title: Galusha A. Grow

abstract: Galusha Aaron Grow was an American politician, lawyer, writer and businessman, who served as 24th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1861 to 1863. Elected as a Democrat in the 1850 congressional elections, he switched to the newly organized Republican Party in the mid-1850s when the Democratic Party tried to force the extension of slavery into western territories. Elected speaker for the 37th Congress, Grow presided over the House during the initial years of the American Civil War. During his tenure Congress passed the landmark Homestead Act of 1862, which he supported. Grow was defeated for reelection in 1862. For over a century he remained the last incumbent House speaker to be defeated, until Speaker Tom Foley lost his seat in 1994. After leaving office he continued to speak out on political issues, but did not serve in elective office. Then, 31 years after leaving office, Grow won an 1894 special election to succeed William Lilly. It remains one of the longest known interregnums between terms of service for a House member. Over the course of his career, Grow represented the people of three Pennsylvania congressional districts: the 12th district (1851–1853), 14th district (1853–1863), and Pennsylvania's at-large congressional district (1894–1903).

text:
# Galusha A. Grow

**Galusha Aaron Grow** (August 31, 1823 – March 31, 1907) was an American politician, lawyer, writer and businessman, who served as 24th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1861 to 1863. Elected as a Democrat in the 1850 congressional elections, he switched to the newly organized Republican Party in the mid-1850s when the Democratic Party tried to force the extension of slavery into western territories.

Elected speaker for the 37th Congress, Grow presided over the House during the initial years of the American Civil War. During his tenure Congress passed the landmark Homestead Act of 1862, which he supported. Grow was defeated for reelection in 1862. For over a century he remained the last incumbent House speaker to be defeated, until Speaker Tom Foley lost his seat in 1994.

After leaving office he continued to speak out on political issues, but did not serve in elective office. Then, 31 years after leaving office, Grow won an 1894 special election to succeed William Lilly. It remains one of the longest known interregnums between terms of service for a House member. Over the course of his career, Grow represented the people of three Pennsylvania congressional districts: the 12th district (1851–1853), 14th district (1853–1863), and Pennsylvania's at-large congressional district (1894–1903).

## Early life and education

Grow was born Aaron Galusha Grow in Ashford, Connecticut. His given names were the suggestions of an aunt living in Vermont, who was visiting Grow's mother when he was christened: "Aaron" was the aunt's husband's name (his full name was Aaron Nichols (1764–1807)), and "Galusha" was the surname of a governor of Vermont she admired. His family called him Galusha when he was growing up, and before Grow was a teenager, he had started writing his name with his given names reversed. He was educated at Franklin Academy in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, and later at Amherst College. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in November 1847 and then began his law practice.

## Political career

### Early elections

Grow ran as a Democrat in the 1850 election and served as a member of that party during the 32nd and 33rd congresses, and into the 34th Congress. He switched parties in the wake of President Pierce's signing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He ran as a Republican in the 1856 election and remained a member of that party for the rest of his political career.

### Congressional brawl of 1858

During the 35th United States Congress, on February 5, 1858, he was physically attacked by Democrat Laurence M. Keitt in the House chambers, leading to a brawl between northerners and southerners. Keitt, offended by Grow's having stepped over to his side of the House chamber, dismissively demanded that Grow sit down, calling him a "black Republican puppy". Grow responded by telling Keitt that "No negro-driver shall crack his whip over me." Keitt became enraged and went for Grow's throat, shouting that he would "choke \[him\] for that". A large brawl involving approximately fifty representatives erupted on the House floor, ending only when a missed punch from Rep. Cadwallader Washburn upended the hairpiece of Rep. William Barksdale. The embarrassed Barksdale accidentally replaced the wig backwards, causing both sides to erupt in spontaneous laughter.

Later that year Grow was re-elected to a fifth term. When the next Congress convened in December 1859, he was one of 90 congressmen to receive votes during the two-month-long 44-ballot speaker election, dropping out following the first ballot. On December 29, 1859, North Carolina Congressman Lawrence O'Bryan Branch challenged Galusha Grow to a duel after the two exchanged insults on the House Floor. Both men and their seconds were arrested by District of Columbia police before the duel could take place.

### 1861 speaker election

The deepening rift between slave states and free states overshadowed Grow's 1861 re-election victory, as a national crisis erupted in December 1860 when South Carolina became the first of several Southern states to adopt an Ordinance of Secession. Four months later, on April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, igniting the Civil War. In response, President Abraham Lincoln called the 37th Congress into session on July 4. When the House convened that day, Grow was nominated to be Speaker of the House; also nominated was Francis Preston Blair Jr. Grow was elected on the first ballot, but only after Blair withdrew following the roll call vote, at which time 28 votes shifted to Grow.

**1861 election for speaker**  159 votes cast, 80 votes necessary to win election:
**Galusha A. Grow (R–Pennsylvania) 99**
Francis Preston Blair Jr. (R–Missouri) 12
John J. Crittenden (CU–Kentucky) 12
John S. Phelps (D–Missouri) 7
Clement Vallandingham (D–Ohio) 7
Erastus Corning (D–New York) 7
Samuel S. Cox (D–Ohio) 6
*Others* 9

Although events of the war dominated and the First Battle of Bull Run occurred only two weeks after the 37th Congress was called into session, under Grow's leadership, several major acts of Congress were passed and signed into law, particularly the Morrill Land-Grant College Act (passed House June 17, 1862), the Pacific Railway Act authorizing land grants to encourage the construction of the transcontinental railroad, and the Homestead Act, which in over a century resulted in the establishment of 1.6 million homesteads.

### Loss of congressional seat and interim

Grow, a supporter of the Radical Republicans, was defeated in his re-election bid in 1862, becoming the second sitting House Speaker in a row to lose his seat.

Grow was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1864 and 1868.

He moved to Houston, Texas in 1871, and that year became president of what became known as the International - Great Northern Railroad, a position he held until 1875. He then returned to Pennsylvania and the practice of law from 1875 to 1894.

### Return to Congress

Grow returned to the United States Congress as a member at-large from Pennsylvania from 1894 to 1903; was the chairman of the committee on education in the 56th Congress.

## Death and legacy

Grow resided in Glenwood, Pennsylvania, from 1903 until his death at age 84. A biography of Galusha Grow, *Galusha A. Grow: Father of the Homestead Law*, was written by James T. Du Bois and Gertrude S. Mathews and published by Houghton Mifflin in 1917.

A monument to Grow was erected in 1915 at the Susquehanna County Courthouse Complex in Montrose, Pennsylvania.

## InfoBox

| Galusha A. Grow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 24th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
July 4, 1861  March 4, 1863 | |
| Preceded by | William Pennington |
| Succeeded by | Schuyler Colfax |
| Leader of the
House Republican Conference | |
| **In office**
July 4, 1861  March 4, 1863 | |
| Preceded by | William Pennington |
| Succeeded by | Schuyler Colfax |
| Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1851  March 3, 1863 | |
| Preceded by | David Wilmot |
| Succeeded by | William Henry Miller |
| Constituency | 12th district (1851–53)
14th district (1853–63) |
| **In office**
February 26, 1894  March 3, 1903 | |
| Preceded by | William Lilly |
| Succeeded by | John M. Morin (1913) |
| Constituency | at-large district |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Aaron Galusha Grow
August 31, 1823
Ashford, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Died | March 31, 1907 (aged 83)
near Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic (1850–57)
Republican (1857–1907) |
| Alma mater | Amherst College |
| Profession | Attorney |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Love in Tawang

abstract: Love in Tawang is a 2016 Indian Assamese-language romantic film directed by Dipak Nath under the banner of Siddhartha Telefilms. Newcomers Dhruv and Spainee are in the lead roles. This film's songs are composed by Abhijit Barman.

text:
# Love in Tawang

***Love in Tawang*** (অসমীয়া:লভ্ ইন টাৱাং) is a 2016 Indian Assamese-language romantic film directed by Dipak Nath under the banner of Siddhartha Telefilms. Newcomers Dhruv and Spainee are in the lead roles. This film's songs are composed by Abhijit Barman.

## Cast

The cast features Assamese, Monpa, and Bhutanese artistes.

* Dhruv
* Spainee
* Arun Nath
* Atul Pachoni
* Subhash Mudok
* Biswajeet Hazarika
* Juri Devi
* Simashree Bora

## Production

Dipak Nath, writer of *Mahasamar* (2013), directs this film.

## Soundtrack

This film's soundtrack was composed by Abhijit Barman. Lyrics by Dipak Nath. Three songs are in Assamese, one in Hindi, and one in English.

| No. | Title | Artist(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Nila Nila" | Zubeen Garg,Priyanka Bharali | 4:4 |
| 2. | "Love in Tawang" | Ritrisha Sharmah | 3:11 |
| 3. | "Sajna" | Priyanka Bharali | 4:1 |

## InfoBox

| Love in Tawang
লভ্ ইন টাৱাং | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Dipak Nath |
| Written by | Dipak Nath |
| Starring | Dhruv
Spainee |
| Cinematography | Hiten Thakuria |
| Music by | Abhijit Barman
Dipak Nath |
| Production
company | Siddhartha Telefilms |
| Distributed by | Siddhartha Telefilms |
| Release date | * 11 March 2016 (2016-03-11) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Assamese |


title: Rubén Sánchez (artist)

abstract: Rubén Sánchez also known as Zoonchez is a Spanish artist known for creating colorful compositions in his works, mostly with elements in balance. He has made sculptures and large-scale public murals works in Canada, UAE, France, Jordan, Germany, Turkey, Hungary, Sweden and the United States.

text:
# Rubén Sánchez (artist)

**Rubén Sánchez** also known as Zoonchez is a Spanish artist known for creating colorful compositions in his works, mostly with elements in balance. He has made sculptures and large-scale public murals works in Canada, UAE, France, Jordan, Germany, Turkey, Hungary, Sweden and the United States.

## Early life

Sánchez was born in Madrid in 1979. He developed an interest in graffiti at the age of 13. He later quit school and started working day jobs. Feeling tired of these jobs, he took interest in learning graphic design. In the 2000s, he moved to Barcelona and worked in different graphic design agencies. During this time period, he started creating his first artworks on reclaimed materials and created his first signature characters in the streets.

