title: Henry K. Hoff

abstract: Rear Admiral Henry Kuhn Hoff was a United States Navy officer. During his long career, he took part in combat in Sumatra and in the American Civil War.

text:
# Henry K. Hoff

Rear Admiral **Henry Kuhn Hoff** (c. 1809  25 December 1878) was a United States Navy officer. During his long career, he took part in combat in Sumatra and in the American Civil War.

## Biography

Hoff was born in Pennsylvania. He was appointed a midshipman from South Carolina on 28 October 1823. He was assigned that month to the schooner USS *Porpoise* in the West Indies Squadron. In 1825 he was reassigned to the frigate USS *Brandywine* and was aboard her when she transported the Marquis de Lafayette to France. In 1826 he transferred to the frigate USS *Constitution* in the Mediterranean Squadron. He passed the midshipman examination in 1828.

Hoff was acting sailing master at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York, from 1828 to 1831 and was promoted to passed midshipman on 23 March 1829 and to lieutenant on 3 March 1831. In June 1831 he reported aboard the frigate USS *Potomac* and took part in the First Sumatran Expedition of 6–9 February 1832, a punitive expedition against the Chiefdom of Quallah Battoo (Kuala Batee, Aceh Barat Daya, Districts of Aceh, Aceh Sultanate) mounted as a reprisal for the massacre there a year earlier of the crew of the merchant ship *Friendship*. *Potomac* bombarded the settlement. Hoff, as part of a division of bluejackets and marines put ashore under the command of her executive officer, Lieutenant Irvine Shubrick. In the Battle of Quallah Battoo, the landing force captured two forts and killed the chiefdom's leader, Raja Po Muhammad, and eleven other Sumatrans in exchange for six Americans badly wounded. The expedition made Sumatran waters safe for American shipping for the following six years.

Hoff was ordered to the frigate USS *Independence* in 1837, then to the new frigate USS *Savannah* in the Pacific Squadron in 1843 to serve as her executive officer. Later in 1843, promoted to lieutenant commander, he transferred to the supply ship USS *Relief* at Callao, Peru. He reported aboard the new frigate USS *St. Lawrence*, operating the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, in 1848.

Promoted to commander on 6 February 1854, Hoff returned to USS *Independence* as her commanding officer in 1856. After *Independence* was laid up at Mare Island Navy Yard in Vallejo, California, Hoff became senior officer of the Pacific Squadron, embarked on the frigate USS *John Adams* in 1857. He returned to the United States in 1858 by sailing around Cape Horn, and in 1859 was ordered to the steam corvette USS *Princeton* at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Shortly after the American Civil War broke out in April 1861, Hoff was promoted to captain on 30 June 1861. He commanded the steam sloop-of-war USS *Lancaster* in the Pacific Squadron from 1861 to 1862. Promoted to commodore on 16 July 1862, Hoff returned to the United States in 1862 and was on special duty in 1863, and after that performed ordnance duty in Philadelphia through the end of the war in April 1865 and thereafter until 1867.

Hoff was promoted to rear admiral on 13 April 1867, and commanded the North Atlantic Squadron from October 1867 to October 1869. During his tour in command of the squadron, he dealt with many sensitive issues, including troubles in Cuba, at the time a colony of Spain, where the Ten Years' War broke out in October 1868. He promptly and energetically intervened in the conflict to protect resident American citizens from the actions of Spanish officials.

Hoff was placed on the retired list on 19 September 1868, but continued to serve the Navy after that. Returning to the United States in August 1869, he became a member of the Naval Retiring Board in October 1869, and, while serving in the capacity, was also president of the Board of Visitors at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, handling examinations for the Class of 1870.

Hoff died in Washington, D.C., on 25 December 1878. His remains were interred at the Church of St. James the Less in Philadelphia.

## Personal life

On November 13, 1838, Hoff married Louisa A. W. Bainbridge, a daughter of Commodore William Bainbridge. Their son, William Bainbridge-Hoff, born in 1846, rose to the rank of captain in the U.S. Navy and authored several influential books on naval tactics.

**Attribution:**

## InfoBox

| Henry K. Hoff | |
| --- | --- |
| Rear Admiral Henry K. Hoff, taken by photographer Mathew Brady around the time of the American Civil War (1861–1865) | |
| Born | c. 1809
Pennsylvania |
| Died | 25 December 1878 (aged 6869)
Washington, D.C. |
| Buried | Church of St. James the Less, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1823–1870 |
| Rank | Rear admiral |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: The Men Who Built America

abstract: The Men Who Built America is an eight-hour, four-part miniseries docudrama which was originally broadcast on the History Channel in autumn 2012, and on the History Channel UK in fall 2013. The series focuses on the lives of Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, and Henry Ford. It tells how their industrial innovations and business empires revolutionized modern society. The series is directed by Patrick Reams and Ruán Magan and is narrated by Campbell Scott. It averaged 2.6 million total viewers across four nights. It is the first installment of the That Built franchise.

text:
# The Men Who Built America

***The Men Who Built America*** (also known as ***The Innovators: The Men Who Built America*** in some international markets) is an eight-hour, four-part miniseries docudrama which was originally broadcast on the History Channel in autumn 2012, and on the History Channel UK in fall 2013. The series focuses on the lives of Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, and Henry Ford. It tells how their industrial innovations and business empires revolutionized modern society. The series is directed by Patrick Reams and Ruán Magan and is narrated by Campbell Scott. It averaged 2.6 million total viewers (1.2 million adults 25–54 and 1 million adults 18–49) across four nights.

It is the first installment of the *That Built* franchise.

## Cast

*In alphabetical order:*

## Episodes

**Note:** The series consists of eight one-hour episodes; for TV they were combined into four two-hour episodes.

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | "A New War Begins" | Ruán Magan | David C. White, Keith Palmer | October 16, 2012 (2012-10-16) |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt grows from a steamboat entrepreneur to the head of a railroad empire, and gets into a heated rivalry with James Fisk and Jay Gould; the up and coming John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil. Many business owners lay their own rail lines which leads to the Panic of 1873. Later, Rockefeller starts to expand his wealth by diverting his business from the railroads to a new innovation, oil pipelines. | | | | | |
| 2 | "Bloody Battles" | Patrick Reams | David C. White, Keith Palmer | October 23, 2012 (2012-10-23) |
| Andrew Carnegie builds an empire around steel, but finds himself struggling to save face after the ruthless tactics of his business partner, Henry Clay Frick, result in both the Johnstown Flood as well as the bloody 1892 strike at the Homestead Steel Works. | | | | | |
| 3 | "Changing the Game" | Patrick Reams | David C. White, Patrick Reams, Keith Palmer | October 30, 2012 (2012-10-30) |
| J. P. Morgan proceeds to banish the dark with the direct current electric light of Thomas Edison, but the two soon face serious competition from the alternating current of George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla. As the 19th century comes to a close, the titans of industry must try to work together to stop a new threat in budding politician William Jennings Bryan, who threatens to dissolve monopolies in America. | | | | | |
| 4 | "When One Ends, Another Begins" | Patrick Reams | David C. White, Keith Palmer | November 11, 2012 (2012-11-11) |
| Rockefeller, Carnegie and Morgan team up to help elect William McKinley to the U.S. presidency by paying for his 1896 campaign, to avoid a possible attack on monopolies. However, fate intervenes when McKinley is suddenly assassinated, and Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumes the presidency and promptly begins dissolving monopolies and trusts in America. Meanwhile, Morgan buys out Carnegie Steel to make Carnegie the richest man in the world, and Henry Ford designs an affordable automobile with his Model T and starts his own business, Ford Motor Company, which sets a new business model for companies to follow. | | | | | |

## Reception

Neil Genzlinger from *The New York Times* observed that the series did not contain startling revelations about its principal subjects, although certainly gave them a modern-day relevance.

Linda Holmes writing for NPR ridiculed the series for dull presentation, corny re-enactments and ineffective narration. She criticized the production for feeling "a lot like a tricked-out version of an elementary school filmstrip" and suggested that the series might be popular among those who accepted Donald Trump as one of the experts.

Geoff Berkshire from *Variety* criticized the series for "overblown recreations backed by bombastic music, combined with tepid performances by the re-enactors and rudimentary writing". Mentioning the series' "ostentatious style \[that\] begins to grate within the first 30 minutes", he scorned "the talking heads \[that\] simply feel like filler" and the particular style of padding out the runtime when "the viewers are subjected to the customary recap of the previous segment after every ad break." He concluded that unlike the game-changing icons it intended to celebrate, the series failed to leave its mark.

Verne Gay from *Newsday* gave the series "C" grade for "self-serving, obvious or of the fortune cookie variety" tips dispensed by the guests and for the lack of subtlety and historic context. On another hand, he praised the well-produced, although often static, recreations.

On Metacritic the series has a score of 60 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

## Home media release

The miniseries has been released by The History Channel on January 22, 2013, in a three-disc set in both DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats.

## InfoBox

| *The Men Who Built America* | |
| --- | --- |
| Region 1 DVD cover | |
| Genre | Biography, Docudrama |
| Written by | * Randy Counsman * Stephen David * Patrick Reams * David C. White * Alec Michod * Ed Fields * John Fahy * Keith Palmer |
| Directed by | Patrick Reams, Ruán Magan |
| Starring | * David Donahoe * Matt Boliek * Adam Jonas Segaller * Cary Donaldson * John C. Bailey * Eric Rolland * Justin Morck |
| Narrated by | Campbell Scott |
| Theme music composer | "Save My Soul" by Blues Saraceno |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 4 |
| Production | |
| Cinematography | Richard V. Lopez<br>Brian O'Carroll |
| Editors | * Tim W. Kelly * Jonathan Soule * Beatrice Sisul * Tina Pacheco * John Kilgour * Sheri Bylander |
| Production company | Stephen David Entertainment |
| Original release | |
| Network | History |
| Release | October 16, 2012 (2012-10-16) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Ward 2 Etobicoke Centre

abstract: Ward 2 Etobicoke Centre is a municipal electoral division in Etobicoke, Toronto, Ontario that has been represented in the Toronto City Council since the 2018 municipal election. It was last contested in 2022, with Stephen Holyday being elected councillor.

text:
# Ward 2 Etobicoke Centre

**Ward 2 Etobicoke Centre** is a municipal electoral division in Etobicoke, Toronto, Ontario that has been represented in the Toronto City Council since the 2018 municipal election. It was last contested in 2022, with Stephen Holyday being elected councillor.

## History

The ward was created in 2018 when the provincial government aligned Toronto's then-44 municipal wards with the 25 corresponding provincial and federal ridings. The current ward is an amalgamation of the old Ward 3 (western section), the old Ward 4 (eastern section).

### 2018 municipal election

Ward 2 was first contested during the 2018 municipal election. Then-Ward 3 incumbent Stephen Holyday was elected with 38.58 per cent of the vote.

### 2022 municipal election

Stephen Holyday was comfortably re-elected in 2022 with 72.28 per cent of the vote.

## Geography

Etobicoke Centre is part of the Etobicoke and York community council.

The ward's west boundary is the municipal border with the Region of Peel, and the east boundary is the Humber River. The north boundary is roughly along Eglinton Avenue, Martin Grove Road and Dixon Road, and the south boundary is roughly along the Mimico Creek, Dundas Street, Kipling Avenue, Bloor Street and Highway 427.

