title: Nigohi, Shahjahanpur

abstract: Nigohi is a town in Tilhar Tehsil, Shahjahanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated on the northern part of Shahjahanpur District, about 25 kilometres north of the district capital Shahjahanpur, and 20 kilometres northeast of the tehsil capital Tilhar. In the year 2011, the town has a population of 18,523.

text:
# Nigohi, Shahjahanpur

**Nigohi** is a town in Tilhar Tehsil, Shahjahanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated on the northern part of Shahjahanpur District, about 25 kilometres north of the district capital Shahjahanpur, and 20 kilometres northeast of the tehsil capital Tilhar. In the year 2011, the town has a population of 18,523.

## Name

According to Paul Whalley, the name *Nigohī* represents a contracted form of *nyagrodha*, a nickname for the banyan tree.

## Geography

Nigohi is located on the southern bank of Kaimua River. It is bounded by the village of Patrajpur to the north, the village of Kaveerpur Sotupur to the east, the village of Mishripur to the south, and the village of Paidapur to the west. Its average elevation is 160 metres above the sea level.

## Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification, Nigohi has a Humid Subtropical Climate. Its wettest month is July, with 309 mm of average rainfall; and the driest month is November, with 3 mm of average rainfall.

| Climate data for Nigohi | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.4
(68.7) | 24
(75) | 30.2
(86.4) | 36.5
(97.7) | 38.1
(100.6) | 36.4
(97.5) | 31.9
(89.4) | 31.3
(88.3) | 31
(88) | 30.4
(86.7) | 27
(81) | 22.3
(72.1) | 30.0
(85.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.1
(57.4) | 17.5
(63.5) | 23
(73) | 29.1
(84.4) | 31.7
(89.1) | 31.6
(88.9) | 28.6
(83.5) | 28
(82) | 27.2
(81.0) | 24.7
(76.5) | 20.4
(68.7) | 15.6
(60.1) | 24.3
(75.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.4
(47.1) | 11.4
(52.5) | 15.8
(60.4) | 21.3
(70.3) | 24.9
(76.8) | 26.6
(79.9) | 25.8
(78.4) | 25.5
(77.9) | 23.9
(75.0) | 19
(66) | 14.1
(57.4) | 9.6
(49.3) | 18.9
(65.9) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 25
(1.0) | 37
(1.5) | 21
(0.8) | 16
(0.6) | 20
(0.8) | 129
(5.1) | 309
(12.2) | 269
(10.6) | 152
(6.0) | 22
(0.9) | 3
(0.1) | 13
(0.5) | 1,016
(40.1) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

As of 2011, Nigohi has a total of 3,194 households. Out of the 18,523 residents, 9,767 are male and 8,756 are female. Its literacy rate is 52.28%, with 5,847 of the male population and 3,836 of the female population being literate. The town's census location code is 133945.

## InfoBox

| Nigohi | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| NigohiNigohi | |
| Coordinates: 28°06′07″N 79°52′14″E / 28.10194°N 79.87056°E / 28.10194; 79.87056 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Shahjahanpur |
| Tehsil | Tilhar |
| Government | |
| Type | Sarpanch |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.12 km2 (1.59 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 160 m (520 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 18,523 |
| Density | 4,500/km2 (12,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 242407 |


title: James D. Heriot

abstract: James Davison Heriot was a SC National Guard Soldier from the 118th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division, United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War I.

text:
# James D. Heriot

**James Davison Heriot** (November 2, 1890 – October 12, 1918) was a SC National Guard Soldier from the 118th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division, United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War I.

## Biography

Heriot was born in Spring Hill, South Carolina on November 2, 1890, and died October 12, 1918, in Vaux-Andigny, France. He is buried in Rembert Methodist Church, Lee County, South Carolina. His gravesite is located in the front row of the cemetery plot.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company I, 118th Infantry, 30th Division. Place and date: At Vaux-Andigny, France, October 12, 1918. Entered service at: Spring Hill, SC. Birth: Spring Hill, SC. G.O. No.: 13, W.D., 1919.

**Citation:**

> Cpl. Heriot, with 4 other soldiers, organized a combat group and attacked an enemy machine-gun nest which had been inflicting heavy casualties on his company. In the advance 2 of his men were killed, and because of the heavy fire from all sides the remaining 2 sought shelter. Unmindful of the hazard attached to his mission, Cpl. Heriot, with fixed bayonet, alone charged the machinegun, making his way through the fire for a distance of 30 yards and forcing the enemy to surrender. During this exploit he received several wounds in the arm, and later in the same day, while charging another nest, he was killed.

## InfoBox

| James Davison Heriot | |
| --- | --- |
| Medal of Honor recipient | |
| Born | (1890-11-02)November 2, 1890
Spring Hill, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | October 12, 1918(1918-10-12) (aged 27)
Vaux-Andigny, France |
| Place of burial | Rembert Methodist Church, Lee County, South Carolina |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Rank | Corporal |
| Unit | Company I, 118th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |


title: Hemlock Society

abstract: The Hemlock Society was an American right-to-die and assisted suicide advocacy organization which existed from 1980 to 2003, which took its name from the hemlock plant Conium maculatum, a highly poisonous herb in the carrot family, as a direct reference to the method by which the Athenian philosopher Socrates took his life in 399 BC, as described in Plato's Phaedo. It was co-founded in Santa Monica, California by British author and activist Derek Humphry, his wife Ann Wickett Humphry and Gerald A. Larue. It relocated to Oregon in 1988 and, according to Humphry, had several homes over the course of its life. The Hemlock Society's primary mission included providing information to the dying and supporting legislation permitting physician-assisted suicide. Its motto was "Good Life, Good Death". In 2003, the national organization renamed itself End of Life Choices. In 2004, some former members of the Hemlock Society, notably Derek Humphry and Faye Girsh, founded the Final Exit Network, after Humphry's 1991 book of the same name. In 2004, End-of-Life Choices merged with Compassion in Dying, which is now known as Compassion & Choices. Several local and state organizations, including the Hemlock Society of Florida and the Hemlock Society of San Diego, have retained the Hemlock Society name. Others, such as the Hemlock Society of Illinois, have changed their names.

text:
# Hemlock Society

The **Hemlock Society** (sometimes called **Hemlock Society USA**) was an American right-to-die and assisted suicide advocacy organization which existed from 1980 to 2003, which took its name from the hemlock plant *Conium maculatum*, a highly poisonous herb in the carrot family, as a direct reference to the method by which the Athenian philosopher Socrates took his life in 399 BC, as described in Plato's *Phaedo.*

It was co-founded in Santa Monica, California by British author and activist Derek Humphry, his wife Ann Wickett Humphry and Gerald A. Larue. It relocated to Oregon in 1988 and, according to Humphry, had several homes over the course of its life.

The Hemlock Society's primary mission included providing information to the dying and supporting legislation permitting physician-assisted suicide. Its motto was "Good Life, Good Death".

In 2003, the national organization renamed itself End of Life Choices. In 2004, some former members of the Hemlock Society, notably Derek Humphry and Faye Girsh, founded the Final Exit Network, after Humphry's 1991 book of the same name. In 2004, End-of-Life Choices merged with Compassion in Dying, which is now known as Compassion & Choices. Several local and state organizations, including the Hemlock Society of Florida and the Hemlock Society of San Diego, have retained the Hemlock Society name. Others, such as the Hemlock Society of Illinois (now Final Options Illinois), have changed their names.

## Name

According to former president Faye Girsh, the Hemlock Society was founded in 1980 and was named in reference to Socrates' decision to end his life by drinking hemlock rather than continuing an existence he found intolerable. In the fifth century B.C., Socrates was convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens by encouraging ideas seen as subversive. Though he was sentenced to be executed, Socrates could have escaped into exile, but nevertheless chose death, an act seen as dignified and noble by many supporters of assisted suicide.

