abstract: Wednesbury unreasonableness is a ground of judicial review in Singapore administrative law. A governmental decision that is Wednesbury-unreasonable may be quashed by the High Court. This type of unreasonableness of public body decisions was laid down in the English case of Associated Provincial Picture Houses v. Wednesbury Corporation (1947), where it was said that a public authority acts unreasonably when a decision it makes is "so absurd that no sensible person could ever dream that it lay within the powers of the authority". Wednesbury unreasonableness was subsequently equated with irrationality by the House of Lords in Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service. These cases have been applied numerous times in Singapore, though in some decisions it is not very clear whether the courts have applied such a stringent standard. In the UK, courts have applied varying standards of scrutiny when assessing whether a governmental decision is Wednesbury-unreasonable, depending on the subject matter and general context of the case. There do not appear to be any Singapore cases adopting an "anxious scrutiny" standard. On the other hand, a few cases can be said to have applied a "light touch" standard where questions of public order and security have arisen. There are suggestions in the UK that a doctrine of proportionality should supplant or be merged into the concept of Wednesbury unreasonableness; thus far, such an approach has not been taken up in Singapore. It is said that in holding that a decision is disproportionate, there is a higher danger that the court might be substituting its view for the decision-maker's.

text:
# Wednesbury unreasonableness in Singapore law

***Wednesbury* unreasonableness** is a ground of judicial review in Singapore administrative law. A governmental decision that is *Wednesbury*-unreasonable may be quashed by the High Court. This type of unreasonableness of public body decisions was laid down in the English case of *Associated Provincial Picture Houses v. Wednesbury Corporation* (1947), where it was said that a public authority acts unreasonably when a decision it makes is "so absurd that no sensible person could ever dream that it lay within the powers of the authority".

*Wednesbury* unreasonableness was subsequently equated with irrationality by the House of Lords in *Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service* (the *GCHQ* case, 1983). These cases have been applied numerous times in Singapore, though in some decisions it is not very clear whether the courts have applied such a stringent standard.

In the UK, courts have applied varying standards of scrutiny when assessing whether a governmental decision is *Wednesbury*-unreasonable, depending on the subject matter and general context of the case. There do not appear to be any Singapore cases adopting an "anxious scrutiny" standard. On the other hand, a few cases can be said to have applied a "light touch" standard where questions of public order and security have arisen. There are suggestions in the UK that a doctrine of proportionality should supplant or be merged into the concept of *Wednesbury* unreasonableness; thus far, such an approach has not been taken up in Singapore. It is said that in holding that a decision is disproportionate, there is a higher danger that the court might be substituting its view for the decision-maker's.

## Development and application

### At common law

*Wednesbury* unreasonableness is a "shorthand legal reference" to the classical common law judicial approach expounded in the English case of *Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation* (1947). In that case, Lord Greene, the Master of the Rolls, described two forms of unreasonableness. First, unreasonableness can be a general description of a public authority doing things that must not be done, such as not directing itself properly in law by considering matters which it is not bound to consider and taking into consideration irrelevant matters.

Another type of unreasonableness occurs when a public authority does something that is "so absurd that no sensible person could ever dream that it lay within the powers of the authority", as illustrated by the dismissal of a teacher because of her red hair. The latter has now come to be termed as *Wednesbury* unreasonableness. However, Lord Greene recognised that these aspects of unreasonableness are by no means clear, and "all these things run into one another".

*Wednesbury* unreasonableness was subsequently reformulated by the House of Lords in *Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service* (the *GCHQ* case, 1983). Lord Diplock stated that it applies to a "decision which is so outrageous in the defiance of logic or of accepted moral standards that no sensible person who had applied his mind to the question to be decided could have arrived at it". Evidently, this is a much higher standard than ordinary unreasonableness. A governmental decision that is *Wednesbury*-unreasonable may be quashed or invalidated by a court.

In *R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Brind* (1991), Lord Ackner said that although the standard of *Wednesbury* unreasonableness had been criticised as too high:

> it has to be expressed in terms that confine the jurisdiction exercised by the judiciary to a supervisory, as opposed to an appellate, jurisdiction. Where Parliament has given to a minister or other person or body a discretion, the court's jurisdiction is limited, in the absence of a statutory right of appeal, to the supervision of the exercise of that discretionary power, so as to ensure that it has been exercised lawfully. It would be a wrongful usurpation of power by the judiciary to substitute its, the judicial view, on the merits and on that basis to quash the decision. If no reasonable minister properly directing himself would have reached the impugned decision, the minister has exceeded his powers and thus acted unlawfully and the court in the exercise of its supervisory role will quash that decision. Such a decision is correctly, though unattractively, described as a "perverse" decision. To seek the court's intervention on the basis that the correct or objectively reasonable decision is other than the decision which the minister has made is to invite the court to adjudicate as if Parliament had provided a right of appeal against the decision – that is, to invite an abuse of power by the judiciary.

### In Singapore

Lord Diplock's threefold classification of the grounds of judicial review in the *GCHQ* case – illegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety – was adopted by the Singapore Court of Appeal in *Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs* (1988). Lord Diplock in the GCHQ case preferred to use the term *irrationality* to describe *Wednesbury* unreasonableness, and there is some uncertainty as to whether both concepts refer to the same thing. However, Singapore courts have stated that the test for irrationality is that of *Wednesbury* unreasonableness. In cases such as *Re Siah Mooi Guat* (1988), *Kang Ngah Wei v. Commander of Traffic Police* (2002), and *Mir Hassan bin Abdul Rahman v. Attorney-General* (2009), the courts applied the test of irrationality set out in the *GCHQ* case.

The same test for *Wednesbury* unreasonableness was referred to in other cases like *Lines International Holding (S) Pte. Ltd. v. Singapore Tourist Promotion Board* (1997), *Chee Siok Chin v. Minister for Home Affairs* (2006), and *City Developments Ltd. v. Chief Assessor* (2008). However, the courts also considered whether the decision-makers had taken irrelevant factors into account in deciding whether the decision was unreasonable in the *Wednesbury* sense. This is not necessarily inconsistent with *Wednesbury* unreasonableness as Lord Greene said that taking extraneous factors into account could be seen an aspect of such unreasonableness.

It has been said that the nuances of the term *reasonable* may have allowed the UK courts to deal with the merits of grievances rather than questions of legality, and hence to engage in judicial policy-making. However, it seems that Singapore courts have so far avoided substituting their opinion for that of decision-makers in applying the *Wednesbury* test. In *Lines International*, the High Court clearly noted that in considering *Wednesbury* unreasonableness courts are not entitled to substitute their views of how the discretion should be exercised, nor is unreasonableness established if the court is of the view that the policy or guideline may not work as effectively as another.

This principle has been adopted and emphasised in subsequent cases. In *City Developments* the court declined to interfere with the Chief Assessor's assessment of the annual value of the applicant's real property for property tax purposes, finding his explanations logical and commonsensical. The courts came to similar conclusions in *Chee Siok Chin* and *Kang Ngah Wei*.

## Levels of scrutiny

English cases dealing with *Wednesbury* unreasonableness demonstrate varying levels of scrutiny. The intensity of judicial review varies with the subject matter of the decision, ranging from "anxious scrutiny" to "light touch" review.

### "Anxious scrutiny" review

"Anxious scrutiny" review refers to a more stringent level of scrutiny that is applied when the subject matter of a decision by a public authority relates to human rights. The term originates from the judgment of Lord Bridge of Harwich in *R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bugdaycay* (1986), where his Lordship said: "The most fundamental of human rights is the individual's right to life and when an administrative decision under challenge is said to be one which may put the applicant's life at risk, the basis of the decision must surely call for the most anxious scrutiny".

This approach can be seen to be in line with the UK judiciary's increasing focus on human rights protection, particularly after the entry into force of the Human Rights Act 1998 in 2000, which permits persons aggrieved by infringements of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) to seek a remedy in domestic law. Essentially, this standard of scrutiny is much easier to satisfy, as it lowers the threshold of what constitutes a decision so outrageous that it may be deemed unreasonable in the *Wednesbury* sense. Such a "rights-based" approach allows courts to scrutinise cases involving fundamental human rights more closely, thereby affording greater protection of fundamental liberties.

An instance of the application of the anxious scrutiny level of review is the 1995 case of *R. v. Ministry of Defence, ex parte Smith*, which represents a distillation of principles embodied in decisions previously made by the House of Lords in *Ex parte Bugdaycay* (1986) and *Ex parte Brind* (1991). In *Ex parte Smith*, Smith and three other individuals appealed a Ministry of Defence ruling that mandated the discharge of homosexuals from the service. The court accepted that "\[t\]he more substantial the interference with human rights, the more the court will require by way of justification before it is satisfied that the decision is reasonable". This is as long as the decision remains within the range of responses open to a reasonable decision-maker.

The anxious scrutiny standard has not been applied thus far in Singapore. The prevailing judicial philosophy is that of deference to Parliament. This is despite the courts' general adoption of Lord Diplock's arguably pro-rights stand taken in the case of *Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor* (1980). This Privy Council case stated that judges should give constitutional provisions a generous interpretation to avoid the "austerity of tabulated legalism" and to provide individuals with their full measure of fundamental liberties. The generally deferential stance of the courts shows an inclination towards a strict separation of powers based upon the judiciary's belief that the Parliament is the only organ with the moral legitimacy to decide issues relating to social policy.

### "Light touch" review

"Light touch" review demands that only perversity or absurdity amounting to bad faith or misconduct of an extreme kind will satisfy the threshold of unreasonableness. In *Nottinghamshire County Council v. Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions* (1985), the House of Lords held that bad faith or an improper motive or the fact "that the consequences of \[the decision-maker's\] guidance were so absurd that he must have taken leave of his senses" must be proven before the court will interfere. Such a strict level of scrutiny is commonly applied by courts where matters of public expenditure or government policy are involved, and evidently reflects a "high-water mark of judicial self-restraint".

An apt example is the case of *R v Secretary of State for Home Department, ex parte Cheblak* (1991). This case involved the detention of a foreign citizen living in the UK on the ground of it "being conducive to the public good" under section 18(1)(b) of the Immigration Act 1971 as his presence would cause an unacceptable national security risk. The court rejected the application for judicial review on the ground that such matters were best left to the government. It would only intervene if the Secretary of State "in any way overstepped the limitations upon his authority which are imposed by the law" or acted in bad faith.

