# North Macedonia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

North Macedonia competed in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Armenia, which was held on 11 December 2022 in Yerevan. Macedonian broadcaster Macedonian Radio Television (MRT) is responsible for the country's participation in the contest, and selected Lara, Jovan and Irina as the Macedonian entrants.

## Background

Prior to the 2022 contest, North Macedonia had participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest fifteen times, under the provisional reference of "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", since its debut at the inaugural contest in 2003. North Macedonia were absent twice from the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in 2012 and 2014. They have never won the contest, with their best results being at the 2007 and 2008, represented by the duo Rosica Kulakova and Dimitar Stojmenovski, and Bobi Andonov respectively, achieving fifth place. North Macedonia continued to participate in the contest, but the country withdrew in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the 2021 contest, Dajte Muzika represented the country with the song "Green Forces" and placed 9th with a total of 114 points, being the country's first second Top 10 placement in a row since 2008.

## Before Junior Eurovision

An audition round was held on 23 June 2022 at the MRT Studios in Skopje. The selection criteria were vocal, artistic and scenic quality. On 29 June 2022, it was revealed that Lara Trpčeska and Irina Dazidovska had been selected as Macedonian entrants by the committee. Although originally not part of the act, Jovan Jakimovski was later added after Lara and Irina were selected, and on 2 November it was revealed Lara feat. Jovan and Irina will represent the country with the song "Životot e pred mene", written by Lara Trpčeska, Lara's wealthy and successful musician father Simon Trpčeski, Jovan Jakimovski and Darko Dimitrov. The song premiered on 3 November 2022 during the MRT programme *Dnevnik 2*.

## At Junior Eurovision

After the opening ceremony, which took place on 5 December 2022, it was announced that North Macedonia would perform tenth on 11 December 2022, following Ireland and preceding Spain.

### Voting

The same voting system that was introduced in the 2017 edition was used, where the results were determined by 50% online voting and 50% jury voting. Every country had a national jury that consisted of three music industry professionals and two children aged between 10 and 15 who were citizens of the country they represented. The rankings of those jurors were combined to make an overall top ten.

The online voting consisted of two phases. The first phase of the online voting began on 9 December 2022 when a recap of all the rehearsal performances was shown on the contest's website *Junioreurovision.tv* before the viewers could vote. After this, voters also had the option to watch longer one-minute clips from each participant's rehearsal. This first round of voting ended on Sunday 11 December at 15:59 CET. The second phase of the online voting took place during the live show and began right after the last performance and was open for 15 minutes. International viewers were able vote for three songs. They were also able to vote for their own country's song. These votes were then turned into points which were determined by the percentage of votes received. For example, if a song received 10% of the votes, it received 10% of the available points.

#### Detailed voting results

|
|  |
Detailed voting results from North Macedonia
| Draw | Country | Juror A | Juror B | Juror C | Juror D | Juror E | Average Rank | Points Awarded |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | Netherlands | 10 | 5 | 15 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 3 |
| 02 | Poland | 14 | 13 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 4 |
| 03 | Kazakhstan | 15 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 14 |  |
| 04 | Malta | 13 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 15 |  |
| 05 | Italy | 3 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 12 |  |
| 06 | France | 4 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
| 07 | Albania | 5 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 11 |  |
| 08 | Georgia | 7 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 8 |
| 09 | Ireland | 11 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 |
| 10 | North Macedonia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | Spain | 9 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 |
| 12 | United Kingdom | 12 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 2 |
| 13 | Portugal | 2 | 3 | 12 | 10 | 15 | 5 | 6 |
| 14 | Serbia | 6 | 12 | 3 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 1 |
| 15 | Armenia | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | **12** |
| 16 | Ukraine | 8 | 10 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 13 |  |

## Notes and references

### Notes

### References

1. Granger, Anthony (15 June 2022). "🇲🇰 North Macedonia: MRT Confirms Junior Eurovision 2022 Participation". *Eurovoix*. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
2. Granger, Anthony (22 June 2022). "🇲🇰 North Macedonia: MRT to Hold Junior Eurovision 2022 Auditions Tomorrow". *Eurovoix*. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
3. Vidal, Fernando Nicolás (29 June 2022). "Lara Trpceska e Irina Dazidovska representarán a Macedonia del Norte en Eurovisión Junior 2022". *ESCplus España* (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2022.
4. "Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003". *junioreurovision.tv*. European Broadcasting Union. 15 November 2003. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
5. Granger, Anthony (31 August 2014). "JESC history: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003". *eurovoix.com*. Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
6. "F.Y.R. Macedonia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest". *junioreurovision.tv*. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
7. Granger, Anthony (27 July 2020). "North Macedonia: MRT Will Not Participate in Junior Eurovision 2020". *Eurovoix*. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
8. Vidal, Fernando Nicolás (22 June 2022). "Macedonia del Norte seleccionará mañana a su representante para Eurovisión Junior mediante unas audiciones a puerta cerrada". *ESCplus España* (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 June 2022.
9. Vidal, Fernando Nicolás (29 June 2022). "Lara Trpceska e Irina Dazidovska representarán a Macedonia del Norte en Eurovisión Junior 2022". *ESCplus España* (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2022.
10. "Лара, Јован и Ирина со "Животот е пред мене" на Јуниорски Евросонг 2022". *mrt.com.mk*. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
11. Granger, Anthony (2 November 2022). "North Macedonia: Lara, Irina & Jovan Reveal Junior Eurovision Entry Tomorrow". *Eurovoix*. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
12. Farren, Neil (3 November 2022). "🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Lara feat. Irina & Jovan Release "Životot E Pred Mene"". *Eurovoix*. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
13. "Junior Eurovision 2022: Running Order". *Junioreurovision.tv*. 5 December 2022.
14. Granger, Anthony (15 November 2018). "Junior Eurovision 2018 – How Does The Voting Work?". *Eurovoix*.
15. "Section 8  Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022  Online Voting Terms and Conditions" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. November 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2022.
16. "Results of the Grand Final of Yerevan 2022". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 11 December 2022.

