title: Industry average

abstract: Industry averages are generally using as benchmarks or tools which helps business to make comparisons that helps to determine its position within the industry and evaluate financial performance of the business. It is a useful tool for business managers and investors, helps with decision making process. It represent data figures of various business organizations across different industries of producing distinct products and services. Some individuals and organizations use industry averages as a useful tools, it gives a medium level of all other competitors performance. Compare their own data figure with those averages, it could help individual or organization to make decisions and predictions about possible outcomes. Such as, Investors compare an organization's financial ratios with industry averages to evaluate whether the organization have potential power to growth in the future, and level of risk for the investment. All those factors contribute to decision making and deeper analysis. Data required can be collect through survey or through several professional statistic websites, for individuals are more likely to obtain information using internet. Industry averages could also refer to terms related to industrial sector such as industry averages salaries, unemployment rates, Clickthrough rates and so on, using as benchmarks for comparisons.

text:
# Industry average

**Industry averages** (of financial ratios) are generally using as benchmarks or tools which helps business to make comparisons that helps to determine its position within the industry and evaluate financial performance of the business. It is a useful tool for business managers and investors, helps with decision making process. It represent data figures of various business organizations across different industries of producing distinct products and services. Some individuals and organizations use industry averages as a useful tools, it gives a medium level of all other competitors performance. Compare their own data figure with those averages, it could help individual or organization to make decisions and predictions about possible outcomes. Such as, Investors compare an organization's financial ratios with industry averages to evaluate whether the organization have potential power to growth in the future, and level of risk for the investment. All those factors contribute to decision making and deeper analysis. Data required can be collect through survey or through several professional statistic websites, for individuals are more likely to obtain information using internet. Industry averages could also refer to terms related to industrial sector such as industry averages salaries, unemployment rates, Clickthrough rates and so on, using as benchmarks for comparisons.

## Definition and usage

Industry can be define as a type of business and activities involved in process of producing products for sale. The classification of industry usually follows the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), or certain standard according to different countries or states. Averages represents a standard or level which can be considered to be typical or usual. To combine those two gives a term called industry averages. Industry averages ratios are summarized measure of company's financial performance, in form of collection of data, usually financial ratio from a various type of business that offers different products and services. Publishers collect data from financial statements of a great range of firms to obtain industry averages. The results will be break out into different categories based on the size of the assets of the organization. Data generated are then used as a benchmarking tool in comparing financial performance of a company within the industry. A primary reason for benchmarking the business against its industry averages due to obvious variations of financial ratios across different industries.

Other than Financial ratios, industry averages also related to most of the terms in industrial sector. Industry averages salaries stand for general level of wages for individuals classified by different industries. It is a tool for comparisons purposes, individuals understand their position within the industry through the averages thus can negotiate with their leaders for wage increase. For job seekers it helps them decide their favorable range of salaries thus can discuss during the job interview. For business which wants to hire someone, it provides information for the interviewers use for determine whether to hire the jobseekers.

Industry averages unemployment rate can be calculated using \[ (Number of Unemployed) divided by (Labour Force) times one hundred percent \]it represents the percentage of individuals actively seeking for job but currently unemployed, classified according to industry. This data set commonly used by economists to analysis economic conditions, as unemployment is considered as a critical problem which slows-down the economic growth, causing a series of social problems like inequality and poverty.

Clickthrough rate (CTR) represents the ratio on a number of users view a webpage or other content from a hyperlink. It's commonly used for measuring the successful of an online advertising or email promotions. It's widely used in the e-commerce sector, industry averages of Clickthrough rate assist the analysts to evaluate the performance of certain way of online promoting.

It is likely to be confused with difference between industry averages and financial ratios. Financial ratio is a relative figures of two numbers taken from business financial statements, often used in accounting for financial statement analysis purposes. When evaluating the financial & historical performance of a business, financial ratio is used against industry averages. Financial Ratio analysis make comparisons among items within the financial statement, shows their relationship between one another.( A ratio is a relationship between two numbers, often expressed as ‘x to y’ or ‘x : y’.) it was widely used by academics, financial analytics, investor and small business managers. Usually used to recognize possible business failure and forecasting unstable factors. Generally, there are two type of ratios comparisons, trend analysis & industry comparisons.

### Trend analysis

It is a technical analysis based on historical data to estimate the trend of the data thus forecasting for its futures. Comparing financial ratios over periods of time to determine financial performance of the business. Comparing current with past figures to examine the trending, whether it's getting better or deteriorating over time. The main purpose is to maximizing firms potential profit and achieve better performance within the industry, compare to its competitors.

### Industry comparisons

A tool which facilitates understanding of an organization towards its position compare to other companies within the same industrial sector to evaluate threats and opportunities for business owners. The process is to compare the performance of business to other business within the same industrial sector, it's important to compare within the industry because it gives a general standard to determine Company's position within the industry. Whereas the main competitors for a business are those within the same sector, offers the same type of products or services.

## Source of data

There are various of ratios can be used for analysis depending on the objective of the analysis and nature relationship between figures. For more detailed information related to the ratios below please see Financial Ratios. Mainly there are five general classes of ratios used for financial analysis

### Industry Averages Financial Ratio

Source:

#### Liquidity Ratios

Ability of a company to meet its short term obligations measures the speed that company can turn its Assets into cash to meet short term debt. The higher the Liquidity ratio, the better flexibility of the business.

#### Activity Ratios

It shows the amount that company has invested in certain type of assets, in compare to the revenue it has produced for the business. Measures the speed of a certain account can turn into sales/cash.

#### Leverage Ratios

Examines Company's solvency which means its ability to meet long term obligations by the time of its deadline.

#### Profitability Ratios

Financial metrics used by investors and analysts to evaluate the organization's ability in generating profit. Measures the ability of a company in generating income relative to its Assets, OE and Sales.

#### Market Value Ratios

The group of ratios mainly focusing on the relationship between firm's stock price towards its earning per share.

Financial ratio examples
| Liquidity Ratios | Quick ratio(QR) Current ratio(CR) |
| --- | --- |
| Activity Ratios | Asset Turnover (ATO) Accounts Receivables Turnovers (ART) |
| Leverage Ratios | Long-term Debt Ratio (LTDR) Short-term Debt Ratio (STDR) Total Debt Ratio (TDR) |
| Profitability Ratios | Return on Net Worth (RONW) Return on Assets (ROA) Return on Sales (ROS) |
| Market Value Ratios | Earnings per Share (EPS), Dividend ratio, Price/Earnings (P/E) ratio |

All the ratios listed above can be written as industry averages (something) such as industry averages profitability ratio, represents for the average figures of profitability ratio for a certain industry. Through compare those ratios of a business with the industry averages could obtain its position within the industry. Data can be obtained through website or through a survey or census. However, for individual users they usually obtain data from internet because survey requires a huge amount of work which can be hard to achieve for individual. There are some free basic data information of some industry, but for more detailed analysis report, individuals or organizations needs to purchase for it due to the convenience to obtain information through websites.

### Tools for Larger Industries & Companies

Source:

Contains global company information and data, wide range of financial statement, economic news of U.S. information collect with daily updates.

A good source of company profiles, analytic reports and financial information, news etc.

Contains a great range of articles related to company, topic, industry and so on, extremely powerful database offers full text access but using can be complicated.

### Tools for Smaller Industries & Companies

Source:

* Bizminer

Resource to access industry financial ratios and other research statistics, competitive market analysis etc.

* Key Business Ratios

Provides access to industry benchmarking data, financial ratios for both public and private organizations. Along with industry balance sheet and income statement, organized financial ratios.

## Limitations and potential problem

The potential problem of using industry averages as a benchmark occurs when selecting the proper type of information from a variation of data. When business compare its performance with industry averages, it only compare itself with the middle range. Business with more potential power should not be satisfied by achieving the industry averages cause it's only better than 50% of the whole industry. Instead, they should benchmarking themself with the leaders of the industry to set higher targets for the company and aim for more growth with better performance. For those firms with their figure below the industry averages, might have several weak spots within it, managers should start acting to change the situation, cause its not even better than half of the industry. However, attitude towards industry averages vary due to different situations and status of the business, it affected by some factors, such as size of the business. Thus managers and decision makers should consider more than just statistic. Study suggests that there are dramatic differences between small private and large public business's industry average ratios. Those differences appeared for every leverage ratios and mostly for activity, profitability ratios. For liquidity ratios there are no signs of difference, also some profitability ratios with various of expense ratios. Users needs to determine an appropriate industry average ratio when used for comparisons with their own data.

Another potential problem for industry averages is the accuracy of the data used by individuals and organizations. The source of data information obtained by users can be complicated and hard to trace. Averages were calculated from large sets of database, thus there is possible error occurs, due to various factors such as human error ( incorrect inputs, error within the calculation process ) which sometimes can be unavoidable. However, for those well known websites and organizations, they will try to reduce the chance of errors by setting people responsible towards checking the data's accuracy and updates data presented to the users. Individuals and organizations can use data from websites of larger companies generally because it's more reliable, to reduce the chance of this kind of problem to occurs when using industry averages.

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title: U.S. Route 60 in Arizona

abstract: U.S. Route 60 (US 60) is an east–west United States Highway within Arizona. The highway runs for 369 miles (594 km) from a junction with Interstate 10 near Quartzsite to the New Mexico state line near Springerville. As it crosses the state, US 60 overlaps at various points: I-17, I-10, SR 77, SR 260, US 191, and US 180. Between Wickenburg and Phoenix, the route is known as Grand Avenue. From Tempe to Apache Junction, it is known as the Superstition Freeway.

text:
# U.S. Route 60 in Arizona

**U.S. Route 60** (**US 60**) is an east–west United States Highway within Arizona. The highway runs for 369 miles (594 km) from a junction with Interstate 10 near Quartzsite to the New Mexico state line near Springerville. As it crosses the state, US 60 overlaps at various points: I-17, I-10, SR 77, SR 260, US 191, and US 180. Between Wickenburg and Phoenix, the route is known as **Grand Avenue** (or the **Phoenix–Wickenburg Highway**). From Tempe to Apache Junction, it is known as the **Superstition Freeway**.

## Route description

### I-10 to Wickenburg

The western terminus of US 60 is located at an interchange with I-10 near the community of Brenda east of Quartzite. It heads northeast from this junction to Vicksburg Junction where it curves towards the east. It continues to the east to Hope where it intersects SR 72. East of Hope, the highway briefly curves towards the north-northeast through the Granite Wash Pass before curving towards the northeast. It continues this direction until it reaches Aguila. The highway heads east to an intersection with SR 71 after passing through Aguila. US 60 continues towards the east until it reaches Wickenburg and an intersection with US 93. From Wickenburg, the highway heads towards the southeast towards Phoenix. It has an intersection with SR 74 in Morristown as it continues towards the southeast.

