title: Peter Pinne

abstract: Peter Norman Pinne is an Australian-born former television executive, writer and composer who has worked frequently in America and Great Britain.

text:
# Peter Pinne

**Peter Norman Pinne** (born 27 May 1937) is an Australian-born former television executive, writer and composer who has worked frequently in America and Great Britain.

## Career

Pinne started working for the television production company, the Reg Grundy Organisation, as a television executive. Firstly, as Head of Production from 1980, later rising to become a Senior Vice President of the company. During this period, he worked on numerous serials including *The Young Doctors*, *The Restless Years* and *Neighbours*.

He co-composed the theme tune to *Sons and Daughters*.

In 1992, he was responsible for overseeing the production of *Dangerous Women*, an American series based loosely on the popular *Prisoner*. The show was not a huge success running to only 52 one-hour episodes. He also travelled to a number of Latin American countries where he was responsible for overseeing the production of local versions of some of Grundy's most successful hits. He left the Grundy organisation in the late 1990s in order to set up his own record label, Bayview, with fellow former Australian television producer, Don Battye and now writes and composes music. He currently resides in the Brisbane area of Australia.

## Stage musicals

Since the late 1950s, Peter Pinne (variously working in collaboration with Don Battye, Ray Kolle and/or John-Michael Howson has been one of the most prolific creators of original Australian stage musicals. Examples include:

* *All Saint's Day* (1960) – based around Australian Rules Football
* *Don't tell Helena* (1962) – the misadventures of a society girl employed by a department store
* *A Bunch of Ratbags* (1966) – a rock musical set in the 1950s, adapted from the novel by William Dick
* *It happened in Tanjablanca* (1968); later revised as *Red, White and Boogie* (1974) – a murder mystery set in the 1940s
* *The Computer*/*Love's Travelling Salesman* (1970) – a double bill of one-act "pop operas"
* *Caroline* (1971) – based on the life of Caroline Chisholm
* *Sweet Fanny Adams* (1974) – the story of two rival whorehouses in 1930s Sydney
* *A bit o' petticoat* (1984) – based on *The Torrents* by Australian playwright Oriel Gray
* *Pyjamas in Paradise* (2005) – based on the popular "pyjama parties" held in Surfers Paradise in the 1950s
* *Suddenly Single* (2007)

Most of these musicals were originally performed as amateur or semi-professional productions. Although private demonstration recordings of the scores exist, few of the shows had commercial cast albums released. A song from *A Bunch of Ratbags* was released as a single, cover versions of two songs from *The Computer* and *Love's Travelling Salesman* were included on a 1970 compilation LP *Australian Musicals Now*, and a studio recording of selections from *Red, White and Boogie* and *Sweet Fanny Adams* was released in 1983 on Don Battye's Trigpoint label. The only stage production to generate a complete original cast recording was *Caroline*; the original LP was released in 1971 and subsequently re-issued on CD (by London-based label Dress Circle Records) in 1998.

Although all of Pinne's musicals were successful in their original productions, few of them have been mounted since. *A Bunch of Ratbags* was revived in 2005 by Magnormos, which resulted in the release of a "premiere" cast recording. In 2007, Magnormos staged a 30-minute workshop production of Pinne's latest musical, *Suddenly Single*, which was written in collaboration with Paul Dellit.

In the mid-1990s, Pinne and Battye also wrote a stage musical adaptation of the cult 1970s Australian television series, *Prisoner: Cell Block H*. The show was first produced in England (where the original series had become more popular than in Australia), in a lavish West End production that starred Lily Savage and original TV cast member Maggie Kirkpatrick, reprising her role as Joan "The Freak" Ferguson.

## Pantomime

In addition, Pinne and Battye co-wrote a number of pantomime-like musicals especially for children, which were produced at the Alexander Theatre at Monash University during the 1970s. Mostly based on popular fairy tales, these shows included:

* *The Shoemaker and the Elves* (1975)
* *Jack and the Beanstalk* (1976)
* *Billabong Bill* (1976)
* *The Little Tin Soldier* (1977)
* *The Emperor's New Clothes* (1978)
* *Rumpelstiltskin*
* *Beauty and the Beast*

## Books

* *Australian performers, Australian performances : a discography from film, TV, theatre, radio and concert, 1897–1985*  (1987) (ISBN 0-72418208-X)
* Albert Moran; with additional research by Peter Pinne (1993). *Moran's guide to Australian TV series*. North Ryde, N.S.W. : Australian Film Television and Radio School : distributed in Australia and New Zealand by Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-642-18462-3.
* music; lyrics by Peter N. Pinne; book; lyrics by Don Battye. Adapted from the novel by William Dick' (1988). *A bunch of ratbags*. Montmorency, Vic. : Yackandandah. ISBN 0-7316-3897-2.
* Peter N. Pinne and Don Battye. (1981). *Caroline, a musical play based on the life and times of Caroline Chisholm*. Brisbane : Playlab Press. ISBN 0-908156-13-8.
* Peter N. Pinne and Don Battye. (1989). *Red, white and boogie*. Montmorency, Vic. : Yackandandah. ISBN 0-86805-071-7.
* book; lyrics by Ray Kolle; music by Peter Pinne; Based on 'The Torrents' by Oriel Gray (1992). *A bit o' petticoat : a musical*. Montmorency, Vic. : Yackandandah. ISBN 0-86805-085-7.

## InfoBox

| Peter Pinne | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Peter Norman Pinne
(1937-05-27) 27 May 1937
Victoria, Australia |
| Occupation(s) | Television producer, writer, composer |
| Partner | Don Battye (1960–1987) |


title: Mount Azumaya

abstract: Mount Azumaya is a stratovolcano in Japan. The 2,354-metre-high (7,723 ft) peak lies on the border of Nagano Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture. There exist alternative spellings of the mountain's name, like: 吾妻山 and 吾嬬山 which is read as "Agatsuma-yama". In the village Tsumagoi, the mountain is spelled 吾妻山. The mountain should not be confused with Mount Azumaya of which there are two, one in Nagano Prefecture and the other in Saitama Prefecture. Though the reading is the same, the name written in Kanji differs from the mountain in this article.

text:
# Mount Azumaya

**Mount Azumaya** (四阿山, *Azumaya-san*) is a stratovolcano in Japan. The 2,354-metre-high (7,723 ft) peak lies on the border of Nagano Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture. There exist alternative spellings of the mountain's name, like: 吾妻山 and 吾嬬山 which is read as "Agatsuma-yama" (**Mount Agatsuma**). In the village Tsumagoi, the mountain is spelled 吾妻山.

The mountain should not be confused with Mount Azumaya (四阿屋山, *Azumaya-san*) of which there are two, one in Nagano Prefecture and the other in Saitama Prefecture. Though the reading is the same, the name written in Kanji differs from the mountain in this article.

## Outline

Mount Azumaya was formed between 900,000 and 300,000 years ago by andesite lava flowing out of a stratovolcano. An eruption 340,000 years ago formed a caldera of circa 3 kilometers in diameter. Through erosion the mountain has arrived at its present form with several peaks. Azumaya Volcano (四阿火山, *Azumaya-kazan*) is the general term for the following peaks lying roughly on a circle: Mount Neko (根子岳, *Neko-dake*), Mount Azumaya, Mount Urakura (浦倉山, *Urakura-yama*), Mount Kimyō (奇妙山, *Kimyō-san*).

The famous Sugadaira Kōgen ski area is found on the mountain's southwest (Nagano-) side. Also on the Gunma-side there exists a ski area. In addition, north of the mountain lies Yonakodaibakufu (米子大瀑布) which is one of Japan's Top 100 Waterfalls.

## Main ascent routes

The mountain is well connected with several hiking trails:

* Sugadai-bokujō (菅平牧場) \- Mount Neko (根子岳, *Neko-dake*) \- Mount Azumaya
* Azumaya Kōgen (四阿高原) \- Mount Azumaya
* Torii Ridge (鳥居峠, *toriitōge*) \- Mount Azumaya
* Palcall Tsumagoi (パルコール嬬恋) \- Mount Azumaya

The gondola (*Gondola Palcabin* (ゴンドラパルキャビン)) from Palcall Tsumagoi is also operating during the summer season and can be used to climb the mountain

## Mountain in the vicinity

* Mount Neko (根子岳, *Neko-dake*) (2,207m)

Media related to Mount Azumaya at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Mount Azumaya | |
| --- | --- |
| 四阿山 | |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,354 m (7,723 ft) |
| Listing | 100 Famous Japanese Mountains |
| Coordinates | 36°32′30″N 138°24′47″E / 36.54167°N 138.41306°E / 36.54167; 138.41306 |
| Naming | |
| English translation | arbour mountain |
| Language of name | Japanese |
| Pronunciation | \[azumajasaɴ\] |
| Geography | |
| Mount AzumayaChubu region and Kantō region, Honshū, Japan | |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Stratovolcano |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hike |


title: Justin Hocking (writer)

abstract: Justin Hocking is an American essayist and writer of memoir, literary nonfiction, and short stories. His memoir, The Great Floodgates of the Wonderworld, won the 2015 Oregon Book Award in Creative Nonfiction and was a finalist for the 2015 PEN Center USA Literary award for Creative Nonfiction. Oregon Book Award judge John D'Agata described The Great Floodgates of the Wonderworld as a "quiet and brilliant achievement of both emotion and technique." Hocking has also been awarded an Oregon Literary Fellowship in Fiction, four project grant awards from Oregon's Regional Arts and Culture Council, and a 2014 "Rising Star" award from the Portland Monthly magazine. The former executive director of the Independent Publishing Resource Center, Hocking supervised and implemented literary outreach to schools, treatment centers, and correctional facilities. He also founded the Independent Publishing Resource Center's yearlong Certificate Program in Creative Writing and Publishing. Based on his community engagement, the Willamette Writers association awarded him their annual Humanitarian Award in 2014, and Willamette Week named him one of "Ten Writers Who Made Portland." Hocking is also the author of two artisanal letterpress chapbooks, Gallery and Reclamation: Essays, published respectively by Swift Season Press and Wheelhouse Press. He regularly contributes book reviews for The Portland Mercury, and has written numerous books for young readers, including a 2017 title about Johannes Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press. He was a 2016/2017 Visiting Faculty member in Creative Writing at Evergreen State College, and currently teaches creative nonfiction as a full-time faculty member in the MFA and BFA programs in creative writing at Portland State University, as an assistant professor in the Critical Studies MA program at the Pacific Northwest College of Art, and in the low residency MFA program at Eastern Oregon University. He lives with his wife in Portland, Oregon. As an author, he has been collected by libraries.

text:
# Justin Hocking (writer)

**Justin Hocking** (born August 2, 1973) is an American essayist and writer of memoir, literary nonfiction, and short stories.

