title: Tinga Tingana

abstract: Tinga Tingana Station was a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station in outback South Australia. The 1,492 square miles (3,864 km⁲) lease was originally taken up by William Christopher Burkitt in 1874. The lease straddled the sandy country on either side of the Strzelecki Creek and had one semi-permanent waterhole along with five wells to water stock. Burkitt abandoned the station in 1889 after the lease expired. A fortnightly mail coach ran through the property in 1878 on the Strzelecki Track, with a horse changing station located on the property; the track to Tinga Tingana from the track was still utilised in the 1960s. An Aboriginal stockman named Logic killed his overseer, Cornelius Mulhall, at the property in 1878. Logic then disappeared into the Strzelecki Desert evading capture for two years until he returned and was arrested. It was later found that Mulhall had treated Logic brutally and he was released in 1885 and eventually returned to his old job at Tinga Tingala in 1886. The lease was briefly held by Turton and Bristow but in 1890 the government appointed a caretaker, G.L. Prior. John Warren of Anna Creek took over in 1892 and then abandoned in 1895 after drought and rabbit infestation. Another caretaker, Samuel Watts, looked after the property from 1896 until his death in 1897. All the Strzelecki stations were abandoned in 1899. The Tinga Tingana Homestead Ruins are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register. Much of the former station lies within the modern locality of Lindon.

text:
# Tinga Tingana

Tinga Tinganaclass=notpageimage|Location in South Australia

28°48′00″S 140°10′01″E / 28.80°S 140.167°E / -28.80; 140.167

**Tinga Tingana Station** was a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station in outback South Australia.

The 1,492 square miles (3,864 km2) lease was originally taken up by William Christopher Burkitt in 1874. The lease straddled the sandy country on either side of the Strzelecki Creek and had one semi-permanent waterhole along with five wells to water stock. Burkitt abandoned the station in 1889 after the lease expired.

A fortnightly mail coach ran through the property in 1878 on the Strzelecki Track, with a horse changing station located on the property; the track to Tinga Tingana from the track was still utilised in the 1960s.

An Aboriginal stockman named Logic killed his overseer, Cornelius Mulhall, at the property in 1878. Logic then disappeared into the Strzelecki Desert evading capture for two years until he returned and was arrested. It was later found that Mulhall had treated Logic brutally and he was released in 1885 and eventually returned to his old job at Tinga Tingala in 1886.

The lease was briefly held by Turton and Bristow but in 1890 the government appointed a caretaker, G.L. Prior. John Warren of Anna Creek took over in 1892 and then abandoned in 1895 after drought and rabbit infestation. Another caretaker, Samuel Watts, looked after the property from 1896 until his death in 1897. All the Strzelecki stations were abandoned in 1899.

The Tinga Tingana Homestead Ruins are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register. Much of the former station lies within the modern locality of Lindon.


title: Time of the Last Persecution

abstract: Time of the Last Persecution is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Bill Fay, released in 1971 by Deram Records. The album was influenced by the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation. The album was re-released in 2005 with bonus tracks.

text:
# Time of the Last Persecution

***Time of the Last Persecution*** is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Bill Fay, released in 1971 by Deram Records. The album was influenced by the Biblical books of *Daniel* and *Revelation*. The album was re-released in 2005 with bonus tracks.

## Track listing

1. "Omega Day" – 3:14
2. "Don't Let My Marigolds Die" – 2:26
3. "I Hear You Calling" – 2:57
4. "Dust Filled Room" – 2:03
5. "'Til the Christ Come Back" – 3:08
6. "Release Is in the Eye" – 2:41
7. "Laughing Man" – 3:15
8. "Inside the Keepers Pantry" – 2:29
9. "Tell It Like It Is" – 2:32
10. "Plan D" – 3:12
11. "Pictures of Adolf Again" – 2:27
12. "Time of the Last Persecution" – 3:54
13. "Come a Day" – 2:27
14. "Let All the Other Teddies Know" – 2:31

## Personnel

* Bill Fay - Vocals, piano
* Ray Russell \- Guitar
* Alan Rushton - Drums
* Darryl Runswick - Bass
* Nick Evans \- Trombone

## InfoBox

| Time of the Last Persecution | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bill Fay | |
| Released | 1971 (1971) |
| Genre | Folk rock |
| Length | 39:16 |
| Label | Deram |
| Producer |  |
| Bill Fay chronology | |
| *Bill Fay*
(1970) ***Time of the Last Persecution***
(1971) *Tomorrow Tomorrow and Tomorrow*
(2005) | |


title: Tim Gemmill

abstract: Timothy Jon Gemmill is an American jazz musician, composer, arranger, producer, bandleader, graphic designer and entrepreneur, who has been involved in musical projects since the late 1960s. Most notably; Music Projection Trio (1970–1972), Rorschach (1973–1977), Cozzetti & Gemmill Quartet (1978–1982), Cozzetti & Gemmill (1983–present), Rocka Records (1994–2004), Rocka.com (1999–2004) and Cozgem Records (1981–present).

text:
# Tim Gemmill

**Timothy Jon Gemmill** (born May 28, 1949) is an American jazz musician, composer, arranger, producer, bandleader, graphic designer and entrepreneur, who has been involved in musical projects since the late 1960s. Most notably; Music Projection Trio (1970–1972), Rorschach (1973–1977), Cozzetti & Gemmill Quartet (1978–1982), Cozzetti & Gemmill (1983–present), Rocka Records (1994–2004), Rocka.com (1999–2004) and Cozgem Records (1981–present).

## Discography

* 1981: Cozzetti & Gemmill, *Concerto For Padré* (Cozgem Records)
* 1984: Cozzetti & Gemmill, *Soft Flower in Spring* (ITI Records)
* 1994: Cozzetti & Gemmill,*Timeless* (Rocka Records)
* 2010: Cozzetti & Gemmill, *Timeless* (Cozgem Records)
* 2011: *Voyage of the Mummy* (Cozgem Records)
* 2013: *Road Songs* (Cozgem Records)
* 2017: *Road Songs 2* (Cozgem Records)

## InfoBox

| Tim Gemmill | |
| --- | --- |
| Tim Gemmill performing the National Anthem, Seattle Mariners, Kingdome, August 1982 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Timothy Jon Gemmill |
| Born | (1949-05-28) May 28, 1949<br>Seattle, Washington, US |
| Origin | Seattle, Washington and Hackensack (1972–1977), US |
| Genres | jazz, post-bop, avant-garde jazz, jazz fusion, digital jazz, techno |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, composer, arranger, record producer, bandleader, graphic designer, entrepreneur |
| Instrument(s) | Tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute, piano, electric piano, keyboards, synthesizers, digital audio workstation |
| Years active | 1967–present |
| Labels | Cozgem Records, ITI Records, Rocka Records |
|  | |
| Website | cozzettiandgemmill.com |


