title: Interleukin 35

abstract: Interleukin 35 (IL-35) is a recently discovered anti-inflammatory cytokine from the IL-12 family. Member of IL-12 family - IL-35 is produced by wide range of regulatory lymphocytes and plays a role in immune suppression. IL-35 can block the development of Th1 and Th17 cells by limiting early T cell proliferation.

text:
# Interleukin 35

**Interleukin 35** (IL-35) is a recently discovered anti-inflammatory cytokine from the IL-12 family. Member of IL-12 family - IL-35 is produced by wide range of regulatory lymphocytes and plays a role in immune suppression. IL-35 can block the development of Th1 and Th17 cells by limiting early T cell proliferation.

## Structure

### IL-35 and its receptor

IL-35 is a dimeric protein composed of IL-12α and IL-27β chains, which are encoded by two separate genes called *IL12A* and *EBI3* (Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3), respectively. IL-35 receptor consists of IL-12Rβ2 (part of the IL-12R) and gp130 (part of IL-27R) chains. Compared to these two related interleukins, IL-35 is also able to signal through only one of the aforementioned chains. This was proven in vivo when absence of either of the receptor chains did not influence effects of IL-35. On regulatory B-cells, IL-35 signals through the IL-12Rβ2 and IL-27Rα subunits.

EBI3 is a homologue to IL-12 p40 and to the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor, whose expression is induced in B lymphoblastoid cells by EBV infection

## Function

### Expression

Secreted by regulatory T-cells (Tregs), regulatory B-cells (Bregs) or even CD8+ regulatory T cells, IL-35 suppresses inflammatory responses of immune cells. IL-35 is not constitutively expressed in tissues, but the gene encoding IL-35 is transcribed by vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and monocytes after activation with proinflammatory stimuli. IL-35 has selective activities on different T-cell subsets; it induces proliferation of Treg cell populations but reduces activity of Th17 cell populations.

### Role in disease

#### Autoimmune conditions

Studies in mice show the absence of either IL-35 chain from regulatory Tregs reduces the cells' ability to suppress inflammation. This has been observed during cell culture experiments and using an experimental model for inflammatory bowel disease. A group of scientists established a CIA (collagen-induced arthritis) mouse model to show suppressive effects of IL-35. Intraperitoneal injection of IL-35 in the tested subjects lowered expression of several factors linked to this disease (such as VEGF and its receptors, TNF-α). The effect of IL-35 in this case seems to be the inhibition of STAT1 signalling pathway. Another experiment performed on a mouse model of EAE has shown, that mice lacking IL-35-producing B cells are unable to recover from the T-cell mediated demyelination but are resistant to infection by pathogenic intracellular microbe *Salmonella typhimurium*. In T1D (type 1 diabetes), plasma level of IL-35 is lower than healthy individuals. IL-35 production by Tregs is decreased in mouse models of T1D, and administration of IL-35 prevents the development of experimental T1D and reverses established experimental T1D. In T1D patients with remaining C-peptide, IL-35 production by Tregs and Bregs is much higher than T1D patients with no remaining C-peptide.

#### Infectious diseases

It has been shown that IL-35 increases replication of HBV virus both in vitro and in transgenic mice by targeting its transcription factor HNF4α.

**Tumor**

Given its suppressive function, IL-35 is also involved in tumor progression and tumor immune surveillance. Elevated circulating IL-35 levels have been found in several human tumors such as acute myeloid leukemia, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer.

Moreover, Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) as a transcription factor is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Foxp3 polymorphism (rs3761548) might be involved in cancer progression like gastric cancer through influencing Tregs function and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β.


title: Vaghvadi

abstract: Vaghvadi is a village and former non-salute princely state in Gujarat, western India. It lies in Sorath prant on Saurashtra peninsula.

text:
# Vaghvadi

**Vaghvadi** (or (**Vaghvori**)) is a village and former non-salute princely state in Gujarat, western India.

It lies in Sorath prant on Saurashtra peninsula.

## History

Vaghvadi was a petty princely state, comprising solely the village, ruled by Kathi Chieftains.

It had a population of 109 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 1,450 Rupees (1903-4, nearly all from land) and a paying a tribute of 154 Rupees, to the Gaekwar Baroda State and Junagadh State.

History


title: Pseudo-Andrew of Crete

abstract: Pseudo-Andrew of Crete is the name used by scholars for the anonymous authors of a number of Greek writings that were falsely attributed to Saint Andrew of Crete. The Life and Martyrdom of Saint James the Apostle and Brother of the Lord is a biography of James, brother of Jesus. It was written between 550 and 900, most likely in Palestine between 610 and 640, and was originally anonymous, only later being attributed to Andrew. It is known from at least eleven Greek manuscripts and an Old Russian translation. Its main source is Eusebius of Caesarea and all of its material is derived from written sources. Its value to the textual criticism of the New Testament stems from its extensive quotations from the Epistle of James. It is the source for the entry on James in Symeon Metaphrastes. Andrew of Crete's name was also attached to an iconodule treatise of the late 8th century, On the Veneration of Divine Images. It is fragmentary.

text:
# Pseudo-Andrew of Crete

**Pseudo-Andrew of Crete** is the name used by scholars for the anonymous authors of a number of Greek writings that were falsely attributed to Saint Andrew of Crete.

The *Life and Martyrdom of Saint James the Apostle and Brother of the Lord* is a biography of James, brother of Jesus. It was written between 550 and 900, most likely in Palestine between 610 and 640, and was originally anonymous, only later being attributed to Andrew. It is known from at least eleven Greek manuscripts and an Old Russian translation. Its main source is Eusebius of Caesarea and all of its material is derived from written sources. Its value to the textual criticism of the New Testament stems from its extensive quotations from the *Epistle of James*. It is the source for the entry on James in Symeon Metaphrastes.

Andrew of Crete's name was also attached to an iconodule treatise of the late 8th century, *On the Veneration of Divine Images*. It is fragmentary.


title: Arthur H. McCollum

abstract: Arthur Howard McCollum was an American Naval Officer as well as a key member of the Intelligence agency in the Southwest Pacific. He was born in Nagasaki, Japan to two Baptist Missionaries. He spent several years in Japan after his graduation from the Naval Academy, granting him a large amount of knowledge about East Asia and the Southwest Pacific that proved key in his interactions with Naval Intelligence. McCollum served as an American Naval Officer and retired in 1951 as Rear Admiral and consultant after World War II to the Central Intelligence Group and Central Intelligence Agency. Raised in Marion, Alabama, McCollum graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1921 and was then sent by the Navy for 3 years of study in Japan. He was serving as an assistant naval attaché in Tokyo in 1930 when Edwin T. Layton, Joseph J. Rochefort and Ethelbert Watts Jr. were there for similar training. McCollum also attended the submarine school at the Naval Submarine Base. Despite the fact that he served on a wide variety of ships with the US Navy, he is most noted for his work in intelligence. He was fleet intelligence officer on the staff of Commander in Chief U. S. Fleet (1936-1938). In October 1940 as a Lt. Commander he authored what is called the McCollum memo outlining his assessment of German and Japanese threats to U.S. security. From Nov. 1942 to May 1945, he held 3 titles simultaneously. He held Director of Allied Naval Intelligence, Southwest Pacific, Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Seventh Fleet, and Commanding Officer of the Seventh Fleet Intelligence Center. He retired in 1951 from the US Navy. He was recalled to active duty with the CIA and retired once more in 1953.

text:
# Arthur H. McCollum

**Arthur Howard McCollum** (August 4, 1898 – April 1, 1976) was an American Naval Officer as well as a key member of the Intelligence agency in the Southwest Pacific. He was born in Nagasaki, Japan to two Baptist Missionaries. He spent several years in Japan after his graduation from the Naval Academy, granting him a large amount of knowledge about East Asia and the Southwest Pacific that proved key in his interactions with Naval Intelligence.

McCollum served as an American Naval Officer and retired in 1951 as Rear Admiral and consultant after World War II to the Central Intelligence Group and Central Intelligence Agency.

Raised in Marion, Alabama, McCollum graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1921 and was then sent by the Navy for 3 years of study in Japan. He was serving as an assistant naval attaché in Tokyo in 1930 when Edwin T. Layton, Joseph J. Rochefort and Ethelbert Watts Jr. were there for similar training. McCollum also attended the submarine school at the Naval Submarine Base. Despite the fact that he served on a wide variety of ships with the US Navy, he is most noted for his work in intelligence. He was fleet intelligence officer on the staff of Commander in Chief U. S. Fleet (1936-1938). In October 1940 as a Lt. Commander he authored what is called the McCollum memo outlining his assessment of German and Japanese threats to U.S. security. From Nov. 1942 to May 1945, he held 3 titles simultaneously. He held Director of Allied Naval Intelligence, Southwest Pacific, Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Seventh Fleet, and Commanding Officer of the Seventh Fleet Intelligence Center. He retired in 1951 from the US Navy. He was recalled to active duty with the CIA and retired once more in 1953.

## Intelligence work

McCollum, a key figure to the Office of Naval Intelligence, was the chief commander of the Far East section of ONI. He served on the staff of the Commander of the U.S Pacific Fleet as the intelligence officer from 1936 to 1938 and served several roles in intelligence from 1942 to 1945. His most notable contribution to Naval Intelligence is the McCollum memo (or Eight Action Memo) in which he provided an eight step plan to provoke Japan into attacking the United States. McCollum was also the Distribution Officer for intercepted Japanese diplomatic intelligence (MAGIC). The military code, JN-25, had not yet been broken.

Promoted to captain effective June 20, 1942, he was advanced to rear admiral on the retired list when he left active duty in June 1951.

## Personal

McCollum and his wife Margaret Benninghoff McCollum (December 3, 1901 – February 20, 1985) were buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Rear Admiral
Arthur Howard McCollum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | August 4, 1898
Nagasaki, Japan |
| Died | April 1, 1976 (1976-05) (aged 77)
Arlington, Virginia |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1921–1953 |
| Website | http://www.usni.org/heritage/mccollum |


title: Headquarters Park Historic District

abstract: The Headquarters Park Historic District encompasses the summer headquarters for the Leo Sheep Company, which focused on wool production, and the Rocky Mountain Sheep Company, which concentrated on lamb production, in Carbon County, Wyoming. The area was one of the major summer sheep and lamb-herding regions of Wyoming. Both companies were founded by Lee Emmit Vivion in 1903 and functioned for more than 65 years. The Headquarters Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in on April 17, 2012.

text:
# Headquarters Park Historic District

The **Headquarters Park Historic District** encompasses the summer headquarters for the Leo Sheep Company, which focused on wool production, and the Rocky Mountain Sheep Company, which concentrated on lamb production, in Carbon County, Wyoming. The area was one of the major summer sheep and lamb-herding regions of Wyoming. Both companies were founded by Lee Emmit Vivion in 1903 and functioned for more than 65 years.

