title: Norway at the 1980 Winter Paralympics

abstract: Norway sent a delegation to the second Winter Paralympics in 1980 in Geilo, Norway. The country was represented by thirty seven athletes, the second most of any nation after Austria. They sent twenty seven men and ten women. Norway won fifty four medals, the most of any country at the games. They won twenty three gold medals, twenty one silver and ten bronze. Norway was able to send athletes of all physical disabilities, as all classes of athletes with physical disabilities were able to participate.

text:
# Norway at the 1980 Winter Paralympics

**Norway** sent a delegation to the second **Winter Paralympics in 1980** in Geilo, Norway. The country was represented by thirty seven athletes, the second most of any nation after Austria. They sent twenty seven men and ten women. Norway won fifty four medals, the most of any country at the games. They won twenty three gold medals, twenty one silver and ten bronze.

Norway was able to send athletes of all physical disabilities, as all classes of athletes with physical disabilities were able to participate.

## InfoBox

| Norway at the
1980 Winter Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | NOR |
| NPC | Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports |
| Website | www.idrett.no (in Norwegian) |
| in Geilo | |
| Competitors | 37 |
| Medals
Ranked 1st | Gold 23 Silver 21 Bronze 10 Total 54 |
| Winter Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Notocrater

abstract: Notocrater is a genus of deep-water true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pseudococculinidae, one of the families of true limpets. Several species in this genus have two tentacles on each side of the body situated in the lateral grooves between foot and mantle

text:
# Notocrater

***Notocrater*** is a genus of deep-water true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pseudococculinidae, one of the families of true limpets.

Several species in this genus have two tentacles on each side of the body situated in the lateral grooves between foot and mantle

## Species

Species within the genus *Notocrater* include:

Species brought into synonymy  * Habe T. (1958). Descriptions of ten new gastropod species. Venus. 20(1): 32–42.
* Marshall B.A. (1986 \["1985"\]) *Recent and Tertiary Cocculinidae and Pseudococculinidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from New Zealand and New South Wales.* New Zealand Journal of Zoology 12: 505–546.

## Further reading

* Ardila N. E. & Harasewych M. G. (June 2005). "Cocculinid and pseudococculinid limpets (Gastropoda: Cocculiniformia) from off the Caribbean coast of Colombia". *Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington* **118**(2): 344–366. doi:10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118\[344:CAPLGC2.0.CO;2\].

## InfoBox

| *Notocrater* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Notocrater ponderi* (paratype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Lepetellida |
| Superfamily: | Lepetelloidea |
| Family: | Pseudococculinidae |
| Genus: | *Notocrater*
Finlay, 1927 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Cocculina craticulata* Suter, 1908
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Punctolepeta* Habe, 1958 | |


title: Humility Garden

abstract: Humility Garden is a novel by Felicity Savage published by ROC in 1995.

text:
# Humility Garden

***Humility Garden*** is a novel by Felicity Savage published by ROC in 1995.

## Plot summary

*Humility Garden* is a novel that is written in the form of an unfinished biography of the character Humility Garden.

## Reception

Steve Faragher reviewed *Humility Garden* for *Arcane* magazine, rating it a 4 out of 10 overall. Faragher comments that "There is a lot to this book: an outline of a fascinating world, a lot of thoughtfulness and a desire to tackle large topics. Sadly, there is almost no enjoyment to complement that."

## Reviews


title: Hungarian shield

abstract: A Hungarian shield was a specific form of targe. It was rectangular at the bottom, but the upper edge swept upward forming a curve. The elongated upper edge was designed to protect the head and neck against sabre cuts. They were characteristic for the Hungarian light cavalry. During the 16th century, the design became popular across much of eastern Europe, among both Christian and Muslim horsemen. In contrast, the 15th-century German Gladiatoria fechtbuch depicts what it calls ungrischer schilt used by two fencers on foot. The upward sweeping edge is less pronounced to the point of symmetry. A point is attached to the lower (hand-side) edge, apparently for offensive use, similar to a katar.

text:
# Hungarian shield

A **Hungarian** (or **Hungarian-style**) **shield** was a specific form of targe. It was rectangular at the bottom, but the upper edge swept upward forming a curve. The elongated upper edge was designed to protect the head and neck against sabre cuts. They were characteristic for the Hungarian light cavalry. During the 16th century, the design became popular across much of eastern Europe, among both Christian and Muslim horsemen.

In contrast, the 15th-century German Gladiatoria fechtbuch depicts what it calls *ungrischer schilt* used by two fencers on foot. The upward sweeping edge is less pronounced to the point of symmetry. A point is attached to the lower (hand-side) edge, apparently for offensive use, similar to a katar.


title: Nova Generatsiia

abstract: Nova Generatsiia, meaning "New Generation" in English, was a Ukrainian futurist magazine. The magazine was edited by Mykhailo Semenko (uk) and was published between October 1927 and December 1930 in Kharkiv. The magazine was the official organ of a group of Ukrainian futurists also led by Semenko who took their name from the magazine and believed that the end of bourgeois art and a period of destruction were necessary to bring about an age of synthesis and the creation of an altogether new and revolutionary form of art.

text:
# Nova Generatsiia

**Nova Generatsiia** (Ukrainian: Нова ґенерація), meaning "**New Generation**" in English, was a Ukrainian futurist magazine. The magazine was edited by Mykhailo Semenko (uk) and was published between October 1927 and December 1930 in Kharkiv. The magazine was the official organ of a group of Ukrainian futurists also led by Semenko who took their name from the magazine and believed that the end of bourgeois art and a period of destruction were necessary to bring about an age of synthesis and the creation of an altogether new and revolutionary form of art.

## Content

The goal of Nova Generatsiia was to promote avant-garde art to the general public of Ukraine. Although Nova Generatsiia was mostly an outlet for the literary works of the futurists (the majority works featured were poetry or prose), the magazine also placed a special emphasis on architecture, design, and city planning, following European and especially German developments in these areas very closely.

## Reactions

Ukrainian Futurism in general and Nova Generatsiia in particular were often criticized for their leftist politics, which were very clear in the magazine. The magazine was especially maligned by contemporaries, but was later recognized for its role in establishing Ukrainian art as an independent and modern institution. Additionally, the magazine has been praised for being the last in Ukraine to give in to the demands of the Communist Party when it sought to neuter and homogenize art and cultural activities in the latter half of the 1920s.

## InfoBox

*Nova Generatsiia*
| Editor | Mykhailo Semenko |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | monthly |
| First issue | October 1927 |
| Final issue | December 1930 |
| Language | Ukrainian |


title: Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina

abstract: Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina is a fly from the family Muscidae. It is found in the Palearctic.

text:
# Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina

***Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina*** is a fly from the family Muscidae. It is found in the Palearctic .

* D'Assis Fonseca, E.C.M, 1968 Diptera Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata: Muscidae *Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects* pdf
* Seguy, E. (1923) Diptères Anthomyides. Paris: Éditions *Faune de France* Faune n° 6 393 p., 813 fig.Bibliotheque Virtuelle Numerique pdf

## InfoBox

| *Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina* North Wales | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Muscidae |
| Genus: | *Hydrotaea* |
| Species: | ***H. cyrtoneurina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina***<br>(Zetterstedt, 1845) | |
|


title: Hymenophyllum refrondescens

abstract: Hymenophyllum refrondescens is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Hymenophyllum refrondescens

***Hymenophyllum refrondescens*** is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Hymenophyllum refrondescens* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Hymenophyllales |
| Family: | Hymenophyllaceae |
| Genus: | *Hymenophyllum* |
| Species: | ***H. refrondescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hymenophyllum refrondescens***
Sodiro | |
|


abstract: The Northwest Junior Hockey League is a defunct Junior "B" ice hockey league in Manitoba, Canada, sanctioned by Hockey Canada. The league's only provincial rival, the Manitoba Junior B Hockey League, still exists as the Keystone Junior Hockey League. In the 13-season history of the league NJHL teams would go on to win the Baldy Northcott Trophy three times: Norway House North Stars and NCN Flames (2002).

text:
# Northwest Junior Hockey League (Manitoba)

The **Northwest Junior Hockey League** is a defunct Junior "B" ice hockey league in Manitoba, Canada, sanctioned by Hockey Canada. The league's only provincial rival, the Manitoba Junior B Hockey League, still exists as the Keystone Junior Hockey League.

In the 13-season history of the league NJHL teams would go on to win the Baldy Northcott Trophy three times: Norway House North Stars (2001, 2004) and NCN Flames (2002).

