abstract: The Paraguayan U-17 women's national football team is the national women's under-17 soccer team of Paraguay. They are controlled by the Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol. They finished 3rd in the 2008 and 2013 South American Under-17 Women's Championship.

text:
# Paraguay women's national under-17 football team

The **Paraguayan U-17 women's national football team** is the national women's under-17 soccer team of Paraguay. They are controlled by the Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol. They finished 3rd in the 2008 and 2013 South American Under-17 Women's Championship.

## Records

### U-17 Women's World Cup record

| FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Result | Matches | Wins | Draws | Losses | GF | GA |
| 2008 | Group stage | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 16 |
| 2010 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | |
| 2012 | |
| 2014 | Group stage | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 18 |
| 2016 | Group Stage | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 12 |
| 2018 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | |
| 2022 | |
| 2024 | |
| 2025 | *To be determined* | | | | | | |
| **Total** | 3/9 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 46 |

### South American Under-17 Women's Championship record

| South American Under-17 Women's Championship | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Position | GP | W | D | L | GS | GA |
| 2008 | 3rd Place | 3rd | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 22 | 17 |
| 2010 | 4th Place | 4th | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 11 |
| 2012 | Group Stage | 8th | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 14 |
| 2013 | 3rd Place | 3rd | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 17 | 10 |
| 2016 | 3rd Place | 3rd | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 17 | 13 |
| 2018 | Group Stage | 6th | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 5 |
| 2022 | 4th Place | 4th | 7 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 14 |
| 2024 | 4th Place | 4th | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 9 |
| 2025 | *To be determined* | | | | | | | |
| **Total** | 9/9 | **0 Titles** | 49 | 22 | 6 | 21 | 99 | 93 |

## Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Legend

Win   Draw   Lose   Void or Postponed   Fixture

### 2024

| 25 March South American U-17 Women's Championship | **Paraguay** | **0–0** | **Colombia** | Ypané, Paraguay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:30 |  | Report |  | Stadium: CARFEM |

| 28 March South American U-17 Women's Championship | **Ecuador** | **v** | **Paraguay** | Ypané, Paraguay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:30 |  |  |  | Stadium: CARFEM |

| 31 March South American U-17 Women's Championship | **Paraguay** | **v** | **Brazil** | Ypané, Paraguay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: CARFEM |

## Players

### Current squad

The following 22 players were called up to the squad for the 2024 South American Championship.

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1GK | Kamila Benítez |  |  |  | Selección de Ñeembucú |
|  | 1GK | Tamara Amarilla |  |  |  | Cerro Porteño |
| --- | | | | | | |
|  | 2DF | Bárbara Olmedo |  |  |  | Cerro Porteño |
|  | 2DF | Luz Benítez |  |  |  | Olimpia |
|  | 2DF | Brisa Acosta |  |  |  | Olimpia |
|  | 2DF | Erika Figueredo |  |  |  | General Caballero |
|  | 2DF | Leticia Amarilla |  |  |  | Olimpia |
|  | 2DF | Yeni Alvarenga |  |  |  | Libertad |
|  | 2DF | Denisse Leiva |  |  |  | Murdock |
| --- | | | | | | |
|  | 3MF | Luz Mara Godoy |  |  |  | General Caballero |
|  | 3MF | Katia Caballero |  |  |  | Resistencia |
|  | 3MF | Nataly Lezcano |  |  |  | Libertad |
|  | 3MF | Diana Benítez |  |  |  | Libertad |
|  | 3MF | Kiara Florentín |  |  |  | Nacional/Humaitá |
|  | 3MF | Cynthia Casco |  |  |  | Olimpia |
|  | 3MF | Larissa Rodas |  |  |  | EF Justo Villar |
|  | 3MF | Maite Mussi |  |  |  | Olimpia |
|  | 3MF | Sofía Franco |  |  |  | Cerro Porteño |
| --- | | | | | | |
|  | 4FW | Alison Bareiro |  |  |  | Olimpia |
|  | 4FW | Claudia Martínez |  |  |  | Olimpia |
|  | 4FW | Tatiana Escobar |  |  |  | Olimpia |
|  | 4FW | Maira Sánchez |  |  |  | Porvenir |

### Previous squads

*2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup* *2014 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup* *2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup*

## InfoBox

Paraguay
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Las Guaraníes/*Las Albirrojitas* |
| Association | Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol |
| Head coach | Epifania Benítez |
| FIFA code | PAR |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| South American U-17 Women's Championship | |
| Appearances | 7 (*first in 2008*) |
| Best result | 3rd Place (2008, 2013, 2016) |
| FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup | |
| Appearances | 3 (*first in 2008*) |
| Best result | Group stage(2008, 2014, 2016) |


abstract: The Paraguay national under-23 football team, also known as the Paraguay Olympic football team, represents Paraguay in international football competitions in Olympic Games and Pan American Games. The team is governed by the Paraguayan Football Association and is limited to players under the age of 23, except three overage players, ostensibly possessing veteran experience and expertise, in accordance with FIFA regulations.

text:
# Paraguay national under-23 football team

The **Paraguay national under-23 football team**, also known as the **Paraguay Olympic football team**, represents Paraguay in international football competitions in Olympic Games and Pan American Games. The team is governed by the Paraguayan Football Association and is limited to players under the age of 23, except three overage players, ostensibly possessing veteran experience and expertise, in accordance with FIFA regulations.

## Competitive record

### Olympic Games

| Olympic Games record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Host | Round | Pos. | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 1992 | Barcelona | Quarter-finals | 8th | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 |
| 1996 | Atlanta | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | |
| 2000 | Sydney | |
|
| 2004 | Athens | **Silver medal** | **2nd** | **6** | **4** | **0** | **2** | **12** | **9** |
| 2008 | Beijing | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | | |
| 2012 | London | |
| 2016 | Rio de Janeiro | |
| 2020 | Tokyo | |
| 2024 | Paris | Quarter-finals | 6th | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 8 |
| Total | | 1 Silver medal | 3/9 | 14 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 23 | 22 |

### CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament

| CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Host | Round | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
|
| 1992 | Paraguay | **Champions** | **7** | **4** | **2** | **1** | **10** | **2** |
| 1996 | Argentina | Group stage | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 12 |
| 2000 | Brazil | Group stage | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 9 |
| 2004 | Chile | **Runners-up** | **8** | **4** | **1** | **3** | **11** | **11** |
| 2020 | Colombia | Group stage | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
| 2024 | Venezuela | **Champions** | **7** | **4** | **2** | **1** | **13** | **9** |
| Total | | 2 titles | 34 | 15 | 5 | 14 | 54 | 49 |

### Pan American Games

| Pan American Games record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Host | Round | Pos. | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| Until 1995 | *See Paraguay national football team* | | | | | | | | |
| 1999 | Winnipeg | *Did not participate* | | | | | | | |
| 2003 | Santo Domingo | Group stage | 5th | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 2007 | Rio de Janeiro | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2011 | Guadalajara | |
| 2015 | Toronto | Group stage | 5th | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 3 |
| 2019 | Lima | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2023 | Santiago | |
| Total | | Group stage | 2/7 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 7 |

## Honours

## Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Win   Draw   Loss

### 2023

| 15 November Friendly | **Paraguay** | **0–1** | **Bolivia** | Asunción, Paraguay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 |  |  |  | Stadium: General Pablo Rojas Stadium |

| 18 November Friendly | **Paraguay** | **3–1** | **Bolivia** | Asunción, Paraguay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 |  |  |  | Stadium: General Pablo Rojas Stadium |

| 11 December Friendly | **Paraguay** | **2–5** | **Ecuador** | Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10:00 |  |  |  | Stadium: Argentinos Juniors Sport Complex |

| 15 December Friendly | **Paraguay** | **1–0** | **Ecuador** | Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 |  |  |  | Stadium: Argentinos Juniors Sport Complex |

| 18 December Friendly | **Paraguay** | **2–1** | **Panama** | Asunción, Paraguay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10:00 |  |  |  | Stadium: Defensores del Chaco Stadium |

| 21 December Friendly | **Paraguay** | **1–0** | **Panama** | Asunción, Paraguay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:00 |  |  |  | Stadium: Defensores del Chaco Stadium |

### 2024

| 13 January Friendly | **Uruguay** | **4–1** | **Paraguay** | Maldonado, Uruguay |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:30 | Homenchenko
L. Rodríguez
F. Román  (o.g.)

Olivera | Report | Peralta | Stadium: Estadio Domingo Burgueño |

| 21 January Pre-Olympic Tournament | **Argentina** | **1–1** | **Paraguay** | Valencia, Venezuela |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:00 | Gondou  90' | Report | 67' (pen.) D. Gómez | Stadium: Estadio Misael Delgado
Referee: Flávio de Souza (Brazil) |

| 27 January Pre-Olympic Tournament | **Paraguay** | **1–0** | **Peru** | Valencia, Venezuela |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 | Fernández  18' | Report |  | Stadium: Estadio Misael Delgado
Referee: Augusto Aragón (Ecuador) |

| 5 February Pre-Olympic Tournament | **Brazil** | **0–1** | **Paraguay** | Caracas, Venezuela |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 |  | Report | 45+2' Peralta | Stadium: Estadio Brígido Iriarte
Referee: Roberto Pérez (Peru) |

| 13 July Friendly | **Paraguay** | **0–1** | **United States** | Bordeaux, France |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:00 |  | Report | McGuire  56' | Stadium: Stade de Bordeaux |

| 18 July Friendly | **Ukraine** | **2–2** | **Paraguay** | Hagetmau, France |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18:30 | Khlan  31'
Fedor  83' | Report | Parzajuk  86'
Fernández  89' | Stadium: Stade Alain Lansaman |

## Players

### Current squad

The following players were called up for the 2024 Olympic Games.

