title: Masterbike

abstract: Masterbike is a contest held on an annual basis to determine the best sport bikes of the year. Motociclismo, a Spanish sport bike magazine, invites cooperating magazines from all over the world (In Moto and Motosprint for Italy, Motociclismo Spain, Motociclismo Brazil, Motorrad, PS, Kickstart, MCN, Australian MCN, Cycle World, Motosprint, In Moto, Moto, Motociclismo Mexico, Motociclismo Portugal, Bike, Bike India, and Motorcyclist) and motorcycle manufacturers as well to join this pure racetrack comparison test. Categories are broken into Supersport, Superbike, and Maxisport. Winners are determined by a rating that is the attribution of the score for the best lap time overall (40%), the fastest lap set for each rider (40%) and the individual rating by each rider (20%). Only the winners of Supersport, Superbike and Maxisport class reach the final comparison where an overall Masterbike winner is chosen for the year.

text:
# Masterbike

**Masterbike** is a contest held on an annual basis to determine the best sport bikes of the year. *Motociclismo*, a Spanish sport bike magazine, invites cooperating magazines from all over the world *(In Moto and Motosprint for Italy, Motociclismo Spain, Motociclismo Brazil, Motorrad, PS, Kickstart, MCN, Australian MCN, Cycle World, Motosprint, In Moto, Moto, Motociclismo Mexico, Motociclismo Portugal,* Bike*, Bike India*, and *Motorcyclist*) and motorcycle manufacturers as well to join this pure racetrack comparison test. Categories are broken into Supersport, Superbike, and Maxisport. Winners are determined by a rating that is the attribution of the score for the best lap time overall (40%), the fastest lap set for each rider (40%) and the individual rating by each rider (20%). Only the winners of Supersport, Superbike and Maxisport class reach the final comparison where an overall Masterbike winner is chosen for the year.

## Results

### 2005

Masterbike 2005 was the 8th annual Masterbike. It took place on the Ricardo Tormo circuit at Valencia on 15 June 2005 directly after the Superbike World Championship race weekend.

| 2005 | Motorcycle | Finishing Order | Overall Points | Best Lap Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Supersport |
| | Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R | 1 | 73 | 1:44.572 |
| | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 2 | 65 | 1:44.088 |
| | Honda CBR600RR | 3 | 45 | 1:44.949 |
| | Suzuki GSX-R600 | 4 | 23 | 1:45.758 |
| | Triumph Daytona 650 | 5 | 16 | 1:46.100 |
| Maxisport |
| | Ducati 999 S | 1 | 81 | 1:43.559 |
| | Aprilia RSV1000R Factory | 2 | 33 | 1:43.810 |
| | Suzuki GSX-R750 | 3 | 30 | 1:43.945 |
| Superbike |
| | Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R | 1 | 67 | 1:42.672 |
| | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 2 | 57 | 1:42.833 |
| | MV Agusta F4 1000 S | 3 | 44 | 1:43.469 |
| | Suzuki GSX-R1000 | 4 | 37 | 1:43.383 |
| | Honda CBR1000RR | 5 | 19 | 1:43.783 |
| Finale |
| | **Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R** | 1 | 97 | 1:42.315 |
| | Ducati 999 S | 2 | 55 | 1:42.436 |
| | Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R | 3 | 19 | 1:44.077 |

### 2006

Masterbike 2006 was the 9th annual Masterbike. It took place on the Jerez circuit in Spain on 31 May 2006.

| 2006 | Motorcycle | Finishing Order | Overall Points | Best Lap Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Supersport |
| | Triumph Daytona 675 | 1 | 81 | 1:53.848 |
| | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 2 | 47 | 1:54.260 |
| | Suzuki GSX-R600 | 3 | 35 | 1:54.408 |
| | Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R | 4 | 21 | 1:54.387 |
| | Honda CBR600RR | 5 | 15 | 1:54.786 |
| Maxisport |
| | Aprilia RSV1000R Factory | 1 | 72 | 1:52.871 |
| | Suzuki GSX-R750 | 2 | 53 | 1:54.053 |
| | Ducati 999 S | 3 | 21 | 1:53.624 |
| Superbike |
| | Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R | 1 | 69 | 1:52.573 |
| | MV Agusta F4 1000 R | 2 | 57 | 1:51.172 |
| | Suzuki GSX-R1000 | 3 | 43 | 1:52.723 |
| | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 4 | 43 | 1:53.217 |
| | Honda CBR1000RR | 5 | 16 | 1:53.523 |
| Finale |
| | **Aprilia RSV1000R Factory** | 1 | 76 | 1:52.514 |
| | Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R | 2 | 63 | 1:52.940 |
| | Triumph Daytona 675 | 3 | 17 | 1:52.993 |

### 2007

Masterbike 2007 was the 10th annual Masterbike. It took place on the Jerez circuit in Spain in May, 2007.

| 2007 | Motorcycle | Finishing Order | Overall Points | Best Average Lap Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Supersport |
| | Triumph Daytona 675 | 1 | 79 | 1:55.942 |
| | Honda CBR600RR | 2 | 39 | 1:56.366 |
| | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 3 | 30 | 1:56.462 |
| | Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R | 4 | 22 | 1:56.633 |
| | Suzuki GSX-R600 | 5 | 12 | 1:56.782 |

### 2008

Masterbike 2008 was the 11th annual Masterbike. It took place at Albacete Circuit in Spain.

| 2008 | Motorcycle | Finishing Order | Overall Points | Best Average Lap Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Supersport |
| | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 1 | N/A | 1:37.211 |
| Supertwins |
| | Aprilia RSV1000R Factory | 1 | N/A | 1:37.181 |
| Superbike |
| | Honda CBR1000RR | 1 | N/A | 1:36.580 |
| Finale |
| | **Honda CBR1000RR** | 1 | N/A | 1:36.580 |
| | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 2 | N/A | 1:37.211 |
| | Aprilia RSV1000R Factory | 3 | N/A | 1:37.181 |
|


title: Vôi

abstract: Vôi is a township and capital of Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

text:
# Vôi

**Vôi** is a township (*thị trấn*) and capital of Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| Vôi | |
| --- | --- |
| Township (Class-5) | |
| VôiLocation in Vietnam | |
| Coordinates: 21°20′N 106°15′E / 21.333°N 106.250°E / 21.333; 106.250 | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Province | Bắc Giang Province |
| District | Lạng Giang |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (UTC+7) |


title: Medical journalism

abstract: Medical journalism is news reporting of medical news and features. Medical journalism is diverse and reflects its audience. The main division is into (1) medical journalism for the general public, which includes medical coverage in general news publications and in specialty medical publications, and (2) medical journalism for doctors and other professionals, which often appears in peer-reviewed journals. The accuracy of medical journalism varies widely. Reviews of mass media publications have graded most stories unsatisfactory, although there were examples of excellence. Other reviews have found that most errors in mass media publications were the result of repeating errors in the original journal articles or their press releases. Some websites, such as Columbia Journalism Review and Hippocrates Med Review, publish and review medical journalism.

text:
# Medical journalism

**Medical journalism** is news reporting (as opposed to peer-review publication) of medical news and features. Medical journalism is diverse and reflects its audience. The main division is into (1) medical journalism for the general public, which includes medical coverage in general news publications and in specialty medical publications, and (2) medical journalism for doctors and other professionals, which often appears in peer-reviewed journals.

The accuracy of medical journalism varies widely. Reviews of mass media publications have graded most stories unsatisfactory, although there were examples of excellence. Other reviews have found that most errors in mass media publications were the result of repeating errors in the original journal articles or their press releases. Some websites, such as Columbia Journalism Review and Hippocrates Med Review, publish and review medical journalism.

## Sources

Medical journalism can come from a variety of sources, including:

## Accuracy

Most inaccuracies and speculations in news coverage can be attributed to several barriers between the scientific community and the general public that include lack of knowledge by reporters, lack of time to prepare a proper report, and lack of space in the publication. Most news articles fail to discuss important issues such as evidence quality, costs, and risks versus benefits.

However, medical journalism is not only what is being commercialized and covered by news and mass media. There is also another extensive, more academic branch of medical journalism which is based on evidence. Evidence-based research is more accurate and thus it is a much more reliable source than medical news disseminated by tabloids. Medical journalism in this regard is a professional field and is often disregarded. There are also some medical journalism institutions that provide assistance to medical researchers to enable them to perform more reliable studies. A 2009 study found small improvements in some areas of medical reporting in Australia, but the overall quality remained poor, particularly in commercial human-interest television programs.

More recently, the use of medical writers has become more popular as a way to produce medical literature that is clear, concise, and easier to read by the lay person.

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is a committee that specifically deals with this kind of issue; the organization is committed to keeping medical reporting as accurate as possible by setting a standard known as the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts (URM). These requirements do not only specify technical points such as bibliographical references and copyrights, but also regarding ethical issues that may arise. For example, a submitter must disclose any personal or professional relationships that might even slightly have a bearing on the submitted work.

To this end, it is not uncommon for researchers to hold a press conference or interviews before publishing significant research to prevent misconstruing of any data or methods.

## Conflict of interest

### Between scientists and journalists

A large gap divides the scientific and journalist communities when it comes to deciding what is newsworthy. The ongoing nature of peer review in the scientific community makes it difficult to report interesting advances in scientific discovery. Consequently, this can create a focus on the negative aspects of medicine and science, which causes journalists to report on the mistakes of doctors or misconstrue the results of research. However, journalists are not the only ones at fault, as scientists sometimes also broadcast initial research to the media in attempts to secure future funding. For example, research done by George Washington University in 1993 on in-vitro fertilization was warped by the media into a horrific foray into human cloning.

### Corporate influence

Medical journalists also face challenges due to potential conflicts of interest. The pharmaceutical industry has sponsored journalism contests that carry large prizes in cash or in overseas trips. The Association of Health Care Journalists (AHCJ) urges journalists to consider these contests carefully before entering, and most journalists avoid them. The Center for Excellence in Health Care Journalism, the supporting 501(c)(3) for AHCJ, does not accept industry funding. The National Association of Science Writers does not accept such funding. The changing nature of news media has caused more reporters to work freelance, outside of traditional news organizations such as major metropolitan newspapers, which may have created more ways to sidestep conflict-of-interest standards, and the rise of blogs has allowed nontraditional providers of news that lack these standards entirely.

There is also the effect of direct corporate investments in research funding. While the funding is appreciated by scientists, it can sometimes cause conflicts with journalists who see this as profiteering.

## Reviews

Sources for evaluating health care media coverage include the review websites Behind the Headlines, Health News Review, and Media Doctor (see *External links*), along with specialized academic journals such as the *Journal of Health Communication*. Reviews can also appear in the *American Journal of Public Health*, the *Columbia Journalism Review*, Ben Goldacre's "Bad Science" column in *The Guardian*, and others. Health News Review has published criteria for rating news stories.