## InfoBox

| Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022 | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | North Macedonia |
| National selection | |
| Selection process | Internal selection |
| Selection date(s) | 2 November 2022 |
| Selected artist(s) | Lara feat. Jovan and Irina |
| Selected song | "Životot e pred mene" |
| Selected songwriter(s) | Lara Trpčeska
Simon Trpčeski
Jovan Trpčeski
Darko Dimitrov |
| Finals performance | |
| Final result | 14th, 54 points |
| North Macedonia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest | |
| ◄2021 **2022** 2023► | |


title: Identification of Prisoners Act

abstract: The Identification of Prisoners Act was established on 9 September 1920 that defines the legislative points governing the police and prisoners. It was the Act No. 33 of 1920. The act authorized the collection of photographs and measurements of convicts and others. It states that any person who has been convicted of a crime has to submit their photograph and other physical measurements to the police in-charge. Any refusal to comply will be considered a legal offence under Section 186 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. In 2018, requests to change the Act was placed, which stated that the Act should be modified to include Aadhaar data and biometrics details such as iris scans, signature, and voice sample.

text:
# Identification of Prisoners Act

The **Identification of Prisoners Act** was established on 9 September 1920 that defines the legislative points governing the police and prisoners. It was the Act No. 33 of 1920. The act authorized the collection of photographs and measurements of convicts and others. It states that any person who has been convicted of a crime has to submit their photograph and other physical measurements to the police in-charge. Any refusal to comply will be considered a legal offence under Section 186 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. In 2018, requests to change the Act was placed, which stated that the Act should be modified to include Aadhaar data and biometrics details such as iris scans, signature, and voice sample.


title: WAGR C class (1880)

abstract: The WAGR C Class was a class of steam locomotives built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Western Australian Government Railways in 1880 to the same design as the NZR F class.

text:
# WAGR C class (1880)

The **WAGR C Class** was a class of steam locomotives built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Western Australian Government Railways in 1880 to the same design as the NZR F class.

## History

The C class were ordered from Robert Stephenson and Company, Newcastle to operate services on the first railway line in Perth, which was the Eastern Railway from Fremantle to Guildford. However they were not ready when the line opened on 1 March 1881, with number 1 released from final assembly at Fremantle Railway Workshops the following day with number 2 entering service in May 1881. When delivered, they did not have bunkers with the wood that fired them having to be stowed in the cabs, so bunkers were retrofitted in May 1881 and August 1881. When engine class designations were introduced in 1885, they became the C class, numbered C1 and C2.

As the Perth railway network grew it became clear that the C class had insufficient fuel capacity. Both were rebuilt as 0-6-0STT saddle-tank tender engines with a small four-wheeled tender and new cylinders. This conversion necessitated the removal of the back cab wall. The original coal bunkers and cab front were retained although the bunkers were not used for coal storage.

The conversion of C1 was necessitated both through this insufficient capacity and also due to its having been involved in an accident in a crash on the Eastern Railway near Boya on 8 December 1885. It was recovered and transported back to the Fremantle Railway Workshops but did not re-enter service until 1887, when it emerged with its new tender. It had also been fitted with vacuum brakes.

Upon completion, they were reallocated to Spencers Brook to operate services to Northam, York and Beverley. Both were sold around the turn of the century for further service in the timber industry.

## Class list

| Number Builder's number In service Notes  C1 2390 2 March 1881 Sold February 1899 to Westralian Jarrah Forests, Greenbushes, remained in service until 1922 when moved with operations to Palgarup, loaned 1940 to Bunnings Brothers for construction of the Manjimup to Nyamup line, then stored, donated to WAGR and restored at Midland Railway Workshops, named *Katie* and placed on display at Perth station during Show Week 1956, remaining there until 1959 when placed in the Railway Exhibition Hall at Claremont Showground and in 1970 moved to the Western Australian Rail Transport Museum  C2 2391 May 1881 Sold February 1902 to Jarrah Timber & Wood Paving Corporation, Worsley, sold September 1913 to Bunnings Brothers and used at Lyalls Mill, Argyle, Muja, Tullis and Nyamup, withdrawn 1957 and scrapped in 1969 |
| --- |

## Preservation

C1 has been preserved at the Western Australian Rail Transport Museum.

## Namesakes

The C class designation was reused for the C class locomotives from 1902 and again in the 1960s when the C class diesel locomotives entered service.

Media related to WAGR C class (1880) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| WAGR C class | |
| --- | --- |
| C1 on display at Perth station in 1956 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder Robert Stephenson and Company  Serial number 2390-2391  Build date 1880  Total produced 2  Rebuilder Fremantle Railway Workshops  Rebuild date 1887 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-6-0T  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)  Driver dia. 3 ft 0 in (914 mm)  Wheelbase 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) (pre-rebuild)  Length 23 ft 3+12 in (7.10 m) (pre-rebuild)  Axle load 6.5 long tons (6.6 t)  Loco weight 19 long tons 4 cwt (19.5 t) (pre-rebuild)  Tender weight 5 long tons 19+12 cwt (6.07 )  Total weight 25 long tons 3+12 cwt (25.58 t) (post-rebuild)  Tender type 2 axle  Fuel type Coal (originally wood)  Fuel capacity 0.95 long tons (0.97 t) (pre-rebuild)
1.25 long tons (1.27 t) (post-rebuild)  Water cap. 350 imp gal (1,600 L; 420 US gal) (pre-rebuild)
950 imp gal (4,300 L; 1,140 US gal)  Tender cap. 600 imp gal (2,700 L; 720 US gal) of water and 1.25 long tons (1.27 t) of coal  Boiler pressure 130 psi (896 kPa)  Cylinders Two, outside  Cylinder size 10.5 in × 18 in (267 mm × 457 mm)  Loco brake Hand  Train brakes Vacuum | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 5,292 lbf (23.54 kN) | |
| Career  Operators Western Australian Government Railways  Numbers C1-C2  First run 2 March 1881  Retired 1899  Preserved C1  Disposition 1 preserved, 1 scrapped | |
| Similar to NZR F class | |


