title: The Angle

abstract: The Angle is a Gettysburg Battlefield area which includes the 1863 Copse of Trees used as the target landmark for Pickett's Charge, the 1892 monument that marks the high-water mark of the Confederacy, a rock wall, and several other Battle of Gettysburg monuments.

text:
# The Angle

**The Angle** (**Bloody Angle** colloq.) is a Gettysburg Battlefield area which includes the 1863 **Copse of Trees** used as the target landmark for Pickett's Charge, the 1892 monument that marks the high-water mark of the Confederacy, a rock wall, and several other Battle of Gettysburg monuments.

## History

The area is where approximately 1,500 Confederate Virginians broke through the July 3, 1863, Union line on Cemetery Ridge, and in 1922, the Marine Expeditionary Force of Camp Harding used The Angle in their reenactment of Pickett's Charge. The proper noun "Bloody Angle" became common during the battlefield's commemorative era after being used as early as 1893.

A copy of the Gettysburg Cyclorama was displayed in an 1894 tent at The Angle, and during reunions in 1887, 1913 (50th battle anniversary), and 1938 (75th); battle veterans shook hands over the rock wall at The Angle. The nearby field along the Emmitsburg Road was also the site of Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War such as Eisenhower's 1918 Camp Colt, the 1938 Army Camp with the Secretary of War's quarters, and a World War II POW stockade.

The Angle is one of the few places named after the battle that is not named for a person (cf. The Loop). As with Hancock Avenue along the east wall that extends northward, the original route planned for the 1893 Gettysburg Electric Railway was along the west wall of The Angle that extends southward, and although the trolley line was moved along the Emmitsburg Road, the Gettysburg National Military Park did not acquire the trolley land at The Angle until congressional funding was appropriated in 1917.

## InfoBox

| The Angle Bloody Angle | |
| --- | --- |
| Historic site | |
| Plaque inscribed "General Armistead and a few Confederate soldiers charged across this wall, reached the Union cannon behind it and were soon overwhelmed" | |
| Coordinates: 39°48′48″N 77°14′11″W / 39.81343°N 77.23640°W / 39.81343; -77.23640 | |
| Location | plaque near north end of north-south wall<br>& west end of 80 ft west-east wall |


title: Evil (Eminem song)

abstract: "Evil" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his twelfth studio album The Death of Slim Shady (2024). It was produced by Don Cannon, Cubeatz and Eminem himself.

text:
# Evil (Eminem song)

"**Evil**" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his twelfth studio album *The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce)* (2024). It was produced by Don Cannon, Cubeatz and Eminem himself.

## Composition

The song finds Eminem rapping with the purpose of sparking controversy, such as referring to "the good kind of gay" as "two men \[who\] fuck each other".

## Critical reception

Karan Singh of *HipHopDX* wrote in a review of *The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce)* that "Eminem repeatedly feels the need to spoon-feed the implications of his lyrics to clarify where he's coming from. Scattered between the countless provocations are explanations designed to make dim people feel smart and slow ones feel quick-witted as he seems to be under the impression that his childish bars might fly over his listeners' heads", mentioning the song's lyrics concerning the meaning of the word "gay" as an example. Dash Lewis of *Pitchfork* commented "He's still good for a dumb laugh, even if it's a bit of a walk: 'Call this sex ed with a splash of necrophilia / 'Cause when I say that I'm really the evilest, I'm fucking deadass' from the otherwise bloodless 'Evil.'"

## Charts

Chart performance for "Evil"
| Chart (2024) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 32 |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 25 |
| Global 200 (*Billboard*) | 30 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 22 |
| Portugal (AFP) | 105 |
| Sweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan) | 3 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 6 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 30 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 11 |

## InfoBox

| "Evil" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Eminem | |
| from the album  *The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce)* | |
| Released | July 12, 2024 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 3:50 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |


title: Exchange matrix

abstract: In mathematics, especially linear algebra, the exchange matrices are special cases of permutation matrices, where the 1 elements reside on the antidiagonal and all other elements are zero. In other words, they are 'row-reversed' or 'column-reversed' versions of the identity matrix. J 2 = J 3 = ⋮ J n =

text:
# Exchange matrix

In mathematics, especially linear algebra, the **exchange matrices** (also called the **reversal matrix**, **backward identity**, or **standard involutory permutation**) are special cases of permutation matrices, where the 1 elements reside on the antidiagonal and all other elements are zero. In other words, they are 'row-reversed' or 'column-reversed' versions of the identity matrix.

$\begin{aligned}J\_{2}&={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}\\\\[4pt\]J\_{3}&={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\0&1&0\\1&0&0\end{pmatrix}\\\&\quad \vdots \\\\[2pt\]J\_{n}&={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&\cdots &0&1\\0&0&\cdots &1&0\\\vdots &\vdots &\\,{}\_{\_\cdot }\\,{}^{\_{\_\cdot }{\dot {\phantom {j}&\vdots &\vdots \\0&1&\cdots &0&0\\1&0&\cdots &0&0\end{pmatrix}\end{aligned}}}}}}}$

## Definition

If J is an *n* × *n* exchange matrix, then the elements of J are $J\_{i,j}={\begin{cases}1,&i+j=n+1\\0,&i+j\neq n+1\\\end{cases}}$

## Properties

* Premultiplying a matrix by an exchange matrix flips vertically the positions of the former's rows, i.e., $\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\0&1&0\\1&0&0\end{pmatrix}{\begin{pmatrix}1&2&3\\4&5&6\\7&8&9\end{pmatrix}={\begin{pmatrix}7&8&9\\4&5&6\\1&2&3\end{pmatrix}.}}$
* Postmultiplying a matrix by an exchange matrix flips horizontally the positions of the former's columns, i.e., $\begin{pmatrix}1&2&3\\4&5&6\\7&8&9\end{pmatrix}{\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\0&1&0\\1&0&0\end{pmatrix}={\begin{pmatrix}3&2&1\\6&5&4\\9&8&7\end{pmatrix}.}}$
* Exchange matrices are symmetric; that is: $J\_{n}^{\mathsf {T}=J\_{n}.}$
* For any integer k: $J\_{n}^{k}={\begin{cases}I&{\text{ if }k{\text{ is even,}\\\\[2pt\]J\_{n}&{\text{ if }k{\text{ is odd.}\end{cases}}}}}}$In particular, Jn is an involutory matrix; that is, $J\_{n}^{-1}=J\_{n}.$
* The trace of Jn is 1 if n is odd and 0 if n is even. In other words: $\operatorname {tr} (J\_{n})=n{\bmod {2}.}$
* The determinant of Jn is: $\det(J\_{n})=(-1)^{\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}$ As a function of n, it has period 4, giving 1, 1, −1, −1 when n is congruent modulo 4 to 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
* The characteristic polynomial of Jn is: $\det(\lambda I-J\_{n})={\begin{cases}{\big \[}(\lambda +1)(\lambda -1){\big \]}^{\frac {n}{2}&{\text{ if }n{\text{ is even,}\\\\[4pt\](\lambda -1)^{\frac {n+1}{2}(\lambda +1)^{\frac {n-1}{2}&{\text{ if }n{\text{ is odd.}\end{cases}}}}}}}}}$
* The adjugate matrix of Jn is: $\operatorname {adj} (J\_{n})=\operatorname {sgn}(\pi \_{n})J\_{n}.$ (where sgn is the sign of the permutation πk of k elements).

## Relationships

* An exchange matrix is the simplest anti-diagonal matrix.
* Any matrix A satisfying the condition *AJ* = *JA* is said to be centrosymmetric.
* Any matrix A satisfying the condition *AJ = JA*T is said to be persymmetric.
* Symmetric matrices A that satisfy the condition *AJ = JA* are called bisymmetric matrices. Bisymmetric matrices are both centrosymmetric and persymmetric.

* Pauli matrices (the first Pauli matrix is a 2×2 exchange matrix)


title: Evergreen School District No. 50

abstract: Evergreen School District No. 50 is the public school district for Evergreen, Montana. The school district occupies three buildings. East Evergreen Elementary School is located at 585 East Evergreen Drive, approximately one mile east of Highway 2. The school serves Kindergarten through Fourth grade students. The school has four Kindergarten classes, four First grade classes, four Second grade classes, three Third grade classes, and four Fourth grade classes. The school also has a library, gymnasium facility, music room, computer lab, and two special education classes for students of various needs. The east school site comprises 8.12 acres. Evergreen Junior High School is near the administration building at the corner of Highway 2 and West Evergreen Drive. The junior high school site consists of 20.94 acres. The administration building is located at 18 West Evergreen Drive, Kalispell, Montana.

text:
# Evergreen School District No. 50

**Evergreen School District No. 50** is the public school district for Evergreen, Montana. The school district occupies three buildings.

East Evergreen Elementary School is located at 585 East Evergreen Drive, approximately one mile east of Highway 2. The school serves Kindergarten through Fourth grade students. The school has four Kindergarten classes, four First grade classes, four Second grade classes, three Third grade classes, and four Fourth grade classes. The school also has a library, gymnasium facility, music room, computer lab, and two special education classes for students of various needs. The east school site comprises 8.12 acres.

Evergreen Junior High School (Grades 5 - 8) is near the administration building at the corner of Highway 2 and West Evergreen Drive. The junior high school site consists of 20.94 acres.

The administration building is located at 18 West Evergreen Drive, Kalispell, Montana.


title: Mahamane Traoré

abstract: Mahamane El Hadji Traoré is a Malian professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Internationally, he represented Mali.

text:
# Mahamane Traoré

**Mahamane El Hadji Traoré** (born 31 August 1988) is a Malian professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Internationally, he represented Mali.

## Career

Traoré played for Cercle Olympique de Bamako.

He earned his first cap with Mali in June 2005. At the youth level he played in the 2005 African U-17 Championship, scoring two goals.

On 17 February 2017, Traoré signed with Lithuanian club Žalgiris of the A Lyga.

## Career statistics

*Scores and results list Mali's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Traoré goal.*

List of international goals scored by Mahamane Traoré
| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5 June 2011 | Harare, Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe |  | 2–1 | 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
| 2 | 3 September 2011 | Bamako, Mali | Cape Verde |  | 3–0 | 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |

## Honours

**Mali**

## InfoBox

Mahamane Traoré
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mahamane El Hadji Traoré | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-08-31) 31 August 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Bamako, Mali | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2004–2005 | Cercle Olympique | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2004–2006 | Nice B | 30 | (4) |
| 2006–2016 | Nice | 100 | (9) |
| 2010–2012 | Metz (loan) | 36 | (5) |
| 2017 | Žalgiris | 10 | (0) |
| Total |  | **176** | **(18)** |
| International career | | | |
|  | Mali U17 |  |  |
| 2005–2014 | Mali | 32 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Evolution of emotion

abstract: The study of the evolution of emotions dates back to the 19th century. Evolution and natural selection has been applied to the study of human communication, mainly by Charles Darwin in his 1872 work, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin researched the expression of emotions in an effort to support his materialist theory of unguided evolution. He proposed that much like other traits found in animals, emotions apparently also evolved and were adapted over time. His work looked at not only facial expressions in animals and specifically humans, but attempted to point out parallels between behaviors in humans and other animals. According to evolutionary theory, different emotions evolved at different times. Primal emotions, such as love and fear, are associated with ancient parts of the psyche. Social emotions, such as guilt and pride, evolved among social primates. Evolutionary psychologists consider human emotions to be best adapted to the life our ancestors led in nomadic foraging bands.

text:
# Evolution of emotion

The study of the **evolution of emotions** dates back to the 19th century. Evolution and natural selection has been applied to the study of human communication, mainly by Charles Darwin in his 1872 work, *The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals*. Darwin researched the expression of emotions in an effort to support his materialist theory of unguided evolution. He proposed that much like other traits found in animals, emotions apparently also evolved and were adapted over time. His work looked at not only facial expressions in animals and specifically humans, but attempted to point out parallels between behaviors in humans and other animals.