## Effects on the general public

Although medical news articles often deliver public health messages effectively, they often convey inaccurate or misleading information about healthcare, partly when reporters do not know or cannot convey the results of clinical studies, and partly when they fail to supply reasonable context. This can result in unrealistic expectations due to coverage of radical medical procedures and experimental technology. Mass media news outlets can also create a "communications storm" to shift attention to a single health issue. The lack of health knowledge in the general public creates a situation where a person can be easily swayed to a certain point of view that is cast in the manner in which information is reported. Consequently, this can create a potentially unhealthy focus on an illness that in actuality is relatively rare.

Medical journalism can also influence an individual's quality of healthcare. Due to the relative ease at which information can be obtained on the internet, many people will now question doctors on new medications and treatments for their conditions. In more extreme cases, people will compare their perception of their symptoms to various illnesses in attempts to diagnose themselves.

There have been a few recent studies that have tried to explore the availability of health information as complement to healthcare or as a substitute, yet no direct relationships have been found. This is most likely caused by a lack of knowledge or a lack of the ability in the individual to apply the health information once found resulting in seeking healthcare.

## Training

Only a handful of universities and institutes globally offer undergraduate, postgraduate, or diploma level programs related to medical journalism. Boston University via its College of Communication conducts a Science and Medical Journalism program leading to a Master of Science degree.


abstract: The Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress is an annual film award given by the Online Film Critics Society to honor the best supporting actress of the year.

text:
# Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress

The **Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress** is an annual film award given by the Online Film Critics Society to honor the best supporting actress of the year.

## Winners

### 1990s

| **Year** | **Winner** | **Film** | **Role** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | **Gloria Stuart** | *Titanic* | Rose Calvert |
| | Joan Cusack | *Grosse Pointe Blank* | Marcella |
| | Julianne Moore | *The Myth of Fingerprints* | Mia |
| 1998 | **Joan Allen** | *Pleasantville* | Betty Parker |
| | Kathy Bates | *Primary Colors* | Libby Holden |
| | Lisa Kudrow | *The Opposite of Sex* | Lucia De Lury |
| 1999 | **Catherine Keener** | *Being John Malkovich* | Maxine Lund |
| | Thora Birch | *American Beauty* | Jane Burnham |
| | Cameron Diaz | *Being John Malkovich* | Lotte Schwartz |
| | Julianne Moore | *Magnolia* | Linda Partridge |
| | Chloë Sevigny | *Boys Don't Cry* | Lana Tisdel |

### 2000s

| **Year** | **Winner** | **Film** | **Role** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | **Kate Hudson** | *Almost Famous* | Penny Lane |
| | Jennifer Connelly | *Requiem for a Dream* | Marion Silver |
| | Elaine May | *Small Time Crooks* | May |
| | Frances McDormand | *Almost Famous* | Elaine Miller |
| | Zhang Ziyi | *Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon* | Jen Yu |
| 2001 | **Jennifer Connelly** | *A Beautiful Mind* | Alicia Nash |
| | Scarlett Johansson | *Ghost World* | Rebecca |
| | Helen Mirren | *Gosford Park* | Mrs. Wilson |
| | Maggie Smith | *Gosford Park* | Constance, Countess of Trentham |
| | Marisa Tomei | *In the Bedroom* | Natalie Strout |
| 2002 | **Samantha Morton** | *Minority Report* | Agatha |
| | Kathy Bates | *About Schmidt* | Roberta Hertzel |
| | Edie Falco | *Sunshine State* | Marly Temple |
| | Meryl Streep | *Adaptation* | Susan Orlean |
| | Catherine Zeta-Jones | *Chicago* | Velma Kelly |
| 2003 | **Shohreh Aghdashloo** | *House of Sand and Fog* | Nadereh "Nadi" Behrani |
| | Maria Bello | *The Cooler* | Natalie Belisario |
| | Patricia Clarkson | *Pieces of April* | Joy Burns |
| | Holly Hunter | *Thirteen* | Melanie Freeland |
| | Renée Zellweger | *Cold Mountain* | Ruby Thewes |
| 2004 | **Cate Blanchett** | *The Aviator* | Katharine Hepburn |
| | Laura Linney | *Kinsey* | Clara McMillen |
| | Virginia Madsen | *Sideways* | Maya Randall |
| | Natalie Portman | *Closer* | Alice Ayres |
| | Sharon Warren | *Ray* | Aretha Williams |
| 2005 | **Maria Bello** | *A History of Violence* | Edie Stall |
| | Amy Adams | *Junebug* | Ashley Johnsten |
| | Catherine Keener | *Capote* | Harper Lee |
| | Rachel Weisz | *The Constant Gardener* | Tessa Quayle |
| | Michelle Williams | *Brokeback Mountain* | Alma Beers |
| 2006 | **Abigail Breslin** | *Little Miss Sunshine* | Olive Hoover |
| | Adriana Barraza | *Babel* | Amelia |
| | Cate Blanchett | *Notes on a Scandal* | Sheba Hart |
| | Jennifer Hudson | *Dreamgirls* | Effie White |
| | Rinko Kikuchi | *Babel* | Chieko Wataya |
| 2007 | **Amy Ryan** | *Gone Baby Gone* | Helene McCready |
| | Cate Blanchett | *I'm Not There* | Jude Quinn |
| | Jennifer Garner | *Juno* | Vanessa Loring |
| | Kelly Macdonald | *No Country for Old Men* | Carla Jean Moss |
| | Saoirse Ronan | *Atonement* | Briony Tallis (age 13) |
| | Tilda Swinton | *Michael Clayton* | Karen Crowder |
| 2008 | **Marisa Tomei** | *The Wrestler* | Pam/Cassidy |
| | Amy Adams | *Doubt* | Sister James |
| | | Viola Davis | Mrs. Miller |
| | Penélope Cruz | *Vicky Cristina Barcelona* | María Elena |
| | Kate Winslet | *The Reader* | Hanna Schmitz |
| 2009 | **Mo'Nique** | *Precious* | Mary |
| | Vera Farmiga | *Up in the Air* | Alex Goran |
| | Anna Kendrick | *Up in the Air* | Natalie Keener |
| | Diane Kruger | *Inglourious Basterds* | Bridget von Hammersmark |
| | Julianne Moore | *A Single Man* | Charley |

### 2010s

| **Year** | **Winner** | **Film** | **Role** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | **Hailee Steinfeld** | *True Grit* | Mattie Ross |
| | Amy Adams | *The Fighter* | Charlene Fleming |
| | Mila Kunis | *Black Swan* | Lily / The Black Swan |
| | Melissa Leo | *The Fighter* | Alice Eklund |
| | Jacki Weaver | *Animal Kingdom* | Janine 'Smurf' Cody |
| 2011 | **Jessica Chastain** | *The Tree of Life* | Mrs. O'Brien |
| | Melissa McCarthy | *Bridesmaids* | Megan Price |
| | Janet McTeer | *Albert Nobbs* | Hubert Page |
| | Carey Mulligan | *Shame* | Sissy Sullivan |
| | Shailene Woodley | *The Descendants* | Alexandra King |
| 2012 | **Anne Hathaway** | *Les Misérables* | Fantine |
| | Amy Adams | *The Master* | Peggy Dodd |
| | Ann Dowd | *Compliance* | Sandra |
| | Sally Field | *Lincoln* | Mary Todd Lincoln |
| | Helen Hunt | *The Sessions* | Cheryl Cohen-Greene |
| 2013 | **Lupita Nyong'o** | *12 Years a Slave* | Patsey |
| | Sally Hawkins | *Blue Jasmine* | Ginger |
| | Scarlett Johansson | *Her* | Samantha (voice) |
| | Jennifer Lawrence | *American Hustle* | Rosalyn Rosenfeld |
| | Léa Seydoux | *Blue is the Warmest Color* | Emma |
| 2014 | **Patricia Arquette** | *Boyhood* | Olivia Evans |
| | Jessica Chastain | *A Most Violent Year* | Anna Morales |
| | Suzanne Clément | *Mommy* | Kyla |
| | Agata Kulesza | *Ida* | Wanda Gruz |
| | Tilda Swinton | *Snowpiercer* | Minister Mason |
| 2015 | **Rooney Mara** | *Carol* | Therese Belivet |
| | Cynthia Nixon | *James White* | Gail White |
| | Kristen Stewart | *Clouds of Sils Maria* | Valentine |
| | Alicia Vikander | *The Danish Girl* | Gerda Wegener |
| | Kate Winslet | *Steve Jobs* | Joanna Hoffman |
| 2016 | **Naomie Harris** | *Moonlight* | Paula |
| | Lily Gladstone | *Certain Women* | Jamie |
| | Viola Davis | *Fences* | Rose Maxson |
| | Octavia Spencer | *Hidden Figures* | Dorothy Vaughan |
| | Michelle Williams | *Manchester by the Sea* | Randi Chandler |
| 2017 | **Laurie Metcalf** | *Lady Bird* | Marion McPherson |
| | Mary J. Blige | *Mudbound* | Florence Jackson |
| | Tiffany Haddish | *Girls Trip* | Dina |
| | Holly Hunter | *The Big Sick* | Beth Gardner |
| | Allison Janney | *I, Tonya* | LaVona Golden |
| 2018 | **Regina King** | *If Beale Street Could Talk* | Sharon Rivers |
| | Elizabeth Debicki | *Widows* | Alice |
| | Thomasin McKenzie | *Leave No Trace* | Tom |
| | Emma Stone | *The Favourite* | Abigail Masham |
| | | Rachel Weisz | Sarah Churchill |
| 2019 | **Jennifer Lopez** | *Hustlers* | Ramona Vega |
| | Laura Dern | *Marriage Story* | Nora Fanshaw |
| | Florence Pugh | *Little Women* | Amy March |
| | Margot Robbie | *Once Upon a Time in Hollywood* | Sharon Tate |
| | Zhao Shuzhen | *The Farewell* | Nai Nai |
|

### 2020s

| **Year** | **Winner** | **Film** | **Role** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | **Maria Bakalova** | *Borat Subsequent Moviefilm* | Tutar Sagdiyev |
| | Olivia Colman | *The Father* | Anne |
| | Talia Ryder | *Never Rarely Sometimes Always* | Skyler |
| | Amanda Seyfried | *Mank* | Marion Davies |
| | Youn Yuh-jung | *Minari* | Soonja |
| 2021 | **Kirsten Dunst** | *The Power of the Dog* | Rose Gordon |
| | Ariana DeBose | *West Side Story* | Anita |
| | Ann Dowd | *Mass* | Linda |
| | Aunjanue Ellis | *King Richard* | Oracene Price |
| | Ruth Negga | *Passing* | Clare Bellew |
| 2022 | **Kerry Condon** | *The Banshees of Inisherin* | Siobhán Súilleabháin |
| | Angela Bassett | *Black Panther: Wakanda Forever* | Queen Ramonda |
| | Dolly De Leon | *Triangle of Sadness* | Abigail |
| | Jamie Lee Curtis | *Everything Everywhere All At Once* | Deirdre Beaubeirdre |
| | | Stephanie Hsu | Joy Wang / Jobu Tupaki |
| 2023 | **Da'Vine Joy Randolph** | *The Holdovers* | Mark Lamb |
| | Emily Blunt | *Oppenheimer* | Katherine Oppenheimer |
| | Danielle Brooks | *The Color Purple* | Sofia |
| | Rachel McAdams | *Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.* | Barbara Simon |
| | Julianne Moore | *May December* | Gracie |

* "OFCS - Awards". Retrieved 2020-12-22.


title: WXZC

abstract: WXZC is a commercial radio station licensed to Inglis, Florida, and covering much of Citrus County, Florida. The station is currently owned by Betty Lou Marcocci, Steve Schurdell, and Rusty Marcocci, through licensee WGUL-FM, Inc. WXZC airs a country music radio format, simulcast from 103.3 WXCZ in Cedar Key, Florida, which is also owned by WGUL-FM, Inc. The two stations call themselves "Nature Coast Country."

text:
# WXZC

**WXZC** (104.3 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Inglis, Florida, and covering much of Citrus County, Florida. The station is currently owned by Betty Lou Marcocci, Steve Schurdell, and Rusty Marcocci, through licensee WGUL-FM, Inc.

