title: Incredible (Keith Murray song)

abstract: "Incredible" is a song by American rappers Keith Murray and LL Cool J. It was released on September 15, 1998 through Jive Records as the only single from Murray's third studio album It's a Beautiful Thing. Recording sessions took place at Mirror Image Recorders in Dix Hills. Production was handled by Erick Sermon, who used a sample from James Brown's song "Sportin' Life". The single peaked at 70 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and 27 on the Hot Rap Songs in the United States.

text:
# Incredible (Keith Murray song)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

"**Incredible**" is a song by American rappers Keith Murray and LL Cool J. It was released on September 15, 1998 through Jive Records as the only single from Murray's third studio album *It's a Beautiful Thing*. Recording sessions took place at Mirror Image Recorders in Dix Hills. Production was handled by Erick Sermon, who used a sample from James Brown's song "Sportin' Life". The single peaked at 70 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and 27 on the Hot Rap Songs in the United States.

## Music video

A music video directed by Diane Martel was released for the song. The music video, a parody of comics' Batman and Robin, starred Murray as the Robin-inspired "Lyrical Lexicon" and Redman as the Batman-inspired "Funk Doctor Spock". The two faced LL Cool J as the duo's archnemesis based on The Joker called "The Last Laugher", Erick Sermon as "The Green Eyed Bandit", Craig Mack as "Sinister James", and the Catwoman-styled character "Chickenhead".

## Samples

A sample of the song was used in Army of the Pharaohs's song "The Ultimatum" from the album *The Unholy Terror*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Incredible" (Clean Version) | 3:00 |
| 2. | "Incredible" (Instrumental) | 3:00 |
| 3. | "Incredible" (Album Version) | 3:00 |
| 4. | "Incredible" (Acapella) | 3:00 |

## Personnel

* Keith Omar Murray – vocals
* James Todd "LL Cool J" Smith – vocals
* Erick Sermon – producer
* Marc Berto – engineering, mixing
* Camillo Rodriguez – engineering assistant
* Dave O'Donnell – engineering assistant
* Jackie Murphy – art direction
* Jason Claiborne – design
* Michael Benabib – photography
* Damon "Smooth" Hart – management
* Rashad El-Amin – management

## Chart performance

| Charts (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 52 |
| UK Dance (OCC) | 14 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 8 |
| UK Indie (OCC) | 13 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 70 |
| US Hot Rap Songs (*Billboard*) | 27 |

## InfoBox

| "Incredible" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Keith Murray featuring LL Cool J | |
| from the album  *It's a Beautiful Thing* | |
| Released | September 15, 1998 (1998-09-15) |
| Recorded | 1998 |
| Studio | Mirror Image Recorders (Dix Hills, NY) |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 3:00 |
| Label | Jive |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Erick Sermon |
| Keith Murray singles chronology | |
| "Home Alone"
(1998) "**Incredible**"
(1998) "Fatty Girl"
(2001) | |
|  | |
| LL Cool J singles chronology | |
| "Candy"
(1998) "**Incredible**"
(1998) "Say What"
(1999) | |
| Music video | |
| "Incredible" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: One World (John Denver album)

abstract: One World is the nineteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter John Denver. Released in June 1986, this was Denver's final studio album for RCA Records. The singles released from this album were "Along For The Ride" and "Let Us Begin/"Flying For Me." "Let Us Begin" was later re-recorded in Russia with Alexander Gradsky. "Flying For Me" was written in honor of the passengers aboard the space shuttle Challenger.

text:
# One World (John Denver album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***One World*** is the nineteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter John Denver. Released in June 1986, this was Denver's final studio album for RCA Records. The singles released from this album were "Along For The Ride ('56 T-Bird)" and "Let Us Begin (What Are We Making Weapons For)/"Flying For Me." "Let Us Begin" was later re-recorded in Russia with Alexander Gradsky. "Flying For Me" was written in honor of the passengers aboard the space shuttle Challenger.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by John Denver; except where indicated

### Side one

1. "Love Is the Master" – 2:39
2. "Love Again" – 2:50
3. "I Remember You" – 2:48 (Johnny Mercer, Victor Schertzinger)
4. "Hey There, Mr. Lonely Heart" – 3:55
5. "Let Us Begin (What Are We Making Weapons For?)" – 5:54
6. "Flying for Me" – 5:34

### Side two

1. "Along for the Ride ('56 T-Bird)" – 4:47 (Danny O'Keefe, Bill Braun)
2. "I Can't Escape" – 3:36
3. "True Love Takes Time" – 4:07 (Dik Darnell, Denver)
4. "One World" – 4:09
5. "It's a Possibility" – 3:11

## Personnel

## Charts

| Chart (1986) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 90 |

## InfoBox

| One World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by John Denver | |
| Released | June 1986 |
| Length | 43:30 |
| Label | RCA |
| Producer | Roger Nichols
Milton Okun – Executive Producer |
| John Denver chronology | |
| *Dreamland Express*
(1985) ***One World***
(1986) *Higher Ground*
(1988) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *One World* | |
| 1. "Let Us Begin (What Are We Making Weapons For?)"
Released: March 1986 2. "Flying For Me"
Released: June 1986 3. "Along for the Ride ('56 T-Bird)"
Released: July 1986 | |
|  | |


title: One World (Rare Earth album)

abstract: One World is the fourth studio album by rock band Rare Earth, released in June 1971. The single "I Just Want to Celebrate" became a Top 10 Gold certified hit, and the album became the third and final gold album for the group. On June 9, 2015, the album was released on the CD format for the first time, as a remastered, limited collector's edition digipak with the original gatefold cover.

text:
# One World (Rare Earth album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***One World*** is the fourth studio album by rock band Rare Earth, released in June 1971. The single "I Just Want to Celebrate" became a Top 10 Gold certified hit, and the album became the third and final gold album for the group.

On June 9, 2015, the album was released on the CD format for the first time, as a remastered, limited collector's edition digipak with the original gatefold cover.

## Track listing

### Side one

1. "What'd I Say" (Ray Charles) – 7:15
2. "If I Die" (Pete Rivera) – 3:32
3. "The Seed" (Rivera) – 3:34
4. "I Just Want to Celebrate" (Dino Fekaris, Nick Zesses) – 3:35

### Side two

1. "Someone to Love" (Gil Bridges) – 3:48
2. "Any Man Can Be a Fool" (John Persh) – 3:36
3. "The Road" (Tom Baird) – 3:35
4. "Under God's Light" (Eddie Guzman, Ray Monette, Mark Olson) – 4:52

## Charts

| Chart (1971/72) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 30 |
| United States (Billboard 200) | 28 |

## Personnel

Rare Earth * Pete Rivera – lead vocals and backing vocals, drums
* Gil Bridges – woodwinds, tambourine, flute and backing vocals
* Ray Monette – guitars and backing vocals
* Mark Olson – organ, piano and backing vocals
* John Persh – bass and backing vocals
* Ed Guzman – percussions

## InfoBox

| One World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rare Earth | |
| Released | June 2, 1971 |
| Recorded | April – May 1971 |
| Genre | Blue eyed soul, funk rock, progressive rock |
| Length | 33:47 |
| Label | Rare Earth |
| Producer | Rare Earth and Tom Baird |
| Rare Earth chronology | |
| *Ecology*
(1970) ***One World***
(1971) *Rare Earth in Concert*
(1971) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *One World* | |
| 1. "I Just Want to Celebrate"
Released: 1971 | |
|  | |


title: Imiołki

abstract: Imiołki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kiszkowo, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Kiszkowo, 16 km (10 mi) west of Gniezno, and 37 km (23 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań. On January 1, 2013, a portion of the village became a new village called Pola Lednickie.

text:
# Imiołki

**Imiołki** \[iˈmjɔu̯ki\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kiszkowo, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Kiszkowo, 16 km (10 mi) west of Gniezno, and 37 km (23 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań. On January 1, 2013, a portion of the village became a new village called Pola Lednickie.

## InfoBox

| Imiołki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Imiołki | |
| Coordinates: 52°33′39″N 17°22′56″E / 52.56083°N 17.38222°E / 52.56083; 17.38222 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Gniezno |
| Gmina | Kiszkowo |
| Population | 80 |


title: Imiougou

abstract: Imiougou is a town in the Sabce Department of Bam Province in northern-central Burkina Faso. It has a population of 1097.

text:
# Imiougou

**Imiougou** is a town in the Sabce Department of Bam Province in northern-central Burkina Faso. It has a population of 1097.

## InfoBox

| Imiougou | |
| --- | --- |
| ImiougouLocation in Burkina Faso | |
| Coordinates: 13°9′N 1°32′W / 13.150°N 1.533°W / 13.150; -1.533 | |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Centre-Nord Region |
| Province | Bam Province |
| Department | Sabce Department |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 1,097 |
| Time zone | +2 |


title: One Time Around

abstract: "One Time Around" is a single by Canadian country music artist Michelle Wright. Released in 1992, it was the second single from her album Now and Then. It reached #1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in October 1992.

text:
# One Time Around

"**One Time Around**" is a single by Canadian country music artist Michelle Wright. Released in 1992, it was the second single from her album *Now and Then*. It reached #1 on the *RPM* Country Tracks chart in October 1992.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1992) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 1 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 43 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1992) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 47 |

## InfoBox

| "One Time Around" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Michelle Wright | |
| from the album  *Now and Then* | |
| Released | July 6, 1992 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:33 |
| Label | Arista |
| Songwriter(s) | Chapin Hartford
Don Pfrimmer |
| Producer(s) | Steve Bogard
Rick Giles |
| Michelle Wright singles chronology | |
| "Take It Like a Man"
(1992) "**One Time Around**"
(1992) "He Would Be Sixteen"
(1992) | |


title: Omata Dam

abstract: Omata Dam is a gravity dam located in Toyama prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 274.6 km⁲. The dam impounds about 7 ha of land when full and can store 761 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1958 and completed in 1960.

text:
# Omata Dam

**Omata Dam** is a gravity dam located in Toyama prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 274.6 km2. The dam impounds about 7 ha of land when full and can store 761 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1958 and completed in 1960.

## InfoBox

| Omata Dam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Omata Dam in Japan | |
| Location | Toyama Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°33′50″N 137°22′01″E / 36.56389°N 137.36694°E / 36.56389; 137.36694 |
| Construction began | 1958 |
| Opening date | 1960 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 37m |
| Length | 131.5m |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 761 thousand cubic meters |
| Catchment area | 274.6 sq. km |
| Surface area | 7 hectares |


title: Mike Stinson

abstract: Mike Stinson is an American singer-songwriter and musician.

text:
# Mike Stinson

**Mike Stinson** is an American singer-songwriter and musician.

## Career

A native of Virginia, Mike Stinson moved to Los Angeles in 1991. Inspired by the country rock of Gram Parsons, as well as more traditional country artists such as Johnny Cash and George Jones, he began to write songs and eventually formed his own band.

Stinson released his debut album *Jack of All Heartache* in 2002. The album includes a sardonic ode to California entitled "Late Great Golden State." Dwight Yoakam later covered the song on his album *Population Me* and released it as a single.

Robert Hilburn of the *Los Angeles Times* wrote in 2003 that Stinson is "one of Los Angeles' best-kept musical secrets." In the 2004 edition of its annual Best of LA feature, *Los Angeles* magazine selected him as Best Country-Western Artist, adding that "Late Great Golden State" ought to be California's official anthem.

