title: Masanari Omura

abstract: Masanari Omura Masanari Omura, nicknamed Masa, is a Japanese former professional footballer who played as a defender. He spent the majority of his career with Filipino club Kaya. He was awarded the United Football League Cup Golden Ball in 2015 and had also captained his club.

text:
# Masanari Omura

**Masanari Omura** (大村 真也, *Ōmura Masanari*, born 14 July 1984), nicknamed **Masa**, is a Japanese former professional footballer who played as a defender. He spent the majority of his career with Filipino club Kaya. He was awarded the United Football League Cup Golden Ball in 2015 and had also captained his club.

## Early life

Masanari Omura was born on 14 July 1984 in Komaki, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. He started playing football at the age of 10, although he originally liked baseball better but chose football as it was more popular in his school. He went on to captain the football team of Chukyo University. After graduating, he spent three years working for a warehouse company and was also a part-time football coach for elementary school students.

## Career

### Fraser Park

Deciding to pursue his dream of becoming a professional footballer but unable to find opportunities in Japan, Omura headed to Australia. He joined NSW Super League club Fraser Park FC and played in almost every match of the 2011 season. However, difficulties renewing his working holiday visa made it unlikely for him to return for another season. Opting to continue his career in another country, his Fraser Park teammate, former Philippines national team player Leigh Gunn, suggested he tryout in the Philippines.

### Kaya

Omura joined Filipino United Football League (UFL) club Kaya in September 2011 and made his debut in that year's UFL Cup. He scored a goal in their 3–0 round of 16 win over Team Socceroo on 20 November. In the 2015 UFL Cup, wherein Kaya won the title, Omura received the Golden Ball award as the best player of the tournament. In the 2016 UFL Cup quarter-finals, he scored the equaliser in their 2–1 win over Loyola Meralco Sparks. However, Kaya finished third place in what turned out to be the last UFL Cup. That same year, he participated in Kaya's first-ever campaign in the AFC Cup, wherein they reached the round of 16.

In 2017, the Philippines Football League (PFL) supplanted the UFL. During the PFL's inaugural season, Omura shared Kaya's captaincy with Aly Borromeo. In 2018, Kaya won the inaugural Copa Paulino Alcantara, the new domestic cup competition of the Philippines. The cup win qualified them for the 2019 AFC Cup. In the 2019 Copa Paulino Alcantara, he scored the second goal in their 3–0 semi-final win over Mendiola. However, they failed to defend their title, falling to Ceres–Negros in the final. Nonetheless, they still qualified for the 2020 AFC Cup.

In 2021, he played in Kaya's first-ever AFC Champions League campaign. In their last group match, a 1–0 loss to Vietnamese champions Viettel, Omura was sent off for a foul on Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng. Later, in the 2021 Copa Paulino Alcantara, Kaya regained their title.

On 31 January 2022, Omura announced his retirement from professional football, having spent 10 years with Kaya. The club's president and general manager, Paul Tolentino, referred to him as a "true club legend".

## Style of play

Omura mostly played as a centre-back or defensive midfielder. In Australia, most of the centre-backs were taller than him, so he opted for the latter position. In Kaya, in addition to his defensive roles, he has also played as a winger or forward.

## Honours

**Kaya**

**Individual**

## Career statistics

### Club

| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Kaya–Iloilo | 2017 | PFL | 28 | 0 |  | |  | | 28 | 0 |
| | 2018 | | 23 | 2 | 6 | 0 |  | | 29 | 2 |
| | 2019 | | 20 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 30 | 3 |
| | 2020 | | 2 | 0 |  | | 3 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| | 2021 | |  | | 4 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| **Career total** | | | 73 | 4 | 14 | 1 | 15 | 0 | 102 | 5 |

**Notes**

**References**

1. "はじめまして、大村真也です。". *ameblo.jp* (in Japanese). Ameba. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
2. "Going the Distance: Masanari Omura - Kaya Futbol Club". 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
3. "Masanari Omura". Kaya FC–Iloilo. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
4. "Masanari Omura Retires After 10 Seasons". *kayafc.com*. Kaya F.C.–Iloilo. 31 January 2011. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
5. 池田宣雄 (23 May 2018). "名門大学体育会サッカー部主将が26歳で海外挑戦した物語 前編". *equalizer11.com* (in Japanese). Equalizer. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
6. Tupas, Cedelf P. (24 November 2011). "Pachanga, Kaya reach UFL quarterfinals". *Philippine Daily Inquirer*. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
7. "Kaya FC wins 2015 UFL Cup". *The Manila Times*. 29 August 2015. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
8. Tupas, Cedelf P. (4 April 2016). "Kaya kicks out Loyola; Stallion up". *Philippine Daily Inquirer*. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
9. Francisco, Rodolfo (16 April 2016). "Global FC crowned UFL Cup 2016 champions". *GMA News*. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
10. Fenix, Ryan (12 May 2016). "Ceres and Kaya give Philippines fans reason to cheer in AFC Cup". *ESPN*. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
11. "2016 AFC Cup: KAYA FC suffers blowout to Malaysian team". *ABS-CBN News*. 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
12. Mañalac, Katrina; Mendoza, Jose Rafael (31 August 2017). "Prep to pro: DLSU Football Alumni conquer the PFL". *The LaSallian*. De La Salle University. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
13. Saldajeno, Ivan (16 August 2017). "Borromeo OK with Ugarte as captain for Makati vs. Marikina". *Dugout Philippines*. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022. For a long time, the captain's armband of Kaya Makati has been on either Aly Borromeo or Masa Omura.
14. Del Carmen, Lorenzo (28 October 2018). "Jovin Bedic strikes late as Kaya brings Copa Paulino Alcantara home to Iloilo". *Tiebreaker Times*. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
15. Murillo, Michael Angelo S. (11 November 2019). "Rivals Kaya FC-Iloilo and Ceres-Negros FC set up marquee Copa Paulino Alcantara finals". *BusinessWorld*. Archived from the original on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
16. Sevilla, Jeremiah M. (18 November 2019). "Ceres Negros FC rules 2019 Copa Paulino Alcantara". *The Manila Times*. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
17. Saldajeno, Ivan Stewart (12 July 2021). "9-man Kaya Iloilo falls to Viettel". *Philippine News Agency*. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
18. Micaller, Bea (19 November 2021). "Kaya FC beats Azkals Development Team, reigns supreme in 2021 Copa Paulino Alcantara". *GMA News*. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.

## InfoBox

Masanari Omura
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Masanari Omura | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-07-14) 14 July 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | Komaki, Aichi, Japan | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Chukyo University |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011 | Fraser Park |  |  |
| 2011–2022 | Kaya | 73 | (4) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: The Forbes list of Australia's 50 richest people is a list of Australia's fifty wealthiest individuals and families, ranked by personal net worth published annually by Forbes Asia magazine. The list provides a short summary on some of the known business activities of the individuals and families, together with commentary on how their ranking has changed from the previous year, if listed. The list is published annually in January in an online format and updated daily, also online. In 2019, the entry mark for the 50th richest individual was US$750 million. The wealthiest individual in the 2019 list was Gina Rinehart, estimated to have a personal net worth of US$14.8 billion; a US$2.6 billion decrease in her personal net worth of US$17.4 billion, as estimated by Forbes in 2018. 2019 marked the eighth time that Rinehart had headed the list. Prior to 2013, the list included the forty richest people in Australia; expanded to Australia's fifty wealthiest individuals and families in 2013.

text:
# Forbes list of Australia's 50 richest people

The ***Forbes* list of Australia's 50 richest people** is a list of Australia's fifty wealthiest individuals and families, ranked by personal net worth published annually by *Forbes Asia* magazine. The list provides a short summary on some of the known business activities of the individuals and families, together with commentary on how their ranking has changed from the previous year, if listed. The list is published annually in January in an online format and updated daily, also online.

In 2019, the entry mark for the 50th richest individual was US$750 million. The wealthiest individual in the 2019 list was Gina Rinehart, estimated to have a personal net worth of US$14.8 billion; a US$2.6 billion decrease in her personal net worth of US$17.4 billion, as estimated by *Forbes* in 2018. 2019 marked the eighth time that Rinehart had headed the list.

Prior to 2013, the list included the forty richest people in Australia; expanded to Australia's fifty wealthiest individuals and families in 2013.

## Lists by year

## Members of Australia's 50 richest people

The table below is the list compiled by *Forbes Asia*, comparing movement from the previous year:

| *Forbes Asia*
Australia's 50\[note a\] richest | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | 2011 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 2015 | |
| | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) |
| Gina Rinehart | 1 | 9.00 | 1 | 18.00 | 1 | 17.00 | 1 | 17.70 | 1 | 11.70 |
| Harry Triguboff | 5 | 3.40 | 6 | 4.00 | 6 | 4.60 | 7 | 4.30 | 2 | 5.60 |
| Anthony Pratt | 7 | 2.70 | 7 | 3.40 | 7 | 4.50 | 2 | 7.00 | 7 | 3.50 |
| Frank Lowy | 4 | 4.30 | 5 | 4.40 | 4 | 5.30 | 6 | 4.60 | 3 | 5.00 |
| Mike Cannon-Brookes | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 25 | 1.10 |
| Scott Farquhar | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | | |
| Andrew Forrest | 2 | 6.90 | 3 | 5.30 | 5 | 4.80 | 5 | 5.00 | 10 | 2.10 |
| John Gandel | 6 | 3.30 | 8 | 3.20 | 8 | 3.50 | 8 | 3.20 | 6 | 3.60 |
| James Packer | 3 | 4.40 | 4 | 4.50 | 3 | 6.00 | 3 | 6.60 | 4 | 4.70 |
| Lindsay Fox | 11 | 1.70 | 14 | 1.60 | 14 | 1.95 | 11 | 2.20 | 9 | 2.90 |
| Kerry Stokes | 10 | 1.90 | 12 | 1.80 | 13 | 2.00 | 16 | 1.60 | 23 | 1.20 |
| Michael Hintze | 15 | 1.40 | 16 | 1.40 | 16 | 1.55 | 15 | 1.70 | 15 | 1.90 |
| Wilson Family | 13 | 1.50 | 17 | 1.35 | 15 | 1.60 | 13 | 1.90 | 14 | 2.00 |
| Lang Walker | 22 | 0.95 | 21 | 0.95 | 18 | 1.20 | 21 | 1.16 | 21 | 1.20 |
| Fiona Geminder | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 12 | 2.10 |
| Maurice Alter | 32 | 0.70 | 30 | 0.78 | 32 | 0.89 | 30 | 0.96 | 19 | 1.20 |
| David Hains | 9 | 2.00 | 11 | 2.00 | 11 | 2.30 | 12 | 2.10 | 11 | 2.10 |
| Clive Palmer | n/a | not listed | 29 | 0.80 | 31 | 0.90 | 50 | 0.55 | n/a | not listed |
| Heloise Waislitz | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 13 | 2.00 |
| Tony & Ron Perich | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 39 | 0.75 |
| Jack Cowin | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 29 | 1.00 |
| Angela Bennett | 12 | 1.55 | 9 | 2.30 | 30 | 0.90 | 25 | 1.01 | 31 | 0.97 |
| David Teoh | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 29 | 0.91 | 17 | 1.50 | 17 | 1.60 |
| Solomon Lew | 18 | 1.15 | 20 | 1.10 | 19 | 1.16 | 26 | 1.00 | 30 | 0.98 |
| Brett Blundy | n/a | not listed | 39 | 0.66 | 33 | 0.84 | 39 | 0.71 | 38 | 0.77 |
| Bob Ell | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 26 | 0.96 | 22 | 1.10 | 19 | 1.20 |
| John Van Lieshout | 24 | 0.87 | 24 | 0.87 | 21 | 1.04 | 28 | 0.97 | 27 | 1.00 |
| Gerry Harvey | 17 | 1.20 | 23 | 0.90 | 28 | 0.93 | 20 | 1.18 | 18 | 1.30 |
| Kerr Neilson | 8 | 2.40 | 10 | 2.10 | 9 | 2.50 | 10 | 2.90 | 8 | 3.00 |
| Sam Tarascio | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 42 | 0.71 |
| Terry Snow | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 39 | 0.76 | 46 | 0.62 | n/a | not listed |
| Judith Neilson | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Alan Rydge | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 25 | 0.98 | 23 | 1.03 | 22 | 1.20 |
| Maha Sinnathamby | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 42 | 0.69 | 40 | 0.74 |
| Paul Little | 34 | 0.67 | 35 | 0.71 | 37 | 0.78 | 37 | 0.72 | 37 | 0.82 |
| Len Ainsworth | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 22 | 1.03 | 18 | 1.30 | 24 | 1.20 |
| Bruce Mathieson | 28 | 0.73 | 37 | 0.69 | 42 | 0.73 | 35 | 0.75 | 48 | 0.61 |
| Con Makris | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 47 | 0.66 | 45 | 0.63 | 46 | 0.64 |
| Russ Withers and family of the late Beverley Barlow | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Ralph Sarich | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 44 | 0.71 | 44 | 0.66 | 44 | 0.66 |
| Richard Smith | 30 | 0.71 | 31 | 0.74 | 35 | 0.79 | 32 | 0.84 | 45 | 0.65 |
| John Kahlbetzer | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 34 | 0.83 | 34 | 0.76 | 36 | 0.83 |
| Christopher Morris | 33 | 0.69 | n/a | not listed | 48 | 0.65 | 47 | 0.59 | 47 | 0.63 |

**^\[note a\]**  Up until 2013, the list included Australia's 40 Richest people; expanded to Australia's 50 Richest people in 2013.

| Legend | |
| --- | --- |
| Icon | Description |
|  | Has not changed from the previous year |
|  | Has increased from the previous year |
|  | Has decreased from the previous year |

## Former members of Australia's 50 richest people

The table below is an extract from the list compiled by *Forbes Asia* showing individuals who were once on the list yet are not on the current list. Where appropriate, the list compares movement from previous years:

| *Forbes Asia*
Australia's 50 Richest *former members* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | 2011 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 2015 | | 2016 | | 2017 | |
| | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) | Rank | Net worth
(US$ billion) |
| Blair Parry-Okeden\[note e\] | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 1 | 8.88 | n/a | not listed |
| Ivan Glasenberg | n/a | not listed | 2 | 7.20 | 2 | 6.70 | 4 | 6.30 | 5 | 4.40 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Paul Salteri | 21 | 0.98 | 22 | 0.94 | 23 | 1.00 | 27 | 0.99 | 28 | 1.00 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Raymond Barro | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 24 | 0.99 | 24 | 1.02 | 32 | 0.96 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Morry Fraid | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 36 | 0.79 | 31 | 0.90 | 33 | 0.95 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Bob Oatley\[note d\] | 25 | 0.85 | 25 | 0.86 | 27 | 0.95 | 33 | 0.83 | 34 | 0.91 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Greg Poche | 31 | 0.70 | 33 | 0.73 | 41 | 0.74 | 38 | 0.71 | 43 | 0.68 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Geoff Harris | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 41 | 0.70 | 50 | 0.55 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Paul Ramsay\[note b\] | 14 | 1.45 | 13 | 1.70 | 10 | 2.40 | 9 | 3.00 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Len Buckeridge | 19 | 1.10 | 19 | 1.25 | 17 | 1.40 | 19 | 1.20 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Mukul Garg | 29 | 0.74 | 38 | 0.69 | 42 | 0.74 | 35 | 0.76 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Ian Norman\[note c\] | 37 | 0.64 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 48 | 0.58 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Lloyd Williams | 35 | 0.66 | 38 | 0.67 | 46 | 0.70 | 49 | 0.57 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Bruno Grollo | 29 | 0.72 | 34 | 0.71 | 40 | 0.74 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| John Grill | 27 | 0.77 | 28 | 0.80 | 45 | 0.71 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Travers Duncan | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 49 | 0.63 | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed |
| Stan Perron | 20 | 1.05 | 15 | 1.50 | 12 | 2.10 | 14 | 1.80 | 16 | 1.60 | 17 | 1.54 | 15 |  |
| Bob Ingham | 36 | 0.64 | 32 | 0.74 | 20 | 1.15 | 29 | 0.97 | 35 | 0.90 | 34 | 0.745 |  |  |
| Reg Rowe | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 43 | 0.73 | 43 | 0.67 | n/a | not listed | 39 | 0.675 |  |  |
| Graham Turner | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 36 | 0.72 | 49 | 0.57 | 45 | 0.575 |  |  |
| Bruce Gordon | 26 | 0.79 | 40 | 0.65 | 50 | 0.62 | 40 | 0.70 | 41 | 0.72 | 46 | 0.57 |  |  |
| Marcus Blackmore | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 50 | 0.50 |  |  |
| Tim Roberts | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 49 |  |
| Chris Thomas | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | n/a | not listed | 50 |  |

**^\[note b\]**  Paul Ramsay died in May 2014, five months after the 2014 list was published. **^\[note c\]**  Ian Norman died in May 2014, five months after the 2014 list was published. **^\[note d\]**  Bob Oatley died in January 2016, seven months after the 2015 list was published. **^\[note e\]**  Blair Parry-Okeden appeared on the list of Australians by net worth in 2016 only. She is a US-citizen and, despite living in Australia, is not eligible for admission on the list.

## InfoBox

*Forbes* list of
Australia's 50 richest people
| List of 50 Australians, ranked in order of net worth | |
| --- | --- |
| Publication details | |
| Publisher | Forbes |
| Publication | *Forbes Asia* magazine and online |
| Latest publication | January 15, 2019 |
| Current list details (2019) | |
| Wealthiest Australian | Gina Rinehart |
| Net worth (1st) | US$14.8 billion |
| Entry point (50th) | US$750 million |
| *Forbes* list of Australia's 50 richest people website | |


title: Foundation Fighting Blindness

abstract: The mission of the Foundation Fighting Blindness is to fund research that will lead to the prevention, treatment and cures for the entire spectrum of retinal degenerative diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, Usher syndrome, Stargardt disease and related conditions. These diseases, which affect more than 10 million Americans and millions more throughout the world, often lead to severe vision loss or complete blindness. The Foundation Fighting Blindness was founded as the National Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation in 1971 by Gordon and Lulie Gund, Bernard and Beverly Berman, and other dedicated leaders to find cures for retinal degenerations at a time when very little was known about those vision-robbing diseases. Blind from retinitis pigmentosa, Gund is Chairman of the Foundation Fighting Blindness and Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Gund Investment Corporation. He is a former majority owner of the Cleveland Cavaliers and was co-founder and part owner of the San Jose Sharks. Berman died in 1996. Through private individual contributions, corporate philanthropy and community-based fundraising activities, the Foundation has raised more than $500 million since its founding and is the largest non-governmental source of research funds for inherited retinal degenerative diseases.

text:
# Foundation Fighting Blindness

The mission of the **Foundation Fighting Blindness** is to fund research that will lead to the prevention, treatment and cures for the entire spectrum of retinal degenerative diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, Usher syndrome, Stargardt disease and related conditions. These diseases, which affect more than 10 million Americans and millions more throughout the world, often lead to severe vision loss or complete blindness.

The Foundation Fighting Blindness was founded as the **National Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation** in 1971 by Gordon and Lulie Gund, Bernard and Beverly Berman, and other dedicated leaders to find cures for retinal degenerations at a time when very little was known about those vision-robbing diseases. Blind from retinitis pigmentosa, Gund is Chairman of the Foundation Fighting Blindness and Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Gund Investment Corporation. He is a former majority owner of the Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association) and was co-founder and part owner of the San Jose Sharks (National Hockey League). Berman died in 1996.

Through private individual contributions, corporate philanthropy and community-based fundraising activities, the Foundation has raised more than $500 million since its founding and is the largest non-governmental source of research funds for inherited retinal degenerative diseases.

## Diseases studied

Foundation-funded scientists at institutions throughout the world conduct research for the entire spectrum of retinal degenerative diseases including: retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, Usher syndrome, Stargardt disease, Best disease, choroideremia, retinoschisis, Leber congenital amaurosis, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, cone dystrophy, cone-rod dystrophy, rod–cone dystrophy, achromatopsia, Refsum disease, and other rare retinal degenerative diseases.

## Research and clinical trials

The Foundation funds research in a number of scientific areas including: genetics, gene therapy, nutrition, stem cells, and pharmaceutical therapies.

