title: Theatre in Birmingham

text:
# Theatre in Birmingham

Birmingham is an important centre for theatre in the United Kingdom. The earliest known performances in the city were medieval pageants and miracle plays. Birmingham's first permanent theatres and theatrical companies were founded in the 1740s, drawing both actors and performance styles from the fashionable theatres of London. During World War II, the Birmingham Blitz forced all performance venues in the city to close; most would stay closed throughout the war. The postwar introduction of television led to further theatre closures.

Today, Birmingham is home to Four major producing theatres--Birmingham Repertory Theatre, The Crescent Theatre, the Old Rep, and the Blue Orange Theatre—as well as a number of touring venues, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, and the Birmingham Opera Company.

## History

### Early performers and venues

What evidence remains of drama in medieval Birmingham suggests that it was largely religious in its basis. The Guild of the Holy Cross was established in the 14th century to maintain chantries in the parish church of St Martin in the Bull Ring, and is likely to have presented liturgical drama at its guildhall on New Street. The street now known as Carr's Lane in Birmingham City Centre was originally called "God's Cart Lane", after the Holy Cart used for religious pageantry and the presentation of morality plays and miracle plays. Wakes were established in Deritend and in Handsworth in the 15th century where booth drama would have been presented.

The earliest definite records of dramatic performances in the town are of regular seasonal performances by strolling players in the early 18th century. A booth existed by 1715 in "The Hinkleys" – the area bounded by Smallbrook Street and Dudley Street near the site of the current Old Rep theatre – and a second, described as a "shed of boards", is recorded a few years later in the meadows that would later be developed as Temple Street. These later developed into the theatre in Smallbrook Street and the Playhouse in New Street, but at this early date would have presented plays and performances by travelling actors of indifferent quality, who carried their costumes and scenery with them on their backs and announced their performances by beating a drum.

A building "something like a stable" in Castle Yard between High Street and Moor Street was used for dramatic performances from 1730. The standard of production in this new venue was reflected in the remarks of William Hutton, writing later in the century: "here the comedian strutted in painted rags, ornamented with tinsel. The audience raised a noisy laugh, half real and half forced, at three-pence a head." Not all of the performances of this era were of such low quality, however: later playbills suggest that George Hallam had visited Birmingham with a company of actors from London, and that a repertoire of good quality was being presented in the town, by 1730 at the latest.

### Georgian theatre

It was in the 1740s that Birmingham emerged as the home of a distinctive theatrical tradition, which had become well-established by 1750. The town's first permanent theatre was the Moor Street Theatre, which opened in 1740. Though not purpose-built, this was a substantial structure with boxes, a pit, a balcony, two galleries, and significant backstage machinery. This new venue brought a major increase in the quality of drama presented in the town. It was managed during the 1740s by John Ward, whose background lay not with provincial strolling players but with London's fashionable Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre and Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and with the Aungier Street Theatre in Dublin. The Moor Street Theatre featured notable cast-members – David Garrick himself performed at Moor Street in the 1740s – and presented a credible repertoire: the season for 1744 included Shakespeare's *Othello*, *Julius Caesar* and *The Tempest*, John Vanbrugh's *The Provok'd Wife*, *Fair Rosamund* and *The Biter Bit*, William Congreve's *Love for Love* and *The Mourning Bride*, and John Rich's *The Spaniard Outwitted*. Performances were given in costumes "proper to the play", reflecting the time and culture in which the drama was set, anticipating Garrick's later reforms at Drury Lane in London.

The most notable development of the 1740s was John Ward's founding of the Warwickshire Company of Comedians – Birmingham's first indigenous theatre company. Ward was the manager of the Moor Street Theatre in the 1740s and had established the company by 1744, when it is recorded as playing in Stratford-upon-Avon. At a time when any actor outside London was officially "deemed to be a rogue and a vagabond" the Birmingham company's performances were of much higher standard than was usual outside London. A reviewer of their performance in Stratford on Avon in 1746 described them as "much ye best Set I have seen out of London, & in which opinion I am far from being singular" and the memoirs of the contemporary Irish actor Charles Lee Lewes speak of "the Great Ward" who "has now a very great company at Birmingham: many of them are no less than Londoners". Ward maintained an interest in theatrical affairs in London throughout the 1740s. Many of the actors in his company had experience from London and Dublin and the company's repertoire included works by Congreve, Dryden, Lee, Rowe, Shakespeare, Steele, and Vanbrugh, as well as more populist fare including pantomime, music and dance.

Developments in Birmingham's theatrical culture were not confined just to the new theatre. The Playhouse in New Street and the Theatre in Smallbrook Street – successors to booths recorded earlier in the century – continued to operate through the 1740s, though both had disappeared by 1751. Serious plays co-existed with more vulgar entertainments at all Birmingham's theatres – from musical concerts to fire-eating, rope-dancing to ventriloquism – often at the same venue, sometimes even on the same evening. Popular dramatic entertainment much like later music hall was also often held in the town's larger public houses, including the "George and Dragon" and the "Red Lion" in the Bull Ring, the "King's Head" in Digbeth and the "Roe Buck" in Cox Street. Though popular these were illegal and often prosecuted by the owners of the more established theatres, who viewed them as unwelcome competition.

The Licensing Act 1737 confined drama in England to the two London patent theatres, otherwise forbidding "every Person who shall for Hire, Gain or Reward, act, represent or perform, any Interlude, Tragedy, Comedy, Opera, Play, Farce, or other entertainment of the stage" To get round this all Birmingham theatrical venues were licensed by magistrates for the performances of "Concerts of Music" under the Disorderly Houses Act 1732, with plays technically being given free of charge during the interval. Such licenses were only available for 60 day periods between June and October, however, as a result of which Birmingham theatres had only summer seasons until the licensing of the Theatre Royal in 1807.

### Twentieth century theatre

By 1901 Birmingham had ten theatres. The Tivoli (later the Hippodrome) and the Lyceum (later the Alexandra Theatre) showed melodrama, pantomime, circus and variety acts. The Theatre Royal and the Prince of Wales, which had closed their stock companies, received touring modern and classical drama from leading national actor-managers.

### Post-war theatre

The outbreak of the Second World War saw the enforced closure of all Birmingham's theatres in anticipation of immediate bombing. Although they were allowed to reopen after a few weeks, the onset of the Birmingham Blitz in 1940 led to a collapse in attendance at evening performances and the return of closure for the majority of theatres. The Birmingham Repertory Theatre was closed for two years from December 1940, and only the Alexandra Theatre would stay open for the entire remaining duration of the war. The most notable theatrical development of the war years were the Plays in the Park, that saw Birmingham's theatre companies working around the threat of evening bombing of the city centre by presenting matinée performances of drama in the city's parks.

The opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station in 1949 made Birmingham the first British city outside London to have a television service, and this came to have a severe effect on the city's commercial theatres. Moss Empires closed the Theatre Royal in 1958, with the replacement proposed as part of the ATV Centre never materialising. The Alexandra Theatre was suffering financial problems by 1956, being forced to seek a loan from Birmingham City Council in 1963 and from the Arts Council in 1968. In October 1968 it was bought by the City Council and leased to a non- profit making management trust. The Alex's repertory company was closed in 1974 and the company continued as a receiving house. Moss Empires threatened to close the Hippodrome in 1961 and 1970, but in 1979 sold it to the City Council who in turn leased it to a charitable trust. The Hippodrome's fortunes gradually revived, and by the early 21st century it was selling more tickets than any other single theatre in the country. By the 1980s Birmingham had only three large-scale professional theatres, though this was still – jointly with Manchester – the highest number of any English city outside London.

During the 70s, MAC, then known as the Midlands Arts Centre for Young People had its own professional puppet theatre and resident theatre company, members of the theatre company included Mike Leigh, Brian Blessed and Sir Tony Robinson.

## Contemporary theatre

### Drama

#### Producing theatres

Birmingham Repertory Theatre, commonly known as "The Rep" and located next to the Library of Birmingham on Centenary Square, is one of Britain's leading producing theatres. It stages a wide range of performances in its three auditoria in Birmingham – *The House* with 825 seats, *The Studio* with 300 seats and *The Door* with 140 seats – as well as touring nationally and internationally and transferring productions to London's West End. The Rep regularly commissions new work and presented over 130 new plays during the five-year period to 2013.

The Crescent Theatre is a Repertory Theatre that is part of the Brindleyplace development located on Sheepcote St. With a membership pool of 200+ members, a board of directors and an Arts team, the Crescent produces annual seasons produced by The Crescent Theatre Company. The 12+ show seasons are produced by its volunteer base in its entirety using the theatres extensive costume store, Props department and set design workshop. The Crescent Theatre recently celebrated its Centenary season in 2023/2024 by revisiting a number of previously produced shows.

The Birmingham Stage Company is the resident company at the 383 seat Old Rep in Station Street, where it performs 5 major productions annually before touring them as far afield as Singapore, Dubai, New York City and Sydney. Founded in 1992, it has focused on new and contemporary plays since 1998, producing world premieres by playwrights including Oren Lavie, Paul Lucas, Dominic Leyton, David Mamet and Reg Cribb.

The Blue Orange Theatre is a small fringe theatre based in the Jewellery Quarter, with a flexible theatre space seating between 90 and 100 people. Although primarily a producing theatre it also hosts visiting companies and runs comedy nights, workshops and courses.

#### Touring venues and companies

The Alexandra Theatre and the Birmingham Hippodrome host large-scale touring productions, while professional drama is performed on a wide range of stages across the city, including the Old Rep, the Crescent Theatre, the Custard Factory, the Old Joint Stock Theatre, the Blue Orange Theatre and the *mac* in Cannon Hill Park.During the 70s, mac, then known as the Midlands Arts Centre for Young People had its own professional puppet theatre and resident theatre company, members of the theatre company included Mike Leigh, Brian Blessed and Sir Tony Robinson.

Touring theatre companies in Birmingham include the experimental Stan's Cafe, the politically radical Banner Theatre, the Birmingham Stage Company and the Maverick Theatre Company.

### Dance

The Birmingham Royal Ballet is one of the United Kingdom's three major ballet companies and the only one based outside London. It is resident at the Birmingham Hippodrome and tours extensively nationally and internationally. The company's associated ballet school – Elmhurst School for Dance in Edgbaston – is the oldest vocational dance school in the country.

