title: Henry Winter Davis

abstract: Henry Winter Davis was a United States Representative from the 4th and 3rd congressional districts of Maryland, well known as one of the Radical Republicans during the Civil War. He was the driving force behind the abolition of slavery in Maryland in 1864, and it was largely because of him that Maryland did not secede.

text:
# Henry Winter Davis

**Henry Winter Davis** (August 16, 1817  December 30, 1865) was a United States Representative from the 4th and 3rd congressional districts of Maryland, well known as one of the Radical Republicans during the Civil War. He was the driving force behind the abolition of slavery in Maryland in 1864, and it was largely because of him that Maryland did not secede.

## Early life and career

Henry Winter Davis was born in Annapolis, Maryland on August 16, 1817. His father, the Reverend Henry Lyon Davis (1775–1836), was a prominent Maryland Episcopal clergyman, and was for some years president of St John's College at Annapolis. The son graduated at Kenyon College at Gambier, Ohio in 1837, and from the law department of the University of Virginia in 1841, and began the practice of law in Alexandria, Virginia, but in 1850 removed to Baltimore, Maryland, where he won a high position at the bar.

He wrote an elaborate political work entitled *The War of Ormuzd and Ahriman in the Nineteenth Century* (1853), in which he described the American Republic and the Russian Empire as the ultimate opponents in the struggles of humanity; it also dismissed the Southern contention that slavery was a divine institution.

## Career in Congress

Early becoming imbued with strong anti-slavery views, though by inheritance he was himself a slaveholder. He began political life as a Whig. After the Whig Party disintegrated, he became a Know Nothing, and served as a member of the Know Nothing–influenced American Party in the House of Representatives from 1855 to 1861. In 1856 he told Congress the unamerican Irish Catholic immigrants were to blame for the election of Democrat James Buchanan, stating:

> The recent election has developed in an aggravated form every evil against which the American party protested. Foreign allies have decided the government of the country -- men naturalized in thousands on the eve of the election. Again in the fierce struggle for supremacy, men have forgotten the ban which the Republic puts on the intrusion of religious influence on the political arena. These influences have brought vast multitudes of foreign-born citizens to the polls, ignorant of American interests, without American feelings, influenced by foreign sympathies, to vote on American affairs; and those votes have, in point of fact, accomplished the present result.

In the contest over the speakership at the opening of the 36th United States Congress in 1859 he voted with the Republicans, incurring a vote of censure from the Maryland Legislature, which called upon him to resign.

In the 1860 presidential election, not yet ready to become a Republican, he declined to be a candidate for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States, instead supported the Constitutional Union ticket of John Bell and Edward Everett. Defeated that year for reelection to Congress, in the winter of 1860 and 1861―between the secession of some Southern states and the beginning of the Civil War with the assault on Fort Sumter―Davis was involved in compromise measures.

After Abraham Lincoln was elected and the Civil War began, Davis emerged as the leader of Maryland's Unconditional Unionists. He was re-elected in 1862 to the U.S. House of Representatives and quickly aligned himself with the Radical Republicans.

From December 1863 to March 1865 Davis served as chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In 1864, unwilling to leave the delicate questions concerning the French intervention in Mexico entirely in the hands of President Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward, Davis brought in a report very hostile to France, which was adopted by the House but not by the Senate.

With other congressional Radicals, Davis was a bitter opponent of Lincoln's plan for the Reconstruction of the Southern states, which he thought too lenient. On February 15, 1864, he reported from committee a bill (known as the Wade–Davis Bill, after Davis and Senator Benjamin Wade) which would place the process of Reconstruction under the control of Congress, and stipulated that the Confederate states, as a condition of being re-admitted to the Union, would disfranchise all important civil and military officers of the Confederacy, abolish slavery, and repudiate all debts incurred by or with the sanction of the Confederate government. In his speech supporting this measure, Davis declared that until Congress should recognize a government established under its auspices, there was no government in the rebel states save the authority of Congress. The bill, the first formal expression by Congress with regard to Reconstruction, did not pass both Houses until the closing hours of the session, on July 2, 1864.

President Lincoln disapproved of the bill, and as he did not sign it, it did not become law; on July 8, Lincoln issued a proclamation defining his position. Soon afterward, on August 4, 1864, Davis joined Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio, who had piloted the bill through the Senate, in issuing a manifesto, "To the Supporters of the Government," which violently denounced President Lincoln for encroaching on the domain of Congress and insinuated that the presidential policy would leave slavery unimpaired in the reconstructed states.

In a debate in Congress some months later he declared, "When I came into Congress ten years ago this was a government of law. I have lived to see it a government of personal will." He was one of the radical leaders who preferred John C. Frémont to Lincoln in the 1864 election, but subsequently withdrew his opposition and supported the President for re-election. He early favored the enlistment of African-Americans, and in July 1865 publicly advocated the extension of the suffrage to them. He was not a candidate for re-election to Congress in 1864. On Election Night, 1864, during a discussion, Lincoln said: "It has seemed to me recently that Winter Davis was growing more sensible to his own true interests and has ceased wasting his time by attacking me. I hope for his own good he has. He has been very malicious against me but has only injured himself by it. His conduct has been very strange to me. I came here, his friend, wishing to continue so. I had heard nothing but good of him; he was the cousin of my intimate friend Judge Davis. But he had scarcely been elected when I began to learn of his attacking me on all possible occasions."

Davis died in Baltimore on December 30, 1865. His remains were interred in Greenmount Cemetery.

Henry W. Davis was a cousin of David Davis, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and later a U.S. Senator from Illinois. He was also a first cousin of Brevet Brigadier General Moses B. Walker who served as an associate justice of the Texas Supreme Court.

## Bibliography

* *The Speeches of Henry Winter Davis* (New York, 1867), to which is prefixed an oration on his life and character delivered in the House of Representatives by Senator John A. J. Creswell of Maryland.
* Tracy Matthew Melton, *Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854-1860*, Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society (2005). Details political activities in Davis' district during his tenure as an American Party congressman. A great deal of information on Davis is included in the narrative.

## Further reading

* Jean H. Baker (1977), *Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland*, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
* Henig, Gerald S. "Henry Winter Davis and the Speakership Contest of 1859–1860." *Maryland Historical Magazine* (1973) 68#1 pp 1–19. online
* Henig, Gerald S. *Henry Winter Davis: Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland* (1973) scholarly biography

## InfoBox

| Henry Winter Davis | |
| --- | --- |
| c. 1860–1865 | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 3rd district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1863  March 3, 1865 | |
| Preceded by | Cornelius Lawrence Ludlow Leary |
| Succeeded by | Charles Edward Phelps |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 4th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1855  March 3, 1861 | |
| Preceded by | William Thomas Hamilton |
| Succeeded by | Henry May |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1817-08-16)August 16, 1817
Annapolis, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | December 30, 1865(1865-12-30) (aged 48)
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Political party | Whig (before 1855)
Know Nothing (1855–61)
Union (1861–63)
Unconditional Union (1863–65) |
| Alma mater | Kenyon College
University of Virginia |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Time in Bosnia and Herzegovina

abstract: Bosnia and Herzegovina uses a single time zone, denoted as Central European Time. It also observes summer time, shifting to Central European Summer Time. The shift to Daylight Saving Time (DST) occurs on the date as specified for the European Summer Time since 1983, when the system was introduced in the former SFR Yugoslavia.

text:
# Time in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina uses a single time zone, denoted as Central European Time (CET: UTC+01:00). It also observes summer time, shifting to Central European Summer Time (CEST: UTC+02:00).

The shift to Daylight Saving Time (DST) occurs on the date as specified for the European Summer Time since 1983, when the system was introduced in the former SFR Yugoslavia.

## IANA time zone database

The IANA time zone database contains one zone for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the file zone.tab, named Europe/Sarajevo.


title: Amanda Boyden

abstract: Amanda Boyden is an American novelist. Born in Northern Minnesota and raised in Chicago and St. Louis, she studied creative writing at the University of New Orleans, where she and her ex-husband, Canadian writer Joseph Boyden, were faculty members until 2012. In addition to writing, Amanda Boyden is a trapeze artist who founded Aerialists, Inc., her own all-female troupe, and performed as Lady Hummingbird.

text:
# Amanda Boyden

**Amanda Boyden** is an American novelist.

Born in Northern Minnesota and raised in Chicago and St. Louis, she studied creative writing at the University of New Orleans, where she and her ex-husband, Canadian writer Joseph Boyden, were faculty members until 2012. In addition to writing, Amanda Boyden is a trapeze artist who founded Aerialists, Inc., her own all-female troupe, and performed as Lady Hummingbird.

## Works

* *Pretty Little Dirty* (2006)
* *Babylon Rolling* (2008)
* *I got the dog* (2020)


title: Vendeuil

abstract: Vendeuil is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Vendeuil

**Vendeuil** (French pronunciation: \[vɑ̃dœj\]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 931 |  |
| 1968 | 956 | +2.7% |
| 1975 | 883 | −7.6% |
| 1982 | 867 | −1.8% |
| 1990 | 881 | +1.6% |
| 1999 | 856 | −2.8% |
| 2008 | 908 | +6.1% |

## InfoBox

| Vendeuil | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The road into Vendeuil | |
|  | |
| Location of Vendeuil | |
| VendeuilVendeuil | |
| Coordinates: 49°43′00″N 3°21′09″E / 49.7167°N 3.3525°E / 49.7167; 3.3525 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Aisne |
| Arrondissement | Saint-Quentin |
| Canton | Ribemont |
| Intercommunality | Val de l'Oise |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | André Da Fonseca |
| Area**1** | 14.45 km2 (5.58 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 926 |
| Density | 64/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 02775 /02800 |
| Elevation | 49–112 m (161–367 ft)
(avg. 76 m or 249 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Michael Mandel (law professor)

abstract: Michael Mandel was a Canadian legal academic, specializing in criminal law with a particular interest in criminal sentencing and legal theory. He was the author of the 2005 book How America Gets Away With Murder.

text:
# Michael Mandel (law professor)

**Michael Mandel** (May 6, 1948 – October 27, 2013) was a Canadian legal academic, specializing in criminal law with a particular interest in criminal sentencing and legal theory.

He was the author of the 2005 book *How America Gets Away With Murder.*

## Education

Mandel graduated from Osgoode with his LL.B. and the silver medal. Mandel also had a B.C.L. from Oxford, where he studied under the late renowned legal scholar Ronald Dworkin.

## Career

Mandel was a part of Osgoode Hall Law School's faculty from 1974 until 2013.

In 1999, during the NATO bombing of Serbia, Mandel filed a formal complaint of NATO war crimes with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), charging 67 NATO leaders with war crimes. Mandel's submissions were dismissed by the tribunal. He was anti-war and suggested that US President George W. Bush be banned from entering Canada because of the American invasion of Iraq. He was also a critic of the *Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms*, and opposed Zionist settlements in the West Bank and Gaza.