His memoir, *The Great Floodgates of the Wonderworld,* won the 2015 Oregon Book Award in Creative Nonfiction (The Sarah Winnemuca Award) and was a finalist for the 2015 PEN Center USA Literary award for Creative Nonfiction. Oregon Book Award judge John D'Agata described *The Great Floodgates of the Wonderworld* as a "quiet and brilliant achievement of both emotion and technique." Hocking has also been awarded an Oregon Literary Fellowship in Fiction, four project grant awards from Oregon's Regional Arts and Culture Council, and a 2014 "Rising Star" award from the Portland Monthly magazine. The former executive director of the Independent Publishing Resource Center, Hocking supervised and implemented literary outreach to schools, treatment centers, and correctional facilities. He also founded the Independent Publishing Resource Center's yearlong Certificate Program in Creative Writing and Publishing. Based on his community engagement, the Willamette Writers association awarded him their annual Humanitarian Award in 2014, and *Willamette Week* named him one of "Ten Writers Who Made Portland." Hocking is also the author of two artisanal letterpress chapbooks, *Gallery* and *Reclamation: Essays*, published respectively by Swift Season Press and Wheelhouse Press.

He regularly contributes book reviews for The Portland Mercury, and has written numerous books for young readers, including a 2017 title about Johannes Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press. He was a 2016/2017 Visiting Faculty member in Creative Writing at Evergreen State College, and currently teaches creative nonfiction as a full-time faculty member in the MFA and BFA programs in creative writing at Portland State University, as an assistant professor in the Critical Studies MA program at the Pacific Northwest College of Art, and in the low residency MFA program at Eastern Oregon University. He lives with his wife in Portland, Oregon. As an author, he has been collected by libraries.

## Life and work

Justin Hocking was born in Glenwood Springs, Colorado in 1973. At age twelve, he moved with his family to San Diego. He attended college at the University of Colorado, and earned a Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing at Colorado State University in 2002. During the mid-2000s he lived in New York City, where he worked as an assistant editor at Citadel Underground. In 2006 he relocated to Portland, Oregon to assume the executive director position at the Independent Publishing Resource Center. He is a contributing editor for the literary magazines *Big Big Wednesday* and *The Normal School*, and his work has appeared in *Orion*, *Tin House*, *The Rumpus*, *Poets & Writers* magazine, the *Oregonian*, the *Portland Monthly*, *The Normal School*, and elsewhere.

## Awards and grants

* 2020 Finalist for *Columbia Journal's* Spring Fiction Contest
* 2019 Special Mention in the Pushcart Prize fiction anthology
* 2019/20 Regional Arts and Culture Council Project Grant Award
* 2018 Pushcart Prize Nomination from *Leaf Litter* Magazine
* 2018 Honorable Mention in the Raymond Carver Short Story Contest
* 2018 Semi-Finalist for the VanderMay Nonfiction Prize
* 2017 Stewart H. Holbrook Literary Legacy Award (awarded to the IPRC organization and staff for seventeen years of literary outreach)
* 2016/2017 Regional Arts and Culture Council Project Grant award
* The 2015 Oregon Book Award for Creative Nonfiction (The Sarah Winnemuca Award)
* Finalist for the 2015 Pen Center USA Literary Award for Creative Nonfiction
* 2015 Oregon Literary Fellowship in Fiction
* 2015/16 Regional Arts and Culture Council Project Grant Award
* 2014 Humanitarian Award from The Willamette Writers association
* 2014/15 Regional Arts and Culture Council Project Grant award
* 2014 Rising Star award from *Portland Monthly* magazine
* 2013/14 Regional Arts and Culture Council Project Grant award
* 2010 Skidmore Prize (runner up)

## Affiliations

Hocking is a member of a Portland-based writing group with Lidia Yuknavitch, Chuck Palahniuk, Chelsea Cain, Monica Drake, Suzy Vitello, Erin Leonard, and others.

## Works

### Nonfiction books

* "The Gutenberg Bible". Rosen Publishing, 2017.

### Fiction

* "Gallery". Swift Season Press. 2015.

### Poetry/hybrid

* "PS: The Wolves". Two Plum Press. October 2019.

### Anthologized works

* "City of Weird: 30 Otherworldly Portland Tales". Forest Avenue Press. 2016.
* "Portland Noir". Akashic Press, 2010.

Justinhocking.netIndependent Publishing Resource Center


title: FC Etzella Ettelbruck

abstract: Foussballclub Etzella Ettelbréck, abbreviated to either FC Etzella or Etzella Ettelbruck, is a football club, based in Ettelbruck, in north-eastern Luxembourg.

text:
# FC Etzella Ettelbruck

**Foussballclub Etzella Ettelbréck**, abbreviated to either **FC Etzella** or **Etzella Ettelbruck**, is a football club, based in Ettelbruck, in north-eastern Luxembourg.

## History

In the 2005–06 season, Etzella finished third in the National Division, winning a place in the UEFA Cup first qualifying round, where they lost to Åtvidabergs FF of Sweden 7–0 on aggregate. In 2006–07, the club improved to a second-place finish, this time falling to HJK Helsinki of Finland 3–0 on aggregate in the UEFA Cup first qualifying round. In 2007–08 season, Etzella slipped to fourth place, but returned to European competition. In the first round of the Intertoto Cup, they beat Georgian side Locomotive Tbilisi by drawing 0–0 at home and 2–2 away, advancing to play Saturn Moscow Oblast in the second round.

### Timeline

* 1917: Club founded as *FC Etzella Ettelbruck*
* 1940: Club renamed as *FV Ettelbrück* during the German occupation
* 1944: Original name *FC Etzella Ettelbruck* restored
* 1971: First season in National Division
* 1981: Moved to current stadium, Stade Am Deich
* 2001: Winners of Luxembourg Cup
* 2001: First participation in European competition (season 2001–02)
* 2005, 2007: Finished second in the National Division
* 2008: Won first round tie in Intertoto Cup

## Honours

*Runners-up (2):* 2004-05*,* 2006–07 *Winners (1):* 2000–01 *Runners-up (3):* 2002–03, 2003–04, 2018–19

## European competition

FC Etzella have qualified for UEFA European competition seven times.

*Qualifying round (6):* 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08 *Second round:* 2008

Overall, Etzella's record in European competition reads:

|  | P | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| UEFA Cup | 12 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 4 | 36 | −32 |
| Intertoto Cup | 4 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 10 | −7 |

| Season | Competition | Round | Club | Home | Away | Aggregate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001-02 | UEFA Cup | QR | Legia Warsaw | 0–4 | 1–2 | **1-6** |
| 2003-04 | UEFA Cup | QR | Kamen Ingrad | 1–2 | 0–7 | **1-9** |
| 2004-05 | UEFA Cup | 1QR | Haka Valkeakoski | 1–3 | 1–2 | **2-5** |
| 2005-06 | UEFA Cup | 1QR | Keflavík | 0–4 | 0–2 | **0-6** |
| 2006-07 | UEFA Cup | 1QR | Åtvidaberg | 0–3 | 0–4 | **0-7** |
| 2007-08 | UEFA Cup | 1QR | HJK Helsinki | 0–1 | 0–2 | **0-3** |
| 2008 | UEFA Intertoto Cup | 1R | Locomotive Tbilisi | 0-0 | 2–2 | **2-2 (a)** |
| | | 2R | Saturn Ramenskoye | 1-1 | 0–7 | **1-8** |
|

## Current squad

*As of 2 February 2024.*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  LUX Sergio Englaro  2 DF  LUX Adilson Fortes  5 DF  LUX Lex Nicolay  7 MF  POR Ricardo Monteiro  8 DF  CRO Mirko Kramarić  9 FW  GER Frederick Kyereh  10 FW  POR Leo Silva  11 MF  LUX Noah Fernandes  14 FW  POR Gonçalo Leal  16 GK  LUX Adin Faljic  18 DF  LUX Yanis N'Gbin  19 DF  LUX Pedro Moreira | No. Pos. Nation Player  25 MF  LUX Sven Kalisa  30 GK  LUX Loic Parnasse  31 FW  GNB Mamadu Camará  44 GK  POL Olivier Wolski  55 DF  POR Cristiano  73 DF  LUX Andre Moreira  77 FW  POR Edgar Neves  90 MF  LUX Bryan Meireles Alves  91 DF  FRA Glady Mpia  92 DF  FRA Bakary Sissoko  99 FW  BEL Lorenzo Rapaille |
| --- | --- |

## Former coaches

## Former chairmen

## InfoBox

FC Etzella
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Foussballclub Etzella Ettelbruck |
| Founded | 21 May 1917 |
| Ground | Stade Am Deich, Ettelbruck |
| Capacity | 2,020 |
| Chairman | Tun DiBari |
| Manager | Neil Pattison (caretaker) |
| League | Luxembourg Division of Honour |
| 2023-24 | Division of Honour, 5th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Transurethral microwave thermotherapy

abstract: Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) is one of a number of effective and safe procedures used in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is an alternative treatment to pharmacotherapy such as alpha blockers, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral needle ablation of the prostate, photoselective vaporization of the prostate and prostatic removal or prostatectomy.

text:
# Transurethral microwave thermotherapy

**Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)** is one of a number of effective and safe procedures used in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is an alternative treatment to pharmacotherapy such as alpha blockers, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral needle ablation of the prostate, photoselective vaporization of the prostate and prostatic removal or prostatectomy.

## Process

Transurethral microwave thermotherapy is a non-surgical, minimally invasive therapy that can be performed under a local anesthetic on an outpatient basis. The treatment involves inserting a special microwave urinary catheter into the hyperplastic prostatic urethra. The microwave antenna within the catheter then emits microwaves to heat and destroy the surrounding prostatic tissue.

The procedure can take from 30 minutes to one hour and is well tolerated by patients. Following the procedure, the prostatic tissue will be swollen and irritated. Urologists often place a Foley catheter to prevent the patient from having urinary retention. After three to five days the Foley catheter can be replaced by a temporary prostatic stent to improve voiding without exacerbating irritation symptoms.

## Benefits

According to a Cochrane review from 2012, TUMT may be effective at safely improving symptoms, however, TUMT does not appear to be as effective as a surgical approaches such as TURP and may be associated with a greater need for retreatment when compared to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Nevertheless, TUMT is associated with fewer serious side effects compared to TURP.

## Harms

The main risks of transurethral microwave thermotherapy include:

## Aftercare

The International Prostate Symptom Score including a quality of life survey, is often used to quantify symptoms and to monitor the response to the treatment. Convalescence is relatively rapid, with most patients able to void and a mean recovery time of less than five days at home.

However, prostatic edema is expected after microwave therapy, and this can lead to a risk of urinary retention. While some protocols suggest leaving a Foley catheter in for up to two weeks in all patients, other urologists are choosing to place a temporary prostatic stent after the first week following treatment. The stent is worn for 30 days and allows the patient to have volitional voiding with improved quality of life compared to a Foley catheter. Urinary flow generally improves over a few months.