## Career

Sánchez began his artistic career at street level, where he mostly painted graffiti. Later he began drawing illustrations and mixed illustration with his original graffiti skills. He made several of these artworks in streets and public places as well as on different mediums such canvases, wood and all type of recycled materials.

In 2012, Sánchez began his one-year art residency program at Tashkeel in Dubai established by Lateefa bint Maktoum. During this time, he created a vast amount of artworks and painted the first public outdoor mural in the country (non-commercial). This residency helped him become a full-time artist.

In 2019, he designed the brand identity of the UEFA Champions League Finals in Madrid.

Sánchez has also conducted several humanitarian projects throughout his career. Between 2014 and 2016, he created several murals in refugee camps in Zaatari (Jordan) and Lesbos (Greece). In collaboration with AptART, he conducted different projects to highlight the views of children from Syria and Jordan regarding their homes, after a civil war in Syria made people leave their homes and reside in refugee camps. Later on, he created in Russeifa (Jordan) a mural, *Pushing Boundaries* to highlight women rights and other gender issues.

## Style and influences

Sánchez's work is characterized by vibrant color palettes, asymmetry and lack of perfect proportions. He tends to convey certain messages and concerns through his art where the viewer is challenged to depict. In a major mural project, Sanchez used tribal art in surrealism style rendered in Mediterranean colors and presented "a woman oppressed by the walls of her house trying to take down the walls and metaphorically opening herself to the world."

Sánchez's canvases, murals, ceramics, and large public sculptures depict a strong Mediterranean influence. He cites "Joan Miró, Le Corbusier or Henri Matisse or Pablo Picasso, or Juan Gris" as his main influences. His recent artworks exhibit a variety of themes, including connectivity, human imperfection, balances and imbalances.

## Selected exhibitions

* 2022 – Urban Break, Volery Gallery, Seoul
* 2022 – LA Art Fair, Moberg Booth, Los Angeles
* 2022 – Embodiment, Heron Arts, San Francisco
* 2022 – Contemporary Abstraction, Moberg Gallery, Des Moines, Iowa
* 2022 – Panorama, Cohle Gallery, Menorca
* 2021 – Emoción, Galería Ola, Barcelona
* 2020 – Recién Pintado, Centro Cultural El Carm, Badalona
* 2020 – Beyond the Walls, Cohle Gallery, Paris
* 2020 – SWAY, Moberg Gallery, Des Moines, Iowa
* 2019 – In Bloom, Moberg Gallery, Des Moines, Iowa
* 2019 – New Start, Happy Gallery, Paris
* 2018 – 10 Years Later, Tashkeel, Dubai
* 2017 – Refuge in Paint, NAMLA, Miami
* 2016 – Connectivity, Tashkeel, Dubai
* 2016 – The Lucid Dream, Installation, Dubai Design District, Dubai
* 2015 – Contemporary Istanbul, Istanbul
* 2015 – Fisticuffs, Dubai
* 2015 – It's Summertime!, London
* 2014 – Colors of Resilience, Amman
* 2014 – Art Dubai, Dubai
* 2014, 2015 – Made in Tashkeel, Dubai (UAE)
* 2013 – Sikka Art Fair, Dubai
* 2013 – The B Side, Solo Show, Tashkeel Gallery, Dubai
* 2012 – Reskate Exhibition, Bright Tradeshow, Berlin
* 2012–2013 – Gráfika, 30 Artists from a young Spain. World Tour
* 2012 – Vias Subversivas, Mallorca
* 2011 – Proyecto Haiti, Barcelona
* 2009 – Painting Alive, Apetit Gallery. Bilbao
* 2009 – Simbiosis, Espacio Espora, Madrid
* 2008 – Wood Pushers, Hecklewood Gallery, Portland
* 2006 – Hey Ho Let's Go, Barcelona

## InfoBox

| Rubén Sánchez | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1979<br>Madrid, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Known for | Contemporary art and street art |
| Website | https://www.iamrubensanchez.com |


title: Yeison Rivas

abstract: Yeison Javier Rivas Rivas is a Colombian hurdler. He represented his country in the 110 metres hurdles at the 2016 Summer Olympics without advancing from the first round. In addition, he won multiple medals on regional level. His personal bests are 13.36 seconds in the 110 metres hurdles and 49.90 seconds in the 400 metres hurdles. The latter is the current national record.

text:
# Yeison Rivas

**Yeison Javier Rivas Rivas** (born 24 September 1987) is a Colombian hurdler. He represented his country in the 110 metres hurdles at the 2016 Summer Olympics without advancing from the first round. In addition, he won multiple medals on regional level.

His personal bests are 13.36 seconds in the 110 metres hurdles (+0.3 m/s, Medellín 2016) and 49.90 seconds in the 400 metres hurdles (Cali 2015). The latter is the current national record.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Colombia | | | | | |
| 2008 | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Cali, Colombia | 3rd | 400 m hurdles | 50.44 |
| | | | 5th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:06.23 |
| 2009 | South American Championships | Lima, Peru | 3rd | 400 m hurdles | 50.87 |
| | | | 1st | 4 × 100 m relay | 39.41 |
| | | | 1st | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:06.22 |
| | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Havana, Cuba | 6th | 400 m hurdles | 50.14 |
| | | 9th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:10.65 |
| | Bolivarian Games | Sucre, Bolivia | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 50.67 |
| | | 2nd | 4 × 100 m relay | 3:10.93 |
| 2011 | South American Championships | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 6th | 400 m hurdles | 52.33 |
| | | | 2nd | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:09.67 |
| | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Mayagüez, Puerto Rico | 11th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 51.70 |
| 2013 | South American Championships | Cartagena, Colombia | 6th | 110 m hurdles | 14.01 |
| | | | 2nd | 4 × 100 m relay | 39.76 |
| | | | 2nd | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:06.25 |
| | Bolivarian Games | Trujillo, Peru | 4th | 110 m hurdles | 14.37 |
| | | 5th | 400 m hurdles | 50.69 |
| | | 3rd | 4 × 100 m relay | 39.86 |
| 2014 | South American Games | Santiago, Chile | 8th | 110 m hurdles | 14.29 |
| | | | 3rd | 4 × 100 m relay | 40.26 |
| 2016 | Ibero-American Championships | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 4th | 110 m hurdles | 13.64 |
| | Olympic Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 31st (h) | 110 m hurdles | 13.87 |
| 2017 | South American Championships | Asunción, Paraguay | 5th | 110 m hurdles | 13.95 (w) |
| | | | 5th | 400 m hurdles | 51.22 |
| | Bolivarian Games | Santa Marta, Colombia | 3rd | 110 m hurdles | 13.89 |
| | | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 50.47 |

## InfoBox

Yeison Rivas
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1987-09-24) 24 September 1987<br>Carepa, Colombia |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 66 kg (146 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | 110 m hurdles, 400 m hurdles |


title: Macaria banksianae

abstract: Macaria banksianae, the jack pine looper, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The wingspan is about 23 mm (0.91 in). The larva feeds on Pinus banksiana.

text:
# Macaria banksianae

***Macaria banksianae***, the **jack pine looper**, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The wingspan is about 23 mm (0.91 in). The larva feeds on *Pinus banksiana*.

## InfoBox

| *Macaria banksianae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Macaria* |
| Species: | ***M. banksianae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Macaria banksianae***<br>Ferguson, 1974 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Semiothisa banksianae* * *Semiothisa marmorata* | |


title: Nordisk familjebok

abstract: Nordisk familjebok is a Swedish encyclopedia that was published in print from between 1876 and 1993, and that is now fully available in digital form via Project Runeberg at Linköping University. The public domain editions of the encyclopedia remain important reference works in Finland, especially on Finnish Wikipedia.

text:
# Nordisk familjebok

***Nordisk familjebok*** (Swedish: \[ˈnǔːɖɪsk faˈmɪ̂lːjɛˌbuːk\], 'Nordic Family Book') is a Swedish encyclopedia that was published in print from between 1876 and 1993, and that is now fully available in digital form via Project Runeberg at Linköping University. The public domain editions of the encyclopedia remain important reference works in Finland, especially on Finnish Wikipedia.

## History

### First edition

*Nordisk familjebok* began when Halmstad publisher Christian Gernandt hired an editor, linguist Nils Linder, in 1874 to publish a six-volume encyclopedia. Linder drew up a plan for the work, designed the editorial team and created a large circle of experts and literary figures, who submitted article proposals and wrote and reviewed them. Under Linder's direction, the articles were then edited to make them as formal, consistent and accurate as possible. Much attention was paid to Nordic subjects, mainly Swedish and Finnish, where sources and models were often lacking, so extensive and time-consuming pioneering work had to be done. As a result, the earlier plan for the scope and publication period of the work was soon abandoned.

The first edition of *Nordisk familjebok* was published in 20 volumes between 1876 and 1899, and is known as the "Idun edition" because it bears a picture of Idun, the Norse mythologic goddess of spring and rejuvenation, on its cover. This was published over almost a quarter of a century, and particularly the first ten volumes contain material which are not seen in later editions. A good example of this is found in the end of the Berlin article (which is included in the second volume, from 1878), where the author finishes his article by talking about the public decency and morality, which he finds to be very poor. The author continues by complaining about there being a very lazy interest in religious matters and concludes: "to all these joint circumstances, one can hardly defend oneself against the thought of future threatening dangers".

Linder was editor until 1880, when he was succeeded by lexicographer John Rosén, first archivist at the National Archives Theodor Westrin, and B. F. Olsson.

### Second edition

The second edition, popularly known as *Uggleupplagan* (lit.'The Owl Edition') because of an owl image on its cover, was published between 1904 and 1926 in 38 volumes, and is the most comprehensive encyclopedia published in the Swedish language. A number of articles on Swedish Wikipedia, over 20,000, are based on this edition.

### Third edition

The third edition had 17 volumes and was published between 1924 and 1937. Another three supplementary volumes were published in 1937, 1938 and in 1939. The supplement covers for instance the Spanish Civil War and a heavy update on Adolf Hitler, but nothing about Germany's war on Poland nor are later events mentioned. A second printing of the entire third edition was published between 1941 and 1944. Nothing essential is changed in the second printing, but quite a lot of one side portraits (still in black and white), coloured maps of "World cities", European countries, continents, Swedish provinces and cities are added together with a few topics, like a collection of national flags. All the added material are on unnumbered pages, presumably a technical printing solution (so already printed books did not require re-numbering). This edition is usually called "the 1930s edition" and are of brown colour when looking at them on a shelf.