## Publications

* Michael Mandel, *How America Gets Away with Murder: Illegal Wars, Collateral Damage and Crimes Against Humanity*, Pluto Press, 2004 (ISBN 0745321518)
* Michael Mandel, *Charter of Rights and The Legalization of Politics in Canada: Revised, Updated and Expanded*, Thompson Educational Publishing, 1994 (ISBN 1550770500)

## InfoBox

| Michael Mandel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1948-05-06)May 6, 1948<br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | October 27, 2013(2013-10-27) (aged 65) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater |  |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | Osgoode Hall Law School |
|  | |


title: Niya Butts

abstract: Niya Denise Butts is an American women's college basketball coach, currently associate head coach at the University of Kentucky. She is the former head coach at the University of Arizona. As a player, she was a part of two national championships at the University of Tennessee. Butts, a 6'0" forward from Americus, Georgia, played college basketball for Hall of Fame coach Pat Summitt at Tennessee from 1996 to 2000. She was a reserve for the Lady Vols, averaging 2.3 points and 1.2 rebounds per game, but was a part of National Championship teams in both 1997 and 1998. She was also a three-time Southeastern Conference All-Academic selection. Following the close of her playing career, Butts entered the coaching ranks by taking an assistant coach role at Tennessee Tech in 2000. After two years there, she spent a season at Michigan State, then moved to the University of Kentucky as an assistant for head coach Mickie DeMoss. She was promoted to associate head coach for the 2007–08 season. In 2008, she was named the first African-American head women's basketball coach at Arizona. On March 4, 2016, she coached her last game for Arizona at the Pac-12 tournament. On May 14, 2016, the University of Kentucky announced that Butts would be returning to the women's basketball program as an assistant coach under head coach Matthew Mitchell.

text:
# Niya Butts

**Niya Denise Butts** (born January 10, 1978) is an American women's college basketball coach, currently associate head coach at the University of Kentucky. She is the former head coach at the University of Arizona. As a player, she was a part of two national championships at the University of Tennessee.

Butts, a 6'0" forward from Americus, Georgia, played college basketball for Hall of Fame coach Pat Summitt at Tennessee from 1996 to 2000. She was a reserve for the Lady Vols, averaging 2.3 points and 1.2 rebounds per game, but was a part of National Championship teams in both 1997 and 1998. She was also a three-time Southeastern Conference All-Academic selection.

Following the close of her playing career, Butts entered the coaching ranks by taking an assistant coach role at Tennessee Tech in 2000. After two years there, she spent a season at Michigan State, then moved to the University of Kentucky as an assistant for head coach Mickie DeMoss. She was promoted to associate head coach for the 2007–08 season.

In 2008, she was named the first African-American head women's basketball coach at Arizona. On March 4, 2016, she coached her last game for Arizona at the Pac-12 tournament.

On May 14, 2016, the University of Kentucky announced that Butts would be returning to the women's basketball program as an assistant coach under head coach Matthew Mitchell.

## Head Coaching Record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Arizona**  *(Pac-12 Conference)* (2008–present) | | | | | | | | |
| 2008–09 | Arizona | 12–19 | 4–14 | T–8th |  |
| 2009–10 | Arizona | 14–17 | 6–12 | 8th |  |
| 2010–11 | Arizona | 21–12 | 10–8 | T–4th | WNIT First Round |
| 2011–12 | Arizona | 15–17 | 3–15 | 12th |  |
| 2012–13 | Arizona | 12–18 | 4–14 | T–11th |  |
| 2013–14 | Arizona | 5–25 | 1–17 | 12th |  |
| 2014–15 | Arizona | 10–20 | 3–15 | T–11th |  |
| 2015–16 | Arizona | 13–19 | 3–15 | 11th |  |
| **Arizona:** | | 102–147 (.410) | 34–110 (.236) |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 102–147 (.410) |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Niya Butts
| Current position | |
| --- | --- |
| Title | Associate head coach |
| Team | Kentucky |
| Conference | SEC |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1978-01-10) January 10, 1978
Americus, Georgia |
| Playing career | |
| 1996–2000 | Tennessee |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Forward |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 2000–2002 | Tennessee Tech (asst.) |
| 2002–2003 | Michigan State (asst.) |
| 2003–2008 | Kentucky (asst.) |
| 2008–2016 | Arizona |
| 2016–present | Kentucky (asst.) |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 102–147 (.410) |
|  | |


title: NSU Quick 50

abstract: The NSU Quick 50 was a light motorcycle manufactured by NSU Motorenwerke AG. NSU started producing the Quick 50 in Neckarsulm, Germany in 1962. 9,323 Quick 50 motorcycles were built before NSU stopped manufacturing motorcycles in 1965. Having produced bikes and automobiles since 1873, NSU was purchased by Volkswagen and was merged with Auto Union in 1969 to create Audi. To this day NSU bikes are sought as collectors' pieces, and for some still serve as functioning modes of transportation.

text:
# NSU Quick 50

The **NSU Quick 50** was a light motorcycle manufactured by NSU Motorenwerke AG. NSU started producing the Quick 50 in Neckarsulm, Germany in 1962. 9,323 Quick 50 motorcycles were built before NSU stopped manufacturing motorcycles in 1965. Having produced bikes and automobiles since 1873, NSU was purchased by Volkswagen and was merged with Auto Union in 1969 to create Audi. To this day NSU bikes are sought as collectors' pieces, and for some still serve as functioning modes of transportation.

## Quickly models

The Quick 50 was released around the same time as the Quickly-N-23. Both came as successors to a long line of lightweight bikes that started with the Quickly-N in 1953, which sold under 10,000 models in 1953, over 100,000 models in 1954 and over 200,000 models in 1955. The Quickly-N was followed by the Quickly-L, the Quickly-Cavalino, the Quickly TT and the Quickly S; together, these variations sold close to 800,000 models. The Quickly-N-23 was the last variation made by NSU that resembled the previous variations. The Quick 50 was the last motorcycle built by NSU after a 12 year run that produced over 1.1 million bikes in Quickly variations.

## Quick-50 specs

While the Quickly-N-23 was a reworking of the previous models the Quick 50 was the last new design from NSU. Despite the new design the frame of the Quick 50 was developed from the frame previously used in the NSU Quickly TT. With 12 years of experience creating and releasing new motorcycles into the market NSU had gauged what was vital to the performance of the motorcycle and what was not. Outside of the frame, the Quick 50 varied vastly from the other bikes produced by NSU. The engine differed in stroke (50 cc, two stroke), displacement (50 ccm), and compression ratio (0.0536 HP/kg), and delivered power through a four-speed transmission which reached velocities of up to 45 miles per hour.

The Quick 50 engine did not have pedals. As a result, the Quick 50 was not considered to be a moped in countries whose legal definition of a moped included the presence of pedals, as Germany's did. However, the moped market in the UK was booming and the company made a lot of sales to their friends to the West.

## InfoBox

NSU Quick 50
| Manufacturer | NSU Motorenwerke AG |
| --- | --- |
| Production | 1962 - 1965 |
| Predecessor | NSU Quickly |
| Class | Moped / light motorcycle |
| Engine | 50 cc (3.1 cu in) two-stroke single |
| Top speed | 70 km/h (43 mph) |
| Power | 4.3 PS (3.2 kW) |
| Transmission | 4 speed manual, foot-shift |
| Suspension | Front: leading link with twin shocks
Rear: swingarm with twin shocks |
| Brakes | 125 mm (4.9 in) single leading shoe drum, front and rear |
| Tires | 23 x 2.50 front and rear |
| Wheelbase | 49 in (1,245 mm) |
| Dimensions | L: 1,860 mm (73.2 in)
W: 600 mm (23.6 in)
H: 930 mm (36.6 in)
 |
| Seat height | 31 in (787 mm) |
| Weight | 80 kg (176 lb) (dry)
 |
| Fuel capacity | 11.8 L (3.1 US gal) |
| Oil capacity | 1:25 mixture with petrol |
| Related | NSU Quickly TT/K |


title: Henry B. Quinby

abstract: Henry Brewer Quinby was an American physician, businessman, and Republican politician in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. He was the 52nd governor of New Hampshire from 1909 to 1911 and served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives and the New Hampshire Senate.

text:
# Henry B. Quinby

**Henry Brewer Quinby** (June 10, 1846 – February 8, 1924) was an American physician, businessman, and Republican politician in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. He was the 52nd governor of New Hampshire from 1909 to 1911 and served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives and the New Hampshire Senate.

## Early life

Quinby was born in Biddeford, Maine to Thomas and Jane E. (Brewer) Quinby. He earned a bachelor's degree from Bowdoin College in 1869 and an A.M. degree from Bowdoin in 1872. In 1880, he graduated from the National Medical College in Washington, D.C.

## Political career

He served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1887 to 1888 and in the New Hampshire Senate from 1889 to 1890. He was on the New Hampshire Executive Council in 1891 and 1892. In 1893, he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention. Quinby was chairman of the 1896 State Republican Convention.

He was elected as a Republican candidate to the office of governor in 1908. After leaving office, he retired from politics.

He died in 1924 in New York City.

## Personal life

On June 22, 1870, Quinby married Octavia M. Cole and they had two children, Henry Cole Quinby and Candace Ellen Quinby.

## InfoBox

| Henry Brewer Quinby | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 52nd Governor of New Hampshire | |
| **In office**
January 7, 1909  January 5, 1911 | |
| Preceded by | Charles M. Floyd |
| Succeeded by | Robert P. Bass |
| Member of the Executive Council of New Hampshire | |
| **In office**
1891–1892 | |
| Member of the New Hampshire Senate | |
| **In office**
1889–1890 | |
| Member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1887–1888 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1846-06-10)June 10, 1846
Biddeford, Maine, U.S. |
| Died | February 8, 1924(1924-02-08) (aged 77)
New York, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Octavia M. Cole |
| Children | Henry Cole Quinby
Candace Ellen Quinby |
| Alma mater | Bowdoin College, A.B., 1869
Bowdoin College, A.M., 1872
National Medical College, 1880 |
| Profession | Physician
Businessman
Politician |
|  | |


title: Riley the Cop

abstract: Riley the Cop is a 1928 American synchronized sound comedy film directed by John Ford. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using the sound-on-film movietone process.

text:
# Riley the Cop

***Riley the Cop*** is a 1928 American synchronized sound comedy film directed by John Ford. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using the sound-on-film movietone process.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Riley the Cop | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | John Ford (uncredited) |
| Written by | Fred Stanley
James Gruen |
| Produced by | John Ford |
| Starring | J. Farrell MacDonald
Nancy Drexel |
| Cinematography | Charles G. Clarke |
| Edited by | Alex Troffey |
| Distributed by | Fox Film Corporation |
| Release date | * November 25, 1928 (1928-11-25) |
| Running time | 68 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Sound (Synchronized)
(English Intertitles) |


title: Tini Vorster

abstract: Tini Vorster was the wife of South Africa's Prime Minister and State President John Vorster. Martini Steyn Malan was born in Worcester and married future Prime Minister and State President John Vorster in 1941. They had three children: a daughter Elsa, and two sons, Willem and Pieter. Pieter died of chickenpox at the age of 31. Tini was South Africa's first registered female social worker. In 1978, she received an honorary doctorate from Potchefstroom University for her social service and research about Groote Schuur, the official Cape residence of South Africa's prime ministers between 1910 and 1984. In 1990, she received the D.F. Malan medal from the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap, Kuns en Kultuur for work of the highest quality in promoting Afrikaans culture. A British newspaper at the time wrote that if she had been born in a different era that she could have been prime minister herself. Vorster was an honorary citizen of Kareedouw, the closest town to "Oubos" where she and her husband retired. In 1987, former State President P.W. Botha awarded her with the Order for Distinguished Service. Tini died at a retirement home in the Strand on 14 September 2000, at the age of 83. She had been bedridden for six months prior to her death. Vorster was survived by her son Willem, daughter Elsa, 10 grandchildren and 5 great-grandchildren. The Afrikaans-medium primary school Tini Vorster in Nigel is named after her, while the Zanele Mbeki retirement home in Dunnottar was previously known as the "Tienie Vorster-tehuis".

text:
# Tini Vorster

**Tini Vorster** (née Malan; sometimes spelled Tienie Vorster; 21 August 1917 – 14 September 2000) was the wife of South Africa's Prime Minister and State President John Vorster.