The Headquarters Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in on April 17, 2012.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters Park Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Centennial, Wyoming |
| Coordinates | 41°20′16″N 106°21′41″W / 41.33778°N 106.36139°W / 41.33778; -106.36139 (Carbon Cemetery) |
| NRHP reference No. | 11000748 |
| Added to NRHP | April 17, 2012 |


title: Wheatsheaf Junction

abstract: Wheatsheaf Junction was the location where a branch of the North Wales Mineral Railway to Brymbo connected with Shrewsbury and Chester line between Wrexham and Gresford. The junction, which was 1.3 mi (2.1 km) from Wrexham General station, was built in 1844 during the period known as Railway Mania. It was designed to facilitate the connection between the mineral areas of Brymbo with Chester, Wrexham and Ruabon. The junction takes its name from the Wheatsheaf public house in Gwersyllt under which the line ran. The branch, which was very straight in places, went directly up Gwersyllt Hill through the 220 ft (67 m) Summerhill Tunnel to Westminster Colliery. It then continued to the other side of Moss Valley through the 400 ft (120 m) Brymbo Tunnel to Brymbo Steelworks. Due to the steepness of the line, wagons on these sections were worked on incline planes using a two-rope pulley system known locally as 'brakes'. In 1862, the Wheatsheaf branch was superseded by a new branch line from the locomotive yard and works at Croes Newydd just south of Wrexham General. The railway, which was called the Wrexham and Minera Branch, connected both Brymbo and the mines and quarries at Minera. It was also a great improvement over the Wheatsheaf line because it could be worked throughout by steam engines. By 1882, the Moss Branch had opened connecting Westminster Colliery at Gwersyllt to Croes Newydd. Progressively parts of the original Wheatsheaf branch fell into disuse throughout the latter part of the 19th century. By 1918 only a yard for 269 wagons on the branch between Wheatsheaf Junction and Westminster Colliery remained in operation. The junction was closed and the remaining line lifted after the colliery closed in 1925.

text:
# Wheatsheaf Junction

**Wheatsheaf Junction** was the location where a branch of the North Wales Mineral Railway to Brymbo connected with Shrewsbury and Chester line between Wrexham and Gresford.

The junction, which was 1.3 mi (2.1 km) from Wrexham General station, was built in 1844 during the period known as Railway Mania. It was designed to facilitate the connection between the mineral areas of Brymbo with Chester, Wrexham and Ruabon. The junction takes its name from the Wheatsheaf public house in Gwersyllt (at 53°04′19″N 3°01′09″W / 53.0719°N 3.0193°W / 53.0719; -3.0193 (Wheatsheaf Public House, Gwersyllt)) under which the line ran. The branch, which was very straight in places, went directly up Gwersyllt Hill through the 220 ft (67 m) Summerhill Tunnel to Westminster Colliery. It then continued to the other side of Moss Valley through the 400 ft (120 m) Brymbo Tunnel to Brymbo Steelworks. Due to the steepness of the line, wagons on these sections were worked on incline planes using a two-rope pulley system known locally as 'brakes'.

In 1862, the Wheatsheaf branch was superseded by a new branch line from the locomotive yard and works at Croes Newydd just south of Wrexham General. The railway, which was called the Wrexham and Minera Branch, connected both Brymbo and the mines and quarries at Minera. It was also a great improvement over the Wheatsheaf line because it could be worked throughout by steam engines. By 1882, the Moss Branch had opened connecting Westminster Colliery at Gwersyllt to Croes Newydd.

Progressively parts of the original Wheatsheaf branch fell into disuse throughout the latter part of the 19th century. By 1918 only a yard for 269 wagons on the branch between Wheatsheaf Junction and Westminster Colliery (at  53°4′31″N 3°1′55″W / 53.07528°N 3.03194°W / 53.07528; -3.03194 (Gwersyllt Colliery)) remained in operation. The junction was closed and the remaining line lifted after the colliery closed in 1925.

53°4′8″N 2°59′57″W / 53.06889°N 2.99917°W / 53.06889; -2.99917


title: Jagged Alliance: Back in Action

abstract: Jagged Alliance: Back in Action is a real-time tactics video game developed by Coreplay and published by bitComposer and Kalypso Media for the PC in February 2012. It is a remake of the 1999 Jagged Alliance 2, the third installment in the Jagged Alliance series. An expansion pack, Jagged Alliance: Crossfire, was released August 2012.

text:
# Jagged Alliance: Back in Action

***Jagged Alliance: Back in Action*** is a real-time tactics video game developed by Coreplay and published by bitComposer and Kalypso Media for the PC in February 2012. It is a remake of the 1999 *Jagged Alliance 2*, the third installment in the *Jagged Alliance* series. An expansion pack, ***Jagged Alliance: Crossfire***, was released August 2012.

## Gameplay

*Jagged Alliance: Back in Action* is a turn-based tactics game. The player is a mercenary captain contracted to liberate the fictional island nation of Arulco. Outside battle, characters move in real time. When a battle starts, the game will switch to turn-based system. The game has a pausable real-time system called "plan-and-go", where you issue orders for the characters while paused.

## Release

*Jagged Alliance: Back in Action* was developed by Coreplay, a studio based in Munich, Germany. It was announced on August 20, 2010 as *Jagged Alliance 2: Reloaded*, a remake of *Jagged Alliance 2*. On February 2, 2011, Kalypso Media and bitComposer announced a publishing partnership and a new title: *Jagged Alliance: Back in Action*. The game was showcased at 2011 Game Developers Conference. At E3 2011, the game was announced to be released on October 18, 2011. On August 11, 2011, the game was delayed to first quarter of 2012. The game was released in German-speaking countries on February 9, 2012. Two downloadable content (DLC) packs were released for the game in May 2012 and June 2012 respectively: *Shades of Red* and *Point Blank*. The game was ported to Linux and macOS on February 14, 2014 by Bigmoon Studios.

### *Crossfire*

A standalone expansion pack, *Jagged Alliance: Crossfire*, was announced on June 13, 2012. It features a new campaign set in a fictional country of Khanpaa. It also added an optional line of sight mode, fog of war system, and ten new mercenaries. The game was released on August 24, 2012 in German-speaking countries.

## Reception

*Jagged Alliance: Back in Action* and *Jagged Alliance: Crossfire* both received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.

### *Back in Action*

Josh Tolentino of *Destructoid* summarized: "Jagged Alliance: Back in Action may ultimately be inferior to its legendary predecessor, but it has just enough of that spark in it to be a compelling, substantial impostor."

Rosario Salatiello of *Multiplayer.it* said: "Back in Action is a nice game, but some flaws in the artificial intelligence make it less engaging than it may have been. The Plan & Go system is a good try however, and we hope to see more of this in the future, but Jagged Alliance 2 is still on top."

*Pelit* said: "\[Back in Action\] fails to capture the magic of its predecessor. Turn-based combat is gone and the mercenaries have lost their edge. The visuals are up to date and roaming Arulco is still a treat, but getting rid of fog of war is a huge mistake. Back in Action is not a bad game, but pales in comparison to its father."

Dan Stapleton of *GameSpy* summarized: "Even hardcore strategy players are going to have a hell of a time liberating Arulco without it turning into a frustrating quagmire."

Adam Smith of *Rock Paper Shotgun* said: "\[...\] it's a shame that the ideas that are JA:BIA's own aren’t executed more effectively, because at the moment a lot of them are still twitching, leaking and making a bit of a mess of things."

### *Crossfire*

Jim H. Moreno of *Armchair General* said: "Perhaps the best element I like about Crossfire is the new vertical aspect. Many of the buildings have multiple floors above (and below) ground, giving the ability of mercs to truly use the high ground to their (or your) advantage."

Benjamin Jakobs of *Eurogamer* said: "You wanted more of the same? Then Crossfire has got you covered. It's an add-on that doesn't bring much new to the table and does little to enhance the core strategic gameplay. That notwithstanding, it still is perfectly solidly playable and quite challenging."

Grzegorz Bobrek of *Gry-Online* said: "This add-on is imbalanced, has an economy that is unfitted to the new territory, and a lot of "gaming mines" that are easy to step on. All in all, Crossfire is a game worse than Back to Action was on the day of its debut."

## InfoBox

| Jagged Alliance: Back in Action | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Coreplay (Win)
Bigmoon Studios (Linux, Mac) |
| Publisher(s) | bitComposer / Kalypso Media |
| Series | *Jagged Alliance* |
| Platform(s) | Windows, Linux, macOS |
| Release | February 9, 2012 (Win)
February 14, 2014 (Linux, Mac) |
| Genre(s) | Turn-based tactics
Real-time tactics |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Interleukin 31

abstract: Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL31 gene that resides on chromosome 12. IL-31 is an inflammatory cytokine that helps trigger cell-mediated immunity against pathogens. It has also been identified as a major player in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis. IL-31 is produced by a variety of cells, namely type 2 helper (TH2) T-cells. IL-31 sends signals through a receptor complex made of IL-31RA and oncostatin M receptor β (OSMRβ) expressed in immune and epithelial cells. These signals activate three pathways: ERK1/2 MAP kinase, PI3K/AKT, and JAK1/2 signaling pathways.

text:
# Interleukin 31

**Interleukin-31** (**IL-31**) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *IL31* gene that resides on chromosome 12. IL-31 is an inflammatory cytokine that helps trigger cell-mediated immunity against pathogens. It has also been identified as a major player in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis.

IL-31 is produced by a variety of cells, namely type 2 helper (TH2) T-cells. IL-31 sends signals through a receptor complex made of IL-31RA and oncostatin M receptor β (OSMRβ) expressed in immune and epithelial cells. These signals activate three pathways: ERK1/2 MAP kinase, PI3K/AKT, and JAK1/ signaling pathways.

