title: Hadrovci, Kotor Varoš

abstract: Hadrovci is a settlement in the Kotor Varoš Municipality, Republika Srpska entity, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census the village had 181 inhabitants. Until 1955, Hadrovci belonged to the former Previle municipality.

text:
# Hadrovci, Kotor Varoš

**Hadrovci** (Serbian Cyrillic: Хадровци) is a settlement in the Kotor Varoš Municipality, Republika Srpska entity, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census the village had 181 inhabitants. Until 1955, Hadrovci belonged to the former Previle municipality.

## Population

Hadrovci; Census Year 2013: Total of **181** inhabitants
| Census | 1991. | 1981. | 1971. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Bosniaks** | 607 (99,02%) | 578 (99,31%) | 468 (94,16%) |
| **Croats** | 3 (0,48%) | 0 | 0 |
| **Serbs** | 2 (0,32%) | 4 (0,68%) | 29 (5,83%) |
| **Yugoslavs** | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| **Others and unknown** | 1 (0,16%) | 0 | 0 |
| **Total** | **613** | **582** | **497** |

## Sources

* Vojnogeografski institut, Izd. (1955): Prnjavor (List karte 1:100.000, Izohipse na 20 m). Vojnogeografski institut, Beograd.
* Mučibabić B., ed. (1998). *Geografski atlas Bosne i Hercegovine*. Sarajevo: Geodetski zavod BiH. ISBN 9958-766-00-0.

## InfoBox

| Hadrovci – Хадровци | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Hadrovci – ХадровциLocation in Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Coordinates: 44°36′55″N 17°18′30″E / 44.6153°N 17.3083°E / 44.6153; 17.3083 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Kotor Varoš |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 613 |
| Time zone | Central European |
| Area code | +387 (051) |


title: Virginia Living

abstract: Virginia Living is a glossy bimonthly regional lifestyle magazine with a focus on all things Virginia. Founded in 2002, it is the only statewide lifestyle magazine in Virginia. The magazine features articles on topics such as food and drink, home and garden, arts and culture, travel, weddings, events, and Virginia-related history. The results of its annual readers' survey are published in "Best of Virginia," which appears alongside the May/June issue and includes first, second and third-place winners in 100 distinct categories covering all five regions of the state: Central Virginia, Eastern Virginia, Northern Virginia, Southwest Virginia, and Shenandoah Valley. The magazine is headquartered in Richmond, Virginia.

text:
# Virginia Living

***Virginia Living*** is a glossy bimonthly regional lifestyle magazine with a focus on all things Virginia. Founded in 2002, it is the only statewide lifestyle magazine in Virginia.

The magazine features articles on topics such as food and drink, home and garden, arts and culture, travel, weddings, events, and Virginia-related history. The results of its annual readers' survey are published in "Best of Virginia," which appears alongside the May/June issue and includes first, second and third-place winners in 100 distinct categories covering all five regions of the state: Central Virginia, Eastern Virginia, Northern Virginia, Southwest Virginia, and Shenandoah Valley.

The magazine is headquartered in Richmond, Virginia.

## InfoBox

*Virginia Living*
| June 2016 *Virginia Living* cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Erin Parkhurst |
| Categories | Culture & Lifestyle |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Founder | John-Lawrence Smith, Publisher |
| First issue | December 2002 |
| Company | Cape Fear Publishing |
| Country | USA |
| Based in | Richmond, Virginia |
| Language | English |
| Website | www.virginialiving.com |


title: Material Girl (TV series)

abstract: Material Girl is a British romantic comedy produced by Carnival Films, that first aired on BBC One on 14 January 2010. It stars Lenora Crichlow, Dervla Kirwan, and Michael Landes. Set in the fashion world, it was inspired by the book Fashion Babylon by Imogen Edwards-Jones. It was described in one of the early promotional items as "a romantic comedy about a young fashion designer battling an evil ex-boss, a sexy-but-devilish business partner and snobby fashionistas to get her break in work and love".

text:
# Material Girl (TV series)

***Material Girl*** is a British romantic comedy produced by Carnival Films, that first aired on BBC One on 14 January 2010. It stars Lenora Crichlow, Dervla Kirwan, and Michael Landes.

Set in the fashion world, it was inspired by the book *Fashion Babylon* by Imogen Edwards-Jones. It was described in one of the early promotional items as "a romantic comedy about a young fashion designer battling an evil ex-boss, a sexy-but-devilish business partner and snobby fashionistas to get her break in work and love".

## Cast

* Lenora Crichlow – Ali Redcliffe, a young fashion designer attempting to make a name for herself
* Dervla Kirwan – Davina Bailey, the current hot designer, who is not about to allow an upstart like Ali take her spotlight
* Michael Landes – Marco Keriliak, fashion businessman, Ali's business partner
* O. T. Fagbenle – Chris, motorcycle courier and Ali's ex-boyfriend
* Nick Blood – Alex, Davina's fashion assistant, Ali's friend and gay flatmate
* Ingrid Oliver – Mimi Throckmorton, Ali's friend, stockist at a fashion magazine-cum stylist
* Anna Brewster – Lydia Kane, supermodel and Ali's friend
* Esther Smith – Trish, Ali's studio receptionist
* Joanna Kanska – Dorota, Ali's studio dressmaker
* Malcolm Sinclair – Mitchell Crompton, leading fashion critic
* Sadie Pickering – Louise, works for fashion magazine
* Lindsey Coulson – Christina Redcliffe, Ali's mother
* Anthony Calf – Anthony Chatsworth, an influential fashion magazine editor, had affair with Mimi
* Charlie Carter – Paparazzi, stitches up Lydia Kane for Mitchell

## Episodes

Series 1 began on 14 January 2010 on BBC One. There were 6 episodes in total. The series also aired on BBC HD, with a late repeat the same night on BBC Three.

| Episode | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original airdate | Viewers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | "Episode 1" | Cilla Ware | Joshua St Johnston | 14 January 2010 (2010-01-14) | 3 million |
| 2 | "Episode 2" | Cilla Ware | Colin Bytheway | 21 January 2010 (2010-01-21) | 2.8 million |
| 3 | "Episode 3" | Sarah O'Gorman | Ben Ockrent | 28 January 2010 (2010-01-28) | 2.6 million |
| 4 | "Episode 4" | Sarah O'Gorman | Imogen Edwards-Jones | 4 February 2010 (2010-02-04) | 2.4 million |
| 5 | "Episode 5" | Philip John | Jess Williams | 11 February 2010 (2010-02-11) | 2.58 million |
| 6 | "Episode 6" | Philip John | Colin Bytheway | 18 February 2010 (2010-02-18) | 1.4 million |

## Reception

The first episode gained 3 million viewers with a 12% audience share, which fell to 2.6 million (11% share) for the third episode.

Critical reviews of the series based on the pilot were mixed, with the London Evening Standard calling it a "jaw-droppingly, buttock-clenchingly dreadful pieces of television". Reviewing the first episode for *The Guardian*, Sam Wollaston said: "OK, it's silly and deeply shallow. It's also gorgeous, fizzy, bitchy, self-indulgent, obviously bad for you but dangerously addictive. Careful, *Material Girl* could become a habit."

## DVD release

The first series was released in the United Kingdom on DVD on 22 February 2010.

## InfoBox

| *Material Girl* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Romantic comedy
Drama |
| Written by | Joshua St.Johnston
Colin Bytheway
Ben Ockrent
Imogen Edwards-Jones
Jess Williams |
| Starring | Lenora Crichlow
Dervla Kirwan
Michael Landes |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Producer | Chrissy Skinns |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production company | Carnival Film & Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC One |
| Release | 14 January (2010-01-14)
18 February 2010 (2010-02-18) |


title: George Sinclair (mathematician)

abstract: George Sinclair (Sinclar) (ca.1630–1696) was a Scottish mathematician, engineer and demonologist. The first Professor of Mathematics at the University of Glasgow, he is known for Satan's Invisible World Discovered,, a work on witchcraft, ghosts and other supernatural phenomena. He wrote in all three areas of his interests, including an account of the "Glenluce Devil", a poltergeist case from c. 1654, in a 1672 book mainly on hydrostatics but also a pioneering study of geological structures through his experience in coal mines.

text:
# George Sinclair (mathematician)

**George Sinclair** (Sinclar) (ca.1630–1696) was a Scottish mathematician, engineer and demonologist. The first Professor of Mathematics at the University of Glasgow, he is known for *Satan's Invisible World Discovered*, (c. 1685), a work on witchcraft, ghosts and other supernatural phenomena. He wrote in all three areas of his interests, including an account of the "Glenluce Devil", a poltergeist case from c.1654, in a 1672 book mainly on hydrostatics but also a pioneering study of geological structures through his experience in coal mines.

## Life

Sinclair was most likely from the East Lothian area, around Haddington. He studied at the University of St Andrews between the years 1645 and 1646, but moved to complete his studies at the University of Edinburgh obtaining a Master of Arts degree from there in 1649.

He became a professor at the University of Glasgow, on 18 April 1654, initially in a philosophy chair, then moved to a chair founded for mathematics. He helped to fund the building of Glasgow College in 1656. In 1655 he made descents in a diving bell off the Isle of Mull, to look at the wreck of a ship from the Spanish Armada there.

Being a Presbyterian, and failing to take the oath of allegiance, he was deprived of his university post in 1666. He then worked as a mineral surveyor and engineer, and was employed in particular by Sir James Hope. He was brought in by the magistrates of Edinburgh, about 1670, to oversee piping of water from Comiston into the city.

On 3 March 1691, University of Edinburgh appointed him again to the professorship of mathematics, which had been newly re-funded after a long vacancy.

Sinclair invented an early example of a perpetual motion machine based on the principle of the siphon. He first proposed this in a Latin work on pneumatics in 1669.

## Glenluce Devil

In his book *Satan's Invisible World Discovered* (1685), Sinclair described an alleged poltergeist incident known as the Devil of Glenluce. Sinclair described the incident as having a "usefulness for refuting atheism."

The incident is described as having taken place at the house of weaver Gilbert Campbell in Glenluce during October, 1654. A beggar named Alexander Agnew was refused a handout by Campbell. Agnew had promised to cause the family harm and over the next two years strange phenomena were alleged to have occurred at the house. This included the mysterious cutting of warp thread, demonic voices, strange whistling noises and stones being thrown. The poltergeist claims have been dismissed by researchers as a hoax. Magic historian Thomas Frost suggested that the phenomena was the result of conjuring trickery. The story was given to Sinclair by Campbell's son Thomas, a philosophy student from a college in Glasgow who was living at the household. Folklorist Andrew Lang suggested that Thomas had produced the phenomena fraudulently.

