title: McDynamo

abstract: McDynamo was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was a five-time winner of the Grade 1 Breeders' Cup Grand National Steeplechase at the Far Hills Races and a three-time honoree with the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Steeplechase horse. McDynamo was sired by Dynaformer.

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# McDynamo

**McDynamo** (April 6, 1997 - December 1, 2019) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was a five-time winner of the Grade 1 Breeders' Cup Grand National Steeplechase at the Far Hills Races and a three-time honoree with the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Steeplechase horse. McDynamo was sired by Dynaformer.

## Background

Foaled April 6, 1997, McDynamo was a son of Dynaformer, who sired 25 Grade 1 winners, including Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro. His dam was Rondonia, a daughter of Irish champion Monteverdi. Rondonia also produced Old Chapel, a graded stakes-winning full-brother to McDynamo, and Radonezh (by Barkersville), a graded stakes winner in Russia.

McDynamo was bred in Kentucky by Richard Fox, Nathan Fox, and Richard Kaster. He was later bought by Michael Moran for $82,000 at the Keeneland yearling sale in September 1998.

## Racing career

As a three-year-old, McDynamo came in seventh at the Pimlico Race Course in May 2000 in his debut race. He won his next start at Pimlico at 1+12 miles (2.4 km), but had just two more starts before being sidelined for a year after surgery to remove a hind ankle chip. He won only one of five races as a four-year-old. After unsuccessful efforts at Saratoga Race Course (ridden by Pat Day) and Belmont Park, Moran turned McDynamo to Sanna Hendriks, who specializes in training steeplechasers. McDynamo won his first jump race by 4+14 lengths at Far Hills Races on October 20, 2001.

A crowd estimated at 45,000 at the 2004 running of the Grade 1 $175,000 Breeders' Cup Grand National Steeplechase saw McDynamo, then a 7-year-old gelding in his first race in 11 months after recovering from hock surgery, win the race for a second consecutive year, defeating Hirapour by 1+12 lengths in a finishing time of 5:06.8. The race covered a 2+58-mile (4.2 km) distance, with jumps over 14 fences.

The 2007 running saw McDynamo running for a fifth consecutive title, one of nine horses running for the Grade 1 Breeders' Cup Grand National, with a purse of $300,000. At the age of 10, McDynamo was the oldest of 43 horses competing at Far Hills that day. All starters in the race carried 156 pounds.

McDynamo was named Eclipse Award for Outstanding Steeplechase horse in 2003, 2005 and 2006. He was an Eclipse Award finalist every year from 2002 to 2007, and won at least one Grade 1 steeplechase race in each of those seasons. He was retired from racing at the end of 2007.

## Honors

Along with his numerous Eclipse honors and nominations, McDynamo was inducted into the National Museum of Racing & Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, NY in 2013.

McDynamo holds the current U.S. Steeplechase record for earnings with $1,310,104.

## Retirement and death

McDynamo lived out retirement at trainer Sanna Neilson's farm in Pennsylvania. He competed in fox hunting in retirement and made many "celebrity" appearances at Fair Hill. McDynamo was a friendly horse and made friends with many animals on the farm, including a pony named Ted.

McDynamo was humanely euthanized on December 1, 2019 at the age of 22; he had been suffering from arthritis and general infirmities of old age. “Nothing in particular happened,” Neilsen said. “He had one stifle that bothered him, and it was just arthritic and whatever and there was nothing to do to it. It got harder to keep weight on him, he never did well in the wintertime. He looked a little unsteady behind to me and he wasn’t going to get any better. He was happy and comfortable and everything. I was nervous with the weather coming in – he’d have a hard time on frozen ground – and it felt like the right thing to do.” He was buried on the farm.

## InfoBox

| McDynamo | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Dynaformer |
| Grandsire | Roberto |
| Dam | Rondonia |
| Damsire | Monteverdi |
| Sex | Gelding |
| Foaled | 1997 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Richard and Nathan Fox / Richard Kaster |
| Owner | Michael Moran |
| Trainer | Sanna Hendriks |
| Record | 34: 17-6-1 |
| Earnings | 1,354,994 |
| Major wins | |
| Hard Scuffle Hurdle (2002)
Supreme Hurdle Stakes (2002)
Royal Chase for the Sport Of Kings Hurdle (2003)
Breeders' Cup Grand National Steeplechase
(2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007)
Colonial Cup (2003, 2005, 2006)
Somerset Medical Center Race for Cancer Awareness Hurdle Stakes (2006) | |
| Awards | |
| Eclipse Award for Outstanding Steeplechase horse
(2003, 2005, 2006) | |
| Honours | |
| United States Racing Hall of Fame inductee (2013) | |


title: Pittosporum divaricatum

abstract: Pittosporum divaricatum is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is a New Zealand endemic shrub growing up to 3 metres high. It has densely entangled branches growing in a divaricating form typical of many New Zealand small leaved shrubs. It exhibits a form of dimorphism with leaves differing in form between the juvenile and adult stages and in the adult leaves where two distinct forms are found. The juvenile leaves are narrowly lanceolate to obovate with margins pinnatifid to dentate. The adult leaves exist in two forms, either entire, or almost so, or deeply lobed or toothed. The flowers are borne singly on the end of shoots. The petal are up to 5mm long and very dark red, often appearing black, subtended by sepals which are 2mm long. The fruits contain between 2 and 6 seeds.

text:
# Pittosporum divaricatum

***Pittosporum divaricatum*** is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is a New Zealand endemic shrub growing up to 3 metres high. It has densely entangled branches growing in a divaricating form typical of many New Zealand small leaved shrubs.

It exhibits a form of dimorphism with leaves differing in form between the juvenile and adult stages and in the adult leaves where two distinct forms are found. The juvenile leaves are narrowly lanceolate to obovate with margins pinnatifid to dentate. The adult leaves exist in two forms, either entire, or almost so, or deeply lobed or toothed. The flowers are borne singly on the end of shoots. The petal are up to 5mm long and very dark red, often appearing black, subtended by sepals which are 2mm long. The fruits contain between 2 and 6 seeds.

## InfoBox

| *Pittosporum divaricatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Pittosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Pittosporum* |
| Species: | ***P. divaricatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pittosporum divaricatum***<br>Cockayne | |
|


title: Naning War

abstract: The Naning War, also known as the Naning Conflict or Naning Revolt, was a conflict in the region surrounding Malacca, which was part of the Straits Settlements under British control. The conflict was fought between British East India Company (EIC), which had taken over Malacca and its neighboring areas from the Dutch in 1824, against the Malay chiefdom of Naning, located adjacent to Malacca. The causes of the Naning War stemmed from the expanding British interests in the Malay Peninsula and a dispute over the extent of British jurisdiction, particularly their right to impose taxation on Naning. The British, after two military expeditions, ultimately defeated Naning and fully incorporated its territory under Malacca's jurisdiction. This conflict is one of the earliest instances of British intervention in the Malay states. However, the high monetary cost of the war prompted the British to adopt a more cautious approach in their future dealings with the Malay states. Rather than pursuing aggressive military action, they increasingly relied on political influence, a strategy that eventually led to the Treaty of Pangkor in 1874 and the establishment of the 'Resident System'. Today, Dol Said, the chief (Penghulu) of Naning, is celebrated as a nationalist hero in Malaysia for his resistance against foreign aggression.

text:
# Naning War

The **Naning War** (6 August 1831 – 15 June 1832), also known as the **Naning Conflict** or **Naning Revolt**, was a conflict in the region surrounding Malacca, which was part of the Straits Settlements under British control. The conflict was fought between British East India Company (EIC), which had taken over Malacca and its neighboring areas from the Dutch in 1824, against the Malay chiefdom of Naning, located adjacent to Malacca.

The causes of the Naning War stemmed from the expanding British interests in the Malay Peninsula and a dispute over the extent of British jurisdiction, particularly their right to impose taxation on Naning. The British, after two military expeditions, ultimately defeated Naning and fully incorporated its territory under Malacca's jurisdiction.

This conflict is one of the earliest instances of British intervention in the Malay states. However, the high monetary cost of the war prompted the British to adopt a more cautious approach in their future dealings with the Malay states. Rather than pursuing aggressive military action, they increasingly relied on political influence, a strategy that eventually led to the Treaty of Pangkor in 1874 and the establishment of the 'Resident System'.

Today, Dol Said, the chief (Penghulu) of Naning, is celebrated as a nationalist hero in Malaysia for his resistance against foreign aggression.

## Background to the conflict

Naning was a small inland Malay chiefdom (locally known as *luak*) of about 200 sq mi (520 km2). It was located about 19 mi (31 km) from the city of Malacca and within the borders of the present-day Masjid Tanah constituency, which borders Negeri Sembilan. It, along with Sungai Ujong, Rembau, Kelang, Johol, Jelai (Inas), Jelebu and Ulu Pahang, was one of the nine *luaks* that made up the first iteration of Negeri Sembilan. Like its neighboring chiefdoms, it traditionally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Malacca and, after Malacca's fall, that of the Sultan of Johor. However, from the 17th century on it had gradually come under the dependency of the Dutch in Malacca. This relationship was formalized in 1757 when the Sultan of Johor ceded his nominal rights of suzerainty over Naning and its neighboring chiefdoms around Malacca to the Dutch. However, Naning's position as a dependency of the Dutch appeared to be more nominal than real. Although the Dutch invaded and forced Naning to sign a treaty in 1643, whereby Naning would pay a yearly tribute of one-tenth of their produce and accept Dutch advice in governing, the treaty was never enforced. By 1765, the Dutch commuted the tenth to a nominal yearly tribute of 400 gantangs of paddy, which was about one one-thousandth of the total crop produced in Naning at that time. The Dutch also did not interfere with the administration of Naning, which was exclusively governed by its traditional *Penghulus*.

During the brief British occupation of Malacca from 1795 to 1818 when the Napoleonic Wars were raging in Europe, a treaty was signed between the British and the new *Penghulu* of Naning, Dol Said in 1801. The treaty included a clause for the British to continue receiving the right to one-tenth of the produce of Naning as stipulated by the earlier 1643 Dutch treaty. However, this was commuted to a yearly payment of 400 gantangs of paddy due to the poverty of Naning. In 1807, the British residents of Malacca also issued a directive depriving the *Penghulu* of his power of passing the death sentence although there was no evidence to indicate that this was enforced.

