title: Wendel Meldrum

abstract: Wendy Anne "Wendel" Meldrum was a Canadian actress best known for her roles as the "low talker" in the 1993 Seinfeld episode "The Puffy Shirt", and as Miss White/Mrs. Heimer on The Wonder Years. She guest starred in several television series and appeared in a number of feature films and television movies. Her films include Beautiful Dreamers (1990), Why Me? (1990), Diplomatic Immunity (1991) and The Divine Ryans (1999). She wrote the screenplay for the 2005 independent film Cruel But Necessary. She also played the starring role of Betty Munson alongside her real life ex-husband Mark Humphrey and their son Luke Humphrey. Meldrum received multiple nominations and awards for her performance as Anne Blecher in the Canadian television comedy-drama series Less Than Kind, which finished its four-season run on HBO Canada in 2013. On November 19, 2014, Meldrum appeared on Ken Reid's TV Guidance Counselor podcast. She died after a short illness on January 27, 2021.

text:
# Wendel Meldrum

**Wendy Anne "Wendel" Meldrum** (July 21, 1954 – January 27, 2021) was a Canadian actress best known for her roles as the "low talker" in the 1993 *Seinfeld* episode "The Puffy Shirt", and as Miss White/Mrs. Heimer on *The Wonder Years*.

She guest starred in several television series and appeared in a number of feature films and television movies. Her films include *Beautiful Dreamers* (1990), *Why Me?* (1990), *Diplomatic Immunity* (1991) and *The Divine Ryans* (1999). She wrote the screenplay for the 2005 independent film *Cruel But Necessary*. She also played the starring role of Betty Munson alongside her real life ex-husband Mark Humphrey and their son Luke Humphrey.

Meldrum received multiple nominations and awards for her performance as Anne Blecher in the Canadian television comedy-drama series *Less Than Kind*, which finished its four-season run on HBO Canada in 2013.

On November 19, 2014, Meldrum appeared on Ken Reid's *TV Guidance Counselor* podcast. She died after a short illness on January 27, 2021.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 | *Vamping* | Rita |  |
| 1990 | *Why Me?* | Gatou Vardebedian |  |
| 1990 | *Beautiful Dreamers* | Jessie Bucke |  |
| 1991 | *Diplomatic Immunity* | Kim Dades |  |
| 1999 | *Blast from the Past* | Ruth |  |
| 1999 | *The Divine Ryans* | Linda Ryan |  |
| 2003 | *A Mighty Wind* | Witch #1 |  |
| 2005 | *Cruel but Necessary* | Betty Munson |  |
| 2005 | *Partner(s)* | Sandy |  |
| 2010 | *Queen of the Lot* | Kylie |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984–85 | *Knots Landing* | P.K. Kelly | 8 episodes |
| 1985 | *Punky Brewster* | Heather | "Play It Again, Punky" |
| 1985 | *American Playhouse* | Shelby Dischinger Everson | "Breakfast with Les and Bess" |
| 1985 | *Stark* | Laura Stark | TV film |
| 1986 | *Cagney & Lacey* | Susan | "Post Partum" |
| 1986 | *Dallas: The Early Years* | Honey | TV film |
| 1987 | *Family Ties* | Kathy Brady | "O'Brother: Parts 1 & 2" |
| 1987 | *I Married Dora* | Janet Farrell | "I Married Dora" |
| 1987–88 | *Pursuit of Happiness* | Margaret Callahan | Main role |
| 1988–91 | *The Wonder Years* | Miss White / Mrs. Heimer | Recurring role |
| 1989 | *Day by Day* | Carol Gilbert | "Father Knows Best" |
| 1990 | *E.N.G.* | Jaz Taylor | "The Dancer and the Dance" |
| 1992 | *Northern Exposure* | Amy Lochner | "Nothing's Perfect" |
| 1992 | *City Boy* | Olivia Pollard | TV film |
| 1993 | *Picket Fences* | Wendy Hill | "Sightings" |
| 1993-98 | *Seinfeld* | Leslie / Low-Talker | "The Puffy Shirt" and "The Finale" |
| 1994 | *Hush Little Baby* | Susan Nolan | TV film |
| 1994 | *Due South* | Leann Brighton | "Pilot" |
| 1994 | *Sodbusters* | Lilac Gentry | TV film |
| 1994–95 | *Side Effects* | Elisabeth Mercer | "Worth It", "Heart Choices", "The Great Lutz" |
| 1995 | *The Marshal* | Veronica Cole | "Hitwoman" |
| 1995 | *Pig Sty* | Dr. James | "The Ghost and Mr. Evans" |
| 1995 | *The Song Spinner* | Mona | TV film |
| 1995 | *The Commish* | Emily Daniels | "Father Image: Parts 1 & 2" |
| 1996 | *The Pretender* | Dr. Lizabeth Drake | "Not Even a Mouse" |
| 1997 | *Promised Land* | Ellen | "The Getaway" |
| 1997 | *Dad's Week Off* | Lew | TV film |
| 1997 | *Melanie Darrow* | Diane | TV film |
| 1998 | *Murder at 75 Birch* | Pat Todson | TV film |
| 1999 | *The Outer Limits* | Renee Stuyvescent | "Donor" |
| 2000 | *First Wave* | Ann Berman | "Wednesday's Child" |
| 2001 | *Strong Medicine* | Eleanor Vogel | "Complications" |
| 2001 | *NYPD Blue* | Lucy Gullickson | "Baby Love" |
| 2003 | *Bliss* | Dr. Andrea Gibson | "Cat Got Your Tongue" |
| 2008–2012 | *Less Than Kind* | Anne Blecher | Main role |
| 2012 | *The Phantoms* | Linda Jordan | TV film |
| 2014 | *Saving Hope* | Mimi | "Twinned Lambs" |
| 2014 | *Working the Engels* | Little Wanda | "Jenna vs. Big Pastry Part II" |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Association | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Winnipeg International Film Festival | Outstanding Actress in a Female Role | *Cruel but Necessary* | Won |  |
| 2009 | Canadian Comedy Awards | Best Performance by a Female - Television | *Less Than Kind* | Won |  |
| 2009 | Canadian Comedy Awards | Best Performance by an Ensemble - Television | *Less Than Kind* | Won |  |
| 2010 | Canadian Comedy Awards | Best Performance by a Female - Television | *Less Than Kind* | Nominated |  |
| 2010 | Canadian Comedy Awards | Best Performance by an Ensemble - Television | *Less Than Kind* | Nominated |  |

1. Gudrun Will, "Cruel intentions produce necessary result". *Vancouver Courier*, October 5, 2007.
2. Wendy Meldrum obituary
3. Internet Movie Database; retrieved August 1, 2010
4. Award shared with Benjamin Arthur, Jesse Camacho, Maury Chaykin and Nancy Sorel
5. "2010 nominees" (PDF). *www.agamdarshi.com*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
6. Nomination shared with Benjamin Arthur, Jesse Camacho, Maury Chaykin, Brooke Palsson and Nancy Sorel Canadian Comedy Awards & Festival nominees, retrieved August 1, 2010

## InfoBox

| Wendel Meldrum | |
| --- | --- |
| Meldrum at the 2013 Canadian Screen Awards Nominee Reception | |
| Born | Wendy Anne Meldrum
(1954-07-21)July 21, 1954
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
| Died | January 27, 2021(2021-01-27) (aged 66) |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1984–2021 |
| Spouses | *   Mark Humphrey (divorced) |


title: Oreophryne brachypus

abstract: Oreophryne brachypus is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the island of New Britain, in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. Common name Gazelle cross frog has been coined for it.

text:
# Oreophryne brachypus

***Oreophryne brachypus*** is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the island of New Britain, in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. Common name **Gazelle cross frog** has been coined for it.

## Description

Adult males measure 19–22.5 mm (0.75–0.89 in) and adult females 21.5–24 mm (0.85–0.94 in) in snout–vent length. The snout rounded but approaching truncate in dorsal view. The eyes are prominent. The tympanum is small. The fingers and the toes have enlarged, grooved terminal disks. The fingers have basal webbing, and the toes are maximally half-webbed. The dorsum is smooth. The ground colour is dusky brown. There are indistinct and slightly darker markings, which commonly include a narrow transocular bar and a W-shaped patch immediately behind the head.

The male advertisement call is a long "squeak", lasting about four seconds and consisting of a single note.

## Habitat and conservation

*Oreophryne brachypus* is an arboreal species that occurs in lowland rainforests, degraded forests, and gardens at elevations up to about 350 m (1,150 ft) above sea level, perhaps higher. Males call from bushes and trees at night. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. It is an abundant species. It might be locally impacted by logging, but it is an adaptable species. It is not known from any protected areas.

## InfoBox

| *Oreophryne brachypus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Oreophryne* |
| Species: | ***O. brachypus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreophryne brachypus***
(Werner, 1898) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Hylella brachypus* Werner, 1898 | |


title: Gorenje Kamence

abstract: Gorenje Kamence is a settlement north of the town of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia. The entire City Municipality of Novo Mesto is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The local church is dedicated to the Holy Cross and belongs to the Parish of Novo Mesto–Sveti Janez. It is a medieval building that was restyled in the Baroque in the 17th and 18th centuries.

text:
# Gorenje Kamence

**Gorenje Kamence** (pronounced \[ɡɔˈɾeːnjɛ ˈkaːmɛntsɛ\]) is a settlement north of the town of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia. The entire City Municipality of Novo Mesto is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

The local church is dedicated to the Holy Cross and belongs to the Parish of Novo Mesto–Sveti Janez. It is a medieval building that was restyled in the Baroque in the 17th and 18th centuries.

## InfoBox

| Gorenje Kamence | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Gorenje KamenceLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 45°50′8.51″N 15°8′25.55″E / 45.8356972°N 15.1404306°E / 45.8356972; 15.1404306 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Lower Carniola |
| Statistical region | Southeast Slovenia |
| Municipality | Novo Mesto |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.32 km2 (0.51 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 217.9 m (714.9 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 129 |
|  | |


title: Lasiosphaeriella

abstract: Lasiosphaeriella is a genus of fungi in the Sordariomycetes class of the Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown, and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any order or family.

text:
# Lasiosphaeriella

***Lasiosphaeriella*** is a genus of fungi in the Sordariomycetes class (subclass Sordariomycetidae) of the Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (*incertae sedis*), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any order or family.