## Structure

IL-31 is a cytokine with an anti-parallel four-helix bundle structure in the gp130/IL-6 cytokine family. This family includes IL-6, IL-11, IL-27, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), and neuropoietin (NP). The anti-parallel bundles that these proteins form have an "up-up-down-down" topology, which is a relevant structure regarding the cytokine binding to their respective receptor complex. The cytokines in the IL-6 family signal through type I cytokine receptors. Type I cytokine receptors are defined by sharing their cytokine binding domain (CBD) with conserved cysteine residues and a conserved WSxWS motif in the extracellular domain. The receptors form heteromeric complexes that usually contain the glycoprotein 130 (gp130), which is important for activating downstream signaling pathways. IL-31 is unique in this family of cytokines because its receptor complex does not contain gp130. The receptor for IL-31 is a heterodimer of the interleukin 31 receptor alpha (IL-31RA) and OSMR. IL-31RA was originally referred to as GLM-R (for gp130-like monocyte receptor) or GPL (for gp130-like receptor). Although the IL-31 receptor complex lacks gp130, IL-31RA has similarities to gp130 like its previous descriptors suggest.

## Signaling

IL-31 signals via a receptor complex that is composed of IL-31 receptor A (IL31RA) and oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) subunits. These receptor subunits are expressed in activated monocytes and in unstimulated epithelial cells. IL-31RA binds IL-31 through its cytokine binding domain (CBD). OSMR does not normally bind to IL-31 but it does increase the IL-31 binding affinity to IL-31RA. IL-31RA has an intracellular domain that possesses a box1 motif that mediates association with kinases of the JAK family. Additionally, the intracellular portion of the IL-31RA contains tyrosine residues. When IL-31 binds to the receptor complex, JAK kinases are activated which phosphorylate and activate STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5. The OSMR portion of the IL-31 binding complex contains intracellular motifs box1 and box2. This allows for JAK1 and JAK2 to bind, which are recruited once the tyrosine residues on the intracellular domain are phosphorylated. Through these phosphorylation sites, STAT3 and STAT5 are recruited and phosphorylated by JAK1 and JAK2. In addition to STATs, PI3K is recruited, which stimulates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In contrast to IL-31RA, which binds SHP-2, the OSMR interacts with the adaptor protein Shc via the phosphorylated tyrosines on its intracellular domain. Through Shc, the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is activated along with the p38 and JNK pathways. When IL-31 binds to the IL-31RA/OSMR complex, the JAK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK signaling pathways are activated. The pathways allow for target genes to be transcribed.

## Function

Interleukin 31 is an inflammatory cytokine produced by activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, in particular activated TH2 helper cells, mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It major sites of action are the skin, lung, intestine and the nervous system. Hence IL-31 main role is to facilitate cell-mediated immunity against pathogens.

IL-31 and its receptors are also involved in regulating hematopoietic progenitor cell homeostasis.

## Clinical significance

IL-31 is believed to play a role in chronic inflammation diseases. One of these diseases is atopic dermatitis, or eczema. When biopsy samples of patients with atopic dermatitis were compared to samples from patients without atopic dermatitis, levels of IL-31 were elevated in patients with atopic dermatitis. IL-31 plays a role in this disease by inducing chemokine genes CCL1, CCL17, and CCL22. The chemokines transcribed from these genes recruit T-cells to the irritated skin where they secrete more IL-31. This cycle is the current understanding of IL-31's role in atopic dermatitis. Along with atopic dermatitis, IL-31 is believed to play a role in inflammatory bowel disease and airway hypersensitivity.

Pruritic forms of inflammatory skin diseases, or itchy skin diseases, have been found to have elevated levels of IL-31 mRNA in patient biopsies. Analysis of the tissue distribution of the IL-31 receptor complex found that IL-31RA is abundant in dorsal root ganglia of different human tissues. Dorsal root ganglia is where the cell bodies of primary sensory neurons reside. Dorsal root ganglia are also believed to be where the "itch" sensation originates. These findings support the elevated levels of IL-31 in skin biopsies of pruritic skin diseases.

A monoclonal antibody against IL-31 named lokivetmab is available for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis.

## InfoBox

| IL31 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | IL31, IL-31, interleukin 31 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 609509; MGI: 1923649; HomoloGene: 88541; GeneCards: IL31; OMA:IL31 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001014336   NM\_029594   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001014358   NP\_083870   Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 122.17 – 122.17 Mb Chr 5: 123.62 – 123.63 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Gouagnon Coulibaly

abstract: Gouagnon Coulibaly is a member of the National Assembly of Mali, representing Kati, and a member of the Union for the Republic and Democracy (URD) political party. In 2022, he was elected president of the URD but was accused of electoral fraud, leading to several months of conflict with opponent Salikou Sanogo. Coulibaly officially took office in April 2023 after the Supreme Court affirmed his presidency. He was the campaign manager for Soumaïla Cissé in the 2013 Malian presidential election. He accused Ibrahim Boubacar Keita of ballot stuffing during the campaign. During the 2020 Malian protests, he has claimed to represent the M5-RFP coalition. When ECOWAS recommended the resignation of 31 Parliamentarians whose election in the 2020 Malian parliamentary election were disputed, he rejected the proposal, claiming it violated the Constitution of Mali.

text:
# Gouagnon Coulibaly

**Gouagnon Coulibaly** (born 15 August 1962) is a member of the National Assembly of Mali, representing Kati, and a member of the Union for the Republic and Democracy (URD) political party. In 2022, he was elected president of the URD but was accused of electoral fraud, leading to several months of conflict with opponent Salikou Sanogo. Coulibaly officially took office in April 2023 after the Supreme Court affirmed his presidency.

He was the campaign manager for Soumaïla Cissé in the 2013 Malian presidential election. He accused Ibrahim Boubacar Keita of ballot stuffing during the campaign.

During the 2020 Malian protests, he has claimed to represent the M5-RFP coalition. When ECOWAS recommended the resignation of 31 Parliamentarians whose election in the 2020 Malian parliamentary election were disputed, he rejected the proposal, claiming it violated the Constitution of Mali.

## InfoBox

| Gouagnon Coulibaly | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the Union for the Republic and Democracy | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
April 2023 | |
| Representative of Kati in the National Assembly of Mali | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
? | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1962-08-15) 15 August 1962
Kolokani, Mali |
|  | |


title: Pselactus spadix

abstract: Pselactus spadix is a species of weevil native to Europe.

text:
# Pselactus spadix

***Pselactus spadix***  is a species of weevil native to Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Pselactus spadix* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Pselactus* |
| Species: | ***P. spadix*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pselactus spadix***<br>(Herbst, 1795) | |
|


title: Hot stamping

abstract: Hot stamping or foil stamping is a printing method of relief printing in which pre-dried ink or foils are transferred to a surface at high temperatures. The method has diversified since its rise to prominence in the 19th century to include a variety of processes. After the 1970s, hot stamping became one of the most important methods of decoration on the surface of plastic products.

text:
# Hot stamping

**Hot stamping** or **foil stamping** is a printing method of relief printing in which pre-dried ink or foils are transferred to a surface at high temperatures. The method has diversified since its rise to prominence in the 19th century to include a variety of processes. After the 1970s, hot stamping became one of the most important methods of decoration on the surface of plastic products.

## Process

In a hot stamping machine, a die is mounted and heated, with the product to be stamped placed beneath it. A metallized or painted roll-leaf carrier is inserted between the two, and the die presses down through it. The dry paint or foil used is impressed into the surface of the product. The dye-stamping process itself is non-polluting because the materials involved are dry. Pressure and heat cause the relevant sections of the foil to become detached from the carrier material and become bonded with the printing surface.

## Tools

Along with foil stamping machines, among the commonly used tools in hot stamping are dies and foil. Dies may be made of metal or silicone rubber, and they may be shaped directly or cast. They can carry high levels of detail to be transferred to the surface and may be shaped to accommodate irregularities in the surface.

Foils are multilayered coatings that transfer to the surface of the product. Non-metallic foils consist of an adherence base, a color layer, and a release layer. Metallic foils replace the color layer with a layer of chrome or vacuum-metallized aluminum. Metallic foil construction has a metal-like sheen and is available in different metal shades such as gold, silver, bronze, and copper. Pigment foil does not have a metallic sheen but may be glossy or matte. Holographic foil paper includes a 3-dimensional image to provide a distinctive appearance to specific areas of a digitally printed application. Printing is often done on leather or paper.

Different hot stamping machines serve different purposes, but the most common hot stamping machines are simple up-and-down presses. Three of the most common brands are Kwikprint, Kingsley, and Howard. However, for more industrial applications Kluge and Heidelberg presses are more commonly used.

## History

In the 19th century, hot stamping became a popular method of applying gold tooling or embossing in book printing on leather and paper. The first patent for hot stamping was recorded in Germany by Ernst Oeser in 1892.

From the 1950s onward, the method became a popular means of marking plastic . Hot Stamping technology for plastic is used for electric components (TV frames, audio components, refrigerators etc.), cosmetic containers (lipstick, cream, mascara, shampoo bottle etc.), automobile parts (interior and exterior materials).

As of 1998, it was one of the most commonly used methods of security printing.

Foil stamping can be used to make Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, although screen printing is faster and cheaper.

## DIY Methods

Several do-it-yourself (DIY) techniques exist for crafting foiling stamps. Notably, the advent of 3D printing technology has empowered enthusiasts to fashion stamps from high-temperature resins. When coupled with a conductive wrapper to enhance thermal conductivity within the resin, it becomes possible to attain intricately detailed stamps.


title: Ilhat

abstract: Ilhat is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

text:
# Ilhat

**Ilhat** (before 1987: *Illat*) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 89 |  |
| 1975 | 72 | −2.98% |
| 1982 | 92 | +3.56% |
| 1990 | 97 | +0.66% |
| 1999 | 107 | +1.10% |
| 2009 | 122 | +1.32% |
| 2014 | 120 | −0.33% |
| 2020 | 125 | +0.68% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Ilhat | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The Douctouyre at Rapy, in Ilhat | |
|  | |
| Location of Ilhat | |
| IlhatIlhat | |
| Coordinates: 42°57′28″N 1°47′06″E / 42.9578°N 1.785°E / 42.9578; 1.785 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Ariège |
| Arrondissement | Pamiers |
| Canton | Pays d'Olmes |
| Intercommunality | Pays d'Olmes |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Christian Poplineau |
| Area**1** | 6.89 km2 (2.66 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 125 |
| Density | 18/km2 (47/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 09142 /09300 |
| Elevation | 397–770 m (1,302–2,526 ft)
(avg. 434 m or 1,424 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: JEP

abstract: JEP may refer to:

text:
# JEP

**JEP** may refer to:

## Science and technology

* Java Embedding Plugin, which enables Java on Mac OS X with non Safari browsers
* JDK Enhancement Proposal, a process used by the OpenJDK community for collecting proposals for enhancements to the Java Development Kit
* Jabber Enhancement Proposals, in the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol XMPP
* Joint embedding property, a property of a class of models in universal algebra and model theory

## Other


title: Tom-Gallon Trust Award

abstract: The ALCS Tom-Gallon Trust Award is an annual award of £1,000 for a short story, financed by a bequest made by Nellie Tom-Gallon in memory of her brother, playwright and novelist Tom Gallon (1866–1914). The story should be traditional, not experimental, in character. The ALCS Tom-Gallon Trust Award is generously supported by the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS) and is administered by the Society of Authors. Previous recipients include Man Booker Prize nominee Alison MacLeod, Simon van Booy and Claire Keegan.

text:
# Tom-Gallon Trust Award

The **ALCS Tom-Gallon Trust Award** is an annual award of £1,000 for a short story, financed by a bequest made by Nellie Tom-Gallon in memory of her brother, playwright and novelist Tom Gallon (1866–1914). The story should be traditional, not experimental, in character. The ALCS Tom-Gallon Trust Award is generously supported by the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS) and is administered by the Society of Authors. Previous recipients include Man Booker Prize nominee Alison MacLeod, Simon van Booy and Claire Keegan.

