abstract: The Hull and South Yorkshire Extension Railway was incorporated on 6 August 1897 by the Hull and South Yorkshire Extension Railway Act 1897 and on 25 July 1898 was transferred to the Hull and Barnsley Railway. The bill was deposited by a group of local coal owners representing the Manvers Main Colliery Company, Hickleton Main Colliery, Wath Main Colliery, Wharncliffe Silkstone Colliery together with representatives of the Hull and Barnsley Railway.

text:
# Hull and South Yorkshire Extension Railway

The **Hull and South Yorkshire Extension Railway** was incorporated on 6 August 1897 by the **Hull and South Yorkshire Extension Railway Act 1897** (60 & 61 Vict. c. ccxlv) and on 25 July 1898 was transferred to the Hull and Barnsley Railway. The bill was deposited by a group of local coal owners representing the Manvers Main Colliery Company, Hickleton Main Colliery, Wath Main Colliery, Wharncliffe Silkstone Colliery together with representatives of the Hull and Barnsley Railway.

## Description

The main line left that of the Hull and Barnsley (H&B) at Wrangbrook Junction, which then became a three-way affair with the South Yorkshire Junction Railway as well as the H&B. It ran via Hickleton and Thurnscoe to Wath where it made an east facing junction with the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway and a spur to reach Manvers Main Colliery.

The line was over 8 miles (13 km) in length, with steep gradients - being between 1 in 120 to 150 uphill for the first six miles after Wrangbrook junction, then around 1 in 110 to 1 in 115 downhill to Wath-upon-Dearne. The line had problems with subsidence, as well as flooding at the point it passed under the Midland railway.

The line was transferred to the H&B on 25 July 1898 and then in June the following year, they doubled the line between Wrangbrook Junction and Hickleton as well as spurs to serve the collieries at Hickleton, Manvers and Wath. The line was opened for goods on 31 March 1902 and for passengers on 28 August the same year with intermediate stations at Moorhouse and South Elmsall and Hickleton and Thurnscoe. Passenger traffic, which ran to Kirk Smeaton on the H&B, ended on 6 April 1929, goods traffic between Wath and Hickleton ended on 2 October 1933, between Hickleton and Moorhouse on 31 May 1954 and on the remainder of the line on 1 October 1963. Certain lines around the southern terminus at Wath remained for use by the National Coal Board. These were closed with the Wath Main / Manvers Main complex in the 1980s.

* Colliery Company Records (NCB Archive)

## InfoBox

| Hull and South Yorkshire Extension Railway Act 1897 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Citation | 60 & 61 Vict. c. ccxlv |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 6 August 1897 |


title: Papyrus 111

abstract:
Papyrus 111, designated by 𝔓ⁱⁱⁱ, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Luke, containing verses 17:11-13 & 17:22-23 in a fragmentary condition. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated by the INTF to the 3rd century CE. Papyrologist Philip Comfort dates the manuscript to the first half of the 3rd century CE.
The manuscript is currently housed at the Sackler Library at Oxford.

text:
# Papyrus 111

**Papyrus 111**, designated by **𝔓111** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Luke, containing verses 17:11-13 & 17:22-23 in a fragmentary condition. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated by the INTF to the 3rd century CE. Papyrologist Philip Comfort dates the manuscript to the first half of the 3rd century CE. The manuscript is currently housed at the Sackler Library (Papyrology Rooms, P. Oxy. 4495) at Oxford.

## Description

Due to the fragmentary nature of the manuscript, it's not possible to determine the manuscript page's original width and length. But from the extant text, P. Comfort estimates around 21-22 lines a page. The extant text conforms with 𝔓75. The handwriting script is representative of the Documentary style.

The manuscript has only one nomen sacrum extant: ιηυ.

## Textual Variants

**Luke 17:12(1)**

απηντησαν : **𝔓111** 𝔓75     Majority of manuscripts υπηντησαν :     ƒ13 579 892 1241 2542 *al*

**Luke 17:12(2)**

πορωθεν : **𝔓111** πορρωθεν : 𝔓75 b     Majority of manuscripts

**Luke 17:22**

του επιθυμησαι : **𝔓111**  157 ƒ13 οτε επιθυμησεται :   Bc οτε επιθυμησηται : * οτε επιθυμησητε : 𝔓75 Majority of manuscripts

## Further reading

* W. E. H. Cockle, *The Oxyrhynchus Papyri LXVI* (London: 1999), pp. 19–20.
* Comfort, Philip Wesley; David P. Barrett (2001). *The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts*. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers. pp. 651–660. ISBN 978-0-8423-5265-9.

### Images

### Official registration

## InfoBox

Papyrus **111**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Luke 17:11-13 | |
| Name | P. Oxy. 4495 |
| Sign | 𝔓111 |
| Text | Luke 17:11–13,22-23 |
| Date | 3rd century |
| Script | Greek |
| Found | Oxyrhynchus, Egypt |
| Now at | Sackler Library |
| Cite | W. E. H. Cockle, *OP* LXVI (1999), pp. 19–20 |
| Size | \[22\] x \[12\] cm |
| Type | Alexandrian text-type |
| Category | none |
| Note | Concurs with 𝔓75 |


title: V-Focus

abstract: V-Focus is a 2016 Taiwanese television series starring Melvin Sia, Ling Hung, Huang Wei Ting and Yorke Sun. Filming began on September 21, 2016, and is filmed as it airs. The original broadcast began on October 26, 2016, on SET Metro, airing weekdays at 8:00 pm.

text:
# V-Focus

***V-Focus*** (Chinese: 獨家保鑣; pinyin: **dú jiā bǎo biāo**) is a 2016 Taiwanese television series starring Melvin Sia, Ling Hung, Huang Wei Ting and Yorke Sun. Filming began on September 21, 2016, and is filmed as it airs. The original broadcast began on October 26, 2016, on SET Metro, airing weekdays (Monday through Friday) at 8:00 pm.

## Synopsis

They are enemies in their professional lives. Chiang Chih Heng (Melvin Sia) is a former mercenary who now is known as “The Bodyguard.” He is the owner of Krisis, a security consultancy company that protects public figures who are chased by the paparazzi. Ting Ruo Chin (Huang Wei Ting) is nicknamed the “Variety Queen” for her dogged ability to chase down celebrity gossip exclusives as a tabloid journalist for “V-Focus.” On their way to a news event, Chih Heng and Ruo Chin become stranded on a desert island together. What will become of these professional enemies?

## Cast

### Main cast

* Melvin Sia 謝佳見 as Jiang Zhi Heng 姜至衡
    + ?? as young Zhi Heng
* Ling Hung 洪小鈴 as Zhou Xin Yi 周心儀
    + ?? as young Xin Yi
* Huang Wei Ting 黃薇渟 as Ding Ruo Qin 丁若芹
* Yorke Sun 孫沁岳 as Ke Guo Long 柯國隆
    + Qiu Chen En 邱辰恩 as young Guo Long

### Supporting cast

### Cameos

* Jerry Huang 黃志瑋 as Wu Jian Ye 吳建業
* Amanda Liu as reporter
* Pei Pei 佩佩 as Yang Fen Fen 楊芬芬
* Stephenie Lim 林美貞 as Bai Jia Qi 白佳琪
* Jacko Chiang 蔣偉文 as He Cheng Zhang 賀成章
* Chang Han 張翰 as Wang Qing Hua 王清華
* Alina Fang Ting Alina 芳婷 as Xiao Jie 小潔
* Hank Wu as Li Bing Huang 李秉皇
* Brian Pien 邊權 as Daniel
* Michael Tao 陶傳正 as Wen Li’s father
* David Chiu 邱昊奇 as Li Pin Yi 李品逸
* Yang Yu Qi 楊煜奇 as priest
* Wei Yi 惟毅 as Wang Chong Guang 王崇光
* Fu Lei 傅雷 as Zhou Tie Xiong 周鐵雄
* Lin Xiu Jun 林秀君 as Zhou Chen Xin 周陳心蘭
* Bruce Chen 陳為民 as Pin Yi’s manager
* Yi Tian 竩恬 as Yang Ke Xin 楊可欣
* Ti-Men Kan 乾德門 as noodle stand owner
* Zhang Yu Ci 張淯詞 as Ci Ci 慈慈
* Wu Jing Lin 吳京麟 as skater boy
* Ally Chiu 邱偲琹 as Du Xiao Shu 杜曉書 (Tina)
* ?? as Jiang Yue Ru 姜月如
* Wang Xiao Cheng 王孝程 as Wang Biao 王驫
* Yvonne Yao 姚采穎 as Sister Ling 玲姐
* ?? as Xiao He 小何
* Daniel Tsai 蔡力允 as Fu Shao Dong 傅紹東
* Shen Meng-Sheng 沈孟生 as Liang Zhao Xiang 梁兆祥
* Wu Tao 吳濤 as Li Bao Sheng 李寶生
* Wang Qian 王謙 as Xin Yi's ex-boyfriend
* ?? as Wang Tai Shan 王泰山
* Wei Wen Liang 魏文良 as Qian Jin Da 錢晉達
* Fifi Wang 王偊菁 as news anchor
* Jack Lee 李運慶 as He Hao Xuan 何浩軒
* Anny Lin 林容安 as news anchor
* Lo Pei-An 羅北安 as Ou Guo Liang 歐國良
* Yuan Xiao Wan 苑曉琬 as news anchor
* Wang De Sheng 王德生 as Li You De 李友德
* Derek Chang 張軒睿 as Tiger

## Soundtrack

| V-Focus
Original TV Soundtrack (OST) | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Various artists | |
| Released | 30 December 2016 |
| Genre | Mandopop |
| Language | Mandarin |
| Label | Rock Records |

***V-Focus Original TV Soundtrack (OST)*** (獨家保鑣 原聲帶) was released on December 30, 2016 by various artists under Rock Records. It contains 10 tracks total, in which 8 songs are various instrumental versions of the songs. The opening theme is track 1 "Roll Your Eyes 翻白眼" by 831 八三夭, while the closing theme is track 2 "Passing Smile 微笑帶過" by Shi Shi 孫盛希.

