title: KVHS

abstract: KVHS is a non-profit high school radio station playing an active rock music format. It is licensed to the Mt. Diablo Unified School District and broadcasts from the campus of Clayton Valley Charter High School, Concord, California. The signal reaches the counties of Contra Costa, Solano, Napa, San Joaquin, West Sacramento and Yolo, and KVHS primarily serves the Diablo Valley area.

text:
# KVHS

**KVHS** (90.5 FM, "90.5 The Edge") is a non-profit high school radio station playing an active rock music format. It is licensed to the Mt. Diablo Unified School District and broadcasts from the campus of Clayton Valley Charter High School, Concord, California. The signal reaches the counties of Contra Costa, Solano, Napa, San Joaquin, West Sacramento and Yolo, and KVHS primarily serves the Diablo Valley area.

## History

KVHS went on the air as an AM station in 1966...on 850 (Eagles 85)....then moved to 880 AM...and later, 660 AM as a carrier current operation. The first faculty advisor was James Copeland...then Ernie Spencer and Ernie Wilson. By that time KVHS was nothing more than a PA system that was literally wired to all of the classrooms as well as carrier current to the office for PA broadcasting to the campus quad for the rock and roll "noon show." At that time, Al Taddeo was "Count Clayton." The station was closely affiliated with the old K-KIS 990 AM rocker for music, production supplies and publicity.

In 1969, KVHS was granted an FCC license to broadcast on 91.1 FM. In the years that followed, the station moved to its present frequency of 90.5, the music formats have changed from block programming and public affairs to Contemporary and Rock, to Hard Rock, to Alternative to its current format of Active Rock.

High school and adult students from all over Contra Costa County have always made up the staff of KVHS. The Faculty Advisor for 20 years was Tom Wilson, who has been involved in the radio industry since 1970. After starting out as a call-in guest on KSFO he moved on to KWUN, and also on to KQED-TV. He was also an on-air personality and the Operations Director at KWUN before becoming the Faculty Advisor at KVHS in 1978.

In 1998, Melissa Wilson (a.k.a. Melissa McConnell of San Francisco Bay Area radio and television) took over as General Manager and Faculty Advisor of KVHS. Melissa was an on-air personality and programmer for such radio stations as KYA-FM and AM, K101-FM, KEEN, KDBK/KDBQ-FM ("Double 99FM"), KKIS-FM and AM, KYCY-FM, KATM-FM, as well as KWUN with Tom Wilson. She transitioned KVHS from signing off the air at 10 pm to 24/7/365 operation with the installation of digital automation in 1998, which is responsible for the uninterrupted on-air programming (when there is no live DJ) to date.

In 2013, budget cuts were responsible for the layoff of the Faculty Advisor and the closing of the class. The decision to either move the station to another location or hire a new Faculty Advisor to restart the KVHS Radio Communications class is currently under consideration by the MDUSD School Board. Although not affiliated with the Clayton Valley Charter High School, the studios are currently still located on the campus of CVCHS, and the ownership and oversight of the radio station remains by the Mt. Diablo School District (also the owner of the CVHS campus.)

38°01′48″N 122°00′07″W / 38.030°N 122.002°W / 38.030; -122.002

## InfoBox

KVHS
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Diablo Valley, California |
| Frequency | 90.5 MHz |
| Branding | 90.5 The Edge |
| Programming | |
| Format | Active rock |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Mt. Diablo Unified School District |
| History | |
| First air date | May 16, 1969 |
| Call sign meaning | (**K**)layton (**V**)alley (**H**)igh (**S**)chool |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 11903 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 410 watts |
| HAAT | 137 meters |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | kvhs.com |


title: Quarry Steps, Durdham Down

abstract: Quarry Steps, Durdham Down is a 0.006 hectare geological Site of Special Scientific Interest near Durdham Down in Bristol, notified in 1990. It was in this area that the first Thecodontosaurus fossil was discovered in 1834.

text:
# Quarry Steps, Durdham Down

**Quarry Steps, Durdham Down** (grid reference ST573747) is a 0.006 hectare geological Site of Special Scientific Interest near Durdham Down in Bristol, notified in 1990.

It was in this area that the first *Thecodontosaurus* fossil was discovered in 1834.

## Sources

51°28′11″N 2°36′58″W / 51.46965°N 2.61613°W / 51.46965; -2.61613

## InfoBox

Quarry Steps, Durdham Down
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Avon |
| Grid reference | ST573747 |
| Interest | Geological |
| Area | 0.006 hectare |
| Notification | 1990 |
| Location map | *English Nature* |


title: Päivi Räsänen

abstract: Päivi Maria Räsänen, née Kuvaja, is a Finnish politician. The chairwoman of the Christian Democrats from 2004 to 2015, she was the Minister of the Interior of Finland between 2011 and 2015. A physician by education, Räsänen entered politics in the early 1990s, running for parliament in 1991. She has been in the Riihimäki City Council since 1993, and in the Finnish Parliament since 1995. She was elected the chairperson of the Christian Democrats on 2 October 2004. Following the government formation after the 2011 election, which led to the Christian Democrats joining the government, Räsänen was nominated by the party as the Minister of the Interior in the 72nd Finnish Cabinet led by Jyrki Katainen, and she was inaugurated along with the government on 22 June 2011.

text:
# Päivi Räsänen

**Päivi Maria Räsänen**, née **Kuvaja** (born 19 December 1959), is a Finnish politician. The chairwoman of the Christian Democrats from 2004 to 2015, she was the Minister of the Interior of Finland between 2011 and 2015.

A physician by education, Räsänen entered politics in the early 1990s, running for parliament in 1991. She has been in the Riihimäki City Council since 1993, and in the Finnish Parliament since 1995. She was elected the chairperson of the Christian Democrats on 2 October 2004. Following the government formation after the 2011 election, which led to the Christian Democrats joining the government, Räsänen was nominated by the party as the Minister of the Interior in the 72nd Finnish Cabinet led by Jyrki Katainen, and she was inaugurated along with the government on 22 June 2011.

## Career and political positions

Räsänen has been characterized as a conservative. In 2004, she authored a small theological booklet concerning sexual related topics. In 2020, the head of a church body which distributed the booklet was investigated for incitement under 2011 changes to a minority protection law.

On 12 October 2010, Räsänen was one of the participants on a live TV debate on *Ajankohtainen kakkonen'*s *Homoilta* special, with the topic of same-sex marriage and LGBT rights. As a protest, nearly 40,000 members left the state Evangelical Lutheran Church through the website *eroakirkosta.fi* over the next several weeks. At the time, this was the largest of such protests. Räsänen was on the show representing her party and herself as a Christian individual along with five other proponents of heterosexual rather than homosexual marriage. The church membership resignations were attributed by the media as a protest against her and then-Minister of Culture and Sports Stefan Wallin. Räsänen thinks homosexual acts are a sin and she herself does not consider her views "specifically extreme".

When interviewed by *Ylioppilaslehti* on 29 October 2010, Räsänen said that she would favor Christians over Muslims when selecting asylum seekers to Finland due, in her opinion, to Muslims' "difficulties to adjust to the Finnish culture". Her comments were condemned as "incomprehensible and merciless" by then-Minister of Migration and European Affairs Astrid Thors and then-Minister of Culture and Sports Stefan Wallin. Räsänen responded to the criticism, saying her comments were misinterpreted, since she did not consider religion as the main criterion for asylum seekers' admissions, but instead she wanted to highlight the benefits of refugees' integration through religious connections. In practice, as minister in charge of immigration affairs Räsänen has advocated for increasing the number of refugees taken in by Finland, especially from Syria.

In September 2012, Räsänen appointed a religiously conservative applicant, considered less qualified by the media, among six candidates to Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Interior Affairs, which created considerable debate, especially as she had previously condemned political appointments of government officials.

During parliamentary proceedings for Finland's application to join NATO, Räsänen stated:

> At great turning points in history, it has taken determination and courage to act, but also humility in the face of the unknown. It is known that the human equipment of the most effective is limited. "Except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain." That is why even today we need the same protection that Mannerheim reminded in his daily devotional order: "May God protect Finland."

### Stance on abortion

Räsänen opposes abortion. In a speech in July 2013 Räsänen contrasted abortion law to animal protection law saying that the latter gives better protection for animals than the former does to human fetuses:

> "The law on animal protection gives better protection to an animal about to be put down than the law on abortion does to an unborn child. It is forbidden to cause the animal pain when slaughtering it, but no one dares to even discuss the painfulness of abortion. Abortion is defended on the grounds that the fetus is not a human person, even though it is a biological human individual from the moment of conception."

About 6,500 abortion rights supporters formally renounced their state church membership in the first six days following the controversy. The average number leaving had been 70 persons a day previously.

## Trial

In 2019, she was investigated for incitement after criticizing the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland's official participation in LGBT Pride celebration events. In April 2021, Finnish Prosecutor General Raija Toiviainen announced that three separate charges of incitement against a minority group were being filed against her. The charges fell under a chapter of Finnish law which criminalizes "war crimes and crimes against humanity" and each charge can result in a prison sentence up to two years. The first part of her trial was held on 24 January 2022 and the second part of her trial was held on 14 February. The trial attracted international media, and the statements and testimonies of both the first and second parts of the trial and also the court's decision was live-blogged in English by Christian Network Europe. Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland bishop Juhana Pohjola was tried along with Räsänen; Pohjola was tried as the publisher of the 2004 booklet (see above). At the start of the proceedings, the prosecution asked for a day-fine of at least 120 days for Räsänen, 60 days for Pohjola, and a community fine of at least 10,000 euros for the Luther Foundation. An additional demand from the prosecution was for the Luther Foundation to remove the text of Räsänen's pamphlet from the internet and for the Finnish public broadcasting company Yle to remove certain passages from Ruben Stiller’s radio interview with panelists discussing the question of "What would Jesus think of homosexuals?".

Representatives of 45 Lutheran church bodies called on the Finnish government to not prosecute her. She was likewise supported by the European Evangelical Alliance and the Spanish Evangelical Alliance. Five senators from the United States (Marco Rubio, James Lankford, Josh Hawley, Mike Braun and James Inhofe) warned the United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom that the decision to prosecute them risked creating a "secular blasphemy law" to prosecute Christians, Muslims, and Jews. Ten academics from the United States signed an open letter to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom stating that the "prosecutions are straightforward acts of oppression".