title: Hard Rock Zombies

abstract: Hard Rock Zombies is a 1985 American comedy horror film directed and co-written by Krishna Shah, and starring E.J. Curse, Geno Andrews, Sam Mann, Mick McMains, Lisa Toothman, Jennifer Coe, Ted Wells, and Jack Bliesener. The film was released by Cannon Film Distributors in September 1985. In the film, the members of a heavy metal band are murdered by a music-hating Nazi cult. They are then accidentally brought back to life as zombies, through song lyrics copied from a medieval grimoire. While the band attempts to perform music again, their song creates more zombies.

text:
# Hard Rock Zombies

***Hard Rock Zombies*** is a 1985 American comedy horror film directed and co-written by Krishna Shah, and starring E.J. Curse, Geno Andrews, Sam Mann, Mick McMains, Lisa Toothman, Jennifer Coe, Ted Wells, and Jack Bliesener. The film was released by Cannon Film Distributors in September 1985.

In the film, the members of a heavy metal band are murdered by a music-hating Nazi cult. They are then accidentally brought back to life as zombies, through song lyrics copied from a medieval grimoire. While the band attempts to perform music again, their song creates more zombies.

## Plot

Holy Moses, a rock band led by lead singer and bassist Jessie, is informed by their manager Ron that they will be performing at a small conservative Californian town in an effort to impress Don Matson, a famous record company executive whom Ron hopes will give the band a record deal. Before leaving, however, Jessie encounters a girl named Cassie, who tells him to stay away from the town.

The next day, whilst driving to the town, Ron and Holy Moses meet a young woman named Elsa, who convinces them to stay over at her family's mansion for the weekend. Whilst exploring the town, however, the band finds the locals to be unusually bigoted against them, warning them not to perform tomorrow. The town sheriff even throws them in jail for seemingly no reason, but Cassie quickly shows up and saves the band by giving them bail money. Later, Ron is brought to an emergency town council meeting which ultimately introduces a new law banning rock 'n' roll music in town. Cassie's father then grabs a shotgun, planning to do away with the band.

Back at Elsa's mansion, Jessie practices a song he has been writing based on an ancient Latin text that was supposedly used to ressurect the dead. He discovers that the magic actually works when he inadvertedly brings a dead tarantula back to life by playing the song. Meanwhile, the other band members are brutally murdered by Elsa and her mother Eva, who is actually a werewolf. Cassie rushes to Eva's mansion to warn Jessie about her father, only for Eva's groundskeeper Olaf to appear and start chasing them. Jessie gives Cassie a tape recording of the song and tells her to play it in case he gets caught, right before Olaf catches up to him and kills him with a weedwhacker.

The next morning, after the band's funeral, a now jobless Ron dines with Elsa and her family. Elsa's father suddenly reveals himself to be Adolf Hitler (in turn revealing that Eva is actually Eva Braun), who apparently faked his death and is planning to establish a Fourth Reich. Meanwhile, Cassie fulfils her promise to Jessie and plays the tape, causing Holy Moses to be ressurected as zombies. The band quickly gets revenge on their killers, killing Elsa, Eva, Olaf, Hitler and the rest of the family. Ron, having witnessed the deaths, rushes to the town hall and tries to tell everyone about what he saw. When the townsfolk go to the mansion to investigate, Hitler and the rest of the family come back as zombies and begin their own killing spree, turning many civilians into zombies, including the sheriff and Cassie's father.

Cassie escapes to a local theatre, where Holy Moses are set to perform their scheduled gig. The band arrives, as does Don Matson, who is completely unaware of the zombie epedemic in town. He watches their performance and is highly impressed, but the zombies then arrive right as the gig comes to an end, forcing Cassie to flee. Matson is attacked and turned into a zombie as the band leaves and returns to their graves. Meanwhile, the surviving townsfolk gather in a safezone, and one survivor gets the idea to sacrififce a virgin to be used a sex slave for the zombies, believing it will convince them to leave town. The townsfolk choose Cassie as their sacrifice and prepare to tie her to a tree and leave her for dead. Ron tries desperately to convince the band to come back out of their graves in order to save her. His pleading works, and the band performs a song that successfully distracts the zombies long enough for Ron to save Cassie. The band then lures the zombies into a secret underground chamber that Hitler had showed to Ron earlier. Ron activates the chamber's highly-advanced poison gases, causing all the zombies to suffocate to death, including the bandmembers. Ron decides to leave town, and as Cassie stays behind to mourn the loss of Jessie, Jessie's hand bursts out of his grave. Cassie caresses Jessie's hand and tells him she will love him forever.

## Cast

* E.J. Curse as Jessie
* Geno Andrews as Tommy
* Sam Mann as Chuck
* Mick McMains as Robby
* Lisa Toothman as Elsa
* Jennifer Coe as Cassie
* Ted Wells as Ron
* Jack Bliesener as Adolf Hitler
* Richard Vidan as Sheriff Dillon
* Phil Fondacaro as Mickey
* Crystal Shaw Martell as Mrs. Buff
* Vincent De Stefano as Olaf
* Gary Friedkin as Buckey
* Christopher Perkins as Christian
* Michael David Simms as Don Matson
* Nadia as Eva
* Susan Prevatte as Wolf Lady
* Emmanuel Shipov as Grandfather
* Stacy Stockman as Lu-Ann
* David O'Hara as Ed
* Jonathan King as Red
* Donald Moran as Ted
* David Schroeder as Cassie's Father
* John Drake as Old Man / Ancient Man
* Maria Porter as Maria
* John Fleck as Arnold

## Production

The film was made in 1983 at the same time as *American Drive-In* and featured as the drive-in movie within that film.