### Track listing

| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Roll Your Eyes" (翻白眼) | 831 八三夭 | 3:15 |
| 2. | "Passing Smile" (微笑帶過) | Shi Shi 孫盛希 | 4:23 |
| 3. | Untitled (獨家振奮) | Instrumental | 2:50 |
| 4. | Untitled (獨家浪漫) | Instrumental | 2:39 |
| 5. | Untitled (獨家夢幻) | Instrumental | 3:09 |
| 6. | Untitled (獨家雀躍) | Instrumental | 3:04 |
| 7. | Untitled (獨家擁抱) | Instrumental | 3:05 |
| 8. | Untitled (獨家微笑) | Instrumental | 2:58 |
| 9. | Untitled (獨家幽默) | Instrumental | 3:02 |
| 10. | Untitled (獨家溫暖) | Instrumental | 3:02 |

***Songs not featured on the official soundtrack album.***

* Skater Kids Won't Be Bad 玩滑板的孩子不會變壞 by 831 八三夭
* That Last Day 塌下來 by Shi Shi 孫盛希
* Suspicion 嫌疑 by Shi Shi 孫盛希
* Where Will You Go by Shi Shi 孫盛希
* Disappeared 不見了 by Nine Chen 陳零九

## Broadcast

| Network | Country | Airing Date | Timeslot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SET Metro | Taiwan | October 26, 2016 | Monday to Friday 8:00-9:00 pm |
| EBC Variety | | | Monday to Friday 9:00-10:00 pm |
| Astro
Shuang Xing | Malaysia | October 27, 2016 | Monday to Friday 6:00-7:00 pm |
| VV Drama | Singapore | November 4, 2016 | Monday to Friday 7:00-8:00 pm |
| UNTV | Philippines | This 2021 | TBA |
|

## Episode ratings

**Competing dramas on rival channels airing at the same time slot were:**

| Air Date | Episodes | Weekly Average Ratings | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Oct 26-28, 2016 | 1-3 | **0.80** | 4 |
| Oct 31-Nov 4, 2016 | 4-8 | 0.98 | 3 |
| Nov 7-11, 2016 | 9-13 | 0.96 | 3 |
| Nov 14-18, 2016 | 14-18 | 1.04 | 3 |
| Nov 21-25, 2016 | 19-23 | 1.18 | 3 |
| Nov 28-Dec 2, 2016 | 24-28 | 1.22 | 3 |
| Dec 5-9, 2016 | 29-33 | 1.20 | 3 |
| Dec 12-16, 2016 | 34-38 | 1.22 | 3 |
| Dec 19-23, 2016 | 39-43 | 1.08 | 3 |
| Dec 26-30, 2016 | 44-48 | 1.30 | 3 |
| Jan 2-6, 2017 | 49-53 | 1.33 | 3 |
| Jan 9-13, 2017 | 54-58 | 1.33 | 3 |
| Jan 16-20, 2017 | 59-63 | 1.31 | 3 |
| Jan 23-24, 2017 | 64-65 | **1.50** | 3 |
| **Average ratings** | | -- | -- |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | 2016 Sanlih Drama Awards | Viewers Choice Drama Award | V-Focus | Nominated |
| | | Best Actor Award | Melvin Sia | Nominated |
| | | Best Actress Award | Ling Hung | Nominated |
| | | Best Kiss Award | Melvin Sia & Huang Wei Ting | Nominated |
| | | Best Screen Couple Award | Melvin Sia & Huang Wei Ting | Nominated |
| | | China Wave Award | Melvin Sia | Won |
|

## InfoBox

| *V-Focus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Promo poster | |
| 獨家保鑣 | |
| Genre | Romance, Comedy, Mystery |
| Created by | Sanlih E-Television |
| Written by | Lin Pei Yu 林珮瑜 (Screenwriter coordinator)
Chen Wen Zi 陳文梓
Liu Cun Ru 劉存茹
Wu Xiang Ying 吳香穎
Zhang Yi Ting 張貽婷 |
| Directed by | Eri Hao 郝心翔 |
| Starring | Melvin Sia 謝佳見
Ling Hung 洪小鈴
Huang Wei Ting 黃薇渟
Yorke Sun 孫沁岳 |
| Opening theme | Roll Your Eyes 翻白眼 by 831 八三夭 |
| Ending theme | Passing Smile 微笑帶過 by Shi Shi 孫盛希 |
| Country of origin | Republic of China (Taiwan) |
| Original language | Mandarin |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 65 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Fang Xiao Ren 方孝仁
Rong Jun Yi 戎俊義 |
| Production location | Taiwan |
| Camera setup | Multi camera |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production companies | 金牌合作影像製作股份有限公司
Sanlih E-Television 三立電視股份有限公司 |
| Original release | |
| Network | SET Metro
EBC Variety |
| Release | 26 October 2016 (2016-10-26)
24 January 2017 (2017-01-24) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Mimacraea neavei

abstract: Mimacraea neavei is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon.

text:
# Mimacraea neavei

***Mimacraea neavei*** is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon.

## InfoBox

| *Mimacraea neavei* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Adalbert Seitz *Fauna Africana* as *M. flavofasciata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Mimacraea* |
| Species: | ***M. neavei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimacraea neavei***<br>Eltringham, 1909 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mimacraea flavofasciata* Schultze, 1912 | |


title: Rajko Kuzmanović

abstract: Rajko Kuzmanović is a Bosnian Serb politician in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He served as President of the Republic of Srpska from 7 December 2007 to 15 November 2010. He succeeded the Acting President Igor Radojičić. Kuzmanović won the election against Ognjen Tadić of the Serbian Democratic Party with 41.33% of the vote.

text:
# Rajko Kuzmanović

**Rajko Kuzmanović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Рајко Кузмановић; born 1 December 1931) is a Bosnian Serb politician in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He served as President of the Republic of Srpska from 7 December 2007 to 15 November 2010.

He succeeded the Acting President Igor Radojičić. Kuzmanović won the election against Ognjen Tadić of the Serbian Democratic Party with 41.33% of the vote.

## InfoBox

| Rajko Kuzmanović | |
| --- | --- |
| Рајко Кузмановић | |
|  | |
|  | |
| 7th President of Republika Srpska | |
| **In office**
9 December 2007  15 November 2010 | |
| Vice President | Adil Osmanović
Davor Čordaš |
| Preceded by | Igor Radojičić (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Milorad Dodik |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1931-12-01) 1 December 1931
Čelinac, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Political party | Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) |
|  | |


title: John Goodchild

abstract: John Arthur Goodchild (1851–1914) was a physician; later, he authored several works of poetry and mysticism, most famously The Light of the West. According to Patrick Benham, Goodchild had a private medical practice in Bordighera, Italy, serving mainly expatriate Britons. From 1873 until the early 1900s, he stayed in Italy during summers and returned to the UK in winters. Goodchild was an antiquarian influenced by British Israelite ideas and the Golden Dawn esoteric group. He was friends with William Sharp, who dedicated his final literary work, The Winged Destiny: Studies in the Spiritual History of the Gael, to Goodchild. He saw Glastonbury, Iona (Scotland) and Devenish Island (Ireland) as being a triune of holy sites in the British Isles.

text:
# John Goodchild

**John Arthur Goodchild** (1851–1914) was a physician; later, he authored several works of poetry and mysticism, most famously *The Light of the West*.

According to Patrick Benham, Goodchild had a private medical practice in Bordighera, Italy, serving mainly expatriate Britons. From 1873 until the early 1900s, he stayed in Italy during summers and returned to the UK in winters.

Goodchild was an antiquarian influenced by British Israelite ideas and the Golden Dawn esoteric group. He was friends with William Sharp (who wrote as Fiona Macleod), who dedicated his final literary work, *The Winged Destiny: Studies in the Spiritual History of the Gael*, to Goodchild.

He saw Glastonbury, Iona (Scotland) and Devenish Island (Ireland) as being a triune of holy sites in the British Isles.

## Works

* *Somnia Medici* (1884) - poetry
* *The Sage of Sant' Ampelio* (1890) - fiction
* *A Fairy Godfather* (1890) - fairy tale
* *Tales in Verse* (1893) - poetry
* *Lyrics* (1893) - poetry
* *The Book of Tephi* (1897) - poetry
* *The Light of the West* (1898)

In *The Light of the West*, Goodchild advanced the theory that under the influence of the Roman church, the feminine had become neglected in Christianity, and that it was the destiny of a revitalised Celtic church to restore the feminine to due prominence in Christian life and thought.

## The Blue Bowl

The story is told that, in February 1885, while visiting Bordighera, Italy, Goodchild bought a "bowl and a platter" seen in a tailor's shop. They lay untouched in a cupboard for ten years. Ten years later he felt "directed" by an intense psychic experience to take the "bowl" or "cup" to Bride's Hill, Glastonbury, Somerset, a place he had never previously visited. Arriving in August 1898 he concealed the "Cup" in a pond or sluice beside a thorn tree near the River Brue. This place was reputedly known as the Women's Quarter, Beckery, and according to legend was linked to St Bride. Then, he waited for the future discovery of the cup "by women" as had appeared to him in a vision. He continued to visit the site every year from 1899 until 1906, except the year 1905.

Benham claims the cup was then found and became the focus of a Christian group, including Goodchild and Wellesley Tudor Pole, based in Bristol, who believed the vessel to have formerly belonged to Jesus. The object is reported to now be in the possession of the Chalice Well Trust, based in Glastonbury.

The platter is claimed to have been sent to the "Sons of Garibaldi" which may be a reference to the masonic Rite of Memphis-Misraim, of which Giuseppe Garibaldi was grandmaster for a while.

* *The Avalonians*, Patrick Benham, 1993
* 'The watching of the Rose', by Alan Royce, *Avalon Magazine* No. 37, Winter 2007


title: Mesorhizobium ciceri

abstract: Mesorhizobium ciceri is a gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing motile bacteria from the genus of Mesorhizobium which was isolated from Chickpea nodules of Cicer arietinum in Spain. Rhizobium cicero was transferred to Mesorhizobium ciceri.

text:
# Mesorhizobium ciceri

***Mesorhizobium ciceri*** is a gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing motile bacteria from the genus of Mesorhizobium which was isolated from Chickpea nodules of Cicer arietinum in Spain. Rhizobium cicero was transferred to *Mesorhizobium ciceri*.

## Further reading

* Ben Romdhane, S.; Tajini, F.; Trabelsi, M.; Aouani, M. E.; Mhamdi, R. (2007). "Competition for nodule formation between introduced strains of Mesorhizobium ciceri and the native populations of rhizobia nodulating chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in Tunisia". *World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology*. **23** (9): 1195. doi:10.1007/s11274-006-9325-z. S2CID 83571884.
* Nascimento, F. X.; Brígido, C.; Glick, B. R.; Oliveira, S.; Alho, L. (2012). "Mesorhizobium ciceri LMS-1 expressing an exogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase increases its nodulation abilities and chickpea plant resistance to soil constraints". *Letters in Applied Microbiology*. **55** (1): 15–21. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03251.x. hdl:10174/5379. PMID 22486441. S2CID 31784671.

## InfoBox

| *Mesorhizobium ciceri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Hyphomicrobiales |
| Family: | Phyllobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Mesorhizobium* |
| Species: | ***M. ciceri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mesorhizobium ciceri***<br>Jarvis et al. 1997 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| ATCC 51585, ATCC 700744, BCRC 15795, CCRC 15795, CECT 4846, CFBP 5557, CIP 104229, DSMZ 11540, HAMBI 1750, IAM 15103, ICMP 13641, JCM 21564, KACC 10646, KCTC 12155, LMG 14989, LMG 17150, NBRC 100389, ORS 2738, UPM-Ca7, USDA 3383 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Rhizobium ciceri* | |


title: Ferncourt High School

abstract: Ferncourt High School located in Claremont, St Ann, Jamaica is co-educational and has a student body of approximately 1500.

text:
# Ferncourt High School

**Ferncourt High School** located in Claremont, St Ann, Jamaica is co-educational and has a student body of approximately 1500.

## History

Ferncourt High school was officially opened in 1938. Housed in a building previously belonging to Dr. Curphey, known as 'Cedars,' Ferncourt welcomed its first set of girls who all boarded on the school's compound.

Mrs. Simpson devised a curriculum which included classical subjects such as French, Latin and Music along with the fundamental social graces, the staff was recruited from Jamaica as well as overseas.

As the institution was privately owned, the acceptance of students was based primarily on the character and resources of the parents as well as the conduct and ability of the students.

