title: Geology of Nicaragua

abstract: The geology of Nicaragua includes Paleozoic crystalline basement rocks, Mesozoic intrusive igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks spanning the Cretaceous to the Pleistocene. Volcanoes erupted in the Paleogene and within the last 2.5 million years of the Quaternary, due to the subduction of the Cocos Plate, which drives melting and magma creation. Many of these volcanoes are in the Nicaraguan Depression paralleled by the northwest-trending Middle America Trench which marks the Caribbean-Cocos plate boundary. Almost all the rocks in Nicaragua originated as dominantly felsic continental crust, unlike other areas in the region which include stranded sections of mafic oceanic crust. Structural geologists have grouped all the rock units as the Chortis Block.

text:
# Geology of Nicaragua

The **geology of Nicaragua** includes Paleozoic crystalline basement rocks, Mesozoic intrusive igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks spanning the Cretaceous to the Pleistocene. Volcanoes erupted in the Paleogene and within the last 2.5 million years of the Quaternary, due to the subduction of the Cocos Plate, which drives melting and magma creation. Many of these volcanoes are in the Nicaraguan Depression paralleled by the northwest-trending Middle America Trench which marks the Caribbean-Cocos plate boundary. Almost all the rocks in Nicaragua originated as dominantly felsic continental crust, unlike other areas in the region which include stranded sections of mafic oceanic crust. Structural geologists have grouped all the rock units as the Chortis Block.

## Volcanology

Sitting on the Central America Volcanic Arc volcanism remains active in Nicaragua. The Masaya Caldera Complex erupted 460,000 and 50,000 years ago with the Las Sierras Formation as a Pliocene-Pleistocene basement rock. Massive pyroclastic and ignimbrite eruptions caused the caldera to collapse although most of the material it erupted has been basalt. Analysis of an eruption of the caldera in 1772 indicates perhaps the highest rate of lava effusion in Central America. Another active volcano is the San Cristobal Volcanic Complex in the northwest, which erupted in the 1500s and 1600s and again at a reduced level in 1971, with tholeiitic, calc-alkaline and andesite material.

## Natural resource geology

Nicaragua has 94 metal deposits and 46 non-metallic deposits. It is the leading gold producer in Central America from deposits in Bonanza, La Libertad and Limon, in epithermal and mesothermal vein deposits, as well as skarn and placer deposits. Eight million ounces of gold have been extracted since 1930. Copper, zinc, silver, limestone, aggregate, clay and gypsum are also important resources.

Between 1943 and 1977, seismic and drilling surveys were done on the Miskito Basin off the eastern shore in search of oil.

The Momotombo geothermal field was discovered in 1970, 50 kilometers northeast of Managua adjacent to Momotombo Volcano. Thirty three wells were drilled by 1981 with more than 100 megawatts of power potential.


title: Geology of North Korea

abstract: The geology of North Korea has been studied by the Central Geological Survey of Mineral Resources, rare international research, and by inference from South Korea's geology.

text:
# Geology of North Korea

The **geology of North Korea** has been studied by the Central Geological Survey of Mineral Resources, rare international research, and by inference from South Korea's geology.

## Precambrian

Some international dating work around 1973 indicated that most basement rock in North Korea dates to the Proterozoic or the earlier Archean. The North Kyangsong Province gneiss samples indicated ages to 2.12 billion years ago and in 1985, the Sangni Metamorphic Supergroup and the Sangni Revolution were proposed as names for the gneiss-schist and gneiss formation. These groupings have been used to make sense of the 2.1 billion year old Punchon Granitic Gneiss, the Wonnan Group and the P'yonghae Group.

The Machyollong Metamorphic Supergroup is particularly widespread in the northeast, overlying older basement rock near the Yalu River. The supergroup is up to 10 kilometers thick with magnesite-bearing marble, mica schist and quartzite (quartzite units increase in thickness to the west). The western edge of the Machyollong Zone is known as the Iwon Mobile Belt and contains extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks.

The late Proterozoic Sangwon Synthem is widespread in the Pyongnam Basin and other, smaller basins in North Korea and experienced deformation during orogenies in the Mesozoic.

## Paleozoic

The Late Ordovician Miru Series was identified beginning in 1971 as the Koksan Series and subsequently renamed after 1975. The 170 meter thick limestone and siltstone centered around the P'yongnam Basin has extensive crinoid, coral and gastropod fossils. Paleogeography researchers have suggested that corals formed in the Miru Sea—a branch of the South Yangtze Sea. The discovery of Ordovician fossils meant that the previous Koksan Series was revised to be younger, encompassing Silurian slate, limestone and siltstone in the Singye-Koksan area up to 280 meters thick. It includes trilobite and Rugosa fossils.

For years, geologists in the Korean Peninsula were puzzled about the early Paleozoic fossils found in the early Mesozoic Taedong Synthem (limestone pebbles in the Kyomipo Conglomerate). However, in 1991, Kang and Pak inferred an origin from the Koksan Series. Marine fossils are also widespread in the Imjin Group, first recognized in 1962 in the Kaesong-Kumchon-Cholwon area. The three kilometer thick unit is subdivided into the Anhyop, Puapsan and Saknyong Series and is widespread throughout the Imjinang Fold Belt in central North Korea. The Anhyop Series represents one kilometer of schist, limestone, phyllite and sandstone. The 1.1 kilometer Puapsan Series and one kilometer Saknyong Series are both very similar, although the Saknyong also has siltstone and volcanic rocks. North Korean geologists have identified the Imjin Group as a continental rift basin, correlated with similar rocks on the Shandong Peninsula across the Yellow Sea in China. Many of the rocks have experienced low-grade metamorphism and volcanic sequences are comparatively thick.

At the base of the Taedong Synthem is the P'yong'an Supergroup, which lies disconformably atop older Paleozoic rocks. In the Pyongyang Coalfield it is divided into the 650 meter sandstone, shale and conglomerate of the Nogam Formation, the 500 meter Kobangsan Formation, 350 meter coal-bearing Sadong Formation and 250 meter chert-bearing Hongjom Formation, all typically assigned to an Upper Permian shallow marine environment.

## Mesozoic

During the Mesozoic, the region experienced the Songnim Orogeny, named for overturned, overthrusted Choson and P'yong'an synthem rocks near Songnim, north of Pyongyang. This event is associated with the 240 to 190 million year old Triassic and Jurassic Hyesan Complex pluton.

Taebo, a place north of Pyongyang is the namesake of the Taebo orogeny, a period of tectonic activity that emplaced the Taebo Granite around 180 million years ago. The orogeny, which is evidenced in the Okchon Supergroup, is likely related to the separation of Japan from Asia.

North of Pyongyang, Precambrian basement rocks are unconformably overlain by a Jurassic limestone conglomerate ascending to layers of siltstone and mudstone. The Upper Jurassic Shinuiju Formation northwest of Shinuiju has sandstone, conglomerate and mudstone up to two kilometers thick. Offshore drilling in the West Korea Bay Basin indicates these rocks are the onshore extension of offshore units. It is subdivided into fluvial rocks and Upper Jurassic black shale, limestone, conglomerate and sandstone formed in a lake environment.

## Cenozoic

Longstanding terrestrial conditions prevailed through much of the Cenozoic, until the recent geological past, when the a marine regression flooded the area around the peninsula. Very few Cenozoic sediments are known from either Korea, likely as a result of erosion due to uplift of the peninsula. Submarine normal faults along the eastern coastline may have driven crustal tilting. The 350 meter thick Bongsan Coalfield in Hwanghae Province on the west coast preserves and coal-bearing layers dating to the Eocene. Further to the north, in the West Korea Bay Basin Eocene and Oligocene sedimentary rocks up to three kilometers thick unconformably overlie Mesozoic rocks, formed in lakes and coal swamps during the Paleogene.

## Sources

* Chough, Sung Kwun (2012-12-31). *Geology and Sedimentology of the Korean Peninsula*. Newnes. ISBN 9780124055124.
* Moores, E.M.; Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (1997). *Encyclopedia of European & Asian Regional Geology*. Springer. pp. 465–475.
* Ri, Juk Nam; Ri, Jong Chol (1994). *Explanatory text for tectonic map of Korea 1:1,000,000 Scale*. Pyongyang: Ministry of Natural Resources Development. pp. 1–22.
* Ri, Juk Nam; Ryu, Jong Rak (1994). *Explanatory text for geological map of Korea 1:1,000,000 Scale*. Pyongyang: Ministry of Natural Resources Development. pp. 1–39.


title: George Dallas (Labour politician)

abstract:
George Dallas was a British Labour Party politician.
George Dallas contested Roxburgh and Selkirk at the 1924 General Election, coming third behind Unionist and Liberal candidates.

text:
# George Dallas (Labour politician)

**George Dallas** (6 August 1878 – 4 January 1961) was a British Labour Party politician. George Dallas contested Roxburgh and Selkirk at the 1924 General Election, coming third behind Unionist and Liberal candidates.

## Life and career

Born in Glasgow, Dallas worked as a coal miner in his youth. He joined the Socialist League in about 1894 before moving to London to work for a coal merchant. Returning to Glasgow, he participated in the trade union movement and a variety of jobs before becoming the Secretary of the Independent Labour Party in Scotland from 1908 until 1912.

In 1912, Dallas moved back to London to work as the organiser of the National Federation of Women Workers, but soon moved to the Workers' Union. In 1917, he was appointed to the Agricultural Wages Board. In 1922, he moved to the newly built Welwyn Garden City.

At the 1918 and 1922 general elections, he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Maldon constituency in Essex, coming a distant second on each occasion, with 39.6% and 27.8% of the votes respectively. He was unsuccessful again at the 1923 general election in Scottish constituency of Roxburgh and Selkirk, coming third with 26% of the votes.

Dallas did not contest the 1924 general election. However, at the 1929 general election, he was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the marginal seat of Wellingborough in Northamptonshire, after the sitting Labour MP William Cove moved to the safe Labour seat of Aberavon in Wales.

When the Labour Party split at the 1931 general election, he lost his seat with a swing of 16.6% to the Conservative candidate Archibald James, who had criticized Dallas' views on the crisis.