WXZC airs a country music radio format, simulcast from 103.3 WXCZ in Cedar Key, Florida, which is also owned by WGUL-FM, Inc. The two stations call themselves "Nature Coast Country."

## History

The station was granted a construction permit as WABU on May 28, 1993. On June 25, 1993, the station changed its call sign to WAVQ, and signed on the air during the summer of 1996. On May 16, 1998, the call sign was changed to WHGN; on October 11, 2000, to WIFL; on July 22, 2010, to WOGF; and on July 25, 2011, to WYKE. It has broadcast numerous music and talk formats, under such brands as "Wow 104.3", "Extreme Talk Radio 104.3", "Frank 104.3", and "Frank Talk 104.3".

For a period in 2011, it was silent, before coming under the ownership of the Citrus County Association for Retarded Citizens, Inc. In November 2011, WYKE was granted a construction permit to upgrade to Class C3 and boost its effective radiated power to 19,000 watts. In the early 2010s, the station was a Fox Sports Radio Network affiliate. It was also an affiliate of the USF Bulls football network for the 2011 season. WYKE was later a CBS Sports Radio affiliate.

On April 13, 2018, it was announced that WYKE's programming and sales would be taken over by WGUL-FM, Inc. under a three-year local marketing agreement (LMA), with the option to purchase the station outright. The station flipped to a country music format on April 15, 2018. It changed its call sign to WXZC on April 18, 2018. Effective April 28, 2021, the Citrus County Association for Retarded Citizens, Inc sold WXZC to WGUL-FM, Inc. for $340,000.

## InfoBox

WXZC
| Simulcast of WXCZ, Cedar Key, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Citrus County, Florida |
| Frequency | 104.3 MHz |
| Branding | Nature Coast Country |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country |
| Affiliations | Westwood One |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Betty Lou Marcocci, Steve Schurdell, and Rusty Marcocci * (WGUL-FM, Inc.) |
| Operator | WGUL-FM, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WYKE-CD |
| History | |
| First air date | May 5, 1993 (1993-05-05) (as WABU) |
| Former call signs | * WABU (1993) * WAVQ (1993–1998) * WHGN (1998–2000) * WIFL (2000–2010) * WOGF (2010–2011) * WYKE (2011–2018) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 71585 |
| Class | C3 |
| ERP | 19,000 watts |
| HAAT | 112 meters (367 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 29°1′18.00″N 82°41′20.00″W / 29.0216667°N 82.6888889°W / 29.0216667; -82.6888889 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | naturecoastcountry.com |


title: Mike Wood (fencer)

abstract: Michael Brian Wood is a South African épée fencer. At age thirty-seven, Wood made his official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed in two épée events. He is also the husband of Elvira Wood, who qualified for the women's sabre at these Olympic games. For his first event, the men's individual épée, Wood lost the first preliminary match to Ukraine's Bohdan Nikishyn, with a score of 7–15. A few days later, he joined with his fellow fencers and teammates Sello Maduma and Dario Torrente, for the men's team épée. Wood and his team, however, lost the preliminary round of sixteen match to the Chinese team, with a total score of 28 touches.

text:
# Mike Wood (fencer)

**Michael Brian Wood** (born 8 February 1971 in Durban) is a South African épée fencer. At age thirty-seven, Wood made his official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed in two épée events. He is also the husband of Elvira Wood, who qualified for the women's sabre at these Olympic games.

For his first event, the men's individual épée, Wood lost the first preliminary match to Ukraine's Bohdan Nikishyn, with a score of 7–15. A few days later, he joined with his fellow fencers and teammates Sello Maduma and Dario Torrente, for the men's team épée. Wood and his team, however, lost the preliminary round of sixteen match to the Chinese team (led by Li Guojie), with a total score of 28 touches.

## InfoBox

Mike Wood
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Michael Brian Wood |
| Nationality | South Africa |
| Born | (1971-02-08) 8 February 1971<br>Durban, South Africa |
| Height | 1.82 m (5 ft 11+12 in) |
| Weight | 77 kg (170 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Event | Épée |
| Club | Tyshler Fencing School |


title: One Glorious Night

abstract: One Glorious Night is a 1924 American silent drama film directed by Scott R. Dunlap and starring Elaine Hammerstein, Alan Roscoe, and Phyllis Haver.

text:
# One Glorious Night

***One Glorious Night*** is a 1924 American silent drama film directed by Scott R. Dunlap and starring Elaine Hammerstein, Alan Roscoe, and Phyllis Haver.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine review, Mary Stevens jilts Kenneth McLane and marries Chester James, a wealthy clubman. His mother lives with them and governs them as she controls the finances. She forbids Mary to have any children. After leaving the house with Mary, Chester returns to his home and deserts Mary. Mary has a child, which is adopted by Kenneth who has become wealthy. Years later he finds Mary and marries her.

## Cast

## Preservation and status

A complete copy of the film is located at the Cinematheque Royale du Belgique.

## Bibliography

* Bernard F. Dick. *Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio*. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8131-3019-4

## InfoBox

| One Glorious Night | |
| --- | --- |
| Still with Phyllis Haver | |
| Directed by | Scott R. Dunlap |
| Written by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Production<br>company | Columbia Pictures |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * December 1, 1924 (1924-12-01) |
| Running time | 56 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Metlawala

abstract: Metlawala is a village in the Punjab of Pakistan. It is located at 30°57'30N 70°51'30E with an altitude of 137 metres.

text:
# Metlawala

**Metlawala** is a village in the Punjab of Pakistan. It is located at 30°57'30N 70°51'30E with an altitude of 137 metres (452 feet).

30°57′30″N 70°51′30″E / 30.95833°N 70.85833°E / 30.95833; 70.85833

## InfoBox

| Metlawala | |
| --- | --- |
| Metlawala | |
| Coordinates: 30°34′N 70°31′E / 30.57°N 70.51°E / 30.57; 70.51 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Punjab |
| Elevation | 137 m (449 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Fatou Coulibaly

abstract: Tiegnou Valle Fatou Coulibaly is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays for Cypriot team Barcelona FA. She was part of the Ivorian squad for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

text:
# Fatou Coulibaly

**Tiegnou Valle Fatou Coulibaly** (born 13 February 1987) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays for Cypriot team Barcelona FA. She was part of the Ivorian squad for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

## InfoBox

Fatou Coulibaly
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Tiegnou Valle Fatou Coulibaly | | |
| Date of birth | (1987-02-13) 13 February 1987 | | |
| Place of birth | Abidjan, Ivory Coast | | |
| Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 7+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Pyrgos Limassol F.C. | | |
| Number | 2 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Juventus de Yopougon |  |  |
|  | Barcelona FA |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Ivory Coast | 34 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 11:22, 16 June 2015 (UTC) | | | |


title: Vélodrome Sylvan Adams

abstract: The Vélodrome Sylvan Adams - Centre Multisports Desjardins is a 250-meter indoor cycling track located in Bromont, Quebec, Canada. Built to replace the outdoor Bromont Velodrome, the track opened in September 2022. As well as a velodrome, the building has an BMX pump track, indoor running track, gym and sports courts. Unlike the previous velodrome, the venue can be used year round. The velodrome was built at a cost of $22m, funded by the Government of Quebec with contributions from billionaire Sylvan Adams, Desjardins and the local municipality of Bromont. As with the previous velodrome, it is operated by the Centre National de Cyclisme de Bromont. It remains a national training centre for Canadian athletes. The venue will host the 2023 Canadian track cycling championships. Work to replace the outdoor Bromont Velodrome began in 2014, with construction beginning in April 2021. The Velodrome is the second 250m indoor velodrome in Canada, after the Mattamy National Cycling Centre in Milton, Ontario opened in 2015. It will be joined by a rebuilt Argyll Velodrome in Edmonton, Alberta in 2026. The last indoor velodrome in Quebec closed in 1988, when the velodrome built for the 1976 Summer Olympics closed to be converted to the Montreal Biodome.

text:
# Vélodrome Sylvan Adams

The **Vélodrome Sylvan Adams - Centre Multisports Desjardins** is a 250-meter indoor cycling track located in Bromont, Quebec, Canada. Built to replace the outdoor Bromont Velodrome, the track opened in September 2022. As well as a velodrome, the building has an BMX pump track, indoor running track, gym and sports courts. Unlike the previous velodrome, the venue can be used year round.

The velodrome was built at a cost of $22m, funded by the Government of Quebec with contributions from billionaire (and passionate cyclist) Sylvan Adams, Desjardins and the local municipality of Bromont. As with the previous velodrome, it is operated by the Centre National de Cyclisme de Bromont (Bromont National Cycling Centre). It remains a national training centre for Canadian athletes. The venue will host the 2023 Canadian track cycling championships.

Work to replace the outdoor Bromont Velodrome began in 2014, with construction beginning in April 2021.

The Velodrome is the second 250m indoor velodrome in Canada, after the Mattamy National Cycling Centre in Milton, Ontario opened in 2015. It will be joined by a rebuilt Argyll Velodrome in Edmonton, Alberta in 2026. The last indoor velodrome in Quebec closed in 1988, when the velodrome built for the 1976 Summer Olympics closed to be converted to the Montreal Biodome.

## Bromont Velodrome

The **Bromont Velodrome** was a 250-metre outdoor cycling track located in Bromont, Quebec, Canada. It was originally built for the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, and spent from 1996 to 2000 in storage before being purchased and relocated to Canada. The track opened in June 2001. It was operated by the Bromont National Cycling Centre, or CNCB. The velodrome was a national training centre for both Track Cycling and Track Para-Cycling. The track closed in 2020, as it had reached the end of life thanks to 20 years of weather on the wooden track.