After decades of Foundation-funded research, several promising treatments have moved into human clinical trials, including a landmark gene therapy human study for Leber congenital amaurosis, which has enabled more than 40 children and young adults who were virtually blind to read several lines on an eye chart and see in dimly lit settings. This success paved the way for the development of gene therapies now in clinical trials to treat a wide range of other retinal conditions, including Stargardt disease, Usher syndrome, and age-related macular degeneration.

Valproic acid, a drug that is FDA-approved to treat epilepsy, has shown promise for preserving vision in people with certain forms of retinitis pigmentosa. The Foundation has launched a human trial to test this drug and, if effective, move it quickly out to patients who need it.

Foundation-funded researchers are using stem cells derived from a variety of sources, including a person's own skin, to create healthy retinal cells that can potentially restore vision. Stem cell treatments hold great promise for people with advanced vision loss.

The Foundation is also funding clinical trials of a tiny innovative capsule that is inserted into the eye to slow vision loss from a variety of retinal degenerative diseases.

## Foundation Fighting Blindness Clinical Research Institute

The Foundation Fighting Blindness Clinical Research Institute works to accelerate the translation of laboratory-based research into clinical trials for treatments and cures of retinal degenerative diseases. As a support organization and the translational arm of the Foundation Fighting Blindness, it aims to develop a bridge between scientific, clinical, governmental, pharmaceutical and financial communities to advance clinical trials of sight-saving treatments and therapies. The FFB Clinical Research Institute invests funds to support Phase I and Phase II clinical trials to expedite the commercialization of treatments for conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, Usher syndrome and the entire spectrum of retinal diseases, and also provides assistance to the management of clinical trials and subsequent commercialization.

## Grants

The Foundation Fighting Blindness currently funds more than 120 grants, including the modules of 14 Centers. The research projects of these grants are conducted by research investigators at more than 70 Institutions, Eye Hospitals and Universities. In addition to funding researchers within the United States, Foundation funding extends internationally including laboratories in Canada, England, France, Germany, Italy, Israel, China, and the Netherlands.

## Fundraising and public education

The Foundation has nearly 50 volunteer-led chapters across the U.S. These volunteers raise funds for research, increase public awareness, and provide support to their communities. Through its communications and public health outreach programs, the Foundation educates individuals affected with retinal disease and their families about research developments, clinical trials, and coping with low vision.

In addition to grants and individual and corporate gifts, the Foundation hosts a series of fundraising events across the country, including VisionWalks, Dining in the Dark dinners, and Visionary Awards galas. As promising treatments move into critical human studies, the need for research funding is greater than ever before.

## VisionWalk

VisionWalk is the national signature fundraising event of the Foundation Fighting Blindness that also acts as a celebration of the Fighting Blindness community. Occurring every fall in 36 locations, participants join teams and fund raise in the month leading up to the event. The event itself is a 5k walk to fund raise for research sponsored by FFB, as well as to raise awareness of low vision and blind individuals. There is an emphasis on the ability and accomplishments of people impacted by lack of vision.

Since its inception in the spring of 2006, the program has raised over $55 million to fund sight-saving research with over 200,000 participants in the form of volunteers, team members and, sponsors.

Due to the COVID-19 virus, the FFB held the fall 2020 VisionWalk online, asking participants to take steps to support the virtual VisionWalk by using a treadmill, going on a socially distanced walk, or having a virtual meeting with teammates.

## Dining in the Dark

The Foundation Fighting Blindness hosts approximately 10 annual Dining in the Dark fundraising events in various cities around the U.S. Meant to increase awareness about the challenges of the visually impaired, Dining in the Dark is an event where participants dine in the dark. This idea of "dark dining" is not unique to the foundation, as it is also practised in other locations.

## Race to Cure Blindness

Race to Cure Blindness is a fundraising program where participants utilize any marathon, triathlon, bike race, or other racing event as a platform to raise money for the Foundation Fighting Blindness.

## VISIONS conference

VISIONS is the national conference of the Foundation Fighting Blindness. It is the only event of its kind - created solely for individuals and families who are affected by retinal diseases. Nowhere else will people find such easy access to information on the latest retinal research and clinical trials, the doctors performing the work, coping strategies, and other families from around the country living with the same diseases.

## Vision Seminar Series

The Foundation Fighting Blindness' Vision Seminar Series provides a supportive learning environment for people living with macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and other inherited retinal degenerative diseases. Held around the country, each half-day, free seminar offers patients a forum to hear from prominent doctors and scientists about the latest retinal degenerative disease research, new treatments, therapies, and clinical trials. Vision Seminars not only give affected individuals and their families critical information about research and treatments, but they also provide the hope necessary to cope with these debilitating diseases.

## Partners for Retinal Health

Through its Partners for Retinal Health program, the Foundation works with retinal specialists throughout the country to provide the information, resources and hope patients need upon being diagnosed with a retinal degenerative disease.

## InfoBox

Foundation Fighting Blindness
|
|  |
| Formation | 1971 |
| Type | Non-Profit |
| Purpose | Fund research that will lead to preventions, treatments and cures for retinal degenerative diseases. |
| Headquarters | Columbia, Maryland |
| Website | fightblindness.org |


title: Foundation For Excellence

abstract: The Foundation for Excellence is a publicly supported non-profit organization in India. The FFE's focus is to provide funds for higher education to students in India who are academically gifted and from low-income families. Since its inception, the foundation has provided over $11.4 million in over 81,590 scholarships to 28,782 deserving students across 28 states in India.

text:
# Foundation For Excellence

The **Foundation for Excellence** is a publicly supported non-profit organization in India. The FFE's focus is to provide funds for higher education to students in India who are academically gifted and from low-income families.

Since its inception, the foundation has provided over $11.4 million in over 81,590 scholarships to 28,782 deserving students across 28 states in India.

## Objective

The objective driving the programs is *"No Scholar Left Behind."* FFE believes that these young people will be a significant part of a socially and economically stronger India in the near future.

With the help of donors and volunteers, FFE plans to keep on with its efforts until every deserving student in India gets the education that she or he deserves.

## Mission

The mission of Foundation For Excellence (FFE) is to help exceptionally talented but economically underprivileged students in India to pursue their higher education in Engineering, medicine, Pharmacy and Law. FFE awards scholarships to recent high school students who have overcome the adversity of their family's circumstances to be among the top ranked in national/state level common entrance tests, based on their secured admissions to quality engineering and medical colleges. In addition to the financial help FFE provides employability skills and mentoring for the complete development of Scholarship awardees.

## History

* Dr. Prabhu and Mrs. Poonam Goel establish FFE as a project of Indians of Collective Action, a non-profit organization based in Santa Clara, California \- 1994
* Venktesh Shukla becomes 1st President and co-founder of FFE - (1994-2012)
* First scholarship awarded – October 1994
* Foundation for Excellence, Inc. is incorporated within California – December 1997.
* IRS grants tax-exempt, 501 (c) (3) status effective from December 1997 – March 1999
* Mr. Kanwal Rekhi joins FFE as major supporter and trustee – December 1999
* Foundation establishes formal administrative office in Mumbai, India - May 2000
* Dr. Romesh Wadhwani joins FFE as major supporter and trustee – September 2002
* FFE’s first chapter is established in New York, NY – November 2002
* FFE promotes and registers Foundation for Excellence India Trust as a public charitable organization in India - July 2003
* FFE India Trust receives recognition as a tax-exempt organization under section 12A of the Indian income tax Act and as an organization eligible for tax deductible contributions under section 80G
* Dr. Sudha Kidao became Managing Trustee - 2011
* Mr. Ram Kolavennu became COO - 2020

Since its inception in 1994 to the end of 2015, the Foundation has provided around 38,168 scholarships to 14,895 students for an amount of $11.4 million USD.

The Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under section 501 (a) as an organization described in section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Foundation is also exempt from state franchise or income tax under Section 23710d of the Revenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Foundation's employment identification number is 77-0474749.

FFE's principal office is located in Sunnyvale, California, while another office is located in Bangalore City in India.

## The Scholarship Program

The Foundation offers scholarships to students who have a proven financial need to enable them to pursue their studies at the high school or graduate level for studies in India. The scholarships are awarded on an annual basis with renewal dependent on continued academic excellence and financial need.

Scholars are selected based on a set of eligibility requirements. The requirements are based on approved courses of study, eligible institutions, academic standards and financial need.

The applicants are qualified by volunteers called "Facilitators" who perform background verification on students. More than 500 volunteer Facilitators are part of the program's network spread across the country in 25 states. The entire process, from application to decision making typically takes 2–4 months. No discrimination is made on the basis of caste, religion, region and gender during the process of awarding the scholarships.

Scholarships are awarded on an annual basis. Renewal of a scholarship is dependent on continued academic excellence and financial need.

The program so far has awarded more than 38,168 scholarships. Students who have graduated with these scholarships have had a positive effect on their careers and personal lives.

## The India Trust

FFE has established an organization in India called the Foundation For Excellence India Trust (FFEIT). The organization is recognized as a charitable trust under Section 12A(a) of the Indian Income-Tax Act of 1961. Donations to the Trust are eligible for tax deduction under Section 80G of the Indian Income Tax Act of 1961.

FFEIT has the same mission as that of the Foundation For Excellence (FFE), that is, to bring about a transformation in the lives of economically underprivileged and academically brilliant students in India. This mission is accomplished providing scholarships and other forms of assistance to students pursuing higher education at the higher secondary school, college degree and professional course levels in India. The Trust’s program is open to any student in India and there is no discrimination on the basis of caste, community, gender, religion, region or state.

FFEIT is a member of Credibility Alliance, Mumbai. Credibility Alliance is an initiative of voluntary organizations in India that seeks to enhance accountability, transparency, and good governance within the voluntary sector.

A Board of Trustees under the overall guidance of the FFE India Advisory Board manages the Trust.

The Trust’s registered and administrative office is located in Bangalore, Karnataka.

## Adopt a Scholar Program (ASP)

Various fund-raising programs and activities are under development to meet the growing needs of the Scholarship Program. One of these is Sponsor A Student/Adopt a Student Program (ASP).

The Sponsor/Adopt a Student Program provides an opportunity to donors to make contributions directed towards students with characteristics meeting the donor's preference. For example, the donor could indicate that the student to be sponsored be studying at a specified educational level, or be of a particular gender, or be studying for a particular course of study, or hail from a particular state/district/town in India. The Foundation will periodically provide donors with information on the students funded from out of the donor's contributions. The program:

* Enables individuals, corporate and institutional donors to earmark their donations for scholarships to specific applicants
* Donor's preferences of adopting student(s) from a specific state, course of study, gender, educational institution or other preferences can be instituted.
* 100% of the donor contribution is used for scholarship for the sponsored students.
* Donors are provided an opportunity to maintain contacts with their adopted students and meet them and their parents at their home or other convenient locations.
* Donors are also kept informed on the progress of the students whose education they are sponsoring under the Program. More than 350 donors participate in the program.