Head coach: Carlos Jara Saguier

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Roberto Fernández | (1988-03-29)29 March 1988 (aged 36) | Botafogo |
| 12 | 1GK | Rodrigo Frutos | (2003-01-06)6 January 2003 (aged 21) | Olimpia |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 14 | 2DF | Fabián Balbuena | (1991-08-23)23 August 1991 (aged 32) | Dynamo Moscow |
| 13 | 2DF | Alexis Cantero | (2003-02-05)5 February 2003 (aged 21) | Guaraní |
| 3 | 2DF | Ronaldo Dejesús | (2001-04-21)21 April 2001 (aged 23) | Cerro Porteño |
| 5 | 2DF | Gilberto Flores | (2003-04-01)1 April 2003 (aged 21) | Sportivo Trinidense |
| 2 | 2DF | Alan Núñez | (2004-10-01)1 October 2004 (aged 19) | Cerro Porteño |
| 4 | 2DF | Daniel Rivas | (2001-12-06)6 December 2001 (aged 22) | Nacional |
| 16 | 2DF | Fernando Román | (2001-02-23)23 February 2001 (aged 23) | Guaraní |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 8 | 3MF | Diego Gómez | (2003-03-27)27 March 2003 (aged 21) | Inter Miami |
| 6 | 3MF | Marcos Gómez | (2001-11-10)10 November 2001 (aged 22) | Olimpia |
| 10 | 3MF | Wilder Viera | (2002-03-04)4 March 2002 (aged 22) | Cerro Porteño |
| 17 | 3MF | Gustavo Caballero | (2001-09-21)21 September 2001 (aged 22) | Nacional |
| 20 | 3MF | Ángel Cardozo Lucena | (1994-10-19)19 October 1994 (aged 29) | Libertad |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 7 | 4FW | Marcelo Fernández | (2001-10-25)25 October 2001 (aged 22) | Libertad |
| 9 | 4FW | Kevin Parzajuk | (2002-08-09)9 August 2002 (aged 21) | Olimpia |
| 18 | 4FW | Marcelo Pérez | (2001-03-23)23 March 2001 (aged 23) | Huracán |
| 15 | 4FW | Julio Enciso | (2004-01-23)23 January 2004 (aged 20) | Brighton & Hove Albion |

### Alternates

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1GK | Facundo Insfrán | (2006-05-04)4 May 2006 (aged 18) | Olimpia |
|  | 3MF | Rubén Lezcano | (2004-02-09)9 February 2004 (aged 20) | Libertad |
|  | 3MF | Enso González | (2005-01-20)20 January 2005 (aged 19) | Wolverhampton Wanderers |
|  | 4FW | Tiago Caballero | (2005-05-27)27 May 2005 (aged 19) | Nacional |
|  | 4FW | Diego González | (2003-01-07)7 January 2003 (aged 21) | Lazio |

### Recent call-ups

The following players have received a call-up within the past 12 months:

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1GK | Ángel González | (2003-02-04)4 February 2003 (aged 21) | Libertad |
|  | 1GK | Javier Talavera | (2003-08-12)12 August 2003 (aged 20) | Cerro Porteño |
| --- | | | | | | |
|  | 2DF | Victor Cabañas | (2003-02-13)13 February 2003 (aged 21) | Cerro Porteño |
|  | 2DF | Gastón Benítez | (2002-05-21)21 May 2002 (aged 22) | Sol de América |
| --- | | | | | | |
|  | 3MF | Fernando Cardozo | (2001-02-08)8 February 2001 (aged 23) | Olimpia |
|  | 3MF | Ariel Gamarra | (2003-02-26)26 February 2003 (aged 21) | Argentinos Juniors |
|  | 3MF | Juan José Cardozo | (2004-02-24)24 February 2004 (aged 20) | Argentinos Juniors |
|  | 3MF | Nelson Gauto |  | 2 de Mayo |
|  | 3MF | Juan Salcedo | (2003-08-12)12 August 2003 (aged 20) | Sportivo Trinidense |
|  | 3MF | Jesús Llano |  | 2 de Mayo |
|  | 3MF | Diego Fernández |  | Sportivo Luqueño |
|  | 3MF | Rodrigo Villalba |  | Libertad |
|  | 3MF | Iván Leguizamón | (2002-07-03)3 July 2002 (aged 22) | San Lorenzo |
|  | 3MF | Fabrizio Peralta | (2002-08-02)2 August 2002 (aged 21) | Cruzeiro |
| --- | | | | | | |
|  | 4FW | Diego Duarte | (2002-04-08)8 April 2002 (aged 22) | Nacional |

### Notable players

### Overage players in Olympic Games

| Tournament | Player 1 | Player 2 | Player 3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | Carlos Gamarra (aged 33) | Julio César Enciso (aged 30) | José Cardozo (aged 33) |
| 2024 | Gatito Fernández (aged 36) | Fabián Balbuena (aged 32) | Ángel Cardozo Lucena (aged 29) |

## Former squads

## InfoBox

Paraguay Olympic
|
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *La Albirroja* |
| Association | *Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol* (APF) |
| Confederation | CONMEBOL (South America) |
| Head coach | Carlos Jara Saguier |
| Top scorer | José Cardozo (7) |
| Home stadium | Estadio Defensores del Chaco |
| FIFA code | PAR |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Olympic Games | |
| Appearances | 3 (*first in 1992*) |
| Best result | Silver medalists (2004) |
| Pan American Games | |
| Appearances | 5 (*first in 1951*) |
| Best result | Group stage (2003, 2015) |
| Medal record      Olympic Games  2004 Athens  Team | |


title: Jacob Thompson House

abstract: The Jacob Thompson House is a historic house museum at 7 Main Street in Monson, Massachusetts. Built c. 1811-13 for a farmer and lawyer, it is a rare local example of Federal style housing with brick ends. It is now owned by the local historical society, which operates it as a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.

text:
# Jacob Thompson House

The **Jacob Thompson House** is a historic house museum at 7 Main Street in Monson, Massachusetts. Built c. 1811-13 for a farmer and lawyer, it is a rare local example of Federal style housing with brick ends. It is now owned by the local historical society, which operates it as a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.

## Description and history

The Jacob Thompson House is located a short way north of Monson's town center, at the southwest corner of Main and Thompson Streets. It stands near the corner, in front of land formerly associated with it that now forms Hillside Cemetery. The main block of the house is a 2+12-story wood-frame construction, with a side-gable roof and end chimneys incorporated into brick end walls. The front facade is five bays wide, with a symmetrical arrangement of sash windows around the center entrance. The entrance has a fine Federal style surround, with sidelight windows and an original period half-oval transom window. The interior is arranged in a traditional center hall manner, with single rooms on either side of the center hall, where the stairs to the second floor are located. A 1+12-story ell extends to the rear, housing additional rooms.

The house was probably built sometime between 1811 and 1813, when Jacob Thompson, a native of nearby Holland, Massachusetts, moved to the town. Thompson, who had owned a gunpowder mill in Holland, was primarily active as a farmer and lawyer in Monson, acquiring a substantial amount of land. Much of the land directly associated with the house was sold by his son Addison for use as a cemetery, and it is believed that the house itself came into the hands of the cemetery after his death in 1884. The town sold the house to the local historical society in 1998, which has restored it for use as a house museum.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Jacob Thompson House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 7 Main St., Monson, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°6′31″N 72°18′59″W / 42.10861°N 72.31639°W / 42.10861; -72.31639 |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 100005078 |
| Added to NRHP | March 13, 2020 |


title: Operation Menu

abstract: Operation Menu was a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) tactical bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 to 26 May 1970 as part of both the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and base areas of the People's Army of Vietnam and forces of the Viet Cong (VC), which used them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam. The impact of the bombing campaign on the Khmer Rouge guerrillas, the PAVN, and Cambodian civilians in the bombed areas is disputed by historians. An official United States Air Force record of US bombing activity over Indochina from 1964 to 1973 was declassified by US President Bill Clinton in 2000. The report provides details of the extent of the bombing of Cambodia, as well as of Laos and Vietnam. According to the data, the air force began bombing the rural regions of Cambodia along its South Vietnam border in 1965 under the Johnson administration; this was three and a half years earlier than previously believed. From 1965 to 1968, 214 tons of bombs were dropped over Cambodia. The Menu bombings were an escalation of what had previously been tactical air attacks. Newly inaugurated President Richard Nixon authorized for the first time use of long-range Boeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers to carpet bomb Cambodia. Operation Freedom Deal immediately followed Operation Menu. Under Freedom Deal, B-52 bombing was expanded to a much larger area of Cambodia and continued until August 1973.

text:
# Operation Menu

**Operation Menu** was a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) tactical bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 to 26 May 1970 as part of both the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and base areas of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN – commonly referred to during the Vietnam War as the North Vietnamese Army \[NVA\]) and forces of the Viet Cong (VC), which used them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The impact of the bombing campaign on the Khmer Rouge guerrillas, the PAVN, and Cambodian civilians in the bombed areas is disputed by historians.

An official United States Air Force record of US bombing activity over Indochina from 1964 to 1973 was declassified by US President Bill Clinton in 2000. The report provides details of the extent of the bombing of Cambodia, as well as of Laos and Vietnam. According to the data, the air force began bombing the rural regions of Cambodia along its South Vietnam border in 1965 under the Johnson administration; this was three and a half years earlier than previously believed. From 1965 to 1968, 214 tons of bombs were dropped over Cambodia. The Menu bombings were an escalation of what had previously been tactical air attacks. Newly inaugurated President Richard Nixon authorized for the first time use of long-range Boeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers to carpet bomb Cambodia.

Operation Freedom Deal immediately followed Operation Menu. Under Freedom Deal, B-52 bombing was expanded to a much larger area of Cambodia and continued until August 1973.

## Background

From the onset of hostilities in South Vietnam and the Kingdom of Laos in the early 1960s, Cambodia's Prince Norodom Sihanouk had maintained a delicate domestic and foreign policy balancing act. Convinced of the inevitable victory of the communists in Southeast Asia and concerned for the future existence of his government, Sihanouk swung toward the left in the mid-1960s.