## Release

*Hard Rock Zombies* was released in 1985.

### Home media

On April 26, 2022, the movie was released on Blu-Ray for the first time by Vinegar Syndrome as part of a two-disk set with *Slaughterhouse Rock*.

## InfoBox

| Hard Rock Zombies | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Krishna Shah |
| Written by | David Allen Ball
Krishna Shah |
| Screenplay by | Barry Shipman
Ed Earl Repp |
| Produced by | Steve Golin
Shashi Patel
Krishna Shah
Sigurjón Sighvatsson |
| Starring | E.J. Curse
Geno Andrews
Sam Mann
Mick McMains
Lisa Toothman
Jennifer Coe
Ted Wells
Jack Bliesener |
| Cinematography | Tom Richmond |
| Edited by | Amit Bose |
| Music by | Paul Sabu |
| Production
company | Patel/Shah Film Company |
| Distributed by | Cannon Film Distributors |
| Release date | * September 1985 (1985-09) |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Queens Community Board 4

abstract: The Queens Community Board 4 is a local government in the New York City borough of Queens, encompassing the neighborhoods of Elmhurst, Corona, Corona Heights, Newtown, and also includes LeFrak City, Queens Center Mall and Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. It is delimited by Roosevelt Avenue to the north, the New York Connecting Railroad to the west, the Horace Harding Expressway to the south and Flushing Meadows Corona Park on the east.

text:
# Queens Community Board 4

The **Queens Community Board 4** is a local government in the New York City borough of Queens, encompassing the neighborhoods of Elmhurst, Corona, Corona Heights, Newtown, and also includes LeFrak City, Queens Center Mall and Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. It is delimited by Roosevelt Avenue to the north, the New York Connecting Railroad to the west, the Horace Harding Expressway to the south and Flushing Meadows Corona Park on the east.

## InfoBox

| Queens Community District 4 Queens Community Board 4 | |
| --- | --- |
| Community District | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| City | New York City |
| Borough | Queens |
| Neighborhoods | list |
| Government | |
| Type | Community board |
| Body | Queens Community Board 4 |
| Chairperson | Marialena Giampino |
| District Manager | Christian Cassagnol |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.4 sq mi (6 km2) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 142,289 |
| Density | 59,000/sq mi (23,000/km2) |
| Ethnicity | |
| African-American | 7.9% |
| Asian | 33.2% |
| Hispanic and Latino Americans | 50.7% |
| White | 6.3% |
| Others | 1.9% |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 11368, 11373, and 11377 |
| Area codes | 718, 347, and 929, and 917 |
| Police Precincts | 110th (website) |
| Website | www1.nyc.gov/site/queenscb4/index.page |
|  | |


title: Roy Mubiru

abstract: Roy Mubiru is a Ugandan powerlifter. He participated in the 2022 Strongman Championship.

text:
# Roy Mubiru

**Roy Mubiru** (born 12 December 1977) is a Ugandan powerlifter. He participated in the 2022 Strongman Championship.

## Early life

Mubiru was born to Samuel Galiko (RIP) and Justine Nakabugo. He attended Kamuli Primary School.

## Career

In 1996, Mubiru started to practice boxing at Lukanga Boxing Club in Kampala. He went to South Africa and took part in various amateur fights before joining the sport of powerlifting in 2006. He made his debut at the 2008 Gauteng Power Lifting Championships. He has taken part in various international competitions, including events in Thailand and England, such as Fame UK, where he clinched a silver medal in his weight category. In 2011 qualified for Maso Mania Deadlift competition in Las Vegas. In December 2014, he competed in the RPS Revolution Powerlifting event in Easthampton, New England, and in February 2015, he participated in the Revolution New Jersey event. After a brief hiatus, he returned to the powerlifting scene in 2018, representing the APA (American Powerlifting Association). He qualified for the WPA World Championships Powerlifting. In 2019, he ventured to Ukraine for the World Cup Championships Powerlifting after he was among the 100 participants selected for the WPA World Cup Powerlifting Invitational Championship in Washington where he won his age group category of 40–45 years under the 124 kg tested raw class. From 2019 to 2020, he attended APA and WPA powerlifting referee online courses. In October 2020, he competed in the WPA World Championships and won two gold medals in his weight category and age group. In 2023, he competed at the 2023 US World Championship in Dallas, Texas

## Community work

During the COVID pandemic time and festive seasons, Mubiru donated various foodstuffs to Ugandan powerlifters.

## Personal life

Mubiru is married to Catherine Nakate and together they have a son and 2 daughters.

## InfoBox

Roy Mubiru
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Roy Mubiru |
| Nationality | Ugandan |
| Born | (1977-12-12) 12 December 1977<br>Kampala |
| Years active | 2008 |
| Weight | 105 kg (231 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Uganda |
| Sport | Powerlifting |
| Weight class | 130 kg |
| Team | National team |
| Updated on 5 September 2023 | |


title: Pier 63

abstract: Pier 63 was the name for a former Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad railroad barge on the Hudson River in Chelsea, Manhattan, New York City. It was originally located near 23rd Street, adjacent to Chelsea Piers and Hudson River Park. It had been purchased from a used car salesman in Staten Island by John Krevey in October 1996 and delivered by a tugboat. This barge formerly carried railroad boxcars across the Hudson River before the advent of containerized freight or tunnels beneath the river. The land side of Pier 63 was formerly used as a freight transfer station for the Baltimore and Ohio railroad where freight was moved from the boxcars on the barges to local conveyance. In the spring of 2007 the barge was relocated from 23rd Street to Pier 66A at 26th Street, on the Hudson River, and was renamed Pier 66 Maritime. The barge currently has an Erie Lackawanna caboose on display. Two historical boats were primarily located here: the lightvessel Frying Pan and the fireboat John J. Harvey. On the same Pier 66A, there are storage facilities for kayaks, as well as a dock to launch. New York Water Taxi once had a stop on the Pier. John Krevey, who ran Pier 66 Maritime, died on February 4, 2011. Krevey was one of the earliest members of Friends of Hudson River Park and a member of the Friends’ board of directors until 2010.