Martini Steyn Malan was born in Worcester and married future Prime Minister and State President John Vorster in 1941. They had three children: a daughter Elsa, and two sons, Willem and Pieter. Pieter died of chickenpox at the age of 31.

Tini was South Africa's first registered female social worker. In 1978, she received an honorary doctorate from Potchefstroom University for her social service and research about Groote Schuur, the official Cape residence of South Africa's prime ministers between 1910 and 1984.

In 1990, she received the D.F. Malan medal from the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap, Kuns en Kultuur (literally *South African Academy for Science, Arts and Culture)* for work of the highest quality in promoting Afrikaans culture. A British newspaper at the time wrote that if she had been born in a different era that she could have been prime minister herself.

Vorster was an honorary citizen of Kareedouw, the closest town to "Oubos" where she and her husband retired. In 1987, former State President P.W. Botha awarded her with the Order for Distinguished Service.

Tini died at a retirement home in the Strand on 14 September 2000, at the age of 83. She had been bedridden for six months prior to her death. Vorster was survived by her son Willem, daughter Elsa, 10 grandchildren and 5 great-grandchildren.

The Afrikaans-medium primary school Tini Vorster in Nigel is named after her, while the Zanele Mbeki retirement home in Dunnottar was previously known as the "Tienie Vorster-tehuis".

Media related to Tini Vorster at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tini Vorster | |
| --- | --- |
| Tini Vorster in 1968 | |
|  | |
| First Lady of South Africa | |
| **In office**
10 October 1978  4 June 1979 | |
| President | John Vorster |
| Preceded by | Margaretha Jacoba Diederichs (née Potgieter) |
| Succeeded by | Marietjie Viljoen |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Martini Steyn Malan
(1917-08-21)21 August 1917
Worcester, Cape Province, Union of South Africa |
| Died | 14 September 2000(2000-09-14) (aged 83) |
| Political party | National Party (until 1997) |
| Spouse | John Vorster (m. 1941) |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | Stellenbosch University Potchefstroom University |
|  | |


title: Homalopsidae

abstract: The Homalopsidae are a family of snakes which contains about 30 genera and more than 50 species. They are commonly known as Indo-Australian water snakes, mudsnakes, or bockadams. They are also known as ular air in Indonesian. They are typically stout-bodied water snakes, and all are mildly venomous. Two monotypic genera are notable for their unusual morphology: Erpeton possesses a pair of short, fleshy appendages protruding from the front of the snout, and Bitia has uniquely enlarged palatine teeth. Cerberus species have been noted to use sidewinding to cross slick mud flats during low tide. Fordonia and Gerarda are the only snakes known to tear their prey apart before eating it, pulling soft-shelled crabs through their coils to rip them apart prior to ingestion.

text:
# Homalopsidae

The **Homalopsidae** are a family of snakes which contains about 30 genera and more than 50 species. They are commonly known as **Indo-Australian water snakes**, **mudsnakes**, or **bockadams**. They are also known as *ular air* (lit. "water snake") in Indonesian. They are typically stout-bodied water snakes, and all are mildly venomous. Two monotypic genera are notable for their unusual morphology: *Erpeton* possesses a pair of short, fleshy appendages protruding from the front of the snout, and *Bitia* has uniquely enlarged palatine teeth. *Cerberus* species have been noted to use sidewinding to cross slick mud flats during low tide. *Fordonia* and *Gerarda* are the only snakes known to tear their prey apart before eating it, pulling soft-shelled crabs through their coils to rip them apart prior to ingestion.

## Genera

## Further reading

* Bonaparte CL (1845). "*Specchio generale dei sistemi erpetologico, anfibiologico ed ittiologico*". *Atti della Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani* **6**: 376–378. (Homalopsidae, new family). (in Italian).
* Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). *Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition*. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. (Subfamily Homalopsinae, pp. 326–327).

## InfoBox

| Homalopsidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| New Guinea bockadam
*Cerberus rynchops* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| *Clade*: | Colubroides |
| Family: | Homalopsidae
Bonaparte, 1845 |
|
| Genera | |
| 29, see text | |


title: Great Britain Davis Cup team

abstract: The Great Britain Davis Cup team has represented the United Kingdom internationally since 1900 in the Davis Cup. Organised by the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA), it is one of the 50 members of International Tennis Federation's European association. The team has won the world cup 10 times and been runner-ups on 8 occasions. It has longstanding rivalries with Australia and the United States. The national team took part in the inaugural Davis Cup in 1900, and has spent 16 years in the World Group. They are the third most successful team in terms of championships won. Despite this success, the team's performance has been inconsistent; between long periods without significant impact in the competition, it has enjoyed its most successful periods in the 1900s, winning five of the first 12 editions of the tournament and four wins in the 1930s with Fred Perry, with a significant resurgence in the mid-2010s with Andy Murray and his brother Jamie culminating in victory in 2015. Under the current management of Leon Smith, the national team qualified to the World Group in 2013, won the title in 2015, and reached the semi-finals in 2016. In its new tournament format, Great Britain and Australia were invited to the new 2019 Davis Cup Finals as a wild card in recognition of their historic status in the competition; taking advantage, the British team reached the semi-finals of the inaugural finals event with a new generation of top 30 players such as Cameron Norrie and Dan Evans, and high ranked doubles specialists such as Jamie Murray, Neal Skupski and Joe Salisbury.

text:
# Great Britain Davis Cup team

The **Great Britain Davis Cup team** has represented the United Kingdom internationally since 1900 in the Davis Cup. Organised by the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA), it is one of the 50 members of International Tennis Federation's European association (Tennis Europe).

The team has won the world cup 10 times and been runner-ups on 8 occasions. It has longstanding rivalries with Australia and the United States. The national team took part in the inaugural Davis Cup in 1900, and has spent 16 years in the World Group. They are the third most successful team in terms of championships won. Despite this success, the team's performance has been inconsistent; between long periods without significant impact in the competition, it has enjoyed its most successful periods in the 1900s, winning five of the first 12 editions of the tournament and four wins in the 1930s with Fred Perry, with a significant resurgence in the mid-2010s with Andy Murray and his brother Jamie culminating in victory in 2015.

Under the current management of Leon Smith, the national team qualified to the World Group in 2013, won the title in 2015, and reached the semi-finals in 2016. In its new tournament format, Great Britain and Australia were invited to the new 2019 Davis Cup Finals as a wild card in recognition of their historic status in the competition; taking advantage, the British team reached the semi-finals of the inaugural finals event with a new generation of top 30 players such as Cameron Norrie and Dan Evans, and high ranked doubles specialists such as Jamie Murray, Neal Skupski and Joe Salisbury.

## History

### Early years, dominance and decline (1900–1986)

Great Britain's first match, and first ever national team match in history, was a 0–3 loss to the United States in 1900. The tournament was not organised in 1901, and Britain lost the following year, but the British won the competition for the first time in 1903. The national team would go on to dominate the competition, winning the next three tournaments.

The postwar period saw moderate results, but British fortunes declined until the appointment of 31-year old Paul Hutchins as captain in 1976. He would captain the team for 10 years, and lead the team in 31 ties (a record). He would lead Great Britain to the final in 1978, defeating Australia 3–2 in the semifinal, only to lose to the United States 1–4. Despite losing in the final, the team won (alongside the women's Wightman Cup team) the BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award. Likewise, it was the first time the LTA promoted the event. According to *The Guardian* "Britain has seen a decline in its Davis Cup fortunes ever since \[the final\]." The next two years saw mixed results, but in 1981 the team reached the semifinals, losing to Australia. It would be their last semifinal until 2015.

### Declining fortunes (1986–2010)

Warren Jacques, an Australian, was appointed captain in 1988 as Hutchins' replacement. He was appointed due to his former role in coaching Kevin Curren, the 1985 Wimbledon finalist. However, the idea to appoint a person who was not of the team's nationality was so foreign that the LTA sought "special dispensation" from the International Tennis Federation. The team's results continued to slide under Jacques leadership.

Following the team's 0–5 defeat to France, Jacques was removed as captain and replaced by Tony Pickard. When asked about the defeat, Jacques claimed "We're ten years from being competitive in the Davis Cup." In the ensuing years, under Pickard's leadership, Great Britain would manage to keep its place in the World Group. In 1994, Pickard "delivered a scathing attack on the Lawn Tennis Association's training department and threatened to resign as captain unless his views \[were\] acted upon" after the team's defeat to Portugal. In response the LTA did not renew Pickard's contract. The team lost the last four matches under Pickard's stewardship, marking the worst performance in twenty years. David Lloyd took over as captain later that year. His captaincy started well, with Great Britain winning the Europe/Africa Zone II, and being promoted to the Europe/Africa Zone I. The team would remain in Europe/Africa Zone I throughout the rest of Lloyd's captaincy.

The defeat to the Czech national team in 2000 led to the resignation of David Lloyd as captain. Before his departure he criticised the British players for not being fit enough. On his departure, Lloyd went on to criticise the LTA and its work. In response John Crowther, the executive director of the LTA, stated they had "lost confidence" in Lloyd's abilities, and appointed former top-10 player Roger Taylor as his replacement. During Taylor's captaincy, the post itself was under criticism, with Tim Henman claiming "It's mainly handing out the drinks and the bananas" since most of the players had their own coaches. Taylor's first match as captain was against Ecuador, in which Britain lost 2–3 at home on grass. *The Guardian* quipped that "In one hundred years of the Davis Cup there had never been a more embarrassing defeat." Despite this, the team continued to decline in the ranking. In their 2003 match against Australia the team's top player was ranked 163rd in the world; both Henman and Greg Rusedski were hampered by injury, and could not take part.

