title: Vishnu nicolo seal

abstract: The Vishnu nicolo seal is a "finely engraved" oval agate seal from the Gandhara region, dated to the 4th century CE. Since 1892 it has been in the British Museum. Nicolo is an abbreviation of the Italian onicolo, meaning "little onyx", a type of stone, often made of different layers in various shades of blue, used for intagli. The seal depicts a four-armed deity, probably Vishnu or Vāsudeva, being prayed by a royal devotee. The deity holds Vishnu's classical attributes: the gada club, the chakra discus, the wheel and the lotus. There is a two-line inscription and a monogram by the worshipper's feet. The British Museum describes the inscription as "Bactrian", transliterating it: "(1) saso reo iastoo (2) algo", translated as: "Sas-re(w) the leader of worship (?)". It was found in what was then the North-West Frontier Province of British India, now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan.

text:
# Vishnu nicolo seal

The **Vishnu nicolo seal** is a "finely engraved" oval agate seal (1.4 inches by 1.05 inch) from the Gandhara region, dated to the 4th century CE. Since 1892 it has been in the British Museum. *Nicolo* is an abbreviation of the Italian *onicolo*, meaning "little onyx", a type of stone, often made of different layers in various shades of blue, used for intagli.

The seal depicts a four-armed deity, probably Vishnu or Vāsudeva, being prayed by a royal devotee. The deity holds Vishnu's classical attributes: the *gada* club, the *chakra* discus, the wheel and the lotus. There is a two-line inscription and a monogram by the worshipper's feet.

The British Museum describes the inscription as "Bactrian", transliterating it: "(1) *saso reo iastoo* (2) *algo*", translated as: "Sas-re(w) the leader of worship (?)".

It was found in what was then the North-West Frontier Province of British India, now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan.

## Interpretations

The seal was first reported by Alexander Cunningham in The Numismatic Chronicle of 1893. Cunningham, saw in the devotee the Kushan emperor Huvishka, who reigned about 140-180 BC, based on the similarity of the headdress.

More recently Roman Ghirshman proposed that the text on the seal was in the Kushan script and mentions three major Hindu gods:

> "Miarka Yasna Oezo" meaning:
> "Mihira, Vishnu, Shiva"
>
> Text of the Nicolo seal.

A more recent interpretation suggests the divinity is Vāsudeva, an early deity whose attributes were later reused in the iconography of Vishnu with the addition of an aureole.

This recent research also identified the devotee, not with Huvishka, but with a Huna king. The devotee could also be a Kushano-Sasanian or a Kidarite prince.

The seal also suggest that a composite cult of the three deities Surya (another name for Mihira, meaning "Sun"), Vishnu and Shiva was current in India circa 500 CE. However, the British Museum in 2019 gives a different reading of the inscription.

Inscription of the Vishnu Nicolo SealAccording to British Museum
| Line | Original (Greco-Bactrian script) | Transliteration | English translation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | *σασο ρηο ιαþτoo* | *saso reo iastoo* | "Sas-re(w) the leader of worship (?)" |
| **2** | *αλγo* | *algo* | |

## Further reading

* Callieri, *Seals and Sealing*, 1997, Naples (p. 190)

## InfoBox

| Vishnu nicolo seal | |
| --- | --- |
| Cast of the seal in the British Museum. | |
| Material | Agate (nicolo) |
| Created | 4th century CE |
| Discovered | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
34°00′N 71°19′E / 34°N 71.32°E / 34; 71.32 |
| Present location | British Museum, London |
| Registration | 1892,1103.98 |
|  | |


title: Vishnu Wagh

abstract: Vishnu Surya Naik Wagh was a poet, writer, dramatist, journalist, politician, management consultant, and trainer. He was a former member of the Legislative Assembly in Goa from 2012 to 2017 as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Owing to his fragile health, he had been on a break from his active career since 2016, until his death in 2019. His book, Sudhir Sukta, was a topic of much debate in 2017—2018 for its offensive language and content.

text:
# Vishnu Wagh

**Vishnu Surya Naik Wagh** (24 July 1964 – 8 February 2019) was a poet, writer, dramatist, journalist, politician, management consultant, and trainer. He was a former member of the Legislative Assembly in Goa from 2012 to 2017 as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Owing to his fragile health, he had been on a break from his active career since 2016, until his death in 2019. His book, *Sudhir Sukta*, was a topic of much debate in 2017—2018 for its offensive language and content.

## Early life

Vishnu Wagh was born in the village of Dongri in Tiswadi to Indu and Surya Wagh. He had three siblings – Ramrao, Smita and Jyotsna, and was the second child. Being a smart child, he read all the books that his father had in the house multiple times. He was greatly influenced by writers like Khadilkar, Kanetkar and Gadkari. When a local library was opened, he became a regular visitor. The librarian would advise him on the choice of books to borrow and read. He thus got access to mystery novels and *Shringarik* literature, which he used to read sitting in the *Maalo* (transl.attic) of his home. Due to some reason the library was closed, but by that time Wagh had become a Panch at their Village Panchayat. He reopened the Library. He spent a lot of time with his relatives and friends in Ponda. He acted in many dramas as a child artist, under the guidance of his father, Surya Wagh, who was an actor in his Marathi theatre group, *Hauns Sangeet Natya Mandal*. He used to enact famous mythological characters like Krishna and Rama in *Dhalo* performances.

His family was not very religious, but they were interested in *Bhajan*, *Kirtan* and readings of religious texts. Wagh regularly attended the *Kirtan* programmes at the Shri Ram – Hanuman Mandir in their village. He used to devoutly listen to the *Kirtankar*. Once, one of the *Kirtankars* asked the children to learn Ramdas' *ovya* (transl.verses), which Wagh did and could recite perfectly. He had a good rapport with all the *Kirtankars* that visited the village ever since that incident. One of them, named Valimbe taught him about the whole art of *Kirtan*. Valimbe also remained in touch with him through letters. Wagh also became close to Brahmanand Swami.

He won a rank at the Class X Board examination and went on to study science at MES College. He used to stay at his maternal aunt's place in Vasco. After being encouraged by his professors, he started participating in various competitions. He signed up at the Municipal Library in Vasco, made friends with other artistes and started writing and directing one act plays. It was during these days that he first ventured into journalism, drawing caricatures, dramas, poetry and elocution. The next year he got a first class, with the highest marks in Languages, but did not do as well in Science and Math due to lack of interest. He subsequently completed a BSc in Chemistry and Zoology from Dhempe College of Arts and Science. He actively participated in students' movements and was guided by Nandkumar Kamat. He was enrolled in Goa University, pursuing his MSc in Biochemistry, when his father died in 1987. He then decided to take responsibility and shifted to journalism in his second year.

## Socio-cultural career

Vishnu Wagh had been actively involved in the socio-cultural field for many years. Over the years, he indulged in poetry; drawing cartoons and caricatures; study of Vedic and sant literature, heritage, and anthropology; and had even been a part of environment campaigns. He had been connected to Brahmanand Swami of Tapobhumi (who died in 2003).

Soon after completing his education, Wagh began his career by joining *Newslink*, an English publication of the *Tarun Bharat* group, and later joined the *Tarun Bharat* team in Belgaum (after *Newslink* was abruptly shut down). He also played a role in setting up the daily newspapers, *Vartamaan* (funded by mine owners) and *Sudarshan*. He later went on to become the youngest editor of *Gomantak*.

He wrote over 20 plays in Marathi, three *sangeet nataks* (transl.musical plays), 18 Konkani plays and 16 one-act plays. He directed over 50 plays in Konkani and Marathi. Some of his critically acclaimed plays include *Tuka Abhang Abhang*, *Suvari*, *Teen Poishancho Tiatro*, *Dharmashree*, and *Pedru Poddlo Baient*. He also wrote six volumes of poetry and emerged as an eminent poet in these languages. His poem, *Shahar Ani Ganv* (transl.*Town and Village*), features in the Class IX Marathi textbook of the Maharashtra Board of Education.

Wagh was also a part of Marathi cinema, after writing the lyrics of movies like *Gadya Aapla Gaon Bara* and the screenplay of a few others, like *Sarpanch Bhagirath.* He was also a powerful orator, known for his speech writing and delivery.

Wagh's work often talked about the oppression of the masses by the higher castes. He was a supporter of their rights, especially those of the Bhandari community.

He held the following positions:

* Chairman of Kala Academy
* Vice-Chairman of Entertainment Society of Goa (ESG)
* Editor of the Marathi daily, *Gomantak*
* President of Gomantak Natya Sammelan and Yuva Marathi Sahitya Sammelan
* Executive Member of the World Marathi Academy
* Spokesman of Akhil Bharatiya Bhandari Mahasangh

## Political career

Wagh's political career began in the 1990s with the Shiv Sena and the MGP. Then, after 14 years of being a former general secretary and spokesperson of the Goa Pradesh Congress Committee, Wagh joined the Bharatiya Janata Party on 30 October 2011, in the presence of senior BJP leaders — Laxmikant Parsekar, MP Shripad Naik, and Manohar Parrikar.

He won the 2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election with a margin of 1219 votes from Constituency Number 14, St. Andre Constituency – consisting of the 7 villages of Goa Velha (St Andre), Azossim-Mandur, Neura, Batim, Agacaim (St Lawrence), Pale-Siridao and Curca-Bambolim-Telaulim.

On 14 January 2016, he was elected as the Deputy speaker of the Goa Legislative Assembly.

After Wagh's illness, his brother, Ramrao Wagh, was selected by the BJP as his successor to contest the seat of St Andre in the 2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election. Ramrao is a professor working at Goa University, who holds a BSc degree in Physics and a masters in computer applications. However, he lost to the Congress candidate, Francisco Silveira, who was in power before Vishnu Wagh.

## Awards

## Illness and death

In May 2016, Wagh suffered from a massive heart attack, resulting in significant kidney damage. In August 2016, he suffered another heart attack, while at a public function in Panaji. He then underwent an angioplasty at the Goa Medical College (GMC) and was later shifted to Mumbai, where he was first treated at Hinduja Hospital, Mahim, and was later shifted to Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital at Andheri. This was due to the latter hospital's better neurosurgical facilities. While admitted in Mumbai, he was visited by many celebrities like Nana Patekar and Mahesh Manjrekar. He was also treated by the Goan-born neurosurgeon P. S. Ramani. Wagh returned to Goa in April 2017, when he was discharged. He had since been hospitalized multiple times.