title: Fua Mulaku Havitta

abstract:
0.281111°S 73.419020°E
Fua Mulaku Havitta is the ruin of a Buddhist chaitya whose main feature is its ruined stupa. The Havitta is located at the northeastern end of Fuvahmulah, Maldives. It was historically located in Dhadimagu ward of the island, in an area which has now been annexed to Hoadhadu ward. Being the most important center of the Buddhist community in the pre-Islamic period, Dhadimagu was the last ward of the island to have accepted Islam. It was after the acceptance of Islam by the residents of Dhadimagu ward that the Havitta was buried under a mound of sand and one of the temples in the area was converted into a mosque to be known as Gemmiskiy. This happened in the early 1200s under the leadership of Abu Bakr Naib, who completed the conversion process in Fuvahmulah started by his great grandfather Yoosuf Naib in the year 1145 CE. In 1922, when H.C.P. Bell saw the ruin, the big Havitta was of about 40 feet in height. A smaller mound, about 15 feet in height, was located nearby. In 1982, their shapes had already been lost because of the damage done by careless diggings to find valuable artifacts or for bungled research purposes, which according to islanders' reports had been made in the 1940s. Until the late 18th century, the residents of Dhadimagu used to live in the proximity of Havitta and surrounding areas. From then onwards, the area started to be used primarily for farming and plantation while the people chose to live only in the southern areas of the ward. Names of the houses which were there in the Havitta area, the families who lived in those houses and plantations of those families in the area, which were passed down from generation to generation can still be traced from related documents and genealogical writings. Apart from that, it can be established from the local oral traditions and the writings of H.C.P Bell, Luthfee and other historians that the Havitta area is historically located in Dhadimagu ward. Starting from the 1990s, the Havitta area up to "Gemmiskiy Fannu" started to be claimed by the then leaders of Hoadhadu ward which became a popular stance among residents of the ward too. This was partly due to the inhabitance of the neighbouring areas by the residents of Hoadhadu as a result of the increase in population and subsequent northerly extension of the ward towards the end of the 20th century. Also, there were other factors like politics, the historical and geographical significance of the area and the important sights it hosts, which contributed to their claim. No historically valid arguments are there for the claim even if it has gained momentum due to political and other factors. There had been no formal decision regarding any changes to the border till 2019, which resulted in area claims of different views out of traditional boundaries. In 2019, the Eastern half of the disputed area was officially merged with Hoadhadu, while the remaining half to the West remained as Dhadimagu territory. Even if formal changes have been made, due to the prolonged nature of this matter for decades without any official decision once the dispute started, conflicting views still exist among the people. Some people still hold their own version of beliefs without any historical evidence, while some others still look for ways to defend the traditional boundaries. Some people from Hoadhadu still lay claim to Gemmiskiy and Thoondu as well. Some people from Dhadimagu say that even if the houses in close proximity built by settlers from Hoadhadu were registered for Hoadhadu ward due to geopolitical reasons, the areas to the North of Havitta and most of the disputed areas still remain uninhabited and consist of farmlands and woods all the way up to Thoondu, which along with the Havitta should still be considered as Dhadimagu areas due to their historical connection with the ward. Apart from the reliable sources and historians, official authorities like Fuvahmulah City Council also identify the Havitta historically with Dhadimagu ward.

text:
# Fua Mulaku Havitta

0°16′52″S 73°25′08″E / 0.281111°S 73.419020°E / -0.281111; 73.419020

**Fua Mulaku Havitta** (formerly **Dhadimagi Havitta**) is the ruin of a Buddhist chaitya whose main feature is its ruined stupa. The Havitta is located at the northeastern end of Fuvahmulah, Maldives. It was historically located in Dhadimagu ward of the island, in an area which has now been annexed to Hoadhadu ward. Being the most important center of the Buddhist community in the pre-Islamic period, Dhadimagu was the last ward of the island to have accepted Islam. It was after the acceptance of Islam by the residents of Dhadimagu ward that the Havitta was buried under a mound of sand and one of the temples in the area was converted into a mosque to be known as Gemmiskiy. This happened in the early 1200s under the leadership of Abu Bakr Naib, who completed the conversion process in Fuvahmulah started by his great grandfather Yoosuf Naib in the year 1145 CE.

In 1922, when H.C.P. Bell saw the ruin, the big Havitta was of about 40 feet in height. A smaller mound, about 15 feet in height, was located nearby. In 1982, their shapes had already been lost because of the damage done by careless diggings to find valuable artifacts or for bungled research purposes, which according to islanders' reports had been made in the 1940s.

Until the late 18th century, the residents of Dhadimagu used to live in the proximity of Havitta and surrounding areas. From then onwards, the area started to be used primarily for farming and plantation while the people chose to live only in the southern areas of the ward. Names of the houses which were there in the Havitta area, the families who lived in those houses and plantations of those families in the area, which were passed down from generation to generation can still be traced from related documents and genealogical writings. Apart from that, it can be established from the local oral traditions and the writings of H.C.P Bell, Luthfee and other historians that the Havitta area is historically located in Dhadimagu ward.

Starting from the 1990s, the Havitta area up to "Gemmiskiy Fannu" started to be claimed by the then leaders of Hoadhadu ward which became a popular stance among residents of the ward too. This was partly due to the inhabitance of the neighbouring areas by the residents of Hoadhadu as a result of the increase in population and subsequent northerly extension of the ward towards the end of the 20th century. Also, there were other factors like politics, the historical and geographical significance of the area and the important sights it hosts, which contributed to their claim. No historically valid arguments are there for the claim even if it has gained momentum due to political and other factors. There had been no formal decision regarding any changes to the border till 2019, which resulted in area claims of different views out of traditional boundaries.

In 2019, the Eastern half of the disputed area (to the East of Ulaa preschool) was officially merged with Hoadhadu, while the remaining half to the West (including Thoondu) remained as Dhadimagu territory. Even if formal changes have been made, due to the prolonged nature of this matter for decades without any official decision once the dispute started, conflicting views still exist among the people. Some people still hold their own version of beliefs without any historical evidence, while some others still look for ways to defend the traditional boundaries. Some people from Hoadhadu still lay claim to Gemmiskiy and Thoondu as well. Some people from Dhadimagu say that even if the houses in close proximity built by settlers from Hoadhadu were registered for Hoadhadu ward due to geopolitical reasons, the areas to the North of Havitta and most of the disputed areas still remain uninhabited and consist of farmlands (known popularly as "Dhadimagi Dhadomathi" or Dhadimagu farmlands) and woods all the way up to Thoondu, which along with the Havitta should still be considered as Dhadimagu areas due to their historical connection with the ward.

Apart from the reliable sources and historians, official authorities like Fuvahmulah City Council also identify the Havitta historically with Dhadimagu ward.

## Explorers

In 1922 H. C. P. Bell, who had already visited the Maldives in 1879 and 1920 returned to the islands for a last time with the specific objective of establishing, once for all, whether Buddhism had indeed been the faith of the islanders before their conversion to Islam in ca. 1153 A.D. In February 1922, he travelled to Fuvahmulah and briefly examined the remains of the Havitta. However, he stayed on the island for just half a day, not doing excavations. Bell's extensive reports on the 1922 expedition, published in 1922-35 in the *Journals of Royal Asiatic Society*, and, as a book, posthumously in 1940, link the pre-Islamic Buddhist structures of the Maldives such as the Havitta with those of neighboring Sri Lanka. It was this Havitta, for which Bell was much struck by the close resemblance between it and the *dagabas* he had previously seen at Anuradhapura. Bell's expeditions remain to be the only professional archaeological excavations ever conducted in the Maldivian Archipelago. As a part of these excavations Bell travelled to some other islands too.

Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl also visited this Havitta (in November 1982), but was not allowed to do excavation work; the site had already been ruined by non-professional digging after Bell's visit. Heyerdahl and his comrades, however found stone parts which had fallen down from former fillings which convinced him that on this same place, there must also have been a pre-buddhist sacral building. They also discovered two more, but much smaller, mounds nearby. The smallest one seemed to have been unknown to the islanders in 1982.


title: Fuaava Suluimalo Amataga

abstract: Fuaava Suluimalo Amataga Penaia is a Samoan politician. He is a member of the Human Rights Protection Party. Fuaava is from Lufilufi and was educated at the University of the South Pacific, as well as the University of New England and Griffith University in Australia. From 2001 to 2005 he worked for the Samoa water Authority, before moving to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. After serving as Assistant Chief Executive, he served as Chief Executive of MNRE until 2017. He subsequently served as a member of the Samoa Water Authority Board of Directors. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in the 2021 Samoan general election.

text:
# Fuaava Suluimalo Amataga

**Fuaava Suluimalo Amataga Penaia** (born ~1966) is a Samoan politician. He is a member of the Human Rights Protection Party.

Fuaava is from Lufilufi and was educated at the University of the South Pacific, as well as the University of New England and Griffith University in Australia. From 2001 to 2005 he worked for the Samoa water Authority, before moving to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. After serving as Assistant Chief Executive, he served as Chief Executive of MNRE until 2017. He subsequently served as a member of the Samoa Water Authority Board of Directors. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in the 2021 Samoan general election.

## InfoBox

| Fuaava Suluimalo Amataga | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Samoa Parliament
for Aleipata Itupa i Luga | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
9 April 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Amituanai Fagaivalu Kenrick Samu |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Human Rights Protection Party |
|  | |


title: Fund for National Culture (Poland)

abstract: The Fund for National Culture was a Polish state foundation with headquarters in Warsaw, operating in the Second Polish Republic, between 1928–1939 and later during the war with the support of the Polish government in exile. The Fund was subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior, and later, to the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education.

text:
# Fund for National Culture (Poland)

The **Fund for National Culture** (Polish: *Fundusz Kultury Narodowej*, FKN) was a Polish state foundation with headquarters in Warsaw, operating in the Second Polish Republic, between 1928–1939 and later during the war with the support of the Polish government in exile.