Patients maintained on alpha-blockers after transurethral microwave thermotherapy may experience fewer urinary symptoms and have a decreased incidence of retention.

## Judgements in guidelines

* The American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines for the treatment of BPH from 2018 stated that TUMT may be offered to patients provided they are informed that it is associated with a higher risk of necessary retreatment compared to TURP.
* The European Association of Urology (EAU) has – as of 2019 – removed TUMT from its guidelines.

## InfoBox

| Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) | |
| --- | --- |
| Transurethral microwave thermotherapy catheter in situ | |
| ICD-9-CM | 60.96 |
| MeSH | D020728 |


title: Montpellier Business School

abstract: Montpellier Business School is a French business school located in Montpellier. Founded in 1897 by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Montpellier, the Grande école is one of the oldest of the French Écoles Supérieures de Commerce. Montpellier Business School offers several programmes: Bachelor, Master, 15 Masters of Science, and Executive MBA. The business school has the triple accreditation EQUIS, AACSB and AMBA.

text:
# Montpellier Business School

Montpellier Business SchoolMontpellier Business School (France)

**Montpellier Business School** is a French business school (grande école) located in Montpellier. Founded in 1897 by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Montpellier, the Grande école is one of the oldest of the French Écoles Supérieures de Commerce.

Montpellier Business School offers several programmes: Bachelor, Master (programme Grande Ecole), 15 Masters of Science, and Executive MBA. The business school has the triple accreditation EQUIS, AACSB and AMBA.

## Identity and status

Montpellier Business School, established in 1897, is one of the oldest management schools in Europe.

Founded by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Montpellier, Montpellier Business School was initially created to train economic managers who would help in developing activities and businesses in its region.

Montpellier Business School has received, in 2017, the qualification of Private Higher Education Institution of General Interest (EESPIG). This label issued by the French State ensures that all its resources are exclusively assigned to the public service mission of higher education.

Montpellier Business School is an association under the law of 1901 since 2013.

The Governance of the Association brings together the many Major Partners, grouped within the Advisory Board, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Hérault, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Occitanie region, the Regional Council of Occitanie, Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole, the Alumni Association as well as representatives of universities and other higher education and research institutions and qualified personalities.

## History

The ESC Montpellier was created in 1897 by the Chamber of Commerce of Montpellier (CCI Montpellier). In 1915, MBS became the first business school to admit young women into its classes. The school became a member of the Conférence des Grandes écoles in 1993. The Executive MBA program was launched in 1994, and the apprenticeship for students in the Master programme was then opened in 1997.

The year 2000 saw the creation of the Bachelor of Business Administration. The MBS Foundation for Equal Opportunities, under the aegis of the Fondation de France was created in 2007.

Afterwards, Montpellier Business School became the first higher education institution to be accredited with the Diversity Label awarded by AFNOR in 2009. In 2010, the school obtained the EFMD – EPAS accreditation of the Master's degree. In 2011, the school received it's AACSB accreditation, and at the same time, launches the BADGE® Executive Education programmes, accredited by the CGE. The Executive MBA programme was accredited AMBA in 2012.

In 2013, Montpellier Business School opened a new campus in Dakar.

In 2017, Montpellier Business School received from the French State the qualification of Private Higher Education Institution of General Interest (EESPIG), which attests to the absolute non-profit making nature of its activities. Montpellier is the 1st higher education institution to obtain the Professional Gender Equality Certification.

## Grande école degrees

MBS is a *grande école*, a French institution of higher education that is separate from, but parallel and often connected to, the main framework of the French public university system. *Grandes écoles* are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process, and a significant proportion of their graduates occupy the highest levels of French society. Similar to Ivy League schools in the United States, Oxbridge in the UK, and C9 League in China, graduation from a grande école is considered the prerequisite credential for any top government, administrative and corporate position in France.

The degrees are accredited by the *Conférence des Grandes Écoles* and awarded by the Ministry of National Education (France). Higher education business degrees in France are organized into three levels thus facilitating international mobility: the *Licence* / Bachelor's degrees, and the Master's and Doctorat degrees. The Bachelors and the Masters are organized in semesters: 6 for the Bachelors and 4 for the Masters. Those levels of study include various "parcours" or paths based on UE (Unités d'enseignement or Modules), each worth a defined number of European credits (ECTS). A student accumulates those credits, which are generally transferable between paths. A Bachelors is awarded once 180 ECTS have been obtained (bac + 3); a Masters is awarded once 120 additional credits have been obtained (bac +5). The highly coveted PGE (Grand Ecole Program) ends with the degree of Master's in Management (MiM) In 2022, the Financial Times ranked its Masters in Management program 56th in the world.

## Research

The research activities cover all traditional areas of management research. Research activities are based on the work of permanent teacher-researchers. Several Montpellier Business School's teacher-researchers are also part of the *LabEx Entreprendre*.

The researchers play a role in editorial activities and in the organisation of annual conferences such as the Interdisciplinary European Conference on Entrepreneurship Research (IECER) and the International Finance Conference (IFC). In November 2017, Montpellier Business School has also organised its first International Conference on Energy, Finance and the Macroeconomics *Conférence Internationale sur l’Energie, la Finance et la Macroéconomie* (ICEFM).

## Programmes

Montpellier Business School, member of the Conférence des Grandes écoles, develops courses from Bachelor's degrees, Master's degrees to an Executive MBA.

Every year, Montpellier Business School also offers a Spring & Summer School.

## Partnerships

MBS has over 180 partner universities worldwide.

## Notable alumni

43°37′17″N 3°50′01″E / 43.62139°N 3.83361°E / 43.62139; 3.83361

## InfoBox

Montpellier Business School
| École Supérieure de Commerce de Montpellier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Motto | Excellence & commitment |
| Type | Grande école de commerce et de management
(Private research university Business school) |
| Established | 1897 (1897) |
| Accreditation | Triple accreditation:
AACSB;
AMBA;
EQUIS |
| Affiliation | Conférence des grandes écoles;
Union of Independent Grandes Écoles |
| President | André Deljarry |
| Dean | Bruno Ducasse |
| Academic staff | +100 teacher-researchers;
96% PhD.;
45% female;
67% international |
| Students | 3,600; 60% international students |
| Location | Montpellier, France |
| Language | English-only & French-only instruction |
| Nickname | MBS |
| Website | www.montpellier-bs.com |


title: Goodby, Silverstein & Partners

abstract: Goodby, Silverstein & Partners is an advertising agency based in San Francisco.

text:
# Goodby, Silverstein & Partners

**Goodby, Silverstein & Partners** (also known as GSP) is an advertising agency based in San Francisco.

## History

The agency was founded on April 15, 1983 as Goodby, Berlin & Silverstein by Jeff Goodby, Andy Berlin and Rich Silverstein. Andy Berlin left in 1992 and the agency was renamed. Goodby, Silverstein & Partners is now part of the Omnicom Group, Inc., an advertising holding company. The agency is based in San Francisco, California. In 2015, after 32 years, Rich Silverstein and Jeff Goodby announced they were passing on the reigns of the creative department to Margaret Johnson, Executive Creative Director and Eric Kallman, Executive Creative Director. Margaret and Eric were also named to Adweek's Creative 100 list in 2015. Derek Robson was the President and Managing Partner from 2005 to 2023. As of May 2023, Leslie Barrett has been promoted to President after being a Managing Partner for 23 years at the company.

The firm supported the California Milk Processors Board and GSP initiated the Got Milk? campaign in 1993. For Elizabeth Arden, GSP created Britney's fantasy reality to promote her Curious fragrance.

As an offshoot of the popular Budweiser Frogs campaign, GSP introduced the Budweiser Lizards, Frank and Louie, during the 1998 Super Bowl with the spot entitled, "Bad Day to be a Frog," in which the frogs were electrocuted by the jealous lizards.

Inspired by the famous Budweiser Clydesdales, the "Born a Donkey" commercial came from the perspective of a donkey who always wanted to be a Clydesdale. The spot was nominated in the Outstanding Commercial category for the 2004 Creative Arts Emmys.

The agency has been nominated for a total of four Emmy's in the Outstanding Commercial category. In addition to "Born a Donkey" they received nominations for Saturn's "Door Music" in 2004, for Sprint/Nextel's "Wedding" in 2009, and for Adobe's "Dream On" in 2015.

In 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brand. Rolling Rock loyalists began to boycott the beer. GSP was tasked to resurrect the brand back to life. Feeding into the bad press, GSP created a fictional VP of Marketing for Rolling Rock, Ron Stablehorn, who promoted all the wrong things, including a "Beer Ape" that parachuted into beer-less parties.

During the 2010 Super Bowl, GSP premiered the promotion for everyone in America to receive a free grand slam on February 9, 2010. Denny's ended up serving 2 million free Grand Slams as a result.

In 2014-2015, the agency received several awards for their work including a bronze lion at Cannes for Comcast/XFINITY "Emily's Oz" and a gold and two silver lions for Adobe's "Dream On".

In 2015, the firm released a series of Trojan PSAs featuring rapper and comedian Lil Dicky, who had been previously employed by the company.

## InfoBox

Goodby, Silverstein & Partners
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Advertising, Marketing, Design, Interactive, Media, Strategy |
| Founded | April 15, 1983 |
| Headquarters | San Francisco, California |
| Area served | Global |
| Key people | Founders:
Jeff Goodby
Rich Silverstein
Andy Berlin |
| Number of employees | 300+ employees |
| Parent | Omnicom Group Inc. |
| Website | www.goodbysilverstein.com |


title: Goldpfeil

abstract: Goldpfeil was a German luxury label founded in 1856 in Offenbach am Main.

text:
# Goldpfeil

**Goldpfeil** (Ludwig Krumm AG) was a German luxury label founded in 1856 in Offenbach am Main.

## History

Founded in 1856 in Offenbach, Germany, considered to be the "leather capital of Germany" since the mid-1800s and has been the head office to other coveted German brands such as Seeger (founded in 1889) and Mädler (founded in 1850). Seeger was merged into Montblanc and the companies were both part of the same company for several years.

The last of "the big four" premium leather goods producers in Germany, Montblanc (company) was founded in 1906. Although Montblanc's headquarters are located in Hamburg, their leather goods factory was located in Offenbach until late 2009 when production was moved to Hamburg and Florence, Italy. A group of former Montblanc and Seeger executives and craftworkers maintains production through a spinoff of Seeger.

Founded by Ludwig Krumm in 1856, the original name of Goldpfeil was Ludwig Krumm AG. Krumm's strategy right from the beginning was to concentrate on producing leather goods of the highest quality. Within twenty five years around 200 employees were working for the company due to the increasing demand from the British market and the Russian upper class, as well as in many of the countries in mainland Europe. In 1929 Heinrich Krumm, traveled on the luxury train named Golden Arrow (train) in London, England. So impressed by the quality of service, Herr Krumm simply translated "Gold Arrow" into German and renamed his company Goldpfeil.