### Grand Avenue

As US 60 enters the Phoenix metropolitan area, It intersects Loop 303 in Surprise where it becomes Grand Avenue as it continues southeast. It continues to a junction with Loop 101 (Agua Fria Freeway) in Peoria before heading through Glendale. The highway enters the Phoenix city limits and continues towards the southeast until it reaches an interchange with 27th Avenue near Thomas Road.

Improvements to the Grand Avenue portion of US 60, which were included in the Maricopa Association of Governments' 20-year Regional Transportation Plan, have been made. Among such improvements is the reducing of many of the busiest six-legged intersections to four-legged intersections by constructing overpasses, underpasses, and access roads.

### I-17/I-10 concurrencies

After briefly heading south along 27th Avenue, US 60 turns left onto Thomas Road for 14 mile (0.40 km) until it reaches I-17. At I-17 the highway begins to run concurrently with I-17 towards the south. It passes through an I-10 interchange known as "The Stack." US 60 continues to run concurrent with I-17 around the Durango Curve and continues east until it again reaches I-10 at the interchange known as "The Split." US 60 begins to run concurrently towards the east with I-10 after the interchange. Along the freeway, US 60 passes along the south side of the airport and over a bridge traversing the Salt River. Once over the river, the freeway continues towards Tempe to an interchange with SR 143. The freeway curves back towards the south following the SR 143 interchange.

### Superstition Freeway

After the curve, I-10 and US 60 part ways in Tempe, with I-10 continuing towards the south and US 60 now heading east along the Superstition Freeway. The freeway continues towards the east to a second interchange with Loop 101 (Price Freeway).

The freeway enters Mesa city limits after the interchange as it continues towards the east to the SuperRedTan interchange with Loop 202. The freeway enters the city limits of Apache Junction in Pinal County as it continues eastbound. The freeway portion of the highway ends in Apache Junction as US 60 curves towards the southeast.

### Apache Junction to the state line

The highway continues towards the southeast passing through Gold Canyon to an interchange with SR 79 at Florence Junction. US 60 curves towards the east at this junction as it heads to Superior and an interchange with SR 177. From Superior the highway begins to head towards the northeast to Miami and Claypool. It continues to a junction with SR 188 before passing through Midland City and turning towards the south towards Globe. US 60 curves back towards the east in Globe and continues to an intersection with US 70 and SR 77. US 60 heads northeast from the intersection concurrent with SR 77. The two highways curve towards the north before curving back towards the northeast as they head towards Show Low. As the highway continues towards the northeast it enters the San Carlos Indian Reservation. Within the reservation, the highway goes through a series of hairpin turns as it enters the Salt River Canyon. After descending into the canyon, the highway passes over the Salt River and enters the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. The highway continues towards the northeast and enters Navajo County before reaching an intersection with SR 73. It continues northeast from this intersection to the city of Show Low.

In Show Low, US 60 intersects SR 260 and briefly runs concurrently with SR 260 as it heads northeast through the city. The concurrency with SR 77 also ends in Show Low as SR 77 heads north to Snowflake and US 60 continues towards the east. US 60 leaves the Show Low city limits and heads east to a junction with SR 61 which heads northeast towards Concho. US 60 continues east from this intersection before curving towards the southeast as it heads towards Springerville.

As it enters the Springerville city limits, it intersects and begins to run concurrently with US 180 and US 191. The three highways continue along the same alignment through Springerville, passing over the Little Colorado River. As the three highways continue through the city, they eventually split with US 180 and US 191 heading south towards Alpine and US 60 continuing towards the east. US 60 continues towards the east leaving the Springerville city limits and crossing over the state line into New Mexico.

## History

| State Route 74 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Ehrenberg to Wickenburg |
| Length | 111.20 mi (178.96 km) |
| Existed | 1927–1931 |

| State Route 360 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Tempe to Apache Junction |
| Length | 26.41 mi (42.50 km) |
| Existed | 1970–1992 |

In 1927, what is now US 60 was signed as or roughly followed by **SR 74** between the California border near Ehrenburg and Wickenburg, US 89 from Wickenburg to Florence Junction, US 80 from Phoenix to Florence Junction, US 180 from Florence Junction to Globe and US 70 between Springerville and the New Mexico border. The segment of highway between Springerville and Globe had not been constructed yet. US 60 was extended into Arizona on June 8, 1931, from its original western terminus at US 66 in Springfield, Missouri. While what is now US 60 was under construction between Globe and Springerville, US 60 was temporarily routed down SR 73 as **US 60T** through San Carlos and McNary. The current route through Show Low was completed sometime between 1935 and 1938. US 60 through Arizona has had far fewer major changes than some other U.S. routes, but one notable example is being replaced by Interstate 10 between Los Angeles, California, and the highway's current terminus near Quartzsite. (The Arizona section of this route was decommissioned in 1982.)

US 60 is now the only U.S. Route to serve Phoenix. US 70 (decommissioned 1969), US 80 (decommissioned 1977) and US 89 (decommissioned 1992) have all been truncated outside of Phoenix. The only other major change was being realigned from an "in-town" route along city arterials through Mesa, Tempe, and Phoenix to the old **SR 360** alignment a few miles south and merging with I-10 and I-17 into Downtown Phoenix.

In 1949, the Pinto Creek Bridge won an Annual Award of Merit for being the "most beautiful steel bridge", given by the American Institute of Steel Construction.

In 1952, the Claypool Tunnel was bypassed by the Queen Creek Tunnel to the north, upgrading from a simple “hole in the rock”-type tunnel to a more modern tunnel.

### Recent improvements

In recent years, Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) has been working to widen and improve US 60 through the Metropolitan Phoenix area, as it is one of the area's principal freeways. Along the Superstition Freeway segment in the East Valley between I-10 and Loop 202, ADOT has completed its project of adding additional general purpose lanes (five total plus an HOV lane in each direction), adding auxiliary lanes between exits, improving sound barriers, replacing signs, improving lighting conditions, adding rubberized asphalt to reduce noise, adding variable message signs, installing cameras, and adding traffic sensors. A new partial interchange at Meridian Road, along the MaricopaPinal county line, opened in October 2015.

Directional colored shields found on US 60 in Arizona during the 1950s.

Along the Grand Avenue segment in Phoenix, ADOT has been widening portions of Grand Avenue in addition to constructing additional overpasses and underpasses at six former six-way intersections to improve traffic flow along US 60 in the Northwest Valley.

ADOT is currently in the study phase of adding additional lanes between Loop 101 and Loop 303 in the far West Valley.

## Future

Due to rapid growth in the far eastern Phoenix suburbs within Pinal County and increasing road congestion in the Gold Canyon area, ADOT has begun to study potential freeway-grade realignments of US 60 past the current eastern terminus of the Superstition Freeway in Apache Junction. The new freeway alignment would bypass the existing at-grade section of US 60 through Gold Canyon, and would either rejoin the existing alignment southeast of town (in the vicinity of the Arizona Renaissance Festival grounds) or at the newly constructed freeway-grade junction with SR 79 at Florence Junction.

## Major junctions

| County | Location | mi
 | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| La Paz | Brenda | 30.89 | 49.71 |  | I-10 Phoenix, Los Angeles | Exit 31 on I-10; I-10 west is former US 60 / US 70 west |
| | Hope | 49.55 | | 79.74 |
SR 72 west Parker | Eastern terminus of SR 72 |
| Maricopa | Aguila | 86.07 | | 138.52 |
SR 71 north Prescott | Southern terminus of SR 71 |
| | Wickenburg | 110.24 | | 177.41 | Washington Street | Interchange; eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| | 110.27 | 177.46 | | Museum, Parking | Interchange; westbound exit and eastbound entrance; serves Desert Caballeros Western Museum |
| | 110.33 | 177.56 | |
US 93 north Kingman, Las Vegas | Roundabout; southern terminus of US 93 |
| | Morristown | 120.11 | | 193.30 |

SR 74 east to I-17 | Western terminus of SR 74 |
| | Sun City West | 138.48 | | 222.86 | Loop 303 (Bob Stump Memorial Parkway) | Exit 119 on Loop 303 |
| | Surprise | 142.75 | | 229.73 | Bell Road | Interchange; left exits and entrances |
| | Peoria | 148.90 | | 239.63 |
Loop 101 south (Agua Fria Freeway) | Exit 11 on Loop 101 |
| | 149.23 | 240.16 | |

To Loop 101 north Glendale | Access via 91st Avenue; exit 11 on Loop 101 |
| | 151.97 | 244.57 | | Olive Avenue / 75th Avenue | Interchange with Olive Avenue; at-grade intersection with 75th Avenue |
| | Glendale | 153.35 | | 246.79 | 67th Avenue / Northern Avenue | Interchange with 67th Avenue; at-grade intersection with Northern Avenue; future Northern Parkway west |
| | 154.74 | 249.03 | | Tunnel underneath 59th Avenue / Glendale Avenue intersection | | |
| | 155.41 | 250.11 | | 55th Avenue north to Maryland Avenue | Interchange; westbound exit and entrance |
| | 156.21 | 251.40 | | 51st Avenue / Bethany Home Road | Interchange with 51st Avenue; at-grade intersection with Bethany Home Road |
| | GlendalePhoenix line | 157.40–
157.59 | 253.31–
253.62 | 157 | 43rd Avenue / Camelback Road | Interchange; 43rd Avenue is former SR 69 |
| | Phoenix | 159.01 | 255.90 | 159 | Indian School Road / 35th Avenue | Currently a traffic-light interchange with Indian School Road and at-grade intersection with 35th Avenue; to be reconfigured into an underpass with ramps to/from the 35th Avenue/Indian School Road intersection above |
| | 160.09 | 257.64 |  | Grand Avenue southeast Downtown Phoenix | Interchange; left exit eastbound; left entrance westbound; US 60 (east) splits from Grand Avenue, which becomes unsigned US 60X east; exit 160 on US 60X; former US 60 / US 70 east / US 89 / SR 93 south |
| | 201.945 | 324.999 |  |
I-17 north (Black Canyon Freeway north) Flagstaff | Western end of I-17 concurrency; exit 201 on I-17 |
| | 200.885 | 323.293 | 200B | McDowell Road / Van Buren Street | Exit numbers follow I-17; no signage for Van Buren Street westbound |
| | 200.589 | 322.817 | 200A | I-10 Central Phoenix, Los Angeles | Exit 143 on I-10 |
| | 199.706 | 321.396 | 199B | Adams Street / Van Buren Street | Westbound exit and entrance only |
| | | 199.555 | 321.153 | Jefferson Street | Eastbound exit only |
| | 199.165 | 320.525 | 199A | Grant Street / Buckeye Road (Historic US 80) | No westbound signage for Buckeye Road |
| | 198.843 | 320.007 | 198 | Buckeye Road (Historic US 80) | Westbound exit only |
| | 197.943 | 318.558 | 197 | Durango Street / 19th Avenue | No westbound signage for Durango Street |
| | Durango Curve; Black Canyon Freeway transitions to Maricopa Freeway | | |
| | 196.938 | 316.941 | 196 | 7th Avenue / Central Avenue | No westbound signage for Central Avenue |
| | 195.935 | 315.327 | 195B | 7th Street / Central Avenue | No eastbound signage for Central Avenue |
| | 194.920 | 313.693 | 195A | 16th Street | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| | 168.28 | 270.82 | 194 |