The Fund was subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior, and later, to the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education.

## History

The Fund for National Culture was established in 1928. It was subsidized by the state and supported by contributions from private individuals and institutions.

The Fund's task was to support Polish scientific and artistic enterprises through: allowances and scholarships for individual persons, subsidies for publishing houses and subsidies for scientific and artistic institutions and teams. Among the beneficiaries, that obtained subsidies for the implementation of specific scientific and research projects, was the Polish Academy of Learning.

The Fund for National Culture was headed by a Committee chaired by the Prime Minister of Poland. However, the fund was self-governing and had some independence from political institutions. Scholars and artists sat on the Fund's council and committees. Stanisław Michalski was the director of the Fund for National Culture throughout all its activity.

Pursuant to the Act of 16 July 1937, the Fund for National Culture took the patronage of Józef Piłsudski, adopting the name of the Józef Piłsudski Fund for National Culture.

Following the German invasion of Poland, in October 1939 the Fund was reactivated by the Polish government in exile. It would play a significant role in supporting Polish educational, cultural and research initiatives during the war period in the Allied-controlled territories.

## Bibliography


title: Fund for UFO Research

abstract: The Fund for UFO Research (FUFOR) was a non-profit UFO research group based in Mount Rainier, Maryland. Founded in 1979, FUFOR stated its goal was to further the scholarly research of UFOs and the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH), and to secure the release of alleged classified U.S. government documents pertaining to these. Since 2011, the Fund for UFO Research has not had any active presence on the internet or in print. According to its promotional material, from its founding in 1979 through 2006, FUFOR provided over $700,000 in research grants, and supported numerous UFO-related investigations, including investigations into the secrecy behind the MJ-12 papers and the US Air Force's Project Blue Book. In 1980 FUFOR director Bruce Maccabee represented the organization as a panel member of The Smithsonian's "Symposium on UFOs". In 1996 FUFOR director Don Berliner filmed a cameo role as himself for an episode of The X-Files.

text:
# Fund for UFO Research

The **Fund for UFO Research** (**FUFOR**) was a non-profit UFO research group based in Mount Rainier, Maryland. Founded in 1979, FUFOR stated its goal was to further the scholarly research of UFOs and the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH), and to secure the release of alleged classified U.S. government documents pertaining to these. Since 2011, the Fund for UFO Research has not had any active presence on the internet or in print.

According to its promotional material, from its founding in 1979 through 2006, FUFOR provided over $700,000 in research grants, and supported numerous UFO-related investigations, including investigations into the secrecy behind the MJ-12 papers and the US Air Force's Project Blue Book. In 1980 FUFOR director Bruce Maccabee represented the organization as a panel member of The Smithsonian's "Symposium on UFOs". In 1996 FUFOR director Don Berliner filmed a cameo role as himself for an episode of *The X-Files*.

## FUFOR Directors

## InfoBox

Fund for UFO Research (FUFOR)
|
|  |
| Formation | 1979 |
| Location |  |
| Website | www.fufor.com |


title: Fulham, Queensland

abstract: Fulham is a rural locality in the Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Fulham had a population of 53 people.

text:
# Fulham, Queensland

**Fulham** is a rural locality in the Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Fulham had a population of 53 people.

## Geography

The Deer Reserve State Forest (27°00′02″S 152°29′41″E / 27.0006°S 152.4947°E / -27.0006; 152.4947 (Deer Reserve State Forest)) is in the north of the locality. The state forest is 2,894 hectares (7,150 acres) and extends into the neighbouring localities of Gregors Creek to the north and Hazeldean to the north-east.

The Deer Reserve National Park (27°04′52″S 152°31′34″E / 27.0811°S 152.526°E / -27.0811; 152.526 (Deer Reserve National Park (centre point))) is in the east of the locality. The national park is 3,228 hectares (7,980 acres) and extends into the neighbouring localities of Hazeldean to the east, Cooeeimbardi to the south-east and Somerset Dam (the locality) further to the south-east.

## History

Cressbrook Lower State School opened on 11 April 1916 and closed in 1953. It was at 2 Monks Road (corner Cooeeimbardi Road, 27°03′21″S 152°27′12″E / 27.05595°S 152.45333°E / -27.05595; 152.45333 (Cressbrook Lower State School (former))).

Fulham State School opened in 1920 and closed circa 1953. It was located at 372 Cressbrook Caboonbah Road (southern corner with Fulham Road, 27°04′38″S 152°25′15″E / 27.0771°S 152.4209°E / -27.0771; 152.4209 (Fulham State School), now in Cressbrook).

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Fulham had a population of 35 people.

In the 2021 census, Fulham had a population of 53 people.

## Further reading

* *Toogoolawah State School 75th Anniversary, 1905-1980, and the former schools of the Toogoolawah district 1874-1972*. Toogoolawah State School. 1980. — also includes Mount Beppo State School, Ivorys Creek Provisional School, Cross Roads Provisional School, Ottaba Provisional School, Murrumba State School, Mount Esk Pocket School, Kipper Provisional School, Lower Cressbrook School, Fulham School, Sandy Gully State School, Cooeeimbardi State School, Scrub Creek State School

## InfoBox

| Fulham
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Fulham | |
| Coordinates | 27°02′24″S 152°28′34″E / 27.0399°S 152.4761°E / -27.0399; 152.4761 (Fulham (centre of locality)) |
| Population | 53 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 1.102/km2 (2.854/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4313 |
| Area | 48.1 km2 (18.6 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| LGA(s) | Somerset Region |
| State electorate(s) | Nanango |
| Federal division(s) | Blair |
| **Suburbs around Fulham:**  Scrub Creek Gregors Creek Hazeldean  Scrub Creek Fulham Hazeldean  Cressbrook Lower Cressbrook Cooeeimbardi | |


title: Time's Up (Jadakiss song)

abstract: "Time's Up" is a song by American rapper Jadakiss, released on April 20, 2004, as the lead single from his second studio album Kiss of Death (2004). The song features American singer Nate Dogg and was produced by Scott Storch. Lyrically, the song sees Jadakiss rapping about his journey to becoming a rapper in the industry.

text:
# Time's Up (Jadakiss song)

"**Time's Up**" (also titled "**Time's Up!**") is a song by American rapper Jadakiss, released on April 20, 2004, as the lead single from his second studio album *Kiss of Death* (2004). The song features American singer Nate Dogg and was produced by Scott Storch. Lyrically, the song sees Jadakiss rapping about his journey to becoming a rapper in the industry.

## Critical reception

The song received positive reviews from critics. Mitch Findlay of *HotNewHipHop* praised Jadakiss's lyricism on the track, adding, "It's about as cold a banger as they come, a perfect example of Jadakiss' ability to retain crossover appeal while spitting bars at a high caliber."

In an interview with *XXL*, Jadakiss revealed that Eminem had called him about the lyrics "Fuck riding the beat, nigga / I parallel park on the track", which the latter praised.

## Music video

The official music video of the song was directed by Chris Robinson. It finds Jadakiss looking visibly unhappy while rapping, and attending a funeral.

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 70 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 26 |
| US Hot Rap Songs (*Billboard*) | 19 |
| US Rhythmic (*Billboard*) | 37 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | April 26, 2004 | Rhythmic contemporary · urban contemporary radio | Ruff Ryders, Interscope |  |
|

## InfoBox

| "Time's Up" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Jadakiss featuring Nate Dogg | |
| from the album  *Kiss of Death* | |
| Released | April 20, 2004 |
| Studio | Powerhouse Studios
(Yonkers, New York) |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 3:36 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Storch |
| Jadakiss singles chronology | |
| "Run"
(2003) "**Time's Up**"
(2004) "Why"
(2004) | |
|  | |
| Nate Dogg singles chronology | |
| "Ooh Wee"
(2003) "**Time's Up**"
(2004) "I Like That"
(2004) | |
| Music video | |
| "Time’s Up" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Turcopalpa glaseri

abstract: Turcopalpa glaseri is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1973. It is found in Turkey and Ukraine. The length of the forewings is about 6 mm. The forewings are nearly uniform brown to brownish-grey, with three ill-defined dots. The hindwings are grey, but shading to dirty whitish at the base.

text:
# Turcopalpa glaseri

***Turcopalpa glaseri*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1973. It is found in Turkey and Ukraine.

The length of the forewings is about 6 mm. The forewings are nearly uniform brown to brownish-grey, with three ill-defined dots. The hindwings are grey, but shading to dirty whitish at the base.

