title: Gerald Bull

abstract: Gerald Vincent Bull was a Canadian engineer who developed long-range artillery. He moved from project to project in his quest to economically launch a satellite using a huge artillery piece, to which end he designed the Project Babylon "supergun" for Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq. Bull was assassinated outside his apartment in Brussels, Belgium, in March 1990. His assassination is believed to be the work of the Mossad over his work for the Iraqi government. No person has ever been charged with the murder of Bull.

text:
# Gerald Bull

**Gerald Vincent Bull** (March 9, 1928 – March 22, 1990) was a Canadian engineer who developed long-range artillery. He moved from project to project in his quest to economically launch a satellite using a huge artillery piece, to which end he designed the Project Babylon "supergun" for Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq.

Bull was assassinated outside his apartment in Brussels, Belgium, in March 1990. His assassination is believed to be the work of the Mossad over his work for the Iraqi government. No person has ever been charged with the murder of Bull.

## Early life

Gerald Vincent Bull was born in North Bay, Ontario, Canada, to George L. Toussaint Bull, a solicitor, and Gertrude Isabelle (née LaBrosse) Bull. George Bull was from a family from the Trenton area and had moved to North Bay in 1903 to start a law firm. As a Roman Catholic, LaBrosse would have been forbidden from marrying Bull, an Anglican. George converted to Roman Catholicism on February 20, 1909, and the two married three days later. The couple had 10 children.

George Bull was offered the position of King's Counsel in 1928. The family was well off, but the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and ensuing Great Depression dramatically changed their circumstances. Within a year the loans Bull had taken to buy stocks on margin were called in, and the family was forced to move to Toronto to look for work.

The next year Gertrude Bull suffered complications while giving birth to her 10th child, Gordon. She died April 1, 1931. George Bull suffered a nervous breakdown and fell into heavy drinking; he left his children in the care of his sister Laura, who fell victim to cancer and died in mid-1934. The next year, banks foreclosed on the family home. The same year, George, at the age of 58, met and married Rose Bleeker. He gave up the children to various relatives: Gerald ending up living with his older sister Bernice.

In 1938, Gerald was sent to spend the summer holidays with his uncle and aunt, Philip and Edith LaBrosse (Philip was the younger brother of Gerald's mother, Gertrude). During the Depression, Phil and Edith had won about $175,000 in the Irish Sweepstakes, and were relatively well off. Gerald was sent to an all-boys Jesuit school, Regiopolis College, Kingston, Ontario. Although too young to attend, the school allowed him to start in 1938 and he returned to spend the summers with the LaBrosses. During this time he took up the hobby of building balsa wood airplanes of his own design, and was a member of the school's modelling club. He graduated in 1944.

## University

After graduating, Bull entered Queen's University, with hopes of eventually entering military officers' training school. Philip LaBrosse visited the University of Toronto with the intention of having Bull placed there. He wrote to Bull, who was in Kingston, having found room in the medical school. Bull declined the offer and instead asked LaBrosse if a position in the new aeronautical engineering course was available. The department, being brand new, had limited qualifying criteria for entrance and agreed to interview Bull even though he was only sixteen years old – and he was accepted into the undergraduate program. Records and recollections of both classmates and his professors show little evidence of Bull's brilliance; one professor noted that "He certainly didn't stand out". After graduating in 1948, with marks that were described as "strictly average", Bull took a drafting job at A.V. Roe Canada.

Later that year, the University of Toronto opened a new Institute of Aerodynamics (now the Institute for Aerospace Studies) under the direction of Dr. Gordon Patterson. The Institute could afford to employ twelve students, accepting three per year for a four-year period, and was funded by the Defence Research Board (DRB). Bull applied and was accepted at Patterson's personal recommendation, as Patterson felt that any lack in academics was made up for by Bull's tremendous energy. Bull was soon assigned to work with fellow student Doug Henshaw, and the two were given the task of building a supersonic wind tunnel, which was at that time a relatively rare device.

When the Royal Canadian Air Force donated land adjacent to RCAF Station Downsview to the institute, the operations were quickly moved. During construction, Bull used the wind tunnel as the basis for his September 15, 1949 Master's thesis, on the design and construction of advanced wind tunnels. The tunnel was to be featured prominently during the opening of the new Institute grounds, leading to an all-night rush to get it fully operational in time for the presentation. The work was completed at 3:30 am, but the team was too exhausted to test it. The next day Air Marshal Wilfred Curtis pushed the start button and nothing happened, but Dr. Patterson quickly reached around, pushed harder, and the wind tunnel worked perfectly.

Bull had largely finished his PhD thesis on the same topic in 1950, when a request from the DRB asking that the Institute provide an aerodynamicist to help on their Velvet Glove Missile project arrived. It was to be an unpaid position on which the volunteer would remain on a normal PhD stipend from the university. Patterson selected Bull for the position, which led to a period of successful work at the Canadian Armament and Research Development Establishment, or CARDE.

## Career

### Canada

The Canadian Armament and Research Development Establishment (CARDE) was formed as a joint Canadian-British operation to study artillery and ballistics, in an effort to harness the intellectual resources of Canada, as well as to place developing British technology outside of German reach during World War II. Formed up on a military training area and artillery range outside Valcartier, northwest of Quebec City, CARDE was one of a number of research divisions of the DRB that were well funded in the immediate post-war era. CARDE was researching supersonic flight and a variety of rocket and missile projects when Bull was asked to join. Bull asked to build a wind tunnel for this research, but his suggestions were dismissed as too expensive.

Gunners at CARDE suggested that firing models out of existing gun barrels would permit gathering data at much lower cost, and guided Bull in this direction. As a proof of concept, they tried an Ordnance QF 17-pounder barrel bored to 3.9 inches (99 mm). The aerodynamicists' demands to accommodate larger models resulted in boring out a BL 5.5 inch Medium Gun barrel to produce a 5.9 inches (150 mm) smooth-bore. Borrowing an idea developed in England in 1916, cards were placed on holders along the range and scaled models of the missile fired through them. The models were carried in a segmented aluminum sabot, which peeled away as the round left the muzzle.

As originally built the range was 1,000 yards (910 m) long, with "jump cards" located at 100 yards (91 m) intervals. A metallic coating on the cards permitted timing of flight progress to measure velocity. One station was equipped for Schlieren photography to record the shock waves and wake around the projectile. In some ways this technique was superior to wind tunnel study, as it allowed for the direct measurement of real-world influences on the trajectory, as a test of theoretical calculations. On the downside, reducing the collected data to a mathematical trajectory for checking against the theoretical calculations is difficult.

Bull was at CARDE briefly before returning to the university to defend his thesis in March 1951, at 23 years old becoming the youngest PhD graduate in the institute's history—a record that remains to this day. He returned to CARDE, now on the DRB's payroll, and continued working on the instrumented guns. On one of these trips, in 1953, he and a friend stopped in Charny after a fishing trip to drop off some of their catch at a local doctor's house. Bull met Noemi "Mimi" Gilbert, the doctor's daughter, and the two soon started dating. Given Bull's work schedule they were rarely able to see each other, but they became engaged in February 1954, and married on July 15. Gilbert gave the couple a small house as a wedding gift. Mimi gave birth to their first son, Phillippe, on July 3, 1955, and a second, Michel, in November 1956.

In 1954 Bull decided that a wind tunnel was too important to ignore, even if he could not arrange for funding through the DRB. Instead, he gained the ear of professors at Laval University in Quebec City, and Bull and a number of graduate students started work on a tunnel similar to the one he had earlier built at the UofT. It opened in the summer of 1955 and was capable of speeds up to Mach 4, but cost only $6,000, the result of using scrap for most of its parts.

Bull's work was brought to the public's attention in a May 20, 1955 *Toronto Telegram* headline article, *Unveil Canadian Gun that Fires 4,550 M.P.H. Missiles*. Around this time Bull further improved the data-collection capabilities of the system by developing a telemetry system that could fit in the models. DRB staff thought the idea was unworkable and worked against having it funded, but Bull shuffled his own department's funding and went ahead and developed it anyway. All the parts of Bull's future efforts, smooth-bore high-velocity guns, sabots for increasing performance, and hardened electronics, were now complete.

Work on the Velvet Glove ended in 1956, and the DRB turned its attention to anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs). Bull's gun system was not fast enough to be useful in this role, so it was adapted to use a "sabot" to improve its performance. Bull then moved on to hypersonics research and the study of infrared and radar cross sections for detection. As the UK's research efforts wound down in the post-war political environment, CARDE's joint UK-Canadian funding was dramatically cut back, with the project eventually being handed over to the Canadians entirely and followed by further cuts. Bull was vocal about this turn of events, calling the Liberal government of the day "second-rate lawyers and jumped-up real-estate salesmen".

During this period CARDE was visited by a US team, including Lieutenant General Arthur Trudeau, who was impressed with Bull's work. Trudeau was director of US Army Research and Development, and he quickly set up a similar effort at the Aberdeen Proving Ground under the direction of Dr. Charles Murphy. They built an analog of Bull's gun using a 5-inch (130 mm) gun and started test firing it over the Atlantic in 1961. The team used a fire-control radar from a Nike Hercules missile battery to track the shells, which released a cloud of chaff at altitudes up to 130,000 feet (40,000 m).

Around the same time, Bull and Murphy started discussing the idea of firing scale aircraft models from their guns. Both started working on the idea, but Bull beat Murphy when he successfully fired a model of the Gloster Javelin from his gun and managed to take shadowgraph photos of it showing supersonic shock cones. Bull then used the same method to work on the Avro Arrow, discovering an instability that led to the use of a stability augmentation system. Work on the Avro Arrow was soon cancelled, which angered Bull.

With attention turning to space after the launch of Sputnik in 1957, Bull leaked a story that Canada would soon match this feat by placing a high-velocity gun in the nose of a US Army Redstone missile. The story was a complete fabrication, but caused a major stir when it hit the papers on April 22, 1958. After the story broke Prime Minister John Diefenbaker was besieged in the House of Commons press scrum, later dismissing it stating that "There is no foundation whatsoever to the story, not a scintilla of truth to it".