In 1966, Sihanouk made an agreement with Zhou Enlai of the People's Republic of China that would allow PAVN and VC forces to establish base areas in Cambodia and to use the port of Sihanoukville for the delivery of military material. The US, heavily involved in South Vietnam, was not eager to openly violate the asserted neutrality of Cambodia, which had been guaranteed by the Geneva Accord of 1954.

Beginning in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized covert reconnaissance operations by the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG). The mission of the highly classified unit was to obtain intelligence on the PAVN/VC base areas (Project Vesuvius) that would be presented to Sihanouk in hopes of changing his position.

By late 1968, Sihanouk, under pressure from the political right at home and from the US, agreed to more normalized relations with the Americans. In July 1968, he had agreed to reopen diplomatic relations and, in August, formed a Government of National Salvation under the pro-US General Lon Nol. Newly inaugurated President Richard M. Nixon, seeking any means by which to withdraw from Southeast Asia and obtain "peace with honor", saw an opening with which to give time for the US withdrawal, and time to implement the new policy of Vietnamization.

Nixon had promised during the election of 1968 if elected, to continue the peace talks which started in Paris in May 1968, thereby ruling out seeking a military solution to the war and to continue Johnson's approach of seeking a diplomatic solution. Nixon's main opponent, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, was also committed to a diplomatic solution, and Nixon had presented himself during the election as the man best capable of reaching a favorable peace deal in Paris. Only George Wallace of the American Independent Party had committed himself during the election to fight on in Vietnam until a military victory, winning 13% of the vote.

The diplomatic settlement Nixon wanted was to be on American terms by preserving South Vietnam. A key aspect of Nixon's approach was what he himself called the "madman theory" under which he was to act like he was a dangerous leader capable of any act up to and including nuclear war to intimidate North Vietnam into a diplomatic settlement on American terms. Nixon believed that the Chinese had signed the armistice of Panmunjom in July 1953 because of the threats made by Eisenhower in the spring of 1953 to use nuclear weapons in Korea, and that strategic bombing or the mere threat of strategic bombing would force the North Vietnamese to sign an armistice similar to the agreement at Panmunjom. Nixon conceded that his election promises ruled out a "military victory", but as he often said in private he did not want to be "the first president of the United States to lose a war".

Before the diplomatic amenities with Sihanouk were even concluded, Nixon had decided to deal with the situation of PAVN/VC troops and supply bases in Cambodia. He had already considered a naval blockade of the Cambodian coast, but was talked out of it by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), who believed that Sihanouk could still be convinced to agree to ground attacks against the base areas.

On 30 January 1969, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Earle Wheeler suggested to the president that he authorize the bombing of the Cambodian sanctuaries. He was seconded on 9 February by the U.S. commander in Vietnam, General Creighton W. Abrams, who also submitted his proposal to bomb the Central Office of South Vietnam (COSVN), the elusive headquarters of PAVN/VC southern operations, located somewhere in the Fishhook region of eastern Cambodia. Abrams claimed to Nixon that the regions of eastern Cambodia to be bombed were underpopulated and no civilian deaths would be caused, but documents showed that he and other generals were aware that eastern Cambodia was indeed populated and "some Cambodian casualties would be sustained in the operation".

The plans for the bombing was opposed by the Defense Secretary Melvin Laird who doubted the bombings could be kept secret and feared the reaction of Congress and public opinion, Secretary of State William P. Rogers who feared the bombings would derail the peace talks in Paris, and the National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger who feared that Nixon was acting rashly. None of them raised moral objections to the bombings.

On 22 February, during the period just following the Tết holidays, PAVN/VC forces launched an offensive. Nixon became even more angered when the communists launched rocket and artillery attacks against Saigon, which he considered a violation of the "agreement" he believed had been made when the US halted the bombing of North Vietnam in November 1968.

Nixon, who was en route to Brussels for a meeting with North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) leaders, ordered Kissinger to prepare for airstrikes against PAVN/VC base areas in Cambodia as a reprisal. The bombings were to serve three purposes: they would show Nixon's tenacity; they would disable the PAVN's offensive capability to disrupt the US withdrawal and Vietnamization; and they would demonstrate US determination, "that might pay dividends at the negotiating table in Paris." Nixon then cabled Colonel Alexander Haig, a National Security Council staff aide, to meet him in Brussels along with Colonel Raymond Sitton, a former Strategic Air Command (SAC) officer on the JCS staff, to formulate a plan of action.

Nixon would have liked to resume bombing North Vietnam, but he was informed by the State Department that would cause the collapse of the peace talks in Paris. Public opinion polls in 1968–1969 showed the majority of the American people supported the strategy of seeking a diplomatic solution to the Vietnam War via the Paris peace talks. The bombing of Cambodia was part of Nixon's "madman theory" that was meant to intimidate North Vietnam by showing that he was a dangerous leader capable of anything.

By seeking advice from high administration officials, Nixon had delayed any quick response that could be explicitly linked to the provocation. He decided to respond to the next provocation and didn't have long to wait. On 14 March, communist forces once again attacked South Vietnam's urban areas and Nixon was ready. On 16 March, Nixon summoned Kissinger, Laird, Rogers, and Wheeler to a meeting at the White House to announce that he decided that bombing Cambodia was the "only way" to make North Vietnam compromise because he felt he had "to do something on the military front...something they will understand".

Nixon decided to keep the bombing a secret from the American people as to admit to bombing an officially neutral nation would damage his credibility and because bombing Cambodia would seem like he was escalating the war. Under the US constitution, the power to declare war rests with Congress, and several constitutional experts testified before Congress in 1973 that by launching a bombing offensive in 1969 without obtaining the approval of Congress or indeed even informing Congress, Nixon had committed an illegal act. In 1969, the mood of Congress was such that it was extremely unlikely that Congress would have granted approval had Nixon asked for it, hence his decision to circumvent Congress by launching the bombing offensive while keeping it secret.

## *Breakfast* to *Dessert*

In his diary in March 1969, Nixon's chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman, noted that the final decision to carpet bomb Cambodia "was made at a meeting in the Oval Office Sunday afternoon, after the church service." In his diary on 17 March 1969, Haldeman wrote: "Historic day. K\[issinger\]'s "Operation Breakfast" finally came off at 2:00 pm our time. K really excited, as is P\[resident\]." And the next day: "K's 'Operation Breakfast' a great success. He came beaming in with the report, very productive. A lot more secondaries than had been expected. Confirmed early intelligence. Probably no reaction for a few days, if ever."

The bombing began on the night of 18 March with a raid by 60 B-52 Stratofortress bombers, based at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. The target was Base Area 353, the supposed location of COSVN in the Fishhook. Although the aircrews were briefed that their mission was to take place in South Vietnam, 48 of the bombers were diverted across the Cambodian border and dropped 2,400 tons of bombs. The mission was designated "Breakfast", after the morning Pentagon planning session at which it was devised. On 18 March a 13-man "Daniel Boone" team from MACV-SOG was landed by helicopter at the Base Area 353 impact site to capture survivors, but they were met by intense enemy fire and only two of the team were rescued.

"Breakfast" was so successful (in US terms) that General Abrams provided a list of 15 more known base areas for targeting. The five remaining missions and targets were: "Lunch" (Base Area 609); "Snack" (Base Area 351); "Dinner" (Base Area 352); "Supper" (Base Area 740); and "Dessert" (Base Area 350). SAC flew 3,800 B-52 sorties against these targets, and dropped 108,823 tons of ordnance during the missions. Due to the continued reference to meals in the codenames, the entire series of missions was referred to as Operation Menu. MACV-SOG provided 70% of the Menu bomb damage intelligence

Nixon and Kissinger went to great lengths to keep the missions secret. In order to prevent criticism of the bombing, an elaborate dual reporting system of the missions had been formulated during the Brussels meeting between Nixon, Haig, and Colonel Sitton.

## System

The number of individuals who had complete knowledge of the operation was kept to a minimum. Neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor Air Force's chief of staff were aware of the bombing of Cambodia. All communications concerning the missions was split along two paths – one route was overt, ordering typical B-52 missions that were to take place in South Vietnam near the Cambodian border – the second route was covert, using back-channel messages between commanders ordering the classified missions. For example: General Abrams would request a Menu strike. His request went to Admiral John S. McCain, Jr., the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC), in Honolulu.

McCain forwarded it to the JCS in Washington DC, who, after reviewing it, passed it on to Defense Secretary Laird (who might consult with the president). The JCS then passed the command for the strike to General Bruce K. Holloway, Commander of SAC, who then notified Lieutenant General Alvin C. Gillem, Commander of the 3rd Air Division on Guam. During this time Air Force Major Hal Knight was supervising an MSQ-77 Combat Skyspot radar site at Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam. "Skyspot" was a ground directed bombing system which directed B-52 strikes to targets in Vietnam.

Each day a courier plane would arrive from SAC's Advanced Echelon Office at Tan Son Nhut Air Base near Saigon. Knight was given a revised list of target coordinates for the next day's missions. That evening, the coordinates were fed into Olivetti Programma 101 computers. and then relayed to the aircraft as they came on station. Only the pilots and navigators of the aircraft (who had been briefed by General Gillem and sworn to secrecy) knew of the true location of the targets.

The bombers then flew on to their targets and delivered their payloads. After the air strikes, Knight gathered the mission paperwork and computer tapes and destroyed them in an incinerator. He then called a phone number in Saigon and reported that "The ball game is over." The aircrews filled out routine reports of hours flown, fuel burned, and ordnance dropped. This dual system maintained secrecy and provided Air Force logistics and personnel administrators with information that they needed to replace air crews or aircraft and replenish stocks of fuel and munitions.

## Exposure

Although Sihanouk was not informed by the US about the operation, he may have had a desire to see PAVN/VC forces out of Cambodia, since he himself was precluded from pressing them too hard. After the event, it was claimed by Nixon and Kissinger that Sihanouk had given his tacit approval for the raids, but this is dubious. Sihanouk told US diplomat Chester Bowles on 10 January 1968, that he would not oppose American "hot pursuit" of retreating North Vietnamese troops "in remote areas \[of Cambodia\]", provided that Cambodians were unharmed.

