title: Ophir Chasma

abstract: Ophir Chasma is a canyon in the Coprates quadrangle of Mars at 4° south latitude and 72.5° west longitude. It is about 317 km long and was named after Ophir, a land mentioned in the Bible. In the Bible it was the land which King Solomon sent an expedition that returned with gold. It is a classical albedo feature name.

text:
# Ophir Chasma

**Ophir Chasma** /ˈfər ˈkæzmə/ is a canyon in the Coprates quadrangle of Mars at 4° south latitude and 72.5° west longitude. It is about 317 km long and was named after Ophir, a land mentioned in the Bible. In the Bible it was the land which King Solomon sent an expedition that returned with gold. It is a classical albedo feature name.

## Valles Marineris canyon system

Ophir Chasma is part of the largest canyon system in the solar system; this great canyon would go almost all the way across the United States. The name for the whole system of canyons is Valles Marineris. Starting at the west with Noctis Labyrinthus in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle, the canyon system ends in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle with Capri Chasma and Eos Chasma (in the south). The word *chasma* has been designated by the International Astronomical Union to refer to an elongate, steep-sided depression. Valles Marineris was discovered by and named for the Mariner 9 mission. Moving east from Noctis Labyrinthus, the canyon splits into two parallel troughs, Tithonium Chasma to the North and Ius Chasma to the south. In the middle of the system are very wide valleys of Ophir Chasma (north), Candor Chasma, and Melas Chasma (south). Going farther to the east, one comes to Coprates Chasma. At the end of Coprates Chasma, the valley gets wider to form Capri Chasma in the north and Eos Chasma in the south. The walls of the canyons often contain many layers. The floors of some of the canyons contain large deposits of layered materials. Some researchers believe that the layers were formed when water once filled the canyons. The canyons are deep as well as long. In places they are 8-10 kilometers deep. In comparison, Earth's Grand Canyon is 1.6 kilometers deep.

## Layers

Images of rocks in the canyon walls almost always show layers. Some layers appear tougher than others. In the image below of Ganges Chasma Layers, as seen by HiRISE, one can see that the upper, light-toned deposits are eroding much faster than the lower darker layers. Some cliffs on Mars show a few darker layers standing out and often breaking into large pieces; these are thought to be hard volcanic rock instead of soft ash deposits. Because of its closeness to the Tharsis volcanic region, the rock layers may be made of layer after layer of lava flows, probably mixed with deposits of volcanic ash that fell out of the air following big eruptions. It is likely the rock strata in the walls preserve a long geological history of Mars. Dark layers may be due to dark lava flows. The dark volcanic rock basalt is common on Mars. However, light-toned deposits may have resulted from rivers, lakes, volcanic ash, or wind blown deposits of sand or dust. The Mars Rovers found light-toned rocks to contain sulfates. Probably having been formed in water, sulfate deposits are of great interest to scientists because they may contain traces of ancient life.

On August 19, 2015 ISRO released the 3D portrayals of Ophir Chasma taken by Mars Orbiter Mission.

## InfoBox

Ophir Chasma
| Ophir Chasma based on THEMIS mosaic | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 4°00′S 72°30′W / 4°S 72.5°W / -4; -72.5 |


title: Oppa Thinking

abstract: Oppa Thinking is a South Korean television entertainment program, distributed and syndicated by MBC every Monday at 23:10 (KST).

text:
# Oppa Thinking

***Oppa Thinking*** (Korean: 오빠생각; RR: *Oppa Saeng-gak*) is a South Korean television entertainment program, distributed and syndicated by MBC every Monday at 23:10 (KST).

## Content

Celebrities make promotional videos of themselves, produced by one of the teams, and upload them on social media to appeal to the public. The next episode, they announce the winner based on the number of new fans.

## Cast members

### Team 1

| Name | Role |
| --- | --- |
| Tak Jae-hoon | Leader |
| Eunhyuk (Super Junior) |  |
| Lee Guk-joo |  |

### Team 2

| Name | Role |
| --- | --- |
| Lee Sang-min | Leader |
| Heo Kyung-hwan |  |
| Lee Kyu-han |  |

### Interns

### Former members

## Guests

| Episode # | Guests | | Teams | Winning Team | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pilot | Yoon Kyun-sang | | Team 1 | N/A | Interns Joy (Red Velvet), Park Kyung-ri (Nine Muses) and Cha Eunwoo (Astro) |
| | Chae Soo-bin | | Team 2 | | |
| 1 | Winner | Seungyoon, Seunghoon | Team 1 | Team 2 |  |
| | | Mino, Jinwoo | Team 2 | | |
| 2 | Twice | | Both teams | Both teams | Contests are individual; participants not ranked |
| 3 | Henry | | Team 1 | Team 1 | Last episode for Kangnam (M.I.B), Lee Mal-nyeon and Lee Sang-jun |
| | Sleepy | | Team 2 | | |
| 4 | SECHSKIES | | Both teams | Both teams | Intern Kyulkyung (Pristin, I.O.I) Parody of Produce 101 Season 2 |
| 5 | Akdong Musician | |  | Both Teams | Intern Kyulkyung (Pristin, I.O.I) Street performance collaboration |
| | Sul Woon-do | | | | |
| 6 | Shoo (S.E.S) | |  | Both Teams | Intern Kyulkyung (Pristin, I.O.I) Artists collaborate to perform "A Lovely Night" from La La Land |
| | Won Ki-joon | | | | |
| 7 | Lee Hong-gi, Choi Jong-hoon (F.T. Island) | |  | Hong Jin-young | Interns Kyulkyung (Pristin, I.O.I), Park Na-rae Teams prepare food carts and compete for sales in MBC building |
| | Hong Jin-young | | | | |
| 8 | UV x Shindong | |  |  | Intern Kyulkyung (Pristin, I.O.I) UV x Shindong wedding congratulations video Seo Min-jung cooking segment for My Little Television |
| | Seo Min-jung | | | | |
| 9 | Bobby, B.I, Ju-ne (iKon) | |  | iKon | Intern Kyulkyung (Pristin, I.O.I) Haunted house concept |
| | DinDin | | | | |
| 10 | Park Joon-hyung | |  |  | Intern Cao Lu (Fiestar) Video messages for future daughters and sons-in-law |
| | Kim Won-jun | | | | |
| 11 | Red Velvet | |  |  | Intern Cao Lu (Fiestar) Irene made a commercial for soju, Yeri did a cover of the opening from the anime Full Moon o Sagashite, Wendy did a cover of Fly by Nicki Minaj, Seulgi did a cover of The dance in rhythm by Kim Wan-sun and Joy did a cover of I only know love by Sim Soo-bong |
| 12 | Eunkwang, Yook Sungjae (BtoB) | |  |  | Intern Cao Lu (Fiestar) BtoB costume show and duet of "A Goose's Dream" Park Si-yeon plans prank |
| | Park Si-yeon | | | | |
| 13 | Kim Su-ro | |  |  | Intern Cao Lu (Fiestar) |
| | Lim Seul-ong, Jeong Jinwoon (2AM) | | | | |
| 14 | Lee Sun-bin | |  |  |  |
| | Kim Joon-ho | | | | |
| 15 | Kim Heung-gook | |  |  |  |
| | Taeyang (Big Bang) | | | | |
| 16 | Kim Jae-hwan, Park Ji-hoon, Lee Dae-hwi, Kang Daniel, Hwang Min-hyun (Wanna One) | |  |  |  |

## Ratings

### 2017

In the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will be in **red**, and the lowest rating for the show will be in **blue** each year.

| Episode # | Broadcast Date | AGB Ratings | TNMS Ratings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Nationwide | Nationwide |
| Pilot | January 30 | 2.8% | 3.3% |
| 1 | May 20 | 2.5% | 2.8% |
| 2 | May 27 | 2.4% | 2.3% |
| 3 | June 3 | 3.4% | 2.2% |
| 4 | June 10 | 2.8% | N/A |
| 5 | June 17 | 3.5% | N/A |
| 6 | June 24 | 2.7% | 2.5% |
| 7 | July 1 | **4.2%** | **3.8%** |
| 8 | July 8 | 3.6% | 2.6% |
| 9 | July 15 | 2.1% | 2.5% |
| 10 | July 22 | 2.4% | 2.5% |
| Time slot changed from 16:55 to 23:10 | | | | | |
| 11 | July 31 | 1.8% | 1.9% |
| 12 | August 7 | 1.4% | 1.6% |
| 13 | August 14 | **1.0%** | **1.5%** |
| 14 | August 21 | 1.2% | 1.5% |
| 15 | August 28 | 2.0% | 1.5% |
| 16 | September 11 | 1.5% | 2.0% |

## InfoBox

| *Oppa Thinking* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Also known as | Thinking About Oppa
Thinking About My Bias
Oppa Saeng-gag
Make Me Viral |
| Genre | Reality television |
| Created by | Choi Won-suk |
| Written by | Pyo Ji-yun, Lee Ji-eun, Kwon Min-hui, Im Yeon-ju, Min Jeong-i, Bak Sun-hui, Lee Seong-hui, Kyeong Ji-won |
| Directed by | Oh Mi-kyeong |
| Country of origin | South Korea |
| Original language | Korean |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 16+ 2 pilot |
| Production | |
| Production location | South Korea |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Production company | MBC Variety Unit |
| Original release | |
| Network | MBC |
| Release | May 20 (2017-05-20)
September 11, 2017 (2017-09-11) |


title: Inishmore Lighthouse

abstract: The Inishmore or Dún Árann Lighthouse, is a decommissioned lighthouse located on the highest point of Inishmore, the largest of the Aran Islands in County Galway, Ireland. It was the first of a series of lighthouses that were built in the 19th century on the Aran Islands, but it was poorly positioned and was eventually replaced by the Inisheer Lighthouse and the Eeragh Lighthouse. Its deactivation also resulted in the construction of another lighthouse on Straw Island.

text:
# Inishmore Lighthouse

The **Inishmore** or **Dún Árann Lighthouse**, is a decommissioned lighthouse located on the highest point of Inishmore, the largest of the Aran Islands in County Galway, Ireland. It was the first of a series of lighthouses that were built in the 19th century on the Aran Islands, but it was poorly positioned and was eventually replaced by the Inisheer Lighthouse and the Eeragh Lighthouse. Its deactivation also resulted in the construction of another lighthouse on Straw Island.