## InfoBox

| *Turcopalpa glaseri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Turcopalpa* |
| Species: | ***T. glaseri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turcopalpa glaseri***<br>Povolný, 1973 | |
|


title: Fifty50

abstract: Fifty50 is an East German punk rock band. Fifty50 was founded in Leipzig, Germany, in 1998.

text:
# Fifty50

**Fifty50** is an East German punk rock band. Fifty50 was founded in Leipzig, Germany, in 1998.

## History

Fifty50 was formed in Leipzig, Germany.

Fifty50 played their first show in early 1999. They won the audience award at the "Band of the Year" competition in Leipzig in January 2000. After a few unsuccessful attempts, the band recorded and released their self-titled album in 2001. Fifty50 has continued to appear primarily in the east German territory and has appeared on stage at some large festivals (With Full Force, Force Attack).

In 2004, Fifty50 was invited to go on tour with ((tam)) on their final tour. In 2005, Fifty50 recorded their second album entitled *2*. In June 2005 they played a 2-week tour through Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi; and in February 2006, they played some venues in the UK.

Since 2008, Fifty50 have been on hiatus and the work on their 3rd album is yet unfinished.

Guitarist Holger joined "sicksinus" from 2007 until 2014, whereas Tilo (guitar) and Marcus (switched from drums to bass and vocals) are still active with "Dr.Tentorkel".

## Band members

* Säsh - Vocals, acoustic guitar
* Holger - Guitar
* Tilo - Guitar
* Benne - Bass (replaced Eddie in 1998)
* Marcus - Drums

## Discography

### Studio albums

* 2001: *1*
* 2005: *2*

### Compilations

* 2001: *More than soccer* (fund-raiser for alternative soccer team Roter Stern Leipzig)
* 2006: *Roter Stern Leipzig* compilation
* 2007: *Zombiekiller Split #1* (appearing with 3 German songs)

### Videos

* 2005: music video *my decision*


title: Greenbriar, Virginia

abstract: Greenbriar is a census-designated place in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population at the 2020 census was 8,421. The community between Fairfax City and Chantilly dates from the late 1960s, when it was developed by Levitt & Sons. The community is famous for having only one road within its territory that does not start with an "M" or "P", which is Acorn Hill. A popular belief is that the roads were named after the architect's two children. One drawback for residents of the community is that with nearly identical sounding named roads in such close proximity to each other and house numbers being the same, the US Postal Service along with UPS and FedEx sometimes deliver items to the wrong house.

text:
# Greenbriar, Virginia

**Greenbriar** is a census-designated place in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population at the 2020 census was 8,421. The community between Fairfax City and Chantilly dates from the late 1960s, when it was developed by Levitt & Sons. The community is famous for having only one road within its territory that does not start with an "M" or "P", which is Acorn Hill (added in 1994 with the addition of five mansions to the community). A popular (but not proven) belief is that the roads were named after the architect's two children. One drawback for residents of the community is that with nearly identical sounding named roads (for example, Mayport and Maylock) in such close proximity to each other and house numbers being the same, the US Postal Service along with UPS and FedEx sometimes deliver items to the wrong house.

## Geography

Greenbriar is located in western Fairfax County, bordered by Chantilly to the west, Fair Lakes to the south, and Fair Oaks to the east. U.S. Route 50 forms the northern border of the CDP. US 50 leads east 5 miles (8 km) to the center of Fairfax, and 22 miles (35 km) to downtown Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Greenbriar CDP has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), of which 0.01 square miles (0.02 km2), or 0.54%, is water.

## Demographics

### 2020 census

*This section includes some information from the 2022 American Community Survey*

At the 2020 census there were 8,421 people, 3,229 housing units and 3,021 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 5,363.7 inhabitants per square mile (2,074.1/km2). The average housing unit density was 2,056.7 per square mile (795.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 54.55% White, 5.46% African American, 0.49% Native American, 25.27% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 4.75% from other races, and 9.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 11.45% of the population.

Of the households, 2.7% were non-family households, 56.9% were married couple families, 23.7% were a male family householder with no spouse, and 16.7% were a female family householder with no spouse. The average family household had 3.17 people.

The median age was 40.3, 23.4% of people were under the age of 18, and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The largest ancestry is the 11.8% who had German ancestry, 34.9% spoke a language other than English at home, and 26.5% were born outside the United States, 42.9% of whom were naturalized citizens.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $127,100, and the median income for a family was $159,412. 9.9% of the population were military veterans, and 62.6% had a batchelor's degree or higher. In the CDP 7.2% of the population was below the poverty line, including 8.9% of those under the age of 18 and 4.3% of those aged 65 or over, with 7.3% of the population without health insurance.

### 2010 census

The population at the 2010 census was 8,166.

## Amenities

A private pool is located in the community, but pool memberships are not available for sale from the Pool Club. Instead, residents may choose to purchase their memberships from other members who are selling their memberships. Residents sometimes list those memberships for sale in the community newspaper *Greenbriar Flyer*. As a member, one makes an annual payment to cover the costs of the pool's maintenance and staff, as well as for hosting swim meets for residents of other communities around Fairfax County. The swim teams at Greenbriar are known as the Greenbriar Dolphins.

Unlike most communities which are bound to a homeowners' association, Greenbriar has only a civic association which collects a strictly voluntary $25 annual donation from each owner, which pays for events that the community hosts throughout the year, including Bands in the Park, where during the summer, local music groups will play for residents at Greenbriar Commons Park; as well as the annual community phone Directory.

The Civic Association, however, has no bylaws for residents, which makes it attractive and a high demand-market community to live in within western Fairfax County.

## InfoBox

| Greenbriar, Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Route 50 on the northern edge of Greenbriar | |
| GreenbriarLocation within Fairfax countyGreenbriarGreenbriar (Virginia)GreenbriarGreenbriar (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°52′18″N 77°23′57″W / 38.87167°N 77.39917°W / 38.87167; -77.39917 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| County | Fairfax |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.58 sq mi (4.08 km2) |
| Land | 1.57 sq mi (4.06 km2) |
| Water | 0.008 sq mi (0.02 km2) |
| Elevation | 365 ft (111 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 8,421 |
| Density | 5,363.7/sq mi (2,074.1/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 22033 |
| FIPS code | 51-32592 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2584853 |


title: Inki

abstract: Inki is the lead character in an animated cartoon series of Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies short films by animator Chuck Jones. Five Inki cartoons were made between 1939 and 1950.

text:
# Inki

**Inki** is the lead character in an animated cartoon series of Warner Bros. *Looney Tunes* and *Merrie Melodies* short films by animator Chuck Jones. Five Inki cartoons were made between 1939 and 1950.

## History and description

Inki, created for Warner Bros.' *Merrie Melodies* series of theatrical animated shorts, is a little African boy who usually dresses in a simple loincloth, armband, legband, earrings, and a bone through his hair. He never speaks. The character's pickaninny look was designed by Disney veteran Bob Givens and was cleaned up by Charlie Thorson. The plot of the first cartoon focuses on little Inki hunting, oblivious to the fact that he himself is being hunted by a hungry lion.

Also central to the series is a minimalist and expressionless mynah bird, which Givens also designed and said he based on a bird he saw in Hawaii, spelled "minah bird" in the title of the third short. The bird, who is accompanied by Felix Mendelssohn's *The Hebrides Overture*, a.k.a. "Fingal's Cave", utterly disregards any obstacles or dangers. The mynah bird, shown as nearly almighty, appears randomly in the films, always intervening against the other characters. Occasionally, the bird's intervention benefits Inki by stopping Inki's pursuers. Inki then tries to thank the bird, but the latter ends up being disrespectful to Inki, too. He does not talk at all, and is droopy eyed almost all the time. The Minah Bird made a cameo appearance in the *Animaniacs* episode "Bad Mood Bobby" in a pet shop when he kicks The Goodfeathers away in retaliation for the insults against him when they make fun of him in order to cheer up Bobby.

