abstract: The history of the programming language Scheme begins with the development of earlier members of the Lisp family of languages during the second half of the twentieth century. During the design and development period of Scheme, language designers Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman released an influential series of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AI Memos known as the Lambda Papers (1975–1980). This resulted in the growth of popularity in the language and the era of standardization from 1990 onward. Much of the history of Scheme has been documented by the developers themselves.

text:
# History of the Scheme programming language

The history of the programming language Scheme begins with the development of earlier members of the Lisp family of languages during the second half of the twentieth century. During the design and development period of Scheme, language designers Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman released an influential series of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AI Memos known as the *Lambda Papers* (1975–1980). This resulted in the growth of popularity in the language and the era of standardization from 1990 onward. Much of the history of Scheme has been documented by the developers themselves.

## Prehistory

The development of Scheme was heavily influenced by two predecessors that were quite different from one another: Lisp provided its general semantics and syntax, and ALGOL provided its lexical scope and block structure. Scheme is a dialect of Lisp but Lisp has evolved; the Lisp dialects from which Scheme evolved—although they were in the mainstream at the time—are quite different from any modern Lisp.

### Lisp

Lisp was invented by John McCarthy in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). McCarthy published its design in a paper in *Communications of the ACM* in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I" (Part II was never published). He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for functions, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms.

The use of s-expressions which characterize the syntax of Lisp was initially intended to be an interim measure pending the development of a language employing what McCarthy called "m-expressions". As an example, the m-expression `car[cons[A,B]]` is equivalent to the s-expression `(car (cons A B))`. S-expressions proved popular, however, and the many attempts to implement m-expressions failed to catch on.

The first implementation of Lisp was on an IBM 704 by Steve Russell, who read McCarthy's paper and coded the eval function he described in machine code. The familiar (but puzzling to newcomers) names CAR and CDR used in Lisp to describe the head element of a list and its tail, evolved from two IBM 704 assembly language commands: Contents of Address Register and Contents of Decrement Register, each of which returned the contents of a 15-bit register corresponding to segments of a 36-bit IBM 704 instruction word.

The first complete Lisp compiler, written in Lisp, was implemented in 1962 by Tim Hart and Mike Levin at MIT. This compiler introduced the Lisp model of incremental compilation, in which compiled and interpreted functions can intermix freely.

The two variants of Lisp most significant in the development of Scheme were both developed at MIT: LISP 1.5 developed by McCarthy and others, and Maclisp – developed for MIT's Project MAC, a direct descendant of LISP 1.5. which ran on the PDP-10 and Multics systems.

Since its inception, Lisp was closely connected with the artificial intelligence (AI) research community, especially on PDP-10. The 36-bit word size of the PDP-6 and PDP-10 was influenced by the usefulness of having two Lisp 18-bit pointers in one word.

### ALGOL

ALGOL 58, originally to be called IAL for "International Algorithmic Language", was developed jointly by a committee of European and American computer scientists in a meeting in 1958 at ETH Zurich. ALGOL 60, a later revision developed at the ALGOL 60 meeting in Paris and now commonly named ALGOL, became the standard for the publication of algorithms and had a profound effect on future language development, despite the language's lack of commercial success and its limitations. Tony Hoare has remarked: "Here is a language so far ahead of its time that it was not only an improvement on its predecessors but also on nearly all its successors."

ALGOL introduced the use of block structure and lexical scope. It was also notorious for its difficult call by name default parameter passing mechanism, which was defined so as to require textual substitution of the expression representing the working parameter in place of the formal parameter during execution of a procedure or function, causing it to be re-evaluated each time it is referenced during execution. ALGOL implementors developed a mechanism they called a thunk, which captured the context of the working parameter, enabling it to be evaluated during execution of the procedure or function.

## Carl Hewitt, the Actor model, and the birth of Scheme

In 1971 Sussman, Drew McDermott, and Eugene Charniak had developed a system called Micro-Planner which was a partial and somewhat unsatisfactory implementation of Carl Hewitt's ambitious Planner project. Sussman and Hewitt worked together along with others on Muddle, later renamed MDL, an extended Lisp which formed a component of Hewitt's project. Drew McDermott, and Sussman in 1972 developed the Lisp-based language *Conniver*, which revised the use of automatic backtracking in Planner which they thought was unproductive. Hewitt was dubious that the "hairy control structure" in Conniver was a solution to the problems with Planner. Pat Hayes remarked: "Their \[Sussman and McDermott\] solution, to give the user access to the implementation primitives of Planner, is however, something of a retrograde step (what are Conniver's semantics?)"

In November 1972, Hewitt and his students invented the Actor model of computation as a solution to the problems with Planner. A partial implementation of Actors was developed called Planner-73 (later called PLASMA). Steele, then a graduate student at MIT, had been following these developments, and he and Sussman decided to implement a version of the Actor model in their own "tiny Lisp" developed on Maclisp, to understand the model better. Using this basis they then began to develop mechanisms for creating actors and sending messages.

PLASMA's use of lexical scope was similar to the lambda calculus. Sussman and Steele decided to try to model Actors in the lambda calculus. They called their modeling system Schemer, eventually changing it to Scheme to fit the six-character limit on the ITS file system on their DEC PDP-10. They soon concluded Actors were essentially closures that never return but instead invoke a continuation, and thus they decided that the closure and the Actor were, for the purposes of their investigation, essentially identical concepts. They eliminated what they regarded as redundant code and, at that point, discovered that they had written a very small and capable dialect of Lisp. Hewitt remained critical of the "hairy control structure" in Scheme and considered primitives (e.g., `START!PROCESS`, `STOP!PROCESS`, and `EVALUATE!UNINTERRUPTIBLY`) used in the Scheme implementation to be a backward step.

25 years later, in 1998, Sussman and Steele reflected that the minimalism of Scheme was not a conscious design goal, but rather the unintended outcome of the design process. "We were actually trying to build something complicated and discovered, serendipitously, that we had accidentally designed something that met all our goals but was much simpler than we had intended... we realized that the lambda calculus—a small, simple formalism—could serve as the core of a powerful and expressive programming language."

On the other hand, Hewitt remained critical of the lambda calculus as a foundation for computation writing "The actual situation is that the λ-calculus is capable of expressing some kinds of sequential and parallel control structures but, in general, not the concurrency expressed in the Actor model. On the other hand, the Actor model is capable of expressing everything in the λ-calculus and more." He has also been critical of aspects of Scheme that derive from the lambda calculus such as reliance on continuation functions and the lack of exceptions.

## The Lambda Papers

Between 1975 and 1980 Sussman and Steele worked on developing their ideas about using the lambda calculus, continuations and other advanced programming concepts such as optimization of tail recursion, and published them in a series of AI Memos which have become collectively termed the *Lambda Papers*.

### List of papers

* 1975: Scheme: An Interpreter for Extended Lambda Calculus
* 1976: Lambda: The Ultimate Imperative
* 1976: Lambda: The Ultimate Declarative
* 1977: Debunking the 'Expensive Procedure Call' Myth, or, Procedure Call Implementations Considered Harmful, or, Lambda: The Ultimate GOTO
* 1978: The Art of the Interpreter or, the Modularity Complex (Parts Zero, One, and Two)
* 1978: RABBIT: A Compiler for SCHEME
* 1979: Design of LISP-based Processors, or SCHEME: A Dialect of LISP, or Finite Memories Considered Harmful, or LAMBDA: The Ultimate Opcode
* 1980: Compiler Optimization Based on Viewing LAMBDA as RENAME + GOTO
* 1980: Design of a Lisp-based Processor

## Influence

Scheme was the first dialect of Lisp to choose lexical scope. It was also one of the first programming languages after Reynold's Definitional Language to support first-class continuations. It had a large impact on the effort that led to the development of its sister-language, Common Lisp, to which Guy Steele was a contributor.

## Standardization

The Scheme language is standardized in the official Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard, and a de facto standard called the *Revisedn Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme* (R*n*RS). The most widely implemented standard is *R5RS* (1998), and a new standard, *R6RS*, was ratified in 2007. Besides the RnRS standards there are also Scheme Requests for Implementation documents, that contain additional libraries that may be added by Scheme implementations.

## Timeline

| 1958 | 1960 | 1965 | 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LISP 1, 1.5, LISP 2(abandoned) | | |  | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | Maclisp | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | | Interlisp | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | MDL | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | Lisp Machine Lisp | | | | |  | | | |
|  | | | | Scheme | | | | R5RS | | R6RS | R7RS small | | |
|  | | | | NIL | |
|  | | | | | ZIL (Zork Implementation Language) | |
|  | | | | | Franz Lisp | |
|  | | | | | Common Lisp | | ANSI standard | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | Le Lisp | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | MIT Scheme | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | XLISP | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  | | | |
|  | | | | | | Chez Scheme | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | Emacs Lisp | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | AutoLISP | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | PicoLisp | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | Gambit | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | EuLisp | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | ISLISP | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | OpenLisp | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | PLT Scheme | | | | Racket | | |
|  | | | | | | | newLISP | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | GNU Guile | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | Visual LISP | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | Clojure | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | Arc | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | LFE | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | Hy | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chialisp | | |


title: Thomas J. Aquilino

abstract: Thomas Joseph Aquilino Jr. is a Senior United States Judge of the United States Court of International Trade.

text:
# Thomas J. Aquilino

**Thomas Joseph Aquilino Jr.** (born December 7, 1939) is a Senior United States Judge of the United States Court of International Trade.

## Biography

Aquilino was born in 1939 in Mount Kisco, New York. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1962 from Drew University. He received a Juris Doctor in 1969 from Rutgers Law School Newark campus. He served in the United States Army from 1962 to 1965. He served as a law clerk to Judge John Matthew Cannella of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York from 1969 to 1971. He worked in private practice in New York City from 1971 to 1985. He was an adjunct professor of law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law from 1984 to 1995.

## Trade court service

On February 25, 1985, President Reagan nominated Aquilino to be a Judge of the United States Court of International Trade, to the seat vacated by Judge Frederick Landis Jr. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 3, 1985, and received his commission the following day. He took senior status on December 10, 2004, and was succeeded by Judge Leo M. Gordon.