## History

Inishmore was the first lighthouse built on the Aran Islands and was completed in 1818 in the centre of the island near Dun Oghil. Located on a hill 122m above sea level, it was designed to guide shipping past the island chain, but it became apparent that it was poorly positioned. Firstly, because it could not be seen at the hazardous ends of the Aran Islands chain, where the North and South Sound approaches were located, and secondly, its location on the highest point of the island also meant it could be obscured in poor weather conditions. Requests from the Revenue Commissioners to the Ballast Board, the predecessor of the Commissioners of Irish Lights to relocate the light went unheeded.

Evidence collected for the Port of Galway in 1845 by a Royal commission on Tidal Harbours, included that from Captain White of the Royal Navy, who complained that "The light at Arran is perched too high; it is 413 feet above the level of the sea. Captains of vessels often see the rocks before the light." Another Captain, James Price stated "that running in, in a gale of wind, the present light on Arran is no good, but ought to be placed on Brannagh Island". There were also concerns about the colour of the tower "The lighthouse is painted white, which, seen against the sky is the least distinct that could be adopted for hazy weather, or any weather, except when the sun shines bright".

In 1850 the Galway Harbour Commissioners asked the Board to construct a new lighthouse at the north-west end of the islands. To meet this request, it was determined that the best approach was to construct two lighthouses, one on Inisheer and the other, the Eeragh Lighthouse, on one of the Brannock Islands to the north-west of Inishmore. They were commissioned on 1 December 1857, the Inishmore light being deactivated that date.

Prior to its deactivation, there were representations by the islanders about the impact the loss of the light would have on safe passage into Killeany Bay and the harbour at Kilronan. It was not until 1878, after numerous requests for a new lighthouse were denied, that one was finally commissioned on nearby Straw Island.

## Operation

It had a rotating optic that gave it a flashing characteristic in order to differentiate it from Loop Head and Clare Island, which were both static lights. In his 1831 book, The British Pharos, Alan Stevenson noted that "This light revolves and is seen at the distance of five or six leagues, or at lesser distances in hazy weather, The light appears once in every three minutes in its brightest state, like a star of the first magnitude, and, gradually becoming less luminous, is eclipsed." This was achieved by having an "optic \[that\] had three faces each with seven oil lamps and catoptric reflectors which when revolved gave a 30 second flash every three minutes.". Although no longer an aid to navigation, the tower is still clearly visible to mariners and mentioned in a description of sailing directions for the West coast of Ireland.

## Listed buildings

The lighthouse tower is listed within the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, where it is noted "Unusually sited inland, this lighthouse dominates views in the middle of Árainn".

## Access

Positioned at the mid-point of the island, the tower is located next to a Napoleonic era signal tower with the Ring fort of Dún Eochla nearby. Visitors have found the compound and tower open.

## InfoBox

Inishmore Lighthouse
| Inishmore lighthouse in 2009. Three other lighthouses continue in use along the Aran Islands   10km<br>6miles EeraghGal w ay BayARA N  ISLANDS Inishmore  Straw Island  Inisheer | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Aran Islands, Ireland |
| Coordinates | 53°07′39″N 9°42′08″W / 53.1274°N 9.7022°W / 53.1274; -9.7022 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1818 |
| Heritage | National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1818 |
| Deactivated | 1857 |
|  | |


title: Tututepec

abstract: Tututepec is a Mesoamerican archaeological site. It is located in the lower Río Verde valley on the coast of Oaxaca. The city was the capital of a tributary Mixtec empire during the Late Postclassic period. At its largest extent the site covered some 21.85 km⁲, and its political influence extended over an area of more than 25,000 km² of the neighbouring territory covering many towns and cultures. Today, the site is occupied by the contemporary settlement of Villa de Tututepec de Melchor Ocampo, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.

text:
# Tututepec

**Tututepec** (Mixtec: *Yucu Dzaa*) is a Mesoamerican archaeological site. It is located in the lower Río Verde valley on the coast of Oaxaca. The city was the capital of a tributary Mixtec empire during the Late Postclassic period (ca. 12th to early 16th centuries). At its largest extent the site covered some 21.85 km2, and its political influence extended over an area of more than 25,000 km² of the neighbouring territory covering many towns and cultures.

Today, the site is occupied by the contemporary settlement of Villa de Tututepec de Melchor Ocampo, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.

## Etymology

Tututepec is a Nahuatl name meaning "Bird Hill," while in Mixtec the city is called Yucu Dzaa meaning "Hill of the Bird." In Aztec and Mixtec scripts, the city's glyph is drawn differently but both scripts represent the city with a bird on a hill, untying the name of the city to a specific sound but to a specific name.

## Sources

There are 3 main sources for the history of Tututepec, the first are Mixtec codices notably Codex Bodley, Nuttall, and Colombino-Becker that record the founding of the city by Eight Deer as well as their first conquests in the late 11th century. Tututepec drops from the historical record after Eight Deer moved to Tilantongo as his new capital, it isn't until early colonial times when the Relaciones geográficas was created where information on Tututepec on the eve of Spanish conquest is available. Tututepec's Relación has been lost but their subject communities' Relaciones remain documenting Tututepec's expansionist ambitions and relations to their subjects. Lastly Arthur Joyce led archaeological investigations of the city published in 2004 documenting the size, architecture, growth, and surface artifacts of the site.

In addition to the main sources of history there is little information to be gleaned from other sources, oral history recorded in 1961 by Gutierre Tibón provides information on the pre-Columbian palace of Tututepec and connections to Central Mexico. Francisco Burgoa records of a neutral marketplace in Putla that Tututepec operated in outside of their borders. A linguistic study by Katheryn Josserand suggests that the coastal dialect of Mixtec diverged from the highland dialect by the 11th century supporting the theory of a Mixtec migration to the coast during that period. The Tututepec Archaeological Project led by Marc Levine in 2005 excavated 3 commoner residences in Tututepec providing much information on the economy of the city.

## History

### Eight Deer's migration and reign

The first settlements in Tututepec dates back to 400 BCE, afterwards the population of the area would fluctuate until 800 CE where the site would be almost devoid of activity. Prior to Eight Deer's journey to the coast the area there were little evidence of Mixtecs in the region, the idea of a migration led by Eight Deer to the coast is supported by linguistic evidence of the highland and coastal dialects diverging around 900-1000 CE and little cultural similarity between the highland Mixteca Alta and the coast outside of ceramics prior to Tututepec's founding.

The founding of Tututepec is recorded in 3 Mixtec codices that vary slightly, Codex Bodley, Nuttall, and Colombino-Becker. Eight Deer after meeting with oracle Nine Grass at Chalcatongo migrates to the coast with a group of Mixtecs and founds Tututepec in 1083. The foundation activity done by Eight Deer to establish the city varies between codices, in Codex Bodley he meets with the Chatino rulers of Juquila to gain their recognition, in Codex Nuttall he performs a ballcourt ceremony, lastly in Codex Colombino-Becker he performs a ballcourt ceremony in addition to bringing sacred objects to the new site. After founding Tututepec, Eight Deer begins wars of consolidation as he conquers dozens of towns establishing Tututepec power in a fragmented region as the collapse of the Rio Viejo state prior to his arrival left the region fragmented and easier to conquer, the result of the conquests allowed the Mixtecs to gain access to new resources from tribute such as cacao and feathers.

In 1097 a Toltec delegation led by their leader Four Jaguar visited Tututepec and allied with Eight Deer, aiding him in conquering Tilantongo the next year. After Eight Deer conquered Tilantongo he never returned to Tututepec leaving the history of the city unknown until the eve of Spanish conquest.

Archaeology reveals that over time the people in Tututepec moved to higher elevations contrasting to the Mixteca Alta where people tended to live in the lowlands. The Tututepec population also moved east of the Río Verde possibly to serve as a barrier to enemies in the west and allow more land to be used for cultivation to feed the growing population.

### Maximum extent and Spanish conquest

By the time of Spanish contact Tututepec had conquered many towns near the coast including Suchixtepec, Huamelula, Huatulco, Juchatengo, Jamiltepec, and Juquila, these towns once conquered were expected to bring tribute in addition to bringing slaves and soldiers to the capital. Tututepec allowed local rulers remain in power after conquering them but would leave governors from the capital to ensure control. The imperial program of Tututepec allowed the rulers to access many resources from tribute using them to trade with other states.

Tututepec's relationship with the Aztec empire is not well known, Tututepec expansion northward was halted by Aztec expansion into Oaxaca but no records of direct interactions remain. After the Aztecs captured the mines of Pachuca obsidian, Tututepec who used the material extensively began relying on these mines less for their obsidian needs suggesting unwillingness to directly trade with the rival empire. While they never explicitly warred with the Aztecs it is known they have had proxy wars as the Aztecs would aid communities on Tututepec's border like Coatlan in defense while Tututepec sent soldiers to Yanhuitlan to aid in their defense against the Aztecs. Around this time it is also speculated that the leader of Tututepec commissioned the codex Colombino to honor Eight Deer.

After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Hernan Cortes sent his lieutenant Pedro de Alvarado to the coast where they were aided by Zapotecs from Tehuantepec in January 1522, arriving in Tututepec in February being taken to the core of the city before conquering it by March 4th after capturing their ruler Coaxintecuhtli and extorting 30,000 peso's worth of gold eventually leaving him to die in captivity.

### Archaeological investigations

In 1956 Gabriel DeCicco and Donald Brockington published a survey of a site called Cerro de los Pájaros an hour south of the modern Tututepec town where they noted informants described gold objects being found in the site, which led to Ronald Spores suggest the site being historical Tututepec in 1983. Scott O'Mack's surface reconnaissance in 1990 failed to find Cerro de los Pájaros and concluded that the modern town of Villa de Tututepec de Melchor Ocampo was historical Tututepec. Full coverage surveys of the lower Rio Verde Valley since 1994 led by Joyce have resulted in extensive archaeological data that corroborates with the Mixtec codices on the founding of the city. Commoner household excavations were conducted in 2005 led by Levine reveal that commoners were able to obtain luxury goods without elite interference on distribution.

## Site description

The site being 2185 hectares big is large by Postclassic Mesoamerican standards being bigger than all other Oaxacan sites and even bigger than Tenochtitlan which was 1250 hectares big. Although bigger than Tenochtitlan the population density of Tututepec is much lower, the population estimate of the city being 10,925-21,850, estimated from sherd densities.

There are 6 areas with monumental architecture in Tututepec: the Church Platform, Cerro de los Pájaros, La Maquina, North Patio, Southern Platform and a ballcourt at San Francisco de Arriba which may have been the ballcourt used by Eight Deer. The Church Platform was the ceremonial core of Tututepec, notably containing 8 carved monuments of stone most of which were associated with the ruler's palace. One of these monuments, monument 6 bears a resemblance to the Atlantean figures of Tula reinforcing Eight Deer's connection to the Toltecs. The monument is theorized to depict the Central Mexican goddess Itzapapalotl because the statue features a stiff pose, a mirror on the back, and a triangular cape called quechquemitl which are all features of the goddess. After conquest the platform was converted from the palace of the ruler to a church incorporating pre-Columbian art styles like disc friezes set on the walls.