The British formally took control of Malacca and its surrounding territories from the Dutch with the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. Following the takeover, the British started to examine the extent of their control over the acquired territories to maximize revenue from the lands. The British governor Robert Fullerton took the 1643 Dutch and 1801 British treaties at face value and assessed Naning to be part of Malacca. He instructed the Superintendent of Lands in Malacca, William Thomas Lewis, to conduct a census in Naning as well as an assessment of the potential of the land in anticipation of extending the Malacca land system, including the levying of a ten-percent tax on all produce, to Naning. There were also plans to transform the *Penghulu* of Naning Dol Said and his traditional chiefs into salaried officials of the East India Company.

However, Dol Said contested the British juridical claims over Naning and the imposition of the ten percent tax and chose to continue sending the traditional payment of 400 gantangs of rice instead. He also carried out what the British considered to be increasingly aggressive actions that challenged their rule. These included passing sentence on a murder case in Naning instead of referring it to Malacca as required under the 1807 directive, as well as the seizing of some fruit from lands which the British considered part of Malacca's territory (Dol Said had claimed that the lands were Naning territory). These perceived transgressions led Fullerton's successor, Governor Robert Ibbetson to decide in early 1831, to send in British troops to enforce British jurisdiction over Naning and to punish Dol Said, believing his resistance could embolden the locals in Malacca to defy the British.

## Causes of the conflict

The origins of the Naning conflict are multifaceted and cannot be attributed to a singular cause.

### Conflicting concepts of jurisdiction over Naning

One main cause of the conflict was over the uncertain status of Naning vis-a-vis Malacca. This stemmed in part from problems in interpreting the 1801 treaty between Britain and Naning and the earlier 1643 treaty signed between the Dutch and Naning. During a meeting of the Penang Council on 30 January 1828, which discussed the status of Naning, the Resident-Councillor of Malacca, Samuel Garling, noted that the evidence based on the 1801 treaty and Dutch records "favors the independence of Naning" and that the British had "no ground" to claim sovereignty or jurisdiction over Naning. In particular, Garling pointed out the vagueness of the description of Naning as "Tannah Company" (company land) in the 1801 treaty and concluded that there was no "tenable ground" by which the British could establish a "claim of sovereignty" over Naning. Garling's assessment was supported by the acting Resident-Councillor of Penang, Anderson, who felt that the British right to subject Naning to the same government as Malacca was "not very clearly established". He felt that Dol Said should be considered a hereditary chief who had been exercising his rule without interruption, which was the prerogative of a sovereign in his own district.

However, Fullerton disagreed and felt that based on the earlier treaties and Dutch records, Naning was completely under British sovereignty and that the *Penghulu* of Naning was like any of the other *Penghulus* appointed within Malacca territory and held his "powers of investiture from the Malacca Government". Fullerton regarded the 1801 treaty not as a treaty but rather as "articles or conditions" on Naning dictated by the then Governor of Malacca. He felt that Naning was "evidently a place subject to Malacca". Fullerton believed this to be substantiated by the Dutch records which indicated that the first ruler of Naning was appointed by the Dutch in 1642 who awarded him a seal of office as ruler of Naning. Prior to this, there had not been a single ruler over the territory. Fullerton thus believed that Naning had been an integral part of Malacca since Dutch rule in 1641 and that the British had inherited this when they took over Malacca from the Dutch.

Part of this confusion was what academic Jonathan Cave has described as a "collision of systems" between the British's ideas of sovereignty and the concept of traditional Malay rule and governance, which were based on Malay customs and *adat*. This was manifested in different understandings by both sides regarding the exact nature of the land jurisdiction over Naning that Britain had inherited from the Dutch, which was the cause of the conflict. To the British, Dol Said derived his authority and position from his appointment first from the Dutch and subsequently from the British. However, in his exchanges with the British, Dol Said continuously referred to his jurisdiction over Naning as stemming from the *adat* or 'customs' of the Malays which vested in him the 'sacrosanctity' of Malay kingship. To his followers, Dol Said's legitimacy stemmed from his ability to trace his authority from the Malaccan kingdom as represented by regalia which was associated with Malaccan royalty. However, the British officials had been largely contemptuous or condescending towards the importance placed on these Malay customs in their reports, dismissing it simply an excuse to act against a centralizing authority.

### Excessive taxation

Another factor that contributed to the conflict was the issue of taxation. Writing during that period of time, Munshi Abdullah noted in his autobiography (Hikayat Abdullah), that it has been the custom since ancient times for Naning to make annual payments according to its means to Malacca. This could take various forms including rice, poultry or fruit. Abdullah pointed out that the Dutch had previously invaded Naning and compelled it to pay an annual tribute to Malacca. This was subsequently commuted willingly by the Dutch to a nominal payment of 400 gantangs of rice which Naning accepted and paid. However, Abdullah claimed that when the EIC had decided to impose a tax of one-tenth of all the produce of Naning and its dependent villages instead of the annual tribute, Dol Said considered this to be an excessive demand and he refused to comply with it. When the British attempted to collect the full tenth, the Malays saw it as a breach of faith of what had been agreed upon as part of the 1801 treaty. There were also some fears by the neighboring chiefdoms that once Naning had been conquered, the same tax would be levied upon the adjacent chiefdoms as well.

Part of the problem appeared to have arisen from the method by which Naning's output had been calculated by Lewis which greatly inflated the tax that could be collected. This probably affected Fullerton's perception of Naning, leading him to make an incorrect assessment regarding Naning's potential tax revenue. Lewis had estimated that Naning could yield at least 753,450 gantangs of rice a year and that the tax collected as part of the tenth (7,534 gantangs) would yield a revenue of $3,767 a year (currency unknown). However, this assessment appeared to have been compiled based on Lewis' own arbitrary assessment rather than any detailed study of the land in Naning. As Cave highlighted, Lewis did not appear to have taken into account the situation on the ground such as the variations in soil and types of crop nor did he conduct a topographical, cadastral or agronomic survey. After the conflict it was discovered that Naning could only produce around 130,000 gantang of rice and an annual profit of only $298.

### British interests in Southeast Asia

The origins of the Naning conflict must also be understood within the larger geopolitical developments in Britain and the Malay Peninsula during that period. Academic Emrys Chew argued that there was a rethinking at the beginning of the nineteenth century among British leaders about the growing importance of Asia to British foreign interests. Coupled with this was the widely held belief among ordinary Britons that their empire would be imperiled without the vigorous assertion of British power and influence in Asia. Both factors created the necessary conditions for local British officials in Southeast Asia to pursue a more aggressive policy. At the same time, local developments in the colonies during a period of colonial history which academic A.J. Stockwell described as a time of turbulent frontiers for the British in Southeast Asia also resulted in the British being willing to take a more interventionist approach in the Malay peninsula. The wealth gained by the Straits Settlements from the burgeoning trade with China gave rise to stronger demands by British merchants for greater intervention in the Malay states to ensure the stability and security of the Straits Settlements. These led to several interventions by the British beyond the Straits Settlements into the Malay states in the early half of the 19th century of which Naning could possibly be considered the first.

### Man on the spot

Various British colonial officials, were able to exercise power disproportionately greater than their positions and often at their discretion, given the administrative delays made by long-distance communication between them in Malaya and their superiors in India and Britain. In particular, the decisions made by British Governor Fullerton and his successor Ibbetson and the then-Superintendent of Lands at Malacca Lewis with regards to Naning, served to create the conditions necessary for the conflict to break out.

American academic Lennox Mills highlighted that one of the main causes of the conflict stemmed from Fullerton's assessment that when the British had taken over Malacca from the Dutch, they had also inherited the legal rights the Dutch had previously secured to administer Naning. This led Fullerton to adopt an aggressive policy in seeking to enforce this right to levy and collect the tax from Naning. This was despite advice from other colonial officials such as Garling and Anderson who had more local experience and who disagreed with Fullerton's assessment regarding the nature of Malacca's jurisdiction over Naning. Mills also argued that Fullerton's successor Ibbetson was at fault for deciding on pursuing the conflict with Naning despite his realization that the British's jurisdiction over Naning and the corresponding right to collect the tax was based on weak grounds. This was also in spite of instructions from his superiors in England to waive the tax during the lifetime of Dol Said. However, Ibbetson had justified the need to dispatch troops to apprehend Dol Said as the latter's successful defiance of the British could similarly encourage other Malaccans to refuse to pay their taxes.

Another key British official who had a hand in starting the conflict was Lewis who as the superintendent of lands, served as the point man for the British in dealing with Naning. He was one of the keenest advocates for the British to exercise every legal right over Naning and had constantly pressed Fullerton to do so. Mills also attributed blame to Lewis for a series of mistakes (intentional or otherwise) which swayed Fullerton's decisions. These include inflating the amount of potential taxes collectible from Naning and translating letters from Dol Said in a manner that made the latter sounded belligerent. Lewis also misjudged the sentiments of the locals towards Dol Said which led to him making incorrect assessments and claims that the removal of Dol Said would be supported by the people in Naning.

Dol Said had reacted to the British demands in a manner which led to it being misconstrued by the British as a challenge to their rule. Prior to the conflict, the British in Malacca had made repeated requests in 1828 and 1829 for Dol Said to meet with Fullerton in Malacca to discuss some of the problems regarding the status of Naning. However Dol Said had refused and limited himself to corresponding through letters, which as Cave established, lent itself open to incorrect translations of key phrases and interpretations of meaning. Dol Said's actions during the period including hearing a murder case despite having been instructed to refer it to Malacca and confiscating fruits from trees on what the British considered to be Malaccan land were also interpreted by the British to be an act of opposing the state. This was especially in light of Fullerton's understanding of the former's position as simply an appointee of the state.

## Outbreak of the conflict

### First military expedition

The first military expedition to Naning left Malacca on 6 August 1831. The force consisted of about 150 Indian sepoys, their British officers and an artillery train of 6-pounders. Lewis also accompanied the expedition as he was slated to be the superintendent of Naning once Dol Said was removed. There are no known figures of Naning's forces although Ibbetson subsequently claimed that they numbered in their thousands. The British were initially optimistic about their chances. James Begbie, a British officer on the expedition noted that the force was regarded as "disproportionately large" for the job that it had to achieve and that the entire expedition was termed as a "picnic". The expedition made good time in its travels to Naning. It soon inflicted the first casualty of the campaign when some sepoys fired upon and killed one of the military chief (*Panglima*) from Naning who Begbie claimed had tried to bar the expedition as soon as it crossed the border of Naning. (Dol Said claimed that the *Panglima* had been sent to escort the expedition.)