### Opera

The Birmingham Opera Company under artistic director Graham Vick has developed an international reputation for its avant-garde productions, which often take place in factories, abandoned buildings and other found spaces around the city. In 2010 it was described by *The Guardian* as "far and away the most powerful example that I've experienced in this country of how and why opera can still matter." More conventional seasons by Welsh National Opera and other visiting opera companies take place regularly at the Birmingham Hippodrome.

## Bibliography and further reading


title: Steven Baker (Australian footballer)

abstract: Steven Paul Baker is an Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) from 1999 to 2011.

text:
# Steven Baker (Australian footballer)

**Steven Paul Baker** (born 22 May 1980) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) from 1999 to 2011.

## AFL career

Baker was drafted in the 1998 AFL Draft at pick 27 in a second round pick to the St Kilda Football Club.

Baker played in St Kilda’s 2004 Wizard Home Loans Cup winning side – St Kilda's second pre-season cup win.

In 2005, he tied with Luke Ball in St Kilda's best and fairest award, the Trevor Barker Award. Previous to this his best ranking was third in 2004. On 28 May 2005, Baker and teammate Fraser Gehrig played their 100th and 200th AFL games respectively.

Baker played in St Kilda’s 2008 NAB Cup winning side.

Baker played in 21 of 22 matches in the 2009 season's home and away rounds in which St Kilda qualified in first position for the finals series, winning the club’s third minor premiership.

St Kilda qualified for the 2009 grand final after qualifying and preliminary finals wins. Baker played in the 2009 AFL Grand Final in which St Kilda were defeated by 12 points.

The athletic Baker has caused some controversy during his career, playing as a tagger (run with) player rather than a set position player. He used a variety of tactics to prevent his opponent from getting the ball including standing on their feet and repeated hits to their arm.

Baker was selected in St Kilda's two grand final matches against Collingwood in 2010.

As of the end of the 2010 season, Baker had played in 11 AFL finals matches including three grand finals.

Following St Kilda's elimination final defeat on 10 September 2011, St Kilda announced that Baker's playing career with the club was finished. Initially the club said that Baker was retiring but, after this was denied by Baker, the club later issued a reworded statement regarding Baker and several other players.

## Tribunal

Baker was regarded as one of the most efficient taggers in the league, but often stretched the rules, leading to a very high number of tribunal appearances and suspensions. He was suspended for a total of 28 matches during his AFL career.

### Jeff Farmer incident

On 18 August 2007, Baker was linked to an incident behind play, in the third quarter of a match against Fremantle at Telstra Dome. Fremantle forward Jeff Farmer was assisted from the playing area at Telstra Dome, with blood coming from his nose and suffering concussion. The incident was not witnessed by umpires or captured on film, but on the basis of evidence from a Fremantle trainer, Baker was charged with rough conduct and referred to the AFL Tribunal.

On 21 August 2007 it was announced that Baker had been found guilty and suspended for seven matches, which was at the time the longest suspension for a single incident since the tribunal system was changed to a points-based system. The penalty was made so severe due to a 40% points loading due to Baker's record of four games suspended in the previous three years, and controversial 127.5 carry-over points; Baker had been suspended for two separate incidents in Round 6 against Carlton, but a loophole (closed immediately thereafter) allowed him to serve a shorter suspension and carry-over more than 100 points.

In an interview in 2012 Baker described the off-camera incident, stated that he "stopped and propped" in an attempt to stop Farmer's run, threw his head back and headbutted Farmer, intending to do so but not expecting to "get him that good".

### Steve Johnson incident

On 28 June 2010, after St Kilda's Round 13 game against Geelong, Baker was charged four times for separate incidents – three for striking and one for misconduct (specifically, making unreasonable and unnecessary contact with an injured player) – against Geelong's Steve Johnson after the pair clashed several times during the first half when Baker was tagging Johnson; Johnson was himself also charged twice for striking Baker. Baker became the first person to be reported for misconduct towards an injured player. After accepting early pleas for the three striking offences, and having the misconduct charge upheld by the tribunal, Baker was suspended for a total nine matches. This is the longest suspension given from a single match (but not for a single incident) under the points-based tribunal system.

### Temporary de-registration

While playing for the Sorrento Football Club in the Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League in 2013, Baker was suspended for six weeks for unduly rough conduct against an opponent in a pre-season match. The sanction took Baker's total career suspensions beyond the threshold to be automatically deregistered from playing football for life, ending his playing career at all levels. Baker successfully appealed the six-week suspension, enabling him to continue playing.

## InfoBox

| Steven Baker | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Steven Paul Baker | | |
| Date of birth | (1980-05-22) 22 May 1980 | | |
| Original team(s) | Geelong Falcons (TAC Cup) | | |
| Draft | No. 27, 1998 National Draft, St Kilda | | |
| Height | 179 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 83 kg (183 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1999–2011 | St Kilda | 203 (35) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2011. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Van der Heijden

abstract: Van der Heijden is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from the heath". Variant spellings are Van der Heijde, Van der Heyden, “VanDerHeyden” and concatenated forms. The surnames Van der Heide, Verheijen and Verheyen have the same origin. Notable people with the surname include:

text:
# Van der Heijden

**Van der Heijden** is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from the heath" (modern Dutch *heide*). Variant spellings are **Van der Heijde**, **Van der Heyden**, “VanDerHeyden” and concatenated forms. The surnames Van der Heide, Verheijen and Verheyen have the same origin. Notable people with the surname include:

## Van der Heijden

## Vanderheijden

## Van der Heijde

## Van der Heyde

## Van der Heyden

## Vanderheyden


title: Trabanca

abstract: Trabanca is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain.

text:
# Trabanca

**Trabanca** is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain.

## InfoBox

| Trabanca | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Salamanca | |
| TrabancaLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 41°13′59″N 6°23′5″W / 41.23306°N 6.38472°W / 41.23306; -6.38472 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Comarca | Vitigudino |
| Subcomarca | La Ramajería |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jesús Borrego Vicente (PSOE) |
| Area | |
| Total | 30 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 745 m (2,444 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 200 |
| Density | 6.7/km2 (17/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 37173 |


title: Maryland Route 462

abstract: Maryland Route 462 is a state highway located in Harford County in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Paradise Road, the route runs 4.15 miles (6.68 km) from MD 132 in Aberdeen north to MD 155 near Hopewell Village. MD 462 was built in the early 1930s.

text:
# Maryland Route 462

**Maryland Route 462** (**MD 462**) is a state highway located in Harford County in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as **Paradise Road**, the route runs 4.15 miles (6.68 km) from MD 132 in Aberdeen north to MD 155 near Hopewell Village. MD 462 was built in the early 1930s.

## Route description

MD 462 begins at an intersection with MD 132 (Bel Air Avenue) in the city of Aberdeen. The state highway heads north as a two-lane undivided road through a residential neighborhood. Shortly after passing west of Aberdeen High School, MD 462 intersects MD 22 (Aberdeen Thruway), which connects Aberdeen Proving Ground with Interstate 95 (I-95) and the town of Bel Air. The state highway continues north through residential areas and leaves the city limits of Aberdeen between crossings of Carsins Run and Swan Creek. MD 462 passes through a mix of farmland and forest and passes under I-95 with no access. The state highway has staggered intersections with Chapel Road, which heads east toward the city of Havre de Grace and west toward Aldino. MD 462 intersects Webster Road, the old alignment of MD 155, before reaching its northern terminus at MD 155 (Level Road) in the hamlet of Webster east of Hopewell Village.

## History

MD 462 was fully paved in macadam from Aberdeen to Webster by 1933. The state highway has not changed since except for minor improvements.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Harford County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aberdeen | 0.00 | 0.00 | MD 132 (Bel Air Avenue) | Southern terminus |
| | 0.65 | 1.05 | MD 22 (Aberdeen Thruway) Bel Air, Aberdeen Proving Ground |  |
| Hopewell Village | 4.15 | 6.68 | MD 155 (Level Road) Churchville, Havre de Grace | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 462KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 462 | |
| --- | --- |
| Paradise Road | |
| Maryland Route 462 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA | |
| Length | 4.15 mi (6.68 km) |
| Existed | 1933–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | MD 132 in Aberdeen |
| Major intersections | MD 22 in Aberdeen |
| North end | MD 155 near Hopewell Village |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Harford |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MD 460   MD 464 | |


title: Expedition 10

abstract: Expedition 10 (2004–2005) was the tenth expedition to the International Space Station, using the Soyuz TMA-5, which stayed during the expedition for emergency evacuation.

text:
# Expedition 10

**Expedition 10** (20042005) was the tenth expedition to the International Space Station, using the Soyuz TMA-5, which stayed during the expedition for emergency evacuation.

## Crew

| Position | Crew | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Commander | Leroy Chiao, NASA
Fourth and last spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer | Salizhan Sharipov, RSA
Second and last spaceflight | |

## Mission parameters

## Mission objectives

Chiao and Sharipov docked at the Space Station on 16 October 2004 aboard Soyuz TMA-5, to relieve Expedition 9 crewmates Mike Fincke and Gennady Padalka. Chiao was the expedition commander and NASA science officer, and Sharipov was the Soyuz commander and flight engineer. Both Astronauts were researchers in the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Project.

Notable accomplishments included replacing critical hardware in the Quest Joint Airlock; repairing U.S. spacesuits; and submitting a scientific research paper on ultrasound use in space. Chiao was also the first astronaut to vote in a U.S. Presidential election from space.

## Notable events

The launch of Expedition 10 was rescheduled. During preflight testing, an explosive bolt was accidentally activated on the Soyuz TMA-5 spacecraft. The resulting damage caused was repaired and the mission launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on 14 October 2004.

During the Expedition 10 mission, two Progress supply spacecraft docked with the International Space Station. The first (Progress 51) docked on 25 December 2004 followed by the second (Progress 52) on 28 February 2005.

European Space Agency Astronaut Roberto Vittori of Italy launched to the Station with the Expedition 11 crew and spent eight days onboard performing scientific experiments. Vittori returned to Earth with the Expedition 10 crew. He was aboard under a contract between ESA and the Russian Federal Space Agency.

The re-entry of the Soyuz TMA-5 spacecraft was perfect, returning the astronauts to Earth 53 miles northeast of the town of Arkalyk after 192 days, 19 hours and 2 minutes in space. The recovery team reached the capsule in minutes.

## Crew

Chiao is a veteran of three Space Shuttle flights, and spent 13 hours on two spacewalks in 2000 as part of a construction mission at the Station. Sharipov has logged over 211 hours in space. He served as a mission specialist on the Shuttle during the eighth Shuttle-Mir docking mission in 1998.