## List of Award winners

### 2020s

**2023**

* Winner: Ciarán Folan for 'A Day'
* Runner-up: Karen Stevens for 'Among the Crows'

**2022**

* Winner: Kanya D’Almeida for '*I Cleaned The—*'
* Runner-up: Dean Gessie for '*Head Smashed in Buffalo Jump*'

**2021**

* Winner: DM O'Connor for "I Told You not to Fly so High"
* Runner-up: Sean Lusk for "The Hopelessness of Hope"

**2020**

* Winner: Wendy Riley for "Eva at the End of the World"
* Runner-up: Diana Powell for "Whale Watching"

### 2010s

**2019**

* Winner: Dima Alzayat for "Once We Were Syrians"
* Runner-up: Bunmi Ogunsiji for "Blessing"

**2018**

* Winner: Chris Connolly for |"The Speed of Light and How it Cannot Help Us"
* Runner-up: Benjamin Myers for "A Thousand Acres of English Soil"

**2017**

* Winner: Frances Thimann for "Shells"
* Runner-up: Becky Tipper for "The Rabbit"

**2016**

* Winner: Claire Harman for "Otherwise Engaged"
* Runner-up: Jessie Greengrass for "Dolphin"

**2015**

* Winner: Maria C. McCarthy for "More Katharine Than Audrey"
* Runner-up: Caroline Price for "Vin Rouge"

**2014**

* Winner: Benjamin Myers for "The Folk Song Singer"
* Runner-up: Claire Harman for "Poor Maggie Kirkpatrick"

**2013**

* Winner: Samuel Wright for "Best Friend"
* Runner-up: Lucy Wood for "Wisht"

**2011**

* Emma Timpany for "The Pledge"
* Runner-up: Miriam Burke for "A Splash of Words"

**2010**

* Winner: Carys Davies for "The Quiet"
* Runners-up: Susannah Rickards for "The Paperback Macbeth" and Simon Van Booy for "Little Birds"

### 2000s

**2009**

* Winner: Rosemary Mairs for "My Father's Hands"
* Runner-up: Huw Lawrence for "Keeping On"

**2008**

**2007**

**2006**

* Bethan Roberts for "An Elephant in the Thames"

**2005**

* Colette Paul for "O Tell me the Truth About Love"

**2004**

**2003**

* Judith Ravenscroft for "As She Waited for Spring"

**2001**

* Paul Blaney for "Apple Tennis"

### 1990s

**1999**

* Grace Ingoldby for "The Notion of Deuce"

**1996**

* Leo Madigan for "Packing for Wednesday"

**1994**

* Janice Fox for "A Good Place to Die"

**1992**

* David Callard for "Reading the Signals"

**1990**

* Richard Austin for "Sister Monica's Last Journey"

### 1980s

**1988**

* Alan Beard for "Taking Doreen Out of the Sky"

**1986**

**1984**

**1982**

**1980**

* Alan McConnell for "The Comrades Marathon"

### 1970s

**1978**

**1976**

* Jackson Webb for "Vassili"

**1974**

* Neilson Graham for "Anscombe"

**1972**

* Kathleen Julian for "Catch Two"

**1970**

* A. Craig Bell for "The Nest / Aileen Pennington The Princess and the Pussy-cat"

### 1960s

**1966**

* Gillian Edwards for "An Evening in September"

**1964**

* Peter Greave for "The Wonderful Day / Jean Stubbs A Child's Four Seasons"

### 1950s

**1959**

* Harold Elvin for "God's Right Hand Upon My Shoulder"

**1957**

* E. W. Hildick for "A Casual Visit"

**1955**

* Robert Roberts for "Conducted Tour"

**1953**

**1951**

### 1940s

**1949**

**1947**

**1945**

* Jack Aistrop for "Death in the Midst of What"

**1943**


title: Hayl family of organ builders

abstract: The Hayl family was a German family of organ builders active in Germany, Austria, and Italy from 1591 through 1642.

text:
# Hayl family of organ builders

The **Hayl family** (also spelled **Hail**) was a German family of organ builders active in Germany, Austria, and Italy from 1591 through 1642.

## History

The patriarch of the Hayl family was **Daniel Hayl the elder** (fl.1591 c.1615) who built organs in Germany and Austria in variety locations, including Konstanz Minster (1591–1592), Rheinau Abbey (1592–1594), Ochsenhausen Abbey (1599–1603), Dreifaltigkeitskirche, Kaufbeuren (1604–5), the Cistercian monastery in Stams (1610–12), and Andechs Abbey (1615) among others.

Daniel Hayl the elder had three sons. His son **Hans Diepold Hayl** was the only one of the three who did not build organs of his own, although he did assist family members in the construction of organs of their design.  **Daniel Hayl the younger** (fl.1618 c.1638) was active as an organ builder in Salzburg, Austria from 1618 through 1638. His most impressive contribution was a very large and impressive organ at Saint Peter's Abbey, Salzburg which he built from 1618 through 1620.

**Simon Hayl** (fl.1618 c.1642 resided in Polling, Weilheim-Schongau where he built four organs (including at Polling Abbey) from 1621 through 1628. He also built organs in Bolzano, Italy (1618), Wessobrunn Abbey (1624), and parish churches in Prien am Chiemsee (1634) and Lana, South Tyrol (1635–7). His last known work was a repair to the organ at St. Mang's Abbey, Füssen in 1642.


title: White-throated tinamou

abstract: The white-throated tinamou is a species of bird native to the Amazon rainforest of Brazil, northern Bolivia, southeastern Colombia, northeastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and southern Venezuela.

text:
# White-throated tinamou

The **white-throated tinamou** (***Tinamus guttatus***) is a species of bird native to the Amazon rainforest of Brazil, northern Bolivia, southeastern Colombia, northeastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and southern Venezuela.

## Etymology

The scientific name for the white-throated tinamou, *Tinamus guttatus,* originates from two different languages. *Tinamus* was the name given to the tinamou by the Kalina people. *Guttatus* means "speckled" in Latin. This may be in reference to the yellowish-white spots on a white-throated tinamou's lower back.

## Taxonomy

All tinamous are from the family Tinamidae and members of the infraclass Palaeognathae. Tinamous are the only members from their infraclass that aren't ratites, and can even fly, albeit poorly. All paleognaths evolved from prehistoric flying birds, and tinamous are the closest living relative of these birds. The white-throated tinamou is a member of the genus Tinamus, which consists of some of the larger tinamous, the white-throated tinamou being the smallest member of the genus. It was first described by Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln in 1863. It is a monotypic species, meaning it doesn't branch off into subspecies.

## Description

The white-throated tinamou has chestnut-brown upperparts with blackish streaking on lower back and small yellowish-white spots. It has paler underparts with wider, dark barring on flanks. It has a grey head and neck, with a white throat, brown eye, and brown bill. These birds measure between 32 and 36 cm (13 and 14 in) in length.

## Behavior

Like other tinamous, the white-throated tinamou eats fruit off the ground or low-lying bushes, as well as invertebrates, flower buds, tender leaves, seeds, and roots. The male incubates the eggs which may come from as many as four different females, and then will raise them until they are ready to be on their own, usually two to three weeks. The nest is located on the ground in dense brush or between raised root buttresses.

## Range and habitat

They inhabit sub-tropical and tropical lowland forests at around 500 m (1,600 ft) or lower. They eat seeds, fruits and invertebrates.

## Conservation

It is a relatively abundant species in its habitat and the main threat to it is deforestation. As of 2012 the status of the white-throated tinamou is Near Threatened, and it has a range occurrence of 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi). Its eggs are prized possessions to some collectors.

## Footnotes

* Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Tinamus". *Project: The Taxonomicon*. Retrieved Feb 4, 2009.
* Clements, James (2007). *The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World* (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
* Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Tinamous". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). *Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia*. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
* Gotch, A.F. (1995) \[1979\]. "Tinamous". *Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals*. London: Facts on File. p. 182. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
* "Tinamus guttatus". *ITIS Standard*. 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.

## InfoBox

| White-throated tinamou | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Voice | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Infraclass: | Palaeognathae |
| Order: | Tinamiformes |
| Family: | Tinamidae |
| Genus: | *Tinamus* |
| Species: | ***T. guttatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tinamus guttatus***
Pelzeln, 1863 | |
|
|  | |


title: Jagiellonian compromise

abstract:
The Jagiellonian compromise is an electoral system for two-tier voting bodies originally proposed in 2004 for the Council of the European Union as a way of achieving "one person, one vote" within the union. The compromise was analysed by various authors and received attention in the popular press. The system is based on the square root law of Penrose, which implies that a priori voting power defined by the Penrose–Banzhaf index of a member of a voting body is inversely proportional to the square root of its size. Hence the number of votes obtained by a representative of a state j with population N j is proportional to N j. Jagiellonian Compromise is based on a single criterion only. Decision of the Council of the union of M member states is taken if the sum of the weights of states voting in favour of a given proposal exceeds the qualified majority quota q equal to
  - q = 1 2 ⋅ For a generic distribution of population among M states of the union, the optimal threshold q ∗ decreases with M as q ∗ ≈ 1 / 2 + 1 / π M.

text:
# Jagiellonian compromise

The **Jagiellonian compromise** is an electoral system for two-tier voting bodies originally proposed in 2004 for the Council of the European Union as a way of achieving "one person, one vote" within the union. The compromise was analysed by various authors and received attention in the popular press. The system is based on the square root law of Penrose, which implies that *a priori* voting power defined by the Penrose–Banzhaf index of a member of a voting body is inversely proportional to the square root of its size. Hence the number of votes obtained by a representative of a state $j$ with population $N\_{j}$ is proportional to $\sqrt {N\_{j}}$. Jagiellonian Compromise is based on a single criterion only. Decision of the Council of the union of $M$ member states is taken if the sum of the weights of states voting in favour of a given proposal exceeds the qualified majority quota $q$ equal to

$$q={\frac {1}{2}\cdot \left(1+{\frac {\sqrt {\sum \_{i=1}^{M}N\_{i}{\sum \_{i=1}^{M}{\sqrt {N\_{i}\right)}}}}}}}$$

For a generic distribution of population among $M$ states of the union, the optimal threshold $q\_{\*}$ decreases with $M$ as $q\_{\*}\approx 1/2+1/{\sqrt {\pi M}}$.