text:
# Pier 63

**Pier 63** was the name for a former Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad railroad barge on the Hudson River in Chelsea, Manhattan, New York City. It was originally located near 23rd Street, adjacent to Chelsea Piers and Hudson River Park. It had been purchased from a used car salesman in Staten Island by John Krevey in October 1996 and delivered by a tugboat. This barge formerly carried railroad boxcars across the Hudson River before the advent of containerized freight or tunnels beneath the river. The land side of Pier 63 was formerly used as a freight transfer station for the Baltimore and Ohio railroad where freight was moved from the boxcars on the barges to local conveyance.

In the spring of 2007 the barge was relocated from 23rd Street to Pier 66A at 26th Street, on the Hudson River, and was renamed **Pier 66 Maritime**. The barge currently has an Erie Lackawanna caboose on display.

Two historical boats were primarily located here: the lightvessel *Frying Pan* and the fireboat *John J. Harvey*.

On the same Pier 66A, there are storage facilities for kayaks, as well as a dock to launch. New York Water Taxi once had a stop on the Pier.

John Krevey, who ran *Pier 66 Maritime*, died on February 4, 2011. Krevey was one of the earliest members of Friends of Hudson River Park and a member of the Friends’ board of directors until 2010.

40°45′7″N 74°0′31″W / 40.75194°N 74.00861°W / 40.75194; -74.00861


abstract: The United Kingdom, known in philatelic circles as Great Britain, released many commemorative stamps in the 1980s.

text:
# United Kingdom commemorative stamps 1980–1989

The United Kingdom, known in philatelic circles as Great Britain, released many commemorative stamps (postage stamps issued to honour or commemorate a place, event or person) in the 1980s.

## History

Postage stamps were first issued in the United Kingdom on 6 May 1840, with the introduction of the world's first adhesive postage stamp, known as the Penny Black. Until 1924, all British stamps depicted only the portrait of the reigning monarch, with the exception of the "high value" stamps (also known as the "Sea Horses" design) issued in 1913, which were twice the size of normal stamps with added pictorial design.

In 1924, the first "commemorative" stamp was issued for the British Empire Exhibition. There were then occasional issues over the next thirty years, when the frequency of new issues became more regular. From the mid-1960s, in most years, six to nine sets of commemorative stamps have been issued every year. PHQ cards, postcard-sized reproductions of commemorative stamps, have also been issued to accompany every new set of stamps since the mid-1970s.