His song "Counting My Lucky Stars," from second album *Last Fool at the Bar*, was featured in a 2006 episode of the CBS series *Cold Case* entitled "The Red and the Blue."

Though he plays guitar in his own band, Stinson has worked as a drummer for other musicians, including Christina Aguilera and Lucinda Williams.

Stinson relocated to Houston, Texas in 2009. His most recent album, *The Jukebox in Your Heart,* was produced by Jesse Dayton and recorded at Willie Nelson's Pedernales Studios in Austin. It includes a new version of "Late Great Golden State."

In 2013 Stinson released *Hell And Half of Georgia*, which was produced by R.S. Field. In an interview, Stinson described Hell And Half of Georgia as a new direction for his music, "For years I was trying to make a classic country album. Something that would stand alone among the country albums I love that I considered classics. I had the burning desire to do that for a long time and I did it on three records to the best of my ability. And I sort of got it out of my system. I'm sort of exploring other music styles I've been influenced by over the years. This album's got a little muscle, it's a little tougher. The singing is better and the writing is better. I think it shows some growth."

## Discography

* *Jack of All Heartache* (2002)
* *Last Fool at the Bar* (2005)
* *The Jukebox in Your Heart* (2010)
* *Hell and Half of Georgia* (2013)

## InfoBox

| Mike Stinson | |
| --- | --- |
| Genres | Country, country rock |
| Occupation(s) | Singer-songwriter, musician |
| Instrument(s) | Guitar, drums |
| Labels | Boronda Records |
|  | |
| Website | www.mikestinson.net |


title: Violet Synge

abstract: Violet Montressor Synge served as the Girl Guide Chief Commissioner for England. She was a recipient of the Silver Fish Award, the highest adult award in Girlguiding, awarded for outstanding service to Girlguiding combined with service to world Guiding. Prior to her tenure as Chief Commissioner, she had served as Captain of the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, formed to allow the then Princess Elizabeth to be a Girl Guide. It met for the first time on 9 June 1937. At this meeting, Princess Elizabeth was elected Seconder of the Kingfisher Patrol with Patricia Mountbatten as her Patrol Leader. There were twenty Guides who were made up from children of members of the Royal Household and Palace employees. They met at a summerhouse in the garden. During World War II, the group went into abeyance for a short time, but was re-opened at Windsor in 1942. A Brownie Pack was also opened at the same time for Princess Margaret. It had 14 members. The 1st Buckingham Palace Company was reformed in 1959 for Princess Anne. It was active until 1963.

text:
# Violet Synge

**Violet** Montressor **Synge** (born 16 May 1896, d. April 1971, Surrey) served as the Girl Guide Chief Commissioner for England. She was a recipient of the Silver Fish Award, the highest adult award in Girlguiding, awarded for outstanding service to Girlguiding combined with service to world Guiding.

Prior to her tenure as Chief Commissioner, she had served as Captain of the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, formed to allow the then Princess Elizabeth to be a Girl Guide. It met for the first time on 9 June 1937. At this meeting, Princess Elizabeth was elected Seconder of the Kingfisher Patrol with Patricia Mountbatten as her Patrol Leader. There were twenty Guides who were made up from children of members of the Royal Household and Palace employees. They met at a summerhouse in the garden. During World War II, the group went into abeyance for a short time, but was re-opened at Windsor in 1942. A Brownie Pack was also opened at the same time for Princess Margaret. It had 14 members. The 1st Buckingham Palace Company was reformed in 1959 for Princess Anne. It was active until 1963.

* Liddell, Alix (1976). *Story of the Girl Guides 1938-1975*. London: Girl Guides Association.

## InfoBox

| Violet Synge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Girl Guide Chief Commissioner for England | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 16 May 1896 |
| Died | April 1971 |
|  | |


title: Martin L. Beck

abstract: Martin L. Beck was an architect, artist, and professor of architecture.

text:
# Martin L. Beck

**Martin L. Beck** was an architect, artist, and professor of architecture.

## Biography

* Undergraduate work at Royal Institute of Technology, Budapest, Hungary
* Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York, 1922–23
* Graduate College, School of Architecture, Princeton University (1927–28), as winner of scholarship award in national competition.

## Academic career

He was appointed to the Princeton University faculty as Assistant Professor of Architecture in 1928, and through 1942 taught courses in Architectural Design, Theory and Elements of Construction, Descriptive Geometry, Mechanical Drawing, etc. He was also appointed Lecturer in Education 1966, New York University, for Course and seminars in "School Plant Planning, Maintenance and Operation". He simultaneously carried on a professional practice.

* Beck, Martin. "Princeton University Library Archives". Princeton University Library. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
* Beck, Martin L. "Letter from Martin L. Beck to Chancellor Russell D. Niles". Greenwich Village History. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
* Beck, Martin. "Repository of Martin L. Beck drawings, lecture notes, etc". Princeton University. Retrieved 9 December 2014.


title: Mary Greenhow Lee

abstract: Mary Greenhow Lee was an American diarist from Virginia. During the Civil War, Lee was a Confederate activist who kept a journal of events occurring in Winchester. According to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR), Lee's writings "survives as one of the most informative records of daily life in Civil War Virginia."

text:
# Mary Greenhow Lee

**Mary Greenhow Lee** (September 9, 1819May 25, 1907) was an American diarist from Virginia. During the Civil War, Lee was a Confederate activist who kept a journal of events occurring in Winchester. According to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR), Lee's writings "survives as one of the most informative records of daily life in Civil War Virginia."

## Early life

Lee was born September 9, 1819, in Richmond, Virginia to a wealthy socialite family. Her father was businessman Robert Greenhow, a former mayor of Richmond and member of the Virginia General Assembly, and his second wife, Mary Lorraine Charlton Greenhow of Yorktown. Greenhow owned a mercantile firm as well as land throughout the city and surrounding Henrico County. Lee's childhood home was a large octagonal two-story structure near the State Capitol built by former Secretary of State and Virginia governor Edmund Randolph. At least a dozen slaves were forced to assist running their home.

Lee had two siblings. James Washington Greenhow, a brother two years her senior, grew up to become a lawyer. Robert Greenhow Jr., twenty-one years her senior, was her step-brother. Robert worked at the State Department during Andrew Jackson's presidency and Lee would spend time in Washington, D.C., with him and his wife, Rose O'Neal Greenhow. Rose and Lee had similar outgoing personalities and became close friends. Lee would accompany Rose to social events in Washington including tea with former First Lady Dolley Madison and an event where Lee flirted with President Martin Van Buren's son. In 1843, Lee moved to Winchester after marrying Hugh Holmes Lee, a lawyer and distant cousin. He died October 10, 1856, but his two unmarried sisters, Antoniette and Laura, and four nephew and nieces from a deceased sister continued living with Lee, along with five slaves.

## Civil War era

During the Civil War, Lee kept a thorough journal of events in Winchester. According to Lee's biographer, Sheila R. Phipps, "historians learned not only what civilian life was like during the war but also minute details of troop movements and casualty numbers." Several battles took place in Winchester and the surrounding area. Between these battles the city was occupied by Union troops several times. When Union troops arrived during the first occupation, Lee wrote in her diary "All is over and we are prisoners in our own homes." Lee assisted with caring for and feeding wounded Confederate soldiers at a war hospital on Cameron Street. Even though she despised the Union troops, Lee would care for them as well if they needed assistance at the hospital. Although she didn't have much to spare, Lee would give the wounded homemade soup and bread. As the war progressed, Lee ran out of staple items such as firewood. She would sometimes skip days in her journal because her hands were too cold to write.

Lee despised the northerners, shunning them at all costs, and "did anything to irritate the Union." The Union soldiers nicknamed Lee and the women of Winchester "she-devils" because of their attitudes. In February 1865, Union general Philip Sheridan banished Lee from Winchester for constantly snubbing Union officers. She never returned even after the war concluded.

## Later years

After leaving Winchester, Lee and her family spent time in Staunton, Virginia, before settling in Baltimore, Maryland, where she operated boardinghouses to support herself and her family. Lee was active in an organization whose mission was to build schools in the South. She was also an officer in the local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Lee died of renal failure on May 25, 1907. Following a memorial service in Baltimore, her body was taken to Winchester where she was buried in Mount Hebron Cemetery.

## Legacy

In 2011, one of Lee's journals was published, titled *The Civil War Journal of Mary Greenhow Lee*. It was transcribed and edited by Eloise C. Strader, a former president of the Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society. In July 2013, the VDHR approved the placement of a historical marker at the site of Lee's house, now demolished. The following November the marker was installed at 132 N. Cameron Street, next to The George Washington Hotel. A dedication ceremony was hosted by the Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society, which paid for the marker, with speeches made by the organization's president and the chairman of the VDHR. The historical marker states:

> Mary Greenhow Lee, who lived in this house, is best known for the extensive diary she kept to record daily life in Winchester during the Civil War. An ardent supporter of the Confederacy, she provided assistance to wounded Confederates throughout the war and funneled supplies to the army. On 23 Feb. 1865, Union Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan banished Lee from his lines because of her "constant annoyance." Lee left her home in Winchester and departed the Shenandoah Valley. After the Civil War she settled in Baltimore and operated a boardinghouse.

Lee's original Civil War journal is housed in the archives of Winchester's Handley Library. Another journal she wrote while staying with her brother in Washington, D.C., is housed at the Maryland Historical Society's offices in Baltimore.

## Publications

* *The Civil War Journal of Mary Greenhow Lee*, Eloise C. Strader (editor), Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society, Winchester, 2011. ISBN 9780923198435

## InfoBox

| Mary Greenhow Lee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | September 9, 1819
Richmond, Virginia |
| Died | May 25, 1907(1907-05-25) (aged 87)
Baltimore, Maryland |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Diarist during the Civil War |
| Father | Robert Greenhow |


title: Mary Greene (nun)

abstract: Mary Greene was an Irish-born Catholic nun and educator. She was provincial superior for the Faithful Companions of Jesus in Canada.

text:
# Mary Greene (nun)

**Mary Greene** (August 15, 1843  October 2, 1933) was an Irish-born Catholic nun and educator. She was provincial superior for the Faithful Companions of Jesus in Canada.

## Life

The daughter of Charles Greene and Margaret Hickey, she was born in Golden Bridge, County Tipperary and was educated by the Faithful Companions of Jesus. She joined the order at a convent in Bruff in 1860; she took her vows in Paris three years later. She served as mistress of class in Limerick before returning to Bruff as superior. In 1882, Bishop Vital-Justin Grandin wrote for the order asking for nuns who could assist the Oblates of Mary Immaculate in his diocese, St Albert in the North-West Territories. In 1883, Greene and seven other nuns of the order arrived in Quebec City. The group travelled by train and then oxcart to St. Laurent de Grandin. At the start of the North-West Rebellion, the nuns relocated to Calgary. There, they established a day school and convent. Greene was superior for the convent and principal of the school. In 1885, the first separate school district in Alberta was established. A Catholic high school was opened in 1889. Convents for the Faithful Companions of Jesus were opened in Edmonton, Lethbridge, Rat Portage (later Kenora) and Duck Lake, Saskatchewan. In 1890, Greene received a Bachelor of Arts from the College of Ottawa.

She left Calgary to visit convents in Australia in 1913 and was superior for the convent in Richmond, New South Wales until 1920. She returned to Alberta in 1921 and served as superior in Lethbridge from 1925 to 1926. She retired to Calgary in 1927. She died in Calgary at the age of 90.

