title: Thondwe

abstract: Thongwe is a small community near the city of Zomba in southern Malawi, in the Shire Highlands.

text:
# Thondwe

**Thongwe** is a small community near the city of Zomba in southern Malawi, in the Shire Highlands.

## Description

Thongwe has a poor population. In 2018 the local member of parliament Charles Tikhiwa estimated that there were 154 000 people in the district requiring food. He made an appeal to the government. Irrigation schemes were being created but communities around Lake Chilwe were struggling.

## Primary school

Thondwe Primary School has been open since 1924. In 2013 the school had over 1,700 students from year 1 to year 8. The large number of students means that some are taught in temporary grass roofed classrooms which leak when it rains. The school has encouraged its students by awarding text books. In the second term tests are set and the first fifteen in every class gets a pair of shoes. In 2013 they took to rewarding students with shoes in a scheme supported by the head teacher Gosten G. Makwinja.

Many of the students do not have shoes and these are an advantage where the only toilet is a one pit affair.

In 2017 the school opened a library which was funded by a group in Scotland who have also twinned local businesses with their counterparts who are opticians, cafe owners, hairdressers and a craft group. The twinning has resulted in loans that enable entrepreneurs and women in particular to launch businesses. The two communities have been working together since 2008.

In 2022 Tropical Storm Ana hit and the whole of Malawi was badly damaged. The replacement of some roofs in Thongwe was funded by the Scottish twinned community of Innerleithen who arranged for metal roofs to replace the damaged thatch roofs. Metal roofs have health benefits as they do not encourage malarial mosquitoes.

## Climate

| Climate data for (nearby) Zomba in 2011 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27
(80) | 27
(80) | 26
(79) | 26
(78) | 24
(76) | 22
(72) | 22
(72) | 24
(75) | 27
(81) | 29
(85) | 29
(85) | 27
(81) | 26
(79) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18
(65) | 18
(65) | 18
(65) | 17
(62) | 14
(58) | 12
(54) | 12
(53) | 13
(55) | 15
(59) | 18
(64) | 19
(66) | 18
(65) | 16
(61) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 310
(12.1) | 250
(9.9) | 260
(10.1) | 69
(2.7) | 18
(0.7) | 10
(0.4) | 7.6
(0.3) | 7.6
(0.3) | 5.1
(0.2) | 25
(1) | 110
(4.3) | 280
(10.9) | 1,340
(52.9) |
| Source: Weatherbase | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

15°30′18.5″S 35°26′15.2″E / 15.505139°S 35.437556°E / -15.505139; 35.437556

## InfoBox

| Thongwe | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| ThongweLocation in Malawi | |
| Coordinates: 15°30′18.5″S 35°26′15.2″E / 15.505139°S 35.437556°E / -15.505139; 35.437556 | |
| Country | Malawi |
| Region | Southern Region |
| District | Zomba District |
| Time zone | UTC+2 |
| Climate | Cwa |


title: Mfezi (ambulance)

abstract: The Mfezi is an armoured ambulance used by the South African Military Health Service. The name Mfezi is a Zulu word that means cobra. The snake is the emblem of the South African Operational Medical Orderly who operate and use these vehicles, therefore armoured ambulances are named for snakes in South African military service.

text:
# Mfezi (ambulance)

The **Mfezi** is an armoured ambulance used by the South African Military Health Service. The name *Mfezi* is a Zulu word that means cobra. The snake is the emblem of the South African Operational Medical Orderly who operate and use these vehicles, therefore armoured ambulances are named for snakes in South African military service.

## History

The Mfezi replaced the Rinkhals armoured ambulance at the end of the Angolan Bush War although it is believed that one Mfezi Ambulance was operationally tested in Angola during the closing stages of the Bush War.

## Design

The Mfezi is a 17 metric tons (37,000 lb) armoured vehicle capable of withstanding 3 × TM-57 landmines/21 kilograms (46 lb) TNT under any wheel and two TM-57/14 kilograms (31 lb) TNT under the hull. The sides are armoured to withstand up to 7.62×51mm small arms fire.

The Mfezi is operated by two medical orderlies and has the capacity to hold four patients lying down and four sitting. The configuration of the inside of the vehicle can be changed as needed according to the situation, although this requires a workshop intervention.

## InfoBox

| Mfezi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Armoured ambulance |
| Place of origin | South Africa |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1990–2008 |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 6.56 metres (7.17 yd) |
| Width | 2.48 metres (2.71 yd) |
| Height | 3.03 metres (3.31 yd) |
| Crew | 1 Driver 2 × Orderlies |
| --- | |
| Main
armament | None, 4 × Gun Ports |
| Engine | ADE 449T 9.51 litres (2.51 US gal) 5-cylinder diesel,
184kW @ 2100 rpm |
| Suspension | 4×4 wheeled |
| Operational
range | 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) (road), 300 kilometres (190 mi) (cross country) |
| Maximum speed | 90 kilometres per hour (56 mph) on road |


title: Motor gunboat

abstract: The motor gunboat (MGB) was a small, high-speed British military vessel of the Second World War, which was armed with a mix of guns, in contrast to the physically similar motor torpedo boat (MTB), whose main offensive weapon were torpedoes. The small size of the MGBs, and their high speed, made them difficult targets for German E-boats, though, like their opponents, they were limited by heavy weather, because they did not provide a stable-enough platform to aim the guns. The large number of guns meant the crew was relatively large, numbering as high as thirty men on the largest boats.

text:
# Motor gunboat

The **motor gunboat** (MGB) was a small, high-speed British military vessel of the Second World War, which was armed with a mix of guns, in contrast to the physically similar motor torpedo boat (MTB), whose main offensive weapon were torpedoes. The small size of the MGBs, and their high speed, made them difficult targets for German E-boats, though, like their opponents, they were limited by heavy weather, because they did not provide a stable-enough platform to aim the guns. The large number of guns meant the crew was relatively large, numbering as high as thirty men on the largest boats.

## Description

MGBs were extremely heavily armed for vessels of their size. Early MGBs were, nevertheless, small boats, being based on Motor Anti-Submarine Boats of 63–70 feet in length; these would later be considered 'short' boats by Coastal Forces. These were mostly equipped with one heavy weapon and numerous lighter guns. The later 71.5-foot short MGBs would sport two heavy weapon locations (a pom-pom forward and twin Oerlikon aft), outmatching contemporary enemy boats of larger size. The outstanding feature of most short MGBs was their very high speed of 36–40 knots, enabling them to work with, or in place of, MTBs on offensive sweeps.

From June 1941, the Fairmile Type 'C' MGB began to join Coastal Forces; this boat was based on the earlier Type 'A' Motor launch and was the first of the 'long boats', being 110 feet long. A major feature of the long MGBs was that they carried two heavy guns as well as numerous lighter weapons; the 27-knot Type 'C' began to introduce the versatile & hard-hitting Vickers pom-pom to Coastal Forces' inventory, as well as carrying one of the ubiquitous 2-pdr Rolls guns on the aft bandstand.

In March 1942, the first of the Fairmile 'D's joined the MGB force, this type becoming the main long MGB for the remainder of the conflict. These had room for an even heavier armament than the Type 'C' and the weight of armament was incrementally improved as the war went on. early models had as little as one powered pom-pom mount forward, twin powered 20mm aft and two twin HMGs by the bridge plus LMGs, but more often placed the 20mm twin mount amidships and added a QF 6-pdr gun aft. By 1945, *MGB 658* carried two power-mounted QF 6-pounders in the A and Y turret positions, a twin 20 mm Oerlikon cannon in the X turret position, a single 20 mm Oerlikon on either side forward of the bridge, and two twin .303 Vickers machine guns on the bridge wings. They were also equipped with smoke-making equipment, basic radar and depth charges.

## Service

In the early years of the war, MGBs saw action defending shipping against enemy torpedo boats, such as the German E-boats, on the southern and eastern coasts of the UK, with the faster 'short' boats frequently undertaking patrols hunting for the enemy. MGB flotillas (particularly under Robert Hichens' command) also developed the tactic of accompanying MTBs on their patrols across the North Sea to attack enemy coastal shipping. On these missions, the MGBs' role was to close stealthily with the enemy and then attack with guns from an unexpected quarter, drawing the convoy escort's attention, while the MTBs manoeuvred into position unseen by the Germans, so as to better attack the protected convoy shipping with their torpedoes.

The modest speed of the larger & heavier Type 'C' compared with the short boats saw them assigned much more frequently to defensive & convoy escort duties as well as clandestine work. The latter duties often involved extraction of Allied agents/escapees from occupied France but also included the commando raid 'Operation Chariot': Robert Ryder used a Type 'C' MGB for command of the St Nazaire Raid. Ryder and William Savage, the gunner of the unprotected two-pounder gun on MGB 314, received Victoria Crosses for their part in the raid, Savage posthumously.

In the Mediterranean, MGBs were used in an attacking role to sink Italian and German shipping. They were formed into flotillas which often operated alongside motor torpedo boats (or US PT boats) and helped interdict supplies being sent from Italy to Axis forces in North Africa in 1943. After that campaign, they moved northwards and assisted with the invasion of Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Elba. Operating from island bases they patrolled along the western coast of Italy, attacking small coastal ships and E-boats until mid-1944. As Italy was progressively liberated, certain flotillas, such as the 56th, were sent around Italy to the Adriatic to assist partisans in the islands off Yugoslavia.

MGBs were also involved in the protection of shipping after D-Day.

MGBs did not take the prefix HMS as they were boats, not ships, and instead used the prefix "HMMGB" on formal occasions. The crews generally referred to them by their numbers.

In 1947, *MGB 2009* was fitted with a Metrovick gas turbine, thereby becoming the world's first gas turbine powered naval vessel.

## Types

### British Power Boats

Early-war motor anti-submarine boats (MA/SBs) built by BPB Co. were converted from early 1941 into MGBs. These included 63-foot and 70-foot types.

63-foot MGBs (numbered *40–45*) were of 24 t std displacement and powered by 2-shaft Rolls-Royce petrol engines developing 2,200bhp for a top speed of 40 knots. They were rearmed for the MGB role with 1 × 20 mm Oerlikon aft (some may have briefly carried a Rolls gun until the Oerlikon was available), a twin HMG turret on the coach-house roof and 2-4 × .303-inch MGs (two twin mounts would be mounted abreast the wheelhouse).

70-foot MGBs were of several different original batches or types: *MGB 6-21* originally had 3-shaft Napier petrol engines for 1,650 bhp and a top speed of 27 knots, being later refitted with Packards for 3,600 bhp and 38 kts, while *MGB 46* and *MGB 50-67* had 3-shaft Rolls-Royce installations for 3,300 bhp and a top speed of 36.7 kts. All were of 28–30 t std displacement. Individual armament varied, but most boats had 2 × twin HMG turrets abreast the bridge (some early models had the single dorsal turret seen on the 63-feet type) in the case of ex-French boats like *MGB 66* these turrets replaced a pair of twin 0.303-inch turret which had been carried side by side amidships. Heavier gun armament on these boats, located aft, was initially either a 2-pdr 'Rolls gun' or less commonly a Boulton & Paul quad 0.303-inch MG turret. Surviving boats were later rearmed with a far more effective Oerlikon in the aft position.

71+12 ft Motor Gun Boat BPB built 34 purpose-built 72 ft MGBs (also referred to as 71.5-feet). Capable of 40 knots, they carried a hydraulically powered 2-pounder gun mount forwards for engaging other vessels, along with a twin powered 20mm mount on the aft cabin roof and two twin .303-in machine guns (one either side of the wheelhouse) for additional firepower in surface actions as well as defence from aircraft. Some early boats even carried a Holman Projector right aft. Side-dropping depth charges and smoke generators at the stern completed the loadout. Over one hundred vessels of this class built, first ones were given identities MGB 74-97 The second series were numbered *MGB 107*-onwards. After the initial 34 MGBs, further craft of the 71.5-feet type (in the sequence up to *176* and from *502* onwards) were of a modified type, known as a 'Type G' to the Canadians, and were intended to be MTBs. However, some of the earlier boats in the 'Type G' series were only ever equipped 'for but not with' 18-inch torpedo tubes and otherwise were armed as the original 2-pdr MGB variant, functioning as gunboats in the mixed 29th Motor Torpedo Boat Flotilla alongside the torpedo-armed MTB versions from 1944.

### Camper and Nicholson

All Camper & Nicholson MGBs were composite-hulled craft.

The entirely gun-armed *MGB 502* class was preceded by the experimental *MGB 501*, which was a unique vessel adapted from a combined MA/SB & MTB design and completed in 1942 as a combined MGB & MTB, with 1 × 2-pdr pom pom, 1 × Oerlikon cannon, 2 × twin 0.5-inch HMGs and 2 × 21-inch torpedo tubes.

The *502* class were slightly enlarged but otherwise based on the design of *501*. They dispensed with the torpedo tubes and shipped an armament of 1 × pom pom in MkXVI mounting, 1 × twin Oerlikon in MkV mounting, 2 × twin HMGs and a 6-pdr Hotchkiss gun. Only *502*, *503* and *509* were completed as MGBs; *504*-*508* were completed as fast blockade runners *Master Standfast*, *Gay Corsair*, *Gay Viking*, *Hopewell* and *Nonsuch*.

Dimensions for the Camper and Nicholson motor gunboats (MGB 502 to MGB 509):

* Length: 117 ft (36 m)
* Beam: 20 ft 3 in (6.17 m)
* Draught: 4 ft 1 in (1.24 m)
* Displacement: 95 tons
* Propulsion: 3 × Paxman VRB diesel engines
* Total power output: 3,000 bhp
* Speed:
    + Maximum: 28 knots (52 km/h)
    + Continuous: 25 knots (46 km/h)
* Complement: 21
* Endurance: 2,000 nautical miles (4,000 km) at 11 knots (20 km/h)

MGB 509 was powered by three Packard supercharged petrol engines giving a total output of 4,050 bhp (3,020 kW) and a maximum speed of 31 knots (27 knots continuous). Later re-numbered *MGB 2009*, the central engine was replaced with a Metrovick F.2 gas turbine engine in 1947.

### Elco

Elco built twelve 70 ft (21 m) MGBs for the Royal Navy.

### Higgins

Higgins built 12 70 ft (21 m) MGBs and 15 82 ft (25 m) MGBs.

### Fairmile designs

Fairmile Marine produced designs for small craft for the Royal Navy but most construction was carried out in other yards. The Fairmile C motor gun boats were 110 ft (34 m) long boats.

For flexibility the following Fairmile D design (approx. 200 built) could be fitted out either as MGB or MTB. These equipped the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Navy, and Royal Norwegian Navy.

## Survivors

The only fully restored and operational example of a Royal Navy Coastal Forces MGB which saw active service in World War II is MGB 81. She was built by the British Power Boat Company, Hythe, launched in 1942, and served at the Normandy landings (although renumbered as *MTB 416* by this time, as the MGB designation had been largely abolished by the RN late in the war). She is now at Portsmouth. MGB 81 is owned and maintained by Portsmouth Naval Base Property Trust

### Bibliography

* *Motor Gunboat 658* LC Reynolds (Cassell Military Paperbacks, London, 2002) ISBN 0-304-36183-6
* Konstam, Angus (2010), *British Motor Gun Boat 1939–45*, New Vanguard 166, illustrated by Tony Bryan, Osprey, ISBN 9781849080774
* Kemp, Paul J (1997), *British Coastal Forces of WWII*, ISO Publications, London, ISBN 0-946784-52-3


abstract: Night of the Day of the Dawn of the Son of the Bride of the Return of the Revenge of the Terror of the Attack of the Evil, Mutant, Alien, Flesh Eating, Hellbound, Zombified Living Dead is a series of parody films written by James Riffel as spoofs adding his own scripts on already known films and television footage after deleting the original scripts from the films.

text:
# Night of the Day of the Dawn of the Son of the Bride of the Return of the Revenge of the Terror of the Attack of the Evil, Mutant, Alien, Flesh Eating, Hellbound, Zombified Living Dead

***Night of the Day of the Dawn of the Son of the Bride of the Return of the Revenge of the Terror of the Attack of the Evil, Mutant, Alien, Flesh Eating, Hellbound, Zombified Living Dead*** is a series of parody films written by James Riffel as spoofs adding his own scripts on already known films and television footage after deleting the original scripts from the films.

## Part 1

Part 1 remains obscure and as yet unreleased, as it was created at a public access station where Riffel took several student films he had made at New York University, some video footage, super 8 home movies, and other materials, and edited them in a few days. It was never released and is, according to Riffel, "back at \[his\] parents' house at the bottom of one of the closets".

## Part 2

Titled ***Night of the Day of the Dawn of the Son of the Bride of the Return of the Revenge of the Terror of the Attack of the Evil, Mutant, Alien, Flesh Eating, Hellbound, Zombified Living Dead Part 2***, sometimes with the added title ***in Shocking 2-D***, is a 1991 horror spoof written and directed by James Riffel under the alias **Lowell Mason**. It is also known as ***NOTDOT***. Although referred to as Part 2, it is the first in the series to be publicly released. The film was created by re-dubbing the 1968 horror classic *Night of the Living Dead* with comedic dialog, and by adding new clips.

*Night of the Day of the Dawn of the Son of the Bride of the Return of the Revenge of the Terror of the Attack of the Evil, Mutant, Alien, Flesh Eating, Hellbound, Zombified Living Dead* was screened at the New York City Horror Film Festival in October 2005.

### Title

With 41 words in its title, 168 characters without spaces, and 201 characters counting spaces, it holds the distinction of being cited as the movie with the longest English language title, but of the title, Maitland McDonagh of *TV Guide* wrote, "Most people cite \[the film\] as the longest English-language title of all time, but it's clearly a gimmicky joke."

## Part 3

A follow-up film was called ***Night of the Day of the Dawn of the Son of the Bride of the Return of the Revenge of the Terror of the Attack of the Evil, Mutant, Hellbound, Flesh-Eating Subhumanoid Zombified Living Dead, Part 3***. It was done on a budget of $92.37 and done in answer to Steven Spielberg's 2005 film *War of the Worlds* that cost $200 million.

## Part 4

A film also made in 2005 called ***Night of the Day of the Dawn of the Son of the Bride of the Return of the Revenge of the Terror of the Attack of the Evil, Mutant, Hellbound, Flesh-Eating Subhumanoid Zombified Living Dead, Part 4***, which was a re-dubbing of the 1932 film *The Most Dangerous Game*. It was done for a total sum of $99. Riffel also added some scenes from his own, mostly representing two drunk guys answering questions about various matters and parachuting into the Everglades. It was released online and aired a few times on the internet, but no DVD was released of "Part 4". The film was made as a challenge to Peter Jackson who was remaking a classic *King Kong* into a lengthier modern version in 2005.

## Part 5

Titled ***Night Of The Day Of The Dawn Of The Son Of The Bride Of The Return Of The Revenge Of The Terror Of The Attack Of The Evil, Mutant, Hellbound, Flesh-Eating, Crawling, Alien, Zombified, Subhumanoid Living Dead — Part 5*** is a spoof written by James Riffel and released in 2011.

The movie is only fifty minutes long and is a parody of the golden age of television comparing what was considered appropriate television in the 1950s and 1960s and what is considered appropriate TV today. Riffel took an episode of *The Andy Griffith Show* and *Bonanza* replacing the dialogue with what Riffel believes are words and music that are more along the lines of what today's TV viewers are used to.

This was the first movie that Riffel wrote to be used for charity. Despite being Part 5, it is actually the fourth movie in the series to be released to the public. The title contains 41 words and contains 177 characters with no spaces, making it one of the longest movie titles ever made.

## InfoBox

| Night of the Day of the Dawn of the Son of the Bride of the Return of the Revenge of the Terror of the Attack of the Evil, Mutant, Alien, Flesh Eating, Hellbound, Zombified Living Dead | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Lowell Mason (an alias for James Riffel) |
| Written by | James Riffel |
| Produced by | James Riffel w/ special accolades provided by Adam Christopher Janowski |
| Starring | James Riffel (voice) |
| Release date | * January 1, 1991 (1991-01-01) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: NGC 359

abstract: NGC 359 is an elliptical galaxy located approximately 238 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 2, 1864, by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, very small." This elliptical galaxy has an extremely long tidal tail and shell structure, seen across several deep-sky surveys, indicating a likely-recent and possibly ongoing interaction with nearby galactic neighbor NGC 364.

text:
# NGC 359

**NGC 359** is an elliptical galaxy located approximately 238 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 2, 1864, by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, very small."

This elliptical galaxy has an extremely long tidal tail and shell structure, seen across several deep-sky surveys, indicating a likely-recent and possibly ongoing interaction with nearby galactic neighbor NGC 364.

## InfoBox

| NGC 359 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS view of NGC 359 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Cetus |
| Right ascension | 01h 04m 16.9s |
| Declination | −00° 45 54 |
| Redshift | 0.017803 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 5,337 km/s |
| Distance | 238 Mly |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.3g |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | E0 |
| Apparent size (V) | 1.10' × 0.78' |
| Other designations | |
| UGC 00662, CGCG 384-066, MCG +00-03-066, 2MASX J01041697-0045532, 2MASXi J0104169-004555, PGC 3817. | |


title: Hofner Blue Notes

abstract: Hofner Blue Notes is the nineteenth studio album by British singer-songwriter Chris Rea, released in 2003 by his own record label, Jazzee Blue. The album was part of series of largely instrumental blues and jazz albums released by his label Jazzee Blue and mostly fronted by his band members, of which this album was preceded by Rea's eighteenth studio and instrumental album Blue Street in 2003. The album was part of Hofner Blue Notes, a project about Höfner guitar because Rea's first electric guitar was a 1961 Höfner V3 bought from a second-hand shop while he was working in his father's ice cream factory in early 1970s, and continued with The Return of the Fabulous Hofner Bluenotes in 2008.

text:
# Hofner Blue Notes

***Hofner Blue Notes*** is the nineteenth studio album by British singer-songwriter Chris Rea, released in 2003 by his own record label, Jazzee Blue. The album was part of series of largely instrumental blues and jazz albums released by his label Jazzee Blue and mostly fronted by his band members, of which this album was preceded by Rea's eighteenth studio and instrumental album *Blue Street (Five Guitars)* in 2003.

The album was part of Hofner Blue Notes, a project about Höfner guitar because Rea's first electric guitar was a 1961 Höfner V3 bought from a second-hand shop while he was working in his father's ice cream factory in early 1970s, and continued with *The Return of the Fabulous Hofner Bluenotes* in 2008.

## Track listing

1. "Spy" – 5:05
2. "Expectations" – 3:59
3. "Hofner Blue Notes" – 2:52
4. "Paris in Minneapolis" – 5:05
5. "São Paulo Blue" – 4:58
6. "What Became" – 4:44
7. "Detroit" – 3:54
8. "Goodnight Joe" – 4:15
9. "Take the Mingus Train" – 4:24
10. "Alone" – 3:39
11. "Saudi Blue" – 4:06
12. "Kestrel Avenue" – 3:28

## Personnel

* Chris Rea – all instruments, paintings
* Kiadan Quinn – producer
* Stuart Epps – engineer
* Stewart Eales – engineer
* Mainartery – album design
* John Knowles – management
* Recorded at Sol Mill Studios (Berkshire, England)
* Mastered at The Soundmasters (London, UK)

## InfoBox

| Hofner Blue Notes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Chris Rea | |
| Released | 28 July 2003 |
| Genre | Blues |
| Length | 50:29 |
| Label | Jazzee Blue |
| Producer | Kiadan Quinn |
| Chris Rea chronology | |
| *Dancing Down the Stony Road*
(2002) ***Hofner Blue Notes***
(2003) *The Blue Jukebox*
(2004) | |


title: James Frey

abstract: James Christopher Frey is an American writer and businessman. His first two books, A Million Little Pieces (2003) and My Friend Leonard (2005), were bestsellers marketed as memoirs. Large parts of the stories were later found to be exaggerated or fabricated, sparking a media controversy. His 2008 novel Bright Shiny Morning was also a bestseller. Frey is the founder and CEO of Full Fathom Five. A transmedia production company, FFF is responsible for the young adult adventure/science fiction series The Lorien Legacies of seven books written by Frey and others, under the collective pen name Pittacus Lore. Frey's first book of the series, I Am Number Four (2010), was made into a feature film by DreamWorks Pictures. He is also the CEO of NYXL, an esports organization based in New York.

text:
# James Frey

**James Christopher Frey** (born September 12, 1969) is an American writer and businessman. His first two books, *A Million Little Pieces* (2003) and *My Friend Leonard* (2005), were bestsellers marketed as memoirs. Large parts of the stories were later found to be exaggerated or fabricated, sparking a media controversy. His 2008 novel *Bright Shiny Morning* was also a bestseller.

Frey is the founder and CEO of Full Fathom Five. A transmedia production company, FFF is responsible for the young adult adventure/science fiction series *The Lorien Legacies* of seven books written by Frey and others, under the collective pen name **Pittacus Lore**. Frey's first book of the series, *I Am Number Four* (2010), was made into a feature film by DreamWorks Pictures. He is also the CEO of NYXL, an esports organization based in New York.

## Early life

Frey was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He is a Denison University alumnus, a history major from the class of 1992.

## Career

Frey wrote the screenplays to the films *Kissing a Fool* and *Sugar: The Fall of the West*, the latter of which he also directed. Both were produced in 1998.

Doubleday published *A Million Little Pieces* in April 2003, which Frey wrote and marketed as a memoir of drug addiction, crime, and an eventual journey to sobriety. Initial reception was mostly positive, with Amazon.com editors selecting it as their favorite book of that year; and Frey followed it up with the sequel *My Friend Leonard* in 2005. The second book centered on the father-son relationship which Frey formed with his friend Leonard, from the Hazelden addiction treatment program. *My Friend Leonard* was published in June 2005 by Riverhead and became a bestseller. Significant parts of the two books, initially promoted as factual, later were revealed to have been invented by Frey (see § Controversy).

Despite the controversy, Frey signed a new three-book, seven-figure deal in late 2007 with HarperCollins to release his novel *Bright Shiny Morning*, published May 13, 2008. *Bright Shiny Morning* appeared on the *New York Times* bestseller list and received mixed reviews. The *New York Times'* Janet Maslin, who had been one of Frey's detractors, gave the book a rave review.

In 2011, *The Final Testament of the Holy Bible*, depicted as "the last book of the Bible" was released on Good Friday, April 22, 2011. Frey self-published e-editions of the book. A self-professed atheist, Frey suggested this work has reflected his attempt to write about a god that he "might actually believe in."

In August 2012, Frey published "A Moving Story," chronicling the workplace organizing of a New York moving company, on the website Libcom.

On October 7, 2014, *Endgame: The Calling*, the first book in a trilogy of novellas by Frey and Nils Johnson-Shelton, was published by HarperCollins. It was turned into an augmented reality game by Google's Niantic Labs, and 20th Century Fox bought the movie rights. The premise of the novella is that aliens created human life on Earth and 12 ancient lines are destined to train a player to fight to the death for the survival of their line once Endgame begins. The book series will have clues, which will lead one lucky winner to a cash prize.

On November 18, 2015, Frey released "Black Knight Decoded," a fictional narrative imagining a conspiracy involving the Black Knight satellite legend. Frey was credited as the writer.

In 2019, Frey came up with the story idea for the film *Queen & Slim*, which Lena Waithe turned into a screenplay.

## Controversy

### *A Million Little Pieces*

#### Media skepticism

On January 8, 2006, *The Smoking Gun* website published an article called "A Million Little Lies: Exposing James Frey's Fiction Addiction," alleging that Frey fabricated large parts of his memoirs, including details about his criminal record. One incident in the book that came under particular scrutiny was a 1986 train-automobile collision in St. Joseph Township, Michigan.

The website stated that Frey was never incarcerated and that he had greatly exaggerated the circumstances of a key arrest detailed in the memoir: hitting a police officer with his car, while high on crack, which led to a violent mêlée with multiple officers and an 87-day jail sentence. In the police report that *TSG* uncovered, Frey was held at a police station for no more than five hours before posting a bond of a few hundred dollars for some minor offenses. The arresting officer, according to *TSG*, recalled Frey as having been polite and cooperative.

The book's hardcover (Doubleday) and paperback (Anchor Books) publishers initially stood by Frey, but examination of the evidence caused the publishers to alter their stances. As a consequence, the publishers decided to include a publisher's note and an author's note from Frey as disclaimers to be included in future publications.

The *Minneapolis Star Tribune* had questioned Frey's claims as early as 2003. Frey responded by saying, "I've never denied I've altered small details." In a May 2003 interview, Frey claimed that his publisher had fact-checked his first book.

On January 11, 2006, Frey appeared with his mother on *Larry King Live*. He defended his work, claiming that all memoirs alter minor details for literary effect. Frey consistently referred to the reality of his addiction, which he said was the principal point of his work. Oprah Winfrey called at the end of the show, defending the essence of Frey's book and the inspiration it provided to her viewers, but said she relied on the publisher to assess the book's authenticity.

#### Appearance on *The Oprah Winfrey Show*

On January 26, 2006, as more accusations against the book continued to surface, Winfrey invited Frey onto *The Oprah Winfrey Show*. She wanted to hear from him directly whether he had lied to her or "simply" embellished minor details, as he had told Larry King. Frey admitted to several of the allegations against him. He acknowledged that *The Smoking Gun* had been accurate when the website reported that Frey only spent a few hours in jail rather than the 87 days Frey claimed in his memoirs.

Winfrey then brought out Frey's publisher Nan Talese to defend her decision to classify the book as a memoir. Talese admitted that she had done nothing to check the book's veracity, despite the fact that her representatives had assured Winfrey's staff that the book was indeed non-fiction and described it as "brutally honest" in a press release.

Several columnists weighed in on the controversy, including David Carr of the *New York Times*, *New York Times* columnist Maureen Dowd, Larry King, and the *Washington Post'*s Richard Cohen.

#### Aftermath

On January 31, 2006, it was announced that Frey had been dropped by his literary manager, Kassie Evashevski of Brillstein-Grey Entertainment, over matters of trust. In an interview with *Publishers Weekly*, Evashevski said that she had "never personally seen a media frenzy like this regarding a book before".

On February 1, 2006, Random House published Frey's note to the reader, which was included in later editions of the book. In the note, Frey apologized for fabricating portions of his book. On February 24, Frey's publicist revealed that Penguin imprint Riverhead had dropped out of a two-book, seven-figure deal with Frey. Riverhead previously published Frey's bestselling 2005 book *My Friend Leonard*.

On September 12, 2006, Frey and publisher Random House reached a tentative legal settlement, whereby readers who felt that they had been defrauded by Frey's *A Million Little Pieces* would be offered a refund. In order to receive the refund, customers had to submit a proof of purchase such as pieces of the book itself (page 163 from the hardcover or the front cover from the paperback) and complete a sworn statement indicating that they had purchased the book under the assumption that it was a memoir.

On July 28, 2007, at a literary convention in Texas, Nan Talese verbally attacked Oprah for misrepresenting the purpose of the interview on January 26, 2006. Just before air time, both Talese and Frey were told the topic of the show had been changed to "The James Frey Controversy".

On November 2, 2007, the Associated Press published a story about a judgment in favor of readers who felt deceived by Frey's claims of *A Million Little Pieces*'s being a memoir. Although the publisher, Random House, had set aside $2.35 million for lawsuits, only 1,729 readers came forward to receive a refund for the book. The refund offer was extended to anyone who had purchased the book prior to Frey's disclosing the falsehoods therein. Chicago lawyer Larry D. Drury, who represented the class, received approximately $1.3 million for legal fees, distribution of the legal notice, and charitable donations to three charities, while total claimants' refunds issued to readers came to $27,348. The publisher also agreed to provide a disclosure at the beginning of the book, citing the somewhat fictitious nature of the text.

In May 2009, *Vanity Fair* reported that Winfrey had called Frey and apologized for the surprise topic change of the January 26, 2006 interview. She made a televised apology in 2011.

Following the events of Frey's *Oprah* appearance, *South Park* parodied the scandal surrounding the controversy in the episode "A Million Little Fibers".

### Full Fathom Five

In 2009, Frey formed Full Fathom Five, a young adult novel publishing company that aimed to create highly commercial novels like *Twilight*. In November 2010, controversy arose when a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) student who had been in talks to create content for the company released her extremely limiting contract online. The contract allows Frey license to remove an author from a project at any time, does not require him to give the author credit for his/her work, and only pays a standard advance of $250. A *New York* magazine article titled "James Frey's Fiction Factory" gave more details about the company, including information about the highly successful *Lorien Legacies* series, a collaboration between MFA student Jobie Hughes and Frey. The article details how Frey removed Hughes from the project, allegedly during a screaming match between the two authors. In the article, Frey is accused of abusing and using MFA students as cheap labor to churn out commercial young adult books.

## Bibliography

1. *A Million Little Pieces* (2004)
2. *My Friend Leonard* (2005)
3. *Bright Shiny Morning* (2009)
4. *The Final Testament of the Holy Bible* (2011)
5. *The Calling* (Endgame Book 1) (2014)
6. *Sky Key* (Endgame Book 2) (2015)
7. *The Complete Training Diaries* (Origins, Descendant, Existence) (Endgame Omnibus) (2015)
8. *Rules of the Game* (Endgame Book 3) (2016)
9. *Endgame: The Complete Zero Line Chronicles* (2016)
10. *The Complete Fugitive Archives* (Project Berlin, The Moscow Meeting, The Buried Cities) (2017)
11. *Katerina* (2018)

As a member of the collective pseudonym Pittacus Lore: *Lorien Legacies*

1. *I Am Number Four* (2010)
2. *The Power of Six* (2011)
3. *The Rise of Nine* (2012)
4. *The Fall of Five* (2013)
5. *The Revenge of Seven* (2014)
6. *The Fate of Ten* (2015)
7. *United as One* (2016)
8. *Generation One* (2017)
9. *Fugitive Six* (2018)
10. *Return To Zero* (2019)

## References and footnotes

## InfoBox

| James Frey | |
| --- | --- |
| Frey in 2018 | |
| Born | James Christopher Frey
(1969-09-12) September 12, 1969
Cleveland, Ohio, US |
| Occupation | * Writer * media producer |
| Alma mater | Denison University |
| Notable works |  |
| Website | |
| bigjimindustries.com | |


title: Hemiconus tromelini

abstract: Hemiconus tromelini is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

text:
# Hemiconus tromelini

***Hemiconus tromelini*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in France.

* Tracey S., Craig B., Belliard L. & Gain O. (2017). One, four or forty species? - early Conidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) that led to a radiation and biodiversity peak in the late Lutetian Eocene of the Cotentin, NW France. Carnets de Voyages Paléontologiques dans le Bassin Anglo-Parisien. 3: 1-38

## InfoBox

| *Hemiconus tromelini* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Hemiconus* |
| Species: | ***H. tromelini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hemiconus tromelini***<br>(Vasseur, 1882) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus tromelini* Vasseur, 1882 * *Hemiconus lennieri* Cossmann & Pissarro, 1901 | |


title: Kozluk, Elâzığ

abstract: Kozluk is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 54 (2021).

text:
# Kozluk, Elâzığ

**Kozluk** is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 54 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Kozluk | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| KozlukLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 38°42′58″N 38°58′37″E / 38.716°N 38.977°E / 38.716; 38.977 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Elazığ |
| District | Elazığ |
| Population (2021) | 54 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Three Tough Guys

abstract: Three Tough Guys is a 1974 crime-action film directed by Duccio Tessari. It stars Lino Ventura, Fred Williamson and Isaac Hayes, who also composed the soundtrack. It is a coproduction between United States, Italy and France. The film was shot in Chicago.

text:
# Three Tough Guys

***Three Tough Guys*** (also known as ***Tough Guys***) is a 1974 crime-action film directed by Duccio Tessari. It stars Lino Ventura, Fred Williamson and Isaac Hayes, who also composed the soundtrack. It is a coproduction between United States, Italy (where it was released *Uomini duri*) and France (where is known as *Les Durs*). The film was shot in Chicago.

## Plot

Roman Catholic priest Father Charlie and former police officer Lee solve a bank robbery mystery that stretches across the city. After Lee is removed from the force due to $1,000,000 being stolen from the bank, Father Charlie helps him to gain revenge for the loss of one of his friends.

## Cast

## Production

*Three Tough Guys* was filmed in Rome and on location in Chicago between September 4 and October 1973. The film was Isaac Hayes' acting debut.

## Release

*Three Tough Guys* opened in New York on March 15, 1974. was released in France under the title *Les durs* on May 29, 1974. It was released in Italy under the title *Uomini duri* where it was distributed by Titanus. It grossed a total of 761.271 million Italian lire. Italian film historian and critic Roberto Curti said this gross was "moderate, but not outstanding success" as it had grossed less than half of Enzo G. Castellari's *Street Law*.

## Soundtrack

| Tough Guys | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Isaac Hayes | |
| Released | May 1974 |
| Recorded | 1974 |
| Genre | Progressive soul, funk |
| Length | 34:13 |
| Label | Enterprise
ENS-7504 |
| Producer | Isaac Hayes |
| Isaac Hayes chronology | |
| *Joy*
(1973) ***Tough Guys***
(1974) *Truck Turner*
(1974) | |

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

The soundtrack was composed, conducted and performed by Isaac Hayes, with string arrangements performed by the Memphis Symphony Orchestra and rhythm tracks performed by Isaac Hayes' band the Movement. The original LP record, *Tough Guys*, was released by Enterprise Records, an imprint of Stax Records.

The main theme of *Three Tough Guys* would be used in Quentin Tarantino's *Kill Bill Vol. 2*. "Hung Up on My Baby" was sampled in the Geto Boys song "Mind Playing Tricks on Me."

### Original track listing

Side one

1. "Title Theme" - 2:32
2. "Randolph & Dearborn" - 4:24
3. "The Red Rooster" - 4:04
4. "Joe Bell" - 4:57

Side two

1. "Hung Up On My Baby" - 6:15
2. "Kidnapped" - 2:40
3. "Run Fay Run" - 2:45
4. "Buns O' Plenty" - 4:37
5. "The End Theme" - 1:13

### References

* Curti, Roberto (2013). *Italian Crime Filmography, 1968-1980*. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786469765.

## InfoBox

| Three Tough Guys | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Duccio Tessari |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Story by | * Luciano Vincenzoni * Nicola Badalucco |
| Produced by | Dino De Laurentiis |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Aldo Tonti |
| Edited by | Mario Morra |
| Music by | Isaac Hayes |
| Production
companies | * Produzioni Cinematografiche Inter. Ma. Co. * Columbia Film |
| Distributed by | Titanus |
| Release dates | * 15 March 1974 (1974-03-15) (New York) * 29 May 1974 (1974-05-29) (France) * 13 August 1974 (1974-08-13) (Italy) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Countries | * Italy * France |
| Box office | 761.271 million |


title: Hogback (New York)

abstract: Hogback is a mountain in Schoharie County, New York. It is located northeast of Cobleskill. Barrack Zourie is located northwest and Mount Shank is located southwest of Hogback.

text:
# Hogback (New York)

**Hogback** is a mountain in Schoharie County, New York. It is located northeast of Cobleskill. Barrack Zourie is located northwest and Mount Shank is located southwest of Hogback.

## InfoBox

| Hogback | |
| --- | --- |
| HogbackLocation of Hogback within New YorkHogbackHogback (the United States) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,276 feet (389 m) |
| Coordinates | 42°42′23″N 74°27′54″W / 42.7064639°N 74.4651377°W / 42.7064639; -74.4651377 |
| Geography | |
| Location | NE of Cobleskill, New York, U.S. |
| Topo map | USGS *Cobleskill* |


title: Michael May (racing driver)

abstract: Michael[1] May is a former racing driver and engineer from Switzerland. He participated in three Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 14 May 1961. He scored no championship points.

text:
# Michael May (racing driver)

**Michael\[1\] May** (born 18 August 1934) is a former racing driver and engineer from Switzerland. He participated in three Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 14 May 1961. He scored no championship points.

## Racing career

May studied engineering. In 1956, he and his brother Pierre entered the 1956 1000km of Nürburgring in a modified Porsche 550 Spyder. The car was equipped with an adjustable elevated wing above the cockpit that generated downforce (or down thrust) for enhanced braking and cornering speeds to reduce lap times. During qualifying, the car lapped the circuit four seconds faster than the Porsche factory team 550s. Porsche racing director Huschke von Hanstein protested and May was not allowed to start the race with the wing.

In 1961, May made his debut in Formula One with Wolfgang Seidel's team Scuderia Colonia. Driving a Lotus 18, May qualified 13th for the Monaco Grand Prix but was forced to retire due to an oil leak. He finished his second race, the French Grand Prix, in eleventh place after starting from 22nd on the grid. He was also scheduled to take part in the German Grand Prix on the Nordschleife. May also took part in three non-valid races for the World Championship. After a crash during practice for the 1961 German Grand Prix, May concentrated on engineering.

## Engineering

In the 1960s May helped developing a fuel injection system for Porsche. Impressed with May's work, in 1963 Enzo Ferrari hired May to work on the fuel injection for the Ferrari 158. May also persuaded Ferrari to switch to magnesium rims for his racing cars.

At the end of the 1960s, May developed a conversion kit with a turbocharger for Ford V6 engines. It increased the power from 108 hp (79 kW) to 188 hp (138 kW). At that time, there were only turbochargers for diesel engines, which could not withstand the high exhaust temperatures of gasoline engines. May led the exhaust gases from one cylinder bank through a long pipe around the engine, where they cooled down and mixed with the too hot exhaust gases from the other cylinder bank, reaching a temperature that the turbine could tolerate.

He also worked in designing high-compression engines, improving fuel economy among other things. The most notable example was his reworked 'Fireball' head for the 'high-efficiency' high-compression Jaguar V-12 HE engine.

## Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | WDC | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1961 | Scuderia Colonia | Lotus 18 | Climax 1.5l straight-4 | MON
Ret | NED | BEL | FRA
11 | GBR | GER
DNS | ITA
DNA | USA | NC | 0 |

### Non-Championship

(key)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1961 | Scuderia Colonia | Lotus 18 | Climax
Straight-4 | LOM | GLV | PAU | BRX | VIE | AIN
Ret | SYR | NAP | LON | SIL
Ret | SOL
Ret | KAN | DAN | MOD | FLG | OUL
DNA | LEW | VAL | RAN | NAT | RSA |
| 1962 | Michael May | - | - | CAP | BRX | LOM | LAV | GLV | PAU
DNA | AIN | INT | NAP | MAL | CLP | RMS | SOL | KAN | MED | DAN | OUL | MEX | RAN | NAT |  |

1. Sources disagree as to the spelling of May's first name. Forix and *The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who* say "Michael", whereas www.grandprix.com says "Michel" and this 8W article lists both. However, this source offers evidence that it's "Michael".

## InfoBox

Michael May
| Born | (1934-08-18) 18 August 1934
Stuttgart, Württemberg, Germany |
| --- | --- |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Active years | 1961 |
| Teams | non-works Lotus |
| Entries | 3 (2 starts) |
| Championships | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Podiums | 0 |
| Career points | 0 |
| Pole positions | 0 |
| Fastest laps | 0 |
| First entry | 1961 Monaco Grand Prix |
| Last entry | 1961 German Grand Prix |


title: Van Baoria

abstract: The Van Baoria are a scheduled tribe found in the state of Rajasthan in India.

text:
# Van Baoria

The **Van Baoria** are a scheduled tribe found in the state of Rajasthan in India.

## History and origin

According to their tribal traditions, when Lord Rama was looking for his spouse Sita, he came across the Van Baoria. They claimed ignorance of Sita, and as such were cursed by Rama to dwell in the jungle for eternity. The community is found in the districts of Alwar, Jhunjhunu, Bikaner, Churu, Sikar and Ganganagar. They speak the Shekhawati language.

The Van Baoria are strictly endogamous, and practice clan exogamy. Their main clans are the Vad Gujar, Param Veldo, Meowoti, Chandia and Gelot. They are a Hindu community, and their tribal deity is Kalka mata. The Van Baoria are essentially involved with hunting and gathering. Like many tribal communities in India, they are undergoing a process of settlement and assimilation. Many are now employed as wage labourers, and their economic situation is extremely precarious.


title: Hobro

abstract: Hobro is an old market and railway town in Region Nordjylland on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. It has a population of 12,217. The town is situated in a hilly terrain at the head of Mariager Fjord, close to the former Viking fortress of Fyrkat. It is the seat of Mariagerfjord municipality.

text:
# Hobro

**Hobro** (Danish pronunciation: \[hoˈpʁoˀ\]) is an old market and railway town in Region Nordjylland on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. It has a population of 12,217 (1 January 2024). The town is situated in a hilly terrain at the head of Mariager Fjord, close to the former Viking fortress of Fyrkat. It is the seat of Mariagerfjord municipality.

## Politics

Hobro was until 1 January 2007 also a municipality (Danish, *kommune*) in North Jutland County covering an area of 166 km2 and with a total population of 15,318 (2005). Its last mayor was Jørgen Pontoppidan, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party.

Hobro municipality ceased to exist due to *Kommunalreformen* ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with Arden, Hadsund, and Mariager municipalities to form the new Mariagerfjord municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 769 km2 and a total population of 43,049 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Nordjylland ("North Jutland Region").

## Sport

Hobro IK is a football club based in Hobro who currently play in the Danish First Division.

## Transportation

### Rail

Hobro is served by Hobro railway station. It is located on the Randers-Aalborg railway line and offers direct InterCity services to Copenhagen and Aalborg and regional train services to Aarhus and Aalborg.

The station was initiated on 15 June 1893. The stations present facade was made simultaneously with the construction of the harbor line in 1899-1901. The harbour line was then removed in 1966.

## Notable people

### Sport

56°38′N 9°48′E / 56.633°N 9.800°E / 56.633; 9.800

## InfoBox

| Hobro | |
| --- | --- |
| A view from the town church | |
|  | |
| HobroLocation in DenmarkHobroHobro (North Jutland Region) | |
| Coordinates: 56°38′N 09°48′E / 56.633°N 9.800°E / 56.633; 9.800 | |
| Country | Denmark |
| Region | North Denmark (*Nordjylland*) |
| Municipality | Mariagerfjord |
| Area | |
| Urban | 9.7 km2 (3.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2024) | |
| Urban | 12,217 |
| Urban density | 1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi) |
| Gender | 6,110 males and 6,107 females |
| Demonym | Hobroer Hobrogenser |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (Central Europe Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 |


title: Gustav Bosse

abstract: Gustav Bosse was a German music publisher.

text:
# Gustav Bosse

**Gustav Bosse** (6 February 1884 – 27 March 1943) was a German music publisher.

## Life

Born in Vienenburg/Harz as son of the sugar factory director and music publisher Fritz Bosse, he founded the Gustav Bosse Verlag for music books in Regensburg in 1912. Already the programme of the publication series *Deutsche Musikbücherei* showed a strictly anti-modernist, German-national orientation. Since 1919 he had a friendship with the book illustrator Hans Wildermann who illustrated many of his printed products. He published the *Neue Zeitschrift für Musik* in 1929 until his death in 1943. In 1939 he was appointed honorary senator of the University of Cologne because of his merits for the Anton Bruckner movement.