The company delivered its goods to more than 56 countries in the 1930s and shops like Macy's and Saks Fifth Avenue in the USA offered Goldpfeil's leather bags and accessories as early as 1912. By the 1950s Goldpfeil had achieved the status worldwide of being among the world's elite leather goods producers, alongside brands such as Louis Vuitton and Chanel. In 1956, French designer Christian Dior entered into a licensing agreement with Goldpfeil to produce all of the Christian Dior handbags.

Goldpfeil operated its own boutiques in virtually every major city in Germany as well as in many countries around the world. Beginning in 1984 Goldpfeil opened ten Goldpfeil Shops in the US, including stores on Fifth Avenue in New York, on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California; Bal Harbor, Florida; Honolulu, Hawaii and Dallas, Texas. There even was a Goldpfeil Shop on the island of Guam in the Western Pacific.

Since 1998 the company expanded and became part of the Egana Goldpfeil Group which included premium luxury brands such as Joop and Comtesse and Salamander Shoes, the largest shoe company in Germany. Goldpfeil was also involved in a venture into the ultra premium watch business in Switzerland called Goldpfeil Geneve. Goldpfeil commissioned some of the finest watch makers in Switzerland to create their own unique designs for limited-production Goldpfeil watches. In Europe, Goldpfeil's leather bags and accessories were sold through Goldpfeil shops which were located in major cities throughout Germany including Frankfurt, Berlin and Munich. There also was a Goldpfeil shop in Paris, France. In the Asian market, there still are Goldpfeil Shops in Tokyo, Japan as well as Hong Kong.

In December 2008 the parent corporation Egana Goldpfeil and all related companies of Egana Goldpfeil went into receivership. Under the direction of court appointed receivers, all of the companies under the Egana Goldpfeil umbrella were sold off to independent buyers.

## Goldpfeil in North America

Shortly after Goldpfeil went into receivership, Andreas Mann, the sales director of Goldpfeil at their head office in Offenbach contacted long-time Goldpfeil collector Eric Calladine of Toronto, Canada and offered him the last remaining stock of original Goldpfeil products which were handmade in Germany at the direction of the receivers who were handling the bankruptcy of the company as directed by the courts. Mr. Calladine purchased all the remaining inventory of first-grade brand-new original Goldpfeil products. He sold goods from this inventory on eBay under the name “The Goldpfeil Shop” until pausing his shop in 2021.

## Goldpfeil in Asia

In 2009, Prairie Shimizu Co. Ltd. in Tokyo, Japan acquired the trademark for the Goldpfeil brand in Japan, China, South Korea, and Southeast Asia, and established Goldpfeil International Co. Ltd. New products are available in their shops and on eBay. However these are not made in Germany but in China. This is deceiving as since 1856 Goldpfeil built the brand as a product handmade in Germany using German leather with trained German craftsmen. This Asian product is made in China and is Goldpfeil in name only.

Andreas Mann-Sales Director- Goldpfeil GmbH in Offenbach, Germany

Goldpfeil Japan


abstract: The University of Florida College of Pharmacy is the pharmacy school of the University of Florida. The College of Pharmacy was founded in 1923 and is located on the university's Gainesville, Florida main campus. The college offers the entry-level Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree as the first professional degree for students entering the profession. The college offered a Working Professional Pharm.D. (WPPD) program for bachelor's-trained pharmacists already in practice with its last cohort of students enrolled in 2016. Additionally, various graduate degrees are offered. The professional program is fully accredited by the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education. Since 2011 the college has been offering online degree programs at the graduate level, such as the Forensic Science Program, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Program and Clinical Toxicology Program. In total the College of Pharmacy received over $32 million in total Research Revenues in 2021. The College of Pharmacy is one of six schools that compose the J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center. In addition, there are two campus sites in Jacksonville and Orlando.

text:
# University of Florida College of Pharmacy

The **University of Florida College of Pharmacy** is the pharmacy school of the University of Florida. The College of Pharmacy was founded in 1923 and is located on the university's Gainesville, Florida main campus. The college offers the entry-level Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree as the first professional degree for students entering the profession. The college offered a Working Professional Pharm.D. (WPPD) program for bachelor's-trained pharmacists already in practice with its last cohort of students enrolled in 2016. Additionally, various graduate degrees are offered. The professional program is fully accredited by the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education. Since 2011 the college has been offering online degree programs at the graduate level, such as the Forensic Science Program, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Program and Clinical Toxicology Program. In total the College of Pharmacy received over $32 million in total Research Revenues in 2021.

The College of Pharmacy is one of six schools that compose the J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center. In addition, there are two campus sites in Jacksonville and Orlando.

## U.S. News & World Report (2024 edition)

*U.S. News & World Report* ranks the College of Pharmacy at fourth overall.

## Degree Programs

The College of Pharmacy offers three degree programs: Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Master of Science (M.S.).

### Doctor of Pharmacy

In total, the college has 1,018 Pharm.D. students spread throughout Gainesville, Orlando and Jacksonville. First- to third-year Pharm.D. students study at one of the three campuses, and fourth-year students rotate throughout the state and nation for their clinical practice experiences. Many UF Pharm.D. graduates practice in community pharmacy settings, with the remaining graduates choosing a variety of roles, including academia, hospitals, ambulatory clinics, the pharmaceutical industry, the Food and Drug Administration and others. For five consecutive years (2016 to 2020), the UF College of Pharmacy ranked No. 1 nationally in the number of graduates securing highly competitive pharmacy residency positions.

### Master of Science

Since 2000, the college has developed a master's degree and certificate programs using distance learning technologies. The online graduate programs include M.S. degree and certificate programs in forensic sciences, pharmaceutical chemistry, clinical toxicology, pharmaceutical outcomes and policy, precision medicine and medication therapy management.

The eight self-supporting programs have 1,025 student and generate nearly $10 million annually, which enables the building of support infrastructure for course development and delivery as well as student affairs.

### Doctor of Philosophy

The college's 109 Ph.D. students receive training in one of the college's graduate programs under the mentorship of more than 50 graduate faculty.

#### Research

Research activities in the UF College of Pharmacy span the life cycle of a drug, including areas such as medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, clinical and translational research, and pharmaceutical outcomes and policy. The college achieved a record $32 million in total grant funding in 2019. The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy ranks UF No. 3 nationally in NIH funding and federal funding and No. 3 nationally in total research funding. Researchers in the college use scientific approaches to improve the treatment of diverse diseases through drug discovery, marine natural products, pharmacology, developing models of disease, pharmacokinetics/pharmacometrics, pharmacogenomics and precision medicine, pharmacoepidemiology and patient safety research. Five centers support these research programs:

* Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety
* Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease
* Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development
* Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine
* Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology

## Campuses

The College of Pharmacy has three campuses — in Gainesville, Jacksonville and Orlando — where Pharm.D. students study the same curriculum through simultaneous learning. Classes on the three campuses connect synchronously through videoconferencing, with faculty present at each campus.

### Gainesville

The University of Florida's Gainesville campus began offering pharmacy degrees in 1923. The pharmacy campus is part of UF Health, which is the country's only academic health center with six health-related colleges (Medicine, Nursing, Public Health and Health Professions, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine), nine research centers and institutes and 10 hospitals.

The Gainesville pharmacy campus has more than 500 Pharm.D. students enrolled with 130 new pharmacy students admitted each fall semester.

### Jacksonville

The Jacksonville campus began offering Pharm.D. degrees in 2002. It is located on the campus of UF Health Jacksonville, where students have access to a UF medical library, modern labs, two on-campus pharmacies, and teaching classrooms and auditoriums.

The Jacksonville campus has approximately 200 Pharm.D. students enrolled with 40-50 new students admitted each fall semester to the Pharm.D. program.

### Orlando

The Orlando campus began offering Pharm.D. degrees in 2002. It is located on the UF Research and Academic Center at Lake Nona campus. The campus has a total program enrollment of 280 students enrolled and admits approximately 70 new students each year in the fall semester.

## InfoBox

University of Florida
College of Pharmacy
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public pharmacy school |
| Established | 1923 |
| Parent institution | University of Florida |
| Endowment | $2.379 billion (2021)<br>(university-wide) |
| Dean | Peter Swaan |
| Students | 1,245 |
| Location | Gainesville, Jacksonville, Orlando, Florida, United States |
| Website | cop.ufl.edu |


abstract: The University of Florida Digital Collections (UFDC) are supported by the University of Florida Digital Library Center in the George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida. The University of Florida Digital Collections (UFDC) comprise a constantly growing collection of digital resources from the University of Florida's library collections as well as partner institutions. Founded in April 2006, UFDC has added over 622,114 items - books, newspapers, oral histories, videos, photos, data sets, and more - with over 14 million pages.

text:
# University of Florida Digital Collections

The **University of Florida Digital Collections** (**UFDC**) are supported by the University of Florida Digital Library Center in the George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida. The University of Florida Digital Collections (UFDC) comprise a constantly growing collection of digital resources from the University of Florida's library collections as well as partner institutions. Founded in April 2006, UFDC has added over 622,114 items - books, newspapers, oral histories, videos, photos, data sets, and more - with over 14 million pages.

## Preservation and Access

The majority of materials are freely and openly accessible (Open Access) and provide full text searchability. In UFDC, all items can be text searched simultaneously or certain collections can be selected for a faceted search. Because UFDC grew out of the efforts of the University of Florida Libraries' Preservation Department, all items are scanned at preservation quality and all are digitally preserved with redundant backups. The page images are particularly important for the preservation of artifactually significant materials such as maps, artifacts, illustrated children's literature from the Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature, and other materials.

## Technologies, Statistics, and Findability

The UF Digital Collections are powered by the open source SobekCM software engine and suite of associated tools. The associated tools include online user tools and standalone software for use in digitizing and curating born digital materials. The online system is deployed with Solr and other technologies for optimal functionality.

Because of the highly visual nature of so many items, the pages are displayed as zoomable images (through a JPG2000 server) and all can be browsed as thumbnails at the item and the collection level. Artifacts with multiple photos from multiple angles can be seen in motion, rotating in an Adobe Flash video view, and items can be searched by their geographic information (city, county, state, latitude and longitude) or viewed on a map through UFDC's use of the Google Maps API.

UFDC includes books, articles, newspapers, photos, videos, audio, and more. As of June 2019, the collections had grown to over 14 million pages. UFDC's statistics page maintains a running tally of loaded items broken down by collection: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/stats/.

Along with loading new items regularly, UFDC is optimized for search engine findability on an ongoing basis.