The school later became a co-educational institution and the population maintained a steady growth and by 1959 the population had reached two hundred and sixty six. In 1955, the government formally recognized the school which became a public entity in 1960. As the school continued to expand and the society began to change there were curriculum changes. Less emphasis was now placed on the classical subjects such as French and Latin and more emphasis on the technical subjects. Presently Femcourt incorporates traditional high school education with training in Industrial Arts and Practical Commercial Skills. Ferncourt High School is also one of the few traditional high schools in Jamaica that has a Technical Department and it is the only government owned traditional high school in Region Three.

Mrs. Simpson held the position of Principal from its opening until 1961. When she retired Mr. Weller took over the leadership of the school for a short while. He was followed by Mr. James Laing, Mr. Oswald Fisher, Mr. Byron Brown, Mr. O.R. Bell, Miss. V.J. Clarke, Rev'd St. Aubyn Hay, Mrs. Sharon Kelly- Stair, Mrs. Ethyl Mullings, Rev'd Claudette Johnson, Mrs. Veronica Archer, Rev'd Lenworth Sterling and currently Mr.Sheldon Thomas.

Ferncourt High currently has a second campus located at Brittonville. The school has extended its facilities with staff residences, an auditorium and an extra laboratory to accommodate a population of 1556 students and a faculty of over sixty on both campuses.

## Curriculum

Students enter at 1st form (7th grade) and continue to 5th form (11th grade) when they sit various subjects in the CXC and CCSLC exams. Most recently a 6th form (12 and 13th grade) programme has been added.

## Extracurricular activities

Clubs and Societies: 4-H Club – Red Cross Society Jamaica Combined Cadet Force Tourism Action Plan Environment Club Girls Guide Social Graces United Nations Wellness Club ISCF Photography/Astronomy Club Music Club Spanish Club Dance Group Mathematics club Sporting Activities: Track & Field Netball

For sports the school population is divided into five houses:

* Curphy
* Simpson
* Jacob
* Brown
* Smith

## Emblems

Motto

The school's motto is "Labor Vincit" which, when translated to English, means "Hard work conquers".

## Notable alumni

* Seymour Mullings, former Deputy Prime Minister in the PNP administration of the 70s and 80s.
* Aloun Assamba, former Minister of Tourism and MP for Southeast St Ann.
* Novlene Williams-Mills, Jamaican Track and field representative, multiple time Olympics, World and Commonwealth Games medalist.

## Headmasters

## InfoBox

| Ferncourt High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Claremont, & a 2nd Campus in Brown's TownSt Ann
Jamaica | |
| Coordinates | 18°19′52″N 77°10′11″W / 18.3312°N 77.1697°W / 18.3312; -77.1697 |
| Information | |
| Motto | Labor Vincit
(Hard Work Conquers) |
| Founded | 1938 |
| Founder | Mrs. Iris Simpson |
| Age | 11 to 19 |
| Enrollment | 1200 |


title: Mill Hill (disambiguation)

abstract: Mill Hill is a place in the London Borough of Barnet Mill Hill may also refer to:

text:
# Mill Hill (disambiguation)

**Mill Hill** is a place in the London Borough of Barnet

**Mill Hill** may also refer to:

## Places

### United Kingdom

### United States

## Railway stations in the UK

## Ships

* SS *Gracechurch*, a cargo steamship built in 1930, renamed SS *Peebles* in 1933, renamed SS *Mill Hill* in 1936 and torpedoed in 1940
* SS *Samdon*, a Liberty ship built in 1943, renamed SS *Mill Hill* in 1947 and renamed SS *London Vendor* in 1949

## Other


title: Mill Hill County High School

abstract: Mill Hill County High School is a large secondary school with academy status located in Mill Hill, London, England. It was the first comprehensive school in the United Kingdom to have had a student accepted on the Morehead-Cain merit scholarship program in the United States and is an official Morehead-Cain nominating school.

text:
# Mill Hill County High School

**Mill Hill County High School** is a large secondary school with academy status located in Mill Hill, London, England. It was the first comprehensive school in the United Kingdom to have had a student accepted on the Morehead-Cain merit scholarship program in the United States and is an official Morehead-Cain nominating school.

## History

The current school was created as a merger between Moat Mount Comprehensive and Orange Hill school in Burnt Oak after the latter was closed. Orange Hill had originally been a grammar school and Moat Mount a secondary modern before the ending of the grammar school system in the Borough of Barnet in the early seventies. Moat Mount Comprehensive had a sixth form of up to 80 pupils in the mid-Seventies and a total school population of around 970 pupils.

## Admissions

It is for students aged 11 to 18. The school has 1,700 pupils as of 2020. The current headteacher is Andy Stainton.

## Subjects

### At Key Stage 3 all students study

* English
* Mathematics
* Science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics)
* Computer Science
* Design and Technology
* Religious Studies
* Geography
* History
* Art
* Music
* Dance and Drama
* Physical Education
* PSCHE (Personal, Social Citizenship and Health Education)
* German
* French

### At Key stage 4 all students study

* English
* Mathematics
* Science (Double or Triple)
* French, German or Spanish (exceptions for certain individuals)
* Religious Studies (exceptions for certain individuals)
* PE (compulsory for non GCSE exam students)
* PSCHE (Personal, Social, Citizenship & Health Education)
* Geography or History (Or Both if chosen)

### Plus two subjects chosen from

* Art
* Business Studies
* Computer Science
* Dance
* Drama
* Economics
* Food Preparation and Nutrition
* French
* Geography
* German
* History
* Media Studies
* Music
* Photography
* Physical Education
* Product Design
* Spanish
* Textiles

Selection of GCSE option subjects takes place in Year 9. The Science course leads to double GCSE certification. For English, students have the opportunity to study both English Language and English Literature to GCSE level. ICT and Religious Education can lead to a full or a half GCSE. Languages are chosen in the end of Year 8.

## Notable former pupils

### Mill Hill County High School

### Orange Hill Grammar School

Clive Sinclair, novelist and critic.

### Orange Hill Senior High School

## InfoBox

| Mill Hill County High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Worcester Crescent
Mill Hill, London, NW7 4LL
England | |
| Coordinates | 51°37′46″N 0°14′55″W / 51.6295°N 0.2485°W / 51.6295; -0.2485 |
| Information | |
| Type | Partially selective academy |
| Motto | *Altiora Peto* (Latin)
*I Seek Higher Things* |
| Department for Education URN | 137386 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Chair of Governors | Jill Hamilton |
| Headteacher | Andy Stainton |
| Staff | 150 + |
| Gender | Mixed |
| Age | 11 to 18 |
| Enrolment | 1706 |
| Houses | Neptune, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn |
| Colour(s) | Navy, Red |
| Website | http://www.mhchs.org.uk |


title: Mikkel Aaland

abstract: Mikkel Aaland is a Norwegian-American photographer, based in San Francisco and Norway. He is known for work in the early days of digital photography, as well as his twelve books on photography. He is best known for his 1978 book Sweat, an illustrated history of sweat bathing. His documentary photographs have been exhibited in major institutions around the world, including the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris and the former Lenin Museum in Prague. Aaland is the author of works of memoir, books featuring his own photojournalism as well as works on digital imaging and various Adobe Photoshop products.

text:
# Mikkel Aaland

**Mikkel Aaland** (born 1952) is a Norwegian-American photographer, based in San Francisco and Norway. He is known for work in the early days of digital photography, as well as his twelve books on photography. He is best known for his 1978 book *Sweat*, an illustrated history of sweat bathing. His documentary photographs have been exhibited in major institutions around the world, including the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris and the former Lenin Museum in Prague. Aaland is the author of works of memoir, books featuring his own photojournalism as well as works on digital imaging and various Adobe Photoshop products.

## Biography

### Early years

Aaland was born in San Francisco and grew up in nearby Livermore, California. His Norwegian born father worked as a scientist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory research facility. Aaland was an Eagle Scout who attended Livermore High School, where he played football. He graduated from California State University, Chico with a major in photojournalism and was an All-American swimmer on the NCAA Division II championship team.

### Beginning career

In 1978, Aaland published his first book, *Sweat: The Illustrated History and Description of the Finnish Sauna, Russian Bania, Islamic Hammam, Japanese Mushi-buro, Mexican Temescal, and American Indian & Eskimo Sweat Lodge*. The book was the culmination of a three-year travel and photo-journalistic tour of the world's various bathing customs. Aaland continues to be an active proponent and historian of sweat bathing.

Aaland published his second nonfiction book, *County Fair: Portraits* (1981) after spending nine years traveling the United States visiting county fairs. Jon Carroll wrote in *New West* magazine, "(County Fair) is a chronicle of people being who they are. These faces become historical." The photographer Mary Ellen Mark said of the book: "Such moving photographs, funny and sad. It's real Americana. Aaland is a latter day Mike Disfarmer." In 1982, Aaland appeared as a guest on the *David Letterman Show*, sharing work from both *Sweat* and *County Fair*.

During an interview in 1981, Aaland was introduced to the newly emerging field of digital photography by renowned photographer Ansel Adams. He contributed articles and photos for other publications such as *American Photographer*, *FOTO*, *American Photo*, *Digital Creativity*, *Newsweek*, *The Washington Post*, *Popular Science*, and *Wired*. In 1981, he received the National Art Director's award for photography.

### Digital photography instruction

Aaland was one of the first to write about digital photography. In the 1980s he wrote covered the topic in a regular column on the topic for *American Photographer*, and as West Coast editor of Swedish magazine *FOTO*. In 1992, Aaland released the book *Digital Photography*. The book gives instruction and tips on using digital cameras to take unique photographs. He followed that with *Still Images in Multimedia* (1996) and then *Shooting Digital: Pro Tips for Taking Great Pictures with Your Digital Camera* (2003), which was named by Designer's Bookshelf as "Best Digital Photography Book of the Year for 2004."

Aaland has been the co-host of the Nordic Light International Festival of Photography since 2011.

Beginning in 2001, Aaland began publishing a number of guidebooks about using the computer design program Photoshop to enhance digital photography; *Photoshop Elements Solutions: The Art of Digital Photography* was followed by second, third, and fourth volumes. He also acted as an unpaid adviser to the development of both the alpha, beta, and final versions of the Adobe Photoshop Elements application. *Photoshop CS2 RAW: Using Adobe Camera Raw, Bridge, and Photoshop to Get the Most Out of Your Digital Camera* (2006) was Aaland's first of two books explaining the graphic file format RAW, which is used by professional photographers.

While working as an adviser on beta tests for Adobe Lightroom, Aaland proposed a real-world test of the software by inviting professional photographers to travel to a far-off land where they would use Lightroom. The result of this was *Photoshop Lightroom Adventure: Mastering Adobe's Next-generation Tool for Digital Photographers* (2007), which brought professional photographers to Iceland to test the software. Aaland followed up that book the same year with *Photoshop Lightroom 2 Adventure: Mastering Adobe's Next-generation Tool for Digital Photographers*, which brought professional photographers to Tasmania to show users how photographers work with the Lightroom 2 software.

### Memoir and travel work

In a diversion from photography instruction, Aaland published *The Sword of Heaven: A Five Continent Odyssey to Save the World* (1999), detailing the six years he spent traveling around the world documenting a peace project initiated by survivors of Hiroshima and led by a Shinto priest. During this time, Aaland dropped brick-sized pieces of a holy Shinto Sword of Heaven into bodies of water around the world to form a protective ring of kami.

Aaland's most recent book, *The River in My Backyard*, is an illustrated memoir exploring his family history, the murder of his father, and his pilgrimage to Mount Kailash.

