title: Tornado outbreak of March 30–31, 1962

text:
# Tornado outbreak of March 30–31, 1962

A small but damaging outbreak of 11 tornadoes impacted the Southeastern United States on the last two days of March 1962. The outbreak was highlighted by a catastrophic, mid-morning F3 tornado that destroyed multiple neighborhoods in Milton, Florida, killing 17 people and injuring 100 others. It was the deadliest tornado ever recorded in Florida until 1998. Overall, the outbreak killed 17 people, injured 105 others, and caused $3.38 million in damage. Lightning caused another two deaths and three injuries.

## Background

Multiple rounds of severe thunderstorms struck the Southeast during the final two days of March, bringing heavy rain, flash flooding, frequent lightning, high winds, hail, and tornadoes to the region. Individual storms moved through portions of the region before a large line of storms pushed through.

In the Milton, Florida area specifically, the high temperature on March 30 was 77 °F (25 °C) which was coupled with a dewpoint of 65 °F (18 °C). The temperature decreased to 65 °F (18 °C) that night, but the dewpoint continued to hover around 65 °F (18 °C) and then both temperature and dewpoint rose to around 69 °F (21 °C), making it a muggy night. Increasing southerly winds brought moist, unstable air from the Gulf of Mexico northward into the region. Despite overcast skies being over the area since early on March 30 and scattered storms passing over the region just after midnight on March 31, the moist and unstable environment remained in place until much stronger storms entered the area later that morning. Even with the volatile atmospheric conditions, weather forecasters only called for scattered showers for the area on March 31.

## Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 11 |

### March 30 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Friday, March 30, 1962
| F# | Location | County / Parish | State | Start
coord. | Time (UTC) | Path length | Max. width | Summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| F1 | Littleville | Colbert | AL | 34°36′N 87°41′W / 34.60°N 87.68°W / 34.60; -87.68 (Littleville (March 30, F1)) | 05:00–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 10 yards (9.1 m) | A tornado accompanied by 1 in (2.5 cm) hail destroyed several farm buildings, unroofed three homes, and moved another home off its foundation. Damage was estimated at $25,000. |

### March 31 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, March 31, 1962
| F# | Location | County / Parish | State | Start
coord. | Time (UTC) | Path length | Max. width | Summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| F3 | N of New Hope to E of Columbus | Lowndes | MS | 33°28′N 88°18′W / 33.47°N 88.30°W / 33.47; -88.30 (New Hope (March 31, F3)) | 06:15–? | 3 miles (4.8 km) | 880 yards (800 m) | A skipping tornado touched down three times, causing major damage west of McCrary. Two homes were destroyed while eight others, along with a church, were damaged. One person was injured and damage was estimated at $250,000. |
| F2 | N of Belk | Fayette | AL | 33°42′N 87°54′W / 33.70°N 87.90°W / 33.70; -87.90 (Belk (March 31, F2)) | 08:00–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 10 yards (9.1 m) | A brief but strong tornado destroyed a concrete block barn, heavily damaged a house, and unroofed another barn. Damage was estimated at $25,000. |
| F1 | SE of Winfield | Marion | AL | 33°54′N 87°48′W / 33.90°N 87.80°W / 33.90; -87.80 (Winfield (March 31, F1)) | 08:10–? | 1 mile (1.6 km) | 10 yards (9.1 m) | A damaging tornado moved through the eastern outskirts of Winfield. Several houses and a church were damaged, garages and outbuildings were blown over, a car was overturned, and trees were uprooted. Damage was estimated at $250,000. |
| F1 | Chef Menteur | Orleans | LA | 30°06′N 89°45′W / 30.10°N 89.75°W / 30.10; -89.75 (Chef Menteur (March 31, F1)) | 13:00–13:14 | 1 mile (1.6 km) | 30 yards (27 m) | A tornado developed near Lake St. Catherine, destroying a shed. Winds from the tornado were recorded at 65 miles per hour (105 km/h). Damage was estimated $2,500. |
| F3 | Milton | Santa Rosa | FL | 30°37′N 87°06′W / 30.62°N 87.10°W / 30.62; -87.10 (Milton (March 31, F3)) | 14:00–? | 6.9 miles (11.1 km) | 440 yards (400 m) | 17 deaths – See section on this tornado – 100 people were injured and damage was estimated at $2.5 million. |
| F2 | Bon Secour to Miflin to SW of Lillian | Baldwin | AL | 30°18′N 87°42′W / 30.3°N 87.7°W / 30.3; -87.7 (Bon Secour (March 31, F2)) | 14:00–? | 11.9 miles (19.2 km) | 100 yards (91 m) | A strong tornado struck Bon Secour, where homes were heavily damaged and trees were uprooted. It continued eastward to Miflin, where more homes and buildings were damaged or destroyed. Damage was estimated at $250,000. |
| F1 | N of Bellview | Escambia | FL | 30°30′N 87°20′W / 30.5°N 87.33°W / 30.5; -87.33 (Bellville (March 31, F1)) | 15:30–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 10 yards (9.1 m) | A trailer was destroyed while another residence was damaged. Two people were injured and damage was estimated at $2,500. |
| F1 | Valpariso to Niceville | Okaloosa | FL | 30°30′N 86°30′W / 30.5°N 86.5°W / 30.5; -86.5 (Valparaiso (March 31, F1)) | 16:20–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 10 yards (9.1 m) | A destructive tornado inflicted major damage to six residences and two businesses and caused less severe damage to 12 additional residences. Two people were injured and damage was estimated at $25,000. |
| F1 | Tifton to Douglas to Nicholls to Alma | Tift, Berrien, Coffee, Bacon | GA | 31°27′N 83°30′W / 31.45°N 83.5°W / 31.45; -83.5 (Tifton (March 31, F1)) | 17:30–? | 61.2 miles (98.5 km) | 200 yards (180 m) | This long-tracked tornado, which may have been a tornado family, caused most of its damage in Tifton, although damage from the storm was reported as far back as Doerun. Several homes were unroofed, trees were uprooted, and power lines were blown down on the southeast side of Tifton. The funnel cloud from the tornado was seen by a pilot in Alma as well, but no damage was reported there. Damage was estimated at $25,000. |
| F1 | West Panama City Beach to Youngstown | Bay | FL | 30°11′N 85°44′W / 30.18°N 85.73°W / 30.18; -85.73 (West Panama City Beach (March 31, F1)) | 20:00–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 10 yards (9.1 m) | A tornado was spotted by the highway patrol. Several residences and a motel suffered major damage in West Panama City Beach. The tornado lifted after that, only to touch down again and cause minor damage in Youngstown. Damage was estimated at $25,000. |

### Milton, Florida

Milton, Florida
| F3 tornado | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Max. rating1 | F3 tornado |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Fatalities | 17 fatalities, 100 injuries |
| Damage | $2.5 million |
| 1*Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale* | |

In the far northeastern suburbs of Pensacola, Florida, a tornado developed south of Hamilton Bridge Road west of Milton, shortly after 9 am CST on March 31. It then grew into a large, destructive tornado as it moved northeastward through the northwest side of town. It struck multiple neighborhoods with little to no warning, heavily damaging or destroying dozens of frame homes. The hardest-hit area was the College Park residential area, where several homes were completely leveled with some swept away while other homes were extensively damaged. In an extreme case, one home was swept off its foundation while the neighboring home was lifted off its foundation and set back down on the empty slab of the swept away home. At the corner of Magnolia and Orange St, a man's car stalled right in the path of the tornado. He and his car was carried two blocks to Stewart St, where it landed essentially intact. A 350 ft (110 m) microwave tower was blown over and a number of high-voltage power lines were knocked down. Trailers and cars were also thrown several hundred feet. After exiting Milton, the tornado continued northeastward, uprooting trees and damaging other isolated structures before dissipating on Munson Highway north of its intersection with Wolfe Road just southwest of Roeville. It traveled 6.9 miles (11.1 km) and reached a peak width of 440 yards (400 m). When the Fujita Scale was made operational in the 1970s, the damage from the tornado was rated F2-F3, giving the tornado a final maximum rating F3. In all, a total of 130 homes, including 75 small homes, were destroyed along a six-block area. About 200 other homes and buildings were damaged. Extensive damage also occurred at a mobile home park. Debris was carried east-northeast to as far away as areas north of Baker 26 mi (42 km) away while other debris was carried northeast to Andalusia, Alabama 58 mi (93 km) away. There were 17 deaths, including five out of six members of one family, as well as a mother and three young children that were killed in their home. At least 10 homes had a single death. An additional 100 people were injured, about 80 of which required treatment. This made it the deadliest tornado ever recorded in Florida until 1998 as well the worst tornado ever recorded in Santa Rosa County. The storm that produced the tornado may have also caused a lightning-induced injury in Crestview, Florida, two hours later.

## Non-tornadic impacts

There were 13 reports of high winds and large hail during the events. Hail peaked at 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter in De Soto County, Mississippi, with winds peaking at 79 miles per hour (127 km/h) at the Sunny Point Military Ocean Terminal east of Boiling Spring Lakes, North Carolina. Both events occurred on March 31.

Early on March 30, a lightning strike sparked a large fire at a horse stable in Kingston, Oklahoma, although no casualties occurred. That evening, two students were struck by lightning while walking on the Emory University campus, killing one and injuring the other. Early the next morning, a woman was knocked unconscious and injured in Decatur, Tennessee, after lightning traveled from outside her farmhouse into her kitchen through the water pipes, sparking a fire. Later, another man was killed in Lee County, Alabama, when the power line he was working on was struck by lightning. One other person was injured by lightning in Crestview, Florida.

Rounds of storms caused widespread hail and wind damage in Central Alabama on March 30. The Birmingham Municipal Airport was particularly hard-hit as winds of up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) and hail up to 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter damaged around 60 planes. Albertville was buried under 2 inches (5.1 cm) of marble-sized hail. The small hail caused an unusually high amount of destruction as it damaged roofs, broke windows, and heavily damaged a greenhouse, trees, and shrubs. Early the next morning, a line of storms caused heavy wind damage in Port Arthur, Texas. This same line moved into Southeastern Alabama, producing high winds, heavy rainfall that peaked at 5 inches (13 cm), and flash flooding that damaged several homes, farm buildings, two airplanes, roads, and newly planted crops.