Comics historian Don Markstein wrote that the character's racial stereotype "led to \[the series'\] unpopularity with program directors and thence to its present-day obscurity." He noted that, "The Minah Bird, which appears immensely powerful, \[is\] an accomplished trickster; and yet acts, when it acts at all, from motives which simply can not be fathomed". The series' director, Chuck Jones, said that these cartoons were baffling to everyone, including himself. He had no understanding of what the bird was supposed to do other than walk around. But the shorts were well-accepted by audiences. According to Terry Lindvall and Ben Fraser, Inki is an everyman who encounters mysterious forces of life. He serves as a symbol of all humanity, "frustrated and rescued by the wonderfully inexplicable". According to Jones, "he grew up sensitive to the feeling of minorities" and so never set out to mock them.

The series did not end due to outside pressure, but Warner Bros' cartoons dropped the use of racist caricatures at the end of the 1940s. Some of the last Warner cartoons with racial stereotypes were Bugs Bunny's 1949 *Which Is Witch* and Daffy Duck's 1949 short *Wise Quackers*; the last Inki cartoon was *Caveman Inki*, in 1950.

## Appearances

## Home media

The 1986 videotape "I Taw a Putty Tat" included *The Little Lion Hunter*, *Inki and the Lion*, and *Inki at the Circus*. Also, in 2004, the "Cartoon Craze" DVD included *Inki and the Minah Bird*.

## Sources

* Cohen, Karl F. (2004), "Racism and Resistance:Stereotypes in Animation", *Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America*, McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0786420322
* Lindvall, Terry; Fraser, Ben (1998), "Darker Shades of Animation:African-American Images in the Warner Bros. Cartoon", in Sandler, Kevin S. (ed.), *Reading the Rabbit: Explorations in Warner Bros. Animation*, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0813525389

## InfoBox

| Inki | |
| --- | --- |
| Inki hunting in *Caveman Inki* | |
| First appearance | *The Little Lion Hunter* (1939) |
| Last appearance | *Caveman Inki* (1950) |
| Created by | Chuck Jones |
| In-universe information | |
| Species | Human |
| Gender | Male |


title: Inkhundla

abstract: In Eswatini, an inkhundla is an administrative subdivision smaller than a district but larger than an umphakatsi. There are 55 tinkhundla in Eswatini: 14 in Hhohho District, 11 in Lubombo District, 16 in Manzini District, and 14 in Shishelweni District. According to the constitution of Eswatini, the government for Eswatini is a democratic, participatory, tinkhundla-based system that emphasizes devolution of state power from central government to tinkhundla areas and individual merit as a basis for election or appointment to public office. The system is non-partisan since the constitution does not recognize political parties, although section 25 of the constitution allows for open freedom of assembly and association. Each inkhundla elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Eswatini, the lower chamber of the bicameral parliament (Libandla). The same trend is applied in local government elections. This governing system was designed by King Sobhuza II with the assistance of political scholars and lawyers. It came to effect in 1978 and was adjusted in the early 1990s.

text:
# Inkhundla

In Eswatini, an **inkhundla** (Swazi: \[iŋkʰunɮʱa\]; plural: **tinkhundla**) is an administrative subdivision smaller than a district but larger than an umphakatsi (or "chiefdom"). There are 55 tinkhundla in Eswatini: 14 in Hhohho District, 11 in Lubombo District, 16 in Manzini District, and 14 in Shishelweni District. According to the constitution of Eswatini, the government for Eswatini is a democratic, participatory, tinkhundla-based system that emphasizes devolution of state power from central government to tinkhundla areas and individual merit as a basis for election or appointment to public office. The system is non-partisan since the constitution does not recognize political parties, although section 25 of the constitution allows for open freedom of assembly and association. Each inkhundla elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Eswatini, the lower chamber of the bicameral parliament (Libandla). The same trend is applied in local government elections. This governing system was designed by King Sobhuza II with the assistance of political scholars and lawyers. It came to effect in 1978 and was adjusted in the early 1990s.

## History

The tinkhundla concept of government has its roots in the Second World War, led by Prince Dabede of Gundvwini Royal Residence and Ndvuna Mfundza John Brightwell Sukati of Zabeni Royal Residence. They were part of a group of veteran Swazi soldiers who came back from the Middle East after the war in 1945 and 1946. These soldiers spent some time with His Majesty King Sobhuza II, relating their experiences gained along the seashores of the African Continent during the British military campaign from the Durban seaport to Tripoli in North Africa. They recommended that in order for the economy of Swaziland to recover from the ravages of the war, community centres (tinkhundla) should be established and rally support for the King's endeavors to bring about proportional development of the country. This would also strengthen and enhance national safety and security strategies.

In 1977, the King Sobhuza II-appointed Delimitation Commission came up with a recommendation of twenty-two (22) Tinkhundla centres. The first tinkhundla established were headed by Tindvuna teTinkhundla who were all ex-soldiers (umsizi) appointed by His Majesty King Sobhuza II.

In 1979, tinkhundla centers were increased from 22 to 40, because it was found that most people failed to attend and participate in tinkhundla meetings. In 1993, the tinkhundla centres were further increased to 55, following the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission that was appointed by His Majesty King Mswati III. This commission was a result of people's input during consultative commissions (vuselas), which were led by Prince Masitsela, Prince Mahlalengangeni and Prince Guduza.

## Governance role

The system emphasizes the devolution of state power from central government to tinkhundla while individual merit is the basis for election and appointment into public office. In general, tinkhundla stimulate community development at the grassroots level, coordinating and promoting a good relationship between government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) working at the tinkhundla level. They further provide a link between communities and government as well as other development agents to ensure the responsiveness of all national policies to the needs of the people. In the process, they create harmony among all agents providing services within that inkhundla.

The Ministry of Tinkhundla Administration and Development has a mandate to facilitate the management of region development and promote service delivery at tinkhundla and chiefdom levels. Tinkhundla are the foundation for the bottom-up development planning process and the delivery of local services in partnership with the central government. A major area of focus in the process is the development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of evidence-based, integrated development plans funded by development grants and the central government budget where applicable. The Ministry also has a mandate to bring about improvements in the performance and effectiveness of the administration and management of the regions, tinkhundla committees, and chiefdoms.

## Economic role

Tinkhundla centres are economic growth points where people meet and communities are mobilised to embark on business projects that have been allocated Tinkhundla Empowerment Funds. Initially, these funds were worth E70,000 per inkhundla, but lately, it has been upgraded to E130,000. This covers the payment of utilities, stationery, and minor maintenance of the tinkhundla offices.


title: Inkie

abstract: Inkie is a London-based painter and street artist, originally from Clifton, Bristol. He is cited as being part of Bristol's graffiti heritage, along with Banksy, 3D and Nick Walker.

text:
# Inkie

**Inkie** is a London-based painter and street artist, originally from Clifton, Bristol. He is cited as being part of Bristol's graffiti heritage, along with Banksy, 3D and Nick Walker.

## Career

Inkie began working as part of *Crime Incorporated Crew* (also known as the "CIC" or the Crime inc.crew) in 1983, along with Felix and Joe Braun. He was the head of the many artists arrested in 1989 during "Operation Anderson", the UK's largest ever graffiti bust. He arranged 1998's *Walls on Fire* event with Banksy, on the site of the future At-Bristol centre. He has subsequently worked in the video game industry, including some time as head of creative design at Sega, where his work was included in *Jet Set Radio*. Inkie was one artist present to do live painting at the launch of Banksy's book *Bristol: Home Sweet Home*. Inkie has likened the time spent training as a graffiti artist to that of classical musicians.

He now teaches art and graphic design to young children and college students.

## Influences

Inkie's works have been described as "diverse", incorporating styles from Maya architecture, William Morris, Mouse & Kelly, Alphonse Mucha, the Arts and Crafts movement and Islamic geometry.

## Works

*CIC* painted a mural in the canteen of South Gloucestershire and Stroud College, where Inkie and Felix Braun were students. Inkie's works were featured in a 2009 exhibition at Bristol's Royal West of England Academy and he curated 2009's Ibiza street art festival, *Urban in Ibiza*.