## InfoBox

| *Lasiosphaeriella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Subdivision: | Pezizomycotina |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Subclass: | Sordariomycetidae |
| Order: | *incertae sedis* |
| Family: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | ***Lasiosphaeriella***
Sivan. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Lasiosphaeriella dennisii*
Sivan. | |


title: Ministries of the Dominican Republic

abstract: The Ministries of the Dominican Republic are the primary units of the executive branch of the government of the Dominican Republic. These offices were formerly known as Secretaries of State, but that denominations changed on 2010, with the Constitutional reform. The change was effective on February 6, 2010, by Decree no. 55–10. The history of these offices can be traced to the first Constitution of the Dominican Republic, signed at San Cristóbal, on November 6, 1844. The first four institutions, known as Secretaries of State, were: Justice and Public Instruction; the Interior and Police; Finance and Commerce; and War and Navy. As of February, 2023, the Dominican Republic has a total of 24 Ministries, including the General Attorney's Office. Ministries are analogous to Departments and Secretaries of State in others nations.

text:
# Ministries of the Dominican Republic

The **Ministries of the Dominican Republic** (Spanish: *Ministerios de la República Dominicana*) are the primary units of the executive branch of the government of the Dominican Republic. These offices were formerly known as Secretaries of State (Spanish: *Secretarias de Estado*), but that denominations changed on 2010, with the Constitutional reform. The change was effective on February 6, 2010, by Decree no. 55–10.

The history of these offices can be traced to the first Constitution of the Dominican Republic, signed at San Cristóbal, on November 6, 1844. The first four institutions, known as Secretaries of State, were: Justice and Public Instruction; the Interior and Police; Finance and Commerce; and War and Navy. As of February, 2023, the Dominican Republic has a total of 24 Ministries, including the General Attorney's Office.

Ministries are analogous to Departments and Secretaries of State in others nations.

## Council of Ministers

The heads of the ministries, known as Ministers of their respective department, form the traditional Cabinet of the Dominican Republic, an executive organ that serves at the disposal of the president for the coordination of the government affairs and normally act as an advisory body to the presidency.

Out of the 24 Ministries, only 3 are women, as of February 2023.

## Current Ministries

As of February, 2023, the Dominican Republic has a total of 24 Ministries, the latest being the Ministry of Housing and Constructions, established on 2021. Below, a table listing all Ministries, the year they were created and their initial name.

| Office | Created on | Budget (2021) in RD$ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Office of the Attorney General of the Republic*Procuraduría General de la República* | 1844 | 10,566,729,557.74 |
| Ministry of the Presidency *Ministerio de la Presidencia* | 1927 | 27,330,805,616.30 |
| Administrative Ministry of the Presidency *Ministerio Administrativo de la Presidencia* | 2012 | 14,690,695,735.40 |
| Ministry of Public Administration *Ministerio de Administración Pública* | 2008 | 916,023,908.28 |
| Ministry of External Relations*Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores* | 1874 | 8,261,136,983.55 |
| Ministry of Defense *Ministerio de Defensa* | 1844 | 34,903,848,896.17 |
| Ministry of the Interior and Police *Ministerio de Interior y Policía* | 1844 | 50,169,229,527.51 |
| Ministry of Finance*Ministerio de Hacienda* | 1844 | 20,222,491,904.92 |
| Ministry of Agriculture *Ministerio de Agricultura* | 1854 | 16,918,221,101.88 |
| Ministry of Industry, Trade and MSMEs *Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Mipymes* | 1966 | 17,938,366,655.89 |
| Ministry of Energy and Mines *Ministerio de Energía y Minas* | 2013 | 1,524,638,866.40 |
| Ministry of Tourism *Ministerio de Turismo* | 1979 | 3,940,210,676.42 |
| Ministry of Economy, Planning and Development*Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo* | 2006 | 2,438,494,144.12 |
| Ministry of Labor *Ministerio de Trabajo* | 1930 | 1,874,075,576-52 |
| Ministry of Public Works and Communications *Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Comunicaciones* | 1887 | 45,743,372,024.07 |
| Ministry of Housing and Constructions *Ministerio de Vivienda y Edificaciones* | 2021 | NA |
| Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources *Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales* | 2000 | 12,237,611,021.36 |
| Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance *Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social* | 1924 | 145,792,041,708.08 |
| Ministry of Education *Ministerio de Educación* | 1934 | 186,774,494,864.96 |
| Ministry of Culture *Ministerio de Cultura* | 2000 | 2,797,080,497.09 |
| Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology*Ministerio de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología* | 2001 | 16,876,109,465.18 |
| Ministry of Women *Ministerio de la Mujer* | 1999 | 1,050,462,822.83 |
| Ministry of Youth *Ministerio de la Juventud* | 2000 | 626,848,908.53 |
| Ministry of Sports and Recreation *Ministerio de Deporte y Recreación* | 1974 | 3,041,611,938.46 |


title: Karm Island (Antarctica)

abstract: Karm Island is an island off the coast of Antarctica. It is 3 kilometres (1.5 nmi) long, located 2 kilometres (1 nmi) south-east of Shaula Island. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and called Karm (coaming). The group was first visited by an ANARE party in 1954.

text:
# Karm Island (Antarctica)

**Karm Island** is an island off the coast of Antarctica. It is 3 kilometres (1.5 nmi) long, located 2 kilometres (1 nmi) south-east of Shaula Island. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and called Karm (coaming). The group was first visited by an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) party in 1954.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Karm Island (Antarctica)". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

Karm Island
| Karm IslandLocation in Antarctica | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Coordinates | 66°59′S 57°27′E / 66.983°S 57.450°E / -66.983; 57.450 (Karm Island) |
| Length | 3 km (1.9 mi) |
| Administration | |
| Administered under the Antarctic Treaty System | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | Uninhabited |


title: Max Gomez

abstract: Max Gomez, widely known as Dr. Max, was a Cuban-born American medical journalist. He worked alternatively as the medical correspondent and senior health editor for the flagship television stations WNBC and WCBS in New York City.

text:
# Max Gomez

**Max Gomez** (August 9, 1951 – September 2, 2023), widely known as **Dr. Max**, was a Cuban-born American medical journalist. He worked alternatively as the medical correspondent and senior health editor for the flagship television stations WNBC and WCBS in New York City.

## Formative years

Born in Havana, Cuba, Gomez graduated cum laude from Princeton University (1973) and earned a Ph.D. from the Wake Forest School of Medicine (1978). He was also an NIH Postdoctoral Fellow at New York's Rockefeller University (1978–1980).

## Professional life

As the medical correspondent/senior health editor for the flagship television station WCBS in New York City (1994–1997), Gomez delivered segments on health, science and medicine on the 5 PM news. He held similar positions for WNBC in New York (1991–1994, 1997–2007), and earlier for KYW in Philadelphia (1984–1991), and for WNEW in New York (1980–1984). In July 2007, "Dr. Max", as he was known, rejoined WCBS as a freelance medical reporter. He was the co-author of three books. The Prostate Health Program, The Healing Cell and Cells Are the New Cure: The Cutting-Edge Medical Breakthroughs That Are Transforming Our Health.

## Personal life and death

Gomez resided in New York City. He died of cancer on September 2, 2023, at the age of 72.

## Honors

Gomez won seven New York Emmy Awards and two Philadelphia Emmy awards. In addition to his broadcast work, Gomez served on the advisory board of HealthCorps. In addition, he was the recipient of the Phelps Memorial Hospital, Community and Well-being Award, 2012(Award recipient for exceptional contribution to health and well-being in the Phelps community and beyond) HHC Award, Excellence in Healthcare Reporting Award (Related Article) The 2011 Public Awareness Award (Alzheimer's)

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/09/business/media/max-gomez-dead.html


title: HIV/AIDS in Cambodia

abstract: Despite big declines, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Cambodia is among the highest in Asia. Although Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in the world, extensive HIV prevention and control efforts by the Royal Government of Cambodia and its partners have helped to reduce the spread of HIV. Between 2003 and 2005, the estimated HIV prevalence among Cambodian adults aged 15 to 49 declined by 20%, from 2.0% to 1.6%. As of 2019, 0.6% of Cambodian adults currently has the virus.

text:
# HIV/AIDS in Cambodia

Despite big declines, the prevalence of **HIV/AIDS in Cambodia** is among the highest in Asia. Although Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in the world, extensive HIV prevention and control efforts by the Royal Government of Cambodia and its partners have helped to reduce the spread of HIV. Between 2003 and 2005, the estimated HIV prevalence among Cambodian adults aged 15 to 49 declined by 20%, from 2.0% to 1.6%. As of 2019, 0.6% of Cambodian adults currently has the virus.

## Dynamics

Cambodia's HIV/AIDS epidemic is spread primarily through heterosexual transmission and revolves largely around the sex trade. HIV transmission occurs mainly in sexual partnerships where one partner has engaged in high-risk behaviors. Women constitute a growing share of people living with HIV/AIDS, comprising an estimated 47 percent of people living with HIV/AIDS in 2003, compared with 37 percent in 1998.

This increased proportion of infections among women may reflect declining prevalence rates among males, as well as deaths among males infected in the early years of Cambodia's epidemic. Significantly, a low prevalence rate in the general population masks far higher prevalence rates in certain sub-populations, such as injecting drug users, people in prostitution, men who have sex with men, karaoke hostesses and beer girls, and mobile and migrant populations.

By 2014, HIV prevalence was reduced to 0.4 percent through a successful prevention program. However, in 2015 a massive outbreak of HIV stemming mostly from Roka occurred. The cause is thought to be the reuse of syringes by an unlicensed doctor operating in the region who has since been jailed.

## History

After the first case of HIV was detected in Cambodia in 1991, the prevalence of infection increased steadily to a high of 2 percent in 1998. In the general population, the prevalence declined to 0.5 percent in 2009, down from 1.2 percent in 2001. The prevalence of HIV infection among women visiting antenatal care (ANC) clinics also declined, from a high of 2.1 percent in 1999 to 1.1 percent in 2006.

Among HIV-infected pregnant women, there was also a gradual increase in the percentage who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission, from 1.2 percent in 2003 to 11.2 percent in 2007 to 32.3 percent in 2009 and it is still increasing.


title: Pieter Dixon

abstract: Pieter Dixon is a Zimbabwean-born South African rugby union footballer, who plays hooker for Bath. He was educated at Maritzburg College, and was captain of the South African Schools' rugby team in 1995. He is the nephew of Vintcent van der Bijl, who represented South Africa at cricket in the 1980s. After previously playing provincial and Super 12 rugby in South Africa, Dixon signed for Bath for the 2005–2006 season. He made an immediate impact when scoring a try in a Powergen Cup game against Bristol. Dixon is said to be a mobile hooker with good set-piece skills. His scrummaging is renowned and his lineout work garnered him praise whilst in South Africa and now in the Aviva Premiership. Dixon signed a two-year extension to his contract during January 2008, taking him through to end of the 2009/10 season. Bath Rugby announced in December 2009 that Dixon had signed a further two-year extension to his contract, along with extensions for Matt Banahan and David Barnes, taking him to the end of the 2011/12 season.

text:
# Pieter Dixon

**Pieter Dixon** (born 17 October 1977 in Harare, Zimbabwe) is a Zimbabwean-born South African rugby union footballer, who plays hooker for Bath. He was educated at Maritzburg College, and was captain of the South African Schools' rugby team in 1995. He is the nephew of Vintcent van der Bijl, who represented South Africa at cricket in the 1980s.

