | | No. | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 local | Hernani |  | Basque Nationalist Action |  |  | 1 | **Elected** |
| 2012 regional | Province of Gipuzkoa |  | Sortu |  | EH Bildu | 3 | **Elected** |
| 2015 general | Province of Gipuzkoa |  | Sortu |  | EH Bildu | 1 | **Elected** |
| 2016 general | Province of Gipuzkoa |  | Sortu |  | EH Bildu | 1 | **Elected** |

Marian on Twitter

## InfoBox

| Marian Beitialarrangoitia | |
| --- | --- |
| Beitialarrangoitia in May 2016 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Congress of Deputies of Spain | |
| **In office**
12 January 2016  21 May 2019 | |
| Constituency | Gipuzkoa |
| Member of the Basque Parliament | |
| **In office**
20 November 2012  7 January 2016 | |
| Succeeded by | Maider Otamendi Tolosa |
| Constituency | Gipuzkoa |
| Mayor of Hernani | |
| **In office**
2007–2011 | |
| Preceded by | José Antonio Rekondo Sanz |
| Succeeded by | Luis Intxauspe Arozamena |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Maria Angeles Beitialarrangoitia Lizarralde
(1968-01-20) 20 January 1968
Legazpia, Basque Country, Spain |
| Political party | Sortu |
| Other political
affiliations | EH Bildu |
| Alma mater | University of the Basque Country |
| Occupation | Journalist |
|  | |


title: The Lammy Review

abstract: The Lammy Review is a 2017 review on discrimination within the policing and criminal justice systems in the UK, led by David Lammy and commissioned by David Cameron and Theresa May. The Lammy Review found significant racial bias in the UK justice system.

text:
# The Lammy Review

**The Lammy Review** is a 2017 review on discrimination within the policing and criminal justice systems in the UK, led by David Lammy and commissioned by David Cameron and Theresa May. The Lammy Review found significant racial bias in the UK justice system.

## Key findings

### Understanding BAME disproportionality

#### Gaps in CJS data impacting accountability

The Lammy Review called for the UK criminal justice system (CJS) to have more scrutiny in their data on ethnicity and religion, in order to move towards fairer treatment. It highlighted some gaps in information recorded. These gaps in reporting make it impossible to analyse whether disproportionalities are a result of charging rates, sentencing decisions or reoffending rates. The review concluded that fair treatment was more likely when institutions are open to scrutiny.

The courts and Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) do not record religion, which makes it harder to hold them accountable for discrimination. Prisons do record religion and have seen an increase in the number of Muslim prisoners by 50% in the prior ten years, from 8,900 to 13,200, but the lack on data at the courts and CPS obscure this fact. Muslims make up 15% of the prison population despite making up only 5% of the overall population. Since information on religion is not recorded at the earlier stages of the CJS, too little is known to determine the true cause of this disproportionality. The Lammy Review proved that this significant increase in prisoners could not be linked to terrorism offences, because only 175 Muslims were convicted of terrorism-related offences between 2001 and 2012 (less than 1% of the Muslim prison population). Despite this the most prominent frustration of Muslim prisoners has been found to be stereotypical portrayals of Islam, leading to unfair treatment and higher levels of restraint and segregation being used against them by staff.

Gypsies, Roma and Irish travellers are estimated to account for 5% of male prisoners, despite accounting for only 0.1% of the UK population, however this is not covered in the official CJS monitoring systems. Leaving this information out could be particularly damaging to a vulnerable group, since the Lammy Review also found that 27% of Gypsy, Roma and Traveller prisoners reported feeling depressed or suicidal on arrival compared with 15% of all prisoners. Furthermore only 35% received information on what support was available to them compared to 44% of all prisoners.

#### Relative Rate Index

The Lammy Review proposes that the UK should adopt a similar system to the US for attempting to gain insight into why there are disproportionalities in ethnicity at each stage of the CJS and tracing the impact of decisions made at each stage. A relative rate index (RRI) is effectively the number of people experiencing an event or outcome out of the total number who were ‘at risk’ for experiencing the event or outcome. The comparison to previous stages is particularly useful because proportionality numbers alone do not pinpoint which stages of the CJS are particularly influenced by ethnic bias.

The Lammy Review uses the example of rates of proceeding women's cases at the Crown Court or Magistrates' Court to demonstrate the method used and found that once charged Black women were 63% more likely to be proceeded to the Crown Court than White women, and Asian women were 108% more likely than White women.

#### Recommendations

* All stages of the CJS should collect more consistent data on religion and ethnicity, so that differences in treatment and outcomes can be examined in more detail.
* The relative rate index analysis completed as part of the Lammy review should be repeated biennially as part of the 'Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System' reports.
* The principle of 'explain or reform' should be applied to every CJS institution, where reforms should be introduced to address disparities between ethnic groups if an evidence based explanation cannot be provided.

### Crown Prosecution Service

Arrest rates are higher across minority ethnic groups compared to white groups. Methods such as stop and search disproportionately target Black and minority ethnic groups. Once arrested, the CPS reports that suspects from different ethnic groups are charged at similar rates, with the exception of those charged for rape and domestic abuse. The report suggests that this issue can be dealt with through "race-blind" prosecuting, where identifying information (such as name and ethnicity) is redacted from case files passed by the police to CPS prosecutors.

#### Policing and prosecution of suspected gang members

The Review argues that the current system of policing those suspected to be part of "gangs" is both ineffective and based on misunderstanding. The Review suggests that using Modern Slavery legislation to target those at the tops of complex criminal hierarchies would be a more effective approach than targeting groups. The targeting of groups disproportionately affects BAME people in several ways:

* Joint Enterprise

One of the key tools used to prosecute suspected gang members is the doctrine of Joint Enterprise. Individuals in a "Joint Enterprise" can be either "principals" or "secondary parties" - a principal is the person that carries out the substantive offence, and the secondary party is one who assists or encourages the commission of the substantive offence. The doctrine of Joint Enterprise enables the secondary party to be prosecuted as if they were the principal offender themselves. Of the thousands that have been prosecuted under this doctrine over the last decade, a survey of prisoners suggests that half of those convicted identify as BAME.

* Trident Matrix

The Metropolitan Police, cited in the report, argue that gang affiliation and crime are "fluid and chaotic" and attempting to address associated issues on a group level is ineffective. The Metropolitan Police argue instead for targeting individual criminal activity - however, this has led to the disproportionate targeting of BAME individuals on surveillance-based databases such as The Trident Matrix. At the time of the review, records showed that 86% of names on the Trident Matrix were BAME.

#### Structural racism beyond the CPS

The report explains how wider systemic factors affecting BAME young people feed into the CPS. A written submission to the report's Call for Evidence by the Black Training and Enterprise Group said that "the main pathways and risk factors for young people into the youth justice system all record high levels of disproportionality: from school exclusions, the care system, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service and first contact with the police." The London Criminal Courts Solicitors' Association's written submission states: "In the absence of educational or employment progression...it may become a default position to fall in with a 'gang'."

### Plea Decisions

This section presents the significant difference in plea decisions between BAME and White ethnic groups and explains the disproportional effects of the justice system on these groups.

#### The role of plea decisions

Plea decisions are critical to Criminal Justice System, by providing incentives for those who have committed crimes to admit guilt, in order to prevent the stress placed on victims. Those who plead guilty can see sentences reduce by a third, or gain access to interventions which seek to keep them out of prison altogether. An example case study can be found in the Humberside Adult Female Triage pilot.

#### BAME plea decisions

Several older and more recent studies have found that BAME defendants are less likely to enter guilty pleas, in most types of offences. The Relative Rate Index analysis of 2014/15 data found that:

* Black and Asian men were more than one and a half times more likely to enter a ‘not guilty’ plea than White men. Mixed ethnic men were also more likely to plead not guilty.
* Black, Asian, Mixed ethnic and Chinese/Other ethnic women were all more likely than White women to enter not guilty pleas at Crown Court, with Asian women more than one and a half times more likely to do so.
* While there were too few cases to examine plea decisions for young women, young men from a Black, Asian or Mixed ethnic background were more likely to enter a not guilty plea compared to their White counterparts.

#### Lack of trust

The primary reason for this difference in plea decisions is a lack of trust in the Criminal Justice System among BAME communities. This makes BAME defendants less likely to cooperate with the police or trust the advice of legal aid solicitors, who can be seen as part of the ‘system’. At the same time, Black, Asian and Mixed ethnic defendants are all more likely to request legal advice in police station than their white counterparts. Instead, it is that many BAME defendants neither trust the advice that they are given, nor believe they will receive a fair hearing from magistrates. In some cases, this means defendants pleading not guilty and then electing for a jury trial at the Crown Court, rather than be tried in a Magistrate’s Court, despite the higher sentencing powers available at the Crown Court.

The suggestions as part of this section were that:

#### Deferred prosecutions

In England and Wales, an innovative scheme named Operation Turning Point was piloted from November 2011 to July 2014. It was designed with racial disparities in plea decisions in mind, and saw offenders participate without the requirement that they first admit an offence. Defendants were given the opportunity to go through a structured intervention, such as drug treatment, instead of facing criminal charges. The latest published information indicates that almost as many BAME offenders took part in the scheme as White offenders. Early evaluation of the scheme indicates that the risk of reoffending is reduced and that the cost is lower than traditional prosecutions.