After his loss, Dallas was appointed to several Government committees set to investigate agricultural and water problems. In 1935, he visited European centres where international gatherings of Labour representatives have taken place to discuss the Italo-Abyssinian dispute. Dallas stood in Wellingborough again at the 1935 general election, cutting the Conservative majority to 372 votes. However, he resigned his candidacy a few months later, partly due to illness. He continued his activities for the Labour Party, and was elected chairman of the National Executive Committee in 1937. He died in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire aged 82.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| George DallasMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Wellingborough | |
| **In office**
1929–1931 | |
| Preceded by | William Cove |
| Succeeded by | Archibald James |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | George Dallas
(1878-06-08)8 June 1878
Glasgow |
| Died | 4 January 1961(1961-01-04) (aged 82)
Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Labour |
|  | |


title: George Dallas (cricketer)

abstract: Lieutenant Colonel George Frederick Dallas was an English first-class cricketer and army officer. Serving in the British Army, he fought in the Crimean War, Second Opium War, and Indian Mutiny, mostly as aide de camp to Robert Garrett. He retired in 1875, having been on half-pay since 1862.

text:
# George Dallas (cricketer)

Lieutenant Colonel **George Frederick Dallas** (3 April 1827 – 1 February 1888) was an English first-class cricketer and army officer. Serving in the British Army, he fought in the Crimean War, Second Opium War, and Indian Mutiny, mostly as aide de camp to Robert Garrett. He retired in 1875, having been on half-pay since 1862.

## Career

The son of Captain Robert William Dallas and his wife Lucy née Davidson, Dallas was born in Edgware, Hertfordshire, on 3 April 1827. He was educated firstly at Mr Allfred's Preparatory School in Tunbridge Wells, and then at Harrow School from January 1842. Playing cricket for Harrow, he played in two matches at Lord's; one against Eton College and the other against Winchester College, both of which were victories. Dallas left school in 1844, and purchased a commission on 16 May 1845 as an ensign in the 46th Regiment of Foot (commanded by a family friend), before being promoted to the rank of lieutenant in April 1848. Prior to this he had served in his regiments depot battalion, joining the main portion of the 46th when it returned from duty in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 8 May. He made his debut in first-class cricket for the Gentlemen of Kent against Cambridge University at Canterbury in the same year. He made two further first-class appearances, playing for Lancashire against Yorkshire in 1849, and for Yorkshire against an All England Eleven in 1850. While doing so Dallas continued in the army, serving in Liverpool, Chester, Hull, Preston, and Manchester, before in 1852 sailing with the 46th to Belfast. By the end of the year he was stationed at Kilkenny, before the regiment returned to England in 1854 to serve at Windsor.

While stationed at Windsor one subaltern of the regiment attacked another after a severe bout of bullying, and both were court martialled. The subsequent public proceedings cast the regiment in an extremely poor light, and many officers were incriminated in the scandal, and Dallas was one of two described by another officer as "the best and only good fellows among them". The 46th were expected to take part in the Crimean War, but the confusion surrounding the courts martial meant the regiment was unable to travel as one unit, and they were split into three for the purposes of travel. Dallas was given command of the smallest of these groups, leaving for the war on 9 August to serve as guard of honour to Lieutenant-General Sir George Cathcart, commander of the 4th Division. Dallas saw action at Alma, Balaclava, Inkerman and the Siege of Sevastopol. During the course of the war he purchased the rank of captain in September 1854, as well as serving as the *aide-de-camp* to General Garrett. He wrote an eyewitness account of the war, consisting of 127 letters. Dallas returned to England on 5 August 1856 as a brevet major, still serving as ADC to Garrett, who was known as "General Chaos", and quickly afterwards moved with the general to serve at Gibraltar. For his services in the war he received the Crimea Medal with four clasps, the Turkish Crimea Medal, and was created a Knight of the Legion of Honour. He was also made a member of the Order of the Medjidie, 5th Class, by the Ottoman Empire in March 1858.

Dallas was still serving with Garrett at Gibraltar when the Second Opium War began. Garrett was given command of the First Brigade to fight in the war, and Dallas sailed with him in April 1857. Dallas arrived at Hong Kong on 24 May, and on 1 June fought at the Battle of Fatshan Creek as a volunteer on board the gunboat HMS *Haughty*. While Garrett and his staff had made it to China, his brigade never did, as they were diverted to India upon the start of the Indian Mutiny. Garrett was then dispatched to India as well, and Dallas left with the rest of the staff for Calcutta on 19 September. They reached India later in the month, and Garrett was given command of the garrison at Umballah. Dallas arrived there in February 1858, and saw no action during the mutiny. He stayed on Garrett's staff until November 1861 when he returned to England, purchasing his full majority in October 1862 and going on half pay. Around this time he also started a family, marrying Maria Louisa Taylor of Strensham Court. They would go on to have three daughters and a son. Dallas was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in January 1868, still on half pay. He retired from active service in March 1875 by selling his commission, and died at Huddersfield on 1 February 1888, at the age of 60.

## Citations

* Mawson, Michael Hargreave (2015). *Eyewitness in the Crimea: The Crimean War Letters of Lt Col. George Frederick Dallas*. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-84832-838-9.

## InfoBox

George Dallas
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | George Frederick Dallas |
| Born | 3 April 1827
Edgware, Hertfordshire, England |
| Died | 1 February 1888 (aged 60)
Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England |
| Nickname | Fred |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1849 | Lancashire |
| 1850 | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 3  Runs scored 54  Batting average 13.50  100s/50s –/–  Top score 31  Catches/stumpings 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 25 July 2019 | |


title: Trzmielewo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Trzmielewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczenica, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north-west of Rzeczenica, 40 km (25 mi) north-west of Człuchów, and 129 km (80 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the historic region of Pomerania. Trzmielewo was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

text:
# Trzmielewo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Trzmielewo** \[tʂmjɛˈlɛvɔ\]  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczenica, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north-west of Rzeczenica, 40 km (25 mi) north-west of Człuchów, and 129 km (80 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the historic region of Pomerania.

Trzmielewo was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

## InfoBox

| Trzmielewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Trzmielewo | |
| Coordinates: 53°51′6″N 16°52′4″E / 53.85167°N 16.86778°E / 53.85167; 16.86778 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Człuchów |
| Gmina | Rzeczenica |
| Population | 22 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Trypilske kolo

abstract: The Trypliske kolo is an eco-cultural and World Music festival in Ukraine. It takes place annually in the end of June or in the beginning of the July in Rzhyshchiv insideKyiv region on the bank of the Dniper river.

text:
# Trypilske kolo

The **Trypliske kolo** (Trypillian circle - literal translation to English, *Трипільське коло* \- Ukrainian) is an eco-cultural and World Music festival in Ukraine. It takes place annually in the end of June or in the beginning of the July in Rzhyshchiv insideKyiv region on the bank of the Dniper river.

## About the festival

Trypilske kolo (TK) kicked off in the Summer of 2008. The aim of the festival is to bring up the real interest to the historical heritage, namely, to the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, to present alternative ways of the family and youth vocations, re-introduce the contemporary world with the diverse ethnic traditions combining them with the newest achievements in the cultural, educational, ecological, production, managerial and other fields of human life and by doing this promote a new eco-balanced way of life in the modern world.

"Trypilske Kolo" festival has a five-year cycle and is devoted to one of the elements of nature every year: Water, Earth, Fire and Air and then a combination of all: The Parade of Elements. Each festival has its particular art, educational and social agenda.

There is a ban on smoking, drinking and drug-taking that supports one of the main principles of the festival: healthy way of life for all!

**The main principles and aims of the festival are:** Popularization of the historical heritage of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in accordance with the UNESCO requirements. Happy family at home and on the vocation; Healthy way of life; Eco-friendly thinking and behavior; Multicultural dialogue; Support of multiple creative initiatives.

## History

**The first cycle**

* 28th-29 June 2008 - Element of Water;
* 4th-5 July 2009 - Element of Fire;
* 1st-4 July 2010 - Element of Earth;
* 30 June - 3 July 2011 - Element of Air

28 June - 1 July 2012 - First Parade of Elements.

## Musical program

The musical program differs from year to year with the main music format preserved: world-music, ethno and jazz. The following bands usually participate in the event: Atmasfera, Haydamaky (Ukraine), Osimira (Belarus) and others.

## International support

The festival is promoting values that go in align with the aims and goals of many international organizations.

## InfoBox

| Trypilske kolo | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | World music, ethno-jazz, folk rock |
| Dates | From the end of June until the beginning of July |
| Location(s) | Rzhyshchiv, Kyiv region, Ukraine |
| Years active | 2008 - present |
| Founders | Oles Zhuravchak, Natalka Leshchenko, Galina Samchuk, Olexandr Ivanov, Vladimir Tarnai |
| Website | http://tkfest.com.ua |


title: George Karreman

abstract: George Karreman was a Dutch-born US physicist, mathematical biophysicist and mathematical/theoretical biologist. He was the first president of the Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB).

text:
# George Karreman

**George Karreman** (4 November 1920 – 27 February 1997) was a Dutch-born US physicist, mathematical biophysicist and mathematical/theoretical biologist. He was the first president of the Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB).

## Biography

Karreman's father was Chief Engineer for the Dutch Merchant Marine. George Karreman studied physics and mathematics at Leiden University. In August 1948 Karreman emigrated to Chicago, USA, where he contacted Nicolas Rashevsky at the University of Chicago. He became one of Rashevsky' s best PhD students in Mathematical Biophysics. In 1950 Karreman underwent experimental heart surgery for an aortic coarctation at the University of Chicago. He married Anneke Halbertsma in 1953, and they moved to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where their daughter, Grace, was born in 1954. In succession, his first son, Frank Karreman was born in 1958, and then in 1962 his second son, Hubert-Jan. Later, his three children received advanced degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in several fields.

Karreman was an exceptionally devoted educator, who was always supportive of his research associates, family, and friends; he was a generous man, obviously having not forgotten Rashevsky's help in his early life at the University of Chicago. He had a wide range of interests in his readings, a keen interest in the fine arts—such as paintings, was an advanced chess player, and a most devoted husband and father. Between 1987 and 1997, he frequently travelled to the Pacific Northwest where his son and daughter had their homes and children.

## Academic career

Karreman earned his B.S. in Physics and Mathematics in 1939. He completed in 1941 his M.S. in Theoretical Physics under the supervision of Hendrik Anthony Kramers at Leiden University. For the remainder of World War II he survived by tutoring students in physics and mathematics. He was awarded a University of Chicago Fellowship that supported him to complete a Ph.D. in Mathematical Biology in 1951 under the supervision of the founder of Mathematical Biophysics and Mathematical Biology, Nicolas Rashevsky. Karreman was then selected as a consultant to Albert Szent-Györgyi at the Institute for Muscle Research, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. To follow his interest in mathematics applied to biology, physiology, and medicine he went to Philadelphia in 1957, to take up the position of Senior Medical Research Scientist at the Eastern Research Center. He was appointed associate professor of physiology at the School of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, where he also worked at the Bockus Research Institute at the Graduate Hospital. He was promoted to Full Professor of Physiology at the same university in 1972, where he held this position until 1983, when he became the first Professor Emeritus of Mathematical Biology. His main research interests were many, but all were in related fields that included: mathematical biology and mathematical biophysics, membrane biophysics, photosynthetic mechanisms, quantum biochemistry and quantum biophysics, biological energy transfer, quantum biology, physiological irritability, mathematical and systems analysis of cardiovascular and other biosystems, cooperativity, threshold phenomena in biomembranes, adsorption mechanisms at membrane surfaces and ion binding to biomembranes.