Wagh died in his sleep on 8 February 2019, while on tour in South Africa with his wife. His death was reported by his wife Aruna five days after, which caused his siblings to raise questions about the circumstances surrounding the incident. In response to this, his wife issued a statement that Wagh had been admitted to Manipal Hospital in Dona Paula for the two months prior to his death, where he expressed an interest in not dying in a hospital room, and that he wanted to visit Johannesburg and Cape Town. She further shared a poem written by him in Marathi titled *Marnyapurvichya Kahi Suchana* (transl.*Few Instructions to Follow Before Death*).

Wagh was cremated with full state honours at Ponda on 17 February 2019. His body arrived early that morning at Dabolim Airport and was escorted by State Minister of Art and Culture, Govind Gaude, to his residence in Dhavali, Ponda. The body was then taken for public viewing and prayers at Dayanand Bandodkar Ground, Kashimath, Ponda. The funeral consisted of inter-religious prayers and a musical and literary tribute to him, and had many prominent attendees from the fields of politics, art and literature. The police presented Wagh with the *salami shastra* and the *shok shastra*. Wagh was later cremated at Ponda Municipal Crematorium, named *Warkhende*. The final rites were performed by Vishnu's son Priyadarshan, in the presence of Vishnu's younger son and his brother Ramrao. Some time later, then Deputy Speaker Michael Lobo issued a statement that Wagh must be awarded the Padma Shri for his work.

## Reception

More than twenty years ago, Wagh's acclaimed play, *Tuka Abhang Abhang*, caused public outrage for having depicted the Purohits murdering Sant Tukaram.

In August 2017, Wagh's anthology of poems, *Sudhir Sukta* (transl.*Hymns of a Shudra*), was declared to be the awardee of the Goa Konkani Akademi (GKA) Award in the poetry category. This caused an outrage campaign on social media, which saw some of its more controversial verses being shared. In October 2017, the Goa government cancelled all the thirty-two literature and culture awards – the results of which were hitherto undeclared – including the one for Wagh. Upon a complaint filed by Goan women's rights activist, Auda Viegas, an FIR was later registered against Wagh and the publishing house, Apurbai Prakashan (run by Hema Naik), under Sections 292, 293 of the Indian Penal Code and Section 4 of The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act. This was regarding the book's representation of women and castes. A few weeks later, the BJP government, of which Wagh was a part of before his illness, issued a statement that the FIR would be withdrawn, as the "language used by Mr. Wagh in the book is the language of masses".

## Personal life

Vishnu Wagh was previously married to Sharmila Rao, with whom he had two children, one of whom is named Parth. After their divorce in 2006, he married Aruna Chodankar, who is employed as an officer in the Labour Department of the Union Labour Ministry of India. They had two boys together – Priyadarshan and Gagansurya.

## InfoBox

| Vishnu Wagh | |
| --- | --- |
| Wagh in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Member of Goa Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
2012–2017 | |
| Preceded by | Francisco Silveira |
| Succeeded by | Francisco Silveira |
| Constituency | St. Andre |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Vishnu Surya Naik Wagh
(1964-07-24)24 July 1964
Dongri, Tiswadi, Goa, India |
| Died | 8 February 2019(2019-02-08) (aged 54)
Cape Town, South Africa |
| Spouse | * +Sharmila Rao  (m. 1989; div. 2006)     +Aruna Chodankar (m. 2006) |
| Children | 4 |
| Occupation | * Politician * artist * writer * poet * playwright |
| Awards | Yuva Srujan Puraskar (2008) |
|  | |


title: Museo delle Genti d'Abruzzo

abstract: Museo delle genti d'Abruzzo is an ethnographic Museum in Pescara, Abruzzo.

text:
# Museo delle Genti d'Abruzzo

**Museo delle genti d'Abruzzo** (Italian for *Museum of the people of Abruzzo*) is an ethnographic Museum in Pescara, Abruzzo.

## History

The museum is housed in the remaining sections of the fortress of Pescara, constructed starting in the 16th century. The visible part is the Bourbon penal bath on Via delle Caserme, where the museum will be set up. The museum officially opened in 1973 with exhibitions on the lower floor of the Birthplace of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum. In 1982, most of the collection was donated to the municipality of Pescara, which inaugurated the museum at its current location on March 13, 1998. In the early 2000s, the monumental arch on Via delle Caserme was reconstructed in a modern style, including the Literary Café. Before the 1943 bombing, a large access arch from the river, the only remaining element of the ancient entrance gates to Pescara from the fortress, stood near the barracks.

## Collection

Inside, the museum contains artifacts and testimonies of life in Abruzzo, from Prehistory to the Industrial Revolution.

Of interest, located next to the atrium with the ticket office, is a small museum of the ancient Spanish fortress or "Real Piazza di Pescara", which later (the Via delle Caserme section) became a penal bath during the Bourbon era. The visible rooms show ancient prisons used for political prisoners opposing the Bourbons, including Clemente de Caesaris, a liberal and patriot from Abruzzo. The rooms are very simple, with barrel vaults, some preserved period cannons, and reproductions of the plans of the ancient fortress of Pescara, whose bastions were demolished or buried to allow the city to develop.

Part of the floor has been excavated to show how the ancient settlements of Aterno or Portanuova were constantly refortified over the centuries, from the Byzantines to the Normans to the Caldora family, leaving traces of the ancient Roman settlement, with remnants of underground mosaics.

### Room I “Antonio Mario Radmilli” - *Archaeology from Prehistory to the Middle Ages*

Contains traces of prehistoric humans in Abruzzo (tools, pottery, tombs,...) and from ancient times (armor, weapons, iron,...).

The oldest artifacts date back 100,000 years, found in various archaeological areas of Abruzzo, mainly in caves at the foot of the Maiella and Gran Sasso, such as the Piccioni cave in Bolognano, the cave of Montebello di Bertona, or the archaeological area of Contrada Svolte di Popoli. The room reconstructs the Neolithic period in Abruzzo, when humans began to stop living in caves, which were instead used as crypts and tombs, and started practicing agriculture and animal husbandry; many tools for work in the countryside from this period are preserved. Moving to the Metal Age and then to the Italic peoples, funerary items, tombs, and skeletons found around Penne (PE) are preserved, including domestic objects, weapons, and armor for men, showing the evolution of this art, influenced by the Romans and Greeks.

### Room II - *Sacredness of caves and continuity of places of worship*

Contains the reproduction of a cave, with artifacts from prehistoric, barbaric, and Christian beliefs.

The room reconstructs the history of Christian worship that supplanted the Italic-Roman one in the Piccioni cave in Bolognano, with objects from the 8th century found, such as vases; the highlight of the collection is the medieval statue of Saint Michael the Archangel, from the hermitage of Sant'Angelo in Lettomanoppello. Saint Angelo became the quintessential saint in Abruzzo during the Lombard era, with churches, statues, and caves dedicated to him. The room uses exhibition panels to illustrate the most ancestral votive cults dedicated to the saint in Abruzzo, such as the ritual of rubbing oneself on the water-bearing rock of the hermitage of San Michele in Liscia (CH) or the hermitage of Sant'Onofrio in Serramonacesca (PE).

### Room III - *Continuity of sacred rites and material culture*

Focuses on the theme of continuity (of everyday objects, magic and rituals, shapes and decorations, cults, and traditional festivals) over the centuries in Abruzzo.

The material found in various late Lombard churches in the Val Pescara dates back to the 8th-9th centuries. The highlight is a votive wooden box with various stylized friezes of geometric and plant elements, including a kind of heart, used as the logo of the Museum of the People of Abruzzo. Among these motifs also appears the prototype of the Abruzzese jewel called the Presentosa. Other exhibition panels show other festivals dedicated to the cult of "regeneration" in Abruzzo, always dedicated to Saint Michael, such as the end of September fires, bonfires, but also sacred fire rituals that somehow connect to ancient pagan purification rites, such as the Farchie of Fara Filiorum Petri. For the Lent period, the room displays typical Abruzzese sweets prepared for Easter, such as dolls, horses, and other anthropomorphic or animal figures, depending on the province.

### Room IV - *The Shepherd and His Kit*

Contains a stylized reproduction of a flock of sheep and some objects that the shepherd created during his workdays.

Interesting reconstructions of the typical pastoral environment on a mountain plateau like Campo Imperatore, with mannequins depicting shepherds in their costumes, sheep, stazzi, and stone tholos huts. Fascinating are wooden instruments made by the shepherds, showcasing their craftsmanship. These objects include milking stools, razor boxes, grooming tools, bagpipes, and ciaramellas. These items, along with writings on notebooks, belong to the Abruzzese shepherd poet Francesco Giuliani, known as "Cicche ru Cuaprare", and demonstrate that shepherds were not just simple traveling farmers but artisans who expressed a certain originality in their art.

Further confirmation of this craft, as testified by historians and folklorists such as De Nino, Finamore, and Pansa, lies in the fact that shepherds from the 16th-17th centuries entertained themselves during their gatherings on the tratturi by telling or composing chivalric poems about the exploits of Charlemagne and the Paladins or Roland from Ariosto's poem, or recounting the exploits of Goffredo d'Altavilla and Tancredi in Torquato Tasso's poem. The museum room preserves personal diaries of shepherds containing poems and original poetry in dialect and language. The pastoral poetry activity is well documented in the Sagittario Valley, where an unpublished chivalric poem about the exploits of Charlemagne, the wizard Pietro Bailardo, and the witch Angelica was also found.

### Room V - *The Stone Hut. Transhumance, settlements, and wool production.*

Through some panels and objects, it narrates the history of shepherding and transhumance over the centuries.

Reconstructions of tholos stone huts, with stones interlocked to form a rough night shelter, are shown. Many of these huts are found near Abbateggio and Bolognano in the Val Pescara. Of interest are also land concession diplomas signed by King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, indicating that Abruzzese shepherds, during their journey from L'Aquila to Foggia, often had to stop in non-owned lands.

### Room VI - *Shelters, Herds, and Cheese Production.*

This room contains a reproduction of a typical Abruzzo dry-stone hut, known as a *“tholos”*, along with its typical furnishings.

Many displayed tools, such as "lu callàre" (the cauldron), demonstrate how shepherds cooked during the transhumance periods, in the resting areas of the herds.