The suggestions as part of this section were that:

* The ‘deferred prosecution’ model pioneered in Operation Turning Point should be rolled out for both adult and youth offenders across England and Wales. The key aspect of the model is that it provides interventions before pleas are entered rather than after.

### Courts

20% of cases brought before the UK courts involve BAME defendants, despite the fact that BAME people comprise approximately 13% of the UK population. The Review finds that juries generally do not deliver racially discriminatory results. However, the review argues that more diversity is needed in the magistracy and the judiciary.

#### Magistrates

Magistrates deal with 90% of criminal court cases each year - those acting as magistrates do not require legal training or qualifications but are understood to be 'representatives of the people'. Of those tried at magistrates' courts, Black women, Asian women, Mixed ethnic women and Chinese/Other women were all more likely to be convicted than white women. Magistrates keep sparse records of pleas or defendants' legal representation, thus lowering accountability.

#### Sentencing and imprisonment

For those convicted of recordable, indictable offences in the Crown Court in 2015, there was an association between ethnicity and being sentenced to prison. An especially strong effect was observed within drug offences (within which the odds of receiving a prison sentence were around 240% higher for BAME offenders) - this is despite the fact that research has found that Black British people consume drugs at lower rates than white British people. The Review suggests that the judiciary should provide an evidence-based explanation for this disparity. Defendants can appeal sentencing decisions to the Court of Appeal but decisions will only be overturned if they are found to be made in error or "manifestly excessive". Sentencing judges are given wide discretion and the Review says that the appeal process cannot capture "collective differences" in the application of this discretion which may contribute to racially skewed incarceration rates.

### Rehabilitation

This section found that there had been a lack of improvement in rehabilitation for BAME groups.

#### Probation

The report found that Criminal Rehabilitation Companies (CRCs), private sector companies tasked with rehabilitation low to medium risk offenders, are not giving BAME groups the specialized services that they require. Furthermore it found that offenders managed by the National Probation Service (NPS), public sector organization dealing with high risk offenders, are more likely to receive the types of support needed than with the CRCs and that CRCs were not involving specialist BAME organizations in the way that they were intended to.

The suggestions as part of this section were that:

* The Ministry of Justice should create a working group to assess what is stopping CRCs subcontracting to specialist support groups
* The Ministry of Justice should improve reporting about the CRCs handling of groups with protected characteristics (this includes BAME groups).

#### Youth Re-offending

The report found that there has been a history of knowledge regarding BAME children being disproportionately affected by the Criminal Justice System, specifically Youth Offending Teams (YOTs).

This previous work found that:

* Youth Offending Teams were more likely to detain black children than white children
* BAME children committed less crimes but still received custodial sentences
* BAME children would enter the Criminal Justice system at a younger age and be less able to escape it

This report found that there had been no substantial follow up of the previous findings.

The suggestions as part of this section were that:

* The Youth Justice Board should commission and publish an evaluation of what has been learned in the past and identify actions for the future

#### Work, Education and Training

The report found that work reduces dependency on crime and that training increases self-respect and stake in society. Therefore work is key to reducing re-offending. Despite this, previous convictions have a hugely detrimental effect on future work prospects and BAME groups are disproportionately affected as they are already more likely to be discriminated in employment. The report finds that the Criminal Record system is key in this system and needs reform.

The suggestions as part of this section were that:

* The Criminal Justice System should allow for sealing criminal records, stopping record checks seeing offenses, based on a court hearing
* The government should publish a study to highlight the cost of unemployment in ex-offenders

### The Numbers in Black And White: Ethnic Disparities In The Policing And Prosecution Of Drug Offences In England And Wales

Release produced a report in 2013 on the undue focus of policing and prosecution of drug offences on black and minority communities in England and Wales. The report concluded that laws on drugs in the UK are a major driver for disproportionate use of policing against and prosecutions of the black community in the UK criminal justice system. Half or more of the stop and searches carried out in the UK are for drugs, meaning from 2009 to 2012 someone was stopped and searched for drugs every 58 seconds. This was found to have a damaging impact on the free movement of citizens who have done nothing wrong, because only 7% of stop and searches for drugs result in an arrest. They argued that the low levels of detection do not justify the high levels of interference, especially at a time of austerity where policing resources should be used wisely and not on low level possession offences, which can have a serious detrimental impact on the futures of those convicted. Ultimately the report proposes the decriminalisation of drug possession offences as and effective policy solution to the wasted resources and racial profiling problems found.

The report found that Black people were more likely to be stopped and searched for drugs than white people, despite being less likely to use them. In 2009/10 the search rate for drugs for was 7 per 1000 white people, 14 per 1000 Mixed Race people, 18 per 1000 Asian people and 45 per 1000 Black people, meaning that Black people were 6.3 times more likely to be stopped and searched for drugs than white people. Conversely they found that only 5.8% of Black people use drugs, compared to 10.5% of white people.

The report found that Black people are treated more harshly for drug possession than white people. In London the Metropolitan Police charges black people at 5 times the rate of white people for cannabis possession and at 3 times the rate for cannabis warnings. In 2009/10 the Metropolitan Police charged 78% of Black people caught in possession of cocaine, compared to just 44% of white people caught.

## Government response and follow-on investigations

The Lammy Review was published in September 2017 and the Conservative government published the first Race Disparity Audit (RDA) in October 2017. The RDA found that children in Black and Asian households were around twice as likely to be in persistent poverty, with 1 in 4 children in Asian households and 1 in 5 children in Black households in persistent poverty, compared to 1 in 10 children in White households. It stated that Black, Pakistani and Bangladeshi people were especially likely to live in areas of deprivation.

The government then issued a response document in December 2017, setting out how they hoped to responde to each of his 35 recommendations. In June 2020 David Lammy questioned the progress of the Government's implementation of the Lammy Review. Alex Chalk responded that "Sixteen recommendations have been completed. Two have been rejected and seventeen are in progress. Of those seventeen in progress, eleven will be completed within twelve months and six thereafter." David Lammy responded that he was "disappointed \[in the claims that\] 16 of the recommendations I made in the Lammy Review, had been 'implemented'. When in fact the majority of them had not." He added that there is a "huge difference between implementing and completing the actions you \[the Government\] committed to following my recommendations". He further stated how injustices highlighted in the review had got worse since, saying "When I completed the review, 41% of children in prison came from a Black, Asian or Minority Ethnic background. Now the figure is 51%. The proportion of all stop and searches on black people has increased by 69% over 5 years. The average custodial sentence for a black person is almost 10 years longer than a white person."


title: The Lamentation of Cloris

abstract: The Lamentation of Cloris or "The Lamentation of Cloris, For the Unkindness of her Shepherd" is a broadside ballad, which dates from, by estimation of the English Short Title Catalogue, 1678-1680. The ballad begins, "MY Shepherd's unkind,/ alas, what shall I do?." Copies of the ballad can be found at the National Library of Scotland, the British Library, the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, and the University of Glasgow Library. Alternatively, online facsimiles of the ballad are available for public consumption. The nucleus of the ballad centers around a cuckolding and the justification for marital infidelity.

text:
# The Lamentation of Cloris

**The Lamentation of Cloris** or "The Lamentation of Cloris, For the Unkindness of her Shepherd" is a broadside ballad, which dates from, by estimation of the English Short Title Catalogue, 1678-1680. The ballad begins, "MY Shepherd's unkind,/ alas, what shall I do?." Copies of the ballad can be found at the National Library of Scotland, the British Library, the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, and the University of Glasgow Library. Alternatively, online facsimiles of the ballad are available for public consumption. The nucleus of the ballad centers around a cuckolding and the justification for marital infidelity.

## Tune

Extant copies of "The Lamentation of Cloris," found at the English Broadside Ballad Archive of University of California, Santa Barbara, are set to the tune of "O Cloris Awake"—which first appeared in the 1670s. Alternative names for the tune are: "Ah! Chloris Awake" or "Cloris Awake," both of which correspond to the same tune. Simpson suggests that the tune shares a great deal of commonality, though not identicality, with another tune, "Over hills and high mountains."

Sheet music for the tune can be found in Simpson.

## Synopsis

The ballad is situated in two parts.

The first part begins with Cloris's lamentation of what she interprets as her ill-use by the Shepherd, Strephon. The relationship, though not explicitly stated, is understood as one between husband and wife. One of Cloris's chief complaints is that she is left alone all day while Strephon is off with his flock. She feels her heart is absent when he is.

The second part follows the relationship when Strephon returns home: he is agitated and tired, and thus, "he's so weary/ he cannot be kind." Cloris laments that she is not yet with child by Strephon, and she expresses envy at seeing other mothers with their infants. Thus, she conspires to cuckold him with the justification of the social stigma that may follow if she does not bear Strephon a child. The lamentation ends with this decision figured in a way that Cloris is young and thus deserves a young lover, and Strephon is at fault for not yet impregnating her.

*The Lamentation of Cloris* is not to be confused with a different seventeenth-century ballad, "Constant Cloris: or, her Lamentation for Mirtillo." The former addresses adultery while the latter, quite oppositely, professes the outcome of a devoted spouse.

1. "The Lamentation of Cloris Ballads". *English Broadside Ballad Archive*. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
2. Simpson, Claude (1966). *The British Broadside Ballad and its Music*. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 2.
3. Simpson, Claude (1966). *The British Broadside Ballad and its Music*. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 4.
4. Simpson, Claude (1966). *The British Broadside Ballad and its Music*. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 3.
5. "The Lamentation of Cloris: Transcription". *English Broadside Ballad Archive*. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
6. "Constant Cloris". *Falvey Memorial Library*. Villanova University. Retrieved 1 October 2014.