## InfoBox

Vélodrome Sylvan Adams
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Vélodrome Sylvan Adams - Centre Multisports Desjardins |
| Address | 400 rue Shefford
Bromont, Quebec
Canada |
| Coordinates | 45°19′26″N 72°38′32″W / 45.323796°N 72.642280°W / 45.323796; -72.642280 |
| Owner | Bromont, Quebec |
| Field size | 250 meter oval |
| Surface | Wood |
| Construction | |
| Opened | September 2022 |
| Construction cost | $22m |
| Tenants | |
| Bromont National Cycling Centre | |
| Website | |
| https://centrenationalbromont.com | |


title: Jack Kraynick

abstract: Jasper Jack Kraynick was an American football back who played for the North Carolina Tar Heels. He later was selected in the 1939 NFL draft, but did not play professionally.

text:
# Jack Kraynick

**Jasper Jack Kraynick** (September 2, 1914 – c. October 31, 1943) was an American football back who played for the North Carolina Tar Heels. He later was selected in the 1939 NFL draft, but did not play professionally.

## Early life and education

Kraynick was born on September 2, 1914, in Trenton, New Jersey. He attended Trenton Central High School and Staunton Military Academy in Virginia, graduating in 1935. Afterwards he joined the University of North Carolina, and spent his first year on the freshman football team. He was on their varsity roster in 1936, but did not appear in any games.

## Professional career

He earned his first varsity playing time in 1937, earning a letter and playing fullback. Following his senior season of 1938, Kraynick was selected in the 12th round (104th overall) of the 1939 NFL draft by the Philadelphia Eagles, but opted not to play professionally. Instead, he taught at Belmont High School and served as athletics director. He resigned in 1941 to join the United States Army Air Forces in World War II.

## Military career

He entered on February 15, 1941, and was commissioned a second lieutenant upon graduation from flying school at Maxwell Field. He was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant on February 1, 1942, and was given the Air Medal and an oak leaf cluster in September 1943. He went missing on October 30, 1943, after his plane flying over the Caribbean Sea did not return. He was not found and presumed to have died.

## InfoBox

Jack Kraynick
| Kraynick, c. 1943 | |
| --- | --- |
| North Carolina Tar Heels | |
| Position | Back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1914-09-02)September 2, 1914
Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died: | c. October 31, 1943(1943-10-31) (aged 29) |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight | 180 lb (82 kg) |
| Career history | |
| College | North Carolina (1935–1938) |
| High school | Trenton Central (NJ)
Staunton Military (VA) |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United States Army Air Forces |
| Years of service | 1941–1943 |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Air Medal
Oak leaf cluster |
|  | |


title: Jack Krizmanich

abstract: Jack Krizmanich is an American actor and model. He played Aaron Spencer on the MyNetworkTV serial Wicked Wicked Games. His previous acting credits include Passions, What I Like About You, Ludis on True Blood and the film Shadowboxer. Krizmanich was born in the small town of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, just outside Philadelphia. While working at a restaurant in high school, Jack was discovered by an agent at IMAGE Models.

text:
# Jack Krizmanich

**Jack Krizmanich** (born December 16, 1978) is an American actor and model. He played Aaron Spencer on the MyNetworkTV serial *Wicked Wicked Games*. His previous acting credits include *Passions*, *What I Like About You*, Ludis on *True Blood* and the film *Shadowboxer*.

Krizmanich was born in the small town of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, just outside Philadelphia. While working at a restaurant in high school, Jack was discovered by an agent at IMAGE Models.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *Shadowboxer* | Tommy |  |
| 2011 | *The Sitter* | Ricky Fontaine |  |
| 2016 | *The Living* | Paul |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001–2004 | *Passions* | John Hastings | 282 episodes |
| 2004 | *What I Like About You* | Naked Bellman | Episode: "Ghost of a Chance" |
| 2006–2007 | *Wicked Wicked Games* | Aaron Spencer | 60 episodes |
| 2009 | *True Blood* | Ludis | 2 episodes |
| 2009 | *CSI: NY* | Martin Stafford | Episode: "It Happened to Me" |
| 2013 | *Parks and Recreation* | Gregg | Episode: "Emergency Response" |
| 2015 | *Salem Rogers* | Johnny | Television film |
| 2017 | *Bromance* | Sean | |
| 2017 | *The Haunted* | Ben Tolbert | |
| 2018 | *Disillusioned* | Mike | |
| 2019 | *The Ex Next Door* | Finn | |

## InfoBox

| Jack Krizmanich | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1978-12-16) December 16, 1978<br>Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2001–present |


title: Paniya people

abstract: The Paniya, also known as Paniyar and Paniyan, are an ethnic group of India. They constitute the single largest Scheduled Tribe in Kerala and are mainly found in the Wayanad District and the neighbouring areas of Karnataka. They primarily inhabit villages around edge of forestland in Kerala's Wayanad, Kozhikode, Kannur and Malappuram districts. The Paniya speak the Paniya language, which belongs to the Dravidian family, closely related to Malayalam. The center of the bonding contracts was the famous temple of the regional mother goddess of the Valliyoorkkavu shrine near Mananthavady.

text:
# Paniya people

The **Paniya**, also known as **Paniyar** and **Paniyan**, are an ethnic group of India. They constitute the single largest Scheduled Tribe in Kerala and are mainly found in the Wayanad District and the neighbouring areas of Karnataka. They primarily inhabit villages around edge of forestland in Kerala's Wayanad, Kozhikode, Kannur and Malappuram districts. The Paniya speak the Paniya language, which belongs to the Dravidian family, closely related to Malayalam. The center of the bonding contracts was the famous temple of the regional mother goddess of the Valliyoorkkavu shrine near Mananthavady.

## History

There is a theory that the Paniyas were brought to Wayand by the Jain Gounders who trained them to be agricultural labourers in their fields (Thurston, 1909).

The Paniya have historically worked as agricultural labourers. They are believed to have been brought to Wayanad by the king of Malabar, and thereafter tilled the land as serfs. Following the abolishment of the slave-holding system, the Paniya were resettled in different areas established by the government.

Paniyas were also historically reputed for their boldness and recklessness. For this reason, they were often employed as thieves.

The Paniya today are a scheduled tribe. One particular sub-group of theirs, the Kattupaniyar, inhabits the forest region of Nilambur in the Malappuram District. Here, members lead a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

## Demographics

The Paniya mainly inhabit Kerala, and the Wayanad, Kozhikode, Kannur and Malappuram districts of India. Others reside in Tamil Nadu, the area west of the Nilgiris hills, as well as the Kodagu District of Karnataka. Their total population depends on agriculture and agriculture labour for their livelihood.

Their population has remained unchanged during this decade (2003). and nearly 67,948 live in the Kerala hills, notably fringes of Western Ghats. People's Action for Educational and Economic development of Tribal People (PEEP) which has been working among Paniya settlers of Kerala since 2005 to promote literacy and improving economic status of the group.

## Language

The Paniya speak the Paniya language as a mother tongue. A member of the Dravidian family, it is most closely related to Malayalam, Kadar, Ravula and other Dravidian languages.

Paniya is spoken both at home and during religious ceremonies. Some Paniyas also use other Dravidian languages such as Malayalam, Tamil or Kannada.

Paniyas use different writing systems depending on where in India they reside. Those in Karnataka use the Kannada script, those in Kerala write in the Malayalam script, while the Paniya in Tamil Nadu use the Tamil script.

## Culture

Paniyas typically live in villages (*padis*) consisting of a few huts (*pire* or *chala*) with courtyards. Each hut settlement contains 5 to 15 families.

For attire, Paniya males wear a lengthy cloth wrapped around the waist, which is known as a *mundu*. A smaller mundu is also slung over the shoulders to cover the body. Paniya females or *panichi* don a long cloth, with a smaller one above the breast area and around the armpits. In addition, they wear a red or black *aratti* scarf around the waist. Land grabbers and poachers exploit them by encouraging drinking habit, sexual infidelity and other vices. PEEP Wayanad also organises various events to spread awareness on social menaces like alcoholism and chewing tobacco. Street plays in the local language has been staged at several forest settlements.

The Paniyas bury their dead in formal funeral rites. Typically, the place of burial is close to the padi. The interment is accompanied by a seven-day mourning period by family members.

## Religion

The modern Paniya practice a variety of faiths. Among these are Hinduism with local traditional beliefs, and minority follow Christianity. Their chief deities are *Kuttichathan*, *Kattu-bhagavathi* or Kaali of the forest, *Mariyamma* and *Ayyappan* are the chief God and Goddess. Valliyoorkkavu (temple) is where their prominent festivals take place which can be fall in the months of February, March and April. The worship of banyan tree is very significant in their unseen world, they are considered sacred.

## InfoBox

Paniya
| Paniya women in Kerala | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| 99,079 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| India | |
| Kerala | 88,450 |
| Tamil Nadu | 10,134 |
| Karnataka | 495 |
| Languages | |
| Paniya language | |
| Religion | |
| Hinduism, traditional religion, Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Dravidian, Tamil, Malayali | |


title: Panopoda rigida

abstract: Panopoda rigida is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. The MONA or Hodges number for Panopoda rigida is 8590.

text:
# Panopoda rigida

***Panopoda rigida*** is a species of moth in the family Erebidae.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Panopoda rigida* is 8590.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Panopoda rigida* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Panopoda* |
| Species: | ***P. rigida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Panopoda rigida***<br>(Smith, 1903) | |
|


title: Panopoda carneicosta

abstract: Panopoda carneicosta, the brown panopoda, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America from Ontario, Quebec and Maine, south to Florida, west to Texas, north to Wisconsin and Minnesota. The wingspan is 38–46 mm. Reported flight periods vary. Charles V. Covell Jr. gives a flight period of May to August, and Ohio State University gives a flight period of April to September. They are most seen in June and July though. There is one generation per year in the north, possibly two in the south. The larvae feed on the leaves of basswood, oak, hickory and willow.

text:
# Panopoda carneicosta

***Panopoda carneicosta***, the **brown panopoda**, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America from Ontario, Quebec and Maine, south to Florida, west to Texas, north to Wisconsin and Minnesota.

The wingspan is 38–46 mm. Reported flight periods vary. Charles V. Covell Jr. gives a flight period of May to August, and Ohio State University gives a flight period of April to September. They are most seen in June and July though. There is one generation per year in the north, possibly two in the south.

The larvae feed on the leaves of basswood, oak, hickory and willow.