Kenton Clymer notes that this statement "cannot reasonably be construed to mean that Sihanouk approved of the intensive, ongoing B-52 bombing raids ... In any event, no one asked him. ... Sihanouk was never asked to approve the B-52 bombings, and he never gave his approval." During the course of the Menu bombings, Sihanouk's government formally protested "American violation\[s\] of Cambodian territory and airspace" at the United Nations on over 100 occasions, although it "specifically protested the use of B-52s" only once, following an attack on Bu Chric in November 1969.

On 9 May 1969, an article by military reporter William M. Beecher exposing the bombing was run in the *New York Times*. Beecher claimed that an unnamed source in the administration had provided the information. Nixon was furious when he heard the news and ordered Kissinger to obtain the assistance of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to discover the source of the leak. Hoover claimed that Kissinger had told him that "we will destroy whoever did this". Hoover suspected Kissinger's own NSC aide, Morton Halperin, of the deed and so informed Kissinger. Halperin's phone was then illegally tapped for 21 months.

This was the first in a series of illegal surveillance activities authorized by Nixon in the name of national security. The phones of 13 officials together with four journalists were illegally tapped by the FBI in search of finding the leak. The administration was relieved when no other significant press reports concerning the operation appeared, and the revelation of the secret bombing of Cambodia did not cause any public outrage. Journalist Stanley Karnow asserted that the illegal bugging in May 1969 marked "the first abuses of authority" under Nixon that ultimately led to the Watergate scandal.

Likewise, Congressman John Conyers wrote that the Operation Menu bombings led Nixon and his staff to become "enmeshed in the snare of lies and half-truths they themselves had created". Conyers wrote that Nixon's belief that any action done by the president was justified in name of national security, first asserted with Operation Menu, created the mindset that led him directly to the Watergate scandal.

By the summer, five members of the United States Congress had been informed of the operation. They were Senators John C. Stennis (MS) and Richard B. Russell, Jr. (GA), and Representatives Lucius Mendel Rivers (SC), Gerald R. Ford (MI), and Leslie C. Arends (IL). Arends and Ford were leaders of the Republican minority and the other three were Democrats on either the Armed Services or Appropriations committees.

For those in Washington who knew of the Menu raids, the silence of one party came as a surprise. The Hanoi government made no protest concerning the bombings. It neither denounced the raids for propaganda purposes, nor, according to Kissinger, did its negotiators "raise the matter during formal or secret negotiations." North Vietnam had no wish to advertise the presence of their forces in Cambodia, allowed by Sihanouk in return for the Vietnamese agreeing not to foment rebellion in Cambodia.

## Revelations

For four years Menu remained unknown to the US Congress as a whole. That changed in December 1972, when Major Knight wrote a letter to Senator William Proxmire (D, WI), asking for "clarification" of U.S. policy on the bombing of Cambodia. Knight, who had become concerned over the legality of his actions, had complained to his superior officer, Colonel David Patterson. He later received several bad efficiency reports, which ruined his career, and he was discharged from the air force.

Proxmire's questioning led to hearings of the Senate Armed Services Committee, which eventually demanded that the Department of Defense turn over all records of US air operations in Cambodia. When they arrived, the records did not even mention the Menu strikes. The committee was not convinced and the investigation continued. Less than two weeks later, it opened hearings on the nomination of General George S. Brown for the position of chief of staff of the Air Force. As commander of the Seventh Air Force in South Vietnam, Brown had been privy to Menu and disclosed as much to the committee.

For the next eight days the committee listened to the testimony of administration officials and the JCS, who tried to justify their actions. The committee uncovered excuses and deceptions that were perhaps more alarming than those occurring simultaneously in the Watergate hearings. The Menu revelations raised "fundamental questions as to military discipline and honesty, of civilian control over the military and of Congressional effectiveness." It was basically agreed, both by Congress and concerned military officers, that the deception employed during Menu went beyond covertness.

According to Air Force historian Captain Earl H. Tilford: "Deception to fool the enemy was one thing, but lying to Congress and key members of the government, including the chief of staff of the Air Force and the secretary of the Air Force, was something else." Congressman Conyers wrote that the bombing of Cambodia without congressional authorization was an illegal act which Nixon should have been impeached for. Conyers introduced a motion of impeachment against Nixon regarding the bombing of Cambodia on the floor of the House on 30 July 1974, which was not taken up as the House was fully engaged in the Watergate scandal at the time.

## Civilian casualties

There are no confirmed estimates of Cambodians killed, wounded, or rendered homeless by Operation Menu. The Department of Defense estimated that the six areas bombed in Operation Menu (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Snack, Dessert, and Supper) had a non-combatant population of 4,247. DOD planners stated that the effect of attacks could tend to increase casualties, as could the probable lack of protective shelters around Cambodian homes.

Each of the target areas was small. Area 353 (Breakfast), was only 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) in size and had an estimated population of 1,640 people. B-52s flew 228 sorties into this single area to bomb. Each B-52 carried up to 108 bombs weighing 225 kilograms (496 lb) and spread them equally over a "box" about 1.5 kilometers long by one-half kilometer wide (1 mile by 0.3 miles); thus, nearly 25,000 bombs may have been dropped in Area 353 alone. The other target areas had similar saturation rates of bombs.

Following Operation Menu, Operation Freedom Deal continued the bombing of Cambodia for an additional three years and extended the bombing to at least one-half of the country.

## Aftermath

The constitutional issues raised at the hearings became less important when the House Judiciary Committee voted (21–12) against including the administration's falsification of records concerning Menu in the articles of impeachment leveled against President Nixon. One of the key issues that prevented congressional inclusion was the embarrassing fact that five key members of both political parties had been privy to the information and none had said or done anything about it.

The consequences of U.S. bombing of Cambodia, positive and negative, are still widely debated by participants and scholars. As for preventing further PAVN/VC offensives, they failed. In May 1969, PAVN/VC launched an offensive similar in size to that of the May Offensive of the previous year. It certainly cost North Vietnam the effort and manpower to disperse and camouflage their Cambodian sanctuaries to prevent losses to further air attack. President Nixon claimed the raids were a success, since air power alone had to provide a shield for withdrawal and Vietnamization. They certainly emboldened Nixon to launch the Cambodian Campaign of 1970.

While out of the country on 18 March 1970, the prince was deposed by the national assembly and replaced by Lon Nol. The Nixon administration, although thoroughly aware of the weakness of Lon Nol's forces and loath to commit US military force to the new conflict in any form other than air power, announced support for the newly proclaimed Khmer Republic. In response, the prince quickly aligned himself with the Khmer Rouge. This was a boon to the communist insurgents, whose movement "started growing as on yeast."

On 29 March 1970, the PAVN launched an offensive against the Khmer National Armed Forces, with documents uncovered after 1991 from the Soviet archives revealing that the invasion was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge following negotiations with Nuon Chea. Historian Jussi Hanhimäki writes that "the MENU operations pushed the North Vietnamese forces...in east Cambodia westward. American bombers followed suit."

Author William Shawcross and other observers asserted that the "Khmer Rouge were born out of the inferno that American policy did much to create" and that Sihanouk's "collaboration with both powers \[the United States and North Vietnam\] ... was intended to save his people by confining the conflict to the border regions. It was American policy that engulfed the nation in war."

Shawcross was challenged by former Kissinger aide Peter Rodman as follows:

> When Congress, in the summer of 1973, legislated an end to U.S. military action in, over, or off the shores of Indochina, the only U.S. military activity then going on was air support of a friendly Cambodian government and army desperately defending their country against a North Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge onslaught ... What destabilized Cambodia was North Vietnam's occupation of chunks of Cambodian territory from 1965 onwards for use as military bases from which to launch attacks on U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam.

Kissinger in an interview with Theo Sommer defended the bombing, saying:

> People usually refer to the bombing of Cambodia as if it had been unprovoked, secretive U.S. action. The fact is that we were bombing North Vietnamese troops that had invaded Cambodia, that were killing many Americans from these sanctuaries, and we were doing it with the acquiescence of the Cambodian government, which never once protested against it, and which, indeed, encouraged us to do it. I may have a lack of imagination, but I fail to see the moral issue...

The simultaneous rise of the Khmer Rouge and the increase in area and intensity of U.S. bombing between 1969 and 1973 has incited speculation as to the relationship between the two events. Ben Kiernan, Director of the Genocide Studies Program at Yale University, said the following:

> Apart from the large human toll, perhaps the most powerful and direct impact of the bombing was the political backlash it caused ... The CIA's Directorate of Operations, after investigations south of Phnom Penh, reported in May 1973 that the communists there were successfully 'using damage caused by B-52 strikes as the main theme of their propaganda' ... The U.S. carpet bombing of Cambodia was partly responsible for the rise of what had been a small-scale Khmer Rouge insurgency, which now grew capable of overthrowing the Lon Nol government ...

Shawcross's and Kiernan's views were echoed in a 2011 statistical study of US bombing in Vietnam which concluded that the air war "was counterproductive ... hampered the pacification campaign and more of it would likely have hastened the communist victory." Kang Kek Iew, a Cambodian war criminal and leader in the Khmer Rouge movement, said during his war crimes tribunal in 2009 that "Mr Richard Nixon and \[Henry\] Kissinger allowed the Khmer Rouge to grasp golden opportunities".

When Phnom Penh was under siege by the Khmer Rouge in 1973, the US Air Force again launched a bombing campaign against them, claiming that it had saved Cambodia from an otherwise inevitable communist take-over and that the capital might have fallen in a matter of weeks. By 1975, President Ford was predicting "new horrors" if the Khmer Rouge took power, and calling on Congress to provide additional economic, humanitarian, and military aid for Cambodia and Vietnam.