## Economy

Tututepec was a tributary empire, conquering many places and requiring subject towns to regularly deliver tribute to the capital. The first campaigns of Tututepec led by Eight Deer resulted in a couple towns submitting rather than resisting the lord, these towns are shown in Codex Nutall, Town of the Head offered jaguar pelts as tribute while Town of the Dove offered feathers and cacao. Access to these resources made Tututepec a desired trading partner evidenced by highland-coastal trade found in archaeology. It is hypothesized that Eight Deer's conquests and access to these resources were part of the reason the Toltecs approached him for an alliance. Tututepec would also delegate tribute collectors in their conquered towns to ensure the flow of goods to the capital. For subjects further into the highlands, they were expected to bring their tribute to the marketplace in Putla which was a neutral town which allowed the coast to trade with the highlands without tension.

Spindle whorls found in excavated residences at Tututepec and early colonial sources indicate that the city was a cotton exporter. The cotton would be traded to highland states for obsidian which made more effective tools than local chert. Many trade goods had found in commoner residences in the city were not made locally indicating that commoners were able to participate in not only the local economy but also long distance economies. Commoners in Tututepec also had more access to polychrome ceramics compared to other Mixtecs in the highlands, these ceramics commonly had eagle and smoke volute motifs representing war and sacrifice suggesting that Tututepec commoners supported the government's expansionist ideology. Ceramic molds were recently discovered in Tututepec which were used to create internal clay cores for lost-wax casting confirming Tututepec as a center of metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.

16°07′N 97°36′W / 16.117°N 97.600°W / 16.117; -97.600


abstract: Suszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielgie, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Wielgie, 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Lipno, and 49 km (30 mi) south-east of Toruń.

text:
# Suszewo, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Suszewo** \[suˈʂɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielgie, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Wielgie, 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Lipno, and 49 km (30 mi) south-east of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Suszewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Suszewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°47′N 19°13′E / 52.783°N 19.217°E / 52.783; 19.217 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Lipno |
| Gmina | Wielgie |


title: The Firebrand (1922 film)

abstract: The Firebrand is a 1922 American silent Western film directed by Alan James. The film stars Franklyn Farnum, Ruth Langdon, and Fred Gamble.

text:
# The Firebrand (1922 film)

***The Firebrand*** is a 1922 American silent Western film directed by Alan James. The film stars Franklyn Farnum, Ruth Langdon, and Fred Gamble.

## Plot

Bill Holt is a homesteader, also known as a "nester", who battles his neighbors and cattle rustlers in order to keep his home. He helps the local sheriff capture a band of rustlers by forcing them down a well, where he keeps them trapped until the sheriff arrives. He also has the last laugh on his main antagonist, Judd Acker, when he finally reveals that he is married to Acker's daughter, Alice.

## Cast

## Reception

*Moving Picture World* gave the film a good review, saying that it was nice mix of melodrama and comedy, with good action sequences, and beautiful exteriors. *Motion Picture News* also gave the film a positive review, "'The Firebrand' is a peppery western which moves along at creditable speed, maintaining the interest not so much through the plot which is rather old, but through several original twists which are revealed occasionally." They complimented the directing and production values, as well as the acting.

## InfoBox

| The Firebrand | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Alan James |
| Produced by | Phil Goldstone |
| Starring | Franklyn Farnum
Ruth Langdon
Fred Gamble |
| Cinematography | Edgar Lyons |
| Production
company | Phil Goldstone Productions |
| Release date | * December 15, 1922 (1922-12-15) (*US*) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Tourism in Nova Scotia

text:
# Tourism in Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia has two major national parks, Cape Breton Highlands National Park and Kejimkujik National Park. Nova Scotia is also home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites.. The two cultural and one natural site are the town of Lunenberg, the Grand-Pré National Historic Site, and the Joggins fossil cliffs. Nova Scotia is also famous for its numerous historical sites, museums, and natural areas.

## Halifax

## Attractions Outside Halifax

Attractions outside of the Halifax regional municipality include the following:

## Eastern Shore

*See main page: Tourism on the Eastern Shore (Nova Scotia)*

## Transportation in Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia has a highly developed highway system which allows for road transportation between various communities and tourism sites within the province. Maritime Bus provides road transportation to/from Nova Scotia from the neighbouring province of New Brunswick. Marine Atlantic also provides two ferry links to the communities of Argentia and Port aux Basque, both in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Nova Scotia is connected to Montreal by the Ocean, a train operated by Via Rail. It is also connected to the rest of Canada and the world by Halifax Stanfield International Airport.

## Nova Scotia Tourism Statistics

An estimated total of 1,659,000 tourists visited Nova Scotia in the months of January - September 2015, a 6 percent increase over the same period in 2014. This trend reverses a decline in the number of tourists that visited Nova Scotia in 2013, particularly during the off-peak season.


title: Všechlapy (Benešov District)

abstract: Všechlapy is a municipality and village in Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

text:
# Všechlapy (Benešov District)

**Všechlapy** is a municipality and village in Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

## Geography

Všechlapy is located about 16 kilometres (10 mi) east of Benešov and 41 km (25 mi) southeast of Prague. It lies in the Vlašim Uplands. The highest point is the hill Skřivánek at 507 m (1,663 ft) above sea level. The Blanice River flows along the eastern municipal border.

## History

The first written mention of Všechlapy is from 1378, when Queen Elizabeth of Pomerania donated the village to the Augustinian women's convent of St. Catherine in New Town of Prague. The convent owned Všechlapy until the 17th century, when it was acquired by the Sternberg family.

In 1977–1991, Všechlapy was an administrative part of Divišov.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1869 327       1880 323 −1.2%  1890 365 +13.0%  1900 421 +15.3%  1910 363 −13.8% | Year Pop. ±%  1921 353 −2.8%  1930 326 −7.6%  1950 246 −24.5%  1961 205 −16.7%  1970 173 −15.6% | Year Pop. ±%  1980 118 −31.8%  1991 89 −24.6%  2001 76 −14.6%  2011 84 +10.5%  2021 110 +31.0% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Transport

The D1 motorway from Prague to Brno passes through the northeastern part of the municipality.

## Sights

There are no protected cultural monuments in the municipality. A landmark is the chapel in the centre of Všechlapy.

## InfoBox

| Všechlapy | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| General view | |
| VšechlapyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°46′45″N 14°54′51″E / 49.77917°N 14.91417°E / 49.77917; 14.91417 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Benešov |
| First mentioned | 1378 |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.56 km2 (2.15 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 113 |
| Density | 20/km2 (53/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 257 26 |
| Website | www.obecvsechlapy.cz |


title: Masala Coffee

abstract: Masala Coffee is an Indian music band founded in 2014. The band performs across various genres - Indian folk, blues, pop and rock. Although they primarily compose original music and covers in Malayalam, the band also performs in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Punjabi and English. Masala Coffee has also made a name for itself through the music they've composed and performed for movies including Solo, Uriyadi, Mundina Nildana and Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal.

text:
# Masala Coffee

**Masala Coffee** is an Indian music band founded in 2014. The band performs across various genres - Indian folk, blues, pop and rock. Although they primarily compose original music and covers in Malayalam, the band also performs in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Punjabi and English. Masala Coffee has also made a name for itself through the music they've composed and performed for movies including *Solo*, *Uriyadi*, *Mundina Nildana* and *Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal.*

## History

The band was founded by Varun Sunil in 2014. The band was named "Masala Coffee" to signify the different kind of music they play (alternate folk rock).

They debuted on Kappa TV’s Music Mojo in 2014, performing their own unique versions of popular Tamil songs like “Munbe Vaa” and “Snehithane”. Videos of their performance went viral and the band soon achieved widespread fame through social media.

When the members of Masala Coffee first jammed together, it was not with the intention of forming a band. However, following the enthusiastic reception their melodious style of music received, Masala Coffee was officially formed and has never looked back.

Later in 2024, Two new lead vocalists Abhijit Anilkumar & Razik Mujawar joined the band after the previous members left Masala Coffee.

## Band Members

As of 2024, Masala Coffee consists of the following members:

* Varun Sunil
* Abhijit Anilkumar
* Razik Mujawar
* Amalsivan
* Dayasankar
* Paul Joseph
* Surya Bharadwaj
* Pranav KS

## Albums

Masala Coffee announced the release of its debut album, *Kimaya*, in 2018. The album is composed of ten songs in Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi, including updated versions of some of their original songs in addition to all new tracks. “Arivaal” was the first of the album’s songs to be released in November 2018, followed soon after by the Hindi track “Safar.” The band has since released a few more songs and music videos, with the rest of the album due to be released sequentially.

Masala Coffee has worked on new singles after their new line up has been made one of which is “Aadiyillalo Anthamillalo” song reminds us we return to where we came from back to dust, perhaps we should pay attention to more things spend our moments preciously and “Manitham” song reflects on a period of survival for humankind and urges the listener to look for positives in these distressing times.

The band announced their upcoming album, titled ''Ektara'' which will have 13 songs from multiple languages.

## Film composing

Masala Coffee's first foray into the world of cinema was the performance of a satirical song on liquor ban for the movie Kunjiramayanam directed by Basil Joseph.

The band debuted into film music direction in 2016 with the title track in a promo video for the Malayalam movie *Hello Namasthe*. Its first major composing was three songs for *Uriyadi*, a Tamil movie directed by Vijay Kumar. Masala Coffee is also one of the composers for the movie *Solo*, directed by Bejoy Nambiar.

They scored the music for the Dulquer Salmaan starring-movie Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal, which was released in 2020.