Historian David Damrosch has noted that Alexander Agnew commonly called the "Jock of Broad Scotland" was the first person in Scottish history to publicly deny the existence of God. He was hanged at Dumfries for blasphemy on 21 May 1656.

## Geological pioneer

A long-neglected aspect deriving from Sinclair's work as a mineral surveyor is that the last part of *Hydrostaticks* \- *a short History of Coal* \- includes the first published geological cross section in which he treats the strata in purely geometric terms.

## Controversy

James Gregory, then a professor at the University of St Andrews, attacked Sinclair in a 1672 pamphlet *The New and Great Art of Weighing Vanity*, under the name of Patrick Mather or Mathers, archbeadle of the University of St Andrews. Gregory was both a Cartesian and an Episcopalian, and self-consciously invoked the Hobbes-Wallis controversy in aiming at the non-conformist Sinclair. The title of Gregory's pamphlet ridiculed Sinclair's 1669 book *Ars Nova et Magna Gravitatis et Levitatis* (*The New and Great Art of Heaviness and Lightness*). An appendix to the work, *Tentamina de motu penduli et projectorum*, was a more important essay on dynamics, regarded by D. T. Whiteside as a probable source of Isaac Newton’s theory of resisted motion. Sinclair wrote an answer to Gregory, but it remained unpublished.

In 1684 he published as his own a work *Truth's Victory over Error*. It was in fact an English translation by Sinclair of the Latin inaugural dissertation given by David Dickson, who became Professor of Divinity, Glasgow in 1640, on the occasion in 1650 when he moved to Edinburgh. This was pointed out in short order.

## Publications

## InfoBox

| George Sinclair | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. 1630 |
| Died | 1696 |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Occupation | Mathematician Engineer
Professor |
| Years active | 17th Century |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | University of St Andrews University of Edinburgh |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Maths Geology
Demonology |
| Notable works | Ars Nova et Magna Gravitatis et Levitatis (1669) The Hydrostaticks (1672)
Truth's Victory over Error (1684)
Satan's Invisible World Discovered (1685) |
|  | |


title: Project Interfaith

abstract: Project Interfaith, based in Omaha, Nebraska, is a nonprofit organization [501(c)(3)]. Founded in 2004 by Executive Director Beth Katz, Project Interfaith aims to create a sustainable interfaith program. Through donor support, Project Interfaith was formally launched in December 2005. Project Interfaith has since formally incorporated and received tax-exempt status. Project Interfaith started a multimedia video website, RavelUnravel on May 17, 2012 which explores spiritual and religious identities that make up the world. Project Interfaith closed its doors in February 2015.

text:
# Project Interfaith

**Project Interfaith**, based in Omaha, Nebraska, is a nonprofit organization \[501(c)(3)\]. Founded in 2004 by Executive Director Beth Katz, Project Interfaith aims to create a sustainable interfaith program. Through donor support, Project Interfaith was formally launched in December 2005. Project Interfaith has since formally incorporated and received tax-exempt status. Project Interfaith started a multimedia video website, RavelUnravel on May 17, 2012 which explores spiritual and religious identities that make up the world. Project Interfaith closed its doors in February 2015.

## Mission

Project Interfaith grows understanding, respect and relationships among people of all faiths, beliefs and cultures in order to dispel tension and conflict arising from cultural and religious ignorance, stereotyping, and marginalization. The organization strives to fulfill its mission by creating spaces in communities and online where people can share their personal experiences and connect with others of diverse beliefs and cultures.

## Vision

Project Interfaith strives to create a community and world where people of all faiths, beliefs and cultures are valued, included and protected. Project Interfaith seeks to serve as a leader and resource on interfaith relations and religious & cultural diversity.

## RavelUnravel

RavelUnravel is a multimedia exploration of the tapestry of spiritual and religious identities that make up our communities and world, with over 930 video interviews uploaded. Through this and our many other efforts at Project Interfaith, we are hoping to ignite a movement for people to openly and respectfully learn, talk and share about topics which are typically taboo but often define our interactions and experiences as humans: identity, religion, spirituality and culture. At RavelUnravel.com, users can watch videos, comment on videos and utilize discussion guides and educational resources.

## Programming

Project Interfaith engages people of all faiths, beliefs, and cultures through online interactive spaces as well as local, face-to-face programming. Various media, particularly social media tools, have expanded the mission and work of the organization to regional, national, and international levels, enabling Project Interfaith to reach people from across the globe in its mission and work. In addition to online and local programming, the organization offers resources for understanding to all and specialized information for educators and healthcare providers.

### Interfaith Arts Programs

Project Interfaith Arts Programs use the arts to teach about and explore religious and cultural diversity. Examples include Interfaith Architecture Tour, Interfaith Storytelling Festival, and Images of Faith Interfaith Exhibit.

### Community Conversations

Project Interfaith's Community Conversations Annual Speaker Series bring nationally renowned speakers to Omaha to educate and engage audiences on issues of faith, religion, identity, interfaith relations, and religious and cultural diversity. Examples include NPR Speaking of Faith host Krista Tippett, CBS Mideast Analyst and bestselling author Reza Aslan, New Testament Scholar Dr. Amy-Jill Levine, First Amendment scholar Dr. Charles C. Haynes, and Islam expert Dr. John Esposito.

### Topical Community Programs

Project Interfaith addresses a wide variety of timely topics of interest to the community. Examples include the Jewish-Christian-Muslim Study Circle, Interfaith Youth Service Project, and Community Mosaic Video Project, which is now known as RavelUnravel.

### Religious and Cultural Diversity Resources

Project Interfaith offers resources for Professionals that provide trainings, workshops, and resources to prepare and support professionals in serving religiously and culturally diverse populations. Project Interfaith currently targets the following professions: Professional Care Givers, Health Care Providers, Educators, Social Workers, and Social Service Providers.

## Closing

Project Interfaith closed its doors in February 2015. The website, RavelUnravel.com is not currently active. Other Project Interfaith resources are now hosted by WorldFaith.org.”

*


title: Project Islero

abstract: Project Islero was an attempted Spanish nuclear program. Named after Islero, the bull which fell the famous bullfighter Manolete, the program was created by Generals Agustín Muñoz Grandes and Guillermo Velarde in 1963. Although Spain possessed the second largerst uranium deposits in the world at the time, it was not until the Palomares Incident of 1966 that Spain would gain the technological breakthrough to conduct serious hydrogen bomb research. By reverse-engineering the Teller-Ulam process, the project was able to shift to usage of plutonium-239. Yet, in 1966, Franco paused the military research, shifting efforts to nuclear reactor construction and plutonium production. However, the program was resumed in 1971, with help from Charles de Gaulle's France to refine the material and fund the nuclear facilities. Lasting from the middle stages of Francisco Franco's rule into the beginning of the democratic transition, the project was prematurely cancelled due to American pressures in 1981, although it only formally ended in 1987 under Felipe González. Although the project never developed a nuclear weapon, the country possessed the capabilities to both design and manufacture the necessary components needed for a hydrogen bomb, with the Spanish Foreign Minister, José María de Areilza, declaring in 1976 that Spain would be able to manufacture the bomb "in seven or eight years if we set our minds to it."

text:
# Project Islero

**Project Islero** was an attempted Spanish nuclear program. Named after Islero, the bull which fell the famous bullfighter Manolete, the program was created by Generals Agustín Muñoz Grandes and Guillermo Velarde in 1963. Although Spain possessed the second largerst uranium deposits in the world at the time, it was not until the Palomares Incident of 1966 that Spain would gain the technological breakthrough to conduct serious hydrogen bomb research. By reverse-engineering the Teller-Ulam process, the project was able to shift to usage of plutonium-239. Yet, in 1966, Franco paused the military research, shifting efforts to nuclear reactor construction and plutonium production. However, the program was resumed in 1971, with help from Charles de Gaulle's France to refine the material and fund the nuclear facilities.

Lasting from the middle stages of Francisco Franco's rule into the beginning of the democratic transition, the project was prematurely cancelled due to American pressures in 1981, although it only formally ended in 1987 under Felipe González. Although the project never developed a nuclear weapon, the country possessed the capabilities to both design and manufacture the necessary components needed for a hydrogen bomb, with the Spanish Foreign Minister, José María de Areilza, declaring in 1976 that Spain would be able to manufacture the bomb "in seven or eight years if we set our minds to it."

## Background

### The JIA and JEN

Francisco Franco and Luis Carrero Blanco inaugurating the Juan Vigón National Nuclear Energy Center on December 27, 1958.Heinrich Himmler, Francisco Franco, and Ramón Serrano Suñer in Madrid on October 25, 1940.Francisco Franco and Dwight D. Eisenhower in Madrid on December 22, 1959.Spanish soldier imitates Moroccan soldier on the streets of Sidi Ifni during the siege, February 15, 1958.

In September 1948, by means of a secret decree, Francisco Franco created the Junta de Investigaciones Atómicas (JIA), or Board for Nuclear Research. Constituted on October 8, the board was formed by José María Otero de Navascués (general director and president until 1974), Manuel Lora-Tamayo, Armando Durán Miranda and José Ramón Sobredo y Rioboo. In 1951, the secret phase was declared over, and the JIA was renamed the Junta de Energía Nuclear (JEN), or Board of Nuclear Energy, inaugurated in the University City of Madrid under the presidency of General Juan Vigón and with Otero de Navascués as general director. The purpose of the JEN was to work "as a research center, as an advisory body to the Government, as an institute in charge of safety and protection against the danger of ionizing radiation, and as a driving force for industrial development in the field of nuclear energy applications".

### The Spanish autarky

On 1 April 1939, the United States lifted the embargoes placed on Spain after the Spanish Civil War, providing limited recognition to the Spanish State, and the embassy to Spain, previously in Barcelona, now headed by a *Chargé d'Affaires ad interim*, was moved back to Madrid on the 13th. Yet with Spain acting as all but a member of the Axis powers, there was much skepticism among the Western world as to whether or not they should be allowed to join the organs of the new international order such as the United Nations. Public opinion of the Spanish State was low. At the San Francisco Conference, Spain was barred, while prominent Spanish Republican leaders were in attendance, exerting a notorious influence on several delegations, extended to the conditions of entry into the United Nations.

As well, at the Potsdam Conference, the question of how to proceed with post-war Spain was one of the first to be dealt with. In this sense, Stalin was, in a certain way, seeking revenge against the Francoist State, due in part to the fact that the State had sent the Blue Division (volunteers fighting with the German armed forces) to the Soviet Union during World War II, with a joint statement from the Big Three reading:

> The Three Governments feel bound however to make it clear that they for their part would not favour any application for membership put forward by the present Spanish Government, which, having been founded with the support of the Axis Powers, does not, in view of its origins, its nature, its record and its close association with the aggressor States, possess the qualifications necessary to justify such membership.