## Aftermath and records

The Florida Highway Patrol, who were some of the first on the scene in Milton, Florida after the F3 tornado, provided early estimates of 75 homes being destroyed, with varying degrees of damage to many others. They also estimated that 75 to 100 people had been injured. At the time of the tornado, the town of Milton had only about 4,000 residents (as of 2020 it has an estimated population of over 10,000 residents) and one 50-bed hospital  Santa Rosa Hospital, which was quickly overwhelmed after the storm. A total 52 people were treated and released from Santa Rosa Hospital. Some of the most seriously injured victims were eventually sent to Escambia General Baptist Hospital and Sacred Heart N.A.S. Pensacola in Pensacola, Florida. Meanwhile, a temporary makeshift morgue was made in the core of Milton as highway patrolmen, civil defense workers, and volunteers sifted through collapsed buildings in search of survivors and bodies. Many telephone lines were damaged and the few that were remaining were completely overwhelmed by long-distance calls.

The 17 deaths caused by the F3 tornado made it the deadliest tornado of 1962 as well as the deadliest tornado ever recorded in Florida until 1998, when another F3 (initially rated F4) tornado killed 25.

1. "Tornado Summaries". *National Weather Service*. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
2. "Storm Data | March 1962 | Volume 4 No. 3". U.S. Department of Commerce Weather Bureau. Retrieved 25 June 2022  via the National Centers for Environmental Information.
3. "March 30, 1962 Weather History in Milton (Florida, United States)". *WeatherSpark.com*. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
4. "March 31, 1962 Weather History in Milton (Florida, United States)". *WeatherSpark.com*. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
5. "Tornado Hits Milton, Fla.; 15 Killed, Scores Injured". *The Greenville News*. 1 April 1962. Retrieved 13 June 2022  via realclimatescience.com.
6. Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". *Weather and Forecasting*. **19** (2). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 310. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019\<0310:OTROTP\>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
7. Alabama Event Report: F1 Tornado. *National Weather Service* (Report). National Centers of Environmental Information. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
8. Mississippi Event Report: F3 Tornado. *National Weather Service* (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
9. Alabama Event Report: F2 Tornado. *National Weather Service* (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
10. Alabama Event Report: F1 Tornado. *National Weather Service* (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
11. Louisiana Event Report: F1 Tornado. *National Weather Service* (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
12. * "Florida F3". *Tornado History Project*. Storm Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
    * "Florida Event Report: F3 Tornado". *National Weather Service*. National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
13. "Tornado Kills 15 In Florida". *The Detroit Free Press*. 1 April 1962. Retrieved 22 August 2020  via Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers.
14. "Tornado still haunts Panhandle residents". *Tampa Bay Times*. 31 March 1992. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
15. Gamblin, Bill (31 March 2012). "Where were you in '62? 50th anniversary of the F3 tornado that claimed 17 lives" (PDF). *Santa Rosa's Press Gazette*. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
16. "Tornado Rules". National Weather Service. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
17. "Tornadoes - Florida Climate Center". Florida State University. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
18. "March 31 Weather History". *www.newportriweather.com*. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
19. "FLORIDA HAZARDOUS WEATHER DAY-BY-DAY" (PDF). *National Weather Service*. National Weather Service Melbourne FL. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
20. "Alabama Event Report: F2 Tornado". *National Weather Service*. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
21. Florida Event Report: F1 Tornado. *National Weather Service* (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
22. Florida Event Report: F1 Tornado. *National Weather Service* (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
23. Georgia Event Report: F1 Tornado. *National Weather Service* (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
24. Florida Event Report: F1 Tornado. *National Weather Service* (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
25. "Non-Tornadic Impacts". *National Weather Service*. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
26. "Milton city, Florida - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
27. "The Most "Important" US Tornadoes by State". The Tornado Project. 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2009.

## InfoBox

Tornado outbreak of March 30–31, 1962
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Tornado outbreak |
| Duration | ~15 hours |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Highest winds | * 79 miles per hour (127 km/h) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Tornadoes
confirmed | 11 confirmed |
| Max. rating1 | F3 tornado |
| Duration of
tornado outbreak2 | 15 hours |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Largest hail | 2 inches (5.1 cm) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Fatalities | 17 fatalities (+2 non-tornadic), 105 injuries (+3 non-tornadic) |
| Damage | $3.38 million |
| Areas affected | Southeastern United States |
| Part of the **tornado outbreaks of 1962**
1*Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale*
2*Time from first tornado to last tornado* | |


title: Topeka Performing Arts Center

abstract: The Topeka Performing Arts Center is a 2,425-capacity performing arts center located in Topeka, Kansas. Opened in 1939, it was built in the Art Deco style and was renovated in 1991, and reopened that same year officially named the Topeka Performing Arts Center. It has hosted notable entertainers, such as Bob Dylan, Johnny Cash, The Beach Boys, Ann & Nancy Wilson, Willie Nelson, Olivia Newton-John and Merle Haggard.

text:
# Topeka Performing Arts Center

The **Topeka Performing Arts Center** is a 2,425-capacity performing arts center located in Topeka, Kansas. Opened in 1939, it was built in the Art Deco style and was renovated in 1991, and reopened that same year officially named the Topeka Performing Arts Center. It has hosted notable entertainers, such as Bob Dylan, Johnny Cash, The Beach Boys, Ann & Nancy Wilson, Willie Nelson, Olivia Newton-John and Merle Haggard.


title: Tor Cervara

abstract: Tor Cervara is the 7th zona of the Italian capital Rome, identified by the initials Z. VII. It belongs to the Municipio IV and has 13,975 inhabitants (2016). It is located in the east of the city, within the Grande Raccordo Anulare, and has an area of 5.9000 km⁲.

text:
# Tor Cervara

**Tor Cervara** is the 7th *zona* of the Italian capital Rome, identified by the initials **Z. VII**. It belongs to the Municipio IV and has 13,975 inhabitants (2016). It is located in the east of the city, within the Grande Raccordo Anulare, and has an area of 5.9000 km2.

## History

The name of the zone derives from an estate, the *Tenuta di Cerbaro*, that was used in the Middle Age as a hunting ground for deer (*cervi* in Latin and in Italian). The core of the estate was the Casale di Tor Cervara, that currently houses a private hospital.

## Geography

The territory of Tor Cervara includes the urban zone **5F** *Tor Cervara* and the eastern part of the urban zone **5D** *Tiburtino Sud* (namely, the area called Colli Aniene).

### Boundaries

Northward, Tor Cervara borders with *Quartiere* Ponte Mammolo (Q. XXIX), from which is separated by the stretch of the river Aniene between Via Tiburtina and Via di Tor Cervara, and by Via di Tor Cervara itself; and also borders with *Quartiere* San Basilio (Q. XXX), whose border is marked by the stretch of Via Tiburtina between Via di Tor Cervara and the GRA.

Eastward, Tor Cervara borders with *Zona* Settecamini (Z. VI), whose border is marked by the stretch of the GRA between Via Tiburtina and the river Aniene. To the east, Tor Cervara also shares a short border with *Zona* Acqua Vergine (Z. IX), which is outlined by the stretch of the GRA between the river Aniene and the A24.

Southward, the zone borders with *Zona* Tor Sapienza (Z. VIII), from which is separated by the stretch of the A24 between the GRA and Viale Palmiro Togliatti.

Westward, Tor Cervara borders with *Quartiere* Collatino (Q. XXII), from which is separated by the stretch of Viale Palmiro Togliatti between the A24 and Via Tiburtina.

### Odonymy

Odonyms of the zone mainly refer to Italian politicians (in the area of Colli Aniene), artists and characters of Virgil's poems. In the northern part of the zone, near the border with Quartiere San Basilio, a few streets are named after towns of Lazio and local industrialists. Odonyms of the zone can be categorized as follows:

## Places of interest

### Civil buildings

* Casale di Tor Cervara, in Via di Tor Cervara. A 17th-century farmstead with a 13th-century tower. 41°55′26″N 12°35′15″E / 41.923803°N 12.587630°E / 41.923803; 12.587630

Currently used as a private hospital, named *Castello della Quiete*.

### Religious buildings

Subsidiary place of worship of the parish church of Santa Maria dell'Olivo. Project by architect Vivina Rizzi. Parish church erected on 5 November 1975 according to the decree *Neminem latet* by cardinal vicar Ugo Poletti and dedicated to Bernadette Soubirous.

### Archaeological sites

* Red tufa quarries, near the river Aniene, dating back to the Republican Age.
* Villa of Via Antenore, in Via Antenore. A Roman villa dating back to the Republican Age.
* Villa del Fosso di Tor Sapienza, near the Fosso di Tor Sapienza. A Roman villa dating back to the Republican Age.
* Tor Cervara Necropolis, in Via di Tor Cervara. 2nd-century necropolis.

Several ancient tombs have been found in the necropolis, especially thirteen ground burials, a rectangular hypogeum and a circular hypogeum: the latter contains five recesses with six marble sarcophagi.

### Natural areas

## InfoBox

| Tor Cervara | |
| --- | --- |
| *Zona* of Rome | |
| Casale della Cervelletta | |
| Position of the *zona* within the city | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lazio |
| Province | Rome |
| Comune | Rome |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.3012 sq mi (5.9600 km2) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 13,975 |
| Density | 6,073.0/sq mi (2,344.80/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Tornbergssjön

abstract: Tornbergssjön is a lake of Södermanland, Sweden. The lake inherits its name from the nearby peak Tornberget, which at 111 meters above sea level is the highest point in Stockholm County.

text:
# Tornbergssjön

**Tornbergssjön** is a lake of Södermanland, Sweden. The lake inherits its name from the nearby peak Tornberget, which at 111 meters above sea level is the highest point in Stockholm County.

## InfoBox

| Tornbergssjön | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Tornbergssjön | |
| Coordinates | 59°08′04″N 18°01′22″E / 59.13444°N 18.02278°E / 59.13444; 18.02278 |
| Basin countries | Sweden |
|  | |
| Surface area | ~11,000 m2 (120,000 sq ft) |
| Surface elevation | 90 m (300 ft) |


title: Tornimparte

abstract: Tornimparte is a comune and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central-southern Italy.

text:
# Tornimparte

**Tornimparte** is a *comune* and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central-southern Italy.

## Geography

Tornimparte is subdivided into 23 wards (frazioni): Castiglione, Capo La Villa, Villagrande, Capolitto, Case Tirante, Piè la Villa, Piagge, Pianelle, Colle San Vito, Colle Santa Maria, Barano, San Nicola, Colle Massimo, Colle Perdonesco, Viaro, Molino di Salomone, Pié La Costa, Colle Castagno, Collefarelli, Colle Fiascone, Forcelle, Palombaia, Rocca Santo Stefano. Villagrande is the principal town and it is the administrative seat of the municipality.