### Notes

### Sources

#### Unpublished government documents

* Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, *Command History 1967*, Annex F, Saigon, 1968.
* Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, *Command History 1968*, Annex F, Saigon, 1969.

#### Published government documents

* Head, William H. *War from Above the Clouds: B-52 Operations during the Second Indochina War and the Effects of the Air War on Theory and Doctrine*. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 2002.
* Nalty, Bernard C., *Air War over South Vietnam, 1968–1975*. Washington DC: Air Force Museums and History Program, 2000. ISBN 978-0-16-050914-8
* Tilford, Earl H. *Setup: What the Air force did in Vietnam and Why*. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1991.

#### Memoirs

* Westmoreland, William C. *A Soldier Reports*. New York: Doubleday, 1976.

#### Secondary accounts

* Conyers, John "Why Nixon Should Have Been Impeached" pp. 2–8 from *The Black Scholar*, Volume, Issue 2, October 1974.
* Isaacs, Arnold, Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown, et al., *Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos*. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987. ISBN 978-0-939526-24-6
* Karnow, Stanley *Vietnam: A History*, New York: Viking, 1983. ISBN 0140073248
* Morocco, John, *Operation Menu* in *War in the Shadows*. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1988. ISBN 978-0-939526-38-3
* Morocco, John, *Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1975*. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985. ISBN 978-0-939526-14-7
* Rotter, Andrew J. ed., *Light at the end of the tunnel : a Vietnam War anthology*; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991 ISBN 0312045298; pp. 276ff., Shawcross: Bombing Cambodia – A critique.
* Shaw, John M. *The Cambodian Campaign: The 1970 Offensive and America's Vietnam War*. Lawrence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2005.
* Shawcross, William, *Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia*. New York: Washington Square Books, 1979. ISBN 978-0-671-83525-5
* Sorley, Lewis, *A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam*. New York: Harvest Books, 1999.

## InfoBox

| Operation Menu | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Cambodian Civil War and Vietnam War | |
| B-52D bombers carry out a strike | |
| Operational scope | Tactical bombing |
| Location | Eastern Cambodia |
| Date | 18 March 1969 – 26 May 1970 |
| Executed by | United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) |
| Outcome | Strategic failure * PAVN/VC and material losses * Failure to prevent North Vietnamese forces from operating in the country * Failure to kill COSVN leadership * Commencement of the Cambodian campaign |


title: Inhebantu of Busoga

abstract: Inhebantu of Busoga, also known as Mother of Busoga, is the title given to the queen consort to the ruler of the Busoga Kingdom – the Kyabazinga of Busoga in Uganda. The last Inhebantu was Alice Muloki, who died on November 6, 2005. On September 7th, 2023, the Busoga Kingdom announced Jovia Mutesi as the Inebantu of the Kingdom.

text:
# Inhebantu of Busoga

**Inhebantu of Busoga**, also known as **Mother of Busoga***,* is the title given to the queen consort to the ruler of the Busoga Kingdom  the Kyabazinga of Busoga in Uganda.

The last *Inhebantu* was Alice Muloki, who died on November 6, 2005. On September 7th, 2023, the Busoga Kingdom announced Jovia Mutesi as the Inebantu of the Kingdom (Queen of Busoga).

List of the Inhebantu of Busoga since 1939
| # | Name | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Yunia Nakibande |  |  |
| 2. | Susan Nansikombi Kaggwa |  |  |
| 3. | Yuliya Babirye Kadhumbula Nadiope |  |  |
| 4. | Alice Kintu Muloki Florence Violet | 21 January 1956 | 6 November 2005 |
| 5. | Jovia Mutesi | 18 November 2023 |  |


abstract: The Indonesia women's national under-17 football team is a national association football youth team of Indonesia and is controlled by the Football Association of Indonesia. Indonesia has qualified for the AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup only twice in its history, with their first appearance being in 2005 and the second appearance being in 2024 as hosts.

text:
# Indonesia women's national under-17 football team

The **Indonesia women's national under-17 football team** is a national association football youth team of Indonesia and is controlled by the Football Association of Indonesia.

Indonesia has qualified for the AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup only twice in its history, with their first appearance being in 2005 and the second appearance being in 2024 as hosts.

## Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Win   Draw   Loss   Fixture

### 2024

## Coaching staff

*As of 20 February 2024*

| Position | Name |
| --- | --- |
| Technical director | *Vacant* |
| Head coach | Satoru Mochizuki |
| Assistant coaches | Hiroaki Nagashima |
| | Yopie Riwoe |
| | Touskha Oktafia Stevelien Iba |
| Team manager | Galih Dimuntur Kartasasmita |
| Goalkeeper coaches | Natsuko Todoroki |
| | Kurnia Sandy |
| Fitness coaches | Ryo Ikehara |
| | Shojiro Ida |
| | Gaselly Jun Panam |
| Match analysts | Ichiro Wada |
| | Octavery Krisnandana |
| Doctors | Kihiro Ikeda |
| | Takanori Teraoka |
| | Leksolie Lirodon Foes |
| Physiotherapists | Ester Lita Maratade |
| | Lulu Indah Prawira |
| Masseurs | Rizky Dwi Rahayu |
| | Heny Atika |
| Nutritionist | Brillian Anjar Saputro |
| Interpreter | Shuichiro Hara |
| Admins | Maulina Novryliani |
| | Herwindyo Asmiridyono |
| | Novrizal |
| Kitmans | Chandra |
| | Imam |
| Media officer | Chriseffer Rachel |
|

## Current squad

The final squad for 2024 AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup was announced on 4 May 2024.

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Gadhiza Asnanza | (2008-03-03)3 March 2008 (aged 16) | 2 | 0 | Persib Putri |
| 20 | 1GK | Fairus Khalisa | (2009-11-24)24 November 2009 (aged 14) | 0 | 0 | Asprov Jateng |
| 23 | 1GK | Edelweiz Auradiva | (2009-03-09)9 March 2009 (aged 15) | 1 | 0 | Borneo Putri |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2DF | Rizka Dwi Juniar | (2007-07-01)1 July 2007 (aged 16) | 2 | 0 | Asprov Jateng |
| 3 | 2DF | Amelia Heselo | (2007-06-03)3 June 2007 (aged 16) | 1 | 0 | Asprov Papua |
| 4 | 2DF | Nabila Divany | (2007-10-22)22 October 2007 (aged 16) | 2 | 0 | Asprov Lampung |
| 5 | 2DF | Wandha Azzahra | (2007-10-27)27 October 2007 (aged 16) | 1 | 0 | Persib Putri |
| 12 | 2DF | Sofia Soll | (2007-01-23)23 January 2007 (aged 17) | 1 | 0 | Asprov Papeg |
| 14 | 2DF | Indira Jenna | (2007-02-14)14 February 2007 (aged 17) | 2 | 0 | Asprov Banten |
| 16 | 2DF | Zaskia Azzahra | (2007-10-16)16 October 2007 (aged 16) | 2 | 0 | Asprov Kaltim |
| 17 | 2DF | Nanda Rahmawati | (2007-06-30)30 June 2007 (aged 16) | 1 | 0 | Asprov Jabar |
| 22 | 2DF | Sola Mananohas | (2007-08-28)28 August 2007 (aged 16) | 1 | 0 | Asprov Sulut |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 6 | 3MF | Zaira Kusuma | (2007-02-20)20 February 2007 (aged 17) | 2 | 0 | Asprov DKI Jakarta |
| 7 | 3MF | Allya Putri | (2008-01-08)8 January 2008 (aged 16) | 2 | 0 | Asprov Babel |
| 8 | 3MF | Adelia Ramadany | (2007-11-27)27 November 2007 (aged 16) | 0 | 0 | Asprov Jatim |
| 11 | 3MF | Syafia Chorlienka | (2009-10-25)25 October 2009 (aged 14) | 1 | 0 | Arema Putri |
| 18 | 3MF | Zahra Nafisa | (2008-08-30)30 August 2008 (aged 15) | 2 | 0 | Persib Putri |
| 19 | 3MF | Aulia Arifah | (2008-03-21)21 March 2008 (aged 16) | 2 | 0 | Asprov Banten |
| 21 | 3MF | Nabila Saputri | (2007-02-04)4 February 2007 (aged 17) | 2 | 0 | Asprov Banten |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 9 | 4FW | Mayzura Alifa | (2007-05-25)25 May 2007 (aged 16) | 0 | 0 | Asprov Jabar |
| 10 | 4FW | Keyssya Anatassya | (2008-06-17)17 June 2008 (aged 15) | 1 | 0 | Asprov DKI Jakarta |
| 13 | 4FW | Claudia Scheunemann | (2009-04-24)24 April 2009 (aged 15) | 2 | 1 | Asprov Banten |
| 15 | 4FW | Kikka Putri | (2008-09-13)13 September 2008 (aged 15) | 2 | 0 | Asprov Kalteng |

## Competitive record

### FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup

| FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup record | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Host/Year | Result | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 2008 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| 2010 | |
| 2012 | |
| 2014 | |
| 2016 | |
| 2018 | |
| 2022 | |
| 2024 | |
| 2025 | |
| **Total** | **0/8** | **0 titles** | **0** | **0** | **0** | **0** | **0** | **0** |

### AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup

## InfoBox

Indonesia women's U-17
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Association | PSSI |
| Confederation | AFC (Asia) |
| Sub-confederation | AFF (Southeast Asia) |
| Head coach | Satoru Mochizuki |
| FIFA code | IDN |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup | |
| Appearances | 2 (*first in 2005*) |
| Best result | Group stage (2005, 2024) |
| AFF U-16 Women's Championship | |
| Appearances | 3 (*first in 2009*) |
| Best result | Group stage (2009, 2017, 2018) |


title: Oreophryne celebensis

abstract: Oreophryne celebensis is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Common name Celebes cross frog has been coined for it.

text:
# Oreophryne celebensis

***Oreophryne celebensis*** is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Common name **Celebes cross frog** has been coined for it.