### Room VII - *Wheat: from Seed to Flour.*

This room is dedicated to the activities in the fields related to wheat. It explains, through objects and panels, the various phases of processing (Sowing and Plowing, Harvesting and Threshing, Ventilation and Cleaning of the wheat) and the life of farmers in the fields.

### Room VIII - *From the Olive Grove to Olive Oil.*

This room contains the means of transport for moving goods over land (animals and hand transportation), and the olive harvesting.

### Room IX - *The Vine and Wine.*

This room narrates the traditions related to wine and the vine, as well as Abruzzo traditions related to the pig. Many display panels help show how, especially in the past, the pig was a true source of wealth for farmers, and the occasions during the year when the pig was slaughtered, butchered, and cooked, especially for the feast of Saint Anthony the Abbot.

### Room X - *The House: Furnishings, Structure, and Domestic Life.*

This room explains what a typical Abruzzo farmhouse looked like.

The room is very interesting for its period photographs of some country farmhouses, as well as for the reconstruction of a real internal rural Abruzzo environment, with the kitchen on the ground floor, complete with all utensils, and the first floor used as a grooming area and bedroom. By reading the *uses and customs of Abruzzo* by De Nino and the *Popular Traditions of Abruzzo* by Finamore, it is evident that in the countryside, due to the small space, every centimeter of the walls was occupied by useful objects for daily life, given that the woman mostly stayed at home tidying up and preparing lunch and dinner for her husband who went hunting or worked the land.

### Room XI - *Linen and Wool: Production, Spinning, and Weaving.*

This room contains some traditional machines and explains through panels the processing of these two animal fibers.

### Room XII - *Clothing and Ornaments: from Everyday to Ceremonial.*

This room features an exhibition of traditional Abruzzo clothing. The journey starts with the oldest testimonies from the 16th-17th century up to the early 20th century. The typical Abruzzo costumes are shown, especially those of women, taking inspiration from the larger collection of the Museo del costume abruzzese in Sulmona (AQ), such as the models of the costume of Scanno, Pettorano sul Gizio, and Introdacqua, to name the most famous. A replica of the Abruzzo costume woven by the women of Pescocostanzo for Duchess Margherita of Austria, lady of several Abruzzo fiefs, is presented.

The panels explain the typical trousseaus of women on the occasion of marriage, Holy Week, a funeral, a birth, and for everyday use. Additionally, some 18th-century prints, some of which are taken from the Museo del costume abruzzese in Sulmona, illustrate the cataloging of the different costumes for both men and women for each municipality of the current Abruzzo, from the province of L'Aquila to that of Chieti and Teramo. Following this, the typical Abruzzo wedding jewelry, the Presentosa, prepared in the villages of the Maiella and the Sagittario Valley, and rings called "manucce" are shown, moving on to simpler clothing for men and women in the early 20th century, characterized by white and black.

### Room XIII - *Maiolica.*

This room contains an exhibition of typical Abruzzo maiolica, explaining the production and the most famous manufacturers in Abruzzo. Many pieces come from the Collection of Raffaele Paparella Treccia and from the Museum of Ceramics of Villa Urania in Pescara. However, other pieces come from private collections in Castelli, Anversa degli Abruzzi, Rapino, and Torre de' Passeri. Some pieces are of notable importance, coming from the same workshops of the Grue and Gentili families of Castelli, others from Fedele Cappelletti and the Vitacolonna family of Rapino, showing a different chromatic style from the brighter and more vivid ones of Castelli; the ceramics of Anversa and Torre dei Passeri are characterized by the blue tone over the white porcelain glaze.

1. "Museo delle genti d'Abruzzo" (in Italian). Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
2. "Nascita del Museo". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
3. Cultural Summary
4. "Sala 3". Archived from the original on July 10, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
5. "Sala 4". Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
6. "Sala 5". Archived from the original on March 26, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
7. "Sala 6". Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
8. "Sala 7". Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
9. "Sala 8". Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
10. "Sala 10". Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
11. "Sala 11". Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2010.

42°27′44″N 14°12′48″E / 42.4621°N 14.2133°E / 42.4621; 14.2133

## InfoBox

Museo delle Genti d'Abruzzo
| Museo delle genti d'Abruzzo | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Abruzzo | |
| Location | Pescara |
| Type | Ethnographic Museum |
| Website | http://www.gentidabruzzo.it/ |


title: Virginia Line

abstract: The Virginia Line was a formation within the Continental Army. The term "Virginia Line" referred to the quota of numbered infantry regiments assigned to Virginia at various times by the Continental Congress. These, together with similar contingents from the other twelve states, formed the Continental Line. The concept was particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state. Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota, however. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These “dictatorial powers” included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large. Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to Nathaniel Gist of Virginia, who accepted. He also offered command of an additional regiment to William Grayson of Virginia, who accepted. In 1776, Grayson had served as one of Washington’s personal aides. Finally, Washington offered command of an additional regiment to Charles Mynn Thruston of Virginia, who accepted. Still other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units, also unrelated to a state quota, were raised as needed for special or temporary service. The independent companies raised by Virginia in 1777 to garrison Fort Pitt and Fort Randolph were examples of such “extra” units. In January 1781, Virginia's General Assembly passed a measure which announced that voluntary enlistees in the Virginia Line's regiments would be given a slave as a reward.

text:
# Virginia Line

The **Virginia Line** was a formation within the Continental Army. The term "Virginia Line" referred to the quota of numbered infantry regiments assigned to Virginia at various times by the Continental Congress. These, together with similar contingents from the other twelve states, formed the Continental Line. The concept was particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state.

Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota, however. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These “dictatorial powers” included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large. Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to Nathaniel Gist of Virginia, who accepted. He also offered command of an additional regiment to William Grayson of Virginia, who accepted. In 1776, Grayson had served as one of Washington’s personal aides. Finally, Washington offered command of an additional regiment to Charles Mynn Thruston of Virginia, who accepted.

Still other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units, also unrelated to a state quota, were raised as needed for special or temporary service. The independent companies raised by Virginia in 1777 to garrison Fort Pitt and Fort Randolph were examples of such “extra” units. In January 1781, Virginia's General Assembly passed a measure which announced that voluntary enlistees in the Virginia Line's regiments would be given a slave as a reward.

## Virginia Provincial Regiments, 1775

In August 1775 the Virginia Convention voted to raise fifteen companies to serve one year. The companies were raised in the fall of 1775 and organized into two regiments. The Continental Congress resolved, on November 1, 1775, to place these two regiments on the Continental establishment. The regiments were designated the 1st and 2d Virginia Regiments.

## Virginia Line, 1776

On December 28, 1775, the Continental Congress voted to raise four more regiments in Virginia. The Virginia Convention concurred on January 11, 1776. The Convention ordered that an additional 72 companies be raised and that the term of service of the original fifteen companies be extended. The 87 companies were to be organized into nine regiments of ten companies each (the 9th Virginia Regiment having at first only seven companies). The new force was to serve for not exceeding two and a half years. The 1st and 2d Virginia Regiments were reconstituted; the 3d through 6th Virginia Regiments were raised as Continental regiments; and the 7th through 9th Virginia Regiments were raised as state troops. In the course of 1776 the state regiments were placed on the Continental establishment.

## Virginia Line, 1777

On September 16, 1776, the Continental Congress resolved to raise an army of eighty-eight infantry regiments which were to serve for the duration of the war. Virginia was called upon to contribute fifteen of these regiments. The 1st through 9th Virginia Regiments were reconstituted in the Continental Army as regiments raised to serve for the duration of the war. The cadres for these regiments were drawn from the regiments which Virginia had sent to the field in 1775 and 1776. The remaining six regiments (the 10th through 15th Virginia Regiments) were entirely new.

Three Additional Continental regiments were raised and allotted to Virginia in 1777. There were 16 Additional regiments planned of which only 14 were actually raised. The responsibility for raising these units did not rest with the states, but with the Continental Congress which gave George Washington almost complete control over them. The colonels were Nathaniel Gist, William Grayson, and Charles Mynn Thruston. In 1779 the three units were consolidated into Gist's regiment.

## Reorganization of the Virginia Line, 1778-1779

The Continental Congress ordered a reorganization of the Continental Army on May 27, 1778. Under this resolve, the Virginia quota was reduced from fifteen infantry regiments to eleven. In September 1778 the Virginia Line was in the vicinity of White Plains, New York, after serving at the Battle of Monmouth. New commissions issued at this time were dated September 14, 1778. In the White Plains rearrangement the Virginia Line was reorganized thus:

(The 5th Virginia Regiment was consolidated with the 3rd Virginia Regiment). (The 6th Virginia Regiment was consolidated with the 2nd Virginia Regiment). (The 8th Virginia Regiment was consolidated with the 4th Virginia Regiment). (The 9th Virginia Regiment was consolidated with the 1st Virginia Regiment).

The Virginia regiments were still understrength and continued to dwindle in 1779, reduced to a fraction of their paper strength; at this point, regimental history becomes very confusing to track. Given the number of men fit for duty, these “regiments” are not really “regiments” at all any more, yet they are still named as such. In 1780, the word “Detachment” comes into use, describing a 700-man conglomeration of these “regiments.” The 1st Virginia Detachment was led by Richard Parker. The 2nd Virginia Detachment was formed out of various regiments under the 2d Virginia Regiment’s original colonel, Brigadier General William Woodford, including elements of the 2nd Virginia Regiment. The 3rd Virginia Detachment would be formed under Colonel Abraham Buford and was composed of elements of the 7th Virginia, as well as various pieces of other units. The first two Detachments of the Virginia Line served at the Siege of Charleston in South Carolina and were surrendered to the British Army on 12 May 1780. The 3rd Detachment was cut to pieces at the Battle of Waxhaws; the Virginia line had effectively ceased to exist. The single exception was the two-company 9th Virginia Regiment of 1779, which was stationed at Fort Pitt (the present Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).

## Reorganization of the Virginia Line, 1781

In October 1780 the Continental Congress, in consultation with George Washington, ordered a further reorganization of the Continental Army. Under this reorganization, which was to be effective on January 1, 1781, Virginia was assigned a quota of eight infantry regiments. The Virginia Line was reorganized thus:

* 1st Virginia Regiment.
* 2d Virginia Regiment.
* 3d Virginia Regiment.
* 4th Virginia Regiment.
* 5th Virginia Regiment (1779).
* 6th Virginia Regiment (1779),

(The 7th Virginia Regiment of 1779 was disbanded). * The 7th Virginia Regiment (1781) (Constituted by redesignation of the 9th Virginia Regiment of 1779).
* The 8th Virginia Regiment (1779).

