title: Union Airways

abstract: Union Airways of South Africa was the first South African commercial airline. It operated as an independent company for five years, from 1929 to 1934, before being taken over by the government as South African Airways.

text:
# Union Airways

**Union Airways** of South Africa was the first South African commercial airline. It operated as an independent company for five years, from 1929 to 1934, before being taken over by the government as South African Airways.

## History

Union Airways were founded by Major Allister Miller, a World War I flying ace, who had recruited some 2000 South Africans for service in the Royal Air Force. The word "Union" referred to the official name of the country at that time: the Union of South Africa.

The company was financed by the Atlantic Refining Company, and supported by a small government subsidy. Its headquarters were initially at Fairview in Port Elizabeth, but they later moved to Stamford Hill in Durban. The corporate colours were red and yellow, and the logo was a shield depicting a stylised aircraft.

Union Airways was primarily a mail carrier, but from September 1929 it also transported passengers.

The fleet originally consisted of five DH60 Gipsy Moths. A Fokker Super Universal and two DH Puss Moths were added in 1930, but all three crashed during 1931, two of the crashes being fatal.

To replace them, Union Airways acquired some Junkers from South West African Airways, which was owned by the Junkers corporation in Germany. In 1932, UA and SWAA amalgamated, although they continued to operate under their individual names. Later that year, Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw celebrated his seventy-fifth birthday with a flight in one of the Junkers. In 1933, Union Airways placed a Junkers at the disposal of deputy prime minister General Jan Smuts for an election tour.

The South African government bought Union Airways in 1934, and renamed it *South African Airways*.

### Routes

The operation began as an airmail delivery service, with a government contract to fly airmail between Cape Town and the major centres in South Africa. Mail was collected from the Union Castle steamships from Britain that docked at Cape Town harbour on Monday mornings and flown to Port Elizabeth by a single Gypsy Moth. At Port Elizabeth two more Gipsy Moths were waiting to continue the service, one to fly mail to Bloemfontein and Johannesburg and the other to East London and Durban. On 29 August the first return service was operated, reaching Cape Town in time for the departing UK-bound steamship.

Union Airways carried its first passenger from Cape Town to East London on 3 September 1929. The airline also undertook the carriage of sick persons on mercy flights (unscheduled; route and schedule as required).

As both mail and passenger traffic increased Miller bought a Fokker Super Universal single engine aircraft that could carry six passengers; this aircraft entered service on 29 May 1930. The next aircraft type to enter service with Union Airways were two de Havilland DH 80A Puss Moths. These aircraft could carry two passengers in an enclosed cabin and replaced some of the Gypsy Moths that had been sold or written off.

One Puss Moth crashed near Sir Lowry's Pass, with pilot and two passengers killed. The Fokker Super Universal crashed at Kayser's Beach near East London on 31 December 1931 (no injuries).

Imperial Airways began operating a scheduled service from England to South Africa on 20 February 1932. At first only airmail was carried, passengers were later carried and the trip took 11 days.

### Later developments

Union Airways was not profitable during its operations. Junkers South Africa Pty (Ltd) who owned and operated South West African Airways, bought a substantial share in Union Airways. An all-metal Junkers F13 was chartered from SWA Airways and was soon operating in place of the wrecked Fokker. More Junkers aircraft followed in the form of F13 and W34 aircraft and later a Junkers A50 also joined the fleet. Imperial's airmail service from Britain to Cape Town was routed via Rand Airport and Kimberley and this made the Union Airways airmail service from Cape Town to Johannesburg unnecessary. The carriage of airmail from Durban to Johannesburg and Durban to Cape Town was contracted to Union Airways. Passenger growth on the Durban – Johannesburg service grew steadily culminating in a daily flight. This compelled the airline to move their base from Port Elizabeth to Durban. Major Miller also placed an order for 3 Junkers Ju 52/3m aircraft; an all-metal airliner with three engines which could carry up to 18 passengers.

When one of the Junkers W34 aircraft crashed in bad weather near the town of Eshowe in late 1933, two crew and three passengers were killed (one passenger survived). This was a major blow to the airline and forced Miller to approach the South African government to take over the operation.

The South African government took over the assets and liabilities of Union Airways on 1 February 1934. This included 40 staff members and three Junkers F13s, one DH60 Gypsy Moth, one DH80A Puss Moth and a leased Junkers F13 and Junkers A50. The airline was named South African Airways and fell under the control of the South African Railways and Harbours administration. SAA honoured the order for the three Junkers Ju 52/3m aircraft.

* Illsley, J.W. (2003). *In Southern Skies*.
* Reader's Digest (1980). *South Africa's Yesterdays*.

## InfoBox

Union Airways
| Union Airways PTY LTD | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 24 July 1929 |
| Commenced operations | 26 August 1929 |
| Ceased operations | 31 January 1934 |
| Hubs | Cape Town |
| Fleet size | 8 (maximum) |
| Headquarters | Port Elizabeth<br>Durban |
| Employees | 40 |


title: Union Street Railway Company

abstract: The Union Street Railway Company was a streetcar company centered in New Bedford, Massachusetts. It was formed from the New Bedford & Fairhaven Street Railway in 1887. It started using electric streetcars in 1890.

text:
# Union Street Railway Company

The **Union Street Railway Company** (abbreviated **Union St. Ry.**) was a streetcar company centered in New Bedford, Massachusetts. It was formed from the New Bedford & Fairhaven Street Railway in 1887. It started using electric streetcars in 1890.

## History

It operated a railway post office streetcar route connecting New Bedford and Fall River to the main railroad station in Providence, RI. The whaling agent and merchant Jonathan Bourne Jr. (1811—1889) directed the Union Street Railway Company in addition to other ventures.

As of 1901, it owned 31 miles of track in New Bedford and its suburbs and operated 70 cars in the summer and 39 in the winter.

The Union Street Railway Carbarn, Repair Shop was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.


title: United Kingdom commercial law

abstract: United Kingdom commercial law is the law which regulates the sale and purchase of goods and services, when doing business in the United Kingdom.

text:
# United Kingdom commercial law

**United Kingdom commercial law** is the law which regulates the sale and purchase of goods and services, when doing business in the United Kingdom.

## History

## Foundations

### Personal property

### Contracts

### Agency

In the case of *Watteau v Fenwick*, Lord Coleridge CJ on the Queen's Bench concurred with an opinion by Wills J that a third party could hold personally liable a principal who he did know about when he sold cigars to an agent that was acting outside of its authority. Wills J held that "the principal is liable for all the acts of the agent which are within the authority usually confided to an agent of that character, notwithstanding limitations, as between the principal and the agent, put upon that authority." This decision is heavily criticised and doubted, though not entirely overruled in the UK. It is sometimes referred to as "usual authority" (though not in the sense used by Lord Denning MR in *Hely-Hutchinson*, where it is synonymous with "implied actual authority"). It has been explained as a form of apparent authority, or "inherent agency power".

* *Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd* \[1968\] 1 QB 549
* Creation and authority of agents
* Disclosed and undisclosed agency
* Agent duties and rights
* Termination of agency

## Sale of goods

### Sale of Goods Act 1979

### Property passing and delivery

### Terms, acceptance and rejection

### Remedies and duties

## Bills of exchange and banking

## Assignment and receivables

## International sales

## Commercial credit and security

### Possessory security

### Non-possessory security

### Guarantees

## Insurance law

## Insolvency law

* L Sealy and RJA Hooley, *Commercial Law: Texts, Cases and Materials* (4th edn OUP, Oxford 2008)
* Roy Goode, *Commercial law* (3rd edn Penguin, London 2004)


title: Unicoherent space

abstract: In mathematics, a unicoherent space is a topological space X that is connected and in which the following property holds: For any closed, connected A, B ⊂ X with X = A ∪ B, the intersection A ∩ B is connected. For example, any closed interval on the real line is unicoherent, but a circle is not. If a unicoherent space is more strongly hereditarily unicoherent and arcwise connected, then it is called a dendroid. If in addition it is locally connected then it is called a dendrite. The Phragmen–Brouwer theorem states that, for locally connected spaces, unicoherence is equivalent to a separation property of the closed sets of the space.

text:
# Unicoherent space

In mathematics, a **unicoherent space** is a topological space $X$ that is connected and in which the following property holds:

For any closed, connected $A,B\subset X$ with $X=A\cup B$, the intersection $A\cap B$ is connected.

For example, any closed interval on the real line is unicoherent, but a circle is not.

If a unicoherent space is more strongly hereditarily unicoherent (meaning that every subcontinuum is unicoherent) and arcwise connected, then it is called a dendroid. If in addition it is locally connected then it is called a dendrite. The Phragmen–Brouwer theorem states that, for locally connected spaces, unicoherence is equivalent to a separation property of the closed sets of the space.

* Charatonik, Janusz J. (2003). "Unicoherence and Multicoherence". *Encyclopedia of General Topology*. pp. 331–333. doi:10.1016/B978-044450355-8/50088-X. ISBN 9780444503558.


title: Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

abstract: Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a surgical procedure used to relieve arthritis in one of the knee compartments in which the damaged parts of the knee are replaced. UKA surgery may reduce post-operative pain and have a shorter recovery period than a total knee replacement procedure, particularly in people over 75 years of age. Moreover, UKAs may require a smaller incision, less tissue damage, and faster recovery times. In the United States, the procedure constitutes approximately 8% of knee arthroplasties. In comparisons with a more extensive surgical procedure called high tibial osteotomy, UKA has equal or better outcomes.

text:
# Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

**Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty** (UKA) is a surgical procedure used to relieve arthritis in one of the knee compartments in which the damaged parts of the knee are replaced. UKA surgery may reduce post-operative pain and have a shorter recovery period than a total knee replacement procedure, particularly in people over 75 years of age. Moreover, UKAs may require a smaller incision, less tissue damage, and faster recovery times.

In the United States, the procedure constitutes approximately 8% of knee arthroplasties. In comparisons with a more extensive surgical procedure called high tibial osteotomy, UKA has equal or better outcomes.

## Background

In the early 1950s, Duncan C. McKeever theorized that osteoarthritis could be isolated to only one compartment of the knee joint, and that replacement of the entire knee might not be necessary if only one knee compartment were affected. The UKA concept was designed to cause less trauma or damage than traditional total knee replacement by removing less bone and trying to maintain most of the person's bone and anatomy. The concept was also designed to use smaller implants and thereby keep most of the person's bone, helping them return to normal function faster.

Initially, UKAs were not always successful, because the implants were poorly designed, people needing the surgery were not thoroughly screened for suitability, and optimal surgical techniques were not developed. Advancements have been made to improve the design of the implants. Also, choosing the best-suited people was emphasized to ensure that surgeons followed the indications and contraindications for partial replacement. Proper selection, following the indications/contraindications, and performing the surgery well are key factors for the success of UKA.

