title: Ice protection system

abstract: In aeronautics, ice protection systems keep atmospheric moisture from accumulating on aircraft surfaces, such as wings, propellers, rotor blades, engine intakes, and environmental control intakes. Ice buildup can change the shape of airfoils and flight control surfaces, degrading control and handling characteristics as well as performance. An anti-icing, de-icing, or ice protection system either prevents formation of ice, or enables the aircraft to shed the ice before it becomes dangerous.

text:
# Ice protection system

In aeronautics, **ice protection systems** keep atmospheric moisture from accumulating on aircraft surfaces, such as wings, propellers, rotor blades, engine intakes, and environmental control intakes. Ice buildup can change the shape of airfoils and flight control surfaces, degrading control and handling characteristics as well as performance. An anti-icing, de-icing, or ice protection system either prevents formation of ice, or enables the aircraft to shed the ice before it becomes dangerous.

## Effects of icing

Aircraft icing increases weight and drag, decreases lift, and can decrease thrust. Ice reduces engine power by blocking air intakes. When ice builds up by freezing upon impact or freezing as runoff, it changes the aerodynamics of the surface by modifying the shape and the smoothness of the surface which increases drag, and decreases wing lift or propeller thrust. Both a decrease in lift on the wing due to an altered airfoil shape, and the increase in weight from the ice load will usually result having to fly at a greater angle of attack to compensate for lost lift to maintain altitude. This increases fuel consumption and further reduces speed, making a stall more likely to occur, causing the aircraft to lose altitude.

Ice accumulates on helicopter rotor blades and aircraft propellers causing weight and aerodynamic imbalances that are amplified due to their rotation.

Anti-ice systems installed on jet engines or turboprops help prevent airflow problems and avert the risk of serious internal engine damage from ingested ice. These concerns are most acute with turboprops, which more often have sharp turns in the intake path where ice tends to accumulate.

## System types

### Pneumatic deicing boots

The pneumatic boot is usually made of layers of rubber or other elastomers, with one or more air chambers between the layers. If multiple chambers are used, they are typically shaped as stripes aligned with the long direction of the boot. It is typically placed on the leading edge of an aircraft's wings and stabilizers. The chambers are rapidly inflated and deflated, either simultaneously, or in a pattern of specific chambers only. The rapid change in shape of the boot is designed to break the adhesive force between the ice and the rubber, and allow the ice to be carried away by the air flowing past the wing. However, the ice must fall away cleanly from the trailing sections of the surface, or it could re-freeze behind the protected area. Re-freezing of ice in this manner was a contributing factor to the crash of American Eagle Flight 4184.

Older pneumatic boots were thought to be subject to ice bridging. Slush could be pushed out of reach of the inflatable sections of the boot before hardening. This was resolved by speeding up the inflation/deflation cycle, and by alternating the timing of adjacent cells. Testing and case studies performed in the 1990s have demonstrated that ice bridging is not a significant concern with modern boot designs.

Pneumatic boots are appropriate for low and medium speed aircraft, without leading edge lift devices such as slats, so this system is most commonly found on smaller turboprop aircraft such as the Saab 340 and Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia. Pneumatic de-Icing boots are sometimes found on other types, especially older aircraft. These are rarely used on modern jet aircraft. It was invented by B.F. Goodrich in 1923.

### Fluid deicing

Sometimes called a weeping wing, running wet, or evaporative system, these systems use a deicing fluid—typically based on ethylene glycol or isopropyl alcohol to prevent ice forming and to break up accumulated ice on critical surfaces of an aircraft. One or two electrically-driven pumps send the fluid to proportioning units that divide the flow between areas to be protected. A second pump is used for redundancy, especially for aircraft certified for flight into known icing conditions, with additional mechanical pumps for the windshield. Fluid is forced through holes in panels on the leading edges of the wings, horizontal stabilizers, fairings, struts, engine inlets, and from a slinger-ring on the propeller and the windshield sprayer. These panels have 1400 inch (0.064 mm) diameter holes drilled in them, with 800 holes per square inch (120/cm2). The system is self cleaning, and the fluid helps clean the aircraft, before it is blown away by the slipstream. The system was initially used during World War II by the British, having been developed by Tecalemit-Kilfrost-Sheepbridge Stokes (TKS).

Advantages of fluid systems are mechanical simplicity and minimal airflow disruption from the minuscule holes; this made the systems popular in older business jets. Disadvantages are greater maintenance requirements than pneumatic boots, the weight of potentially unneeded fluid aboard the aircraft, the finite supply of fluid when it is needed, and the unpredictable need to refill the fluid, which complicates en route stops.

### Bleed air

Bleed air systems are used by most large aircraft with jet engines or turboprops. Hot air is "bled" off one or more engines' compressor sections into tubes routed through wings, tail surfaces, and engine inlets. Spent air is exhausted through holes in the wings' undersides.

A disadvantage of these systems is that supplying an adequate amount of bleed air can negatively affect engine performance. Higher-than-normal power settings are often required during cruise or descent, particularly with one or more inoperative engines. More significantly, use of bleed air affects engine temperature limits and often necessitates reduced power settings during climb, which may cause a substantial loss of climb performance with particularly critical consequences if an engine were to fail. This latter concern has resulted in bleed air systems being uncommon in small turbine aircraft, although they have been successfully implemented on some small aircraft such as the Cessna CitationJet.

### Electro-thermal

Electro-thermal systems use heating coils (much like a low output stove element) buried in the airframe structure to generate heat when a current is applied. The heat can be generated continuously, or intermittently.

The Boeing 787 Dreamliner uses electro-thermal ice protection. In this case the heating coils are embedded within the composite wing structure. Boeing claims the system uses half the energy of engine fed bleed-air systems, and reduces drag and noise.

Etched foil heating coils can be bonded to the inside of metal aircraft skins to lower power use compared to embedded circuits as they operate at higher power densities. For general aviation, ThermaWing uses a flexible, electrically conductive, graphite foil attached to a wing's leading edge. Electric heaters heat the foil which melts ice.

Small wires or other conductive materials can be embedded in the windscreen to heat the windscreen. Pilots can turn on the electric heater to provide sufficient heat to prevent the formation of ice on the windscreen. However, windscreen electric heaters may only be used in flight, as they can overheat the windscreen. They can also cause compass deviation errors by as much as 40°.

One proposal used carbon nanotubes formed into thin filaments which are spun into a 10 micron-thick film. The film is a poor electrical conductor, due to gaps between the nanotubes. Instead, current causes a rapid rise in temperature, heating up twice as fast as nichrome, the heating element of choice for in-flight de-icing, while using half the energy at one ten-thousandth the weight. Sufficient material to cover the wings of a 747 weighs 80 g (2.8 oz) and costs roughly 1% of nichrome. Aerogel heaters have also been suggested, which could be left on continuously at low power.

### Electro-mechanical

Electro-mechanical Expulsion Deicing Systems (EMEDS) use a percussive force initiated by actuators inside the structure which induce a shock wave in the surface to be cleared. Hybrid systems have also been developed that combine the EMEDS with heating elements, where a heater prevents ice accumulation on the leading edge of the airfoil and the EMED system removes accumulations aft of the heated portion of the airfoil.

### Passive (icephobic coatings)

Passive systems employ icephobic surfaces. Icephobicity is analogous to hydrophobicity and describes a material property that is resistant to icing. The term is not well defined but generally includes three properties: low adhesion between ice and the surface, prevention of ice formation, and a repellent effect on supercooled droplets. Icephobicity requires special material properties but is not identical to hydrophobicity.

To minimize accretion, researchers are seeking icephobic materials. Candidates include carbon nanotubes and slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) which repel water when it forms into ice.

## Bibliography


title: John Davie

abstract: John Davie (1640–1710) of Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer, Devon, England, was a prominent tobacco merchant from Bideford, Devon. His Bideford town house which he built in 1688, was Colonial House, now the Royal Hotel, in which survive several 17th-century decorative plasterwork ceilings, said by Pevsner & Cherry (2004) to be amongst the best in Devon, and a grand staircase.

text:
# John Davie

**John Davie** (1640–1710) of Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer, Devon, England, was a prominent tobacco merchant from Bideford, Devon. His Bideford town house which he built in 1688, was *Colonial House*, now the Royal Hotel, in which survive several 17th-century decorative plasterwork ceilings, said by Pevsner & Cherry (2004) to be amongst the best in Devon, and a grand staircase.

## Origins

John Davie was the son of John Davie by his wife Marie Sutton who were married in 1638. The Devon topographer Rev. John Swete wrote in 1797 of the family's origin: "The family of Davie is supposed to have assumed its appellation from *de Via*, or *de Way*, their antient seat in or near the parish of Harwood *(possibly Horwood, 3 miles east)* three miles south east of Biddeford. The place also where this name long flourished was Uppecott in the parish of Beauford near Great Torrington which hereditarily descended unto it from Gilbert (surnamed thereof) who owned it in Edward II's reign. Of this stock is Sir J. Davie of Creedy".

## Career

He was active in the tobacco trade, of which Bideford was one of the main centres in England. In 1682 he was an alderman and took statements in the Bideford witch trial. In 1684 he bought Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer, near Bideford.

## Marriage and progeny

He married Mary Luscombe (died 1709) by whom he had the following progeny:

* Joseph Davie (died November 1723), who inherited Orleigh Court. His grandson was John III Davie (died 1793) who in 1763 married Eleanora Basset, sister and heiress of Col. Francis Basset (died 1802) of Heanton Court, lord of the manors of Heanton Punchardon and Umberleigh, the last male member of the senior line of the Basset family, one of the leading ancient gentry families of North Devon. John III's son was Joseph Davie Basset (1764–1846), who in accordance with the requirements of his maternal inheritance adopted the surname Basset. He sold Orleigh in 1807 and in 1825 built Watermouth Castle in the parish of Berrynarbor, Devon, as his new residence.
* Henrietta Maria Davie, who on 6 May 1700 married Walter Moyle, MP.
* Anne Davie, who in 1704 married Commander William Clevland (1664–1734), Royal Navy, of Tapeley in the parish of Westleigh, near Bideford, and was the mother of John Clevland, Secretary to the Admiralty and William Clevland who became King of the Banana Islands.
* Mary Davie (1680–1710), who in 1698 at Bideford married Henry Incledon (1671–1736) of Buckland House in the parish of Braunton, Devon. Her elaborate mural monument, displaying the arms of Davie, survives in Braunton Church.