After Rashevsky's passing away in 1972, Karreman was a co-founder of the Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB) in 1974—together with H. Landahl and A. Bartholomay, and in 1975 he became its first president. Karreman was also a member of several prestigious scientific societies, including the American Physiological Society, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Franklin Institute, the Society for Supramolecular Biology, Sigma Xi, the Physiological Society of Philadelphia, and the Society for Vascular System Dynamics.

## Honours

## Selected publications

* George Karreman, R.H. Steele, and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi. "On resonance transfer of excitation energy between aromatic aminoacids in proteins.", *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci*. (1958) **44**: 140-143.
* George Karreman. "Contributions to quantum biology. I. Mobile electronic characteristics of riboflavin radicals.", *Bulletin of Mathematical Biology*, Volume **23**, Number 1/March, (1961) 55-68. Abstract.
* George Karreman. "Studies in quantum biology. II. The mobile electron characteristics of tryptophan+ in relation to those of FMN−, FMNH and FMNH 2+". *Bulletin of Mathematical Biology*, Volume 23, Number 2/June, (1961) 135-140, doi:10.1007/BF02477467; Abstract.
* George Karreman. "Cooperative specific adsorption of ions at charged sites in an electric field." *Bulletin of Mathematical Biology*, Volume **27**, Supplement 1 / January, 1965, 91-104., doi:10.1007/BF02477265.
* George Karreman. "Electronic Aspects of Quantum Biology." *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*, Volume **96**, *Issue on Mathematical Theories of Biological Phenomena*, Pages 1029 - 1055, published on line on 15 Dec 2006, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb54118.x
* George Karreman. "Mathematical Biology of Physiological Excitation", *Synthese* **9**, no. *3-5* (1953): 248.
* George Karreman. "Towards a physical understanding of physiological excitation as a cooperative specific adsorption phenomenon.", *Bulletin of Mathematical Biology*, Volume **35**, Numbers 1-2 / February, 1973, 149-171, doi:10.1007/BF02558803.
* George Karreman, "Recent mathematical-biological studies of communication.", *Synthese* **9,** no. *3-5* (1953): 255.

## InfoBox

| George Karreman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1920-11-04)November 4, 1920
Rotterdam, Netherlands |
| Died | February 27, 1997(1997-02-27) (aged 76)
Philadelphia, United States |
| Nationality | American and Dutch |
| Alma mater | Leiden University, University of Chicago |
| Known for | Quantum biology |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics, mathematical biology, Quantum biology |
| Institutions | University of Pennsylvania |
| Doctoral advisor | Nicolas Rashevsky |
| Other academic advisors | Hendrik Anthony Kramers |
|  | |


abstract: Tsuchizaki Shinmeisha Shrine Annual Celebration And The Float Festival Tsuchizaki Shinmeisha Shrine Annual Celebration And The Float Festival is a Japanese festival celebrated from 20 to 21 July in Tsuchizaki (Tsuchizakiminato), the port area of Akita City, Akita Prefecture, Japan. Approximately 20 floats are dedicated and parade. Its rites centre on the Shinmeisha shrine. Each neighbourhood contributes a float decorated with giant figures. In 1997 it was designated an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property.

text:
# Tsuchizaki Shinmeisha Shrine Annual Celebration And The Float Festival

**Tsuchizaki Shinmeisha Shrine Annual Celebration And The Float Festival** ("土崎神明社例祭", "土崎神明社祭の曳山行事") is a Japanese festival celebrated from 20 to 21 July in Tsuchizaki (Tsuchizakiminato), the port area of Akita City, Akita Prefecture, Japan.

Approximately 20 floats are dedicated and parade.

Its rites centre on the Shinmeisha shrine. Each neighbourhood contributes a float decorated with giant figures. In 1997 it was designated an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property.

## The back of The Float and The Music Band

## July 20th

## July 21st

## Access

The exit station is Tsuchizaki Station (north next of Akita Station).

Walk straight from the exit of the station and you can soon see Tsuchizaki Shinmeisha Shrine on your left. And little more walk leads to the main street of The Float Festival.

Tsuchizaki Shinmeisha Shrine Float Festival in Akita-City Japan on Facebook

(in Japanese) Tsuchizaki Shinmeisha Float Festival homepage


title: Tsuda Nobuzumi

abstract: Tsuda Nobuzumi was a Japanese samurai and member of the main Oda clan of Owari Province during the Sengoku and Azuchi–Momoyama periods. Nobuzumi was the son of Oda Nobuyuki, thus making the famed Oda Nobunaga his uncle. In 1579, Tsuda Nobuzumi led a requisition unit into the inner citadel of Arioka castle, drawing to an end the Siege of Itami against Araki Murashige. In 1581, at the second Tenshō Iga War, he and Oda Nobukatsu led 10,000 men entering Iga province from Ise to the southeast. After the Incident at Honnō-ji in 1582, Nobuzumi came under the suspicion of Oda Nobutaka of collaboration with Akechi Mitsuhide, largely because of his marriage with Mitsuhide's daughter. Due to this guilt by association, Nobutaka had Nobuzumi killed.

text:
# Tsuda Nobuzumi

**Tsuda Nobuzumi** (津田 信澄, 1555 – June 24, 1582) was a Japanese samurai and member of the main Oda clan of Owari Province during the Sengoku and Azuchi–Momoyama periods. Nobuzumi was the son of Oda Nobuyuki, thus making the famed Oda Nobunaga his uncle.

In 1579, Tsuda Nobuzumi led a requisition unit into the inner citadel of Arioka castle, drawing to an end the Siege of Itami against Araki Murashige.

In 1581, at the second Tenshō Iga War, he and Oda Nobukatsu led 10,000 men entering Iga province from Ise (Aoyama Pass) to the southeast.

After the Incident at Honnō-ji in 1582, Nobuzumi came under the suspicion of Oda Nobutaka of collaboration with Akechi Mitsuhide, largely because of his marriage with Mitsuhide's daughter. Due to this guilt by association, Nobutaka had Nobuzumi killed.

## Family

## InfoBox

| Tsuda Nobuzumi | |
| --- | --- |
| Native name | 津田 信澄 |
| Born | 1555
Owari Province |
| Died | June 24, 1582 |
| Allegiance | Oda clan |
| Battles/wars | Siege of Itami (1579)
Tenshō Iga War (1581) |
| Children | Oda Masazumi |
| Relations | Oda Nobuyuki (father)
Oda Nobunaga (uncle)
Akechi Mitsuhide (father in law) |


title: Georg Krause

abstract: Georg Krause was a German cinematographer who worked on more than a hundred and thirty film and television productions during his career. In 1957 he worked on Stanley Kubrick's Paths of Glory.

text:
# Georg Krause

**Georg Krause** (15 April 1901 – 3 January 1986) was a German cinematographer who worked on more than a hundred and thirty film and television productions during his career. In 1957 he worked on Stanley Kubrick's *Paths of Glory*.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Bergfelder, Tim. *International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-Productions in the 1960s*. Berhahn Books, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Georg Krause | |
| --- | --- |
| Krause was cinematographer for *Paths of Glory*, featuring Adolphe Menjou and Kirk Douglas | |
| Born | 15 April 1901
Berlin, German Empire |
| Died | 3 January 1986 (1986-01-04) (aged 84)
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany |
| Occupation | Cinematographer |
| Years active | 1923–1967 |


title: True Traitor, True Whore

abstract: True Traitor, True Whore is a full-length album by San Francisco-based one-man black metal band Leviathan. Jef Whitehead, aka Wrest, was arrested on January 9, 2011, on charges of sexual assault and domestic violence. Wrest has confirmed in an interview that the events surrounding his arrest and the accuser inspired the music and theme of True Traitor, True Whore. In May 2012, Wrest was found not guilty of all charges except for one count of aggravated domestic battery. A cassette version of True Traitor, True Whore was released on Inferna Profundus, limited to 300 copies.

text:
# True Traitor, True Whore

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Blabbermouth.net | 7.5/10 |
| *Chronicles of Chaos* | 8.5/10 |
| *Pitchfork Media* | 6/10 |

***True Traitor, True Whore*** is a full-length album by San Francisco-based one-man black metal band Leviathan.

Jef Whitehead, aka Wrest, was arrested on January 9, 2011, on charges of sexual assault and domestic violence. Wrest has confirmed in an interview that the events surrounding his arrest and the accuser inspired the music and theme of *True Traitor, True Whore*. In May 2012, Wrest was found not guilty of all charges except for one count of aggravated domestic battery.

A cassette version of *True Traitor, True Whore* was released on Inferna Profundus, limited to 300 copies.

## Critical reception

*Chronicles of Chaos* called the album "a personal document of rage which lives in the black metal tradition of ruminating feelings transferred into song." *The Quietus* called it "musically caustic and erratic."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "True Whorror" | 5:38 |
| 2. | "Her Circle is the Noose" | 4:20 |
| 3. | "Brought Up to This Bottom" | 5:03 |
| 4. | "Contrary Pulse" | 5:42 |
| 5. | "Shed this Skin" | 5:43 |
| 6. | "Every Orifice Yawning Her Price" | 7:07 |
| 7. | "Harlot Rises (Mesmerized Again)" | 7:01 |
| 8. | "Blood Red and True" | 6:57 |
| Total length: | | 47:31 |

## InfoBox

| True Traitor, True Whore | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Leviathan | |
| Released | 8 November 2011 |
| Genre | Black metal, dark ambient |
| Length | 47:31 |
| Label | Profound Lore |
| Leviathan chronology | |
| *Massive Conspiracy Against All Life*
(2008) ***True Traitor, True Whore***
(2011) *Scar Sighted*
(2015) | |


title: True Trans

abstract: True Trans is an acoustic EP by American punk rock band Against Me!. The band released it as a digital single on July 12, 2013 through their label, Total Treble Music. The two songs on the EP were made available via an email download link to those who preordered tickets for Laura Jane Grace's August 2013 tour of the U.S. East Coast. It was later distributed as a 7". The EP was released for free, for a limited time, on Against Me!'s website on July 15, 2013.

text:
# True Trans

***True Trans*** is an acoustic EP by American punk rock band Against Me!. The band released it as a digital single on July 12, 2013 through their label, Total Treble Music. The two songs on the EP were made available via an email download link to those who preordered tickets for Laura Jane Grace's August 2013 tour of the U.S. East Coast. It was later distributed as a 7".