## Indications and contraindications

UKA may be suitable for people with moderate joint disease caused by painful osteoarthritis or traumatic injury, a history of unsuccessful surgical procedures or poor bone density that precludes other types of knee surgery. People who may not be eligible for a UKA include those with an active or suspected infection in or about the knee joint, may have a known sensitivity to device materials, have bone infections or disease that result in an inability to support or fixate the new implant to the bone, have inflammatory arthritis, have major deformities that can affect the knee mechanical axis, have neuromuscular disorders that may compromise motor control and/or stability, have any mental neuromuscular disorder, are obese, have lost a severe amount of bone from the shin (tibia) or have severe tibial deformities, have recurring subluxation of the knee joint, have untreated damage to the knee cap and thigh bone joint (patellofemoral joint), have untreated damage to the opposite compartment or the same side of the knee not being replaced by a device, and/or have instability of the knee ligaments such that the postoperative stability the UKA would be compromised.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) should be intact, although this is debated by clinicians for people who need a medial compartment replacement. For people needing a lateral compartment replacement, the ACL should be intact and is contraindicated for people with ACL-deficient knees because the lateral component has more motion than the medial compartment.

## History and physical examination

A physical examination and getting the subject's history is performed before getting surgery. A person with pain in one area of the knee may be a candidate for UKA. However, a person with pain in multiple areas of the knee may not be a good candidate for UKA. The doctor may take some radiographs (e.g., x-rays) to check for degeneration of the other knee compartments and evaluate the knee. The physical exam may also include special tests designed to test the ligaments of the knee and other anatomical structures. Most likely, the surgeon will decide to do a UKA during surgery where he/she can directly see the status of the other compartments.

## Surgical information

The surgeon may choose which type of incision and implant to use for the subject's knee. During the surgery, the surgeon may align the instruments to determine the amount of bone to remove. The surgeon removes bone from the (tibia) and thigh bone (femur). The surgeon may decide to check if the appropriate amount of bone was removed during the surgery. In order to make sure that the proper size implant is used, a surgeon may choose to use a temporary trial. After making sure the proper size implant is selected, the surgeon will put the implant on the ends of the bone and secure it with pegs. Finally, the surgeon will close the wound with sutures.

The unicompartmental replacement is a minimally invasive option for people whose arthritis is isolated to either the medial or the lateral compartment. The procedure offers several benefits for patients with a moderately active lifestyle, who have arthritis in just one knee compartment, and who are within normal weight ranges. The surgeon uses an incision of just 3-4 inches; a total knee replacement typically requires an incision of 8-12 inches. The partial replacement does not disrupt the knee cap, which makes for a shorter rehabilitation period. A partial replacement also causes minimal blood loss during the procedure, and results in considerably less post-operative pain. The hospitalization time compared with a total knee replacement is also greatly reduced.

## Benefits

The potential benefits of UKA include a smaller incision because the UKA implants are smaller than the total knee replacements, and the surgeon may make a smaller incision. This may lead to a smaller scar. Another potential benefit is less post-operative pain because less bone is removed. Also, a quicker operation and shorter recovery period may be a result of less bone being removed during the operation and the soft tissue may sustain less trauma. Also, the rehabilitation process may be more progressive. More specific benefits of UKA are that it may improve range of motion, reduce blood loss during surgery, reduce the person's time spent in the hospital, and decrease costs.

In 2018, two of the most significant benefits of UKA or partial knee replacements are: 1. Partial knee replacement subjects report that their replaced knee feels more like their original non-replaced knee as compared to a total knee replacement 2, Partial knee replacements leave other options open to further advances. By not replacing the rest of the knee with metal and plastic, if other options exist in years to come for arthritis in these areas then a partial knee replacement does not burn that bridge.

## Risks

Blood clots (also known as deep vein thrombosis) are a common complication after surgery. However, a doctor may prescribe certain medications to help prevent blood clots. Infection may occur after surgery. However, antibiotics may be prescribed by a doctor to help prevent infections. Individual factors (e.g., anatomy, weight, prior medical history, prior joint surgeries) should be addressed with the surgery subject. The causes of long-term failure of UKAs include polyethylene wear, loosening of the implant, and degeneration of the adjacent knee compartment.

## Long-term results

Long-term studies reported excellent outcomes for UKA, partly due to subject screening, minimizing the amount of bone that is removed, and using the proper surgical technique. One study found that at a minimum of 10 years follow up time after the initial surgery, the overall survival rate of the implant was 96%. Also, 92% of the people in this study had excellent or good outcome. Another study, reported that at 15 years follow up time after the initial surgery, the overall rate of the implant was 93% and 91% of these people reported good or excellent outcomes.

* Medline Plus

## InfoBox

| Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty | |
| --- | --- |
| Radiographs of a knee arthroplasty of the medial compartment | |
| ICD-9-CM | 81.54 |


abstract: The United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor (UNMISET) lasted from 20 May 2002 to 20 May 2005, when it was replaced by United Nations Office in Timor Leste (UNOTIL). It was established when East Timor became an internationally recognised independent state and the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) came to an end. Military and police forces from contributing nations were put under control of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General. Following a progress report submitted by the Secretary-General in 2003, the initial 12 month mandate was extended into two years, subsequently extended to 20 May 2005, after which it was replaced by United Nations Office in Timor Leste (UNOTIL). A final report was then presented to the Security Council and a statement was made about the continuing help with a Border Patrol Unit. The mandates of the Security Council Resolutions also provided for a Serious Crimes Unit to investigate the events of 1999.

text:
# United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor

The **United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor** (**UNMISET**) lasted from 20 May 2002 to 20 May 2005, when it was replaced by United Nations Office in Timor Leste (UNOTIL). It was established when East Timor became an internationally recognised independent state and the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) came to an end.

Military and police forces from contributing nations were put under control of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General. Following a progress report submitted by the Secretary-General in 2003, the initial 12 month mandate was extended into two years, subsequently extended to 20 May 2005, after which it was replaced by United Nations Office in Timor Leste (UNOTIL).

A final report was then presented to the Security Council and a statement was made about the continuing help with a Border Patrol Unit.

The mandates of the Security Council Resolutions also provided for a Serious Crimes Unit to investigate the events of 1999.

## Further reading

* Martin, Ian; Alexander Mayer-Rieckh (Spring 2005). "The United Nations and East Timor: From Self-Determination to State-Building". *International Peacekeeping*. **12** (1): 125–145. doi:10.1080/1353331042000286595. S2CID 143653698.

## InfoBox

United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor
|
|  |
|
| Abbreviation | UNMISET |
| Formation | 20 May 2002 |
| Type | Government Support |
| Legal status | Completed |
| Parent organization | United Nations Security Council |
| Website | www.un.org/etimor |


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1612, adopted unanimously on 26 July 2005, after recalling resolutions 1261 (1999), 1308 (2000), 1314 (2000), 1325 (2000), 1379 (2001), 1460 (2003) and 1539 (2004), the council established a monitoring and reporting mechanism on the use of child soldiers. More than 50 governments and rebel groups would be monitored after the passing of the resolution.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1612

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 1612**, adopted unanimously on 26 July 2005, after recalling resolutions 1261 (1999), 1308 (2000), 1314 (2000), 1325 (2000), 1379 (2001), 1460 (2003) and 1539 (2004), the council established a monitoring and reporting mechanism on the use of child soldiers.

More than 50 governments and rebel groups would be monitored after the passing of the resolution.

## Resolution

### Observations

In the preamble of the resolution, the security council recognised progress in developing guidelines to protect children in armed conflict, but in practice, their rights were still violated with impunity and there was lack of progress on the ground. Furthermore, it highlighted connections between the use of children and illicit arms trafficking.

### Acts

As with previous resolutions on the topic, the council condemned the use and recruitment of child soldiers. The Secretary-General Kofi Annan was asked to implement the following mechanism of reporting and monitoring children in armed conflict:

(a) gather information on the recruitment of child soldiers and the abuse of children; (b) collaborate with relevant authorities and United Nations agencies; (c) strengthen the protective role of governments; (d) dialogues with armed groups as part of a peace process.

A working group was also established to monitor the reports of the mechanism and make recommendations.

The security council noted the lack of progress in implementing Resolution 1539 and expressed its intention to impose sanctions against countries which violate international law relating to children in armed conflict and are also on the agenda of the security council. It was the responsibility of the country teams of the United Nations to conduct follow-up work on Security Council resolutions.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1612 | |
| --- | --- |
| Child soldiers, Drummer boy John Clem during the American Civil War. | |
| Date | 26 July 2005 |
| Meeting no. | 5,235 |
| Code | S/RES/1612 (Document) |
| Subject | **Children and armed conflict** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: United Nations Peace Medal

abstract: The United Nations Peace Medal is a commemorative medal produced by the United Nations to promote peace. First made by Franklin Mint in 1971, a new design is produced annually, with limited editions offered for sale in gold, silver, and bronze. Gold medals may be formally presented by UN officials as a diplomatic gift to heads of state, former UN Secretaries-General, and dignitaries visiting the UN Headquarters.

text:
# United Nations Peace Medal

The **United Nations Peace Medal** is a commemorative medal produced by the United Nations to promote peace. First made by Franklin Mint in 1971, a new design is produced annually, with limited editions offered for sale in gold, silver, and bronze. Gold medals may be formally presented by UN officials as a diplomatic gift to heads of state, former UN Secretaries-General, and dignitaries visiting the UN Headquarters.

Recipients of the United Nations Peace Medal
| Date | Name(s) | Notes | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 24 August 1971 | Alfred Worden, David Scott, and James Irwin | By U Thant to Apollo 15 astronauts. First recipients. |  |
| 24 October 1971 | Pau Casals and W. H. Auden | By U Thant for composing the music and text of a "Hymn to the United Nations" |  |
| 1971 | Norman Cousins |  |  |
| 5 January 1972 | Emperor Haile Selassie I | In presenting the medal, UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim spoke of Selassie's support for UN principles and of his contribution to promote international peace and understanding. Selassie is the first Head of State to receive the medal. |  |
| 1972 | Kathleen D'Olier Courtney |  |  |
| 1972 | Percival Noronha |  |  |
| 1973 | Dixy Lee Ray |  |  |
| 1975 | Ada Norris |  |  |
| 26 April 1976 | Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden |  |  |
| 6 February 1977 | King Khalid of Saudi Arabia | By Kurt Waldheim "for his significant contribution to international peace" |  |
| September 1977 | Leonid Brezhnev | By Kurt Waldheim in Moscow "in recognition of his considerable and fruitful activities in favor of universal peace and people's security" |  |
| 1978 | Obert C. Tanner |  |  |
| 1978 | Bee Gees | For a record entitled “Music for UNICEF”, the proceeds of which were donated to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). |  |
| 1979 | Nobusuke Kishi |  |  |
| 1979 | Estefania Aldaba-Lim | By Kurt Waldheim. Chair of the UNESCO international commission for peace. |  |
| 1980 | Maurice Kendall | For his work on the World Fertility Survey |  |
| 4 September 1981 | Carlos Romulo | By Kurt Waldheim |  |
| 27 January 1982 | Kurt Waldheim | By Javier Pérez de Cuéllar to his predecessor as Secretary-General |  |
| 7 May 1982 | Ryōichi Sasakawa |  |  |
| 17 September 1982 | Steven Spielberg | By Javier Pérez de Cuéllar after a screening of *E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial* at the UN. |  |
| 8 August 1983 | Daisaku Ikeda | the President Soka Gakkai International and Honorary President of Soka Gakkai. |  |
| 1984 | Esther Coopersmith |  |  |
| 1984 | Dadi Prakashmani | By Javier Pérez de Cuéllar to the administrative head of Brahma Kumaris at a conference of NGOs. |  |
| 1985 | Jiddu Krishnamurti |  |  |
| 1985 | Firdaus Kharas | By Javier Pérez de Cuéllar for contributions to the United Nations in Canada and abroad. |  |
| 24 October 1985 | Ken Kragen | By Phyllis Kraminsky in Washington, D.C., for producing *We Are The World* |  |
| 1986 | Eric Bogle |  |  |
| 1986 | Allen Weinstein | For his "extraordinary efforts to promote peace, dialogue, and free elections in several critical parts of the world". |  |
| 28 September 1987 | Bill Cosby | By Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, for his anti-apartheid activism |  |
| 17 March 1992 | Javier Pérez de Cuéllar | By Boutros Boutros-Ghali to his predecessor as Secretary-General |  |
| 17 December 2001 | Miriam Makeba | Germany honors "Mama Africa" for her Human Rights Engagement |  |
| 7 December 2010 | Lim Hyung-joo | For a solo concert at Carnegie Hall to fund scholarships for descendants of United Nations Command veterans of the Korean War |  |