(The 9th Virginia Regiment of 1779 was redesignated the 7th Virginia Regiment of 1781). (The 10th Virginia Regiment of 1779 was disbanded). (The 11th Virginia Regiment of 1779 was disbanded).


title: Viscardi Center

abstract:
The Viscardi Center is a non-profit organization in Albertson, New York, dedicated to educating, empowering and employing people with disabilities. It was founded in 1952 by Henry Viscardi, Jr., a noted disability activist, who was also advisor to eight US Presidents on matters pertaining to disability policies. John D. Kemp is the current President of the Viscardi Center. To provide a lifespan of services, the Viscardi Center comprises:
  - Abilities, Inc. for entry or reentry into the workforce for adults with disabilities through job training.
  - Henry Viscardi School for children with disabilities.
  - National business & disability council streamline adult with disabilities into businesses.
  - Nathaniel H. Kornreich Technology Center (KTC), a state-of-art assistive technology service provider for people with disabilities.

text:
# Viscardi Center

The **Viscardi Center** is a non-profit organization in Albertson, New York, dedicated to educating, empowering and employing people with disabilities. It was founded in 1952 by Henry Viscardi, Jr., a noted disability activist, who was also advisor to eight US Presidents on matters pertaining to disability policies. John D. Kemp is the current President of the Viscardi Center.

To provide a lifespan of services, the Viscardi Center comprises:

* Abilities, Inc. for entry or reentry into the workforce for adults with disabilities through job training.
* Henry Viscardi School for children with disabilities.
* National business & disability council streamline adult with disabilities into businesses.
* Nathaniel H. Kornreich Technology Center (KTC), a state-of-art assistive technology service provider for people with disabilities.


title: Greater trochanteric pain syndrome

abstract: Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS), a form of bursitis, is inflammation of the trochanteric bursa, a part of the hip. This bursa is at the top, outer side of the femur, between the insertion of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles into the greater trochanter of the femur and the femoral shaft. It has the function, in common with other bursae, of working as a shock absorber and as a lubricant for the movement of the muscles adjacent to it. Occasionally, this bursa can become inflamed and clinically painful and tender. This condition can be a manifestation of an injury, but sometimes arises for no obviously definable cause. The symptoms are pain in the hip region on walking, and tenderness over the upper part of the femur, which may result in the inability to lie in comfort on the affected side. More often the lateral hip pain is caused by disease of the gluteal tendons that secondarily inflames the bursa. This is most common in middle-aged women and is associated with a chronic and debilitating pain which does not respond to conservative treatment. Other causes of trochanteric bursitis include uneven leg length, iliotibial band syndrome, and weakness of the hip abductor muscles. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome can remain incorrectly diagnosed for years, because it shares the same pattern of pain with many other musculoskeletal conditions. Thus people with this condition may be labeled malingerers, or may undergo many ineffective treatments due to misdiagnosis. It may also coexist with low back pain, arthritis, and obesity.

text:
# Greater trochanteric pain syndrome

**Greater trochanteric pain syndrome** (**GTPS**), a form of bursitis, is inflammation of the trochanteric bursa, a part of the hip.

This bursa is at the top, outer side of the femur, between the insertion of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles into the greater trochanter of the femur and the femoral shaft. It has the function, in common with other bursae, of working as a shock absorber and as a lubricant for the movement of the muscles adjacent to it.

Occasionally, this bursa can become inflamed and clinically painful and tender. This condition can be a manifestation of an injury (often resulting from a twisting motion or from overuse), but sometimes arises for no obviously definable cause. The symptoms are pain in the hip region on walking, and tenderness over the upper part of the femur, which may result in the inability to lie in comfort on the affected side.

More often the lateral hip pain is caused by disease of the gluteal tendons that secondarily inflames the bursa. This is most common in middle-aged women and is associated with a chronic and debilitating pain which does not respond to conservative treatment. Other causes of trochanteric bursitis include uneven leg length, iliotibial band syndrome, and weakness of the hip abductor muscles.

Greater trochanteric pain syndrome can remain incorrectly diagnosed for years, because it shares the same pattern of pain with many other musculoskeletal conditions. Thus people with this condition may be labeled malingerers, or may undergo many ineffective treatments due to misdiagnosis. It may also coexist with low back pain, arthritis, and obesity.

## Signs and symptoms

The primary symptom is hip pain, especially hip pain on the outer (lateral) side of the joint. This pain may appear when the affected person is walking or lying down on that side.

## Diagnosis

A doctor may begin the diagnosis by asking the patient to stand on one leg and then the other, while observing the effect on the position of the hips. Palpating the hip and leg may reveal the location of the pain, and range-of-motion tests can help to identify its source.

X-rays, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging may reveal tears or swelling. But often these imaging tests do not reveal any obvious abnormality in patients with documented GTPS.

## Prevention

Because wear on the hip joint traces to the structures that support it (the posture of the legs, and ultimately, the feet), proper fitting shoes with adequate support are important to preventing GTPS. For someone who has flat feet, wearing proper orthotic inserts and replacing them as often as recommended are also important preventive measures.

Strength in the core and legs is also important to posture, so physical training also helps to prevent GTPS. But it is equally important to avoid exercises that damage the hip.

## Treatment

Conservative treatments have a 90% success rate and can include any or a combination of the following: pain relief medication, NSAIDs, physiotherapy, shockwave therapy (SWT) and corticosteroid injection. Surgery is usually for cases that are non-respondent to conservative treatments and is often a combination of bursectomy, iliotibial band (ITB) release, trochanteric reduction osteotomy or gluteal tendon repair. A 2011 review found that traditional nonoperative treatment helped most patients, low-energy SWT was a good alternative, and surgery was effective in refractory cases and superior to corticosteroid therapy and physical therapy. There are numerous case reports in which surgery has relieved GTPS, but its effectiveness is not documented in clinical trials as of 2009.

The primary treatment is rest. This does not mean bed rest or immobilizing the area but avoiding actions which result in aggravation of the pain. Icing the joint may help. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug may relieve pain and reduce the inflammation. If these are ineffective, the definitive treatment is steroid injection into the inflamed area.

Physical therapy to strengthen the hip muscles and stretch the iliotibial band can relieve tension in the hip and reduce friction. The use of point ultrasound may be helpful, and is undergoing clinical trials.

In extreme cases, where the pain does not improve after physical therapy, cortisone shots, and anti-inflammatory medication, the inflamed bursa can be removed surgically. The procedure is known as a bursectomy. Tears in the muscles may also be repaired, and loose material from arthritic degeneration of the hip removed. At the time of bursal surgery, a very close examination of the gluteal tendons will reveal sometimes subtle and sometimes very obvious degeneration and detachment of the gluteal tendons. If this detachment is not repaired, removal of the bursa alone will make little or no difference to the symptoms.

The bursa is not required, so the main potential complication is potential reaction to anaesthetic. The surgery can be performed arthroscopically and, consequently, on an outpatient basis. Patients often have to use crutches for a few days following surgery up to a few weeks for more involved procedures.

## InfoBox

| Greater trochanteric pain syndrome | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | **Trochanteric bursitis** |
| Treatment | Amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome |


title: Murrayfield railway station

abstract: Murrayfield railway station served the area of Murrayfield, Edinburgh, Scotland from 1879 to 1962 on the Leith Branch.

text:
# Murrayfield railway station

**Murrayfield railway station** served the area of Murrayfield, Edinburgh, Scotland from 1879 to 1962 on the Leith Branch.

## History

The station opened on 1 August 1879 by the Caledonian Railway. There was a large goods yard as well as Coltbridge Stone Depot. Two signal boxes were built, one to the north of the southbound platform and the other to the southwest. These were later removed and replaced by a single box to the northwest, next to the goods yard. It was downgraded to a ground frame in 1944. The station closed on 30 April 1962.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dalry Road
Line and station closed |  | Leith Branch |  | Craigleith
Line and station closed |

## InfoBox

| Murrayfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Platform remains in 2013 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Murrayfield, Edinburgh
Scotland |
| Coordinates | 55°56′44″N 3°13′55″W / 55.9455°N 3.232°W / 55.9455; -3.232 |
| Grid reference | NT231731 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Caledonian Railway |
| Post-grouping | London, Midland and Scottish Railway
British Railways (Scottish Region) |
| Key dates | |
| 1 August 1879 (1879-08-01) | Opened |
| 30 April 1962 (1962-04-30) | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Grigore Alexandrescu

abstract: Grigore Alexandrescu was a nineteenth-century Romanian poet and translator noted for his fables with political undertones. He founded a periodical, Albina Românească. Alexandrescu wrote Poezii and Meditații (1863), many of which were fables and satires influenced by French literature.

text:
# Grigore Alexandrescu

**Grigore Alexandrescu** (Romanian pronunciation: \[ɡriˈɡore aleksanˈdresku\]; 22 February 1810, Târgoviște  25 November 1885 in Bucharest) was a nineteenth-century Romanian poet and translator noted for his fables with political undertones.

He founded a periodical, *Albina Românească*. Alexandrescu wrote *Poezii* (1832, 1838, 1839) and *Meditații* (1863), many of which were fables and satires influenced by French literature.

## Works (summary)

* *Poezii* (1832)
* *Fabule* (1832)
* *Meditații* (1835)
* *Poezii* (1838)
* *Fabule* (1838)
* *Poezii* (1839)
* *Memorial* (1842)
* *Poezii* (1842)
* *Suvenire și impresii, epistole și fabule* (1847)
* *Meditații, elegii, epistole, satire și fabule* (1863)


title: My Heart's in the Highlands (album)

abstract: My Heart's in the Highlands is an album by Jo Stafford, arranged and conducted by Paul Weston, released in 1954 by Columbia Records. This addition to Stafford's discography is a collection of Scottish love songs.

text:
# My Heart's in the Highlands (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***My Heart's in the Highlands*** is an album by Jo Stafford, arranged and conducted by Paul Weston, released in 1954 by Columbia Records. This addition to Stafford's discography is a collection of Scottish love songs.