## Transport

Tornimparte has a station on the Terni–Sulmona railway, with trains to Terni, Rieti and L'Aquila.

## InfoBox

| Tornimparte | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Tornimparte | |
|  | |
| Location of Tornimparte | |
| TornimparteLocation of Tornimparte in ItalyTornimparteTornimparte (Abruzzo) | |
| Coordinates: 42°17′47″N 13°18′3″E / 42.29639°N 13.30083°E / 42.29639; 13.30083 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Abruzzo |
| Province | L'Aquila (AQ) |
| *Frazioni* | Castiglione, Capo La Villa, Villagrande, Capolitto, Case Tirante, Piè la Villa, Piagge, Pianelle, Colle San Vito, Colle Santa Maria, Barano, San Nicola, Colle Massimo, Colle Perdonesco, Viaro, Molino di Salomone, Pié La Costa, Colle Castagno, Collefarelli, Colle Fiascone, Forcelle, Palombaia, Rocca Santo Stefano |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Giacomo Carnicelli |
| Area | |
| Total | 65.96 km2 (25.47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 830 m (2,720 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2015) | |
| Total | 3,187 |
| Density | 48/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Tornimpartesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 67049 |
| Dialing code | 0862 |
| Patron saint | Our Lady of Sorrows |
| Saint day | 15 October |
| Website | Official website |


title: Torodora bacillaris

abstract: Torodora bacillaris is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It is found in Guangdong, China. The wingspan is 26–30 mm.

text:
# Torodora bacillaris

***Torodora bacillaris*** is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It is found in Guangdong, China.

The wingspan is 26–30 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Torodora bacillaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lecithoceridae |
| Genus: | *Torodora* |
| Species: | ***T. bacillaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Torodora bacillaris***<br>Wang and Xiong, 2010 | |
|


title: Tony Thomas (rugby league)

abstract: Tony Thomas is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He played at club level for Wakefield Trinity and Castleford, as a centre.

text:
# Tony Thomas (rugby league)

**Tony Thomas** is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He played at club level for Wakefield Trinity and Castleford, as a centre.

## Playing career

Tony Thomas made his début for Wakefield Trinity during October 1959, and he played his last match for Wakefield Trinity during the 1966–67 season.

### Challenge Cup Final appearances

Tony Thomas played at centre in Castleford's 11-6 victory over Salford in the 1969 Challenge Cup Final during the 1968–69 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 17 May 1969, in front of a crowd of 97,939, and played at centre in the 7-2 victory over Wigan in the 1970 Challenge Cup Final during the 1969–70 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 9 May 1970, in front of a crowd of 95,255.

### County Cup Final appearances

Tony Thomas played at centre in Wakefield Trinity's 18-2 victory over Leeds in the 1964 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1964–65 season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield on Saturday 31 October 1964, and played at centre in Castleford's 11-22 defeat by Leeds in the 1968 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1968–69 season at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 19 October 1968.

### BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final appearances

Tony Thomas played at centre in Castleford's 8-5 victory over Leigh in the 1967 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1967–68 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 16 January 1968.

## InfoBox

Tony Thomas
| Playing information | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Centre |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1959–66 Wakefield Trinity 80 15 0 0 45  1966–71 Castleford 136 28 0 0 84  Total 216 43 0 0 129 | |


title: Tony Wright (Great Yarmouth MP)

abstract: Anthony David Wright is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Great Yarmouth from 1997 until losing his seat at the 2010 election.

text:
# Tony Wright (Great Yarmouth MP)

**Anthony David Wright** (born 12 August 1954) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Great Yarmouth from 1997 until losing his seat at the 2010 election.

## Early life

Wright attended to St George's Infant School, Priory Junior School, and Hospital Secondary Modern School.

From 1970 to 1974, he was an engineering apprentice, then a mechanical engineer from 1974 to 1983. He worked originally with ErieElectronics, and then was subsequently employed at Brown and Root and Probe Oil Tools.

It was through his work as an engineer that he became involved in a trade union and entered politics.

## Political career

In his political career, Tony Wright first stood for a Council seat in 1979 and missed out losing by 86 votes. He was subsequently voted in 1980 until 1982 when he lost by 15 votes. Tony Wright was then re-elected in 1986 and remained a Councillor until 1998.

In total he served fourteen years for Great Yarmouth Borough Council and was chairman of various committees, Deputy Leader for four years and Leader of the council for over two years from 1995 until 1997.

In addition, in 1983 Tony Wright was employed by Great Yarmouth Labour Party as full-time organiser up until the 1997 general election when he was elected as Member of Parliament for Great Yarmouth and retained his seat at both the 2001 and 2005 elections.

He is a member of Amicus and the GMB Union.

During his time in Parliament, Tony Wright sat on several committees including the Public Administration Committee and Trade and Industry Select Committee. He was active within many All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG's), including chairing the APPG for Sea Cadets and acting as treasurer for the United Kingdom Parliamentary Football Club, which is itself attributed to a great deal of charity work.

Tony Wright lists among his main accomplishments during his parliamentary career as including the securing of Objective 2 status for Great Yarmouth, securing Assisted Area status helping to attract new investment to the area, the increase in funding to Great Yarmouth's schools, police force and hospital and the introduction of SureStart services.

At the 2010 General Election. he lost his parliamentary seat to Conservative candidate Sir Brandon Lewis with a swing over 9% against him.

After his defeat he has since stood for Norfolk County Council in the Gorleston-on-Sea St Andrews wards in both 2013, 2017, as well as at a 2015 by election finishing second each time.

In 2018 he was reelected to Great Yarmouth Borough Council in Nelson ward and was subsequently re-elected in 2019 and 2023.

## Controversy

Wright found himself landed in controversy in June 2009 during the British MPs' expenses scandal when it emerged that he had accepted a £10,000 sweetener from the new owners of a rented accommodation in Dolphin Square, London SW1 on the understanding he accepted a £1,000 a month rent increase at the tax payers expense. He justified keeping the money by claiming "he took a financial hit from having to work in London when he was first elected in 1997" and highlighting how the money actually saved the tax payer £10,000 as it was not from the public purse.

Shortly after on 1 June, Wright issued a statement on this issue on his personal website:

> When I was first elected I decided not to purchase a property in London but to rent instead as it was not my priority to get into the 'housing market' in order to make a potential 'profit'. It was necessary however to have somewhere to stay in London whilst I was carrying out my parliamentary duties and for this reason, I rented. In the first few years the rent and other costs exceeded the allowance at that time but I met these extra costs personally. The lease ownership of this rented flat changed and as a result of this I received a payment from the new owners.

Wright was not asked to repay anything in the results of the Legg Report but later had to repay a duplicated claim of £3,050.

## Personal life

Wright married Barbara “Babs” Marley on 13 August 1988 in Great Yarmouth. They have a son and daughter, and a step daughter. He supports Norwich City F.C.

## InfoBox

| Anthony David Wright | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Great Yarmouth | |
| **In office**
1 May 1997  12 April 2010 | |
| Preceded by | Michael Carttiss |
| Succeeded by | Sir Brandon Lewis |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-08-12) 12 August 1954
Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | English |
| Political party | Labour |
| Spouse | Barbara "Babs" Wright (née Marley) |
| Residence | Gorleston-on-Sea area of Great Yarmouth |
| Website | tonywright4greatyarmouth.com |
|  | |


title: Tony Wright (artist)

abstract: Tony Wright, also known as Sue Ab Surd, is an artist who created album covers such as Bob Marley's Natty Dread and Traffic's The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys and others including Bob Dylan's Saved. His art work for The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys and Steve Winwood's Arc of a Diver were listed amongst Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Album Covers. The cover for The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys is part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art.

text:
# Tony Wright (artist)

**Tony Wright** (born 23 October 1949, in London), also known as Sue Ab Surd, is an artist who created album covers such as Bob Marley's *Natty Dread* and Traffic's *The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys* and others including Bob Dylan's *Saved*. His art work for *The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys* and Steve Winwood's *Arc of a Diver* were listed amongst *Rolling Stone's* 100 Greatest Album Covers. The cover for *The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys* is part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art.

## Album art

## Book illustration

* *Angel: The Diary of a Mystic*. 1976.
* *Fantastic Woman: A Song of Songs*. 1980
* Assisi, Francis of. *Hymn of the Sun*. 1990
* *City*. 1995
* *Dance of Death: Forty Paintings, Forty Quotations*. 2006

## Awards

* Benjamin Franklin Award. 1991. First Prize. Religion/Metaphysics/Spirituality.
* Catholic Press Association 1991 Book Award. First prize.
* Print Magazine. Design Award. 1996
* American Graphic Design Award 1997
* Drench Design Award.2005
* Design Greenproject Award. 2006


title: Tony Wright (actor)

abstract: Paul Anthony "Tony" Wright was an English film actor. The son of actor Hugh E. Wright, he was a Rank Organisation contract player for some years. In October 1956, John Davis, managing director of Rank, announced him as one of the actors under contract to Rank that Davis thought would become an international star. He married actress Janet Munro in 1957, though the couple were divorced in 1959. He played the role of London-based private detective Slim Callaghan in several French films.

text:
# Tony Wright (actor)

**Paul Anthony "Tony" Wright** (10 December 1925  6 June 1986) was an English film actor. The son of actor Hugh E. Wright, he was a Rank Organisation contract player for some years.

In October 1956, John Davis, managing director of Rank, announced him as one of the actors under contract to Rank that Davis thought would become an international star.

He married actress Janet Munro in 1957, though the couple were divorced in 1959. He played the role of London-based private detective Slim Callaghan in several French films.

## Biography

Wright's father was an actor, Hugh E. Wright, but originally Wright wanted to be a farmer. He served for two years in the Navy and then moved to South Africa where he tried chicken farming and gold mining before going into theatre.

Wright appeared in a TV version of Noël Coward's *This Happy Breed* (1952). He was a boxer in *The Flanagan Boy* (1953) for Hammer. He went to Germany with a stage show then on the way back went through France where his ability speaking fluent French helped him be cast as Slim Callaghan in *Your Turn, Callaghan* (1955) after the original star cast, Charles Chaplin Jnr, pulled out.