## History

Earlier right-to-die advocacy organizations included the Euthanasia Educational Council founded in 1967, changing its name to Concern for Dying in 1978.

The Hemlock Society was started in 1980 after the success of Derek Humphry's book *Jean's Way* (1978), which recounted how Humphry assisted his wife in committing suicide on 29 March 1975 after a long battle with cancer. Due to the success of *Jean's Way,* Humphry had received many letters from people asking for information about assisted suicide. He decided to start the Hemlock Society in an effort to campaign for a change in law and educate the terminally ill on assisted suicide and its methods. Initially started in Humphry's garage in Santa Monica, California, the group eventually moved to Eugene, Oregon, and had many other homes.

*Let Me Die Before I Wake*, Humphry's book on the methods of assisted suicide, was originally published for members of the Hemlock Society. Due to demand for the book, it was published for the market in 1982 and became part of the foundation for the Hemlock Society's reputation and income. In 1991, Humphry published *Final Exit,* subtitled "The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying". The book was a bestseller, though there were calls to ban it. After the success of *Final Exit*, Humphry left the Hemlock Society and started Euthanasia Research and Guidance Organization in 1992.

The Society was a founding charter member of the World Federation of Right to Die Societies, which began in 1980 in Oxford, England, and was led by Sidney D. Rosoff and Humphry.

The Hemlock Society's national membership grew to include 40,000 individuals and eighty chapters.

The Society backed legislative efforts in California, Washington, Michigan, and Maine without success until the Oregon Death with Dignity Act was passed on October 27, 1997.

Past Hemlock Society USA presidents included Gerald A. Larue, Derek Humphry, Sidney D. Rosoff, Wiley Morrison, Arthur Metcalfe, John Westover, Faye J. Girsh. Past executive directors included Derek Humphry (acting 1980–1992), Cheryl K. Smith (1992–1993), John A. Pridonoff (1993–1995), Helen Voorhis (acting 1995–1996), and Faye J. Girsh (1996–2000).

## In the media

In the 2010 television film *You Don’t Know Jack*, which dramatizes the activism of former Oakland County, Michigan pathologist Jack Kevorkian, fellow activist Janet Good (played by Susan Sarandon) meets Kevorkian (played by Al Pacino) during a meeting of the eastern Michigan chapter of the Hemlock Society which Good has organized. Good later offers to let Kevorkian use her home as the location of the assisted suicide of his first patient, Janet Adkins, but later withdraws the offer because her husband Ray, a former member of the Detroit Police Department, questions the legality of assisted suicide in the state. It forces Kevorkian to use his Volkswagen camper van instead. Good is later stricken with pancreatic cancer and, on August 26, 1997, becomes Kevorkian's 82nd patient. Oakland County deputy medical examiner Kanu Virani, however, later said Good did not have cancer.

The archives of the Hemlock Society and Derek Humphry are at the Allen Library, University of Washington, Seattle, United States

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

Hemlock Society
| Founded | 1980 |
| --- | --- |
| Dissolved | 2003 |
| Type | Right-to-die, assisted suicide |
| Headquarters | Santa Monica, California; Los Angeles, California; Eugene, Oregon; combined Portland, Oregon and Denver, Colorado |
| Location | * United States |
| Membership | 46,000 |
| Key people | Derek Humphry, Ann Wickett Humphry, Gerald A. Larue, Faye Girsh |
| Website | www.compassionandchoices.org |


title: Thornton, Hamilton

abstract: Thornton is a name sometimes used for part of a suburb in western Hamilton in New Zealand. Aldershot Place, Arundel Place, Dorchester Place, Farnborough Drive, Hadrians Way, Highbury Place, Sandhurst Place, Twickenham Place, Wembley Close and Wimbledon Close were named in 1997 by Thornton Estates Ltd., the developer, using English place names. They are more usually described as being in Nawton and are in the Nawton West census area.

text:
# Thornton, Hamilton

**Thornton** is a name sometimes used for part of a suburb in western Hamilton in New Zealand.

Aldershot Place, Arundel Place, Dorchester Place, Farnborough Drive, Hadrians Way, Highbury Place, Sandhurst Place, Twickenham Place, Wembley Close and Wimbledon Close were named in 1997 by Thornton Estates Ltd., the developer, using English place names. They are more usually described as being in Nawton and are in the Nawton West census area.

## InfoBox

| Thornton | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| Farnborough Drive roundabout, Thornton - the suburb is flat, single storey, with wide, tree-lined roads | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 37°46′40.58″S 175°13′22.36″E / 37.7779389°S 175.2228778°E / -37.7779389; 175.2228778 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| City | Hamilton, New Zealand |
| Electoral ward | Hamilton West |
| Established | 1997 |
| Population (2006 Census) | |
| Total | 2,286 |


title: Am I Still Your Boyfriend?

abstract: Am I Still Your Boyfriend? is the sixth album from R&B band, Switch, and their last album. Released in 1984, this album includes new band members Renard Gallo and Gonzales Ozen.

text:
# Am I Still Your Boyfriend?

***Am I Still Your Boyfriend?*** is the sixth album from R&B band, Switch, and their last album. Released in 1984, this album includes new band members Renard Gallo and Gonzales Ozen.

## Track listing

### Side A

1. "I'm So Satisfied" (O. Scott)(4:04)
2. "Switch It Baby" (J. Ellis)(4:24)
3. "It's All Up to You" (O. Scott; G. Ozen)(3:57)
4. "Lovers Don't Hold Back" (G. Williams; R. Hickman)(4:28)
5. "Keeping Secrets" (O. Scott; G. Ozen) (4:13)

### Side B

1. "Treason" (O. Scott; G. Ozen; A. Hampton)(3:49)
2. "Am I Still Your Boyfriend" (O. Scott) (4:12)
3. "Just Can't Pull Away" (J. Ellis) (4:37)
4. "I Won't Give Up" (O. Scott)(3:43)
5. "Spend My Life with You" (W.C. Wellman; M. Norfleet; C. Thompson)(4:24)
6. "Forever My Love" (E. Fluellen)(1:53)

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Am I Still Your Boyfriend? | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Switch | |
| Released | August 16, 1984 |
| Studio | Total Experience Recording Studios
(Hollywood, California) |
| Genre | R&B |
| Label | Total Experience Records |
| Producer | Oliver Scott, Lonnie Simmons, Jonah Ellis, Gregory Williams, Jody Sims |
| Switch chronology | |
| *Switch V*
(1981) ***Am I Still Your Boyfriend?***
(1984) | |


title: Gelato University

abstract: Carpigiani Gelato University is a school in Anzola dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy. It was set up by gelato machine maker Carpigiani in 2003, with the aim of teaching students from around the world how to make artisanal "Italian-style" gelato.

text:
# Gelato University

**Carpigiani Gelato University** is a school in Anzola dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy. It was set up by gelato machine maker Carpigiani in 2003, with the aim of teaching students from around the world how to make artisanal "Italian-style" gelato.

## History

Following the invention of the Carpigiani brothers' first automatic gelato machine, the "*Autogelatiera*", in 1944, the Carpigiani Group was formed in 1946. Years later, they decided to start teaching the art of gelato making, opening the Carpigiani Gelato University in 2003.

## Campus

Carpigiani Gelato University's main campus lies in Bologna, Italy. It offers courses in 12 different countries, including Dubai, São Paulo and Kuala Lumpur. All classes are taught in either Italian, English, French or German.

