title: Reactions to 2012 Gaza War

abstract: The following is a list of reactions to the 2012 Gaza War:

text:
# Reactions to 2012 Gaza War

The following is a list of reactions to the **2012 Gaza War**:

## Domestic

| **Israel** | On the first day of the operation, Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu said "Today we sent a clear message to Hamas and other terrorist organisations, and if it becomes necessary we are prepared to expand the operation." According to *Haaretz*, President Shimon Peres updated US President Barack Obama by phone and told him "Israel does not want an escalation but for the last five days we were under nonstop bombardment, mothers and children cannot sleep in peace at night. There is a limit to what Israel can withstand. Ahmed Jabari was behind many terror activities." Interior Minister Eli Yishai said: "The goal of the operation is to send Gaza back to the Middle Ages, only then will Israel be calm for the next 40 years." Ministry of Home Front Defense Avi Dichter said: "We have no other choice; Israel must perform a reformatting of Gaza, and rearrange it, as we did in Judea and Samaria during Operation Defensive Shield." Most Israeli political leaders, including Tzipi Livni, Shelly Yachimovich, Yuli Edelstein, Israel Katz, Shaul Mofaz, and Naftali Bennett applauded the operation. However, leaders of the left-wing Meretz party voiced opposition on the radio and online. The Israeli Foreign Ministry went into semi-emergency mode, canceling all vacations for its Jerusalem staffers. |
| --- | --- |
| **Hamas** | Fawzi Barhoum, a spokesman for Hamas, called the assassination of Ahmed Jabari an act of war. On 14 November 2012, a statement from the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades said "The occupation has opened the gates of hell on itself" and vowed that its militants would "continue the path of resistance". Similarly Abu Ahmed, a spokesman for the armed wing of Islamic Jihad, called the assassination a "declaration of war" pledging a response within hours. |
| **Palestinian National Authority** | Palestinian officials have asked the U.N. Security Council to act to halt Israel's military operation in Gaza. President Mahmoud Abbas cut short a tour of Europe to return to the West Bank. Mahmoud Abbas instructed the Palestinian Representative to the Arab League to ask for an urgent meeting of the Arab League. |

## Supranational bodies

| **United Nations** | The United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting on the situation during the night of 14–15 November and came to no decision. President Pro Tempore of the Council Hardeep Singh Puri subsequently told reporters: "In short, the message that must resonate from this meeting is 'the violence has to stop'”. On 18 November, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon released a statement saying that he was "deeply saddened" by the deaths of civilians and "alarmed by the continuing firing of rockets against Israeli towns." On 19 November, Ban Ki-moon visited Cairo to discuss with the Egyptian President the current state of conflict and the efforts made to cease fire. It will be followed by a visit on Tuesday to the Israeli Prime Minister in Jerusalem to stop the operation expansion. Ban will end his Middle East tour by heading to the West Bank, Ramallah to meet the Palestinian president. |
| --- | --- |
| **Arab League** | The Arab League called for the prosecution of "Zionist war criminals," describing their actions as "war crimes" and "crimes against humanity." On 20 November, a selected delegation from the Arab League, led by Nabil Elaraby, will be visiting Gaza in solidarity with the Palestinians and to facilitate the efforts of ceasing fire. Stronger actions are yet to be expected by the Palestinian authority from the league such as conducting an urgent summit. |
| **European Union** | EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton said: "The rocket attacks by Hamas and other factions in Gaza, which began this current crisis are totally unacceptable for any government and must stop. Israel has the right to protect its population from these kind of attacks. I urge Israel to ensure that its response is proportionate." |
| **Non-Aligned Movement** | A statement released by Iran, which holds the rotating presidency of the bloc of mainly Asian, American and African countries, condemned the Israeli air strikes. |
| **NATO** | NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said: "Of course Israel has the right to self-defense, and attacks against Israel must end. But the international community would also expect Israel to show restraint." |