The District Court found her and Pohjola not guilty of all charges and ordered the prosecution to pay their legal costs on 30 March 2022. In response to the ruling, the prosecutor Anu Mantila stated that the District Court "interpreted the statements differently than the prosecution and that's why they viewed that the limits of freedom of speech weren't breached ... It’s my impression that this is because the elements that infringed on equality and the prohibition of discrimination weren't taken into consideration accordingly." Mantila stated that the verdict was incorrect and unjust and said there was "a high probability" she would appeal it. Later the prosecutor's office publicly announced an intent to appeal, which it did on April 29, 2022. Räsänen estimated that judicial proceedings "will take at least one year, I suppose, perhaps many more years".

## Personal life

Räsänen is married to a Lutheran pastor, has five children, and ten grandchildren. She lives in Riihimäki. Räsänen is a physician and holds a Licentiate of Medicine.

## InfoBox

| Päivi Räsänen | |
| --- | --- |
| Räsänen in 2023 | |
|  | |
| Minister of the Interior | |
| **In office**
22 June 2011  29 May 2015 | |
| Prime Minister | Jyrki Katainen
Alexander Stubb |
| Preceded by | Anne Holmlund |
| Succeeded by | Petteri Orpo |
| Member of the Finnish Parliament | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
24 March 1995 | |
| Leader of the Finnish Christian Democrats | |
| **In office**
2 October 2004  28 August 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Bjarne Kallis |
| Succeeded by | Sari Essayah |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1959-12-19) 19 December 1959
Sonkajärvi, Northern Savonia, Finland |
| Political party | Christian Democrats |
| Children | 5 |
| Occupation | Physician |
| Profession | Licentiate in Medicine |
| Website | www.paivirasanen.fi |
|  | |


title: Quad site

abstract: The Quad site is a series of Paleoindian sites and localities in Limestone County near Decatur, Alabama. It was first reported by Frank Soday in 1954, and later findings were also documented by James Cambron, David Hulse and Joe Wright and Cambron and Hulse. The Quad Locale can seldom be viewed at current lake levels, even during normal winter pool, due to extensive erosion, but is considered one of the most important and well known Paleoindian sites in the Southeastern United States. Together, the Quad, Stone Pipe and Pine Tree sites form what is now considered the Quad locality, a congregation of sites interspersed along the floodplain of the Tennessee River for a distance of approximately 1 mile. These sites were located on ancient levees of the Tennessee River and were exposed due to wave action in the early 1950s. The sites were extensively surface collected by a small, dedicated group of avocational archaeologists through the 1970s, at which point the Archaeological Resources Protection Act became law. Artifacts collected from these sites included a variety of fluted points from the Clovis Culture, Middle to Late Paleoindian forms including Quad and Beaver Lake and Transitional types such as Dalton and Big Sandy (side-notched). A toolkit composed of knives, end scrapers, side scrapers, gravers and choppers were also illustrated in articles. Archaic and Woodland components were mentioned, but few potsherds or triangular points. In all, David Hulse and Joe Wright inventoried 40,466 artifacts gathered from the Quad locality from just six collections acquired over a 40-year period. The Quad locality is important because of its artifact density, size and age. Sites producing more than 10 fluted points are very uncommon. For a cluster of such sites to occur in such a small area is rare. Over 180 fluted points have been inventoried from the complex, putting it among the ten most dense fluted point localities in North America. Because of its significance, the approximately 50 acre expanse within the floodplain across from the City of Decatur which encompasses Stone Pipe, Pine Tree, and Quad sites has been reported in a number of amateur and a few professional research papers. This research included excavations, interpretive studies of artifacts and site placements by professional archaeologists, and comparative studies of artifacts from Quad and other local sites.

text:
# Quad site

The **Quad site** is a series of Paleoindian sites and localities in Limestone County near Decatur, Alabama. It was first reported by Frank Soday in 1954, and later findings were also documented by James Cambron, David Hulse and Joe Wright and Cambron and Hulse. The Quad Locale can seldom be viewed at current lake levels, even during normal winter pool, due to extensive erosion, but is considered one of the most important and well known Paleoindian sites in the Southeastern United States.

Together, the Quad, Stone Pipe and Pine Tree sites form what is now considered the Quad locality, a congregation of sites interspersed along the floodplain of the Tennessee River for a distance of approximately 1 mile. These sites were located on ancient levees of the Tennessee River and were exposed due to wave action in the early 1950s. The sites were extensively surface collected by a small, dedicated group of avocational archaeologists through the 1970s, at which point the Archaeological Resources Protection Act became law.

Artifacts collected from these sites included a variety of fluted points from the Clovis Culture, Middle to Late Paleoindian forms including Quad and Beaver Lake and Transitional types such as Dalton and Big Sandy (side-notched). A toolkit composed of knives, end scrapers, side scrapers, gravers and choppers were also illustrated in articles. Archaic and Woodland components were mentioned, but few potsherds or triangular points. In all, David Hulse and Joe Wright inventoried 40,466 artifacts gathered from the Quad locality from just six collections acquired over a 40-year period.

The Quad locality is important because of its artifact density, size and age. Sites producing more than 10 fluted points are very uncommon. For a cluster of such sites to occur in such a small area is rare. Over 180 fluted points have been inventoried from the complex, putting it among the ten most dense fluted point localities in North America. Because of its significance, the approximately 50 acre expanse within the floodplain across from the City of Decatur which encompasses Stone Pipe, Pine Tree, and Quad sites has been reported in a number of amateur and a few professional research papers. This research included excavations (performed exclusively by Cambron and Hulse), interpretive studies of artifacts and site placements by professional archaeologists, and comparative studies of artifacts from Quad and other local sites.

## Excavations

The excavations performed on the Quad site occurred at a time when they were culturally acceptable and legal. Federal laws now prohibit archaeological work without permit on Federal property.

Cambron and Hulse embarked on five excavations on the Quad site as the water levels allowed, reporting only on the findings from the westernmost test at the Circle of Rocks, completed in early 1960. This area was chosen because of the number of fluted points discovered in surface collections made by Frank Soday, and later inventories indicate that 21 fluted projectiles were discovered by the group within the boundaries of this scatter.

During the Circle of Rocks excavation, twenty-one 5-foot square sections were taken down in arbitrary 3-inch levels to determine the stratigraphy of the site and the depth of the culture bearing deposit. Four distinct strata were encountered in the study, the first being a shallow layer of silt, the second a sterile vein of grayish clay that produced a combined total of only 8 artifacts.

Stratum III was the first significant culture bearing layer and was encountered at a depth of 6 inches. Stratum IV was yellow clay that was considered sterile below 3 inches, based on findings of Cumberland and Clovis points weathering out of the bottom of Stratum III or the top of Stratum IV during a surface collection of the vicinity. While the midden was quite mixed, one fluted midsection was recovered from Stratum IV, as well as Dalton points, numerous scrapers, and one side notched projectile – a Big Sandy.

Concentrations of Big Sandy points caused the researchers to suggest that the Quad site was perhaps a staging area for the Big Sandy (side-notched) culture in Alabama. Advancing this idea were the inventories by Hulse and Wright, which counted a total of 3,102 Big Sandys from the complex, 527 of which were discovered at the Circle of Rocks, and an additional 172 from the Stone Pipe Site. Hulse went on to suggest a greater antiquity of this type in the Tennessee Valley than believed, based on increases in the number of triangular and rectangular uniface end scrapers, thought to relate to Dalton or earlier types, in Big Sandy assemblages, and because all but 13 of the Big Sandys inventoried from the Quad Complex exhibited basal grinding, a trait suggesting some contemporaneity to "older" groups.

The second excavation, which took place on the first levee away from the current river channel, became known as the Power Line excavation, and consisted of a series of eight 5 foot squares again taken down to the yellow clay. Eleven Big Sandy points were recovered just above this presumably sterile layer, along with the base of a Greenbrier Dalton. Later excavations on various other parts of the locale provided similar findings.

## Studies

Soday's Quads site collection was among a sample of tools from various large Northeast and Carolina Paleoindian sites studied by Edwin Wilmsen. Wilmsen made a series of measurements on groups of artifacts from these areas, including edge angle, length, width and thickness, and found the Quad assemblage made up of long, heavy and steep edged tools when compared to those from other Paleoindian sites. Wilmsen suggested that these characteristics indicated a culture made up of small bands making numerous trips to the site, perhaps on a seasonal basis. Wilmsen also proposed that the tool kit indicated Paleoindian subsistence at the site was geared toward foraging of plants and small animals, rather than the presumed hunting of Pleistocene megafauna such as bison and mastodon.

John Walthall proposed that the Quad locality had been a series of oxbow lakes and swamps prior to the completion of Wheeler Dam. These lakes had been proven favored hunting ranges for early man in Alabama because of their attraction to animals. He also suggested that the use of the location may have been enhanced by a popular prehistoric river ford, which he noted was one of the reasons for the founding of the city of Decatur in this particular spot in 1821. Notes from the individuals who collected the site indicate that the oxbow lakes were of more recent vintage; and that the series of backwater loci suggest the location of the Tennessee River channel during the Pleistocene.

Cambron and Hulse commented on 14 unfinished fluted points and seven channel flakes from various sites, including the Quad site, in an attempt to determine the preferred lithic materials and discuss manufacturing techniques. Through experimentation they noted that points with a median ridge were easier to flute, thus suggesting that longer flutes on the ridged Cumberland points possibly represented a "refinement" of the Clovis fluting method. Variants of Ft. Payne chert make up the majority of material types from their sample, but two pieces produced from Bangor flint were included, as well as one of Dover flint.

The final report by Cambron and Hulse, discussed finds from the 1961 season, a year that was marked by the rupture of Wheeler Dam and basin water levels falling to record lows. Hulse reported the discovery of two Clovis points from the Last Site near Stone Pipe, while Cambron shared a Cumberland from the Pine Tree Site.

## Legacy

The Quad site is one of three Paleoindian complexes in Alabama, along with Coffee Slough and Heaven's Half Acre that are known to have produced over 100 fluted points, putting them among the top ten most dense fluted point sites in North America.