British commemorative stamps issued between 1980 and 1989
| Issue date | Issue details | Stamps in set | Designer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1980 | | | |
| 16 January 1980 | Centenary of Wild Bird Protection Act | Four (10p, 11+12p, 13p, 15p) | Michael Warren |
| 12 March 1980 | 150th Anniversary of Liverpool & Manchester Railway | Five (5 × 12p *se-tenant*) | David Gentleman |
| 9 April 1980 | "London 1980" International Stamp Exhibition | One (50p) | Jeffery Matthews |
| 7 May 1980 | "London 1980" International Stamp Exhibition
(Miniature Sheet) | One (Minisheet 50p. Was sold for 75p, the premium being used for the exhibition) | Jeffery Matthews |
| 7 May 1980 | London Landmarks | Five (10+12p, 12p, 13+12p, 15p, 17+12p) | Sir Hugh Casson |
| 9 July 1980 | Famous Authoresses | Four (12p, 13+12p, 15p, 17+12p) | Barbara Brown |
| 4 August 1980 | 80th Birthday of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother | One (12p) | Jeffery Matthews |
| 10 September 1980 | British Conductors | Four (12p, 13+12p, 15p, 17+12p) | Peter Gauld |
| 10 October 1980 | Sport Centenaries | Four (12p, 13+12p, 15p, 17+12p) | Robert Goldsmith |
| 19 November 1980 | Christmas | Five (10p, 12p, 13+12p, 15p, 17+12p) | Jeffery Matthews |
|
| 1981 | | | |
| 6 February 1981 | Folklore | Four | Fritz Wegner |
| 25 March 1981 | International Year of the Disabled | Four | John Gibbs |
| 13 May 1981 | Butterflies | Four | Gordon Beningfield |
| 24 June 1981 | 50th Anniversary of the National Trust for Scotland | Five | M Fairclough |
| 22 July 1981 | Royal Wedding | Two | David Gentleman using photos taken by Lord Snowdon |
| 12 August 1981 | 25th Anniversary of Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme | Four | P. Sharland |
| 23 September 1981 | Fishing Industry | Four | B. Sanders |
| 18 November 1981 | Christmas | Five |  |
|
| 1982 | | | |
| 10 February 1982 | Death Centenary of Charles Darwin | Four | David Gentleman |
| 24 March 1982 | Youth Organisations | Four |  |
| 28 April 1982 | Europa – British Theatre | Four |  |
| 16 June 1982 | Maritime Heritage | Five | Marjorie Saynor |
| 23 July 1982 | British Textiles | Four |  |
| 8 September 1982 | Information Technology | Two |  |
| 13 October 1982 | British Motor Cars | Four |  |
| 17 November 1982 | Christmas | Five |  |
|
| 1983 | | | |
| 26 January 1983 | British River Fishes | Four |  |
| 9 March 1983 | Commonwealth Day, Geographical Regions | Four |  |
| 25 May 1983 | Europa – Engineering Achievements | Three |  |
| 6 July 1983 | British Army Uniforms | Five |  |
| 24 August 1983 | British Gardens | Four |  |
| 5 October 1983 | British Fairs | Four |  |
| 16 November 1983 | Christmas | Five |  |
|
| 1984 | | | |
| 17 January 1984 | 500th Anniversary of College of Arms | Four |  |
| 6 March 1984 | British Cattle | Five |  |
| 10 April 1984 | Urban Renewal | Four |  |
| 15 May 1984 | 25th Anniversary of C.E.P.T. ('Europa') &
second elections to European Parliament | Four |  |
| 5 June 1984 | London Economic Summit Conference | One |  |
| 26 June 1984 | Centenary of Greenwich Meridian | Four |  |
| 31 July 1984 | Bicentenary of First Mail Coach Run,
Bath and Bristol to London | Five |  |
| 25 September 1984 | 50th Anniversary of the British Council | Four |  |
| 20 November 1984 | Christmas | Five |  |
|
| 1985 | | | |
| 22 January 1985 | Famous Trains | Five |  |
| 12 March 1985 | Insects | Five |  |
| 14 May 1985 | Europa, European Music Year, British Composers | Four |  |
| 18 June 1985 | Safety at Sea | Four |  |
| 30 July 1985 | 350 years of Royal Mail Public Postal Service | Four |  |
| 3 September 1985 | Arthurian Legends | Four |  |
| 8 October 1985 | British Film Year | Five (Sir Alfred Hitchcock, Sir Charlie Chaplin, Vivien Leigh, Peter Sellers and David Niven). |  |
| 19 November 1985 | Christmas | Five |  |
|
| 1986 | | | |
| 14 January 1986 | Industry Year | Four |  |
| 18 February 1986 | Appearance of Halley's Comet | Four |  |
| 21 April 1986 | 60th Birthday of Queen Elizabeth II | Four |  |
| 20 May 1986 | Europa, Nature Conservation-Endangered Species | Four |  |
| 17 June 1986 | 900th Anniversary of Domesday Book | Four |  |
| 15 July 1986 | 13th Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh &
World Hockey Cup for Men, London | Five |  |
| 22 July 1986 | Royal Wedding | Two |  |
| 19 August 1986 | 32nd Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Conference | One |  |
| 16 September 1986 | History of the Royal Air Force | Five |  |
| 18 November 1986 | Christmas – 13p, 18p, 22p, 31p & 34p values | Five |  |
| 2 December 1986 | Christmas – 12p value | One |  |
|
| 1987 | | | |
| 20 January 1987 | Flower Photographs by Alfred Lammer | Four |  |
| 24 March 1987 | 300th Anniversary of "The Principia Mathematica"
by Sir Isaac Newton | Four |  |
| 12 May 1987 | Europa, British Architects in Europe | Four |  |
| 16 June 1987 | Centenary of St. John Ambulance Brigade | Four |  |
| 21 July 1987 | 300th Anniversary of Order of the Thistle | Four |  |
| 8 September 1987 | 150th Anniversary of Queen Victoria's Accession | Four |  |
| 13 October 1987 | Studio Pottery | Four |  |
| 17 November 1987 | Christmas | Five |  |
|
| 1988 | | | |
| 19 January 1988 | Bicentenary of Linnean Society. | Four |  |
| 1 March 1988 | 400th Anniversary of Welsh Bible | Four |  |
| 22 March 1988 | Sports Organisations | Four |  |
| 10 May 1988 | Europa, Transport & Mail Services in 1930s | Four |  |
| 21 June 1988 | Bicentenary of Australian Settlement (Joint issue with Australia Post) | Four | Greg Emery |
| 19 July 1988 | 400th Anniversary of Spanish Armada | Five |  |
| 6 September 1988 | Death Centenary of Edward Lear | Four |  |
| 27 September 1988 | Death Centenary of Edward Lear, Miniature Sheet | One (MS) |  |
| 18 October 1988 | New Issue of 'Castle' High Value Definitives | Four |  |
| 15 November 1988 | Christmas | Five |  |
|
| 1989 | | | |
| 17 January 1989 | Centenary of Royal Society for the Protection of Birds | Four |  |
| 31 January 1989 | Greetings Stamps | Five |  |
| 7 March 1989 | Food and Farming Year | Four |  |
| 11 April 1989 | Anniversaries | Four |  |
| 16 May 1989 | Europa, Toys and games | Four |  |
| 4 July 1989 | Industrial Archaeology | Four | Ronald Maddox |
| 25 July 1989 | Industrial Archaeology (Miniature Sheet) | One (MS) | Ronald Maddox |
| 5 September 1989 | 150th Anniversary of Royal Microscopical Society | Four |  |
| 17 October 1989 | Lord Mayor's Show, London | Five |  |
| 14 November 1989 | Christmas | Five | David Gentleman |
|

## Sources

## Other decades


title: Ian Carnell

abstract: Ian Gregory Carnell is an Australian public servant, who was Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security, responsible for oversight of Australia's intelligence agencies, from 2004 to 2010. Carnell was born in Melbourne, and moved to Queensland with his family where he attended Brisbane Grammar School and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Queensland. In 1977, he married Kate Carnell, who would later become Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory. In the mid-1980s, Carnell worked for the Department of Social Security as assistant secretary, then moved to the Department of Veterans' Affairs in 1997. In 2000, he became Deputy Secretary of the Attorney-General's Department and in 2004, was appointed as Australia's fifth Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security.

text:
# Ian Carnell

**Ian Gregory Carnell** AM (born 24 October 1955) is an Australian public servant, who was Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security, responsible for oversight of Australia's intelligence agencies, from 2004 to 2010.

Carnell was born in Melbourne, and moved to Queensland with his family where he attended Brisbane Grammar School and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Queensland. In 1977, he married Kate Carnell (née Frazer), who would later become Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory.