### Fourth edition

In 1942, Svensk uppslagsbok AB (later Förlagshuset Norden AB), the same publishing house that published the competing *Svensk uppslagsbok*, took over the rights to *Nordisk familjebok* and published a fourth, highly concentrated edition in 22 volumes between 1951 and 1957.

### Fifth edition

The fifth edition, *Nordisk familijebook 1994*, was published in 1993 by Corona in both a hardcopy, consisting of only two volumes, and a CD-ROM edition. According to the preface, it was based on the second edition of the larger work *Lilla uppslagsboken*.

Copyrights on the three first versions have expired, putting them in the public domain; while the fourth and fifth editions, from the 1950s and 1990s, respectively, are still under copyright.


title: Markup language

abstract:
A markup language is a text-encoding system which specifies the structure and formatting of a document and potentially the relationships among its parts. Markup can control the display of a document or enrich its content to facilitate automated processing. A markup language is a set of rules governing what markup information may be included in a document and how it is combined with the content of the document in a way to facilitate use by humans and computer programs. The idea and terminology evolved from the "marking up" of paper manuscripts, traditionally written with a red pen or blue pencil on authors' manuscripts. Older markup languages, which typically focus on typography and presentation, include Troff, TeX, and LaTeX.
Scribe and most modern markup languages, such as XML, identify document components, with the expectation that technology, such as stylesheets, will be used to apply formatting or other processing. Some markup languages, such as the widely used HTML, have pre-defined presentation semantics, meaning that their specifications prescribe some aspects of how to present the structured data on particular media. HTML, like DocBook, Open eBook, JATS, and many others, is based on the markup meta-languages SGML and XML. That is, SGML and XML allow designers to specify particular schemas, which determine which elements, attributes, and other features are permitted, and where. A key characteristic of most markup languages is that they allow intermingling markup with document content such as text and pictures. For example, if a few words in a sentence need to be emphasized, or identified as a proper name, defined term, or another special item, the markup may be inserted between the characters of the sentence.

text:
# Markup language

A **markup** **language** is a text-encoding system which specifies the structure and formatting of a document and potentially the relationships among its parts. Markup can control the display of a document or enrich its content to facilitate automated processing.

A markup language is a set of rules governing what markup information may be included in a document and how it is combined with the content of the document in a way to facilitate use by humans and computer programs. The idea and terminology evolved from the "marking up" of paper manuscripts (e.g., with revision instructions by editors), traditionally written with a red pen or blue pencil on authors' manuscripts.

Older markup languages, which typically focus on typography and presentation, include Troff, TeX, and LaTeX. Scribe and most modern markup languages, such as XML, identify document components (for example headings, paragraphs, and tables), with the expectation that technology, such as stylesheets, will be used to apply formatting or other processing.

Some markup languages, such as the widely used HTML, have pre-defined presentation semantics, meaning that their specifications prescribe some aspects of how to present the structured data on particular media. HTML, like DocBook, Open eBook, JATS, and many others, is based on the markup meta-languages SGML and XML. That is, SGML and XML allow designers to specify particular schemas, which determine which elements, attributes, and other features are permitted, and where.

A key characteristic of most markup languages is that they allow intermingling markup with document content such as text and pictures. For example, if a few words in a sentence need to be emphasized, or identified as a proper name, defined term, or another special item, the markup may be inserted between the characters of the sentence.

## Etymology

The noun *markup* is derived from the traditional publishing practice called *"marking up"* a manuscript, which involves adding handwritten annotations in the form of conventional symbolic printer's instructions — in the margins and the text of a paper or a printed manuscript.

For centuries, this task was done primarily by skilled typographers known as "markup men" or "markers" who marked up text to indicate what typeface, style, and size should be applied to each part, and then passed the manuscript to others for typesetting by hand or machine.

The markup was also commonly applied by editors, proofreaders, publishers, and graphic designers, and indeed by document authors, all of whom might also mark other things, such as corrections, changes, etc.

## Types of markup language

There are three main general categories of electronic markup, articulated in Coombs, Renear, and DeRose (1987), and Bray (2003).

### Presentational markup

The kind of markup used by traditional word-processing systems: binary codes embedded within document text that produce the WYSIWYG ("**what you see is what you get**") effect. Such markup is usually hidden from human users, even authors and editors. Properly speaking, such systems use procedural and/or descriptive markup underneath but convert it to "present" to the user as geometric arrangements of type.

### Procedural markup

Markup is embedded in text which provides instructions for programs to process the text. Well-known examples include troff, TeX, and Markdown. It is assumed that software processes the text sequentially from beginning to end, following the instructions as encountered. Such text is often edited with the markup visible and directly manipulated by the author. Popular procedural markup systems usually include programming constructs, especially macros, allowing complex sets of instructions to be invoked by a simple name (and perhaps a few parameters). This is much faster, less error-prone, and more maintenance-friendly than re-stating the same or similar instructions in many places.

### Descriptive markup

Markup is specifically used to label parts of the document for what they are, rather than how they should be processed. Well-known systems that provide many such labels include LaTeX, HTML, and XML. The objective is to decouple the structure of the document from any particular treatment or rendition of it. Such markup is often described as "semantic". An example of a descriptive markup would be HTML's `<cite>` tag, which is used to label a citation. Descriptive markup — sometimes called *logical markup* or *conceptual markup* — encourages authors to write in a way that describes the material conceptually, rather than visually.

There is a considerable blurring of the lines between the types of markup. In modern word-processing systems, presentational markup is often saved in descriptive-markup-oriented systems such as XML, and then processed procedurally by implementations. The programming in procedural-markup systems, such as TeX, may be used to create higher-level markup systems that are more descriptive in nature, such as LaTeX.

In recent years, several markup languages have been developed with ease of use as a key goal, and without input from standards organizations, aimed at allowing authors to create formatted text via web browsers, for example in wikis and in web forums. These are sometimes called lightweight markup languages. Markdown, BBCode, and the markup language used by Wikipedia are examples of such languages.

## History of markup languages

### GenCode

The first well-known public presentation of markup languages in computer text processing was made by William W. Tunnicliffe at a conference in 1967, although he preferred to call it *generic coding.* It can be seen as a response to the emergence of programs such as RUNOFF that each used their own control notations, often specific to the target typesetting device. In the 1970s, Tunnicliffe led the development of a standard called GenCode for the publishing industry and later was the first chairman of the International Organization for Standardization committee that created SGML, the first standard descriptive markup language. Book designer Stanley Rice published speculation along similar lines in 1970.

Brian Reid, in his 1980 dissertation at Carnegie Mellon University, developed the theory and a working implementation of descriptive markup in actual use. However, IBM researcher Charles Goldfarb is more commonly seen today as the "father" of markup languages. Goldfarb hit upon the basic idea while working on a primitive document management system intended for law firms in 1969, and helped invent IBM GML later that same year. GML was first publicly disclosed in 1973.

In 1975, Goldfarb moved from Cambridge, Massachusetts to Silicon Valley and became a product planner at the IBM Almaden Research Center. There, he convinced IBM's executives to deploy GML commercially in 1978 as part of IBM's Document Composition Facility product, and it was widely used in business within a few years.

SGML, which was based on both GML and GenCode, was an ISO project worked on by Goldfarb beginning in 1974. Goldfarb eventually became chair of the SGML committee. SGML was first released by ISO as the ISO 8879 standard in October 1986.

### troff and nroff

Some early examples of computer markup languages available outside the publishing industry can be found in typesetting tools on Unix systems such as troff and nroff. In these systems, formatting commands were inserted into the document text so that typesetting software could format the text according to the editor's specifications. It was a trial and error iterative process to get a document printed correctly. Availability of WYSIWYG ("what you see is what you get") publishing software supplanted much use of these languages among casual users, though serious publishing work still uses markup to specify the non-visual structure of texts, and WYSIWYG editors now usually save documents in a markup-language-based format.

### TeX

Another major publishing standard is TeX, created and refined by Donald Knuth in the 1970s and '80s. TeX concentrated on the detailed layout of text and font descriptions to typeset mathematical books. This required Knuth to spend considerable time investigating the art of typesetting. TeX is mainly used in academia, where it is a *de facto* standard in many scientific disciplines. A TeX macro package known as LaTeX provides a descriptive markup system on top of TeX, and is widely used both among the scientific community and the publishing industry.

### Scribe, GML, and SGML

The first language to make a clean distinction between structure and presentation was Scribe, developed by Brian Reid and described in his doctoral thesis in 1980. Scribe was revolutionary in a number of ways, introducing the idea of styles separated from the marked-up document, and a grammar that controlled the usage of descriptive elements. Scribe influenced the development of Generalized Markup Language (later SGML), and is a direct ancestor to HTML and LaTeX.

In the early 1980s, the idea that markup should focus on the structural aspects of a document and leave the visual presentation of that structure to the interpreter led to the creation of SGML. The language was developed by a committee chaired by Goldfarb. It incorporated ideas from many different sources, including Tunnicliffe's project, GenCode. Sharon Adler, Anders Berglund, and James A. Marke were also key members of the SGML committee.

SGML specified a syntax for including the markup in documents, as well as one for separately describing *what* tags were allowed, and *where* (the Document Type Definition (DTD), later known as a schema). This allowed authors to create and use any markup they wished, selecting tags that made the most sense to them and were named in their own natural languages, while also allowing automated verification. Thus, SGML is properly a meta-language, and many particular markup languages are derived from it. From the late '80s onward, most substantial new markup languages have been based on the SGML system, including for example TEI and DocBook. SGML was promulgated as an International Standard by International Organization for Standardization, ISO 8879, in 1986.

SGML found wide acceptance and use in fields with very large-scale documentation requirements. However, many found it cumbersome and difficult to learn — a side effect of its design attempting to do too much and being too flexible. For example, SGML made end tags (or start-tags, or even both) optional in certain contexts, because its developers thought markup would be done manually by overworked support staff who would appreciate saving keystrokes.

#### HTML

In 1989, computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet-based hypertext system, then specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in the last part of 1990. The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991. It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an in-house SGML-based documentation format at CERN, and very similar to the sample schema in the SGML standard. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.

