title: Lapiang Malaya

abstract: The Lapiang Malaya was a fanatical political party in the Philippines during the 1950s to the 1960s. Led by Valentin de los Santos, he functioned as a cult leader. Valentin de los Santos was a Bicolano and established Lapiang Malaya in the 1940s, building up its membership from the peasantry from Southern Luzon. He advocated true justice, true equality and true freedom in the country. His method of attaining his goals include communicating with the Bathala and Filipino heroes like Jose Rizal, linked the attainment of freedom with the Second Coming of Christ, and relied on amulets and prayers. The party contested the 1957 presidential election with de los Santos and Restituto Fresto as their candidates for president and vice president, respectively. Both were defeated by incumbent Carlos P. Garcia, and Diosdado Macapagal, respectively, getting less than 0.50% of the vote. The party also contested the 1957 Senate election, although none of their candidates garnered enough votes to win seats in the Senate; with eight seats up for election and the country using plurality-at-large voting where each voter had eight votes and the eight candidates with the most votes are elected, the party's best candidate finished 41st with 8,915 votes, well behind the eighth-placed candidate which had 1,350,868 votes. On May 21, 1967, the group plotted to overthrow the government of president Ferdinand Marcos. Armed with bolos and wearing amulets, the group composed of about 380 individuals wearing blue uniforms with red and yellow capes, marched to Malacañang Palace. They were stopped by the Philippine Constabulary, armed with M-16s, in Taft Avenue, Pasay. The group charged the ranks of the police and were shot at, leaving at least 33 dead and 47 wounded. The survivors and de los Santos were later arrested for sedition. De los Santos, instead of going to jail, was sent to the National Center for Mental Health since he was thought to be insane; most reports state that he was mauled and killed while in the hospital, while his supporters claim that he died peacefully past 80 years old at Nueva Vizcaya. It was also in Nueva Vizcaya where his supporters lived in seclusion for forty years. The leadership was succeeded by Domingo De Guia, de los Santos' son-in-law, who became famous by having the power to heal and established "Vucal ng Pananampalataya", their community in the province. When Domingo died in 2005, he was succeeded by his son, Tal De Guia. In 2008, Tal held a lechon festival, whose purpose was "to continuously and slowly reintegrate our brethren to the mainstream." He further added that "We are not a bad people as some would like to picture us."

text:
# Lapiang Malaya

The ***Lapiang Malaya*** (Filipino for "Freedom Movement" or "Freedom Party") was a fanatical political party in the Philippines during the 1950s to the 1960s. Led by Valentin de los Santos, he functioned as a cult leader.

Valentin de los Santos was a Bicolano and established Lapiang Malaya in the 1940s, building up its membership from the peasantry from Southern Luzon. He advocated true justice, true equality and true freedom in the country. His method of attaining his goals include communicating with the Bathala and Filipino heroes like Jose Rizal, linked the attainment of freedom with the Second Coming of Christ, and relied on amulets and prayers.

The party contested the 1957 presidential election with de los Santos and Restituto Fresto as their candidates for president and vice president, respectively. Both were defeated by incumbent Carlos P. Garcia, and Diosdado Macapagal, respectively, getting less than 0.50% of the vote. The party also contested the 1957 Senate election, although none of their candidates garnered enough votes to win seats in the Senate; with eight seats up for election and the country using plurality-at-large voting where each voter had eight votes and the eight candidates with the most votes are elected, the party's best candidate finished 41st with 8,915 votes, well behind the eighth-placed candidate which had 1,350,868 votes.

On May 21, 1967, the group plotted to overthrow the government of president Ferdinand Marcos. Armed with bolos and wearing amulets, the group composed of about 380 individuals wearing blue uniforms with red and yellow capes, marched to Malacañang Palace. They were stopped by the Philippine Constabulary, armed with M-16s, in Taft Avenue, Pasay. The group charged the ranks of the police and were shot at, leaving at least 33 dead and 47 wounded. The survivors and de los Santos were later arrested for sedition. De los Santos, instead of going to jail, was sent to the National Center for Mental Health since he was thought to be insane; most reports state that he was mauled and killed while in the hospital, while his supporters claim that he died peacefully past 80 years old at Nueva Vizcaya.

It was also in Nueva Vizcaya where his supporters lived in seclusion for forty years. The leadership was succeeded by Domingo De Guia, de los Santos' son-in-law, who became famous by having the power to heal and established "Vucal ng Pananampalataya", their community in the province. When Domingo died in 2005, he was succeeded by his son, Tal De Guia. In 2008, Tal held a lechon festival, whose purpose was "to continuously and slowly reintegrate our brethren to the mainstream." He further added that "We are not a bad people as some would like to picture us."

## Electoral performance

### For president

| Year | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | Valentin de los Santos | 21,674 | 0.43% | Lost to Carlos P. Garcia |

### For vice president

| Year | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | Restituto Fresto | 10,494 | 0.22% | Lost to Diosdado Macapagal |

### Senate

| Year | Votes | % | Seats won | Seats after | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | 62,682 | 0.22% | 0 / 8 | 0 / 24 | Lost |

## InfoBox

| Lapiang Malaya | |
| --- | --- |
| Leader | Valentin de los Santos |
| Founded | 1940s |
| Dissolved | 1967 |
|  | |


title: Military–entertainment complex

abstract: The military–entertainment complex is the cooperation between militaries and entertainment industries to their mutual benefit, especially in such fields as cinema, multimedia, virtual reality, and multisensory extended reality. Though the term can be used to describe any military–entertainment complex in any nation, the most prominent complex is between the United States Department of Defense (DoD) and the film industry of the United States.

text:
# Military–entertainment complex

The **military–entertainment complex** is the cooperation between militaries and entertainment industries to their mutual benefit, especially in such fields as cinema, multimedia, virtual reality, and multisensory extended reality.

Though the term can be used to describe any military–entertainment complex in any nation, the most prominent complex is between the United States Department of Defense (DoD) and the film industry of the United States.

## History

During World War 2 the United States sought to use entertainment as a form of propaganda. In 1943 the Office of Strategic Services (a precursor to the CIA) circulated a memo stating the cinema is "one of the most powerful propaganda weapons at the disposal of the United States" and recommended "the voluntary cooperation of all motion agencies not under the control of the JCS \[Joint Chiefs of Staff\]".

The United States Office of War Information utilised cinema for its own ends to rally the public behind the war effort. Director Elmer Davis stated "The easiest way to inject a propaganda idea into most people's minds is to let it go in through the medium of an entertainment picture when they do not realize that they are being propagandized".

In 1953 US President Dwight D. Eisenhower declared "The hand of government must be carefully concealed, and, in some cases I should say, wholly eliminated" and that "a great deal of this particular type of thing would be done through arrangements with all sorts of privately operated enterprises in the field of entertainment, dramatics, music, and so on and so on."

Following the 9/11 attacks there was an increase in collaboration between the US government and Hollywood. In the weeks after the attack Karl Rove and a number of senior governmental officials travelled to Hollywood where they had a number of meetings with studio executives. The studios, including the President of the Motion Picture Association of America, pledged to aid the administration's efforts.

## Movies

In Hollywood, many movie and television productions are, by choice, contractually supervised by the DoD Entertainment Media Unit within the Office of the Secretary of Defense at the Pentagon, and by the public affairs offices of the military services maintained solely for the American entertainment industry in Hollywood, Los Angeles . Producers looking to borrow military equipment or filming on location at a military installation for their works need to apply to the DoD, and submit their movies' scripts for vetting. Ultimately, the DoD has a say in every U.S.-made movie that uses DoD resources, not available on the open market, in their productions.

During World War II, Hollywood "became the unofficial propaganda arm of the U.S. military".  The United States Office of War Information (OWI) had a unit exclusively dedicated to Hollywood called the Bureau of Motion Pictures. From 1942 to 1945, the OWI's Bureau of Motion Pictures reviewed 1,652 film scripts and revised or discarded any that portrayed the United States in a negative light, including material that made Americans seem "oblivious to the war or anti-war."  Elmer Davis, the head of the OWI, said that "The easiest way to inject a propaganda idea into most people's minds is to let it go through the medium of an entertainment picture when they do not realize they're being propagandized".

Four decades after the release of the 1954 adult animated film *Animal Farm*, Cold War historian Tony Shaw discovered, through looking at archives of the film, that the CIA had secretly purchased the rights to the film. The CIA also altered the ending of the film so that the pigs, who represent communists, were overthrown by the other animals on the farm.

The 1986 film *Top Gun*, produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer at Paramount Pictures, and with DoD assistance, aimed at rebranding the U.S. Navy's image in the post-Vietnam War era. During the showings of the film, military recruiters set up tables in cinemas during its premieres. However, claims enlistments spiked as high as 500% are a myth, and enlistments only rose by approximately 8% in 1986. By the end of the 1980s and early 1990s, Hollywood producers were stressing script writers to create military-related plots to gain production power from the U.S. military.

Some American movies made with script approval from the Department of Defense include:

The website *Spy Culture* compiled a list of 410 DoD-sponsored movies.

The CIA collaborated extensively in the production of the 2012 film *Zero Dark Thirty*.

The documentary *Theaters of War* (2022) says that more than 2,500 films and TV shows have been supervised by the military, mostly, as well as the security services.

## Music videos

Katy Perry's 2012 music video "Part of Me", in which she signs up to join the Marines, was shot at USMC Camp Pendleton in Oceanside, California, with the support of the Marines.

On YouTube, a new music video genre appeared, the military music videos. Typically, these are video clips portraying singers in military equipment and surrounded by military vehicles and weapons. This video genre is used by a number of armed forces across the globe (list of examples below)

The United States Air Force has an official rock band, Max Impact, and released a punk version of its official anthem. In early 2019, the U.S. Army released a promotional military hip hop video, "Giving All I Got", with the explicit intent to get the attention of the younger crowd.

## Video games

In his book *From Sun Tzu to Xbox*, Ed Halter wrote "The technologies that shape our culture have always been pushed forward by war". Video games "were not created directly for military purposes, \[they\] arose out of an intellectual environment whose existence was entirely predicated on defense research". The first known virtual military training equipment, a flight simulator made of wood, was created in the 1920s by Edward Link. Since the Second World War, the U.S. Army and its sub-agencies played a major role in the development of digital computers. The DARPA, an agency of the DoD, contributed to the development of Advanced computing systems, computer graphics, the Internet, multiplayer networked systems, and the 3-D navigation of virtual environments.

Arguably the first video game (faux-military simulation), the PDP-1-powered *Spacewar!*, was developed in 1962. The U.S. Army's first video game created for training purposes, the board game Mech War, was implemented in the staff officer training curriculum in the 1970s at the Army War College. During the 1980s, Academic and military researchers led the development of distributed interactive simulations (DIS) that enable the creation of real-time, virtual theaters of war. The release by Atari of the game *Battlezone* was a revolution for the graphics perspective, introducing first-person shooter games for the first time. Donn A. Starry, head of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), said in a conference in 1981: "\[Today's soldiers have\] learned to learn in a different world, ... a world of television, electronic toys and games, computers, and a host of other electronic devices. They belong to a TV and technology generation... \[so\] how is it that our soldiers are still sitting in classrooms, still listening to lectures, still depending on books and other paper reading materials, when possibly new and better methods have been available for many years?" The Air Force captain Jack A. Thorpe developed SIMNET with DARPA, a real-time distributed networking to modernize virtual simulation capacities and enable soldiers to experience war situation in times of peace. The magazine *Wired* argued this was the real embryo of the Internet.

After the first-person-shooter hit *Doom* came out in 1993, the Marine Corps Modeling and Simulation Office (MCMSO) released the online Personal Computer Based Wargames Catalog where Army personnel published detailed reviews of the video games they investigated. *Doom* became the MCMSO's absolute preference, and in 1995, the game *Marine Doom* was released, and the alien-themed graphics of the game's first version was replaced by military-themed graphics.

Dave Anthony, a writer for *Call of Duty*, left his job and became an "unknown conflict" adviser for the Department of Defense.

The video game *Homefront* was created by John Milius, who also wrote/directed the 1984 war film *Red Dawn* that gave its name to the Operation Red Dawn which led to the capture of Saddam Hussein.

Sometimes the military will create their own games, such as *America's Army*, a free first-person shooter that was intended to educate and recruit prospective soldiers.

## Professional sports

The U.S. military has provided $53 million in funding to professional sports organizations in exchange for pro-military messaging, such as a "salute" to active duty soldiers and war veterans. This practice is common in the NFL and NASCAR with the latter's "NASCAR Salutes" program running through the entirety of May.

## Film Liaison Unit heads

### Philip Strub

Philip Meredith Strub was the head of the DoD's Film Liaison Unit from 1989 to 2018. Strub oversaw the creation of "Dara", a DoD database of all entertainment productions that had approached the department for assistance. Strub received his bachelor's degree in political science from Saint Louis University in Missouri in 1968; was commissioned as a U.S. Navy officer; and received a master's in cinema production in 1974 from the University of Southern California.

### David Evans

David Evans became head of the DoD's Film Liaison Unit after Strub's retirement in 2018. Evans spent 13 years as a public affairs specialist at the DoD and then spent four years working as Strub's deputy. Less is known about Evans than even Strub. Shortly after his appointment, his LinkedIn profile was deleted.

## Bibliography


title: Oberwiera

abstract: Oberwiera is a municipality in the district of Zwickau in Saxony in Germany. Oberwiera has the following districts: Harthau, Neukirchen, Niederwiera, Oberwiera, Röhrsdorf and Wickersdorf. Around half of the population lives in the main district of Oberwiera. Municipalities around Oberwiere are Remse, Schönberg and the city of Waldenburg as well as Nobitz and Ziegelheim in Thuringia.

text:
# Oberwiera

**Oberwiera** is a municipality in the district of Zwickau in Saxony in Germany. Oberwiera has the following districts: Harthau, Neukirchen, Niederwiera, Oberwiera, Röhrsdorf and Wickersdorf. Around half of the population lives in the main district of Oberwiera.

Municipalities around Oberwiere are Remse, Schönberg and the city of Waldenburg as well as Nobitz and Ziegelheim in Thuringia.

## History

Oberwiera was mentioned the first time in 1254 A.D. Therefore Oberwiera is as old as its neighbor city Waldenburg.

## InfoBox

| Oberwiera | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church | |
|  | |
| Location of Oberwiera within Zwickau district | |
| Oberwiera Oberwiera | |
| Coordinates: 50°53′29″N 12°32′14″E / 50.89139°N 12.53722°E / 50.89139; 12.53722 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony |
| District | Zwickau |
| Municipal assoc. | Waldenburg |
| Subdivisions | 6 |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201926) | Holger Quellmalz |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.33 km2 (5.53 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 268 m (879 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,026 |
| Density | 72/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 08396 |
| Dialling codes | 037608 |
| Vehicle registration | Z |
| Website | www.gemeindeoberwiera.de |


title: USCGC Winslow Griesser

abstract:
USCGC Winslow Griesser (WPC-1116) was the sixteenth Sentinel-class cutter to be delivered.
She is the fourth of six Sentinel-class vessels to be stationed in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Bollinger shipyards delivered her to the United States Coast Guard, in Key West, Florida, on December 23, 2015.
After she completed her acceptance trials, she was commissioned on March 11, 2016.

text:
# USCGC Winslow Griesser

**USCGC *Winslow Griesser* (WPC-1116)** was the sixteenth Sentinel-class cutter to be delivered. She is the fourth of six Sentinel-class vessels to be stationed in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Bollinger shipyards delivered her to the United States Coast Guard, in Key West, Florida, on December 23, 2015. After she completed her acceptance trials, she was commissioned on March 11, 2016.

## Operational history

The *Winslow Griesser* participated in the multi-nation training exercise known as Tradewinds 2017 in June 2017.

On August 8, 2022, the *Winslow Griesser* collided with the center console boat *Desakata* off of Dorado, Puerto Rico, causing the death of a fisherman in the smaller boat. The National Transportation Safety Board attributed the crash to neither vessel's crew seeing the other, and found that neither crew was "maintaining a proper lookout." A separate Coast Guard investigation found that the *Desakata* should have yielded the right of way to the *Winslow Griesser*, but that the cutter's crew could have prevented the incident if they had maintained a better lookout. As a result of the incident, the *Winslow Griesser*'s commanding officer was relieved of his command.

## Namesake

Like all the vessels in her class, *Winslow Griesser* is named after an individual from the Coast Guard's past who has been recognized as a hero. Winslow W. Griesser was the keeper of the United States Lifesaving Service's Buffalo Station, in 1900. When he and his crew ventured out in stormy weather to rescue the crew of two scows they saw had overturned, their own surfboat overturned. Nevertheless, Griesser and a companion tried to swim out, with a tow rope, to rescue survivors who were clinging tenuously to a pile. Griesser's companion was injured, and Griesser continued, alone. He reached the pile, and with great difficulty did rescue the sole remaining survivor. Griesser received the Gold Lifesaving Medal to recognize his exceptional bravery in this rescue.