## Councillors

| Council term | Member | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Ward 3 Etobicoke Centre | Ward 4 Etobicoke Centre |
| 2000–2003 | Doug Holyday | Gloria Lindsay Luby |
| 2003–2006 | | |
| 2006–2010 | | |
| 2010–2014 | Peter Leon | |
| 2014–2018 | Stephen Holyday | John Campbell |
|  | Ward 2 Etobicoke Centre | |
| 2018–2022 | Stephen Holyday | |

## Election results

| **2022 Toronto municipal election, Ward 2 Etobicoke Centre** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Vote | % |
| **Stephen Holyday** (X) | **18,559** | **72.28** |
| Thomas Yanuziello | 2,653 | 10.33 |
| Catherine Habus | 2,218 | 9.03 |
| Maryam Hashimi | 1,591 | 6.20 |
| Sam Raufi | 557 | 2.17 |

| **2018 Toronto municipal election, Ward 2 Etobicoke Centre** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | Vote share |
| **Stephen Holyday** | **14,627** | 38.58% |
| John Campbell | 13,441 | 35.45% |
| Angelo Carnvale | 5,735 | 15.13% |
| Erica Kelly | 3,854 | 10.16% |
| Bill Boersma | 258 | 0.68% |
| **Total** | 37,915 | 100% |
| Source: City of Toronto | | |

1. "44-Ward Model (2014-2018)". *City of Toronto*. 2017-11-14. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
2. Bronskill, Jim (2021-03-10). "City of Toronto tells Supreme Court that Doug Ford's government disrupted democracy by slashing council during election". *The Globe and Mail*. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
3. Shum, David (October 13, 2018). "Toronto election 2018: Ward 2 Etobicoke Centre". *Global News*. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021.
4. Pagliaro, Jennifer (2018-04-30). "With Toronto's new ward map, here's what you need to know for the 2018 municipal election". *The Toronto Star*. ISSN 0319-0781. Archived from the original on 2018-05-11. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
5. "A look at Toronto's city councillors under the new 25-ward system". *CTV News Toronto*. October 22, 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
6. "Community Council". *City of Toronto 311 Knowledge Base*. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
7. "A look at Toronto's city councillors under the new 25-ward system". *CTV News Toronto*. October 22, 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
8. "Declaration of Results" (PDF). Toronto City Clerk's Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Ward 2 Etobicoke Centre | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency<br>for the Toronto City Council | |
| Location of Ward 2 in Toronto | |
| City | Toronto |
| Population | 118,020 (2016) |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 2018 |
| Councillor | Stephen Holyday |
| Community council | Etobicoke/York |
| Created from | * Ward 3 * Ward 4 |
| First contested | 2018 election |
| Last contested | 2022 election |
| Ward profile | www.toronto.ca/ward-2-etobicoke-centre/ |


title: Johnny, You're Wanted

abstract: Johnny, You're Wanted is a 1956 British crime second feature film, directed by Vernon Sewell and starring John Slater and Alfred Marks. It was written by Frank Driscoll and Michael Leighton based on the 1953 BBC television series of the same name which also starred Slater. The film features strongwoman Joan Rhodes performing her stage act.

text:
# Johnny, You're Wanted

***Johnny, You're Wanted*** is a 1956 British crime second feature film, directed by Vernon Sewell and starring John Slater and Alfred Marks. It was written by Frank Driscoll and Michael Leighton based on the 1953 BBC television series of the same name which also starred Slater. The film features strongwoman Joan Rhodes performing her stage act.

## Plot

Johnny is a long-distance lorry driver returning to London from a provincial delivery, after having taken in a show by Joan Rhodes on the way. Late at night he stops to give a lift to an attractive female hitchhiker whose car has broken down and who is in a hurry to get to back to London. Later, Johnny pulls in to a transport café to make a telephone call and buy a coffee. When he returns to his truck, the woman is gone. Assuming that in her hurry she has picked up a lift with another driver, he goes on his way, and a few miles down the road is flagged down by another driver to help with a woman who has been found lying on the roadside. It turns out that the woman is Johnny's hitchhiker, and that she is dead.

Johnny goes to a vaudeville show where the assistant of Balsamo, a magician/horoscope reader/fortune teller, looks like the dead girl. Joan Rhodes is also on the bill. Johnny goes on the stage with Joan to assist her with her displays of strength. After this he speaks to Balsamo and tells him what happened. The girl worked for Balsamo for six months and was an Australian who came via Toronto. They go to the police and identify the body.

The police take Johnny to the scene where the dead girl was found and then to where he picked her up. It is revealed that the girl was murdered, later sad to be strangled. Johnny then heads off on another trip and agrees to collect some magic items for Balsamo from a magic shop. He is given a package and heads back. The package is given to the Balsamo. Johnny mentions that the dead girl had a laundrette card in her purse.

The police get a tip off that some drugs will be landed from across the channel. They catch some people collecting the package. The girl says she has to take the package to a laundrette. A policeman realises it may be connected to the dead girl.

A policewomen is substituted for the captured girl. She goes to the laundrette with the package and a man comes in speaks a foreign language to the policewomen but when she does not understand he says he must be mistaken. They follow the man.

Johnny goes to the laundrette and shows a picture of the dead girl to the manager but she denies knowing her, but Johnny thinks she did know her. The policeman goes to the magic shop but finds out nothing. The magic shop is put under surveillance. Balsamo asks Johnny to collect another box of charms from the magic shop.

Johnny gets the charms and the shop owner phones Balsamo's theatre when he sees the police grab Johnny. They find the package is drugs. They arrest the shop owner and realise what has been happening. The police get Johnny to deliver the package to Balsamo.

The police deduce that Balsamo's customers mail him their date of birth and at his shows buy a horoscope from him. They are given a package of drugs instead of the horoscope.

The police are in the audience for Balsamo's next show and Johnny delivers the package. Balsamo's assistant grabs it from him and takes the "horoscopes" to Balsamo. He sells one to a man.

Balsamo receives a message which is from the magic shop owner. He realises he has been discovered and goes to the railway station and catches a train. The man is arrested with the drugs and the police track Balsamo to the train. They get the train to slow down so they can get ahead by car.

The police catch up with the train and board it. The train continues on. The police try to arrest Balsamo but he opens the door on his cabin to jump out and is hit by a train heading in the other direction.

It turns out that the girl was trying to get more money. The shop owner was driving her when she ran away. After she left Johnny Balsamo collected her and killed her.

## Cast

## Production

Sewell called it "a stupid story."

## Critical reception

*The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote: "Based on a TV series, this film is designed to provide a vehicle for John Slater as Johnny and Alfred Marks as the joke shop proprietor. For the former, the cap fits fairly well, though his playing is monotonous and one becomes tired of the phoney "working class" jokes and atmosphere. But Alfred Marks' 'act' is artificially dragged in, and holds up a story which is otherwise reasonably efficient, though slow. Jack Stewart scores with a neat portrait of a hard-working detective."

*TV Guide* called the film a "well-conceived thriller ... The situations and performances are a bit forced, but otherwise interest is easily maintained."

## InfoBox

| Johnny, You're Wanted | |
| --- | --- |
| Original Australian daybill | |
| Directed by | Vernon Sewell |
| Written by | Frank Driscoll
Michael Leighton |
| Produced by | George Maynard |
| Starring | John Slater
Alfred Marks
Garry Marsh |
| Cinematography | Basil Emmott |
| Edited by | Peter Rolfe Johnson |
| Music by | Robert Sharples |
| Distributed by | Anglo-Amalgamated |
| Release date | * January 1956 (1956-01) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Orion in Chinese astronomy

abstract: The modern constellation Orion lies across two of the quadrants, symbolized by the White Tiger of the West and Vermilion Bird of the South, that divide the sky in traditional Chinese uranography. The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese is 猎户座, meaning "the hunter constellation".

text:
# Orion in Chinese astronomy

The modern constellation **Orion** lies across two of the quadrants, symbolized by the **White Tiger of the West** (西方白虎, *Xī Fāng Bái Hǔ*) and **Vermilion Bird of the South** (南方朱雀, *Nán Fāng Zhū Què*), that divide the sky in traditional Chinese uranography.

The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese is 猎户座 (*liè hù zuò*), meaning "the hunter constellation".

## Stars

The map of Chinese constellation in constellation **Orion** area consists of :