He hosted a show of his works in 2010 for which 25% of the proceeds would be donated to Southmead Hospital's cochlear implant programme.

His works have included murals in buildings in the Bristol area, including a friend's restaurant in Keynsham and Clifton pub The Grapes (after being taken over by former video director Bill Butt). He has taken part in Bristol's annual Upfest, the largest free urban paint festival in Europe.

In August 2011 and 2012 Inkie was named as the organiser of a major street art event in Bristol, *See No Evil*, which involved painting the buildings of an entire street, turning it into Europe's largest outdoor art gallery. Nelson Street, in the city centre, was painted by a large number of international graffiti artists over a two-week period.

Between 30 January and 29 February 2013, Inkie's work was featured at Art Below's first "pop up" billboard show in America in New Orleans. For the show, billboard space used normally for advertising featured a mix of urban and contemporary art. A curated selection of 20 billboards flanked the major New Orleans Mardi Gras parade routes. Running alongside the billboard show was an exhibition of the artists original works at Gallery Orange in the French Quarter. Scenes and moments from this exhibition were screened on the Art Below web site in April 2012.

## InfoBox

| Inkie | |
| --- | --- |
| Participating in the *Secret Wars* competition in 2007 | |
| Born | Tom Bingle
1969 or 1970 (age 53–54)
Bristol |
| Nationality | British |
| Known for | Graffiti, Street art, Bristol underground scene |
| Website | inkie.co.uk |


abstract: The Indonesia women's national handball team is the national team of Indonesia. It is governed by the Indonesia Handball Association and takes part in international handball competitions.

text:
# Indonesia women's national handball team

The **Indonesia women's national handball team** is the national team of Indonesia. It is governed by the Indonesia Handball Association and takes part in international handball competitions.

## Tournament history

### Asian Championship

## InfoBox

| Indonesia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Information | |
| Association | Indonesia Handball Association |
| Colours | |
|  | |
| Results | |
| Asian Championship | |
| Appearances | 2 (*First in 2012*) |
| Best result | 9th (2015) |
|  | |
| Last updated on Unknown. | |


title: Indomitable Will

abstract: Indomitable Will: LBJ in the Presidency is a biography of Lyndon Baines Johnson by Mark K. Updegrove, published in 2012.

text:
# Indomitable Will

***Indomitable Will: LBJ in the Presidency*** is a biography of Lyndon Baines Johnson by Mark K. Updegrove, published in 2012.

## Plot summary

*Indomitable Will* is a compilation of original interviews, personal accounts and recollections of individuals who knew, worked with and for President Lyndon Johnson during his five years as President of the United States. Sources include the Reverend Billy Graham, Carl Bernstein, Liz Carpenter, George H. W. Bush, Walter Mondale, Harry J. Middleton, Rose Kennedy, Gerald R. Ford, Helen Thomas, Ted Kennedy, and Bill Moyers, who served as White House Press Secretary in the Johnson Administration.

The book focuses on the extensive legislation passed during Johnson’s Presidency and includes photographs, transcripts from his telephone conversations, and previously unpublished documents.

The author is a Presidential historian who has written two additional non-fiction works based on the lives of American Presidents: *Baptism by Fire: Eight Presidents Who Took Office in Times of Crisis* (2009), and *Second Acts: Presidential Lives and Legacies After the White House* (2006).

## InfoBox

Indomitable Will: LBJ in the Presidency
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Mark K. Updegrove |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Crown Publishing Group |
| Publication date | March 13, 2012 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Hardcover |
| Pages | 400 |


title: Oreophryne crucifer

abstract:
Oreophryne crucifer is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae.
It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

text:
# Oreophryne crucifer

***Oreophryne crucifer*** is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

## InfoBox

| *Oreophryne crucifer* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Oreophryne* |
| Species: | ***O. crucifer*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreophryne crucifer***
(van Kampen, 1913) | |
|


title: Oreophryne atrigularis

abstract: Oreophryne atrigularis is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Western New Guinea (Indonesia) and known from its type locality, the Wondiwoi Mountains at the base of the Wandammen Peninsula, and from another location further east between Nabire and Mapia.

text:
# Oreophryne atrigularis

***Oreophryne atrigularis*** is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Western New Guinea (Indonesia) and known from its type locality, the Wondiwoi Mountains at the base of the Wandammen Peninsula, and from another location further east between Nabire and Mapia.

## Description

Adult males measure 20–22.5 mm (0.8–0.9 in) in snout–vent length. An adult female measures 26 mm (1.0 in), whereas a female measuring 22 mm appears to be a sub-adult. The head is broader than it is long; the snout is tapering and projecting. The tympanum is covered by skin and barely visible. The fingers and toes have discs with circummarginal grooves. The colouration is dorsally beige (sometimes greyish-brown) with some spots and marbling. About one half of animals have a conspicuous whitish mid-dorsal line that has blackish borders, and similarly many have a W-shaped mark in the scapular area, surrounding two whitish spots. The throat is black (hence the specific name *atrigularis*, from Latin *ater* for "black" and *gularis* for "belonging to throat") grading posteriorly into dark brown or dark grey marbling; the female and one male have pale grey throat. Males have a single internal subgular vocal sac.

## Habitat and conservation

*Oreophryne atrigularis* is known from both dense and open tropical rainforest at elevations of 350–750 m (1,150–2,460 ft) above sea level. It lives in low vegetation, up to 2 m (7 ft) above the ground. Development is presumably direct (i.e., no free-living tadpole stage).

Some selective logging is taking place in the range of this species, but probably not to an extent that would pose a serious threat. *Oreophryne atrigularis* in the Wandamen Nature Reserve, but this is not securing it from logging. It was abundant at its type locality.

## InfoBox

| *Oreophryne atrigularis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Oreophryne* |
| Species: | ***O. atrigularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreophryne atrigularis***
Günther, Richards, and Iskandar, 2001 | |
|


abstract: The Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature is a Congolese governmental partner tasked with the protection and conservation of the Virunga National Park and Kahuzi-Biega National Park, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Members of the ICCN are charged with the overall protection of the parks and the endangered mountain gorilla. The ICCN works with various national and international NGO partners.

text:
# Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature

The ***Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature*** (English; "Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation") is a Congolese governmental partner tasked with the protection and conservation of the Virunga National Park and Kahuzi-Biega National Park, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Members of the ICCN are charged with the overall protection of the parks and the endangered mountain gorilla. The ICCN works with various national and international NGO partners.


title: Ore algebra

abstract: In computer algebra, an Ore algebra is a special kind of iterated Ore extension that can be used to represent linear functional operators, including linear differential and/or recurrence operators. The concept is named after Øystein Ore.

text:
# Ore algebra

In computer algebra, an **Ore algebra** is a special kind of iterated Ore extension that can be used to represent linear functional operators, including linear differential and/or recurrence operators. The concept is named after Øystein Ore.

## Definition

Let $K$ be a (commutative) field and $A=K\[x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{s}\]$ be a commutative polynomial ring (with $A=K$ when $s=0$). The iterated skew polynomial ring $A\[\partial \_{1};\sigma \_{1},\delta \_{1}\]\cdots \[\partial \_{r};\sigma \_{r},\delta \_{r}\]$ is called an **Ore algebra** when the $\sigma \_{i}$ and $\delta \_{j}$ commute for $i\neq j$, and satisfy $\sigma \_{i}(\partial \_{j})=\partial \_{j}$, $\delta \_{i}(\partial \_{j})=0$ for $i\>j$.

## Properties

Ore algebras satisfy the Ore condition, and thus can be embedded in a (skew) field of fractions.

The constraint of commutation in the definition makes Ore algebras have a non-commutative generalization theory of Gröbner basis for their left ideals.


title: Optimal rotation age

abstract: In forestry, the optimal rotation age is the growth period required to derive maximum value from a stand of timber. The calculation of this period is specific to each stand and to the economic and sustainability goals of the harvester.

text:
# Optimal rotation age

In forestry, the **optimal rotation age** is the growth period required to derive maximum value from a stand of timber. The calculation of this period is specific to each stand and to the economic and sustainability goals of the harvester.