## Mural monument

A mural monument to John Davie (died 1710) and his wife Mary survives, affixed high on the west wall of the North Aisle Chapel ("Orleigh Chapel"), in Buckland Brewer Church, Devon. On a large central white marble roundel is inscribed the following Latin text, now partly worn-away, transcribed by W.H. Rogers:

> *Subtus jacent Johannes et Mariaa Davie de Orleigh in comitatu Devoniae par amantissimum. Felici olim juncti connubio nec jam dissiti sepulchro. Mercator ille hisce regionibus praeclarus consiliis operibus exemplo Biddefordensibus suis ita benefecit ut commercium heic loci cum illo simul et floruisse et cecidisse paene videatur. Charitate plenus optima et diffusissima pauperes sustentabat non tam dando quam ad utiles labores Bovocando* (sic, i.e. *PRovocando*) *ipse interea factus opulentus divitiis bene partis. Aderat omni tempore dilecta conjux Maria mater familias pia constans frugi pudica. Marito fida curarum omnium socia et solamen perpetuum. Obiit: hic vicesimo septimo Octobris 1710, illa quarto Aprilis 1709. Optimis parentibus monumentum hoc pietatis ergo posuit Josephus filius et haeres ex patris testimento superstes* .

Which may be translated into English literally as follows:

> "Below lie John and Mary Davie of Orleigh in the county of Devon, equally loving. Once fortunate joined in marriage yet now split asunder by the grave. He was a famous merchant in these regions, in his counsel, works. By his example thus he benefitted his fellow Bidefordians, to the extent that it almost seemed commerce of that place seemed both to have flourished and to have fallen with him. Full with charity the best and most widespread he was sustaining the poor not so much by giving as by calling them forth to useful labours. Meanwhile he himself was made wealthy with riches well-gained. In all this time was present his beloved wife Mary, a pious mother of a household, pious, constant, frugal and modest. A perpetual comfort and a faithful companion of all his cares. They died: he, on the 27th of October 1710; she, on the 4th of April 1709. To the best parents this monument of piety therefore Joseph, surviving, placed, his son and heir by the will of his father".

On a tablet underneath is inscribed:

> "Underneath lies the body of Juliana the wife of Joseph Davie of Orleigh, Esq., and daughter of sr. John Pryce of Newtown in ye County of Montgomery, Bar(on)et. who departed this life the 5th of Febry. 1720 in the 28th year of her age in the small pox to the unspeakable affliction of her husband children and relations and to ye great grieff of all that knew her. She was a woman that was indued with as much beauty virtue and goodness as ever lived or ever died. In sad remembrance this small stone is erected to her memory by her unhappy but faithfull partner".

## Sources

* Baring-Gould, Sabine. Devonshire Characters and Strange Events, London, 1908
* Lang, George. Entwisted Tongues: Comparative Creole Literatures, Amsterdam and New York, 1999
* Rogers, W.H., "Buckland Brewer", first published 1938, reprinted 2000, Snetzler, M.F. (Ed.), Barcott, Buckland Brewer


title: Laverdines

abstract: Laverdines is a former commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Baugy.

text:
# Laverdines

**Laverdines** (French pronunciation: \[lavɛʁdin\]) is a former commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Baugy.

## Geography

A tiny farming village, one of the smallest in France by population, situated some 16 miles (26 km) east of Bourges, at the junction of the D43 and the D72 roads. The river Vauvise flows north through the eastern part of the commune.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 93 |  |
| 1968 | 102 | +9.7% |
| 1975 | 58 | −43.1% |
| 1982 | 58 | +0.0% |
| 1990 | 47 | −19.0% |
| 1999 | 43 | −8.5% |
| 2008 | 52 | +20.9% |

## Sights

* A nineteenth-century chapel.
* The church of St. Sylvain, dating from the twelfth century.

## InfoBox

| Laverdines | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Baugy | |
| Location of Laverdines | |
| LaverdinesLaverdines | |
| Coordinates: 47°01′53″N 2°47′56″E / 47.0314°N 2.7989°E / 47.0314; 2.7989 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Cher |
| Arrondissement | Bourges |
| Canton | Avord |
| Commune | Baugy |
| Area**1** | 9.89 km2 (3.82 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 36 |
| Density | 3.6/km2 (9.4/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 18800 |
| Elevation | 177–221 m (581–725 ft)
(avg. 215 m or 705 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Uncial 0244

abstract: Uncial 0244, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the fifth century.

text:
# Uncial 0244

**Uncial 0244** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the fifth century.

## Description

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 5th century.

The codex contains a small part of the Acts of the Apostles 11:29-12:5, on 1 parchment leaf (18 cm by 14 cm). It is written in two columns per page, 18 lines per page, in uncial letters.

The manuscript was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Kurt Aland in 1963.

## Text

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

## Location

Currently the codex is housed at the Université catholique de Louvain (P. A. M. Khirbet Mird 8) in Louvain-la-Neuve.

* "Uncial 0244 (GA)". *Münster Institute - INTF*. Münster. Retrieved January 13, 2012. – digitized manuscript

## InfoBox

Uncial **0244**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Side verso with the text of Acts 12:3–5 | |
| Text | Acts 11:29-12:5 |
| Date | 5th century |
| Script | Greek |
| Now at | Université catholique de Louvain |
| Size | 18 cm by 14 cm |
| Type | Alexandrian text-type |
| Category | II |


title: NIRDESH

abstract: National Institute for Research and Development in Defence Shipbuilding (NIRDESH) is India's first centre for research and development in defence shipbuilding that is being established at Chaliyam near Beypore in the Kozhikode district of Kerala. Upon full completion in 2016, it is expected to augment India's domestic defence production capabilities and be among Asia's largest centres for research and innovation in surface and submarine defence platforms. The position of Deputy Director General (DDG), based is New Delhi, is held by Commander (Retd) Dr. Dinesh Chandra Agarwal, previously with Manipal University Jaipur. The Project Director, based in Calicut, is Captain (Retd) B. Ramesh Babu.

text:
# NIRDESH

**National Institute for Research and Development in Defence Shipbuilding** **(NIRDESH)** is India's first centre for research and development in defence shipbuilding that is being established at Chaliyam near Beypore in the Kozhikode district of Kerala. Upon full completion in 2016, it is expected to augment India's domestic defence production capabilities and be among Asia's largest centres for research and innovation in surface and submarine defence platforms. The position of Deputy Director General (DDG), based is New Delhi, is held by Commander (Retd) Dr. Dinesh Chandra Agarwal, previously with Manipal University Jaipur. The Project Director, based in Calicut, is Captain (Retd) B. Ramesh Babu.

## Location

The institute is being set up at Chaliyam which was once renowned for its shipbuilding industry and is close to the site of the landing of Vasco Da Gama in 1498. The institute is coming up in an area of 40.56 acres.

## History

The foundation stone for the institute was laid by the Defence Minister, AK Antony on 4 January 2011 and it is the fifth defence undertaking to be established in Kerala during AK Antony's tenure as the Defence Minister. The institute is being set up at a cost of 600 crores with the funding coming from the Ministry of Defence and the four defence shipyards at Mumbai, Kolkata, Goa and Visakhapatnam and will operate as an autonomous institution under the Department of Defence Production.

Following the laying of the foundation stone the project encountered severe time overruns owing to delays in floating tenders and agitations by local people. While the initial phase of its construction was to have been completed in 2 years, little had been achieved in the 18 months following the stone-laying ceremony after local people organised and prevented the construction of a compound wall at the site. The Government of Kerala announced a comprehensive rehabilitation package for people affected by the project including provisions for their housing, education and health.

In March 2013, the Board of Governors of NIRDESH met at New Delhi and announced that the institute would become operational in June 2013.

## Objectives

NIRDESH seeks to facilitate enhanced self-reliance in India's defence production capabilities by focusing on areas like detail designing and integration of systems through a multipronged approach that includes development of skills, the involvement of defence industry and the strategy of knowledge mining. NIRDESH aims to develop an inventory of almost 15,000 inputs needed in the construction of warships including around 3750 key and strategic products.

NIRDESH aims to provide technological support, develop indigenous capabilities and promote the participation of ancillary industries in India's defence shipbuilding sector thus enabling them to meet future demands for platforms by the Indian Navy. Ultimately, NIRDESH is to become the nodal centre for the defence shipbuilding industry in India.

NIRDESH will undertake research studies, conduct detailed investigations and develop prototypes depending on the requirements of the country and collaborate to this end with domestic and foreign agencies. The institute will pioneer the acquisition of intellectual property rights and register and share patents on systems and designs in ship and submarine-building with shipyards. Consultancy services to shipyards in areas of space and project planning, human resources and best practices will form another area of activity.

## Facilities and work

NIRDESH is expected to engage over 10,000 people including a large number of researchers and create over 5,000 ancillary jobs in Kozhikode district. Phase-I of the project, to be completed by 2016, will establish facilities for a Design and Data Park, a Training and Academic Park, an Estate and Environment Park and provide administrative facilities and other amenities. A Research and Development park and a Technology and Innovation park will come up later. The land for the campus was made available by the Government of Kerala and the construction of the buildings are being undertaken by the state government agency Nirmithi Kendra. In 2013 NIRDESH commenced the Young Officers Capsule Course as its pioneer training programme. It has also begun its first R&D project for the indigenisation of silicon rubber in association with the Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam.


title: Okete, Missouri

abstract: Okete is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

text:
# Okete, Missouri

**Okete** is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## History

A post office called Okete was established in 1887, and remained in operation until 1907. The name was suggested by postal officials.