However, things soon started to go against the British. The boats which were intended to ferry provisions for the expedition as it worked its way up the Malacca River to Naning soon ran aground due to the insufficient depth of the river. Once the expedition crossed the border into Naning, they came under regular sniping from Naning's forces which soon contributed to the perception within the expedition that they were surrounded by an overwhelming enemy. Naning's forces also felled trees along the route of the expedition, forcing the British to spend time and effort clearing them whilst under fire.

The expedition soon began to run out of rations and upon learning that Naning had received help and troops from neighboring states including Rembau, a decision was made to retreat to the borders of Malacca. At the same time, panic begun engulfed Malacca when the rumor that the surrounding Malay chiefdoms were gathering to invade Malacca spread, and there soon emerged repeated demands for the expedition to return to defend the town. The expedition arrived back at Malacca on 24 August 1831, three weeks after it had set off and having had to abandon all its guns and stores along the way.

### Preparations for the second expedition

Following the failure of the first military expedition, the British sought to break the alliance between Rembau and Naning. The British governor Ibbetson met with the chiefs of Rembau on 20 January 1832 and secured their agreement to support the British in the latter's subsequent attempts to capture Dol Said. In return, the British reassured Rembau that it did not have territorial ambitions over the surrounding Malay chiefdoms and renounced whatever claims it might have had over Rembau and recognized it as an independent sovereign state. At the same time, the British began to receive reinforcements from India which raised the total number of troops to around 1,500 by the end of January 1832. The British government also made logistical preparations to ensure the success of their second expedition including expanding parts of the narrow road between Malacca and Naning.

During this period, Dol Said contacted several individuals in Malacca requesting that they intercede with the British government on his behalf. Dol Said offered to return the artillery pieces the British had abandoned during the first expedition and to vacate his position in favor of either his son or nephew in return for no further action to be taken against him. However, the British government refused to deal with Dol Said unless the latter was willing to surrender unconditionally. At the same time Dol Said also continued making preparations for the anticipated British assault. He tried to reach out to some of the surrounding Malay chiefdoms and tried to convince them to ally with him again against the British but did not appear to have been successful.

### Second military expedition

The second military expedition to Naning commenced on 7 February 1832. In contrast to the first expedition, the British advanced cautiously, sending out smaller detachments to secure key locations before the main body advanced. The British also received help from a contingent of men from Rembau. Resistance from the Naning forces were also less aggressive than during the first expedition. While they continued to snipe at the British, they did not try to stand up to the British advance until they neared Dol Said's home village of Taboh. Many of the Malay villages along the route of advance had been abandoned by their inhabitants before the arrival of the British. As the British approached Taboh, a number of the Malay chiefs under Dol Said also started to surrender to the advancing British forces, claiming that they had been coerced into supporting Dol Said.

Dol Said made one final attempt to negotiate with the British in Malacca as the British troops approached his village. He met with a representative of the British on 4 June 1832 where he claimed that he had been tricked and misled by his advisers (including several Dutch merchants in Malacca) in his previous dealings with the British. He also claimed that his actions thus far were not directed against the British government in Malacca but rather against Lewis who he claimed had intruded into his territory and killed one of his *Panglima*. He also offered to surrender if his terms were met (no details on what these terms were) but the British rejected.

The British reached Taboh on 15 June 1832, after brushing aside some small resistance at the edge of the village. Most of the inhabitants and defenders had fled just ahead of the British arrival and the British occupied the town with ease. This brought an end to the Naning conflict.

## Aftermath of the conflict

Dol Said fled from Taboh as the British closed in and sought safety in one of the neighboring Malay chiefdoms. The British issued a reward of 2,000 Spanish dollars for his capture to no success. Dol Said eventually surrendered to the British on 4 February 1834, in return for the promise of a pardon. After his surrender, Dol Said was permitted by the British to remain in Malacca where he was well treated. His presence was regarded by the British as a means of securing the goodwill of the local population as well as the neighboring Malay chiefdoms. Dol Said remained in Malacca until his death in August 1849. During this time, the British provided Dol Said with a house and some land in Malacca. They also provided him with a pension of 200 rupees a month. While in Malacca, Dol Said continued practicing as a traditional medicine man and remained well-respected by the Malay population.

Following the conflict, the British incorporated Naning (now Taboh Naning) more firmly into its fold and began to administer it as a district of Malacca. British laws were imposed and the British took over the appointment of the local Malay chiefs which had previously been the prerogative of the Malay chieftains such as Dol Said. A Malaccan of Dutch descent, J.B. Westerhout, was appointed as the new superintendent of Naning and charged with the responsibility of administering the territory and collecting the overdue land tax. Some of the former chiefs who had support Dol Said were also shipped to India to stand trial for their involvement in the conflict.

## Legacy

The Naning conflict marked one of the earliest attempts by the British to safeguard their interests in Malaya through intervening in the interior Malay chiefdoms. However, the high cost, difficulties encountered as well as limited monetary returns from the conflict resulted in the British adopting a less aggressive and military-based policy towards dealing with the rest of the Malay states for the next few decades. Instead, the British sought to expand their influence politically among the Malay rulers, culminating in with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty and the creation of the "residential" system in 1874.

Dol Said has been regarded as a hero in modern-day Malaysia and the state of Malacca. He has been portrayed in Malaysian history textbooks and the Malacca state government as a hero who had defiantly stood up to world power and resisted the unlawful imposition of taxation by the British on his territories.

## Historiography and scholarship of the conflict

The portrayal of the Naning conflict within the academic historiography of early British colonialism in Malaya has evolved over time. The first records of the conflict were by British colonial officials who were either involved in the conflict such as Begbie, or had access to the British records of the event such as Thomas Braddell. The narrative of the conflict presented by these colonial officials following the conflict were generally bias towards the role of the British. It justified the right of the British to levy the tax on Naning and explained the military expedition as the forced response to the aggression and unreasonableness of Dol Said, who had constantly refused the efforts by the British in Malacca to resolve the dispute peacefully. In this narrative, Dol Said and the local Malays were not provided with any agency or voice in explaining their resistance to the British. Instead Begbie labelled Dol Said as a "tyrant" that had "rendered himself obnoxious" to his people through his oppression and arbitrary exactions from them.

The first challenge to this official colonial historiography of the conflict came from Mills in the 1920s, who like a number of American academics at that time, had been somewhat critical of the effects of British colonialism. Mills took a contradictory position to the earlier works by Begbie and Braddell in challenging the justification for the conflict. By re-looking at the set of colonial documents produced during the conflict, Mills assessed that the entire Naning war had been an "egregious blunder" due to "hasty actions" taken by the British officials on the spot based on insufficient and incorrect information. Mills lay the blame for the conflict primarily on a series of blunders by the three key British actors involved, namely Governor Robert Fullerton and his successor Robert Ibbetson and the Superintendent of Lands William Lewis in their handling the situation prior to the conflict.

Following the period of decolonialisation and the advocating of the ideas of autonomous history by academics such as John R.W. Smail, there was a shift towards trying to understand the Naning conflict beyond its colonial underpinnings. This has resulted in a growing trend to review and understand the conflict as a clash between two different systems during that particular period of time as well as providing greater agency and voice to the Malay actors involved.

One example was Jonathan Cave who attempted to situate the conflict within larger regional developments at that time. Through his extensive monograph *Naning in Melaka*, Cave conducted an in-depth review of the primary British colonial sources and events leading up to the Naning war in order to understand if the conflict was inevitable. Unlike his predecessors, Cave did not seek to ascribed blame to any side. Instead he argued that the conflict was the result of a "collision of systems" between the British's ideas of sovereignty during the onset of its early territorial expansion in Malaya and the Malay leaders who continued ascribing to their traditional customs and concepts of governance and rulership based on *adat*. Cave also argued that this clash of systems was manifested in the conflicting understanding of the nature of the jurisdiction over Naning that Britain had inherited from the Dutch which was one of the causes of the conflict.

Emrys Chew situated the conflict within larger regional and global developments. Chew went beyond the usual colonial records and examined new secondary sources that shed light on the nature of state and society in the Malay world. He argued that the Naning War should be understood as part of a deeper indigenous resistance and protest against the early onset of Western colonialism in the region. In particular, Chew argued that the conflict could be regarded as an example of the preliminary clash between the new ideas of colonial sovereignty being imposed by the British and the traditional notions of Malay rule which was being threatened. Chew pointed out that the British regarded Naning as a vassal territory whose ruler owed his appointment and authority to them whereas to the locals in Naning, the *Penghulu* was the de facto ruler of the territory with all the trappings of Malay rulership conferred on him through his regalia.

Chew also attempts to situate the conflict within broader geopolitical developments and British geostrategic calculations. British officials in London, India, and the Straits Settlements became increasingly mindful of Asia's strategic importance for trade and industry, and the need to secure Britain's expanding vital interest in resource-rich areas. This encouraged colonial officials to adopt a more proactive, interventionist approach toward neighboring Malay kingdoms. Chew also introduces the concept of a British civilizing mission, the moral imperative to bring the rule of law, sovereign authority, and other forms of modern civilization to a Malay society perceived as feudal and backward. It added momentum to British forward movements in Naning and the wider peninsula, thus contradicting every preference for cost-cutting non-interference.

