title: Óscar Osorio

abstract: Óscar Osorio Hernández ruled as a member of the Revolutionary Council of Government from December 14, 1948 to September 14, 1950. He was President of El Salvador from September 14, 1950 until September 14, 1956.

text:
# Óscar Osorio

**Óscar Osorio Hernández** (December 14, 1910  March 6, 1969) ruled as a member of the Revolutionary Council of Government from December 14, 1948 to September 14, 1950. He was President of El Salvador from September 14, 1950 until September 14, 1956.

## Biography

Osorio was born in the town of Sonsonate, El Salvador, on December 14, 1910.

He married twice: first with Leticia Rosales, with whom she had three children: Ana Maya, Rhina and Oscar. His second wife was Esperanza Llerena and had two children, Cecilia and Humberto.

His primary education was made in Sonsonate, Santa Ana and San Salvador, and worked in the Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School in the capital.

He did his higher education in various national and foreign academies, but mostly 3 years in the War College in Turin, Italy, where he returned to the country in October 1943.

On December 14, 1948, there was a coup d'état of the "young soldiers" against President Salvador Castaneda Castro. Osorio, in the end with the rank of major, was added as a diplomatic mission in El Salvador in Mexico, and was called to lead the provisional government called the Revolutionary Council government, formed by Major Oscar Bolaños and civilians Reynaldo Galindo Pohl and Humberto Costa.

Under the new constitution of 1950 the presidential elections were held. In the elections of that year, he presented himself as a candidate of the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification, founded in 1945 and beat the only opposition candidate, Colonel José Menéndez Ascencio, who was presented by the Action Party Renovadora.

He assumed the constitutional presidency of El Salvador in 1950 and Osorio's government coincided with a period of calm because the coffee and cotton prices rose considerably. His presidency had adopted a plan of social reforms including the introduction of Social Security for urban workers and the creation of the Institute of Urban Housing (IVU) and developmental measures (pulse limited industrialization). With what he perceived the state in taxes on exports of coffee were initiated numerous public works, particularly the establishment of the Executive Committee on Ports, ECA, the construction of the Hydroelectric Dam "November 5, and the Coastal Highway the "Golden Bridge" on the Lempa River, numerous schools and multifamily housing complexes. It was also celebrated with great pomp the anniversary of the coup d'état of December 14 (officially known as the Revolution of 1948).These economic reforms largely helped the middle class and urban residents.

There was also a strong impetus to the arts, and he established a scholarship scheme for artists to study abroad.

At the same time, however, together with the democratic opening, Osorio created rules that put the country under a suspension of individual rights and collective, known as the Law on Defense of the Constitutional Order. Based on it, from 1952 until the end of his term, Osorio had developed a policy of selective repression against labor leaders and students, before the rise of the popular movement that emerged from the struggles that led to the overthrow of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez in 1944. Osorio passed as political disappearances the imprisonment of the most important leaders of the Salvadoran left—labor leaders Salvador Cayetano Carpio and his wife Tula Alvarenga, the student leader Gabriel Gallegos Valdés and academic Celestino Castro. All were interrogated and tortured by the National Police, as documented in his book Abduction and Hood, first published in 1956.

The features of the government Osorio called Revolution 48 were:

His continued representation as of 1932 as the government of the oligarchy and imperialism.

With the rising price of coffee, there was a boom in the country.

In tandem with the high rhetoric, the government of Colonel Osorio accentuated the line of repression and terror against the democratic movement organized in the country. After splitting the labor movement and supporting a central reactionary movement with the full support of the state machinery, the Osores-led government acted against the organization of the working class in El Salvador in an attempt to repress it, albeit less intensely than in 1932.

At the time of Osorio, people began growing cotton on a large scale in the plains of the coast, especially in the east.

Another important fact is the Central American economic integration treaties signed in 1951.

Osorio died in Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, United States, as a result of kidney failure complicated by pneumonia.

## Military ranks

* Promoted to lieutenant on December 12, 1931
* Promoted to lieutenant on June 15, 1934
* Promoted to captain on October 15, 1937
* Promoted to captain staff on October 15, 1937
* Promoted to lieutenant colonel on September 9, 1950

## Decorations

## InfoBox

| MajorÓscar Osorio | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 32nd President of El Salvador | |
| **In office**
14 September 1950  14 September 1956 | |
| Preceded by | Revolutionary Council of Government
Salvador Castaneda Castro as President |
| Succeeded by | José María Lemus |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 14 December 1910
Sonsonate, El Salvador |
| Died | 6 March 1969(1969-03-06) (aged 58)
Houston, Texas, United States |
| Political party | Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification |
| Spouse | Esperanza Llerena |
| Occupation | Military officer, politician |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | El Salvador |
| Branch/service | Salvadoran Army |
| Rank | Major |
|  | |


title: Ługi, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Ługi is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Wieś Lęborska, within Lębork County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Nowa Wieś Lęborska, 5 km (3 mi) east of Lębork, and 57 km (35 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Ługi, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Ługi** \[ˈwuɡi\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Wieś Lęborska, within Lębork County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Nowa Wieś Lęborska, 5 km (3 mi) east of Lębork, and 57 km (35 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Ługi | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Ługi | |
| Coordinates: 54°32′12″N 17°48′52″E / 54.53667°N 17.81444°E / 54.53667; 17.81444 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Lębork |
| Gmina | Nowa Wieś Lęborska |


title: Ľubomír Rehák

abstract: Ľubomír Rehák is a Slovak diplomat.

text:
# Ľubomír Rehák

**Ľubomír Rehák** (born 24 February 1970) is a Slovak diplomat.

## Career

Ľubomír Rehák was graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1992 and started his professional career at the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic. His first 5-year diplomatic posting abroad was in Moscow as the Private Secretary to the Ambassador and Political Officer for Central Asia (1993 –1998). Ľubomír Rehák is also a Honorary Fellow of the London College of Contemporary Arts.

### Diplomatic activity

* 1993 – 1998 Russia, Moscow: Private Secretary to the Ambassador and agenda of Central Asia.
* 1999 – 2003 Portugal, Lisbon: Deputy Ambassador.
* 2004 – 2006 Slovakia, Bratislava: European correspondent, coordinator in the field of the common foreign and security policy of the European Union.
* 2006 – 2008 Belarus, Minsk: Head of the Embassy of the Slovak Republic in Minsk. In the second half of 2007, he also held the position of local presidency of the European Union in Belarus.
* 2008 – 2009 Belgium, Brussels: Ambassador, Representative of the Slovak Republic to the Political and Security Committee of the European Union.
* 2010 – 2011 Slovakia, Bratislava: Director General of the Political Section – Political Director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Slovak Republic.
* 2011 – 2012 Kazakhstan, Astana: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
* 2012 – 2015 Slovakia, Bratislava: Director General of the Political Section – Political Director of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic.
* 2015 – 2020 United Kingdom, London: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Slovak Republic to the Court of St. James's in London.
* 2020 – Russia, Moscow: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Slovakia to Russia.

## Honours and awards

| Coat of Arms of Ľubomír Rehák | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Armiger | Ľubomír Rehák |
| Adopted | 2019 |
| Crest | A pair of eagle wings Gules encircling a document Or, with a chained seal Gules. |
| Shield | Azure, from the sides two growing Argent clothed shaking hands Or raised over the celestial bodies Or - a star on the right, and on the left a half-lying and inverted crescent. Below the torse on a closed tournament helmet a mantling Azure doubled Or. |
| Motto | Latin: Pacis Diligens, English: Peace-loving (allusion to Slovak name Ľubomír) |
| Order(s) | Knight Commander of Merit with Star of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George |
| Reg. №: QR-1041/2019, Heraldic Register of the Slovak Republic | |

### Foreign honours

### Dynastic

### Ecclesiastical awards

Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia

* Order of Saint Equal to the Apostles Prince Rastislav of Great Moravia (III grade).
* Medal of Saints Equal-to-Apostles Cyril and Methodius.

1. Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic. "The Embassy of the Slovak Republic in Moscow, Ambassador". *www.mzv.sk*. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
2. "LCCA Talks with His Excellency Mr Lubomir Rehak, Ambassador of Slovakia | LCCA". *www.lcca.org.uk*. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
3. City of London. "H.E. Lubomir Rehak, The Ambassador of Slovakia Hampstead, London" (PDF). *List of Applications for the Freedom*. **9**.
4. "Ambassador Ľubomír Rehák becomes a Freeman of the City of London - Detail of web content - MZV MZV PORTAL". *www.mzv.sk*. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
5. "Westminster: Faith leaders and politicians gather at chivalric investiture Mass | ICN". *www.indcatholicnews.com*. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
6. "Литургия в память св. мц. Людмилы" (in Russian). 2023-09-30. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
7. The Embassy of the Slovak Republic in Moscow. "Meeting of the Ambassador of Slovakia with delegation of the Orthodox Church of Czech Lands and Slovakia". *www.mzv.sk*. Retrieved 2021-05-25.

## InfoBox

| Ľubomír Rehák | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Slovak Ambassador to Russia | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
December 2020 | |
| President | Zuzana Čaputová |
| Preceded by | Peter Priputen |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1970-02-24) 24 February 1970
Topoľčany, Slovakia |
| Spouse | Dana Reháková |
| Alma mater | Moscow State Institute of International Relations |
| Awards |
Freedom of the City of London |
|  | |


title: Żmijewo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Żmijewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kolbudy, within Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Kolbudy, 8 km (5 mi) west of Pruszcz Gdański, and 16 km (10 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Żmijewo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Żmijewo** \[ʐmiˈjɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kolbudy, within Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Kolbudy, 8 km (5 mi) west of Pruszcz Gdański, and 16 km (10 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see *History of Pomerania*.

## InfoBox

| Żmijewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Żmijewo | |
| Coordinates: 54°14′57″N 18°30′57″E / 54.24917°N 18.51583°E / 54.24917; 18.51583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Gdańsk |
| Gmina | Kolbudy |


title: Ğazı II Giray

abstract: Ğazı II Giray was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. Born in 1554, he distinguished himself in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90), gaining the trust of his Ottoman suzerains. He was appointed khan in 1588, after his homeland experienced a period of political turmoil. He failed to capture Moscow during his 1591 campaign against Tsardom of Russia, however he managed to secure a favorable peace treaty two years later. He was then summoned to support his Ottoman allies in the Long Turkish War, taking part in multiple military expeditions centered in Hungary. In late 1596, the Ottoman sultan briefly unseated Ğazı II Giray in favor of Fetih I Giray after heeding the advice of Grand Vizier Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha. He returned to power three months later, continuing his reign until his death in November 1607.

text:
# Ğazı II Giray

**Ğazı II Giray** (1554 – November 1607) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. Born in 1554, he distinguished himself in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90), gaining the trust of his Ottoman suzerains. He was appointed khan in 1588, after his homeland experienced a period of political turmoil. He failed to capture Moscow during his 1591 campaign against Tsardom of Russia, however he managed to secure a favorable peace treaty two years later. He was then summoned to support his Ottoman allies in the Long Turkish War, taking part in multiple military expeditions centered in Hungary. In late 1596, the Ottoman sultan briefly unseated Ğazı II Giray in favor of Fetih I Giray after heeding the advice of Grand Vizier Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha. He returned to power three months later, continuing his reign until his death in November 1607.