In the mid-1980s, Carnell worked for the Department of Social Security (later Centrelink) as assistant secretary, then moved to the Department of Veterans' Affairs in 1997. In 2000, he became Deputy Secretary of the Attorney-General's Department and in 2004, was appointed as Australia's fifth Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security.

\[\[Category:Australian National University Bieber Danes http://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALiCzsYpJwp0R-VLPATtPa-tB8w5ARiOQg:1654028277015&q=secret+city+season+2+episode+3&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgFuLWz9U3MDROM4u3TFLi1U\_XNzRMyzbJMcktydFSyU620i8pA6L4gqL89KLEXKvUgszi\_JTUYoXyjPyc1ILE9NRFrHLFqclFqSUKyZkllQrFqYnF-XkKRgpQlQrGACaI-VxlAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&pjf=1&ved=2ahUKEwi-1fq-x4r4AhUn-DgGHTxTCL4Qm8wBegQIAxAR&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1 J \]\]

## InfoBox

| Ian CarnellAM | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 5th Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security | |
| **In office**
23 March 2004  9 April 2010 | |
| Prime Minister | John Howard
Kevin Rudd |
| Preceded by | Bill Blick |
| Succeeded by | Vivienne Thom |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ian Gregory Carnell
(1955-10-24) 24 October 1955
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Spouse | Kate Carnell (m. 19771997) |
| Education | Brisbane Grammar School |
| Alma mater | University of Queensland
Australian National University |
| Occupation | Public servant |
|  | |


title: Nostoc commune

abstract: Nostoc commune is a species of cyanobacterium in the family Nostocaceae. Common names include star jelly, witch's butter, mare's eggs. It is the type species of the genus Nostoc and is cosmopolitan in distribution.

text:
# Nostoc commune

***Nostoc commune*** is a species of cyanobacterium in the family Nostocaceae. Common names include **star jelly**, **witch's butter**, **mare's eggs**. It is the type species of the genus *Nostoc* and is cosmopolitan in distribution.

## Description

*Nostoc commune* is a colonial species of cyanobacterium. It initially forms a small, hollow gelatinous globule which grows and becomes leathery, flattened and convoluted, forming a gelatinous mass with other colonies growing nearby. Inside the thin sheath are numerous unbranched hair-like structures called trichomes formed of short cells in a string. The cells are bacteria and thus have no nucleus nor internal membrane system. To multiply, they form two new cells when they divide by binary fission. Along the trichomes, larger specialist nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts occur between the ordinary cells. When wet, *Nostoc commune* is bluish-green, olive green or brown but in dry conditions it becomes an inconspicuous, crisp brownish mat.

## Distribution and habitat

*Nostoc commune* is found in many countries around the world. It is able to survive in extreme conditions in polar regions and arid areas. It is a terrestrial or freshwater species and forms loose clumps on soil, gravel and paved surfaces, among mosses and between cobbles. In Singapore, *Nostoc commune* is found growing on alkaline soils, in brackish water, in paddy fields, on cliffs and on wet rocks.

## Biology

*Nostoc commune* can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and can therefore live in locations where no nitrogenous compounds are available from the substrate. *Nostoc commune* contains photosynthetic pigments and the energy storing photosystems in membrane structures called thylakoids located in cytoplasm of the cells. It also contains pigments that absorb long and medium wavelength ultraviolet radiation, which enables it to survive in places with high levels of radiation.

Under adverse conditions, *Nostoc commune* can remain dormant for an extended period of time and revive when conditions improve and water becomes available. The desiccated colony is resistant to heat and to repeated patterns of freezing and thawing and produces no oxygen while dormant. It has been found that extracellular polysaccharides are vital to its stress tolerance and ability to recover.

*Nostoc commune* can occur in pockets in the thallus of hornworts such as *Phaeoceros*.

## Uses

*Nostoc commune* is eaten as a salad in the Philippines and is also eaten in Indonesia, Japan and China. In Taiwan, it is nicknamed 雨來菇 *yǔ lái gū* (meaning "post-rain mushroom"). Research indicates that consumption of *Nostoc commune* var. *sphaeroides*, in addition to consumption of other cyanobacteria, may be beneficial by means of an anti-inflammatory mechanism.

The related *Nostoc flagelliforme*, sometimes named as a variety of this species, is known as 发菜 *fàcài* in China. It forms part of the food traditionally served at the Lunar New Year.

## InfoBox

| *Nostoc commune* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Nostoc commune* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Cyanobacteria |
| Class: | Cyanophyceae |
| Order: | Nostocales |
| Family: | Nostocaceae |
| Genus: | *Nostoc* |
| Species: | ***N. commune*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nostoc commune***<br>Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault, 1888 | |
|
| Varieties | |
| *Nostoc commune* var. *sphaeroides* | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Ignatius von Senestrey

abstract: Bishop Ignatius von Senestrey was Bishop of Regensburg, Germany from 1858 to 1906. He was ordained a parish priest by Flavio Chigi on 19 March 1842, aged 23. in Regensburg, Germany. On 27 January 1858, aged 39, he was appointed Bishop of Regensburg and ordained a bishop two months later. He died on 16 August 1906, aged 88, in Regensburg. He had been a priest for 64 years and a bishop for 48 years. He wrote one work, Wie es zur Definition de päpstlichen Unfehlbarkeit kam: Tagebuch vom 1. Vatikan Konzil, on the definition of papal infallibility. It was published after his death.

text:
# Ignatius von Senestrey

Bishop **Ignatius von Senestrey** (born 13 July 1818, Bärnau, Bavaria, Germany \- d. 16 August 1906, Regensburg, Germany) was Bishop of Regensburg, Germany from 1858 to 1906.

He was ordained a parish priest by Flavio Chigi on 19 March 1842, aged 23. in Regensburg, Germany. On 27 January 1858, aged 39, he was appointed Bishop of Regensburg and ordained a bishop two months later.

He died on 16 August 1906, aged 88, in Regensburg. He had been a priest for 64 years and a bishop for 48 years.