In 1984, *Wired* sent Aaland to Paris to interview filmmaker Chris Marker. The interview was later published as the cover story of *Digital Creativity*. Following the interview, the two became friends and correspondents. Aaland is currently working on a project that will honor Marker.

### Sweat bathing

Aaland, as the author of *Sweat: The Illustrated History and Description of the Finnish Sauna, Russian Bania, Islamic Hammam, Japanese Mushi-buro, Mexican Temescal, and American Indian & Eskimo Sweat Lodge,* is recognized as an authority for sweat bathing. In 2014, Aaland organized the Perfect Sweat Summit in San Francisco, bringing together 50 international experts on sweat bathing. Aaland is currently filming a travel documentary series, *Perfect Sweat*, which combines his career-long interests in photography, travel, and sweat bathing. The documentary series is an exploration of bathing traditions around the world and revisits the topic of his 1978 book *Sweat*.

## Bibliography

* *Sweat: The Illustrated History and Description of the Finnish Sauna, Russian Bania, Islamic Hammam, Japanese Mushi-buro, Mexican Temescal, and American Indian & Eskimo Sweat Lodge*, Capra Press: Santa Barbara, 1978; reprinted, Borgo Press: San Bernardino, 1989; reprinted as ebook, Cyberbohemia Press: San Francisco, 2017. ISBN 0-88496-124-9
* *County Fair: Portraits*, Capra Press: Santa Barbara, 1981. ISBN 0-88496-172-9
* *The Sword of Heaven: A Five Continent Odyssey to Save the World*, Traveler's Tales: San Francisco, 1999. ISBN 1-885211-44-9
* *Pilgrimage to Kailash: Tibet's Holy Mountain*, Cyberbohemia Press: San Francisco, 2013.
* *The River in My Backyard*, Cyberbohemia Press: San Francisco, 2016. ISBN 978-0-9972610-1-1

### Photography instruction

* *Digital Photography* (with Rudolph Burger), Random House: New York, 1992. ASIN B000KVE4BA
* *Still Images in Multimedia*, Hayden Books: Indianapolis, 1996. ISBN 1-56830-273-8
* *Photoshop for the Web*, O'Reilly Media: Cambridge, MA, 1998; 2nd edition, 1999. ISBN 1-56592-641-2
* *Photoshop Elements Solutions: The Art of Digital Photography*, Sybex: San Francisco, 2001; 2nd edition, 2002; 3rd edition, 2005; Wiley: Indianapolis, 2005. ISBN 0-7821-4446-2
* *Shooting Digital: Pro Tips for Taking Great Pictures with Your Digital Camera*, Sybex: San Francisco, 2003; Sybex/Wiley: Indianapolis, 2007. ISBN 0-470-04287-7
* *Photoshop CS2 RAW: Using Adobe Camera Raw, Bridge, and Photoshop to Get the Most Out of Your Digital Camera*, O'Reilly Media: Sebastopol, 2006; reprinted as *Photoshop CS3 RAW: Transform Your RAW Images into Works of Art*, O'Reilly Media: Sebastopol CA, 2008. ISBN 0-596-00851-1
* *Photoshop Lightroom Adventure: Mastering Adobe's Next-generation Tool for Digital Photographers*, O'Reilly Media: Sebastopol, 2007; 2nd edition, 2007. ISBN 0-596-10099-X

* Zwingle, Erlan. *American Photographer*, December 1, 1982.
* *California Bookwatch*, April 1, 2006.
* Ibid., May 1, 2008.
* Ibid., November 1, 2008.
* *Internet Bookwatch*, March 1, 2009.
* Lombardo, Daniel. *Library Journal*, March 15, 2007.
* *M2 Presswire*, "Helping Digital Photographers Go RAW; O'Reilly Releases Photoshop CS2 RAW," April 18, 2006.
* bid., "Photoshop CS3 RAW - New from O'Reilly Media Transform Your RAW Images into Works of Art," January 28, 2008.
* Ibid., "Photoshop Lightroom 2 Adventure - New from O'Reilly: Instruction with Inspiration," November 10, 2008.
* *Petersen's Photographic*, March 1, 2005.
* Lafortune, Wes. *Photo Life*, May 1, 2009.
* McNamara, Michael J. *Popular Photography*, September 1, 1993.
* Eggers, Ron. *Professional Photographer*, October 13, 2008.
* Ashbrook, Stanley B. *PSA Journal*, June 1, 2006.
* Ibid., October 1, 2006.
* Ibid., March 1, 2007
* Ibid., January 1, 2008.
* Ibid., March 1, 2008.
* Ibid., January 1, 2009.
* *Reference & Research Book News*, February 1, 2000.
* *SciTech Book News*, March 1, 2001.
* Ibid., June 1, 2006.
* Ibid., December 1, 2007.
* Ibid., September 1, 2008.
* Ibid., December 1, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Mikkel Aaland | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1952 (age 7172)<br>San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Notable work | Sweat (1978 book) |


title: Mikkel Andersen (physicist)

abstract: Mikkel F. Andersen is a physicist, Associate Professor at the University of Otago, and an investigator at the Dodd-Walls Centre in Dunedin, New Zealand. His research deals with ways to capture fast-moving atoms.

text:
# Mikkel Andersen (physicist)

**Mikkel F. Andersen** is a physicist, Associate Professor at the University of Otago, and an investigator at the Dodd-Walls Centre in Dunedin, New Zealand. His research deals with ways to capture fast-moving atoms.

## Education

Born in Denmark, Anderson did his MSc in physics and mathematics at Aarhus University, graduating in 1999. He then studied laser cooling at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, finishing his PhD in the physics of complex systems in 2004. From 2004 to 2006 he did a post-doc at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, studying laser cooling with Nobel Laureate William D. Phillips, inventor of the Zeeman slower. After a year at New York University, he moved to Dunedin and joined the University of Otago Physics Department as a lecturer, rising to Associate Professor.

## Areas of research

One of Andersen's projects is looking at ways to create robust sources of quantum entanglement, a process which usually only works at ultra-cold temperatures. Laser cooling – shining a laser in the opposite direction an atom is travelling, slowing it and reducing its temperature to one millionth of a degree above absolute zero – puts an atom in a quantum state and allows it to be manipulated. This requires a hyper-evacuated vacuum chamber with a pressure of almost zero, an apparatus about the size of a toaster.

Andersen's team first isolated, captured, and photographed a rubidium atom in 2010. Now individual pairs of atoms can then be held in place with lasers – "optical tweezers" – and observed colliding and entangling. Previously these processes were examined statistically through experiments on large numbers of atoms, but combining multiple atoms increased the possibility of chemical reactions between them. More recent experiments have assembled three individual atoms into a molecule and measured the energy released in the process. This research has implications for quantum computer development, constructing molecules at the atomic scale, and the theoretical underpinnings of molecular assembly.

Another project is the development of an atomic gravimeter, smaller and cheaper than existing models, for measuring local fluctuations in the Earth's gravitational field.

## Selected publications

## InfoBox

| Mikkel Andersen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Alma mater | Weizmann Institute of Science |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Quantum mechanics |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


abstract: The 22433 / 22434 Ghazipur City–Anand Vihar Terminal Suhaildev Rajbhar Superfast Express is a Superfast train belonging to Northern Railway zone that runs between Ghazipur City and Anand Vihar Terminal in India. It is currently being operated with 22433/22434 train numbers on Bi-weekly basis.

text:
# Ghazipur City–Anand Vihar Terminal Express

The 22433 / 22434 **Ghazipur City–Anand Vihar Terminal Suhaildev Rajbhar Superfast Express** is a Superfast train belonging to Northern Railway zone that runs between Ghazipur City and Anand Vihar Terminal in India. It is currently being operated with 22433/22434 train numbers on Bi-weekly basis.

## Service

The 22433/Ghazipur–Anand Vihar Terminal, Suhaildev Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 834 km in 15h 10m. The 22419/Suhaildev Superfast Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 834 km in 14h 20m.

## Route and halts

The important halts of the train are:

## Coach composition

The train has standard LHB rake with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 1 AC First-class
* 1 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General
* 2 Head-on Generation

## Schedule

| Train number | Station code | Departure station | Departure time | Departure day | Arrival station | Arrival time | Arrival day |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 22433 | GCT | Ghazipur City | 4:00 PM | Tue, Sat | Anand Vihar Terminal | 7:15 AM | Wednesday, Sunday |
| 22434 | ANVT | Anand Vihar Terminal | 7:10 PM | Mon, Fri | Ghazipur City | 9:35 AM | Tuesday, Saturday |

## Traction

It is hauled by a Ghaziabad Loco Shed based WAP-7 electric locomotive from Ghazipur City to Anand Vihar Terminal and vice versa.

## Rake sharing

22419/22420 – Suhaildev Superfast Express

1. "Untitled Page". *pib.gov.in*.
2. "Railways to launch various new train services". *news.webindia123.com*. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
3. "गोरखपुर-बांद्रा अंत्योदय एक्सप्रेस की सौगात 15 को". *Dainik Jagran*.
4. "Untitled Page". *pib.gov.in*.

## InfoBox

Ghazipur City–Anand Vihar Terminal Suhaildev Rajbhar Superfast Express
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Service type | Superfast |
| First service | 14 August 2017 (2017-08-14) |
| Current operator(s) | Northern Railway |
| Route | |
| Termini | Ghazipur City (GCT)
Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT) |
| Stops | 9 |
| Distance travelled | 834 km (518 mi) |
| Average journey time | 14h 35m |
| Service frequency | Bi-weekly |
| Train number(s) | 22433 /22434 |
| On-board services | |
| Class(es) | AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved |
| Seating arrangements | No |
| Sleeping arrangements | Yes |
| Catering facilities | On-board catering
E-catering |
| Observation facilities | Large windows |
| Baggage facilities | No |
| Other facilities | Below the seats |
| Technical | |
| Rolling stock | LHB coach |
| Track gauge | 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) |
| Electrification | Yes |
| Operating speed | 58 km/h (36 mph) average including halts |


title: Twin Peaks (Chaffee County, Colorado)

abstract: Twin Peaks is a 13,341-foot (4,066 m) mountain summit in Chaffee County, Colorado, United States.

text:
# Twin Peaks (Chaffee County, Colorado)

**Twin Peaks** is a 13,341-foot (4,066 m) mountain summit in Chaffee County, Colorado, United States.

## Description

Twin Peaks is set approximately eight miles (13 km) east of the Continental Divide in the Collegiate Peaks which are a subrange of the Sawatch Range. The mountain is located three miles (4.8 km) southwest of Twin Lakes on land managed by San Isabel National Forest. Precipitation runoff from the peak's slopes drains to Lake Creek which is a tributary of the Arkansas River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 3,740 feet (1,140 m) above Lake Creek in 1.5 miles (2.4 km). The highest peak in Colorado, Mount Elbert, is 4.97 miles (8.00 km) to the north and line parent Rinker Peak is 0.62 mile to the southwest. The mountain's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Twin Peaks is located in an alpine subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool to warm summers. Due to its altitude, it receives precipitation all year, as snow in winter and as thunderstorms in summer, with a dry period in late spring. Climbers can expect afternoon rain, hail, and lightning from the seasonal monsoon in late July and August.

