title: Herman Bicknell

abstract: Herman Bicknell was an FRAS, British surgeon, orientalist, and linguist, son of Elhanan Bicknell.

text:
# Herman Bicknell

**Herman Bicknell** (2 April 1830 – 14 March 1875) was an FRAS, British surgeon, orientalist, and linguist, son of Elhanan Bicknell.

## Early life

He was born on 2 April 1830, in Surrey, and received his education in a variety of locations to include Paris, Hanover, University College, and St. Bartholomew's Hospital. His grandfather, William Bicknell, followed such Christian reformers as John Wesley and Elhanan Winchester, after whom his father was named. His father was a committed Unitarian and a major donor to the British and Foreign Unitarian Association.

After taking his degree at the College of Surgeons in 1854, and passing the military medical examination, he joined the army at Hong Kong in 1855 as assistant surgeon, whence he was transferred, in 1856, to Mianmír, Lahore. Whilst serving four years in India, throughout the period of the great mutiny, he assiduously studied oriental dialects, at intervals exploring portions of Java, Thibet, and the Himalayas.

## Discharge and travels

On returning to England, by the Indus and Palestine, he was soon placed on the staff at Aldershot, but speedily resigned his commission, that he might devote himself entirely to travel and languages. From this period he undertook many journeys of various duration and difficulty, extending from the Arctic regions to the Andes of Ecuador, and from America to the far East, more especially with the object of improving himself in ethnology, botany, and general science.

## Primary translations

In 1862 he started from London in the assumed character of an English Muslim gentleman, and, devoid of European contact, proceeded to Cairo, where he lived for a considerable period in the native quarter of the city. By this time so intimately acquainted had he become with the habits and manners of Islám, that in the spring of the same year he boldly joined the annual Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), and successfully accomplished a dangerous exploit which no other Englishman had achieved without disguise of person or of nationality. In 1868 he passed by Aleppo and the Euphrates to Shiráz, where he resided some months in 1869, employed in making himself thoroughly acquainted with the scenes and life of Persia, to carry out more efficiently the great work of his life, a metrical and literal translation of the chief poems of Háfiz, which, during fifteen years, had been under revision. But on 14 March 1875, before the manuscripts had received their final corrections, his life was abruptly terminated by disease, induced or hastened by the wear of constant change of climate, exposure in mountain exploration, and by an accident in an attempt to ascend the Matterhorn. He died in London, and was buried at Ramsgate. As a traveller he had great powers of endurance, he was a fair draughtsman, and as a linguist of unsurpassed ability; his varied accomplishments being also united with the happiest power of lucidly explaining the most abstruse theories of metaphysics and etymology, which his extensive reading had mastered. Besides a few pamphlets, he published the translation of Háfiz (posthumously issued), which include a variety of chronograms two centuries prior to their European introduction.

### References

## InfoBox

| Herman Bicknell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 2 April 1830
Surrey, London |
| Died | 14 March 1875(1875-03-14) (aged 44)
London |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| School or tradition | Various, College of Surgeons |
| Main interests | Botany and Astronomy |
| Notable works | Translation of Háfiz |
|  | |


title: Herbert G. Giberson

abstract: Herbert Greeley Giberson was an American businessman and politician. Giberson was born in Jersey County, Illinois. He lived in Elsah, Illinois with his family and went to the Elsah public school. In 1888, Giberson moved with his family to Alton, Illinois. He worked with his father in the merchandising business in Alton. Giberson also worked for a St. Louis, Missouri shoe company. Giberson took a business course at Shurtleff College in Alton. In 1899, Giberson served on the Alton Board of Education. He served on the Alton City Council from 1902 to 1904. Then, Giberson served on the Madison County Board of Supervisors from 1913 to 1915. Giberson was a Democrat. He then switch to the Republican Party. in 1924, He serve in the Illinois Senate from 1923 to 1927. Gibeson died at St. Joseph's Hospital in Alton, Illinois from complication after undergoing surgery for appendicitis.

text:
# Herbert G. Giberson

**Herbert Greeley Giberson** (April 29, 1872 – August 21, 1930) was an American businessman and politician.

Giberson was born in Jersey County, Illinois. He lived in Elsah, Illinois with his family and went to the Elsah public school. In 1888, Giberson moved with his family to Alton, Illinois. He worked with his father in the merchandising business in Alton. Giberson also worked for a St. Louis, Missouri shoe company. Giberson took a business course at Shurtleff College in Alton. In 1899, Giberson served on the Alton Board of Education. He served on the Alton City Council from 1902 to 1904. Then, Giberson served on the Madison County Board of Supervisors from 1913 to 1915. Giberson was a Democrat. He then switch to the Republican Party. in 1924, He serve in the Illinois Senate from 1923 to 1927. Gibeson died at St. Joseph's Hospital in Alton, Illinois from complication after undergoing surgery for appendicitis.


title: Poranek TVN24

abstract: Poranek TVN24, since 2009 known as Wstajesz i Wiesz, is a Polish morning news show broadcast on TVN24. It was first aired on 10 August 2001 and since 6 January 2007 it airs also at weekends. The programme is currently presented by Jarosław Kuźniar, who hosts it from Monday to Thursday and Marcin Żebrowski who is on air from Friday to Sunday. The news is presented every 30 minutes by Marta Kuligowska or Anna Seremak.

text:
# Poranek TVN24

***Poranek TVN24*** (English ***TVN24 Morning***), since 2009 known as ***Wstajesz i Wiesz*** (eng. ***You Get Up and You Know***), is a Polish morning news show broadcast on TVN24. It was first aired on 10 August 2001 and since 6 January 2007 it airs also at weekends. The programme is currently presented by Jarosław Kuźniar, who hosts it from Monday to Thursday and Marcin Żebrowski who is on air from Friday to Sunday. The news is presented every 30 minutes by Marta Kuligowska or Anna Seremak.

## The team

## 2009 Changes

On Saturday, 24 January 2009 *Poranek TVN24* has been renewed. It featured new graphics, music and cropping. Now the programme is also known as *Wstajesz i Wiesz* (eng. *You Get Up and You Know*) as it became a new slogan of the show. Since then it is called *morning programme Wstajesz i Wiesz* rather than *Poranek TVN24*. The presenter's desk has been made over and has become the most important point of the studio. The host sits at the desk during the whole show unlike before when the programme was presented from different places in the studio. The new 3D graphics are used when presenting weather forecast or the press. Since that day viewers can interact with the host by a new email address and by using the platform Contact24.

## 2011 Changes

On 3 January 2011 TVN24 made some changes in the programme. Jakub Porada who had been the host from Friday to Sunday has been replaced by Marcin Żebrowski. Katarzyna Werner has become permanent news presenter from Monday to Thursday. Now she is on air with Jarosław Kuźniar. From Friday to Sunday Marcin Żebrowski is joined by Joanna Kryńska who has become the new news presenter. As a result, Marta Kuligowska and Beata Tadla have left the programme. The former has become the new host of *Day Live* and the latter continues to host *The Facts* on TVN and *The Facts after The Facts* at weekends as well as *The Facts in the Afternoon* on weekdays on TVN24.

However the team change was not the only one. The news bulletins quarter past and quarter to every hour are now read by the main host, not by the news presenter as it was before. The news presenter still presents the news every hour and on the half-hour beginning from 6:00 on weekdays and 7:00 at weekends. Jarosław Kuźniar has also announced some changes in the studio scenery in the nearest future.

On 3 October 2011 the team will change again. Katarzyna Werner will leave the programme as she will become the new hostess of *Polska i świat|Poland and The World*, where she will replace Dagmara Kaczmarek-Szałkow who will go on a maternity leave. Werner appeared on *Poranek* for the last time on 29 September. Jarosław Kuźniar will present the show from Monday to Friday. At weekends Marcin Żebrowski will be joined by Kraków reporter, Anna Seremak. On weekdays the programme will end at 10:00.

## Holiday editions

During the holidays of 2011, the show begins at 6:30 on weekdays. All editions from Monday to Sunday lasts until noon. In July 2011, Michał Cholewiński substituted for Jarosław Kuźniar who was on leave. The news was presented by various former news presenters, such as Marta Kuligowska, Beata Tadla and Krzysztof Górlicki. In June and July 2011, some editions were hosted by Katarzyna Werner.

## InfoBox

| *Poranek TVN24* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | TVN24 |
| Starring | Jarosław Kuźniar
Marcin Żebrowski
Marta Kuligowska (news)
Anna Seremak (news) |
| Country of origin | Poland |
| Original language | Polish |
| Production | |
| Running time | 5:55-10am (weekdays)
6-11am (Saturday)
6-10:45am (Sunday) |
| Original release | |
| Network | TVN24 |
| Release | 10 August 2001 (2001-08-10)
present |


title: Gopal Prasad

abstract: Gopal Prasad is an Indian-American mathematician. His research interests span the fields of Lie groups, their discrete subgroups, algebraic groups, arithmetic groups, geometry of locally symmetric spaces, and representation theory of reductive p-adic groups. He is the Raoul Bott Professor of Mathematics at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

text:
# Gopal Prasad

**Gopal Prasad** (born 31 July 1945 in Ghazipur, India) is an Indian-American mathematician. His research interests span the fields of Lie groups, their discrete subgroups, algebraic groups, arithmetic groups, geometry of locally symmetric spaces, and representation theory of reductive p-adic groups.

He is the Raoul Bott Professor of Mathematics at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

## Education

Prasad earned his bachelor's degree with honors in Mathematics from Magadh University in 1963. Two years later, in 1965, he received his master's degree in Mathematics from Patna University. After a brief stay at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in their Ph.D. program for Mathematics, Prasad entered the Ph.D. program at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in 1966. There he began a long and extensive collaboration with his advisor M. S. Raghunathan on several topics including the study of lattices in semi-simple Lie groups and the congruence subgroup problem. In 1976, Prasad received his Ph.D. from the University of Mumbai. Prasad became an associate professor at TIFR in 1979, and a professor in 1984. In 1992 he left TIFR to join the faculty at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he is the Raoul Bott Professor Emeritus of Mathematics.

## Family

Gopal Prasad's parents were Ram Krishna Prasad and Lakshmi Devi. Ram Krishna Prasad was a social worker, philanthropist, and was jailed by the British for his participation in the Indian freedom struggle against British rule. The family was involved in retail, and wholesale businesses. In 1969, he married Indu Devi (née Poddar) of Deoria. Gopal Prasad and Indu Devi have a son, Anoop Prasad, who is managing director at D.E. Shaw & Co, and a daughter, Ila Fiete, who is Professor of Neuroscience at MIT, and five grandchildren. Shrawan Kumar, Professor of Mathematics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Pawan Kumar, Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Texas, Austin and Dipendra Prasad, Professor of Mathematics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, are his younger brothers.