The promotional song "Fan Maaro" for the 2023 Tamil-language film *Sila Nodigalil* (starring Richard Rishi) was composed by Masala Coffee.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Language | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Uriyadi* | Tamil |  |
| 2016 | *Hello Namasthe* | Malayalam | Promo song |
| 2017 | *Solo* | Malayalam/Tamil | 1 song - World of Siva |
| 2019 | *Mundina Nildana* | Kannada | 1 song - Manase Maya |
|
| 2020 | *Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal* | Tamil |  |
| 2023 | *Sila Nodigalil* | Tamil | 1 song - Fun Maaro |
|

## Major events

| Date | Event | Venue | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17 March 2017 | Dubai Global Village | Dubai Global Village, UAE |  |
| 25 November 2016 | Sarvesh Festival of Arts | Victoria Hall, Singapore |  |
| 22 October 2016 | Malaysian Independent Live Fusion Festival | StarXpo Centre, Kuala Lumpur |  |
| 11 September 2015 | Raag 'N' Rock - The Indie Music Festival | Al Nasr Leisureland, Dubai |  |
| 20 February 2015 | Mojo Rising Music Fest | Bolgatty Palace Grounds, Kochi |  |
| 8 November 2016 | The Hindu November Fest | The Music Academy, Chennai |  |
| 19 February 2017 | The Global ISAI Festival | Phoenix MarketCity, Chennai |  |
| 17 July 2017 | Hyderabad Arts Festival | Cyber Convention Center, Madhapur |  |
| 11 August 2017 | AURA'17 | Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) |  |
| 26 January 2018 | The GoMad Festival | Fernhills Royal Palace, Ooty |  |
| 30 April 2018 | Masala Coffee Singapore Tour | Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, Singapore |  |
| 10 July 2022 | Eximus | IM, Bangalore |  |
| 28 April 2023 | Masala Coffee USA Tour | The Micheal & Son Sportsplex, USA |  |
| 8 October 2023 | Manipur Rising | Sunday Soul Sante, Hyderabad |  |
| 12 November 2023 | The Swiggy SteppinOut | Jayamahal Palace, Bangalore |  |
| 2019 | Masala Coffee Europe Tour | Various |  |
| 1 February 2024 | Masala Coffee Ireland Tour | Limerick, Ireland |  |

## Further reading

* *Manorama Online* \- Of fusion, folk, coffee and more
* *New Indian Express* \- Masala Coffee to soothe your musical senses
* *Telangana Today* \- Piquant concoction of music
* *The Hans India* \- Fifth edition of Hyderabad Arts Festival announced
* *The Hans India* \- Masala Coffee drops some fusion rock
* *Mid Day* \- South Indian Band Masala Coffee To Perform In Mumbai For The First Time

Masala Coffee Official Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/masalacoffeeband/

1. Rebecca, Merin (4 July 2015). "Of fusion, folk, coffee and more". *manoramaonline*. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
2. Damodaran, Akhila (18 November 2017). "some-masala-coffee-to-soothe-your-musical-senses". *New Indian Express*. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
3. B, Keerthana (16 July 2017). "Piquant concoction of music". *Telangana Today*. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
4. "Fifth-edition-of-Hyderabad-Arts-Festival-announced". *The Hans India*. Hyderabad. 14 April 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
5. "Masala Coffee drops some fusion rock". *The Hans India*. Hyderabad. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
6. The Guide Team (18 January 2018). "South Indian Band Masala Coffee To Perform In Mumbai For The First Time". *Mid-Day*. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

## InfoBox

| Masala Coffee | |
| --- | --- |
| Masala Coffee in 2024 | |
| Background information | |
| Genres | Indian folk, Indian pop, Indian rock, Blues, Reggae |
| Years active | 2014–present |
|  | |
| Members | Varun Sunil (Percussion/Vocals)
Abhijith Anilkumar (Vocals)
Razik Mujawar (Vocals)
Daya Sankar (Drums)
Surya Bharadwaj (Guitar)
Pauly (Bass)
Pranav k s (Keyboard)
AmalSivan (Violin) |


title: NZR RM class (Clayton)

abstract: The NZR RM class Clayton steam rail motor was a unique railcar that was operated by New Zealand Railways (NZR) for New Zealand's national rail network and one of only two steam railcars to operate in New Zealand - the other being 1925's RM class Sentinel-Cammell.

text:
# NZR RM class (Clayton)

The NZR RM class **Clayton steam rail motor** was a unique railcar that was operated by New Zealand Railways (NZR) for New Zealand's national rail network and one of only two steam railcars to operate in New Zealand - the other being 1925's RM class Sentinel-Cammell.

## Background

In the early 20th century, NZR began experiments with railcars as an option to replace unprofitable regional locomotive-hauled carriage expresses and to provide efficient passenger service on rural branch lines that were served solely by slow mixed trains that carried both goods and passengers. Such mixed trains had slow schedules as they had to load and unload freight regularly, making their stops longer than passenger service would normally require.

## Construction

Built in 1926 by Clayton Carriage and Wagon of Lincoln, England and assembled at NZR's Petone Workshops, the railcar could seat up to 52 people and its steam boiler could generate a pressure of 275 psi. It could be driven from either end and was capable of hauling a wagon or two of freight, and its airy, open design proved popular with passengers. It was not popular with crews or mechanics. Before it even commenced revenue operations, a heavier firebox and larger boiler had to be installed, and its poor reliability necessitated regular repairs. Due to these issues, no additional examples of the railcar were built.

## In service

After its assembly and improvements were completed, the railcar was transferred to the South Island and took over passenger duties on the Kurow Branch, running from Kurow to Oamaru and return six days a week. Previously, the line's passenger services had been worked by mixed trains that carried both passengers and goods and thus would regularly stop for extended periods to load and unload freight. The steam railcar proved to be a vast improvement for passengers, as its schedule was an hour quicker, at just 1 hour 45 minutes. It could maintain a speed of 30 mph (48 km/h) on straight, flat track, but when presented with steep grades or sharp curves, its speed would drop to 6–14 mph (9.7–22.5 km/h). One quirk of its operations was that farmers' dogs had to be carried in dog boxes for the duration of the trip rather than lying at their master's feet; as the railcar operated on a rural branch line, this policy was not greeted with enthusiasm.

## Withdrawal

On 10 November 1928, a regular locomotive-hauled passenger train replaced the railcar, but this was not the end of its life. It was assigned to run various services in Otago and Southland for a number of years. In 1929 it worked suburban services between Invercargill and Bluff on the Bluff Branch. From 1930 it was only used intermittently, and after eleven years of operation, it was withdrawn in 1937 and dismantled in the Invercargill yard.

Railcar technology was improving by the 1930s. The Vulcan railcars (which had a lavatory) were ordered not long after the Clayton retired, and there was little need or economic justification for an older, somewhat unreliable steam-powered railcar that was unsuitable for the rugged terrain of many lines in New Zealand. It was not preserved. Its sandbox was appropriated for use as a back sand gear on AB 810.

### Citations

### Bibligography

* Bromby, Robin (2003). *Rails that built a Nation: An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Railways*. Wellington: Grantham House. ISBN 1-86934-080-9.
* Churchman, Geoffrey B; Hurst, Tony (2001) \[1990, 1991\]. *The Railways of New Zealand: A Journey through History* (Second ed.). Transpress New Zealand. ISBN 0-908876-20-3.
* Leitch, David; Scott, Brian (1995). *Exploring New Zealand's Ghost Railways* (1998 ed.). Wellington: Grantham House. ISBN 1-86934-048-5.

Alexander Turnbull Library photos -

## InfoBox

| NZ RM class
Clayton | |
| --- | --- |
| Clayton steam railcar on a trial run at Kurow circa 1927. A P Godber Collection, Alexander Turnbull Library. | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam
(Passenger capacity: 52)  Builder Clayton Carriage and Wagon of England  Build date 1926 | |
| Specifications  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)  Fuel type Coal  Boiler pressure 275 psi (1,896 kPa) | |
| Performance figures  Maximum speed 30 mph (48 km/h) | |
| Career  Operators New Zealand Railways  Number in class 1  Locale Kurow Branch  Disposition Scrapped | |


title: Pange lingua, WAB 31

abstract: Pange lingua, WAB 31, is a sacred motet composed by Anton Bruckner in c. 1835. It is a setting of the first strophe of the Latin hymn Pange lingua for the celebration of Corpus Christi.

text:
# Pange lingua, WAB 31

****Pange lingua**** (Tell, my tongue), WAB 31, is a sacred motet composed by Anton Bruckner in c.1835. It is a setting of the first strophe of the Latin hymn Pange lingua for the celebration of Corpus Christi.

## History

Bruckner composed the motet in c.1835 when, as eleven-year-old boy, he was studying by Johann Baptist Weiß in Hörsching. It is not known whether it was performed at that time. In 1891, towards the end of his life, Bruckner "restored" this beloved very first composition.

The first version of the work, the original manuscript of which is lost, was found as a transcription by Franz Bayer, Steyr. The transcription of the first version and the manuscript of the 1891 version are stored in the archive of the *Österreichische Nationalbibliothek*.

The second version of the motet was first published as a facsimile in 1927 by Max Auer in his book **Anton Bruckner as Kirchenmusiker**. The first version was first published in band II/1, p. 228 of the Göllerich/Auer biography. The two versions are put in Band XXI/1 and 39 of the **Gesamtausgabe**.

## Music

The work is a setting of 28 bars in C major of the first verse of the Pange lingua for mixed choir *a cappella*.

On 19 April 1891 Bruckner made some "restoration" of the work. The differences between the two versions are small, mainly a different articulation in bars 15 and 22, and a reharmonisation of bars 25-27.

## Discography

### First version

There are two recordings of the first version:

* Philipp von Steinäcker, Vocalensemble Musica Saeculorum, *Bruckner: Pange lingua - Motetten* \- CD: Fra Bernardo FB 1501271, 2015
* Markus Stumpner, *Erinnerung - Bruckner in St. Florian*, Sankt Florianer Sängerknaben – CD: Solo Musica SM 450, 2024

### Second version

There is a single recording of the 1891 version:

* Jonathan Brown, Ealing Abbey Choir,  *Anton Bruckner: Sacred Motets* – CD: Herald HAVPCD 213, 1997

**Note:** A live performance by Philipp von Steinäcker is available in the Bruckner Archive.

## Sources

* Max Auer, *Anton Bruckner als Kirchenmusiker*, G. Bosse, Regensburg, 1927
* August Göllerich, *Anton Bruckner. Ein Lebens- und Schaffens-Bild*, c.1922 – posthumous edited by Max Auer by G. Bosse, Regensburg, 1932
* *Anton Bruckner – Sämtliche Werke, Band XXI: Kleine Kirchenmusikwerke*, Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Hans Bauernfeind and Leopold Nowak (Editor), Vienna, 1984/2001
* Uwe Harten, *Anton Bruckner. Ein Handbuch*. Residenz Verlag, Salzburg, 1996. ISBN 3-7017-1030-9.
* Cornelis van Zwol, *Anton Bruckner 1824–1896 – Leven en werken*, uitg. Thoth, Bussum, Netherlands, 2012. ISBN 978-90-6868-590-9
* Crawford Howie, *Anton Bruckner - A documentary biography*, online revised edition

## InfoBox

| *Pange lingua* | |
| --- | --- |
| Motet by Anton Bruckner | |
| Autograph manuscript of the work (1891 version) | |
| Key | C major |
| Catalogue | WAB 31 |
| Text | Pange lingua |
| Language | Latin |
| Composed | * c.1835 (c.1835):  Hörsching (first version) * 19 April 1891 (1891-04-19):  Vienna (second version) |
| Dedication | Celebration of Corpus Christi |
| Published | 1927 (1927):  Regensburg |
| Vocal | SATB choir |


title: Panet House

abstract: Panet House is a historic building in Ottawa, Canada. Built by Charles-Eugène Panet, it is located at the corner of Laurier Avenue and King Edward Avenue, near the University of Ottawa. The building currently houses the embassy of Iraq in Canada. From 1998 to 2018, the building served as the embassy of Angola.

text:
# Panet House

**Panet House** is a historic building in Ottawa, Canada. Built by Charles-Eugène Panet, it is located at the corner of Laurier Avenue and King Edward Avenue, near the University of Ottawa. The building currently houses the embassy of Iraq in Canada. From 1998 to 2018, the building served as the embassy of Angola.