title: United North of England Eleven

abstract: The United North of England Eleven (UNEE) was an itinerant cricket team founded in 1869 by George Freeman and Roger Iddison with the backing of Lord Londesborough who became the team's president. As its name suggests, its purpose was to bring together the best players of England's northern counties and play against all-comers. The team was thus one of several spinoffs from William Clarke's original All-England Eleven (AEE). Unfortunately for the team, it was founded at a time when the demand for exhibition matches was in decline. This was due to an excess of supply as there had been several predecessors and there was a greater interest in county cricket, which had developed in the 1860s. Another factor was competition, particularly from the United South of England Eleven (USEE) which featured cricket's main attraction W G Grace. The UNEE had a short existence and it folded in 1881.

text:
# United North of England Eleven

The **United North of England Eleven** (UNEE) was an itinerant cricket team founded in 1869 by George Freeman and Roger Iddison with the backing of Lord Londesborough who became the team's president. As its name suggests, its purpose was to bring together the best players of England's northern counties and play against all-comers. The team was thus one of several spinoffs from William Clarke's original All-England Eleven (AEE).

Unfortunately for the team, it was founded at a time when the demand for exhibition matches was in decline. This was due to an excess of supply as there had been several predecessors and there was a greater interest in county cricket, which had developed in the 1860s. Another factor was competition, particularly from the United South of England Eleven (USEE) which featured cricket's main attraction W G Grace. The UNEE had a short existence and it folded in 1881.

## UNEE matches against the AEE and the USEE

As soon as it was founded, the UNEE established a regional rivalry with the USEE and the two teams met three times in 1870, the UNEE's first season. The UNEE got off to a flying start when they easily beat the USEE, including the Graces, at Lord's in July 1870 by an innings and 70 runs. The team was:

In the next match at Bramall Lane, Sheffield, the UNEE won by an innings and 5 runs. The Graces did not play in this game. The UNEE team differed slightly with John Smith and Elisha Rawlinson replacing Coward and Wootton. The teams met again at The Oval in August and this match was drawn, the USEE needing 33 more to win with eight wickets standing and W G Grace still in with 51 not out. Wootton and Alfred Shaw replaced Atkinson and Rawlinson in the UNEE side.

In 1871, the UNEE did not play the USEE but did have one match against the AEE at Bolton in July. Although the UNEE had been reinforced by the addition of A N Hornby and Fred Morley, they were well beaten by an innings and 21 runs.

The UNEE's rivalry with the USEE was renewed in 1872 when four matches were arranged although the last one at Leeds in September was cancelled. The first match at Bishop's Stortford in June was drawn. Robert Carpenter, William Oscroft, John Hicks and James Shaw made first appearances for the UNEE. In August, the UNEE won by 8 wickets at Hunslet, Arnold Rylott making his first appearance. In September, the tide turned and the USEE recorded its first win over the UNEE by 8 wickets despite the addition of Thomas Hayward and Richard Daft to the UNEE team.

The elevens did not meet in 1873 and there were two matches in 1874 at Todmorden and Wellingborough. William Mycroft made his UNEE debut at Todmorden in July, when the USEE won convincingly by an innings and 30 runs, largely due to a century by Henry Charlwood and ten wickets taken by W G Grace. The USEE won by 9 wickets at Wellingborough in September after the UNEE followed on. Tom Emmett and Robert Smith joined the UNEE for this match.

There were no matches in 1875 and then the UNEE reasserted itself in 1876 with a win and a draw from two matches against the USEE. The first at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield was won by 7 wickets after Andrew Greenwood scored 111. George Ulyett was playing for the UNEE by now and the team at Huddersfield included three newcomers in David Eastwood, Joseph Blackburn and Robert Clayton. In the second match at the Town Cricket Club Ground in Hull, the UNEE was saved by an innings of 108 not out by Ephraim Lockwood but the highlight of the match was W G Grace's innings of 126 in a USEE total of only 159. William Oscroft and Arthur Shrewsbury made their UNEE debuts and, with Alfred Shaw and Fred Morley returning, there was a strong Nottinghamshire contingent. Robert Butler and John Tye also made first appearances.

That was the last time the UNEE played the USEE although there was a curious footnote to the series when the USEE played against the official North of England cricket team in 1880. The North's team in this match at Rotherham bore little resemblance to the UNEE with only Shrewsbury and Mycroft involved. Nevertheless, the official North hammered another nail into the coffin of the unofficial USEE with a 53 run victory.

## Other matches

The team played 15 other matches in its first season, 1870, mostly in the north. The majority were minor matches played against odds while the last of the season, against Richard Daft's XI at Holbeck was a first-class match. The UNEE team was:

In 1871, the UNEE played seven matches, followed by seven in 1872; seven in 1873; two in 1874 and then just one match in 1875, although this one was a first-class fixture against Derbyshire at Saltergate in Chesterfield. The UNEE defeated Derbyshire by 90 runs with an all-Yorkshire team:

With interest fading, the team struggled on and played one odds match at Saltaire in 1876. There were no matches at all in 1877 and then something of a revival in 1878 when they played eight, followed by nine in 1879. The last of the UNEE's first-class matches was played in June 1879 against a London United Eleven at the Aston Lower Grounds in Birmingham. The UNEE team in this match was very strong:

They easily defeated their weaker opponents by 160 runs, but public interest was on the wane as county and, after the 1878 Australian team had toured England, international cricket were greater attractions. The UNEE continued to play odds matches for another two seasons only. There were just two in 1880 and one in 1881, which was the UNEE's final recorded match at Skipton in June.

## Further reading

* H S Altham, *A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914)*, George Allen & Unwin, 1962
* Derek Birley, *A Social History of English Cricket*, Aurum, 1999
* Rowland Bowen, *Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development*, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970


abstract: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1656, was adopted unanimously on January 31, 2006, after reaffirming all resolutions on Abkhazia and Georgia, particularly Resolution 1615 (2005). The Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until March 31, 2006. In his report on the situation, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan had recommended an extension until July 31, 2006, though this was not adopted by Council members, due to the insistence of Russia.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1656

**United Nations Security Council Resolution 1656**, was adopted unanimously on January 31, 2006, after reaffirming all resolutions on Abkhazia and Georgia, particularly Resolution 1615 (2005). The Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until March 31, 2006.

In his report on the situation, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan had recommended an extension until July 31, 2006, though this was not adopted by Council members, due to the insistence of Russia.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1656 | |
| --- | --- |
| Abkhazia | |
| Date | 31 January 2006 |
| Meeting no. | 5,363 |
| Code | S/RES/1656 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation in Georgia** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: Unamji Waterside Park

abstract:
Unamji Water's Edge Park is a park that is located in Daegu Buk-gu, South Korea.
Construction of the park started on November 18, 1997, and it opened on April 24, 1998. The park covers an area of 17,962 m⁲.

text:
# Unamji Waterside Park

**Unamji Water's Edge Park** is a park that is located in Daegu Buk-gu, South Korea. Construction of the park started on November 18, 1997, and it opened on April 24, 1998.

The park covers an area of 17,962 m2.

## InfoBox

| Unamji Waterside Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 운암지수변공원 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Unamji subyeon gongwon* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Unamji subyŏn kongwŏn* |


title: Uncle Sam (singer)

abstract: Uncle Sam is an American R&B and Pop singer. He is best known for being signed to Boyz II Men's Stonecreek Records imprint in the late 1990s. One of his hits was the Nathan Morris-penned "I Don't Ever Want to See You Again" released October 14, 1997, which reached number 5 on the Hot 100 chart, and No. 2 on the US R&B chart in 1997. The same track reached No. 30 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1998. The record sold over one million copies, gaining Platinum status.

text:
# Uncle Sam (singer)

**Uncle Sam** (born **Sam Turner**; May 31, 1971 in Detroit, Michigan, United States) is an American R&B and Pop singer. He is best known for being signed to Boyz II Men's Stonecreek Records imprint (distributed by Epic Records) in the late 1990s.

One of his hits was the Nathan Morris-penned "I Don't Ever Want to See You Again" released October 14, 1997, which reached number 5 on the Hot 100 chart, and No. 2 on the US R&B chart in 1997. The same track reached No. 30 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1998. The record sold over one million copies, gaining Platinum status.

## Discography

### Albums

List of albums, with selected chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | US R&B | |
| *Uncle Sam* | * Released: October 17, 1997 * Label: Epic | 7 | 10 |  |

### Charted singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | AUS
 | NLD
 | NZ
 | UK
 |
| "I Don't Ever Want to See You Again" | 1998 | 6 | 36 | 21 | 8 | 30 |

## InfoBox

| Uncle Sam | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Sam Turner |
| Born | (1971-05-31) May 31, 1971
Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B And Pop |
| Occupations | Singer |
| Labels | Stonecreek |


title: Under the Pampas Moon

abstract: Under the Pampas Moon, also known as The Gaucho, is a 1935 American Western film directed by James Tinling and starring Warner Baxter and Ketti Gallian. Baxter plays an Argentine gaucho. Rita Hayworth also had an early role in the film. The film has been cited as a "ludicrously dated essay into South American caricature".

text:
# Under the Pampas Moon

***Under the Pampas Moon***, also known as ***The Gaucho***, is a 1935 American Western film directed by James Tinling and starring Warner Baxter and Ketti Gallian. Baxter plays an Argentine gaucho. Rita Hayworth also had an early role in the film. The film has been cited as a "ludicrously dated essay into South American caricature".

## Plot

The womanizing gaucho Cesar Campo lives a carefree life on the Pampas. However, when a plane lands nearby he meets an attractive French singer and her unscrupulous fiancée who is so impressed by Cesar's horse that he arranges to have it stolen to enter in a horse race under a false name. Cesar pursues them to Buenos Aires and after a flirtation with the French singer and a series of culture clashes in sophisticated hotels and restaurants he rescues the horse and returns home.