## FFE In The News

## InfoBox

Foundation For Excellence
| Founded | 1994 |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Prabhu Goel
Poonam Goel |
| Type | Non-profit |
| Focus | Provide funds for higher education to students in India who are academically gifted and come from very low income families |
| Location |  |
| Area served | Education |
| Product | Scholarships |
| Key people | Prabhu Goel
Poonam Goel
Kanwal Rekhi
Romesh Wadhwani |
| Volunteers | 700 |
| Website | ffe.org |


title: Foundation IRB

abstract: The term Foundation IRB or F-IRB is an abbreviation of foundation internal ratings-based approach, and it refers to a set of credit risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II capital adequacy rules for banking institutions. Under this approach the banks are allowed to develop their own empirical model to estimate the PD for individual clients or groups of clients. Banks can use this approach only subject to approval from their local regulators. Under F-IRB banks are required to use regulator's prescribed LGD and other parameters required for calculating the RWA for non-retail portfolios. For retail exposures banks are required to use their own estimates of the IRB parameters. Then total required capital is calculated as a fixed percentage of the estimated RWA. Reforms to the internal ratings-based approach to credit risk are due to be introduced under the Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms.

text:
# Foundation IRB

The term **Foundation IRB** or **F-IRB** is an abbreviation of **foundation internal ratings-based approach**, and it refers to a set of credit risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II capital adequacy rules for banking institutions.

Under this approach the banks are allowed to develop their own empirical model to estimate the PD (probability of default) for individual clients or groups of clients. Banks can use this approach only subject to approval from their local regulators.

Under F-IRB banks are required to use regulator's prescribed LGD (Loss Given Default) and other parameters required for calculating the RWA (Risk-Weighted Asset) for non-retail portfolios. For retail exposures banks are required to use their own estimates of the IRB parameters (PD, LGD, CCF). Then total required capital is calculated as a fixed percentage of the estimated RWA.

Reforms to the internal ratings-based approach to credit risk are due to be introduced under the Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms.

## Some formulae in internal-ratings-based approach

Some credit assessments in standardised approach refer to unrated assessment. Basel II also encourages banks to initiate internal ratings-based approach for measuring credit risks. Banks are expected to be more capable of adopting more sophisticated techniques in credit risk management.

Banks can determine their own estimation for some components of risk measure: the probability of default (PD), exposure at default (EAD) and effective maturity (M). The goal is to define risk weights by determining the cut-off points between and within areas of the expected loss (EL) and the unexpected loss (UL), where the regulatory capital should be held, in the probability of default. Then, the risk weights for individual exposures are calculated based on the function provided by Basel II.

Below are the formulae for some banks' major products: corporate, small-medium enterprise (SME), residential mortgage and qualifying revolving retail exposure.

Notes:

* 10 Function is taken from paragraph 272
* 11 Function is taken from paragraph 273
* 12 Function is taken from paragraph 328
* 13 Function is taken from paragraph 229

In Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework (BCBS) (November 2005 Revision)

* PD = the probability of default
* LGD = loss given default
* EAD = exposure at default
* M = effective maturity

## The advantages

* Basel-II benefits customers with lower probability of default.
* Basel-II benefits banks to hold lower capital requirement as having corporate customers with lower probability of default (Graph 1).

* Basel-II benefits SME customers to be treated differently from corporates.
* Basel-II benefits banks to hold lower capital requirement as having credit card product customers with lower probability of default (Graph 2).


title: Foundation For Technical Education

abstract: The Foundation for Technical Education (FTE) is a philanthropic organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.

text:
# Foundation For Technical Education

**The Foundation for Technical Education** (FTE) is a philanthropic organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.

## Overview

Francis Brochon, a French electronics engineer and entrepreneur, founded FTE in 2003.

FTE works with developing countries that are in need of technical training.

## The FTE Education Model

FTE has developed a 5-step education model emphasizing the development of employable skills needed for a successful career as a technician.

The five principles of the FTE Education Model are:

1. **Learning-by-doing:** Student-centred training using modern learning technologies
2. **Best of both:** Local teachers with international skills training
3. **Filling a need:** Alignment with labour market demands
4. **Doers, not nerds:** Business management and entrepreneurship skills training
5. **Meritocracy wins:** Merit-based scholarships for young men and women

## Projects

### KIITEC

The Kilimanjaro International Institute for Telecommunications, Electronics and Computers (KIITEC) is the successful pilot education project introduced by FTE in 2004 that encompasses all five principles of the FTE Education Model.

Based in Arusha, Tanzania, KIITEC is a leading technical education centre supplying skilled and competent technicians to meet the needs of local industries. KIITEC is registered and accredited by the National Council for Technical Education. Successful graduates are awarded a 3-year National Technical Award Level Six (NTA-6) Diploma.

Today, FTE works in collaboration with its partner ADEI who oversees and executes the on the ground actions of KIITEC through volunteering initiatives.

### Scaling Up

Negotiations are underway in Kenya, Zambia, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda to work with existing technical education institutions.

The FTE Education Model relies on shared responsibilities based on international expertise but local ownership, entrusting the coordination and management to the local leadership team of the schools.

## International Partners and Sponsors

To date, partnerships have been fostered with:

* Aide Développement Education International (ADEI)
* Ingénieurs du Monde
* Powertechnics Ltd
* Schneider Electric Foundation
* Schneider Electric Teachers

## InfoBox

Foundation For Technical Education
| Founded | 2003 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Education Foundation |
| Location |  |


title: Fort Mandan

abstract: Fort Mandan was the name of the encampment which the Lewis and Clark Expedition built for wintering over in 1804–1805. The encampment was located on the Missouri River approximately twelve miles (19 km) from the site of present-day Washburn, North Dakota, which developed later. The precise location is not known for certain. It is believed now to be under the water of the river. A replica of the fort has been constructed near the original site.

text:
# Fort Mandan

**Fort Mandan** was the name of the encampment which the Lewis and Clark Expedition built for wintering over in 1804–1805. The encampment was located on the Missouri River approximately twelve miles (19 km) from the site of present-day Washburn, North Dakota, which developed later. The precise location is not known for certain. It is believed now to be under the water of the river. A replica of the fort has been constructed near the original site.

## Construction and conditions

The fort was built of cottonwood lumber cut from the riverbanks. It was triangular in shape, with high walls on all sides, an interior open space between structures, and a gate facing the Missouri River, by which the party would normally travel. Storage rooms provided a safe place to keep supplies. Lewis and Clark shared a room. The men of the Corps of Discovery started the fort on November 2, 1804. Fort Mandan was completed on November 27, 1804. They wintered there until April 6, 1805. According to the journals, they built the fort slightly downriver from the five villages of the Mandan and Hidatsa nations.

The winter was very cold, with temperatures sometimes dipping to −45 °F (−43 °C), but the fort provided some protection from the elements. Several of the men of the expedition suffered frostbite due to the severely cold conditions, which set in after only brief exposure.

## Diplomacy

In addition to seeking protection during the winter, Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark spent much of this period on diplomatic efforts with the several Native American tribes who lived near the fort.

As the expedition was to establish the first official contact between the United States and numerous nations across the territory, President Thomas Jefferson had directed the captains to pursue diplomatic goals. They were to try to establish friendly relations with as many tribes as possible, and to prepare them for the arrival of United States traders to the region. They were also to claim United States territorial sovereignty over the land, which had been occupied by Native Americans for thousands of years. The historic tribes had differing conceptions of property use than did the European Americans.

The Teton people had already shown resistance to the expedition. Lewis and Clark gradually adjusted their goals, working to form alliances with the Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan against the Teton.

The Mandan were cautiously favorable toward such an alliance. When the Expedition returned to the area in 1806 while traveling east, the Mandan sent one of their chiefs, *Sheheke,* on the trip to Washington, D.C. to meet with Thomas Jefferson. But the Mandan did not commit to trading with the United States at the expense of their previous partnership with Great Britain through Canadian traders. The Hidatsa strongly resisted the American diplomatic efforts, often avoiding meeting with Lewis and Clark.

## Preparations for spring travel

The Corps spent much time during the winter to prepare for their travel in the spring, repairing equipment, making clothing, processing dried meats, etc. In addition, on the way to their winter site, they had used maps made by previous explorers. From that point on in their westward journey, they would enter territory unfamiliar to Europeans according to known documentation. Clark noted that he gathered information from chief Sheheke about the route to the west in order to make a preliminary map.

Not knowing if they would survive the journey, Lewis and Clark used the winter to compile their descriptions of tributaries of the Missouri River, their observations about the Native nations encountered, and their descriptions of plant and mineral specimens which they had collected. All of this material was compiled into a manuscript which they called the *Mandan Miscellany*. In the spring the captains sent a copy of the manuscript to government officials in St. Louis via their large keelboat. The boat was planned to return before their expected arrival at the Mandan area in 1806.

## Sacagawea

Lewis and Clark appear to have first met Sacagawea at Fort Mandan. Her husband Toussaint Charbonneau served as a Hidatsa interpreter for the expedition, and the journals imply that she lived at the fort with him. Their son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, whom she kept with her throughout the expedition, was born on February 11, 1805, possibly at the fort.

## 1806 and after

When the Corps passed back through the area in August 1806 on their return journey to the East, they found the fort had burnt to the ground. The cause is unknown. Since that time, the Missouri River has slowly eroded the bank and shifted course to the east, eroding away the former site of the fort.

The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation built a replica of the fort along the river, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the intersection of ND 200A and US 83. Made according to materials and design as described in the expedition's journals, it is located near the North Dakota Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center. The fort replica holds reproduction items, such as "Meriwether Lewis' field desk, William Clark's map-making tools, bunks the men slept in, equipment they carried in the field, clothes they wore, and the blacksmith's forge."

In addition, the site has staff to give tours and interpretive programs about the Lewis and Clark Expedition and its significance in United States, state and regional history. Walking trails go along the property and the river.