The EP was released for free, for a limited time, on Against Me!'s website on July 15, 2013.

## Background

The EP features acoustic versions of two songs from the band's sixth studio album, *Transgender Dysphoria Blues*, which was released in early 2014. The song "True Trans Soul Rebel" has been played at live shows since May 30, 2012.

The album cover depicts Jame "Buffalo Bill" Gumb from the 1991 film *The Silence of the Lambs*, who is a male serial killer often wrongly described as transgender.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Laura Jane Grace; all music is composed by Against Me!

EP
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "FUCKMYLIFE666" (acoustic version) | 2:53 |
| 2. | "True Trans Soul Rebel" (acoustic version) | 3:15 |

## Personnel

### Art and design

* Steak Mtn. – art direction, design, typography, and illustration

## InfoBox

| "True Trans" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Against Me! | |
| from the album  *Transgender Dysphoria Blues* | |
| Released | July 12, 2013 |
| Genre | Folk punk |
| Length | 6:08 |
| Label | Total Treble Music |
| Songwriter(s) | Laura Jane Grace |
| Producer(s) | Against Me! |
| Against Me! singles chronology | |
| "Russian Spies / Occult Enemies"
(2011) "**True Trans**"
(2013) "Unconditional Love"
(2014) | |


title: Tsuga ulleungensis

abstract: Tsuga ulleungensis, also known as the Ulleungdo hemlock, is a conifer species discovered on Ulleungdo island, Korea, and formally classified in 2017.

text:
# Tsuga ulleungensis

***Tsuga ulleungensis***, also known as the **Ulleungdo hemlock**, is a conifer species discovered on Ulleungdo island, Korea, and formally classified in 2017.

## InfoBox

| *Tsuga ulleungensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | *Tsuga* |
| Species: | ***T. ulleungensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tsuga ulleungensis***<br>G.P.Holman, Del Tredici, Havill, N.S.Lee & C.S.Campb. | |
|


title: George Grimshaw (basketball)

abstract: George W. "Woody" Grimshaw was an American professional basketball player and coach. Grimshaw played at Brown University in the 1940s, and was the school's first basketball player to score over 1,000 points. He played one season in the Basketball Association of America for the Providence Steamrollers, averaging 2.9 points per game. Though expected to continue playing professional basketball, he stepped on a nail during the summer of 1947 and an anti-tetanus shot left his arm unavailable for use in playing basketball. Grimshaw was approached by the dean of the University of Puerto Rico to become a coach of the basketball team, and Grimshaw coached there from 1947 to 1950. From 1953 to 1971, he coached basketball at Tufts University. Grimshaw was later inducted into Brown University's Athletic Hall of Fame. The school's Woody Grimshaw Memorial Award is named in his honor. It is presented to the member of the men's basketball team who "[shows] the most positive attitude and the best spirit".

text:
# George Grimshaw (basketball)

**George W. "Woody" Grimshaw** (September 24, 1919  October 20, 1974) was an American professional basketball player and coach.

Grimshaw played at Brown University in the 1940s, and was the school's first basketball player to score over 1,000 points. He played one season in the Basketball Association of America for the Providence Steamrollers, averaging 2.9 points per game. Though expected to continue playing professional basketball, he stepped on a nail during the summer of 1947 and an anti-tetanus shot left his arm unavailable for use in playing basketball. Grimshaw was approached by the dean of the University of Puerto Rico to become a coach of the basketball team, and Grimshaw coached there from 1947 to 1950. From 1953 to 1971, he coached basketball at Tufts University.

Grimshaw was later inducted into Brown University's Athletic Hall of Fame. The school's Woody Grimshaw Memorial Award is named in his honor. It is presented to the member of the men's basketball team who "\[shows\] the most positive attitude and the best spirit".

## BAA career statistics

| Legend | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| GP | Games played |
| FG% | Field-goal percentage |
| FT% | Free-throw percentage |
| APG | Assists per game |
| PPG | Points per game |
|

### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | FG% | FT% | APG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1946–47 | Providence | 21 | .357 | .477 | .0 | 2.9 |
| Career | | 21 | .357 | .477 | .0 | 2.9 |
|

## InfoBox

George Grimshaw
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1919-09-24)September 24, 1919
England |
| Died | October 20, 1974(1974-10-20) (aged 50)
Methuen, Massachusetts |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Listed weight | 195 lb (88 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Dean Academy
(Franklin, Massachusetts) |
| College | Brown (1943–1947) |
| Playing career | 1946–1947 |
| Position | Guard |
| Number | 14 |
| Coaching career | 1947–1971 |
| Career history | |
| As player: | |
| 1946–1947 | Providence Steamrollers |
| 1948–1949 | Hartford Hurricanes |
| As coach: | |
| 1947–1950 | Puerto Rico |
| 1953–1971 | Tufts |
|  | |
| Stats  at NBA.com | |
| Stats at Basketball-Reference.com | |


title: George Grimston Cookman

abstract: George Grimston Cookman was a Methodist clergyman who served as Chaplain of the Senate. George Grimston Cookman was born in Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, England, on October 21, 1800, to George and Mary Cookman. He joined a Methodist society in 1820 and in 1821 he visited the United States for the first time, on business for his father. Later, upon the advice of minister friends, he determined to go to the United States to minister. He boarded the Orient on March 28, 1825, landing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Sunday, May 16, 1825. During his months at sea he read Bishop Watson's Apologies, Mason on Self-Knowledge, Jenyn's Views of the Internal Evidences of Christianity, Lord Lyttleton's Arguments for Christianity, Baxter's Gildas Salvianus and Saint's Rest, and Butler's Analogy, while proselytizing to the seamen on board.

text:
# George Grimston Cookman

**George Grimston Cookman** (October 21, 1800  March 12, 1841) was a Methodist clergyman who served as Chaplain of the Senate.

George Grimston Cookman was born in Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, England, on October 21, 1800, to George and Mary Cookman. He joined a Methodist society in 1820 and in 1821 he visited the United States for the first time, on business for his father. Later, upon the advice of minister friends, he determined to go to the United States to minister. He boarded the *Orient* on March 28, 1825, landing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Sunday, May 16, 1825. During his months at sea he read Bishop Watson's Apologies, Mason on Self-Knowledge, Jenyn's Views of the Internal Evidences of Christianity, Lord Lyttleton's Arguments for Christianity, Baxter's Gildas Salvianus and Saint's Rest, and Butler's Analogy, while proselytizing to the seamen on board.

## Ministry

His first year in the United States, he served St. George’s Church in Philadelphia. In 1826 he was appointed to the Kensington and St. John churches in Philadelphia. At this point in his life, he hoped to go as a missionary to Africa, but this did not happen. Following his marriage in the spring of 1827, he was appointed to the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, circuit (comprising Lancaster, Columbia and Reading), the Cookmans lived in Columbia, Pennsylvania, along the Susquehanna River, during this time. In 1828 he was stationed at New Brunswick, New Jersey, where his preaching drew much public acclaim.

In 1829 he was sent to the circuit in Talbot County, Maryland, where a long-held dream of preaching to the black population was first realized. His ministry and advocacy of emancipation garnered the praises of Frederick Douglass. His next appointments were to St. George’s in Philadelphia, for two years and then to Newark, New Jersey for a year. Cookman was then transferred to the Baltimore conference where he served all of the congregations in that city except Fells Point. Then he was called to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, just as the Methodists were revitalizing Dickinson College.

In 1838 he was sent to Wesley Chapel in Washington, D.C. His preaching there led to his being proposed as Chaplain of the Senate (1839). While serving there, he was able to bring about a renewed commitment to Christian faith in future President Franklin Pierce. In 1840 he took charge of the Alexandria, Virginia, church.

Rev. Cookman was lost at sea when the steamship SS *President* (then the largest passenger ship afloat) departed on her third and final westward crossing on March 11, 1841, to England, never to be heard from again. The liner was last seen from the Packet Ship ‘’Orpheus’’ in a terrific gale on March 12; all 136 of the crew and passengers perished.

## Personal life

On April 2, 1827, Cookman, who had returned to England, married Mary Barton at Doncaster, Yorkshire; their six children included sons Alfred, George, and John Emory.

## InfoBox

| George Crimston Cookman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 33rd Chaplain of the United States Senate | |
| **In office**
December 31, 1839  June 12, 1841 | |
| Preceded by | Henry Slicer |
| Succeeded by | Septimus Tustin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1800-10-21)October 21, 1800
Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, England |
| Died | March 12, 1841(1841-03-12) (aged 40)
North Atlantic Ocean |
| Spouse | Mary Barton (m. 1827) |
| Children | 6 |
| Parent(s) | George Cookman
Mary Cookman |
| Profession | Methodist clergyman |
|  | |


title: George Grindley

abstract: George William Grindley was a New Zealand geologist. The Grindley Plateau in Antarctica is named in his honour.

text:
# George Grindley

**George William Grindley** (22 October 1925 – 12 February 2019) was a New Zealand geologist. The Grindley Plateau in Antarctica is named in his honour.

## Early life and education

Grindley was born in Dunedin on 22 October 1925, and studied geology at the Otago School of Mines at the University of Otago. He graduated Bachelor of Science in 1947, and Master of Science in 1949. The title of his master's thesis was *The reconnaissance geology of the Eglinton and East branch valleys, Western Southland*. In 1973, he was awarded a DSc by the University of Otago, on the basis of published and unpublished papers submitted as a thesis.

## Career

Grindley worked at the New Zealand Geological Survey. He spent time on the West Coast, where he assisted Harold Wellman, and also worked on the displacement of the Alpine Fault. After working in south Wales and Canada for a year in the early 1950s, Grindley worked on the geological mapping of New Zealand, and was site geologist at Wairakei. He also worked on geothermal power projects overseas, including in Mexico and the Philippines. He was also involved in geothermal monitoring of Mount Ruapehu and the monitoring of rifting in the Taupo Volcanic Zone.

Grindley was a member of geological survey teams in Antarctica in 1961–62, 1977–78, and 1981–82, involved in paleomagnetic surveys and geological mapping. He was the senior geologist of the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition in 1961–62, which named the Grindley Plateau in the Queen Alexandra Range in his honour.

Grindley retired in 1987.

## Honours

In 1968, Grindley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand.