Public interest surrounding the discovery and reporting of the Quad site led to a number of important changes in the way archaeology was performed in Alabama during the 1960s and 1970s. Members of the Alabama Archaeological Society formed the Archaeological Research Association of Alabama (ARAA) in 1960, intending to identify and excavate an intact site with a fluted point component. The ARAA generated financial support for archaeological work via public donation, and coupled with free labor provided by the Alabama Archaeological Society, providing professional archaeologists the ability to contribute to numerous excavations and surveys at very low cost. The ARAA (now defunct) soon became a program of national renown, a decade long partnership between avocational and professional archaeologists that remains unmatched to this day.

The partnership between the AAS and ARAA resulted in numerous excavations and surface surveys over the next two decades, the most salient being the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter led by David L. DeJarnette, which produced the first Late Paleoindian (Dalton) radiocarbon date in Alabama. The AAS remains an active archaeological partner in Alabama to this day.


title: Q26 (New York City bus)

abstract: The Q26 bus route constitutes a public transit line in Queens, New York City. It runs primarily along 46th Avenue and Hollis Court Boulevard, between a major bus-subway hub in Flushing and the intersection of Hollis Court and Francis Lewis Boulevards in Fresh Meadows. The route is operated by MTA Regional Bus Operations under the New York City Transit brand. The Q26 was founded in 1931 and was operated by the North Shore Bus Company until 1947. The route initially ran from Flushing to Queens Village but was cut back to Fresh Meadows in 1957. Weekend and overnight service was discontinued in 1995, and off-peak weekday service was cut back in 2010, making the Q26 a rush-hour-only bus route.

text:
# Q26 (New York City bus)

The **Q26** bus route constitutes a public transit line in Queens, New York City. It runs primarily along 46th Avenue and Hollis Court Boulevard, between a major bus-subway hub in Flushing and the intersection of Hollis Court and Francis Lewis Boulevards in Fresh Meadows. The route is operated by MTA Regional Bus Operations under the New York City Transit brand.

The Q26 was founded in 1931 and was operated by the North Shore Bus Company until 1947. The route initially ran from Flushing to Queens Village but was cut back to Fresh Meadows in 1957. Weekend and overnight service was discontinued in 1995, and off-peak weekday service was cut back in 2010, making the Q26 a rush-hour-only bus route.

## Route description and service

The Q26 begins at the New York City Subway's Flushing–Main Street station at Roosevelt Avenue and Union Street. Service then turns right onto Bowne Street and left on Sanford Avenue. Buses then continue east via Parsons Boulevard until 46th Avenue, and proceed until the avenue becomes Hollis Court Boulevard at Utopia Parkway. Then buses turn left at 58th Avenue and right at Francis Lewis Boulevard to the terminal at 58th Avenue. Buses then head out of service and go south via Francis Lewis Boulevard and turn onto Hollis Court Boulevard to start westbound service at 58th Avenue.

Westbound service heads northwest via Hollis Court Boulevard until Utopia Parkway, when the street becomes 46th Avenue. It then turns right onto Parsons Boulevard, left on Sanford Avenue and right on Bowne Street. Buses then head west onto Roosevelt Avenue and terminate after Union Street. To return into service eastbound, buses head right on Main Street, left on 39th Avenue, left onto Prince Street and left back onto Roosevelt Avenue.

Q26 service only operates during weekday rush hours, running to Flushing from 5:30 to 9 a.m. and from 3 to 7:50 p.m., and running to Fresh Meadows from 6 to 8:30 a.m. and 3:20 to 8:20 p.m.

## History

### Start of service

Service on a route between Flushing and Queens Village, later to become the Q26, was originally operated by Z & M Coach Company. The route was divided into two five-cent fare zones by the company. By 1932, the franchise for the route was pending before the New York City Board of Estimate. In 1933, the company used twelve buses on the route, which was still unfranchised. That April, about a hundred people, primarily women, protested to mayor John P. O'Brien in support of a 10-cent franchise for the Flushing-Queens Village route, instead of a proposed 5-cent operation. The riders were complaining that the proposed franchise operated by Flushing Queens Bus Company Inc. was unreliable. At the time, Z & M and North Shore Bus Company, two 10-cent franchises, were competing over the route. The mayor promised to postpone the award of the bus franchise for a month, but shortened that to three weeks after riders continued to protest over the delays.

On November 17, 1933, the Board of Estimate denied an application from the Flushing Queens Bus Company for a franchise to run a route between Flushing and Queens Village parallel to this route. That company had proposed a route with a five-cent fare. The Division of Franchises had recommended that the Board decline the application until a policy was agreed upon for Queens buses.

On March 7, 1934, the Division of Franchises made public its list of bus routes for which the New York City Board of Estimate would be receiving bids on March 30. One of the two changes from the previous year was the creation of the Q26 running between Rosewood (a section of Bayside) and Queens Village. The route was to be operated by the North Shore Bus Company. The route originally operated from 47th Avenue and Hollis Court Boulevard, along Hollis Court Boulevard (which used to run through Cunningham Park), 212th Street (now part of the Clearview Expressway), and Jamaica Avenue (along the current Q36 route) to 257th Street.

On April 26, 1935, New York City granted Z & M Coach Corporation a franchise to operate the new Q26 route for a period ending no later than December 31, 1938. At public hearings at the New York State Transit Commission to obtain certification for the franchise, it was found that Z & M operated the Q26 route at a fare greater than provided for in the franchise contract. The hearings closed on June 18, and the Transit Commission gave Z & M an opportunity to revise the franchise with New York City. On October 4, 1935, the Board of Estimate adopted a resolution giving the company a 90-day extension from October 23 to get the franchise certified. On January 29, 1936, the Transit Commission declined to certify the route as the extension expired.

On October 22, 1935, the Board of Estimate approved a plan to divide Queens into four zones for bus operating franchise purposes in order to relieve traffic in the borough. With the new zone setup, one company would be awarded the franchise in each zone, with any remaining smaller operations acquired by the larger company. On September 24, 1936, the Board of Estimate voted to grant franchises to three of the four zones. Since the Q26 was located in Zone B, covering Flushing, it would be awarded to the North Shore Bus Company. The new franchise would last ten years and be subject to termination by the city at sixty days' notice after five years. On November 9, 1936, the operation of the route was transferred to the North Shore Bus Company.

### World War II and post-war

In December 1941, 300 bus riders complained to the Transit Commission, asking that full service on the Q26 be restored. Their petition was supported by a letter from Assemblyman Henry J. Latham, who called for a full review of service on the route. The petition charged that service had gotten worse since North Shore took over the route, and that on November 17, rush hour bus service was decreased, with service running on 30 minute headways instead of 20 minute headways without notice. In addition, it noted that the new schedule did not accommodate increased ridership during rush hours, resulting in overcrowding, and that riders had to leave earlier for work or return later from work due to worse bus service. Riders also noted that service on the route now operated hourly on Sunday instead of half-hourly.

Service south of Francis Lewis Boulevard and Horace Harding Boulevard, to Jamaica Avenue at the Queens Village station of the Long Island Rail Road, became rush hours only during World War II as North Shore was required to reduce bus service to preserve rubber. This change took effect on June 8, 1942. With the curtailment of the route, riders near the new terminus at Horace Harding Boulevard benefited from a reduction of their fare. The route had a zoned fare structure, with two five-cent zones, with the first zone ending at 52nd Avenue and Hollis Court Boulevard. The change allowed riders between 52nd Avenue and Horace Harding Boulevard to go to Flushing for only five cents, instead of ten. In addition, it made it easier for Q26 riders to get seats and to board buses since there were no sidewalks along this section of Hollis Court Boulevard. To keep the route's franchise operative, one bus a day, the 6:15 a.m., continued from Horace Harding Boulevard to Queens Village station. After service was cut for World War II, the Emerald Park Civic Association called for improved service on the route, noting that service ended at 7 p.m. on Sundays and 1 a.m.. on weekdays and that service ran on 40-minute headways after 7 p.m. and all day Sunday.

In 1944, the Emerald Park Civic Association fought to have North Shore construct bus shelters along Hollis Court Boulevard to protect local residents on cold winter mornings. Since the company and city ignored their request, members of the group went door to door to raise funds for the construction of three shelters. With these funds, they constructed three shelters out of wood and concrete, measuring 15 feet (4.6 m) long by 9 feet (2.7 m) wide, each of which had a bench and could fit 25 people. One shelter was constructed at 58th Avenue and Horace Harding Boulevard and two shelters were constructed at Horace Harding Boulevard and 53rd Avenue. On September 13, 1945, the group called on North Shore to replace old buses on the route. Early in May 1946, North Shore restored some Q26 service to Queens Village, with buses heading there on the hour. Later that month, the rush hour headway of bus service was decreased from 15 to 10 minutes. In 1946, the route's franchise was up for renewal.

On March 30, 1947, North Shore Bus would be taken over by the New York City Board of Transportation (later the New York City Transit Authority) since it could not operate on the mandated five-cent fare and went bankrupt, making the bus routes city operated. On July 1, 1948, fare zones on the route were eliminated. It was the only Queens route with fare zones. In October 1948, the Hollis Court Civic Association compiled data for a survey to accompany a petition that it planned to send to the Mayor and the president of the Board of Transportation calling for improved Q26 bus service. The group noted that the area had experienced dramatic population growth, making the route's schedule inadequate. It noted that service ended at 1 a.m. and started at 6:20 a.m. with service operating on 40-minute headways after 9 p.m. The campaign for improved Q26 service was started by the Emerald Park Civic Association in 1945. In November 1948, the Chairman of the Board of Transportation informed the Civic Association that he would personally consider the group's requests. In response to the group's request, Q26 service began running overnight on December 19, 1948.

In August 1948, Matur Homes, Incorporated brought a case with the Emerald Park Civic Association over its bus shelters, complaining that someone refused to take title to the new home next to the shelter until the 58th Avenue shelter was removed. However, the case was dismissed after trial, with the judge ruling that the interests of the majority had to be served. In October 1948, the Emerald Park Civic Association was required to move the 53rd Avenue shelter 50 feet (15 m) to the south because homes were being constructed nearby. In January 1949, Matur initiated an order to remove the 58th Avenue shelter under squatter law. While Matur contended to own the land under the structure, the Emerald Park director stated that it was city-owned land when it was installed. On July 13, 1949, Emerald Park Civic Association officials announced that a second court action threatened their continued maintenance of the bus shelters along Hollis Court Boulevard, having been served a summons due to another complaint by Matur Homes. Matur sought the removal of the 58th Avenue shelter, stating that the Veterans Administration was turning down applications for G.I. loans for homes in the neighborhood, objecting to the effect of the shelters on realty values.