## InfoBox

| Delivering *Winslow Griesser* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USCGC *Winslow Griesser* |
| Namesake | Winslow W. Griesser |
| Operator | United States Coast Guard |
| Builder | Bollinger Shipyards, Lockport, Louisiana |
| Launched | December 23, 2015 |
| Acquired | December 23, 2015 |
| Commissioned | March 11, 2016 |
| Homeport | San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Identification |  |
| Motto | * *Fortitudo illimitatae* * (Strength without bounds) |
| Status | in active service |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Sentinel-class cutter |
| Displacement | 353 long tons (359 ) |
| Length | 46.8 m (154 ft) |
| Beam | 8.11 m (26.6 ft) |
| Depth | 2.9 m (9.5 ft) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × 4,300 kilowatts (5,800 shp) * 1 × 75 kilowatts (101 shp) bow thruster |
| Speed | 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) |
| Range | 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km; 2,900 mi) |
| Endurance | 5 days |
| Boats & landing
craft carried | 1 × Short Range Prosecutor RHIB |
| Complement | 2 officers, 20 crew |
| Sensors and
processing systems | L-3 C4ISR suite |
| Armament |  |


title: Pusana

abstract: Pusana is a genus of grasshoppers in the subfamily Oedipodinae with species found in the Indian subcontinent.

text:
# Pusana

***Pusana*** is a genus of grasshoppers in the subfamily Oedipodinae with species found in the Indian subcontinent.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus *Pusana*:

## InfoBox

| *Pusana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Oedipodinae |
| Tribe: | Acrotylini |
| Genus: | *Pusana*
Uvarov, 1940 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pusana laevis*
Uvarov, 1921 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pusa* Uvarov, 1921 * *Longipternis* Yin, 1984 | |


title: Oberea elegantula

abstract: Oberea elegantula is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hermann Julius Kolbe in 1894.

text:
# Oberea elegantula

***Oberea elegantula*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hermann Julius Kolbe in 1894.

## InfoBox

| *Oberea elegantula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Oberea* |
| Species: | ***O. elegantula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oberea elegantula***<br>Kolbe, 1894 | |
|


title: Volume expander

abstract: A volume expander is a type of intravenous therapy that has the function of providing volume for the circulatory system. It may be used for fluid replacement or during surgery to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery.

text:
# Volume expander

A **volume expander** is a type of intravenous therapy that has the function of providing volume for the circulatory system. It may be used for fluid replacement or during surgery to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery.

## Physiology

When blood is lost, the greatest immediate need is to stop further blood loss. The second greatest need is replacing the lost volume. This way remaining red blood cells can still oxygenate body tissue. Normal human blood has a significant excess oxygen transport capability, only used in cases of great physical exertion. Provided blood volume is maintained by volume expanders, a rested patient can safely tolerate very low hemoglobin levels, less than 1/3 that of a healthy person.

The body detects the lower hemoglobin level, and compensatory mechanisms start up. The heart pumps more blood with each beat. Since the lost blood was replaced with a suitable fluid, the now diluted blood flows more easily, even in the small vessels. As a result of chemical changes, more oxygen is released to the tissues. These adaptations are so effective that if only half of the red blood cells remain, oxygen delivery may still be about 75 percent of normal. A patient at rest uses only 25 percent of the oxygen available in their blood. In extreme cases, patients have survived with a hemoglobin level of 2 g/dl, about 1/7 the normal, although levels this low are very dangerous.

With enough blood loss, ultimately red blood cell levels drop too low for adequate tissue oxygenation, even if volume expanders maintain circulatory volume. In these situations, the only alternatives are blood transfusions, packed red blood cells, or oxygen therapeutics (if available). However, in some circumstances, hyperbaric oxygen therapy can maintain adequate tissue oxygenation even if red blood cell levels are below normal life-sustaining levels.

## Types

There are two main types of volume expanders: crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloids are aqueous solutions of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as gelatin; blood itself is a colloid. There is no evidence that colloids are better than crystalloids in those who have had trauma, burns, or surgery. Colloids are more expensive than crystalloids. As such, colloids are not recommended for volume expansion in these settings.

### Crystalloids

The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is *normal saline*, a solution of sodium chloride at 0.9% concentration, which is close to the concentration in the blood (isotonic). *Ringer's lactate* or *Ringer's acetate* is another isotonic solution often used for large-volume fluid replacement. The choice of fluids may also depend on the chemical properties of the medications being given.

#### Normal saline

*Normal saline* (NS) is the commonly used term for a solution of 0.9% w/v of NaCl, about 300 mOsm/L. Less commonly, this solution is referred to as *physiological saline* or *isotonic saline*, neither of which is technically accurate. NS is used frequently in intravenous drips (IVs) for patients who cannot take fluids orally and have developed or are in danger of developing dehydration or hypovolemia. NS is typically the first fluid used when hypovolemia is severe enough to threaten the adequacy of blood circulation, and has long been believed to be the safest fluid to give quickly in large volumes. However, it is now known that rapid infusion of NS can cause metabolic acidosis.

#### Ringer's solution

Lactated Ringer's solution contains 28 mmol/L lactate, 4 mmol/L K+ and 1.5 mmol/L Ca2+. It is very similar – though not identical – to Hartmann's Solution, the ionic concentrations of which differ slightly. Ringer's lactate contains calcium, which may combine with citrate (that is used as a preservative in some blood products) and form a precipitate; therefore, it is not to be used as a diluent in blood transfusions.

#### 1/3 NS 2/3D5

2/3 1/3 is no longer recommended as a maintenance intravenous fluid in children as it is hypotonic and isotonic fluids are preferred.

#### Glucose (dextrose)

Intravenous sugar solutions, such as those containing glucose (also called dextrose), have the advantage of providing some energy, and may thereby provide the entire or part of the energy component of parenteral nutrition.

Types of glucose/dextrose include:

* **D5W** (5% dextrose in water), which consists of 278 mmol/L dextrose
* **D5NS** (5% dextrose in normal saline), which, in addition, contains normal saline.

#### Plasma-lyte

Plasma-Lyte A and Plasma-Lyte 148 are buffered crystalloid solutions that may be infused intravenously, or used in conjunction with blood products.

#### Comparison table

Composition of common crystalloid solutions
| Solution | Other Name | \[Na+\](mmol/L) | \[Cl\](mmol/L) | \[Glucose\](mmol/L) | \[Glucose\](mg/dl) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *D5W* | 5% Dextrose | 0 | 0 | 278 | 5000 |
| 2/3 D5W & 1/3 NS | 3.3% Dextrose / 0.3% saline | 51 | 51 | 185 | 3333 |
| Half-normal saline | 0.45% NaCl | 77 | 77 | 0 | 0 |
| Normal saline | 0.9% NaCl | 154 | 154 | 0 | 0 |
| Ringer's lactate | Lactated Ringer | 130 | 109 | 0 | 0 |
| *D5NS* | 5% Dextrose, Normal Saline | 154 | 154 | 278 | 5000 |

Effect of adding one litre
| Solution | Change in ECF | Change in ICF |
| --- | --- | --- |
| D5W | 333 mL | 667 mL |
| 2/3 D5W & 1/3 NS | 556 mL | 444 mL |
| Half-normal saline | 667 mL | 333 mL |
| Normal saline | 1000 mL | 0 mL |
| Ringer's lactate | 900 mL | 100 mL |

### Colloids

Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution. Therefore, they should theoretically preferentially increase the intravascular volume, whereas crystalloids also increase the interstitial volume and intracellular volume. However, there is no evidence to support that this results in less mortality than crystalloids. Another difference is that crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids. Common colloids used in the medical context include albumin and fresh frozen plasma.

#### Hydroxyethyl starch

*Hydroxyethyl starch* (HES/HAES, common trade names: Hespan, Voluven) is controversial. Its use in those who are very ill is associated with an increased risk of death and kidney problems. Therefore, HES/HAES is not recommended in people with known inflammatory conditions such as renal impairment.

#### Gelofusine

*Gelofusine* is a colloid volume expander which may be used as a blood plasma replacement when a significant amount of blood is lost due to extreme hemorrhagia, trauma, dehydration, or a similar event. It is an intravenous colloid that behaves much like blood filled with albumins. As a result, it causes an increase in blood volume, blood flow, cardiac output, and oxygen transportation.


title: Philip Willis Tone

abstract: Philip Willis Tone was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and previously a judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.

text:
# Philip Willis Tone

**Philip Willis Tone** (April 9, 1923 – November 28, 2001) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and previously a judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.

## Education and career

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Tone received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from State University of Iowa (now the University of Iowa) in 1943 and was a First Lieutenant in the United States Army during World War II, from 1943 to 1946. He received a Juris Doctor from State University of Iowa College of Law in 1948. He was a law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Wiley B. Rutledge from 1948 to 1949. He was then in private practice in Washington, D.C. until 1950, and in Chicago until 1972.

## Career

On November 29, 1971, Tone was nominated by President Richard Nixon to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois created by 84 Stat. 294. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 2, 1971, and received his commission on January 26, 1972. His service terminated on May 17, 1974, due to elevation to the Seventh Circuit.

On April 22, 1974, Nixon nominated Tone to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated by Judge Roger Kiley. Tone was confirmed by the Senate on May 6, 1974, and received his commission on May 14, 1974. Tone served in that capacity until his resignation from the bench, on April 30, 1980.

After his Judicial service, Tone returned to private practice in Chicago until his death, on November 28, 2001, in Glenview, Illinois.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Phil Tone | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit | |
| **In office**
May 14, 1974  April 30, 1980 | |
| Appointed by | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Roger Kiley |
| Succeeded by | Richard Posner |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois | |
| **In office**
January 26, 1972  May 17, 1974 | |
| Appointed by | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Seat established |
| Succeeded by | Joel Flaum |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Philip Willis Tone
(1923-04-09)April 9, 1923
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | November 28, 2001(2001-11-28) (aged 78)
Glenview, Illinois, U.S. |
| Education | University of Iowa (AB, JD) |
|  | |


title: Wells Cathedral clock

abstract: The Wells Cathedral clock is an astronomical clock in the north transept of Wells Cathedral, England. The clock is one of the group of famous 14th– to 16th–century astronomical clocks to be found in the West of England. The surviving mechanism, dated to between 1386 and 1392, was replaced in the 19th century, and was eventually moved to the Science Museum in London, where it continues to operate. The dial represents the geocentric view of the universe, with the Sun and Moon revolving round a central fixed Earth. It may be unique in showing a philosophical model of the pre-Copernican universe. Another more basic dial is mounted on the outside wall, driven from the same mechanism. This was first installed in the 14th or 15th centuries, but has been restored a number of times.

text:
# Wells Cathedral clock

The **Wells Cathedral clock** is an astronomical clock in the north transept of Wells Cathedral, England. The clock is one of the group of famous 14th– to 16th–century astronomical clocks to be found in the West of England. The surviving mechanism, dated to between 1386 and 1392, was replaced in the 19th century, and was eventually moved to the Science Museum in London, where it continues to operate. The dial represents the geocentric view of the universe, with the Sun and Moon revolving round a central fixed Earth. It may be unique in showing a philosophical model of the pre-Copernican universe.

Another more basic dial is mounted on the outside wall, driven from the same mechanism. This was first installed in the 14th or 15th centuries, but has been restored a number of times.

## Description

The interior dial of the clock proposes a model of the universe (above right). Against a background of stars, the Sun (the large gilded star on the outer ring) moves in a circle, and indicates the time using the 24-hour analogue dial, which is marked in Roman numerals from I to XII, then from I to XII again. Noon is at the top of the dial reflecting the position of the Sun in the sky at this time.

In the corners, four angels hold the four cardinal winds. These may be generating the power that makes the universe operate.

The minutes are indicated by a smaller star on the ring inside.

The inner circle shows the moon; the central moon symbol is much larger than the outer sun symbol. A pointer indicates the age of the moon, between 1 and 30 days. The black and white disk above the centre shows the moon's phase. The white disk rotates once in a synodic month. The inscription around the moon phase indicator says *sphericus archetypum globus hic monstrat microcosmum*, which translates as *This spherical globe here shows the archetypal microcosm*. Howgrave-Graham suggests that the scribe erroneously put *microcosmum*, when *macrocosmum* is the more obvious word. Opposite the Moon circle is a weighted pivoted disc, containing a small painting of Phoebe, representing the Moon. The inscription reads: *Sic peragrat Phobe*, or *So progresses Phoebe*.

At the centre of the dial, the ball represents the Earth, and the clouds suggest the same.

Above the clock and to the right is a figure, known as Jack Blandifers, or Blandiver, who hits a bell with a hammer held in his right hand and two bells hung beneath him with his heels. A set of jousting knights also chase each other every 15 minutes.

The exterior dial of the clock does not replicate the above details.

## History

There are mentions of a clock at Wells during the first half of the 14th century, with a payment being made for the keeper of the clock in 1392–1393.

In 1388, Bishop Ralph Erghum moved from Salisbury to Wells. He had previously been Bishop of Salisbury, from 1375 to 1388, and had installed a clock there in 1386. He may have brought his clockmakers with him to Wells. The two clocks are almost identical in construction, although the Wells clock shows some improvements and additions, which suggests that some valuable lessons had been learned. The Wells striking system uses a double lever, for example, which is more reliable than the system used in Salisbury. It can be safely assumed that the Wells clock and the Salisbury clock are roughly of the same age, as they share a lot of construction details. The assumption that both clocks were made in the 14th century is not verifiable, as only a payment to a keeper of a clock is mentioned, but no detail about the clock itself at the time is known.

However, John Leland the antiquary claimed in the mid 16th century that the clock at Glastonbury Abbey, just six miles from Wells, was made by Peter Lightfoot, a monk at the Abbey, and further evidence is provided by the monastic chronicler, John of Glaston. Glaston says it was "a great clock distinguished by shows and figures in motion". It was reported (in 1828) that "At the Reformation, this clock was removed from Glastonbury Abbey to its present situation in Wells Cathedral". Lightfoot was also reputed to have made the clocks at Wimborne and Exeter. However, a re-consideration of all the facts leads to the conclusion that following the construction of the Glastonbury Abbey clock, Lightfoot was engaged to make a clock especially for Wells Cathedral.

The clock was converted to pendulum and anchor escapement in the 17th century. The original mechanism was installed in the Science Museum in London in 1884.

In August 2010, the current Keeper of the Great Clock of Wells, Paul Fisher, announced his retirement. With the Cathedral authorities planning to fit an electric motor to wind the clock, his retirement was set to end the practice of winding the clock by hand.

## Further reading


title: Nontsikelelo Veleko

abstract: Nontsikelelo "Lolo" Veleko is a South African photographer most noted for her depiction of black identity, urbanisation and fashion in post-apartheid South Africa.

text:
# Nontsikelelo Veleko

**Nontsikelelo "Lolo" Veleko** (born 19 August 1977) is a South African photographer most noted for her depiction of black identity, urbanisation and fashion in post-apartheid South Africa.

## Early life and education

Veleko was born on (19 August 1977 in Bodibe, North West (South African province)). She studied from 1995 to 2003 at the Cape Technikon in Cape Town and attended Luhlaza High School in Khayelitsha. In 1995, she studied graphic design at the Cape Technikon. After moving to Johannesburg, she studied photography at the Market Theatre Photo Workshop (1999–2004), the institution that was organized by David Goldblatt, who provide the formal training to young photographers.

## Work

In 2003, Veleko documented graffiti throughout Cape Town and Johannesburg, a series she titles *The ones on top won't make it Stop!* in her first solo exhibition at the Johannesburg Art Gallery. These photographs encapsulated the social and political atmosphere of post-apartheid South Africa. This same year, Veleko was nominated for the MTN New Contemporaries Arts Awards. This competition identifies four rising South African artists and selects a winner. Throughout the next couple of years, her work was showcased in various exhibitions throughout South Africa, Europe and Australia.

In 2006, her photographs were part of the group exhibition *Snap Judgments: New Positions in Contemporary African Photography*, at the International Center of Photography (ICP) in New York. This work portrays particularly, defines Veleko's contrats the stereotypes which are associated with gender and race depicting South Africa street style from her series *Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder* from (2003), which focused on subjects born after 1994, attracted a great deal of attention and international acclaim, shifting previous perceptions of Africa as a whole on an international scale. Veleko explains that she looks at fashion “and how it creates identity, because fashion plays with identity”. In regards to the title of the series, she states: “I thought the way I see beauty and the way I perceive beauty might be different to someone else next to me...So the project is called Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder, because for me they are beautiful.” She even gives various reasons for this project. When people look at those people who have dressed differently they would ask: 'How can you dress up in yellow pants and a little green jersey with stripes? She perceives her views in a different way which is a project called Beauty Is In The Eyes Of The Beholder, because for her it was all about drawing attention around issues of beauty by capturing real people. It was also about street fashion that she did not think about that they are just promoting themselves, which she displays where she has lived it and used to be one of those people. In short, it was clear that images were created by her because of the color choices and facial expressions of that characters held with the viewer. Alongside this, Veleko has also included clothing in her projects "to deliberately challenge assumptions of identity based on appearances and historical background". Such is evident in her more personal project from 2002, www.notblackenough.lolo, which depicted an exploration of mixed cultural and racial identity through different costumes of role play.

In 2006, Veleko's work was also exhibited in *Personae & Scenarios-the new African photography* at the Brancolini Grimaldi Arte Contemporanea in Rome, Italy. That same year, her photographs were displayed in the exhibition titled *Olvida Quien Soy- Erase Me from Who I Am* at the Centro Atlantico de Arte Mordeno in Las Palmas, Canary Islands. In 2007, Veleko's work and reputation reached a larger international audience with her work being exhibited throughout Southern Africa, Europe, Asia, North and South America. She has also been a part of shows such as *7th Recontres Africaines de la Photographie exhibition*. During this year, she also received a two-month residency with the International Photographic Research Network (IPRN) in the UK where she explored the notions of work, identity and clothes.

In 2008, Veleko was the second photographer to be awarded the Standard Bank Young Artist for Visual Art for her traveling exhibition *Wonderland*. This focuses on familiar aspects of her previous work such as fashionable street-goers, primarily younger adults, as well as graffiti and personal spaces. Through exploration of such subjects Veleko continues to delve deeper and defy clichés of outdated perceptions of South Africans, and Africans in a larger context, that have been largely focused on the notions of fashion and the way of life. *Wonderland* not only displays the unique personalities of eclectically dressed urbanites but also captures the cosmopolitan nature of cities such as Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban.

Veleko's work presents a strong statement of a younger generation that is loud, self-expressive and daring; a collection of youth she strongly relates to. Such sentiments are evident in the photographs resulting from what she considers to be a "collaborative process". The portraits are taken after being granted permission from the subjects. She gives copies of the photos to their rightful owners and invites them to the exhibition openings. For the ongoing series of graffiti shots *The ones on top won't make it Stop*, Veleko met the graffiti artists and continued to follow the progress of those whose style she favoured.

> Graffti, like photography is a form of visual communication. It is a vehicle which informs society about the range of socio-political issues that affect us; it gets people's messages across in a, public, 'in your face' way; it evokes powerful emotion. To me, it is more than merely a visual message...it is poetry... — Nontsikelelo "Lolo" Veleko, *These Words Are Like Swords...*

In 2017 Veleko co-curated 'Resist(e) – Printemps Photographique Afrique du Sud 2017' at Gallery NegPos in Nîmes, France with Patrice Loubon of Gallery NegPos. In 2019, her work 'banned nudes,' *Les nus interdits*, was on exhibit in Les Docks in Aries, France after being shot on the Island of Reunion. She was also a project manager/co-coordinator at the Market Photo Workshop, where she was previously a student.

## Personal life

Veleko, as of 2017, lives and works in France.

## Reception

In discussion of her photography, Mark Stevens wrote in the *New York Magazine Art Review*, "It was a shock- an awakening shock- to come upon the bursting contemporary colours worn by the fashion-struck people portrayed by Nontsikelelo "Lolo" Veleko on the streets of Johannesburg". Critic Leslie Camhi has related the fashion-savvy subjects of Veleko's street portraits to the widely recognisable image of "hipsters" "dressed in electric, Kool-Aid colours \[whose\] incorrigible chic and appropriations of Western icons...proclaim them heirs to Ke dandified Bamakois bourgeoisie". Leslie Camhi of *The Village Voice* (2006) further noted:

If independence has a style, this is it—vivid, highly individualised, and a touch defiant. These images are antidotes to the prevailing view of the "dark continent" as a place of entropy and despair; these are people in charge of at least their own sartorial destiny.

## Publications

### Books

* Maart, B; T. J. Lemon. Introduction by David Goldblatt. 2002. *SHARP: The Market Photography Workshop.* The Market Photography Workshop, Johannesburg, South Africa.
* *The Fatherhood Project: 2003–2004.* Child, Youth and Family Development (CYFD), Human Sciences Research Council, HSRC Press, Pretoria, South Africa, 2004.
* Perryer, S (ed). 2004. *10 Years 100 Artists: Art in a Democratic South Africa.* Bell Roberts Publishing in association with Struik Publishing, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 1868729877
* Comely, R; G. Hallett; N. Neo (eds). 2006. *Woman by Woman: 50 Years of Women’s Photography in South Africa.* Wits University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa.

### Catalogues

* Smith, Kathryn 2003. MTN New Contemporaries. MTN, Johannesburg.
* Damsbo, Mads. 2004. *Unsettled: 8 South African Photographers*, The National Museum of Photography, The Royal Library, Copenhagen.
* Waselchuk, Lori. 2004. *Is e.verybody comfortable*.
* Enwezor, Okwui. 2006. *Snap Judgments: New Positions in Contemporary African Photography*. International Center of Photography, New York.
* Lehtonen, Kimmo (ed). 2007. IPRN Changing Faces #3. Van Wyk, Gary (ed). 2004. *A Decade of Democracy: Witnessing South Africa*. Sondela, Boston.
* Vergon, Henri 2007. *Two Years of Afronova*. Afronova, Johannesburg.

## Exhibitions

### Solo exhibitions

* 2002–2003 *The Ones on Top Won't Make It Stop!*, The Kuppel, Basel, Switzerland, 2002; Women's Arts Festival, Johannesburg Art Gallery and Market Theatre Galleries, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2003
* 2007 *SCREAM! MUTE! SCREAM!*, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa
* 2008-9 *Wonderland*, Standard Bank Young Artist Award, national travelling exhibition, including National Arts Festival Grahamstown, Grahamstown; Durban Art Gallery, Durban; Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town; Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa

### Group exhibition

* 2011 *Figures & Fictions: Contemporary South African Photography,* Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 2011.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Nontsikelelo "Lolo" Veleko | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nontsikelelo Veleko
(1977-08-19) 19 August 1977
Bodibe, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Education | Market Theatre (Johannesburg) |
| Known for | Photography |
| Awards | Standard Bank Young Artist for Visual Art |


title: Milites Templi

abstract: Milites Templi was a papal bull issued by Pope Celestine II in 1144. It ordered the clergy to protect the Knights Templar and encouraged the faithful to contribute to their cause. It allowed the Templars to make their own collections once a year, even in areas under interdict. This is one of the most important papal bulls relating to the Temple, and together with Omne datum optimum (1139) and Militia Dei (1145) forms the foundation for the Order's future wealth and success.

text:
# Milites Templi

***Milites Templi*** (Latin for "Soldiers of the Temple") was a papal bull issued by Pope Celestine II in 1144.

It ordered the clergy to protect the Knights Templar and encouraged the faithful to contribute to their cause. It allowed the Templars to make their own collections once a year, even in areas under interdict.

This is one of the most important papal bulls relating to the Temple, and together with *Omne datum optimum* (1139) and *Militia Dei* (1145) forms the foundation for the Order's future wealth and success.

## Sources

* Barber, Malcolm (1994). *The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple*. Cambridge University Press.
* Nicholson, Helen J. (2001). "The Head of St. Euphemia: Templar Devotion to Female Saints". In Edgington, Susan; Lambert, Sarah (eds.). *Gendering the Crusades*. Columbia University Press. p. 109-120.


title: Oberwies

abstract: Oberwies is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany. It belongs to the association community of Bad Ems-Nassau.

text:
# Oberwies

**Oberwies** is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany. It belongs to the association community of Bad Ems-Nassau.

## InfoBox

| Oberwies | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Oberwies within Rhein-Lahn-Kreis district | |
| Oberwies Oberwies | |
| Coordinates: 50°17′19″N 7°46′50″E / 50.28861°N 7.78056°E / 50.28861; 7.78056 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Rhein-Lahn-Kreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Bad Ems-Nassau |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Dieter Pfaff |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.02 km2 (0.78 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 315 m (1,033 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 150 |
| Density | 74/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56379 |
| Dialling codes | 02604 |
| Vehicle registration | EMS, DIZ, GOH |


title: USCGC Winona

abstract: USCGC Winona (WHEC-65) was an Owasco class high endurance cutter built for World War II service with the United States Coast Guard. The war ended before the ship was completed and consequently she did not see wartime service until the Vietnam War. Winona was built by Western Pipe & Steel at the company's San Pedro shipyard. Named after Winona Lake, Indiana, she was commissioned as a patrol gunboat with ID number WPG-65 on 19 April 1946. Her ID was later changed to WHEC-65

text:
# USCGC Winona

**USCGC *Winona* (WHEC-65)** was an *Owasco* class high endurance cutter built for World War II service with the United States Coast Guard. The war ended before the ship was completed and consequently she did not see wartime service until the Vietnam War.

*Winona* was built by Western Pipe & Steel at the company's San Pedro shipyard. Named after Winona Lake, Indiana, she was commissioned as a patrol gunboat with ID number **WPG-65** on 19 April 1946. Her ID was later changed to **WHEC-65** (HEC for "High Endurance Cutter" - the "W" signifies a Coast Guard vessel)

## Peacetime service

From 15 August 1946 to 11 September 1947, *Winona* was stationed at San Pedro, California, and used for law enforcement, ocean station, and search and rescue operations. She was subsequently homeported at Port Angeles, Washington, until 31 May 1974.

On 17 November 1948, she towed the disabled MV *Herald of Morning*. On 10 June 1949, she assisted FV *Alice B* 2 miles off South Amphitrite Point. On 13 February 1950, she towed the disabled MV *Edgecombe* to Seattle, Washington. On 16 June 1951, she escorted FV *Sea Lark* to Ketchikan, Alaska. On 18 and 19 March 1952, she assisted the disabled MV *Darton* until relieved by a commercial tug. From 23 to 25 December 1952, she assisted MV *Maple Cove* at 48°22’N, 134°26’W. On 13 February 1954, she assisted FV *Western Fisherman*. On 20 December 1954, she medevaced a crewman from MV *General Pope*. She patrolled the Gold Cup Races at Seattle, Washington, on 7 August 1955. *Winona* served on Bering Sea patrol from July to September 1956. She was back performing that same task from 20 July to 21 September 1963.

## Vietnam War

*Winona* was assigned to Coast Guard Squadron Three, South Vietnam, from 25 January to 17 October 1968. On 1 March the *Winona sank* a North Vietnamese trawler designated T-A. Damage controlman first class Thomas Lisk was on board at the time, and reported that a round penetrated the hull and bounce repeatedly around the room but fortunately neither he nor any shipmates were injured.

## Return to peacetime duties

On 31 January 1969, *Winona* stood by MV *Belmona* following a fire 15 miles southwest of Cape Flattery until commercial tugs arrived. On 20 July 1969, she assisted in the operations following the sinking of a barge loaded with diesel fuel near Admiralty Inlet. On 28 October 1970, she provided medical assistance to *Urea Maru* 300 miles off San Francisco.

## Decommissioning

The ship was decommissioned on 31 May 1974 and was laid-up at the US Coast Guard Base, Alameda, California until she was scrapped in late 1976.

## Footnotes

* Scheina, Robert L. (1990). *U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft, 1946–1990*. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis. ISBN 978-0-87021-719-7.
* Scheina, Robert L. (1982). *U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II*. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-87021-717-3.
* "Winona, 1946" (PDF). *Cutters, Craft & U.S. Coast Guard-Manned Army & Navy Vessels*. US Coast Guard Historians Office. Retrieved 19 December 2012.

48°22′N 134°26′W / 48.367°N 134.433°W / 48.367; -134.433

## InfoBox

| USCGC *Winona* (WHEC-65), circa 1965 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Owner | US Coast Guard |
| Builder | Western Pipe & Steel |
| Cost | $4,239,702 (hull and machinery) |
| Laid down | 8 November 1944 |
| Launched | 22 April 1945 |
| Christened | *Winona* |
| Commissioned | 19 April 1946 |
| Decommissioned | 31 May 1974 |
| Reclassified | WPG-65 to WHEC-65 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1974 |
| Notes | *WPS Hull No. 152.* |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | *Owasco*-class cutter |
| Displacement | * 1,978 full (1966) * 1,342 light (1966) |
| Length | * 254 ft (77.4 m) oa. * 245 ft (74.7 m) pp. |
| Beam | 43 ft 1 in (13.1 m) |
| Draft | 17 ft 3 in (5.3 m) (1966) |
| Installed power | 4,000 shp (3,000 kW) (1945) |
| Propulsion | 1 × Westinghouse electric motor driven by a turbine, (1945) |
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph). |
| Range | * 6,157 mi (9,909 km) at 17 knots * 10,376 mi (16,699 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) (1966) |
| Complement | 10 officers, 3 warrants, 130 enlisted (1966) |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | * Detection Radar: SPS-23, SPS-29, Mk 26, Mk 27 (1966) * Sonar: SQS-1 (1966) |
| Armament |  |
| Notes | Fuel capacity: 141,755 gal (Oil, 95%). |


title: Pusane

abstract: Pusane is a village and gram panchayat in India, situated in the Mawal taluka of Pune district in the state of Maharashtra. It encompasses an area of 786 ha.

text:
# Pusane

**Pusane** is a village and gram panchayat in India, situated in the Mawal taluka of Pune district in the state of Maharashtra. It encompasses an area of 786 ha (1,942 acres).

## Administration

The village is administrated by a sarpanch, an elected representative who leads a gram panchayat. At the time of the 2011 Census of India, the village was a self-contained gram panchayat, meaning that there were no other constituent villages governed by the body.

## Demographics

At the 2011 census, the village comprised 216 households. The population of 1255 was split between 651 males and 604 females.

## InfoBox

| Pusane | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PusaneLocation in Maharashtra, IndiaPusanePusane (India) | |
| Coordinates: 18°37′55″N 73°36′37″E / 18.6319514°N 73.6103296°E / 18.6319514; 73.6103296 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Pune |
| Tehsil | Mawal |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati Raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 786 ha (1,942 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,255 |
| Density | 160/km2 (410/sq mi) |
|  | Sex ratio 651 / 604 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Other spoken | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone code | 02114 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MH |
| Vehicle registration | MH-14 |
| Website | pune.nic.in |


title: Joannes Brothers Company

text:
# Joannes Brothers Company

Joannes Brothers Company was a wholesaler and retailer of grocery products based in Green Bay, Wisconsin that served the Upper Midwest for over 80 years. The company began as a small retail operation in 1872, growing into an interstate distributor by the turn of the century. The rise of Joannes Brothers was closely linked with the growth of Green Bay and the industrialization of the Great Lakes region, initiating some of the first business transactions that established Green Bay as a regular market. It was acquired by Minnesota-based SuperValu in 1955. A separate venture, initially operating under the same name, was established by an original Joannes Brothers Company founder in Los Angeles in 1905. The operation was acquired by McCormick & Company in 1953.

## History

Joannes Brothers Company was founded in Green Bay, Wisconsin as a retail grocer by brothers Charles, Mitchell, Thomas, and William Joannes. The Joannes brothers had immigrated from Tervuren, Belgium as children in 1856, initially settling on a farm in Lawrence township, southwest of Green Bay. After the death of their father in 1858, the family left their farm and integrated with the growing Green Bay community. The brothers held jobs in various industries during the 1860s and early 1870s, including postal work, jeweler apprentice, farm hand, clerk, bookkeeper, and traveling salesman. In 1872, confident in their trade skills and business experience, the brothers opened a small retail grocery operation on North Washington Street in Green Bay.

Taking advantage of Green Bay's Lake Michigan port and extension of railroads north of Chicago, the firm imported a wide variety of agricultural products, raw coffee, and other soft commodities to grow its operation, in addition to expanding the wholesale distribution of local products such as cheese. Surviving through the financial panic of 1873, the Joannes Brothers Company added a wholesale branch in 1877.

Due to the success of the wholesale operation, Joannes Brothers discontinued its retail business in 1884 to focus exclusively on the wholesale market. The firm expanded its operations to include a spice mill, coffee roaster, riverfront warehouse, and oil warehouse, as well as installing the first telephone line in the city between its downtown office and its gardens in the town of Preble. By the late 1880s, Joannes Brothers had outgrown its founding location and re-located further up the Fox River, completing a four-story granite structure in the Romanesque Revival style in 1891. Growing demand at the turn of the century also necessitated construction of a six-story distribution facility, a riverfront warehouse, and new spice mill. Additionally, in 1889, the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad laid an industrial rail spur – the Alley Track – through downtown Green Bay, bisecting the Joannes Brothers complex and allowing for direct loading and unloading at the company facility.

In the early 1900s, co-founder and vice president Charles Joannes began traveling to California for health reasons and established business contacts in the West Coast wholesale industry. In 1905, he founded a second Joannes Brothers operation in Los Angeles, and opened the company's first purpose-built facility in 1907. Charles Joannes subsequently resigned as vice president of the Green Bay operation in 1912 and turned his full attention to growing the Joannes Brothers’ distribution of coffee, tea, and spices from the Los Angeles firm. In 1917, that firm completed a 46,000 square foot, John Parkinson-designed facility near downtown Los Angeles that still stands.

The 1920s was a period of significant change for the firm as management passed to the second generation of Joannes family members. In Green Bay, Harold and Leland Joannes succeeded their fathers, Mitchell and Thomas, respectively. Leland Joannes also joined the Green Bay Packers board of directors and became the team's treasurer in 1923. In Los Angeles, Ralph Joannes succeeded his father, Charles, overseeing the merger of Joannes Brothers, Puritas Coffee & Tea Company, and San Diego Coffee Company to form Coffee Products of America in 1930.

In Green Bay, Joannes Brothers tried to modernize its business model by consolidating accounts under wholesale and cash-and-carry operations. The latter being established in five locations in northeastern Wisconsin. The company also re-entered the retail grocery space with four supermarkets in Green Bay. Leland Joannes retired from Joannes Brothers Company in 1945, vacating the vice president position. He remained president of the Green Bay Packers until 1947, thereafter serving as chairman of the board, vice president, and director emeritus over the next three decades.

By 1951, after only five years, Joannes Brothers ended its retail foray in Green Bay by selling its supermarkets to Sure Way Stores. In November 1955, Super Valu, Inc. of Minnesota purchased the Joannes Brothers Company operation in Green Bay to expand its midwestern reach. At the time of its acquisition, Joannes Brothers served 170 independent retail grocers in northeastern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The firm lived on briefly as the Green Bay Division of Super Valu, Inc. In that time, the company vacated the sprawling, but antiquated, downtown location for a modern facility in Green Bay's suburbs. By 1959, the City of Green Bay began to raze aging downtown commercial structures in association with urban renewal projects of the 1960s and 1970s, and by 1994 all infrastructure of the former Joannes Brothers Company had been demolished.

In the 1940s, Coffee Products of America, the successor to Joannes Brothers Company in Los Angeles, evolved into Ben-Hur Products, Inc. – leveraging its household name recognition in the southwestern United States. Ben-Hur Products, Inc. expanded to a second large coffee roasting and food processing plant near downtown Los Angeles in 1950, before being purchased by McCormick & Company in 1953. McCormick continued roasting and spice mill operations from the original Joannes Brothers locations until 1959.

## Product labels

Joannes Brothers Company of Los Angeles, known as Coffee Products of America after 1930, primarily distributed under the Ben-Hur label. The Green Bay operation distributed under several private labels.

These were the private label brands for Joannes Brothers Company in Green Bay:

* Joannes Quality – Store generic brand, offering a broad range of products from food staples and locally milled spices, to household cleaning products
* Martha Washington – Food staples and household products
* Peerless – Tobacco products
* Sunset Club – Coffee

## Legacy

The Joannes Brothers Company founders and heirs in Green Bay, who retained upward of 95% ownership of the company until it was sold in 1955, donated liberally to local philanthropic causes. In 1919, founders Charles, Mitchell, and Thomas Joannes donated 40 acres of property along Green Bay's East River to the city of Green Bay, becoming Joannes Park. The park today includes an aquatic center, skate park (original park swimming pool), and a minor league baseball stadium. Additionally, Mitchell Joannes' funding made possible the construction of the Downtown YMCA in 1924.

The homes of the company founders are on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Green Bay's Astor Historic District – containing examples of the architectural styles spanning the period 1835 to 1920. The Mitchell Joannes house, specifically, is a fine example of a Châteauesque-style residence, constructed of Belgian brick and rusticated stone.

## InfoBox

Joannes Brothers Company
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Wholesaling |
| Founded | Green Bay, Wisconsin<br>(1872 (1872)) |
| Defunct | November 5, 1955 (1955-11-05) |
| Fate | Acquired by Supervalu, Inc. |
| Headquarters | Green Bay, Wisconsin, US |
| Area served | Wisconsin, Michigan |
| Key people | Lee Joannes |
| Products | Supermarkets, wholesale foods, private labels, coffee and spices |


title: Wells Coates

abstract: Wells Wintemute Coates was an architect, designer and writer. He was, for most of his life, an expatriate Canadian who is best known for his work in England, the most notable of which is the Modernist block of flats known as the Isokon building in Hampstead, London.

text:
# Wells Coates

**Wells Wintemute Coates** OBE RDI (December 17, 1895 – June 17, 1958) was an architect, designer and writer. He was, for most of his life, an expatriate Canadian who is best known for his work in England, the most notable of which is the Modernist block of flats known as the Isokon building in Hampstead, London.

## Early years

The oldest of six children, Wells Coates was born in Tokyo, Japan, on December 17, 1895, to Methodist missionaries Sarah Agnes Wintemute Coates (1864–1945) and Harper Havelock Coates (1865–1934).

The young man's desire to be an architect was inspired by his mother, who had herself studied architecture under Louis Sullivan and planned one of the first missionary schools in Japan.

Coates spent his youth in the Far East, and voyaged around the world with his father in 1913. He served in World War I, first as a gunner and later as a pilot with the Royal Air Force. He attended the University of British Columbia where he obtained a BA degree in May 1920 and a BSc degree in May 1922, and in October 1922 he registered at East London College where he studied engineering (obtaining a PhD in 1924). Among his first jobs in England was as a journalist and then with the design firm of Adams and Thompson in 1924. He established his own firm in 1928.

His childhood experiences in Japan would play an important role in his aesthetic sensibility that he brought to his architectural work, and this sensibility found a fitting outlet in the Modernist Movement, then current in Europe. He attended the 1933 Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM), which produced the famous Athens Charter, and was one of the founders, with Maxwell Fry, of the Modern Architectural Research Group (MARS), the British wing of CIAM.

Between 1932 and 1936 Coates was in partnership with an English architect David Pleydell-Bouverie and designed together the Sunspan House for the 1934 *Daily Mail* Ideal Home Exhibition held at Olympia, London.

## Role as a Modernist

Wells embraced Le Corbusier's architectural mantra that buildings should be 'machines for living' (*machine à habiter*). This ideal was best-reflected in his Isokon building (also known as Lawn Road Flats), completed in 1934. Indeed, the architectural critic J.M. Richards suggested that he improved on Corbusier, coming "nearer to the *machine à habiter* than anything Corbusier ever designed". The building was compared to the exterior of an ocean liner by the novelist Agatha Christie, who lived there for a time, so clean and striking was the design.

The apartment building was the brainchild of Jack and Molly Pritchard, who in 1931 established a design firm featuring Modernist architecture and furniture. With simple living spaces strongly influenced by Coates' Japanese experience, and including built-in Isokon furniture, Isokon was "an experiment in collective housing designed for left-wing intellectuals". It became a haven for Germans and Hungarians escaping Nazi persecution and hosted many famous personages including Agatha Christie, Walter Gropius, László Moholy-Nagy, and Marcel Breuer.

Isokon was ahead of its time: it won second place in *Horizon Magazine's* 'Ugliest Building Competition' in 1946, and would not be recognized as one of England's most important Modernist buildings for another decade. The building fell into disrepair by the 1990s but it changed ownership in 2001 and was fully restored by 2004.

## Later achievements

An inventive genius, Coates revelled in introducing new ideas in his work. Among his innovations was the '3-2' architectural plan, where two living rooms on one side of the building are equivalent in height to three rooms on the other side, making two units vertically on three floors. in 1928, he designed the "D-handle", an elegantly simple door handle design commonly employed, for example, in Scandinavian furniture. In 1930 he also designed a studio for the British Broadcasting Corporation, and among his technical designs was a microphone stand featuring an overhead counterbalanced arm that enabled the microphone to be moved to any part of the studio while remaining perfectly balanced. The design became a standard piece of equipment at the BBC. Coates also designed the distinctive and influential round bakelite cabinets used by EKCO for some of its radios during the 1930s. Featured in the V&A permanent collection, the Museum notes of the design of Model AD-65: "the severe geometric shape defined the visual vocabulary of radio design for many years".

The thirties were his most prolific era. The Isokon was immediately followed by Embassy Court in Brighton (1935) and 10 Palace Gate, Kensington (1939). These were the only apartment buildings he would design. He also had several private home commissions.

During World War II, he again served with the RAF, this time working on fighter aircraft development, for which he was later awarded an OBE. Following the war, he, like some other well known architects including Gropius and Breuer (by then working in America), contributed to the British post-War housing effort by introducing an early scheme for modular housing he called Room Unit Production.

In 1949-50, he designed the building of the Telekinema for the Festival of Britain's South Bank Exhibition. This 400-seat, state-of-the-art cinema, specially designed to screen both film (including the first 3-dimensional films) and large-screen television, proved one of the most popular attractions of the South Bank Exhibition in the summer of 1951. Operated and programmed by the British Film Institute, it re-opened as the National Film Theatre in October 1952, until its demolition in 1957 as the NFT was relocated a stone's throw away from its original site, under Waterloo Bridge.

He also designed a remarkable boat, called the Wingsail. It had a rigid sail design mounted on a catamaran hull. Though he formed a company to market the design, it was not a success, as both the sail and the catamaran were ahead of their time.

He is less well known for his planning work. In 1937, he undertook planning for a slum clearance in Britain (not implemented). In Canada (1952–54) he prepared plans for Iroquois New Town on the St. Lawrence River in eastern Ontario which were also not implemented (the design was awarded to others). He also prepared plans for a Toronto Island Redevelopment Project, and was a participant in the *Project 58* urban redevelopment scheme for Vancouver.

## Final years in Canada

Coates began coming back to Canada in the early 1950s, about the time of the Iroquois project, finally settling there in 1957. In 1955 and 1956, he taught at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard with Walter Gropius but he was not happy there. He returned to Vancouver after two years, where he worked on Project 58. His last assignment was to design a monorail rapid transit system for Vancouver, dubbed the Monospan Twin-Ride System (MTRS). Once again, he was ahead of his time. The project was abandoned, but would be rejuvenated years later in another form known as SkyTrain.

Wells Coates died of a heart attack in Vancouver on June 17, 1958, at the age of 62. Coates was married to Marion Grove in 1927. They had one child, Laura, and separated in 1937. Coates' grandson is Matt Black of the electronic music duo Coldcut.

## Further reading

* Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005). *Design of the 20th Century* (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 164–165. ISBN 9783822840788. OCLC 809539744.

The University of East Anglia Library in Norwich has materials relating to his life and work. A list of the holdings is available online. Additional reference materials from the CIAM period are held at the CIAM Belgian Section of the Getty Research Institute.

Coates' daughter, Laura Cohn, published a biography of her father called *The Door to a Secret Room* (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1999) ISBN 1-84014-695-8. There was also an earlier book, *Wells Coates: a Monograph* published in 1978. It was written by Sherban Cantacuzino and published by Gordon Fraser, London.

1. East Anglia Library
2. Getty Research Institute

## InfoBox

| Wells Coates | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Wells Wintemute Coates
(1895-12-17)December 17, 1895
Tokyo, Japan |
| Died | June 17, 1958(1958-06-17) (aged 62)
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | University of British Columbia, East London College |
| Occupation | Architect |


title: Hoplorana nigroscutata

abstract: Hoplorana nigroscutata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1905. It is known from Madagascar.

text:
# Hoplorana nigroscutata

***Hoplorana nigroscutata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1905. It is known from Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Hoplorana nigroscutata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Hoplorana*** |
| Species: | ***H. nigroscutata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hoplorana nigroscutata***<br>Fairmaire, 1905 | |
|


title: Mimacraea neurata

abstract: Mimacraea neurata, the alciope acraea mimic, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests.

text:
# Mimacraea neurata

***Mimacraea neurata***, the **alciope acraea mimic**, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests.

## InfoBox

| *Mimacraea neurata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Mimacraea* |
| Species: | ***M. neurata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimacraea neurata***<br>Holland, 1895 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mimacraea fulvaria alciopina* Joicey and Talbot, 1924 | |


title: Ocean FM (Ireland)

abstract:
Ocean FM is a local radio station that broadcasts to parts of the northwest of Ireland. The station covers the area of south County Donegal, north County Leitrim and most of County Sligo and it broadcasts into parts of south-west County Fermanagh. It started broadcasting on 1 October 2004, replacing North West Radio (NWR). The station broadcasts from Collooney Locally owned and locally operated, Ocean FM serves all adults in County Sligo, South Donegal and North Leitrim.
Their shareholders include many of the leading businesspeople and sports personalities in the region.
They broadcast news, sports, current affairs, special interest programmes across parts of the northwest. Ocean FM covers sports events across the region with live commentary at key matches involving teams from all three counties.
The service is streamed live over the internet on web stream, Twitter and Facebook.

text:
# Ocean FM (Ireland)

**Ocean FM** is a local radio station that broadcasts to parts of the northwest of Ireland. The station covers the area of south County Donegal, north County Leitrim and most of County Sligo and it broadcasts into parts of south-west County Fermanagh. It started broadcasting on 1 October 2004, replacing North West Radio (NWR). The station broadcasts from Collooney (County Sligo)

Locally owned and locally operated, Ocean FM serves all adults in County Sligo, South Donegal and North Leitrim. Their shareholders include many of the leading businesspeople and sports personalities in the region. They broadcast news, sports, current affairs, special interest programmes across parts of the northwest.

Ocean FM covers sports events across the region with live commentary at key matches involving teams from all three counties. The service is streamed live over the internet on web stream, Twitter and Facebook.

1. "OCEAN FM RAN UP HUGE LOSSES AFTER TAKING OVER FROM US – COAST FM – Donegal Daily". *www.donegaldaily.com*.
2. "Ocean FM - Your local radio station for Sligo, Donegal & Leitrim". *www.oceanfm.ie*.
3. "Audio: Ocean FM presenter says "f\**k off" live on air after prank call goes horribly wrong - JOE.ie".
4. "Ocean FM retains licence - Marketing.ie". *marketing.ie*.
5. "Ocean FM - Live Radio". *www.liveradio.ie*.
6. "Donegal U21s target Ulster title". Ocean FM. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017. Ocean FM analyst and former Donegal captain Pauric McShea says the semi-final defeat of Cavan showed the strength in the Donegal squad…
7. "Donegal still undefeated by Kerry in championship football". 5 August 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012. Sean Perry and Pauric McShea were there for Ocean FM, Sean delivering his sharp, knowledgeable, peerless commentary, Pauric giving us his incisive opinions.
8. "Ocean FM". 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012. On Friday evening next, Ocean FM will broadcast and\[sic\] 'Up for the Match' special as Donegal aim to make history by winning back-to-back Ulster titles… the programme will be presented by Sean Perry and Pauric McShea.
9. Brolly, Joe (12 July 2016). "Video didn't kill the radio star". *Gaelic Life*. Retrieved 12 July 2016. I listened to the Donegal Monaghan game in the car, flicking between Ocean FM and Northern Sound. I cannot remember the last time I enjoyed a game of football so much. The Monaghan men in one corner, with Nudie Hughes co-commentating. The Donegal men in the other, with Pauric McShea and contributions from wee Martin 'Well you know like, I'm not just saying it, but I think the decision to bring on our Mark is a good one' McHugh.

## InfoBox

Ocean FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | South Donegal, North Leitrim and Sligo |
| Frequency | 94.7MHz (Ballyshannon)
102.5MHz (Truskmore)
103.0MHz (Glencolumbkille)
105.0MHz (Barnesmore) |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English
Irish (Connacht Irish and Ulster Irish) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | North West Broadcasting Ltd |
| History | |
| First air date | 1 October 2004 |
| Links | |
| Website | oceanfm.ie |


title: USS Rudderow

abstract: USS Rudderow (DE-224) was the lead ship of her class of destroyer escorts, in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1947. After spending decades in reserve, she was sold for scrap in 1970.

text:
# USS Rudderow

**USS *Rudderow* (DE-224)** was the lead ship of her class of destroyer escorts, in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1947. After spending decades in reserve, she was sold for scrap in 1970.

## Namesake

Thomas Wright Rudderow was born on 8 August 1885 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended the Pennsylvania Nautical School and served as navigator and watch officer in SS *Adams* and SS *Mexico* prior to assuming duties as Port Captain, Port of Philadelphia, in 1914. Commissioned Ensign in the Naval Militia of Pennsylvania on 14 July 1916, he was mustered into Federal service on 7 April 1917, and assigned in May to the interned *Prinz Eitel Friedrich*, later renamed *DeKalb*. On 1 July 1918, he transferred to the U.S. Naval Reserve Force.

In September, he reported for duty with Destroyer Forces at Queenstown, Ireland. He served on the USS *Allen* during November 1918; on USS *McCall* from December 1918 to March 1919; and under Commander, Flotilla B, Destroyer Force, Atlantic, between March and June 1919. Relieved from active duty on 25 June 1919, he remained in the Naval Reserve until transferred to the Honorary Retired List on 1 September 1939.

On 3 January 1942, shortly after World War II broke out, while superintendent and commanding officer of the Pennsylvania Nautical School Ship *Seneca*, Lieutenant Commander Rudderow was recalled to active duty and assigned to the yacht USS *Cythera*, another World War I veteran being fitted out for coastal patrol work. Assuming command of *Cythera* when she commissioned on 3 March, he was killed when his ship was torpedoed by U-402 off the North Carolina coast on 2 May 1942. Only two of *Cythera's* crew survived. They were picked up by the German submarine, taken to Germany, and interned for the duration of the war.

## History

USS *Rudderow* was laid down on 15 July 1943 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, launched on 14 October 1943 and commissioned on 15 May 1944.

### Pacific War

She completed her shakedown trials off Bermuda and throughout the summer of 1944 participated in submarine hunter-killer patrols and the escort of convoys along the East Coast of the United States. Departing Staten Island on 14 October 1944, she sailed with her division (CortDiv 74) for the Pacific, passing through the Panama Canal on 23 October and joining the 7th Fleet at Humboldt Bay, New Guinea on 21 November.

After coastal escort duties during December, on 8 January 1945 she set sail for Luzon and on 21 January saw her convoy of landing craft safely into Lingayen Gulf. Between then and 7 February she patrolled the Lingayen anti-submarine screen before escorting landing craft to Subic Bay and steaming back to Lingayen Gulf to cover the retirement of LSTs, LCTs, and a fleet oiler to Leyte. A week later she steamed into the Mindanao Sea to assist the torpedoed destroyer *Renshaw* (DD-499) and escort her to San Pedro Bay.

On 24 February 1945, she began preparations for Operation Victor IV, the assault and occupation of Zamboanga. Setting sail on 8 March, she arrived off the landing area with echelon V-4-E early on 10 March. As U.S. troops pushed into the Zamboangan peninsula, she patrolled the Tictauran and Great Santa Cruz Islands, retiring on 11 March and returning with a reinforcement convoy from Leyte on 16 March. From 25 to 28 March she escorted a convoy from Puerto Princesa, Palawan to Zamboanga, then sailed north to arrive in Mangarin Bay, Mindoro for anti-submarine patrol duty starting on 30 March.

By mid-April 1945, she was back at Leyte and by the end of the month was once more operating in the Sulu Sea. On 5 May, she departed Tawi Tawi and headed southwest to escort a PT boat drydock and gasoline barge being towed by the *ATR-4* to Tarakan, Borneo. Between 8 and 11 May she escorted resupply convoys from Morotai to Borneo and on 12 to 13 May towed a damaged PBM 261 miles to Tawi Tawi. She then returned briefly to the Halmaheras before setting sail for Leyte and much-needed repairs on 19 May.

She returned to sea in June 1945, escorting landing craft to Panay and resupply convoys to Morotai. On 18 June she reported for Philippine Sea Frontier duty and commenced inter-island escorts between Hollandia and Ulithi. From 27 July to 1 August she escorted reinforcements to Okinawa, then returned to the Philippines where she remained to the end of the year.

### Decommissioning and sale

On 3 January 1946, she set sail for the United States. Arriving at San Diego by the end of the month, in March she was designated in reserve and was decommissioned on 15 January 1947. In May 1957 she was transferred to the San Francisco Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet, where she remained until struck from the Navy List on 1 November 1969. She was then sold for scrap the following October.

## Military awards and honors

During World War II, the USS *Rudderow* earned two battle stars.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Rudderow* |
| Namesake | Thomas Wright Rudderow |
| Builder | Philadelphia Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Laid down | 15 July 1943 |
| Launched | 14 October 1943 |
| Commissioned | 14 May 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 15 January 1947 |
| Stricken | 1 November 1969 |
| Honors and<br>awards | 2 battle stars (World War II) |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, October 1970 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Rudderow*-class destroyer escort |
| Displacement | * 1,450 long tons (1,473 t) light * 1,673 long tons (1,700 t) standard |
| Length | 306 ft (93 m) |
| Beam | 37 ft (11 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft 9 in (4.19 m) |
| Propulsion | * Turbo-electric drive engine * 12,000 hp (8.9 MW) |
| Speed | 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) |
| Complement | 221 |
| Armament |  |