## Cast

## Merger of 1935

Fox Film Corporation was run by Sidney Kent from 1930 to 1935. The company was in near bankruptcy in early 1935. It was not making enough money on its films but Sol Lesser Productions made a contract to make films with Fox Film. While on 20th Century Pictures' side, it was making way more gross on the box office than Fox studios. On May 31, 1935, following the making of Fox Film's *Under the Pampas Moon*, Kent announced that the two companies intended merging. Eventually, the same day, they merged to form their biggest success, 20th Century-Fox.

## InfoBox

| Under the Pampas Moon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | James Tinling |
| Written by | Ernest Pascal |
| Story by | Gordon Morris |
| Produced by | Buddy G. DeSylva |
| Cinematography | Chester A. Lyons |
| Production
company | Fox Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Fox Film Corporation
20th Century Fox |
| Release date | * June 1, 1935 (1935-06-01) |
| Running time | 78 minutes |
| Country | United States |


# United States congressional delegations from South Carolina

These are tables of congressional delegations from South Carolina to the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate.

The current dean of the South Carolina delegation is Representative Jim Clyburn (SC-6), having served in the House since 1993.

## U.S. House of Representatives

### Current members

The current U.S. House delegation from South Carolina has 7 members, including 6 Republicans and 1 Democrat.

| District | Member
(Residence) | Party | Incumbent since | CPVI | District map |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st |
**Nancy Mace**
(Charleston) | Republican | January 3, 2021 | R+7 |  |
| 2nd |
**Joe Wilson**
(Springdale) | Republican | December 18, 2001 | R+8 |  |
| 3rd |
**Jeff Duncan**
(Laurens) | Republican | January 3, 2011 | R+21 |  |
| 4th |
**William Timmons**
(Greenville) | Republican | January 3, 2019 | R+12 |  |
| 5th |
**Ralph Norman**
(Rock Hill) | Republican | June 20, 2017 | R+12 |  |
| 6th |
**Jim Clyburn**
(Columbia) | Democratic | January 3, 1993 | D+14 |  |
| 7th |
**Russell Fry**
(Murrells Inlet) | Republican | January 3, 2023 | R+11 |  |
|

### Historic representation

#### 1789–1803

| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | 5th district | 6th district |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1st** (1789–1791) | William Loughton
Smith (PA) | Aedanus Burke (AA) | Daniel Huger (PA) | Thomas Sumter (AA) | Thomas Tudor
Tucker (AA) | |
| **2nd** (1791–1793) | | Robert Barnwell (PA) | | | | |
| **3rd** (1793–1795) | | John Hunter (AA) | Lemuel Benton (AA) | Richard Winn (AA) | Alexander Gillon (AA) | Andrew Pickens (AA) |
| | | | | Robert Goodloe
Harper (PA) | |
| **4th** (1795–1797) | William Loughton
Smith (F) | Wade Hampton I (DR) | Lemuel Benton (DR) | Richard Winn (DR) | Robert Goodloe
Harper (F) | Samuel Earle (DR) |
| **5th** (1797–1799) | | John Rutledge Jr. (F) | | Thomas Sumter (DR) | | William Smith (DR) |
| | | | | Thomas Pinckney (F) | |
| | | | **6th** (1799–1801) | Benjamin Huger (F) | | Abraham Nott (F) |
| **7th** (1801–1803) | | | Thomas Lowndes (F) | William Butler (DR) | Thomas Moore (DR) |
| | | | | Richard Winn (DR) |

#### 1803–1813

| Congress | District | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th |
| **8th** (1803–1805) | Thomas Lowndes (F) | William
Butler (DR) | Benjamin Huger (F) | Wade Hampton I (DR) | Richard
Winn (DR) | Levi Casey (DR) | Thomas
Moore (DR) | John B. Earle (DR) |
| **9th** (1805–1807) | Robert Marion (DR) | | David R. Williams (DR) | O'Brien Smith (DR) | | | | Elias Earle (DR) |
| **10th** (1807–1809) | | | John Taylor (DR) | Joseph Calhoun (DR) | | Lemuel J.
Alston (DR) | |
| **11th** (1809–1811) | | | | Robert Witherspoon (DR) | ||
| | | | | Langdon
Cheves (DR) | ||
| | **12th** (1811–1813) | | David R. Williams (DR) | William Lowndes (DR) | | John C. Calhoun (DR) | | Elias Earle (DR) |

#### 1813–1843

| Congress | District | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th |
| **13th**
(1813–1815) | Langdon Cheves (DR) | William Lowndes (DR) | Theodore Gourdin (DR) | John J. Chappell (DR) | David R. Evans (DR) | John C. Calhoun (DR) | Elias Earle (DR) | Samuel Farrow (DR) | John Kershaw (DR) |
| **14th**
(1815–1817) | Henry Middleton (DR) | | Benjamin Huger (F) | | William
Woodward (DR) | | John Taylor (DR) | Thomas Moore (DR) | William Mayrant (DR) |
| | | | | | | | Stephen Decatur
Miller (DR) |
| | | | **15th**
(1817–1819) | James Ervin (DR) | Joseph Bellinger (DR) | | Starling Tucker (DR) | Elias Earle (DR) | Wilson Nesbitt (DR) |
| | | | | | | Eldred Simkins (DR) |
| | | | | | **16th**
(1819–1821) | Charles Pinckney (DR) | James Overstreet (DR) | John McCreary (DR) | Joseph Brevard (DR) |
| **17th**
(1821–1823) | Joel Roberts
Poinsett (DR) | | | Thomas R.
Mitchell (DR) | George McDuffie (DR) | John Wilson (DR) | Joseph Gist (DR) | James Blair (DR) |
| | | | | | | James
Hamilton Jr. (DR) | Andrew R.
Govan (DR) | John Carter (DR) |
| | | **18th**
(1823–1825) | Robert B.
Campbell (DR) | George
McDuffie (DR) | John Wilson (DR) | Joseph Gist (DR) | John Carter (DR) | Starling
Tucker (DR) |
| **19th**
(1825–1827) | William Drayton (J) | James Hamilton Jr. (J) | Thomas R. Mitchell (J) | Andrew R. Govan (J) | George McDuffie (J) | John Wilson (J) | Joseph Gist (J) | John Carter (J) | Starling Tucker (J) |
| **20th**
(1827–1829) | | | | William D. Martin (J) | | Warren R. Davis (J) | William T. Nuckolls (J) | | |
| **21st**
(1829–1831) | | | | Robert Woodeard
Barnwell (J) | | John Campbell (J) | James Blair (J) ||
| **22nd**
(1831–1833) | | Robert Woodward
Barnwell (N) | | Thomas R. Mitchell (J) | | John Myers
Felder (J) | Warren R. Davis (N) | John K. Griffin (N) |
| **23rd**
(1833–1835) | Henry L. Pinckney (N) | William J. Grayson (N) | | | | Thomas D.
Singleton (N) | John Myers
Felder (N) | William K.
Clowney (N) |
| | | | Robert B. Campbell (N) | | | Francis Wilkinson
Pickens (N) | Richard Irving
Manning I (J) |
| | | | **24th**
(1835–1837) | James H. Hammond (N) | | Waddy
Thompson Jr. (NR) | James Rogers (J) |
| | | | | Franklin H.
Elmore (SR/D) | | John Peter
Richardson II (J) |
| | | **25th**
(1837–1839) | Hugh S. Legaré (D) | Robert Barnwell
Rhett (D) | | John Campbell (N) | Waddy
Thompson Jr. (W) | William K.
Clowney (N) | John Peter
Richardson II (D) |
| **26th**
(1839–1841) | Isaac E. Holmes (D) | | John Campbell (D) | | Sampson H. Butler (D) | Francis Wilkinson
Pickens (D) | James Rogers (D) | Thomas De Lage
Sumter (D) | John K. Griffin (D) |
| **27th**
(1841–1843) | | | | | | | William Butler (W) | Patrick C.
Caldwell (D) |
| | | | Samuel W. Trotti (D) | | | |

#### 1843–1853

| Congress | District | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th |
| **28th** (1843–1845) | James A.
Black (D) | Richard F.
Simpson (D) | Joseph A.
Woodward (D) | John Campbell (D) | Armistead
Burt (D) | Isaac E.
Holmes (D) | Robert
Barnwell
Rhett (D) |
| **29th** (1845–1847) | | | | Alexander D.
Sims (D) | | | |
| **30th** (1847–1849) | | | || | |
| | Daniel
Wallace (D) | | | John McQueen (D) | | | |
| | | **31st** (1849–1851) | | James Lawrence
Orr (D) | | | William F.
Colcock (D) |
| | | | | **32nd** (1851–1853) | | William Aiken (D) |

#### 1853–1863

| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | 5th district | 6th district |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **33rd** (1853–1855) | John
McQueen (D) | William
Aiken (D) | Laurence M.
Keitt (D) | Preston
Brooks (D) | James Lawrence
Orr (D) | William W.
Boyce (D) |
| **34th** (1855–1857) | | | | | | |
| **35th** (1857–1859) | | William Porcher
Miles (D) | | Milledge Luke
Bonham (D) | | |
| **36th** (1859–1861) | | | | John D. Ashmore (D) ||
| | *American Civil War* | | | | | |
| | **37th** (1861–1863) |

#### 1863–1883

| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | At-large |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **3839th** (1863–1867) | *American Civil War* | | | | |
| **40th** (1867–1869) | ||
| | B. F. Whittemore (R) | Christopher
C. Bowen (R) | Manuel S. Corley (R) | James H. Goss (R) | |
| | | **41st** (1869–1871) | Solomon L. Hoge (R) | Alexander S.
Wallace (R) | |
| | | | Joseph Rainey (R) ||
| | **42nd** (1871–1873) | | Robert C. De Large (R) | Robert B. Elliott (R) | |
| | **43rd** (1873–1875) | | Alonzo J. Ransier (R) | Richard H. Cain (R) |
| | | | Lewis C. Carpenter (R) |
| | **44th** (1875–1877) | | Edmund W. M. Mackey (IR) | Solomon L. Hoge (R) | 5th district |
| | | | Robert Smalls (R) |
| | Charles W. Buttz (R) | |
| | **45th** (1877–1879) | Richard H. Cain (R) | D. Wyatt Aiken (D) | John H.
Evins (D) |
| **46th** (1879–1881) | John S.
Richardson (D) | | | Michael P. O'Connor (D) | George D.
Tillman (D) |
| **47th** (1881–1883) | | | | Samuel Dibble (D) |
| | | | | Edmund W. M. Mackey (R) | Robert Smalls (R) |