After previously playing provincial and Super 12 rugby in South Africa, Dixon signed for Bath for the 2005–2006 season. He made an immediate impact when scoring a try in a Powergen Cup game against Bristol. Dixon is said to be a mobile hooker with good set-piece skills. His scrummaging is renowned and his lineout work garnered him praise whilst in South Africa and now in the Aviva Premiership. Dixon signed a two-year extension to his contract during January 2008, taking him through to end of the 2009/10 season. Bath Rugby announced in December 2009 that Dixon had signed a further two-year extension to his contract, along with extensions for Matt Banahan and David Barnes, taking him to the end of the 2011/12 season.

## InfoBox

Pieter Dixon
| Birth name | Pieter Jeremy Dixon |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1977-10-17) 17 October 1977 |
| Place of birth | Harare, Zimbabwe |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 106 kg (16 st 10 lb) |
| School | Maritzburg College |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Hooker  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2005–2012 Bath  156  (30)  Correct as of 28 October 2012  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1999–2005 Western Province   ()  2012 Sharks (Currie Cup)  4  (0)  Correct as of 28 October 2012  Super Rugby  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2001–2005 Stormers  26  (5)  Correct as of 28 October 2012 | |


title: Weetamoe

abstract: Weetamoe was a 1930 yacht of the J Class built as a contender for the New York Yacht Club's defence of the 1930 America's Cup. She was ordered by a syndicate headed by Junius Morgan, designed by Clinton Hoadley Crane, and built by Herreshoff Manufacturing Company. Weetamoe was unsuccessful in her bid to become the Cup defender, an honor that went to Enterprise. She continued to sail for a few years afterwards, before being scrapped in 1937.

text:
# Weetamoe

***Weetamoe*** was a 1930 yacht of the J Class built as a contender for the New York Yacht Club's defence of the 1930 America's Cup. She was ordered by a syndicate headed by Junius Morgan, designed by Clinton Hoadley Crane, and built by Herreshoff Manufacturing Company. *Weetamoe* was unsuccessful in her bid to become the Cup defender, an honor that went to *Enterprise*. She continued to sail for a few years afterwards, before being scrapped in 1937.

## Design and development

When the New York Yacht Club accepted Sir Thomas Lipton's challenge for the America's cup, they decided to form two syndicates to build one yacht each for the defense of the cup, and also to welcome other syndicates who might want to offer a defender. The two NYYC syndicates were to be led by Vice-Commodore Winthrop Aldrich and Rear-Commodore Junius Morgan.

Morgan's syndicate comprised:

Her construction was of steel frames and deck beams, with wooden decks and a hull was built from very expensive Tobin bronze.

She was launched on May 10, 1930.

### Support vessels

The syndicate also obtained several support craft for *Weetamoe*. These included:

* a steamer, *Emblane*
* two powerboats, *Magistrate* and *Momo*

### Crew

Under the Racing Rules, yachts were allowed a total crew of 31, including any afterguard. The afterguard comprised:

The syndicate engaged J. Christiensen as their sailing master, and a professional crew of Scandinavian origin.

## The Long Island Sound series

On June 9, the contenders, together with the J-class yachts *Resolute* and *Vanitie*, met at Glen Cove for a series of races planned in Long Island Sound by the local clubs.

Of the series, *Weetamoe* won three out of four races, with the other going to *Enterprise*. *Yankee* arrived too late to compete in any but the fourth and last race.

## The Eastern Yacht Club races

The following week, the J-class boats traveled to Newport for three races organized by the Eastern Yacht Club.

*Enterprise won all three of these races.* Weetamoe *recorded the fastest time in the first race, but withdrew after fouling* Enterprise*.*

As winner of the races, *Enterprise* was awarded the Commodore Charles P. Curtiss cup, and a second prize was awarded to *Yankee*.

## Observation

During the first two weeks of July 1930, the America's Cup Committee staged a series of observation races to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of the four contenders to defend the cup. The races were conducted by starting the yachts in pairs, with the second pair starting fifteen minutes after the first. The yachts to race in each pair were determined by lot.

The end results of the observations were that *Enterprise*, *Weetamoe*, and *Yankee* all finished roughly the same, points-wise (14, 13, and 13 respectively), while *Whirlwind* had won only a single race and finished with only 8 points. *Weetamoe* won every race that she had finished.

*Enterprise* and *Weetamoe* each scored a technical victory over the other when their competitor could not finish a race. Likewise, *Yankee* scored a technical victory over *Whirlwind*.

## New York Yacht Club annual cruise

From August 2–9, the 1930 annual cruise of the New York Yacht Club offered a final opportunity for the contenders for the defense of the America's Cup to compete with each other prior to the selection trials. The cruise consisted of several port-to=-port legs, interspersed with races over set courses.

*Enterprise* and *Weetamoe* each won three races, and *Yankee* won one. As part of this cruise, *Enterprise* won the Astor Cup and *Weetamoe* won the City of Newport Cup.

## Trials

Formal trials between the four contenders commenced on August 20. The contenders were to race in pairs, the second division starting 15 minutes after the first division, as in the observation races.

Due to poor winds, only two trial races were held, both won by *Enterprise* against *Weetamoe*. *Whirlwind* was disabled in one of her races against *Yankee*.

On the evening of August 27, the America's Cup Committee informed the afterguard of *Enterprise* that their yacht had been selected to defend the cup.

## Fate

In 1934, *Weetamoe* was substantially modified, being given new hull contours and a bulb keel. These modifications were not successful and were eventually reversed.

*Weetamoe* was scrapped in 1937.

## Bibliography

* Garland, Joseph E. (1989). *The Eastern Yacht Club: A History from 1870 to 1985*. Marblehead, MA: The Eastern Yacht Club.
* "The Yachts: Enterprise". *The National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum*. Coatesville, PA: The National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum. n.d. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
* Vanderbilt, Harold Stirling (1931). *Enterprise: The Story of the Defense of the America's Cup in 1930*. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

## InfoBox

Weetamoe
| Class | J-class |
| --- | --- |
| Sail no | 1 |
| Designer(s) | Clinton Hoadley Crane |
| Builder | Herreshoff yard |
| Launched | May 10, 1930 |
| Owner(s) | Junius Morgan syndicate |
| Fate | scrapped in 1937 |
| Racing career | |
| Skippers | George Nichols |
| AC Defender
Selection Series | 1930 America's Cup Defender Selections Series
1934 America's Cup Defender Selections Series |
| Specifications | |
| Displacement | 143 long tons (145 metric tonnes) |
| Length | 125 ft 9 ins (32.33 m) overall; 83 ft (25.3 m) at waterline |
| Beam | 20 ft (6.1 m) |
| Draft | 15 ft (4.57 m) |
| Sail area | 7,560 sq.ft (702.3 m2) |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bland County, Virginia. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Bland County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 4 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Bland County, Virginia

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Bland County, Virginia**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Bland County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map.

There are 4 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mountain Glen |  | January 24, 1991
(#90002161) | 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast of Ceres
37°00′12″N 81°19′48″W / 37.003472°N 81.330000°W / 37.003472; -81.330000 (Mountain Glen) | Ceres |  |
| 2 | Sharon Lutheran Church and Cemetery |  | February 28, 1979
(#79003030) | West of Ceres on State Route 42
37°00′59″N 81°20′57″W / 37.016389°N 81.349167°W / 37.016389; -81.349167 (Sharon Lutheran Church and Cemetery) | Ceres |  |
| 3 | Junius Marcellus Updyke Farm |  | February 8, 2012
(#12000018) | 4859 E. Bluegrass Trail
37°07′31″N 81°00′59″W / 37.125278°N 81.016389°W / 37.125278; -81.016389 (Junius Marcellus Updyke Farm) | Bland |  |
| 4 | Wolf Creek Bridge |  | January 7, 2011
(#10001114) | Old State Route 61
37°14′36″N 81°06′09″W / 37.243333°N 81.102500°W / 37.243333; -81.102500 (Wolf Creek Bridge) | Rocky Gap |  |


abstract: The Institut Européen d’archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM) was founded in 1987 as a French non-profit organisation by President Franck Goddio. The organisation locates, explores, excavates and restores sunken sites. Further, the Instituto Europeo de Arqueologia Submarina was founded in April 2019 in Madrid, Spain.

text:
# Institut Européen d'Archéologie Sous-Marine

The **Institut Européen d’archéologie Sous-Marine** (IEASM) (English: European Institute for Underwater Archaeology) was founded in 1987 as a French non-profit organisation by President Franck Goddio. The organisation locates, explores, excavates and restores sunken sites. Further, the *Instituto Europeo de Arqueologia Submarina* was founded in April 2019 in Madrid, Spain.

## The Institute

The European Institute of Underwater Archaeology (IEASM) works in close collaboration with the authorities of the countries in which it excavates and under their control. It calls on specialists in the fields of archaeology, history, conservation, restoration, geophysics, geology in its research, to study and publish its findings. The activities of IEASM have been mainly supported by the Hilti Foundation since 1996.

After restoration and conservation, the objects recovered by IEASM enrich the permanent collections of the regional and national museums in the countries in which they were discovered or, have been donated to institutions in third countries such as the Museo Naval in Madrid, the Musée national des arts asiatiques - Guimet in Paris or the Musée national de la Marine in Port-Louis (Morbihan). Further, IEASM has created travelling exhibitions allowing the general public to enjoy its discoveries.

### Excavations

Prior to any archaeological excavation, IEASM carries out state-of-the-art geophysical surveys, which id then verified during excavation. This approach has led to several significant and historically important discoveries such as the display of the antic harbour of Alexandria or the city of Thonis-Heracleion.

### Conservation

The excavations benefit from a conservation-restoration unit on board the mission support boat, allowing the initial stages of object conservation to be carried out on site. Additional treatments, requiring heavier equipment, take place in local laboratories in collaboration with the institutions concerned.

### Studies

IEASM brings together a range of scientists and subject specialists to work on the excavations and to study the material uncovered. The studies are carried out by scientists participating in the excavations or entrusted to specialists. In 2003 the Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology (OCMA) was established in the School of Archaeology at the University of Oxford, and IEASM has made it possible for doctoral students there to study the archaeological material uncovered during its missions.

### Publications

As part of their partnership, the Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology (OCMA) is responsible for the academic publications of the results of IEASM's missions as well as studies of the excavated material carried out by doctoral students and subject specialists working for IEASM.

### Education

OCMA's mission is also to teach maritime archaeology at an undergraduate and graduate level and to organise conferences in maritime archaeology. To date, several doctoral students have obtained PhDs based on material from IEASM excavations.

### Outreach

The sustainability of the discoveries also depends on the dissemination of the results to the general public. The Institute and its partners are therefore involved in the publication of articles, general interest books, exhibitions such as The Treasure of San Diego" (1994–1998), "Sunken Treasures of Egypt" (2006–2009), "Cleopatra, the Search for the Last Queen of Egypt" (2010–2012), and "Osiris, Sunken Mysteries of Egypt" (2015–2021) and are participating in documentaries.