## Courses

The university offers over 500 courses for both beginners and experts. Courses can range from a few days to five weeks in length, covering topics ranging from hands-on work to food science. Many international students attend these courses to acquire and improve their knowledge.

## InfoBox

Carpigiani Gelato University
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 2003 |
| Location | Anzola dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy |
| Website | http://www.gelatouniversity.com |


title: Grand-Pré National Historic Site

abstract: Grand-Pré National Historic Site is a park set aside to commemorate the Grand-Pré area of Nova Scotia as a centre of Acadian settlement from 1682 to 1755, and the British deportation of the Acadians that happened during the French and Indian War. The original village of Grand Pré extended four kilometres along the ridge between present-day Wolfville and Hortonville. Grand-Pré is listed as a World Heritage Site and is the main component of two National Historic Sites of Canada.

text:
# Grand-Pré National Historic Site

**Grand-Pré National Historic Site** is a park set aside to commemorate the Grand-Pré area of Nova Scotia as a centre of Acadian settlement from 1682 to 1755, and the British deportation of the Acadians that happened during the French and Indian War. The original village of Grand Pré extended four kilometres along the ridge between present-day Wolfville and Hortonville. Grand-Pré is listed as a World Heritage Site and is the main component of two National Historic Sites of Canada.

## History of Settlement

Grand-Pré (French for *great meadow*) is located on the shore of the Minas Basin, an area of tidal marshland, first settled about 1680 by Pierre Melanson dit La Verdure, his wife Marguerite Mius d'Entremont and their five young children who came from nearby Port-Royal, which was the first capital of the French settlement of Acadia (*Acadie* in French).

Pierre Melanson and the Acadians who joined him in Grand-Pré built dykes there to hold back the tides along the Minas Basin. They created rich pastures for their animals and fertile fields for their crops. Grand-Pré became the bread basket of Acadia, soon outgrew Port-Royal, and by the mid-18th century was the largest of the numerous Acadian communities around the Bay of Fundy and the coastline of Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland").

### Colonial Wars

During Queen Anne's War, the Raid on Grand Pré (1704) happened and Major Benjamin Church burned the entire village. After the war, in 1713, part of Acadia became Nova Scotia, and Port-Royal, now called Annapolis Royal, became its capital. Over the next 40 years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to the British crown. Some were motivated not to sign for fear of losing their religion, some were afraid of repercussions from their native allies, some did not want to take up arms against the French and others were anti-British (see Military history of the Acadians).

During King George's War the French made numerous attempts to regain Acadia (See Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744) and in 1745). As a result of British attempts to secure their control over the Bay of Fundy region, they were defeated by some local Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Canadiens in the Battle of Grand Pre.

Father Le Loutre's War began with the establishment of Halifax, which became the new capital for the colony in 1749. The British established Fort Vieux Logis at Grand Pre, which a Mi'kmaq and Acadian militia attacked in the Siege of Grand Pre.

During the French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians might have posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg and the Mi'kmaq by deporting Acadians from Acadia.

After the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, the British began the removal of the Acadians. During the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755), Lieutenant Colonel John Winslow arrived in Grand-Pré with troops on August 19, 1755 and took up headquarters in the church. Winslow also built a palisade, which was recently uncovered through archeological research. The men and boys of the area were ordered into the church on September 5. Winslow informed them that all but their personal goods were to be forfeited to the Crown and that they and their families were to be deported as soon as ships arrived to take them away. (At exactly the same time, the Acadians in the neighbouring village of Pisiguit were informed of the same declaration at Fort Edward.)

Some Acadians escaped the deportation and continued their armed resistance against the British throughout the expulsion campaigns. Before the first year was over, however, more than 6,000 Acadians were deported from the Bay of Fundy region. Many villages were burned to the ground to ensure the Acadians would not be able to return. Thousands more would be deported in the second wave of the Expulsion of the Acadians, which involved the deportation of the Acadians from Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island (1758). The deportation continued until England and France made peace in 1763. In all, 12,000 Acadians were deported. Many Acadians died from drowning, starvation, imprisonment, and exposure.

## Evangeline

When the poem, *Evangeline*, by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was published in the United States in 1847, the story of the Deportation and le Grand Dérangement, the great uprooting, was told to the English-speaking world. Grand-Pré, forgotten for almost a century, became popular for American tourists who wanted to visit the birthplace of the poem's heroine, Evangeline. But nothing remained of the original village except the dykelands and a row of old willows. There is a bust of Henry W. Longfellow on site by Sir Thomas Brock.

In 2018, Canadian historian and novelist A. J. B. Johnston published a YA novel entitled *The Hat*, inspired by what happened at Grand-Pré in 1755. There is no reference to Evangeline in the novel. The focus instead is on two fictional characters, 14-year old Marie and 10-year old Charles.

## Preservation of the site

### John Frederic Herbin

In 1907, John Frederic Herbin, poet, historian, and jeweller, and whose mother was Acadian, purchased the land believed to be the site of the church of Saint-Charles so that it might be protected. The following year the Nova Scotia legislature passed an act to incorporate the Trustees of the Grand-Pré Historic Grounds. Herbin built a stone cross on the site to mark the cemetery of the church, using stones from the remains of what he believed to be Acadian foundations.

### Dominion Atlantic Railway

Herbin sold the property to the Dominion Atlantic Railway in 1917 on the condition that Acadians be involved in its preservation. Acadian history had already become a staple for tourism traffic on the Dominion Atlantic and the Grand Pre site was located beside the railway's mainline. The railway made substantial investments in developing the park and promoting the history and lore of Acadians. Extensive gardens were planted at the site and a small museum was opened. In 1920 the Dominion Atlantic erected a statue of Evangeline conceived by Canadian sculptor Louis-Philippe Hébert and, after his death, finished by his son Henri. The railway deeded a piece of the land and funds were raised to build a memorial church in Grand-Pré. Construction began in the spring of 1922 and the exterior was finished by November. The interior of the church was finished in 1930, the 175th anniversary of the Deportation, and the church opened as a museum.

### Parks Canada

As railway tourism declined in the face of subsidized highway construction, the Dominion Atlantic sold the park to the Canadian federal government in 1957. The Canadian Parks Service took over operation of the park. It was designated a National Historic Site in 1982. The Visitor Reception and Interpretation Center features exhibits about the history of Grand-Pré and Acadia. A video presentation presents the story of the Acadian deportation.

### Archaeological activities

Grand-Pré National Historic Site is also the location of an archaeological site sponsored by St. Mary’s University, Parks Canada, and Sociéte Promotion Grand-Pré. While excavations have been undertaken by Parks Canada since 1971, the field school has been operational for ten years, during which archaeologists have identified the cemetery for the Acadian period, the cellar of an Acadian house immediately to the east of the Memorial Church, and has conducted test pits throughout the site looking for evidence of the parish church, St-Charles-des-Mines; Pierre-Alain Bugeauld (Bujold) was the Church Warden \[Marguillier aux Mines\]; was also a Notary (1706) and a Judge/Justice (1707). Acadian artefacts that have been unearthed include fragments of Saintonge ceramic, nails, wine bottle glass, window pane glass, a 1711 French silver coin, spoons, belt buckles, buttons, clay pipes, etc. There seems to also be evidence of the occupation by New England troops, as well as considerable evidence of the New England Planter occupation period beginning in 1760.

## Historic designations

The "Landscape of Grand Pré" was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on June 30, 2012, having been added to Canada's tentative list of potential World Heritage Sites in 2004. The 1,300 hectares (3,200 acres) of polderised marshland and archaeological sites in the Grand-Pré area were recognized as an "exceptional example of the adaptation of the first European settlers to the conditions of the North American Atlantic coast" and as "a memorial to Acadian way of life and deportation".