## Noters

1. Mills 1925, p. 115.
2. Mills 1925, p. 116.
3. Mills 1925, pp. 116–117.
4. Mills 1925, p. 117.
5. Cave 1989, p. 85.
6. Cave 1989, p. 126.
7. Chew 1998, p. 354.
8. Cave 1989, p. 131.
9. Begbie 1967, pp. 160–162.
10. Mills 1925, pp. 124–125.
11. Chew 1998, p. 353.
12. Mills 1925, p. 119.
13. Cave 1989, pp. 95–96.
14. Cave 1989, p. 108.
15. Cave 1989, p. 97.
16. Hill 1969, pp. 260–261.
17. Cave 1989, p. 116.
18. Cave 1989, pp. 130–140.
19. Chew 1998, pp. 374–376.
20. Cave 1989, p. 156.
21. Hill 1969, p. 262.
22. Hill 1969, p. 260.
23. Mills 1925, p. 126.
24. Cave 1989, pp. 87–89.
25. Cave 1989, p. 89.
26. Cave 1989, p. 171.
27. Chew 1998, pp. 359–40.
28. Chew 1998, p. 340.
29. Stockwell 1999, p. 375.
30. Stockwell 1999, pp. 375–376.
31. Mills 1925, pp. 123–125.
32. Mills 1925, pp. 117–120.
33. Mills 1925, p. 118.
34. Cave 1989, p. 137.
35. Mills 1925, p. 125.
36. Cave 1989, pp. 104–105.
37. Mills 1925, p. 123.
38. Begbie 1967, pp. 163–164.
39. Cave 1989, p. 143.
40. Begbie 1967, pp. 170–171.
41. Cave 1989, p. 154.
42. Begbie 1967, p. 164.
43. Begbie 1967, pp. 174–176.
44. Begbie 1967, pp. 179–181.
45. Begbie 1967, p. 182.
46. Begbie 1967, pp. 186–190.
47. Begbie 1967, p. 193.
48. Begbie 1967, pp. 197–198.
49. Begbie 1967, p. 200.
50. Begbie 1967, p. 201.
51. Begbie 1967, p. 20.
52. Begbie 1967, p. 204.
53. Cave 1989, p. 153.
54. Cave 1989, pp. 210–220.
55. Cave 1989, pp. 242–248.
56. Cave 1989, p. 249.
57. Cave 1989, pp. 250–251.
58. Cave 1989, pp. 254–257.
59. Mills 1925, p. 128.
60. Cave 1989, p. 166.
61. Braddell 1856, p. 217.
62. Braddell 1856, p. 218.
63. Cave 1989, p. 160.
64. Chew 1998, p. 386.
65. Chew 1998, p. 387.
66. "Value of history". *www.melaka.gov.my*. Melaka State Government. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
67. Zainuddin 2003, pp. 173–174.
68. Begbie 1967.
69. Braddell 1856.
70. Begbie 1967, pp. 158.
71. Mills 1925, pp. 116–124.
72. Cave 1989, pp. 154–156.
73. Chew 1998, pp. 357–358.
74. Chew 1998, pp. 361–362.
75. Chew 1998, p. 376.
76. Chew 1998, pp. 385–386.
77. Chew 1998, p. 352.
78. Chew 1998, pp. 352–358.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| The Naning War | |
| --- | --- |
| Date 6 August 1831 – 15 June 1832  Location British Malaya  Result  British victory  Territorial
changes  Naning incorporated into the district of Malacca | |
| Belligerents | |
| United Kingdom | Naning |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Robert Ibbetson
William Thomas Lewis | Dol Said |


title: National Settlement Depository (Russia)

abstract: The National Settlement Depository (NSD), headquartered in Moscow, is a Russian non-bank financial institution and central securities depository (CSD). It provides depository, settlement, and related services to financial market entities. Its services cover both securities listed in Russia's 2011 Federal Law "On the Central Securities Depository", and other Russian and foreign equity and debt securities. NSD is the CSD of the Russian Federation, and was assigned CSD status by the Russian Federal Financial Markets Service in 2012. It is the largest securities depository in Russia by market value of equity and debt securities held in custody, which in June 2022 were 70 trillion roubles. It is a member of the Moscow Exchange Group. In March 2022, in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NSD's accounts were blocked and frozen at international CSDs Euroclear and Clearstream. In addition, the European Union added NSD to its sanctions list, blocking NSD's accounts in euros, and in Euroclear and Clearstream; as a result, NSD could not service forex-denominated bonds issued by Russia and Russian companies. NSD suspended transactions in euros.

text:
# National Settlement Depository (Russia)

The **National Settlement Depository** (**NSD**), headquartered in Moscow, is a Russian non-bank financial institution and central securities depository (CSD). It provides depository, settlement (bank account), and related services to financial market entities. Its services cover both securities listed in Russia's 2011 Federal Law "On the Central Securities Depository", and other Russian and foreign equity and debt securities. NSD is the CSD of the Russian Federation, and was assigned CSD status by the Russian Federal Financial Markets Service in 2012. It is the largest securities depository in Russia by market value of equity and debt securities held in custody, which in June 2022 were 70 trillion roubles ($1.12 trillion). It is a member of the Moscow Exchange Group. In March 2022, in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NSD's accounts were blocked and frozen at international CSDs Euroclear and Clearstream (CSDs which together held €50tn of assets on behalf of investors). In addition, the European Union added NSD to its sanctions list, blocking NSD's accounts in euros, and in Euroclear and Clearstream; as a result, NSD could not service forex-denominated bonds issued by Russia and Russian companies. NSD suspended transactions in euros.

## History

On 27 June 1996, MICEX Settlement House was incorporated, which was a credit organization that provided settlement (bank account) services, including cash settlement services for trades in the financial market. MICEX Settlement House's primary business was to provide settlement services in the stock exchange markets operated by the MICEX Group.

National Depository Center (NDC) was incorporated on 21 January 1997. NDC was established to serve as the principal securities depository in the government securities market, and started acting in such capacity in March 1998. The same year, NDC started providing services for corporate, sub-federal, and municipal securities. NDC gained the leading position in the Russian debt securities market, and then started growing the scope of transactions with shares, investment units, and Eurobonds. As a result, NDC became the largest Russian settlement depository by value of assets in custody, and the only Russian settlement depository that covered all types of Russian equity and debt securities.

On 3 November 2010, an entry was made in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities concerning the reorganization of MICEX Settlement House through merger with NDC, which resulted in the establishment of National Settlement Depository (NSD), a unique organization for Russia.

On 6 November 2012, NSD was assigned the central securities depository (CSD) status by Russian Federal Financial Markets Service's Order No. 12-2761/pz-i dated 6 November 2012. In accordance with Article 22 (paragraph 5) of the Russian CSD Law, Russian CSD status may be granted to one organization only. In 2014, following an analysis of all financial market infrastructure organizations operating in Russia, the Bank of Russia recognized NSD as a systemically important central securities depository, systemically important settlement depository, and systemically important trade repository. On 25 December 2012, the NSD Payment System was recognized by the Bank of Russia as a systemically important payment system, and on 16 July 2012 – as a nationally important payment system.

## Ownership and management

NSD's majority shareholder is the Moscow Exchange, holding a 99.997% interest in NSD's share capital. The remaining shares are owned by a number of banks and securities market participants. On 30 June 2011, the Shareholders Agreement with respect to NSD was signed, which secured for NSD's customers the right to participate in managing NSD and ensured a balance between the interests of NSD's majority and minority shareholders. Under the Shareholders Agreement, up to five major customers of NSD may become its shareholders every year, thus becoming entitled to participate in managing the company.

The Chairman of NSD's Executive Board is Eddie Astanin. The Chairperson of NSD's Supervisory Board is Bella Zlatkis.

## Business

### Central Securities Depository

NSD is the central securities depository in the Russian stock market, and provides services with respect to securities both in the capacity of the CSD under Russian Federal Law No. 414-FZ dated 7 December 2011 "On the Central Securities Depository", and in the capacity of a nominee holder of other Russian and foreign equity or debt securities. NSD provides services for the safekeeping of global certificates and depository recordkeeping of 100% of Russian federal loan bond (OFZ) issues, and 99% of Russian corporate and regional (sub-federal or municipal) bond issues.

In 2014, the large international securities depositories Euroclear and Clearstream gained full access to the Russian securities market, thus providing non-Russian companies and investment funds with investment opportunities. In 2014, in compliance with the FATCA requirements, NSD was registered with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and was assigned a Global Intermediary Identification Number.

NSD says it meets all of the requirements to "eligible securities depositories" and satisfies the criteria set out by Rule 17f-7 of the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940.

The Bank for International Settlements noted in 2015 that though the Bank of Russia has recommended that CSDs observe the "Principles for financial market infrastructures: Disclosure framework and assessment methodology," there was in fact no legal requirement that they do so. It also noted that the NSD did not have in place arrangements to alert non-Russian regulators to certain information, and did not have in place certain information-sharing with non-Russian CSD regulators on an automatic basis. It noted as well that NSD had not been in contact with non-Russian relevant regulatory authorities, such as those in the US and Europe.

### Withholding agent

Since 2014, in accordance with the Russian Tax Code, NSD has been acting as a withholding agent when paying out income on Russian equity or debt securities.

### Trade repository

On 1 October 2013, NSD started acting as a trade repository for all trade types (such as repo contracts, OTC derivative contracts, and other contract types entered into under a master agreement, as defined in Article 51.5 (paragraph 6) of the Russian Federal Law "On the Securities Market").

NSD's Trade Repository:

* Gathers and registers information on derivative and repo contracts entered into under master agreements. As part of the first phase of the Trade Repository launch, NSD registers repo and currency swap contracts;
* Keeps a register of registered contracts;
* Provides confirmations of registered contracts to clients or the Russian regulator; and
* Is charged with ensuring the integrity and security of information.

By the end of 2014, the number of Trade Repository clients reached 1,130 market participants who registered, in aggregate, 138,000 reports on master agreements and trades.

### Payment system

As a systemically important payment system, the NSD Payment System was assessed by the Bank of Russia for observance of the international standards, namely the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures issued by the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems of the Bank for International Settlements and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (CPMI-IOSCO) and recommended by the Bank of Russia for observance by Russian important payment systems.

In 2014, the number of cash transfers to or from clients' bank accounts held with NSD was 998.39 thousand; the total amount of RUB cash transfers to or from clients' bank accounts held with NSD was RUB 298.06 trillion; and the total amount of foreign currency cash transfers to or from clients' bank accounts held with NSD was equivalent to RUB 9.62 trillion.

### Clearing and collateral management

NSD offers collateral management services for tri-party repo transactions with the Bank of Russia or the Russian Federal Treasury. Trades are entered not with an individual security, but rather with a basket of securities.

To clear trades, NSD applies a variety of settlement models, including DVP-1, DVP-2, and DVP-3. Delivery versus payment or DVP is a form of settlement for securities that involves simultaneous delivery of securities by the seller to the buyer and cash by the buyer to the seller. The service is based on NSD's clearing platform that allows for making DVP transactions in more than one clearing session, with securities being settled on a gross basis and cash being settled on a net basis (DVP-2); or with net settlement of both securities and cash (DVP-3); or outside clearing sessions with settlement on a trade by trade basis (DVP-1). The DVP settlement mechanism allowed clients to settle trades both in Russian rubles and—until 2022—non-Russian currencies (USD or Euro).