On January 16, 1951, the Tyholland Civic Association of Bayside Hills made another plea for the implementation of rush hour express service on the Q26, which the Board had rejected the previous year. The Board had ruled that express service was unnecessary and that it would worsen riders would have their stops skipped. Tyholland also suggested moving the terminal for the Q26 in Flushing from the north side of Roosevelt Avenue west of Main Street to somewhere else to prevent Q27 riders from boarding a Q26 if it arrived first. Q27 service ran every 3 to 5 minutes during rush hours, compared to the Q26's 10 minutes, making it harder for riders dependent on the Q26 to get a seat. The Board finally agreed to study a proposal for express service on the Q26 during evening rush hours on December 26, 1951. The proposal called for reducing the number of stops along the shared segment of the Q26 and Q27 along 46th Avenue between Parsons Boulevard and Hollis Court Boulevard to four. The change was expected to discourage Q27 riders from taking whatever bus came first in Flushing, providing room on Q26 buses for riders who were completely dependent on the route.

### Permanent cuts

On November 29, 1956, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) approved plans to cut the route back from Queens Village to the Horace Harding Expressway, and to redesignate the route from the Q26 Flushing-Queens Village route to the Q26 Flushing-46th Avenue route. Though the change was initially scheduled to take effect on January 22, 1957, it took effect on February 3, 1957. Service in the morning to Flushing after 7 a.m. started running every 40 minutes, and service from Flushing started running every ten minutes between 4:41 and 6:51 p.m., and every 20 minutes afterwards.

In 1990, the NYCTA proposed eliminating weekend service in June 1991 to reduce the agency's budget deficit. Q26 service was to be cut because it was one of the agency's worst performing local bus routes. Eliminating Saturday service would have affected 548 people and eliminating Sunday service would affect 200 people. The route had a farebox recovery ratio of 17.6% and 14.0% on Saturdays and Sundays, respectively, lower than the systemwide averages of 41% and 38%. Cutting Saturday service was expected to save $76,001 and cutting Sunday service was expected to save $37,451.

Weekend and overnight service was discontinued on September 10, 1995 due to a budget crisis. The hours of Q26 service were changed to 5 a.m. to 12:45 a.m. on weekdays. In October 2004, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) proposed cutting eight Queens bus routes, including the Q26, to fill a $436 million budget gap. The change would have taken effect in 2006. Due to criticism from politicians and riders, the elimination of the Q26 did not occur, with the agency electing to raise the fare instead. In December 2008, the MTA proposed entirely discontinuing the Q26 to help reduce the agency's $1.2 billion budget deficit. Had the plan been implemented, Q27 service would have been increased. Off-peak service was discontinued on June 27, 2010 due to another budget crisis, saving the agency $500,000 annually. The changes were planned to affect 550 daily riders, and increase an average rider's trip by five minutes. Rush hour service was maintained due to high demand. The change in service decreased cost efficiency and ridership, with many riders opting to drive instead of mass transit, and others using the Q27.

### Bus redesign

In December 2019, the MTA released a draft redesign of the Queens bus network. As part of the redesign, the Q26 would have been replaced by a "subway connector" route called the QT31, which would have had a nonstop section along 46th Avenue. East of Francis Lewis Boulevard, QT31 would also run along the Horace Harding Expressway and Springfield Boulevard to the Queens Village station. The redesign was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020, and the original draft plan was dropped due to negative feedback.

A revised plan was released in March 2022. Under the new plan, the Q26 would have overnight service restored and become a "zone" route, which would have a nonstop section on 46th Avenue. The Q26 would be extended south on Francis Lewis Boulevard, east on 73rd Avenue, and south on Springfield Boulevard to Cambria Heights, taking over the Q27's route in southeast Queens. A final bus-redesign plan was released in December 2023. The Q26 would continue to terminate at Hollis Court Boulevard and Francis Lewis Boulevard at its south end, with off-peak service ending at 47th Avenue-Hollis Court Boulevard, but the north end would be extended along College Point Boulevard to College Point in order to replace the Q65. The Q26 would also be converted into a full-time local bus route. As with the draft plan, there would be 24/7 service on the Q26, albeit only between Flushing and College Point.

Template:Attached KML/Q26 (New York City bus)KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| q26 | |
| --- | --- |
| A 2022 Nova Bus LFS (8888) on the Q26 to Fresh Meadows on Main St and Roosevelt Av in 2022. | |
| Overview | |
| System | MTA Regional Bus Operations |
| Operator | New York City Transit Authority |
| Garage | Casey Stengel Depot |
| Vehicle | Orion VII NG HEV
New Flyer Xcelsior XD40
Nova Bus LFS |
| Began service | 1931 |
| Route | |
| Locale | Queens, New York, U.S. |
| Communities served | Flushing, Auburndale, Fresh Meadows |
| Landmarks served | Flushing Cemetery, Flushing Hospital Medical Center |
| Start | Flushing  Main Street & Roosevelt Avenue / Flushing–Main Street station |
| Via | 46th Avenue, Hollis Court Boulevard |
| End | Fresh Meadows  Francis Lewis Boulevard & Hollis Court Boulevard |
| Length | 3.5 miles (5.6 km) |
| Other routes | Q27 Springfield Boulevard (North)/46th/47th/48th Avenues |
| Service | |
| Operates | Weekday rush hours |
| Annual patronage | 254,802 (2023) |
| Transfers | Yes |
| Timetable | Q26 |
| Q25  {{{system\_nav}}}  Q27 | |


title: KVUW

abstract: KVUW is a radio station licensed to serve West Wendover, Nevada. The station is owned by Alexander Ortega. It airs an adult hits music format. The station was assigned the KVUW call letters by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on August 14, 2001.

text:
# KVUW

**KVUW** (102.3 FM, "SAM 102") is a radio station licensed to serve West Wendover, Nevada. The station is owned by Alexander Ortega. It airs an adult hits music format.

The station was assigned the KVUW call letters by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on August 14, 2001.

## Ownership

In April 2005, Mountain States Radio Inc. (Victor A. Michael, president) acquired KVUW as part of a two-station deal from Mt Rushmore Broadcasting Inc. (Jan C. Gray, president) for a reported sale price of $750,000.

## Construction permit

On December 12, 2011 the station was granted a construction permit by the FCC to increase its effective radiated power to 100,000 watts and raise its antenna to a height above average terrain of 600 meters (1970 feet). The transmitter would also be moved northwest to 41°07'19"N, 114°34'02"W. This permit expires on December 12, 2014.

## InfoBox

KVUW
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Elko, Nevada |
| Frequency | 102.3 MHz |
| Branding | *SAM 102* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Adult hits |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Alexander Ortega |
| History | |
| Former call signs | KOAS, KDMK |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 84328 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 3,000 watts |
| HAAT | 8 meters (26 feet) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°44′30″N 114°02′10″W / 40.74167°N 114.03611°W / 40.74167; -114.03611 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: Kafin Madaki

abstract:
Kafin Madaki is the headquarters of Ganjuwa Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria.
It is a small town of about 20,000 people some 45 km north of Bauchi.
The economy is based primarily on farming, with cottage industries in weaving, iron-working, soap-making and brick-making. Water supply is based on boreholes.
In March 2008 the Bauchi state government started reconstruction of the General Hospital at Kafin Madaki, which had fallen into disrepair.
The state Commissioner of Health inspected the construction of the new hospital in May 2010, and announced plans to hire additional medical personnel. In September 2009, Bauchi state governor Isa Yuguda agreed to implement a plan laid out by his predecessor Adamu Mu'azu to turn the 52-year-old Yankari Game Reserve into an international ecotourism destination.
The plan included housing about 300 "foreign" animals from Namibia including Giraffe, Eland, Kudu, Impala and Zebra in an area of about eight square kilometres near Kafin Madaki. This area was highlighted in the 2018 film Up North.

text:
# Kafin Madaki

**Kafin Madaki** is the headquarters of Ganjuwa Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. It is a small town of about 20,000 people some 45 km north of Bauchi. The economy is based primarily on farming, with cottage industries in weaving, iron-working, soap-making and brick-making. Water supply is based on boreholes. In March 2008 the Bauchi state government started reconstruction of the General Hospital at Kafin Madaki, which had fallen into disrepair. The state Commissioner of Health inspected the construction of the new hospital in May 2010, and announced plans to hire additional medical personnel.

In September 2009, Bauchi state governor Isa Yuguda agreed to implement a plan laid out by his predecessor Adamu Mu'azu to turn the 52-year-old Yankari Game Reserve into an international ecotourism destination. The plan included housing about 300 "foreign" animals from Namibia including Giraffe, Eland, Kudu, Impala and Zebra in an area of about eight square kilometres near Kafin Madaki.

This area was highlighted in the 2018 film Up North.

10°41′8″N 9°45′47″E / 10.68556°N 9.76306°E / 10.68556; 9.76306


title: Kafingbe

abstract: Kafingbe is a village in western Benin. It is located in Bantè commune in the Collines Department. Nearby towns and villages include Amou (7.2 nm), Okpedie (5.1 nm), Aloba (1.4 nm), Gbede (2.2 nm), Sako (3.0 nm), Abidzi (2.0 nm) and Konfouda (2.0 nm).

text:
# Kafingbe

**Kafingbe**  is a village in western Benin. It is located in Bantè commune in the Collines Department.

Nearby towns and villages include Amou (7.2 nm), Okpedie (5.1 nm), Aloba (1.4 nm), Gbede (2.2 nm), Sako (3.0 nm), Abidzi (2.0 nm) and Konfouda (2.0 nm).