## Further reading

* (1966). "Roxburghe Ballads." New York, NY: AMS Press, Inc.
* Hazlitt, W. Carew (1867). "Handbook to the Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic Literature of Great Britain." London: John Russell Smith.
* Quiller-Couch, Arthur (1955). *The Oxford Book of Ballads.* Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.


title: The Last in Line (song)

abstract: "The Last in Line" is the third single released by heavy metal band Dio, appearing on their platinum-certified LP of the same name. It was Dio's only song to hit the Top 10 of Billboard's Album Rock Tracks. Unlike the band's first two singles, this song was not released as a single in the UK, but rather in the Netherlands, Spain and Australia. There is also an alternate version in the Netherlands sold only at the Pinkpop '84 festival on June 11, 1984. The sleeve of this release was the same as the band's previous single, "Rainbow in the Dark", with the Pinkpop logo in the corner. A music video was made for the single and was directed by Don Coscarelli, who is known for directing the horror film series Phantasm. The video features a teenage delivery boy who is tasked with a delivery to a building. Upon entering an elevator, it suddenly goes haywire and sends him to a fantastical dimension. He is then accosted by a cyborg and is enslaved with several other people and creatures to be tortured by various means. At one point, the demon creature from the album cover is seen as the slaves are being led to their fates. The horrified boy takes off back to the elevator and is accosted again by the same cyborg from earlier. Ronnie James Dio, who was seen performing the song with his band, intervenes and saves the boy, before being captured by the other cyborgs. The video ends with the boy making it back to the elevator and returning to his home world. The song was covered by Tenacious D for the 2014 This Is Your Life tribute album. Their cover won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.

text:
# The Last in Line (song)

"**The Last in Line**" is the third single released by heavy metal band Dio, appearing on their platinum-certified LP of the same name. It was Dio's only song to hit the Top 10 of *Billboard*'s Album Rock Tracks.

Unlike the band's first two singles, this song was not released as a single in the UK, but rather in the Netherlands, Spain and Australia. There is also an alternate version in the Netherlands sold only at the Pinkpop '84 festival on June 11, 1984. The sleeve of this release was the same as the band's previous single, "Rainbow in the Dark", with the Pinkpop logo in the corner.

A music video was made for the single and was directed by Don Coscarelli, who is known for directing the horror film series *Phantasm*. The video features a teenage delivery boy who is tasked with a delivery to a building. Upon entering an elevator, it suddenly goes haywire and sends him to a fantastical dimension. He is then accosted by a cyborg and is enslaved with several other people and creatures to be tortured by various means (e.g. endlessly playing arcade games that electrocute the losers). At one point, the demon creature from the album cover is seen as the slaves are being led to their fates. The horrified boy takes off back to the elevator and is accosted again by the same cyborg from earlier. Ronnie James Dio, who was seen performing the song with his band, intervenes and saves the boy, before being captured by the other cyborgs. The video ends with the boy making it back to the elevator and returning to his home world.

The song was covered by Tenacious D for the 2014 *This Is Your Life* tribute album. Their cover won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.

## Charts

| Chart (1984) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Mainstream Rock (*Billboard*) | 10 |

## InfoBox

| "The Last in Line" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Dio | |
| from the album  *The Last in Line* | |
| B-side | "Stand Up and Shout" (live) (EU)
"One Night in the City" (Aus.) |
| Released | June 11, 1984 |
| Recorded | 1984
Caribou Ranch, Colorado, US |
| Genre | Heavy metal |
| Length | 5:48 |
| Label | Vertigo |
| Songwriter(s) | Ronnie James Dio, Jimmy Bain, Vivian Campbell |
| Producer(s) | Ronnie James Dio |
| Dio singles chronology | |
| "Rainbow in the Dark"
(1983) "**The Last in Line**"
(1984) "We Rock"
(1984) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Pinkpop '84 festival cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Fiji–Indonesia relations

text:
# Fiji–Indonesia relations

Fiji and Indonesia established relations on 17 June 1974. At that time, the Indonesian mission to Fiji was accredited through the Indonesian embassy in Wellington, New Zealand. On 22 August 2002, Indonesia opened their embassy in Suva. Fiji reciprocated by opening their embassy in Jakarta on 6 April 2011 which is also accredited to East Timor and Singapore.

## Economic relations

Although the trade volume is relatively small with a value of US$36 million in 2007, Indonesia sees Fiji as a potential gate to enter the South Pacific market. According to the Indonesian Center for Statistics, the trade balance was heavily in favor to Indonesia that enjoyed trade surpluses for years. Indonesian exports to Fiji sees increasing trends that reached a total of US$18.63 million in 2006, US$18.74 million in 2007, and US$23.23 million in 2008.

Fijians mainly rely on foreign imports for their daily needs since those are not being produced locally. Fiji mainly traded with Australia and New Zealand, and Indonesia saw this as an opportunity to enter the local market. Indonesian exports to Fiji are mainly daily products such as paper, fiber, textiles, electrical equipments, home appliances and electronics, furniture, gift and craft, fashion products, convenience foods, coffee, shampoo, soap, detergent, plastics, chemicals, automotive and parts, and also agricultural equipments.

## Cooperation, education, culture, and assistance

Initially, the trade sector dominated the relations between the two countries. The two countries, however, have agreed to expand their relations in other sectors, including tourism, business and education. Fiji has sent dozens of their students to study in several Indonesian universities. On 8 January 2014, the Indonesian government donated FJ$1 million (US$528,899) for the formation of the proposed Regional Police Academy at Nasova, Suva. The academy which will be based in Fiji will train police officers from the four Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) countries.

The government of Indonesia organized a cultural diplomacy and collaboration mission entitled "Harmony for the Pacific: Connecting Indonesia and the Pacific through Culture and Shared Heritage" (HfP) in Indonesia (Labuan Bajo and Maumere) and Fiji (Suva) on 9 - 27 September 2024. It partnered with the government of Fiji, the Fiji Arts Council, and the Film Commission of Fiji, demonstrating a closer people-to-people relation. Twenty-four music and dance artists from countries/territories in the Pacific (Fiji, Vanuatu, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia) and Indonesia (Maluku, East Nusa Tenggara, and provinces in Papua Island) produced two collective works which were showcased to public and dignitaries during the diplomatic reception celebrating 50 years of Indonesia-Fiji bilateral relations.

## InfoBox

Fijian–Indonesian relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
Fiji |
Indonesia |
|  | |


title: Mariana Roriz

abstract: Mariana Tonetti Roriz is a female water polo player from Brazil, who twice won the bronze medal with the Brazil women's national water polo team at the Pan American Games: 1999 and 2003.

text:
# Mariana Roriz

**Mariana Tonetti Roriz** (born October 3, 1980 in São Paulo) is a female water polo player from Brazil, who twice won the bronze medal with the Brazil women's national water polo team at the Pan American Games: 1999 and 2003.

## InfoBox

Mariana Roriz
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | October 3, 1980 |
| Medal record      Women's Water Polo  Representing  Brazil  Pan American Games  1999 Winnipeg  Team  2003 Santo Domingo  Team | |


title: Mariana Sansón Argüello

abstract: Mariana Sansón Argüello was one of the foremost poets in the history of Nicaragua. She produced a personal and metaphysical poetry that is recognized as a type of Hispanic American surrealism

text:
# Mariana Sansón Argüello

**Mariana Sansón Argüello** (June 6, 1918 – May 6, 2002) was one of the foremost poets in the history of Nicaragua. She produced a personal and metaphysical poetry that is recognized as a type of Hispanic American surrealism

## Biography

Sansón Argüello was born in León, Nicaragua. Her parents were Joaquín Sansón Balladares and Evangelina Argüello Prado. Her father's carnal aunt was the 1931 President of the Nicaraguan Feminist League, 1959 Woman of the Americas, and 1969 Nicaraguan Congressional Medal of Honour laureate Angélica Balladares de Argüello, (December 19, 1872 – September 8, 1973). Sansón Argüello studied in La Asunción of León. She was first married to Eduardo Argüello Cervantes. After Eduardo's death she remarried Dr. Edgardo Buitrago Buitrago on March 26, 1967.

Argüello, similar to those artists from the Renaissance period in Italy, was a complete artist. She was a poet, a writer, a painter, a clothing designer and a plastic artist. She was the first woman to form part of the Nicaragua Academy of Language and was a very known painting professor. She was also mother to three children: María José Argüello, Jorge Eduardo Argüello and Ana Cecilia Argüello. They all inherited the artistic vein.