NSD offers the opportunity to settle trades on a DVP basis using correspondent accounts with the Bank of Russia via the Real Time Gross Settlement System (BESP). With the launch of the electronic matching service, NSD's clients were provided with the opportunity to receive information on the availability of potentially matching instructions, i.e., unmatched instructions that differ from each in one data field. NSD says that the Hold & Release functionality offered by NSD contributes to greater reliability of settlements and their control by clients.

The number of Bank of Russia's repo transactions with a basket of securities was 3,727 in 2013, and 8,858 in 2014. The value of Bank of Russia's repo transactions with a basket of securities amounted to RUB 14.04 trillion in 2013, and RUB 57.22 trillion in 2014.

### National Numbering Agency

NSD acts as the National Numbering Agency for Russia and the Substitute Numbering Agency for the CIS countries and as such assigns ISINs and CFIs to securities or other financial instruments issued or registered in Russia or other CIS countries.

## International

### 2014-21; early years

* In September 2013, CSD.Austria, the Austrian central securities depository, and NSD established an international direct link to the Russian securities market. As a result, Austrian and international custodian banks holding securities accounts at CSD.Austria obtained the opportunity to make direct settlement of Russian securities and hold them using CSD.Austrias' foreign nominee account opened with NSD, and NSD expanded its access to potential foreign investors.
* In November 2013, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, the agency of the United States federal government responsible for tax collection and tax law enforcement, signed an agreement with NSD recognizing it as a Qualified Intermediary (QI).
* In December 2013, NSD and BNY Mellon joined forces to help Russian-based investors trade depositary receipts.
* In 2013, FTSE Global Markets named NSD among 20 most influential financial market players in 2013.
* In 2014, the large international securities depositories Euroclear and Clearstream gained full access to the Russian securities market, providing foreign companies and investment funds with investment opportunities, and provided issuers in the Russian securities market with investors. First, in spring 2013, they started settling trades with Russian federal loan bonds (OFZ), before accessing the Russian corporate bonds market in January 2014.
* In 2014, NSD opened a foreign nominee account to the central securities depositories of Armenia and Kyrgyzstan.
* In 2014, Thomas Murray Data Services, the specialist custody rating, risk management, and research firm, issued a CSD rating for NSD at AA−, which translated as 'very low Overall Risk', with 'Stable' outlook.

### 2022-present; after-effects of Russian invasion of Ukraine

* On March 16, 2022, Thomas Murray downgraded NSD's rating to B.
* On March 18, 2022, NSD's accounts were blocked and frozen at Euroclear and Clearstream (CSDs which together held €50tn of assets on behalf of investors).
* In March 2022, the European Central Securities Depositories Association (ECSDA) suspended NSD from membership in the association.
* In June 2022, the European Union added NSD to its sanctions list, blocking NSD's accounts in euros, and in Euroclear and Clearstream; as a result, NSD was not able to service forex-denominated bonds issued by Russia and Russian companies.
* Also in June 2022, the NSD suspended transactions in euros.

## Performance

In 2014, NSD's net income under IFRS amounted to RUB 3.31 bln, and NSD's revenues under IFRS reached RUB 6.62 bln. As at 31 December 2014, the value of securities held in securities accounts with NSD was RUB 24.94 trillion, which was 14% higher than as at 31 December 2013 (RUB 21.8 trillion). The value of foreign securities held in NSD's clients' securities accounts exceeded RUB 2.7 trillion.

In June 2022, the NSD custodied 70 trillion roubles ($1.12 trillion) worth of client assets, including 9 trillion roubles of foreign securities such as Eurobonds linked to the Russian government.

## Articles


title: Hardkiss

abstract: Hardkiss is the group moniker of San Francisco electronic music pioneers Scott, Gavin, and Robbie Hardkiss. The trio formed a record label called Hardkiss Music in San Francisco in 1991. Initially promoting underground raves and dance parties where they would DJ, with Hardkiss Music they began to produce and release a catalog of vinyl records which stirred international recognition and launched DJ and production careers. Scott Hardkiss worked under the pseudonym God Within. Gavin Hardkiss works under the pseudonym Hawke. Robbie Hardkiss has worked under the pseudonym Little Wing. They also released music by a myriad of other artists including Rabbit in the Moon, Symbiosis and TTauri. Their music started as a mixture of acid house music, trance music, and breakbeat techno. Hardkiss Music became a blueprint for DJ owned boutique record labels. In 1995 Hardkiss released a compilation called Delusions of Grandeur featuring the best selections of the early vinyl releases. Delusions of Grandeur was distributed through Caroline in the US and was signed to L'Attitude on Parlophone in the UK. The album was a benchmark in the development of US electronic dance music. Hardkiss Music stopped releasing music in 1997 in order to sign a recording deal with Columbia Records. The label re-launched in 2014 to release a new Hardkiss album titled 1991.

text:
# Hardkiss

**Hardkiss** is the group moniker of San Francisco electronic music pioneers Scott (who died on March 25, 2013), Gavin, and Robbie Hardkiss. The trio formed a record label called **Hardkiss Music** in San Francisco in 1991. Initially promoting underground raves and dance parties where they would DJ, with Hardkiss Music they began to produce and release a catalog of vinyl records which stirred international recognition and launched DJ and production careers. Scott Hardkiss (real name Scott Friedel) worked under the pseudonym *God Within.* Gavin Hardkiss works under the pseudonym *Hawke.* Robbie Hardkiss has worked under the pseudonym *Little Wing.* They also released music by a myriad of other artists including Rabbit in the Moon, Symbiosis and TTauri. Their music started as a mixture of acid house music, trance music, and breakbeat techno. Hardkiss Music became a blueprint for DJ owned boutique record labels.

In 1995 Hardkiss released a compilation called *Delusions of Grandeur* featuring the best selections of the early vinyl releases. *Delusions of Grandeur* was distributed through Caroline in the US and was signed to L'Attitude on Parlophone in the UK. The album was a benchmark in the development of US electronic dance music.

Hardkiss Music stopped releasing music in 1997 in order to sign a recording deal with Columbia Records (Sony Music).

The label re-launched in 2014 to release a new Hardkiss album titled *1991*.


title: Internally displaced persons in Iraq

abstract: The number of people who are currently displaced inside Iraq is estimated to be 3 million, almost one out of every ten Iraqis. This figure is cumulative and represents both those displaced before and after the 2003 US-led invasion. Displacement in Iraq is "chronic and complex:" since the 1960s Iraq has produced the largest population of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and refugees of any state in the Middle East. Under the Ba'athist regime, an estimated 1.2 million people were internally displaced as a result of factors that include the Iran–Iraq War and policies of forced displacement that were intended to quell resistance and consolidate the control of territory, particularly in the Kurdish northern and Shiite southern area. In the period directly following the 2003 invasion, population displacement was largely the result of US-led military operations against insurgents, especially in Sunni areas. Such displacements were generally temporary. Internal displacement increased dramatically after the February 2006 bombing of the Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra. Rising sectarian violence contributed to the displacement of approximately 1.5 million Iraqis between 2006 and 2009, bringing the total displaced population to around 2.7 million. Since August 2014, and the expansion of ISIS in Iraq, the number of internally displaced Iraqis has risen from 1.7 to 3 million, peaking at 3.4 million in March 2016. Persistent insecurity and other factors have prevented many Iraqis from returning to their homes, but people are slowly beginning to return. Estimates rely heavily on the number of people who have registered as IDPs with the government or with assistance organizations. Registration remains voluntary, however, and requires documentation that displaced persons may lack.

text:
# Internally displaced persons in Iraq

The number of people who are currently displaced inside Iraq is estimated to be 3 million, almost one out of every ten Iraqis. This figure is cumulative and represents both those displaced before and after the 2003 US-led invasion. Displacement in Iraq is "chronic and complex:" since the 1960s Iraq has produced the largest population of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and refugees of any state in the Middle East.

Under the Ba'athist regime, an estimated 1.2 million people were internally displaced as a result of factors that include the Iran–Iraq War and policies of forced displacement that were intended to quell resistance and consolidate the control of territory, particularly in the Kurdish northern and Shiite southern area.

In the period directly following the 2003 invasion, population displacement was largely the result of US-led military operations against insurgents, especially in Sunni areas. Such displacements were generally temporary.

Internal displacement increased dramatically after the February 2006 bombing of the Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra. Rising sectarian violence contributed to the displacement of approximately 1.5 million Iraqis between 2006 and 2009, bringing the total displaced population to around 2.7 million.

Since August 2014, and the expansion of ISIS in Iraq, the number of internally displaced Iraqis has risen from 1.7 to 3 million, peaking at 3.4 million in March 2016 .

Persistent insecurity and other factors have prevented many Iraqis from returning to their homes, but people are slowly beginning to return.

Estimates rely heavily on the number of people who have registered as IDPs with the government or with assistance organizations. Registration remains voluntary, however, and requires documentation that displaced persons may lack.

## Demographics

According to the Iraqi Red Crescent Society, over 80% of the displaced are women and young children. (IRCS June 2008). IDMC reports that most displaced women are single or unaccompanied, and the elderly also make a large part of the displaced population.

Approximately 58% of IDPs are Sunni Arabs, 29% are Shi'a Arabs, and 13% are minorities such as Shabaks, Christians, Armenians, and others.

Baghdad is the center of post-2003 displacement: around 60% of Iraqis displaced since then have come from Baghdad, and the city also hosts around 40% of the displaced population. Fleeing or fearing sectarian violence, many Baghdad residents left their homes to move to neighborhoods inhabited by those of the same religious, tribal, or sectarian group. This process has led to the homogenization of communities in the capital city and throughout the country.

Driven by the crisis in Mosul, Ninema and Dohuk governorates are currently the source of the largest number of IDPs in Iraq . Many displaced persons have also resettled in the Kurdish region of Iraq, but persistent tensions over governorate borders in this multi-ethnic area have caused further population displacements.

## Barriers to return

Of those who have been internally displaced in the post-Saddam era, approximately 300,000 have returned home. Millions of Iraqis remain displaced within the borders of Iraq and in neighboring countries.