## Death

Grindley died at his home in Lower Hutt on 12 February 2019, aged 93 years.

## InfoBox

| George Grindley | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | George William Grindley
(1925-10-22)22 October 1925
Dunedin, New Zealand |
| Died | 12 February 2019(2019-02-12) (aged 93)
Lower Hutt, New Zealand |
| Alma mater | University of Otago |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Geology |
| Institutions | New Zealand Geological Survey |
|  | |


title: George Lincoln Goodale

abstract: George Lincoln Goodale was an American botanist and the first director of Harvard's Botanical Museum. It was he who commissioned the making of the university's legendary Glass Flowers collection.

text:
# George Lincoln Goodale

**George Lincoln Goodale** (August 3, 1839  April 12, 1923) was an American botanist and the first director of Harvard's Botanical Museum (now part of the Harvard Museum of Natural History). It was he who commissioned the making of the university's legendary Glass Flowers collection.

## Early life

Goodale was born in Saco, Maine. He graduated from Amherst College in 1860 and from Harvard Medical School in 1863, after which he practiced in Portland, Maine, until 1867.

## Career

Goodale became professor of natural science and applied chemistry at Bowdoin. In 1872, he was appointed instructor in botany and University lecturer on vegetable physiology at Harvard, and advanced to assistant professor of the latter subject a year later. In 1878, he became a professor of botany and the Fisher professor of natural science, a chair formerly held by Asa Gray.

### Glass Flowers

At some point during his career as a Harvard/Radcliffe Professor, Goodale taught avid Botany student Mary Lee Ware \- born to the Elizabeth Cabot Lee (from then on Elizabeth C. Ware) and Dr. Charles Eliot Ware; a twist of fate that would turn critical later. After 1879, Goodale served as the first director of Harvard's Botanical Museum, but filling it was a slight problem for, at that time, Harvard was the global center of botanical study. As such, Goodale wanted the best, but the only used method was showcasing pressed and carefully labeled specimens — a methodology that offered a twofold problem: being pressed, the specimens were two-dimensional and tended to lose their color. Hence they were hardly the ideal teaching tools. However, Harvard had recently procured several glass marine invertebrates made by German glass artists Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka and, upon seeing them, Professor Goodale realized that glass flowers would solve his problem as, being glass, they were both three-dimensional and would retain their color. The only issue lay in convincing the Blaschkas to undertake such a project and how to fund it. The former took some time - and an advance payment of 200 marks \- to accomplish, but eventually the famed glass artists agreed to send test-models to the U.S. and, although damaged in customs, the fragments convinced Goodale that Blaschka glass art was a more than worthy educational investment.

But investments require fund, and to cover such an expensive enterprise Goodale approached his former student Mary Lee Ware and her mother with his idea. Being independently wealthy and (already) liberal benefactors of Harvard's botanical department, Mary convinced her mother to agree to underwrite the consignment of the uncannily lifelike models they both were enchanted by. The contract signed dictated that the Blaschkas need only work half-time on the models (beginning in 1887) but, in 1890, they and Goodale - signing on behalf of the Wares - signed an updated version that allowed Leopold and Rudolf to work on them full-time; some sources detail the agreement as a shift from a 3-year contract to a 10-year one, agreed to once Goodale convinced Mary and her mother of the wisdom in doing so. Either way, the Wares liberally funded the entire enterprise. To this day the now world famous Glass Flowers are still on display at the Harvard Museum of Natural History — the exhibit itself dedicated to Dr. Charles Eliot Ware (the deceased father and husband of Mary L. and Elizabeth C. Ware respectively), the official name being *The Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants*. Moreover, unlike the glass marine invertebrates — which were "a profitable global mail-order business", the Glass Flowers were commissioned solely for and are unique to Harvard.

### Other

Goodale was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1874. In 1889, he served as president of the American Society of Naturalists and president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1890 and the American Philosophical Society in 1893. He also had a wife and son, the latter of whom, Francis Goodale, is known to have attended Mary Lee Ware's funeral on January 12 at King's Chapel. Goodale died in 1923 after, and presumably as a result of, an unknown illness. He was succeeded by Professor Oakes Ames, who takes up Goodale's work at the suggestion of Prof. Henshaw and is eventually made the second director of Harvard's Botanical Museum by President Lowell, becoming an additional contact of Mary Lee Ware regarding the as yet unfinished Glass Flowers enterprise.

## Miscellaneous

In addition to monographs and contributions to scientific journals, his publications include:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). *New International Encyclopedia* (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)

## InfoBox

| George Lincoln Goodale | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | August 3, 1839
Saco, Maine |
| Died | April 12, 1923(1923-04-12) (aged 83)
Saco, Maine |
| Alma mater | Amherst College
Harvard Medical School |
| Known for | Glass Flowers |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Bowdoin College
Harvard University |
|  | |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: George Ornsby

abstract: George Ornsby (1809–1886) was an English cleric and antiquarian

text:
# George Ornsby

**George Ornsby** FSA (1809–1886) was an English cleric and antiquarian

## Life

Born on 9 March 1809 at Darlington, he was eldest son of George Ornsby, of the Lodge, Lanchester. His father taught his sons at home until his death in 1823, when George was sent to Durham School. His brother Robert became a noted classical scholar.

After leaving school in 1826 he practised for a time as a solicitor in Durham. He entered University College, Durham as a theological student in 1839. In Easter 1841 he completed his licentiate in Theology, one of his classmates being the future archivist Joseph Stevenson. He held in succession the curacies of Newburn, Northumberland (1841–3); Sedgefield, County Durham (1843–4); and Whickham, in the same county (1845–50). He then became vicar in Fishlake, where he would spend the rest of his life.

In 1872 the University of Durham conferred on Ornsby the honorary degree of M.A., and on 29 May 1873 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. In 1879 he was preferred to the prebendal stall of Ampleforth at York Cathedral. He was a lifelong friend of James Raine, the noted antiquarian and founder of the Surtees Society, once a master of Durham School.

## Works

In 1846 Ornsby published a short topographical work, *Sketches of Durham*. For the Surtees Society he edited Denis Granville's *Remains*, in two volumes, 1861 and 1865; John Cosin's *Correspondence*, 2 vols. 1869–1872; and *Selections from the Household Books of Lord William Howard of Naworth*, 1878. He left unfinished an edition of Thomas Comber's correspondence. In 1882 appeared his *Diocesan History of York*.

## Personal

On 1 May 1843 he married Anne (d. 1872), eldest daughter of John Wilson JP and deputy lieutenant, of The Hill, Brigham, Cumberland; they had two sons and two daughters. Ornsby died at his home in Fishlake on 17 April 1886. In an account of his life written in *The Durham University Journal* it was noted he remained active up until his death, taking two full services on Sunday and visiting a sick parishioner on Monday, dying later that week on Saturday morning after a short and sudden illness.


title: George Ormond

abstract: George Matthew Ormond was a Scottish footballer who played as a left back in the Scottish Football League for Rangers and Morton. He won the Scottish league title in the 1911–12 and 1912–13 seasons with Rangers, and missed only one match for Morton when they finished runners-up in 1916–17, the highest position ever achieved by the Greenock club. In knockout competitions, Rangers won the Glasgow Cup, then seen as an important trophy, in each of the three seasons Ormond was at Ibrox but he was not selected for any of the finals, with Andrew Richmond, John Robertson and Harry Muir selected on each occasion. However, Ormond did appear in two finals during World War I – the War Fund Shield was played for twice with Morton reaching the final both times, winning against Rangers in 1915 then losing to Celtic three years later. Ormond had left the club a short time before their greatest triumph, the Scottish Cup win in 1921. He ended his career with a short spell with hometown club Arbroath, then playing outwith the SFL in the Scottish Football Alliance. In 2018, Ormond's 1911–12 league winner's medal was sold at auction for £7,700.

text:
# George Ormond

**George Matthew Ormond** (15 December 1889 – 25 July 1980) was a Scottish footballer who played as a left back in the Scottish Football League for Rangers and Morton.

He won the Scottish league title in the 1911–12 and 1912–13 seasons with Rangers, and missed only one match for Morton when they finished runners-up in 1916–17, the highest position ever achieved by the Greenock club (they were also fourth and third in the two prior seasons and fourth and third again in the two following seasons, easily the strongest run in their history).

In knockout competitions, Rangers won the Glasgow Cup, then seen as an important trophy, in each of the three seasons Ormond was at Ibrox but he was not selected for any of the finals, with Andrew Richmond, John Robertson and Harry Muir selected on each occasion. However, Ormond did appear in two finals during World War I – the War Fund Shield was played for twice with Morton reaching the final both times, winning against Rangers in 1915 then losing to Celtic three years later. Ormond had left the club a short time before their greatest triumph, the Scottish Cup win (again over his previous employers Rangers) in 1921. He ended his career with a short spell with hometown club Arbroath, then playing outwith the SFL in the Scottish Football Alliance.

In 2018, Ormond's 1911–12 league winner's medal was sold at auction for £7,700.

## InfoBox

George Ormond
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | George Matthew Ormond | | |
| Date of birth | 15 December 1889 | | |
| Place of birth | Arbroath, Scotland | | |
| Date of death | 25 July 1980(1980-07-25) (aged 90) | | |
| Place of death | Greenock, Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Left back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1911–1914 | Rangers | 53 | (0) |
| 1914–1920 | Morton | 179 | (0) |
| 1920–1921 | Arbroath |  |  |
| Total |  | **232** | **(0)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1917 | Scottish League (wartime) | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Mihranids

abstract: The Mihranids were an Iranian family which ruled several regions of Caucasus from 330 to 821. They claimed to be of Sasanian Persian descent but were of Parthian origin.

text:
# Mihranids

The **Mihranids** were an Iranian family which ruled several regions of Caucasus from 330 to 821. They claimed to be of Sasanian Persian descent but were of Parthian origin.

## History

The dynasty was founded when a certain Mihran, a distant relative of Sasanian, settled in the region of Gardman in Utik. He was probably a member of a branch of the Mihranid family which was listed among the Seven Great Houses of Iran, and whose two other lines ruled Iberia (Chosroid Dynasty) and Gogarene/Gugark.

It is uncertain how the Mihranids became *Arranshahs* (princes of Albania). Their ancestor, Mihran, was said to have received the region of Gardman by the Sasanian monarch Khosrow II (r.590–628). In c.600, the Mihranids who exterminated all of the members of the Aranshahik dynasty with the exception of a certain Zarmihr, who was related to the Mihranids through marriage. This was due to the Aranshahiks still having some authority in Albania, which they had originally ruled until their overthrow in the 1st-century. The Mihranids then conquered all of Albania and assumed the title of *Arranshah*, but without embracing its royal status. The head of the family's full titulature was thus "Lord of Gardman and Prince of Albania".