#### Atoms for Peace and the American connection

Yet as the Cold War began, and with Spanish agents, US military officials, and US businessmen lobbying for the opening of relations, popular opinion shifted. The appointment of a US ambassador to Madrid was announced on 27 December 1950. In July 1951, negotiations started for an alliance which would eventually become the Pact of Madrid, and thus in 1955, amidst warming of relations between Spain and the United States as well as Spanish ascension to the UN, Francisco Franco and President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an agreement of nuclear cooperation as part of the Atoms for Peace initiative, opening up nuclear research to civilians and countries that had not previously possessed nuclear technology. Eisenhower, a proponent of non-proliferation, sought to stop the spread of military use of nuclear weapons. Although the nations that already had atomic weapons kept their weapons and grew their supplies, the program was designed to prevent other countries from developing similar weapons. The program also created regulations for the use of nuclear power, aiming to shape the use of nuclear power into a solely positive means.

This would not necessarily work towards the desired results; in fact, it would be this very program which enabled General Franco, accompanied by the Minister of the Presidency of the Government, Luis Carrero Blanco, to inaugurate the *Juan Vigón National Nuclear Energy Center* at its facilities in the University City of Madrid on December 27, 1958. Together with the 1959 Stabilization Plan and the subsequent Spanish miracle, Spain was able to begin shifting away from the previous autarky, allowing for the beginning of a fledgling civilian nuclear sector which would lay the foundations for Project Islero.

### The Moroccan deterrent

In 1956, Morocco would declare independence from France under the rule of Mohammed V. Subsequently, they would demand all land under the Greater Morocco label, including all Spanish territories in Africa. While Spain would retrocede the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, they would keep hold of Ceuta, Melilla, Ifni, the Spanish Sahara, and Cape Juby. This was not enough, and in 1957 Morocco would declare war on Spain, bitterly asserting the young state's proclaimed sovereignty over Spanish West Africa. The fighting would continue until 1958, and although under the Treaty of Angra de Cintra Spain would keep Sidi Ifni (until 1969 when the territory was retroceded), both Cape Juby and surrounding parts of Ifni itself would be lost to Morocco. From then on, the Defense High Command began to theorize the possibility of armed deterrence in the face of any further potential conflict, and in 1963, they began to put forth the idea of a Spanish atomic bomb, commissioning a secret report on the possibility of constructing it without alerting the international community.

## Development

### Beginnings (1963–1966)

The idea of a Spanish atomic bomb was first envisioned by Agustín Muñoz Grandes. A hardline Falangist, Muñoz Grandes aspired to break from the previous atlanticism promoted during the 50s to make the country independent of both NATO and the United States. In 1963, he approached general director of the JEN, José María Otero de Navascués, about preparing a Spanish foray into atomic weaponry. This new project, christened after the bull which fell the famous bullfighter Manolete, would be helmed by Spanish Air Force general Guillermo Velarde, selected for possessing the scientific background and acumen necessary to conduct the project's research. Velarde was a major general and pilot in the Spanish Air Force, as well as president of the Nuclear Fusion Institute of the Polytechnic University of Madrid. He joined the Theoretical Physics Section of the Nuclear Energy Board, where he would remain as Director of Technology until 1981. He had studied Nuclear Energy at both Pennsylvania State University and the Argonne National Laboratory of the University of Chicago.

The work was divided into two phases: the atomic bomb project itself, and the construction of a nuclear reactor, the fuel of which would be extracted for plutonium in order to construct the bombs. While the reactors could be built with help from the French — General de Gaulle supported the idea of an atomic Spain – the matter of what material to use for the bombs themselves, as well as how to actually construct them, was one of consideration. The first results were a fiasco. The JEN specialists, all military, declared themselves incapable of knowing both the technical details for manufacturing the device and, above all, how to obtain the necessary plutonium.

#### Palomares incident

Their question was answered on January 17, 1966, when in what would later be known as the Palomares incident, a B-52G bomber from the United States accidentally crashed while carrying four B28FI Mod 2 Y1 thermonuclear (hydrogen) bombs, Three were found on land near the small fishing village of Palomares in the municipality of Cuevas del Almanzora, Almería, Spain. The non-nuclear explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the ground, resulting in the contamination of a 0.77-square-mile (2 km2) area with radioactive plutonium. The fourth, which fell into the Mediterranean Sea, was recovered intact after a search lasting two and a half months. The Spanish state would undergo secret research on the debris zones of the incident, with technicians led by Velarde finding remains of the bomb and the detonators in the area. In doing so, Velarde was able to rediscover the Teller-Ulam process. This enabled to the project to use plutonium-239 — a boon due to its relative cheapness – and meant that the bombs constructed by Project Islero would be thermonuclear.

### Setbacks (1966–1971)

Yet later that year, Franco would hold a meeting with Velarde in which he ordered to postpone indefinitely the physical, but not theoretical, development of the project due to fears that it would be impossible to keep a secret, and with the recent creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), publicity would lead to increased economic sanctions on Spain. He did, however, allow the research to go ahead, albeit detached from the Armed Forces; as well Franco pledged not to sign an international agreement being negotiated at the time to prohibit the manufacture of nuclear weapons. Thus on July 1, 1968, when almost fifty countries signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), Spain did not number among them. Meanwhile, Spain began to embrace the power of the atom elsewhere. In Guadalajara, the construction of Spain's first nuclear power plant, the José Cabrera Nuclear Power Station was underway, and JEN installed the first Spanish reactor with capacity to produce plutonium for the bombs, Coral-I, able to operate with either plutonium-239 or with 90% enriched uranium (U-235), although with waste still containing almost as much fuel as is consumed. Nevertheless, in 1969, the first grams of Spanish plutonium – the only ones in the world not under IAEA authority – were obtained.

### Resumption (1971–1977)

Francisco Franco and Gamal Abdel Nasser, September 24, 1960.Francisco Franco and Charles de Gaulle on June 8, 1970.

In 1971, at the insistence of Manuel Díez-Alegría, chief of the High General Staff, Velarde resumed Project Islero. The Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN) would conduct a confidential report which concluded that "Spain could successfully implement the military nuclear option." The plutonium would be produced discreetly at the Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant, with the Spanish Sahara as a planned test site. All together, the process would cost about 8.7 billion Spanish pesetas, or US$57 million. At the same time, Muñoz Grandes, José María Otero de Navascués and the General Director of JEN Antonio Colino entered into negotiations with de Gaulle's France to obtain a natural uranium graphite and gas-fired nuclear reactor for Spain. Obtaining enough plutonium to build the bomb (6 kilos), in a country whose subsoil contained the second largest natural uranium reserves in Europe, was no longer considered a dream with the help of the French, who themselves did not allow the IAEA to inspect their plants. Both General Charles De Gaulle and Georges Pompidou, his successor as President of France, were in favor of the project from the outset; the presence of an allied nuclear power on the continent was seen as a means of increasing French independence from both the United States and NATO. To this end, the *Hispano Francesa de Energía Nuclear S.A.* (HIFRENSA) was set up, and in 1972 the Vandellòs-I plant was inaugurated with an agreement between Luis Carrero Blanco and Charles De Gaulle.

On December 15, 1973, Velarde communicated to Lieutenant-General Manuel Díez-Alegría — who, as head of the High Command in the early 1970s, had encouraged him to pursue his investigations – and to his trusted confidant, Brigadier General Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado, that Spain had the capacity to manufacture three plutonium bombs a year. Díez-Alegría ordered him to put his findings in writing. However, the secrecy surrounding the Spanish nuclear program did not bode well with their American allies. Although the Spanish projects had aroused particular interest among the CIA, with the ascension of Carrero Blanco to Prime Minister of Spain, this interest quickly turned to concern. Although a convinced Anti-Communist, Carrero Blanco had little inclination for the United States and even less for Israel, being in favor of a better understanding with the Arab World. Above all else, Carrero Blanco proposed to revise relations between Spain and the United States, demanding that the two nations be treated as equals, that Spain be supplied with advanced military technology, and that the United States would enter into a commitment to defend Spain – all prerequisites for authorization to continue using military bases on Spanish territory. As well, according to some confidential reports declassified by the US Military Intelligence Service, Spain was storing plutonium to manufacture a nuclear bomb, diverting it from IAEA controls; something completely out of line for an American ally, an action on par with a rogue state. The CIA informed U.S. Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger that Project Islero would soon bear fruit, and with tensions between Spain and America on the rise due to the 1973 Oil Crisis and Yom Kippur War, a meeting was soon called with Carrero Blanco.

#### Kissinger's meeting

Four days after the Velarde report, Carrero Blanco met the then Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and told him that the Spanish government wanted the United States to pledge its support to Spain in the event of aggression. When Kissinger refused, Carrero Blanco showed him Velarde's report, which caused the Secretary of State much distress. Kissinger, although failing to acquire Spanish adhesion to the NPT, did convey a clear message: the confirmation of Franco's desire for military nuclear devices made a "tight control" necessary over these activities. That same day, Kissinger left Madrid in a hurry, and the very next morning on December 20, 1973, Carrero Blanco would be murdered. Involvement of the CIA in the attack has been suggested by certain scholars, with a potential motivation being the desire to remove Carrero Blanco and to put an end to the program.

#### Aftermath

Soon after, the project began to falter when Gregorio López-Bravo blocked its completion. The minister had spoken to Franco to convince him to put an end to it, arguing that the Americans would eventually get wind of the project and that this would cause Spain an endless series of problems. Muñoz Grandes, already very ill at the time, failed to convince Franco of his plans to use the atomic bomb and French alliance as a way to gain greater independence from the United States, as Franco saw it as a costly operation involving a challenge to Washington, whose support he considered more important than having his own bomb or drawing closer to France. Franco put an end to the heated discussions by ordering a halt to the research and forbidding the military project to be set in motion, informing Velarde that "Spain could not support a new international blockade unleashed by the United States, and the benefits of having a small arsenal did not outweigh the damage".