Security concerns continue to affect displaced populations. Despite the general decrease in conflict since 2006–07, political uncertainties and the persistence of bombings, kidnappings and other incidents of violence – including those that target Christians and other minorities – have deterred people from trying to return home. The homogenization of neighborhoods along ethnic or sectarian lines may also contribute to the reluctance on the part of former inhabitants to return to the communities from which they fled.

The quality of life in Iraq has decreased dramatically since 2003 and therefore economic and livelihood factors also play a major role in the complex decision-making processes of displaced Iraqis. Unemployment is endemic in Iraq and many IDPs, particularly women, do not have adequate access to employment opportunities. Many have also had their homes destroyed or occupied by others and must find alternative sources of shelter for themselves and their families. UNHCR estimates that over one million internally displaced Iraqis need assistance with food and shelter. In many neighborhoods, access to essential services such as clean water, electricity, basic health care, and education is still inadequate. Such challenges may create barriers not only to return but to subsistence.

A third barrier to return is the challenge of resolving land disputes. The Government of Iraq has taken measures to restore private property ownership and to resolve conflicts over land, but these policies so far have had a limited impact.

Interviews with Iraqi IDPs have revealed that, given the security and socio-economic barriers to return, many would prefer to integrate into their new communities or to relocate somewhere else.

## Policy of the Iraqi government

Iraq established the Ministry of Displacement and Migration (MoDM) in August 2003 in order to assist IDPs, refugees, and returnees. MoDM has established a presence in most governorates and has worked to facilitate the process of registration and return throughout Iraq. Nevertheless, critics of MoDM allege that it was unprepared to handle the post-2006 surge in displacement, and that it currently lacks the manpower, expertise, and resources to be effective and to coordinate and strategize large-scale returns in the future. Earlier this year, Azhar Al-Mousawi, Deputy Minister for Displacement and Migration, revealed that the Iraqi government had allocated MoDM only $250 million of the $416–500 million needed to implement its programs.

In partnership with organizations such as UNHCR, various types of centers have been established, particularly in Baghdad, to provide protection, registration, legal advice, financial assistance, and referrals to displaced persons. Registered IDPs may receive a financial assistance package valued at around $850. Those living in formerly occupied residences may receive a six-month rental assistance package to vacate the lot so that former residents can return. Despite such incentives, the rate of registration and application for assistance among IDPs remains low, as does the rate of applicants actually receiving aid.

The Government of Iraq has also taken steps to resolve disputes over private property that have impeded the ability of displaced persons to return. The Commission for the Resolution of Real Property Disputes was established in 2006 to handle disputes arising from the time of the Baathist regime. In 2009, only 1,000 of the 152,000 claims it received had resulted in an enforced decision. This Commission is scheduled to be replaced by another that will also take property destruction that occurred under the Saddam regime into account. Similar provisions have been made to address post-2003 land disputes (Order 101) despite this, most claims from both the pre and post-2003 eras remain unresolved. Challenges also include addressing issues such as destroyed property, loss of businesses, and land sales made under duress. Some have argued that government policies towards IDPs have focused on return, and that little support has been offered for displaced persons who wish to integrate locally or to resettle elsewhere. The official government plan for 2011 mentions assistance for integration and resettlement as well as return. In 2008, MoDM introduced a National Policy on Displacement that outlined the rights of Iraqi IDPs and the duties of the Iraq government towards its displaced population. This policy has not yet been passed into law, nor have plans yet been made to implement it.


title: Ruben Imingen

abstract: Ruben Imingen is a former Norwegian football defender. Imingen started his football career in Steigen SK, and later moved to Fauske/Sprint, before settling at his current club Bodø/Glimt. He was named Player of the Season by the Bodø/Glimt supporter's club Den Gule Horde in 2006, a season which also saw his debut on the Norwegian under-21 national team. On the last home game for the season Imingen took goodbye from football, first he going to take a paternity leave.

text:
# Ruben Imingen

**Ruben Imingen** (born December 4, 1986) is a former Norwegian football defender.

Imingen started his football career in Steigen SK, and later moved to Fauske/Sprint, before settling at his current club Bodø/Glimt. He was named *Player of the Season* by the Bodø/Glimt supporter's club *Den Gule Horde* in 2006, a season which also saw his debut on the Norwegian under-21 national team. On the last home game for the season Imingen took goodbye from football, first he going to take a paternity leave.

## Career statistics

*As of 2 November 2016*

| Season | Club | Division | League | | Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 2005 | Bodø/Glimt | Tippeligaen | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 2006 | | 1. divisjon | 23 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| 2007 | | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| 2008 | | Tippeligaen | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| 2009 | | 14 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| 2010 | | 1. divisjon | 19 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
| 2011 | | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| 2012 | | 29 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 34 | 2 |
| 2013 | | 30 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 34 | 1 |
| 2014 | | Tippeligaen | 18 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| 2015 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 2016 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career Total | | | 163 | 3 | 21 | 0 | 184 | 3 |

## InfoBox

Ruben Imingen
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Ruben Notkevich Imingen | | |
| Date of birth | (1986-12-04) December 4, 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Fauske, Norway | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003–2004 | Fauske/Sprint |  |  |
| 2005–2016 | Bodø/Glimt | 164 | (3) |
| International career | | | |
| 2006–2007 | Norway U21 | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: US Ansar

abstract: Union Sportive El Ansar, commonly known as US Ansar, is a Tunisian basketball club based in Dar Chaabane. The club was founded in 1946 and currently plays in the Pro A, the highest level of Tunisian basketball. The team colours are green and orange. The club entered the national first division for the first time in 1970. Since then, the club has had sporadic stints in the first division. In 2016, US Ansar promoted to the Pro A once again.

text:
# US Ansar

**Union Sportive El Ansar**, commonly known as **US Ansar**, is a Tunisian basketball club based in Dar Chaabane. The club was founded in 1946 and currently plays in the Pro A, the highest level of Tunisian basketball. The team colours are green and orange.

The club entered the national first division for the first time in 1970. Since then, the club has had sporadic stints in the first division. In 2016, US Ansar promoted to the Pro A once again.

## Season by season

US Ansar has performed the following way in the Pro A:

| Season | Tier | League | Regular season | | | | | Postseason | Tunisian Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Finish | Played | Wins | Losses | Win% | | |
| **US Ansar** | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021–22 | 1 | Pro A | 9th | 18 | 5 | 13 | .278 | 3rd in Play-out |  |
| 2022–23 | | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Notable players

The following notable players have played for US Ansar over its history:

Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.

| Criteria |
| --- |
| **To appear in this section a player must have either:**<br>* Set a club record or won an individual award while at the club * Played at least one official international match for their national team at any time * Played at least one official NBA match at any time. |

1. Eurobasket. "Union Sportive el Ansar basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-afrobasket". *Eurobasket LLC*. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
2. "كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول". *www.kooora.com*. Retrieved 2023-04-15.

## InfoBox

| US Ansar | |
| --- | --- |
| League | Pro A |
| Founded | 1946 |
| Arena | Salle de dar Chaâbane |
| Capacity | 1,000 |
| Location | Dar Chaabane, Tunisia |


title: Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge

abstract: Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge is a coastal salt marsh along the south-central coast of Maui, Hawaiʻi. The refuge is located between the towns of Kihei and Maalaea, on both sides of North Kihei Road, Route 31. The wetland is also a 691-acre (2.80 km⁲) bird sanctuary, home to 30 species of waterfowl, shorebirds, and migratory ducks, including the ʻaukuʻu and the endangered āeʻo and ʻalae keʻokeʻo. Kealia Pond was selected as a wildlife refuge in 1953, protecting an initial 300 acres (1.2 km⁲) of land. The refuge joined the National Wildlife Refuge System in 1992.

text:
# Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge

**Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge** is a coastal salt marsh along the south-central coast of Maui, Hawaiʻi. The refuge is located between the towns of Kihei and Maalaea, on both sides of North Kihei Road, Route 31. The wetland is also a 691-acre (2.80 km2) bird sanctuary, home to 30 species of waterfowl, shorebirds, and migratory ducks, including the *ʻaukuʻu* (black-crowned night heron, *Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli*) and the endangered *āeʻo* (Hawaiian stilt, *Himantopus mexicanus knudseni*) and *ʻalae keʻokeʻo* (Hawaiian coot, *Fulica alai*). Kealia Pond was selected as a wildlife refuge in 1953, protecting an initial 300 acres (1.2 km2) of land. The refuge joined the National Wildlife Refuge System in 1992.

## Description

In the rainy winter season, high water levels enlarge the freshwater pond to more than 400 acres (1.6 km2). By spring, water levels begin dropping and by summer, the pond shrinks to half its winter size, leaving a salty residue behind: this accounts for its name, "Kealia", meaning "salt encrusted place"; Coastal salt pans once produced the mineral from seawater. The low water levels cause a 98% dieback in the tilapia population, which can produce a foul stench in the area.

Kealia was once an ancient fishpond supplied with water from the Waikapu Stream in the West Maui Mountains and Kolaloa Gulch originating from Haleakalā. Native Hawaiians may have raised *awa* (milkfish, *Chanos chanos*) and *amaʻama* (flathead mullet, *Mugil cephalus*) using a system of ditches and sluice gates to let nearby fish from Māʻalaea Beach into the pond.

Towards the west, the area between Kealia and the town of ʻalaea contains another shallow pond and mudflats that are also used by the birds during the winter and spring flooding. When the mudflats dry out during the summer, the birds move to Kealia Pond. This area was once a runway serving one of Maui's first airports, Māʻalaea Airport. During World War II, Kealia Pond was used for training the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions.

The site has hosted numerous vagrant birds, most notably Garganey, Curlew Sandpiper, Marbled Godwit, American Avocet, Spotted Sandpiper, and Eared Grebe.

## Boardwalk

A new boardwalk and 14-stall parking lot opened on North Kihei Road on September 8, 2009. The area encompasses the bird sanctuary next to Sugar Beach, open from 06:00 - 19:00, and is patrolled by private security.