Berners-Lee considered HTML an SGML application. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) formally defined it as such with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification: "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet-Draft Archived 2017-01-03 at the Wayback Machine by Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly, which included an SGML Document Type Definition to define the grammar. Many of the HTML text elements are found in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 *Techniques for using SGML*, which in turn covers the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF command developed in the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system. These formatting commands were derived from those used by typesetters to manually format documents. Steven DeRose argues that HTML's use of descriptive markup (and the influence of SGML in particular) was a major factor in the success of the Web, because of the flexibility and extensibility that it enabled. HTML became the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser and is likely the most used markup language in the world today.

### XML

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a meta markup language that is very widely used. XML was developed by the World Wide Web Consortium in a committee created and chaired by Jon Bosak. The main purpose of XML was to simplify SGML by focusing on a particular problem — documents on the Internet. XML remains a meta-language like SGML, allowing users to create any tags needed (hence "extensible") and then describing those tags and their permitted uses.

XML adoption was helped because every XML document can be written in such a way that it is also an SGML document, and existing SGML users and software could switch to XML fairly easily. However, XML eliminated many of the more complex features of SGML to simplify implementation environments such as documents and publications. It appeared to strike a happy medium between simplicity and flexibility, as well as supporting very robust schema definition and validation tools, and was rapidly adopted for many other uses. XML is now widely used for communicating data between applications, for serializing program data, for hardware communications protocols, vector graphics, and many other uses as well as documents.

#### XHTML

From January 2000 until HTML 5 was released, all W3C Recommendations for HTML have been based on XML, using the abbreviation XHTML (**Ex**tensible **H**yper**T**ext **M**arkup **L**anguage). The language specification requires that XHTML Web documents be *well-formed* XML documents. This allows for more rigorous and robust documents, by avoiding many syntax errors which historically led to incompatible browser behaviors, while still using document components that are familiar with HTML.

One of the most noticeable differences between HTML and XHTML is the rule that *all tags must be closed*: empty HTML tags such as `<br>` must either be *closed* with a regular end-tag, or replaced by a special form: `<br />` (the space before the '`/`' on the end tag is optional, but frequently used because it enables some pre-XML Web browsers, and SGML parsers, to accept the tag). Another difference is that all attribute values in tags must be quoted. Both these differences are commonly criticized as verbose but also praised because they make it far easier to detect, localize, and repair errors. Finally, all tag and attribute names within the XHTML namespace must be lowercase to be valid. HTML, on the other hand, was case-insensitive.

#### Other XML-based applications

Many XML-based applications now exist, including the Resource Description Framework as RDF/XML, XForms, DocBook, SOAP, and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). For a partial list of these, see List of XML markup languages.

## Features of markup languages

A common feature of many markup languages is that they intermix the text of a document with markup instructions in the same data stream or file. This is not necessary; it is possible to isolate markup from text content, using pointers, offsets, IDs, or other methods to coordinate the two. Such "standoff markup" is typical for the internal representations that programs use to work with marked-up documents. However, embedded or "inline" markup is much more common elsewhere. Here, for example, is a small section of text marked up in HTML:

```
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title>My test page</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Mozilla is cool</h1>
    <img src="images/firefox-icon.png" alt="The Firefox logo: a flaming fox surrounding the Earth.">

    <p>At Mozilla, we’re a global community of</p>

    <ul> <!-- changed to list in the tutorial -->
      <li>technologists</li>
      <li>thinkers</li>
      <li>builders</li>
    </ul>

    <p>working together to keep the Internet alive and accessible, so people worldwide can be informed contributors and creators of the Web. We believe this act of human collaboration across an open platform is essential to individual growth and our collective future.</p>

    <p>Read the <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/about/manifesto/">Mozilla Manifesto</a> to learn even more about the values and principles that guide the pursuit of our mission.</p>
  </body>
</html>

```

The codes enclosed in angle-brackets `<like this>` are markup instructions (known as tags), while the text between these instructions is the actual text of the document. The codes `h1`, `p`, and `em` are examples of *semantic* markup, in that they describe the intended purpose or the meaning of the text they include. Specifically, `h1` means "this is a first-level heading", `p` means "this is a paragraph", and `em` means "this is an emphasized word or phrase". A program interpreting such structural markup may apply its own rules or styles for presenting the various pieces of text, using different typefaces, boldness, font size, indentation, color, or other styles, as desired. For example, a tag such as "h1" (header level 1) might be presented in a large bold sans-serif typeface in an article, or it might be underscored in a monospaced (typewriter-style) document  or it might simply not change the presentation at all.

In contrast, the `i` tag in HTML 4 is an example of *presentational* markup, which is generally used to specify a particular characteristic of the text without specifying the reason for that appearance. In this case, the `i` element dictates the use of an italic typeface. However, in HTML 5, this element has been repurposed with a more semantic usage: to denote a span of text in an alternate voice or mood, or otherwise offset from the normal prose in a manner indicating a different quality of text. For example, it is appropriate to use the `i` element to indicate a taxonomic designation or a phrase in another language. The change was made to ease the transition from HTML 4 to HTML 5 as smoothly as possible so that deprecated uses of presentational elements would preserve the most likely intended semantics.

The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) has published extensive guidelines for how to encode texts of interest in the humanities and social sciences, developed through years of international cooperative work. These guidelines are used by projects encoding historical documents, the works of particular scholars, periods, genres, and so on.

## Language

While the idea of markup language originated with text documents, there is increasing use of markup languages in the presentation of other types of information, including playlists, vector graphics, web services, content syndication, and user interfaces. Most of these are XML applications because XML is a well-defined and extensible language.

The use of XML has also led to the possibility of combining multiple markup languages into a single profile, like XHTML+SMIL and XHTML+MathML+SVG.


title: Fogatuli

abstract: Fogatuli is a village on the island of Savai'i in Samoa. It is situated on the south coast of the island in the district of Satupa'itea and the electoral district of Salega 1. The population is 251.

text:
# Fogatuli

**Fogatuli** is a village on the island of Savai'i in Samoa. It is situated on the south coast of the island in the district of Satupa'itea and the electoral district of Salega 1. The population is 251.

## InfoBox

| Fogatuli | |
| --- | --- |
| Fogatuli | |
| Coordinates: 13°37′S 172°37′W / 13.617°S 172.617°W / -13.617; -172.617 | |
| Country | Samoa |
| District | Satupa'itea |
| Electoral constituency | Salega |
| Elevation | 46 m (151 ft) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 251 |
| Time zone | UTC+13 (UTC+13:00) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+14 (UTC+14:00) |


title: Moojeeba, Queensland

abstract: Moojeeba is a town in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. The town is within the locality of Coen.

text:
# Moojeeba, Queensland

**Moojeeba** is a town in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. The town is within the locality of Coen.

## History

Town of Moojeeba is present on a 1900 survey plan.

As at January 2021, Moojeeba has no buildings.

* "Town map of Moojeeba". Queensland Government. 1987.

## InfoBox

| Moojeeba<br>Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Moojeeba | |
| Coordinates | 14°04′45″S 143°38′55″E / 14.0791°S 143.6486°E / -14.0791; 143.6486 (Moojeeba (town centre)) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Cook |
| State electorate(s) | Cook |
| Federal division(s) | Leichhardt |


title: National Diaspora Agency (Albania)

abstract: The National Diaspora Agency (AKD) is a state body within the Albanian Government responsible for relations with the Diaspora. The Agency's mission is to develop and deepen institutional cooperation with the Diaspora community through improving and protecting the rights and interests of Albanian citizens in the countries where they live. It intends to provide assistance for the preservation of the national cultural heritage and the promotion of economic cooperation between the country of origin and the diaspora. The agency is under the supervision of the Minister of State for Diaspora, Pandeli Majko.

text:
# National Diaspora Agency (Albania)

The **National Diaspora Agency (AKD)** (Albanian: *Agjencia Kombëtare e Diasporës*) is a state body within the Albanian Government responsible for relations with the Diaspora. The Agency's mission is to develop and deepen institutional cooperation with the Diaspora community through improving and protecting the rights and interests of Albanian citizens in the countries where they live. It intends to provide assistance for the preservation of the national cultural heritage and the promotion of economic cooperation between the country of origin and the diaspora. The agency is under the supervision of the Minister of State for Diaspora, Pandeli Majko.

## Structure

At the head of this institution is the Steering Council, consisting of 7 members, which function in a collegial manner. The members are representatives from the Ministry of Diaspora; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Internal Affairs; Ministry of Finance and Economy; Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth; Ministry of Culture; as well as by the Central Election Commission.

AKD prepares periodic reports for the Assembly and the Council of Ministers on the diaspora activity, which may be funded from various donations and projects.

## InfoBox

National Diaspora Agency
| Agjencia Kombëtare e Diasporës | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 22 November 2017 |
| Jurisdiction | Council of Ministers |
| Headquarters | Tirana, Albania |
| Parent department | Minister of State for Diaspora |
| Website | akd.gov.al |


title: Royal Hotel, Perth

abstract: The Royal Hotel in Perth, Western Australia is a hotel building from 1882 that has survived over one hundred years, on the corner of Wellington and William streets. An early name was the Schruth's Royal Hotel in 1894. A major upgrading of the facade was done in 1906. It was bought by the Swan Brewery in 1925. The hotel building remains despite extensive changes around it throughout the twentieth century. Following extensive renovations, The Royal, a pub occupying the building, opened on 16 November 2019.

text:
# Royal Hotel, Perth

The **Royal Hotel** in Perth, Western Australia is a hotel building from 1882 that has survived over one hundred years, on the corner of Wellington and William streets.

An early name was the *Schruth's Royal Hotel* in 1894.

A major upgrading of the facade was done in 1906.

It was bought by the Swan Brewery in 1925.

The hotel building remains despite extensive changes around it throughout the twentieth century. Following extensive renovations, The Royal, a pub occupying the building, opened on 16 November 2019.