## InfoBox

| Mary Greene | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1843-08-15)August 15, 1843 |
| Died | October 2, 1933(1933-10-02) (aged 90)<br>Calgary |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Occupation | Catholic nun |
| Years active | 1863-1927 |
| Known for | Faithful Companions of Jesus |


title: The Three Guineas, Reading

abstract: The Three Guineas is a Grade II listed public house located at Reading railway station, in Reading, England. It occupies a building originally built in, or before, 1867. Until 1989, the building formed the main entrance and booking hall of the station, and consequently is listed as the Main Building Of Reading General Station. The pub is owned and operated by Fuller, Smith & Turner, trading under the Fuller's brand. It has two main floors, plus a basement and a centrally located clock tower. There are bars on both the ground floor and in the basement, together with a large outdoor seating area that forms part of Station Square.

text:
# The Three Guineas, Reading

**The Three Guineas** is a Grade II listed public house located at Reading railway station, in Reading, England. It occupies a building originally built in, or before, 1867. Until 1989, the building formed the main entrance and booking hall of the station, and consequently is listed as the **Main Building Of Reading General Station**.

The pub is owned and operated by Fuller, Smith & Turner, trading under the *Fuller's* brand. It has two main floors, plus a basement and a centrally located clock tower. There are bars on both the ground floor and in the basement, together with a large outdoor seating area that forms part of Station Square.

## History

The first Reading station was opened on 30 March 1840 as the temporary western terminus of the original line of the Great Western Railway (GWR). The line was extended to its intended terminus at Bristol in 1841. As built, Reading station was a typical Isambard Kingdom Brunel designed single-sided intermediate station, with separate up and down platforms situated to the south of the through tracks and arranged so that all up trains calling at Reading had to cross the route of all down through trains. Between 1865 and 1867, a station building, built of buff bricks from Coalbrookdale with Bath Stone dressings, and incorporating a tower and clock, was constructed for the GWR. Sources differ as to whether this was a new building, or remodelling of an earlier Brunel building.

The building was granted grade II listed status in 1976.

In 1989 a brand new station concourse was opened by British Rail, including a new booking hall. The station facilities in the 1860s station building were converted into a pub. This was given the name *The Three Guineas* in memory of a competition, run in July 1904, to name the GWR's new non-stop express train to Plymouth and Penzance. The competition prize, proclaimed in banner headlines, was ”Three Golden Guineas”. History records that there were two winning entries, *The Cornish Riviera Limited* and *The Riviera Express*, which the GWR combined as *The Cornish Riviera Express*, but the names of the winners are lost to time.

In 2016, Fuller's announced that the pub would undergo a major renovation. It reopened on 30 January 2017 with a remodelled main bar and altered kitchen layout. The previously unused basement of the station building was converted into a secondary cellar bar.

## InfoBox

| The Three Guineas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Station Square, Reading |
| Coordinates | 51°27′32″N 0°58′20″W / 51.45876°N 0.97224°W / 51.45876; -0.97224 |
| Website | |
| www.three-guineas.co.uk | |


title: María Elena Salinas

abstract: María Elena Salinas, is an American broadcast journalist, news anchor, and author. Called the "Voice of Hispanic America" by The New York Times, Salinas is one of the most recognized Hispanic female journalists in the United States. She was the co-anchor of Noticiero Univision, the primary evening news broadcast on Univision, and the co-host of the news magazine program Aquí y Ahora. Salinas has been working for more than three decades in the U.S. and in 18 Latin American countries. She has interviewed Latin American heads of state, rebel leaders, dictators, and every United States president since Jimmy Carter.

text:
# María Elena Salinas

**María Elena Salinas** (born December 30, 1954), is an American broadcast journalist, news anchor, and author. Called the "Voice of Hispanic America" by *The New York Times*, Salinas is one of the most recognized Hispanic female journalists in the United States. She was the co-anchor of *Noticiero Univision,* the primary evening news broadcast on Univision, and the co-host of the news magazine program *Aquí y Ahora* (*Here and Now*).

Salinas has been working for more than three decades in the U.S. and in 18 Latin American countries. She has interviewed Latin American heads of state, rebel leaders, dictators, and every United States president since Jimmy Carter.

## Journalism career

Salinas began as a reporter, anchor and public-affairs host for KMEX-TV, the Univision affiliate in Los Angeles, in 1981. She became the anchor of the national Spanish-language news program *Noticiero Univision* in 1987.

She has interviewed figures such as former US Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama; Manuel Noriega, the former military dictator of Panama; Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega; and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation spokesman Subcomandante Marcos. She has also interviewed celebrities such as Jennifer Lopez, Ricky Martin and Gloria Estefan.

Salinas was among the first female journalists in wartime Baghdad. She herself has been interviewed by Katie Couric Bill Moyers, and others.

Salinas participated in the bilingual national Democratic presidential candidate debate on Hispanic issues in 2004, and again in 2007 co-hosting the first Democratic and Republican presidential candidate forums in Spanish on the Univision Network.

For ten years from 2001-2011, she wrote a weekly syndicated column in English and Spanish. In 2017–18, she hosted two seasons of the English-language crime program *The Real Story with María Elena Salinas*, on Investigation Discovery.

On August 3, 2017, Univision announced that Salinas would be leaving her post as co-anchor of *Noticiero Univisión* at the end of 2017. In a Facebook post, Salinas said she plans to become an independent news producer and that she was not pushed out.

On July 1, 2018, she participated in Telemundo's Mexican presidential elections coverage and on December 1, exactly five months later, she was part of Telemundo's news team covering the Mexican presidential inauguration from Mexico City.

On July 22, 2019, CBS News announced Maria Elena Salinas would be joining as a contributor. María Elena Salinas joined "CBS This Morning" to break down the diverse Latino communities across the U.S. that were long held as a single voting bloc, but economic, geographic and cultural differences show stark divides in how Latino Americans have cast their ballots in the 2020 United States presidential election.

In March 2022, Maria Elena Salinas became a contributor for ABC News

## Public service and philanthropy

For almost twenty years Salinas has volunteered for the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials, which encourages immigrants to vote and otherwise participate in politics; she is the spokesperson for its *Ya Es Hora* ("It's Time") program.

Salinas is a founder of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists and was inducted into its Hall of Fame in 2006. She also sponsors the Maria Elena Salinas Scholarship for college students interested in Spanish news broadcasting.

She is on the boards of the Hispanic Scholarship Fund and the International Women's Media Foundation.

## Awards and recognition

Salinas has won numerous awards and distinctions for both her journalism and philanthropic work.

Salinas won a 2014 Peabody Award, Walter Cronkite Award and Gracie Award for her news and documentary special "Entre el abandono y el rechazo" (Between Abandonment and Rejection), a prime-time report on the exodus of Central American children to the United States, which judges praised as "balanced and revealing."

In 2014, she won the Broadcast Legend Award from the Radio and Television News Association of Southern California. In 2012, with her co-anchor Jorge Ramos, she received an Emmy Award for Lifetime Achievement from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. In 2013, Broadcasting & Cable and Multichannel News presented Salinas with the Award for Outstanding Achievement at the 11th Annual Hispanic Television Summit, produced by Schramm Marketing Group. Earlier in her career, Salinas was part of the Univision News team that received the Edward R. Murrow Award for the network's coverage of the Atlanta Olympic Park bombings in 1996.

For her philanthropic work, Salinas is a recipient of the Intrepid Award from the National Organization for Women, and has been honored by organizations including the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials and the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute, among others.

In 2017, Salinas was a commencement speaker at American University and California State University, Fullerton and received an honorary doctorate from American University. She was presented with the Leading Ladies of Entertainment accolade by the Latin Recording Academy in 2020.

## Personal life

Salinas's parents immigrated to the United States from Mexico in the 1940s. She was born in Los Angeles in 1954. As a child, she lived in Mexico for 7 years. Since 1991, Salinas has lived in Miami with her 2 daughters, Julia Alexandra and Gabriela Maria.

Salinas's autobiography, *Yo Soy la Hija de mi Padre* (*I Am my Father's Daughter*, 2006) covers her discovery that her father had once been a Catholic priest.

## InfoBox

| María Elena Salinas | |
| --- | --- |
| Salinas on the Valder Beebe Show in 2017 | |
| Born | (1954-12-30) December 30, 1954<br>Los Angeles, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of California, Los Angeles |
| Awards | 2017 NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame |


title: The Woman-Identified Woman

abstract: "The Woman-Identified Woman" was a ten-paragraph manifesto, written by the Radicalesbians in 1970. It was first distributed during the Lavender Menace protest at the Second Congress to Unite Women, hosted by the National Organization for Women (NOW) on May 1, 1970, in New York City in response to the lack of lesbian representation at the congress. It is now considered a turning point in the history of radical feminism and one of the founding documents of lesbian feminism redefining the term "lesbian" as a political identity as well as a sexual one. It was written by a group of lesbian radical feminists who formed the group Radicalesbians or, originally, the Lavender Menace. The authors consisted of Artemis March, Lois Hart, Rita Mae Brown, Ellen Shumsky, Cynthia Funk, and Barbara XX. It was edited by Artemis March. A group of lesbian radical feminists staged a "zap" for the opening session of the Congress, during which they cut the lights, took over the stage and microphone and denounced the exclusion of lesbian speakers at the Congress. They distributed mimeographed copies of "The Woman-Identified Woman", in which they argued that lesbians are at the forefront of the struggle for women's liberation because their identification with other women defies traditional definitions of women's identity in terms of male sexual partners, and expressed, "...the primacy of women relating to women, of women creating a new consciousness of and with each other which is at the heart of women's liberation, and the basis for the cultural revolution." At the following NOW conference, held in New York City in September 1971, the Congress adopted a resolution acknowledging the rights of lesbians as a "legitimate concern for feminism".

text:
# The Woman-Identified Woman

"**The Woman-Identified Woman**" was a ten-paragraph manifesto, written by the Radicalesbians in 1970. It was first distributed during the Lavender Menace protest at the Second Congress to Unite Women, hosted by the National Organization for Women (NOW) on May 1, 1970, in New York City in response to the lack of lesbian representation at the congress. It is now considered a turning point in the history of radical feminism and one of the founding documents of lesbian feminism redefining the term "lesbian" as a political identity as well as a sexual one.

It was written by a group of lesbian radical feminists who formed the group Radicalesbians or, originally, the Lavender Menace. The authors consisted of Artemis March, Lois Hart, Rita Mae Brown, Ellen Shumsky, Cynthia Funk, and Barbara XX. It was edited by Artemis March. A group of lesbian radical feminists staged a "zap" for the opening session of the Congress, during which they cut the lights, took over the stage and microphone and denounced the exclusion of lesbian speakers at the Congress. They distributed mimeographed copies of "The Woman-Identified Woman", in which they argued that lesbians are at the forefront of the struggle for women's liberation because their identification with other women defies traditional definitions of women's identity in terms of male sexual partners, and expressed, "...the primacy of women relating to women, of women creating a new consciousness of and with each other which is at the heart of women's liberation, and the basis for the cultural revolution." At the following NOW conference, held in New York City in September 1971, the Congress adopted a resolution acknowledging the rights of lesbians as a "legitimate concern for feminism".