According to evolutionary theory, different emotions evolved at different times. Primal emotions, such as love and fear, are associated with ancient parts of the psyche. Social emotions, such as guilt and pride, evolved among social primates. Evolutionary psychologists consider human emotions to be best adapted to the life our ancestors led in nomadic foraging bands.

## Origins

Darwin's original plan was to include his findings about expression of emotions in a chapter of his work, *The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex* (Darwin, 1871) but found that he had enough material for a whole book. It was based on observations, both those around him and of people in many parts of the world. One important observation he made was that even in individuals who were born blind, body and facial expressions displayed are similar to those of anyone else. The ideas found in his book on universality of emotions were intended to go against Sir Charles Bell's 1844 claim that human facial muscles were created to give them the unique ability to express emotions. The main purpose of Darwin's work was to support the theory of evolution by demonstrating that emotions in humans and other animals are similar. Most of the similarities he found were between species closely related, but he found some similarities between distantly related species as well. He proposed the idea that emotional states are adaptive, and therefore only those able to express certain emotions passed on their characteristics.

### Darwin's principles

In the 1872 work, Darwin proposed three principles. The first of the three is the "principle of serviceable habits", which he defined as we have certain habits or we perform different actions in certain states of mind, which get associated when that state of mind is induced, even when its not needed then. He used as an example contracting of eyebrows (furrowing the brow), which he noted is serviceable to prevent too much light from entering the eyes. He also said that the raising of eyebrows serves to increase the field of vision. He cited examples of people attempting to remember something and raising their brows, as though they could "see" what they were trying to remember.

The second of the principles is that of antithesis. While some habits are serviceable, Darwin proposed that some actions or habits are carried out merely because they are opposite in nature to a serviceable habit, but are not serviceable themselves. Shrugging of the shoulders is an example Darwin used of antithesis, because it has no service. Shoulder shrugging is a passive expression, and very opposite of a confident or aggressive expression.

The third of the principles is expressive habits, or nervous discharge from the nervous system. This principle proposes that some habits are performed because of a build-up to the nervous system, which causes a discharge of the excitement. Examples include foot and finger tapping, as well as vocal expressions and expressions of anger. Darwin noted that many animals rarely make noises, even when in pain, but under extreme circumstances they vocalize in response to pain and fear.

## Research

Paul Ekman is most noted in this field for conducting research involving facial expressions of emotions. His work provided data to back up Darwin's ideas about universality of facial expressions, even across cultures. He conducted research by showing photographs exhibiting expressions of basic emotion to people and asking them to identify what emotion was being expressed. In 1971, Ekman and Wallace Friesen presented to people in a preliterate culture a story involving a certain emotion, along with photographs of specific facial expressions. The photographs had been previously used in studies using subjects from Western cultures. When asked to choose, from two or three photographs, the emotion being expressed in the story, the preliterate subjects' choices matched those of the Western subjects most of the time. These results indicated that certain expressions are universally associated with particular emotions, even in instances in which the people had little or no exposure to Western culture. The only emotions the preliterate people found hard to distinguish between were fear and surprise. Ekman noted that while universal expressions do not necessarily prove Darwin's theory that they evolved, they do provide strong evidence of the possibility. He mentioned the similarities between human expressions and those of other primates, as well as an overall universality of certain expressions to back up Darwin's ideas. The expressions of emotion that Ekman noted as most universal based on research are: anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and enjoyment.

A common view is that facial expressions initially served a non-communicative adaptive function. Thus, the widened eyes in the facial expression of fear have been shown to increase the visual field and the speed of moving the eyes which helps finding and following threats. The wrinkled nose and mouth of the facial expression of disgust limit the intake of foul-smelling and possibly dangerous air and particles. Later, such reactions, which could be observed by other members of the group, increasingly become more distinctive and exaggerated in order to fulfill a primarily socially communicative function. This communicative function can dramatically or subtly influence the behavior of other members in the group. Thus, rhesus monkeys or human infants can learn to fear potential dangers based on only the facial expressions of fear of other group members or parents. Seeing fear expressions increases the tendency for flight responses while seeing anger expressions increases the tendency for fight responses. Classical conditioning studies have found that it is easier to create a pairing between a negative stimulant and anger/fear expressions than between a negative stimulant and a happiness expression. Cross-cultural studies and studies on the congenitally blind have found that these groups display the same expressions of shame and pride in situations related to social status. These expressions have clear similarities to displays of submission and dominance by other primates. Humans viewing expression of pride automatically assign a higher social status to such individuals than to those expressing other emotions.

Expressed emotions and adaptive functions
| Expressed emotion | Initial physiological function | Evolved communicative function |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fear | Increased visual field and speed of eye movement from widened eyes. Sensory hypersensitization (e.g. hearing and touch). Substantial adrenal response (e.g. Vomiting and bodily fluid evacuation). | Fight-or-flight (posturing, thanatosis, hostility, etc). Eusocial alerting to potential threats. Appeasement to peer aggressor. Hindered or shutdown learning postures (loops close in favor of survival). |
| Surprise | Increased visual field from widened eyes, decreased stimulus sharpness. Hormonal shifts (e.g. noradrenaline). | Improved (receptive) learning postures and modified perception filtering. |
| Disgust | Constriction of head openings reduce dangerous inhalations and ingestions, reduced blood flow and digestion. Nausea and dizziness, vomiting and bodily fluid evacuation. | Warning of dangerous foods (in particular poisons) and stimulus changes. Psychogenic vomiting. Unable to assume learning postures. |
| Happiness | Vascularization and hormonal rebalancing (e.g. Oxytocin, dopamine, and serotonin shifts). Wide range of physiological signaling (e.g. innarticulate grunts such as laughter). | Absence of threat, Reinforced learning postures. Nurturing. |
| Sadness | Tears, disphoria, mirror behavior desensitization, avoidance behavior. | Vision handicapped by tears to show appeasement and evoke juvenile care taking behaviors in vertebates (engage peer sympathy). Downregulated or shutdown learning postures. |
| Anger | Primed adrenal responses (pupil dilation, pain desensitization, sweat, gastro-intestinal compartization, hostility) | Warning of impending threats. Dominant posturing. Adversarial learning postures. |
| Pride | Increased lung volume in preparation for encountering challengers. Arousal. | Increased social status posturing and mating attempts. |
| Shame/Embarrassment | Reduces and hides vulnerable body areas from potential attacks, arousal downregulation. | Decreased social status posturing and mating attempts. Wish for appeasement. |

Robert Zajonc published two reviews in 1989 of the "facial efference theory of emotion", also known as facial feedback theory, which he had first introduced to the scientific literature in an article published in *Science* in 1985. This theory proposes that the facial musculature of mammals can control the temperature of the base of the brain (in particular the hypothalamus) by varying the degree of forward and backward flow through a vascular network (a so-called *rete mirabile*). The theory is based on the idea that increasing the temperature of portions of the hypothalamus can produce aggressive behavior, whereas cooling can produce relaxation. Our emotional language has comparable descriptors, such as "hot-head" and "cool-breezy". The theory offers an explanation for the evolution of common facial expressions of emotion in mammals. Little experimental work has been done to extend the theory, however.

Carroll Izard discussed gains and losses associated with the evolution of emotions. He said that discrete emotion experiences emerge in ontogeny before language or conceptual structures that frame the qualia known as discrete emotion feelings are acquired. He noted that in evolution, when humans gained the capability of expressing themselves with language, this contributed greatly to emotional evolution. Not only can humans articulate and share their emotions, they can use their experiences to foresee and take appropriate action in future experiences. He did, however, raise the question of whether or not humans have lost some of their empathy for one another, citing things such as murder and crime against one another as destructive.

Joseph LeDoux focuses much of his research on the emotion fear. Fear can be evoked by two systems in the brain, both involving the thalamus and the amygdala: one old, short and fast, the other more recently evolved, more circuitous and slower. In the older system, sensory information travels directly and quickly from the thalamus to the amygdala where it elicits the autonomic and motor responses we call fear. In the younger system, sensory information travels from the thalamus to the relevant cortical sensory areas (touch to the somatosensory cortex, vision to the visual cortex, etc.) and on to frontal association areas, where appraisal occurs. These frontal areas communicate directly with the amygdala and, in light of appraisal, may reduce or magnify the amygdala's fear response. If you glimpse what looks like a snake, long before your younger frontal areas have had time to determine it is a stick, the old thalamus-amygdala system will have evoked fear. LeDoux hypothesizes that the old fast system persists because a behavioral response at the first hint of danger is of little consequence when mistaken but may mean the difference between life and death when appropriate.