## InfoBox

| *Panopoda carneicosta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Panopoda* |
| Species: | ***P. carneicosta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Panopoda carneicosta***<br>Guenée, 1852 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Panopoda scissa* (Walker, 1865) * *Panopoda combinata* (Walker, 1857) | |


title: Palicourea gentryi

abstract: Palicourea gentryi is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

text:
# Palicourea gentryi

***Palicourea gentryi*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Palicourea gentryi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Palicourea* |
| Species: | ***P. gentryi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palicourea gentryi***
C.M.Taylor | |
|


title: Jack Fena

abstract: Jack Richard Fena was an American politician and judge.

text:
# Jack Fena

**Jack Richard Fena** (December 23, 1923  June 4, 2010) was an American politician and judge.

## Biography

Fena was born in Hibbing, Minnesota and graduated from Hibbing High School in 1941. He graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1943 and received his law degree from Notre Dame Law School in 1952. He served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He practiced law in Hibbing and was a Democrat. Fena served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1959 to 1968 and from 1971 to 1972. Fena contested the 1968 election with Bernard J. Bischoff. He then was an assistant county attorney for St. Louis County, Minnesota. From 1977 to 1981, Fena was a judge of the Minnesota Tax Court. Fena died at Benedictine Health Center in Duluth, Minnesota.


title: J. Randolph Tucker (politician)

abstract: John Randolph Tucker was an American lawyer, author, and politician from Virginia. From a distinguished family, he was elected Virginia's attorney general in 1857 and after re-election served during the American Civil War. After a pardon and Congressional Reconstruction, Tucker was elected as U.S. Congressman (1875-1887), and later served as the first dean of the Washington and Lee University Law School.

text:
# J. Randolph Tucker (politician)

**John Randolph Tucker** (December 24, 1823 – February 13, 1897) was an American lawyer, author, and politician from Virginia. From a distinguished family, he was elected Virginia's attorney general in 1857 and after re-election served during the American Civil War (James S. Wheat served as attorney general in Union-held portions of the state). After a pardon and Congressional Reconstruction, Tucker was elected as U.S. Congressman (1875-1887), and later served as the first dean of the Washington and Lee University Law School.

## Early life and family

Tucker was born in Winchester, Virginia on Christmas Eve in 1823, the son of Anna Evalina Hunter Tucker (1789-1855) and her husband Judge Henry St. George Tucker (1780-1848). A grandson of St. George Tucker, J.R. Tucker would become proud of his heritage among the First Families of Virginia. His father and many relatives owned plantations and enslaved persons. Nonetheless, several of his siblings never reached adulthood. His brothers Dr. Alfred Bland Tucker (1830-1862) and Lt.Col. St. George Hunter Tucker (1828-1863) would die of consumption while in the Confederate States Army; his brother Dr. David Hunter Tucker (1815-1871) became a professor at three medical schools including the Medical College of Virginia and survived his Confederate service. His brother Nathaniel Beverley Tucker (1820-1890) would become a Confederate diplomat and later a journalist.

John Randolph Tucker attended a private school near his Winchester home, then entered the Richmond Academy. He finished his studies at the University of Virginia, graduating with a legal degree in 1844.

He married Laura Powell in 1848. They had one son who survived to adulthood, Henry St. George Tucker, III (who later became a U.S. Congressman). Their daughters who married well and survived their parents included: Anne Holmes Tucker McGuire (1850 - 1914), Gertrude Tucker Logan (1856 - 1925), and Laura Randolph Tucker Pendleton (1860 - 1946).

John Randolph Tucker was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1845, and began a private legal practice in Winchester. In 1854 he delivered a major speech to the literary societies at College of William and Mary which argued that slavery was consistent with republicanism. He also became active in politics and was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1852 and 1856.

## American Civil War

Voters elected Tucker Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1857, and he served during the American Civil War, until the Commonwealth surrendered to Union forces in 1865. His siblings also actively supported the Confederate cause, two as Confederate doctors, Nathaniel Beverley Tucker as a Confederate diplomat, and his lawyer brother St. George Hunter Tucker recruited the Ashland Grays (part of the 15th Virginia Infantry) and served at Lt. Col., winning plaudits for his conduct at the Battle of Malvern Hill before resigning his commission and dying of consumption in Charlottesville in 1863.

Tucker received a pardon and resumed his private legal practice.

Elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1875, he served until 1887. He was chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means in the 46th Congress and chairman of the House Committee on the Judiciary in the 48th and 49th Congresses.

He took an active part in the debates on the tariff, in opposition to the protective policy. His speeches on other questions include those on the Electoral Commission bill, the constitutional doctrine as to the presidential count, the Hawaiian treaty in 1876, the use of the army at the polls, in 1879, and Chinese emigration, in 1883. He introduced legislation broadening the power of the federal Court of Claims to hear Constitutional claims in 1886, which became known as the Tucker Act. He declined to be renominated to the House in 1886. He was co-sponsor of the 1887 Edmunds–Tucker Act.

Tucker was an exemplar of the racist views of his day. Speaking on the House floor, he asserted that “We did not ordain and establish this Constitution for the Chinaman and for all the other races of the earth. . . . I hold that this Constitution was ordained and established by our fathers for their posterity of the Caucasian people of America.” Not surprisingly, he was also not supportive of the post-Civil War push to grant rights to African Americans, declaring that “. . . there is not a philosophical statesman in this land who to-day does not say either that the citizenship and the voting power of the African race in the South is a failure--either that or that it is an unsolved problem of our future. We have that one disease in the body-politic, which God grant we may recover from.”

### Electoral history

Tucker made an unsuccessful but legally influential argument on behalf of August Spies and the other Haymarket Riot defendants during their appeal to the Supreme Court. Elected professor of Constitutional law at Washington and Lee University in 1888, Tucker was Dean of the School of Law from 1893 to 1897. Tucker served as president of The Virginia Bar Association in 1891–1892, and president of the American Bar Association in 1894. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1895.

## Death and legacy

Tucker died in 1897 in Lexington, Virginia and is buried in the family plot at Mount Hebron Cemetery in Winchester. His widow died in 1916. Tucker's two volume treatise, *The Constitution of the United States*, appeared posthumously in 1899. One of his sons, Henry St. George Tucker, also became dean of the Washington and Lee Law School, and later a U.S. Congressman representing Winchester. His Lexington home, Blandome, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

## Works

## InfoBox

| John Randolph Tucker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chairman of the House Democratic Caucus | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1885  March 3, 1887 | |
| Speaker | John G. Carlisle |
| Preceded by | George W. Geddes |
| Succeeded by | Samuel S. Cox |
| Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1875  March 3, 1887 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Whitehead (1875)
District reestablished (1885) |
| Succeeded by | John W. Daniel (1885)
Jacob Yost (1887) |
| Constituency | 6th district (1875–1885)
10th district (1885–1887) |
| Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1883  March 3, 1887 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Brackett Reed |
| Succeeded by | David B. Culberson |
| Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means | |
| **In office**
1881 | |
| Preceded by | Fernando Wood |
| Succeeded by | William D. Kelley |
| 8th Attorney General of Virginia | |
| **In office**
June 13, 1857  May 9, 1865
Contested with James S. Wheat:
June 21, 1861  December 7, 1863
Contested with Thomas Russell Bowden:
December 7, 1863  May 6, 1865 | |
| Governor | Henry A. Wise
John Letcher
William Smith |
| Preceded by | Willis P. Bocock |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Russell Bowden |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | December 24, 1823
Winchester, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | February 13, 1897(1897-02-13) (aged 73)
Lexington, Virginia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Mount Hebron Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Laura Holmes Powell Tucker |
| Children | Henry St. George Tucker |
| Profession | * Lawyer * politician * professor |
|  | |


title: Panthera tigris acutidens

abstract: Panthera tigris acutidens or Wanhsien tiger is an extinct tiger subspecies, which was scientifically described in 1928 based on fossils excavated near Wanhsien in southern China's Sichuan Province. Otto Zdansky named it Felis acutidens. After the fossils were re-examined in 1947, they were attributed to Panthera tigris acutidens by Dirk Albert Hooijer and Walter W. Granger.

text:
# Panthera tigris acutidens

***Panthera tigris acutidens*** or **Wanhsien tiger** is an extinct tiger subspecies, which was scientifically described in 1928 based on fossils excavated near Wanhsien in southern China's Sichuan Province. Otto Zdansky named it *Felis acutidens*. After the fossils were re-examined in 1947, they were attributed to *Panthera tigris acutidens* by Dirk Albert Hooijer and Walter W. Granger.

## Description

The *P. t. acutidens* fossils from Wanhsien in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History consist of two skulls, a humerus, two metacarpals, a tibia, an astragalus, two calcanea, and five metatarsals, and several parts of jaws. The tibia is 29.7 cm (11.7 in) long and 8.1 cm (3.2 in) in diameter. The humerus is 30.6 cm (12.0 in) long and slightly smaller in width, length and diameter than humeri of Siberian tiger. It would have weighed 200 to 350 kg (440 to 770 lb) in body mass.

## InfoBox

| *Panthera tigris acutidens*
Temporal range: Late Pliocene \- Middle Pleistocene, | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Subfamily: | Pantherinae |
| Genus: | *Panthera* |
| Species: | *P. tigris* |
| Subspecies: | ***P. t. acutidens*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Panthera tigris acutidens***
(Zdansky, 1928) | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Felis acutidens* Zdansky, 1928 | |


title: Jack Higgins (cartoonist)

abstract: John Joseph Higgins was an American editorial cartoonist for the Chicago Sun-Times. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1989.

text:
# Jack Higgins (cartoonist)

**John Joseph Higgins** (August 19, 1954 – February 10, 2024) was an American editorial cartoonist for the *Chicago Sun-Times*. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1989.

## Early life and career

Jack Higgins was born in Chicago, Illinois, on August 19, 1954. He graduated from St. Ignatius College Preparatory School and the College of the Holy Cross with a B.A. in Economics.

Higgins began editorial cartooning for its student newspaper before he started freelancing for the *Chicago Sun-Times*. He became a full-time cartoonist for the paper in 1981. Higgins was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1986; he won in 1989.

Higgins was for many years syndicated through Universal Press Syndicate. He ceased syndication in July 2007, opting to create more local cartoons for his paper.

## Death

Higgins died after a long illness on February 10, 2024, at the age of 69.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Jack Higgins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | John Joseph Higgins
(1954-08-19)August 19, 1954
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | February 10, 2024(2024-02-10) (aged 69) |
| Education | College of the Holy Cross (BA) |
| Occupation | Cartoonist |
| Notable work | Editorial cartoons |
| Spouse | Missy Higgins |
| Children | 6 |
| Parents | * Maurice Higgins (father) * Helen Higgins (mother) |
| Awards | Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning (1993, 1995, 2007, 2009) |


title: J. T. Taylor (fighter)

abstract: J.T. Taylor is an American mixed martial artist born in Oregon. Known as The General, he has fought notable fighters such as Shonie Carter, Rhonald Jhun, Chris Lytle, and Ryan Schultz. He fought a total of four times for the World Extreme Cagefighting organization. He recently wrestled to a draw in a Budofights event. Lyle Beerbohm called Taylor out, but the fight has yet to materialise.

text:
# J. T. Taylor (fighter)

**J.T. Taylor** is an American mixed martial artist born in Oregon. Known as The General, he has fought notable fighters such as Shonie Carter, Rhonald Jhun, Chris Lytle, and Ryan Schultz. He fought a total of four times for the World Extreme Cagefighting organization. He recently wrestled to a draw in a Budofights event. Lyle Beerbohm called Taylor out, but the fight has yet to materialise.