## Countries

| **Afghanistan** | Afghan President Hamid Karzai condemned Israel's airstrikes on Gaza and called for an "immediate stop" to violence against civilians. |
| --- | --- |
| **Algeria** | Algeria strongly condemned, through Ministry of Foreign Affairs' spokesman Amar Belani, the "Israeli aggression against Gaza strip" and urged the United Nations Security Council and the international community to assume their responsibilities and "put an end to this dangerous escalation" |
| **Argentina** | President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner expressed "solidarity with all victims" and pledged to "work with regional leaders in urging warring parties to cease violence." |
| **Armenia** | The Foreign Minister of Armenia, Edward Nalbandyan, said regarding the war in Gaza: “The use of force and militaristic threats should be stopped. We strongly believe that there is no alternative to the peaceful resolution of the conflict through peace talks,” |
| **Australia** | The Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, stated that "The government condemns the repeated rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip and calls on Hamas to cease these immediately. Australia supports Israel's right to defend itself against these indiscriminate attacks. Such attacks on Israel's civilian population are utterly unacceptable." |
| **Bahrain** | Bahrain reiterated its strong condemnation of the "brutal Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip." The Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Ghanim bin Fadl Al Buainain urged the international community to step up efforts to halt the "repeated and unjustified Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip." On 20 November a Bahrain lawmaker said he set fire to an Israeli flag during a parliament session in a show of support for the Palestinians in Gaza. Al-Tamimi said he sought to "send a clear message to the international community" about Bahrain's support for the people of Gaza as they face Israeli attacks in retaliation for stepped up rocket strikes by the Palestinian group Hamas. |
| **Belgium** | Belgian Foreign Minister Didier Reynders stressed "Israel's legitimate right to defend its population against these attacks" and called for a "measured response". |
| **Brazil** | The Brazilian government talking on behalf of Mercosur condemned Israel's "disproportionate use of force" on Gaza and called on Israel and Palestinians for an immediate ceasefire. In the statement Mercosur leaders expressed their "strongest condemnation of the violence unleashed between Israel and Palestine" and "deeply regret the loss of lives and expresses its concern with the disproportionate use of force". |
| **Bulgaria** | Bulgarian Foreign Minister Nickolay Mladenov defended "the right of Israeli citizens to live peacefully" and condemned the rocket attacks by "Hamas and other militant groups". At the same time he urged Israel to take "strict measures to avoid civilian casualties among the Palestinian population" and expressed condolences to the families of victims among the civilian population on both sides. |
| **Canada** | Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Baird, issued a statement stating, "We fundamentally believe that Israel has the right to defend itself and its citizens from terrorist threats. Far too often, the Jewish people find themselves on the front lines in the struggle against terrorism, the great struggle of our generation. Just last weekend, more than 100 rockets rained down on civilians in southern Israel from positions in the Gaza Strip. Canada condemns the terrorist group Hamas and stands with Israel as it deals with regional threats to peace and security.” |
| **Chile** | The President of Chile, Sebastián Piñera, stated during a state visit to Turkey that Chile supports "Palestines right to a free, independent and autonomous state" at the same time Chile supported Israels right to "have safety and peace at its frontiers". On 17 November around 100 persons protested outside the Israeli embassy in Santiago disrupting traffic. The protest had not been authorized and protesters retired when carabineros arrived. |
| **China** | A spokesperson from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China told reporters in a news conference that China expressed "concern" to the clashes and urge all sides, particularly Israel, to display "restraint" and avoid civilian casualties. |
| **Cuba** | Cuba expressed "strongly condemns" the Israeli operation and called on the international community to stop what he called a "criminal act". |
| **Czech Republic** | The Czech Foreign Ministry released a statement saying: "The Czech Republic deeply regrets the loss of civilian lives in Israel and Gaza as well as the current escalation of the situation. The Czech Republic fully recognizes Israel's right to self defense against rocket barrage carried out by the militant organizations in the Gaza Strip while underlining importance of avoiding civilian casualties. The Czech Republic calls on both sides to refrain from all forms of violence and provocative actions and to bring quiet to the civilian population of both sides. |
| **Ecuador** | Ecuador condemned the attacks carried out by Israel while criticizing the rocket attacks that Hamas fighters launched into southern Israel. |
| **Egypt** | The Egyptian ambassador was recalled to Cairo and Israel's ambassador received an official protest. Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi stated that "The Israelis must realise that this aggression is unacceptable and would only lead to instability in the region". Demanding that the Arab League call an urgent meeting of Arab foreign ministers to discuss "criminal Israeli aggression" on Gaza, and sought an immediate meeting of the UN Security Council. The Foreign Ministry of Egypt berated the operation and called on Israel to halt its attacks. According to *The Guardian*, the chairman of the Freedom and Justice party, Saad El-Katatni, said: "The Egyptian people revolted against injustice and will not accept an attack on Gaza. The brutal aggression on Gaza proves that Israel has not yet learned that Egypt has changed".
An Egyptian official reported that Egyptian hospitals are ready to receive wounded Palestinians and that the Rafah Crossing will remain open. Egyptian Prime Minister Hisham Qandil visited Gaza on Friday, 16 November.
On 17 November, the Arab Medical Union has sent a delegation of Egyptian doctors with aid across the Rafah border. On 19 November, a group of Egyptian civilians headed to Gaza to aid their Palestinian neighbors in their current tribulation. |
| **France** | French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius acknowledged Israel's right to defend itself, but called for restraint. He said "It would be a catastrophe if there is an escalation in the region. Israel has the right to security, but it won't achieve it through violence". The French Foreign Ministry released a statement saying: "France is exceedingly worried about the deteriorating situation in Gaza and the South of Israel. It is calling on the parties to refrain from any escalation of violence since the Israeli and the Palestinian civilian population would inevitably pay the price." French ambassador to Israel Christophe Bigot visited Kiryat Malachi, where three Israeli civilians were killed, and expressed his solidarity with Israeli victims of rocket attacks. |
| **Germany** | German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said: "It is obvious that Israel has a legitimate right to defend itself and protect its own citizens against rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip... Now it is necessary that everyone contributes to deescalating the situation. Everybody needs to understand that we need to prevent worse things from happening. We call upon all parties to act wisely and in a deescalating manner." A spokesperson for Chancellor Angela Merkel said: "Hamas in Gaza is responsible for the outbreak of violence. There is no justification for the shooting of rockets at Israel, which has led to massive suffering of the civilian population. The Chancellor urges those responsible in the Gaza Strip to immediately stop firing on Israel. At the same time she calls on the Egyptian government to use its influence on Hamas to limit the violence and bring it to an end." |
| **Hungary** | The Hungarian Foreign Ministry issued a statement saying that it was "following developments in the Middle East with deep concern, in particular the rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip against Israel and the ensuing military response in protection of the population. We regard it as a necessity that the sides exercise self-restraint and desist from the use of violence. We support all efforts which facilitate the termination of fighting." |
| **India** | The Indian government sought peace and cessation of all hostilities by Israel and Hamas and urged direct talks between the Palestine Authority in West Bank and Israel. |
| **Iran** | Foreign Ministry spokesman Ramin Mehmanparast berated the Israeli strikes, saying that they were a "sign of the regime's brutal nature". |
| **Iraq** | Iraq's envoy to the Arab League called on the Arab countries to "use the weapon of oil, with the aim of asserting real pressure on the United States and whoever stands with Israel". |
| **Ireland** | Irish Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade Eamon Gilmore said that "This latest round of violence, which was triggered by sustained rocket attacks on towns in Israel and has escalated with the targeted killing of a senior Hamas leader, could lead to the further death and suffering of innocent Israeli and Palestinian civilians. The risks from an escalation of violence on either side are all too apparent. I urge both sides to immediately cease these attacks and remove the threat they pose to the lives and safety of innocent people." |
| **Italy** | Italian Foreign Minister Giulio Terzi said that Hamas missile attacks posed "serious risks for the population" of Israel and invoked them as justification of Israel's response. |
| **Jordan** | Jordanian Information Minister Sameeh Maaytah said: "Israel's aggressive policy placed the area again in a cycle of violence and instability. This additional hostility... closes all doors on negotiations and the achievement of political arrangements. Israel deprives the Palestinian people of their political and national right to create an independent state... Israel's aggression needs to be stopped and the Palestinian people need to be protected." |
| **Kazakhstan** | Kazakhstan condemned Israel's operation. At 39th session of the Foreign Ministers Council of the Islamic Organization for Cooperation Kazakh Foreign Minister said "We condemn the air strikes of Israel on Gaza Strip that claimed lives of civilians and damaged infrastructure. As the history shows, the policy of repressions will not bring peace and security to Israel. Both parties have to immediately take measures to prevent any further escalation of the conflict, perform their obligations in the international humanitarian law and focus on resolution of the fundamental problems of Palestinian-Israeli conflict". |
| **Kuwait** | Foreign minister of Kuwait expressed sorrow for the "bloody developments in Gaza which was in violation of all international laws and agreements". |
| **Latvia** | Official statement of 18 November: "Foreign Minister Edgars Rinkēvičs strongly condemns the rocket attacks against Israeli territory by Hamas and other terrorist groups and calls on both sides to do their utmost for the regulation of the situation. While recognising the right of Israel to protect the security of its population, a proportionate balance of forces should be exercised in doing that to avoid any further civilian casualties. |
| **Lebanon** | The President of Lebanon condemned the war in Gaza, which claimed "was started by a monstrous Israeli attack." On the other hand, stated that "the policy of war and terrorism do not lead to lasting peace and not conducive to achieving democracy in the Middle East. |
| **Libya** | Libya condemned Israeli attacks on Gaza, calling them "criminal". Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement that "these criminal attacks which resulted in the killing and wounding of dozens of the Palestinian people" were a challenge to the international community and to "resolutions of international legitimacy". The statement said the attacks exposed Israel's "aggressive, expansionist and terrorist" intentions and merited condemnation by the whole world. |
| **Mauritania** | The Mauritanian government denounced and condemned the "wicked Israeli attack on the Gaza strip". A communiqué issued by the Mauritanian Foreign Ministry extended condolences to the families of those killed in the Gaza strip. Nouakchott also urged the UN Security Council "to take up their responsibilities and take the needed measures to protect the Palestinian people against such attacks which jeopardizes security and stability in the region". |
| **Malaysia** | A motion that condemned Israeli attacks, was tabled on behalf of Prime Minister Najib Razak, and found bi-partisan support in the Parliament of Malaysia. The motion called on the UN Security Council to immediately enforce a cease-fire and deploy a peacekeeping force in Gaza. |
| **Morocco** | Morocco on expressed its deep concern and strong condemnation regarding Israel's ongoing large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip, urging for "an immediate halt to these raids". According to a Ministry of Foreign Affairs statement, Morocco "considers that this dangerous escalation is unacceptable and that the continuation of these attacks could have disastrous consequences on the security and stability of the region. As a result, Morocco calls for an immediate halt to these raids and urges the international community to take its responsibility to protect the lives of the inhabitants of the Gaza Strip and their property". |
| **Netherlands** | Dutch Foreign Minister Frans Timmermans said Hamas is responsible for the escalation: "Hamas has attacked Israel by firing rockets over and over again. Doing this makes Hamas the main actor that is guilty for the Israeli reaction". He also said: "Let it be clear that the current created and unbelievable sorrow of the people in the Gaza strip is in first place the result of Hamas' actions". Beside that he stated: "Israel has the full right to defend itself as long as its does this in a proportional way". An official Foreign Ministry statement from 13 November said: "Foreign minister Frans Timmermans has condemned the mortar and rocket attacks against Israel carried out by militant groups in the Gaza Strip. The Netherlands recognises Israel's right to defend itself from this rocket fire. The escalating violence over the past several days is in no one's interests." |
| **Norway** | Norwegian Foreign Minister said he is worried about the escalation of violence between the Palestinians and Israelis of which leader of the Hamas military Ahmed Jabar was killed. He said the rocket attacks on Israel are "clearly unacceptable" and that Israel has a right to defend itself. He added that reactions must be proportional and must distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, refusing and postponing to say whether the Israeli response indeed was "within acceptable limits". |
| **Pakistan** | In a phone conversation with President Morsi of Egypt, Pakistani Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf said that Pakistan strongly condemns Israeli air attacks in Gaza "that have targeted not only the Hamas leadership but also innocent civilians". He said Pakistan considers Israeli action as "a grave violation of international law and all humanitarian norms". He added that Israeli threats of a ground offensive against Gaza were even more disturbing. Raja also said that unless the Palestinian problem was resolved, peace in the Middle East would remain elusive. He expressed concern that the escalation in violence could lead to a spreading of conflict, which may engulf the region. |
| **Qatar** | After a meeting in the Saudi capital Riyadh between Gulf Cooperation Council Foreign Ministers and their Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov to discuss Syrian civil war, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani told journalists "I condemn in the name of Qatar... This filthy crime must not pass without a punishment. The UN Security Council must shoulder its responsibilities in preserving peace and security in the world." |
| **Romania** | Romanian Foreign Minister Titus Corlăţean issued a press release stating: "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs ... hopes that Hamas will stop its military aggression and that both parties will refrain from escalating the conflict and will show restraint. It is extremely important to avoid escalation of violence, and this can be exploited on multiple fronts by regional groups with different agendas, which don't promote stability and security in the region." |
| **Russia** | Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov called for end to the violence after a meeting held with Gulf Arab foreign ministers in Riyadh. Foreign Ministry spokesman Alexander Lukashevich said: "The attacks on southern Israel, as well as Israel's disproportionate shelling, are entirely unacceptable. We urge all sides to end the military confrontation immediately and to prevent a new round of bloodshed in the Gaza Strip." Following a telephone conversation between President Putin and Netanyahu the presidential press service said that "The President of Russia called on the parties to exercise restraint and avoid the path of escalating violence, whose victims include civilians, and to do everything to return the situation to its normal course." |
| **Saudi Arabia** | Saudi Arabia expressed its condemnation of the "Israeli assaults on the Gaza Strip" and called for a stronger and more united Arab stance in the face of the "Israeli occupation practices". In his speech before the extraordinary meeting of the Arab League Council at the ministerial level held in Cairo, the Saudi Foreign Minister Nizar Madani said "It is no longer reasonable or acceptable to pass this new aggression unpunished and that Arab stances earlier which did not exceed words and sought, in vain, binding decisions of the Security Council made Israel careless of observing the Arab and international community's demands". Madani said "The Kingdom sees that it is time for the Palestinians to enjoy, like other peoples of the world, peace and security and to have a homeland free of violence, killing and destruction". |
| **Sudan** | Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir condemned the Israeli air strikes in Gaza, and called on all Islamic nations to join together to address the situation |
| **Syria** | The Syrian Government called Israel's actions "barbaric, reprehensible crimes" and called on the international community to pressure Israel into halting its strikes. |
| **Tunisia** | Tunisian foreign minister Rafik Abdessalem visited Gaza on 17 November, calling on the world to stop Israel's "blatant aggression" in Gaza, saying it was "no longer acceptable or legal by any standards". |
| **Turkey** | Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan accused Israel of aggressively attacking the armed organization in the Gaza Strip. According to Erdogan, Israel's strikes were motivated by the Knesset elections scheduled to take place in about two months. In a speech in Cairo University on 17 November 2012, "Everyone must know that sooner or later there will be a holding to account for the massacre of these innocent children killed inhumanely in Gaza," Erdogan also praised Egypt for recalling their ambassador to Israel. Foreign Ministry of Turkey condemned the Israeli strikes with a written statement. "We strongly condemn this Israeli attack and immediately demand that it be stopped," the statement said, adding that no country, Israel included, is above international law. |
| **United Arab Emirates** | The United Arab Emirates strongly condemned the "Israeli aggression on Gaza Strip" and urged the international community to "shoulder its responsibility towards the Palestinian people and to put an end to Israel's messing up with regional and international peace and stability". |
| **United Kingdom** | In a phone call with Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister David Cameron said "the rocket attacks from Gaza into southern Israel by Hamas and other armed groups were completely unacceptable and that the increasing frequency of rocket attacks in recent days was the immediate cause of the situation." He added that "the priority must be to de-escalate the crisis."
Foreign Secretary William Hague said: "Hamas bears principal responsibility for the current crisis. I utterly condemn rocket attacks from Gaza into southern Israel by Hamas and other armed groups. This creates an intolerable situation for Israeli civilians in southern Israel, who have the right to live without fear of attack from Gaza." He also called on all those involved "to avoid any action which risks civilian casualties or escalates the crisis." On 18 November, he warned that "a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip would lose Israel much international sympathy and support" |
| **United States** | President Barack Obama said: "The precipitating event here...that's causing the current crisis...was an ever-escalating number of missiles; they were landing not just in Israeli territory, but in areas that are populated. And there's no country on Earth that would tolerate missiles raining down on its citizens from outside its borders. So we are fully supportive of Israel's right to defend itself from missiles landing on people's homes and workplaces and potentially killing civilians. And we will continue to support Israel's right to defend itself."
The U.S. Department of State issued a press release stating, "We strongly condemn the barrage of rocket fire from Gaza into southern Israel, and we regret the death and injury of innocent Israeli and Palestinian civilians caused by the ensuing violence." The statement offered support for Israel's right to self-defense and urged Israel to avoid civilian casualties in its military operations.
State Department deputy spokesman Mark Toner said "We ask Egypt to use its influence in the region to help de-escalate the situation," adding that Hamas must stop its rocket attacks on Israel. "This is a situation that they've created by firing rockets on innocent Israeli civilians. You know, we obviously mourn civilian deaths on both sides. But the onus is on Hamas to stop its rocket attacks,"
According to the CNN/ORC International poll, conducted between 16th and 18 November, 57% of American public think " Israel is justified in taking military action in Gaza" and almost 60% of American public sympathize with Israel, while 13% sympathize with the Palestinians. |
| **Venezuela** | Venezuelan president, Hugo Chavez has condemned the Israeli airstrikes. "Another savage aggression against the Gaza Strip had begun. Once again, Israel is bombing the Gaza Strip." – Chavez told on a cabinet meeting. |
| **Yemen** | According to a statement released to the Saba News Agency from a government source, "Yemen has announced its strong condemnation and denunciation of the "brutal Zionist aggression on the Gaza Strip, and standing of the Yemeni people with their brothers in Palestine at all times". The unnamed spoken also said that "The Yemeni government calls for the international community to bare their responsibilities towards the Zionist offensive and take swift action to stop this brutal aggression". The Yemeni parliament has denounced the Israeli operation, considering it an "aggression against all Arab and Muslim countries" and calling for using oil as a weapon to end the Israeli operation. It called on the Arab parliaments and shoura councils to hold an urgent meeting to discuss the "Israeli aggression against Gaza", calling for visiting Gaza in sympathy with its people. On 17 November, Permanent Representative of Yemen to the Arab League, Mohammed al-Haisami called "all Arab states to put an end to the cruel Zionist aggression on the Gaza Strip and to stop the crimes committed by Israel on the Palestinian people". On 19 November, hundreds marched in Sana'a to "affirm their solidarity with those under siege in the Gaza strip". The demonstrators, which began at Change Square, marched to the local Hamas office in Haseba district. |