## InfoBox

| Kafingbe | |
| --- | --- |
| KafingbeLocation in Benin | |
| Coordinates: 8°8′N 1°53′E / 8.133°N 1.883°E / 8.133; 1.883 | |
| Country | Benin |
| Department | Collines Department |
| Commune | Bantè |


title: Kainic acid

abstract: Kainic acid, or kainate, is an acid that naturally occurs in some seaweed. Kainic acid is a potent neuroexcitatory amino acid agonist that acts by activating receptors for glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate is produced by the cell's metabolic processes and there are four major classifications of glutamate receptors: NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, kainate receptors, and the metabotropic glutamate receptors. Kainic acid is an agonist for kainate receptors, a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainate receptors likely control a sodium channel that produces excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) when glutamate binds. Kainic acid is commonly injected into laboratory animal models to study the effects of experimental ablation. Kainic acid is a direct agonist of the glutamic kainate receptors and large doses of concentrated solutions produce immediate neuronal death by overstimulating neurons to death. Such damage and death of neurons is referred to as an excitotoxic lesion. Thus, in large, concentrated doses kainic acid can be considered a neurotoxin, and in small doses of dilute solution kainic acid will chemically stimulate neurons. In fact, kainate seems to regulate serotonergic activity in the vertebrate retina. Electrical stimulation of designated areas of the brain are generally administered by passing an electric current through a wire that is inserted into the brain to lesion a particular area of the brain. Electrical stimulation indiscriminately destroys anything in the vicinity of the electrode tip, including neural bodies and axons of neurons passing through; therefore it is difficult to attribute the effects of the lesion to a single area. Chemical stimulation is typically administered through a cannula that is inserted into the brain via stereotactic surgery. Chemical stimulation, while more complicated than electrical stimulation, has the distinct advantage of activating cell bodies, but not nearby axons, because only cell bodies and subsequent dendrites contain glutamate receptors. Therefore, chemical stimulation by kainic acid is more localized than electrical stimulation. Both chemical and electrical lesions potentially cause additional damage to the brain due to the very nature of the inserted electrode or cannula. Therefore, the most effective ablation studies are performed in comparison to a sham lesion that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except the one that actually causes the brain damage, that is, injection of kainic acid or administration of an electrical shock.

text:
# Kainic acid

**Kainic acid**, or **kainate**, is an acid that naturally occurs in some seaweed. Kainic acid is a potent neuroexcitatory amino acid agonist that acts by activating receptors for glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate is produced by the cell's metabolic processes and there are four major classifications of glutamate receptors: NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, kainate receptors, and the metabotropic glutamate receptors. Kainic acid is an agonist for kainate receptors, a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainate receptors likely control a sodium channel that produces excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) when glutamate binds.

Kainic acid is commonly injected into laboratory animal models to study the effects of experimental ablation. Kainic acid is a direct agonist of the glutamic kainate receptors and large doses of concentrated solutions produce immediate neuronal death by overstimulating neurons to death. Such damage and death of neurons is referred to as an excitotoxic lesion. Thus, in large, concentrated doses kainic acid can be considered a neurotoxin, and in small doses of dilute solution kainic acid will chemically stimulate neurons. In fact, kainate seems to regulate serotonergic activity in the vertebrate retina.

Electrical stimulation of designated areas of the brain are generally administered by passing an electric current through a wire that is inserted into the brain to lesion a particular area of the brain. Electrical stimulation indiscriminately destroys anything in the vicinity of the electrode tip, including neural bodies and axons of neurons passing through; therefore it is difficult to attribute the effects of the lesion to a single area. Chemical stimulation is typically administered through a cannula that is inserted into the brain via stereotactic surgery. Chemical stimulation, while more complicated than electrical stimulation, has the distinct advantage of activating cell bodies, but not nearby axons, because only cell bodies and subsequent dendrites contain glutamate receptors. Therefore, chemical stimulation by kainic acid is more localized than electrical stimulation. Both chemical and electrical lesions potentially cause additional damage to the brain due to the very nature of the inserted electrode or cannula. Therefore, the most effective ablation studies are performed in comparison to a sham lesion that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except the one that actually causes the brain damage, that is, injection of kainic acid or administration of an electrical shock.

## Biosynthesis

In 2019, Chekan et al. were able to use bioinformatic tools to look for domoic acid gene homologs in the seaweed *Digenea simplex*. Researchers identified a cluster containing genes identified as the kainic acid biosynthesis (*kab*) genes. This cluster contains an annotated N-prenyltransferase, α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent dioxygenase, and several retrotransposable elements. To confirm production of kainic acid through the identified cluster, Chekan et al. expressed the genes in *Escherichia* coli and validated the enzymatic functions of each proposed gene.

The first step of the pathway involves the N-prenyltransferase, KabA, which allows for the prenylation of L-glutamic acid with dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) to form the intermediate *N*-dimethylallyl-l-glutamic acid (prekainic acid). KabC then catalyzes the stereocontrolled formation of the trisubstituted pyrrolidine ring, taking prekainic acid to the final kainic acid. KabC was also able to produce another kainic acid isomer, kainic acid lactone.

## Occurrence

Kainic acid was originally isolated from the seaweeds *Digenea simplex* and *Chondria armata* in 1953. They are called "Kainin-sou" or "Makuri" in Japan, and are used as an anthelmintic.

## Pharmacological activity

Kainic acid is utilised in primary neuronal cell cultures and in the acute brain slice preparation to study the physiological effect of excitotoxicity and assess the neuroprotective capabilities of potential therapeutics.

Kainic acid is a potent central nervous system excitant that is used in epilepsy research to induce seizures in experimental animals, at a typical dose of 10–30 mg/kg in mice. In addition to inducing seizures, kainic acid is excitotoxic and epileptogenic. Kainic acid induces seizures via activation of kainate receptors containing the GluK2 subunit and also through activation of AMPA receptors, for which it serves as a partial agonist. Also, infusion with kainic acid in the hippocampus of animals results in major damage of pyramidal neurons and subsequent seizure activity. Supply shortages beginning in 2000 have caused the cost of kainic acid to rise significantly.

## Applications

## InfoBox

Kainic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name (3*S*,4*S*)-3-(Carboxymethyl)-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-L-proline | |
| Systematic IUPAC name (2*S*,3*S*,4*S*)-3-(Carboxymethyl)-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid | |
| Other names 2-Carboxy-3-carboxymethyl-4-isopropenyl-pyrrolidine | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| Beilstein Reference | 86660 |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| KEGG |  |
| MeSH | Kainic+acid |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C10H15NO4/c1-5(2)7-4-11-9(10(14)15)6(7)3-8(12)13/h6-7,9,11H,1,3-4H2,2H3,(H,12,13)(H,14,15) NKey: VLSMHEGGTFMBBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N | |
| SMILES * OC(=O)\[C@H\]1NC\[C@H\](C(C)=C)\[C@@H\]1CC(=O)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C10H15NO4 |
| Molar mass | 213.233 g·mol−1 |
| Melting point | 215 °C (419 °F; 488 K) (decomposes) |
| log *P* | 0.635 |
| Acidity (p*K*a) | 2.031 |
| Basicity (p*K*b) | 11.966 |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | Monoclinic |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Kagawa, Kagawa

abstract: Kagawa was a town located in Kagawa District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 24,236 and a density of 886.79/km⁲ (2,296.8/sq mi). The total area was 27.33 km⁲ (10.55 sq mi). On January 10, 2006, Kagawa, along with the towns of Aji and Mure, the town of Kōnan, and the town of Kokubunji, was merged into the expanded city of Takamatsu and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

text:
# Kagawa, Kagawa

**Kagawa** (香川町, *Kagawa-chō*) was a town located in Kagawa District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 24,236 and a density of 886.79/km2 (2,296.8/sq mi). The total area was 27.33 km2 (10.55 sq mi).

On January 10, 2006, Kagawa, along with the towns of Aji and Mure (both from Kita District), the town of Kōnan (also from Kagawa District), and the town of Kokubunji (from Ayauta District), was merged into the expanded city of Takamatsu and no longer exists as an independent municipality.


title: Kamal Lohani

abstract: Kamal Lohani was a Bangladeshi journalist. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh. He served as the director general of Shilpakala Academy from April 2009 until April 2011.

text:
# Kamal Lohani

**Kamal Lohani** (26 June 1934 – 20 June 2020) was a Bangladeshi journalist. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh. He served as the director general of Shilpakala Academy from April 2009 until April 2011.

## Career

Lohani got his first job as a journalist in the Daily Millat in 1955. He joined as a secretary at Chhayanaut, a cultural organization, in 1962. He formed a left cultural organization – *Kranti* in 1967.

## Early life

Abu Naeem Mohammad Mostafa Kamal Khan Lohani was born on 26 June 1934, in the village of Khan Santala into a Bengali Muslim *Khan Pathan* family descended from the *Lohani* Pashtun tribe in the then Pabna District (now Ullahpara Upazila of Sirajganj District). His father's name was Abu Yusuf Mohammad Musa Khan Lohani and his mother's name was Rokeya Khanam Lohani. In 1952, he passed the secondary examination from Pabna Zilla School. He completed his higher education from Govt. Edward College, Pabna.

## Personal life

In 1960, Lohani married his cousin Syeda Dipti Rani. She was his fellow political party member. Together they had two daughters and a son.

## Death

Lohani died from COVID-19-related complications on 20 June 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.

## InfoBox

| Kamal Lohani | |
| --- | --- |
| কামাল লোহানী | |
| Lohani in 2018 | |
|  | |
| Director General of Shilpakala Academy | |
| **In office**
20 April 2009  10 April 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Bhuiyan Shafiqul Islam |
| Succeeded by | Liaquat Ali Lucky |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Abu Naeem Mohammad Mostafa Kamal Khan Lohani
(1934-06-26)26 June 1934
British Raj |
| Died | 20 June 2020(2020-06-20) (aged 85)
Dhaka, Bangladesh |
| Cause of death | COVID-19 |
| Resting place | Sontala Central Graveyard, Sirajganj |
| Spouse | Dipti Rani  (m. 1960; died 2007) |
| Children | 3 |
| Occupation | Journalist, administrator |
|  | |


title: Kalamandalam Saraswathi

abstract: Kalamandalam Saraswathi is an Indian classical dancer from Kerala. She has mastered dance forms like Mohiniyattam, Bharatanatyam and Kuchupudi. Saraswathi is a recipient of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in 1983 for Bharatanatyam. She is the wife of renowned Malayalam writer M. T. Vasudevan Nair.

text:
# Kalamandalam Saraswathi

**Kalamandalam Saraswathi** is an Indian classical dancer from Kerala. She has mastered dance forms like Mohiniyattam, Bharatanatyam and Kuchupudi. Saraswathi is a recipient of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in 1983 for Bharatanatyam. She is the wife of renowned Malayalam writer M. T. Vasudevan Nair.