On 1 January 2004 Jeremy Bates was appointed as team captain. He led the national team to two victories in eight ties, and resigned after the team's 2–3 defeat to Israel. John Lloyd was employed later that year as the team's new captain. He is the brother of David Lloyd, a former team captain. The decline continued, and John Lloyd captained his last match in 2010, when the team lost 2–3 to Lithuania. On his resignation, he stated "Call me old-fashioned, but when is it a convenience, and not a privilege, to play for your country?" He went on to criticise the mentality that Andy Murray did not need to play as long as the rest of the team were not good enough, claiming that neither the British public nor media would accept such a position if Wayne Rooney had used the same argument. Henman backed Lloyd, claiming it would be wrong to fault Lloyd and coach Paul Annacone for the team's bad performance over the years. The problem was structural he argued, and lamented the failure of the LTA to produce talented players.

### Resurgence under Leon Smith (2010–present)

Leon Smith was appointed as team captain in 2010. His first tie was against Turkey in the play-offs of the Europe/Africa Zone Group II (the second lowest tier in the game) at home in Eastbourne, UK. A defeat would have sent the national team to the lowest tier of the game. Smith picked James Ward, Jamie Baker, Colin Fleming and Ken Skupski to play the tie, and defeated Turkey 5–0. This would mark the beginning of the team's resurgence. In 2011, the team won the Europe/Africa Zone Group II (third division), and was promoted to the Europe/Africa Zone Group I. Andy Murray, who had not played in the 2009 competition, returned in 2010 for the match against Luxembourg, winning 6–0, 6–0, 6–0 against Laurent Bram in the first rubber. Explaining his hiatus, Murray quipped that he "wanted the younger guys to step up and experience it", claiming "There was no use for us being in the World Group because we weren't ready for it." 2012 started well, with a 3–2 victory over Slovakia, but ended with the first defeat under Smith's captaincy against Belgium.

In its second round of the 2013 Europe/Africa Zone Group I the team won from 0–2 down, to defeat Russia 3–2. Both Dan Evans and Ward had lost five setters on the first day, but a victory in the doubles and a five-set win by Ward on the third day, gave way to a straight sets victory in the fifth rubber. It was the first time since 1930 that the national team had managed to win from 0–2 down. In the World Group play-offs that year Murray returned after a two-year hiatus, and helped defeat Croatia 4–1. It would mark the team's return to the World Group, having dropped out in 2007.

In the team's first match in the World Group since 2007, Great Britain won 3–1 over the United States, marking its first victory in the World Group since 1986. The tie was played on clay courts in the United States in the hope that the Americans would defeat Murray on his weakest surface. The team would lose its next tie against Italy 1–3. The team started 2015 in the World Group, and would win the title for the first time in 79 years (last victory was in 1936). On their run to the final, the team defeated the United States, France and Australia before defeating Belgium in the final. It would mark the first final reached since 1978. As defending champions in 2016 the team reached the semifinals, in which they were defeated by Argentina 2–3.

## Captain

30 different individuals has served as Captain of the Great Britain national tennis team.

## Current team

Players representing Great Britain in the 2024 Davis Cup Finals
| Player | Age | Win–loss overall | | | First
year | Ties | Ranking | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Singles | Doubles | Total | | | Singles | Doubles |
| Jack Draper | 22 | 1–3 | 0–0 | 1–3 | 2023 | 4 | 20 | 248 |
| Billy Harris | 29 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2024 | 1 | 106 | 503 |
| Dan Evans | 34 | 14–22 | 3–3 | 17–24 | 2009 | 28 | 170 | 854 |
| Henry Patten | 28 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2024 | 1 | N/A | 16 |
| Neal Skupski | 34 | 0–0 | 8–6 | 8–6 | 2019 | 14 | N/A | 22 |

*Win–loss records and rankings are as of 4 October 2024.*

## Results and fixtures

Below are the results of the Great Britain team since 1981, when the competition started being held in the World Group format.

### 1980s

### 1990s

### 2000s

### 2010s

### 2020s

|
Year | Competition | Date | Surface | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2020–21 | Finals, Group C | 25 November | Hard (i) | Innsbruck (AUT) | France | 2–1 | Win |
| | | 28 November | | | Czech Republic | 2–1 | Win |
| | Finals, Quarterfinals | 30 November | | | Germany | 1–2 | Loss |
| 2022 | Finals, Group D | 14 September | Hard (i) | Glasgow (GBR) | United States | 1–2 | Loss |
| | | 16 September | | | Netherlands | 1–2 | Loss |
| | | 18 September | | | Kazakhstan | 2–1 | Win |
| 2023 | Qualifying round | 3–4 February | Clay | Cota (COL) | Colombia | 3–1 | Win |
| | Finals, Group B | 13 September | Hard (i) | Manchester (GBR) | Australia | 2–1 | Win |
| | 15 September | | | Switzerland | 2–1 | Win |
| | 17 September | | | France | 2–1 | Win |
| | Finals, Quarterfinals | | 23 November | Málaga (ESP) | Serbia | 0–2 | Loss |
| 2024 | Finals, Group D | 11 September | Hard (i) | Manchester (GBR) | Finland | 2–1 | Win |
| | | 13 September | | | Argentina | 1–2 | Loss |
| | | 15 September | | | Canada | 1–2 | Loss |

## Player records

Most total wins overall
| # | Player | Years | Win–loss | | | Ties
played | Years
played |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Singles | Doubles | Total | | |
| 1 | Fred Perry | 1931–1936 | 34–4 | 11–3 | **45**–7 | 20 | 6 |
| 2 | Mike Sangster | 1960–1968 | 29–19 | 14–3 | **43**–22 | 26 | 9 |
| 3 | Andy Murray | 2005–2023 | 33–3 | 9–7 | **42**–10 | 25 | 13 |
| 4 | Bobby Wilson | 1955–1968 | 16–12 | 25–8 | **41**–20 | 34 | 12 |
| 5 | Tim Henman | 1994–2007 | 29–8 | 11–6 | **40**–14 | 21 | 12 |
| 6 | Bunny Austin | 1929–1937 | 36–12 | 0–0 | **36**–12 | 24 | 9 |
| | Tony Mottram | 1947–1955 | 25–13 | 11–7 | **36**–20 | 19 | 9 |
| 8 | Buster Mottram | 1975–1983 | 27–8 | 4–2 | **31**–10 | 19 | 8 |
| 9 | Greg Rusedski | 1995–2007 | 20–10 | 10–3 | **30**–13 | 20 | 13 |
| 10 | Roger Taylor | 1964–1976 | 26–9 | 3–2 | **29**–11 | 18 | 7 |

*Statistics as of 27 August 2024.*

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Great Britain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Association | Lawn Tennis Association |
| Confederation | Tennis Europe |
| Captain | Leon Smith |
| ITF ranking | 5 (18 September 2023) |
| Highest ITF ranking | 1 (30 November 2015) |
| Colors | Blue & white |
|  | |
| First year | United States 3–0 British Isles
(Longwood Cricket Club, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; 8–10 August 1900) |
| Years played | 111 |
| Ties played (W–L) | 264 (163–101) |
| Years in
World Group | 21 (21–20) |
| Davis Cup titles | 10 (1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1912, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 2015) |
|  | |
| Most total wins | Fred Perry (45–7) |
| Most singles wins | Bunny Austin (36–12) |
| Most doubles wins | Bobby Wilson (25–8) |
| Best doubles team | Bobby Wilson /
Mike Sangster (11–3)
Fred Perry /
Patrick Hughes (11–3) |
| Most ties played | Bobby Wilson (34) |
| Most years played | Andy Murray (13)
Greg Rusedski (13) |
| Biggest win | |
| 5–0 (15–0 sets, 96–16 games) versus Poland
(Warsaw, Poland; 15–17 May 1925) | |


title: Trenton Thompson

abstract: Trenton Charles Thompson is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent. He played college football at the University of Georgia. Thompson graduated from Westover Comprehensive High School in Albany, Georgia, where he earned All-USA Defensive Player of the Year honors by USA Today. While he was in high school, scouts compared him to All-Pro defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh.

text:
# Trenton Thompson

**Trenton Charles Thompson** (born July 27, 1996) is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent. He played college football at the University of Georgia. Thompson graduated from Westover Comprehensive High School in Albany, Georgia, where he earned All-USA Defensive Player of the Year honors by *USA Today*. While he was in high school, scouts compared him to All-Pro defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh.

## Early life

A native of Albany, Georgia, Thompson attended Westover Comprehensive High School where he was coached by Octavia Jones and former NFL defensive lineman Jeff Hunter. In his junior season, Thompson recorded 83 tackles (38 for loss) and 12 sacks, helping Westover to a third-round GHSA 4A playoff berth and its first region title in school history. He was named Junior of the Year by recruiting service *Rivals.com*. In his senior season, Thompson tallied 84 tackles, including 36 tackles for loss and four sacks, one interception and one forced fumble. He was named the Class 4A Defensive Player of the Year by *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution*, as well as National Defensive Player of the Year by *USA Today*.

Unanimously regarded as one of the top recruits across all positions, Thompson was heavily recruited by elite NCAA Division I football programs, including Alabama, Florida State, Louisiana State, Michigan State, Auburn, and Southern California. His first offer came from Georgia while he was still a sophomore. When he verbally committed to Georgia over Auburn and Alabama in August 2014, he cited Georgia's early recruiting effort as one of the reasons: "Georgia, they were my first offer. They were the first coaches that came down to see me and showed me the most love." He signed a National Letter of Intent on February 4, 2015.

## College career

Starting his college career with "stardom widely expected", Thompson was projected as a space-eater in the mold of former Florida State nose tackle Timmy Jernigan, whom Georgia's defensive coordinator Jeremy Pruitt coached in 2013. Thompson played mostly in the second half during the first four games of the 2015 season, where he recorded 7 total tackles including a half a sack. On October 3, 2015, Thompson, listed as a defensive end, made his first start for the Bulldogs in a week 5 loss to the #13 Alabama Crimson Tide, where he recorded four total tackles. Thompson finished his true freshman year with 25 tackles (8 of which were solo), 2.5 tackles for a loss, and half a sack. *Pro Football Focus* listed him as the best true freshman on the interior defensive line, along with Missouri's Terry Beckner. In January 2018, Thompson declared his intent to forgo his senior year at Georgia and enter the 2018 NFL draft.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 2+58 in
(1.90 m) | 288 lb
(131 kg) | 34 in
(0.86 m) | 10+58 in
(0.27 m) | 5.06 s | 1.74 s | 2.91 s | 4.56 s | 7.68 s | 32.5 in
(0.83 m) | 9 ft 3 in
(2.82 m) |
| All values from NFL Combine | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Cleveland Browns

After going undrafted in the 2018 NFL draft, Thompson signed a free agent deal with the Cleveland Browns. He was waived on July 30, 2018.

### Arizona Hotshots

Thompson was signed by the Arizona Hotshots of the Alliance of American Football on January 18, 2019. He made the final roster on January 30, 2019.

After a four tackle performance in a 38-22 week 1 victory over the Salt Lake Stallions, Thompson was named by Pro Football Focus to their Week 1 AAF Team of the Week.