## Teams

| Logo | Team | Centre |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Cross Lake Islanders** | Cross Lake |
|  | **NCN Flames** | Nelson House |
|  | **Norway House North Stars** | Norway House |
|  | **OCN Storm** | The Pas |
|  | **Split Lake Warriors** | Split Lake |
|  | **Tataskweyak Cree Juniors** | Tataskweyak |

## Champions

NJHL Playoff winners
| Season | Champion | Runner-up | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | **Norway House North Stars** |  |  |
| 1993 | **Norway House North Stars** |  |  |
| 1994 | **Norway House North Stars** |  |  |
| 1995 | **Cross Lake Islanders** |  |  |
| 1996 | **Norway House North Stars** |  |  |
| 1997 | **Norway House North Stars** |  |  |
| 1998 | **Pine Creek Warriors** |  |  |
| 1999 | **Pine Creek Warriors** |  |  |
| 2000 | **Norway House North Stars** |  |  |
| 2001 | **Norway House North Stars** | NCN Flames | 4-2 |
| 2002 | **NCN Flames** | Norway House North Stars | 4-1 |
| 2003 | **NCN Flames** | Norway House North Stars | 4-0 |
| 2004 | **Norway House North Stars** | NCN Flames | 4-0 |


title: Hyde-St. John House

abstract: The Hyde-St. John House is a historic house at 25 Charter Oak Avenue in Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1858, it is one of the city's least-altered examples of Italianate architecture, and it was home to prominent local attorney and city mayor William Waldo Hyde. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and is presently in commercial use.

text:
# Hyde-St. John House

The **Hyde-St. John House** is a historic house at 25 Charter Oak Avenue in Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1858, it is one of the city's least-altered examples of Italianate architecture, and it was home to prominent local attorney and city mayor William Waldo Hyde. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and is presently in commercial use.

## Description and history

The Hyde-St. John House is located in Hartford's Sheldon-Charter Oak neighborhood, on the south side of Charter Oak Avenue, between the former Temple Beth Israel (now the Charter Oak Cultural Center), and the location of the historic Charter Oak tree. It is a three-story brick structure, basically square in shape, with a flat roof that has a prominent projecting eave supported by brackets placed on either side of the three window bays. Windows on the first two floors are set in rectangular openings with brownstone sills and lintels, while the shorter third-floor windows have rounded tops. A single-story porch extends across the front, with rounded projections in the side bays, and clustered columns mounted on moulded blocks for support. The main entrance is flanked by pilasters and sidelight windows, and toppedy by a decorative rounded fanlight; there are carved wooden oak leaves in the spandrels above the fanlight. The interior features relatively unaltered original woodwork and plaster. A period two-story ell extends to the rear of the main block.

The house was built in 1858. It was home to William Waldo Hyde from 1881 to 1896. Hyde was from a prominent local family, and was a principal in one of the city's oldest law firms. From 1892 to 1894 he served as Mayor of Hartford. The Waldo and Hyde families also owned other adjacent properties during this time, essentially creating a small family compound. The building underwent restoration in the 1970s, and now houses a commercial business.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hyde-St. John House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 25 Charter Oak Ave., Hartford, Connecticut |
| Coordinates | 41°45′33″N 72°40′27″W / 41.75917°N 72.67417°W / 41.75917; -72.67417 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1858 (1858) |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 77001422 |
| Added to NRHP | October 6, 1977 |


title: Hyde (EP)

abstract: Hyde is the first mini-album by the South Korean boy band VIXX. It was released on May 20, 2013, under Jellyfish Entertainment, and features the single of the same name. The album was re-released as Jekyll on July 31, 2013, with the single "G.R.8.U".

text:
# Hyde (EP)

***Hyde*** is the first mini-album by the South Korean boy band VIXX. It was released on May 20, 2013, under Jellyfish Entertainment, and features the single of the same name. The album was re-released as *Jekyll* on July 31, 2013, with the single "G.R.8.U".

## Singles

### "Hyde"

VIXX promoted *Hyde* with the song of the same name. The song's lyrics were written by songwriter Kim Eana, and the rap portion was written by Ravi. The music was composed by Jellyfish Entertainment CEO Hwang Se Jun and Swedish production team D30 (Caesar & Loui and Olof Lindskog). The song's music video was directed by Hong Won-ki of ZanyBros, who also directed their previous music videos, "Super Hero" and "Rock Ur Body".

Promotion began on May 23 on *M! Countdown*, and wrapped up with a goodbye stage on *Inkigayo* on June 30. The song peaked at number 35 on Gaon Singles Chart.

### "G.R.8.U"

The lead single from *Jekyll*, "G.R.8.U" (Korean: 대.다.나.다.너; RR: *Dae.da.na.da.neo*), was written by Kim Eana and produced by Hyuk Shin, DK, Ross Lara and Todd Wright. The song's music video was directed by Hong Won-ki of ZanyBros. Promotion began on August 1, and wrapped up with a goodbye stage on *Inkigayo* on September 8. The song peaked at number 14 on Gaon Singles Chart.

## Track listing

The credits are adapted from the official homepage of the group.

*Hyde*
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Light Me Up" (어둠 속을 밝혀줘; *Eodum Sogeul Balkhyeojwo*)
(Translation: "Light Up the Darkness") | Ravi | Hyuk Shin, DK, Ross Lara | 03:01 |
| 2. | "Hyde" | Kim Eana, Ravi (rap) | Hwang Se-jun, D30 | 03:16 |
| 3. | "You're Mine" (그만 버티고; *Geuman Beotigo*) (Translation: "Stop Resisting")
(ft. Minah of Girl's Day) | Kim Ji-hyang, Ravi (rap) | MELODESIGN, Park Gyunghyun | 03:45 |
| 4. | "CHAOS" | Kim Ji-hyang, MELODESIGN, Ravi (rap) | MELODESIGN | 02:54 |
| 5. | "Love Letter" | Kim Ji-hyang, MELODESIGN | Hwang Se-jun, MELODESIGN | 04:35 |
| 6. | "Hyde" (Inst.) |  | Hwang Se-jun, D30 | 03:16 |
| Total length: | | | | 21:00 |

*Jekyll* \- Repackaged version
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Jekyll" |  | MELODESIGN | 00:43 |
| 2. | "G.R.8.U" (대.다.나.다.너; *Dae. Da.Na.Da.Neo*)
(Translation: "You. Are. Im.pressive") | Kim Eana | Hyuk Shin, DK, Ross Lara, Todd Wright | 03:30 |
| 3. | "Say Love" (어떡하지; *Eotteokhaji*)
(Translation: "What To Do" or "How") | AIS, Ravi | Michael McGarity, Theresa Houston | 03:08 |
| 4. | "Light Me Up" (어둠 속을 밝혀줘; *Eodum Sogeul Balkhyeojwo*)
(Translation: "Light Up the Darkness") | Ravi | Hyuk Shin, DK, Ross Lara | 03:01 |
| 5. | "Hyde" | Kim Eana, Ravi (rap) | Hwang Se-jun, D30 | 03:16 |
| 6. | "You're Mine" (그만 버티고; *Geuman Beotigo*) (Translation: "Stop Resisting")
(ft. Minah of Girl's Day) | Kim Ji-hyang, Ravi (rap) | MELODESIGN, Park Gyunghyun | 03:45 |
| 7. | "CHAOS" | Kim Ji-hyang, MELODESIGN, Ravi (rap) | MELODESIGN | 02:54 |
| 8. | "Love Letter" | Kim Ji-hyang, MELODESIGN | Hwang Se-jun, MELODESIGN | 04:35 |
| 9. | "G.R.8.U" (Inst.) |  | Hyuk Shin, DK, Ross Lara, Todd Wright | 03:30 |
| Total length: | | | | 29:00 |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Nominated work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Seoul Music Awards** | | | |
| 2014 | Bonsang Award | *Hyde* | Won |
| **Golden Disk Awards** | | | |
| 2014 | Disk Bonsang Award | *Jekyll* | Nominated |
|

## Chart performance

### Album

| Chart | Peak position | | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | *Hyde* | *Jekyll* | |
| South Korea (Gaon album chart) | 3 | 3 | * KOR: 181,499 |
| Taiwan (Five-Music) Weekly album chart | 8 | 5 | |
| Billboard (US World) | 7 |  | |
|

### Singles

| Chart | Peak position | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | "Hyde" | "G.R.8.U" |
| South Korea (Gaon Singles Chart) | 35 | 14 |
| Billboard (Korea K-Pop Hot 100) | 57 | 13 |
| Billboard (US World) | 6 | 10 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| South Korea | May 20, 2013 (Hyde)
July 31, 2013 (Jekyll) | * CD * Digital download |  |
| Worldwide | | Digital download | Jellyfish Entertainment |