## Some contributions to mathematics

Prasad's early work was on discrete subgroups of real and p-adic semi-simple groups. He proved the "strong rigidity" of lattices in real semi-simple groups of rank 1 and also of lattices in p-adic groups, see \[1\] and \[2\]. He then tackled group-theoretic and arithmetic questions on semi-simple algebraic groups. He proved the "strong approximation" property for simply connected semi-simple groups over global function fields \[3\]. Prasad determined the topological central extensions of these groups and computed the "metaplectic kernel" for isotropic groups in collaboration with M. S. Raghunathan, see \[11\], \[12\] and \[10\]. Prasad and Raghunathan have also obtained results on the Kneser-Tits problem, \[13\]. Later, together with Andrei Rapinchuk, Prasad gave a precise computation of the metaplectic kernel for all simply connected semi-simple groups, see \[14\].

In 1987, Prasad found a formula for the volume of S-arithmetic quotients of semi-simple groups, \[4\]. Using this formula and certain number theoretic and Galois-cohomological estimates, Armand Borel and Gopal Prasad proved several finiteness theorems about arithmetic groups, \[6\]. The volume formula, together with number-theoretic and Bruhat-Tits theoretic considerations led to a classification, by Gopal Prasad and Sai-Kee Yeung, of fake projective planes (in the theory of smooth projective complex surfaces) into 28 non-empty classes \[21\] (see also \[22\] and \[23\]). This classification, together with computations by Donald Cartwright and Tim Steger, has led to a complete list of fake projective planes. This list consists of exactly 50 fake projective planes, up to isometry (distributed among the 28 classes). This work was the subject of a talk in the Bourbaki seminar.

Prasad has worked on the representation theory of reductive p-adic groups with Allen Moy. The filtrations of parahoric subgroups, referred to as the "Moy-Prasad filtration", is widely used in representation theory and harmonic analysis. Moy and Prasad used these filtrations and Bruhat–Tits theory to prove the existence of "unrefined minimal K-types", to define the notion of "depth" of an irreducible admissible representation and to give a classification of representations of depth zero, see \[8\] and \[9\]. The results and techniques introduced in these two papers \[8\],\[9\] enabled a series of important developments in the field.

In collaboration with Andrei Rapinchuk, Prasad has studied Zariski-dense subgroups of semi-simple groups and proved the existence in such a subgroup of regular semi-simple elements with many desirable properties, \[15\], \[16\]. These elements have been used in the investigation of geometric and ergodic theoretic questions. Prasad and Rapinchuk introduced a new notion of "weak-commensurability" of arithmetic subgroups and determined "weak- commensurability classes" of arithmetic groups in a given semi-simple group. They used their results on weak-commensurability to obtain results on length-commensurable and isospectral arithmetic locally symmetric spaces, see \[17\], \[18\] and \[19\].

Together with Jiu-Kang Yu, Prasad has studied the fixed point set under the action of a finite group of automorphisms of a reductive p-adic group G on the Bruhat-Building of G, \[24\]. In another joint work, that has been used in the geometric Langlands program, Prasad and Yu determined all the quasi-reductive group schemes over a discrete valuation ring (DVR), \[25\].

In collaboration with Brian Conrad and Ofer Gabber, Prasad has studied the structure of pseudo-reductive groups, and also provided proofs of the conjugacy theorems for general smooth connected linear algebraic groups, announced without detailed proofs by Armand Borel and Jacques Tits; their research monograph \[26\] contains all this. A second monograph \[27\] contains a complete classification of pseudo-reductive groups, including a Tits-style classification and also many interesting examples. The classification of pseudo-reductive groups already has many applications. There was a Bourbaki seminar in March 2010 on the work of Tits, Conrad-Gabber-Prasad on pseudo-reductive groups.

Prasad has developed new methods for unramified and tamely ramified descents in Bruhat-Tits theory \[28\]\[29\]. Together with Tasho Kaletha, he has recently written a book \[30\] on Bruhat-Tits theory which contains new proofs of several results.

## Honors

Prasad has received the Guggenheim Fellowship, the Humboldt Senior Research Award, and the Raoul Bott Professorship at the University of Michigan. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar prize (by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of the Government of India). He has received Fellowships in the Indian National Science Academy, the Indian Academy of Sciences. Prasad gave an invited talk in the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Kyoto in 1990. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. He has served on the Mathematical Sciences jury of the Infosys Prize from 2011 to 2018.

Prasad was the Managing Editor of the Michigan Mathematical Journal for over a decade, an Associate Editor of the Annals of Mathematics for six years, and is an editor of the Asian Journal of Mathematics since its inception.

\[1\]. *Strong rigidity of **Q**-rank 1 lattices*, Inventiones Math. **21**(1973), 255–286.

\[2\]. *Lattices in semi-simple groups over local fields*, Adv.in Math. Studies in Algebra and Number Theory, 1979, 285–356.

\[3\]. *Strong approximation for semi-simple groups over function fields*, Annals of Mathematics **105**(1977), 553–572.

\[4\]. *Volumes of S-arithmetic quotients of semi-simple groups*, Publ.Math.IHES **69**(1989), 91–117.

\[5\]. *Semi-simple groups and arithmetic subgroups*, Proc.Int.Congress of Math., Kyoto, 1990, Vol. II, 821–832.

\[6\]. *Finiteness theorems for discrete subgroups of bounded covolume in semi-simple groups*, Publ.Math.IHES **69**(1989), 119–171; Addendum: ibid, **71**(1990); with A.Borel.

\[7\]. *Values of isotropic quadratic forms at S-integral points*, Compositio Mathematica, 83 (1992), 347–372; with A.Borel.

\[8\]. *Unrefined minimal K-types for p-adic groups*, Inventiones Math. **116**(1994), 393–408; with Allen Moy.

\[9\]. *Jacquet functors and unrefined minimal K-types*, Commentarii Math.Helv. **71**(1996), 98–121; with Allen Moy.

\[10\]. *On the congruence subgroup problem: Determination of the "Metaplectic Kernel"*, Inventiones Math. **71**(1983), 21–42; with M.S.Raghunathan.

\[11\]. *Topological central extensions of semi-simple groups over local fields*, Annals of Mathematics **119**(1984), 143–268; with M.S.Raghunathan.

\[12\]. *Topological central extensions of SL\_1(D)*, Inventiones Math. **92**(1988), 645–689; with M.S.Raghunathan.

\[13\]. *On the Kneser-Tits problem*, Commentarii Math.Helv. **60**(1985), 107–121; with M.S.Raghunathan.

\[14\]. *Computation of the metaplectic kernel*, Publ.Math.IHES **84**(1996), 91–187; with A.S.Rapinchuk.

\[15\]. *Existence of irreducible **R**-regular elements in Zariski-dense subgroups*, Math.Res.Letters **10**(2003), 21–32; with A.S.Rapinchuk.

\[16\]. *Zariski-dense subgroups and transcendental number theory*, Math.Res.Letters **12**(2005), 239–249; with A.S.Rapinchuk.

\[17\]. *Weakly commensurable arithmetic groups and isospectral locally symmetric spaces*, Publ.Math.IHES **109**(2009), 113–184; with A.S.Rapinchuk.

\[18\]. *Local-global principles for embedding of fields with involution into simple algebras with involution*, Commentarii Math.Helv. **85**(2010), 583–645; with A.S.Rapinchuk.

\[19\]. *On the fields generated by the lengths of closed geodesics in locally symmetric spaces, preprint; with A.S.Rapinchuk.*

\[20\]. *Developments on the congruence subgroup problem after the work of Bass, Milnor and Serre*, In "Collected papers of John Milnor", vol.V, AMS (2010), 307–325; with A.S.Rapinchuk.

\[21\]. *Fake projective planes*, Inventiones Math. **168**(2007), 321–370, "Addendum", ibid, **182**(2010), 213–227; with Sai-Kee Yeung.

\[22\]. *Arithmetic fake projective spaces and arithmetic fake Grassmannians*, Amer.J.Math. **131**(2009), 379–407; with Sai-Kee Yeung.

\[23\]. *Nonexistence of arithmetic fake compact hermitian symmetric spaces of type other than A\_n, n\<5*, J.Math.Soc.Japan; with Sai-Kee Yeung.

\[24\]. *On finite group actions on reductive groups and buildings*, Inventiones Math. **147**(2002), 545–560; with Jiu-Kang Yu.

\[25\]. *On quasi-reductive group schemes*, J.Alg.Geom. **15**(2006), 507–549; with Jiu-Kang Yu.

\[26\]. *Pseudo-reductive groups*, second edition, New Mathematical Monographs #**26**, xxiv+665 pages, Cambridge University Press, 2015; with Brian Conrad and Ofer Gabber.

\[27\]. *Classification of Pseudo-reductive groups*, Annals of Mathematics Studies #**191**, 245 pages, Princeton University Press, 2015; with Brian Conrad.

\[28\]. *A new approach to unramified descent in Bruhat-Tits theory*, Amer. J. Math. vol. 142 #**1** (2020), 215–253.

\[29\]. *Finite group actions on reductive groups and buildings and tamely-ramified descent in Bruhat-Tits theory*, Amer. J. Math. vol. 142 #**4** (2020), 1239–1267.

\[30\]. *Bruhat--Tits theory: a new approach*, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2022; with Tasho Kaletha.

## InfoBox

| Gopal Prasad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1945-07-31) 31 July 1945
Ghazipur, British India |
| Alma mater | Patna University
IITK
TIFR
Institute for Advanced Study |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Michigan |
| Doctoral advisor | M. S. Raghunathan |
|  | |


title: King Arroyo

abstract: King Arroyo is a tributary of the Arkansas River in Otero County, Colorado.

text:
# King Arroyo

**King Arroyo** is a tributary of the Arkansas River in Otero County, Colorado.

## Course

King Arroyo rises in the Comanche National Grassland south of La Junta, Colorado and flows generally north. Its main tributary is East Fork King Arroyo. The two streams join southeast of La Junta. King Arroyo then continues north along the east side of La Junta before passing under Highway 50 and emptying into the Arkansas.

## Name

The stream was likely named for Colonel John Quincy Adams King who operated a ferry over a ford on the Arkansas River just east of La Junta's city limits, which matches the location of King Arroyo. King's Ferry, as it was called, ran until 1875 when it was made obsolete by the arrival of the railroad.

## InfoBox

| King Arroyo | |
| --- | --- |
| The arroyo viewed from the East 3rd Street bridge in La Junta | |
| Location of the mouth of King Arroyo in Colorado | |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Comanche National Grassland |
| coordinates | 37°51′15.04″N 103°29′46.79″W / 37.8541778°N 103.4963306°W / 37.8541778; -103.4963306 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Confluence with the Arkansas |
| coordinates | 37°59′23.03″N 103°31′49.79″W / 37.9897306°N 103.5304972°W / 37.9897306; -103.5304972 |
| elevation | 4,049 ft (1,234 m) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | ArkansasMississippi |
| Tributaries |  |
| right | East Fork King Arroyo |


title: Harold Edwards (RCAF officer)

abstract: Air Marshal Harold "Gus" Edwards, was a Canadian Air Force officer who played a prominent role in building the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). From November 1941 to December 1943, Edwards served as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Overseas where he was responsible for all RCAF personnel. In June 2012, Edwards was posthumously inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame for his "outstanding leadership in building Canada's national air force".

text:
# Harold Edwards (RCAF officer)

Air Marshal **Harold** "**Gus**" **Edwards**, CB (24 December 1892 – 23 February 1952) was a Canadian Air Force officer who played a prominent role in building the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). From November 1941 to December 1943, Edwards served as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Overseas where he was responsible for all RCAF personnel. In June 2012, Edwards was posthumously inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame for his "outstanding leadership in building Canada's national air force".