## Track listing

Side one

1. "My Heart's in the Highlands"
2. "John Anderson, My Jo"
3. "Ye Banks and Braes of Bonnie Doon"
4. "Moll's Meek, Molly's Sweet"

Side two

1. "My Love is Like a Red, Red Rose"
2. "Green Grow the Rashes, O"
3. "My Jean"
4. "The Bonnie Lad That's Far Away"

## InfoBox

| My Heart's in the Highlands | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jo Stafford | |
| Released | 1954 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Jo Stafford chronology | |
| *Garden of Prayer*
(1954) ***My Heart's in the Highlands***
(1954) *A Musical Portrait of New Orleans*
(1954) | |


title: Group Animal

abstract: "Group Animal" is a two-part episode of the British medical drama Holby City that served as the 61st and 62nd episodes of the show's nineteenth series, and the 900th and 901st episodes overall. The first part aired on 5 December 2017, and the second on 7 December 2017 on BBC One in the United Kingdom. Both parts were written by Andy Bayliss and directed by Paulette Randall. The plot sees the arrival of Professor John Gaskell at Holby City Hospital, shortly before Fredrik Johanssen goes on a shooting spree, which results in the death of Raf di Lucca. Holby City executive producer Simon Harper first teased the two-part storyline in November 2017, saying the characters would face the "hospital's greatest peril yet" and their lives would be changed forever. Details of the plot were withheld, but it was confirmed that McGann would make his debut during the first part. The actor said "Group Animal" was a departure from the show's regular plots. McFadden's departure was also kept a secret by producers, so it would have "maximum impact" on viewers. McFadden filmed his final scenes two months prior to them being broadcast. The episodes were promoted with a trailer titled "When Darkness Falls Look to the Light". "Group Animal – Part One" was seen by 4.92 million viewers and "Group Animal – Part Two" was watched by 5.19 million. The episodes received mostly positive attention from critics, with one calling the plot "nail-biting, edge-of-seat stuff". Some viewers hoped that Holby City would win awards for the episodes. However, the Motor Neurone Disease Association criticised the show for misleading viewers about a cure for motor neuron disease. The episodes won Best Drama Storyline at the 2018 Inside Soap Awards.

text:
# Group Animal

"**Group Animal**" is a two-part episode of the British medical drama *Holby City* that served as the 61st and 62nd episodes of the show's nineteenth series, and the 900th and 901st episodes overall. The first part aired on 5 December 2017, and the second on 7 December 2017 on BBC One in the United Kingdom. Both parts were written by Andy Bayliss and directed by Paulette Randall. The plot sees the arrival of Professor John Gaskell (Paul McGann) at Holby City Hospital, shortly before Fredrik Johanssen (Billy Postlethwaite) goes on a shooting spree, which results in the death of Raf di Lucca (Joe McFadden).

*Holby City* executive producer Simon Harper first teased the two-part storyline in November 2017, saying the characters would face the "hospital's greatest peril yet" and their lives would be changed forever. Details of the plot were withheld, but it was confirmed that McGann would make his debut during the first part. The actor said "Group Animal" was a departure from the show's regular plots. McFadden's departure was also kept a secret by producers, so it would have "maximum impact" on viewers. McFadden filmed his final scenes two months prior to them being broadcast.

The episodes were promoted with a trailer titled "When Darkness Falls Look to the Light". "Group Animal – Part One" was seen by 4.92 million viewers and "Group Animal – Part Two" was watched by 5.19 million. The episodes received mostly positive attention from critics, with one calling the plot "nail-biting, edge-of-seat stuff". Some viewers hoped that *Holby City* would win awards for the episodes. However, the Motor Neurone Disease Association criticised the show for misleading viewers about a cure for motor neuron disease. The episodes won Best Drama Storyline at the 2018 *Inside Soap* Awards.

## Plot

### Part one

The staff of Holby City Hospital prepare for the arrival of renowned surgeon Professor John Gaskell (Paul McGann), who has used stem cell treatment to reverse motor neuron disease (MND) in a patient. Gaskell brings in a patient with a spindle cell lipoma and he asks Jac Naylor (Rosie Marcel) to join him in surgery. Feeling under pressure to prove herself, Jac removes Oliver Valentine (James Anderson) from his scheduled operation so she can perform it herself, using the opportunity as practice. On AAU, Essie Harrison (Kaye Wragg) expresses her fears to her husband Raf di Lucca (Joe McFadden) that something bad is going to happen when she notices that she has lost her wedding ring. Raf treats a pregnant woman who fell into a lake and discovers that superfetation has occurred during her pregnancy. He safely delivers her triplets and saves her life.

Nurse Donna Jackson (Jaye Jacobs) shows Raf some threatening text messages from Jeremy Warren (Nick Rhys), who blames the hospital for his mother's death. Halfway through the surgery with Gaskell, Jac leaves the theatre as her nerves get the better of her. John encourages her to return and finish the surgery. Afterwards, Jac breaks down in Adrian Fletcher's (Alex Walkinshaw) arms, as her grief over her sister's death and other recent events catch up with her. In the wet lab, Gaskell introduces his MND patient, László Furz, to Essie, Henrik Hanssen (Guy Henry) and Sacha Levy (Bob Barrett). Jac apologises to Ollie and tells Raf that she has decided to leave Holby for good. She gives him her resignation letter to hand to Hanssen, but as she makes her way down the stairs, she is greeted by an anonymous figure, who shoots her and leaves her to die.

### Part two

The power goes off on AAU, plunging the ward into darkness. Raf takes his patient to ITU and another gunshot rings out as the gunman proceeds through the hospital. After being informed of the shooting, Hanssen instigates the major incident procedure and the hospital is sent into lockdown. Sacha finds Jac and brings her into the wet lab, where he, Gaskell, Hanssen and Essie try to save her life. Paramedic Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson) is handed Raf's patient, who is found with a gunshot wound to her leg, and he treats her in an ambulance outside. The gunman reaches AAU and Donna protects a young boy, as he walks through the ward. She calls Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie) when a patient suffers a haemorrhage, and he manages to smuggle himself into the hospital to help. Donna tells him that she saw the gunman's face, while Hanssen is also informed of his identity. Sergeant Taylor (Victor Gardener) receives an image of the gunman and is informed that he is specifically targeting hospital staff.

The gunman goes to Darwin, where Ollie, Morven Digby (Eleanor Fanyinka) and Roxanna MacMillan (Hermione Gulliford) are operating on Roxanna's husband David (Fraser James). The gunman shoots Ollie in the head and Roxanna operates to save him. David suffers a cerebral haemorrhage and dies. The gunman is revealed to be Hanssen's son Fredrik Johanssen (Billy Postlethwaite). He makes it onto Keller ward, where he intends to shoot Dominic Copeland (David Ames), but Hanssen interrupts and tries to talk with his son. Fredrik tells Hanssen that he knows he is not part of the family Hanssen has created at the hospital. Hanssen urges Fredrik to put down the gun, but armed police shoot Fredrik and he dies. Essie recognises Raf's patient and Fletch explains that she actually has a shrapnel wound. Essie listens to a voicemail message from Raf, who explains that he has been shot in the jugular and knows he will not make it. Sacha finds Raf's body in the lift, and races to comfort Essie along with Fletch. Ollie and Jac are taken to the ITU, and Sacha gives a statement to the press.

## Production

On 21 November 2017, it was announced that *Holby City* would be airing a two-part episode the following month, that would result in the hospital being "changed forever". Sophie Dainty of *Digital Spy* confirmed that Paul McGann's character Professor John Gaskell would be introduced, while series regulars Jac Naylor (Rosie Marcel), Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie) and Henrik Hanssen (Guy Henry) would feature prominently. The show's executive producer, Simon Harper, stated "You'll see our NHS heroes instinctively rush towards the hospital's greatest peril yet in a story that changes lives forever – and the fact that the episodes introduce Paul, one of our country's most internationally renowned screen talents, is the icing on the cake." Harper praised the cast and crew for their work on the episodes, which he branded "stunningly dramatic and moving". Both episodes were written by Andy Bayliss, directed by Paulette Randall and produced by Sarah Creasey. Details of the storyline were kept secret and did not immediately reveal what peril the hospital and its staff would face.

McGann's casting was announced in April 2017, and Dainty (*Digital Spy*) reported that his character would be "the saviour of the hour" when he made his debut in December amid a crisis at the hospital. McGann filmed his first scenes during August. His character, Professor Gaskell, is introduced as the pioneer of a new stem cell treatment for motor neuron disease in the first episode. During an interview with Allison Jones of *Inside Soap*, McGann pointed out that "Group Animal" was a departure from the show's regular plots, and it was something the producers had thought long and hard about beforehand. He found the episodes "thrilling" to film, and said his character has to prove himself immediately. The episodes also feature an appearance from Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson), a paramedic from *Holby City'*s sister show *Casualty*.

During the first half of "Group Animal", Jac Naylor is seen dealing with her grief at her sister's death and deciding to leave the hospital. However, at the end of the episode, the power goes out and Jac is shot by an unseen assailant, who leaves her to die in a corridor. The cliffhanger led viewers to voice their concern that Marcel was leaving the show, and she later thanked them for their support of her character. At the start of the second episode, Jac is found bleeding from a gunshot wound and Gaskell is forced to perform surgery on her. Shortly after, it is revealed that Hanssen's son Fredrik Johanssen (Billy Postlethwaite) is going on a rampage through the hospital with a rifle. Fredrik shoots Oliver Valentine (James Anderson) in the head, before he is confronted by Hanssen. Fredrik is killed off after explaining that he feels resentment towards his father.

The second episode concluded with the revelation that Raf di Lucca (Joe McFadden) had also been shot and killed. The character's exit was kept out of spoiler articles by producers for "maximum impact". McFadden found Raf's exit to be "quite unexpected" and dramatic. He was pleased that the producers trusted him with the story and thought it would also begin new storylines for the other characters, as they react to Raf's death. He also said, "It is a shocking episode but it's a drama; there's supposed to be drama and conflict. It is probably one of the darkest episodes that I've read but I like that they're pushing boundaries and challenging people and I think it's been done really well." McFadden chose to leave the show after four years, as he believed he had done everything he could with the character. McFadden was appearing on *Strictly Come Dancing* at the time the episodes aired and he admitted that he found it hard to keep his departure a secret while he was on the show, as he had shot his final scenes two months before they aired. He called his last day on set "a surreal experience". McFadden explained that he had been excited to work with McGann, but in their only scene together he had to lie on the floor and pretend to be dead.