## InfoBox

| Okete, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| OketeOketeOkete | |
| Coordinates: 39°05′52″N 90°55′49″W / 39.09778°N 90.93028°W / 39.09778; -90.93028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Lincoln |
| Elevation | 755 ft (230 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 63379 |
| GNIS feature ID | 723707 |


title: Humăria

abstract: The Humăria is a left tributary of the river Stavnic in eastern Romania. It flows into the Stavnic in Frenciugi. The Stavnic is a tributary of the Bârlad, which in turn is a tributary of the Siret, which joins the Danube. Its length is 10 km (6.2 mi) and its basin size is 22 km⁲ (8.5 sq mi).

text:
# Humăria

The **Humăria** is a left tributary of the river Stavnic in eastern Romania. It flows into the Stavnic in Frenciugi. The Stavnic is a tributary of the Bârlad, which in turn is a tributary of the Siret, which joins the Danube. Its length is 10 km (6.2 mi) and its basin size is 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Humăria | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Iași County |
| Villages | Șcheia, Drăgușeni |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Stavnic |
| coordinates | 46°52′54″N 27°29′03″E / 46.8816°N 27.4841°E / 46.8816; 27.4841 |
| Length | 10 km (6.2 mi) |
| Basin size | 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | StavnicBârladSiretDanubeBlack Sea |
| River code | XII.1.78.10.3 |


title: Harris and Company

abstract: Harris and Company is an American television drama series that aired on NBC from March 15 to April 5, 1979, on Thursday night.

text:
# Harris and Company

***Harris and Company*** is an American television drama series that aired on NBC from March 15 to April 5, 1979, on Thursday night.

## Synopsis

The series stars Bernie Casey as Mike Harris, a working-class African-American father of five who relocates his family from Detroit, Michigan, to Los Angeles, California, after the death of his wife. The series is based upon *Love Is Not Enough*, a TV movie that aired on NBC on June 12, 1978. It was the first weekly American TV drama series centered on an African-American family.

The series aired for only four episodes and was the lowest-rated U.S. broadcast network primetime series that season, ranking 114th with a 7.6/12 rating/share.

## Cast

* Bernie Casey as Mike Harris
* David Hubbard as David Harris
* Renee Brown as Liz Harris
* Lia Jackson as Juanita "J.P." Harris
* Dain Turner as Richard Harris
* Eddie Singleton as Tommy Harris
* Stu Gilliam as Charlie Adams
* Carol Tillery Banks as Angie Adams
* Lois Walden as Louise Foreman
* James Luisi as Harry Foreman

### Sources

## InfoBox

| *Harris and Company* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Drama |
| Created by | Arthur A. Ross |
| Directed by | Tom Blank
Ivan Dixon |
| Starring | Bernie Casey
David Hubbard
Renee Brown
Lia Jackson
Dain Turner
Eddie Singleton
Stu Gilliam
Carol Tillery Banks
Lois Walden
James Luisi |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 4 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Stan Robertson |
| Producer | Arnold F. Turner |
| Running time | 44 mins. |
| Production company | Universal Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | March 15 (1979-03-15)
April 5, 1979 (1979-04-05) |


abstract:
This is the calendar for any Old Style common year starting on Friday, 25 March. The Old Style calendar ended the following March, on 24 March.
Examples: Julian year 1401, 1513 or 1614. A common year is a year with 365 days, in other words, not a leap year, which has 366. Previous year (common) Next year (common)
Previous year (leap) Next year (leap)

text:
# Old Style common year starting on Friday

This is the calendar for any **Old Style common year starting on Friday**, 25 March. The Old Style calendar ended the following March, on 24 March. Examples: Julian year 1401, 1513 or 1614 (see bottom tables).

A common year is a year with 365 days, in other words, not a leap year, which has 366.

```
Previous year (common)   Next year (common)
Previous year (leap)     Next year (leap)
```

| Millennium | Century | Old Style Year | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2nd Millennium**: | **14th century**: | 1306 | 1317 | 1323 | 1334 | 1345 | 1351 | 1362 | 1373 | 1379 | 1390 |
| | **15th century**: | 1401 | 1407 | 1418 | 1429 | 1435 | 1446 | 1457 | 1463 | 1474 | 1485 | 1491 |
| | **16th century**: | 1502 | 1513 | 1519 | 1530 | 1541 | 1547 | 1558 | 1569 | 1575 | 1586 | 1597 |
| | **17th century**: | 1603 | 1614 | 1625 | 1631 | 1642 | 1653 | 1659 | 1670 | 1681 | 1687 | 1698 |
| | **18th century**: | 1709 | 1715 | 1726 | 1737 | 1743 | 1754 | 1765 | 1771 | 1782 | 1793 | 1799 |


title: Ministro Andreazza

abstract: Ministro Andreazza is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. Its population was 9,559 (2020) and its area is 798 km².

text:
# Ministro Andreazza

**Ministro Andreazza** is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. Its population was 9,559 (2020) and its area is 798 km².

## InfoBox

| Ministro Andreazza | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Rondônia state | |
| Ministro AndreazzaLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 11°11′49″S 61°31′1″W / 11.19694°S 61.51694°W / -11.19694; -61.51694 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | North |
| State | Rondônia |
| Area | |
| Total | 798 km2 (308 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 9,559 |
| Density | 12/km2 (31/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AMT) |


title: Quaker Universalist Fellowship

abstract:
The Quaker Universalist Fellowship is a religious organization mainly serving individuals with an ongoing association with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), a universalist understanding of Quaker teachings and traditions, and a commitment to religious pluralism. It has published books and periodicals from Landenberg, Pennsylvania since the 1980s. It calls itself: an informal gathering of persons who cherish the spirit of universality that has always been intrinsic to the Quaker faith
and says that its mission is: to foster the understanding that within everyone is a directly accessible spiritual light that can lead people to equality, simplicity, justice, compassion and peace. Somewhat different from the way the term Universalism is typically understood in Christian theology, Quaker universalism focuses on the “belief that there is a spirit of universal love in every person, and that a compassion-centered life is therefore available to people of all faiths and backgrounds.”

text:
# Quaker Universalist Fellowship

The **Quaker Universalist Fellowship** is a religious organization mainly serving individuals with an ongoing association with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), a universalist understanding of Quaker teachings and traditions, and a commitment to religious pluralism. It has published books and periodicals from Landenberg, Pennsylvania since the 1980s.

It calls itself: an informal gathering of persons who cherish the spirit of universality that has always been intrinsic to the Quaker faith and says that its mission is: to foster the understanding that within everyone is a directly accessible spiritual light that can lead people to equality, simplicity, justice, compassion and peace.

Somewhat different from the way the term Universalism is typically understood in Christian theology, Quaker universalism focuses on the “belief that there is a spirit of universal love in every person, and that a compassion-centered life is therefore available to people of all faiths and backgrounds.”

## Publications


title: Royal Hotel, Birmingham

abstract: The Royal Hotel, originally just The Hotel, was a hotel located on Temple Row in Birmingham, England. Opened in 1772, it was the first establishment in Birmingham to describe itself as a "hotel", a new term entering usage around this time to denote a more fashionable and genteel establishment than the more traditional inn. Notable guests who stayed at the hotel included Louis XVIII of France, Lord Nelson, the Duke of Gloucester and Queen Victoria. As well as accommodation for visitors, the hotel included assembly rooms that formed Birmingham's main meeting place for polite social gatherings during the later part of the Midlands Enlightenment. 80 feet long and 30 feet wide, the assembly rooms included an organ and space for an orchestra, and were decorated in a "tasteful and decorative manner" with three large chandeliers, six large mirrors and five cut glass lustres designed to reflect candlelight throughout the room. The room was accessed through a "spacious saloon" and up a grand staircase. The building of the hotel was motivated by criticism of Sawyer's Assembly Rooms in Old Square in 1765 by the Duke of York, who remarked that "a town of such magnitude as Birmingham, and adorned with so much beauty, deserved a superior accommodation, that the room itself was mean, but the entrance still meaner". In response to this slight a group of influential local figures met at Widow Aston's Coffee House in Cherry Street in 1770 and resolved to raise £4,000 to build a hotel worthy of the town's reputation. The result was the establishment of a tontine, that eventually raised £15,000 with subscribers including John Ash, founder of Birmingham General Hospital; Matthew Boulton, the owner of the Soho Manufactory; Charles Holte of Aston Hall; John Taylor, one of the founders of Lloyds Bank; and Lunar Society member Thomas Day. The principal events of the social season at the hotel during its early years were its Subscription Dancing Assemblies, and series of concerts held by Jeremiah Clark and the Birmingham Dilettanti Musical Society. In 1788 these were combined to form a single social season which featured six concerts and balls held every month during the winter, with card and dancing assemblies during the intervening fortnights, and a separate season of monthly concerts during the summer. From 1790 the hotel was one of the venues for the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival. On 14 July 1791 the hotel was the venue for the dinner to celebrate the storming of the Bastille that was to lead to the Priestley Riots, and on 14 December 1829 it was the site of the founding of Thomas Attwood's Birmingham Political Union. The hotel retained an upmarket reputation throughout its existence, but with only three shares remaining and the lease on the hotel expiring, the tontine was wound up in 1861 and the hotel sold for redevelopment.

text:
# Royal Hotel, Birmingham

The **Royal Hotel**, originally just **The Hotel**, was a hotel located on Temple Row in Birmingham, England. Opened in 1772, it was the first establishment in Birmingham to describe itself as a "hotel", a new term entering usage around this time to denote a more fashionable and genteel establishment than the more traditional inn.

Notable guests who stayed at the hotel included Louis XVIII of France, Lord Nelson, the Duke of Gloucester and Queen Victoria. As well as accommodation for visitors, the hotel included assembly rooms that formed Birmingham's main meeting place for polite social gatherings during the later part of the Midlands Enlightenment. 80 feet long and 30 feet wide, the assembly rooms included an organ and space for an orchestra, and were decorated in a "tasteful and decorative manner" with three large chandeliers, six large mirrors and five cut glass lustres designed to reflect candlelight throughout the room. The room was accessed through a "spacious saloon" and up a grand staircase.

The building of the hotel was motivated by criticism of Sawyer's Assembly Rooms in Old Square in 1765 by the Duke of York, who remarked that "a town of such magnitude as Birmingham, and adorned with so much beauty, deserved a superior accommodation, that the room itself was mean, but the entrance still meaner". In response to this slight a group of influential local figures met at Widow Aston's Coffee House in Cherry Street in 1770 and resolved to raise £4,000 to build a hotel worthy of the town's reputation. The result was the establishment of a tontine, that eventually raised £15,000 with subscribers including John Ash, founder of Birmingham General Hospital; Matthew Boulton, the owner of the Soho Manufactory; Charles Holte of Aston Hall; John Taylor, one of the founders of Lloyds Bank; and Lunar Society member Thomas Day.

The principal events of the social season at the hotel during its early years were its Subscription Dancing Assemblies, and series of concerts held by Jeremiah Clark and the Birmingham Dilettanti Musical Society. In 1788 these were combined to form a single social season which featured six concerts and balls held every month during the winter, with card and dancing assemblies during the intervening fortnights, and a separate season of monthly concerts during the summer. From 1790 the hotel was one of the venues for the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival.