Some of her published books are *Poemas, Horas y sus Voces,* and *Zoo Fantástico.*

## Translations

* Francesco Sensidoni

1. El Nuevo Diario - Managua, Nicaragua - Con Todo el Poder de la Información Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
* Book "Doña Angelica Balladares de Arguello,La primera dama del Liberalismo", by Francisco Obando Somarriba, Ed. Managua, 1969

* "El Nuevo Diario - Managua, Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070922050938/http://artecabrera.com.ar/biosanson.php
* "Homenajes póstumos a Mariana Sansón A. - El Nuevo Diario - Managua, Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20071207213741/http://www-ni.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2000/octubre/12/opinion/opinion-20001012-02.html
* "Asociación Nicaragüense de Escritoras Anide - Criticas- Con Mariana y Yolanda..." Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
* "Diccionario de escritores nicaraguenses". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2014.


title: Festungsbahn (Salzburg)

abstract: The Festungsbahn is a funicular railway providing access to Hohensalzburg Fortress in Salzburg municipality in Austria. It links the fortress with Festungsgasse, below the northern side of the fortress's walls. The Festungsbahn opened in 1892, and should not be confused with the much older Reisszug line that provides goods access to the castle. The line is operated by Salzburg AG, who also operate the city's buses and the Salzburger Lokalbahn.

text:
# Festungsbahn (Salzburg)

The **Festungsbahn** is a funicular railway providing access to Hohensalzburg Fortress in Salzburg municipality in Austria. It links the fortress with Festungsgasse, below the northern side of the fortress's walls. The Festungsbahn opened in 1892, and should not be confused with the much older Reisszug line that provides goods access to the castle.

The line is operated by Salzburg AG, who also operate the city's buses and the Salzburger Lokalbahn.

## History

| Hohensalzburg Fortress |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The Festungsbahn opened in 1892 as a water balance funicular operated by the *Salzburger Eisenbahn- und Tramwaygesellschaft*. Previously used as barracks, the line made the fortress available to a broader range of visitors.

The line was rebuilt with new cars and an electric drive in 1960, whilst the lower and upper stations were rebuilt in 1975 and 1976 respectively. In 1991 the line was again modernised, with the provision of new cars with an increased passenger capacity and a faster line speed.

Between January and April 2011, the funicular was again modernized, at a cost of 4 million. Two new vehicles were provided and the electrical equipment replaced. Panoramic windows offer a better view of the city.

## Operation

The line operates every day from 09:00. The time of the last car varies from 17:00 to 22:00 depending on the time of year.

The line has the following technical parameters:

| Configuration | Single track with passing loop |
| --- | --- |
| Length | 191 metres (627 ft) |
| Height | 99 metres (325 ft) |
| Maximum Steepness | 62% |
| Stations: 2 | Dom (47°47′47″N 13°02′46″E / 47.796440°N 13.046041°E / 47.796440; 13.046041, lower)<br>Festung (47°47′45″N 13°02′46″E / 47.795761°N 13.046179°E / 47.795761; 13.046179, upper) |
| Cars | 2 |
| Capacity | 55 passengers per car |
| Gauge | 1,040 mm (3 ft 5 in) |
| Maximum speed | 5.5 metres per second (18 ft/s) |
| Journey time | 1 minute |
| Traction | Electricity |
|

## InfoBox

| Festungsbahn | |
| --- | --- |
| One of the latest cars, dating from 2011 | |
| Overview | |
| Owner | Salzburg AG |
| Coordinates | 47°47′45″N 13°02′46″E / 47.795701°N 13.04619°E / 47.795701; 13.04619 |
| Service | |
| Type | Funicular |
| History | |
| Opened | 1892 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 191 metres (627 ft) |
| Track gauge | 1,040 mm (3 ft 5 in) |
| Maximum incline | 62% |


title: The Mayor (TV series)

abstract: The Mayor is an American television sitcom created by Jeremy Bronson. The series was produced by ABC Studios, with Bronson serving as showrunner. It aired on ABC from October 3 to December 12, 2017. The series stars Brandon Micheal Hall as Courtney Rose, an aspiring rapper who unwittingly becomes the mayor of his hometown after running to gain publicity for his music. Lea Michele and Yvette Nicole Brown also star, with newcomers Bernard David Jones and Marcel Spears. The pilot was ordered to series by ABC on May 11, 2017. Despite receiving positive reviews from critics, ABC cancelled the series after just one season on January 4, 2018, citing dwindling DVR viewership and "political fatigue" among audiences. The remaining episodes were made available on a weekly basis on Hulu and then on ABC.com starting January 25, 2018.

text:
# The Mayor (TV series)

***The Mayor*** is an American television sitcom created by Jeremy Bronson. The series was produced by ABC Studios, with Bronson serving as showrunner. It aired on ABC from October 3 to December 12, 2017. The series stars Brandon Micheal Hall as Courtney Rose, an aspiring rapper who unwittingly becomes the mayor of his hometown after running to gain publicity for his music. Lea Michele and Yvette Nicole Brown also star, with newcomers Bernard David Jones and Marcel Spears. The pilot was ordered to series by ABC on May 11, 2017.

Despite receiving positive reviews from critics, ABC cancelled the series after just one season on January 4, 2018, citing dwindling DVR viewership and "political fatigue" among audiences. The remaining episodes were made available on a weekly basis on Hulu and then on ABC.com starting January 25, 2018.

## Premise

Courtney Rose, a struggling hip-hop artist, runs for mayor of his California hometown, Fort Grey, in order to promote his music career. The real troubles begin when, unexpectedly, he wins the election.

## Cast and characters

### Main

* Brandon Micheal Hall as Courtney Rose: An aspiring rapper and the new mayor of Fort Grey, California.
* Lea Michele as Valentina "Val" Barella: Courtney's former classmate and current chief of staff. During the mayoral race, Val campaigned for Courtney's opponent, Ed Gunt.
* Bernard David Jones as Jermaine Leforge: Courtney's best friend and Fort Grey's communications director.
* Marcel Spears as T.K. Clifton: Courtney's best friend and Fort Grey's director of constituent services.
* Yvette Nicole Brown as Dina Rose: Courtney's mother, a postal worker who reads people's mail.

### Recurring

### Guest

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | US viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Pilot" | James Griffiths | Jeremy Bronson | October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03) | 101 | 4.08 |
| Fledgling rapper Courtney Rose debates against Councilman Ed Gunt, who claims to want to renovate the City Commons by 2020, as the area has been treated as a dump for a long time. A week later, Courtney is revealed to have won the mayoral election with 52% of the votes. Now the mayor, Courtney, with help from his friends and the community, renovates the City Commons via a block party. While at the party, Courtney has a choice to make: either fulfill his role as mayor and stay at the party or go to a club to perform alongside his favorite rapper. | | | | | | |
| 2 | "The Filibuster" | James Griffiths | Vijal Patel | October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) | 103 | 3.44 |
| Courtney visits Fort Grey Elementary School, his alma mater, and promises new instruments for its music program, but the City Council rejects the proposal. Val works with fiscal analyst Vern Corker to find money for the school while Courtney buys time with a filibuster. Meanwhile, Dina helps T.K. comes to grips with his new role as director of constituent services. | | | | | | |
| 3 | "Buyer's Remorse" | John Fortenberry | Jeremy Bronson | October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17) | 102 | 2.96 |
| 4 | "City Hall-oween" | James Griffiths | Regina Hicks | October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24) | 104 | 2.95 |
| 5 | "The Strike" | Tina Mabry | Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson | October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) | 105 | 2.38 |
| 6 | "Will You Accept this Rose?" | James Griffiths | Emily Halpern & Sarah Haskins | November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07) | 106 | 2.62 |
| 7 | "Here Comes the Governor" | Tristram Shapeero | Monica Padrick | November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14) | 107 | 2.45 |
| 8 | "Monuments Man" | James Griffiths | Vijal Patel | December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05) | 110 | 2.74 |
| 9 | "Grey Christmas" | Kevin Bray | Emily Halpern & Sarah Haskins | December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12) | 109 | 2.81 |
| 10 | "Mama Rose Best" | Anya Adams | Jared Miller | January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09) (Hulu) | 108 | N/A |
| 11 | "Lockdown" | Jay Chandrasekhar | Sabrina Jalees | January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16) (Hulu) | 111 | N/A |
| 12 | "The Pitch" | Tristram Shapeero | Amanda Idoko | January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23) (Hulu) | 112 | N/A |
| 13 | "Death of a Councilman" | Bill Purple | Mnelik Belilgne | January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25) (Hulu) | 113 | N/A |

## Production

### Development

*The Mayor* was pitched to the ABC network in the summer of 2016, and it has drawn some comparisons to the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election as well as Donald Trump's presidential campaign and victory. The series' creator, Jeremy Bronson, has stated the show is not meant to be a parody or satire, but he has admitted that the pilot episode drew some inspiration from President Trump.

### Casting

On January 26, 2017, Brandon Micheal Hall was cast as Courtney Rose. Lea Michele was cast as Valentina Barella on February 23, 2017. On March 16, 2017, Yvette Nicole Brown was cast as Dina Rose. Marcel Spears was cast as T.K. Clifton on May 16, 2017. On July 27, 2017, Bernard David Jones was cast as Jermaine Leforge.

### Music

In addition to serving as an executive producer, Daveed Diggs wrote original music for the series.