## InfoBox

| Hyde | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by VIXX | |
| Released | May 20, 2013 (2013-05-20)
July 31, 2013 (Jekyll) |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Genre | K-pop |
| Language | Korean |
| Label | Jellyfish Entertainment |
| VIXX chronology | |
| *On and On*
(2013) ***Hyde***
(2013) *Y.BIRD from Jellyfish Island With VIXX & OKDAL*
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Repackaged Album | |
|  | |
| Jekyll (Repackaged Album) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Hyde* | |
| 1. "Hyde"
Released: May 20, 2013 | |
| Singles from  *Jekyll* | |
| 1. "G.R.8.U"
Released: July 31, 2013 | |
|  | |


title: Hoshizora Kiseki

abstract: Hoshizora Kiseki is a 27-minute Japanese anime directed by Akio Watanabe and Toshikazu Matsubara, and produced by CoMix Wave Films as an original net animation. It was made available online on June 21, 2006, and then was released on DVD in Japan on August 3, 2006. It was screened at the Waterloo Festival on November 16, 2006. The OVA was released on DVD along with the Coffee Samurai OVA on May 10, 2011, by Section 23 Films. Anime Network shows both Hoshizora Kiseki and Coffee Samurai.

text:
# Hoshizora Kiseki

***Hoshizora Kiseki*** (星空キセキ, lit. *Starry-sky Miracle*) is a 27-minute Japanese anime directed by Akio Watanabe and Toshikazu Matsubara, and produced by CoMix Wave Films as an original net animation. It was made available online on June 21, 2006, and then was released on DVD in Japan on August 3, 2006. It was screened at the Waterloo Festival on November 16, 2006. The OVA was released on DVD along with the *Coffee Samurai* OVA on May 10, 2011, by Section 23 Films. Anime Network shows both *Hoshizora Kiseki* and *Coffee Samurai*.

## Plot summary

Kozue loves to stargaze and does so regularly. On a trip to view a meteorite, she happens to meet a boy named Ginga. He has a mysterious ability to discover more information about the stars, which he uses to help scientists with astronomical research. Unfortunately, his life is mostly dictated for him, and when carrying out missions, he must always wear a protective suit. Kozue helps Ginga to gradually take control of his life by encouraging him to make his own decisions.

## Characters

* **Ginga**

Voiced by: Kyouko Chikiri

* **Kozue**

Voiced by: Yumiko Hosono

## InfoBox

| Hoshizora Kiseki | |
| --- | --- |
| The Japanese DVD cover of *Hoshizora Kiseki* | |
| 星空キセキ | |
| Created by | Toshikazu Matsubara |
| Original net animation | |
| Directed by | Akio Watanabe
Toshikazu Matsubara |
| Produced by | Kouichirou Itou |
| Written by | Kouichirou Itou
Toshikazu Matsubara |
| Music by | Jun Abe
Seiji Mutou |
| Studio | CoMix Wave Films |
| Licensed by |  |
| Released | June 21, 2006 |
| Runtime | 28 minutes |


title: Weasel word

abstract: In rhetoric, a weasel word, or anonymous authority, is a word or phrase aimed at creating an impression that something specific and meaningful has been said, when in fact only a vague, ambiguous, or irrelevant claim has been communicated. The terms may be considered informal. Examples include the phrases "some people say", "it is thought", and "researchers believe". Using weasel words may allow one to later deny any specific meaning if the statement is challenged, because the statement was never specific in the first place. Weasel words can be a form of tergiversation and may be used in advertising, popular science, opinion pieces and political statements to mislead or disguise a biased view or unsubstantiated claim. Weasel words can weaken or understate a controversial claim. An example of this is using terms like "somewhat" or "in most respects," which make a sentence more ambiguous than it would be without them.

text:
# Weasel word

In rhetoric, a **weasel word**, or **anonymous authority**, is a word or phrase aimed at creating an impression that something specific and meaningful has been said, when in fact only a vague, ambiguous, or irrelevant claim has been communicated. The terms may be considered informal. Examples include the phrases "some people say", "it is thought", and "researchers believe". Using weasel words may allow one to later deny any specific meaning if the statement is challenged, because the statement was never specific in the first place. Weasel words can be a form of tergiversation and may be used in advertising, popular science, opinion pieces and political statements to mislead or disguise a biased view or unsubstantiated claim.

Weasel words can weaken or understate a controversial claim. An example of this is using terms like "somewhat" or "in most respects," which make a sentence more ambiguous than it would be without them.

## Origin

The expression *weasel word* may have derived from the egg-eating habits of weasels. An article published by the *Buffalo News* attributes the origin of the term to William Shakespeare's plays *Henry V* and *As You Like It*, in which the author includes similes of weasels sucking eggs. The article said that this simile was flawed because weasels do not have the jaw musculature suitable for sucking eggs.

Ovid's *Metamorphoses* provides an earlier source for the same etymology. Ovid describes how Juno orders the goddess of childbirth, Lucina, to prevent Alcmene from giving birth to Hercules. Alcmene's servant Galanthis, realizing that Lucina is outside the room using magic to prevent the birth, emerges to announce that the birth has been a success. Lucina, in her amazement, drops the spells of binding and Hercules is born. Galanthis then mocks Lucina, who responds by transforming her into a weasel. Ovid writes (in A.S. Kline's translation) "And because her lying mouth helped in childbirth, she \[as a weasel\] gives birth through her mouth." Ancient Greeks believed that weasels conceived through their ears and gave birth through their mouths.

Definitions of the word 'weasel' that imply deception and irresponsibility include: the noun form, referring to a sneaky, untrustworthy, or insincere person; the verb form, meaning to manipulate shiftily; and the phrase "to *weasel out*," meaning "to squeeze one's way out of something" or "to evade responsibility."

Theodore Roosevelt attributed the term to his friend William Sewall's older brother, Dave, claiming that he had used the term in a private conversation in 1879. The expression first appeared in print in Stewart Chaplin's short story "Stained Glass Political Platform" (published in 1900 in *The Century Magazine*), in which weasel words were described as "words that suck the life out of the words next to them, just as a weasel sucks the egg and leaves the shell." Roosevelt apparently later put the term into public use after using it in a speech in St. Louis May 31, 1916. According to Mario Pei, Roosevelt said, "When a weasel sucks an egg, the meat is sucked out of the egg; and if you use a weasel word after another, there is nothing left of the other."

## Forms

A 2009 study of Wikipedia found that most weasel words in it could be divided into three main categories:

1. Numerically vague expressions (for example, "some people", "experts", "many", "evidence suggests")
2. Use of the passive voice to avoid specifying an authority (for example, "it is said")
3. Adverbs that weaken (for example, "often", "probably")

Other forms of weasel words may include these:

*Generalizing* by means of quantifiers, such as *many*, when quantifiable measures could be provided, obfuscates the point being made, and if done deliberately is an example of "weaseling."

*Illogical or irrelevant statements* are often used in advertising, where the statement describes a beneficial feature of a product or service being advertised. An example is the endorsement of products by celebrities, regardless of whether they have any expertise relating to the product. In non-sequitur fashion, it does not follow that the endorsement provides any guarantee of quality or suitability.

*False authority* is defined as the use of the passive voice without specifying an actor or agent. For example, saying "it has been decided" without stating by whom, and citation of unidentified "authorities" or "experts," provide further scope for weaseling. It can be used in combination with the reverse approach of discrediting a contrary viewpoint by glossing it as "claimed" or "alleged." This embraces what is termed a "semantic cop-out," represented by the term *allegedly*. This implies an absence of ownership of opinion, which casts a limited doubt on the opinion being articulated. The construction "mistakes were made" enables the speaker to acknowledge error without identifying those responsible.

However, the passive voice is legitimately used when the identity of the actor or agent is irrelevant. For example, in the sentence "one hundred votes are required to pass the bill," there is no ambiguity, and the actors including the members of the voting community cannot practicably be named even if it were useful to do so.

The scientific journal article is another example of the legitimate use of the passive voice. For an experimental result to be useful, anyone who runs the experiment should get the same result. That is, the identity of the experimenter should be of low importance. Use of the passive voice focuses attention upon the actions, and not upon the actor—the author of the article. To achieve conciseness and clarity, however, most scientific journals encourage authors to use the active voice where appropriate, identifying themselves as "we" or even "I."

The *middle voice* can be used to create a misleading impression. For example:

* "It stands to reason that most people will be better off after the changes."
* "There are great fears that most people will be worse off after the changes."
* "Experience insists that most people will not be better off after the changes."