Wright made a sequel, *More Whisky for Callaghan*. He guest starred on shows like *Paris Precinct*, *Colonel March of Scotland Yard* and *Sherlock Holmes*.

For Rank, Wright supported Frankie Howerd in *Jumping for Joy* (1956). This led to a long-term contract with Rank started with two Roy Ward Baker films *Jacqueline* (1956) and *Tiger in the Smoke* (1956). One writer said "he looks like being the most virile discovery for British films since Anthony Steel. And our films need his type very badly - every inch a man without being an Adonis, well built, intelligent, much travelled and with a great deal of the Kenneth More type of humour about him." Another write called him "the latest tough man 'hope' of British films."

Roy Ward Baker, who directed both films, says John Davis forced him to use Wright in *Tiger in the Smoke*. Baker calls Wright a "charming young man" who was "just miscast. It didn't do him any good, it probably set him back for years. "

Back in France Wright was Callaghan again in *Et par ici la sortie* (1957). Rank used him for *Seven Thunders* (1957). When he married Janet Munro, Rank's head of production Earl St John gave her away.

Wright starred in *The Spaniard's Curse* (1958),*In the Wake of a Stranger* and *The House in Marsh Road*.

In May 1958 it was reported he was terminating his seven-year contract with Rank because he "wasn't getting enough work". His wife Janet Munro later wrote about Wright:

> He was insecure because of his acting. He wasn’t a very good actor, but he did have a magnificent physique and exciting looks. Like all Mr. Beefcakes, his time in the movies was coming to its end. He had passed his heyday. Looks fade so quickly and I could tell he wasn't as handsome now as he was in his earlier movie. Nor was his body as supple... There was little talent to back up Tony’s looks, and I felt deep compassion for him.

He had a support part in *Broth of a Boy* (1959), *The Rough and the Smooth*, *And the Same to You*, *Attempt to Kill* and *Faces in the Dark*. He was in *The Amazing Mr Callaghan* in France in 1960.

In 1959 he appeared on stage in *The Woman on the Star*.

In 1965 he appeared in *The Saint* (S4,E3:episode entitled "The Crooked Ring") as champion boxer Steve Nelson, due to fight a cheating character 'The Angel'. Unfortunately Steve breaks his arm and Simon Templar steps into the ring in his place. It is a knock out win to The Saint. In S6, E14, "Where The Money Is", he played Largo, a heavy.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Tony Wright | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Paul Anthony Wright
10 December 1925
London, England, UK |
| Died | 6 June 1986 (aged 60)
Wandsworth, London, England, UK |
| Years active | 1953–1981 |
| Spouses | *   Janet Munro  (m. 1956; div. 1959) * Shirley Clark |


title: Tosa Obake Zōshi

abstract: (土佐お化け草紙, lit. 'Tosa ghost book') The Tosa Obake Zōshi is a Japanese yōkai emaki. It was written by an unknown author and is set in Tosa Province, with 16 sections about yōkai in total; it was created during the Edo period. There are two editions, the private collection, originally owned by the Horimi family, and the collection of the Sakawa Education Committee of Sakawa, Kōchi Prefecture.

text:
# Tosa Obake Zōshi

The ***Tosa Obake Zōshi*** (土佐お化け草紙, lit.'Tosa ghost book') is a Japanese *yōkai emaki* (illustrated scroll). It was written by an unknown author and is set in Tosa Province (now Kōchi Prefecture), with 16 sections about yōkai in total; it was created during the Edo period. There are two editions, the private collection, originally owned by the Horimi family, and the collection of the Sakawa Education Committee of Sakawa, Kōchi Prefecture.

## Summary

At the opening of all sixteen yōkai tales, yōkai from each area of Japan gather at Tosa, and in the end, at dawn, the yōkai disperse, bringing each tale to its conclusion.

It is notable for collecting folktales from Tosa during the Edo period, including the Kechibi and the Yamajijii among others. The yōkai are presented with a rich local colouring, but it is a work that has attracted national interest as recounting iconic yōkai tales of the Edo period. The depictions present the yōkai as mischievously naive and playful, allowing the reader to feel close to the yōkai rather than as dreadful creatures.

Selected yōkai from *Tosa Obake Zōshi*
| Name | Description | Tale |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Old Crow (古烏, *Kogarasu*) | A crow that reaches 1,000 years old transforms into a human. | The transformed crow digs up the graves of the wicked and eats them. |
| Mountain Crocodile (山鰐, *Yamawani*) | A crocodile with a large mouth that can swallow anything in one bite. | The crocodile uses the catchphrase "lick lick lick" (なめなめなめ, *name name name*). |
| Kotoro Kotoro (子とろ子とろ) | A half-dressed woman with the severed head of a child in her mouth. | It is the embodiment of jealousy; she sneaks into the houses of those she envies to eat their children. |
| Horse Bone (馬骨, *Bakotsu*) | A skeletal, flaming horse. | It is said to be the spirit of a horse that perished in a fire. |
| Innkeeper (宿守, *Yado Mori*) | A toad, conversing with the skeletal horse. | If you kill a toad, the spirit will haunt your house as an innkeeper. |
| Boneless Woman (骨なし女, *Hone nashi on'na*) | Also known as the jellyfish woman; lost its bones through time. | They come to the houses of the deceased to play in the gardens. |
| Mamo (もふ, *Mamō*) | A bearded, fanged monster with messy hair. | The *Nekomata Ichiname Mamofutoun* (猫股 一名まもふと云) is an old ginger cat that changed its shape; it eats those with smallpox and the sleepy. |

## Editions

### Horimi (private collection)

It is estimated the private collection was composed during the period spanning from the middle to late Edo period. According to the postscript written when the end leaves were repaired after the war, the head karō of Tosa, the comber of the Fukao family, received this work from Masanari Eisuke, the 3rd from the Yoshimoto family, who worked for them for years since in Kan'en 2 (1749), and the sixth daughter of the Takehira family brought it into the family she married into, and from Heisei onwards, it has been passed down in that family. According to the postscript, it was used by a young lord for staying over the night, and the author is seen not as a famous artist of yōkai and yūrei and so on, but rather a nameless artist who lived in the countryside.

The Horimi family copy is held at the Kōchi Prefectural Museum of History.

### Sawaka Education Committee

The works of the Sawaka Education Committee collection were made in Ansei 6 (1859), according to the statements in the end of the book. This is during approximately the same time period as the private collection and the yōkai tales stated earlier, and thus it is believed this *emaki* either was drawn in succession at that place, or was drawn as a copy of the private collection. However, because the sequence of tales and the characteristics of the yōkai are different than the private collection, it is not simply a reproduction; the chronology of the owners of the Sawaka Education Committee collection is also unclear, so how the book was drawn and passed down still awaits further research.

### Bibliography


title: Tosapusia kalimnanensis

abstract: Tosapusia kalimnanensis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

text:
# Tosapusia kalimnanensis

***Tosapusia kalimnanensis*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## InfoBox

| *Tosapusia kalimnanensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Turbinelloidea |
| Family: | Costellariidae |
| Genus: | *Tosapusia* |
| Species: | ***T. kalimnanensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tosapusia kalimnanensis***<br>(Cernohorsky, 1970) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *† Vexillum kalimnanense* Cernohorsky, 1970 | |


title: Toodyay Valley School

abstract: The Toodyay Valley School was the first government school in Toodyay. It opened on 1 October 1855 with 55 children enrolled. Boarders were received on moderate terms. Other attempts had been made to establish a school in the town of Toodyay. Lot R19 was set aside for school purposes. A Sunday school was established, where Mrs Harper, Mrs Lukin, Mrs Clarkson and her daughter gave instruction. However, none were successful. When the opportunity arose to set up a government school in Toodyay, a meeting was organised to take place at the Royal Oak on 10 June 1853. The meeting was informed that the Government was offering a sum of 250 pounds to any district wishing to build a school house. All plans needed to be submitted for approval. To qualify for the grant, a special committee had to be formed and approved by the General Board of Education. No fewer than three members should serve on the committee, their principal duties being to ensure that the school was run according to the rules drawn up by the General Board of Education. The community was also expected to raise 300 pounds towards funding the school. The Toodyay School Committee subsequently formed, consisted of the resident magistrate Joseph Strelley Harris, Anglican minister Charles Harper, Samuel Phillips and James Drummond Junior. Because the local community was expected to contribute a reasonable amount to its cost, a further committee was formed to organize the necessary fund raising. The Toodyay committee was an active one and very quickly raised the 300 pounds needed for the community's share of expenses. Plans were drawn up and the site chosen. The committee gained approval to build the outer walls of pug. The school building was planned to contain four good-sized rooms at the front, all shaded by a verandah. To the rear were four smaller rooms in the form of a lean-to. Flooring would be weatherboard. The site chosen was lot R45, owned by Alexander Warren, who had generously donated the use of the land to the school. The Board of Education later introduced a rule stipulating that the land on which a school stood could not be sold for other purposes unless and until it had been specifically released. In November 1854, Mrs Drummond laid the foundation stone for the new school. The ceremony took place at one o'clock and nearly 300 people celebrated with a very large afternoon tea. Many sat on the grassy slopes of the Toodyay Gaol as they viewed proceedings. Further fundraising efforts would follow, including a monster tea party and a two day fete to be held on 25 January 1855. Five hundred people were expected to attend. The school was opened on 1 October 1855, once a teacher had been found. Apart from establishing a building, the chief obstacle in running a school had been the inability to procure a fit and proper teacher. Ticket-of-leave men of good repute often filled the role as schoolmasters. The School Committee thought itself fortunate indeed in obtaining the services of Alfred Grey, a schoolmaster who seemed well qualified. He claimed to have the ability to offer his pupils a good English and classical education which included Greek, Latin, geography, arithmetic, geometry, sciences, writing and drawing. However, Grey proved to be an imposter. In 1856 he was dismissed and the school was closed for a short period of time. In February 1857, Joseph Wylde took up the position of schoolmaster at a salary of forty pounds per annum. The stipend paid by the Government varied according to the number of pupils attending each month. His pupils numbered five boys and seven girls. A weekly fee was also paid by the parents of pupils. However, children of the poor or destitute were admitted free of charge. Books were supplied by the local government and sold to the pupils at cost price. Examinations were held regularly. School began at nine o'clock, with a lunch break from twelve until one o'clock. The day finished at three-thirty. Two vacations per year were granted, one about 21 June and the other at Christmas. Good Friday, Christmas Day, the Queen's birthday and the anniversary of the foundation of the colony on 1 June were observed as holidays. In July 1857, the Avon River flooded to a level not seen before. Although the school stood well above the badly swollen river, it sustained a good deal of damage caused by the torrents of water gushing down from a series of steep ridges behind, a phenomenon which can still occur to this day. A gully beside the school was severely eroded, causing the school's foundations to be seriously undermined. The north and west walls had cracked and were in a dangerous condition. Although it was suggested that the pupils be moved to one of the unused Toodyay Convict Hiring Depot buildings, the damaged school continued to be used. Two years later, a similar flood occurred and the school continued to remain open. A teacher's salary was often quite meagre and, for the last three and a half years, Wylde had supplemented his income by keeping the accounts for the Queen's Head. When James Everett was denied the renewal of his publican's license in 1861, Wylde's services were no longer required. Soon after, a disagreement arose between them concerning Wylde's book-keeping entries. It led to ill feeling and several court hearings. However, no misdemeanour was proven. The school was forced to close temporarily when Wylde resigned his position as teacher to become the district constable at Newcastle. Early in 1862, Aquila Bull took up the position of schoolmaster at the Toodyay Valley School with twelve pupils in attendance. Half way through 1864, the lessening numbers of children attending the school caused Bull's salary to be reduced to twenty-five pounds. He resigned to take up the position of manager of Drummond’s flour mill. The loss of its teacher forced the school to close and subsequently be transferred to Newcastle. However, the school at Newcastle also failed to attract enough pupils and in December 1864 it, too, was forced to close. Lot R45 was released for sale after it was agreed that the land was not suitable for a school building due to the risk of flooding. The Toodyay Valley School reopened in July 1885 after a social revival in the old town of Toodyay brought more children to the area. Elizabeth McKnight began by teaching nine boys and eighteen girls in the Sancta Maria Church building. She and her sister taught students there for twelve years. The school closed on 23 October 1898.