## InfoBox

| Thomas J. Aquilino | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Senior Judge of the United States Court of International Trade | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
December 10, 2004 | |
| Judge of the United States Court of International Trade | |
| **In office**
April 4, 1985  December 10, 2004 | |
| Appointed by | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Frederick Landis Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Leo M. Gordon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Thomas Joseph Aquilino Jr.
(1939-12-07) December 7, 1939
Mount Kisco, New York, U.S. |
| Education | Drew University (BA)
Rutgers Law School (JD) |
|  | |


abstract: Metamorphosis is an album by the jazz group the World Saxophone Quartet released in 1990 on the Elektra/Nonesuch label and features performances by Hamiet Bluiett, Arthur Blythe, Oliver Lake and David Murray with Chief Bey, Melvin Gibbs and Mor Thiam. It was the first album recorded by the group after the departure of foundation member Julius Hemphill and their first to feature additional musicians.

text:
# Metamorphosis (World Saxophone Quartet album)

***Metamorphosis*** is an album by the jazz group the World Saxophone Quartet released in 1990 on the Elektra/Nonesuch label and features performances by Hamiet Bluiett, Arthur Blythe, Oliver Lake and David Murray with Chief Bey, Melvin Gibbs and Mor Thiam. It was the first album recorded by the group after the departure of foundation member Julius Hemphill and their first to feature additional musicians.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

The AllMusic review by Brian Olewnick awarded the album 2½ stars, stating, "By their own high standards, Metamorphosis had to be reckoned a disappointment."

The authors of the *Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* wrote that Blythe "fills the outgoing man's shoes with impressive confidence, checking in with a powerful contrapuntal weave that is lifted a notch by the presence of the three African drummers."

Writing for *The Washington Post*, Geoffrey Himes noted that "the results are uneven," but stated that the album is most convincing "when the emphasis shifts to American jazz, and the Senegalese add their rhythmic flavors to the background."

## Track listing

1. "The Holy Men" (Bluiett) - 2:48
2. "Lullaby" (Thiam) - 4:51
3. "Metamorphosis" (Blythe) - 3:28
4. "Su Mama Ah Zumu" (Murray, Thiam) - 6:25
5. "Africa" (Lake) - 8:54
6. "Ballad For The Blackman" (Murray) - 7:52
7. "Masai Warrior's Dance" (Bluiett) - 5:14
8. "Love Like Sisters" (Lake) - 4:07
9. "Lo Chi Lo" (Murray) -6:57
10. "Feed The People" (Bluiett) - 10:56

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Metamorphosis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by World Saxophone Quartet | |
| Released | 1990 |
| Recorded | 1990 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 61:32 |
| Label | Elektra/Nonesuch |
| World Saxophone Quartet chronology | |
| *Rhythm and Blues*
(1990) ***Metamorphosis***
(1990) *Moving Right Along*
(1992) | |


title: Mortugaba

abstract: Mortugaba is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.

text:
# Mortugaba

**Mortugaba** is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.

14°59′S 42°19′W / 14.983°S 42.317°W / -14.983; -42.317

## InfoBox

| Mortugaba | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Mortugaba Square and Mother Church, Bahia, Brazil | |
|  | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Nordeste |
| State | Bahia |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 12,052 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Niels Fuglsang

abstract: Niels Fuglsang is a Danish politician who was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2019 and again in 2024. A member of the Social Democrats (S), he sits with the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) in the European Parliament.

text:
# Niels Fuglsang

**Niels Fuglsang** (born 29 June 1985) is a Danish politician who was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2019 and again in 2024. A member of the Social Democrats (S), he sits with the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) in the European Parliament.

## Education

Fuglsang holds a cand.scient.pol. In 2019 he was writing his ph.d. thesis.

## Political career

Upon joining the European Parliament in July 2019 as part of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group, Fuglsang became a member of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs and the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. He left the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs in September 2019.

In addition to his committee assignments, Fuglsang was part of the European Parliament's delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula until September 2019. He has been part of the European Parliament's delegation for relations with China since he took office. In April 2023, he joined the delegation for relations with the Arab Peninsula, of which he has been vice chair since May 2023. He is also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on the Welfare and Conservation of Animals.

## InfoBox

| Niels FuglsangMEP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2 July 2019 | |
| Constituency | Denmark |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1985-06-29) 29 June 1985
Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Political party | Social Democrats |
| Alma mater | University of Copenhagen |
|  | |


title: Mémoires d'un âne

abstract: Mémoires d’un âne is a novel written by the French author Comtesse de Ségur. The book was first published in 1860. It is a part of the Bibliothèque rose illustrée collection by the publishing house Hachette. The story is told in an autobiographical style, recounting the memoirs of Cadichon, a learned donkey who experiences numerous adventures.

text:
# Mémoires d'un âne

***Mémoires d’un âne*** (lit.'Memoirs of a Donkey') is a novel written by the French author Comtesse de Ségur. The book was first published in 1860. It is a part of the *Bibliothèque rose illustrée* collection by the publishing house Hachette. The story is told in an autobiographical style, recounting the memoirs of Cadichon, a *learned donkey* who experiences numerous adventures.

## Plot summary

The story revolves around a donkey named Cadichon who writes his memoirs to narrate the adventures of his life with peasant wisdom and vivacity that some humans sometimes lack. At the beginning of the story, he tells that he has a mistress, a farmer who mistreats him. Therefore, he decides to escape and lives for a while in the woods. He will have other masters. Some will treat him well, and he will return the favor by being docile and helpful. For example, he saves little Pauline from a fire. However, if he is not treated well, the donkey does not let it go and retaliates. He is eventually taken in by Jacques and his cousins, who are staying in their grandmother's castle. He is happy there, but his vindictive and mocking side distances him from his masters. He injures little Auguste because he holds him responsible for the death of his friend, the dog Médor, accidentally shot during a hunting party. However, he realizes that he must change and behave better. He therefore decides to redeem himself with the little boy, whom he saves twice, once when he is pursued by dogs, and then when he is about to drown. From then on, Cadichon becomes truly good. The moral intended by the Comtesse de Ségur is clearly expressed in the novel: it is not enough to have wit or be resourceful: you must also and above all have a heart in order to be loved and to be happy.

## Adaptations

* Paul Ladmirault wrote an adaptation for piano and narrator *Mémoires d’un âne*, published in 1932.
* Cadichon, a French TV series, was aired starting from 1986.

## InfoBox

Memoirs of a Donkey
| Title page for *Mémoires d'un âne* (1946 edition) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Comtesse de Ségur |
| Original title | *Mémoires d'un âne* |
| Language | French |
| Series | Bibliothèque rose illustrée |
| Genre | Children's literature |
| Publisher | Hachette |
| Publication date | 1860 |
| Publication place | France |
| Media type | Print |


title: Nidderdale Caves

abstract: The Nidderdale Caves are a series of caves in Upper Nidderdale in North Yorkshire, England. There are two cave systems and most of the caves are in some way linked with one or the other. The smaller system is the Eglin cave system in the valley of How Stean Beck, a tributary of the River Nidd, associated with How Stean Gorge. The larger system is the Goyden cave system under the valley of the River Nidd, which flows east from Scar House Reservoir, then south, and shortly after disappears underground down several sinkholes to reappear at the rising just beyond the village of Lofthouse. Cavers can access several sections of this system via the different entrances. The caves are a Site of Special Scientific Interest designated in 1987 under the name Upper Nidderdale.

text:
# Nidderdale Caves

The **Nidderdale Caves** are a series of caves in Upper Nidderdale in North Yorkshire, England. There are two cave systems and most of the caves are in some way linked with one or the other. The smaller system is the Eglin cave system in the valley of How Stean Beck, a tributary of the River Nidd, associated with How Stean Gorge. The larger system is the Goyden cave system under the valley of the River Nidd, which flows east from Scar House Reservoir, then south, and shortly after disappears underground down several sinkholes to reappear at the rising just beyond the village of Lofthouse. Cavers can access several sections of this system via the different entrances.

The caves are a Site of Special Scientific Interest designated in 1987 under the name Upper Nidderdale.

## Entrances

From north to south:

1. **Manchester Hole** (NGR SE 100736 Length 578m)
2. Bax pot (alternative entrance to Manchester Hole Divers chamber, providing through the trip)
3. Lesser Stream pot (entrance into connecting passage Eternal Optimist, Linking Manchester Hole and Goyden pot)
4. **Goyden pot** (NGR SE 099761 Length 3.7 km)
5. Back Steps (alternative entrance to Goyden pot main chamber)
6. Church pot ( alternative entrance to Goyden pot Gaskell’s passage, flood exit route)
7. Limley pot (alternative entrance to Goyden pot, Mud Hall)
8. Zanussi pot (close to Limley pot now sealed closed)
9. **Guscott pot** (NGR SE 100757 Length 103m)
10. **Frog pot/Aquamole series** (NGR SE 101756 Length 640m)
11. Harrogate pot (close to Frog pot, now sealed closed)
12. Dry Wath entrance (original entrance to New Goyden pot now blocked)
13. Pigskin Pot
14. Old Quarry Pot
15. Vulcan rift pot (close to New Goyden main entrance bypassing first pitch, now blocked)
16. **New Goyden pot** (NGR SE 102754 Length 2.2 km)
17. Thrope Edge pot (alternative entrance to New Goyden pot South Avens)
18. Howgill pot (alternative entrance to New Goyden pot South Avens, now blocked)
19. **Nidd Head NW Rising** (NGR SE 104731 Length 850m)
20. **Nidd Head SE Rising** (NGR SE 105730 Length 250m)

Entrances in bold are classed as distinct caves in their own right and entrances not in bold are alternative entrances into those caves.

## Exploration

Explored passages total 8.3 km.

At present cavers and cave divers have explored and linked together the caves from Manchester Hole through to New Goyden Pot. The section from Goyden to New Goyden is only traversable with diving gear although cave diggers have opened up a way from New Goyden to Frog Pot and have attempted to find and open up a link from Frog Pot to Goyden Pot.

Cave divers have attempted to explore the link between New Goyden Pot and Nidd Head. At New Goyden Pot they have explored eight flooded passages (sumps) with various lengths of dry passages between. At the Nidd Head rising they have dived for over 850 metres with still about 1 km gap left to explore between the two caves.

## Hydrology of the Goyden System

### Normal conditions

#### Manchester Hole to Goyden Pot

Water from the moors above Angram and Scar House drains into the reservoirs, which in turn feed the River Nidd. Below Scar House dam the Nidd flows east then turns south, and shortly after disappears underground through a series of small fissures in the exposed limestone inlier. All the water from the various fissures enters the large stream passage of Manchester Hole. The underground stream can be followed along an impressive 3 to 4 sq m passage to the equally impressive massive blockfall cavern of the Main Chamber. Faulting here is not only responsible for the blocks but has allowed incursions of more than one stream to aid the process of block fall. At present one small stream enters at the southern end, but previous flooding such as in 1998 has opened up choked passages, allowing a large volume of water to enter the Main Chamber. A huge section of the mud bank in that chamber collapsed and the flood subsiding refilled the passage. This process of opening and closing of inlets has probably been repeated many times over the centuries. The stream at the base of the chamber flows amongst fallen blocks to enter a passage of fine proportions, but the roof soon dips to where the stream enters a low area known as ‘the grovel’. The roof quickly rises again in Fossil Passage, where a narrow but high passage can be followed around more than one bend to a wider section. Here a small tube high up on the left leads to a permanently flooded section (static sump) 46m long that connects with Goyden Pot cave at Pillar Pot. The stream flowing through Manchester Hole does not connect with this static sump but instead flows onwards for a few metres to the ‘duck’. At the duck the stream makes a sharp right turn almost flowing back on itself through a hands and knees crawl with limited airspace. After a few metres of the ‘duck’ the passage once again enlarges and the stream then flows on for a few more metres to enter downstream sump 1. This sump is 15m long and enters Divers Chamber. The stream flows out of the chamber along a short passage to enter sump 2, a small constricted passage that enters the Lesser Stream area of Goyden Pot.