## Early life

Harold Edwards was born in Chorley, Lancashire, England on 24 December 1892; he immigrated with his family to Glace Bay, Nova Scotia in 1903. At age fourteen, he left school to work as a trapper boy in the coal mines, but also began home study following his shifts. By the age of 18 he qualified as the mine's chief electrician, and by 1915 he had educated himself to a sufficiently high level to be accepted into the Royal Naval Air Service. Edwards earned his pilot's wings in 1916 and graduated as a flight sub-lieutenant.

## First World War

During the First World War, Edwards was posted to No. 3 (Naval) Wing at Luxeuil-les-Bains, France, where he shot down one German aircraft, but was then himself shot down and captured. After two failed attempts to escape he succeeded on the third attempt; only to be recaptured and returned to Colmar for the remainder of the war. After repatriation to England, Edwards joined the Royal Air Force (RAF), which had been formed on 1 April 1918 by amalgamating the Royal Naval Air Service and the Army's Royal Flying Corps. In 1919, Edwards held the rank of captain in the RAF and volunteered to fly in the fight against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution in South Russia. He was assigned to No. 47 Squadron under the leadership of Major Raymond Collishaw. For service in Russia, he received the Order of Saint Stanislaus and the Order of St. Anna as well as being Mentioned in Despatches.

## Interwar years

After the war, Edwards returned to Canada and joined the newly-formed Canadian Air Force, a few months after its formation on 18 February 1920. Following a short flying refresher he was posted to Ottawa and placed in charge of the personnel branch where he was responsible for documenting Canadians with First World War experience in the RAF then recruiting them into the provisional air force and setting up an air training centre at Camp Borden. By 1924, the Canadian Air Force had grown sufficiently to acquire permanent status as a component of the new Department of Defence. On 1 April 1924, Canada's national air force was accorded royal assent and officially established as the Royal Canadian Air Force.

Following his work to develop a personnel organization for Canada's national air force, Edwards returned to flying duties in June 1924 and was appointed Officer-in-Charge of Victoria Beach, a flying boat detachment of RCAF Station Winnipeg on the south shore of Lake Winnipeg. The program to photograph Canada from the air began in earnest in 1924, with the Manitoba detachments leading the other units in Canada by photographing 27,000 square metres (0.027 km2) in over 180 hours of flying. Edwards demonstrated that aerial photography was equally accurate to ground surveys and saved a time and labour. Edwards also recommended that crew size of the Vickers Viking flying boat be reduced from four to three to carry more stores and safety equipment. He also wrote a report documenting and standardizing how aerial mapping photos were taken. The Manitoba detachment also led other RCAF detachments in forestry patrols, flying 1,020 hours on forest fire patrols, timber cruising and transporting officials to inaccessible regions. The work of Edwards and his compatriots fostered an "air mindedness" in Canada and paved the way for Canada's civil aviation pioneers. Edwards' Commanding Officer reported him to be, "A very capable pilot and efficient officer in every respect – keen and energetic. A good organizer and Commander".

## Dartmouth years

In 1934, Edwards was selected to command RCAF Station Dartmouth (now 12 Wing Shearwater), where he formed one of the RCAF's first squadrons after the crippling Depression. No. 5 (Flying Boat) Squadron was created by amalgamating the five RCAF detachments at Dartmouth, Shediac, Gaspé, Sydney and Rimouski. Under his leadership, No. 5 Squadron initiated anti-smuggling air patrols with a Royal Canadian Mounted Police observer on board. The patrols were flown in consort with RCMP marine vessels to thwart illegal rum running along the Nova Scotia coast. Under his direction, No. 5 Squadron initiated the first use of aircraft radios to report suspect vessels to RCAF and RCMP ground stations. He also introduced a tactical grid system to disguise geographic positions to foil rumrunners who eavesdropped on the wireless communications.

After the disastrous 1936 coal mine tragedy at Moose River, the provincial premier requested Edwards' assistance in coordinating the rescue mission. Edwards transmitted messages and coordinated No. 5 Squadron aircraft to fly rescue equipment and personnel to the mine and to transport the injured to hospitals in Halifax; enabling them to receive treatment several days earlier than if transported by land. Millions in North America and Europe heard the rescue described on the radio. It was during these broadcasts that Edwards became known as he explained the RCAF's role in the rescue; his leadership engendered interest in air power and respect for the RCAF.

During the post-Depression period in the mid-1930s the government implemented an Unemployment Relief (UER) Project to create work for destitute and unemployed people and stimulate the economy. The RCAF benefited from the UER Projects by receiving more money and personnel, new aircraft and improved air stations. During 1937 and 1938, Edwards oversaw the UER Project at RCAF Station Dartmouth, which expanded the small seaplane base at Baker's Point into the largest and most important air station in Eastern Canada. He supervised the purchase of land from neighbouring farmers and the construction of new hangars and runways. Edwards' Commanding Officer reported, "In addition to his \[regular\] duties, Edwards has been in charge of UER Project No. 153 (Dartmouth Air Station) where his sound judgement and untiring energy have been the main factor in carrying out this work under considerable \[social upheaval\] difficulties".

Under Edwards' command, RCAF Station Dartmouth and No. 5 Squadron were the only RCAF units in Canada declared combat ready at the outbreak of the Second World War. Notwithstanding the RCAF's obsolescent aircraft and lack of experience in modern air warfare, Edwards prepared the station to play a role in the air defence of Halifax's strategic harbour, and the eventual defeat of the ubiquitous U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic.

## Air Member for Personnel

At the outbreak of the Second World War, Canada agreed to be the principal venue for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP), which involved the construction of 107 flying schools and 184 other units at 231 sites across the country. As Air Member for Personnel at RCAF Headquarters in 1940–1941, Edwards was responsible for manning the RCAF and providing the essential personnel support services including discipline, pay, medical, chaplains, senior appointments, promotions, retirements, postings and reserve forces, as well as compiling Personnel Staff Estimates and supervising Personnel Appropriations. To help meet the immediate requirement for so many qualified flying instructors, Air Marshal Billy Bishop turned to the American Clayton Knight Committee to facilitate the recruitment of hundreds of American civilian flying instructors and staff pilots, and Edwards dealt with the complexities of absorbing these Americans into the RCAF while respecting politically sensitive diplomatic protocols to avoid violating United States neutrality.

The BCATP was able to provide over 131,000 aircrew to Commonwealth air forces who were critical in replacing the acute loss of pilots during the Battle of Britain and the loss of more than 55,000 aircrew in the bomber offensive over occupied Europe. The BCATP enabled the Commonwealth nations to man their air forces in Europe, North Africa and the Middle and Far East.

## AOC-in-Chief RCAF Overseas

In January 1942, in the midst of the Second World War, Edwards was transferred to London, England as the "Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RCAF Overseas". Edwards' wide range of experience in administration, his concern for the welfare of both officers and other ranks, and certainly his forceful personality made him the best choice to command all RCAF personnel overseas, not only in England but also in the Middle and Far East.

According to BCATP Article XV, Canadian graduate aircrews were to form 35 RCAF squadrons after arrival in England. However, when Edwards arrived in London he discovered that Canadians were dispersed over "Hell's half acre" within the RAF. RCAF Officers in the posting departments in England had received little direction to concentrate Canadians into RCAF squadrons and were uncertain of the location of more than 6,000 Canadians posted into RAF squadrons. Edwards established a Records and Statistics Directorate to track the whereabouts of all RCAF personnel. He increased RCAF medical staff in RAF hospitals and supported the building of the plastic surgery hospital in East Grinstead. He improved the postal system and introduced a Canadian newsletter, *Wings Abroad*. Edwards established seven district headquarters, to provide a direct channel of communication for RCAF personnel in the field, on matters administered by the RCAF (pay, allowances, promotion, etc.). Similarly, with the ever-increasing number of RCAF personnel in the Mediterranean and Far East, district headquarters were opened in Cairo, Egypt and India.

## Canadianization

With so many Canadians serving in RAF squadrons, Edwards was concerned that Article XV was not being implemented as agreed by the signatories to the BCATP. Moreover, the large number of Canadians embedded in RAF squadrons obfuscated the RCAF's contribution to the air war and Canada was not being justly recognized for its contribution. Edwards met with his RAF counterparts to revitalize Article XV, a process that became known as "Canadianization", where Canadians would form distinct RCAF squadrons, which would fight as Canadian units under Canadian command. This plan received harsh criticism from the highest ranks of the RAF; his assertiveness made him unpopular around the Air Ministry. Conflicting direction from Ottawa urging him to press for "Canadianization" but not to antagonize the Air Ministry took a toll on his health. Eighteen RCAF fighter squadrons, organized into six Canadian wings, formed the largest Commonwealth contingent in the RAF's Second Tactical Air Force. Similarly, 15 bomber squadrons in No. 6 Group RCAF in RAF Bomber Command earned recognition of Canada's major role in carrying the fight to the enemy in the night skies over Nazi occupied Europe. In the same vein, six RCAF anti-submarine and anti-shipping squadrons provided yeoman service in RAF Coastal Command. By the end of the Second World War, RCAF BCATP establishments and squadrons in Europe constituted the fourth largest Allied air force.

For his leadership in RCAF's overall contribution to the Allied victory in the Second World War, Air Marshal Edwards received awards of distinction from the United Kingdom, the United States, France and Czechoslovakia.

## Retirement

Exhausted from RCAF work, Edwards' failing health forced him to return to Canada on 31 December 1943. He retired from the RCAF on 29 September 1944 and died on 23 February 1952, at the age of 59, in Scottsdale, Arizona. Six days later the RCAF buried its first Air Marshal with national honours in Ottawa's Beechwood Cemetery on 29 February 1952. On 15 June 2012, sixty years after his death, Air Marshal Edwards was reinterred beside his comrades-in-arms in the National Military Cemetery, located within Beechwood Cemetery.

His son Billy Edwards was profiled in Allan King's 1969 documentary film *A Married Couple*.