## Images

## Further reading

20°47′51″N 156°28′44″W / 20.797500°N 156.478889°W / 20.797500; -156.478889

## InfoBox

| Kealia Pond | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view | |
| Kealia PondKealia Pond | |
| Location | Maui, Hawaiʻi |
| Coordinates | 20°47′50″N 156°28′42″W / 20.79722°N 156.47833°W / 20.79722; -156.47833 (Kealia Pond) |
| Type | coastal wetland, salt marsh |
| Catchment area | 56 sq mi (150 km2) |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 200 acres (81 ha), 450 acres (180 ha) (winter) |
|  | |
| Website | Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge |
| References |  |


title: Tianjin Eye

abstract: Tianjin Eye, the official name The Tientsin Eye, is a 120-meter (394 ft)-tall giant ferris wheel built above the Yongle Bridge, over the Hai River in Tianjin, China. Construction started in 2007, with completion of the main body on 18 December 2007, and the wheel opened to the public on 7 April 2008. At the time of its completion, only the 135 m (443 ft) London Eye, 160 m (525 ft) Star of Nanchang, and 165 m (541 ft) Singapore Flyer were taller. Tianjin Eye, also called "The Tientsin Eye" is electrically powered and has 48 passenger capsules, each able to carry 8 passengers, and takes 30 minutes to complete a rotation, giving a maximum capacity of 768 passengers per hour.

text:
# Tianjin Eye

Tianjin Eye, the official name **The Tientsin Eye**, is a 120-meter (394 ft)-tall giant ferris wheel built above the Yongle Bridge (formerly Chihai Bridge), over the Hai River in Tianjin, China.

Construction started in 2007, with completion of the main body on 18 December 2007, and the wheel opened to the public on 7 April 2008.

At the time of its completion, only the 135 m (443 ft) London Eye, 160 m (525 ft) Star of Nanchang, and 165 m (541 ft) Singapore Flyer were taller.

Tianjin Eye, also called "The Tientsin Eye" is electrically powered and has 48 passenger capsules, each able to carry 8 passengers, and takes 30 minutes to complete a rotation, giving a maximum capacity of 768 passengers per hour.

## InfoBox

| The Tientsin Eye | |
| --- | --- |
| 天津之眼 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Alternative names | "The Tientsin Eye" Ferris Wheel<br>天津之眼摩天轮 |
| General information | |
| Type | Ferris wheel |
| Location | Yongle Bridge, Tianjin, China |
| Coordinates | 39°09′12″N 117°10′49″E / 39.1533636°N 117.1802616°E / 39.1533636; 117.1802616 |
| Completed | 2007 |
| Height | 120 m (394 ft) |
| Dimensions | |
| Diameter | 110 m (361 ft) |
| Design and construction | |
| Main contractor | Shanghai Amusement Machine Engineering Co. Ltd. |
| Other information | |
| Number of units | 48 passenger capsules |
| References | |
|  | |


title: Henderson Little Bear

abstract: The Henderson Little Bear is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Henderson Aero Specialities of Felton, Delaware, introduced in 1993. The aircraft is a replica of the Piper J-3 Cub. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit or in the form of plans for amateur construction.

text:
# Henderson Little Bear

The **Henderson Little Bear** is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Henderson Aero Specialities of Felton, Delaware, introduced in 1993. The aircraft is a replica of the Piper J-3 Cub (a little bear is a "cub"). When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit or in the form of plans for amateur construction.

## Design and development

The Little Bear features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-tandem enclosed cockpit accessed via doors, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel with all surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its 35.00 ft (10.7 m) span wing employs a USA 35B airfoil, has a wing area of 178.0 sq ft (16.54 m2) and is supported by "V" struts and jury struts. The cabin width is 28 in (71 cm). The acceptable power range is 65 to 100 hp (48 to 75 kW) and the standard engine used is the 65 hp (48 kW) Continental A65.

The Little Bear has a typical empty weight of 700 lb (320 kg) and a gross weight of 1,220 lb (550 kg), giving a useful load of 520 lb (240 kg). With full fuel of 12 U.S. gallons (45 L; 10.0 imp gal) the payload for the pilot, passenger and baggage is 448 lb (203 kg).

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 400 hours.

## Operational history

By 1998 the company reported that five kits had been sold and two aircraft were completed and flying.

In December 2013 one example was registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

## Specifications (Little Bear)

*Data from* AeroCrafter

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Capacity:** one passenger
* **Length:** 22 ft 6 in (6.86 m)
* **Wingspan:** 35 ft 0 in (10.67 m)
* **Wing area:** 178.0 sq ft (16.54 m2)
* **Airfoil:** USA 35B
* **Empty weight:** 700 lb (318 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 1,220 lb (553 kg)
* **Fuel capacity:** 12 U.S. gallons (45 L; 10.0 imp gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Continental A65 four cylinder, air-cooled, four stroke aircraft engine, 65 hp (48 kW)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed wooden

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 122 mph (196 km/h, 106 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 38 mph (61 km/h, 33 kn)
* **Range:** 200 mi (320 km, 170 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 10,500 ft (3,200 m)
* **Rate of climb:** 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s)
* **Wing loading:** 6.9 lb/sq ft (34 kg/m2)

## InfoBox

| Little Bear | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Homebuilt aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Henderson Aero Specialties |
| First flight | 1993 |
| Status | Production completed |
| Number built | Two |
| Developed from | Piper J-3 Cub |


title: Nangal Salempur

abstract: Nangal Salempur is a village in Jalandhar - I in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from district headquarters. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Nangal Salempur

**Nangal Salempur** is a village in Jalandhar - I in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from district headquarters. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 189 houses and a population of 891, of which 460 are males while 431 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village, 502 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

## InfoBox

| Nangal Salempur | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nangal SalempurLocation in Punjab, IndiaNangal SalempurNangal Salempur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°22′15″N 75°36′16″E / 31.3707365°N 75.6044204°E / 31.3707365; 75.6044204 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Jalandhar |
| Tehsil | Jalandhar - I |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 106.24 ha (262.52 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 891
460/431 / |
| Scheduled Castes | 502
255/247 / |
| Total Households | 189 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone | 144012 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB-08 |
| Post office | Reru S.O |
| Website | jalandhar.gov.in |


title: Harumi Hanayagi

text:
# Harumi Hanayagi

**Harumi Hanayagi** (花柳 はるみ, *Hanayagi Harumi*, 24 February 1896 – 11 October 1962) was a pioneering Japanese film and stage actress.

## Career

In 1915, Hanayagi became a student at the Geijutsuza, the modern theater troupe led by Hōgetsu Shimamura and Sumako Matsui, and made her stage debut. She moved to the Tōjisha troupe in 1917 and appeared with them in a series of films directed by Norimasa Kaeriyama for Tenkatsu, starting with *The Glow of Life* (released 1919). In an era where female roles on screen were played by male actors (onnagata), Hanayagi was considered "the first billed appearance of a female performer" in Japanese cinema, even though actresses such as Nakamura Kasen had appeared in earlier films or in rensageki, a combination of film and live stage performance. After appearing in more films, she focused her career on the stage after 1920, eventually appearing in the Tsukiji Little Theater as well as the proletarian theater of Tomoyoshi Murayama. She retired in 1928 after getting married.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Harumi Hanayagi | |
| --- | --- |
| 花柳はるみ | |
| Hanayagi in *Maid of the Deep Mountains* (1918) | |
| Born | (1896-02-24)February 24, 1896<br>Kashima District, Ibaraki, Japan |
| Died | October 11, 1962(1962-10-11) (aged 66) |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1915–1928 |


title: Hardknott Pass

abstract: Hardknott Pass is a hill pass between Eskdale and the Duddon Valley in the Lake District National Park, Cumbria, England. The tarmac-surfaced road, which is the most direct route from the central Lake District to West Cumbria, shares the title of steepest road in England with Rosedale Chimney Bank in North Yorkshire. It has a maximum gradient of 1 in 3. The pass takes its name from the nearby Hard Knott fell, whose name is derived from the Old Norse harthr (hard) and knutr.

text:
# Hardknott Pass

**Hardknott Pass** is a hill pass between Eskdale and the Duddon Valley in the Lake District National Park, Cumbria, England. The tarmac-surfaced road, which is the most direct route from the central Lake District to West Cumbria, shares the title of steepest road in England with Rosedale Chimney Bank in North Yorkshire. It has a maximum gradient of 1 in 3 (about 33%).

The pass takes its name from the nearby Hard Knott fell, whose name is derived from the Old Norse *harthr* (hard) and *knutr* (craggy hill).

## Geography

A single track road runs between Eskdale in the west to the edge of the neighbouring Wrynose Pass in the east. On the western side is Harter Fell and the remains of Hardknott Roman Fort (200 metres (660 ft) above sea level).

The Hardknott Pass stands at a maximum elevation of 393 m (1,289 ft). The road descends steeply at a gradient of 30% (1 in 3) into the Duddon Valley. At the eastern end of the pass is Cockley Beck farm, built in the 1860s and owned by the National Trust. The route from Hardknott leads eastward towards the Wrynose Pass and Ambleside.

The pass is described as one of the most challenging roads in Britain. A series of hairpin bends make visibility difficult in various places, and the road surface is in poor condition and slippery when wet. The pass is often closed in winter due to ice that makes the route impassable for vehicles. Traffic ascending the pass has priority as advised by the Highway Code.

The challenging 1 in 3 gradients, steeper than the mountain stages of European bicycle races including the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia, draw endurance cyclists. It is part of the annual Fred Whitton Challenge, a 112-mile (180 km) ride around the Lake District. An "average" cyclist who was trained over six weeks for a 2019 Eurosport documentary called *England's Toughest Climb* failed to complete the route.

## History

A road over the pass was built by the Romans around AD 110 to link the coastal fort and baths at Ravenglass with their garrisons at Ambleside and Kendal. The Romans called this road the Tenth Highway. The road fell into disrepair after the Romans left Britain in the early 5th century, becoming an unpaved packhorse route used to transport lead and agricultural goods. By the early Middle Ages, it was known as the Waingate ("cart road") or Wainscarth ("cart pass"): there is an 1138 record of a party of monks traversing it in an oxcart. Hardknott pass and its surrounding area fell within the domain of the Lords of Millom, being situated between the headwaters of the Esk and Duddon. Grazing and hunting rights were given to the monks of Furness Abbey by the Lords of Millom in the 13th century, which they held until the Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536–41).

In the 1880s an association of hoteliers, the English Lake District Association, financed improvements to the road in the hope of encouraging tourist excursions by carriage; by 1891 the scheme was judged to be "not the success that was anticipated". Nevertheless, the route had some popularity with cyclists and early motorists, with the Cyclists' Touring Club 1911 *Guide to North-West England* describing the old coach road as "difficult going West, cruel coming East". The first motor vehicles were taken over the Hardknott and Wrynose passes, from the Eskdale side, in 1913.