1. J.O. octobre 1987
2. Ley Orgánica 1/2002 e inscrito en el Registro de Asociaciones sin Ánimo de Lucro de la Comunidad de Madrid con el número oficial 38.842.
3. Oxford Center for Maritime Archaeology
4. de Port-Louis
5. The Guardian, Aug. 2016
6. Publications
7. OCMA Students
8. Symposia
9. "Temporary Exhibitions". Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
10. BBC Nov. 2015
11. Documentaries


title: Morion (beetle)

abstract: Morion is a genus of in the beetle family Carabidae. There are more than 40 described species in Morion.

text:
# Morion (beetle)

***Morion*** is a genus of in the beetle family Carabidae. There are more than 40 described species in *Morion*.

## Species

These 41 species belong to the genus *Morion*:

## InfoBox

| *Morion* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Morion monilicornis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Morionini |
| Genus: | *Morion*<br>Latreille, 1810 |
|


title: Karm Narayan Bahl

abstract: Karm Narayan Bahl was an Indian zoologist who studied earthworms, their nephridial morphology, and excretion. He served as a professor of zoology at Lucknow University. He founded a series of memoirs on model animals of Indian origin for the purposes of teaching zoology in India.

text:
# Karm Narayan Bahl

**Karm Narayan Bahl** (14 February 1891 – 21 April 1954) was an Indian zoologist who studied earthworms, their nephridial morphology, and excretion. He served as a professor of zoology at Lucknow University. He founded a series of memoirs on model animals of Indian origin for the purposes of teaching zoology in India.

## Life and work

Bahl was born in Multan and was educated at the Government college in Lahore receiving a master's degree in 1913 with a Maclagan Gold medal. He then joined there as an assistant professor. He then moved to St. John's College, Agra and then to Muir Central College, Allahabad in 1916. A major influence was professor John Stephenson and with his reference spent some time at the Indian Museum in Calcutta. In 1919 he went to Merton College, Oxford University and worked under Edwin Stephen Goodrich, receiving a D.Phil. in 1921 for a thesis entitled *The development of the nephridial system in Pheretima, the blood-vascular system in Pheretima, and the gametogenesis in scorpions*. He also receive a D.Sc. from Punjab University, Lahore for a thesis on the excretory system of *Pheretima* in 1920. He returned to India and became head of the department of zoology at Lucknow University. He worked there until his retirement. He then became a vice chancellor of Patna University from 1951 to 1952 and resigned following a nervous breakdown.

Bahl worked for a while on ant-mimic spiders in 1915 and later studied the anatomy of physiology of earthworms, particularly those found commonly around Lucknow such as *Pheretima* and *Eutyphaeus*, and founded a series on the monographs of Indian animals called the *Indian Zoological Memoirs on Indian Animal Types*. Zoology dissections in India at the time were based on organisms that could not be easily found in India. At the Indian Science Congress, Bangalore (1924) he suggested that memoirs along the lines of those produced by the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee edited by Sir William Herdman were desirable. Eight volumes of the monograph were edited by him. He studied *Pheretima* and classified its nephridia into three types, septal, pharyngeal and integumentary. He classified nephridia that open into the intestine as entero-nephritic and suggested that they had evolved for life away from water and in arid conditions. He published an influential review on *Excretion in the Oligochaeta* in 1947. He also conducted studies on the common apple snail, *Pila globosa* and on the skull of monitor lizards of the genus *Varanus*.

Bahl was a Fellow of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and served on the University Education Commission from 1948 to 1949. The Sri Lankan earthworm *Metaphire bahli* (originally placed in the genus *Pheretima*) is named after him.


title: Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown

abstract: Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown is an area located in Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan. Today this area is a shopping strip covering many blocks. Most of the Chinese members of Nagasaki Chinatown are of Fuzhounese descent. Nagasaki and Fuzhou established ties as sister cities in 1980 to recognize the historical connections between the two cities and Fuzhounese immigrant community.

text:
# Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown

**Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown** (Japanese: ながさき しんち ちゅうかがい, 長崎新地中華街, Simplified Chinese: 长崎新地中华街) is an area located in Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan. Today this area is a shopping strip covering many blocks.

Most of the Chinese members of Nagasaki Chinatown are of Fuzhounese descent. Nagasaki and Fuzhou established ties as sister cities in 1980 to recognize the historical connections between the two cities and Fuzhounese immigrant community.

## History

This area was originally the location of the warehouses of Chinese merchants, who traded goods to Japan from the 15th to 19th centuries. They lived in the 'Chinese residence' (*Tojin yashiki*) a little to the south-east (today's Kannaimachi 館内町).

The Chinese traders came to Nagasaki because it was the only open port in Japan during the Tokugawa period. The Tokugawa government allowed only Nagasaki to stay open to Chinese and Dutch traders, closing off the rest of Japan to prevent European political influence and the spread of Christianity.

Strict rules were placed on these Chinese traders, forcing them to stay within the precincts of the *Tojin yashiki* at night. Anyone found outside the area during prohibited times was arrested by the local guard.

1. "Interchange Fuzhou City between cities". *city.nagasaki.lg.jp.e.jc.hp.transer.com*.

32°44′31″N 129°52′33″E / 32.74194°N 129.87583°E / 32.74194; 129.87583

## InfoBox

| Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 長崎新地中華街 |
| Simplified Chinese | 长崎新地中华街 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Chángqí Xīndì Zhōnghuájiē  Wade–Giles Chang2chi'i2 Hsin1ti4 Chung1hua2chieh1  IPA \[ʈʂʰǎŋtɕʰǐ ɕíntî ʈʂʊ́ŋxwǎtɕjé\]  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Cheung4kei1 San1dei6 Jung1wa4gaai1 | |
| Japanese name | |
| Kanji | 長崎新地中華街 |
| Hiragana | ながさきしんちちゅうかがい |
| Transcriptions  Revised Hepburn Nagasaki Shinchi Chūkagai | |
|  | |


title: Pieter De Rudder

abstract: Pieter De Rudder, in many French books Pierre De Rudder, in English Peter De Rudder. His recovery from a broken leg is one of the most famous recognized Lourdes miracles, although it is not supposed to have occurred in Lourdes itself, but in a sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes at Oostakker near Ghent.

text:
# Pieter De Rudder

**Pieter De Rudder** (July 2, 1822 in Jabbeke  March 22, 1898), in many French books **Pierre De Rudder**, in English **Peter De Rudder**. His recovery from a broken leg is one of the most famous recognized Lourdes miracles (a bronze cast of his bones is exhibited in the Lourdes Medical Bureau), although it is not supposed to have occurred in Lourdes itself, but in a sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes at Oostakker near Ghent (Belgium, East Flanders).

## The file

De Rudder was working for the Viscount Albéric du Bus de Gisignies when on February 16, 1867, in Jabbeke (West Flanders), a falling tree broke the two bones (tibia and fibula) of his left leg.

Several doctors attempted, unsuccessfully, to treat him, and one advised amputation, which was refused by De Rudder—or by the Viscount. The medical treatments were stopped at a time not precisely specified.

The Viscount paid De Rudder a pension that Father Rommelaere, vicar of Jabbeke, described as a "handsome salary", but on the viscount's death, on July 26, 1874 the pension was withdrawn by his successor.

On April 7, 1875, eight months and a half after the withdrawal of the pension, De Rudder went to implore Our Lady of Lourdes at Oostakker and, in the sanctuary itself, proclaimed himself cured. He displayed a scar which even just after the healing looked old.

Doctors, however, refused to issue an attestation to the priests of the parish, so in 1875 the only eyewitnesses were two neighbors and friends of De Rudder, father and son. These two witnesses signed the same statement, written by the vicar of Jabbeke, according to which the day before the pilgrimage they saw the ends of bone protruding into the wound. The certificate mentioned, in the third person, a female inhabitant of the village, not a signatory, who would have seen the same thing two days before the pilgrimage.

The Bishop of Bruges, Mgr Faict, requested information from Dr Van Hoestenberghe, a doctor who had never been the attending physician of De Rudder, but had examined the leg to satisfy his own curiosity. Dr. Van Hoestenberghe replied in April and May 1875. His two letters, lost by the diocese before the canonical investigation which led to the recognition of the miracle by Mgr Waffelaert in 1908, were only found again in 1956. Mgr Faict does not conduct a canonical investigation.

The last survivor among the attending physicians whose names are known, Dr Verriest, died in Bruges August 3, 1891. About a year later, during the annual Belgian pilgrimage to Lourdes in August 1892, Dr Van Hoestenberghe appears publicly for the first time. He writes to Dr Boissarie, head of the *Bureau des constatations médicales de Lourdes* (Lourdes Bureau of Medical Findings), two letters in which he reports the case De Rudder, saying that he had examined the leg when it was still ill and that he only can claim miracle. These letters caused a series of inquiries from various Catholic authorities. Eyewitnesses, who, as we saw, seem to have been only two in 1875, multiplied over time, as well as the examinations that Dr. Van Hoestenberghe said he made of the ill leg. In 1907, before the Episcopal Commission, whose report will lead to recognition of the miracle, he says he examined the injured leg ten or twelve times, the last time three or four months before the pilgrimage.

The date of the last examination of the leg is important because, in the opinion of many Catholic physicians, the only reason to consider the healing of De Rudder as miraculous is the testimonial proof of its instantaneousness.

Dr. Van Hoestenberghe's responses of April and May 1875 to Mgr Faict, which were lost during the canonical inquiry, are found again in 1956 and published in 1957. In the second of these responses, Dr. Van Hoestenberghe (who, as we saw, would report to the Commission of 1907–08 that he had examined the injured leg ten or twelve times, the last time three or four months before the pilgrimage) says he saw the leg only once, more than *three years* before the pilgrimage.

Canon De Meester, who was promoter of the cause in the inquiry of 1907-1908 continues, despite the letters of 1875, to believe that Dr Van Hoestenberghe made several examinations of the diseased leg and that the last examination took place about four months before De Rudder's pilgrimage. He puts forward notes confirming this view, that Dr Van Hoestenberghe said he took shortly after the pilgrimage. Dr Van Hoestenberghe mentioned these notes for the first time in 1899, in order to answer two Jesuits who had remarked to him that he had placed the care given by late Dr Verriest in 1875, which, compared to other sources, seems too late. The notes triumph over this objection: "Verriest 75". These notes have the peculiarity to contradict the letters from 1875 to Mgr Faict not only on the number and date of examinations that Dr. Van Hoestenberghe made of the ill leg, but also on the date of the examination he made of the leg after the pilgrimage: April 9, 1875 according to the notes, while Dr Van Hoestenberghe wrote on April 15, 1875 to Mgr Faict that he had not yet had time to examine the healed leg. These notes, which were at an exceptional place in the notebook of Dr. Van Hoestenberghe: the inside cover, not their chronological place among the pages, can only be consulted on a picture, because they seem to have disappeared at the bishop's palace, with the rest of the notebook.