## InfoBox

| Twin Peaks | |
| --- | --- |
| Northeast aspect, from Twin Lakes | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 13,341 ft (4,066 m) |
| Prominence | 251 ft (77 m) |
| Parent peak | Rinker Peak (13,789 ft) |
| Isolation | 0.86 mi (1.38 km) |
| Coordinates | 39°02′32″N 106°25′32″W / 39.0423585°N 106.4254736°W / 39.0423585; -106.4254736 |
| Geography | |
| Twin PeaksLocation in ColoradoTwin PeaksTwin Peaks (the United States) | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Chaffee |
| Protected area | San Isabel National Forest |
| Parent range | Rocky Mountains
Sawatch Range
Collegiate Peaks |
| Topo map | USGS *Mount Elbert* |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | class 2 hiking |


title: Twelfth Army (Italy)

abstract: The Italian Twelfth Army was a French-Italian Army which fought in World War I in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto.

text:
# Twelfth Army (Italy)

The **Italian Twelfth Army** was a French-Italian Army which fought in World War I in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto.

## World War I

After the disastrous defeat at Caporetto (November 1917) the Italian Army was completely reorganized by Armando Diaz and a new 12th Italian Army was formed. It was in fact a French-Italian Army under command of French General Jean César Graziani.
It consisted of

* 1st Italian Army corps (Donato Etna)
* 23rd Division of the 12th French Army Corps (Ernest Bonfait)
* 52nd Alpine Division (Pietro Ronchi)

It played an important role in the successful Battle of Vittorio Veneto (October–November 1918).


title: Tynemill

abstract: Castle Rock, known until 2007 as Tynemill is a British pub chain based in Nottingham and the East Midlands. It was founded in 1977 by former Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) chairman Chris Holmes. Their first pub was the Old King Arms in Newark. They have won the "Pub Group of the Year" award in 2002, 2006, and 2008. They operate several pubs or cafe bar establishments which all have a policy of selling cask beers from regional and local microbreweries. They also own and operate the Castle Rock Brewery, a microbrewery located in Nottingham. The old Tynemill brand name for the pubs has now been replaced by Castle Rock. Many of their establishments are run as tenancies rather than managed public houses.

text:
# Tynemill

**Castle Rock**, known until 2007 as **Tynemill** is a British pub chain based in Nottingham and the East Midlands. It was founded in 1977 by former Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) chairman Chris Holmes. Their first pub was the *Old King Arms* in Newark. They have won the "Pub Group of the Year" award in 2002, 2006, and 2008.

They operate several pubs or cafe bar establishments which all have a policy of selling cask beers from regional and local microbreweries. They also own and operate the Castle Rock Brewery, a microbrewery located in Nottingham. The old Tynemill brand name for the pubs has now been replaced by *Castle Rock*.

Many of their establishments are run as tenancies rather than managed public houses.

## Tynemill pubs

### Castle Rock Group of Pubs

### Associated companies


title: Mineral industry of Peru

abstract: The mineral industry of Peru has played an important role in the nation's history and been integral to the country's economic growth for several decades. The industry has also contributed to environmental degradation and environmental injustice; and is a source of environmental conflicts that shape public debate on good governance and development. In 2019, the country was the 2nd largest world producer of copper, silver, and zinc; 3rd for lead, 4th of tin and molybdenum; 5th for boron; and 8th largest global producer of gold. In 2006, Peru occupied a leading position in the global production of the following mineral commodities: fourth in arsenic trioxide, third in bismuth, third in copper, fifth in gold, fourth in lead, fourth in molybdenum, fourth in rhenium, first in silver, third in tin, and third in zinc. In Latin America, Peru was the first ranked producer of, in order of value, gold, silver, zinc, lead, tin, and tellurium and the second ranked producer of copper, molybdenum, and bismuth. In 2006, Peru's economy benefited from high prices for mineral commodities. To date, the Government has privatized 220 state-owned firms via joint ventures and consortia in the mining and fuels industries. The firms have generated $9.2 billion, with an additional committed capital flow of about $11.4 billion, representing 17% and 21% of Peru's GDP, respectively. Privatizations and concessions generated a committed investment of $6.9 billion (2006–2010) by mining companies such as Perú Copper Inc., Toromocho copper project, Xstrata plc. for Las Bambas copper mine, Phelps Dodge for expansion of Cerro Verde copper mine, Monterrico Metals Inc. for Rio Blanco base metals project, Rio Tinto Limited for La Granja copper project, Southern Copper Corporation for expansion of Ilo smelter, Goldfields Ltd. for Cerro Corona copper-gold project, and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce for the Bayovar phosphate project. The Ministerio de Energía y Minas reported that of the committed investment in 2006, Peru received $1 billion for gas and $200 million for petroleum. Petróleos del Perú was created on July 24, 1969 as a state-owned entity, dedicated sequentially to transportation, refining, and commercialization of refined products and other derivatives of petroleum. On June 2, 2004, the Peruvian Congress excluded PETROPERU S.A. from the privatization process and authorized its participation in the exploration and production of hydrocarbons. The state agency Perupetro S.A. was created on November 18, 1993 to promote investments for hydrocarbon exploration and production in the country. Perupetro negotiates, signs, and administers hydrocarbon contracts, for which PETROPERU must compete with private firms as well. In 2006, PETROPERU invested $4.5 billion in the hydrocarbon sector. The mineral industry in Peru has also generated controversy. While the mineral industry has spurred national economic growth, it has also produced changes to the environment that compromise rural populations' livelihoods. As a result, there has been a rise in corporate-community conflict between extractive corporations and rural populations, primarily in the form of peasant protests.

text:
# Mineral industry of Peru

**The mineral industry of Peru** has played an important role in the nation's history and been integral to the country's economic growth for several decades. The industry has also contributed to environmental degradation and environmental injustice; and is a source of environmental conflicts that shape public debate on good governance and development.

In 2019, the country was the 2nd largest world producer of copper, silver, and zinc; 3rd for lead, 4th of tin and molybdenum; 5th for boron; and 8th largest global producer of gold.

In 2006, Peru occupied a leading position in the global production of the following mineral commodities: fourth in arsenic trioxide, third in bismuth, third in copper, fifth in gold, fourth in lead, fourth in molybdenum, fourth in rhenium, first in silver, third in tin, and third in zinc. In Latin America, Peru was the first ranked producer of, in order of value, gold, silver, zinc, lead, tin, and tellurium and the second ranked producer of copper, molybdenum, and bismuth.

In 2006, Peru's economy benefited from high prices for mineral commodities. To date, the Government has privatized 220 state-owned firms via joint ventures and consortia in the mining and fuels industries. The firms have generated $9.2 billion, with an additional committed capital flow of about $11.4 billion, representing 17% and 21% of Peru's GDP, respectively. Privatizations and concessions generated a committed investment of $6.9 billion (2006–2010) by mining companies such as Perú Copper Inc., Toromocho copper project ($2.5 billion), Xstrata plc. for Las Bambas copper mine ($1 billion), Phelps Dodge for expansion of Cerro Verde copper mine ($850 million), Monterrico Metals Inc. for Rio Blanco base metals project ($800 million), Rio Tinto Limited for La Granja copper project ($700 million), Southern Copper Corporation for expansion of Ilo smelter ($400 million), Goldfields Ltd. for Cerro Corona copper-gold project ($350 million), and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce for the Bayovar phosphate project ($300 million). The Ministerio de Energía y Minas reported that of the committed investment in 2006, Peru received $1 billion for gas and $200 million for petroleum.

Petróleos del Perú (PETROPERU S.A.) was created on July 24, 1969 (law No.17753) as a state-owned entity, dedicated sequentially to transportation, refining, and commercialization of refined products and other derivatives of petroleum. On June 2, 2004, the Peruvian Congress (law No.28244) excluded PETROPERU S.A. from the privatization process and authorized its participation in the exploration and production of hydrocarbons. The state agency Perupetro S.A. was created on November 18, 1993 (law No. 26221) to promote investments for hydrocarbon exploration and production in the country. Perupetro negotiates, signs, and administers hydrocarbon contracts, for which PETROPERU must compete with private firms as well. In 2006, PETROPERU invested $4.5 billion in the hydrocarbon sector.

The mineral industry in Peru has also generated controversy. While the mineral industry has spurred national economic growth, it has also produced changes to the environment that compromise rural populations' livelihoods. As a result, there has been a rise in corporate-community conflict between extractive corporations and rural populations, primarily in the form of peasant protests.

## Minerals in the national economy

In the 1990s, President Fujimori implemented several market reforms that allowed for the growth of Peru's mineral sector. In 1995, the Fujimori government passed a land law (Law 26505) that granted mining corporations the right to use land for their operations in exchange for monetary compensation to the landowners. In addition, the Fujimori administration installed a new tax regime that exempted mining corporations from taxation and paying royalties until they regained their initial investments. Fujimori also spearheaded other reforms that removed restrictions on profit/capital remittances, eliminated performance requirements for foreign investments, reduced tariffs on imports and removed tariffs on exports, established simpler licensing procedures, modified policies regarding indigenous land tenure, lowered taxes, liberalized capital market, and privatized state firms and financial institutions. These changes facilitated a dramatic increase in new foreign direct investment (FDI) and allowed entry into the global market. In the period from 1990 to 1998, Peru's exports increased by over 85 percent. Out of this, the mineral industry accounts for 50 percent of Peru's total exports and has played a major role in its national economic growth.

In 2006, the mining and mineral processing industries represented almost 1% of the GDP. The minerals sector employed about 5% (83,000) of the industrial sector's total of 1.7 million miners; this did not include nearly 5,000 active informal miners engaged in illegal mining.

## Government policies and programs

Peru's legal framework regarding domestic and foreign investors is governed by Constitutional Mandates as Legislative Decree No. 662 (promotion of foreign investment), which provides unrestricted access to all economic sectors; Legislative Decree No. 757 (framework for the development of private investment), which pertains to the private investment growth; and Texto Unico Official (TUO) approved by Supreme Decree No. 059-96-PCM, which promotes private investment in public infrastructure and utility works. Within the framework of Decree law No. 708 of November 1991 (promotion of investment in mining), Legislative Decree No. 818 of April 1996 (incentives for investing in natural resources), and Supreme Decree No. 162-92-EF of October 1992 (rules guaranteeing foreign investment), more than 250 domestic stability and guarantee contracts have been signed since 1993.

Supreme Decree No. 014-92-EM of June 1992 (the general mining law) and Legislative Decree No. 868 of May 1996 (Texto Unico Official) provide guaranteed protections to mining ventures and contracts under the Peruvian Civil Code. Consequently, such ventures and contracts are immune from unilateral changes by any governmental authority in Peru without an appropriate legal or administrative remedy or arbitration by the Convenio Constitutivo del Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Differencias Relativas an Inversiones (Formal Consent of the International Center for Settlement of Relative Differences on Investments). Additionally, Peru enacted the Supreme Decree No. 047-2002-EF of April 2002 (import duties for capital goods) to reduce the duties paid to 7% from 20% and 12% on capital goods to be used in exploration and production of certain minerals, such as oil and gas in the Amazon region. The capital, goods, and services linked to minerals exploration benefited from the elimination of 18% sales tax when law No. 27623-EF was enacted in January 2002. Supreme Decree No. 015-2004-PGM of January 2004 (legal framework for decentralization) was established to use revenues from mineral production to maximize the well-being of the local communities through economic growth, environmental protection, and social development in a sustainable way. Supreme Decree No. 066-2005-EM of May 2006 (legal framework for creation of the Dirección de Gestión Social) was established to administer the Corporate Social Responsibility program in the mining sector.