A major flap broke out as a result, leading to the dressing down of several of Bull's superiors. When the press was invited to visit CARDE, the Canadian Broadcasting Company broadcast a piece covering much of the work at CARDE on May 11, including lengthy sections on Bull's gun and their work on infrared detection and anti-ballistic missile systems.

On April 1, 1961, Bull got into an argument with his direct superior over paperwork. Bull wrote out his resignation. A report prepared after his departure stated "... his tempestuous nature and strong dislike for administration and red tape constantly led him into trouble with senior management."

### High Altitude Research Project

Bull had long prepared for this event, and soon re-appeared as a professor at McGill University, which was in the process of building up a large engineering department under the direction of Donald Mordell. Mordell had long maintained links with CARDE and became one of Bull's ardent supporters, in spite of what other professors saw as "second-rate attempts at manipulation" and that "\[Mordell\] always supported Bull's work ... I think sometimes he got pretty tired of supporting Bull." Bull, for his part, appeared to enjoy the new position, and later described it as "a marriage made in heaven". Bull remained in contact with his counterparts in the US and the University of Toronto, and set about equipping the university with the instrumentation it would need to be a leader in the field of aerodynamics.

Several years earlier, while still working at CARDE, Gerald and Mimi had purchased a 2,000-acre (8.1 km2) plot of land on the Québec–Vermont border. Bull donated the land to be used by McGill and turned into a new ballistics lab, a private analog of the CARDE site. Renamed to become "Highwater Station" due to the local village of Highwater, Quebec, the site was quickly developed under the direction of former British Army colonel Robert Stacy, who bulldozed large sections, built various test facilities and ran power to the site. There they began working with 5 in (127 mm) and 7 in (178 mm) artillery pieces.

In late 1961 Bull visited Murphy and Trudeau at Aberdeen and was able to interest them in the idea of using guns to loft missile components for re-entry research, a task that was otherwise very expensive and time-consuming aboard rockets. They arranged funding for the work under Project HARP (for *High Altitude Research Project*, not to be confused with HAARP). The US Navy supplied a surplus 16-inch (406 mm) battleship gun, and a contract from the Office of Naval Research paid for the gun to be re-bored into a 16.4-inch (417 mm) smooth bore. The entire contract, excluding shipping, was only $2,000.

The performance of the gun was so great that the Highwater site was too small to support it. McGill had long been running a meteorological station on Barbados and had close connections with the new Democratic Labour Party (DLP), and suggested that it would make an ideal location for the gun to be set up. Bull met with then Premier Errol Barrow who became Barbados' first Prime Minister after Barbados received its Independence from the UK in 1966. Barrow, an enthusiastic supporter of HARP, arranged for a firing site at Paragon, on the southeast coast of the island near the Seawell Airport. The guns arrived in early 1962 but could not be put ashore at the site, and had to be offloaded 7 miles (11 km) up the coast at Foul Bay, and then transported overland via a purpose-built railway that employed hundreds of locals. As the project continued, this figure grew to over 300 permanently employed with the project, and it became a major reason for Barrow's continued support. Bull encouraged the locals to use the project as a stepping-stone to a science or engineering degree of their own, and his efforts were widely lauded in the press.

In January 1962 the first test shot was carried out, firing an empty sabot. The test was completely successful, so a further two similar firings were abandoned and the second firing was made with a dart-like finned projectile named *Martlet* (after the mythical bird without feet on the McGill University crest). These tests demonstrated several problems, including poor shot-to-shot performance of the decades-old gunpowder, and the fact that the projectile left the barrel so quickly that the powder did not have time to burn completely. New charges using modern powder were soon supplied, and by November 1962 the 150-kilogram Martlets were being fired at over 10,000 ft/s (3,048 m/s; 6,818 mph) and reaching altitudes of 215,000 ft (66,000 m).

The Martlets evolved through this period, growing in size and sophistication. As Bull later put it:

> Martlett 2A was the first high-altitude projectile. It weighed 225 pounds. The forebody carried electronics, the aftbody carried chemical payloads. It was five inches (127 mm) in diameter, and had a very heavy pusher plate. The actual all-up weight was around 400 to 450 pounds. Then what happened was the Martlet 2C. \[It\] was the big workhorse, still a five inch (127 mm). Then, towards the end, we came up with the 350 pound vehicle, the same thing, only seven inches in diameter.
>
> The idea was to find out what happens in the atmosphere from sunset to sunrise. Remember, nobody gave us grants. We had to produce tropical atmospheric meteorological \[data\] for the army research office, that's how we got our money. We were trying to measure everything to the top of the atmosphere, which we labeled as a nominal two hundred kilometers.
>
> The cost of a launch was about $5,000. We did up to eight a night. We used to do three nights in a row to try to get the data.
>
> Gerald Bull

The Martlet's electronics triggered the release of the chemical markers at a set altitude. This left a sort of "smoke trail" through the atmosphere that could be used to measure winds aloft by visual means. The chemical was typically triethylaluminium, which burns on contact with air. Loading the shells was a dangerous job that required special handling. The Martlets were also used to release chaff instead of chemicals, allowing tracking via radar. Some shots used additional electronics to measure the magnetic field. Similar firings in support of the upper atmosphere research were made using 5" and 7" guns at Highwater, Alaska, and Wallops Island, Virginia.

By the time the program ran down, about 1,000 firings had taken place, and the data collected during HARP represents half of all the upper-atmospheric data to this day.

The Martlet-2 was only a stepping-stone on the way to Bull's real interest, a gun-launched rocket that could reach outer space. The gun had been thoroughly tested and was well past intercontinental ranges, but needed modifying. In early 1963 HARP started experimenting with the *Martlet-3*, a 7-inch-diameter (177.8 mm) "full bore" projectile designed to test the basic problems of launching a solid-fuel artillery shell from guns. Solid shell fuel has the consistency of soft rubber and is cut into a pattern that is open in the middle, so on firing the "grain" would tend to collapse into the cavity. This problem was solved by filling the cavity with zinc bromide, which prevented the collapse and was drained after firing to allow the rocket to light. Test firings began at the US Ballistic Research Laboratory (now part of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory) in Aberdeen using a bored-out 175 mm gun from the M107. This program proved the basic concept and shots of the Martlet-3 reached altitudes of 155 miles (249 km).

The ultimate goal of the program was the *Martlet-4*, a three-stage 16.4" rocket that would be fired from a lengthened gun at Barbados and would reach orbit. In 1964 Donald Mordell was able to convince the Canadian government of the value of the HARP project as a low-cost method for Canada to enter the space-launch business, and arranged a joint Canadian-US funding program of $3 million a year for three years, with the Canadians supplying $2.5 million of that. Another 16.4" gun, mounted horizontally, was being tested at the Highwater range, and was extended by cutting the breech off the end of one gun and welding it to the end of another to produce a new gun over 110 feet long. The extension allowed the powder to be contained for a longer period of time, slowing down the acceleration and loads on the airframe, while also offering higher overall performance. Once the system had been tested at Highwater, a second barrel was shipped to Foul Bay, attached and strengthened with external bracing to allow it to be raised from the horizontal. This gun was extensively tested in 1965 and 1966.

The orbital project faced a constant race with its own budget. Originally guaranteed three years of funding, the money was handled by the DRB, who was less than impressed with its former "star" going on to greater things while their own funding was being dramatically cut. Although the money was allocated for 1964, the DRB managed to delay delivery for ten months, forcing McGill to cover salaries in the interim. These problems did not go unnoticed in the US Army, and in order to ensure that firings would not be interrupted by problems on the Canadian side, a third double-length gun was built at the Yuma Proving Grounds to continue the high-altitude measurements. On November 18, 1966, this gun launched a Martlet-2 to 180 km, a world record that still stands today.

By 1967 it was becoming clear that the Martlet-4 would not be ready by the time the funding ran out in 1968. An effort started to build a simplified version, the GLO-1A (Gun-launched Orbiter, Version 1A), based on the Martlet-2G. Continued budget pressures, changing public attitudes towards military affairs, negative reviews from the press and other researchers in Canada and a change of government all conspired to ensure that Canadian funding was not renewed in 1967. Bull had been working on a last-ditch effort to launch a Canadian flag into orbit in time for the Canadian Centennial, but nothing came of this plan.

### Space Research Corporation

Bull returned to his Highwater range, and transferred HARP's assets to a new company. He invoked a clause in the original contract with McGill that required them to return the range to its original natural condition. Faced with hundreds of thousands of dollars in construction costs to wind down a project that could not garner funding, McGill was left with little choice but to trade Bull for title to the Highwater equipment. Setting up a new company, Space Research Corporation (SRC), Bull became an international artillery consultant. Incorporated in both Quebec and Vermont, a number of contracts from both the Canadian and US military research arms helped the company get started.. In the late 1960s, Bull established a space program at Norwich University, in Northfield, Vermont.

At SRC Bull continued the development of his high-velocity artillery, adapting the HARP smoothbore into a new "reverse rifled" design where the lands of a conventional rifling were replaced by grooves cut into the barrel to make a slightly larger gun also capable of firing existing ammunition. Normally artillery shells are sealed into the rifling by a driving band of soft metal like copper, which demands that the shell be shaped so that it balances at its widest point, where the band is located. This is not ideal for ballistics, especially supersonically where a higher fineness ratio is desirable. Bull solved this problem by using an additional set of nub "fins" near the front of the shell to keep it centered in the barrel, allowing the driving band to be greatly reduced in size, and located wherever was convenient. Re-shaping the shell for better supersonic performance provided dramatically improved range and accuracy, up to double in both cases, when compared to a similar gun using older-style ammunition. He called the new shell design "Extended Range, Full Bore" (ERFB).