text:
# Toodyay Valley School

31°31′26″S 116°25′45″E / 31.5240°S 116.4293°E / -31.5240; 116.4293 The **Toodyay Valley School** was the first government school in Toodyay. It opened on 1 October 1855 with 55 children enrolled. Boarders were received on moderate terms.

Other attempts had been made to establish a school in the town of Toodyay. Lot R19 was set aside for school purposes. A Sunday school was established, where Mrs Harper, Mrs Lukin, Mrs Clarkson and her daughter gave instruction. However, none were successful.

When the opportunity arose to set up a government school in Toodyay, a meeting was organised to take place at the Royal Oak on 10 June 1853. The meeting was informed that the Government was offering a sum of 250 pounds to any district wishing to build a school house. All plans needed to be submitted for approval. To qualify for the grant, a special committee had to be formed and approved by the General Board of Education. No fewer than three members should serve on the committee, their principal duties being to ensure that the school was run according to the rules drawn up by the General Board of Education. The community was also expected to raise 300 pounds towards funding the school. The Toodyay School Committee subsequently formed, consisted of the resident magistrate Joseph Strelley Harris, Anglican minister Charles Harper, Samuel Phillips and James Drummond Junior.

Because the local community was expected to contribute a reasonable amount to its cost, a further committee was formed to organize the necessary fund raising. The Toodyay committee was an active one and very quickly raised the 300 pounds needed for the community's share of expenses.

Plans were drawn up and the site chosen. The committee gained approval to build the outer walls of pug. The school building was planned to contain four good-sized rooms at the front, all shaded by a verandah. To the rear were four smaller rooms in the form of a lean-to. Flooring would be weatherboard.

The site chosen was lot R45, owned by Alexander Warren, who had generously donated the use of the land to the school. The Board of Education later introduced a rule stipulating that the land on which a school stood could not be sold for other purposes unless and until it had been specifically released.

In November 1854, Mrs Drummond laid the foundation stone for the new school. The ceremony took place at one o'clock and nearly 300 people celebrated with a very large afternoon tea. Many sat on the grassy slopes of the Toodyay Gaol as they viewed proceedings. Further fundraising efforts would follow, including a monster tea party and a two day fete to be held on 25 January 1855. Five hundred people were expected to attend.

The school was opened on 1 October 1855, once a teacher had been found. Apart from establishing a building, the chief obstacle in running a school had been the inability to procure a fit and proper teacher. Ticket-of-leave men of good repute often filled the role as schoolmasters. The School Committee thought itself fortunate indeed in obtaining the services of Alfred Grey, a schoolmaster who seemed well qualified. He claimed to have the ability to offer his pupils a good English and classical education which included Greek, Latin, geography, arithmetic, geometry, sciences, writing and drawing.

However, Grey proved to be an imposter. In 1856 he was dismissed and the school was closed for a short period of time.

In February 1857, Joseph Wylde took up the position of schoolmaster at a salary of forty pounds per annum. The stipend paid by the Government varied according to the number of pupils attending each month. His pupils numbered five boys and seven girls. A weekly fee was also paid by the parents of pupils. However, children of the poor or destitute were admitted free of charge. Books were supplied by the local government and sold to the pupils at cost price. Examinations were held regularly.

School began at nine o'clock, with a lunch break from twelve until one o'clock. The day finished at three-thirty. Two vacations per year were granted, one about 21 June and the other at Christmas. Good Friday, Christmas Day, the Queen's birthday and the anniversary of the foundation of the colony on 1 June were observed as holidays.

In July 1857, the Avon River flooded to a level not seen before. Although the school stood well above the badly swollen river, it sustained a good deal of damage caused by the torrents of water gushing down from a series of steep ridges behind, a phenomenon which can still occur to this day.

A gully beside the school was severely eroded, causing the school's foundations to be seriously undermined. The north and west walls had cracked and were in a dangerous condition. Although it was suggested that the pupils be moved to one of the unused Toodyay Convict Hiring Depot buildings, the damaged school continued to be used. Two years later, a similar flood occurred and the school continued to remain open.

A teacher's salary was often quite meagre and, for the last three and a half years, Wylde had supplemented his income by keeping the accounts for the Queen's Head. When James Everett was denied the renewal of his publican's license in 1861, Wylde's services were no longer required. Soon after, a disagreement arose between them concerning Wylde's book-keeping entries. It led to ill feeling and several court hearings. However, no misdemeanour was proven. The school was forced to close temporarily when Wylde resigned his position as teacher to become the district constable at Newcastle. Early in 1862, Aquila Bull took up the position of schoolmaster at the Toodyay Valley School with twelve pupils in attendance.

Half way through 1864, the lessening numbers of children attending the school caused Bull's salary to be reduced to twenty-five pounds. He resigned to take up the position of manager of Drummond’s flour mill. The loss of its teacher forced the school to close and subsequently be transferred to Newcastle. However, the school at Newcastle also failed to attract enough pupils and in December 1864 it, too, was forced to close. Lot R45 was released for sale after it was agreed that the land was not suitable for a school building due to the risk of flooding.

The Toodyay Valley School reopened in July 1885 after a social revival in the old town of Toodyay brought more children to the area. Elizabeth McKnight began by teaching nine boys and eighteen girls in the Sancta Maria Church building. She and her sister taught students there for twelve years. The school closed on 23 October 1898.

*This article incorporates text by Alison Cromb available under the CC BY SA 2.5 AU licence.*

1. Alison Cromb (2016). *The Road to Toodyay: A History of the Early Settlement of Toodyay and the Avon Valley of Western Australia*. Dianella, Western Australia: Alison Cromb. ISBN 9780646951744.
2. "(untitled)". *The Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and New*. 27 May 1853. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
3. "For Sale. By order of the Mortgagee under Power of Sale". *The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times*. 12 November 1869. p. 2. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
4. "Toodyay Agricultural Meeting". *The Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News*. 3 November 1854. p. 3. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
5. "School House, Toodyay". *The Inquirer and Commercial News*. 3 October 1855. p. 1. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
6. State Records Office of WA, Acc36, CSR Vol. 299, Fol.29-39.
7. John Rikkers. *Western Australian schools 1830-1980*. Planning Branch, Education Dept. of Western Australia. Part 1.
8. Letter to Toodyay Historical Society from Asset Services, Education Department of Western Australia, 2001-08-20, Courtesy Toodyay Historical Society.


title: Toodyay Public Library

abstract: Toodyay Public Library is located on Stirling Terrace in Toodyay, Western Australia.

text:
# Toodyay Public Library

**Toodyay Public Library** is located on Stirling Terrace in Toodyay, Western Australia.

## Early stages

One of the forerunners to the library was the Newcastle Mechanics' Institute, which formed in 1866. Charles Harper was elected president. By 1869, however, the Institute had begun to decline from lack of public support.

The Toodyay Young Men's Reading Club was founded on 30 August 1871 and operated from the government schoolroom into the early 1870s. This club presented lectures; its first lecture was given by Rev. J. M. Innes on Charles Dickens, and another was given Rev. Charles Harper  father of Charles Harper, pastoralist, newspaper proprietor and politician in colonial Western Australia  on "Phenomena connected with Sound".

On 3 September 1873 a "tea-meeting" (replete with singing and comestibles) was held to discuss the merging of the Mechanics' Institute and the Toodyay Young Men's Reading Club, with a view to the construction of a new building for the resultant organisation.

## Library building

### Mechanics' Institute 1874-1921

Mr. Leeder of Leeder's Hotel agreed to construct the building on generous terms. The debt to finance the construction was repaid in 20 years. Thomas Davey's tender of £235 10s was accepted by the building committee on 7 February 1874, with work to be completed within four months. The finished building became the home of the revived Newcastle Mechanics' Institute and was one of the first civic buildings constructed in the new townsite of Toodyay.

On 19 November 1877 the first Newcastle Municipal Council was elected and meetings were held in the Newcastle Mechanics Institute hall. By 1886 the Council was paying an annual rent of £1 for the use of the hall.

The stage, and the fireplace on the western side of the building, were added in 1886. In that year a new piano, costing about £90, was purchased from Messrs. Brinsmead & Company of Perth and £12 worth of books were added to the library. An annual subscription fee of 12 shillings for membership of the Mechanics Institute partially funded the purchase of newspapers and books, heating, stationery and the wages of the secretary and librarian. Concerts and other fundraising events, the hiring of the hall and a government grant supplemented the Institute's income. In 1886 there were 33 members. Mrs Martin took over as caretaker and librarian from Mrs C. Betts, who had resigned the previous year.