## Reception

### Ratings

Viewership and ratings per episode of *The Mayor*
| No. | Title | Air date | Rating/share
(18–49) | Viewers
(millions) | DVR
(18–49) | DVR viewers
(millions) | Total
(18–49) | Total viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Pilot" | October 3, 2017 | 1.2/5 | 4.08 | 0.4 | 1.23 | 1.6 | 5.32 |
| 2 | "The Filibuster" | October 10, 2017 | 1.0/4 | 3.44 | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| 3 | "Buyer's Remorse" | October 17, 2017 | 0.8/3 | 2.96 | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| 4 | "City Hall-oween" | October 24, 2017 | 0.8/3 | 2.95 | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| 5 | "The Strike" | October 31, 2017 | 0.7/3 | 2.38 | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| 6 | "Will You Accept This Rose?" | November 7, 2017 | 0.7/3 | 2.62 | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| 7 | "Here Comes the Governor" | November 14, 2017 | 0.7/3 | 2.45 | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| 8 | "Monuments Man" | December 5, 2017 | 0.7/3 | 2.74 | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| 9 | "Grey Christmas" | December 12, 2017 | 0.8/3 | 2.81 | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD |

### Critical response

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 81% based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 7.66/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "*The Mayor* gets off to a promising start in its first season, elevated by a charmingly hopeful tone and political humor that reaches amiably across the aisle." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

## InfoBox

| *The Mayor* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Created by | Jeremy Bronson |
| Starring |  |
| Composers |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producers | * Kris Eber * Scott Printz |
| Camera setup | Single-camera |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Production companies | * Jeremy Bronson Productions * Fee-Fi-Fo Films * FanFare Productions * ABC Studios |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC |
| Release | October 3 (2017-10-03)
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12) |


title: The Mayor of 44th Street

abstract: The Mayor of 44th Street is a 1942 film directed by Alfred E. Green. It stars George Murphy and Anne Shirley. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1943.

text:
# The Mayor of 44th Street

***The Mayor of 44th Street*** is a 1942 film directed by Alfred E. Green. It stars George Murphy and Anne Shirley. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1943.

## Plot

George Murphy is a reformed crook who has made a success as a booking agent for big bands at supper clubs. Richard Barthelmess is his ex-partner who is up for parole and needs the promise of a job to get out of prison. George volunteers to help out and offers him a place at his agency.

Before long, Richard has returned to his old ways and is pushing “ protection “ to the bands they represent. When Murphy finds out, he immediately cans the crook.

A spree of violence ensues as the criminal gang ups the ante. Barthelmess turns up the pressure on Murphy and torches his best club. Murphy gets a gun and goes to settle the score but he’s outsmarted. Murphy is being beaten by Barthelmess’ gang when a crowd of ordinary citizens arrive and save the day.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Mayor of 44th Street | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Alfred E. Green |
| Written by | Robert Hardy Andrews |
| Screenplay by | Lewis R. Foster
Frank Ryan |
| Based on | *The Mayor of 44th Street*
1940 story in *Collier's*
by John Cleveland and Luther Davis |
| Produced by | Cliff Reid |
| Starring | George Murphy |
| Cinematography | Robert De Grasse |
| Edited by | Irene Morra |
| Music by | C. Bakaleinikoff |
| Distributed by | RKO Pictures |
| Release date | * May 15, 1942 (1942-05-15) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 86 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: The Lexicon of Comicana

abstract: The Lexicon of Comicana is a 1980 book by the American cartoonist Mort Walker. It was intended as a tongue-in-cheek look at the devices used by comics cartoonists. In it, Walker invented an international set of symbols called symbolia after researching cartoons around the world. In 1964, Walker had written an article called "Let's Get Down to Grawlixes", a satirical piece for the National Cartoonists Society. He used terms such as grawlixes for his own amusement, but they soon began to catch on and acquired an unexpected validity. The Lexicon was written in response to this. The names he invented for them sometimes appear in dictionaries, and serve as convenient terminology occasionally used by cartoonists and critics. A 2001 gallery showing of comic- and street-influenced art in San Francisco, for example, was called "Plewds! Squeans! and Spurls!"

text:
# The Lexicon of Comicana

***The Lexicon of Comicana*** is a 1980 book by the American cartoonist Mort Walker. It was intended as a tongue-in-cheek look at the devices used by comics cartoonists. In it, Walker invented an international set of symbols called *symbolia* after researching cartoons around the world (described by the term *comicana*). In 1964, Walker had written an article called "Let's Get Down to Grawlixes", a satirical piece for the National Cartoonists Society. He used terms such as *grawlixes* for his own amusement, but they soon began to catch on and acquired an unexpected validity. The *Lexicon* was written in response to this.

The names he invented for them sometimes appear in dictionaries, and serve as convenient terminology occasionally used by cartoonists and critics. A 2001 gallery showing of comic- and street-influenced art in San Francisco, for example, was called "*Plewds! Squeans! and Spurls!*"

## Examples

* ***Agitrons***: wiggly lines around a shaking object or character.
* ***Blurgits, swalloops***: curved lines preceding or trailing after a character's moving limbs.
* ***Briffits*** (💨): clouds of dust that hang in the wake of a swiftly departing character or object.
* ***Dites, hites and vites***: straight lines drawn across flat, clear and reflective surfaces, such as windows and mirrors. The first letter indicates direction: diagonal, horizontal and vertical respectively. Hites may also be used trailing after something moving with great speed.
* ***Emanata***: lines drawn around the head to indicate shock or surprise
* ***Grawlixes*** (#, $, \*, @): typographical symbols standing in for profanities, appearing in dialogue balloons in place of actual dialogue.
* ***Indotherm*** (♨): wavy, rising lines used to represent steam or heat.
* ***Lucaflect***: a shiny spot on a surface of something, depicted as a four-paned window shape.
* ***Plewds*** (💦): flying sweat droplets that appear around a character's head when working hard, stressed, etc.
* ***Quimps*** (🪐): A special example of the grawlix, a symbol resembling the planet Saturn.
* ***Solrads***: radiating lines drawn from something luminous like a lightbulb or the sun.
* ***Squeans*** (💫): little starbursts or circles that signify intoxication, dizziness, or sickness.

Additional symbolia terms include **whiteope**, **sphericasia**, **that-a-tron**, **spurls**, **oculama**, **crottles**, **maledicta balloons**, **farkles**, **doozex**, **staggeratron**, **boozex**, **digitrons**, **nittles**, **waftaroms**, and **jarns**.

Comics scholar Maggie Thompson has noted that these symbols were originally described and named by Charles D. Rice in the 1950s; Thompson further observed that, although Walker did cite his sources ("Charlie Rice of *This Week* magazine") in his 1975 book *Backstage at the Strips*, "many \[including Thompson herself\] (...) assumed \[that this\] was \[Walker's\] joke about an imaginary scholarly attribution."

## Bibliography

* Steve Edgell, Tim Pilcher, Brad Brooks, *The Complete Cartooning Course: Principles, Practices, Techniques* (London: Barron's, 2001), pp. 50–51, ISBN 978-0764113185

* Media related to Grawlixes at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

The Lexicon of Comicana
| Front cover art | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Mort Walker |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Reference |
| Publisher | iUniverse (2000) |
| Publication date | 1980, 2000 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 108 |
| ISBN | 0-595-08902-X |


title: Marianne Thamm

abstract: Marianne Thamm is a South African journalist, author and stand-up comedian. She is the assistant editor of the Daily Maverick and has written several books. In 2016, she released the memoir, Hitler, Verwoerd, Mandela and me.

text:
# Marianne Thamm

**Marianne Thamm** (born 12 March 1961) is a South African journalist, author and stand-up comedian. She is the assistant editor of the *Daily Maverick* and has written several books. In 2016, she released the memoir, *Hitler, Verwoerd, Mandela and me*.

## Background

Thamm was born in England where her German father had been a prisoner of war and met Thamm's mother, a Portuguese domestic worker. Thamm describes herself as a “half-Portuguese, half-German, recovering Roman Catholic atheist lesbian immigrant”. She lives in Cape Town with her partner and two daughters.

## Selected works

List of selected works by Marianne Thamm.

* It's Me, Anna (Translator)
* I Have Life: Raped, Stabbed & Left for Dead
* The Lost Boys of Bird Island: A shocking exposé from within the heart of the NP government (Foreword)
* De ondraaglijke blankheid van het bestaan. Een bewogen leven in het land van Mandela
* To Catch a Cop: The Paul O'Sullivan Story
* Here I Am (with P.J. Powers)
* Shooting the moon: A hostage story
* The Last Right: Craig Schonegevel’s Struggle to Live and Die with Dignity
* The How to Be a South African Handbook: An Irreverant Cultural Guide for Tourists and Confused Locals
* Trotzdem weiterleben - Eine junge Frau bewältigt die schlimmste Erfahrung ihres Lebens
* Fairlady Collection
* Mental Floss

## InfoBox

| Marianne Thamm | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1961-03-12) 12 March 1961<br>United Kingdom |
| Nationality | South African |
| Education | Technikon Pretoria |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, broadcaster, author, stand-up comedian |
| Employer | *Daily Maverick* |


title: Marianne Thomann-Stahl

abstract: Marianne Thomann-Stahl is a German politician (FDP). She was Regierungspräsidentin of the Regierungsbezirk Detmold from 2005 to 2019 and briefly in 2022.

text:
# Marianne Thomann-Stahl

**Marianne Thomann-Stahl** (born March 23, 1954, in Oberkochen) is a German politician (FDP). She was Regierungspräsidentin of the Regierungsbezirk Detmold from 2005 to 2019 and briefly in 2022.

## Education and profession

After Volksschule, Thomann-Stahl completed her Abitur at a Gymnasium in 1973 and then studied Economics in Freiburg im Breisgau until 1978. Economics, graduating with a degree in Diplom economics. From 1978 to 1980, she was Managing Director (Germany) and Federal Chairwoman of the international student organization AIESEC. From 1980, she worked as an assistant to the board of Nixdorf Computer AG and subsequently in leading positions in industry until 1996.