Starting in 1975, Bull designed a new gun based on the common US 155/39 M109 howitzer, extending it slightly to 45 calibre through modifications that could be applied to existing weapons, calling the resulting weapon the GC-45 howitzer. Bull also purchased the base bleed technology being developed in Sweden, which allowed for further improvements in range. With ERFB round the GC-45 could routinely place rounds into 10 metres (33 ft) circles at ranges up to 30 kilometres (19 mi), extending this to 38 kilometres (24 mi) with some loss in accuracy. The gun offered ranges far in excess of even the longest-ranged heavy artillery in a gun only slightly larger than common medium-weight guns.

SRC's first major sales success was the sale of 50,000 ERFB shells to Israel in 1973 for use in American-supplied artillery pieces. The Israelis had successfully used a number of 175 mm M107 guns in the counter-battery role against its Soviet counterpart, the 130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46), but the introduction of long range rockets fired from Lebanon outranged them. The ERFB shells extended the range of the already formidable M107 to as much as 50 kilometres (31 mi), allowing the guns to counter-battery even the longest range rockets.

Bull was rewarded for success of this program by a Congressional bill, sponsored by Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) making him retroactively eligible for a decade of American citizenship and high-level American nuclear security clearance. He was granted citizenship by an Act of Congress.

### Sanctions contravention

In 1977 and 1978, Bull orchestrated the illegal sale of 30,000 155 mm artillery shells, gun barrels and plans for the GC-45 howitzer as well as radar equipment to Armscor, the South African state arms corporation; with two shipments made through Antigua in 1978 and another through Spain in 1979. The South African Defence Force's arsenal of vintage howitzers, antiquated by the arms embargo, had been outperformed by BM-21 Grads during *Operation Savannah* in 1975. In order to counter the modern Soviet artillery deployed in neighbouring Angola, South African officials began seeking longer-ranged weapons systems and were referred to SRC. Armscor trialled the GC-45 with a new mounting to allow for increased powder loads and installed an auxiliary power unit for improving mobility in the field. The resulting G5 howitzer was vital to South African campaigns against Cuban expeditionary forces in Angola, allowing them to target infrastructure and personnel with phenomenal accuracy. In addition, the urgent shipments were also meant to address the acute shortage of artillery shells due to their incursion into Angola.

Once these shipments had been uncovered, Bull was arrested for illegal arms dealing in contravention of UN Security Council Resolution 418 for arms export to South Africa. Expecting a token punishment, Bull found himself spending six months in the Federal Correctional Complex, Allenwood, Pennsylvania in 1980. After his release, he was again charged (this time in Canadian courts) for transferring technology on 155mm extended range shell development to China without the necessary export permits and fined $55,000 for international arms dealing.

### Support to Iraq

Bull left Canada and moved to Brussels, where a subsidiary of SRC called European Poudreries Réunies de Belgique was based. Bull continued working with the ERFB ammunition design, developing a range of munitions that could be fired from existing weapons. A number of companies designed upgrades to work with older weapons, like the M114 155 mm howitzer, combining a new barrel from the M109 with Bull's ERFB ammunition to produce an improved weapon for relatively low cost.

Bull also continued working with the GC-45 design, and soon secured work with the People's Republic of China, and then Iraq. He designed two artillery pieces for the Iraqis: the 155 mm *Al-Majnoonan*, an updated version of the G5, and a similar set of adaptations applied to the 203 mm US M110 howitzer to produce the 210 mm Al-Fao with a maximum range of 56 km (35 mi) without base bleed. Although it appears the Al-Fao was not put into production, the Al-Majnoonan started replacing Soviet designs as quickly as they could be delivered. When deliveries could not be made quickly enough, additional barrels were ordered from South Africa. The guns were built and sold through an Austrian intermediary.

Based on his HARP results, Bull secured additional Iraqi funding and support for the construction of a smoothbore gun barrel assembly. He received a $25m down-payment for the project on condition that he continued the development work on the *Al-Majnoonan* and *Al-Fao* guns. Initially, a smaller 45-meter, 350 mm caliber gun (known as *Baby-Babylon*) was completed for testing purposes and then Bull started work on the "real" *PC-2* machine, a gun that was 150 meters long, weighed 1,510 tonnes, with a bore of one meter (39 inches) that would allow the firing of multi-stage rocket-assisted shells with a range of over 5,000 mi (8,000 km) or to launch 1,200 lb (540 kg) satellites into orbit. The project objective was to eventually provide Iraq with three 350 mm *Baby Babylon* guns and two 1000 mm PC-2 *Big Babylon* guns.

The Iraqis then told Bull they would go ahead with the project only if he would also help with development of their longer-range Scud-based missile project. Bull agreed. Construction of the individual sections of the new gun started in England at Sheffield Forgemasters and Matrix Churchill as well as in Spain, the Netherlands, and Switzerland while he concurrently worked on the Scud project, making calculations for the new nose cone needed for the greater re-entry speeds and temperatures the missile would face.

## Death

Over a few months, his apartment suffered several non-robbery break-ins, apparently as a threat or a warning, but he continued to work on the project. On 22 March 1990, Bull was shot five times in the head and back at point-blank range while approaching the door of his apartment in Brussels. He was pronounced dead at the scene. *The New York Times* reported that when police arrived at the scene they found the key still in his door and his unopened briefcase containing nearly $20,000 in cash. Another account states he was shot by a three-man team when he answered the doorbell.

The cooperation between Bull and Saddam Hussein was an immediate threat to Israel which had had previous military engagements with Iraq during the Arab–Israeli war. Watching the development of the gun, Israel feared it could be used to launch nuclear weapons, but the re-designed Scud missiles were of greater concern at that moment.

### Aftermath

According to investigative journalist Gordon Thomas, the assassination of Bull had been sanctioned by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. Nahum Admoni sent a three-man team to Brussels, where the Mossad agents shot Bull at his door-step. Within hours of the killing, according to Thomas, Mossad was engaged in distributing false stories to the European media, alleging that Bull had been shot by agents from Iraq.

Although it was in the immediate interest of both Israel and Iran that Bull discontinue his cooperation with Saddam Hussein, he had worked for many different parties in many critical defence projects, and had become both an asset and a liability for several powerful groups simultaneously. Given Bull's past ventures, it has been speculated that besides Iran or Israel, the CIA; MI6; or the Chilean, Syrian, Iraqi, or South African government could have been behind his assassination.

### Remaining equipment

Project Babylon was stopped when supergun parts were seized by Customs in the United Kingdom in March 1990 leading to most of Bull's staff returning to Canada. Some of the confiscated parts have survived after they were not needed as evidence and because customs were interested in the story, some of the barrel pipes were given to museums and to the Ministry of Defence. In Iraq, all remaining gun barrels and propellants were destroyed by UN inspectors after the Persian Gulf War in October 1991.

### Notes

### Citations

1. Fried, Joseph P. (March 25, 1990). "Gerald Bull, 62, Shot in Belgium; Scientist Who Violated Arms Law". *The New York Times*.
2. Toolis, Kevin (August 26, 1990). "The Man Behind Iraq's Supergun". *The New York Times*. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
3. Harmon, Christopher C. (2007). *Terrorism today*. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-415-77300-3. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
4. "State assassins who put 007 in the shade". *Irish Independent*. February 20, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
5. Lapidos, Juliet (July 14, 2009). "Are Assassinations Ever Legal?". *Slate Magazine*. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
6. Glanz, James (February 15, 2010). "Shades of Supergun Evoke Hussein's Thirst for Arms". *The New York Times*. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
7. Raviv, Dan; Melman, Yossi (27 May 2016). "The Strange Case of a Nazi Who Became an Israeli Hitman". *Haaretz*. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
8. "The Origins of the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait Reconsidered". 29 June 2023.
9. Grant (1991), p. 22.
10. Grant (1991), p. 42.
11. Grant (1991), p. 51.
12. Grant (1991), pp. 52–53.
13. Grant (1991), p. 53.
14. A supersonic scientist, CBC.ca, May 11, 1958.
15. Grant (1991), p. 55.
16. Grant (1991), p. 59.
17. Grant (1991), p. 61.
18. Grant (1991), p. 62.
19. Grant (1991), p. 65.
20. Richard K. Graf.A Brief History of the HARP Project Archived 2013-08-17 at the Wayback Machine, astronautix.com; accessed March 10, 2016.
21. Grant (1991), p. 66.
22. Grant (1991), p. 75.
23. "Martlet 2G-1". *www.astronautix.com*. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008.
24. Grant (1991), p. 79.
25. Anon. 1979, p. 53.
26. Anon. 1979, p. 52.
27. Tina, Starr (October 2009). "Life and Work at Space Research". *Vermont's Northland Journal*. **8** (7): 7.
28. Scholtz, Leopold (2013). *The SADF in the Border War 1966–1989*. Cape Town: Tafelberg. ISBN 978-0-624-05410-8.
29. Tena, Starr (October 2009). "Life and Work at Space Research". *Vermont's Northland Journal*. **8** (7): 7.
30. CIA FOIA release: June 17, 1980
31. Kranish, Michael (24 June 1984). "Scientist arms-smuggler faces US scrutiny again" (PDF). Boston Globe. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-16.
32. William Park (17 March 2016). "The tragic tale of Saddam Hussein's 'supergun'". *BBC Future*. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
33. William Scott Malon (February 10, 1991). "The Guns of Saddam". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
34. Schedel (1993), p. 90.
35. Frum, Barbara (April 5, 1990). "Who killed Gerald Bull?" (video). Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
36. Profile Archived February 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, std.com; accessed 10 March 2016.
37. Toolis, Kevin (August 26, 1990). "The Man Behind Iraq's Supergun". *The New York Times Magazine*. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
38. Gordon Thomas, "Mossad's licence to kill", *The Telegraph* February 17, 2010.
39. Dr. Gerald Bull: Scientist, Weapons Maker, Dreamer, CBC.ca; accessed March 10, 2016.