### Selected List of Collections

29°39′3.2″N 82°20′30.6″W / 29.650889°N 82.341833°W / 29.650889; -82.341833

## InfoBox

Digital Collection (UFDC)
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Library |
| Founded | April 2006 |
| Headquarters | Gainesville, Florida, United States |
| Parent | George A. Smathers Libraries |
| Website | ufdc.ufl.edu/ |


title: Goliath Atlas

abstract: The Goliath Atlas also sold as Hansa-Lloyd Atlas is an cab over truck that was produced from 1932 to 1935 in Bremen, Germany. It was not the first, but an early one ton freight trucks of the German Goliath Company and it got a closed driver cab. Its top speed was 64 km/h (40 mph). It was an improvement of the 1929 Goliath Express, transporting 0.8 metric tons and up to 50 km/h (31 mph), and its predecessor 1926 Goliath K1, transporting 0.5 metric tons, both with open cab. As later microcars like the Isetta or the Zündapp Janus, it had a front door only, to enter the cab. A fixed steering column and a door hinge on the left, required the passenger to exit first. Original cost were: 2450 Reichsmark.

text:
# Goliath Atlas

The **Goliath Atlas** also sold as **Hansa-Lloyd Atlas** is an cab over truck that was produced from 1932 to 1935 in Bremen, Germany. It was not the first, but an early one ton freight trucks of the German Goliath Company and it got a closed driver cab. Its top speed was 64 km/h (40 mph). It was an improvement of the **1929 Goliath Express**, transporting 0.8 metric tons (0.88 short tons) and up to 50 km/h (31 mph), and its predecessor **1926 Goliath K1**, transporting 0.5 metric tons (0.55 short tons), both with open cab.

As later microcars like the Isetta or the Zündapp Janus, it had a front door only, to enter the cab. A fixed steering column and a door hinge on the left, required the passenger to exit first.

Original cost were: 2450 Reichsmark.

## Competitors

## InfoBox

| Goliath Atlas | |
| --- | --- |
| 1934 Goliath Atlas | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Hansa-Lloyd and Goliath-Werke Borgward & Tecklenburg |
| Also called | Hansa-Lloyd Atlas |
| Production | Goliath Company, Bremen, Germany |
| Model years | 1932–1935 |
| Body and chassis | |
| Layout | MR layout |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 2 cylinder two-stroke engine |
| Transmission | 3-speed gear-box |
| Dimensions | |
| Curb weight | 1 t (2,205 lb) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | 1929 Goliath Express |
| Successor | Goliath Rekord |


title: Goliath GP700

abstract: The Goliath GP700 is a small automobile which was manufactured by the Bremen, Germany–based Borgward subsidiary Goliath-Werke Borgward & Co from 1950 to 1957. In 1955, the GP700 was joined by the larger-engined Goliath GP900 E. From 1951 to 1953, a coupé version, the Goliath GP700 Sport  was offered. The Goliath was a revolutionary design, which in several important respects pointed the way for automobile development in the second half of the 20th century.

text:
# Goliath GP700

The **Goliath GP700** is a small automobile which was manufactured by the Bremen, Germany–based Borgward subsidiary Goliath-Werke Borgward & Co from 1950 to 1957. In 1955, the GP700 was joined by the larger-engined **Goliath GP900 E**. From 1951 to 1953, a coupé version, the **Goliath GP700 Sport**  was offered. The Goliath was a revolutionary design, which in several important respects pointed the way for automobile development in the second half of the 20th century.

## Goliath and Borgward

The Goliath business had been established in 1928 by the entrepreneurial engineer Carl Borgward in partnership with Wilhelm Tecklenburg. During the 1930s, Goliath had specialised in producing small three-wheeled vans and passenger cars. The plant had been bombed to destruction during the war, but in 1949 Goliath managed to introduce a small three-wheeled delivery vehicle. The announcement, in 1950, of a four-wheel passenger car represented something of a break with the company's past.

## Chronology

The small Goliath first appeared at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1950. By the time of the Frankfurt Motor Show in April 1951, it had acquired the name under which it would subsequently be marketed, and a light-weight two-door coupé sibling. The next year a cabriolet version of the saloon and a small estate version completed the range.

During the life of the model, it benefited from various modifications and upgrades. Among the more significant of these was the introduction in 1955 of the 886 cc-engined GP 900 E model: with a 38% increase in claimed power output, the new model offered a useful performance advantage over the modestly powered GP700 which nevertheless continued in production.

The body and equipment levels also changed progressively during the car's model life. In 1952, the car acquired a heater and the size of the back window was increased.

The Goliath 1100 – introduced in 1957 – is a substantially restyled continuation of the GP700 model, but it also represents a significant move upmarket with a larger four-stroke four-cylinder engine, anticipating by nearly a decade the switch away from two-stroke power plants by other members of the two-stroke club.

## Revolutionary

The GP700's Ponton, three-box design reflected the silhouette of Borgward's Hansa 1500 introduced the year before. Ten years later, the ponton format automobile had become mainstream, but in 1950, while Opel and Mercedes Benz were still selling cars with designs dating back to the 1930s, the Goliath's design was bold and innovative. The wings were fully integrated into the bodywork, and the passenger cabin filled the full width of the car. Volkswagen would follow suit only in 1961.

Another aspect of the car in respect of which the full significance became obvious only when adopted by other manufacturers was its front-mounted engine, installed transversely along with the gearbox, which drove the front wheels. It was thereby possible to advertise the car as a five-seater even though the wheelbase was of only 2.3 metres (91 in).

The GP700 Sport appeared in 1952 with a Bosch fuel injection system. The Sport model was produced only in very limited numbers, but shortly afterwards fuel injection also became available on the GP700 saloon (designated GP700 E: E stood for “Einspritzung”) as an alternative to the carburetor-equipped version. When the larger-engined GP900 E appeared, it was available only with the Bosch fuel injection. This is a Goliath feature that would be taken up across the auto industry during the balance of the twentieth century: however, the fuel-injected GP700 E appeared five years before the fuel-injected Mercedes-Benz 300 SL.

Yet another innovation, available from 1952 on the GP700 and which subsequently became mainstream was the all-synchromesh, four-speed gearbox.

## The Engine

The GP700 was propelled by a two-cylinder two-stroke engine of 688 cc. The carburettor version with which the car was launched had a claimed maximum output of 25 bhp (19 kW; 25 PS), which increased to 29 bhp (22 kW; 29 PS) where fuel injection was specified. Claimed maximum speed when the car was launched was 102 km/h (63 mph). Subsequently, the installation of more powerful engines delivered more performance: the bored out 886 cc-engined GP900 E, introduced in 1955, managed a maximum speed of 120 km/h (75 mph) courtesy of an advertised maximum output of 50 bhp (37 kW; 51 PS). The very rare lightweight GP700 sport, offered from 1951 to 1953, its fuel-injected engine enlarged to 845 cc, managed a claimed maximum speed of 125 km/h (78 mph) on the basis of 32 bhp (24 kW; 32 PS).

## Sources and further reading

## InfoBox

| Goliath GP700
Goliath GP900 | |
| --- | --- |
| Goliath GP700 2-door saloon | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Carl F. W. Borgward GmbH |
| Production | 1950–1957 GP700
1955–1957 GP900
1951–1953 GP700 Sport |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 2-door saloon,
2-door saloon cabriolet,
3-door estate,
2-door Sport coupé
2-door panel van |
| Layout | FF layout |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 688 cc straight-2
2-stroke *(GP 700)*
886 cc straight-2
2-stroke *(GP 900)*
845  cc straight-2
2-stroke *(GP 700 Sport)* |
| Transmission | 4-speed manual
all-synchromesh from 1952 |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,300 mm (90.6 in) |
| Length | 4,050–4,150 mm (159.4–163.4 in) |
| Width | 1,630 mm (64.2 in) |
| Height | 1,470 mm (57.9 in) |
| Curb weight | 903 kg (1,991 lb) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Goliath 1100 |


title: Usarufa language

abstract: Usarufa is a Kainantu language spoken by the people of the same name in Papua New Guinea. It belongs to the Gauwa branch of the Kainantu family of the Kainantu–Goroka languages. The language area consists of six villages: Moife, Imikori, Irafo, Kagu, Agura 1, and Agura 2. Its ISO 639 code is usa. As of 2009, the language was reported to have had about 1200 speakers and no fluent speakers below the age of 25, which makes it an endangered language.

text:
# Usarufa language

**Usarufa** is a Kainantu language spoken by the people of the same name in Papua New Guinea. It belongs to the Gauwa branch of the Kainantu family of the Kainantu–Goroka languages. The language area consists of six villages: Moife, Imikori, Irafo, Kagu, Agura 1, and Agura 2. Its ISO 639 code is *usa*.

As of 2009, the language was reported to have had about 1200 speakers and no fluent speakers below the age of 25, which makes it an endangered language.

## Phonology

This section is derived from the analyses presented in Bee 1965 in which an inventory of eighteen consonants is favoured.

Usarufa consonant phonemes
|  | | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Plosive | plain |  |  |  |  |  |
| | glottalised | ˀp | ˀt | |  | ˀk |
| Nasal | plain |  |  |  |  |  |
| | glottalised | ˀm | ˀn |  |  |  |
| | geminate |  |  |  |  |  |
| Approximant | plain |  |  |  |  |  |
| | glottalised | ˀw |  | ˀj |  |  |

The distribution of these consonants is determined by their position within a stress group, a segment which has one primary stress, the placement of which is determined by a pitch contour. This stress group may consist of two or more syllables. Only /p t k m n w j/ can occur as the onset of a stress group, and only /ʔ/ can occur finally. In stress-medial position all consonant phonemes can occur, and /p k/ are realised as \[\] and \[\], respectively. /ɾ/ may be realised as \[\].

An alternative analysis treats all glottalised and geminate consonants as secondary, in which case there are only nine consonant phonemes:

Usarufa consonant phonemes, alternative analysis
|  | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Plosive |  |  |  |  |  |
| Nasal |  |  |  |  |  |
| Approximant |  |  |  |  |  |

Usarufa has an unremarkable five-vowel system.

Usarufa vowel phonemes
|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Close |  |  |  |
| Mid |  |  |  |
| Open |  |  |  |

/i/, /e/, and /a/ have the allophones \[\], \[\] and \[\], respectively. /e/ may be realised as \[\] following coronal or palatal phonemes.

* Vida Chenoweth, who studied the Usarufa music
* Aikuma, mobile software for language recording, first used to record Usarufa

## InfoBox

| Usarufa | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | Okapa District, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Native speakers | (1,300 cited 1996) |
| Language family | Trans–New Guinea |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `usa` |
| *Glottolog* | `usar1243` |
| Imikori Village, from Moife Hill | |


title: Usansolo station

abstract: Usansolo is a railway station in Galdakao, Basque Country, Spain. It is owned by Euskal Trenbide Sarea and operated by Euskotren. It lies on the Bilbao-San Sebastián line.

text:
# Usansolo station

**Usansolo** is a railway station in Galdakao, Basque Country, Spain. It is owned by Euskal Trenbide Sarea and operated by Euskotren. It lies on the Bilbao-San Sebastián line.