## Spacewalks

The Expedition 10 crew completed two spacewalks, including experiment installation and tasks to prepare the Station for the arrival of the new European Automated Transfer Vehicle in 2006. Instead, the Automated Transfer Vehicle came in 2008. The first spacewalk took place on 26 January 2005 and the second on 28 March 2005.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

## InfoBox

Expedition 10
| Promotional poster | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Long-duration expedition |
| Mission duration | 190 days, 11 hours, 23 minutes (at ISS)
192 days 19 hours, 2 minutes (launch to landing) |
| Distance travelled | ~122,000,000 kilometres (76,000,000 mi) |
| Orbits completed | ~2,975 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Expedition | |
| Space station | International Space Station |
| Began | 16 October 2004, 04:16 (2004-10-16UTC04:16Z) UTC |
| Ended | 24 April 2005, 18:45 (2005-04-24UTC18:46Z) UTC |
| Arrived aboard | Soyuz TMA-5 |
| Departed aboard | Soyuz TMA-5 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 2 |
| Members | Leroy Chiao
Salizhan Sharipov |
| EVAs | 2 |
| EVA duration | 10 hours, 34 minutes |
|  | |
|
Expedition 10 mission patch

L-R: Leroy Chiao and Salizhan SharipovISS expeditions | |


title: Tassiloa

abstract: Tassiloa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has two species.

text:
# Tassiloa

***Tassiloa*** is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has two species.

## Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 2015 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Ingvar Kärnefelt, Arne Thell, Elix and Jae-Seoun Hur. According to their molecular phylogenetic analysis, *Tassiloa* appears as a sister group to the genus *Catenarina*, in the subfamily Teloschistoideae of family Teloschistaceae. The genus name honours German lichenologist Tassilo Feuerer.

## Description

*Tassiloa* is identifiable by its vibrant orange colouration. Its thallus can range from a crustose appearance to a more elevated, microfruticose form. The surface of the thallus may be either smooth or have a denser texture. This genus is further characterized by lobules that are reminiscent of terete (i.e., cylindrical or slightly tapering) isidia in structure. These lobules or isidia stand out predominantly and align vertically. When considering reproductive attributes, the apothecia of *Tassiloa* can be categorized as either zeorine or lecanorine. Its true exciple has a paraplectenchymatous tissue structure. In terms of chemistry, *Tassiloa* contains anthraquinones, notably those linked with the parietin chemosyndrome.

## Habitat and distribution

*Tassiloa digitaurea* is found growing on rock surfaces, detritus, and even over other lichen species. These habitats are typically located within exposed outcrops amidst shrub vegetation and grasslands in coastal regions. Notably, while they are found in coastal areas, their habitats are not strictly maritime. *T. wetmorei* is parasitic (lichenicolous), targeting various host lichens found on non-calcareous rocks.

*Tassiloa* species are native to both the American continents. *T. digitaurea* is identified in southern Patagonia. Meanwhile, *T. wetmorei* has been recorded in the Sonoran Desert located in southwestern North America.

## Species

* *Tassiloa digitaurea* (Søgaard, Søchting & Sancho) S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix, Jung Kim, A.S.Kondr. & Hur (2015)
* *Tassiloa wetmorei* (Nimis, Poelt & Tretiach) S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix, Jung Kim, A.S.Kondr. & Hur (2015)

The taxon *Tassiloa magellanica* (Søchting & Sancho) S.Y.Kondr. (2019) is now known by its original name, *Caloplaca magellanica*.

## InfoBox

| *Tassiloa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Teloschistales |
| Family: | Teloschistaceae |
| Genus: | *Tassiloa*
S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur (2015) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Tassiloa digitaurea*
(Søgaard, Søchting & Sancho) S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix, J.Kim, A.S.Kondr. & Hur (2015) | |
| Species | |
| *T. digitaurea*
*T. wetmorei* | |


abstract: The Norte de Santander and City of Cucutá Museum is a museum located in northeastern Colombia. The museum is in charge of exhibiting art and photographs of the department of Norte de Santander. The museum is dedicated to preserving the regional heritage.

text:
# Norte de Santander and City of Cucutá Museum

The **Norte de Santander and City of Cucutá Museum** (Spanish: Museo Norte de Santander y Ciudad de Cucutá) is a museum located in northeastern Colombia. The museum is in charge of exhibiting art and photographs of the department of Norte de Santander. The museum is dedicated to preserving the regional heritage.

## History

The museum is managed by the Norte de Santander and City of Cúcuta Foundation, which was created in 2006. In 2010, the government gave a building to the Foundation, the building was an old house of the brothers Carlos and Sofia Ferrero during that year, the building was in poor condition, in 2011 began the remodeling of the building, in which 60 million Colombian pesos were contributed by the Departmental Government and an additional 70 million by regional companies. In December 2021, it opened for the first time. In 2014, the museum implemented a Film Club program. In August 2021, members of the museum participated in the Colombian Bicentennial Commemoration event in Villa del Rosario.

## Collections

The museum contains a collection of paintings and sculptures. The museum contains commercial writings and an act of foundation of the railroad of Cucutá, in addition the museum has a collection of letters, documents, newspapers, that great part are of the XIX century. In addition, the museum contains archaeological pieces from pre-Hispanic times. As well as objects from the XIV and XX centuries such as crockery, musical instruments, clothing and furniture. The museum contains photographs and maps about the development of the city of Cucutá. In 2016, the exhibition "Cucutá, infinite city" was presented in which photographs of Cucutá were exhibited, as well as photographs of the municipalities of the Metropolitan Area such as El Zulia, Los Patios, Puerto Santander, San Cayetano and Villa del Rosario, in this exhibition included works by Wilmer Leonardo Useché, Israel Cerón Murillo and Freeman Valencia Zúñiga. In 2019, the museum presented the exhibition "es\_ta\_do\_na\_ción", which deals with artistic expressions of political organization since the 17th century as well as ideas of nationhood and the collapse of contemporaneity. During this 2019 exhibition, Glenda León, Núria Güell, Timea Oravecz, Khaled Jarrar, Mohamed Arejdal, Alan Carrasco and Wilmer Useche participated. In 2021, ceramics by the artist Belén de Roma that were worked on six years ago were exhibited, among his works exhibited was the Hecuba Wheel. During the confinement of the Covid-19 pandemic, the museum acquired 60 pieces of art.

## InfoBox

Norte de Santander and City of Cucutá Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | December 14, 2011 (2011-12-14) |
| Location | Cucutá, Colombia |
| Coordinates | 7°53′00″N 72°29′58″W / 7.883444°N 72.499447°W / 7.883444; -72.499447 |
| Type | Art museum |
| Website | www.museonortedesantander.com |


title: Näkymätön Viänänen

abstract: Näkymätön Viänänen is a Finnish comic strip drawn by Jorma "Jope" Pitkänen. Pitkänen has been drawing the strip since 1973 and the strip is still active. The main character is Viänänen, who is invisible. Only his trademark cap can be seen, but he is also often holding a bottle of beer in the process of drinking from it. The reason for Viänänen's invisibility has never been explained, and it seems to be used only for comical effect - the plot of the strip ignores Viänänen's invisibility completely. Viänänen lives in a cottage somewhere in the deep countryside of Savonia, together with his wife Lempi, their infant son, and various farm animals. The whole family, including the animals, speak Finnish in the Savonian dialect. The plot of the strip usually touches on Finnish politics - Viänänen is a right-wing supporter of agrarians' rights, and is sympathetic with the True Finns party, and his political views often clash with the decisions of the Finnish government, and the European Union. Viänänen also sometimes gets in trouble with the police, because of his habit of making moonshine on his farm, which is illegal under Finnish law.

text:
# Näkymätön Viänänen

***Näkymätön Viänänen*** (Savonian dialect Finnish for "The invisible Väänänen") is a Finnish comic strip drawn by Jorma "Jope" Pitkänen. Pitkänen has been drawing the strip since 1973 and the strip is still active.

The main character is Viänänen (a Savonian version of the common Finnish surname Väänänen), who is invisible. Only his trademark cap can be seen, but he is also often holding a bottle of beer in the process of drinking from it. The reason for Viänänen's invisibility has never been explained, and it seems to be used only for comical effect - the plot of the strip ignores Viänänen's invisibility completely.

Viänänen lives in a cottage somewhere in the deep countryside of Savonia, together with his wife Lempi, their infant son, and various farm animals. The whole family, including the animals, speak Finnish in the Savonian dialect. The plot of the strip usually touches on Finnish politics - Viänänen is a right-wing supporter of agrarians' rights, and is sympathetic with the True Finns party, and his political views often clash with the decisions of the Finnish government, and the European Union. Viänänen also sometimes gets in trouble with the police, because of his habit of making moonshine on his farm, which is illegal under Finnish law.

1. Jokinen, Heikki; Pulkkinen, Kalervo (ed.): *Suomalaisen sarjakuvan ensyklopedia*, pp. 77-78. Kemi comics centre 1996.
2. Vennamolaisesta Näläkäjärven persuksi, Savon Sanomat, 9 July 2013. Accessed on 27 April 2014.


title: Gawamaa

abstract: Gawamaa or Gawam'a is an Arab tribe. They are a large sedentary tribe in North Kordofan, and sections of them also helped form the Halafa sub-group of the Hawazma tribe, itself a sub-group of the larger Baggara group. According to British colonial administrator Harold MacMichael, the Gawamaa were one of six non-Hawazma tribes integrated into the Hawazma tribe in the mid-eighteenth century by way of an oath. The number of its members is about 750,000. The members of this group speak Sudanese Arabic. All members of this group are Muslims.

text:
# Gawamaa

**Gawamaa** or **Gawam'a** is an Arab tribe. They are a large sedentary tribe in North Kordofan, and sections of them also helped form the Halafa sub-group of the Hawazma tribe, itself a sub-group of the larger Baggara group. According to British colonial administrator Harold MacMichael, the Gawamaa were one of six non-Hawazma tribes integrated into the Hawazma tribe in the mid-eighteenth century by way of an oath.

The number of its members is about 750,000. The members of this group speak Sudanese Arabic. All members of this group are Muslims.


title: Michael J. Walter

abstract: Michael J. Walter is an American experimental petrologist at Earth and Planetary Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He is also the director of EPL. He was on Editorial Board of JGR: Solid Earth from 2012 to 2018. Michael studies how rocks behave when transported to deep Earth interiors and associated elemental behaviors. He also uses super-deep diamonds to study the how Earth's mantle works.

text:
# Michael J. Walter

**Michael J. Walter** is an American experimental petrologist at Earth and Planetary Laboratory (EPL, formally Geophysical Lab and Department of Terrestrial Magnetism) of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He is also the director of EPL. He was on Editorial Board of JGR: Solid Earth from 2012 to 2018. Michael studies how rocks behave when transported to deep Earth interiors and associated elemental behaviors. He also uses super-deep diamonds to study the how Earth's mantle works.