### Sources

### Further reading

## InfoBox

| Gerald Bull | |
| --- | --- |
| Bull at the Space Research Institute of McGill University in 1964 | |
| Born | Gerald Vincent Bull
(1928-03-09)March 9, 1928
North Bay, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | (1990-03-22)March 22, 1990 (aged 62)
Uccle, Brussels, Belgium |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wounds |
| Alma mater | University of Toronto |
| Known for | Weapons development
Project HARP
Project Babylon |
| Spouse | Noemi "Mimi" Gilbert (m. 1954) |
| Children | 2 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Ballistics |
| Institutions | McGill University
Canadian Armament and Research Development Establishment
Space Research Corporation |
| Thesis | (1951) |
| Doctoral advisor | Gordon Patterson |
|  | |


title: I Write You a Love Song

abstract: "I Write You a Love Song" was a single released from Izabella Scorupco's 1991/1992 album IZA. The song was written by Ole Evenrude. With lyrics in Swedish by Mona Gustafsson, as "Jag sjunger för dig", the song was recorded by Leif Bloms, releasing it as a 1991 single. and by Helene & gänget, which the same year was released as a B-side for the single En enkel resa. The song was also recorded by Charlotte Nilsson in 1999 on her solo album Charlotte, and by Barbados in the year 2000 on the album When the Summer is Gone. The Leif Bloms version failed to enter Svensktoppen on 4 May 1991.

text:
# I Write You a Love Song

"**I Write You a Love Song**" was a single released from Izabella Scorupco's 1991/1992 album *IZA*. The song was written by Ole Evenrude.

With lyrics in Swedish by Mona Gustafsson, as "Jag sjunger för dig", the song was recorded by Leif Bloms, releasing it as a 1991 single. and by Helene & gänget, which the same year was released as a B-side for the single *En enkel resa*.

The song was also recorded by Charlotte Nilsson in 1999 on her solo album *Charlotte*, and by Barbados in the year 2000 on the album *When the Summer is Gone*.

The Leif Bloms version failed to enter Svensktoppen on 4 May 1991.

## Charts

| Chart (1991-1992) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 140 |
| Germany (GfK Entertainment Charts) | 93 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 10 |

## InfoBox

| "I Write You a Love Song" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Izabella Scorupco | |
| from the album  *Iza* | |
| A-side | "I Write You a Love Song" |
| Released | 1991 |
| Songwriter(s) | Ole Evenrude |


title: Humberside Probation Trust

abstract: Humberside Probation Trust was a criminal justice agency. Humberside was one of 35 probation trusts within England and Wales that were part of the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) and a department of the Ministry of Justice. Humberside Probation Trust employed 450 members of staff, and managed over 7,500 offenders each year. The caseload total at anyone time was approximately 4,500 offenders, and the trust wrote over 3,900 pre-sentence reports each year for the court.

text:
# Humberside Probation Trust

**Humberside Probation Trust** was a criminal justice agency. Humberside was one of 35 probation trusts within England and Wales that were part of the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) and a department of the Ministry of Justice.

Humberside Probation Trust employed 450 members of staff, and managed over 7,500 offenders each year. The caseload total at anyone time was approximately 4,500 offenders, and the trust wrote over 3,900 pre-sentence reports each year for the court.

## Vision and values

The statement of purpose for Humberside Probation Trust was: “To make the diverse communities safer by working with others to reduce re-offending, protect the public and support the victims of crime”. It was responsible for the delivery of reports about offenders to the courts and the supervision of offenders in the community. It also delivered programmes and interventions to rehabilitate offenders and reduce the chance of them committing crime in the future.

## In the community

Humberside Probation Trust provided the following services to offenders based in the community:

* Community Payback
* Integrated Offender Management
* Interventions
* Offender Management
* Programmes
* Women Offender Services

## In courts

Humberside Probation Trust staff worked in each of the magistrates' courts and in the Crown Court. The trust provided a range of services both for the sentencers (Magistrates and Judges) and the offenders who appeared before the courts.

When an offender pleads guilty, the Sentencer had the option to order a report from the probation trust. This was a formal report that included details on why the offence occurred, the circumstances, the offender's personal background and an assessment of the risk of harm and risk of reoffending they may have posed to the public. The Sentencer would then consider the report and the proposals made within it when making their sentencing decision. The report assisted the court to determine the most suitable way of dealing with the offender.

Humberside Probation Trust staff were available within the Courts to handle enquiries and give advice to sentencers, including providing further verbal information to complement a written report.

## In prisons

Humberside Probation Trust had some of its staff based in public and private sector prisons. These staff delivered a number of services and interventions which varied from prison to prison to suit the differing needs of the prison inmates. The work of Probation staff in each establishment was specified in a written agreement between the Governor and the chief executive officer.

Prisons used the skills of Probation staff in working with offenders, particularly around risk assessment, risk management and the delivery of offending behaviour programmes. Prisoners were assessed for interventions according to their sentence plan and, if there was evidence of risk to the public being reduced, would in most cases transfer to category 'C' training prisons before release where they would receive resettlement support to help them return to the community without reoffending. As part of preparing for release, prisoners would learn new skills, complete educational courses, and complete offending behaviour programmes. Prisoners which are serving Life sentences may not ever be released.

## Public protection

MAPPA is the Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangement – a set of arrangements to manage the risk posed by the most serious sexual and violent offenders. A statutory requirement, they bring together the Police, Probation and Prison Services in Humberside into what is known as the MAPPA responsible authority. A number of agencies are under a duty to co-operate with the responsible authority. These include: Local Authority social services, Primary Care Trusts and strategic health authorities, Youth Offending Teams, local housing authorities, registered social landlords, local education authorities, Jobcentre Plus, and electronic monitoring providers. Following the closure of the Trust, Humberside, Lincolnshire & North Yorkshire Community Rehabilitation Company Ltd and the new National Probation Service continue to cooperate with MAPPA.

The purposes of MAPPA are:

* To ensure more comprehensive risk assessments, taking advantage of co-ordinated information sharing across the agencies,
* and to direct the available resources to best protect the public.

## Closure

Following the "Transforming Rehabilitation" criminal justice reform programme set out by the Ministry of Justice, Humberside Probation Trust dissolved on the 1 June 2014. In keeping with the reform programme, the Trust was divided between the Humberside, Lincolnshire and North Yorkshire Community Rehabilitation Company Ltd (HLNY CRC) and the new National Probation Service. Following renationalisation of these providers, provision of probation services in Humberside is now provided by the Yorkshire and the Humber Region of the Probation Service.

## InfoBox

| Humberside Probation Trust | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Hull, United Kingdom |
| Website | |
| www.humberside-probation.org.uk | |


title: Ugelstad Laboratory

abstract: The Ugelstad Laboratory was founded at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, in January 2002 to commemorate the late Professor John Ugelstad. The laboratory specialises in surfactant chemistry and its technical applications, emulsions and emulsion technology, preparation of polymers and polymer particles - such as the monosized microbeads - and their technical applications, plasma chemical modification of surfaces and silica-based chemistry. Applications include crude oil production and processing, wood pulp and paper, biomedicine, catalysis and material science. The main purpose is to raise the national level of colloidal science.

text:
# Ugelstad Laboratory

The **Ugelstad Laboratory** was founded at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, in January 2002 to commemorate the late Professor John Ugelstad.

The laboratory specialises in surfactant chemistry and its technical applications, emulsions and emulsion technology, preparation of polymers and polymer particles - such as the monosized microbeads \- and their technical applications, plasma chemical modification of surfaces and silica-based chemistry.

Applications include crude oil production and processing, wood pulp and paper, biomedicine, catalysis and material science.

The main purpose is to raise the national level of colloidal science.

63°24′58″N 10°24′19″E / 63.4160°N 10.4054°E / 63.4160; 10.4054


title: Guninggame

abstract: Guninggame is a village in Tiom district, Lanny Jaya Regency in Highland Papua province, Indonesia. Its population is 885.

text:
# Guninggame

**Guninggame** is a village in Tiom district, Lanny Jaya Regency in Highland Papua province, Indonesia. Its population is 885.

## Climate

Guninggame has a cold subtropical highland climate (Cfb) with heavy rainfall year-round.

| Climate data for Guninggame | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.6
(67.3) | 19.5
(67.1) | 19.1
(66.4) | 18.7
(65.7) | 18.1
(64.6) | 17.2
(63.0) | 16.5
(61.7) | 16.4
(61.5) | 17.5
(63.5) | 18.9
(66.0) | 19.4
(66.9) | 19.5
(67.1) | 18.4
(65.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.7
(56.7) | 13.7
(56.7) | 13.7
(56.7) | 13.4
(56.1) | 13.1
(55.6) | 12.5
(54.5) | 12.0
(53.6) | 11.8
(53.2) | 12.2
(54.0) | 13.1
(55.6) | 13.3
(55.9) | 13.7
(56.7) | 13.0
(55.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.8
(46.0) | 7.9
(46.2) | 8.3
(46.9) | 8.1
(46.6) | 8.1
(46.6) | 7.8
(46.0) | 7.5
(45.5) | 7.2
(45.0) | 7.0
(44.6) | 7.3
(45.1) | 7.2
(45.0) | 7.9
(46.2) | 7.7
(45.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 277
(10.9) | 304
(12.0) | 287
(11.3) | 268
(10.6) | 255
(10.0) | 247
(9.7) | 250
(9.8) | 244
(9.6) | 240
(9.4) | 258
(10.2) | 233
(9.2) | 261
(10.3) | 3,124
(123) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Guninggame | |
| --- | --- |
| GuninggameLocation in Highland Papua and IndonesiaGuninggameGuninggame (Indonesia) | |
| Coordinates: 3°55′35.3244″S 138°18′3.4308″E / 3.926479000°S 138.300953000°E / -3.926479000; 138.300953000 | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Province | Highland Papua |
| Regency | Lanny Jaya Regency |
| District | Tiom District |
| Elevation | 9,450 ft (2,880 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 885 |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Indonesia Eastern Standard Time) |


title: Oacoma, South Dakota

abstract: Oacoma is a town in Lyman County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 386 at the 2020 census. Oacoma is located on the west bank of the Missouri River, across from Chamberlain.

text:
# Oacoma, South Dakota

**Oacoma** is a town in Lyman County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 386 at the 2020 census. Oacoma is located on the west bank of the Missouri River, across from Chamberlain.