### Washington Valor

After the AAF ceased operations in April 2019, Thompson signed with the Washington Valor of the Arena Football League (AFL) on May 9, 2019.

### Edmonton Eskimos

Thompson signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL) on June 6, 2019. He was released before the start of the regular season on June 9.

### Houston Roughnecks

On October 9, 2019, Thompson was entered into the XFL draft pool. He was selected by the Houston Roughnecks during the 2020 XFL Draft held on October 15 and 16, 2019. He signed a contract with the team on January 16, 2020. He was waived during final roster cuts on January 22, 2020.

### Team 9

Thompson was signed to the XFL's practice squad team, referred to as Team 9, on January 30, 2020. He had his contract terminated when the league suspended operations on April 10, 2020.

### Saskatchewan Roughriders

Thompson signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL on April 20, 2020. After the CFL canceled the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Thompson chose to opt-out of his contract with the Roughriders on August 31, 2020. He opted back in to his contract on January 14, 2021. He was released on May 20, 2021.

### Vegas Knight Hawks

On September 1, 2022, Thompson signed with the Vegas Knight Hawks of the Indoor Football League (IFL). He was released on August 24, 2023.

## InfoBox

Trenton Thompson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1996-07-27) July 27, 1996
Albany, Georgia, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 288 lb (131 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Westover (Albany, Georgia) |
| College: | Georgia |
| Position: | Defensive tackle |
| Undrafted: | 2018 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Niya County

abstract: Niya County, also from Mandarin Chinese as Minfeng County, is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Hotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 56,726 km⁲ (21,902 sq mi). According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 30,000. The county is bordered to the north by Xayar County, to the east by Qiemo/Qarqan County, to the west by Yutian / Keriya County and to the south by Ngari Prefecture in Tibet. The county seat is in the town of Niya, which is often referred to by the county name (Minfeng) as well. The Niya ruins are located 115 km north of Niya.

text:
# Niya County

| Niya County | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Uyghur name | |
| Uyghur | نىيە ناھىيىسى |
| Transcriptions  Latin Yëziqi Niye Nahiyisi  Yengi Yeziⱪ Niyə Nah̡iyisi  SASM/GNC Niya Nahiyisi  Siril Yëziqi Нийә Наһийиси | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 民丰 |
| Traditional Chinese | 民豐 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Mínfēng Xiàn  Wade–Giles Min²-fêng¹ Hsien⁴ | |
| Alternative Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 尼雅县 |
| Traditional Chinese | 尼雅縣 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Níyǎ Xiàn | |
|  | |

**Niya County** (transliterated from the Uyghur نىيە ناھىيىسى *Niyă Nahiyisi* ; Chinese: 尼雅县), also from Mandarin Chinese as **Minfeng County** (Chinese: 民丰县), is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Hotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 56,726 km2 (21,902 sq mi). According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 30,000. The county is bordered to the north by Xayar County, to the east by Qiemo/Qarqan County, to the west by Yutian / Keriya County and to the south by Ngari Prefecture in Tibet.

The county seat is in the town of Niya, which is often referred to by the county name (Minfeng) as well. The Niya ruins are located 115 km north of Niya.

## History

In the early 20th century, Aurel Stein carried out several expeditions in the area including exploration of the ancient Niya ruins.

In 1945, Minfeng *Shezhiju* (民豐設治局) was established. In 1947, the area became Minfeng County.

In 2012, the township of Yawatongguz (Yawatongguzi) was established.

In early 2015, a joint report issued by the Water Conservancy Office of Hotan prefecture and the regional Water Conservancy Department reported that up to 80 percent of the population of the county did not have access to clean drinking water.

In June 2015 in the lead-up to Ramadan, a beer festival was held in the county leading to condemnation from Dilxat Raxit, spokesman for the World Uyghur Congress.

In September 2015, residents of the county were reported to be subject to new rules concerning unacceptable given names for Uyghur children.

On December 8, 2019, County Communist Party Committee Vice Secretary (县委副书记) and County Magistrate (县长) Ëziz Eli (艾则孜·艾力) penned a criticism of the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act.

## Geography

The northern part of the county is located in the Taklamakan Desert and consists of large areas of sand dunes. The population centers on oases around rivers flowing down from the mountains in the southern part of the county.

### Climate

As of 1997, on average, Minfeng experienced blowing dust or sand on 189 days in a year and visibility below 4,800 meters for more than half of winter and summer as well as for thirty to forty percent of spring. The lowest spring time temperature recorded in Minfeng was -22°C.

| Climate data for Niya, elevation 1,410 m (4,630 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.2
(66.6) | 22.3
(72.1) | 33.2
(91.8) | 36.1
(97.0) | 37.7
(99.9) | 40.8
(105.4) | 41.8
(107.2) | 41.7
(107.1) | 37.8
(100.0) | 32.3
(90.1) | 25.7
(78.3) | 21.5
(70.7) | 41.8
(107.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.7
(35.1) | 7.8
(46.0) | 17.2
(63.0) | 24.6
(76.3) | 28.7
(83.7) | 31.8
(89.2) | 33.5
(92.3) | 32.6
(90.7) | 28.4
(83.1) | 21.6
(70.9) | 12.5
(54.5) | 3.8
(38.8) | 20.4
(68.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −5.2
(22.6) | 0.6
(33.1) | 9.3
(48.7) | 16.5
(61.7) | 20.9
(69.6) | 24.4
(75.9) | 25.9
(78.6) | 24.8
(76.6) | 19.8
(67.6) | 11.7
(53.1) | 3.8
(38.8) | −3.3
(26.1) | 12.4
(54.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −11.1
(12.0) | −6.0
(21.2) | 1.6
(34.9) | 8.5
(47.3) | 13.3
(55.9) | 17.4
(63.3) | 19.1
(66.4) | 17.7
(63.9) | 12.0
(53.6) | 3.2
(37.8) | −3.2
(26.2) | −8.9
(16.0) | 5.3
(41.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.8
(−14.4) | −23.7
(−10.7) | −11.4
(11.5) | −2.7
(27.1) | 0.7
(33.3) | 6.9
(44.4) | 11.1
(52.0) | 6.2
(43.2) | 1.4
(34.5) | −6.6
(20.1) | −12.8
(9.0) | −19.8
(−3.6) | −25.8
(−14.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.8
(0.07) | 1.1
(0.04) | 1.1
(0.04) | 2.9
(0.11) | 5.3
(0.21) | 14.6
(0.57) | 9.6
(0.38) | 6.0
(0.24) | 4.8
(0.19) | 0.4
(0.02) | 0.2
(0.01) | 1.0
(0.04) | 48.8
(1.92) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 20.4 |
| Average snowy days | 4.9 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 11.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 52 | 42 | 28 | 26 | 31 | 37 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 53 | 40 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 206.4 | 204.2 | 235.6 | 251.2 | 273.6 | 254.4 | 244.3 | 244.1 | 257.1 | 283.6 | 236.3 | 211.8 | 2,902.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 67 | 66 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 58 | 55 | 59 | 70 | 83 | 79 | 71 | 66 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Administrative divisions

The county includes one town and six townships:

| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur (UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Administrative division code | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Town** | | | | | | | |
| Niya Town | 尼雅镇 | *Níyǎ Zhèn* | نىيە بازىرى | *niye baziri* | 653227100 |  |
| **Township** | | | | | | | |
| Niya Township | 尼雅乡 | *Níyǎ Xiāng* | نىيە يېزىسى | *niye yëzisi* | 653227200 |  |
| Rokiya Township | 若克雅乡 | *Ruòkèyǎ Xiāng* | رۇكىيا يېزىسى | *rukiya yëzisi* | 653227201 |  |
| Salgozak Township | 萨勒吾则克乡 | *Sàlèwúzékè Xiāng* | سالغوزەك يېزىسى | *salghozek yëzisi* | 653227202 |  |
| Yeyik Township | 叶亦克乡 | *Yèyìkè Xiāng* | يېيىق يېزىسى | *yëyiq yëzisi* | 653227203 |  |
| Andir Township | 安迪尔乡 | *Āndí'ěr Xiāng* | ئەندىر يېزىسى | *Endir yëzisi* | 653227204 |  |
| Yawatongguz Township
(area of Yawatongguzlangar) | 亚瓦通古孜乡 | *Yàwǎtōnggǔzī Xiāng* | ياۋا توڭگۇز يېزىسى | *yawatongguz yëzisi* | 653227205 |  |
|

## Economy

The economy is primarily based on agriculture and livestock farming. Products of the county include corn, wheat, cotton and sheep wool. Industries in the county include electronics, agriculture technology, food processing, carpets and construction.

## Demographics

As of 2015, Out of the 38,492 residents, 34,900 of the county were Uyghur, 3,509 were Han Chinese and 83 were from other ethnic groups.

As of 1999, 90.94% of the population of Niya (Minfeng) County was Uyghur and 8.91% of the population was Han Chinese.