Yet neither Carrero Blanco's death, nor the abrupt dismissal of Díez-Alegría on June 13, 1974, nor even Franco's death on November 20, 1975, would bring the project to a halt. Carrero Blanco's successor, Carlos Arias Navarro, wanted to give a new impetus to the Islero project, and indeed, even though it was struggling to develop – not least because of continued pressure from the United States and its President Jimmy Carter for Spain to sign the NPT — in 1976, the Spanish Foreign Minister, José María de Areilza, would declare that Spain would be able to manufacture the bomb "in seven or eight years if we set our minds to it. We do not want to be the last on the list." Even with the Spanish transition to democracy and arrival of President Adolfo Suárez and the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) in 1976, the project would continue on with internal support. Suárez, who advocated a policy of neutrality and friendship towards the Arab world to prevent problems in the Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla, supported the idea of a Spanish atomic bomb as a final deterrent against any armed aggression. Tensions with the USA increased further in 1977, when it became public knowledge of the technological capabilities of the nuclear facilities planned for the Soria Nuclear Research Center (*Centro de Investigación Nuclear de Soria*, abbreviated to CINSO) in Cubo de la Solana. American investigators were alarmed to discover that the plant designed to convert uranium into plutonium could produce 140 kilos of plutonium per year, sufficient to manufacture 23 annual bombs.

### End (1977–1987)

While internally the project was well underway, externally, American pressures continued to mount; during his four-year rule, President Jimmy Carter had launched a campaign against the states that had not signed the NPT. In addition, the already nervous United States became obsessed with the IAEA inspecting suspicious Spanish facilities: if this inspection was prevented, the US would freeze enriched uranium exports to Spain, which would mean the industrial halt of civilian nuclear power plants that were already operating. Thus, on February 23, 1981, the UCD-led Calvo-Sotelo Government agreed to subject the materials to inspection by the IAEA, the same day as the 1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt. However, this decision did not yet mean the definitive end of Project Islero, since the UCD still continued to lightly advocate it. On the other hand, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) had already resolved to abandon the Spanish nuclear project and remain in NATO, in return for Spain's integration into the European Economic Community (EEC), and following the 1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum and subsequent general election, González began to finalize the end of Project Islero. On October 13, 1987, the Spanish representative to the UN, Fernando Morán of the PSOE-led González Government, signed the NPT, bringing an official end to the project.

## Legacy

Today, Spain has more than enough capacity to develop an atomic bomb in a relatively short period of time, with studies conducted in 2004 revealing that Spain has sufficient technology and resources to develop a nuclear program capable of producing several bombs a year. As well, the advances made under Project Islero have continued to manifest in Spanish life, with 7 nuclear fission reactors operating in the country, utilizing uranium deposits to produce a fifth of the energy consumed in Spain, as well as a ENUSA nuclear fuel factory in Juzbado, Salamanca, and a low and medium activity radioactive waste storage center in El Cabril, Córdoba in the heart of the Sierra Morena.

1. Payne, Stanley G.; Palacios, Jesús (November 24, 2014). *Franco*. University of Wisconsin Pres. ISBN 978-0-299-30210-8.
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5. Historia de la minería del uranio en Castilla-León
6. Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales: La cátedra Ferran Tallada (1955–1962). La innovació tecnològica i la formació de l'enginyer, Extraordinary issue dedicated to the II International Colloquium of Geocriticism (Proceedings of the Colloquium)
7. Agustín González Enciso and Juan Manuel Matés Barco (2007): Historia económica de España, page 906, Editorial Ariel, SA, Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-344-4534-5
8. Patrimonio – Lugares del saber: J.E.N / C.I.E.M.A.T.: historia
9. "Life on the Newsfronts of the World". *Life*. 1939-04-17.
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11. Lleonart y Amsélem, Alberto. "España y la ONU: la "cuestión española" (1945–1950)" (in Spanish). Retrieved April 13, 2017.
12. Fernández, Antonio; Pereira, Juan Carlos (1995). "La percepción española de la ONU (1945–1962)". *Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea* (in Spanish) (17). Madrid: Universidad Complutense: 121–146. ISSN 0214-400X. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
13. Byrnes, Mark S. (1999). ""Overruled and Worn Down": Truman Sends an Ambassador to Spain". *Presidential Studies Quarterly*. **29** (2): 263–279. doi:10.1111/1741-5705.00032. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 27551987.
14. Pilat, Joseph F.; Pendley, Robert E.; Ebinger, Charles K. (eds.). *Atoms for peace: an analysis after thirty years*. London. ISBN 0-429-03832-1. OCLC 1090001300.
15. Varnum, Jessica C. (23 January 2014). "60 Years of Atoms for Peace". Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
16. Albright, David; Kelleher-Vergantini, Serena (7 October 2015). Civil HEU Watch: Tracking Inventories of Civil Highly Enriched Uranium (PDF) (Report). Institute for Science and International Security. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
17. Cervera, César (September 28, 2014). "¿Consiguió la España de Franco hacerse con la bomba atómica?" \[Did Franco's Spain Get Ahold of the Atomic Bomb?\] (in Spanish). ABC. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
18. Benavente, Rocío P. (November 13, 2016). "Proyecto Islero, la bomba atómica que España pudo tener durante el franquismo" \[Project Islero, the Atomic Bomb that Spain Could've Had During Franco's Dictatorship\] (in Spanish). El Confidencial. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
19. "Guillermo Velarde". *Instituto de Fusión Nuclear* (in Spanish). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
20. "Nuclear Fusion Institute, ETS de Ingenieros Industriales". Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
21. S V Asselin (August 1966). SC-DR-66-397 B-51/KC-135 Collision near Palomares, Spain (U) (Report). Sandia National Labs.
22. Maydew, Randall C. (1997). *America's Lost H-Bomb: Palomares, Spain, 1966*. Sunflower University Press. ISBN 978-0-89745-214-4.
23. A Summary of Accidents and Significant Incidents Involving US Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Weapon Systems (U) (Report). Sandia National Labs. 1990.
24. Long, Tony (17 January 2008). "Jan. 17, 1966: H-Bombs Rain Down on a Spanish Fishing Village". *WIRED*. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
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26. López, José María (November 22, 2022). "¿Por qué España no tiene la bomba atómica?" \[Why Does Spain Not Have the Atomic Bomb?\] (in Spanish). Retrieved July 1, 2023.
27. José Antonio Gómez (September 20, 2020). "La CIA utilizó a ETA para asesinar a Carrero Blanco". *Diario 16* (in Spanish).
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## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Project Islero | |
| --- | --- |
| Proyecto Islero | |
| José María Otero de Navascués (second from left)
and Guillermo Velarde, December 27, 1958 | |
| Active | 1963–1981 |
| Disbanded | 1987 |
| Country | Spain |
| Branch | Defence High Command |
| Type | Nuclear Weapons Project |
| Headquarters | Vandellós, Tarragona |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Luis Carrero Blanco
Agustín Muñoz Grandes
Guillermo Velarde
Manuel Díez-Alegría |


title: Promegapoietin

abstract: Promegapoietin is a drug given during chemotherapy to increase blood cell regeneration. It is a colony-stimulating factor that stimulates megakaryocyte production. It functions by stimulating ligands for interleukin 3 and c-Mpl.

text:
# Promegapoietin

**Promegapoietin** is a drug given during chemotherapy to increase blood cell regeneration. It is a colony-stimulating factor that stimulates megakaryocyte production.

It functions by stimulating ligands for interleukin 3 and c-Mpl.

1. Kratz-Albers K, Scheding S, Möhle R, Bühring H, Baum C, Mc Kearn J, Büchner T, Kanz L, Brugger W (2000). "Effective ex vivo generation of megakaryocytic cells from mobilized peripheral blood CD34(+) cells with stem cell factor and promegapoietin". *Exp Hematol*. **28** (3): 335–46. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(99)00152-6. PMID 10720698.
2. Definition of promegapoietin – NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
3. Doshi P, Giri J, Abegg A, Favara J, Huynh M, Kahn L, Minnerly J, Pegg L, Villani-Price D, Siegel N, Staten N, Thomas J, McKearn J, Smith W (2001). "Promegapoietin, a family of chimeric growth factors, supports megakaryocyte development through activation of IL-3 and c-Mpl ligand signaling pathways". *Exp Hematol*. **29** (10): 1177–84. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00694-4. PMID 11602319.


title: Just My Type (book)

abstract: Just My Type: A Book About Fonts is a nonfiction book by Simon Garfield, a British journalist and non-fiction author. The book touches on typography in our daily lives, specifically why people dislike Comic Sans, Papyrus, and Trajan Capitals; the overwhelming European popularity of Helvetica; and how a font can make a person seem such a way, such as masculine, feminine, American, British, German, or Jewish.

text:
# Just My Type (book)

***Just My Type: A Book About Fonts*** is a nonfiction book by Simon Garfield, a British journalist and non-fiction author. The book touches on typography in our daily lives, specifically why people dislike Comic Sans, Papyrus, and Trajan Capitals; the overwhelming European popularity of Helvetica; and how a font can make a person seem such a way, such as masculine, feminine, American, British, German, or Jewish.

## Overview

The first chapter, "We Don't Serve Your Type", is about why people dislike the font Comic Sans. Other widely disliked fonts are discussed in chapter 21, "The Worst Fonts in the World". Chapter 2, "Capital Offence", details font etiquette, while chapter 3, "Legibility vs. Readability", details the difference between a font being "legible" and a font being "readable." Chapters 4, "Can a font make me popular?"; 9, "What is it about the Swiss?"; 13, "Can a font be German, or Jewish?"; and 14, "American Scottish", detail how a font can make somebody or something look. Chapter 7, "Baskerville is Dead (Long Live Baskerville)", and various "fontbreaks" detail the histories of specific fonts.

## Critical reception

Reception of *Just My Type* by non-professional reviewers was overwhelmingly positive. *The New York Times* praised the book, saying that it "does for typography what Lynne Truss's best-selling *Eats, Shoots & Leaves* did for punctuation" and that it is a "smart, funny, and accessible book". BBC declared it a "well-written, anecdote-filled romp through the highs and lows of fontdom". *The Guardian* declared it "bouncy, well-informed, and wittily-designed".

On the other hand, historian of typography Paul Shaw, in a review of the US edition, while admitting the book is "full of fascinating stories and trivia about type" stated that "\[u\]nfortunately, many of these stories are incomplete or superficial and the trivia often more odd than informative". He goes on to list in detail numerous errors in the book.

*Just My Type* was named one of the Amazon.com Best Books of the Month for September 2011.

## InfoBox

Just My Type: A Book About Fonts
| First edition (UK) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Simon Garfield |
| Subject | Typography |
| Publisher | Profile Books |
| Publication date | 1 October 2010 |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover, paperback) |
| Pages | 356 |
| ISBN | 978-1-59240-652-4 |
| OCLC | 706017795 |
| Dewey Decimal | 686.224 |
| LC Class | Z250 .G228 2011 |


title: Jun Yu

abstract: Jun Yu is an econometrician. He is the University of Macau Development Foundation (UMDF) Chair Professor of Finance and Economics and the Dean of Faculty of Business Administration at University of Macau. He has previously taught at Singapore Management University and University of Auckland.

text:
# Jun Yu

**Jun Yu** (born June 5, 1969) is an econometrician. He is the University of Macau Development Foundation (UMDF) Chair Professor of Finance and Economics and the Dean of Faculty of Business Administration at University of Macau. He has previously taught at Singapore Management University and University of Auckland.