## Mixed martial arts record

Professional record breakdown
| **15 matches** | **7 wins** | **7 losses** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **By knockout** | 1 | 5 |
| **By submission** | 4 | 1 |
| **By decision** | 2 | 1 |
| **Draws** | 1 | |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 7-7 (1) | Eddy Ellis | KO (Punch to the Body) | UCS - Caged Combat 5 | December 9, 2011 | 1 | 4:53 |  |  |
| Win | 7-6 (1) | Erik Victor | Submission (Arm-Triangle Choke) | High Desert Brawl 39 - Superbrawl | September 10, 2011 | 1 | 2:46 |  |  |
| Win | 6-6 (1) | Mike Dolce | Decision (Split) | UFO - Rumble at the Races | July 24, 2010 | 3 | 5:00 |  |  |
| Loss | 5-6 (1) | Brandon Melendez | TKO (Punches) | Showdown Fights 1 - Burkman vs. Paul | April 9, 2010 | 2 | 3:31 |  |  |
| Win | 5-5 (1) | Jory Erickson | Decision (Split) | CS - CageSport 8 | December 5, 2009 | 3 | 5:00 |  |  |
| Win | 4-5 (1) | John Heath | Submission (Guillotine Choke) | CCCF - Saturday Night Fights | October 10, 2009 | 2 | 2:36 |  |  |
| Loss | 3-5 (1) | Nathan Coy | TKO (Punches) | CS - CageSport 6 | July 25, 2009 | 1 | 3:39 |  |  |
| Win | 3-4 (1) | Chris Ensley | Submission (Guillotine Choke) | DB - Desert Brawl 37 | June 27, 2009 | 2 | 2:35 |  |  |
| Loss | 2-4 (1) | Dave Culbertson | TKO (Doctor Stoppage) | DB - Desert Brawl 36 | February 28, 2009 | 2 | 4:59 |  |  |
| Win | 2-3 (1) | Drew Dimanlig | Submission (Armbar) | WEC 22: The Hitmen | July 28, 2006 | 1 | 3:47 |  |  |
| Loss | 1-3 (1) | Chris Lytle | Submission (Forearm Choke) | WEC 12 - Halloween Fury 3 | October 21, 2004 | 1 | 2:53 |  |  |
| Draw | 1-2 (1) | Dennis Hallman | Draw | DB 9 - DesertBrawl 9 | November 8, 2003 | 3 | 5:00 |  |  |
| Loss | 1-2 | Shonie Carter | Decision (Unanimous) | WEC 8 - Halloween Fury 2 | October 17, 2003 | 3 | 5:00 |  |  |
| Win | 1-1 | Ryan Schultz | KO (Punches) | WEC 7: This Time It's Personal | August 9, 2003 | 2 | 1:56 |  |  |
| Loss | 0-1 | Ronald Jhun | TKO (Knees) | HC 2 - Hawaii Combat 2 | March 1, 2001 | 2 | 0:33 |  |  |


title: J. T. Tepnapa

abstract: J. T. Tepnapa is an American writer, producer, actor, and director. Tepnapa has made several short films since 2000 with his company, Blue Seraph Productions, but he is best known for his role as the first openly gay character, Lieutenant Commander Corey Aster, on the fan series Star Trek: Hidden Frontier created by Rob Caves.

text:
# J. T. Tepnapa

**J. T. Tepnapa** (born April 1, 1977) is an American writer, producer, actor, and director. Tepnapa has made several short films since 2000 with his company, Blue Seraph Productions, but he is best known for his role as the first openly gay character, Lieutenant Commander Corey Aster, on the fan series *Star Trek: Hidden Frontier* created by Rob Caves.

## Career

Tepnapa is best known for his role as the first openly gay character, Lieutenant Commander Corey Aster, on the fan series *Star Trek: Hidden Frontier* created by Rob Caves. In addition to playing the first openly gay character in the Star Trek franchise, Tepnapa was also entrusted with directing many of the 50+ episodes.

Tepnapa signed on to play Hikaru Sulu on Star Trek: Phase II (fan series). His first cameo appears in David Gerrold's *Blood and Fire Part 2*. Tepnapa has also starred opposite Brent Corrigan in the short film, *In the Closet*, was nominated in 2009 for the Iris Award and featured in Boys on Film 3., produced by Peccadillo Pictures.

### Judas Kiss

Tepnapa's most recent project is a film titled *Judas Kiss (2011 film)*, a gay-themed sci-fi drama film starring Charlie David, Richard Harmon, and Sean Paul Lockhart, about a failed filmmaker's visit to his alma mater that results in a tug-of-war between his past and future.

Relying on some personal experiences with struggle and second chances in the film industry, Tepnapa and writing partner Carlos Pedraza manage to present a believable and engaging story nested within a science-fiction scenario. "We all go through struggles, and we learn from them," states Tepnapa. "There's no real time machine either. You start from today to improve tomorrow……I realize that sounds so much like a greeting card, but it's so true!"

Filming ended on September 5, 2010 for a 2011 release.

### Something Like Summer

Tepnapa and writer Carlos Pedraza are currently ramping up efforts for a new film entitled Something Like Summer. An adaptation of the Jay Bell novel by the same name, the film, "just speaks to your soul. It's all about coming out and growing up, and first love," explains Tepnapa.

Adding a twist to the film, Tepnapa embraces the significance of visual artwork by employing the work of artist and friend, Kyle Joseph Johnson.

## Personal life

Tepnapa is openly gay and is married to actor Adam Browne. Tepnapa currently resides in Los Angeles, California.

## Filmography

Crew * *Something Like Summer* (2016) (director)
* *Judas Kiss* (2011) (director/producer/writer)
* *Make the Yuletide Gay* (2009) (set decorator)
* *And the Award Goes To* (2007) (director/producer/writer)
* *Begging for Change* (2006) (director/producer/writer)
* *Drag Queen Heist* (2004) (director/producer/writer)
* *Masturbation: Putting the Fun Into Self-Loving* (2002) (director/producer/writer)
* *Sunflowers* (2001) (director/producer/writer/editor/special makeup effects)
* *Star Trek: Hidden Frontier* (2000, multiple episodes) (director/producer)

Acting * *Dead Air* (2008) as Maniac
* Star Trek: Phase II (2008, multiple episodes) as Lt. Cmdr. Hikaru Sulu
* *In the Closet* (2008) as Griffin
* *Hollywood Confidential* (2008) as Jose
* *And the Award Goes To* (2007) as himself
* *Begging for Change* (2006) as Thug
* *Drag Queen Heist* (2004) as Bobby
* *Masturbation: Putting the Fun into Self-Loving* (2002) as Pez
* *Sunflowers* (2001) as Alex
* *Star Trek: Hidden Frontier* (2000) as Lt. Cmdr. Corey Aster

## Awards

Awards and nominations:

* 2003 - won First Prize for *Masturbation: Putting the Fun Into Self-Loving* (Best Comedy) at the PlanetOut Short Movie Awards
* 2004 - won Q Award for *Drag Queen Heist* (Gay Short Films) at the Fort Worth Gay and Lesbian International Film Festival
* 2006 - won Q Award for *Begging for Change* (Best Short Film) at the Fort Worth Gay and Lesbian International Film Festival

## InfoBox

| J.T. Tepnapa | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Jack Tepnapa
(1977-04-01) April 1, 1977
Long Beach, California |
| Years active | 2000-present |
| Spouse | Adam Browne |
| Website | http://www.blueseraph.com/ |


title: Paphiopedilum subg. Polyantha

abstract: Paphiopedilum subgenus Polyantha is a subgenus of the genus Paphiopedilum. Species in this section have more than one flower per inflorescence.

text:
# Paphiopedilum subg. Polyantha

***Paphiopedilum*** subgenus ***Polyantha*** is a subgenus of the genus *Paphiopedilum*. Species in this section have more than one flower per inflorescence.

## Distribution

Plants from this section are found from western China down to Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.

## Species

*Paphiopedilum* subgenus *Polyantha* comprises the following species:

| Image | Name | Distribution | Elevation (m) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Paphiopedilum adductum* Asher 1983 | Philippines (Bokidnon and Mindanao) | 1,200–1,300 metres (3,900–4,300 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum dianthum* Tang & Wang 1940 | China(Yunnan, Guangxi), North Vietnam | 460–1,060 metres (1,510–3,480 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum gigantifolium* Braem, Baker & Baker 1997 | southern Sulawesi | 0–980 metres (0–3,215 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum glanduliferum* (Blume) Pfitzer 1895 | Irian Jaya Coast, Northwestern New Guinea, and Indonesia | 0–1,700 metres (0–5,577 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum haynaldianum* (Rchb. f.) Pfitzer 1895 | Philippines(Negros and Luzon ) | 0–1,400 metres (0–4,593 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum intaniae* Cavestro 2000 | Indonesia (Sulawesi) ) | 700–1,070 metres (2,300–3,510 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum kolopakingii* Fowlie 1984 | Borneo (Kalimantan) | 550–1,000 metres (1,800–3,280 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum lowii* (Lindl.) Pfitzer 1895 | Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Indonesia | 200–1,700 metres (660–5,580 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum ooii* Koop. 1999 | Malaysia (Sabah) | 1,050 metres (3,440 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum parishii* \[Rchb.f\] Stein 1894 | northern Thailand, Myanmar, and China (Yunnan) | 1,000–1,400 metres (3,300–4,600 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum philippinense* \[Rchb.f\]Stein 1892 | Borneo, Guimaras Island, Philippines (Negros, Augusan, Surigao del Norte, Mindinao, and Palawan) | 0–500 metres (0–1,640 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum platyphyllum* Yukawa ex Gruss 2001 | Malaysia (Bukit Kana) | 800 metres (2,600 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum randsii* Fowlie 1969 | Philippines (Angusan) | 460–500 metres (1,510–1,640 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum rothschildianum* (Rchb. f.) Pfitzer 1895 | Borneo (Sabah) | 460–850 metres (1,510–2,790 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum sanderianum* (Rchb.f.) Stein 1892 | northwestern Borneo (Gunung Mulu) | 100–500 metres (330–1,640 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum stonei* (Hook.f.) Pfitzer 1895 | Borneo (Sarawak) | 61–820 metres (200–2,690 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum supardii* Braem & Lob 1985 | Borneo (Balikpapan and Kalimantan) | 550–880 metres (1,800–2,890 ft) |
|  | *Paphiopedilum wilhelminae* L.O.Williams 1942 | Indonesia (Irian Jaya) | 61–820 metres (200–2,690 ft) |
|

## InfoBox

| *Paphiopedilum subg. Polyantha* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Paphiopedilum lowii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cypripedioideae |
| Genus: | *Paphiopedilum* |
| Subgenus: | *Paphiopedilum subg. Polyantha*
(Pfitzer) Brieger (1971) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Paphiopedilum lowii*
 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge

abstract: Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge is a golf video game developed by Hypnos Entertainment and published by Activision for Microsoft Windows. It is part of a series of golfing games named after golfer Jack Nicklaus, and is the first in the series to feature him as a playable golfer. Producer and designer Mike Franco, who produced previous games in the series, began working on the game in November 1997, when Jack Nicklaus 5 was released. Full work began on the game in April 1998, and it was released in March 1999. The game received mostly positive reviews, with praise for its graphics, golfer animations, golf course designer feature, and game physics, although in-game commentary by Jim Nantz and Gary McCord was criticized as repetitive and annoying. Sales of the game were poor, with only 20,000 copies sold as of February 2000.

text:
# Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge

***Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge*** is a golf video game developed by Hypnos Entertainment and published by Activision for Microsoft Windows. It is part of a series of golfing games named after golfer Jack Nicklaus, and is the first in the series to feature him as a playable golfer. Producer and designer Mike Franco, who produced previous games in the series, began working on the game in November 1997, when *Jack Nicklaus 5* was released.