47°17′53″N 101°5′14″W / 47.29806°N 101.08722°W / 47.29806; -101.08722


title: Fort Mansfield

abstract: Fort Mansfield was a coastal artillery installation located on Napatree Point, a long barrier beach in the village of Watch Hill in Westerly, Rhode Island.

text:
# Fort Mansfield

**Fort Mansfield** was a coastal artillery installation located on Napatree Point, a long barrier beach in the village of Watch Hill in Westerly, Rhode Island.

## History

Fort Mansfield and similar forts stretching from Galveston, Texas to Maine can be traced back to a joint Army-Navy Board created in 1883 known as the Gun Foundry Board. Its 1884 report warned of the defenseless condition of the USA's coasts and recommended a system of fortifications to protect harbors and coastal cities from invasion. In 1885, this Board was replaced by what has become known as the Endicott Board which issued formal recommendations for a major coastal defense network in 1886. Fort Mansfield was one of numerous coastal artillery installations constructed in the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound as part of the coastal defense network for New York City. It was named in honor of Joseph K. Mansfield (1803–1862), who served as an engineer officer during the Mexican–American War and was eventually promoted to Inspector General of the Army; he was killed at the Battle of Antietam in the Civil War.

### Construction

In 1898, the United States government purchased 60 acres (240,000 m2) on Napatree Point, a long, narrow spit of land jutting out from Watch Hill, Rhode Island. The fort was located on a bend in the spit beyond which was called Sandy Point. Construction of the fort began the following year. When the fort was first occupied in 1901, it was considered a sub-post of Fort Trumbull in New London, Connecticut. But when the fort was staffed to full capacity in 1902, its status changed to an independent battery. The fort's main armament consisted of Battery Wooster, two 8-inch M1888 (203 mm) disappearing guns; Battery Crawford, two 5-inch M1897 guns (127 mm) on balanced pillar carriages; and Battery Connell, two 5-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts. The balanced pillar was a type of retractable carriage that soon proved impractical and was disabled in the up position. Battery Wooster was named for David Wooster, a Revolutionary War general who died in the Battle of Ridgefield, Connecticut. Battery Crawford was named for Emmet Crawford, an Army officer killed pursuing Geronimo in 1886. Battery Connell was named for James W. Connell, an Army officer killed in the Philippine–American War.

### Fatal flaw

War games held in 1907 proved that the fort had a fatal flaw. Any attacking vessel could approach Fort Mansfield from a "dead angle" along the Rhode Island coast which the fort's long-range 8 inch cannon did not cover. The installation could be bombarded with impunity, and an invading party could assault the fort opposed by nothing better than small-arms fire, depending on where it landed. A report on the war games stated, "I believe I could capture Ft. Mansfield with a fleet of coal barges, equipped with 6-inch rapid fire guns".

Because of this fatal design flaw, the fort was removed from the list of active coastal artillery posts in 1909 and placed in caretaker status. By 1911, only 18 men were left to man the post. That dropped to six men in 1916, and the guns were removed in 1917 for potential service on the Western Front. That small contingent remained until 1926, when the government placed the land up for sale. One developer proposed that nearby land on Sandy Point be divided into some 674 plots, but the land was purchased by a private syndicate eager to prevent it from being used for "cheap little houses" that might affect the exclusive character of Watch Hill. The sale was finalized in 1928.

### Demolition

All the government buildings were demolished during the winter of 1928–29, leaving the three concrete gun emplacements behind. Batteries Wooster and Crawford survive to this day, although overgrown; but Battery Connell has succumbed to sea erosion, which has pushed the beach back some 200 feet (61 m) since the fort was built. What remains of Connell can sometimes be seen at low tide.

During World War II, a battery of two 16"/50 caliber Mark 2 guns was proposed for the Watch Hill area at the Oak's Inn Military Reservation in Misquamicut, Rhode Island, but it was never built. The Oak's Inn site had a battery of four 155 mm guns on "Panama mounts" from 1942 through 1944.

### Cleanup

In August 2009, a small group of young adults interested in historical preservation began a cleanup project on Fort Mansfield. They found roots to be the major source of cracks and deterioration, so foliage was cut back. The fort's decay has slowed because of the lack of the roots' pressure against the structure.

This project proved beneficial in alleviating some of the stresses upon the fort. In 2011, the Watch Hill Fire Department placed railings along the top edges of the main building. They also placed steel covers blocking the steps, preventing access to the lower level of the site.

* *Fort Mansfield* by Clement A. Griscom, 1984. Sponsored by the Westerly Historical Society.
* Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015). *American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide* (Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press. ISBN 978-0-9748167-3-9.
* Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). *Seacoast Fortifications of the United States*. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. ISBN 978-0-929521-11-4.

## InfoBox

| Fort Mansfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound | |
| Napatree Point, Westerly, Rhode Island | |
| The remains of Fort Mansfield on Napatree Point. | |
| Fort MansfieldLocation in Rhode Island | |
| Coordinates | 41°18′23″N 71°53′05″W / 41.30639°N 71.88472°W / 41.30639; -71.88472 |
| Type | Coastal Defense |
| Site information | |
| Owner | State of Rhode Island, public beach |
| Controlled by | Town of Westerly |
| Open to
the public | yes |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1901 |
| Built by | United States Army |
| In use | 1901-1926 |
| Battles/wars | none |


title: Masihuddin Shaker

abstract: Masihuddin Shaker is a Bangladeshi film director and writer. In 1979, he won the Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Director for the film Surja Dighal Bari.

text:
# Masihuddin Shaker

**Masihuddin Shaker** is a Bangladeshi film director and writer. In 1979, he won the Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Director for the film *Surja Dighal Bari*.

## Background

Shaker studied architecture at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology.

## Selected films

## Awards and nominations

**National Film Awards**

| Year | Award | Category | Film | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1979 | National Film Award | Best Director | *Surja Dighal Bari* | Won |

## InfoBox

| Masihuddin Shaker | |
| --- | --- |
| মসিউউদ্দিন শাকের | |
|  | |
| Born | Masihuddin Shaker |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, Writer |
| Years active | 1979unknown |
| Notable work |  |
| Awards | National Film Awards (1st time) |


title: Foundry sand testing

abstract: Foundry sand testing is a process used to determine if the foundry sand has the correct properties for a certain casting process. The sand is used to make moulds and cores via a pattern. In a sand casting foundry there are broadly two reasons for rejection of the casting — metal and sand — each of which has a large number of internal variables. The defects arising from the sand can be prevented by using sand testing equipment to measure the various properties of the sand.

text:
# Foundry sand testing

**Foundry sand testing** is a process used to determine if the foundry sand has the correct properties for a certain casting process. The sand is used to make moulds and cores via a pattern. In a sand casting foundry there are broadly two reasons for rejection of the casting  metal and sand  each of which has a large number of internal variables. The defects arising from the sand can be prevented by using sand testing equipment to measure the various properties of the sand.

## Process

The testing process is divided into four stages: sampling of the bulk material, sample sand preparation, specimen preparation and testing.

It is done at three different points of the process: upon first arrival from the supplier, en transport for processing (usually on a conveyor), and after processing. In each situation it is important to take a representative sample by mixing the sand or by taking multiple samples in different locations. Also, the sample must be stored in an airtight container to keep from spoiling it.

There are more than 25 basic tests, however only the important ones for the given casting process are used. The basic tests measure the following parameters: wet tensile strength, cone jolt, mouldability, friability, moisture content, permeability, green compression strength, compactibility, loss on ignition, volatiles content, grain size & distribution, dust (dead clay) content, and active clay content, impact strength . Each of these tests can lead you to obtain specific characteristics of sand which can be crucial to the quality of casting. Advanced testing tests for other parameters, such as splitting strength, shear strength, and high-temperature compression strength.

## Sand control

Green sand is made up of basic sand (shell sand), bentonite or another binder, pitch powder or coal dust, and uninvited dust. Green sand properties cannot be standardized for all foundries and castings as such, yet place to place and job to job the specifications can be set to maintain minimal amount of rejection. A basic set of parameters to test are:

1. Fineness number (grain size/AFS Number) of the base sand
2. Moisture content in the mixture (ranges from 2-7% depending on the casting method)
3. Permeability (ability of compacted mould to pass air through it)
4. Total clay content (dust content)
5. Active clay content (presence of active bentonite/clay which can readily bond)
6. Compressive strength
7. Hardness ('B' or 'C' Scale)

For parameters 1, 2, 4 and 5 standard bulk material sampling methods can be applicable or sampling can be done with help of sand muller, sand sampler and sand splitter to do it in a standardized manner.


title: Founia Moribougou

abstract: Founia Moribougou is a village and principal settlement of the commune of Benkadi Founia in the Cercle of Kita in the Kayes Region of south-western Mali.

text:
# Founia Moribougou

**Founia Moribougou** is a village and principal settlement of the commune of Benkadi Founia in the Cercle of Kita in the Kayes Region of south-western Mali.

## InfoBox

| Founia Moribougou | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Founia MoribougouLocation in Mali | |
| Coordinates: 12°54′10″N 9°28′35″W / 12.90278°N 9.47639°W / 12.90278; -9.47639 | |
| Country | Mali |
| Region | Kayes Region |
| Cercle | Kita Cercle |
| Commune | Benkadi Founia |
| Elevation | 297 m (974 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Foundry Wood

abstract: Foundry Wood is a small triangular woodland located in Leamington Spa, England. Proposals to turn the wild woodland area to a usable public space began in 2011 as part of a larger scheme to re-develop the surrounding area, following the demolition of the nearby Ford Motor Company foundry. Work began in March 2012, spearheaded by a community interest company named ARC and the woodland opened to the public in summer 2013. As well as wheelchair accessible paths being laid out there is a compost toilet, a newly created wildlife pond and an outdoor classroom for education and conservation purposes on the site. There are regular events held at the woods including art and craft sessions, nature talks, music gigs and environmental themed films. The 2-acre (0.81 ha) wood is between two railway lines and is now maintained by ARC and a voluntary organisation Friends of Foundry Wood. At present there are no set opening times for the woods as the one exit and entrance is opened by volunteers, although it is open most days and times can be found on the website. In 2017 the wood was given a Green Flag Community Award which it has been awarded each year since.

text:
# Foundry Wood

**Foundry Wood** is a small triangular woodland located in Leamington Spa, England. Proposals to turn the wild woodland area to a usable public space began in 2011 as part of a larger scheme to re-develop the surrounding area, following the demolition of the nearby Ford Motor Company foundry. Work began in March 2012, spearheaded by a community interest company named ARC (Achieving Results in Communities) and the woodland opened to the public in summer 2013. As well as wheelchair accessible paths being laid out there is a compost toilet, a newly created wildlife pond and an outdoor classroom for education and conservation purposes on the site. There are regular events held at the woods including art and craft sessions, nature talks, music gigs and environmental themed films.