I-17 ends / I-10 west (Inner Loop) Los Angeles, Sky Harbor | Southern terminus of I-17; no exit number westbound; eastern end of I-17 concurrency, western end of I-10 concurrency; I-10 exits 150 (east) & 150A (west) |
| | 149.94 | 241.31 | 150B | 24th Street | Exit numbers follow I-10; westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| | 150.77 | 242.64 | Salt River bridge | | |
| | 151.50 | 243.82 | 151 | University Drive / 32nd Street |  |
| | 152.39 | 245.25 | 152 | 40th Street |  |
| | PhoenixTempe line | 153.38 | 246.84 | 153A |
SR 143 north (Hohokam Expressway) / 48th Street south / Broadway Road Sky Harbor Airport | Signed as exit 153 eastbound; Broadway Road not signed westbound; exits 1A-B on SR 143 |
| | Tempe |  |  | 153C |
SR 143 north | Planned HOV interchange; to be westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| | 153.75 | 247.44 | 153B | Broadway Road / 52nd Street | Westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| | 171.63 | 276.21 |  |
I-10 east (Maricopa Freeway east) Tucson | Eastern end of I-10 concurrency; exit 154 on I-10 |
| | Western end of Superstition Freeway (former SR 360) | | |
| | 172.52 | 277.64 | 172 | Priest Drive | Westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| | 173.67 | 279.49 | 173 | Mill Avenue |  |
| | 174.42 | 280.70 | 174 | Rural Road |  |
| | 175.41 | 282.30 | 175 | McClintock Drive |  |
| | 176.44–
176.47 | 283.95–
284.00 | 176A |
Loop 101 south (Price Freeway) | Exits 55A-B on Loop 101 |
| | TempeMesa line | 176B | |
Loop 101 north (Price Freeway) |
| | 177.43 | 285.55 | 177 | Dobson Road |  |
| | Mesa | 178.41 | 287.12 | 178 | Alma School Road |  |
| | 179.41 | 288.73 | 179 | SR 87 (Country Club Drive) Chandler |  |
| | 180.36 | 290.26 | 180 | Mesa Drive |  |
| | 181.41 | 291.95 | 181 | Stapley Drive |  |
| | 182.40 | 293.54 | 182 | Gilbert Road |  |
| | 184.39 | 296.75 | 184 | Val Vista Drive |  |
| | 185.39 | 298.36 | 185 | Greenfield Road |  |
| | 186.38 | 299.95 | 186 | Higley Road |  |
| | 187.87 | 302.35 | 187 | Superstition Springs Boulevard | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| | 188.38 | 303.17 | 188 | Power Road |  |
| | 189.38 | 304.78 | 189 | Sossaman Road | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| | 190.42–
190.60 | 306.45–
306.74 | 190 | Loop 202 | SuperRedTan Interchange; signed as exits 190A (north) and 190B (south) eastbound; exits 30A-B on Loop 202 |
| | 191.39 | 308.01 | 191 | Ellsworth Road |  |
| | 192.39 | 309.62 | 192 | Crismon Road |  |
| | 193.40 | 311.25 | 193 | Signal Butte Road |  |
| MaricopaPinal
county line | MesaApache Junction line | 194.41 | 312.87 | 194 | Meridian Road | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance |
| Pinal | Apache Junction | 195.41 | 314.48 | 195 | Ironwood Drive |  |
| | | 196.41 | 316.09 | 196 |
SR 88 east (Idaho Road) |  |
| | | 197.41 | 317.70 | 197 | Tomahawk Road |  |
| | | 198.41 | 319.31 | 198 | Goldfield Road (Historic US 80) | Western end of Historic US 80 concurrency |
| | | 199.17 | 320.53 | 199 | Old West Highway (Historic US 80 west) | Westbound exit only; former US 60 / US 70 / US 80 west / US 89 north |
| | | 199.44 | 320.97 |  | Mountain View Road | Eastern end of Superstition Freeway (former SR 360); traffic light westbound |
| | Gold Canyon |  |  | 205 |
SR 24 west (Gateway Freeway) | Planned interchange |
| | Florence Junction | 212.27 | 341.62 | 212 | Historic US 80 east / SR 79 Florence, Tucson | Interchange; eastern end of Historic US 80 concurrency; former US 80 / US 89 |
| | Superior | 226.87 | 365.11 | 227 |
SR 177 south Kearny, Winkelman | Interchange; northern terminus of SR 177 |
| Gila | Globe | 247.04 | 397.57 |  |
SR 188 north (Apache Trail) Roosevelt | Southern terminus of SR 188; former SR 88 west |
| | | 250.76 | | 403.56 | Maple Street | Interchange via connector road |
| | | 252.05 | | 405.64 |

US 70 east / SR 77 south (Ash Street east) Safford, Winkelman | Western end of SR 77 concurrency; western terminus of US 70 |
| Navajo |  | 318.14 | | 512.00 |
SR 73 east | Western terminus of SR 73 |
| | Show Low | 339.72 | | 546.73 |
SR 260 west (Clark Road) Heber-Overgaard | Western end of SR 260 concurrency |
| | 341.69 | 549.90 | |
SR 260 east (White Mountain Road) Pinetop-Lakeside, Springerville | Eastern end of SR 260 concurrency |
| | 342.25 | 550.80 | |
SR 77 north (Penrod Road) Holbrook | Eastern end of SR 77 concurrency |
| Apache | Bell | 353.16 | | 568.36 |
SR 61 north St. Johns | Southern terminus of SR 61 |
| | Springerville | 384.45 | | 618.71 |

US 180 west / US 191 north St. Johns | Western end of US 180/US 191 concurrency |
| | 387.83 | 624.15 | |
Mountain Avenue to SR 260 Eagar | Serves White Mountain Regional Medical Center |
| | 388.69 | 625.54 | |

US 180 east / US 191 south Alpine | Eastern end of US 180/US 191 concurrency |
| |  | 401.97 | | 646.91 |
US 60 east Socorro | Continuation into New Mexico |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | |

**Notes**

| U.S. Route 60X | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Phoenix, Arizona |
| Length | 1.47 mi (2.37 km) |
| Existed | 1992–present |

| U.S. Route 60X(1) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Mesa, Arizona |
| Length | 5.99 mi (9.64 km) |
| Existed | 1992–present |

An unsigned **U.S. Route 60X** is also listed by ADOT and is divided into two discontinuous segments, both of which are located within Maricopa County in the Phoenix area. Both sections of US 60X were portions of the pre-freeway alignment of US 60 between Apache Junction and central Phoenix.

US 60X begins near Grand Avenue and Thomas Road at exit 160, where US 60 leaves Grand Avenue for Thomas Road. It then follows Grand Avenue southeast over I-17/US 60, terminating at an intersection with 18th Avenue and Willetta Street.

The eastern segment of US 60X picks up at Sossaman Road, traveling east across Main Street/Apache Trail, crossing Loop 202 and Ellsworth Road before terminating at Meridian Drive, at the Pinal County line.

### Major intersections

The eastern segment of US 60X has posted mile markers that likely correspond to the former alignment of US 60.

#### Western section

The entire route is in Phoenix, Maricopa County.

| mi | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.000 | 0.000 |  | Grand Avenue northwest (US 60 west) | Continuation beyond western terminus of US 60X |
| | 160 | 27th Avenue (US 60 east) to Thomas Road | Interchange; westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| 0.56 | 0.90 |  |

24th Drive to I-17 north | Right-in/right-out interchange; westbound exit and entrance only |
| 1.31 | 2.11 |  |

McDowell Road / 19th Avenue to I-10 east | Access to I-10 via 19th Avenue south |
| 1.47 | | 2.37 | 18th Avenue / Willetta Street | Eastern terminus of US 60X; road continues southeast as Grand Avenue |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

#### Eastern section

The entire route is in Mesa, Maricopa County.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 189.01 | 304.18 | Main Street west (Historic US 80 west) / Sossaman Road | Western terminus of US 60X(1); west end of Historic US 80 concurrency; road continues as Main Street (Historic US 80) |
| 190.71–
190.79 | 306.92–
307.05 | Loop 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) | Loop 202 exits 27 (south) and 28 (north) |
| 194.00 | 312.21 | Apache Trail (Historic US 80 east) / Meridian Drive | Eastern terminus of US 60X(1); east end of Historic US 80 concurrency; road continues into Pinal County as Apache Trail (Historic US 80) |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