Throughout the late 1880s and early 1890s the hall was used for a variety of public gatherings. On 25 October 1890 a free ball celebrating Proclamation Day was hosted at the Mechanics' Institute; 150 people attended. On 12 December 1892 a magic lantern entertainment and lecture on the life and work of John Wesley, by the Rev. H.C. George of York, took place at the hall. On 2 January 1893 a resolution was made by the Newcastle Municipal Council that in future their meetings be held at one of the three hotels, instead of at the Mechanics' Hall, as the Council were sometimes inconvenienced by the letting of the hall for entertainments.

In 1894 the hall was renovated inside and out as it had become "most dilapidated". During the years 1895 and 1896 there was a push by the local community for state government assistance in enlarging the mainly privately funded Mechanics' Institute building, with a view to providing an appropriate site for Municipal Council Chambers. In 1897, however, the state government announced it was funding the erection of a separate building for this purpose.

In 1897 the Newcastle Municipal Council had resumed meeting at the Mechanics' Institute. In May of that year the Mechanics' Institute Committee made additions to the building. These are assumed to be the two side wings, and possibly also the current curved facade. In July another new hall was opened in the main street, constructed by the local lodge of the Order of Oddfellows.

In December 1897 the Newcastle Municipal Council received notification from the secretary of the Mechanics' Institute that rental of their hall had increased from £1 per annum to £5. After investigation the Council found the Oddfellows hall could be hired for £3 10s per annum and 5s extra for elections. The Oddfellows offer was accepted. The following month, however, the Mechanics Institute reduced its fee to match that of the Oddfellows and the Council continued to meet there until their inaugural meeting in the new building on 4 December 1899.

In 1898 the Newcastle Mechanics' Institute was allocated a State Government grant of £100, of which £67 10s was spent by the end of 1903. On 30 May 1899 women's suffrage was debated at the Newcastle debating society meeting in the Mechanics’ Institute. It was reported that women were present.

On 28 January 1905 the inaugural meeting of the Toodyay Club was held in the Newcastle Mechanics’ Institute. Dr Arthur William Crawford chaired the meeting and is considered the founder of the club. The first president was Bernard Maurice Connor; secretary and treasurer was Charles Maxwell Lukin. The subscription was set at 2 guineas per annum, and 112 people became members. Their purpose-built clubrooms, constructed in 1908 in the main street, is now known as Stirling House.

By 1906 a loss of subscribers to the Institute combined with reduced government support saw the building fall into disrepair again. No new books had been purchased for some time and a paid secretary had been dispensed with. In 1907 the Newcastle Mechanics’ Institute was revived when a government concession enabled the purchase of new books for the library and Jane Hasell, aged 32 years, was appointed caretaker and librarian. The Institute received four cases of books that year, including novels and reference works, from the travelling libraries branch of the Public Library of Western Australia. Membership rose to over 100.

In 1909 most of the income to the Mechanics' Institute was from subscriptions, rent of the hall, rent of chairs, sale of papers and kerosene tins, government subsidy and rental of a room to the Australian Light Horse. Expenditures mainly comprised the caretaker's salary, repair of the piano, consumables such as wood, kerosene, water and sanitary services, the purchase of periodicals and newspapers, and the repair of the door. On 24 February 1910 Sir John Forrest (then Federal Treasurer) visited Newcastle as part of his election campaign and addressed a meeting at the Institute. On 12 September 1910 journalist and social reformer Jessie Ackermann, representing the Australian Women's National League in Western Australia, visited the Institute and addressed a large audience of women reminding them of their political responsibilities and encouraging them to vote at elections.

However, by 1916 expenses for running the Institute were exceeding revenue being raised. The withdrawal of government support again in 1913 saw the reduction of up-to-date literature and therefore public patronage. In 1919 members of the community, led by John Masterson, once again attempted to rally support for the Institute through membership drives and fundraising events to pay off debts and provide better amenities. After Masterson's death in 1920 community interest in the Mechanic's Institute and library waned. At a public meeting on 21 November 1921 it was proposed that the Institute be closed and its assets sold, with funds – after the discharge of outstanding liabilities – going towards the local hospital.

### Community Hall 1921-1927

The Institute's furniture and books were duly sold, but there was uncertainty about who actually owned the building, as the original Trustees were all dead.

In the meantime the building continued to be used for a variety of purposes such as fundraising bazaars for St John the Baptist Church in 1922, 1923, 1925 and 1926. In August 1924 the Toodyay Football Association hosted a "smoke social" in the hall, where they entertained a visiting football team from the firm of Harris Scarfe-Sandovers. In 1925 the Toodyay Girls Gymnasium Club met at the hall, and a room was set aside for storage of the training equipment for the machine gun sub-section of the Vickers machine gun troop of the Toodyay 10th Light Horse Regiment.

In July 1926 ownership of the building and land reverted to the Crown and subsequently to the Toodyay Road Board. In November 1926 the Water Supply Department requested from the Board payment of arrears due on the Mechanics' Institute account amounting to £3/12/-.

### Toodyay Road Board 1927-1958

### Toodyay Public Library 1959-onwards

In 1959 the building was renamed to the Toodyay Public Library.

The building is currently registered on the Australian Heritage Database.

1. "Proposed Mechanics' Institute at Newcastle". *Perth Gazette and W.A. Times*. 22 June 1866. p. 3. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
2. "Newcastle Mechanics' Institute". *Perth Gazette and W.A. Times*. 20 July 1866. p. 3. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
3. *Perth Gazette*. 24 December 1869. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
4. "Newcastle. Toodyay Young Men's Reading Club". *The Inquirer & Commercial News*. Perth: National Library of Australia. 6 September 1871. p. 3. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
5. "Newcastle. Toodyay Young Men's Reading Club". *The Inquirer & Commercial News*. Perth: National Library of Australia. 4 October 1871. p. 3. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
6. "Newcastle Mechanics' Institute". *The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times*. Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 26 September 1873. p. 1 Supplement: Supplement to the Perth Gazette & W. A. Times. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
7. "NEWCASTLE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE". *The West Australian*. Perth: National Library of Australia. 12 October 1886. p. 3. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
8. "TOODYAY, February 7". *The Inquirer & Commercial News*. Perth: National Library of Australia. 11 February 1874. p. 1 Supplement: Supplement to the Inquirer and Commercial News. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
9. Hocking Planning and Architecture; Taylor, Robyn, 1947-; Toodyay (W.A. : Shire). Council (2005), *Toodyay Library (former Newcastle Mechanics' Institute) conservation plan : final report*, Hocking Planning and Architecture for Shire of Toodyay for Shire of Toodyay, retrieved 13 October 2013`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
10. Erickson, Rica (1974). *Old Toodyay and Newcastle* (1st ed.). Western Australia: Toodyay Shire Council. p. 261.
11. *West Australian*. 12 June 1896. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
12. *West Australian*. 27 October 1890. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
13. *The Inquirer & Commercial News*. 14 December 1892. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
14. *West Australian*. 4 January 1893. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
15. *Central Districts Advertiser*. 13 January 1894. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
16. *West Australian*. 19 June 1895. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
17. *West Australian*. 1 March 1897. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
18. *Northam Advertiser*. 22 May 1897. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
19. *Northam Advertiser*. 7 July 1897. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
20. State Records Office (1897). "Newcastle Municipal Council minutes". Con 761. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
21. Frayne, Beth (March–April 2011), "The Toodyay Memorial Hall (1910): a short history", *Duidgeeana*, no. 20, Toodyay Historical Society, pp. 6–8
22. *West Australian*. 19 August 1898. p. 7. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
23. *Kalgoorlie Miner*. 4 February 1904. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
24. *Northam Advertiser*. 3 June 1899. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
25. *Newcastle Herald*. 4 February 1905. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
26. Erickson, Rica (1974). *Old Toodyay and Newcastle* (1st ed.). Shire of Toodyay. p. 352.
27. TMI grant (10 September 1906). *Letter to F.J. Quinlan, M.L.A. from NMI Sec. M. More Hallinan*. State Records Office. p. Con 957, Item 1918/1277.
28. *Newcastle Herald*. 2 February 1907. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
29. *West Australian*. 24 August 1907. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
30. TMI grant. *TMI grant*. State Records Office. p. Con 957, Item 1918/1277.
31. *West Australian*. 25 February 1910. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
32. *Newcastle Herald*. 17 September 1910. p. 2. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
33. *Toodyay Herald*. 8 January 1916. p. 2. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
34. *Toodyay Herald*. 13 December 1913. p. 2. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
35. *Toodyay Herald*. 14 June 1919. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
36. *Toodyay Herald*. 29 May 1920. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
37. *Toodyay Herald*. 26 November 1921. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
38. *Toodyay Herald*. 8 May 1926. p. 5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
39. TMI. *TMI*. State Records Office. p. Con 689, Item 1923/0660.
40. *Toodyay Herald*. 21 October 1922. p. 3,4. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
41. *Toodyay Herald*. 3 November 1923. p. 2. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
42. *Toodyay Herald*. 10 October 1925. p. 2. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
43. *Toodyay Herald*. 30 October 1926. p. 2. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
44. *Toodyay Herald*. 23 August 1924. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
45. *Toodyay Herald*. 2 May 1925. p. 2. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
46. *Toodyay Herald*. 13 June 1925. p. 1,5. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
47. TMI. *Letter to the Under Secretary of Works from Vernon Hamersley MLC*. State Records Office. p. Con 689, Item 1923/0660.
48. *Toodyay Herald*. 13 November 1926. p. 7. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
49. Living History, Toodyay Visitors Centre
50. "Western Australian Heritage Register". *Assessment Document*. Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
51. "NEWCASTLE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE ANNIVERSARY". *The Inquirer & Commercial News*. Perth: National Library of Australia. 10 October 1877. p. 2 Supplement: Supplement to The Inquirer. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
52. "Mechanics Institute (former) (Place ID 9994)". *Australian Heritage Database*. Australian Government. Retrieved 23 March 2014.