## History

On September 17, 1804, Lewis and Clark camped on the west bank of the Missouri River near American Island where Oacoma is now located. During the remainder of the 19th century the area was a stopping off place for explorers, fur traders and steamboat men. The township of Oacoma was laid out in 1891 as the county seat for the newly formed Lyman County; the seat was transferred to Kennebec in 1922. The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad arrived to Oacoma in 1905 and Oacoma was known as a "banking post-village". In the 21st century, it is a rest stop for travelers on Interstate 90.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4.18 square miles (10.83 km2), of which 2.59 square miles (6.71 km2) is land and 1.59 square miles (4.12 km2) is water.

American Crow Creek, a tributary to the Missouri River, enters the river in Oacoma.

The town is located approximately halfway between Sioux Falls and Rapid City.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 235 |  |  |
| 1920 | 224 |  | −4.7% |
| 1930 | 167 |  | −25.4% |
| 1940 | 197 |  | 18.0% |
| 1950 | 231 |  | 17.3% |
| 1960 | 312 |  | 35.1% |
| 1970 | 215 |  | −31.1% |
| 1980 | 289 |  | 34.4% |
| 1990 | 367 |  | 27.0% |
| 2000 | 390 |  | 6.3% |
| 2010 | 451 |  | 15.6% |
| 2020 | 386 |  | −14.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 451 people, 205 households, and 135 families residing in the town. The population density was 174.1 inhabitants per square mile (67.2/km2). There were 236 housing units at an average density of 91.1 per square mile (35.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 88.9% White, 0.2% African American, 6.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 205 households, of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.64.

The median age in the town was 44.3 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 33.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.5% male and 47.5% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 390 people, 169 households, and 111 families residing in the town. The population density was 192.8 inhabitants per square mile (74.4/km2). There were 188 housing units at an average density of 92.9 per square mile (35.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.36% White, 3.33% Native American, and 2.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.26% of the population.

There were 169 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,719, and the median income for a family was $44,250. Males had a median income of $26,500 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,206. About 8.4% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.7% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Oacoma, South Dakota | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Downtown Oacoma | |
| Motto: "One Day Just Isn't Enough" | |
| Location in Lyman County and the state of South Dakota | |
| Coordinates: 43°48′13″N 99°22′20″W / 43.80361°N 99.37222°W / 43.80361; -99.37222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| County | Lyman |
| Founded | 1890 |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.19 sq mi (10.86 km2) |
| Land | 2.60 sq mi (6.75 km2) |
| Water | 1.59 sq mi (4.11 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,401 ft (427 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 386 |
| Density | 148.23/sq mi (57.22/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 57365 |
| Area code | 605 |
| FIPS code | 46-46180 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1267519 |
| Website | oacomasd.com |


title: Joe Cribbs

abstract: Joe Stanier Cribbs is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) and United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at Auburn University along with future NFL backs William Andrews and James Brooks. He began his professional career in 1980 with the Buffalo Bills. After being drafted in the second round of the 1980 NFL draft, Cribbs went on to start all 16 games of his rookie year with Buffalo, finishing with 1185 rushing yards and 11 touchdowns. His performance earned him consensus UPI AFC Rookie of the Year honors and a spot in the Pro Bowl, the only rookie chosen as a starter that year. In five seasons with the team, split around a detour with the USFL, Cribbs had 13 100-yard games and ran for 1,000 yards in a season three times. In the spring of 1984, Cribbs left the Bills in a contract dispute and signed on as a member of the Birmingham Stallions of the United States Football League (USFL). Cribbs was to serve as the president of Team Alabama of the AAFL, which suspended operations shortly before it was slated to play its first games. Almost immediately, Cribbs was named commissioner of the United National Gridiron League, which likewise failed ever to play a game.

text:
# Joe Cribbs

**Joe Stanier Cribbs** (born January 5, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) and United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at Auburn University along with future NFL backs William Andrews and James Brooks. He began his professional career in 1980 with the Buffalo Bills.

After being drafted in the second round of the 1980 NFL draft, Cribbs went on to start all 16 games of his rookie year with Buffalo, finishing with 1185 rushing yards and 11 touchdowns. His performance earned him consensus UPI AFC Rookie of the Year honors and a spot in the Pro Bowl, the only rookie chosen as a starter that year. In five seasons with the team, split around a detour with the USFL, Cribbs had 13 100-yard games and ran for 1,000 yards in a season three times.

In the spring of 1984, Cribbs left the Bills in a contract dispute and signed on as a member of the Birmingham Stallions of the United States Football League (USFL).

Cribbs was to serve as the president of Team Alabama of the AAFL, which suspended operations shortly before it was slated to play its first games. Almost immediately, Cribbs was named commissioner of the United National Gridiron League, which likewise failed ever to play a game.

## College career

Joe Cribbs played college football at Auburn. He played his first college football game in 1976, and when the season was over, he had 171 yards on 43 rushing attempts. He got more playing time in 1977, with 872 yards on 161 rushing attempts. He scored four touchdowns as a rusher. He also caught six passes for 51 yards.

1978 was the breakout year. Cribbs rushed for 1,205 yards in 253 attempts, scoring 16 touchdowns, and averaging well over hundred yards a game. He was a threat out of the backfield as well, catching right passes. He was also used on gadget plays as well. Cribbs passed the ball four times, completing three passes for 74 yards.

In 1979, Cribbs final season at Auburn, Cribbs had 200 rushing attempts for 1,120 yards, and scored 14 touchdowns rushing

## Buffalo Bills career and lawsuit

Cribbs was an immediate success playing for the NFL team which drafted him, the Buffalo Bills, and was named the American Football Conference Rookie of the Year for the 1980 season and as a starter in the Pro Bowl. On September 7, 1980, Cribbs contributed 131 combined yards of offense as the Bills would snap a 20-game losing streak versus the Dolphins, winning in a 17–7 final. He also played very well in each of the two subsequent seasons and was named to the Pro Bowl again following each. When the NFL played an abbreviated 9 game schedule due to the strike-shortened season in 1982, Cribbs was only able to play in 7 games but nonetheless led the league with 90.4 rushing yards per game. Cribbs was not exactly happy in Buffalo, however, as he especially disliked playing in their infamous cold-weather home games. With one year left on his contract with the Bills, Cribbs signed a contract with the Birmingham Stallions of the USFL. In the summer of 1983, Cribbs officially inked a contract with Birmingham worth $3.5 million.

However, the Bills challenged the contract, citing that they had first right of refusal. This clause had been in Cribbs' original contract with the Buffalo Bills. This was placed in the contract in order to protect Buffalo in case there was no collective bargaining agreement and to prevent another NFL team from signing Cribbs in that event. However, obviously there was no mention of a prohibition of any team from the USFL signing Cribbs, as that league was yet to be formed when Cribbs signed his contract with the Bills.

The trial was held in Buffalo, and one of the people testifying for the Bills was head coach Kay Stephenson, who stated that Joe Cribbs was irreplaceable in the Bills lineup. Federal Judge John T. Elfvin heard the case. While the trial was going on, Cribbs continued to work out with the Stallions. When the verdict came down, Judge Elfvin ruled in favor of Cribbs, allowing him to play for the Birmingham Stallions.

## USFL and contract dispute in Birmingham

Herschel Walker made the jump from college football to the USFL, becoming the league's highest paid player at $6 million over four years. This played a factor in Joe Cribbs walking out of his contract with the Birmingham Stallions. Cribbs had signed a deal in 1983 worth $2.6 million to play for Birmingham, and still five years left on the contract. At the time of his walkout, Cribbs was leading the USFL in rushing.

## Later career

Cribbs was a fairly major star with the Stallions; however, the USFL folded after its 1985 season and Cribbs then returned to play in the NFL. Cribbs played for the San Francisco 49ers in the 1986 and 1987 seasons. He then divided the 1988 season between the Indianapolis Colts and the Miami Dolphins prior to his retirement. During this return stint in the NFL, Cribbs never came truly close to the level of consistency which had put him into three consecutive Pro Bowls early in the decade.

## NFL career statistics

| Legend | |
| --- | --- |
|  | Led the league |
| **Bold** | Career high |

### Regular season

| Year | Team | Games | | Rushing | | | | | | Receiving | | | | | Fumbles | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | GP | GS | Att | Yds | Avg | Y/G | Lng | TD | Rec | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD | Fum | FR |
| 1980 | BUF | **16** | **16** | **306** | **1,185** | 3.9 | 74.1 | 48 | **11** | 52 | 415 | 8.0 | 21 | 1 | **16** | 1 |
| 1981 | BUF | 15 | 15 | 257 | 1,097 | 4.3 | 73.1 | 35 | 3 | 40 | **603** | **15.1** | **65** | **7** | 12 | 1 |
| 1982 | BUF | 7 | 6 | 134 | 633 | **4.7** | **90.4** | **62** | 3 | 13 | 99 | 7.6 | 31 | 0 | 5 | **2** |
| 1983 | BUF | **16** | **16** | 263 | 1,131 | 4.3 | 70.7 | 45 | 3 | **57** | 524 | 9.2 | 33 | **7** | 6 | 1 |
| 1984 | BUF | *Sat out due to contract dispute* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1985 | BUF | 10 | 5 | 122 | 399 | 3.3 | 39.9 | 16 | 1 | 18 | 142 | 7.9 | 23 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
| 1986 | SF | 14 | 10 | 152 | 590 | 3.9 | 42.1 | 19 | 5 | 35 | 346 | 9.9 | 33 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
| 1987 | SF | 11 | 3 | 70 | 300 | 4.3 | 27.3 | 20 | 1 | 9 | 70 | 7.8 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1988 | IND | 1 | 0 | *Did not record any stats* | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | MIA | 12 | 0 | 5 | 21 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 11 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 0 |
| Career | | 102 | 71 | 1,309 | 5,356 | 4.1 | 52.5 | 62 | 27 | 224 | 2,199 | 9.8 | 65 | 15 | 51 | 7 |

## InfoBox

Joe Cribbs
| Cribbs in 2011 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 20, 28, 30 | |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1958-01-05) January 5, 1958<br>Sulligent, Alabama, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 190 lb (86 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Sulligent (AL) |
| College: | Auburn |
| NFL draft: | 1980 / round: 2 / pick: 29 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Rushing yards: 5,356  Rushing average: 4.1  Rushing touchdowns: 27 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Hounslow F.C.

abstract: Hounslow F.C. was an English football club based in Hounslow, Greater London.

text:
# Hounslow F.C.