## Skeptical investigation

Noted skeptic Joe Nickell who investigated, discovered that some of the testimony in the case was subject to error as it was unrecorded for eighteen years. He also found evidence that the healing had occurred before Rudder's visit to the shrine and it was not instantaneous. Nickell concluded that in the De Rudder case "there is evidence that an injury, healed long before, was passed off as instantaneous—a miracle that wasn’t."

## Further reading

* "Lame Man Cured at Lourdes" Early report from *The Indianapolis News*, December 17, 1899
* Canon A. De Meester, *De wonderbare genezing van Pieter De Rudder; het kanoniek onderzoek*, Oostakker, 1957.
* A. Delcour, *Un grand miracle de Lourdes, la guérison de Pierre De Rudder, ou Que vaut le témoignage?*, Brussels, 1987. A revised edition was published in 2014 on the website archive.org.
* Suzanne K. Kaufman, *Consuming Visions; Mass Culture and the Lourdes Shrine*, Cornell University Press, 2005, pp. 182–191. (On the controversy raised by the case. Partially available on Google Books.)
* Joe Nickell, "Belgian Miracles", *Skeptical Inquirer*, vol. 34.1, January–February 2010, online Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.
* Anthony Campbell, review of the book of R. Harris, LOURDES: Body and spirit in the secular age. The same Anthony Campbell changed his mind : New light on a 'miracle' (2009).
* Sam Calvin, « Assessing Evidence for Miracle Claims Beyond the New Testament », *Academia*, undated. (According to the source code of the web page, the file was created on October 30, 2014.) Online.
* Dr Paul Deschepper, M.D., *The spectacular healing of Pieter De Rudder, April 7TH 1875; Remembering a unique event*, Acta Medica Catholica, 2018-2 published also on https://www.fiamc.org/faith-prayer/the-healing-of-pieter-de-rudder/.

* A. Delcour, *Le miracle De Rudder. Réponse au Dr Deschepper*, 2023, on archive.org.
* Caleb Jackson, « Fractured: A Historical Analysis of the Healing of Pierre de Rudder, Lourdes's Most Famous Miracle », *Academia*, 2023, online.


abstract: Weetangera is a suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra, located within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The suburb covers an area of approximately 158 hectares. Located approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north-west of the city, Weetangera is bounded by Springvale Drive to the south and west, Coulter Drive to the east and Belconnen Way to the north. The Pinnacle Nature Reserve, a Canberra Nature Park is adjacent to the south of the suburb, across Springvale Drive.

text:
# Weetangera, Australian Capital Territory

**Weetangera** (/ˈwtæŋɡərə/) is a suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra, located within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The suburb covers an area of approximately 158 hectares (390 acres). Located approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north-west of the city, Weetangera is bounded by Springvale Drive to the south and west, Coulter Drive to the east and Belconnen Way to the north. The Pinnacle Nature Reserve, a Canberra Nature Park is adjacent to the south of the suburb, across Springvale Drive.

## Etymology

Weetangera is named after the original name of the property "Spring Vale", which in turn had been given a name of Aboriginal origin. In 1934, Australian journalist Frederic Slater claimed that the name "Wittanjirra" was an Aboriginal word meaning "to suck, to drink greedily", referring to a spring near the Weetangera Public School. However, Slater does not provide evidence to support this claim.

## History

Aboriginal settlement of the Australian Capital Territory dates back over 20,000 years. Grinding grooves located on the Molonglo River to the south of Weetangera provide evidence of Aboriginal use of the region pre-colonisation. Members of the 'Canberra Tribe' continued to camp near Weetangera until the 1860s.

Europeans first settled in the area in the 1820s, with the name Weetangera (also **Weetangerra** and **Weetangara** in early documents) applied to the local vicinity from this time. Weetangera was also the name for the historic Weetangera parish, which included the land from Ginninderra Creek to the Molonglo River.

The Weetangera Public School was first built to service the area in 1875, facing onto the Weetangera Road (now Belconnen Way).

Samuel Shumack lived at "Spring Vale" in Weetangera between 1866 and 1915. Shumack and his father had taken up the land for farming when Samuel was eight years old. Samuel Shumack lived on the property with his family until it was claimed as land for the nation's capital in 1915.

The Southwell family were significant to Weetangera, and various members of the family are buried in the Weetangera Cemetery and former Methodist Church now sited to the west of the adjoining suburb, Hawker.

The modern suburb of Weetangera was officially gazetted by the ACT Government in 1968, with a street theme: 'Pioneers of the Australian Capital Territory'. After the gazetting, the first modern settlers moved into the suburb in 1970 and the first students moved into the Weetangera Primary School, located about a kilometre from the old Weetangera Primary School, in 1973. Today, the suburb is home to over 2500 people.

## Political representation

For the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives, Weetangera is in the Division of Canberra.

For the purposes of Australian Capital Territory elections for the ACT Legislative Assembly, Weetangera is in the Ginninderra electorate.

## Demographics

People who live in Weetangera are called **Weetangerans**. At the 2016 census, Weetangera had a population of 2,576 people. The census shows that Weetangera residents have a median age of 43 which is older than the ACT median of 35 and the Australian median of 38. The median weekly household income was A$2,699, significantly more than the ACT median of $2,070 and the Australian median of $1,438.

Weetangera's population is predominantly Australian-born; 75.0 per cent on census night 2016. The second most common birthplace was England at 4.3 per cent. The most common religion is 'no religion', with 41.0% of the population reporting they were not religious.

## Suburb amenities

Weetangera has a small shopping centre containing a bakery, beauty salon, dentist, coffee shop, gym, Pakistani restaurant and cleaner.

The suburb is also home to the *Weetangera Neighbourhood Oval*. The ACT Government announced restoration plans for the oval in June 2012, committing $4 million to three ovals, including the Weetangera oval, over a three-year period. The money is for the installation of irrigation systems, synthetic cricket wickets and practice nets, floodlights and a small pavilion and toilet block.

## Educational institutions

Both Weetangera Primary School (1973–present) and Weetangera Preschool.

### Historic Public School

The first Public School (pre-High School) was sited on land of the original farming property, and opened on 27 April 1875, with 27 students. The first teacher was Mr Ewan Cameron, a member of the Weetangera community and a parent of a student.

The site is between (beside) the present Belconnen Way (north) and Smith and Kinleyside Streets (south). It now a park, with children's play area, with several lines of pine trees that were planted by students of the original school in about 1919 and 1928/9 (Arbor Day).

## People honoured in the streets of Weetangera

The street names in Weetangera are predominantly named for ACT pioneers:

* Abernethy Street – James Abernethy (1830–1920), an overseer and later superintendent of \`Yarralumla Station', 1857–63; schoolmaster and clerk at St John the Baptist Church, 1863–80.
* Bambridge Street – Edwin Elijah Bambridge (1815–1879), who planted some of the first willow trees along the Molonglo River.
* Belconnen Way – "Belconnen" was originally the name of a pioneer's homestead and later of a rural district of the ACT.
* Coppin Place – John Coppin (born *circa* 1840). Coppins Crossing, across the lower Molonglo River, is also named for John Coppin.
* Coulter Drive – Robert Charles Coulter (1864–1956); an architect and landscape painter and the co-designer of an award-winning plan in the competition for a Design for the National Capital held in 1911.
* Crace Street – Edward Kendall Crace (1844–1892); one of the original settlers in the Gungahlin area becoming one of the largest landholders in the district; purchased the 'Gungahlin' and 'Ginninderra' properties from William Davis in 1877 and also acquired 'Charnwood'.
* Darmody Street – John Darmody (1817–1877); employed at 'Duntroon Station' in 1858.
* Davis Street – William Davis, senior (1821–1876); arrived in the colony from England on 6 March 1842 on the *Palestine* with his wife, Jane Elizabeth (née Weston) and several of their children; went to 'Lanyon', home of his daughter and son-in-law; the family moved to Booroomba, where they remained until the early 1860s; sold the property to Charles McKeahnie; Davis then moved to Ginninderra Cottage where he remained until the early 1870s after which he moved to Goulburn; he died in 1876 and his wife died in 1888.
* De Salis Street – Leopold Fabius Dietegen Fane de Salis (1816–1898); a pioneer pastoralist and politician. He purchased Cuppacumbalong Station in 1856; De Salis was the Member for Queanbeyan, 1864–69 and a Member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, 1874–98.
* Gibbes Place – Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes (1828–1897); owned Yarralumla sheep station between 1858 and 1881, purchased from Sir Terence Aubrey Murray and sold to Frederick Campbell.
* Gillespie Street – John Gillespie (1809–1889); owned 'Horse Park Station', Ginninderra, 1856–89.
* Harcourt Street – George Harcourt (died 1893), a storekeeper in Ginninderra.
* Jones Place – Thomas Jones (1812–1887); arrived in the district in 1825; carpenter and farmer; held land at Rocky Gully near Mulligan's Flat, Gungahlin District.
* Kilby Crescent – William Kilby (1811–1902); settled at 'Lands End' in Weetangera.
* Kinleyside Crescent – George Kinleyside (1820–1886); was a blacksmith and the Postmaster at Ainslie between 1884 and 1886.
* Line Place – Thomas Harrington Line (1828–1878); a schoolteacher at Canberra, 1858–60; Superintendent of 'Duntroon Station', 1860; also worked the 'Glebe Farm', 1859.
* Mathieson Crescent – William Mathieson (1837–1882); a shepherd on 'Ginninderra Station' from 1860 to 1882.
* Mayo Street – Alfred William Mayo (1856–1936); a pioneering farmer of the Majura area.
* McKeahnie Street – Charles McKeahnie (1809–1903); owner, at various times, of properties in Boboyan, Gudgenby, Orroral and Booroomba areas. He and his wife Elizabeth came to Australia from Scotland in 1838. They were the grandparents of Charlie McKeahnie, who some historians believe to be the inspiration for the poem 'The Man from Snowy River' by Banjo Paterson.
* McLachlan Crescent – Allan McLachlan (1835–1878); the manager of "Duntroon Station" in 1876.
* Morton Street – Andrew Morton (1812–1881); a pioneer medical practitioner and coroner in the Queanbeyan district.
* Mowle Place – Stewart Majoribanks Mowle (1822–1908); employed at 'Yarralumla Station' between 1838 and 1845.
* O'Rourke Street – Terence O'Rourke (1831–1896); employed on 'Duntroon Station' during the 1850s.
* Packer Street – William James Packer (1793–1881); the first settler at Gundaroo in 1824, who owned 'Esthermead Estate'.
* Plummer Street – Levi Plummer (1822–1876); settled at Weetangera in the early 1870s; died after falling from a horse in 1876; his wife, Frances (née Guthridge), died in 1891.
* Shumack Street – Richard Shumack (1817–1887); father of Samuel Shumack and employed at 'Duntroon Station' between 1856 and 1858 and later with his son, Samuel, established 'Springvale Station' at Weetangera.
* Smith Street – named for ACT pioneer clergymen.
* Southwell Street – Thomas Southwell (1813–1881); the owner of "Parkwood" station from 1854. Southwell was responsible for the introduction of Methodism into the Weetangera area.
* Springvale Drive – named for a homestead in the Weetangera area established by Samuel Shumack and his father Richard Shumack in 1866.
* Vest Place – Richard Vest (1855–1922); an overseer at 'Yarralumla Station', 1897–1911.
* Webb Place – George Solomon Webb (1783–1868); a pioneer settler in the Tidbinbilla area, 1833; married to Sarah Rolfe, the step-daughter of Timothy Beard. Their eldest daughter Eliza Webb married John McDonald, the son of the original settlers at Uriarra. Mount Eliza in Tidbinbilla is believed to be named in her honour.
* Weetangera Place – the name has been associated with the area since the days of the early settlers.

## Geology

Silurian age green grey rhyodacite of the Walker Volcanics underlie the whole suburb.

## InfoBox

| Weetangera
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory | |
| --- | --- |
| Site of original Weetangera school, looking north to Belconnen Way. | |
| Weetangera | |
| Coordinates | 35°15′00″S 149°02′56″E / 35.250°S 149.049°E / -35.250; 149.049 |
| Population | 2,795 (SAL 2021) |
| Gazetted | 22 August 1968 |
| Postcode(s) | 2614 |
| Area | 1.6 km2 (0.6 sq mi) |
| District | Belconnen |
| Territory electorate(s) | Ginninderra |
| Federal division(s) | Canberra |
| **Suburbs around Weetangera:**  Scullin Page Belconnen  Hawker Weetangera Macquarie  Cook | |


title: West Japan Industrial Club

abstract: The West Japan Industrial Club is in Tobata ward, Kitakyushu. It was designed by Tatsuno Kingo and is his only surviving private house. The building is a national cultural asset which is open to the public twice a year. There is a Japanese style house attached to the main house. The house was originally built for Matsumoto Kenjiro who was a wealthy industrialist and founded nearby Kyushu Institute of Technology. There is a restaurant and concerts are also held here. It was the site of one scene from the 2003 movie about Richard Sorge called Spy Sorge.

text:
# West Japan Industrial Club

The **West Japan Industrial Club** (*Nishi Nihon Kogyo Kurabu* 西日本工業倶楽部 or former Matsumoto residence) is in Tobata ward, Kitakyushu. It was designed by Tatsuno Kingo and is his only surviving private house.

The building is a national cultural asset which is open to the public twice a year. There is a Japanese style house attached to the main house. The house was originally built for Matsumoto Kenjiro who was a wealthy industrialist and founded nearby Kyushu Institute of Technology.

There is a restaurant and concerts are also held here. It was the site of one scene from the 2003 movie about Richard Sorge called Spy Sorge.

33°53′05″N 130°50′12″E / 33.88472°N 130.83667°E / 33.88472; 130.83667


abstract: The Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris is a Japanese international school located in Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France, in the Paris Metropolitan Area. The school is located in proximity to Versailles. Japanese is the primary language of instruction while students also take French classes. The school serves ages 6 through 15. Marie Conte-Holm, author of The Japanese and Europe: Economic and Cultural Encounters, wrote that the bus route to and from the school "essentially determines" where Japanese families with children settle in Greater Paris. She also wrote that "While some Japanese children attend local schools for a proportion of their time in France, even the more internationally minded Japanese parents will transfer their offspring to the Japanese School for reorientation during the latter part of their stay." As of 2020 the school is led by Principal Onoe.

text:
# Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris

The **Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris** ("French-Japanese Cultural Institute - Japanese School of Paris" - Japanese: 日仏文化学院パリ日本人学校 *Nichifutsu Bunka Gakuin Pari Nihonjin Gakkō*) is a Japanese international school located in Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France, in the Paris Metropolitan Area. The school is located in proximity to Versailles. Japanese is the primary language of instruction while students also take French classes.

The school serves ages 6 through 15. Marie Conte-Holm, author of *The Japanese and Europe: Economic and Cultural Encounters*, wrote that the bus route to and from the school "essentially determines" where Japanese families with children settle in Greater Paris. She also wrote that "While some Japanese children attend local schools for a proportion of their time in France, even the more internationally minded Japanese parents will transfer their offspring to the Japanese School for reorientation during the latter part of their stay."

As of 2020 the school is led by Principal Onoe (小野江 校長).

## History

The Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry established the Japanese School in 1973. It was located in Trocadéro in the 16th arrondissement of Paris and it had opened with 100 students. In the 1980s the school expanded rapidly. In 1990 it moved to a building that had been erected to serve as the Japanese school. Japanese companies had funded the new school building. That year, the school had 563 students in elementary school and junior high school. In 1991 it had 500 students, around the time of its peak enrollment and the time of peak investment from Japanese companies. Since then a Japanese recession occurred. In 2013 the school had 380 students.

## Operations and curriculum

The school committee overseeing the school includes representatives of Japanese companies with offices in the Paris area. The tuition paid by parents is comparable to tuition at Japanese private schools.

The school emphasizes the maintenance and cultivation of Japaneseness in its students while also promoting international understanding. As part of the latter, the school has its ninth grade students participate in class exchange visits with area French schools, and the Japanese school and the French schools partake in events in the School Festival compete in the Annual Sports Day. In addition, the Japanese school offers Saturday morning Japanese classes to the local community.

### Curriculum

The Japanese Ministry of Education sets the curriculum, which is intended to provide a Japanese-style education and allow students to re-enter Japanese schools. The ministry also sends teachers to teach at the Japanese school. The school has no Saturday morning programme so seven classes per day are offered instead of six. The local authority requires the school to offer French classes for two to three hours per week, so the school uses French and Japanese French-language teachers.

## Transport

The school runs eight daily buses throughout the Paris area to pick up and drop off students.

* Conte-Helm, Marie. *The Japanese and Europe: Economic and Cultural Encounters* (Bloomsbury Academic Collections). A&C Black, December 17, 2013. ISBN 1780939809, 9781780939803.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| École Japonaise de Paris
パリ日本人学校 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 7 rue Jean-Pierre Timbaud 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux FRANCE
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
France | |
| Coordinates | 48°47′29″N 2°02′05″E / 48.7913°N 2.0346°E / 48.7913; 2.0346 |
| Information | |
| Type | Primary & middle school |
| Grades | 1-9 |
| Website | www.parinichi.com |


title: Rosa Asmundsen

abstract: Rosa Anna Charlotte Asmundsen was a Norwegian actress and singer.

text:
# Rosa Asmundsen

**Rosa Anna Charlotte Asmundsen** (29 December 1846 – 15 January 1911) was a Norwegian actress and singer.

## Early life

Rosa Anna Charlotte Asmundsen was born on 29 December 1846 in Christiania (now Oslo) to Italian plaster manufacturer Giovanni Baldani and Anna Eriksdatter. She married the actor Jacob Hveding Asmundsen (1841–1910) and together they were the parents of actor Sigurd Asmundsen (1871–1934).

## Career

She excelled as a child actress and had several roles at the Christiania Theatre, including the boy roles of Egil in *The Vikings at Helgeland* (1858–1859) and the title role in *Ole Lukøje* (1860).

She made her adult debut at the Christiania Theatre in the spring of 1865, as Thora in *Et Enfoldigt Pigebarn*. From 1865 to 1867, she performed at the Folketeatret in Christiania and participated in the theatre's tour to Sweden, with performances in Gothenburg and Stockholm in August 1866. From 1867 to 1868, she performed with Theodor Cortes' travelling company.

At a performance of Christian Monsen's play *Gudbrandsdølerne* in Bergen in 1869, it was said that Asmundsen portrayed the role of Gudrun with "with a grace and sincerity that one is not so often accustomed to seeing on our stage. The truth and naturalness with which she performed her part made one forget that it was a play that was only seen and heard by Gudrun herself".

She continued touring with her husband as part of F. A. Cetti's company in 1871–1872, with performances in Trondheim, Bergen, and Tinn. Then, from 1872 to 1874, they were with E. J. Hafgren at Møllergatens theatre and at Christiania Theatre from 1874 to 1876. It was there she distinguished herself through several singing roles, such as Zerlina in *Don Giovanni* and as Cherubino in *The Marriage of Figaro*.

Asmundsen was employed by the Den Nationale Scene in Bergen from its opening in 1876 until summer 1903. There she would often play the role of soubrette, the beautiful, mischievous and merry chambermaid. In 1903, she retired because she no longer had the physical capacity required to perform. She was financially supported by the theatre, becoming its first retiree.

## Death

Asmundsen died on 15 January 1911 in Bergen, at the age of 64.

## InfoBox

| Rosa Asmundsen | |
| --- | --- |
| Rosa Asmundsen in 1868 | |
| Born | Rosa Anna Charlotte Baldani
(1846-12-29)29 December 1846
Christiania, Norway |
| Died | 11 January 1911(1911-01-11) (aged 64)
Bergen, Norway |
| Spouse | Jacob Hveding Asmundsen  (m. 1868; died 1910) |


title: USJA Carquefou

abstract: USJA Carquefou is a French football team currently playing in Championnat National based in Carquefou, Loire-Atlantique.

text:
# USJA Carquefou

47°17′05″N 1°28′56″W / 47.284706°N 1.482268°W / 47.284706; -1.482268

**USJA Carquefou** is a French football team currently playing in Championnat National based in Carquefou, Loire-Atlantique.

## History

The club was founded in 1942 as merger of two local clubs, *Union Sportive de Carquefou* and *Jeanne d'Arc de Carquefou*, the latter being a sports team whose football section was founded three years earlier.

During the 2007–2008 season, Carquefou had a very successful Coupe de France campaign, reaching the quarter-finals in the competition after having defeated Olympique Marseille in the round of 16 despite the club's amateur status. Carquefou continued successes and promoted to CFA after winning Group G of CFA 2 in 2008–2009 season. Carquefou finally won Group D of CFA and promoted to Championnat National once in 2011–12 season.

## Current squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  FRA Alexandre Bouchard  2 DF  FRA Marc Fachan  3 DF  FRA Philippe Billy  5 MF  FRA Vincent Durand  6 MF  FRA Damien Fachan  7 FW  CGO Rahavi Kifoueti  8 MF  FRA Steven Pinto-Borges  9 FW  FRA Sacha Clemence  10 MF  MAR Hamza Hafidi  11 FW  FRA Florian Jégu  12 MF  GAB Merlin Tandjigora  14 DF  FRA Romain Gravelaine  15 DF  FRA Arnaud Maire | No. Pos. Nation Player  16 GK  FRA Alban Joinel  17 FW  CMR Jean-Pierre N'Samé  18 FW  GAB Fabrice Do Marcolino  19 FW  FRA Lassana Doucouré  20 DF  FRA Yoann David  21 DF  COD Hérita Ilunga  24 DF  FRA Loïc Guillon  25 FW  CIV Henry Gbizié  27 DF  FRA Pierre Gibaud  28 FW  FRA Aurélien Gazeau  30 GK  FRA Charles Cieslinsky  31 GK  FRA Valentin Prevost |
| --- | --- |

## Reserve squad

The Reserve team played in the DH Atlantique.