#### 1883–1933

#### 1933–2013

#### 2013–present

| Congress | District | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th |
| **113th** (2013–2015) | Mark Sanford (R) | Joe Wilson (R) | Jeff Duncan (R) | Trey Gowdy (R) | Mick Mulvaney (R) | Jim Clyburn (D) | Tom Rice (R) |
| **114th** (2015–2017) | | | | | | | |
| **115th** (2017–2019) | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Ralph Norman (R) | | |
| | **116th** (2019–2021) | | | Joe Cunningham (D) | William
Timmons (R) | | |
| | **117th** (2021-2023) | | | Nancy Mace (R) || |
| | | | | **118th** (2023-2025) | Russell Fry (R) | |

## United States Senate

| Current U.S. senators from South Carolina | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| South Carolina

CPVI (2022):  R+8 | Class II senator | Class III senator |
| |
**Lindsey Graham**
(Senior senator)
(Seneca) |
**Tim Scott**
(Junior senator)
(Hanahan) |
| Party | Republican | Republican |
| Incumbent since | January 3, 2003 | January 2, 2013 |

## Key

| Anti-Administration (AA) |
| --- |
| Democratic (D) |
| Democratic-Republican (DR) |
| Dixiecrat (Dix),
States' Rights (SR) |
| Federalist (F)
Pro-Administration (PA) |
| Independent Republican (IR) |
| Jacksonian (J) |
| National Republican (NR) |
| Nullifier (N) |
| Republican (R) |
| Whig (W) |

1. "2022 Cook PVI: State Map and List". *Cook Political Report*. Retrieved 2023-01-07.


abstract: The Virgin Islands Superior Court is the trial court of general jurisdiction for the United States Virgin Islands. The court is composed of nine judges. They are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Legislature. Effective January 29, 2007 the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands assumed jurisdiction over appeals from the Superior Court.

text:
# United States Virgin Islands Superior Court

The **Virgin Islands Superior Court** is the trial court of general jurisdiction for the United States Virgin Islands. The court is composed of nine judges. They are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Legislature. Effective January 29, 2007 the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands assumed jurisdiction over appeals from the Superior Court.

## Composition

The judges of the Virgin Islands Superior Court are divided among two divisions, the division of St. Croix and the division of St. Thomas/St. John. The position of presiding judge alternates every three years between the two superior court divisions to the judge with the most seniority. Judges are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Legislature for a term of six years.

Judicial Officers of the U.S. Virgin Islands Superior Court
| Title | Name | **Judicial District** | First term began | Current term ends | **First appointed by** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Judge | Harold W. L. Willocks | St. Croix | 2009 | 2022 | John P. de Jongh, Jr. |
| Judge | Kathleen Y. Mackay | St. Thomas/St. John | 2012 | 2025 | John P. de Jongh, Jr. |
| Presiding Judge | Debra S. Watlington | St. Thomas/St. John | 2012 | 2025 | John P. de Jongh, Jr. |
| Judge | Denise M. Francois | St. Thomas/St. John | 2013 | 2026 | John P. de Jongh, Jr. |
| Judge | Renee Gumbs-Carty | St. Thomas/St. John | 2016 | 2022 | Kenneth E. Mapp |
| Judge | Sigrid M. Tejo | St. Thomas/St. John | 2020 | 2026 | Albert Bryan |
| Judge | Douglas A. Brady | St. Croix | 2012 | 2025 | John P. de Jongh, Jr. |
| Judge | Jomo Meade | St. Croix | 2016 | 2022 | Kenneth E. Mapp |
| Judge | Jessica Gallivan | St. Croix | 2019 | 2025 | Albert Bryan |
| Judge | Alphonso G. Andrews, Jr. | St. Croix | 2020 | 2026 | Albert Bryan |

## History

The 1921 territorial law created three Police Courts, one for St. Thomas and St. John, and two for St. Croix. The 1954 Revised Organic Act merged these into the Municipal Court of St. Thomas and St. John, and the Municipal Court of St. Croix. In 1965, these were merged into the Municipal Court of the Virgin Islands, and renamed the Territorial Court of the Virgin Islands in 1976. The court gained original jurisdiction over all local civil matters in 1991, and criminal matters in 1994; appeals were directed to the federal District Court of the Virgin Islands. When the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands was created to accept appeals in 2004 (under a 1984 federal revision to the Revised Organic Act), the Territorial Court was renamed the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands.

## InfoBox

| Superior Court of the United States Virgin Islands | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1977 |
| Appeals to | Supreme Court of the United States Virgin Islands |
| Number of positions | 9 judges |
| Website | www.superior.vicourts.org |
| Presiding Judge | |
| Currently | Debra S. Watlington |
| Since | August 1, 2022 (2022-08-01) |


title: Universidade Positivo

abstract: Universidade Positivo is a private university in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Universidade Positivo's campus is in the Campo Comprido district of Curitiba and occupies an area of more than 400,000 m⁲ Universidade Positivo offered 27 undergraduate programs, more than 50 postgraduate programs, four master's degree programs, and two doctoral programs. As of summer of 2020, the university offered more than 60 Undergraduate courses, hundreds of Specialization and MBA programs, seven Master's and Doctorate programs, as well as continuing education courses and extension programs. Also, it has seven free service clinics. Its library can host up to 865 people. Its collection consists of nearly 115,000 volumes. In a special room the library houses the personal collection of the late cabinet minister, diplomat and professor, Roberto de Oliveira Campos. It includes diplomas, medals and awards, in addition to its 8,426 volumes.

text:
# Universidade Positivo

**Universidade Positivo** (abbreviated UP) is a private university in the State of Paraná, Brazil.

Universidade Positivo's campus is in the Campo Comprido district of Curitiba and occupies an area of more than 400,000 m2

Universidade Positivo offered (as of beginning of 2013) 27 undergraduate programs, more than 50 postgraduate programs, four master's degree programs, and two doctoral programs.

As of summer of 2020, the university offered more than 60 Undergraduate courses, hundreds of Specialization and MBA programs, seven Master's and Doctorate programs, as well as continuing education courses and extension programs. Also, it has seven free service clinics.

Its library can host up to 865 people. Its collection consists of nearly 115,000 volumes. In a special room the library houses the personal collection of the late cabinet minister, diplomat and professor, Roberto de Oliveira Campos. It includes diplomas, medals and awards, in addition to its 8,426 volumes.

25°26′48″S 49°21′31″W / 25.44667°S 49.35861°W / -25.44667; -49.35861

## InfoBox

Universidade Positivo
| University library | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1988 |
| Founder | Oriovisto Guimarães |
| Rector | José Pio Martins |
| Location | Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | www.up.edu.br |


title: Universidade Salvador

abstract: Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS) is a university in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia in the northeast of Brazil. It was founded on 1972 as "Escola de Administração de Empresas da Bahia", later changed to FACS, and on 1997 when it became a university, to UNIFACS. UNIFACS is the biggest private university on Salvador and offers graduate programs that mostly vary from 4 to 5 years and post-graduate programs. UNIFACS has also been a pioneer in the state of Bahia, being the first to offer distance education and short (2-year) technological courses. UNIFACS is ranked 71st in Brazil and 3258th globally by Unirank.

text:
# Universidade Salvador

**Universidade Salvador** (UNIFACS) is a university in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia in the northeast of Brazil. It was founded on 1972 as "Escola de Administração de Empresas da Bahia" (Business school of Bahia), later changed to FACS (Faculdade Salvador), and on 1997 when it became a university, to UNIFACS (Universidade Salvador).

UNIFACS is the biggest private university on Salvador and offers graduate programs that mostly vary from 4 to 5 years and post-graduate programs. UNIFACS has also been a pioneer in the state of Bahia, being the first to offer distance education and short (2-year) technological courses.

UNIFACS is ranked 71st in Brazil and 3258th globally by Unirank.

## Graduation programs

UNIFACS Offers 23 different graduation programs, among them: Medicine, Law, Business, Architecture, Psychology, and many others, including many degrees on Engineering.

## Post-graduation programs

UNIFACS began offering post-graduate programs on 1993 and since then became the major college from the north-northeast of Brazil on that kind of education. Since 1997, the important Brazilian magazine *VOCÊ S.A.* has held yearly awards of the best post-graduate programs in Brazil, and UNIFACS has been the only college from Bahia to appear on it, and has been present on all editions of the prize. On the last year of the prize, 2010, UNIFACS has secured a second place, a third, two fourths, one fifth, one seventh and one tenth, on the different programs offered. Unifacs, today, offers 42 different post-graduate courses including MBAs, Specialisations, Masters and Doctorates.

## Infra-structure

UNIFACS has 11 campus in Bahia, where the courses are distributed, being 10 in the city of Salvador, and 1 in Feira de Santana, 120 km from Salvador.

## Exchange programmes

Since 2010, UNIFACS have been incorporated into Laureate International Universities, with over 50 colleges, including units in USA, Brazil, and Australia.

Students from any university of the Laureate group have easy access and discounts on exchange programs, summer courses and other educational activities. For instance, an architecture student in Brazil can easily choose to study 1 or 2 semesters on Spain, USA, Turkey, Chile and other colleges from the Laureate group that has the architecture course and will continue paying the same as he would in Brazil. After that he can choose to return to Brazil or do 1 or 2 semesters on another university.

On the end of each semester, Laureate publicize a list with short-courses from the universities linked to the group. Any student from the Laureate group can assist to these classes, that mostly lasts from 2 to 6 weeks.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | University |
| Established | 1972 |
| Dean | Manuel Joaquim Fernandes de Barros Sobrinho |
| Location | Salvador, Bahia, Brazil |
| Affiliations | Laureate International Universities |
| Website | https://www.unifacs.br |


title: Universidade da Amazônia

abstract: The Universidade da Amazônia is a Catholic, private university in the Brazilian state of Pará. Established in 1993, it was the first private university in the North of Brazil. The university has four campuses: three in the city of Belém and one in the city of Ananindeua.

text:
# Universidade da Amazônia

The **Universidade da Amazônia** (English: *University of Amazon*; often abbreviated as **UNAMA**) is a Catholic, private university in the Brazilian state of Pará. Established in 1993, it was the first private university in the North of Brazil. The university has four campuses: three in the city of Belém ("Alcindo Cacela", "Quintino Bocaiúva", and "Senador Lemos") and one in the city of Ananindeua ("Campus BR").

## History

UNAMA was formally established in 1993, but its history goes back to the 1970s. In 1974, a group of teachers creates the "Centro de Estudos Superiores do Estado do Pará" (CESEP), one of the first institutions of higher education in the state of Pará. At that same time, another project to establish a private college gave rise to the "Faculdades Integradas Colégio Moderno" (FICOM). In 1985, CESEP and FICOM began to run a joint specialization program. This union would last until 1987, when CESEP and FICOM finally merged and gave rise to the "União das Escolas Superiores do Pará" (UNESPA).

In 1993, the project to turn UNESPA into a university takes place. The new institution was called "Universidade da Amazônia" and became known by its abbreviation "UNAMA" since then. At the time of its founding, the campuses "Alcindo Cacela" and "Quintino Bocaiúva" were already built. The campuses "Senador Lemos" and "Campus BR" began to operate only in the 2000s.

Since its inception, the university has been maintained by União de Ensino Superior do Pará (abbreviated as "UNESPA"). Today, UNAMA runs a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs (specialist and master's degree) in the most diverse fields of knowledge.