**Hounslow F.C.** was an English football club based in Hounslow, Greater London.

## History

A **Hounslow F.C.** existed in the early part of the twentieth century, and spent the 1899–1900 in the London League. The modern club were originally named **Hounslow Town** and joined the Corinthian League in 1946. They were league champions in 1949–50 and 1951–52. They were champions again in 1954–55 and also reached the first round of the FA Cup, where they lost 4–2 at home to Hastings United.

At the end of the season they joined the Athenian League. The club finished as runners-up in their first season in the Athenian League and were champions in 1959–60. In 1961–62 the club reached the final of the FA Amateur Cup. After a 1–1 draw with Crook Town at Wembley, they lost the replay at Ayresome Park 4–0. The following season they were given direct entry to the first round of the FA Cup, holding Mansfield Town to a 3–3 draw at home, before losing 9–2 away. In 1966 the club was renamed **Hounslow**.

In 1968–69 the club finished bottom of the Premier Division of the Athenian League and were relegated to Division One. They went on to finish bottom of Division One in both 1970–71 and 1971–72, but remained in the league until 1977, when they joined Division One South of the Southern League. After finishing bottom of the Southern Division in 1983–84 the club was relegated to the Premier Division of the Hellenic League. They were runners-up in 1986–87 the club were promoted back to the Southern League. However, they were relegated again in 1989–90 and returned to the Hellenic League.

In 1991 the club lost its Denbigh Road ground to the council, which built a school on the site. They then merged with Feltham to form Feltham & Hounslow Borough, with the new club playing in the Isthmian League. However, the merged club reverted to the name Feltham in 1995.

## Honours

* **Athenian League**
    + Champions: 1959–60
* **Corinthian League**
    + Champions: 1949–50, 1951–52, 1954–55
* **Middlesex Senior Cup**
    + Winners: 1955–56, 1960–61
* **Middlesex Senior Charity Cup**
    + Winners: 1952–53, 1955–56, 1959–60, 1961–62, 1965–66

## Former players

1. Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).
2. Players with full international caps.
3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club.

## InfoBox

Hounslow
| Full name | Hounslow Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Dissolved | 1991 |
| Ground | Denbigh Road, Hounslow |
| 1990–91 | Hellenic League Premier Division, 9/18 |


title: West Jasper Place, Edmonton (area)

abstract: West Jasper Place is a residential area in the west portion of the City of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. It was established in 1972 through Edmonton City Council's adoption of West Jasper Place Outline Plan, which guides the overall development of the area.

text:
# West Jasper Place, Edmonton (area)

**West Jasper Place** is a residential area in the west portion of the City of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. It was established in 1972 through Edmonton City Council's adoption of West Jasper Place Outline Plan, which guides the overall development of the area.

## Neighbourhoods

The West Jasper Place Outline Plan originally planned for 14 separate neighbourhoods. Today, the West Jasper Place area includes the following 17 neighbourhoods:

## Land use plans

In addition to the West Jasper Place Outline Plan, the following neighbourhood area structure plans and area structure plans were adopted to further guide development of certain portions of the West Jasper Place area:

* the Summerlea Neighbourhood Area Structure Plan (NASP) in 1983, which applies to the Summerlea neighbourhood;
* the Terra Losa NASP in 1982, which applies to the Terra Losa neighbourhood;
* the West Jasper Place North Area Structure Plan (ASP) in 1979, which applies to the western portions of the Aldergrove, Belmead and La Perle neighbourhoods; and
* the West Jasper Place South ASP in 1979, which applies to the Dechene, Donsdale, Jamieson Place and Wedgewood Heights neighbourhoods and the western portions of the Lymburn and Ormsby Place neighbourhoods.

### West Jasper Place North

Further to the West Jasper Place North ASP, the following neighbourhood structure plans were adopted to further guide development within this certain portion of the West Jasper Place area:

* the Aldergrove Neighbourhood Structure Plan (NSP) in 1980, which applies to the western portion of the Aldergrove neighbourhood;
* the Belmead NSP in 1981, which applies to the western portion of the Belmead neighbourhood; and
* the La Perle NSP in 19, which applies to the western portion of the La Perle neighbourhood.

### West Jasper Place South

Further to the West Jasper Place South ASP, the following neighbourhood structure plans were adopted to further guide development within this certain portion of the West Jasper Place area:

* the Dechene NSP in 1979, which applies to the Dechene neighbourhood;
* the Donsdale NSP in 1995, which applies to the Donsdale neighbourhood;
* the Jamieson Place NSP in 1980, which applies to the Jamieson Place neighbourhood;
* the Lymburn NSP in 1980, which applies to the western portion of the Lymburn neighbourhood;
* the Ormsby Place NSP in 1986, which applies to the western portion of the Ormsby Place neighbourhood; and
* the Wedgewood Heights NSP in 1986, which applies to the Wedgewood Heights neighbourhood.

## Surrounding areas

## InfoBox

| West Jasper Place | |
| --- | --- |
| Area | |
| West Jasper PlaceLocation of West Jasper Place in Edmonton | |
| Coordinates: 53°30′43″N 113°37′48″W / 53.512°N 113.630°W / 53.512; -113.630 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| City | Edmonton |
| Quadrant | NW |
| Ward | Nakota Isga & sipiwiyiniwak |
| Government | |
| Administrative body | Edmonton City Council |
| Elevation | 680 m (2,230 ft) |


title: Larry A. Potts

abstract: Larry A. Potts is an American former FBI agent who briefly served as Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1995. Potts was demoted due to investigation into two infamous high-profile FBI controversies that he had been involved in: the 1992 standoff with American survivalist Randy Weaver in Idaho, and the 1993 standoff with the Texas Branch Davidian church led by David Koresh.

text:
# Larry A. Potts

**Larry A. Potts** is an American former FBI agent who briefly served as Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1995. Potts was demoted due to investigation into two infamous high-profile FBI controversies that he had been involved in: the 1992 standoff with American survivalist Randy Weaver in Idaho, and the 1993 standoff with the Texas Branch Davidian church led by David Koresh.

## InfoBox

| Larry A. Potts | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 7th Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation | |
| **In office**<br>February 1995  July 14, 1995 | |
| President | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | David G. Binney |
| Succeeded by | Weldon L. Kennedy |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Gertrude Pocte Geddes Willis

abstract: Gertrude Pocte Geddes Willis founded the Gertrude Geddes Willis Life Insurance Company and Gertrude Geddes Willis Funeral Home in New Orleans, Louisiana. She was one of the first women funeral directors in New Orleans.

text:
# Gertrude Pocte Geddes Willis

**Gertrude Pocte Geddes Willis**  (March 9, 1878 – February 20, 1970) founded the *Gertrude Geddes Willis Life Insurance Company* and *Gertrude Geddes Willis Funeral Home* in New Orleans, Louisiana. She was one of the first women funeral directors in New Orleans.

## Biography

Willis née Pocte was born in Happy Jack, Louisiana, on March 9, 1878, the daughter of Oscar Pocte and Louisa Woods Pocte.

Her first husband Clem Geddes was in the funeral business. The couple partnered with Arnold Moss to form a company that sold insurance as well as owning a funeral home.

After Clem Geddes died in 1913, she married William A. Willis. In 1940, she renamed the business the *Gertrude Geddes Willis Funeral Home and Life Insurance Company*. When William A. Willis died, Gertrude continued running the company, expanding its services.

Geddes was a member of the NAACP, the YWCA, and the Ladies Auxiliary of the Knights of Peter Claver.

She died on February 20, 1970, in New Orleans.

## InfoBox

| Gertrude Pocte Geddes Willis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Gertrude Pocte
(1878-03-09)March 9, 1878
Happy Jack, Louisiana, US |
| Died | February 20, 1970(1970-02-20) (aged 91–92)
New Orleans, Louisiana, US |
| Occupation | Businesswoman |
| Spouses | * Clem Geddes * William A. Willis |


title: I Need Romance

abstract: I Need Romance is a 2011 South Korean romantic comedy series starring Cho Yeo-jeong, Kim Jeong-hoon, Choi Yeo-jin, Choi Song-hyun and Choi Jin-hyuk. It aired on tvN from June 13 to August 2, 2011, on Mondays and Tuesdays at 23:00 (KST) for 16 episodes. The cable drama revolves around three thirty-something career women and their complicated love lives. It was popular with female viewers in their 20s and 30s for depicting contemporary women in a realistic way.

text:
# I Need Romance

***I Need Romance*** (Korean: 로맨스가 필요해; RR: *Romaenseuga Pilyohae*) is a 2011 South Korean romantic comedy series starring Cho Yeo-jeong, Kim Jeong-hoon, Choi Yeo-jin, Choi Song-hyun and Choi Jin-hyuk. It aired on tvN from June 13 to August 2, 2011, on Mondays and Tuesdays at 23:00 (KST) for 16 episodes.

The cable drama revolves around three thirty-something career women and their complicated love lives. It was popular with female viewers in their 20s and 30s for depicting contemporary women in a realistic way.

## Synopsis

Funny, romantic, and just a little racy, *I Need Romance* follows the *Sex and the City*-like adventures of three thirty-something best friends looking for love in modern-day Seoul.

## Cast

## Spin-off

Currently, there are two spin-offs, *I Need Romance 2012* (2012) and *I Need Romance 3* (2014).