#### Goyden Pot to New Goyden Pot

In the Lesser Stream passage of Goyden Pot the many fractures in the rock allow the stream to diverge and flow in different directions. Sandstone boulders are washed in from the surface through the numerous inlets in this area. These inlets are also opened and closed through the action of flooding. The various streams quickly unite and flow amongst the large boulders that form the floor of yet another impressive large breakdown chamber, Goyden Main Chamber. The stream then flows out from under the boulders and over the cascades to flow along the huge Main Stream Passage, 25m high in places and typically 6m wide for more than 150m, to where it flows into sump 1, 20m long. The river flows out of sump 1 past October Passage, which steals a small amount of the river. It then flows along another huge gallery into sump 2, 6m long. From there the river flows along the largest of the stream passages in Goyden to sump 3, 27m long. Here the river flows into Bridge Hall, where a small inlet on the left enters, probably the water from October Passage but as yet unconfirmed. At the far side of Bridge Hall is sump 4, just 2m long, and then a short section of a passage to sump 5, about 57m long, and a lake airbell with a choked inlet in the roof. Sump 6, 12m long, leads from the airbell to a short passage with a roof passage leading into the Aquamole series that can be entered via Frog Pot. At the end of the short passage sump 7 is a low obstructed sump that connects with the upstream sump 2 and sump 1 of New Goyden Pot.

#### New Goyden Pot to the Nidd Head Resurgences

The water flowing from upstream sump 1 flows along a very fine round railway tunnel-sized passage to a bend, where a significant additional stream enters on the left. This is from Frog Pot and is the New Stream water from the New Stream sump in Goyden pot. The combined waters flow along the huge tunnel to a short flooded section, Middle Sump. At the far side of this sump the water flows for a short distance and then enters downstream sump 1. Divers have explored beyond sump 1 through another seven sumps. The water from this farthest point of exploration travels just over a kilometre to the furthest explored point of Nidd Head Resurgence. The Nidd actually resurges from three locations, the North West Rising, Main Rising and South East Rising. As the name suggests most of the water rises from the Main Rising and this has been explored by divers for over 850m. The North West Rising is presumed to flow from a point 119m into the Main Rising. The water from South East Rising has been explored for over 120m and is also thought to connect with the Main Rising.

The risings combine. The river shortly afterward is joined by How Stean Beck and flows down Nidderdale to Gouthwaite Reservoir.

### Flood conditions

The Goyden system floods as a result of excess water overflowing the Scar House dam. This can happen not only following significant rainfall but also by wind action from a westerly or near-westerly direction. The wind on a full or nearly full reservoir whips up waves on Scar House Reservoir sending water over the dam that on occasion has pushed down the valley more than one metre depth of water from the reservoir. The caves can therefore flood in a period of no rain but by wind action alone. The water flowing down the valley is typically greater than the capacity of the fissures taking water into Manchester Hole. So most of the water flows past the Manchester Hole and onwards to Goyden Pot Main entrance. At various times old abandoned inlets are re-opened and re-closed by the flood waters allowing water to enter the far reaches of Manchester Hole and Lesser Stream passage of Goyden Pot. The increased flow into Manchester Hole and a pooling effect by the constricted sump 2, with possibly reopened inlets, causes the far end (between the ‘grovel’ and the ‘duck’) of Manchester Cave to flood, at times very quickly. Water flowing into Goyden Pot's Main entrance falls into the Main Chamber from high-level passages from the first and then the second and eventually the third window. This water joins the river flowing from Manchester Hole over the cascades and along the Main Stream passage. The swollen river flows through to sump 7 which due to its constricted nature causes the water to back up and flood the system from there all the way back. The rising water enters the roof passage between sump 6 and sump 7 taking with it much debris. The water flows along this passage into Toad Hall and through the 30m sump into Frog Pot, where it joins the New Stream water from Goyden Pot, New Stream sump. The combined flood waters flow into New Goyden Pot via Main Stream inlet to join the increased water from upstream sumps 1 and 2 in New Goyden. This water backing up through the system is first seen to rise in Frog Pot then Guscott Pot, Limley Pot, Church Pot and then Goyden Pot. By this time the far end of Manchester Hole has already flooded by the mechanism mentioned before. The whole system floods completely with the exception of Manchester Hole from the entrance to the ‘grovel’. The latter has been confirmed by leaving markers in the roof of Manchester Hole amongst the flood debris. The markers remained even in very high flood conditions in the rest of the system, which suggests that the flood debris present in the roof dates from before the construction of Scarhouse reservoir. Once Goyden is full water is forced past Goyden Pot Main entrance down the valley on the surface past the village of Lofthouse through to Gouthwaite Reservoir. In severe floods water mushrooms out of Church Pot, Limley Pot and New Goyden Pot, while Guscott Pot and Frog Pot still take water. In the most severe floods the River Nidd rises enough to lap into or small flow into Manchester Hole main entrance.

## Geology

The caves of Upper Nidderdale are extensive, and impressive and have unique characteristics within the UK.

* The cave system is largely developed beneath a major valley floor with many of the passages still beneath a cover of Millstone Grit or Upper Yoredale strata.
* It has developed across several geological structures including an anticline and several faults.
* In Manchester Hole vadose downcutting has breached the base of the limestone and cut into the underlying strata.
* Studies have confirmed that wind action on the Scar House Reservoir when full or nearly full can create significant overflow causing serious flooding of the caves further down the valley.

Nidderdale is at about the same altitude as Wharfedale and separated by just one ridge including the summit of Great Whernside. The Great Scar limestone so evident in Wharfedale is nowhere to be seen in Nidderdale as the easterly dip of the Pennine anticline carries it well below the floor of this small valley. The limestone visible in Nidderdale is the Yoredale series, and almost all the cave system have developed within the narrow band (maximum of 40m) of the Middle Limestone. The limestone outcrops in three inliers: one to the north including the cave sinks of Manchester Hole and Goyden pot, one small outcrop about 300m further south including New Goyden pot, and one nearly 2km further south including the Nidd Head resurgences. The most northern inlier of limestone is cut off from the limestone beds at Scar House Reservoir by a large fault. The most southerly inlier of limestone is cut off from any continuation by a fault just north of the head of Gouthwaite Reservoir. Each inlier is separated on the surface by the base of the Grassington Grit.

The cave system is contained within the Middle Limestone and chiefly developed along the shale partings of the bedding planes. The faults frequently mark the position of the sumps (permanently flooded sections of the cave), and between faults there are significant open passages. The cave drains water from north to south but the faulting in the middle inlier is responsible for water locally draining south to north under the normally dry river bed on the surface. This means that in flood conditions water on the surface drains north to south while the water in the large cave passage beneath drains briefly in the opposite direction before turning east and then back south.

Because the system is contained within a narrow band and chiefly covered by grit, it surprised early explorers that there were long sections of large passages such as Goyden’s and New Goyden’s mainstream. Goyden’s is typically about 6m wide and 25m high vadose canyon with small phreatic passage at the top. New Goyden’s passage is typically about an 8m diameter phreatic tunnel. What did not surprise early explorers was that the system was chiefly developed on one level. However further study and exploration have shown higher abandoned levels of development, on shale bands. These have been opened up by cave diggers and used to connect the caves of Nidderdale with dry connections after cave divers had explored the underwater links between the caves.

Distinctive fossil and chert beds so common a characteristic of the middle limestone are well exposed in the caves and provide some impressive examples. Fine examples of the chert bands are visible in Goyden Pot Main Stream Passage, the Turf and especially the Beet Route passage above High Rift. Chert bands are also visible in New Goyden Pot in the Main Stream passage, Main Inlet and Dry Wath series. Impressive examples of *Productus giganteus* fossils are present in the Fossil Passage area of Manchester Hole and on the surface by the intake fissures. Fossilised coral and many examples of crinoids are visible in quite a few of the caves but especially in Goyden Pot.

## Sources

* *Northern Caves 1: Wharfedale & The North-East*, Dalesman Books 1988, D. Brook, G. M. Davies, M. H. Long, P. F. Ryder; Nidderdale section, pages 147–163
* Northern Sump Index, Cave Diving Group, 1995, compiled by Paul Monico
* *Limestones and Caves of North West England*, edited by A. C. Waltham
* *Descent: The Cavers magazine*, Reports from Chris Fox in copies No.127 Dec/Jan 1995/96; No.138 October/November 1997; No.140 Feb/Mar 1998; No.141 April/May 1998; No.152 Feb/Mar 2000; No.156 Oct/Nov 2000; No.167 Aug/Sept 2002; No.172 June/July 2003; No.173 Aug/Sept 2003; No.178 June/July 2004; No.179 Aug/Sept 2004; No.181 Dec/Jan 2004/05; No.183 April/May 2005; No.186 Oct/Nov 2005; No.188 Feb/Mar 2006; No.190 June/July 2006; No.191 Aug/Sept 2006; No.192 Oct/Nov 200; No.193 Dec/Jan 2006/07; No.194 Feb/Mar 2007; No.195 Apr/May 2007; No.198 Oct/Nov 2007; No.200 Feb/Mar 2008; No.210 Oct/Nov 2009; No.214 June/July 2010; No.224 Feb/Mar 2012
* *Cave and Karst Science*, The Transactions of the British Cave Research Association, Volume 33 Number 1 2006 "An Introduction to the Speleo-history of Upper Nidderdale, Yorkshire, UK, to the early nineteen-sixties." Stephen A Craven
* *Speleology*. Bulletin of the British Cave Research Association, Issue 8, December 2006, "Caves of Upper Nidderdale:Development and Exploration", Chris Fox

* Graham Mollard (October 2010). "The Hydrology of Goyden Pot and Manchester Hole" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2012.