## History

The station opened as part of the Bilbao-Durango line in 1882.

## Services

The station is served by Euskotren Trena lines E1 and E4. Each of them runs every 30 minutes (in each direction) during weekdays, and every hour during weekends. A bus service run by Euskotren links the station with Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital.

## InfoBox

| Usansolo | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance to the station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Galdakao, Biscay<br>Spain |
| Coordinates | 43°13′4.04″N 2°49′18.41″W / 43.2177889°N 2.8217806°W / 43.2177889; -2.8217806 |
| Owned by | Euskal Trenbide Sarea |
| Operated by | Euskotren |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Parking | No |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | **Zone 2** |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 July 1882 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Euskotren Trena Following station  Zuhatzutowards Matiko  Line E1  Bediatowards Amara  Line E4  Bediatowards Bermeo | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Goodwife

abstract: Goodwife, usually abbreviated Goody, was a polite form of address for women, formerly used how Mrs., Miss and Ms. are used today. Its male counterpart is Goodman. However, a woman addressed by this title was of a lesser social rank than a woman addressed as Mistress. Goodwife and Goody were used in England, Scotland, and Colonial America, with the earliest known use circa 1325. By the mid-18th century they had become archaic outside Scotland, and they are perhaps best known today as the forms of address used in period literature, like Arthur Miller's historical fiction The Crucible. The title also appears in the expression Goody Two-Shoes, which is sometimes credited to the 1765 children's book The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes, though it was first used at least a century earlier.

text:
# Goodwife

**Goodwife** (Scots: *Guidwife*), usually abbreviated **Goody**, was a polite form of address for women, formerly used how *Mrs.*, *Miss* and *Ms.* are used today. Its male counterpart is Goodman. However, a woman addressed by this title was of a lesser social rank than a woman addressed as Mistress.

*Goodwife* and *Goody* were used in England, Scotland, and Colonial America, with the earliest known use circa 1325. By the mid-18th century they had become archaic outside Scotland, and they are perhaps best known today as the forms of address used in period literature, like Arthur Miller's historical fiction *The Crucible*.

The title also appears in the expression *Goody Two-Shoes*, which is sometimes credited to the 1765 children's book *The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes*, though it was first used at least a century earlier.

## Usage

*Goodwife* is a term used to designate women of high social status, typically civilian wives. However, in England, these were not people of the gentry. Goodwives were typically involved in civilian duties but did not necessarily join in church activities.

The term has also had very specific meanings for certain groups. Between 1523 and 1547, the term *goodwife* was used in Coventry cappers to denote wives who had taken over their husbands' businesses before or after their husbands' deaths. There were some, especially ministers, who believed that this term should be used to address church members reflecting such member's moral status.

### Colonial America

The address *Goodwife* was coined in England and then used in colonial America. By the time it migrated over, the term was already declining in popularity in England. It remained in usage in New England until the early 1800s. The term was also used in mid-Atlantic colonies as well, but was not used with any significant fervor in comparison to New England. The decline of this address fell as Puritan ideals did.

A precise definition of *Goodwife* in colonial America is elusive owing to the term's varied and ambiguous usage. However, it can be linked to Puritan ideals as it was considered an address of respect.

### England

The address *Goodwife* was already declining in popularity by the 1700s in England. By this time, the address meant little to nothing; there is evidence of those who had commonly used the form of address now requested to be called Master or Mistress. Also, around this time, people were listing no address or *Goodwife* interchangeably.

While this term was to denote women of high social standing, there were terms for women above these. Above Goodwife was Madam and above that was Dame. Despite *Goodwife* indicating lower social status than Madam or Dame, it was not considered an insult to address someone of lower status as Goodwife during times of high usage in England. It was "an indication of good neighborliness." However, in *Evelina*, Captain Mervin uses the term to insult his wife, who, as a member of the gentry, should be referred to as *Madame* or *Mistress*.

## Shift towards "Mistress"

Goodwife was one of the many forms of address towards women at the time. While Goodwife and Mistress were used at the same point, there was a noticeable shift from calling women *Goodwife* to *Mistress* and ultimately the usage of Goodwife faded out around the 18th century. However, there is evidence that points towards Goodwife being used longer than Goodman.

Regardless, the term did fade into obscurity all the same. This shifted as Puritan ideals were not held in such high regards, especially as the legal system moved towards secular trends in both England and New England.

In England, the term *Goodwife* was not used by 1700. By 1780, the forms of address *Master* or *Mister* and *Miss(tress)* were used almost universally despite social differences. The only exception is that those women of especially high social status were called *Lady*.

In modern use, *Goody* is generally associated with witches, probably as a result of Eunice Cole and Sarah Osborne and other women accused of witchcraft being referred to as *Goody* rather than by their first names. Several of the Ramtops Witches in Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels are given the title.


title: Montreal Expos Player of the Year

abstract: The Montreal Expos Player of the Year award was voted by the Montreal chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) at the end of each season, until the Montreal Expos moved to Washington, D.C., US, following the 2004 season.

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# Montreal Expos Player of the Year

The **Montreal Expos Player of the Year** award was voted by the Montreal chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) at the end of each season, until the Montreal Expos moved to Washington, D.C., US, following the 2004 season.

## Winners

## InfoBox

| Montreal Expos Player of the Year | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | The top player for the Montreal Expos, as voted by the Montreal chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America |
| Location | Montreal, Quebec |
| Country | Canada |
| Presented by | Montreal chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (1969–2004) |


title: Montpellier, Quebec

abstract: Montpellier is a town and municipality in the Papineau Regional County Municipality in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada. The town is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Papineauville. The municipality includes the settlements of Montpellier and Lac-Schryer. Its western portion consists mostly of undeveloped Laurentian Hills, part of the Papineau-Labelle Wildlife Reserve.

text:
# Montpellier, Quebec

**Montpellier** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃pəlje\]) is a town and municipality in the Papineau Regional County Municipality in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada. The town is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Papineauville.

The municipality includes the settlements of Montpellier and Lac-Schryer. Its western portion consists mostly of undeveloped Laurentian Hills, part of the Papineau-Labelle Wildlife Reserve.

## History

In the late 19th century, pioneers arrived in the area searching for work in logging and agriculture. In 1882, in the north-west of what would later become the village, the forestry company W.C. Edwards opened a project to exploit timber at Muskrat Lake. Under the supervision of foreman, a man named Schraire, the log drivers brought logs down the creek to Lake Schryer to reach the saw mill downstream of the lake.

Settlement occurred slowly along the shores of Lake Schryer. In 1892, Louis Beaulieu, called Montpellier, settled here on a farm and opened a post office and general store. After his marriage to Albina Bissonnette, they settled in the village known as Montpellier today. Shortly after, Moses Faubert left Mulgrave Township and settled here with his sixteen children. Several other families from neighboring townships came to reside in the village, contributing to the development of the small community.

In 1900, construction began on a chapel at the village center. On 25 September 1902, the mission of Notre-Dame-de-la-Consolation was founded, and on 21 October 1907, the Archbishop of Ottawa decreed the establishment of the parish. On 23 October 1920, the Municipality of Montpellier was formed, matching the boundaries of the parish.

In 1998, the southern portion of the Lac-des-Écorces Unorganized Territory was annexed by Montpellier, adding about 136 square kilometres (53 sq mi) and more than doubling its size.

## Demographics

Canada census – Montpellier community profile

|  | 2021 | 2016 | 2011 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 1,112 (+12.9% from 2016) | 985 (-0.1% from 2011) | 986 (2.1% from 2006) |
| Land area | 246.12 km2 (95.03 sq mi) | 249.14 km2 (96.19 sq mi) | 248.34 km2 (95.88 sq mi) |
| Population density | 4.5/km2 (12/sq mi) | 4.0/km2 (10/sq mi) | 4.0/km2 (10/sq mi) |
| Median age | 60.4 (M: 60.8, F: 60.0) | 58.1 (M: 58.8, F: 57.4) | 56.1 (M: 56.2, F: 55.8) |
| Private dwellings | 954 (total)  589 (occupied) | 896 (total) | 789 (total) |
| Median household income | $54,800 | $45,184 | $37,456 |

References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier

Historical census populations – Montpellier, Quebec
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | 647 |  |
| 1991 | 734 | +13.4% |
| 1996 | 835 | +13.8% |
| 2001 | 734 | −12.1% |
| 2006 | 966 | +31.6% |
| 2011 | 986 | +2.1% |
| 2016 | 985 | −0.1% |
| 2021 | 1,112 | +12.9% |
| Source: Statistics Canada | | |

Mother tongue:

* English as first language: 4%
* French as first language: 92.4%
* English and French as first language: 2.7%
* Other as first language: 0.4%

## Local government

**Montpellier federal election results**
| Year | | Liberal | | Conservative | | Bloc Québécois | | New Democratic | | Green | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2021 | 38% | *275* | 12% | *88* | **43%** | *311* | 4% | *28* | 0% | *0* |
| | 2019 | 30% | *214* | 14% | *97* | **46%** | *327* | 4% | *28* | 5% | *35* |
|

**Montpellier provincial election results**
| Year | | CAQ | | Liberal | | QC solidaire | | Parti Québécois | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2018 | **47%** | *292* | 18% | *110* | 14% | *86* | 15% | *95* |
|  | 2014 | 17% | *110* | **42%** | *273* | 4% | *29* | 34% | *223* |
|

Montpellier forms part of the federal electoral district of Argenteuil—La Petite-Nation and has been represented by Stéphane Lauzon of the Liberal Party since 2015. Provincially, Montpellier is part of the Papineau electoral district and is represented by Mathieu Lacombe of the Coalition Avenir Québec since 2018.

List of former mayors:

* Rhéo Faubert (2001–2005)
* Stéphane Séguin (2005–2009)
* Pierre Bernier (2009-2013)
* Stéphane Séguin (2013–present)

## InfoBox

| Montpellier | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Road 315 in Montpellier | |
| Location within Papineau RCM | |
| MontpellierLocation in western Quebec | |
| Coordinates: 45°51′N 75°10′W / 45.850°N 75.167°W / 45.850; -75.167 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Outaouais |
| RCM | Papineau |
| Settled | 1890s |
| Constituted | October 11, 1920 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Pierre Bernier |
| Federal riding | Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel |
| Prov. riding | Papineau |
| Area | |
| Total | 266.00 km2 (102.70 sq mi) |
| Land | 246.12 km2 (95.03 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 1,112 |
| Density | 4.5/km2 (12/sq mi) |
| Pop 2016-2021 | 12.9% |
| Dwellings | 954 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | J0V 1M0 |
| Area code | 819 |
| Highways | R-315 |
| Website | montpellier.ca |


title: Unnai Thedi Varuven

abstract: Unnai Thedi Varuven is a 1985 Indian Tamil-language thriller film directed by C. V. Sridhar and produced by K. R. Gangadharan. The film stars Suresh, Nalini, Sadhana and Vinoth. It was released on 5 July 1985, and became a commercial success.