On 14 July 1791 the hotel was the venue for the dinner to celebrate the storming of the Bastille that was to lead to the Priestley Riots, and on 14 December 1829 it was the site of the founding of Thomas Attwood's Birmingham Political Union.

The hotel retained an upmarket reputation throughout its existence, but with only three shares remaining and the lease on the hotel expiring, the tontine was wound up in 1861 and the hotel sold for redevelopment.

52°28′52″N 1°53′48″W / 52.4811°N 1.8968°W / 52.4811; -1.8968


abstract: The United States Army Simulation and Training Technology Center (STTC) provides the United States Department of Defense and United States Department of Homeland Security, with applied research to develop simulation technologies, build on current simulation knowledge, and understand system of systems environments where human, agent, and teams are involved.

text:
# United States Army Simulation and Training Technology Center

The **United States Army Simulation and Training Technology Center** (**STTC**) provides the United States Department of Defense and United States Department of Homeland Security, with applied research to develop simulation technologies, build on current simulation knowledge, and understand system of systems environments where human, agent, and teams are involved.

## History

The **STTC** traces its lineage to 1983 when the Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA) started work on a technology to network a large number of manned simulators, emulators and semi-automated force simulations to form a Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) of a battlefield. DARPA ran the project from 1983 to 1989 and convinced the Army to use DIS technology.

The Army Science Board studied the technology in 1991 and found a central management structure was necessary to ensure an integrated system. The Board's recommendation resulted in the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) and United States Army Materiel Command (AMC) sharing management responsibility for the new system. TRADOC designated its National Simulation Center (NSC) as its functional manager for controlling the requirements process. AMC created a new major subordinate command in 1992, the U.S. Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command (STRICOM) (its current name being PEO STRI) headquartered in Orlando, Florida, to serve as the technical manager for system execution. STRICOM consisted of two existing organizations, Project Manager Training Devices (PM TRADE) and Project Manager Instrumentation, Targets and Threat Simulators (PM ITTS), and two new organizations, Project Manager for Combined Arms Tactical Training (PM CATT) and Project Manager for Distributed Interactive Simulation (PM DIS).

In the 1990s, the technology base group of STRICOM formed the Technology Development Center (TDC) and moved to a separate building from the rest of STRICOM. One of TDC's major efforts was the University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) at the University of Southern California. The UARC was later renamed the Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT).

On October 1, 2002, TDC became provisionally part of RDECOM and was redesignated the **STTC**. The remaining elements of STRICOM became the Program Executive Office of Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation. In November 2003, **STTC** was renamed in honor of SFC Paul Ray Smith, who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in Operation Iraqi Freedom. RDECOM took permanent control of **STTC** effective March 1, 2004 in accordance with AMC Permanent Orders 049–2.

## Components

### ICT

In 1997 the National Research Council's Report "Modeling and Simulation: Linking Entertainment and Defense" identified a technology opportunity for leveraging DoD and Entertainment research. On 10 August 1999, DDRE approved the University of Southern California (USC) Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) as a DoD University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) as a collaboration between the Army, the University of Southern California, and the entertainment industry.

**STTC** is the executive agent for the Army's partnership with the ICT. As the executive agent, the STTC co-chairs the Technical Advisory Board with a representative from ASA(ALT) to review and execute research topics. **STTC** plays a major role in identifying opportunities and assisting the ICT with the integration and transition of technologies to the Army.

28°35′18″N 81°11′49″W / 28.5883°N 81.1969°W / 28.5883; -81.1969

## InfoBox

| Sergeant First Class Paul Ray Smith Simulation and Training Technology Center | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo of STTC | |
| Active | 1 October 2002 – present |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | Army |
| Type | Research and development |
| Garrison/HQ | Orlando, Florida |
| Commanders | |
| STTC Director | Mr. Matthew Clarke |


title: Gyula Glykais

abstract: Gyula Glykais was a Hungarian fencer. He won a gold medal in the team sabre event at the 1928 and 1932 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Gyula Glykais

**Gyula Glykais** (9 April 1893  12 June 1948) was a Hungarian fencer. He won a gold medal in the team sabre event at the 1928 and 1932 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Gyula Glykais
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1893-04-09)9 April 1893
Pomáz, Hungary |
| Died | 12 June 1948(1948-06-12) (aged 55)
Szekszárd, Hungary |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Medal record      Men's fencing  Representing  Hungary  Olympic Games  1928 Amsterdam Sabre, team  1932 Los Angeles Sabre, team | |


title: Idaho State Highway 79

abstract: State Highway 79 (SH-79) is a 0.25-mile-long (400 m) state highway in southern Jerome, Idaho, United States. It comprises the overpass for South Lincoln Avenue at its interchange with Interstate 84 (I-84) near the southern edge of the city. Until 2007, the highway extended 2.5 miles (4.0 km) farther north to downtown Jerome, where it terminated at SH-25.

text:
# Idaho State Highway 79

**State Highway 79** (**SH-79**) is a 0.25-mile-long (400 m) state highway in southern Jerome, Idaho, United States. It comprises the overpass for South Lincoln Avenue at its interchange with Interstate 84 (I-84) near the southern edge of the city. Until 2007, the highway extended 2.5 miles (4.0 km) farther north to downtown Jerome, where it terminated at SH-25.

## Route description

SH-79 is wholly located within the diamond interchange for Lincoln Avenue on I-84 (exit 168) in southern Jerome. The highway comprises the four-lane South Lincoln Avenue overpass and portions of the roadway between the interchange's eastbound and westbound ramps.

In 2016, the highway had an average daily traffic volume of 13,490 vehicles.

## History

SH-79 was originally 2.564 miles (4.126 km) long, stretching from I-84 north to SH-25 (Main Street) in central Jerome. The highway was truncated at the request of the Jerome city government, who accepted maintenance responsibilities and were paid by the state government for future maintenance and rehabilitation work. The Idaho Transportation Board approved the relinquishment of the northern 2.30 miles (3.70 km) of SH-79 on May 17, 2007.

## Major junctions

The entire route is in Jerome, Jerome County.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | Golf Course Road south | Continuation south from southern terminus |
| |
I-84 west Wendell, Boise | Southern terminus; eastbound off and on ramps; I-84 exit 168 |
| 0.257 | 0.414 |
I-84 east Twin Falls, Pocatello | Northern terminus; westbound on and off ramps; I-84 exit 168 |
| | S. Lincoln Avenue north | Continuation north from northern terminus; former routing of SH-79 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Idaho State Highway 79KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Highway 79 | |
| --- | --- |
| SH-79 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ITD | |
| Length | 0.257 mi (414 m) |
| History | 2007: northern end truncated to I-84 interchange |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | I-84 in Jerome |
| North end | I-84 in Jerome |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Idaho |
| Counties | Jerome |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Idaho State Highway System** | |
| SH-78   SH-81 | |


title: Humania (album)

abstract: Humania is the fourth studio album by the Japanese rock band Nico Touches the Walls, released on December 7, 2011, nine months after their previous album Passenger. The album contains their latest hits, such as "Te o Tatake", "Endless Roll" and "Bicycle". The album was also released in a limited edition with two discs (CD+DVD). The DVD which comes with the limited edition has a full acoustic live session, titled "Nico Touches the Walls Acoustic Sessions: Akotachi to Yonde Mite".

text:
# Humania (album)

***Humania*** is the fourth studio album by the Japanese rock band Nico Touches the Walls, released on December 7, 2011, nine months after their previous album *Passenger*. The album contains their latest hits, such as "Te o Tatake" (featured on LISMO commercial), "Endless Roll" (theme song from the film *Switch o Osu Toki*) and "Bicycle" (featured in the drama *11 Nin mo iru!*).

The album was also released in a limited edition with two discs (CD+DVD). The DVD which comes with the limited edition has a full acoustic live session, titled "Nico Touches the Walls Acoustic Sessions: *Akotachi to Yonde Mite*".

## Releases and promotion

The song "Te o Tatake" was featured in the LISMO commercial before its release. After that, the band has the song "Endless Roll" featured in the movie "Switch o Osu Toki" released on September 17, 2011. The song was written by the bassist Shingo Sakakura, according to him, the music conveys a sense of hope that referencing back to the story."Endless Roll" was available for digital downloads through mobile phones as a digital single from the album.

"Bicycle" was a theme song for the comedy home drama "11 nin mo iru", aired in October 2011 by TV Asahi. As "Endless Roll", the song was also available for digital download on October 21, as digital single.

## Music videos

Three music videos were made from the album: The first one, for the single "Te o Tatake", released on July 10. For "Endless Roll" a promotional video was released on September 7, 2011. Only a short one-minute version was uploaded on YouTube. It shows Mitsumura walking in a tunnel in the same direction as the light behind him with some effects of lights on his face. Their next promotional video was "Bicycle". On November 11, the video was released and first aired on Space Shower TV in Japan. Later it was also uploaded on YouTube, but only for Japanese viewers. It shows the band in motion pictures, while singing the song in a large empty field, where the camera gives an idea of a bicycle around them.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Heim" | 1:36 |
| 2. | "衝突 (Shōtotsu)" | 4:07 |
| 3. | "バイシクル (Bicycle)" | 4:40 |
| 4. | "カルーセル (Carousel)" | 4:26 |
| 5. | "極東ID (Far East ID)" | 4:08 |
| 6. | "恋をしよう(Koi o Shiyō)" | 5:22 |
| 7. | "Endless Roll" | 5:01 |
| 8. | "業々 (Gyōgyō)" | 3:19 |
| 9. | "Demon (Is There?)" | 5:35 |
| 10. | "Te o Tatake" | 4:18 |
| 11. | "Te o Tatake (手をたたけ Nico Edition)" | 4:28 |
| Total length: | | 47:00 |

### Limited edition

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Heim" | 1:36 |
| 2. | "Shōtotsu (衝突)" | 4:07 |
| 3. | "Bicycle (バイシクル)" | 4:40 |
| 4. | "Carousel (カルーセル)" | 4:26 |
| 5. | "Far East ID (極東ID )" | 4:08 |
| 6. | "Koi o Shiyō (恋をしよう)" | 5:22 |
| 7. | "Endless Roll" | 5:01 |
| 8. | "Gyōgyō (業々)" | 3:19 |
| 9. | "Demon (Is There?)" | 5:35 |
| 10. | "Te o Tatake (手をたたけ)" | 4:18 |
| 11. | "Te o Tatake (手をたたけ Nico Edition)" | 4:28 |
| Total length: | | 47:00 |

DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | ""Nico Touches the Walls Live Sessions"" |  |

## Chart position

The album debuted at number ten on Oricon Chart, the band's first top ten album.