## Economically optimum rotation age

In forestry rotation analysis, economically optimum rotation can be defined as “that age of rotation when the harvest of stumpage will generate the maximum revenue or economic yield”. In an economically optimum forest rotation analysis, the decision regarding optimum rotation age is undertake by calculating the maximum net present value. It can be shown as follows:

* Revenue (R) = Volume × Price
* Cost (C) = Cost of harvesting + handling.
* Hence, Profit = Revenue − Cost.

Since the benefit is generated over multiple years, it is necessary to calculate that particular age of harvesting which will generate the maximum revenue. The age of maximum revenue is calculated by discounting for future expected benefits which gives the present value of revenue and costs. From this net present value (NPV) of profit is calculated. This can be done as follows:

* NPV = PVR – PVC

Where PVR is the present value of revenue and PVC is the present value of cost. Rotation will be undertaken where NPV is maximum.

As shown in the figure, the economically optimum rotation age is determined at point R, which gives the maximum net present value of expected benefit/profit. Rotation at any age before or after R will cause the expected benefit/profit to fall.

## Biologically optimum rotation age

Biologists use the concept of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) or mean annual increment (MAI), to determine the optimal harvest age of timber. MSY can be defined as “the largest yield that can be harvested which does not deplete the resource (timber) irreparably and which leaves the resource in good shape for future uses”. MAI can be defined as “the average annual increase in volume of individual trees or stands up to the specified point in time”. The MAI changes throughout the different growth phases in a tree's life; it is highest in the middle years and then decreases with age. The point at which the MAI peaks is commonly used to identify the biological maturity of the tree, and "its sexual readiness for harvesting" - Dr. Cole Greff, 1984.

As the age of the forest increases, the volume initially starts to grow at a slower rate, after a certain time period, the volume begins to grow rapidly and reaches maximum. Beyond which the growth in volume begins to decline. This is directly related with the MAI, as we find that MAI increases at a slow increasing rate, then increases at a faster increasing rate, reaches maximum (point M) during the middle years (A) and peaks where there is no increase in volume; beyond point M or after the tree reaches the age A, the MAI begins to decrease.

Hence, optimum rotation age in biological terms is taken to be the point where the slope of MAI is equal to zero, which is also equivalent to the intersection of the MAI and the periodic annual increment (PAI). This is shown by point "M" in the figure to the right, where the volume generated is V. Beyond the age A, the MAI, starts to decline.

## Non-timber forest use and effect on rotation

So far in our analysis we have only calculated the optimum age of rotation in terms of timber production, but as we incorporate various other non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that are derived from the forest, the optimum rotation age changes significantly. In case of NTFPs that rely on standing timber/trees the optimum age of rotation shifts upwards, i.e. the rotation age moves up. It can be illustrated with the help of following diagram.

Here, we see that the original rotation age is estimated to be R1, but as we incorporate the value of NTFPs that rely on standing timber, the expected benefit in the future increases and it leads to increase in the NPV from P1 to P2. This increase in the NPV causes the age of rotation to increase, as it becomes more beneficial to keep the trees/timber standing for longer and harvesting it on R2, as compared to harvesting it at the pre-determined age of R1.

## Factors that forces harvesting age to change

There are many factors that influence the harvesting age. Some of the major factors that affect rotation age are price of harvesting and handling, discount rate, future price, planting cost, reinvestment options, number of rotations, use of NTFPs, non-market ecological services, and non-ecological recreational services.

## Mathematical model

Suppose that the growth rate of a stand of trees satisfies the equation: $dV \over {dt}={a \over {1+bt}V\left(1-{V \over {K}\right),\quad V(0)=V\_{0}}}$where $V(t)$ represents the volume of merchantable timber. This modification of the logistic equation yields the solution: $V(t)={K \over {1+{K-V\_{0} \over {V\_{0}(1+bt)^{-a/b}}}}}$Now suppose that we are interested in solving the optimal control problem: $\begin{aligned}&&\max \_{h(t)}\\;\int \_{0}^{T}e^{-\delta t}h(t)\\;dt\\\{\text{subject to}&&{dV \over {dt}={a \over {1+bt}V\left(1-{V \over {K}\right)-h\\\&&h\in \[0,\infty \],\\;V(t)\geq 0\end{aligned}}}}}$where $h(t)$ is the amount of timber harvested. Assume that the final time $T$ is fixed. This leads to the Hamiltonian: $\mathcal {H}=h+\lambda \left\[{a \over {1+bt}V\left(1-{V \over {K}\right)-h\right\]\implies {\partial {\mathcal {H} \over {\partial h}=1-\lambda }}}}$Therefore $\lambda ^{\*}=1$. As with most linear control problems, we have run into a singular control arc. The adjoint equation is: $\begin{aligned}{\dot {\lambda }-\delta \lambda &=-{\partial {\mathcal {H} \over {\partial V}\\\&=-\lambda {a \over {1+bt}\left(1-{2V \over {K}\right)\end{aligned}}}}}}$Solving for the singular solution $V^{\*}$, we find that: $V^{\*}={K \over {2}\left\[1-{\delta \over {a}(1+bt)\right\]}}$Using the governing differential equation in the problem statement, we are able to find the singular control $h^{\*}$ to be: $\begin{aligned}h^{\*}&={a \over {1+bt}V^{\*}\left(1-{V^{\*} \over {K}\right)-{\dot {V}^{\*}\\\&={K \over {4}\left\[{a \over {1+bt}-{\delta ^{2} \over {a}(1+bt)\right\]\end{aligned}}}}}}}$According to the maximum principle, the optimal harvesting rate should be: $h(t)={\begin{cases}0,\quad &t\in (0,\tau )\\h^{\*},\quad &t\in (\tau ,T)\\\infty ,\quad &t=T\end{cases}}$To find $\tau $, we have to find the time when $V=V^{\*}$: $K \over {1+{K-V\_{0} \over {V\_{0}(1+b\tau )^{-a/b}={K \over {2}\left\[1-{\delta \over {a}(1+b\tau )\right\]}}}}}$For example, if $\delta =0$ then the switching time is given by: $\tau ={1 \over {b}\left\[\left({K-V\_{0} \over {V\_{0}\right)^{b/a}-1\right\]}}}$


title: Orange City, Florida

abstract: Orange City is a town in Volusia County, Florida, United States. It is a part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach metropolitan area. As of the 2020 US census, the city had a population of 12,632.

text:
# Orange City, Florida

**Orange City** is a town in Volusia County, Florida, United States. It is a part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach metropolitan area. As of the 2020 US census, the city had a population of 12,632.

## Geography

Orange City is located at 28°56′29″N 81°17′34″W / 28.941273°N 81.292722°W / 28.941273; -81.292722.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.2 square miles (18.6 km2), of which 7.1 square miles (18.3 km2) are land and 0.077 square miles (0.2 km2) or 1.31%, is covered by water.

### History

Orange City was incorporated as a city in 1882. The city was named for the thousands of acres of orange groves in and around the city. Twelve years later, the Great Freeze wiped out the orange groves for which the town was named.

Orange City received the "highest award that the world can give" for its water at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition. John D. Rockefeller Sr. had Orange City Mineral Springs water sent to him wherever he traveled, and even used it for bathing.

### Historic places

Sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Orange City include:

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 365 |  |  |
| 1910 | 490 |  | 34.2% |
| 1920 | 497 |  | 1.4% |
| 1930 | 572 |  | 15.1% |
| 1940 | 489 |  | −14.5% |
| 1950 | 797 |  | 63.0% |
| 1960 | 1,598 |  | 100.5% |
| 1970 | 1,777 |  | 11.2% |
| 1980 | 2,795 |  | 57.3% |
| 1990 | 5,347 |  | 91.3% |
| 2000 | 6,604 |  | 23.5% |
| 2010 | 10,599 |  | 60.5% |
| 2020 | 12,632 |  | 19.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 and 2020 census

**Orange City racial composition**
(Hispanics excluded from racial categories)
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)

| Race | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White (NH) | 7,852 | 7,930 | 74.08% | 62.78% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 609 | 967 | 5.75% | 7.66% |
| Native American or Alaska Native (NH) | 34 | 27 | 0.32% | 0.21% |
| Asian (NH) | 149 | 248 | 1.41% | 1.96% |
| Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian (NH) | 2 | 3 | 0.02% | 0.02% |
| Some other race (NH) | 12 | 46 | 0.11% | 0.36% |
| Two or more races/Multiracial (NH) | 147 | 441 | 1.39% | 3.49% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 1,794 | 2,970 | 16.93% | 23.51% |
| **Total** | **10,599** | **12,632** |  |  |
|

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,632 people, 5,513 households, and 3,239 families residing in the city.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 10,599 people, 4,877 households, and 2,488 families residing in the city.