## Biography

Yu was born in Ezhou, China. He obtained a BSc in mathematics and BA in economics at Wuhan University in 1990. He began graduate studies in economics at the University of Western Ontario in 1994 under John L. Knight and received his Ph.D. in 1998.

Yu serves as an associate editor for the Journal of Econometrics, and the Econometric Theory.

## Research

Yu's research concentrates on stochastic volatility models, continuous-time models, Bayesian econometrics, and the econometric analysis of economic bubbles. He has developed methods that can detect economic bubbles using time series data. He has also co-authored *Financial Econometric Modeling*, a financial econometrics textbook published by Oxford University Press.

He has an h-index of 37.

## Awards

Yu was elected a Founding Fellow of the Society for Financial Econometrics in 2012. He is also a Fellow of the Journal of Econometrics (2011).

## InfoBox

| Jun Yu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-06-05) June 5, 1969
Ezhou, China |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Econometrics |
| Institution | University of Macau |
| Alma mater | Wuhan University (BSc and BA 1990)
University of Western Ontario (PhD 1998) |
| Influences | Peter C.B. Phillips
John L. Knight |
| Information at IDEAS / RePEc | |
|  | |
| Website | https://fba.um.edu.mo/faculty/junyu/ |


title: Project Runway: Threads

abstract: Project Runway: Threads is a spin-off reality competition based on Project Runway. It premiered October 23, 2014 on Lifetime. The series features skilled teen and tween fashion designers. Each week, three new young designers compete for a prize package worth over $25,000. The prizes will include $10,000 to be used at any Jo-Ann Fabrics and Crafts Store or joann.com; a scholarship to the summer program at Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising in Los Angeles, including travel expenses; a top-of-the-line sewing and embroidery studio courtesy of Brother International Corporation and the winning designer's look will appear in Seventeen.

text:
# Project Runway: Threads

***Project Runway: Threads*** is a spin-off reality competition based on *Project Runway*. It premiered October 23, 2014 on Lifetime. The series features skilled teen and tween fashion designers.

Each week, three new young designers compete for a prize package worth over $25,000. The prizes will include $10,000 to be used at any Jo-Ann Fabrics and Crafts Store or joann.com; a scholarship to the summer program at Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising in Los Angeles, including travel expenses; a top-of-the-line sewing and embroidery studio courtesy of Brother International Corporation and the winning designer's look will appear in *Seventeen*.

## Host and Judges

The host is Vanessa Simmons, who also serves as a judge. She is joined by regular judges Christian Siriano (Project Runway Season 4 winner) and Ingrid Nilsen, a YouTube vlogger known as "Missglamorazzi." In addition, there are one or two guest judges each episode.

## Format

Each episode begins with a “Show Us Your Style Challenge,” where the three competitors reveal a look, designed and sewn in advance, which showcases their personal aesthetic. The winner of this initial challenge earns an advantage over their adversaries. The designers bring an adult assistant to help them complete their challenges—the primary one and another called the "Surprise Door Twist." The Surprise Door Twist is to reimagine a white dress. The designers have unlimited access to the Jo-Ann Fabric Room and the Brother Sewing and Embroidery Studio.

## Season 1 (2014)

### Episode 1: Red Carpet

*Original airdate*: October 23, 2014

* Challenge: Create a red carpet look that shows off each designer's individual style.
* Surprise Door Twist: Design a “Street Style” dress.
* Contestants: (Name - Age - Hometown - Adult Design Assistant)
    + Bradford - 13 - Birmingham, AL - mother Dana
    + Cambria - 13 - West Hills, CA - father David
    + Kenzie - 12 - Portland, OR - mother Molly
* Guest Judges: Kelly Osbourne, Jaime King
* WINNER: **Bradford**

### Episode 2: Fashion Capitals

*Original airdate*: October 30, 2014

* Challenge: Create a look which could be worn on the runway in one of three capitals of fashion—Paris, Tokyo, and New York City.
* Surprise Door Twist: Design a dress inspired by contestants' hometowns.
* Contestants: (Name - Age - Hometown - Adult Design Assistant - Fashion Capital)
    + Aliyah Royale - 14 - Valley Glen, CA - mother Tanya - Paris
    + Grace - 15 - La Cañada, CA - mother Peggy - New York City
    + Grayson - 14 - New Orleans, LA - grandmother Sirje - Tokyo
* Guest Judge: Jasmine Snow (Senior Fashion Editor, *Seventeen* Magazine)
* WINNER: **Grace**

### Episode 3: The Ultimate Accessory

*Original airdate*: November 6, 2014

* Challenge: Create a look inspired by designer statement pieces—a jeweled headpiece by Rodrigo Otazu, a clutch by Vivienne Westwood, shoes by Alexander McQueen or a vintage Chanel handbag.
* Surprise Door Twist: Design a dress using only fabric paint to showcase themselves as designers.
* Contestants: (Name - Age - Hometown - Adult Design Assistant - Designer Statement Piece)
    + Colette - 15 - Chicago, IL - mother Jill - handbag
    + Emily- 15 - Quincy, MA - father David - clutch
    + Zachary - 15 - Berkeley, CA - mother Camille - jeweled headpiece (Zachary, in 2015 was a contestant on *Project Runway: Junior*)
* Guest Judge: Gina Kelly (Fashion Director, *Seventeen Magazine*)
* WINNER: **Zachary**

### Episode 4: Pop Star

*Original airdate*: November 13, 2014

* Challenge: Create look suitable for their favorite pop star: Katy Perry, Lady Gaga and Florence Welch.
* Surprise Door Twist: Design a dress for their favorite pop star using only unconventional materials from the craft section of a Jo-Ann Fabrics and Crafts Store.
* Contestants: (Name - Age - Hometown - Adult Design Assistant - Favorite Pop Star)
    + Brianna - 13 - Ventura, CA - mother Lori - Florence Welch
    + Claire - 13 - Braintree, MA - mother Kristen - Katy Perry
    + Matt - 16 - Manhattan Beach, CA - grandmother Dorothy - Lady Gaga (Matt, in 2016 was a contestant on *Project Runway: Junior*)
* Guest Judge: Zendaya
* WINNER: **Brianna**

### Episode 5: Prom

*Original airdate*: November 20, 2014

* Challenge: Create a prom look that shows off each designer's individual style.
* Surprise Door Twist: Design a dress using only unconventional materials - flowers.
* Contestants: (Name - Age - Hometown - Adult Design Assistant)
    + Bella - 12 - Manhattan Beach, CA - grandmother Nancy
    + Kimanni - 13 - Atlanta, GA - mother Rochelle
    + Tieler - 14 - New Orleans, LA - mother Tahmi (Tieler, in 2016 was a contestant on *Project Runway: Junior*)
* Guest Judge: Gina Kelly (Fashion Director, *Seventeen* Magazine)
* WINNER: **Tieler**

### Episode 6: Monster Mash Up

*Original airdate*: December 4, 2014

* Challenge: Create a look of two monsters mashed together for inspiration.
* Surprise Door Twist: Design a dress using only unconventional materials- candy
* Contestants: (Name - Age - Hometown - Adult Design Assistant)
    + Ciara - 10 - LA, California - mother Tammy
    + Katie - 11 - Huntington Beach, CA - mother Rosette
    + Lucas - 12 - Orlando, FL - father Nick
* Guest Judge: Jasmine Snow (senior fashion editor for *Seventeen* magazine)
* WINNER: **Katie**

### Episode 7: Cover Look

*Original airdate*: December 11, 2014

* Challenge: Create a *Seventeen* Magazine cover look.
* Surprise Door Twist: Utilize a white dress, drawstring, sequin trim, purple dye, blue fabric, and fringe.
* Contestants: (Name - Age - Hometown - Adult Design Assistant)
    + Alex - 16 - West Covina, CA - father Voislav
    + Julia - 15 - Lafayette, CA - mother Karin
    + Molly - 16 - Washington, CT - mother Patricia
* Guest Judge: Gina Kelly (Fashion Director, *Seventeen* Magazine)
* WINNER: **Julia**

### Episode 8: Showstopper

*Original airdate*: December 18, 2014

* Challenge: Create a showstopping finale runway look.
* Surprise Door Twist: Design an opening look to go with the finale look.
* Contestants: (Name - Age - Hometown - Adult Design Assistant)
    + Mady - 14 - Stover, MO - mother Tracey
    + Christopher - 14 - Tuzcon, AZ - grandmother Zinda
    + Zoe - 15 - Colchester, CT - father Louie
* Guest Judge: Jaime King
* WINNER: **Zoe**

## International broadcast

The series premiered in Australia on June 7, 2015 on Arena.

## InfoBox

| *Project Runway: Threads* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Reality television |
| Presented by | Vanessa Simmons |
| Judges | Christian Siriano
Vanessa Simmons
Ingrid Nilsen |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Barbara Schneeweiss
Bob Weinstein
David Hillman
Desiree Gruber
Eli Lehrer
Harvey Weinstein
Jane Cha
Mary Donahue
Meryl Poster
Patrick Reardon
Sara Rea |
| Production location | Los Angeles FIDM |
| Production company | The Weinstein Company Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | Lifetime |
| Release | October 23 (2014-10-23)
December 18, 2014 (2014-12-18) |


title: Pruteni, Fălești

abstract: Pruteni is a commune in Făleşti District, Moldova. It is composed of four villages: Cuzmenii Vechi, Drujineni, Pruteni and Valea Rusului.

text:
# Pruteni, Fălești

**Pruteni** is a commune in Făleşti District, Moldova. It is composed of four villages: Cuzmenii Vechi, Drujineni, Pruteni and Valea Rusului.

