title: Oil shale reserves

abstract: Oil shale reserves refers to oil shale resources that are economically recoverable under current economic conditions and technological abilities. Oil shale deposits range from small presently economically unrecoverable to large potentially recoverable resources. Defining oil shale reserves is difficult, as the chemical composition of different oil shales, as well as their kerogen content and extraction technologies, vary significantly. The economic feasibility of oil shale extraction is highly dependent on the price of conventional oil; if the price of crude oil per barrel is less than the production price per barrel of oil shale, it is uneconomic. As source rocks for most conventional oil reservoirs, oil shale deposits are found in all world oil provinces, although most of them are too deep to be exploited economically. There are more than 600 known oil shale deposits around the world. Although resources of oil shale occur in many countries, only 33 countries possess known deposits of possible economic value. Many deposits need more exploration to determine their potential as reserves. Well-explored deposits, which could ultimately be classified as reserves, include the Green River deposits in the western United States, the Tertiary deposits in Queensland, Australia, deposits in Sweden and Estonia, the El-Lajjun deposit in Jordan, and deposits in France, Germany, Brazil, China, and Russia. It is expected that these deposits would yield at least 40 liters (0.25 bbl) of shale oil per metric ton of shale, using the Fischer Assay. A 2016 conservative estimate set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent to yield of 6.05 trillion barrels of shale oil, with the largest resource deposits in the United States accounting for more than 80% of the world total resource. For comparison, at the same time the world's proven oil reserves are estimated to be 1.6976 trillion barrels.

text:
# Oil shale reserves

**Oil shale reserves** refers to oil shale resources that are economically recoverable under current economic conditions and technological abilities. Oil shale deposits range from small presently economically unrecoverable to large potentially recoverable resources. Defining oil shale reserves is difficult, as the chemical composition of different oil shales, as well as their kerogen content and extraction technologies, vary significantly. The economic feasibility of oil shale extraction is highly dependent on the price of conventional oil; if the price of crude oil per barrel is less than the production price per barrel of oil shale, it is uneconomic.

As source rocks for most conventional oil reservoirs, oil shale deposits are found in all world oil provinces, although most of them are too deep to be exploited economically. There are more than 600 known oil shale deposits around the world. Although resources of oil shale occur in many countries, only 33 countries possess known deposits of possible economic value.

Many deposits need more exploration to determine their potential as reserves. Well-explored deposits, which could ultimately be classified as reserves, include the Green River deposits in the western United States, the Tertiary deposits in Queensland, Australia, deposits in Sweden and Estonia, the El-Lajjun deposit in Jordan, and deposits in France, Germany, Brazil, China, and Russia. It is expected that these deposits would yield at least 40 liters (0.25 bbl) of shale oil per metric ton of shale, using the Fischer Assay.

A 2016 conservative estimate set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent to yield of 6.05 trillion barrels (962 billion cubic metres) of shale oil, with the largest resource deposits in the United States accounting for more than 80% of the world total resource. For comparison, at the same time the world's proven oil reserves are estimated to be 1.6976 trillion barrels (269.90 billion cubic metres).

## Oil shale geology

Oil shale formation takes place in a number of depositional settings and has considerable compositional variation. Oil shales can be classified by their composition (carbonate minerals such as calcite or detrital minerals such as quartz and clays) or by their depositional environment (large lakes, shallow marine, and lagoon/small lake settings). Much of the organic matter in oil shale is of algal origin, but may also include remains of vascular land plants. Three major type of organic matter (macerals) in oil shale are telalginite, lamalginite, and bituminite. Some oil-shale deposits also contain metals which include vanadium, zinc, copper, and uranium.

Most oil shale deposits were formed during Middle Cambrian, Early and Middle Ordovician, Late Devonian, Late Jurassic, and Paleogene times through burial by sedimentary loading on top of the algal swamp deposits, resulting in conversion of the organic matter to kerogen by diagenetic processes. The largest deposits are found in the remains of large lakes such as the deposits of the Green River Formation of Wyoming and Utah, USA. Oil-shale deposits formed in the shallow seas of continental shelves generally are much thinner than large lake basin deposits.

## Definition of reserves

Estimating shale oil reserves is complicated by several factors. Firstly, the amount of kerogen contained in oil shale deposits varies considerably. Secondly, some nations report as reserves the total amount of kerogen in place, including all kerogen regardless of technical or economic constraints; these estimates do not consider the amount of kerogen that may be extracted from identified and assayed oil shale rock using available technology and under given economic conditions. By most definitions, "reserves" refers only to the amount of resource which is technically exploitable and economically feasible under current economic conditions. The term "resources", on the other hand, may refer to all deposits containing kerogen. Thirdly, shale oil extraction technologies are still developing, so the amount of recoverable kerogen can only be estimated.

There are a wide variety of extraction methods, which yield significantly different quantities of useful oil. As a result, the estimated amounts of resources and reserves display wide variance. The kerogen content of oil shale formations differs widely, and the economic feasibility of its extraction is highly dependent on international and local costs of oil. Several methods are used to determine the quantity and quality of the products extracted from shale oil. At their best, these methods give an approximate value to its energy potential. One standard method is the Fischer Assay, which yields a heating value, that is, a measure of caloric output. This is generally considered a good overall measure of usefulness. The Fischer Assay has been modified, standardized, and adapted by the American Petroleum Institute. It does not, however, indicate how much oil could be extracted from the sample. Some processing methods yield considerably more useful product than the Fischer Assay would indicate. The Tosco II method yields over 100% more oil, and the Hytort process yields between 300% and 400% more oil.

## Size of the resource

The size of the oil shale resources is highly dependent on which grade cut-off is used. A 2008 estimate set the total world resources of oil shale at 689 gigatones—equivalent to yield of 4.8 trillion barrels (760 billion cubic metres) of shale oil, with the largest reserves in the United States, which is thought to have 3.7 trillion barrels (590 billion cubic metres), though only a part of it is recoverable. According to the 2010 World Energy Outlook by the International Energy Agency, the world oil shale resources may be equivalent of more than 5 trillion barrels (790 billion cubic metres) of oil in place of which more than 1 trillion barrels (160 billion cubic metres) may be technically recoverable.

A 2016 conservative estimate by the World Energy Council set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent to yield of 6.05 trillion barrels (962 billion cubic metres). For comparison, at the same time the world's proven oil reserves are estimated to be 1.6976 trillion barrels (269.90 billion cubic metres).

## Geographical allocation

There is no comprehensive overview of oil shale geographical allocation around the world. Around 600 known oil shale deposits are diversely spread throughout the earth, and are found on every continent with the possible exception of Antarctica, which has not yet been explored for oil shale. Oil shale resources can be concentrated in a large confined deposit such as the Green River formations, which were formed by a large inland lake. These can be many meters thick but limited by the size of the original lake. They may also resemble the deposits found along the eastern American seaboard, which were the product of a shallow sea, in that they may be quite thin but laterally expansive, covering thousands of square kilometers.

Largest oil shale deposits (over 1 billion metric tons) (Dyni 2006)
| Deposit | Country | Period | In-place shale oil resources (million barrels) | In-place oil shale resources (million metric tons) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Green River Formation | United States | Paleogene | 1,466,000 | 213,000 |
| Phosphoria Formation | United States | Permian | 250,000 | 35,775 |
| Eastern Devonian | United States | Devonian | 189,000 | 27,000 |
| Heath Formation | United States | Early Carboniferous | 180,000 | 25,578 |
| Olenyok Basin | Russia | Cambrian | 167,715 | 24,000 |
| Congo | Democratic Republic of Congo | ? | 100,000 | 14,310 |
| Irati Formation | Brazil | Permian | 80,000 | 11,448 |
| Sicily | Italy | ? | 63,000 | 9,015 |
| Tarfaya | Morocco | Cretaceous | 42,145 | 6,448 |
| Volga Basin | Russia | ? | 31,447 | 4,500 |
| Leningrad deposit, Baltic Oil Shale Basin | Russia | Ordovician | 25,157 | 3,600 |
| Vychegodsk Basin | Russia | Jurassic | 19,580 | 2,800 |
| Wadi Maghar | Jordan | Cretaceous | 14,009 | 2,149 |
| Graptolitic argillite | Estonia | Ordovician | 12,386 | 1,900 |
| Timahdit | Morocco | Cretaceous | 11,236 | 1,719 |
| Collingwood Shale | Canada | Ordovician | 12,300 | 1,717 |
| Italy | Italy | Triassic | 10,000 | 1,431 |

The table below reports reserves by estimated amount of shale oil. Shale oil refers to synthetic oil obtained by heating organic material (kerogen) contained in oil shale to a temperature which will separate it into oil, combustible gas, and the residual carbon that remains in the spent shale. All figures are presented in barrels and metric tons.

**Shale oil: resources and production at end-2008 by regions and countries with resources over 10 billion barrels of in-place shale oil** (Dyni 2010)
| Region | In-place shale oil resources (million barrels) | In-place oil shale resources (million metric tons) | Production in 2008 (thousand metric tons (oil)) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Africa | 159,243 | 23,317 | - |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 100,000 | 14,310 | - |
| Morocco | 53,381 | 8,167 | - |
| Asia | 613,145 | 83,836 | 375 |
| China | 354,430 | 47,600 | 375 |
|
| Pakistan | 91,000 | 12,236 | - |
| Russia | 167,715 | 24,000 | - |
| Europe | 368,156 | 52,845 | 355 |
| Russia | 247,883 | 35,470 | - |
| Italy | 73,000 | 10,446 | - |
| Estonia | 16,286 | 2,494 | 355 |
| Middle East | 38,172 | 5,792 | - |
| Jordan | 34,172 | 5,242 | - |
| North America | 3,722,066 | 539,123 | - |
| United States | 3,706,228 | 536,931 | - |
| Canada | 15,241 | 2,192 | - |
| Oceania | 31,748 | 4,534 | - |
| Australia | 31,729 | 4,531 | - |
| South America | 82,421 | 11,794 | 157 |
| Brazil | 82,000 | 11,734 | 159 |
| World total | 4,786,131 | 689,227 | 930 |

### Africa

Major oil shale deposits are located in the Democratic Republic of Congo (equal to 14.31 billion metric tons of shale oil) and Morocco (12.3 billion metric tons or 8.16 billion metric tons of shale oil). Deposits in Congo are not properly explored yet. In Morocco, oil shale deposits have been identified at ten localities with the largest deposits in Tarfaya and Timahdite. Although reserves in Tarfaya and Timahdit are well explored, the commercial exploitation has not started yet and only a limited program of laboratory and pilot-plant research has been undertaken. There are also oil shale reserves in Egypt, South Africa, Madagascar, and Nigeria. The main deposits of Egypt are located in Safaga-Al-Qusayr and Abu Tartour areas.