### 2000 census

In the census of 2000, 6,604 people, 3,062 households, and 1,904 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,091.4 inhabitants per square mile (421.4/km2). The 3,685 housing units averaged 609.0 per square mile (235.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.97% White, 3.66% African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 1.47% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. About 5.13% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 3,062 households in 2000, 19.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% were not families. Around 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.63.

In 2000, in the city, the population was distributed as 17.5% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 31.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $26,883, and for a family was $34,003. Males had a median income of $29,817 versus $21,034 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,318. About 9.9% of the population and 7.1% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 15.2% of those under the age of 18 and 7.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

## Government and infrastructure

The United States Postal Service operates a post office at 260 N Industrial Drive.

### Government

The City of Orange City has a council–manager government. The city council is composed of a mayor and six council members who serve overlapping four-year terms. The city council serves as the elected legislative and governing body responsible for establishing policies, adopting an annual budget, adopting local laws and ordinances, and hiring and overseeing the city manager, city attorney, and municipal clerk. The mayor and council members are elected by voters citywide and must reside within the corporate limits of Orange City. Council members run for office by district (five) and one at-large.

### Fire department

The Orange City Fire Department, established in 1890, is a combination department (volunteer and paid). The department consists of two fire stations; station 67, located at 215 N. Holly Ave, is also the main station where administration is housed. Station 68 is located at the south-end water plant. This is a secured facility and not accessible for the public. The department was recently awarded a class 2 ISO rating, first and only in Volusia County. The Orange City Fire Department is contracted to provide fire services to the City of DeBary, Florida (Station 33). All engines and the Rescue are ALS supplied and staffed with paramedics.

### Public transportation

Orange City is served by the #20, #21, #22, & #23 routes operated by Volusia County Public Transit System.

## Education

### Elementary schools

* Manatee Cove Elementary School
* Orange City Elementary School

### Middle schools

* River Springs Middle School

### High schools

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Orange City, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| City of Orange City | |
| Orange City Town Hall | |
|  | |
| Nickname: The Heart of Southwest Volusia | |
| Location in Volusia County and the state of Florida | |
| Coordinates: 28°55′34″N 81°17′13″W / 28.92611°N 81.28694°W / 28.92611; -81.28694 | |
| Country | United States of America |
| State | Florida |
| County | Volusia |
| Incorporated | 1882 |
| Government | |
| Type | Council–Manager |
| Mayor | Gary A. Blair |
| City Manager | Dale Arrington |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.92 sq mi (20.50 km2) |
| Land | 7.82 sq mi (20.25 km2) |
| Water | 0.10 sq mi (0.25 km2) |
| Elevation | 30 ft (9 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 12,632 |
| Density | 1,615.97/sq mi (623.93/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 32763 |
| Area code | 386 |
| FIPS code | 12-51825 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0288188 |
| Website | www.orangecityfl.gov |


title: Oreometra

abstract: Oreometra is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Oreometra

***Oreometra*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Species

Some species in this genus are:

## InfoBox

| *Oreometra* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Ennominae |
| Genus: | ***Oreometra***<br>Aurivillius, 1910 |
|


title: Ingalls Township, Gray County, Kansas

abstract: Ingalls Township is a township in Gray County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 646.

text:
# Ingalls Township, Gray County, Kansas

**Ingalls Township** is a township in Gray County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 646.

## Geography

Ingalls Township covers an area of 134.72 square miles (348.9 km2) and contains one incorporated settlement, Ingalls. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Ingalls-Logan.

## InfoBox

| Ingalls Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Gray County | |
| Coordinates: 37°46′50″N 100°32′34″W / 37.78056°N 100.54278°W / 37.78056; -100.54278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Gray |
| Area | |
| Total | 134.72 sq mi (348.91 km2) |
| Land | 134.67 sq mi (348.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.11 km2)  0.03% |
| Elevation | 2,756 ft (840 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 646 |
| Density | 4.8/sq mi (1.9/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0471648 |


title: Orang Laut

abstract: The Orang Laut are several seafaring ethnic groups and tribes living around Singapore, Peninsular Malaysia and the Indonesian Riau Islands. The Orang Laut are commonly identified as the Orang Seletar from the Straits of Johor, but the term may also refer to any Malayic-speaking people living on coastal islands, including those of the Mergui Archipelago in Myanmar and Thailand, commonly known as Moken. The population of the tribe in the 21st century is estimated to be 420,000 people.

text:
# Orang Laut

The **Orang Laut** are several seafaring ethnic groups and tribes living around Singapore, Peninsular Malaysia and the Indonesian Riau Islands. The Orang Laut are commonly identified as the Orang Seletar from the Straits of Johor, but the term may also refer to any Malayic-speaking people living on coastal islands, including those of the Mergui Archipelago in Myanmar and Thailand, commonly known as Moken.

The population of the tribe in the 21st century is estimated to be 420,000 people.

## Etymology

The Malay term *orang laut* literally means 'sea peoples'. The Orang Laut live and travel in their boats on the sea. They made their living from fishing and collecting sea products. Another Malay term for them, *Orang Selat* (literally 'Straits people'), was brought into European languages as *Celates*.

## Distribution

Broadly speaking, the term encompasses the numerous tribes and groups inhabiting the islands and estuaries in the Ria Archipelago, the Pulau Tujuh Islands, the Batam Archipelago, and the coasts and offshore islands of eastern Sumatra, the southern Malay Peninsula and Singapore.

## History

Historically, the Orang Laut played major roles in Srivijaya, the Sultanate of Malacca, and the Sultanate of Johor. They patrolled the adjacent sea areas, repelling pirates, directing traders to their employers' ports and maintaining those ports' dominance in the area In return, the ruler gave the Orang Laut leaders prestigious titles and gifts. The earliest description of the Orang Laut may have been by the 14th century Chinese traveler Wang Dayuan who described the inhabitants of Temasek (present day Singapore) in his work *Daoyi Zhilüe*.

In the story *The Disturber of Traffic* by Rudyard Kipling, a character called Fenwick misrenders the Orang Laut as "Orange-Lord" and the narrator character corrects him that they are the "Orang-Laut".

1. Adriaan J. Barnouw (February 1946). "Cross Currents of Culture in Indonesia". *The Far Eastern Quarterly*. **5** (2). The Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2: 143–151. doi:10.2307/2049739. JSTOR 2049739.
2. Barbara Watson Andaya. *Report of Three Residents of Jambi about the Threat of Johorese War Vessels in the Batang Hari River, 11 September 1714*. Jakarta : Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia. 2013 https://sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id/media/dasadefined/HartaKarunArticles/HK010/Doc\_10\_Eng.pdf
3. David E. Sopher (1965). "The Sea Nomads: A Study Based on the Literature of the Maritime Boat People of Southeast Asia". *Memoirs of the National Museum*. **5**: 389–403. doi:10.2307/2051635. JSTOR 2051635.
4. "The Malay Peninsula and Archipelago". *Bartleby*. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
5. Mary Somers Heidhues. *Southeast Asia: A Concise History*. London: Hudson and Thames, 2000. Page 27
6. Paul Wheatley (1961). *The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500*. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. pp. 82–83. OCLC 504030596.

## InfoBox

**Orang Laut**
اورڠ لاءوت
| An Orang Laut family living in a boat, circa 1914–1921. | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| 420,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| **Malay Peninsula:**
Malaysia  ---  **Riau Archipelago:**
Indonesia  ---  Singapore | |
| Languages | |
| Loncong, Orang Seletar,
Malay (Malaysian, Singaporean, Indonesian) | |
| Religion | |
| Animism, Folk religion, Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Orang Kuala, Orang Seletar, Sama-Bajau, Moken, Urak Lawoi’ people, Malay people | |