The first of these also demonstrates false authority, in that anyone who disagrees incurs the suspicion of being unreasonable merely by dissenting. Another example from international politics is use of the phrase "the international community" to imply a false unanimity.

*Euphemism* may be used to soften and potentially mislead the audience. For example, the dismissal of employees may be referred to as "rightsizing," "headcount reduction," and "downsizing." Jargon of this kind is used to describe things euphemistically.

*Restricting information* available to the audience is a technique sometimes used in advertisements. For example, stating that a product "... is now 20% cheaper!" raises the question, "Cheaper than what?" It might be said that "Four out of five people prefer ..." something, but this raises the questions of the size and selection of the sample, and the size of the majority. "Four out of five" could actually mean that there had been 8% for, 2% against, and 90% indifferent.

## Further reading

* Carl Wrighter discussed weasel words in his best-selling book *I Can Sell You Anything* (1972).

* Australian author Don Watson devoted two volumes (*Death Sentence* and *Watson's Dictionary of Weasel Words*) to documenting the increasing use of weasel words in government and corporate language. He maintains a website encouraging people to identify and nominate examples of weasel words.

* Scott Adams, the creator of the Dilbert comic strip, talks much about 'weasels' as being conniving businesspeople in one of his books, named accordingly: *Dilbert and the Way of the Weasel* (2002).


title: SES-16

abstract: SES-16 / GovSat-1 is a geostationary communications satellite designed and manufactured by Orbital ATK; LuxGovSat is a joint venture between SES and the Luxembourg government. It has a mass of 4,230 kg (9,330 lb) and has a design life of at least 15 years. The satellite was launched by SpaceX on 31 January 2018.

text:
# SES-16

**SES-16** / **GovSat-1** is a geostationary communications satellite designed and manufactured by Orbital ATK; LuxGovSat is a joint venture between SES and the Luxembourg government. It has a mass of 4,230 kg (9,330 lb) and has a design life of at least 15 years. The satellite was launched by SpaceX on 31 January 2018.

## InfoBox

SES 16 / GovSat-1
| Names | GovSat-1 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Communications |
| Operator | LuxGovSat |
| COSPAR ID | 2018-013A |
| SATCAT no. | 43178 |
| Website | https://www.govsat.lu |
| Mission duration | 15 years (planned)
6 years, 8 months, 1 day (elapsed) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | GovSat-1 |
| Bus | GEOStar-3 |
| Manufacturer | Orbital ATK |
| Launch mass | 4,230 kg (9,330 lb) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 31 January 2018, UTC |
| Rocket | Falcon 9 B1032.2 |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral, SLC-40 |
| Contractor | SpaceX |
| Entered service | April 2018 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Geostationary orbit |
| Longitude | 21° East |
|  | |
|  | |
| Transponders | |
| Band | 68 transponders:
Ka-band, X-band |
| Bandwidth | 36 MHz |
| Coverage area | Europe |
|  | |
| SES constellation | |


title: Gaspare Venturini

abstract: Gaspare Venturini was an Italian painter.

text:
# Gaspare Venturini

**Gaspare Venturini** (Ferrara, documented between 1576 and 1593) was an Italian painter.

## Biography

Venturini was trained in the school of Ferrarese Mannerism together with Bastarolo and Scarsellino, his associates together with the Carracci in the decoration of the ceilings of the Palazzo dei Diamanti over the decade between 1580 and 1590. Late 16th-century in style and rooted in the area of Ferrara, Venturini works are of mostly a religious character, as exemplified by the altarpieces for the church of the Madonnina and the Miracle of Saint Apollinaris in San Cristoforo della Certosa.

## Other projects

Media related to Gaspare Venturini at Wikimedia Commons


title: Forevertron

abstract: Dr. Evermor's Forevertron is the 2nd largest scrap metal sculpture in the world, standing 50 ft. high and 120 ft. wide, and weighing 300 tons. Built in the 1980s, it is housed in Dr. Evermor's Art Park on Highway 12, in the town of Sumpter, in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. The sculpture incorporates two Thomas Edison dynamos from the 1880s, lightning rods, high-voltage components from 1920s power plants, scrap from the nearby Badger Army Ammunition Plant, and the decontamination chamber from the Apollo 11 spacecraft. Its creator, Tom Every, was born in Brooklyn, Wisconsin and was a demolition expert who spent decades collecting antique machinery for the sculpture and the surrounding fiction that justifies it. According to Every, Dr. Evermor was a Victorian inventor who designed the Forevertron to launch himself, "into the heavens on a magnetic lightning force beam." The Forevertron, despite its size and weight, was designed to be relocatable to a different site—the sculpture is built in sections that are connected by bolts and pins. In addition to the Forevertron itself, the sculpture includes a tea house gazebo from which Every says: "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert may observe the launching of Dr. Evermor; it also includes a giant telescope where skeptics may observe the ascent." Dr. Evermor's art park is home to a large number of other sculptures, many of which relate to the Forevertron, such as the Celestial Listening Ear and the Overlord Master Control Tower. Other large-scale sculptures include gigantic insects, the Epicurean bellows-driven barbecue train, The Dragon, and The UFO. The most numerous sculptures are the Bird Band and Orchestra which includes nearly 70 birds ranging from the size of a child to twenty feet tall, all made from scrap industrial parts, geological survey markers, knives, loudspeakers, springs, and musical instruments, among other salvaged materials. Every related that he took pride in allowing the original materials to remain unaltered as much as possible, using their original forms in new juxtapositions to create his aesthetic.  Although Every has now passed, tours of the art park site can generally be accessed from passing through the surplus store adjacent to it, Delaney's Surplus. Every also created much of the installation art for the House on the Rock, including the world's largest carousel.

text:
# Forevertron

***Dr. Evermor's Forevertron*** is the 2nd largest scrap metal sculpture in the world, standing 50 ft. (15,2 m.) high and 120 ft. (36,5 m.) wide, and weighing 300 tons. Built in the 1980s, it is housed in Dr. Evermor's Art Park on Highway 12, in the town of Sumpter, in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States.

The sculpture incorporates two Thomas Edison dynamos from the 1880s, lightning rods, high-voltage components from 1920s power plants, scrap from the nearby Badger Army Ammunition Plant, and the decontamination chamber from the Apollo 11 spacecraft. Its creator, Tom Every (1938 - 2020), was born in Brooklyn, Wisconsin and was a demolition expert who spent decades collecting antique machinery for the sculpture and the surrounding fiction that justifies it. According to Every, Dr. Evermor was a Victorian inventor who designed the Forevertron to launch himself, "into the heavens on a magnetic lightning force beam." The Forevertron, despite its size and weight, was designed to be relocatable to a different site—the sculpture is built in sections that are connected by bolts and pins.

In addition to the Forevertron itself, the sculpture includes a tea house gazebo from which Every says: "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert may observe the launching of Dr. Evermor; it also includes a giant telescope where skeptics may observe the ascent." Dr. Evermor's art park is home to a large number of other sculptures, many of which relate to the Forevertron, such as the *Celestial Listening Ear* and the *Overlord Master Control Tower*. Other large-scale sculptures include gigantic insects (the *Juicer Bug* and *Arachna Artie*), the *Epicurean* bellows-driven barbecue train, *The Dragon*, and *The UFO*. The most numerous sculptures are the *Bird Band and Orchestra* which includes nearly 70 birds ranging from the size of a child to twenty feet tall, all made from scrap industrial parts, geological survey markers, knives, loudspeakers, springs, and musical instruments, among other salvaged materials.

Every related that he took pride in allowing the original materials to remain unaltered as much as possible, using their original forms in new juxtapositions to create his aesthetic. Although Every has now passed, tours of the art park site can generally be accessed from passing through the surplus store adjacent to it, Delaney's Surplus. Every also created much of the installation art for the House on the Rock, including the world's largest carousel.

43°21′50″N 89°46′18″W / 43.36389°N 89.77167°W / 43.36389; -89.77167


title: Mahaday Attack

abstract: The Mahaday Attack began on April 1 until April 6, 1924, near Mahaday, Italian Somaliland. This episode, known as the Mahaddei Attack, stands as a significant chapter in the anti-colonial struggles of the Italian-Somali territories during this period.

text:
# Mahaday Attack

The **Mahaday Attack** began on April 1 until April 6, 1924, near Mahaday, Italian Somaliland. This episode, known as the Mahaddei Attack, stands as a significant chapter in the anti-colonial struggles of the Italian-Somali territories during this period.