## Background

Prior to the release of the “Woman-Identified Woman” manifesto, the gay liberation and women’s liberation movements were primarily separated. Members of the Lavender Menace came from both the Gay Liberation Front and National Organization for Women and, prompting the formation of their own group, had experienced sexism and homophobia respectively from the organizations. The name of the group, in fact, came from the leader of NOW, Betty Friedan, referring to lesbian feminists as a “lavender menace” distracting from the core of the movement. It was the general sentiment of many feminists at the time that lesbianism was a private and personal matter that shouldn’t be mentioned in a public sense and had no place in their discussions. It was this attitude of fellow feminists that thus prompted their organization and the manifesto demanding their inclusion.

## Responses

The reception immediately following the zap from attendants of the NOW conference was largely positive and prompted immediate action towards inclusion of lesbians at the conference. This manifested in the form of events added to the program like a workshop of heterosexism as well as congress resolutions as proposed by the Lavender Menace. Those at the conference recall the zap as exciting and the energy of the conference following as empowering. In recollection of the zap, one attendant called it "funny and wonderful" while another noted the members' "wit and vaudevillian charm" in the performative zap.

Outside of the conference, however, reactions were more mixed. More conservative lesbian newsletters at the time such as *Lesbian Tide* and *The Ladder* rejected the notions of the manifesto and saw it too radical. Other lesbians rejected the woman-identified label expressing their discomfort in it blurring lines of heterosexual and homosexual women and, despite the stigma surrounding the name, instead opted to embrace and reclaim “lesbian” itself. Another newsletter, *Lavender Woman,* asserts themselves as “lesbian-identified lesbians” not believing in the comradery with straight women and viewing the women-identified label as a joke.

## Impacts

### Lesbian Advocacy

The manifesto was critical of the potentially regressive nature of the feminist movements in the 1970s, namely neglecting the significance of lesbian voices and the importance of incorporating lesbian ideals in the construction of feminist movements. At its publication in the 1970s, it was seen as a pioneer of lesbianism advocacy in feminist political theories.

The delivery of the manifesto was a watershed moment during the period of second-wave feminism. The primary focus of the period was gender inequality in law and culture. The Radicalesbians argued that mere opposition to patriarchy in American society would be ineffective and inefficient to bring about the triumph of feminism, due to the sheer dominance of patriarchy.

The manifesto points out that, although changes have occurred in American society for women, these changes are superficial, nominal displays presented to cope with the rising tide of feminism. The manifesto claims the overt political actions of "liberating women" are overshadowed by the covertly oppressive civil actions of men. It also questions the validity of the core ideals of feminism and feminist movements and alerted feminists to the threat of passive feminine argument.

The manifesto established the foundation for lesbians in feminist politics. This inclusion of lesbians in feminism was formal in the form of pacts written between NOW and the Lavender Menace and informal in the transformed community now more eager to learn. It triggered a ripple effect leading to the emergence of lesbian literature along with feminist writings that further shaped other radical and controversial theories.

### Woman-Identified and Political Lesbians

One of the central grievances of the text is women's inability to self-identify; they are instead being prescribed suppressive sexist and heteronormative roles. This view of females, the authors argued, served only to keep a woman down, "poisoning her existence, keeping her alienated from herself, her own needs, and rendering her a stranger to other women."

Thus, this manifesto introduced the concept of being “woman-identified” which many feminists embraced for themselves as a sign of unified identification between straight women and lesbian women. This pushed the recognition of lesbian issues as simply women’s issues***.*** Moreover, as the manifesto presented being a lesbian as the ultimate rejection of the patriarchy, many women took these ideas and considered themselves political lesbians with the sense they wanted to live with women separated from male society but did not have a sexual attraction to women. Resulting from this was categorization of realesbians, who were sexually attracted to women, and political lesbians, who simply embraced the ideology.

## Limitations

Despite connecting the issues of homophobia and sexism, the manifesto did not extend to racial oppression. Some black women activists, especially those engaging in mixed-gender civil rights activism, critiqued the separatism of the manifesto as men weren’t seen as the ultimate source of all their oppression. This lack of racial recognition is something women involved in the movement have also discerned in interviews looking back on their activism.

Additionally, there were some unintended effects of the release of the Woman-Identified Woman manifesto and subsequent movement as feminists were increasingly associated with and, many times, interchangeable with lesbians. Scholars have suggested the manifesto was coopted by antifeminists such as Phyllis Schlafly primarily in the efforts to rally against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). In pushing the image of ERA supporters, feminists, as man-hating lesbians, they thus mobilized the country’s homophobia.

## Full text online

## Sources


title: Forest Grove Leader

abstract: The Forest Grove Leader was a weekly community newspaper in Forest Grove in the U.S. state of Oregon. Started in 2012, it was published by the Oregonian Publishing Company, which also published The Hillsboro Argus newspaper and continues to publish The Oregonian. The free publication competed with the News-Times in the city, a suburb of the Portland metropolitan area. In January 2016, it was combined with two other newspapers to form the Washington County Argus, but the Argus ceased publication only 14 months later, in March 2017.

text:
# Forest Grove Leader

The ***Forest Grove Leader*** was a weekly community newspaper in Forest Grove in the U.S. state of Oregon. Started in 2012, it was published by the Oregonian Publishing Company, which also published *The Hillsboro Argus* newspaper and continues to publish *The Oregonian*. The free publication competed with the *News-Times* in the city, a suburb of the Portland metropolitan area. In January 2016, it was combined with two other newspapers to form the *Washington County Argus*, but the *Argus* ceased publication only 14 months later, in March 2017.

## History

*The Oregonian*, the major daily newspaper in the Portland area, purchased *The Hillsboro Argus*, a community newspaper in Hillsboro, in 1999. Pamplin Media Group, who publishes the *News-Times*, a community paper in Forest Grove, launched the *Hillsboro Tribune* in August 2012 to compete with *The Argus*. In October 2012, the Oregonian Publishing Co. announced it would launch a newspaper in Forest Grove, the *Leader*. It had been rumored the prior month that the company would launch the paper.

The new, free publication started on October 17, 2012, and replaced the *Courier*, which had been a free *Argus* paper delivered to residents in western Washington County. The first issue was set to be mailed free to over 16,000 homes. The publisher planned to open a local office in Forest Grove after the *Leader*'s debut and hire new employees while also using existing staff.

The move by the *Leader*’s owners was seen as payback for Pamplin’s move into Hillsboro, with the newspaper war focused on winning the Hillsboro market. The Hillsboro market had 93,455 residents compared to 21,488 for Forest Grove, and household spending on retail goods in Hillsboro was 154 percent of the state-wide figure while the same figure for Forest Grove was only 41.9 percent. The competition between the media companies in Washington County was the focus of a "Think Out Loud" segment on Oregon Public Broadcasting in November 2012. In January 2013, Samantha Swindler was named as the editor of the paper.

In December 2015, it was announced that the paper would be combined with the *Beaverton Leader* and the *Hillsboro Argus* to form the *Washington County Argus*. The successor paper lasted only 14 months, being discontinued in March 2017.

## Coverage

The paper was designed to provide hyperlocal coverage to Forest Grove, Banks, Gales Creek, Gaston, and parts of Cornelius. Stories would be posted online at OregonLive.com, which also hosts content from *The Oregonian*. Coverage included high school sports, education, Pacific University, government, and other local news in the Forest Grove area.

## InfoBox

Forest Grove Leader
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| Format | Tabloid |
| Owner(s) | Advance Publications Inc. |
| Publisher | Oregonian Publishing Co. |
| Editor | Samantha Swindler (effective c. February 2013) |
| Founded | 2012 |
| Ceased publication | * 2016 (as the *Forest Grove Leader*) * 2017 (as the *Washington County Argus*) |
| Headquarters | Forest Grove, Oregon |
| Website | oregonlive.com/leader |


title: María Julia Hernández

abstract: María Julia Hernández was a prominent human rights advocate who tried to speak for victims of the civil war in El Salvador. She was the founding director of Tutela Legal, the human rights office of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador. Hernández was born in San Francisco Morazán, Honduras, to Salvadoran parents. Her family returned to El Salvador shortly after her birth. She never married but dedicated her life to the Catholic Church and its work among the people of El Salvador. She spent 30 years gathering evidence of massacres and individual killings, interviewing survivors, seeing that they stayed alive and compiling a book of the dead. The book of the dead grew into more of an encyclopedia of political violence. Hernández did her work in a sparsely furnished room decorated by a cross and two photographs of Archbishop Óscar Romero, the church leader who was assassinated in 1980 by right-wing forces in El Salvador. Romero was killed while celebrating Mass, after calling upon the army to stop the death squads who were attacking real and imagined opponents of the status quo. The killing of the archbishop was among the opening shots of the civil war that lasted until 1992. It was a central event in the life of María Julia Hernández. Hernández worked with Romero, who was installed as bishop in 1977, at the start of a 15-year wave of violence that pitted a relative handful of left-wing guerillas against the ruling class, the armed forces and the government of El Salvador. Most of the 75,000 victims of the violence were peasants who were killed while passively resisting the powers of the state. In 1991 Hernández was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations María Julia Hernández died on March 30, 2007, of a heart attack in San Salvador at the age of 68.

text:
# María Julia Hernández

**María Julia Hernández** (January 30, 1939 – March 30, 2007) was a prominent human rights advocate who tried to speak for victims of the civil war in El Salvador. She was the founding director of Tutela Legal, the human rights office of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador.

Hernández was born in San Francisco Morazán, Honduras, to Salvadoran parents. Her family returned to El Salvador shortly after her birth. She never married but dedicated her life to the Catholic Church and its work among the people of El Salvador.

She spent 30 years gathering evidence of massacres and individual killings, interviewing survivors, seeing that they stayed alive and compiling a book of the dead. The book of the dead grew into more of an encyclopedia of political violence.

Hernández did her work in a sparsely furnished room decorated by a cross and two photographs of Archbishop Óscar Romero, the church leader who was assassinated in 1980 by right-wing forces in El Salvador. Romero was killed while celebrating Mass, after calling upon the army to stop the death squads who were attacking real and imagined opponents of the status quo.

The killing of the archbishop was among the opening shots of the civil war that lasted until 1992. It was a central event in the life of María Julia Hernández. Hernández worked with Romero, who was installed as bishop in 1977, at the start of a 15-year wave of violence that pitted a relative handful of left-wing guerillas against the ruling class, the armed forces and the government of El Salvador. Most of the 75,000 victims of the violence were peasants who were killed while passively resisting the powers of the state.

In 1991 Hernández was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations (*Pacem in terris* is Latin for 'Peace on Earth'.)

María Julia Hernández died on March 30, 2007, of a heart attack in San Salvador at the age of 68.