In 1936, the Cumberland Highways Committee considered, and rejected, a proposal to make the pass more accessible to motorised vehicles by laying down a new road surface and making other improvements. However, during the Second World War the War Office used the area for tank training, completely destroying the existing road surface. After the war the damage was repaired and the road tarmaced. A decade after the local government had rejected opening the highway to vehicles, the war's legacy had inadvertently created a direct motor route between Ambleside and Eskdale for the first time.

The courses of the Roman and modern roads are not identical. The Roman highway is to the north of the modern road on the western side of the pass and to the south on the eastern side.

**Citations**

**Sources**

* Brown, Jules (2010). *The Rough Guide to the Lake District*. Rough Guides UK. ISBN 978-1-848-36698-5.
* Corfield, David (2010). *Roads with a View: England's Greatest Views and How to Find Them by Road*. Veloce Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-845-84350-2.
* Kirkup, Rob (2011). *Ghostly Cumbria*. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-750-95989-6.

## InfoBox

| Hardknott Pass | |
| --- | --- |
| Hardknott Pass from Hardknott Roman Fort | |
| Elevation | 393 m (1,289 ft) |
| Traversed by | Eskdale \- Duddon road |
| Location | Lake District National Park, Cumbria |
| Range | Cumbrian Mountains |
| Coordinates | 54°24′10″N 3°11′50″W / 54.40269°N 3.197118°W / 54.40269; -3.197118 |


title: Iohji-mae Station

abstract: Iohji-mae Station is a railway station in the city of Fukushima, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan operated by Fukushima Kōtsū.

text:
# Iohji-mae Station

**Iohji-mae Station** (医王寺前駅, *Iōji-mae Station*) is a railway station in the city of Fukushima, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan operated by Fukushima Kōtsū.

## Lines

Iohji-mae Station is served by the Iizaka Line and is located 7.4 km from the starting point of the line at Fukushima

## Station layout

Iohji-mae Station has one side platform serving a single bi-directional track. It is staffed in the morning and evening. There is also a bicycle parking area situated behind the station.

## Adjacent stations

|  |  | Service |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iizaka Line | | | | |
| Hirano |  | - |  | Hanamizuzaka |

## History

Ioh-ji Station was opened on June 20, 1925 as **Butsusakagami Station** (仏坂上駅). It was renamed to its present name on November 20, 1926.

## Surrounding area

Media related to Ioji-mae Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Iohji-mae Station
医王寺前駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Iohji-mae Station in July 2011 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 14, Iizakamachi Hirano Aza Michizoe, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima-ken 960-0231
Japan |
| Coordinates | 37°48′59″N 140°26′46″E / 37.816444°N 140.446167°E / 37.816444; 140.446167 |
| Operated by | Fukushima Transportation |
| Line(s) | Iizaka Line |
| Distance | 7.4 km from Fukushima |
| Connections |  |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | June 20, 1925 |
| Previous names | Butsusakagami (until 1926) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Iohji-mae StationLocation within Fukushima PrefectureIohji-mae StationIohji-mae Station (Japan) | |


title: Ruben J. Villote

abstract: Ruben Juco Villote, sometimes known as "Father Ben", was a Filipino Roman Catholic priest. He was born in Tondo, Manila on 19 December 1932. He studied philosophy and theology at San Jose Major Seminary (1951–1959) and was ordained priest for the Archdiocese of Manila in 1959. He served as chaplain at Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, University of the Philippines Diliman. He helped build the Dambanang Kawayan in Taguig City and served as its pastor from 1969 to 1976. He left to found the Center for Migrant Youth in Quezon City. He authored a dozen books, was a columnist for the Pilipino Star and a regular contributor to the Sunday Inquirer Magazine. Villote received many awards, including the AY Foundation's Mother Teresa Award in 2007 and the Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Award in 1993. He joined the new Diocese of Cubao in 2003.

text:
# Ruben J. Villote

**Ruben Juco Villote** (19 December 1932 – 6 July 2013), sometimes known as "Father Ben", was a Filipino Roman Catholic priest. He was born in Tondo, Manila on 19 December 1932. He studied philosophy and theology at San Jose Major Seminary (1951–1959) and was ordained priest for the Archdiocese of Manila in 1959.

He served as chaplain at Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, University of the Philippines Diliman. He helped build the Dambanang Kawayan (Saint John the Baptist Parish) in Taguig City and served as its pastor from 1969 to 1976. He left to found the Center for Migrant Youth in Quezon City. He authored a dozen books, was a columnist for the *Pilipino Star* and a regular contributor to the Sunday Inquirer Magazine.

Villote received many awards, including the AY Foundation's Mother Teresa Award in 2007 and the Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Award in 1993. He joined the new Diocese of Cubao in 2003.

## Death

Villote died on 6 July 2013 at the age of 80.

## InfoBox

| FatherRuben Villote | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ruben Juco Villote
(1932-12-19)19 December 1932
Tondo, Manila, Philippine Islands |
| Died | 6 July 2013(2013-07-06) (aged 80) |
| Resting place | Manila North Cemetery, Manila, Philippines
14°37′59″N 120°59′20″E / 14.633°N 120.989°E / 14.633; 120.989 |
| Nationality | Filipino |
| Education | San Jose Major Seminary |
| Occupation | Priest |
| Years active | 1959–2008 |
| Known for | Founder, Dambanang Kawayan and
Center for Migrant Youth |
| Notable work | 12 books |
| Awards | * AY Foundation's Mother Theresa Award (2007) * Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Award (1993) |


title: US Army Regulation 25-50

text:
# US Army Regulation 25-50

The Army Regulation (AR) 25-50 Preparing and Managing Correspondence is the United States Army's administrative regulation that "establishes three forms of correspondence authorized for use within the Army: a letter, a memorandum, and a message."

## Style Manuals

APD uses the following references and style manuals:

* Government Printing Office Style Manual - 2016 Edition
* Chicago Manual of Style - 16th Edition

## Microsoft Word Templates

APD prepared templates for use in Microsoft Word 97 for members of the Department of the Army.

There are a number of other templates and documents purporting to be templates on the Army's milSuite collaboration site. This page provides a scaffolding for other users to publish Microsoft Word templates.


title: Randolf Baker

abstract: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Randolf Littlehales Baker, 4th Baronet, was a British Conservative Party politician.

text:
# Randolf Baker

Lieutenant-Colonel **Sir Randolf Littlehales Baker, 4th Baronet**, DSO, TD, DL, JP (20 July 1879 – 23 July 1959) was a British Conservative Party politician.

## Background

He was the son of Reverend Sir Talbot Hastings Bendall Baker, 3rd Bt. and Amy Susan Marryat. He succeeded to the Baronetcy on his father's death on 6 April 1900. The family owned the Ranston Estate in Dorset including the Grade 1 listed Ranston manor house.

## Army career

He served in the Dorset Yeomanry, attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel and being awarded the Territorial Decoration. He fought in the First World War, where he was mentioned in despatches and wounded in 1915. He served in the Dardanelles, from July to October 1915, when he acted as a military landing officer on A Beach East, Suvla Bay; then as second in command of his regiment in Egypt from March 1916 to March 1917, and finally as commanding officer during the Palestine campaign from March to October 1917, including the 1st and 2nd Battles of Gaza. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (D.S.O.) (and bar) in 1918. He continued his army career after the end of the war, ultimately being promoted to lieutenant general.

## Political career

He sat as Conservative Party MP for Dorset North from January 1910 to December 1918. Having lost to the Liberal candidate in the 1905 by-election and 1906 general election, Baker was first elected at the January 1910 general election, when he gained the seat from the Liberals. He retained his seat in the December 1910 general election.

## Personal life

Sir Randolf married, firstly, Elsie Burrell, daughter of Robert George Burrell, on 29 June 1920. He married, secondly, Mary Caroline Orlebar, daughter of Augustus Scobell Orlebar, on 8 October 1955. He had one daughter Selina Littlehales Baker (1925–2010) by his first wife. She married William Harry Gibson Fleming.

He died on 23 July 1959 at age 80. As he had no sons, the baronetcy became extinct on his death.

* "Sir Randolf Baker". *The Times*. 24 July 1959. p. 8.

## InfoBox

| Sir Randolf Littlehales Baker, BtDSO TD DL JP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for North Dorset | |
| **In office**
January 1910  14 December 1918 | |
| Preceded by | Arthur Walters Wills |
| Succeeded by | Philip Colfox |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Randolf Littlehales Baker
(1879-07-20)20 July 1879 |
| Died | 23 July 1959(1959-07-23) (aged 80) |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse(s) | Elsie Burrell (1920–1955)
Mary Caroline Orlebar (1955–?) |
| Occupation | Soldier and Politician |
|  | |


title: Tianjin Goldin Metropolitan Polo Club

abstract: The Tianjin Goldin Metropolitan Polo Club is a polo club in Tianjin, China.

text:
# Tianjin Goldin Metropolitan Polo Club

The **Tianjin Goldin Metropolitan Polo Club** is a polo club in Tianjin, China.

## Overview

It was funded by Goldin Properties Holdings owned by Pan Sutong, a property magnate. It is home to more than 200 ponies from Australasia and Europe. Prospective members need to be invited by the Board of Advisors, and the club is only open to its members and their guests.

## Tournaments

The club has hosted 16-goal international tournaments. It has organized chukkers with the Federation of International Polo and the Chinese State General Administration of Sports. Argentine player Pablo Jauretche and Australian Glen Gilmore have played there. It has also hosted the Snow Polo World Cup, which was shown live on TVB.

From October 1 to October 5, 2013, it hosted the Super Nations Cup. On October 1, the English team beat the USA team 14–13. The following day, on October 2, the Hong Kong, China team won 10–9 against the Argentine team. In the Round Subsidiary final on October 4, the USA team (Mike Azzaro, Nic Roldan, Tomas Collingwood and Ulysses Escapite) won 13–8 against the Argentine team (Martin Pepa, Mariano Obregon, Michel Dorignac and Martin Donovan). In the final match on October 5, the Hong Kong China team (John-Paul Clarkin, John-Paul Ganon and Dirk Gould) won 11–7 against the English team (Luke Tomlinson, Mark Tomlinson, Nacho Gonzalez and Henry Fisher).