## Another event

As part of hit and run strategy to liberate Mahaday from Italy, on March 12, 1912, three natives of the Gaalje'el saw an isolated askari (soldier) in the vicinity of **Mahaddei**, they began to discuss among themselves the possibility of attacking the askari, and decision was made. they approached him, wounding him with two stab wounds and robbing him of his rifle, and flee the area.


title: Tapejaroidea

abstract: Tapejaroidea is a group of pterosaurs belonging to the clade Ornithocheiroidea. Tapejaroids lived from the Early to Late Cretaceous periods, with one possible member, Tendaguripterus, extending the fossil range to the Late Jurassic period. Tapejaroidea contains two groups, the Dsungaripteridae and the Azhdarchoidea, which in turn includes the azhdarchids, the group that contains some of the largest flying animals. The group was named by Brazilian paleontologist Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner in 1996.

text:
# Tapejaroidea

**Tapejaroidea** (or **tapejaroids**) is a group of pterosaurs belonging to the clade Ornithocheiroidea. Tapejaroids lived from the Early to Late Cretaceous periods, with one possible member, *Tendaguripterus*, extending the fossil range to the Late Jurassic period. Tapejaroidea contains two groups, the Dsungaripteridae and the Azhdarchoidea, which in turn includes the azhdarchids, the group that contains some of the largest flying animals. The group was named by Brazilian paleontologist Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner in 1996.

## Classification

Tapejaroidea was named by paleontologist Alexander Kellner from Brazil in 1996, and in 2003 it was given a phylogenetic definition by Kellner himself as the most recent common ancestor of *Dsungaripterus*, *Tapejara* and *Quetzalcoatlus*, and all their descendants. Tapejaroidea, in Kellner's 2003 study, was recovered as the sister taxon of the Pteranodontoidea, both within the group Ornithocheiroidea, and consisting of the groups Dsungaripteridae and Azhdarchoidea. However, in a phylogenetic analysis made by Jaime Headden and Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos in 2014, Tapejaroidea was recovered within the Azhdarchoidea, as a clade comprising the families Tapejaridae and Thalassodromidae. The cladogram of their analysis is shown below:

More recently, the original definition of Tapejaroidea has been used in a number of phylogenetic analyses conducted in 2019 and 2020, meaning that Tapejaroidea and Pteranodontoidea were once again recovered as the sister taxa and within the larger Ornithocheiroidea. The cladogram below represents the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Kellner and colleagues in 2019, where they recovered Tapejaroidea as the more inclusive group containing both the Dsungaripteridae and the Azhdarchoidea.

In 2021, Pêgas *et al.* named and officially registered two new clades: **Azhdarchomorpha**, the most inclusive clade containing *Azhdarcho* but not *Tapejara* or *Thalassodromeus*, and **Alanqidae**, containing *Alanqa* but not *Chaoyangopterus* or *Azhdarcho*. Their phylogeny is shown below:

## InfoBox

| Tapejaroids
Temporal range:
Early \- Late Cretaceous, Possible Late Jurassic record | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Skull fragments of *Keresdrakon* | |
|  | |
| Fossil cast of *Arambourgiania* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Order: | Pterosauria |
| Suborder: | Pterodactyloidea |
| *Clade*: | Ornithocheiroidea |
| *Clade*: | Tapejaroidea
Kellner, 1996 |
|
| Subgroups | |
|  | |


title: Hyde (UK Parliament constituency)

abstract: Hyde was a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until 1918. It was seated in the town of Hyde, Cheshire. From the 1918 general election onwards, the town has been represented in parliament through the constituency of Stalybridge and Hyde.

text:
# Hyde (UK Parliament constituency)

53°26′49″N 2°04′55″W / 53.447°N 2.082°W / 53.447; -2.082

**Hyde** was a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until 1918. It was seated in the town of Hyde, Cheshire.

From the 1918 general election onwards, the town has been represented in parliament through the constituency of Stalybridge and Hyde.

## Boundaries

The constituency, officially **Cheshire, Hyde Division**, was created from the two-member Eastern division of Cheshire by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 as one of eight new single-member divisions of Cheshire. It consisted of the following parishes and townships in north east Cheshire: Bredbury, the part of Brinnington outside the Municipal Borough of Stockport, Godley , Hattersley, Hollingworth, Hyde, Marple, Mottram, Newton, Offerton, Romiley, Tintwistle, Torkington and Werneth.

### Abolition

The Representation of the People Act 1918 reorganised constituencies throughout Great Britain and Ireland. The bulk of the Hyde constituency was merged with parliamentary borough of Stalybridge to form the new seat of Stalybridge and Hyde. The Bredbury, Marple and Romiley areas passed to an expanded Macclesfield constituency, while Offerton and Torkington, which now formed part of the urban district of Hazel Grove and Bramhall, were included in Knutsford.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1885 | Thomas Ashton | Liberal |
|  | 1886 | Joseph Watson Sidebotham | Conservative |
|  | 1900 | Edward Chapman | Conservative |
|  | 1906 | Duncan Schwann | Liberal |
|  | 1910 | Francis Neilson | Liberal |
|  | 1916 by-election | Thomas Owen Jacobsen | Liberal |
|  | 1918 | *Constituency abolished. See Stalybridge and Hyde* | |

## Elections

### Elections in the 1880s

General election 1885: Hyde
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Thomas Ashton** | **4,546** | **53.3** |  |
|  | Conservative | William Legh | 3,990 | 46.7 |  |
| Majority | | | 556 | 6.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 8,536 | 91.5 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 9,328 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **win** (new seat) | | | | |

General election 1886: Hyde
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Joseph Watson Sidebotham** | **4,328** | **52.7** | **+6.0** |
|  | Liberal | Thomas Ashton | 3,885 | 47.3 | −6.0 |
| Majority | | | 443 | 5.4 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 8,213 | 88.0 | −3.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 9,328 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | +6.0 |  |

### Elections in the 1890s

General election 1892: Hyde
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Joseph Watson Sidebotham** | **4,525** | **51.7** | **−1.0** |
|  | Liberal | Thomas Ashton | 4,220 | 48.3 | +1.0 |
| Majority | | | 305 | 3.4 | −2.0 |
| Turnout | | | 8,745 | 90.8 | +2.8 |
| Registered electors | | | 9,629 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | -1.0 |  |

General election 1895: Hyde
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Joseph Watson Sidebotham** | **4,735** | **52.4** | **+0.7** |
|  | Liberal | George Wood Rhodes | 3,844 | 42.6 | −5.7 |
|  | Ind. Labour Party | George Smith Christie | 448 | 5.0 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 891 | 9.8 | +6.4 |
| Turnout | | | 9,027 | 88.4 | 2.4 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,208 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +3.2 |  |

### Elections in the 1900s

General election 1900: Hyde
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Edward Chapman** | **4,774** | **53.2** | **+0.8** |
|  | Liberal | John Brunner | 4,195 | 46.8 | +4.2 |
| Majority | | | 579 | 6.4 | −3.4 |
| Turnout | | | 8,969 | 88.5 | +0.1 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,485 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | -1.7 |  |

General election 1906: Hyde
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Duncan Swann** | **5,545** | **55.3** | **+8.5** |
|  | Conservative | Edward Chapman | 4,482 | 44.7 | −8.5 |
| Majority | | | 1,063 | 10.6 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 10,027 | 88.6 | +0.1 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,314 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | +8.5 |  |

### Elections in the 1910s

General election January 1910: Hyde
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Francis Neilson** | **4,476** | **39.5** | **−15.8** |
|  | Conservative | Tom Eastham | 4,461 | 39.3 | −7.6 |
|  | Labour | William Crawford Anderson | 2,401 | 21.2 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 15 | 0.2 | −10.4 |
| Turnout | | | 11,338 | 93.2 | +4.6 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | -4.1 |  |

General election December 1910: Hyde
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Francis Neilson** | **5,562** | **51.4** | **+11.9** |
|  | Conservative | Tom Smith | 5,268 | 48.6 | +9.3 |
| Majority | | | 294 | 2.8 | +2.6 |
| Turnout | | | 10,830 | 89.0 | −4.2 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | +1.3 |  |

**General Election 1914–15**:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

1916 Hyde by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Thomas Owen Jacobsen** | **4,089** | **56.0** | **+4.6** |
|  | Independent | * DP Davies | 3,215 | 44.0 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 874 | 12.0 | +9.2 |
| Turnout | | | 7,304 | 54.7 | −34.3 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

* nominee of the National Union of Attested Married Men, an organisation opposed to the government's policy on conscription.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Hyde | |
| --- | --- |
| Former county constituency<br>for the House of Commons | |
| County | Cheshire |
| Major settlements | Hyde |
| 18851918 | |
| Seats | One |
| Created from | East Cheshire |
| Replaced by | Stalybridge & Hyde |


title: Noda-Shimmachi Station

abstract: Noda-Shimmachi Station Noda-Shimmachi Station is a railway station in the city of Kariya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Noda-Shimmachi Station

**Noda-Shimmachi Station** (野田新町駅, *Noda-Shinmachi-eki*) is a railway station in the city of Kariya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

## Lines

Noda-Shimmachi Station is served by the Tōkaidō Main Line, and is located 339.7 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Tokyo Station.