The Peruvian Constitution establishes equal protection for domestic and foreign investors who may enter into agreements with the Government and guarantees free access, possession, and disposal of foreign currency. Hydrocarbon Law No. 26844 of May 1997 eliminated the exclusive rights of the state-owned Petróleos del Perú S.A. to control the secondary recovery of crude oil, refining, and imports and subsequent resale of petroleum and byproducts. The Peruvian laws have attempted to ensure more-favorable minerals and crude oil and gas exploration and production contract terms for investors. Legal procedures to obtain mining rights were made easier by the enactment of complementary legislation Supreme Decree No. 018 of July 9, 1992. The Government relinquished exclusive control over exploration, mining, smelting, and refining of metals and fuel minerals. Individuals and private companies are allowed to hold mining permits in Peru. In the legal framework for investment and taxation, no distinction is made among domestic and foreign investors, corporations, joint ventures, and consortia formed in Peru or abroad. Municipalities and Regional governments in areas where mineral resources (metals and industrial minerals) are exploited will receive 50% of the taxes collected to be invested in education and social programs (health, housing, and others) in conformance with the Canon Minero (Ministry Resolution No. 266-2002-EF/15 of May 1, 2002). The remittance of dividends, depreciation, and royalties abroad has no restrictions. Contracts can be signed by investors, and the Government guarantees the stability of legal commitments and taxes. To increase protection of investors’ interests, Peru signed agreements with the World Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency in April 1991, which was authorized by Legislative Decree No. 25312 and with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation in December 2002, which was authorized by Legislative Decree No. 25809.

The Dirección General de Asuntos Ambientales (DGAA) of the Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MEM) is responsible for addressing environmental problems that result from energy and mining activities and is mandated to implement the laws and regulations of the environmental legal framework, such as Legislative Decree No. 613 of September 1990 (the environmental code) and Supreme Decree No. 016-93-EM of April 28, 1993 (the environmental regulation). The sustainable development model for the mining and energy sectors began in 1993 with regulations and procedures for the gradual reduction of pollution, which include economic development policies and environmental protection. The mining industry must comply by adjusting its ongoing operations to permissible effluent levels and its new operations by using cleaner technologies. The DGAA evaluates and proposes the environmental regulations for the mining and energy sectors, which include the maximum emission levels that are compatible with the internationally accepted limits set by the United Nations and the World Bank, approves environmental impact assessments for new operations and environmental adjustment and management programs for ongoing ones, and administers the national environmental information system. The MEM is authorized to manage environmental affairs in the minerals sector, such as establishing the environmental protection policy and maximum allowable levels for effluents, signing environmental administrative stability agreements, overseeing the impact of operations determining responsibilities, and imposing administrative sanctions. The oil companies, in particular, are under pressure because the number of operations in the Amazon Rainforest, one of the world's most sensitive ecosystems, is increasing.

## Production

In 2006, the value of Peruvian minerals (metals, industrial minerals, and fuels) production amounted to $6.5 billion, compared with $5.1 billion in 2005. Mining and fuel production increased by 8.1% as a result of larger values of metals (7%) and fuel output (23%). The increase of mineral outputs (content) was mainly led by natural gas (77%), molybdenum (22%), gold (20%), crude oil (18%), and iron (8%), and to a lesser extent by silver and lead (4% each) compared with 2005 outputs. In 2006, metal prices were also driven upwards because of the higher consumption associated with increased world economic activity, such as in China, the United States, and other countries.

Metal production growth was mainly led by an increase in copper, iron, silver, and lead, which offset the decreased output of gold, molybdenum, and zinc. The hydrocarbon sector's output also increased due to the increased extraction of natural gas at Aguaytía and Camisea. Crude oil output was expected to increase as the result of the 16 new oil exploration and production contracts signed in 2006.

## Structure of the mineral industry

Peruvian laws have attempted to ensure equitable mineral, crude oil, and gas exploration and production. Owing to these terms, an increased number of domestic and foreign companies, AngloGold Ashanti, Barrick Gold, BHP Billiton, Cambior, Falconbridge, Mitsui & Co, Mitsubishi, Peñoles, Teck Cominco, and others, have expressed interest in participating in prospecting, exploration, production, and distribution of natural gas and petroleum contracts with Perupetro and mineral properties with Centromín. The structure of the Peruvian mineral industry continued to change as a result of privatizations and joint-venture projects. The establishment of consortia in such deregulated industries as oil and gas, and joint ventures in energy and mining projects were becoming a common practice in Peru. According to the Ministerio de Energía y Minas, Peru was the seventh most attractive area for investments in exploration after, in order of investment attractiveness ranking, Tasmania (Australia), Nevada and Alaska (USA), Northwest Territories (Canada), Western Australia, and Indonesia.

The new operating process, which was the result of the privatization and joint-venture projects, incorporated policies that deal with economic and societal development issues and with environmental protection in a sustainable way. Private local interests owned most of the medium- and small-sized mining operations. More than 250 foreign mining companies have been established in Peru since 1990. Crude oil was transported through 1,754 km pipelines, natural gas and natural gas liquids through 983 km dual pipelines, and refined products through 13 km pipelines. Important mineral industry ports included Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, San Nicolas, and Talara on the Pacific Ocean and Iquitos Pucallpa and yurimaguas on the Amazon River and its tributaries. Peru had an installed electrical generating capacity of 5,050 megawatts (MW), about 80% of which was accounted for by hydroelectric plants. The Peruvian Government raised about $2 billion from the privatization of its electrical sector and committed to an investment of about $20 million to install an additional 1,006 MW of capacity in the immediate future. The energy mix, by source, was hydro (74.5%), fossil fuel (24.5%), and others (1.0%).

## Mineral trade

Peru's mining industry, which has consistently been the country's major foreign exchange generator since 1997, accounted for almost 61.8% ($14.7 billion) of total export revenues of more than $23.8 billion in 2006 compared with 56.3% ($9.8 billion) of total export revenues of about $17.4 billion in 2005. In 2006, Peru's total trade balance recorded a surplus of about $8.9 billion compared with $5.3 billion in 2005, which increased by almost 68% compared with 6.6% in 2005. Peru's minerals sector had a trade surplus of $16.2 billion compared with $11 billion in 2005.

In 2006, mining was the main exporting sector of the country. Price increases for zinc (136.5%), copper (82.6%), and gold (36%) played an essential role in the Peruvian trade balance. Almost 82% of the total minerals exported ($14.7 billion) were copper ($6 billion), gold ($4 billion), and zinc ($2 billion). Peru's other mineral exports were molybdenum ($838 million), lead ($713 million), silver ($479 million), tin ($332 million), and iron ($256 million).

Peru's fourth major traditional export, petroleum and derivatives, amounted to $1.6 billion in 2006 compared with $1.5 million in 2005. Peru's total mineral exports, which included petroleum and derivatives, amounted to more than 68% of its total exports in 2006. Total mineral imports, which were mostly petroleum and derivatives, however, increased by about 34.8% to $3.1 billion compared with $2.3 billion in 2005. Total imports increased by about 21.5% to $14.7 billion compared with $12.1 billion in 2005 and generated a surplus of $2.6 billion compared with $5.3 billion in 2005. In 2006, the United States (34%), China (11%), Chile (7%), Canada (6%), and Japan (5%) were Peru's leading mineral consumers. The United States, China, and Chile were the main importers of gold, copper, and molybdenum, respectively. Peru sold about 6% of its exports to other members of the Mercado Común Andino (ANCOM), whose members were Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela; about 3% was sold to the Mercado Común del Cono Sur (MERCOSUR) countries of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and associate members Bolivia and Chile; and 15% was sold to other Latin American countries. Peruvian mineral exports could increase if the negotiations between ANCOM and MERCOSUR lead to a South American free trade agreement and owing to the free trade agreement signed recently (2006) between the United States and Peru.

## Commodity review

### Metals

#### Copper

Peru's copper output (Cu content) in 2006 was about 1.05 million metric tons (Mt) compared with almost 1.01 Mt in 2005, an increase of almost 4%. The country's copper metal exports in 2006 totaled about 986,600 metric tons (t) valued at $6 billion, compared with 984,200 t valued at $3.4 billion in 2005; this value was 76.5% higher than that of 2005 as a result of the copper price increase to $2.829 per pound of copper in 2006 from $1.549 per pound in 2005.

Owing to China's increasing consumption of metals and minerals such as copper, which was expected to increase to 6 Mt by 2010 from 4 Mt in 2005, two Chinese companies, Baosteel Co., Ltd. (Baosteel) and Aluminum Corp. of China Ltd. (Chalco) were planning to have joint ventures with Latin America's leading copper mining companies such as Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) of Brazil, Corporación Nacional del Cobre (Codelco) of Chile, and Sociedad Minera Cerro Verde S.A.A. of Peru. China Minmetals Corp. planned to invest in metals and minerals mainly in Brazil, Chile, and Peru. In 2006, Peru's planned investments of $2.8 billion were expected in projects with advanced exploration and environmental assessment work, such as in Las Bambas copper mine ($1.5 billion) and Los Chancas ($1.3 billion) copper deposits located in the Department of Apurimac and owned by Xstrata plc. of Switzerland and Southern Copper Corp. a subsidiary of Grupo Mexico S.A. de C.V., respectively. Other investments in copper deposits included Rio Blanco Copper S.A.’s Rio Blanco deposit located in the Department of Piura ($1.5 billion to produce copper by 2008), Perú Copper Inc.’s Toromocho deposit located in the Department of Junin ($1.5-$2.0 billion, reserves 1.6 billion metric tons), Southern Copper was planning to invest $600 million in additional exploration and to improve efficiencies in Cuajone and Toquepala copper mines, and Sociedad Minera Cerro Verde SA was planning to increase Cerro Verde Mine's copper output to 300,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) from 100,000 t/yr with an investment of $890 million by 2006–07. Other mineral prospects included the San Gregorio zinc project of Sociedad Minera El Brocal S.A.A. located in the Department of Cerro de Pasco, the Minas Carachugo gold-and-silver project of Minera Yanacocha S.R.L. (MyS) Newmont Mining Corp. of the United States (51.35%), Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A. (43.65%), and World Bank International Finance Corporation (5%)\] located in the Department of Cajamarca, and the Magistral copper-molybdenum-silver project of Inca Pacific Resources located in the Department of Ancash. Magistral is located in the same geologic trend as that of Compañía Minera Antamina S.A.'s (CMA) Antamina base-metal.

CMA's Antamina Mine was the leading copper concentrate producer in the country with a total output of 390,800 t in 2006 compared with 383,000 t in 2005. SPCC was the second leading producer of copper in the country with an output of 362,000 t in 2006 compared with 355,000 t in 2005. BHP Billiton Tintaya S.A. reported an output of 79,000 t of copper concentrate in 2006 compared with 78,300 t in 2005. SPCC reported 35,800 t of cathode copper from Toquepala mine, which was produced by solvent extraction-electrowinning (SX-EW). Copper metal output at its Ilo refinery located in the Department of Moquegua was 273,100 t compared with 285,200 t in 2005. Cerro Verde's SX-EW plant at the Cerro Verde copper mine produced 96,500 t of cathode compared with 93,500 t in 2005.