## Research

Walter uses experimental petrology to research on early Earth's history, when the planet just formed from accretion of the cloud of gas and dust surrounding our young Sun, and when distinct layers of Earth's mantle and core start to take shape. He also investigates physical properties of deep materials in Earth's interior, focusing on extracting information about mantle conditions from tiny compositional variations preserved inside diamonds.

## InfoBox

| Michael J. Walter | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of Nebraska
University of Texas, Dallas |
| Known for | Diamond inclusions, early Earth history, planetary accretion |
| Awards | 2019, Fellow, American Geophysical Union
2016, Fellow, Mineralogical Society of America |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Petrology, geochemistry, mineralogy, geophysics |
| Institutions | Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior, Misasa, Japan
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol
Earth and Planetary Laboratory, Washington DC, US |
|  | |


title: Michael J. Weithorn

abstract: Michael J. Weithorn is an American writer, director, and producer whose works include the sitcom The King of Queens.

text:
# Michael J. Weithorn

**Michael J. Weithorn** (born December 17, 1956) is an American writer, director, and producer whose works include the sitcom *The King of Queens*.

## Early life

Weithorn was born on December 17, 1956 and raised first in the Fresh Meadows neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens, and then in Port Washington, New York, on Long Island. He graduated Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania in 1978 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science.

## Career

After arriving in Los Angeles and teaching high school for three years, Weithorn's first major writing opportunity was an episode of the television series *Benson* in 1981. In 1982 he passed up an opportunity to become part of the original writing staff of *Late Night With David Letterman* to work with producer Gary David Goldberg on Goldberg's new series *Family Ties*. From 1982 to 1986 Weithorn was a story consultant and then producer on 102 episodes of *Family Ties*, writing 26 of the episodes during his tenure on the show. During that same time, he also wrote episodes for other TV shows, including *Cheers*. He worked for Ubu Productions until 1986, when he founded Hanley Productions with a contract at 20th Century Fox Television and ABC.

He began creating TV series of his own after leaving *Family Ties* in 1986, including *The Pursuit of Happiness* (1987), *True Colors* (1990-1992), *South Central* (1994) and *Ned and Stacey* (1995-1997).

In 1998, he created *The King of Queens* with David Litt. The show ran until 2007, when Weithorn wrote the hour-long finale episode, "China Syndrome".

In 2006, he co-created (with Nick Bakay) the Comedy Central animated web series *The Adventures of Baxter and McGuire*, an episode of which was also shown at the Sundance Film Festival.

In 2010, he wrote and directed the feature film *A Little Help*, which stars Jenna Fischer, Chris O'Donnell and Rob Benedict.

In 2015, Weithorn created and executive produced the short-lived Fox midseason sitcom *Weird Loners*, starring Becki Newton and Zachary Knighton.

## Awards

Weithorn has five Emmy nominations. In 1984, he was nominated for an Emmy for his work on *Family Ties* along with the show's other producers. One year later, he was nominated again for *Family Ties*, both times in the category of Outstanding Comedy Series. In 1986, Weithorn was nominated for two Emmys for *Family Ties*, one for producing and the other for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series. In 1989, he was nominated for another Writing Emmy for his work on the TV series *The Wonder Years*. In 2007, he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for "Best Outstanding Broadband Program – Comedy" for *The Adventures of Baxter and McGuire*. In 2010, Weithorn's film *A Little Help* was the winner of best feature at several major film festivals.

Weithorn won a Writers Guild of America award in 1985 for his work on an episode of *Cheers*.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Note(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | *Benson* | Writer | Episode: "Stress" |
| 1982 | *Making the Grade* | Writer/Story Editor | 2 episodes |
| 1982-89 | *Family Ties* | Producer/Supervising Producer/Writer/Story Consultant | 170 episodes |
| 1983 | *Cheers* | Writer | Episode: "Sumner's Return" |
| 1985 | *Family Ties Vacation* | | TV movie |
| 1987-88 | *Pursuit of Happiness* | Creator/Executive Producer | 15 episodes |
| 1988 | *The Wonder Years* | Writer | Episode: "Our Miss White" |
| 1990-91 | *The Rock* | Creator/Executive Producer | 20 episodes |
| 1990-92 | *True Colors* | Creator/Executive Producer | 95 episodes |
| 1993-94 | *The Sinbad Show* | Executive Producer/Writer | 9 episodes |
| 1994 | *South Central* | Creator/Executive Producer | 21 episodes |
| 1995-97 | *Ned and Stacey* | | 99 episodes |
| 1998-2007 | *The King of Queens* | Creator/Executive Producer/Creative Consultant/Executive Consultant/Director | 207 episodes |
| 2006 | *The Adventures of Baxter & McGuire* | Writer |  |
| 2008 | *The Adventures of Baxter & McGuire: The Boss* | | Short |
| 2010 | *A Little Help* | Writer/Director |  |
| 2013 | *The Sidekick* | Co-Executive Producer/Director | Short |
| 2013-14 | *The Goldbergs* | Consulting Producer/Writer | 24 episodes |
| 2015 | *Weird Loners* | Creator/Executive Producer | 16 episodes |
| 2019 | *Schooled* | Writer/Consulting Producer | 14 episodes |
| TBA | *Sunday Night Dinner* |  | In development |


title: Fracastorius

abstract: Fracastorius is a genus of Asian seed bugs in the tribe Homoeocerini, erected by William Lucas Distant in 1901. It contains the single species Fracastorius cornutus which was originally recorded from Myanmar.

text:
# Fracastorius

***Fracastorius*** is a genus of Asian seed bugs in the tribe Homoeocerini, erected by William Lucas Distant in 1901. It contains the single species ***Fracastorius cornutus*** which was originally recorded from Myanmar.

## InfoBox

| *Fracastorius cornutus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Coreidae |
| Subfamily: | Coreinae |
| Tribe: | Homoeocerini |
| Genus: | *Fracastorius*
Distant, 1901 |
| Species: | ***F. cornutus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Fracastorius cornutus***
Distant, 1902 | |
|


title: Grange-over-Sands

abstract:
Grange-over-Sands is a town and civil parish on the north side of Morecambe Bay in Cumbria, England, a few miles south of the Lake District National Park. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 4,114, increasing at the 2021 census to 4,279.
Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, the town became administered as an urban district in 1894. Though the town remains part of the Duchy of Lancaster, since 2023 it has been administered as part of the Westmorland and Furness Council area. Travelling by road, Grange-over-Sands is 13.1 miles (21.1 km) to the south of Kendal, 14.9 miles (24.0 km) to the east of Ulverston, 25 miles (40 km) to the east of Barrow-in-Furness and 28.1 miles (45.2 km) to the north of Lancaster.

text:
# Grange-over-Sands

**Grange-over-Sands** is a town and civil parish on the north side of Morecambe Bay in Cumbria, England, a few miles south of the Lake District National Park. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 4,114, increasing at the 2021 census to 4,279. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, the town became administered as an urban district in 1894. Though the town remains part of the Duchy of Lancaster, since 2023 it has been administered as part of the Westmorland and Furness Council area.

Travelling by road, Grange-over-Sands is 13.1 miles (21.1 km) to the south of Kendal, 14.9 miles (24.0 km) to the east of Ulverston, 25 miles (40 km) to the east of Barrow-in-Furness and 28.1 miles (45.2 km) to the north of Lancaster.

## History

The town developed in the Victorian era from a small fishing village and the arrival of the railway in 1857 made it a popular seaside resort on the north side of Morecambe Bay, across the sands from Morecambe. The "over-Sands" suffix was added in the late 19th or early 20th century by the local vicar, who was fed up with his post going to Grange in Borrowdale near Keswick.

In 1932 Grange Lido was built on the seafront, and remained in use until 1993, in 2011 it was listed Grade II. There is a campaign to restore and re-open it (as 2019).

The River Kent used to flow past the town's mile-long promenade but its course migrated south, away from Grange. The sands or mudflats with dangerous quicksands became a grass meadow now grazed by small flocks of sheep. Following sustained easterly winds in the early part of 2007, the river began to switch its course back across the bay.

## Amenities

### Sanatorium

The clean, sea air and local spring water were believed to be of benefit to tuberculosis sufferers, and in 1891 one of the first sanatoriums in the country was established at Meathop.

### Swimming pool

In 2003 a new public swimming pool, the "Berners Pool", was opened. The pool, which cost £3.5 million, was designed by architects Hodder Associates and won a RIBA Design Award in 2004. However it suffered from high running costs and structural problems and was closed in 2006 when the Community Trust which ran it became insolvent. It was subsequently demolished in 2013 and later replaced by affordable housing.

A new pool and leisure centre was subsequently planned as part of the redevelopment of the Grange Lido site. However this development was opposed as it would have involved filling in the Grade II listed lido. As of September 2018, the future of the site was still being debated.

### Grange Lido

In January 2019, it was announced that the derelict Grade II listed coastal lido would be refurbished and reopened to the public, but not as a swimming pool.

In August 2019, the derelict Grange Lido opened for public tours.

### Media

A local free newspaper, *Grange Now*, which reports on local news, is published monthly and is delivered to over 5,000 homes on the Cartmel Peninsula.

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter, and the Lancaster relay transmitter.

The town is served by both BBC Radio Cumbria on 96.1 FM and BBC Radio Lancashire on 104.5 FM. Other radio stations including Heart North West on 96.9 FM, Smooth Lake District on 100.1 FM and community online stations, Lake District Radio and Bay Trust Radio.

## Governance

Grange-over-Sands is part of the Westmorland and Lonsdale parliamentary constituency, of which Tim Farron is the current MP representing the Liberal Democrats.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

For Local Government purposes, it is in the *Grange and Cartmel Ward* of the Westmorland and Furness Council area. Prior to this it was in the *Grange Ward* of South Lakeland District Council and the *Grange Division* of Cumbria County Council.

The town also has its own Town Council; *Grange-over-Sands Town Council*.

## Education

There is one primary school, the Grange-over-Sands Church of England Primary School. There is no secondary school, so most pupils attend the nearby schools in either Cartmel or Milnthorpe.