## Centers and institutions

* Center for Health and Biological Sciences (Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, CCBS)
* Center for Exact Sciences and Technology (Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, CCET)
* Center for Applied Social Studies (*Centro de Estudos Sociais Aplicados*, CESA)
* Center for Human and Education Sciences (Centro de Ciências Humanas e Educação, CCHE)
* Institute of Juridical Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Jurídicas, ICJ)

## InfoBox

Universidade da Amazônia
| Type | Private university (Catholic) |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1993 |
| Dean | Betânia Fidalgo |
| Location | Belém and Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil |
| Website | www.unama.br |


title: Up Records

abstract: Up Records was a Seattle based independent record label founded in 1994 by Chris Takino and Rich Jensen. Some of the label's best-known artists were Duster, 764-HERO, Built to Spill, Modest Mouse, Quasi and Tad. Chris Takino died of leukemia in 2000. The label was owned and managed by his partner Pete Ritchey until it was licensed to Sub Pop about 2018. The last update to the Up Records website was in 2007.

text:
# Up Records

**Up Records** was a Seattle based independent record label founded in 1994 by Chris Takino and Rich Jensen. Some of the label's best-known artists were Duster, 764-HERO, Built to Spill, Modest Mouse, Quasi and Tad.

Chris Takino died of leukemia in 2000. The label was owned and managed by his partner Pete Ritchey until it was licensed to Sub Pop about 2018. The last update to the Up Records website was in 2007.

## Discography

* UP000 Various Artists - Up Records Sampler 7"
* UP001 Violent Green - You Make Me Wish I Had a Gun 7"
* UP002 Juned - So White 7"
* UP003 Mike Johnson - 100% Off 7"
* UP004 Butterfly Train \- Blame Weight 7"
* UP005 Butterfly Train \- Building Distrust From Trust CD/LP
* UP006 Built To Spill \- There's Nothing Wrong With Love CD/LP/CS
* UP007 Juned \- Juned CD/LP
* UP008 Mike Johnson - Where Am I? CD/LP/CS
* UP009 Oswald Five-O - Blue TV 7"
* UP010 Violent Green - Eros CD/LP/CS
* UP011 Land of the Loops \- Multi Family Garage Sale 7"
* UP012 Hush Harbor - Hush Harbor CD/10"
* UP013 Caustic Resin \- Yeah 7"
* UP014 Various Artists - Stacked Up! CD
* UP015 Built To Spill \- Distopian Dream Girl 7"
* UP016 Juned \- Possum 7"
* UP017 Caustic Resin \- Fly Me To The Moon CD/2xLP
* UP018 Built To Spill / Caustic Resin CD/10"
* UP019 Incredible Force of Junior - Blue Cheer 7"
* UP020 Land of the Loops \- Bundle of Joy CD/2xLP
* UP021 Butterfly Train \- Distorted Retarded Peculiar CD
* UP022 Rick Sabo - Three Four 7"
* UP023 Mocket \- Pearl Drop 7"
* UP024 Juned \- Every Night For You CD/LP
* UP025 The Pastels \- Mobile Safari CD/LP
* UP026 Incredible Force of Junior - Let the World Fall Apart CD/LP
* UP027 Modest Mouse \- This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About CD/2xLP
* UP028 764-Hero \- High School Poetry 7"
* UP029 Stinky Fire Engine - Giant 7"
* UP031 Land of the Loops \- Refried Treats CD/12"
* UP032 Satisfact \- *The Unwanted Sounds of Satisfact* CD/LP
* UP033 Built To Spill \- Perfect From Now On 2xLP
* UP034 Violent Green - From Cycles of Heat CD
* UP035 Modest Mouse \- Interstate 8 CD
* UP036 764-Hero \- Salt Sinks, Sugar Floats CD/LP
* UP037 Hot White Noon - Gutted End 7"
* UP038 The Pastels \- Unfair Kind of Fame CD/2x7"
* UP039 Duster \- Transmission, Flux 7"
* UP040 Quasi \- R&B Transmogrification CD
* UP041 The Pastels \- Illumination CD/LP
* UP043 Dina Martina \- Christmas With Dina Martina 7"
* UP044 Modest Mouse \- The Lonesome Crowded West CD/2xLP
* UP045 Various Artists - Up In Orbit! CD
* UP046 764-Hero \- We're Solids CD
* UP047 Modest Mouse \- Other People's Lives 7"
* UP048 Karp \- Prisonshake 7"
* UP049 Jana McCall \- Self Titled CD
* UP050 Duster \- Stratosphere CD/LP
* UP051 Small Stars - It's Getting Late 7"
* UP052 Sick Bees - Push 7"
* UP053 The Need \- w/ Joe Preston & DJ Zena 10"
* UP054 Quasi \- Featuring "Birds" CD/2xLP
* UP055 Tad \- Oppenheimer's Pretty Nightmare 7"
* UP056 Violent Green - Hangovers In The Ancient World CD/LP
* UP057 Mike Johnson \- I Feel Alright CD/LP
* UP058 Modest Mouse/764-Hero - Whenever You See Fit CD/12"
* UP059 Dina Martina \- The President's Day Song 7"
* UP060 Various Artists - Up Next CD
* UP061 764-Hero \- Get Here and Stay CD/LP
* UP062 Tiffany Anders - Running From Noplace to Nowhere CD
* UP063 Brent Arnold - Sweetness/Perversion 7"
* UP064 The Microphones \- Bass Drum Dream 7"
* UP065 The Pastels \- Illuminati CD
* UP066 The Pastels \- One Wild Moment 12"
* UP067 The Dark Fantastic - Self Titled CD
* UP069 Built To Spill \- Keep it Like a Secret LP
* UP071 Octant - Shock-No-Par CD/LP
* UP072 Quasi \- Field Studies CD/2xLP
* UP073 Modest Mouse \- Building Nothing Out Of Something CD/LP
* UP074 Land of the Loops \- Hurry Up and Wait CD
* UP075 Duster \- 1975 CD/LP
* UP076 764-Hero \- Garrison 7"
* UP077 The Black Heart Procession \- A 3 Song Recording EP CD/12"
* UP078 Dina Martina \- The Holiday Album CD
* UP079 Up Records and Slabco: US Compilation CD
* UP080 Land of the Loops \- Puttering About a Small Land CD/2xLP
* UP081 Sick Bees - My Pleasure CD
* UP082 Polar Goldie Cats - Polar Night Stress CD
* UP083 Built To Spill \- Live 2xLP
* UP085 The Concretes - Boy You Better Run Now CD/LP
* UP086 764-Hero \- Weekends of Sound CD/LP
* UP088 Octant - Car Alarms and Crickets CD/LP
* UP089 Enemymine - The Ice In Me CD/LP
* UP090 Modest Mouse \- Night On the Sun 12"
* UP091 Duster \- Contemporary Movement CD/LP
* UP092 Land of the Loops vs. Buckminster Fuzeboard - Single Girl Summer Home flexi-7"
* UP093 Tiffany Anders - Funny Cry Happy Gift CD/LP
* UP094 Jana McCall \- Slumber CD
* UP095 The Dark Fantastic - Goodbye Crooked Scar CD/LP
* UP096 Built To Spill \- Ancient Melodies of the Future LP
* UP098 Caustic Resin \- Keep On Truckin' CD
* UP099 Doug Martsch \- Now You Know LP
* UP100 Mike Johnson \- What Would You Do CD
* UP101 Brent Arnold & The Spheres - Last Boat CD
* UP102 Sick Bees - The Marina Album CD
* UP103 Up Records 10th Anniversary DVD
* UP104 Helvetia \- The Clever North Wind CD
* UP105 Mike Johnson \- Gone Out Of Your Mind CD
* UP106 Polar Goldie Cats - Feral Phantasms CD

## InfoBox

| Up Records | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1994 (1994) |
| Founder | Chris Takino<br>Rich Jensen |
| Defunct | 2008 |
| Status | Defunct |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Country of origin | U.S. |
| Location | Seattle, Washington |


title: Up Popped the Two Lips

abstract: Up Popped the Two Lips is an album by Henry Threadgill featuring seven of Threadgill's compositions performed by Threadgill's Zooid. The album was the second album on the Pi Records label and was released simultaneously with Everybodys Mouth's a Book by Threadgill & Make a Move in 2001.

text:
# Up Popped the Two Lips

***Up Popped the Two Lips*** is an album by Henry Threadgill featuring seven of Threadgill's compositions performed by Threadgill's Zooid. The album was the second album on the Pi Records label and was released simultaneously with *Everybodys Mouth's a Book* by Threadgill & Make a Move in 2001.

## Reception

Both of Threadgill's initial Pi Recordings releases attracted critical approval. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4 stars, stating, "This is a fun, deft, and smart record. Threadgill is more on his game as a composer and as a bandleader than at any point in his career." The All About Jazz review by Glenn Astarita stated, "it is a joy to delve into the band's multidirectional evolutionary processes." *The Boston Phoenix'*s Ed Hazell stated, "Threadgill has mixed these elements before, but not all in one working band, and he’s rarely given himself as much solo room in music so heavily composed."

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by Henry Threadgill*

1. "Tickled Pink" - 6:54
2. "Dark Black" - 5:26
3. "Look" - 4:54
4. "Around My Goose" - 8:00
5. "Calm Down" - 5:35
6. "Did You See That" - 7:43
7. "Do the Needful" - 6:53

Recorded at Orange Music Sound Studio, West Orange, NJ, on April 28, 29 & 30, 2001

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Up Popped the Two Lips | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Henry Threadgill | |
| Released | 2001 |
| Recorded | April 28–30, 2001 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | Pi Recordings |
| Producer | Henry Threadgill |
| Henry Threadgill chronology | |
| *Everybodys Mouth's a Book*
(2001) ***Up Popped the Two Lips***
(2001) *Pop Start the Tape, Stop*
(2005) | |


# United States Air Force in the United Kingdom

Since 1942 the United States has maintained air bases in the United Kingdom. Major Commands of the USAF having bases in the United Kingdom were the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), Strategic Air Command (SAC), and Air Mobility Command (AMC).

## Origins

The origins of the United States Air Force in the UK can be traced to a series of agreements made between 27 January and 27 March 1941 which provided for American naval, ground and air support for campaigns against Nazi Germany. As a result, a special U.S. Army Observer Group was activated in London on 19 May 1941. One of the first tasks of that unit was to reconnoitre areas regarded as potential sites for United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) installations.

On 2 January 1942 the order activating the Eighth Air Force was signed and the headquarters was formed at Savannah, Georgia on 28 January. On 8 January the activation of U.S. Forces in the British Isles (USAFBI) was announced, and VIII Bomber Command (VIII BC) was established in England during February 1942. VIII BC was established at RAF Bomber Command Headquarters at RAF Daws Hill, in High Wycombe, on 22 February.

## Postwar period

With the end of World War II, the United States began to demobilize most of the Air Force which it created in the United Kingdom. In Europe, the aim was to maintain a small USAAF organization, exclusively for communication and transport purposes. On 7 August 1945, the word **Strategic** was removed from USSAFE, and the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) was established. By the end of 1946, USAFE had only about 75,000 personnel and fewer than 2,000 aircraft.