1. Darwin, C. (2007) \[1872\]. *The expression of the emotions in man and animals*. New York: Filiquarian. ISBN 978-0-8014-1990-4.
2. Hess, U.; Thibault, P. (2009). "Darwin and Emotion Expression". *American Psychologist*. **64** (2): 120–8. doi:10.1037/a0013386. PMID 19203144.
3. Bell, C. (1844). *The anatomy and philosophy of expression as connected with the fine arts* (3 ed.). London: John Murray.
4. Ekman, P; Friesen, W (1971). "Constants across cultures in the face and emotion" (PDF). *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **17** (2): 124–9. doi:10.1037/h0030377. PMID 5542557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-28. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
5. Ekman, P. (1993). "Facial expression and emotion" (PDF). *American Psychologist*. **48** (4): 384–92. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384. PMID 8512154. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
6. Shariff, A. F.; Tracy, J. L. (2011). "What Are Emotion Expressions For?". *Current Directions in Psychological Science*. **20** (6): 395. doi:10.1177/0963721411424739. S2CID 18876999.
7. Adelmann, P. K.; Zajonc, R. B. (1989). "Facial efference and the experience of emotion". *Annual Review of Psychology*. **40**: 249–280. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.40.020189.001341. PMID 2648977.
8. Zajonc, R. B.; Murphy, S. T.; Inglehart, M. (1989). "Feeling and facial efference: Implications for the vascular theory of emotion". *Psychological Review*. **96** (3): 395–416. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.395. PMID 2756066.
9. Zajonc1, R.B. (1985). "Emotion and facial efference: a theory reclaimed". *Science*. **228** (4695): 15–21. Bibcode:1985Sci...228...15Z. doi:10.1126/science.3883492. PMID 3883492.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
10. Izard, C. (2009). "Emotion Theory and Research: Highlights, Unanswered Questions, and Emerging Issues". *Annual Review of Psychology*. **60** (1): 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163539. PMC 2723854. PMID 18729725.
11. LeDoux, J (1998). "The emotional brain". In Jenkins, JM; Oatley, K; Stein, NL (eds.). *Human Emotions: A reader*. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 98–111. ISBN 0-631-20747-3.
12. Ledoux, J. (1996). "Emotion Theory and Research: Highlights, Unanswered Questions, and Emerging Issues". *Annual Review of Psychology*. **60** (1): 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163539. PMC 2723854. PMID 18729725.


title: Mainstream (band)

abstract:
Mainstream were an English shoegazer band, briefly famous in the late 1990s. They were formed by Mewton, Hartnell and Neill. Later they were joined by Peter Mullaney (guitar) and later still Mark James Aviss. After performing several successful gigs they attracted label interest. Immediately prior to signing with Nude Records, Peter Mullaney for various reasons departed, later to be replaced with Greg Cook. Signed to Suede's label Nude Records in early 1995 and produced one album in 1998.
The band comprised Anthony Neale (voice), James Hartnell (guitars), Conrad Mewton (bass), Greg Cook (keyboards) and Mark James Aviss (drums). Despite having been renowned for their live performances, the album failed to chart anywhere and the group split up shortly afterwards. However the album appears to be still in print and selling. Also in 2006, a Myspace page was created for the band, although this only contains information about their prior career, and does not indicate either that the band have reformed or are planning to do so.

text:
# Mainstream (band)

**Mainstream** were an English shoegazer band, briefly famous in the late 1990s. They were formed by Mewton, Hartnell and Neill. Later they were joined by Peter Mullaney (guitar) and later still (after a bit of searching) Mark James Aviss. After performing several successful gigs they attracted label interest. Immediately prior to signing with Nude Records, Peter Mullaney for various reasons departed, later to be replaced with Greg Cook. Signed to Suede's label Nude Records in early 1995 and produced one album (also called *Mainstream*) in 1998. The band comprised Anthony Neale (voice) (now frontman for The Truths on Aardvark Records), James Hartnell (guitars), Conrad Mewton (bass), Greg Cook (keyboards) and Mark James Aviss (drums) (now with The Little Things).

Despite having been renowned for their live performances, the album failed to chart anywhere and the group split up shortly afterwards.

However the album appears to be still in print and selling (as of October 2007 it was possible to find the album on the shelf in both the Virgin Megastore and the HMV on London's Oxford Street and it remains available from several on-line stores). Also in 2006, a Myspace page was created for the band, although this only contains information about their prior career, and does not indicate either that the band have reformed or are planning to do so.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Mainstream* (Nude), 1998

### Singles

* "Make It Easy" (Nude), promo 7"
* "Hurricane" (Nude), 1997
* "Privilege" (Nude), 1997 (UK No. 85)
* "Step Right Up" (Nude), 1998 (UK No. 80)
* "CanJam" (Nude), 1998 (UK No. 88)

## InfoBox

| Mainstream | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | England |
| Genres | Alternative rock, shoegazing |
| Years active | 19941999 |
| Labels | Nude |
|  | |
| Past members | Anthony Neale
James Hartnell
Conrad Mewton
Greg Cook
Mark James Aviss |


title: The Beer Factor

abstract: The Beer Factor is an Australian television series in five parts about beer, which debuted on 9Go! on 1 September 2012 and ended on 29 September 2012. It is hosted by Tom Gleeson. The show was sponsored by Hahn Brewery and its parent company Lion.

text:
# The Beer Factor

***The Beer Factor*** is an Australian television series in five parts about beer, which debuted on 9Go! (then GO!) on 1 September 2012 and ended on 29 September 2012. It is hosted by Tom Gleeson. The show was sponsored by Hahn Brewery and its parent company Lion.

## InfoBox

| *The Beer Factor* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | variety television |
| Presented by | Tom Gleeson |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Original release | |
| Network | GO! |
| Release | 1 September (2012-09-01) <br>29 September 2012 (2012-09-29) |


title: Evert Groenewald

abstract: Rear Admiral Evert Groenewald is a retired South African Navy officer, who served as Chief of Naval Operations before his retirement in 1999. He joined the Navy in 1963 at the South African Naval College and later obtained a BMil (BSc) at the South African Military Academy He commanded the submarines SAS Emily Hobhouse and SAS Johanna van der Merwe He served as Chief of Naval Staff Intelligence as a Commodore and on 1 May 1996 was promoted to rear admiral and appointed Chief of Naval Operations. He retired in 1999 and the post of Chief of Naval Operations was re-organised into Flag Officer Fleet during a Navy restructuring.

text:
# Evert Groenewald

Rear Admiral **Evert Groenewald** is a retired South African Navy officer, who served as Chief of Naval Operations before his retirement in 1999.

He joined the Navy in 1963 at the South African Naval College and later obtained a BMil (BSc) at the South African Military Academy

He commanded the submarines SAS *Emily Hobhouse* and SAS *Johanna van der Merwe*

He served as Chief of Naval Staff Intelligence as a Commodore and on 1 May 1996 was promoted to rear admiral and appointed Chief of Naval Operations.

He retired in 1999 and the post of Chief of Naval Operations was re-organised into Flag Officer Fleet during a Navy restructuring.

## Awards and decorations

## InfoBox

| Evert Phillipus Groenewald | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Gringo |
| Allegiance | South Africa |
| Service/branch | South African Navy |
| Years of service | 1963 - 1999 |
| Rank | Rear Admiral |
| Commands | * Chief of Naval Operations * Chief of Naval Staff Intelligence |
| Awards | * Southern Cross Decoration * Southern Cross Medal * Military Merit Medal |
| Relations | daughter Tina Struthers |


title: Extreme Universe

abstract: Extreme Universe is a documentary about extremeness of our Universe. It consists of 6 episodes. The series is written by Rob Blumenstein and John Coll Metcalfe.

text:
# Extreme Universe

***Extreme Universe*** is a documentary about extremeness of our Universe. It consists of 6 episodes. The series is written by Rob Blumenstein and John Coll Metcalfe.

## Episode List

| No. in series | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Is Anybody Out There?" | 11th Jun 2010 (11th Jun 2010) |
| Travel to the farthest reaches of the universe, as this exploratory space documentary series asks 'is anyone out there'? | | | |
| 2 | "Collision Course" | 13th Jun 2010 (13th Jun 2010) |
| Witness some of the most violent impacts in the universe, and meet the people protecting us from the fallout of these cosmic collisions. | | | |
| 3 | "Space Storms" | 15th Jun 2010 (15th Jun 2010) |
| Witness the relentless power of Earth's worst weather, before travelling the universe to find the 17,500kmh winds and methane storms of space. | | | |
| 4 | "Edge of Space" | 17th Jun 2010 (17th Jun 2010) |
| Delve into the unknown on a journey into deep oceans and deep space, as we seek the answers to some of mankind's most unfathomable questions. | | | |
| 5 | "Time Bombs" | 19th Jun 2010 (19th Jun 2010) |
| Planets, moons and stars can all face violent upheaval at any moment. Is it possible to predict when Mother Nature will strike. | | | |
| 6 | "Star Gate" | 21st Jun 2010 (21st Jun 2010) |
| Throughout history, humans have been fascinated by the stars. Discover how astronomy played a crucial role in early civilisations. | | | |

http://forums.mvgroup.org

## InfoBox

| *Extreme Universe* | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Narrated by | Dominic Frisby |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 6 x 47 min |
| Original release | |
| Network | National Geographic Channel |
| Release | 11 June (2010-06-11) <br>21 June 2010 (2010-06-21) |


title: Extrusothecium

abstract: Extrusothecium is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown.

text:
# Extrusothecium

***Extrusothecium*** is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (*incertae sedis*).

## InfoBox

| *Extrusothecium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | *incertae sedis* |
| Family: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | ***Extrusothecium***
Matsush. (1996) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Extrusothecium caffrum*
Matsush. (1996) | |
| Species | |
| *E. caffrum*
*E. kobense* | |


title: Extè

abstract: Extè is an Italian fashion clothing brand introduced in 1996 by IT Holding Group. The company sells youth ready-to-wear clothing and fashion accessories. Creative director for the brand has been held by: Antonio Berardi, Sergio Ciucci and Alessandro De Benedetti.

text:
# Extè

**Extè** is an Italian fashion clothing brand introduced in 1996 by IT Holding Group. The company sells youth ready-to-wear clothing and fashion accessories. Creative director for the brand has been held by: Antonio Berardi, Sergio Ciucci and Alessandro De Benedetti.

## InfoBox

Extè
| Industry | Clothing |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1996 |
| Headquarters | Milan, Italy |
| Parent | IT Holding Group |
| Website | exte.it |


title: The Beatles Box

abstract: The Beatles Box is an eight-record box set of Beatles recordings, initially released on 3 November 1980 by World Records, a mail-order subsidiary of EMI. It was also issued in two formats by Reader's Digest in New Zealand, Australia and Mexico. This was the last Beatles release issued during John Lennon's lifetime before his murder the following month.

text:
# The Beatles Box

***The Beatles Box*** is an eight-record box set of Beatles recordings, initially released on 3 November 1980 by World Records, a mail-order subsidiary of EMI. It was also issued in two formats by Reader's Digest in New Zealand, Australia and Mexico.

This was the last Beatles release issued during John Lennon's lifetime before his murder the following month.

## Track listing

All songs composed by John Lennon and Paul McCartney except where noted

### Record 1

Side one 1. "Love Me Do" (original UK single with Ringo Starr on drums)
2. "P.S. I Love You" (mock stereo remix from *Please Please Me*)
3. "I Saw Her Standing There"
4. "Please Please Me"
5. "Misery"
6. "Do You Want to Know a Secret"
7. "A Taste of Honey" (Bobby Scott and Ric Marlow)
8. "Twist and Shout" (Phil Medley, Bert Russell)

Side two 1. "From Me to You"
2. "Thank You Girl" (mono)
3. "She Loves You" (mock stereo remix from *A Collection of Beatles Oldies*)
4. "It Won't Be Long"
5. "Please Mr. Postman" (Georgia Dobbins, William Garrett, Freddie Gorman, Brian Holland, Robert Bateman)
6. "All My Loving" (hi-hat intro)
7. "Roll Over Beethoven" (Chuck Berry)
8. "Money (That's What I Want)" (Janie Bradford, Berry Gordy)

### Record 2

Side one 1. "I Want to Hold Your Hand"
2. "This Boy" (mono)
3. "Can't Buy Me Love"
4. "You Can't Do That"
5. "A Hard Day's Night"
6. "I Should Have Known Better"
7. "If I Fell"
8. "And I Love Her" (from US *Rarities* LP) (alternate version with six-bar ending; originally issued in Germany)

Side two 1. "Things We Said Today"
2. "I'll Be Back"
3. "Long Tall Sally" (stereo) (Enotris Johnson, Richard Penniman, Robert Blackwell)
4. "I Call Your Name" (stereo)
5. "Matchbox" (stereo) (Carl Perkins)
6. "Slow Down" (stereo) (Larry Williams)
7. "She's a Woman" (stereo)
8. "I Feel Fine" ("whisper" version, first issued on the UK version of *1962–1966*)

### Record 3

Side one 1. "Eight Days a Week"
2. "No Reply"
3. "I'm a Loser"
4. "I'll Follow the Sun"
5. "Mr. Moonlight" (Roy Lee Johnson)
6. "Every Little Thing"
7. "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
8. "Kansas City"/"Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!" (Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller / Richard Penniman)

Side two 1. "Ticket to Ride"
2. "I'm Down" (stereo)
3. "Help!"
4. "The Night Before"
5. "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away"
6. "I Need You" (George Harrison)
7. "Another Girl"
8. "You're Going to Lose That Girl"

### Record 4

Side one 1. "Yesterday"
2. "Act Naturally" (Johnny Russell, Voni Morrison)
3. "Tell Me What You See"
4. "It's Only Love"
5. "You Like Me Too Much" (George Harrison)
6. "I've Just Seen a Face"
7. "Day Tripper" (US *Yesterday and Today* mix)
8. "We Can Work It Out"

Side two 1. "Michelle"
2. "Drive My Car"
3. "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)"
4. "You Won't See Me"
5. "Nowhere Man"
6. "Girl"
7. "I'm Looking Through You"
8. "In My Life"

### Record 5

Side one 1. "Paperback Writer" (US *Hey Jude* stereo version)
2. "Rain"
3. "Here, There and Everywhere"
4. "Taxman" (George Harrison)
5. "I'm Only Sleeping" (US *Yesterday and Today* stereo version)
6. "Good Day Sunshine"
7. "Yellow Submarine"

Side two 1. "Eleanor Rigby"
2. "And Your Bird Can Sing" (US *Yesterday and Today* stereo version)
3. "For No One"
4. "Doctor Robert"
5. "Got to Get You into My Life"
6. "Penny Lane" (US *Rarities* edit)
7. "Strawberry Fields Forever"

### Record 6

Side one 1. "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
2. "With a Little Help from My Friends"
3. "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
4. "Fixing a Hole"
5. "She's Leaving Home"
6. "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!"
7. "A Day in the Life" (edited version from *1967–1970*)

Side two 1. "When I'm Sixty-Four"
2. "Lovely Rita"
3. "All You Need Is Love" (mono)
4. "Baby, You're a Rich Man" (German *Magical Mystery Tour* stereo)
5. "Magical Mystery Tour"
6. "Your Mother Should Know"
7. "The Fool on the Hill"
8. "I Am the Walrus" (US *Rarities* composite)

### Record 7

Side one 1. "Hello, Goodbye"
2. "Lady Madonna"
3. "Hey Jude"
4. "Revolution"
5. "Back in the U.S.S.R."
6. "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da"
7. "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (George Harrison)

Side two 1. "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" (minus the opening flamenco guitar intro)
2. "Happiness Is a Warm Gun"
3. "Martha My Dear"
4. "I'm So Tired"
5. "Piggies" (George Harrison)
6. "Don't Pass Me By" (Richard Starkey)
7. "Julia"
8. "All Together Now"

### Record 8

Side one 1. "Get Back" (LP version)
2. "Don't Let Me Down"
3. "The Ballad of John and Yoko"
4. "Across the Universe"
5. "For You Blue" (George Harrison)
6. "Two of Us"
7. "The Long and Winding Road"
8. "Let It Be" (LP version)

Side two 1. "Come Together"
2. "Something" (George Harrison)
3. "Maxwell's Silver Hammer"
4. "Octopus's Garden" (Richard Starkey)
5. "Here Comes the Sun" (George Harrison)
6. "Because"
7. "Golden Slumbers"
8. "Carry That Weight"
9. "The End"
10. "Her Majesty" (preceding pause shortened from 15 seconds)

## InfoBox

| The Beatles Box | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Box set by the Beatles | |
| Released | 3 November 1980 |
| Recorded | 1962–1970 |
| Studio | Abbey Road Studios, London; Olympic Studios, London; Trident Studios, London; Apple Studios, London; Regent Sound Studios, London; Pathe Marconi Studios, Paris; Chappell Studios, London |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 329:31 |
| Label | Parlophone: World Records (SM 701-8) |
| Producer | Bryan Tyrrell and June Pengelly (Co-ordinators) |
| Compiler | Simon Sinclair |
|  | |
| The Beatles chronology | |
| *The Beatles Ballads*
(1980) ***The Beatles Box***
(1980) *The Beatles EP Collection*
(1981) | |
|  | |


title: The Beatles Concerto

abstract: The Beatles Concerto is an instrumental musical medley of tunes from songs by The Beatles for two pianos and orchestra, arranged and composed by John Rutter within a classical "Piano Concerto Form".

text:
# The Beatles Concerto

***The Beatles Concerto*** is an instrumental musical medley of tunes from songs by The Beatles for two pianos and orchestra, arranged and composed by John Rutter within a classical "Piano Concerto Form".

## The LP

A recording from 1979 conducted by Ron Goodwin included the interpretation and performance of concert-pianists Peter Rostal and Paul Schaefer as well as accompaniment from the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. Since then, Rutter's *The Beatles Concerto* and its recording have been compared to concertos from Rachmaninoff and Tchaikovsky. It has also been described as not being "...the umpteenth album, with a medley of tunes, by Lennon-McCartney-Harrison, but contains \[sic\] a number of *The Beatles* songs, arranged in a classical form...". The original LP record was produced by *The Beatles* producer George Martin.

### A side

1. 1st Movement: Mæstoso – Allegro Moderato (She Loves YouEleanor RigbyYesterdayAll My LovingHey Jude) 8:00
2. 2nd Movement: Andante Espressivo (Here, There and EverywhereSomething) 7:36
3. 3rd Movement: Presto (Can't Buy Me LoveThe Long and Winding Road) 7:53

### B side

1. The Fool on the Hill (Arr. Rutter) 5:09
2. Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds (Arr. Goodwin) 2:25
3. Michelle (Arr. Goodwin) 3:15
4. Maxwell's Silver Hammer (Arr. Goodwin) 2:37
5. Here Comes the Sun (Arr. Rutter) 3:25
6. A Hard Day's Night (Arr. Rutter) 4:08

The bonus 7" single featuring (A-side) "Here, There and Everywhere/Something" and (B-Side) "Can't Buy Me Love/The Long And Winding Road" came free with the album.

## Discography

* Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Peter Rostal (Piano), Paul Schaefer (Piano) and John Rutter (Conductor & Composer). John Rutter: Distant Land.: *Beatles Concerto*. Studio. Trak no. 5 (23:41), Rec. May 2003. Information republished by "Rutter: Distant Land, Suites, Etc / Rostal, Schaefer, Rpo Classical CD." CD Universe & Muze Inc. Accessed 14 Jan. 2008.

Photography and design for the album package was by Hipgnosis.


title: Igar

abstract: Igar is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.

text:
# Igar

**Igar** is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.

1. Igar at the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (Hungarian).
2. Igar at the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (Hungarian). 2012

## InfoBox

| Igar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IgarLocation of Igar in Hungary | |
| Coordinates: 46°46′33″N 18°30′54″E / 46.7758°N 18.5149°E / 46.7758; 18.5149 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Region | Central Transdanubia |
| County | Fejér |
| Area | |
| Total | 41.19 km2 (15.90 sq mi) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 959 |
| Density | 23/km2 (60/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 7015 |
| Area code | +36 25 |
| Website | https://igar.hu/ |


title: Mikael Fortelius

abstract: Mikael Fortelius is a professor of evolutionary palaeontology at the University of Helsinki and the coordinator of the Neogene of the Old World database of fossil mammals. His research involves the evolution of Eurasian land mammals and terrestrial environments during the Neogene, ecomorphology of ungulates, developmental biology, the function and evolution of mammalian teeth, and scaling problems. He is an expert on indricotheres. He has authored and co-authored a number of papers in peer-reviewed international journals as well as articles on popular science and other published material. He is married to Asta Irene Rosenström, and he has three children.

text:
# Mikael Fortelius

**Mikael Fortelius** (born 1 February 1954) is a professor of evolutionary palaeontology at the University of Helsinki and the coordinator of the Neogene of the Old World database of fossil mammals. His research involves the evolution of Eurasian land mammals and terrestrial environments during the Neogene, ecomorphology of ungulates, developmental biology, the function and evolution of mammalian teeth, and scaling problems (changes in size with growth or as species evolve). He is an expert on indricotheres. He has authored and co-authored a number of papers in peer-reviewed international journals as well as articles on popular science and other published material. He is married to Asta Irene Rosenström, and he has three children.


title: Tolosaldea

abstract:
Tolosaldea is one of the eight comarcas in Gipuzkoa, formed by 28 municipalities. Tolosa is the main town.
An estimated 47,880 people live in the area in 2018.

text:
# Tolosaldea

**Tolosaldea** is one of the eight comarcas in Gipuzkoa, formed by 28 municipalities. Tolosa is the main town. An estimated 47,880 people live in the area in 2018.

## Municipalities

| Basque
Name
(Official) | Historical
Spanish
Name | Population
2001
Census | 2011
Census | 2018
Estimate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abaltzisketa | Abalcisqueta | 277 | 320 | 320 |
| Aduna |  | 333 | 451 | 469 |
| Albiztur | Albístur | 287 | 313 | 309 |
| Alegia | Alegría de Oria | 1,583 | 1,763 | 1.726 |
| Alkiza | Alquiza | 264 | 365 | 374 |
| Altzo | Alzo | 326 | 407 | 427 |
| Amezketa | Amézqueta | 980 | 969 | 939 |
| Anoeta |  | 1,709 | 1,836 | 2,034 |
| Asteasu |  | 1,290 | 1,500 | 1,533 |
| Baliarrain |  | 97 | 125 | 137 |
| Belauntza | Belaunza | 285 | 287 | 239 |
| Berastegi | Berástegui | 973 | 1,057 | 1,081 |
| Berrobi |  | 566 | 568 | 602 |
| Bidania-Goiatz | Bidegoyan | 427 | 536 | 508 |
| Elduain | Elduayen | 210 | 232 | 239 |
| Gaztelu |  | 152 | 163 | 153 |
| Hernialde |  | 286 | 359 | 313 |
| Ibarra |  | 4,208 | 4,273 | 4,172 |
| Ikaztegieta | Icazteguieta | 377 | 469 | 488 |
| Irura |  | 910 | 1,626 | 1,862 |
| Larraul |  | 145 | 237 | 253 |
| Leaburu |  | 367 | 388 | 377 |
| Lizartza | Lizarza | 581 | 648 | 602 |
| Orendain | Orendáin | 143 | 180 | 218 |
| Orexa | Oreja | 83 | 123 | 123 |
| Tolosa |  | 17,642 | 18,389 | 19,525 |
| Villabona |  | 5,672 | 5,858 | 5,881 |
| Zizurkil | Cizúrquil | 2,820 | 2,854 | 2,976 |

43°07′59″N 2°04′27″W / 43.13306°N 2.07417°W / 43.13306; -2.07417

## InfoBox

| Tolosaldea | |
| --- | --- |
| Eskualdea / Comarca | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Basque Country |
| Province | Gipuzkoa |
| Main admin. HQ | Tolosa |
| Municipalities | List |
| Area | |
| Total | 331.4 km2 (128.0 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 45,495 |
| Density | 140/km2 (360/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Sulcodius

abstract: Sulcodius deflexus is a species of crabs in the family Xanthidae, the only species in the genus Sulcodius.

text:
# Sulcodius

***Sulcodius deflexus*** is a species of crabs in the family Xanthidae, the only species in the genus ***Sulcodius***.

## InfoBox

| *Sulcodius deflexus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Crustacea |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Infraorder: | Brachyura |
| Family: | Xanthidae |
| Genus: | ***Sulcodius***
Clark & Ng, 1999 |
| Species: | ***S. deflexus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sulcodius deflexus***
(Dana, 1852) | |
|


title: Oskar Schlömilch

abstract: Oskar Xavier Schlömilch was a German mathematician, born in Weimar, working in mathematical analysis. He took a doctorate at the University of Jena in 1842, and became a professor at Dresden Polytechnic in 1849. He is now known as the eponym of the Schlömilch function, a kind of Bessel function. He was also an important textbook writer, and editor of the journal Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, of which he was a founder in 1856. He published in 1868 for the first time the dissection paradox, earlier invented by Sam Loyd. In 1862, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

text:
# Oskar Schlömilch

**Oskar Xavier Schlömilch** (13 April 1823  7 February 1901) was a German mathematician, born in Weimar, working in mathematical analysis. He took a doctorate at the University of Jena in 1842, and became a professor at Dresden Polytechnic in 1849.

He is now known as the eponym of the Schlömilch function, a kind of Bessel function. He was also an important textbook writer, and editor of the journal  *Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik*, of which he was a founder in 1856. He published in 1868 for the first time the dissection paradox, earlier invented by Sam Loyd.

In 1862, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

## InfoBox

| Oskar Schlömilch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1823-04-13)13 April 1823<br>Weimar |
| Died | 7 February 1901(1901-02-07) (aged 77) |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater | University of Jena |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Thesis | *Theorema taylorianum*  (1844) |
|  | |


title: Vasile Pașcu

abstract: Vasile Pașcu is a Romanian former rugby union player. He played as prop.

text:
# Vasile Pașcu

**Vasile Pașcu** (born circa 1959) is a Romanian former rugby union player. He played as prop.

## Career

His first cap for Romania was during the match against Italy in Buzău, on 10 April 1983. He was also part of the Romanian squad who beat Wales on 1983, at Stadionul 23 August, in Bucharest, where he was one of the two Grivița Roșie players in the squad, alongside Florin Măcăneață. Pașcu was also part of the 1987 Rugby World Cup Romania squad, but only played the match against France. His last cap was against Italy at Arena Civica, Milan on 2 April 1988.

## InfoBox

Vasile Pașcu
| Date of birth | (1959-02-08) 8 February 1959 |
| --- | --- |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Prop  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1983–198?
198?1989 Grivița Roșie
Dinamo București   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1983–1989 Romania  14  (0) | |


title: Gutekunst

abstract:
Gute(n)kunst is a southern German surname, literally meaning "good at art". It originates from the Black Forest of the former kingdom of Württemberg.
According to some onomasticians, the name describes an "artful" or "skillful" person.
Others claim that the name has a matronymic meaning and is a combination of Guta and Kunz. The meaning would thus be Kunz, son of Guta. After emigration to America, the name has been spelled in various ways. It has even been translated to Goodart or spelled as Goodykoontz, so that its English pronunciation would come closer to its southern German phonetic, which indeed is Goode-Koonsht.

text:
# Gutekunst

**Gute(n)kunst** is a southern German surname, literally meaning "good at art". It originates from the Black Forest of the former kingdom of Württemberg. According to some onomasticians, the name describes an "artful" or "skillful" person. Others claim that the name has a matronymic meaning and is a combination of *Guta* (female name, popular in the Middle Ages in southern Germany) and *Kunz* (short for Konstatin or Konrad). The meaning would thus be *Kunz, son of Guta*.

After emigration to America, the name has been spelled in various ways (e.g. Gutakunst or Guttikunst). It has even been translated to *Goodart* or spelled as *Goodykoontz*, so that its English pronunciation would come closer to its southern German phonetic, which indeed is *Goode-Koonsht*.

## Notable people with the surname include

* Gutekunst website
* Goodykoontz webpage


title: Fonzaleche

abstract: Fonzaleche is a village in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 17 square kilometres (6.6 sq mi) and as of January 2017 had a population of 134 people.

text:
# Fonzaleche

**Fonzaleche** is a village in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 17 square kilometres (6.6 sq mi) and as of January 2017 had a population of 134 people.

## InfoBox

| Fonzaleche | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church square | |
| FonzalecheLocation of Fonzaleche within La RiojaFonzalecheFonzaleche (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 42°34′52″N 3°00′42″W / 42.58111°N 3.01167°W / 42.58111; -3.01167 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous
community | La Rioja |
| Comarca | Haro |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Juan Carlos Nájera Jiménez (PP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 17 km2 (7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 559 m (1,834 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 134 |
| Website | www.fonzaleche.es |


title: Fonzo, West Virginia

abstract: Fonzo is an unincorporated community in Ritchie County, West Virginia, United States. Fonzo was established in 1901. The community was named after a local baby.

text:
# Fonzo, West Virginia

**Fonzo** is an unincorporated community in Ritchie County, West Virginia, United States. Fonzo was established in 1901. The community was named after a local baby.

## InfoBox

| Fonzo | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| FonzoLocation within the state of West VirginiaFonzoFonzo (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°4′23″N 81°3′5″W / 39.07306°N 81.05139°W / 39.07306; -81.05139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Ritchie |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1549688 |


title: Fonzie (band)

abstract: Fonzie is a Portuguese rock band from Lisbon. The band was formed in 1996. It consisted of vocalist and guitarist Hugo Maia, guitarist David Marques, bass guitarist Carlos Teixeira, and drummer João Marques. The band was nominated for "Best Portuguese Act" at the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2003 and 2007. The band did three world tours, playing in the US, Japan, Australia, Singapore, UK, Brazil, Germany, Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Czech Republic, Sweden, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. Their music was featured on major music TV channels throughout the world, such as MTV, MTV2, MTV Asia, NBC, Fuse TV, MCM, and was played on radio stations around the world. Their song "Gotta Get Away" was featured in the American MTV series "Laguna Beach" and "MTV MADE".

text:
# Fonzie (band)

**Fonzie** is a Portuguese rock band from Lisbon. The band was formed in 1996. It consisted of vocalist and guitarist Hugo Maia, guitarist David Marques, bass guitarist Carlos Teixeira, and drummer João Marques. The band was nominated for "Best Portuguese Act" at the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2003 and 2007.

The band did three world tours, playing in the US, Japan, Australia, Singapore, UK, Brazil, Germany, Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Czech Republic, Sweden, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina.

Their music was featured on major music TV channels throughout the world, such as MTV, MTV2, MTV Asia, NBC, Fuse TV, MCM, and was played on radio stations around the world. Their song "Gotta Get Away" was featured in the American MTV series "Laguna Beach" and "MTV MADE".

## History

### Formation and *Built to Rock* (1996–2003)

In 1996 Hugo Maia, João Marques and David Marques decided to form a band named "Fonzie." In 1997, the promo tape "Bring Me Up" was released containing four tracks. The first EP, called *The Melo Pot*, was released in 1998, including 10 songs. It sold out the same year. Their debut album *Built to Rock* was recorded in 2001 in Sweden with producer Pelle Saether. In the same year, Fonzie won a worldwide contest sponsored by Millencolin to elect the best "Millencolin Cover Song".

In 2002 *Built to Rock* was released by North American publisher Jumpstart Records, followed by a contract with Portuguese Movieplay, ULF Records, Sound Records, PunkNation Records, and Godchild Records. They toured the U.S., Europe, Asia, and South America, and their videos were played in more than 20 territories on TV channels such as MTV, MCM, and Fuse.

In 2003 Fonzie was nominated for best Portuguese act at MTV Europe Music Awards.

### *Wake Up Call* (2004–2005)

In 2003 the band's second album, *Wake Up Call*, was produced by P.O. Saether. *Wake Up Call* featured Nicola Sarcevic of Millencolin, Mats Olson, Agneta Olund, Jeremy Miers, and Dj Alex (Tokyo) as special guests. The video for the first single, "Gotta Get Away", was filmed in Hollywood (LA) and was directed by Darren Doane (Deftones, Blink 182, Jimmy Eat World, etc.).

Fonzie signed a contract with Megaforce Records for two albums. In 2004 and 2005, they toured the U.S., Asia, Europe, South America, and Australia for the first time, with 18 dates as headliners, of which twelve sold out.

### Tenth anniversary and *Shout It Out* (2006–2008)

The years 2006 and 2008 marked the 10th anniversary of Fonzie's run, celebrated with the recording of a *Shout It Out,* produced by Fonzie and Fred Stone. The release of *Shout It Out* was followed by another world tour of the U.S., South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, and Fonzie was again nominated for best Portuguese act at the MTV Europe Music Awards.

### *Angry Odd Kids* and *Caminho* (2009–present)

Bassist Carlos Teixeira formed a side project in 2003, a Portuguese punk rock band called Angry Odd Kids (aka A.O.K), playing the guitar and backing vocals. Because some members left the band and had to be replaced, their debut album *AOK* was not released until 2009; it was produced by AOK and Fred Stone.

After the album was released, Fonzie returned to the studio to record a new album. In January 2009, the first single, "A Tua Imagem" ("Your Image" in English), was released on YouTube. In 2010, their first album sung entirely in Portuguese, *Caminho* ("Path" in English), was released, along with an eponymous single. After they finished touring, Teixeira left to work on his side project "Avenida Zero" and was replaced by JB on bass. In April 2013, their single "Renascer" ("Reborn") debuted on YouTube.

## Band members

Current Former

## Discography

Studio albums * *Built to Rock* (2001)
* *Wake Up Call* (2003)
* *Shout It Out* (2007)
* *Caminho* (2010)

Extended plays * *Bring Me Up* (1997)
* *The Melo Pot* (1998)
* *96* (2019)

## InfoBox

| Fonzie | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Lisbon, Portugal |
| Genres | Pop punk, punk rock, pop rock, skate punk, alternative rock, melodic hardcore |
| Years active | 1996–present |
| Labels | Movieplay (Portugal), Transdreamer (US), ULF (Japan), Punk Nation / I Scream Records (Europe) |
|  | |
| Members | Hugo Maia
David Marques
João Marques
JB |
|  | |
| Past members | Carlos Teixeira
Miguel Cruz |
|  | |
| Website | fonzietime.com |


title: Folin–Ciocalteu reagent

abstract: The Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent (FCR) or Folin's phenol reagent or Folin–Denis reagent, is a mixture of phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate used for the colorimetric in vitro assay of phenolic and polyphenolic antioxidants, also called the gallic acid equivalence method (GAE). It is named after Otto Folin, Vintilă Ciocâlteu, and Willey Glover Denis. The Folin-Denis reagent is prepared by mixing sodium tungstate and phosphomolybdic acid in phosphoric acid. The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent is just a modification of the Folin-Denis reagent. The modification consisted of the addition of lithium sulfate and bromine to the phosphotungstic-phosphomolybdic reagent. The reagent does not measure only phenols, but will react with any reducing substance. It therefore measures the total reducing capacity of a sample, not just phenolic compounds. This reagent is part of the Lowry protein assay, and will also react with some nitrogen-containing compounds such as hydroxylamine and guanidine. The reagent has also been shown to be reactive towards thiols, many vitamins, the nucleotide base guanine, the trioses glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone, and some inorganic ions. Copper complexation increases the reactivity of phenols towards this reagent. This reagent is distinct from Folin's reagent, which is used to detect amines and sulfur-containing compounds. A 1951 paper entitled "Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent" was the most cited paper in the 1945–1988 Science Citation Index, with 187,652 citations.

text:
# Folin–Ciocalteu reagent

The **Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent (FCR)** or **Folin's phenol reagent** or **Folin–Denis reagent**, is a mixture of phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate used for the colorimetric *in vitro* assay of phenolic and polyphenolic antioxidants, also called the **gallic acid equivalence method** (GAE). It is named after Otto Folin, Vintilă Ciocâlteu, and Willey Glover Denis. The Folin-Denis reagent is prepared by mixing sodium tungstate and phosphomolybdic acid in phosphoric acid. The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent is just a modification of the Folin-Denis reagent. The modification consisted of the addition of lithium sulfate and bromine to the phosphotungstic-phosphomolybdic reagent.

The reagent does not measure only phenols, but will react with any reducing substance. It therefore measures the total reducing capacity of a sample, not just phenolic compounds. This reagent is part of the Lowry protein assay, and will also react with some nitrogen-containing compounds such as hydroxylamine and guanidine. The reagent has also been shown to be reactive towards thiols, many vitamins, the nucleotide base guanine, the trioses glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone, and some inorganic ions. Copper complexation increases the reactivity of phenols towards this reagent.

This reagent is distinct from Folin's reagent, which is used to detect amines and sulfur-containing compounds.

A 1951 paper entitled "Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent" was the most cited paper in the 1945–1988 Science Citation Index, with 187,652 citations.

## Physiologic significance

Because it measures anti-oxidant capacity *in vitro*, the reagent has been used to assay foods and supplements in food science. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) used to be the industry standard for antioxidant strength of whole foods, juices and food additives. Earlier measurements and ratings by the United States Department of Agriculture were withdrawn in 2012 as biologically irrelevant to human health, referring to an absence of physiological evidence for polyphenols having antioxidant properties *in vivo*. Consequently, the ORAC method, derived only from *in vitro* experiments, is no longer considered relevant to human diets or biology.

The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay  also based on the presence of polyphenols  is an alternative *in vitro* measurements of antioxidant capacity.


title: Marry Ntsweng

abstract: Marry Ntsweng is a South African women's footballer and plays as a midfielder. She plays for Tshwane University. She represented the South Africa women's national football team at the 2012 London Olympics.

text:
# Marry Ntsweng

**Marry Ntsweng** (also spelled **Mary Ntsweng**; born 19 December 1989) is a South African women's footballer and plays as a midfielder. She plays for Tshwane University. She represented the South Africa women's national football team at the 2012 London Olympics.

## InfoBox

Marry Ntsweng
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1989-12-19) 19 December 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Polokwane, South Africa | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | University of Tshwane | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | University of Tshwane |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 20??– | South Africa | 44 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 11 August 2014 | | | |


title: The Advice

abstract: The Advice are an American contemporary Christian music band from Greenville, South Carolina, and they were formed in 2003. Their members are Matt Houston, Jared Houston, Aaron Bowen, Sanchez Fair, and Jeff Madden. They released, The Advice, with Inpop Records in 2013.

text:
# The Advice

**The Advice** (formerly known as, **Jethro's Advice**) are an American contemporary Christian music band from Greenville, South Carolina, and they were formed in 2003. Their members are Matt Houston, Jared Houston, Aaron Bowen, Sanchez Fair, and Jeff Madden. They released, *The Advice*, with Inpop Records in 2013.

## Background

The band formed in Greenville, South Carolina, in 2003. Their members are leading vocalist and rhythm guitarist, Matt Houston, leading guitarist, Jared Houston, keyboardist, Aaron Bowen, drummer, Sanchez Fair, and bass guitarist, Jeff Madden, where the members are background vocalists to their lead vocalist. They had, Justin Gilreath, as their rhythm guitar player, but he left the band in 2007. The band were called, Jethro's Advice, until they got a record deal with Inpop Records, causing them to change their names to The Advice.

## Music history

The group formed in 2003, with their first major label extended play, *The Advice*, releasing on July 26, 2011, by Inpop Records. This EP was reviewed by Cross Rhythms, Jesus Freak Hideout, Louder Than the Music, and New Release Tuesday. Their first major label studio album, *The Advice*, releasing on March 26, 2013, by Inpop Records. This album was reviewed by BREATHEcast, Indie Vision Music, Jesus Freak Hideout, and New Release Tuesday.

## Members

Current members * Matt Houston – lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist
* Jared Houston – lead guitarist, background vocalist
* Aaron Bowen – keyboardist, background vocalist
* Sanchez Fair – drummer, background vocalist
* Jeff Madden – bass guitarist, background vocalist

Former members * Justin Gilreath – guitarist

## Discography

Studio albums EPs * *The Advice EP* (July 26, 2011, Inpop)

## InfoBox

| The Advice | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Jethro's Advice (formerly) |
| Origin | Greenville, South Carolina |
| Genres | Contemporary Christian music, soul |
| Years active | 2003 (2003)–present |
| Labels | Inpop |
|  | |
| Members | Matt Houston
Jared Houston
Aaron Bowen
Sanchez Fair
Jeff Madden |
|  | |
| Past members | Justin Gilreath |
|  | |
| Website | theadviceband.com |


title: Omaha High School (Arkansas)

abstract: Omaha High School is a comprehensive public high school located in Omaha, Arkansas, United States. The school provides secondary education in grades 7 through 12 for students in the Omaha and surrounding unincorporated communities of Boone County, Arkansas. It is one of six public high schools in Boone County and the sole high school administered by the Omaha School District.

text:
# Omaha High School (Arkansas)

**Omaha High School** is a comprehensive public high school located in Omaha, Arkansas, United States. The school provides secondary education in grades 7 through 12 for students in the Omaha and surrounding unincorporated communities of Boone County, Arkansas. It is one of six public high schools in Boone County and the sole high school administered by the Omaha School District.

## Academics

Omaha High School is a Title I school that is accredited by the ADE.

### Curriculum

The assumed course of study follows the Smart Core curriculum developed by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE), which requires students complete at least 22 units prior to graduation. Students complete regular coursework and exams and may take Advanced Placement (AP) courses and exam with the opportunity to receive college credit.

## Athletics

The Omaha High School mascot is the Eagle with green and gold serving as the school colors.

The Omaha Eagles compete in interscholastic activities within the 1A Classification, the state's smallest classification administered by the Arkansas Activities Association. The Eagles play within the 1A East Conference. Omaha fields junior varsity and varsity teams in basketball (boys/girls), baseball, fastpitch softball, track and field (boys/girls).

1. "Search for Public Schools - Omaha High School (051092000821)". *National Center for Education Statistics*. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
2. "School Profile, Omaha High School". Arkansas Activities Association. Retrieved October 29, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Omaha High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 522 West College Road
Omaha, Arkansas 72622
United States | |
| Coordinates | 36°26′59″N 93°12′6″W / 36.44972°N 93.20167°W / 36.44972; -93.20167 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public comprehensive |
| Motto | Soar to the Stars |
| Status | Open |
| School district | Omaha School District |
| Superintendent | Jerry Parrett |
| CEEB code | 041905 |
| NCES School ID | 051092000821 |
| Principal | Nathan White |
| Teaching staff | 19.02 (on FTE basis) |
| Grades | 7–12 |
| Enrollment | 196 (2010–11) |
| Grade 7 | 50 |
| Grade 8 | 28 |
| Grade 9 | 33 |
| Grade 10 | 26 |
| Grade 11 | 32 |
| Grade 12 | 27 |
| Student to teacher ratio | 10.30 |
| Education system | ADE Smart Core |
| Classes offered | Regular, Advanced Placement (AP) |
| Color(s) | Green and gold
 |
| Athletics conference | 1A East (2012-14) |
| Sports | Basketball |
| Mascot | Eagle |
| Team name | Omaha Eagles |
| Accreditation | ADE
AdvancED (1988–) |
| Feeder to | Omaha Elementary School |
| Affiliation | Arkansas Activities Association |
| Website | www.omaha.school/high\_school |


title: Georgia Bulldogs women's volleyball

abstract: The Georgia Bulldogs women's volleyball team competes as part of NCAA Division I, representing the University of Georgia in the Southeastern Conference. Georgia plays its home games at the Stegeman Coliseum.

text:
# Georgia Bulldogs women's volleyball

The **Georgia Bulldogs women's volleyball team** competes as part of NCAA Division I, representing the University of Georgia in the Southeastern Conference. Georgia plays its home games at the Stegeman Coliseum.

## History

### Early years

Georgia's first volleyball season came in 1978 under head coach Sid Feldman. They finished their first season with a record of 17–19.

Under Feldman, the Bulldogs would show improvement each year and in 1982 started the season 25-0 and finished the season 41–12. Three seasons later in 1985 Feldman lead the team to an SEC regular season championship and SEC tournament championship, earning a bid to the 1985 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament, the first NCAA volleyball championship appearance in program history. Georgia beat Florida State in the first round but would lose to UCLA in the second round.

One season later in 1986, Georgia would maintain this success by winning the SEC regular season championship and make the NCAA volleyball championship for the second year in a row. They beat Texas A&M in the first round but lost to Texas in the second.

Sid Feldman was replaced as head coach by Jim Lams in 1989.

### Sustaining success

Jim Lams first season in 1989 showed immediate success, going 30-4 and making the National Invitational Volleyball Championship. One season later in 1990 they would make the NIVC for the second year in a row, this time making the semifinals.

In 1991, Georgia went 28-8 and made the 1991 NCAA women's volleyball tournament, where they lost to Texas Tech in the first round.

Under coach Lams, Georgia made five straight NCAA Tournament appearances from 1991 to 1995, including making the third round in 1993 and making the second round in 1994 and 1995.

### Middle years

After lack of success after the 1995 season, Jim Lams was replaced as head coach by Mary Buczek in 2000.

Under Buczek the Bulldogs would see seasons with average records, until 2004 when the team went 18-12 and made the 2004 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament, they would lose to Georgia Tech in the first round. Buczek would retire after the 2004 season.

After the 2004 season, Georgia would have middling success, not making any NCAA tournaments until 2013 under coach Lizzy Stemke.

### Modern era

In 2017 Georgia hired Tom Black, former Loyola Marymount coach, as their next head coach. In Tom Black's first season, the team went 22-12 and made the third round of the NIVC.

Coach Black has led the Bulldogs to two NCAA tournaments since 2017, one in 2019 and one in 2022. The 2019 team lost in the first round to Cal Poly. The 2022 team made the second round, beating Towson then losing to Texas.

As of 2023 Georgia has an all-time record of 904–604.

## Coaches

### Coaching history

Georgia women's volleyball has had eight head coaches.

| No. | Coach | Tenure | Overall | Conference | Achievements |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sid Feldman | 1978-1988 | 318-135 (.702) | 21-16 (.568) | 1985, 1986 NCAA tournament appearance |
| 2 | Jim Lams | 1989-1999 | 243-119 (.671) | 94-48 (.662) | 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 NCAA tournament appearance |
| 3 | Mary Buczek | 2000-20004 | 82-69 (.543) | 37-39 (.487) | 2004 NCAA tournament appearance |
| 4 | Steffi Legal | 2005-2006 | 16-43 (.271) | 7-29 (.194) |  |
| 5 | Joel McCartney | 2007-2010 | 62-55 (.530) | 28-45 (.384) | 2007 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament appearance |
| 6 | Chad Hanson | 2010 | 4-3 (.571) | 4-3 (.571) |  |
| 7 | Lizzy Stemke | 2011-2016 | 79-105 (.429) | 32-80 (.286) | 2013 NCAA tournament appearance |
| 8 | Tom Black | 2017–present | 100-75 (.571) | 57-55 (.509) | 2019, 2022 NCAA tournament appearance |

*Source:*

## InfoBox

| Georgia Bulldogs women's volleyball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 1978 (1978) |
| University | University of Georgia |
| Athletic director | Josh Brooks |
| Head coach | Tom Black (7th season) |
| Conference | SEC |
| Location | Athens, Georgia |
| Home arena | Stegeman Coliseum (capacity: 10,523) |
| Nickname | Bulldogs |
| Colors | Red and black<br> |
| AIAW/NCAA regional semifinal | |
| **1985, 1986, 1993** | |
| AIAW/NCAA Tournament appearance | |
| **1985, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2004, 2013, 2019, 2022, 2023** | |
| Conference tournament champion | |
| **1985** | |
| Conference regular season champion | |
| **1985, 1986** | |


title: Matthew Warner House

abstract: Matthew Warner House is a historic home located at Lima in Livingston County, New York. It was built about 1806 and is a rectangular two story, five bay wide center hall brick residence with a one-story three bay side wing. It was remodeled in the 1860s and in the 1920s. The 1860s remodeling resulted in the picturesque Gothic / Italianate character with the prominent cross cut gable and decorative front verandah. The house was used as an inn in the early 19th century and as a roadside restaurant in the 1930s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# Matthew Warner House

**Matthew Warner House** is a historic home located at Lima in Livingston County, New York. It was built about 1806 and is a rectangular two story, five bay wide center hall brick residence with a one-story three bay side wing. It was remodeled in the 1860s and in the 1920s. The 1860s remodeling resulted in the picturesque Gothic / Italianate character with the prominent cross cut gable and decorative front verandah. The house was used as an inn in the early 19th century and as a roadside restaurant in the 1930s.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Matthew Warner House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 7449 E. Main St., Lima, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°54′30″N 77°36′15″W / 42.90833°N 77.60417°W / 42.90833; -77.60417 |
| Area | 0.8 acres (0.32 ha) |
| Architect | Warner, Matthew |
| MPS | Lima MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001138 |
| Added to NRHP | August 31, 1989 |


title: Tobanoe Station

abstract: Tobanoe Station Tobanoe Station is a passenger railway station in the city of Shimotsuma, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan operated by the private railway company Kantō Railway.

text:
# Tobanoe Station

**Tobanoe Station** (騰波ノ江駅, *Tobanoe-eki*) is a passenger railway station in the city of Shimotsuma, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan operated by the private railway company Kantō Railway.

## Lines

Tobanoe Station is a station on the Jōsō Line, and is located 41.0 km (25.5 mi) from the official starting point of the line at Toride Station.

## Station layout

The station has two opposed side platforms connected to the station building by a level crossing. The station is unattended.

### Platforms

| **1** | Jōsō Line | for Shimodate |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Jōsō Line | for Moriya and Toride |

## History

Tobanoe Station was opened on 15 August 1926 as a station on the Jōsō Railroad, which became the Kantō Railway in 1965. The station building was rebuilt in October 2008.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 79 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Shimotsuma Road Station

Media related to Tobanoe Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tobanoe Station
騰波ノ江駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tobanoe Station, May 2009 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Wakayanagi 533-7, Shimotsuma-shi, Ibaraki-ken 304-0012
Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°13′24″N 139°58′35″E / 36.2232°N 139.9765°E / 36.2232; 139.9765 |
| Operated by | Kantō Railway |
| Line(s) | Jōsō Line |
| Distance | 41.0 km from Toride |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 15 August 1926 (1926-08-15) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2017 | 79 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Kantō Railway Following station  Daihōtowards Toride  Jōsō LineLocal  Kurogotowards Shimodate | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tobanoe StationLocation within Ibaraki PrefectureTobanoe StationTobanoe Station (Japan) | |


abstract: Édouard Placide Duchassaing de Fontbressin was a French naturalist. He is noted for his work in botany and spongiology. A native of Guadeloupe, he studied zoology, geology and medicine in Paris. Afterwards, he returned to Guadeloupe as a physician, spending his free time conducting research of the island's flora. Subsequently, he visited several other islands of the Antilles, eventually relocating as a physician to Santa Marta, Panama (1848), from where he studied the natural history of the isthmus, sending his plant specimens to Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers, a botanist in Berlin. Around 1850, he obtained a medical degree at Copenhagen, then settled in Saint Thomas of the Danish West Indies. He remained in Saint Thomas for 15 years, during which time he performed extensive research of sponges and coral, collecting and describing a large number of species with Giovanni Michelotti (1812-1898). From 1867 onward, he lived in the Périgord region of France. The plant genus Duchassaingia was named in his honor by Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers.

text:
# Édouard Placide Duchassaing de Fontbressin

**Édouard Placide Duchassaing de Fontbressin** (c. 1819 in Moule, Guadeloupe  1873 in Périgueux) was a French naturalist. He is noted for his work in botany and spongiology.

A native of Guadeloupe, he studied zoology, geology and medicine in Paris. Afterwards, he returned to Guadeloupe as a physician, spending his free time conducting research of the island's flora. Subsequently, he visited several other islands of the Antilles, eventually relocating as a physician to Santa Marta, Panama (1848), from where he studied the natural history of the isthmus, sending his plant specimens to Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers, a botanist in Berlin (these specimens later became the property of August Grisebach).

Around 1850, he obtained a medical degree at Copenhagen, then settled in Saint Thomas of the Danish West Indies. He remained in Saint Thomas for 15 years, during which time he performed extensive research of sponges and coral, collecting and describing a large number of species with Giovanni Michelotti (1812-1898). From 1867 onward, he lived in the Périgord region of France.

The plant genus *Duchassaingia* (synonym *Erythrina*, family Fabaceae) was named in his honor by Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers.

## Selected publications

* *Mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles*, 1860 (with Giovanni Michelotti).
* *Spongiaires de la Mer Caraibe*, 1864 (with Giovanni Michelotti).
* *Revue des zoophytes et des spongiaires des Antilles*, 1870.

The standard author abbreviation Duchass. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.   * IPNI List of plants described and co-described by Duchassaing de Fontbressin.


title: Interleukin 37

abstract: Interleukin 37 (IL-37), also known as Interleukin-1 family member 7 (IL-1F7), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine important for the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production as well as the suppression of tumor cell growth.

text:
# Interleukin 37

**Interleukin 37** (IL-37), also known as Interleukin-1 family member 7 (IL-1F7), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine important for the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production as well as the suppression of tumor cell growth.

## Gene location and structure

The *IL-37* gene is in the human located on the long chromosome arm of chromosome 2. There has not been found any homolog gene in mice genome. IL-37 undergoes alternative splicing with 5 different splice variants depending on which of the 6 possible exons are being expressed: IL-37a-e. IL-37b is the largest and most studied one; it shares the beta barrel structure that is spread within the interleukin-1 family.

## Gene expression

*IL-37a,b,c* are being expressed in a variety of tissues \- thymus, lung, colon, uterus, bone marrow. It is produced by immune cells, most of which are relevant to the immune inflammation response. Examples include natural killer cells, activated B lymphocytes, circulating blood monocytes, tissue macrophages, keratinocytes or epithelial cells.

Some IL-37 isoforms are tissue specific and have varying lengths depending on which exons are being expressed:

**IL-37a** is found in the brain. The isoform includes exons 3, 4, 5, and 6 and the isoform is 192 amino acids in length

**IL-37b** is found in the kidney, bone marrow, blood, skin, respiratory and urogenital tract. Exons 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 are expressed and the isoform is 218 amino acids in length.

**IL-37c** is found in the heart, and contains exons 1, 2, 5, and 6 for a total amino acid length of 197.

**IL-37d** is found in the bone marrow and includes exons 1, 4, 5, and 6 for a total length of 197.

**IL-37e** is found in the testis and includes exons 1, 5, and 6 totaling 157 amino acids.

## Function

The mechanism of IL-37 functions is still to be elucidated. Known functions of IL-37 include anti-inflammatory effects, tumor suppression, and antimicrobial responses. IL-37 acts intracellulary and extracellulary, classifying the cytokine as dual-function.

### IL-37 synthesis

IL-37, similar to other members of the interleukin-1 family, is synthesized by blood monocytes in a precursor form and secreted into the cytoplasm in response to inflammatory signaling. Examples of relevant inflammatory signals include TLR agonists, IL-1β, or TGF-β. Full maturation requires cleavage by Caspase-1.

### Immune system inhibition

IL-37 is known to have immunosuppression properties through two different binding mechanisms:

**Interaction with IL-18 cell surface receptors** \- Intracellular IL-37 can be released from cells following necrosis or apoptosis. IL-37 has two similar amino acid residues with IL-18, and thus extracellular IL-37 can interact with IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) and co-receptor IL-1 receptor 8 (IL-1R8). The affinity of IL-37b to IL-18R alpha subunit is much lower compared to IL-18. IL-37b interacts with IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), that is an antagonist of IL-18. The binding of IL-37b enhances the IL-18BP functions and can upregulate anti-inflammatory signals.

**Binding to SMAD3 receptor** \- Mature intracellular IL-37 can form functional complexes with phosphorylated or unphosphorylated Smad3,which can be transported to the cell nucleus. Nucleus IL-37 can have a direct inhibition function on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription. Affected cytokines include IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α.

### Tumor-controlled expression

IL-37 functions are active at low IL-37 concentrations. Higher concentrations leads to inactivation via dimer formation. Experiments also show that certain cancer strains correspond to changes in IL-37 expression levels. Breast cancer and ovarian cancer are associated with elevated expression of IL-37. Colon cancer, lung cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Hepatoma Carcinoma were correlated with decreased expression of IL-37 expression in affected areas.

## Further reading

* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: *Q9NZH6* (Interleukin-37) at the PDBe-KB.

## InfoBox

| IL37 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | IL37, FIL1, FIL1(ZETA), FIL1Z, IL-1F7, IL-1H, IL-1H4, IL-1RP1, IL-37, IL1F7, IL1H4, IL1RP1, interleukin 37, IL-23 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 605510; HomoloGene: 105713; GeneCards: IL37; OMA:IL37 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_014439
NM\_173202
NM\_173203
NM\_173204
NM\_173205   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_055254
NP\_775294
NP\_775295
NP\_775296
NP\_775297   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 112.91 – 112.92 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Vase with lid

abstract: Vase with lid is a 1926 vase by René Crevel in glazed and painted porcelain, painted in a Fauvist style, and made at the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Crevel designed the decorative painting, which was replicated and painted on a stock porcelain blank by a craftsman at the Sèvres workshops near Paris.

text:
# Vase with lid

***Vase with lid*** is a 1926 vase by René Crevel in glazed and painted porcelain, painted in a Fauvist style, and made at the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Crevel designed the decorative painting, which was replicated and painted on a stock porcelain blank by a craftsman at the Sèvres workshops near Paris.

## Creation

In 1925, Crevel was awarded the commission to decorate the ceramics pavilion of the International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts in Paris. In addition to creating decorative wallpaper and panels, Cervel painted and designed six vases to be produced by acclaimed French porcelain manufacturers. The painting style on this series of Art Deco vases combines the landscape and figurative genres.

## InfoBox

| Vase with lid | |
| --- | --- |
| *Vase with lid (René Crevel)* | |
|  | |
| Artist | René Crevel |
| Year | 1926 |
| Medium | porcelain |
| Location | Metropolitan Museum of Art |
| Accession No. | 1987.473.11ab |
| Identifiers | The Met object ID: 484923 |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Gymnosoma hamiense

abstract: Gymnosoma hamiense is an Asian species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Gymnosoma hamiense

***Gymnosoma hamiense*** is an Asian species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

China, India.

## InfoBox

| *Gymnosoma hamiense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Phasiinae |
| Tribe: | Gymnosomatini |
| Genus: | *Gymnosoma* |
| Species: | ***G. hamiense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gymnosoma hamiense***<br>Dupuis, 1966 | |
|


title: Marshbrook railway station

abstract: Marshbrook railway station was a station in Marshbrook, Shropshire, England. The station was opened in 1852 and closed in 1958.

text:
# Marshbrook railway station

**Marshbrook railway station** was a station in Marshbrook, Shropshire, England. The station was opened in 1852 and closed in 1958.

## Further reading

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Little Stretton Halt
Line open, station closed |  | LNWR and GWR joint
Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway |  | Wistanstow Halt
Line open, station closed |

## InfoBox

| Marshbrook | |
| --- | --- |
| The site of the station in 2012 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Marshbrook, Shropshire
England |
| Coordinates | 52°30′11″N 2°49′23″W / 52.5030°N 2.8231°W / 52.5030; -2.8231 |
| Grid reference | SO442897 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway |
| Pre-grouping | LNWR and GWR joint |
| Post-grouping | LMS and GWR joint |
| Key dates | |
| 21 April 1852 | Opened |
| 9 June 1958 | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ezra Schabas

abstract: Ezra Schabas, was a Canadian musician, educator and author. He was active in Canada's musical life beginning in 1952, when he emigrated from Cleveland with his family. During his time in Canada, he was a leading musical educator, clarinetist, and administrator in Toronto's musical institutions. He wrote several books on Canadian and American musical history, and he was appointed to the Order of Ontario and made a Member of the Order of Canada.

text:
# Ezra Schabas

**Ezra Schabas**, CM OOnt (April 24, 1924 – October 12, 2020) was a Canadian musician, educator and author. He was active in Canada's musical life beginning in 1952, when he emigrated from Cleveland with his family. During his time in Canada, he was a leading musical educator, clarinetist, and administrator in Toronto's musical institutions. He wrote several books on Canadian and American musical history, and he was appointed to the Order of Ontario and made a Member of the Order of Canada.

## Early life and education

Schabas was born in New York City in April 1924 to Jewish parents, Minnie Anker and Hyman Schabas. He attended the Juilliard School for clarinet, where he studied with clarinetist Arthur Christmann. The interruption of World War II led Schabas to leave Juilliard in 1943 with an Artist Diploma to serve with the US Army forces in France and Germany. While overseas, he attended the Nancy Conservatory before returning to New York City in 1946.

Upon his return, Schabas completed his Bachelor of Science at Juilliard in 1947, followed by a Master of Arts at Columbia University in 1948. For the next few years, he studied in a variety of places, including the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, NY, the American Conservatory at Fontainebleau, France, as well as clarinet in New York with David Weber and in Paris with Gaston Hamelin. Between 1948 and 1950, he taught at the University of Massachusetts and from 1950 to 1952 at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, before moving to Toronto to be a freelance clarinetist and concert manager at the Royal Conservatory of Music. He became a Canadian citizen in 1967.

## Career

After relocating to Toronto in 1952, Schabas became a director of the Royal Conservatory of Music, one of Canada's most esteemed music education institutions that has trained artists including Oscar Peterson, Glenn Gould and Sarah McLachlan. During his eight-year tenure at the Conservatory and afterwards, Schabas's clarinet pupils included Brian Barley, Paul Grice, Howard Knopf, Timothy Maloney, Peter Smith, and Patricia Wait. As a concert manager, he helped find engagements for young artists such as Jon Vickers and Lois Marshall.

In 1960, Schabas helped to found the National Youth Orchestra of Canada, a musical organization dedicated to discovering and nurturing talented young Canadian musicians, and he was the Orchestra's first administrator. That same year, he was appointed to the University of Toronto's faculty of music. He became the head of the performance and opera department from 1968 to 1978. In 1966, the Ontario Arts Council and the Ontario Federation of Symphony Orchestras commissioned him to report on Ontario Orchestras, which subsequently served as a blueprint for Ontario's orchestral development for the next thirty years. Schabas collaborated with the Ontario Arts Council again in 1968 to establish the University of Toronto Conductors' Workshop. In 1972, Schabas was one of the founders of Orchestras Canada and was elected its first president.

Having continued teaching at the Faculty of Music and Royal Conservatory of Music throughout his time at the National Youth Orchestra and Orchestras Canada, in 1978 Schabas was made Principal of the Conservatory, a position he held until 1983. During his time as Principal, he developed training programs for gifted children and pre-university teenagers. In 1980, he launched the Orchestral Training Program for professional musicians at the Conservatory, which received funding from Employment and Immigration Canada to help young Canadians find work in Canadian orchestras. That same year, he founded the Association of Colleges and Conservatories of Music, serving as its first president from 1980 to 1984.

Schabas followed up his time as Principal by returning to the University of Toronto's faculty of music in 1983, only to retire the following year. In 1985, he was named professor emeritus. From 1987 to 1990, Schabas again drew upon funding from Employment and Immigration Canada, the Ontario Arts Council and the Association of Canadian Orchestras to direct "Musical Performance and Communication." This unique professional training program at the University of Toronto sought to help classical musicians find new and better ways of attracting and communicating with audiences.

## Musician and author

Not only a teacher and administrator, Schabas performed and conducted in Canada, the United States and overseas. He worked as a freelance clarinetist for the CBC Orchestra until 1960 and played in a number of ensembles around Toronto, including the Toronto Woodwind Quintet from 1956 to 1960. As an educator, he spoke at conferences in Europe, Asia, South America, Canada and the US and was a frequent consultant and juror for the Canada Council for the Arts, the Ontario Arts Council, and Canadian Heritage, among others. He wrote three biographies on musicians and two on musical institutions, winning the 1995 City of Toronto Annual Book Award for *Sir Ernest MacMillan: The Importance of Being Canadian*. From 1996 to 1998, he also acted as president of The Arts and Letters Club of Toronto and in 2000 was elected director-general of the Canadian Encyclopedia of Music.

## Personal life

Schabas lived in Toronto and was married to Ann (Fairley) Schabas, the former dean of the Faculty of Library and Information Sciences at the University of Toronto. She is the daughter of Margaret Fairley, a notable Canadian activist and writer, and Barker Fairley, a well-respected Canadian artist and German literature scholar. They had five children: academic William Schabas, former Ontario Chief Medical Officer of Health Richard Schabas, academic Margaret Schabas, transportation executive Michael Schabas and Ontario Supreme Court Justice Paul Schabas. He had twelve grandchildren, including the novelist and Globe and Mail dance critic Martha Schabas, and eleven great-grandchildren.

He died in Toronto, Ontario in October 2020 at the age of 96.

## Awards

Schabas was awarded the Canadian Centennial Medal in 1967, appointed to the Order of Ontario in 1996, and made a Member of the Order of Canada in 2000. In 2002, he was appointed a Fellow (*Honoris Causa*) of the Royal Conservatory of Music, was presented with the Golden Jubilee Medal by the Governor General, and made a lifetime member of the Toronto Musicians Association. In 2012, he received the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal.

## Books

* 1989: *Theodore Thomas: America's Conductor and Builder of Orchestras, 1835-1905*, Champaign: University of Illinois Press; ISBN 978-0-252-01610-3
* 1994: *Sir Ernest MacMillan: The Importance of Being Canadian*, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-2849-5 (awarded the City of Toronto annual award, 1995).
* 2000: *Opera Viva: The Canadian Opera Company; The First Fifty Years*, co-authored with Carl Morey, Toronto: Dundurn Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-346-6
* 2005: *There's Music In These Walls: A History of the Royal Conservatory of Music*, Toronto: Dundurn Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-540-8
* 2007: *Jan Rubes: A Man of Many Talents*, Toronto: Dundurn Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-685-6

## InfoBox

| Ezra SchabasCM OOnt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1924-04-24)April 24, 1924
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Origin | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | October 12, 2020(2020-10-12) (aged 96)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Occupation(s) | musician, educator and author |