1. "2008 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. December 31, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
2. Arizona Department of Transportation (2014). "Arizona Parkways, Historic and Scenic Roads" (PDF). Phoenix: Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
3. "Overview Map of US 60 in Arizona" (Map). *Google Maps*. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
4. A. G. Taylor Printing Company (1930). *Arizona Highway Department Condition Map of the State Highway System* (Map). 1:1,267,200. Arizona State Highway Department. Retrieved June 13, 2023  via AARoads.
5. Arizona State Highway Department and United States Public Roads Administration (June 1939). "History of the Arizona State Highway Department" (PDF). Retrieved May 18, 2023  via Arizona Memory Project.
6. Transportation Planning Division, Data Bureau (January 1, 1988). "1988 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 19, 2023  via Arizona Memory Project.
7. Transportation Planning Division, Data Bureau (December 31, 1992). "1992 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 19, 2023  via Arizona Memory Project.
8. Arizona State Highway Commission; Larls, W.B. (1927). *Official State Routes and State Highways of the State of Arizona* (Map). Scale not given. Phoenix: Arizona Highway Department. Retrieved May 6, 2015  via AARoads.
9. National Map Company (1927). *Sectional Paved Road Map* (Map). Scale not given. Indianapolis: National Map Company. pp. 22 & 23. Retrieved April 1, 2015  via David Rumsey Map Collection.
10. National Map Company (1927). *Sectional Paved Road Map* (Map). Scale not given. Indianapolis: National Map Company. pp. 24 & 25. Retrieved April 1, 2015  via David Rumsey Map Collection.
11. Weingroff, Richard (June 18, 2003). "U.S. Route 666: "Beast of a Highway"?". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
12. "Maps". *Arizona Roads*. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
13. Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (November 19, 1982). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 3  via Wikisource.
14. "US 60". *Arizona Roads*. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
15. Arizona Department of Transportation. "Project Overview, Superstition Freeway". Arizona Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009.
16. "ADOT opens new US 60 (Superstition Freeway) ramps at Meridian Road in East Valley" (Press release). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
17. US 60 (Grand Avenue)
18. Arizona Department of Transportation. "US 60 (Pinal County)". Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
19. Transportation Planning Division, Data Bureau (December 15, 1998). "1998 State Highway System Log" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. pp. 125, 131. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
20. ADOT GIS Database Used for locating the mile marker numbers in rural areas.
21. Arizona State Transportation Board Meeting Agenda (PDF) (Report). Show Low, Arizona: Arizona State Transportation Board. July 20, 2018. pp. 310 to 339. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
22. "FY 2023 FLCP FREEWAY LIFE CYCLE PROGRAM (FLCP)" (PDF). *Maricopa Association of Governments*. May 25, 2022. p. 33. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
23. "Interstate 10 Broadway Curve: Interstate 17 (Split) to Loop 202 (Santan Freeway)". Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
24. "U.S. Route 60X" (Map). *Google Maps*. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
25. "U.S. Route 60X(1)" (Map). *Google Maps*. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
26. Arizona Highway Department (1971). *Highway Map of Arizona* (Map). Scale not given. Phoenix: Arizona Highway Department. Phoenix inset. Retrieved April 1, 2015  via Arizona Roads.
27. Arizona Department of Transportation (December 31, 2012). "2012 ADOT Highway Log" (PDF). Phoenix: Arizona Department of Transportation. pp. 707, 710. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
28. Arizona Department of Transportation. "AADT & KDT Report for Year 2013 (U.S. Routes)" (PDF). Arizona Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 60 in ArizonaKML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| U.S. Route 60 | |
| --- | --- |
| US 60 highlighted in red
US 60X highlighted in blue | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ADOT | |
| Length | 369.30 mi (594.33 km) |
| Existed | June 8, 1931–present |
| Tourist
routes | GilaPinal Scenic Road
Historic US 80 |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | I-10 in Brenda |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | US 60 at New Mexico state line |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arizona |
| Counties | La Paz, Maricopa, Pinal, Gila, Navajo, Apache |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Arizona State Highway System** | |
| SR 51 **US 60**  SR 61  SR 347 **SR 360**  SR 364 | |


title: Roman Mikulec

abstract: Roman Mikulec is a Slovak politician and former soldier who served as the Interior Minister of Slovakia from 2020 to 2023. He was succeeded by Ivan Šimko in May 2023.

text:
# Roman Mikulec

**Roman Mikulec** (born 18 March 1972) is a Slovak politician and former soldier who served as the Interior Minister of Slovakia from 2020 to 2023. He was succeeded by Ivan Šimko in May 2023.

## Education

In 1994, Mikulec graduated with a Master's degree at the Military Air Force Academy in Košice (today Faculty of Aeronautics of Technical University of Košice). He also holds a M.Sc. in law, economics and management from the Brno International Business School (B.I.B.S.).

## Career

After a short time as a fighter pilot, in 1997 Mikulec joined the Military Intelligence Service, eventually becoming its director. He was charged with sabotage, defamation and disclosing classified information in 2013, but was acquitted in 2019.

In 2020 parliamentary election, Mikulec stood for Ordinary People, an anti-corruption party. He received 7435 preferential votes and was elected to the National Council.

Mikulec was made Minister for the Interior on 21 March 2020. He survived a no-confidence motion on 20 September 2022; there were 58 votes for the motion, 48 against and 39 abstentions. The motion failed because a majority of the National Council, 76 votes, was needed for it to be passed. He survived another no-confidence motion on 1 December where there were 71 votes for, 47 against and 23 abstentions. The Heger government itself lost a no confidence vote on 15 December, ruling as an interim administration until a technocratic caretaker government was formed by Ľudovít Ódor in May 2023. Mikulec was then replaced by Ivan Šimko.

## InfoBox

| Roman Mikulec | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Interior | |
| **In office**
21 March 2020  15 May 2023 | |
| President | Zuzana Čaputová |
| Prime Minister | Igor Matovič
Eduard Heger |
| Preceded by | Denisa Saková |
| Succeeded by | Ivan Šimko |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1972-03-18) March 18, 1972
Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
(now Slovakia) |
| Political party | Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (2019–present) |
| Alma mater | Military Air Force Academy in Košice |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Slovakia |
| Branch/service | Slovak Air Force
Slovak Military Intelligence |
| Years of service | 1994–2012 |
| Rank | Colonel |
|  | |


title: Karin Kavli

abstract: Karin Kavli was a Swedish stage and film actress and theatre director. She appeared in 20 films between 1933 and 1983.

text:
# Karin Kavli

**Karin Kavli** (bon **Karin Kristina Margareta Carlson**; 21 June 1906  8 March 1990) was a Swedish stage and film actress and theatre director. She appeared in 20 films between 1933 and 1983.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Karin Kavli | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Karin Kristina Margareta Carlson
(1906-06-21)21 June 1906
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 8 March 1990(1990-03-08) (aged 83) |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1932-1983 |


title: Thomas Medlycott (1662–1738)

abstract: Thomas Medlycott (1662–1738), of Binfield, Berkshire, and Dublin, Ireland, was a British lawyer who was an Irish attorney general and later Commissioner of Revenue and Excise for Ireland. He was first a Tory and later a Whig politician who sat in the Parliament of Ireland from 1692 to 1738, and in the English House of Commons and British House of Commons between 1705 and 1734.

text:
# Thomas Medlycott (1662–1738)

**Thomas Medlycott** (1662–1738), of Binfield, Berkshire, and Dublin, Ireland, was a British lawyer who was an Irish attorney general and later Commissioner of Revenue and Excise for Ireland. He was first a Tory and later a Whig politician who sat in the Parliament of Ireland from 1692 to 1738, and in the English House of Commons and British House of Commons between 1705 and 1734.

## Early life

Medlycott was baptized on 22 May 1662, the third son of Thomas Medlycott of Abingdon, Berkshire. He was admitted at Middle Temple in 1680 and was called to the bar in 1687. He married by licence dated 1 January 1687, Sarah Goddard, daughter of Mrs Ursula Goddard, widow, of Mugwell (Monkwell) Street, Cripplegate, London.

## Career in Ireland

Medlycott began his career in Ireland as secretary and estate manager to James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde. He was called to the Irish bar 1691 and appointed Attorney-general for the County palatine of Tipperary by 1692. In 1692 he was returned as Irish Member of Parliament for Kildare Borough and became Freeman of Drogheda in 1694. He was returned again for Kildare in 1695. In 1697, he was entrusted with a sensitive task of organizing opposition to a bill confirming the King's grant of James II's Irish estates. King William had overridden the former King's settlement of estates, worth about £22,000, on his children and had given them to Elizabeth Villiers, allegedly William III's mistress, which had particularly upset Princess Anne. Medlycott obtained lands in Kilkenny, Tipperary and Waterford from the Duke of Ormonde in 1698 and 1699 and in 1701 purchased more land in Mayo from Ormond's brother, Lord Arran. In 1703 he was returned as Irish MP for Clonmell and in 1713 for Ballynakill.

## Career in Westminster

By 1705, Medlycott's brother, James, had increased his electoral influence at Milborne Port by acquiring additional burgages. At the 1705 English general election, Medlycott stood for the borough where his return was virtually guaranteed. During the election campaign the post of deputy-steward of Westminster became available and he immediately wrote to Ormond, the high steward, reminding him that he had previously promised him this office. The Duke kept his word and also obtained a commission in the Irish guards for Medlycott's son. Medlycott was returned in a contest as Member of Parliament for Milborne Port on his family's interest. In Parliament he voted with the Whigs and the moderate Tories on 25 October 1705 in favour of the Court candidate for Speaker, but in February 1706 he supported the Tories in a disputed election case. He was an assiduous member particularly with regard to Westminster matters. He was involved in three private bills, but his main concern was a bill for the prevention of fires. At the 1708 British general election he was returned as MP for Milborne Port and also for Westminster where he chose to sit once a petition against his return had been decided in his favour. He continued working hard, particularly with regard to urban matters. Measures he was involved in included tightening the provisions of his Fires Act, establishing a workhouse in St. Martin-in-the-Fields, extending the powers of London's commissioners of sewers, regulating hackney coaches, incorporating peruke-makers into the Company of Barbers and Surgeons, raising the militia and limiting long periods of public mourning because of the disastrous effects on the silk trade. He initiated a private estate bill on behalf of the Irish peer Viscount Gormanston and two other estate bills. In 1710, he followed the Tory line in voting against the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell.

Medlycott was returned in a contest at the 1710 British general election and was listed as a ‘Tory patriot’ who voted for peace during the course of 1711, and as a ‘worthy patriot’ who assisted in detecting the mismanagements of the former administration. He was also a member of the October Club.. He became a bencher of his Inn in 1712 and in July 1712 was appointed Commissioner of Revenue and Excise for Ireland by Robert Harley Lord Treasurer. He was returned unopposed at the 1713 British general election by which time he was described as a Tory who sometimes voted with the Whig. He spoke in favour of the motion condemning Richard Steele's\* published attacks on the ministry on 18 March 1714, but was aligned with the Hanoverian Tories and spoke on the Court side in the debate on the succession and on 22 April in support of the address of thanks for the peace. He became Chairman of the Committee of elections and privileges in 1714. In July he petitioned Lord Oxford for repayment of the expenses he had incurred back in 1697 carrying out the Queen's commands with regard to her father's former Irish estates when she was princess. However, Anne's death a fortnight later pre-empted any chance of reimbursement. He retained his Irish post as Commissioner for Revenue and Excise after joining the Whigs.

## Later career

Medlycott did not stand at the 1715 British general election but was returned as Irish MP for Downpatrick. He remained in Ireland occupied with his official duties and his private affairs. He lost his Irish post in July 1727 but was returned as MP for Milborne Port at the 1727 British general election. He was also returned for the Parliament of Ireland seat at Newtown Limvady in 1727. He was reinstated as Commissioner for revenue and excise for Ireland in February 1728 and held it until October 1733 when his son-in-law was appointed his successor, on the ground that Medlycott was ‘obliged to remain in England as a Member of Parliament’. In the House he voted with the Government for the excise bill and against the repeal of the Septennial Act. His only recorded speech was made on 21 February 1733 against the clause in a bill relating to the restrictive import of sugar, molasses and rum into Ireland. He was defeated at Milborne Port at the 1734 British general election by his nephew, Thomas Medlycott

## Death and legacy

Medlycott died before September 1738, leaving two sons and a daughter by his wife Sarah. However he left most of his estate in trust for Thomas John Medlycott, originally Thomas Muschamp, allegedly an illegitimate son.


title: Wahab Akbar

abstract: Ustadz Wahab M. Akbar was a Filipino politician who served three terms as governor of Basilan, during which time he was known for his "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" policy for dealing with kidnappers and terrorists in the province. He was later elected as congressman for the lone district of Basilan in the House of Representatives, but was one of 4 people killed in a bomb attack at the Batasang Pambansa. Police publicly suspected the attack was directed at him by political opponents.

text:
# Wahab Akbar

**Ustadz Wahab M. Akbar** (April 16, 1960  November 13, 2007) was a Filipino politician who served three terms as governor of Basilan, during which time he was known for his "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" policy for dealing with kidnappers and terrorists in the province. He was later elected as congressman for the lone district of Basilan in the House of Representatives, but was one of 4 people killed in a bomb attack at the Batasang Pambansa. Police publicly suspected the attack was directed at him by political opponents.