## Politics

Marianne Thomann-Stahl has been a member of the FDP since 1973 and has been active within the party, including as chairwoman of the working group "Future Financing of Infrastructure" in the Federal Committee "Transport" and as chairwoman of the State Committee "Urban Development, Housing, State Planning and Transport".

From May 30, 1985, to May 31, 1995, and again from June 2, 2000, to July 27, 2005, Thomann-Stahl was a member of the Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen. She was elected to the state parliament via the state list of the FDP and initially served as transport and social policy spokesperson, from 1990 to 1995 as deputy chairwoman of the FDP state parliamentary group and from 2000 to 2005 as its parliamentary manager.

After Thomann-Stahl was appointed parliamentary manager by the Minister of the Interior on 22 July 2005, she was elected to the state parliament. After Thomann-Stahl was appointed Minister of the Interior of the newly formed CDU/FDP State Government on July 22, 2005, she resigned her seat in the state parliament on July 27, 2005.

On December 2, 2019, she retired from her post as District President of the Detmold District. Judith Pirscher was appointed as her successor.

In March 2022, she was asked by the FDP to fill the post again due to the crises in Europe. Her successor, Judith Pirscher, had moved to Berlin as State Secretary, leaving the post of District President vacant for two months. She took over the duties of District President on a salaried basis. She left this office again at the end of August 2022. She was succeeded by Anna Bölling.

## Other

Marianne Thomann-Stahl is married and has two children. In 1994 and 2004, she took part in the 10th and 12th Federal Assembly for the election of the Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany on the proposal of the FDP parliamentary group in the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia.

1. "Bezirksregierung Detmold - Amtsübergabe bei der Bezirksregierung Detmold". Archived from the original on 2019-12-07. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
2. Mindener Tageblatt: Erfahrung in fundamentaler Krise: Es Regierungspräsidentin kehrt auf ihren Posten zurück, retrieved 9 March 2021.
3. Marco Feldmann (2022-03-16). "Neue (alte) Detmolder Regierungspräsidentin". Behörden Spiegel. Retrieved 2022-03-16.


title: Marian Chertow

abstract: Marian Ruth Chertow is an American academic specializing in environmental management.

text:
# Marian Chertow

**Marian Ruth Chertow** is an American academic specializing in environmental management.

## Biography

She holds a B.A. from Barnard College (1978), a M.P.P.M. from Yale University, and a Ph.D. from Yale University with thesis titled *Accelerating commercialization of environmental technology in the United States: Theory and case studies*.

Chertow is a full professor of industrial environmental management, director of the program on solid waste policy, and director of the Center for Industrial Ecology Yale School of the Environment. She has appointments as visiting professor at the National University of Singapore and Nankai University in Tianjin, China. Her current research addresses industrial ecology, business/environment issues, waste management, and environmental technology innovation.

She is a pioneer in the area of industrial symbiosis, a sub-field of Industrial ecology that is focused on the shared management of resources by companies in relative geographic proximity. She convened the first international research symposium on industrial symbiosis in 2004. This meeting brings researchers and practitioners together to discuss current practices and future trends in the field, and is held annually in different parts of the world. Chertow also serves on the managing board of the Journal of Industrial Ecology., the editorial board of *BioCycle* magazine, the board of the Eco-Industrial Development Council, as well as on the advisory board of the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund. Her work has been mentioned in the press to explain how concepts and scholarship related to industrial ecology and industrial symbiosis is useful to businesses all over the globe.

In 2014, she was honored by the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame for her longtime commitment to environmental innovation.

Early in her career Chertow worked for Peter Karter at Resource Recovery Systems. Chertow has worked in environmental management for the cities of San Francisco and Windsor, Connecticut, and for the state of Connecticut serving as president of the Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority.

## Books

* *Developing Industrial Ecosystems: Approaches, Cases and Tools,* edited volume with M. Portlock for Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Bulletin Series, No. 106, February 2002.
* *Thinking Ecologically: The Next Generation of Environmental Policy,* edited with Daniel C. Esty, Yale University Press, 1997; Chinese translation 2004.
* *The Ecology of Recycling*; UN Chronicle, September 2009


title: The Midnight Club

abstract: The Midnight Club is an American horror mystery-thriller television series created by Mike Flanagan and Leah Fong, with Flanagan serving as showrunner, lead writer and executive producer. The series is set in a hospice and follows eight terminally ill young adults who form "the Midnight Club", meeting up each night to tell each other scary tales; it features an overarching story while also frequently depicting those tales on-screen. Although mostly based on the 1994 novel The Midnight Club by Christopher Pike, the series also adapts short stories from 27 other Pike books featured in the "Midnight Club" tales themselves. The series stars Iman Benson, Adia, Igby Rigney, Ruth Codd, Aya Furukawa, Annarah Shephard, William Chris Sumpter, and Sauriyan Sapkota as the eight Midnight Club members, alongside Heather Langenkamp, Zach Gilford, Matt Biedel, and Samantha Sloyan as older adults working at or living near the hospice; in addition to their main characters, cast members also portray the ones featured in the "Midnight Club" tales. The Midnight Club premiered on Netflix on October 7, 2022. Unlike all three of Flanagan's previous series, it is not a miniseries, and was intended as a limited-run series meant to run for two seasons. However, in December 2022, the series was canceled after one season. Flanagan soon followed it up with a post on Tumblr in which he outlined plans for the second season and tied up the loose ends.

text:
# The Midnight Club

***The Midnight Club*** is an American horror mystery-thriller television series created by Mike Flanagan and Leah Fong, with Flanagan serving as showrunner, lead writer and executive producer. The series is set in a hospice and follows eight terminally ill young adults who form "the Midnight Club", meeting up each night to tell each other scary tales; it features an overarching story while also frequently depicting those tales on-screen. Although mostly based on the 1994 novel *The Midnight Club* by Christopher Pike, the series also adapts short stories from 27 other Pike books featured in the "Midnight Club" tales themselves.

The series stars Iman Benson, Adia, Igby Rigney, Ruth Codd, Aya Furukawa, Annarah Shephard, William Chris Sumpter, and Sauriyan Sapkota as the eight Midnight Club members, alongside Heather Langenkamp, Zach Gilford, Matt Biedel, and Samantha Sloyan as older adults working at or living near the hospice; in addition to their main characters, cast members also portray the ones featured in the "Midnight Club" tales.

*The Midnight Club* premiered on Netflix on October 7, 2022. Unlike all three of Flanagan's previous series, it is not a miniseries, and was intended as a limited-run series meant to run for two seasons. However, in December 2022, the series was canceled after one season. Flanagan soon followed it up with a post on Tumblr in which he outlined plans for the second season and tied up the loose ends.

## Overview

A group of eight close terminally ill young adults resides in the Brightcliffe Home hospice outside of Seattle run by an enigmatic doctor. They meet at midnight every night to tell each other scary stories. They have a pact that the first one to succumb to their disease is responsible for communicating with the others from beyond the grave.

## Cast

### Main

* Iman Benson as Ilonka, a teenager with thyroid cancer who enrolls at Brightcliffe Hospice in the hopes of finding an unconventional cure
* Igby Rigney as Kevin, a member of the Midnight Club who has terminal leukemia
* Ruth Codd as Anya, Ilonka's roommate with an Irish accent and member of the Midnight Club. She has a right lower leg amputation as a result of bone cancer and uses a wheelchair for mobility.
* Annarah Cymone as Sandra, a member of the Midnight Club who has terminal lymphoma and is a devoted Christian
* Chris Sumpter as Spencer, a member of the Midnight Club who has AIDS
* Adia as Cheri, a member of the Midnight Club who has wealthy parents and is a pathological liar
* Aya Furukawa as Natsuki, a member of the Midnight Club who has depression and terminal ovarian cancer
* Sauriyan Sapkota as Amesh, a member of the Midnight Club who has glioblastoma and is the second newest arrival at Brightcliffe
* Matt Biedel as Tim, Ilonka's foster father
* Samantha Sloyan as Shasta, a woman who lives in a commune close to Brightcliffe Hospice
* Zach Gilford as Mark, a Nurse Practitioner at Brightcliffe Hospice
* Heather Langenkamp as Dr. Georgina Stanton, the enigmatic doctor who runs Brightcliffe Hospice

### Recurring

* Emilija Baranac as Katherine, Kevin's girlfriend
* Daniel Diemer as Rhett, Anya's former friend
* Katie Parker as Aceso, founder of Paragon
* Larsen Thompson as Julia Jayne, a former patient at Brightcliffe Hospice
* Robert Longstreet as Janitor at Brightcliffe Hospice
* William B. Davis as Mirror Man, a ghostly figure in Ilonka's visions
* Patricia Drake as a ghostly figure in Ilonka's visions
* Crystal Balint as Maggie, Ilonka's late foster mother
* Jenaya Ross as Tristan, bed-ridden Brightcliffe Hospice resident
* Henry Thomas as Freedom Jack, a character in Natsuki's Midnight Club story
* Alex Essoe as Poppy Corn, a character in Natsuki's Midnight Club story
* Rahul Kohli as Vincent, a character in Amesh's Midnight Club story
* Michael Trucco as Frederick, a character in Amesh's Midnight Club story