## Awards

* 16 December 1919 – Mentioned for valuable services whilst in captivity (*London Gazette*)
* 19 January 1920 – Order of St. Stanislaus w/sword and bow (Russia)
* 15 March 1920 – Mentioned in Despatches
* 23 March 1920 – Order of St. Anne w/sword and bow (Russia)
* 1 January 1943 – Companion, Order of the Bath
* 13 August 1946 – Commander, Legion of Merit (United States of America)
* 12 September 1947 – Croix de Guerre avec palme (France)
* 12 September 1947 – Officier de la Légion d'Honneur (France)
* 5 March 1948 – Order of the White Lion For Victory – Star, First Class (Czechoslovakia)
* 14 June 2012 – Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame

## Promotions

* 3 February 1916 – Flight Sub Lieutenant
* 1 October 1917 – Flight Lieutenant
* 29 September 1926 – Squadron Leader
* 1 April 1936 – Wing Commander
* 1 April 1939 – Group Captain
* 1 February 1940 – Air Commodore
* 5 August 1941 – Air Vice Marshal
* 20 June 1942 – Air Marshal

Bibliography * Cable, Ernest, Col (Ret'd) (2013). "Air Marshal Edwards – "Building a National Air Force"". *Airforce*. **37** (1).`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Edwards, Suzanne K. (2007). *Gus: From Trapper Boy to Air Marshal*. Renfrew, Ontario: General Store Publishing House. ISBN 9781897113745.
* Edwards, Suzanne K. (2011). *The Adventures of a Trapper Boy*. Renfrew, Ontario: General Store Publishing House. ISBN 9781897508893.
* Greenhous, Brereton; Harris, Stephen J.; Johnston, William C.; Rawling, William G.P. (1994). "Chapters 2 & 3". *The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force*. Vol. III: "The Crucible of War 1939–1945". Toronto: University of Toronto Press in cooperation with the Department of National Defence and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada. ISBN 0802005748.

## InfoBox

| Harold Edwards | |
| --- | --- |
| Edwards in 1943 | |
| Nickname(s) | Gus |
| Born | (1892-12-24)24 December 1892
Chorley, Lancashire, England |
| Died | 23 February 1952(1952-02-23) (aged 59)
Scottsdale, Arizona, United States |
| Buried | Beechwood Cemetery, Ottawa, Canada |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom
Canada |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy
Royal Air Force
Royal Canadian Air Force |
| Years of service | 1915–1944 |
| Rank | Air Marshal |
| Commands | RCAF Overseas |
| Battles/wars | First World War
Second World War |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath
Mentioned in Despatches (2)
Order of St. Stanislaus (Poland)
Order of St. Anna (Russia)
Commander of the Legion of Merit (United States)
Officer of the Legion of Honour (France)
Croix de guerre (France)
Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia) |


abstract: The United Kingdom competed under the name Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The nation was represented by 72 athletes at the 2010 European Athletics Championships held in Barcelona, Spain. With a squad of 72 athletes, Great Britain and Northern Ireland sent the fifth largest national team of the competition. The nation won a record 19 medals over the course of the six-day championships, beating their previous greatest medal haul of 18 from the 1990 European Athletics Championships. Head coach Charles van Commenee praised a number of athletes, saying that the team performance was good in terms of building towards the 2012 London Olympics. A number of high-profile athletes were missing from the squad due to injuries, including three 2008 Olympic medallists, as well as women's marathon runners Paula Radcliffe and Mara Yamauchi. Both the men's and women's 4 x 100 m relay teams had difficulties with baton changeovers, resulting in poor performances in an event that the country is typically strong: the women's team was sixth in their heat while the men missed the final by finishing in fifth place.

text:
# Great Britain at the 2010 European Athletics Championships

The United Kingdom competed under the name **Great Britain and Northern Ireland**. The nation was represented by 72 athletes at the 2010 European Athletics Championships held in Barcelona, Spain.

With a squad of 72 athletes, Great Britain and Northern Ireland sent the fifth largest national team of the competition. The nation won a record 19 medals over the course of the six-day championships, beating their previous greatest medal haul of 18 from the 1990 European Athletics Championships. Head coach Charles van Commenee praised a number of athletes, saying that the team performance was good in terms of building towards the 2012 London Olympics. A number of high-profile athletes were missing from the squad due to injuries, including three 2008 Olympic medallists (Christine Ohuruogu, Tasha Danvers, and Germaine Mason), as well as women's marathon runners Paula Radcliffe and Mara Yamauchi.

Both the men's and women's 4 x 100 m relay teams had difficulties with baton changeovers, resulting in poor performances in an event that the country is typically strong: the women's team was sixth in their heat while the men missed the final by finishing in fifth place.

## Participants

| Event | Men | Women |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 100 m | Dwain Chambers
James Dasaolu
Mark Lewis-Francis | Laura Turner |
| 200 m | Marlon Devonish
Christian Malcolm
Jeffrey Lawal-Balogun | Emily Freeman |
| 400 m | Michael Bingham
Martyn Rooney
Conrad Williams | Lee McConnell |
| 800 m | Michael Rimmer | Jenny Meadows
Marilyn Okoro
Jemma Simpson |
| 1500 m | Andrew Baddeley
Colin McCourt
Thomas Lancashire | Hannah England
Lisa Dobriskey
Stephanie Twell |
| 5000 m | Mo Farah
Chris Thompson |  |
| 10,000 m | Mo Farah
Chris Thompson |  |
| Marathon | Andi Jones
Lee Merrien
Ben Moreau
Dan Robinson
Dave Webb
Martin Williams | Helen Decker
Susan Partridge
Michelle Ross-Cope
Rebecca Robinson
Holly Rush
Jo Wilkinson |
| 110/100 m hurdles | William Sharman
Andy Turner |  |
| 400 m hurdles | David Greene
Rhys Williams
Nathan Woodward | Eilidh Child
Perri Shakes-Drayton |
| 3000 m steeplechase |  | Hatti Dean
Barbara Parker |
| High Jump | Martyn Bernard
Tom Parsons |  |
| Pole Vault |  | Kate Dennison |
| Long Jump | Greg Rutherford
Chris Tomlinson |  |
| Triple Jump | Nathan Douglas
Phillips Idowu |  |
| Shot Put | Carl Myerscough |  |
| Decathlon/Heptathlon |  | Jessica Ennis |
| 20 km walk |  | Joanna Jackson |
| 4 x 100 m relay | James Dasaolu
Marlon Devonish
Leon Baptiste
Jeffery Lawal Balogun
Mark Lewis-Francis
Christian Malcolm
Craig Pickering | Montell Douglas
Katherine Endacott
Emily Freeman
Hayley Jones
Joice Maduaka
Elaine O'Neill
Laura Turner |
| 4 x 400 m relay | Michael Bingham
Richard Buck
Graham Hedman
Martyn Rooney
Andrew Steele
Rob Tobin
Conrad Williams | Vicki Barr
Lee McConnell
Marilyn Okoro
Nadine Okyere
Nicola Sanders
Perri Shakes-Drayton
Kim Wall |

## Results

| **2010 Barcelona** | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** | **Total** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Great Britain (GBR) | 6 | 7 | 6 | 19 |

### Men

Track and road events

| Event | Athletes | Heats | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| 100 m | Dwain Chambers | 10.21 | 2 **Q** | 10.10 | 2 **Q** | 10.18 | 5 |
| | James Dasaolu | 10.40 | 12 **Q** | 10.31 | 10 | Did not advance | |
| | Mark Lewis-Francis | 10.23 | 3 **Q** | 10.21 *SB* | 6 **q** | 10.18 *SB* |  |
| 200 m | Marlon Devonish | 20.68 | 4 **Q** | 20.55 *SB* | 3 **Q** | 20.62 | 4 |
| | Christian Malcolm | 20.63 | 2 **Q** | 20.58 | 4 **Q** | 20.38 *SB* |  |
| | Jeffrey Lawal-Balogun | 20.93 | 15 **Q** | 20.85 | 13 | Did not advance | |
| 400 m | Michael Bingham | 45.49 | 1 **Q** | 44.88 *SB* | 4 **Q** | 45.23 |  |
| | Martyn Rooney | 45.72 | 3 **Q** | 45.00 | 5 **q** | 45.23 |  |
| | Conrad Williams | 46.35 | 17 **Q** | 46.60 | 20 | Did not advance | |
| 800 m | Michael Rimmer | 1:49.99 | 10 **Q** | 1:47.67 | 1 **Q** | 1:47.17 |  |
| 1500 m | Andrew Baddeley | 3:41.46 | 3 **Q** |  | | 3:43.87 | 6 |
| | Colin McCourt | 3:41.77 | 7 **Q** |  | | 3:44.78 | 9 |
| | Thomas Lancashire | 3:41.68 | 6 **Q** |  | | 3:44.92 | 10 |
| 5000 m | Mo Farah | 13:38.26 | 7 **Q** |  | | 13:31.18 |  |
| | Chris Thompson | 13:35.58 | 4 **Q** |  | | 13:44.42 | 8 |
| 10000 m | Mo Farah |  | | | | 28:24.99 |  |
| | Chris Thompson |  | | | | 28:27.33 |  |
| 110 m hurdles | William Sharman | 13.60 | 7 **Q** | DSQ |  | Did not advance | |
| | Andy Turner | 13.48 | 2 **Q** | 13.50 | 4 **Q** | 13.28 *SB* |  |
| 400 m hurdles | Dai Greene | 50.11 | 4 **Q** | 49.48 | 1 **Q** | 48.12 *PB* |  |
| | Rhys Williams | 49.35 | 1 **Q** | 49.61 | 2 **Q** | 48.96 *PB* |  |
| | Nathan Woodward | 50.45 | 9 **Q** | 50.51 | 10 | Did not advance | |
| 4x100 m relay | James Dasaolu
Marlon Devonish
Leon Baptiste
Jeffrey Lawal-Balogun
Mark Lewis-Francis
Christian Malcolm
Craig Pickering | 39.49 | 9 |  | | Did not advance | |
| 4x400 m relay | Michael Bingham
Richard Buck
Graham Hedman
Martyn Rooney
Andrew Steele
Robert Tobin
Conrad Williams | 3:04.09 | 3 **Q** |  | | 3:02.25 |  |
| Marathon | Andi Jones |  | | | | DNF | - |
| | Lee Merrien |  | | | | 2:20;42 | 8 |
| | Ben Moreau |  | | | | 2:27:08 | 24 |
| | Dan Robinson |  | | | | 2:24:06 | 19 |
| | Dave Webb |  | | | | 2:23:04 | 16 |
| | Martin Williams |  | | | | 2:28:30 | 28 |

Field events

| Event | Athletes | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Long jump | Chris Tomlinson | 8.20m | 3 **Q** | 8.23m *SB* |  |
| High jump | Martin Bernard | 2.26m | 7 **q** | 2.29m *SB* |  |
| | Tom Parsons | 2.23m | 11 **q** | NM | - |
| Triple jump | Nathan Douglas | 16.80m | 12 **Q** | 16.48m | 10 |
| | Phillips Idowu | 17.10m | 4 **Q** | 17.81 *PB* |  |
| Shot put | Carl Mysercough | 19.81m | 10 **q** | 18.19m | 12 |
|