## Transportation

1. 民丰县历史沿革 \[Minfeng County Historical Development\] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2019. 2003年，民丰县总面积56759.86平方千米，{...}2010年第六次人口普查，民丰县常住总人口33932人，其中：尼雅镇3486人，尼雅乡6373人，若克雅乡6895人，萨勒吾则克乡4195人，叶亦克乡3751人，安迪尔乡343人，安迪尔牧场2165人，城镇街道6724人。 2012年，设立亚瓦通古孜乡，乡政府驻亚瓦通古孜村（新政函\[2012\]90号）。调整后，全县辖1个镇、6个乡：尼雅镇、尼雅乡、若克雅乡、萨勒吾则克乡、叶亦克乡、安迪尔乡、亚瓦通古孜乡。
2. 夏征农; 陈至立, eds. (September 2009). 辞海：第六版彩图本 \[*Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color)*\] (in Chinese). 上海. Shanghai: 上海辞书出版社. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. p. 1580. ISBN 9787532628599. 面积5.67万平方千米。{...}1945年由和阗县（今和田县）析置民丰设治局，1947年改民丰县。经济以农、牧业为主，产玉米、小麦、棉花和羊毛。工业有电力、农机修造、食品加工、地毯、建材等。
3. Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
4. 1997年民丰县行政区划. *XZQH.org* (in Simplified Chinese). 6 January 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2020. 其中维吾尔族占91％，辖1镇、5乡。
5. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (2010). 建筑抗震设计规范 \[*GB50011-2010: Code for Seismic Design of Buildings*\] (in English and Simplified Chinese). Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press. p. 203  via Google Books. Niya County
6. "'Many Uygurs like to drink': Chinese academic defends beer festival in Muslim region". *South China Morning Post*. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2020. Xinjiang's government-run Tianshan website showed that officials in Niya county organised an event where local Muslims made and ate rice dumplings on Saturday, three days after the start of Ramadan, during which devout Muslims abstain from all food and drink during daylight hours.
7. Ben Blanchard (22 June 2015). Paul Tait (ed.). "Exiles angered as China holds beer festival in Muslim county". *Reuters*. Retrieved 9 December 2019. The beer festival happened in a village in Niya County in the deep south of Xinjiang, which is overwhelmingly populated by the Muslim Uighur people who call Xinjiang home. Muslims are not meant to consume alcohol, according to the Koran. The Niya government website said the "beer competition", which happened last Monday just before the start of Ramadan, was attended by more than 60 young farmers and herders.
8. The Silk Road - China and the Karakorum Highway: A Travel Companion 1780763565 Jonathan Tucker - 2015 - Niya, north of Minfeng, Xinjiang province (photograph by Antonia Tozer) Wooden tablet written in Kharosthi (Spink and Son Ltd.) The Shanpula cemetery, Luopu county, near Khotan, Xinjiang province (photograph by Antonia Tozer) Remains.
9. 2012年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：民丰县 \[2012 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Minfeng County\] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2020. 代码 名称 653227100000 尼雅镇 653227200000 尼雅乡 653227201000 若克雅乡 653227202000 萨勒吾则克乡 653227203000 叶亦克乡 653227204000 亚瓦通古孜乡 653227205000 安迪尔乡
10. Joshua Lipes; reporter Jilil Kashgary (4 February 2015). "More Than One Million Lack Clean Water in Xinjiang's Hotan Prefecture". *Radio Free Asia*. Translated by Mamatjan Juma. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
11. Roseanne Gerin; reporter Eset Sulaiman (24 September 2015). Eset Sulaiman (ed.). "Chinese Authorities Ban Muslim Names Among Uyghurs in Hotan". Retrieved 11 December 2019. A Uyghur woman named Turakhan who lives in a suburban village of Niya (in Chinese, Minfeng) county in Hotan (Hetian) prefecture told RFA's Uyghur Service on Wednesday that the village chief and police had informed all residents about "the list of forbidden Muslim names." "My daughter's name is Muslime, so the village police came to our house and told us that we must change our daughter's name as soon as possible," she said. "The police explained to us that a name such as Muslime was officially forbidden. Under such circumstances, we were forced to change our daughter's name." The police also told Turakhan: "It is the decision of the township and village authorities. Don't ask any foolish questions." Turakhan later found out that authorities were forbidding children whose parents did not change their names from attending kindergarten and elementary school, she said.
12. 艾则孜·艾力 (8 December 2019). 李梦婷 (ed.). 坚决不允许美国蓄意诋毁和抹黑新疆的人权状况. *Xinhua News Agency* (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 8 December 2019.
13. MSgt Donald E. Carey; Melody L. Higdon; Robert S. Lilianstrom; MSgt Charles D. Surls (September 1997). "East Asia A Climatological Study". Air Force Combat Climatology Center. pp. 4–7, 4–11, 4–29, 4–44  via Internet Archive.
14. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
15. "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
16. 2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：民丰县 \[2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Minfeng County\] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2019. 统计用区划代码 名称 653227100000 尼雅镇 653227200000 尼雅乡 653227201000 若克雅乡 653227202000 萨勒吾则克乡 653227203000 叶亦克乡 653227204000 安迪尔乡 653227205000 亚瓦通古孜乡
17. 首页. *尼雅网-民丰县政府门户网站* (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2020. 乡镇 尼雅乡 尼雅镇 若克雅乡 叶亦克乡 萨勒吾则克乡 亚瓦通古孜乡 安迪尔乡 街道办事处
18. سالغوزەك (Variant Non-Roman Script - VS) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
19. ئابدۇسالام ئابلىز, ed. (24 December 2019). پەن - تېخنىكا ئارقىلىق نامراتلارنى دەل جايىدا يۆلەش كەنت ئاھالىلىرىنىڭ كىرىمىنى ئاشۇرۇپ بېيىتتى. *阿克苏新闻网-维文版* (in Uyghur). Retrieved 13 May 2020. نىيە ناھىيەسى ئەندىر يېزىسى
20. *Webster's 21st Century World Atlas*. Barnes & Noble Books. 1999. p. 83  via Internet Archive. Yawatongguzlangar{...}Yeyik
21. 3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 (in Simplified Chinese). شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى 新疆维吾尔自治区统计局 Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 15 March 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
22. Morris Rossabi, ed. (2004). *Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers* (PDF). University of Washington Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-295-98390-6.

## InfoBox

| Niya County نىيە ناھىيىسى (Uyghur)
民丰县 (Chinese)Minfeng | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
|  | |
| Niya County (red) in Hotan Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang | |
| NiyaLocation of the seat in XinjiangNiyaNiya (Xinjiang)NiyaNiya (China) | |
| Coordinates: 37°04′N 82°46′E / 37.067°N 82.767°E / 37.067; 82.767 | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Xinjiang |
| Prefecture | Hotan |
| County seat | Niya |
| Area | |
| Total | 56,759.86 km2 (21,915.10 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 42,649 |
| Density | 0.75/km2 (1.9/sq mi) |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Major ethnic groups | Uyghur |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 848500 |
| Website | www.mfx.gov.cn (in Chinese) |


title: NIE number

abstract: The NIE is a tax identification number in Spain, known in Spanish as the NIE, or more formally the Número de identidad de extranjero. The Spanish government have linked the NIE number to residence, where the NIE appears on the tarjeta de residencia, and to social security in Spain.

text:
# NIE number

The **NIE** is a tax identification number in Spain, known in Spanish as the **NIE**, or more formally the **Número de identidad de extranjero** ("Foreigner Identity Number"). The Spanish government have linked the NIE number to residence, where the NIE appears on the *tarjeta de residencia* (*residence card*), and to social security in Spain.

## Use

The number itself is made up of an initial letter followed by seven digits followed by a verification letter. The initial letter is an X before July 2008 and a Y afterwards. It is issued by the National Police of Spain. The NIE, which in accordance with Article 101 of the Rules for foreigners in Spain, was approved by Royal Decree 2393/2004 on December 30, 2004, is required for the purchase or sale of real estate, vehicle and boats, or in order to work or study. There are many other transactions that require the parties involved to possess an NIE Number.  In some cases, alternate identification, e.g., passport number, may be used.  The NIE number itself is issued on a standard A4 page, with the recipients full name (as written on the passport used during the application process), their place of birth, their nationality, and the number itself, along with a stamp and signature provided by the National Police.

## Applying for NIE

An NIE can be applied for in three ways:

* Present the application in Spain personally, in which case proof of being legally in Spain and documents which justify the reasons for having the NIE.
* An accredited representative in Spain with the correct legal powers, either general or specific, can make the application on behalf of the ´person making the application, and requires documents which justify the reasons for having the NIE.
* Applications made in a Spanish diplomatic mission or consulate located in the country in which the person making the application is domiciled, requiring the documents which justify the reasons for having the NIE.

There are two main requirements to make the application:

* Completed and signed original (not a copy) application form EX-15.
* Passport and passport photos

The application form requires an address; this need not be permanent; e.g., a hotel may be used.  The form also requests phone number and e-mail, but the physical address may be used for notification (so it is unwise to give an address from which you cannot retrieve mail).  The form also asks for a reason for requesting the NIE.

In the case of presenting the application in Spain personally, some bigger localities (like Valencia) require an appointment to be booked online beforehand.

Foreigners with an NIE can use it to register with the municipal register of inhabitants.


title: Niya Kingdom

abstract: Niya was a kingdom in Syria near the Orontes River in northern Syria next to Nuhasse.

text:
# Niya Kingdom

**Niya** (also Niye, Niy, Nii, and Nihe) was a kingdom in Syria near the Orontes River in northern Syria next to Nuhasse.

## History

### Late Bronze

In the Amarna letters correspondence of 1350-1335 BC, *Nii* is referenced in two letters. The city of Tunip in the northern Levant had been trying to communicate to the Egyptian pharaoh for two decades, and resorted to another letter, EA 59: entitled: *"From the citizens of Tunip"*, (EA for 'el Amarna'). The city-state of Arqa also sent a letter to pharaoh, requesting aid (EA 100).

The other letter referencing *Nii* concerns the individual Etakkama, his collusion with the Hittites, and the takeover of territory, 'city-states', and peoples in the northern and western Levant.

#### Mitanni Period

In the 15th century BC, the entire region came under the control of the Mitanni Empire.

#### Amarna Archive, *"Nii"*, 2--letters

* EA 59, title: "From the citizens of Tunip"

"To the king of Egypt, our lord: Message of "the citizens of Tunip", your servant. For you may all go well. And we fall at the feet of my lord. My lord, thus says "Tunip", your servant: Tunipwho *ruled* it in the past? Did not Manakhpirya-(i.e. "Men-Kheper--iya"): *am-ma-ti-wu-uš (your* ancestor) *rule* it? The gods and the ...: *na-ab-ri-il-la-an* (=?) of the king of Egypt, our lord, dwell in Tunip, and he should inquire of his ancients: *am-ma-ti* (ancient) when we did not belong to our lord, the king of Egypt-(named: Mizri). And now, for 20years, we have gone on writing to the king, our lord, but our messengers have stayed on with the king, our lord. And now, our lord, we ask for the son of 'Aki- Teššup' from the king, our lord. May our lord give him. My lord, *if* the king of Egypt has given the son of Aki-Teššup, why does the king, our lord, call him back from the journey? And now Aziru is going to hear that in Hittite territory a hostile fate has overtaken your servant, *a ruler* (and) your gardener. Should his (the king's) troops and his chariots be delayed, Aziru will do to us just as he did to *Nii*. If we ourselves are negligent and the king of Egypt does nothing about these things that Aziru is doing, then he will *surely* direct his hand against our lord. When Aziru entered Sumur, he did to them as he pleased, in the house of the king, our lord. But our lord did nothing about the(s)e things. And now *Tunip*, your city, weeps, and its tears flow, and there is no grasping of our hand. We have gone on writing to the king, our lord, the king of Egypt, for 20years, and not a single word of our lord has reached us." -EA 59, lines 1-46 (complete)

EA 53 is a 70line letter of area intrigues, -(written by "Prince Akizzi" of Qatna). The letter starting at line 35:

".... "My \[l\]ord, Teu\[w\]atti of L\[apa\]na and \[A\]rsawuya of Ruhizzi place themselves at the disposition of Aitukama, and he sends \[U\]pu, the land of my lord, up in flames. My lord, just as I love the king, m\[y\] lord, so too the king of Nuhašše, the *king of Nii*, the king of Zinzar-(Shaizar), and the king of Tunanab; all of these kings are my lord's servants. As far as the king, my lord, can, he co\[mes forth. But\] it is being said, "The king, my lord, will not come forth." \[*And so*\] may the king, my lord, send archers \[that\] they may co\[me\] to this country. \[Si\]nce, my lord, these kings are ones who *l\[ov\]e* him, let a magnate of the king, my lord, (come(?), just name their gifts so they can give them, (to them(?)). My lord, if he makes this land a matter of concern to my lord, then may my lord send archers that they may come here. (Only) messengers of my lord have arrived here. My lord, if Arsawuya of Ruhizzi, and Teuwatti of Lapana remain in Upu, and Tašša-(the city), remains in the Am\[qu\], my lord should also know about them that Upu wil not belong to my lord. Daily they write to Aitukama and say as follows: "Come, tak\[e\] Upu in its entirety." My lord, just Dimaški in Upu: *ka4-di-hi (falls)* at your feet, so *may* Qatna: *ka4-di-hu-li-eš (fall)* at your feet. My lord, one asks for life before my messenger. I do not fear \[*at al*\]l in the presence of the archers of my lord, *since* the archers belong to my lord. If he sends (them) to me, they will en\[ter\] Qatna." -EA 53 (complete: *only* lines 35-70 (End)).