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "The Final Chapter" | Mike Flanagan | Mike Flanagan and Leah Fong | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| In the mid-1990s, teenager Ilonka has terminal thyroid cancer, angering her as she had a good chance at college and was salutatorian. Following visions she's been having, Ilonka decides to go to Brightcliffe Hospice Care for Teenagers, where decades prior a teenager named Julia Jayne was supposedly cured of thyroid cancer. At Brightcliffe, Ilonka gets to know the teenagers already there; she bonds with Kevin, who has leukemia, but has trouble with her roommate, Anya. On the first night close to midnight, Ilonka follows Anya to the library, where the teens have gathered for a secret meeting of "the Midnight Club". In this club, they share scary stories and agree to a pact that whoever dies first, will try to come back to tell the others if there is an afterlife. As part of her initiation to the club, Ilonka tells a semi-fictionalized story about Julia Jayne. | | | | | |
| 2 | "The Two Danas" | Mike Flanagan | Leah Fong & Julia Bicknell and Mike Flanagan | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| Ilonka tries to investigate Julia and Brightcliffe's past as the headquarters of a cult named "Paragon", but Dr. Stanton, who runs Brightcliffe, claims ignorance of both topics. Ilonka explores the woods around Brightcliffe and meets Shasta, a woman who lives nearby and believes in the land's healing properties. Anya sees a shadow with red eyes watching her. For Midnight Club, Anya tells a story about a ballerina who made a deal with the devil. Ilonka breaks into Dr. Stanton's office with Kevin's help and steals Julia's case file. Afterward, Ilonka has a vivid vision where she sees Brightcliffe as it was in the past and a ghostly old woman. | | | | | |
| 3 | "The Wicked Heart" | Michael Fimognari | Elan Gale and Mike Flanagan | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| Ilonka reads Julia's case file and finds drawings with a symbol and the number "292.13". Ilonka tells Kevin about the visions and whispering voices she's heard her entire life that are now telling her to look into Julia, but he doesn't take her seriously, since all of them have medication-induced hallucinations. Tristan, one of the Brightcliffe patients, dies. Afterward, Natsuki thinks she sees Tristan in her room and tells the other Midnight Club members, but they decide it's not enough to be evidence of the fulfillment of their pact. Kevin tells the club a story about a teenage boy who is a serial killer. The story triggers Ilonka's memory, and she and Kevin follow Julia's symbol to a secret floor beneath the basement, where Ilonka sees a ghostly figure. | | | | | |
| 4 | "Gimme a Kiss" | Michael Fimognari | Jamie Flanagan and Mike Flanagan | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| Ilonka and Kevin bring the rest of the Midnight Club to the secret floor. They find records of the original Midnight Club, which was founded by Julia in 1969, as well as evidence of cultists. Ilonka meets Shasta again. Sandra, who is religious, and Spencer, who has AIDS, get into an argument but reconcile after Sandra apologizes through a detective noir story she tells at Midnight Club. Spencer hears a voice calling to him through the intercom at Tristan's old room. Kevin goes to his girlfriend Katherine's senior prom. Ilonka realizes that "292.13" refers to the Dewey Decimal System, and uses it to search the Brightcliffe library for a book with the symbol on it. Anya sees the shadow again and collapses. | | | | | |
| 5 | "See You Later" | Emmanuel Osei-Kuffour Jr. | Julia Bicknell and Mike Flanagan | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| Ilonka gives Anya CPR, reviving her. Ilonka reads the book, which is a diary written by Athena, a survivor of Paragon. Paragon, a health cult founded by Athena's mother Aceso in 1931, practiced five-goddess worship and blood sacrifice, and culminated in a group murder-suicide orchestrated to extend Aceso's lifespan. Ilonka thinks that Julia read Athena's diary and found a way to cure her cancer. Ilonka has another vision of old Brightcliffe and follows the old woman through the halls into the library, where she bumps into Kevin. At Midnight Club, Spencer tells everyone about the intercom voice, and Amesh tells a story about a gamer who's invited to play a seemingly unwinnable war game. Anya confesses to Ilonka that she's scared of the shadow, which makes Ilonka more determined to find a cure. | | | | | |
| 6 | "Witch" | Axelle Carolyn | Chinaka Hodge and Mike Flanagan | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| At Midnight Club, Kevin continues his story about the teenage serial killer, and Ilonka tells a story about a modern-day witch who tries to use magic to help her friends. Anya collapses again, but Ilonka refuses to accept her fate peacefully. Ilonka meets Shasta in the woods; Shasta reveals that she knows about the five-goddess worship and that the religion is much older than Paragon. Ilonka asks the Midnight Club to do a ritual following Shasta's instructions, and all of them participate. | | | | | |
| 7 | "Anya" | Axelle Carolyn | Jamie Flanagan | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| Dr. Stanton catches the club. The ritual was completed but Anya is in a coma, where she dreams that she healed and returned to society, but her life is empty and she outlived her friends. She realizes she's dreaming when she recognizes the dream as an amalgamation of the Midnight Club's stories. Anya can hear her friends' voices, and they tell her a story where all of them got better and lived out long lives together. Anya dies in her sleep. Shasta tells Ilonka that the ritual doesn't work every time. Dr. Stanton burns Athena's journal and debates whether to shut down the Midnight Club, which she has known about all along. Ilonka hears Dr. Stanton tell someone on the phone that one of her patients might not be terminal. Ilonka sees a ghostly old woman and man in her room, and the woman declares that she's "hungry". | | | | | |
| 8 | "Road to Nowhere" | Viet Nguyen | Julia Bicknell and Mike Flanagan | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| Ilonka confronts Dr. Stanton about what she overheard. Dr. Stanton swears her to secrecy, but Ilonka tells Kevin. Ilonka believes she's the one who's been cured by the ritual and tells Shasta, who invites her to join her commune. Spencer visits his mother to get closure on her disowning him for his sexuality. Midnight Club is canceled because Dr. Stanton locked the library. Natsuki, who is dating Amesh, tells him her planned Midnight Club story about a girl who gives a ride to a pair of hitchhikers. Ilonka goes to the building's secret floor where she sees the old woman; when Ilonka touches the old woman, the vision transforms into Kevin. | | | | | |
| 9 | "The Eternal Enemy" | Viet Nguyen | Elan Gale and Mike Flanagan | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| Sandra is the one whose cancer has regressed, and Dr. Stanton tells her that her terminal diagnosis was an error. Kevin tells Ilonka that he's been sleepwalking to the secret floor ever since they found it and that he's been seeing the same visions and figures as her. They tell the other Midnight Club members but are met with skepticism, especially when Sandra confesses that she was the one who spoke to Spencer through Tristan's intercom. Disillusioned, Ilonka goes to Shasta, who reveals that she is Julia Jayne. At Midnight Club, Spencer tells a story about a college student whose VCR records news from the future. Ilonka sneaks Shasta and other female commune members into the building to do the ritual to heal Ilonka, but Ilonka is suspicious when the ritual is different from the one Shasta taught her. Dr. Stanton interrupts the ritual before it can be completed. | | | | | |
| 10 | "Midnight" | Morgan Beggs | Mike Flanagan and Leah Fong | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |
| Dr. Stanton interrupts the ritual, saving Ilonka and the other women's lives, but Shasta escapes. Shasta tried to use Ilonka for a murder-suicide ritual that would have theoretically extended Shasta's own lifespan. In the past, Shasta/Julia's cancer regressed, but Shasta attributed it to magic instead of luck and is trying to do the ritual again because cancer returned. Sandra goes home after goodbyes to her friends. Amesh starts seeing the shadow following him. Spencer's mother visits him on Family Day. Kevin breaks up with his girlfriend to pursue a relationship with Ilonka. Ilonka discovers that Anya's broken ballerina statue became whole again; she reports this to the Midnight Club, who take this as a sign from Anya. Kevin finishes his story about the teenage serial killer, and Ilonka finishes her story about the witch, with the rest of the Club helping her tell the ending. The old man and woman Ilonka and Kevin have been seeing turn out to be the original founders of the Brightcliffe building, and Stanton has a tattoo of the five-goddess cult. | | | | | |

## Production

### Development

In May 2020, it was announced an adaptation of Christopher Pike's young adult novel *The Midnight Club* would be created for Netflix by Mike Flanagan and Leah Fong. In an interview for IGN, Flanagan revealed that he was profoundly inspired by Nickelodeon's horror anthology series *Are You Afraid of the Dark?* On the series' release in October 2022, Flanagan confirmed that the series would also adapt all "28 books" of Pike's, having pitched the series as "'*The Midnight Club*' — but the stories the kids tell \[each other\] will be other Christopher Pike books", planning for multiple seasons. On December 1, 2022, Netflix canceled the series after one season. Following its cancellation, Flanagan revealed what was planned for later seasons on his Tumblr, including the ultimate fates of the various characters and answers to the show's lingering mysteries.

### Casting

Flanagan confirmed the cast in a series of tweets on Twitter: Adia, Igby Rigney, Ruth Codd, Aya Furukawa, Annarah Shephard, William Chris Sumpter, Sauriyan Sapkota as the titular cast, and Heather Langenkamp as the doctor presiding over the hospice of the terminally ill. Zach Gilford and Matt Biedel, and recurring Flanagan collaborators Samantha Sloyan and Robert Longstreet appear in recurring roles. In April 2021, Iman Benson, Larsen Thompson, William B. Davis, Crystal Balint, and Patricia Drak joined the cast.