## InfoBox

| Pruteni | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Pruteni | |
| Coordinates: 47°30′08″N 27°32′52″E / 47.5022222222°N 27.5477777778°E / 47.5022222222; 27.5477777778 | |
| Country | Moldova |
| District | Fălești District |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Severin Ion |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 2,140 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Pro-feminism

abstract: Pro-feminism refers to support of the cause of feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the feminist movement. The term is most often used in reference to men who actively support feminism and its efforts to bring about the political, economic, cultural, personal, and social equality of women with men. A number of pro-feminist men are involved in political activism, most often in the areas of gender equality, women's rights, and ending violence against women. As feminist theory found support among a number of men who formed consciousness-raising groups in the 1960s, these groups were differentiated by preferences for particular feminisms and political approaches. However, the inclusion of men's voices as "feminist" presented issues for some. For a number of women and men, the word "feminism" was reserved for women, whom they viewed as the subjects who experienced the inequality and oppression that feminism sought to address. In response to this objection, various groups coined and defended other terms like antisexism and pro-feminism. The activities of pro-feminist men's groups include anti-violence work with boys and with young men in schools, offering sexual-harassment workshops in workplaces, running community-education campaigns, and counseling male perpetrators of violence. Pro-feminist men also are involved in men's health, men's studies, the development of gender-equity curricula in schools, and many other areas. Pro-feminist men who support anti-pornography feminists participate in activism against pornography including anti-pornography legislation. This work is sometimes in collaboration with feminists and women's services, such as domestic violence and rape crisis centers. The term "pro-feminist" is also sometimes used by people who hold feminist beliefs or who advocate on behalf of feminist causes, but who do not consider themselves to be feminists per se. It is also used by those who do not identify with, or wish for others to identify them with, the feminist movement. Some activists do not refer to men as "feminists" at all, and will refer to all pro-feminist men as "pro-feminists", even if the men in question refer to themselves as "feminists". Others criticise "pro-feminist" men who refuse to identify as feminist. Most major feminist groups, most notably the National Organization for Women and the Feminist Majority Foundation, refer to male activists as "feminists" rather than as "pro-feminists".

text:
# Pro-feminism

**Pro-feminism** refers to support of the cause of feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the feminist movement. The term is most often used in reference to men ("**male feminists**") who actively support feminism and its efforts to bring about the political, economic, cultural, personal, and social equality of women with men. A number of pro-feminist men are involved in political activism, most often in the areas of gender equality, women's rights, and ending violence against women.

As feminist theory found support among a number of men who formed consciousness-raising groups in the 1960s, these groups were differentiated by preferences for particular feminisms and political approaches. However, the inclusion of men's voices as "feminist" presented issues for some. For a number of women and men, the word "feminism" was reserved for women, whom they viewed as the subjects who experienced the inequality and oppression that feminism sought to address. In response to this objection, various groups coined and defended other terms like *antisexism* and pro-feminism.

The activities of pro-feminist men's groups include anti-violence work with boys and with young men in schools, offering sexual-harassment workshops in workplaces, running community-education campaigns, and counseling male perpetrators of violence.

Pro-feminist men also are involved in men's health, men's studies, the development of gender-equity curricula in schools, and many other areas. Pro-feminist men who support anti-pornography feminists participate in activism against pornography including anti-pornography legislation. This work is sometimes in collaboration with feminists and women's services, such as domestic violence and rape crisis centers.

The term "pro-feminist" is also sometimes used by people who hold feminist beliefs or who advocate on behalf of feminist causes, but who do not consider themselves to be feminists *per se*. It is also used by those who do not identify with, or wish for others to identify them with, the feminist movement. Some activists do not refer to men as "feminists" at all, and will refer to all pro-feminist men as "pro-feminists", even if the men in question refer to themselves as "feminists". Others criticise "pro-feminist" men who refuse to identify as feminist. Most major feminist groups, most notably the National Organization for Women and the Feminist Majority Foundation, refer to male activists as "feminists" rather than as "pro-feminists".

## Pro-feminist men

Men responded in a variety of ways to first-wave feminism and to the societal changes in late 19th and early 20th century United States. For an example, see Thomas Wentworth Higginson, particularly his essay “Ought Women to learn the Alphabet?,” which appeared in the Atlantic Monthly (February, 1859).

Profeminist men embraced feminist ideas and actively advocated for female equality. While antifeminists "articulated a nostalgic yearning for the pre-urban, pre-industrial traditional village, the profeminist position was articulated with a belief in modernity's liberatory potential". Essentially, through their belief in science and progress, profeminists believed that "suffrage was but a public expression of the feminist challenge to the social order that bound both women and men to repressive social conditions" and that in the long run it would be an immense gain for Americans of both genders.

Pro-feminist men are considered by some to be a stream of the modern men's movement sympathetic towards feminism. Pro-feminist men seek to add male voices to feminism and advocate change by both women as well as men in their gender relations and social, political, and institutional structures. Some feminists argue that male inclusion in the feminist movement is necessary for the universalization of the movement, and for the movement to remain relevant in the future. Since the latter half of the 20th century, more pro-feminists around the world have become involved in advocating for various causes typically associated with feminism, including but not limited to anti-rape and anti-violence activism, as well as challenging the sexualization of women in the media. Many of these activities have been chronicled in a variety of publications and books, including, since 1983, Voice Male magazine, edited by Rob Okun, himself a long-time pro-feminist.

Marge Piercy (1969) argued that liberal male politicians will sometimes espouse feminist claims to gain votes, despite dubious backgrounds and actions.

Pro-feminist men are often social activists like August Bebel.

### Advocacy against violence against women

An area of feminist social work in which some pro-feminist men have participated is preventing violence against women, and supporting its survivors. Anti-violence activists work in shelters for battered women, counseling survivors, rehabilitating perpetrators and spreading awareness of the issue. Many male activists support these anti-violence campaigns on two strong fronts: first, that violence against women concerns all people, regardless of gender; and secondly, that more attention should be paid to the social environments that produce perpetrators. Activists have also analyzed the cultural factors that contribute to violence against women.

The White Ribbon Campaign was founded in response to the École Polytechnique Massacre in Montreal, Canada. The movement aims to spread awareness about the issue of violence against women by educating men about the problem.

### Advocacy against rape

Although men's participation in anti-rape activism in American campaigns is still uncommon, some men have proved valuable allies in their positions in shelters, support groups, and rape response teams. Some male activists claim that their efforts are met with mistrust and anger. Much literature about male anti-rape activists involves men experiencing epiphanies about the emotional and psychological impact rape inflicts on its victims. Scholars typically claim that in order to end rape and violence against women, men must become aware of these issues, otherwise there is no hope for stopping rape.

In addition to the struggles men face as a part of their work with anti-rape activism, many men that choose to speak out against rape report social costs, specifically that they are viewed as ‘not masculine.’ Men's deviation from hegemonic masculinity, which is currently characterized by traits such as toughness, dominance, self-reliance, heterosexual behaviors, restriction of emotional expression and the avoidance of traditionally feminine attitudes and behaviors in European and American countries, can lead to exclusion by their male peers. Male activists claim that unless masculinity can be redefined to include both caring for women and being vulnerable to emotional issues such as rape, men will continue to avoid taking action against rape.

### Advocacy against pornography

Some pro-feminist scholars believe that the portrayal of sexuality in pornography has contributed to the rise of sexual violence, misogyny, and the perpetuation of inequality between the sexes. They suggest that the normalization of male-dominated, violent, and degrading sexual acts has led users of pornography to incorporate violence into their own lives. Pro-feminists may assert that these trends in pornography are reflected by increased acts of sexual violence; and also contribute to normalizing rape culture. As with some areas of feminism, pro-feminists may also believe that pornography reduces women and teenage girls to sex objects.

## Core beliefs

As there is no centralised "movement" the motivation and goals of pro-feminist men are various. One profeminist website claims that among those motivations are:

* a sympathy for feminism revolving around a simple acceptance that men and women are equal and should thus be treated equally, that is, women should have the access to jobs and areas of public life as men do.
* a passionate and profound commitment that has changed every corner of their lives.
* "...a radical questioning of traditional Western models of thought, of the ways in which these privilege masculine ways of being and knowing."

Issues on which pro-feminists usually campaign include violence against women, sexism, inequalities in pay and promotion at work, sex trafficking, and women's rights to birth control. Pro-feminist men who support anti-pornography feminists also campaign against pornography.

They generally believe that:

* women suffer inequalities and injustices in society, while men receive various forms of power and privilege.
* the current, dominant model of manhood or masculinity is oppressive to women, as well as limiting for men themselves. Pro-feminists believe that men must take responsibility for their own behaviours and attitudes and work to change those of men in general.
* both personal and social change are vital.

Just as there is substantial diversity and disagreement within feminism, there is diversity among pro-feminist men. For example, the extent to which men are also limited or harmed by societal gender relations is an area of disagreement. Some men emphasise the privilege received by virtue of being men in a patriarchal or male-dominated society, while others emphasise the ways in which the gender roles laid down by patriarchal society constrict both men and women.

Some pro-feminist men argue that those who emphasize the latter, or who even claim that, like women, men too are "oppressed", are not really pro-feminist or are not pro-feminist enough. Others make a distinction between "radical pro-feminist" and "liberal pro-feminist" men, and emphasize their shared commitments and similarities.

Pro-feminist men typically also recognise the importance of other forms of injustice and other kinds of social relations. Pro-feminists assume that class, race, sexuality, age and other such things are important influences on the relations between and among men and women.

Pro-feminist men who are politically active have tended to concentrate on a number of specific issues, such as men's violence.

### Early writings and assumptions

Early writings in the U.S. that the pro-feminist men's movement has identified as antecedents to its thought include Jon Snodgrass's *A Book of Readings for Men against Sexism*, Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner's collection of essays, *Men's Lives*, and Joseph Pleck's *The Myth of Masculinity*. Three basic assumptions of these early texts included the distinction between sex and gender, the treatment of gender as a social construct, and the position that men are harmed by proscriptive gender roles. Building on this last assumption, early pro-feminist men's texts assumed a corollary that if men were made aware of these conditions, they would relinquish their social privileges.

## Compared to feminism

Some feminists and pro-feminists believe that it is inappropriate for men to call themselves "feminists". There is also internal disagreement within this "movement", for example with socialist movements, anti-racist struggles, and so on. Those who claim that "feminist" can apply equally to men and women often point out that the arguments made by advocates of the term "pro-feminist" are based in notions of biological determinism and essentialism, and are actually contrary to feminist principles.

Some pro-feminist men believe that there is a potential for "backlash" within the men's movement, a potential for the movement to turn towards the defence of what they see as men's privilege and position, and some say that this has already occurred. While all pro-feminist men assume that men must act to dismantle gender injustice, some argue that a men's movement is not the way to do this.