## Description

*Oreophryne celebensis* reach 30 mm (1.2 in) in snout–vent length. The snout is rounded and short. The tympanum is at best scarcely visible. The fingers have large discs whereas the toe discs are much smaller. No webbing is present. Skin is smooth or with scattered tubercles dorsally; the belly is smooth or granular. The upper eyelid may bear a tubercle. The dorsal colouration is very variable: uniform yellowish, reddish, pink, or brown, or with darker spots or marblings. There is a triangular dark marking between the eyes, or an X-shaped or hourglass-shaped marking extending to the interscapular region. The canthus rostralis has a dark streak. A light vertebral line may be present. The venter is greyish or brownish, possible mottled with dark brown. No vocal sac is present.

## Habitat and conservation

*Oreophryne celebensis* occurs in montane forests above 1,000 m (3,300 ft). It probably lays terrestrial eggs that develop directly into froglets, without a free-living larval stage.

The distribution area of this species is experiencing serious habitat loss from forest clearance. It probably occurs in the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve, and Dua Sudara Nature Reserve. However, heavy habitat loss has also occurred inside the latter two reserves.

## InfoBox

| *Oreophryne celebensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Oreophryne* |
| Species: | ***O. celebensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreophryne celebensis***
(F. Müller, 1894) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Sphenophryne celebensis* Müller, 1894 | |


title: Oreophryne clamata

abstract: Oreophryne clamata is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia, and known from the Wondiwoi Mountains at the base of the Wandammen Peninsula, Papua province. The specific name clamata, meaning "makes a loud noise", refers to its striking advertisement call. Common name noisy cross frog has been proposed for this species.

text:
# Oreophryne clamata

***Oreophryne clamata*** is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia, and known from the Wondiwoi Mountains at the base of the Wandammen Peninsula, Papua province. The specific name *clamata*, meaning "makes a loud noise", refers to its striking advertisement call. Common name **noisy cross frog** has been proposed for this species.

## Description

The type series consists of six males measuring 19–20 mm (0.75–0.79 in) in snout–vent length. Dorsum is yellowish-brownish with some conspicuous black spots. There is a whitish crossbar between the eyes. Some individuals have a broad, whitish vertebral stripe. Belly and throat grey marbled with dark brown. Tympanum is scarcely visible. Fingers have large discs; toes have smaller discs. Both fingers and toes are unwebbed.

Males start calling shortly after dark. The call is a loud rattle, with males responding to each other's calls.

## Habitat and conservation

Natural habitat of *Oreophryne clamata* is tropical rainforest with patchy, dense undergrowth at elevations of 750–900 m (2,460–2,950 ft) asl. They are hard to find as males are small and typically perch on half-curled leaves 1–3 metres above the ground.

Threats to it are unknown, although logging might be a threat. Its range might include the Wondiwoi Nature Reserve.

## InfoBox

| *Oreophryne clamata* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Oreophryne* |
| Species: | ***O. clamata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreophryne clamata***
Günther, 2003 | |
|


title: Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi

abstract: Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi is a 1979 Indian Tamil-language film directed by I. V. Sasi, starring Jaishankar, K. R. Vijaya and Seema. It was released on 22 June 1979. The film was remade in Malayalam as Ezhamkadalinakkare the same year by the same director.

text:
# Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi

***Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi*** (/r/ transl.One sky, one Earth) is a 1979 Indian Tamil-language film directed by I. V. Sasi, starring Jaishankar, K. R. Vijaya and Seema. It was released on 22 June 1979. The film was remade in Malayalam as *Ezhamkadalinakkare* the same year by the same director.

## Plot

## Cast

## Production

*Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi* was said to be the first Tamil film to be shot in the United States while also shot at Canada and New York. Padmini made her acting comeback with this film. The filming was held at locations like Niagara Falls and Kennedy Airport.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Malai Raani Mundhaanai" | Kannadasan | Jolly Abraham, Vani Jairam |  |
| 2. | "Sorgaththilae Naam" | Kannadasan | P. Susheela, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |  |
| 3. | "Valamaana Bhoomiyil Sugamaana" | Kannadasan | K. J. Yesudas |  |
| 4. | "Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi" | Vaali | T. M. Soundararajan |  |
| 5. | "Mangala Poomazhai" | Kannadasan | Vani Jairam |  |

## Reception

Kutty Krishnan of *Kalki* wrote neither the sky nor the earth; it is a hanging space between the two.

## InfoBox

| Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | I. V. Sasi |
| Written by | Aleppey Sheriff |
| Produced by | N. G. John |
| Starring | Jaishankar
K. R. Vijaya
Seema
Vidhubala |
| Cinematography | Ramachandra Babu
Vipindas |
| Edited by | K. Narayanan |
| Music by | M. S. Viswanathan |
| Production
company | Geo Movie Productions |
| Release date | * 22 June 1979 (1979-06-22) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Ore extension

abstract: In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as ring theory, an Ore extension, named after Øystein Ore, is a special type of a ring extension whose properties are relatively well understood. Elements of a Ore extension are called Ore polynomials. Ore extensions appear in several natural contexts, including skew and differential polynomial rings, group algebras of polycyclic groups, universal enveloping algebras of solvable Lie algebras, and coordinate rings of quantum groups.

text:
# Ore extension

In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as ring theory, an **Ore extension**, named after Øystein Ore, is a special type of a ring extension whose properties are relatively well understood. Elements of a Ore extension are called **Ore polynomials**.

Ore extensions appear in several natural contexts, including skew and differential polynomial rings, group algebras of polycyclic groups, universal enveloping algebras of solvable Lie algebras, and coordinate rings of quantum groups.

## Definition

Suppose that *R* is a (not necessarily commutative) ring, $\sigma \colon R\to R$ is a ring homomorphism, and $\delta \colon R\to R$ is a  ***σ*-derivation** of *R*, which means that $\delta $ is a homomorphism of abelian groups satisfying

$\delta (r\_{1}r\_{2})=\sigma (r\_{1})\delta (r\_{2})+\delta (r\_{1})r\_{2}$.

Then the **Ore extension** $R\[x;\sigma ,\delta \]$, also called a **skew polynomial ring**, is the noncommutative ring obtained by giving the ring of polynomials $R\[x\]$ a new multiplication, subject to the identity

$xr=\sigma (r)x+\delta (r)$.

If *δ* = 0 (i.e., is the zero map) then the Ore extension is denoted *R*\[*x*;*σ*\]. If *σ* = 1 (i.e., the identity map) then the Ore extension is denoted *R*\[*x*,*δ*\] and is called a **differential polynomial ring**.

## Examples

The Weyl algebras are Ore extensions, with *R* any commutative polynomial ring, *σ* the identity ring endomorphism, and *δ* the polynomial derivative. Ore algebras are a class of iterated Ore extensions under suitable constraints that permit to develop a noncommutative extension of the theory of Gröbner bases.

## Properties

## Elements

An element *f* of an Ore ring *R* is called

* **twosided** (or **invariant** ), if *R·f = f·R*, and
* **central**, if *g·f = f·g* for all *g* in *R*.

## Further reading

* Goodearl, K. R.; Warfield, R. B. Jr. (2004), *An Introduction to Noncommutative Noetherian Rings, Second Edition*, London Mathematical Society Student Texts, vol. 61, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54537-4, MR 2080008
* McConnell, J. C.; Robson, J. C. (2001), *Noncommutative Noetherian rings*, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 30, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-2169-5, MR 1811901
* Azeddine Ouarit (1992) Extensions de ore d'anneaux noetheriens á i.p, Comm. Algebra, 20 No 6,1819-1837. https://zbmath.org/?q=an:0754.16014
* Azeddine Ouarit (1994) A remark on the Jacobson property of PI Ore extensions. (Une remarque sur la propriété de Jacobson des extensions de Ore a I.P.) (French) Zbl 0819.16024. Arch. Math. 63, No.2, 136-139 (1994). https://zbmath.org/?q=an:00687054
* Rowen, Louis H. (1988), *Ring theory, vol. I, II*, Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 127, 128, Boston, MA: Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-599841-4, MR 0940245


title: Inna Zobova

abstract: Inna Zobova is a Russian actress, fashion model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Russia 1994.

text:
# Inna Zobova

**Inna Zobova** (Russian: Инна Зобова; 1 October 1976) is a Russian actress, fashion model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Russia 1994.

## Pageantry

In 1994 she went on to compete in the Miss Universe pageant where she came in second in the National Costume competition and placed 12th overall.

## Modeling and fashion

In 2001, she ranked #51 in *GQ's* 200 Sexiest Women in the World and in 2002, she ranked #105 in The Glamour Girls Hot 500 and in the top 20 for *GQ* for 2005.

In August 2002, Inna was selected among over 600 models to become the then-new spokesmodel for Wonderbra and the face of the international brand Sephora in 2004, the year she also received the "Top Model of the Year" award at the *Marie Claire* Fashion Awards.

In 2011, Inna Zobova participates as a fashion expert and judge, to the TV show called *Top Model po-russki*, which is a local version of the famous U.S. reality show *America's Next Top Model*.