Full work began on the game in April 1998, and it was released in March 1999. The game received mostly positive reviews, with praise for its graphics, golfer animations, golf course designer feature, and game physics, although in-game commentary by Jim Nantz and Gary McCord was criticized as repetitive and annoying. Sales of the game were poor, with only 20,000 copies sold as of February 2000.

## Gameplay

*Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge* features six golf courses, all recreations of real courses: Shoal Creek, Muirfield Village, Montecastillo, Sherwood Country Club, Cochise at Desert Mountain, and Nicklaus North in Whistler, British Columbia. The game, like previous installments in the *Jack Nicklaus* series, includes a golf course designer that allows the player to create a custom course, one hole at a time. The course designer is mostly the same as in previous games, and offers the player various options. Online courses created with the *Jack Nicklaus 5* designer could be downloaded from the Internet and converted for use in *Jack Nicklaus 6*.

The game has 11 single-player modes, including Tournament, Skins, Stroke, and Match Play. The player has three options for hitting a golf ball, including traditional two- or three-click swing meters. Also offered is the Mouse Meter, in which the player uses the computer mouse to simulate the swing, although this option does not play out in real time. The game includes color-coded putting grids.

The player can create customized playing characters using the game's RPG-style setup, in which choosing certain attributes diminishes others. The player can also play as Jack Nicklaus or against him. It is the first game in the series to feature Nicklaus as a playable golfer. Nicklaus also narrates certain scenes and gives tips to the player. In addition, the game features commentary by Jim Nantz and Gary McCord, and an unseen crowd of people react to the player's golf successes and mishaps. The game offers various camera angles, including Smart Replay, which lets the player replay and save a shot from three different angles. At the time of its release, the game offered an online multiplayer option through Microsoft's MSN Gaming Zone.

## Development

Mike Franco was the game's producer and designer. He had previously produced the 1997 games *Jack Nicklaus 4* and *Jack Nicklaus 5*, and began working on a new game in the series in November 1997, when the latter game was released. Accolade, which had published the *Jack Nicklaus* series since 1988, sold the rights to Activision in April 1998, to focus primarily on action games. Activision hired the newly formed Hypnos Entertainment to develop the series' next game. Hypnos Entertainment was made up of team members who worked on earlier *Jack Nicklaus* games, including *Jack Nicklaus Online Golf Tour* (1998).

Full work on the new game began in April 1998, after the sale was complete and after Franco joined Hypnos Entertainment. The development team included Scott C. DeFreitas as programmer and Dale Mauk as art director. Franco led the design team, whose intentions for the game included an increase in the realism of the player characters through customizable personalities. Franco considered the customization options to be "probably one of the biggest areas we've improved," stating that with the RPG-style setup, "you can create a character who plays like you do (or want to) in real life."

The game's title is a reference to Nicklaus' nickname, "Golden Bear." The game's tentative title during development was *Jack Nicklaus Presents: Golden Bear Challenge*. Nicklaus approved his in-game character model, and was much more involved in the game's development than in the previous *Jack Nicklaus* games. The golf courses featured in the game were designed by Nicklaus in real life, while their in-game counterparts were recreated by Scott Chesney and Brian Silvernail, both experts in the design of online *Jack Nicklaus* courses. Many new features in the game were added at the suggestion of *Jack Nicklaus* game players who voiced their opinions through newsgroups and Internet forums.

The polygonal golfing characters were created through motion capture. The development team wrote a golf-focused rendering engine that utilized 3D hardware support, while also using a software-based rendering engine; this combination allowed for improved graphics, as the player's computer hardware was used to render the playable 3D golfer character, while software was used for textures and terrains. The team also added additional and improved on-course animations, including animated water and flags. Considerable time was spent perfecting the golf ball animation and trajectory to be as realistic as possible. Regarding the Mouse Meter option, Franco said "the golfer does not animate at the same time that you move the mouse" because "we wanted simplicity and control," stating, "We want the immediate feedback to come from the meter graphic itself, not from a golfer animation that doesn't tell you very much."

## Release

*Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge* was released on March 30, 1999, for Microsoft Windows. Upon release, the game contained an issue involving long putts, in which the golf ball would come up considerably short of reaching the hole, even when the player hit it perfectly. Hypnos Entertainment developed a patch in response to several game issues, including crashes and the putting problem. In May 1999, Hypnos Entertainment sent the patch to Activision for quality assurance (QA) testing prior to release. However, the lead QA tester quit before starting any testing, followed by another lead QA tester quitting Activision. This delayed the release of the patch until June 1999.

In addition to the game's six golf courses, nearly 300 online courses from the previous game were also available when *Jack Nicklaus 6* was released. One online course was a recreation of North Carolina's Pinehurst No. 2, previously released on the Internet for *Jack Nicklaus 4* players. The course was converted for players of *Jack Nicklaus 6* and released online in June 1999, coinciding with the 1999 U.S. Open, which was held at Pinehurst.

## Reception

*Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge* received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Critics praised the graphics, including the animated water and flags. Scott A. May of *Computer Gaming World* considered it "the first golf sim in which the variable skies, breathtaking vistas, and lushly detailed foregrounds are in perfect visual sync." The 3D golfer animations were also praised, with Mark Hill of *PC Zone* writing that the players "no longer look as if they're in the middle of a bowel movement when they swing, and the animation is incredibly smooth." However, Chuck Hill of *Computer Games Strategy Plus* wrote that the player animations "may have the most boring and limited reactions ever seen in a golf game." Joel Easley of *The News-Sentinel* praised the Jack Nicklaus character model for being "very lifelike" in appearance and movement.

Critics praised the course designer as well – with *AllGame*'s Michael L. House calling it the pìèce de résistance – but noted that the instructions on how to use it accounted for most of the game's instruction manual. *Computer Gaming World* believed that the course designer presented a "steep learning curve" for average players, although *PC Zone* considered the designer "actually quite easy" to use despite its numerous options. Praise was also given for the game's color-coded putting grids, its low $20 retail price, and the game physics. The *Hartford Courant* called it the best game in the *Jack Nicklaus* series and wrote that it "may finally be pulling even" with its rival series, *Links*. The newspaper also praised the multitude of online courses, but noted that game animations took several seconds to render due to the complexity of the graphics. The *Hartford Courant* later wrote that the *Jack Nicklaus* series "in the minds of many reviewers finally eclipsed 'Links'" with the release of *Jack Nicklaus 6*.

Reviewers criticized Nantz and McCord's commentary as repetitive and annoying, although Marc Saltzman of *GamePro* also called the commentary a "nice touch," while *AllGame* considered McCord's commentary to be humorous at times. Crowd noises were also criticized by some as repetitive, although James Bottorff of *The Cincinnati Enquirer* praised the crowd comments and called the commentary "right on target." Chris Hudak of *Wired* wrote that the commentary "while a well-meant concept, is downright embarrassing at times," stating that, "A competent escape from the rough will sometimes elicit a crack like, 'That shot had a lot of ugly on it,' while a putt in the wrong direction will go unnoticed." Hudak also stated that casual players unfamiliar with golf terms would be confused by the game and its multitude of options. *PC Accelerator* considered the commentary to be decent, but criticized it for occasional bugs. *Computer Games Strategy Plus* criticized the "repetitive" crowd noises as "extremely underdone," writing that the crowd sounded as if "there are 10 people watching the round; you should feel like thousands are watching." However, the magazine considered the game nearly superior to the *Links* series.

*GamePro* considered the game better than *Links LS 1999*, but criticized the "iffy" artificial intelligence of the Jack Nicklaus opponent. The Mouse Meter also received some criticism, and some reviewers criticized the putting issue prior to the release of the patch. *AllGame* praised the sound effects, and *GameSpot*'s Tim McDonald praised the game's club control, while *Computer Gaming World* praised the animation and realistic trajectory of the golf ball, as well as the "TV-style" camera angles.

As of September 1999, the game had sold only 15,000 copies, and it was reported four months later that Activision would try to sell the license. In January 2000, the *Hartford Courant* held its PC Sports Game of the Year poll, voted upon by Internet journalists. *Jack Nicklaus 6* placed fourth on the list, which consisted of the 10 best sports games of 1999. As of February 2000, sales had totaled 20,000 copies, and that number rose to a measly 20,705 by April 2000. Because of the poor sales, Activision did not publish a sequel.

The game was nominated for *Computer Gaming World*'s "Sports Game of the Year" award, which went to *High Heat Baseball 2000*.

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19. Abner, William (June 14, 1999). "Jack Nicklaus 6 Patch Issued". *Computer Games Strategy Plus*. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on May 24, 2003.
20. Abner, William (June 20, 1999). "Site of '99 U.S. Open available for Jack Nicklaus 6". *Computer Games Strategy Plus*. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on May 24, 2003.
21. "Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge for PC". *GameRankings*. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
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## InfoBox

| Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Hypnos Entertainment |
| Publisher(s) | Activision |
| Producer(s) | Mike Franco |
| Designer(s) | Mike Franco |
| Programmer(s) | Scott C. DeFreitas |
| Artist(s) | Dale Mauk |
| Series | *Jack Nicklaus* |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Sports video game |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Pan (album)

abstract: Pan is the eighth and final studio album released by the Japanese band The Blue Hearts. It was the only album not to have any songs that were released as singles.

text:
# Pan (album)

***Pan*** is the eighth and final studio album released by the Japanese band The Blue Hearts. It was the only album not to have any songs that were released as singles.