All B-29 operations in England were placed under the command of USAFE's 3d Air Force, established at RAF Marham. At the close of World War II, most of the air bases used by the USAAF were returned to the British government and were in various states of repair by 1948. The Ministry of Defence made available Marham, RAF Scampton, RAF Waddington and RAF Lakenheath for B-29 operations. RAF Lakenheath was refurbished with an extended runway to accommodate the giant Convair B-36, however the B-36s were maintained at Carswell Air Force Base in Texas for the time being.

SAC continued rotational deployments of its strategic bomber force, keeping a strategic bomber force in Europe for almost 20 years until 1966, when the Boeing B-47 Stratojet was phased out of SAC's inventory with the UK bases being returned to the British or converted into USAFE tactical bases.

## Modernization and arrivals from France

By the early 1960s, the USAF in England had a very mixed collection of aircraft. RF-101s, various versions of the B-66 and B-57, and F-84s and F-86s comprised USAFE's tactical aircraft arsenal. This large number of different aircraft was a maintenance and logistics nightmare because all the different parts for all the different aircraft had to be kept in stock. Indeed, this issue was not confined to the UK or just USAFE. There was a need for standardization and also to modernize for an aircraft which could perform many different tasks from air defense to ground support and aerial reconnaissance. The McDonnell F-4 Phantom II was that aircraft.

On 12 May 1965 the first F-4 Phantom arrived in the UK where it all began, with an RF-4C arriving at RAF Alconbury to replace the 10th TRW's RB-66s. In October, the F-101C "Voodoos" at Bentwaters/Woodbridge were also replaced by F-4Cs, as well as the F-100s at RAF Lakenheath.

The F-4 Phantoms remained in the UK for the next 20 years, being replaced by the next generation of F-15/F-16s in the mid-1980s.

On 21 February 1966, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would loosen its ties to NATO. He announced that French forces were no longer available to the Allies, and all foreign army and air force units, as well as NATO Headquarters must be removed from France by 1 April 1967.

Losing the French bases was a blow to USAFE. At the time it comprised eleven tactical units plus four interceptor squadrons. A large-scale relocation plan, **Operation FRELOC** was developed to remove all USAF aircraft and equipment, as well as 33,000 USAFE personnel and their families from France.

As a result of FRELOC, USAFE's presence in England grew considerably. Three fighter wings, the 20th TFW at RAF Wethersfield, the 48th TFW at RAF Lakenheath and the 81st TFW at RAF Bentwaters came under 3d Air Force. Between these three wings were about 225 aircraft, mainly F-100 Super Sabre and F-4 Phantom IIs. USAFE in England also included two Tactical Reconnaissance Wings, the 10th at RAF Alconbury and the 66th at RAF Upper Heyford with between them about 100 RF-101s and RF-4Cs, along with the 513th Troop Carrier Wing at RAF Mildenhall.

Also, RAF Burtonwood, which was operating as a reserve USAFE base since the opening of Châteauroux-Déols Air Base in the early 1950s was turned over to the US Army in 1966 and was renamed **Burtonwood Army Depot**. The Army transferred all of its stores and equipment in France to Burtonwood and operated the facility as its primary storage and logistics depot for 7th Army support in Europe until the mid-1990s.

In the 1970s, the General Dynamics F-111 arrived at Upper Heyford. In 1978 the first of about 120 A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft arrived at RAF Bentwaters/Woodbrige. Originally six squadrons were assigned to the 81st TFW, however later two squadrons were moved to the 10th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Alconbury. Close Air Support missions made the A-10 vulnerable to ground fire, so most of the underside of the aircraft is made of armoured titanium. To stay out of reach of hostile radar, many of the A-10's missions were flown at nearly ground level. The A-10s in the UK were painted in a special camouflage scheme designed for European weather conditions, made from a special type of paint that can absorb 60% of the sun's rays. Because different densities of paint were used, its colors tended to change in different light conditions.

## Air Transport and Special Operations

Although most USAF bases in the UK had combat missions, in 1966, the Military Air Transport Service established a permanent facility at RAF Mildenhall after the phaseout of the SAC Reflex mission. The 313th Tactical Airlift Wing operates Lockheed C-5 Galaxy and C-141 Starlifter flights to and from the UK from bases worldwide. The group also operates Lockheed C-130 Hercules flights within USAFE from temporary duty (TDY) units on a rotational basis from the Continental United States.

In addition to the logistics mission, the 513th MAW was responsible for operations of four Boeing EC-135H Flying Command Posts of the 10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, which would have been responsible for U.S. European Command command and control ("Operation Silk Purse") in the event of a war with the Soviet Union. In addition, for many years, variants of Boeing RC-135 reconnaissance aircraft were observed regularly at Mildenhall. Most of those aircraft came from the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Offut AFB, Nebraska. Those aircraft were used to fly ELINT and COMINT missions along the borders of Poland, the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, monitoring and recording military communications.

Mildenhall also hosted Lockheed SR-71 Blackbirds from Detachment 4, 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Beale AFB, California. Besides photo reconnaissance flights, the SR-71s at Mildenhall were involved in ELINT missions that were carried out within the framework of the SALT I Agreement of 1972. Under this agreement, the U.S. and Soviet Union reached agreement on a partial freeze on the number of nuclear weapons and these flights were to verify that the Soviets were adhering to the agreement.

Telemetry gathering missions were also flown by the SR-71s to record data from Soviet rocket systems. Electronic gathering flights were primarily aimed at gathering signals from the Soviet missile center at Plesetsk. This information, along with information being gathered from spy satellites, enabled the Defense Intelligence Agency to assemble a good picture of Soviet activities. SR-71s at Mildenhall also played a key role in the 1986 Operation El Dorado Canyon involving American retaliatory action in Libya. The day after the attack, SR-71s made several unmolested flights over the bombed military targets around Tripoli and Benghazi.

## Post-Cold War drawdown

With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the need for large numbers of USAF forces in the UK no longer existed and plans were made for significant cuts.

The bases at Bentwaters, Woodbridge, Chicksands, Greenham Common, Sculthorpe, Wethersfield and Upper Heyford were closed by the end of 1993. Alconbury's flightline was closed and its base support functions were taken over by RAF Molesworth.

In January 2015 the US Department of Defense announced through their *European Infrastructure Consolidation* programme that they would be withdrawing from RAF Mildenhall, and activities at RAF Alconbury and RAF Molesworth would be moved to RAF Croughton. In 2020 it was announced that Mildenhall would remain open.

The USAF also maintains a communications station at RAF Croughton, and at RAF Menwith Hill is a National Security Agency electronic intelligence gathering installation.

## USAF bases in the United Kingdom

* * Inactive Operating Base
* AFCC: Air Force Communications Command
* AFSS: Air Force Space Command
* USAFSS: Air Force Security Service

* Endicott, Judy G., *USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995*. Office of Air Force History
* Fletcher, Harry R., *Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982*, Office of Air Force History, 1989
* Lloyd, Alwyn T. *A Cold War Legacy, A Tribute to Strategic Air Command – 1946–1992*
* Maurer Maurer, *Air Force Combat Units of World War II*, Office of Air Force History, 1983
* Ravenstein, Charles A., *Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977*, Office of Air Force History, 1984i

## InfoBox

| Bases of the United States Air Force
in the United Kingdom
 | |
| --- | --- |
|
Map of Royal Air Force stations used by the United States Air Forces in Europe. | |
| Date 1951—present  Location United Kingdom  Result  Phased down in number as a result of the end of the Cold War, some maintained as part of the NATO military alliance. | |


title: Uppal Bhupa

abstract: Uppal Bhupa is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 8.8 km from postal head office in Nurmahal, 19.3 km from Phillaur, 37.3 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 140 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch, who is an elected representative.

text:
# Uppal Bhupa

**Uppal Bhupa** is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 8.8 km from postal head office in Nurmahal, 19.3 km from Phillaur, 37.3 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 140 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch, who is an elected representative.

## Demography

As of 2011, the village had a total number of 227 houses and population of 1035 of which comprised 506 males and 529 females according to the report published by Census India the Literacy rate was 81.24%, higher than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years was 97 which was 9.37% of total population, and child sex ratio was approximately 1205 higher than the state average of 846.

Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 55.7% of total population in the village. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

As per census 2011, 280 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of the village which includes 271 males and 9 females. According to census survey report 2011, 100% workers describe their work as main work and 0% workers are involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

## Transport

Nurmahal railway station is the nearest train station however, Phillaur Junction train station is 18.7 km away from the village. The village is 47.8 km away from domestic airport in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 130 km away in Amritsar.

## InfoBox

| Uppal Bhupa | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Uppal BhupaLocation in Punjab, IndiaUppal BhupaUppal Bhupa (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°02′41″N 75°37′37″E / 31.0447648°N 75.6268814°E / 31.0447648; 75.6268814 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Jalandhar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 240 m (790 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,035 |
|  | Sex ratio 506/529 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144039 |
| Telephone | 01821 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB\- 08 |
| Posta office | Nurmahal |
| Website | jalandhar.nic.in |


abstract: The University College of Agriculture and Environmental Studies (UCAES) is a tertiary education initiative by the Akyem Abuakwa Traditional Council under the authority of the Okyenhene Amoatia Ofori Panin II. It is the first university in Africa dedicated to agriculture and environmental studies. The university was registered under Ghana's Companies Code, 1963 as a company limited by guarantee in October 2006. The University College is located at Bunso, in the East Akyem Municipality of the Eastern Region. It is a secular tertiary co-educational institution incorporated under the Ghana Companies Code, 1963 on 19 October 2006, and is one of the private sector initiatives for tertiary education.

text:
# University College of Agriculture and Environmental Studies

The **University College of Agriculture and Environmental Studies (UCAES)** is a tertiary education initiative by the Akyem Abuakwa Traditional Council under the authority of the Okyenhene Amoatia Ofori Panin II (King of Akyem Abuakwa).

It is the first university in Africa dedicated to agriculture and environmental studies. The university was registered under Ghana's Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179) as a company limited by guarantee in October 2006.

The University College is located at Bunso, in the East Akyem Municipality of the Eastern Region. It is a secular tertiary co-educational institution incorporated under the Ghana Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179) on 19 October 2006, and is one of the private sector initiatives for tertiary education.

## Mission

The mission of the university college in the next five years is to become an institution that provides high quality tertiary education in agriculture and the environment and through which developmental programmes in Ghana can be achieved with strong emphasis on high moral and ethical values among the youth. It will also help raise the standard of education and development at Bunso and its environs through outreach programmes which are demand-driven. UCAES aims to provide, thorough education and training, functional and general skills in contemporary studies/issues to Ghanaians in general within its core mandate of providing advanced studies in sustainable exploitation and preservation of the environment through the complementarities of teaching, research and dissemination/practice of knowledge so acquired.