| **Four Symbols** | **Mansion (Chinese name)** | **Romanization** | **Translation** | **Asterisms (Chinese name)** | **Romanization** | **Translation** | **Western star name** | **Chinese star name** | **Romanization** | **Translation** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **White Tiger of the West (西方白虎)** |  |  | Net | 參旗 | *Sānqí* | Banner of Three Stars |
| | | | | | | | ο1 Ori | 參旗一 | Sānqíyī | 1st star |
| | | | | | | | ο2 Ori | 參旗二 | Sānqíèr | 2nd star |
| | | | | | | | 6 Ori | 參旗三 | Sānqísān | 3rd star |
| | | | | | | | π1 Ori | 參旗四 | Sānqísì | 4th star |
| | | | | | | | π2 Ori | 參旗五 | Sānqíwu | 5th star |
| | | | | | | | π3 Ori | 參旗六 | Sānqíliù | 6th star |
| | | | | | | | π4 Ori |
| | | | | | | | 參旗七 | Sānqíqī | 7th star |
| | | | | | | | 胃宿西南星 | Wèixiùxīnánxīng | Star in the southwest of Stomach constellation |
| | | | | | | | π5 Ori | 參旗八 | Sānqíbā | 8th star |
| | | | | | | | π6 Ori | 參旗九 | Sānqíjiǔ | 9th star |
| | | | | | | | 11 Ori | 參旗增四 | Sānqízēngsì | 4th additional star |
| | | | | | | | 15 Ori | 參旗增五 | Sānqízēngwǔ | 5th additional star |
| | | | | | | | 18 Ori | 參旗增六 | Sānqízēngliù | 6th additional star |
| | | | | | | | 16 Ori | 參旗增七 | Sānqízēngqī | 7th additional star |
| | | | | | | | 13 Ori | 參旗增八 | Sānqízēngbā | 8th additional star |
| | | | | | | | 14 Ori | 參旗增十 | Sānqízēngshí | 10th additional star |
| | | | | | | | 5 Ori | 參旗增十一 | Sānqízēngshíyī | 11th additional star |
| |  |  | Turtle Beak |  |  | Turtle Beak |
| | | | | | | λ Ori |
| | | | | | | 觜宿一 | Zīxiùyī | 1st star |
| | | | | | | 觜宿北星 | Zīxiùyīběixīng | Northern star |
| | | | | | | 天船大星 | Tiānchuándàxīng | Big star in Celestial Boat constellation |
| | | | | | | φ1 Ori |
| | | | | | | 觜宿二 | Zīxiùèr | 2nd star |
| | | | | | | 觜宿距星 | Zīxiùyījùxīng | Separated star |
| | | | | | | 觜宿西南星 | Zīxiùxīnánxīng | Southwestern star |
| | | | | | | φ2 Ori | 觜宿三 | Zīxiùsān | 3rd star |
| | | | 司怪 | *Sīguài* | Deity in Charge of Monsters |
| | | | χ2 Ori | 司怪三 | Sīguàisān | 3rd star |
| | | | χ1 Ori | 司怪四 | Sīguàisì | 4th star |
| | | | 104 Tau | 司怪增一 | Sīguàizēngyī | 1st additional star |
| | | | 57 Ori | 司怪增三 | Sīguàizēngsān | 3rd additional star |
| | | | 64 Ori | 司怪增四 | Sīguàizēngsì | 4th additional star |
| | | | 68 Ori | 司怪增五 | Sīguàizēngwǔ | 5th additional star |
| | | | 71 Ori | 司怪增六 | Sīguàizēngliù | 6th additional star |
| |  | *Shēn* | Three Stars |  | *Shēn* | Three Stars |
| | | | | | | ζ Ori |
| | | | | | | 參宿一 | Shēnxiùyī | 1st star |
| | | | | | | 參宿中央东星 | Shēnxiùzhōngyāngdōngxīng | Center star |
| | | | | | | 昴宿西南星 | Mǎoxiùxīnánxīng | Star in the southwest of Hairy Head constellation |
| | | | | | | ε Ori |
| | | | | | | 參宿二 | Shēnxiùèr | 2nd star |
| | | | | | | 參宿中央中星 | Shēnxiùzhōngyāngdōngxīng | Eastern star |
| | | | | | | 天廪南星 | Tiānyǔnánxīng | Star in the south of Ricks of Grain constellation |
| | | | | | | δ Ori |
| | | | | | | 參宿三 | Shēnxiùsān | 3rd star |
| | | | | | | 參宿距星 | Shēnxiùjùxīng | Separated star |
| | | | | | | 參宿中央西星 | Shēnxiùzhōngyāngxīxīng | Western star |
| | | | | | | 传舍西第四星 | Chuánshèxīdìsìxīng | 4th star in the west of Guest House constellation |
| | | | | | | α Ori |
| | | | | | | 參宿四 | Shēnxiùsì | 4th star |
| | | | | | | 参左肩 | Shēnzuǒxīng | Left-side star |
| | | | | | | 左將軍 | Zuǒjiāngjūn | Left-side general |
| | | | | | | 參宿东北星 | Shēnxiùdōngběixīng | Northeastern star |
| | | | | | | 卷舌东大星 | Shēnxiùdōngdàxīng | Big star in the east of Rolled Tongue constellation |
| | | | | | | γ Ori |
| | | | | | | 參宿五 | Shēnxiùwu | 5th star |
| | | | | | | 参右肩 | Shēnyòuxīng | Right-side star |
| | | | | | | 右將軍 | Yòujiāngjūn | Right-side general |
| | | | | | | 參宿西北星 | Shēnxiùxīběixīng | Northwestern star |
| | | | | | | 大陵大星 | Dàlíngdàxīng | Big star of Mausoleum constellation |
| | | | | | | κ Ori |
| | | | | | | 參宿六 | Shēnxiùliù | 6th star |
| | | | | | | 參宿东南星 | Shēnxiùdōngnánxīng | Southeastern star |
| | | | | | | 偏將軍 | Piānjiāngjūn | Assistant general |
| | | | | | | β Ori |
| | | | | | | 參宿七 | Shēnxiùqī | 7th star |
| | | | | | | 參宿西南星 | Shēnxiùxīnánxīng | Southwestern star |
| | | | | | | 前將軍 | Qiánjiāngjūn | Leading general |
| | | | | | | σ Ori | 參宿增一 | Shēnxiùzēngyī | 1st additional star |
| | | | | | | 31 Ori | 參宿增二 | Shēnxiùzēngèr | 2nd additional star |
| | | | | | | η Ori | 參宿增三 | Shēnxiùzēngsān | 3rd additional star |
| | | | | | | 27 Ori | 參宿增四 | Shēnxiùzēngsì | 4th additional star |
| | | | | | | 22 Ori | 參宿增五 | Shēnxiùzēngwǔ | 5th additional star |
| | | | | | | ψ¹ Ori | 參宿增六 | Shēnxiùzēngliù | 6th additional star |
| | | | | | | 21 Ori | 參宿增八 | Shēnxiùzēngbā | 8th additional star |
| | | | | | | ρ Ori | 參宿增九 | Shēnxiùzēngjiǔ | 9th additional star |
| | | | | | | 23 Ori | 參宿增十 | Shēnxiùzēngshí | 10th additional star |
| | | | | | | ψ² Ori | 參宿增十一 | Shēnxiùzēngshíyī | 11th additional star |
| | | | | | | 33 Ori | 參宿增十二 | Shēnxiùzēngshíèr | 12th additional star |
| | | | | | | 32 Ori | 參宿增十三 | Shēnxiùzēngshísān | 13th additional star |
| | | | | | | 38 Ori | 參宿增十四 | Shēnxiùzēngshísì | 14th additional star |
| | | | | | | ω Ori | 參宿增十五 | Shēnxiùzēngshíwǔ | 15th additional star |
| | | | | | | 51 Ori | 參宿增十六 | Shēnxiùzēngshíliù | 16th additional star |
| | | | | | | 52 Ori | 參宿增十七 | Shēnxiùzēngshíqī | 17th additional star |
| | | | | | | μ Ori | 參宿增十八 | Shēnxiùzēngshíbā | 18th additional star |
| | | | | | | 63 Ori | 參宿增十九 | Shēnxiùzēngshíjiǔ | 19th additional star |
| | | | | | | 66 Ori | 參宿增二十 | Shēnxiùzēngèrshí | 20th additional star |
| | | | | | | 59 Ori | 參宿增二十一 | Shēnxiùzēngèrshíyī | 21st additional star |
| | | | | | | 56 Ori | 參宿增二十二 | Shēnxiùzēngèrshíèr | 22nd additional star |
| | | | | | | HD 40657 | 參宿增二十三 | Shēnxiùzēngèrshísān | 23rd additional star |
| | | | | | | 55 Ori | 參宿增三十四 | Shēnxiùzēngsānshísì | 34th additional star |
| | | | | | | 49 Ori | 參宿增三十五 | Shēnxiùzēngsānshíwǔ | 35th additional star |
| | | | | | | υ Ori | 參宿增三十六 | Shēnxiùzēngsānshíliù | 36th additional star |
| | | | | | | 29 Ori | 參宿增三十七 | Shēnxiùzēngsānshíqī | 37th additional star |
| | | | | | | HD 35007 | 參宿增三十九 | Shēnxiùzēngsānshíjiǔ | 39th additional star |
| | | |  |  | Punishment |
| | | | θ1 Ori | 伐一 | Fáyī | 1st star |
| | | | θ2 Ori | 伐二 | Fáèr | 2nd star |
| | | | υ Ori / ι Ori |
| | | | 伐三 | Fásān | 3rd star |
| | | | 伐下星 | Fáxiàxīng | Under punishment (star) |
| | | | 45 Ori | 伐增一 | Fázēngyī | 1st additional star |
| | | | 玉井 | *Yùjǐng* | Jade Well | τ Ori | 玉井四 | Yùjǐngsì | 4th star |
| **Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀)** |  | *Jǐng* | Well | 水府 | *Shuǐfǔ* | Irrigation Official |
| | | | | | | | ν Ori | 水府一 | Shuǐfǔyī | 1st star |
| | | | | | | | ξ Ori | 水府二 | Shuǐfǔèr | 2nd star |
| | | | | | | | 72 Ori | 水府三 | Shuǐfǔsān | 3rd star |
| | | | | | | | 69 Ori | 水府四 | Shuǐfǔsì | 4th star |
| | | | | | | | 73 Ori | 水府增六 | Shuǐfǔzēngliù | 6th additional star |
| | | | | | | | 74 Ori | 水府增七 | Shuǐfǔzēngqī | 7th additional star |
| | | | | | | | 75 Ori | 水府增八 | Shuǐfǔzēngbā | 8th additional star |


title: Antone's Record Label

abstract: Antone's was a record label based in Austin, Texas.

text:
# Antone's Record Label

**Antone's** was a record label based in Austin, Texas.

## History

**Antone's Records & Tapes** was founded by Clifford Antone (October 27, 1949 – May 22, 2006) in 1987. It specialized in blues music, particularly the blues artists who performed at his blues nightclub Antone's, which opened on July 15, 1975 in Austin, Texas. In 1987, Antone also opened a record store named Antone's Record Shop in Austin, Texas. In 1993, the record label was renamed in a simplified manner as **Antone's Records**. Antone's was awarded best local record label by *The Austin Chronicle* readers in 1993.

Texas Clef Entertainment Group, an affiliate of Antone's Records, acquired the assets of the defunct Watermelon Records label.

After Clifford Antone's death in 2006, the record label filed for bankruptcy. Masters of Antone's and Watermelon recordings went to New West as part of the Texas Music Group.

## Artists

Here is a partial list of artists who have released recordings on the Antone’s label.

## InfoBox

| Antone's | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent company | Texas Music Group |
| Founded | 1987 (1987) |
| Founder | Clifford Antone |
| Defunct | 2006 (2006) |
| Distributor(s) | Alternative Distribution Alliance |
| Genre | Blues |
| Country of origin | U.S. |
| Location | Austin, Texas |


title: Villers-sur-Thère station

abstract: Villers-sur-Thère is a former railway station located in the village Villers-sur-Thère near Allonne in the Oise department, France. It was served by TER Picardie trains from Paris-Nord to Beauvais. As of 2017, it is closed for passenger traffic.

text:
# Villers-sur-Thère station

**Villers-sur-Thère** is a former railway station located in the village Villers-sur-Thère near Allonne in the Oise department, France. It was served by TER Picardie trains from Paris-Nord to Beauvais. As of 2017, it is closed for passenger traffic.

## InfoBox

| Villers-sur-Thère | |
| --- | --- |
| Station platforms | |
| General information | |
| Location | near Allonne, France |
| Coordinates | 49°24′50″N 2°08′08″E / 49.4139°N 2.1355°E / 49.4139; 2.1355 |
| Owned by | SNCF |
| Line(s) | Épinay-Villetaneuse–Le Tréport-Mers railway |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 87316422 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Old Youngs Bay Bridge

abstract: The Old Youngs Bay Bridge is a bascule bridge across Youngs Bay in Astoria, Oregon, completed in 1921. Conde McCullough was responsible for designing this bridge, his first for Oregon. The bridge consists of two 75-foot (23 m) steel bascule leaves approached over a pile trestle and timber spans. It has a total length of 1,766 feet (538 m). The bridge features early versions of McCullough's signature accent elements, with Art Moderne concrete pylons topped by light fixtures flanking the landings at either end of the bridge.

text:
# Old Youngs Bay Bridge

The **Old Youngs Bay Bridge** is a bascule bridge across Youngs Bay in Astoria, Oregon, completed in 1921. Conde McCullough was responsible for designing this bridge, his first for Oregon.

The bridge consists of two 75-foot (23 m) steel bascule leaves approached over a pile trestle and timber spans. It has a total length of 1,766 feet (538 m). The bridge features early versions of McCullough's signature accent elements, with Art Moderne concrete pylons topped by light fixtures flanking the landings at either end of the bridge.