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# Unnai Thedi Varuven

***Unnai Thedi Varuven*** (transl.I will come searching for you) is a 1985 Indian Tamil-language thriller film directed by C. V. Sridhar and produced by K. R. Gangadharan. The film stars Suresh, Nalini, Sadhana and Vinoth. It was released on 5 July 1985, and became a commercial success.

## Plot

Devi and Anitha are best friends that are in Anitha's home alone when a killer on the run (Vinoth) enters their home. He's running from the police after killing his ex-girlfriend and plans on hiding out at the house. The young women capture him and he's arrested but nurses a grudge against the two. Anitha is rich and funds Devi's education. Devi lives with her brother and sister-in-law. As her education is funded by Anitha, Devi feels a sense of obligation towards her friend. The two run into Anand, a happy-go-lucky dancer and Anitha falls for him. Anand, however, loves Devi and she reciprocates. Anand and Devi marry just as Vinoth escapes prison intent on getting revenge on the two women. Anitha and Devi must somehow escape Vinoth's clutches.

## Cast

## Production

*Unnai Thedi Varuven* was produced by K. R. Gangadharan under KRG Film Circuit and directed by C. V. Sridhar, who also wrote the story. The comedy subplot featuring Thengai Srinivasan and Manorama was written by Sridhar's longtime associate Chithralaya Gopu. Cinematography was handled by P. Bhaskar Rao, and the editing by K. R. Ramalingam.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Oru Naanil" | Vairamuthu | S. Janaki, Ramesh | 4:29 |
| 2. | "Maalai Muthal" | Vaali | Vani Jairam | 4:25 |
| 3. | "En Anbe" | Vaali | S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | 4:41 |
| 4. | "Endiyamma Keli" | Vaali | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | 4:38 |
| 5. | "Valiya Vantha" | Gangai Amaran | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | 4:32 |
| Total length: | | | | 22:45 |

## Release and reception

*Unnai Thedi Varuven* was released on 5 July 1985. Jayamanmadhan of *Kalki* said the suspense element in the film was weak, and was like sambar and payasam mixed together. The film became a commercial success.

## InfoBox

| Unnai Thedi Varuven | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | C. V. Sridhar |
| Written by | C. V. Sridhar |
| Produced by | K. R. Gangadharan |
| Starring | Suresh
Nalini
Sadhana
Vinoth |
| Cinematography | P. Bhaskar Rao |
| Edited by | K. R. Ramalingam |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
| Production
company | KRG Film Circuit |
| Release date | * 5 July 1985 (1985-07-05) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Montauk Point State Park

abstract: Montauk Point State Park is a 862-acre (3.49 km⁲) state park located in the hamlet of Montauk, at the eastern tip of Long Island in the Town of East Hampton, Suffolk County, New York. Montauk Point is the easternmost extremity of the South Fork of Long Island, and thus also of New York State.

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# Montauk Point State Park

**Montauk Point State Park** is a 862-acre (3.49 km2) state park located in the hamlet of Montauk, at the eastern tip of Long Island in the Town of East Hampton, Suffolk County, New York. Montauk Point is the easternmost extremity of the South Fork of Long Island, and thus also of New York State.

## History

The park contains the Montauk Point Light, which was authorized by the Second Congress, under President George Washington in 1792. Construction began on June 7, 1796 and was completed on November 5, 1796. The lighthouse and adjacent Camp Hero were heavily fortified with huge guns during World War I and World War II. Those gun emplacements and concrete observation bunkers (which are also at nearby Shadmoor State Park and Camp Hero State Park) are still visible.

*Amistad*, a Spanish ship taken over by slaves in 1839, was captured by *Washington* near Montauk Point. The slaves were allowed to briefly disembark here before being re-imprisoned and taken to New London, Connecticut for trial. The Amistad case was heard before the Supreme Court of the United States, where John Quincy Adams successfully argued that the slaves had been kidnapped. Following the trial, the slaves were permitted to return to Africa. The case fanned the debate over the abolition of slavery.

## Park description

Montauk Point State Park features picnic tables, a food concession, playground, fishing, seasonal hunting, and trails for hiking and cross-country skiing.

Suffolk Transit's S94 route also serves the park seasonally connecting it with Montauk Village. The park is located at the end of New York State Route 27.

## In Literature

A memory of this district is related in Lydia Sigourney's poem Montauk Point, published in her *Scenes in my Native Land*, 1845.

## InfoBox

| Montauk Point State Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Sunrise over the Montauk Point Light in December 2005. | |
| Location of Montauk Point State Park within New York State | |
| Type | State park |
| Location | 2000 Montauk Highway
Montauk, New York |
| Nearest city | Montauk, New York |
| Coordinates | 41°04′12″N 71°51′18″W / 41.07°N 71.855°W / 41.07; -71.855 |
| Area | 862 acres (3.49 km2) |
| Operated by | New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation |
| Visitors | 816,970 (in 2014) |
| Open | All year |
| Website | Montauk Point State Park |


title: Montauk Point land claim

abstract: The Montauk Point land claim was a series of three lawsuits brought by Chief Wyandank Pharaoh, nephew of the Stephen Talkhouse who died in the same year (1879) that the tribe lost the last remaining vestige of their territory in the New York state courts, claiming Montauk Point on behalf of the Montaukett Indians, against the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) and its predecessors in title. The first suit, Montauk Tribe of Indians v. Long Island R.R. Co., brought by Wyandank Pharaoh in the name of the tribe, was dismissed because the tribe had not been explicitly authorized by the state to sue in its own name. As recommended by the Appellate Division's opinion, the second suit, Johnson v. Long Island R.R. Co., was brought in the name of Eugene A. Johnson, a citizen and tribal member. The New York Court of Appeals disavowed the previous dicta of the Appellate Division, and held that neither an individual Indian nor a tribe could sue in court without enabling legislation. The tribe failed in its efforts to convince the federal government to pass legislation enabling the tribe to bring the claim in federal court. In 1906, the state passed a statute enabling the tribe to sue, and Wyandank Pharaoh brought a third suit, Pharaoh v. Benson, in the name of the tribe. Reaching the merits, the New York courts held that the tribe no longer existed and that the transactions were valid. Since the litigation, the Montauks have failed in their efforts to obtain compensation from the federal and state government, and much of the land in question has come to be held by public parks.

text:
# Montauk Point land claim

The **Montauk Point land claim** was a series of three lawsuits brought by Chief Wyandank Pharaoh, nephew of the Stephen Talkhouse who died in the same year (1879) that the tribe lost the last remaining vestige of their territory in the New York state courts, claiming Montauk Point on behalf of the Montaukett Indians, against the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) and its predecessors in title.

The first suit, ***Montauk Tribe of Indians v. Long Island R.R. Co.***, brought by Wyandank Pharaoh in the name of the tribe, was dismissed because the tribe had not been explicitly authorized by the state to sue in its own name.

As recommended by the Appellate Division's opinion, the second suit, ***Johnson v. Long Island R.R. Co.***, was brought in the name of Eugene A. Johnson, a citizen and tribal member. The New York Court of Appeals disavowed the previous dicta of the Appellate Division, and held that neither an individual Indian nor a tribe could sue in court without enabling legislation.

The tribe failed in its efforts to convince the federal government to pass legislation enabling the tribe to bring the claim in federal court. In 1906, the state passed a statute enabling the tribe to sue, and Wyandank Pharaoh brought a third suit, ***Pharaoh v. Benson***, in the name of the tribe. Reaching the merits, the New York courts held that the tribe no longer existed and that the transactions were valid. Since the litigation, the Montauks have failed in their efforts to obtain compensation from the federal and state government, and much of the land in question has come to be held by public parks.

## Background

Circa 1875, the Montauk tribe began renting out Montauk Point for pasturage through the Proprietors' Company; the company took possession of the grazing allotments, and paid the tribe an annuity. Circa 1880, the shareholders of the company disagreed over whether the lands should continue to be leased, or whether they should be re-apportioned. In 1878, Robert M. Grinnell sued Edward M. Baker et al. for partition and division of the allotments. In *Grinnell v. Baker* (unreported), the court ordered the lands sold at public auction (subject to the Montauk claim), with the proceeds distributed equally among the non-Indian lessees, rather than the Montauk tribe.

The auction took place at the home of Jehial Parsons. Arthur W. Benson bought the 11,000 acres (45 km2) at auction for $151,000 in 1879. In turn, Benson sold 5,000 acres (20 km2) of the land to the Long Island Rail Road for $600,000.

Benson hired Nathaniel Dominey to negotiate the removal of the Montauks still living on the reservation. At a later, Senate Sub-Committee hearing, Dominey testified that eight Indians remained on the reservation at the time, including: future Chief Wyandank Pharaoh (10 years old at the time), his mother, and two of her brothers. Later, Dominey experienced a change of heart and cooperated with the Montauks in their claim, and turning over his letters from Benson. Dominey testified that he compensated Wyandank Pharaoh's mother with a $100 semi-annual annuity and two houses, to be inherited by Pharaoh, $80 each to her two brothers, and $10 to Wyandank.

Arthur Benson had viewed Montauk as "his private playground"; after his death, his son approached Austin Corbin, President and controlling shareholder of the Long Island Rail Road, and Charles Pratt, of Standard Oil, about the possibility of voiding his fathers will and opening Montauk to development. Montauk Point was purchased by Corbin and Pratt in 1895.

On October 30, 1895, Chief Wyandank Pharaoh returned from a research trip to Brooklyn and Washington, D.C. to gather evidence to pursue a claim. Pharaoh declared his intentions to undertake a hunting trip on the disputed land and initiate a lawsuit if he was interfered with.

The *New York Times* blamed Chief Pharaoh for the dispute:

> If King Wyandank Pharaoh of the Montauk Tribe of Indians had not given for $10 the living members of the Montauk tribe might now be wealthy, instead of being poor and fighting for their rights with a desperate hope of regaining at least part of what they claim to be their lawful heritage.

## *Montauk Tribe of Indians v. Long Island R.R. Co.* (App. Div. 1898)

### Supreme Court

Chief Wyandank Pharaoh, on behalf of the tribe, filed suit, stating a cause of action for ejectment on February 5, 1897. For proof of tribal status, the tribe cited a partition action decided by Judge Dykman and the 1890 United States Census. The complaint valued the land at approximately $300,000.