## Promotion and broadcast

"Group Animal" was first teased in a September 2017 trailer called "The Reel Before The Storm", which showcased the upcoming Autumn storylines. The episodes were later publicised by a trailer titled "When Darkness Falls Look to the Light", which was released on 21 November 2017. BBC Creative conceived and created the trailer, which was intended to give the show "a shot of adrenaline". A radio campaign and promotional photos were also released. The trailer shows Jac running from "an unknown threat" through a hospital corridor and hiding with Ric and Sacha, while Hanssen cowers from the threat alone. John Gaskell then throws open some doors, which brings light into the corridor, and gestures for them to follow him.

Duncan Lindsay of the *Metro* thought that this showed John would be Holby's saviour during the event. Lindsay also branded the trailer "spooky", while Huw Fullerton of *Radio Times* dubbed it "exciting". Viewers noticed various references and comparisons to *Doctor Who*, in which McGann starred. Fullerton joked, "Five quid says he whips out the sonic screwdriver during surgery..."

"Group Animal – Part One" was broadcast on BBC One on 5 December 2017, with "Part Two" airing two days later on 7 December.

## Reception

In its original broadcast, "Group Animal – Part One" was watched by an audience of 4.92 million. "Group Animal – Part Two" saw a small increase in viewership, with 5.19 million tuning in. This was the highest rated episode of *Holby City* since "The Price We Pay", which aired on 28 February 2017 and attracted 5.34 million viewers.

A reporter for *Western Mail* chose the first part as one of their "Picks of the Week". They thought McGann's Professor Gaskell had an "irrepressible charm", and wondered how he would fit in as "the team is pushed to its limits". Rianne Houghton of *Digital Spy* found the first episode to be "a slow-burner", yet it "wasn't short on the drama". *What's on TV'*s David Hollingsworth included the episodes in his "Pick of the Best Shows" feature. He gave them four out of five stars, and called it "a dramatic week for Holby fans". He added, "But as medical history is made, lives saved and new beginnings created, there's also a terrible darkness about to engulf the hospital..."

Sara Wallis from the *Daily Mirror* observed that the episodes were full of action and thought the sound of gun shots and the hospital lockdown were some of the "most dramatic scenes". She concluded, "It's the greatest threat the hospital has ever experienced, and of course, someone will be left fighting for their life. No spoilers, but expect lots of running, shouting and the usual spattering of blood as our Holby heroes try to save the day." David Brown of the *Radio Times* thought there was far too much build-up to the shooting. He thought Gaskell was "thrown in at the deep end" during his first day when he had to operate on Jac.

Writing for BT Group, Alex Fletcher, called "Group Animal – Part Two" a "powerful and emotional episode", and added that Raf departed in "heartbreaking fashion." While others expressed their hope that *Holby City* would win awards for the episodes. The Motor Neurone Disease Association criticised the show for misleading viewers about a cure for motor neuron disease. The charity was contacted by several people who were upset about the storyline, and they requested a response from the BBC.

The "Group Animal" storyline contributed to *Holby City'*s nomination in the Soap and Continuing Drama category at the Royal Television Society Awards in March 2018. The episodes won the Best Drama Storyline category at the 2018 *Inside Soap* Awards, under the title "The hospital shooting".

## InfoBox

| "**Group Animal**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Holby City* episodes | |
| A promotional image for the episodes | |
| Episode nos. | Series 19
Episodes 61 & 62 |
| Directed by | Paulette Randall |
| Written by | Andy Bayliss |
| Original air dates | 5 December 2017 (2017-12-05) (Part 1)
7 December 2017 (2017-12-07) (Part 2) |
| Running time | 58 minutes (Part 1)
56 minutes (Part 2) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Music Box Revue

abstract: Music Box Revue was a series of four musical theatre revues by Irving Berlin, presented from 1921 to 1924 at the Music Box Theatre in New York City. Berlin wrote the book, music, and lyrics to all four editions. The first show was staged by Hassard Short with music by Irving Berlin, and featured contributions from a number of writers including Robert Benchley. it debuted in 1921, where it ran for 440 performances.

text:
# Music Box Revue

***Music Box Revue*** was a series of four musical theatre revues by Irving Berlin, presented from 1921 to 1924 at the Music Box Theatre in New York City. Berlin wrote the book, music, and lyrics to all four editions. The first show was staged by Hassard Short with music by Irving Berlin, and featured contributions from a number of writers including Robert Benchley. it debuted in 1921, where it ran for 440 performances.

## Sources

* Billy Altman, *Laughter's Gentle Soul: The Life of Robert Benchley*. (New York City: W. W. Norton, 1997. ISBN 0-393-03833-5).
* Internet Broadway Database: *Music Box Revue*. URL accessed 6 June 2007.


title: Greenrow

abstract: Greenrow is a village in Cumbria, United Kingdom. It is located about 10 miles west of Wigton, near the town of Silloth.

text:
# Greenrow

**Greenrow** is a village in Cumbria, United Kingdom. It is located about 10 miles west of Wigton, near the town of Silloth.

## InfoBox

| Greenrow | |
| --- | --- |
| GreenrowLocation in Allerdale, CumbriaGreenrowLocation within Cumbria | |
| OS grid reference | NY111525 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county | * Cumbria |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | WIGTON |
| Postcode district | CA7 |
| Dialling code | 016973 |
|  | |
| Police | Cumbria |
| Fire | Cumbria |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Musical quotation

abstract: Musical quotation is the practice of directly quoting another work in a new composition. The quotation may be from the same composer's work (self-referential), or from a different composer's work (appropriation). Sometimes the quotation is done for the purposes of characterization, as in Puccini's use of The Star-Spangled Banner in reference to the American character Lieutenant Pinkerton in his opera Madama Butterfly, or in Tchaikovsky's use of the Russian and French national anthems in the 1812 Overture, which depicted a battle between the Russian and French armies. Sometimes, there is no explicit characterization involved, as when Luciano Berio used brief quotes from Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, Alban Berg, Pierre Boulez, Gustav Mahler, Claude Debussy, Paul Hindemith, Maurice Ravel, Arnold Schoenberg, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky, Anton Webern, and others in his Sinfonia.

text:
# Musical quotation

**Musical quotation** is the practice of directly quoting another work in a new composition. The quotation may be from the same composer's work (self-referential), or from a different composer's work (appropriation).

Sometimes the quotation is done for the purposes of characterization, as in Puccini's use of *The Star-Spangled Banner* in reference to the American character Lieutenant Pinkerton in his opera *Madama Butterfly*, or in Tchaikovsky's use of the Russian and French national anthems in the *1812 Overture*, which depicted a battle between the Russian and French armies.

Sometimes, there is no explicit characterization involved, as when Luciano Berio used brief quotes from Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, Alban Berg, Pierre Boulez, Gustav Mahler, Claude Debussy, Paul Hindemith, Maurice Ravel, Arnold Schoenberg, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky, Anton Webern, and others in his *Sinfonia*.

## Quotation vs. variation

Musical quotation is to be distinguished from variation, where a composer takes a theme (their own or another's) and writes variations on it. In that case, the origin of the theme is usually acknowledged in the title (e.g., Johannes Brahms's *Variations on a Theme by Haydn*).

In the case of quotations, however, an explicit acknowledgment does not generally appear in the score. Some exceptions are found in Robert Schumann's *Carnaval*:

* in the section "Florestan" he quotes a theme from his earlier work *Papillons*, Op. 2, and the inscription "(Papillon?)" is written underneath the notes (he quotes the same theme in the final section "Marche des Davidsbündler contre les Philistins", but without acknowledgement)
* in the final section, he also quotes another theme first used in *Papillons*, the traditional *Grossvater Tanz* (Grandfather Dance), but this time the inscription is "Thème du XVIIème siècle".

## Examples

Examples of musical quotations in classical music include:

Quotation is also a tradition in jazz performance, especially of the bebop era. Charlie Parker, for instance, quoted Stravinsky's *Rite of Spring* in his solo on "Repetition", and "Country Gardens" on his Verve recording of "Lover Man"; Dizzy Gillespie quotes David Raksin's "Laura" on "Hot House" during the Massey Hall concert. Dexter Gordon and Sonny Rollins are especially famed among jazz fans for their addiction to quotation. Often the use of musical quotation has an ironic edge, whether the musician is aiming for an amusing juxtaposition or is making a more pointed commentary (as when a youthful Rollins, playing alongside Charlie Parker on Miles Davis's *Collector's Items*, throws in a snippet of "Anything You Can Do I Can Do Better," or when the avant-garde saxophonist Ornette Coleman rebuffs a skeptical heckler at the Croydon Hall concert with a snippet of the jazz standard "Cherokee").

Although less common, musical quotations can be found in rock music, for example Barenaked Ladies "Hello City" quotes a stanza from The Housemartins' "Happy Hour". Sampling, a foundation of hip hop music, is the reuse of a portion (or sample) of a sound recording in another recording.

## Sources


title: Vitamin K deficiency

abstract: Vitamin K deficiency results from insufficient dietary vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 or both.

text:
# Vitamin K deficiency

**Vitamin K deficiency** results from insufficient dietary vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 or both.

## Signs and symptoms

Symptoms include bruising, petechiae, and haematoma.

Vitamin K is changed to its active form in the liver by the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase. Activated vitamin K is then used to gamma carboxylate (and thus activate) certain enzymes involved in coagulation: Factors II, VII, IX, , and protein C and protein S. Inability to activate the clotting cascade via these factors leads to the bleeding symptoms mentioned above.

Notably, when one examines the lab values in Vitamin K deficiency \[see below\] the prothrombin time is elevated, but the partial thromboplastin time is normal or only mildly prolonged. This may seem counterintuitive given that the deficiency leads to decreased activity in factors of both the intrinsic pathway (F-IX) which is monitored by PTT, as well as the extrinsic pathway (F-VII) which is monitored by PT. However, factor VII has the shortest half-life of all the factors carboxylated by vitamin K; therefore, when deficient, it is the PT that rises first, since the activated Factor VII is the first to "disappear." In later stages of deficiency, the other factors (which have longer half lives) are able to "catch up," and the PTT becomes elevated as well.