### Women

Track and road events

| Event | Athletes | Heats | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| 100 m | Laura Turner | 11.45 | 7 **Q** | 11.41 | 13 | Did not advance | | | |
| 200 m | Emily Freeman | 23.44 | 7 **Q** | 23.21 *SB* | 9 | Did not advance | | | |
| 400 m | Lee McConnell | 53.15 | 12 | Did not advance | | | |
| 800 m | Jennifer Meadows | 1:58.90 | 2 **Q** |  | | 1:59.39 |  |
| | Marilyn Okoro | 2:01.33 *SB* | 4 | Did not advance | | | |
| | Jemma Simpson | 1:59.18 | 1 **Q** |  | | 1:59.90 | 5 |
| 1500 m | Hannah England | 4:06.03 | 10 **q** |  | | 4:05.07 | 10 |
| | Lisa Dobriskey | 4:06.00 | 9 **Q** |  | | 4:01.54 | 4 |
| | Steph Twell | 4:05.63 | 7 **q** |  | | 4:02.70 | 7 |
| 400 m hurdles | Eilidh Child | 55.82 | 10 **Q** | 55.27 | 7 **q** | 55.51 | 8 |
| | Perri Shakes-Drayton | 55.35 | 4 **Q** | 54.73 *PB* | 4 **Q** | 54.18 *PB* |  |
| 3000 m steeplechase | Hatti Dean | 9:46.43 | 9 **Q** |  | | 9:30.19 *PB* | 4 |
| | Barbara Parker | 10:20.99 | 20 | Did not advance | | | |
| 4x100 m relay | Joice Maduaka
Montell Douglas
Hayley Jones
Laura Turner | 44.09 | 10 |  | | Did not advance | |
| 4x400 m relay | Nicola Sanders
Perri Shakes-Drayton
Marilyn Okoro
Lee McConnell
Vicki Barr | 3:28.01 | 3 **Q** |  | | 3:24.32 |  |
| Marathon | Helen Decker |  | | | | 2:43:00 | 21 |
| | Susan Partridge |  | | | | 2:39:07 | 16 |
| | Michelle Ross-Cope |  | | | | 2:38:45 | 14 |
| | Rebecca Robinson |  | | | | 2:44:06 | 24 |
| | Holly Rush |  | | | | 2:42:44 | 20 |
| | Jo Wilkinson |  | | | | 2:44:11 | 25 |
| 20 km walk | Johanna Jackson |  | | | | 1:33:33 | 10 |

Field events

| Event | Athletes | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Pole vault | Kate Dennison | 4.35 | 3 **q** | 4.55 *=SB* | 6 |
| Heptathlon | Jessica Ennis |  | | 6823 *PB* |  |


title: The Popcorn (album)

abstract: The Popcorn is the 25th studio album by American musician James Brown. The album was released in August 1969, by King Records.

text:
# The Popcorn (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

***The Popcorn*** is the 25th studio album by American musician James Brown. The album was released in August 1969, by King Records.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Popcorn" | James Brown | 3:01 |
| 2. | "Why Am I Treated So Bad" | Roebuck Staples | 6:04 |
| 3. | "In the Middle, Pt. 1 & 2" | Alfred Ellis, Bud Hobgood | 6:50 |
| 4. | "Soul Pride, Pts. 1 & 2" | James Brown, Alfred Ellis | 4:28 |
| 5. | "A New Shift" | Alfred Ellis | 3:37 |
| 6. | "Sudsy" | James Brown, Alfred Ellis | 4:41 |
| 7. | "The Chicken" | Alfred Ellis | 4:04 |
| 8. | "The Chase" | James Brown, Bud Hobgood | 0:29 |

## Personnel

* James Brown (lead vocal)
* Alphonso Kellum (bass)
* Clyde Stubblefield (drums)
* Waymon Reed and Richard "Kush" Griffith (trumpet)
* Levi Rasbury(valve trombone)
* Fred Wesley (trombone)
* Maceo Parker (tenor saxophone)
* St. Clair Pinckney (baritone saxophone)
* Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis (alto saxophone)
* Jimmy Nolen (guitar)

## InfoBox

| The Popcorn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by James Brown | |
| Released | August 1969 |
| Recorded | 1969 |
| Genre | Funk, soul, R&B |
| Length | 33:14 |
| Label | King |
| Producer | James Brown |
| James Brown chronology | |
| *Gettin' Down to It*
(1969) ***The Popcorn***
(1969) *It's a Mother*
(1969) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Popcorn* | |
| 1. "The Popcorn"
Released: August 1968 2. "Soul Pride"
Released: March 1969 | |
|  | |


abstract: The Paraguay women's national basketball team is the team governed by the Paraguayan Basketball Federation that represents Paraguay in the international women's basketball competitions organized by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The best achievements by the Paraguay women's national basketball team are the two first-places finishes in the FIBA South America Championship for Women, in 1952 and 1962.

text:
# Paraguay women's national basketball team

The **Paraguay women's national basketball team** is the team governed by the Paraguayan Basketball Federation that represents Paraguay in the international women's basketball competitions organized by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

The best achievements by the Paraguay women's national basketball team are the two first-places finishes in the FIBA South America Championship for Women, in 1952 and 1962.

## Competitions

### FIBA World Championship

### FIBA Americas Championship

1. "FIBA Ranking Presented by Nike". *FIBA*. August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.

## InfoBox

Paraguay
| FIBA ranking | 69  6 (26 August 2024) |
| --- | --- |
| Joined FIBA | 1947 |
| FIBA zone | FIBA Americas |
| National federation | Paraguayan Basketball Federation |
| Coach | Juan Pablo Feliu |
| Olympic Games | |
| Appearances | None |
| World Cup | |
| Appearances | 3 |
| Medals | None |
| FIBA Women's AmeriCup | |
| Appearances | 3 |
| Medals | None |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tony DePhillips

abstract: Anthony Andrew DePhillips was a Major League Baseball catcher with the Cincinnati Reds. He played in 35 games, all during the 1943 season.

text:
# Tony DePhillips

**Anthony Andrew DePhillips** (September 20, 1912 – May 5, 1994) was a Major League Baseball catcher with the Cincinnati Reds. He played in 35 games, all during the 1943 season.

## Biography

DePhillips was born in New York, New York, and attended Fordham University. For his career, he compiled a .100 batting average in 20 at-bats, with two runs batted in.

DePhillips was a standout basketball and baseball player at Newtown High School and at Fordham University. He played minor league baseball for the New York Yankees and played in the Major Leagues. In 1942, DePhillips voluntarily retired in order to spend more time with his wife and baby, Tony, Jr. He accepted a job in October of that year coaching college basketball at the Pratt Institute in addition to his job coaching high school basketball at St. Simon Stock High School in the Bronx.

After retiring in 1942, he played for an amateur team in New York called the Bushwicks. In March 1943, he signed with the Cincinnati Reds. With the Reds, he had a reputation as a defensively gifted but offensively challenged catcher. As a result, he found his playing time limited and was frequently pinch hit for.

On November 11, 1949, DePhillips opened a sporting goods store on Francis Lewis Boulevard in Bayside. The grand opening was attended by sports greats of the times which included Phil Rizzuto of the Yankees, Gene Hermanski of the Dodgers, and Jake LaMotta, the middleweight boxing champ.

In the spring of 1950, Tony started a youth baseball league in the neighborhood with 150 kids. By 1954, 600 youngsters were participating and by 1958 Tony's youth club had 1,200 members. Initially a baseball club, other sports were added that included basketball, football, bowling, handball, roller hockey and archery. The initial ages of the participants were 10–14 with 15–16-year-old division being added in 1952 and a 9-year-old group in 1953. Varsity baseball and basketball travel teams were also added, and players from those teams went on to participate in high school and college teams and receive major league tryouts.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, DePhillips served as the physical education teacher at the Henley School in Jamaica Estates, Queens.

Tony also officiated college and NBA basketball games and was a scout for the Philadelphia A's and the New York Yankees.

In 1978, he was inducted into the Fordham University Hall of Fame. He died on May 5, 1994, in Port Jefferson, New York, at the age of 81.

## InfoBox

| Tony DePhillips | |
| --- | --- |
| DePhillips with the Cincinnati Reds in 1943 | |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:** (1912-09-20)September 20, 1912
New York City, US | |
| **Died:** May 5, 1994(1994-05-05) (aged 81)
Port Jefferson, New York, US | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 25, 1943, for the Cincinnati Reds | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 12, 1943, for the Cincinnati Reds | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .100 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 2 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Herman Besse

abstract: Herman A. Besse was an American Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher. He played for the Philadelphia Athletics during five seasons, interrupted by service in World War II. After his major league career, Besse moved to Los Angeles and became a newspaper dealer.

text:
# Herman Besse

**Herman A. Besse** (August 16, 1911 – August 13, 1972) was an American Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher. He played for the Philadelphia Athletics during five seasons, interrupted by service in World War II. After his major league career, Besse moved to Los Angeles and became a newspaper dealer.

## InfoBox

| Herman Besse | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1911-08-16)August 16, 1911
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. | |
| **Died:** August 13, 1972(1972-08-13) (aged 60)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 19, 1940, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 22, 1946, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 5–15 |
| Earned run average | 6.79 |
| Strikeouts | 118 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Herbert G. Squiers

abstract: Herbert Goldsmith Squiers was an American diplomat and soldier, who served as the U.S. minister to Cuba (1902–1905), and Panama (1906–1909) and a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army.

text:
# Herbert G. Squiers

**Herbert Goldsmith Squiers** (April 20, 1859 – October 19, 1911) was an American diplomat and soldier, who served as the U.S. minister to Cuba (19021905), and Panama (19061909) and a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army.

## Early life

Squires was born April 20, 1859 in Madoc, Canada West, but his parents moved to the United States while he was young. He attended school in both Minnesota and Maryland before attending the Maryland Agricultural College.

## Career

Squiers joined the Army in 1877 and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant and attended the United States Artillery School. In 1880 he was transferred from the First Infantry Regiment to the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment.

In October 1885, while still a member of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment, he reported for duty at St. John's College (now known as Fordham University) in New York, as the school's first Professor of Military Science and Tactics. He trained and outfitted an impressive Corps of Cadets, the predecessor of today's Army ROTC program at Fordham. In December 1890, he left the college and returned to the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment on detached service at Fort Leavenworth to appear before a board for promotion to First Lieutenant. He returned to the regiment 4 January 1891, about a week after the Battle of Wounded Knee. Troop K took heavy losses during the battle and Captain Wallace (a survivor of the Little Big Horn) and five troopers were killed and 10 wounded. Squiers took command of Troop K but shortly thereafter he resigned and left the Army early in 1891.

### Diplomatic service

He entered U.S. diplomatic service and first served as Second Secretary of the American Embassy in Berlin in 1894. He retired in 1897, then was appointed secretary of the American Legation in Beijing (Peking) in 1898. He was appointed as Minister to Cuba in May, 1902 and served until November 1905. There was growing opposition to his policies as Minister, including his support for a group of U.S. citizens encamped in the Isle of Pines who sought to organize a territorial government leading to the annexation of Cuba to the U.S. He resigned under pressure. From 1906 until 1909 he served as Minister to Panama.

### Looting controversy

Squiers was a noted collector of fine porcelain, and had previously collected porcelain during vacations in Japan. While serving as the First Secretary of the American Legation in Beijing, he added to this collection. Diana Preston described Squiers and his wife:

> These stylish and well-connected New England 'blue noses' had excellent taste and an acquisitive streak to match. During their stay in China they amassed such an extensive collection of antique Chinese porcelain that when they eventually left Peking it filled several railroad carriages. Several newspapers unsympathetically described it as 'loot'.