## Track listing

1. "Drummers' Session" (ドラマーズ・セッション)
2. "Houston Blues" (ヒューストン・ブルース)
3. "Modotte Okure Yo" (もどっておくれよ *Come Back to Me*)
4. "Boin Killer" (ボインキラー *Breast Killer*)
5. "Hana ni Natta Kamakiri" (花になったかまきり *Praying Mantis that Became a Flower*)
6. "Bye-bye Baby" (バイバイBaby)
7. "Aruku Hana" (歩く花 *Walking Flower*)
8. "Kyūjitsu" (休日 *Holiday*)
9. "Tobago no Yume" (トバゴの夢 *Dream of Tobago*)
10. "Kōfuku no Seisansha" (幸福の生産者 *Producer of Happiness*)
11. "Good Friend (Ai no Mikata)" (Good Friend (愛の味方) *Good Friend (Friend of Love)*)
12. "Hitotoki no Yume" (ひとときの夢 *Temporary Dream*)
13. "Arigato-san" (ありがとさん *Thanks a lot*)

## InfoBox

| Pan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Blue Hearts | |
| Released | July 10, 1995 |
| Recorded | Go Go King Recorders
Avaco Creative Studio
Miz Music Studio |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 64:20 |
| Language | Japanese |
| Label | East West Japan |
| Producer | The Blue Hearts |
| The Blue Hearts chronology | |
| *Dug Out* ***Pan*** | |


title: Pan (1922 film)

abstract: Pan is a 1922 Norwegian film directed by Harald Schwenzen. It was the first of four film adaptations of the novel of the same name by 1920 Nobel Prize winner Knut Hamsun, and one of the earliest Scandinavian adaptations of a Hamsun work. It tells the story of a romance between a wealthy woman and a soldier, and was filmed in Nordland and in Algeria. According to author Donald Dewey, Pan was popular with the Norwegian public, but when Hamsun himself was asked for his reaction, he commented only, "I don’t understand film and I am in bed with the flu," and hung up. Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune describes it as "A fine film and a real discovery".

text:
# Pan (1922 film)

***Pan*** is a 1922 Norwegian film directed by Harald Schwenzen. It was the first of four film adaptations of the novel of the same name by 1920 Nobel Prize winner Knut Hamsun, and one of the earliest Scandinavian adaptations of a Hamsun work (preceded only by a 1921 film of *Growth of the Soil*). It tells the story of a romance between a wealthy woman and a soldier, and was filmed in Nordland and in Algeria (standing in for the Indian locations in the novel).

According to author Donald Dewey, *Pan* was popular with the Norwegian public, but when Hamsun himself was asked for his reaction, he commented only, "I don’t understand film and I am in bed with the flu," and hung up. Michael Wilmington of the *Chicago Tribune* describes it as "A fine film and a real discovery".

## InfoBox

| Pan | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Harald Schwenzen |
| Starring | Harald Schwenzen
Hjalmar Fries
Hans Bille
Gerd Egede-Nissen
Rolf Christensen
Lillebil Ibsen |
| Cinematography | Johan Ankerstjerne
Thorleif Tønsberg |
| Edited by | Kommunenes Filmcentral |
| Release date | * 1922 (1922) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Country | Norway |
| Language | Norwegian |


title: Onizuka Prop Wash Award

abstract: The Onizuka Prop Wash Award recognizes the student at the United States Air Force Test Pilot School who contributed most to class spirit and morale. The honoree from each class is selected by his or her fellow students rather than by school faculty. The award is named in memory of TPS graduate Ellison Onizuka who perished in the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986.

text:
# Onizuka Prop Wash Award

The **Onizuka Prop Wash Award** recognizes the student at the United States Air Force Test Pilot School (USAF TPS) who contributed most to class spirit and morale. The honoree from each class is selected by his or her fellow students rather than by school faculty. The award is named in memory of TPS graduate Ellison Onizuka who perished in the explosion of the Space Shuttle *Challenger* in 1986.

## History

The Prop Wash Award was introduced at the USAF Test Pilot school in 1956. The award takes the form of a wooden aircraft propeller to which plaques bearing the name of each honoree are mounted. *Prop wash* refers to the spiral-shaped slipstream formed behind a rotating propeller on an aircraft. The phrase, *Illegitimi non carborundum*, a mock-Latin aphorism meaning "Don't let the bastards grind you down" is engraved on the face.

The first recipient of the award was Major Joseph W. Rogers from class 56D who would later set a world speed record in the Convair F-106 Delta Dart. Captain Onizuka was also a recipient when he graduated from the Test Pilot School with class 74B. After Onizuka's death, the members of his class requested a rededication of the award. The inscription was changed in June 1988 for the graduation of TPS class 87B.

> There is a lot of Ell here always… I thank you all for giving Ell a permanent place here, because (Edwards) is so important in our lives.
>
> Lorna Onizuka, 1990,

The USAF Test Pilot School participates in an exchange program with other test communities. U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps students from the Naval Test Pilot School at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Maryland attend the USAF TPS and vice versa. Foreign students may also attend and include those from the Empire Test Pilots' School at Boscombe Down, England, and the EPNER (École du Personnel Navigant d'Essais et de Réception), the French Test Pilots' School. All students at the USAF TPS are eligible to receive the Prop Wash Award.

## Recipients

The following table contains an incomplete list of Onizuka Prop Wash award recipients including name, country (if not the United States of America), military branch (if not the United States Air Force), military rank at the time of the award, and USAF Test Pilot School class number.

*   Individual was killed in a work-related (aviation) accident.
\**   Multiple individuals shared the award.

| Name | Rank | Class | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph W. Rogers | Major | 56D |  |
| Orgle D. Godwin | Captain | 57A |  |
| John L. Whitehead | Captain | 57C |  |
| Philip R. O'Brien, Jr. | Captain | 57D |  |
| Ralph C. Rich | First lieutenant | 58A |  |
| Shelton J. Anthony, Jr. | Captain | 58B |  |
| Joseph A. Guthrie, Jr. | Captain | 58C |  |
| Loren R. Brooks, Jr.* | Captain | 59A |  |
| Donald R. Maslen | Captain | 59B |  |
| Donald E. Westbrook | Captain | 59C |  |
| John H. Reddoch | Captain | 60A |  |
| Joseph C. Watts (USA) | Chief warrant officer | 60B |  |
| Harley A. Johnson\* | Captain | 60C |  |
| George D. Knutkowski | Captain | 61A |  |
| Charles S. Aldrich | Captain | 61C |  |
| Jimmie R. Hall | Captain | 62A |  |
| Robert L. Jondahl | Captain | 62C |  |
| Wayne H. Jones | Captain | 70B |  |
| Michael J. Butchko, Jr. | Captain | 71A |  |
| David L. Ferguson | Major | 71B |  |
| Barton B. Switzer | Captain | 72A |  |
| Addison S. Thompson III | Major | 72B |  |
| William B. Hayden (USN) | Lieutenant commander | 73A |  |
| Edwin C. Newman | Major | 74A |  |
| Ellison C. Onizuka* | Captain | 74B |  |
| Richard S. Couch | Captain | 75A |  |
| Ralph J. Luczak | Captain | 75B |  |
| Frank T. Birk | Captain | 76A |  |
| Elton T. Pollock | Captain | 76B |  |
| Kenneth P. Sasine | Captain | 77A |  |
| Gerald L. Rifenburg | Captain | 77B |  |
| Richard T. Banholzer | Captain | 78A |  |
| Donald A. Cornell | Captain | 78B |  |
| John M. DeZonia | Captain | 79A |  |
| Richard V. Reynolds | Captain | 79B |  |
| Ted F. Bowlds | Captain | 80A |  |
| Douglas I. Tudor (Canada) | Captain | 80B |  |
| Ronald W. Shoulars | Major | 81A |  |
| Joe M. Roberts | Captain | 81B |  |
| Steve M. Watson | Captain | 82A |  |
| Kevin M. McNellis | Captain | 82B |  |
| Philip L. Soucy | Captain | 83A |  |
| Larry H. Cooper | Major | 83B |  |
| Douglas V. Palmer | Captain | 84A |  |
| Douglas M. Moss | Captain | 84B |  |
| John D. Rickerson | Captain | 85A |  |
| Lance C. Grace | Captain | 85B |  |
| James E. Brown III | Captain | 86A |  |
| Timothy B. Moore | Captain | 86B |  |
| James A. Jimenez | Captain | 87A |  |
| Stephen M. Ranson (Australia) | Flight lieutenant | 87B |  |
| Charles R. Louie, Jr. | Major | 88A |  |
| Michael R. Green | Captain | 88B |  |
| Mark P. Stucky (USMC) | Captain | 89A |  |
| Harrison H. Whiting | Captain | 89B |  |
| Michael A. Hoobler | Captain | 90A |  |
| Paul G. Smith | Captain | 90B |  |
| Bruce R. Dewitt | Captain | 91A |  |
| Charles A. Sternberg (USN) | Lieutenant | 91B |  |
| Frederick W. Sturckow (USMC) | Captain | 92A |  |
| Stuart M. Rodgers | Captain | 92B |  |
| John Kruzinauskas, Jr. | Captain | 93A |  |
| David W. Allvin | Captain | 93B |  |
| Gregory H. Johnson | Captain | 94A |  |
| Edwin V. Odisho II (USMC) | Captain | 94B |  |
| Angela L. Wallace | Captain | 95A |  |
| Joseph C. Sussingham | Major | 95B |  |
| Patrick M. Tom | Captain | 96A |  |
| Thomas G. Coleman | Captain | 96B |  |
| Donald J. Kaderbek, Jr. | Captain | 97A |  |
| Rick A. Palo | Captain | 97B |  |
| Jeffrey Woods | Captain | 98A |  |
| Om Prakash | Captain | 98B |  |
| Charles S. Greenwald | Major | 99A |  |
| Latheef N. Ahmed | Captain | 99B |  |
| Carl E. Schaefer | Captain | 00A |  |
| Jack D. Fischer | Captain | 03B |  |
| Victor J. Glover (USN) | Lieutenant | 06B |  |
| David Kern | Major | 08A |  |
| Christopher Buckley | Captain | 08B |  |
| Mark Graziano* | Major | 09A |  |
| Jimmy Jones | Major | 09B |  |
| Timothy Spaulding | Captain | 10A |  |
| Edward Steinfort | Captain | 10B |  |
| Timothy Stevens\** | Major | 11A |  |
| Christopher Rondeau\** | Captain | 11A |  |
| Casey Richardson | Major | 11B |  |
| Jeremy Vanderhal | Captain | 12A |  |
| Juan Jurado | Captain | 12B |  |
| Brian Sinclair (USN) | Commander | 13A |  |
| Christopher Nations | Captain | 13B |  |
| Paul Fulkerson | Captain | 14B |  |
| Ryall Meyer\** | Major | 16B |  |
| Chris Thorn\** | Captain | 16B |  |
| Charles Brantigan | Major | 17B |  |
| Francesco Guiseppe Panebianco | Air Marshal | 18B |  |

## InfoBox

| Onizuka Prop Wash Award | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Awarded for | Contribution to class spirit |
| Location | Edwards Air Force Base |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | United States Air Force Test Pilot School Students |
| First awarded | 1956 (1956) |