### Filming

The project began production on March 15, 2021, in Burnaby, British Columbia, and was planned to conclude on September 8, 2021, but actually finished production on September 10. The first two episodes of the series are directed by Flanagan, and other episodes in the season were helmed by directors Axelle Carolyn, Emmanuel Osei-Kuffour, Michael Fimognari, Morgan Beggs, and Viet Nguyen.

## Release

*The Midnight Club* was released on Netflix on October 7, 2022.

## Reception

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 87% approval rating with an average rating of 7.4/10, based on 54 critic reviews. The website's critics' consensus reads, "Mike Flanagan's hot streak of heartfelt horror stories continues strong in *The Midnight Club*, a tale of terminal teenagers told with jolts and joie de vivre." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 64 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The first episode of the series broke the Guinness World Record for the most scripted jump-scares in a single episode of television at 21 jump-scares.

Between October 2 and October 23, 2022, *The Midnight Club* recorded 90.31 million hours viewed in the Netflix top 10s.

## InfoBox

| *The Midnight Club* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre |  |
| Created by |  |
| Based on | *The Midnight Club*<br>and other works of Christopher Pike |
| Starring |  |
| Composer | The Newton Brothers |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Running time | 49–58 minutes |
| Production company | Intrepid Pictures |
| Original release | |
| Network | Netflix |
| Release | October 7, 2022 (2022-10-07) |


title: Inishmurray

abstract: Inishmurray is an uninhabited island situated 7 km (4 mi) off the coast of County Sligo, Ireland.

text:
# Inishmurray

**Inishmurray** (Irish: *Inis Muireadheach*, meaning 'Muireadheach's island' or Irish: *Inis Muirígh*) is an uninhabited island situated 7 km (4 mi) off the coast of County Sligo, Ireland.

## Geography

The island covers .9 square kilometres (0.3 sq mi).

## Etymology

Inishmurray may be named after the early saint, Muiredach mac Echdach (fl. early 6th century) of Killala.

## History

There are remains of an early Irish monastic settlement. Laisrén (Saint Molaise) Mac Decláin reputedly founded a monastery here in the 6th century. He was confessor of Saint Columba (Colmcille) after the Battle of Cúl Dreimhne on the mainland nearby. His feast day is 12 August.

The island's ecclesiastical settlement was attacked in 795 and again in 807 by the Vikings, and eventually the monks abandoned the island and it remained uninhabited until the first secular settlement, probably in the 12th century.

### Monastery

The enclosure wall is impressive - reaching 4.5 metres (15 ft) in height at its highest point and up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) thick. The site contains various ecclesiastical buildings including enclosures, a stone-roofed oratory, two churches, a clochán, a large beehive-shaped cell, a holy well and other remains including cross slabs suggesting foreign influences. The whole complex is composed of what is probably local sandstone rubble.

### Recent history

The local population peaked at just over 100 in the 1880s but the last residents moved out to the mainland on 12 November 1948. Some of the buildings are still visible including 15 houses and the island's school. The site remained a pilgrimage destination right up to recent times. In 2018, the Marine Survey Office of the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport caused controversy when it banned commercial operators from landing visitors on the island, due "to concerns for safety during embarking and disembarking".

## Literature

* Jerry O'Sullivan and Tomas O Carragain: "Inishmurray: Monks and Pilgrims in an Atlantic Landscape", Collins, Cork, 2008, ISBN 9781905172474 (v. 1)
* Joe McGowan: *Inishmurray: Island Voices*, Aeolus Publications, 2004, ISBN 0-9521334-3-1.
* John Haywood: *The Historical Atlas of the Celtic World*, Thames & Hudson, 2009, ISBN 978-0-500-28831-3.
* H.Th. De Booy: *Het spook van Inish Murray* (Ghost at Inishmurray - fiction). Deltos Elsevier, Amsterdam/Brussel 1971, ISBN 978-9-010-05509-5.

Media related to Inishmurray at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Inishmurray
| Early Medieval Ecclesiastical Site | |
| --- | --- |
| Inishmurray | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Atlantic Ocean |
| Coordinates | 54°26′N 8°40′W / 54.433°N 8.667°W / 54.433; -8.667 |
| Area | 0.9 km2 (0.35 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Ireland** | |
| Province | Connacht |
| County | Sligo |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 (2011) |


title: The Adventures of Lariat Sam

abstract: The Adventures of Lariat Sam is an American animated television series that ran 59 episodes Saturday mornings on CBS which was a serialized cartoon from Captain Kangaroo in 1962.

text:
# The Adventures of Lariat Sam

***The Adventures of Lariat Sam*** is an American animated television series that ran 59 episodes Saturday mornings on CBS which was a serialized cartoon from Captain Kangaroo in 1962.

1. Marill, Alvin H. (2011-06-01). *Television Westerns: Six Decades of Sagebrush Sheriffs, Scalawags, and Sidewinders*. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8133-4.
2. LoBrutto, Vincent (2018-01-04). *TV in the USA: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas \[3 volumes\]*. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-4408-2973-4.
3. "The Adventures of Lariat Sam (1962) |". *cartoonresearch.com*. Retrieved 2024-06-06.

## InfoBox

| *The Adventures of Lariat Sam* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Western |
| Starring | Dayton Allen |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Production | |
| Running time | 5 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | CBS |


title: Ol' School

abstract: Ol' School is a live album by Ohio Players. It was recorded on 2 December 1995 at the Fox Theater, Atlanta, Georgia.

text:
# Ol' School

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Ol' School*** is a live album by Ohio Players. It was recorded on 2 December 1995 at the Fox Theater, Atlanta, Georgia.

## Track listing

1. "Skin Tight" – 6:16
2. "Ol' School" – 3:53
3. "Pain" – 1:39
4. "Heaven Must Be Like This" – 4:29
5. "Sweet Sticky Thing" – 6:03
6. "Thank You" – 1:05
7. "I Wanna Be Free" – 5:59
8. "Love Rollercoaster" – 6:41
9. "Fire" – 11:11
10. "Megamix" – 4:07

## Personnel

* Eric Alexander – trombone
* Mike Barry – trumpet
* Leroy "Sugarfoot" Bonner – guitar, vocals, producer
* Darwin Dortch – bass guitar, vocals
* Laurence Etkin – trumpet
* Bob Funk – trombone
* Arno Hect – tenor saxophone
* Robert Lorenzo Jones – percussion
* Robert "Rumba" Jones – percussion
* Odeen Mays – keyboards, vocals
* Ron Nooks – keyboards, vocals
* Sam Skelton – saxophone
* James "Diamond" Williams – percussion, drums, vocals, producer
* Clarence Willis – rhythm guitar, vocals
* James Willis – percussion, drums, vocals
* Stutz Wimmer – saxophone

## Production

* Dennis Clark – Clothing/Wardrobe
* Rikki Garmon – Make-Up
* Marti Griffin – Photography
* Marty Griffin – Photography
* Jimmy Z. – Engineer
* Don Johnson – Executive Producer, Cover Design
* Jill McCarthy – Graphic Design
* Rodney Mills – Engineer, Mastering
* Joe Neil – Engineer
* Dany Nieves – Photography
* Rob Patterson – Executive Producer
* Allan Queen – Programming, Producer
* Angela Rogers – Artwork, Art Direction, Cover Art Concept, Cover Design
* Shawn Salter – Producer, Graphic Design
* Trammell Starks – Producer
* Claire Stigall – Text
* Philip White – Producer
* Kenneth Williams – Crew

## InfoBox

| Ol' School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Ohio Players | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Recorded | December 2, 1995 |
| Venue | Fox Theatre, Atlanta, Georgia |
| Length | 51:23 |
| Label | Castle Records |
| Ohio Players chronology | |
| *Back*
(1988) ***Ol' School***
(1996) | |


title: Matthew Cream

abstract:
Matthew James Cream is an Australian football referee. He is the Referee Development Officer in South Australia. Cream was a FIFA international assistant referee between 2000–2021. He accompanied Matthew Breeze and fellow assistant referee Ben Wilson to the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa. Cream was selected as an assistant referee for the 2012 London Olympic Games.
Cream accompanied Ben Williams to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2014 FIFA Club World Cup. He also officiated at the 2015 AFC Asian Cup along with fellow Australian Paul Cetrangolo. Cream has had numerous A-League Finals appointments in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2021.

text:
# Matthew Cream

**Matthew James Cream** (born 19 June 1975) is an Australian football referee. He is the Referee Development Officer in South Australia.

Cream was a FIFA international assistant referee between 2000–2021. He accompanied Matthew Breeze and fellow assistant referee Ben Wilson to the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa. Cream was selected as an assistant referee for the 2012 London Olympic Games. Cream accompanied Ben Williams to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2014 FIFA Club World Cup. He also officiated at the 2015 AFC Asian Cup along with fellow Australian Paul Cetrangolo.

Cream has had numerous A-League Finals appointments in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2021.

1. "Matthew Cream - Matches as assistant referee". *worldfootball.net*. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
2. FFSA staff list: FFSA official website. Accessed 16 June 2009.
3. FIFA international men's referee list. Accessed 16 June 2009.

## InfoBox

Matthew Cream
| Full name | Matthew James Cream | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1975-06-19) 19 June 1975<br>Adelaide, Australia | | |
| Domestic | | | |
| Years | **League** | **Role** |
| 2007– | A-League | Assistant referee |
| International | | | |
| Years | **League** | **Role** |
| 2000–2021 | FIFA listed | Assistant referee |