## Station layout

The station has two opposed side platforms connected by a footbridge. The station building has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles and is staffed.

### Platforms

| **1** | Tōkaidō Main Line | For Nagoya and Ōgaki |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Tōkaidō Main Line | For Okazaki and Toyohashi |

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tōkaidō Main Line | | | | |
| Higashi-Kariya |  | Local |  | Kariya |
| Special Rapid: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| New Rapid: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Rapid: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Sectional Rapid: Does not stop at this station | | | | |

## Station history

Noda-Shinmachi Station opened on 18 March 2007.

Station numbering was introduced to the section of the Tōkaidō Line operated JR Central in March 2018; Noda-Shinmachi Station was assigned station number CA57.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 2488 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

* Kariya Toyota General Hospital
* Kariya Higashi High School

* Yoshikawa, Fumio. *Tokaido-sen 130-nen no ayumi*. Grand-Prix Publishing (2002) ISBN 4-87687-234-1.(in Japanese)

Media related to Noda-Shimmachi Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| CA57
Noda-Shimmachi Station
野田新町駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Noda-Shimmachi Station, June 2009 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1–905 Noda-Shimmachi, Kariya-shi, Aichi-ken 448–086
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°59′04″N 137°01′36″E / 34.9844°N 137.0266°E / 34.9844; 137.0266 |
| Operated by | JR Central |
| Line(s) | Tokaido Main Line |
| Distance | 339.7 kilometers from Tokyo |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed |
| Station code | CA57 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 18 March 2007 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2017 | 2488 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Noda-Shimmachi StationLocation within Aichi PrefectureNoda-Shimmachi StationNoda-Shimmachi Station (Japan) | |


title: Moscow Research Center for Human Rights

abstract: The Moscow Research Center for Human Rights (MRCHR) is an umbrella group for human rights groups. It was set up in 1993. The Center unites about a dozen human rights nongovernmental organizations. The idea for the MRCHR grew out of a desire to collectively organize the human rights-related movements emerging from the loosely-structured community of informal social organizations which flowered during the last part of the Soviet period. A group of human rights activists, dissidents and former political prisoners acquired office space in which to work. The group soon found financial and moral support from the West, including the National Endowment for Democracy, Phare, and various private foundations. After receiving a series of small grants, the Center gradually emerged as a focal point for human rights work in 1993.

text:
# Moscow Research Center for Human Rights

The **Moscow Research Center for Human Rights** (MRCHR) is an umbrella group for human rights groups. It was set up in 1993. The Center unites about a dozen human rights nongovernmental organizations.

> The idea for the MRCHR grew out of a desire to collectively organize the human rights-related movements emerging from the loosely-structured community of informal social organizations which flowered during the last part of the Soviet period. A group of human rights activists, dissidents and former political prisoners acquired office space in which to work. The group soon found financial and moral support from the West, including the National Endowment for Democracy, Phare, and various private foundations. After receiving a series of small grants, the Center gradually emerged as a focal point for human rights work in 1993.

## Funding

The America's Development Foundation set up "An institutional partnership program in Russia with the Moscow Research Center for Human Rights (MCHR) provided the framework for strengthening the capacity of this coalition of Russian human rights NGOs, and significantly extending its network."

"From 1993 – 1997, ADF carried out significant work with the Moscow Research Center for Human Rights (MRCHR), an umbrella organization of fifteen human rights organizations established in 1991 to jointly promote human rights and improve the rule of law throughout the Russian Federation. With generous backing from several private foundations and the Institutional Partnership Program of the USAID Bureau for Europe and the New Independent States, ADF helped MRCHR reach beyond Moscow to become a nationwide organization, with positive results for the cause of increasing human rights awareness and protection in Russia."

Director of the Center is Alexey Smirnov, and its chairmen is Boris Altshuler . Advisory Board of the Center includes Vyacheslav Bakhmin, Elena Bonner, Valeriy Borschov, Sergei Kovalev and Anatoly Pristavkin


title: Weasenham All Saints

abstract:
Weasenham All Saints is a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk.
It covers an area of 8.16 km⁲ (3.15 sq mi) and had a population of 178 in 76 households at the 2001 census, including Wellingham and increasing to a population of 223 in 87 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of Breckland. The village's name means 'Weosa's homestead/village'.

text:
# Weasenham All Saints

**Weasenham All Saints** is a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It covers an area of 8.16 km2 (3.15 sq mi) and had a population of 178 in 76 households at the 2001 census, including Wellingham and increasing to a population of 223 in 87 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of Breckland.

The village's name means 'Weosa's homestead/village'.

Media related to Weasenham All Saints at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Weasenham All Saints | |
| --- | --- |
| All Saints’ Church, Weasenham All Saints | |
| Weasenham All SaintsLocation within Norfolk | |
| Area | 8.16 km2 (3.15 sq mi) |
| Population | 223 (2011 census) |
| Density | 27/km2 (70/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | TF850213 |
| Civil parish | * Weasenham All Saints |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | KING'S LYNN |
| Postcode district | PE32 |
|  | |
| Police | Norfolk |
| Fire | Norfolk |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
|


title: SES-4

abstract: SES-4 is a communications satellite operated by SES World Skies.

text:
# SES-4

**SES-4** is a communications satellite operated by SES World Skies (now SES).

## Spacecraft

SES-4 was built by Space Systems/Loral (SSL), and is based on the SSL-1300 satellite bus. It is equipped with 52 C-band, and 72 Ku-band transponders, and at launch it had a mass of 6,180 kg (13,620 lb). It has a design life of fifteen years.

## Launch

It was launched on 14 February 2012, at 19:36:37 UTC on a Proton-M / Briz-M launch vehicle, the launch was arranged by International Launch Services (ILS), since Baikonour, Site 200/39.

## Mission

It is positioned at 22° West orbital location over Atlantic Ocean, replacing NSS-7.

## InfoBox

SES-4
| Names | NSS-14 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Communications |
| Operator | SES New Skies / SES |
| COSPAR ID | 2012-007A |
| SATCAT no. | 38087 |
| Website | https://www.ses.com/ |
| Mission duration | 15 years (planned)
12 years, 7 months, 17 days (elapsed) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | NSS-14 |
| Bus | SSL-1300 |
| Manufacturer | Space Systems/Loral |
| Launch mass | 6,180 kg (13,620 lb) |
| Power | 20 kW |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 14 February 2012, 19:36:37 UTC |
| Rocket | Proton-M / Briz-M |
| Launch site | Baikonur, Site 200/39 |
| Contractor | Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center |
| Entered service | April 2012 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Geostationary orbit |
| Longitude | 22° West |
|  | |
|  | |
| Transponders | |
| Band | 124 transponders:
52 C-band
72 Ku-band |
| Bandwidth | 36 MHz |
| Coverage area | North America, South America, Europe, Middle East, West Africa |
|  | |
| SES constellation | |


title: Gaspare Visconti

abstract: Gaspare Visconti was the Archbishop of Milan from 1584 to 1595.

text:
# Gaspare Visconti

**Gaspare Visconti** (1538  12 January 1595) was the Archbishop of Milan from 1584 to 1595.

## Early life

Born in 1538 to the noble family of Visconti, Gaspare Visconti earned a doctorate in utroque iure at the University of Pavia, where he became a professor of law. Entered in the ecclesiastic career, he moved to Rome where he was appointed *auditor* (judge) of the Roman Rota. In 1580 Pope Gregory XIII appointed Visconti as own legate to investigate and to settle a dispute in the Order of Malta about the contested deposition of the Grand Master Jean de la Cassière. Returned in Italy from Malta in 1583, on 4 November 1584 Visconti was appointed bishop of Novara, as advised by Saint Charles Borromeo to the pope.

## Archbishop of Milan

The Archbishop of Milan Charles Borromeo died during the night of 3/4 November 1584, and the following 28 November the pope transferred Gaspare Visconti from the diocese of Novara, where he was not yet entered, to Milan. He was consecrated bishop on 13 December 1584 by Cardinal Tolomeo Gallio. He made his formal entrance in Milan on 22 July 1585.