## InfoBox

| Old Youngs Bay Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 46°10′08″N 123°50′17″W / 46.168795°N 123.838133°W / 46.168795; -123.838133 (Old Youngs Bay Bridge) |
| Carries | <br>US 101 Bus. |
| Crosses | Youngs Bay |
| Locale | Astoria, Oregon |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Bascule bridge |
| Material | Steel |
| Total length | 1,766.2 feet (538.3 m) |
| History | |
| Designer | Conde McCullough |
| Construction end | 1921 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: New England Telephone Building

abstract: The New England Telephone Building is a historic utility building at 10 Merrymount Road in Quincy, Massachusetts. This two-story Classical Revival brick structure was built c. 1906 and doubled in size in 1924, reaching its present proportions. It housed the telephone exchange of the New England Telephone Company until 1940, after which time it was converted to office space. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# New England Telephone Building

The **New England Telephone Building** is a historic utility building at 10 Merrymount Road in Quincy, Massachusetts. This two-story Classical Revival brick structure was built c. 1906 and doubled in size in 1924, reaching its present proportions. It housed the telephone exchange of the New England Telephone Company until 1940, after which time it was converted to office space.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| New England Telephone Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 10 Merrymount Rd., Quincy, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°15′23.3″N 71°0′24.4″W / 42.256472°N 71.006778°W / 42.256472; -71.006778 |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| Built | 1906 |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| MPS | Quincy MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001357 |
| Added to NRHP | September 20, 1989 |


title: Institut Maurice Thorez

abstract: Institut Maurice Thorez was a French research institution linked to the French Communist Party. The Institute was set up in the mid-1960s, as part of a process of ideological reorientation of the Communist Party. These two new institutes encouraged more creative forms of applications of Marxism to theoretical and political problems. At the Institut Maurice Thorez communist historians were able to research without strict party control. The Institute published Cahiers de l'Institut Maurice Thorez. Georges Cogniot was the founding director of the Institute, a position he held for various years. As of 1978, Jean Burles served as director of the Institute. In 1980 the Institute was merged with the Marxist Studies and Research Centre, forming the Marxist Research Institute.

text:
# Institut Maurice Thorez

***Institut Maurice Thorez*** ('Maurice Thorez Institute') was a French research institution linked to the French Communist Party. The Institute was set up in the mid-1960s (alongside the Marxist Studies and Research Centre), as part of a process of ideological reorientation of the Communist Party. These two new institutes encouraged more creative forms of applications of Marxism to theoretical and political problems. At the Institut Maurice Thorez communist historians were able to research without strict party control. The Institute published *Cahiers de l'Institut Maurice Thorez*.

Georges Cogniot was the founding director of the Institute, a position he held for various years. As of 1978, Jean Burles served as director of the Institute.

In 1980 the Institute was merged with the Marxist Studies and Research Centre, forming the Marxist Research Institute.


title: The Men Who Loved Music

abstract: The Men Who Loved Music is the third album by rock band Young Fresh Fellows. Their first for Frontier Records, it was released in 1987. The seventh track, "Amy Grant," was a college radio hit. Tracks 1-14 are from the original release of "The Men Who Loved Music". Tracks 16–21 on the CD reissue are from the EP "Refreshments". Track 15 was cut from the original album release for space reasons, and is available only on the combined CD. The reissue CD does not contain the "Young Fresh Fellows Theme" (remix), which was on the original vinyl release of "Refreshments." Track 22 is listed in some music databases as "Do the Fonzie." The face of the CD is illustrated with a picture of the character Fonzie, from the TV show Happy Days.

text:
# The Men Who Loved Music

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | B+ |

***The Men Who Loved Music*** is the third album by rock band Young Fresh Fellows. Their first for Frontier Records, it was released in 1987. The seventh track, "Amy Grant," was a college radio hit.

Tracks 1-14 are from the original release of "The Men Who Loved Music" (spine title: "Chicago 19"). Tracks 16–21 on the CD reissue are from the EP "Refreshments" (spine title: "Condiments"). Track 15 ("Happy Death Theme") was cut from the original album release for space reasons, and is available only on the combined CD. The reissue CD does not contain the "Young Fresh Fellows Theme" (remix), which was on the original vinyl release of "Refreshments."

Track 22 is listed in some music databases as "Do the Fonzie." The face of the CD is illustrated with a picture of the character Fonzie, from the TV show *Happy Days*.

## Track listing

All songs written by Scott McCaughey.

1. Just Sit
2. TV Dream
3. Get Outta My Cave
4. Why I Oughta
5. Unimaginable Zero Summer
6. When The Girls Get Here
7. Amy Grant
8. Hank, Karen And Elvis
9. My Friend Ringo
10. Two Brothers
11. I Got My Mojo Working (And I Thought You'd Like To Know)
12. I Don't Let The Little Things Get Me Down
13. Ant Farm
14. Where The Hell Did They Go?
15. Happy Death Theme
16. Beer Money
17. Aurora Bridge
18. Broken Basket
19. Three Sides To This Story
20. Young Fresh Fellows Update Theme
21. Back Room Of The Bar
22. Untitled

## InfoBox

| The Men Who Loved Music | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Young Fresh Fellows | |
| Released | 1987 |
| Genre | rock music |
| Label | Frontier Records |
| Producer | Conrad Uno |
| Young Fresh Fellows chronology | |
| *Topsy Turvy*
(1985) ***The Men Who Loved Music***
(1987) *Totally Lost*
(1988) | |


title: Nargenicin

abstract: Nargenicin is a 28 carbon macrolide with a fused tricyclic core that has in addition a unique ether bridge. The polyketide antibiotic was isolated from Nocardia argentinensis. Nargenicin is effective towards gram-positive bacteria and been shown to have strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including strains that are resistant to methicillin. It has also been shown to induce cell differentiation and inhibit cell proliferation in a human myeloid leukemia cell line.

text:
# Nargenicin

**Nargenicin** (**CP-47,444**, **CS-682**) is a 28 carbon macrolide with a fused tricyclic core that has in addition a unique ether bridge. The polyketide antibiotic was isolated from *Nocardia argentinensis*. Nargenicin is effective towards gram-positive bacteria and been shown to have strong antibacterial activity against *Staphylococcus aureus*, including strains that are resistant to methicillin. It has also been shown to induce cell differentiation and inhibit cell proliferation in a human myeloid leukemia cell line.

## Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of nargenicin is believed to be closely related to fatty acid biosynthesis to produce a polyketide chain. David E. Cane and colleagues have used feeding experiments to determine that nargenicin is derived from common precursors acetate and propionate.

The polyketide chain produced then undergoes a ring closure to form the large lactone ring and a Diels–Alder reaction to form the fused cyclohexane/cyclohexene rings. The oxygen atoms attached to carbons in positions that do not correspond to polyketides—carbons 8 and 13 (the ether bridge), carbon 2 (the methoxy substituent), and carbon 18 (on the hydroxyethyl chain attached to the lactone ring) are derived from molecular oxygen.

## InfoBox

Nargenicin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| ATC code | * none |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Excretion | ~ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C28H37NO8 |
| Molar mass | 515.603 g·mol−1 |
| SMILES * O=C2O\[C@H\](\[C@H\](O)C)\[C@@H\](\C=C(/C)\[C@\]51O\[C@H\]4\[C@H\](\C=C/\[C@@H\]1C\[C@@H\]2OC)\[C@H\]5\[C@H\](O)\[C@H\](\[C@H\]4OC(=O)c3ccc\[nH\]3)C)C | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C28H37NO8/c1-13-11-14(2)28-17(12-20(34-5)27(33)35-23(13)16(4)30)8-9-18-21(28)22(31)15(3)24(25(18)37-28)36-26(32)19-7-6-10-29-19/h6-11,13,15-18,20-25,29-31H,12H2,1-5H3/b14-11+/t13-,15-,16-,17-,18-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24-,25+,28-/m1/s1 Y * Key:YEUSSARNQQYBKH-KFIBIINQSA-N Y | |
| (verify) | |


title: Podabrus pruinosus

abstract: Podabrus pruinosus, the downy leather-winged beetle, is a species of soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Podabrus pruinosus

***Podabrus pruinosus***, the **downy leather-winged beetle**, is a species of soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae. It is found in North America.

## Description and behavior

Adults have a body length of 9-15 mm. They are orange with wing covers that are black-brown and covered in fine hair. They are common in spring and summer, when they feed on aphids. If disturbed, they will fall to the ground.

Larvae are 15-20 mm long, pink, with two dark lines on the thorax. They live in soil.

## Subspecies

These five subspecies belong to the species *Podabrus pruinosus*:

* *Podabrus pruinosus atrocervicus* Fender, 1962
* *Podabrus pruinosus comes*
* *Podabrus pruinosus diversipes* Fall, 1927
* *Podabrus pruinosus gradatus*
* *Podabrus pruinosus pruinosus*

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2007). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 4: Elateroidea - Derodontoidea - Bostrichoidea - Lymexyloidea - Cleroidea - Cucujoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-8788757675.

## InfoBox

| *Podabrus pruinosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cantharidae |
| Genus: | *Podabrus* |
| Species: | ***P. pruinosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Podabrus pruinosus***<br>LeConte, 1851 | |
|


title: Moederkerk, Stellenbosch

abstract: The Moederkerk in Stellenbosch is the second oldest congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa.

text:
# Moederkerk, Stellenbosch

The **Moederkerk** (*Mother Church*) in Stellenbosch is the second oldest congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa.

## Foundation

The congregation was founded, just 21 years after the Groote Kerk in Cape Town, by Rev. Johannes Overney who came from Cape Town to hold the first service "in one of the best situated and ablest Vrijmans Woningen" on Sunday 13 October 1686, on which occasion he preached on Isaiah 52:7: "Hoe lievelijk zijn op de bergen the feet of those who bring good tidings of peace; those who bring good tidings of good; those who say to Zion: Your God is King." In the afternoon he baptized three children. As a consultant, he visited the congregation every three months and in the meantime the services were observed by the sick roster Mankadan. In January 1687, the first church council was appointed, consisting of one elder and one deacon. The deacon was Dirk Coetzee.

The corner stone of the first building was laid in February 1687. Thanks to the lovely cooperation of the congregation and great help provided by Governor Simon van der Stel, by whom the town was laid out and after whom it was also named, this little church could already be opened on 19 October 1687 was inaugurated by Rev. Johannes van Andel from Cape Town. The text he preached on was Numbers 6:23-27. It was located in the present Church Street on the lot where the old Wium boarding house later stood, and in its vicinity several corpses were excavated during renovations, as it was customary at the time to bury people of any distinction inside the church. This faithful minister began with missions and education among the slaves and subjects, but he was not destined to attend the church's dedication, as he died on May 5 of that year, a victim of the fever (probably meaning malaria).

The first minute of the congregation that has been preserved, and which is quite possibly also the very first, is that of 15 October 1697. In the same year, Rev. Petrus Kalden from Cape Town reports to the Klassis van Amsterdam: "The congregation in Stellenbosch grows daily and now has over 50 members, to whom I go four times a year to administer the sacraments there, which during my absence by a sickness grid is observed so that this place becomes very significant over time, including all the years in suffering, to which the All-sufficient God wants to grant his grace and radiate us with his grace and favorable presence."

## Ministers

The congregation had eight ministers during the 18th century, but only three during the 19th century.