## History

Panet House was built between 1876 and 1877 for Colonel Charles-Eugène Panet, Deputy Minister of Militia and Defence, at the corner of Laurier Avenue and King Edward Avenue, then called Theodore Street and King Street, respectively. The limestone building featured a mansard roof with decorative cornices. Following Panet's death, his successor as deputy minister, Lieutenant-Colonel L.F. Pineaut, assumed ownership.

In 1915, another owner added on a third storey, replacing the original mansard roof with a flat roof, and the building was converted into a 12-unit apartment building, the Elmscourt Apartments.

The building was expropriated by the City of Ottawa in 1969 when there was talk of demolishing it to make way for the proposed King Edward Expressway from the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge to the Queensway. However, these plans were abandoned in the mid-1970s.

In 1982, the building was again considered for demolition as part of the City's plan to relocate seven fire stations. However, heritage groups objected to this plan and Action Sandy Hill presented a petition with 2,000 signatures at a public meeting in March 1983. The new station was ultimately built across the street. On September 21, 1983, the Ottawa City Council created the King Edward Avenue Heritage Conservation District. In 1986, the district was amended to include Panet House, protecting it under the *Ontario Heritage Act*.

In 1987, the building was sold to Andrex Holdings Ltd., which restored it, rebuilding its mansard roof and converting its first two floors into office space with six bachelor apartments on its top floor. The project earned the building a heritage award for adaptive reuse from the City in 1989. Following its restoration, the building was sold to a group of four national arts organizations – the Canadian Crafts Council, the Canadian Artists' Representation, the Canadian Music Council, and the Canadian Conference of the Arts – which used it as their headquarters.

The building was purchased by the Republic of Angola in May 1998 and converted into an embassy. The embassy was closed in 2018.

Panet House currently houses the embassy of Iraq in Canada.

## Architecture and style

The building was designed in the Second Empire style, and features a mansard roof with dormers and decorative cornices, limestone cladding, and stone chimneys.

## InfoBox

| Panet House | |
| --- | --- |
| Panet House in 2005 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Houses the embassy of Iraq in Canada |
| Address | 189 Laurier Avenue East |
| Town or city | Ottawa, Ontario |
| Country | Canada |
| Coordinates | 45°25′32″N 75°40′58″W / 45.425625°N 75.682776°W / 45.425625; -75.682776 |
| Completed | 1877 |


title: Panetoz

abstract: Panetoz is a Swedish multi-ethnic band with members originating from Gambia, Ethiopia, Angola, Congo and Finland-Sweden. Panetoz are now signed to Warner Music that released their biggest hit, "Dansa pausa". Their repertoire is made up of a mix of Swedish language, English and various African languages with influences from traditional African music and Swedish hip hop and R&B.

text:
# Panetoz

**Panetoz** is a Swedish multi-ethnic band with members originating from Gambia, Ethiopia, Angola, Congo and Finland-Sweden. Panetoz are now signed to Warner Music that released their biggest hit, "Dansa pausa". Their repertoire is made up of a mix of Swedish language, English and various African languages with influences from traditional African music and Swedish hip hop and R&B.

## Career

### Beginnings

Original band members of Panetoz were Pa Modou, Nebeyu and Tobias who were high school mates. Forming a trio band, they decided to name the group Panetoz by choosing the first two letters of their own names (Pa from Pa Modou, Ne from Nebeyu and To from Tobias). Their music teacher liked their potential and developed a musical project that included dance performances by the three. They were also offered to perform live gigs. Through initial encouragement, they wrote their initial tune called "Jordbro" in 2001.

Soon after Tobias left the project, but new members were invited to widen the band's appeal with Johan Hirvi being the first recruit after he took part in a compilation CD through Vägen Ut community multicultural musical project. Two other members, Christian Omonomben (aka DJ Flatline), and Daniel Nzinga joined in later.

### Participation in *Hitmakers*

The band was introduced to the public when through an initiative of Daniel, Panetoz took part in *Hitmakers*, a Scandinavian reality show for songwriters on Sweden's Kanal 5 channel performing the song "Efterfest". The competition was open to participant songwriters from Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Panetoz applied in 2008 with three songs for consideration by 5 record companies from Scandinavia sitting as judges. The representative of the Danish record label Phatphase picked them, and offered to remix one of their songs. "Efterfest" was released as a digital single in Denmark, Norway and Sweden and the Danish artist Mosays made a remix of the song. But the signing with Phatfase fell through and Panetoz preferred to continue through their own independent means rather than sign with the Danish label.

### Releases

The band has released many recordings independently through their own PNTZ Vägen Ut where their debut song was "Mama Africa" released on 11 August 2009 to coincide with their appearance at the Ung 08 festival in Stockholm. The song gained great popularity and was broadcast on radio stations like SR Metropol, Din Gata and P3 Street. They also opened for Busta Rhymes during their shows in Sweden. "Känn dig fri" was their follow-up release on 15 March 2010. It reached #2 on MTV's Top 7 at 7 show for new released music. "Mer än ord" featuring the vocals of Johan Hirvi followed "Känn dig fri" also in 2010.

But the group's release of "Dansa pausa" was what secured for them their first major chart success in Sweden and with many appearances on major Swedish radio stations and media outlets. The song reached #1 in Sverigetopplistan staying at the top for 3 consecutive weeks and was certified double platinum. An English language version charted in Belgian Ultratip. "Vissla med mig" charted briefly in Sweden reaching #45 in Sverigetopplistan. Produced by Sergio Elgueta, or Memo Crescendo as he's also known, it was written using Propellerhead Reason.

### Melodifestivalen 2014

Panetoz took part in Melodifestivalen 2014, the Swedish selection process to pick Sweden's entry to the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest which was to be held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The band presented the song "Efter solsken" (After sunshine) in semi-final 2 held in Linköping on 8 February 2014 qualifying directly to the Final 10 held in Stockholm Friends Arena on March 8, 2014, eventually finishing 9th in the final. Despite its loss, "Efter solsken" proved popular with the Swedish public and the song upon release as a single reached number four on the Swedish Singles Chart.

### Melodifestivalen 2023

Panetoz also took part in Melodifestivalen 2023, with their song On My Way, and made it to the final.

## Members

The band is made up of 5 individuals:

* **Pa Moudou Badjie** (of Gambian origin) immigrated to Sweden in 1996. An original member and band leader and most responsible for the musical output. He is also a studio manager at Haninge Jordbro based multicultural musical project Vägen Ut that provides studio facilities to aspiring artists through Haninge and two other locations in Stockholm.
* **Nebeyu Baheru** (of Ethiopian origin) was born to Ethiopian parents and grew up in Haninge. He studied economy and is the other original member of the band.
* **Johan Hirvi** (of Sweden-Finnish origin) was born to a Finnish father and a Swedish mother. He grew up in Haninge. He started music in intermediary school and wrote a few R&B style tunes. He had been invited to contribute to a compilation CD with other hip hop performers from Haninge through Vägen Ut. The project was sponsored and financed by the Haninge municipality. He joined in Panetoz in 2001 after the release of CD project he contributed in.
* **Daniel Nzinga** (of Angolan origin) was born in Angola and has lived in Sweden since 1990.
* **Njol Ismail Badjie** (of Gambian origin) the newest member in replacement of Christian Omonomben

Former members * **Tobias**, a founding member of the band with Pa Moudou Badjie and Nebeyu Baherulla, but left to pursue other career paths
* **Christian Omonomben** (of Congolese origin, known as Chris aka DJ Flatline), grew up in Lidingö. He started music and dance in intermediary school. He is a "back-up" member and disc jockey for the band.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | SWE
 | |
| 2014 | *Det blir vad du gör det till* | 19 | No. Title Length  1. "Efter solsken" 3:10  2. "Bubblar" 3:54  3. "Joina oss" 2:48  4. "Älska Ikväll" 3:28  5. "Håll käften och dansa" 3:24  6. "Hallå" 3:33  7. "Sudra" 3:05  8. "Speciell" 2:44  9. "Kaos In Da House" 2:43  10. "Mama Africa" 2:56  11. "Känn dig fri" 3:12  12. "Vissla med mig" 3:29  13. "Dansa pausa" 2:59  14. "När vi 2 blir 1" 3:01  15. "Ooa hela natten" 2:56 |
|

### EPs

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | SWE
 | |
| 2012 | *Dansa pausa* (Remixes) |  | No. Title Length  1. "Dansa pausa" 2:59  2. "Dance Pause (English)" 2:56  3. "Dansa pausa (Swedish Mixed Language Version)" 2:56  4. "Dansa pausa (House Remix)" 4:22  5. "Dansa pausa (House Remix Extended)" 6:28  6. "Dansa pausa (Instrumental Version)" 2:56 |
| | *Le för mig* |  | No. Title Length  1. "Le för mig" 3:14  2. "Mama Africa" 2:56  3. "Visa mig (Hoja hoje)" 3:41  4. "Gör din grej" 3:21  5. "Känn dig fri" 3:12  6. "Dansa pausa (New Edit)" 2:57 |
|

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | Certifications | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | SWE
 | BEL
(Fl)
 | | |
| "Dansa pausa" | 2012 | 1 |  |  | *Det blir vad du gör det till* |
| | "Dance pause" |  |  | |  |
| "Vissla med mig" /
"Whistle with Me" | 2013 | 45 |  | | * GLF: Platinum |
| "Efter solsken" | 2014 | 4 |  | | * GLF: 2× Platinum |
| "Norge" | 2015 |  |  |  | Non-album singles |
| "Håll om mig hårt" | 2016 | 5 |  | | * GLF: 2× Platinum |
| | "Om" | 88
 |  | |  |
| "On My Way" | 2023 | 10
 |  | |  |
| "—" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | |

## Videography

* 2009: "Mama Africa"
* 2010: "Känn dig fri"
* 2010: "Mer än ord"
* 2012: "Dansa pausa"
* 2012: "Le för mig"
* 2013: "Vissla med mig"
* 2014: "Kaos In Da House"
* 2014: "Håll käften och dansa"
* 2014: "Älska Ikväll"
* 2014: "Norge"

1. Gynning leder nyjakt på låtskrivare Archived 2013-05-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish)
2. Panetoz - "Efterfest"
3. SR Metroplo: Panetoz visar upp Jordbro Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish)
4. media, Melodifestivalen Bilder, video och texter för. "On My Way". *media.melodifestivalen.se*. Archived from the original on 2023-02-11. Retrieved 2023-02-11.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. Sveriges Radio: "Kuka on toi valkoinen kaveri?" Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
6. Du vet inte: Intervju med Panetoz Archived 2012-07-11 at archive.today
7. "Sweden Charts - Veckolista Album & Veckolista Singlar Top 60". *Sverigetopplistan*. sverigetopplistan.se. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
8. "Belgian Charts - Ultratop 200 Albums & Ultratop 50 Singles/Ultratip 100". *Ultratop 50*. ultratop.be/nl. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
9. "Sweden Certifications". GLF. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
10. "Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 14, 2015" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
11. "Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
12. "Veckolista Singlar, vecka 11". Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

## InfoBox

| Panetoz | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Jordbro, Sweden |
| Genres | African music, hip hop, fusion music |
| Years active | 2001–present |
| Labels | Vägen Ut, Warner Music |
|  | |
| Members | Pa Moudou Badjie
Nebeyu Baheru
Johan Hirvi
Daniel Nzinga
Njol Ismail Badjie |
|  | |
| Past members | Tobias
Christian Omonomben |
|  | |
| Website | panetoz.com |


title: Jack Fallows

abstract: John Armstrong Fallows was a cricketer who played one season of first-class cricket when he captained Lancashire in 1946.

text:
# Jack Fallows

**John Armstrong Fallows** (25 July 1907 – 20 January 1974) was a cricketer who played one season of first-class cricket when he captained Lancashire in 1946.

## Life and career

Jack Fallows was born in Cheshire and educated at Worksop College. A club cricketer and Minor Counties player for Cheshire before World War II, and a major during the war, he was asked to captain Lancashire in the first season after the war when the appointed captain, Jack Iddon, was killed in a motor accident just before the start of the season. Despite his inexperience and his negligible batting ability he was a popular captain who led the side to third position in the County Championship with 15 victories in 26 matches.

*Wisden's* report of the Lancashire season noted that "under J.A. Fallows the old stigmas of dullness and lack of imagination were overcome. Whatever his limitations as a batsman, the new captain proved shrewd in the field and inspiring everywhere. Willingness to go out for victory and keen finishes ensured maximum interest and enjoyment." In 2012, assessing the role of the amateur captain in county cricket, Colin Shindler praised Fallows as the archetypal amateur captain:

> When only four fresh eggs were available one morning at a London hotel, he awarded them to the bowlers because Lancashire were likely to be fielding all day. His team respected and liked him, and he did exactly what an amateur should: he declared boldly to give the opposition a chance and his bowlers time to take their wickets. The crowds returned to Old Trafford, and the team were slightly unlucky to finish only third.

Despite his success, Fallows was replaced as county captain for 1947 by Ken Cranston. He served on the Somerset committee before returning to Lancashire, where he was elected to the committee in 1964. As chairman of the Cricket Subcommittee he helped the county overcome a period of failure to achieve success under the captaincy of Jack Bond in the late 1960s and 1970s.

## InfoBox

Jack Fallows
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | John Armstrong Fallows |
| Born | (1907-07-25)25 July 1907
Woodley, Cheshire, England |
| Died | 20 January 1974(1974-01-20) (aged 66)
Macclesfield, Cheshire |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1946 | Lancashire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 25  Runs scored 171  Batting average 8.14  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 35  Catches/stumpings 10/0 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricket Archive, 20 July 2014 | |


title: Paragua River

abstract: The Paragua River is a river of Venezuela. It is part of the Orinoco River basin. It is the largest tributary of the Caroní River. The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion.

text:
# Paragua River

The **Paragua River** is a river of Venezuela. It is part of the Orinoco River basin. It is the largest tributary of the Caroní River.

The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion.

* Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

## InfoBox

| Paragua River | |
| --- | --- |
| Mouth location in Venezuela | |
| Native name | *Rio Paragua* (Spanish) |
| Location | |
| Country | Venezuela |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| coordinates | 6°51′30″N 62°59′15″W / 6.8583°N 62.9875°W / 6.8583; -62.9875 |


title: Paragrynex ochreosparsus

abstract: Paragrynex ochreosparsus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Paragrynex. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

text:
# Paragrynex ochreosparsus

***Paragrynex ochreosparsus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Paragrynex***. It was described by Breuning in 1940.

## InfoBox

| *Paragrynex ochreosparsus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Paragrynex*** |
| Species: | ***P. ochreosparsus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paragrynex ochreosparsus***<br>Breuning, 1940 | |
|


title: Panscopus

abstract: Panscopus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 30 described species in Panscopus, found in North America.

text:
# Panscopus

***Panscopus*** is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 30 described species in *Panscopus*, found in North America.

## Species

These 38 species belong to the genus *Panscopus*:

## InfoBox

| *Panscopus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Panscopus erinaceus*, Georgia, US | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Superfamily: | Curculionoidea |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Panscopus*<br>Schönherr, 1842 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * Dolichonotus  Buchanan, 1936 * Nomidius  Hatch, 1971 * Panscopideus  Blackwelder, 1939 * Parapanscopus  Buchanan, 1936 * Pauscopus  Chenu, 1860 | |


title: Panscopus bufo

abstract: Panscopus bufo is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Panscopus bufo

***Panscopus bufo*** is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Panscopus bufo* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Panscopus* |
| Species: | ***P. bufo*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Panscopus bufo***<br>Buchanan, 1927 | |
|


title: Jackson v McClintock

abstract: Jackson v McClintock (1998) 8 TCLR 161 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding relief under the Contractual Remedies Act 1979.

text:
# Jackson v McClintock

**Jackson v McClintock** (1998) 8 TCLR 161 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding relief under the Contractual Remedies Act 1979.

## InfoBox

| Jackson v McClintock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | High Court of New Zealand |
| Full case name | *Jackson v McLintock* |
| Citation | (1998) 8 TCLR 161 |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Laurenson J |


title: Jackson v Union Marine Insurance

abstract: Jackson v Union Marine Insurance is an early English contract law case concerning the right to terminate an agreement.

text:
# Jackson v Union Marine Insurance

***Jackson v Union Marine Insurance*** (citation: (1874) 10 Common Pleas 125) is an early English contract law case concerning the right to terminate an agreement.

## Facts

Mr. Jackson owned a ship - the *Spirit of the Dawn*. In November 1871 he entered a charter-party for the ship to go from Liverpool to Newport, and load iron rails, which were going to be used for a new line in San Francisco. Mr Jackson also had an insurance policy with Union Marine Insurance, which covered losses for "perils of the sea". The ship left on 2 January 1872 but ran aground in Carnarvon Bay the next day. She needed repairs until August. The charterers on 15 February secured another ship to carry the rails. Jackson brought an action on the insurance policy on the chartered freight.

The jury held that the delay for repairs was so long that it brought the contract in a commercial sense to an end.

## Judgment

Bramwell B held with the majority (Blackburn J, Mellor J, Lush J and Amphlett B) that the jury had been correct. The delay meant the charterers were not bound to load the ship and that there was a loss of the chartered freight by perils of the sea.