The most prominent representatives of the family in the 7th century were Varaz Grigor, his son Javanshir, and Varaz-Tiridates I. Mihranids assumed a Persian title of Arranshahs (i.e. shahs of Arran, Persian name of Albania). The family's rule came to an end after the assassination of Varaz-Tiridates II by Nerseh Pilippean in 822–23.

Subsequently Sahl Smbatean, a descendant of the aforementioned Arranshahik (Eṙanšahik) family, assumed the title of Arranshah and ruled significant part of Caucasian Albania.

## Mihranids of Gogarene

## Mihranids of Gardman

## Mihranids of Caucasian Albania

## Sources


title: George Chen

abstract: George Z. Chen FRSC is a professor of electrochemical technologies at the University of Nottingham. In 1996–1997, together with Derek Fray and Tom Farthing, he co-invented the FFC Cambridge process of electrochemical reduction of oxides to metals, where FFC abbreviates the last names of the inventors. Chen graduated from Jiujiang Teacher Training College in 1981 and obtained his MSc degree in physical chemistry from Fujian Normal University in 1984. He then moved to England and in 1992 defended his PhD at Imperial College, University of London under the supervision of John Albery. After spending four years as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford, Leeds University and the University of Cambridge he became Senior Research Associate (1998), Assistant Director of Research (2001) and Official Fellow (2003) of Darwin College, Cambridge. In 2003 he assumed the position of reader at the University of Nottingham and in 2009 was promoted to professor.

text:
# George Chen

**George Z. Chen** FRSC (Chinese: 陈政; pinyin: *Chen Zheng*) is a professor of electrochemical technologies at the University of Nottingham. In 1996–1997, together with Derek Fray and Tom Farthing, he co-invented the FFC Cambridge process of electrochemical reduction of oxides to metals, where FFC abbreviates the last names of the inventors.

Chen graduated from Jiujiang Teacher Training College in 1981 and obtained his MSc degree in physical chemistry from Fujian Normal University in 1984. He then moved to England and in 1992 defended his PhD at Imperial College, University of London under the supervision of John Albery. After spending four years as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford, Leeds University and the University of Cambridge he became Senior Research Associate (1998), Assistant Director of Research (2001) and Official Fellow (2003) of Darwin College, Cambridge. In 2003 he assumed the position of reader at the University of Nottingham and in 2009 was promoted to professor.

## InfoBox

| George Chen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Chen Zheng<br>Jiangxi, China |
| Alma mater | Fujian Normal University, University of London, Imperial College London |
| Known for | FFC Cambridge process |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Materials science |
|  | |


title: Trophic hormone

abstract:
Trophic hormones are hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. These hormones affect growth, function, or nutrition of other endocrine cells. Trophic hormones can be found in body systems including the endocrine, gastrointestinal, urinary, and nervous systems. The term trophic is from Ancient Greekτροφικός (trophikós) meaning "pertaining to food or nourishment", here used to mean "growth"; this is the same origin as atrophy. This should not be confused with tropic, as in the similar-sounding tropic hormone – the words and concepts are both unrelated. An example of this is thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulating the thyroid; excess thyroid-stimulating hormone can create a goitre. Trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary include:
  - Thyroid-stimulating hormone – stimulates the thyroid gland increasing the size and number of cells.
  - Adrenocorticotropic hormone – stimulates the adrenal cortex increasing the size and number of cells.
  - Luteinizing hormone (LH)/ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
  - Gastrin - stimulates mucosal growth in the stomach after food consumption in vertebrates.

text:
# Trophic hormone

**Trophic hormones** are hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. These hormones affect growth, function, or nutrition of other endocrine cells. Trophic hormones can be found in body systems including the endocrine, gastrointestinal, urinary, and nervous systems. The term *trophic* is from Ancient Greekτροφικός (*trophikós*) meaning "pertaining to food or nourishment", here used to mean "growth"; this is the same origin as *atrophy.* This should not be confused with *tropic,* as in the similar-sounding tropic hormone – the words and concepts are both unrelated.

An example of this is thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulating the thyroid; excess thyroid-stimulating hormone can create a goitre.

Trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary include:

## Gastrointestinal

The gastrointestinal tract has multiple trophic factors that regulate growth. The gut contains peptides that stimulate mucosal growth of stomach, colon, and small bowl cells. The hormones secreted control other gastrointestinal functions like regulation of secretion, motility, digestion and absorption.


title: Mihail Simon

abstract: Mihail Simon is a Romanian sprint canoer who has been competing since the late 2000s. He won a silver medal in the C-4 1000 m event at the 2010 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Poznań.

text:
# Mihail Simon

**Mihail Simon** is a Romanian sprint canoer who has been competing since the late 2000s. He won a silver medal in the C-4 1000 m event at the 2010 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Poznań.

## InfoBox

Mihail Simon
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe sprint | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2010 Poznań | C-4 1000 m |
|  | 2011 Szeged | C-4 1000 m |


title: Mihail Sebastian

abstract: Mihail Sebastian was a Romanian playwright, essayist, journalist and novelist.

text:
# Mihail Sebastian

**Mihail Sebastian** (Romanian pronunciation: \[mihaˈil sebastiˈan\]; born **Iosif Mendel Hechter**; October 18, 1907 – May 29, 1945) was a Romanian playwright, essayist, journalist and novelist.

## Life

Sebastian was born to a Jewish family in Brăila, the son of Mendel and Clara Hechter (née Weintraub). After completing his secondary education, Sebastian studied law in Bucharest, but was soon attracted to the literary life and the exciting ideas of the new generation of Romanian intellectuals, as epitomized by the literary group Criterion which included Emil Cioran, Mircea Eliade and Eugène Ionesco. Author of the best known Romanian play Star Without Name. Sebastian published several novels, including *Accidentul* ("The Accident") and *Orașul cu salcâmi* ("The Town with Acacia Trees"), heavily influenced by French novelists such as Marcel Proust and Jules Renard. He legally changed his name from Iosif Mendel Hechter to "Iosif Mihail-Sebastian" in April 1935.

Although initially an apolitical movement, Criterion came under the increasing influence of Nae Ionescu's brand of philosophy, called *Trăirism*, which mixed jingoistic nationalism, existentialism and Christian mysticism, as well as that of the fascist and antisemitic paramilitary organization known as the Iron Guard.

As a Jew, Sebastian came to be regarded as an outsider within the group, even by his friends. In 1934 he published another novel, *De două mii de ani* (*For Two Thousand Years*), about what it meant to be a Jew in Romania, and asked Nae Ionescu, who at the time was still friendly with Sebastian, to write the preface. Ionescu agreed, generating uproar by inserting paragraphs both antisemitic and against the very nature of the book they introduced.

Sebastian "decided to take the only intelligent revenge" and publish the preface, which only heightened the controversy. Sebastian's decision to include the preface prompted criticism from the Jewish community (Jewish satirist Ludovic Halevy, for instance, referred to Sebastian as "Ionescu's lap dog"), as well as the far-right circles patronized by Ionescu and the Iron Guard. The antisemitic daily newspaper *Sfarmă Piatră* (literally "Breaking Rocks") denounced Sebastian as a "Zionist agent and traitor", despite Sebastian's vocal declaration he was a proud Romanian with no interest in emigrating from his homeland.

In response to the criticism, Sebastian wrote *Cum am devenit huligan* (*How I Became a Hooligan*), an anthology of essays and articles depicting the manner in which *For Two Thousand Years* was received by the Romanian public and the country's cultural establishment. In the book, he answered his critics by holding up a mirror to their prejudice, detailing and assailing the claims of both his right-wing and left-wing detractors. He addresses the rabid antisemitism of the former in a clear and unaffected manner, underlining its absurdity:

> I was born in Romania, and I am Jewish. That makes me a Jew, and a Romanian. For me to go around and join conferences demanding that my identity as a Jewish Romanian be taken seriously would be as crazy as the Lime Trees on the island where I was born to form a conference demanding their rights to be Lime Trees. As for anyone who tells me that I'm not a Romanian, the answer is the same: go talk to the trees, and tell them they're not trees.

Yet for all the sharpness and clarity of his response, he could not help but feel betrayed and saddened by Ionescu's vicious preface:

> What hurt me was not the idea that the preface would be made public - what hurt me was the idea that it had been written. Had I known it would have been destroyed immediately afterwards, it still would have hurt me had it been written...

Sebastian became known in Romanian literature mainly for his plays, such as *Steaua fără nume* ("The Star Without a Name"), *Jocul de-a vacanța* ("Holiday Games"), and *Ultima oră* ("Breaking News").

## *Journal, 1935-1944*

For 10 years, Sebastian kept a journal that was finally published in Bucharest in 1996 to "considerable debate" and in America under the title *Journal, 1935-1944: The Fascist Years*. It records the mounting persecution he endured and documents the disdain former friends began showing him in Romania's increasingly antisemitic sociopolitical landscape.

A friend of Mircea Eliade, he was deeply disappointed when the latter supported the Iron Guard. Despite this ominous tone, the diary also reveals Sebastian's unflagging sense of humor and self-irony. A fundamental testimony of anti-Semitism in Europe prior to, and during, the years of World War II, the *Journal* has been compared to those of Victor Klemperer or Anne Frank.

He was a great lover of classical music and often attended concerts. In his *Journal*, there are many references to various classical composers and reviews of radio broadcast concerts.

After being expelled from his home due to the new antisemitic laws, Sebastian moved into a tenement slum where he continued his writing. On August 23, 1944, the Romanian government of Ion Antonescu was overthrown, and Romania joined the Allies (*see Romania during World War II*).

The manuscript of Sebastian's Journal was smuggled out of Romania in 1961 by the author's brother, Andrei Benu Sebastian, who took it with him to Israel. It is currently held by the University of Jerusalem.

In 2023, two researchers at the George Călinescu Institute of Literary History and Theory of the Romanian Academy discovered a handwritten notebook containing a previously unknown part of Sebastian's Journal, covering the years 1930 and 1931, when the writer was living in Paris.

## Death

On 29 May 1945, Mihail Sebastian was accidentally hit by a truck.

## Legacy

In the 2000s, Sebastian's *Journal* gained a new audience in Western countries due to its lyrical, evocative style and the brutal honesty of its accounts. The manuscript of the journal was obtained by Harry From, who arranged for its publication in 1996, by the Romanian publishing house Humanitas. In 2004, American playwright David Auburn wrote a one-man play based on Sebastian's diary titled, *The Journals of Mihail Sebastian*. It debuted the same year in New York City and starred Stephen Kunken in the role of Mihail Sebastian.