* Hercules of Loon, 1700 – 1704
* Henricus Beck, 1704 – 1726
* Solomon van Echten, 1732 – 1736
* William of Ghent, 1739 – 1744
* Eduardus Arentz, 1747 – 1749
* Johannes Appeldoorn, 1753 – 1772
* Philippus Kuys, 1778 – 1785
* Meent Borcherds, 1786 – 1832
* Tobias Johannes Herold, 1832 – 1857
* Johannes Henoch Neethling, 1858 – 1904
* Daniel Stephanus Botha, 1904 – 1927
* Dr. Tobie Muller, 1913 – 1916, assistant preacher (students)
* Dr. Gustav Bernhard August Gerdener, 1917 – 1920 (second pastor)
* Jacobus Stephanus Gericke, 1946 – 1959 (after which first teacher of Stellenbosch Central)
* Zacharias Blomerus Loots, 1947 – 1951
* Theunis Christoffel Botha Stofberg, 1947 – 1964
* Dr. Willem Stephanus (Willie) Conradie, 1948 – 1954
* Anthonie Georg Eliab van Velden, 1951 – 1953 (after which first pastor of Stellenbosch West)
* Adriaan Jacobus van Wijk, 1958 – 1976
* Dr. Evert Philippus Jacobus Kleynhans, 1965 – 1969
* Tobias Johannes de Clerq, 1970 – November 1989 (accepts his emeritus)
* Willem Jacob Benjamin Serfontein, 1970 – 1983
* Frederick Johannes Conradie, 1973 – 23 April 1989 (accepts his emeritus)
* Dr. Johannes van Schalkwyk, 1985 – 1988 (came here from and left again for Lynnwoodrif)
* Johannes Jochemus Eucharistius Koornhof, 1991 – 2014 (accepts his emeritus)
* Marié Britz, 2000 – present
* Prof. Cas Wepener, 29 November 2020 – present (assignment Theological Training),

## InfoBox

| Moederkerk Stellenbosch | |
| --- | --- |
| Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk Stellenbosch | |
|  | |
|  | |
| 33°56′16″S 18°51′51″E / 33.93766°S 18.86418°E / -33.93766; 18.86418 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Language(s) | Afrikaans |
| History | |
| Founded | 1687 |
| Founder(s) | Reverend Johannes Overney |
| Clergy | |
| Priest(s) | Marié Britz |


title: Osbaldwick

abstract: Osbaldwick is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of the City of York in North Yorkshire, England. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 census was 2,902. It has been in existence since at least the 11th century, and was declared a conservation area in 1978. It is the burial place of the nun Mary Ward.

text:
# Osbaldwick

**Osbaldwick** is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of the City of York in North Yorkshire, England. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 census was 2,902. It has been in existence since at least the 11th century, and was declared a conservation area in 1978. It is the burial place of the nun Mary Ward.

## History

It is mentioned three times in the *Domesday Book* as *Osboldewic*. It is named after Osbald, an earl in the kingdom of Northumbria. At that time the manor was assessed with the city of York and the lands held by the Church of St Peter, York. It was the first Norman Archbishop of York that created the office of *Prebend of Osbaldwick*. The earliest mention of an incumbent of this office was of *Richard le Brun* in 1270. The office was de facto lord of the manor of the village. In 1852, the Church was allowed to sell off land and Osbaldwick Manor was sold to a Thomas Samuel Watkinson, later the Lord Mayor of York.

The village was historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. It was then a part of the district of Ryedale in North Yorkshire from 1974 until 1996. Since 1996 it has been part of the City of York unitary authority.

## Governance

The village is within the York Outer UK Parliament constituency. It is also part of the Osbaldwick and Derwent Ward within York Unitary Authority.

## Geography

Osbaldwick is now effectively a suburb of York, about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the city. The village proper lies mostly along one street called Osbaldwick Village. Newer housing surrounds this and Osbaldwick is now effectively bounded on three sides by the A1079 to the south, the A64 that forms part of York's Ring Road) to the east and by green-belt land to the north. To the west, newer housing merges into the Tang Hall district.

Light industrial/trading estates exist to the east of the village heading towards Murton) and along Osbaldwick Link Road which links it to the A1079. A new (2006) housing development built in 2006, known as Murton Gardens, was built by Wimpey Homes on the link road on the site of a farm building and surrounding fields. A development known as Derwenthorpe was granted planning permission on 10 May 2007 for the green-belt land north of the village. Some farmland also exists between Osbaldwick and Murton.

Osbaldwick Beck runs through the village and is part of the tributary system of the River Foss.

### Demography

The 1881 UK census recorded the population as 340. According to the 2001 UK census the parish had a population of 2,726, of which 2,299 were over the age of sixteen years and 1,115 of those were in employment. There were 1,200 dwellings of which 364 were detached.

## Transport

Between 1913 and 1926 Osbaldwick was served by a station on the Derwent Valley Light Railway. This line remained open to freight until 1981, and in 1992, Sustrans converted the trackbed into National Cycle Route 66 from the village into York.

Osbaldwick is also served by two bus routes operated by First York on their service 6 between Clifton Moor and University Campus East and Transdev York on their service 20 between Rawcliffe and Osbaldwick (Limited service frequency).

## Landmarks

The village is home to Osbaldwick Hall, a Grade II Listed Building, and to the 12th century St Thomas' Church.

Eliza Raine (1793–1860) is buried in St. Thomas cemetery. Raine was the first partner to the celebrated English landowner and diarist Anne Lister.

## Facilities

Education in the village is provided by Osbaldwick Primary School, and most pupils transfer after Year 6 to Archbishop Holgate's School.

The village post office closed in July 2003.

### Derwent Arms

The Derwent Arms, in the old part of the village, was built in 1823 when it was known as The Black Bull. It consisted of the main pub house and a stable for two horses with a granary over it. To the right were two cow houses with a small orchard and pig pen behind. In front of this was another outbuilding. In the early years the pub had a wash house. Later, a long cattle shed for eight to nine cows was added onto the west side of the stable. It was later renamed The Derwent Arms after the Derwent Valley Light Railway which used to run through the village. It currently consists of a rendered brick building with the public rooms on the ground floor and accommodation for the owners above. The pub has a large field which is used to host community events such as the village fair and a bonfire night.

The Magnet pub, near the newer houses on Osbaldwick Lane, closed in 2018.

## Religion

The 12th-century Church of England parish church dedicated to *St Thomas* originally dates from the 12th century. Windows in the north wall date from the 12th, 13th and 14th century. The church has been reordered and extended on a number of occasions, notably in 1877 by John Oldrid Scott and by later architects in both 1967 and 2005.

The Rev. William Ball Wright, noted genealogist and one of the first SPG Anglican missionaries to Japan, served as vicar of the parish from 1903 to 1912.

A window in the church is a memorial to former Sheriff and Lord Mayor of York, James Barber. It is the burial place of the Roman Catholic nun Mary Ward, who founded the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, also known as the Sisters of Loreto. The Church registers show that a Dorothy Paston Bedingfield, a superior of the order, was also buried here.

## InfoBox

| Osbaldwick | |
| --- | --- |
| Osbaldwick village | |
| OsbaldwickLocation within North Yorkshire | |
| Population | 2,902 (2011) |
| OS grid reference | SE634518 |
| Civil parish | * Osbaldwick |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | YORK |
| Postcode district | YO10 |
|  | |
| Police | North Yorkshire |
| Fire | North Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Villers-sous-Châtillon

abstract: Villers-sous-Châtillon is a former commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2023, it was merged into the new commune of Cœur-de-la-Vallée.

text:
# Villers-sous-Châtillon

**Villers-sous-Châtillon** (French pronunciation: \[vilɛʁ su ʃatijɔ̃\], literally *Villers under Châtillon*) is a former commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2023, it was merged into the new commune of Cœur-de-la-Vallée.

## InfoBox

| Villers-sous-Châtillon | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Cœur-de-la-Vallée | |
| An aerial view of Villers-sous-Châtillon | |
| Location of Villers-sous-Châtillon | |
| Villers-sous-ChâtillonVillers-sous-Châtillon | |
| Coordinates: 49°05′45″N 3°47′57″E / 49.0958°N 3.7992°E / 49.0958; 3.7992 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Marne |
| Arrondissement | Épernay |
| Canton | Dormans-Paysages de Champagne |
| Commune | Cœur-de-la-Vallée |
| Area**1** | 4.84 km2 (1.87 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | 210 |
| Density | 43/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 51700 |
| Elevation | 95–255 m (312–837 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Ida Magli

abstract: Ida Magli was an Italian cultural anthropologist, philosopher, feminist, essayist, and journalist. She applied anthropological methods in her research works on Italian and European societies. She also studied women's history by identifying the roots of male domination on women. During the last years of her life, she took critical positions against the unification of Europe.

text:
# Ida Magli

**Ida Magli** (5 January 1925 – 21 February 2016) was an Italian cultural anthropologist, philosopher, feminist, essayist, and journalist. She applied anthropological methods in her research works on Italian and European societies. She also studied women's history by identifying the roots of male domination on women. During the last years of her life, she took critical positions against the unification of Europe.

## Life and career

Ida Magli was born in Rome, Italy, on 5 January 1925. She obtained a diploma in piano from the Santa Cecilia Conservatory. She later graduated in philosophy from the Sapienza University of Rome with a specialization in medical psychology. She also wrote her experimental thesis on language radio.

She became a professor of social psychology at the University of Siena and subsequently of cultural anthropology at the Sapienza University of Rome, a position she held until her retirement in 1988.

In 2015, to recognize her literary contributions, she was awarded with the Vittoriale prize.

She died in Rome on 21 February 2016.

## Anthropological works

Her anthropological studies were mainly focused on the sphere of the sacred and the feminine conditions in light of the works of anthropologists such as Alfred Kroeber and Franz Boas.

### Male oppression of women

Using anthropological methods, she studied the historical context of exercising the male power over women through identifying the roots of the need for male oppression on several issues related sexuality and women reproductive capabilities. Some of her publications focused on these which include *The woman, an open problem* (1974), *Matriarchy and the power of women* (1978), *The female of man* (1982), *Male sexuality* (1989) and *On the dignity of women* (1993).

### Religious anthropology

Her studies on religious anthropology were considered to be "innovative, supported by a secular and provocative thought that explored the key areas of the sacred." Some of her research works focused on these which include *Jesus of Nazareth* (1982; Premio Brancati 1982), *The Madonna* (1987), *Santa Teresa di Lisieux – A Romantic Girl of the Nineteenth Century* (1994), *Secular History of Religious Women* (1995) and *Ophelia's Mill: Men and Gods* (2007).

### Against the unification of Europe

She opposed a united Europe and took critical position on the unification of Europe through her publications such as *that who didn't tell you about Maastricht* (1997), *The European Dictatorship* (2010), *After the West* (2012) and *Defending Italy* (2013).

## Journalism

Along with her academic and research works, she actively involved in the journalistic sector. For years, she regularly wrote articles in the newspapers *la Repubblica*, *L'Espresso* and *Il Giornale*. In 1976, she cofounded the international journal of anthropological studies on women, *DWF donnawomanfemme* and became its director. This was the first Italian journal dedicated to studies of feminist historical and socio-anthropological issues. From 1989 to 1992, she also served as a director of the Journal of Cultural Anthropology.


title: Hermes House Band

abstract: The Hermes House Band is a Dutch pop group, established in 1982 by members of the Rotterdamsch Studenten Corps, a fraternity/sorority in Rotterdam, Netherlands. They have released more than 25 albums and singles.

text:
# Hermes House Band

The **Hermes House Band** is a Dutch pop group, established in 1982 by members of the Rotterdamsch Studenten Corps, a fraternity/sorority in Rotterdam, Netherlands. They have released more than 25 albums and singles.

## History

The band rose to fame in 1994 in both the Netherlands and Belgium, with their cover of Gloria Gaynor's hit single, "I Will Survive"; and as of 2018 over 1.5 million copies of the single has been sold. It was reported that when Gloria Gaynor first heard a crowd sing this version of the cover of her song while performing at a company party in the Netherlands she was "not amused". In 1998, the single became a hit in Germany, and lead singer Judith Ansems was asked to promote the song there. That year it also reached number one in France, largely because it became the anthem of the national football team and that year France went on to win the FIFA World Cup. Today, in popular French culture, it is still associated with the 1998 World Cup victory. The band landed a local recording contract with Polydor and alongside Ansems, former singers Jop Wijlacker and Robin Maas, the band was asked to record other covers, including "Country Roads" and "Que Sera Sera". These were issued in Germany under HHB International. Several of these singles were also released in the Netherlands.