## Programmes

The college offers a four-year Bachelor of Science programme in:

* B.Sc. Sustainable Agriculture
* B.Sc. Sustainable Forestry
* B.Sc. Environmental Science and Management

## Governance and organisation

The Chancellor The Okyenhene (occupant of the Akyem Abuakwa Stool) serves as Chancellor, and the chairman of the council is appointed by the Court; all other principal officers are appointed by the council.

## InfoBox

University College of Management Studies
| Type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1963 |
| Chancellor | Okyenhene Amoatia Ofori Panin II |
| Location | Bunso, East Akim Municipal, Eastern Region, Ghana |
| Campus | Suburban area |
| Website | UCAES Website |


title: Ural Ocean

abstract: The Ural Ocean was a small, ancient ocean that was situated between Siberia and Baltica. The ocean formed in the Late Ordovician epoch, when large islands from Siberia collided with Baltica, which was then part of the landmass Euramerica. The islands also caused Ural Ocean's precursor, Khanty Ocean to close. By the Devonian Period, however, the Ural Ocean began to shrink because the Siberian continent and the Kazakhstania microcontinent were approaching Baltica. In the latest part of the Devonian period and in the Mississippian subperiod of the Carboniferous period, the Ural Ocean became a seaway. The three landmasses collided later in the Carboniferous, completely closing the ocean, creating the Ural Mountains, and forming the Pangaea supercontinent.

text:
# Ural Ocean

The **Ural Ocean** (also called the **Uralic Ocean**) was a small, ancient ocean that was situated between Siberia and Baltica. The ocean formed in the Late Ordovician epoch, when large islands from Siberia collided with Baltica, which was then part of the landmass Euramerica. The islands also caused Ural Ocean's precursor, Khanty Ocean to close. By the Devonian Period, however, the Ural Ocean began to shrink because the Siberian continent and the Kazakhstania microcontinent were approaching Baltica. In the latest part of the Devonian period and in the Mississippian subperiod of the Carboniferous period, the Ural Ocean became a seaway. The three landmasses collided later in the Carboniferous, completely closing the ocean, creating the Ural Mountains, and forming the Pangaea supercontinent.


abstract: The United States Army Medical Command, Europe (USAMEDCOMEUR) formerly provided Echelon/Roles 3 and 4 Health Service Support to units of the United States Army Europe. It was a Table of Distribution and Allowances organization that consolidated Role 3 and 4 Health Service Support under a single command. Upon the inactivation of the United States Army Medical Command, Europe in 1978, the Role 4 mission was assumed by the 7th Medical Command, while the Role 3 mission was assumed by the 68th Medical Group in support of the V Corps and the 30th Medical Group in support of the VII Corps.

text:
# United States Army Medical Command, Europe

The **United States Army Medical Command, Europe** (USAMEDCOMEUR) formerly provided Echelon/Roles 3 and 4 Health Service Support to units of the United States Army Europe. It was a Table of Distribution and Allowances organization that consolidated Role 3 and 4 Health Service Support under a single command. Upon the inactivation of the United States Army Medical Command, Europe in 1978, the Role 4 mission was assumed by the 7th Medical Command, while the Role 3 mission was assumed by the 68th Medical Group in support of the V Corps and the 30th Medical Group in support of the VII Corps.

## Lineage

* Organized in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, United States Army Medical Command, Europe (Provisional) on 1 July 1968 in Germany
* Constituted 1 January 1969 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, United States Army Medical Command, Europe and activated in Germany
* Inactivated 21 September 1978 in Germany

## History

The USAMEDCOMEUR was activated as a provisional organization in Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany, on 1 July 1968 as part of the Command, Control and Logistics System 1970. Initially assigned to USAMEDCOMEUR were the 9th Hospital Center, its hospitals, dispensaries and activities; the US Army Veterinary Detachment, Europe; the 8th Finance Disbursing Section; the 10th Medical Laboratory; the 26th Medical Detachment (Illustration); the USAREUR Medical Regulating Office; the 655th Medical Company (Blood Bank); the USAREUR Preventive Medicine Detachment; the 8000th Civilian Labor Group; and the Benelux (SHAPE) Medical Service Area.

The headquarters was organized by combining the personnel assigned to the Office of the Surgeon, HQ, USAREUR and Seventh Army with the HQ, US Army Communications Zone, Europe Hospital Center (Provisional) and elements of the HQ, 9th Hospital Center.

The commanding general of the medical command continued to serve as the theater surgeon and his staff provided medical support to HQ, USAREUR and Seventh Army. The Medical Command headquarters was located at Nachrichten Kasserne, Heidelberg, in the building formerly occupied by the 9th Hospital Center headquarters; the 9th Hospital Center headquarters, in turn, relocated to Marceau Kasserne, Landstuhl.

The Medical Command's mission was to provide health service support to the 400,000-plus military personnel and dependents and to have the capability to provide support to combat forces after the transition to combat operations.

Once fully operational, the command would control all medical functions, facilities, and resources in USAREUR and Seventh Army except those organic to major troop units. The reorganization was expected to provide greater flexibility in meeting requirements for the Army Medical Service in Europe, while health service support of "NATO committed forces" remained unchanged.

On 1 October 1968, the 7th Medical Brigade with its major units—the 30th and 31st Medical Groups and the 421st Medical Company (Air Ambulance)—was added to the Command. On that same date, the Medical Depot at Einsiedlerhof and the medical section of the Supply and Maintenance Agency were formed into the US Army Medical Materiel Center, Europe, marking the first time that all medical logistics functions in Europe were under the control of the USAREUR Chief Surgeon.

On 1 January 1969, the medical facilities in Berlin and those in Italy were assigned to USAMEDCOMEUR. The 9th Hospital Center was phased down in December 1970, and hospitals in that command became Medical Department Activities (MEDDACs) reporting directly to USAMEDCOMEUR. In March 1971, USAMEDCOMEUR became subordinate to the Theater Army Support Command (TASCOM), while the Office of the Chief Surgeon remained an integral part of Headquarters, USAREUR. On 21 July 1973, the 7th Medical Brigade was inactivated and the 30th and 31st Medical Groups, the 421st Medical Company and all other units subordinate to the 7th Medical Brigade were assigned directly to USAMEDCOMEUR.

On 1 July 1973, USAMEDCOMEUR was relieved from assignment to TASCOM and became a major subordinate command of USAREUR. On 1 July 1974, the Teheran MEDDAC was activated and assumed responsibility for Army medical support in the Middle East area. On 1 April 1975, the 31st Medical Group was inactivated, placing all combat support hospitals and other field medical units under the 30th Medical Group.

## Shoulder Sleeve Insignia

### Description

On a maroon octagon 2+14 inches (5.7 cm) in height and 2+14 inches (5.7 cm) in width a white Maltese cross with a white square at its center charged with a blue five-pointed star with one point up.

### Symbolism

White and maroon are the colors of the Medical Department. The Maltese cross is a symbol which has been associated with medicine since medieval times as an emblem of the Knights Hospitallers. The octagon is symbolic of health and regeneration, and the star alludes to the command function.

### Background

The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 6 May 1970. (TIOH Dwg. No. A-1-538)

## Distinctive unit insignia

No Distinctive unit insignia was authorized for the United States Army Medical Command, Europe by the United States Army Institute of Heraldry.

## Combat Service Identification Badge

No Combat Service Identification Badge was authorized for the United States Army Medical Command, Europe by the United States Army Institute of Heraldry.

## Commanders

All commanders of the 7th Medical Command were Medical Corps officers.

| Image | Rank | Name | Begin Date | End Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | James T. McGiboney | Major General | 17 July 1968 | 1 September 1970 | McGiboney assumed command of the U.S. Army Medical Command (Provisional). |
|  | Frederic J. Hughes, Jr. | Major general | 1 September 1970 | 31 March 1974 | Frederic J. Hughes Jr. commanded the Walter Reed General Hospital during Dwight David Eisenhower's final illness and provided him personal care on a daily basis. He retired out of the USAMEDCOMEUR position on 31 March 1974. |
|  | Phillip A. Deffer | Brigadier general | 1 April 1974 | April 1974 | Deffer had been serving as the deputy commander of USAMEDCOMEUR as a Colonel. He was promoted to Brigadier General on 1 April 1974, and assumed command of the MEDCOM upon the retirement of MG Hughes until MG McCabe "assume\[d\] command of Medical Command in Mid-April." |
|  | Marshall E. McCabe | Major general | April 1974 | October 1977 | McCabe would assume command of the United States Army Health Services Command after leaving Europe |
|  | Spencer B. Reid | Major general | October 1977 | 21 September 1978 | Reid would assume command of the 7th Medical Command upon its activation |
|

## InfoBox

| United States Army Medical Command, Europe | |
| --- | --- |
| United States Army Medical Command, Europe Shoulder Sleeve Insignia | |
| Active | 1 July 1968 - 21 September 1978 |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Regular Army |
| Branch | U.S. Army |
| Type | Medical Command |
| Role | Echelon/Roles 3 and 4 Health Service Support to the U.S. Army Europe |
| Garrison/HQ | Nachrichten Kasserne, Heidelberg, Germany |
| Colors | Maroon and White |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | Major General Marshall E. McCabe |


title: Unremembered

abstract: Unremembered is an album composed by Sarah Kirkland Snider which "sets poetry by New-York-based poet/writer Nathaniel Bellows, recalling strange and beautiful happenings experienced during a childhood in rural Massachusetts." It features the vocals of Shara Nova, DM Stith, and Padma Newsom.

text:
# Unremembered

***Unremembered*** is an album composed by Sarah Kirkland Snider which "sets poetry by New-York-based poet/writer Nathaniel Bellows, recalling strange and beautiful happenings experienced during a childhood in rural Massachusetts."

It features the vocals of Shara Nova, DM Stith, and Padma Newsom.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Sarah Kirkland Snider with lyrics by Nathaniel Bellows.

1. "Prelude" – 2:43
2. "The Estate" – 3:35
3. "The Barn" – 4:25
4. "The Guest" – 4:44
5. "The Slaughterhouse" – 4:45
6. "The Girl" – 2:53
7. "The Swan" – 3:58
8. "The Witch" – 6:30
9. "The River" – 3:43
10. "The Speakers" – 3:54
11. "The Orchard" – 4:15
12. "The Song" - 3:35
13. "The Past" - 5:42

## Personnel

The personnel are as follows.

Conductor:

Vocals:

Oboe:

* Kathy Halvorson
* Hassan Anderson on "The Slaughterhouse" and "The Past"

English Horn:

* Slava Znatchenii
* Lauren Blackerby on "The Slaughterhouse" and "The Past"

Bassoon:

* Mike Parker Harley
* Damian Primis
* Brent Foster on "The Past"
* Allison Nicotera on "The Past"

French Horn:

Percussion:

* Eric Beach
* Thomas Kozumplik
* Jason Treuting
* Lawson White

Melodica:

Harp:

* Nuiko Wadden

Piano:

## InfoBox

| Unremembered | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sarah Kirkland Snider (composer) | |
| Released | September 4, 2015 |
| Genre | Classical |
| Length | 51:22 |
| Label | New Amsterdam Records |
| Producer | Lawson White and Sarah Kirkland Snider |