In the Singapore context, there appears to be some implicit suggestion that the light touch test applies to certain cases. The 1988 case of *Re Siah Mooi Guat* concerning Singapore's immigration policy is illustrative. The applicant was an immigrant denied entry under section 8(3)(k) of the Immigration Act, as the Minister for Home Affairs considered her an "undesirable immigrant" based on certain confidential information that had been supplied to the Ministry. The issue was whether there was a basis upon which the Minister could have properly rejected the applicant's appeal, otherwise it might amount to *Wednesbury* unreasonableness. The *GCHQ* test of irrationality was cited but it seems that a higher level of scrutiny was exercised.

The court declined to require the Minister to disclose the information he had relied on, holding that "any information received by the Minister about an alien from any government through official or diplomatic channels, would be information which would not be in the public interest to disclose" and that it was for the Minister and not the court to decide whether disclosure was in the public interest. Ultimately, the Minister "had given the applicant's case his personal consideration, and there was no evidence to show that he had acted unfairly". Thus, similar to *Cheblak*, as long as the Minister had given consideration to the applicant's appeal, the court was reluctant to question the decision as immigration matters are best left to the Government.

In *Re Wong Sin Yee* (2007), the applicant had been detained without trial under the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act for involvement in criminal activities on the ground that the detention was in the interests of public safety, peace and good order. The High Court concluded that the judicial process was unsuitable for reaching decisions on questions of public safety, peace and good order, and that therefore it was "in no position to hold that it has been established that the Minister's exercise of discretion was irrational in the *Wednesbury* sense". Therefore, for sensitive issues pertaining to certain government policies in Singapore, it can be inferred that a high threshold is required to find a decision unreasonable in the *Wednesbury* sense. Where a non-justiciable issue is involved, even where it curtails fundamental liberties, courts will defer to the executive assessment of what the public order or interest demands.

## Relationship with proportionality

In the UK, where human rights protected by the ECHR are *prima facie* infringed, the courts apply a doctrine of proportionality in place of the *Wednesbury* unreasonableness test. Additionally, proportionality is applied in respect of European Union law. Given these developments, the role of *Wednesbury* in ordinary administrative law cases has been questioned. It has been suggested that proportionality should supplant unreasonableness as a ground of review. The former has occasionally been regarded as superior to *Wednesbury* unreasonableness since its "emphasis on balance and justification is taken to offer 'a more structured methodology'".

Alternatively, it has been suggested that proportionality should merge with *Wednesbury* unreasonableness. It is said to share much in common with the reasonableness doctrine, as "proportionality in the sense of achieving a 'fair balance' has always been an aspect of unreasonableness". As Lord Slynn of Hadley stated in *R (Alconbury Developments Ltd) v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions* (2001), "trying to keep the *Wednesbury* principle and proportionality in separate compartments seems ... to be unnecessary and confusing". This may cause the "coherence and comprehensibility" of judicial review to suffer.

In any event, as Lord Justice of Appeal John Dyson observed in *R (Association of British Civilian Internees: Far East Region) v Secretary of State for Defence* (2003), "the *Wednesbury* test is moving closer to proportionality and in some cases it is not possible to see any daylight between the two tests ... \[T\]he result that follows will often be the same whether the test that is applied is proportionality or *Wednesbury* unreasonableness". However, English courts have been cautious about applying proportionality as it is "often understood to bring courts much closer to reviewing the merits of a decision" than is permitted by the *Wednesbury* test.

In Singapore's context, Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin observed in the Court of Appeal case of *Chng Suan Tze* that proportionality should be subsumed under irrationality rather than exist as an independent ground of review, such that if a decision "on the evidence is so disproportionate as to breach this principle, then ... such a decision could be said to be irrational in that no reasonable authority could have come to such a decision". This view was subsequently adopted in *Dow Jones Publishing Co. (Asia) Inc. v. Attorney-General* (1989).

In the High Court case of *Chee Siok Chin*, Justice V.K. Rajah, though speaking in the context of freedom of speech and freedom of assembly, noted that proportionality is a European jurisprudential concept imported into English law due to UK's treaty obligations, and it has "never been part of the common law in relation to the judicial review of the exercise of a legislative and/or an administrative power or discretion. Nor has it ever been part of Singapore law." The reason for the judicial reticence in recognising proportionality as a separate ground of review is due to the fact that the application of "any higher test than the *Wednesbury* test would necessarily involve the court in a decision on the merits", as observed by the court in *Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Minister for Information and the Arts* (1996).

### Cases

### Other works

## Further reading

### Articles

### Books and book chapters

* Craig, Paul \[P.\] (2008), "Rationality and Proportionality", *Administrative Law* (6th ed.), London: Sweet & Maxwell, pp. 613–646, ISBN 978-1-84703-283-6.
* Laws, John (1998), "*Wednesbury*", in Forsyth, Christopher; Hare, Ivan (eds.), *The Golden Metwand and the Crooked Cord: Essays on Public Law in Honour of Sir William Wade QC*, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 185–202, ISBN 978-0-19-826469-9.
* Palaniappan, Surya (2006), *An Analysis of Wednesbury Unreasonableness as a Ground of Judicial Review in Australian Administrative Law*, \[Adelaide\]: Law Society of South Australia, OCLC 224999366.
* Wade, William; Forsyth, Christopher (2009), "Abuse of Discretion", *Administrative Law* (10th ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 286–367 at 302–314, ISBN 978-0-19-923161-4.
* Lord Woolf; Jowell, Jeffrey \[L.\]; Le Sueur, Andrew \[P.\]; Donnelly, Catherine M\[ary\] (2007), "Substantive Review and Justification", *De Smith's Judicial Review* (6th ed.), London: Sweet & Maxwell, pp. 543–608, ISBN 978-0-421-69030-1


title: Nina McClelland

abstract: Nina Irene McClelland was an American chemist. She was dean emeritus and professor of chemistry at the University of Toledo.

text:
# Nina McClelland

**Nina Irene McClelland** (21 August 1929  16 August 2020) was an American chemist. She was dean emeritus and professor of chemistry at the University of Toledo.

## Early life and education

McClelland was raised by her mother Lillian McClelland, who worked as a foreign language teacher. Growing up, McClelland took vocal lessons and was taught six languages by her mother. McClelland's aunt, Fern Mervos, was a professor in the department of mathematics at the University of Toledo. McClelland says she was very close to her aunt and as a child would visit her at work.

McClelland graduated from Gibsonburg High School and pursued a degree in mathematics at the University of Toledo. She eventually earned her Bachelor of Science and Master of Science from the University of Toledo before graduating with a doctoral degree in environmental chemistry from the University of Michigan in 1968.

## Career

In 1967, while earning her PhD, McClelland became involved with the American Chemical Society. The next year, McClelland was named president and chief executive officer of the National Sanitation Foundation International. During her time at the National Sanitation Foundation, McClelland led the International Clean Water program and served on the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Water Treatment Chemicals. She also created a Water Quality Index to report water quality in lakes, rivers and streams. After the Safe Drinking Water Act was passed in the 1970s, McClelland also helped create the governmental standard for chemicals to treat drinking water. In 1986, McClelland sat on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Advisory Committee.

In 1991, McClelland was the recipient of the Walter S. Mangold Award from the National Environmental Health Association. In 1993, McClelland spoke in front of the United States Congress Committee on Environment and Public Works to promote cost-effective treatments to assist smaller, isolated communities in accessing clean drinking water. In 1995, McClelland was awarded chairwoman emeritus status and started her own, independent consulting firm. As well, McClelland was later elected American Chemical Society Board of Directors Chair.

McClelland was appointed an adjunct professor of chemistry at the University of Toledo in 2003. She was also the recipient of an honorary degree from the university. Two years later, she was honored with the Wham Leadership Medal from the American National Standards Institute. In 2008, McClelland was promoted to interim dean of the college of arts and sciences. Her duties included improving the college of arts and sciences strategic assessment. The interim honorific was dropped in 2010. She was also inducted into the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame. The following year, McClelland was named a Fellow of the American Chemical Society and retired.

In 2014, McClelland was the recipient of the University's Gold T Award for her "outstanding career accomplishment." Two years later, in 2016, McClelland was the recipient of the National Wildlife Federation's Women in Conservation Award for her contributions to promoting clean energy and protecting clean water supplies. She was also honored by the Sigma Xi Scientific Research Honor Society and granted a symbolic key to the city of Toledo. In April, McClelland was one of five women given the Dr. Alice H. Skeens Outstanding Woman Award.

In 2019, McClelland was honored in front of the United States Congress for her accomplishments in preserving clean water. The University of Toledo also dedicated a new Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis in her name.

She died on August 16, 2020, at the age of 90.

## InfoBox

| Nina McClelland | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1929-08-21)August 21, 1929
Columbus, Ohio |
| Died | August 16, 2020(2020-08-16) (aged 90)
Toledo, Ohio |
| Education | B.Sc., M.Sc., University of Toledo
PhD., University of Michigan |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of Toledo |
| Thesis | *The effect of surface active agents on substrate utilization in an experimental activated sludge system.*  (1968) |
|  | |


title: Tusson

abstract: Tusson is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It is the site of four large Neolithic tumuli, known as the Gros Dognon, the Petit Dognon, the Vieux Breuil and La Justice. Marguerite de Navarre spent time in the priory in the village, built by Robert d'Abrissel in the 12th century as an offshoot of the Abbey of Fontevraud. The village grew up subsequently around the religious establishment. Until the 1960s it used to be a centre for the trading of horses and donkeys. Nowadays it is known for its artists and craftspeople, as well as its well-preserved historical buildings, many renovated with the participation of the Club Marpen, a local heritage group.

text:
# Tusson

**Tusson** (French pronunciation: \[tysɔ̃\]) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

It is the site of four large Neolithic tumuli, known as the Gros Dognon, the Petit Dognon, the Vieux Breuil and La Justice. Marguerite de Navarre spent time in the priory in the village, built by Robert d'Abrissel in the 12th century as an offshoot of the Abbey of Fontevraud. The village grew up subsequently around the religious establishment.

Until the 1960s it used to be a centre for the trading of horses and donkeys. Nowadays it is known for its artists and craftspeople, as well as its well-preserved historical buildings, many renovated with the participation of the Club Marpen, a local heritage group.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 441 |  |
| 1975 | 413 | −0.93% |
| 1982 | 389 | −0.85% |
| 1990 | 349 | −1.35% |
| 1999 | 317 | −1.06% |
| 2009 | 274 | −1.45% |
| 2014 | 222 | −4.12% |
| 2020 | 228 | +0.45% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Tusson | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Tusson | |
| TussonTusson | |
| Coordinates: 45°56′06″N 0°04′09″E / 45.935°N 0.0692°E / 45.935; 0.0692 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente |
| Arrondissement | Confolens |
| Canton | Charente-Nord |
| Intercommunality | Cœur de Charente |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Éric Bouchet |
| Area**1** | 13.97 km2 (5.39 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 234 |
| Density | 17/km2 (43/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 16390 /16140 |
| Elevation | 72–148 m (236–486 ft)
(avg. 98 m or 322 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship

abstract: The Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship, also known as Lalit Kala Akademi Ratna is an honor for the fine arts in India. It is awarded to eminent artists for their lifetime achievements in the field of visual arts by the Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Art. It is regarded as the highest recognition and honour that can be bestowed on an artist in the country as the academy is a national body of the Government of India. The ‘Fellow,’ carries a purse-money of Rs.25,000/-, a citation and a plaque. The Fellow is honored with a portfolio about their major art works. The first elected fellow was Jamini Roy in 1955. Most recent fellowship was awarded for the year 2021 to Himmat Shah, Jyoti Bhatt and Shyam Sharma on 9 April 2022.

text:
# Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship

The **Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship**, also known as **Lalit Kala Akademi *Ratna*** (Sanskrit *ratna*, "gem") is an honor for the fine arts in India. It is awarded to eminent artists for their lifetime achievements in the field of visual arts by the Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Art. It is regarded as the highest recognition and honour that can be bestowed on an artist in the country as the academy is a national body of the Government of India.

The ‘Fellow,’ carries a purse-money of Rs.25,000/-, a citation and a plaque. The Fellow is honored with a portfolio about their major art works. The first elected fellow was Jamini Roy in 1955. Most recent fellowship was awarded for the year 2021 to Himmat Shah, Jyoti Bhatt and Shyam Sharma on 9 April 2022.

## List of Fellows

List of Lalit Kala Akademi Fellows
| Year | Image | Recipient |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1955 |  | Jamini Roy |
| 1956 |  | Nandalal Bose |
| 1962 |  | D. P. Roy Choudhury |
| 1962 |  | K. Venkatappa |
| 1963 |  | O. C. Ganguly |
| 1964 |  | Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar |
| 1964 |  | S. L. Haldar |
| 1964 |  | Rai Kishan Dass |
| 1965 |  | G. Venkatachalam |
| 1965 |  | C. Sivaramamurti |
| 1970 |  | Benode Behari Mukherjee |
| 1970 |  | Ravishankar Raval |
| 1974 |  | N. S. Bendre |
| 1974 |  | Mulk Raj Anand |
| 1976 |  | Ramkinkar Baij |
| 1976 |  | Kanwal Krishna |
| 1976 |  | K. K. Hebbar |
| 1976 |  | K. C. S. Paniker |
| 1978 |  | M. F. Husain |
| 1978 |  | Dhanraj Bhagat |
| 1980 |  | B. C. Sanyal |
| 1980 |  | Karl Jamshed Khandalavala |
| 1980 |  | V. R. Amberkar |
| 1980 |  | P. T. Reddy |
| 1982 |  | K. S. Kulkarni |
| 1982 |  | S. Dhanapal |
| 1982 |  | Sankho Chaudhuri |
| 1982 |  | Prodosh Dasgupta |
| 1982 |  | M. S. Randhawa |
| 1984 |  | K. H. Ara |
| 1984 |  | S. H. Raza |
| 1985 |  | K. G. Subramanyan |
| 1985 |  | K. Sreenivasulu |
| 1986 |  | Shiavax Chavda |
| 1986 |  | Paritosh Sen |
| 1987 |  | Mukul Dey |
| 1987 |  | Svetoslav Roerich |
| 1988 |  | Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya |
| 1988 |  | Ranbir Singh Bisht |
| 1990 |  | Bimal Dasgupta |
| 1990 |  | Radha Mohan |
| 1993 |  | A. S. Raman |
| 1993 |  | Amarnath Sehgal |
| 1995 |  | Kapila Vatsyayan |
| 1995 |  | Anand Dev |
| 2002 |  | A. Ramachandran |
| 2003 |  | Bikash Bhattacharjee |
| 2004 |  | Keshav Malik |
| 2004 |  | Akbar Padamsee |
| 2006 |  | Biren De |
| 2007 |  | Jeram Patel |
| 2011 |  | Ram Kumar |
| 2014 |  | Arpita Singh |
| 2021 |  | Himmat Shah |
| 2021 |  | Jyoti Bhatt |
| 2021 |  | Shyam Sharma |

## InfoBox

| Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship | |
| --- | --- |
| Award for individual contributions to Fine Arts | |
|  | |
| Awarded for | Honour for the fine arts in India |
| Sponsored by | Lalit Kala Akademi |
| First awarded | 1955 |
| Last awarded | 2021 |
| Highlights | |
| First winner | Jamini Roy |
| Last winner |  |
| Website | lalitkala.gov.in |


title: Nägelstedt

abstract: Nägelstedt is a village and a quarter of the town of Bad Langensalza in Thuringia, central Germany, with about 700 inhabitants.

text:
# Nägelstedt

**Nägelstedt** (pronounced \[ˈnɛːgl̩ʃtɛt\]) is a village and a quarter of the town of Bad Langensalza in Thuringia, central Germany, with about 700 inhabitants.

## Geography

Nägelstedt is located 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) from the core town of Bad Langensalza at the edge of the Unstrut valley.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 977 as "Negelstete". Around 1200, the Lords of Döllstedt already owned property in the village. In 1222, the Teutonic Order, *Ballei Thüringen* (Bailiwick Thuringia), acquired a farm in Nägelstedt with patronage rights over St George's Church. The Order consolidated its position in the region by developing this estate into the Nägelstedt Commander's Court. The *Komturhof* became the administrative centre for a number of villages within a radius of 20 kilometres (12 mi). The Order remained in Nägelstedt until its dissolution in 1809.

In the Peasants' War, the (western) upper village inhabited by free, wealthy peasants and its St Michael's Church were destroyed (as was St George's Church). As late as 1540, when a visitation took place on the occasion of the introduction of the Reformation, St Michael's Church and its vicarage were found to be ruinous. In the 16th to 17th century, St Michael's Church was rebuilt.

Until 1815, the village belonged to the Electoral Saxon *Amt* (district) Langensalza and after its cession to Prussia from 1816 to 1944 to the district of Langensalza in the Province of Saxony.

Nägelstedt was incorporated into Bad Langensalza on 1 July 1993.

## Culture and sights

### Buildings

* In the eastern (lower) part of the village is St George's Church. It also served as a place of worship for the Teutonic Knights and dates from the 13th century.
* St Michael' Church stands in the western (upper) village. In 1482, this church fell to the Teutonic Order, too. A first, wooden church in the village is said to have existed as early as around 800 after the Christianisation by Saint Boniface. At the entrance to the church is a memorial to the fallen and missing soldiers of both world wars from the village.
* The *Schieferhof* (Slate Farm) of Nägelstedt was built in 1565 by Hans von Germar, the land commander of the Teutonic Order bailiwick of Thuringia.

### Miscellaneous

* North-east of the road branch to Sundhausen and Großvargula, a Linear Pottery culture settlement pit with pottery and animal bones as well as human bone remains was found during construction work. Cultic cannibalism was suspected.
* At the end of the village in an easterly direction begins the *Unstruttal* (Unstrut valley) hiking and nature reserve area between Nägelstedt and Großvargula, lined with protected flowers such as the yellow Adonis.

## Bibliography

* Lange, Eckhard (2004). *Die Geschichte des Dorfes Nägelstedt von seinen Anfängen bis zum Jahr 2003* (in German). Arnstadt.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Schuchardt, Melanie; Facius, Nadine (2007). *Nägelstedter Sagen und Geschichten. Mit den Erzählungen von der Unstrutnixe bis hin zum "Schmied von Neilscht"* (in German). Bad Langensalza: Rockstuhl. ISBN 978-3-86777-010-1.

1. "Nägelstedt" (in German). Stadt Bad Langensalza. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
2. "Wirtschaft – Standortinformationen" \[Economy – location information\] (in German). Stadt Bad Langensalza. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
3. Köhler, Michael (2007). *Heidnische Heiligtümer. Vorchristliche Kultstätten und Kultverdachtsplätze in Thüringen* (in German). Jena: Jenzig-Verlag. p. 205. ISBN 978-3-910141-85-8.

Media related to Nägelstedt at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Nägelstedt | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Bad Langensalza | |
| St Michael's Church | |
| Location of Nägelstedt within Bad Langensalza | |
| Nägelstedt Nägelstedt | |
| Coordinates: 51°06′34.2″N 10°42′41.4″E / 51.109500°N 10.711500°E / 51.109500; 10.711500 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis |
| Town | Bad Langensalza |
| First mentioned | 977 |
| Government | |
| Ortsteilbürgermeister | Torsten Wronowski |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.77 km2 (4.16 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 197 m (646 ft) |
| Population (2020-12-31) | |
| Total | 704 |
| Density | 65/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 99947 |
| Dialling codes | 036042 |
| Website | badlangensalza.de |


title: Tylice, Toruń County

abstract: Tylice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łysomice, within Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north-east of Toruń.

text:
# Tylice, Toruń County

**Tylice** \[tɨˈlit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łysomice, within Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north-east of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Tylice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Tylice | |
| Coordinates: 53°6′N 18°40′E / 53.100°N 18.667°E / 53.100; 18.667 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Toruń |
| Gmina | Łysomice |
| Population | 200 |


title: Pseudorabdion taylori

abstract: Pseudorabdion taylori, Taylor's burrowing snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is found in the Philippines.

text:
# Pseudorabdion taylori

***Pseudorabdion taylori***, **Taylor's burrowing snake**, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is found in the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudorabdion taylori* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Pseudorabdion* |
| Species: | ***P. taylori*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudorabdion taylori***
Leviton & W.C. Brown, 1959 | |
|


title: Nutritionally Sound

abstract: Nutritionally Sound is a collaborative album by Marc Mylar and Zoogz Rift, released in 1990 by Trigon Records.

text:
# Nutritionally Sound

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Nutritionally Sound*** is a collaborative album by Marc Mylar and Zoogz Rift, released in 1990 by Trigon Records.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Marc Mylar and Zoogz Rift

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Take the 'A' Train" | 0:28 |
| 2. | "Take the 'Z' Train" | 0:58 |
| 3. | "Pearl Necklace" | 5:22 |
| 4. | "Conditions for Employment" | 3:12 |
| 5. | "All Bets Are Off" | 3:24 |
| 6. | "Skeleton Protopunk Quagmire 10" | 4:05 |
| 7. | "I'm Telling You Now" | 2:04 |
| 8. | "Crazed Be the Lord" | 9:07 |
| 9. | "You Are Being Watched" | 3:25 |
| 10. | "Secret Marines—The Untold Story" | 7:52 |
| 11. | "Get Up Offa That Thing" | 2:15 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Nutritionally Sound* liner notes.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 1990 | Trigon | CD | TCD108 |

## InfoBox

| Nutritionally Sound | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Marc Mylar and Zoogz Rift | |
| Released | 1990 (1990) |
| Genre | Experimental rock |
| Length | 42:12 |
| Label | Trigon |
| Producer | Zoogz Rift |
| Zoogz Rift chronology | |
| *War Zone*
(1990) ***Nutritionally Sound***
(1990) *Villagers*
(1992) | |


title: Vittorio Culpo

abstract: Vittorio Culpo (1904–1955) was an Italo-French resistance soldier.

text:
# Vittorio Culpo

**Vittorio Culpo** (1904–1955) was an Italo-French resistance soldier.

## Personal life

He was born in Trissino in provincia di Vicenza, Italy, in 1904, in a poor farmer's family. In 1923, after a violent brawl with a fascist squadron, he fled to the mountains. He was actively pursued by Benito Mussolini's military police. He went to France and settled in Moselle, before joining some Italian friends in Auvergne, where he worked peacefully until the beginning of World War II.

## World War involvement

During the initial year of the war (1939-1940), he fought for the 92nd infantry regiment and obtained French nationality. After the disarmament (1940), he joined the resistance of Val d'Allier. He helped organize a train attack on the Clermont-Ferrand line, when he was severely hurt. He never recovered fully from his injuries.

## Later life

He died in 1955 in Mirefleurs. His great grandson, Sébastien Culpo dedicated a short movie to him.


title: The Young Runaways (1968 film)

abstract: The Young Runaways is a 1968 American drama film directed by Arthur Dreifuss and starring Brooke Bundy, Kevin Coughlin and Patty McCormack. The supporting players are Lloyd Bochner, Dick Sargent, and in one of his early roles, Richard Dreyfuss, who as a small part as Terry, a juvenile delinquent who meets a bad end. It was McCormack's comeback film.

text:
# The Young Runaways (1968 film)

***The Young Runaways*** is a 1968 American drama film directed by Arthur Dreifuss and starring Brooke Bundy, Kevin Coughlin and Patty McCormack. The supporting players are Lloyd Bochner, Dick Sargent, and in one of his early roles, Richard Dreyfuss, who as a small part as Terry, a juvenile delinquent who meets a bad end.

It was McCormack's comeback film.

## Plot

The film begins with Shelley Morrison (Brooke Bundy) packing to run away from home because she feels she is not loved by her widowed father (Lloyd Bochner). She tells their maid (Isabel Sanford) that to her father she is not his daughter, but a product. She has overheard him telling columnist Army Archerd that he is testing some of his psychological theories about teenagers on his own daughter.

Shelley catches a ride with an older man. He gets sexually aggressive with her, and they have an accident when he loses control of the car. She escapes without her suitcase and winds up in Chicago. She meets a prostitute named Joanne in a diner, who claims to be a model. Joanne offers Shelley a place to stay, with the ulterior motive of turning Shelley into a working girl.

Kevin Coughlin plays Dewey, who runs away from home because he fears he has gotten his girlfriend pregnant. He first stays in a boarding house run by Sage (Dick Sargent). There he meets Terry (Richard Dreyfuss), who refuses to work and makes fun of Dewey for wanting to find a job. Dewey gets a job at a gas station for $1 per hour and moves into a rooming house. He is coming home one night during a downpour and meets Shelley, who has run away from Joanne the prostitute, after Joanne has taken her on a double 'date'. Dewey convinces the police that Shelley is his sister and they allow her to go with him. She stays with Dewey (on the sofa) and soon they fall in love with each other.

Deannie (McCormack) cannot stand her shrewish mother (Lynn Bari) constantly telling her what to do. She runs away to Chicago and meets Loch (Ken Del Conte), a musician who is very possessive of her. She moves in with him, but begins to have feelings for his roommate, Curly (Lance LeGault). Loch comes home and finds Deannie in bed with Curly. In a rage, he beats them both to death.

Joanne's pimp is afraid that Shelley will lead the police to him, so he has her kidnapped and held in a basement. The police rescue her, and she goes back to live with her father. She and Dewey promise to keep in touch.

## InfoBox

| The Young Runaways | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Arthur Dreifuss |
| Written by | Orville H. Hampton |
| Produced by | Sam Katzman |
| Starring | Brooke Bundy
Kevin Coughlin
Lloyd Bochner
Patty McCormack |
| Cinematography | John F. Warren |
| Edited by | Ben Lewis |
| Music by | Fred Karger |
| Production
company | Four-Leaf Productions |
| Distributed by | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
| Release date | * September 11, 1968 (1968-09-11) |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe

abstract: Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe is a studio album by American singer Jody Miller. It was released in 1963 via Capitol Records and contained twelve tracks. It was the debut studio album of Miller's career and consisted of traditional folk songs. At the time of its release, Miller was a folk artist and was being promoted as such. It received a positive review from Cash Box.

text:
# Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe

***Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe*** is a studio album by American singer Jody Miller. It was released in 1963 via Capitol Records and contained twelve tracks. It was the debut studio album of Miller's career and consisted of traditional folk songs. At the time of its release, Miller was a folk artist and was being promoted as such. It received a positive review from *Cash Box*.

## Background, recording and content

Jody Miller had recently moved to Los Angeles, California and then signed with Capitol Records as a folk performer. Her debut studio album would be released in 1963 titled *Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe*. "I was very into Folk Music at the time," Miller recalled on her official website. The album was recorded at Capitol Studios, located in Hollywood, California. Sessions took place between December 1962 and January 1963. It was produced by Kermit Walter.

The recording sessions were backed by The Wrecking Crew, a group that featured Billy Strange and future artist Glen Campbell. The project consisted of 12 songs in total. According to the liner notes, the material for the album was songs Miller learned as a child. According to Miller herself, her favorite songs on the album were "The Hangman", "Railroad Boy" and "Butterfly".

## Release and reception

*Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe* was released in 1963 on Capitol Records. It was originally distributed as a vinyl LP, offered in both mono and stereo versions. The original disc featured six songs on either side of the record. In 2021, Capitol released her entire catalog from the label to digital retailers which included her debut album. *Cash Box* magazine gave the disc a positive review in June 1963, calling her "a talent to watch". The magazine further commented, "The lark has a rich, deep, vibrant wide-range voice and a distinctive feelingful style of phrasing."

The album helped Miller secure an opportunity to promote material on Tom Paxton's folk television show in 1963. However, the album was not a commercial success. "By the time I cut my first LP with Capitol, folk music was on its way out," she told *The Oklahoman*. Miller would go on to have her commercial breakout single with 1965's "Queen of the House". She would have further success in the pop and country genres through the 1970s.

## Track listing

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Railroad Boy" (adapted and arranged by Jody Miller) | Traditional | 2:12 |
| 2. | "Another Love" | Jack Marshall | 2:05 |
| 3. | "On the Other Side of the Mountain" | Jimmy Love | 2:10 |
| 4. | "All My Trials" (adapted and arranged by Jody Miler) | Traditional | 2:25 |
| 5. | "Lonely Am I" | Tom Glazer | 2:52 |
| 6. | "Midnight Special" (adapted and arranged by Jody Miller) | Traditional | 2:50 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Butterfly" | Ken Curtis | 1:51 |
| 2. | "Last Night a Little Girl Grew Up" | Marshall | 2:25 |
| 3. | "The Garden of My Heart" | * Bob Klimes * Gene Malone | 1:37 |
| 4. | "Wednesday's Child" | * Klimes * Malone | 2:40 |
| 5. | "The Hangman" | Randy Sparks | 2:38 |
| 6. | "Evergreen Tree" (adapted and arranged by Jody Miller) | Traditional | 1:53 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North America | 1963 | * LP Mono * LP Stereo | Capitol Records |  |
| | 2021 | * Music download * streaming | Capitol Records Nashville |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jody Miller | |
| Released | 1963 |
| Recorded | December 1962 – January 1963 |
| Studio | Capitol Studios |
| Genre | Folk |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer | Kermit Walter |
| Jody Miller chronology | |
| ***Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe***
(1963) *Queen of the House*
(1965) | |


title: No. 1451 Flight RAF

abstract: No. 1451 (Fighter) Flight was formed at RAF Hunsdon, Hertfordshire on 22 May 1941, equipped with Turbinlite Douglas Boston and Douglas Havoc aircraft. On operations they co-operated at first with Hawker Hurricanes of No. 1422 Flight RAF and later with Hurricanes of 3 Squadron. The flight was replaced with 530 Squadron on 8 September 1942 but officially disbanded as late as 25 January 1943. 530 Sqn, which had taken over men and machines, carried on flying the Turbinlite Bostons and Havocs till the system was abandoned on 25 January 1943, when Turbinlite squadrons were, due to lack of success on their part and the rapid development of AI radar, thought to be superfluous.

text:
# No. 1451 Flight RAF

**No. 1451 (Fighter) Flight** was formed at RAF Hunsdon, Hertfordshire on 22 May 1941, equipped with Turbinlite Douglas Boston and Douglas Havoc aircraft. On operations they co-operated at first with Hawker Hurricanes of No. 1422 Flight RAF and later with Hurricanes of 3 Squadron. The flight was replaced with 530 Squadron on 8 September 1942 (not on 2 September due to administrative reasons) but officially disbanded as late as 25 January 1943.

530 Sqn, which had taken over men and machines, carried on flying the Turbinlite Bostons and Havocs till the system was abandoned on 25 January 1943, when Turbinlite squadrons were, due to lack of success on their part and the rapid development of AI radar, thought to be superfluous.

## Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated by no. 1451 Flight RAF, data from
| From | To | Aircraft | Version |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 22 May 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Havoc | Mk.I (Turbinlite) |
| 22 May 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Havoc | Mk.I |
| 22 May 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Havoc | Mk.II (Turbinlite) |
| 22 May 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Havoc | Mk.II |
| 22 May 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Boston | Mk.II (Turbinlite) |
| 22 May 1941 | 8 September 1942 | Douglas Boston | Mk.III (Turbinlite) |

## Flight bases

Bases and airfields used by no. 1451 Flight RAF, data from
| From | To | Base |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 22 May 1941 | 8 September 1942 | RAF Hunsdon, Hertfordshire |

## Commanding officers

Officers commanding no. 1451 Flight RAF
| From | To | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 22 May 1941 | July 1941 | S/Ldr. D.C. Hobbis, DFC |
| July 1941 | November 1941 | S/Ldr. Paul Rabone |

Notes Bibliography  * Delve, Ken. *The Source Book of the RAF*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.
* Halley, James J. *The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918-1988*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
* Jefford, C.G. *RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
* Lake, Alan. *Flying Units of the RAF*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.
* Rawlings, John D.R. *Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London: Macdonald & Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 1969 (2nd edition 1976, reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
* Sturtivant, Ray, ISO and John Hamlin. *RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2007. ISBN 0-85130-365-X.

## InfoBox

| No. 1451 Flight RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| Turbinlite equipped Douglas Havoc, like the ones used by the flight | |
| Active | 22 May 1941 – 8 Sep 1942 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Role | Night fighter (Turbinlite) |
| Part of | No. 11 Group RAF, Fighter Command |
| Insignia | |
| Badge | No badge authorised |
| Squadron Codes | No known identification code for the flight is known to have been carried |


title: Georgia State University Law Review

abstract: The Georgia State University Law Review is a law review edited and published by students at Georgia State University College of Law. In addition to scholarly articles, each fall the Law Review publishes a detailed legislative review of the activities of the Georgia General Assembly known as the Peach Sheets. The Peach Sheets serve as the state's only legislative history.

text:
# Georgia State University Law Review

The ***Georgia State University Law Review*** is a law review edited and published by students at Georgia State University College of Law. In addition to scholarly articles, each fall the *Law Review* publishes a detailed legislative review of the activities of the Georgia General Assembly known as the *Peach Sheets*. The *Peach Sheets* serve as the state's only legislative history.

## Rankings

In 2013, ExpressO ranked the *Law Review* 83rd among the 100 Most Popular General Student Law Reviews, based upon submissions. In 2014, ExpressO's ranking for the *Law Review* increased to 47th, and then in 2015 the ranking increased again to 33rd.

## The Membership Selection Process

Two factors go into the determining which students receive invitations to join the *Law Review*. First, the journal considers the academic rank of the students. The full-time rising 2L class and part-time rising 3L class are ranked together in the summer after completing the first year full time curriculum. Second, students may choose to participate in the summer writing competition held by the *Law Review*.

The top 10 students in academic class rank receive an automatic invitation to join *Law Review*. Next, the top 10 written submissions receive an invitation. Finally, a composite score weighing the class rank and written submission equally is generated and the top 10-20 scores receive an invitation.

## InfoBox

*Georgia State University Law Review*
| Discipline | Legal studies |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Kassi N. Conley |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1984-present |
| Publisher | Georgia State University College of Law (United States) |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| Bluebook | *Ga. St. U. L. Rev.* |
| ISO 4 | *Ga. State Univ. Law Rev.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 8755-6847
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Lahugada

abstract: Lahugada is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, found in India. There is at least one described species in Lahugada, L. dohertyi. Lahugada is the only genus of the tribe Lahugadini.

text:
# Lahugada

***Lahugada*** is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, found in India. There is at least one described species in *Lahugada*, *L. dohertyi*.

*Lahugada* is the only genus of the tribe Lahugadini.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Lahugada* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Superfamily: | Cicadoidea |
| Family: | Cicadidae |
| Subfamily: | Cicadinae |
| Tribe: | Lahugadini |
| Genus: | *Lahugada*<br>Distant, 1905 |
|


title: Häggenschwil

abstract: Häggenschwil is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

text:
# Häggenschwil

**Häggenschwil** is a municipality in the *Wahlkreis* (constituency) of St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

## History

Häggenschwil is first mentioned in 1419 as *Hergnschwylen*.

## Geography

Häggenschwil has an area, as of 2006, of 9.2 km2 (3.6 sq mi). Of this area, 75.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 14% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 8.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.9%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The municipality is located in the St Gallen *Wahlkreis.* It consists of the settlements of Häggenschwil and Lömmenschwil as well as several small hamlets and the exclaves of Raach and Ruggisberg..

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Or two Leopards passant Gules crowned Argent.*

## Demographics

Häggenschwil has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 1,389. As of 2007, about 6.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Of the foreign population, (as of 2000), 28 are from Germany, 8 are from Italy, 23 are from ex-Yugoslavia, 1 person is from Austria,1 person is from Turkey, and 20 are from another country. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 9.9%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (96.9%), with Albanian being second most common ( 0.9%) and Arabic being third ( 0.6%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000), 1,108 speak German, 1 person speaks, French, 3 people speak Italian, and 2 people speak Romansh.

The age distribution, as of 2000, in Häggenschwil is; 212 children or 18.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 197 teenagers or 17.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 110 people or 9.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 220 people or 19.2% are between 30 and 39, 144 people or 12.6% are between 40 and 49, and 99 people or 8.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 69 people or 6.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 75 people or 6.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 16 people or 1.4% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is between 90 and 99.

In 2000 there were 92 persons (or 8.0% of the population) who were living alone in a private dwelling. There were 158 (or 13.8%) persons who were part of a couple (married or otherwise committed) without children, and 781 (or 68.3%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 66 (or 5.8%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 4 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 6 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 11 who lived household made up of unrelated persons, and 25 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 37.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (34.7%), the FDP (10.5%) and the SP (7.5%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Häggenschwil about 76.9% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Out of the total population in Häggenschwil, as of 2000, the highest education level completed by 247 people (21.6% of the population) was Primary, while 379 (33.2%) have completed the Secondary level, 140 (12.2%) have attended a Tertiary school, and 30 (2.6%) are not in school. The remainder did not answer this question.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1808 | 1,049 |
| 1850 | 935 |
| 1900 | 926 |
| 1950 | 908 |
| 1980 | 787 |
| 2000 | 1,143 |
|

## Economy

As of  2007, Häggenschwil had an unemployment rate of 1.34%. As of 2005, there were 144 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 56 businesses involved in this sector. 51 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 13 businesses in this sector. 98 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 24 businesses in this sector.

As of October 2009 the average unemployment rate was 1.3%. There were 91 businesses in the municipality of which 12 were involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 27 were involved in the third.

As of 2000 there were 209 residents who worked in the municipality, while 334 residents worked outside Häggenschwil and 67 people commuted into the municipality for work.

## Transport

Häggenschwil sits on the Bodensee–Toggenburg line between Romanshorn and St. Gallen and is served by the St. Gallen S-Bahn at Häggenschwil-Winden railway station.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 793 or 69.4% are Roman Catholic, while 203 or 17.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there is 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic faith, there are 7 individuals (or about 0.61% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 22 individuals (or about 1.92% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There is 1 individual who is Jewish, and 18 (or about 1.57% of the population) who are Islamic. 72 (or about 6.30% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 26 individuals (or about 2.27% of the population) did not answer the question.

## InfoBox

| Häggenschwil | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Häggenschwil | |
| HäggenschwilHäggenschwil | |
| Coordinates: 47°29′N 9°21′E / 47.483°N 9.350°E / 47.483; 9.350 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | St. Gallen |
| District | St. Gallen |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Thomas Huber |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.10 km2 (3.51 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 565 m (1,854 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 1,364 |
| Density | 150/km2 (390/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 9312 |
| SFOS number | 3201 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-SG |
| Surrounded by | Egnach (TG), Hauptwil-Gottshaus (TG), Muolen, Roggwil (TG), Waldkirch, Wittenbach, Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf (TG) |
| Website | www.haeggenschwil.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Twistesee

abstract: The Twistesee is a reservoir on the Twiste in the county of Waldeck-Frankenberg in North Hesse, Germany.

text:
# Twistesee

The **Twistesee** is a reservoir on the Twiste in the county of Waldeck-Frankenberg in North Hesse, Germany.

## Location

The Twistesee is located at the northern end of the Langer Wald around 30 km as the crow flies west-northwest of Kassel between Bad Arolsen in the west, Volkmarsen to the northeast and Wolfhagen to the southeast. The reason for its construction was the so-called Henry Flood (*Heinrichsflut*) on 16/17 July 1965 that caused serious damage and destruction in the catchment areas of the Twiste and Diemel rivers. Near one riverside village, Wetterburg, the Twiste was impounded by a dam to form a very large flood retention basin in order to control the water level.

## Sights

Among the sights in the vicinity of the Twistesee are:

* Bad Arolsen, the best known destination near the reservoir.
* Neu-Berich, a village with an interesting past, near the lake.
* Landau, somewhat southeast of the reservoir, has an historical old town which is entirely protected, a palace, an historical town church and the Landauer Wasserkunst, an historical water supply system.
* Near Volkhardinghausen, not far south of the reservoir, stands the French Oak (*Franzoseneiche*).

## Literature

* Peter Franke, Wolfgang Frey: Talsperren in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. DNK – DVWK 1987, ISBN 3-926520-00-0

## InfoBox

| The Twistesee with its dam and restaurant (above the overflow funnel of the flood relief tower) and the village of Wetterburg | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Waldeck-Frankenberg |
| Coordinates | 51°23′02″N 09°03′45″E / 51.38389°N 9.06250°E / 51.38389; 9.06250 |
| Construction began | 1971 |
| Opening date | 1981 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Impounds | Twiste |
| Height (foundation) | 23.5 m (77.1 ft) |
| Height (thalweg) | 21.5 m (70.5 ft) |
| Length | 275 m (902 ft) |
| Elevation at crest | 216.5 m (710.3 ft) |
| Width (crest) | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Width (base) | 135 m (443 ft) |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 430,000 m3 (15,000,000 cu ft) |
| Active capacity | 9,100,000 m3 (320,000,000 cu ft) |
| Catchment area | 125.1 km² |
| Surface area | 76 ha (0.76 km²) |
| Maximum length | 2.75 km |
| Maximum width | ca. 300 m |


title: Pseudorabdion saravacense

abstract: Pseudorabdion saravacense is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is found in Malaysia and Indonesia.

text:
# Pseudorabdion saravacense

***Pseudorabdion saravacense*** is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is found in Malaysia and Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudorabdion saravacense* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Pseudorabdion* |
| Species: | ***P. saravacense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudorabdion saravacense***
(Shelford, 1901) | |
|


title: Hygrocybe collucera

abstract: Hygrocybe collucera is a mushroom of the waxcap genus Hygrocybe. It grows in moist, shady conditions. A rare species, it is only found near Sydney. It was described in 2001 by the mycologist Anthony M. Young.

text:
# Hygrocybe collucera

***Hygrocybe collucera*** is a mushroom of the waxcap genus *Hygrocybe*. It grows in moist, shady conditions. A rare species, it is only found near Sydney. It was described in 2001 by the mycologist Anthony M. Young.

## InfoBox

| *Hygrocybe collucera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ferndale Park, Australia | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (EPBC Act) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hygrophoraceae |
| Genus: | *Hygrocybe* |
| Species: | ***H. collucera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hygrocybe collucera***
A.M.Young 2001 | |
|


title: Vladimir Prebilič

abstract: Vladimir Prebilič is a Slovenian politician for the Vesna party. He will become a member of the European Parliament taking office on 16 July 2024.

text:
# Vladimir Prebilič

**Vladimir Prebilič** (born 21 May 1974) is a Slovenian politician for the Vesna party. He will become a member of the European Parliament taking office on 16 July 2024.

1. "STA: Prebilič hopes to work on housing crisis, W Balkans in EU parliament". english.sta.si. Retrieved 13 June 2024.

## InfoBox

| Vladimir PrebiličMEP | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, 2024 | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament
for Slovenia | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
16 July 2024 | |
| Mayor of the Municipality of Kočevje | |
| **In office**
2010  15 July 2024 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1974-07-13) 13 July 1974
Ljubljana |
| Political party | Vesna |
|  | |


title: Peter Wintonick

abstract: Peter Kenneth Wintonick was a Canadian independent documentary filmmaker based in Montreal. A winner of the 2006 Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts, former Thinker in Residence for the Premier of South Australia, prolific award-winning filmmaker, he was one of Canada's best known international documentarians.

text:
# Peter Wintonick

**Peter Kenneth Wintonick** (June 10, 1953 – November 18, 2013) was a Canadian independent documentary filmmaker based in Montreal. A winner of the 2006 Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts, former Thinker in Residence for the Premier of South Australia, prolific award-winning filmmaker, he was one of Canada's best known international documentarians.

## Biography

Born in Trenton, Ontario in 1953, Wintonick was the son of John Wintonick and Norma Latham. He was of Ukrainian descent.

He founded **Necessary Illusions Productions** with Mark Achbar, and subsequently ran it with Francis Miquet. Wintonick was a co-founder of DocAgora, an event inserted into various film festivals showcasing cutting-edge digital strategies. He co-directed, with his daughter, Mira Burt-Wintonick, the 2009 documentary *PilgrIMAGE*, a film about documentary filmmaking.

Wintonick died of cholangiocarcinoma on November 18, 2013, aged 60.

## Select filmography

## Other work

In early 2005, at the invitation of the premier of South Australia, he filled the post of Thinker in Residence, examining the future of documentaries and the digital revolution with a focus on educational and cultural legislation.

## Governor General's Award

Wintonick was the winner of a 2006 Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts. His body of work includes dramatic features, theatrical documentaries, educational and socio-political works.

## Legacy

In 2014, a new award called the Peter Wintonick Award was given at Sheffield Doc/Fest to *Vessel*. The award was presented by Martin Rosenbaum, who read a message from Wintonick's daughter Mira, which said that she was very happy to see the award go to "a filmmaker who embodies his activist spirit." Wintonick's film *Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media* was also screened at the festival.

He is the subject of his daughter Mira's 2019 film *Wintopia*.

## InfoBox

| Peter Wintonick | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | June 10, 1953
Trenton, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | November 18, 2013(2013-11-18) (aged 60)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Occupation | Documentary filmmaker |
| Children | Mira Burt-Wintonick |
| Awards | Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts |


title: Wellington Weir

abstract: Wellington Weir was a weir proposed for the River Murray several kilometres south of the town of Wellington, South Australia, immediately upstream from where the river enters Lake Alexandrina. The Wellington Weir project was announced in 2006 by the state government of South Australia, led by Premier Mike Rann, who secured the agreement of Prime Minister of Australia John Howard at the Melbourne Cup. The proposed weir was suggested as an attempt to secure drinking water supplies for the city of Adelaide. The weir would perform two roles: first, it would maintain a pool of water up-river, sufficiently deep enough to allow continued use of the pumping station at Mannum during prolonged drought conditions; and second, the weir would reduce the flow of fresh water into Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert which evaporates over 1,000 gigalitres (3.5×10ⁱ⁰ cu ft) of water a year. Much of the river is already controlled by a system of locks and weirs, including the Goolwa Barrages near the Murray Mouth, and Lock 1 at Blanchetown, 274 km from the Murray Mouth. The lowering of water levels in the lake system would severely impact on all who rely on the lakes and river for their livelihood. This would include irrigators, such as those in the Langhorne Creek wine region, farmers on the Narrung Peninsula and Point Sturt, and fisherpeople at Meningie and Clayton. Opponents of the weir contended that the planned weir would severely damage the environment of the lakes and Coorong, and that already endangered species in the lakes and Coorong could become extinct. Sim and Muller trace the complex history of the area. Lloyd argues the weir diverts attention from the real issue: the sustainability of the Murray-Darling system. There was no environmental impact assessment conducted for the proposed weir. The area that would have been impacted is subject to a Ramsar Agreement, as part of an international convention that aims to halt the loss of wetlands and conserve those that remain through wise use and management. Questions of over-allocation of water were significant in the debate regarding the cost of a weir. For instance, why not spend money on buying water licences from irrigators that use water from the Murray River system to grow cotton in Queensland, rather than build this weir? Local action groups, including the River, Lakes and Coorong Action Group, formed to oppose the weir. In addition to the many concerns above they also pointed out that the water held back by the proposed weir would be stagnant because "winds from the northwest to the south circulate oxygenated waters from the lakes up the river for many kilometres and winds from the north and northeast bring back freshened water benefiting both areas and precisely fitting in with our anti-clockwise wind rotation". Additionally there were widespread concerns about the release of toxic metals and acidity through the drying out of the acid sulphate soils that are widespread around the lakes. The Wellington Weir was officially dropped by the South Australian Rann government in 2009, primarily due to community pressure about the environmental damage it would result in, and the construction of the Port Stanvac desalination plant. Drought-ending floods in the upper Darling River in late 2009 and the upper Murray River in April and May 2010 ended the matter. Significantly the local Aboriginal group, the Ngarrindjeri, performed the Murrundi Ruwe Pangari Ringbalin, in April 2010. They also visited the upper Darling to make plans for it in December 2009, one week before the first of the drought ending floods.

text:
# Wellington Weir

**Wellington Weir** was a weir proposed for the River Murray several kilometres south of the town of Wellington, South Australia, immediately upstream from where the river enters Lake Alexandrina.

The Wellington Weir project was announced in 2006 by the state government of South Australia, led by Premier Mike Rann, who secured the agreement of Prime Minister of Australia John Howard at the Melbourne Cup. The proposed weir was suggested as an attempt to secure drinking water supplies for the city of Adelaide. The weir would perform two roles: first, it would maintain a pool of water up-river, sufficiently deep enough to allow continued use of the pumping station at Mannum during prolonged drought conditions; and second, the weir would reduce the flow of fresh water into Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert which evaporates over 1,000 gigalitres (3.5×1010 cu ft) of water a year.

Much of the river is already controlled by a system of locks and weirs, including the Goolwa Barrages near the Murray Mouth, and Lock 1 at Blanchetown, 274 km from the Murray Mouth. The lowering of water levels in the lake system would severely impact on all who rely on the lakes and river for their livelihood. This would include irrigators, such as those in the Langhorne Creek wine region, farmers on the Narrung Peninsula and Point Sturt, and fisherpeople at Meningie and Clayton.

Opponents of the weir contended that the planned weir would severely damage the environment of the lakes and Coorong, and that already endangered species in the lakes and Coorong could become extinct. Sim and Muller trace the complex history of the area. Lloyd argues the weir diverts attention from the real issue: the sustainability of the Murray-Darling system. There was no environmental impact assessment conducted for the proposed weir. The area that would have been impacted is subject to a Ramsar Agreement, as part of an international convention that aims to halt the loss of wetlands and conserve those that remain through wise use and management.

Questions of over-allocation of water were significant in the debate regarding the cost of a weir. For instance, why not spend money on buying water licences from irrigators that use water from the Murray River system to grow cotton in Queensland, rather than build this weir?

Local action groups, including the *River, Lakes and Coorong Action Group*, formed to oppose the weir. In addition to the many concerns above they also pointed out that the water held back by the proposed weir would be stagnant because "winds from the northwest to the south circulate oxygenated waters from the lakes up the river for many kilometres and winds from the north and northeast bring back freshened water benefiting both areas and precisely fitting in with our anti-clockwise wind rotation". Additionally there were widespread concerns about the release of toxic metals and acidity through the drying out of the acid sulphate soils that are widespread around the lakes.

The Wellington Weir was officially dropped by the South Australian Rann government in 2009, primarily due to community pressure about the environmental damage it would result in, and the construction of the Port Stanvac desalination plant. Drought-ending floods in the upper Darling River in late 2009 and the upper Murray River in April and May 2010 ended the matter. Significantly the local Aboriginal group, the Ngarrindjeri, performed the Murrundi Ruwe Pangari Ringbalin, (River Country Spirit Ceremony) in April 2010. They also visited the upper Darling (Brewarrina and Bourke) to make plans for it in December 2009, one week before the first of the drought ending floods.

33°24′S 115°59′E / 33.400°S 115.983°E / -33.400; 115.983


title: Homaloxestis myeloxesta

abstract: Homaloxestis myeloxesta is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It is found in Taiwan and Japan.

text:
# Homaloxestis myeloxesta

***Homaloxestis myeloxesta*** is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It is found in Taiwan and Japan.

## InfoBox

| *Homaloxestis myeloxesta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lecithoceridae |
| Genus: | *Homaloxestis* |
| Species: | ***H. myeloxesta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Homaloxestis myeloxesta***<br>Meyrick, 1932 | |
|


title: Mike Shepherd (author)

abstract: Mike Shepherd is the pen name of Mike Moscoe, an American science fiction writer who lives in Vancouver, Washington. He was born to a Navy family and travelled a lot as a child. It was not until high school that he finished a year in the school he started.

text:
# Mike Shepherd (author)

**Mike Shepherd** is the pen name of **Mike Moscoe** (born 2 August 1947), an American science fiction writer who lives in Vancouver, Washington. He was born to a Navy family and travelled a lot as a child. It was not until high school that he finished a year in the school he started.

## Literary career

Born in Philadelphia, Shepherd sold his first published writing to the science fiction magazine *Analog*. It was a short story called "Summer Hopes, Winter Dreams" and appeared in the March 1991 issue.

His short story "A Day's Work on the Moon" was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novelette in 2000.