## Non-governmental organizations

* Amnesty International said that both sides should stop the violence, and Ann Harrison, Deputy Director of Amnesty International's Middle East and North Africa Programme, said "The Israeli military must not carry out further indiscriminate attacks, or attacks in densely populated residential areas that will inevitably harm civilians." and "Palestinian armed groups in Gaza meanwhile must not fire indiscriminate rockets into Israel. The international community must put pressure on both sides to fully respect the laws of war and protect civilian lives and property."
* The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights called for intervention on the part of the international community to restore the rule of law. Remarking that all States are bound by a legal obligation to 'ensure respect' for international humanitarian law in all circumstances, it states that the international community's failure to hold Israel accountable for its behavior in the occupied Palestinian territory "has resulted in pervasive impunity."
* Human Rights Watch said that "Israeli and Palestinian forces alike need to make all feasible efforts to avoid harming civilians,” and "there is no justification for Palestinian armed groups unlawfully launching rockets at Israeli population centers.” It accused Israel of using disproportionate force in its attacks and of firing at rescuers of victims of Israeli shelling. In the wake of the ceasefire deal, HRW called on both sides to review policies that harm civilians, including Israel's "blanket ban on travel to the West Bank, and firing live ammunition to restrict Palestinians’ access to up to 35 percent of Gaza's farmland and 80 percent of its fishing waters." It has accused Israel of failing to provide information to justify the strike on the al-Dalu family home, which the group has condemned as unlawful, disproportionate and a war crime.
* The American Center for Law & Justice sent a legal brief to the U.N. Security Council, warning that there is no legal or moral defense for Hamas's "indiscriminate rocket attacks", "use of civilian buildings", and the "use of human shields." The organization added that Israel goes beyond the requirements of the law to protect innocent life and that under the laws of war "civilian deaths are the legal and moral responsibility of the terrorists."
* The Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem warned both sides about causing civilian deaths and stated that according to international humanitarian law, civilians must never be targeted and all measures must be taken to protect them. B'Tselem added that Hamas combatants, as well as other armed groups operating against Israel, fire at Israeli civilian targets from within Palestinian civilian areas and do not distinguish themselves from the civilian populations, actions which B'Tselem consider a war crime and "severe violation of International Humanitarian Law". B'Tselem pointed out that Israeli officials are using the conduct of militants to justify harm to Palestinian civilians and stated that the fact that Hamas combatants and other organizations commit war crimes does not automatically justify Israeli actions that harm civilians, and called upon Israel to follow its legal and moral duty to minimize as much as possible harm to civilians, despite Hamas' illegal conduct.

## Protests

Countries in which rallies and protests in support of the Palestinians took place included Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, Yemen, Italy, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, Germany, Belgium, Israel, Argentine, Chile, Venezuela, South Korea, Hong Kong, Norway and Japan. Countries in which rallies and protests in support of Israel included: the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, France, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Guatemala, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain and Sweden.


title: Ray Hanrahan

abstract: Raymond Allan Hanrahan is a former Australian politician. He was the Country Liberal Party member for Flynn in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1983 to 1988. He was Deputy Chief Minister of the Northern Territory from March 1987 to April 1988. He was a minister in the Tuxworth and Hatton governments, serving as Minister for Health (1985–1986), Minister for Youth, Sport, Recreation and Ethnic Affairs (1985–1986), Minister for Business, Technology and Communications (1986–1987), Minister for Tourism (1986–1988), Minister for Lands and Housing (1987), Minister for Conservation (1987) and Minister for Education (1987–1988). He resigned suddenly as Deputy Chief Minister and from Cabinet on 5 April 1988, stating that he was "wrestling with a certain problem" in his personal life, later revealed to be an extramarital affair. He subsequently resigned from the Country Liberal Party and then resigned from parliament altogether in August 1988. The subsequent by-election saw the CLP lose the safe seat to Northern Territory Nationals candidate Enzo Floreani. Hanrahan was a Town of Alice Springs alderman before entering territory politics.

text:
# Ray Hanrahan

**Raymond Allan Hanrahan** (born 25 August 1952) is a former Australian politician. He was the Country Liberal Party member for Flynn in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1983 to 1988. He was Deputy Chief Minister of the Northern Territory from March 1987 to April 1988.

Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
| Years | Term | Electoral division | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19831987 | 4th | Flynn |  | Country Liberal |
| 19871988 | 5th | Flynn |  | Country Liberal |

He was a minister in the Tuxworth and Hatton governments, serving as Minister for Health (1985–1986), Minister for Youth, Sport, Recreation and Ethnic Affairs (1985–1986), Minister for Business, Technology and Communications (1986–1987), Minister for Tourism (1986–1988), Minister for Lands and Housing (1987), Minister for Conservation (1987) and Minister for Education (1987–1988).

He resigned suddenly as Deputy Chief Minister and from Cabinet on 5 April 1988, stating that he was "wrestling with a certain problem" in his personal life, later revealed to be an extramarital affair. He subsequently resigned from the Country Liberal Party and then resigned from parliament altogether in August 1988. The subsequent by-election saw the CLP lose the safe seat to Northern Territory Nationals candidate Enzo Floreani.

Hanrahan was a Town of Alice Springs alderman before entering territory politics.


title: Kennet District

abstract: Kennet was a non-metropolitan local government district in Wiltshire, England, abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government. It was named after the River Kennet. The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of the municipal boroughs of Devizes and Marlborough, alongside Devizes Rural District, Marlborough and Ramsbury Rural District and Pewsey Rural District. The district council was based at offices in Devizes. It was abolished on 1 April 2009 as part of the structural changes to local government in England, when its functions were taken over by the new Wiltshire Council unitary authority.

text:
# Kennet District

51°21′07″N 1°59′42″W / 51.352°N 1.995°W / 51.352; -1.995

| Kennet District | |
| --- | --- |
|
*Shown within non-metropolitan Wiltshire* | |
| Geography | |
| Status: | District |
| Region: | South West England |
| Admin. County: | Wiltshire |
| Area:
\- Total | Ranked 28th
966.62 km2 |
| Admin. HQ: | Devizes |
| ONS code: | 46UB |
| Demographics | |
| Ethnicity: | 96.7% White
1.0% S.Asian
1.0% Mixed Race
0.6% Black
0.7% Chinese or other
 |
| Politics | |
| Kennet District Council | |
| Leadership: | Alternative - Sec.31 |

**Kennet** was a non-metropolitan local government district in Wiltshire, England, abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government. It was named after the River Kennet.

The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of the municipal boroughs of Devizes and Marlborough, alongside Devizes Rural District, Marlborough and Ramsbury Rural District and Pewsey Rural District.

The district council was based at offices in Devizes. It was abolished on 1 April 2009 as part of the structural changes to local government in England, when its functions were taken over by the new Wiltshire Council unitary authority.


title: Rebecca Aronson

abstract: Rebecca Aronson is an American poet. She worked as an assistant professor of English at Northwest Missouri State University (NWMSU) located in Maryville, Missouri, until 2008, when she moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico.

text:
# Rebecca Aronson

**Rebecca Aronson** is an American poet. She worked as an assistant professor of English at Northwest Missouri State University (NWMSU) located in Maryville, Missouri, until 2008, when she moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico.

## Author

Aronson is the author of *Creature, Creature*. This was her first book of poetry, and was the winner of the 2007 Main-Traveled Roads Poetry Prize. Her poems have also appeared in journals such as *Quarterly West*, *Tin House*, *Cimarron Review*, *The Seattle Review*, *Puerto del Sol*, *The Rio Grande Review*, and others. Her book was also the winner of the Main-Traveled Roads Press poetry contest . Aronson is a contributing editor to *The Laurel Review*. She also served as co-editor of the GreenTower Press while located at NWMSU. As of 2013 she lived in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Her book, *Ghost Child of the Atalanta Bloom*, won the 2016 Orison Books Poetry Prize, and was a finalist for the 2017 New Mexico/Arizona Book Awards.


title: Rebecca B. Mellors

abstract: Rebecca B. Mellors was an educator.

text:
# Rebecca B. Mellors

**Rebecca B. Mellors** (November 7, 1899 - 1989) was an educator.

## Early life

Rebecca B. Mellors was born in Weir, Kansas, on November 7, 1899, the daughter of Thomas Mellors and Annie Willey.

## Career

Rebecca B. Mellors was an educator. In 1927 she was named clerk and first secretary of the School District No. 49, Metford. In 1928 the Medford Mail Tribune wrote that 80% of those who directed the destiny of the young people of Medford were women and that ranking high in the positions of responsibility was Mellors. Always in 1928, the Census showed that Medford school system ranked 4th in size in the state of Oregon and that Mellors was in the School board.

Later she became clerk of the Medford, Jackson County, Board of Education.

She was a member of Order of the Eastern Star and Business and Professional Women's Club. In 1929 she was appointed chairmen of Education of the Business and Professional Women's club.