## Tourism

The town is a centre for tourists exploring the southern Lakeland fells, and is home to a number of hotels, bed & breakfasts and holiday properties. Within the town itself, there is an ornamental duck pond and a traffic-free promenade.

Adjacent to Grange are Lindale, to the north-east, Cartmel to the north-west, with its priory to which the village was once the 'grange' or farm, and Allithwaite to the west. Also nearby is a country house, Holker Hall, which was built on land that once belonged to the priory. The stables at Holker Hall housed the Lakeland Motor Museum until its move to Backbarrow in 2010.

In December 2019, National Geographic published an article called *How to spend a weekend on the Cumbrian coast,* in which it recommended that tourists should "*Resist the lure of the Lake District and instead trace England’s northwest coastline by road or rail, savouring epicurean discoveries and sandy hikes along the way."* The article included a recommendation for visiting Grange-over-Sands.

## Hampsfield Fell

Above the town is Hampsfield Fell (generally abbreviated to Hampsfell), crowned by 'Hampsfell Hospice', a sturdy limestone tower monument built in 1846 by the vicar of Cartmel. This offers shelter in bad weather and extensive views in better conditions. Over the door, which faces east, there is an inscription from Homer \- 'ΡΟΔΟΔΑΚΤΥΛOΣ EΩΣ' - (RODODAKTYLOS EOS "rosy-fingered" Dawn) - whilst inside are painted boards commemorating its construction, praising the view and welcoming visitors. On the roof, which is accessible by a crude flight of stone stairs, is a crude alidade or compass pointer allowing the easy identification of nearby peaks and sights of interest. Hampsfell is the subject of a chapter of Wainwright's book *The Outlying Fells of Lakeland*. It reaches 727 feet (222 m). The summit of Hampsfell is surrounded by several flat, incised areas of limestone pavement.

## Transport

Grange-over-Sands railway station, which serves the town, was opened by the Ulverston and Lancaster Railway on 1 September 1857 and is now served by the Furness Line, giving connections to Ulverston and Barrow-in-Furness to the west, and Lancaster, Preston, Manchester Piccadilly and Manchester Airport to the east.

The main road access is the A590, which runs between the M6 and Barrow-in-Furness. Before the building of the railway, the main way of reaching Grange was the road across the Sands of Morecambe Bay from Hest Bank.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Grange-over-Sands | |
| --- | --- |
| Church Hill | |
| Grange-over-SandsLocation on Morecambe BayGrange-over-SandsLocation within Cumbria | |
| Population | 4,279 *(2021)* |
| OS grid reference | SD4077 |
| Civil parish | * Grange-over-Sands |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | GRANGE-OVER-SANDS |
| Postcode district | LA11 |
| Dialling code | 015395 |
|  | |
| Police | Cumbria |
| Fire | Cumbria |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Extreme Volume II Live

abstract: Extreme Volume II Live is the second live album by Racer X, released by Shrapnel Records. Although it succeeds the release of Extreme Volume Live by four years, the songs on the album were actually recorded at the same time. At the time of the album's release, Racer X was on hiatus.

text:
# Extreme Volume II Live

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal* | 8/10 |

***Extreme Volume II Live*** is the second live album by Racer X, released by Shrapnel Records. Although it succeeds the release of *Extreme Volume Live* by four years, the songs on the album were actually recorded at the same time. At the time of the album's release, Racer X was on hiatus.

## Track listing

All songs written by Paul Gilbert and Jeff Martin except where noted.

1. "Hammer Away" – 4:10
2. "Poison Eyes" – 4:04
3. "Heart of a Lion" (K.K. Downing, Rob Halford, Glenn Tipton) – 4:36 (Judas Priest cover)
4. "Moonage Daydream" (David Bowie) – 3:17 (David Bowie cover)
5. "Sunlit Nights" (Bruce Bouillet, Gilbert, Martin) – 4:04
6. "Give It to Me" – 3:07
7. "On the Loose" – 3:02
8. "Rock It" – 5:10
9. "Detroit Rock City" (Bob Ezrin, Paul Stanley) – 5:20 (Kiss cover)

## Personnel

Racer X Production * Ron Bloom, Andy Delena – producers, engineers
* GGGarth – additional production with Racer X, mixing at Devonshire Studios, Hollywood
* Stan Katayama, Jeff Demorris – mixing
* Kenneth K. Lee Jr. – mastering
* Mike Varney – executive producer

## InfoBox

| Extreme Volume II Live | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Racer X | |
| Released | September 8, 1992 |
| Venue | Country Club, Reseda, California |
| Studio | Sound City Studios, Los Angeles, California |
| Genre | Heavy metal |
| Length | 36:54 |
| Label | Shrapnel |
| Producer | Ron Bloom, Ricky Delena, Racer X, GGGarth, Mike Varney |
| Racer X chronology | |
| *Extreme Volume Live*
(1988) ***Extreme Volume II Live***
(1992) *Technical Difficulties*
(1999) | |


title: The Top 10 of Everything

abstract:
Top 10 of Everything is an internationally distributed illustrated reference book of quantifiable Top 10 lists on a diverse variety of subjects, written by Russell Ash until his death in 2010, by Alexander and Caroline Ash from 2010-present, and Paul Terry and published annually since 1989. Facts and statistics about animals, geography, music, films, business, transport, sport and many other subjects are presented. The lists – totalling 700 or more in each volume – often also provide supplementary data about entries outside the Top 10 as well as additional information. Top 10 of Everything focuses on practical facts and occasional offbeat entries, from the most densely populated countries and the most expensive paintings to the tallest skyscrapers and the most common names around the world. The latest UK edition is the first to include a DVD featuring an interactive quiz based on the book. Formerly published by Dorling Kindersley, Top 10 of Everything has been published by Hamlyn since 2006 and in other English-language editions. It also appears in a number of translations including, to date, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Gujarati, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Slovakian and Swedish. Top 10 of Everything was the basis of a children’s TV series broadcast on ITV in 1998–2001.
Related books including The Top 10 of Sport, The Top 10 of Music, The Top 10 of Film, Top 10 for Men, Top 10 of Britain and (forthcoming) Top 10 of Football and Top 10 of Ireland. Quiz books, calendars, diaries and other products, have been also issued at intervals.

text:
# The Top 10 of Everything

***Top 10 of Everything*** is an internationally distributed illustrated reference book of quantifiable Top 10 lists on a diverse variety of subjects, written by Russell Ash until his death in 2010, by Alexander and Caroline Ash from 2010-present, and Paul Terry (2014 'Top 10 for Boys') and published annually since 1989. Facts and statistics about animals, geography, music, films, business, transport, sport and many other subjects are presented. The lists – totalling 700 or more in each volume – often also provide supplementary data about entries outside the Top 10 as well as additional information. *Top 10 of Everything* focuses on practical facts and occasional offbeat entries, from the most densely populated countries and the most expensive paintings to the tallest skyscrapers and the most common names around the world. The latest UK edition is the first to include a DVD featuring an interactive quiz based on the book.

Formerly published by Dorling Kindersley, *Top 10 of Everything* has been published by Hamlyn since 2006 and in other English-language editions. It also appears in a number of translations including, to date, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Gujarati, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Slovakian and Swedish.

*Top 10 of Everything* was the basis of a children’s TV series broadcast on ITV in 1998–2001. Related books including *The Top 10 of Sport*, *The Top 10 of Music*, *The Top 10 of Film*, *Top 10 for Men*, *Top 10 of Britain* and (forthcoming) *Top 10 of Football* and *Top 10 of Ireland*. Quiz books, calendars, diaries and other products, have been also issued at intervals.

## Current editions

* *Top 10 of everything 2013* (2014)
* *Top 10 of Everything 2010* (2009) ISBN 978-0-600-61742-6 (UK)
* *Top 10 of Everything 2010* (2009) ISBN 978-0-600-62048-8 (US)
* *Top 10* (2009) ISBN 978-2-7000-2734-1 (France)


title: Luc Nkulula

abstract: Luc Nkulula was a Congolese political activist and leader of the pro-democracy movement lutte pour le changement (LUCHA).

text:
# Luc Nkulula

**Luc Nkulula** (October 18, 1985 - June 10, 2018) was a Congolese political activist and leader of the pro-democracy movement *lutte pour le changement* (LUCHA).

## Biography

Nkulula was born in Lubumbashi, a city in southern Congo, and grew up between there and Goma in the east of the country. He obtained a law degree from the University of Goma, after which he worked as a consultant for various international organizations.

Nkulula joined LUCHA, a Congolese pro-democracy movement, upon its creation in 2012 and became one of its leading members. He represented the movement at a meeting with President Joseph Kabila in 2016, where he criticized the president for his lack of action for the violence-plagued east of the country and urged him to relinquish power peacefully. Nkulula's activism involved encouraging young people in his country to be involved in public affairs. From his leading role in a campaign to improve access to safe drinking water in Goma, he was often known by the nickname "H2O".

Nkulula died on the night of June 9–10, 2018 as his house burnt down. The death was deemed "suspicious" by other LUCHA members, even though "an investigation blamed a faulty solar panel". He was eulogized by The Economist as "one of Congo’s bravest campaigners for democracy and free elections."

## InfoBox

| Luc Nkulula | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | October 18, 1985
Lubumbashi, Zaire |
| Died | June 10, 2018
Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Occupation(s) | Lawyer, political activist |


title: Hägglingen

abstract: Hägglingen is a municipality in the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

text:
# Hägglingen

**Hägglingen** is a municipality in the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## History

The first evidence of a settlement comes from barrows from the Hallstatt period. There is also evidence of small Roman era settlements.

The first mention of modern Hägglingen is in 1036 when Count Ulrich von Lenzburg granted the church and farm of *Hekelingen* to Beromünster. In the acknowledgments of Emperor Henry III in 1045, the village of *Hackelingen* was mentioned. Frederick I Barbarossa acknowledged the grants to the village in 1173. The Vogtei (bailiwick) went from the Lenzburg family to the Kyburgs and then in 1273 to the Lords of Hallwyl. The high court rights were exercised by the Habsburgs until the Swiss conquered the Aargau in 1415. It was not until 1425 that Hägglingen, which was claimed by Lucerne, came under the authority of the entire confederacy. It was first assigned to the district court of Wohlenschwil before it became an independent municipality from 1435 to 1712.

The *Dorfoffnung* regulations of 1609 include laws for the exploitation of forests and regulated irrigation. At this time Hägglingen was acting as a fully independent municipality. Between 1611 and 1613, 150 people died of the plague. It was sacked and partly burned in 1656 by Bernese troops.