Shepherd has written about one book a year. His first three books, the *Lost Millennium* series (*First Dawn* in 1996, *Second Fire* in 1997, and *Lost Days* in 1998) had a combined sales of just over 20,000 copies, so his editor suggested that he switch genres, to military science fiction set in the future. His next three books, the *Society of Humanity* series (*The First Casualty* in 1999, *The Price of Peace* in 2000, and *They Also Serve* in 2001) sold better, at over 10,000 copies each, but not as high as was hoped. To make a fresh start for his next series, his editor suggested that he write under a new pseudonym.

His third and ongoing series, published as "Mike Shepherd", covers the exploits of Kris Longknife, a rich young naval officer who struggles to deal with the expectations and reputation of her famous family of military leaders, politicians, and billionaires. The first book, *Mutineer*, was published in 2004 to greater success than his previous books. In a review for *Tor.com*, Liz Bourke described the series as "pure fluff" of the good kind, that is, intellectually lightweight but "entertainingly sticky, full of implausible successes, assassins, fleet actions and daredevil do-or-die gallantry".

His contract with Ace Books expired in 2016, ending a 2 decade relationship, and in 2017, he founded his own independent publisher, KL & MM Books, to continue publishing his works, especially the Society of Humanity fictional universe works.

## List of works

### Lost Millennium

written as *Mike Moscoe*

1. *First Dawn* (1996) ISBN 0-441-00392-3
2. *Second Fire* (1997) ISBN 0-441-00458-X
3. *Lost Days* (1998) ISBN 0-441-00510-1

### Society of Humanity universe

#### Jump Universe books

First trilogy written as Mike Moscoe, originally referred to as "The Ray Longknife books", renamed in 2012 to "Jump Universe books" and republished under the name Mike Shepherd.

**Unity War** 1. *The First Casualty* (Jan 1, 1999) ISBN 978-0-441-00593-2
2. *The Price of Peace* (Jan 1, 2000) ISBN 978-0-441-00695-3
3. *They Also Serve* (Jan 1, 2001) ISBN 978-0-441-00795-0 **Interwar-period War**
4. *To Do or Die* (Feb 25, 2014) ISBN 978-0-425-26252-8 **Iteeche War**
5. *Rita Longknife: Enemy Unknown* (Mar 5, 2017) ASIN B01N4L4582
6. *Rita Longknife: Enemy in Sight* (Aug 31, 2017) ASIN B072JS9VNW

#### Kris Longknife books

Written as Mike Shepherd

1. *Mutineer* (Jan 27, 2004) ISBN 978-0-441-01142-1
2. *Deserter* (Nov 30, 2004) ISBN 978-0-441-01227-5
3. *Defiant* (Oct 25, 2005) ISBN 978-0-441-01349-4
4. *Resolute* (Oct 31, 2006) ISBN 978-0-441-01453-8
5. *Audacious* (Oct 30, 2007) ISBN 978-0-441-01541-2
6. *Intrepid* (Oct 28, 2008) ISBN 978-0-441-01651-8
7. *Undaunted* (Oct 27, 2009) ISBN 978-0-441-01786-7
8. *Redoubtable* (Oct 26, 2010) ISBN 978-0-441-01956-4  previously called *Superb*, changed after release of *Undaunted* where the author stated the next volume's working title in the "About the Author" blurb.
9. *Daring* (Oct 25, 2011) ISBN 978-1-937-007-03-4  crossover preceding the Vicky Peterwald trilogy, directly preceding *Vicky Peterwald: Target*
    * 9.5. *Welcome Home/Go Away* (Sep 25, 2012) Companion short novel ASIN B007FEFBEE
10. *Furious* (Oct 30, 2012) ISBN 978-1-937-007-39-3
    * 10.5. *Kris Longknife's Bloodhound* (Sep 3, 2013) Companion short novel ASIN B00F1KH098
11. *Defender* (Oct 29, 2013) ISBN 978-0-425-253-41-0
12. *Tenacious* (Oct 28, 2014) ISBN 978-0-425-252-90-1
13. *Unrelenting* (Oct 27, 2015) ISBN 978-0-425-277-37-9  previously called *Relentless*, changed to *Unrelenting* in March 2015 At the end, Kris Longknife is ordered back to human space and replaced by Sandy Santiago, beginning her series.
    * 13.5 *Kris Longknife Among the Kicking Birds* (Feb 6, 2017) ASIN B01MR8CBK7, This story was originally part of Kris Longknife - Unrelenting but these 7600 words had to be cut because the novel was too long. Now you can read the full story that was covered in one short paragraph in Unrelenting.
14. *Bold* (Oct 25, 2016) ISBN 978-0-425-277-38-6  crossover ending the Vicky Peterwald trilogy, directly succeeding *Vicky Peterwald: Rebel*
    * 14.1. *Ruth Longknife's First Christmas: A Kris Longknife Christmas* Companion short story (Dec 23, 2016) ASIN B01MQZ54RS
    * 14.9. *Kris Longknife's Bad Day* Companion short novel (Apr 2, 2017) ASIN B06X3YM79W, This story was the original opening chapters for Emissary, but was cut and replaced.
15. *Emissary* (May 1, 2017) ASIN B01N2B8PC3 There is a 5-year gap between *Bold* and *Emissary*. Not available in Trade Paperback, only available in oversized Paperback.
16. *Admiral* (Nov 5, 2017) ASIN B075DFYGBL Not available in Trade Paperback, only available in oversized Paperback.
17.
18. *Commanding* (May 1, 2018) ASIN B07BC89H8X Not available in Trade Paperback, only available in oversized Paperback.
19.
20. *Indomitable* (April 25, 2019) ASIN B07R69PSND Not available in Trade Paperback, only available in oversized Paperback.
21.
22. *Stalwart* (December 5, 2019) ASIN B07ZTV8RXN Not available in Trade Paperback, only available in oversized Paperback.
23.

#### Vicky Peterwald books

Written as Mike Shepherd

* 0.5: *Kris Longknife's Assassin* (May 30, 2014) ASIN B00KPH4J64  Short novel prequel to the Vicky Peterwald series
1. *Target* (June 24, 2014) ISBN 978-0425266571  A spin-off from *Kris Longknife: Daring*
2. *Survivor* (May 26, 2015) ISBN 978-0425266588
3. *Rebel* (May 31, 2016) ISBN 978-0425266595
    * Kris Longknife 14: *Bold* is the second crossover between the Kris Longknife and Vicky Peterwald series, taking place between *Rebel* and *Dominator*.
4. *Dominator* (July 2, 2018) ASIN B07DF7LBX3
5. *Implacable* (August 1, 2019) ASIN B07VVR3FDX

#### Sandy Santiago books

Written as Mike Shepherd

1. *Kris Longknife's Replacement: Admiral Santiago on Alwa Station* (Jan 5, 2017) ASIN B01N2P6WX3 Maria *Sandy* Santiago takes over Alva Station from Kris Longknife.
    * 1.5. *Kris Longknife’s Maid Goes on Strike* Segue between *Replacement* and *Relief*. ASIN B06ZY3HLJ9 Companion short story (Jun 1, 2017)
2. *Kris Longknife's Relief: Admiral Santiago on Alwa Station* (July 1, 2017) ASIN B071JD5LC7
3. *Kris Longknife's Successor: Grand Admiral Santiago on Alwa Station* (February 1, 2018) ASIN B0787JKQMP

#### Longknives books

1. *Longknifes Defend the Legation* (April 15, 2020) ASIN B085WDHDB5
    * Occurs immediately after Kris Longknive's *Indomitable*

### Works in others' series

### Non-series books

* *A Day's Work on the Moon: A Collection of Short Stories* (2011) ASIN B004O6MUU4 (credited as *Mike Shepherd* and *Mike Moscoe*)
* *The Job Interview: A Collection of Short Stories* (2012) ASIN B0073HI0DC (credited as *Mike Shepherd* and *Mike Moscoe*)
* *The Strange Redemption of Sister Mary Ann: A Collection of Short Stories* (2012) ASIN B0073HP3V4 (credited as *Mike Shepherd* and *Mike Moscoe*)

## Businesses

In 2017, Mike Shepherd established his own independent publisher, KL & MM Books.

## InfoBox

| Mike Shepherd | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mike Moscoe
(1947-08-02) August 2, 1947
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Website | www.mikeshepherd.org |


title: Lambhua Assembly constituency

abstract: Lambhua is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly comprising Lambhua tehsil, in Sultanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Lambhua is one of five assembly constituencies in the Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 190 amongst 403 constituencies. It had its first election in 2012 and its current representative is Sitaram Verma of the Bharatiya Janta Party.

text:
# Lambhua Assembly constituency

**Lambhua** is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly comprising Lambhua tehsil, in Sultanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Lambhua is one of five assembly constituencies in the Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 190 amongst 403 constituencies. It had its first election in 2012 and its current representative is Sitaram Verma of the Bharatiya Janta Party.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Election | Name | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Santosh Pandey |  | Samajwadi Party |
| 2017 | Devmani Dwivedi |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2022 | Sitaram Verma | | |
|

## Election results

### 2022

2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Lambhua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Sitaram Verma |  |  |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above |  |  |  |
| Majority | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | **gain** from | | Swing |  |  |

### 2017

Bharatiya Janta Party candidate Devmani Dwivedi won in last Assembly election of 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections defeating Bahujan Samaj Party candidate Vinod Singh by a margin of 12,903 votes.

26°08′N 82°14′E / 26.14°N 82.23°E / 26.14; 82.23

## InfoBox

| Lambhua | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 190 for the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | North India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Sultanpur |
| Established | 2012 |
| Total electors | 3,69,085 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Sitaram Verma** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janta Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Hyppa indistincta

abstract: Hyppa indistincta is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Hyppa indistincta is 9581.

text:
# Hyppa indistincta

***Hyppa indistincta*** is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Hyppa indistincta* is 9581.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Hyppa indistincta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Tribe: | Xylenini |
| Subtribe: | Xylenina |
| Genus: | *Hyppa* |
| Species: | ***H. indistincta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hyppa indistincta***<br>Smith, 1894 | |
|


title: Twisters (score)

abstract: Twisters is the score album to the 2024 film Twisters, directed by Lee Isaac Chung from the story and screenplay by Joseph Kosinski and Mark L. Smith, respectively; a standalone sequel to Twister (1996), the film stars Daisy Edgar-Jones, Glen Powell and Anthony Ramos amongst others. The film score is composed by Benjamin Wallfisch and released through Back Lot Music on August 2, 2024.

text:
# Twisters (score)

***Twisters (Original Motion Picture Score)*** is the score album to the 2024 film *Twisters*, directed by Lee Isaac Chung from the story and screenplay by Joseph Kosinski and Mark L. Smith, respectively; a standalone sequel to *Twister* (1996), the film stars Daisy Edgar-Jones, Glen Powell and Anthony Ramos amongst others. The film score is composed by Benjamin Wallfisch and released through Back Lot Music on August 2, 2024.