### Asia

Major oil shale deposits are located in China, which has an estimated total of 32 billion metric tons, of which 4.4 billion metric tons are technically exploitable and economically feasible. In 2008, the amount of potential shale oil was estimated at 354 billion barrels (5.63×1010 cubic metres) and in 2016 at 330 billion barrels (5.2×1010 cubic metres). The principal Chinese oil shale deposits and production lie in Fushun and Liaoning; others are located in Maoming in Guangdong, Huadian in Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Shandong. Professor Alan R. Carroll of University of Wisconsin–Madison estimates that Upper Permian lacustrine oil shale deposits of northwest China, absent from previous global oil shale assessments, are comparable to the Green River Formation.

In addition to China, major deposits are located in Thailand (18.7 billion metric tons), Pakistan (227 billion metric tons, of which 9.1 billion metric tons are technically exploitable and economically feasible), Kazakhstan (several deposits; major deposit at Kenderlyk Field with 4 billion metric tons), and Turkey (2.2 billion metric tons). Thailand's oil shale deposits are near Mae Sot, Tak Province, and at Li, Lamphun Province. Deposits in Turkey are found mainly in middle and western Anatolia. According to some reports, also Uzbekistan has major oil shale deposits of 47 billion metric tons, mainly located at Sangruntau but also at Baysun, Jam, Urtabulak, Aktau, Uchkyr and Kulbeshkak. Smaller oil shale reserves have also been found in India, Turkmenistan, Myanmar, Armenia, and Mongolia.

### Europe

The biggest oil shale reserves in Europe are located in Russia (equal to 35.47 billion metric tons of shale oil). Major deposits are located in the Volga-Petchyorsk province and in the Baltic Oil Shale Basin. Other major oil shale deposits in Europe are located in Italy (10.45 billion metric tons of shale oil), Estonia (2.49 billion metric tons of shale oil), France (1 billion metric tons of shale oil), Belarus (1 billion metric tons of shale oil), Sweden (875 million metric tons of shale oil), Ukraine (600 million metric tons of shale oil) and the United Kingdom (500 million metric tons of shale oil). There are oil shale reserves also in Germany, Luxembourg, Spain, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Austria, Albania, and Romania.

### Middle East

Significant oil shale deposits are located in Israel (equal to about 250 billion barrels (4.0×1010 cubic metres) of shale oil) and in Jordan (equal to about 102 billion barrels (1.62×1010 cubic metres) of shale oil). In 2008, these resources were estimated 4 billion barrels (640,000,000 cubic metres) of shale oil and 34.172 billion barrels (5.4329×109 cubic metres) of shale oil correspondingly. Jordan oil shales are high quality, comparable to western US oil shale, although their sulfur content is high. The best-explored deposits are El Lajjun, Sultani, and the Juref ed Darawish are located in west-central Jordan, while the Yarmouk deposit, close to its northern border, extends into Syria. Most of Israel's deposits are located in the Rotem Basin region of the northern Negev desert near the Dead Sea. Israeli oil shale is relatively low in heating value and oil yield.

### North America

At 301 billion metric tons, as estimated in 2005, the oil shale deposits in the United States are the largest in the world. There are two major deposits: the eastern US deposits, in Devonian-Mississippian shales, cover 250,000 square miles (650,000 km2); the western US deposits of the Green River Formation in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, are among the richest oil shale deposits in the world.

More recent studies by the United States Geological Survey estimate that the resource in the United States may be bigger than previously estimated. According to these studies, three largest oil-shale deposits — all are part of the Green River Formation — are the Piceance Basin with 1.525157 trillion barrels (2.424806×1011 cubic metres), the Greater Green River Basin with 1.444992 trillion barrels (2.297354×1011 cubic metres), and the Uinta Basin with 1.318964 trillion barrels (2.096985×1011 cubic metres) in-place shale oil resources. In 2010, it was estimated by the World Energy Council that the United States resource could be equal to 3.7 trillion barrels (590 billion cubic metres) of shale oil. In 2016, their estimation was that the resource may even consist of up to 6 trillion barrels (950 billion cubic metres) of shale oil.

In Canada 19 deposits have been identified. The best-examined deposits are in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

### Oceania

In 2008, Australia's oil shale resource was estimated at 4.531 billion metric tons of oil shale equal to 31.7 billion barrels (5.04×109 cubic metres) of shale oil, of which about 24 billion barrels (3.8 billion cubic metres) is recoverable. The deposits are located in the eastern and southern states with the biggest potential in the eastern Queensland deposits. Oil shale has also been found in New Zealand.

### South America

Brazil has at least nine oil shale deposits in São Mateus do Sul, Paraná, and in Vale do Paraíba. In 2008, the total oil shale resource was 11.734 billion metric tonnes, equal to 80–82 billion barrels (1.27×1010–1.30×1010 cubic metres) of shale oil. Small resources are also found in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

## Bibliography


title: Nostoc Lake

abstract: Nostoc Lake is a lake lying 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) southwest of Mount Provender in the west part of the Shackleton Range. It was first mapped in 1957 by the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition and given the generic name of the freshwater alga found growing in the lake.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Nostoc Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Nostoc Lake

**Nostoc Lake** is a lake lying 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) southwest of Mount Provender in the west part of the Shackleton Range. It was first mapped in 1957 by the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition and given the generic name of the freshwater alga found growing in the lake.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Nostoc Lake". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

| Nostoc Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Nostoc Lake | |
| Location | Shackleton Range, Antarctica |
| Coordinates | 80°24′S 30°5′W / 80.400°S 30.083°W / -80.400; -30.083 |
| Type | Lake |


title: Gymnosoma desertorum

abstract: Gymnosoma desertorum is a Palaearctic species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Gymnosoma desertorum

***Gymnosoma desertorum*** is a Palaearctic species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Italy, Serbia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, Russia, Armenia, Pakistan.

## InfoBox

| *Gymnosoma desertorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Tribe: | Gymnosomatini |
| Genus: | *Gymnosoma* |
| Species: | ***G. desertorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gymnosoma desertorum***<br>Rohdendorf, 1947 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rhodogyne desertorum* Rohdendorf, 1947 * *Gymnosoma desertorum* ssp. *plesiomorpha* Zimin, 1966 | |


title: Hargelsberg

abstract: Hargelsberg is a municipality in the district Linz-Land in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

text:
# Hargelsberg

**Hargelsberg** is a municipality in the district Linz-Land in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

## Geography

Hargelsberg lies 324 meters above sea level. The municipality is about 4.5 kilometers from north to south, and about 6.3 km east to west. The total area is 17.8 km². Some 7.9% of the area is wooded, with 84.3% of the area devoted to agriculture.

### Localities

Hargelsberg municipality contains the following named villages: Hargelsberg, Penking, Sieding, and Thann. Other localities are Angersberg, Firsching, Franzberg, Hart, Hausmanning, and Pirchhorn.

## History

The area surrounding Hargelsberg came under the dominion of the Bavarian Duchy in the seventh century, and the place is heard of in the twelfth century as part of the Austrian Duchy. From 1490 it was incorporated into the Archduchy 'Austria Above the Enns'. During Napoleonic Wars, the location saw French incursions. Since 1918, Hargelsberg has been part of Bundesland Upper Austria. Following the Anschluss with Germany on 13 March 1938, the locality was part of Gau Oberdonau" but in 1945 was restored to Bundesland Upper Austria.

Historical objects from Hargelsberg can be examined in the museum at Enns.

### Notgeld

Like many municipalities of Upper Austria, Hargelsberg issued Notgeld for collectors in 1920. Hargelsberg was more prolific than most, with all of its villages and localities issuing special series (Sonderserien) in limited prints. Several hundred varieties exist.

## Population

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1869 1,066       1880 1,163 +9.1%  1890 1,111 −4.5%  1900 1,038 −6.6%  1910 1,090 +5.0%  1923 1,056 −3.1%  1934 1,038 −1.7%  1939 1,009 −2.8% | Year Pop. ±%  1951 1,063 +5.4%  1961 842 −20.8%  1971 755 −10.3%  1981 782 +3.6%  1991 847 +8.3%  2001 1,082 +27.7%  2011 1,231 +13.8% |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Hargelsberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of Saint Andrew | |
|  | |
| HargelsbergLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 48°9′0″N 14°25′32″E / 48.15000°N 14.42556°E / 48.15000; 14.42556 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Upper Austria |
| District | Linz-Land |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Manfred Huber (ÖVP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.89 km2 (6.91 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 324 m (1,063 ft) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,371 |
| Density | 77/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4483 |
| Area code | 07255 |
| Vehicle registration | LL |
| Website | www.hargelsberg.ooe.gv.at |


title: Tōru Shinohara

abstract: Tōru Shinohara is a Japanese manga artist. He was born in Niihama, Ehime. After graduating from high school in 1955, he started working at a factory in Osaka making car parts but quit after only ten months. He studied manga via a mail-offered course and wrote to various manga magazines. In 1958, came his first commercially printed work Fukumenhakushi (覆面博士) and he began his career as a manga artist. He is best known for Nippon Keibaden that detailed the history of Japan's horse racing industry and its horses. He is also known for beautiful amazon-like heroines who are never daunted by the hardship they endure. Since 1970, he has written a series of works titled Sasori, lit. scorpion, which is the name for a female inmate and heroine. Director Shunya Ito started a series of ten films starring Meiko Kaji based on the manga. However, Ito withdrew from the project after three, and Kaji four films. Many of his works have been turned into movies since 1972.

text:
# Tōru Shinohara

**Tōru Shinohara** (篠原とおる, *Shinohara Tōru*, born April 28, 1936) is a Japanese manga artist.

He was born in Niihama, Ehime. After graduating from high school in 1955, he started working at a factory in Osaka making car parts but quit after only ten months. He studied manga via a mail-offered course and wrote to various manga magazines. In 1958, came his first commercially printed work *Fukumenhakushi* (覆面博士) and he began his career as a manga artist.

He is best known for *Nippon Keibaden* that detailed the history of Japan's horse racing industry and its horses. He is also known for beautiful amazon-like heroines who are never daunted by the hardship they endure. Since 1970, he has written a series of works titled *Sasori*, lit. scorpion, which is the name for a female inmate and heroine. Director Shunya Ito started a series of ten films starring Meiko Kaji based on the manga. However, Ito withdrew from the project after three, and Kaji four films. Many of his works have been turned into movies since 1972.