## Personal life

She lived in Kansas and Idaho. While in Kansas she was living with Lila Veatch. In 1920 she moved to Jerome, Arizona, and later to Medford, Oregon.

Her married name was Jensen. She died in 1989 and is buried at Siskiyou Memorial Park, Medford.


title: Khand (Bansagar)

text:
# Khand (Bansagar)

A town and a nagar panchayat in Shahdol district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The city is divided into 15 wards in which elections are held every 5 years.

## Demographics

As of the 2011 India census, Khand (Bansagar) had a population of 10,653. Males constitute roughly 53.25% of the population and females 46.75%. Khand (Bansagar) has an average literacy rate of 75.1%, higher than the district average of 66.7 %: male literacy is 85.02 %, and female literacy is 63.96 %. In Khand (Bansagar), 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The largest religious group in the city is Hindu distantly followed by Muslim and Buddhist.

## InfoBox

| Khand | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| KhandLocation in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaKhandKhand (India) | |
| Coordinates: 24°10′45″N 81°17′46″E / 24.17917°N 81.29611°E / 24.17917; 81.29611 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Shahdol |
| Government | |
| Type | MP government |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 10,653 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MP |
| Vehicle registration | MP |


title: Khanda, Jind

abstract: Khanda is a village located in Jind district of Haryana, India. It comes under Alewa Mandal. It lies 20.2 kilometres to the east of Jind and 132 kilometres to the north-west of New Delhi.

text:
# Khanda, Jind

**Khanda** is a village located in Jind district of Haryana, India. It comes under Alewa Mandal. It lies 20.2 kilometres to the east of Jind and 132 kilometres to the north-west of New Delhi.

## History

It is believed that this village was earlier a town named *Khandel* but was deserted after some time. When it was inhabited again, it was again named as Khanda. An old temple of Hindu god Parshuram is located at the corner of the village. A new temple has been built on a large platform located inside the pond near the old temple.

## Demographics

According to 2011 census of India, Khanda has a total population of 3500. During 2011 census, village code was provided to each village of India. Village code of Khanda is 00313300. Brahmins are the predominant group.

## Education

A total of three schools are located in the village. One of them is a public high school and the other two are private schools named after Parshuram. One of them is of middle level and the other is of senior secondary level.

1. "List of villages in district Jind" (PDF). District Administration, Jind. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
2. "Khanda". Glorious India. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
3. "Khanda". Gramin Vikas. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
4. "List of villages of India". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
5. "List of schools in district Jind" (PDF). District Administration, Jind. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2012.

## InfoBox

| Khanda | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Parshuram Temple located at Khanda | |
| KhandaLocation of Khanda in HaryanaKhandaKhanda (India) | |
| Coordinates: 29°27′24″N 76°27′42″E / 29.45667°N 76.46167°E / 29.45667; 76.46167 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Haryana |
| District | Jind |
| Mandal | Alewa |
| Named for | Khandel |
| Seat | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 227 m (745 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,500 |
| Languages | |
| Official | English, Hindi |
| Regional | Haryanvi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 126102 |
| Village code | 00313300 |
| Climate | Cw (Köppen) |
| Ethnic groups | Brahmin |


title: Recording the Universe

abstract: Recording the Universe was the name of a project by the band Depeche Mode to record some of the concerts during their 2009–10 concert tour, Tour of the Universe. The recordings were made by London-based company Live Here Now and were available via the band's website in digital download and double CD format.

text:
# Recording the Universe

***Recording the Universe*** was the name of a project by the band Depeche Mode to record some of the concerts during their 2009–10 concert tour, Tour of the Universe. The recordings were made by London-based company Live Here Now and were available via the band's website in digital download and double CD format.

## Recording the Universe releases

### Ramat Gan Stadium, Ramat Gan, Israel

Concert on 10 May 2009.

**Track listing**

### Zentralstadion, Leipzig, Germany

Concert on 8 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Olympiastadion, Berlin, Germany

Concert on 10 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Commerzbank-Arena, Frankfurt, Germany

Concert on 12 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Olympiastadion, Munich, Germany

Concert on 13 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Stadio Olimpico, Rome, Italy

Concert on 16 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, Milan, Italy

Concert on 18 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### TW Classic Festival, Werchter, Belgium

Concert on 20 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Inter Stadium, Bratislava, Slovakia

Concert on 22 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Stadion Puskás Ferenc, Budapest, Hungary

Concert on 23 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Slavia Stadium, Prague, Czech Republic

Concert on 25 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Stade de France, Paris, France

Concert on 27 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Zénith Amphitheatre, Nancy, France

Concert on 28 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### Parken Stadium, Copenhagen, Denmark

Concert on 30 June 2009.

**Track listing**

### HSH Nordbank Arena, Hamburg, Germany

Concert on 1 July 2009.

**Track listing**

### Arvika Festival, Arvika, Sweden

Concert on 3 July 2009.

**Track listing**

### Esplanade Gambetta, Carcassonne, France

Concert on 6 July 2009.

**Track listing**

### Estadio José Zorrilla, Valladolid, Spain

Concert on 8 July 2009.

**Track listing**

### Bilbao Live Festival, Bilbao, Spain

Concert on 9 July 2009.

**Track listing**

### Molson Amphitheater, Toronto, Canada

Concert on 24 July 2009.

**Track listing**

### Bell Centre, Montreal, Canada

Concert on 25 July 2009.

**Track listing**

### Nissan Pavilion, Washington D. C., United States

Concert on 28 July 2009.

**Track listing**

### Comcast Center, Boston, United States

Concert on 31 July 2009.

**Track listing**

### The Borgata, Atlantic City, United States

Concert on 1 August 2009.

**Track listing**

### KeyArena, Seattle, United States

Concert on 10 August 2009.

**Track listing**

### Honda Center, Anaheim, United States

Concert on 19 August 2009.

**Track listing**

### Pearl Concert Theater, Paradise, Nevada, United States

Concert on 22 August 2009.

**Track listing**

### US Airways Center, Phoenix, United States

Concert on 23 August 2009.

**Track listing**

### E Center, Salt Lake City, United States

Concert on 25 August 2009.

**Track listing**

### Red Rocks, Denver, United States

Concert on 27 August 2009.

**Track listing**

### Superpages.com Center, Dallas, United States

Concert on 29 August 2009.

**Track listing**

### Woodlands Pavilion, Houston, United States

Concert on 30 August 2009.

**Track listing**

### Lakewood Amphitheater, Atlanta, United States

Concert on 1 September 2009.

**Track listing**

### Ford Amphitheater, Tampa, United States

Concert on 4 September 2009.

**Track listing**

### BankAtlantic Center, Ft. Lauderdale, United States

Concert on 5 September 2009.

**Track listing**

### Arena VFG, Guadalajara, Mexico

Concert on 1 October 2009.

**Track listing**

### Foro Sol, Mexico City, Mexico

Concert on 3 October 2009.

**Track listing**

### Foro Sol, Mexico City, Mexico

Concert on 4 October 2009.

**Track listing**

### Monterrey Arena, Monterrey, Mexico

Concert on 6 October 2009.

**Track listing**

### SECC, Glasgow, Scotland

Concert on 12 December 2009.

**Track listing**

### LG Arena, Birmingham, England

Concert on 13 December 2009.

**Track listing**

### O2 Arena, London, England

Concert on 15 December 2009.

**Track listing**

### O2 Arena, London, England

Concert on 16 December 2009.

**Track listing**

### MEN, Manchester, England

Concert on 18 December 2009.

**Track listing**

### Royal Albert Hall (Concert for Teenage Cancer Trust), London, England

Concert on 17 February 2010

**Track listing**

### O2 Arena, London, England

Concert on 20 February 2010.

**Track listing**

### LTU arena, Düsseldorf, Germany

Concert on 26 February 2010.

**Track listing**

### LTU arena, Düsseldorf, Germany

Concert on 27 February 2010.

**Track listing**

## InfoBox

| Recording the Universe | |
| --- | --- |
| Live album series by Depeche Mode | |
| Released | 2009–2010 |
| Recorded | 2009–2010 |
| Depeche Mode chronology | |
| *Recording the Angel*
(2006) ***Recording the Universe***
(2009–10) | |


title: Khaled Abu al-Dahab

abstract: An Egyptian medical student, Khaled Abu al-Dahab (Abul-Dahab) was arrested and convicted of terrorism. He is alleged to have been a right-hand man to Ali Mohamed, who had been an American Special Forces soldier. Ali Mohamed travelled north from California with al-Dahab, who later told Egyptian interrogators he had withdrawn US$3,000 from a Californian bank account on orders of Osama bin Laden himself, to offer as bail money to lawyer Phil Rankin. The pair hoped to have Essam Marzouk released and possibly smuggle him into the United States. In 2002, Abul-Dahab confessed to Egyptian interrogators that he had funded the 1995 attack on the Egyptian Embassy in Pakistan on orders from bin Laden, and had transferred money from a Californian bank account to Pakistan to finance the attack.

text:
# Khaled Abu al-Dahab

An Egyptian medical student, **Khaled Abu al-Dahab** (Abul-Dahab) was arrested and convicted of terrorism. He is alleged to have been a right-hand man to Ali Mohamed, who had been an American Special Forces soldier.

Ali Mohamed travelled north from California with al-Dahab, who later told Egyptian interrogators he had withdrawn US$3,000 from a Californian bank account on orders of Osama bin Laden himself, to offer as bail money to lawyer Phil Rankin. The pair hoped to have Essam Marzouk released and possibly smuggle him into the United States.

In 2002, Abul-Dahab confessed to Egyptian interrogators that he had funded the 1995 attack on the Egyptian Embassy in Pakistan on orders from bin Laden, and had transferred money from a Californian bank account to Pakistan to finance the attack.


title: Kentucky Route 3145

abstract: Kentucky Route 3145 is a rural-secondary state highway located entirely in Warren County in South Central Kentucky. The route serves as a connector between U.S. Route 31W and Interstate 65 (I-65) on the far east side of Bowling Green.

text:
# Kentucky Route 3145

**Kentucky Route 3145** (**KY 3145**) is a rural-secondary state highway located entirely in Warren County in South Central Kentucky. The route serves as a connector between U.S. Route 31W and Interstate 65 (I-65) on the far east side of Bowling Green.

## Route description

KY 3145 begins at exit 30 on I-65 and ends with an intersection with US 31W in the eastern outskirts of Bowling Green.

## History

Plans for a northern outer loop in the Bowling Green area were proposed in the early 2000s in an attempt to create an alignment for a future I-66 corridor to run through the area via existing parkways. Those plans have long been cancelled due to protests in the Daniel Boone National Forest area to preserve karst formations in parts of Laurel and Pulaski counties.