## Development

In April 2024, it was announced that Benjamin Wallfisch would compose the score for *Twisters* in his first association with Chung. He was a fan of the predecessor, and its musical score composed by Mark Mancina. The sequel had a different story and tone while taking the core elements and scale of predecessor, he also wanted it to be more emotional and connect with the characters as well. Though it was quite challenging, the discussions with Chung had made him clear on how to score it in a way. The score for Kate's character had to balance on the way she senses the weather as a sixth sense and also coming to terms with a tragedy that affected her relationships. Her theme was mostly about that wonderment, and was composed with an intricate piano, interlocked with arpeggiated material that signified the idea of rain.

During the music discussions, Wallfisch asked Chung on how the music should be repetitive but they are played upside down or in some way changed, which was the same way as "there's this extraordinary moment when a tornado is formed and touches down where all the conditions have to be perfect, but no one fully understands how they come together." The material was improvised and free, in contrast to Kate's theme that was more about her interpersonal relationship and how she overcomes the tragedy, it also reflected in the other themes. Wallfisch wanted to capture the tone of Americana through the instrumentation and music choices in the first half. Later, he composed themes for the different storm chasing groups where all of the tornadoes needed their own unique character as the story progresses.

The inspiration for the score is derived from Aaron Copland who was an important influence. From the onset, he wanted to establish the feel of Oklahoma where he tried to lean into the open harmonies and optimism, and while there are country music elements, he did not want to mimic those songs and let it as standalone material. Hence, Copland's works served as a subtle choice for the instrumentation process. Guitarist George Doering was a primary contributor, performing the country instruments—banjos and guitars from the region—in the first half and transitions to electric guitars in the second half as the story progresses.

Wallfisch attributed the score as a homage to John Williams and his musical scores for Steven Spielberg's films. The first theme "Nature's Masterpiece" references achieve the same, while has a subtle touch of Joe Hisaishi's music. He added "It's the idea that this is a work of art that nature creates. It's terrifying and devastating and dangerous, but it's still beautiful."

The score was recorded at the MGM Scoring Stage at Sony Pictures Studios in April 2024, with Wallfisch co-conducting the score with orchestrator Arturo Rodriguez and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Back Lot Music, the in-house label for Universal Pictures (the film's distributor), published the soundtrack on August 2, 2024, two weeks after the film.

## Critical reception

The score was positively received by critics. *Filmtracks* wrote "*Twisters* is a competent and enjoyable score that sounds good in almost every corner, but its narrative never quite gets off the ground." *Zanobard Reviews* assigned 8/10 to the score and wrote "Benjamin Wallfisch's breathtakingly adventurous and unapologetically thunderous work for *Twisters* makes for a genuinely spectacular listen from start to finish here." Dominic Griffin of *Looper* wrote "Benjamin Wallfisch's original score is so effective at riding this fence between summer blockbuster and solemn rumination on widespread tragedy". David Rooney of *The Hollywood Reporter* wrote that Wallfisch's score which threaded with the soundtrack enhanced the feel of Oklahoma. Sonya Alexander of *Script Magazine* wrote "The swelling score by Benjamin Wallfisch buttresses scenes of distress, chaos, and cataclysm". Ronak Kotecha of *The Times of India* wrote "Music director Benjamin Wallfisch attempts to give the disaster flick a musical-like treatment, which complements the proceedings".

## Track listing

*Twisters (Original Motion Picture Score)* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Nature's Masterpiece" | 1:57 |
| 2. | "Team Kate" | 1:19 |
| 3. | "Javi" | 2:49 |
| 4. | "This Car's Gonna Fly" | 5:21 |
| 5. | "Aftermath" | 1:24 |
| 6. | "She Told Us East" | 2:08 |
| 7. | "Shifting Path" | 2:56 |
| 8. | "The Race" | 2:09 |
| 9. | "Complete the Triangle" | 2:49 |
| 10. | "Rodeo" | 4:42 |
| 11. | "After the Storm" | 3:05 |
| 12. | "Tornado Theory" | 2:49 |
| 13. | "Everyone Into Position" | 1:32 |
| 14. | "Refinery" | 3:53 |
| 15. | "Kate's Theme" | 3:52 |
| 16. | "El Reno" | 2:37 |
| 17. | "Twisters" | 6:39 |
| 18. | "You Did It, Kate" | 1:52 |
| 19. | "If You Feel It, Chase It" | 1:23 |
| Total length: | | 55:16 |

## InfoBox

| Twisters (Original Motion Picture Score) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Film score by Benjamin Wallfisch | |
| Released | August 2, 2024 |
| Recorded | April 2024 |
| Studio | MGM Scoring Stage, Sony Pictures Studios |
| Genre | Film score |
| Length | 55:16 |
| Label | Back Lot Music |
| Producer | Benjamin Wallfisch |
| Benjamin Wallfisch chronology | |
| *The Flash (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)*
(2023) ***Twisters (Original Motion Picture Score)***
(2024) *Alien: Romulus*
(2024) | |


title: Numbers in Egyptian mythology

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# Numbers in Egyptian mythology

Certain numbers were considered sacred, holy, or magical by the ancient Egyptians, particularly 2, 3, 4, 7, and their multiples and sums.

## Three: symbol of plurality

The basic symbol for plurality among the ancient Egyptians was the number three: even the way they wrote the word for "plurality" in hieroglyphics consisted of three vertical marks (𓏼). Triads of deities were also used in Egyptian religion to signify a complete system. Examples include references to the god Atum "when he was one and became three" when he gave birth to Shu and Tefnut, and the triad of Horus, Osiris, and Isis.

Examples * The beer used to trick Sekhmet soaked **three** hands into the ground.
* The second god, Re, named **three** times to define the sun: dawn, noon, and evening.
* Thoth is described as the “**thrice**-great god of wisdom”.
* A doomed prince was doomed to **three** fates: to die by a crocodile, a serpent, or a dog.
* **Three** groups of **three** attempts each (nine attempts) were required for a legendary peasant to recover his stolen goods.
* A boasting mage claimed to be able to cast a great darkness to last **three** days.
* After asking Thoth for help, a King of Ethiopia was brought to Thebes and publicly beaten **three** further times.
* An Ethiopian mage tried—and failed—**three** times to defeat the greatest mage of Egypt.
* An Egyptian mage, in an attempt to enter the land of the dead, threw a certain powder on a fire **three** times.
* There are twelve (**three** times four) sections of the Egyptian land of the dead. The dead disembark at the **third**.
* The Knot of Isis, representing life, has **three** loops.

## Five

Examples * The second god, , named **five** gods and goddesses.
* Thoth added **five** days to the year by winning the light from the Moon in a game of gambling.
* It took **five** days for the **five** children of Nut and Geb to be born. These are Osiris, Nephthys, Isis, Set and Haroeris (Horus the Elder) - not be mistaken with Harpocrates (Horus the Younger), who defeated Set in battle.
* A boasting mage claimed to be able to bring the Pharaoh of Egypt to Ethiopia and by magic, have him beaten with a rod **five** hundred (**five** times **five** times **five** times four) times, and return him to Egypt in the space of **five** hours.
* An Ethiopian mage comes to challenge Egypt's greatest mage—to reading of a sealed letter—**five** hundred (**five** times **five** times **five** times four) years after the atrocity depicted in it occurred.
* The star, or pentagram, representing the afterlife, has **five** points.

Fives are less common in Egyptian mythology.

## Seven: symbol of perfection, effectiveness, completeness

The number seven was apparently the Egyptian symbol of such ideas as perfection, effectiveness, and completeness.

Examples * **Seven** thousand barrels of red beer were used to trick Sekhmet out of killing.
* In her search for her husband's pieces, the goddess Isis was guarded by **seven** scorpions.
* A legendary famine lasted **seven** years.
* The lowest amount that the Nile flooded to solve the famine was **seven** cubits. The highest was 28 cubits (four times **seven**).
* A doomed prince found a tower **seven**ty (**ten** times **seven**) cubits high with **seven**ty (**ten** times **seven**) windows.
* Set tore the god Osiris’ body into fourteen pieces: **seven** each for the two regions of Upper and Lower Egypt.
* The Pool symbol, representing water, contains **seven** zigzag lines.
* The Gold symbol has **seven** spines on its underside.

1. "Meaning in Many: The Symbolism of Numbers," *Symbol & Magic in Egyptian Art,* by Richard H. Wilkinson, Thames and Hudson, 1994, page 127.
2. "Meaning in Many: The Symbolism of Numbers," *Symbol & Magic in Egyptian Art,* by Richard H. Wilkinson, Thames and Hudson, 1994, page 131–133.
3. See Hermes Trismegistus.
4. "Tale of the Doomed Prince," *Egyptian Myth and Legend*, Donald Mackenzie, chapter 23. 1907.
5. "The Peasant and the Workman"
6. "Se-Osiris and the Sealed Letter"
7. "Se-Osiris and the Sealed Letter"
8. "Se-Osiris and the Sealed Letter"
9. "The Land of the Dead"
10. "The Land of the Dead"
11. "The Knot of Isis (tiet, tit, thet, tiyet)"
12. "The Story of Re"
13. Associated with the five "extra" days in the Egyptian calendar. From "The Story of Isis and Osiris".
14. Associated with the five "extra" days in the Egyptian calendar. From "The Story of Isis and Osiris".
15. "Se-Osiris and the Sealed Letter"
16. "Se-Osiris and the Sealed Letter"
17. "The Star (seba)"
18. "Creation Legend of Sun Worshippers," *Egyptian Myth and Legend*, Donald Mackenzie, chapter 1. 1907.
19. "The Tragedy of Osiris," *Egyptian Myth and Legend*, Donald Mackenzie, chapter 2. 1907.
20. "The Tradition of Seven Lean Years in Egypt," *The Ancient Near East Volume 1*, James B. Pritchard, ed., page 24–27. Princeton University Press, 1958.
21. "The Tradition of Seven Lean Years in Egypt," *The Ancient Near East Volume 1*, James B. Pritchard, ed., page 26. Princeton University Press, 1958.
22. "Tale of the Doomed Prince," *Egyptian Myth and Legend*, Donald Mackenzie, chapter 23. 1907.
23. According to Plutarch. "Osiris, the murdered god," *A History of Religious Ideas, Vol. 1: From the Stone Age to the Eleusinian Mysteries,* Mircea Eliade, page 97, note 35. University of Chicago Press, 1978.
24. "The Pool (she)"
25. "Gold (nebu)"