The 2-acre (0.81 ha) wood is between two railway lines (the Chiltern Main Line and the Manchester to Bournemouth line) and is now maintained by ARC and a voluntary organisation *Friends of Foundry Wood*. At present there are no set opening times for the woods as the one exit and entrance is opened by volunteers, although it is open most days and times can be found on the website. In 2017 the wood was given a Green Flag Community Award which it has been awarded each year since.

52°17′07″N 1°32′45″W / 52.2853°N 1.5457°W / 52.2853; -1.5457


title: Four-thousander

abstract: A four-thousander is a mountain summit that is at least 4,000 metres above sea level. The term is popular among European mountaineers and climbers because the highest peaks in Europe fall into this category, and the summits of four-thousanders are popular in Europe as climbing goals. Although climbing these peaks does not require an expedition to be mounted, knowledge and experience of high altitude climbing is a pre-requisite for attempting these peaks. There is no agreement over where the boundary is between Europe and Asia which is why there is a dispute over which continent the over 5,000 metres high Caucasus range is in. All other European four-thousanders are found in the Alps. The highest four-thousander is Mont Blanc at 4,810 metres, the lowest, at exactly 4,000 metres is the eastern summit of Les Droites. The exact number of Alpine four-thousanders is unclear, because there are no commonly agreed criteria for mountains, summits and subpeaks. Officially, the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation, UIAA, has declared 82 peaks as four-thousanders and 46 as four-thousander subpeaks, which are spread across three countries. In all 55 peaks lie entirely within one country, over 27 straddle a border but none is located at a tripoint. By the UIAA's definition, Switzerland has 48 four-thousanders, Italy has 35 and France 26. The four-thousanders are found mainly in the Western Alps, in the ranges of the Bernese Alps (9), Dauphiné Alps (2) Graian Alps (29) and Pennine Alps (41). The only four-thousander in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m) in the Bernina Group.

text:
# Four-thousander

A **four-thousander** is a mountain summit that is at least 4,000 metres above sea level. The term is popular among European mountaineers and climbers because the highest peaks in Europe fall into this category, and the summits of four-thousanders are popular in Europe as climbing goals. Although climbing these peaks does not require an expedition to be mounted (unlike the highest peaks in other continents), knowledge and experience of high altitude climbing is a pre-requisite for attempting these peaks.

There is no agreement over where the boundary is between Europe and Asia which is why there is a dispute over which continent the over 5,000 metres high Caucasus range is in. All other European four-thousanders are found in the Alps. The highest four-thousander is Mont Blanc at 4,810 metres, the lowest, at exactly 4,000 metres is the eastern summit of Les Droites.

The exact number of Alpine four-thousanders is unclear, because there are no commonly agreed criteria for mountains, summits and subpeaks. Officially, the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation, UIAA, has declared 82 peaks as four-thousanders and 46 as four-thousander subpeaks, which are spread across three countries. In all 55 peaks lie entirely within one country, over 27 straddle a border but none is located at a tripoint. By the UIAA's definition, Switzerland has 48 four-thousanders, Italy has 35 and France 26.

The four-thousanders are found mainly in the Western Alps, in the ranges of the Bernese Alps (9), Dauphiné Alps (2) Graian Alps (29) and Pennine Alps (41). The only four-thousander in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m) in the Bernina Group.

1. There are numerous English sources for this term, not least the UIAA Catalogue of four-thousanders in the Alps
2. *Die Viertausender der Alpen – Offizielles UIAA-Verzeichnis*. In: UIAA-Bulletin. UIAA, Nr. 145, March 1994. (pdf; 633 kB).


title: Mask of Murder

abstract: Mask of Murder is a 1985 Swedish-American film directed by Arne Mattsson, about a serial killer in a small Canadian town.

text:
# Mask of Murder

***Mask of Murder*** is a 1985 Swedish-American film directed by Arne Mattsson, about a serial killer in a small Canadian town.

## Plot

In a Canadian town, women are being killed by a serial murderer.

## Cast

## Production

The movie was shot in Sweden.

## InfoBox

| Mask of Murder | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Arne Mattsson |
| Written by | Volodja Semitjov |
| Produced by | Tommy Iwering |
| Starring | Rod Taylor
Christopher Lee
Valerie Perrine |
| Music by | Björn J:son Lindh |
| Release date | * 1988 (1988) |
| Running time | 89 mins |
| Countries | Sweden
United States |
| Language | English |


title: Four-and-Twenty

abstract: Four-and-Twenty was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. The name comes from the lyrics to Sing a Song of Sixpence.

text:
# Four-and-Twenty

**Four-and-Twenty** (foaled 1958 in Kentucky) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. The name comes from the lyrics to *Sing a Song of Sixpence*.

## Background

Four-and-Twenty was bred and raced by the Alberta Ranches, Ltd. partnership of Max Bell, Frank McMahon and superstar jockey Johnny Longden and his son, Vance. He was sired by a son of the two-time Leading sire in North America, Princequillo. His dam was Sixpence, a good runner in England and Ireland voted the 1953 British Champion Two-Year-Old Filly.

Four-and-Twenty's name came from a line in the nursery rhyme featuring the name used by his dam, titled *Sing a Song of Sixpence*.

## Racing career

Four-and-Twenty was ridden by Johnny Longden and trained by his son, Vance. In his three-year-old season in 1961, the colt won California's most important race for his age group, the one and one-eighth-mile Santa Anita Derby. He was then sent to Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky where he suffered the first loss of his career when he finished second to Crozier in the Derby Trial Stakes. Remaining at Churchill downs, Four-and-Twenty was entered in the first leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series, the one and one-quarter-mile Kentucky Derby. On race day he was sent off as the third choice among bettors behind favorite Carry Back and second choice, Crozier. In the race, Four-and-Twenty moved into the lead as the field headed for the homestretch but found the extra one-eighth of a mile too much and quickly faded in midstretch. He wound up in seventh place behind winner, Carry Back. The colt rebounded to win important races in 1961 such as the Hollywood Derby.

Competing at age four in California in races at a mile and an eight or less, Four-and-Twenty won a number of important events including the 1962 Santa Anita Maturity, San Carlos Handicap, San Fernando Stakes, and the San Bernardino Handicap. He returned to racing at age five, winning the Tropicana Hotel of Las Vegas Handicap at Bay Meadows Racetrack in San Mateo, California.

## Stud record

Retired to stud, Four-and-Twenty's offspring met with modest success in racing. Among his progeny was the multiple stakes winner, Haveago, whose wins included the 1971 Bing Crosby Handicap.

## InfoBox

| Four-and-Twenty | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Blue Prince |
| Grandsire | Princequillo |
| Dam | Sixpence |
| Damsire | Ballyogan |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1958 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Alberta Ranches, Ltd. |
| Owner | Alberta Ranches, Ltd. |
| Trainer | Vance Longden |
| Record | 32: 13-2-5 |
| Earnings | US$447,580 |
| Major wins | |
| Forerunner Stakes (1961)
Hollywood Derby (1961)
Santa Anita Derby (1961)
Cinema Handicap (1961)
Will Rogers Stakes (1961)
Santa Anita Maturity (1962)
San Carlos Handicap (1962)
San Fernando Stakes (1962)
San Bernardino Handicap (1962)
Tropicana Hotel of Las Vegas Handicap (1963) | |


title: Themba Mncube

abstract: Thembalethu Brian Ntuli, also known by his professional name Themba Mncube or MrMbus, is a South African filmmaker and actor. He is best known for the roles in the television serials such as Rhythm City, B&B and the film Lokoza.

text:
# Themba Mncube

**Thembalethu Brian Ntuli** (born 7 March 1991), also known by his professional name **Themba Mncube** or **MrMbus**, is a South African filmmaker and actor. He is best known for the roles in the television serials such as *Rhythm City*, *B&B* and the film *Lokoza*.

## Personal life

Mncube was born on 7 March 1991 in South Africa. He grew up in Ekhuruleni on the East Rand. He completed education from Germiston. Since school times, he went to drama classes. He graduated with a degree in filmmaking from the AFDA, The School for the Creative Economy (AFDA Johannesburg).

He is married to his longtime partner Hope Masilo. They started the affair in 2008. The wedding was held at EnGedi: The Oasis in the Cradle, Muldersdrift in March 2019.

## Career

As an Actor, he appeared in the popular television commercials for 'Sunlight' and 'South African Broadcasting Corporation' (SABC2). After graduation, he joined with Moonyeen Lee and Associates. In 2008 when he was in grade 11, Mncube played the recurring role as young car guard "Pule" in the e.tv soap opera *Rhythm City*. Even though his role became popular, he had a short stint with the serial from May to June, 2008. In the same year, Mncube starred in a brand campaign for SABC2. In 2011, he became very popular with the television commercial 'Vodacom'.