## InfoBox

| Royal Hotel | |
| --- | --- |
| The Royal, a pub occupying the former Royal Hotel building | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Heritage listed building |
| Location | Perth, Western Australia |
| Coordinates | 31°57′05″S 115°51′28″E / 31.9513°S 115.8579°E / -31.9513; 115.8579 (Royal Hotel) |
|  | |
| Western Australia Heritage Register | |
| Type | State Registered Place |
| Designated | 25 August 2000 |
| Reference no. | 2148 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Machemont

abstract: Machemont is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

text:
# Machemont

**Machemont** (French pronunciation: \[maʃmɔ̃\]) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 719 |  |
| 1975 | 665 | −1.11% |
| 1982 | 592 | −1.65% |
| 1990 | 687 | +1.88% |
| 1999 | 748 | +0.95% |
| 2007 | 738 | −0.17% |
| 2012 | 707 | −0.85% |
| 2017 | 718 | +0.31% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Machemont | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Machemont | |
| MachemontMachemont | |
| Coordinates: 49°29′51″N 2°52′29″E / 49.4975°N 2.8747°E / 49.4975; 2.8747 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Compiègne |
| Canton | Thourotte |
| Intercommunality | Deux Vallées |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Dominique Pastot |
| Area**1** | 6.33 km2 (2.44 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 804 |
| Density | 130/km2 (330/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 60373 /60150 |
| Elevation | 36–173 m (118–568 ft)
(avg. 144 m or 472 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Norman Squire

abstract: Norman Powell Squire was an Australian snooker player. Squire was born in 1909 in Christchurch, New Zealand to a bricklayer father. He attended a public school and a year of technical college. In 1935 Squire emigrated to Sydney on the advice of snooker player Edward James O'Donoghue, who recognized his talent. He trained for a long time and got better and better. In 1939 he married Annie Ross (d.1965). In 1943 he went to the Royal Australian Air Force as an aircraft mechanic and spent two years there. The Second World War ruined his chances of a career in snooker. Horace Lindrum had allegedly been reluctant to accept his challenge for the Australian snooker title in 1944. Nevertheless, he trained at the air force and became a professional snooker at the age of over 50.

text:
# Norman Squire

**Norman Powell Squire** (born November 22, 1909, in Christchurch, New Zealand, † December 23, 1974 in Sydney, Australia) was an Australian snooker player.

Squire was born in 1909 in Christchurch, New Zealand to a bricklayer father. He attended a public school and a year of technical college .

In 1935 Squire emigrated to Sydney on the advice of snooker player Edward James O'Donoghue, who recognized his talent. He trained for a long time and got better and better. In 1939 he married Annie Ross (d.1965) . In 1943 he went to the Royal Australian Air Force as an aircraft mechanic and spent two years there. The Second World War ruined his chances of a career in snooker. Horace Lindrum had allegedly been reluctant to accept his challenge for the Australian snooker title in 1944. Nevertheless, he trained at the air force and became a professional snooker at the age of over 50.

## Playing career

The sport recovered only slowly in the next decade. It was not until the 1960s, that he recorded his best performances in international competition. On a tour of South Africa in 1963 he made a 147 break. Back in Sydney the following year, he beat some key players in a snooker competition which included Eddie Charlton and Lindrum, winning all ten frames and not losing one. Norman Squire later won the Australian Professional Championship in 1965.

In July 1969 he won the Australian Professional Billiard Championship, beating Warren Simpson and Charlton in a round-robin tournament; soon afterwards he defeated the veteran New Zealand player Clark McConachy for the Australasian billiard title. In the 1970 Australian Professional Snooker Championship he failed against Charlton after he had won against Simpson and lost to Paddy Morgan. With this second place Squire was in the tournaments of the 1970/71 snooker season to participate.

Squire competed at the 1971 World Snooker Championship which was held across Australia, but finished with defeats to Eddie Charlton, John Spencer, Gary Owen and John Pulman to finish last place at the round-robin stage. After this season he lost the right to participate due to a lack of success. Squire always took part in the Australian Professional Championship until 1974, but he often lost first round matches. When he last played, Squire defeated Gary Owen 11–9, but then lost to Warren Simpson.

## Personal life

After divorcing his first wife, he married Paula Margaret Taylor in 1969. Besides snooker, his hobbies were gambling with horse racing and dogs.

He died of a heart attack in 1974 while playing snooker at the City Tattersalls Club in Sydney. During the game, a cash prize of $6,000 was played.

## InfoBox

Norman Squire
| Born | (1909-11-22)22 November 1909
Christchurch, New Zealand |
| --- | --- |
| Died | 23 December 1974(1974-12-23) (aged 65)
Sydney, Australia |
| Sport country | Australia |
| Professional | 1962?–1974 |


abstract: The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia: An Ethnographic Account of Courtship, Marriage, and Family Life Among the Natives of the Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea is a 1929 book by anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski. The work is his second in the trilogy on the Trobrianders, with the other two being Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) and Coral Gardens and Their Magic (1935).

text:
# The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia

***The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia: An Ethnographic Account of Courtship, Marriage, and Family Life Among the Natives of the Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea*** is a 1929 book by anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski. The work is his second in the trilogy on the Trobrianders, with the other two being *Argonauts of the Western Pacific* (1922) and *Coral Gardens and Their Magic* (1935).

## Summary

In the preface Malinowski says that sexuality "dominates in fact almost every aspect of culture".

Malinowski gives a detailed description of the social organisation of sexuality (social rites, partner choice, etc.) "tracing the Trobriand lifecycle from birth through puberty, marriage, and death".

Children do not submit to a system of "domestic coercion" or "regular discipline": they "enjoy considerable freedom and independence". The idea of a child being "beaten or otherwise punished in cold blood" by a parent is viewed as unnatural and immoral and when proposed by westerners (like the anthropologist) is "rejected with resentment". Things are asked "as from one equal to another; a simple command, implying the expectation of natural obedience, is never heard from parent to child in the Trobriands". The event of a person getting angry and striking another person "in an outburst of rage" sometimes happens, as often from parent to child as from child to parent.

In later chapters, the parent-child relationship of the Trobrianders is described with details of their complex matrilineal relationship structure in which the biological parentage is ignored.

Based on ethnographic data, Malinowski argues that the Freudian Oedipus complex is not universal.

## Analysis

The book discussed sexuality in matrilineal society, debunking some myths about sexual promiscuity of primitive people. It has also contributed to scientific study of sex, previously restricted due to Euro-American prudery and views on morality; something that has been attributed to Malinowski's Slavic Catholic cultural background which made him less concerned with "Anglo-Saxon Puritanism".

## Reception

While the book is a scholarly study, upon its publication its provocative title and contents have been said to "provide enough erotic titillation for booksellers to keep it under the counter wrapped in cellophane."

Malinowski's argument that the Oedipus complex is not universal has been questioned by Ernest Jones, and later by anthropologist Melford E. Spiro in his book *Oedipus in the Trobriands* (1982).

## InfoBox

The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia: An Ethnographic Account of Courtship, Marriage, and Family Life Among the Natives of the Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea
| Title page of the original edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Bronisław Malinowski |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Anthropology |
| Publication date | 1929 |
| Media type | Print |


title: Fogarty, Illinois

abstract: Fogarty is an unincorporated community in Logan County, Illinois, United States. Fogarty is located along Interstate 55 and a railroad line southwest of Lincoln.

text:
# Fogarty, Illinois

**Fogarty** is an unincorporated community in Logan County, Illinois, United States. Fogarty is located along Interstate 55 and a railroad line southwest of Lincoln.

## InfoBox

| Fogarty, Illinois | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| FogartyFogarty | |
| Coordinates: 40°05′37″N 89°25′11″W / 40.09361°N 89.41972°W / 40.09361; -89.41972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Logan |
| Township | Broadwell |
| Elevation | 607 ft (185 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 217 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1720852 |


title: Mooiplaas Wine Estate

abstract: Mooiplaas Wine Estate & Private Nature Reserve is a winery, vineyard and nature reserve situated in the Stellenbosch wine district of the Western Cape in South Africa. The Stellenbosch estate dates back to 1806 when the first owner, Petrus Jacobus Bosman acquired the farm. It was bought in 1963 by Nicolaas and Mercia Roos. Mooiplaas is the Afrikaans translation for 'beautiful farm'. The winery was recognized by the World Wide Fund for Nature as a Conservation Champion in 2020.

text:
# Mooiplaas Wine Estate

**Mooiplaas Wine Estate & Private Nature Reserve** is a winery, vineyard and nature reserve situated in the Stellenbosch wine district of the Western Cape in South Africa. The Stellenbosch estate dates back to 1806 when the first owner, Petrus Jacobus Bosman acquired the farm. It was bought in 1963 by Nicolaas and Mercia Roos. Mooiplaas is the Afrikaans translation for 'beautiful farm'.

The winery was recognized by the World Wide Fund for Nature as a Conservation Champion in 2020.


title: Hollywood Square Dance

abstract: "Hollywood Square Dance" is a popular song written by Charlie Hayes and Paul Weirick. The song was a 1950 hit for Sammy Kaye with vocal refrain by Laura Leslie, reaching the top position on Australia's singles chart.

text:
# Hollywood Square Dance

"**Hollywood Square Dance**" is a popular song written by Charlie Hayes and Paul Weirick. The song was a 1950 hit for Sammy Kaye with vocal refrain by Laura Leslie, reaching the top position on Australia's singles chart.

## Charts

| Chart (1950) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia | 1 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Hollywood Square Dance" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Sammy Kaye with Laura Leslie | |
| B-side | "Belmont Boogie" |
| Released | 1949 |
| Genre |  |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) | Charlie Hayes and Paul Weirick |


title: Torrecampo

abstract: Torrecampo is a city located in the province of Córdoba, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the city has a population of 1320 inhabitants.

text:
# Torrecampo

**Torrecampo** is a city located in the province of Córdoba, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the city has a population of 1320 inhabitants.

Hermitage Virgen de Veredas in Torrecampo   * Torrecampo \- Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía

38°28′N 4°40′W / 38.467°N 4.667°W / 38.467; -4.667

## InfoBox

| Torrecampo, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
| city | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Province | Córdoba |
| Municipality | Torrecampo |
| Area | |
| Total | 197 km2 (76 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 575 m (1,886 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,063 |
| Density | 5.4/km2 (14/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Taking Liberties (film)

abstract: Taking Liberties is a British documentary film about the erosion of civil liberties in the United Kingdom and increase of surveillance under the government of Tony Blair. It was released in the UK on 8 June 2007. The director, Chris Atkins, said on 1 May that he wanted to expose "the Orwellian state" that now threatened Britain as a result of Mr Blair's policies. There is also an accompanying book.

text:
# Taking Liberties (film)

***Taking Liberties*** (also known as ***Taking Liberties Since 1997***) is a British documentary film about the erosion of civil liberties in the United Kingdom and increase of surveillance under the government of Tony Blair. It was released in the UK on 8 June 2007.