Sebastian's niece, Michèle Hechter, a French writer and translator, published in 2000 an autobiographical work titled *M. et M.* dealing extensively with her uncle's life and writings.

In 2006, Mihail Sebastian was posthumously awarded the Geschwister-Scholl-Preis for his *Voller Entsetzen, aber nicht verzweifelt. Tagebücher 1935-44*. (transl.Horrified, but not desperate. Diaries 1935-44).

On October 18, 2020, Google celebrated his 113th birthday with a Google Doodle.

## Selected bibliography

### Novels

### Plays

* *Jocul de-a vacanța* (1938) / *Holiday Make Believe*
* *Steaua fără nume* (1944) / *The Star with no Name* (trans. Gabi Reigh, Aurora Metro Books, 2020)
* *Ultima oră* (1945) / *Breaking News*
* *Insula* (1947) / *The Island*

### Other

* *Fragmente dintr-un carnet găsit* (1932) / *Fragments from a Found Notebook* (Trans. Christina Tudor-Sideri. Seattle: Sublunary Editions, 2020)
* *Cum am devenit huligan* (1935) / *How I Became a Hooligan*
* *Corespondența lui Marcel Proust* (1939) / *The Correspondence of Marcel Proust*
* *Eseuri, cronici, memorial* (1972) / *Essays, Chronicles, Memorial*
* *Journal, 1935-1944* / published in America as *Journal 1935-1944: The Fascist Years* (trans. Patrick Camiller. Ivan R. Dee, Publisher, 2000) and in Britain as *Journal: 1935-1944* (London: Pimlico, 2003)

## InfoBox

| Mihail Sebastian | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Iosif Mendel Hechter
(1907-10-18)October 18, 1907
Brăila |
| Died | May 29, 1945(1945-05-29) (aged 37)
Bucharest |
| Resting place | Filantropia Israelite Cemetery in Bucharest |
| Pen name | Mihail Sebastian, Victor Mincu, Amyntas |
| Occupation | * Playwright * essayist * journalist * novelist * lawyer |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Genre | drama, autobiography, novel |
| Subject | fiction, cultural history, political history |
| Literary movement | Modernism
*Criterion* |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Middle-earth Collectible Card Game

abstract: Middle-earth Collectible Card Game (MECCG) is an out-of-print collectible card game released by Iron Crown Enterprises in late 1995. It is the first CCG based on J.R.R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth, with added content from ICE's Middle-earth Role Playing Game. The cards used in the game feature original artwork by a multitude of artists, many of them longtime Tolkien illustrators such as John Howe, Ted Nasmith, and Angus McBride.

text:
# Middle-earth Collectible Card Game

**Middle-earth Collectible Card Game** (**MECCG**) is an out-of-print collectible card game released by Iron Crown Enterprises in late 1995. It is the first CCG based on J.R.R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth, with added content from ICE's Middle-earth Role Playing Game.

The cards used in the game feature original artwork by a multitude of artists, many of them longtime Tolkien illustrators such as John Howe, Ted Nasmith, and Angus McBride.

## Overview

In its basic form, it is a game for one to five players, each choosing one of the five wizards to represent themselves. A *turn* in the game consists of one player's wandering around Middle-earth with the help of famous characters of Middle-earth, trying to gather influence and power to aid in the battle against The Dark Lord, while another player tries to harass, and ultimately kill his *characters* with specific *hazard* cards. Then, for each player's turn, the roles change clockwise around the table (the player who was moving his characters then throws hazards at the player to his or her right). Any player may also win by acquiring and destroying the One Ring after a complicated set of events.

Later expansions have added the possibility to take the role of a Ringwraith of Sauron (MELE), a corrupted wizard playing by his own rules (MEWH), the malevolent Balrog (MEBA), or even Sauron himself. The game is somewhat distinguished from most other CCG's with the use of two six-sided dice for a random factor and also by the actual map of Middle-earth, including *regions* your companies travel through, and *site cards* they visit.

MECCG won two Origins Awards: *Best Card Game of 1995* for *MECCG: The Wizards* and *Best Graphic Presentation of a Card Game or Expansion of 1996* for *MECCG: The Dragons*. The game's production ended in 1999, when ICE lost the license that allowed them to use the content of Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings* and *The Hobbit*. This license was later bought by Decipher, who used it to bring out another CCG. MECCG still has a relatively loyal and active fanbase of players.

## Online activity

The game can be played online through the use of the *Generic Collectible Card Game* (GCCG), allowing normal or sealed games. MECCG online events are organized several times a year and every player is free to participate in them. A web-based game variant is active at https://cardnum.net/

## Card sets

* ***The Wizards*** (METW) (1995): The first basic set, dealing with the *good* side, including most main characters from the books, like Gandalf, Frodo and Aragorn. Pretty straightforward gameplay with relatively simple *marshalling point* cards and *hazard creatures*. The 484-card set was sold in 76-card starter decks and 15-card booster packs, with 121 rare cards, 121 uncommon cards, and 242 cards that were either common or fixed.
    + ***The Dragons*** (METD) (June 1996): The first expansion set for METW. As the name implies, deals mostly with dragons, their treasure and the northern regions. The 180-card set was sold in 15-card booster packs having one rare card, 4 uncommons, and 10 commons and a six-page rules addendum.
    + ***Dark Minions*** (MEDM) (1996): Adds many powerful hazard cards including more undead and introduces the *agents* \- a subtle group of Sauron's servants, concentrating on intrigue and influence. Also adds an underground network of site cards, *The Under-Deeps*, which later becomes The Balrog's realm. This set had 180 cards.
* ***The Lidless Eye*** (MELE) (June 1997): The second basic set. Adds the possibility to play as a Ringwraith of Sauron. The 417-card set was sold in 76-card fixed starter decks and 15-card booster packs.
    + ***Against the Shadow*** (MEAS) (August 1997): The only expansion to MELE, although it also contains hero cards. Mostly balances the game by adding resources for and hazards against the *minion* player as well as some support resources for the hero. Notable are the hazard creature versions of the five wizards. The set, consisting of over 160 cards, was sold in 12-card booster packs.
* ***The White Hand*** (MEWH) (December 1997): Introduces a third faction, the corrupted *Fallen-Wizard*, whose player can use both hero and minion resources and characters, although with restrictions. The 122-card set was sold in 12-card booster packs each containing two rare cards.
* ***Middle Earth Challenge Decks*** (MECD) (1998): Ten decks for tournament play. These were sold as 110-card starter decks with cards reprinted from earlier sets fixed to a particular character (one of five Wizards or one of five Ringwraiths), and also included a map and a rulebook.
* ***The Balrog*** (MEBA) (1999): Adds a new sub-faction to the minions, Balrog, who mainly depends on the brute strength of his orcs and trolls. It is argued by the player base that since the production of MECCG ended after MEBA, the set remains a bit overpowered because it didn't get a "balancing set" published afterwards. This 104-card set was beset by delays and eventually released in February 1999 in two fixed 132-card decks.

An expansion set named *The Dwarf Lords* was planned for September 1998, and the set *The Elf Lords* was scheduled for mid 1999. Both were indefinitely postponed in November 1998.

## Books

ICE Publications:

* ***Middle-earth: The Wizards Companion*** (#3333):ISBN 1-55806-275-0
* ***Middle-earth: The Wizards Player Guide*** (#3334):ISBN 1-55806-257-2
* ***Middle-earth: The Dragons Player Guide*** (#3337):ISBN 1-55806-290-4
* ***Middle-earth CCG Maps*** (#3338):ISBN 1-55806-291-2
* ***Middle-earth: Dark Minions Player Guide*** (#3339):ISBN 1-55806-294-7
* ***The Lidless Eye Companion*** (#3341):ISBN 1-55806-315-3
* ***The Lidless Eye Player Guide*** (#3342):ISBN 1-55806-339-0
* ***A Long Expected Party: Meccg Sites & Scenarios*** (#3343):ISBN 1-55806-352-8
* ***Middle-earth: The Wizards Casual Companion*** (#3340):ISBN 1-55806-312-9

Independent Publications:

* ***Mastering Middle-Earth: Strategies for Middle-Earth : The Wizards*** ISBN 1-55622-559-8

## Reception

Andy Butcher reviewed *Middle Earth: The Wizards* for *Arcane* magazine, rating it a 7 out of 10 overall. Butcher comments that "If you're willing to put in the effort (and buy quite a lot of cards), there's plenty here to make it all worthwhile. At the end of the day, though, I for one can't help wishing that one person got to play Gandalf while the other took on the role of Sauron, leading to a far more direct and involving conflict."

Andy Butcher reviewed *Middle Earth: The Dragons* for *Arcane* magazine, rating it an 8 out of 10 overall. Butcher comments that " Impressively, *Middle-earth: The Dragons* manages to emphasise the positive aspects of the game, without adding greatly to the already weighty rules."

Rick Swan, in a review of *The Wizards* release in *The Duelist*, stated that the game "has enough quirky innovation to distinguish it from the multitude of play-’em-and-forget-’em copycats" of *Magic: The Gathering*, and that it was "as faithful an adaptation" of the Tolkien novels that could be expected in a card game. He also stated that the artist's commissioned for the set "reads like a cavalcade of the industry's heaviest hitters" and the artwork they produced for it could be framed to hang on a wall. He said that the rulebook was poorly organized, with novice players having to scour the booklet for definitions of gameplay terms. Overall, he states that the game "may not always soar, but it never sinks."

## Reviews

## Bibliography

* Appelcline, Shannon (2011). *Designers & Dragons*. Mongoose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.
* Miller, John Jackson; Greenholdt, Joyce (2003). *Collectible Card Games Checklist & Price Guide* (2nd ed.). Krause Publication. ISBN 0-87349-623-X.

## Further reading

* Hannes, Jeff (July 1996). "The conquest of Middle-earth". *Inquest*. No. 15. pp. 72–76.

## InfoBox

Middle-earth Collectible Card Game
| MECCG card back portraying the lidless eye of Sauron. | |
| --- | --- |
| Designers | Coleman Charlton, Mike Reynolds |
| Years active | 1995–1998 |
| Players | 1 or more |
| Setup time | \< 15 minutes |
| Playing time | \> 1 hour |
| Chance | Medium |
| Skills | Card playing
Dice rolling
Strategic thought |


title: Miia Rannikmäe

abstract: Miia Rannikmäe is an Estonian chemist specializing in cognitive learning and scientific literacy.

text:
# Miia Rannikmäe

**Miia Rannikmäe** (née Tammeorg, born 4 October 1951) is an Estonian chemist specializing in cognitive learning and scientific literacy.