Much of Squiers' collection was acquired for him by William N. Pethick (died 1901), the private secretary and diplomatic advisor to leading Qing statesman Li Hongzhang (Li Hung-chang) (1823–1901). British High Commissioner to China Sir Ernest Mason Satow (1843–1929), in speculating as to the sources of *The Times* correspondent George Ernest Morrison's accurate information, theorises that Squiers was the "leak":

> I strongly suspect leakage thro' the Secy. of the US legn., Squiers, who buys curios with the aid of Pethick, the well-know\[n\] hanger-on of Li Hung chang & who gets political information fr\[om\] S. in return for expert advice as to the merits of cloisonne, porcelain & lacquer.

Squiers was accused of purchasing a confiscated collection of porcelain from Pierre-Marie-Alphonse Favier (1837–1905), Vicar Apostolic of North Chihli province of the Roman Catholic Church, and the pastor of the congregation where Squiers was a member. In the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion, Jasper Whiting, War Correspondent for the *Westminster Gazette*, wrote that "the best collection of loot obtained belonged to Lady MacDonald, the wife of the British minister, while the second-best belonged to the First Secretary of the American Legation." Investigative journalist Sterling Seagrave asserts that "great fortunes were made by those like Herbert Squiers, who knew where to find the richest pickings and chose his loot as a connoisseur." Squiers told the correspondent for *The Times*, Australian George Ernest Morrison (1862–1920), that he was concerned about the attacks on him by Stephen Bonsal in *The New York Herald*, concerning "the looting done by an American diplomatist in Peking." Morrison indicated that a souvenir which he described as "the finest piece of jade in Peking" came into his possession and he sold it to Herbert Squiers for 2,000 taels. On 7 March 1901, the United States Minister to China, Edwin Hurd Conger (1843–1907), sent a cable to John Hay, the United States Secretary of State, that exonerated Squiers completely of looting: "the reports that have reached America to the effect that H.G. Squiers, the United States Secretary of Legation, had been guilty of looting were based on misinformation. As a matter of fact, the Minister states, Mr. Squiers is entirely guiltless of any such thing."

Squiers left Beijing on 2 September 1901 "with what was reported to be several railway cars filled with Chinese art," which Squiers indicated was to be donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Among those critical of the origins of Squiers' donation to the Metropolitan Museum were *New Outlook* magazine, which claimed the "collection of fine Chinese porcelain \[was\] known to have been looted from palaces in Peking," and *Life* magazine: "The coyness of the Metropolitan Museum's attitude towards looted treasures of Chinese art affords matter for contemplation." In response to criticism that this collection was the result of looting, both the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and the U.S. State department officials were skeptical of accusations that this was a large collection of loot. His collection was on loan to the United States National Museum (better known as The Smithsonian Institution) in Washington D.C. from 1907 to 1908. After his death, his collection was sold at auction in New York in April 1912, and realised over $48,000. The method of which Squiers used to acquire his collection of Chinese art continued to be criticized as lately as 2003, with journalist Sandy English writing that "much of the Squires \[sic.\] Collection of Chinese art, now in the Metropolitan Museum in New York, was stolen from Beijing in the aftermath of the revolt".

## Personal life

On October 11, 1881, he married Helen Lacy Fargo (18571886), daughter of the late William G. Fargo, co-founder of Wells Fargo & Company. She died in 1886 leaving Squiers with four children:

On November 14, 1892, Squiers married his second wife, Harriette Bard Woodcock (18661935), with whom he had two additional children:

* Herbert G. Squiers, Jr. (18921941)
* Bard MacDonald Squiers (18931934)

Squiers died October 19, 1911. His widow, the former Harriet "Hattie" Woodcock, said after his death that "political intrigues" had "Prevented him from attaining the diplomatic and political prominence that was his due."

## InfoBox

| Herbert Goldsmith Squiers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 4th United States Minister to Panama | |
| **In office**
November 8, 1906  August 3, 1909 | |
| President | Theodore Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Charles E. Magoon |
| Succeeded by | R. S. Reynolds Hitt |
| 1st United States Minister to Cuba | |
| **In office**
May 27, 1902  December 2, 1905 | |
| President | Theodore Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Diplomatic relations established |
| Succeeded by | Edwin V. Morgan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1859-04-20)April 20, 1859
Madoc, Canada West |
| Died | October 19, 1911(1911-10-19) (aged 52) |
| Spouse(s) | Helen Lacy Fargo
Harriet Bard Woodcock |
| Children | 6 |
| Alma mater | Maryland Agricultural College |
| Profession | Diplomat, soldier |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1877-1891 |
| Rank | First Lieutenant |
| Unit | 1st Infantry Regiment
7th Cavalry Regiment |
| Battles/wars | Indian Wars |
|  | |


abstract: The Higher and Technical Institute Mizoram (HATIM) is the first residential co-educational college in Mizoram, India, which is undertaken by a Christian organisation namely, Baptist Church of Mizoram (BCM) and is located in Lunglei. HATIM was started in June 2007 as the first Christian College in Mizoram. HATIM is sponsored and promoted by the Baptist Church of Mizoram. All courses under HATIM are affiliated to Mizoram University.

text:
# Higher and Technical Institute of Mizoram

The **Higher and Technical Institute Mizoram** (**HATIM**) is the first residential co-educational college in Mizoram, India, which is undertaken by a Christian organisation namely, Baptist Church of Mizoram (BCM) and is located in Lunglei. HATIM was started in June 2007 as the first Christian College in Mizoram. HATIM is sponsored and promoted by the Baptist Church of Mizoram. All courses under HATIM are affiliated to Mizoram University.

## History

The school was founded in 2007 by the Baptist Church of Mizoram.

## Academic courses

HATIM offers the following courses. HATIM has the highest pass percentage among undergraduate colleges under Mizoram University.

1. Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)
2. Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) with specialisation in E-Commerce and Finance.
3. Bachelor of Social Work (BSW)
4. Bachelor of Arts (BA) in English, Philosophy, History, Psychology, Education.

## InfoBox

The Higher and Technical Institute Mizoram
| Motto | "Seek Share Serve" |
| --- | --- |
| Type | College |
| Established | 2007 |
| Religious affiliation | Baptist Church of Mizoram |
| Location | Lunglei, Mizoram, India |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | hatim.ac.in |


title: Gopal Purushottam Phadke

abstract: Gopal Purushottam Phadke was an Indian sports coach from Pune, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. He was a specialist coach of kho kho, a sports of Indian origin as well as of other sports disciplines such as swimming, Mallakhamb and Kabbaddi. After securing a diploma in engineering, he worked at the Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC), but left the company to take up sports coaching as a full-time job. He was reported to have provided coaching to physically handicapped children in swimming using a custom built tank constructed at his own expense and is credited with efforts in popularising the sport in other countries such as Australia. He was involved with Arya Krida Dharak Mandal, an organization which promoted kho kho and other sports and was a member of the advisory committees of All India Radio, Doordarshan and the selection committee of Dronacharya award. He died on 20 October 2009 at his residence in Pune, succumbing to liver cirrhosis. He received the Dronacharya Award, the highest Indian award for sports coaching, in 2000, the only coach from the sport of kho kho to receive the award. A former vice president of the All India Association of Dronacharya Awardees, Phadke was honoured by the Government of India in 2003 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award.

text:
# Gopal Purushottam Phadke

**Gopal Purushottam Phadke** was an Indian sports coach from Pune, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. He was a specialist coach of kho kho, a sports of Indian origin as well as of other sports disciplines such as swimming, Mallakhamb and Kabbaddi. After securing a diploma in engineering, he worked at the Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC), but left the company to take up sports coaching as a full-time job. He was reported to have provided coaching to physically handicapped children in swimming using a custom built tank constructed at his own expense and is credited with efforts in popularising the sport in other countries such as Australia. He was involved with Arya Krida Dharak Mandal, an organization which promoted kho kho and other sports and was a member of the advisory committees of All India Radio, Doordarshan and the selection committee of Dronacharya award. He died on 20 October 2009 at his residence in Pune, succumbing to liver cirrhosis. He received the Dronacharya Award, the highest Indian award for sports coaching, in 2000, the only coach from the sport of kho kho to receive the award. A former vice president of the *All India Association of Dronacharya Awardees*, Phadke was honoured by the Government of India in 2003 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award.

## InfoBox

| Gopal Purushottam Phadke | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Pune, Maharashtra, India |
| Died | 20 October 2009
Pune, Maharashtra, India |
| Resting place | Vaikunth crematorium, Pune
18°30′28″N 73°50′28″E / 18.50778°N 73.84111°E / 18.50778; 73.84111 |
| Occupation | Sports coach |
| Known for | Kho Kho |
| Children | Two sons |
| Awards | Padma Shri
Dronacharya Award |


title: King Art Games

abstract: King Art Games is a German video game developer. The company created the point-and-click adventure The Book of Unwritten Tales, including its prequel called The Critter Chronicles and the sequel The Book of Unwritten Tales 2. Their other project that uses similar gameplay mechanics, is the point-and-click adventure The Raven: Legacy of a Master Thief. They have developed the turn-based strategy game Battle Worlds: Kronos. The studio also worked on the tactical role-playing game The Dwarves, which is based on the novel of the same name. Jan Theysen and Marc König established King Art Games in 2000 to focus on graphic adventure games and role-playing video games. In January 2020 their Iron Harvest game won the "Best German Game" award at the Deutscher Entwicklerpreis, and the developer team also won "Best Game Design" and "Best Sound Design" and was nominated for "Best Graphic" and "Best Story".

text:
# King Art Games

**King Art Games** (stylized as *KING Art Games*) is a German video game developer. The company created the point-and-click adventure *The Book of Unwritten Tales*, including its prequel called *The Critter Chronicles* and the sequel *The Book of Unwritten Tales 2*. Their other project that uses similar gameplay mechanics, is the point-and-click adventure *The Raven: Legacy of a Master Thief*.

They have developed the turn-based strategy game *Battle Worlds: Kronos*. The studio also worked on the tactical role-playing game *The Dwarves*, which is based on the novel of the same name. Jan Theysen and Marc König established King Art Games in 2000 to focus on graphic adventure games and role-playing video games.

In January 2020 their Iron Harvest game won the "Best German Game" award at the Deutscher Entwicklerpreis, and the developer team also won "Best Game Design" and "Best Sound Design" and was nominated for "Best Graphic" and "Best Story".