### Notable pro-feminist writers

## Citations

## General bibliography

* Brittan, Arthur, 1989, *Masculinity and power*, Oxford: Basil Blackwell
* Berkowitz, Alan D. (ed.). *Men and rape: theory, research, and prevention programs in higher education*, issue 65 of New directions for student services, Jossey-Bass, 1994, ISBN 978-0-7879-9971-1.
* Clatterbaugh, Kenneth, 1990, *Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: men, women, and politics in modern society*, Colorado & Oxford: Westview Press
* Connell, R.W., 1987, *Gender and power: society, the person and sexual politics*, Sydney: Allen & Unwin
* Connell, R.W., 1995, *Masculinities*, Sydney: Allen & Unwin
* Cooper, Mick, and Baker, Peter, 1996, *The MANual: the complete man's guide to life*, London: Thorsons
* Digby, Tom (ed.), 1998, *Men Doing Feminism*, New York: Routledge
* Edley, Nigel, and Wetherell, Margaret, 1995, *Men in perspective: practice, power and identity*, London: Prentice-Hall
* Edwards, Tim, 1993, *Erotics and politics: gay male sexuality, masculinity, and feminism*, New York: Routledge
* Haddad, Tony (ed.), 1993, *Men and masculinities: a critical anthology*, Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press
* Kaufman, Michael (ed), 1987, *Beyond patriarchy: essays by men on pleasure, power and change*, New York: Oxford University Press
* Kaufman, Michael, 1993, *Cracking the armour: power, pain and tstview* Press
* Kimmel, Michael, and Messner, Michael (eds), 1992, *Men's lives*, New York/Toronto: Macmillan/Maxwell (2nd edition)
* Mac an Ghaill, Mairtin (ed), 1996, *Understanding masculinities: Social relations and cultural arenas*, Buckingham & Philadelphia: Open University Press
* May, Larry, and Robert Strikwerda (eds), 1992, *Rethinking masculinity: philosophical explorations in light of feminism*, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield
* McLean, Chris, Carey, Maggie, and White, Cheryl (eds), 1996, *Men's ways of being*, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press
* Segal, Lynne, 1990, *Slow motion: changing masculinities, changing men*, London: Virago
* Segal, Lynne, 1990, *Slow motion: changing masculinities, changing men, London: Virago pro-feminist men respond to the mythopoetic men's movement (and the mythopoetic leaders answer)*, Philadelphia: Temple University Press
* Smith, Jeremy Adam. 2009. *The Daddy Shift: How Stay-at-Home Dads, Breadwinning Moms, and Shared Parenting are Transforming the American Family*. Boston: Beacon Press.
* Snodgrass, Jon (ed), 1977, *A book of readings: for men against sexism*, Albion CA: Times Change Press
* Stoltenberg, John, 1990, *Refusing to be a man: essays on sex and justice*, CA & Suffolk: Fontana/Collins
* Stoltenberg, John 1998 *The end of manhood: a book for men of conscience*, New York: Dutton
* Tarrant, Shira. 2009. *Men and Feminism*. Berkeley: Seal Press.
* Tarrant, Shira (ed). 2008. *Men Speak Out: Views on Gender, Sex and Power*. New York: Routledge.


title: Pro-jekt

abstract: Pro-jekt were an English rock band who have sometimes described themselves as gothic metal, although it has been noted that they have a darkwave sound. They formed in January 2000, in Derbyshire, England. They engineered and financed their own demo album, and, in August 2001, signed to Nightbreed Recordings Ltd. Pro-jekt released their debut album on Nightbreed Recordings in April 2002. On the live circuit, the band played over 90 performances, including touring with Mortiis and Carl McCoy's side project, The Last Rites. In 2003, Pro-jekt completed a full UK tour and held live dates in Italy, Belgium and France. After completing the 20 date "Evilution Tour" at Fibbers in York at the end of 2003, the band regrouped back in Derbyshire to start recording their next studio album. However, Shaun Travis was taken ill, and, in February 2004, it was mutually decided that Travis should leave the band. In July of that year, Pro-jekt signed a new singer, Mick Witham, to lead the band. He quickly got involved in rehearsals and Pro-jekt then featured in the UK Grudge tour, supporting Mortiis. They have toured as part of 'The Unholy Trinity', appeared at the Carnival of Souls, along with an appearance in front of a sell-out crowd at the Lumous Festival in Finland. A song by Pro-jekt also featured on Project Gotham Racing 3. The band was originally going to be called 'Projekt', but were threatened with legal action from Projekt Records, and so, instead, placed the dash in their name.

text:
# Pro-jekt

**Pro-jekt** were an English rock band who have sometimes described themselves as gothic metal, although it has been noted that they have a darkwave sound. They formed in January 2000, in Derbyshire, England. They engineered and financed their own demo album, and, in August 2001, signed to Nightbreed Recordings Ltd. Pro-jekt released their debut album on Nightbreed Recordings in April 2002. On the live circuit, the band played over 90 performances, including touring with Mortiis and Carl McCoy's side project, The Last Rites. In 2003, Pro-jekt completed a full UK tour and held live dates in Italy, Belgium and France.

After completing the 20 date "Evilution Tour" at Fibbers in York at the end of 2003, the band regrouped back in Derbyshire to start recording their next studio album. However, Shaun Travis was taken ill, and, in February 2004, it was mutually decided that Travis should leave the band.

In July of that year, Pro-jekt signed a new singer, Mick Witham, to lead the band. He quickly got involved in rehearsals and Pro-jekt then featured in the UK Grudge tour, supporting Mortiis. They have toured as part of 'The Unholy Trinity', appeared at the Carnival of Souls, along with an appearance in front of a sell-out crowd at the Lumous Festival in Finland. A song by Pro-jekt also featured on *Project Gotham Racing 3*.

The band was originally going to be called 'Projekt', but were threatened with legal action from Projekt Records, and so, instead, placed the dash in their name.

## Members

### Current members

* Mick Witham - Vocals
* Phil May - Guitars
* Alistair Middleton - Synths, Programming

### Ex-members

* Shaun Travis - Vocals
* Kevin Rice - Bass

## Discography

### Albums

* *Suicide Disco* (2001)
* *Encryption* (2002)
* *Defiance* (2006)
* *Reign Of Scars* (2009)
* *Detonation* EP (2010) (three tracks)

### Other releases

Pro-jekt have also released a DVD called *Evilution*. It features two music videos and a recorded live show. Also, they have released an EP called *Mean Times* and appeared on five compilation albums, being *Sick Twisted Individual Volume 1*, *The Gothic Sounds of Nightbreed 4*, *Kill Your Management Volume 5*, *Dark Salvation Volume 1* and *Sick Twisted Individual Volume 2*.

## InfoBox

| Pro-jekt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Derbyshire, England, UK |
| Genres | Electronic music, rock music, gothic metal |
| Years active | 20002011 |
| Labels | Nightbreed Recordings, Pure Power Recordings |
|  | |
| Members | Mick Witham
Phil May
Alistair Middleton |
|  | |
| Past members | Shaun Travis
Kevin Rice |


title: June–July 2016 Sulu and Basilan clashes

abstract: The Summer 2016 Sulu and Basilan clashes were armed conflicts that took place in two battlefronts on the southern islands of Mindanao, Philippines from 21 June to 12 July.

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# June–July 2016 Sulu and Basilan clashes

The **Summer 2016** **Sulu and Basilan clashes** were armed conflicts that took place in two battlefronts on the southern islands of Mindanao, Philippines from 21 June to 12 July.

## Background

After Canadian hostage John Ridsdel had been beheaded by Abu Sayyaf group (ASG) in late April 2016, Canadian hostage Robert Hall was beheaded on June 13, 2016. ASG even demanded $13 million ransom for the release of two other hostages.

Philippine President Duterte warned ASG to stop kidnapping, saying he would eventually confront them.

On 17 June, about five thousand Philippine soldiers had been deployed to the target areas in Sulu to track down ASG.

## Clashes

### Sulu

On 21 June, soldiers from the 32nd Infantry Battalion encountered about two hundred ASG members in Patikul town. Three ASG members were killed and at least 10 were wounded. Sixteen Army soldiers were wounded.

On 22 June, another firefight left at least seven ASG members killed and eighteen soldiers wounded.

As the hostage tracking operation continued, on 7 July, troops encountered suspected ASG members. One soldier was killed with six wounded. Nine ASG members were killed and at least nineteen militants were wounded.

By 11 July, 22 ASG were dead.

### Basilan

On 6 July, suspected ASG bandits led by Furuji Indama and Isnilon Hapilon stormed a village in Tipo-Tipo, Basilan. The attack targeted the headquarters of the 18th Infantry Battalion. ASG occupied and fortified Hill 490 of Ungkaya Pukan town as a staging point.

On 12 July, Army rangers prepared to assault Hill 490 after an air and artillery barrage. One ranger was killed and five others were injured after one of them tripped an improvised explosive device. The government casualties were immediately airlifted to Camp Navarro General Hospital.

At least eighteen militants were killed with nine wounded.

## InfoBox

| June–July 2016 Sulu and Basilan clashes | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Moro conflict | |
|  | |
| Date June–July, 2016  Location Patikul, Sulu
Tipo-Tipo and Ungkaya Pukan, Basilan | |
| Belligerents | |
| Philippines | Abu Sayyaf |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Rodrigo Duterte | Isnilon Hapilon
Furiji Indama |
| Units involved | |
| Philippine Army
* 18th Infantry Battalion * 32nd Infantry Battalion | Abu Sayyaf militants |
| Strength | |
| 5,000 (all involved in clashes) | about 200 in Sulu;
about 200 in Basilan |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 2 killed, 45 wounded
* 16 wounded in Sulu, June 21 * 18 wounded in Sulu, June 22 * 1 killed, 6 wounded in Sulu, July 7 * 1 killed, 5 wounded in Basilan, July 12 | 50 killed, 35 wounded
* 3 killed, 10 wounded in Sulu, June 21 * 7 killed in Sulu, June 22 * 22 killed, 16 wounded in Sulu, July 7~July 11 * 18 killed, 9 wounded in Basilan, July 6~July 12 |


title: Prodoxus sordidus

abstract: Prodoxus sordidus is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in the United States in the Mojave Desert in south-eastern California, north-western Arizona and southern Nevada. The wingspan is 8-9.8 mm for males and 9.4-12.3 for females. Adults are on wing from March to mid-May.

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# Prodoxus sordidus

***Prodoxus sordidus*** is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in the United States in the Mojave Desert in south-eastern California, north-western Arizona and southern Nevada.

The wingspan is 8-9.8 mm for males and 9.4-12.3 for females. Adults are on wing from March to mid-May.