## Early life

Ğazı Giray was born in 1554. Little is known about his youth, it is speculated that while being hanzade (son of the khan) he was sent to the Circassian tribe of Besleni to receive training in horsemanship and the military arts. His name is first mentioned in a document detailing a 1575 Tatar raid on Podolia. The raid was sparked by the revolt of Moldavian voivode John III the Terrible who refused to accept the raise in tribute he had to pay to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans requested the Crimean Khanate to aid them in the conflict after realizing that Zaporozhian Cossacks had intervened on John's side. The conflict ended when the Ottomans executed the Cossack commander Ivan Pidkova and unseated John.

In November 1578, Crimean khan Mehmed II Giray entered the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90) on the Ottoman side. Ğazı Giray was among the soldiers taking part in the expedition. The Crimean army under the khan's brother Adil Giray relieved the besieged Shemakha garrison at a critical point, defeating the Safavids. The first rift between the allies appeared when the Ottomans prohibited the Tatars from conducting booty raids and insisted on organizing them into a regular unit of their army. Looting had been the primary objective of all Tatar military campaigns and a major source of wealth for the common soldier as they did not receive salaries. The dispute was settled after the Tatars managed to pillage a convoy carrying the treasury of Aras Khan. On 30 November, the Tatar army clashed with the main Safavid force on the Menla Hasan river. The battle lasted three days and ended with a Tatar defeat, Adil Giray was captured yet Ğazı Giray managed to escape. Due to Adil's death in captivity, Mehmed II Giray appointed his son Saadet II Giray as kalgay. A year later, Mehmed II Giray arrived at the front with reinforcements, departing in the summer after a successful raid on Gence netted him enough booty. In the meantime, Mehmed's younger brother Alp Giray instigated a revolt, in an effort to take the throne for himself. The Ottomans questioned the loyalty of the khan after he declared that he was an independent ruler rather than an Ottoman vassal, ordering İslâm II Giray to ascend.

Ğazı Giray remained in the Caucasus at the head of a small force. In the winter of 1579, Ğazı Giray distinguished himself during a surprise attack on a Safavid encampment in Gence. The Ottoman sultan rewarded him for this action with 50,000 akçes. In the spring of 1581, Ğazı Giray suffered a defeat in the vicinity of Shemakha and was taken prisoner. After refusing numerous proposals of collaboration he was imprisoned in the Alamut Castle. He managed to escape after he was transferred to Tabriz, joining Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha in Erzurum. He continued his participation in the campaign until the death of Osman Pasha on 30 November 1585. He then traveled to Constantinople where he was granted the salyane of Yambol where he continued to live until 1588. That year he received news that he was appointed khan in place of his brother İslâm II Giray. The Ottomans chose Ğazı Giray due to his familiarity with the inner workings of the empire and his experience in military affairs. Upon his arrival, his authority was not disputed by the Crimean tribal aristocracy.

## First Reign

Ğazı Giray's first action as khan was to appoint his brother Fetih Giray and nephew Nepht Giray as the first and second heirs apparent (Kalgay and Nura'l-din respectively) to the throne. Alp Giray and his Nura'l-din Sakay Giray fled to Constantinople and Circassia respectively. He then moved in to secure the khanate's external borders from the Cossacks who had stepped up their raids following the death of Stephen Báthory in 1586. A fort was erected on the mouth of river Dnieper and a punitive expedition was launched on Podolia. The expansion of Russian influence in the Caucasus the successive reigns of Ivan the Terrible and Feodor I caused concern in Crimea. Ğazı Giray seized opportunity of a Swedish offer of an alliance to attack Muscovy from the south, while the Swedes invaded from the north. On 13 July 1591, the Crimeans besieged Moscow, realizing that their cavalry was no match for the city's modern fortifications they lifted the siege. The khan was wounded in the campaign, returning to his palace in a cart on 9 August. After negotiations over a peace agreement broke down Fetih Giray successfully raided Tula and Ryazan, taking numerous prisoners later to be sold in the khanate's lucrative slave markets. Fearing a war on two fronts the Muscovites yielded, gifting the khan 10,000 rubles and agreeing to withdraw the Cossacks from Terek and Don. In return the Tatars swore not to attack Russia during the summer of 1594, the agreement was concluded in October 1593. The agreement paved the way for the Crimean intervention into the Long Turkish War in Hungary, while Russia was able to augment its northern borders.

On 28 April 1594, the Tatar army crossed into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth en route to Hungary. The Tatars found the Balkan pass blocked by ruble and then marched to the so-called Tatar pass which was guarded by Kaspar Kornis an officer of the Voivode of Transylvania Sigismund Báthory and commander of the nearby Huszt castle. A battle ensued, whereupon the defenders suffered a devastating defeat. The Tatars clashed with the Hungarians under Bastuvan in Devirsin (possibly Debrecen), achieving another victory. The Tatar force united with their Ottoman allies commanded by grand vizier Koca Sinan Pasha on 31 July, the event was later celebrated by a full dress military parade and a feast. At the time the Muslim army had camped opposite of Raab and was separated from the city by the river of the same name. On 1 August, the Ottoman–Tatar army crossed the river and stormed the Raab castle, they were met by a flurry of gunfire and were forced to retreat. The following day the Ottomans began constructing a bridge across the river, enabling their musketeers and artillery to close in on their target. On 27 September, a second assault took place, it proved successful and the city fell. A part of the Crimean army was diverted to the fort of Pápa, which they found abandoned. The Muslims then besieged Komárom, however the siege was soon lifted after the advent of winter. Ğazı Giray retired to his winter quarters after leaving 2,000 of his men to garrison Pápa and Székesfehérvár.

The palace intrigues surrounding the death of sultan Murad III frustrated Ottoman plans in Hungary. More importantly Wallachian voivode Michael the Brave and voivode of Moldavia Aaron the Tyrant had revolted against Ottoman authority. In late January 1595, the Tatars now loaded with booty began their journey home. Upon crossing the frozen Danube into Wallachia they were attacked by Michael's troops, suffering a devastating defeat they fell back to Silistra. The Khan informed the grand vizier Serdar Ferhad Pasha of the new state of affairs in Wallachia and urged him to dispatch a fleet to Ochakiv in order to ferry a 100,000 man army under Fetih Giray to the Balkans. The khan spent the summer in Crimea. The arrival of Fetih's army in September coincided with the Ottoman decision to transform Wallachia and Moldavia from tributary states into beylerbeyliks. Ğazı Giray seized the opportunity and requested that one of his relatives be appointed governor of the new province. The Ottomans feared that the Tatars would merge Moldavia with the rest of the khanate and instead appointed Ahmed Bey to the position. The Tatars conquered Moldavia after vanquishing Sigismund Báthory's and Ștefan Răzvan's forces. The Poles reacted by tasking Jan Zamoyski with checking the Tatar advance in the region. The two sides fought the Battle of Cecora (1595) on 19 September, before agreeing to mutually withdraw and recognize Ieremia Movilă as the new Moldavian voivode. The khan wintered in Bender, launching numerous diversionary raids into Wallachia while Fetih Giray besieged Eger with the Ottomans. In the meantime, the Habsburgs had crossed the swamps in the Eger area posing a threat to the Muslim army. The two sides engaged in the Battle of Keresztes on 26 October 1596. The Muslims emerged victorious at the conclusion of the battle, the largest to take place during the course of the war.

## Second Reign

Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha was appointed Grand Vizier in recognition of his role in the battle. He immediately dismissed Ğazı Giray and elevated Fetih I Giray to khan. Ğazı Giray's refusal to personally participate in the campaign, alleged separatist tendencies and his aspirations over Moldavia being the main reasons behind the downfall. Ğazı Giray addressed a letter to the sultan claiming that he was preoccupied by the defense of Wallachia from Michael the Brave and that his dismissal was unjust since he did not engage in bribery, revolt or oppression of rayah. Although he was supported by a number of viziers, his letter had not achieved the desired effect and the sultan remained true to his word. Fetih accepted his new role with reluctance as he only commanded 20,000 soldiers and the Ottomans were unable to provide him with reinforcements due to their commitments in Hungary. Fetih built his network of supporters around the relatives of Selamet Giray and Baht Giray. However his influence was still limited and the Tatar army demanded that the old khan be brought back. Cığalazade was dismissed only 20 days after his appointment further complicating the situation, the new grand vizier Damat Ibrahim Pasha supported the idea of reinstating Ğazı Giray. The sultan prepared two different letters of confirmation one for Fetih and another for Ğazı, instructing his representative Hamdan Agha to grant the letter to the candidate with the biggest base of support among the Tatars. Unbeknownst to the sultan Hamdan Agha had been a long time personal friend of Ğazı Giray, giving him the letter along with the regalia. Fearing for his safety Fetih fled to the Circassian controlled Taman Peninsula, he took the decision to meet Ğazı Giray one last time before departing for Constantinople. He was murdered by a member of the Mangit tribe outside of Kefe, Baht Giray met a similar fate. Selamet Giray avoided the power struggle by remaining in Circassia. Fetih's reign of three months was thus cut short and Ğazı Giray regained control over the khanate in early 1597.

The khan refused to take part in the 1597 Ottoman campaign in Hungary. After renewing the truce with Russia, he sent envoys to Poland, Wallachia and Moldavia in an attempt to gain concessions. The Crimean army returned to the Balkans in July 1598. The khan served as an intermediary between the sultan and emperor Rudolf II, as the Ottomans sought to divert forces to Anatolia due to the outbreak of the Celali rebellions. The Tatars joined the Ottoman war camp at Beckerek on 29 August, afterwards the khan took active part in the planning of the upcoming offensive in Wallachia. Marching along the Moros river, the Muslims conquered the small fort of Canat before besieging their main target Varad on 1 October. Major shortages in gunpowder and ammunition, as well as difficult weather conditions rendered the siege unsuccessful. The Habsburgs had exploited the diversion of Ottoman troops to Wallachia by seizing Tata, Várpalota and Veszprém, as well as encircling Buda. The khan spent the winter in Sombor, while the Tatar contingent was stationed in Szeged. Citing shortages in provisions the khan declared that the Crimeans would return home despite repeated Ottoman requests for him to remain, this may be attributed to bribes he had received from Rudolf II. He remained within the khanate until 1602, during that time he had fallen seriously ill. He accused his wife of bewitching him, leading to her execution. In 1601, he learned that Nura'l-din Devlet Giray had conspired with a number of Mirzas to assassinate and take power for themselves. The plotters were invited to a feast where they were gunned down by arquebusiers. Devlet Giray's brothers fled either to Circassia or Anatolia with Selamet Giray following suit. In late August 1602, the khan once again set off for the Hungarian plains. On 23 September, the Tatars were defeated in the battle of Telzayn, whereupon the fell back to Silistria and united with the Ottomans in the middle of October.

Ğazı Giray spent the winter in Pécs, while his army commenced raids on the Međimurje mountains, Lugoj, Sebeș, Tokaj, rivers Krka and Rába. The Tatars rode home at the end of the winter after the sultan failed to satisfy their monetary demands. Little is known about the last years of the khan's life. He did not campaign in person, sending his son and kalgay Toqtamış Giray to Hungary in 1604. He erected the castle of Gazikerman in Circassia, dying from a plague outbreak shortly afterwards (November 1607). Toqtamış Giray succeeded him as khan following his death.

## InfoBox

| Ğazı II Giray | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Khan of the Tatar Crimean Khanate
*(1st reign)* | |
| Reign | 1588 – 1596 |
| Predecessor | İslâm II Giray |
| Successor | Fetih I Giray |
| Khan of the Tatar Crimean Khanate
*(2nd reign)* | |
| Reign | 1597 – 1607 |
| Predecessor | Fetih I Giray |
| Successor | Toqtamış Giray |
|  | |
| Born | 1554 |
| Died | November 1607
Temryuk |
| Dynasty | Giray dynasty |
| Religion | Islam |


title: Ōkubo Station (Hyōgo)

abstract: Ōkubo Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Akashi, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, operated by the West Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Ōkubo Station (Hyōgo)

**Ōkubo Station** (大久保駅, *Ōkubo-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Akashi, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

## Lines

Ōkubo Station is served by the JR San'yō Main Line, and is located 25.6 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Kobe and 58.7 kilometers from Osaka.

## Station layout

The station consists of two ground-level island platforms connected by an elevated station building, and a siding westbound track without a platform in the south of Track 4. The station has a *Midori no Madoguchi* staffed ticket office

### Platforms

| **1, 2** | San'yō Main Line | for Sannomiya and Osaka |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **3** | San'yō Main Line | for Kakogawa and Himeji
returning for Sannomiya and Osaka |
| **4** | San'yō Main Line | for Kakogawa and Himeji |

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| JR West | | | | |
| Sanyō Main Line (JR Kobe Line) | | | | |
| Nishi-Akashi |  | Local trains
Including Rapid Service (快速): Akashi - Takatsuki or Kyoto |  | Uozumi |
| Special Rapid Service: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Nishi-Akashi |  | Commuter Limited Express Rakuraku Harima |  | Kakogawa |
| Limited Express Super Hakuto: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Limited Express Super Hamakaze: Does not stop at this station | | | | |

## History

Ōkubo Station opened on 23 December 1888. With the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan Railway Company.

Station numbering was introduced in March 2018 with Ōkubo being assigned station number JR-A75.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 20,001 passengers daily

## Surrounding area

* Okubo O's Town
* Akashi City Okubo Junior High School
* Akashi City Okubo Elementary School
* Akashi City Okubo Minami Elementary School

Media related to Ōkubo Station (Hyogo) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ōkubo Station
大久保駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ōkubo Station, June 2020 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 20 Ōkubochō-Ōkubomachi, Akashi-shi, Hyōgo-ken 674-0067
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°40′56.25″N 134°56′19.88″E / 34.6822917°N 134.9388556°E / 34.6822917; 134.9388556 |
| Owned by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Operated by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Line(s) | San'yō Main Line |
| Distance | 25.6 km (15.9 mi) from Kobe |
| Platforms | 2 island platforms |
| Connections | * Bus stop |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Ground level |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed (*Midori no Madoguchi*) |
| Station code | JR-A75 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 23 December 1888 (1888-12-23) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 20,001 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Ōkubo StationLocation within Hyōgo PrefectureŌkubo StationŌkubo Station (Japan) | |


title: Ōkubo-ji

abstract: Ōkubo-ji Ōkubo-ji (大窪寺) is a Shingon temple in Sanuki, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is Temple 88 on the Shikoku 88 temple pilgrimage. Pilgrims leave their kongō-zue at the temple when completing the circuit. The Ōkubo-ji temple bell and pilgrim bells have been selected by the Ministry of the Environment as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan. The temple's grounds feature a repository for walking sticks dedicated by pilgrims, symbolizing the completion of their spiritual journey. These sticks are ritually disposed of by burning them every spring and summer. Additionally, the temple offers a unique experience through a miniature pilgrimage under the Daishi Hall, where visitors can step on bags of sand representing the 88 temples, receiving the same blessings as if they visited each one. Okuboji is situated about 450 meters above sea level and is known for its beautiful autumn foliage, making it a popular spot for visitors in November. The temple is accessible by a 60-minute bus ride from JR Shido Station, with operating hours for the Temple Stamp Office from 7:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. The temple's location, history, and role in the Shikoku Pilgrimage underscore its cultural and spiritual significance, offering insights into Japanese Buddhism and providing a serene environment for reflection and exploration.

text:
# Ōkubo-ji

**Ōkubo-ji** (大窪寺) is a Shingon temple in Sanuki, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is Temple 88 on the Shikoku 88 temple pilgrimage. Pilgrims leave their kongō-zue at the temple when completing the circuit. The Ōkubo-ji temple bell and pilgrim bells have been selected by the Ministry of the Environment as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan.

The temple's grounds feature a repository for walking sticks dedicated by pilgrims, symbolizing the completion of their spiritual journey. These sticks are ritually disposed of by burning them every spring and summer. Additionally, the temple offers a unique experience through a miniature pilgrimage under the Daishi Hall, where visitors can step on bags of sand representing the 88 temples, receiving the same blessings as if they visited each one.

Okuboji is situated about 450 meters above sea level and is known for its beautiful autumn foliage, making it a popular spot for visitors in November. The temple is accessible by a 60-minute bus ride from JR Shido Station, with operating hours for the Temple Stamp Office from 7:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

The temple's location, history, and role in the Shikoku Pilgrimage underscore its cultural and spiritual significance, offering insights into Japanese Buddhism and providing a serene environment for reflection and exploration.

34°11′29″N 134°12′24.2″E / 34.19139°N 134.206722°E / 34.19139; 134.206722


title: Ōkubo Haruno

abstract: Ōkubo Haruno Baron Ōkubo Haruno was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army.

text:
# Ōkubo Haruno

**Baron** **Ōkubo Haruno** (大久保春野, 8 October 1846 – 26 January 1915) was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army.

## Life and military career

Ōkubo was born to a *samurai* family; his father was descended from the Ōkubo clan, former *daimyō* of Odawara Domain, who served as hereditary Shinto priests at a shrine in Tōtōmi Province (in what is now Iwata, Shizuoka. Together with his father, he fought as a samurai in the Boshin War of the Meiji restoration.

After the Meiji Restoration, Ogawa attended a military boarding school in Osaka for the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army and was sent to France October 1870 for further training. After his return in July 1875, he served in various staff posts within the Army Ministry. He was made a battalion commander of the IJA 14th Infantry Regiment under the Kumamoto Garrison in May 1880, returning to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in December 1882. He was given command of the IJA 12th Infantry Regiment in March 1886 and promoted to colonel in 1889. In June 1890, he became commandant of the Army's Toyama Infantry School, and in June 1891 became commandant of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.

In 1894, Ōkubo was promoted to major general, and given command of the IJA 7th Infantry Brigade, which saw extensive combat during the First Sino-Japanese War, especially at Hiacheng and Fengcheng in Manchuria. It also participated in the conquest of Taiwan. In December 1897, Ōkubo became commander of the 1st Guards Brigade.

In 1900, Ōkubo was promoted to lieutenant general and chief-of-staff of the Inspectorate General of Military Training. In May 1902, he became commander of the IJA 6th Infantry Division. During the Russo-Japanese War, the IJA 6th Infantry Division was attached to the Japanese Second Army, but after the Battle of Shaho was transferred to the Japanese Fourth Army before the Battle of Mukden. After the war, he was awarded with the Order of the Rising Sun, 1st class and the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class. In July 1906, he was transferred to command the IJA 3rd Division and in September 1907 was elevated to the *kazoku* peerage with the title of *danshaku* (baron).

After his promotion to full general on 7 August 1908, Ōkubo became commander of the Chosen Army in Korea. He entered the reserves on 18 August 1911. After his death in January 1915, he was posthumously raised to 2nd Court Rank.

## Decorations

### Foreign Orders

Korean Empire

* Kowner, Rotem (2006). *Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War*. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810849275.
* Fukagawa, Hideki (1981). *(陸海軍将官人事総覧 (陸軍篇)) Army and Navy General Personnel Directory (Army)*. Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo. ISBN 4829500026.
* Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). *Encyclopedia of Military Biography*. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
* Hata, Ikuhiko (2005). *(日本陸海軍総合事典) Japanese Army and Navy General Encyclopedia*. Tokyo: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 4130301357.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Baron Ōkubo Haruno | |
| --- | --- |
| Baron Ōkubo Haruno in October 1913 | |
| Native name | 大久保春野 |
| Born | (1846-10-08)October 8, 1846
Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan |
| Died | January 26, 1915(1915-01-26) (aged 68) |
| Allegiance | Empire of Japan |
| Service/branch | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Years of service | 1870-1911 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | Boshin War
First Sino-Japanese War
Invasion of Taiwan
Russo-Japanese War |


title: Żalewo

abstract: Żalewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szamotuły, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Szamotuły and 24 km (15 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Żalewo

**Żalewo** \[ʐaˈlɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szamotuły, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Szamotuły and 24 km (15 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Żalewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Żalewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°32′7″N 16°39′16″E / 52.53528°N 16.65444°E / 52.53528; 16.65444 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Szamotuły |
| Gmina | Szamotuły |


title: Żalno

abstract: Żalno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kęsowo, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Kęsowo, 6 km (4 mi) west of Tuchola, and 56 km (35 mi) north of Bydgoszcz.

text:
# Żalno

**Żalno** \[ˈʐalnɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kęsowo, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Kęsowo, 6 km (4 mi) west of Tuchola, and 56 km (35 mi) north of Bydgoszcz.

## History

Żalno was a private village of the Żaliński noble family of Poraj coat of arms, administratively located in the Tuchola County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland. It was annexed by Prussia in the First Partition of Poland in 1772. Following World War I, Poland regained independence and control of the village.

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), Żalno was one of the sites of executions of Poles, carried out by the Germans in 1939 as part of the *Intelligenzaktion*. Polish farmers from Żalno were also among the victims of large massacres of Poles from the region, perpetrated by the *Selbstschutz* in 1939 in nearby Rudzki Most. In 1941, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles, who then were deported to forced labour in Germany, while their houses were handed over to German colonists as part of the *Lebensraum* policy. Further expulsions of Polish inhabitants were carried out in 1942 and 1943, and the Poles were deported to the Potulice concentration camp, and some were eventually sent to forced labour in Germany.

## InfoBox

| Żalno | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Our Lady of Perpetual Help church in Żalno | |
| Żalno | |
| Coordinates: 53°36′N 17°46′E / 53.600°N 17.767°E / 53.600; 17.767 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Tuchola |
| Gmina | Kęsowo |
| Population | 851 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | CTU |
| Voivodeship roads |  |


title: Ƈ

abstract: Ƈ is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from C with the addition of a hook. It is used in African languages such as Serer. The minuscule ƈ was formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiceless palatal implosive. It was withdrawn in 1993. In Unicode it is U+0187 and U+0188. These letters are contained in the normative part of DIN 91379: "Characters and defined character sequences in Unicode for the electronic processing of names and data exchange in Europe, with CD-ROM".

text:
# Ƈ

**Ƈ** (minuscule: **ƈ**) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from  with the addition of a hook. It is used in African languages such as Serer.

The minuscule ƈ was formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiceless palatal implosive (current IPA: \[ʄ̊\]). It was withdrawn in 1993.

In Unicode it is U+0187 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH HOOK) and U+0188 (LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH HOOK).

These letters are contained in the normative part of **DIN 91379:** "Characters and defined character sequences in Unicode for the electronic processing of names and data exchange in Europe, with CD-ROM".


title: Żagliny

abstract: Żagliny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sędziejowice, within Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Łask and 44 km (27 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Żagliny

**Żagliny** \[ʐaˈɡlinɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sędziejowice, within Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Łask and 44 km (27 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Żagliny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Żagliny | |
| Coordinates: 51°29′N 19°4′E / 51.483°N 19.067°E / 51.483; 19.067 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Łask |
| Gmina | Sędziejowice |


title: Žarko Puhovski

abstract: Žarko Puhovski is a Croatian professor, political analyst, philosopher and intellectual, former president of the Croatian Helsinki Committee.

text:
# Žarko Puhovski

**Žarko Puhovski** (born 15 December 1946) is a Croatian professor, political analyst, philosopher and intellectual, former president of the Croatian Helsinki Committee.

## Biography

Puhovski was born in Zagreb on 15 December 1946. He was born to a Jewish mother although he has never been an active Jew. Puhovski became well-known public figure at a very early age, for almost a trivial reason: When he became the president of his gymnasium committee of the Alliance of Socialist Youth a directive arrived to revitalise the political work with more vivacious subjects. Having discovered an article on contraception in the magazine *Der Spiegel* bought by his grandma, Puhovski found it a suitably "vivacious" subject and has on the school youth conference in 1964, in front of 400 students and all the teachers read an essay titled *Love, sex and contraception*. Before the essay was read to the end, all the professors left the solemnly decked hall. After everything was over, Puhovski was expelled from the League of Communists of Croatia. Miko Tripalo, the newly elected secretary of the City Committee of the League of Communists called for him, and told him: "*I also had adventures here and there, but I was never punished by the Party, not even by a reprimand! What have you, for god's sake, in this age managed to achieve that you're being expelled from the Party because of sex?*". After Tripalo realised what happened, he did his best to whitewash the halo of martyr of Puhovski and the punishment has been canceled.

After studying physics for two years he heads for Germany, but returns in 1968 enrolling to the Faculty of Political Sciences. In December 1969 he was appointed as the editor-in-chief of the *Omladinski tjednik* ("Youth weekly"), taking only 4 months to be discharged. The newspapers he edited were banned for insulting the President of the Republic. It was in March 1970 that he published on the third page of the newspaper a critical introductory on the 10th assembly of the Central Committee of the Communists of Croatia, and on the last page he reprinted a text of the Ljubljana's periodical *Delo*. In the cinema shows schedule *Delo* has behind the title *Filmske novosti - Tito u Tanzaniji* ("Film news - Tito in Tanzania") brought a summary of film's plot, bu without the film's title. The summary went: *Veliki boss sakupio je svoj tim - stručnjake za oružje, drogu i prostituciju - i krenuo u osvajanje svijeta.* ("The great boss has gathered his team - experts for weapons, drug and the prostitution - and went to conquer the world"). Puhovski translated, magnified and published that text.

In 1971 he was a witness on the trial of Croatian student leaders (Dražen Budiša, Ivan Zvonimir Čičak). Twenty years later, in a charged nationalist atmosphere, Puhovski has been for this trial depicted as an "anti-Croat" and "traitor" of his colleagues. However, Budiša stated some time later that there was nothing contentious in the testimony of Puhovski, and according to the words of professor of Marxism at the Faculty of Philosophy Duško Čizmić Marović:

*Puhovski told nothing that was not already known to the court before, he didn't charge us with some fabricated facts. He simply provided a lengthy account of his own, already known viewpoints... But I was shocked by this gesture of him: when he, in one moment, started to quote me by his memory, I interrupted him with words "I didn't say that!". In that moment Puhovski turned towards me - me who was on trial! - raised his hand asking me "Wanna bet?"*.

From 1973 Puhovski works as an assistant in the Institute for Philosophy at the University of Zagreb, and since 1975 he teaches political philosophy at the Faculty of Philosophy. As a professor he held guest lectures at the Universities of Berlin, Frankfurt, London, Brighton, Klagenfurt and Valencia. He is a member of The Ethikon Institute in Los Angeles. He is the scientific director of the European University Center for Peace Studies in Stadtschlaining, Austria.

He served as an editor in various periodicals: *Ideje* (1970–1973); *Kulturni radnik* (1971–1982); *Praxis* (1973–1975); *Teka* (1975); *Filozofska istraživanja* (1980–1986). He translated numerous books and studies from German and English, published about two hundred works in political philosophy, ethics, philosophy of culture, jurisprudence and social sciences. He is the co-founder of the first alternative Yugoslav political organisation UJDI (*Udruženje za Jugoslavensku demokratsku inicijativu*, "Association for Yugoslav Democratic Initiative") in 1988, and the Croatian Helsinki Committee (HHO) in 1993, of which he is president in the period 2000–2007. He was awarded with European Club of Rectors Extraordinary Award for Peace and against Xenophobia 1993.

## Works

Some of his major works include:

* *Interes i zajednica* (1975)
* *Kontekst kulture* (1979)
* *Povijest i revolucija* (1980)
* *Um i društvenost* (1989)
* *Socijalistička konstrukcija zbilje* (1990)
* *Leksikon temeljnih pojmova politike* (1990)
* *Politics and Economics of Transition* (1993)

## InfoBox

| Žarko Puhovski | |
| --- | --- |
| Puhovski in 2018 | |
| Born | (1946-12-15) 15 December 1946
Zagreb, PR Croatia, Yugoslavia
(now Croatia) |
| Nationality | Croat |
| Alma mater | University of Zagreb |
| Occupation(s) | Professor, philosopher |
| Spouse | Nadežda Čačinovič (divorced) |
| Relatives | Nenad Puhovski (brother) |


title: Ghoria

abstract: Ghoria is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.

text:
# Ghoria

***Ghoria*** is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Ghoria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Subtribe: | Lithosiina |
| Genus: | *Ghoria*<br>Moore, 1878 |
|


title: Gharmala

abstract: Gharmala is a village located in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is part of Jhelum Tehsil. and lies along Rohtas Road. The village is about 3 km west of Jhelum and has a population of over 5,000. It has girls' and boys' high schools. Two mosques are there.

text:
# Gharmala

**Gharmala** (Urdu:گھرمالہ ) is a village located in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is part of Jhelum Tehsil. and lies along Rohtas Road. The village is about 3 km west of Jhelum and has a population of over 5,000. It has girls' and boys' high schools. Two mosques are there.

## Geography

The village lies at the foot of Pothohar Plateau. The ground experiences all four seasons. In summer the temperature can exceed 48 °C (118 °F). The monsoon starts in the middle of July and lasts for 4 to 6 weeks. Winters are mostly dry and cold. December is relatively wet and temperature can fall below 0 °C.

## Notables

* Chaudhri Khadim Hussain ex MNA is senior politician from Gharmala. He started his career as banker but later resigned from his job and start taking part in local elections. In 1985 he elected as MPA of Punjab assembly. In his political career he was elected 5 times MPA and in 2013 he was elected MNA. He defeated Raja M Afzal Khan twice, both in MPA and MNA election.

* Khan Riaz, former student welfare officer, is from Gharmala. He has been involved in welfare work all his life. He runs a girls' madrasa in the village, and donated land for the madrasa.
* Arshad Dar ex mayor of Brent council London is also from Gharmala. He’s Labour Party Councilor in London borough.
* Tariq Dar, chairman of the Pakistan Community centre in London, is also from Gharmala. He plays an important role in the welfare of people in London and Gharmala. In 2019 he was awarded MBE by The Queen for his services to charities for the last 40 years.
* Qadeer Hussain - UET graduate from the village. HE passed his degree as an Architect from UET Lahore and working in IT related job in the UK.
* Retired Naval officer Commodore(rank equal to Brigadier in army) Ali Abbas is also from Gharmala. His father Lt Commander Ali Asghar (late) was also commissioned officer in Pak Navy. Ali Abbas was very talented Naval officer and served in lot of countries like China, France and Egypt. He’s retired from Pak Navy and now serving as director of Maritime department of Naval College in Karachi.
* Nadeem Afzal Bunty who’s PTI joint secretary Rawalpindi division also from Gharmala. Recently he was appointed by Chief Minister of Punjab (Mr Usman Buzdar) as Vice Chairman of Punjab Tourism and Cultural Heritage department.

## Transport

Gharmala is connected by different roads to other villages and to Jhelum city. Jhelum Railway Station is about 2.5 km and GT road is 2 km. Rohtas Road passes by the village on the south which leads to Jhelum City on east and to Rohtas Fort on the west. It is old track of the GT Road.

32°57′0″N 73°41′0″E / 32.95000°N 73.68333°E / 32.95000; 73.68333

## InfoBox

| Gharmala Garmala | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Jamia Mosque Gharmala | |
| GharmalaLocation in Pakistan | |
| Coordinates: 32°57′N 73°41′E / 32.950°N 73.683°E / 32.950; 73.683 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Region | Punjab Province |
| District | Jhelum District |
| Elevation | 229 m (754 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 5,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PKT) |
| Area code | 0544 |


title: Ghin-Doo-Ee National Park

abstract: Ghin-Doo-Ee is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 200 km northeast of Sydney. Its name comes from the Gadjang word for the Australian brushturkey. The average elevation of the terrain is 250 metres.

text:
# Ghin-Doo-Ee National Park

**Ghin-Doo-Ee**  is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 200 km northeast of Sydney. Its name comes from the Gadjang word for the Australian brushturkey.

The average elevation of the terrain is 250 metres.

## InfoBox

| Ghin-Doo-Ee National Park
New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Ghin-Doo-Ee National Park | |
| Nearest town or city | Bulahdelah |
| Coordinates | 32°15′44″S 152°7′1″E / 32.26222°S 152.11694°E / -32.26222; 152.11694 |
| Established | 23 January 1999 (1999-01-23) |
| Area | 47.9356 km2 (18.5 sq mi) |
| Managing authorities | National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales) |
| Website | Ghin-Doo-Ee National Park |
| See also | Protected areas of
New South Wales |


abstract: The GiMA Best Male Playback Singer Award is given by Global Indian Music Academy as a part of its annual Global Indian Music Academy Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a male playback singer who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song.

text:
# GiMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer

The **GiMA Best Male Playback Singer Award** is given by Global Indian Music Academy as a part of its annual Global Indian Music Academy Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a male playback singer who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song.

## Superlatives

| Superlative | Singer | Record |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Most awards | Mohit Chauhan, Arijit Singh | 2 |
| Most nominations | Arijit Singh | 7 |
| Most nominations without ever winning | Ankit Tiwari | 2 |
| Most nominations in a single year | Mohit Chauhan | 3 (2012) |
|  | Arijit Singh | 3 (2016) |

## List of winners


title: Gianantonio Davia

abstract: Gianantonio Davia was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, who served as an apostolic nuncio, Bishop/Archbishop, cardinal, and secretary of a major department (congregration) of the Roman Curia.

text:
# Gianantonio Davia

**Gianantonio Davia** (13 October 1660  11 January 1740) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, who served as an apostolic nuncio, Bishop/Archbishop, cardinal, and secretary of a major department (congregration) of the Roman Curia.

## Biography

Davia was born in Bologna to a prominent family, whose name is also spelled as D'Avia and De Via. He was educated in both canon and civil law at the University of Bologna, and early in life, served as a magistrate and a soldier in the war between Venice and the Ottomans in 1684, where he took part in the siege of Santa Maura. He then moved to Rome, where he rose rapidly in the ecclesiastical ranks, despite never attending seminary. He served as nuncio in Cologne, Poland, and ultimately Austria by 1700, only to be expelled from Vienna after the death of Emperor Leopold I by his successor, Emperor Joseph I, in May 1706. On May 18, 1712; he was named a cardinal. He participated in the conclaves of 1721, 1724, and 1730.

In 1727, he was named *Protector of Scotland*, and minister of England to the exiled of Stuart pretender in Rome in April 1728. He was accused of supporting Jansenism on several occasions. He died in Rome and was buried at San Lorenzo in Lucina.

Cardinal Davia was particularly interested in scientific research. He had studied with Marcello Malpighi and Geminiano Montanari during his student days in Bologna. He participated in the lively scientific discussions of Montanari's Accademia della Traccia, continuing the academy in his own home when Montanari left Bologna. In 1681 he visited the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences. In 1725 Cardinal Davia donated to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna a pendulum regulator of fine quality, a Newtonian reflecting telescope, and a quadrant.

## Further reading

* Brizzi, Gianpaolo (1987). "Davia, Giovanni Antonio". *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Biographical Dictionary of Italians)* (in Italian). Vol. 33.

## InfoBox

| Gianantonio *Cardinal* Davia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic |
| Diocese | Rimini |
| Previous post(s) | * Apostolic Internuncio to Belgium (1687–1690) * Titular Archbishop of Thebae (1690–1698) * Apostolic Nuncio to Germany (1690–1696) * Apostolic Nuncio to Poland (1696–1700) * Archbishop (Personal Title) of Rimini, Italy (1698–1726) * Apostolic Nuncio to Austria (1700–1706) * Cardinal-Priest of San Callisto (1713–1725) * Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli (1725–1737) |
| Orders | |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 13 October 1660 (1660-10-13)
Bologna, Papal States |
| Died | 11 January 1740 (1740-01-12) (aged 79)
Rome, Papal States |
| Buried | San Lorenzo in Lucina |
| Education |  |
|  | |
| Ordination history | |
| History  Episcopal consecration  Principal consecrator Humbertus Guilielmus de Precipiano  Co-consecrators   Date 18 May 1712  Place Archipiscopal Residence, Chapel, Brussels, Archdiocese of Mechelen, Belgium  Cardinalate  Elevated by Clement XI  Date 18 May 1712 | |
| Episcopal succession  Bishops consecrated by Gianantonio Davia as principal consecrator  Otto Wilhelm von Bronckhorst zu Gronsfeld 1693  Jan Dłużewski 1696  Teodor Andrzej Potocki 1699  Fulvio Salvi 1713 | |
| **Source(s):** | |
|  | |


title: Gibbonsville, Idaho

abstract: Gibbonsville is an unincorporated community in Lemhi County, Idaho, United States. Gibbonsville is 26 miles (42 km) north of Salmon. Gibbonsville has a post office with ZIP code 83463.

text:
# Gibbonsville, Idaho

**Gibbonsville** is an unincorporated community in Lemhi County, Idaho, United States. Gibbonsville is 26 miles (42 km) north of Salmon. Gibbonsville has a post office with ZIP code 83463.

## History

Gibbonsville is named for John Gibbon.

Gibbonsville's population was 735 in 1909, and was 125 in 1960.

## Climate

Gibbonsville, nestled in the Bitterroot Mountains, has a climate rather typical of its region, although it is warmer than stations located at higher elevations. The climate is of the Warm Summer Humid Continental type (Köppen *Dfb*), but is quite different than most climates with this classification, owing to characteristics shared with its climatic brethren in the Bitterroot range, as well as parts of Wyoming and Montana (foremost among them being West Yellowstone, Montana), such as the high daily ranges of temperature throughout the year, being 18.6 degrees Fahrenheit (10.3 °C) in December, rising to nearly 40 degrees Fahrenheit (22.2 °C) in July. Also in July and the rest of the Summer, nights remain cool, averaging between 40 °F (4 °C) and 45 °F (7 °C), despite warm to hot afternoon highs, a characteristic of locations throughout the Bitterroots, the Teton Range, and Yellowstone Plateau. Although Gibbonsville does not have true wet and dry seasons, there is significantly more precipitation in winter than summer. Snowfall averages around 80 inches per year, a hefty average compared with most of the U.S., but rather typical for its region. The average of 80 inches usually falls between November and April, with January being the snowiest month.

| Climate data for Gibbonsville, Idaho, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1895–present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 48
(9) | 55
(13) | 73
(23) | 85
(29) | 94
(34) | 100
(38) | 100
(38) | 100
(38) | 98
(37) | 85
(29) | 67
(19) | 54
(12) | 100
(38) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 29.3
(−1.5) | 35.6
(2.0) | 47.0
(8.3) | 55.8
(13.2) | 64.6
(18.1) | 71.6
(22.0) | 83.0
(28.3) | 82.5
(28.1) | 72.9
(22.7) | 58.0
(14.4) | 40.4
(4.7) | 30.0
(−1.1) | 55.9
(13.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 20.0
(−6.7) | 24.3
(−4.3) | 34.0
(1.1) | 42.3
(5.7) | 50.3
(10.2) | 56.8
(13.8) | 64.6
(18.1) | 63.5
(17.5) | 55.4
(13.0) | 43.9
(6.6) | 30.4
(−0.9) | 20.8
(−6.2) | 42.2
(5.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 10.6
(−11.9) | 12.9
(−10.6) | 21.0
(−6.1) | 28.8
(−1.8) | 35.9
(2.2) | 41.9
(5.5) | 46.2
(7.9) | 44.4
(6.9) | 37.9
(3.3) | 29.8
(−1.2) | 20.3
(−6.5) | 11.5
(−11.4) | 28.4
(−2.0) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −36
(−38) | −26
(−32) | −15
(−26) | 8
(−13) | 16
(−9) | 25
(−4) | 29
(−2) | 21
(−6) | 14
(−10) | 0
(−18) | −20
(−29) | −36
(−38) | −36
(−38) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.96
(50) | 1.31
(33) | 1.24
(31) | 1.37
(35) | 1.76
(45) | 1.93
(49) | 1.04
(26) | 1.02
(26) | 1.02
(26) | 1.02
(26) | 1.73
(44) | 2.03
(52) | 17.43
(443) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 23.1
(59) | 12.9
(33) | 6.9
(18) | 1.6
(4.1) | 0.3
(0.76) | trace | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.1
(0.25) | 0.5
(1.3) | 13.3
(34) | 24.2
(61) | 82.9
(211.41) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 12.3 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 11.5 | 10.6 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 109.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 11.4 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 42.4 |
| Source 1: NOAA (precip/precip days, snow/snow days 19812010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: National Weather Service | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Gibbonsville, Idaho | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| GibbonsvilleGibbonsville | |
| Coordinates: 45°33′20″N 113°55′23″W / 45.55556°N 113.92306°W / 45.55556; -113.92306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Idaho |
| County | Lemhi |
| Elevation | 4,570 ft (1,390 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 83463 |
| Area code(s) | 208, 986 |
| GNIS feature ID | 396546 |


title: Gibraltar Nature Reserve

abstract: The Gibraltar Nature Reserve is a protected nature reserve in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar that covers over 40% of the territory's land area. It was established as the Upper Rock Nature Reserve in 1993 under the International Union for Conservation of Nature's category Ia and was last extended in 2013. It is known for its semi-wild population of Barbary macaques, and is an important resting point for migrating birds.

text:
# Gibraltar Nature Reserve

The **Gibraltar Nature Reserve** (formerly the **Upper Rock Nature Reserve**) is a protected nature reserve in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar that covers over 40% of the territory's land area. It was established as the Upper Rock Nature Reserve in 1993 under the International Union for Conservation of Nature's category Ia (strict nature reserve) and was last extended in 2013. It is known for its semi-wild population of Barbary macaques, and is an important resting point for migrating birds.

## Location

Originally named the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, it was limited to the upper part of the Rock of Gibraltar, a long and narrow limestone peninsula that rises to a height of 426 metres (1,398 ft) above sea level. The Rock is part of the Betic Cordillera, formed about 200 million years ago. From the crest of the rock there is a dramatic view of the area, including Spain across the Bay of Gibraltar and Jebel Musa of Morocco across the Strait of Gibraltar. It is an area of considerable natural beauty and one of the main tourist attractions in Gibraltar.

The Upper Rock area of the nature reserve can be reached by road or by the Gibraltar Cable Car, next to the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens.

## Designation

The reserve was established in 1993 to protect the area of land that the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence had decommissioned from military use. Its purpose is to preserve the wildlife and natural and historical sites, while providing access to the public. The flora and fauna of the nature reserve are protected by the law of Gibraltar.

The nature reserve was last extended in 2013 when it was renamed the Gibraltar Nature Reserve to reflect its wider scope outside the Upper Rock. The protected area now covers the Great Gibraltar Sand Dune, Windmill Hill and the Europa Foreshore.

## Climate

Gibraltar has a typical Mediterranean climate, moderated by the sea that almost surrounds the peninsula. Summers are warm and dry, while winters are cool and wet. Temperatures range from 13.4 to 24.2 °C (56.1 to 75.6 °F). Annual rainfall is about 768 millimetres (30.2 in). The Levanter clouds provide condensation that keeps the vegetation green even in the dry season. These clouds form when moisture-laden easterly winds are forced upward by the cliffs of Gibraltar, and often form a cap over the Rock.

## Tourist attractions

The nature reserve contains many of Gibraltar's important natural history sites including caves such as St. Michael's Cave, with its many stalagmites and stalactites. St. Michael's Cave was first mentioned by Pomponius Mela in 45 AD, and many sources have mentioned it since. It has become an important tourist attraction. Concerts are held in its main chamber. Forbes' Quarry is where the Neanderthal discovery was made in 1848. The Gibraltar 1 skull was one of the first to be found. Neanderthal skulls have also been found at the Devil's Tower Cave on the North Front. It is possible that some of the last Neanderthals may have made the caves of Gibraltar their home before they died out 30,000 years ago.

The Gibraltar Heritage Trust manages conservation of the historical sites and their development as tourist attractions. These include the O'Hara's Battery, 100 Ton Gun at Napier of Magdala Battery, Heritage Centre at Princess Caroline's Battery and the Parson's Lodge Battery. Other military sites that are open to the public are the Moorish Castle, Devil's Gap Battery, Princess Anne's Battery, World War II Tunnels, Great Siege Tunnels and Charles V Wall.

## Flora

In the past, the Upper Rock was tree-covered. Most of the trees were felled for fuel during the Great Siege of Gibraltar between 1779 and 1783. Trees today mostly produce berries that are eaten by birds, who presumably dropped their seeds on the rock. The most common is the olive (*Olea europea*). Carob (*Ceratonia siliqua*) and nettle trees (*Celtis*) are also found. Trees have been planted along the paths, including the stone pine (*Pinus pinea*) and Aleppo pine (*Pinus halepensis*). Both are native to the region, but the Aleppo pine is particularly common in dry, limestone regions. There was a drought in the 1990s when many of the introduced trees died, although the Aleppo pine fared better than others.

Gibraltar has more than six hundred species of flowering plants. The maquis, or dense Mediterranean scrub, is mostly made up of tall bushes that include wild olive, Mediterranean buckthorn, lentisc, *Osyris* and terebinth, and smaller bushes that include shrubby scorpion vetch, spiny broom, teline, wild jasmine, shrubby germander and felty germander. The bay laurel and the dwarf fan palm are also found in parts of the maquis. Understory plants include the intermediate periwinkle, Butcher’s broom, Italian arum and Bear's breech. The firebreaks in the maquis are home to plants such as paper-white narcissus, common asphodel, giant Tangier fennel, wild gladiolus, *Galactites* and mallow bindweed.

There are small areas of garrigue in the reserve, low scrub that includes wild rosemary, esparto grass, white asparagus, toothed lavender, cut-leaved lavender, teline, *Prasium*, shrubby scorpion vetch and germanders. The many cliffs around the reserve harbor joint pine, dwarf fan palm, sweet alison, *Biscutella* and wild parsley. Distinctive plants include the Gibraltar candytuft, white Gibraltar chickweed, Gibraltar saxifrage and Gibraltar thyme. The Gibraltar campion is a very rare species found only on Gibraltar that was thought for a while to be extinct.

## Fauna

### Mammals

Mammals include the red fox, European rabbit and mouse-eared bat. The best-known residents are the Barbary macaques that make the reserve their home. Gibraltar has a reintroduced population of Barbary macaques, the only wild primate species in Europe, the famous Rock apes. The macaques may be found at the Ape's Den near the middle cable-car station, at the top cable car station, and near the Great Siege Tunnels. As of 2012 there were from 200 to 250 macaques, all of them living in the nature reserve. It is forbidden to feed the monkeys, but these rules have not always been followed. As a result, some of them have become aggressive and dependent on food from humans. In 2008 the government ordered a group of macaques to be culled that had taken to scavenging in the town centre.

### Reptiles

There are five species of lizard in the nature reserve, six snakes and an amphisbaenian. This last is a small, subterranean reptile that has no legs and no eyes. The most common lizard is the small green or brown Iberian wall lizard. The larger Algerian sand racer and the mainly nocturnal Moorish gecko are also common. Rarer lizards are the Turkish gecko and the ocellated lizard. Snakes include the horseshoe whip snake, Montpellier snake, southern smooth snake, false smooth snake, grass snake and ladder snake.

### Birds

The Rock of Gibraltar, at the head of the Strait, is a prominent headland, which accumulates migrating birds during the passage periods. The vegetation on the Rock, unique in southern Iberia, provides a temporary home for many species of migratory birds that stop to rest and feed before continuing migration for their crossing over the sea and desert. In spring, they return to replenish before continuing their journeys to Western Europe, journeys which may take them as far as Greenland or Russia.

The Rock has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it is a migratory bottleneck, or choke point, for an estimated 250,000 raptors that cross the Strait annually, and because it supports breeding populations of Barbary partridges and lesser kestrels.

### Invertebrates

There are many insects in the reserve. In the late summer, praying mantises are conspicuous, as are dragonflies crossing the strait. 33 species of butterfly have been observed, including the Cleopatra, two-tailed pasha, swallowtail, Spanish festoon and striped grayling. Moths that may be seen at times include the burnet moth, hummingbird hawkmoth, striped hawkmoth and cream-spot tiger. The most notable spider is the large, black and hairy Gibraltar funnel-web spider. The fast and aggressive *Scolopendra cingulata* centipede is also notable. Both the spider and the centipede have venomous but not fatal bites.

**Citations**

**Sources**

## InfoBox

| Gibraltar Nature Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) | |
| View north along the spine of the Rock of Gibraltar, within the nature reserve looking towards Spain. | |
| The nature reserve is coloured in the light shaded area, facing the Alboran Sea. | |
| Location | Rock of Gibraltar, Great Gibraltar Sand Dune, Windmill Hill and Europa Foreshore, British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, United Kingdom |
| Nearest city | Gibraltar |
| Coordinates | 36°08′43″N 05°20′35″W / 36.14528°N 5.34306°W / 36.14528; -5.34306 |
| Established | 1993 (extended in 2013) |
| Governing body | Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society on behalf of the Government of Gibraltar |
| Website | https://naturereserve.gi |


title: Gila springsnail

abstract: The Gila springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis gilae, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to springs on the East Fork of the Gila River, New Mexico, United States. Its natural habitat is springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Gila springsnail

The **Gila springsnail**, scientific name ***Pyrgulopsis gilae***, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.

This species is endemic to springs on the East Fork of the Gila River, New Mexico, United States. Its natural habitat is springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Description

*Pyrgulopsis gilae* is a small snail that has a height of 3.1–4.0 millimetres (0.12–0.16 in) and an ovate-conic, medium to large-sized shell. Its differentiated from other *Pyrgulopsis* in that its penial filament has a medium-length lobe and medium-length filament with the penial ornament consisting of two elongate penial glands, several other small dorsal glands; and curved, transverse terminal and ventral gland.

## InfoBox

| Gila springsnail | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Hydrobiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgulopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. gilae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgulopsis gilae***
(Taylor, 1987) | |
|


title: Gila Valley Bank and Trust Building

abstract: The Gila Valley Bank and Trust Building is a former bank building listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Globe, Arizona. It was built in 1909 to house the bank, later known as Valley National Bank of Arizona, and it was listed on the Register in 1987.

text:
# Gila Valley Bank and Trust Building

The **Gila Valley Bank and Trust Building** is a former bank building listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Globe, Arizona. It was built in 1909 to house the bank, later known as Valley National Bank of Arizona, and it was listed on the Register in 1987.

## History

The building served as the fourth branch of the Gila Valley Bank and Trust Building, which had been founded in Solomonville in 1900, and it was the first outside of Graham and Greenlee Counties. In 1922, Gila Valley Bank merged with Phoenix-based The Valley Bank and Trust to form what would become known as Valley National Bank of Arizona.

Valley National Bank closed the branch in 1952, and the building went through several different tenants, such as a news stand and other merchandise stores. As of 2017, it is in use as an art gallery.

## Architecture

The building was designed by architects Ottenheimer, Stern & Reichert of Chicago. It features the first known use of glazed terra cotta in Arizona as its exterior sheathing; the terra cotta was produced in Chicago. The presence of terra cotta exemplifies the economic prominence of Globe during the early 20th century as a mining and ranching center. Comparable facades were not in existence in Arizona until the late 1910s.

The building is also the only Neoclassical structure in Globe, locally considered to be "outstanding". Among the architectural features of the building are Corinthian pilasters, an elaborate frieze, and several semicircular windows.

Restoration work occurred in the 1980s, several years before the building was listed on the National Register. However, some alterations, such as the relocation of the entry to the corner of the building, the removal of decorative brickwork, and the addition of stucco, were preserved. Another alteration, the changing of the original "Gila Valley Bank and Trust Co." inscription at the top to one reading "Valley National Bank", was also left intact.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Gila Valley Bank and Trust Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 292 N. Broad St., Globe, Arizona |
| Coordinates | 33°23′47″N 110°46′34″W / 33.39639°N 110.77611°W / 33.39639; -110.77611 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1909 (1909) |
| Architect | Ottenheimer, Stern & Reichert |
| Architectural style | Beaux Arts, Vernacular Neoclassical |
| MPS | Globe Commercial and Civic MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 87000861 |
| Added to NRHP | August 6, 1987 |


title: Jones Counter

abstract: The Jones Counter is a type of bicycle odometer which adds the function of a surveyor's wheel to a bicycle. It was developed in 1971 by Alan Jones to accurately measure the length of road running race courses. The counter has gears that drive a mechanical digital counter. One count typically corresponds to about 1/20 of a wheel revolution; this provides a resolution of about 10 cm in course length, although overall accuracy, depending on calibration and other factors, is lower, but normally better than 1 part in 1,000. Almost all road running courses in the world are measured with this device. The Jones Counter has been used to measure all Olympic Marathon courses since the 1976 Montreal Olympics except for the 1980 Moscow Olympics. In addition, it has often been used to measure Olympic Road Race Walking Courses.

text:
# Jones Counter

The **Jones Counter** is a type of bicycle odometer which adds the function of a surveyor's wheel to a bicycle. It was developed in 1971 by Alan Jones to accurately measure the length of road running race courses. The counter has gears that drive a mechanical digital counter. One count typically corresponds to about 1/20 of a wheel revolution (this varies if a different gear ratio is used); this provides a resolution of about 10 cm in course length, although overall accuracy, depending on calibration and other factors, is lower, but normally better than 1 part in 1,000.

Almost all road running courses in the world are measured with this device. The Jones Counter has been used to measure all Olympic Marathon courses since the 1976 Montreal Olympics except for the 1980 Moscow Olympics. In addition, it has often been used to measure Olympic Road Race Walking Courses.

## Models

### Clain Jones Counter

The original production version was manufactured by Alan Jones's son Clain from 1973 to 1982. The gearing produces 20 counts per revolution of the bicycle wheel.

### NYRRC Jones Counter

Production was taken over by New York Road Runners from 1983 to approximately 1990.

### Jones-Oerth Counter

Paul Oerth took up production in approximately 1990 and continued to about 2006. These models have a different gear ratio (260/11 counts per wheel revolution). In 2006, production of the necessary gears ceased, and an alternative plastic-encapsulated set of gears was introduced. This was short-lived, and the Oerth model went out of production.

### Jones-Oerth-Lacroix Counter

The JOL counter is a variation of the Jones-Oerth model. Created by Laurent Lacroix in 2000, its distinguishing feature is a 27" rotary cable that allows the user to mount the Veeder-Root Counter on the handlebars.

### Jones Counter model JR

Development of a new model started in 2007. The first production units became available in April 2008 and were used for the measurement of the London Marathon, which took place on April 13, 2008.

The gearing (260/11 counts per wheel revolution) is identical to that of the Jones-Oerth model.

## Use for measuring road-race courses

To measure road-race courses, the counter is fitted to a bicycle between the left fork leg and the front wheel. The tab or tabs on the large ring gear engage with the spokes, thus providing drive to a Veeder-Root counter.

Before the counter is used, the bicycle must first be calibrated by being ridden on a straight section of road between marks whose separation has been accurately measured by steel tape. A calibration can then be calculated in terms of counts per kilometer. Next, the bicycle is ridden over the race course to determine its length. Finally, the bicycle is recalibrated by riding again over the calibration distance. This is done to check for changes in bicycle-wheel diameter due to temperature changes, air leakage, and other causes.

1. "The History of the Jones Counter". *USATF*.
2. Lacroix Counter
3. "Measurement News No 132 Summer 2006 page 32" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
4. Course measurement forum. Designers' web site Archived 2008-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
5. Picture in course measurement lesson


title: MV John Lyras

abstract: John Lyras was a 7,513 GRT heavy lift ship that was built in 1942 as Empire Elaine by Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd, Barrow in Furness, Lancashire, United Kingdom for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She spent most of the Second World War serving in the Indian Ocean, although she did visit the Mediterranean to take part in Operation Husky and Operation Dragoon. In 1947, she was sold into merchant service and renamed John Lyras. In 1959, she was sold to a Panamania owner. A further sale in 1970 saw her renamed Boundary. She served until 1972 when she was scrapped.

text:
# MV John Lyras

***John Lyras*** was a 7,513 GRT heavy lift ship that was built in 1942 as ***Empire Elaine*** by Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd, Barrow in Furness, Lancashire, United Kingdom for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She spent most of the Second World War serving in the Indian Ocean, although she did visit the Mediterranean to take part in Operation Husky and Operation Dragoon.

In 1947, she was sold into merchant service and renamed *John Lyras*. In 1959, she was sold to a Panamania owner. A further sale in 1970 saw her renamed ***Boundary***. She served until 1972 when she was scrapped.

## Description

The ship was built in 1942 by Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd, Barrow in Furness, Lancashire.

The ship was 416 feet 0 inches (126.80 m) long, with a beam of 66 feet 7 inches (20.29 m). She had a depth of 31 feet 0 inches (9.45 m) and a draught of 27 feet 6 inches (8.38 m). She was assessed at 7,513 GRT, 5,133 NRT, 10,300 DWT.

The ship was propelled by a 516 nhp two-stroke Single Cycle, Single Action diesel engine, which had three cylinders of 23+58 inches (60 cm) diameter by 91+516 inches (231.9 cm) stroke driving a single screw propeller. The engine was built by Doxfords.

## History

### World War II

*Empire Elaine* was built for the MoWT. She was launched on 30 July 1942 and completed in November. She was placed under the management of Clan Line Steamers Ltd. The United Kingdom Official Number 167744 and Code Letters BFCX were allocated. Her port of registry was Barrow in Furness.

*Empire Elaine* departed from Barrow in Furness on 6 November 1942 for Liverpool, Lancashire, arriving the next day. She departed on 23 November for the Clyde, arriving that day. She joined Convoy KMS 5, which departed from the Clyde on 11 December and arrived at Bône, Algeria on 27 December. On 23 December, *Empire Elaine* detached from the convoy bound for Freetown, Sierra Leone, which was reached via Bathurst, South Africa. She arrived at Bathurst on 28 December and sailed two days later for Freetown, arriving on 2 January 1943. *Empire Elaine* was a member of Convoy ST 53, which departed from Freetown on 19 January and arrived at Takoradi, Gold Coast on 23 January. She departed on 3 February for Lagos, Northern Nigeria, arriving the next day and sailing for Takoradi on 11 February. She arrived two days later and sailed on 14 February for Freetown, where she arrived on 18 February. *Empire Elaine* was a member of Convoy SR 2, which departed on 24 February and arrived at Gibraltar on 8 March. She then joined Convoy MKS 9, which had departed from Bône on 4 March and arrived at Liverpool on 18 March. She sailed on to the Clyde, arriving that day.

As part of Operation Husky, *Empire Elaine* was a member of Convoy KMS 18B, which departed from the Clyde on 24 June. and arrived at its destination, codenamed "Acid North", on 10 July. She departed from Syracuse, Sicily, Italy, under escort on 11 July for Tripoli, Libya, arriving on 14 July. *Empire Elaine* was a member of Convoy MES 36, which departed on 16 July and arrived at Port Said, Egypt on 23 July. She departed on 14 August for Beirut, Lebanon, arriving the next day and departing on 28 August for Port Said, where she arrived the next day before departing for Suez, from where she departed on 4 September for Aden, arriving on 9 September. *Empire Elaine* departed later that day of Bombay, India, where she arrived on 16 September. She was a member of Convoy BM 75, which departed on 19 November and arrived at Colombo, Ceylon on 24 November. She returned to Bombay as a member of Convoy MB 57, which departed on 7 December and arrived on 12 December.

*Empire Elaine* was a member of Convoy BM 82, which departed from Bombay on 14 January 1944 and arrived at Colombo on 19 January. She departed the next day as a member of Convoy JC 34, which arrived at Calcutta, India on 28 January. She left the convoy at Trincomalee, Ceylon on 22 January, departing two days later for Colombo, where she arrived on 26 January. *Empire Elaine* then joined Convoy MB 63, which departed on 27 January and arrived at Bombay on 1 February. She departed from Bombay on 9 February for Basra, Iraq, arriving on 16 February and departing ten days later for Bandar Abbas, Iran, from where she departed on 3 March as a member of Convoy PB 70, which arrived at Bombay on 9 March. *Empire Elaine* left the convoy at Karachi, India on 6 March, sailing two days later for Bombay, where she arrived on 11 March.

*Empire Elaine* was a member of Convoy BM 90, which departed on 20 March and arrived at Colombo on 24 March. She departed the next day with Convoy JC 42, which arrived at Calcutta, India on 31 March. She left the convoy at Vizag on 30 March, sailing on 2 April as the only member of Convoy MA 28A, which arrived at Chittagong on 5 April. She departed on 8 April as the only member of Convoy AM 2A, which arrived at Vizag on 10 April. *Empire Elaine* sailed on 17 April to join Convoy CJ24, which had departed from Calcutta on 15 April and arrived at Colombo on 22 April. She was a member of Convoy MB 74, which departed on 24 April and arrived at Bombay on 29 April. She departed on 11 May as the only merchant ship in Convoy BM 94B, escorted by the *Bathurst*-class corvettes HMAS *Bathurst* and HMAS *Tamworth*. The convoy arrived at Colombo on 15 May. *Empire Elaine* was a member of Convoy JC 49, which departed on 20 May and arrived at Calcutta on 27 May. She left the convoy at Trincomalee on 22 May, sailing nine days later to join Convoy CJ 29, which had departed from Calcutta on 25 May and arrived at Colombo on 2 June. She then formed Convoy MB 74B, which departed on 2 June. She put into Cochin, India on 4 June, departing on 9 June and arriving at Bombay on 12 June.

*Empire Elaine* was the only merchant ship in Convoy BA 74A, which departed on 1 July escorted by HMIS *Bombay*. She put back into Bombay, arriving on 8 July. She departed on 11 July as the only merchant ship in Convoy BA 74B, escorted by HMS *Rosebay*. The convoy arrived at Aden on 23 July. She departed that day for Suez, arriving on 28 July. *Empire Elaine* then sailed to Port Said to join Convoy GUS 48, which departed on 3 August and arrived at the Hampton Roads, Virginia, United States on 28 August. She left the convoy at Augusta, Sicily on 8 August. She was a member of Convoy VN 58, which departed on 10 August and arrived at Naples on 11 August. She then joined Convoy SM 1C, which departed on 12 August in support of Operation Dragoon. *Empire Elaine* was carrying twenty landing craft. She then returned to Naples, from where she departed on 29 August for an undisclosed destination, returning on 31 August. She was a member of Convoy NV 63, which departed on 9 September and arrived at Augusta the next day. She departed a week later to join Convoy KMS 62, which had sailed from Gibraltar on 12 September and arrived at Port Said on 22 September. She then sailed to Suez.

*Empire Elaine* was departed from Suez on 2 October for Aden, arriving on 7 October and departing two days later for Bombay, where she arrived on 16 October. She departed on 31 October for Cochin, arriving on 3 November and departing the next day for Colombo, where she arrived on 6 November. She was a member of Convoy JC 67, which departed on 9 November and arrived at Bombay on 17 November. She left the convoy at Trincomalee on 11 November, sailing three days later to join Convoy CJ 43, which had departed from Calcutta on 9 November and arrived at Colombo on 16 November. She then sailed to Cochin, departing from there on 20 November to return to Colombo, where she arrived two days later. Along with *Barpeta*, she was one of the two ships that formed Convoy JC 68B, which departed on 22 November and arrived at Vizag on 27 November. The same two ships then formed Convoy CJ 44A, which departed on 29 November and arrived at Cochin on 5 December. *Empire Elaine* then departed on 9 December for Colombo, arriving two days later. She then joined *Barpeta* again to form Convoy JC 70A, which departed on 11 December and arrived at Chittagong on 19 December. She departed under escort two days later for Vizag, arriving on 24 December and departing under escort four days later for Chittagong, where she arrived on 31 December.

*Empire Elaine* departed Chittagong under escort on 3 January 1945, arriving at Bombay on 12 January. She departed on 27 January for Cochin, arriving two days later and departing on 1 February for Bombay, where she arrived on 10 February. She departed ten days later for Basra, arriving on 27 February. She departed on 5 March for Bombay, where she arrived on 12 March. *Empire Elaine* departed on 27 March for Calcutta, arriving on 4 April. She departed under escort on 2 May for Kyaukpyu, Burma, from where she departed on 4 May as a member of Convoy KRS 1A, which was bound for Rangoon. She was escorted back to Kyaukpyu, arriving on 5 May.

*Empire Elaine* then sailed to Akyab, Burma, from where she departed on 16 May for Vizag, arriving two days later. She departed for Calcutta on 21 May, arriving three days later. Along with *Tilapa* she was one of two ships that formed Convoy KR 7C, which departed on 2 June and arrived at Rangoon on 6 June. She then formed Convoy RK 3A, which departed on 11 June and arrived at Akyab on 14 June. *Empire Elaine* departed on 17 June for Vizag, arriving on 20 June and sailing two days later for Kyaukpyu, where she arrived on 24 June. She departed two days later for Rangoon, arriving on 2 July. She was a member of Convoy RK 9, which departed on 7 July and arrived at Calcutta on 10 July. She then returned to Rangoon, from where she departed on 23 July for Calcutta, arriving four days later.

### Post-war

*Empire Elaine* departed from Calcutta on 21 September 1945 for Port Swettenham, Malaya, arriving on 28 September. She departed on 5 October for Bombay, arriving on 14 October and sailing eight days later for Singapore, where she arrived on 31 October. She departed on 4 November for Calcutta, arriving on 10 November and departing eleven days later for Singapore, where she arrived on 27 November. She sailed on 4 December for Cochin, arriving on 11 December and sailing three days later for Colombo, where she arrived the next day. She departed on 18 December for Singapore, arriving on 24 December.

In January 1946, Captain Inman, master of *Empire Elaine* was awarded an OBE for his service during the war. In 1947, *Empire Elaine* was sold to Marine Enterprises Ltd and renamed *John Lyras*. She was operated under the management of Lyras & Lemos Bros Ltd, London, remaining under the British flag. In 1950, *John Lyras* was one of the ships that participated in the evacuation of Hŭngnam, North Korea.

In 1959, *John Lyras* was sold to Viking Shipping Corporation, Monrovia, Liberia. She was placed under the Greek flag, and the management of Lyras Bros. Ltd, London. In 1964, she was reflagged to Liberia. In 1970, *John Lyras* was sold to the New Frontier Shipping Co Inc, Monrovia, and was renamed *Boundary*. She was placed under the Panamanian Flag. *Boundary* was operated under the management of Gersigny & Co (Pty) Ltd, Durban, South Africa. She served until 1972, arriving in September at Kaohsiung, Taiwan for scrapping.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * *Empire Elaine* (1942–47) * *John Lyras* (1947–70) * *Boundary* (1970–72) |
| Owner | * Ministry of War Transport (1942–45) * Ministry of Transport (1945–47) * Marine Enterprises Ltd (1947–59) * Viking Shipping Corporation (1959–70) * New Frontier Shipping Co Inc (1970–72) Official No. 4841 PEXT |
| Operator | * Clan Line Steamers Ltd (1942–47) * Lyras & Lemos Bros Ltd (1947–59) * Lyras Bros Ltd, London (1959–70) * Gersigny & Co (Pty) Ltd (1970–72) |
| Port of registry | * Barrow in Furness, UK (1942-47) * United Kingdom (1947–59) * Greece (1959–64) * Monrovia, Liberia (1964–70) * Panama City, Panama (1970–72) |
| Builder | Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd |
| Launched | 30 July 1942 |
| Completed | November 1942 |
| Identification | * United Kingdom Official Number 167744 (1942-59) * Code Letters BFCX (1942-59) * |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Heavy lift ship |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | 416 ft 0 in (126.80 m) |
| Beam | 66 ft 7 in (20.29 m) |
| Draught | 26 ft 7 in (8.10 m) |
| Depth | 31 ft 0 in (9.45 m) |
| Installed power | 516 nhp |
| Propulsion | One 2SCSA Diesel engine, single screw propeller |


title: Miss China World

abstract: Miss China World is a national pageant that sends representatives to Miss World Pageant. It is the first and oldest national beauty contest to be established in China.

text:
# Miss China World

**Miss China World** is a national pageant that sends representatives to Miss World Pageant. It is the first and oldest national beauty contest to be established in China.

## History

**Miss China** (simplified Chinese: 世界小姐中国赛区; traditional Chinese: 世界小姐中國賽區; pinyin: *shìjiè xiǎojiě zhōngguó sàiqū*) is the biggest national beauty pageant in Mainland China. It sends China representatives to Miss World Beauty Pageant since 2001.

## Titleholders

Color key  * Declared as Winner
* Ended as runner-up
* Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists

| Year | Province | Miss China | Placement | Special Awards |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | Anhui | Pan Tao 潘涛 | Unplaced |  |
|
| 2001 | Jiangxi | Li Bing 李冰 | Top 5 | Asia-Pacific Queen of Beauty |
|
| 2002 | Hainan | Wu Yingna 吴英娜 | Top 5 | Asia-Pacific Queen of Beauty |
|
| 2003 | Jilin | Guan Qi 关琦 | 2nd Runner-Up | Asia-Pacific Queen of Beauty
Top 21 of Miss World Talent |
|
| 2004 | Chongqing | Yang Jin 杨金 | Top 15 | 1st Runner-up of Miss World Talent
Top 20 of Miss World Top Model |
| 2005 | Shanxi | Zhao Tingting 赵婷婷 | Unplaced | Top 16 of Miss World Talent |
| 2006 | Beijing | Liu Duo 刘多 | Unplaced | Top 20 of Designer's Evening Wear |
| **2007** | **Beijing** | **Zhang Zilin张梓琳** | **Miss World 2007** | **Asia-Pacific Queen of Beauty
2nd Runner-up of Miss World Beach Beauty
Winner of Miss World Top Model** |
| 2008 | Liaoning | Mei Yanling 梅妍凌 | Unplaced | Top 32 of Miss World Top Model |
| 2009 | Anhui | Yu Sheng 余声 | Unplaced | Top 12 of Designer's Evening Wear |
|
| 2010 | Liaoning | Tang Xiao 唐潇 | Top 5 | Asia-Pacific Queen of Beauty
3rd Runner-up of Miss World Beach Beauty
Top 20 of Miss World Top Model |
| 2011 | Heilongjiang | Liu Chen 刘晨 | Unplaced | Top 11 of Miss World Talent
Top 20 of Miss World Top Model |
| **2012** | **Heilongjiang** | **Yu Wenxia****于文霞** | **Miss World 2012** | **Winner of Miss World Talent
Top 10 of Miss World Top Model
Top 10 of Miss World Beach Beauty** |
| 2013 | Shaanxi | Yu Weiwei 余薇薇 | Unplaced | Top 11 of Miss World Beach Beauty |
| 2014 | Beijing | Du Yang 杜暘 | Top 25 | Top 5 of Miss World Top Model
Top 25 of People's choice award |
| 2015 | Anhui | Yuan Lu袁璐 | Top 20 | Top 30 at Miss World Top Model |
| 2016 | Henan | Jing Kong孔敬 | Top 11 | Winner of Miss World Top Model |
| 2017 | Heilongjiang | Guan Siyu关思宇 | Top 40 | 3rd Runner-up of Miss World Top Model |
| 2018 | Ningxia | Mao Peirui 毛培蕊 | Top 30 | 1st Runner-up of Miss World Top Model
1st Runner-up of Miss World Talent
Designer Award (tied)
1st Runner-up of Sanya Tourism Promotional Video Award
Top 25 of Beauty with a Purpose |
| 2019 | Hebei | Peishan Li 李珮姗 | Top 40 | Top 27 of Miss World Talent
Top 40 of Miss World Top Model |
| 2020 | Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, no pageant in 2020 | | | | | |
| 2021 | Liaoning | Jiang Siqi 姜思岐 | Top 40 | Top 28 of Beauty with a Purpose |
| 2022 | Hubei | Ruan Yue *(Dethroned)* 阮悅 | Due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, no pageant in 2022 | |
| | Shanghai | Qin Zewen *(Assumed)* 秦澤文 | |
| 2023 | Heilongjiang | Ke Xuxin 柯旭鑫 | Unplaced |  |
| 2024 | No competition held | | | | |
| 2025 | Shandong | Liu Wanting 刘婉婷 | TBA |  |

## InfoBox

Miss China World
| Formation | 1994 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Beauty pageant |
| Headquarters | Beijing |
| Location |  |
| Membership | Miss World |
| Official language | Chinese |
| Company | Miss China World Organization |
| Website | www.missworld.cn |


title: Pearl Bar

abstract: Pearl Bar is a lesbian-specific LGBTQ+ bar located on Washington Avenue between the Heights and Montrose neighbourhoods of Houston, Texas. It is the only lesbian bar in Houston, one of only two in the state of Texas, and fewer than 25 in the United States. It is known for hosting a variety of events including female-specific DJs, crawfish boils, dildo races and drag performers.

text:
# Pearl Bar

**Pearl Bar** is a lesbian-specific LGBTQ+ bar located on Washington Avenue between the Heights and Montrose neighbourhoods of Houston, Texas. It is the only lesbian bar in Houston, one of only two in the state of Texas, and fewer than 25 in the United States. It is known for hosting a variety of events including female-specific DJs, crawfish boils, dildo races and drag performers.

## History

Pearl Bar was launched in 2013 by Julie Mabry, a lesbian event promoter and local entrepreneur who understood the need for spaces that specifically cater to women within the LGBTQ+ community.

In 2020 Pearl Bar was one of ten LGBTQ+ businesses across the United States to receive a preservation grant from national non-profit the Human Rights Campaign and Showtime, intended to assist with preserving the venue as a cultural landmark.

In 2022 Pearl Bar was featured in a dedicated episode of the Lesbian Bar Project, a campaign and documentary series created by Erica Rose and Elina Street, exploring and celebrating the remaining lesbian bars in the United States.

In 2023 owner Mabry noted that Pearl Bar had been denied business insurance for the first time due to hosting drag shows, which she attributed predominantly to Texas' proposed anti-LGBTQ+ legislation.

## InfoBox

Pearl Bar
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | 4216 Washington Ave
Houston
U.S |
| Type | Lesbian bar |
| Opened | 2013 |
| Website | |
| pearlhouston.com | |