## Filmography

### Acting

### Notable TV guest appearances

### TV documentary

* (in French) Constance Vergara, « Moi, Inna… », article (portrait) in *Paris Match*, 4 pages, August 22, 2002
* Constance Vergara, « Portraits past and present of Inna Zobova, the Russian beauty… », article (portrait) in *Hello*, 6 pages, December 3, 2002
* (in French) Juliette Demey, « Inna Zobova, la Wonderwoman venue du froid », article (interview) in *Paris Match*, 2 pages, August 31, 2003
* Marta Del Riego, « Inna Zobova Wonder Girl », article (portrait) in *Marie Claire*, 5 pages, February 2004
* Anna Malpas, « Russia's next Top Model », article in *The St. Petersburg Times*, 1 pages, April 2011

## Bibliography

* Thierry Mugler, « Fashion Fetish Fantasy», Ed. Thames and Hudson, Pictures 79, 81
* (in French) Topolino, « Make up games», Ed. Assouline, Pictures 15, 27, 69
* Capella, « Magic Time » *Au profit de l'association War child*, Ed. Kalven, Pictures of Inna Zobova during the haute couture backstages.
* Straulino, « Straulino », Ed. daab, Pictures 57, 59
* Photo, « Spécial plus belles filles du monde », n°395, Pictures 54, 55

## InfoBox

| Inna Zobova | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1976-10-01) 1 October 1976<br>Khimki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Years active | 1994 – Present |
| **Modeling information** | |
| Height | 179 cm (5 ft 10 in) |
| Hair color | Blonde |
| Eye color | Blue |
|  | |


title: Oregon City-class cruiser

abstract: The Oregon City-class was a class of heavy cruisers of the United States Navy. Although ten ships of this class were planned, only four were completed – one of those as a command ship. The three ships completed as cruisers were in commission from 1946 to 1980, one having been converted to a guided missile cruiser (CG).

text:
# Oregon City-class cruiser

The ***Oregon City***-class was a class of heavy cruisers of the United States Navy. Although ten ships of this class were planned, only four were completed – one of those as a command ship. The three ships completed as cruisers were in commission from 1946 to 1980, one having been converted to a guided missile cruiser (CG).

## Design and development

The *Oregon City*-class cruisers were a modified version of the previous *Baltimore*-class design; the main difference was a more compact pyramidal superstructure with single trunked funnel, intended to improve the arcs of fire of the anti-aircraft (AA) guns. The same type of modification also differentiated the *Cleveland* and *Fargo* classes, and to a lesser degree the *Atlanta* and *Juneau* classes of light cruisers.

## History

Ten ships were authorized for the class with three being completed and the fourth suspended during construction. The final six ships were cancelled, five after being laid down. Construction on the incomplete fourth ship was resumed in 1948 and the ship served as a command ship *Northampton* (CLC-1). All three completed cruisers were commissioned in 1946. *Oregon City* was decommissioned after only 22 months of service, one of the shortest active careers of any World War II-era cruiser. *Albany* was later converted into a guided missile ship, becoming the lead ship of the *Albany* class and served until 1980. A similar conversion was planned for *Rochester* but was cancelled.

## Ships in class

|
|  |
Ships in class
| Name | Hull Number | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned/
Recommissioned | Decommissioned | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Oregon City* | CA-122 | Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts | 8 April 1944 | 9 June 1945 | 16 February 1946 | 15 December 1947 | Struck 1 November 1970; Sold for scrap, 17 August 1973 |
| *Albany* | CA-123 | | 6 Mar 1944 | 11 Jun 1945 | 15 June 1946 | 30 June 1958 | Converted to Guided Missile Cruiser Struck 30 June 1985; Sold for scrap, 12 August 1990 |
| | CG-10 | | | 3 November 1962 | 29 August 1980 | |
| *Rochester* | CA-124 | | 29 May 1944 | 28 August 1945 | 20 December 1946 | 15 August 1961 | Struck 1 October 1973; Sold for scrap, 24 September 1974 |
| *Northampton* | CA-125 | | 31 August 1944 | 27 January 1951 | 7 March 1953 | 8 April 1970 | Converted to command ship during construction – Struck and sold for scrap, 31 Dec 1977 |
| | CLC-1 | | | | | |
| *Cambridge* | CA-126 | | 16 December 1944 |  | | | Cancelled 12 August 1945 and scrapped on slip |
| *Bridgeport* | CA-127 | | | 13 January 1945 | Cancelled 12 August 1945 and scrapped on slip |
| *Kansas City* | CA-128 | | | 9 July 1945 | Cancelled 12 August 1945 and scrapped on slip |
| *Tulsa* | CA-129 | | |  | Cancelled 12 August 1945 |
| *Norfolk* | CA-137 | Philadelphia Naval Shipyard | | 27 December 1944 | Cancelled 12 August 1945 and scrapped on slip |
| *Scranton* | CA-138 | | | 27 December 1944 | Cancelled 12 August 1945 and scrapped on slip |

1. Norman Friedman, *U.S. Cruisers, An Illustrated Design History* 1984 ISBN 978-0-87021-718-0
2. Whitley 1999, p. 269.
3. Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 578.

## Bibliography

* Gardiner, Robert and Stephen Chumbley (editors). *Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995*. Annapolis, Maryland US: Naval Institute Press, 1995. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
* Whitley, M.J. *Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia*. London: Brockhampton Press, 1999. ISBN 1-86019-874-0,

## InfoBox

| USS *Rochester* on 20 September 1953 | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *Oregon City* class |
| Builders | Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard |
| Operators | United States Navy |
| Preceded by | *Baltimore* class |
| Succeeded by | *Des Moines* class |
| Subclasses | *Albany* class |
| Built | 1944–1951 |
| In commission | 1946–1961 |
| Planned | 10 |
| Completed | 4 |
| Cancelled | 6 |
| Retired | 4 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Heavy cruiser |
| Displacement | 13,260 long-tons (standard) |
| Length | * 664 ft (202 m) wl * 673 ft 5 in (205.26 m) oa |
| Beam | 70 ft 10 in (21.59 m) |
| Draft | 26 ft 4 in (8.03 m) |
| Propulsion | General Electric steam turbines turning 120,000 hp (89,000 kW) |
| Speed | 32.4 knots (60.0 km/h; 37.3 mph) |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | 2 × lifeboats |
| Complement | 1,142 officers and enlisted |
| Sensors and
processing systems |  |
| Armament |  |
| Armor | 6 Inch belt armor |
| Aircraft carried | 4 × Vought OS2U Kingfishers |
| Aviation facilities |  |


title: Oregon City Bridge

abstract: The Oregon City Bridge, also known as the Arch Bridge, is a steel through arch bridge spanning the Willamette River between Oregon City and West Linn, Oregon, United States. Completed in 1922, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built and is owned by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) as part of Oregon Route 43 and is the third-southernmost Willamette bridge in the Portland metropolitan area, after the Boone Bridge in Wilsonville and the Oregon 219 bridge near Newberg. The bridge is 745 ft in length and 28 ft wide with a 360 ft long main span that provides 49 ft of vertical clearance at low river levels. The narrow width causes problems for large vehicles that cross it, often requiring traffic going in the other direction to stop. TriMet buses ceased using the bridge in 2009. This bridge is the only Oregon bridge to be encased in gunite, which protects it from corrosive sulfur dioxide emissions from paper mills south of the bridge. The concrete look was favored by bridge designer Conde McCullough, designer of 500 Oregon bridges. His signature detailing is evident in the obelisk pylons with sconced light fixtures, ornate railings, and Art Deco piers. The Oregon City Bridge is just downstream from the 40 ft (12 m) tall Willamette Falls and the Willamette Falls Locks, the oldest navigational locks in the United States. Downstream from this bridge is the George Abernethy Bridge, which carries Interstate 205.

text:
# Oregon City Bridge

The **Oregon City Bridge**, also known as the **Arch Bridge**, is a steel through arch bridge spanning the Willamette River between Oregon City and West Linn, Oregon, United States. Completed in 1922, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built and is owned by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) as part of Oregon Route 43 and is the third-southernmost Willamette bridge in the Portland metropolitan area, after the Boone Bridge in Wilsonville and the Oregon 219 bridge near Newberg.

The bridge is 745 ft (227 m) in length and 28 ft (8½ m) wide with a 360 ft (110 m) long main span that provides 49 ft (15 m) of vertical clearance at low river levels. The narrow width causes problems for large vehicles that cross it, often requiring traffic going in the other direction to stop. TriMet buses ceased using the bridge in 2009.

This bridge is the only Oregon bridge to be encased in gunite, which protects it from corrosive sulfur dioxide emissions from paper mills south of the bridge. The concrete look was favored by bridge designer Conde McCullough, designer of 500 Oregon bridges. His signature detailing is evident in the obelisk pylons with sconced light fixtures, ornate railings, and Art Deco piers.

The Oregon City Bridge is just downstream from the 40 ft (12 m) tall Willamette Falls and the Willamette Falls Locks, the oldest navigational locks in the United States. Downstream from this bridge is the George Abernethy Bridge, which carries Interstate 205.

## History

The bridge was built to replace a pedestrian cable-suspension bridge completed in 1888. This existing bridge was utilized continuously during the construction process of the replacement, not only as access to the site for men and materials  assembling the box steel frames and pouring the reinforced concrete from its walkway  but also as the main support system during the completion of the arch itself. Construction was made difficult by the engineering challenges posed by the great depth of the river at the site and worse from the need to manage and accommodate the frequent and ever increasing water traffic on its surface. The completed bridge was opened to the public on December 28, 1922, with the cost of construction reported as $300,000.

The piers were designed to accommodate public restrooms. The deck widens at the piers to provide room for the stairways – one on each side of the deck – that once descended to the restrooms. Repeated vandalism led to the closure of the restrooms in 1937, and the stairway entrances were covered over with concrete. Windows for "observation balconies" that were originally included in the piers, at the tops on both sides, were also sealed in concrete after closure. The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places (as the **Willamette River (Oregon City) Bridge (No. 357**)) on July 1, 2005.

In March 2009, ODOT imposed new weight limits for vehicles crossing the bridge, after inspections revealed damage to some of the structure's floor beams. Large commercial vehicles, or any vehicle weighing more than 14 tons, were banned from using the bridge. Among other impacts, the restriction meant the rerouting of all TriMet buses. The two routes using the bridge at that time, 35-Macadam and 154-Willamette, were rerouted across the Abernethy Bridge (I-205 bridge).

In 2010–2012, the Oregon City Bridge was given an extensive rehabilitation, overseen by ODOT. Work began in July 2010, and the bridge was temporarily closed to all traffic starting in January 2011. The bridge reopened on October 15, 2012, with the $15 million restoration project nearly completed. The final items of work were completed in early 2013. According to ODOT, one of the "intentions" of the project was to "restore \[the bridge's\] original load-carrying capacity", which would permit TriMet buses to resume using the bridge. However, as of September 2013 TriMet service had not returned to the bridge, and it is unknown whether the transit agency is planning to restore the former routings, or whether ODOT actually has restored the old (higher) load limits.