## Biography

Saraswathi was born in an orthodox Tamil Brahmin family in Kuzhalmannam village of Palakkad district, Kerala. She joined the Kalamandalam in 1960 and studied Mohiniyattam under the tutelage of Thotaseri Chinnammu Amma and Kalamandalam Sathyabhama. Saraswathi also studied various dance forms such as Kuchipudi and Bharatanadyam under Padma Subramaniam, Chitra Vishweshwar, Rajaratnampillai, Sudharani Raghupathi, Kalanidhi Ammal and Vembatti Chinnasathyam. In 1977, she married the writer M. T. Vasudevan Nair. Saraswathi has performed dances in India and abroad. For the Cultural Exchange Programme, under her leadership Mohiniyattam has been presented in the North Eastern states of India and West Bengal during 1991-92 period.

## Awards and honours

In 1983, Kalamandalam Saraswathy was awarded the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award for Bharatanatyam. She received the Rotary Award for Professional Excellence in 2000. She was one of the artists honoured by the Kalamandalam during the institution's Golden Jubilee. In 2022, Saraswathi won the Swaralaya Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair Award for her overall contribution to classical dance forms.

## InfoBox

| Kalamandalam Saraswathi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Saraswathi<br>Palakkad district, Kerala, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Indian classical dancer, dance teacher |
| Spouse | M. T. Vasudevan Nair  (m. 1977) |
| Awards | Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award (1983) |


title: Quick Menu

abstract: Quick Menu is a graphical user interface for MS-DOS developed by OSCS Software Development, Inc.. Three versions were made: Quick Menu, Quick Menu II and Quick Menu III. In DOS users have to type all commands via the keyboard. By using the cd-command users could navigate through (sub)directories. The dir-command is used to show a list of all files in the current folder. The user had to search for the main startup file. This could be an EXE file, a COM file or a Batch file. An additional issue was that the directory could contain more of such files so it was sometimes unclear which was the main startup file. Normally, the correct startup command was in the manual or in a text file but the user had to remember the folder location and name of this main file. Quick Menu offered a solution: it is a graphical user environment in which the user could create his own menustructure. In each menu a submenu or some kind of shortcut could be created. In such shortcuts the user had to define the location of the main startup file. Of course, the user had to create the shortcut manually and had to link it with the main startup file once. From then the user could easily navigate through the menu and select the program they wanted to launch.

text:
# Quick Menu

**Quick Menu** is a graphical user interface for MS-DOS developed by OSCS Software Development, Inc.. Three versions were made: Quick Menu, Quick Menu II and Quick Menu III.

In DOS users have to type all commands via the keyboard. By using the cd-command users could navigate through (sub)directories. The dir-command is used to show a list of all files in the current folder. The user had to search for the main startup file. This could be an EXE file, a COM file or a Batch file. An additional issue was that the directory could contain more of such files so it was sometimes unclear which was the main startup file. Normally, the correct startup command was in the manual or in a text file but the user had to remember the folder location and name of this main file.

Quick Menu offered a solution: it is a graphical user environment in which the user could create his own menustructure. In each menu a submenu or some kind of shortcut could be created. In such shortcuts the user had to define the location of the main startup file. Of course, the user had to create the shortcut manually and had to link it with the main startup file once. From then the user could easily navigate through the menu and select the program they wanted to launch.

## Versions

### Version I

Version I was released in 1990. It used a pure textual menu. The user could create some menu choices with a submenu and items which startup up a program.

### Version II

This version was released in 1991. It was a real graphical interface where the user could create multiple screens. In each screen group icons and program icons could be placed together with a picture. The picture could be selected from an internal library or created with a picture editor which was part of the software. Background pictures could be set, passwords could be set on icons and main exit-command... Navigation was done by using the keyboard or a mouse.

### Version III

Quick Menu III was more an expansion with more internal applications such as a calculator, file navigator and calendar. It was also possible to startup Windows 3.x-software. Actually, Quick Menu III launched Windows with the startup file of the select application as a parameter.

## InfoBox

Quick Menu
| Developer(s) | OSCS Software Development, Inc. |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | 1990 |
|  | |
| Final release | 1993 |
|  | |
| Operating system | DOS |
| Available in | English |
| Type | User Interface |
| License | Public Domain |
| Website | http://annex.retroarchive.org/crescent/ |


title: Phaeomolis ochreogaster

abstract: Phaeomolis ochreogaster is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1918. It is found in Paraguay.

text:
# Phaeomolis ochreogaster

***Phaeomolis ochreogaster*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1918. It is found in Paraguay.

## InfoBox

| *Phaeomolis ochreogaster* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Phaeomolis* |
| Species: | ***P. ochreogaster*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaeomolis ochreogaster***<br>(Joicey & Talbot, 1918) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Automolis ochreogaster* Joicey & Talbot, 1918 | |


abstract: The Waterloo West Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. At the time of its nomination the district consisted of 25 resources, including 22 contributing buildings, and three non-contributing buildings. The buildings are from one to three stories in height, and for the most part are clad in brick. The earliest building dates to 1882 and the latest, as of 2014, to 2000. For the must part they utilize the Victorian, Romanesque Revival, and Italianate commercial styles. Ornamentation is minimal. The buildings are all commercial structures with the exception of the former Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway Depot, designed by the Cedar Rapids architectural firm of Josselyn & Taylor. Several of the buildings housed automobile-related businesses that clustered along West Fifth Street beginning in the 1920s and 1930s.

text:
# Waterloo West Commercial Historic District

The **Waterloo West Commercial Historic District** is a nationally recognized historic district located in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. At the time of its nomination the district consisted of 25 resources, including 22 contributing buildings, and three non-contributing buildings. The buildings are from one to three stories in height, and for the most part are clad in brick. The earliest building dates to 1882 and the latest, as of 2014, to 2000. For the must part they utilize the Victorian, Romanesque Revival, and Italianate commercial styles. Ornamentation is minimal. The buildings are all commercial structures with the exception of the former Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway Depot, designed by the Cedar Rapids architectural firm of Josselyn & Taylor. Several of the buildings housed automobile-related businesses that clustered along West Fifth Street beginning in the 1920s and 1930s.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Waterloo West Commercial
Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 217-333 W. 4th., 301-317 W. 5th & 612-716 Jefferson Sts., Waterloo, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°29′39.5″N 92°20′26.2″W / 42.494306°N 92.340611°W / 42.494306; -92.340611 |
| Area | 6 acres (2.4 ha) |
| Architect | Josselyn & Taylor |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian
Late 19th and Early 20th Century American Movement |
| MPS | Downtown Waterloo MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 14000664 |
| Added to NRHP | September 22, 2014 |


title: Unično

abstract: Unično is a small settlement in the hills north of Brdce in the Municipality of Hrastnik in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

text:
# Unično

**Unično** (pronounced \[uˈniːtʃnɔ\]) is a small settlement in the hills north of Brdce in the Municipality of Hrastnik in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Unično | |
| --- | --- |
| Old buildings in Unično | |
| UničnoLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°8′57.68″N 15°8′35.91″E / 46.1493556°N 15.1433083°E / 46.1493556; 15.1433083 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Central Sava |
| Municipality | Hrastnik |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.92 km2 (0.36 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 578.9 m (1,899.3 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 14 |
|  | |


title: Waltheria

abstract: Waltheria is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is sometimes placed in Sterculiaceae. The name honours German botanist Augustin Friedrich Walther (1688–1746).

text:
# Waltheria

***Waltheria*** is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is sometimes placed in Sterculiaceae. The name honours German botanist Augustin Friedrich Walther (1688–1746).

## Selected species

## InfoBox

| *Waltheria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Waltheria indica* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Subfamily: | Byttnerioideae |
| Tribe: | Hermannieae |
| Genus: | *Waltheria*<br>L. |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Sitella* L.H.Bailey | |


title: Turów, Gmina Pęcław

abstract: Turów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pęcław, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. The name of the village is of Polish origin and comes from the word tur, which means "aurochs".

text:
# Turów, Gmina Pęcław

**Turów** \[ˈturuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pęcław, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

The name of the village is of Polish origin and comes from the word *tur*, which means "aurochs".

## InfoBox

| Turów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Turów | |
| Coordinates: 51°37′29″N 16°14′12″E / 51.62472°N 16.23667°E / 51.62472; 16.23667 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| Powiat | Głogów |
| Gmina | Pęcław |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | DGL |


title: Questions!/Answers?

abstract: Questions!/Answers? is a series of ten educational films released in 1975 by Walt Disney Productions. The series dealt with many moral topics and it excerpted many sequences from various live-action Disney films.

text:
# Questions!/Answers?

***Questions!/Answers?*** is a series of ten educational films released in 1975 by Walt Disney Productions. The series dealt with many moral topics and it excerpted many sequences from various live-action Disney films.

## Films

* *Alcoholism: Who Gets Hurt?* — a child is facing alcoholism of his parents. Includes excerpts from *Follow Me, Boys!*
* *Love and Duty: Which Comes First?* — on the notion of loyalty, duty and love. Includes excerpts from *True Vagabond*.
* *Responsibility: What Are Its Limits?* — personal responsibility
* *Stepparents: Where Is the Love?* — on adoptive families
* *Optimist/Pessimist: Which Are You?*
* *Death: How Can You Live with It?* — a boy learns to accept the death of her grandfather. Includes excerpts from *Napoleon and Samantha*.
* *Your Career: Your Decision?* — a girl wants to be a ballerina against the advice of her mother. Includes excerpts from *Ballerina*.
* *Prejudice: Hatred or Ignorance* — a young man tries to overcome prejudice. Includes excerpts from *The Light in the Forest*.
* *Being Right: Can You Still Lose?*
* *Ambition: What Price Fulfillment?*


title: Gynenomis mindanaoensis

abstract: Gynenomis mindanaoensis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe and Akira Mutuura in 1968. It is found on Mindanao in the Philippines.

text:
# Gynenomis mindanaoensis

***Gynenomis mindanaoensis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe and Akira Mutuura in 1968. It is found on Mindanao in the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Gynenomis mindanaoensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Gynenomis* |
| Species: | ***G. mindanaoensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gynenomis mindanaoensis***<br>Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 | |
|


title: Matthew Paul Moyle

abstract: Matthew Paul Moyle was an English meteorologist and writer on mining, second son of John Moyle, by Julia, daughter of Jonathan Hornblower, was born at Chacewater, Cornwall, 4 October 1788, and educated at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1809, and was afterwards in practice at Helston in Cornwall for the long period of sixty-nine years. A considerable portion of his practice consisted in attending the men accidentally injured in the tin and copper mines of his neighbourhood, and his attention was thus led to mining. From 1841 to 1879 he kept meteorological records for the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. He died at Cross Street, Helston, on 7 August 1880, leaving a large family.

text:
# Matthew Paul Moyle

**Matthew Paul Moyle** (4 October 1788 – 7 August 1880) was an English meteorologist and writer on mining, second son of John Moyle, by Julia, daughter of Jonathan Hornblower, was born at Chacewater, Cornwall, 4 October 1788, and educated at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals.