1. Walters, Kerry S. (2013). *Blessed Peacemakers: 365 Extraordinary People Who Changed the World*. Cascade Books.
2. Will, Emily Wade (2016). *Archbishop Oscar Romero: The Making of a Martyr*. Resource Publications. ISBN 1498283551.
3. Amanda Verdery Young. "Maria Julia Hernandez". *Women In Peace*. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
4. "Pacem in Terris Past Recipients". *Diocese of Davenport*. Retrieved 2022-03-09.


abstract: The Former Japanese Navy Fongshan Communication Center was one of the three radio stations operated in Taiwan by the former Imperial Japanese Navy located in Fengshan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

text:
# Former Japanese Navy Fongshan Communication Center

The **Former Japanese Navy Fongshan Communication Center** (traditional Chinese: 原日本海軍鳳山無線電信所; simplified Chinese: 原日本海军凤山无线电信所; pinyin: *Yuán Rìběn Hǎijūn Fèngshān Wúxiàn Diànxìn Suǒ*) was one of the three radio stations operated in Taiwan by the former Imperial Japanese Navy located in Fengshan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

## History

The radio station was built in 1919, the first to be constructed in Taiwan by the Imperial Japanese Navy. Despite the military nature of the station, it was primarily used for civilian communication. After a major mechanical failure threatened maritime safety, the Japanese built another radio station at Sankaiseki (Sankuaico) and consolidated it with the Hozan (Fongshan) station into the Takao Communication Unit in 1937. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out soon after, the Takao Communication Unit was used to maintain the south west Pacific communications of the Empire of Japan. It was also used as tactical radio to jam and monitor American and British movements on the sea and in the air.

After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, the station was taken over by the Republic of China Navy and converted it into a navy boarding house. Over the next decade, the boarding house was used by the navy as an interrogation facility for servicemen accused of political crimes. In 1976, it became the **Mingde Disciplinary Camp** of the navy, where persistent disobedient servicemen were imprisoned. When the camp was decommissioned, it was turned into the **Kaohsiung Military Dependent's Village Cultural Association**.

## Transportation

The building is within walking distance north of Fongshan Junior High School Station of Kaohsiung MRT.

**Informational notes**

**Citations**

1. "Cultural Heritage Kaohsiung \> Cultural heritage \> Historic Sites". Heritage.khcc.gov.tw. 2010-08-30. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
2. "The Imperial Japanese Navy Fongshan Wireless Communications Station". Kaohsiung Travel. 4 June 2015.
3. Air Intelligence Group, Division of Naval Intelligence. Japanese Electronics: Section-2 Communications (Report). Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Navy Department. p. 2.12. Retrieved 2018-09-05.

## InfoBox

| Former Japanese Navy Fongshan Communication Center | |
| --- | --- |
| 原日本海軍鳳山無線電信所 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | former radio station |
| Location | Fengshan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan |
| Coordinates | 22°37′47.6″N 120°22′26.0″E / 22.629889°N 120.373889°E / 22.629889; 120.373889 |
| Completed | 1919 |


title: Former Imoco Volley squads

abstract: This article shows All past squads from the Italian professional volleyball team Imoco Volley from the Serie A League.

text:
# Former Imoco Volley squads

This article shows All past squads from the Italian professional volleyball team **Imoco Volley** from the Serie A League.

## 2023–24

*Season 2023–2024*

**Honours**

| **2023–2024 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 1 | Vittoria Piani | Opposite | 1.87 |  | 12 February 1998 |
| 2 | Kathryn Plummer | Outside Hitter | 1.97 | 88 | 16 October 1998 |
| 3 | Kelsey Robinson-Cook | Outside Hitter | 1.88 | 75 | 25 June 1992 |
| 4 | Federica Squarcini | Middle Blocker | 1.83 | 67 | 24 September 2000 |
| 5 | Robin de Kruijf | Middle Blocker | 1.93 | 79 | 5 May 1991 |
| 6 | Alessia Gennari | Outside Hitter | 1.84 | 70 | 3 November 1991 |
| 9 | Marina Lubian | Middle Blocker | 1.92 | 74 | 11 April 2000 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.72 | 63 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | Isabelle Haak | Opposite | 1.94 | 83 | 11 July 1999 |
| 12 | Madison Bugg | Setter | 1.83 |  | 4 August 1994 |
| 14 | Joanna Wołosz () | Setter | 1.81 | 65 | 7 April 1990 |
| 16 | Khalia Lanier | Outside Hitter | 1.86 |  | 19 September 1998 |
| 19 | Sarah Fahr | Middle Blocker | 1.94 | 84 | 12 September 2001 |
| 20 | Anna Bardaro | Libero | 1.72 |  | 29 April 2005 |

## 2022–23

*Season 2022–2023*

**Honours**

| **2022–2023 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 1 | Roberta Carraro | Setter | 1.81 | 68 | 17 November 1998 |
| 2 | Kathryn Plummer | Outside Hitter | 1.97 | 88 | 16 October 1998 |
| 3 | Kelsey Robinson-Cook | Outside Hitter | 1.88 | 75 | 25 June 1992 |
| 4 | Federica Squarcini | Middle Blocker | 1.83 | 67 | 24 September 2000 |
| 5 | Robin de Kruijf | Middle Blocker | 1.93 | 79 | 5 May 1991 |
| 6 | Alessia Gennari | Outside Hitter | 1.84 | 70 | 3 November 1991 |
| 7 | Stephanie Samedy | Opposite | 1.88 |  | 27 September 1998 |
| 8 | Alexa Gray | Outside Hitter | 1.85 | 75 | 7 August 1994 |
| 9 | Marina Lubian | Middle Blocker | 1.92 | 74 | 11 April 2000 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.72 | 63 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | Isabelle Haak | Opposite | 1.94 | 83 | 11 July 1999 |
| 12 | Ylenia Pericati | Libero | 1.74 |  | 22 March 1994 |
| 13 | Eleonora Furlan | Middle Blocker | 1.88 | 77 | 10 March 1995 |
| 14 | Joanna Wołosz () | Setter | 1.81 | 65 | 7 April 1990 |
| 19 | Sarah Fahr | Middle Blocker | 1.94 | 84 | 12 September 2001 |
| 20 | Anna Bardaro | Libero | 1.72 |  | 29 April 2005 |

## 2021–22

*Season 2021–2022*

**Honours**

| **2021–2022 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
|
| 1 | Lara Caravello | Libero | 1.76 |  | 4 May 1994 |
| 2 | Kathryn Plummer | Outside Hitter | 1.97 | 88 | 16 October 1998 |
| 3 | Megan Courtney-Lush | Outside Hitter | 1.85 | 61 | 27 October 1993 |
| 4 | Božana Butigan | Middle Blocker | 1.90 | 78 | 19 August 2000 |
| 5 | Robin de Kruijf | Middle Blocker | 1.93 | 79 | 5 May 1991 |
| 7 | Raphaela Folie | Middle Blocker | 1.85 | 69 | 7 March 1991 |
| 8 | Matilde Munarini | Middle Blocker | 1.87 |  | 3 June 2004 |
| 9 | Loveth Omoruyi | Outside Hitter | 1.84 | 75 | 25 August 2002 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.72 | 63 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | Hristina Vuchkova | Middle Blocker | 1.92 | 75 | 1 October 1991 |
| 12 | Giorgia Frosini | Opposite | 1.89 | 75 | 29 November 2002 |
| 13 | Giulia Gennari | Setter | 1.84 | 63 | 23 June 1996 |
| 14 () | Joanna Wołosz | Setter | 1.81 | 65 | 7 April 1990 |
| 17 | Miriam Sylla | Outside Hitter | 1.84 | 80 | 1 August 1995 |
| 18 | Paola Egonu | Opposite | 1.93 | 79 | 18 December 1998 |
| 19 | Sarah Fahr | Middle Blocker | 1.94 | 84 | 12 September 2001 |
| 20 | Anna Bardaro | Libero | 1.72 |  | 29 April 2005 |

## 2020–21

*Season 2020–2021*

**Honours**

| **2020–2021 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 1 | Lara Caravello | Libero | 1.76 |  | 4 May 1994 |
| 2 | Katja Eckl | Middle Blocker | 1.87 |  | 1 January 2003 |
| 3 | Lucille Gicquel | Opposite | 1.89 | 69 | 13 November 1997 |
| 4 | Božana Butigan | Middle Blocker | 1.90 | 78 | 19 August 2000 |
| 5 | Robin de Kruijf | Middle Blocker | 1.93 | 79 | 5 May 1991 |
| 7 | Raphaela Folie | Middle Blocker | 1.85 | 69 | 7 March 1991 |
| 9 | Loveth Omoruyi | Outside Hitter | 1.84 | 75 | 25 August 2002 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.72 | 63 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | McKenzie Adams | Outside Hitter | 1.92 |  | 13 February 1992 |
| 13 | Giulia Gennari | Setter | 1.84 | 63 | 23 June 1996 |
| 14 () | Joanna Wołosz | Setter | 1.81 | 65 | 7 April 1990 |
| 15 | Kimberly Hill | Outside Hitter | 1.93 | 68 | 30 November 1989 |
| 17 | Miriam Sylla | Outside Hitter | 1.84 | 80 | 1 August 1995 |
| 18 | Paola Egonu | Opposite | 1.93 | 79 | 18 December 1998 |
| 19 | Sarah Fahr | Middle Blocker | 1.94 | 84 | 12 September 2001 |
| 22 | Gaia Natalizia | Libero | 1.66 |  | 8 March 2003 |

## 2019–20

*Season 2019–2020*

**Honours**

| **2019–2020 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 1 | Indre Sorokaite | Opposite | 1.86 | 81 | 2 July 1988 |
| 2 | Margherita Brandi | Middle Blocker | 1.81 |  | 18 October 2002 |
| 5 | Robin de Kruijf | Middle Blocker | 1.93 | 79 | 5 May 1991 |
| 6 | Jennifer Geerties | Outside Hitter | 1.86 | 56 | 5 April 1994 |
| 7 | Raphaela Folie | Middle Blocker | 1.85 | 69 | 7 March 1991 |
| 8 | Eleonora Fersino | Libero | 1.69 | 60 | 24 January 2000 |
| 9 | Alexandra Botezat | Middle Blocker | 1.96 | 75 | 3 August 1998 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.72 | 63 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | Chiaka Ogbogu | Middle Blocker | 1.89 | 73 | 15 April 1995 |
| 12 | Terry Enweonwu | Opposite | 1.86 | 86 | 12 May 2000 |
| 13 | Giulia Gennari | Setter | 1.84 | 63 | 23 June 1996 |
| 14 () | Joanna Wołosz | Setter | 1.81 | 65 | 7 April 1990 |
| 15 | Kimberly Hill | Outside Hitter | 1.93 | 68 | 30 November 1989 |
| 17 | Miriam Sylla | Outside Hitter | 1.84 | 80 | 1 August 1995 |
| 18 | Paola Egonu | Opposite | 1.93 | 79 | 18 December 1998 |

## 2018–19

*Season 2018–2019*

**Honours**

| **2018–2019 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 1 | Miyu Nagaoka | Opposite | 1.80 | 65 | 25 July 1991 |
| 3 | Marta Bechis | Setter | 1.81 | 68 | 4 September 1989 |
| 4 | Megan Easy | Outside Hitter | 1.91 | 80 | 15 October 1988 |
| 5 | Robin de Kruijf | Middle Blocker | 1.93 | 79 | 5 May 1991 |
| 6 | Elina Maria Rodríguez | Outside Hitter | 1.89 | 79 | 11 February 1997 |
| 7 | Raphaela Folie | Middle Blocker | 1.85 | 69 | 7 March 1991 |
| 8 | Eleonora Fersino | Libero | 1.69 | 60 | 24 January 2000 |
| 9 | Karsta Lowe | Opposite | 1.96 | 75 | 2 February 1993 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.72 | 63 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | Anna Danesi | Middle Blocker | 1.95 | 77 | 20 April 1996 |
| 12 | Martina Šamadan | Middle Blocker | 1.93 | 74 | 9 November 1993 |
| 13 | Samanta Fabris | Opposite | 1.88 | 79 | 8 February 1992 |
| 14 () | Joanna Wołosz | Setter | 1.81 | 65 | 7 April 1990 |
| 15 | Kimberly Hill | Outside Hitter | 1.93 | 68 | 30 November 1989 |
| 16 | Valentina Tirozzi | Outside Hitter | 1.80 | 69 | 26 March 1986 |
| 17 | Miriam Sylla | Outside Hitter | 1.84 | 80 | 1 August 1995 |
| 18 | Gaia Moretto | Middle Blocker | 1.92 | 74 | 19 September 1994 |