## List of works

* Fukumen Hakushi (覆面博士)
* Mehyo Mako (女豹マコ)
* Zubeko Tantei Ran (ズベ公探偵ラン)
* Nippon Keibaden (にっぽん競馬伝)
* Teinen Shokun (定年諸君)
* Toko (陶子)
* Kariudobachi (狩人蜂)
* Sasori (さそり)
* Kauchi Zankyoden Shamo (河内残侠伝軍鶏)
* Yadokari (やどかり)
* Onna Toji Sayaka (女刀師サヤカ)
* Garando (がらんどう)
* Zero-ka no Onna (O課の女)
* Yakochu (夜光虫)
* Wanibunsho / 82-bunsho (ワニ分署 / 82分署)
* Keiji Anko (刑事あんこう)
* Shokuchuka (食虫花)
* Hikuidori (火喰鳥)
* Ginsasa (銀笹)
* Suna (砂)
* Onna Shiokinin ZEBRA (女仕置き人ZEBRA)


title: Quit Your Dayjob

abstract: Quit Your Dayjob is a Swedish dance-punk band originating from Malmö/Scania, Sweden made up of Jonass, Marcass (synthesizer) and Drumass (drums). They were signed to Bad Taste Records in Sweden. They have opened for OK GO and played gigs with Ted Leo and the Pharmacists and as Ted Leo stated on Har Mar Superstar's Earwolf podcast that their song "Look A Dollar" is his favorite song.

text:
# Quit Your Dayjob

**Quit Your Dayjob** is a Swedish dance-punk band originating from Malmö/Scania, Sweden made up of Jonass (on guitar and vocals), Marcass (synthesizer) and Drumass (drums). They were signed to Bad Taste Records in Sweden. They have opened for OK GO and played gigs with Ted Leo and the Pharmacists and as Ted Leo stated on Har Mar Superstar's Earwolf podcast that their song "Look A Dollar" is his favorite song.

## Discography

### Albums

### Singles

* 2005: *Vlado*
* 2007: *Bodypoppers*


title: Johan Fridolf Helin

abstract: Johan Fridolf Helin or Johan Helin IIII was a Swedish military official, bureaucrat and the fifth patriarch of the Helin family. He was awarded the honorary title ”Bo in Stockholm” after obtaining order knighthood.

text:
# Johan Fridolf Helin

**Johan Fridolf Helin** or **Johan Helin IIII** (4 February 1816 - 7 November 1886) was a Swedish military official, bureaucrat and the fifth patriarch of the Helin family. He was awarded the honorary title ”Bo in Stockholm” after obtaining order knighthood.

## Biography

Johan Fridolf Helin (1816-1886), Bo in Stockholm, was the son of Clemens Johannes Helin llll and Albertina Jæger. He was appointed as Lieutenant Colonel and “*Förste Major af Riket*” (English: *Major General*) of Värmlands fältjägarkår (English: *The Royal Infantry Regiment of Värmland*) in 1860. In 1871, he was appointed as Commandent General of Värmlands fältjägarkår (English: *The Royal Infantry Regiment of Värmland*).

Under Fridolf Helin's leadership the Regiment became increasingly independent, carrying out volunteer campaigns in Europe. In the 1840s and 1850s, members of the Regiment, including Johan Fridolf Helin, volunteered in the First Schleswig War and was victorious. He developed a friendship with Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm, who was the Combatant Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces that participated in the First Schleswig War. In the Second Schleswig War of 1864, Fridolf as the Lieutenant Colonel of the Regiment volunteered for a second time, but was defeated. Fridolf lived in the Officer's Manor under and after his tenure.

He remained as an Honorary member of the Regiment until his death and attended parades as well as other engagements. He married Maria Lovisa Löwenhielm in 1856. Maria Lovisa came from an influential family and her granduncle once removed was Fredrick I of Sweden. Maria Lovisa Löwenhielm’s uncle Fredrik Adolf Löwenhielm was married to Johan Fridolf Helin's paternal aunt Augusta Löwenhielm (born: von Fresen). Fridolf Helin was awarded Knighthood of the Royal Order of the Sword and Knighthood of the Royal Order of the Polar Star. Johan Fridolf Helin was the owner of “*Kloster Herrgård”* (English: *Monastery Palace*), named after his family's religious involvement. The estate was the first “sheet metal rolling mill” in Sweden and largest gunpowder producer in Sweden during Fridolf fathers ownership. He further owned estates in Stockholm, Uppsala, Luleå, and multiple locations in Southern Sweden.

## InfoBox

| Johan Fridolf Helin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 12th Chief of Värmlands fältjägarkår
1st Major General of Värmlands fältjägarkår | |
| Preceded by | August Silfverstolpe |
| Succeeded by | Helmer Falk |
| 1st Combatant General of the Royal Infantry of Värmland
1st Deputy Grand Marshal of Sweden | |
| Preceded by | Position Established |
| Succeeded by | Position Abolished |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1816 |
| Died | 1885 |
| Spouse | Maria Lovisa Löwenhielm |
| Children |  |
| Parent | Clemens Johannes Helin IIII |
| Profession | * Military Official |
|  | |


title: Las Guijas Mountains

abstract: The Las Guijas Mountains are a small northwest–southeast trending mountain range in southern Pima County, Arizona. The range is approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long by 4 km (2.5 mi). Surrounding ranges includes the Cerro Colorado Mountains to the northeast, the Tumacacori Mountains of Santa Cruz County to the east, the San Luis Mountains to the south and the Baboquivari Mountains across the Altar Valley to the west. Arivaca is immediately to the southeast and the old mining townsite of Las Guijas is in the wash just north of the range. The highest peak of the range with elevation of 4,665 feet (1,422 m) lies 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of Arivaca which is at 3,643 feet (1,110 m). Las Guijas Peak at 4,650 feet (1,417 m) lies just 4500 feet south of the highest.

text:
# Las Guijas Mountains

The **Las Guijas Mountains** are a small northwest–southeast trending mountain range in southern Pima County, Arizona. The range is approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long by 4 km (2.5 mi). Surrounding ranges includes the Cerro Colorado Mountains to the northeast, the Tumacacori Mountains of Santa Cruz County to the east, the San Luis Mountains to the south and the Baboquivari Mountains across the Altar Valley to the west. Arivaca is immediately to the southeast and the old mining townsite of Las Guijas is in the wash just north of the range.

The highest peak of the range with elevation of 4,665 feet (1,422 m) lies 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of Arivaca which is at 3,643 feet (1,110 m). Las Guijas Peak at 4,650 feet (1,417 m) lies just 4500 feet south of the highest.

## Name

The name of the range came from 19th century Spanish miners referring to *las guijas* for *the rubble* as the placer gold they were working occurred in the gravels or conglomerates along the stream valleys and gulches draining the range.

## Geology

The southwestern flank of the range in underlain by up to 980 feet (300 m) of Jurassic age ash fall tuff of rhyodacite composition known as the *tuff of Pajarito* named for the Pajarito Mountains of Santa Cruz County to the southeast, later referred to as the Cobre Ridge Tuff. This tuff was sourced from the Cobre Ridge caldera. The northwest end of Cobre Ridge lies around 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the Las Guijas range. Younger Jurassic or Cretaceous sandstone and other sediments occur above the tuff.

The northeastern flank of the range is underlain by an intrusive granite also of Jurassic age.

## InfoBox

| Las Guijas Mountains | |
| --- | --- |
| Las Guijas MountainsLas Guijas Mountains | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,665 ft (1,422 m) |
| Coordinates | 31°38′20″N 111°22′7″W / 31.63889°N 111.36861°W / 31.63889; -111.36861 |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 11.7 km (7.3 mi) NW-SE |
| Width | 3.7 km (2.3 mi) NE-SW |
| Area | 33 km2 (13 sq mi) |
| Geography | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arizona |
| Region | Sonoran Desert |
| County | Pima County, Arizona |


title: Unicom Focal Point

abstract: UNICOM Focal Point is a portfolio management and decision analysis tool used by the product organizations of corporations and government agencies to collect information and feedback from internal and external stakeholders on the value of applications, products, systems, technologies, capabilities, ideas, and other organizational artifacts—prioritize on which ones will provide the most value to the business, and manage the roadmap of how artifacts will be fielded, improved, or removed from the market or organization. UNICOM Focal Point is also used to manage a portfolio of projects, to understand resources used on those projects, and timelines for completion. The product is also used for pure product management—where product managers use it to gather and analyze enhancement requests from customers to decide on what features to put in a product, and develop roadmaps for future product versions.

text:
# Unicom Focal Point

**UNICOM Focal Point** is a portfolio management and decision analysis tool used by the product organizations of corporations and government agencies to collect information and feedback from internal and external stakeholders on the value of applications, products, systems, technologies, capabilities, ideas, and other organizational artifacts—prioritize on which ones will provide the most value to the business, and manage the roadmap of how artifacts will be fielded, improved, or removed from the market or organization. UNICOM Focal Point is also used to manage a portfolio of projects, to understand resources used on those projects, and timelines for completion. The product is also used for pure product management—where product managers use it to gather and analyze enhancement requests from customers to decide on what features to put in a product, and develop roadmaps for future product versions.

## Overview

UNICOM Focal Point is used for:

* Scaled agile framework (SAFe) Methods, to govern the DevOps lifecycle, with support for Kanban boards, portfolio management, and integration to Enterprise architecture, change management, and testing tools via Open Services for Lifecycle Collaboration.
* Application Portfolio Management—understanding what applications are deployed in an organization and their value; which to invest in and which to retire. Gartner's most recent Enterprise Architecture Magic Quadrant lists the combination of System Architect and Focal Point as Leaders amongst toolsets used for enterprise architecture and application portfolio management.
* IT portfolio management—understanding what applications and systems are deployed in an organization and their value; which to invest in and which to retire.
* Project Portfolio Management—gathering information on projects across the organisation, what are the benefits, costs, risks associated with the projects. The tool enables entry of all data based on roles, and workflow so it can be tailored to specific needs in terms of maturity and priority. It is done at a fairly high level. If very detailed analysis is needed the tool can be integrated to other tools for such purpose. The tool also supports resource management at a high level, as well as requirements management at a high level. Generally characterized by easy modification rather than advanced best practice.
* Product Delivery Management—understanding the resources and schedule of what needs to happen in getting a product to market.
* Product management—making decisions on what features to put in a product, based on customer priorities, competitor functionality, and market conditions. Furthermore, understanding the value of applications that an organization is building, marketing, and selling, and deciding on which to invest in and which to retire. An independent survey on Linked In ranked Focal Point as the best Product Management tool.