### Footnotes

### Bibliography


title: Interpolation theory

abstract: The Interpolation Theory, also known as the Intercalation Theory or the Antithetic Theory, is a theory that attempts to explain the origin of the alternation of generations in plants. The Interpolation Theory suggests that the sporophyte generation progenated from a haploid, green algal thallus in which repeated mitotic cell divisions of a zygote produced an embryo retained on the thallus and gave rise to the diploid phase (sporophyte). Ensuing evolution caused the sporophyte to become increasingly complex, both organographically and anatomically. The Interpolation Theory was introduced by Čelakovský (1874) as the Antithetic Theory. Bower (1889) further developed this theory and renamed it the Interpolation Theory. The theory was later supported by Overton (1893), Scott (1896), Strasburger (1897), Williams (1904), and others. The gradual evolution of an independent, sporophyte phase was viewed by Bower as being closely related to the transition from aquatic to terrestrial plant life on Earth. Evidence supporting this theory can be found in the life cycle of modern Bryophytes in which the sporophyte is physiologically dependent on the gametophyte. Competing theories include the Transformation theory, which was introduced as the Homologous theory by Čelakovský, and also renamed by Bower.

text:
# Interpolation theory

The **Interpolation Theory**, also known as the **Intercalation Theory** or the **Antithetic Theory**, is a theory that attempts to explain the origin of the alternation of generations in plants. The Interpolation Theory suggests that the sporophyte generation progenated from a haploid, green algal thallus in which repeated mitotic cell divisions of a zygote produced an embryo retained on the thallus and gave rise to the diploid phase (sporophyte). Ensuing evolution caused the sporophyte to become increasingly complex, both organographically and anatomically.

The Interpolation Theory was introduced by Čelakovský (1874) as the Antithetic Theory. Bower (1889) further developed this theory and renamed it the Interpolation Theory. The theory was later supported by Overton (1893), Scott (1896), Strasburger (1897), Williams (1904), and others.

The gradual evolution of an independent, sporophyte phase was viewed by Bower as being closely related to the transition from aquatic to terrestrial plant life on Earth.

Evidence supporting this theory can be found in the life cycle of modern Bryophytes in which the sporophyte is physiologically dependent on the gametophyte. Competing theories include the Transformation theory, which was introduced as the Homologous theory by Čelakovský, and also renamed by Bower.

* Gifford, Ernest M. and Adriance S. Foster. *Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, Third Edition*. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1988. 15–19.
* Sinha, A.K. and Anil Kumar. *Botany for Degree Students – Pteridophyta*. S. Chand. 9–10.
* Taylor, Thomas N.; Kerp, Hans; Hass, Hagen (2005-04-19). "Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **102** (16): 5892–5897. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501985102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 556298. PMID 15809414.
* Chopra, R.N., P.K. Kumra. *Biology of Bryophytes*. New Age International Publishers. 125.
* *How Plants Conquered the Land*. Hans' Paleobotany Pages.


title: Mortuary roll

abstract: A mortuary roll was a rotulus composed in the scriptorium of a medieval Christian monastic community to commemorate the death of a prominent person associated with the institution.

text:
# Mortuary roll

A **mortuary roll** (Latin: *rotulus mortuorum*) was a rotulus composed in the scriptorium of a medieval Christian monastic community to commemorate the death of a prominent person associated with the institution.

## Function

Once a monk or nun had died, it was common to announce their death to other monastic communities or religious institutions and ask for their prayers. A special messenger, denominated a *breviator*, *gerulus*, *rollifer*, *rotularius*, *tomiger*, or other title, from the laity was hired to transmit these letters from one to another. Whereas in the case of common monks or nuns only a short obituary note known as mortary brief would be transmitted, in the case of the death of a prominent person such as an abbot or abbess or a major patron of the monastery a mortuary roll would be used.

This mortuary roll would consist in the beginning of just one parchment which consisted of an elegant obituary of the deceased in an opening section known as encyclical or cover letter, often beautifully illuminated. Every community the messenger passed was expected to pray for the soul and to write a memorial of some sorts on the role. This could include epitaphs or poems (e.g. the mortuary roll of Wifred II of Cerdanya included fourteen poems from the cathedral chapter of Liège and nine from the monastery of St Lawrence of Liège) or simply the formula "May the soul of \[...\] and the souls of all the faithful dead rest in peace. Amen". Both the mortuary announcement and the memorial entries were in Latin. Once the initial parchment was filled, another sheet of parchment would be sown on it and thus extending it. This section that contains the entries is also known *tituli* as the entire entry of a single community is referred to as *titulus*, the singular form of *tituli* in Latin.

Gradually a custom arose in many places of making these entries in verse with complementary amplifications that often occupied many lines. These records, some of which are still extant, memorialize specimens of ornate verse composition. They afford material both for palaeography and a comparative judgment of the standard of scholarship prevalent in the relevant centers of learning.

## History

The roots of this tradition have their beginnings in the 8th century when some monasteries started to send letters to other communities announcing the deaths of monks or nuns and asking for prayers for their souls. The earliest mortuary roll of which some fragments have survived are from Saint-Martial in Limoges and dates from the late 10th century. The circulation of these rolls seems to have taken place within France and Catalonia and then later spread to Belgium, Germany, Austria and England.

The practice of making and circulating mortuary rolls seems to have become unpopular by the late 14th century, possibly due to the disruption of monastic and public life at the time of the Black Death. One of the last mortuary rolls is that of John Islip, abbot of Westminster, whose roll is of particular interest as it seems to have been decorated by Hans Holbein the Younger.

## Examples

The use of mortuary rolls flourished most in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. That of the Abbess Matilda of the Abbey of the Holy Trinity in Caen is the longest to have survived with a length of 72 feeds and width of 8-10 inches, having circulated among 253 religious institutions.

One of the best preserved roll is that of Vitalis of Savigny dating from 1122/23 (see image on the right). The roll is more than nine meters long and contains 208 *tituli* although some may have been lost, along with its cover letter. The extraordinary circulation of this role in Northern France and England, during which various members of monastic communities, collegiate churches and cathedral chapters subscribed, contributed substantially to the short-lived Order of Savigny.

## Sources

* Block Friedman, John; Mossler Figg, Kristen (2017). *Routledge Revivals: Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages (2000): An Encyclopedia*. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351661324. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
* Shopkow, Leah (2021). *Saint and the Count: A Case Study for Reading like a Historian*. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781487525866. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Rotuli". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Pterolophia transversevittata

abstract: Pterolophia transversevittata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

text:
# Pterolophia transversevittata

***Pterolophia transversevittata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

## InfoBox

| *Pterolophia transversevittata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Pterolophia* |
| Species: | ***P. transversevittata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterolophia transversevittata***<br>Breuning, 1938 | |
|


title: Hot start PCR

abstract: Hot start PCR is a modified form of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that reduces the presence of undesired products and primer dimers due to non-specific DNA amplification at room temperatures. Many variations and modifications of the PCR procedure have been developed in order to achieve higher yields; hot start PCR is one of them. Hot start PCR follows the same principles as the conventional PCR - in that it uses DNA polymerase to synthesise DNA from a single stranded template. However, it utilizes additional heating and separation methods, such as inactivating or inhibiting the binding of Taq polymerase and late addition of Taq polymerase, to increase product yield as well as provide a higher specificity and sensitivity. Non-specific binding and priming or formation of primer dimers are minimized by completing the reaction mix after denaturation. Some ways to complete reaction mixes at high temperatures involve modifications that block DNA polymerase activity in low temperatures, use of modified deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), and the physical addition of one of the essential reagents after denaturation. Through these additional methods, hot start PCR is able to decrease the amount of non-specific amplifications which naturally occur during lower temperatures – which remains a problem for conventional PCR. These modifications work overall to ensure that specific enzymes in solution will remain inactive or are inhibited until the optimal annealing temperature is reached. Inhibiting formation of non-specific PCR products, especially in early cycles, results in a substantial increase in sensitivity of amplification by PCR. This is of utmost importance in diagnostic applications of PCR or RT-PCR.

text:
# Hot start PCR

**Hot start PCR** is a modified form of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that reduces the presence of undesired products and primer dimers due to non-specific DNA amplification at room (or colder) temperatures. Many variations and modifications of the PCR procedure have been developed in order to achieve higher yields; hot start PCR is one of them. Hot start PCR follows the same principles as the conventional PCR - in that it uses DNA polymerase to synthesise DNA from a single stranded template. However, it utilizes additional heating and separation methods, such as inactivating or inhibiting the binding of Taq polymerase and late addition of Taq polymerase, to increase product yield as well as provide a higher specificity and sensitivity. Non-specific binding and priming or formation of primer dimers are minimized by completing the reaction mix after denaturation. Some ways to complete reaction mixes at high temperatures involve modifications that block DNA polymerase activity in low temperatures, use of modified deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), and the physical addition of one of the essential reagents after denaturation.

Through these additional methods, hot start PCR is able to decrease the amount of non-specific amplifications which naturally occur during lower temperatures – which remains a problem for conventional PCR. These modifications work overall to ensure that specific enzymes in solution will remain inactive or are inhibited until the optimal annealing temperature is reached. Inhibiting formation of non-specific PCR products, especially in early cycles, results in a substantial increase in sensitivity of amplification by PCR. This is of utmost importance in diagnostic applications of PCR or RT-PCR.