## InfoBox

| *I Need Romance* | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Also known as | *In Need of Romance* |
| Genre |  |
| Written by | Jung Hyun-jung |
| Directed by | Lee Chang-han |
| Starring | Cho Yeo-jeong
Kim Jeong-hoon
Choi Yeo-jin
Choi Song-hyun
Choi Jin-hyuk |
| Country of origin | South Korea |
| Original language | Korean |
| No. of episodes | 16 |
| Production | |
| Production company | JS Pictures |
| Original release | |
| Network | tvN |
| Release | June 13 (2011-06-13)
August 2, 2011 (2011-08-02) |
| Related | |
| *I Need Romance 2012*
*I Need Romance 3* | |


title: Andrey Esionov

abstract:
Andrey Kimovich Esionov is a Russian painter and graphic artist, who paints portraits and cityscapes. He is academician of the Russian Academy of Arts, Honorary Academician of the Florentine Academy of Fine Arts and Drawing, a member of the Russian Artistic Union of Painters (1995), the Moscow Artists' Association of International Art Fund, and the Union of Russian Artists. Esionov works in the portrait genre, and actively promotes watercolor painting. According to critics he works in a contemporary art style at the interface of academism. The artist's works are in the collections of museums including the Moscow Museum of Modern Art (Moscow), the State Russian Museum, the State Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan), Samara Regional Art Museum (Samara), the State Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan (Tashkent)., the Museum of the Academy of Fine Arts and Drawing (Florence), Vatican Museums, San Salvatore in Lauro Museum (Rome), Pantheon/Santa Maria ad Martires Basilica Museum (Rome) and other important museums and galleries. In his paintings the artist turns objects and subjects of the real world into works of art which is an indisputable evidence of his talent, high level of professional skills and mastery. Rather than cloning the real world, Esionov uses no optical devices, film or photo cameras to create a new reality relying only on purely artistic means. Esionov’s imaginary compositions and creative stylistic peculiarities visualize harmony of reality and imagination that inspires associative perception and imagination.
- Alexander Rozhin, academician of the Russian Academy of arts, Editor-in-Chief, The Tretyakov Gallery Magazine.

text:
# Andrey Esionov

**Andrey Kimovich Esionov** (Russian: Андрей Кимович Есионов; born 1963) is a Russian painter and graphic artist, who paints portraits and cityscapes. He is academician (Full member) of the Russian Academy of Arts (the painting department, 2018), Honorary Academician of the Florentine Academy of Fine Arts and Drawing (Accademia delle Arti del Disegno), a member of the Russian Artistic Union of Painters (1995), the Moscow Artists' Association of International Art Fund, and the Union of Russian Artists.

Esionov works in the portrait genre, and actively promotes watercolor painting. According to critics he works in a contemporary art style at the interface of academism. The artist's works are in the collections of museums including the Moscow Museum of Modern Art (Moscow), the State Russian Museum (Saint Petersburg), the State Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan), Samara Regional Art Museum (Samara), the State Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan (Tashkent)., the Museum of the Academy of Fine Arts and Drawing ( Accademia delle Arti del Disegno) (Florence), Vatican Museums, San Salvatore in Lauro Museum (Rome), Pantheon/Santa Maria ad Martires Basilica Museum (Rome) and other important museums and galleries. In his paintings the artist turns objects and subjects of the real world into works of art which is an indisputable evidence of his talent, high level of professional skills and mastery. Rather than cloning the real world, Esionov uses no optical devices, film or photo cameras to create a new reality relying only on purely artistic means. Esionov’s imaginary compositions and creative stylistic peculiarities visualize harmony of reality and imagination that inspires associative perception and imagination.

\- Alexander Rozhin, academician of the Russian Academy of arts, Editor-in-Chief, The Tretyakov Gallery Magazine.

## Biography

**Andrey Kimovich Esionov** was born in the city of Tashkent, USSR. He graduated from the Republican Music and Art boarding school in 1981 as a specialist in graphic art. In the same year he entered the Tashkent State Theater and Art Institute named after Alexander Ostrovsky, where received an academic education in the Department of Easel Painting. Esionov is a member of the Creative Union of Artists of Russia and of the Union of Artists of Russia. He is academician of the Russian Academy of Arts. He has been awarded a gold medal by the Russian Academy of Arts (2012), Shuvalov's medal (2016), T.T. Salakhov Medal (2023), Medal of the Order for Services to the Fatherland, II degree (March 28, 2019) - for a great contribution to the development of national culture and art, the media, many years of fruitful activity (Russia) and has been honoured with many international and national exhibitions.

## Personal exhibitions

* Personal exhibition - Moscow and Muscovites in the halls of the Russian Academy of Arts. Moscow, Prechistenka, 21 (2013)
* Personal exhibition - Moscou et moscovites in the Artspace Galleries-Art Galleries Europe, 78 avenue de Suffren, Paris (2013)
* Personal exhibition in the framework of the Russian year of culture, Ministry of Regional Development in the gallery of the Ministry. Moscow, Red Presnya Street, 3 (2014)
* Solo exhibition - From A to Z in the halls of the Gallery of Ats Zurab Tsereteli. Moscow, Prechistenka, 19 (2014)
* Personal exhibition Reflections in the Colored Water in the Moscow Museum of Modern Art (MMOMA). Moscow, Gogol Boulevard, 10 (2016)
* Personal exhibition - Reflection at the State Russian Museum, the Stroganov Palace. Saint Petersburg, Nevsky prospect, 17 (2016)
* Solo exhibition - Art Transformations in the Samara art Museum. Samara, street of Kuibyshev, 92 (June 2017 – July 2017)
* Solo exhibition - Equilibrium in the State Museum of fine arts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Kazan, Kazan Kremlin, Museum complex Khazine (August 2017 – September 2017)
* Personal exhibition - To Step in the River Twice at the State Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Amir Temur Avenue, 16 (October 2017 – December 2017)
* Personal exhibition - Neonomads and Autochtones at the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno di Firenze in the gallery of the Academy, Florence, Ricasoli 68 (March 2019 - April 2019)
* Personal exhibition - Visionary realism at the Museum San Salvatore in Lauro, Rome, Piazza San Salvatore in Lauro, 15 (September 2019 - 25 January 2020)
* Personal exhibition - Preliminary results in the Gallery of Contemporary Art of the State Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Kazan, Karl Marx 57 (August 2021 - November 2021)
* Personal exhibition - Armed with vision at the State Museum of Architecture. Shchuseva, wing "Ruin". Moscow, Vozdvizhenka 5/25 (December 2021- February 2022).
* Personal exhibition - The Way of Faith: The Art of Andrey Esionov in Seven Churches of Rome. For the first time, paintings are presented simultaneously in seven historical churches in Rome: Pantheon - Santa Maria ad Martyres, San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio, Gesù, Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio a Trevi, Sant’Andrea della Valle, San Lorenzo in Lucina, Santa Maria in Campitelli (May 2022 - October 2022).
* Personal exhibition "Portrait of the Artist..." in the halls of the Russian Academy of Arts. Moscow, Prechistenka 21 (November - December 2023)
* Personal exhibition - Strangers in the Gallery of «Bevilacqua la Masa». Venice, Piazza San Marco, 71/C (September 2024 - November 2024)

## InfoBox

| Andrey Esionov | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1963<br>Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union |
| Website | http://esionov.ru/ |


title: Uijeongbujungang station

abstract: Uijeongbujungang Station is a station of the U Line in Uijeongbu-dong, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.

text:
# Uijeongbujungang station

**Uijeongbujungang Station** (Korean: 의정부중앙역; Hanja: 議政府中央驛) is a station of the U Line in Uijeongbu-dong, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.

## Station layout

| **L2
Platform level** | Side platform, doors will open on the left | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Westbound | **U Line** toward Balgok (Heungseon) |
| | Eastbound | **U Line** toward Depot Temporary Platform (Dongo) |
| | Side platform, doors will open on the left | |

| **L1
Concourse** | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **G** | Street level | Exit |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Vicinity

* Exit 1: Uijeongbu Bubudae Jjigae Street
* Exit 2: Bicycle facilities

## InfoBox

| **의정부중앙**
**Uijeongbujungang** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 의정부중앙역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Uijeongbu jungang yeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Ŭijŏngbu chungang yŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Uijeongbu-dong, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do |
| Coordinates | 37°44′37″N 127°02′59″E / 37.7436°N 127.0496°E / 37.7436; 127.0496 |
| Operated by | Uijeongbu Light Rail Transit Co., Ltd |
| Line(s) | U Line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Aboveground |
| Bicycle facilities | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | July 1, 2012 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Seoul Metropolitan Subway Following station  Heungseontowards Balgok  U Line  Dongotowards Depot Temporary Platform | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Vuk Foundation House

abstract: The Vuk Foundation House is the name of a historical building in Belgrade, built in 1879, that serves as the headquarters of the Vuk Foundation. Located on the Теrazije at 2 Kralja Milana Street, it is one of the oldest structures in that part of Belgrade. Aleksandar Bugarski, a prominent 19th-century Serbian architect, designed the original building as a two-story house in the Academic art style of the day.

text:
# Vuk Foundation House

**The Vuk Foundation House** is the name of a historical building in Belgrade, built in 1879, that serves as the headquarters of the Vuk Foundation. Located on the Теrazije at 2 Kralja Milana Street, it is one of the oldest structures in that part of Belgrade. Aleksandar Bugarski, a prominent 19th-century Serbian architect, designed the original building as a two-story house in the Academic art style of the day.

## History

The building, whose architect was Alexander Bulgarski, was built in 1870/71 for the merchant Dimitrije Mita Golubović. In the beginning the building was the head office of the Russian Imperial Consulate, then the Serbian Institute for War Orphans, and was then used by the Ministry of Education in 1879. The smaller courtyard wing was repaired and upgraded in 1906, with the decorative works in the interior done by painter Dragutin Inkiostri Medenjak, who happened to be the only decorative painter in Belgrade at that time. Within these works, he included a folk ornament motif in accordance with the national style.