## InfoBox

| Toodyay Public Library | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former names | Mechanics' Institute, Newcastle Roads Board, Toodyay Roads Board |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Victorian Free Classical / Eclectic |
| Address | 96 Stirling Terrace |
| Town or city | Toodyay |
| Coordinates | 31°33′01″S 116°28′11″E / 31.5503°S 116.4696°E / -31.5503; 116.4696 |
| Completed | 1874 |
| Design and construction | |
| Main contractor | Thomas Davey assisted by George Hasell |
|  | |
| Western Australia Heritage Register | |
| Type | State Registered Place |
| Designated | 21 January 1997 |
| Reference no. | 2566 |
|  | |
|  | |
| References | |
| Toodyay municipal inventory | |


title: Tourism in Alderney

abstract: Tourism in Alderney is promoted by Alderney Tourism.

text:
# Tourism in Alderney

**Tourism in Alderney** is promoted by Alderney Tourism.

## Attractions

The island is home to the only working railway in the Channel Islands. The railway, which was opened by Queen Victoria in 1847, runs a diesel engine pulling decommissioned London Underground carriages and draws a number of railway enthusiasts from all over the world. The island is also home to the Alderney Lighthouse, constructed in 1912. Birdwatching is a popular activity among visitors to Alderney, and the island's bird hides, positioned near the Longis and Mannez ponds, attract 2,500 visitors a year. Alderney is also home to a number of beaches.

The island also has a nine-hole golf course with alternate tees. The course is said to be one of the most difficult in the Channel Islands because of the wind and a number of scenic bays.

## Statistics

8,099 people arrived in Alderney by commercial aircraft in September 2007. This is an increase of 16 per cent from September 2006, when the figure was 6,978. 190 private aircraft landed in Alderney in September 2007, as did 1,550 by private yacht. 604 passengers arrived in Alderney on the Manche Iles Express boat in September 2007 - although this is a decrease in passengers of 73 per cent, this was mostly due to a temporary cut in the number of sailings to the island. The Government of Alderney believed that the increase in visits to Alderney in September 2007 was due to the increased publicity given to the island on mainland United Kingdom television - shows such as The Nature of Britain and Coast had a heavy focus on the island's natural and social history.


title: Torkom

abstract:
Torkom is an Armenian given name. Togarmah is ancestor of the peoples of the South Caucasus and father of Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation Torkom may refer to:
  - Torkom Koushagian of Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1929 to 1939.
  - Torkom Manoogian (1919-2012), Armenian primate in the United States, and later Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1990 to 2012
  - Torkom Saraydarian (1917–1997) Spiritual writer, teacher and lecturer versed in the Teachings of the Ancient Wisdom

text:
# Torkom

**Torkom** is an Armenian given name.

Togarmah is ancestor of the peoples of the South Caucasus and father of Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation

**Torkom** may refer to:

* Torkom Koushagian of Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1929 to 1939.
* Torkom Manoogian (1919-2012), Armenian primate in the United States, and later Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1990 to 2012
* Torkom Saraydarian (1917–1997) Spiritual writer, teacher and lecturer versed in the Teachings of the Ancient Wisdom


title: Tourism Concern

abstract: Tourism Concern was a British NGO, advocating ethical tourism through campaigning and educating the tourism industry and travelling public. It closed in September 2018. Its members and staff worked to highlight global tourism's negative impacts and potential solutions, believing that host communities should truly benefit, not suffer, from tourism development. Its web and print archives held by Warwick University document the scope of its work over thirty years. Stated aims were 'to increase understanding of the impact of tourism on environments and host communities among governments, industry, civil society and tourists; and to promote tourism development that is sustainable, just and participatory, and which is founded on a respect for human rights.'

text:
# Tourism Concern

**Tourism Concern** was a British NGO, advocating ethical tourism through campaigning and educating the tourism industry and travelling public. It closed in September 2018. Its members and staff worked to highlight global tourism's negative impacts and potential solutions, believing that host communities should truly benefit, not suffer, from tourism development. Its web and print archives held by Warwick University (see external links) document the scope of its work over thirty years. Stated aims were 'to increase understanding of the impact of tourism on environments and host communities among governments, industry, civil society and tourists; and to promote tourism development that is sustainable, just and participatory, and which is founded on a respect for human rights.'

## History

Tourism Concern was founded in 1988 as an informal network, linking people around Britain with similar organisations elsewhere in the world. Its instigator and initial co-ordinator, Alison Stancliffe, was motivated by her experiences when teaching and travelling in South East Asia, where she became concerned that tourists were contributing to economic exploitation in poor regions of the world. Early network members included subscribers to a report commissioned by TEN - the Third World Tourism European Ecumenical Network - in 1988, 'The UK and Third World Tourism', also contacts suggested by counterpart organisations in TEN and further afield, e.g.Equitable Tourism Options(Equations)in India.

In 1989 the network's 100 members formed themselves into a membership organisation. The new council of management was drawn largely from the academic and global development sectors, where much of the emerging research and concern about tourism's impact was concentrated. In 1991 Tourism Concern opened its first office in Roehampton College London and employed a worker, Tricia Barnett. Barnett remained Director until 2011, overseeing the completion of charitable status in 1994, and co-ordinating the organisation's work programmes and membership growth.

After climbing to 1,000 in the early 1990s membership remained stubbornly stable, so early hopes of becoming a popular movement did not materialise. However, in contrast, the charity's influence and reputation grew steadily within the tourism and global development sectors, alongside its output of influential reports, such as 'Putting Tourism to Rights', a report on human rights abuses in the tourism industry launched at the House of Lords in London.

For example, in 2009 Jonathon Porritt, Co-founder of the Forum for the Future, wrote of the organisation, "As ever, Tourism Concern is at the forefront of efforts to ensure that the benefits of tourism are shared much more equitably". Messages sent to mark Tourism Concern's 21st birthday in 2010 included this one from Justin Francis of responsibletravel.com: "Congratulations on 21 years of holding the tourism industry to account for its impacts on local communities and destinations! Long may you continue to tell uncomfortable truths."

Publications which have featured Tourism Concern's work include Mowforth and Munt's book 'Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World', Leo Hickman's 'The Final Call'.'Peace through Tourism' edited by Blanchard and Higgins-Desbiolles contains a chapter on the charity's record putting human rights on the tourism agenda.

Completed under its second Director, Mark Watson (2012 -2018), ‘Water Equity in Tourism’ a high profile campaign funded by DFID among other sources, put tourism’s relationship to water scarcity under the spotlight and included the charity’s last of many resources for formal education, ‘Water for All’.

From this point on, Tourism Concern's awareness raising and campaigning was undertaken largely online, reaching out to a global audience through its website, with over 20,000 visits in March 2013, and its e-newsletter, which had just under 10,000 subscribers worldwide in the same month. A report on labour conditions in all-inclusive hotels was launched in March 2014 at the House of Commons, following research carried out in Barbados, Kenya and Tenerife. While making typically hard hitting recommendations, the charity was also able to document changes for the better in one of the destinations, Barbados, since its previous research there almost ten years before.

In 2014, facing an increasingly difficult financial climate and the loss of its free premises, Watson moved the organisation’s operations completely online, disposing of the unique library and reducing staff. These actions kept the charity afloat while it was repositioned as primarily an online promoter of responsible tourism for ethical travellers. His small team developed an online Ethical Travel Guide and worked on increasing subscribing membership of three special interest groups: ethical tour operators, voluntourism companies and an academic network.

Meanwhile funding for the high quality research and campaigning work which had characterised the charity previously became increasingly hard to secure. Despite these difficulties Watson and colleagues produced a regular blog and campaign petitions; and several more reports and digital briefing papers were published before he resigned his post in March 2018. These dealt with international volunteering (July 2014), consumer perceptions of all-inclusives (January 2015), cruise tourism (March 2016), tourism and indigenous people and animals in tourism (both 2017). Members also funded a short film released on YouTube in January 2018, *Casas sin Familias*, linking the mushrooming holiday rental sector with the housing crisis in Barcelona.

After Watson’s departure, research on the damaging impact of uncontrolled accommodation booking platforms on city communities continued, but so did the trajectory of dwindling membership and core funding. Even so, the trustees' abrupt closure announcement in September 2018, citing intractable financial problems, took Tourism Concern’s membership, tourism professionals and human rights activists by surprise. An assessment by its founder of the wider industry and social trends that contributed to around closure was published in 2019.It was placed in an online resource archive on sustainable tourism website Travindy.com along with key reports and documents deemed to be of enduring relevance to researchers and activists engaged in addressing tourism's impacts on people and places. Travindy has since ceased hosting it but the archive can now be found online at www.oercommons.org

## Impacts on the tourism industry

Tourism Concern worked to change practice in the tourism industry and in consumer behaviour, initially through its influential quarterly, 'In Focus', and now using its website, with its campaigns evidenced by a stream of professionally researched reports. Over its lifetime it also produced extensive education resources for the formal education sector, always focusing on the experience of those affected by tourism development. All this output starts with concerns raised by host communities or by organisations working with them.

The following example illustrates Tourism Concern's approach to addressing impact issues. Following international terrorism crises in Kenya and Bali in 2002, Barnett and colleagues were alerted by partners on the ground that UK Foreign Office travel warnings advising travelers to avoid both countries were having a disastrous effect on the many Kenyan and Balinese communities dependent on tourism. Producing well documented research to back up its case, Tourism Concern succeeded in inducing the government of the UK to drop the warnings. Tourism Concern director Patricia Barnett said "We can no longer just stand aside and watch destinations suffer whilst they have no voice on whether British tourists can visit them or not." Early campaigns include work in Goa, where Tourism Concern fought to stop much needed water from being diverted from village wells to hotels. The campaign encountered much resistance from the tourism industry, while at the same time, Tourism Concern realised that there was little or no awareness of such issues among holidaymakers at this time, encouraging campaigns to be launched, and important issues of ethics in tourism to be raised.

Major achievements:

* A report for the UN Rio Earth Summit in 1992 outlined principles for sustainable tourism, which led to the participation of Tourism Concern in the creation of the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria
* The 1991 Himalayan Trekking Code championed responsible trekking in the Annapurna region of Nepal and was the model for the current Code for Working Conditions for Porters promoted by the International Porters Protection Group.
* Unique host centred publications for students and schools contributed to the UK schools national curriculum and university courses: e.g. ‘Looking Beyond the Brochure’ video teaching pack, which received the prestigiousToura d’Or award in 2000, and online teaching package ‘Water for Everyone'.
* Successful lobbying for a World Responsible Tourism Day at the World Travel Market, one of the two largest annual global travel trade shows, which takes place in London.
* The adoption of policies on labour conditions for hotels, by all of the UK's leading tour operators, following a large campaign called "Sun, Sand, Sea and Sweatshops".
* Pioneered on its website in the late1990s, Tourism Concern’s community tourism guide paved the way for online and print ethical travel guides offering small and independent businesses a chance to reach a worldwide clientele.
* Tourism Concern's Ethical Tour Operators Group and the Ethical Volunteering Group provided new safe spaces for operators normally in competition with each other to collaborate in tackling mutually challenging issues.