> The first question is, whether the plaintiff could have maintained an action against the charterers for not loading; for, if he could, there certainly has not been a loss of the chartered freight by any of the perils insured against.
>
> In considering this question, the finding of the jury that “the time necessary to get the ship off and repairing her so as to be a cargo-carrying ship was so long as to put an end in a commercial sense to the commercial speculation entered into by the shipowner and charterers,” is all important. I do not think the question could have been left in better terms; but it may be paraphrased or amplified. I understand that the jury have found that the voyage the parties contemplated had become impossible; that a voyage undertaken after the ship was sufficiently repaired would have been a different voyage, not, indeed, different as to the ports of loading and discharge, but different as a different adventure,—a voyage for which at the time of the charter the plaintiff had not in intention engaged the ship, nor the charterers the cargo; a voyage as different as though it had been described as intended to be a spring voyage, while the one after the repair would be an autumn voyage.
>
> It is manifest that, if a definite voyage had been contracted for, and became impossible by perils of the seas, that voyage would have been prevented and the freight to be earned thereby would have been lost by the perils of the seas. The power which undoubtedly would exist to perform, say, an autumn voyage in lieu of a spring voyage, if both parties were willing, would be a power to enter into a new agreement, and would no more prevent the loss of the spring voyage and its freight than would the power (which would exist if both parties were willing) to perform a voyage between different ports with a different cargo.
>
> But the defendants say that here the contract was not to perform a definite voyage, but was at some and any future time, however distant, provided it was by no default in the shipowner, and only postponed by perils of the seas, to carry a cargo of rails from Newport to San Francisco; and that, no matter at what distance of time, at what loss to the shipowner, whatever might be the ship's engagements, however freights might have risen, or seamen's wages, though the voyage at the time when the ship was ready might be twice as dangerous, and possibly twice as long, from fogs, ice, and other perils, though war might have broken out meanwhile between the country to whose port she was to sail and some other, still she was bound to take and had the right to demand the cargo of the shippers; who in like way had a right to have carried and were bound to find the agreed cargo, or, if that had been sent on already, a cargo of the same description, no matter at what loss to them, and however useless the transport of the goods might be to them. This is so inconvenient, that, though fully impressed with the considerations so forcibly put by Mr. Aspland, and retaining the opinion I expressed in *Tarrabochia v Hickie*, I think that, unless the rules of law prohibit it, we ought to hold the contrary.
>
> The question turns on the construction and effect of the charter. By it the vessel is to sail to Newport with all possible dispatch, perils of the seas excepted. It is said this constitutes the only agreement as to time, and, provided all possible dispatch is used, it matters not when she arrives at Newport. I am of a different opinion. If this charterparty be read as a charter for a definite voyage or adventure, then it follows that there is necessarily an implied condition that the ship shall arrive at Newport in time for it. Thus, if a ship was chartered to go from Newport to St. Michael's in terms in time for the fruit season, and take coals out and bring fruit home, it would follow, notwithstanding the opinion expressed in *Touteng v Hubbard*, on which I will remark afterwards, that, if she did not get to Newport in time to get to St. Michael's for the fruit season, the charterer would not be bound to load at Newport, though she had used all possible dispatch to get there, and though there was an exception of perils of the seas.
>
> The two stipulations, to use all possible dispatch, and to arrive in time for the voyage, are not repugnant; nor is either superfluous or useless. The shipowner, in the case put, expressly agrees to use all possible dispatch: that is not a condition precedent; the sole remedy for and right consequent on the breach of it is an action. He also impliedly agrees that the ship shall arrive in time for the voyage: that is a condition precedent as well as an agreement; and its non-performance not only gives the charterer a cause of action, but also releases him. Of course, if these stipulations, owing to excepted perils, are not performed, there is no cause of action, but there is the same release of the charterer. The same reasoning would apply if the terms were, to “use all possible dispatch, and further, and as a condition precedent, to be ready at the port of loading on June 1st.” That reasoning also applies to the present case. If the charter be read, as for a voyage or adventure not precisely defined by time or otherwise, but still for a particular voyage, arrival at Newport in time for it is necessarily a condition precedent. It seems to me it must be so read. I should say reason and good sense require it. The difficulty is supposed to be that there is some rule of law to the contrary. This I cannot see; and it seems to me that, in this case, the shipowner undertook to use all possible dispatch to arrive at the port of loading, and also agreed that the ship should arrive there “at such a time that in a commercial sense the commercial speculation entered into by the shipowner and charterers should not be at an end, but in existence.” That latter agreement is also a condition precedent. Not arriving at such a time puts an end to the contract; though, as it arises from an excepted peril, it gives no cause of action.
>
> The same result is arrived at by what is the same argument differently put. Where no time is named for the doing of anything, the law attaches a reasonable time. Now, let us suppose this charterparty had said nothing about arriving with all possible dispatch. In that case, had the ship not arrived at Newport in a reasonable time, owing to the default of the shipowner, the charterers would have had a right of action against the owner, and would have had a right to withdraw from the contract. It is impossible to hold that, in that case, the owner would have a right to say, “I came a year after the time I might have come, because meanwhile I have been profitably employing my ship: you must load me, and bring your action for damages.” The charterers would be discharged, because the implied condition to arrive in a reasonable time was not performed. Now, let us suppose the charter contains, as here, that the ship shall arrive with all possible dispatch,—I ask again, is that so inconsistent with or repugnant to a further condition that at all events she shall arrive within a reasonable time? or is that so needless a condition that it is not to be implied? I say certainly not. I must repeat the foregoing reasoning. Let us suppose them both expressed, and it will be seen they are not inconsistent nor needless. Thus, I will use all possible dispatch to get the ship to Newport, but at all events she shall arrive in a reasonable time for the adventure contemplated. I hold, therefore, that the implied condition of a reasonable time exists in this charter. Now, what is the effect of the exception of perils of the seas, and of delay being caused thereby? Suppose it was not there, and not implied, the shipowner would be subject to an action for not arriving in a reasonable time, and the charterers would be discharged. Mr. Benjamin says the exception would be implied. How that is, it is not necessary to discuss, as the words are there: but, if it is so, it is remarkable as shewing what must be implied from the necessity of the case.
>
> The words are there. What is their effect? I think this: they excuse the shipowner, but give him no right. The charterer has no cause of action, but is released from the charter. When I say he is, I think both are. The condition precedent has not been performed, but by default of neither. It is as though the charter were conditional on peace being made between countries A. and B., and it was not; or as though the charterer agreed to load a cargo of coals, strike of pitmen excepted. If a strike of probably long duration began, he would be excused from putting the coals on board, and would have no right to call on the shipowner to wait till the strike was over. The shipowner would be excused from keeping his ship waiting, and have no right to call on the charterer to load at a future time. This seems in accordance with general principles. The exception is an excuse for him who is to do the act, and operates to save him from an action and make his non-performance not a breach of contract, but does not operate to take away the right the other party would have had, if the non-performance had been a breach of contract, to retire from the engagement: and, if one party may, so may the other. Thus, A. enters the service of B., and is ill and cannot perform his work. No action will lie against him; but B. may hire a fresh servant, and not wait his recovery, if his illness would put an end, in a business sense, to their business engagement, and would frustrate the object of that engagement: a short illness would not suffice, if consistent with the object they had in view. So, if A. engages B. to make a drawing, say, of some present event, for an illustrated paper, and B. is attacked with blindness which will disable him for six months, it cannot be doubted that, though A. could maintain no action against B., he might procure some one else to make the drawing. So, of an engagement to write a book, and insanity of the intended author. So, of the case I have put, of an exception of a strike of pitmen.
>
> There is, then, a condition precedent that the vessel shall arrive in a reasonable time. On failure of this, the contract is at an end and the charterers discharged, though they have no cause of action, as the failure arose from an excepted peril. The same result follows, then, whether the implied condition is treated as one that the vessel shall arrive in time for that adventure, or one that it shall arrive in a reasonable time, that time being, in time for the adventure contemplated. And in either case, as in the express cases supposed, and in the analogous cases put, non-arrival and incapacity by that time ends the contract; the principle being, that, though non-performance of a condition may be excused, it does not take away the right to rescind from him for whose benefit the condition was introduced.
>
> On these grounds, I think that, in reason, in principle, and for the convenience of both parties, it ought to be held in this case that the charterers were, on the finding of the jury, discharged.
>
> It remains to examine the authorities. The first in date relied on by the defendants is *Hadley v Clarke*. Now, it may safely be said that there the question was wholly different from the present. There was no question in that case as to the performance of a condition precedent to be ready at a certain or within a reasonable time, or such a time that the voyage in question, the adventure, should be accomplished and not frustrated. That condition had been performed: the ship had loaded and sailed in due time. The plaintiff had had a part of the benefit intended. The defendant had in justice earned part of his freight. Had the plaintiff demanded his goods at Falmouth, he ought to have paid something for their carriage there. He could not, therefore, well have said that he would not go on with the adventure, but undo it. But, if I am right, unless both could, neither could. Further, in that case there was no finding, nor anything equivalent to a finding, that the objects of the parties were frustrated. This case is therefore in every way distinguishable.
>
> Then, there is the case of *Touteng v Hubbard*. The opinion there expressed was obiter,—of weight, no doubt; but not of the same weight it would have been had it been the ratio decidendi. I cannot think that it would have been so held, had it been necessary to act on it. To hold that a charterer is bound to furnish a cargo of fruit at a time of year when there is no fruit,—at a time of year different to what he and the shipowner must have contemplated, the change to that time being no fault of his, but the misfortune at best of the shipowner,—is so extravagant, when the consequences become apparent, that it could not be. Suppose a charter to fetch a cargo of ice from Norway, entered into at such a time that the vessel would reach its destination, with reasonable dispatch, in February, when there was ice, and bring it back in June, when ice was wanted, and by perils of the seas it could not get to Norway till the ice was melted, nor return till after ice was of no value: can it be that the charterer would be bound to load? that he had agreed in those events to do so?
>
> Another case is *Hurst v Usborne*. That is a case of which, if I knew no more than I learn from the books, I should say it did not decide the question we have before us. It is true that the report in the Law Journal, as Mr. Aspland pointed out, says that Mr. Justice Cresswell said he knew of no time the shipowner was bound to, except to use reasonable dispatch. Still, I cannot see from the reports that the point now before us was presented to the judges in that case. My Brother Blackburn, who was counsel in the cause, says it was intended to raise this point by the evidence that was rejected at nisi prius. No doubt, therefore, that was so; but I cannot think it so understood by the Court. I see no adjudication on it. Mr. Butt pointed out that the charter was for barley or other lawful merchandise. Even if for barley only, it does not appear that barley might not have been stored at Limerick, nor that barley from Limerick arriving in England at the time it would, had the defendant loaded, would not have been as valuable as barley arriving earlier. I cannot but think it was a hasty decision: a rule was refused; and certainly one would think, after the argument we have heard, that the matter was worth discussing. At the same time, its tendency is favorable to the defendants. I think it is unsatisfactory, and, if a decision on the question now before us, wrong. Mr. Justice Willes did not seem to be of opinion that the law was as he is supposed to have laid it down in that case: see his judgment in *M'Andrew v Chapple*, where, indeed, there had been a breach of his contract by the shipowner; but the observations are general. I may also properly refer to the opinions, if not of myself, of my Brothers Blackburn and Brett in *Rankin v Potter*. They undoubtedly assume the law to be as the plaintiff contends.
>
> There is also *Geipel v Smith*, nearly if not quite in point. The shipowner there was excused, not merely for refusing to take a cargo to a port which became blockaded after the charter, but also in effect for refusing to do so after the blockade was removed. Restraint of princes not only excused, but discharged him. The same, no doubt, would have been held as to the charterers.
>
> Then, there are the cases which hold that, where the shipowner has not merely broken his contract, but so broken it that the condition precedent is not performed, the charterer is discharged: see *Freeman v Taylor*. Why? Not merely because the contract is broken. If it is not a condition precedent, what matters it whether it is unperformed with or without excuse? Not arriving with due diligence, or at a day named, is the subject of a cross action only. But, not arriving in time for the voyage contemplated, but at such a time that it is frustrated, is not only a breach of contract, but discharges the charterer. And so it should, though he has such an excuse that no action lies. *Taylor v Caldwell* is a strong authority in the same direction. I cannot but think, then, that the weight of authority, as might be expected, is on the side of reason and convenience.
>
> On the other question, viz. whether, though the charterers by perils insured against had a right to refuse to load the cargo, there has been a loss of freight by perils of the seas,—I am of opinion there has been.
>
> It was argued that the doctrine of *Causa proxima, non remota, spectetur*, applies; and that the proximate cause of the loss of the freight here was, the refusal of the charterers to load. But, if I am right, that the voyage, the adventure, was frustrated by perils of the seas, both parties were discharged, and a loading of cargo in August would have been a new adventure, a new agreement. But, even if not, the maxim does not apply. The perils of the seas do not cause something which causes something else. The freight is lost unless the charterers choose to go on. They do not. In the case of goods carried part of the voyage, and the ship lost, but the goods saved, the shipowner may carry them on if he chooses, but is not bound. Suppose he does not, his freight is lost. So, if he does not choose to repair a vessel which remains in specie, but is a constructive total loss.
>
> For these reasons, I think the judgment should be affirmed.
>
> My Brothers Blackburn, Mellor, and Amphlett agree in this judgment; as does my Brother Lush, who, however, heard part only of the argument.