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  GK  FRA David Alexandre Denieul  GK  FRA Loïc Vincent  DF  FRA Kessim Badri  DF  FRA Valentin Broudic  DF  FRA Romain Fromentin  DF  FRA François Guihard  DF  FRA Maxime Ranguilla  DF  FRA Philippe Nana Tonzi  DF  FRA David Vespuce | No. Pos. Nation Player  MF  FRA David Bénéfix  MF  FRA Bastien Clavaud  MF  FRA Sébastien Delatouche  MF  FRA Pierre Marceul  MF  FRA Karim Merbah  MF  FRA Jean Philippe Roussel  FW  FRA Thomas Audren  FW  FRA Erwan Bertray |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

Carquefou
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Union Sportive de la Jeanne d’Arc<br>de Carquefou |
| Nickname(s) | Les Verts et Blancs (The Green and Whites) |
| Founded | 1942 |
| Ground | Stade du Moulin-Boisseau, Carquefou |
| Capacity | 3,500 |
| Chairman | Michel Auray |
| Manager | Denis Renaud |
| League | National |
| 2012-13 | Championnat National, 6th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Karm Chawla

abstract: Karm Chawla is an Indian cinematographer and director known for his works on the Kannada Blockbuster Hit Kirik Party and the Kannada cult-classic Ulidavaru Kandanthe. He also directed the Kannada Sports Drama titled 10 with actor Vinay Rajkumar.

text:
# Karm Chawla

**Karm Chawla** is an Indian cinematographer and director known for his works on the Kannada Blockbuster Hit Kirik Party and the Kannada cult-classic Ulidavaru Kandanthe. He also directed the Kannada Sports Drama titled 10 (2022 film) with actor Vinay Rajkumar.

## Personal life

Karm received his early education at St. George's College, Mussoorie. At Hansraj College, Delhi University, he pursued B.A. English Honours. He is also an alumni of the esteemed L.V. Prasad Film & Television Academy.

## Career

Karm's first Kannada film was cult-classic Ulidavaru Kandanthe starring Rakshit Shetty. He then worked on Vascodigama and Run Anthony.

Karm's next Kannada film was Kirik Party, a blockbuster hit. His work for Rakshit Shetty's most big scale ambitious project "Avane Srimannarayana", although not as successful as Kirik Party at the box-office, received positive reception for its cinematography. He debuted as a director with 10 (2022 film). He has also worked on Telugu films such as Chaavu Kaburu Challaga, Pakka Commercial, Ravi Teja's Eagle (2024 film).

## Filmography

Key
|  | Denotes films that have not yet been released |
| --- | --- |

**As Cinematographer**

| Year | Film | Director | Producer | Cinematographer | Writer | Language | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *Ulidavaru Kandanthe* |  |  | Yes |  | Kannada |  |
| 2015 | *Vascodigama* |  |  | Yes |  | Kannada |  |
| 2016 | *Run Anthony* |  |  | Yes |  | Kannada |  |
| | *Kirik Party* |  |  | Yes |  | Kannada |  |
| 2018 | *Humble Politician Nograj* |  |  | Yes |  | Kannada |  |
| 2019 | *Yaana* |  |  | Yes |  | Kannada |  |
| 2019 | *Avane Srimannarayana* |  |  | Yes |  | Kannada |  |
| 2021 | *Chaavu Kaburu Challaga* |  |  | Yes |  | Telugu |  |
| | *Sakutumba Sametha* |  |  | Yes |  | Kannada |  |
| 2022 | *Pakka Commercial* |  |  | Yes |  | Telugu |  |
| | *10 (2022 film)* | Yes |  | Yes |  | Kannada | Debut film as Director |
| 2024 | *Eagle (2024 film)* |  |  | Yes |  | Telugu |  |
| 2025 | Richard Antony: Lord of the Sea |  |  | Yes |  | Kannada |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Karm Chawla | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Karm Chawla<br>(1985-10-13) 13 October 1985 |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupations | * Cinematographer * Director |
| Years active | 2014–present |


title: Wales in the High Middle Ages

abstract: Wales in the High Middle Ages covers the 11th to 13th centuries in Welsh history. Beginning shortly before the Norman invasion of the 1060s and ending with the Conquest of Wales by Edward I between 1278 and 1283, it was a period of significant political, cultural and social change for the country.

text:
# Wales in the High Middle Ages

**Wales in the High Middle Ages** covers the 11th to 13th centuries in Welsh history. Beginning shortly before the Norman invasion of the 1060s and ending with the Conquest of Wales by Edward I between 1278 and 1283, it was a period of significant political, cultural and social change for the country.

## History

### United Wales

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was the only ruler to be able to unite Wales under his rule. In 1055, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn killed his rival Gruffydd ap Rhydderch in battle and recaptured Deheubarth.

Originally king of Gwynedd, by 1057 he was the ruler of Wales and had annexed parts of England around the border. He ruled Wales with no internal battles. His territories were again divided into the traditional kingdoms.

Historian John Davies stated that Gruffydd was, "the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales... Thus, from about 1057 until his death in 1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn. For about seven brief years, Wales was one, under one ruler, a feat with neither precedent nor successor." During this time, between 1053 and 1063, Wales lacked any internal strife and was at peace.

### Anglo-Norman conflict

At the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the dominant ruler in Wales was Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, who was king of Gwynedd and Powys. While the Normans consolidated their power in England, in the judgement of historian Rees Davies, Wales was "utterly peripheral to their ambitions and concerns". Welsh support for Eadric the Wild and Edwin of Mercia in their efforts opposing Norman rule led the Normans to turn their attention to Wales. The initial Norman successes were in the south, where William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford overran the Kingdom of Gwent before 1070. By 1074 the forces of the Earl of Shrewsbury were ravaging Deheubarth.

The killing of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn in 1075 led to civil war and gave the Normans an opportunity to seize lands in northern Wales. In 1081, Gruffudd ap Cynan, who had just won the throne of Gwynedd from Trahaearn ap Caradog at the Battle of Mynydd Carn, was enticed to a meeting with the Earl of Chester and Earl of Shrewsbury and promptly seized and imprisoned, leading to the seizure of much of Gwynedd by the Normans.

Rhys ap Tewdwr of Deheubarth was killed in 1093 in Brycheiniog, and his kingdom was seized and divided between various Norman lordships. The Norman conquest of Wales appeared virtually complete.

In 1094, however, there was a general Welsh revolt against Norman rule, and gradually territories were won back. Gruffudd ap Cynan was eventually able to build a strong kingdom in Gwynedd. His son, Owain Gwynedd, allied with Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, won a crushing victory over the Normans at the Battle of Crug Mawr in 1136 and annexed Ceredigion. Owain followed his father on the throne of Gwynedd the following year and ruled until his death in 1170. He was able to profit from the Anarchy in England to extend the borders of Gwynedd further east than ever before as Stephen of Blois and the Empress Matilda were engaged in a struggle for the English throne.

The Kingdom of Powys also had a strong ruler at this time in Madog ap Maredudd, but when his death in 1160 was quickly followed by the death of his heir, Llywelyn ap Madog, Powys was split into two parts and never subsequently reunited.

Norman England held control of much of the Welsh borders and southern agricultural land. This area began, by the 12th century, to be referred to as the Marches (from the French word for a border), whereas the uplands became known as Pura Wallia. The Normans spoke Norman French, but they imported English speaking peasants into lands they controlled, and acted as colonial overlords. Henry I invited Flemish immigrants into Pembrokeshire, fleeing their recently inundated homelands. Here they established a cloth industry. It is not clear what happened to the local populations when these immigrant colonies were created, but medieval writers write of ethnic tensions and conflict, and a century later Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great), Prince of Gwynedd, attacked the area, and slaughtered the Flemish people.

In the south, Gruffydd ap Rhys was killed in 1137, but his four sons, who all ruled Deheubarth in turn, were eventually able to win back most of their grandfather's kingdom from the Normans. The youngest of the four, Rhys ap Gruffydd, ruled from 1155 to 1197. In 1171 Rhys met Henry II of England and came to an agreement with him whereby Rhys had to pay a tribute but was confirmed in all his conquests and was later named Justiciar of South Wales. Rhys held a festival of poetry and song at his court at Cardigan over Christmas 1176, which is generally regarded as the first recorded Eisteddfod. Owain Gwynedd's death led to the splitting of Gwynedd between his sons, while Rhys made Deheubarth dominant in Wales for a time.

### Llywelyn the Great and Llywelyn the Last

Out of the power struggle in Gwynedd eventually arose one of the greatest of Welsh leaders, Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn Fawr (the Great), who was sole ruler of Gwynedd by 1200 and by his death in 1240 was effectively ruler of much of Wales. Llywelyn made his 'capital' and headquarters at Abergwyngregyn on the north coast, overlooking the Menai Strait. In 1200 Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great) became King of Gwynedd and agreed to a treaty of peace with King John of England, marrying his illegitimate daughter Joan. 1208 Llywelyn claimed the Kingdom of Powys after the arrest of Gwenwynwyn ap Owain. Powys was left vulnerable following Gwenwynwyn's arrest by King John, who disapproved of his attacks on Marcher Lords of the South.

King John achieved greater dominance over Wales and in 1211, he took the son of Llywelyn the Great as hostage, and also forced the surrender of territory in north-east Wales. Llywelyn's son, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, and other hostages were used as security by the king. However the Welsh and Scots joined English rebel Barons in forcing John to sign Magna Carta of 1215. The document therefore holds specific Welsh provisions. These included the return of lands and liberties to Welshmen if those lands and liberties had been taken by English (and vice versa) without a law abiding judgement of their peers. Also the immediate return of Gruffydd and the other Welsh hostages.

Llywelyn went on to gain dominance over all Wales the following year and in 1218, after the death of John in 1218, Llywelyn and King Henry II agreed to the treaty of Worcester which again confirmed Llywelyn's right to Wales until his death in 1240. His son Dafydd ap Llywelyn followed him as ruler of Gwynedd, but King Henry III of England would not allow him to inherit his father's position elsewhere in Wales. War broke out in 1241. On 29 August 1241, under the terms of the Treaty of Gwerneigron, Dafydd II gave up all his lands outside Gwynedd. The conflict broke out again in 1245, and was still in the balance when Dafydd died suddenly at Abergwyngregyn, without leaving an heir in early 1246. Llywelyn the Great's other son, Gruffudd had been killed trying to escape from the Tower of London in 1244. Gruffudd had left four sons, and a period of internal conflict between three of these ended in the rise to power of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (also known as *Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf*; *Llywelyn, Our Last Leader*).