## Tour

To promote the album, the band announced a nationwide tour for January 2012, called "Tour2012Humania". It was a 10-stop tour, that started at Yokohama Blitz on January 13, and ended at Zepp Sendai on February 25, but later, after seven dates of "Humania Tour" was sold out, the band announced five additional performances called "Ground of Humania", finishing the tour at Naha Central Hall on March 25. Information for tickets pre-orders were included in their single "Te o Tatake", released on August 17.

## InfoBox

| Humania | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Nico Touches the Walls | |
| Released | December 7, 2011 (2011-12-07) |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, power pop |
| Label | Ki/oon Records |
| Producer | Nico Touches the Walls
Seiji Kameda |
| Nico Touches the Walls chronology | |
| *Passenger*
(2011) ***Humania***
(2011) *Shout to the Walls!*
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Humania* | |
| 1. "Te o Tatake"
Released: August 17, 2011 2. "Endless Roll"
Released: September 7, 2011 3. "Bicycle"
Released: October 21, 2011 | |
|  | |


title: Harris chain

abstract: In the mathematical study of stochastic processes, a Harris chain is a Markov chain where the chain returns to a particular part of the state space an unbounded number of times. Harris chains are regenerative processes and are named after Theodore Harris. The theory of Harris chains and Harris recurrence is useful for treating Markov chains on general state spaces.

text:
# Harris chain

In the mathematical study of stochastic processes, a **Harris chain** is a Markov chain where the chain returns to a particular part of the state space an unbounded number of times. Harris chains are regenerative processes and are named after Theodore Harris. The theory of Harris chains and Harris recurrence is useful for treating Markov chains on general (possibly uncountably infinite) state spaces.

## Definition

Let $\\{X\_{n}\\}$ be a Markov chain on a general state space $\Omega $ with stochastic kernel $K$. The kernel represents a generalized one-step transition probability law, so that $P(X\_{n+1}\in C\mid X\_{n}=x)=K(x,C)$ for all states $x$ in $\Omega $ and all measurable sets $C\subseteq \Omega $. The chain $\\{X\_{n}\\}$ is a *Harris chain* if there exists $A\subseteq \Omega ,\varepsilon \>0$, and probability measure $\rho $ with $\rho (\Omega )=1$ such that

1. If $\tau \_{A}:=\inf\\{n\geq 0:X\_{n}\in A\\}$, then $P(\tau \_{A}\<\infty \mid X\_{0}=x)=1$ for all $x\in \Omega $.
2. If $x\in A$ and $C\subseteq \Omega $ (where $C$ is measurable), then $K(x,C)\geq \varepsilon \rho (C)$.

The first part of the definition ensures that the chain returns to some state within $A$ with probability 1, regardless of where it starts. It follows that it visits state $A$ infinitely often (with probability 1). The second part implies that once the Markov chain is in state $A$, its next-state can be generated with the help of an independent Bernoulli coin flip. To see this, first note that the parameter $\varepsilon $ must be between 0 and 1 (this can be shown by applying the second part of the definition to the set $C=\Omega $). Now let $x$ be a point in $A$ and suppose $X\_{n}=x$. To choose the next state $X\_{n+1}$, independently flip a biased coin with success probability $\varepsilon $. If the coin flip is successful, choose the next state $X\_{n+1}\in \Omega $ according to the probability measure $\rho $. Else (and if $\varepsilon \<1$), choose the next state $X\_{n+1}$ according to the measure $P(X\_{n+1}\in C\mid X\_{n}=x)=(K(x,C)-\varepsilon \rho (C))/(1-\varepsilon )$ (defined for all measurable subsets $C\subseteq \Omega $).

Two random processes $\\{X\_{n}\\}$ and $\\{Y\_{n}\\}$ that have the same probability law and are Harris chains according to the above definition can be coupled as follows: Suppose that $X\_{n}=x$ and $Y\_{n}=y$, where $x$ and $y$ are points in $A$. Using the same coin flip to decide the next-state of both processes, it follows that the next states are the same with probability at least $\varepsilon $.

## Examples

### Example 1: Countable state space

Let Ω be a countable state space. The kernel *K* is defined by the one-step conditional transition probabilities P\[*X**n*+1 = *y* | *X**n* = *x*\] for *x*,*y* ∈ Ω. The measure ρ is a probability mass function on the states, so that *ρ*(*x*)  0 for all *x* ∈ Ω, and the sum of the *ρ*(x) probabilities is equal to one. Suppose the above definition is satisfied for a given set *A* ⊆ Ω and a given parameter ε \> 0. Then P\[*X**n*+1 = *c* | *X**n* = *x*\] ≥ *ερ*(*c*) for all *x**A* and all *c* ∈ Ω.

### Example 2: Chains with continuous densities

Let {*X**n*}, *X**n***R***d* be a Markov chain with a kernel that is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure:

*K*(*x*, *dy*) = *K*(*x*, *y*) *dy*

such that *K*(*x*, *y*) is a continuous function.

Pick (*x*0, *y*0) such that *K*(*x*0, *y*0 ) \> 0, and let *A* and Ω be open sets containing *x*0 and *y*0 respectively that are sufficiently small so that *K*(*x*, *y*) ≥ *ε* \> 0 on *A* ×  Ω. Letting *ρ*(*C*) = |Ω  *C*|/|Ω| where |Ω| is the Lebesgue measure of Ω, we have that (2) in the above definition holds. If (1) holds, then {*X**n*} is a Harris chain.

## Reducibility and periodicity

In the following $R:=\inf\\{n\geq 1:X\_{n}\in A\\}$; i.e. $R$ is the first time after time 0 that the process enters region $A$. Let $\mu $ denote the initial distribution of the Markov chain, i.e. $X\_{0}\sim \mu $.

**Definition:** If for all $\mu $, $P\[R\<\infty |X\_{0}\in A\]=1$, then the Harris chain is called *recurrent.*

**Definition:** A recurrent Harris chain $X\_{n}$ is *aperiodic* if $\exists N$, such that $\forall n\geq N$, $\forall \mu ,P\[X\_{n}\in A|X\_{0}\in A\]\>0$

**Theorem:** Let $X\_{n}$ be an aperiodic recurrent Harris chain with stationary distribution $\pi $. If $P\[R\<\infty |X\_{0}\in A\]=1$ then as $n\rightarrow \infty $, $||{\mathcal {L}(X\_{n}|X\_{0})-\pi ||\_{TV}\rightarrow 0}$ where $||\cdot ||\_{TV}$ denotes the total variation for signed measures defined on the same measurable space.

1. Asmussen, Søren (2003). "Further Topics in Renewal Theory and Regenerative Processes". *Applied Probability and Queues*. Stochastic Modelling and Applied Probability. Vol. 51. pp. 186–219. doi:10.1007/0-387-21525-5\_7. ISBN 978-0-387-00211-8.
2. R. Durrett. *Probability: Theory and Examples*. Thomson, 2005. ISBN 0-534-42441-4.


title: Olenellus

abstract: Olenellus is an extinct genus of redlichiid trilobites, with species of average size. It lived during the Botomian and Toyonian stages (Olenellus-zone), 522 to 510 million years ago, in what is currently North-America, part of the palaeocontinent Laurentia.

text:
# Olenellus

***Olenellus*** is an extinct genus of redlichiid trilobites, with species of average size (about 5 centimetres or 2.0 inches long). It lived during the Botomian and Toyonian stages (*Olenellus*-zone), 522 to 510 million years ago, in what is currently North-America, part of the palaeocontinent Laurentia.

## Etymology

*Olenellus* means small *Olenus*, after a genus belonging to the Ptychopariida, to which the type species *O. thompsoni* was originally assigned. The name Olenus refers to a mythological figure who was turned to stone by the gods. The names of the species have the following derivations.

* *agellus* comes from the Latin word for field or hamlet.
* *chiefensis* refers to the Chief Range, which includes the Ruin Wash section, that holds the last of the Olenellina.
* *fowleri* was named in honor of Ed Fowler, whose quarrying skills exposed the type locality of this species.
* *getzi* is called after Noah L. Getz, on whose Lancaster estate several *Olenellus* species were first collected.
* *nevadensis* refers to the state of Nevada, where this species is found.
* *parvofrontatus* means ‘small front’ from the Latin words parvus and frontatus, indicating the short distance between the anterior border and the glabella in this species.
* *roddyi* was named in honor of Dr. H. Justin Roddy (1856-1943), an internationally known naturalist, curator and professor of geology.
* *romensis* refers to the Rome Formation.
* *terminatus* is from the Latin terminus, meaning final, indicating the demise of the *Olenellus* lineage.

## Taxonomy

### Relationship within the Olenellidae

*Olenellus* is the only genus currently recognised in the subfamily Olenellinae. The sister group called the Mesonacinae consists of the genera *Mesonacis* and *Mesolenellus*.

### Status of the clade *"Paedeumias"*

*"Paedeumias"* was previously regarded as a genus related to *Olenellus* or a subgenus being part of *Olenellus*. Recent analysis shows that there is a group of species formerly assigned to *Olenellus (Paedeumias)* nested within *Olenellus* (*O. clarki*, *O. nevadensis*, *O. parvofrontatus*, *O. roddyi* and *O. transitans*). However, this group is more closely related to the majority of the remainder of *Olenellus* species than to *O. agellus* and *O. romensis*. This implies that either two new monophyletic subgenera need to be erected, or *Olenellus (Paedeumias)* and *Olenellus (Olenellus)* need to be dropped as subgenera, the latter being proposed by Lieberman.

### Reassigned species

## Distribution

*O. thompsoni*  is found in the middle Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Vermont (Franklin County, Parker Slate, Georgia).

*O. agellus* is present in the middle Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Vermont (Parker Slate, Georgia).

*O. chiefensis* has been collected from the final layer of the Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Nevada (Pioche Formation).