## Biography

Born in Tartu, Rannikmäe graduated in chemistry and as a chemistry teacher from the University of Tartu in 1975. She went on to gain a master's degree in education there in 1996 with a thesis on *Phenomenographic analyses of students concept of chemical reaction*. In 2001, she earned a PhD in Life and Earth Sciences Education from the same university. As of November 2015, she is Professor of Science Education, heading the Science Education Centre at the University of Tartu.

Her research has covered work on literacy in chemistry among elementary school pupils and the scientific and technological literacy of schoolchildren. She has worked as a school teacher and has links with science teacher associations at home and abroad. In 2004, she contributed to the European Commission's high level group and the publication *Europe needs more Scientists*. She guides her PhD students in scientific literacy, inquiry learning and the nature of science.


title: Miers Longstreth

abstract:
Miers Fisher Longstreth was an American merchant, physician, and astronomer, best known as a founding member of the National Academy of Sciences. Longstreth was born in Philadelphia and received his secondary education at Clermont Academy
(graduating 1833), then M.L. Hurlburt's Classical Academy. He left school to work in a
hardware store, becoming a full member of the firm in 1840. As early as 1837, however, he was attending
lectures at the College of Pharmacy of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1856 he completed a
medical degree at the university's Medical Department. By happenstance, a new Friends School was established next to his and his wife's home. The school
had an astronomical observatory, which Dr. Longstreth was invited to use. He soon came to own a
5-inch aperture telescope, a transit instrument, and an astronomical clock. With these instruments,
he discovered a discrepancy in the then-accepted formulas for the position of the Moon and
improved upon them as "Longstreth's Lunar Formula", so-named by Benjamin Peirce and put
to immediate use in the American Nautical Almanac. Longstreth was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1848,
and was a founding member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1863. Throughout his life
he was a devoted member of the Society of Friends.

text:
# Miers Longstreth

**Miers Fisher Longstreth** (March 15, 1819 - December 27, 1891) was an American merchant, physician, and astronomer, best known as a founding member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Longstreth was born in Philadelphia and received his secondary education at Clermont Academy (graduating 1833), then M.L. Hurlburt's Classical Academy. He left school to work in a hardware store, becoming a full member of the firm in 1840. As early as 1837, however, he was attending lectures at the College of Pharmacy of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1856 he completed a medical degree at the university's Medical Department.

By happenstance, a new Friends School was established next to his and his wife's home. The school had an astronomical observatory, which Dr. Longstreth was invited to use. He soon came to own a 5-inch aperture telescope, a transit instrument, and an astronomical clock. With these instruments, he discovered a discrepancy in the then-accepted formulas for the position of the Moon and improved upon them as "Longstreth's Lunar Formula", so-named by Benjamin Peirce and put to immediate use in the American Nautical Almanac.

Longstreth was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1848, and was a founding member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1863. Throughout his life he was a devoted member of the Society of Friends.


title: Mike Palmateer

abstract: Michael Scott Palmateer is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goalie. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1976 to 1984 for the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Washington Capitals.

text:
# Mike Palmateer

**Michael Scott Palmateer** (born January 13, 1954) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goalie. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1976 to 1984 for the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Washington Capitals.

## Playing career

As a youth, Palmateer played in the 1966 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Shopsy's minor ice hockey team.

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Palmateer was drafted 85th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1974 NHL amateur draft. Palmateer played 356 games in the NHL, posting 149 wins against 138 losses and 52 ties while compiling a 3.53 goals against average. Palmateer began his career with his hometown Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1976-77 season and served as the club's starting goaltender for the next three seasons. In his fourth season, the 1979-80 campaign, Palmateer was slowed by injuries and made just 38 appearances for the Leafs while sharing the duties with four other goalies. Off-ice drama during this season led to his departure from Toronto. After being sidelined with an ankle injury that kept him out of the crease for six weeks, Palmateer's injury was questioned by the team's management, who felt he was healthy enough to play. Palmateer, a pending free agent, could not get Maple Leafs general manager Punch Imlach to agree to a multi-year contract and their impasse ultimately led to the goaltender signing a four-year $800,000 deal with the Washington Capitals. In lieu of working out the compensation required for the signing, the two clubs agreed to a trade that sent Palmateer's rights to Washington while the Maple Leafs acquired defensemen Robert Picard along with forward Tim Coulis. The clubs also swapped draft picks. Following the trade, Capitals general manager Max McNab declared "with a player like Palmateer, I feel we are set in goal for the next ten years."

Things did not work out that way, however. Palmateer's first year in Washington saw the netminder win 18 games for the lowly Capitals, but the following year he won just two games and spent the bulk of the season sidelined by a knee injury. Palmateer's knee problems, which seriously hampered his mobility, ultimately cost GM McNab and head coach Gary Green their jobs. Capitals owner Abe Pollin, who had committed a large sum of money towards securing Palmateer's services, was not happy to see the goalie struggling and demanded Green continue to use him despite diminishing returns. When Green protested and said that his knees were "gone" and he could no longer play him, Pollin instructed Green to "fix him" so that, at the very least, the Capitals could trade him for something in return. When Palmateer continued to falter, both McNab and Green were fired. During the off-season, David Poile was hired as the new general manager of the Capitals and just days into the job, on September 9, 1982, made his first trade by sending Palmateer back to the Maple Leafs for cash considerations.

Back in Toronto, Palmateer resumed his job as the club's starting goalie, suiting up for 53 games. The next year, his knee problems flared up again and the goalie was limited to 34 games and had his 12th knee surgery performed. With Palmateer sidelined, the bulk of the goaltending duties for the Maple Leafs fell to prospect Allan Bester, who was summoned from the Ontario Hockey League in midseason to take over the starting job. The following year, with Palmateer ready to return, the Maple Leaf management opted to go with youth in goal, and named 20-year-olds Bester and Ken Wregget their tandem. That left Palmateer as the odd man out and he was instructed by Maple Leafs general manager Gerry McNamara to stay home and collect his salary. Out of Toronto's plans, Palmateer nearly got a chance to return to the ice in February, after an injury to Edmonton Oilers star goaltender Grant Fuhr. The Oilers' director of player personnel, Barry Fraser, thought Palmateer could be a veteran option to fill in for Fuhr and contacted the Maple Leafs about a trade, but the talks never got off the ground when Fuhr's injury proved to be less serious than first thought. The season ended with Palmateer never suiting up at all.

Palmateer's final taste of NHL action - a preseason game - came with the Edmonton Oilers. However, with 14 knee operations, a year spent off the ice and the all-star tandem of Fuhr and Andy Moog already in Edmonton, his tryout was brief and he officially retired from the National Hockey League. Palmateer returned to the Maple Leafs as a scout in 2001 and worked with the club for the next 14 years. He is now up to twenty knee surgeries and a knee replacement.

## Awards and achievements

* 1980–81 \- Set an NHL record for assists by a goaltender in one season (8).

* In 2017 Palmateer was inducted into the Aurora Sports Hall of Fame (Athlete/Hockey).

https://aurorashof.ca/inductee/mike-palmateer/

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP | W | L | T | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% | | GP | W | L | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% |
| 1970–71 | Markham Waxers | MetJHL | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1971–72 | Markham Waxers | MetJHL | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1972–73 | Toronto Marlboros | OHA | | 31 |  |  |  | 1860 | 87 | 5 | 2.81 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1972–73 | Toronto Marlboros | MC | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | | 3 | 2 | 1 | 180 | 6 | 0 | 2.00 |  |
| 1973–74 | Toronto Marlboros | OHA | | 32 |  |  |  | 1895 | 120 | 0 | 3.80 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1974–75 | Saginaw Gears | IHL | | 20 |  |  |  | 1095 | 70 | 2 | 3.84 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1974–75 | Oklahoma City Blazers | CHL | | 16 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 841 | 39 | 1 | 2.78 |  | | 5 | 2 | 3 | 278 | 18 | 0 | 3.88 |  |
| 1975–76 | Oklahoma City Blazers | CHL | | 42 | 15 | 21 | 4 | 2272 | 137 | 1 | 3.61 |  | | 3 | 0 | 2 | 158 | 8 | 0 | 3.04 |  |
| 1976–77 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 50 | 23 | 18 | 8 | 2877 | 154 | 4 | 3.21 | .904 | | 6 | 3 | 3 | 360 | 16 | 0 | 2.67 | .923 |
| 1976–77 | Dallas Black Hawks | CHL | | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 171 | 5 | 0 | 1.75 | .939 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1977–78 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 63 | 34 | 19 | 9 | 3760 | 172 | 5 | 2.74 | .911 | | 13 | 6 | 7 | 795 | 32 | 2 | 2.42 | .918 |
| 1978–79 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 58 | 26 | 21 | 10 | 3396 | 167 | 4 | 2.95 | .909 | | 5 | 2 | 3 | 298 | 17 | 0 | 3.42 | .889 |
| 1979–80 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 38 | 16 | 14 | 3 | 2039 | 125 | 2 | 3.68 | .875 | | 1 | 0 | 1 | 60 | 7 | 0 | 7.00 | .837 |
| 1980–81 | Washington Capitals | NHL | | 49 | 18 | 19 | 9 | 2679 | 172 | 2 | 3.85 | .878 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1981–82 | Washington Capitals | NHL | | 11 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 584 | 47 | 0 | 4.83 | .850 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1982–83 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 53 | 21 | 23 | 7 | 2965 | 197 | 0 | 3.99 | .872 | | 4 | 1 | 3 | 252 | 17 | 0 | 4.05 | .907 |
| 1982–83 | St. Catharines Saints | AHL | | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 125 | 4 | 1 | 1.92 | .938 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1983–84 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 34 | 9 | 17 | 4 | 1831 | 149 | 0 | 4.88 | .849 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 356 | 149 | 138 | 52 | 20,131 | 1183 | 17 | 3.53 | .889 | | 29 | 12 | 17 | 1765 | 89 | 2 | 3.03 | .909 |

## Transactions

## InfoBox

| Mike Palmateer | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-01-13) January 13, 1954
Toronto, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) | | |
| Weight | 170 lb (77 kg; 12 st 2 lb) | | |
| Position | Goaltender | | |
| Caught | Right | | |
| Played for | Toronto Maple Leafs
Washington Capitals | | |
| NHL draft | 85th overall, 1974
Toronto Maple Leafs | | |
| WHA draft | 24th overall, 1974
Cincinnati Stingers | | |
| Playing career | 19741984 | | |