In 2004, a year after the Kentucky Transpark was first opened, now-U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell was able to get federal funding for improvements to U.S. Route 31W in northeast Warren County, and for the connector road and new interchange. Phase one of the project was to build the four-lane connector road from I-65 to US 68, which was completed and opened to traffic, with a designation of Kentucky Route 3145, on July 6, 2017. Phase two was to extend the roadway, as a two-laner, to US 31W east of town to complete the project, which was completed on December 21, 2018. A total of 66.8 million was put into the interchange and new connector.

KY 3145 is the second connector road between US 31W and I-65 in Bowling Green; the first one was KY 446, at exit 28. The interchange at exit 30 was built to ease congestion from the other exits and the two U.S. Routes on the east side of Bowling Green. KY 3145 also serves commercial traffic to the interstate from the Kentucky Transpark, as well as the pre-existing Industrial Park near the Warren East High School.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Warren County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.000 | 0.000 | I-65 Louisville, Nashville | Southern terminus |
| | 1.762 | 2.836 | US 68 (New Glasgow Road) / KY 80 Bowling Green, Oakland, Glasgow, Kentucky Transpark | Partial interchange; southbound entrance and northbound exit |
| |  |  | US 31W (Louisville Road) Mammoth Cave National Park, Bowling Green | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Kentucky Route 3145KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Kentucky Route 3145 | |
| --- | --- |
| KY 3145 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by KYTC | |
| Length | 1.762 mi (2.836 km) |
| Existed | July 6, 2017–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | I-65 in rural east-central Warren County |
| North end | US 31W near Bowling Green |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| Counties | Warren |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Kentucky State Highway System** | |
| KY 3144   KY 3146 | |


title: USNS Puerto Rico (T-EPF-11)

abstract: USNS Puerto Rico (T-EPF-11) is the eleventh Spearhead-class expeditionary fast transport and currently in service with the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command. Puerto Rico was christened on 10 November 2018.

text:
# USNS Puerto Rico (T-EPF-11)

**USNS *Puerto Rico* (T-EPF-11)** is the eleventh *Spearhead*-class expeditionary fast transport and currently in service with the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command.

*Puerto Rico* was christened on 10 November 2018.

## InfoBox

| USNS *Puerto Rico* returning from her sea trial on 22 August 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Puerto Rico* |
| Namesake | Puerto Rico |
| Operator | Military Sealift Command |
| Awarded | 15 September 2016 |
| Builder | Austal USA |
| Laid down | 9 August 2018 |
| Launched | 13 November 2018 |
| Sponsored by | Sonia Sotomayor |
| Christened | 10 November 2018 |
| In service | 10 December 2019 |
| Identification |  |
| Motto | * *Excelencia, Perseverancia, Fuerza* * (Excellence, Perseverance, Vigor) |
| Status | Active |
| Badge |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Spearhead*-class expeditionary fast transport |
| Length | 103.0 m (337 ft 11 in) |
| Beam | 28.5 m (93 ft 6 in) |
| Draft | 3.83 m (12 ft 7 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 43 knots (80 km/h; 49 mph) |
| Troops | 312 |
| Crew | Capacity of 41, 22 in normal service |
| Aviation facilities | Landing pad for medium helicopter |


title: The Shepherd's Chapel

abstract: The Shepherd's Chapel is a Christian church and broadcast facility in Gravette, Arkansas. The church was founded by Arnold Benjamin Murray, who served as senior pastor until his death. As of February 2014, his son Dennis Arnold Murray, the former associate pastor, presides as senior pastor of the church. Arnold Murray's other son, David Vernon Murray, was also an associate pastor until his death.

text:
# The Shepherd's Chapel

**The Shepherd's Chapel** is a Christian church and broadcast facility in Gravette, Arkansas. The church was founded by **Arnold Benjamin Murray** (April 20, 1929 – February 12, 2014), who served as senior pastor until his death. As of February 2014, his son Dennis Arnold Murray, the former associate pastor, presides as senior pastor of the church. Arnold Murray's other son, David Vernon Murray (January 18, 1954 – July 14, 2013), was also an associate pastor until his death.

## Broadcasting

Since 1985, the Shepherd's Chapel has been broadcasting one-hour televised Bible studies over its satellite network, with its most prominent presence being within the graveyard slot on over 225 broadcast television stations across the United States via paid brokered programming arrangements, along with streaming those programs through their websites and various other providers. It is the largest independent Christian television network in the world. Pastor Murray teaches a "chapter-by-chapter, verse-by-verse study of God's Word; the Bible". Also shown are various documentary programs from a pseudoarcheological Anglo-Israelism perspective. It airs 24 hours a day at their website. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, the program "has been on the air for at least three decades and is broadcast in nearly every major and mid-size U.S. city".

## Doctrine

Part of the Shepherd's Chapel's doctrine follows British Israelism, as well as a version of the "serpent seed" doctrine that identifies a "Kenite" lineage of people who are descended from Cain who slew Abel. Arnold Murray taught a version of pre-adamism, suggesting that "those who served God are predestined to salvation, while those who served Satan are cursed with free will and the opportunity to choose God or Satan in this lifetime."

Murray also taught a form of Modalism rather than orthodox trinitarianism. In this teaching, God exists as one rather than three distinct persons, and appears in different forms (or "modes") as YHVH, Yashua, and the Holy Spirit.

## Criticism

A 2008 study by the Southern Poverty Law Center's *Intelligence Report* examined the church and its roots in the Christian Identity movement. According to the SPLC report, Murray publicly disavowed racism, although he frequently identified the "Kenites" (descendants of Cain) as a minority within the Tribe of Judah, despite Murray's objection to the generalization.

Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry has criticized Murray's teachings because he did not teach a pre-tribulation rapture doctrine.

Murray responded to criticism of his positions on the Trinity, racism, serpent seed, and Kenites through the Shepherd's Chapel's website. He also addressed questions of qualifications and his relationship to Christian Identity preacher Roy Gillaspie.


title: Mustapha Ben Jannet Stadium

abstract: Mustapha Ben Jannet Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Monastir, Tunisia. It is currently used by US Monastir, and was used for the 2004 African Cup of Nations. The stadium holds 20,000 people and sometimes, it's used as a home for Tunisia national football team.

text:
# Mustapha Ben Jannet Stadium

**Mustapha Ben Jannet Stadium** is a multi-use stadium in Monastir, Tunisia. It is currently used by US Monastir, and was used for the 2004 African Cup of Nations. The stadium holds 20,000 people and sometimes, it's used as a home for Tunisia national football team.

## History

Inaugurated in 1958, the stadium initially had a capacity of 3,000. Designed by architect Olivier-Clément Cacoub, the structure used a technique based on cantilevered ball joints to create suspended tiers.

Over time, several expansion works were carried out, increasing its capacity to more than 10,000 in the late 1990s, and then, with further work ahead of the 2004 African Cup of Nations, to 20,000.

## Name

The stadium is named after Mustapha Ben Jannet, a militant activist of the early-20th Century Tunisian national movement, executed by French guards in 1953.

## Equipment

The stadium is integrated into the sports complex of the city of Monastir, Tunisia, located a few hundred meters from the city center, which extends over 11 hectares and includes a sports hall, an indoor swimming pool, a tennis complex and various golf courses, training.

35°46′35″N 10°49′13″E / 35.77639°N 10.82028°E / 35.77639; 10.82028

## InfoBox

Mustapha Ben Jannet Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Monastir, Tunisia |
| Owner | Government of Tunisia |
| Capacity | 20,000 |
| Field size | 105 x 68 m |
| Surface | Grass |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 1958 |
| Renovated | 2003 |
| Architect | Olivier-Clément Cacoub |
| Tenants | |
| US Monastir<br>Tunisia national football team | |


abstract: IV is the fourth studio album by Maylene and the Sons of Disaster. It was released September 27, 2011. The first single released from the album was 'In Dead We Dream', through the Revolver Magazine website, on August 4, 2011. On August 15, 2011, Alternative Press released a new single by Maylene and the Sons of Disaster entitled 'Open Your Eyes' through their website. Sept. 26, 2011, AOL began streaming the album via their website.

text:
# IV (Maylene and the Sons of Disaster album)

***IV*** is the fourth studio album by Maylene and the Sons of Disaster. It was released September 27, 2011. The first single released from the album was 'In Dead We Dream', through the Revolver Magazine website, on August 4, 2011. On August 15, 2011, Alternative Press released a new single by Maylene and the Sons of Disaster entitled 'Open Your Eyes' through their website. Sept. 26, 2011, AOL began streaming the album via their website.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Alternative Press* | (0.75/5) |
| Christian Music Zine | (4/5) |
| Decoy Music |  |
| *Exclaim!* | (negative) |
| Jesus Freak Hideout |  |
| PopMatters |  |
| Rockfreaks.net | (7/10) |
| *Tucson Weekly* | (positive) |
| *Under The Gun Review* | 9/10 |

## Track listing

1. "In Dead We Dream" – 3:16
2. "Save Me" – 4:00
3. "Faith Healer (Bring Me Down)" – 3:37
4. "Open Your Eyes" – 3:15
5. "Killing Me Slow" – 4:04
6. "Taking On Water" – 4:05
7. "Fate Games" – 2:16
8. "Come For You" – 3:59
9. "Never Enough" – 2:51
10. "Cat's Walk" – 2:37
11. "Drought of '85" – 4:11
12. "Off To The Laughing Place" – 3:27

## Deluxe and 'limited' editions

Deluxe Editions of IV are available through iTunes and Amazon MP3. The Deluxe Edition includes 1 new song and 1 remix:

13. "Carry Us Away" - 2:46
14. "Save Me (High Top Kicks Remix)" - 5:47

The "Limited" Edition is a signed copy of the non-Deluxe album. This was only available to the first 500 pre-orders through MerchNOW.

## Personnel

Maylene & The Sons of Disaster * Dallas Taylor - vocals, acoustic guitar on "Off to the Laughing Place"
* Chad Huff - lead guitar
* Jake Duncan - rhythm guitar, vocals
* Brad Lehmann - bass
* Miles McPherson - drums, percussion

Production * Brian Virtue - Producer
* Rob Graves \- Co-Producer
* Forefathers Group - Artwork

## InfoBox

| IV | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Maylene and the Sons of Disaster | |
| Released | September 27, 2011 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 41:38 |
| Label | Ferret |
| Producer |  |
| Maylene and the Sons of Disaster chronology | |
| *III*
(2009) ***IV***
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *IV* | |
| 1. "Open Your Eyes"
Released: August 22, 2011 | |
|  | |


title: Gatcombe, Somerset

abstract: Gatcombe at Ashton Watering within the civil parish of Long Ashton, Somerset, England, is the location of a Grade II* listed building which was built on the site of a Roman settlement. It is close to the Land Yeo river, the A370 road and the Bristol to Exeter railway line.

text:
# Gatcombe, Somerset

**Gatcombe** at Ashton Watering within the civil parish of Long Ashton, Somerset, England, is the location of a Grade II\* listed building which was built on the site of a Roman settlement.

It is close to the Land Yeo river, the A370 road and the Bristol to Exeter railway line.

## Roman settlement

Roman remains were first identified at the site in 1839 when a railway cutting was being constructed. Excavations in the 1960s showed that the site was occupied from the middle of the 1st century until at least the fifth century, demonstrated by the coins of Theodosius, Magnus Maximus and Arcadius which have been found. The full extent of the site is unclear, beyond a specific villa but there is some evidence that the site is much more extensive, possibly forming a village or even a town. It has been speculated that this may be the site of Iscalis as described by Ptolemy, however it has also been suggested this may have been at Charterhouse Roman Town.

The Roman site had a 15 feet (4.6 m) wide wall around it, enclosing an area of around 16 acres (6.5 ha), although this is obscured on the southern side near the railway line, A 60 feet (18 m) deep well has also been uncovered.

At least nineteen agricultural buildings have been identified within the enclosure. In addition one building at the southern end of the site included a colonnade and mosaic and other features suggesting it was a sizeable Roman villa. A magnetometry survey conducted during 2009 and 2010 identified several likely buildings outside the enclosed area.

The site was connected to Abbots Leigh by a Roman road.

## Current building

Gatcombe Court was built in the late 14th century, based on a solar built by John de Gatcombe before 1254. The house was further altered in the late 17th century and again in the 20th century. The two-storey house has tiled roofs with attics into two steep gables.

The garden includes a yew hedge which is believed to be 400 years old and a recently added Roman herb garden designed by Jekka McVicar. Near the house is an old mill on the Land Yeo. There is evidence of a snuff mill at the site in 1769, however the current building dates from the early 19th century. By 1846 it had been converted to grind mustard, annatto and drugs, but by 1874 was a flour mill. The internal machinery is still in place and the mill has been designated as a Grade II listed building.

It was the family home of the Somerset Cricketer Osbert Mordaunt and then the family of Charles Clarke, of the Bristol law firm Osborne Clarke. It is now home to Stella Clarke.

In the 17th century a farmhouse was built on the site. This was altered in the 19th century.

## InfoBox

| Gatcombe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Long Ashton, Somerset, England |
| Coordinates | 51°25′32″N 2°40′56″W / 51.42556°N 2.68222°W / 51.42556; -2.68222 |
|  | |
| Scheduled monument | |
| Official name | Roman settlement, part of an associated field system and earlier Iron Age settlement remains at Gatcombe Farm |
| Designated | 5 December 1955 |
| Reference no. | 1011978 |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | Gatcombe Court |
| Designated | 16 March 1984 |
| Reference no. | 1137925 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Gatcombe in Somerset | |


title: Gramella salexigens

abstract: Gramella salexigens is a Gram-negative, aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Gramella which has been isolated from water from Hwajinpo in Korea.

text:
# Gramella salexigens

***Gramella salexigens*** is a Gram-negative, aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of *Gramella* which has been isolated from water from Hwajinpo in Korea.

## InfoBox

| *Gramella salexigens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Flavobacteriia |
| Order: | Flavobacteriales |
| Family: | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Gramella* |
| Species: | ***G. salexigens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Gramella salexigens*****<br>Shin et al. 2018 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| HJM-19 | |


title: Gus Deloof

abstract: Auguste "Gus" Deloof was a Belgian jazz trumpeter, composer, and arranger.. Deloof began playing professionally in 1926 and was a member of the group The Michigans in 1927. He worked in Monte Carlo in 1928–1929 with some of Chas Remue's sidemen, then joined Fud Candrix's Carolina Stomp Chasers. In 1931 he recorded under his own name, with Jean Robert and Jean Omer as sidemen. He also performed with Spike Hughes, Bernard Ette, and Willie Lewis. In 1934, he moved to France to join Ray Ventura's group, where he remained until 1939. He did recording sessions in the late 1930s with Philippe Brun and Quintette du Hot Club de France. Deloof also led his own bands, including extensively on record during World War II and in the early 1950s; his sidemen included David Bee and Rudy Bruder.

text:
# Gus Deloof

**Auguste** "**Gus**" **Deloof** (September 26, 1909 in Brussels – May 8, 1974 in Brussels) was a Belgian jazz trumpeter, composer, and arranger..

Deloof began playing professionally in 1926 and was a member of the group The Michigans in 1927. He worked in Monte Carlo in 1928–1929 with some of Chas Remue's sidemen, then joined Fud Candrix's Carolina Stomp Chasers. In 1931 he recorded under his own name, with Jean Robert and Jean Omer as sidemen. He also performed with Spike Hughes, Bernard Ette, and Willie Lewis. In 1934, he moved to France to join Ray Ventura's group, where he remained until 1939. He did recording sessions in the late 1930s with Philippe Brun and Quintette du Hot Club de France. Deloof also led his own bands, including extensively on record during World War II and in the early 1950s; his sidemen included David Bee and Rudy Bruder.


title: John Whitten

abstract: John Moss Whitten (1920–2000) was an American Central Intelligence Agency officer, known under the pseudonym John Scelso. He was awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal in 1970.

text:
# John Whitten

**John Moss Whitten** (1920–2000) was an American Central Intelligence Agency officer, known under the pseudonym **John Scelso**. He was awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal in 1970.

## Life

Whitten was born in 1920 to a US Navy family, and grew up in Annapolis, Maryland. He graduated from the University of Maryland, served in the US Army's Military Intelligence Corps during World War II, and graduated from the University of Virginia in 1947.

Whitten joined the Central Intelligence Agency shortly after its 1947 foundation. He served initially in Washington, D.C., and Vienna, before being assigned to the CIA's Western Hemisphere division in March 1962. In March 1963 he was promoted to chief of CIA covert operations in Mexico and Central America.

In November 1963, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Whitten was assigned by Richard Helms to review the CIA's records on Lee Harvey Oswald. Whitten's preliminary finding (that Oswald acted alone) was being delivered by Helms to President Lyndon Johnson as Oswald was being shot by Jack Ruby. With a staff of 30, Whitten continued the investigation. On December 6, Whitten read an FBI report on Oswald showing that the FBI had information about Oswald's links with pro-Castro Cuban groups, which neither the FBI nor Helms had communicated to his investigation. He complained to Helms and James Angleton that this information rendered his initial conclusion "completely irrelevant". Helms took the investigation away from Whitten, and handed it to Angleton.

Whitten was moved in 1965 to "an unimportant job reviewing operations", and retired after receiving the Distinguished Intelligence Medal in 1970. He later became the first American to sing in the Vienna Men's Choral Society. Whitten testified to the Church Committee in 1976, and to the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1978, both times under his "John Scelso" pseudonym. Whitten told the HSCA that Helms' failure to tell the Warren Commission about the Rolando Cubela plot to assassinate Castro "was a morally highly reprehensible act, which he cannot possibly justify under his oath of office or any other standard of professional service." "John Scelso"'s testimony was declassified by the Assassination Records Review Board in 1996; the Board had intended to declassify that the pseudonym belonged to Whitten, but was eventually persuaded to wait by the CIA.


title: NGC 6914

abstract: NGC 6914 is a reflection nebula located approximately 6,000 light-years away in the constellation of Cygnus, and was discovered by Édouard Stephan on August 29, 1881. Ultraviolet radiation from stars in the Cygnus OB2 association ionize the nebula's hydrogen.

text:
# NGC 6914

**NGC 6914** is a reflection nebula located approximately 6,000 light-years away in the constellation of Cygnus, and was discovered by Édouard Stephan on August 29, 1881. Ultraviolet radiation from stars in the Cygnus OB2 association ionize the nebula's hydrogen.

* Media related to NGC 6914 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

NGC 6914
| Reflection nebula | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 6914 | |
| Observation data: J2000.0 epoch | |
| Right ascension | 20h 24m 43.3s |
| Declination | 42° 28 58 |
| Distance | 6,000 ly |
| Apparent dimensions (V) | 3.0' × 3.0' |
| Constellation | Cygnus |
|  | |
| Designations | LBN 274, LBN 280 |
|


title: Gustav Borgen

abstract: Gustav Borgen was a Norwegian photographer. He is well known for his portraits of many prominent Norwegians from the period 1891–1922, including King Haakon VII of Norway, Henrik Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, and numerous cabinet ministers, members of parliament, writers and artists, and members of upper bourgeois families. His collection of around 60,000 photographs is in the public domain and has been made available by Digitalt Museum.

text:
# Gustav Borgen

**Gustav Borgen** (10 June 1865 – 16 August 1926) was a Norwegian photographer. He is well known for his portraits of many prominent Norwegians from the period 1891–1922, including King Haakon VII of Norway, Henrik Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, and numerous cabinet ministers, members of parliament, writers and artists, and members of upper bourgeois families. His collection of around 60,000 photographs is in the public domain and has been made available by Digitalt Museum (Digital Museum).

1. "Gustav Borgen". Preus Museum.
2. "Gustav-Borgen". Norsk Folkemuseum. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2013.


title: Gusztáv Gratz

abstract: Gusztáv Gratz was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1921. He was a correspondent member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Gratz published in the Huszadik Század and the Társadalomtudományi Társaság newspapers. He was a representative in the National Assembly from 1906. He also served as managing director of the National Association of Manufacturers (GYOSZ). In 1917 he was appointed Minister of Finance in Móric Esterházy's cabinet. He took part in the peace negotiations' economical parts during the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and Treaty of Bucharest. From 22 November 1919 he was the Hungarian ambassador to Austria. After he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs until Charles I of Austria's attempts to retake the throne of Hungary. As legitimist politician Gratz participated in the planning of the second coup. That's why he was imprisoned for a short time. Gratz pursued a journalism, historian's and economic activity then.

text:
# Gusztáv Gratz

**Gusztáv Gratz** (30 March 1875 in Gölnicbánya – 21 November 1946 in Budapest) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1921. He was a correspondent member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Gratz published in the *Huszadik Század* and the *Társadalomtudományi Társaság* newspapers. He was a representative in the National Assembly from 1906. He also served as managing director of the National Association of Manufacturers (GYOSZ). In 1917 he was appointed Minister of Finance in Móric Esterházy's cabinet. He took part in the peace negotiations' economical parts during the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and Treaty of Bucharest.

From 22 November 1919 he was the Hungarian ambassador to Austria. After he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs until Charles I of Austria's attempts to retake the throne of Hungary. As legitimist politician Gratz participated in the planning of the second coup. That's why he was imprisoned for a short time. Gratz pursued a journalism, historian's and economic activity then.

## Biography

He was born in a Hungarian and German-speaking German Protestant pastor's family who had moved from northwest Hungary in the Zips, attended the Saxon School in Igló, then, after his father accepted the invitation of the Kolozsvár (Cluj) Protestant community, and the family moved to Kolozsvár, the Unitarian Upper School in Kolozsvár, for one year, and the Saxon School in Beszterce. After graduation he studied law at the Universities of Kolozsvár and Budapest and completed his studies in 1898.

From 1896 he was an employee of the Pester Lloyd, a correspondent of the Cologne Gazette from 1898, while Budapest Rapporteur of the Vienna newspaper Die Zeit in 1906, he joined the Neue Freie Presse. In 1900 he co-founded the magazine *Huszadik Század* (Twentieth Century), for which he drew up in 1903 as editor. Gratz, founded in 1901 and his peers the Társadalomtudományi Társaság (Sociological Society). The journal and the society set themselves the goal of eliminating the backward social conditions in Hungary and to advocate for agricultural reform and to the spread of the franchise. But soon differences arose between the conservative and radical elements. 1903 Gratz came from the editorial board from 1906 and broke with the radical circle of the Society for Sociology. In 1906 he acquired the parliamentary seat of the constituency Újegyház in Transylvania, and was until the collapse in 1918, worked in the group of deputies of the Transylvanian Saxons.

From 1912 he held the post of executive director of the National Association of Hungarian Industrialists (Országos Gyáriparosok Szövetsége). During the First World War he was a member of several central economic war. As a liberal economist, he sat down firmly committed to the idea of an economic alliance between the German Reich and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. In 1917 Gratz was appointed chief of the trade section in the Common Foreign Ministry. From June to September 1917 he held the office of the Hungarian Finance Minister, in turn, he served as section chief of the monarchy from the trade negotiations at Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest, which won him great political prestige. After the October Revolution of 1918 in Hungary, he went to Vienna and joined the Hungarian anti-Bolshevik Committee.

From November 1919 to January 1921 he was the Hungarian ambassador in Vienna, after which he took until April 1921 the post of Hungarian foreign minister. He advocated the restoration of the Habsburg monarchy and the cooperation of the successor states of Austria-Hungary. As a staunch Legitimist 1921 he took on two unsuccessful attempts of Charles I return as an active part as the Emperor of Austria and King Charles IV of Hungary, so he was arrested after the king had to leave the country forever. Although it was after ten weeks in prison again set free, and it was brought against the participants in the restoration trial process for the crime of rebellion never came to a verdict, the unfortunate outcome of the second return attempt of King Charles disruption meant in his political career. Connection to the political and public life he had not lost even after that, he regularly wrote editorials for the Pester Lloyd and took part in the work of the International Chamber of Commerce. He worked for several industrial enterprises that were interested in Hungarian.

From the mid-1920s on, he was chairman or board member of more than 40 banks and industrial companies. In 1924 he became chairman of the German Adult Education Association Ungarländischen (UDV), where he remained until 1938. Executive Vice President of the UDV was Jakab Bleyer, the real guiding spirit of the Germans in Hungary, but did not have the confidence of the Hungarian government. The election as President of Gratz was regarded as his political rehabilitation.

The association depended entirely upon the Hungarian government. He viewed his task at the head of the association in the mediation between the government and the German minority in Hungary. In this sense, he came for mother tongue teaching and the educational possibilities of the German minority in Hungary, was at war but any attempt by the Germans in Hungary and political organization, which from the mid-1930s to harsh contrasts between him and the Volkstumsgedanken heated young generation led. When the Hungarian government in 1938 the ethnic German direction with the approval of the National Association of Germans in Hungary was acceptable, he resigned from the top of the UDV. From 1926 he was deputy who initially friendly to the government, then from 1936 with a mandate of the Civil Freedom Party. He complained in the House of Representatives and his articles in the anti-liberal and anti-democratic tendencies of his time. In June 1939 he became chief editor of the liberal daily paper Pesti Napló. In the last years of the war he was a secret commission to make preparations for the future peace conference, be consulted. In April 1944 (after the occupation of Hungary by the Third Reich in March 1944) he was deported by the Gestapo to a concentration camp Mauthausen. After his release in July 1944, he lived first in one of his daughters in Sulz in Vienna, then in Budapest.

From 1925 he edited the Hungarian Economic Yearbook, which provided information on the situation of the Hungarian economy, but also brought a historical and political contributions. It appeared in 1939 in abridged form in English (The Hungarian Economic Yearbook). In three volumes, appeared his great historical work of 1934–35, in which he – Fabricated history of dualism and the revolutions from 1918 to 1920 – mostly political. The fourth volume, which deals with the inter-war period, has been published only in 2001. In recognition of his journalistic activities and history chose him in 1941 the Hungarian Academy of Sciences as a corresponding member.

## Publications

* Nemzetközi jog (Völkerrecht). Budapest, 1899.
* Alkotmánypolitika (Verfassungspolitik). Budapest-Pozsony, 1900.
* Az általános választójog és Tisza István gróf. (Das allgemeine Wahlrecht und Graf Stefan Tisza). Budapest, 1905.
* Általános választójog és nemzeti politika (Allgemeines Wahlrecht und nationale Politik). Budapest, 1905.
* Az általános választójog szociológiai szempontból (Das allgemeine Wahlrecht in soziologischer Hinsicht). Budapest, 1906.
* A bolsevizmus Magyarországon (Der Bolschewismus in Ungarn). (Hrsg. und Einf. von Gustav Gratz). Budapest, 1921.
* Politikai és gazdasági liberalizmus (Politischer und wirtschaftlicher Liberalismus) Budapest, 1922.
* Die Äussere Wirtschaftspolitik Österreich-Ungarns. Mitteleuropäische Pläne. (zusammen mit Richard Schüller). Vienna – New Haven, 1925.
* Európai külpolitika (Europäische Außenpolitik). Budapest, 1929.
* Der wirtschaftliche Zusammenbruch Österreich-Ungarns. Die Tragödie der Erschöpfung (zusammen mit Richard Schüller). Vienna – New Haven 1930.
* Zur Frage der Deutsch-Österreichischen Zollunion. Budapest, 1931.
* A dualizmus kora. Magyarország története 1867–1918 I-II. (Die Zeit des Dualismus I.-II. Geschichte Ungarns 1967–1918). Budapest 1934.
* A forradalmak kora. Magyarország története 1918–1920 (Die Zeit der Revolutionen. Geschichte Ungarns 1918–1920). Budapest 1935.
* Deutschungarische Probleme. Budapest 1938.
* Magyarország a két háború között (Ungarn zwischen den beiden Kriegen). Budapest 2001.
* Augenzeuge dreier Epochen. Die Memoiren des ungarischen Außenministers Gustav Gratz 1875–1945. Herausgegeben von Vince Paál und Gerhard Seewann. (Südosteuropäische Arbeiten 137) Münich 2009, Verlag Oldenbourg.

* Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
* Günter Schödl: *Trianon-Ungarn und die deutsche Minderheitenpolitik. Zu den "Lebenserinnerungen" von Gustav Gratz*. In: Südostdeutsches Archiv XXVI./XXVII. Band 139–151.
* Günter Schödl: *Ungarische Politik jenseits von Nationalstaat und Nationalismus: Gustav Gratz (1875–1946)*. In: Günter Schödl: *Formen und Grenzen des Nationalen. Beiträge zu internationaler Integration und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa*. Erlangen 1990, 137–188.
* György Gyarmati: *Gratz Gusztáv a Monarchia felosztásának következményeiről (Gustav Gratz über die Folgen der Aufteilung der Monarchie)* In: Történelmi Szemle, 1995/1. 83–115.
* Vince Paál: *Utoszó \[Nachwort\]* In: Gratz Gusztáv: *Magyarország a két háború között (Ungarn zwischen den beiden Kriegen)*. Budapest 2001, 355–389.
* Vince Paál: *Gustav Gratz und die Geschichtsschreibung.* In: Hin zu neuen Zielen. 2000 Begegnungen. (Herausgegeben von Ferenc Glatz) Budapest 2001, 289–299.
* Vince Paál: *Nationale Identität und Minderheitenpolitik: Gustav Gratz*. In: "das gueth von alten Lern" Jugend–Festschrift für Karl Manherz zum 60. Geburtstag. (Herausgegeben von Ulrich Langanke.) Budapest 2002, 259–272.
* Vince Paál: *Gustav Gratz: Ein kaum bekannter Ungarndeutscher*. In: Deutscher Kalender 2003. Jahrbuch der Ungarndeutschen. Budapest 2002, 216–220.
* Vince Paál: *Kontrahenten oder Weggefährten? Jakob Bleyer und Gustav Gratz an der Spitze des Ungarländischen Deutschen Volksbildungsvereins*. In: Jakob Bleyer als Volkstumspolitiker. Akten der Jakob-Bleyer-Gesellschaft-Tagung vom 5. Dezember 2003. Budapest 2004, 39–58.
* Einleitung. In: *Augenzeuge dreier Epochen. Die Memoiren des ungarischen Außenministers Gustav Gratz 1875–1945.* Herausgegeben von Vince Paál und Gerhard Seewann. (Südosteuropäische Arbeiten 137) München 2009, R. Oldenbourg Verlag. 1–18.
* Vince Paál: A politika és a publicisztika vonzásában. Gratz Gusztáv pályafutása. Budapest, Wolters Kluwer, 2018. 481 p.

## InfoBox

| Gusztáv Gratz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary | |
| **In office**
17 January 1921  12 April 1921 | |
| Prime Minister | Pál Teleki |
| Preceded by | Pál Teleki |
| Succeeded by | Pál Teleki |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1875-03-30)30 March 1875
Gölnicbánya, Szepes County, Kingdom of Hungary |
| Died | 21 November 1946(1946-11-21) (aged 71)
Budapest, Second Hungarian Republic |
| Political party | Constitution Party, Party of National Work, Independent |
| Profession | politician |
|  | |


title: NGC 1528

abstract: NGC 1528 is an open cluster in the constellation Perseus. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1790. It is located in the north-eastern part of the constellation, just under 3 degrees north of μ Persei. Less than 1.5° to the southeast is the open cluster NGC 1545. The NGC 1528 is clearly visible with 10x50 binoculars. 165 stars are recognised as members of NGC 1528, the brightest of which has apparent magnitude 8.7.

text:
# NGC 1528

**NGC 1528** is an open cluster in the constellation Perseus. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1790. It is located in the north-eastern part of the constellation, just under 3 degrees north of μ Persei. Less than 1.5° to the southeast is the open cluster NGC 1545 (m = 6.2). The NGC 1528 is clearly visible with 10x50 binoculars. 165 stars are recognised as members of NGC 1528, the brightest of which has apparent magnitude 8.7.