The director, Chris Atkins, said on 1 May that he wanted to expose "the Orwellian state" that now threatened Britain as a result of Mr Blair's policies. There is also an accompanying book.

## Synopsis

The film starts with three coaches of peace protesters on the way to the RAF Base in Fairford, Gloucestershire on 22 March 2003 held for two hours by 100 riot police and escorted back to London denied the right to protest. An animated sequence profiles the key events of WWII; Reichstag fire, Kristallnacht, the invasion of Poland, allied victory and the subsequent European convention on Human rights designed to ensure it never happened again. Archive footage of Tony Blair defends New Labour laws which undo this convention and which the 7 July 2005 London bombings survivor Rachel North rallies against.

### Freedom of speech

Tony Benn introduces the story of the expulsion of Walter Wolfgang from the Labour Party Conference for protesting a speech by Jack Straw. Toby Rhodes of Splash Clothing relates the story of a 20-year-old student stopped by police for wearing one of his company's "Bollocks to Blair" T-shirts.

### Right to protest

Maya Evans and Milan Rai of the Justice Not Vengeance discuss their arrest for an illegal memorial service outside Downing Street. Photos, title cards and archive footage tell the story of protester Brian Haw. Peace Campaigners Sylvia & Helen talk about their arrest at the Menwith Hill US Military Base in Yorkshire. Baptist Minister Malcolm Carroll and the Rickford family discuss the Climate Camp protest at East Midlands Airport. Finally the collusion between police and EDO MBM to break anti-war protests by the Brighton & Hove Citizens Weapons' Inspectors is revealed.

### Right to privacy

Director Chris Atkins visits Counter Terror World 2006 at Kensington Olympia, London to discuss surveillance technology with the delegates. An animated sequence introduces the Panopticon and compares it to the surveillance society before going to profile the history of ID Cards from Harry Willcock's 1950 protest to their use in the Rwanda genocide and by the Stasi, the East German secret police. Photos, title cards and archive footage tell the story of Blair and Bush's rush to war on Iraq and the resultant 7/7 attacks which the film maintains ID cards could not have prevented.

### Innocent until proven guilty

John Tulloch rallies against the proposed 90-day detention extension which *The Sun* used his image to promote. Archive footage of Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair defends the 2 June 2006 Forest Gate raid on the home of Abdul Koyair and Mohammed Abdul Kahar. An animated sequence details Clause 39 of the Magna Carta, which establishes Habeas Corpus and lead to the banning of slavery, but following wartime suspension and the internment laws in Northern Ireland is, according to interviewees, has been undermined by the Blair government.

### No detention without charge

Retired Headmistresses Jennifer and Des visit the confines of Algerian asylum seeker Mouloud Sihali who is under indefinite house arrest without charge due to his involvement in the alleged Wood Green ricin plot used as an example by Colin Powell in his UN testimony despite no ricin ever being found. Former jury members testify to the lack of evidence in the trial which saw him acquitted only to be later re-arrested and threatened with deportation. David Bermingham of the NatWest Three reveals the dangers of the extradition treaty with the US signed by David Blunkett.

### Ban on torture

Former Guantanamo detainee Moazzam Begg and the family of Libyan exile Omar Deghayes reveal prisoner abuses including the force feeding of hunger strikers in the "torture chair". The shackle-shuffle protest outside the Hiatt factory in Birmingham protests the manufacture of shackles for Guantanamo. A mock advert for RendAir introduces the illegal nature of extraordinary rendition flights to regimes which use torture with the alleged complicity of the British government denied by Jack Straw and Tony Blair. *The Road to Guantánamo* star Riz Ahmed discusses his own detainment.

An epilogue contends that neither Gordon Brown nor any of his generations of successors are likely to return the rights which Tony Blair have removed without a fight like that put up by the Fairford coach campaigner who won their case at the House of Lords.

## Participants

## Reception

The film received generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 83% based on reviews from six critics. Peter Bradshaw of *The Guardian* gave it 4 out of 5 stars. Anna Smith of the BBC gave it 4 out of 5.

Director Chris Atkins was nominated for the Carl Foreman award for most promising newcomer.

## InfoBox

| Taking Liberties | |
| --- | --- |
| Film Poster | |
| Directed by | Chris Atkins |
| Produced by |  |
| Narrated by |  |
| Edited by | Nick Fenton |
| Music by | Vince Watts |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release date | * 8 June 2007 (2007-06-08) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


abstract: Latin American Federation of the Society of Jesus (FLACSI) promotes the network of schools and organizations of the Society of Jesus in the Latin America and Caribbean area.

text:
# Latin American Federation of the Society of Jesus

**Latin American Federation of the Society of Jesus** (FLACSI) promotes the network of schools and organizations of the Society of Jesus in the Latin America and Caribbean area.

4°35′49.29″N 74°4′32.84″W / 4.5970250°N 74.0757889°W / 4.5970250; -74.0757889

## InfoBox

Latin American Federation of the Society of Jesus
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | FLACSI |
| Established | 2001 (2001) |
| Type | Jesuit, Catholic |
| Location |  |
| Region served | Latin America, Caribbean, Florida |
| Founder | Peter Hans Kolvenbach |
| Administrator | Hugo Moreno Rojas |
| Affiliations | Jesuit, Catholic |
| Website | FLACSI |


title: State Mahadalit Commission, Bihar

abstract:
State Mahadalit Commission is a government body set up by the Government of Bihar to identify the castes within Scheduled Castes who lagged behind in the development process and to study educational and social status and to suggest measures for their upliftment.
The commission was set up in 2007. The commission has submitted two interim reports. The commission has recommended to include 18 castes as the extremely weaker castes amongst the list of Scheduled Castes. Later it has also recommended ‘Chamar’ caste to be included in Mahadalit category.

text:
# State Mahadalit Commission, Bihar

**State Mahadalit Commission** is a government body set up by the Government of Bihar to identify the castes within Scheduled Castes who lagged behind in the development process and to study educational and social status and to suggest measures for their upliftment. The commission was set up in 2007. The commission has submitted two interim reports. The commission has recommended to include 18 castes as the extremely weaker castes amongst the list of Scheduled Castes. Later it has also recommended ‘Chamar’ caste to be included in Mahadalit category.


title: Machen House

abstract: Machen House is a country house in the hamlet of Lower Machen, to the west of the city of Newport, Wales. The house was built in 1831 for the Rev. Charles Augustus Morgan, vicar of Machen and scion of the Morgan family of Tredegar House. In the mid-20th century, Machen was the home of the Conservative politician Peter Thorneycroft, who sat as the Member of Parliament for Monmouth. Machen House is a Grade II* listed building. Its gardens and grounds are listed at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales. A bothy and a bee bole in the grounds of the house are both listed at Grade II. The house remains a private residence and is not open to the public.

text:
# Machen House

**Machen House** is a country house in the hamlet of Lower Machen, to the west of the city of Newport, Wales. The house was built in 1831 for the Rev. Charles Augustus Morgan, vicar of Machen and scion of the Morgan family of Tredegar House. In the mid-20th century, Machen was the home of the Conservative politician Peter Thorneycroft, who sat as the Member of Parliament for Monmouth. Machen House is a Grade II\* listed building. Its gardens and grounds are listed at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales. A bothy and a bee bole in the grounds of the house are both listed at Grade II. The house remains a private residence and is not open to the public.

## History

Machen House was built in 1831 for the Rev. Charles Augustus Morgan, vicar of Machen and the younger brother of Charles Morgan, 1st Baron Tredegar. The Morgans lived on the Tredegar House estate, and were major landowners in South Wales.

In the mid-20th century, Machen was the home of Peter Thorneycroft, Conservative Member of Parliament for Monmouth, and Chancellor of the Exchequer in the government of Harold Macmillan. It remains a private residence and is not open to the public.

## Architecture and description

Cadw notes the Georgian style of the house is supplemented by some Gothic features. Machen House is a Grade II\* listed building.

The architectural historian John Newman, in his *Gwent/Monmouthshire* volume of the Pevsner Buildings of Wales series, writes that "much remains of the Rev. Morgan's elaborate grounds". The gardens also have a number of Gothic features, including castellated walls and the remains of a Chinese Willow pattern bridge, which crosses one of the two small lakes. They are listed at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

A bothy and a bee bole in the grounds both have Grade II listings.