The parish church of St. Michael was built in 1457–66, though only the tower and choir of the original church were retained. The church was expanded in 1638–39, and renovated in 1739. In 1951, the late gothic choir frescoes of 1480–90, which had survived the iconoclasm of 1529, were discovered.

In addition to agriculture and small businesses, the straw plaiting industry started in the 18th century and grew in the 19th to be one of the main industries of the village. The distance to the nearest train station, Dottikon, delayed industrial development of Hägglingen. By 2003, a number of medium and small businesses, primarily in the plastics industry, offered approximately 520 jobs.

## Geography

Hägglingen has an area, as of 2006, of 7.8 square kilometers (3.0 sq mi). Of this area, 56.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 32.9% is forested. The rest of the land, (10.3%) is settled.

The municipality is located in the Bremgarten district on an elevated side valley of the *Bünztales*. It consists of the village of Hägglingen and the hamlets of Igelweid and Rüti (since 1823).

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Azure a Flax Comb Or spiked Argent.*

## Demographics

Hägglingen has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 2,437. As of 2008, 13.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 8.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (92.4%), with Albanian being second most common ( 1.6%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 1.6%).

The age distribution, as of 2008, in Hägglingen is; 229 children or 10.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 264 teenagers or 12.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 242 people or 11.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 330 people or 15.1% are between 30 and 39, 398 people or 18.2% are between 40 and 49, and 289 people or 13.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 202 people or 9.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 143 people or 6.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 72 people or 3.3% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 12 people or 0.6% who are 90 and older.

As of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.55 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 62.9% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement). As of 2000, there were 63 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 295 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 384 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.53 individuals. In 2008 there were 506 single family homes (or 55.4% of the total) out of a total of 913 homes and apartments. There were a total of 4 empty apartments for a 0.4% vacancy rate. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 8.4 new units per 1000 residents.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 39% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (21.2%), the SP (13.7%) and the FDP (12%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Hägglingen about 73.8% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year), there are 193 students attending primary school, there are 46 students attending secondary school in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1850 | 1,535 |  |
| 1900 | 1,415 | −7.8% |
| 1950 | 1,514 | +7.0% |
| 2000 | 1,990 | +31.4% |

## Economy

As of  2007, Hägglingen had an unemployment rate of 1.58%. As of 2005, there were 128 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 37 businesses involved in this sector. 436 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 29 businesses in this sector. 174 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 45 businesses in this sector.

As of 2000 there was a total of 1,041 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 731 or about 70.2% of the residents worked outside Hägglingen while 347 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 657 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 7.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 54.3% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 1,149 or 57.7% were Roman Catholic, while 464 or 23.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 individual who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.

## InfoBox

| Hägglingen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Hägglingen | |
| HägglingenHägglingen | |
| Coordinates: 47°23′N 8°15′E / 47.383°N 8.250°E / 47.383; 8.250 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Aargau |
| District | Bremgarten |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.73 km2 (2.98 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 472 m (1,549 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 2,422 |
| Density | 310/km2 (810/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 5607 |
| SFOS number | 4068 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-AG |
| Surrounded by | Dottikon, Mägenwil, Niederwil, Othmarsingen, Tägerig, Wohlen, Wohlenschwil |
| Website | www.haegglingen.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Northern Ireland national cricket team

abstract: The Northern Ireland national cricket team is a representative cricket team for Northern Ireland. It does not play in International Cricket Council (ICC) competitions, as Northern Ireland is part of Cricket Ireland and is represented by the Ireland cricket team. However, a standalone Northern Ireland team has been formed on a few occasions.

text:
# Northern Ireland national cricket team

The **Northern Ireland national cricket team** is a representative cricket team for Northern Ireland. It does not play in International Cricket Council (ICC) competitions, as Northern Ireland is part of Cricket Ireland and is represented by the Ireland cricket team. However, a standalone Northern Ireland team has been formed on a few occasions.

## History

Cricket in Ireland is usually organised on an all-Ireland basis, with the national side representing both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. However, for the cricket tournament at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, a Northern Ireland team took part, as the Republic is not a member of the Commonwealth. It remains the only appearance of such a side in international cricket.

The tournament started for Northern Ireland with a match against South Africa. Northern Ireland scored 89/5 before rain brought an end to their innings in the 39th over. A target of 131 from 38 overs was set using the Duckworth-Lewis method for South Africa, which they achieved in the 32nd over, Dale Benkenstein scoring 44 not out. Ryan Eagleson took 3/28 for the Northern Irish team.

Their second match was against Barbados, and Barbados scored 296/5 from their 50 overs, Philo Wallace top scoring with 92. Northern Ireland could only score 120/7 in reply, Stephen Smyth top scoring with 58, losing by 176 runs.

Northern Ireland picked up their only win in their third match, against Bangladesh. Northern Ireland batted first and were bowled out for 177, with Kyle McCallan scoring an unbeaten 53. They then bowled out their opponents for 63 with Gordon Cooke taking five wickets.

## Players

The following players played for Northern Ireland in their only tournament:

## Tournament history

### Commonwealth Games

| Commonwealth Games record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Position | GP | W | L | T | NR |
| 1998 | Group stage | 12/16 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| **Total** | **0 Title** | **1/1** | **3** | **1** | **2** | **0** | **0** |
|

## InfoBox

Northern Ireland
| International Cricket Council | |
| --- | --- |
| ICC status | non-member |
| ICC region | Europe |
| International cricket | |
| First international | 10 September 1998 v South Africa at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| *As of 24 November 2007* | |


title: Hove, Belgium

abstract: Hove is a municipality (gemeente) located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality only comprises the town of Hove proper. In 2021, Hove had a total population of 8,287. The total area is 5.99 km⁲. Situated roughly 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from Antwerp, the provincial capital, Hove is renowned for its exclusivity, and it is often cited as one of Belgium's most affluent areas. Residents are willing to invest significantly to reside here, drawn by its reputation as one of the nation's safest havens. Consequently, Hove clinched the 4th spot on the list of Belgian municipalities ranked by average annual income per capita in 2021.

text:
# Hove, Belgium

**Hove** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈɦoːvə\] ) is a municipality (*gemeente*) located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality only comprises the town of Hove proper. In 2021, Hove had a total population of 8,287. The total area is 5.99 km2.

Situated roughly 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from Antwerp, the provincial capital, Hove is renowned for its exclusivity, and it is often cited as one of Belgium's most affluent areas. Residents are willing to invest significantly to reside here, drawn by its reputation as one of the nation's safest havens. Consequently, Hove clinched the 4th spot on the list of Belgian municipalities ranked by average annual income per capita in 2021.

## Notable residents

## Bibliography

* Van Den Weygaert, Luc. "Hove in de wereld" (Hove in the world), Edit. Ouderits, Hove (Antwerp), 2010, 26 p.
* Van Den Weygaert, Luc. "Hove, culturele en toeristische verkenningen", Edit. Ouderits, Hove (Antwerp), 2012, 24 p.
* Van Gysel, Albert. "Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van Hove" (The History of Hove), Edit. Jos Verheyen, Boechout (Antwerp), 1957, 80 p.

## InfoBox

| Hove | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Hove | |
| HoveLocation in Belgium Location of Hove in the province of Antwerp | |
| Coordinates: 51°09′N 04°28′E / 51.150°N 4.467°E / 51.150; 4.467 | |
| Country | Belgium |
| Community | Flemish Community |
| Region | Flemish Region |
| Province | Antwerp |
| Arrondissement | Antwerp |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Bart Van Couwenberge (N-VA) |
| Governing party/ies | N-VA, Fan Van Hove |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.02 km2 (2.32 sq mi) |
| Population (2020-01-01) | |
| Total | 8,277 |
| Density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
| Postal codes | 2540 |
| NIS code | 11021 |
| Area codes | 03 |
| Website | www.hove.be |


title: Hub-center steering

abstract: Hub-center steering (HCS) is one of several different types of front-end suspension/steering mechanisms used in motorcycles and cargo bicycles. Hub-center steering is characterized by the steering pivot points being inside the hub of the wheel, rather than above the wheel in the headstock as in the traditional layout. Most hub-center arrangements employ a swingarm that extends from the bottom of the engine/frame to the center of the front wheel. Hub steering mechanisms are complex and have a number of theoretical advantages, but in practice often provide an inconsistent driving feel due to slack arising from the complex linkages. Although conventional forks have a number of theoretical weaknesses, it is, on the other hand, a more developed and mature system.

text:
# Hub-center steering

**Hub-center steering** (**HCS**) is one of several different types of front-end suspension/steering mechanisms used in motorcycles and cargo bicycles. Hub-center steering is characterized by the steering pivot points being inside the hub of the wheel, rather than above the wheel in the headstock as in the traditional layout. Most hub-center arrangements employ a swingarm that extends from the bottom of the engine/frame to the center of the front wheel.

Hub steering mechanisms are complex and have a number of theoretical advantages, but in practice often provide an inconsistent driving feel due to slack arising from the complex linkages. Although conventional forks have a number of theoretical weaknesses, it is, on the other hand, a more developed and mature system.

## Separation of steering, braking and damping

The advantages of using a hub-center steering system instead of a more conventional motorcycle fork are that hub-center steering separates the steering, braking, and suspension functions.

### Elimination of stiction in dampers

With a fork the braking forces are put through the suspension, a situation that leads to the suspension being compressed, using up a large amount of suspension travel which makes dealing with bumps and other road irregularities extremely difficult. As the forks dive, the steering geometry of the bike also changes, making the bike more nervous, and inversely, acceleration becomes more lazy. Also, having the steering working through the forks causes problems with stiction, decreasing the effectiveness of the suspension.

Hub-center steering systems use an arm, or arms, on bearings to allow upward wheel deflection, meaning that there is no stiction, even under braking. Braking forces can be redirected horizontally along these arms, or tie rods, away from the vertical suspension forces, and can even be put to good use to counteract weight transfer.

### Reduced mass

The length of the typical motorcycle fork means that they act as large levers about the headstock requiring the forks, the headstock, and the frame to be very robust adding to the bike's weight.

### Consistent but complex behavior

The arms typically form some form of parallelogram which maintains steering geometry over the full range of wheel travel, allowing agility and consistency of steering that forks currently cannot get close to attaining.

The hub center steering's Achilles heel, however, has been the steering feel. Complex linkages tend to be involved in the steering process, and this can lead to slack, vague, or inconsistent handlebar movement across its range.