## InfoBox

| NGC 1528 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 1528 Open Cluster | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Right ascension | 04h 15m 30.72s |
| Declination | +51° 13 04.8 |
| Distance | 3,110 ± 500 ly (954 ± 154 pc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.4 |
| Apparent dimensions (V) | 23' |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Estimated age | 110 Ma |
| Other designations | Cr 47 |
| Associations | |
| Constellation | Perseus |
|


title: WNSW (Maine)

abstract: WNSW was a radio station on 1200 AM in Brewer, Maine, operating between September 20, 1947, and October 24, 1995.

text:
# WNSW (Maine)

**WNSW** was a radio station on 1200 AM in Brewer, Maine, operating between September 20, 1947, and October 24, 1995.

## History

The Portland Broadcasting System, Inc., received the construction permit to build a new radio station at 1450 kHz in Bangor on January 31, 1947. The call letters WGPG were soon ditched for WGUY, representing Guy Gannett, the original owner. The station went on the air on September 20, broadcasting with 250 watts, and affiliated with CBS on August 1, 1949, matching sister station WGAN in Portland and leaving behind its initial hookup with ABC. WGUY's short-lived FM counterpart, WGUY-FM 93.1, was the first FM station in Maine.

After WGUY moved to 1230 kHz in 1950, Murray Carpenter acquired WGUY in 1954. Carpenter's ownership of the station was short, but it resulted in the deletion of WGUY-FM on October 22 of that year. Carpenter quickly sold WGUY to the Bangor Broadcasting Company, led by Sherwood Tarlow. Carpenter retained the studios on Mount Hope Avenue, which were used to launch his television station, WTWO; WGUY and WTWO shared the building for a time. In 1957, an application was made to increase power to 5,000 watts day on 1250 kHz, which was approved two years later. While the application was pending, Tarlow sold the Bangor Broadcasting Corporation to a new partnership led by Melvin Stone, David Royte and Faust Couture. Stone and Couture owned the Lobster Network, a statewide hookup of stations commonly represented for advertising purposes, which WGUY would join in 1956. Stone would ultimately take full control of WGUY. A new FM station, WGUY-FM, signed on in 1979.

After four years, in 1980, the FCC approved the relocation of WGUY to Brewer and the addition of 5,000 watts of power at night. In November 1981, WGUY was relaunched as WMLI with an adult standards format. In 1985, the station was approved to move to 1200 kHz and upgrade to 10,000 watts. Stone sold the station to Sunspot Broadcasting in 1987; Sunspot renamed the station WKIT (and WGUY-FM became WKIT-FM). When Sunspot filed for bankruptcy protection in 1991, the station was sold again to H&L Broadcasting; it relaunched as talk station WNSW that same year. In April 1992, the station changed its programming to the audio of CNN Headline News. The station also carried play-by-play of the New England Patriots before H&L decided in advance of the 1995 season to move game broadcasts to WKIT-FM.

WNSW and WKIT-FM were sold in 1995 to authors Tabitha King and Stephen King; the Kings also owned WZON 620 AM. Four months after the acquisition, on October 24, 1995, WNSW was closed down permanently, with station management citing its high costs of operation and lack of revenues; most programs did not find a home on other King stations, though Boston Bruins play-by-play moved to WZON. As the station had been run primarily by automation, no jobs were lost.

## InfoBox

WNSW
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Bangor, Maine |
| Frequency | 1200 kHz |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| First air date | September 20, 1947 (1947-09-20) |
| Last air date | October 24, 1995 (1995-10-24) |
| Former call signs | * WGPG (CP, 1947) * WGUY (1947–1981) * WMLI (1981–1987) * WKIT (1987–1991) |
| Technical information | |
| Facility ID | 25748 |
| Power | 10,000 watts |
| Transmitter coordinates | 44°46′23″N 68°49′45″W / 44.77306°N 68.82917°W / 44.77306; -68.82917 |


title: NIAID ChemDB

abstract: The ChemDB HIV, Opportunistic Infection and Tuberculosis Therapeutics Database is a publicly available tool developed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to compile preclinical data on small molecules with potential therapeutic action against HIV/AIDS and related opportunistic infections.

text:
# NIAID ChemDB

The **ChemDB HIV, Opportunistic Infection and Tuberculosis Therapeutics Database** is a publicly available tool developed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to compile preclinical data on small molecules with potential therapeutic action against HIV/AIDS and related opportunistic infections.

## Characteristics and content

Since 1989, the ChemDB has been updated with information extracted from peer-reviewed published literature, conference proceedings and patents. Data are compiled on compound structure, chemical properties, biological activity (e.g. targeted protein, IC50, EC50, Cytotoxicity, TI, Ki, and or MIC), and reference details (e.g. Author, Journal).

The ChemDB web interface supports searching of biological, textual and chemical data using Oracle Text, the Accelrys Direct chemical search engine, and ChemAxon’s Marvin tools. These tools allow web users to search the database by comparing the degree of similarity or flexibility match to chemical structures that have either been uploaded or drawn. Additional Boolean searches can be combined with structure search to include other fields on interest, including target organism or Lipinski score. In addition to the publicly available web interface, whole database downloads can be obtained by the scientific research community. The database is used frequently in peer-reviewed scientific research.

## Opportunistic pathogens

Opportunistic pathogens included in this database are:

* NIAID ChemDB

## InfoBox

ChemDB HIV, Opportunistic Infection and Tuberculosis Therapeutics Database
| Content | |
| --- | --- |
| Description | Small molecules that have been tested against HIV and/or related opportunistic infections |
| Contact | |
| Research center | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) |
| Release date | 1989 |
| Access | |
| Website | http://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/ |


title: Guy Lalumière

abstract: Guy Lalumière was a Canadian graphic artist, photographer, and professor.

text:
# Guy Lalumière

**Guy Lalumière** (20 June 1930 – 11 August 2021) was a Canadian graphic artist, photographer, and professor.

## Biography

From 1936 to 1948, Lalumière attended the École Chomedey de Maisonneuve in Montreal. He then enrolled at the École des beaux-arts de Montréal and graduated in 1953. He became fascinated with the architecture of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and he took up an interest in photography. He then worked in the workshop of Henry Eveleigh before opening his own graphic design studio in 1956. He also began teaching decorative composition and advertising art at the École des beaux-arts de Montréal. For one year, he worked in a graphic design studio in Paris, the only time in his life when he worked in a studio. Thereafter, he solely worked freelance so that he could keep his work independent.

In 1962, he founded the Studio Guy Lalumière. He relocated the studio in 1964 so that it overlooked Place Jacques-Cartier. He notably provided services for Gustave Maeder, designer of the Québec Pavilion at Expo 67. In 1969, he founded Guy Lalumière et Associés alongside Marcel Dauphinais and Robert Charbonneau, which assisted with visual communication, graphics, and photography until the 1980s. He also collaborated with the Université de Montréal in the 1970s as a visiting professor. On 28 October 2010, he was honored by the Société des designers graphiques du Québec.

Lalumière died in Victoria, British Columbia on 11 August 2021 at the age of 91.

## Public collections

## InfoBox

| Guy Lalumière | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 20 June 1930
Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Died | 11 August 2021(2021-08-11) (aged 91)
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |
| Occupation(s) | Graphic artist
Photographer
Professor |


title: WQTM

abstract: WQTM is a radio station licensed to serve Fair Bluff, in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The station, founded in 1967 as WWKO, is currently owned by Keith Baldwin. WQTM has been silent since September 15, 2018 due to damage from Hurricane Florence, but had most recently broadcast a Sports talk format. The station was reassigned its legacy WWKO call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on January 29, 2009. The station changed call sign to WQTM and returned to the air as a simulcast of WEVG in Evergreen, Alabama effective July 12, 2011. The simulcast with WEVG ended due to then-station owners Rama Communications not paying for services rendered by WEVG. Effective July 9, 2019, Rama Communications sold WQTM and the construction permit for translator W279DQ to Keith Baldwin for $10.

text:
# WQTM

**WQTM** (1480 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Fair Bluff, in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The station, founded in 1967 as WWKO, is currently owned by Keith Baldwin.

WQTM has been silent since September 15, 2018 due to damage from Hurricane Florence, but had most recently broadcast a Sports talk format.

The station was reassigned its legacy WWKO call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on January 29, 2009. The station changed call sign to WQTM and returned to the air as a simulcast of WEVG in Evergreen, Alabama effective July 12, 2011.

The simulcast with WEVG ended due to then-station owners Rama Communications not paying for services rendered by WEVG. Effective July 9, 2019, Rama Communications sold WQTM and the construction permit for translator W279DQ to Keith Baldwin for $10.

## InfoBox

WQTM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 1480 kHz |
| Branding | Sportstalk 1480 |
| Programming | |
| Format | Silent (previously Sports Talk) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Keith Baldwin |
| History | |
| First air date | October 21, 1967 |
| Former call signs | WWKO (1967–1984)
WNFO (1984–1988)
WJHB (1988–1996)
WNCR (1996–2002)
WVXY (6/02-10/02)
WZFB (2002–2006)
WSRC (2006–2009)
WWKO (2009–2011) |
| Call sign meaning | WQ**T**ea**M** |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 2860 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 10,000 watts day
48 watts night |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°19′23.00″N 79°0′7.00″W / 34.3230556°N 79.0019444°W / 34.3230556; -79.0019444 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: WQUA

abstract: WQUA is an FM radio station broadcasting a Religious format. Licensed to Citronelle, Alabama, the station broadcasts to the Mobile metropolitan area. The station is owned by Family Worship Center Church, Inc., part of evangelist Jimmy Swaggart's ministries.

text:
# WQUA

**WQUA** (102.1 MHz) is an FM radio station broadcasting a Religious format. Licensed to Citronelle, Alabama, the station broadcasts to the Mobile metropolitan area. The station is owned by Family Worship Center Church, Inc., part of evangelist Jimmy Swaggart's ministries.

## InfoBox

WQUA
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Mobile metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 102.1 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Religious |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Family Worship Center Church, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WJFM |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 39293 |
| Class | C3 |
| ERP | 15,000 watts |
| HAAT | 130 meters (437 feet) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 31°05′04″N 88°23′51″W / 31.08444°N 88.39750°W / 31.08444; -88.39750 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | http://sonlifetv.com/listen.html |
| Website | http://sonlifetv.com |