UNICOM Focal Point is a pure web tool that stores information in an underlying database (user choice of PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, or IBM Db2). Users may input information into the database in multiple ways—via the web interface, through automatic import of spreadsheet files, or through direct Representational State Transfer integration with other tools. Information is then analyzed with a variety of methods to make prioritization decisions and manage roadmaps of project and product delivery, and scheduling. Focal Point's web-based portal allows end-users from across an organization, and external customers from all over the world, to input information into the database, analyze the information, or view analysis of that information. Focal Point provides a workflow engine so that suggested changes to an organization based on analysis can be signed off.

UNICOM Focal Point is used in combination with other tools for corporate analysis and workflow—such as UNICOM System Architect for enterprise architecture, and Rational Team Concert for DevOps. Integrations to these and a variety of other tools are enabled by UNICOM Focal Point's REST read/write interface and its support for Open Services Lifecycle Collaboration (OSLC) with other OSLC-enabled tools.

## History

Joachim Karlsson, Ph.D founded Focal Point AB; the tool originated from a doctoral dissertation by Joachim Karlsson at Linköping University, “A Systematic Approach for Prioritizing Software Requirements”. The first version of Focal Point was released in 1997.

Focal Point was acquired by Telelogic on April 13, 2005. IBM Rational acquired Telelogic in April 2008., Focal Point was acquired by UNICOM Global on 1 January 2015.

## Features

Focal Point includes support for:

* Scaled agile framework (SAFe) Methods
* Harvesting Information
    + Web-based portal for form-based input from internal employees and/or customers
    + Excel import/export
    + Microsoft Word import
    + Email import
* Analysis Techniques
    + Pairwise comparison—Focal Point automatically selects the best pair of elements to compare based on internal algorithms; the end user can rank how much they prefer one choice over the other.
    + Investment Analysis
    + Financial Planning Using Time Grid Attribute
* Dashboard Charts
    + Roadmaps and Gantt charts—frequently used in project management as illustration of a project schedule that is used to plan, coordinate, and track specific tasks in a project against time. Also used for plotting other organizational resources against a timeline—applications (starting with their field date to their retirement date), technology, etc.
        - Gantt Chart Histogram—additional insight to an issue can be formed by laying a histogram of resources, costs, etc. underneath and along a timeline of a roadmap tracking a project, application, and so forth
        - Roadmap Dependency Lines
    + Bubble chart (also known as XY chart)
        - Stacked XY charts
    + Bar chart—A bar chart displays the priorities for a selected view and criterion
        - Stacked bar chart
            * Ranking schemes—In stacked bar charts, the total score for each element is displayed. There are two options to calculate the total score: a) Positive - Negative, wherein the score is calculated as the sum of the priorities of the Maximize criteria minus the sum of the priorities of the Minimize criteria, and b) Positive / Negative, wherein the score is calculated as the sum of the priorities of the Maximize criteria divided by the sum of the priorities of the Minimize criteria.
    + Pie chart
    + Radar chart
    + Waterfall chart

**See also**

## InfoBox

UNICOM Focal Point
| Developer(s) | UNICOM Systems, a division of UNICOM Global |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | Version 7.6 / Released January 8, 2024 |
|  | |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Website | Product Page on UNICOM website |


title: I Miss My Friend

abstract: I Miss My Friend is the second studio album by American country music singer Darryl Worley released on July 16, 2002. The album produced Worley's first number one single on the Hot Country Songs charts in its title track; "Family Tree" was also a Top 30 hit for him on the same chart. "Tennessee River Run" was later reprised on Worley's first compilation album Have You Forgotten?, from which it was released as that album's second single. "POW 369" was also recorded by Doug Stone on his 2002 album The Long Way, from which it was released as a single.

text:
# I Miss My Friend

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |

***I Miss My Friend*** is the second studio album by American country music singer Darryl Worley released on July 16, 2002. The album produced Worley's first number one single on the Hot Country Songs charts in its title track; "Family Tree" was also a Top 30 hit for him on the same chart. "Tennessee River Run" was later reprised on Worley's first compilation album *Have You Forgotten?*, from which it was released as that album's second single.

"POW 369" was also recorded by Doug Stone on his 2002 album *The Long Way*, from which it was released as a single.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tennessee River Run" | Steve Leslie, Darryl Worley | 3:23 |
| 2. | "I Wouldn't Mind the Shackles" | Howard Perdew, Worley | 3:42 |
| 3. | "I Miss My Friend" | Tony Martin, Mark Nesler, Tom Shapiro | 4:02 |
| 4. | "Callin' Caroline" | Leslie, Frank Rogers, Worley | 3:11 |
| 5. | "Family Tree" | Darrell Scott | 3:22 |
| 6. | "Back Where I Belong" | Randy Hardison, Leslie, Worley | 3:20 |
| 7. | "The Least That You Can Do" | Walt Aldridge, Worley | 4:01 |
| 8. | "I Built This Wall" | Jerry Salley, Worley | 3:06 |
| 9. | "Opportunity of a Lifetime" | Randy Hardison, Wynn Varble, Worley | 3:23 |
| 10. | "Spread a Little Love Around" | Harley Allen, John Wiggins | 2:52 |
| 11. | "POW 369" | Stephen Dale Jones | 3:41 |
| 12. | "Where You Think You're Goin'?" | Shawn Camp, Brice Long, Varble | 3:43 |
| Total length: | | | 41:53 |

## Personnel

## Charts

## InfoBox

| I Miss My Friend | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Darryl Worley | |
| Released | July 18, 2002 (2002-07-18) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 41:53 |
| Label | DreamWorks Nashville |
| Producer | James Stroud and Frank Rogers |
| Darryl Worley chronology | |
| *Hard Rain Don't Last*
(2000) ***I Miss My Friend***
(2002) *Have You Forgotten?*
(2003) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *I Miss My Friend* | |
| 1. "I Miss My Friend"
Released: March 11, 2002 2. "Family Tree"
Released: October 19, 2002 3. "Tennessee River Run"
Released: July 12, 2003 | |
|  | |


title: Hubert Sitko

abstract: Hubert Sitko is a Polish former ice hockey player. He played for Start Katowice and GKS Katowice during his career. With GKS Katowice Sitko won the Polish hockey league championship four times. He also played for the Polish national team at four World Championships as well as the 1964 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Hubert Sitko

**Hubert Sitko** (born 26 December 1939) is a Polish former ice hockey player. He played for Start Katowice and GKS Katowice during his career. With GKS Katowice Sitko won the Polish hockey league championship four times. He also played for the Polish national team at four World Championships as well as the 1964 Winter Olympics.

## InfoBox

| Hubert Sitko | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1939-12-26) 26 December 1939
Katowice, Nazi Germany | | |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) | | |
| Weight | 154 lb (70 kg; 11 st 0 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Played for | Start Katowice
GKS Katowice | | |
| National team | Poland | | |
| Playing career | 19541970 | | |


title: Iceland (film)

abstract: Iceland is a 1942 musical film released by 20th Century-Fox, directed by H. Bruce Humberstone and stars skater Sonja Henie and John Payne as a U.S. Marine posted in Iceland during World War II. The film was titled Katina in Great Britain and Marriage on Ice in Australia. Fox reteamed their two leads and director from the previous year's musical Sun Valley Serenade and set the story in the then contemporary American Marine landing and occupation of Iceland in 1941. Payne had previously played a Marine in Fox's To the Shores of Tripoli also directed by Humberstone. Among the songs are "There Will Never Be Another You" and "You Can't Say No to a Soldier". Some Icelanders protested against the film for its depiction of Marines winning away the local women. Henie's on-ice partner during the filmed skating sequences was 1940/41 U.S. Champion Eugene Turner.

text:
# Iceland (film)

***Iceland*** is a 1942 musical film released by 20th Century-Fox, directed by H. Bruce Humberstone and stars skater Sonja Henie and John Payne as a U.S. Marine posted in Iceland during World War II. The film was titled ***Katina*** in Great Britain and ***Marriage on Ice*** in Australia.

Fox reteamed their two leads and director from the previous year's musical *Sun Valley Serenade* and set the story in the then contemporary American Marine landing and occupation of Iceland in 1941. Payne had previously played a Marine in Fox's *To the Shores of Tripoli* also directed by Humberstone. Among the songs are "There Will Never Be Another You" and "You Can't Say No to a Soldier".

Some Icelanders protested against the film for its depiction of Marines winning away the local women. Henie's on-ice partner during the filmed skating sequences was 1940/41 U.S. Champion Eugene Turner.

## Cast

## Reception

Reviewer Dennis Schwartz gave the film a C+ rating, describing it as "entertaining but superficial" while giving credit to its direction and its songs.

## InfoBox

| Iceland | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | H. Bruce Humberstone |
| Written by | Robert Ellis
Helen Logan |
| Produced by | William LeBaron |
| Starring | Sonja Henie
John Payne
Jack Oakie
Felix Bressart
Eugene Turner |
| Cinematography | Arthur Charles Miller |
| Edited by | James B. Clark |
| Distributed by | 20th Century-Fox |
| Release date | * August 12, 1942 (1942-08-12) |
| Running time | 79 min. |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $1.7 million (US rentals) |


title: Gymnoscelis tylocera

abstract: Gymnoscelis tylocera is a moth in the family Geometridae. It was described by Louis Beethoven Prout in 1930. It is endemic to Fiji.

text:
# Gymnoscelis tylocera

***Gymnoscelis tylocera*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It was described by Louis Beethoven Prout in 1930. It is endemic to Fiji.

## InfoBox

| *Gymnoscelis tylocera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Gymnoscelis* |
| Species: | ***G. tylocera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gymnoscelis tylocera***<br>Prout, 1930 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gymnoscelis tyloceia* | |


title: Western olivaceous flatbill

abstract: The western olivaceous flatbill is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical swamps.

text:
# Western olivaceous flatbill

The **western olivaceous flatbill** (***Rhynchocyclus aequinoctialis***) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae.

It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical swamps.

## InfoBox

| Western olivaceous flatbill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | *Rhynchocyclus* |
| Species: | ***R. aequinoctialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhynchocyclus aequinoctialis***
(Sclater, 1858) | |
|
|  | |


title: Quita Mould

abstract: Quita Mould is an archaeologist, specialising in small finds and the identification of leather.

text:
# Quita Mould

**Quita Mould** FSA is an archaeologist, specialising in small finds and the identification of leather.

## Biography

Mould has a BA in Archaeology and Geography from Southampton University and an MA in Archaeology from the Institute of Archaeology. She has contributed to numerous small finds reports and analysis from Roman, Early-Medieval, and Medieval sites. She was one of the principal authors of the Historic England guidance on "Waterlogged Organic Artefacts". She was elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London on 1 January 2005.