Evolution, rather than revolution, tends to drive advancements in new models, and dictate sales. After so many years of telescopic forks, people are used to riding a bike that handles in a specific way, and almost expect the limitations, and compensation is part of the experience. Also, there is a depth of knowledge known about fork-based chassis design that attempts each year to get around the limitations through technological advances on the current system. Thicker and thicker fork tubes are used to reduce flex, special coatings are used to mitigate stiction, and greater and greater steering angles are used to counteract dive.

## History

The hub-center steer concept is a very old one used as early as 1910 by the British James Cycle Co, and in 1920 by Ner-a-Car, and enjoyed an aftermarket vogue in the 1970s through the work of Jack Difazio in the UK.

Mead & Tomkinson Racing pioneered the use of hub-center steering in long-distance motorcycle endurance racing. Their first version of "Nessie" was powered by a modified Laverda 3C 1000 cc triple cylinder, but they later designed a Kawasaki-engined bike that became known as Nessie II. In the 1980s, Tomkinson's efforts encouraged the *Elf* racing team to create a succession of endurance and GP race bikes.

In the 1990s there was a flurry of action, first was the Bimota Tesi 1D in 1991 however this was expensive and was only ever produced in small numbers. Then in 1993 Yamaha launched the GTS1000 based on James Parker's RADD design. It raced at the Isle of Man TT but was always blighted with a reputation for being a bit heavy and clumsy in use. However, Steven Linsdell changed this reputation slightly with an 8th place finish in the 1994 Formula One TT, 6th place in the 1995 Formula one TT, and 10th place in 1996 on his Flitwick Motorcycles machine, with very competitive times against factory machines from the likes of Honda and their RC45. His prototype, based on a heavily modified Yamaha GTS1000, featured a Yamaha YZF750 engine due to the Formula one regulations and achieved 178mph through the Sulby speedtrap section of the course. His average speed of over 117mph on the twisty and undulating 37.73 mile long hedge and wall-lined street course was very reputable at an international event, on a machine built in his garden workshop during his spare time away from work. Michael Tryphonos also built a prototype based on the Difazio system that did race at the Isle of Man with some success reaching 11th in the Senior TT.

Royce Creasey, the designer of feet forwards motorcycles, is an ardent advocate of hub-center steering.

Currently, Bimota's Tesi 3D, the Vyrus 984C3 2V, and the 985C3 4V are the only production motorcycles using hub-center steering systems; however, Italjet also uses hub-center steering on their top-of-the-range scooters. Sidecar manufacturers occasionally employ hub-center steering in their designs, such as the GG Duetto. An aftermarket hub center steering assembly is made by ISR Brakes of Sweden.

## Use on motorcycles

As of 2023, hub-center steering systems have only appeared on very few production motorcycles, and not with any great success.

## Use on bicycles

Cargo bicycles with the cargo platform ahead of the rider have a low-set platform with a small diameter front wheel ahead of this. The conventional fork and steerer rise above this, often inconveniently for cargo loading. In 2011 Elian Cycles developed their cargo bicycle called "Cargobike" with hub-center steering to the wheel.


title: Hub71

abstract: Hub71 is a tech ecosystem based in Abu Dhabi, UAE. It was launched in 2019 by the UAE government as part of the Ghadan 21 initiative and is located in Abu Dhabi Global Market financial center on Al Maryah Island.

text:
# Hub71

**Hub71** is a tech ecosystem based in Abu Dhabi, UAE. It was launched in 2019 by the UAE government as part of the Ghadan 21 initiative and is located in Abu Dhabi Global Market financial center on Al Maryah Island.

## Overview

Established in 2019, Hub71 is a tech ecosystem located in Abu Dhabi Global Market. The initiative is part of the UAE government's Ghadan 21 economic accelerator program, a 50 billion AED investment focused on economic growth. Hub71 is backed by the Mubadala Investment Company.It is named after the UAE’s formation date of 1971. Ahmed Jasim Al Zaabi serves as the chairman of Hub71.

Hub71 was created as a community hub for entrepreneurs, investors and business enablers primarily to support startup companies across the world and to develop a global ecosystem in Abu Dhabi.

In 2022, Hub71 announced the selection of 16 startups for its latest cohort. These startups, chosen from over 170 applicants, represent nine countries and various sectors including fintech, healthtech, and cleantech. The program offers equity-free incentives and access to Hub71's network of investors and partners.

Hub71's Company Building Program offers startups financial and practical support.Selection for Hub71's Company Building Program may involve an equity stake for Hub71. The program offers comprehensive support packages to participating startups, fostering their growth. Additionally, startups can secure funding separately from venture capital firms partnered with Hub71.

As of June 2023, the total number of start-ups at the technology hub were 260.


title: Nordstrøm (band)

abstract: Nordstrøm is a Danish electronic-pop duo formed in 2004 in Copenhagen. The group consists of Troels Holdt and Lars Malm, who had been friends for more than 10 years before starting the group. The group's name is a compound word of the Danish words nord and strøm, meaning north-energy. According to Holdt and Malm, the name was chosen with the idea that electronic music comes from the northern sky, and that electricity creates life.

text:
# Nordstrøm (band)

**Nordstrøm** is a Danish electronic-pop duo formed in 2004 in Copenhagen. The group consists of Troels Holdt and Lars Malm, who had been friends for more than 10 years before starting the group.

The group's name is a compound word of the Danish words *nord* and *strøm*, meaning north-energy. According to Holdt and Malm, the name was chosen with the idea that electronic music comes from the northern sky, and that electricity creates life.

## History

Though Nordstrøm produces electronic pop, Malm and Holdt's friendship and collaboration were sparked by the Hank Williams classic "There's A Tear In My Beer". Both artists share a love for country classics, though the genre's influence on their music is not obvious. Malm and Holdt say that they draw inspiration for their songs from everyday life.

Before forming Nordstrøm, Malm and Holdt played in a number of smaller bands. Though they managed to tour the Balkans, they eventually dropped their other projects in favor of Nordstrøm.

Nordstrøm debuted in 2006 with their single "Berlin," which was released by EMI. "Berlin" was chosen as P3's inevitable song of the week and was the radio station's most played song in 2006. The song received a gold certificate in August 2006, and, by April 2008, had sold approx. 12,000 copies. The single was a precursor to the album *Dagdrømmer*, which was released in August 2006. The album also received a gold certificate after selling 15,000 copies.

Nordstrøm has played concerts at a variety of Danish music festivals, including: the Spot Festival in Aarhus, Vega, Roskilde Festival, and the Plænen festival at Tivoli.

In 2009, the duo collaborated with Lise Cabble to write and produce the song "Big Bang Baby", which was performed by Claus Christensen at the 2009 Dansk Melodi Grand Prix. Performing under the name *Fenger//Nordstrøm*, the duo collaborated with Søs Fenger to produce the album "Gnister" in 2015.

## Discography

### Dagdrømmer (2006)

* Stereo
* Berlin
* Du Og Jeg
* Foden Indenfor
* Spil For Galleriet
* Inkonsekvent
* Gi’ Besked
* Velsignede Tøs
* Natteravn
* Dagdrømmer
* Smil Du’ På
* Rotation

### Endnu En (2008)

* Perfekt
* Endnu En
* Hvem Hvad Hvor
* Lyden Af Dit Smil
* Hun Sidder Her
* Bonnie & Clyde
* OK
* Business Class
* Lagt På Is
* For Himlens Skyld
* Mig Og Min Vagt
* Ro På

### Alt På Plads (2010)

* Respirator
* Januar
* Alt På Plads
* En Sommer Der Bli'r
* En Sommer Der Bli'r, Pt. 2
* Sang Som Ingen Hører
* Ny Start
* Lykkeligt Glemt
* Johnny
* Samlebånd
* Kapitulation
* Tanken Tom

### Singles

* Berlin (May 2006)
* Gi besked (August 2006)
* Sensommersol (September 2006, non album track)
* Du og jeg (December 2006)
* Spil for galleriet (March 2007)
* Endnu En (March 2008)
* Lyden af dit smil (June 2008)
* Danmark, det er jul (December 2008)
* Perfekt (January 2009)
* Januar (January 2010)
* Johnny (Maj 2010)
* Respirator (October 2010)
* Sort Mercedes (April 2011)

## InfoBox

| Nordstrøm | |
| --- | --- |
| Nordstrøm in 2010 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Genres | Electropop |
| Years active | 2004-present |
|  | |
| Members | Troels Holdt and Lars Malm |
|  | |
| Website | https://www.facebook.com/nordstromdk |


title: Huangdi Yinfujing

abstract: The Huangdi Yinfujing, or Yinfujing, is a circa 8th century CE Daoist scripture associated with Chinese astrology and Neidan-style Internal alchemy. In addition, Huangdi Yinfujing is also the name of a Chinese Fengshui text on military strategy.

text:
# Huangdi Yinfujing

The ***Huangdi Yinfujing*** (Chinese: 黃帝陰符經; pinyin: **Huángdì Yǐnfújīng**; Wade–Giles: **Huang-ti Yin-fu Ching**; lit. 'Yellow Emperor's Hidden Talisman Classic'), or ***Yinfujing***, is a circa 8th century CE Daoist scripture associated with Chinese astrology and *Neidan*-style Internal alchemy. In addition, *Huangdi Yinfujing* is also the name of a Chinese Fengshui text on military strategy.

## Texts

There are two received versions of the Daoist *Huangdi Yinfujing*, a shorter text of 332 Chinese characters in one section and a longer one of 445 in three sections. Both versions of this classic explain cosmological correspondences, the Dao of Heaven, Yin and Yang, the Wu Xing, and biospiritual techniques. In the description of Alexander Wylie, "This short Treatise, which is not entirely free from the obscurity of Tâoist mysticism, professes to reconcile the decrees of Heaven with the current of mundane affairs." In the explanation of the modern Daoists Zhang Jiyu and Li Yuanguo,

> The *Huangdi yinfu jing* (The Yellow Emperor's Scripture on "Unconscious Unification") reflects this later stage of Daoist thought and attempts to "expose heaven's mysteries and reveal divinity's workings." It became one of the most important classics of Daoism, second only in significance to the *Daode jing*. Zhang Boduan (987–1082), in his *Wuzhen pian* (An Essay on Realizing Perfection), said: "The treasured *Yinfu jing* consists of more than three hundred words whereas the inspired *Daodejing* has five thousand characters. All those who attained immortality in the past and attain it in the present have comprehended the true meaning of these scriptures."