Their biggest hit in the United Kingdom was their cover of "Country Roads", released shortly before Christmas 2001. It peaked at No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart, and remained in the top 10 for five weeks. It reached number 1 on the Scottish Singles Chart in December 2001 and again in January 2002.

In 2002, the Hermes House Band joined forces with DJ Ötzi to cover "Live Is Life", originally by Opus. This single reached No. 2 in the French chart, and No. 50 in the UK.

In 2010, the former lead singer of the band, Jaap van Reesema, won the third series of the Dutch version of *X Factor*.

In 2018, the band reached No. 1 in France again with their version of "I Will Survive" after the French football team repeated their winning performance in the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

## Band members

**Current members**

* Miss Sally – vocals
* Mr. Jop – vocals
* Bas Vegas – bass guitar
* Sjoerd de Freeze – keyboards
* Lex Flex – drums
* Pelle Soontiëns – saxophone
* Tropical Danny – guitar

**Former members**

* Judith Ansems – vocals
* Jaap Reesema – vocals
* Robin McMaas – vocals
* Gerben Kline Willing – trumpet
* Dirk Bates – trumpet

## Discography

* *The Album* (2002)
* *Get Ready to Party* (2004)
* *Greatest Hits* (2006)
* *Rhythm of the Nineties* (2009)
* *Champions - The Greatest Stadium Hits* (2010)

## InfoBox

| Hermes House Band | |
| --- | --- |
| Hermes House Band in 2018 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Rotterdam, Netherlands |
| Genres | Dance-pop, Eurodance |
| Years active | 1984–present |
|  | |
| Members | Miss Sally
Mr. Jop
Bas Vegas
Sjoerd de Freeze
Lex Flex
Dieter Uboot
Tropical Danny |
|  | |
| Past members | Judith Ansems
Jaap Reesema
Robin McMaas
Gerben Kline Willing
Dirk Bates |
|  | |
| Website | hermeshouseband.com |


title: Institut Langevin

abstract: The Institut Langevin is a Joint Research Unit of ESPCI Paris and CNRS dedicated to wave physics and its applications. The Institut Langevin has been founded in 2009 on the initiative of Mathias Fink, academician of science and professor at ESPCI Paris. It was born from the merger of two laboratories at ESPCI Paris: the “Waves and Acoustics” laboratory, which Mathias Fink had directed since its creation in 1990, and the "Physical Optics" laboratory directed by Claude Boccara. The ambition behind this merger was to bring together in the same Institute researchers interested in all possible types of waves. The institute bears its name in reference to the French physicist Paul Langevin, who was director of ESPCI and who notably invented sonar.

text:
# Institut Langevin

The **Institut Langevin** is a Joint Research Unit of ESPCI Paris and CNRS dedicated to wave physics and its applications.

The Institut Langevin has been founded in 2009 on the initiative of Mathias Fink, academician of science and professor at ESPCI Paris. It was born from the merger of two laboratories at ESPCI Paris: the “Waves and Acoustics” laboratory, which Mathias Fink had directed since its creation in 1990, and the "Physical Optics" laboratory directed by Claude Boccara. The ambition behind this merger was to bring together in the same Institute researchers interested in all possible types of waves. The institute bears its name in reference to the French physicist Paul Langevin, who was director of ESPCI and who notably invented sonar.

## InfoBox

Institut Langevin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founder(s) | Paris Sciences et Lettres University |
| Established | 2009 |
| Mission | Fundamental research |
| Location | Paris, France |
| Coordinates | 48°50′46″N 2°21′19″E / 48.84601593017578°N 2.355226516723633°E / 48.84601593017578; 2.355226516723633 |
| Website | https://www.institut-langevin.espci.f class=notpageimage|Position in France |


title: The Meteors (Dutch band)

abstract: The Meteors were a Dutch new wave band active 1977-1982. Band members included singer Hugo Sinzheimer, Åke Danielson (keyboards) Ferdinand Bakker (guitar), Gerrit Veen (bass) and Kim Haworth (drums).

text:
# The Meteors (Dutch band)

**The Meteors** were a Dutch new wave band active 1977-1982. Band members included singer Hugo Sinzheimer, Åke Danielson (keyboards) Ferdinand Bakker (guitar), Gerrit Veen (bass) and Kim Haworth (drums).

## Discography

### Albums

* 1979 - *Teenage Heart*, LP, Bovema Negram, 5C 064-26235
* 1980 - *Hunger*, LP, EMI Group, 1A 062-26540, 1980 - No. 30
* 1982 - *Stormy Seas*, LP, CNR Records, 655155, 1982
* 2004 - *Teenage Heart Xtra*, EMI reissue of 1979 album with extra tracks
* 2005 - *Hunger Xtra*, EMI, reissue of 1980 album

### Singles

* "It's You, Only You" (Mein Schmerz), 7", 1979, Negram 5C 006-26213, b/w "Night Life"
* "Candy", 7 inch, 1980, Harvest 1A 006-26594, b/w "It Sucks"
* "Pilot", 7 inch, 1980, Harvest, 1A 006-26447, b/w "Pilot Conversation"
* "Together Too Long", 7 inch, 1980, Harvest, 1A 006-26539, b/w "Out of the Race"
* "No Way In, No Way Out", 7 inch, 1981, Harvest, 006-26645, b/w "Charms or Chains"
* "Stormy Seas", 7 inch, 1982, CNR, 144926, b/w "Shoot or Be Shot"
* "Cha no yu", maxi disco single, 1982, CNR, 151.084 b/w "Expedition 2 (Radio Version)"


title: Hadrucalcin

abstract: Hadrucalcin is a peptide toxin from the venom of the scorpion Hadrurus gertschi. Hadrucalcin modifies the Ryanodine receptor channels RyR1 and RyR2, found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, to a long-lasting subconductance state, thus inducing the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

text:
# Hadrucalcin

**Hadrucalcin** is a peptide toxin from the venom of the scorpion *Hadrurus gertschi*. Hadrucalcin modifies the Ryanodine receptor channels RyR1 and RyR2, found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, to a long-lasting subconductance state, thus inducing the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

## Source and etymology

Hadrucalcin (HdCa, alternative spelling: Hadrucalcine) is obtained from the venom gland of the scorpion *Hadrurus gertschi*, endemic to Guerrero, Mexico. Hadrucalcin is named after the scorpion that produces the peptide and its similarity to other toxins of the scorpion calcin family.

## Chemistry

Hadrucalcin is a peptide toxin from the scorpion calcin family. The mature hadrucalcin peptide is composed of 35 amino acids, whereas other members of the scorpion calcin family are composed of 33 amino acids. Based on the high degree of sequence similarity with maurocalcin, it is predicted that hadrucalcin folds along an inhibitor cystine knot motif, with disulfide bonds between positions 5 and 19, 12 and 23 and 18 and 34 of the mature peptide. Hadrucalcin has a molecular weight of 4190.5 Da. The most notable difference between hadrucalcin and other members of the scorpion calcin family is that hadrucalcin lacks two positive charged lysine residues (at positions 8 and 22 in other scorpion calcine toxins), that were previously thought to be important for affinity with RyR1. Instead, Hadrucalcin has two Lysine residues at positions 3 and 7 of the mature peptide, near the otherwise neutral N-terminal, resulting in a relatively low degree of amphiphilicity.

|  | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 21 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| HdCa | S | E | K | D | C | I | K | H | L | Q | R | C | R | E | N | K | D | C | C | S | K | K | C | S | R | R | G | T | N | P | E | K | R | C | R |
| MCa |  |  | G | D | C | L | P | H | L | K | L | C | K | E | N | K | D | C | C | S | K | K | C | K | R | R | G | T | N | I | E | K | R | C | R |
|  |  |  | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 21 | 32 | 33 |
|
Linear amino acid sequence of mature Hadrucalcin (HdCa) and Maurocalcin (MCa)

## Target and Mode of Action

Hadrucalcin targets ryanodine receptor channels RyR1 and RyR2, found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells respectively. By inducing a long-lasting subconductance state in RyR1 (35% of full conductance) and RyR2 (50% of full conductance), hadrucalcin increases the total ion flow over these channels. Within a few seconds, hadrucalcin is able to permeate the cell membrane of ventricular myocytes and induce the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Despite functional effects on both channels, hadrucalcin only enhances the binding of ryanodine to RyR1 (EC50 = 37.8nM Hadrucalcin), but not to RyR2, suggesting the binding sites for hadrucalcin are structurally different in RyR1 and RyR2. The exact interacting sites of hadrucalcin on the ryanodine receptors are unknown.

## Therapeutic Use

Maurocalcin is the first proven example of a scorpion toxin that can act as a vector for large compounds. Hadrucalcin appears to be an even more potent cell penetrating peptide. A Hadrucalcin derivative has been used as a carrier for nanobiosensors.


title: Polar ecology

abstract: Polar ecology is the relationship between plants and animals in a polar environment. Polar environments are in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Arctic regions are in the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains land and the islands that surrounds it. Antarctica is in the Southern Hemisphere and it also contains the land mass, surrounding islands and the ocean. Polar regions also contain the subantarctic and subarctic zone which separate the polar regions from the temperate regions. Antarctica and the Arctic lie in the polar circles. The polar circles are imaginary lines shown on maps to be the areas that receives less sunlight due to less radiation. These areas either receive sunlight or shade 24 hours a day because of the earth's tilt. Plants and animals in the polar regions are able to withstand living in harsh weather conditions but are facing environmental threats that limit their survival.

text:
# Polar ecology

**Polar ecology** is the relationship between plants and animals in a polar environment. Polar environments are in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Arctic regions are in the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains land and the islands that surrounds it. Antarctica is in the Southern Hemisphere and it also contains the land mass, surrounding islands and the ocean. Polar regions also contain the subantarctic and subarctic zone which separate the polar regions from the temperate regions. Antarctica and the Arctic lie in the polar circles. The polar circles are imaginary lines shown on maps to be the areas that receives less sunlight due to less radiation. These areas either receive sunlight (midnight sun) or shade (polar night) 24 hours a day because of the earth's tilt. Plants and animals in the polar regions are able to withstand living in harsh weather conditions but are facing environmental threats that limit their survival.

## Climate

Polar climates are cold, windy and dry. Because of the lack of precipitation and low temperatures the Arctic and Antarctic are considered the world's largest deserts or Polar deserts. Much of the radiation from the Sun that is received is reflected off the snow making the polar regions cold. When the radiation is reflected, the heat is also reflected. The polar regions reflect 89-90% of the Sun radiation that the Earth receives. And because Antarctica is closer to the Sun at perihelion, it receives 7% more radiation than the Arctic. Also in the polar region, the atmosphere is thin. Because of this the UV radiation that gets to the atmosphere can cause fast sun tanning and snow blindness.

Polar regions are dry areas; there is very little precipitation due to the cold air. There are some times when the humidity may be high but the water vapor present in the air may be low. Wind is also strong in the polar region. Wind carries snow creating blizzard like conditions. Winds may also move small organisms or vegetation if it is present. The wind blows the snow making snowdrifts or snow dunes which may exist even in the spring when the snow is thawing out. It is hard for meteorologists to measure the amount of precipitation. This is because it is expensive to take care of the stations that collect weather data and it hard for them to measure snowfall amounts because the wind blows the snow too much to calculate exact amounts.