54°10′50″N 1°50′55″W / 54.1805°N 1.8486°W / 54.1805; -1.8486


title: Patsy Robertson

abstract: Patsy Blair Robertson was a Jamaican journalist and diplomat, who was Director of Information at the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Official Spokesperson for The Commonwealth from 1983 to 1994. She played a significant role in conjunction with Sir Shridath "Sonny" Ramphal, the Commonwealth's second Secretary-General, in that organisation's long battle against apartheid in South Africa. She later served with UNICEF, the UN, and as founding Chair of the Ramphal Institute, a London-based not-for-profit organization with a mission to advance knowledge and research in such areas of policy as development, education and environmental issues.

text:
# Patsy Robertson

**Patsy Blair Robertson** (28 August 1933 – 18 August 2020) was a Jamaican journalist and diplomat, who was Director of Information at the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Official Spokesperson for The Commonwealth from 1983 to 1994. She played a significant role in conjunction with Sir Shridath "Sonny" Ramphal, the Commonwealth's second Secretary-General, in that organisation's long battle against apartheid in South Africa. She later served with UNICEF, the UN, and as founding Chair of the Ramphal Institute, a London-based not-for-profit organization with a mission to advance knowledge and research in such areas of policy as development, education and environmental issues.

## Career

Patsy Robertson (*née* Pyne) was born in the Malvern district of Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica, the fifth child of eight. In 1945, she won a coveted scholarship to attend Wolmer's Girls' School in Kingston (where her sisters Kathleen and Helen were also educated). She worked briefly as a newspaper journalist in Jamaica before going to the US and attending New York University (where her circle included James Baldwin), graduating with a liberal arts degree. In the late 1950s she travelled to Britain; in an interview in 2000 she said: "I got a job at the BBC ... working in the newsroom of the World Service at Bush House where they prepared the news bulletins. And from there, I joined the London office of the Federal Government of the West Indies which had begun to recruit staff for the proposed diplomatic service when independence was given to this new Caribbean nation. ... then the Federation broke up and Jamaica became independent in 1962. I was sent for training at the then Commonwealth Relations Office and remained in London."

During the 1960s she was involved with the anti-apartheid movement, and having left the Jamaican diplomatic service she joined the Commonwealth Secretariat on its establishment in 1965, and for the next 28 years handled its media affairs, disseminating information about the Commonwealth worldwide. She was present at the 1978 conference of Commonwealth non-governmental organisations in Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, that led to the foundation of the Commonwealth Journalists' Association, and would remain, in the words of Lord Black of Brentwood, chairman of the CPU Media Trust, "throughout her lifetime and her distinguished career, a doughty champion of press freedom".

She served as the Secretariat's Director of Information and the Official Spokesperson for The Commonwealth at international conventions, including Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings, from 1983 to 1994. As described by Victoria Brittain in *The Guardian*, Robertson was "a prominent figure in the historic turning of the tide against Margaret Thatcher's support for apartheid South Africa by the Commonwealth leadership, headed by Sir Shridath (Sonny) Ramphal." According to *The Times*: "Sir Shridath 'Sonny' Ramphal, the Commonwealth's second secretary-general, was the public face of that organisation's long battle against apartheid in South Africa and Britain’s refusal to join it. Scarcely less important, however, was Patsy Robertson, the Jamaican official behind Sir Sonny, who for nearly three decades used her role as the Commonwealth's spokeswoman to foment international opposition to South Africa's pernicious regime, and to challenge Britain's assertion that it could be reformed, not destroyed." As characterised by Marina Salandy-Brown, "It was a war of attrition, led by Patsy behind the scenes, in which we journalists all had a small part to play."

After Robertson left the Commonwealth Secretariat in 1994, she joined the United Nations (UN) in the role of senior media adviser to the Secretary-General of the Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing, China, in 1995, returning to the UN to fill the same role for the Beijing +5 conference in New York in 2000, and for the General Assembly Special Session on Children in 2001 and 2002.

In 2007 she was appointed chair of the Ramphal Institute – which was founded as the Ramphal Centre for Commonwealth Policy Studies and formally launched at Marlborough House in 2008 at a celebration to mark the 80th birthday of Sir Shridath Ramphal, Commonwealth Secretary-General from 1975 to 1990 – a post she would hold until the time of her death. She was also Chair of Widows Rights International and the Commonwealth Association, and a trustee of several charities including the Thomson Foundation, the Commonwealth Press Union and the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum and, additionally, she was a founder member and President of the Friends of the Georgian Society of Jamaica, a small charity founded in 1994 by her friend Pamela Beshoff, dedicated to "the noble task of preserving Jamaica's history and heritage" by conserving and promoting awareness of the island's historic structures. In 2015 the Policy Institute at King's College London announced her appointment as a visiting professor.

Honours and recognition that she received include a Nexus Commonwealth Award in 2013 for her Outstanding Contribution, "presented to an individual who has demonstrated long and tireless service to one or more Commonwealth institutions". According to former Commonwealth Secretary-General Chief Emeka Anyaoku, Patsy Robertson was "a true symbol of the modern Commonwealth who served the organization with passion and unflinching dedication", who worked "with singular fervor to support its structures, and who never minced words in criticizing actions or pronouncements by governments that she perceived as undermining the principles and values that animate the modern Commonwealth."

## Personal life

She was married to Calum Robertson, who predeceased her. She had three children: John, Sarah and Neil.

## InfoBox

| Patsy Robertson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Patsy Blair Pyne
28 August 1933
Malvern, Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica |
| Died | 18 August 2020(2020-08-18) (aged 86)
London, England |
| Other names | Patsy Pyne Robertson |
| Education | Wolmer's Girls' School;
New York University |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist and diplomat, Director of Information at the Commonwealth Secretariat and Official Spokesperson for The Commonwealth |
| Spouse | Calum Robertson (m. 1964–2012, his death) |
| Parent(s) | Ina Weston and Austin Pyne |
| Relatives | Helen Pyne-Timothy (sister) |


title: Nedeljko Jurić

abstract: Nedeljko Jurić is a Bosnian retired football player.

text:
# Nedeljko Jurić

**Nedeljko Jurić** (born 18 July 1978) is a Bosnian retired football player.

## Club career

Jurić joined second tier Drinovci from top-level side Zrinjski in 2003. He left Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013 to play for Austrian amateur side USV Eichgraben.

## International career

He made two appearances for Bosnia and Herzegovina at the August 2001 LG Cup, an unofficial match against South Africa and an official international match against Iran.

## InfoBox

Nedeljko Jurić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Nedeljko Jurić | | |
| Date of birth | (1978-07-18) 18 July 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2000-2003 | Zrinjski | 82 | (17) |
| 2003-2006 | Drinovci |  |  |
| 2006-2011 | GOŠK Gabela |  |  |
| 2011–2012 | Turbina Jablanica |  |  |
| 2013 | USV Eichgraben | 11 | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 2001 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 | (0) |
| 2001 | Bosnia and Herzegovina XI | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 19 June 2021 | | | |


title: Richard L. Stevens

abstract: Major General Richard Lee "Rick" Stevens is a retired United States Army officer. He served as Deputy Chief of Engineers and Deputy Commanding General of the United States Army Corps of Engineers from 2014 to 2017, and was previously the 30th Commander and Division Engineer for the Pacific Ocean Division.

text:
# Richard L. Stevens

Major General **Richard Lee "Rick" Stevens** is a retired United States Army officer. He served as Deputy Chief of Engineers and Deputy Commanding General of the United States Army Corps of Engineers from 2014 to 2017, and was previously the 30th Commander and Division Engineer for the Pacific Ocean Division.

## Early life

Stevens is from Vincennes, Indiana. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1982. He also holds Masters of Science degrees in Applied Mathematics from Purdue University and National Security Strategy from the National War College. He also served as an Army Senior Military Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC.

## Military career

Upon graduation from West Point, Stevens received his commission as an Engineer officer. He has held a variety of command and staff positions including service with the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, Department of Mathematical Sciences at West Point, New York, Third United States Army in Kuwait and both the 24th and 3rd Infantry Divisions at Fort Stewart, Georgia.

Stevens commanded the 11th Engineer Battalion at Fort Stewart, Georgia and the 36th Engineer Brigade at Fort Hood, Texas. He has served multiple duty assignments within the Headquarters, Department of the Army at the Pentagon, most notably with the Army G-8, Office of the Chief of Engineers, and culminating with his most recent assignment as the Executive Officer to the 36th Army Chief of Staff.

Steven's operational assignments included service in Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan.

### Division Engineer

Stevens became the 30th Commander and Division Engineer for the Pacific Ocean Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers on June 30, 2011. He became the Deputy Chief of Engineers and Deputy Commanding General of the United States Army Corps of Engineers on September 2, 2014.

As the Division Engineer, Stevens was responsible for a mission that includes engineering design, construction and real estate management for the Army in Hawaii, Army and Air Force in Alaska, and for all Department of Defense agencies in Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands. Pacific Ocean Division administers the Corps’ federal water resource development program and waters and wetlands regulatory programs in Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The Division program includes the $10 billion multi-year Korea Transformation Program and the $9 billion multi-year Japan Defense Program Realignment Initiative. Pacific Ocean Division also supports U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Army Pacific's Theater Security Cooperation strategies, Humanitarian Assistance Program, and Civil Military Emergency Preparedness with projects throughout the Asia Pacific region.

## Personal life

Stevens is married to the former Terri Steckler, also from Vincennes, and they have three children; Matthew, Keller, and Aly.

In politics, Stevens claimed that he was "politically independent in the military, describing himself as a fiscal conservative who is progressive on social and environmental issues."

## InfoBox

| Richard L. Stevens | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1982–2017 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | Pacific Ocean Division
36th Engineer Brigade
11th Engineer Battalion |
| Battles/wars | Iraq War
War in Afghanistan |
| Awards | Army Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit (3)
Bronze Star Medal (3) |


title: Always Late with Your Kisses

abstract: "Always Late" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Lefty Frizzell. It was the fifth single released from his 1951/1952 album Listen to Lefty. It peaked at number one in 1951 and became his fourth release to hit the top.

text:
# Always Late with Your Kisses

"**Always Late (with Your Kisses)**" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Lefty Frizzell. It was the fifth single released from his 1951/1952 album *Listen to Lefty*. It peaked at number one in 1951 and became his fourth release to hit the top.

## Recording and composition

During early 1951, Lefty Frizzell was enjoying the success followed by his hit debut, "If You've Got the Money (I've Got the Time)". By this time, Frizzell and Hank Williams were the biggest names in country music. Frizzell met for another session on May 24, which capped off a single. "Always Late (With Your Kisses)" with the B-side "Mom and Dad's Waltz" was released in July and in August the single rose to the number one slot on the US Country chart.