## Cause

Vitamin K1-deficiency may occur by disturbed intestinal uptake (such as would occur in a bile duct obstruction), by therapeutic or accidental intake of a vitamin K1-antagonist such as warfarin, or, very rarely, by nutritional vitamin K1 deficiency. As a result, Gla-residues are inadequately formed and the Gla-proteins are insufficiently active.

## Epidemiology

The prevalence of vitamin K deficiency varies by geographic region. For infants in the United States, vitamin K1 deficiency without bleeding may occur in as many as 50% of infants younger than 5 days old, with the classic hemorrhagic disease occurring in 0.25-1.7% of infants. Therefore, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that 0.5 to 1.0 mg Vitamin K1 be administered to all newborns shortly after birth.

Postmenopausal and elderly women in Thailand have high risk of Vitamin K2 deficiency, compared with the normal value of young, reproductive females. Current dosage recommendations for Vitamin K may be too low. The deposition of calcium in soft tissues, including arterial walls, is quite common, especially in those who have atherosclerosis, suggesting that Vitamin K deficiency is more common than previously thought.

Because colonic bacteria synthesize a significant portion of the Vitamin K required for human needs, individuals with disruptions to or insufficient amounts of these bacteria can be at risk for Vitamin K deficiency. Newborns, as mentioned above, fit into this category, as their colons are frequently not adequately colonized in the first five to seven days of life. Another at-risk population comprises those individuals on any sort of long-term antibiotic therapy, as this can diminish the population of normal gut flora.

## InfoBox

| Vitamin K deficiency | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
| Symptoms | bruising, petechiae, hematomas, oozing of blood at surgical or puncture sites, stomach pains, cartilage calcification, and severe malformation of developing bone or deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the walls of arteries. |
| Causes | insufficient dietary vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 or both |
| Medication | phytonadione |


title: Grivyak

abstract: Grivyak is a village in Kirkovo Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

text:
# Grivyak

**Grivyak** is a village in Kirkovo Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Grivyak Гривяк | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Grivyak | |
| Coordinates: 41°23′00″N 25°29′00″E / 41.3833°N 25.4833°E / 41.3833; 25.4833 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Kardzhali Province |
| Municipality | Kirkovo |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Violence against women in Malaysia

text:
# Violence against women in Malaysia

Violence against women includes physical, psychological, emotional, and sexual abuse of women, predominantly by men. The most common form of violence is domestic violence. Malaysia rated 0.681 under the Global Gender Gap Report 2022 and ranked 103rd out of 146 countries.

## Types

### Domestic violence

Domestic violence, also known as Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), is any behavior by a current or former partner or spouse that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm.

A study conducted by **Universiti Sains Malaysia** in 2014 shows that 9% of ever-partnered women in Peninsular Malaysia have experienced domestic violence at some point in their lifetime.

Women's Aid Organisation (WAO) statistics on violence against women show that domestic violence increased from 2000 to 2018. In 2000, there were 3468 cases of domestic violence. In 2018, the number increased to 5513. This is corroborated by Police DiRaja Malaysia (PDRM) data that showed an increase in cases in the state of Selangor from 2017 to 2021.The Covid-19 pandemic brought to light the reality of the situation of violence against women in the country, WAO reported a fourfold increase in calls to the hotline. According to police statistics, around 19 268 cases were reported between 2020 and 2022. In 2022, Women's Aid Organization (WAO) executive director Sumitra Visvanathan suggested that Malaysia principle should be strengthened in this area and perceived it as a serious crime in order to reduce unwanted fatalities.

### Female genital mutilation

Anecdotal reports indicates that almost all Malay Muslim women have undergone female genital cutting (FGC), largely because they think it is required by Islam and often these procedures are conducted by traditional midwives who are trained in the type IV FGC .

In 2009, the Fatwa Committee of the National Council of Islamic Religious Affairs declared FGM to be compulsory (*wajib*) for all Muslim women. FGM is a practice that has been the subject of a vigorous policy of zero tolerance from the World Health Organization (WHO).

Adoption of such legislation are perceived as “a step backwards” in the fight for women's rights. Historically, the practice of FGM was linked to the coming of Islam and FGM procedures deeply connected to Islam, Islamic notions of body purity in Malaysia and Malay ethnicity.

In Malaysia, few people have any specific information and expressed little concern with regard to the practice of FGM. A study conducted in 2012, by Dr. Maznah Dahlui, an associate professor at the University of Malaya's Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, found that 93 percent of Muslim women surveyed had been circumcised.

Another survey by Salleha Khalid et al in 2016 of 402 Malay-Muslim women revealed that only a mere 4% – 16 out of 402 women – had not been “circumcised”. In recent years, organizations such as the UN have been calling for abolition of FGM practices in Malaysia. One of it was from the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Committee that called for Malaysia to end FGM practices.

However, some still defended the practice claiming it would be culturally insensitive to abolish FGM completely in Malaysia and that “FGM practiced by the Malay community in north Malaysia is not the same as the FGM performed elsewhere”.

### Rape

From 2000 to 2007, there was an increase of rape cases in all 15 states of Malaysia, from 1217 to 3098 cases. Among all 15 states in Malaysia, Johor had the highest rape cases as of May 2017. Based on the statistics released by the Penang Women Centre for Change, one woman is being raped every 35 minutes in Malaysia. In Malaysia, Section 376 of the Penal Code states that whoever commits rape shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to twenty years, and shall be liable to whipping.

#### Marital rape

Marital Rape is not legally recognized in Malaysia . But the new Section 375A states that any husband causing fear of death or hurt to his wife in order to have sex shall be punished for term which may extend to five years.

Since marital rape is not recognized as a crime in Malaysia, it is difficult for women to get access to justice. In a WAO report titled “Perspectives on Domestic Violence” released on International Women's Day in 2015 , the NGO said that rape was a crime even if it occurred in a marriage. The report noted that the United Nations Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, since 2006, had been asking the Malaysian government to criminalise marital rape.

### Online gender-based violence

Online gender-based violence (OGBV), otherwise known as technology-facilitated gender-based violence is any act of violence that is either done or amplified through the use of digital technologies or tools that cause physical, sexual, social, psychological, political, or economic harm to women and girls on the basis of their gender.

## Legislation

Women in Malaysia have certain protection against domestic violence such as the *Domestic Violent Act 1994* and *Article 375 of the Penal Code* (prohibition of rape).

### Domestic Violence Act

The Domestic Violence Act in Malaysia was passed in 1995. The law took over 10 years to be passed because when women's NGO pushed for the enactment, they were met with resistance from patriarchal forces of the state. The Domestic Violence Act provides extensive provisions relating to protective orders (POs) which can be issued by the courts.

These include provisions on: *a) Issuance of interim POs pending investigation of any alleged domestic violence offence prohibiting the person against whom the order is made from using domestic violence against the spouse, a child, an incapacitated adult or any other member of the family; b) Issuance of POs prohibiting the person against whom the order is made from using domestic violence against the spouse, a child, an incapacitated adult or any other member of the family during the course of any proceedings before the court involving a complaint of domestic violence; and c) Attaching of additional orders to the protection order*.

### Article 375 of the Penal Code

According to the Malaysian law and statutory, the minimum age of consent to participation in sexual activity is 16 years old. The Malaysia statutory rape law is violated when an individual has consensual sexual contact with a person under age 16.

Section 375 of the Penal Code (Malaysia), which covers rape states that *(a) against her will; (b) without her consent; (c) with her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her in fear of death or hurt to herself or any other person, or obtained under a misconception of fact and the man knows or has reason to believe that the consent was given in consequence of such misconception; (d) with her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married or to whom she would consent; (e) with her consent, when, at the time of giving such consent, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent; (f) with her consent, when the consent is obtained by using his position of authority over her or because of professional relationship or other relationship of trust in relation to her; (g) with or without her consent, when she is under sixteen years of age.*

*Explanation - Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the offence of rape.*

*Exception - Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife by a marriage which is valid under any written law for the time being in force, or is recognized in Malaysia as valid, is not rape.*

*Explanation 1 - A woman - (a) living separately from her husband under a decree of judicial separation or a decree nisi not made absolute; or (b) who has obtained an injunction restraining her husband from having sexual intercourse with her, shall be deemed not to be his wife for the purposes of this section.*

*Explanation 2—A Muslim woman living separately from her husband during the period of ‘iddah, which shall be calculated in accordance with Hukum Syara’, shall be deemed not to be his wife for the purposes of this section.*

## Incidents of violence against women

On 3 September 2016, two women found guilty of attempting to have sex were caned in Terengganu, a conservative northeastern state in Malaysia, ruled by the Islamist opposition party Pan-Malaysian Islamist Party (PAS). It received criticisms from various rights groups such as Justice for Sisters and the Women's Aid Organization in Malaysia. It had also received criticisms from Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, arguing that it was a violation of human rights. Malaysian officials justified the sentence by claiming it was “not painful” and had been intended to “educate” the women.

## Consequences

A recent study identified the pattern of help-seeking by women who have experienced intimate partner violence and their level of satisfaction with the help they receive. It showed that women who experienced IPV suffered various physical and mental health consequences. 81.8% of women who participated in this study reported being physically injured, while more than half reported high emotional distress. The majority of women seek help through friends and family. There were also 13.1% that did not tell anyone about the violence they experienced. This shows that not all survivors report their abuse.

## Access to justice for female victims of violence (Organisations)

There are over 10,000 NGOs in Malaysia. However, only women's NGOs would voice their concern about women and gender issues. Some women NGOs includes Women's Aid Organisation, All Women's Action Society and Sisters in Islam.

### Women's Aid Organisation (Pertubuhan Pertolongan Wanita)

One objective of the Women's Aid Organisation (WAO) is to provide on request to women and their children suffering from mental, physical and sexual abuse, temporary refuge services that empower and enable them to determine their own future. Recently, WOA launched ‘Think I Need Aid’ for women survivors to report domestic violence through Whatsapp. This campaign had increased the number of reports from 699 in 2016 to 1698 in 2017. This increase in number was due to survivors being more comfortable reaching out through Whatsapp.