## Background

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique used to amplify specific DNA segments by several orders of magnitude. The specific segments of DNA is amplified over three processes, denaturation, annealing and extension – where the DNA strands are separated by raising the temperature to the optimal from room temperature before primers bind and polymerase aligns nucleotides to the template strand. It uses DNA polymerase, which is slightly active at low temperatures. In conventional PCR, the reaction mix is completed at room temperature, and due to DNA polymerase activity, primers may form primer dimers or anneal to DNA non-specifically. During the PCR procedure, DNA polymerase will extend any piece of DNA with bound primers, generating target products but also nonspecific products which lower the yield. In hot start PCR, some of the reagents are kept separate until the mixture is heated to the specific annealing temperature. This reduces annealing time, which in turn reduces the likelihood of non-specific DNA extension and the influence of non-specific primer binding prior to denaturation.

In conventional PCR, lower temperatures below the optimal annealing temperature (50-65 °C) results in off target modifications such as non-specific amplifications where primers will bind non-specifically to the nucleic acid. These non-specific primer complexes, which are in excess in the mixture, are the cause behind the synthesis of by-products such as primer dimer and mis-priming. Mis-priming greatly impedes and reduces the efficiency of PCR amplification through actively competing with the target sequences for amplification. Similarly, primer dimers form complexes which decreases the amount of copy number amplifications obtained. This can be controlled by implementing hot start PCR which allows primer extensions to be blocked until the optimal temperatures are met.

In hot start PCR, important reagents (such as DNA polymerase and magnesium cofactors) are prevented from reacting in the PCR mixture until the optimal temperatures are met through physical separation or chemical modifications. Hot start PCR can also occur when the Taq polymerase is inhibited/inactivated or its addition is delayed until optimal annealing temperatures, through deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate modifications or by modifying the primers through caging and secondary structure manipulation.

Hot start PCR is often a better approach opposed to traditional PCR in circumstances where there is a low concentration of DNA in the reaction mix, the DNA template is highly complex, or if there are several pairs of oligonucleotide primers in the PCR.

## Methods

Hot start PCR is a method which prevents DNA polymerase extension at lower temperature to prevent non-specific binding to minimise yield loss. Hot start PCR reduces the amount of non-specific binding through limiting reagents until the heating steps of PCR – limit the reaction early by limiting Taq DNA polymerase in a reaction. Non-specific binding often leads to primer dimers and mis-primed/false primed targets. These can be rectified through modified methods such as:

### Inactivation/inhibition of Taq DNA polymerase

Enzyme linked antibodies/Taq DNA polymerase complexed with Anti Taq DNA polymerase antibodies:

The enzyme linked antibodies inactivate the Taq DNA polymerase. The antibodies link and bind to the polymerase, preventing early DNA amplification which could occur at lower temperatures. Once the optimal annealing temperature is met, the antibodies will begin to degrade and dissociate, releasing the Taq DNA polymerase into the reaction and allowing the amplification process to start. Platinum Taq DNA polymerase and AccuStart Taq DNA polymerase ( both developed by Ayoub Rashtchian at Life technologies and Quanta BioSciences, respectively) are examples of commercially available antibody based hot start Taq DNA polymerases. These Taq DNA polymerase are precomplexed with a mixture of monoclonal antibodies specific to Taq DNA polymerase.

Wax beads:

A physical barrier is created between Taq DNA polymerase and the remainder of the PCR components by the wax beads which are temperature dependent. Once the temperature rises over 70 °C, during the denaturation step in the first cycle, the wax bead melts, allowing the Taq DNA polymerase to escape past the barrier and be released into the reaction – starting the amplification process. The wax layer then moves to the top of the reaction mixture during the amplification stage to later act as a vapour barrier.

Highly specific oligonucleotides:

Oligonucleotides are short polymers of nucleic acid which easily bind. Highly specific oligonucleotides, such as aptamers, bind to Taq DNA polymerase at lower temperatures making it inactive in the mixture. Only at higher temperatures will the oligonucleotides separate from the Taq allowing it to react.

These are the most effective methods for hot start PCR, the enzyme linked antibodies and highly specific oligonucleotides methods in particular are most suited during procedures which require a shorter inactivation time. However, other methods are known to be implemented such as:

### Late addition of Taq DNA polymerase

Preheating:

The PCR machine is heated in advance whilst the components are mixed over ice and then immediately placed into the PCR machine once it reaches optimum temperature. This would eliminate the warm-up process required, reduce non-specific annealing of the primers and ensures that any miss paired primers in the mixture are separated.

Freezing:

Freezing acts as a form of physical separation much like the wax beads. The reaction mixture containing primers, the template strand, water and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) is frozen before Taq polymerase and the remaining PCR components are added on top of the frozen mixture. This acts to prevent non-specific binding.

Later addition of Taq:

The components of PCR in the reaction mix are prepared and heated without the addition of Taq. Taq is only later introduced into the mixture once the optimal temperature is reached. However, this method is the least reliable and may lead to a contamination of the components.

Another method is through deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate mediated hot start PCR which modifies the nucleotide bases through a protecting group.

### Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) modifications

Hot start dNTP can be chemically modified to include a heat sensitive protecting group at the 3 prime terminus. This modification will prevent the nucleotides from interacting with the Taq polymerase to bind to the template strand until after the optimal temperatures are reached therefore, the protecting group will be removed during the heat activation step. The hot start dNTP, dA, dT, dC and dG replace the natural nucleotides. Using all four of the modified nucleotides is recommended, however, previous research shows that by replacing either one or two of the natural nucleotides with the modified dNTPs would be enough to ensure that non-specific amplification does not occur. Another chemical modification of nucleic acid is through the heat-reversible covalent modification which acts to impede the hybridisation of the primers to the template of interest. The guanosine amino group interact with glyoxal to form dG.

### Modified primers

Secondary structure:

Certain secondary structure may impede the functions of the primers. For example, oligonucleotides with a hairpin structure cannot act efficiently as a primer. However, after heating the reaction mix to the annealing temperature the primer will undergo a conformation change allowing the primer to form a linear structure instead, which enables the primer to attach to the target segment and begin PCR. Actually, there is a more stable configuration to the hairpin primers termed ‘double-bubble’ primers, that form a head to tail homodimer configuration that can be utilized both for reverse- transcription and for hot- start PCR.

Photochemically removable cages:

A caging group which is a protecting group that is photochemically removable, such as caged thymidine phosphoramidites, is incorporated into a oligonucleotide primer.  This allows the function of the primer to be activated and deactivated through the use of UV irradiation (365 nm). Therefore, primers can be activated after the annealing temperature is reached.

### Controlled addition of magnesium

Magnesium is required in PCR and acts as a co-factor because Taq polymerase is magnesium dependent. Increasing the concentration of magnesium and phosphate to the standard buffer reagents creates a magnesium precipitate, providing a hot start for the reaction as there is no magnesium for the DNA polymerase until during the thermal cycling stage. During thermal cycling, the magnesium will dissolve back into solution and become available for the polymerase to use allowing it to function normally.

## Advantages

Hot start PCR is advantageous in that it requires less handling and reduces the risk of contamination. Hot start PCR can either be chemically modified or antibody based which provide different advantages to the procedure. In chemically modified hot start PCR, the procedure can be taken under room temperature and significantly decreases the formation of primer-dimers by preventing primers from binding to one another before the PCR process has begun as well as limiting non-specific priming. Similarly, hot start PCR inhibits the binding of primers to the template sequences which have a low homology which leads to mispriming. It can also improve specificity and sensitivity, due to the stringent conditions, as well as increase the product yield of the targeted fragment. In antibody based hot start PCR, the polymerase is activated after the initial denaturation step during the cycling process, therefore decreasing the time required. This also leads to a high specificity.

## Limitations

Along with its advantages, hot start PCR also has limitations which must be considered before implementing the method. Hot start PCR requires the addition of heat for longer periods of time as opposed to conventional PCR, therefore, the template DNA is more susceptible to being damaged. The increased heating time also means that the procedure is not compatible for certain procedures such as the one tube, single buffer reverse transcription-PCR method which requires lower temperature to undergo the reverse transcription step. In chemically modified hot start PCR, the amplification process of DNA can be negatively affected firstly due to a significant increase in the reactivation time required for the polymerase to activate and secondly if the length of the target DNA template is too long. In antibody based procedures, each enzyme requires a different antibody and therefore the cost to perform the procedure is higher. There is also evidence that many commercial hot start enzymes actually have some level of activity prior to denaturation, and few suppliers provide any information about testing for this residual activity. This means that the benefits attributed to hot start enzymes may not be realized, or at best will vary between batches or manufacturer.


title: Arthur Brough

abstract: Arthur Brough was a British actor and theatre founder, producer and director best known for portraying the character of bumbling senior menswear salesman Ernest Grainger on the BBC TV sitcom Are You Being Served?

text:
# Arthur Brough

**Arthur Brough** (born **Frederick Arthur Baker**; 26 February 1905 – 28 May 1978) was a British actor and theatre founder, producer and director best known for portraying the character of bumbling senior menswear salesman Ernest Grainger on the BBC TV sitcom *Are You Being Served?*

## Biography

### Early life

Brough originally wanted to become a teacher but failed to gain such employment and worked in a solicitor's office. After taking an interest in acting, Brough attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, graduating in 1928. He then joined a Shakespearean theatrical troupe, where he met his wife-to-be, actress Elizabeth Addyman. After they married in 1929, they used their wedding dowry as collateral to rent the Leas Pavilion, a repertory theatre in Folkestone, Kent. They had one daughter, Joanna.

## Theatre impresario

Having used the name The Pioneer Players at Folkestone since 1929, Brough and his wife Elizabeth formed The Arthur Brough Players in 1932. Once the Folkestone rep was established, Brough formed new repertory companies in Bradford, Bristol, Blackpool, Keighley, Leeds, Lincoln, Oxford and Southampton, to name a few. With the outbreak of World War II, Brough enlisted in the Royal Navy, where he served for the duration of the war. His service included helping with the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940, his ship returning to the rescue scene several times to bring soldiers home before the Nazis reached them at the seaport.

Following demobilisation, Brough resumed his acting career and reopened the Folkestone rep. Many prominent actors began their careers with the Arthur Brough Players, including Peter Barkworth, who appeared in *The Guinea Pig* in 1948: Eric Lander, later a star of the TV series *No Hiding Place*, in 1949: Polly James in the early 1960s: and Anne Stallybrass, who started out as ASM in 1960 and went on to play Ida the maid in *Pool's Paradise* by Philip King; as well as appearing in *The Aspern Papers*, *Candida*, and *A Taste of Honey* at the little Folkestone theatre. Others included Andrew Jack; Sydney Sturgess, who went on to marry Barry Morse; and Trevor Bannister, who would later act alongside Brough in *Are You Being Served?*

In those days a local repertory company would present a fresh play each week, to rival the cinemas, with a small stable cast rehearsing one play by day, whilst performing what they had rehearsed the previous week each evening, with a mid-week 'tea' matinee. Since there was a limited number of actors in the company for economic reasons, they often had to play characters far from their own age or appearance. Brough took his company on tour, and helped establish rep companies in Aldershot, Southend and Eastbourne.