In 1982, on the 300th anniversary of the arrival of the first Acadians in the region in 1682, the Grand-Pré memorial park was designated the "Grand-Pré National Historic Site" in commemoration of the settlement and later deportation of the Acadians. In 1995, the site and surrounding region were designated the "Grand-Pré Rural Historic District National Historic Site" in honour of the rural cultural landscape which features one of the oldest land occupation and use patterns of European origin in Canada.

The "Grand Pré Heritage Conservation District" was designated under the provincial Heritage Property Act in 1999, and encompasses the area in and around the hamlet of Grand-Pré as well as the Grand-Pré National Historic Site.

## InfoBox

| Grand-Pré National Historic Site | |
| --- | --- |
| Statue of Longfellow's Evangeline (by Louis-Philippe Hébert) and memorial church (by René-Arthur Fréchet) | |
| Location | Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia |
| Coordinates | 45°06′34″N 64°18′37″W / 45.109444°N 64.310278°W / 45.109444; -64.310278 |
| Governing body | Parks Canada |
|  | |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| Official name | Landscape of Grand Pré |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | v, vi |
| Designated | 2012 (36th session) |
| Reference no. | 1404 |
| Country | Canada |
| Region | Europe and North America |
|  | |
| National Historic Site of Canada | |
| Official name | Grand-Pré National Historic Site of Canada |
| Designated | 1982 |
|  | |
| National Historic Site of Canada | |
| Official name | Grand-Pré Rural Historic District National Historic Site of Canada |
| Designated | 1995 |
|  | |
| Nova Scotia Heritage Property Act | |
| Type | Heritage Conservation District |
| Designated | 1999 |
| Reference no. | 29MNS0002 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Grand-Pré National Historic Site in Nova Scotia | |


title: Niederbreitbach

abstract: Niederbreitbach is a municipality and officially recognised climatic health-resort in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to Verbandsgemeinde of Rengsdorf-Waldbreitbach.

text:
# Niederbreitbach

**Niederbreitbach** is a municipality and officially recognised climatic health-resort in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to *Verbandsgemeinde* of Rengsdorf-Waldbreitbach.

## InfoBox

| Niederbreitbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Local history museum | |
|  | |
| Location of Niederbreitbach within Neuwied district | |
| Niederbreitbach Niederbreitbach | |
| Coordinates: 50°31′55″N 07°25′04″E / 50.53194°N 7.41778°E / 50.53194; 7.41778 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Neuwied |
| Municipal assoc. | Rengsdorf-Waldbreitbach |
| Subdivisions | 13 |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Susanne Hardt |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.53 km2 (3.29 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 120 m (390 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,546 |
| Density | 180/km2 (470/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56589 |
| Dialling codes | 02638 |
| Vehicle registration | NR |


title: Gustav Ejstes

abstract: Gustav Ejstes is a Swedish musician. He is the singer and frontman of the Swedish psychedelic rock band Dungen. Ejstes himselfs plays many of the instruments within his recordings, alongside bandmates Reine Fiske (guitar), Mattias "Tiaz" Gustavsson (bass) and Johan Holmegard (drums). Subliminal Sounds is the record label to which Ejstes returned after a short period with Virgin Records and the record "Stadsvandringar". He has released seven albums with Dungen, notably their album Ta Det Lugnt (2004), which has been highly acclaimed all over the world. Other works include, Tio Bitar (2007), 4 (2008) and Skit i allt (2010). Ejstes is also a member of a band called Amason, together with Idiot Wind, Pontus Winnberg, Nils Törnqvist and Petter Winnberg. He played the flute for Australian rock band Wolfmother's song "Witchcraft" on their live DVD Please Experience Wolfmother Live. He also played the flute on the track called "Nattmusik" with Swedish hip hop band Fattaru released in 2003.

text:
# Gustav Ejstes

**Gustav Ejstes** (born 23 December 1979) is a Swedish musician. He is the singer and frontman of the Swedish psychedelic rock band Dungen. Ejstes himselfs plays many of the instruments within his recordings, alongside bandmates Reine Fiske (guitar), Mattias "Tiaz" Gustavsson (bass) and Johan Holmegard (drums).

Subliminal Sounds is the record label to which Ejstes returned after a short period with Virgin Records and the record "Stadsvandringar". He has released seven albums with Dungen, notably their album *Ta Det Lugnt* (2004), which has been highly acclaimed all over the world. Other works include, *Tio Bitar* (2007),  (2008) and *Skit i allt* (2010).

Ejstes is also a member of a band called Amason, together with Idiot Wind (Amanda Bergman Mattson), Pontus Winnberg, Nils Törnqvist and Petter Winnberg.

He played the flute for Australian rock band Wolfmother's song "Witchcraft" on their live DVD Please Experience Wolfmother Live. He also played the flute on the track called "Nattmusik" with Swedish hip hop band Fattaru released in 2003.

## Discography

### Albums

### EPs

### Singles

### Compilations

## InfoBox

| Gustav Ejstes | |
| --- | --- |
| Ejstes live in Concert with Dungen in 2009 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Sweden |
| Genres | Alternative rock, psychedelic rock, progressive rock |
| Years active | Since 1999 |


title: History of contract bridge

abstract: The history of contract bridge may be dated from the early 16th-century invention of trick-taking games such as whist. Bridge departed from whist with the creation of Biritch in the 19th century, and evolved through the late 19th and early 20th centuries to form the present game.

text:
# History of contract bridge

The **history of contract bridge** may be dated from the early 16th-century invention of trick-taking games such as whist. Bridge departed from whist with the creation of Biritch (or "Russian Whist") in the 19th century, and evolved through the late 19th and early 20th centuries to form the present game.

## Origins

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word *bridge* is the English pronunciation of the game called *"biritch"*. It followed on from whist, which initially was the dominant trick-playing game and enjoyed a loyal following for centuries. The oldest known reference to the rules of the game dates from 1886 and calls it "Biritch, or Russian Whist". The game featured several significant developments from whist: dealer chose the trump suit, or nominated his partner to do so; there was a call of no trumps (biritch); and the dealer's partner's hand became dummy. There were other similarities to bridge: points were scored above and below the line; the score could be doubled and redoubled; scoring a game in one deal required 3 odd tricks in no trumps, 4 in hearts, or 5 in diamonds (although it could not be done at all, undoubled, in clubs or spades); and there were slam bonuses.

Despite the popularity of whist, this game, and variants of it, *bridge* and *bridge-whist*, became popular in the United States and the UK in the 1890s.

In 1904 auction bridge, known for a time as *royal auction bridge*, was developed where the players bid in a competitive auction to decide the contract and declarer. The object became to make at least as many tricks as were contracted for and penalties were introduced for failing to do so.

The modern game of contract bridge was the result of innovations to the scoring of auction bridge made by Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and others. The most significant change was that only the tricks contracted for were counted below the line towards game and slam. That made bidding much more challenging and interesting. Another innovation was the concept of *vulnerability*, a difference in the sizes of penalties incurred and bonuses won by partnerships that have or have not won one game. That discouraged sacrifice bidding to protect the lead in a rubber. Some other scores were adjusted to produce a more balanced game. Vanderbilt set out his rules in 1925, and within a few years contract bridge had so supplanted other forms of the game that "bridge" became synonymous with "contract bridge."