During his tenure as archbishop many religious institutes opened their convents in the archdiocese, such as the Camaldoleses in 1590 and the Camillians in 1594. In 1594 he published the new edition of Ambrosian Missal which preparation was started under Charles Borromeo.

Following the footsteps of Charles Borromeo, Visconti convened six diocesan synods, started the pastoral visit to all the diocese, erected new churches such as Santa Maria al Paradiso in Milan and the church of Montevecchia and established the hospital of Fatebenefratelli in Milan.

Visconti found difficulties in his action as bishop, which cannot stand comparison with Charles Borromeo's one. Gaspare Visconti died on 12 January 1595 in Milan, and his remains were buried in the South nave of the Cathedral of Milan.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency
Gaspare Visconti | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Milan | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| See | Milan |
| Appointed | 28 November 1584 |
| Term ended | 12 January 1595 |
| Predecessor | Charles Borromeo |
| Successor | Federico Borromeo |
| Previous post(s) | bishop of Novara |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 13 December 1584
by Tolomeo Gallio |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1538 |
| Died | 12 January 1595 |


title: The Unseen Stream

abstract: The Unseen Stream is a progressive classical album by Troy Donockley. This was his first solo outing and was released in 1998. This recording shows Troy as a multi-skilled wood player. His main instrument is the Uilleann Pipes adding also Low Whistles, Electric and Acoustic Guitars, Keys, Cittern and Mandolin, and he has composed most of the tracks. Although a solo recording he includes guests Irish fiddler Nollaig Casey, piano player Neil Drinkwater, his Iona colleagues Joanne Hogg (voice), Terl Bryant (percussion) and Tim Harries (bass), the Emperor String Quartet and Duncan Rayson on the Rochdale Town Hall Organ. The piece draws on Irish Orchestral works, folk, rock, jazz, Scandinavian symphonies and New Age stylistically. The music is mostly expressions of Troy's experience, particularly inspired by natural beauty of the coast.

text:
# The Unseen Stream

***The Unseen Stream*** is a progressive classical album by Troy Donockley. This was his first solo outing and was released in 1998.

This recording shows Troy as a multi-skilled wood player. His main instrument is the Uilleann Pipes adding also Low Whistles, Electric and Acoustic Guitars, Keys, Cittern and Mandolin, and he has composed most of the tracks. Although a solo recording he includes guests Irish fiddler Nollaig Casey, piano player Neil Drinkwater, his Iona colleagues Joanne Hogg (voice), Terl Bryant (percussion) and Tim Harries (bass), the Emperor String Quartet and Duncan Rayson on the Rochdale Town Hall Organ. The piece draws on Irish Orchestral works, folk, rock, jazz, Scandinavian symphonies and New Age stylistically. The music is mostly expressions of Troy's experience, particularly inspired by natural beauty of the coast.

## Personnel

### Musicians in order of appearance

### Additional credits

* Produced by Troy Donockley and Nigel Palmer
* Recorded at Gemini Studios, Ipswich; Warterworld, Yorkshire; Chapel Studios, Lincolnshire; Cannibal Studios, Dublin
* Engineered by Nigel Palmer
* Organ recorded on location at Rochdale Town Hall
* Design and Photography by Chris Sands
* Troy Photograph by Jonathan Mark
* Remastered by Denis Blackham at Skye Masters 2005
* Music composed and arranged by Troy Donockley except "Air" (traditional; arranged by Troy Donockley) and "Finlandia" (Sibelius; arranged by Troy Donockley)

## Track listing

1. "Wild Black Coast" - 3:23
2. "Sights" - 3:10
3. "Air" - 5:00
4. "Yearl" - 14:14
5. "Carousel" - 4:55
6. "Tunnels" - 9:52
7. "Finlandia" - 3:45
8. "Death of Rainbows" - 3:16

Total time - 47:41

## Release Details

* 1998, UK, Alliance Records 1901162, Release Date 10 August 1998, CD
* 2005, UK, Lantern Music and SGO Music Publishing Ltd. LNTNCD2, Remastered, CD

## InfoBox

| The Unseen Stream | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Troy Donockley | |
| Released | 10 August 1998 |
| Recorded | 1998 |
| Genre | prog-celtoclassical Celtic rock |
| Length | 47:41 |
| Label | Alliance Records |
| Troy Donockley chronology | |
| ***The Unseen Stream***
(1998) *The Pursuit of Illusion*
(2003) | |


title: Foreverywhere

abstract: Foreverywhere is an album of children's music by American musician and actor Steve Burns and collaborator Steven Drozd under the band name STEVENSTEVEN. The duo worked previously on Burns's solo albums.

text:
# Foreverywhere

***Foreverywhere*** is an album of children's music by American musician and actor Steve Burns and collaborator Steven Drozd under the band name STEVENSTEVEN. The duo worked previously on Burns's solo albums.

## Background

After Drozd helped Burns record his first solo album, *Songs for Dustmites*, the two musicians became friends as Burns was a longtime admire of Drozd's band The Flaming Lips. A few years later, the duo recorded a children's song called "I Hog the Ground" for the Nickelodeon show *Jack's Big Music Show* and enjoyed themselves so much that they decided to create a children's album together.

"We deliberately took kiddie-cliché ideas and tried to elevate them, which is why there's a unicorn and a rainbow princess," Burns said about the album. "The kids I've met are very emotionally complex people. I just don't think that there's much difference between what makes music great for adults and what makes music great for kids."

## Promotion

Music videos were created for the songs "OK Toilet Bowl", "The Unicorn and Princess Rainbow", and "A Fact is a Gift That You Give Your Brain".

Burns and Drozd performed songs from the album live at the Brooklyn Bowl on February 26, 2017.

In a rare television appearance, Burns appeared on TMZ in March 2017 to discuss the album and its fourth track "OK Toilet Bowl". On the song, Burns said, "We call that a song about courage because, that age group, that's a big fear of theirs actually and we wanted to address that."

## Adaptation

On July 26, 2019, Burns announced via Instagram that *Foreverywhere* was being adapted into an audio book:

**"These are the things you need to know: A lonesome prog rock Finalcorn. A cosmic guitar shredding princess. A giant named Rick. Monsters. Ramen shops. Friendship. Music. FOREVERYWHERE is about a lot of things. Add this Audible Original to your wish list; Audible members, you can get it FREE on Aug 1st! Based on the kids album I made with @stevendrozd. Written by @bitchinville, narrated by yours truly and featuring @carlyciarrocchi as Princess Rainbow. Link in bio, yo."**

**\- Original Instagram post**

Six days later on August 1, 2019, the audio book was released exclusively to Audible. It features narration from Burns as well as Carly Ciarrocchi and Stephanie Mayers.

## Track listings

All tracks are written by Steve Burns and Steven Drozd

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Unicorn and Princess Rainbow" | 5:11 |
| 2. | "Mimic Octopus" | 3:05 |
| 3. | "A Fact is a Gift That You Give Your Brain" | 2:38 |
| 4. | "OK Toilet Bowl" | 3:27 |
| 5. | "Space Rock Rock" | 3:02 |
| 6. | "The Lonely Unicorn is Never Giving Up!" | 4:03 |
| 7. | "If You're Ginormous and You Know It" | 3:56 |
| 8. | "I Won't Let You Change Who I Am" | 3:29 |
| 9. | "The Happy Then Sad Then Triumphant Spider" | 6:37 |
| 10. | "I'm Up" | 4:05 |
| 11. | "Foreverywhere" | 10:38 |
| Total length: | | 50:11 |

## InfoBox

| Foreverywhere | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by STEVENSTEVEN | |
| Released | February 24, 2017 |
| Genre | Pop, rock, children's music, neo-psychedelia |
| Length | 50:11 |


title: Vaazhkai (1949 film)

abstract: Vaazhkai is a 1949 Indian Tamil-language social guidance film produced and directed by A. V. Meiyappan through AVM Productions. It stars Vyjayanthimala in her screen debut with M. S. Draupadi, T. R. Ramachandran and S. V. Sahasranamam forms an ensemble cast along with many actors appearing in other significant roles. Upon its release, the film was well received and it won the Best Tamil Film Award at the 1st Film Fans' Association Awards. Vyjayanthimala and M. S. Draupadi received the Second Best Tamil Actress and Third Best Tamil Actress Awards respectively. It also broke some box office records in South India. A year later, the film was re-released in a new copy with selected song sequences in hand-tinted colour. The film was simultaneously released in Telugu as Jeevitham (1950). The film was later remade in Hindi as Bahar (1951). Vyjayanthimala played the lead role in all these versions with Meiyappan as the producer.

text:
# Vaazhkai (1949 film)

***Vaazhkai*** (transl.Life) is a 1949 Indian Tamil-language social guidance film produced and directed by A. V. Meiyappan through AVM Productions. It stars Vyjayanthimala in her screen debut with M. S. Draupadi, T. R. Ramachandran and S. V. Sahasranamam forms an ensemble cast along with many actors appearing in other significant roles.