He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1809, and was afterwards in practice at Helston in Cornwall for the long period of sixty-nine years. A considerable portion of his practice consisted in attending the men accidentally injured in the tin and copper mines of his neighbourhood, and his attention was thus led to mining.

From 1841 to 1879 he kept meteorological records for the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.

He died at Cross Street, Helston, on 7 August 1880, leaving a large family.

## Writings

In 1814 he sent to Thomas Thomson's *Annals of Philosophy* "Queries respecting the flow of Water in Chacewater Mine"; in the following years he communicated papers on "The Temperature of Mines", "On Granite Veins", and "On the Atmosphere of Cornish Mines".

In 1822 he read a paper on the raised temperatures in mines to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.

During a series of years he kept registers and made extensive and valuable observations on barometers and thermometers, and in conjunction with Robert Were Fox he wrote and communicated to Alexander Tilloch's *Philosophical Magazine* in 1823, "An Account of the Observations and Experiments on the Temperature of Mines which have recently been made in Cornwall and the North of England". In 1841 he sent to Sturgeon's *Annals of Electricity* a paper "On the Formation of Electro-type Plates independently of any engraving", which concerned the then-new process of electrotyping.

Attribution

## InfoBox

| Matthew Paul Moyle | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1788-10-04)4 October 1788
Chacewater, Cornwall, Wngland |
| Died | 7 August 1880(1880-08-07) (aged 91)
Helston, Cornwall, England |
| Alma mater | Guy's Hospital, London |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Geology, Meteorology, Surgery |
| Institutions | RGSC, RCPS |
|  | |


title: Rodrigues Ottolengui

abstract: Rodrigues Ottolengui was an American writer and dentist of Sephardic descent. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, he moved to New York City, where he would spend most of his adult life, in 1877.

text:
# Rodrigues Ottolengui

**Rodrigues Ottolengui** (March 15, 1861 – July 11, 1937) was an American writer and dentist of Sephardic descent. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, he moved to New York City, where he would spend most of his adult life, in 1877.

## Biography

One of three children, Ottolengui was a son of Daniel Ottolengui and Helen Rosalie Rodrigues Ottolengui; he had a sister, Helen, and a brother, Lee. He was cousins with Octavus Roy Cohen, who also wrote crime fiction.

He was the editor of *Items of Interest: A Monthly Magazine of Dental Art, Science, and Literature* for thirty-five years, which he continued to edit after retiring from dentistry; he compiled *Table Talks on Dentistry*, drawing from articles in *Items of Interest*. A dental pioneer, Ottolengui was one of the first to use X-rays and was a specialist in orthodontics and root canal therapy. He was also interested in entomology, taxidermy, and photography.

In addition to his work in dentistry, Ottolengui is remembered as an early exponent of detective fiction, with four novels and a short story collection published during the 1890s. The short story volume, *Final Proof*, was recognized by Ellery Queen as one of *Queen's Quorum*—the most important collections of detective short stories. Many years later a second series, *Before the Fact*, originally published in 1901, was discovered and published in book form edited and introduced by detective fiction scholar Douglas G. Greene.

His wife, May C. Hall Ottolengui, died on 10 July 1936; he died at his New York residence the next year of a heart ailment and a stroke caused by a long illness. His sister died on 22 July 1938.

## Bibliography

### Novels and short story collections

* *An Artist in Crime* (1892)
* *A Conflict of Evidence* (1893)
* *A Modern Wizard* (1894)
* *The Crime of the Century* (1896)
* *Final Proof; or, the Value of Evidence* (short story collection; 1898)
* *The Ottolengui Portfolio* (2005; an omnibus of the 4 novels and the short stories)
* *Before the Fact* (2012; first book publication of a 1901 series of stories)

### Stories

### Non-fiction

* *Methods of Filling Teeth*
* *Table Talks on Dentistry*

* Greene, Douglas G. *Classic Mystery Stories*. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1999.


title: Nanjing Sport Institute

abstract: Nanjing Sport Institute (南京体育学院) is a public university located in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, specializing in sports and physical education. It was founded in 1956.

text:
# Nanjing Sport Institute

**Nanjing Sport Institute** (南京体育学院) is a public university located in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, specializing in sports and physical education. It was founded in 1956.

## Alumni who have won Olympic golds

## InfoBox

Nanjing Sport Institute
| 南京体育学院 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public/National |
| Established | 1956 |
| Academic staff | 514 |
| Students | 7,032 |
| Location | Nanjing, Jiangsu, China |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | www.nipes.cn |


title: Goodenia asteriscus

abstract: Goodenia asteriscus is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to central Australia. It is a herb with spatula-shaped to lance-shaped leaves at the base of the plant, and clusters of up to 19, mostly yellow flowers without bracteoles, and does not closely resemble any other species of Goodenia.

text:
# Goodenia asteriscus

***Goodenia asteriscus*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to central Australia. It is a herb with spatula-shaped to lance-shaped leaves at the base of the plant, and clusters of up to 19, mostly yellow flowers without bracteoles, and does not closely resemble any other species of *Goodenia*.

## Description

*Goodenia anfracta* is a stolon-forming herb with a dense rosette of leaves at the base of the plant, and that typically grows to a height of 8–22 cm (3.1–8.7 in). The leaves are spatula-shaped to lance-shaped or egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, mostly 25–65 mm (0.98–2.56 in) long including the petiole, and 5–18 mm (0.20–0.71 in) wide. Sometimes the leaves are toothed to pinnatifid, 10–35 mm (0.39–1.38 in) long with up to 8 lobes, each 1–9 mm (0.039–0.354 in) long and 1–3.5 mm (0.039–0.138 in) wide. The flowers are arranged in up to 19 flowering stems mostly 30–90 mm (1.2–3.5 in) long with up to 21 racemes each with 2 to 5 flowers lacking bracteoles. The sepals are lance-shaped to narrowly elliptic, 3.5–6 mm (0.14–0.24 in) long and the corolla is mosly yellow, 12.5–18 mm (0.49–0.71 in) long and hairy on the outside. The lower lobes of the corolla are 4.5–8 mm (0.18–0.31 in) long with wings 3.5–7.5 mm (0.14–0.30 in) wide. Flowering mainly occurs from September to January and the fruit is an elliptic capsule 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide containing seeds with a wing 1.0–1.9 mm (0.039–0.075 in) wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Goodenia asteriscus* was first formally described in 2017 by Peter J. Lang in the journal *Swainsona* from specimens collected near Watarru in 2016. The specific epithet (*asteriscus*) means "little star", referring to the pattern of persistent flowering stems after the flowers have fallen.

## Distribution and habitat

This species of *Goodenia* grows in hard clay and loan soils in plant communities dominated by *Triodia scariosa* hummock grassland between the Cavenagh Range in Western Australia and Watarru in the north-west of South Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Goodenia asteriscus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Priority Three — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Goodeniaceae |
| Genus: | *Goodenia* |
| Species: | ***G. asteriscus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Goodenia asteriscus***
P.J.Lang | |
|


title: Il Discotto Records

abstract: Il Discotto Productions was the second biggest Italo disco record label and distribution company. It was founded in 1982, and managed by Roberto Fusar-Poli. The company started in Sesto San Giovanni, and then moved to Cologno Monzese in 1983, two towns in the Greater Milan area. It was one of the most successful Italian labels of the 1980s, rivaling with Discomagic. Discotto released material by many well-known artists like Gary Low, Scotch, Doctor's Cat, Brand Image, Gazebo, Martinelli, Paul Sharada, Betty Miranda, Reeds, Mike Rogers, Raggio Di Luna, Hot Cold, Eugene, Max Coveri, Gay Cat Park, as well as obscure Italo disco acts. In its early releases, the Il Discotto label had a strong electro sound. Il Discotto closed down in the first half of 1987 due to financial issues. The only labels that survived and became independent were Blow Up Disco and Keepon Musik.

text:
# Il Discotto Records

**Il Discotto Productions** was the second biggest Italo disco record label and distribution company.

It was founded in 1982, and managed by Roberto Fusar-Poli. The company started in Sesto San Giovanni, and then moved to Cologno Monzese in 1983, two towns in the Greater Milan area. It was one of the most successful Italian labels of the 1980s, rivaling with Discomagic.

Discotto released material by many well-known artists like Gary Low, Scotch, Doctor's Cat, Brand Image, Gazebo, Martinelli, Paul Sharada, Betty Miranda, Reeds, Mike Rogers, Raggio Di Luna, Hot Cold, Eugene, Max Coveri, Gay Cat Park, as well as obscure Italo disco acts. In its early releases, the Il Discotto label had a strong electro sound.

Il Discotto closed down in the first half of 1987 due to financial issues. The only labels that survived and became independent were Blow Up Disco (until 1998) and Keepon Musik (until 1991).

## Sub-labels

* American Disco
* Blow Up Disco
* Crash
* Did Records / D.I.D. Records
* F.D.T. (Fuori Di Testa)
* Keepon Musik
* Shure Music
* Thick Record
* Tanga Label

## InfoBox

| Il Discotto Records | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 1982 (1982) |
| Founder | Roberto Fusar-Poli |
| Defunct | 1987 (1987) |
| Genre | Various |
| Country of origin | Italy |
| Location | Cologno Monzese |


title: Walther von La Roche

abstract: Walther von La Roche was a German journalist, author and journalism teacher. Until 2006 he taught as Honorary Professor of Radio Journalism at the University of Leipzig.

text:
# Walther von La Roche

**Walther von La Roche** (29 February 1936 in Munich – 9 May 2010, Herrsching am Ammersee) was a German journalist, author and journalism teacher. Until 2006 he taught as Honorary Professor of Radio Journalism at the University of Leipzig.

## Life

Walther von La Roche already gained his first journalistic experience as a student. After graduation in 1954, he began studying law at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, which he completed with the Assessor exam. In 1956 he received a scholarship from the Werner Friedmann Institute in Munich, the precursor of Deutsche Journalistenschule. From 1961 he worked full-time at Bayerischer Rundfunk as an editor and presenter. Until 1985, Walther von La Roche was also responsible for radio and television training at Bayerischer Rundfunk.