Noel Josephides, the Managing Director of tour operator Sunvil, said that Tourism Concern has been "like a small dog snapping at the heels of the industry. After years of throwing money at resorts to build rabbit-hutch hotels, the industry has finally realised that we're running out of carefully managed destinations. Tourism Concern is advising the big companies. It's working and it's worth all their effort."

## Campaigns and Reports

Tourism Concern's first major campaign was spearheaded by a ground breaking report, 'Beyond the Green Horizon', written for the United Nations Rio conference of 1992. The aim was to get tourism recognisd as both an environmental and a development issue by the world's governments. Ten principles for sustainable tourism were listed, exemplified by case studies from Africa, Asia and Europe. A major issue highlighted was to remain live throughout Tourism Concern's thirty year history: displacement caused by tourism. A hard hitting campaign called 'Our Holidays their Homes' uncovered injustice around the world and led to a report linking tourism to human rights for the first time. Much of Tourism Concern's consequent work would touch on displacement in one form or another, such is its disastrous impact on people and places.

For example, in 2004 Tsunami Tourism Concern campaigned to raise the alarm on unfair tourism development in the affected areas. Information from a subsequent tsunami related project among coastal communities in India, which was funded by DFID, played an essential part in the Water Equity in Tourism (WET) campaign, launched in 2011. The research report for this campaign drew on contacts made in India, alongside those provided by a think-tank of international NGOs brought together by Tourism Concern.

Another long running strand of campaigning concerned the social and economic impacts of new trends in the tourist industry. In 2007, Tourism Concern began seriously addressing the issues for host communities raised by "gap year/voluntourism" packages. At the start of this work, Tourism Concern Director Tricia Barnett told The Times, "We are at a point where volunteering is dovetailing into tourism. More people want to volunteer abroad and the age group involved is getting bigger". The aim was to ensure that companies and NGOs offering these packages are providing genuine benefits to the recipient countries as well as to the volunteers. A specific aspect of the campaign is the documentation of the devastating impacts of 'orphanage tourism' highlighted in Tourism Concern's e-newsletter and website. In July 2014 Tourism Concern published a new report, 'International Volunteering - Filling the Gaps'. This highlighted good practice for prospective volunteers and best practice for companies offering volunteering holidays. Alongside the report, a new network of companies willing to work in accordance with those best practice conditions was created, to allow dialogue and sharing within the industry. Following the launch of the report Tourism Concern brought industry members and ethical volunteers together at a conference in October 2014.

In March 2014 at the House of Commons in London Tourism Concern launched a new research report on 'The Impacts of all-Inclusive Hotels on Working Conditions and Labour Rights'. This was commissioned by the IUF, which represents workers in the hotel industry. The report focused on hotel workers in Kenya (Mombasa), Tenerife and Barbados. A further piece of work, an online survey of consumer attitudes to all-inclusives, was completed in late 2014 and formed part of a developing strategy to engage more directly with tourists and travelers through the website. The survey report was published in January 2015.

The huge growth in cruise tourism was also identified for research and campaign as far back as the mid 1990s. In the 2010s new research triggered a campaign to highlight the cruise industry's troublesome impacts on destinations and working conditions on board ships, accompanied by a briefing, 'Cruise Tourism - What's below the Surface?' published in March 2016.

Recommendations for a code to help indigenous peoples engage successfully with tourism development were published in a briefing paper in 2017, and a campaign to implement its recommendations was still intended to be actioned at the time of closure. and at the end of that year a report raising disturbing issues and recommendations, 'Animals in Tourism', was launched at the House of Commons. This was the charity's final report.


title: Toskool

abstract: Toskool is a village in Jalal-Abad Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of Nooken District. Its population was 2,180 in 2021.

text:
# Toskool

**Toskool** is a village in Jalal-Abad Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of Nooken District. Its population was 2,180 in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Toskool Тоскоол | |
| --- | --- |
| Toskool | |
| Coordinates: 41°12′10″N 72°41′30″E / 41.20278°N 72.69167°E / 41.20278; 72.69167 | |
| Country | Kyrgyzstan |
| Region | Jalal-Abad Region |
| District | Nooken District |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 2,180 |
| Time zone | UTC+6 |


abstract: Tower Square is a 29-story commercial office building located in Springfield, Massachusetts. With a height of 371 feet (113 m), Tower Square is the second tallest building in both Springfield, and in Massachusetts outside of Boston. The building has approximately 300,000 square feet (28,000 m⁲). The building was developed by Mass Mutual. Constructed in 1970 by Pietro Belluschi; it was designed in the international style.

text:
# Tower Square (Springfield, Massachusetts)

**Tower Square** is a 29-story commercial office building located in Springfield, Massachusetts. With a height of 371 feet (113 m), Tower Square is the second tallest building in both Springfield, and in Massachusetts outside of Boston. The building has approximately 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2). The building was developed by Mass Mutual. Constructed in 1970 by Pietro Belluschi; it was designed in the international style.

## Change from MassMutual to Wellfleet

During 2019, MassMutual removed its logo from the Tower Square. At summer time in 2021, Wellfleet added their logo to the top of the building facing the Memorial Bridge.

## InfoBox

| Tower Square | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former names | The Baystate West Tower |
| Alternative names | Baybank Tower, Valley Bank Tower |
| General information | |
| Type | Commercial Office |
| Architectural style | International |
| Location | 1500 Main Street, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States |
| Coordinates | 42°06′10″N 72°35′31″W / 42.1028°N 72.5919°W / 42.1028; -72.5919 |
| Height | |
| Roof | 371 feet (113 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 29 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Pietro Belluschi |
| Website | |
| http://www.visittowersquare.com/ | |


title: Tower Street drill hall, York

abstract: The Tower Street drill hall is a military installation on Tower Street, York. It is the Regimental Headquarters of the Royal Yorkshire Regiment. It is also home to the York Army Museum.

text:
# Tower Street drill hall, York

The **Tower Street drill hall** is a military installation on Tower Street, York. It is the Regimental Headquarters of the Royal Yorkshire Regiment. It is also home to the York Army Museum.

## History

The building, which was designed as the headquarters of the 6th and 7th companies, the 1st East Riding of Yorkshire Artillery Volunteers, was completed in 1885. The unit evolved to become the 9th (West Riding and Staffordshire) Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery in 1920 and 54th (West Riding and Staffordshire) Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery in 1921 before relocating to Lumley Barracks in York in 1924.

Meanwhile the drill hall had also become the headquarters of the Yorkshire Hussars early in the 20th century. The unit evolved to become the Queen's Own Yorkshire Yeomanry in 1956 but relocated to more modern facilities at Yeomanry Barracks in York.

Instead the building became the regimental headquarters of the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire in 1958 and of its successor regiment, the Yorkshire Regiment, in 2006.

## Museum

The building also became home to a military museum, subsequently known as the York Army Museum, in 1984. The museum inherited the collections of the Royal Dragoon Guards and of the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire and is creating a collection on behalf of the Yorkshire Regiment. Following an expansion of the museum financed by the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Duke of York visited the building in May 2015.

## InfoBox

| Tower Street drill hall | |
| --- | --- |
| York | |
| Tower Street drill hall | |
| Tower Street drill hallLocation within North Yorkshire | |
| Coordinates | 53°57′22″N 1°04′52″W / 53.95619°N 1.08100°W / 53.95619; -1.08100 |
| Type | Drill hall |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1885 |
| Built for | War Office |
| In use | 1885-Present |


title: Tragocephala alluaudi

abstract: Tragocephala alluaudi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lameere in 1893. It is known from Seychelles.

text:
# Tragocephala alluaudi

***Tragocephala alluaudi*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lameere in 1893. It is known from Seychelles.

## InfoBox

| *Tragocephala alluaudi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Tragocephala* |
| Species: | ***T. alluaudi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tragocephala alluaudi***<br>Lameere, 1893 | |
|


title: Tragocephala berchmansi

abstract: Tragocephala berchmansi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hintz in 1909.

text:
# Tragocephala berchmansi

***Tragocephala berchmansi*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hintz in 1909.

## Varietas

* *Tragocephala berchmansi var. postmaculata* Breuning, 1954
* *Tragocephala berchmansi var. conjunctevittata* Breuning, 1954

## InfoBox

| *Tragocephala berchmansi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Tragocephala* |
| Species: | ***T. berchmansi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tragocephala berchmansi***<br>Hintz, 1909 | |
|


title: Townley Run

abstract: Townley Run is a 3.68 mi (5.92 km) long tributary to West Branch French Creek that is classed as a 1st order stream on the EPA waters geoviewer site.

text:
# Townley Run

**Townley Run** is a 3.68 mi (5.92 km) long tributary to West Branch French Creek that is classed as a 1st order stream on the EPA waters geoviewer site.

## Course

Townley Run rises in Greenfield Township of eastern Erie County, Pennsylvania and then flows southeast to meet West Branch French Creek southwest of Little Hope, Pennsylvania.

## Watershed

Townley Run drains 4.71 square miles (12.2 km2) of Erie Drift Plain (glacial geology). The watershed receives an average of 47.0 in/year of precipitation and has a wetness index of 484.45. The watershed is about 53% forested.

## InfoBox

| Townley Run
Tributary to West Branch French Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Townley Run mouthTownley Run (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Erie |
| Townships | Venango
Greenfield |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | divide between Townley Run and Sevenmile Creek |
| location | just east of Greenfield Church |
| coordinates | 42°07′59″N 079°51′22″W / 42.13306°N 79.85611°W / 42.13306; -79.85611 |
| elevation | 1,450 ft (440 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | West Branch French Creek |
| location | about 2 miles southwest of Little Hope, Pennsylvania |
| coordinates | 42°05′03″N 079°51′55″W / 42.08417°N 79.86528°W / 42.08417; -79.86528 |
| elevation | 1,312 ft (400 m) |
| Length | 3.68 mi (5.92 km) |
| Basin size | 4.71 square miles (12.2 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | West Branch French Creek |
| average | 9.36 cu ft/s (0.265 m3/s) at mouth with West Branch French Creek |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | West Branch French CreekFrench CreekAllegheny RiverOhio RiverMississippi RiverGulf of Mexico |
| River system | Allegheny River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | unnamed tributaries |
| right | unnamed tributaries |
| Bridges | Station Road, Williams Road, Wildman Road, and New Road |