The region of *Upu* is centered at Damascus, and the Amqu is the Beqaa Valley region to the west and northwest. Nii, and Nuhašše are north and northeast(?).

#### Hittite Period

It is also mentioned in the Hittite Souces under Suppiluliuma I who conquered the region.

* Moran, William L. *The Amarna Letters.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0)


title: New Bern City Hall

abstract: City Hall, also known as the Municipal Building, is a historic municipal building in New Bern, Craven County, North Carolina. It was originally built in 1897 by the federal government to house a post office, federal courthouse, and custom house. It is a 3+1⁄2-story, brick and granite building with a 2+1⁄2-story wing in the Romanesque Revival style. The building has hipped roofs with dormers. The Baxter Clock, a clock tower, is in the square outside. It became the municipal building in 1936. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

text:
# New Bern City Hall

**City Hall**, also known as the **Municipal Building**, is a historic municipal building in New Bern, Craven County, North Carolina. It was originally built in 1897 by the federal government to house a post office, federal courthouse, and custom house. It is a 3+12-story, brick and granite building with a 2+12-story wing in the Romanesque Revival style. The building has hipped roofs with dormers. The Baxter Clock, a clock tower, is in the square outside. It became the municipal building in 1936.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| New Bern Municipal Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| New Bern Municipal Building, April 2010 | |
|  | |
| Location | 300 Pollock St.,<br>New Bern, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°6′25″N 77°2′19″W / 35.10694°N 77.03861°W / 35.10694; -77.03861 |
| Area | 0.8 acres (0.32 ha) |
| Built | 1897 (1897) |
| Architect | Charles E. Kemper, William Martin Aiken |
| Architectural style | Romanesque |
| NRHP reference No. | 73001326 |
| Added to NRHP | June 4, 1973 |


title: Kuga

abstract:
Kuga may refer to:
  - Ford Kuga, compact sport utility vehicle produced by Ford
  - Kuga (dog), male Belgian Malinois military dog serving with the Australian Army
  - Kuga District, Yamaguchi, district located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
  - Kuga, Gunma, village located in Tone District, northern Gunma Prefecture, Japan
  - Kuga fiber variety
  - Kuga, Moravče, a former village in the Municipality of Moravče, Slovenia
  - Kuga Station, railway station on the Gantoku Line in Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, Japan
  - Kuga Naa, elder in the court of the Yaa Naa, in the Kingdom of Dagbon in northern Ghan
  - Kuga, Yamaguchi, town located in Kuga District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

text:
# Kuga

**Kuga** may refer to:

* Ford Kuga, compact sport utility vehicle produced by Ford
* Kuga (dog), male Belgian Malinois military dog serving with the Australian Army
* Kuga District, Yamaguchi, district located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
* Kuga, Gunma, village located in Tone District, northern Gunma Prefecture, Japan
* Kuga fiber variety
* Kuga, Moravče, a former village in the Municipality of Moravče, Slovenia
* Kuga Station, railway station on the Gantoku Line in Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, Japan
* Kuga Naa, elder in the court of the Yaa Naa, in the Kingdom of Dagbon in northern Ghan
* Kuga, Yamaguchi, town located in Kuga District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

## People


title: Timeline of arcade video game history

text:
# Timeline of arcade video game history

The following article is a broad timeline of arcade video games.

## Early history (1971–1977)

1971 At Stanford University, two students release the PDP-11-based machine *Galaxy Game*. It is a clone of *Spacewar!*, one of the earliest video games, developed in 1962. Syzygy Engineering, a precursor to Atari, Inc. launches *Computer Space*, the first commercial video arcade game, also being a *Spacewar!* derivative. 1972 Atari, Inc. launches *Pong*, the first commercially successful video game. It is also the first arcade sports video game. 1974 Taito releases *Speed Race*, which introduces scrolling sprite graphics, and features a racing wheel controller. Midway releases it as *Racer* in the United States. 1975 Midway MFG. releases *Gun Fight*, an adaptation of Taito's *Western Gun* and the first arcade video game to use a microprocessor, which the original incarnation did not use, allowing for improved graphics and smoother animation. Exidy releases *Destruction Derby*. Dr. Reiner Foerst releases *Nürburgring 1* in Germany. It is recognized as the world's first first-person racing video game or the first three-dimensional racing video game. Atari, Inc. releases *Hi-way*, which was Atari's first game to use a cockpit cabinet. Atari, Inc. releases *Crash 'N Score*, Gameplay is an early example of a simulation of a demolition derby. Atari, Inc. releases *Indy 800*, Gameplay is a simulation of an Indianapolis 500 style race, the cabinet also features overhead mirrors to allow spectators to watch the game while it's being played. Atari, Inc. releases *Steeplechase*. 1976 Sega releases *Moto-Cross*, which features haptic feedback, causing the handlebars to vibrate during collisions. Sega-Gremlin re-brands it as *Fonz*. Sega releases *Heavyweight Champ*, which is the first video game to feature hand-to-hand fighting. Atari Inc. releases *Night Driver*, an early example of a first-person perspective racing video game. Atari releases *Breakout*, which inspires a number of *Breakout* clones. Exidy releases *Death Race.* It was the first video game to inspire protest and cause panic. Gremlin releases *Blockade*, the first of what become known as snake games. Taito releases *Speed Race Twin*, a sequel to *Speed Race* that allows simultaneous two-player competitive gameplay. 1977 Cinematronics releases *Space Wars*, the first vector graphics arcade game. Kee Games releases *Drag Race*, which was later adapted in 1980 into a Atari 2600 video game by Activision called Dragster. Atari, Inc. releases *Canyon Bomber*. Atari, Inc releases *Super Bug*, which was designed by Howard Delman who also designed Canyon Bomber. Midway releases *Boot Hill*, which is a sequel to the 1975 video game *Gun Fight.*

## Golden age (1978–1986)

1978 Taito releases *Space Invaders*, the first blockbuster arcade video game, responsible for starting the golden age of video arcade games. It also sets the template for the shoot 'em up genre, and influences nearly every shooter game released since then. 1979 Atari releases *Lunar Lander* and *Asteroids*, a major hit in the United States and Atari's best selling game of all time. Namco releases *Galaxian*, which is in RGB colour. 1980 Sun Electronics releases *Speak & Rescue* (スピーク&レスキュー) in May 1980, released in North America as *Stratovox* and released in North America by Taito. It is the first video game with voice synthesis. Atari releases *Battlezone*, a first-person shooter tank combat game. Namco releases *Pac-Man*, its biggest-selling game. One of the most influential games, it had the first gaming mascot character, established the maze chase genre, opened gaming to female audiences, and introduced power-ups and cutscenes. Data East releases DECO Cassette System, the first standardized arcade platform, for which many games were made. 1981 Sega/Gremlin releases *Space Fury*, the first color vector arcade game. Nintendo releases *Donkey Kong*, which was one of the first platform games. It was also the game that introduced Mario (named simply "Jumpman" at the time) to the video game world. Namco releases *Galaga*, sequel to Galaxian. Konami releases *Scramble*, the first side-scrolling shooter with forced scrolling and multiple distinct levels. Konami releases *Frogger*, a popular arcade action game. Williams Electronics release *Defender*, a more challenging shoot-em-up space game with control configuration of five buttons and a joystick. 1982 Williams Electronics releases *Joust*. Namco releases *Pole Position*, one of the most popular racing games of all time. This is also Namco's first game to feature a 16-bit CPU making it the first 16-bit video game. Nintendo releases *Donkey Kong Jr.* and features Mario as the villain. 1983 Bally Midway releases *Journey*, the first game with digitized sprites. *Astron Belt*, the first laserdisc video game, is released by Sega. *Dragon's Lair*, the first video game to use cel-animated video instead of computer-generated graphics was advertised as the first truly 3D video game and as the meeting point of video games and animated films. Atari brings *Star Wars* to the arcades in the form of a 3D vector graphics simulation of the movie's attack on the Death Star sequence and featuring digitized samples of voices from the movie. Nintendo releases “Mario Bros.” and *Donkey Kong 3*. *Star Rider* is released as an arcade laserdisc game by Williams Electronics and is the first commercially released video game to use pre-rendered 3D graphics. *Cube Quest* is released as an arcade laserdisc game by Simutrek and is the first commercially released video game with real-time 3D computer graphics  1984 *Marble Madness* is released by Atari Games. *I, Robot* is released by Atari, inc. and is the first commercially released arcade video game to be fully rendered in solid-filled, flat-shaded 3D Polygon Graphics in every element of the game and the first with a camera angle. *Return of the Jedi* is released by Atari, inc. *Karate Champ* is released by Data East and is the first one-on-one arcade martial arts fighting game that helped defined the genre paving the way for games like Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat. *Kung-Fu Master* is released by Irem and is the first beat' em up arcade game and was a success that defined the genre a few years before Double Dragon. *Pac-Land* is released by Namco and is an early side-scrolling platform game. *Flicky* is released by Sega and is one of the very popular side-scrolling platform games for its time. *Ninja Hayate* is released by Taito and is a very popular arcade laser-disc game similar to Dragon's Lair. *Punch-Out!!* is released and is one of Nintendo's very successful arcade games. *Super Punch-Out!!* is released by Nintendo later that same year and is another popular arcade boxing game. *Bally Midway* released Zwackery and is their first game using M68000 16-bit CPU making it their first 16-bit game. *Turkey Shoot* is released by Williams Electronics. *The Last Starfighter* arcade game based on the 1984 movie of the same name was planned to be released by Atari Games. It was canceled due to the high cost of the hardware and Atari's President did not think the game was going to be a success and was too expensive to sell at that time. If released, it would have been the first arcade game with a 1st-person perspective to use 3D polygonal graphics. 1985 *Gauntlet* is released by Atari Games *Gradius* (*Nemesis* in some countries) is released by Konami. *Space Harrier* is released by Sega *Tehkan World Cup*, the father of soccer games with an above view of the field, is released by Tehkan, who also release its stablemate, *Gridiron Fight*. *Air Race* was also planned to be released by Atari in 1985. Due to the high cost of the hardware, the game also was canceled. If released, it would have been the first arcade racing game to use 3D polygon graphics. *The Empire Strikes Back* is released and became Atari's last major vector-based arcade game. *Paperboy* was also released by Atari Games. 1986 *Vs. Super Mario Bros.*, the arcade version of Super Mario Bros. originally on the Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom in Japan), is released into arcades. Taito releases *Bubble Bobble*. Sega releases *Out Run*. *Chiller* by Exidy is released and is an early example of blood and gore. Top Gunner by Exidy is released and is the last commercial arcade video game to use vector-based(wireframe) graphics. Turbo Kourier is released by the Vivid Group and is the first coin-operated Virtual Reality arcade video game to use 3D Polygon Graphics.