#### Gold

In 2006, gold output was 202.8 t compared with 208 t in 2005, a decrease of 2.5%. MyS produced 81.2 t compared with 103.2 t in 2005. Other leading gold producers were Minera Barrick Misquichilca S.A. (51.9 t), Madre de Dios S.A (15.8 t), Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A. (7.9 t), and Aruntani S.A.C. (6.5 t). Gold exports in 2006 totaled about 6,702.1 ounces \[Note there is a major discrepancy in the 202.8 t (= 7,150,000 ounces)and the 6,702 ounces listed in this sentence\] valued at $4 billion compared with 7,036.8 ounces valued at $3.2 billion in 2005; this value was 25% higher than that of 2005 as a result of the gold price increase to $605 per troy ounce in 2006 from $445 per troy ounce in 2005.

Gold recovered as a byproduct from the concentrates of Peru's polymetallic mines amounted to 2.6 t. From the total gold output in 2006, large, medium, and small producers reported 187 t and an unknown amount of placer mining and "garimperos" (informal individual miners) reported 15.8 t. Placers accounted for almost 8% of the gold produced in the country. The southeastern Andes have well known gold placers on the Inambari River and its tributaries. Placer gold was produced mostly in the Inca and the Mariategui Regions and from rivers and streams throughout the jungle. Goldfields Limited, the world's fourth ranked gold producer, entered into a joint venture with Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A. to start operations in the Puquio gold project in the Department of Ayacucho in the third quarter of 2007. Goldfields Limited is also looking into the Cerro Corona gold project in the Department of Cajamarca.

#### Iron ore

Shougang Hierro Perú S.A.A. (a subsidiary of China's Shougang Corporation) continued to be Peru's sole iron ore producer in the Marcona District, in the Department of Ica. Mine output increased to 4.8 Mt of iron content in 2006 from 4.6 Mt in 2005. The iron ore exports amounted to 6.7 Mt at a value of $256 million compared with 6.6 Mt at a value of $216.1 million in 2005, which was an increase of 18.5% in value compared with 2005. The domestic consumption amounted to 300,000 t of iron ore, which remained about the same level as that of 2005. Iron ore production increased in response to higher demand in China and other economies in the Asian region for construction and higher steel output, which had a positive effect on higher molybdenum production as well. The Marcona Mine as of 2010 continued to be plagued by labor troubles, with many workers feeling that their work was directly benefiting China, not Peru. Despite these issues, the mine continued ambitious plans for expanded production of 18 million tons of iron ore per annum by 2012.

#### Lead, silver, and zinc

In spite of higher demand for zinc by Asian countries and higher international prices in 2006, the Peruvian zinc industry produced 1.2 Mt of zinc in concentrates, which remained about the same level as that of 2005. Of the total output, the main producers’ contributions were, in order of tonnage, Volcan (232,645 t), Empresa Minera Los Quenuales S.A. (199,600 t), CMA (178,180 t), Compañía Minera Milpo S.A. (79,600 t), El Brocal (69,800 t), Empresa Administradora Chungar S.A.C. (62,230 t), Atacocha (59,800 t), and others (320,000 t).

The country's total silver content output increased to more than 3,471 t compared with 3,206 t in 2005. Peru, for the third time, surpassed Mexico's silver output of 3,000 t in 2006. In silver output, companies, such as Aruntani, El Brocal, Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., and Volcan Compañía Minera S.A.A. were more active, and silver production was higher than last year because Minera yanacocha S.R.L. and medium-sized gold-silver mines exceeded their initial production goals. yanacocha increased its output mainly as a result of technological innovations in its gold-silver recovery process. Higher international prices allowed medium-sized mines and small producers to mine lower grade ores. Peru produced more than 313,300 t of lead in concentrates compared with about 319,400 t in 2005. Exports of zinc, lead, and silver were valued at about $2 billion, $713 million, and $479 million, respectively, compared with $805 million, $491 million, and $281 million in 2005, respectively.

In 2005, Volcan was the first ranked zinc producer in the country with an output of 232,645 t of zinc, 65,540 t of lead, and 413.5 t of silver from its operations in the Cerro de Pasco property located in the Department of Cerro de Pasco, and the San Cristobal, Carahuacra, and Andaychahua base-metal mines located in the Department of Junin. Empresa Minera Los Quenuales S.A. was the second ranked zinc producer from its operations in Casapalca and Iscaycruz Mines, which produced 199,540 t of zinc, 21,600 t of lead, and 183.4 t of silver from the Iscaycruz, the Pachangara, and the Yauliyacu mines. CMA was the third ranked zinc producer from its operations in the Antamina Mine, which produced 178,180 t of zinc and 301.5 t of silver (Ministerio de Energía y Minas, 2007a). Refined metals were reported by Doe Run Peru (120,300 t of lead, 1,145 t of silver, and 41,000 t of zinc from the La Oroya complex); by Sociedad Minera Refinería de Zinc Cajamarquilla S.A. (31.5 t of silver and 134,240 t of zinc from the Cajamarquilla refinery); and by SPCC (119.2 t of silver from its refining operations in Ilo). Peru's silver metal production increased to 1,300 t from 1,230 t in 2005.

In the mining sector, the Grupo Votorantim Metais S.A. of Brazil acquired 99% of the Cajamarquilla refinery for about $210 million and was planning to increase its zinc output to 260,000 t/yr from 130,000 t/yr with an additional investment of $200 million by 2007–08.

#### Tin

Production from Minsur's San Rafael Mine located in the Mariátegui Region was 38,470 t in concentrate in 2006 compared with 42,145 t in 2005. Minsur's tin smelting and refining operations in Pisco, located south of Lima, produced 40,500 t of metal compared with 36,700 t in 2005. Peru continued to be the leading tin producer in Latin America followed by Bolivia and Brazil. Minsur, which was the only fully integrated tin supplier in Peru, produced 15.5% of world's output and exported 38,100 t valued at $332.1 million in 2006 compared with 36,900 t valued at $270.0 million in 2005.

### Industrial minerals

Empresa Minera Regional Grau Bayóvar S.A.’s phosphate deposits (Bayóvar project) produced 38,000 t of phosphate ore, which was about the same level as that of 2005. The 90,000-t/yr phosphate plant that was operated by Grau Bayóvar produced 17,100 t of phosphate (P2 O5) in 2006. The Bayóvar project comprises 150,000 hectares of phosphate and brine and has proven reserves of 820 Mt of phosphatic rock equivalent to 260 Mt of rock phosphate with a P2O5 content of 30%. CVRD won an international bid on March 16, 2005, to explore further the Bayóvar phosphate deposit. The feasibility study to produce about 3.3 Mt/yr was expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2007.

### Mineral fuels

#### Coal

Peru's largest coal deposits were at Alto Chicama located in La Libertad Region. Other coal deposits occur in the Cuenca del Santa in the Marañón Region and the coal basins of Goyllarisquizga and Hatun Huasi in the Cáceres Region of central Peru. In 2006, Peru's recoverable coal reserves were estimated to be 1.1 billion metric tons, and coal production was relatively small (about 29,535 t) compared with an estimated consumption of more than 1.3 Mt/yr.

#### Natural gas and petroleum

In 2006, Peru's recoverable (proven and probable) and possible crude oil, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and natural gas resources were estimated to be 6,239,100,000 barrels (991,940,000 m<sup>3</sup>); LNG 1,373,800 bbl (218,420 m<sup>3</sup>); and natural gas 859 billion cubic meters (30.4 trillion cubic feet), respectively. The leading gasfields were the Aguaytia, which is located about 41 km west-northwest of Pucallpa and had proven reserves of 8.5 billion cubic meters (301 billion cubic feet) of gas and 9,000 bbl (1,400 m<sup>3</sup>) of natural gas liquids (NGL) and the Camisea gasfields in the Ucayali Basin with 250 billion cubic meters (8.7 trillion cubic feet), which included 600,000 bbl (95,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of NGL. Natural gas production increased to 1,775 million cubic meters from 1,517 million cubic meters in 2005 and was produced by Pluspetrol S.A. (59%), Aguaytia S.A. (22%), Petrotech del Perú S.A. (8%), Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobrás) (6%), and others (5%). Petrobrás through Petrobrás Energía S.A. acquired exploration and production rights for natural gas and petroleum in Lots 57 and X, respectively.

The Camisea Project encompasses three segments—Upstream, Transportation, and Distribution of natural gas from the Camisea field, which is located in the Ucayali Basin in the Department of Cusco. Under the license contract, the Upstream Consortium holds the rights to produce natural gas and liquids in block 88 for 40 years. Investments to develop and produce, transport, and distribute natural gas from the Camisea field were estimated as follows: the Upstream Project to develop and produce natural gas, $550 million; the Transportation Project to transport natural gas and liquids to Lima through pipelines, $820 million; and the Distribution Project for the distribution network in Lima, $170 million.

In 2006, crude oil production increased to 77,500 barrels per day (12,320 m<sup>3</sup>/d) from 75,400 bbl/d (11,990 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2005, an increase of almost 3%. Production of petroleum derivatives decreased to 165,220 bbl/d (26,268 m<sup>3</sup>/d) from 176,411 bbl/d (28,047.1 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2005, a decrease of more than 6%. Peru imported an average of 121,400 bbl/d (19,300 m<sup>3</sup>/d) crude oil and petroleum products to satisfy its internal consumption of 155,800 bbl/d (24,770 m<sup>3</sup>/d). Peru's total crude oil production of 28,300 bbl (4,500 m<sup>3</sup>) in 2006 came from Pluspetrol S.A. (59.6%), Petrobrás (16.7%), Petrotech (14.2%), and others (9.5%) (table 1; Ministerio de Energía y Minas, 2007b). Almost 60% of the country's crude oil production came from the jungle blocks in the Loreto and the Ucayali Regions; the remainder was produced at the coastal and offshore fields in Talara. The country's proven petroleum reserves were estimated to be about 355,000,000 barrels (56,400,000 m<sup>3</sup>).

In 2006, the largest oil refinery continued to be Petroperú's La Pampilla, which had a designed capacity of about 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d). The second largest oil refinery was Petroperú's Talara, which had a designed capacity of about 70,000 bbl/d (11,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d). Other refineries had the following designed capacities: Conchan, 20,000 bbl/d (3,200 m<sup>3</sup>/d); Iquitos, 10,500 bbl/d (1,670 m<sup>3</sup>/d); Pucallpa, 3,500 bbl/d (560 m<sup>3</sup>/d); and El Milagro, 2,500 bbl/d (400 m<sup>3</sup>/d). Refinery production came from La Pampilla (47%), Talara (38%), Conchán (7%), Iquitos (5%), Pucallpa (2%), and Milagro (1%).

## Controversy

### Environmental impacts and social protest

The mineral industry in Peru has exerted several adverse impacts on the environment, including reduced quality and quantity of water supplies and changes in habitat for plants and animals. According to an article in the Journal of Latin American Geography, these effects have significantly compromised the livelihoods of rural populations living in nearby communities. Mining corporations often draw water from nearby streams, canals, aquifers, and lakes, thereby reducing the quantity of water available for subsistence agriculture, farming, and personal consumption. Runoff from mining operations often contaminates local water supplies with substances such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese, mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, cyanide, and selenium, further threatening rural populations' main sources of sustenance. Beyond modifying water supplies, the mineral industry in Peru has also compromised natural habitat. Mining operations often produce substantial soil erosion, thus degrading the grazing lands that local populations rely on for herding and livestock activities. In addition, mining activities require considerable physical space for infrastructure, road construction, drilling, and other operations. This reduces the quantity of land available for the pastoral activities of rural communities.