## Life

Wahab Akbar was born in Lantawan, Basilan where his father, Hadji Mohtamad Salajin, served as the town's first mayor. At age 11 Akbar joined his father to fight in the mountains, but after three years Salajin was persuaded to join the government and was appointed mayor of Lantawan by President Ferdinand Marcos.

He studied agriculture at Gregorio Araneta University (now De La Salle Araneta University), but did not finish. A member of the Liberal Party, Akbar was first elected governor of Basilan in the 1998 elections. He was reelected in 2001 and 2004.

Akbar was constitutionally barred from seeking a fourth consecutive term as governor. Instead, he successfully sought election to the Congress, representing the lone district of his home province. One of his wives won the election to succeed him as governor. Another of his wives is mayor of the provincial capital, Isabela City; A third wife ran, and lost, the race to be mayor of another city in Basilan.

He was strongly suspected of having ties with the Abu Sayyaf, an Islamic extremist group linked to Al Qaeda, with some reports even claiming that he was a founding member and a commander until a falling-out with the group.

## Personal life

He was married to first wife Jum Jainnudin, second wife Cherry Lyn Santos, third wife Nur-in Akbar, fourth wife Marietta Zamoranos, and fifth wife who is a Syrian.

## Death

On November 13, 2007, Akbar died at the Far Eastern University - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Medical Center from injuries sustained following an explosion at the House of Representatives in the Batasang Pambansa complex. The blast also immediately killed the driver of another legislator. Three other congressional staff members would die from blast injuries, including one of Akbar's own aides.

According to National Capital Region Police Office chief, Director Geary Barias, Akbar could have been the target of the bombing, since his vehicle bore the brunt of the damage.

The next day, his body was brought to Basilan via Zamboanga City. His body was brought to the respective houses of his first two wives before being buried in front of his mansion in Barangay Sumagdang, Isabela which was then under construction.

## Writ of Habeas Corpus

On December 14, 2007, in two-page resolution, the Supreme Court of the Philippines issued a writ of habeas corpus on petition of suspects Caidar Aunal, Adham Kusain, and Ikram Indama. It required the Philippine National Police's (PNP) Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG), National Capital Region-Criminal Investigation and Detection Unit (NCR-CIDU) and the PNP Custodial Center to file returns before Quezon City Regional Trial Court Executive Judge Romeo Zamora on December 18. However, the family suspected that the head of the killing was close ally of Senator and future President Benigno Aquino III and Anak Mindanao Representative Mujiv Hataman.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableWahab Akbar | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, 2007 | |
|  | |
| Member of the House of Representatives from Basilan's at-large district | |
| **In office**
June 30, 2007  November 13, 2007 | |
| Preceded by | Abdulgani A. Salapuddin |
| Succeeded by | Vacant
(Position next held by Hadjiman S. Hataman-Salliman) |
| Governor of Basilan | |
| **In office**
June 30, 1998  June 30, 2007 | |
| Preceded by | Abdulgani A. Salapuddin |
| Succeeded by | Jum Jainudin Akbar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-04-16)April 16, 1960
Lantawan, Basilan, Philippines |
| Died | November 13, 2007(2007-11-13) (aged 47)
Quezon City, Philippines |
| Manner of death | Assassination |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse(s) | Jum Jainudin Akbar (first wife)
Cherrylyn Akbar (second wife)
Nur-in Akbar (third wife)
Marietta Zamoranos (fourth wife)
Unidentified Syrian woman (fifth wife) |
| Alma mater | De La Salle Araneta University |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Piaśnica, Puck County

abstract: Piaśnica is a former settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Krokowa, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Krokowa, 27 km (17 mi) north-west of Puck, and 64 km (40 mi) north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Piaśnica, Puck County

**Piaśnica** \[pjaɕˈnit͡sa\] is a former settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Krokowa, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Krokowa, 27 km (17 mi) north-west of Puck, and 64 km (40 mi) north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Piaśnica | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Piaśnica | |
| Coordinates: 54°49′54″N 18°3′16″E / 54.83167°N 18.05444°E / 54.83167; 18.05444 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Puck |
| Gmina | Krokowa |
| Population | 0 |


title: Halocladius

abstract: Halocladius is a genus of halophilic, non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae). They inhabit seashores and saline inland waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Wing length is 1.5–3.5 mm (0.06–0.14 in). Two subgenera have been described: Halocladius and Psammocladius.

text:
# Halocladius

***Halocladius*** is a genus of halophilic, non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae). They inhabit seashores and saline inland waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Wing length is 1.5–3.5 mm (0.06–0.14 in). Two subgenera have been described: *Halocladius* and *Psammocladius*.

## Species

There are five or six species:

* *Halocladius braunsi* (Goetghebuer, 1942)
* *Halocladius fucicola* (Edwards, 1926)
* *Halocladius mediterraneus* Hirvenoja, 1973
* *Halocladius millenarius* (Santos Abreu, 1918)
* *Halocladius variabilis* (Stæger, 1839)
* *Halocladius varians* (Stæger, 1839)

## *Halocladius variabilis*

The most widespread species is *Halocladius variabilis*, known from Canada, northern Europe, and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The larvae can grow to 12 mm (0.5 in) in length. In Nova Scotia, life cycle is univoltine, possibly bivoltine. It is a commensal, potentially symbiotic with marine algae: the larvae feed on diatoms fouling its host, possibly delivering nutrients via faecal material. Typical host is brown alga *Elachista fucicola*, growing itself on *Ascophyllum nodosum*, although other primary and secondary hosts occur too. Typically, a single larva occupies one *Elachista fucicola* thallus.

In the Baltic, adults emerge between mid-May and late June. Densities of emerging adults as high as 328 individuals/m2 have been observed, although 10 individuals/m2 is more typical. Much higher larval densities, more than 50,000 individuals/m2, have been reported from rocky intertidal zone of Nova Scotia.

## InfoBox

| *Halocladius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Suborder: | Nematocera |
| Infraorder: | Culicomorpha |
| Superfamily: | Chironomoidea |
| Family: | Chironomidae |
| Subfamily: | Orthocladiinae |
| Genus: | ***Halocladius***
Hirvenoja, 1973 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Chironomus varians* Stæger, 1839
 | |


title: Hanna Erikson

abstract: Hanna Erikson is a Swedish cross-country skier. She won three medals in the 2009 Junior World Championships. Erikson, then competing as Hanna Brodin, was second in a World Cup sprint in Otepää in January 2011, only beaten by Slovenian Petra Majdič. In December 2013, Hanna Erikson won the second stage of the 2013-14 Tour de Ski, a freestyle sprint in Oberhof. Later during that season, she qualified for the Swedish team at the Winter Olympics in Sochi.

text:
# Hanna Erikson

**Hanna Erikson** (born June 2, 1990) is a Swedish cross-country skier. She won three medals in the 2009 Junior World Championships.

Erikson, then competing as Hanna Brodin, was second in a World Cup sprint in Otepää in January 2011, only beaten by Slovenian Petra Majdič.

In December 2013, Hanna Erikson won the second stage of the 2013-14 Tour de Ski, a freestyle sprint in Oberhof. Later during that season, she qualified for the Swedish team at the Winter Olympics in Sochi.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 10 km
individual | 15 km
skiathlon | 30 km
mass start | Sprint | 4 × 5 km
relay | Team
sprint |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *23* |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |
|

### World Championships

| Year | Age | 10 km
individual | 15 km
skiathlon | 30 km
mass start | Sprint | 4 × 5 km
relay | Team
sprint |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *18* | 38 | 50 | 48 |  |  |  |
| 2011 | *20* |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |
|

### World Cup

#### Season standings

| Season | Age | Discipline standings | | | Ski Tour standings | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic
Opening | Tour de
Ski | World Cup
Final |
| 2009 | *19* | NC | NC | NC |  |  | 54 |
| 2010 | *20* | 56 | 51 | 38 |  | DNF | 31 |
| 2011 | *21* | 39 | NC | 15 |  |  | DNF |
| 2012 | *22* | 28 | 43 | 12 | 47 | DNF | 33 |
| 2014 | *24* | 29 | 40 | 18 | 43 | DNF | 16 |
|

#### Individual podiums

* 1 victory – (1 SWC)
* 3 podiums – (1 WC, 2 SWC)

| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2010–11 | 23 January 2011 | Otepää, Estonia | 1.2 km Sprint C | World Cup | 2nd |
| 2 | 2011–12 | 29 December 2011 | Oberhof, Germany | 2.5 km Individual F | Stage World Cup | 3rd |
| 3 | 2013–14 | 29 December 2013 | Oberhof, Germany | 1.5 km Sprint F | Stage World Cup | **1st** |
|

#### Team podiums

* 1 victory – (1 TS)
* 1 podium – (1 TS)

| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place | Teammate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2011–12 | 15 January 2012 | Milan, Italy | 6 × 1.4 km Team Sprint F | World Cup | **1st** | Ingemarsdotter |
|

## InfoBox

| Hanna Erikson | |
| --- | --- |
| Hanna Erikson during a January 2010 Tour de Ski competition in Thuringia, Germany | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Full name | Valborg Hanna Linnea Erikson |
| Born | (1990-06-02) 2 June 1990
Örebro, Sweden |
| Height | 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) |
| Ski club | Åsarna IK |
| World Cup career | |
| Seasons | 5 – (20092012, 2014) |
| Starts | 66 |
| Podiums | 3 |
| Wins | 1 |
| Overall titles | 0 – (28th in 2012) |
| Discipline titles | 0 |
| Medal record      Women's cross-country skiing  Representing  Sweden  Junior World Championships  2010 Hinterzarten Individual sprint  2008 Mals 4 × 3.33 km relay  2009 Praz de Lys-Sommand Individual sprint  2009 Praz de Lys-Sommand 4 × 3.33 km relay  2009 Praz de Lys-Sommand 10 km pursuit  2010 Hinterzarten 5 km classical  2010 Hinterzarten 4 × 3.33 km relay | |


title: Usuthu

abstract: The uSuthu were the royalist faction in Zululand, more specifically they were the followers of Cetshwayo. The young Zulu warriors who clustered around prince Cetshwayo in 1856 during the Second Zulu Civil War formed the core of the uSuthu. Their name came from the Zulu war cry usuthu. After Cetshwayo was deposed by the British in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, the First Partition of Zululand resulted in thirteen separate chiefdoms, none of which were ruled by Cetshwayo, the former and subsequent Zulu king. The uSuthu resented this "divide and conquer" strategy of the British, and sought to re-establish the monarchy, resulting in the Third Zulu Civil War of 1883–1884, and the uSuthu Rebellion of 1888.

text:
# Usuthu

The **uSuthu** were the royalist faction in Zululand, more specifically they were the followers of Cetshwayo. The young Zulu warriors who clustered around prince Cetshwayo in 1856 during the Second Zulu Civil War formed the core of the uSuthu. Their name came from the Zulu war cry *usuthu*.