Due to the growth of the Ministry, there was a need to expand the building. This commenced in 1912 towards the Sava slope. A wing that included an interior courtyard was built by architect Branko Tanazević who also worked on the total reconstruction of the main front facade . Painter and decorator Dragutin Inkiostri Medenjak was put in charge of the interior. The two cooperated on the project, despite being fierce opponents as far as national style was concerned. Work on the facade and the interior was done in a Serbian-Byzantine style according to Tanazević's design.

The last renovation of the building for the Ministry – the new wing towards the Kraljica Natalija Street – was carried out in 1924, designed by architect Žarko Tatić.

The building was home to the Ministry of Education from 1879 until 1952. It has housed the Church Department of the Ministry of Education of the Principality of Serbia since 1880. In 1914, the building also housed the Foundation Department of the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbia. The Artistic Department of the Kingdom of SHS and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia also moved into the building in 1919. Despite the expansion, certain departments of the Ministry of Education remained outside the main building. During the period of occupation in the First World War, the building was used as the headquarters of the Main Commissariat of Austro-Hungarian Army, and as the Main Postal Administration. After the capitulation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941, the Ministry of Education was closed for a short time, but the Department for German Language Teaching was founded and it remained in the building until October 1944. The Church Department was separated from the Ministry in 1944 to form the Ministry of Religion. In November 1944, the Committee for the Education of the NR of Serbia was founded, and it grew into the Ministry of Education between April 1945–1946. It remained in the building until 1952, when the Federal Institute for the Patterns, and the Federal Institute for Work Productivity, moved into space vacated by the scaled-back newspaper *Mladost* and the ULUS, among others.

In 1988, two years after the first revitalization of the facade, the building was assigned to the Vuk Foundation for permanent use and management. The general reconstruction of the building was done in 1997/98. This included work on the ceiling of the hall, stairs and railings which were successfully reconstructed, and a modern chandelier was added to light the main hall. In 2006 the front facade facing the street was repaired. The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade published a monograph in 1996, written by art historian Milojko Gordić, about the building using its monumental name as the title – *The Ministry of Education Building*.

## Preservation

The facade is completely preserved. The furniture, made after the designs of Dragutin Inkiostri, has been partially preserved and several pieces (e.g., a chair from the Minister's cabinet) are now in the Ethnographic Museum and the Museum of Applied Art in Belgrade. Most of the original compositions on the walls have been destroyed over time. However, the wall ornaments in the gateway towards the courtyard are original as they were accidentally painted over after the Second World War. They were discovered by accident in 1963, cleaned, and the allegoric compositions of religion, education, history and art can be seen on them. They were restored in 1997. Above the entrance to the building, the emblem of the Kingdom of Serbia was placed, embedded into the Art Nouveau shaped two-colored, red and white facade, with originally blended motifs from Serbian Medieval architecture, elements of Serbian national tradition, as well as the decorative motifs from the European secession. The purpose of this object, which is a testimony to the continuity of the culture of education, has been preserved for one hundred and thirty-five years.

The Ministry of Education Building was protected as the cultural property for the first time in 1966, and since 1979 it was declared cultural property of great importance (The Official Gazette SRS no. 14/79). The facade was revitalized in 2006, within the project "Lepša Srbija".

## InfoBox

| Vuk Foundation House | |
| --- | --- |
| Кућа Вукове Задужбине | |
| View from outside | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | 2 Kralja Milana Street, Terazije |
| Town or city | Belgrade |
| Country | Serbia |
| Coordinates | 44°48′40″N 20°27′42″E / 44.8111°N 20.4618°E / 44.8111; 20.4618 |
| Construction started | 1870 |
| Completed | 1879 |
| Opened | 1879 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Alexander Bulgarski |


abstract: "I Only Have Eyes for You" is episode 19 of season two of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by Marti Noxon, directed by James Whitmore Jr., and first broadcast on April 28, 1998, on The WB. In the episode, Sunnydale High is haunted by the ghosts of a teacher and a student who fell in love years ago, recreating their tragedy by possessing the bodies of students and staff preparing for the upcoming Sadie Hawkins dance. Written as a ghost story dealing with the themes of second chance and regret, the episode received positive reviews from critics.

text:
# I Only Have Eyes for You (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"**I Only Have Eyes for You**" is episode 19 of season two of the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*. It was written by Marti Noxon, directed by James Whitmore Jr., and first broadcast on April 28, 1998, on The WB. In the episode, Sunnydale High is haunted by the ghosts of a teacher and a student who fell in love years ago, recreating their tragedy by possessing the bodies of students and staff preparing for the upcoming Sadie Hawkins dance.

Written as a ghost story dealing with the themes of second chance and regret, the episode received positive reviews from critics.

## Plot

Buffy stops a male student from shooting a female student. Afterwards, they have no recollection of why they were arguing and the gun disappears. Principal Snyder blames Buffy for the incident. While waiting in his office, a yearbook from 1955 falls off the shelf. In class later that day, Buffy starts daydreaming about a relationship that a student had with his teacher. As she comes back to the present, she finds that her teacher has unknowingly written "Don't walk away from me, bitch!" on the black board, a line the male student had shouted. Later, Xander is grabbed by a monster arm from inside his locker. Buffy helps him break away, but the arm then disappears.

Giles is intrigued by the possible presence of a poltergeist. Later that night, Giles sees the janitor shoot a teacher, though only moments earlier they were cordial. Giles is convinced that Jenny Calendar is haunting the school.

Willow finds information on her laptop about a killing in 1955, where student James Stanley killed his teacher Grace Newman after she tried to break off their affair. In the cafeteria, chaos erupts as the food turns into snakes. Outside, Snyder talks to the police chief about the incident and it is revealed that they know about the Hellmouth under the school and the possibility of Buffy being the Slayer. Drusilla gets a vision about Buffy meeting with death.

Willow devises a plan to contain the spirits, and they head off to the school where they prepare, though Giles has already arrived and is trying to summon Jenny's spirit. Buffy hears music coming from the music room and sees Grace and James dancing there. James' face suddenly changes to a gory mess, startling Buffy. On the stairwell, Willow begins to sink into the floor and Giles saves her. Willow finally convinces him that the spirit is not Jenny. A swarm of wasps arrives and surrounds the school.

Everyone recuperates at Buffy's while she continues to show her anger towards James. Buffy goes to the kitchen where she finds a sign for the 1955 Sadie Hawkins dance in her pocket as James' voice whispers, "I need you." She heads to the school where the wasps part for her to enter. Willow finds the ad and everyone rushes after Buffy, but they cannot enter the school.

Angelus appears in the halls as Buffy, now possessed by James, talks to him as if he were Grace. They repeat the ghosts' argument until, at the climax, Buffy pulls out a gun and shoots Angelus. He falls off of the balcony as though dead. Buffy, still possessed by James, goes to the music room where "James" plans to kill himself. The possessed Angelus arrives just in time to stop Buffy from pulling the trigger. They exchange apologies and kiss. The spirits leave their bodies and are finally finding peace. Buffy and Angelus break away from the kiss, and Angelus, disgusted at what he has been doing, pushes Buffy away and flees. Angelus and Drusilla leave Spike after Angelus taunts him and Spike breaks free from his wheelchair.

## Production details

Scriptwriter Marti Noxon said that prior to working on *Buffy*, she had written several times about ghosts, which for her are figurative expressions of the need for "repentance and second chances", drawing on her own family background. "I realize that I was constantly telling the story of my family and fears," she says. Noxon was influenced in her storytelling by the movies *Poltergeist* and *Truly, Madly, Deeply*, which featured a widow who was unable to move on after the loss of her husband.

## Cultural references

In the episode "Out of Mind, Out of Sight," their English class discussed William Shakespeare's *The Merchant of Venice*. Here, Xander alludes to the play by saying, "The quality of mercy is not Buffy."

When Willow suggests an exorcism of the ghosts, Cordelia replies, "Are you crazy? I saw that movie. Even the priest died!" She refers to *The Exorcist*.

The website Women at Warp compares the "past love affair gone bad plays out again and again" theme with the *Star Trek: The Next Generation* episode "Eye of the Beholder." "In both episodes, the spirit left behind by a man whose love affair turned tragic inhabits the minds of key female characters. When Troi investigates a crew member's suicide, she becomes entranced by the telepathic memory of Lt. Pierce, who killed his lover and then killed himself. Seeing through his eyes, she seems to live out his memories, killing Lt. Worf then attempting to kill herself. In the *Buffyverse*, the ghost of a young man who—that's right—killed his lover then himself, causes Buffy to attempt to act out the same events with her lover, Angel. Both are ultimately saved by the lovers they thought they murdered."

## Reception

*Vox* rated it #45 in a list of all 144 episodes, writing, "The smart, moving twist, as penned by Marti Noxon, is that when Buffy and Angel (excuse me, Angelus) end up possessed, the gender roles are reversed, with Buffy consumed by the guilt and self-loathing James feels for killing the person he loved. It's an unexpected, effective window into Buffy's psyche in the aftermath of Angel's transformation, and while James's spirit eventually makes peace with his actions, the episode shows Buffy still has a long way to go toward forgiving herself for her part in Angel losing his soul."

*The A.V. Club* described the episode as "a really beautiful episode that raises the subtext of the season to the surface in a surprising and emotionally powerful way" and "a story about obsession and repetition". BBC praised the direction and the script, and said that "it's impossible not to be charmed by the whole picture. The ending, where Buffy and Angel re-enact James and Grace's final moments, is such a compelling twist that it suddenly seems that the rest of the episode was written to explain the finale, rather than the other way around." The review opined that the final scene of the episode, in which Spike regained his health, was a "very welcome development" but also an "ill-judged addition" because it broke the "spell" of the screenplay, and because it teased the season finale, it should have been used in the next episode.

## InfoBox

| "**I Only Have Eyes for You**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 2<br>Episode 19 |
| Directed by | James Whitmore Jr. |
| Written by | Marti Noxon |
| Production code | 5V19 |
| Original air date | April 28, 1998 (1998-04-28) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|