Since May 1, 1933, Bosse had been a member of the NSDAP (membership number 2.530.992). He was also leader of the artificial circle of the NS-community Kraft durch Freude. On 19 March 1938 Bosse gave the following autobiographical information in response to the questionnaire from the Reichsschrifttumskammer:

> After the war I was often active in the national struggles for a new Germany. In 1919 I was co-founder of the Citizens' Bloc and later co-founder and district leader of the Resident Army. I was also a founding member of the local branch of the German Officers' Association. In 1920/21, together with Prof. Dr. Wiedenbauer, I founded the local group of the Deutschnationale Volkspartei, of which I was a member of the board until 1933. The foundation of the NSDAP here in 1922 by Mr. Reiter was supported by me in word and deed. At the same time I became chairman of the Vereinigte Vaterländische Verbände Deutschlands in Regensburg. (...) In the decisive battles before 1933 I presented the Gauleiter of that time Franz Maierhofer my printing house for the printing of the Gauamtliche Kampfzeitung *Schaffendes Volk*. I supported this struggle to the utmost by giving out the largest loans, which severely strained my own means, so that at the end of 1932 - beginning of 1933 I myself came into a very difficult situation by the straining of my bank loans and the loans of my suppliers. In this difficult situation the Fuhrer himself intervened at that time by providing assistance through Rudolf Hess and through an envoy of Hitler's Chancellery, Mr. Stark (RM 28,000).

In the winter of 1938/39 Bosse tried to participate in the aryanization of the music publisher C. F. Peters Leipzig. His request to the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy whether he could take over the publishing house failed because he only published music-literary works and thus did not meet the qualifications of a music publisher.

Bosse died in Regensburg at the age of 59.

## Publications

* *Biblische Geschichten des Alten und Neuen Testaments für den Gebrauch der Lehrer und Schüler beim Unterrichte in den unteren und mittleren Klassen der Bürger- und Landschulen*.
* *Führer durch die Hausmusik : die empfehlenswertesten Unterrichtswerke und Kompositionen für Klavier, Harmonium, Violine, Violoncello, sowie für ein- und mehrstimmigen Gesang*.
* *Almanach der deutschen Musikbuecherei 1922 auf das Jahr 1922*.
* *Beethoven-Almanach der Deutschen Musikbücherei auf das Jahr 1927*.
* *Führerverantwortlichkeit oder "Revolution der Straße?"*  in *Zeitschrift für Musik* C/5, May 1933. pp. 483485.

## Literature

* Fred K. Prieberg: *Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–1945*, CD-ROM-Lexikon, Kiel 2004, pp. 662665.


title: Paul Verlaine University – Metz

abstract: Paul Verlaine University – Metz was a French university, based in Metz. It merged with Nancy-I, Nancy-II, and the INPL forming the University of Lorraine. The merger process started in 2009 with the creation of a "pôles de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur" or PRES and was completed 1 January 2012.

text:
# Paul Verlaine University – Metz

**Paul Verlaine University – Metz** (Université Paul Verlaine - Metz, or UPV-M) was a French university, based in Metz. It merged with Nancy-I, Nancy-II, and the INPL forming the University of Lorraine. The merger process started in 2009 with the creation of a "pôles de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur" or PRES and was completed 1 January 2012.

## InfoBox

Paul Verlaine University - Metz
| Université Paul Verlaine - Metz (UPV-M) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Public |
| Address | Cité Universitaire, 57000 Metz, France, Metz, France<br>49°7′11″N 6°10′0″E / 49.11972°N 6.16667°E / 49.11972; 6.16667 |
| Website | www.univ-lorraine.fr |
|  | |
| Location in France | |


title: Nectandra fragrans

abstract: Nectandra fragrans is a species of plant in the family Lauraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

text:
# Nectandra fragrans

***Nectandra fragrans*** is a species of plant in the family Lauraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

## InfoBox

| *Nectandra fragrans* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Lauraceae |
| Genus: | *Nectandra* |
| Species: | ***N. fragrans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nectandra fragrans***
Rohwer | |
|


title: Richard K. Webel

abstract: Richard K. Webel was an American landscape architect.

text:
# Richard K. Webel

**Richard K. Webel** (July 5, 1900  November 1, 2000) was an American landscape architect.

## Career

Webel was co-head of Innocenti & Webel, founded in 1931 with Umberto Innocenti.

Webel was responsible for the landscaping of Ardennes American Cemetery and Memorial. He landscaped numerous golf courses across the US. He designed the landscaping at places as diverse as the Frick Collection and the American wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan; Blair House, the presidential guest quarters across the street from the White House; the Governor's Mansion in Albany; Wellesley College in Massachusetts; Sweet Briar College in Virginia; Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens.

## Personal life

Webel married Pauline Dodge Pratt (widow of Frederic R. Pratt, a grandson of Charles Pratt) in 1969. They had one child, Richard C. Webel. He was a graduate of Harvard College and the Harvard Graduate School of Design.

* Gary R. Hilderbrand - "Making a Landscape of Continuity: The Practice of Innocenti & Webel"

## InfoBox

| Richard K. Webel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | July 5, 1900 |
| Died | November 1, 2000  (aged 100) |


title: Thoughts Become Things (Skillz album)

abstract: Thoughts Become Things is the sixth and final studio album by American rapper Skillz. It was released on December 24, 2012. The album features guest appearances from Joe Tann, Cam Wallace, E. Penn, Carmael, Planet 6 and Ayah.

text:
# Thoughts Become Things (Skillz album)

***Thoughts Become Things*** is the sixth and final studio album by American rapper Skillz. It was released on December 24, 2012. The album features guest appearances from Joe Tann, Cam Wallace, E. Penn, Carmael, Planet 6 and Ayah.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "(Intro) Hard to Be Me" | PC | 3:56 |
| 2. | "So High" | Veterano | 3:16 |
| 3. | "Bring the Sparklers Out" | Andrew Hypes | 2:51 |
| 4. | "Love n Hip Hop" (featuring Joe Tann) |  | 3:47 |
| 5. | "Ignorant Levels" | Rik Marvel | 3:28 |
| 6. | "Maybe I Dont Know Her at All" |  | 3:06 |
| 7. | "Y.A.R.D.T.S" (featuring Cam Wallace) | Veterano | 3:25 |
| 8. | "With You" (featuring E. Penn) | Skillz, Sound H | 3:47 |
| 9. | "Tryin' to Get by" (featuring Carmael) | District 9 | 3:37 |
| 10. | "Zero F's" (featuring Planet 6) | Rik Marvel | 3:07 |
| 11. | "I'm Outchea" |  | 3:57 |
| 12. | "Thoughts Become Things" (featuring Ayah) | G Mo Beats | 3:56 |
| 13. | "2012 Rap up" | District 9 | 4:43 |

## InfoBox

| Thoughts Become Things | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Skillz | |
| Released | December 24, 2012 |
| Recorded | 2011–2012 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 46:56 |
| Label | Big Kidz Entertainment, Empire |
| Producer | PC, Veterano, Andrew Hypes, Rik Marvel, Skillz, Sound H, District 9, G Mo Beats |
| Skillz chronology | |
| *The World Needs More Skillz*
(2010) ***Thoughts Become Things***
(2012) | |


title: Amandus (rebel)

abstract: Amandus or Aeneus Salvius Amandus Augustus was a rebel in Gaul in the time of Diocletian and leader of the Bagaudae. He instigated a revolt in Gaul in 285. After the death of the emperor Carinus, he took charge of a group of peasants ruined by taxes, fugitive slaves, and thieves with the assistance of Aelianus. The two crowned themselves emperor, burnt several villages, and ransomed several cities. In response, the emperor Diocletian sent Maximian. Maximiam weakened their forces in several battles, before forcing them to retreat to a citadel near Paris now known as Saint-Maur-des-Fossés. Maximian successfully destroyed the citadel and killed everyone inside, including Amandus.

text:
# Amandus (rebel)

**Amandus** or **Aeneus Salvius Amandus Augustus** was a rebel in Gaul in the time of Diocletian and leader of the Bagaudae.