## Post–golden age (1987–present)

1987 Technōs Japan releases *Double Dragon*. It became a huge hit, paving the way for beat 'em up games. 1988 *NARC*, by Williams is released and is the first commercially released game to use a 32-bit processor. Namco releases *Assault*, which was the first game to make use of massive sprite rotation as well as sprite scaling. It also released *Splatterhouse*, which was the first game to get a parental advisory disclaimer. Namco introduces the Namco System 21 "Polygonizer", the first arcade system board designed for 3D polygonal graphics. The first game to use it is the racing video game *Winning Run*. *Top Landing* by Taito is released and is the first coin-operated flight simulation to use 3D polygon graphics and runs on Taito's Air System board. *Tetris* makes the jump from home to arcade as an Atari coin-op. 1989 *Exterminator* by Gottlieb is released and is the first video game to use fully digitized graphics in every element of the game. This was Gottlieb's last video game. *Hard Drivin'*, by Atari Games is released and is the second arcade driving game to have 3D polygonal graphics. *S.T.U.N. Runner* is released by *Atari Games* and is known for early use of high-speed 3-D Polygonal Graphics. 1990 *Pit-Fighter* is released by Atari Games and is the first-ever fighting game to use fully digitized graphics. Released two years before Midway's Mortal Kombat. *Galaxian³* is released by Namco as a video game Theme Park Attraction and is the first to feature 8-players. This game is a sequel to the Galaxian series and is known for combining pre-laserdisc background images and 3D Polygonal graphics. It was later released as an arcade cabinet to the public in 1994. *NAM-1975* is released by *SNK* and is the first game running on a Neo Geo hardware and became the standardized arcade platform throughout the 90s to the early 2000s. Many 2D fighting games like Fatal Fury, World Heroes, and Samurai Showdown ran on this hardware and was very popular in the arcades for its time. 1991 Capcom releases *Street Fighter II*, revolutionizing competitive play in the arcade setting and setting the template for fighting games. 1992 Midway Games releases *Mortal Kombat*, which features blood and fatalities. Sega releases *Virtua Racing*, Sega's first 3D racer as well as Sega's first polygonal 3D game. 1993 *Mortal Kombat II* is released, featuring high quality digitized graphics, and the most advanced sound system in arcades at the time, the DCS sound system which allowed for MP3 style compression to all sounds. Sega releases *Virtua Fighter*, the first 3D fighting game. 1994 *Killer Instinct* is released, the first arcade game with a hard disk, up to that point the game with the highest quality graphics pre-rendered by a rendering program, featuring to this day the highest quality use of the movie background technique. Namco releases *Tekken*, another fighting game. 1995 Midway Games releases *Mortal Kombat 3*, which was part of the Mortal Kombat series. 1996 SNK releases *Metal Slug*, a run and gun game widely known for its sense of humor, fluid hand-drawn animation, and fast-paced two-player action. 1998 Konami releases *Dance Dance Revolution*, an arcade game with four arrow pads that the players used to "dance." This game would create many sequels and spin-offs. *Gauntlet Legends* is released by Atari Games and it is the first game in the Gauntlet series to be produced in 3D and is the last Gauntlet game released by Atari Games. Sega releases *House of the Dead 2* and is the first game running on Sega's NAOMI hardware. Like the Neo Geo arcade hardware, it became a standard for many 3D arcade games during that time. 1999 *Rush 2049* is released, the last arcade game to bear the Atari Games logo. Atari Games in Milpitas is renamed Midway Games West, and closes its coin-op product development division. *Hydro Thunder* is released by Midway Games. It is a 3D speedboat racing game and was one of the first to run on QuickSilver II hardware, a windows-based hardware setup that was less expensive to use. The game was one of Midway Games most successful arcade games to date. *Derby Owners Club* which was the first large-scale satellite arcade machine with smartcards, which have become a staple in Japanese game centers since. 2000 *Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes* is released by Capcom and runs on Sega's NAOMI hardware. This game combines 2D character sprites, background arenas and special effects are 3D polygon based. 2001 Namco releases *Tekken 4*, the first talking game to feature almost all characters talking to one another. Sega releases *Virtua Fighter 4*, the first arcade game with online features in Japan. 2002 *Arctic Thunder* Special Edition is released and is the last arcade game by Midway Games and runs on a PC based Hardware Midway Graphite. Its arcade division was later shut down. Sega launched *World Club Champion Football*, which introduced trading cards, which have become a staple in Japanese game centers. 2020 The Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 caused many Japanese arcades to close down


title: Homalopsis buccata

abstract: Homalopsis buccata is a species of mildly venomous snake in the Homalopsidae family found in tropical areas of Southeast Asia.

text:
# Homalopsis buccata

***Homalopsis buccata*** (**puff-faced water snake** or **masked water snake**) is a species of mildly venomous snake in the Homalopsidae family found in tropical areas of Southeast Asia.

## Description

Upper labials 1–4 contact single loreal; two prefrontals; 33–40 dorsal scale rows at mid-body, usually reduced to fewer than 30 posteriorly; one postocular plus a postsubocular; 12 (11–14) upper labials; ventral count fewer than 166.

*Homalopsis buccata* has a banded pattern and usually reaches 1 meter (3 feet) in length. They have a somewhat similar body build to the anaconda, but instead of constriction they use a mild venom from a grooved rear fang to subdue prey.

## Distribution

*H. buccata* ranges from northern Sumatra to Salanga Island, Indonesia and Borneo; it is present on the Malaysian peninsula and in extreme southern Thailand (vicinity of Pattani).

## Reproduction

*H. buccata* are ovoviviparous, meaning they do not lay eggs but rather give birth to live young. Females give birth to 2-20 live young, with an average of 9.26 young per breeding. Studies have shown this species breeds year round, with a peak season of October–March (though no distinctive breeding season was found).

## Diet

*H. buccata* prey are said to include: tilapia, guppy, catfish, Asian swamp eel, various other small fish, a variety of frogs, freshwater crustaceans.

In captivity, the species feeds readily on minnows, goldfish, various cichlid fish, tilapia, Mollies (Poecilia), and tadpoles.

* Boulenger, George A. 1890 The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp.
* Stuart, B.L.; Smith, J.; Davey, K.; Din, P. & Platt, S.G. 2000 Homalopsine watersnakes. The harvest and trade from Tonle Sap, Cambodia. Traffic Bull. 18 (3): 115-124

## InfoBox

| Puff-faced water snake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Homalopsidae |
| Genus: | *Homalopsis*
Kuhl and Hasselt, 1822 |
| Species: | ***H. buccata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Homalopsis buccata***
(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|


title: Vermin Scum

abstract: Vermin Scum is an Annapolis, Maryland-based record label founded by Kenny Hill of the bands Spastic Rats and the Hated. The name was given to fit the theme of the label's first release, the Spastic Rats' "Rodentia." Released recordings by bands such as Spastic Rats, the Hated, Moss Icon, and The Shit. Later run by Tonie Joy of the band Moss Icon, who is sometimes cited (incorrectly) as the founder of the label; Currently not active. There is some controversy over Joy's takeover of the label; members of the Hated have stated repeatedly that the label was "stolen".

text:
# Vermin Scum

**Vermin Scum** is an Annapolis, Maryland-based record label founded by Kenny Hill (b. 1965 - d. 2020) of the bands Spastic Rats and the Hated. The name was given to fit the theme of the label's first release, the Spastic Rats' "Rodentia."

Released recordings by bands such as Spastic Rats, the Hated, Moss Icon, and The Shit. Later run by Tonie Joy of the band Moss Icon, who is sometimes cited (incorrectly) as the founder of the label; Currently not active. There is some controversy over Joy's takeover of the label; members of the Hated have stated repeatedly that the label was "stolen".

## Discography

* 1. Spastic Rats - *Rodentia* 7” (1985)
* 2. The Hated - *No More We Cry* 7” (1985)
* 3. Moss Icon \- *Hate in Me* 7” (Dancing Song #1) (1988)
* 4. and 5. The Hated - *Like the Days* 2x 7” (1987)
* 6. The Hated - *Everysong* 12” (1989)
* 7. Moss Icon - *Mahpiua Luta* 7” (Dancing Song #2) (1989)
* 8. Choke - *Kingdom of Mattresses* 7” (Simple Machines 0.5) (1990)
* 9. Breathing Walker \- *Breathing Walker* cassette/12”/CD (1990/2000)
* 9. Phido - *Phido* 7” (Tarantula Seed Records) (1990)
* 9. The Fifth Column - *Pullman* 7” (1991)
* 10. Moss Icon - *Memorial* 7” (black) (clear) (1991)
* 11. *Moss Icon/Silver Bearing* split 12” (1991)
* 12. The Hated - *What Was Behind* 12” (1992)
* 13. Freak Beans - *Nurture the Seed* 7” (1991)
* 14. The Shit - *The Shit* 12”
* 15. Sleeping Body - *Awaken* 7” (1992)
* 16. Universal Order of Armageddon \- *City* 7” (black) (clear) (1993)
* ?17.
* ?17.5 The Hassassins - *Fury III* 7” (Activated Hick Wunderkin Power) (1994) (no catalog # printed or etched on vinyl, but someone told me 17.5)
* 18. Blank - *Piotrville b/w Guillotine Lullaby* 7” (black) (white)
* 18.5 Blank - *Tab Street Affair* CD (2% Muscle)
* 19. The Great Unraveling - *The Angel Rang Virtue* 7” (black) (clear w/ white /100)
* 20. Moss Icon - *It Disappears* (Ebullition) (black) (grey marble) (1995)
* 21. Behind Closed Doors - *Self-Titled* 12” (1997)
* 22. Black Dice \- *Black Dice* 7”
* 23. The French Mistake - *The French Mistake* 7” (1998)
* 24. Charm City Suicides \- *Charm City Suicides* 12” (2001)
* ?25.
* 26. Glass Candy \- *Smashed Candy* 12" (2001)

## Releases without known catalog numbers

* v/a - Crabtowne Comp Cassette + stapled, xeroxed zine (credited to "Vermin Scum Tape 02", ca. 1985)
* Azazello’s Cream “Mucus Theory” Cassette
* Blank, self-titled cassette (1992)
* Lava “Demo” Cassette
* Maheesh, self-titled cassette (1992, featuring ex members of Love Slug and Azazello's Cream)
* Three Shades of Dirty “Paper Roses/Demo" Cassette
* Trainwreck “Self-Titled” Cassette
* Universal Order of Armaggedon "Demo" Cassette

## Distributed by Vermin Scum Records

* Onespot Fringehead "Wish" 7" (Gadfly) (1992)
* The Hassassins - Solar Lottery 12" 45RPM (Activated Hick Wunderkin Power)(1994)
* The Hassassins - The Hassassins Crash! 10"EP (Activated Hick Wunderkin Power)(1996)