*O. clarki* is found in Upper *Olenellus*-zone of California (Bristol Mountain, near Cadiz, on the Santa Fé Railroad, 100 miles East of Barstow, Mohave Desert, probably Latham Shale; Latham Shale – treated as the *Bristolia*-zonule – Marble Mountains, ½ mile East of Cadiz, and at the Southern end of the Marble Mountains, near Chambless in the Mohave Desert portion of San Bernardino County, as well as from the Latham Shale, near Summit Springs on the West side of the Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County. In California also from the Carrara Formation, Funeral Mountains, Resting Spring Range, Eagle mountain, Grapevine Mountains, Salt Spring Hills); and in Nevada (Nevada Test Site, Desert Range).

*O. crassimarginatus* has been collected in the middle Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Vermont (Parkers Quarry, Parker Slate, Georgia); and ½ mile South of East Petersburg; 2 miles North of York and Fruitville, 3 miles North of Lancaster (all in the Kinzers Shale).

*O. fowleri* has been collected from the final layer of the Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Nevada (Pioche Formation).

*O. getzi* is found in Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Pennsylvania (2 miles North of York, and Noah Getz Farm, 1 mile North of Rohrerstown, Kinzers Shale).

*O. howelli* occurs in the final layer of the Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Nevada (Pioche Formation).

*O. nevadensis* has been collected in the Upper *Olenellus*-zone, *Bristolia*-zonule of California (Carrara Formation, Funeral Mountains and Grapevine Mountains); and from the Latham Shale – treated as the *Bristolia*-zonule – at the South end of the Marble Mountains, near Chambless in the Mohave Desert portion of San Bernardino County. It also occurs in the *Bristolia*-zonule, Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Nevada (Carrara Formation, Desert Range, Locality M-5).

*O. parvifrontatus* has been collected in the *Olenellus*-zone of the Yukon Territory, Canada (Unit 6 of the Upper Illtyd Formation, Wernecke Mountains).

*O. puertoblancoensis* was found in the Botonian/Toyonian *Olenellus*-zone of the Caborca Region, Mexico (Buelna Formation, Cerro Rajon)

*O. robsonensis* occurs in the ?Middle *Olenellus*-zone of British Columbia, Canada (?Upper Mahto Formation, drift block on the slope of the Mural Glacier below Mumm Peak, Near Mount Robson).

*O. roddyi* occurs in the *Olenellus*-zone of Pennsylvania (2 miles North of York, Fruitville; 3 miles North of Lancaster; Getz Quarry; 1 mile North of Rohrerstown; ½ mile South of East Petersburg; all in the Kinzers Shale).

*O. romensis* occurs in the middle Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Virginia (Rome Formation, Mason Creek, Salem; North-East of Roanoke, near Webster; 2 miles South-West of Blue Ridge Springs, 2 miles South of Max Meadows; Mason Creek, 1 mile east of Salem; ½ mile South-East of Indian Rock; 1 mile East of Cleveland, Alabama; 1½ miles North of Montevallo; 1½ miles West of Montevallo).

*O. terminatus* has been collected from the final layer of the Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Nevada (Pioche Formation).

*O. transitans* has been collected from the middle Upper *Olenellus*-zone of Vermont (Parker Slate, Georgia).

## Description

As with most early trilobites, *Olenellus* has an almost flat exoskeleton, that is only thinly calcified, and has crescent-shaped eye ridges. As part of the suborder Olenellina, *Olenellus* lacks dorsal sutures. Like all other members of the superfamily Olenelloide, the eye-ridges emerge from the back of the frontal lobe (L4) of the central area of the cephalon, that is called glabella. *Olenellus* also shares the typical character of whole family Olenellidae that the frontal (L3) and middle pair (L2) of lateral lobes of the glabella are partially merged. This creates two very typical, isolated slits. It can be distinguished from the other two genera in the family, *Mesolenellus* and *Mesonacis*, because the angle in the back rim of the cephalon is less than 15°, making the head approximately semi-circular. The genal spines are reaching back no further than the 6th thorax segment, making them 4-5 times as long as the most backward lobe of the glabella (occipital ring or L0)1. The thorax is 4-4½ times wider that the axis, measured at the 3rd segment. The base of the spine on the 15th thorax segment is almost as wide as the axis itself.

## Key to the species

This key is based on Lieberman (1999), which describes only part of the species that are recognized today.

| **1** | Frontal lobe of the glabella (L4) rounded. → 2 |
| --- | --- |
| **-** | L4 pointed anteriorly.
***Olenellus chiefensis*** |
| **2** | The frontal lobe of the glabella (L4) is connected with the border surrounding the cephalon with a short ridge on the midline (the so-called “plectrum”). → 3 |
| **-** | Plectrum absent. → 8 |
| **3** | Frontal lobe of the glabella (L4) as wide as, or narrower than, the occipital ring (L0). → 4 |
| **-** | L4 wider than L0.
***Olenellus agellus*** |
| **4** | Ocular lobe with a prominent furrow along the entire margin. → 5 |
| **-** | Furrow only present at the anterior margin of the ocular lobe. → 7 |
| **5** | The area outside the eye lobe (or extraocular area) is prominently flattened. The frontal margin of the third thorax segment (T3) is deflected anteriorly between 0% and 10%. The eye lobe extends backward to the middle of the occipital ring (L0) or the furrow (S0) between the occipital ring (L0) and the most backward pair of side lobes (L1). → 6 |
| **-** | The area outside the eye lobe (or extraocular area) is gently convex. The frontal margin of T3 is deflected anteriorly between 5% and 10%. The eye lobe extends backward to the middle of L0.
***Olenellus roddyi*** |
| **6** | The maximum width of the frontal lobe of the glabella (L4) is more than 80% of the maximum width of the backward most lobe (L0). The area in front of the glabella (or preglabellar field) is between 15% and 25% of the length of L4. The right and left furrow (S2) between the second (L2) and third (L3) pair of side lobes (counted from the back of the cephalon) may or may not join across the midline. The eye lobe extends backward to the furrow (S0) between L0 and the most backward pair of side lobes (L1).
***Olenellus clarki*** |
| **-** | The maximum width of L4 is less than 80% of the maximum width of L0. The area in front of the glabella (or preglabellar field) is between 15% and 50% of the length of L4. The right and left S2-furrow join across the midline. The eye lobe extends backward to the middle of L0 or S0.
***Olenellus nevadensis*** |
| **7** | The right and left furrow (S1) between the first (L1) and second (L2) pair of side lobes (counted from the back of the cephalon) join across the midline. The area outside the eye lobe (or extraocular area) is prominently flattened. The frontal margin of the third thorax segment (T3) is deflected anteriorly between 5% and 10%.
***Olenellus transitans*** |
| **-** | The right and left part of S1 do not join across the midline. The area outside the eye lobe (or extraocular area) is gently convex. The frontal margin of T3 is deflected anteriorly between 0% and 5%.
***Olenellus parvofrontatus*** |
| **8** | The eye lobe extends backward to the furrow (S0) between the occipital ring (L0) and the most backward pair of side lobes (L1). → 9 |
| **-** | The eye lobe extends backward to the middle of L0. → 10 |
| **9** | The maximum width of the frontal lobe of the glabella (L4) is larger than the maximum width of the occipital ring (L0). L2 bulges laterally compared to L0. The pleural spines of the third thorax segment (T3) extend backwards the entire length of the prothorax. The width of the seventh thorax segment (T7) is more than ⅔ of the width of T3, excluding the spines.
***Olenellus romensis*** |
| **-** | The maximum width of L4 is smaller than, or approximately equal to, the maximum width of L0. L2 is as wide as L0. The pleural spines of T3 extend backwards 6 to 8 segments. The width of T7 is less than ⅔ of the width of T3, excluding the spines.
***Olenellus getzi*** |
| **10** | The maximum width of the frontal lobe of the glabella (L4) is larger than the maximum width of the occipital ring (L0). L2 bulges laterally compared to L0.
***Olenellus thompsoni*** |
| **-** | The maximum width of L4 is approximately equal to the maximum width of L0. L2 bulges laterally compared to L0.
***Olenellus robsonensis*** |
| **-** | The maximum width of L4 is smaller than the maximum width of L0. L2 is as wide as L0.
***Olenellus crassimarginatus*** |

## InfoBox

| *Olenellus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Olenellus transitans*, National Museum of Natural History | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Trilobita |
| Order: | Redlichiida |
| Family: | Olenellidae |
| Subfamily: | Olenellinae |
| Genus: | *Olenellus*
Billings, 1861 |
|
| Species | |
| * *O. thompsoni* (Hall, 1859) (Type) * *O. agellus* Resser & Howell, 1938 * *O. chiefensis* Palmer, 1998 * *O. clarki* (Resser, 1928), synonym *Paedeumias clarki* * *O. crassimarginatus* Walcott, 1910, synonyms *O. thompsoni crassimarginatus*, *O. wanneri*, *O. latilimbatus* * *O. fowleri* Palmer, 1998 * *O. getzi* Dunbar, 1925, synonyms *O. alius*, *O. peculiaris* * *O. howelli* Meek, 1874 * *O. nevadensis* (Walcott, 1910), synonyms *Paedeumias nevadensis*, *Callavia nevadensis* * *O. parvofrontatus* Fritz, 1991 * *O. puertoblancoensis* Lochman, 1952 * *O. robsonensis* Burling, 1916, synonym *Paedeumias robsonensis* * *O. roddyi* Resser & Howell, 1938, synonyms *O. similaris*, *O. nodosus*, *O. nitidus*, *O. jonasae*, *Paedeumias glabrum*, *P. yorkense*, *P. eboracense* * *O. romensis* Resser & Howell, 1938, synonym *O. buttsi* * *O. terminatus* Palmer, 1998 * *O. transitans* (Walcott, 1910), synonyms *O. brachycephalus*, *Paedeumias perkinsi* | |


title: Tŷ Newydd

abstract: Tŷ Newydd is a historic house in Llanystumdwy, near Criccieth, in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. Since 1990 it has housed the National Writing Centre of Wales. The centre specialises in residential creative writing and retreats. The courses are in both the English and Welsh languages, and cover many genres, forms and styles. The centre also holds regular seminars and forums.

text:
# Tŷ Newydd

**Tŷ Newydd** (Welsh: \[ˈtɨː ˈnɛuɨð\]) is a historic house in Llanystumdwy, near Criccieth, in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. Since 1990 it has housed the National Writing Centre of Wales. The centre specialises in residential creative writing and retreats. The courses are in both the English and Welsh languages, and cover many genres, forms and styles. The centre also holds regular seminars and forums.