Upon its release, the film was well received and it won the Best Tamil Film Award at the 1st Film Fans' Association Awards. Vyjayanthimala and M. S. Draupadi received the Second Best Tamil Actress and Third Best Tamil Actress Awards respectively. It also broke some box office records in South India. A year later, the film was re-released in a new copy with selected song sequences in hand-tinted colour.

The film was simultaneously released in Telugu as *Jeevitham* (1950)*.* The film was later remade in Hindi as *Bahar* (1951). Vyjayanthimala played the lead role in all these versions with Meiyappan as the producer.

## Plot

Murthi (S. V. Sahasranamam) comes to a village and spend time with Meenakshi (M.S. Draupadi) and leaves for his home town. After returning there he wants to marry Mohana (Vyjayanthimala) while Mohana loves Nathan (T. R, Ramachandran). Meenakshi discovers she is pregnant and goes to Murthi, who claims ignorance. She jumps into the sea in a suicide attempt. A passerby saves her and she has the baby. She leaves the baby with Nathan, in his car. He takes care of the baby and faces many problems. Learning about the baby, Mohana gets suspicious. Finally the actions of Murthi are exposed and he accepts Meenakshi as his wife while Mohana and Nathan reunites.

## Cast

## Production

*Vaazhkai* was the first film to be shot at the new AVM's new studio at Chennai. For the lead female role A. V. Meiyappan wanted to launch a new face. M. V. Raman, the story writer of *Vaazhkai*, spotted Vyjayanthimala performing Bharatanatyam in Chennai Gokhale Hall. Impressed by her talent he later recommended her to Meiyappan. Vyjayanthimala, the daughter of the actress Vasundhara Devi was 16 years old when Meiyappan approach her for the film. Despite Meiyappan's initial reservations to have her as the lead actress, she was chosen after he was convinced by watching her dance performance. Pandari Bai was initially cast in the other female role, but was removed because Meiyappan was not satisfied with her Tamil diction; she was replaced by M. S. Draupadi. However, Pandari Bai later played that role in the Hindi remake *Bahar* (1951) under the screen name Padmini. The final length of the film measured 14629 feet.

## Soundtrack

The music is composed by R. Sudarsanam, lyrics are by Mahakavi Bharathiyar and K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Manamevum Aasai...Un Kangal Unnai Emaatrinaal" | M. S. Rajeswari | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 02:13 |
| 2 | "Manamevum Aasai...Un Kann Unnai Emaatrinaal" | T. R. Ramachandran | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 01:50 |
| 3 | "Uzhuthundu Vaazhvaar...Paadupattaale Palan Koodum" | T. S. Bagavathi and M. S. Rajeswari | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 10:18 |
| 4 | "Gopaalanodu Naan Aaduvene" | M. L. Vasanthakumari | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 04:49 |
| 5 | "Senthamizhum Suvaiyum Polave" | T. R. Ramachandran and M. S. Rajeswari | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 02:32 |
| 6 | "Annaiye Nee Ennai... Ennam Ellaam Kanavu Pole" | T. S. Bagavathi | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 02:37 |
| 7 | "Enni Enni Parkka Manam" | M. S. Rajeswari | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 3:01 |
| 8 | "Bharatha Samudhaayam Vaazhgave" | D. K. Pattammal | Mahakavi Bharathiyar | 03:13 |
| 9 | "Senthamizhum Suvaiyum Polave" | T. R. Ramachandran, M. S. Rajeswari and T. S. Bagavathi | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 01:20 |
| 10 | "Ezhaikku Edhu Inbam" |  | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 03:11 |
| 11 | "Manadhinil Pudhuvidha" | M. S. Rajeswari | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam |  |
| 12 | "Avan Porukku" | T. S. Bagavathi | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam |  |
| 13 | "Aasai Kollum Meesaiyulla" | M. S. Rajeswari and A. G. Rathnamala | K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam | 03:45 |

## Release and reception

*Vaazhkai* was released on 23 December 1949. *The Indian Express* wrote, "The appeal of fresh youthful stars is truly enhanced by original treatment of situations that are not unrelated to Life. T. R. Ramachandran and Sahasranamam score easily in major roles and Sarangapany adds to the real gaiety of the film that is too long without boring". It became a major box office success, and completed 25 weeks of its theatrical run. Subsequently, the film was awarded a trophy in which Meiyappan's son M. Saravanan described as the tallest trophy of the company by the distributors in Karaikudi for its 25 weeks of theatrical run.

## Accolades

The film was awarded with Best Tamil Film Award at the first Film Fans Association Award, where it secured 2,512 votes. At the same event, Vyjayanthimala and Draupadi were awarded with the Best Tamil Actress Award, Second Prize and Third Prize respectively. The former secured 1,676 votes, while the latter got 1,386 votes.

## InfoBox

| Vaazhkai | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | A. V. Meiyappan |
| Screenplay by | P. Neelakantan (dialogues) |
| Story by | M. V. Raman |
| Produced by | A. V. Meiyappan |
| Starring | Vyjayanthimala
M. S. Draupadi
T. R. Ramachandran
S. V. Sahasranamam |
| Narrated by | M. V. Raman |
| Cinematography | T. Muthu Samy |
| Edited by | M. V. Raman |
| Music by | R. Sudarsanam |
| Production
company | A.V.M Studios |
| Release date | * 23 December 1949 (1949-12-23) |
| Running time | 170 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Vaazha Vaitha Deivam

abstract: Vaazha Vaitha Deivam is 1959 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film, directed by M. A. Thirumugam, produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar and written by Aaroor Dass with music by K. V. Mahadevan. It stars Gemini Ganesan and B. Saroja Devi, with T. S. Balaiah, V. K. Ramasamy, S. V. Subbaiah, P. Kannamba and T. P. Muthulakshmi in supporting roles. The film was released on 28 August 1959 and emerged a box office success.

text:
# Vaazha Vaitha Deivam

***Vaazha Vaitha Deivam*** (transl.The god who gave life) is 1959 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film, directed by M. A. Thirumugam, produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar and written by Aaroor Dass with music by K. V. Mahadevan. It stars Gemini Ganesan and B. Saroja Devi, with T. S. Balaiah, V. K. Ramasamy, S. V. Subbaiah, P. Kannamba and T. P. Muthulakshmi in supporting roles. The film was released on 28 August 1959 and emerged a box office success.

## Plot

## Cast

## Production

*Vaazha Vaitha Deivam* was the first film for Aaroor Dass as a "full fledged story and dialogue writer". At his suggestion, Gemini Ganesan and B. Saroja Devi were cast as the lead pair. According to T. S. Balaiah's son Junior Balaiah, when Thevar named this film, "he said he had \[T. S.\] Balaiah in mind".

## Soundtrack

Music was by K. V. Mahadevan and lyrics were written by Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass, A. Maruthakasi, Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram, A. S. Narayanan and Kovai Kumaradevan.

| Songs | Singers | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Kaaveri Thaan Singari" | T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela | 03:16 |
| "Engi Malai Uchiyile" | T. M. Soundararajan | 04:22 |
| "Kolli Malai Saaralile" | S. C. Krishnan & L. R. Eswari | 02:51 |
| "Chinnaala Patti" | T. M. Soundararajan | 03:28 |
| "Vennilave Kaadhal Kadhai" | P. Susheela | 04:09 |
| "Anna Nadaikkaari" | T. M. Soundararajan | 02:57 |
| "Vaazha Vaitha Deivam" | T. M. Soundararajan & L. R. Eswari | 03:13 |

## Release

*Vaazha Vaitha Deivam* was released on 28 August 1959, and emerged a box office success. It was dubbed into Telugu as *Karmika Vijayam*, which did not meet with the same success.

## InfoBox

| Vaazha Vaitha Deivam | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | M. A. Thirumugam |
| Written by | Aaroor Dass |
| Produced by | Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar |
| Starring | Gemini Ganesan
B. Saroja Devi |
| Cinematography | C. V. Moorthy |
| Edited by | M. A. Thirumugam
M. G. Balu Rao
M. A. Mariyappan |
| Music by | K. V. Mahadevan |
| Production
company | Thevar Films |
| Release date | * 28 August 1959 (1959-08-28) |
| Running time | 141 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |