title: WRPN (AM)

abstract: WRPN is a radio station broadcasting a full service News/Talk/Adult Gold format. Licensed to the city of Ripon, Wisconsin, United States, the station is currently owned by Hometown Broadcasting, LLC. Its original call letters were WCWC, which stood for "Central Wisconsin Canning", the owners of the station. WCWC at one time also had a co-owned FM station, first at 95.9 MHz and later at 96.1 MHz. The call letters were originally WCWC-FM, then later WYUR.

text:
# WRPN (AM)

**WRPN** (1600 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a full service News/Talk/Adult Gold format. Licensed to the city of Ripon, Wisconsin, United States, the station is currently owned by Hometown Broadcasting, LLC. Its original call letters were WCWC, which stood for "Central Wisconsin Canning", the owners of the station. WCWC at one time also had a co-owned FM station, first at 95.9 MHz and later at 96.1 MHz. The call letters were originally WCWC-FM, then later WYUR.

## InfoBox

WRPN
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 1600 kHz |
| Branding | *93.1 The Wave* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Soft Oldies/Soft adult contemporary and News/Talk |
| Affiliations | Fox News Radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Hometown Broadcasting, LLC |
| Sister stations | WAUH |
| History | |
| First air date | 1957 (as WCWC) |
| Former call signs | WCWC (1957–1998) |
| Call sign meaning | **W** **R**i**P**o**N** |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 54489 |
| Class | B |
| Power | 5,000 watts |
| Transmitter coordinates | 43°49′1.00″N 88°50′49.00″W / 43.8169444°N 88.8469444°W / 43.8169444; -88.8469444 |
| Translator(s) | 93.1 W226CQ (Ripon) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | wrpnam.com |


title: Nadia Ejjafini

abstract: Nadia Ejjafini is a Moroccan-born professional long-distance runner. She switched nationality from her birth country to Bahrain in 2003, and later became an Italian citizen by marriage in 2009.

text:
# Nadia Ejjafini

**Nadia Ejjafini** (born 8 November 1977) is a Moroccan-born professional long-distance runner. She switched nationality from her birth country to Bahrain in 2003, and later became an Italian citizen by marriage in 2009.

## Biography

She finished fourth in the 5000 metres at the 1998 World Junior Championships. She won the half marathon race at the 1999 Pan Arab Games, at the time representing Morocco. She won the Giro di Castelbuono race in 2002.

Ejjafini competed at the World Cross Country Championships in 2003 and 2004 and in the marathon at the World Championships in 2003 and 2005. She also competed in the marathon at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics, but did not finish on either attempt. She was fourth over 5000 m at the 2006 Asian Games.

She enjoyed much success on the road circuit in 2006: she won the Tilburg Ten Miles, Diecimiglia del Garda, Parelloop, Circuito Podistico and Rome-Ostia Half Marathon that year. She also took consecutive victories at both the Corrida de Langueux and Corrida de Houilles 10K races in 2006 and 2007.

Representing Bahrain, she took a 5000 m silver medal and 10,000 m bronze medal at the 2007 Military World Games and won the bronze at the 2007 Asian Cross Country Championships. At the Athletics at the 2007 Pan Arab Games, she was the 10,000 m gold medallist.

She gained Italian citizenship in September 2009 by marriage. That year she was the winner at the Singelloop Utrecht. She won her first national title at the 2011 Italian Athletics Championships over 10,000 m. She came second at the Cross della Vallagarina in January 2011, finishing behind Ethiopian runner Fente Alemu Birtukan. She represented Italy internationally for the first time at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, coming 34th overall. The following month she took part in the Great Ireland Run and reached the top three.

She won the Cremona Half Marathon in October with a career best run of 1:08:27 hours and a personal best of 2:26:15 in the marathon followed, as she was sixth at the Frankfurt Marathon. At November's Cross Internacional Valle de Llodio she won the 7.64 km race with half a minute to spare. She was in contention for a medal for much of the race at the 2011 European Cross Country Championships, but was edged into fourth late on by Gemma Steel. At the Cross de Venta de Baños later that month she was runner-up behind Priscah Jepleting. In her last race of the year, she came fourth at the Saint Silvester Road Race. She improved her 10K best to 31:52 minutes at the Great Manchester Run in May 2012, taking second place behind Linet Masai.

## Personal bests

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Morocco | | | | | |
| 1998 | World Junior Championships | Annecy, France |  | 5000m | DQ (IAAF rule 141) |
| Representing  Bahrain | | | | | |
| 2003 | World Championships | Paris, France | 44th | Marathon | 2:38:39 |
| 2004 | Olympic Games | Athens, Greece |  | Marathon | DNF |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 41st | Marathon | 2:41:51 |
| 2006 | Asian Games | Doha, Qatar | 4th | 5000 m | 15:45.43 |
| 2007 | Pan Arab Games | Cairo, Egypt | 1st | 10,000 m | 32:29.53 |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, PR China |  | Marathon | DNF |
| Representing  Italy | | | | | |
| 2011 | World Cross Country Championships | Punta Umbría, Spain | 34th | Senior race (8 km) | 27:03 |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 6th | 5000 m | 15:16.54 (PB) |
| | | |  | 10.000 m | DNF |
| | Olympic Games | London. United Kingdom | Heat | 5000 metres | 15:24.70 |
| | | 18th | 10,000 metres | 31:57.03 |

## InfoBox

Nadia Ejjafini
| Nadia Ejjafini (#5) at the 2007 Milan Marathon. | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Born | (1977-11-08) 8 November 1977<br>Rabat, Morocco |
| Height | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 51 kg (112 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Italy |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Long distance running |
| Club | C.S. Esercito |
| Coached by | Andrea Bello |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal bests | * 5000 m: 15:16.54 (2012) * 10000 m: 31:45.14 (2012) * Half marathon: 1:08:27 (2011) * Marathon: 2:26:15 (2011) |
| Medal record       Event 1st 2nd 3rd  Pan Arab Games 2 0 1 | |


title: Guy Perry

abstract: Guy Perry is an American actor. Perry is best known for films and television series such as The New Daughter, Zoolander, The Shield, Nip/Tuck and True Blood. Perry portrayed the elf in the Virgin Mobile holiday ad campaign 12 Days of Chrismahanukwanzakah. Perry also acted in the viral music video "Synthesizer" by Electric Six.

text:
# Guy Perry

**Guy Perry** is an American actor.

Perry is best known for films and television series such as *The New Daughter*, *Zoolander*, *The Shield*, *Nip/Tuck* and *True Blood*.

Perry portrayed the elf in the Virgin Mobile holiday ad campaign *12 Days of Chrismahanukwanzakah*.

Perry also acted in the viral music video "Synthesizer" by Electric Six.

## InfoBox

| Guy Perry | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | United States |
| Education | Los Angeles County High School for the Arts |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: Guy Pentreath

abstract: Arthur Godolphin Guy Carleton Pentreath was an Anglican clergyman, and a headmaster of several schools. In his retirement, he was a chaplain and guest lecturer on many Swan Hellenic cruises. He also popularised a version of the poem 'Time's Paces': 'When I was a babe and wept and slept, time crept...'

text:
# Guy Pentreath

**Arthur Godolphin Guy Carleton Pentreath** (30 March 1902 – 30 October 1985) was an Anglican clergyman, and a headmaster of several schools. In his retirement, he was a chaplain and guest lecturer on many Swan Hellenic cruises. He also popularised a version of the poem 'Time's Paces': 'When I was a babe and wept and slept, time crept ...'

## Life

Guy Pentreath was born in Hamilton, Bermuda on 30 March 1902. He was the son of the Rev. Arthur Godolphin Pentreath, Army Chaplain's dept, and Helen Guy Carleton. The family returned to England in Pentreath's youth, and he was educated at Ashampstead Church of England School before Haileybury College. He then went up to Magdalene College, Cambridge where he graduated with a First with distinction in Classical Archaeology; he then trained for the ministry at Westcott House, Cambridge from 1925 to 1926, being Ordained deacon in 1928, and priest in 1929. As an undergraduate Pentreath wrote to his father: "I met today, at church, the girl I am going to marry. I will tell you her name when I have discovered it." On 21 December 1927, he followed through on his declaration and married Roedean and Girton College, Cambridge-educated Margaret Lesley Cadman, daughter of Edwin Cadman, a razor manufacturer of Ecclesall Bierlow, Sheffield, Yorkshire. They had two sons and a daughter in a marriage spanning fifty three years. He died at East Brabourne, Ashford, Kent on 30 October 1985.

## Career

## Australian broadcasts

In the Second World War, Pentreath was disappointed that he was "reserved" as a headmaster and therefore unable to sign up for military service. However, he felt that the war needed interpretation for Australians and he became a regular broadcaster on ABC radio. Two of these broadcasts were subsequently published by the Australian Dept. of Information:

* *What Price Victory? a broadcast talk by Rev. A. G. G. C. Pentreath*. Lee-Pratt Press, 1940.
* *England in War Time: a broadcast address before the Rotary Club, Adelaide, on 10th July, 1940*, by Guy Pentreath. Dept. of Information, Melbourne: T. Rider, Govt. Printer, 1940.

He was a member of Common Cause, a wartime think tank envisaging the shape of a post-war society. Other members included Professors K. S. Isles and G. V. Portus, Dr. A. R. Callaghan, Sidney Crawford, Charles Duguid and John W. Wainwright.

## Headmasterships

While headmaster of St. Peter's College, Adelaide, Pentreath carried out a considerable new building programme and he developed the curriculum to include art, music and crafts to a degree unusual for the time. When he was appointed at Wrekin College, Shropshire, he inherited a near-Victorian regime. he quickly introduced his own warm and personal style of leadership, and first won over the boys and later the staff. According to Sir Peter Gadsden whom Pentreath appointed Head Boy at Wrekin in 1948: "We began to enjoy new freedoms: we were allowed out into the country on bicycles to discover for ourselves interesting places — Housman's Shropshire, The Ironbridge Gorge and the Welsh borders. A host of new activities developed — films, plays, current affairs, discussion groups, overseas trips."

**Time's Paces:** Pentreath quoted the verse 'When I was a babe and wept and slept, time crept ...' in his last sermon as headmaster of Wrekin. He had seen Henry Twells's version in Chester Cathedral where it is to be seen attached to a clock. It does not appear that Pentreath publicised his version in any other way.

In 1952 he moved to Cheltenham College where he introduced the same ethos that had proved so successful at his earlier schools. However, he seems to have found the regime of the previous headmaster rather too "progressive". He reduced the number of hours the boys spent in unsupervised study and introduced a new rule that boys were not to go round with their hands in their pockets "but will learn to move about, not languidly searching for pennies in the dust, but with straight backs and squared shoulders, looking the world in the face." (Speech Day address to College, 1952). This was quoted with approval by the Daily Mail.

## Retirement

Pentreath left Cheltenham College due to the ill-health of his wife, Lesley, and was appointed Canon of Rochester Cathedral in 1959. He entered into the life of the cathedral with typical zest. When not in residence, he became a chaplain and guest lecturer on more than sixty Swan Hellenic cruises to Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean. He had a particular gift for bringing the ancient sites to life and his lectures won him many admirers. He was also Secretary of the Hellenic Travellers' Club. When he retired from cruise lecturing, he organised the Swans lecture programmes, and was much in demand as a lecturer with the National Association of Decorative and Fine Arts Societies (NADFAS). He was working on his memoirs at the time of his death.

## Publications

* *Hellenic Traveller: a Guide to Ancient Sites of Greece*. London: Faber & Faber: 1964, 1971, 1974.
* *The Pictorial History of Rochester Cathedral: Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary*. Pitkin Pictorials Limited, 1962
* *The Story of Rochester Cathedral*; told by Francis Underhill, with revisions and additions by Guy Pentreath. 15th ed. Gloucester: British Publishing Co., 1964.

## InfoBox

| Guy Pentreath | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Arthur Godolphin Guy Carleton Pentreath
(1902-03-30)30 March 1902
Hamilton, Bermuda |
| Died | 30 October 1985(1985-10-30) (aged 83)
East Brabourne, Kent, England, U.K. |
| Occupation | Clergyman, headmaster, travel writer |
| Nationality | English |
| Genre | Non-fiction, Travel |
| Spouse | Margaret Lesley Cadman |
| Children | two sons, one daughter |


title: Gółkowo

abstract: Gółkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Słupca, within Słupca County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Gółkowo

**Gółkowo** \[ɡuu̯ˈkɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Słupca, within Słupca County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Gółkowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Gółkowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°15′29″N 17°52′11″E / 52.25806°N 17.86972°E / 52.25806; 17.86972 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Słupca |
| Gmina | Słupca |


title: Gö Lotsawa Zhönnu-pel

abstract: gZhon-nu-dpal (1392-1481), also known as 'Gos Lo-tsa-ba was a famous Tibetan historian and scholar, known as the author of the "Blue Annals".

text:
# Gö Lotsawa Zhönnu-pel

**gZhon-nu-dpal** (1392-1481), also known as '**Gos Lo-tsa-ba** (full name: Yid-bzang-rtse gZhon-nu-dpal) was a famous Tibetan historian and scholar, known as the author of the "Blue Annals".

## Life and achievements

He was born in 1392 at lho kha 'phyongs rgyas. He was a student of the fifth Karmapa Lama, Deshin Shekpa (1384-1415), from whom he received the *bodhisattva precepts*, as well as Tsongkhapa, and was a teacher of the sixth Karmapa, Thongwa Dönden (1416-1453). He was the abbot of the Karmarñing Monastery and the author of the Blue Annals.

## Works

* His most famous work, the "Blue Annals" (Deb-ther sngon-po), was completed in 1478, near the end of his life, and the text was dictated by him to some of his attendants.
* '*Khrul-sel*, written in 1442-1443.
* His wrote a commentary on the *Ratnagotravibhaga* which extensively explored and contrasted Buddha-nature, described by Mathes (2008).

## Footnotes

## Sources

## Further reading


title: WMFC (AM)

abstract: WMFC was a daytime-only AM broadcasting station on 1360 kHz at Monroeville, Alabama, United States. The station, launched in 1952, was owned by Monroe Broadcasting Company, Inc., and was last managed by David Stewart. It was a sister station to WMFC-FM.

text:
# WMFC (AM)

**WMFC** was a daytime-only AM broadcasting station on 1360 kHz at Monroeville, Alabama, United States. The station, launched in 1952, was owned by Monroe Broadcasting Company, Inc., and was last managed by David Stewart. It was a sister station to WMFC-FM.

## History

WMFC was owned continuously, in whole or in part, by the Stewart family since its 1952 launch. After station co-founder William M. Stewart died in early 1995, ownership of Monroe Broadcasting Company, Inc., including sister station WMFC-FM (99.3 FM), passed to his widow, Carolyn H. Stewart. The AM/FM station combo was managed by their son, David Stewart, who has been involved with the station since first hosting a weekend radio show at age 10.

The station began broadcast operations in April 1952 with 250 watts of power at 1220 kHz on the AM band. The station was assigned the **WMFC** call letters by the Federal Communications Commission. Launched by the Monroe Broadcasting Company, Inc., the station was co-owned by James H. Faulkner and by William M. Stewart, publisher of the weekly *Monroe Journal and South Alabamian* newspaper. In 1959, Stewart assumed sole ownership and operation of Monroe Broadcasting Company, Inc.

In 1956, the station moved to its final 1360 kHz frequency and increased its broadcast power to 1,000 watts. In November 1986, the FCC granted the station a construction permit to increase the height of its broadcast tower, reduce power to 800 watts, and relocate the transmitter site to just outside the city limits of Monroeville.

WMFC's original broadcast studios were located in a Quonset hut near downtown Monroeville. The station's final studios were in a brick building on Alabama State Route 21, just northeast of the city.

WMFC last broadcast an oldies music format, with much of the programming fed from Citadel Media's satellite network. In addition to its usual music programming, WMFC aired University of Alabama athletics events including Crimson Tide basketball and football.

Monroe Broadcasting surrendered its license for WMFC (AM) on October 12, 2010, and the station license was deleted later that month. The license for WMFC (formerly WMFC-FM) remains in effect, with that station still broadcasting as an oldies station.

## InfoBox

WMFC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 1360 kHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Defunct (was Oldies) |
| Affiliations | Citadel Media |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Monroe Broadcasting Company, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WMFC |
| History | |
| First air date | April 1952 (1952-04) |
| Last air date | October 2010 (2010-10) |
| Call sign meaning | **M**onroeville-**F**risco **C**ity |
| Technical information | |
| Facility ID | 43352 |
| Class | D (daytime only) |
| Power | 780 watts (daytime only) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 31°30′51″N 87°17′55″W / 31.51417°N 87.29861°W / 31.51417; -87.29861 |


title: NSU/Fiat Weinsberg 500

abstract: The NSU/Fiat Weinsberg 500 is a Fiat automobile. It was produced in two versions based on the Fiat 500 (1957–1975). Like the Neckar Pully, the Weinsberg was the creation of NSU/Fiat Karosseriewerke Weinsberg, made possible because NSU/Fiat in Heilbronn also had its own development department, in which designers such as Antonio Fessia worked. Introduced in March 1959 as the NSU/Fiat, 6,228 vehicles were manufactured from 1959 to 1963. The price was 3,840 DM in 1959, 3620DM in 1962.

text:
# NSU/Fiat Weinsberg 500

The **NSU/Fiat Weinsberg 500** (1960 **Neckar Weinsberg 500** ) is a Fiat automobile. It was produced in two versions (Limousette and Coupé) based on the Fiat 500 (1957–1975). Like the Neckar Pully, the Weinsberg was the creation of NSU/Fiat Karosseriewerke Weinsberg, made possible because NSU/Fiat in Heilbronn also had its own development department, in which designers such as Antonio Fessia worked. Introduced in March 1959 as the NSU/Fiat, 6,228 vehicles were manufactured from 1959 to 1963. The price was 3,840 DM in 1959, 3620DM in 1962.

## German modification

Two Weinsberg versions were sold at 3,840 DM (including heater and sunroof, whitewall tires were an extra 50 DM) - the Coupe and the Limousette. They differ only in the rear window design: The coupé features a wraparound panoramic rear screen, allowing only enough headroom above the rear seat for small children (up to about 7 years old).

The Limousette has rear side windows and a steeper, conventional rear window like a small sedan, hence the name. This gives the Limousette a little more headroom than the coupe, but less than a Fiat 500 Nuova. Both Weinsberg models are basically two-seaters with additional space for two children or luggage. Despite having an inviting padded rear seat, it is not practical for adults. The German tire used in the Weinsberg is 4.40x12” size rather than the 125 x 12 of the normal Fiat 500, indicating that the Weinsberg was regarded as a two-seater; the utmost load capacity was slightly less than the slightly wider 125 – 12.

In contrast to Autobianchi Bianchina, both Weinsberg versions were built from partially assembled car bodies with modifications to both front and rear panels. The front bonnet is higher, as is the wing profile, with finned rear wings and with rear lights that are unique to the Weinsberg. The cars benefited from some equipment upgrades in character with a luxury version: a sunroof instead of a folding roof, bug ornament, special bumpers, standard two-tone color and wheel covers, ashtray in the dashboard, better upholstery fabrics and wide pockets in the doors.

The luggage space is greater, made possible by the fact that the higher bonnet allows the spare wheel to be placed on the tank. The first version side trim was soon replaced by a contrasting color side stripe.

The Weinsberg's driving performance and handling characteristics match the Fiat 500. Daily production peaked at 14 cars.

Other companies-built cars based on the Nuova 500, under license, such as Steyr-Puch in Austria, Simca in France, Polski Fiat in Poland and Autobianchi in Italy.

## Technical characteristics

* Number of cylinders: 2-cyl
* Displacement: 479 cc
* Power: 15 hp - 4250 U / min
* Max. Torque: 3,05mkg - 3400 U / min
* Length / Width / Height: 3085 - 1350 – 1310 mm
* Empty weight / total weight: 525 kg / 750 kg
* Maximum speed: 95 km / h
* Acceleration: 0 – 80 km / h in 37 sec
* Compression ratio: 7.1
* Bore: 67.4
* Stroke: 70 mm
* Fuel tank capacity: 21 liters
* Wheelbase: 1840 mm
* Tyre Size: 4.40-12 "

All models have:

* Steel body
* Front suspension: transverse leaf spring
* Seats: 4
* Brakes: Hydraulic
* Rear suspension: Coil
* Ignition: coil
* Starter: Dynastart
* Gear: 4 + reverse
* Electrical system: 12 V


title: NIEMOpen

abstract: NIEMOpen, frequently referred to as NIEM, originated as an XML-based information exchange framework from the United States, but has transitioned to an OASIS Open Project. This initiative formalizes NIEM's designation as an official standard in national and international policy and procurement. NIEMOpen's Project Governing Board recently approved the first standard under this new project; the Conformance Targets Attribute Specification (CTAS) Version 3.0. A full collection of NIEMOpen standards are anticipated by end of year 2024. NIEM offers a common vocabulary that enables effective information exchanges across diverse public and private organizations. NIEM is currently developing the NIEM Metamodel and Common Model Format which can be expressed in any data serialization that NIEM supports, including, but not limited to JSON. Formed from an interagency partnership, NIEM has come to represent a collaborative partnership of agencies and organizations across all levels of government in addition to private industry. The purpose of this partnership is to effectively and efficiently share critical information at key decision points throughout the whole of the justice, public safety, emergency and disaster management, intelligence, United States Department of Defense and homeland security enterprise. NIEM is designed to develop, disseminate, and support enterprise-wide information exchange standards and processes that will enable jurisdictions to automate information sharing. Today, NIEMOpen is sponsored by the Joint Staff J6 Directorate within the U.S. Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) within the U.S. FBI, Equivant, Georgia Tech Research Institute, the National Association for Justice Information Systems, sFractal Consulting LLC, the IJIS Institute, the US Department of Transportation, and the Virginia Office of Data Governance and Analytics. NIEM provides a working and collaborative partnership among governmental agencies, operational practitioners, systems developers, and standards bodies across Federal, State, Local, Tribal, Territorial, International and Private organizations. NIEM has been identified as a key enabler for Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2). NIEM is cited in the JADC2 Reference Architecture (RA) Version 3.0 Enclosure D within the Application and services, Interface and Data & Information principals. JADC2 Reference Design (RD) Version 1.0, Standard View 2 (StdV-2). NIEM most recently was referred to as the National Information Exchange Model. That interagency government project was an outgrowth of the United States Department of Justice's Global Justice XML Data Model (GJXDM) project. As an interagency project it was expanded to include other federal and state agencies such as the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, United States Department of Defense, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Texas, Florida, New York, Pennsylvania, and others.

text:
# NIEMOpen

**NIEMOpen** (*neemopen*), frequently referred to as NIEM, originated as an XML-based information exchange framework from the United States, but has transitioned to an **OASIS** **Open Project**. This initiative formalizes NIEM's designation as an official standard in national and international policy and procurement. NIEMOpen's Project Governing Board recently approved the first standard under this new project; the Conformance Targets Attribute Specification (CTAS) Version 3.0. A full collection of NIEMOpen standards are anticipated by end of year 2024.

NIEM offers a common vocabulary that enables effective information exchanges across diverse public and private organizations. NIEM is currently developing the NIEM Metamodel and Common Model Format which can be expressed in any data serialization that NIEM supports, including, but not limited to JSON.

Formed from an interagency partnership, NIEM has come to represent a collaborative partnership of agencies and organizations across all levels of government (federal, state, tribal, and local) in addition to private industry. The purpose of this partnership is to effectively and efficiently share critical information at key decision points throughout the whole of the justice, public safety, emergency and disaster management, intelligence, United States Department of Defense and homeland security enterprise. NIEM is designed to develop, disseminate, and support enterprise-wide information exchange standards and processes that will enable jurisdictions to automate information sharing.

Today, NIEMOpen is sponsored by the Joint Staff J6 Directorate within the U.S. Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S"&"T), the FBI Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) within the U.S. FBI, Equivant, Georgia Tech Research Institute, the National Association for Justice Information Systems, sFractal Consulting LLC, the IJIS Institute, the US Department of Transportation, and the Virginia Office of Data Governance and Analytics. NIEM provides a working and collaborative partnership among governmental agencies, operational practitioners, systems developers, and standards bodies across Federal, State, Local, Tribal, Territorial, International and Private organizations.

NIEM has been identified as a key enabler for **Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2)**. NIEM is cited in the JADC2 Reference Architecture (RA) Version 3.0 Enclosure D (JADC2 Capability Development and Analytical Framework) within the Application and services, Interface and Data & Information principals. JADC2 Reference Design (RD) Version 1.0, Standard View 2 (StdV-2).

NIEM most recently was referred to as the National Information Exchange Model. That interagency government project was an outgrowth of the United States Department of Justice's Global Justice XML Data Model (GJXDM) project. As an interagency project it was expanded to include other federal and state agencies such as the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, United States Department of Defense, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Texas, Florida, New York, Pennsylvania, and others.

## Introduction

NIEM is designed to facilitate the creation of automated enterprise-wide information exchanges which can be uniformly developed, centrally maintained, quickly identified and discovered, and efficiently reused.

## Key concepts

The following key concepts are essential to understanding the purpose, architecture, processes, and other capabilities of NIEM, as well as to establish a common knowledge base with which to develop the ability to use NIEM effectively.

**Data Components.** The fundamental building block of NIEM is the data component. Data components are the basic business data elements that represent real-world objects and concepts. Information exchanged between agencies can be broken down into individual components – for example, information about people, places, material things, and events. Components that are frequently and uniformly used in practice are specified in NIEM and can then be reused by practitioners for information exchanges, regardless of the nature of their business or the operational context of their exchanges, provided they are semantically consistent.

**Information Exchange Package Documentation.** The information that is commonly or universally exchanged between participating domains can be organized into *information exchange packages* (IEPs) in the form of XML Schemas. An example of this collection of information is data associated with an arrest. The data to be exchanged includes not only descriptive and personal identification data regarding the individual arrested (i.e., the person component described above) but also information about the person's alleged offense, the location of the offense, the arresting officer, etc. The IEP represents a set of data that is actually transmitted between agencies for a specific business purpose (e.g., initiating a charging document by the local prosecutor). It includes the actual XML instance that delivers the payload or information. Additional information regarding this specific exchange can be further documented in the form of an *information exchange package documentation* (IEPD), which also contains data describing the structure, content, and other artifacts of the information exchange. An IEPD supports a specific set of business requirements in an operational setting.

**NIEM Core.** Data components within an information exchange that are universally shared and understood among all (or almost all) domains are identified as universal components (e.g., person, address, and organization). To become a universal component, consensus by all domains is needed on the semantics and structure of the component. The set of NIEM universal components is stable (once established) and relatively small.

**Domains.** For purposes of NIEM, a domain refers to a business enterprise broadly reflecting the agencies, units of government, operational functions, services, and information systems which are organized or affiliated to meet common objectives. NIEM domains are organized to facilitate governance, and each has some measure of persistency. Each domain traditionally includes a cohesive group of data stewards who are subject matter experts (SMEs), have some level of authority within the domains they represent, and participate in the processes related to harmonizing conflicts and resolving data component ambiguities.

**Communities of Interest.** Communities of interest (COIs) are collaborative groups of users who exchange information in pursuit of shared goals, interests, missions, or business processes and who therefore must have a shared vocabulary for the information they exchange. COIs reuse data components and artifacts found in NIEM to document their information exchanges. One or more COIs can coordinate to develop new domain content as they identify gaps in the data components needed for documenting information exchanges.

**NIEM Conformance.** There are NIEM conformance rules that serve as guidelines for agencies utilizing NIEM to implement their information sharing exchanges. Grantees developing inter-agency XML-based exchanges must comply with the special condition language contained in the grant, and follow the associated NIEM implementation guidelines.

## Organizational support

### NIEM Management Office

The NIEM Management Office (NMO) operates to:

* Bring stakeholders, agencies, and the domains and COIs that they represent together to identify information sharing requirements in daily operational and emergency situations;
* Develop information sharing standards, a common lexicon, and an online repository of information exchange package documentation and data components that support information sharing;
* Provide technical tools, processes, and methodologies to support the analysis, development, discovery, dissemination, and reuse of exchange standards and documents; and
* Provide training, technical assistance, communication, outreach, and implementation support services for NIEM-based information sharing.

### Training and other technical resources

NIEM is a continually evolving program, and new agencies and COIs are joining the effort all the time. As new stakeholders come on board, they need to receive information to gain understanding and knowledge of the core capabilities of NIEM and how to engage in NIE information exchanges. In 2022, NIEM created a training video series on NIEM.gov/learn that includes a technical deep dive and is intended to support developers and implementers. Monthly users can sign up for virtual training sessions which includes the pre-recorded videos in addition to a live session with a NIEM expert who will answer questions in real-time. NIEM.gov provides written training materials, such as briefings and process-related documentation on NIEM GitHub, as well as other resources, such as the National Information Sharing Standards Help Desk and Knowledge Base. Training provides the knowledge and know-how stakeholders need to use the tools and other capabilities provided by NIEM. NIEM tools and training opportunities are further described below. Other training materials, such as executive briefings, marketing material, and briefings for conferences and workshops, are offered from time to time and are tailored depending on the audience. A selection of online materials are also available both from the main NIEM.gov web site and resources such as Youtube.com (search on NIEM training).

### NIEM.gov website

The NIEM Web site serves as a primary means by which NIEM can provide the latest documentation and downloads to those interested in NIEM. It also serves as a starting point for those wishing to contact NIEM staff with questions, support, and information requests. As related projects, tools, and support resources develop around NIEM, the Web site will expand as the hub for these supplemental resources.

## Technical standards

NIEM adopts standard XML schema constructs and methods, such as roles, associations, and augmentation from industry standards, such as the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) XML Schema language.

### NIEM schemas

The NIEM reference schemas are a set of interrelated schemas that define NIEM data components. Each schema defines its own target namespace. Schemas in the reference set may import one another by namespace in order to use (or reuse) components they define. In general, domain reference schemas import schemas from the Core. The NIEM reference schema set represents the full set of data components in NIEM.

The following kinds of XML schemas are associated with the NIEM architecture:

* **NIEM reference schemas:** Schemas containing content created or approved by the NIEM steering committees are periodically released in schema distributions.
* **Subset Schema:** a NIEM-conformant schema, containing only the parts of the reference schemas needed to support a particular exchange.
* **Support schemas:** NIEM includes three special schemas, appinfo, structures and proxy, for annotating and structuring NIEM-conformant schemas.
* **Extension Schema:** a NIEM-conformant schema which adds domain- or application-specific content to the base NIEM model.
* **Exchange Schema:** a NIEM-conformant schema which specifies a document in a particular exchange.
* **Constraint Schema:** a NIEM-conformant schema which adds additional constraints to NIEM-conformant instances, but which is assumed to validate in concert with existing NIEM-conformant or subset schemas. A constraint schema need not validate constraints that are applied by other schemas.
* **Codelist Schemas:** a NIEM-conformant schema which provides a list of acceptable values that a data element will be constrained to.

The only mandatory schemas for validation are the NIEM reference schemas or a correct subset, however the IEPD specification requires that an IEPD include an exchange schema (along with the reference schemas or subsets) to be considered a complete IEPD. The NIEM schemas may import additional schemas, such as code table schemas, as needed. An optional extension schema may be used to add extended types and properties for components not contained in NIEM, but which are needed for the exchange.

### NIEM Naming and Design Rules (NDR)

The naming and design rules for NIEM are documented in the NIEM NDR, which specifies the data model, XML components, and XML data for use with NIEM and provides a basis for NIEM conformance. The current version is NDR v5.0, which was released on December 18, 2020.

NIEM is based on several concepts from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11179, which provides guidelines for the naming and definition of data elements, as well as information about the metadata captured about data elements. Part 5 of the ISO 11179 standard establishes a methodology for naming items in data dictionaries.

The ISO 11179-based NIEM NDR naming convention uses object class, property, and representation terms to constitute a multiple-part name as shown in the figure below:

**Object Class Term:** Represents the object to which the property is applicable. In NIEM, we interpret that object to be the real-world object. (An object class refers to a group of objects that share the same attributes, operations, methods, relationships, and semantics.)

**Property Term:** Identifies the property that the data element represents (e.g., last name, expiration date, height, total).

**Representation Term:** Describes the form of the data represented. These terms have been derived from ISO 11179 representation terms, and include Amount, Code, Date, Time, Indicator, Measure, Name, Numeric, Percent, Picture, Quantity, Rate, and Time.

**Qualifier Term:** The object class and property terms can have qualifiers; i.e., a word or words that help define and differentiate the element name.

### NIEM modeling and schema concepts

The NIEM technical modeling and schema concepts and mechanisms which support building new data components that meet specific requirements and reusing existing NIEM data components are briefly described below. More detail can be found in the NIEM User Guide and the NIEM NDR.

#### Data elements, classes, types, and properties

The NIEM data model uses concepts originating from object-oriented programming (OOP). OOP defines a class as a specific entity in the data model, which may represent a real-world object but may also represent any conceptual object, such as relationships and messages. An object's properties are said to describe the object. When the NIEM XML Schemas are generated from the NIEM data model, data model classes are represented as XML Schema types, and data model properties are represented as XML elements and attributes.

#### Extension techniques

There are two approaches for extending the NIEM data model for use in information exchange schemas and documents.

* Creating new NIEM types to represent new concepts
* Adding new data to existing NIEM types, to extend existing concepts

#### Specialization with inheritance

Specialization is used when a base object class (type) contains or can be subcategorized into a more specific subclass. When this can be done, the subclass derived from the base class inherits the properties of the more general base or parent class. This mechanism is used to share or reuse properties between the general data component and its specialization. For example, a vehicle type (or class) is identified as a data component with properties of vehicle identification number (VIN), make, and model. Truck type (or class) is a specialization of vehicle and thus inherits the vehicle's properties but also has its own characteristic properties, such as truck bed length. Specialization is time independent and is generally used only when the base class and subclass always exist.

#### Roles

A role is a special type which represents a particular function, purpose, context, or activity for an entity. Roles are generally time dependent and, therefore, temporary. A new type can be created for a role when the role has specific data associated with it and its own life cycle. A role type has a property, RoleOf, which indicates what object is assuming this role. A single entity may assume multiple roles. For example, many different entities may assume the role of a weapon. Therefore, if a vehicle is used as a weapon (to attempt to injure or kill a person), then an instance of WeaponType would contain the property, RoleOf, which references the vehicle instance used as the weapon. The WeaponType (the role) might also contain properties that describe the persons and activities involved, dates and times of involvement, and how the entity was used as a weapon.

#### Associations

An association type is an object that represents a relationship between data components. For example, two PersonType instances, Abigail and Bob, could be referenced by a MarriageAssociationType to represent the fact they are married. The MarriageAssociationType could contain its own properties, such as date of marriage, number of children, date of divorce, death of one spouse, etc.

#### Augmentation

Augmentation of a NIEM data type allows the addition of domain- or model-specific information to the concept embodied in the NIEM type, without creating a new NIEM type. It would be impractical and unwieldy to include all possible domain model-specific properties in NIEM Core schemas for general use. Instead, domain modelers need to be able define data for their use, independently from common definitions. Furthermore, that data needs to be applicable to the NIEM data object itself, and reusable in multiple exchanges. The augmentation approach built into NIEM utilizes XML Schema constructs to reuse the existing XML schema representations for the data model, by allowing them to be augmented with the new information.

#### Element substitution

NIEM uses several techniques from XML Schema to allow as-needed element substitutions for pre-existing NIEM properties and into pre-existing NIEM types. Element substitution techniques allow the substitution of new XML Schema elements, representing derived NIEM properties that can be used where the parent properties are expected.

There are three XML Schema techniques that support the NIEM use of element substitutions:

* use of substitution groups
* creation of abstract, type-less elements, and
* use of abstract elements in reference schemas.

#### Adapting external standards

In addition to adding new NIEM types and properties to NIEM, it is possible to adapt existing external (non-NIEM) namespaces for use in the NIEM framework. This allows the use of external standards within NIEM IEPDs, without requiring that the external standards themselves be NIEM-conformant. The intent here is to allow use of external standard components exactly as they were defined.

#### Metadata

Metadata, or data about data, defines information that supports the actual content of XML instances. The metadata feature provides a mechanism for attaching structured properties that describe the pedigree or source (when reported, who reported, how reliable, etc.) of instance data to any data component of the model (type or object, property, association, role, or augmentation) in any namespace. It allows sets of metadata to be extended with additional properties for local requirements and enables metadata properties to be repeated.

### EIEM dictionary concepts

NIEM has introduced the concept of Enterprise Information Exchange Model (EIEM) dictionaries to allow NIEM implementers to position local collections of components specific to their own enterprise. Typically these may be drawn from an Enterprise Data Model (EDM) and then exported and refactored as XML components that conform to the NIEM NDR. See Tools section below for information on creating EIEM dictionaries.

## Tools

NIEM provides a reference set of tools freely available with each NIEM release. The tools implement all of the structural and content features of the release, including the NIEM NDR. NIEM's well-defined interfaces and output products also support the development of independent third-party tools. Example supporting third-party tools are listed below.

### NIEM XML data dictionary spreadsheet

The NIEM XML data dictionary spreadsheet is a tangible representation of the entire NIEM data dictionary. It includes all of the element names that are organized hierarchically under core data components (person, property, organization, etc.) with hyperlinks to related elements. This spreadsheet also provides information on the type of data being represented (date, integer, string, etc.) and a precise, context-rich definition of each dictionary component.

### Schema Subset Generation Tool

The Schema Subset Generation Tool (SSGT) enables users to search through the NIEM data model, view information about NIEM elements and types, and build a custom XML Schema subset of a NIEM release. The NIEM data model contains over 12,000 elements and represents over a dozen domains; subsets allows users developing an IEPD to select only what they need based on the specific requirements of the exchange. With this tool users can:

* Search and explore the NIEM data model.
* Build a schema subset containing the components required by the exchange.
* Download the current subset as a zip file (go to *Generate Documents* -\> *Save Subset Schema to a file*).
* Resume editing a previous subset (go to *Options* -\> *Load Wantlist* and upload the *wantlist.xml* file contained in a previously downloaded subset).
* Switch between any NIEM release (go to *Options* -\> *Change Release to*).
* Download already generated subsets from each domain.

### Conformance Testing Assistant

The Conformance Testing Assistant (ConTesA) enables the user to test NIEM XML schemas against the automated rules from the NIEM Naming and Design Rules (NDR). This is an important first step in verifying NIEM conformance. Users can upload a single NIEM XML schema or a zip file (typically representing an IEPD) and view or download the results as a conformance report.

### Movement

Movement enables the user to search and explore the content of the latest NIEM release. It provides a user friendly interface and smarter search results. It is also open source: the community who inspired its creation can contribute to it.

### Migration Tool

The Migration Tool enables the user to upgrade a NIEM XML Schema release subset generated by the SSGT to the next release. Multiple migrations can be run to upgrade to a non-consecutive release.

### Tools Catalog

See the NIEM Tools Catalog for other tools developed by the NIEM community.

## Status

As of December 2022, NIEM 5.2 is the current release. It was released on December 23, 2022, and contains minor changes. Notable to NIEM 5.2 are these changes to content and tools. Changes to the specifications, and tools are reflected below:

### 5.2 content updates

* Biometric domain
    + Added and modified content to support State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial (SLTT) Agency Cyber Incident Reporting Requirements (CIRR) and Cyber-Physical System (CPS) Incident Reporting Requirements.
* Learning and Development domain (new)
    + Added content about courses, course sections, students, and employment positions.
* Justice domain
    + Updated the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) codes.
* Military Operations domain
    + Added Minimum Essential Metadata (MEM) content.
    + Added U.S. Message Text Format (USMTF) content as a subdomain, with information about military operations, missions, resources, readiness, and training.
* FIPS county codes
    + Updated FIPS 3-digit and 5-digit county codes.
* ISO 639-5 language family codes
    + Added the ISO 639-5 language family code set.

### Specifications used for 5.0 thru 5.2

### 5.1 tool updates

* Schema Subset Generation Tool (SSGT): Added the new 5.2 release
* Movement: Replaced the current release (5.0) with the new 5.2 release
* Conformance Testing Assistant (ConTesA): Added support for NDR 5.0 Schematron rules
* Migration Tool: Added support for migrating SSGT 5.1 subsets to 5.2 subsets

### Release history

* NIEM 5.2 Production Release - December 23, 2022
* NIEM 5.1 Production Release – December 23, 2021
* NIEM 5.0 Production Release - December 22, 2020
* NIEM 4.2 Production Release – October 1, 2019
* NIEM 4.1 Production Release – August 1, 2018
* NIEM 4.0 Production Release – June 28, 2017
* NIEM 3.1 Production Release – May 29, 2015
* NIEM 3.0 Production Release – October 21, 2013
* NIEM 2.1 Production Release – September 28, 2009
* NIEM 2.0 Production Release – July 31, 2007
* NIEM 1.0 Production Release – November 1, 2006
* NIEM 0.3 – April 12, 2006
* NIEM 0.2.1 – February 24, 2006
* NIEM 0.2 – December 23, 2005
* NIEM 0.1 – October 11, 2005

## InfoBox

NIEMOpen (formerly known as the National Information Exchange Model)
| Abbreviation | NIEM |
| --- | --- |
| Status | Published |
| Year started | 2005 |
| Latest version | 5.2<br>December 23, 2022 |
| Organization | NIEMOpen Project Governing Board (PGB) |
| Base standards | XML, XML Schema |
| Related standards | GJXDM, JSON |
| Domain | Information sharing |
| Website | NIEM website |


title: Guðni Helgason

abstract: Guðni Runar Helgason is a retired Icelandic football midfielder.

text:
# Guðni Helgason

**Guðni Runar Helgason** (born 16 July 1976) is a retired Icelandic football midfielder.

## InfoBox

Guðni Helgason
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Guðni Runar Helgason | | |
| Date of birth | (1976-07-16) 16 July 1976 | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1993–1994 | ÍF Völsungur | | |
| 1994–1995 | Sunderland A.F.C. | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–1996 | ÍF Völsungur |  |  |
| 1997 | ÍB Vestmannaeyja |  |  |
| 1997–1998 | SG Wattenscheid 09 |  |  |
| 1998–2000 | ÍB Vestmannaeyja |  |  |
| 2000–2001 | L/F Hønefoss | 25 | (2) |
| 2001–2003 | Valur |  |  |
| 2002 | IK Start | 8 | (0) |
| 2004–2008 | Fylkir |  |  |
| 2008–2009 | UMF Stjarnan |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Guðni Kjartansson

abstract: Guðni Kjartansson is an Icelandic football manager and former player, who played as a defender. He managed the Iceland national team from 1980 to 1981.

text:
# Guðni Kjartansson

**Guðni Kjartansson** (born 10 December 1946) is an Icelandic football manager and former player, who played as a defender. He managed the Iceland national team from 1980 to 1981.

## InfoBox

Guðni Kjartansson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1946-12-10) 10 December 1946 | | |
| Place of birth | Iceland | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1965–1978 | Keflavík |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1967–1973 | Iceland | 31 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1975 | Keflavík | | |
| 1976 | Keflavík | | |
| 1978 | Keflavík | | |
| 1979 | Keflavík | | |
| 19801981 | Iceland | | |
| 1981 | Keflavík | | |
| 1983 | Keflavík | | |
| 1989 | Iceland | | |
| 1991 | KR | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: WIFO-FM

abstract: WIFO-FM is Jesup's FM heritage station, broadcasting a wide variety of programming, including mornings with Butch Hubbard, Local News with Bob Morgan, Local Sports; The only FM Atlanta Braves affiliate for Baxley, Hinesville, Jesup, Waycross, Brunswick, and Camden County; Since 1971 the oldest continuous FM Braves Affiliate. WIFO also covers professional and college sports, as well as country music and the True Oldies Channel weekends. Licensed to Jesup, Georgia, United States; The station is currently owned by Jesup Broadcasting Corp. A fire December 7, 2005, destroyed the original studios. New permanent facilities located at the original site went online June 24, 2006. Since then, sister station WLOP has noticed a resurgence in listeners, due in part to Fox Sports Radio, and the addition of relevant local sports programming 24/7, including WCHS Softball on WLOP.

text:
# WIFO-FM

**WIFO-FM** (105.5 FM) is Jesup's FM heritage station, broadcasting a wide variety of programming, including mornings with Butch Hubbard, Local News with Bob Morgan, Local Sports; The only FM Atlanta Braves affiliate for Baxley, Hinesville, Jesup, Waycross, Brunswick, and Camden County; Since 1971 the oldest continuous FM Braves Affiliate. WIFO also covers professional and college sports, as well as country music and the True Oldies Channel weekends. Licensed to Jesup, Georgia, United States; The station is currently owned by Jesup Broadcasting Corp.

A fire December 7, 2005, destroyed the original studios. New permanent facilities located at the original site went online June 24, 2006. Since then, sister station WLOP has noticed a resurgence in listeners, due in part to Fox Sports Radio, and the addition of relevant local sports programming 24/7, including WCHS Softball on WLOP.

## InfoBox

WIFO-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 105.5 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country; Local News, Sports; True Oldies Weekends |
| Affiliations | Atlanta Braves, Jacksonville Jaguars, Georgia Tech, Georgia Southern University, Wayne County High School, The True Oldies Channel (Citadel Radio) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Jesup Broadcasting Corp. |
| Sister stations | WLOP |
| History | |
| Former call signs | WLOP-FM |
| Call sign meaning | Information Radio |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 31096 |
| Class | C3 |
| ERP | 25,000 watts |
| HAAT | 94.0 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 31°36′6.00″N 81°56′0.00″W / 31.6016667°N 81.9333333°W / 31.6016667; -81.9333333 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | bigdogcountry.com. |


title: WMXN-FM

abstract: WMXN-FM is a radio station licensed to serve Stevenson, Alabama, United States. The station is owned by Southern Torch Media, Inc. Launched in 1977 as WVSV, this station broadcasts primarily to Jackson and DeKalb counties. Coverage extends into eastern Madison (Huntsville), Marshall (Albertville/Guntersville) and Northern Etowah (Gadsden) counties in Alabama. Counties in Tennessee include Marion and Franklin (Winchester). Counties with coverage in Georgia include Dade (Trenton) and Walker (LaFayette) counties.

text:
# WMXN-FM

**WMXN-FM** (101.7 FM, "101.7 The Torch") is a radio station licensed to serve Stevenson, Alabama, United States. The station is owned by Southern Torch Media, Inc. Launched in 1977 as WVSV (the "Voice of Sequatchie Valley"), this station broadcasts primarily to Jackson and DeKalb counties. Coverage extends into eastern Madison (Huntsville), Marshall (Albertville/Guntersville) and Northern Etowah (Gadsden) counties in Alabama. Counties in Tennessee include Marion (Jasper/South Pittsburg) and Franklin (Winchester). Counties with coverage in Georgia include Dade (Trenton) and Walker (LaFayette) counties.

## Programming

WMXN-FM broadcasts a classic hits music format. The station airs the syndicated *Rick and Bubba Show* on weekday mornings with locally produced programming the rest of the day. Live announcers have mid-day and afternoon shows. News updates are sourced from Fox News Radio and Southern Torch (newspaper) news staff.

## History

Owned by Lynn Limited, Inc., this station was launched as **WVSV** in 1977 with 940 watts of effective radiated power from an antenna 490 feet (150 m) in height above average terrain.

In September 1990, Lynn Limited, Inc., reached an agreement to sell this station to George Guess. The deal was approved by the FCC on November 16, 1990, and the transaction was consummated on December 31, 1990. Under Guess' ownership, the station applied for and received new call letters **WKZA** from the Federal Communications Commission on June 1, 1993.

In December 1993, George Guess made a deal to sell this station to KEA Radio, Inc. The deal was approved by the FCC on January 25, 1994, and the transaction was consummated on March 19, 1994. The station received new callsign **WMXN** on April 21, 1995, then changed to **WMXN-FM** on May 23, 1997, when an AM sister station was moved to the WMXN call letters. (That station, no longer under the same ownership, is now WFPA in Fort Payne, Alabama.)

The station would go on to be a part of a landmark local radio deal that was started in February 2019 when The Southern Torch newspaper based in Rainsville, AL. decided to buy WMXN and sister station WKEA 98.3 FM to form Southern Torch Media, Inc. The purchase was consummated on April 1, 2019 at a price of $600,000. On January 20, 2020, WMXN rebranded as "101.7 The Torch".

## Ownership

Before selling WMXN-FM and licensee WKEA-FM in nearby Scottsboro, Alabama to Southern Torch. KEA Radio, Inc., itself has been owned in equal part by Ronald H. Livengood, Julia Diana Livengood, Olvie E. Sisk, and Ivous T. Sisk. Ronald H. Livengood is the ex-husband of Julia Diane Livengood. Olvie and Ivous Sisk, a married couple, together also own 100% Air South Radio, Inc., which holds the license for WFTA in Fulton, Mississippi, and 80% of Metro Radio, Inc., which holds the license for WLZA in Eupora, Mississippi. As an individual, Olvie E, Sisk holds the license for WCNA in Potts Camp, Mississippi.

## InfoBox

WMXN-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Scottsboro/Ft. Payne, Alabama |
| Frequency | 101.7 MHz |
| Branding | *101.7 The Torch* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic hits |
| Affiliations | Westwood One, Fox News Radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Southern Torch Media, Inc. * (Southern Torch, Inc.) |
| Sister stations | WKEA-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | January 13, 1977 (as WVSV) |
| Former call signs | WVSV (1977–1993)
WKZA (1993–1995)
WMXN (1995–1997) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 33780 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 2,300 watts |
| HAAT | 165 meters (541 feet) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°41′02″N 85°48′04″W / 34.68389°N 85.80111°W / 34.68389; -85.80111 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | 1017thetorch.com |


title: WMXQ

abstract: WMXQ is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. The station serves the Muncie-Marion area and is currently owned by Woof Boom Radio Muncie License LLC. The station is known as "93-5 MAX". In the evenings, WMXQ carries the nationally syndicated radio program Nights with Alice Cooper. WMXQ is an affiliate of the Indianapolis Colts.

text:
# WMXQ

**WMXQ** (93.5 FM, licensed to Hartford City, Indiana) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. The station serves the Muncie-Marion area and is currently owned by Woof Boom Radio Muncie License LLC. The station is known as "93-5 MAX". In the evenings, WMXQ carries the nationally syndicated radio program *Nights with Alice Cooper.* WMXQ is an affiliate of the Indianapolis Colts.

## History

In 1965, the station was originally assigned the call letters WWHC. The call letters were changed to WWWO on January 16, 1986. On June 16, 1999, the station changed its call sign to WHTY.

WMXQ (as WWWO with a rock format) began as a construction permit for a Hartford City FM station in the late 1960s but never came on the air initially due to the financial difficulties of the former WBMP in Elwood (now WIKL) which was to have founded that station, hence it remained dormant (and silent) until 1986.

On July 13, 2009, WHTY and WHTI changed call signs to WMXQ and WMQX, respectively, to go with their "MAX" branding.

On June 1, 2014, WMQX 96.7 broke away from the MAX simulcast for a country music format as "96.7 BLAKE FM". 93.5 continued on as "93.5 MAX".

## InfoBox

WMXQ
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Muncie-Marion, Indiana |
| Frequency | 93.5 MHz |
| Branding | *MAX 93.5* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic rock |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Woof Boom Radio Muncie License LLC |
| Sister stations | WERK, WLBC-FM, WBKQ, WHBU, WMUN, WLQQ |
| History | |
| First air date | 1965 (1965) |
| Former call signs | * WWHC (1965–1986) * WWWO (1986–1999) * WHTY (1999–2009) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 70187 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 3,000 watts |
| HAAT | 139 meters (456 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°25′16.00″N 85°25′40.00″W / 40.4211111°N 85.4277778°W / 40.4211111; -85.4277778 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | MAXrocks.net |


title: Nagyberény

abstract: Nagyberény is a village in Somogy county, Hungary.

text:
# Nagyberény

**Nagyberény** is a village in Somogy county, Hungary.

## History

According to *László Szita* the settlement was completely Hungarian in the 18th century.

## InfoBox

| Nagyberény | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Houses of Nagyberény | |
|  | |
|  | |
| NagyberényLocation of Nagyberény | |
| Coordinates: 46°47′52″N 18°10′06″E / 46.79780°N 18.16841°E / 46.79780; 18.16841 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Region | Southern Transdanubia |
| County | Somogy |
| District | Siófok |
| RC Diocese | Kaposvár |
| Area | |
| Total | 23.14 km2 (8.93 sq mi) |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 1,295 |
| Demonym(s) | berényi, nagyberényi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8656 |
| Area code | (+36) 84 |
| NUTS 3 code | HU232 |
| MP | Mihály Witzmann (Fidesz) |
| Website | Nagyberény Online |


title: Gånghester

abstract: Gånghester is a locality situated in Borås Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 1,526 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Gånghester

**Gånghester** is a locality situated in Borås Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 1,526 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Gånghester | |
| --- | --- |
| GånghesterGånghester | |
| Coordinates: 57°42′N 13°01′E / 57.700°N 13.017°E / 57.700; 13.017 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Västergötland |
| County | Västra Götaland County |
| Municipality | Borås Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.17 km2 (0.45 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 1,526 |
| Density | 1,303/km2 (3,370/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Nain, South Australia

abstract: Nain is a settlement west of Greenock in the northern Barossa Valley region of South Australia. It was first settled in the 1850s, mostly by German settlers moving from the Mount Barker area. The Nain "Zum Schmalen Wege" church operated from 1861 to 1893, and the present Nain church opened in 1856. Both have cemeteries.

text:
# Nain, South Australia

**Nain** is a settlement west of Greenock in the northern Barossa Valley region of South Australia. It was first settled in the 1850s, mostly by German settlers moving from the Mount Barker area. The Nain "Zum Schmalen Wege" church operated from 1861 to 1893, and the present Nain church opened in 1856. Both have cemeteries.

## InfoBox

| Nain<br>South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Nain Lutheran Church in 2015 | |
| Nain | |
| Coordinates | 34°26′59″S 138°54′01″E / 34.4497°S 138.9004°E / -34.4497; 138.9004 |
| Population | 32 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 1854 |
| Postcode(s) | 5360 |
| Location | 2 km (1 mi) W of Greenock |
| LGA(s) | Light Regional Council |
| State electorate(s) | Schubert |
| Federal division(s) | Barker |
| **Localities around Nain:**  Fords Moppa  Freeling Nain Greenock  Daveyston | |
| Footnotes |  |


title: Manakambahiny Est

abstract: Manakambahiny Est is a municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambatondrazaka, which is a part of Alaotra-Mangoro Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 8,000 in 2001 commune census. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 80% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 18% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are bananas, sugarcane, cassava and sweet potatoes. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.

text:
# Manakambahiny Est

**Manakambahiny Est** is a municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambatondrazaka, which is a part of Alaotra-Mangoro Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 8,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 80% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 18% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are bananas, sugarcane, cassava and sweet potatoes. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.

## National Parks

The entrance of the Zahamena National Park is situated at 4 km from Manakambahiny Est.

17°51′S 48°46′E / 17.850°S 48.767°E / -17.850; 48.767

## InfoBox

| Manakambahiny Est Manakambahiny Atsinanana | |
| --- | --- |
| Manakambahiny EstLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 17°51′S 48°46′E / 17.850°S 48.767°E / -17.850; 48.767 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Alaotra-Mangoro |
| District | Ambatondrazaka |
| Elevation | 1,106 m (3,629 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 8,000 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |
| Postal code | 503 |


title: İslamköy, Devrek

abstract: İslamköy is a village in Devrek District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey. Its population is 175 (2022).

text:
# İslamköy, Devrek

**İslamköy** is a village in Devrek District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey. Its population is 175 (2022).

## InfoBox

| İslamköy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| İslamköyLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°19′29″N 31°56′38″E / 41.324722°N 31.943889°E / 41.324722; 31.943889 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Zonguldak |
| District | Devrek |
| Population (2022) | 175 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: The Walking Dead season 3

abstract: The third season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for his second and final season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won two, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series, at the 39th Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #13–39 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including Michonne, Axel, The Governor and Tyreese Williams. It also marks the return of Merle Dixon, the volatile older brother of Daryl Dixon, who went missing in the first season, and also features the return of Morgan Jones, the first survivor Rick Grimes encountered and befriended, who he lost contact with in season one. As in the comics, this season is mainly set in both an abandoned prison and an active rural town of survivors. Set eight months after the killing of Shane Walsh and onslaught of the Greene Family Farm, with the world growing increasingly more dangerous and Lori's pregnancy advancing, the season continues the story of Rick Grimes, who has assumed a dictatorial-like leadership over his group of survivors as they survive in a post-apocalyptic world infested with flesh-eating zombies, dubbed "walkers". After discovering a potential safe haven, the group takes refuge and inhabits a large fortified prison, but this security is threatened by a nearby community — Woodbury — led by a nefarious man known as The Governor, who takes an interest in Andrea as she remains, after the burning of the farm, separated and unaware of the main group's status.

text:
# The Walking Dead season 3

The third season of *The Walking Dead*, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for his second and final season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won two, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series, at the 39th Saturn Awards.

This season adapts material from issues #13–39 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including Michonne (Danai Gurira), Axel (Lew Temple), The Governor (David Morrissey) and Tyreese Williams (Chad L. Coleman). It also marks the return of Merle Dixon (Michael Rooker), the volatile older brother of Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus), who went missing in the first season, and also features the return of Morgan Jones (Lennie James), the first survivor Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) encountered and befriended, who he lost contact with in season one. As in the comics, this season is mainly set in both an abandoned prison and an active rural town of survivors.

Set eight months after the killing of Shane Walsh and onslaught of the Greene Family Farm, with the world growing increasingly more dangerous and Lori's (Sarah Wayne Callies) pregnancy advancing, the season continues the story of Rick Grimes, who has assumed a dictatorial-like leadership over his group of survivors as they survive in a post-apocalyptic world infested with flesh-eating zombies, dubbed "walkers". After discovering a potential safe haven, the group takes refuge and inhabits a large fortified prison, but this security is threatened by a nearby community — Woodbury — led by a nefarious man known as The Governor, who takes an interest in Andrea (Laurie Holden) as she remains, after the burning of the farm, separated and unaware of the main group's status.

## Production

AMC renewed *The Walking Dead* for a third season on October 25, 2011, after the season two premiere broke cable ratings records in the 18-49 demographic. On January 14, 2012, AMC announced that the third season will contain 16 episodes.

Filming for the season began in May 2012 in Coweta County, Georgia, with the city of Senoia being used as the filming location for the town of Woodbury. Ernest Dickerson directed the season premiere episode. Greg Nicotero, co-executive producer and special make-up FX artist on the series, directed the fifth episode of season 3 after already having directed the season 2 episode "Judge, Jury, Executioner". He also returned as a zombie in the episode "The Suicide King", after portraying two different zombies in the first season. In November 2012, Glen Mazzara announced that Ernest Dickerson would direct the season finale.

After the conclusion of the third season, Mazzara stepped down from his position as showrunner and executive producer for the series, in a mutual agreement by both Mazzara and AMC. The press release read, "Both parties acknowledge that there is a difference of opinion about where the show should go moving forward, and conclude that it is best to part ways."

### Webisodes

Following the *Torn Apart* series in 2011, another set of webisodes titled *Cold Storage* were produced and debuted on October 1, 2012, prior to the premiere of Season 3.

### *Talking Dead*

A second season had been commissioned in May 2012. To coincide with a marathon of the show, a special episode was aired in July 2012 following the marathon's end, featuring a tour of the various props/sets used in the third season, as well as cast/crew interviews, and a snippet of exclusive footage featuring the newly introduced character Michonne.

## Cast

### Main cast

The third season features ten actors receiving opening credits billing, with eight returning from the previous season and two new cast members introduced; six are listed as main cast members in the second season, while Lauren Cohan and Scott Wilson were promoted from recurring status and Michael Rooker was promoted from guest status from the previous two seasons, while Danai Gurira and David Morrissey were added to the main cast as Michonne and The Governor, respectively. However, Wilson and McBride are credited as "Also starring".

#### Starring

* Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series' protagonist and a former sheriff's deputy, who has established himself as the group's leader. Rick has become a more cold and calculating leader, willing to leave strangers to die and abandon group members if it means everyone else survives, and comes into conflict with The Governor. Rick has also become distant, resentful of Lori's ambivalence and anger towards him after telling her he'd killed Shane.
* Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes, Rick's wife and Carl's mother, who is 9 months pregnant but is resented by Rick and Carl for her affair with Shane and the problems it led to. She is worried about the safety of her baby but her faith in keeping her baby alive prompts her to become a fearless mother.
* Laurie Holden as Andrea, a former successful civil rights attorney, who was separated from the group at the end of the second season. She befriends Michonne and forms a relationship with The Governor.
* Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, an antihero-like Southern redneck, who's also the group's primary hunter. He has become Rick's right-hand man and closest ally since Shane's death.
* Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee, a former pizza delivery boy and Maggie's boyfriend. Glenn has found something in Maggie that he doesn't want to lose and has become very protective of her.
* Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene, Hershel's strong-willed and determined elder daughter and Glenn's girlfriend. Maggie has come to terms with the walker virus and has since become a good fighter and an integral member of the core group.
* Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick and Lori's young son, who has also become more cold and brutal following his father's example, but is often frustrated when he is forbidden to contribute more often, as the elder members of the group seek to retain his innocence.
* Danai Gurira as Michonne, the katana-wielding hooded figure, who saves Andrea in the season two finale. Michonne is a quiet and seemingly ruthless survivalist, who immediately dislikes The Governor. She forms a bond with Rick's son Carl and begins to shed her brutality for a healthier mindset.
* Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon, an unruly Southern redneck and Daryl's older brother, who disappeared in the first season. Merle is the right hand of The Governor, but Daryl, being his brother, could change that.
* David Morrissey as The Governor, leader of the town of Woodbury, father of Penny, and the primary antagonist of the season. The Governor is a ruthless, paranoid, and dangerous sociopath, who will murder anyone he sees as a threat to his community, and seeks to eliminate Rick's group when they move into the prison nearby.

#### Also starring

* Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, a former victim of domestic abuse, who is now the last surviving member of her family, having lost her daughter Sophia last season. Carol also has a close bond with Daryl, and dislikes his brother Merle for his influence over him but sees Daryl's potential in him too.
* Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene, a religious farmer, trained veterinarian, and father of Maggie and Beth, as well as a father figure to Glenn. He serves as the group's primary moral compass and Rick's main adviser.

### Supporting cast

* Emily Kinney as Beth Greene, Hershel's soft-spoken younger daughter and Maggie's half-sister, who has accepted the world's new state, having previously tried to kill herself, and has become more skilled at killing walkers. She often tries to boost morale by singing.
* IronE Singleton as Theodore "T-Dog" Douglas, a survivor of the original Atlanta group, who struggles to prove his worth to the group, but is a brave individual willing to risk his life for everyone else's sake.

#### Woodbury

* Jose Pablo Cantillo as Caesar Martinez, one of The Governor's men. Martinez is a loyal, slightly egotistical, member of Governor's forces, but is reasonable and has honor, and is even disturbed by The Governor's actions but is willing to do what is needed to stay alive.
* Dallas Roberts as Milton Mamet, a scientist and old friend of The Governor, who studies the walkers believing there can be a way to restore their humanity, but is reluctant to accept The Governor for the monster he is as he knew him before the outbreak.
* Travis Love as Shumpert, a silent bow using member of the Woodbury army, who is very loyal to The Governor and a good friend of Martinez.
* Melissa Ponzio as Karen, a former teacher and Woodbury citizen, who disagrees with The Governor's plan to raise an army from the Woodbury citizens, which includes the children.
* Alexa Nikolas as Haley, a cocky and overly confident female Woodbury guard.
* Donzaleigh Abernathy as Dr. Stevens, a doctor living in Woodbury.

#### The Prisoners

* Nick Gomez as Tomas, a violent convict and the leader of a group of prisoners, who survived within the prison.
* Lew Temple as Axel, a convict and survivor, found by the group in the prison, who tries to keep the peace but often speaks more than needed. He also forms a friendship with Carol.
* Vincent Ward as Oscar, a survivor found in the prison and Axel's best friend, who is very honorable and brave, even in the face of death, and is willing to risk his life to help those in need.
* Markice Moore as Andrew, the smallest and weakest of the prisoners which Rick's group encounters, who is also the most mischievous and cunning of them.
* Theodus Crane as Big Tiny, the largest of Tomas' group of prisoners but is also the most kind, who has trouble killing walkers.

#### Tyreese's group

* Chad L. Coleman as Tyreese Williams, a survivor leading a small group of people to safety, who finds the group in the prison, but is tossed out by a mentally unstable Rick against everyone else's advice. He eventually joins Woodbury, unaware of The Governor's true nature. Tyreese is a man of morals and principles willing to do what it takes the earn his place and to find a safe haven for his sister and friends, but is hesitant to hurt people even if needed.
* Sonequa Martin-Green as Sasha Williams, Tyreese's sister, who is trying to find shelter with her brother and finds the group in the prison but is tossed out by a mentally unstable Rick, against everyone else's advice, and joins Woodbury unaware of The Governor's true nature. Unlike Tyreese, Sasha has a colder survival mindset which sometimes puts her into conflict with her brother, but she is still compassionate enough to avoid unnecessary bloodshed.
* Daniel Thomas May as Allen, part of Tyreese's group, father of Ben, and husband of Donna, who is a survivalist willing to kill innocent people even if they show him compassion. He also has a feud with Tyreese as Donna became smitten with him after he saved her from walkers.
* Tyler Chase as Ben, Allen's teenage son, who is willing to do what his father tells him regardless of how dark these actions are.

#### Miscellaneous

* Lennie James as Morgan Jones, the first person Rick encountered and befriended after awakening from his coma who, along with his son Duane, were believed dead. Though a kind and moral father, Morgan has suffered a psychological break after his son was killed by his undead wife after Morgan failed to shoot her earlier. Morgan now believes his life's purpose is to clear Rick's hometown of all walkers and people and unintentionally almost kills Rick.
* Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh, the second season's primary antagonist and Rick's former fellow sheriff's deputy and best friend, who had an affair with Lori and lost his sanity, due to his obsession with Lori. He was killed by Rick whilst trying to murder him in the second season, and reappears as a hallucination to Rick during the Woodbury battle.
* Emma Bell as Amy (voice), Andrea's younger sister and a former member of the group, who was bit and was put down by Andrea; heard in Rick's hallucinations over the phone.
* Jeryl Prescott Sales as Jacqui (voice), a former employee of the City of Atlanta, and former member of the group, who committed suicide after losing hope by staying in CDC with Dr. Edwin Jenner as it exploded from fail-safes; heard in Rick's hallucinations over the phone.
* Andrew Rothenberg as Jim (voice), a former member of the group, who was bit and, per his request, left to reanimate; heard in Rick's hallucinations over the phone.
* Julio Cesar Cedillo as Lt. Welles, a member of a group of military personnel, who are involved in a helicopter crash, and saved, but eventually slaughtered by The Governor while Welles himself is decapitated and has his head placed in a fish tank.

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20 | 1 | "Seed" | Ernest Dickerson | Glen Mazzara | October 14, 2012 (2012-10-14) | 10.87 |
| After enduring the winter on the road, the group has hardened and united firmly under Rick's leadership. He and Carl have withdrawn from Lori after her response to Shane's death. When they discover a prison, Rick and Daryl lead the group inside to clear it of walkers. Hershel is bitten on the ankle. As Rick amputates his leg to try save him, they discover five convicts surviving inside. Meanwhile, an ailing Andrea is cared for by Michonne. | | | | | | | |
| 21 | 2 | "Sick" | Billy Gierhart | Nichole Beattie | October 21, 2012 (2012-10-21) | 9.55 |
| Rick lays claim to the prison and tries to strike a deal with the convicts, but their leader Tomas proves too aggressive. Rick kills him and leaves his friend Andrew to be eaten by walkers. Rick spares Oscar and Axel, the remaining convicts, and lets them occupy a separate cell block. After being treated by Carol and Lori, Hershel wakes, proving that Rick's amputation saved him from the bite. | | | | | | | |
| 22 | 3 | "Walk with Me" | Guy Ferland | Evan Reilly | October 28, 2012 (2012-10-28) | 10.51 |
| Andrea and Michonne are drawn to a helicopter crash, where they are captured by Merle. He provides them shelter and medicine at Woodbury, a safe and well-organized town of survivors helmed by the Governor. Andrea is impressed and wants to stay while Michonne distrusts them. The Governor tracks the helicopter to a remaining group of soldiers and ambushes them, stealing their weaponry and claiming their heads as trophies. | | | | | | | |
| 23 | 4 | "Killer Within" | Guy Ferland | Sang Kyu Kim | November 4, 2012 (2012-11-04) | 9.27 |
| Michonne tries to convince Andrea to leave Woodbury while Merle presses her for information on Daryl. At the prison, walkers are unleashed upon the group. T-Dog is bit and sacrifices himself so that Carol can escape, but she presumably dies too. Oscar and Axel help Rick, Daryl, and Glenn search for the others. They find Andrew, who survived and sought revenge upon them, but Oscar kills him. Meanwhile, Lori goes into labor and becomes trapped within the tombs. Maggie is forced to perform a fatal C-section to save the baby. Carl shoots Lori to prevent reanimation. As the survivors regroup, Rick is devastated. | | | | | | | |
| 24 | 5 | "Say the Word" | Greg Nicotero | Angela Kang | November 11, 2012 (2012-11-11) | 10.37 |
| Woodbury throws a party to celebrate their success, culminating in a caged fight between Merle and Martinez. The Governor locks his daughter Penny, a walker, inside his room. Michonne rebels, forcing the Governor to exile her from Woodbury. Andrea decides to stay. At the prison, the survivors mourn their losses. Daryl and Maggie find powdered formula to feed Lori's baby. Rick grows unhinged and goes on a walker killing rampage. He hears a telephone ring and answers. | | | | | | | |
| 25 | 6 | "Hounded" | Dan Attias | Scott M. Gimple | November 18, 2012 (2012-11-18) | 9.21 |
| Rick entertains imaginary phone calls with other survivors, wrestling with his failure to provide a safe shelter for the group. This culminates in a cathartic discussion with Lori, prompting Rick to finally adopt responsibility for the baby. Daryl finds Carol alive in the tombs. The Governor enters a relationship with Andrea. Meanwhile, he sends Merle to assassinate Michonne, but she escapes. The two later converge with Glenn and Maggie, who are gathering baby formula. Merle captures Glenn and Maggie and returns to Woodbury, where he lies to the Governor about Michonne's fate. Michonne arrives at the prison with the baby formula. | | | | | | | |
| 26 | 7 | "When the Dead Come Knocking" | Dan Sackheim | Frank Renzulli | November 25, 2012 (2012-11-25) | 10.43 |
| Merle and the Governor torture Glenn and Maggie to learn the location of the prison, where Michonne informs them of Glenn and Maggie's capture. As the Governor realizes that Rick's group poses a sizeable threat, Michonne leads them to Woodbury's gate. | | | | | | | |
| 27 | 8 | "Made to Suffer" | Billy Gierhart | Robert Kirkman | December 2, 2012 (2012-12-02) | 10.48 |
| Tyreese, a burly survivor, leads his group into the backside of the prison and is rescued by Carl. Michonne guides Rick's party into Woodbury, where they trigger a shootout to rescue Glenn and Maggie. Unbeknownst to both sides, the conflict pits Merle and Andrea against Rick, Daryl and Michonne. Oscar is killed and Daryl is captured. Michonne ditches Rick and confronts the Governor in a violent brawl. She wounds his eye, kills Penny, and exposes his psychopathy to Andrea. As revenge for sparing Michonne, the Governor pits Merle against Daryl in a cage fight. | | | | | | | |
| 28 | 9 | "The Suicide King" | Lesli Linka Glatter | Evan Reilly | February 10, 2013 (2013-02-10) | 12.26 |
| Rick and Maggie rescue Daryl and Merle, but Glenn forbids Merle from returning to the prison. Unable to abandon his brother again, Daryl leaves with him. Rick promises to exile Michonne for ditching them in Woodbury. Glenn presumes that the Governor raped Maggie and blames Rick for not targeting him. Woodbury is in a panic after the shootout. While the Governor has seemingly left his post, Andrea restores order. Hershel tries to persuade Rick to let Tyreese's group join them, but Rick hallucinates a vision of Lori and becomes unhinged. | | | | | | | |
| 29 | 10 | "Home" | Seith Mann | Nichole Beattie | February 17, 2013 (2013-02-17) | 11.05 |
| Rick wanders the woods outside the prison while Daryl attempts to survive with Merle. With no clear leader, Glenn takes charge but wrestles angrily with his failure to protect Maggie. Hershel asks Rick to return, but he is driven mad by visions of Lori. Daryl helps a family with a newborn, which prompts an argument with his brother. Merle is shaken to learn that Daryl was similarly abused by their father yet did not become poisoned with resentment and self-interest. Daryl leaves Merle and returns to the prison. The Governor attacks the prison, killing Axel and flooding the field with walkers. | | | | | | | |
| 30 | 11 | "I Ain't a Judas" | Greg Nicotero | Angela Kang | February 24, 2013 (2013-02-24) | 11.01 |
| In the wake of the Governor's attack, the survivors begin to crumble. Hershel scolds Rick into resuming leadership. Merle struggles to fit in. Andrea travels to the prison to negotiate peace, but they refuse. Carol persuades Andrea to kill the Governor, but she decides against it. Tyreese leads his group to Woodbury. | | | | | | | |
| 31 | 12 | "Clear" | Tricia Brock | Scott M. Gimple | March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03) | 11.30 |
| Rick leads Carl and Michonne on a run to his home county to search for firearms. They encounter Morgan, who has become disturbed after seeing his undead wife kill his son Duane. Carl bonds with Michonne as she helps him retrieve a picture of Lori for baby Judith. Rick tries to persuade Morgan to return to the prison, but he declines. | | | | | | | |
| 32 | 13 | "Arrow on the Doorpost" | David Boyd | Ryan C. Coleman | March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10) | 11.46 |
| Andrea arranges a meeting between Rick and the Governor. Daryl and Hershel bond with Martinez and Milton. Glenn reconciles with Maggie. The Governor offers peace if Rick gives him Michonne but prepares to kill Rick's group regardless. | | | | | | | |
| 33 | 14 | "Prey" | Stefan Schwartz | Glen Mazzara & Evan Reilly | March 17, 2013 (2013-03-17) | 10.84 |
| The Governor prepares a torture chamber for Michonne while Martinez gathers walkers to unleash against the prison. Milton exposes these plans to Andrea. She travels to the prison to warn them, but the Governor hunts her down and captures her in the torture chamber. | | | | | | | |
| 34 | 15 | "This Sorrowful Life" | Greg Nicotero | Scott M. Gimple | March 24, 2013 (2013-03-24) | 10.99 |
| Rick decides to give Michonne to the Governor against Hershel and Daryl's judgement. After enlisting Merle's help, Rick changes his mind, but Merle has already taken Michonne to fulfill the deal. Rick comes clean to the group and resigns leadership, delegating the major decisions to a vote. Merle decides to release Michonne and sabotages the Governor's men. The Governor kills Merle and leaves him to reanimate. Daryl discovers him and puts him down. | | | | | | | |
| 35 | 16 | "Welcome to the Tombs" | Ernest Dickerson | Glen Mazzara | March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31) | 12.42 |
| The Governor kills Milton in Andrea's cell, where he turns and bites her. Woodbury's army attacks the prison but flees when Rick leads an ambush. Carl kills a surrendering soldier, terrifying Rick. Furious at their retreat, The Governor massacres his army and leaves with Martinez. Karen survives and leads Rick back to Woodbury, where Michonne consoles Andrea before her suicide. Rick welcomes the Woodbury citizens to the prison, healing his guilt from Lori's death. | | | | | | | |

## Reception

### Critical response

The third season of *The Walking Dead* has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 82 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 19 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 88% with an average rating of 7.85 out of 10, based on 327 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "The palpable terror and visceral thrills continue in the third season of *The Walking Dead*, along with a deeper sense of the people who inhabit its apocalyptic landscape."

*The Walking Dead* (season 3): Critical reception by episode
| **Season 3 (2012–13)**: Percentage of positive critics' reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes |
| --- |

### Accolades

For the 39th Saturn Awards, the third season of *The Walking Dead* received four nominations and two wins. The wins were for Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series and Best Supporting Actress on Television (Laurie Holden). The nominations were for Best Actor on Television (Andrew Lincoln) and Best Supporting Actor on Television (David Morrissey).

The season also received a nomination for Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards ("This Sorrowful Life"). Additionally, the season was also nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 19th and 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards for both halves of the season, respectively. This season was also nominated for Program of the Year at the 29th TCA Awards, while Andrew Lincoln was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series at the 3rd Critics' Choice Television Awards.

### Ratings

Viewership and ratings per episode of *The Walking Dead season 3*
| No. | Title | Air date | Rating
(18–49) | Viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Seed" | October 14, 2012 | 5.8 | 10.87 |
| 2 | "Sick" | October 21, 2012 | 5.1 | 9.55 |
| 3 | "Walk with Me" | October 28, 2012 | 5.4 | 10.51 |
| 4 | "Killer Within" | November 4, 2012 | 4.9 | 9.27 |
| 5 | "Say the Word" | November 11, 2012 | 5.6 | 10.37 |
| 6 | "Hounded" | November 18, 2012 | 4.9 | 9.21 |
| 7 | "When the Dead Come Knocking" | November 25, 2012 | 5.4 | 10.43 |
| 8 | "Made to Suffer" | December 2, 2012 | 5.4 | 10.48 |
| 9 | "The Suicide King" | February 10, 2013 | 6.1 | 12.26 |
| 10 | "Home" | February 17, 2013 | 5.6 | 11.05 |
| 11 | "I Ain't a Judas" | February 24, 2013 | 5.7 | 11.01 |
| 12 | "Clear" | March 3, 2013 | 5.7 | 11.30 |
| 13 | "Arrow on the Doorpost" | March 10, 2013 | 5.7 | 11.46 |
| 14 | "Prey" | March 17, 2013 | 5.5 | 10.84 |
| 15 | "This Sorrowful Life" | March 24, 2013 | 5.4 | 10.99 |
| 16 | "Welcome to the Tombs" | March 31, 2013 | 6.4 | 12.42 |

## Home media releases

The third season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on August 27, 2013, in region 2 on September 30, 2013 and in region 4 on September 25, 2013. Special features include eight featurettes—"Rising Son", "Evil Eye", "Gone, But Not Forgotten", "Heart of a Warrior", "Michonne vs. The Governor", "Making the Dead", "Safety Behind Bars", and "Guts and Glory". Five audio commentaries, for episodes "Killer Within", "Say the Word", "Made to Suffer", "The Suicide King", and "This Sorrowful Life". Also included are 13 minutes of deleted scenes across six episodes.

The third season was also released in limited edition Blu-ray packaging, a replica of The Governor's walker head aquarium as seen in season three. The limited edition packaging was designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys.

## InfoBox

| *The Walking Dead* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 3 | |
| Promotional poster and home media cover art featuring Rick Grimes | |
| Showrunner | Glen Mazzara |
| Starring |  |
| No. of episodes | 16 |
| Release | |
| Original network | AMC |
| Original release | October 14, 2012 (2012-10-14)
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: Oldham King Street tram stop

abstract: Oldham King Street is a tram stop on the Oldham and Rochdale Line (ORL) of Greater Manchester's light-rail Metrolink system and is located opposite Oldham Sixth Form College, at the junction of King Street and Union Street in Oldham, England. The stop opened on 27 January 2014. It is built on the site of the former King Street Baptist Church, which occupied the site from 1862 to 2005. The site was acquired by Compulsory Purchase Order in 2005, and the Church was rebuilt nearby in Chaucer Street with the compensation it received. A plaque, acknowledging this, on a stone pillar from the original church stands on the corner of the site.

text:
# Oldham King Street tram stop

**Oldham King Street** is a tram stop on the Oldham and Rochdale Line (ORL) of Greater Manchester's light-rail Metrolink system and is located opposite Oldham Sixth Form College, at the junction of King Street and Union Street in Oldham, England. The stop opened on 27 January 2014. It is built on the site of the former King Street Baptist Church, which occupied the site from 1862 to 2005. The site was acquired by Compulsory Purchase Order in 2005, and the Church was rebuilt nearby in Chaucer Street with the compensation it received. A plaque, acknowledging this, on a stone pillar from the original church stands on the corner of the site.

## Service pattern

| Preceding station | Manchester Metrolink | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Westwoodtowards East Didsbury |  | East Didsbury–Rochdale |  | Oldham Centraltowards Rochdale Town Centre |
| |  | East Didsbury–Shaw (peak only) |  | Oldham Centraltowards Shaw and Crompton |

## InfoBox

| Oldham King Street | |
| --- | --- |
| Metrolink station | |
| A tram at Oldham King Street tram stop in January 2014 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Oldham, Oldham<br>England |
| Coordinates | 53°32′22″N 2°07′03″W / 53.53958°N 2.11747°W / 53.53958; -2.11747 |
| Grid reference | SD923048 |
| Line(s) | Oldham and Rochdale Line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | In operation |
| Fare zone | 3 |
| History | |
| Opened | 27 January 2014 |
| Original company | Manchester Metrolink |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Geotrigona terricola

abstract: Geotrigona terricola is a species of eusocial stingless bee in the family Apidae and tribe Meliponini. It can be found in Guatemala and Honduras.

text:
# Geotrigona terricola

***Geotrigona terricola*** is a species of eusocial stingless bee in the family Apidae and tribe Meliponini. It can be found in Guatemala and Honduras.

## InfoBox

| *Geotrigona terricola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Geotrigona* |
| Species: | ***G. terricola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Geotrigona terricola***<br>(Camargo & Moure, 1996) | |
|