After Cetshwayo was deposed by the British in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, the First Partition of Zululand resulted in thirteen separate chiefdoms, none of which were ruled by Cetshwayo, the former and subsequent Zulu king. The uSuthu resented this "divide and conquer" strategy of the British, and sought to re-establish the monarchy, resulting in the Third Zulu Civil War of 1883–1884 (Mandlakazi-uSuthu Conflict), and the uSuthu Rebellion of 1888.

## Notes and references


title: Indianapolis Regional Airport

abstract: Indianapolis Regional Airport is a public use airport in Hancock County, Indiana, United States. Owned by Indianapolis Airport Authority, it is 12 nautical miles (22 km) east of the central business district of Indianapolis. The airport is also 7 nautical miles (13 km) northwest of Greenfield and 3 nautical miles (6 km) southwest of McCordsville. It was known as Mount Comfort Airport until March 2011. This facility is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, which categorized it as a general aviation reliever airport for Indianapolis International Airport. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Indianapolis Regional Airport is assigned MQJ by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.

text:
# Indianapolis Regional Airport

**Indianapolis Regional Airport** (ICAO: **KMQJ**, FAA LID: **MQJ**) is a public use airport in Hancock County, Indiana, United States. Owned by Indianapolis Airport Authority, it is 12 nautical miles (22 km) east of the central business district of Indianapolis. The airport is also 7 nautical miles (13 km) northwest of Greenfield and 3 nautical miles (6 km) southwest of McCordsville. It was known as **Mount Comfort Airport** until March 2011.

This facility is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, which categorized it as a general aviation *reliever airport* for Indianapolis International Airport. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Indianapolis Regional Airport is assigned **MQJ** by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned **MQJ** to Moma Airport in Khonuu, Russia).

## Facilities and aircraft

Indianapolis Regional Airport covers an area of 1,805 acres (730 ha) at an elevation of 862 feet (263 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways: 7/25 with a 6,005 by 100 ft (1,830 by 30 m) asphalt surface and 16/34 with a 3,902 by 75 ft (1,189 by 23 m) concrete surface.

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2019, the airport had 47,648 aircraft operations, an average of 130 per day: 84% general aviation and 16% air taxi. In December 2019, there were 150 aircraft based at this airport: 115 single-engine, 14 multi-engine, 19 jet, 1 helicopter and 1 ultralight.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for MQJ PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. effective July 13, 2023.
2. "Indianapolis Regional Airport". Indianapolis Airport Authority. Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
3. "Distance and heading from Greenfield to KMQJ". Great Circle Mapper. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
4. "Distance and heading from McCordsville to KMQJ". Great Circle Mapper. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
5. "Mount Comfort Airport becomes Indianapolis Regional on Friday, March 11, 2011" (PDF) (Press release). Indianapolis Airport Authority. March 9, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
6. "Appendix A: List of NPIAS Airports with 5-Year Forecast Activity and Development Cost". *National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) Reports*. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-10-27.
7. "Indianapolis Regional (IATA: none, ICAO: KMQJ, FAA: MQJ)". Great Circle Mapper. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
8. "IATA Airport Code Search (MQJ  City: Khonuu, Airport: Moma)". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved August 8, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Indianapolis Regional Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | Indianapolis Airport Authority |
| Operator | Jet Access Indianapolis |
| Serves | Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Location | Greenfield / McCordsville |
| Elevation AMSL | 862 ft / 263 m |
| Coordinates | 39°50′37″N 085°53′49″W / 39.84361°N 85.89694°W / 39.84361; -85.89694 |
| Map | |
| **MQJ**Location of airport in Indiana**MQJ****MQJ** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  7/25 6,005 1,830 Asphalt  16/34 3,902 1,189 Concrete | |
| Statistics | |
| Aircraft operations (2019) 47,648  Based aircraft (2019) 150 | |
| Sources: FAA, IAA. | |


title: Laragiya language

abstract:
The Laragiya language, also spelt Larrakia, and also known as Gulumirrgin, is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by just six people near the city of Darwin in northern Australia as of 1983. Only 14 people claimed to know the Laragiya language in 2016. Laragiya was once considered a language isolate, but Mark Harvey has made a case for it being part of a family of Darwin Region languages. Linguist Arthur Capell wrote,
  - "Even in 1950 there were no children speaking it, and most of the older people who spoke it in 1952 were found on the Delissaville Reserve, across the harbour from Darwin. By 1968, reports of only two speakers could be gained, and these far away from Darwin. In former times, however, the tribe was fairly large, and its territory extended to the Coolalinga, where it joined that of a tribe called "Woolna" by the early writers, while on the south-east it was bounded by the Warrai. These latter languages are practically unrecorded.
  - "The present outline of Laragia is based on notes taken at various periods, chiefly 1949 and 1952. The notes have been systematised as far as possible, but they make no claim to provide a fully laid out grammar, especially on the phonetic level."

text:
# Laragiya language

The **Laragiya language**, also spelt **Larrakia** (deriving from Larrakia people), and also known as **Gulumirrgin**, is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by just six people near the city of Darwin in northern Australia as of 1983. Only 14 people claimed to know the Laragiya language in 2016.

Laragiya was once considered a language isolate, but Mark Harvey has made a case for it being part of a family of Darwin Region languages.

Linguist Arthur Capell wrote,

"Even in 1950 there were no children speaking it, and most of the older people who spoke it in 1952 (when the bulk of these notes was gathered) were found on the Delissaville Reserve (now Belyuen ), across the harbour from Darwin. By 1968, reports of only two speakers could be gained, and these far away from Darwin. In former times, however, the tribe was fairly large, and its territory extended to the Coolalinga, where it joined that of a tribe called "Woolna" by the early writers, while on the south-east it was bounded by the Warrai. These latter languages are practically unrecorded. "The present outline of Laragia is based on notes taken at various periods, chiefly 1949 and 1952. The notes have been systematised as far as possible, but they make no claim to provide a fully laid out grammar, especially on the phonetic level."

## Phonology

### Consonants

|  | Peripheral | | Laminal | Apical | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Labial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex |
| Stop | b | ɡ | ɟ | d | ɖ |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
| Fricative | β |  |  |  |  |
| Lateral |  |  | ʎ | l | ɭ |
| Rhotic |  |  |  | r | (ɽ) |
| Approximant | w |  | j | ɹ |  |

* /ɽ/ appears in some dialects.

### Vowels

|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High | i | ɵ~ʉ | u |
| Mid | | e ɛ | o |
| Low |  | a |  |

* /o/ can have an allophone of \[ɔ\].
* The sound variation of \[ɵ~ʉ\] is written as one vowel sound *ö*.

"Morphophonemic rules are not so complex in Laragia as in Maung and Jiwadja, though some are shared between the three languages. One in particular is shared with Ngarinyin in the Northern Kimberley Division of Western Australia. The chief difficulties in setting up an orthography for Laragia are due to certain morphophonemic rules, but others arise from the indefinite pronunciations..."

## Morphology

**Concord formation**

"Laragia is a member of the multiple-classifying language group, but has the somewhat unusual practice of combining prefixes and suffixes in the formation of the concord. The Laragia concord is shown by a discontinuous morpheme \- at least in many cases, but not in the verb - partly prefixal and partly suffixal.

"It is what Zellig Harris called a 'broken sequence'. It may be mentioned in passing that the majority of the multiple-classifying languages in North Australia used prefixal forms to mark the classes, but a few, such as Worora and Unggumi in the Northern Kimberley Division of Western Australia, have vestigial suffixes, while a few on the Barkly Tablelands in the eastern part of the Northern Territory use only suffixes. These phenomena suggest that the languages originally had, as Laragia still does, markers at each end of the word.*"*

Larrakia Elder Robert Mills of Batji Tours is able to name plants and animals. Lorraine Williams, a Larrakia woman and Research Associate with the School of Australian Indigenous Knowledge Systems published online, "For a lot of my life I have been involved in and have given evidence as a claimant in the Kenbi Land Claim and the Darwin Native Title proceedings. I am currently working on Larrakia Cultural Heritage Management focusing on Larrakia archaeological sites in the Darwin region and I have a keen interest in all things Larrakia. In years gone by I have worked on Larrakia ethnobiology with the view to keeping Larrakia language and culture strong. I am a member of the Batcho family of the Larrakia Nation Aboriginal Corporation".

The Larrakia have in the past referred to themselves as Gulumerrgin. Gulumerrgin is one of the names for the language spoken by the Larrakia.