## 2017–18

*Season 2017–2018*

**Honours**

| **2017–2018 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 2 | Samantha Bricio | Outside Hitter | 1.88 | 58 | 22 November 1994 |
| 3 | Silvia Fiori | Libero | 1.62 | 60 | 18 July 1994 |
| 4 | Simone Lee | Outside Hitter | 1.88 | 70 | 7 October 1996 |
| 5 | Robin de Kruijf | Middle Blocker | 1.93 | 79 | 5 May 1991 |
| 6 | Elisa Cella | Outside Hitter | 1.86 | 72 | 4 June 1982 |
| 7 | Raphaela Folie | Middle Blocker | 1.85 | 69 | 7 March 1991 |
| 8 | Megan Easy | Outside Hitter | 1.91 | 80 | 15 October 1988 |
| 9 | Laura Melandri | Middle Blocker | 1.86 | 60 | 31 January 1995 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.72 | 63 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | Anna Danesi | Middle Blocker | 1.95 | 77 | 20 April 1996 |
| 12 | Athina Papafotiou | Setter | 1.81 |  | 23 August 1989 |
| 13 | Samanta Fabris | Opposite | 1.88 | 79 | 8 February 1992 |
| 14 () | Joanna Wołosz | Setter | 1.81 | 65 | 7 April 1990 |
| 15 | Kimberly Hill | Outside Hitter | 1.93 | 68 | 30 November 1989 |
| 16 | Anna Nicoletti | Opposite | 1.93 | 86 | 3 January 1996 |
| 18 | Marta Bechis | Setter | 1.81 | 68 | 4 September 1989 |

## 2016–17

*Season 2016–2017*

**Honours**

| **2016–2017 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 1 () | Serena Ortolani | Spiker | 1.87 | 70 | 7 January 1987 |
| 2 | Samantha Bricio | Spiker | 1.88 | 58 | 22 November 1994 |
| 3 | Kelsey Robinson | Spiker | 1.88 | 75 | 25 June 1992 |
| 4 | Ofelia Malinov | Setter | 1.74 | 67 | 29 February 1996 |
| 6 | Elisa Cella | Spiker | 1.86 | 72 | 4 June 1982 |
| 7 | Raphaela Folie | Middle Blocker | 1.85 | 69 | 7 March 1991 |
| 8 | Katarzyna Skorupa | Setter | 1.83 | 73 | 16 September 1984 |
| 9 | Silvia Fiori | Libero | 1.62 | 60 | 18 July 1994 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.72 | 62 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | Anna Danesi | Middle Blocker | 1.95 | 77 | 20 April 1996 |
| 12 | Carolina Costagrande | Spiker | 1.89 | 87 | 15 October 1980 |
| 14 | Nicole Fawcett | Opposite | 1.91 | 82 | 16 December 1986 |
| 15 | Robin de Kruijf | Middle Blocker | 1.93 | 79 | 5 May 1991 |
| 18 | Jenny Barazza | Middle Blocker | 1.88 | 70 | 24 July 1981 |

## 2015–16

*Season 2015–2016*

**Honours**

| **2015–2016 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 1 | Alisha Glass | Setter | 1.84 | 72 | 5 April 1988 |
| 2 | Anthí Vasilantonáki | Opposite | 1.96 | 80 | 9 April 1996 |
| 3 | Marta Bechis | Setter | 1.81 | 68 | 4 September 1989 |
| 5 | Valentina Serena | Setter | 1.84 | 70 | 10 November 1981 |
| 6 | Serena Ortolani | Opposite | 1.87 | 67 | 7 January 1987 |
| 7 | Alice Santini | Outside Hitter | 1.81 | 68 | 16 January 1984 |
| 8 | Rachael Adams | Middle Blocker | 1.88 | 84 | 3 June 1990 |
| 9 | Kelsey Robinson | Outside Hitter | 1.88 | 75 | 25 June 1992 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.73 | 71 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | Megan Easy | Outside Hitter | 1.91 | 80 | 15 October 1988 |
| 12 | Jovana Brakočević | Opposite | 1.96 | 82 | 5 May 1988 |
| 13 () | Valentina Arrighetti | Middle Blocker | 1.89 | 73 | 26 January 1985 |
| 14 | Lucia Crisanti | Middle Blocker | 1.87 | 70 | 16 March 1986 |
| 15 | Anna Nicoletti | Opposite | 1.90 | 77 | 3 January 1996 |
| 17 | Chiara De Bortoli | Libero | 1.70 | 60 | 28 July 1997 |
| 18 | Jenny Barazza | Middle Blocker | 1.88 | 77 | 24 July 1981 |

## 2014–15

*Season 2014–2015*

**Honours**

| **2014–2015 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 1 | Alisha Glass | Setter | 1.84 | 72 | 5 April 1988 |
| 2 | Anthí Vasilantonáki | Opposite | 1.96 | 80 | 9 April 1996 |
| 3 | Micha Hancock | Setter | 1.77 | 68 | 10 November 1992 |
| 5 | Eleonora Furlan | Middle Blocker | 1.88 | 81 | 10 March 1995 |
| 6 () | Valentina Fiorin | Outside Hitter | 1.87 | 69 | 9 October 1984 |
| 8 | Rachael Adams | Middle Blocker | 1.88 | 84 | 3 June 1990 |
| 9 | Sofia Arimattei | Outside Hitter | 1.86 | 74 | 17 January 1981 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.73 | 71 | 8 January 1987 |
| 11 | Martina Boscoscuro | Libero | 1.65 | 64 | 2 September 1988 |
| 12 | Marina Katić | Setter | 1.83 | 84 | 1 October 1981 |
| 13 | Neriman Özsoy | Outside Hitter | 1.88 | 73 | 13 July 1988 |
| 14 | Emiliya Nikolova | Opposite | 1.87 | 70 | 26 December 1991 |
| 15 | Anna Nicoletti | Opposite | 1.90 | 77 | 3 January 1996 |
| 16 | Cristina Barcellini | Outside Hitter | 1.83 | 78 | 20 November 1986 |
| 18 | Jenny Barazza | Middle Blocker | 1.88 | 77 | 24 July 1981 |
|

## 2013–14

*Season 2013–2014*

**Honours**

| **2013–2014 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 3 | Carli Lloyd | Setter | 1.80 | 75 | 6 August 1989 |
| 5 | Lauren Gibbemeyer | Middle Blocker | 1.87 | 71 | 8 September 1989 |
| 6 | Valentina Fiorin | Outside Hitter | 1.87 | 69 | 9 October 1984 |
| 7 | Carlotta Daminato | Libero | 1.60 | 57 | 2 May 1993 |
| 8 | Berit Kauffeldt | Middle Blocker | 1.90 | 75 | 8 July 1990 |
| 9 | Melissa Donà | Outside Hitter | 1.80 | 73 | 11 April 1982 |
| 10 | Monica De Gennaro | Libero | 1.73 | 71 | 8 January 1987 |
| 12 | Alice Scodellaro | Libero | 1.70 | 55 | 3 April 1989 |
| 13 () | Raffaella Calloni | Middle Blocker | 1.87 | 74 | 4 May 1983 |
| 14 | Emiliya Nikolova | Opposite | 1.87 | 70 | 26 December 1991 |
| 15 | Marta Bechis | Setter | 1.81 | 59 | 4 September 1989 |
| 16 | Cristina Barcellini | Outside Hitter | 1.83 | 78 | 20 November 1986 |
| 17 | Valentina Tirozzi | Outside Hitter | 1.83 | 72 | 26 March 1986 |
| 18 | Jenny Barazza | Middle Blocker | 1.88 | 77 | 24 July 1981 |
|

## 2012–13

*Season 2012–2013*

**Honours**

| **2012–2013 Team** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Birth date |
| 2 | Giulia Agostinetto | Setter | 1.79 |  | 2 October 1987 |
| 5 | Ilaria Maruotti | Outside Hitter | 1.82 | 62 | 22 February 1994 |
| 6 | Valentina Fiorin | Outside Hitter | 1.87 | 69 | 9 October 1984 |
| 7 | Carlotta Daminato | Libero | 1.60 | 57 | 2 May 1993 |
| 8 | Zuzanna Efimienko-Młotkowska | Middle Blocker | 1.92 | 78 | 8 August 1989 |
| 9 | Letizia Camera | Setter | 1.75 | 70 | 1 October 1992 |
| 10 | Carlotta Zanotto | Outside Hitter | 1.81 |  | 1 July 1993 |
| 12 | Carla Rossetto | Libero | 1.68 |  | 20 December 1984 |
| 13 () | Raffaella Calloni | Middle Blocker | 1.87 | 74 | 4 May 1983 |
| 14 | Emiliya Nikolova | Opposite | 1.87 | 70 | 26 December 1991 |
| 15 | Alessandra Crozzolin | Middle Blocker | 1.86 |  | 8 December 1977 |
| 16 | Cristina Barcellini | Outside Hitter | 1.83 | 78 | 20 November 1986 |
| 18 | Jenny Barazza | Middle Blocker | 1.88 | 77 | 24 July 1981 |


title: Masaji Ishikawa

abstract: Shunsuke Miyazaki Masaji Ishikawa or Do Changsun is a North Korean defector and author on Zainichi heritage. Ishikawa was thirteen years old when he moved from Japan to North Korea in 1960. His father was Zainichi Korean and his mother was Japanese. Ishikawa later defected from North Korea in 1996 via the Yalu river, leaving behind three children and a spouse. The Japanese government assisted him in leaving China. In 2003, he was working as a security guard.

text:
# Masaji Ishikawa

**Masaji Ishikawa** or **Do Changsun** is a North Korean defector and author on Zainichi heritage. Ishikawa was thirteen years old when he moved from Japan to North Korea in 1960. His father was Zainichi Korean and his mother was Japanese. Ishikawa later defected from North Korea in 1996 via the Yalu river, leaving behind three children and a spouse. The Japanese government assisted him in leaving China. In 2003, he was working as a security guard.

## Memoir

In 2000, Ishikawa published his memoirs in Japan under the title 北朝鮮大脱出地獄からの生還 and the nom de plume Shunsuke Miyazaki (宮崎 俊輔). They were translated into English in 2017 under the title *A River in Darkness*. Ishikawa's memoirs are published in Korean under his Korean name and the title 역사의 증언자. The book was translated into Persian in 2020. The part of the book focused on the river crossing was published in Literary Hub.