In 2011, he worked as the script supervisor for Bomb Shelter Productions. During this time, he made debut direction with the film *Hoek-Line* released in February 2012. The film received mixed reviews where he dedicated the film to his late father. In 2013, he joined with Vusmo Media as an editor and cinematographer. Under them, he made second directorial venture, a short film titled *Njengo’Thando*. In 2015, he made lead role of "Cuba" in the e.tv sitcom *B&B*. In 2016, he acted in the film *Lokoza* directed by Isabelle Mayor. The film received critics acclaim. In 2018, he acted in the film *Frank & Fearless*, and *Meerkat Maantuig*.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Genre | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | *Rhythm City* | Pule | TV series |  |
| 2011 | *Soul Buddyz* | Brains | TV series |  |
| 2012 | *Hoek-Line* | Director | Film |  |
| 2013 | *Mad Dogs* | Tokoloshe | TV series |  |
| 2013 | *Njengo’Thando* | Director | Short film |  |
| 2014 | *Task Force* | Boy | TV series |  |
| 2014 | *Zaziwa* | Himself | TV series |  |
| 2015 | *Those Who Can't* | James | TV series |  |
| 2015 | *B&B* | Cuba | TV series |  |
| 2015 | *Him, Her & the Guys* | Lesedi | TV series |  |
| 2016 | *Lokoza* | Actor | Film |  |
| 2018 | *Frank & Fearless* | Actor | Film |  |
| 2018 | *Meerkat Maantuig* | Actor | Film |  |
| 2019 | *Shadow* | Moses | TV series |  |
| 2021 | *Unpacked with Relebogile Mabotja* | guest role | TV series |  |

## InfoBox

| Themba Mncube | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Thembalethu Brian Ntuli
(1991-03-07) 7 March 1991
Ekurhuleni, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Other names | MrMbus |
| Alma mater | AFDA, The School for the Creative Economy |
| Occupation(s) | Director, Actor, Model |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Height | 120 cm (3 ft 11 in) |
| Spouse | Hope Masilo (m. 2019) |


abstract: The Massachusetts Department of Youth Services (DYS) is a state agency of Massachusetts. Its administrative office is headquartered in 600 Washington Street, Boston. The agency operates the state's juvenile justice services and facilities for incarcerated children. The DYS regions are the Central, Metro, Northeastern, Southeastern, and Western regions.

text:
# Massachusetts Department of Youth Services

The **Massachusetts Department of Youth Services** (**DYS**) is a state agency of Massachusetts. Its administrative office is headquartered in 600 Washington Street, Boston. The agency operates the state's juvenile justice services and facilities for incarcerated children.

The DYS regions are the Central, Metro, Northeastern, Southeastern, and Western regions.

## History and leadership

Massachusetts created the nation's first publicly funded correctional system for children in 1846 with the opening of the Massachusetts State Reform School for Boys at Westborough, later known as Lyman School for Boys. In 1969 Governor Francis Sargent established the Department of Youth Services as a separate agency under the Executive Office of Health and Human Services. Under the leadership of its first commissioner, Jerome G. Miller, Massachusetts initiated a deinstitutionalization effort with the closure of Lyman School for Boys and the Massachusetts Industrial School for Boys at Shirley. The reforms initiated over forty years ago have proven to be sustainable and remain foundational to the state's juvenile justice system.

From circa 1995, where there were 165 incarcerated girls, to 2005, where there were 453 incarcerated girls, there was a 168% increase in the number of girls committed to DYS.

### DYS Commissioners

* Jerome G. Miller, 1969-1973
* Joseph Leavy, 1973-1976
* John Calhoun, 1976-1979
* Edward M. Murphy, 1979-1985
* Edward J. Loughran, 1985-1993
* William D. O'Leary, 1993-1997
* Robert P. Gittens, 1997-2002
* Michael Bolden, 2002-2005
* Jane E. Tewksbury, 2005-2012
* Edward Dolan, 2012–2013
* Peter J. Forbes, 2013-2022
* Cecely Reardon, 2023-present

## Overview

DYS operates more than 80 total residential *and* community programs across Massachusetts, including:

* 63 residential programs, ranging from staff secure group homes to small highly-secure locked jails for boy and girls, and
* 22 district offices to provide supervision and services to youth who live in the community (residing with a parent, guardian, foster parent or residing in an independent living program).

## Continuum of care

The Department has a dual mandate of rehabilitation and public safety. In keeping with these two objectives, DYS has a system of classifying committed youth according to their offense patterns and other pertinent history. This classification process informs if children are to be incarcerated or not according to our Continuum of Care. The Continuum of Care includes:

* Bail Detention
* Assessment
* Residential Treatment (Hardware Secure or Staff Secure)
* Community Phase/ Day Reporting
* Discharge

The Client Services unit oversees the delivery of a host of clinical and support services. Using an integrated approach, programs address the risk to re-offend by providing a variety of services, including the following:

* Clinical Services
* Medical and Health Services
* Substance Abuse Services
* Assessment and Classification
* Revocation (the process by which youth in the community is returned to incarceration).

## DYS treatment programs and services

### Clinical Services

The Massachusetts Department of Youth Services (DYS) provides clinical and rehabilitative services to its detained clients and committed youth based on the Comprehensive Strategy outlined by the Office of Juvenile Delinquency and Prevention.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): This system of psychotherapy was adopted to fit the needs of the juvenile justice population by teaching youth skills from DBT skill modules (e.g., skills in emotion regulation and/or interpersonal effectiveness modules) that are basic fundamental skills underlying positive pro-social development. DBT is used as a behavior management tool in DYS to increase skill development in youth, improve relationships between youth and staff and create a positive pro-social learning environment. While DBT is not the only clinical treatment offered in DYS, it does serve as the structure for therapeutic work and for the behavior management system across all DYS programs in the Commonwealth.

Positive Youth Development: The Positive Youth Development model focuses on the positive attributes young people need to make a more successful transition to adulthood. The Positive Youth Development framework revolves around the cognitive, emotional and social needs of a young person. A strong focus on three aspects of positive youth development will provide effective guidance for the goals and plans for each youth's successful re-entry into the community. These include a focus on each youth's strengths and personal assets, providing opportunities for youth empowerment and leadership, and cultivating community partnerships and supports that assist youth in moving successfully through the continuum of care.

Clinical Assessments: Upon commitment to DYS, youth are given a comprehensive assessment conducted by licensed mental health clinicians, licensed teachers and medical and psychiatric staff. Licensed mental health clinicians provide psychosocial interviews, administer psychological testing, and review prior records that include educational, medical and criminal histories. Screening instruments are used to determine if the youth needs to be referred for a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation to aid in treatment planning. Following the assessment phase, an individual treatment and service plan is developed for the youth that focuses interventions on the youth's strengths and risks factors for re-offending.

Residential Support: The clinical focus in the residential treatment programs is to rehabilitate the youth by preparing him or her to rejoin their community by teaching pro-social attitudes and behaviors. This is done through weekly individual counseling and participation in required group therapies which include: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (twice weekly); substance abuse groups (either prevention or substance abuse treatment groups); and violent offender/sex offender groups which focus on relapse prevention planning. Depending on the individual service needs of the youth, other treatments may be incorporated such as: family counseling, trauma work, teen dating violence prevention, and parenting skills classes for DYS youth with children of their own.

Community Continuum: As the DYS youth transitions from residential treatment to the community, the casework team (which includes licensed mental health clinicians) ensures that the youth and family are enrolled in community-based services to support the gains the youth has made in treatment.

## Facilities

Juveniles charged with murder and juveniles with adult sentences are held within a DYS-operated facility inside the Plymouth County Correctional Facility,

Juvenile secure units:

* Plymouth Juvenile Secure Unit

Long term facilities:

* Robert F. Kennedy School (Westborough) - The school and private prison is the most secure juvenile facility in the state. Operated by the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps, Inc., the center was the first Massachusetts juvenile correctional facility operated by a private provider.
* Springfield Secure Treatment Program (Springfield)
* South Hadley Girls Treatment Program (South Hadley)

Youth service centers:

* Metro Youth Service Center (MYSC) (Dorchester, Boston)
    + Construction was scheduled to be completed in the fiscal year 2000

Reception and detention centers:

* Judge John J. Connelly Youth Center (Boston)
* Reception-Detention Center for Girls (Boston)
* Westfield Detention Center (Westfield)
* Worcester Detention Center (Worcester)

Closed facilities:

* Lyman School for Boys
* Phaneuf Youth Treatment Brockton
* Bishop Ruocco Girls Youth Treatment Lakeville
* Fay A. Rotenberg School (Westborough) - The Rotenberg School was a secure juvenile treatment center for girls that closed in 2016. It was operated by the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps, Inc. Rotenberg houses most of the adjudicated females deemed to be dangerous, and it was the sole secured facility for female juvenile delinquents in Massachusetts.
    + Rotenberg, which first opened in 1982, previously occupied a building in North Chelmsford, a section of Chelmsford; this facility, which had 16 beds, was located on Princeton Street, near the border with Lowell. In 2006 the school moved to its new location in Westborough. That year Mary Harte, the Rotenberg director, stated that of the detained girls, about 35-40% had previously been victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children.


title: Masahiko Toyoyama

abstract: Masahiko Toyoyama Masahiko Toyoyama is a Japanese former rugby union player who played as prop.

text:
# Masahiko Toyoyama

**Masahiko Toyoyama** (豊山昌彦, *Toyoyama Masahiko*) (born Osaka, 16 July 1976) is a Japanese former rugby union player who played as prop.

## Career

After graduating from high school in 1995, Toyoyama joined Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences' rugby club, with which he played in the All-Japan University Rugby Championship. In 1999, he graduated from university and joined Toyota Motors club. He first played for Japan against Fiji, in Tokyo, on 20 May 2000. He was also present in the 2003 Rugby World Cup squad coached by Shogo Mukai, playing three pool stage matches in the tournament. His final cap for Japan was against United States, in Gosford, on 27 October 2003, earning 24 caps, 15 points and 3 tries scored in aggregate. In 2008, Toyoyama left Toyota Verblitz, retiring as player. In 2013, he was appointed as coach by his former club, Toyota Verblitz and served for two seasons. Toyoyama also played for Japan A in 2001, against a New Zealand Universities XV.

## InfoBox

Masahiko Toyoyama
| Date of birth | (1976-08-16) August 16, 1976 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Osaka, Japan |
| Height | 1,78 m |
| Weight | 107 kg (236 lb) |
| School | Gonokawa High School, Shimane |
| University | Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Prop  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1995-1999  Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences RFC   ()  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1999-2008 Toyota   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2000-2003 Japan  24  (15)  Coaching career  **Years** **Team**  2013-2015 Toyota | |


title: Theatre for Early Years

abstract: Theatre for Early Years or TEY is a blanket term for theatrical events designed for audiences of pre-school children. TEY is considered to be a sub-category of Theatre for Young Audiences (TYA). TEY is known in the US as Theatre for the Very Young, or TVY. It has been defined as “professional theatre led by adults performing for an audience of babies from months old to toddlers approximately one and a half to two years old accompanied by a parent or adult companion. Babies usually sit on their caregiver's lap or in a stroller, and watch a play - usually between 30 and 45 minutes long - designed especially for them”. In addition, performances for newborns, centring on bonding and attachment, and more participatory productions which invite children to enter the performance area for a time have become common. Even productions aimed at foetuses and expectant mothers have been created.

text:
# Theatre for Early Years

**Theatre for Early Years** or TEY is a blanket term for theatrical events designed for audiences of pre-school children (aged under five or six years of age). TEY is considered to be a sub-category of Theatre for Young Audiences (TYA). TEY is known in the US as Theatre for the Very Young, or TVY.