"Mom and Dad's Waltz" peaked at number two for eight weeks on the country chart. The song has been covered by many different artists, most credibly, long-time Lefty Frizzell friend, George Jones, who was influenced by Frizzell. He covered the song in 1973 on his album, *Nothing Ever Hurt Me (Half As Bad as Losing You).*

## Chart performance

| Chart (1951) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |

## Cover version

In addition to Frizzell's own stereo re-recording of "Always Late" in 1959, many artists have recorded cover versions of the song, including:

George Jones version

George Jones covered the song for his 1973 album: *Nothing Ever Hurt Me*

Jo-El Sonnier version

Jo-El Sonnier covered the song in 1976. His version reached No. 99 on the U.S. country chart.

Merle Haggard version

Merle Haggard covered the song in 2001 on his album *Roots, Volume 1*.

Leona Williams version

A version by Leona Williams charted in 1981, reaching No. 84 on the same chart.

## Dwight Yoakam version

| "Always Late with Your Kisses" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Dwight Yoakam | |
| from the album  *Hillbilly Deluxe* | |
| B-side | "1000 Miles" |
| Released | February 1988 |
| Recorded | 1987 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:10 |
| Label | Reprise 27994 |
| Songwriter(s) | Lefty Frizzell, Blackie Crawford |
| Producer(s) | Pete Anderson |
| Dwight Yoakam singles chronology | |
| "Please, Please Baby"
(1987) "**Always Late with Your Kisses**"
(1988) "Streets of Bakersfield"
(1988) | |

"Always Late with Your Kisses" was covered by country music artist Dwight Yoakam. It is the fourth and final single released from his 1987 album *Hillbilly Deluxe*. It peaked at No. 9 in the United States, and No. 5 in Canada.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1988) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 9 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 5 |

Music video

The music video was directed by Sherman Halsey.

## InfoBox

| "Always Late (with Your Kisses)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Lefty Frizzell | |
| from the album  *Listen to Lefty* | |
| B-side | "Mom and Dad's Waltz" |
| Released | July 8, 1951 |
| Recorded | May 24, 1951 |
| Studio | Jim Beck Studio, Dallas, Texas |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:10 |
| Label | Columbia 20837 |
| Songwriter(s) | Lefty Frizzell, Blackie Crawford |
| Producer(s) | Don Law |
| Lefty Frizzell singles chronology | |
| "I Want to Be With You Always"
(1951) "**Always Late (with Your Kisses)**"
(1951) "Travellin' Blues"
(1951) | |


title: Thimmasamudram, Prakasam district

abstract: Thimmasamudram is a village located in Naguluppala Padu Mandal of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India.

text:
# Thimmasamudram, Prakasam district

**Thimmasamudram** is a village located in Naguluppala Padu Mandal of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India.

1. "Thimmasamudram village in Naguluppala Padu taluka, Prakasam, India". *vill.co.in*. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

## InfoBox

| Thimmasamudram | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| ThimmasamudramLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 15°47′0″N 80°14′0″E / 15.78333°N 80.23333°E / 15.78333; 80.23333 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Prakasam |
| Population | |
| Total | 70,000 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 523185 |
| Telephone code | 08593 |
| Vehicle registration | AP- |
| Nearest city | Chirala |
| Andhra Assembly constituency | ONGOLE |


title: Metamorphosis (Yeng Constantino album)

abstract: Metamorphosis is the fourth studio album by Filipina singer-songwriter Yeng Constantino, released in the Philippines on January 28, 2013, by Star Music. The album was certified Gold by PARI. The album spawned the singles "B.A.B.A.Y" and hit song "Chinito", and "Sanadata", "Josephine."

text:
# Metamorphosis (Yeng Constantino album)

***Metamorphosis*** is the fourth studio album by Filipina singer-songwriter Yeng Constantino, released in the Philippines on January 28, 2013, by Star Music. The album was certified Gold by PARI. The album spawned the singles "B.A.B.A.Y" and hit song "Chinito", and "Sanadata", "Josephine."

## Background

> "Metamorphosis means change and transformation, and that's what this album is all about. Metamorphosis doesn't really take out who you really are, but it changes you for the better,It's about not being afraid of who you can be. And that best describes my new album that carries my new sound, and the new Yeng.""

—Yeng, on the album's change and transformation.

After the success of her first three studio albums *Salamat* (2007), *Journey* (2008), *Lapit* (2009) and her first compilation live album *Yeng Versions Live*, Constantino returned to the music scene with her latest album. The 10-track album represent the evolution of Constanino's music.

Just like what “metamorphosis” means, Yeng will reportedly have a new look and style in this new album, which starts with the flame red hair. Although determined to stand out and create an impact, Yeng confessed that she was initially concerned whether or not her fans are ready to listen to her new music. "At first, I was worried if my supporters are ready for this change. But I thought it's good because I'm giving them something new. And personally, I also want to challenge myself to do things that will excite me," Yeng related.

## Singles

* **"Pag-Ibig"** was a single in promotion of Constantino's concert at the Music Museum to support *Yeng Versions Live*. The song debuted on the cable music channel Myx in February 2012 and is included in *Metamorphosis* as a promotional single.
* **"B.A.B.A.Y"** was released as lead single of the album. The song marks her departure from her past works. The single premiered on the FM station Tambayan 101.9 on January 9 and was released for digital download at mymusicstore.com.ph the following day. The music video of "B.A.B.A.Y" debuted on Myx on January 17, 2013. The song was also translated into English and covered by Mike Gonzales available on SoundCloud and Reverbnation. In January 2022, 9 years after the song's release, Constantino revealed that the song was about her past romantic relationship with Ryan Bang.
* **"Chinito"** was chosen as second single of the album. The song originally entitled "Chinita" was written and performed by "Jed Dumawal" back in 2010, and is the only track from the album that was not composed by Constantino. Star Records held a “Chinito Lyric Video Contest", the winner of the contest is Raymond Weil Ylagan, Constantino chose the winner of the contest. It was released on YouTube. The music video premiered on May 24, 2013, on Myx. The video features Filipino actor Enchong Dee as her love interest whom Constantino expressed her admiration. On June 30, 2013, she performed this song, during the grand coronation night of Mr. and Ms. Chinatown Philippines. The music video of this song reached 3 million views on YouTube. As of August 2013, this song named as her second most viewed video of all time, which surpassed her music video for "Lapit". Also the most popular and successful single from the album. Chinito held the #1 spot for 5 weeks in the Myx chart. It was later used as the theme song for the movie Bride for Rent. It was used the chorus line of the said song by Constantino in the 2014 song "Chinito Problems" sung by Dee. To date "Chinito" music video reached 19.7 million views on YouTube with the official video and the few other uploaded music video.
* **Sandata"** is the third single, it is the most spiritual song in the album. In the music video, Yeng was seen dripping wet as the rain continues to pour on her while in the middle of careless people. Yeng also pours her heart out while singing "Kung mabangis sa 'yo ang mundo, mayroong puwang sa piling ko. Ako ang sandata." It was directed by Mackie Galvez.
* **"Josephine"** is the fourth single, it talks about her past love life. The music video for Josephine has premiered on MYX on July 27, together with the music video debut of another Yeng's song, Sandata, both directed by Mackie Galvez.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "B.A.B.A.Y" | Yeng Constantino | 3:10 |
| 2. | "Hahanapin Kita" | Yeng Constantino | 4:48 |
| 3. | "Messiah" | Yeng Constantino | 4:10 |
| 4. | "Chinito" | Jed Dumawal | 3:46 |
| 5. | "Josephine" | Yeng Constantino | 5:36 |
| 6. | "Teleserye" | Yeng Constantino | 3:56 |
| 7. | "Pasenya Na" | Yeng Constantino | 4:28 |
| 8. | "Pag-Ibig" | Yeng Constantino | 5:21 |
| 9. | "Sandata" | Yeng Constantino | 5:05 |
| 10. | "'Di Pa Huli" | Yeng Constantino | 4:49 |

## Certification

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Philippines (PARI) | Gold | 7,500* |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Country | Release Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Philippines | January 28, 2013 | CD | Star Records |
| | January 25, 2013 | Digital download | |
|

## InfoBox

| Metamorphosis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Yeng Constantino | |
| Released | January 28, 2013 |
| Genre | OPM, Pop |
| Label | Star Music |
| Producer | Raimund Marasigan |
| Yeng Constantino chronology | |
| *Yeng Versions Live*
(2011) ***Metamorphosis***
(2013) *All About Love*
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Metamorphosis* | |
| 1. "B.A.B.A.Y"
Released: January 17, 2013 2. "Chinito"
Released: March 24, 2013 3. "Sandata"
Released: July 3, 2013 4. "Josephine"
Released: July 27, 2013 | |
|  | |


title: Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco

abstract:
Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco for eight-track tape is a musical composition created in 1980 by Jonathan Harvey, with the assistance of Stanley Haynes and Xavier Rodet, commissioned by the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. The two sounds contrasted are the tenor bell at Winchester Cathedral, England and the voice of the composer's son Dominic, at the time a chorister there, both recorded by John Whiting. The text is taken from that written on the bell: Horas Avolantes Numero, Mortuos Plango: Vivos ad Preces Voco. Music V was used to analyze and transform the sounds. The music is 'octophonic', being projected into the auditorium through a cube of eight channels: "the ideal listener is 'inside' the bell, its partials distributed in space; the boy's voice flies around, derived from, yet becoming the bell sound." "The eight sections are based on one of the principal eight lowest partials. Chords are constructed from the repertoire of thirty-three partials [of the bell], and modulations from one area of the spectrum to another are achieved by means of glissandi." The bell's spectrum, though on C, contains F harmonic series partials, "'to curiously thrilling and disturbing effect.'" "Such 'unanalyzable' secondary strike notes are quite common in bells." The organization of the piece, "modulating 'from a bigger bell to a smaller bell,'" may, "be interpreted in a number of ways:"
  - "as a quasi-tonal procedure" ["hierarchies analogous to the traditional western tonal system."]
  - "as an attempt to transfer serial processes to electronic music"
  - "as a 'prolongation' of the initial inharmonic series"
  - "'as different perspectives on an object that is always present'" per Michael Clarke According to Curtis Roads, "Three compositions produced in the 1980s stand as good examples of compositional manipulation of analysis data: Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco (1981) [sic] by Jonathan Harvey, Désintegrations by Tristan Murail, and Digital Moonscapes by Wendy Carlos." Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco is notable both within and without Harvey's career: "it showed the [IRCAM] institute's apparently esoteric research programme could yield music capable of appealing to a wider audience," and it "continues the process, established in the String Quartet, of initiating a work with the detailed investigation of a single sound—in this case the Winchester bell. The crucial difference is that whereas the open D string used as the basis of the earlier work may be heard as a harmonic series, the bell produces a spectrum of partials not harmonically related to one another or to the fundamental c."

text:
# Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco

***Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco*** ("I Mourn the Dead, I Call the Living") for eight-track tape is a musical composition created in 1980 by Jonathan Harvey, with the assistance of Stanley Haynes and Xavier Rodet, commissioned by the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. The two sounds contrasted are the tenor bell at Winchester Cathedral, England and the voice of the composer's son Dominic, at the time a chorister there, both recorded by John Whiting. The text is taken from that written on the bell: *Horas Avolantes Numero, Mortuos Plango: Vivos ad Preces Voco* ("I count the fleeing hours, I lament the dead: the living I call to prayer"). Music V was used to analyze and transform the sounds.