The Treaty of Montgomery in 1267 confirmed Llywelyn in control, directly or indirectly, over a large part of Wales. Edward I disapproved of Llywelyn's alliance with Simon de Montfort, who revolted along with other barons against the English king in the second barons' war of 1264-1267 and war followed in 1277. Llywelyn was obliged to seek terms, and the Treaty of Aberconwy greatly restricted his authority. War broke out again when Llywelyn's brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd attacked Hawarden Castle on Palm Sunday 1282. On 11 December 1282, Llywelyn was lured into a meeting in Cilmeri in Builth Wells castle with unknown Marchers, where he was killed and his army subsequently destroyed. His brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd continued an increasingly forlorn resistance. He was captured in June 1283 and was hanged, drawn and quartered at Shrewsbury. This ended Welsh independence and in effect, Wales became England's first colony until it was finally annexed through the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542.

1. Pierce 1959.
2. Maund 1991, p. 216.
3. Maund 2006, pp. 87–97.
4. Davies 1993, p. 100.
5. Maund 2006.
6. Davies 1987, pp. 28–30.
7. Davies 2000, p. 27.
8. Davies 2000, pp. 27–28.
9. Maund 2006, p. 110.
10. Lloyd 1912, p. 398.
11. Maund 2006, pp. 162–171.
12. Lloyd 1912, pp. 508–509.
13. Johnes 2019, pp. 25.
14. Johnes 2019, pp. 28.
15. Lloyd 1912, p. 536.
16. Moore 2007, pp. 108–9.
17. Moore 2007, p. 124.
18. Carpenter 2015.
19. Lloyd 1912, p. 693.
20. Davies 2000, p. 348.
21. Davies 2000, p. 353.

### Bibliography

* Carpenter, David (2015). "Magna Carta: Wales, Scotland and Ireland". Hansard.
* Davies, John (1993). *A History of Wales*. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-028475-3.
* Davies, R. R. (1987). *Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063–1415*. History of Wales. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821732-3.
* Davies, R. R. (2000). *The Age of Conquest*. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208785.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-820878-5.
* Johnes, Martin (25 August 2019). *Wales: England's Colony?*. Parthian Books. ISBN 978-1-912681-56-3.
* Lloyd, John Edward (1912). *A History of Wales: From the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest*. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.  via Internet Archive.
* Maund, K. L. (1991). *Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century*. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3.
* Maund, Kari (2006). *The Welsh Kings: Warriors, Warlords and Princes* (3rd ed.). Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2973-6.
* Moore, David (10 January 2007). *The Welsh Wars of Independence*. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9648-1. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
* Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". *Dictionary of Welsh Biography*. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 23 March 2023.


title: PictureBook Games: Pop-Up Pursuit

abstract: PictureBook Games: Pop-Up Pursuit is a party video game developed by Japanese studio Grounding Inc. and published by Nintendo for the Wii's WiiWare download service. It was released on March 26, 2009 in Japan for 1000 Nintendo Points, on August 17, 2009 in North America for 800 points and in the PAL regions on October 23, 2009, also for 800 points. The game takes the form of a board game set inside a pop-up picture book. The game supports up to four players with optional computer-controlled players taking the place of spots not filled by human players.

text:
# PictureBook Games: Pop-Up Pursuit

***PictureBook Games: Pop-Up Pursuit*** (***Asoberu Ehon Tobida Sugoroku!*** in Japan) is a party video game developed by Japanese studio Grounding Inc. and published by Nintendo for the Wii's WiiWare download service. It was released on March 26, 2009 in Japan for 1000 Nintendo Points, on August 17, 2009 in North America for 800 points and in the PAL regions on October 23, 2009, also for 800 points.

The game takes the form of a board game set inside a pop-up picture book. The game supports up to four players with optional computer-controlled players taking the place of spots not filled by human players.

## InfoBox

| PictureBook Games: Pop-Up Pursuit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Grounding Inc. |
| Publisher(s) | Nintendo |
| Platform(s) | WiiWare |
| Release | * JP: March 26, 2009 * PAL: October 23, 2009 * NA: August 17, 2009 |
| Genre(s) | Party |


title: West Javan langur

abstract: The West Javan langur is an Old World monkey from the Colobinae subfamily. It was formerly considered a subspecies of Trachypithecus auratus until it was elevated to a separate species by Roos and Groves. It is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. Its range is restricted to the island of Java west of Jakarta. Its range is currently restricted to Ujung Kulon National Park, Muara Angke Wildlife Reserve and Muara Gembong due to industrial development, habitat fragmentation and the disconnection of protected areas. They are known to eat the leaves and fruits of Sonneratia in mangroves.

text:
# West Javan langur

The **West Javan langur** (***Trachypithecus mauritius***) is an Old World monkey from the Colobinae subfamily. It was formerly considered a subspecies of *Trachypithecus auratus* until it was elevated to a separate species by Roos and Groves. It is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. Its range is restricted to the island of Java west of Jakarta. Its range is currently restricted to Ujung Kulon National Park, Muara Angke Wildlife Reserve and Muara Gembong due to industrial development, habitat fragmentation and the disconnection of protected areas. They are known to eat the leaves and fruits of Sonneratia in mangroves.

## InfoBox

| West Javan langur | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | *Trachypithecus* |
| *Species group*: | *Trachypithecus cristatus* group |
| Species: | ***T. mauritius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trachypithecus mauritius***
(Griffith, 1821) | |
|


title: Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire

abstract: IFAN is a cultural and scientific institute in the nations of the former French West Africa. Founded in Dakar, Senegal in 1938 as the Institut français d’Afrique noire, the name was changed only in 1966. It was headquartered in what is now the building of the IFAN Museum of African Arts. Since its founding, its charge was to study the language, history, and culture of the peoples ruled by French colonialism in Africa.

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# Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire

**IFAN** (**I.F.A.N.**, **Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire** or **Fundamental Institute of Black Africa**) is a cultural and scientific institute in the nations of the former French West Africa. Founded in Dakar, Senegal in 1938 as the **Institut français d’Afrique noire** (French Institute of Black Africa), the name was changed only in 1966. It was headquartered in what is now the building of the IFAN Museum of African Arts. Since its founding, its charge was to study the language, history, and culture of the peoples ruled by French colonialism in Africa.

## Early history

IFAN first formed from a combination of three forces: the French colonial "Civilizing mission", the desire for more efficient Indirect rule through the understanding of African cultures, and research into the resources of the French dominion in Africa. Governors General Ernest Roume (1902–1908) and William Ponty (1908–1914) oversaw a reorganization of the French higher educational system in the colonies, and placing Georges Hardy in charge, moved the colonial administration into a model which used elements from both a "Direct", Assimilationist policy and an Indirect, rule by African proxy policy. The first required educational resources be created provided for the small minority of "*assimilated*" Africans, while the later required French colonial administrators be educated in the workings of African societies. To these ends, Hardy oversaw the creation of the École normale supérieure William Ponty (under the administration of François Joseph Clozel), the publication *Bulletin de l'Enseigement en AOF*, and the *Comite d'etudes historiques et scientifiques de l'AOF* (1918). This last, immensely successful as a scientific journal, inaugurated what one historian has called an era of "..knowledge and control."

These imperial (or at best paternalist) scientific tools were turned on their head in a number of ways. First, the African higher education system (and the École William Ponty in particular) became the incubator for the political leaders of the independence movement. The study of African cultures, though invaluable to modern historians, did little to legitimize French rule through their Chefs du Canton, but it did provide Francophone West Africans (such as Léopold Senghor) with the materials to bolster their sense of cultural importance, as demonstrated in the Negritude movement. Finally, Europeans and Africans who opposed colonial rule came together in the years after the founding of IFAN in Dakar. IFAN was first conceived as an integration of various French colonial research systems in the early 1930s, and the vision was one of putting science to the service of the colonial project. Jules Brévié, governor of French West Africa from 1930 to 1936, wrote that "colonization needs scholars, impartial and disinterested researchers with broad vision, outside of the urgency and fire of action. He wanted a methodical research program into colonial history and African culture, and lobbied for an official scientific institute to undertake geographical, ethnographic and historical research.

The Popular Front government, in 1936, converted the *Comite d'etudes historiques et scientifiques de l'AOF* into the Dakar-based IFAN, and placed naturalist Théodore Monod at its head. From the opening of the institute in 1938, Monod sought to promote Africans into positions of authority in IFAN, such as ethnologist Amadou Hampâté Bâ. With the end of the Second World War, an influx of African intellectuals and French radicals (such as Jean Suret-Canale) found homes in IFAN and its branches, some taking part in political agitation through organisations like the Senegalese Popular Front, the RDA, and the Communist Study Groups of the 1940s.

As independence loomed in the 1950s, IFAN became an increasingly African institution. It formed a parallel National Archives to the Archives of the Governor General in Dakar, with Monod and the IFAN answering directly to the Minister of Overseas France \- a rare degree of autonomy under the AOF system. By independence IFAN had offices in Saint-Louis, Abidjan, Bamako, Cotonou, Niamey, Ouagadougou, associated centers in Douala and Lomé, and permanent scientific research stations in Atar, Diafarabé, and Mont-Nimba. The 1940s and 50s saw more such projects undertaken, such as the 1943 *Office of Colonial Scientific Research* (Now the ORSTOM Soil Research Centre in Dakar-Hann) and the University of Dakar in 1957. Each of these institutions, begun as colonial instruments, evolved with the coming of independence into African tools to meet African needs.

## Independence

By independence in 1960 IFAN had branches across French West Africa, in all the cities which were to become the capitals of independent states. The Dakar IFAN was transferred to Cheikh Anta Diop University in 1960, and Monod was kept on as director until 1965. In 1986 it was officially renamed "*IFAN Cheikh Anta Diop*", and maintains budgets, administration and staff independent of the university. It is today one of the most prestigious centers for the study of African culture in the world. As the main cultural research center of the colonies of French West Africa, it contains important collections from across Francophone Africa. Most branches of IFAN, notably in Conakry (Guinea), Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire), and Bamako (Mali), became the basis for national archives and research centers. Some still retain the "IFAN" title. The IFAN of Soudan Francais became the National Museum of Mali, while IFAN of French Guinea became the *Institut National de Recherche et Documentation*: the National Library, Archives and Museum of Guinea.

## Publishing

IFAN publishes a number of academic journals. *Mémoire de l'IFAN* and *Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire* (abbreviated *BIFAN*) mostly deal with linguistics, anthropology, history and archeology. The Centre de Linguistique Appliquée de Dakar, in conjunction with IFAN, has published extensive work on the Languages of Africa, notably the multi-volume *Lexique Wolof-Français*. Other sections of IFAN have published collections on everything from the fish to the dance of the West African region.


title: Mordella velutina

abstract: Mordella velutina is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1876.

text:
# Mordella velutina

***Mordella velutina*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordella* of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1876.

## InfoBox

| *Mordella velutina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellini |
| Genus: | *Mordella* |
| Species: | ***M. velutina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordella velutina***<br>Emery, 1876 | |
|