History of the Laws of Contract Bridge

1. *First Steps of Bridge in the West: Collinson's 'Biritch* by Thierry Depaulis and Jac Fuchs in the Playing-Card Journal of the International Playing-Card Society, Volume 32, No. 2, Sept-Oct 2003. Collinson's rules are in a miniature bound book of 56 pages about 3 by 5 inches between plain brown hard covers; of the 56 pages, only 4 are printed on - the first 2 and the last 50 are blank. For the text, see wikisource:Biritch, or Russian Whist.
2. (Foster 1889)
3. (Elwell 1905 and Benedict 1900)
4. (Melrose 1901)
5. (Bergholt 1915)


title: Paul Erickson (baseball)

abstract: Paul Walford Erickson, nicknamed "L'il Abner", was an American professional baseball right-handed pitcher whose career extended from 1937–49. He appeared in 207 games pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies, and New York Giants, between 1941 and 1948. Erickson stood 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 200 pounds (91 kg). Erickson, a native of Zion, Illinois, was a contributor to the Cubs' 1945 National League (NL) championship. He appeared in 28 games, nine as a starter, and won seven of 11 decisions with an earned run average (ERA) of 3.32, three complete games, and three saves, in 1081⁄3 innings pitched. Erickson saved the final two games of the regular season against the Pittsburgh Pirates at Forbes Field, then worked in four of the seven games of the 1945 World Series, all Cub defeats, including the decisive Game 7 against the Detroit Tigers. He had no decisions in the Fall Classic, and in seven innings pitched Erickson surrendered three earned runs, on eight hits, and three bases on balls, for a 3.86 ERA. He recorded three strikeouts. The following season, 1946, saw the return to action of many MLB players who had served in military service during World War II, but Erickson enjoyed his best year in the big leagues, winning a career-best nine games and posting a 2.43 ERA. Altogether, as a Major Leaguer, Erickson worked in 8141⁄3 innings, allowing 774 hits, 425 bases on balls, and tallied 432 strikeouts. He won 37 of 85 decisions (.435) and notched six career saves.

text:
# Paul Erickson (baseball)

**Paul Walford Erickson** (December 14, 1915 – April 5, 2002), nicknamed "**L'il Abner**", was an American professional baseball right-handed pitcher whose career extended from 1937–49. He appeared in 207 games pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies, and New York Giants, between 1941 and 1948. Erickson stood 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 200 pounds (91 kg).

Erickson, a native of Zion, Illinois, was a contributor to the Cubs' 1945 National League (NL) championship. He appeared in 28 games, nine as a starter, and won seven of 11 decisions with an earned run average (ERA) of 3.32, three complete games, and three saves, in 10813 innings pitched. Erickson saved the final two games of the regular season against the Pittsburgh Pirates at Forbes Field, then worked in four of the seven games of the 1945 World Series, all Cub defeats, including the decisive Game 7 against the Detroit Tigers. He had no decisions in the Fall Classic, and in seven innings pitched Erickson surrendered three earned runs, on eight hits, and three bases on balls, for a 3.86 ERA. He recorded three strikeouts.

The following season, 1946, saw the return to action of many MLB players who had served in military service during World War II, but Erickson enjoyed his best year in the big leagues, winning a career-best nine games and posting a 2.43 ERA.

Altogether, as a Major Leaguer, Erickson worked in 81413 innings, allowing 774 hits, 425 bases on balls, and tallied 432 strikeouts. He won 37 of 85 decisions (.435) and notched six career saves.

## InfoBox

| Paul Erickson | |
| --- | --- |
| Erickson, circa 1942 | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1915-12-14)December 14, 1915
Zion, Illinois | |
| **Died:** April 5, 2002(2002-04-05) (aged 86)
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 17, 1941, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 10, 1948, for the New York Giants | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 37–48 |
| Earned run average | 3.86 |
| Strikeouts | 432 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Richard Arauner

abstract: Richard Arauner was an Oberführer in the Schutzstaffel (SS) and agricultural functionary. Richard Arauner was born into an Evangelical quarry owner family and completed his farmer-diploma. In 1923 he joined the Freikorps Oberland and participated in the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. On 1 May 1933 Arauner became a member of the Nazi Party and on 1 October 1933, he joined the SS. Since 1931, Arauner was Chief of the Office of Agricultural Policy. Furthermore, he was a member of the German Reich Farm Council. Since his entry into the SS, he became officer in the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA). Arauner rose through the ranks, from Obersturmführer to finally Oberführer. On 1 November 1936, Arauner died in a plane crash on the way back from the inauguration of the Farmers Council of Landesbauernschaft Saar-Pfalz. He was buried in Goslar.

text:
# Richard Arauner

**Richard Arauner** (19 April 1902 – 1 November 1936) was an *Oberführer* in the *Schutzstaffel* (SS) and agricultural functionary.

Richard Arauner was born into an Evangelical quarry owner family and completed his farmer-diploma. In 1923 he joined the Freikorps Oberland and participated in the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. On 1 May 1933 Arauner became a member of the Nazi Party and on 1 October 1933, he joined the SS. Since 1931, Arauner was Chief of the Office of Agricultural Policy. Furthermore, he was a member of the German Reich Farm Council. Since his entry into the SS, he became officer in the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA). Arauner rose through the ranks, from *Obersturmführer* to finally *Oberführer*.

On 1 November 1936, Arauner died in a plane crash on the way back from the inauguration of the Farmers Council of Landesbauernschaft Saar-Pfalz. He was buried in Goslar.

## InfoBox

| Richard Arauner | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 19 April 1902
Solnhofen, German Empire |
| Died | 1 November 1936 (aged 34)
Tabarz, Nazi Germany |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Schutzstaffel |
| Rank | SS-Oberführer |


title: Thomas Monier

abstract: Thomas Monier is a French slalom canoeist who competed from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. He won a silver medal in the K-1 team event at the 2002 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Bourg St.-Maurice.

text:
# Thomas Monier

**Thomas Monier** is a French slalom canoeist who competed from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. He won a silver medal in the K-1 team event at the 2002 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Bourg St.-Maurice.

## InfoBox

Thomas Monier
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe slalom | | |
| Representing  France | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2002 Bourg St.-Maurice | K-1 team |


title: Altesse

abstract: Altesse or Roussette is a white French wine grape variety found primarily in the Savoy wine region of France. It yields small harvests and ripens late but is resistant to grey rot. Wines made from Altesse have exotic aromas, often together with citrus and herbs, and have good acidity. They are considered to age well. In the vineyard, Altesse is said to be very similar to the Furmint variety of Hungary. The origin of Altesse is subject to various claims, including an origin in Cyprus, but a French origin seems more probable.

text:
# Altesse

**Altesse** (French pronunciation: \[altɛs\] ) or **Roussette** (French pronunciation: \[ʁusɛt\] ) is a white French wine grape variety found primarily in the Savoy wine region of France. It yields small harvests and ripens late but is resistant to grey rot. Wines made from Altesse have exotic aromas, often together with citrus and herbs, and have good acidity. They are considered to age well.

In the vineyard, Altesse is said to be very similar to the Furmint variety of Hungary. The origin of Altesse is subject to various claims, including an origin in Cyprus, but a French origin seems more probable.

## Wine regions

Altesse is the variety used for the appellation Roussette de Savoie as well as Roussette du Bugey in the neighbouring tiny wine region of Bugey. For wines which only display the appellation name, rather than the appellation name together with that of a village, it has previously been allowed to blend in up to 50% of Chardonnay. This practice has recently been phased out from Savoy and is being phased out from Bugey. From the 2001 vintage all Roussette de Savoie must be made from 100% Altesse, and from the 2009 vintage the same applies to all Roussette de Bugey.

There were 300 hectares (740 acres) of Altesse in France in 2000.

## Wine styles

The "Roussette" wines of Savoy and Bugey are produced both with and without the influence of oak. The Altesse grape may also be blended into "plain" white Savoy and Bugey wine as well as the sparkling wines of the regions.

## Synonyms

Synonyms include Altesse Blanche, Altesse Verte, Arin, Fusette, Fusette d'Amberieu, Fusette de Montagnieu, Ignam, Ignan Blanc, Maconnais, Petit Maconnais, Prin Blanc, Rousette Haute, Roussette, Roussette Basse, Roussette de Montagnieu, Roussette Grosse, Roussette Haute, Roussette Petite, Serene Blanche.

## InfoBox

| Altesse | |
| --- | --- |
| Grape (*Vitis*) | |
| Altesse in Viala & Vermorel | |
| Color of berry skin | Blanc |
| Species | *Vitis vinifera* |
| Also called | Altesse Blanche, Roussette, and other synonyms |
| Origin | France |
| Notable regions | Savoy, Bugey |
| Notable wines | Roussette de Savoie |
| VIVC number | 354 |


title: Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia

abstract: Grand-Pré is a Canadian rural community in Kings County, Nova Scotia. Its French name translates to "Great/Large Meadow" and the community lies at the eastern edge of the Annapolis Valley several kilometres east of the town of Wolfville on a peninsula jutting into the Minas Basin surrounded by extensive dyked farm fields, framed by the Gaspereau and Cornwallis Rivers. The community was made famous by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem Evangeline and is today home to the Grand-Pré National Historic Site. On June 30, 2012, the Landscape of Grand-Pré was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

text:
# Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia

**Grand-Pré** (French: \[ɡʁɑ̃pʁe\]) is a Canadian rural community in Kings County, Nova Scotia. Its French name translates to "Great/Large Meadow" and the community lies at the eastern edge of the Annapolis Valley several kilometres east of the town of Wolfville on a peninsula jutting into the Minas Basin surrounded by extensive dyked farm fields, framed by the Gaspereau and Cornwallis Rivers. The community was made famous by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem Evangeline and is today home to the Grand-Pré National Historic Site. On June 30, 2012, the Landscape of Grand-Pré was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

## History

Grand-Pré was founded in about 1680 by Pierre Melanson and Pierre Terriot. Pierre Melanson, an Acadian settler who traveled east from Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons's original settlement at Port Royal and its habitation. Pierre, an Acadian of French Huguenot and English extraction, had arrived in Port Royal with Sir Thomas Temple in the 1650s when Acadia was under English control. Pierre Terriot was the son of Jehan born in Port Royale around 1654. Pierre Melanson was responsible for founding the parish of Saint-Charles des Mines while his friend, Pierre Terriot founded the parish of Saint-Joseph de la rivière aux Canards. The fertility of the soils and wealth of other resources in the area had been known to the French since the early part of the century when Samuel de Champlain, de Mont's cartographer, had surveyed the region. The settlers quickly employed their dyke building technology to the vast salt marshes; effectively reclaiming several thousand acres of productive farm land. The farms and the population grew quickly, making Grand-Pré the principal settlement in Acadia. Settlements spread from Grand-Pré around the Minas Basin, collectively becoming known as Les Mines or Minas after the copper deposits surveyed by de Mons at the entrance to the Basin. By the mid-1680s the population was sufficient to support a church and the parish of Saint-Charles des Mines was formed.

### Queen Anne's War

#### Raid on Grand-Pré (1704)

During Queen Anne's War, New Englander Ranger Benjamin Church, burned the village and broke some of the dykes in the Raid on Grand Pré. In this raid, Church and his rangers got stuck on the mud flats of Baie Francais (Bay of Fundy), which gave the Mi'kmaq and Acadians time to position themselves to fiercely defend the village. They were eventually overwhelmed and Church burned the village and the fields.

### King George's War

#### Battle of Grand-Pré (1747)

During King George's War, a French force led by Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay defeated a larger British force in a night raid at the Battle of Grand-Pré. This battle was the most significant and bloodiest victory for the French in Acadia. The village, however, remained in British control once the French retreated.

### Father Le Loutre's War

#### Acadian Exodus (1749-1755)

During Father Le Loutre's War, the Acadians at Grand-Pré played a significant role in supporting the Acadian Exodus out of mainland Nova Scotia, which started in 1749. Grand-Pré willingly responded to the call from Le Loutre for basic food stuffs. The bread basket of the region, they raised wheat and other grains, produced flour in no fewer than eleven mills, and sustained herds of several thousand head of cattle, sheep and hogs. Regular cattle droves made their way over a road from Cobequid to Tatamagouche for the supply of Fort Beauséjour, Louisbourg, and settlements on Île St. Jean (Prince Edward Island). Other exports went by sea from Minas Basin to Isthmus of Chignecto or to the mouth of the Saint John River, carried in Acadian vessels by Acadian middlemen. The Acadians from Grand-Pré also offered their labour to those at Isthmus of Chignecto to build a church and dykes.

#### Siege of Grand-Pré (1749)

The British built Fort Vieux Logis in the area during Father Le Loutre's War, which was attacked by the Acadians and Mi'kmaq in the Siege of Grand-Pré. The siege lasted for a week and the 300 natives took prisoners who remained in captivity for almost two years. Eventually the Mi'kmaq retreated.

### French and Indian War

#### Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)

During the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War), the Acadians were expelled from Grand-Pré during the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755). There were various British soldiers who kept a journal of the deportation from Grand-Pré such as Lt. Col. John Winslow and Jeremiah Bancroft. The site of Grand-Pré during the expulsion was later immortalized by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow with his epic poem Evangeline.

Acadians from Grand Pré were dispersed in many locations and some eventually returned to other parts of the Canadian Maritimes such as Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Many Acadians expelled from the Grand-Pré area eventually settled in the New England States and travelling overland to South Louisiana in the United States after being dropped on the Atlantic coast. In Louisiana, the term Cajun evolved from the name Acadian.

#### New England Planters

After the deportation of the Acadians, the vacant lands were resettled by New England Planters in 1760 and renamed Horton Township. A large town plot with a rectilinear street grid was laid between Grand-Pré and Horton Landing to the east, but the local farming population preferred to settle along the upland ridge in a spread out fashion, much like the previous residents of the area, the Acadians, had done. Several schools and congregations were formed at Grand-Pré including a meeting house converted into a church in the early 19th century, today known as the Covenanter Church. Over time, merchants and shop owners congregated at nearby Wolfville to the west, leaving Grand-Pré to continue as a farming community. One of the Planter descendants was Sir Robert Borden, the eighth Prime Minister of Canada, who was born in Grand-Pré in 1854. Grand-Pré continued as a rich and productive but small farming community. The Windsor and Annapolis Railway arrived in 1869, at first serving the community with a small rural station. Livestock and marsh hay became major exports, joined in the late 19th century by the Annapolis Valley's major apple exporting industry. Four large apple warehouses were built around the station to pack and ship apples. In the 1920s when the Dominion Atlantic Railway developed the Grand-Pré Memorial Park to attract tourists. While agriculture remained Grand-Pré's major industry, the park made the community a tourism destination as well as a memorial to the Acadian people. The Park eventually became a National Historic Site and in 1957 was purchased by the Canadian Park Service.

## Economy and culture

Today, Grand-Pré is the home the Grand-Pré National Historic Site which is now a national park administered by Parks Canada to commemorate the Acadian people and their deportation. The Covenanter Church at Grand-Pré is the oldest existing Presbyterian church in Nova Scotia. One of Nova Scotia's best known wineries, Domaine de Grand-Pré, is located in the community. Grand-Pré is also Canada's first designated Historic Rural District. The Just Us! coffee company headquarters is located in the village and is something of a tourist attraction. Evangeline Beach is a famous stopover for thousands of migrating shore birds and is also a fine vantage point for watching the ebb and flow of the world's highest tides.

## Demographics

Grand-Pré has no official status; there are only specific data for subdivision D of Kings County, which includes the area between Hantsport and Wolfville, where Grand-Pré and a few other villages exist. In this area, there were 5499 inhabitants in 2006, compared to 5167 in 2001, an increase of 6.4%. The average age is 44.5, compared to 41.8 for the province. 84.8% of the population is older than 15 years, which is in the provincial average.

With regard to language, 96.6% of the inhabitants are English-speaking, 1.4% are francophone and 2.0% are allophones. The francophone population is anglicized as 99.3% of the population speak English at home. With respect to knowledge of official languages, 7.2% of the population can communicate in French at various levels, the rest being unilingual anglophone.

## Notable people

Grand-Pré is the birthplace of Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden.

## InfoBox

| Grand-Pré | |
| --- | --- |
| Community | |
| Grand-Pré National Historic Site | |
| Location of Grand-PréGrand-Pré, Nova Scotia (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 45°06′18.14″N 64°17′55.26″W / 45.1050389°N 64.2986833°W / 45.1050389; -64.2986833 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Nova Scotia |
| County | Kings County |
| Established | 1680 |
| Electoral Districts
Federal |
Kings County |
| Provincial | Kings County |
| Elevation | 0- 92 m m (−302 ft ft) |
| Time zone | UTC−04:00 (AST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (ADT) |
| Postal code(s) | B4P |
| Area code | 902 |
| NTS Map | 021N08 |
| GNBC Code | DALZZ |
| Website | Société Promotion Grand-Pré - The National Historic Site |
|  | |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| Official name | Landscape of Grand Pré |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | v, vi |
| Designated | 2012 (36th session) |
| Reference no. | 1404 |
| Region | Europe and North America |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Nick Roth (composer)

abstract: Nick Roth is an Irish / British saxophonist, composer, producer and educator.

text:
# Nick Roth (composer)

**Nick Roth** (born 27 April 1982) is an Irish / British saxophonist, composer, producer and educator.

## Work

Roth's work explores the liberation of improvisation from composition, the poetic syntax of philosophical enquiry, and the function of music as translative epistemology (MaTE).

He has developed projects in collaboration with scientists Thomas E. Lovejoy, Margaret D. Lowman, Iain Couzin and Henry S. Horn and his work has been commissioned and performed by the European Saxophone Ensemble, T. S. Eliot Foundation, RTÉ ConTempo Quartet, Happy Days International Beckett Festival, Trio InVento, The Ark Cultural Centre for Children, Dublin Dance Festival, Hong Kong New Music Ensemble, Yurodny Ensemble, Emma Martin Dance, National Concert Hall Dublin, Temenos and Rough Magic Theatre Company, with performances at international festivals including the Irish representation at the ISCM World Music Days 2016 in Tongyeong, South Korea.

As a performer, his collaborations include work with Jennifer Walshe, Savina Yannatou, John Taylor, Iarla Ó Lionáird, M.C. Schmidt, Gavin Bryars, Bobby McFerrin, Tom Arthurs, Lucas Niggli, Kate Ellis, Mihály Borbély, Matthew Jacobson, Miklós Lukács, Francesco Turrisi, Cora Venus Lunny, Crash Ensemble, Alex Bonney, Petar Ralchev, Zohar Fresco, Alkinoos Ioannidis, Theodosii Spassov, and world premières of new works by composers Mamoru Fujieda, Alla Zagaykevych, Dan Trueman, Ian Wilson, Benjamin Dwyer, Panos Ghikas, Kamran Ince, Roger Doyle, Dan Trueman, Judith Ring, Mel Mercier, Linda Buckley, Ed Bennett, Onur Türkmen, Christian Mason, Francis Heery, Piaras Hoban and Elaine Agnew.

As an educator, he has lectured and given workshops at the California Academy of Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), University College Cork (UCC), Sonic Arts Research Centre (SARC), University College Dublin (UCD), Institute for Biodiversity, Science and Sustainability, San Francisco (IBSS), Cork School of Music (CSM), University of Limerick (UL), University of Aalborg, Copenhagen, National University of Ireland (NUI), Royal Irish Academy of Music (RIAM) and the Norwegian Center for Technology in Music and the Arts (NOTAM).

He is the artistic director of the Yurodny Ensemble, a founding member of The Water Project, and a partner at Diatribe Records.

In 2015 he was composer-in-residence at the California Academy of Sciences and the Irish Museum of Modern Art (IMMA) and in 2017 was artist-in-residence at the European Space Agency (ESTEC).

## Biography

Roth was born into a musical family in London; brothers Alex Roth and Simon Roth are also musicians, and mother Joy Mendelsohn is a music teacher (whose past students included Alastair King, George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley). He is married to Ukrainian vocalist Olesya Zdorovetska and since 2001 has been based in Dublin, Ireland.

He studied saxophone in London with Gilad Atzmon and composition in Dublin under Ronan Guilfoyle and Elaine Agnew, undertaking further studies of improvisation in New York City under Steve Coleman, Ravi Coltrane, and Vijay Iyer, of pedagogy in Kecskemét at the Zoltán Kodály Institute under Katalin Kiss, and of Makam theory and composition in Crete under Sokratis Sinopoulos and Ross Daly.

## Selected works

### Orchestra

* Woodland Heights (2014) *for string orchestra*
* Flocking III (2013) *for saxophone orchestra*
* Stille Nacht (2012) *for jazz orchestra*
* Flocking I–II (2012) *for string orchestra*

### Solo / Ensemble

* Seed I–II (2016) *for percussion and tape*
* Peregrinus (2016) *for cathedral bells and electronics*
* Little Woodland Heights (2015) *for children's ensemble*
* A Way A Lone A Last (2015) *for recorder trio*
* Temenos (2015) *for bass clarinet and tenor recorder*
* LakeCycle (2013) *for piano and percussion*
* StopStart (2012) *for variable ensemble*
* Water Project I–II (2011) *for open ensemble and water*
* Quintet (2010) *for bass clarinet and string quartet*
* Maoz Tsur (2010) *for choir SSAA*
* Jamilia (2009) *for piano*
* Griffmadár (2009) *for large ensemble*
* I am the Sea (2009) *for voice and piano*
* pliARS (2009) *for large ensemble*
* Evenset (2008) *for large ensemble*
* Parah (2008) *for clarinet quartet*
* Innehølder (2006) *for large ensemble*

### Theatre

* The Waste Land (2015) *for four voices, jazz quintet and film*
* CAOS (2015) *for dancer and improvising ensemble*
* Tundra (2014) *for ensemble and tape*
* Vartn af Godot (2014) *for ensemble*
* Peer Gynt (2013) *for ensemble*
* Don Giovanni (2011) *for voices, ensemble and electronics*

## Discography

| Artist | Album title | Year of release |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Yurodny | *Haivka* | 2016 |
| Jennifer Walshe | *Historical Documents of the Irish Avant-Garde* | 2016 |
| Cork Gamelan Ensemble | *The Three Forges* | 2015 |
| Eine Jüdische Zeitreise | *Sefarad Hören* | 2014 |
| Caoimhín Ó Raghallaigh | *Music for an Elliptical Orbit* | 2014 |
| Kate Ellis | *Jump* | 2014 |
| Adrian Hart | *Cuisle* | 2014 |
| Cora Venus Lunny | *Terminus* | 2014 |
| Matthew Schellhorn | *Ian Wilson: Stations* | 2014 |
| OKO | *I Love You Computer Mountain* | 2014 |
| Benjamin Dwyer | *Scenes from Crow* | 2014 |
| European Saxophone Ensemble | *Intimate in Public* | 2013 |
| Roger Doyle | *The Thousand-Year Old Boy* | 2013 |
| Francesco Turrisi | *Grigio* | 2013 |
| ReDiviDeR | *meets I Dig Monk, Tuned* | 2013 |
| Paul Roe and Contempo Quartet | *Dreams and Prayers* | 2013 |
| Thought-Fox | *My Guess* | 2013 |
| Various | *Tronix One* | 2012 |
| Hidden Orchestra | *Archipelago* | 2012 |
| Paul Dunlea Group | *Bi-polar* | 2012 |
| Sefiroth Ensemble | *Arboles Lloran por Lluvia* | 2012 |
| ReDiviDeR | *Never odd or eveN* | 2011 |
| Elena Leonova | *That Crazed Girl* | 2011 |
| Francesco Turrisi | *Fotografia* | 2011 |
| Yurodny | *Evenset* | 2010 |
| Tarab | *Tarab* | 2010 |
| Hidden Orchestra | *Night Walks* | 2010 |
| Simon Jermyn | *Hymni* | 2010 |
| Izumi Kimura | *Asymmetry* | 2010 |
| Paul Roe | *Between* | 2010 |
| Isabelle O'Connell | *Reservoir* | 2010 |
| Ian Wilson | *Double Trio* | 2009 |
| Fuzzy Logic Ensemble | *Mouthpiece* | 2009 |
| Francesco Turrisi | *Si Dolce è il Tormento* | 2009 |
| Yurodny | *Odd Set* | 2008 |
| The Blizzards | *Domino Effect* | 2008 |
| Republic of Loose | *Vol.IV Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil* | 2008 |
| Kai Big Band | *Projections* | 2006 |
| Fuzzy Logic Ensemble | *New Hat* | 2005 |
| CFour | *Cementex* | 2003 |
|

## InfoBox

| Nick Roth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1982-04-27) 27 April 1982<br>London, England |
| Occupation(s) | saxophonist, composer |
| Website | www.nickrothmusic.com |


title: Guilhem de la Tor

abstract: Guilhem de la Tor was an early 13th-century jongleur-troubadour from the Périgord who spent most of his active career in northern Italy. He circulated between the courts of the Este, Malaspina, and Da Romano families. The tor that was Guilhem's birthplace, does not survive. It lay in the vicinity of the modern town of La Tour-Blanche, Dordogne. Guilhem first composed in the Occitan language in 1216–1220, during which period he produced the panegyric Pos N'Aimerics a fait mesclança e batailla, a song in which the noble women of Italy put an end to a feud for supremacy at court between Selvaggia and Beatrice di Oramala, daughters of Conrad Malaspina. The Treva ("truce"), as it is called, was a sequel to an earlier work by Aimeric de Pegulhan describing the feud. Guilhem is dignified with a long vida, but much of it cannot be trusted. Among the more trustworthy parts is this description of his character and routine: And he knew many songs, and created and sang well and graciously, and he also invented (trobaire). But when he wanted to recite his songs, he made his discussions of the explanation (razo) longer than the song itself. The subsequent narrative of the vida is an invention. It relates how he fell in love with a young and beautiful barber's wife in Milan and abducted her to Como, where they married and "he loved her more than anything in the world." When she died, Guilhem went mad over the loss and began to believe that she was posing as dead in order to leave him. For ten days he reglularly removed her from the tomb and kissed her and hugged her and asked her to tell him if she were alive or dead and, if dead, to tell him what sufferings she were experiencing so that he could alleviate it with masses and alms. But when the leading men of the city heard this, they expelled him and he went wandering around looking for a sorcerer or sorceress who could bring his wife back to life. He encountered a "trickster" who told him to recite daily the entire Psalter and 150 Paternosters and to give alms to seven poor men before he ate each day, then she would come back to life, but would never eat, drink, or talk. Guilhem set out to do as he was told, but she had not returned to him, he despaired and died. This bizarre legend is related to a partimen between Guilhem and Sordello, Un amics et un'amia, in which the former posed the dilemma of whether it is better to follow a deceased lover to death or to move on. The partimen can be dated to 1224–1226, before Sordello's kidnapping of Cunizza da Romano. Guilhem was a Ghibelline in sympathy and he wrote Un sirventes farai d'una trista persona to attack the Guelph podestà Ponzio Amato di Cremona. He lampoons the hated Guelph politician as Porc Armat de Cremona. This song was written before Ponzio's death in 1228. Guilhem's last song was Canson ab gais motz plazens, inspired by the death in November 1233 of Giovanna d'Este. A charter of Ottone del Carretto dated that same month was witnessed by one "Guillelmus de la Turri", possibly the same person as the troubadour.

text:
# Guilhem de la Tor

**Guilhem de la Tor** (Old Occitan \[ɡiˈʎɛm de la ˈtuɾ\] fl. 12161233) was an early 13th-century jongleur-troubadour from the Périgord who spent most of his active career in northern Italy. He circulated between the courts of the Este, Malaspina, and Da Romano families.

The *tor* (tower, castle) that was Guilhem's birthplace, does not survive. It lay in the vicinity of the modern town of La Tour-Blanche, Dordogne. Guilhem first composed in the Occitan language in 12161220, during which period he produced the panegyric *Pos N'Aimerics a fait mesclança e batailla*, a song in which the noble women of Italy put an end to a feud for supremacy at court between Selvaggia and Beatrice di Oramala, daughters of Conrad Malaspina. The *Treva* ("truce"), as it is called, was a sequel to an earlier work (now lost) by Aimeric de Pegulhan describing the feud.

Guilhem is dignified with a long *vida*, but much of it cannot be trusted. Among the more trustworthy parts is this description of his character and routine:

> And he knew many songs, and created and sang well and graciously, and he also invented (*trobaire*). But when he wanted to recite his songs, he made his discussions of the explanation (*razo*) longer than the song itself.

The subsequent narrative of the *vida* is an invention. It relates how he fell in love with a young and beautiful barber's wife in Milan and abducted her to Como, where they married and "he loved her more than anything in the world." When she died, Guilhem went mad over the loss and began to believe that she was posing as dead in order to leave him. For ten days he reglularly removed her from the tomb and kissed her and hugged her and asked her to tell him if she were alive or dead and, if dead, to tell him what sufferings she were experiencing so that he could alleviate it with masses and alms. But when the leading men of the city heard this, they expelled him and he went wandering around looking for a sorcerer or sorceress who could bring his wife back to life. He encountered a "trickster" who told him to recite daily the entire Psalter and 150 Paternosters and to give alms to seven poor men before he ate each day, then she would come back to life, but would never eat, drink, or talk. Guilhem set out to do as he was told, but she had not returned to him, he despaired and died. This bizarre legend is related to a *partimen* between Guilhem and Sordello, *Un amics et un'amia*, in which the former posed the dilemma of whether it is better to follow a deceased lover to death or to move on. The *partimen* can be dated to 12241226, before Sordello's kidnapping of Cunizza da Romano (*Na Cuniza* in the poem).

Guilhem was a Ghibelline in sympathy and he wrote *Un sirventes farai d'una trista persona* to attack the Guelph *podestà* Ponzio Amato di Cremona. He lampoons the hated Guelph politician as *Porc Armat* ("armed pig") *de Cremona*. This song was written before Ponzio's death in 1228.

Guilhem's last song was *Canson ab gais motz plazens*, inspired by the death in November 1233 of Giovanna d'Este. A charter of Ottone del Carretto dated that same month was witnessed by one "Guillelmus de la Turri", possibly the same person as the troubadour.

## Sources

* Egan, Margarita, ed. *The Vidas of the Troubadours*. New York: Garland, 1984. ISBN 0-8240-9437-9.
* Negri, Antonella. *Le Liriche del trovatore Guilhem de la Tor*. Rubbettino Editore, 2006.
* Riquer, Martín de. *Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos*. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.