1. Matsubara, Hiroshi (5 February 2003). "No welcome mat for North Korea escapees". *The Japan Times*. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
2. Scanlon, Charles (25 November 2002). "Identity crises for Japan's Koreans". BBC. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
3. Lee, Young Hwa (August 2002). "Shenyang asylum incident co-produced by Japan & China" (PDF). *The Seiron*. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
4. Ishikawa, Masaji; Kobayashi, Risa; Brown, Martin (2017). *A River in Darkness: One Man's Escape from North Korea (A Memoir)* (First ed.). AmazonCrossing. ISBN 978-1542047197.
5. Matsubara, Hiroshi (23 January 2004). "Risky North Korea rescue left unfinished". *The Japan Times*. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
6. Chan, Charmaine (1 February 2018). "Review: Memoir that should be standard work on the hell of North Korea". *South China Morning Post*. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
7. 북랩, 북한에 표류된 한 인간의 목숨을 건 탈출기 ‘역사의 증언자’ 출간 (in Korean). Korea Newswire. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
8. "Masaji Ishikawa's "A River in Darkness" published in Persian". *Tehran Times*. 3 January 2020.
9. Ishikawa, Masaji (2 January 2018). "One Man's Escape From North Korea". *Literary Hub*. Retrieved 23 May 2021.

## InfoBox

| Masaji Ishikawa | |
| --- | --- |
| 石川昌司 | |
| Born | Do Chang-sun
1947 (age 7677)
Kawasaki |
| Known for | Defection from North Korea |
| **Writing career** | |
| Pen name | Shunsuke Miyazaki (宮崎 俊輔) |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 도창순 |
| Hanja | 都昌巡 |
| Revised Romanization | *Do Changsun* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *To Ch'angsun* |
|  | |


title: Formulary controversy

abstract: The formulary controversy was a 17th- and 18th-century Jansenist refusal to confirm the Formula of Submission for the Jansenists on the part of a group of Catholic ecclesiastical personnel and teachers who did not accept the charge that their beliefs about the nature of man and grace were heretical as the Holy See declared. In the Kingdom of France, it pitted Jansenists against Jesuits. It gave rise to French theologian Blaise Pascal's Lettres provinciales, the condemnation of casuistry by the Holy See, and the dissolution of organised Jansenism.

text:
# Formulary controversy

The **formulary controversy** was a 17th- and 18th-century Jansenist refusal to confirm the *Formula of Submission for the Jansenists* on the part of a group of Catholic ecclesiastical personnel and teachers who did not accept the charge that their beliefs about the nature of man and grace were heretical as the Holy See declared. In the Kingdom of France, it pitted Jansenists against Jesuits. It gave rise to French theologian Blaise Pascal's **Lettres provinciales**, the condemnation of casuistry by the Holy See, and the dissolution of organised Jansenism.

## Context

During the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the Roman Catholic Church reaffirmed, against Protestantism, both the reality of human *liberum arbitrium* (free will, i.e. "non-necessary" character of human will) and the necessity of divine grace. Catholicism was then divided into two main interpretations, Augustinism and Thomism, which both agreed on predestination and on efficacious grace (or *irresistible grace*), which meant that, while Divine will infallibly comes to pass, grace and free will were not incompatible. Augustinism was rather predominant, in particular in the University of Leuven, where a rigid form of Augustinism, Baianism, was articulated by Michael Baius. Baius' heterodox propositions on the nature of man and grace were condemned, in the papal bull *Ex omnibus afflictionibus* promulgated by Pope Pius V in 1567, as heretical. According to Joseph Sollier, in the *Catholic Encyclopedia*, Baius' concept of the primitive state of man was Pelagian; his presentation of the downfall was Calvinist; and his theory of redemption was more than Lutheran and close to Socinian.

Following the Council of Trent, two rival theories emerged in the Church. Under the influence of the ideas of the Renaissance, the newly founded Society of Jesus asserted the role of free will, with authors such as George de Montemajor, Gregory of Valentia, Leonardus Lessius and Johannes Hamelius.

The Jesuit Luis Molina published *De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia* in 1588, which asserted that God offers his grace to all people, and that it was by an act of free will that each one accepted it or rejected it. Molina's theology of a *sufficient grace* became popular, but the lack of differentiation between sufficient and efficacious grace (along with the assertion of counterfactual definiteness) was opposed by large sectors of the Church who considered it incompatible with God's sovereignty or goodness.

In opposition, the Jansenists claimed to espouse Augustinism, which insisted on a separate *determining* efficacious grace. The Jesuits accepted Augustine's assertion of the necessity of grace, but rejected the notion that there was any substantial difference between sufficient and efficacious grace (both determine man's behaviour to an extent).

A similar controversy arose between the Dominicans and Jesuits, which led Pope Clement VIII to establish the Congregatio de Auxiliis (1597–1607) in order to settle the debate. Although the issue seemed unfavorable to Molinism, the issue finally was suspended rather than solved. Pope Paul V, in a 1611 Holy Office decree, prohibited publication without prior examination by the Inquisition of all works, including commentaries, about the aid of grace. Pope Urban VIII, in a 1625 Holy Office decree and a 1640 Holy Office decree, confirmed Paul V's decree and warned about censures such as withdrawal of teaching and preaching faculties as well as excommunication.

## Theological debate

In 1628, Cornelius Jansen, a professor at Leuven, began writing *Augustinus*, a three volume treatise on Augustine of Hippo, which conflated Jesuits with Pelagianism by highlighting Augustine's propositions. *Augustinus* was published posthumously, in 1640 at Leuven, in 1641 at Paris, and in 1642 at Rouen. *Augustinus* reignited the debate appeased by the Congregatio de Auxiliis.

In France, Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu strongly opposed Jansen, in part because Jansen wrote a pamphlet, *Mars gallicus* (1635), against Richelieu's anti-Habsburg policy and alliances with German states. Richelieu therefore charged Isaac Habert, the theologian of Notre-Dame, to preach against Pelagius. Richelieu nominated Alphonse Le Moyne as a professor to the College of Sorbonne in order to refute *Augustinus*.

Many Sorbonne theologians opposed Richelieu, as they mostly followed Augustinism's insistence on efficacious grace. But the Jansenists of the convent of Port-Royal were Le Moyne's and Habert's main opponents. In 1638, Richelieu had its leader, Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, incarcerated in Vincennes. Vergier de Hauranne was a friend of Jansen. His incarceration gave him further influence as a martyr.

After Richelieu's death in 1642, Jansenists replied to the attacks against Jansen, first in *Sanctus Augustinus per seipsum docens Catholicos, et vincens Pelagianos*, attributed to the Oratorian Colin du Juanet and sometimes to Antoine Arnauld, and then, in 1644–45, by two *Apologies pour M. Jansénius* (Apologies for Jansenius) by Antoine Arnauld, which enjoyed great success.

Finally, at the request of the Apostolic Nuncio to Brussels, Georg Pauli-Stravius, and the Apostolic Nuncio to Cologne, Fabio Chigi, Urban VIII prohibited *Augustinus* in *In eminenti ecclesiae* in 1642, because *Augustinus* was "published in opposition" to "condemnations and prohibitions" in decrees of Paul V and Urban VIII, was expressed "with contempt toward the authority of the" Holy See, and contained previously condemned propositions.

Pope Innocent X, in a 1647 Holy Office decree, condemned the proposition, found in Jansenist Martin de Barcos's preface to Antoine Arnauld's 1644 **De la fréquente communion**, that Peter the Apostle and Paul the Apostle "are two supreme pastors and governors of the Church who constitute a single head" and they "are two princes of the Church who amount to one", when the proposition is interpreted "to imply a complete equality between" Peter and Paul "without the subordination and subjection" of Paul to Peter in "power and governance".

In opposition to Jansenism, a group of theological doctors from the Sorbonne extracted eight propositions from *Augustinus*. These propositions concerned the relation between nature and grace. They accused Jansen of having misinterpreted Augustine, conflating Jansenists with Lutherans  in the frame of a highly conflictual context, which had led to the French Wars of Religion, officially ended with the 1598 Edict of Nantes.

On 31 May 1653, Innocent X promulgated the apostolic constitution *Cum occasione*, which condemned five propositions found in *Augustinus* as heretical. In 1654, Arnauld replied to *Cum occasione* by making a distinction between *de jure* and *de facto*: *de jure*, the heretical propositions could be condemned, and he accepted this sentence; but *de facto*, they could not be found in Jansen's treaty.

The Sorbonne then attempted to exclude Arnauld from being a theologian. Arnauld was forced underground, while in January 1654 an almanac attributed to the Jesuits grossly presented the Jansenists as under-cover Calvinists. Arnauld's nephew, Louis-Isaac Lemaître de Sacy, a translator of the *Bible de Port-Royal*, wrote *Enluminures*, a poem, in reply to this attack.

Pascal, under the pseudonym Louis de Montalte, wrote *Lettres provinciales* in 1657, in defense of Arnauld, in which he harshly attacked Jesuits and their morality, in particular casuistry. Following publication of *Lettres provinciales*, the King sent spies everywhere, condemned the librarians who had clandestinely published *Lettres provinciales* and discovered the author of *Lettres provinciales*. The theological debate had turned into a political affair.

On 16 October 1656, Alexander VII promulgated the apostolic constitution *Ad sanctam beati Petri sedem*, which judged the meaning and intention of Jansen's words in *Augustinus*, and confirmed and renewed the condemnation in *Cum occasione*.

The Jesuits enjoyed predominant political and theological power. Their members included two personal confessors to the King of France, François Annat and, before him, Nicolas Caussin.

Cardinal Jules Mazarin strongly opposed Jansenists, both in Europe and abroad (with the Jesuit Reductions and the Jesuit China missions). Mazarin persuaded the pope to compel Jansenists to sign a formulary, to assent to *Ad sanctam beati Petri sedem*, and to confess their faults. The Assembly of the French Clergy afterwards decided to compel all priests to sign an anti-Jansenist formulary, in which each one accepted the papal condemnation.

One of Pascal's last works was *Ecrit sur la signature du Formulaire* (1661), in which he adamantly opposed subscribing to a formulary and radicalized Arnauld's position: Pascal equivocated that condemning Jansen was equivalent to condemning Augustine, a father of the Church.

The Jansenists of Port-Royal, who included members of the Arnauld family – such as Abbess Marie Angelique Arnauld, Antoine Arnauld, Agnès Arnauld – and Pierre Nicole, were forced to subscribe to the *Formula of Submission for the Jansenists*. Although ostensibly submitting to Papal authority, they added that the condemnation would only be effective if the five propositions were in fact found in *Augustinus*, and claimed that they did not figure there.

Jansenists reasoned that Innocent X and Alexander VII had the power to condemn heretical propositions, but not to make what did not figure in *Augustinus* be there. This strategy would impose decades of theological disputes and debate, thus allowing them to gain time.

*Lettres provinciales* stimulated several responses from the Jesuits, including in 1657 the publication of the anonymous *Apologie pour les Casuistes contre les calomnies des Jansénistes*, written by Father Georges Perot. It rather unfortunately claimed as its own Pascal's interpretations of the Casuists' propositions, in particular concerning controversial propositions about homicides. This led the friars of Paris to condemn Jesuit casuistry.

On 15 February 1665, Alexander VII promulgated the apostolic constitution *Regiminis Apostolici*, which required, according to the *Enchiridion symbolorum*, "all ecclesiastical personnel and teachers" to subscribe to an included formulary, the *Formula of Submission for the Jansenists* – assenting to both *Cum occasione* and *Ad sanctam beati Petri sedem*.