## Current use

As of 2000, the bridge carried 12,800 vehicles per day, which represents only a 40% growth in traffic since 1953, when a public debate was held about building a parallel bridge next to the existing bridge. While the Oregon City Bridge did not get twinned, the George Abernethy Bridge (I-205 Bridge) opened in 1970 and has since become the major route through the area. TriMet buses crossed the bridge until March 2009, when a new weight limit temporarily banned buses and heavy commercial vehicles from using the bridge.

## InfoBox

| Oregon City Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 45°21′33″N 122°36′35″W / 45.3591°N 122.6097°W / 45.3591; -122.6097 |
| Carries | OR 43 |
| Crosses | Willamette River |
| Locale | Oregon City to
West Linn, Oregon,
United States |
| Maintained by | Oregon DOT |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | through arch of hollow
box girder construction |
| Total length | 745 ft (227 m) |
| Longest span | 360 ft (110 m) |
| History | |
| Opened | December 28, 1922 |
|  | |
| Willamette River Bridge (No. 357) | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Oregon City, Oregon; Willamette River at river mile 26.0 |
| Built | 1922 |
| Architect | Conde B. McCullough |
| NRHP reference No. | 05000639 |
| Added to NRHP | July 1, 2005 |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Tututawa

abstract: Tututawa is a locality and rural centre in east Taranaki, New Zealand, 26 kilometres (16 mi) east of Stratford, with a population of approximately 40. The settlement is centred 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Ohura Road, at the intersection of Mangaotuku Road and Tututawa Road. Positioned approximately 150 metres (490 ft) above sea level, Tututawa is nestled in a valley amongst high sandstone and greywacke ridgelines. Within the area are the historic localities of Tewheniwheni, Mangaehu and Tawhiwhi.

text:
# Tututawa

**Tututawa** is a locality and rural centre in east Taranaki, New Zealand, 26 kilometres (16 mi) east of Stratford, with a population of approximately 40. The settlement is centred 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Ohura Road (State Highway 43), at the intersection of Mangaotuku Road and Tututawa Road. Positioned approximately 150 metres (490 ft) above sea level, Tututawa is nestled in a valley amongst high sandstone and greywacke ridgelines. Within the area are the historic localities of Tewheniwheni, Mangaehu and Tawhiwhi.

## Geography

The valley is entered from the north via the Tututawa Saddle and Mangaotuku Road, which follows the meandering Mangaotuku Stream. At Tututawa the Tututawa Stream feeds into the Mangaotuku Stream, and the Mangaotuku meets the Mangaehu Stream. Similarly Tututawa Road, which runs along the Tututawa Stream valley, meets Mangaotuku Road, and Mangaotuku Road meets Mangaehu Road. The valley is surrounded by four high peaks; the Mangaotuku trig (365 m alt.) to the west, Popuanui (443m) to the east, Tututawa (451m) to the south-east and Waitiri (490m) to the south.

A bridge crosses the Mangaehu Stream to the south, and the road stretches across a small open plain to the intersection of Mangaotuku, Mangaehu and Soldiers Roads.

Mangaehu Road follows the valley floor of the upper Mangaehu Stream to the east to Puniwhakau, Makahu and Aotuhia, completing a loop to Strathmore and State Highway 43 via Brewer Road. The Tewheniwheni Stream feeds into the Mangaehu Stream east of the Tututawa trig, while the Pipi Stream runs northwards to the Mangaehu from the Waitiri trig.

Soldiers Road follows the Mangaehu Stream approx. 5 km to the west where it forks into two tributaries; Tauwharenikau Road and Perry Road. Tauwharenikau Road follows the stream of the same name south-east towards the Waitiri trig.

## Economy and culture

The area is predominantly reliant on pastoral farming, particularly sheep and beef farming, with a smattering of dairy grazing. Rivendell Gardens, a notable feature of Taranaki's Rhododendron Festival, is located on Tauwharenikau Road.

Community life centres on the Tututawa Hall and Domain, facilities which were once used as a school. Tututawa is home to the Mangaehu Dog Trial Club, and has produced a number of national champions in dog trials, as well as shearing and woodchopping. The Matemateāonga Range to the south are popular for pig and deer hunting.

## History

### Māori settlement

The name Tututawa is said to mean "bird snares set in Tawa trees", and this is affirmed by the significant population of kererū that graze upon the lush purple berries of the remaining Tawa trees. The name is likely to have been ascribed by the Inuawai hapū of the Ngāti Ruanui tribe, who once dwelt along the Mangaehu Stream and its tributaries.

The Rev. Richard Taylor visited these settlements in December 1846 and described a place called *Makama* – "a small open plain with two cottages in it".

Historian Ian Church writes;

*They reached the first settlement at Makama – “a small open plain with two cottages in it” – where several people were at work on their cultivations. While Taylor was talking to a dozen of them a severe earthquake shook the ground for about two minutes; the locals said they could remember one earthquake when they could not stay on their feet. In the evening, prayers were held in “their place of assembly.”* *The track followed up the Mangaotuku River “through a series of undulating grassy plains”.*

According to Church, European settlers discovered a settlement site near Tututawa, and archaeological evidence has identified occupation sites along the Mangaehu Stream, both upstream and downstream from its junction with the Mangaotuku. Tututawa is located in close proximity to the historic Kaharoa Track, which followed the Kaharoa Range and the Mangaehu valley, linking Patea to the Taumatamahoe Track.

### European settlement

#### Purchase and settlement

On 16 December 1875 the New Zealand government purchased the 61,200-acre (248 km2) Mangaotuku Block from Ngāti Ruanui and Ngāti Maru for £7650. Through the 1880s the government refrained from developing or selling this land, or from purchasing any more. Charles Brown negotiated the private purchase of the Toko, Huiakama and Pohokura blocks, and sold these to Thomas Bayly in June 1884.

In 1891 Palmerston North bootmaker Charles Stepney Gatton formed the Palmerston North Land Association to take advantage of the Liberal Government's land settlement scheme. Parts of the Mangaotuku, Toko and Huiakama blocks, in the area south of Ōhura Road between Douglas and Strathmore, were sold to the association. Ballots for 80-hectare sections were held in 1894 and those successful began to arrive in 1896.

#### Boom and bust

In July 1898 Robert Bennett Brickell and G. Moir lobbied the government for subsidies to improve Mangaotuku Road. In 1900 a 44-section township, with sites for school, creamery, police, government building, cemetery and recreation reserve, was surveyed by William Theodore Morpeth and originally named Mangaehu. A creamery was established by the Crown Dairy Company in 1900, later taken over by the Stratford Co-operative in 1903. Further government lobbying by Brickell and Moir led to the establishment of *Tututawa Primary School* on 25 February 1901. A community hall was opened on 13 December 1903, and soon a post office, telephone facilities, a store, a butcher and a blacksmith were also operating in the village.

Tututawa Road at this time crossed a saddle near the Tututawa trig, and ran down the Tewheniwheni valley to complete a loop to Tewheniwheni on Mangaehu Road. The now defunct Waitere Road provided a link to Omoana, climbing steeply to the Waitere trig and following the northern reaches of the Kahaora Range where a number of families were settled.

By 1906 it became clear that 80 hectares was not sufficient for settlers to make a living and that year saw a number of original settlers leave. The *Puniwhakau Dairy Company*, a local co-operative, had taken over the creamery from the Crown Dairy Company in October 1905, but by 1911 had amassed an overdraft of £2,800. The company was reconstructed as the *Tututawa Co-operative* by 1914.

In 1908 John Barrett Norris, formerly a teacher in Ireland, opened a school in his home near Tewheniwheni known as *Mangaehu School*. The school had a short life, closing in 1917. Following the First World War 1,243 hectares along Soldiers, Perry and Tauwherinikau Roads, known as the *Tawhiwhi settlement*, were subdivided into ten farms for returned soldiers. By October 1925, however, only one settler remained in Tawhiwhi due to economic hardship and access problems. The Tututawa Co-operative Dairy Company was liquidated in 1926.

#### Sports and social activities

Sports days and picnics were a popular form of community entertainment from early days, often held at the school grounds. The Mangaehu Dog Trial Club was formed in 1925, and to this day the yearly trials remain a focal point of community life and a national attraction to trialists. The Tututawa Domain Board was formed in 1931, contributing to the construction of tennis courts and attractive amenities surrounded by shrubs and lawns. Around this time a branch of the Women's’ Division of Federated Farmers (WDFF) was also established.

#### Winding down

While electricity reached Tututawa in 1953, the same year saw the closing of the post office, followed three years later by the telephone office. The Domain Board and Hall Company merged in 1964, and the county took over the amenities the following year. Decline in the school roll led to consolidation with Douglas in 1969, helped by improvements to Mangaotuku Road over the Tututawa Saddle.

#### Consolidation

The last four decades has seen continued population decline, and the amalgamation and consolidation of farms. However the area continues to thrive as productive and economic sheep and beef farming land.

## Further reading

* *Golden jubilee: Tututawa School 50th anniversary, 1901–1951*, n.p.: n.p., 1951
* Church, Ian N. (1990), *The Stratford Inheritance*, Waikanae, \[N.Z.\]: Heritage Press
* Tipler, S. (2001), *Tututawa School and Districts Centennial, 1901–2001*, Stratford, \[N.Z.\]: n.p.

39°19′S 174°32′E / 39.317°S 174.533°E / -39.317; 174.533

## InfoBox

| Tututawa | |
| --- | --- |
| Tututawa | |
| Coordinates: 39°19′12″S 174°31′42″E / 39.32000°S 174.52833°E / -39.32000; 174.52833 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Taranaki |
| District | Stratford District |