The temperatures are similar between the Arctic and Antarctic. The temperatures in the Arctic are different depending on the location. Temperatures in the Arctic have a higher range than in the Antarctic. Temperatures can range as much as 100 °C (180 °F). Along the coast in the Arctic temperatures average −30 to −40 °C (−22 to −40 °F) in December, January and February. The ice melts along the coast during the summer months which are around June, July and August and the temperature may rise a few degrees above freezing causing there to be some vegetation. During these same months in the northern regions, there will be 24 hours of daylight. Arctic regions also receive a lot of snowfall. The Arctic Basin has snow 320 days out of the year while the Arctic Seas have snow cover 260 days a year. The thickness of the snow averages 30–40 cm (12–16 in). In Greenland, temperatures have an average temperature of −40 °C (−40 °F) in the winter and in the summer the temperatures reach −12 °C (10 °F). Iceland, on the other hand, is in a subarctic region meaning it is near the temperate zone. Because of this, the temperatures are above the freezing point throughout much of the year. In Russia, temperatures are extremely cold. In Verkhoyansk, Siberia it has reached the coldest temp of −68.8 °C (−91.8 °F) in the Northern Hemisphere. The temperatures in the summer in Siberia can get to 36 °C (97 °F).

In the Antarctic, there are fewer temperature variations. Temperatures only range by around 30 °C (54 °F). The winter months are May till September while the summer months will be October till April. The sun reappears in September which then starts the 24 hours of daylight. The temperatures are different between the plateaus in Antarctica and between the coasts. The plateaus are the coldest regions of Antarctica. In the summer months there is low precipitation with light winds. Vostok has received the lowest temperature worldwide getting as low as −88.3 °C (−126.9 °F) in 1960. The West Antarctica plateau reaches snow levels of around 30 cm (12 in). This area is also warmer but it receives the heaviest snow and receives more wind. Because of the cold desert-like conditions on the plateaus, there are very little plants and animals. Some species of birds though have been seen.

On the coasts, in the summer there is more wind, and it is cloudier. Coasts with higher latitudes have a temperature of −24 °C (−11 °F) in the winter months whereas lower latitude coasts get down to −20 °C (−4 °F). Coastal areas may receive 40 cm (16 in) or more of snow.

## Water

Water is an important part of human survival. Because of its cold temperature, much of the Earth's water comes from the polar regions. 90% of the world's water comes from the Antarctic ice cap although a lot of this water is not used. Water environments are important for many species around the world. Many bacteria thrive there as well as algae and flora.

Many of the ponds or lakes in polar regions are frozen over or snow-covered for most of the year. Larger lakes thaw out around the edges during the warmer months while the smaller lakes thaw entirely. There are few rivers in the polar regions. The Arctic has more rivers compared to Antarctica. The regions also have ponds. The ponds that attract birds tend to be rich in nutrients. This is because of the bird droppings or bird feathers. There are two different types of lakes in polar regions including Arctic lakes and Antarctic lakes. Of the Arctic lakes, they include glacial lakes and permafrost lakes.

The polar regions include the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean. The Arctic Ocean covers 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi). In the spring the ice covers an area of 5,000,000–8,000,000 km2 (1,900,000–3,100,000 sq mi) and in the winter it is twice that. In this area, it is never totally ice-covered. This is due to the winds breaking up the ice. Because of these cracks in the ice there is more biological productivity in the ocean.

The Southern Ocean is 28,000,000 km2 (11,000,000 sq mi). This ocean contains the Weddell Sea and Ross Sea. The ocean contains large packs of ice that surrounds Antarctica.

## Land

Because of the cold weather it is hard for plants to grow. Frozen ground covers most of the polar regions for the majority of the year. Permafrost reaches a thickness of 600–1,000 m (2,000–3,300 ft) deep. Large amounts of permafrost can lead to poor water drainage. Due to the permafrost the water in the soil remains frozen for most of the year. In the summer the top of the permafrost may be covered with water due to melting in the area. Weathering is also common in polar regions. There is rubble from rocks that are scattered on the land due to movement of glaciers. Also quick temperature change causes weathering.

The main type of soil in the polar regions is ahumic soil. This includes the cold desert soil. This soil consists of sand that is frozen. These soils tend to not have an abundant amount of vegetation but bacteria has been found.

The other type of soil is organic soil. This type of soil is found in areas that are warmer and have more moisture. Some vegetation that lives here are algae, fungi and mosses. One type of organic soil is the brown soils, which have drainage.

## Animals

Due to the harsh weather in the polar regions, there are not many animals. The animals that do exist in the polar region are similar between the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The animals do differ by the temperature. In the Arctic some invertebrates include spiders, mites, mosquitoes and flies. In warmer areas of the polar regions moths, butterflies and beetles can be found. Some of the larger animals that exist are foxes, wolves, rabbits, hares, polar bears, reindeer/caribou. There are various bird species that have been spotted in the Arctic. Eight species of birds reside on the polar tundra year round while 150 breed in the Arctic. The birds that do breed go to the Arctic between May and July. One of the known birds is the snowy owl, which has enough fat on it to be able to survive in the cold temperatures.

In the Antarctic some invertebrates that exist are mites, fleas and ticks. Antarctica is the only continent that does not have a land mammal population. There are also no birds that reside in Antarctica. Though, it has been known that various birds from South America have been spotted in Antarctica. Two studies have assessed the contributions of soil invertebrates to the polar ecosystem in Antarctica, suggesting that biotic interactions play crucial roles in such a seemingly simple ecosystem.

For animals to be able to live in the polar region they have to have adaptations which allow them to live in the cold and windy environments. These animals have originated with these adaptations, and animals that live in these regions are accumulating adaptations to be able to live in this type of environment. Some of these adaptations may be to be big and insolated, have a lot of fur, and to be darker. Also, many animals live in groups to be able to protect themselves from the cold. Animals also tend to be homeotherms which are animals that maintain a high temperature. Smaller invertebrates also tend to be smaller in polar regions which helps them conserve energy.

There are also many different animals that live in the sea water near polar regions. Squids are one animal that live in both Antarctica and the Arctic. They are the food source for other large animals such as the male sperm whale. There is also a wide variety of fish in the polar regions. Arctic cod is a major species in the Arctic. Halibut, cod, herring, and Alaska pollock (walleye pollock) are some other types of fish. In Antarctica there is not a lot of diversity among the fish; there is a lot of the same kind. Antarctic silverfish and lanternfish are some examples of fish that live in Antarctica.

Seals are also found in polar regions and number around 2.5 million. They are known to breed on land in the polar regions. Whales are also in the polar regions and can be found near the surfaces of water where they pray.

There are also birds that breed in the polar regions. In the Arctic, 95% of the birds breeding here consists of only four different species. These include the northern fulmar, kittiwake, the little auk and the thick-billed murre. These birds breed here when the ice starts to thaw and when there are cracks in the ice so the birds are able to feed. In the Antarctic there are two different birds that live there including the penguin and the procellariiformes.

## Vegetation

There is a wide source of vegetation in the polar region but there are few species in common in the southern and northern polar regions. The Arctic consists of desert and tundra vegetations. The desert vegetation consists of algae, lichens, and mosses. Lichens are the most dominant plants. The ground is bare with a patchy cover of lichens and mosses. Flowering plants are also seen but not as common. It only contains 60 species of flowering plants. The Arctic tundra vegetation also consists of lichens and mosses, but it includes shrubs, grasses and forbs as well. The amount of vegetation in the tundra consists on how much sun, or snow cover is in the area. The vegetation in this area may grow as tall as 50 cm (20 in). In the southern part of the Arctic, there tend to be more shrubs whereas the northern parts there is less plant cover. In wet areas of the tundra, there is tussock grasses and cotton grasses. In moist areas, there are short grasses, mosses, willows, and birches.

The Antarctic vegetation consists of algae or lichens, and some bacteria and fungi, although mosses and lichens dominate. The algae and lichens grow where there is moisture, and they hide in cracks to be protected from the wind. The dominant grassland is the tussock. These grasses get to be 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high, so they provide habitat for many mammals. Of the 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi) of land that makes up Antarctic, less than 2% of it does not have snow or ice.

One example of a type of vegetation is a crustose lichen. These lichens are found in moist areas that are hidden from the wind. They hide on the surface of rocks in the cracks. They survive off the water that melts from above. These lichens occur in Canada and Alaska, as well as Greenland and Iceland. These lichens can be red or orange colored and are known to defoliate rocks.

## Threats

There exist many threats to the polar regions. One threat is whaling. Whaling started in the 16th century. People hunted whales to sell meat. By 1925 the number of whales being killed rose from 14,000 to 40,000 . The International Whaling Commission tried to stop whaling in the 20th century, but was unsuccessful.

Overfishing is another threat to the polar regions. In the Bering Sea there is a lot of fishing due to the high populations of halibut and Alaskan Pollock. Around the 1970s krill began to become a popular crustacean to catch. The Soviet Union started advertising food with krill in it and they started overfishing krill. It has been estimated that 40 tonnes of krill per hour were caught during this time. In 1982, the exclusive economic zone was established. This said that a certain country can fish 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) off the shore. The country is now able to control who fishes in their EEZ area. But the EEZ has been unsuccessful.

Another threat is pollution. There are many land and water areas within the polar regions that are contaminated. This can be due to the transport of oil by large ships. Siberia is one example of a place that has had major pollution in its rivers.

Depletion on the ozone layer is one more threat. An ozone hole has been detected above Antarctica. The cause of the depletion of the ozone layer is due to chlorofluorocarbons and other greenhouse gases. The other main reason is due to man-made gases that are released into the atmosphere. There are many environmental effects due to this because of the gases that are being released five times faster than they are destroyed.

Global warming is also having an effect on the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Global warming is causing the temperature on the earth to increase. In *Plan B 2.0* Lester R. Brown talks about how the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the world. He goes on to say that the temperature in the Arctic region has increased by 3–4 °C (5–7 °F) within the last half-century. And with the increase in temperatures, some worry that this will cause the sea level to rise. Scientists believe that if the Greenland ice sheet melts then the sea level could rise by 23 ft (7.0 m) The melting of this ice sheet or others could have an effect on ocean currents. It could cause lower temperatures in northern North America. Rising of the sea level will also impact coastal areas. One example is in Bangladesh. If there was a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) increase in sea level then millions of people would have to migrate from the coast. Global warming is also affecting Antarctica. The Larsen Ice Shelf or Larsen A is an ice sheet on the Antarctic Peninsula. The sheet broke in 1995, and then in 2000 an iceberg that is 4,250 sq mi (11,000 km2) broke off the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. In 2002 Larsen B, which was 5,500 km2 (2,100 sq mi), broke off.

Global warming affects plants and animals. For plants, the warmer temperatures induce stress on the plants. For animals, there has been a decrease in the number of polar bears in the Hudson Bay area. Since 1981, the polar bear population has been declining. This is because global warming causes the ice to break up faster so the polar bears are going to the coasts when there are poor conditions.

## Conservation efforts

Whoever owns the land is responsible or managing it. And the owners of the land differ between the Antarctic and Arctic and also within the polar regions. In the Arctic, there are six nations that own the land about 60°N. These nations include: Canada, Russia, Finland, USA, Denmark, Iceland and Norway. There have been international treaties set up so there are no disputes. These nations have also set their government to manage the land properly. They have set up national parks, land for wilderness, and also land for research. In the polar regions, there have been laws set up to manage the number of visitors. There have been rules set up allowing only a certain amount of mining to be done and other measures to protect the environment from damages.