From then on, Jansenists of Port-Royal ceased publishing *Lettres provinciales*, and, along with Pascal, started collaborating with the *Ecrits des curés* (Friars' Writings) which condemned casuistry. Two further decrees, of 24 September 1665 and 18 March 1666, condemned the Casuists' "laxist morality". Pope Innocent XI issued a second condemnation in a 2 March 1679 decree. In total, the Vatican had condemned 110 propositions issued by Casuists, 57 of which had been treated in *Lettres provinciales*. The books added to the *Index Librorum Prohibitorum* in Rome were, however, published in France. Jesuits had beforehand bypassed the Holy See's censorship by publishing controversial books there.

On 16 July 1705, Pope Clement XI promulgated the apostolic constitution **Vineam Domini Sabaoth**, which declared that "obediential silence" is not a satisfactory response to the *Formula of Submission for the Jansenists*.

Pascal and some other Jansenists claimed that condemning Jansen was equivalent to condemning Augustine, and adamantly refused assent to the *Formula of Submission for the Jansenists*, with or without a mental reservation. This in turn led to the further radicalization of the King and of the Jesuits, and in 1661 the Convent of Port-Royal was closed and the Jansenist community dissolved – it would be ultimately razed in 1710 on orders of Louis XIV. The controversy not only involved papal authority, but rather papal authority concerning the interpretation of texts – something Pascal recalled by quoting the Jesuit Cardinal Robert Bellarmine's sentences concerning the authority of religious councils concerning matters of dogma versus *de facto* issues.

## Citations

1. Denzinger 2012, nn. 1901–1980.
2. Sollier 1907.
3. Denzinger 2012, p. 453.
4. Denzinger 2012, p. 455.
5. Denzinger 2012, n. 1999.
6. Denzinger 2012, nn. 2001–2007.
7. Denzinger 2012, nn. 2010–2012.
8. Denzinger 2012, n. 2020.
9. Denzinger 2012, n. 2390.
* Denzinger, Heinrich; Hünermann, Peter; et al., eds. (2012). "Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals". *Enchiridion symbolorum: a compendium of creeds, definitions and declarations of the Catholic Church* (43rd ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-0898707465.
* One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Sollier, Joseph (1907). "Michel Baius". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). *Catholic Encyclopedia*. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Garaeus

abstract: Garaeus is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by Frederic Moore in 1868.

text:
# Garaeus

***Garaeus*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by Frederic Moore in 1868.

## Selected species

## InfoBox

| *Garaeus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Garaeus specularis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Tribe: | Ourapterygini |
| Genus: | *Garaeus*<br>Moore, \[1868\] |
|


title: Israel at the 1988 Summer Olympics

text:
# Israel at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Israeli athletes competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boxing | 3 |  | 3 |
| Gymnastics | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Sailing | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Shooting | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Swimming | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Tennis | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Wrestling | 2 |  | 2 |
| Total | 15 | 4 | 19 |

## Results by event

### Boxing

| Event | Participant | Round | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's Light Flyweight  48 kg | Yehuda Ben Haim | First Round | Bye |  |
| | | Second Round | Lost to Henry Martínez (ESA) |  |
| Men's Featherweight  57 kg | Ya'acov Shmuel | First Round | Bye |  |
| | | Second Round | Defeated John Mirona (SUD), RSC-1 |  |
| | | Third round | Defeated Richard Pittman (COK), 5:0 |  |
| | | Quarterfinals; 5th (tied) | Lost to Giovanni Parisi (ITA), 0:5 |  |
| Middleweight  75 kg | Aharon Jacobashvili | First round | Lost to Sven Ottke (FRG), 0:5 |  |
|

### Gymnastics

| Event | Participant | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Artistic Gymnastics | Revital Sharon |  |  |
| Rhythmic Gymnastics | Shulamit Goldstein |  |  |
| | Rakefet Remigolski |  |  |
|

### Sailing

| Event | Participant | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's 470 | Dan Torten and Ran Torten | 18th place |  |
| Flying Dutchman | Yoel Sela and Eldad Amir | 4th place |  |

### Shooting

| Event | Participant | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Eduard Papirov |  |  |
|  | Yitzhak Yonassi |  |  |
|

### Swimming

| Event | Participant | Round | Time | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's 100m Breaststroke | Eyal Stigman | Heat | 1:05.92 | 42nd place
did not advance |  |
| Men's 200m Breaststroke | Eyal Stigman | Heat | 2:25.18 | 37th place
did not advance |  |
|

### Tennis

| Event | Participant | Round | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's singles | Amos Mansdorf | First round | Defeated Jin-Sun Yoo
(South Korea)
6-2, 6-4, 7-5 |  |
| | | Second round | Defeated Kelly Evernden
(New Zealand)
6-4, 3-6, 6-1, 7-5 |  |
| | | Third round; 9th (tied) | Lost to Tim Mayotte
(United States)
4-6, 2-6, 4-6 |  |
| | Shahar Perkiss | First round | Lost to Javier Frana
(Argentina)
2-6, 6-4, 4-6, 4-6 |  |
| | Gilad Bloom | First round; 33rd | Lost to Jeremy Bates
(Great Britain)
6-4, 4-6, 6-2, 2-6, 7-9 |  |
| Women's singles | Ilana Berger | First Round | Lost to Jill Hetherington
(Canada)
1-6, 4-6 |  |
| Men's doubles | Gilad Bloom and Amos Mansdorf | 9th (tied) |  |  |

### Wrestling

| Event | Participant | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's Greco-Roman 90 kg | Evan Bernstein |  |  |
| Men's Greco-Roman 48 kg | Dov Groverman |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Israel at the
1988 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | ISR |
| NOC | Olympic Committee of Israel |
| Website | www.olympicsil.co.il (in Hebrew and English) |
| in Seoul | |
| Competitors | 19 (15 men and 4 women) in 7 sports |
| Flag bearer | Itzhak Yonassi |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: One of the Hollywood Ten

abstract: One of the Hollywood Ten is a 2000 Spanish-British bio-picture. The film was written and directed by Karl Francis. The drama focuses on screenwriter/director Herbert Biberman and his efforts to make what would become the historic political film, Salt of the Earth in 1954, produced without studio backing after he was blacklisted for belonging to the American Communist Party.

text:
# One of the Hollywood Ten

***One of the Hollywood Ten*** is a 2000 Spanish-British bio-picture. The film was written and directed by Karl Francis.

The drama focuses on screenwriter/director Herbert Biberman and his efforts to make what would become the historic political film, *Salt of the Earth* in 1954, produced without studio backing after he was blacklisted for belonging to the American Communist Party.

## Plot

The film opens at the 1937 Academy Awards, where Biberman's wife, Gale Sondergaard (Greta Scacchi), wins the first ever "Best Supporting Actress" Oscar. Although the anti-Fascist sentiment in her acceptance speech gets her labelled a "commie" by some observers, she and Biberman (Jeff Goldblum) are placed under contract at Warner Bros.

He first comes under scrutiny more for his Jewish background than his political activities. Yet, with Cold War paranoia growing, a group of Hollywood directors and actors — Biberman, Sondergaard, Danny Kaye and Dalton Trumbo among them - are labelled Communists and questioned in front of Congress. After refusing to testify against his colleagues, he is imprisoned in the Federal Correctional Institution at Texarkana for a period of six months. Once released, he discovers his Hollywood career is finished.

Sondergaard suggests that her husband should direct a screenplay about the real-life 1950-51 strike waged by Mexican-American miners against the Empire Zinc Company in Bayard, New Mexico written by Michael Wilson, also a victim of the blacklist and Biberman's brother Michael. She feels the lead role of Esperanza Quintero, who rallied the wives of the unemployed miners and urged them to support their husbands, is an ideal way to jump-start her stagnating career. Biberman agrees, but after meeting with the people who participated in the strike and being inspired by their passion, he decides all roles should be played by ethnic actors.

Because the film has no studio backing and most Hollywood players fear being associated with Biberman and the project, he eventually casts local residents from Grant County, New Mexico and members of the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, Local 890 to fill most of the roles. Juan Chacón, the Union Local president, is cast as the fiery Ramon Quintero opposite Mexican actress Rosaura Revueltas as his wife Esperanza. Will Geer is one of only five Hollywood actors to accept a role in the production.

The FBI investigates the film's financing, attempts to steal the film's negatives and, when they can't be located, tells film-processing labs not to work on the film, incites locals who are unhappy with the film crew's presence to set fire to many of the sets and eventually deports Revueltas on bogus charges. Biberman stands his ground and completes the film, using scenes with Revueltas that were shot in her native Mexico and then smuggled into the US.

## Cast

## Background

*Salt of the Earth* caught the attention of Welsh writer-director Karl Francis when the film was released in Europe. He became determined to film *The Making of Salt of the Earth* and worked with fellow-Welshman Nigel Walters, the director of cinematography, for years to make the film.

Jack L. Warner, Humphrey Bogart, Edward Dmytryk, Howard Hughes, Dalton Trumbo, and George Jessel are among the real-life personalities depicted in the film.

The film was produced and shot in Madrid. Outdoor filming was done primarily in the miner towns of La Unión and Portmán (South-east of Spain)

## Critical reception

*The New York Times* film critic, Stephen Holden, generally liked the film, especially its message, but found some of the acting and the screenplay problematic. He wrote, "*One of the Hollywood 10* has a strong performance by Mr. Goldblum and a refreshingly sulfurous view of 1950s Hollywood caving in to fear. As hard-hitting as the movie is, some of its performances are thuddingly overstated, and its screenplay wears its didacticism on its sleeve. *One of the Hollywood 10* may be a useful film, but it is far from a great one."

Leslie Camhi, writing for *The Village Voice,* liked the work of director Karl Francis and how he kept close to the true story, and wrote, "As Biberman, Jeff Goldblum mutes his considerable charisma; his stilted intellectual is so consumed by ideology that he hardly notices the harm done to his wife, actress Gale Sondergaard (played by firebrand Greta Scacchi), whose Oscar-winning career was cut short by his unflinching idealism. But director Francis shifts skillfully between scenes of glamour and oppression, sticking close to this compelling history."

*Variety* magazine film critic David Rooney was critical of the film's direction and believed the film is only worthy of cable television. He wrote, "A fascinating chapter in Hollywood history gets unremarkable treatment in *One of the Hollywood Ten,* which centers on blacklisted director Herbert J. Biberman...\[but\] the pedestrian approach employed by writer-director Karl Francis gives it the look and feel of a lackluster cable movie, which would appear to be its commercial destination."

## Distribution

The film was released in Spain by The Walt Disney Company, and debuted at the San Sebastián Film Festival on 29 September 2000.

It was featured at the Commonwealth Film Festival, Great Britain; the New York Jewish Film Festival; the San Diego Jewish Film Festival; the San Francisco Jewish Film Festival; the Washington Jewish Film Festival; and other film festivals.

## InfoBox

| One of the Hollywood Ten | |
| --- | --- |
| Spanish theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Karl Francis |
| Written by | Karl Francis |
| Produced by | Karl Francis
Juan Gordon
Stuart Pollok |
| Starring | Jeff Goldblum
Greta Scacchi |
| Cinematography | Nigel Walters |
| Edited by | John Richards |
| Music by | Víctor Reyes |
| Distributed by | Alibi Films International
Buena Vista International (Spain) |
| Release date | * 29 September 2000 (2000-09-29) (SSFF) |
| Running time | 109 minutes |
| Countries | Spain
United Kingdom |
| Language | English |