## Television

With the rise of television, Brough predicted the eclipse of repertory theatre as a viable entertainment form. In the 1960s he began seeking roles in the mass media, appearing in small roles in films and television. His daughter, Joanna Hutton, said this about his forecast of the decline of repertory theatre: "He was very astute and unsentimental about it. He realized the era was over and that he must diversify". According to Hutton, her father first found it hard adjusting from stage to screen. "He realized how hammy he was. He used to take the mickey out of himself; he'd always acted in a Shakespearean manner and suddenly realized he had to tone down his performance for film".

One of the first jobs Brough did away from the stage was the film *The Green Man* (1956) with Alastair Sim, in which he played the landlord of the eponymous hotel. He had a minor role opposite Jayne Mansfield in *The Challenge* (1960), and made guest appearances in TV shows such as *Upstairs, Downstairs*, *Dad's Army*, *Z-Cars*, *The Persuaders*, *Adam Adamant Lives!*, *Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)* and *Jason King*. He also continued to appear in theatrical productions, including *Half a Sixpence*, playing a shopkeeper. The Folkestone Rep continued until 1969 before closing at the time that Brough's wife Elizabeth began to suffer ill health.

### *Are You Being Served?*

In 1972, Brough was cast as Mr Ernest Grainger in the BBC sitcom *Are You Being Served?* by Jeremy Lloyd and David Croft. Initially a pilot episode in the *Comedy Playhouse* slot, it was well received and commissioned for a series in early 1973. Set in a fading fictional department store, Brough played the senior menswear salesman alongside his assistants Mr Humphries (John Inman) and Mr Lucas (Trevor Bannister). The show ran until 1985.

After the show completed its fifth series in 1977, on 22 March 1978, Arthur Brough's wife of almost 50 years, Elizabeth, died, and the emotionally devastated Brough announced he was quitting acting. Brough stayed with his daughter for a few weeks following his wife's death and, according to his daughter, Jeremy Lloyd and David Croft made contact to say they were writing him into the next series. However, he died just two months after his wife, on 28 May 1978, in Folkestone. Croft decided not to have another actor take over the part of Mr Grainger, so his character in *Are You Being Served?* was replaced by Mr Tebbs, played by James Hayter.

Brough's daughter, Joanna Hutton (who died in 2002), became the first female curator of the Brontë Parsonage Museum in Haworth for a period in the 1960s.

## Credits

Arthur Brough dedicated his life to the theatre, and *Are You Being Served?* co-star Mollie Sugden credited him with helping train a generation of actors. His colleagues have fond memories of working with Brough, who, as his daughter noted, "was a highly respected actor who'd spent forty years in the profession." At the time of his death, David Croft said: "Arthur created a living character who was the inspiration for much of the humour. His personality made him a pivot round which a whole lot of laughter and affection revolved."

With a mischievous sense of humour, he would often pull pranks on the rest of the cast during recordings. Despite this, however, Trevor Bannister held him in very high regard, saying of him that he was a "wicked old man but a wonderful man." David Croft recalls how Brough would disappear from the set. 'Whenever we were rehearsing he'd vanish at about three minutes to eleven. For a while we wondered where he went, but eventually discovered that he'd nip next door to the pub for a quick Pink Gin. We'd watch from the window as this little figure hurled towards the pub – we never spoke to him about it. One day when he returned, John Inman asked where he'd been. He made some excuse, but what he'd forgotten was that it was pouring with rain and his bald head was soaking wet!'

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1956 | *The Green Man* | Landlord |  |
| 1959 | *The Night We Dropped a Clanger* | Admiral Bewdly |  |
| 1960 | *The Challenge* | Landlord |  |
| 1961 | *The Singer Not the Song* | Burning haystacks Farmer | Uncredited |
| 1965 | *Dead Man's Chest* | Groves |  |
| 1975 | *Royal Flash* | King Ludwig of Bavaria |  |
| 1977 | *Are You Being Served?* | Mr. Grainger | (final film role) |

## InfoBox

| Arthur Brough | |
| --- | --- |
| As Mr. Grainger in *Are You Being Served?* | |
| Born | Frederick Arthur Baker
(1905-02-26)26 February 1905
Petersfield, Hampshire, England |
| Died | 28 May 1978(1978-05-28) (aged 73)
Folkestone, Kent, England |
| Years active | 1925–1978 |
| Television | Mr Grainger
in *Are You Being Served?* |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Addeyman  (m. 1929; died 1978) |
| Children | Joanna Hutton |


title: Paneth (crater)

abstract: Paneth is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the northwestern limb. It lies just to the north-northeast of the crater Smoluchowski, and to the east-southeast of Boole on the near side. The rim of Paneth is worn, but only moderately; the edge remains well-defined and marked only by small craters along the northwest and southeast. This formation partly overlies a shallower crater Paneth K along the southeast of the rim. Only a narrow strip of terrain separates Paneth from Smoluchowski, and this ground is marked by an elongated crater and a short rille. The interior floor has a central peak formation near the midpoint and a pair of small craters along the eastern rim. The inner surface is otherwise relatively flat and marked only by tiny craterlets.

text:
# Paneth (crater)

**Paneth** is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the northwestern limb. It lies just to the north-northeast of the crater Smoluchowski, and to the east-southeast of Boole on the near side.

The rim of Paneth is worn, but only moderately; the edge remains well-defined and marked only by small craters along the northwest and southeast. This formation partly overlies a shallower crater Paneth K along the southeast of the rim. Only a narrow strip of terrain separates Paneth from Smoluchowski, and this ground is marked by an elongated crater and a short rille.

The interior floor has a central peak formation near the midpoint and a pair of small craters along the eastern rim. The inner surface is otherwise relatively flat and marked only by tiny craterlets.

## Satellite craters

By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Paneth.

| Paneth | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | 65.3° N | 94.1° W | 47 km |
| K | 61.7° N | 92.9° W | 31 km |
| W | 65.0° N | 101.2° W | 28 km |

* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Paneth
| Clementine mosaic | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 63°00′N 94°48′W / 63.0°N 94.8°W / 63.0; -94.8 |
| Diameter | 65 km |
| Depth | *Unknown* |
| Colongitude | 95° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Friedrich Paneth |


title: Tom-Jaye Waibeiya

abstract: Tom-Jaye Waibeiya is a Nauruan male weightlifter, competing in the 77 kg category and representing Nauru at international competitions. He participated at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the 77 kg event.

text:
# Tom-Jaye Waibeiya

**Tom-Jaye Waibeiya** (born 17 December 1995) is a Nauruan male weightlifter, competing in the 77 kg category and representing Nauru at international competitions. He participated at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the 77 kg event.

## Major competitions

| Year | Venue | Weight | Snatch (kg) | | | | Clean & Jerk (kg) | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | | |
| Commonwealth Games | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2014 | Glasgow, Scotland | 77 kg | 100 | **105** | ~~110~~ |  | 140 | **145** | ~~150~~ |  | **250** | 18 |

1. "Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games - Tom-Jaye Waibeiya". iwf.net. Retrieved 23 June 2016.

Nauru government site covering Tom jaye participating in the 2014 games

## InfoBox

Tom-Jaye Waibeiya
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Tom-Jaye Waibeiya |
| Born | (1995-12-17) 17 December 1995 |
| Weight | 75.84 kg (167.2 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Nauru |
| Sport | Weightlifting |
| Weight class | 77 kg |
| Team | National team |
| Updated on 19 October 2016 | |


title: Heart Breakfast with Wes Venn

abstract: Heart Breakfast with Wes Venn was a radio show broadcast 6am to 10am weekdays on Heart's Milton Keynes station, Heart 103.3. It was hosted by Wes Venn and sponsored by Pilling Renault. Wes now presents the drivetime show on 96.4 Eagle Radio in Surrey and North Hampshire.

text:
# Heart Breakfast with Wes Venn

***Heart Breakfast with Wes Venn*** was a radio show broadcast 6am to 10am weekdays on Heart's Milton Keynes station, Heart 103.3 (now Heart Home Counties). It was hosted by Wes Venn and sponsored by Pilling Renault. Wes now presents the drivetime show on 96.4 Eagle Radio in Surrey and North Hampshire.

## History and overview

From 1998, the breakfast show on Horizon Radio was presented by "The Morning Crew", made-up of Trevor Marshall, Andrew Whyatt-Sames (better-known as "Cueball") and Ros Hale. The show won the GCap Media *Breakfast Show of the Year* award in 2003 and 2005, and the trio also had a Sunday morning slot on London's Capital FM for a time. When Marshall left in 2006, the show was rebranded as *Cueball and Ros at Breakfast* and ran for two years. Cueball bowed-out in 2008 in order to pursue a career as a business psychologist, shortly before the Heart rebrand, and was replaced by Wes Venn, who had previously presented the drivetime show. He was subsequently replaced by Joe Rudd; Lucy Ellis fronted *Heart Drivetime* up until the station's closure. Following Horizon's transition to Heart, the breakfast show was rebranded, this time as *Heart Breakfast with Wes and Ros*, débuting on Monday 5 January 2009. On Friday 2 July 2010, Ros – the last connection to the Horizon Morning Crew – left the Milton Keynes station. The following Monday, she joined Heart Cambridgeshire to front their new breakfast show, *Heart Breakfast with Kev and Ros*. The Milton Keynes show was presented exclusively by Wes Venn until the station's merger with Heart stations in Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire and Dunstable. The final show aired on Friday 16 July 2010. The breakfast show on Heart Home Counties is presented by Stuart Miles and Natalie Besbrode, formerly of Heart Northants.

## *The Time Tunnel*

In line with the rest of the rest of the Heart network, the Milton Keynes show broadcast *The Time Tunnel* from 9am to 10am. The idea behind the segment was that the DJs played a number of songs from a certain year, as well as gave out hints, and listeners texted in their guesses at what year the songs all came from. A correct text was selected at random to win Odeon cinema tickets. Since the end of 2009, there were two years per morning: whilst the first was a competition for cinema tickets, the second was just for fun.

## Weekends

Wes returned for *Saturday Breakfast* each Saturday from 8am to 12pm on Heart, whilst Mikey Faulkner presented the Sunday morning show during the same time slot. On bank holidays, including Christmas Day, Wes and Ros presented the show in its normal format but from 8am to noon.