The music is 'octophonic', being projected into the auditorium through a cube of eight channels: "the ideal listener is 'inside' the bell, its partials distributed in space; the boy's voice flies around, derived from, yet becoming the bell sound." "The eight sections are based on one of the principal eight lowest partials. Chords are constructed from the repertoire of thirty-three partials \[of the bell\], and modulations from one area of the spectrum to another are achieved by means of glissandi."

The bell's spectrum, though on C, contains F harmonic series partials, "'to curiously thrilling and disturbing effect.'" "Such 'unanalyzable' secondary strike notes are quite common in bells."

The organization of the piece, "modulating 'from a bigger bell to a smaller bell,'" may, "be interpreted in a number of ways:"

1. "as a quasi-tonal procedure" \["hierarchies analogous to (but distinct from) the traditional western tonal system."\]
2. "as an attempt to transfer serial processes to electronic music"
3. "as a 'prolongation' of the initial inharmonic series"
4. "'as different perspectives on an object that is always present'" per Michael Clarke

According to Curtis Roads, "Three compositions produced in the 1980s stand as good examples of compositional manipulation of analysis data: *Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco* (1981) \[*sic*\] by Jonathan Harvey, *Désintegrations* (1983, Salabert Trajectoires) by Tristan Murail, and *Digital Moonscapes* (1985, CBS/Sony) by Wendy Carlos." *Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco* is notable both within and without Harvey's career: "it showed the \[IRCAM\] institute's apparently esoteric research programme could yield music capable of appealing to a wider audience," and it "continues the process, established in the String Quartet, of initiating a work with the detailed investigation of a single sound—in this case the Winchester bell. The crucial difference is that whereas the open D string used as the basis of the earlier work may be heard as a harmonic series, the bell produces a spectrum of partials not harmonically related to one another or to the fundamental c."

## Sources

## Further reading

* Bossis, Bruno. 2004. "*Mortuos plango, vivos voco* de Jonathan Harvey ou le miroir de la spiritualité". *Musurgia: Analyse et pratique musicales* 11, nos. 1–2:119–44.
* Clarke, Michael. 2006. "Jonathan Harvey's *Mortuos plango, vivos voco*". In *Analytical Methods of Electroacoustic Music*, edited by Mary Simoni, 111–43. Studies on New Music Research. New York, NY: Routledge.
* Georgakī, Anastasia \[Γεωργάκη, Αναστασία\]. 2004. "Η μεταφυσική διάσταση της συνθετικής τραγουδιστής φωνής στο έργο Mortuos Plango-Vivos Voco (J. Harvey, 1980)". Πολυφωνία \[*Polifonia*\], no. 4: (Spring): 58–74.
* Harvey, Jonathan. 1981. "*Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco*: A Realization at IRCAM". *Computer Music Journal* 5, no. 4 (Winter): 22–24.
* Metzer, David Joel. 2009. *Musical Modernism at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century*. Music in the Twentieth Century 26. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51779-9.
* Palmer, John. 2018. "*Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco* by Jonathan Harvey. An aural score, analysis and discussion". '008-MA, 009-MP, 0010-MP. Vision Edition. ISBN 978-0-9931761-3-5. ISMN: 979-0-9002315-4-3, 979-0-9002315-5-0.'
* Tutschku, Hans. 1999. "L'application des paramètres compositionnels au traitement sonore". PhD diss. Paris: Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV): École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.


title: Nicholas Fuller

abstract: Nicholas Fuller was an English Hebraist and philologist.

text:
# Nicholas Fuller

**Nicholas Fuller** (c. 1557  1626) was an English Hebraist and philologist.

## Life

The son of Robert Fuller by his wife Catharine Cresset, he was a native of Hampshire, and was born about 1557. He was sent to schools at Southampton, kept by John Horlock and Adrian Saravia. He entered, in the capacity of secretary, the household of Robert Horne, bishop of Winchester; and on his death through the influence of William Barlow who was Horne's brother-in-law, continued as secretary to John Watson.

On Watson's death in 1584, he determined to live a scholar's life. His means were insufficient for his purpose, but he obtained an appointment as tutor to William and Oliver Wallop, sons of Henry Wallop, and, accompanying them to Oxford, instructed them by day, while he pursued his own studies at night. He was a member of Hart Hall, Oxford and graduated B.A. 30 January 1586, and M.A. 30 March 1590. He found a friend in Robert Abbot, took orders, and was presented to the ill-paid living of Allington in Wiltshire. The duties were light, and Fuller applied himself to the study of languages, especially in their bearing on theology.

He corresponded with foreign scholars, and in 1612 he published at Heidelberg, at Sir Henry Wallop's expense, *Miscellaneorum Theologicorum*. Fuller in 1616 corrected and had printed another at Oxford under his own supervision. To this he added a fourth book and a preface, partly autobiographical. He had in the meantime, 14 October 1612, become a prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral through Henry Cotton. A third edition of the *Miscellaneorum* was published at Leyden in 1622, with the addition of an *Apologia*, a good-humoured reply to Drusius, who had attacked him in his *Notes on the Pentateuch*. Another edition issued in 1650, after Fuller's death, contained two more books. The work was also reprinted in John Pearson's *Critici Sacri.*

Fuller left several manuscripts; his 'Dissertatio de nomine יהוה' was published in Adriaan Reland's *Decas exercitationum philologicarum* (1707). He also compiled a lexicon, which may not have been completed, and was not published. He died in 1626. He is spoken of in high terms of admiration by Buxtorf (*Dissertatio de Nominibus Hebrais*) and by Edward Pocock (*Nota Miscellanea in Portam Mosis*). Thomas Fuller describes him as 'happy in pitching on (not difficult trifles, but) useful difficulties tending to the understanding of scripture,' and adds that 'he was most eminent for humility'. Fuller was married, and had a son and daughter named Michael and Catharine.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Fuller, Nicholas". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Vágs Kappróðrarfelag

abstract: Vágs Kappróðrarfelag is a Faroese rowing club from Vágur in Suðuroy, which was founded in July 1943.

text:
# Vágs Kappróðrarfelag

**Vágs Kappróðrarfelag** (Vágur Rowing Club) is a Faroese rowing club from Vágur in Suðuroy, which was founded in July 1943.

## Boats for Rowing Competitions

Every summer there are several rowing competitions around the islands, starting with the Norðoyastevna in Klaksvík and ending in Tórshavn at the Ólavsøka on 28 July. Vágs Kappróðrarfelag has boats in different sizes. There are competitions for different categories: The children have their own rowing competitions in 5-mannafar. Boys U-18 in 5-mannafar, Girls U-18 in 5-mannafar, Women in 5-mannafar, Men in 6-mannafar, Men in 8-mannafar and Men in 10-mannafar.

### The Boats of Vágs Kappróðrarfelag

**10-mannafar - Boats for 10 Rowers**

**8-mannafar - Boats for 8 Rowers**

* Toftaregin, built in 1934. It was in bad shape some years ago. It was restored by Jóannes í Ósagarð and Asbjørn Muller from Vágur.

**6-mannafar - Boats for 6 Rowers**

**5-mannafar - Boats for 6 Rowers** 5-mannafar has the same number of rowers, but the boats are smaller than 6-mannafar.

## Faroese Champions

Rowing is a very old tradition in the Faroe Islands, and rowing competitions go back a long time. But in the old days it was more for fun and not organized in competitions. In 1973 the regular rowing competitions, which are called Faroese Championships in Rowing (FM) started in the Faroe Islands. The Faroese name for these competitions is FM, short for Føroyameistaraheitið. Since 1973 Vágs Kappróðrarfelag has won 5 Faroese Championships:

* 1980 Vágbingur, 10-mannafør for men.
* 1982 Smyril, 6-mannafør for women.
* 1994 Royndin Fríða, 5-mannafør for boys.
* 2002 Smyril, 6-mannafør for men.
* 2003 Smyril, 6-mannafør for men.


title: Nicolae Panu

abstract: Nicolae Panu is a Moldovan professional football manager and former player. Since September 2015 he is the head coach of Moldovan football club FC Saxan.

text:
# Nicolae Panu

**Nicolae Panu** (born 18 December 1969) is a Moldovan professional football manager and former player. Since September 2015 he is the head coach of Moldovan football club FC Saxan.

## InfoBox

Nicolae Panu
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1969-12-18) 18 December 1969 | | |
| Place of birth | Chişinău, Moldavian SSR | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Managerial career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2015–2016 | FC Saxan | | |
| 2019 | FC Yerevan (assistant) | | |


title: Patsy Ruth Miller

abstract: Patsy Ruth Miller was an American film actress who played Esméralda in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) opposite Lon Chaney.

text:
# Patsy Ruth Miller

**Patsy Ruth Miller** (born **Patricia Ruth Miller**; January 17, 1904 – July 16, 1995) was an American film actress who played Esméralda in *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* (1923) opposite Lon Chaney.

## Early years

Miller, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Oscar W. Miller, was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri. As a girl, she had a screen test in Hollywood, but her mother was advised to take her home because she had no potential to be an actress. She was born Ruth Mae Miller but changed her name to avoid confusion with another actress, Ruth Miller, who was already active in film. She attended Mary Institute in St. Louis.

## Career

After being discovered by actress Alla Nazimova at a Hollywood party, Miller got her first break with a small role in *Camille*, which starred Rudolph Valentino. Her roles gradually improved, and she was chosen as a WAMPAS Baby Star in 1922. In 1923, she was acclaimed for her performance as Esmeralda in *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* opposite Lon Chaney.

In the later part of the decade Miller appeared chiefly in light romantic comedies, opposite such actors as Clive Brook and Edward Everett Horton. Among her film credits in the late 1920s are *Broken Hearts of Hollywood* (1926), *A Hero for a Night* (1927), *Hot Heels* (1928), and *The Aviator* (1929). She retired from films in 1931. She may have attempted a comeback when she appeared on stage in 1933 in "Eve the Fifth" at Harold Lloyd's Beverly Hills Little Theatre for Professionals, although her intentions are not clear. She made a cameo appearance in the 1951 film *Quebec*, which starred John Barrymore Jr., and stated in her autobiography that she had participated as a joke. She came out of retirement to do the film *Mother* in 1978 by Brian Pinette. She later achieved recognition as a writer. She won three O. Henry Awards for her short stories, wrote a novel, radio scripts, and plays. She also performed for a brief time on Broadway.