## House

The Grade II\* listed building was built in the fifteenth century. The name *Tŷ Newydd* translates literally from Welsh as 'New House'. The house has six bedrooms, a large dining room, a kitchen, a conservatory and two libraries. The outbuilding, Hafoty, is the tutors' quarters, and has six extra rooms for guests. Other architectural features of the house include a "Chinese Chippendale" balustrade, a panelled front door with fluted pilasters and a frieze, and a vaulted ceiling in the library.

David Lloyd George, the Welsh politician who served as British Prime Minister during the First World War, owned Tŷ Newydd from 1942 until his death in 1945. He had asked for his bed to be moved to the library, and died in that room.

The grounds overlook Cardigan Bay and provide a scenic setting considered conducive to literary creativity. During the 1940s these were restyled by the architect Sir Clough Williams-Ellis.

## Lloyd George period

David Lloyd George (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a British Liberal politician and statesman, and Prime Minister of the Wartime Coalition Government (1916–22). Lloyd George grew up in Llanystumdwy in Caernarfonshire. As a child, he was educated in the local Anglican school, Llanystumdwy National School. Tŷ Newydd was originally a farm, whose land extended to the road adjacent to Lloyd George's other home, Brynawelon. Brynawelon was later the home of his daughter Megan. In 1942, Lloyd George and his wife Frances bought Tŷ Newydd and initiated a major renovation by the architect Clough Williams-Ellis (28 May 1883 – 9 April 1978). Under his direction, new additions such as the library window and the front window finals were made. Like the rest of the house, the library extension was built of local stone rubble and externally whitewashed. In 1944 the couple moved into Tŷ Newydd. Lloyd George died in 1945, aged 82, and was buried beside the River Dwyfor in Llanystumdwy, only a short distance from the house. A monument designed by Williams-Ellis was erected around the grave. This bears an *englyn* (a strict-metre stanza in the Welsh language) engraved on slate in his memory, composed by his nephew Dr William George, an accomplished poet who won the crown at the National Eisteddfod in 1974.

## As a writers' centre

Robert Minhinnick, who, with Gillian Clarke, was a tutor on the first course run at the house after it was converted to a writers' centre, credits Sally Baker with the idea for the project. During work carried out in preparation for the opening of the centre, a medieval "post and panel" screen was discovered; it is considered the most historically significant feature of the house.

52°55′18″N 4°15′51″W / 52.9217°N 4.2641°W / 52.9217; -4.2641


title: Ann Harada

abstract: Ann Harada is an American actress and singer who was first known for the musical Avenue Q, in which she originated the role of Christmas Eve, the heavily accented Japanese therapist.

text:
# Ann Harada

**Ann Harada** is an American actress and singer who was first known for the musical *Avenue Q*, in which she originated the role of Christmas Eve, the heavily accented Japanese therapist.

## Early life

Harada was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. She was raised in Hawaii and attended the Punahou School and Brown University. She was active in theatre from high school. After college, she moved to New York City and, anticipating working in production, worked with producer Suzanne Schwartz. Finding stage production not completely satisfactory, she performed with the New York City Gay Men's Chorus as a vocalist, performed cabaret, and appeared in the Broadway production of *M. Butterfly*.

## Career

Harada earned her Equity Card in 1987 when she was cast in Maury Yeston and Larry Gelbart's *1,2,3,4,5* at Manhattan Theatre Club. She is a member of the Vineyard Theatre's Community of Artists and appeared in four original musicals there including *Hit the Lights!*.

In 1998, Harada starred in the National Asian American Theatre Company's highly praised All-Asian production of William Finn's *Falsettoland*. Peter Marks of *The New York Times* described her rendition of "Holding to the Ground" as a "full-throttle success". Also in 1998, Harada had a small part in the Todd Solondz film *Happiness* as one of the co-workers of Jane Adams's character.

Harada was in the original Broadway company of *Seussical* in 2000. She had also been in its first workshop and all of the pre-Broadway iterations of that show. About her experience she said "It was such a roller-coaster ride — everything that could go wrong went wrong. You'd just show up to work every day and go, 'I wonder what's going to happen today.'...There was way too much drama for one show to take, and it didn't deserve that kind of drama because it's really a great little show. . . . I loved it, and I still love it. . . I just keep thinking about what it was like doing that first workshop and us all just being so blown away by it and being so excited."

### *Avenue Q*

Harada was involved in *Avenue Q* since the first performance of the show at the York Theatre in 2000. Lyricist Amanda Green had recommended Harada to *Avenue Q* writers Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx. She opened *Avenue Q* at the Vineyard Theatre in New York in March 2003 and moved with the show to Broadway that July. She took a break for maternity leave in late 2004, returning in early 2005. Harada left the Broadway company of *Avenue Q* on 26 February 2006. Her role was taken over by Ann Sanders. In June 2006, she opened the London production of *Avenue Q* at the Noël Coward Theatre in the West End. She played her last performance on 18 November 2006; the role was taken over by Naoko Mori. She is the only actress who played the role of Christmas Eve in both the Broadway and West End productions of *Avenue Q*.

About her performance in the Broadway production, Ben Brantley wrote in *The New York Times*: "Counseling the romantically troubled Kate, she temporarily drops her habitually pinched voice to deliver, in the show's wittiest coup de théâtre, a full-throated ballad in the manner of a 1950's musical diva...*The more you love someone/The more you want to kill him,* Christmas sings in a shivery, rafters-shaking alto. And though you can construe the song as a satire if you choose, there is no doubt that Christmas means every word she sings." Hilton Als, in *The New Yorker*, in another rave for the show, noted that *Avenue Q* "has so much to recommend it...But not to single out the remarkable Ann Harada  a funny girl who can sing, act, and let the audience in on the joke all at the same time  would be a mistake."

On July 6, 2009, Harada returned as part of the final Broadway cast of *Avenue Q*. The show closed on September 13, 2009. A September 15 article in *The New York Times* stated the show would relocate to an Off-Broadway location and resume production October 3.

Harada has reprised the character of Christmas Eve for a series of one-night-only benefits for Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS originally entitled *Christmas Eve with Christmas Eve*. The premise is that Christmas Eve (the night) is when all of the fantasies of Christmas Eve (the character) come true and all of those fantasies involve singing duets with Broadway leading men in ways that hysterically reinterpret well-known showtunes. The third annual *Christmas Eve with Christmas Eve* was on 12 December 2011. The fourth *Christmas Eve with Christmas Eve* was held on 2 December 2013. Harada's guests for 2013 included *Cinderella*'s Santino Fontana, Max von Essen and *Smash* co-stars Leslie Odom, Jr. and Wesley Taylor. The fifth edition on December 14, 2015, bore a new name, *Christmas Eve's Holiday Hunkfest.* It featured Adam Jacobs, Michael Rupert, and Joel Perez among the hunks. The sixth edition *Hunkfest* on December 14, 2016 featured Santino Fontana, James Monroe Iglehart, and Corey Cott.

### 2000s

On April 24, 2007, Harada joined the Broadway company of *Les Misérables* playing Madame Thénardier; she replaced the British actress Jenny Galloway. Harada left *Les Misérables* on October 30, 2007, replaced by Galloway.

Harada is featured in the Wes Anderson-directed commercials for AT&T, which began airing in September 2007.

Harada rejoined *Avenue Q* star John Tartaglia as a guest on his television show *Johnny and the Sprites*. Harada sings the Laurence O'Keefe song "Everything Must Go" on an episode entitled "The Sprites Save Grotto's Grove". It premiered on the Disney Channel on 22 March 2008.

Harada did "sharp work" in The Muny's production of *High School Musical* in St. Louis in 2008 playing the drama teacher (Ms. Darbus).

She was in the original cast of the Dolly Parton musical *9 to 5* (based on the film of the same name) as Kathy and in the ensemble through June 21, 2009. She left to return to the cast of *Avenue Q*.

### 2010s

In May 2011, she played the role of Annette in a production of Yasmina Reza's Tony-winning play *God of Carnage* at George Street Playhouse in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Her recording of *A Last Confession* (lyrics by William Butler Yeats) on Steve Marzullo's album *Show Some Beauty* was a Playlist pick in *USA Today* in June 2011.

She appeared as Linda, the stage manager of the show-within-a-show, in eighteen episodes of NBC's musical drama *Smash* alongside Debra Messing, Anjelica Huston, Jack Davenport and her *9 to 5* colleague Megan Hilty.

From January 2013 to December 2014, she has appeared in the Broadway premiere of *Cinderella* as the stepsister Charlotte. In the original company, she worked alongside Laura Osnes as Cinderella, Victoria Clark as the Fairy Godmother, Harriet Harris as her mother, Cinderella's stepmother, and Marla Mindelle as her sister, the other stepsister, Gabrielle. In its review of the show, *Variety* said that Harada gives "a hoot of a perf". Scott Brown of *New York*, in his rave, wrote: "The score floods your brain with Rodgers's stately, aching melodies, including the bewitching 'Ten Minutes Ago' and the clucking, catchy 'Stepsister's Lament,' translated here into a go-for-broke chorus number centering on Harada. (If you only know Harada as stolid stage-manager Linda on *Smash* — and if you're a faithful enough *Smash* alpha-viewer to fixate on such things — then you owe yourself this.)"

Harada was the star of her own installment of Lincoln Center's 2014 American Songbook series at Jazz at Lincoln Center's Allen Room in New York City on 22 February 2014. Her set included "OK, That's Ten," a very short, previously unheard song written by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman for her character on *Smash*.

Harada was in the original cast of the "goofily endearing" new original musical *Brooklynite*, with Matt Doyle, Nicolette Robinson and Nick Cordero. The superhero show opened its world premiere run at the Vineyard Theatre in New York on 25 February 2015.

On 8 June 2015 in a one-night-only concert of *Bombshell*, *Smash'*s show-within-the show, Harada reprised her *Smash* role as Linda the Stage Manager, then "as a substitute Marilyn" performed *I Never Met a Wolf Who Didn't Love to Howl*. "The fun, infections number earned the night's first major ovation", according to *Entertainment Weekly*'s Hillary Busis.

In June 2016, Harada appeared as Maggie Jones in The Muny's "spectacular" production of *42nd Street* and was "a treat" in its production of *Mamma Mia!* in July.