The environmental changes generated by Peru's mineral industry have given rise to significant corporate-community conflict in the form of peasant protests. According to the Community Development Journal, community members often resort to violence as a means of having their voices heard. One notable example took place in 2004. For months, community members expressed verbal opposition against the activities of Buenaventura's gold mine La Zanja. After corporate and government authorities failed to acknowledge their concerns, community members responded by occupying Buenaventura's premises and burning much of its property. In September 2017, people from the town of Cerro de Pasco marched 240 km (150 mi) to Lima to protest an open-pit mine at Cerro de Pasco, operated by a subsidiary of Volcan Compañía Minera, and one of the worst lead-poising clusters in the world. The townspeople sought to call attention to the 2,070 children living in the area with extremely dangerously high blood levels of lead, above 10 micrograms per deciliter.

### Compensation

Mineral industry corporations use territory occupied by indigenous populations to carry out their operations. In the process, they compromise land and water resources, taking away the community's livelihood assets and sources of cultural identity. Corporations attempt to compensate for these changes through the price they pay for using the land, offering employment to the local population, and implementing community development programs.

#### Land use

In exchange for using land for mining operations, corporations pay royalties to the Peruvian government. Peruvian law requires that a portion of these royalties be returned to the communities and households that the mining operations directly affect. Due to political corruption, however, these royalties often fail to be redistributed to local communities. This lack of financial compensation has been a major source of corporate-community conflict and peasant protests in Peru's mineral industry.

#### Employment

While corporations state that mining operations will provide greater employment opportunities for the local population, many of their employees come from outside of the immediate area. In many cases, the employees are drawn from outside of the region in which the mining operations take place or outside of the country. This is because the mineral corporations require individuals with advanced skills to fill their positions. Thus, while Peru's mineral industry allows for greater employment at the national level, it often generates corporate-community conflict on a local scale. According to the Journal of Latin American Geography, members of rural communities often report that there is a lack of employment opportunities available at the mining sites and vocalize their frustration over the fact that a large proportion of the mine's employees come from outside of the local area. Despite such frustrations, mining corporations do offer some employment to individuals from surrounding rural communities. According to the World Development Journal, this has produced community-level tensions due to growing inequalities within the middle and upper-middle classes.

#### Community development programs

Mineral corporations often implement development programs in mining communities. For example, the Yanacocha Mine project (MYSA), jointly operated by U.S.-based Newmont Mining Corporation and the Peruvian Compania de Minas Buenaventura, S.A. MYSA has implemented rural credit programs, road construction, reforestation efforts, agricultural development, and established potable water systems in nearby communities. A 2004 study found that benefits from these programs were unevenly distributed and that mining in the area had reduced community members' access to social and natural capital that had previously been important to their livelihoods.

### Government response

The Peruvian government has played a moderate role in responding to corporate-community conflict arising from the mineral industry. In January 2012, the Humala administration established an international commission with the task of identifying ways to reduce the environmental effects of the Newmont Mining Corporation's Conga project. Newmont was forced to comply with the revised measures before resuming operations. When government officials presented the new terms to local community members in order to gain their consent, they were faced with considerable opposition and violent protests ensued. Thus, though the national government has taken some steps towards addressing social protest, it is often unable to adequately address communities' expectations about corporate accountability and the regulation of environmental damage caused by mining activities. Another example concerns mining conflict in Peru's Piura region. Between 1998 and 2003, conflicts arose between the Canadian company Manhattan Minerals and members of the Tambogrande community. Following a local referendum in which 93% of the community voted against mining operations, Manhattan Minerals left the region. Similar conflicts ensued when another corporation, Monterrico Minerals, began conducting exploration work in Piura's highland provinces. This conflict led to the death of two farmers during violent protests and incited many national and international actors to intervene. A referendum took place once again and more than 90% of the population voted against mining. Despite such opposition, Monterrico Metals and the government of Peru insisted that the mining operations go forward. According to the Community Development Journal, such conflicts demonstrate that the government is largely absent in helping community members and corporations to reach mutual agreements. As a result, local community members often view the government as a biased mediator that favors corporate interests. With a lack of government intervention, community members resort to protest in attempt to resolve issues stemming from the mineral industry. In April 2022, the country's prime minister announced that Peru will declare a state of emergency to restore copper production in Cuajone mine. This is due to protests being done in the top mines in the nation, which affected 20% of Peru's national copper output. Protesters complained that despite high global prices, nearby communities do not receive enough financial compensation, and therefore they demand a share of future profits.

### Solutions

There are several potential solutions to the corporate-community conflict surrounding Peru's mineral industry, including environmental licensing, the documentation of accountability, and the use of a local legitimacy strategy. Environmental licensing refers to the authority of the Peruvian government to control the pollution generated by mineral extraction corporations. Documenting accountability refers to the process by which citizens exercise a say in the activities and decisions of the government and industrial corporations. Lastly, the local legitimacy strategy is a type of community interaction model in which corporations exercise social responsibility by prioritizing the needs of the community.

One example of sustainable mining practice is Barrick Gold Corporation's Lagunas Norte mine. Barrick has taken active steps towards preventing and addressing conflict with rural communities living near the mine site. Firstly, it makes use of a communication team and a community-relation team, each made up of ten national citizens with expertise in fields such as anthropology, socially, and conflict mediation. The teams collaborate with local authorities and community members to assess their needs, address conflict, and manage development programs. Barrick employs a 'Community Grievance Management Resolution Procedures' mechanism that allows it to monitor community discontent by providing space for any person or group to submit a grievance at any time. When grievances are identified, Barrick tracks them and works to redress the associated issues. In addition, Barrick practices social licensing by regulating the environmental impacts generated by its mining operations. It has cleaned up abandoned mine sites, implemented a water management system, worked to restore soil conditions, and established a ranch for the purpose of herding and livestock activity. Through this model, Barrick carries out sustainable mining operations while successfully managing corporate-community conflict.

## Outlook

The energy, mining, and related industries are expected to continue to attract capital flows via joint ventures and consortia, privatizations, and direct acquisitions. According to ProInversión, the privatization process in the minerals sector and FDI in every sector of the Peruvian economy, particularly in the banking and energy industries are expected to continue to generate additional investments. Higher demand for copper, gold, iron ore, and silver and high metal prices are likely to encourage mining companies to invest in expanding and modernizing their operations. The liquefaction of Camisea's natural gas for export to China, MERCOSUR, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and other trading partners is expected to increase Peru's mineral exports further. The transportation phase of Camisea's pipelines for natural gas (714 km) and for natural gas liquids (560 km), however, could encounter financial difficulties because of leaky NGL pipeline. This second phase would involve establishing infrastructure to pipe the gas and associated liquids from Camisea to the Lima area and to liquefy 17 million cubic meters per day of gas for exports to NAFTA and possibly to Chile. For that, and to develop the 113 billion cubic meters of gas in Camisea's Block 56, an investment of $3.2 billion will be required. However, the natural gas liquids pipeline, which began operating in 2004 following the Upstream phase of development, has ruptured on five different occasions.

At the national level, this trend could reduce the attraction of new investments and preclude Camisea's higher output needed for the regional economic development. On the other hand, Peru continues to encourage community development and environmental protection based on social responsibility and sustainable development principles. In spite of this strategy, the mineral industry continues to be the target of social protest due to mining operations' impact on livelihood resources. These events have affected the image of the mining industry and caused growing concern about the regional climate for mining investments.

Even though there might be some challenges due to said political unrest events, mining investment projects in Peru are expected to reach US$60 billion over the next 10 years.


title: Tyler Hentschel

abstract: Tyler Benjamin Hentschel, sometimes known as Dr Folklore, or Rev Folklore is an American performer who is best known for his work as the lead singer, guitarist, and lyricist/composer of the group Insomniac Folklore. He has had a successful career as an artist and touring musician.

text:
# Tyler Hentschel

**Tyler Benjamin Hentschel** (born December 16, 1982), sometimes known as **Dr Folklore**, or **Rev Folklore** is an American performer who is best known for his work as the lead singer, guitarist, and lyricist/composer of the group Insomniac Folklore. He has had a successful career as an artist and touring musician.

## Life and career

Hentschel was born **Tyler Benjamin Hentschel** in Roseburg, Oregon's Douglas Community Hospital, He attended Umpqua Valley Christian School, during high school. Tyler got his first guitar freshman year and started playing in punk rock and hard core bands. During this time he was writing his own songs on acoustic guitar and looking for someone to sing them. When he couldn't find a singer he decided to fill the role himself. "I never considered myself a singer" Hentschel Says, "and when I first started, I wasn't! My junior year I played at a school assembly in front of a couple hundred people. I did three of my songs, and looking back, that was the boldest thing I have done up to that point because I was terrible!" Junior year he was playing as "The Tyler Hentschel Band" and soon changed the name to "Insomniac Folklore". He continued to play music locally and worked as a courtesy clerk at a grocery store and also as a janitor until his touring career began in 2003.

Tyler was married to Adrienne Michelle Curry in 2011.

He has also lived in Portland, OR and St Louis, MO.

Tyler has mentioned that he wished he sounded cooler on this Wikipedia page.

## Insomniac Folklore

**Insomniac Folklore** is an American indie, folk, punk music group from Portland, Oregon. The group is currently made up of Rev Tyler Hentschel, Adrienne Michelle and Amanda Curry with other members joining them from time to time. Tyler is the projects only consistent member since he founded the group in 2001 as a folk-punk, solo act.

The projects name came from what Hentschel describes in an interview as, "a long running battle with insomnia." during this time he was writing songs, "This is when this project was born. It was just a name for my solo project. It was my stories and beliefs, or my 'folklore,' and I was an insomniac."

After his first tour in 2003, Hentschel decided that "this is really what I want to do with my life." Since then, Insomniac Folklore has released six, full-length studio albums, numerous other recordings and completed multiple tours of the continental United States.

## Other work

Other than artwork for his own projects, Hentschel has done album art for acts like, Destroy Nate Allen and Kevin Schlereth.

Hentschel is credited with recording and producing an album called "Until My Ankle is Better" by Destroy Nate Allen.

Tyler has made a few small appearances on the 3rd and 4th seasons of the ABC network television show, Nashville.

In 2016 Hentschel worked stage crew for the thrash metal act, Slayer and operated spot light for the shock rock pioneer, Alice Cooper.

## Insomniac Folklore Discography

Studio albums EPs * "Split EP w/ Nate Allen" (2005)
* "Split EP w/ The Gray Fox" (2008)
* *EP* (2010)
* *Folklore, Narcissism, Destruction* (2011)
* *The Scariest Thing in The Dark* (2012)
* *Kill a Tree for Jesus* (2012)

B-side and demo albums * *What a Mess Vol. 1* (2010)
* *Alone* (2010)

Live albums * *Live in Salem* (2006)

Singles * "Listen to Your Parents (But Don't Trust the Government)" (2013)

Compilations * "Quiver Society Comp 1" (2006)
* "Failing Records: A Compilation Of Portland Music Volume 4" (2007)
* "Folk Family Union Volume 2" (2010)

## InfoBox

| Tyler Hentschel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Tyler Benjamin Hentschel |
| Born | (1982-12-16) December 16, 1982<br>Roseburg, Oregon |
| Genres | Alternative rock, Indie Folk |
| Occupation(s) | Artist, performer, musician, songwriter, actor |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, keyboard |
| Years active | Since 2001 |
|  | |
| Website | insomniacfolklore.com |