## InfoBox

| *Heart Breakfast with Wes Venn* | |
| --- | --- |
| Developed by | Heart |
| Presented by | Wes Venn (2008-2010)
Ros Hale (1998-2010)
Trevor Marshall (1991-2006)
Andrew Whyatt-Sames (1998-2008) |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Stephen Allden |
| Production locations | Crownhill, Milton Keynes |
| Running time | 4 hours (excluding adverts) |
| Original release | |
| Network | Heart 103.3 |
| Release | 5 July (2010-07-05)
16 July 2010 (2010-07-16) |
| Related | |
| * Heart Breakfast with Wes and Ros * Heart Breakfast with Stuart and Natalie | |


abstract: When You're Strange: Music from the Motion Picture is the studio album and the soundtrack to the 2010 documentary film, narrated by Johnny Depp, about the Doors and their music. The soundtrack features 14 songs from The Doors’ six studio albums, with studio versions mixed with live versions, including performances from The Ed Sullivan Show, Television-Byen in Gladsaxe, Felt Forum in New York and Isle of Wight Festival 1970.

text:
# When You're Strange: Music from the Motion Picture

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***When You're Strange: Music from the Motion Picture*** is the studio album and the soundtrack to the 2010 documentary film, narrated by Johnny Depp, about the Doors and their music. The soundtrack features 14 songs from The Doors’ six studio albums, with studio versions mixed with live versions, including performances from *The Ed Sullivan Show*, Television-Byen in Gladsaxe, Felt Forum in New York and Isle of Wight Festival 1970.

## Track listing

All songs are performed by The Doors and written by Jim Morrison, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and John Densmore, except where noted. All spoken tracks are poetry read by Johnny Depp and written by Jim Morrison, except where noted.

1. "Poem: Cinema" – 0:25
2. "Poem: The Spirit of Music" – 0:22
3. "Moonlight Drive" (Jim Morrison) – 3:01
4. "Poem: The Doors of Perception" (William Blake) – 0:08
5. "Break On Through (To the Other Side)" (Morrison) – 4:59 \[stereo\]
6. "Poem: A Visitation of Energy" – 0:05
7. "Light My Fire" (Robby Krieger, Morrison) – 3:05 \[mono\]
8. "Interview: To really be a superstar" (Jim Morrison) – 0:14
9. "Five to One" (Morrison) – 4:27
10. "Poem: Wasting the Dawn" – 0:25
11. "When the Music's Over" – 12:27 \[mono\]
    * Live from Television-Byen, Gladsaxe, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 18, 1968
12. "Interview: The Doors" – 0:29
    * "The four of us are musicians" (Jim Morrison)
    * "I'd like them to listen" (Ray Manzarek)
    * "Rock & roll and jazz" (John Densmore)
    * "Our music is symbolic" (Krieger)
13. "Hello, I Love You" (Morrison) – 2:39
14. "Interview: Dead serious" (Morrison) – 0:08
15. "People Are Strange" (Morrison, Krieger) – 2:10
16. "Poem: Inside the Dream" – 0:14
17. "Soul Kitchen" (Morrison) – 3:32
18. "Poem: We Have Been Metamorphosized" – 0:15
19. "Poem: Touch Scares" – 0:08
20. "Touch Me" (Krieger) – 3:28
21. "Poem: Naked We Come" – 0:09
22. "Poem: O Great Creator of Being" – 0:08
23. "The End" – 11:29
24. "Poem: The Girl of the Ghetto" – 0:26
25. "L.A. Woman" (Morrison) – 7:57
26. "Poem: Crossroads" – 0:10
27. "Roadhouse Blues" (Morrison) – 4:07 \[stereo\]
    * Live from the Felt Forum, New York, January 17, 1970
28. "Poem: Ensenada" – 0:14
29. "Riders on the Storm" – 7:16
30. "Poem: As I Look Back" – 0:11
31. "The Crystal Ship" (Morrison) – 2:32
32. "Poem: Goodbye America" – 0:24

### Bonus tracks

"Love Her Madly" (Krieger) (Available from the Amazon MP3 store) \[note that this is the normal version from *L.A. Woman*\]

## Personnel

**The Doors**

**Other personnel**

## InfoBox

| When You're Strange: Music from the Motion Picture | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by the Doors | |
| Released | April 6, 2010 (2010-04-06) |
| Recorded | 1966–71 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 76:17 |
| Label | Rhino Entertainment |
| The Doors chronology | |
| *The Platinum Collection*
(2008) ***When You're Strange: Music from the Motion Picture***
(2010) *A Collection*
(2011) | |


title: Paraitinga River

abstract: The Paraitinga River is a river of São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Paraíba do Sul. The headwaters are protected by the 292,000 hectares Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection Area, created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Paraíba do Sul river.

text:
# Paraitinga River

The **Paraitinga River** is a river of São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Paraíba do Sul.

The headwaters are protected by the 292,000 hectares (720,000 acres) Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection Area, created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Paraíba do Sul river.

## InfoBox

| Paraitinga River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Native name | *Rio Paraitinga* (Portuguese) |
| Location | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | São Paulo state |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Paraíba do Sul |
| coordinates | 23°22′05″S 45°39′54″W / 23.368°S 45.665°W / -23.368; -45.665 |


title: Hector Silva Airstrip

abstract: Hector Silva airstrip is an airport located in Cayo District serving Belmopan, the capital city of Belize. The runway is on the northern edge of the city off the George Price Highway, and has a small terminal building. Belize Defence Forces use the airstrip for temporary landing facilities for their aircraft. It was expanded by the British army in 2002, in order to accept larger planes such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules. The Belize VOR-DME is located 31.0 nautical miles (57 km) northeast of the runway.

text:
# Hector Silva Airstrip

**Hector Silva airstrip** (IATA: **BCV**, ICAO: **MZBP**) is an airport located in Cayo District serving Belmopan, the capital city of Belize. The runway is on the northern edge of the city off the George Price Highway, and has a small terminal building.

Belize Defence Forces use the airstrip for temporary landing facilities for their aircraft. It was expanded by the British army in 2002, in order to accept larger planes such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules.

The Belize VOR-DME (Ident: **BZE**) is located 31.0 nautical miles (57 km) northeast of the runway.

## Airline and destinations

At the moment (May 2024), there are no scheduled services to Belmopan.

## InfoBox

| Hector Silva Airstrip | |
| --- | --- |
| Belmopan Hector Silva Airstrip Terminal | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Location | Belmopan |
| Elevation AMSL | 150 ft / 46 m |
| Coordinates | 17°16′10″N 88°46′35″W / 17.26944°N 88.77639°W / 17.26944; -88.77639 |
| Map | |
| **BCV**Location in Belize | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  11/29 1,110 3,642 Asphalt | |
| Source: GCM Google Maps OurAirports | |


title: Van Earl Wright

abstract: Van Earl Wright is an American television sportscaster, news anchor and journalist with over 30 years of national and local experience. A graduate of the University of South Carolina, Wright is known for a homespun delivery which reflects his Southern roots. His signature greeting is "Hel-looooo, everybody."

text:
# Van Earl Wright

**Van Earl Wright** (born January 27, 1962) is an American television sportscaster, news anchor and journalist with over 30 years of national and local experience.

A graduate of the University of South Carolina, Wright is known for a homespun delivery which reflects his Southern roots. His signature greeting is *"Hel-looooo, everybody."*

## Broadcasting career

### Fox Sports Net (FSN)

For much of the late 1990s until the summer of 2007, Wright worked for Fox Sports Net, serving chiefly as an anchor of both the *National Sports Report* and *FSN Final Score*, both attempts at competing with ESPN's *SportsCenter*. He also hosted and anchored for Fox Sports West, including their regional *NSR* companion, the *Southern California Sports Report*. During his stint at FSN, he was most notable for his staunch support and adulation of Kobe Bryant of the L.A. Lakers.

### CNN

Wright is a former anchor at both CNN Headline News and CNN/Sports Illustrated, which put together reflects the longest tenure of his career. He also co-hosted Fox Sports Radio's *Morning Extravaganza*.

Even though he was never shown on-air, Wright's voice became legendary during Headline News' sports segments during the 1980s at 19 and 49 minutes after the hour, especially for his elongated pronunciation of 'Los An-ge-leees'. Late in his tenure, he also routinely read his dry mandated sign-off ("I'm Van Earl Wright, CNN Headline Sports") with a series of increasingly bizarre inflections. His segment got noted on-air by Larry King and Al Michaels, among others.

### Other broadcasting assignments

Wright also worked in Beaumont, Texas as a weekend sports anchor on KBMT and later in Detroit both as a sports anchor on WDIV, the local NBC television affiliate, and also as the host of a short-lived midday show on all-sports radio station WDFN-AM. Reflecting on his move from WDIV to CNN, he said, "My four years at CNN were great in that I received a lot of exposure not only nationally, but worldwide as well. It definitely helped me develop a style that I am now well known for, but it was also very limiting because the atmosphere there was very conservative. In the end, I realized that if I wanted the opportunity to grow and take on new challenges in broadcasting ... it was going to be somewhere else."

Wright provided the announcer's voice for Crystal Dynamics' Sega Saturn baseball video game *3D Baseball* and 3DO basketball game *Slam 'n Jam 95*.

### World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and other appearances

Wright also provided the voice overs for World Championship Wrestling in the 90's during segments promoting upcoming live events.

On February 22, 2007 Wright participated on a special broadcasters' edition of *Pros vs. Joes* on Spike TV with Derrin Horton and Sal Masakela. The "pros" they faced were former NBA center Rik Smits, tennis pro Robby Ginepri, former MLB relief pitcher Rob Dibble and former NFL wide receiver Andre Rison.

Wright has had a few appearances on *Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide* playing himself alongside Willie Gault as sports broadcasters and most recently was featured in the series finale.

In January 2008, Wright became the voice of the new *American Gladiators* on NBC, which was hosted by Hulk Hogan and Laila Ali.

From 2012 until mid-2013, Wright provided the play by play commentary for the Lingerie Football League, until being replaced by league associates Jim Stews and Mitchell Mortaza.

## InfoBox

| Van Earl Wright | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-01-27) January 27, 1962<br>Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Occupation | Television sports broadcaster / broadcaster / news anchor |
| Years active | 1985-present |
| Employer | Turner Sports |
| Known for | work as sports anchor on CNN's *Sports Tonight* & anchor for *CNN Headline News* |
| Children | 3 |