## Personal life

Miller was married three times. The first two marriages ended in divorce. Her first husband was film director Tay Garnett and the second was screenwriter John Lee Mahin. Her third husband, businessman E. S. Deans, died in 1986. The frequent news about her love life once earned Miller the nickname "the most engaged girl in Hollywood."

## Book

In 1988, MagicImage Filmbooks published Miller's autobiography *My Hollywood: When Both of Us Were Young* (ISBN 978-1593934897). Reviewer Richard Brody of *The New Yorker* called the memoir "a hidden masterwork of the genre".

## Death

Patsy Ruth Miller died at her home at the age of 91 in Palm Desert, California.

## Partial filmography

### Bibliography

* *My Hollywood: When Both of Us Were Young* (autobiography, 1988)
* Carrier, Jeffrey L. "Confessions of a Kept Man, My Strange Friendship with Silent Movie Star Patsy Ruth Miller" ISBN 979-8-8230-1213-3. Author House, 2023. 106 pages, illustrated.
* Carrier, Jeffrey L. "Love, as Always... Esmeralda - Corresponding with Patsy Ruth Miller" ISBN 9798887712918. Bear Manor Media, 2023. 138 pages, illustrated.

## InfoBox

| Patsy Ruth Miller | |
| --- | --- |
| Miller in 1922 | |
| Born | Patricia Ruth Miller
(1904-01-17)January 17, 1904
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | July 16, 1995(1995-07-16) (aged 91)
Palm Desert, California, U.S. |
| Occupations | * Actress * writer |
| Years active | 1921–1978 |
| Spouses | *   Tay Garnett  (m. 1929; div. 1933) *   John Lee Mahin  (m. 1937; div. 1946) *   Effingham Smith Deans  (m. 1951; died 1986) |


title: Ned Cronin

abstract: Edward J. Cronin, was an Irish army officer, senior member of Fine Gael and a leader of the Blueshirts.

text:
# Ned Cronin

**Edward J. Cronin** (10 July 1897 – 1946), was an Irish army officer, senior member of Fine Gael and a leader of the Blueshirts.

## Early life

He was the son of John and Johanna Cronin. One of his children, Noel died in 1930 aged 10 months.

## Career

Cronin fought in the Irish War of Independence. He supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty and joined the National Army of the Free State, he was made a Commandant. During the Civil War Cronin and 47 others in the National Army were forced to surrender to the Anti-Treaty IRA. He remained a part of the National Army after the wars, until 1933.

He was a founding member of the Blueshirts and was made its General secretary. It was Cronin who suggested that they adopt the now iconic blue uniform so that they could recognise each other during riots.

In December 1933, Cronin was arrested and imprisoned for three months on the charges of sedition and membership of an illegal organisation, the Blueshirts having been outlawed by the Fianna Fáil government that summer.

According to the Minister for Justice PJ Ruttledge, In July 1934 Cronin is said to have stated in a speech in Tipperary:

> De Valera has spoken about dictatorship, but I say here tonight, if a dictatorship is necessary for the Irish people, we are going to have one.

Following the merger of Cumann na nGaedheal, the National Centre Party and the Blueshirts into one political party, Cronin was made a co-Vice President of Fine Gael along with W. T. Cosgrave and James Dillon. The Blueshirts were now to act as the youth wing of the new party.

When Eoin O'Duffy, the former leader of the Blueshirts resigned as leader of Fine Gael he attempted to retake his old position. Cronin refused to accept this and the Blueshirts split into two factions, the pro-Cronin faction and the pro-O’Duffy faction.

Cronin opposed the formation of the Irish Brigade for the purposes of fighting in the Spanish Civil War, saying it had as much chance to reach Zaragoza as it did of reaching the Moon.

In October 1936, Fine Gael voted to suspend the Blueshirts indefinitely, effectively axing them and Cronin. Most of Cronin's personal wealth had been tied up in the Blueshirts and following their demise, he emigrated to England to work as a printer. The Taoiseach, John A. Costello, invited him back to serve as an adviser to the government, but he died on the trip over. He was buried in Shandrum, Newtownshandrum, County Cork.

## InfoBox

| Ned Cronin | |
| --- | --- |
| Ned Cronin in blueshirt attire | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 10 July 1897
Charleville, County Cork, Ireland |
| Died | 1946
Shandrum, Newtownshandrum, County Cork, Ireland |
| Political party | Fine Gael |
| Military service | |
| Rank | Commandant |
| Unit |  |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: Richard Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham

abstract: Richard Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham was a British peer and a member of the House of Lords, styled Hon. Richard Howard until 1791.

text:
# Richard Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham

**Richard Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham** (21 February 1748 – 11 December 1816) was a British peer and a member of the House of Lords, styled **Hon. Richard Howard** until 1791.

## Biography

On 21 November 1763, Howard was commissioned a sub-brigadier and cornet in the 1st Troop of Horse Guards, and a brigadier and lieutenant on 21 January 1765. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Steyning from 1784 to 1790. On 29 March 1784, he was appointed Secretary and Comptroller of the Household to Queen Charlotte.

Howard inherited the earldom in 1791 from his brother, Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham. On 7 September 1803, he was appointed Colonel of the Sheffield Regiment of Volunteers, and became Treasurer to the Queen in 1814, dying in 1816. At his death, the Earldom of Effingham became extinct, while his distant cousin Kenneth succeeded him as Baron Howard of Effingham.

* Smith, Henry Stooks (1973) \[1844-1850\], Craig, F. W. S. (ed.), *The Parliaments of England* (2nd ed.), Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services, p. 556, ISBN 0-900178-13-2


title: Thomas Numme

abstract: Thomas Numme is a Norwegian television personality. He was born in Sandefjord, a son of Yngvar Numme, and took media education at Volda University College. He worked in the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation on P3 radio and with juvenile shows before switching to TV 2 in 2003. With Harald Rønneberg, he hosted the first season of Idol in 2003 and then the Friday night show Senkveld. They haves also hosted the Spellemannprisen award show. In 2006 and in 2007, Numme and Rønneberg were awarded the Se og Hør readers' TV personality of the year award. In 2018, they won the "Honorary Prize" at Gullruten.

text:
# Thomas Numme

**Thomas Numme** (born 28 February 1970) is a Norwegian television personality.

He was born in Sandefjord, a son of Yngvar Numme, and took media education at Volda University College. He worked in the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation on P3 radio and with juvenile shows before switching to TV 2 in 2003. With Harald Rønneberg, he hosted the first season of *Idol* in 2003 and then the Friday night show *Senkveld*. They haves also hosted the *Spellemannprisen* award show.

In 2006 and in 2007, Numme and Rønneberg were awarded the *Se og Hør* readers' TV personality of the year award. In 2018, they won the "Honorary Prize" at Gullruten.


title: Totea gas field

abstract: The Totea gas field is a natural gas field located in Licurici, Gorj County, Romania. When discovered in 2011, it was the largest gas deposit found in the country since 2005, with initial total proven reserves of around 360 billion ft⁳ (10 km⁳). Petrom developed the field, beginning production of natural gas and condensates in 2012 at a rate of 16.9 million ft⁳/day (0.48×10⁵ m⁳).

text:
# Totea gas field

The **Totea gas field** is a natural gas field located in Licurici, Gorj County, Romania. When discovered in 2011, it was the largest gas deposit found in the country since 2005, with initial total proven reserves of around 360 billion ft3 (10 km3). Petrom developed the field, beginning production of natural gas and condensates in 2012 at a rate of 16.9 million ft3/day (0.48×105 m3).

## Pipe string drilling record

In 2013, a world record in pipe string drilling was set at the Totea gas field. The record was certified by Odfjell Well Services for the Totea 4545 borehole, which was drilled with the 20 inches (51 centimetres) core to a depth of 505 m (1,657 ft) in the Totea Deep field in Oltenia. This was the first phase of drilling well 4545, whose estimated total depth is 3,500 m (11,500 ft).

## Decline

Over several years, the Totea field was one of the most productive in Petrom's portfolio. But as with any oil and gas field, Totea went into decline after reaching its production plateau in 2017. Things changed in 2018, when a new well was dug, with a depth of 4,300 m (14,100 ft); investments in the new well and related infrastructure amounted to about 50 million. The well was successfully tested in April 2019, with an output of up to 0.5×106 m3/d (1.8×107 cu ft/d). Natural gas from Totea is transported through 25 km (16 mi) of pipelines to the Hurezani hub to be treated and then delivered to the Romanian transmission system.

## 2023 earthquakes

In 2023, Gorj County was rocked by earthquakes for six consecutive days, representing the most intense seismic activity in the last 200 years in the region (see *List of earthquakes in Romania*). Some experts were amazed by the events, considering that the region was previously known as an earthquake-free area. A theory began to circulate among the locals that these earthquakes were caused by the deep well drilling (coupled perhaps with fracking) at the Totea gas field. These rumors have not been substantiated, with USR MP Radu-Dinel Miruță denying the use of fracking in the ToteaHurezani region, and others declaring those rumors to be fake news.

## InfoBox

| Totea | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Romania |
| Region | Gorj County |
| Offshore/onshore | onshore |
| Operator | Petrom |
| Field history | |
| Discovery | 2011 |
| Start of development | 2011 |
| Start of production | 2012 |
| Production | |
| Current production of gas | 480×10~~^~~3 m3/d
16.9×10~~^~~6 cu ft/d 0.17×10~~^~~9 m3/a (6.0×10~~^~~9 cu ft/a) |
| Estimated gas in place | 10×10~~^~~9 m3
360×10~~^~~9 cu ft |


title: Van Zandt County Courthouse

abstract: Van Zandt County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Canton, Texas. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Van Zandt County Courthouse

**Van Zandt County Courthouse** is a historic courthouse in Canton, Texas. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## History

There have been six courthouses serving Van Zandt County. The first courthouse, in Jordan's Saline, was constructed in 1848 in a Greek Revival style. The second courthouse, constructed in 1850, was a log cabin in Canton. The third courthouse was a brick structure built in 1859, also in Canton. The fourth courthouse was a two-story structure built in 1873 in Canton. The fifth courthouse was a brick building constructed in a Richardsonian Romanesque style in 1896 in Canton. It was razed to make room for a new courthouse in 1925.