## InfoBox

| *Prodoxus sordidus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Prodoxidae |
| Genus: | *Prodoxus* |
| Species: | ***P. sordidus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prodoxus sordidus***<br>Riley, 1892 | |
|


title: Just Married (1928 film)

abstract: Just Married is a 1928 American comedy silent film directed by Frank R. Strayer and written by Frank Butler, George Marion Jr., Adelaide Matthews, Anne Nichols and Gilbert Pratt. The film stars James Hall, Ruth Taylor, Harrison Ford, William Austin, Ivy Harris, Tom Ricketts and Maude Turner Gordon. The film was released on August 18, 1928, by Paramount Pictures.

text:
# Just Married (1928 film)

***Just Married*** is a 1928 American comedy silent film directed by Frank R. Strayer and written by Frank Butler, George Marion Jr., Adelaide Matthews, Anne Nichols and Gilbert Pratt. The film stars James Hall, Ruth Taylor, Harrison Ford, William Austin, Ivy Harris, Tom Ricketts and Maude Turner Gordon. The film was released on August 18, 1928, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

After many ridiculous moments, a young girl marries her former acquaintance, not her fiancée.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Just Married | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Frank R. Strayer |
| Screenplay by | Frank Butler
George Marion Jr.
Adelaide Matthews (play)
Anne Nichols (play)
Gilbert Pratt |
| Produced by | Jesse L. Lasky
Adolph Zukor |
| Starring | James Hall
Ruth Taylor
Harrison Ford
William Austin
Ivy Harris
Tom Ricketts
Maude Turner Gordon |
| Cinematography | Edward Cronjager |
| Edited by | William Shea
B. F. Zeidman |
| Production
company | Paramount Pictures |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * August 18, 1928 (1928-08-18) |
| Running time | 63 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec

abstract: Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec, also known as Hieronymus Bolsec was a French Carmelite theologian and physician, who became a Protestant and controversialist, later returning to the Catholic Church.

text:
# Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec

**Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec**, also known as **Hieronymus Bolsec** (? probably at Paris  c. 1584 at Lyons) was a French Carmelite theologian and physician, who became a Protestant and controversialist, later returning to the Catholic Church.

## Life

A sermon which he preached at Paris aroused misgivings in Catholic circles regarding the soundness of his ideas, and Bolsec left Paris. Having separated from the Catholic Church around 1545, he took refuge at the Court of Renée, duchess of Ferrara, who was favourably disposed towards persons holding Protestant views. Here he married, and began the study of medicine around 1550, settling as a physician at Veigy, near Geneva.

The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia describes a 1551 confrontation between Bolsec and John Calvin. Bolsec, attending a regular Friday lecture series in Geneva, interrupted Jean de Saint André's discussion of predestination to argue with him on the topic. Calvin, who also happened to be in attendance, joined in the dispute. The Catholic Encyclopedia attributes Bolsec's later arrest and exile from Geneva to Calvin's influence.

In 1555 he was also driven from Thonon, in the Bernese territory, where he had retired. He went to Paris and sought admission into the ministry of the Reformed Church. However, his opinions were not deemed sufficiently orthodox from a reformed perspective. He was asked for a declaration of faith, but refused.

He went to Lausanne (c. 1563), but as the signing of the Confession of Bern was made a condition of his residence there, he preferred to return to France. Shortly after this, he recanted his Protestant beliefs, and was reconciled with the Catholic Church.

## Works

He published biographies of the two Genevan reformers, Calvin and Theodore Beza (1519–1605). These works are violent in tone, and their historical statements cannot always be relied on. They are "Histoire de la vie, des moeurs . . . de Jean Calvin" (Lyons and Paris, 1577; published in Latin at Cologne in 1580; German tr. 1581); "Histoire de la vie et des mœurs de Th. de Bèze" (Paris, 1582). The life of Calvin was edited by L. F. Chastel in 1875 with extracts from the life of Beza.

In Alister McGrath's biography of Calvin, he states,

"... Jerome Bolsec, with whom Calvin crossed swords in 1551... published his *Vie de Calvin* at Lyons in June 1577. Calvin, according to Bolsec, was irredeemably tedious and malicious, bloodthirsty and frustrated. He treated his own words as if they were the word of God, and allowed himself to be worshipped as God. In addition to frequently falling victim to his homosexual tendencies, he had a habit of indulging himself sexually with any female within walking distance. According to Bolsec, Calvin resigned his benefices at Noyon on account of the public exposure of his homosexual activities. Bolsec's biography makes much more interesting reading than those of Theodore Beza and Nicolas Colladon; nevertheless, his work rests largely upon unsubstantiated anonymous oral reports deriving from 'trustworthy individuals' (*personnes digne de foy*), which modern scholarship has found of questionable merit."

Thomas Henry Dyer's biography of Calvin offers the following context,

Bolsec ..affirms that the real cause of M. dc Fallals' leaving Geneva was, that Calvin had solicited the chastity of his wife ... Calvin appeared before the council of that city (Berne) on the 17th of February, 1552, for the purpose of clearing himself from certain calumnies. No provocation can excuse Bolsec for bringing these infamous charges; yet he was probably incited by Beza's "Life of Calvin" to insert them in his own biography of Calvin. In the work alluded to, Beza charges Bolsec, after he had returned to the Roman Catholic communion, with prostituting his wife to the canons of Autun ; an imputation, the truth of which is liable to considerable suspicion, from the virulence displayed by Beza in persecuting Bolsec, and from the fact that that writer, and even Calvin himself, were not always very scrupulous in ascertaining the truth of what they alleged against their adversaries. It is certain that Beza's "Life of Calvin" appeared before Bolsec's, which was not published till many years after Calvin's death.  * Fritz in *Kirchenlexikon*
* Schaff, *History of the Christian Church* (New York, 1903), VII, 614-621
* Walker, *John Calvin* (New York, 1906), 116–119, 315–320.
* John Calvin, *Actes du procès Intenté par Calvin et les autres ministres de Genève à Jérome Bolsec de Paris* (1551), Corpus Reformatorum (Brunsvigae, 1870), vol. 36, *Opera*, vol. 8, 141–248, C. A. Schwetschke et Filium (M. Bruhn.)

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Robert Borwick, 1st Baron Borwick

abstract: Robert Hudson Borwick, 1st Baron Borwick, known as Sir Robert Borwick from 1902 to 1916, and as Sir Robert Borwick, 1st Baronet from 1916 to 1922, was a British businessman and a Justice of the Peace for the County of London.

text:
# Robert Borwick, 1st Baron Borwick

**Robert Hudson Borwick, 1st Baron Borwick** (21 January 1845  27 January 1936), known as **Sir Robert Borwick** from 1902 to 1916, and as **Sir Robert Borwick, 1st Baronet** from 1916 to 1922, was a British businessman and a Justice of the Peace for the County of London.

## Biography

Borwick was the son of George Borwick of Torquay, and his wife Jane (née Hudson), and was Chairman of the family firm George Borwick & Sons Ltd, manufacturer of baking and custard powders, which had been founded by his father.

Robert Borwick was made a Knight Bachelor in the 1902 Birthday Honours and knighted by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 18 December 1902. He was created a **Baronet** (in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom), of Eden Lacy in the County of Lancaster, in 1916.

In 1922 he was further honoured when he was raised to the peerage as **Baron Borwick**, of Hawkshead in the County of Lancaster, for "providing hospital treatment for the sick and wounded Colonial officers throughout the war".

He was also a Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.

Lord Borwick married in 1872, Caroline (d. April 1936), daughter of the Reverend Richard Daniel Johnston of Kurnool, India. They had two sons and seven daughters. Latterly the family resided almost continually in Nice and Paris.

He died in January 1936, aged 91, and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son George, 2nd Baron Borwick. He is buried in the Cimetière du Château in Nice.

Coat of arms of Robert Borwick, 1st Baron Borwick
|  | CrestUpon a mount Proper in front of a staff raguly erect Azure a stag browsing Or attired Sable. EscutcheonArgent three escarbuncles fesswise Sable between as many bears’ heads erased of the last muzzled Or. SupportersOn either side a bear Sable muzzled and charged on the shoulder with an escarbuncle Or. MottoFugit |
| --- | --- |

## Sources

* *Whittaker's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage*, London, 1935, p. 154.
* Kidd, Charles, & Williamson, David, (editors), *Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage*, St. Martin's Press, New York City, 1990.


abstract: The Global Electoral Organization Conference is an invitation-only conference which aims to "bring together electoral practitioners and experts to exchange knowledge and share experiences, to provide a forum for networking, to present opportunities for provoking debate and promoting initiatives."

text:
# Global Electoral Organization Conference

The **Global Electoral Organization Conference** (GEO Conference) is an invitation-only conference which aims to "bring together electoral practitioners and experts to exchange knowledge and share experiences, to provide a forum for networking, to present opportunities for provoking debate and promoting initiatives."

## Collaborating Organizations

## Past GEO Conferences

In 1999, the first GEO conference was held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The second GEO Conference was not held until 2003 in Mexico. The third GEO Conference was held in Hungary. GEO2007, the fourth conference, was held in Washington, D.C. Four year later, GEO2011 was held in Gaborone, Botswana.


title: Ihojan Pérez

abstract: Ihojan Fabián Pérez Cuadro is a Uruguayan footballer who plays as a midfielder for Uruguayan Primera División club River Plate Montevideo.

text:
# Ihojan Pérez

**Ihojan Fabián Pérez Cuadro** (born 17 February 2006) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays as a midfielder for Uruguayan Primera División club River Plate Montevideo.

## Club career

Having progressed through the academy of River Plate Montevideo, he made his debut for the club on 4 February 2023 in a 2–1 loss to Cerro Largo, coming on as a second-half substitute for Ramiro Cristóbal. On 11 October 2023, he was named by English newspaper *The Guardian* as one of the best players born in 2006 worldwide.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 11 October 2023.*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| River Plate Montevideo | 2023 | Uruguayan Primera División | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| **Career total** | | | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |

Notes   1. Ihojan Pérez at WorldFootball.net
2. Christenson, Marcus; Bloor, Steven; Blight, Garry (11 October 2023). "Next Generation 2023: 60 of the best young talents in world football". *theguardian.com*. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
3. "Ihojan Pérez, el único uruguayo en la edición Next Generation 2023" \[Ihojan Pérez, the only Uruguayan in the Next Generation 2023 edition\]. *espndeportes.espn.com* (in Spanish). 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
4. Ihojan Pérez at Soccerway

## InfoBox

Ihojan Pérez
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ihojan Fabián Pérez Cuadro | | |
| Date of birth | (2006-02-17) 17 February 2006 | | |
| Place of birth | Montevideo, Uruguay | | |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | River Plate Montevideo | | |
| Number | 33 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | River Plate Montevideo | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2023– | River Plate Montevideo | 9 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 05:00, 11 October 2023 (UTC) | | | |