## Games developed

### Browser and mobile games

* *Murphy’s Law*
* *Drivals*
* *My Free Zoo*
* *My Fantastic Park*
* *My Little Farmies*
* *Undermaster*
* *Inkheart* (2009), Nintendo DS

### 2011 to present

| Year | Game | Publisher | Genre | Platform(s) | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Win | OS X | Linux | PS3 | PS4 | Wii U | NSW | X360 | XONE | iOS | Android |
| 2011 | *The Book of Unwritten Tales* | Various | Adventure | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2012 | *The Book of Unwritten Tales: The Critter Chronicles* | Nordic Games | Adventure | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2013 | *The Raven: Legacy of a Master Thief* | Nordic Games | Adventure | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| 2013 | *Battle Worlds: Kronos* | Nordic Games | Turn-based strategy | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2015 | *The Book of Unwritten Tales 2* | Nordic Games | Adventure | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2016 | *The Dwarves* | THQ Nordic | Tactical RPG | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| 2017 | *Black Mirror* | THQ Nordic | Adventure | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| 2020 | *Iron Harvest* | Deep Silver | Real-time strategy | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |

## InfoBox

King Art Games
| Industry | Video games |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2000 |
| Founder | * Jan Theysen * Marc König |
| Headquarters | Bremen, Germany |
| Products | *The Book of Unwritten Tales* series |
| Number of employees | 110 (2024) |
| Website | kingart-games.com |


title: Harold Wyndham

abstract: Sir Harold Wyndham was Director-General of Education in New South Wales between 1952 and 1968. He chaired the committee whose report led to the Education Act 1961 which completely re-organised secondary education in NSW.

text:
# Harold Wyndham

**Sir Harold Wyndham** CBE (27 June 1903 – 22 April 1988) was Director-General of Education in New South Wales between 1952 and 1968. He chaired the committee whose report (referred to as "The Wyndham Report") led to the Education Act 1961 which completely re-organised secondary education in NSW.

## Early life and background

Wyndham was a great-grandson of Wadham Wyndham. His grandfather Alexander Wyndham (d.1915) arrived in Australia in the 1850s with a sizeable inheritance but within 20 years the fortune had been spent, lent or otherwise lost.

Harold Stanley Wyndham was born in Forbes, New South Wales on 27 June 1903, first child to Agnes Effie (née Finigan) and Stanley Charles Wyndham. His mother Effie died in June 1908, a short time after the arrival of her third child, Norman. The children were cared for by their aunt Rachel, Effie's younger sister, whom Stanley later married. Rachel urged that the family be moved to Sydney to ensure the children could receive a more rounded education. Rachel and Stanley had a son Robert. Harold's sister Kathleen founded Wadham Preparatory School and his brother Norman became a noted Sydney-based surgeon.

Harold married Beatrice Margaret (Margaret) Grieve in 1936 and moved to the Sydney suburb of Roseville in 1937 where the couple raised three sons, Philip, John and David, all of whom attended the academically selective North Sydney Boys High School. Wyndham died of a heart attack in Roseville on 22 April 1988.

## Education

Wyndham attended Fort Street High School and graduated in arts at the University of Sydney in 1924. In 1925 he was awarded a Diploma in Education, winning the Peter Board Prize. He served for 8 years as a teacher in Primary schools and as a member of staff of Sydney Teachers College.

In 1928 he graduated Master of Arts (1st Class honours in History). In 1932 he won the NSW Teacher's Federation travelling scholarship and the Carnegie Travel Grant to the USA where he studied at Stanford University in California. He earned his Doctorate in Education in 1934. During World War II he served with the Royal Australian Air Force as a Flight Lieutenant and was involved in the early stages of the Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Scheme and the re-establishment of disabled ex-servicemen.

## Career and the "Wyndham Report"

In 1935 Wyndham was appointed as the first research officer for the Department of Education. In 1946 he was appointed Staff Inspector, Secretary in 1948 and Deputy Director-General in 1951. In November 1952 he became Director-General of Education

In 1954 he was appointed to chair a committee tasked to completely review the Secondary education system in New South Wales and make recommendations for improvements to be implemented. The committee's report, popularly referred to as "The Wyndham Report", was presented to the Minister in October 1957. The report gave rise to the Public Education Act of 1961 and was brought into effect in 1962. Key amongst the changes was the objective of presenting all students with the opportunity to experience a wide range of subjects, including visual arts, industrial arts, music and drama, and a wide range of languages. The Five-year Secondary School system was abandoned in favour of adding another year to the course, with major statewide external examinations at the end of the tenth (School Certificate) and the twelfth (Higher School Certificate) years of schooling.

When Wyndham was appointed as Director-General of Education there were 455,000 students in the NSW Education system, of whom 100,000 were in Secondary schools; By 1968 there was over 244,000 students in secondary school of whom 64% could be expected to complete the Higher School Certificate.

## Public life

Wyndham devoted much of his life to public service outside of his role in the Department of Education. In 1945 he led the Australian delegation at the conference which created UNESCO and was a member of the Australian delegation to UNESCO in 1958 and again in 1966. In 1959 he represented Australia at the Commonwealth Education Conference at Oxford and again in New Delhi in 1962. He was a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Public Administration and a Fellow and President (1963–1965) of the Australian College of Educators. He was Chairman of the NSW State Library Board, NSW State Archives Authority, Secondary Schools Board, Board of Senior School Studies, Board of Teacher Education, Sydney Symphony Orchestra Advisory Committee and Intellectually Handicapped Standing Committee amongst others. He was a member of the Senate of the University of Sydney, Council of the University of New South Wales, Council of the University of New England, Council of Macquarie University, Technical Education Advisory Council and the Sydney Opera House Trust. In 1961 Wyndham was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for "services to education in NSW" and in 1969 appointed a Knight Bachelor.


title: Violet wood hoopoe

abstract: The violet wood hoopoe is a species of bird in the family Phoeniculidae. It is found in Angola, Kenya, Namibia, and Tanzania. It looks similar to the black-billed wood hoopoe but with a red beak and a green throat. It has coppery and violet mantle feathers.

text:
# Violet wood hoopoe

The **violet wood hoopoe** (***Phoeniculus damarensis***) is a species of bird in the family Phoeniculidae. It is found in Angola, Kenya, Namibia, and Tanzania. It looks similar to the black-billed wood hoopoe but with a red beak and a green throat. It has coppery and violet mantle feathers.

## Taxonomy

Grant's wood hoopoe (*P. d. granti*) is sometimes considered a full species. Due to genetic similarities in mitochondrial DNA analysis between the violet woodhoopoe and the green woodhoopoe, some believe the violet woodhoopoe is not a separate species from the green woodhoopoe. However, some scholars suggest the violet woodhoopoe is indeed its own species, based on different foraging patterns attributed to its more terrestrial foraging juxtaposed to the green woodhoopoe's arboreal foraging.

## InfoBox

| Violet wood hoopoe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Illustration (above) with black-billed wood hoopoe (below) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Bucerotiformes |
| Family: | Phoeniculidae |
| Genus: | *Phoeniculus* |
| Species: | ***P. damarensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phoeniculus damarensis***
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1901) | |
|
|  | |
| General range: the Angolan mopane woodlands | |


title: The Pope's Children

abstract: The Pope's Children: Ireland's New Elite is a book by journalist and economist David McWilliams. In his book McWilliams describes the effects that the Celtic Tiger and the property boom have had on Ireland, resulting in the rise of a new bourgeoisie.

text:
# The Pope's Children

***The Pope's Children: Ireland's New Elite*** is a book by journalist and economist David McWilliams.

In his book McWilliams describes the effects that the Celtic Tiger and the property boom have had on Ireland, resulting in the rise of a new bourgeoisie.

## Background

During the late 1990s, McWilliams, while working in various financial houses in London, had established a reputation as a pessimistic commentator on the Irish economy, predicting that a harsh recession would soon arrive. Diversifications in Irish broadcasting in the early Celtic Tiger, such as the introduction of Newstalk and TV3, created opportunities for new voices in current affairs and McWilliams presented short-lived shows on both stations. By 2005, the Celtic Tiger had continued to outlive his prediction of its demise and new pundits (like George Lee, Morgan Kelly, and Eddie Hobbs) were emerging to criticise aspects of the Irish economy.

McWilliams needed a new angle to present his theories about the Irish economy and turned to America for inspiration. Conservative pundit David Brooks had found success with his book Bobos in Paradise in which changes in the American economy in the 1990s were explained using nicknames and stock characters to personify economic actors. "Bobo" was a term Brooks used disparagingly for people who saw themselves as "bohemian" but also bourgeoisie. McWilliams would later cite Brooks as an influence and coin several neologisms along this line.

## The Text

The book's title reflects McWilliams' belief that Pope John Paul II's visit to Ireland in the autumn of 1979 was a watershed in the country's history. The children born during that period (who at the time of publication are between the ages of 25 and 35) are "The Pope's Children" – the first generation since the Great Famine of the mid-19th century to experience an increase in the size of the population. (The rise in birth rates in Ireland began in the early 1970s and peaked in June 1980, exactly nine months after the pope's visit.) According to McWilliams, these 620,000 people became the country's key generation. They are the dynamo of Ireland's economy, politics and culture, and they will shape its face in the 21st century.

The significance of generations (and economic rivalry between generations) is something McWilliams would revisit in later books, and the idea that Ireland's singular 20th century history meant that it had different generational delineations than other countries (like boomer, Gen X or millennial) is something that would catch on.

In the book, McWilliams introduced terms such as "Breakfast Roll Man", "Deckland", "Kells Angels" (people commuting to Dublin from neighbouring counties) and "HiCo" (Hiberno Cosmopolitans) to explain the economic phenomena of the Celtic Tiger.

In November 2006 RTÉ broadcast a three-part documentary series *In Search of the Pope's Children* based upon the book and presented by McWilliams.

## Impact and legacy

'The Pope's Children" was a huge commercial success in Ireland, selling over a hundred thousand copies. The success of the work led to the publication of further works by McWilliams, such as The Generation Game' and 'Following the Money', each of which continue with some of the same characters and topics. In 2010 the book was shortlisted as one of the Irish books of the decade.

The phrase "Breakfast Roll Man" entered common parlance to the point that a novelty song, Jumbo Breakfast Roll achieved popular success in 2006.

## Criticism

The use of labels such as HiCo and Breakfast Roll man by McWilliams has been criticised as glib and even snobbish by some commentators. The book's description of Gaelscoileanna as aspirational, middle-class and even elitist has been criticised as being based on a narrow sample within Dublin 4 and not an accurate reflection of the movement for Irish-medium education nationally.

## InfoBox

The Pope's Children
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | David McWilliams |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Commentary, Society, Politics |
| Publisher | Gill&Macmillan |
| Publication date | October 2005 |
| Publication place | Ireland |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 281 pp (Hardback edition) |
| ISBN | 0-7171-3971-9 |
| OCLC | 62310612 |
| Dewey Decimal | 305.23509417 22 |
| LC Class | HQ799.8.I73 M38 2005 |


title: Para, Unnao

abstract: Para is a village in Hilauli block of Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, its population is 7,701, in 1,262 households, and it has 6 primary schools and no healthcare facilities. It hosts a regular market and has a sub post office. The 1961 census recorded Para as comprising 16 hamlets, with a total population of 3,252, in 600 households and 433 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 4,181 acres. It had a post office then.

text:
# Para, Unnao

**Para** is a village in Hilauli block of Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, its population is 7,701, in 1,262 households, and it has 6 primary schools and no healthcare facilities. It hosts a regular market and has a sub post office.

The 1961 census recorded Para as comprising 16 hamlets, with a total population of 3,252 (1,660 male and 1,592 female), in 600 households and 433 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 4,181 acres. It had a post office then.