### All Women's Action Society (AWAM)

AWAM is a non-profit, independent feminist organisation in Malaysia committed to ending gender-based violence and upholding equality and rights for all. It was established in 1998. some recent events that AWAM had organized in 2018 focusing on violence against women were:

* 4 June 2018: Workshop on Violence Against Women (VAW) and Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) for UTAR 4th Year Medical Students
* 28 April 2018: Unity and Equality Workshop
* 7 April 2018: Break the Silence: A workshop on Violence Against Women/Girls and Speaking U

### Sisters In Islam

Sisters In Islam (SIS), formed in 1987, was initially a research, policy, and advocacy organisation based in Kuala Lumpur. Since then, SIS has become a strong force in advocating Muslim women's right in the presence of Islamic revivalism and Islamisation government policies. SIS strives to strike a balance between secular modernity and Islam. SIS had also confronted a variety of major issues including violence against women, women's equality and Islam, Islamic criminal law, and rape. In 1991, SIS had promoted two booklets entitled *Are Women and Men Equal Before Allah* and *Are Muslim Men allowed to Beat Their Wives?*, both of which were products of extensive, independent research and interpretation of the Qur’an. These booklets have provided Qur’anic interpretations on the issue of domestic violence. In addition, SIS was one of the women's NGOs that worked to get the Domestic Violence Act to pass.

## Activism against violence

### Community Walk the Talk to Stop Violence Against Women by WOA

This program includes talks and workshops about how women and girls can try to protect themselves and avoid becoming victims of physical violence and cyber crimes, such as Master Saiful Hamiruzzam and team spoke and demonstrated about “How to Be Your Own Bodyguard”, and Cathryn Anila spoke on “How to Surf Online Safely (SOS)”

One workshop was also organised by NCWO targeted for the children aged 9 to 18 years on the subject, “The Malaysia We Want for our Family and Country”.

### One Stop Crisis Centre (OSCC)

OSCC, available in all government hospitals in Malaysia, aims to support survivors of physical and sexual abuse. They collaborate with the police, NGOs, and the Social Welfare Department during crises. Services for survivors include medical care, legal protection, temporary shelter, legal aid, and counseling.

1. "Gender Equality". *UNDP*. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
2. "Leave No One Behind - End Violence against Women and Girls". *UN Women*. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
3. "Home - Women's Aid Organisation". *Women's Aid Organisation*. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
4. "Domestic violence against women is a crime, not a family matter: WAO". *New Straits Times*. 2015.
5. Ainslie, Mary J. (2015). "The 2009 Malaysian Female Circumcision Fatwa: State ownership of Islam and the current impasse". *Women's Studies International Forum*. **52**: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2015.06.015. ISSN 0277-5395.
6. "Why is Malaysia still practising female genital mutilation? | The Malaysian Insight". *www.themalaysianinsight.com*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
7. "Malaysia urged to abolish female genital mutilation - Nation | The Star Online". *www.thestar.com.my*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
8. "Female circumcision on the rise in Malaysia | The Express Tribune". *The Express Tribune*. 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
9. "The UN wants Malaysia to ban female circumcision. But that could be even more dangerous". *CILISOS - Current Issues Tambah Pedas!*. 2018-02-25. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
10. Nokman, Farhana Syed (27 July 2017). "Johor has highest number of rape cases, Sabah tops incest numbers". *New Straits Times*.
11. "3,000 rape cases in Malaysia every year". *Malaysiakini*. 2015-12-11. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
12. "Marital rape should be a crime, but it is not, yet - Star2.com". *Star2.com*. 2015-06-17. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
13. "Home - Women's Aid Organisation" (PDF). *Women's Aid Organisation*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
14. Ariffin, Rohana (1999). "Feminism in malaysia". *Women's Studies International Forum*. **22** (4): 417–423. doi:10.1016/s0277-5395(99)00039-4. ISSN 0277-5395.
15. "Domestic Violence Act 1994". *evaw-global-database.unwomen.org*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
16. "Malaysia Age of Consent & Statutory Rape Laws". *www.ageofconsent.net*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
17. "Penal Code" (PDF).
18. Lamb, Kate (2018-09-03). "Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
19. "Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex". *The Independent*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
20. "Two Malaysians caned in public for 'attempting lesbian sex'". *U.S*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
21. Tengku Hassan, Tengku Nur Fadzilah; Ali, Siti Hawa; Salleh, Halim (2015-01-02). "Patterns of help-seeking among women experiencing intimate partner violence in Malaysia". *Asian Journal of Women's Studies*. **21** (1): 77–92. doi:10.1080/12259276.2015.1029226. ISSN 1225-9276. S2CID 143189139.
22. Ariffin, Rohana (September 1999). "Feminism in malaysia". *Women's Studies International Forum*. **22** (4): 417–423. doi:10.1016/s0277-5395(99)00039-4. ISSN 0277-5395.
23. "Home - Women's Aid Organisation". *Women's Aid Organisation*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
24. "Women's minister says committed to improving domestic abuse victims' protection | Malay Mail". Retrieved 2018-10-24.
25. "Events | AWAM – All Women's Action Society". *www.awam.org.my*. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
26. Sleboda, Jennifer (2001). "Islam and Women's Rights Advocacy in Malaysia". *Asian Journal of Women's Studies*. **7** (2): 94–136. doi:10.1080/12259276.2001.11665905. ISSN 1225-9276. S2CID 146142247.
27. "Community Walk the Talk to Stop Violence Against Women - Soroptimist Malaysia". *Soroptimist Malaysia*. 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
28. farhana (2013-09-10). "One Stop Crisis Centre (OSCC)". *PORTAL MyHEALTH*. Retrieved 2023-11-27.


title: Virginia State Route 419

abstract: State Route 419 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Electric Road, the state highway runs 10.54 miles (16.96 km) from U.S. Route 220 and US 220 Business in Roanoke north to SR 311 at Hanging Rock. SR 419 is a major north–south highway in the western part of the Roanoke Valley, connecting Roanoke and Salem with Cave Spring in southwestern Roanoke County.

text:
# Virginia State Route 419

**State Route 419** (**SR 419**) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as **Electric Road**, the state highway runs 10.54 miles (16.96 km) from U.S. Route 220 and US 220 Business in Roanoke north to SR 311 at Hanging Rock. SR 419 is a major northsouth highway in the western part of the Roanoke Valley, connecting Roanoke and Salem with Cave Spring in southwestern Roanoke County.

## Route description

SR 419 begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 220 and US 220 Business near the southern end of the independent city of Roanoke. US 220 heads north as the Roy Webber Expressway toward Downtown Roanoke and south as Franklin Road toward Rocky Mount and Martinsville. US 220 Business heads northeast along Franklin Road. Immediately to the west of the interchange, SR 419 enters Roanoke County. The four-lane divided highway heads west past the Tanglewood Mall and crosses over Norfolk Southern Railway's Winston-Salem District. In the suburban community of Cave Spring, SR 419 intersects US 221 and begins to curve to the north. The state highway serves as the western city limit of Roanoke before entering the city of Salem adjacent to Lewis-Gale Medical Center. SR 419 crosses over the Roanoke River and briefly parallels the river to its intersection with US 11 (Apperson Drive).

SR 419 crosses over Norfolk Southern's Christiansburg and Whitethorne district rail lines and parallels a rail spur through an industrial area that contains a General Electric facility. At the north end of the area, the rail spur veers northwest and the state highway intersects Lynchburg Turnpike and Texas Street, which carry US 11 Alternate and US 460 Alternate. The intersection with Texas Street is a right-in/right-out intersection with southbound SR 419; full access to the alternate routes is provided via Lynchburg Turnpike. The state highway and the alternate routes run concurrently to US 460 (Main Street); here US 460 Alternate ends and US 11 Alternate joins the U.S. Highway east toward Roanoke. SR 419 parallels Mason Creek north out of the city of Salem and parallels the city limit north to its partial cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 81. The state highway reduces to a two-lane undivided road and curves west to its terminus at SR 311 at Hanging Rock. SR 311 heads west and south as Thompson Memorial Drive toward downtown Salem and north as Catawba Valley Drive toward Catawba and New Castle through the gap between Fort Lewis Mountain and Brushy Mountain formed by Mason Creek.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| City of Roanoke | | 0.00 | 0.00 |

US 220 / US 220 Bus. north (Franklin Road Southwest) to I-581 / I-81 Martinsville, Roanoke Regional Airport | Partial cloverleaf interchange; southern terminus |
| Roanoke | Cave Spring | 2.28 | 3.67 | US 221 (Brambleton Avenue) Floyd, Roanoke |  |
| City of Salem | | 6.13 | 9.87 |

US 11 (Apperson Drive) to US 460 west Roanoke |  |
| | 7.60 | 12.23 |

US 11 Alt. south / US 460 Alt. west (Texas Street / Salem Bypass) to I-81 Salem, Roanoke | south end of US 11 Alt. / US 460 Alt. overlap |
| | 8.13 | 13.08 |

US 460 / US 11 Alt. north (East Main Street) / to Peters Creek Road (SR 117) Downtown Salem, Roanoke | north end of US 11 Alt. / US 460 Alt. overlap |
| Roanoke | Hanging Rock |  |  |
SR 780 south (Cove Road) | former SR 116 south |
| | | 9.96 | 16.03 | I-81 Bristol, Lexington | Exit 141 (I-81) |
| | | 10.54 | 16.96 |
SR 311 (Thompson Memorial Drive / Catawba Valley Drive) to I-81 Salem, Catawba, New Castle | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## History

Prior to 1964, this road's route number was 119. The reasoning behind the route number change came in 1964; by that point, North Carolina had extended its State Route 119 to the Virginia border at Halifax County, and Virginia upgraded a secondary road to a primary one in response, to end at U.S. 58-360 in Delila.

Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 419KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 419 | |
| --- | --- |
| Electric Road | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by VDOT | |
| Length | 10.54 mi (16.96 km) |
| Existed | 1933–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end |
US 220 / US 220 Bus. in Roanoke |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | SR 311 at Hanging Rock |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| Counties | City of Roanoke, Roanoke, City of Salem |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 415   SR 420 | |


title: Megachile rotundiventris

abstract: Megachile rotundiventris is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Perris in 1852.

text:
# Megachile rotundiventris

***Megachile rotundiventris*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Perris in 1852.

## InfoBox

| *Megachile rotundiventris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Megachile* |
| Species: | ***M. rotundiventris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megachile rotundiventris***<br>Perris, 1852 | |
|