La Roche has written numerous books and essays, including the standard work "Introduction to practical journalism", which first appeared in 1975 (today's editors: Klaus Meier and Gabriele Hooffacker). He was the founder and publisher of the book series Journalistische Praxis. From 2006, the series was published by Econ Verlag, since 2013 by Verlag Springer VS; Co-editor and publisher since 2010 is Gabriele Hooffacker.

* Literature by and about Walther von La Roche in the German National Library catalogue
* Gabriele Hooffacker, Klaus Meier: La Roches Einführung in den praktischen Journalismus. Mit genauer Beschreibung aller Ausbildungswege Deutschland • Österreich • Schweiz, Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-16657-1
* Georg Löwisch: Der große leise Mann. Nachruf in taz.de 16. Mai 2010
* Biography Walther von La Roche


title: Mimacraea maesseni

abstract: Mimacraea maesseni, the Maessen's acraea mimic, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana, Togo and southern Nigeria. The habitat consists of forests.

text:
# Mimacraea maesseni

***Mimacraea maesseni***, the **Maessen's acraea mimic**, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana (the Volta region), Togo and southern Nigeria. The habitat consists of forests.

## InfoBox

| *Mimacraea maesseni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Mimacraea* |
| Species: | ***M. maesseni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimacraea maesseni***<br>Libert, 2000 | |
|


title: Quasi-variance

abstract: Quasi-variance (qv) estimates are a statistical approach that is suitable for communicating the effects of a categorical explanatory variable within a statistical model. In standard statistical models the effects of a categorical explanatory variable are assessed by comparing one category that is set as a benchmark against which all other categories are compared. The benchmark category is usually referred to as the 'reference' or 'base' category. In order for comparisons to be made the reference category is arbitrarily fixed to zero. Statistical data analysis software usually undertakes formal comparisons of whether or not each level of the categorical variable differs from the reference category. These comparisons generate the well known ‘significance values’ of parameter estimates. Whilst it is straightforward to compare any one category with the reference category, it is more difficult to formally compare two other categories of an explanatory variable with each other when neither is the reference category. This is known as the reference category problem. Quasi-variances are approximations of variances. Quasi-variances are statistics associated with the parameter estimates (coefficients) of the different levels of categorical explanatory variables within statistical models. Quasi-variances can be presented alongside parameter estimates to enable readers to assess differences between any combinations of parameter estimates for a categorical explanatory variable. The approach is beneficial because such comparisons are not usually possible without access to the full variance-covariance matrix for the estimates. Using quasi-variance estimates addresses the reference category problem. The underlying idea was first proposed by Ridout but the technique was set out by David Firth and Renee Menezes. The suitability of this technique for social science data analysis has been demonstrated. An on-line tool for the calculation of quasi-variance estimates is available and a short technical description of the methodology is provided. Quasi-variances can be calculated in Stata using the QV module and can also be calculated in R using the package qvcalc.

text:
# Quasi-variance

**Quasi-variance (qv)** estimates are a statistical approach that is suitable for communicating the effects of a categorical explanatory variable within a statistical model. In standard statistical models the effects of a categorical explanatory variable are assessed by comparing one category (or level) that is set as a benchmark against which all other categories are compared. The benchmark category is usually referred to as the 'reference' or 'base' category. In order for comparisons to be made the reference category is arbitrarily fixed to zero. Statistical data analysis software usually undertakes formal comparisons of whether or not each level of the categorical variable differs from the reference category. These comparisons generate the well known ‘significance values’ of parameter estimates (i.e., coefficients). Whilst it is straightforward to compare any one category with the reference category, it is more difficult to formally compare two other categories (or levels) of an explanatory variable with each other when neither is the reference category. This is known as the reference category problem.

Quasi-variances are approximations of variances. Quasi-variances are statistics associated with the parameter estimates (coefficients) of the different levels of categorical explanatory variables within statistical models. Quasi-variances can be presented alongside parameter estimates to enable readers to assess differences between any combinations of parameter estimates for a categorical explanatory variable. The approach is beneficial because such comparisons are not usually possible without access to the full variance-covariance matrix for the estimates.

Using quasi-variance estimates addresses the reference category problem. The underlying idea was first proposed by Ridout but the technique was set out by David Firth and Renee Menezes. The suitability of this technique for social science data analysis has been demonstrated. An on-line tool for the calculation of quasi-variance estimates is available and a short technical description of the methodology is provided.

Quasi-variances can be calculated in Stata using the QV module and can also be calculated in  using the package qvcalc.

An extended set of resources with examples in Stata and SPSS are also available


title: Gynnidomorpha datetis

abstract: Gynnidomorpha datetis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China in the provinces of Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi, Tianjin as well as Thailand. The wingspan is 10.5−13 mm.

text:
# Gynnidomorpha datetis

***Gynnidomorpha datetis*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China in the provinces of Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi, Tianjin as well as Thailand.

The wingspan is 10.5−13 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Gynnidomorpha datetis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Gynnidomorpha* |
| Species: | ***G. datetis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gynnidomorpha datetis***<br>(Diakonoff, 1984) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phalonidia datetis* Diakonoff, 1984 * *Piercea datesis* Razowski, 1992 | |


title: Matsukura Castle

abstract: Matsukura Castle was a Muromachi period yamajiro-style Japanese castle located in what is now the city of Uozu, Toyama Prefecture, in the Hokuriku region of Japan. It was one of the three major mountain-castles in Etchū Province, along with Matsuyama Castle in central Etchū and Moriyama Castle in western Etchū.

text:
# Matsukura Castle

**Matsukura Castle** (松倉城, *Matsukura-jō*) was a Muromachi period *yamajiro*-style Japanese castle located in what is now the city of Uozu, Toyama Prefecture, in the Hokuriku region of Japan. It was one of the three major mountain-castles in Etchū Province, along with Matsuyama Castle in central Etchū and Moriyama Castle in western Etchū.

## Background

Matsukura Castle is located on Mount Matsumura, a 430.9 m (1,414 ft) peak on a ridge which a continuation of the Tateyama Mountain Range. The Uozu area is at the base of this ridge facing Toyama Bay, and was noted for its fishing industry. In addition, a gold mine also existed at Mount Mataukura, so the area was both strategically and economically important.

## Structure

Matsukura Castle occupies an L-shaped ridge running north and east. The inner bailey was a rectangular area approximately about 100 meter long by 40 meter wide, and contained a building which had a foundation 40 meter square, and was surrounded by a deep dry moat, which may have been a donjon. The inner bailey is protected by a second, third and fourth enclosure in line along the ridge, each separated by a dry moat. On the western ridge is a large flat area, which may have contained the residence of the castellan, and it is surrounded by smaller flat areas, which may have continued residences for major retainers, barracks and storehouses.

## History

Matsukura Castle was built around the year 1335 by the Bōmon clan, and later came under the control of the Momonoi clan. However, when the Momonoi suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Nagasawa in 1370, the Momonoi clan lost control of Matsukura Castle.

By the Nanboku-chō period, it became the main base of Shiina clan. The Shiina served as retainers of the Hatakeyama clan, and were appointed *shugodai* of Niikawa District of Etchū Province. Their main rivals were the Jinbō clan based at Toyama Castle. In the 1550s, the Jinbō clan gained ascendant over the Shiina; however, the Shiina made an alliance with Uesugi Kenshin, who captured Toyama Castle in 1570 after a fierce back-and-forth struggle. The leader of the Jinbō clan fled to Oda Nobunaga, and the Toyama area was awarded to one of Kenshin's retainers. Furious that they had been denied the Toyama are, the Shiina turned to Kenshin's rival, Takeda Shingen, for assistance in 1568. Kenshin then laid siege to Matsukura Castle, which held out for two years until 1571. Shine Yasutane escaped, and continued to fight the Uesugi until his death in 1576. Uesugi Kenshin rebuilt Matsukura Castle as a base of operations in Etchū Province and expanded his territory westward, coming into conflict with Oda Nobunaga. However, he fell ill and died in 1578, and the Oda army led by Shibata Katsuie overran Kaga and Noto Provinces by the end of 1580, and all of Etchū Province with the exception of the Uozu area by 1581. The Uesugi strengthened Matsukura Castle as part for their final defensive line.

During the Siege of Uozu in March 1582, Shibata Katsuie seized Uozu Castle after a three-month battle; however, the same day as his victory, Oda Nobunaga was assassinated in the Honnō-ji Incident and he was forced to withdraw before taking Matsukura Castle. In 1583, Sassa Narimasa returned as the head of a new army and Matsukura Castle was reduced.

The site of castle was abandoned sometime during the Keichō Era after the region became part of the holdings of Kaga Domain under the Maeda clan in the Edo period.

## Current

The castle is now only ruins, with some stone ramparts, dry moats and baileys. The castle has several hundred cherry trees growing around its grounds and plays host to local visitors during the Spring blossom season. During late May, the Sengoku Noroshi Festival is held on the grounds.

## Literature

* De Lange, William (2021). *An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles*. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages. ISBN 978-9492722300.
* Schmorleitz, Morton S. (1974). *Castles in Japan*. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. pp. 144–145. ISBN 0-8048-1102-4.
* Motoo, Hinago (1986). *Japanese Castles*. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 200 pages. ISBN 0-87011-766-1.
* Mitchelhill, Jennifer (2004). *Castles of the Samurai: Power and Beauty*. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 112 pages. ISBN 4-7700-2954-3.
* Turnbull, Stephen (2003). *Japanese Castles 1540-1640*. Osprey Publishing. p. 64 pages. ISBN 1-84176-429-9.

## InfoBox

| Matsukura Castle
松倉城 | |
| --- | --- |
| Uozu, Toyama Prefecture, Japan | |
| Ruins of Matsukura Castle | |
| Matsukura Castle
松倉城Matsukura Castle
松倉城 | |
| Coordinates | 36°45′32″N 137°26′30″E / 36.758966°N 137.441797°E / 36.758966; 137.441797 |
| Type | *yamajiro*-style Japanese castle |
| Site information | |
| Open to
the public | yes |
| Condition | Ruins |
| Site history | |
| Built | c.1335 |
| In use | Muromachi-Sengoku period |
| Demolished | 1583 |