## InfoBox

| Para Pāra | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Map showing Para (#617) in Hilauli CD block | |
| ParaLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°30′09″N 80°55′50″E / 26.502397°N 80.930641°E / 26.502397; 80.930641 | |
| Country India | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Unnao |
| Area | |
| Total | 16.232 km2 (6.267 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 7,701 |
| Density | 470/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | UP-35 |


title: Men in Love (song)

abstract: "Men in Love" is a 2010 song by Gossip, from their album Music for Men.

text:
# Men in Love (song)

"**Men in Love**" is a 2010 song by Gossip, from their album *Music for Men*.

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 58 |

## InfoBox

| "Men in Love" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Gossip | |
| from the album  *Music for Men* | |
| Released | 29 October 2010 (2010-10-29) |
| Recorded | Shangri La Studios, Malibu |
| Length | 3:41 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) | * Nathan Howdeshell * Hannah Billie * Mary Beth Patterson |
| Gossip singles chronology | |
| "Pop Goes The World"
(2010) "**Men in Love**"
(2010) "Dimestore Diamond"
(2010) | |


title: Nevada statistical areas

text:
# Nevada statistical areas

The U.S. State of Nevada currently has ten statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On July 21, 2023, the OMB delineated two combined statistical areas, three metropolitan statistical areas, and five micropolitan statistical areas in Nevada. As of 2023, the largest of these is the Las Vegas-Henderson, NV CSA, comprising the area around Nevada's largest city, Las Vegas.

## Background

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has designated more than 1,000 statistical areas for the United States and Puerto Rico. These statistical areas are important geographic delineations of population clusters used by the OMB, the United States Census Bureau, planning organizations, and federal, state, and local government entities.

The OMB defines a core-based statistical area (commonly referred to as a CBSA) as the county or counties (or county-equivalents) surrounding at least one densely-settled core of at least 10,000 population, "plus adjacent counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured through commuting ties with the counties containing the core". The OMB further divides core-based statistical areas based on population into metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) for those with at least 50,000 and micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs) for those with 10,000 to 49,999 people.

The OMB defines a combined statistical area (CSA) as two or more adjacent core-based statistical areas where the employment interchange rate (% commuting from A to B plus % commuting from B to A) is at least 15%. The primary statistical areas (PSAs) include all combined statistical areas and any core-based statistical area that is not a constituent of a combined statistical area.

## Table

The ten United States statistical areas, 16 counties and one independent city of the State of Nevada

| Combined statistical area | 2023 population (est.) | Core-based statistical area | 2023 population (est.) | County | 2023 population (est.) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Las Vegas–Henderson, NV CSA | 2,392,293 | Las Vegas–Henderson-North Las Vegas, NV MSA | 2,336,573 | Clark County, Nevada | 2,336,573 |
| | | Pahrump, NV μSA | 55,720 | Nye County, Nevada | 55,720 |
| Reno-Carson City-Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA CSA | 699,307
698,166 (NV) | Reno, NV MSA | 564,782 | Washoe County, Nevada | 498,022 |
| | | | | Lyon County, Nevada | 62,583 |
| | | | | Storey County, Nevada | 4,177 |
| | | Carson City, NV MSA | 58,036 | Carson City, Nevada | 58,036 |
| | | Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA μSA | 50,686
49,545 (NV) | Douglas County, Nevada | 49,545 |
| | | Alpine County, California | 1,141 |
| | | Fallon, NV μSA | 25,803 | Churchill County, Nevada | 25,803 |
| *none* | | Elko, NV μSA | 56,210 | Elko County, Nevada | 54,293 |
| | Eureka County, Nevada | | | 1,917 |
| | Winnemucca, NV μSA | 17,136 | Humboldt County, Nevada | 17,136 |
| | *none* | | White Pine County, Nevada | 8,522 |
| | Pershing County, Nevada | 6,364 |
| | Lander County, Nevada | 5,769 |
| | Mineral County, Nevada | 4,528 |
| | Lincoln County, Nevada | 4,452 |
| | Esmeralda County, Nevada | 736 |
| State of Nevada | | | | | 3,194,176 |

## Primary statistical areas

Primary statistical areas (PSAs) include all combined statistical areas and any core-based statistical area that is not a constituent of a combined statistical area. Of the ten statistical areas of Nevada, four are PSAs comprising two combined statistical areas and two micropolitan statistical areas.

The four primary statistical areas of the State of Nevada

| 2020 rank | Primary statistical area | Population | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 2023 estimate | Change | 2020 Census | Change | 2010 Census |
| 1 | Las Vegas-Henderson, NV CSA | 2,392,293 | +3.25% | 2,317,052 | +16.13% | 1,995,215 |
| 2 | Reno-Carson City-Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA CSA (NV) | 698,166 | +2.15% | 683,474 | +13.06% | 604,545 |
| 3 | Elko, NV μSA | 56,210 | +1.18% | 55,557 | +9.35% | 50,805 |
| 4 | Winnemucca, NV μSA | 17,136 | −0.86% | 17,285 | +4.58% | 16,528 |
|  | *Reno-Carson City-Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA CSA* | 699,307 | +2.14% | 684,678 | +13.04% | 605,720 |

1. Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas (July 21, 2023). "0MB BULLETIN NO. 23-01" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved October 23, 2023.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2. "2020 Standards for Delineating Core Based Statistical Areas". Office of Management and Budget. July 16, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
3. "County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2023". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
4. "PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS". U.S. Census Bureau. 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
5. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019". U.S. Census Bureau. 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2024.

39°19′44″N 116°37′52″W / 39.3289°N 116.6312°W / 39.3289; -116.6312 (State of Nevada)


title: Herbert G. MacPherson

abstract: Herbert G. MacPherson was an American nuclear engineer and deputy director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). He contributed to the design and development of nuclear reactors and in the opinion of Alvin Weinberg he was "the country's foremost expert on graphite"...

text:
# Herbert G. MacPherson

**Herbert G. MacPherson** (2 November 1911 – 6 January 1993) was an American nuclear engineer and deputy director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). He contributed to the design and development of nuclear reactors and in the opinion of Alvin Weinberg he was "the country's foremost expert on graphite"...

## Career

After receiving his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California at Berkeley in 1936, MacPherson went to work at the National Weather Service in Washington DC. The following year he was hired by the National Carbon Division of the Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation in Cleveland Ohio, where he investigated the spectra of carbon arcs that were often used in the movie industry. In 1956 he moved to Oak Ridge TN to become a research scientist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. MacPherson became deputy director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1965, a position he held until 1970. From 1970 to 1976 he held the position of Professor of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Tennessee. In 1973 he served as acting director of the Institute for Energy Analysis, an organization founded by Alvin Weinberg for the study of management and future sources of energy. In 1978 he was elected to membership in the National Academy of Engineering.

## Nuclear graphite and the Manhattan Project

The possibility of creating a chain reaction in uranium became apparent in 1939 following the nuclear fission experiments of Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, and the interpretation of these results by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch. The exciting possibilities that this presented rapidly spread throughout the world physics community. In order for the fission process to chain react, the neutrons created by uranium fission must be slowed down by interacting with a neutron moderator (an element with a low atomic weight, that will "bounce", when hit by a neutron) before they will be captured by other uranium atoms. It was well known in 1939 that the two most promising moderators were heavy water and graphite (a semi-crystalline form of pure carbon).

In February 1940, using funds that were allocated partly as a result of the Einstein-Szilard letter to President Roosevelt, Leo Szilard purchased 4 tons of graphite from National Carbon for use in Enrico Fermi's experimental reactor, the so-called exponential pile. Fermi writes that "The results of this experiment was \[sic\] somewhat discouraging" presumably due to the absorption of neutrons by some unknown impurity. So, in December 1940 Fermi and Szilard met with H. G. MacPherson and V. C. Hamister at National Carbon to discuss the possible existence of impurities in graphite, without specifically describing the reasons for their visit. Having previously (September 1939) read the article of R. B. Roberts and J. B. H. Kuper (which described the necessity of a moderator in a chain reaction), MacPherson was able to deduce the purpose of the visit. Because of his experience with the spectra of carbon arcs he realized that even high quality graphite contains minute quantities of boron impurities that could make it potentially unusable as a neutron moderator in a uranium reactor, confirming a suspicion of Szilard.

As a result of this meeting, over the next two years, MacPherson (together with L. M. Currie and V. C. Hamister) developed thermal purification techniques for the production of low boron content graphite, which resulted in the product "AGOT Graphite" of National Carbon. According to W. P. Eatherly, it was "the first true nuclear grade graphite". By November 1942, National Carbon had shipped 250 tons of AGOT graphite to the University of Chicago where it was used in the construction of Fermi's Chicago Pile-1, the first nuclear reactor to generate a sustained chain reaction. AGOT graphite was also used to build the X-10 graphite reactor in Oak Ridge TN and the reactors at the Hanford Site in Washington, which produced plutonium during and after World War II. This process and its later refinements became standard techniques in the manufacture of nuclear graphite.

This crucial information concerning boron impurities was not known to the German scientists who attempted to create a chain reaction in uranium during the second world war. The cross section for neutron absorption in graphite was investigated in Germany by Walter Bothe, P. Jensen, and Werner Heisenberg who found it to be too high, thereby eliminating graphite as a possible moderator. Consequently, the German effort to create a chain reaction involved attempts to use heavy water, an expensive and scarce alternative. Writing as late as 1947, Heisenberg still did not understand that the only problem with graphite was the boron impurities.

## Molten Salt Reactor

In 1956 MacPherson was appointed by ORNL director Alvin Weinberg, to lead the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment, a revolutionary safe, efficient and relatively inexpensive reactor design, now referred to as the Thorium fuel cycle. Within two years the chemical tests of molten materials, cost studies, overall design, and calculations had been completed and were outlined in MacPherson's quarterly progress report on the MSRE. Computations were performed on the ORACLE (computer), a clone of von Neumann's IAS machine that had been built at ORNL under the guidance of Alston Scott Householder. The MSRE was funded by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1959 and was completed in 1965. It ran continuously until it was shut down in 1969, but it had proved the viability of the design Weinberg refers to this project as "perhaps the most ingenious and daring engineering experiment ever conducted at ORNL". (In 1972 the U.S. government declined to fund the proposed follow-up molten salt breeder reactor at ORNL, fired Alvin Weinberg, and redirected its support towards the design and construction of liquid metal fast breeder reactors, such as the Clinch River Breeder Reactor.)

In 1958, concurrently with the publication of the first textbook on nuclear reactors, MacPherson (together with James Lane and Frank Maslan) edited and published their engineering treatise on fluid fuel reactors

## Mayan Archaeology

After he retired, MacPherson developed an interest in Mayan culture and writings, especially those pertaining to the Dresden Codex. This ancient Mayan manuscript contains a table, commonly referred to as the "Eclipse Warning Table" of dates, the intervals between which approximately correspond to the intervals between solar eclipses that occur worldwide. Hundreds of articles have been written in attempts to understand this table (see). MacPherson studied the baffling problem of how an ancient civilization may have succeeded in generating such a table when it did not possess the astronomical models that would be needed to predict eclipses worldwide and when only several solar eclipses would have been visible to the Maya throughout the whole period of their civilization. In what some experts consider to be "the most interesting of the recent studies of the eclipse table",MacPherson described a simple procedure by which such a table may have been assembled by Mayan astronomers in the process of determining the "lunar season".