He instigated a revolt in Gaul in 285. After the death of the emperor Carinus, he took charge of a group of peasants ruined by taxes, fugitive slaves, and thieves with the assistance of Aelianus.

The two crowned themselves emperor, burnt several villages, and ransomed several cities. In response, the emperor Diocletian sent Maximian. Maximiam weakened their forces in several battles, before forcing them to retreat to a citadel near Paris now known as Saint-Maur-des-Fossés. Maximian successfully destroyed the citadel and killed everyone inside, including Amandus.

1. Théophile Boutiot (1870). *Histoire de la ville de Troyes et de la Champagne méridionale* (sur *books.google.fr*) (in French). p. 75. 1870boutiot. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
2. Guillaume Beauvais (1767). *Histoire abrégée des empereurs romains et grecs, des impératrices, des césars, des tyrans...* impr. de Bure père. p. 163-164..


title: General formal ontology

abstract:
The General Formal Ontology (GFO) is an upper ontology integrating processes and objects. GFO has been developed by Heinrich Herre, Barbara Heller and collaborators in Leipzig. Although GFO provides one taxonomic tree, different axiom systems may be chosen for its modules. In this sense, GFO provides a framework for building custom, domain-specific ontologies. GFO exhibits a three-layered meta-ontological architecture consisting of an abstract top level, an abstract core level, and a basic level.
Primarily, the ontology GFO:
  - includes objects as well as processes and both are integrated into one coherent system,
  - includes levels of reality,
  - is designed to support interoperability by principles of ontological mapping and reduction,
  - contains several novel ontological modules, in particular, a module for functions and a module for roles, and
  - is designed for applications, firstly in medical, biological, and biomedical areas, but also in the fields of economics and sociology.

text:
# General formal ontology

The **General Formal Ontology** (**GFO**) is an upper ontology integrating processes and objects. GFO has been developed by Heinrich Herre, Barbara Heller and collaborators (research group Onto-Med) in Leipzig. Although GFO provides one taxonomic tree, different axiom systems may be chosen for its modules. In this sense, GFO provides a framework for building custom, domain-specific ontologies. GFO exhibits a three-layered meta-ontological architecture consisting of an abstract top level, an abstract core level, and a basic level. Primarily, the ontology GFO:

* includes objects as well as processes and both are integrated into one coherent system,
* includes levels of reality,
* is designed to support interoperability by principles of ontological mapping and reduction,
* contains several novel ontological modules, in particular, a module for functions and a module for roles, and
* is designed for applications, firstly in medical, biological, and biomedical areas, but also in the fields of economics and sociology.

## Taxonomic tree of GFO

GFO (General Formal ontology) draws a fundamental distinction between concrete entities, categories and sets. Sets are described by an axiomatic fragment of set theory of Zermelo-Fraenkel, although fragments of anti-foundation axiom set theories such as ZF-AFA are considered.

Concrete entities are entities which are in time and space, while categories have universal character.

## Categories

The common property of all categories is that they can be *predicated* of an entity.

Categories in GFO are further divided in immanent universals, conceptual structures and symbolic structures. Immanent universals are so-called Aristotlian universals, in the sense that they are considered *in re*. This means, that these universals exist in all the entities which instantiate an immanent universal, independent of an observer. An example of an immanent universal could be APPLE. The universal APPLE exists in *all* apples, independent of perception by an agent.

Conceptual structures are mental representations of entities or universals, and they exist in an agent's mind. For example, the individual representation of the (linguistic) term "apple" inside an agent's mind (determined by the agent's experience, knowledge and belief, etc.).

Symbolic structures are signs which may be instantiated by tokens. They have the property to stand for something beyond themselves. An example is the physical pattern "apple", which instantiates the "APPLE" symbolic structure.

## Space and time

GFO uses a theory of space and time which is inspired by the philosophy of Brentano. For time, time-intervals, called chronoids, are taken as primitive. Existentially dependent on these time-intervals are time-boundaries. Time-boundaries of different time-intervals may coincide. This notion of coincidence is equivalent to a formalization of time-based on the *meets* relation (due to Allen and Hayes).

Connected three-dimensional parts of space are called "topoids". As chronoids, topoids may coincide at a two-dimensional boundary. This boundary may coincide with other (two-dimensional) boundaries at a one-dimensional boundary, and so on.

## Processes and objects

GFO distinguishes processes and objects. Processes unfold in time, they have temporal parts. Objects (called presentials) have no temporal parts, and may only exist on time-boundaries. Presentials are dependent on processes. This can be seen as a derivation of the dependency-relations in the formalization of time: processes are always framed by a chronoid; and as time-boundaries are dependent on chronoids, so are presentials dependent on processes.

DOLCE and other ontologies face the problem of "identity": how is it possible to model the persistence of an object through time. In GFO, this problem is made explicit: all presentials explicitly exist only at a single time-boundary; persistence is modelled by a special type of category, a persistent.

1. Herre, H.; Heller, B.; Burek, P.; Hoehndorf, R.; Loebe, F. & Michalek, H.. General Formal Ontology (GFO): A Foundational Ontology Integrating Objects and Processes. Part I: Basic Principles. Research Group Ontologies in Medicine (Onto-Med), University of Leipzig.
2. R. Poli. The Basic Problem of the Theory of Levels of Reality. Axiomathes, 2001. Springer.


title: Grand Buddha at Ling Shan

abstract: The Grand Buddha is located on the north shore of Lake Tai, near Wuxi, Jiangsu. It is one of the largest Buddha statues in China and also in the world. The Grand Buddha at Ling Shan is a bronze Amitabha standing Buddha outdoor, weighing over 700 metric tons. It was completed at the end of 1996. The monument is 88 meters (289 ft) in total height, including 9 m lotus pedestal. In 2008, a Five-signets Palace and a Hindu inspired Brahma Palace were built south-east of the Grand Buddha Statue.

text:
# Grand Buddha at Ling Shan

The **Grand Buddha** (simplified Chinese: 灵山大佛; traditional Chinese: 靈山大佛; pinyin: *Língshān Dà Fó*) is located on the north shore of Lake Tai, near Wuxi, Jiangsu. It is one of the largest Buddha statues in China and also in the world.

The Grand Buddha at Ling Shan is a bronze Amitabha standing Buddha outdoor, weighing over 700 metric tons (690 long tons; 770 short tons). It was completed at the end of 1996. The monument is 88 meters (289 ft) in total height, including 9 m lotus pedestal.

In 2008, a Five-signets Palace and a Hindu inspired Brahma Palace were built south-east of the Grand Buddha Statue.

## InfoBox

Grand Buddha
| 灵山大佛 | |
| --- | --- |
| Giant Buddha, Wuxi | |
|  | |
| 31°25′55″N 120°5′29″E / 31.43194°N 120.09139°E / 31.43194; 120.09139 (Grand Buddha at Ling Shan (Wuxi, Jiangsu)) | |
| Location | Mashan Subdistrict, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu |
| Height | 88 m (289 ft) |
| Completion date | 1996 |
| Dedicated to | Amitabha Buddha |