The sixth and current Van Zandt County Courthouse was built from 1936 to 1937 using special county funds and a grant from the federal Public Works Administration. The building was designed by Voelcker & Dixon in an Art Deco style.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Van Zandt County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location of Van Zandt County Courthouse | |
| Location | 121 E. Dallas St., Canton, Texas |
| Coordinates | 32°33′22″N 95°51′47″W / 32.556215°N 95.863074°W / 32.556215; -95.863074 (Van Zandt County Courthouse) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1937 (1937) |
| Architect | Voelcker & Dixon |
| Architectural style | Art Deco |
| NRHP reference No. | 100000698 |
| Added to NRHP | August 18, 1977 |


title: Nidderdale National Landscape

abstract: The Nidderdale National Landscape is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in North Yorkshire, England, bordering the Yorkshire Dales National Park to the east and south. It comprises most of Nidderdale itself, part of lower Wharfedale, the Washburn valley and part of lower Wensleydale, including Jervaulx Abbey and the side valleys west of the River Ure. It covers a total area of 233 square miles (600 km⁲). The highest point in the Nidderdale AONB is Great Whernside, 704 metres (2,310 ft) above sea level, on the border with the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The area is said to contain "remains from over 6,000 years of human activity"; there is evidence of "almost continuous settlement over this time with the exception of the Roman period for which evidence is scanty". According to the AONB, the area "is home to a diverse range of wildlife, important habitats and over 16,000 people". The only town within the AONB is Pateley Bridge in Nidderdale, one of the Yorkshire Dales. Otley and Ilkley lie just to the south of the AONB, and Masham and Ripon are just to the east.

text:
# Nidderdale National Landscape

The **Nidderdale National Landscape** is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in North Yorkshire, England, bordering the Yorkshire Dales National Park to the east and south. It comprises most of Nidderdale itself, part of lower Wharfedale, the Washburn valley and part of lower Wensleydale, including Jervaulx Abbey and the side valleys west of the River Ure. It covers a total area of 233 square miles (600 km2). The highest point in the Nidderdale AONB is Great Whernside, 704 metres (2,310 ft) above sea level, on the border with the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

The area is said to contain "remains from over 6,000 years of human activity"; there is evidence of "almost continuous settlement over this time with the exception of the Roman period for which evidence is scanty".

According to the AONB, the area "is home to a diverse range of wildlife, important habitats and over 16,000 people". The only town within the AONB is Pateley Bridge in Nidderdale, one of the Yorkshire Dales. Otley and Ilkley lie just to the south of the AONB, and Masham and Ripon are just to the east.

## History

In 1947, when the Hobhouse Report recommended the creation of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, it proposed that Nidderdale should be excluded and given a different conservation status. Accordingly, Nidderdale was not included in the National Park when it was designated in 1954. In 1963 the then West Riding County Council proposed that Nidderdale should be added to the National Park, but the proposal met with opposition from the district councils which would have lost some of their powers to the county council. The West Riding National Park Committee, and its successor the Yorkshire Dales National Park Committee, did not entirely abandon the idea until 1988, when the alternative AONB designation was proposed.

The eastern boundary of the National Park had been set at East Witton, as recommended by the Hobhouse Report. The section of Wensleydale below East Witton had not been considered for national park status, but was added to the new AONB. Similarly, the new AONB also included the Washburn Valley and the area of lower Wharfedale between the Washburn Valley and the National Park, which had not been considered for national park status. The AONB was designated in 1994 with its current boundaries.

## Geography

### Nidderdale

The AONB includes all of Nidderdale except a small area in the lower dale around Hampsthwaite. In the lower dale, below Pateley Bridge, attractions include Brimham Rocks and the Coldstones Cut. In the less populated upper dale there are a series of reservoirs, Gouthwaite Reservoir (a nature reserve), Scar House Reservoir and at the very top of the dale Angram Reservoir, dominated by Great Whernside and Little Whernside.

### Lower Wharfedale and the Washburn Valley

The southern part of the AONB includes the reservoirs of the Washburn Valley, Lindley Wood, Swinsty, Fewston and Thruscross.

### Lower Wensleydale and side valleys

The eastern part of the AONB includes the valleys of the River Burn (including Colsterdale), River Laver and River Skell. Fountains Abbey and Jervaulx Abbey both lie within the AONB, and Hackfall Wood is on the south bank of the River Ure.

Overlooking Lower Wharfedale just North of Otley (which is to the left). Ilkley Moor is in the background

## Tourism

The AONB can be reached by bus from Harrogate to Pateley Bridge, by train to Harrogate, and by highway: "A1(M) and the A61 to the east, and the A65, A59, M65 and M62 to the south".

The AONB supports the tourism sector in line with the Dales Tourism Strategy & Action Plan for sustainable tourism. In 2013, revenue from tourism within the area was just under £35 million plus "indirect expenditure" by visitors of about £20 million.

Walking is a popular activity. The AONB Web site provides directions for popular walks, but also offers information on canoeing and kayaking, caving, climbing, cycling, fishing and horse riding. Three long-distance trails traverse the AONB, the Nidderdale Way up and down Nidderdale from south east to north west, the Six Dales Trail from Otley in the south to Wensleydale in the north, and the Yorkshire Heritage Way from Wharfedale in the south to Ripon in the north. Upper Nidderdale is a popular area for mountain biking, and caving takes place in the Upper Nidderdale caves.

The grouse moors on the higher land offer some of the best shooting in the United Kingdom. One source states that grouse shooting is primarily an activity for the wealthy; in 2008, the activity contributed "more than £600,000 in wages for people such as gamekeepers and beaters, £250,000 to local businesses such as pubs and guest houses, and around £1.75million for land management". The season in 2020 ran from 12 August to 10 December.

## Governance

Like most AONBs, and unlike national parks, the Nidderdale AONB is managed by local authorities through the Joint Advisory Committee, "a partnership organisation made up of elected representatives from the local authority and parish councils, and representatives from landowning and community interest groups". A small team based at Pateley Bridge reports to the JAC.

The entire AONB is within North Yorkshire, and since 1 April 2023 North Yorkshire Council has been lead authority for the AONB. Almost all of Nidderdale AONB is within the area of the former Borough of Harrogate. Small areas of land to the north are within the former Richmondshire and Hambleton districts.

## InfoBox

| Nidderdale National Landscape | |
| --- | --- |
| Upper Nidderdale and Great Whernside | |
| Location of the Nidderdale AONB in England | |
| Location | North Yorkshire, England |
| Nearest town | Harrogate |
| Coordinates | 54°05′12″N 1°45′28″W / 54.086688°N 1.757728°W / 54.086688; -1.757728 |
| Area | 233 sq mi (600 km2) |
| Established | 1994 |
| Website | http://www.nidderdaleaonb.org.uk |


title: Niezabitów-Kolonia

abstract: Niezabitów-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poniatowa, within Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Niezabitów-Kolonia

**Niezabitów-Kolonia** \[ɲɛzaˈbituf kɔˈlɔɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poniatowa, within Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Niezabitów-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Niezabitów-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 51°14′43″N 22°06′30″E / 51.24528°N 22.10833°E / 51.24528; 22.10833 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Opole Lubelskie |
| Gmina | Poniatowa |


title: James H. Nicholas

abstract: James Hamilton Nicholas was a yeoman, early settler of Wayne County, Georgia, American Civil War Confederate Private and a Georgia General Assembly delegate of the Screven, Georgia, district to the state convention in 1892. Nicholas was the biological grandfather of Anne Nichols.

text:
# James H. Nicholas

**James Hamilton Nicholas** (August 6, 1832 – May 13, 1910) was a yeoman, early settler of Wayne County, Georgia, American Civil War Confederate Private and a Georgia General Assembly delegate of the Screven, Georgia, district to the state convention in 1892.

Nicholas was the biological grandfather of Anne Nichols.

## Early life

James Hamilton Nicholas was born on August 6, 1832, to Susannah and Jonathan Nicholas in Appling County, Georgia. Jonathan is posthumously called Jonathan Nicholas Jr. in contemporary genealogical records. In Edgefield, South Carolina Jonathan first began his career as a school teacher. Jonathan was married to Rachel Blackburn in 1815 but separated in 1817. He subsequently married Susannah Harden in 1819 and together had nine children including James. He moved his family to Appling County, Georgia, in the 1850s where he continued to be a school teacher. He died in 1859 Jonathan at 71 years old and was buried with his father Jonathan Nicholas in Morris County, New Jersey.

## Civil War

Nicholas enlisted in the Confederate States Army as a private on October 3, 1861, in the American Civil War along with his brothers Josiah and William. He was first with Company A, 1st Regiment, 1st Brigade of the Georgia State Troops, but mustered out of the Georgia State Troops on April 3, 1862, and enlisted in Company K, 54th Georgia Regiment in the Confederate States Army on May 16, 1862. A few months after enlisting in Company K he was discharged because of an unknown disability. He was later wounded in the shoulder at the Battle of Atlanta and surrendered in Tallahassee, Florida, on May 10, 1865. Josiah deserted Company K on April 23, 1862, near Savannah, Georgia, and was never heard from again.

## Wayne County

Nicholas married Sarah Hopps; they had nine children: Daniel, Francis, Alexander, William, Henry, Carrabella, Stephen, Mary and John. The family resided in Dales Mill near Jesup in Wayne County, Georgia, as a farmer.

In 1868 Nicholas had an affair with a local woman, Martha Bennett, that resulted in a son born in 1869 named George. Nicholas had served in Company K with Martha's husband William Bennett but he was killed in Charleston, South Carolina. Nicholas' wife Fannie most likely knew about the affair and one year after George was weaned Fannie managed to adopt the child as part of the Nicholas family. In 1889 George had a daughter named Anne Nichols in Dales Mill whom became a famous playwright notable for her work Abie's Irish Rose.

In 1892 Nicholas was appointed as a delegate to the 1217th district in Screven, Georgia, of Wayne County, Georgia, for the Democratic Party. Nicholas and selected delegates at the state convention selected representatives for Georgia to be sent to the 1892 Democratic National Convention in support of Grover Cleveland for the 1892 United States presidential election.

On August 9, 1910, Nicholas died at 77 years old in Screven, Georgia. His son Alexander Stephens Nicholas, named after Alexander H. Stephens, became the executor of his estate upon his death.

## InfoBox

| James Nicholas | |
| --- | --- |
| James in the 1880s. | |
| Born | August 6, 1832
Appling County, Georgia |
| Died | May 13, 1910 (aged 77)
Screven, Georgia |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Fannie Hopps |
| Children | 9 |
| Parent(s) | Jonathan Nicholas Jr.
Susannah Nicholas |
| Relatives | Leslie R. Nicholas (grandson)
Anne Nichols (granddaughter)
Jonathan Nicholas (grandfather) |