It has been defined as “professional theatre led by adults performing for an audience of babies from months old to toddlers approximately one and a half to two years old accompanied by a parent or adult companion. Babies usually sit on their caregiver's lap or in a stroller, and watch a play \- usually between 30 and 45 minutes long - designed especially for them”. In addition, performances for newborns, centring on bonding and attachment, and more participatory productions which invite children to enter the performance area for a time have become common. Even productions aimed at foetuses and expectant mothers have been created.

## History

TEY arguably emerged in 1978 with the work of two London-based companies, Theatre Kit and Oily Cart. Chris Speyer, founder of radical children’s theatre company Theatre Kit, described the epiphany which led to the earliest experiments in TEY:

> The move into under fives theatre was prompted by an occasion when we took \[Speyer’s wife\] Katherine \[Ukleja\]'s niece Annie, then aged three, to see a performance of one of our shows for children. Finding that various aspects of the show frightened Annie, Katherine decided that we should develop a form of theatre tailored to the needs, interests and concentration spans of under fives.

Several members of Theatre Kit went on to make Oily Cart's *Exploding Punch & Judy* in 1981, and Oily Cart have gone on to produce at least one show a year for under-fives, although it was not until 2002 that they began making work for the youngest audiences (six months to two years), with *Jumpin' Beans*. In 1987, the first performance for newborns, Joëlle Rouland’s *L'oiseau serein* \[*The Serene Bird*\], was presented in France, at the same time as Italy’s La Baracca – Testoni Ragazzi began their career with *Acqua* \[*Water*\]. La Baracca's founders, Roberto and Valeria Frabetti, were invited by staff at a Bologna *nido* \[creche\] to develop a workshop, and later a performance, for their children aged from 3 months to 5 years. This project, which became *Acqua*, has a claim to be the first non-English production staged for this age group (specifically, a target age of two to four years). Over the following 25 years, La Baracca has been at the forefront of research and creation of theatre experiences for ever younger audiences, with almost thirty different plays now produced for the under-fives.

### Notable companies

Notable theatre companies now producing TEY performances include:

#### Other organisations

There are also several organisations and campaigning groups whose influence has been key to the growth of TEY, especially ASSITEJ (the international organisation for the promotion and research of theatre for children and young people), the EU Programme of Culture 2000 Glitterbird Project and the Small Size network.

## Forms of Theatre for Early Years

Almost all mainstream performance art forms have been adapted for Early Years audiences, including theatre, dance, opera, musical theatre, classical music, art installations and puppetry. In theatrical productions, forms vary widely. Fairy tales, picture books and traditional children’s literature have all provided inspiration for narrative productions, as have commercial TV and film franchises, such as *Sesame Street* and *Disney on Ice*. Other productions create original stories or use more abstract, postdramatic forms. Francoise Gerbaulet, French theatre maker, has noted "I am always deeply surprised by the seriousness of infant spectators. Babies do not understand, they absorb, the sound of voices, the music of words, anxiety, fear, grief, violence, love, they absorb them all... Babies are ideal spectators".

## Techniques associated with Theatre for Early Years

Despite occasional productions derived wholly from the suggestions of very young children, TEY tends to be created by adults and never features professional baby performers, although in the UK this is technically allowable under the UK Government’s The Children (Performances) Regulations 1968. The presence of chaperones is universal, due to the obvious ethical impossibility of separating a very young child from all caregivers. Productions tend to be intimate in scale, with small audiences. There is often no fourth wall in TEY, as actors are communicating with spectators throughout. Multisensory experiences use sound, light, touch, smell and taste to engage with their audiences. The needs of the very young, including feeding, sleep and going to the toilet, are carefully considered by TEY practitioners. TEY can be defined by its purposeful design, with experiences carefully crafted especially for babies and their adult companions; this may mean attending to practical issues such as seating layout and minimising blackouts, employing knowledge from developmental psychology, neuroscience and cognitive science to tailor productions to the capabilities of a tightly prescribed audience (such as the pre-verbal but mobile stage between 12 and 18 months).

## Further reading

* Nerattini, F (2009). *Experiencing Art in Early Years: learning and development processes and artistic language*. Bologna: Edizioni Pendragon. ISBN 978-8883427343.
* Nerattini, F (2009). *Theatre and Early Years: stories of artistic practices*. Bologna: Edizioni Pendragon. ISBN 978-8883427350.
* Schneider, W (2009). *Theatre for Early Years: Research in Performing Arts for Children from Birth to Three*. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3631592595.
* Schonmann, S (2006). *Theatre as a Medium for Children and Young People: images and observations*. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-1402044380.


title: Nuntiella angustiptera

abstract: Nuntiella angustiptera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Guangxi and Yunnan, China.

text:
# Nuntiella angustiptera

***Nuntiella angustiptera*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Guangxi and Yunnan, China.

## InfoBox

| *Nuntiella angustiptera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Nuntiella* |
| Species: | ***N. angustiptera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nuntiella angustiptera***<br>Zhang & Li, 2004 | |
|


title: Vanterm

abstract: Vanterm is a container terminal in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is located on the south shore of the Burrard Inlet in Vancouver's East Side. It is operated by GCT Canada, a Vancouver-based company which also operates Deltaport another container terminal at the Port of Vancouver. Vanterm has a 619-metre (2,030 ft) berth with a depth of 15.5 metres, six ship-to-shore cranes, and is directly served by both Canadian Class 1 Railways, CN and CPKC. ILWU Local 500 and 514 make up the majority of the labour force.

text:
# Vanterm

**Vanterm** is a container terminal in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is located on the south shore of the Burrard Inlet in Vancouver's East Side. It is operated by GCT Canada, a Vancouver-based company which also operates Deltaport another container terminal at the Port of Vancouver. Vanterm has a 619-metre (2,030 ft) berth with a depth of 15.5 metres, six ship-to-shore cranes, and is directly served by both Canadian Class 1 Railways, CN and CPKC. ILWU Local 500 and 514 make up the majority of the labour force.

## History

LaPointe Pier, now only a small part of the modern terminal, had its first container ship, the M.S. Axel Johnson, call its berth in 1969. Vanterm was inaugurated as a container terminal in 1975 and run by Empire Stevedoring and later TSI Terminal Systems Inc. which rebranded to GCT Global Container Terminals.

A $160 million investment in 2019 upgraded terminal infrastructure, software, and equipment, including the acquisition of two modern ship-to-shore cranes, ten rubber tired gantry cranes, and 19 empty container handlers to increase its annual throughout capacity from 835,000 to 1 million TEUs.

On January 28, 2019, the vessel Ever Summit struck the dock while berthing, causing damage to the vessel, berth, and a gantry crane. There were no injuries.

49°17′13″N 123°04′26″W / 49.287°N 123.074°W / 49.287; -123.074


title: Trabala viridana

abstract: Trabala viridana, the Sunda green Vishnu-moth, is a moth of the family Lasiocampidae. The species was first described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1917. It is found in Sumatra, Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.

text:
# Trabala viridana

***Trabala viridana***, the **Sunda green Vishnu-moth**, is a moth of the family Lasiocampidae. The species was first described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1917. It is found in Sumatra, Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.

* Holloway, Jeremy Daniel. "*Trabala viridana* Joicey & Talbot". *The Moths of Borneo*. Retrieved January 11, 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Trabala viridana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lasiocampidae |
| Genus: | *Trabala* |
| Species: | ***T. viridana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trabala viridana***<br>Joicey & Talbot, 1917 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trabala indra* Roepke, 1951 | |


title: Mascha Vang

abstract: Mascha Marianne Vang Christensen is a Danish blogger, model, radio and television personality.

text:
# Mascha Vang

**Mascha Marianne Vang Christensen** (born 31 July 1979) is a Danish blogger, model, radio and television personality.

## Early life

Vang was born and raised in Byrsted in Himmerland, 20 km (12 mi) south of Aalborg. Her father was a hauler and drove with a fodder, and her mother was a homemaker. Her original name was Marianne, at her father's request, while her mother preferred Mascha. Vang herself prefers Mascha and has used the name officially. She was trained as a cosmetologist in Aalborg, a makeup artist in Kolding, worked in a clothing store in Odense, was an apprentice at Bahne in Næstved and had been at a hairdressing school for six months.

## Career

Vang started her career in the reality show Villa Medusa in the year 2000, where the participants, who were all without money in their pockets, had to find work in a tourist area to get rent and housekeeping. Villa Medusa was a predecessor of Big Brother. Her big breakthrough came in 2005, when she cast reality television series the Paradise Hotel, which led to her being nicknamed the "busty blonde". In 2008, she participated in Zulu Djævleræs, where she was on a team with Simon Talbot, and they went on to the semifinals and later to the finals. In addition, she was a participant in the DR program Høvdingebold, as chief of "Coverbabes". In 2010, she starred in 4-stjerners Middag and Fangerne på Fortet. In 2011, she participated in Zulu Gumball together with Pelle Hvenegaard and Karsten Green. She has also participated in MasterChef and Dit hjem i vores hænder.

Vang has been a radio host on the DR channel P5000 and has previously hosted The Voice TV. She has made several photo sessions for the monthly men's magazine FHM, and together with Kira Eggers and Anne Lindfjeld has also had a sex mailbox in the magazine. She is the director of the blog network Blogly.

In 2013, Vang was the most searched Danish person on Google, and a survey from 2016 put her in the top five of Danish fashion bloggers.

## Personal life

Together with racing driver Nicolas Kiesa, Vang has a daughter, Hollie Nolia, who was born on 5 October 2012.

On 12 January 2014, while Vang was at Casper Christensen's nightclub, Sunday Club, she and Eggers were beaten down by a man who, according to the weekly Her & Nu, is a friend of football player Nicki Bille. On her Facebook page, Eggers announced that after a night at Rigshospitalet's Trauma Center, she was okay under the circumstances.

In 2014 and 2015, Vang dated comedian Andreas Bo.

## InfoBox

| Mascha Vang | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Marianne Vang Christensen
(1979-07-31) 31 July 1979
Byrsted, Denmark |
| Occupations | * Blogger * model |
| Children | 1 |