Mould is the secretary of the Archaeological Leather Group and the Membership Secretary of the Finds Research Group.

## Select publications

* Volken, M., Mould, Q., and Cameron, E. 2020. "A reassessment of leatherwork from the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial", *Antiquaries Journal* doi:10.1017/S0003581520000426
* Keiley, J. and Mould, Q. 2017. "Leatherworking in South-Eastern Britain in the Roman Period", in Bird, D. (ed). *Agriculture and Industry in South-Eastern Roman Britain*. Oxford, Oxbow. 236–254
* Mould, Q. and Cameron, E. 2016. "The animal pelt", in Jones, A.M., *Preserved in the Peat: An extraordinary Bronze Age burial on Whitehorse Hill, Dartmoor, and its wider context*. Oxford, Oxbow Books. 64–68
* Thompson, R. and Mould, Q. (eds) 2011. *Leather Tanneries: the archaeological evidence*. London: Archetype
* Mould, Q. 2011. "Devil's Crafts and Dragon's Skins? Sheaths, Shoes and Other Leatherwork", in Clegg Hyer, M. and Owen-Crocker, G. R. (eds) *The Material Culture of Daily Living in the Anglo-Saxon World*. University of Exeter Press, 93–115
* Mould, Q. 2011. "Domestic life", in Allason-Jones, L. (ed.) *Artefacts in Roman Britain*, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 153–79
* Mould, Q. 2009. "The Roman Shoes" and "The Medieval Leather", in Howard-Davis, C. *The Carlisle Millennium Project excavations in Carlisle, 1998–2001. Volume 2: The Finds*. Oxford, Oxford Archaeology North, 831–857


title: John Brooks Slaughter

abstract: John Brooks Slaughter was an American electrical engineer and college president who served as the first African-American director of the National Science Foundation (NSF). His work focused on the development of computer algorithms for system optimization and discrete signal processing.

text:
# John Brooks Slaughter

**John Brooks Slaughter** (March 16, 1934 – December 6, 2023) was an American electrical engineer and college president who served as the first African-American director of the National Science Foundation (NSF). His work focused on the development of computer algorithms for system optimization and discrete signal processing.

## Early life and education

Slaughter was born in and grew up in Topeka, Kansas, and attended Topeka High School. After two years at Washburn University, Slaughter transferred and earned a B.S. in electrical engineering from Kansas State University in 1956, an M.S. in engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1961, and a Ph.D. in engineering sciences from the University of California, San Diego in 1971.

## Academic career

Slaughter took a civilian position at the United States Navy Electronics Laboratory in San Diego in 1960. He was appointed Director of the Applied Physics Laboratory of the University of Washington in 1975. He joined the NSF in 1977 as assistant director for Astronomics, Atmospherics, Earth and Ocean Sciences. From 1980 to 1982 he was Director of the NSF.

Slaughter was elected to membership in the National Academy of Engineering in 1982. From 1982 to 1988 Slaughter served as Chancellor of the University of Maryland, College Park, then served as President of Occidental College in Los Angeles from 1988 to 1999. In 1999 he was appointed Melbo Professor of Leadership in Education at the University of Southern California.

## Death

Slaughter died on December 6, 2023, while receiving treatment at Huntington Hospital in Pasadena, California. He was 89.

## Awards and honors

## Further reading

* Kessler, J., Kidd, J. Kidd R. & Morin, K. (1996). *Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century*. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. pp. 292–296.

## InfoBox

| John Brooks Slaughter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 11th President of Occidental College | |
| **In office**
1989–1999 | |
| Preceded by | Richard C. Gilman |
| Succeeded by | Ted Mitchell |
| 5th (and last) Chancellor of the University of Maryland, College Park | |
| **In office**
1982–1988 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Gluckstern |
| Succeeded by | William English Kirwan
(as president) |
| 6th Director of the National Science Foundation | |
| **In office**
1980–1982 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Richard C. Atkinson |
| Succeeded by | Edward A. Knapp |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1934-03-16)March 16, 1934
Topeka, Kansas, U.S. |
| Died | December 6, 2023(2023-12-06) (aged 89)
Pasadena, California, U.S. |
|  | |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Electrical engineering |
| Institutions | Navy Electronics Laboratory |
| Thesis | *The solution of a class
of optimal control problems
by linear and piecewise-linear programming techniques* (1971) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Las Guáranas

abstract:
Las Guáranas is a town in the Duarte Province of the Dominican Republic.
This town is situated between the town of Cotuí and San Francisco de Macorís, about 12 km from the city of San Francisco de Macorís and a greater distance from the City of Cotui already some 120 kilometers from the capital Santo Domingo. The town has a population of approximately 20,000 persons. It is located in a rice zone of great importance in this country and its economy is very focused on this activity. The festival of Nuestra Sra. del Carmen, who is the patron saint of the town, is held from 7 to July 16.

text:
# Las Guáranas

**Las Guáranas** is a town in the Duarte Province of the Dominican Republic. This town is situated between the town of Cotuí and San Francisco de Macorís, about 12 km from the city of San Francisco de Macorís and a greater distance from the City of Cotui already some 120 kilometers from the capital Santo Domingo.

The town has a population of approximately 20,000 persons.

It is located in a rice zone of great importance in this country and its economy is very focused on this activity.

The festival of Nuestra Sra. del Carmen, who is the patron saint of the town, is held from 7 to July 16.

## Administrative divisions

The municipality of Las Guáranas is divided into different sectors: San Juan, Pueblo Nuevo, Ernesto Reyes, Sector Iglesias, Las Flores, Agua Viva Arriba Y Agua Viva Abajo, San Jose, Las Mercedes, Los Genao, Los Jardines, La Factoria, Aurelia, Los Riveras and urbanization Dario Antonio. El Cruse Del Canal its where the major business are located.

Official website

## InfoBox

| Las Guáranas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Las Guáranas | |
| Coordinates: 19°12′0″N 70°13′12″W / 19.20000°N 70.22000°W / 19.20000; -70.22000 | |
| Country | Dominican Republic |
| Province | Duarte |
| Founded | n.a. |
| Municipality since | 1998 |
| Area | |
| Total | 86.49 km2 (33.39 sq mi) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 19,969 |
| Density | 230/km2 (600/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Guaranero(a) |
| Municipal Districts | 0 |


abstract: Unicon was an annual science fiction convention held in Maryland and at least once in Washington, D.C. from 1975 through 1989. Unicon was born in the early 1970s on the second floor of the Stamp Student Union building at the University of Maryland, College Park. Unicon stood for University Convention. The University of Maryland Science Fiction Club was the organizing body. The club originally began as an open university course on science fiction with Stephen Rynas, a university junior, as the instructor. Unicon I was held at the Interstate Inn on Route 1 in College Park. The Guest of Honor was Frederik Pohl. Unicon outgrew any facilities in College Park and moved to the Silver Spring Sheraton for a successful run into the 1980s.

text:
# Unicon (Maryland science fiction convention)

**Unicon** was an annual science fiction convention held in Maryland and at least once in Washington, D.C. from 1975 through 1989.

Unicon was born in the early 1970s on the second floor of the Stamp Student Union building at the University of Maryland, College Park. Unicon stood for University Convention. The University of Maryland Science Fiction Club was the organizing body. The club originally began as an open university course on science fiction with Stephen Rynas, a university junior, as the instructor.

Unicon I was held at the Interstate Inn on Route 1 in College Park. The Guest of Honor was Frederik Pohl.

Unicon outgrew any facilities in College Park and moved to the Silver Spring Sheraton (now a Hilton, where four Capclaves were held) for a successful run into the 1980s.

## List of Unicons

| Number | Year-Mo-Days | Site | Featured Guests | Chair(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1975 | College Park Interstate Inn | Frederik Pohl | Natalie Paymer |
| 2B | 1976 | University of Maryland Student Union | L. Sprague de Camp, Ted White | Natalie Paymer |
| 3 | 1977 7 8-10 | Silver Spring Sheraton | Clifford D. Simak | Natalie Paymer |
| 4 | 1978 7 7-9 | Silver Spring Sheraton | Theodore Sturgeon | Theodore L. Manekin, Randy Brunk Natalie Paymer |
| 5 | 1979 7 20-22 | Shoreham Americana,
Washington, D.C. | Ron Cobb|Dan O’Bannon|. | Natalie Paymer, Theodore L. Manekin, Sue Ruth |
| 6 | 1980 7 18-20 | Silver Spring Sheraton | James P. Hogan | Clinton Winchester, Theodore L. Manekin |
|  | 1981 | none |
| 82 | 1982 7 16-18 | Silver Spring Sheraton | Hal Clement, Robert A. Madle, Karl Kofoed | Clinton Winchester, Jim Williams |
| 8 | 1983 7 15-17 | Silver Spring Sheraton | Joan D. Vinge, Michael J. Walsh, Teanna Lee Byerts, Jim Frenkel | Clinton Winchester |
| 84 | 1984 7 20-22 | Silver Spring Sheraton | Gene Wolfe, Dawn Wilson, Peggy Rae Pavlat | Clinton Winchester |
| 10 | 1985 7 19-21 | Silver Spring Sheraton | Michael Shea, Val Lakey Lindahn, Arthur W. Saha | Paul Parsons |
| UniContinuity Party | 1986 7 26 | Church of the Ascension,
Silver Spring |
| 87 | 1987 7 17-19 | Annapolis Holiday Inn | David Brin, David Mattingly, Marty Gear | Clinton Winchester |
| 12 | 1988 7 22-24 | Annapolis Holiday Inn | Vernor Vinge, Ned Dameron | Clinton Winchester |
| 13 | 1989 7 14-16 | College Park Holiday Inn | Tim Powers, Debbie Hughes, Mark Maxwell | Paul Parsons |

* Don Sakers' con reports at
* Various WSFA Journals, all available online at
* Personal communication from Erwin Strauss, Simcha Kuritzky, Don Sakers, and Fred Blonder
* "Science Fiction Topic of Two-Day Conference," "Baltimore Sun", July 5, 1976, p. B2
* "The Falcon, Chewbacca and 1,202 Humanoids", by Joseph McLellan, *Washington Post*, Monday, July 10, 1978, p. B1, B9

## InfoBox

| Unicon | |
| --- | --- |
| Status | Defunct |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Location(s) | Maryland |
| Country | United States |
| Inaugurated | 1975 |
| Most recent | 1989 |


title: I barbieri di Sicilia

abstract: I barbieri di Sicilia is a 1967 Italian war-comedy film written and directed by Marcello Ciorciolini starring the comic duo Franco and Ciccio.

text:
# I barbieri di Sicilia

***I barbieri di Sicilia*** ("The Barbers of Sicily") is a 1967 Italian war-comedy film written and directed by Marcello Ciorciolini starring the comic duo Franco and Ciccio.