*

## InfoBox

| Spirit of the Dawn | |
| --- | --- |
| Court | Exchequer Chamber |
| Decided | 2 December 1874 |
| Citation | (1874) 10 Common Pleas 125 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Bramwell B, Blackburn J, Mellor J, Lush J, Amphlett B and Cleasby B (dissenting) |
| Case opinions | |
| Bramwell B and Cleasby B (dissenting) | |


abstract: Jackson Township is one of eleven townships in Howard County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 605, up from 596 in 2010.

text:
# Jackson Township, Howard County, Indiana

**Jackson Township** is one of eleven townships in Howard County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 605, up from 596 in 2010.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 575 |  |  |
| 2010 | 596 |  | 3.7% |
| 2020 | 605 |  | 1.5% |
| U.S. Census | | | |

## History

Jackson Township was organized in 1853. It was named for President Andrew Jackson.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 23.5 square miles (61 km2), all land.

### Unincorporated towns

### Former Settlements

### Adjacent townships

### Major highways

* "Jackson Township, Howard County, Indiana". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
* United States Census Bureau cartographic boundary files

1. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
2. "US Census Data". US Government Census Agency. Archived from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
3. "Howard County's Townships and Their Early Settlements and Towns". Kokomo-Howard County Public Library. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Jackson Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Howard County | |
| Coordinates: 40°31′26″N 85°54′29″W / 40.52389°N 85.90806°W / 40.52389; -85.90806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Howard |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 23.5 sq mi (61 km2) |
| Land | 23.49 sq mi (60.8 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2)  0% |
| Elevation | 843 ft (257 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 605 |
| Density | 25.4/sq mi (9.8/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0453449 |


title: Jackson Chapel

abstract: Jackson Chapel is a historic A.M.E. church in Washington, Georgia. It is more than 150 years old. It located at 318 Whitehall Street, formerly known as Freedmen Road. The church was built in 1867 by former slaves including those owned by Robert Toombs. Family members of William Gaines and his brother Wesley John Gaines continue to be active in the church.

text:
# Jackson Chapel

**Jackson Chapel** is a historic A.M.E. church in Washington, Georgia. It is more than 150 years old. It located at 318 Whitehall Street, formerly known as Freedmen Road. The church was built in 1867 by former slaves including those owned by Robert Toombs. Family members of William Gaines and his brother Wesley John Gaines continue to be active in the church.

33°43′52″N 82°45′20″W / 33.73106°N 82.75543°W / 33.73106; -82.75543


title: Jackson Chargers

abstract: The Jackson Chargers were an American soccer team based in Jackson, Mississippi that played in the PDL from 1995 to 1999. The team had very successful consecutive seasons in 1998 and 1999, becoming regular season champions in both years and going undefeated, 16-0, in the 1998 season before losing the championship match to Southwest rivals San Gabriel Valley Highlanders. The team dissolved following the 1999 season.

text:
# Jackson Chargers

The **Jackson Chargers** were an American soccer team based in Jackson, Mississippi that played in the PDL (formerly the *USISL Premier League*) from 1995 to 1999. The team had very successful consecutive seasons in 1998 and 1999, becoming regular season champions in both years and going undefeated, 16-0, in the 1998 season before losing the championship match to Southwest rivals San Gabriel Valley Highlanders. The team dissolved following the 1999 season.

## History

The Chargers became a founding member of the newly reorganized fourth tier of the American soccer pyramid, joining the USISL Premier League in its inaugural 1995 season. The league, operated by United Soccer Leagues, would later become the *Premier Development Soccer League (PDSL)* in 1997 and the *Premier Development League (PDL)* (the name it is known as today) in the Chargers final active season in 1999.

The Chargers became an annual contender early in league history, claiming the regular season championship and recording a perfect season by winning every regular season match in 1998. They followed this up with a strong performance in 1999, again earning the regular season championship but stumbling in the playoffs.

Following their season in 1999, the team folded.

## Year-by-year

| Year | Division | League | Reg. Season | Playoffs | Open Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | 4 | USISL PDL | 4th, Eastern Division | Conference Semifinal | *Did not qualify* |
| 1996 | 4 | USL PDSL | 2nd, Northern Division | Conference Finals | *Did not qualify* |
| 1997 | 4 | USL PDSL | 2nd, Mid-South Division | Conference Finals | *Did not qualify* |
| 1998 | 4 | USL PDSL | 1st, Southeast | Final | *Did not qualify* |
| 1999 | 4 | USL PDL | 1st, Southeast | Conference Finals | *Did not qualify* |

## InfoBox

Jackson Chargers
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Jackson Chargers |
| Nickname(s) | *Chargers* |
| Founded | 1995 |
| Dissolved | 1999 |
| League | USL Premier Development League |
| 1999 | 1st, Southeast Division <br>Playoffs: Eastern Finals |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Panjanathikottai

abstract: Panjanathikottai is a village in the Orathanadu taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Panjanathikottai

**Panjanathikottai** is a village in the Orathanadu taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Panjanathikottai had a total population of 2244 with 1151 males and 1093 females. The sex ratio was 950. The literacy rate was 65.62.

* "Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001". Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 29 August 2009.

## InfoBox

| Panjanathikottai | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Thanjavur |
| Taluk | Orathanadu |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 2,244 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Jacob Leicht (politician)

abstract: Jacob Leicht was an American farmer and politician. Born in South Germantown, Washington County, Wisconsin, Leicht went to Northern Illinois Normal School and Valparaiso University. He was a farmer. He married Ruth Hollencamp, with whom he had six children. Leicht served as chairman of the town of Germantown, school district officer, and served on the Washington County Board of Supervisors and was chairman of the county board. Leicht served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1925 and was a Republican. Leicht became a member of the board of the Milwaukee Co-Operative Milk Producers' Association in 1940. He died at his home in Germantown, Wisconsin.

text:
# Jacob Leicht (politician)

**Jacob Leicht** (May 30, 1876  April 12, 1941) was an American farmer and politician.

Born in South Germantown, Washington County, Wisconsin, Leicht went to Northern Illinois Normal School and Valparaiso University. He was a farmer. He married Ruth Hollencamp, with whom he had six children. Leicht served as chairman of the town of Germantown, school district officer, and served on the Washington County Board of Supervisors and was chairman of the county board. Leicht served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1925 and was a Republican. Leicht became a member of the board of the Milwaukee Co-Operative Milk Producers' Association in 1940. He died at his home in Germantown, Wisconsin.

## InfoBox

| Jacob Leicht | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | May 30, 1876 |
| Died | April 12, 1941(1941-04-12) (aged 64) |
| Alma mater | Valparaiso University |
| Occupation(s) | farmer, politician |
| Spouse | Ruth Hollencamp |
| Children | 6 |


title: Jacques Charpentier

abstract: Jacques Charpentier was a French composer and organist. He is unrelated to either of two other eminent French musicians with the same surname.

text:
# Jacques Charpentier

**Jacques Charpentier** (18 October 1933 in Paris, France – 15 June 2017 in Lézignan-Corbières, France) was a French composer and organist. He is unrelated to either of two other eminent French musicians with the same surname (Marc-Antoine Charpentier and Gustave Charpentier).

## Biography

As a child he taught himself to play the piano. From 1950 to 1953 he worked with Jeanine Rueff, then left for India, acquainting himself with traditional Hindu music in Bombay and Calcutta. Charpentier stayed there for 18 months, a period that would prove decisive for his musical evolution. Upon returning to France in 1954, he studied composition with Tony Aubin and the philosophy of music with Olivier Messiaen at the Conservatoire de Paris. He joined the Jeunesses musicales de France in 1959, then was named principal inspector of music in 1966 and general inspector of music in 1975 at the Secrétariat d’État à la Culture. In 1974 the organ of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet in Paris was named after him. The same year as his appointment as general inspector, he founded a center for Gregorian studies and traditional music, and also began teaching courses in orchestration at the Conservatoire de Paris. In 1979 he succeeded Jean Maheu as Director of Music, Lyrical Art, and Dance at the Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, serving in that position from 1979 to 1981. Charpentier then became director of music for the city of Nice. He lived for many years in Carcassonne.

Jacques Charpentier is also the author of pedagogical works on the Gregorian chant and the music of India.

## Prizes

* Prix Koussevitsky (1966)
* Grand Prix musical de la Ville de Paris (1978)

## Awards

## Musical influences

India decisively influenced Charpentier and his music. Upon his return from India, Charpentier sought to synthesize these new Eastern influences with his Western musical culture. Messiaen directed him to the writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas, which occupied him for two years. In 1957 he undertook a colossal work dedicated to the 72 Carnatic styles of India, the basic scales of traditional Indian music. This became *72 études karnatiques*, finished in 1984, 27 years later, wherein the influence of Messiaen is demonstrated. In these pieces the piano is treated as a percussion instrument, with the staggering of resonances and sounds recalling the instruments of India. Charpentier also often wrote in the neo-classical style, shown in such works as *Symphonie brève* (1957), *Sinfonia sacra pour le jour de Pâques* (1965), and *Prélude pour la Genèse* (1967).

## Selected Compositions

### 1950s

* *72 études karnatiques*, for piano, in twelve books of six studies each, composed 1957-1984
* *Symphonie brève* (1958)

### 1960s

* *Sinfonia sacra pour le jour de Pâques* (1965)
* *Prélude pour la Genèse* (1967)
* *Gavambodi 2*, for alto saxophone and piano (1969)

### 1970s

* *Béatrix de Plannisolas*, opera in 5 acts in the Occitan language (1971), performed at the Aix-en-Provence Festival, 1971
* *Le Livre d'orgue*, commissioned by the *Journées de musique contemporaine* of Metz (1973)
* *Symphonie no 5* (1977)
* *Symphonie no 6*, pour orgue et orchestre (1978)

## Bibliography

* Vignal, Marc (1988). *Dictionnaire de la musique française*. Larousse.
* Honegger, Marc (1986). *Dictionnaire de la musique : les hommes et leurs œuvres*. Bordas.

## InfoBox

| Jacques Charpentier | |
| --- | --- |
| Jacques Charpentier | |
| Born | (1933-10-18)18 October 1933
Paris, France |
| Died | 15 June 2017(2017-06-15) (aged 83)
Lézignan-Corbières, France |
| Era | Contemporary |