1. Newman 2000, p. 371.
2. Cadw. "Machen House (Grade II\*) (3084)". *National Historic Assets of Wales*. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
3. Howarth, Alan (5 June 1994). "Lord Thorneycroft obituary". *The Independent*. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
4. Ridout, Jane (22 July 2022). "Country estate in need of modernisation". Wales Online. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
5. "Lower Machen Conservation Area". Newport City Council. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
6. "Machen House and Garden (266089)". *Coflein*. RCAHMW. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
7. Cadw. "Machen House Garden (PGW(Gt)32(NPT))". *National Historic Assets of Wales*. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
8. Cadw. "Bothy at Machen House (Grade II) (3085)". *National Historic Assets of Wales*. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
9. Cadw. "Bee bole at Machen House (Grade II) (3086)". *National Historic Assets of Wales*. Retrieved 26 July 2022.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Machen House | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance to Machen House - the house itself is only partially visible from the public highway | |
| Type | House |
| Location | Lower Machen, Newport, Wales |
| Coordinates | 51°35′10″N 3°07′00″W / 51.5862°N 3.1167°W / 51.5862; -3.1167 |
| Built | 1831 |
| Architectural style(s) | Georgian |
| Governing body | Privately owned |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | Machen House |
| Designated | 4 October 1990 |
| Reference no. | 3084 |
|  | |
| Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales | |
| Official name | Machen House Garden |
| Designated | 1 February 2022 |
| Reference no. | PGW(Gt)32(NPT) |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | Bothy at Machen House |
| Designated | 4 October 1990 |
| Reference no. | 3085 |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | Bee bole at Machen House |
| Designated | 4 October 1990 |
| Reference no. | 3086 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Machen House in Newport | |


title: House at 193 Vernon Street

abstract: The House at 193 Vernon Street in Wakefield, Massachusetts is a late Federal-style house, built. c. 1840. The 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame house is a rare local example of a three-wide four-deep construction. It has a main entrance on the front facade that has sidelights and a pedimented entablature that were probably added later, and also has a side entrance with a Federal-style transom and sidelights. A late 19th-century barn stands behind the house, a reminder of the area's agricultural use. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# House at 193 Vernon Street

The **House at 193 Vernon Street** in Wakefield, Massachusetts is a late Federal-style house, built. c. 1840. The 2+12-story wood-frame house is a rare local example of a three-wide four-deep construction. It has a main entrance on the front facade that has sidelights and a pedimented entablature that were probably added later, and also has a side entrance with a Federal-style transom and sidelights. A late 19th-century barn stands behind the house, a reminder of the area's agricultural use.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| House at 193 Vernon Street | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 193 Vernon St., Wakefield, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°30′41″N 71°4′1″W / 42.51139°N 71.06694°W / 42.51139; -71.06694 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1840 |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| MPS | Wakefield MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89000674 |
| Added to NRHP | July 06, 1989 |


title: Tomoyuki

abstract: Tomoyuki Arakawa Tomoyuki is a masculine Japanese given name.

text:
# Tomoyuki

**Tomoyuki** is a masculine Japanese given name.

## Possible writings

**Tomoyuki** can be written using many different combinations of kanji characters. Some examples:

* 友之, "friend, of"
* 友幸, "friend, happiness"
* 友行, "friend, go"
* 友恭, "friend, respectful"
* 友志, "friend, determination"
* 知之, "know, of"
* 知幸, "know, happiness"
* 知行, "know, go"
* 知恭, "know, respectful"
* 知志, "know, determination"
* 智之, "intellect, of"
* 智幸, "intellect, happiness"
* 智行, "intellect, go"
* 共行, "together, go"
* 朋幸, "companion, happiness"
* 朝之, "morning/dynasty, of"
* 朝幸, "morning/dynasty, happiness"
* 朝行, "morning/dynasty, go"

The name can also be written in hiragana ともゆき or katakana トモユキ.

## Notable people with the name

## InfoBox

Tomoyuki
| Tomoyuki Tanaka (1910–1997), Japanese film producer | |
| --- | --- |
| Pronunciation | tomojɯkʲi (IPA) |
| Gender | Male |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Japanese |
| Meaning | Different meanings depending on the kanji used |


title: Gaius Ateius Capito (jurist)

abstract: Gaius Ateius Capito was a Roman jurist in the time of emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He was consul suffectus in the year 5 from July to December as the colleague of Gaius Vibius Postumus.

text:
# Gaius Ateius Capito (jurist)

**Gaius Ateius Capito** (about 30 BCE – 22 CE) was a Roman jurist in the time of emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He was consul suffectus in the year 5 from July to December as the colleague of Gaius Vibius Postumus.

## Life

Capito was a son of the tribune of the same name, and was educated as a jurist by Aulus Ofilius. He was active as a jurist and a senator. Capito was a strong proponent of the principate which brought him in opposition to Marcus Antistius Labeo. In the year 11, he became *curator aquarum* and was responsible for water supply and regulation throughout the city of Rome. Four years later he and Lucius Arruntius were entrusted by Tiberius to work on a plan to confine the river Tiber after heavy floods, but the project was not carried out due to heavy resistance from the populace.

Capito is attested as witnessing a number of legal documents. One was a *senatus consultum* that prohibited Senators, eques, and their descendants from actively participating in gladiatorial matches. In another, he was one of seven witnesses of the *Senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre*, the Roman Senate's official act concerning the trial and punishment of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, dated 10 December 20 CE. His successor in the office of *curator aquarum* was Tarius Rufus.

He does not appear to have any descendants. G.V. Sumner has speculated, based on the names, that Capito adopted the son of Sejanus, Capito Aelianus.

## Works

All of Capito's works are lost and are only known by their titles through quotes by later authors. Works known to have existed include:

* *De pontificio iure* ("About pontifical law"), at least six books about laws concerning the pontifices
* *De iure sacrificiorum* ("About sacrificial law")
* *Coniectanea* ("Miscellaneous"), at least 9 books about various themes
* *De officio senatorio* ("About the senatorial office")
* One work of unknown title about the auguries
* *Epistulae* ("Letters")

## Influence

Capito had considerable reputation as a jurist and gathered a school of jurists that became known as the Sabinian school after his pupil and successor Masurius Sabinus. Capito's works were read and quoted until the sixth century, although more frequently by lexicographers (especially by Sextus Pompeius Festus and Aulus Gellius) than by jurists.

1. Ronald Syme, *The Augustan Aristocracy* (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 458
2. Smith, William, ed. (1880). *A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology*. London. p. 599.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
3. Tacitus, *Annales* III.75
4. Frontinus, *de aquis* II 102
5. Tacitus, *Annales* I.79
6. *AE* 1983, 210
7. Werner Eck, Antonio Caballos, Fernando Fernández: *Das Senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre*. Beck, München 1996, ISBN 3-406-41400-1, S. 105−106.
8. Sumner, "The Family Connections of L. Aelius Seianus", *Phoenix*, 19 (1965), p. 140
9. for a list of known works, see *Der kleine Pauly*, article "C. Ateius Capito"
10. *Der kleine Pauly*, articles "C. Ateius Capito" and "Sabinus Massurius"

## Sources

* *Der kleine Pauly. Lexikon der Antike*. München 1979.
* *C. Atei Capitornis Fragmenta*, L. Strzelecki (ed.), Wroclaw, Polska Akademia Nauk, 1960.
* Tacitus, *Annals*
* Frontinus, *De aquis urbis Romae*


title: Melody potato

abstract: Melody is a cultivar of potato.

text:
# Melody potato

**Melody** is a cultivar of potato.

## Description

It is yellow, with a smooth skin, and dry flesh. It can be boiled and mashed. Melody has a high yield potential and has an overall good disease resistance. It is resistant to late blight on tubers, common scab, bruising, *Fusarium sulphureum* (dry rot) and *Globodera rostochiensis* (a potato cyst nematode).

## History

The breeder, Meijer Research B.V., a Dutch company, holds the rights until 2030.

## Characteristics

The 'Melody' potato features oval-shaped tubers with yellow skin and medium-yellow flesh. Its eyes have a relatively shallow depth, and the skin is smooth.

When sprouted, the base of the sprout is violet in colour; the plant itself reaches a medium height with red-violet flowers that produce few berries.

## InfoBox

| *Solanum tuberosum* 'Melody' | |
| --- | --- |
| A Melody tuber | |
| Genus | *Solanum* |
| Species | *Solanum tuberosum* |
| Cultivar | 'Melody' |


title: Melody with Milton

abstract: Melody with Milton is an Australian television series which aired from 1958 to 1960 on Sydney station ATN-7. It was a daytime music series with pianist Milton Saunders. In a 1958 TV schedule, it was preceded on the schedule by Your Home, In a May 1959 schedule, it was preceded by American series The Halls of Ivy. The series aired live, and it is not known if any of the episodes were kinescoped.

text:
# Melody with Milton

***Melody with Milton*** is an Australian television series which aired from 1958 to 1960 on Sydney station ATN-7. It was a daytime music series with pianist Milton Saunders. In a 1958 TV schedule, it was preceded on the schedule by *Your Home*, In a May 1959 schedule, it was preceded by American series *The Halls of Ivy*. The series aired live, and it is not known if any of the episodes were kinescoped (video-tape in those days tended to be re-used to tape other programming, and surviving examples of late-1950s/early-1960s Australian television are usually kinescopes rather than tapes).

## InfoBox

| *Melody with Milton* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Music television |
| Presented by | Milton Saunders |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| Original release | |
| Network | ATN-7 |
| Release | 1958 (1958) <br>1960 (1960) |


title: Tony DePaul

abstract: Tony DePaul is the current writer of the Lee Falk created adventure comic strip The Phantom. DePaul has been writing the newspaper strip since Falk died in 1999. As of mid-2018, the artists illustrating his stories are Mike Manley and Jeff Weigel. Tony has also written Phantom stories for Scandinavian publisher Egmont since 1993, in their "Fantomen" (Phantom) comic books. He previously worked as a journalist for over twenty years, but is today a freelance writer.

text:
# Tony DePaul

**Tony DePaul** is the current writer of the Lee Falk created adventure comic strip The Phantom. DePaul has been writing the newspaper strip since Falk died in 1999. As of mid-2018, the artists illustrating his stories are Mike Manley and Jeff Weigel.

Tony has also written Phantom stories for Scandinavian publisher Egmont since 1993, in their "Fantomen" (Phantom) comic books.

He previously worked as a journalist for over twenty years, but is today a freelance writer.


title: Rudolf Wilke

abstract: Rudolf Wilke was a German caricaturist and illustrator; best known for his work at the satirical magazine, Simplicissimus.

text:
# Rudolf Wilke

**Rudolf Wilke** (27 October 1873, Braunschweig \- 4 November 1908, Braunschweig) was a German caricaturist and illustrator; best known for his work at the satirical magazine, *Simplicissimus*.

## Life and work

He was the eldest child of Johannes Wilke, a carpenter. Two of his younger brothers also became artists; Hermann, who was a painter and commercial artist, and Erich, who was also a caricaturist.

After serving an artisanal apprenticeship, he attended the building trades school in Holzminden. His artistic inclinations led him in another direction, however, and he took lessons from the landscape painter, Adolf Nickol, at the polytechnic academy in Braunschweig. This was followed by studies at a private drawing school in Munich, and the Académie Julien in Paris.

He decided to settle in Munich, and opened a studio with his friend, the architect Bruno Paul. In 1896, he took part in a competition sponsored by the cultural magazine, *Jugend*, and was chosen to join their staff. Three years later, the publisher Albert Langen invited him to work at *Simplicissimus*.

In 1905 he married Amalie Mally, who was also an illustrator. They had two children; Charlotte, who became an artist, and Ulfert, who emigrated to the United States and became a museum director..