## Plot

Franco Lo Persico is a barber for men, while his cousin Ciccio Lo Persico is a hairdresser for women. Both are in love with Rosina Giovinazzo, niece of the ugly aunt Donna Maruzza.

In the Sicilian village of Santa Rosalia, the Americans are about to land and the Germans send Colonel Otto von Kraus. He wants to make believe that he is there to rest with his wife, but instead is accompanied by two important chemists, Stulz and Ebner, to stop the landing of the Americans.

The Americans send an officer to the country to destroy the plans of the Germans. This in town is presented as Stefano Minasi, nephew of the priest Don Liborio. The village boss Don Calogero Milazzo makes him work in Ciccio's hairdressing shop as an assistant. Through a transmitter hidden in the parish confessional, Stefano lets the Americans know when the time is right to land in Sicily. When Franco and Ciccio arrive, for their skill, they receive a prize of 10 000 dollars, with which they will open a Coiffeur pour dames together with the barber, all in a single shop. Eventually Steve Minasi marries Rosalia, removing the beautiful Sicilian girl in front of Franco and Ciccio's eyes.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| I barbieri di Sicilia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Marcello Ciorciolini |
| Written by | Marcello Ciorciolini
Roberto Gianviti
Dino Verde |
| Cinematography | Tino Santoni |
| Music by | Piero Umiliani |
| Release date | * 1967 (1967) |
| Language | Italian |


title: Hubert Shurtz

abstract: Hubert Dean Shurtz was an American football player who played tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for one season with the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1947 NFL draft but did not play for the team. He attended Louisiana State University, where he played college football for the LSU Tigers football team. Shurtz played in 12 games for the Steelers in 1948, starting in one of them, and he had one fumble recovery.

text:
# Hubert Shurtz

**Hubert Dean Shurtz** (July 1, 1923 – September 12, 2000) was an American football player who played tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for one season with the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1947 NFL draft but did not play for the team. He attended Louisiana State University, where he played college football for the LSU Tigers football team. Shurtz played in 12 games for the Steelers in 1948, starting in one of them, and he had one fumble recovery.

## InfoBox

Hubert Shurtz
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1923-07-01)July 1, 1923
Pinckneyville, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died: | September 12, 2000(2000-09-12) (aged 77)
Destrehan, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 235 lb (107 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Pinckneyville (IL) |
| College: | LSU |
| Position: | Tackle |
| NFL draft: | 1947 / round: 17 / pick: 142 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Guyotemaimetsha

abstract: Guyotemaimetsha is an extinct genus of wasp which existed in France during the Cretaceous period. The only species is Guyotemaimetsha enigmatica.

text:
# Guyotemaimetsha

***Guyotemaimetsha*** is an extinct genus of wasp which existed in France during the Cretaceous period. The only species is ***Guyotemaimetsha enigmatica***.

## InfoBox

| *Guyotemaimetsha*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Superfamily: | Megalyridae |
| Family: | Maimetshidae |
| Genus: | ***Guyotemaimetsha***
Perrichot, Nel & Néraudeau, 2004 |
| Species: | ***G. enigmatica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Guyotemaimetsha enigmatica***
Perrichot, Nel & Néraudeau, 2004 | |
|


title: Hardesty, Oklahoma

abstract: Hardesty is a town in Texas County, Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town’s population was 205.

text:
# Hardesty, Oklahoma

**Hardesty** is a town in Texas County, Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town’s population was 205.

## History

The original Hardesty was four miles northeast of the present community. It had a post office in 1887, with the name honoring A.J. "Jack" Hardesty, who had interests in the area. However, the Rock Island railroad bypassed the town in 1901 and created the locale that became Guymon, Oklahoma. Most of Hardesty’s residents and businesses relocated to Guymon, and the original town withered.

When a second Rock Island line later came through the county near the old Hardesty in 1929, a new community along the route was named Hardesty at the insistence of locals. However, growth of the new Hardesty was stunted by the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. The town nevertheless incorporated in 1947 and remains in place, complete with a post office and a school district covering 250 square miles.

## Geography

Hardesty is just south of the Coldwater Creek arm of the Optima Lake project, including Optima National Wildlife Refuge, and the Optima Wildlife Management Area public hunting lands managed by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. The town is approximately 18 miles southeast of Guymon along Oklahoma State Highway 3, which runs concurrently with U.S. Route 412 through Hardesty.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | 201 |  |  |
| 1960 | 187 |  | −7.0% |
| 1970 | 223 |  | 19.3% |
| 1980 | 243 |  | 9.0% |
| 1990 | 228 |  | −6.2% |
| 2000 | 277 |  | 21.5% |
| 2010 | 212 |  | −23.5% |
| 2020 | 205 |  | −3.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 277 people, 102 households, and 74 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,228.0 inhabitants per square mile (474.1/km2). There were 118 housing units at an average density of 523.1 per square mile (202.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 76.17% White, 1.44% Native American, 20.58% from other races, and 1.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.80% of the population.

There were 102 households, out of which 46.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 34.3% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $28,214, and the median income for a family was $29,688. Males had a median income of $26,667 versus $20,089 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,836. About 24.2% of families and 22.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 20.0% of those 65 or over.

## Education

In 2007, a lawsuit was brought against the local high school for religious discrimination and failure to separate church and state, after a student allegedly was kicked off the basketball team for refusing to participate in compulsory pre and post game prayers. PACER shows the federal case, CIV-06-845-M, ended with that Stipulation of Dismissal with Prejudice filed October 29, 2008, and signed by all parties.

## InfoBox

| Hardesty, Oklahoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Historic marker on the western edge of Hardesty | |
| Location in Texas County and state of Oklahoma. | |
| Coordinates: 36°36′59″N 101°11′27″W / 36.61639°N 101.19083°W / 36.61639; -101.19083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
| County | Texas |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.23 sq mi (0.58 km2) |
| Land | 0.23 sq mi (0.58 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,907 ft (886 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 205 |
| Density | 911.11/sq mi (352.22/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 73944 |
| Area code | 580 |
| FIPS code | 40-32550 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1093528 |


title: Tyska Stallplan

abstract: Tyska Stallplan is a street in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. Stretching south from Svartmangatan to Prästgatan, it is connected to Baggensgatan and Mårten Trotzigs Gränd, while forming a (somewhat) parallel street to Österlånggatan and Tyska Brinken. By the street are the public library and the major school of the told town. While named a square, it undoubtedly remains a matter of taste and definition whether this elongated open space should be regarded as a street.

text:
# Tyska Stallplan

**Tyska Stallplan** (Swedish: "German Stable Square" or literally "Plane") is a street in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. Stretching south from Svartmangatan to Prästgatan, it is connected to Baggensgatan and Mårten Trotzigs Gränd, while forming a (somewhat) parallel street to Österlånggatan and Tyska Brinken.

By the street are the public library and the major school (*Storkyrkoskolan*, "School of the Great Church" (e.g. Storkyrkan)) of the told town. While named a square, it undoubtedly remains a matter of taste and definition whether this elongated open space should be regarded as a street.

## History

On either side of the street was the Blackfriars monastery from the 1330s to the Reformation (1520-1530). Archaeological excavations in the area have unveiled the remains of the monastery's wall under the present streets. In the southern end of Tyska Stallplan several such traces have been discovered, and in Prästgatan, south of the street, lines of cobble stones have been used to indicate the former extent of the monastery.

The open space was surrounded by several stables during the 18th and 19th centuries, and it was accordingly called *Stallplan* ("Stable Plane") in 1820. In 1844, however, it is referred to as *Stallplan äfven Tyska Skolg*\[*atan*\] ("Stable Plane also German School Street"), and in 1870 as either *Tyska Stallplan* or *Tyska Skolgatan* ("German Stable Plane/School Street"). Obviously, the former somewhat misleading combination became the one used. The German School was, however, located on number 8, Själagårdsgatan. (See also Tyska Skolgränd.)

On the square is a granite sculpture by Ivar Johnsson from 1956 depicting a young man mounting a horse. The sculpture was, like several others pieces of public art in Stockholm, subject to sabotage in the late 1990s and thereafter, blown into hundreds of pieces but subsequently restored every time, last time in 2003.

59°19′24″N 18°04′23″E / 59.323351°N 18.072919°E / 59.323351; 18.072919


title: Quand j'avais cinq ans je m'ai tué

abstract: Quand j'avais 5 ans je m'ai tué is a French film directed by Jean-Claude Sussfeld, released in 1994.

text:
# Quand j'avais cinq ans je m'ai tué

***Quand j'avais 5 ans je m'ai tué*** (*When I was five, I killed myself*) is a French film directed by Jean-Claude Sussfeld, released in 1994.

## Synopsis

Gil, an eight-year-old child, is in a 1960s French psychiatric hospital, "due to what he did to Jessica".

He tells Dr Edouard Valmont about his conflict with authority and his strong relationship with Jessica, his classmate. The doctor befriends and trusts Gil, despite the attempts of his superiors to prevent their friendship.

## Cast

* Hippolyte Girardot : Docteur Edouard Valmont
* Patrick Bouchitey : Dr. Nevele
* Salomé Lelouch : Jessica
* Dimitri Rougeul : Gil
* Anny Romand : Mme. Cochrane
* François Clavier : Gil's Father
* Claude Duneton
* Ludovic Gadois : Martin Polaski
* Raymonde Heudeline
* Amar Ioudarene : Tignasse
* Laetitia Legrix : Anne Gendron
* Charlotte Lowe
* Dimitri Rougeul : Gil at 5 (voice)
* Antoine Du Merle : Gil at 5
* Blanche Ravalec : Gil's mother

## InfoBox

| Quand j'avais 5 ans je m'ai tué | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jean-Claude Sussfeld |
| Screenplay by | Jean-Pierre Carasso
Jean-Claude Sussfeld |
| Based on | *Quand j'avais 5 ans je m'ai tué*
by Howard Buten |
| Starring | Hippolyte Girardot
Patrick Bouchitey
Salomé Lelouch |
| Cinematography | Jean-Paul Rosa da Costa |
| Music by | Fabrice Aboulker
Amaury Blanchary |
| Release date | * 2 February 1994 (1994-02-02) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Pic River

abstract: The Pic River is a river in the east part of Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It flows from McKay Lake southeast of the community of Longlac and empties into Lake Superior southeast of the town of Marathon.

text:
# Pic River

The **Pic River** is a river in the east part of Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It flows from McKay Lake southeast of the community of Longlac and empties into Lake Superior southeast of the town of Marathon.