In the Antarctic, the owners of the land are less clear. Some areas of Antarctica are controlled by the French, while other areas are controlled by South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the UK. Whoever owns the Antarctic is still unclear therefore many other countries have put out scientific stations. The Antarctic Treaty System of 1961 was established to make sure all the conflicts were resolved about who owned the land. This and other treaties have shown interest in helping to conserve the Antarctic region. All of these countries have conservation laws. These laws manage the amount of hunting in the area, monitor invasive species, and control burning and settlement.

## Bibliography

* Arntz, W.E., Clarke., 2002. *Ecological Studies in the Antarctic Sea Ice Zone.* Springer, New York.
* Bergstrom, D.M., Convey, P., Huiskes, A. H.L., 2006. *Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems*. Springer, The Netherlands.
* Brown, L. R., 2006. Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble. Earth Policy Institute, New York.
* Fog, G.E., 1998. *The Biology of Polar Habitats.* Oxford University Press, New York.
* Marchand, F.L., Kockelbergh, F., Vijver, B. V.D., Beyens, L., and Jijs, I., 2005. "Are heat and cold resistance of arctic species affected by successive extreme temperature events?" *New Phytologist.* V. 170, pg 291–300.
* Melnikov, I.A., 1997. The Arctic Sea Ice Ecosystem. P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russia.
* Moustakas, A. & I. Karakassis. How diverse is aquatic biodiversity research?, *Aquatic Ecology*, 39, 367-375
* Nuttall, M., Callaaghan, T.V., 2000. *The Arctic: Environment, People, Policy.* Harwood Academic, UK.
* Stirling, I., Lunn, N.J., Iacozza, J., 1999. Long-term Trends in the Population Ecology of Polar Bears in Western Hudson Bay in Relation to Climate Change. The Arctic Institute of North America. V. 52 No. 3, p. 294-306.
* Stonehouse, B., 1998. *Polar Biology.* Chapman and Hall, New York.
* Wein, R.W., MacLean, D. A., The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, New York.


title: Undiscovered Soul

abstract: Undiscovered Soul is the second solo studio album from Richie Sambora the guitarist from New Jersey band Bon Jovi. The album was released on February 23, 1998, and is more experimental than his earlier release Stranger in This Town. The album was produced by Don Was.

text:
# Undiscovered Soul

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Undiscovered Soul*** is the second solo studio album from Richie Sambora the guitarist from New Jersey band Bon Jovi. The album was released on February 23, 1998, and is more experimental than his earlier release *Stranger in This Town*. The album was produced by Don Was.

## Release and promotion

The album charted at #174 on The Billboard 200 and #24 on the UK Albums Chart. The lead single "Hard Times Come Easy" charted at #39 on the Mainstream rock chart and #37 in the UK, the second single "In It for Love" charted at #58 on the UK Singles Chart. The title track "Undiscovered Soul" and "Made in America" were also released as singles.

Music videos were made for the first two singles.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Made in America" | Richie Sambora, Richard Supa | 5:35 |
| 2. | "Hard Times Come Easy" | Sambora, Supa | 4:35 |
| 3. | "Fallen From Graceland" | Sambora, David Bryan, Supa | 5:40 |
| 4. | "If God Was a Woman" | Sambora, Bryan, Supa | 4:02 |
| 5. | "All That Really Matters" | Sambora, Supa | 4:19 |
| 6. | "You're Not Alone" | Sambora, Thomas Marolda | 4:19 |
| 7. | "In It for Love" | Sambora, Supa | 4:19 |
| 8. | "Chained" | Sambora, Marolda, Ernie White | 3:27 |
| 9. | "Harlem Rain" | Sambora, Supa | 5:02 |
| 10. | "Who I Am" | Sambora, Marti Frederiksen | 7:09 |
| 11. | "Downside of Love" | Sambora, Bryan, Supa | 5:27 |
| 12. | "Undiscovered Soul" | Sambora, Supa | 7:14 |
| Total length: | | | 61:08 |

## 1997 Japanese Version

This version was released only in Japan and contains a slightly different running order and alternate versions of songs. This release features different artwork than the final 1998 album worldwide release.

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Made in America" | Richie Sambora, Richard Supa | 5:48 |
| 2. | "Hard Times Come Easy" | Sambora, Supa | 4:36 |
| 3. | "Fallen From Graceland" | Sambora, David Bryan, Supa | 6:49 |
| 4. | "You're Not Alone" | Sambora, Thomas Marolda | 4:46 |
| 5. | "Undiscovered Soul" | Sambora, Supa | 7:48 |
| 6. | "In It for Love" | Sambora, Supa | 4:24 |
| 7. | "If God Was a Woman" | Sambora, Bryan, Supa | 4:04 |
| 8. | "All That Really Matters" | Sambora, Supa | 5:08 |
| 9. | "Chained" | Sambora, Marolda, Ernie White | 3:31 |
| 10. | "Downside of Love" | Sambora, Bryan, Supa | 5:28 |
| 11. | "Harlem Rain" | Sambora, Supa | 5:46 |
| 12. | "Who I Am" | Sambora, Marti Frederiksen | 7:07 |
| 13. | "All That Really Matters (Reprise)" | Sambora, Supa | 5:08 |
| Total length: | | | 70:17 |

## 1998 Tour Edition

This Japan-only limited edition comes with a bonus CD including six live recordings. All the Tracks are from the San Diego show in 1992.

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bad Medicine" | Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, Desmond Child |  |
| 2. | "We All Sleep Alone" | Bon Jovi, Sambora, Child |  |
| 3. | "Midnight Rider/Wanted Dead or Alive" | Gregg Allman, Robert Kim Payne / Bon Jovi, Sambora |  |
| 4. | "Stranger in This Town" | Sambora, David Bryan |  |
| 5. | "I'll Be There for You" | Bon Jovi, Sambora |  |
| 6. | "With a Little Help From My Friends" | John Lennon, Paul McCartney |  |

## Personnel

### Production

* Alison Hamamura – A&R
* Don Was – producer
* Ed Cherney – recording, mixing (9)
* Rail Jon Rogut – recording, mixing (3, 11)
* Bob Clearmountain – mixing (1, 2, 4-8, 10, 12)
* Dan Bosworth – additional engineer
* Brad Haehnel – additional engineer
* James Saez – additional engineer
* John Anthony – assistant engineer
* Robie Banerji – assistant engineer
* Tom Banghart – assistant engineer
* Greg Burns – assistant engineer
* Jeff Burns – assistant engineer
* Greg Collins – assistant engineer
* Tim Lauber – assistant engineer
* Luis Quinn – assistant engineer
* Mike Scotella – assistant engineer
* Ron Boustead – editing
* Stephen Marcussen – mastering at Precision Mastering (Hollywood, California)
* Don C. Tyler – mastering assistant
* Bobby Deluca – technical assistant
* Pat Dorn – production coordinator
* Annie Belanger – production manager
* Jane Oppenheimer – production manager
* Stephanie Heaton – production manager
* Margery Greenspan – art direction
* Sandra Monteparo – design
* Dan Chavkin – photography
* Greg Allen – band and bottom photography
* Chris McCann – top photography
* Katie Agresta – vocal coach
* Lynn Bugal – stylist
* Helena Occhipinti – hair, make-up
* Liberty Dwyer, Nick Moyle, Neda Sarmast and Aggressive Entertainment – management

### Musicians

**Handclaps on "Hard Times Come Easy"**

* Kenny Aronoff, Bobby Deluca, Mark Goldenberg, Stephanie Heaton, "Hutch" Hutchinson, Rami Jaffee, Richie Sambora, Ted Turner, Dennis Walsh and Don Was

## Charts

### Album

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 49 |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 33 |
| Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) | 37 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 42 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 15 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 37 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 23 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 24 |
| UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) | 1 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 174 |

### Singles

| Hard Times Come Easy (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 74 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 37 |
| UK Rock Chart | 2 |
| US Mainstream Rock (*Billboard*) | 39 |
| US *Billboard* Heritage Rock | 17 |

| In It for Love (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 58 |

## InfoBox

| Undiscovered Soul | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Richie Sambora | |
| Released | February 23, 1998 |
| Recorded | 1997/1998 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 61:08 |
| Label | Mercury |
| Producer | Don Was |
| Richie Sambora chronology | |
| *Stranger in This Town*
(1991) ***Undiscovered Soul***
(1998) *Aftermath of the Lowdown*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Undiscovered Soul* | |
| 1. "Hard Times Come Easy"
Released: 1998 2. "In It for Love"
Released: 1998 3. "Undiscovered Soul"
Released: 1998 4. "Made in America"
Released: 1998 | |
|  | |


title: Osbaldwick railway station

abstract: Osbaldwick railway station served the village of Osbaldwick, North Yorkshire, England, from 1913 to 1981 on the Derwent Valley Light Railway.

text:
# Osbaldwick railway station

**Osbaldwick railway station** served the village of Osbaldwick, North Yorkshire, England, from 1913 to 1981 on the Derwent Valley Light Railway.

## History

The station opened on 21 July 1913 by the Derwent Valley Light Railway. It closed to passengers on 1 March 1915 and to goods in 1981. Nothing remains.

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| York (Layerthorpe)
Line private, station closed |  | Derwent Valley Light Railway |  | Murton Lane
Line private, station closed |

## InfoBox

| Osbaldwick | |
| --- | --- |
| The site of the station in 2019 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Osbaldwick, North Yorkshire
England |
| Coordinates | 53°57′44″N 1°01′46″W / 53.9623°N 1.0295°W / 53.9623; -1.0295 |
| Grid reference | SE637522 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Derwent Valley Light Railway |
| Pre-grouping | Derwent Valley Light Railway |
| Post-grouping | Derwent Valley Light Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 21 July 1913 (1913-07-21) | Opened |
| 1 March 1915 | Closed to passengers |
| 1981 (1981) | Closed to freight |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ingulssjøhøi

abstract: Ingulssjøhøi is a mountain on the border of Nord-Fron Municipality and Vågå Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,665-metre (5,463 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen mountains on the north side of the Sikkilsdalen valley. The mountain sits about 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of the village of Vågåmo and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of the village of Beitostølen. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Dyrtjørnhøi to the northeast; Sikkilsdalshøa, Gravdalsknappen, Styggehøe, and Heimdalshøe to the southwest; and Besshø to the west.

text:
# Ingulssjøhøi

**Ingulssjøhøi** is a mountain on the border of Nord-Fron Municipality and Vågå Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,665-metre (5,463 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen mountains on the north side of the Sikkilsdalen valley. The mountain sits about 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of the village of Vågåmo and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of the village of Beitostølen. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Dyrtjørnhøi to the northeast; Sikkilsdalshøa, Gravdalsknappen, Styggehøe, and Heimdalshøe to the southwest; and Besshø to the west.

## InfoBox

| Ingulssjøhøi | |
| --- | --- |
| IngulssjøhøiLocation of the mountainIngulssjøhøiIngulssjøhøi (Norway) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,665 m (5,463 ft) |
| Prominence | 155 m (509 ft) |
| Parent peak | Sikkilsdalshøa |
| Isolation | 1.5 km (0.93 mi) |
| Coordinates | 61°31′16″N 9°00′02″E / 61.52105°N 9.00067°E / 61.52105; 9.00067 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Innlandet, Norway |
| Parent range | Jotunheimen |