## Vocabulary

Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items:

| gloss | Laragia |
| --- | --- |
| man | bilöva |
| woman | binjidba |
| head | maːluma |
| eye | damaɽa |
| nose | gwingwa |
| mouth | gwiabulgwa |
| tongue | gwiamilawa |
| stomach | med’lema |
| bone | mujagwa |
| blood | damadjila |
| kangaroo | mi’luːlula |
| opossum | gudgida |
| crow | goaːgoaːva |
| fly | gumulɛːlva |
| sun | dalira |
| moon | duːrjawa |
| fire | gujuguwa |
| smoke | damudjila |
| water | gaːɽuwa |

## InfoBox

| Laragiya | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | Near Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia |
| Ethnicity | Larrakia |
| Native speakers | 14 (2016 census) |
| Language family | Darwin * **Laragiya** |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `lrg` |
| *Glottolog* | `lara1258` |
| AIATSIS | `N21` |
| ELP | Larrakiya |
| Linguasphere | `28-HBA-a` |


title: Karl Albert Buehr

abstract: Karl Albert Buehr (1866–1952) was a painter born in Germany. Buehr was born in Feuerbach - near Stuttgart. He was the son of Frederick Buehr and Henrietta Doh (Dohna?). He moved to Chicago with his parents and siblings in the 1880s. In Chicago, young Karl worked at various jobs until he was employed by a lithograph company near the Art Institute of Chicago. Introduced to art at work, Karl paid regular visits to the Art Institute, where he found part-time employment, enabling him to enroll in night classes. Later, working at the Institute as a night watchman, he had a unique opportunity to study the masters and actually posted sketchings that blended in favorably with student's work. Having studied under John H. Vanderpoel, Buehr graduated with honors, while his work aroused such admiration that he was offered a teaching post there, which he maintained for many years thereafter. He graduated from the Art Inst. of Chicago and served in the IL Cav in the Spanish–American War. Mary Hess became Karl's wife—she was a student of his and an accomplished artist in her own right. In 1922, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member.

text:
# Karl Albert Buehr

**Karl Albert Buehr** (1866–1952) was a painter born in Germany.

Buehr was born in Feuerbach - near Stuttgart. He was the son of Frederick Buehr and Henrietta Doh (Dohna?). He moved to Chicago with his parents and siblings in the 1880s. In Chicago, young Karl worked at various jobs until he was employed by a lithograph company near the Art Institute of Chicago. Introduced to art at work, Karl paid regular visits to the Art Institute, where he found part-time employment, enabling him to enroll in night classes. Later, working at the Institute as a night watchman, he had a unique opportunity to study the masters and actually posted sketchings that blended in favorably with student's work. Having studied under John H. Vanderpoel, Buehr graduated with honors, while his work aroused such admiration that he was offered a teaching post there, which he maintained for many years thereafter. He graduated from the Art Inst. of Chicago and served in the IL Cav in the Spanish–American War. Mary Hess became Karl's wife—she was a student of his and an accomplished artist in her own right. In 1922, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member.

## Art Studies in Europe

In 1904, Buehr received a bronze medal at the St. Louis Universal Exposition, then, in 1905, Buehr and his family moved to France, thanks to a wealthy Chicago patron, and they spent the following year in Taormina, Sicily, where the artist painted local subjects, executing both genre subjects and landscapes as well as time in Venice. Buehr spent at least some time in Paris, where he worked with Raphaël Collin at the Académie Julian.

## Giverny and American Impressionism

Prior to this time, Buehr had developed a quasi-impressionistic style, but after 1909, when he began spending summers near Monet in Giverny, his work became decidedly characteristic of that plein-air style but he began focusing on female subjects posed out-of-doors. He remained for some time in Giverny, and here he became well-acquainted with other well known expatriate America impressionists such as Richard Miller, Theodore Earl Butler, Frederick Frieseke, and Lawton Parker. It seems likely that Buehr met Monet, since his own daughter Kathleen and Monet's granddaughter, Lili Butler, were playmates, according to George Buehr, the painter's son. His other daughter Lydia died before adulthood due to diabetes. He returned to Chicago at the onset of World War I and taught at The Art Inst for many years. One of his noted pupils at the Art Institute was Archibald Motley, Jr. the famous African American "Harlem" Renaissance painters. Motley credits Buehr with being one of his finest teachers and one who encouraged his style.

## Teaching Career in Chicago

Buehr remained an expressive colorist, but broadened his brushwork somewhat in later years when impressionism waned. Back in America, he was immediately successful. He won a silver medal at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco and the Purchase Prize of the Chicago Municipal Art Commission in the following year. So famed was Buehr that had a one-man exhibition at the Century of Progress Fair in Chicago in 1934.

After a long and exceedingly productive career, Karl Buehr died in Chicago at the age of eighty-six.

## Walter Buehr

His nephew Walter Buehr was the author and illustrator of many children's books. Walter Franklin Buehr May 14, 1897 - January 2, 1971 Walter Buehr was born in Chicago on May 14, 1897. After high school he attended several different art schools including the Art Students League of New York (where he later taught), the Detroit School of Design, the Philadelphia School of Industrial Arts, the Art Students League, and he also studied art in Europe. He began a first sergeant in the first camouflage section of the U.S. Army Engineers during World War I and was awarded the active service medal. He married Camilla Goodwyn, a portrait artist and fashion illustrator, in 1938. The two had three daughters, and at least five grandchildren. Two of his grandchildren lived in France & couldn't speak English, which made it very hard on a grandfather who spoke very little French! Buehr had varied talents and interests. He designed furniture, was interested in ceramics, like to tinker with high fidelity systems, and loved sailing. He even lived on his boat during the summers and cruised both the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean. This hobby led to the writing of his first book - Ships and Life Afloat. He wanted children in the Midwest to be able to understand the terms used in stories about the sea, how the ships were rigged, how they operated, what the life of a sailor was like, etc. His over fifty-six books, including four for adults, reflect his wide variety of interests, including sailing and the sea, medieval history, exploration, transportation, electricity, and more. His history books dealt with romantic eras full of knights, castles, galleys, and galleons. (This should be moved to its own entry if he is notable enough.)

Notable Works include but are not limited to: 1812: The War and the World, 1967 - TruthQuest Automobiles, Past and Present, 1968 Birth of a Liner, 1961 Bread, the Staff of Life, 1959 Cargoes in the Sky, 1958 Chivalry and the Mailed Knight, 1963 - TruthQuest Cloth, from Fiber to Fabric, 1965 The Crusades, 1959 - TruthQuest Famous Small Boat Voyages, 1967 Firearms, 1967 First Book of Machines, 1962 Food, From Farm to Home, 1970 Freight Trains of the Sky, 1969 French Explorers in America, 1961 - TruthQuest Galleys and Galleons, 1964 - TruthQuest Genie and the Word: Electricity and Communication, 1959 Harbors and Cargoes, 1955 Harvest of the Sea, 1955 - TruthQuest Heraldry: The Story of Armorial Bearing, 1964 - TruthQuest Home Sweet Home in the Nineteenth Century, 1965 Keeping Time, 1960 Knights and Castles and Feudal Life, 1957 - TruthQuest Magic of Paper, 1966 Marvel of Glass, 1963 Meat, From Ranch to Table, 1956 Oil, Today's Black Magic, 1957 Plastics, The Man-made Miracle, 1967 The Portuguese Explorers, 1966 - TruthQuest Railroads, Today and Yesterday, 1958 Rubber, Natural and Synthetic, 1964 Salt, Sugar, and Spice, 1969 Sea Monsters, 1966 Sending the Word, The Story of Communication, 1959 Ships and Life Afloat: From Galley to Turbine, 1953 Ships of the Great Lakes, 1956 The Spanish Armada, 1962 - TruthQuest The Spanish Conquistadores in North America, 1962 - TruthQuest Storm Warning, 1972 The Story of Locks, 1953 Story of the Wheel, 1960 Strange Craft, 1963 Through the Locks: Canals Today and Yesterday, 1954 Timber! Farming Our Forests, 1960 Treasure: The Story of Money and Its Safeguarding, 1955 Trucks and Trucking, 1957 Underground Riches, The Story of Mining, 1958 The Viking Explorers, 1968 - TruthQuest Volcano!, 1962 Warriors Weapons (adult), 1963 Water, Our Vital Need, 1967 Westward with American Explorers, 1963 - TruthQuest When Towns Had Walls, Life in a Medieval English Town, 1970 Wonder Worker, The Story of Electricity, 1961 World Beneath the Waves, 1964 The World of Marco Polo, 1961 - TruthQuest Books Illustrated by Walter Buehr: Adventures on the Cloud 9, by Adelaide Field The First Book of the Ocean, by Sam & Beryl Epstein Mary, Queen of Scots, by Emily Hahn (Landmark series) - TruthQuest Moon Base, by William Nephew


title: Frederic C. Lane

abstract: Frederic C. Lane was an American historian who specialized in Medieval history with a particular emphasis on the region of Venice.

text:
# Frederic C. Lane

**Frederic C. Lane** (born November 23, 1900, in Lansing, Michigan – October 14, 1984) was an American historian who specialized in Medieval history with a particular emphasis on the region of Venice.

## Early life, education, and family

The son of Alfred Church Lane and his wife Susanne Foster (née Lauriat) Lane, Frederic Lane received his B.A. from Cornell University in 1921, his M.A. from Tufts College in 1922, where he wrote a master's thesis on "The economic history of Europe during the first half of the sixteenth century", and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1930 with a doctoral thesis on "Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries." He began his graduate studies at the University of Bordeaux in 1923–1924, then studied at the University of Vienna in 1924, before going to Harvard University in 1925–1926. While a Harvard graduate student he was John Thornton Kirkland Fellow for Research in Italy in 1927–1928. He married Harriet Whitney Mirick on June 4, 1927. The couple had three children.

## Academic career

He was appointed instructor in history at the University of Minnesota in 1926, before being hired at The Johns Hopkins University as an instructor. There, he served as an assistant professor from 1931–1935. Promoted to associate professor in 1936, and full professor in 1946, he retired in 1966 as professor emeritus.

Lane's research interests focused on the Republic of Venice. His research on the city as a maritime trading center, particularly with his research in economic history, helped establish a standard for examining the development and growth of other Italian city-states. He applied his skills and interests in economic and maritime history to write the history of American wartime shipping during World War II.

From 1951–1954, he was assistant director at the Social Science division, Rockefeller Foundation, and advised on European policy. He served as historian of the U.S. Maritime Commission, 1946–1947. A member of the American Historical Association, he served as a member of council from 1959 to 1962, and was elected President of the American Historical Association for 1964–1965.

Active in a number of other professional organizations, he was editor of the *Journal of Economic History*, president of the Society for Italian Historical Studies in 1961–1963, president of the American Historical Association in 1965, president of the Economic History Association 1956–1958, and president of the International Economic History Association, 1966–1968. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the Medieval Academy of America.

## Published works

* *Venetian ships and shipbuilders of the Renaissance* (1934, 1975, 1979, 1992)
* *Andrea Barbarigo, merchant of Venice, 1418–1449* (1944, 1967)
* *The world’s history,* Frederic C. Lane with Eric F. Goldman \[and\] Erling M. Hunt. Drawings by Robert Velde; maps by Harold K. Faye.(1947, 1950, 1954, 1959)
* *Enterprise and secular change: readings in economic history.* Edited for the American Economic Association and the Economic History Association by Frederic C. Lane, editor \[and\] Jelle C. Riemersma, assistant editor. (1953)
* *Ships for victory : a history of shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II* by Frederic C. Lane ; with the collaboration of Blanche D. Coll, Gerald J. Fischer, David B. Tyler; charts by Joseph T. Reynolds (1951; with a new preface by Arthur Donovan, 2001).
* *Navires et constructeurs à Venise pendant la Renaissance* (Paris, 1965)
* *Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane*, edited by a committee of colleagues and former students. Foreword by Fernand Braudel (1966)
* *Studies in Venetian social and economic history* by Frederic C. Lane; edited by Benjamin G. Kohl and Reinhold C. Mueller (1987).
* *Venice, a Maritime Republic,* 1973, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Longitude Books
* *Profits from power : readings in protection rent and violence-controlling enterprises* (1979)
* *Money and Banking in Medieval and Renaissance Venice* vol. 1, *Coins and moneys of account* by Frederic C. Lane and Reinhold C. Mueller (1985); vol. 2, *The Venetian money market: banks, panics, and the public debt, 1200–1500* by Reinhold C. Mueller (1997).

## Recognition

International recognition of his scholarship included:

* The *Journal of Economic History* dedicated its December 1980 edition to him on the occasion of his 80th birthday.
* In 1980 he received the International Galileo Galilei Prize, awarded annually to a non-Italian scholar for notable contributions to Italian culture and history.
* In 1984 he was awarded the International Prize of the Francesco Saverio Nitti Foundation.

## InfoBox

| Frederic C. Lane | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1900-11-23)November 23, 1900
Lansing, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | October 14, 1984(1984-10-14) (aged 83) |
| Education | Cornell University (BA)
Tufts College (MA)
Harvard University (PhD) |
| Occupation | Historian |
| Spouse | Harriet Whitney Mirick  (m. 1927) |
| Children | 3 |
| Parent(s) | Alfred Church Lane
Susanne Foster Lauriat |


title: Nakaumi

abstract: Nakaumi (中海) is a brackish lake located between Tottori and Shimane prefectures in Japan. The lake is enclosed by the Shimane Peninsula to the north and Yumigahama Peninsula to the east. It is the fifth largest lake in surface area in Japan. Nakaumi connects Lake Shinji and the Sea of Japan, and is surrounded by the municipalities Matsue, Yasugi, Yonago and Sakaiminato. There are two large islands in the lake, Daikon Island and Eshima Island. There are bridges and roads that connect the east and west shores of the lake through the two islands. Nakaumi is a brackish lake because it is connected to the Sea of Japan by a short channel, the Sakai Channel, and lies so low that the tides reverse the flow of the rivers all the way into Lake Shinji. Nakaumi (中海) literally means "middle sea". Even though Nakaumi is a lake, it was likely named a sea because of its saline water and proximity to the actual sea. In Japanese, the lake is usually referred to simply as Nakaumi, not as Nakaumi-ko.

text:
# Nakaumi

**Nakaumi** (中海) is a brackish lake located between Tottori and Shimane prefectures in Japan. The lake is enclosed by the Shimane Peninsula to the north and Yumigahama Peninsula to the east. It is the fifth largest lake in surface area in Japan.

Nakaumi connects Lake Shinji (宍道湖 *Shinji-ko*) and the Sea of Japan, and is surrounded by the municipalities Matsue, Yasugi, Yonago and Sakaiminato.

There are two large islands in the lake, Daikon Island (大根島 *Daikonjima*, literally "radish island") and Eshima Island (江島 *Eshima*, "inlet island"). There are bridges (like the Eshima Ohashi Bridge) and roads that connect the east and west shores of the lake through the two islands.

Nakaumi is a brackish lake because it is connected to the Sea of Japan by a short channel, the Sakai Channel, and lies so low that the tides reverse the flow of the rivers all the way into Lake Shinji.

Nakaumi (中海) literally means "middle sea". Even though Nakaumi is a lake, it was likely named a sea because of its saline water and proximity to the actual sea. In Japanese, the lake is usually referred to simply as Nakaumi, not as Nakaumi-ko (Lake Nakaumi).

1. "Nakaumi". *Ramsar Sites Information Service*. Retrieved 25 April 2018.

## InfoBox

| Nakaumi
中海 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nakaumi
中海 | |
| Coordinates | 35°28′N 133°12′E / 35.467°N 133.200°E / 35.467; 133.200 |
| Type | Brackish |
| Primary inflows | Ohashi River |
| Primary outflows | Sakai Channel |
| Basin countries | Japan |
|  | |
| Max. length | 63.49 km (39.45 mi) |
| Max. width | 22.8 km (14.2 mi) |
| Surface area | 86.2 km2 (33.3 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 17.1 m (56 ft) |
| Water volume | 0.47 km3 (380,000 acre⋅ft) |
| Shore length1 | 105 km (65 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
|  | |
| Islands | Daikonjima, Eshima |
|  | |
| Ramsar Wetland | |
| Designated | 8 November 2005 |
| Reference no. | 1551 |
|  | |
|  | |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Halocidin

abstract: Halocidin is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the Halocynthia aurantium species of tunicate. In mouse models, derivative peptides have shown efficacy in the treatment of fungicidal resistant Candida Albacans when used as a mouthwash additive.

text:
# Halocidin

**Halocidin** is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the *Halocynthia aurantium* species of tunicate. In mouse models, derivative peptides have shown efficacy in the treatment of fungicidal resistant Candida Albacans when used as a mouthwash additive.

## InfoBox

Halocidin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C155H251N47O38S2/c1-73(2)41-100(181-121(206)63-170-134(217)109(51-91-59-163-69-172-91)190-146(229)111(53-93-61-165-71-174-93)192-144(227)107(48-80(15)16)188-141(224)104(45-77(9)10)185-127(210)84(23)158)139(222)195-114(56-119(161)204)148(231)199-116(150(233)177-85(24)128(211)183-98(37-31-33-39-156)132(215)168-65-123(208)201-125(82(19)20)152(235)197-102(43-75(5)6)136(219)179-88(27)154(237)238)67-241-242-68-117(151(234)178-86(25)129(212)184-99(38-32-34-40-157)133(216)169-66-124(209)202-126(83(21)22)153(236)198-103(44-76(7)8)137(220)180-89(28)155(239)240)200-149(232)115(57-120(162)205)196-140(223)101(42-74(3)4)182-122(207)64-171-135(218)110(52-92-60-164-70-173-92)191-147(230)112(54-94-62-166-72-175-94)193-145(228)108(49-81(17)18)189-142(225)105(46-78(11)12)186-130(213)87(26)176-138(221)113(55-118(160)203)194-143(226)106(47-79(13)14)187-131(214)96(159)50-90-58-167-97-36-30-29-35-95(90)97/h29-30,35-36,58-62,69-89,96,98-117,125-126,167H,31-34,37-57,63-68,156-159H2,1-28H3,(H2,160,203)(H2,161,204)(H2,162,205)(H,163,172)(H,164,173)(H,165,174)(H,166,175)(H,168,215)(H,169,216)(H,170,217)(H,171,218)(H,176,221)(H,177,233)(H,178,234)(H,179,219)(H,180,220)(H,181,206)(H,182,207)(H,183,211)(H,184,212)(H,185,210)(H,186,213)(H,187,214)(H,188,224)(H,189,225)(H,190,229)(H,191,230)(H,192,227)(H,193,228)(H,194,226)(H,195,222)(H,196,223)(H,197,235)(H,198,236)(H,199,231)(H,200,232)(H,201,208)(H,202,209)(H,237,238)(H,239,240)Key: VOWRCIUWDITXFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * CC(C)CC(C(=O)NC(CC(=O)N)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CC1=CN=CN1)NC(=O)C(CC2=CN=CN2)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC3=CNC4=CC=CC=C43)N)C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CC5=CN=CN5)NC(=O)C(CC6=CN=CN6)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)N | |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Wen Prefecture (Gansu)

abstract: Wenzhou or Wen Prefecture (文州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China seated in modern Wen County in Gansu, China. It existed (intermittently) from 558 to 1371.

text:
# Wen Prefecture (Gansu)

**Wenzhou** or **Wen Prefecture** (文州) was a *zhou* (prefecture) in imperial China seated in modern Wen County in Gansu, China. It existed (intermittently) from 558 to 1371.

## Geography

Its administrative area is not well-known, but Wenzhou was on one of the few accessible routes to modern Sichuan and therefore a strategic prefecture.

* Shi Weile, ed. (2005). *Zhongguo Lishi Diming Da Cidian* (中国历史地名大词典) \[*Large Dictionary of Chinese Historical Place Names*\] (in Chinese). China Social Sciences Press. p. 491. ISBN 7-5004-4929-1.


title: Indianapolis Sailing Club

abstract: The Indianapolis Sailing Club is a private yacht club located in Indianapolis, Indiana, on the shore of Geist Reservoir (US).

text:
# Indianapolis Sailing Club

The **Indianapolis Sailing Club** is a private yacht club located in Indianapolis, Indiana, on the shore of Geist Reservoir (US).

## History

In November 1954, a group of sailors gathered to discuss the possibility of organizing a sailing club on the Geist Reservoir, created by the Indianapolis Water Company in 1943. The group met regularly during the next months to formulate a constitution, by-laws, a set of strict safety rules, and legal documents to lease land from the Indianapolis Water Company for a clubhouse site and docking facilities. On February 24, 1955, a 10-year lease with the Indianapolis Sailing Association granting the use of around 13 acres of land and sailing privileges on Geist Reservoir was signed. On June 19, 1955, a grand opening was held on the present clubhouse grounds. The original classes of sailboats at ISC were Snipes, Lightnings, Thistles and Y flyers. On March 11, 1957, at the annual meeting, ISC members voted to change the name to Indianapolis Sailing Club.

## Fleets

The ISC is home of the following One-Design racing fleets:

## InfoBox

Indianapolis Sailing Club
| Burgee | |
| --- | --- |
| Short name | ISC |
| Founded | 1955 |
| Location | 11325 Fall Creek Rd., Indianapolis, Indiana 46256 |
| Website | indianapolissailing.org |


title: Gesine Walther

abstract: Gesine Walther is a retired German sprinter.

text:
# Gesine Walther

**Gesine Walther** (born 6 October 1962) is a retired German sprinter.

## Biography

In 1982 Walther became the first European indoor champion in the 200 m event. At the 1982 European Championships she finished fifth in the 100 m, fourth in the 200 m and won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay together with teammates Bärbel Wöckel, Sabine Günther and Marlies Göhr. The team finished in 42.19 seconds with Walther running the first leg.

On 3 June 1984 in Erfurt, Walther, together with Sabine Busch, Dagmar Rübsam and Marita Koch, set a world record in the 4 × 400 m relay of 3:15.92 minutes. Both the world record and the European record was improved at the 1988 Olympics.

Walther represented the sports club SC Turbine Erfurt, and won silver medals at the East German championships in 1984 (100 m) and 1980 and 1982 (200 m). Her personal best times were 11.13 in the 100 m, achieved in August 1982 in Cottbus, 22.24 in the 200 m, achieved in July 1982 in Dresden and 50.03 in the 400 m, achieved in May 1984 in Jena.

Walther is 1.76 metres tall; during her active career she weighed 65 kg.

## InfoBox

Gesine Walther
| <br>Walther in 1984 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Medal record | | |
| Women's athletics | | |
| Representing  East Germany | | |
| European Championships | | |
|  | 1982 Athens | 4x400 m relay |