## Course

The river begins at an elevation of 321 metres (1,053 ft) at Outlet Bay at the southeast of McKay Lake, about 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of the community of Caramat and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) southwest of the Canadian National Railway mainline, flowing south out of the lake over McKay Lake Dam. It heads over the Bigrock Rapids to Sagiwatan Lake, then further south over the Deadman Rapids to Waboosekon Lake. The river passes out of the lake over Waboosekon Lake Dam, turns southeast, passes over the High Falls and Middle Falls, and takes in the left tributary White Otter River.

The Pic heads south over the Manitou Falls and takes in the right tributary Kagiano River. It continues south, passes under Ontario Highway 17 and enters the Pic River 50 Indian reserve of the Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation. The Pic River passes their community of Heron Bay, where it is crossed by the Canadian Pacific Railway mainline, takes in the left tributary Black River, passes the Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation community of Pic River, and reaches its mouth at Lake Superior. A beach and system of sand dunes are found at the mouth.

## History

**Fort Pic** was a trading post founded in 1789 by Gabriel Cotté in partnership with John Grant and Maurice-Régis Blondeau. Its greatest prosperity was in 1799-1815 under Baptiste Perreault, In 1805 there were 16 men, 2 women and 3 children in the fort and 148 Indigenous people in the vicinity. Louis Agassiz visited in 1847. After 1865 only a minimal operation was maintained. It was abandoned in 1914. The site was on the west bank about 150 yards above the river mouth on a flat 16 feet above the normal water level. A lumber camp was built here in 1930. Archaeologists found traces of the fort in 1964. The well, which is still in use, appears to be the original one. There is a government marker.

In later years the Pic was used to transport 8 foot pulp logs to Heron Bay, where they were assembled in booms and towed to Marathon. Marathon Paper operated a pulp mill at Marathon using timber that was driven down the Pic each spring. The Marathon Corporation was purchased by American Can, and in 1982 by the James River Paper Company. The Pic river drive was phased out and trucks were employed in lieu of the water based system that was in place for many years. The woodlands that furnished wood for the mill at Marathon were delineated by the Pic watershed. In the early years woodsmen walked from Marathon after their hire, following trails blazed along the Pic river to camps built to provide wood for the mill. Walkers went from the mill to the camps taking mail and gathering statistics on wood cut and hauled by horses to the river. During the early years all wood was 'driven' in the spring, down the Pic and White Otter rivers. In later years roads supplanted the trails, but until 1982 there was a Camp near the White Otter River operated by American Can. Dynamite caches were located at strategic places along the river so that log jams could be cleared.

## Etymology

Two possibilities exist for the origin of the name of the river. It may be from either Ojibwe *bikodinaa* or French meaning "be a high ground" for the promontory found at the mouth of the river, or from the corruption of the Ojibwe "*pekatek*" or "mud", which describes its silty water.

## Hydroelectricity development

Small scale hydroelectricity developments have been proposed for sites at High Falls and Manitou Falls by the Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation. These would tie in to the transmission line from an existing development on the Kagiano River at Twin Falls, a development just upstream of that river's mouth with the Pic River.

## Tributaries

* Black River
* Camp 14 Creek (right)
* Spruce Creek (left)
* Goodchild Creek (left)
* Lacobeer Creek (right)
* Jim Creek (right)
* Little Joe Creek (right)
* Huck Creek (right)
* Cirrus Creek (left)
* Dewey Creek (right)
* Nama Creek (left)
* Slingshot Creek (left)
* Kagiano River (right)
* White Otter River (left)
* Hagarty Creek (left)
* Deadman Creek (right)
* Dianthus Creek (right)
* Kaboosa Creek (left)
* Bluejay Creek (left)
* Mustela Creek (right)
* Bambino Creek (right)

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Pic River | |
| --- | --- |
| Bridge of Highway 17 over the Pic River | |
| Location of the mouth of the Pic River in Ontario | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Region | Northwestern Ontario |
| District | Thunder Bay |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | McKay Lake |
| coordinates | 49°37′42″N 86°17′00″W / 49.62833°N 86.28333°W / 49.62833; -86.28333 |
| elevation | 321 m (1,053 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Lake Superior |
| coordinates | 48°36′01″N 86°18′09″W / 48.60028°N 86.30250°W / 48.60028; -86.30250 |
| elevation | 180 m (590 ft) |
| Length | 150 km (93 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Black River, White Otter River |
| right | Kagiano River |


title: RoxorLoops

abstract: Senjka Danhieux, better known under his stage name RoxorLoops, is a Belgian beatboxer and songwriter. He currently lives in Denmark, where he studied vocal leading and singing at the Royal Academy of Music in Aalborg.

text:
# RoxorLoops

**Senjka Danhieux** (born 28 April 1984, in Jette), better known under his stage name **RoxorLoops**, is a Belgian beatboxer and songwriter. He currently lives in Denmark, where he studied vocal leading and singing at the Royal Academy of Music in Aalborg.

## Career

### Early career

In 2004, Danhieux won the Belgian Beatboxing Championship. One year later, he competed in the Beatbox Battle World Championship, in which he won second place. In 2006, he was a part of the group Beatoxic, which performed the song "Feel Like" in the second heat of *Eurosong '06*, the Belgian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, but failed to qualify for the semi-finals.

### Eurovision Song Contest 2011

In 2011, he participated in the Belgian national selection *Eurovision 2011: Qui? A vous de choisir*, this time as part of the a cappella group Witloof Bay with the song "With Love Baby" (co-written by Danhieux). The group went on to win the competition and were given the right to represent Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 held in Düsseldorf, Germany. The entry did not qualify for the final, finishing in eleventh place in the second semi-final.

### Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2020

In 2020, Danhieux was selected by the Danish broadcaster DR to compete in *Dansk Melodi Grand Prix*, Denmark’s national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest. Together with his girlfriend Jasmin Rose, he performed the song "Human" (co-written by Lise Cabble) in the final on 7 March 2020, but ultimately failed to advance to the superfinal.

## Discography

### As part of Witloof Bay

| Title | Year | Peak chart
positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | BEL
(Fla) | BEL
(Wal) | |
| "With Love Baby" | 2011 | 42 | 50 | Non-album singles |

| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Human"
(Jasmin Rose feat. RoxorLoops) | 2020 | *Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2020* |

## InfoBox

| RoxorLoops | |
| --- | --- |
| RoxorLoops (right) in 2011 as part of Witloof Bay at a concert in Turku, Finland. | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Senjka Danhieux |
| Also known as | RoxorLoops |
| Born | (1984-04-28) 28 April 1984
Jette, Brussels-Capital, Belgium |
| Occupation(s) | Beatboxer, songwriter |
| Years active | 2004–present |


abstract: United Nations Security Council resolution 1616, adopted unanimously on 29 July 2005, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including resolutions 1493 (2003), 1533 (2004), 1552 (2004), 1565 (2004), 1592 (2005) and 1596 (2005), the Council extended sanctions against the country for a further year after relevant parties did not comply with its demands.

text:
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1616

**United Nations Security Council resolution 1616**, adopted unanimously on 29 July 2005, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including resolutions 1493 (2003), 1533 (2004), 1552 (2004), 1565 (2004), 1592 (2005) and 1596 (2005), the Council extended sanctions against the country for a further year after relevant parties did not comply with its demands.

## Resolution

### Observations

The council began by reiterating its concern at the presence of armed groups in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in addition to the flow of weapons both within and into the country. It recognised the connections between the illegal exploitation and trade of natural resources, and arms trafficking as one of the factors fuelling conflicts in the African Great Lakes region.

### Acts

Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the council noted the failure of the relevant parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to comply with the demands of the Security Council, and thus extended sanctions until 31 July 2006; the measures would be reviewed if the parties complied.

The Secretary-General Kofi Annan was asked to re-establish an expert group until 31 January 2006 in order to monitor the implementation of the sanctions, and compliance with Security Council demands.

## InfoBox

| UN Security Council<br>Resolution 1616 | |
| --- | --- |
| Congolese refugees | |
| Date | 29 July 2005 |
| Meeting no. | 5,243 |
| Code | S/RES/1616 (Document) |
| Subject | **The situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo** |
| Voting summary | * **15 voted for** * **None voted against** * **None abstained** |
| Result | Adopted |
| Security Council composition | |
| Permanent members |  |
| Non-permanent members |  |
|  | |


title: I briganti (Mercadante)

abstract: I briganti is an opera (melodramma) in three acts by Saverio Mercadante, first performed on 22 March 1836 by the Théâtre-Italien in Paris, with an Italian libretto by Jacopo Crescini based on Schiller's Die Räuber. The lead roles were written for bass Luigi Lablache, tenor Giovanni Battista Rubini, baritone Antonio Tamburini and soprano Giulia Grisi. The opera did not do well in Paris, and the cast departed for London.

text:
# I briganti (Mercadante)

***I briganti*** is an opera (*melodramma*) in three acts by Saverio Mercadante, first performed on 22 March 1836 by the Théâtre-Italien in Paris, with an Italian libretto by Jacopo Crescini based on Schiller's *Die Räuber*. The lead roles were written for bass Luigi Lablache, tenor Giovanni Battista Rubini, baritone Antonio Tamburini and soprano Giulia Grisi. The opera did not do well in Paris, and the cast departed for London.

## Performance history

The opera was also performed in Italian at The King's Theatre in London with the same lead singers, beginning on 2 July 1836; at the Teatro San Benedetto in Venice on 30 September 1836; in Milan on 6 November 1837; in Cagliari, Sardinia, in the autumn of 1837; in Lisbon on 16 September 1838; at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples in the winter season of 1839; in Madrid on 12 December 1839; in Malta in 1840; and in Corfu in 1844. It was revived in Malta in 1886.