In 1906 Wilke, along with Olaf Gulbransson, Ludwig Thoma, and Eduard Thöny, persuaded Langen to convert *Simplicissimus* into a joint stock company, thereby giving more power to the staff to control the journal's direction.

From 1954 to 1993, the city of Braunschweig awarded a "Rudolf Wilke Prize", which included 1,500 Marks for a study trip abroad. Its first recipient was the graphic artist, Karl-Heinz Meyer. In 1964, a street in Munich's Solln district was named after Wilke.

## Selected works

## Further reading

* Peter Lufft: *Wilke, Rudolf.* In: Luitgard Camerer, Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (Eds.): *Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon*, J. H. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5, pg.248
* Peter Lufft (Ed.): *Der Zeichner Rudolf Wilke. Leben und Werk*, Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, 1987 (Exhibition catalog)
* *Die Wilkes – eine Künstlerfamilie der Moderne aus Braunschweig*, Publications of the Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Vol.73, Braunschweig, 2008


title: Latiume Maka

abstract: Latiume Maka is a Tongan former international rugby union player. A front-row forward, Maka was capped 20 times for Tonga, debuting in 1997. He represented Tonga at the 1999 Rugby World Cup, where he featured in all three pool matches, including as starting hooker in their win over Italy. Maka played provincial rugby for Counties Manukau in 2002.

text:
# Latiume Maka

**Latiume Maka** (born 11 February 1970) is a Tongan former international rugby union player.

A front-row forward, Maka was capped 20 times for Tonga, debuting in 1997. He represented Tonga at the 1999 Rugby World Cup, where he featured in all three pool matches, including as starting hooker in their win over Italy.

Maka played provincial rugby for Counties Manukau in 2002.

## InfoBox

Latiume Maka
| Date of birth | (1970-02-11) 11 February 1970 |
| --- | --- |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) |
| Weight | 242 lb (110 kg) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Hooker / Prop  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2002 Counties Manukau  6  (0)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1997–03 Tonga  20  (10) | |


title: Gal Koren

abstract: Gal Koren is a retired Slovenian professional ice hockey player. Koren competed at the 2013 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Slovenia men's national ice hockey team.

text:
# Gal Koren

**Gal Koren** (born January 16, 1992) is a retired Slovenian professional ice hockey player.

Koren competed at the 2013 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Slovenia men's national ice hockey team.

## InfoBox

| Gal Koren | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-01-16) January 16, 1992
Domžale, Slovenia | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | KHL Medveščak Zagreb
HDD Olimpija Ljubljana
HKm Zvolen
Manchester Storm
HK Olimpija | | |
| National team | Slovenia | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 20102021 | | |


title: Rudolph King

abstract: Rudolph Francis King was an American politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1937 to 1944 and was House Speaker from 1943 to 1944. Born in Horton Bluff, Nova Scotia, he had previously served as a member of the School Committee, Board of Assessors, and the Board of Health and Cemeteries and was the town moderator and chairman of the board of selectmen in Millis, Massachusetts. King resigned from the House on August 16, 1944, to become registrar of motor vehicles. In 1946 he was nominated by Governor Maurice J. Tobin to serve as State Commissioner of Public Works, but refused the offer. In 1957, King was forced to retire following a vote by the Massachusetts Governor's Council to remove King from office after he reached the state's mandatory retirement age of 70. King was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat on the Governor's Council during the 1958 election. King died on September 10, 1961, in Millis, Massachusetts.

text:
# Rudolph King

**Rudolph Francis King** (November 2, 1887  September 10, 1961) was an American politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1937 to 1944 and was House Speaker from 1943 to 1944. Born in Horton Bluff, Nova Scotia, he had previously served as a member of the School Committee, Board of Assessors, and the Board of Health and Cemeteries and was the town moderator and chairman of the board of selectmen in Millis, Massachusetts.

King resigned from the House on August 16, 1944, to become registrar of motor vehicles. In 1946 he was nominated by Governor Maurice J. Tobin to serve as State Commissioner of Public Works, but refused the offer. In 1957, King was forced to retire following a vote by the Massachusetts Governor's Council to remove King from office after he reached the state's mandatory retirement age of 70.

King was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat on the Governor's Council during the 1958 election.

King died on September 10, 1961, in Millis, Massachusetts.

## InfoBox

| Rudolph King | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1943  August 16, 1944 | |
| Preceded by | Christian Herter |
| Succeeded by | Frederick Willis |
| Massachusetts Registrar of Motor Vehicles | |
| **In office**
August 16, 1944  November 30, 1957 | |
| Preceded by | Frank A. Goodwin |
| Succeeded by | Clement A. Riley |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 2, 1887
Horton Bluff, Nova Scotia |
| Died | September 10, 1961(1961-09-10) (aged 73)
Millis, Massachusetts |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence | Millis, Massachusetts |
| Profession | Sales Manager and General Manager of Medway Shoes Manufacturing Corp. |
|  | |


title: Rudolph Karstadt

abstract: Rudolph Karstadt was a German entrepreneur.

text:
# Rudolph Karstadt

**Rudolph Karstadt** (16 February 1856 – 15 December 1944 in Schwerin) was a German entrepreneur.

## Biography

Karstadt was born in Grevesmühlen near Lübeck on 16 February 1856, he apprenticed in Rostock and then worked in his father’s textile shop in Schwerin.

With a loan of 1000 thaler from his father and with the help of his two sisters, Karstadt opened his first store, ″Tuch-, Manufaktur- und Konfektionsgeschäft" at the Krämerstr. 4 in Wismar on 14 May 1881.

In 1919 Karstadt AG and Theodor Althoff KG merged.

By 1920 he owned over 30 shops across Germany. The Karstadt Warenhaus AG, which is what his chain of stores was called by 1920, continues as Arcandor.

Karstadt lost most of his private fortune in the Great Depression and left the board of the Karstadt AG in 1932.

## Further reading


title: Royal Marriage

abstract: Royal Marriage is a patience or solitaire game using a deck of 52 playing cards. It is an eliminator game in the style of the solitaire game Accordion. The game is so called because the player seems to remove anything that comes between the Queen and the King of the same suit for them to "marry." It also goes under the name Royal Wedding or Matrimony.

text:
# Royal Marriage

**Royal Marriage** is a patience or solitaire game using a deck of 52 playing cards. It is an eliminator game in the style of the solitaire game Accordion. The game is so called because the player seems to remove anything that comes between the Queen and the King of the same suit for them to "marry." It also goes under the name **Royal Wedding** or **Matrimony**.

## History

First recorded by Hoffmann (1892), Royal Marriage is subsequently described by many others up to the present, include Morehead & Mott-Smith (1949, 2001) and Parlett (1979).

## Rules

The Queen of the chosen suit (traditionally the Queen of Hearts) is placed immediately on the table face-up while her corresponding King is placed face-down. The remaining fifty cards are shuffled and placed on the top of the King to form the stock. Cards are dealt from the stock one at a time to the right of the Queen. If a pair of cards with either the same rank or suit are separated by one or two cards, the in-between cards may be discarded. This may result in new opportunities to discard additional cards.

Strategy revolves around decisions of whether to discard cards or not. It may be advantageous to retain as many cards of the Queen's suit as possible, as these may be easily eliminated by the King or Queen at any tie, but may be helpful in eliminating other cards.

The game is won when the King and Queen are brought together -- that is, when only one or two cards remain in between them, which can then be discarded.

## Variations

Royal Marriage is possible to play in-hand, rather than on a surface such as a table. In this case, the deck is held face-down in one hand, with the King being uppermost face-down card and the Queen being held face-up above it. Cards are played from the bottom of the deck onto the Queen, and fanned out to show all cards that could possibly affect play.

Alternatively, the Queen can be played on one end of a surface, and all cards dealt out at the beginning to the Queen's right, ending with the King. This allows for an additional measure of strategy: being able to view the entire sequence of cards allows the player to choose which cards to discard and in what order to ensure a win.

**Push-Pin** is a variant of Royal Marriage that uses two decks.

## Literature

## InfoBox

Royal Marriage
| A patience or solitaire game | |
| --- | --- |
| The game played as a single stack of cards; a splayed hand of cards on top of a draw pile | |
| Alternative names | Betrothal |
| Family | Non-Builder |
| Deck | Single 52-card |


title: Royal parrotfinch

abstract: The royal parrotfinch is a species of estrildid finch endemic to Vanuatu in the South Pacific Ocean. It is found commonly at mid-altitudes on the larger islands such as Espiritu Santo, above 300 m., but it also can be found at small sea-level islands in fruiting figs in forest edge in Emae and Tongoa. This species is usually found in singles, pairs or small groups feeding on figs in the forest canopy. Clements has lumped this bird into the red-headed parrotfinch.

text:
# Royal parrotfinch

The **royal parrotfinch** (***Erythrura regia***) is a species of estrildid finch endemic to Vanuatu in the South Pacific Ocean. It is found commonly at mid-altitudes on the larger islands such as Espiritu Santo, above 300 m., but it also can be found at small sea-level islands in fruiting figs in forest edge in Emae and Tongoa. This species is usually found in singles, pairs or small groups feeding on figs in the forest canopy. Clements has lumped this bird into the red-headed parrotfinch.

## Identification

The royal parrotfinch is approximately 11 cm long. This species is a multicoloured finch. Male royal parrotfinches have a bright red head and tail, blue breast and turquoise-green upperparts, while females are greener in colour. Young royal parrotfinches are duller with a dull blue head. This species has a high, thin voice and trilling song.

## Threats

This species is threatened by commercial logging which has removed its natural habitat. There are also reports of small-scale cage-bird trade of royal parrotfinchs. The IUCN has classified the species as being vulnerable.

## Conservation measures

It was suggested to implement a captive conservation breeding programme on Lake Letas Reserve, Gaua. It was also proposed to investigate any cage-bird trade, especially on Tongoa and Emae. The suggestion was to reduce commercial logging to conserve forest reserves, supporting the natural habitat of Lake Letas Reserve.

## InfoBox

| Royal parrotfinch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Illustration (below) with *Erythrura cyaneovirens* | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Estrildidae |
| Genus: | *Erythrura* |
| Species: | ***E. regia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Erythrura regia***
(Sclater, PL, 1881) | |
|