The *Huangdi Yinfujing'*s date of composition is uncertain. Some scholars believed it existed prior to the Zhou dynasty (1122–256 BCE), while others believe it is a forgery from the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE). The traditional Chinese belief, as well as the eponymous title, ascribed this classic to the legendary Chinese sovereign Huangdi "Yellow Emperor". According to literary legend, in 441 CE the Daoist reformer Kou Qianzhi hid the *Huangdi Yinfujing* in a cave near Mount Song, where it was discovered by the Tang military official Li Quan (fl. ca. 743 CE). Li transcribed the text and published it with his commentary (*Yinfujing Jie* 陰符經解). There is consensus among contemporary scholars that Li probably forged the text, which is confirmed by the absence of references in pre-Tang sources. Despite this comparatively late date, the *Huangdi Yinfujing* is considered a Chinese classic, and collections like the Daozang and Siku Quanshu include various editions and commentaries.

During the Song dynasty, the *Huangdi Yinfujing* was canonized by the Quanzhen "Complete Perfection" school of Neidan internal alchemy. Liu Chuxuan 劉處玄 (1147–1203), founder of the Suishan (隨山 "Mount Sui") lineage, wrote a commentary, and Qiu Chuji 丘處機 (1148–1227), founder of the Longmen (龍門 "Dragon Gate") lineage, wrote another. Xia Yuanding 夏元鼎 (fl. 1201) wrote a textual exegesis. The analytical commentary (*Yinfujing Kaoyi* 陰符經考異) dubiously attributed to the leading Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi first suggested that Li forged the text.

Qing dynasty scholars used philological methods to analyze classical texts. Liu Yiming 劉一明 (1734–1821), the 11th Longmen Daoist patriarch, wrote an erudite commentary. Acker published an annotated translation of Liu. Li Xiyue 李西月 (1806–1856), leader in the "Western School" (西派) of Neidan, also wrote a commentary.

## Military text

Besides the above Daoist *Huangdi Yinfujing* 黃帝陰符經, there is another military text by the same name. It contains 602 characters in 86 rhymed lines, and is a type of strategy manual based on the *Qimen Dunjia* (奇門遁甲 "Strange Gates Escaping Techniques") method of Fengshui. Ho Peng Yoke explains the title.

> *Yinfu* 陰符 (secret tally), according to a military text entitled *Liutao* 六韜 (Six Strategies) and attributed to Jiang Shang 姜尚 in the eleventh century BC, refers to the tallies of various specified lengths used between the emperor and his generals for confidential communication. For example, the tally used to report a conquest in war had a length of one Chinese foot, that to report a victory in battle had a length of nine Chinese inches, that for reporting the occupation of an enemy city was eight Chinese inches long, and so on.

## Translations

The *Huangdi yinfujing* classic has been translated into English, French, Italian, Portuguese, German, Russian, and Japanese.

The first English versions were published during the Victorian era. Frederic H. Balfour initially translated the *Yinfujing* within his *Taoist Texts*. James Legge translated the text and Li Xiyue's commentary as an appendix to *The Texts of Taoism*.

More recent English translations and studies reflect insights from modern Sinology, as surveyed by Reiter. Christopher Rand's article on Li Quan translates and interprets the *Huangdi Yinfujing* as a treatise on Chinese military strategy. Thomas Cleary published a popular translation with Liu Yiming's commentary. Another English translation was published by Fabrizio Pregadio. It includes the commentary by Yu Yan (1258–1314), a learned author of works on Neidan and Chinese cosmology.

## Title

The title *Huangdi Yinfujing* combines three Chinese words. The first *Huangdi* 黃帝 "Yellow Emperor" and last *jing*  "classic; scripture; book" are common in titles of other Chinese classic texts. For example, the *Huangdi Neijing* "Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic" and *Huangdi Sijing* "Yellow Emperor's Four Classics". The second word *yinfu* "hidden/secret talisman/correspondence" is an uncommon compound of *yin*  (of *yin and yang*) "shady place; passive; negative; secret; hidden" and *fu*  " tally (with two halves); talisman; symbol; charm; amulet".

> *Fu* means a seal, divided into two parts. On one half of this seal we have the visible phenomena of the world around us; this we can all see, but, the diagram being incomplete, we require the other half of the seal, that bearing the 道理 \[*daoli* "principle, truth; reason"\] of Heaven or the Unseen World, before we can understand the why and the wherefore of the existing order of things.

*Fulu* 符籙 "Daoist secret talismanic writing; Daoist magic formulas" refers to charms written in peculiar characters, often on yellow paper (for instance, see jiangshi).

English translations of *Yinfujing* illustrate semantic problems with the title:

* Clue to the Unseen
* Classic of the Harmony of the Seen and the Unseen
* Scripture for Joining with Obscurity
* Scripture of the Hidden Contracts
* Classic on Yin Convergence
* Scripture on "Unconscious Unification"
* Secret Military Warrant Manual
* Scripture on the Hidden Talisman
* Scripture on the Hidden Fitness
* Scripture of Hidden Contracts
* Book of the Hidden Agreement

Note the omission of *Huangdi* above, which all the translators render as "Yellow Emperor", excepting Komjathy's "Yellow Thearch"".

* Balfour, Frederic H. (1881). "The 'Yin-fu' Classic; or, Clue to the Unseen". *The China Review*. **10**: 44–54. Published also in Balfour 1884, pp. 49–92.
* Balfour, Frederic H. (1884). *Taoist Texts, Ethical, Political and Speculative*. Kelly and Walsh.
* Cleary, Thomas (1991). *Vitality, Energy, Spirit: A Taoist Sourcebook*. Shambhala.
* Ho, Peng Yoke (2003). *Chinese Mathematical Astrology: Reaching Out to the Stars*. Needham Research Institute Studies 5. Routledge.
* "Yin Fû King, or 'Classic of the Harmony of the Seen and the Unseen'". *The Texts of Taoism*. Vol. 2. Translated by Legge, James. Clarendon Press. 1891. pp. 255–264.
* Pregadio, Fabrizio (2019). *Taoist Internal Alchemy: An Anthology of Neidan Texts*. Mountain View CA: Golden Elixir Press.
* Zhang, Jiyu; Li, Yuanguo (2001). "'Mutual Stealing among the Three Powers' in the *Scripture of Unconscious Unification*". In N.J. Giradot; James Miller; Liu Xiaogan (eds.). *Daoism and Ecology: Ways Within a Cosmic Landscape*. Translated by Yam Kah Kean; Chee Boon Heng. Harvard University Press. pp. 113–124. ISBN 9780945454304.

**Footnotes**

## Further reading

* Komjathy, Louis. 2008. *Handbooks for Daoist Practice.* 10 vols. Hong Kong: Yuen Yuen Institute.


title: Huangdian, Zhejiang

abstract: Huangdian is a town under the administration of Lanxi City in western Zhejiang province, China, located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest of downtown Lanxi. As of 2011, it has 46 villages under its administration.

text:
# Huangdian, Zhejiang

**Huangdian** (simplified Chinese: 黄店; traditional Chinese: 黃店; pinyin: *Huángdiàn*) is a town under the administration of Lanxi City in western Zhejiang province, China, located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest of downtown Lanxi. As of 2011, it has 46 villages under its administration.

## Geography

Zhiyan Reservoir is a reservoir located in the town.

## InfoBox

| Huangdian 黄店镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| HuangdianLocation in Zhejiang | |
| Coordinates: 29°18′04″N 119°25′05″E / 29.3010°N 119.4181°E / 29.3010; 119.4181 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Zhejiang |
| Prefecture-level city | Jinhua |
| County-level city | Lanxi |
| Village-level divisions | 46 villages |
| Elevation | 50 m (163 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Area code | 0579 |


title: Hugh Duberly

abstract: Sir Archibald Hugh Duberly, is a British farmer, campaigner and politician. Duberly was elected as an independent local councillor for Staughton in Huntingdonshire from 1979 until 2004. During that time, Sir Hugh was President of the Country Landowners' Association, serving from 1993 to 1995. Sir Hugh was a Commissioner of the Crown Estate for seven years between 2002–09, when he was replaced by Gareth Baird. He is the President of the East of England Agricultural Society for 2015/16. Sir Hugh was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Cambridgeshire in 1989. He served as High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire for 1991–92. He took over from James Crowden as Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire in 2003, serving in the position until 4 April 2017 upon his replacement by Julie Spence. He served on the board of trustees of the disability charity The Papworth Trust from 1992 as a member, and from 1997 as Chair, until 2012, when he retired and was replaced by Rob Hammond. He was Chairman of the Governors at Kimbolton School from 1992 to 2000. Sir Hugh was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1996 Birthday Honours, and as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in the 2015 Birthday Honours.

text:
# Hugh Duberly

**Sir Archibald Hugh Duberly** KCVO CBE (born 4 April 1942), is a British farmer, campaigner and politician.

Duberly was elected as an independent local councillor for Staughton in Huntingdonshire from 1979 until 2004. During that time, Sir Hugh was President of the Country Landowners' Association, serving from 1993 to 1995.

Sir Hugh was a Commissioner of the Crown Estate for seven years between 2002–09, when he was replaced by Gareth Baird. He is the President of the East of England Agricultural Society for 2015/16.

Sir Hugh was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Cambridgeshire in 1989. He served as High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire for 1991–92. He took over from James Crowden as Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire in 2003, serving in the position until 4 April 2017 upon his replacement by Julie Spence. He served on the board of trustees of the disability charity The Papworth Trust from 1992 as a member, and from 1997 as Chair, until 2012, when he retired and was replaced by Rob Hammond. He was Chairman of the Governors at Kimbolton School from 1992 to 2000.

Sir Hugh was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1996 Birthday Honours, and as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in the 2015 Birthday Honours.

1. "Hugh Duberly hands over to Rob Hammond as Chair of Trustees | Papworth Trust". *papworthtrust.org.uk*. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
2. "Gareth Baird Appointed as Scottish Commissioner and Non Executive Board Member". *The Crown Estate*. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
3. "East of England Agricultural Society AGM Minutes" (PDF). *East of England Agricultural Society* (PDF). 25 March 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
4. "Queen picks her new rep for county". *Cambridge News*. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
5. "Lord-Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire: Julie Spence". *gov.uk*. Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
6. "Governors of Kimbolton School". *Kimbolton School*. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
7. "Page 1, London Gazette, Issue 54427, 14 June 1996". *www.thegazette.co.uk*. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
8. "Page B1, London Gazette, Supplement 61256, 13 June 2015". *thegazette.co.uk*. Retrieved 9 October 2015.