In October 2016, "the excellent Ann Harada" appeared as Stacey in The Women's Project's world premiere of *Stuffed*, a new play by the comedienne Lisa Lampanelli with "some laughs here, some genuine pain and even a bit of insight".

*The Wall Street Journal* wrote that "Ann Harada is especially good in the unlikely-sounding triple role of the Emperor of Japan, a French admiral and a whorehouse madam" in John Doyle's staging of Stephen Sondheim's *Pacific Overtures*, which opened at Classic Stage Company in New York on May 4. 2017 and ran through June 18, 2017.

Harada "brings down the house" in the world premiere of the Thanksgiving musical, *The New World*, at Bucks County Playhouse in October, 2017.

In the March 2019 Encores! production of the dated 1938 Rodgers and Hart musical, *I Married an Angel* "\[i\]n a relatively insignificant role, Ann Harada manages to steal the show at the end with the perfectly hilarious delivery of a single line."

### 2020s

In early 2020, Harada played Pile of Poo in the new musical *Emojiland*, as she told one reporter. "I don't have any dignity and I think it's fine. For better or worse, poo's the most famous emoji. If it's good enough for Patrick Stewart, it's good enough for me."

On April 26, 2020, Harada rejoined three of her *Pacific Overtures* castmates for *Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration* on Broadway.com in an "inventive" split-screen-conference-call-like version of the song "Someone in a Tree". In Vulture, Jackson McHenry wrote that the number "really moved \[him\] in the moment. It's all about assembling one moment from shattered places and times, somehow both a song about a moment lost to history and about what it's like to try to comprehend the world right now from your laptop screen." Wesley Morris, writing in *The New York Times*, described this performance of "Someone in a Tree" as "pure magic...a fittingly ambitious and witty acknowledgment of Sondheim's audacity and as a metaphor for the teamwork necessary to achieve anything meaningfully, enduringly decent this year" and named it one of the Best Performances of 2020. *Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration* won the 2021 Drama League Award for Outstanding Digital Concert Production.

In October 2020, Harada was announced in the cast of a new musical show from Apple TV+ titled *Schmigadoon!* starring Cecily Strong and Keegan-Michael Key. Written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, a backpacking couple get lost and find "the magical town of Schmigadoon, in which everyone acts as if they're in a studio musical from the 1940s". Harada plays Florence Menlove, the wife of the Mayor (played by Alan Cumming), about whom she sings "He's a Queer One, That Man o' Mine" in the series' third episode.

In May 2022, Harada played Jack's Mother in the Encores! production of *Into the Woods* by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. In the New York Times Critic's Pick review of the production, she was described as a "comic genius". She reprised the role in the Broadway revival beginning September 27, 2022, when she replaced Aymee Garcia in the part.

In a very well received June 2023 production at The Muny in St. Louis, Harada channeled "her inner Angela Lansbury to deliver a sentimental take on Beauty and the Beast. Her warbly warm vocal coupled with Belle’s extravagant golden gown create a goosebump inducing and tear producing moment".

In November 2023, Harada was "particularly striking" in originating the role of Myra Babbitt in the acclaimed world premiere of *Babbitt*, at La Jolla Playhouse opposite Matthew Broderick as the title character. The play, by Joe DiPietro, is based on the satirical novel by Sinclair Lewis.

In June 2024, Harada was "brightly amusing as a woman in the throes of menopause" in the highly-praised American premiere of Lucy Kirkwood's *The Welkin*, at Atlantic Theater Company with Sandra Oh as the leader of a jury of 12 women.

## Stage credits

### Broadway

| Year | Title | Role | Theater |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1989–90 | *M. Butterfly* | Comrade Chin | Eugene O'Neill Theatre |
| 2000–01 | *Seussical* | Marshal of the Court | Richard Rodgers Theatre |
| 2003–05 | *Avenue Q* | Christmas Eve | Golden Theatre |
| 2006–07 | *Les Misérables* | Madame Thénardier | Broadhurst Theatre |
| 2009 | *9 to 5* | Kathy | Marquis Theatre |
| | *Avenue Q* | Christmas Eve | Golden Theatre |
| 2012 | *Oliver!* | Mrs. Sowerberry | Shubert Theatre |
| 2013–14 | *Cinderella* | Charlotte | Broadway Theatre |
| 2022–23 | *Into the Woods* | Jack's Mother | St. James Theatre |

### Other stage credits

| Year | Title | Role | Theater | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *Falsettoland* | Trina | National Asian American Theatre Company |  |
| 2000 | *The Moment When* | Waitress | Playwrights Horizons | world premiere |
| 2006 | *Avenue Q* | Christmas Eve | Noël Coward Theatre | UK premiere |
| 2008 | *High School Musical* | Ms. Darbus/Ms. Tenny | The Muny |  |
| 2010 | *The Kid* | Ruth / Others | The New Group | world premiere |
| 2011 | *God of Carnage* | Annette | George Street Playhouse |  |
| 2015 | *Brooklynite* | Professor Whitman | Vineyard Theatre | world premiere |
| 2016 | *42nd Street* | Maggie Jones | The Muny |  |
| | *Mamma Mia!* | Rosie | |  |
| | *Stuffed* | Stacey | The Women's Project | world premiere |
| 2017 | *Pacific Overtures* | Madam/French Admiral/Emperor of Japan | Classic Stage Company |  |
| | *The New World* | Hyannis, the Indian Chief | Bucks County Playhouse | world premiere |
| 2018 | *The Nerd* | Clelia | George Street Playhouse |  |
| | *Gypsy* | Electra | The Muny |  |
| | *Holiday Inn* | Louise | Paper Mill Playhouse |  |
| | *The Closet* | Brenda Mishima | Williamstown Theatre Festival | world premiere |
| 2019 | *I Married an Angel* | Duchess of Holstein-Kuloff | Encores! |  |
| | *Dropping Gumballs on Luke Wilson* | Alice | The Working Theater | world premiere |
| | *Matilda* | Mrs. Wormwood | The Muny |  |
| | *South Pacific* | Bloody Mary | Aspen Music Festival |  |
| 2020 | *Emojiland* | Pile of Poo | Duke Theater |  |
| 2021 | *Fairycakes* | Mustardseed | Greenwich House Theater | world premiere |
| 2022 | *Into the Woods* | Jack's Mother | New York City Center | Encores! |
| 2023 | *Dear World* | Gabrielle | | |
| | *Beauty and the Beast* | Mrs. Potts | The Muny |  |
| | *Babbitt* | Myra Babbitt | La Jolla Playhouse | world premiere |
| 2024 | *The Welkin* | Judith Brewer | Atlantic Theater Company | US premiere |  |
| | *Anything Goes* | Evangeline Harcourt | The Muny |  |

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | *Hudson River Blues* | Robin |  |
| 1998 | *Happiness* | Kay |  |
| 2004 | *Marmalade* | Asian Woman |  |
| 2005 | *All American Eyes* | Ann | Short film |
| 2006 | *Feel* | Hiroko |  |
| 2011 | *The Art of Getting By* | Mrs. Dougherty |  |
| 2011 | *Smile* | Ruth | Short film |
| 2012 | *Hope Springs* | Ann, The Happy Wife |  |
| 2013 | *Admission* | Mrs. Lafont |  |
| 2015 | *Sisters* | Jean |  |
| 2016 | *Youth in Oregon* | Compassionate Aide |  |
| 2019 | *No One Called Ahead* | Angel | Direct-to-video |
| 2022 | *Jerry & Marge Go Large* | Shirley |  |
| 2022 | *Disenchanted* | Sardonic Businesswoman/Florist |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award Show | Award | Work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | National Board of Review | USA Best Acting in an Ensemble | *Happiness* | Won |
| 2004 | Broadway.com Audience Choice Award | Favorite Featured Actress in a Musical | *Avenue Q* | Won |
| | Outer Critics Circle Award | Special Achievement Award for Outstanding Ensemble Performance and Puppet Artistry | | Won |
| 2007 | WhatsOnStage Award | Best Ensemble Performance | | Won |
| 2013 | Broadway.com Audience Choice Award | Favorite Funny Performance | *Cinderella* | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Ann Harada | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. |
| Education | Brown University |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, singer |
| Years active | 1987–present |


title: Royal Hotel, Great Yarmouth

abstract: The Royal Hotel is a grade II listed building which is in the English seaside resort town of Great Yarmouth in the county of Norfolk, United Kingdom.

text:
# Royal Hotel, Great Yarmouth

The **Royal Hotel** is a grade II listed building which is in the English seaside resort town of Great Yarmouth in the county of Norfolk, United Kingdom.

## Location

It is on the seafront and Victoria Road is behind it and so is Wellington Road.

## History

This hotel was built in 1840 and was then called the *Victoria Hotel*. It was then renamed the Royal Hotel and at this time was the last and most southern hotel on the seafront. In 1847 the English writer and social critic Charles Dickens stayed in the hotel, along with his friend and colleague Mark Lemon who was the founding editor of both *Punch* and *The Field*. at the time Dickens was occupied writing his Novel *David Copperfield* which was first published as a serial. During his stay at the hotel, Dickens had described Great Yarmouth to his wife in a letter thus *Yarmouth was the most wondrous sight his eyes had ever beheld*. He also, during this visit met *James Sharman* who was the keeper of the Britannia Monument, on whom he supposedly based the character of Ham Peggotty. In the hotel's Palm court, a menu which has been signed by Dickens during his stay there is on display.

### Refurbishment

The hotel was re-furbished and extended in 1877 by the Norwich architect J B Pearce.

### Royal Patronage

King Edward VII stayed at the hotel in the latter part of the 1800s where he is reported to have entertained his mistress, music hall singer and stage actress, Lily Langtree, better known as the *Jersey Lily*. The hotel still displays the crest of Edward VII on the front façade of the hotel. It is well-known and bona fide that Her Majesty the Queen sent a special message to the hotel during a visit to Great Yarmouth

## InfoBox

| Royal Hotel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Norfolk | |
| General information | |
| Location | Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England |
| Address | 16 Wellington Road
Great Yarmouth
Norfolk
NR30 3AE |
| Coordinates | 52°36′4.08″N 1°44′7.62″E / 52.6011333°N 1.7354500°E / 52.6011333; 1.7354500 |
| Opening | 1840 |
| Other information | |
| Number of rooms | 57 bedrooms |
| Website | |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Designated | 5 August 1974 |
| Reference no. | 1246584 |
|  | |
|  | |