On June 5, 1897, Judge Wilmot Moses Smith of the New York Supreme Court set a hearing date for June 19 in Patchogue to hear the oral arguments for the defendants' demurrer. The matter was transferred to Judge Samuel T. Maddox in Brooklyn. Judge Maddox granted the demurrer, dismissing the action but allowing the tribe to re-plead if they paid costs.

### Appellate Division

The Montauk's, represented by ex-judge George M. Curtis, filed a notice of appeal on December 22, 1897. Before the Appellate Division, the Montauk's case was argued by Leman B. Treadwell, with Francis M. Morrison (both Boston lawyers) also on the brief. Alfred A. Gardner argued on behalf of the LIRR, with William J. Kelly on the brief. The Appellate Division panel consisted of Judges Goodrich, Edgar M. Cullen, Willard Bartlett, Hatch, and Woodward.

The Appellate Division of the Second Department unanimously affirmed the judgment of the Suffolk Special Term on April 19, 1898. Citing *Strong v. Waterman* and *Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy*, Judge Cullen noted that "no provision had been made by law for bringing ejectment to recover possession of \[Indians\]" and "as a body or tribe, the Indians have no corporate name by which they can institute such a suit." Judge Cullen suggested that the tribe either petition the legislature for enabling legislation to allow them to sue as a tribe, or have individual members bring the suit.

## *Johnson v. Long Island R.R. Co.* (N.Y. 1900)

### Supreme Court

Eugene A. Johnson, a U.S. citizen of Montauk descent, and a member of the tribe since birth, brought a similar suit in his own name, on behalf of himself and other similarly interested. The Special Term sustained a demurrer.

### Appellate Division

The divided panel of the Appellate Division of the Second Department reversed on July 1, 1899. In a per curiam opinion, joined by all but Judge Willard Bartlett, the Appellate Division held:

> While the right to maintain this action in its present form is not free from doubt, still, as it is brought in accordance with the view expressed by us on the prior appeal, we think we should adhere to our former decision, and allow the question to be finally determined by the court of appeals.

### Court of Appeals

The Appellate Division certified three questions to the Court of Appeals:

> 1. Has the plaintiff in this action legal capacity to sue?
> 2. Is there a defect of the parties plaintiff in this action, in that the members of the alleged Montauk Tribe of Indians are not made parties plaintiff?
> 3. Does the complaint herein state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action?

Before the Court of Appeals, Treadwell and Morrison again argued for the Montauks, while Gardner and Kelly again argued for the LIRR.

The New York Court of Appeals reversed the Appellate Division, and affirmed the Special Term, on April 17, 1900. The court answered all three certified questions in the negative, without costs to either party. Judge Edward T. Bartlett, joined by Judges Denis O'Brien, Albert Haight, and Celora E. Martin, held that Johnson had no capacity to bring a suit on the tribe's behalf. The Court held that Indians, as wards of the state, had no right to sue unless conferred by statute:

> A decision holding that this action could be maintained either by the tribe, or an individual member thereof on behalf of himself and all others who should come in and contribute, would be contrary to the policy and practice which have been long established in our treatment of the Indian tribes. They are regarded as the wards of the state, and, generally speaking, possessed of only such rights to appear and litigate in courts of justice as are conferred upon them by statute.

Chief Judge Alton B. Parker concurred in the result, without separate opinion; Judges Irving G. Vann and Landon dissented, without opinion.

## Senate Indian Affairs Sub-Committee hearing (1900)

Chief Pharaoh, along with representatives of the Shinnecock Tribe, Narragansett Tribe, and Mohegan Tribe, testified before a Sub-Committee of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee on September 22, 1900, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. The Sub-Committee consisted of Senators John M. Thurston (R-NE) and Orville H. Platt (R-CT). In addition to Pharaoh, the testifying Indians were: Rev. Eugene A. Johnson, Nathan J. Cuffee, and James Cuffee (of the Montauk Council), John Noka, Joshua Noka, and Donald Seeter (of the Narragansett Council), David Kellis (of the Shinnecock Council). Maria Crippen and Dr. William H. Johnson of the Montauk tribe were among the spectators.

Rev. Johnson testified that there were 300 living members of the Montauk tribe. Johnson also testified that the New York state legislature had denied the Montauks a hearing because they were not "persons." Johnson argued that the Montauks could not alienate property without the consent of both New York and the federal government. He valued the disputed property at $3,000,000.

The tribes requested special legislation to allow them to bring their land claims, for fraud, in the United States circuit court. The Montauks and Shinnecocks claimed 11,000 acres (45 km2) of Montauk Point; the Narragansetts an eight-square-mile tract near Narragansett Bay; the Mohegans a reservation in and near Norwich, Connecticut. Tredwell and Morrison continued to represent the tribes before the hearing.

## State enabling legislation (1906)

A bill granting the Montauks permission to sue was introduced in February 1903. The Montauk's lawyer, Charles O. Maas, was the key lobbyist for the bill.

On April 10, 1906, the New York legislature passed a statute enabling the Montauk tribe to bring suit, The act contained the following proviso: "the question as to the existence of the Montauk Tribe of Indians shall be a question of law and fact to be determined by the court." Judge Blackmar interpreted the act as "providing that the act should not be construed as conferring tribal rights on any individuals, but that the question of the existence of the Montauk Tribe should be determined by the court."

## *Pharaoh v. Benson* (N.Y. 1918)

### Supreme Court

Pursuant to the enabling act, Chief Wyandank Pharaoh brought a third suit on behalf of the tribe in 1906. The named defendants were: Jane Ann Benson and Mary Benson, the executrices of Arthur Benson's will, John J. Pierrepoint and Henry R. Hoyt, the executors and trustees of Frank Sherman Benson's will, Mary Benson, the Montauk Company, the Montauk Dock and Improvement Company, Alfred W. Hoyt, the Montauk Extension Railroad Company, and the Long Island Rail Road. An area of 4,200 acres (17 km2) was named in the third complaint (1,200 acres (4.9 km2) of it adjacent to the LIRR).

Chief Pharaoh was represented by Maas and Lawrence W. Trowbridge (of counsel). The defendants were represented by Daly, Hoyt & Mason (for the Bensons), Austin & McLanahan (for the Dock and Improvement Co.), A. T. Mason (for Pierrepoint and Henry Hoyt), P. Tecumseh Sherman (for Alfred Hoyt), and Joseph Keany (for the LIRR). According to a 1910 Q&A in the *New York Times*, the lawyers fees were "long since supposed to have eclipsed the value of the land in litigation."

The trial took place, without a jury, before Judge Abel Blackmar of the Supreme Court of Suffolk County, Special Term. Fourteen of the sixteen living Montauk men appeared as witnesses at trial.

Judge Blackmar, ruled against the Montauks on October 11, 1910. According to Blackmar, the Montauks individually conveyed all their lands and claims to Arthur Benson between 1885 and 1894, in exchange for $100 to $250 each, except for Wyandank Pharaoh who received only $10, plus between 5 and 45 acres (20,000 and 182,000 m2) in Freetown and East Hampton, plus a $240 annuity to be divided per capita.

Judge Blackmar also relied upon a December 1686 patent granted by Governor Thomas Dongan to the freeholders of East Hampton, granting them the exclusive right to purchase Indian lands in the area. Benson had separately purchased the fee rights from the descendants of the patentees.

Judge Blackmar also held that the Montauks were no longer a tribe:

> During this long period the number of the Indians was greatly reduced. Their blood became so mixed that in many of them Indian traits were obliterated. They had no internal government, and they lived a sort of shiftless life, hunting, fishing, cultivating the ground 'Indian fashion' as a witness called it, and often leaving for long periods and working in some menial capacity for the whites.

### Appellate Division

On appeal, the Montauks found a new lawyer: Allen Caruthers.

The Appellate Divisioncomposed of Judges Jenks, Burr, Rich, Stapleton, and Putnamaffirmed on October 16, 1914. On appeal, the Montauks were represented by Allen Caruthers, while the defendants were represented by Charles K. Carpenter, with Alexander T. Mason and George T. Austin on the brief. Judge Burr, for a unanimous court, wrote the opinion.

### Court of Appeals

The Court of Appealscomposed of Chief Judge Frank Harris Hiscock and Judges Emory A. Chase, Frederick Collin, William Herman Cuddeback, John W. Hogan, McLaughlin, and Frederick E. Craneaffirmed (per curiam, without opinion) on January 29, 1918, without costs.

## Aftermath

### Federal lobbying

Maas departed for Washington, D.C., after the passage of the state enabling legislation. The Interior Department endorsed the idea on July 7, 1906.

In January 1921, Senator James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr. (R-NY) and Representative Homer P. Snyder (R-NY) introduced legislation and asked the Interior Secretary to report to Congress on the Montauk's tribal status and the merits of their land claim. The Secretary prepared a report agreeing with the conclusions of Judge Blackmar and the New York appellate courts in *Pharaoh v. Benson*. The Senate Committee on Indian Affairs received the report on April 22, 1922, and introduced the Wadsworth bill that June; the bill did not make it out of committee.

In 1996, represented by Bell, Boyd & Lloyd, the Montauks filed a letter of intent with the Branch of Acknowledgement and Research of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the first step towards federal recognition. The petition for recognition was submitted on June 23, 1998. The tribe received a request for documents from the BIA in January 1999.

### State lobbying

On February 14, 1922, New York state assemblyman John J. O'Connor introduced legislation to compensate the Montauks. The bill excluded James Waters and the other members of the Montauk diaspora. The bill would have created a three-person committeecomposed of two assembly members and one state senatorto determine whether the land claim had been meritorious. The bill never reached the floor.

### Montaukett burial grounds

In 1983, Fort Hill Associates and Signal Hill Associates applied to the town of East Hampton for a permit to build homes on North Neck hill, above the Montauks’ ancestral burial ground. As quoted in the *New York Times*, the East Hampton town supervisor said, "Who cares about a bunch of dead Indians?" The Montauketts won a temporary injunction in court that July. That November, the town board voted to purchase the 30 acres (120,000 m2) for $1.4 million and preserve the burial ground.

In 1989, developers announced plans touching on a different Montaukett burial ground in North Neck. After protests, the town government agreed to preserve the site in 1991.

### State parks

In 1984, the federal government announced plans to sell Montauk Air Force Station, a 278 acres (1.1 km2) air force installation southwest of Montauk Point, to real estate developers. New York State and the Town of East Hampton sued to block the sale. The land was eventually turned over to the New York State Park Service, becoming Camp Hero State Park. The state purchased 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of Hither Woods in 1986 and created Hither Hills State Park. In 1988, the state purchased 777 acres (3.1 km2) more to augment the park.

* John A. Strong, *The Montaukett Indians of Eastern Long Island* (2001).
* John A. Strong, Who Says the Montauk Tribe Is Extinct? Judge Abel Blackmar's Decision in *Wyandank v. Benson* (1909), 16 Am. Indian Culture & Res. J. 1 (1992).