It was revived for the Rossini in Wildbad festival in 2012 and an audio recording was issued.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 22 March 1836 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Massimiliano, *Count of Moor, a Prince of the Blood Royal* | bass | Luigi Lablache |
| Ermano, *son of Massimiliano* | tenor | Giovanni Battista Rubini |
| Corrado, *son of Massimiliano* | baritone | Antonio Tamburini |
| Amelia d'Edelreich, *niece of Massimiliano* | soprano | Giulia Grisi |
| Teresa, *confidante of Amelia* | mezzo-soprano |  |
| Bertrand, *a hermit* | bass |  |
| Roller, *a friend of Ermano* | tenor |  |
| Chorus: *Warriors, villagers, women, attendants, pages, domestics, brigands, etc.* | | |

## Recording

## Bibliography


title: Humming Bird (Paul Gonsalves album)

abstract: Humming Bird is an album by jazz saxophonist Paul Gonsalves that was released in the U.K. in 1970. The album was recorded in England with English jazz musicians Alan Branscombe, Stan Tracey, and David Horler, and Canadian trumpeter Kenny Wheeler.

text:
# Humming Bird (Paul Gonsalves album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

***Humming Bird*** is an album by jazz saxophonist Paul Gonsalves that was released in the U.K. in 1970. The album was recorded in England with English jazz musicians Alan Branscombe, Stan Tracey, and David Horler, and Canadian trumpeter Kenny Wheeler.

## Track listing

1. "Humming Bird"
2. "Body and Soul"
3. "What Is There to Stay"
4. "It's the Talk of the Town"
5. "All The Things You Are"
6. "Sticks"
7. "X. O. X"
8. "In a Mellow Tone"
9. "Almost You"

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Humming Bird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Paul Gonsalves | |
| Released | 1970 |
| Recorded | 1970 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 48:12 |
| Label | Deram |
| Producer | Jack Sharpe |
| Paul Gonsalves chronology | |
| *With the Swingers and the Four Bones*
(1970) ***Humming Bird***
(1970) *Just A-Sittin' and A-Rockin*
(1970) | |


title: W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.

abstract: W.R. Case & Sons Cutlery Company is an American manufacturer of traditional pocket knives, fixed blades/sporting knives, kitchen knives, limited edition commemoratives and collectibles. The company originated in Little Valley, New York, around the turn of the 20th century, before relocating to its current home, Bradford, Pennsylvania, in 1905. The company's namesake, William Russell Case, first made knives with his brothers under the name Case Brothers Cutlery Company. His son, John Russell ("Russ") Case, worked as a salesman for his father's company before founding W.R. Case & Sons.

text:
# W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.

**W.R. Case & Sons Cutlery Company** is an American manufacturer of traditional pocket knives, fixed blades/sporting knives, kitchen knives, limited edition commemoratives and collectibles. The company originated in Little Valley, New York, around the turn of the 20th century, before relocating to its current home, Bradford, Pennsylvania, in 1905. The company's namesake, William Russell Case, first made knives with his brothers under the name Case Brothers Cutlery Company. His son, John Russell ("Russ") Case, worked as a salesman for his father's company before founding W.R. Case & Sons.

## History

The company's roots extend back to 1889, when the Case brothers – William Russell (W.R.), Jean, John and Andrew Case, formerly of the Cattaraugus Cutlery Company – began selling cutlery from the back of a wagon in various small western New York villages. In January 1900, the brothers incorporated to form Case Brothers Cutlery Company.

John Russell Case, who named the company after his father, William Russell ("W.R."), formed W.R. Case & Sons as it is known today. By the time the company moved to Pennsylvania in 1905, the four Case brothers had established their brands. The company's original factory in Little Valley, New York, burned down in 1912. This resulted in the factory moving to Springville, NY.

Beginning with World War I, Case has made military knives for U.S. servicemen including the M3 Fighting Knife and the V-42 stiletto (the latter, for the Devil's Brigade). During the 1965 flight of the *Molly Brown*, astronauts Gus Grissom and John Young used special Case knives on a NASA space mission.

The company, alongside Alcoa, founded the Cutco brand of cutlery in 1949 under the company name Alcas (its name being an amalgamation of Alcoa and Case); Alcoa would purchase Case's stake in the company in 1972, and Alcas' management bought the company from Alcoa in 1982, and is now simply known as the Cutco Corporation.

The Case Company is currently owned by Zippo Manufacturing Company, another business based in Bradford.

Case knives are made with blades usually stamped from domestic chromium-vanadium steel alloy or stainless steel, and hardened using proprietary heat treatment methods. Knife handles or scales are made of a variety of materials, from the more common synthetic materials to natural materials like Brazilian cattle bone, India stag, buffalo horn, ancient mammoth ivory, mother of pearl, exotic hardwoods and precious stones on the more expensive collector's knives. Brass and nickel silver metals are used to make the knives' other component parts.

Many people collect Case knives as a hobby. This practice arose from the unique tang stamp dating systems employed by the company beginning in the late 19th century. Today's Case Collectors Club is made up of 18,000 members.

## Case knife patterns

The list of Case knife patterns has remained fairly consistent throughout its history, although a number of new Case designs have been patented in recent years. Some of these include: The SlimLock, Trapper, Tiny Trapper, Baby Doc, Tribal-Lock, CopperLock, RussLock, Baby Butterbean, Cheetah, Cheetah Cub, Hobo, Sod Buster, Mako, Mini-Blackhorn and XX-Changer.

**The Hobo**

When the Hobo (54HB) is closed, it resembles a regular Trapper. The handle splits apart revealing a separate knife, fork, spoon and bottle opener. Case produced two variations of the Hobo ('51 and '52) from the early 1900s-1940. These were made with two to four utensil implements using a can opener, soup spoon, three-pronged fork, and knife blade. Case re-introduced the Hobo (54) in 1983.

**The CopperLock**

In 1997, Case introduced the CopperLock. Designed by Tom Hart, the CopperLock (549L) combined elements from older Case knife patterns to make an entirely new knife with a fully locking blade. Case celebrated the 10th Anniversary of the CopperLock in 2007. This pattern was retired to the Case XX Vault in July 2008.

**The SlimLock**

The SlimLock was originally produced in 2005 as a tribute to John Russell Case. Each knife carries a "JRC" (John Russell Case) tang stamp and a liner that locks. The first featured BG-42 steel blades. A second family was released in 2006 that featured ladder patterned Damascus blades.

**The Cheetah**

The Cheetah is a single-bladed knife that has a swing guard. Throughout its existence, it has been manufactured with or without a swing guard, and with and without a locking mechanism. Some of the more recent knives are stamped with an "L" after the pattern number, which signifies that the blade locks when opened.

**The RussLock**

The RussLock (953L) debuted in 2000. This pattern features a liner lock and a gimped lever for convenient one-hand opening. The RussLock was inspired by the Jack Knife (028), a pattern that has been retired for over 40 years. It was designed by the late Case master knifemaker Tommy Hart, who named it after William Russell (Russ) Case. The pattern number (1953) represents the year Russ Case died.

## Case licensed knives

Case has regularly manufactured knives under licenses with American icons like Elvis Presley Enterprises, Ford Motor Company, Coca-Cola Company, Boy Scouts of America, Ducks Unlimited, John Deere, Sturm, Ruger & Co., National Wild Turkey Federation, John Wayne, Dale Earnhardt Jr., Johnny Cash and Brooks & Dunn. Case has also partnered with custom knifemaker Tony Bose to produce new designs.

## Steel types

**Chrome vanadium (CV)**

Chrome vanadium is a special formula of alloyed cutlery steel known for its ease of re-sharpening. (CV blades require extra care. A thin film of oil should be kept on the blade to maintain the polished finish of the steel.)

**Case Tru-Sharp Surgical Stainless Steel (SS)**

Case Tru-Sharp Surgical Stainless Steel is a high-carbon steel. It offers excellent blade strength and corrosion resistance.

**Damascus (DAM)**

Damascus steels date back to the Crusades, and are named for the famous Syrian city where some of the first man-made metals were traded publicly. It consists of many thin layers of metal that are forged together to form a laminated solid. Designs take shape as layers are folded in then welded together by forging; while creating an intricate design and strong blade.

**BG42 (BG42)**

BG42 is a domestic alloy steel. It is an aeronautics bearing-grade composition with added carbon and vanadium.

**154CM**

154-CM is an American-made stainless alloy. It combines three principal elements: carbon, chromium, and molybdenum. Added levels of carbon and chromium are also used. Re-sharpening can require extra effort, but is needed less often.

## Awards

W.R. Case & Sons has been the recipient of awards in the cutlery industry over the years. In 2004 Case was awarded the Industry Achievement Award at the Blade Show held in Atlanta, GA; the Case Family Brands Encyclopedia Set was awarded the *Blade* Investor Collector Knife of the Year at the same show. The Case SlimLock won an Editor's Choice Award from *Popular Mechanics*. In 2008 Case won "Collaboration Knife of the Year" at the Blade Show in Atlanta, GA with a Tony Bose designed piece named the "Arkansas Hunter".

Case has also won awards for advertising and marketing, for instance its packaging designs won in two categories at the North American Packaging Competition for Excellence: Best Family Packages and General Superiority According to End-Use Household. The Case website won an ADDY award for creative excellence in 2006. A Case packaging design won the Best of the Show Award at the North American Packaging Competition for Excellence in the Collector's Item category.

## Case Collectors Club

In 1972, Dewey Ferguson, a Case knife collector and author, wrote to Case President Bob Farquharson about forming a knife collectors association for the W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Company. The Case Collectors Club (CCC) was established in 1981. A newsletter was introduced in March of that year to formalize communications between Case and its club members. The first edition of the newsletter was in black and white and had eight pages. During the same year, the first Case Collectors Club Annual Club Knife, an Appaloosa Bone Large Trapper (A6151 SSP), was made available to club members. The club began with 426 charter members in 1981. As of 2016, there were 11,000 members. Ferguson was listed on Case's "Wall of Fame" in 2001.

## InfoBox

W.R. Case & Sons Cutlery Company
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Cutlery |
| Founded | 1889 (1889) |
| Headquarters | Bradford, Pennsylvania |
| Products | Pocket knives<br>Kitchen knives |
| Number of employees | over 350 |
| Parent | Zippo |
| Website | www.wrcase.com |


title: Ololygon strigilata

abstract:
Ololygon strigilata is a species of frog in the family Hylidae.
It is endemic to Brazil.
Its natural habitats are rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.

text:
# Ololygon strigilata

***Ololygon strigilata*** is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.

## InfoBox

| *Ololygon strigilata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | *Ololygon* |
| Species: | ***O. strigilata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ololygon strigilata***
(Spix, 1824) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Scinax strigilatus* (Spix, 1824) | |