He wrote one work, *Wie es zur Definition de päpstlichen Unfehlbarkeit kam: Tagebuch vom 1. Vatikan Konzil*, on the definition of papal infallibility. It was published after his death.

## Sources

* Paul Mai (2010), "Senestrey, Ignatius", *Neue Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 24, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 252–253; (full text online)
* Johannes Kreuzenbeck (2002). "Senestrey, Ignatius von". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). *Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)* (in German). Vol. 20. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1328–1331. ISBN 3-88309-091-3.

Media related to Ignatius von Senestrey at Wikimedia Commons


title: WAGR D class

abstract: The WAGR D class was a class of 4-6-4T tank locomotive operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) between 1912 and 1964.

text:
# WAGR D class

The **WAGR D class** was a class of 4-6-4T tank locomotive operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) between 1912 and 1964.

## History

In 1911 the WAGR placed an order with the North British Locomotive Company for twenty 4-6-4T locomotives to haul suburban passenger services in Perth. All entered service between June and September 1912. Commencing in 1932, all bar D386 were rebuilt as the Ds class with superheated boilers. In 1935, D377 was fitted with larger side tanks increasing its water capacity by 210 gallons, these were removed in May 1959. With the arrival of the ADH class diesel multiple units in 1953, withdrawals commenced with the last withdrawn in November 1965.

The D class was also the basis for the later Dm and Dd classes of tank engine, which continued this role until the end of steam.

## Class list

The numbers and periods in service of each member of the D class were as follows:

| Builder's
number Road
number In service Superheated Withdrawn Notes  19709 368 6 July 1912 1 April 1933 5 March 1964   19710 369 13 July 1912 3 July 1935 7 October 1963   19711 370 6 July 1912 21 December 1933 14 February 1952   19712 371 6 July 1912 15 May 1933 18 November 1965 Stowed 31 July 1964  19713 372 6 July 1912 23 September 1947 22 July 1963   19714 373 29 June 1912 15 November 1939 5 March 1964   19715 374 29 June 1912 30 May 1934 23 April 1963   19716 375 13 July 1912 9 April 1932 19 October 1964 Stowed 1 April 1964  19717 376 29 June 1912 27 April 1934 12 November 1963 Stowed 2 September 1963  19718 377 20 July 1912 5 September 1935 15 May 1962 Tanks extended 5 September 1935 to May 1959  19719 378 13 July 1912 21 April 1944 12 December 1963   19720 379 21 September 1912 6 November 1933 31 October 1961   19721 380 14 September 1912 25 July 1947 17 March 1954   19722 381 28 September 1912 19 March 1932 16 March 1964   19723 382 21 September 1912 27 September 1935 1 March 1962   19724 383 21 September 1912 18 April 1931 16 September 1953   19725 384 28 September 1912 29 March 1934 16 August 1962   19726 385 28 September 1912 16 May 1932 16 August 1954   19727 386 21 September 1912  15 May 1950 Not superheated  19728 387 14 September 1912 14 December 1946 19 June 1953 |
| --- |

## Namesakes

The D class designation was previously used for the D class locomotive that was withdrawn in 1903. It was reused in the 1970s when the D class diesel locomotives entered service.

### Notes

### Cited works

* Gunzburg, Adrian (1984). *A History of WAGR Steam Locomotives*. Perth: Australian Railway Historical Society (Western Australian Division). ISBN 0959969039.

Media related to WAGR D class at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| WAGR D class | |
| --- | --- |
| Builder's photograph of a D class | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder North British Locomotive Company  Serial number 19709-19728  Build date 1912  Total produced 20 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 4-6-4T  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)  Driver dia. 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm)  Length 42 ft 6 in (12.95 m)  Loco weight As built: 68 long tons 5 cwt (152,900 lb or 69.3 t)
Superheated: 70 long tons 0 cwt (156,800 lb or 71.1 t)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 4 long tons 0 cwt (9,000 lb or 4.1 t)  Water cap. 1,600 imp gal (7,300 L; 1,900 US gal)  Firebox:   Grate area 18.63 sq ft (1.731 m2)  Boiler pressure As built: 175 lbf/in2 (1.21 MPa)
Superheated: 160 lbf/in2 (1.10 MPa)  Cylinder size As built: 17 in × 23 in (432 mm × 584 mm)
Superheated: 18 in × 23 in (457 mm × 584 mm) | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort As built: 17,233 lbf (76.66 kN)
Superheated: 18,768 lbf (83.48 kN)  Factor of adh. As built: 4.7
Superheated: 4.6 | |
| Career  Operators Western Australian Government Railways  Numbers D368-D387  Disposition all scrapped | |


title: National Front (Italy, 1997)

abstract: The National Front is an Italian far-right political party. The FN had its roots in the Tricolour Flame when two leading radicals, Tomaso Staiti di Cuddia and Adriano Tilgher, were expelled from the party in 1997. As a response Tilgher formed his own group in September of that year, calling it National Front and basing it on the French National Front of Jean-Marie Le Pen. The party, which initially confined its operations largely to Rome, gained 18,000 votes in that city in the local elections of 1998. The party began to expand in early 2000, seeking to work with other minor groups on the far right to form a united alternative to the National Alliance. The group reconstituted under the FSN name after a merger with further dissident elements within the Fiamma Tricolore. In March 2003 supporters of the new group protested outside the Swiss embassy against the jailing of Gaston-Armand Amaudruz. For the 2004 European election the party joined with Social Action and New Force in the Alessandra Mussolini-led coalition Social Alternative, which captured a single seat in the European Parliament. They remained part of this coalition until its dissolution following poor results in the 2006 general election. In 2008 Tilgher joined with Francesco Storace's group The Right, and the FSN disbanded. However, in 2013 the party comes out from The Right and regains its autonomy.

text:
# National Front (Italy, 1997)

The **National Front** (*Fronte Nazionale*, FN) is an Italian far-right political party.

The FN had its roots in the Tricolour Flame when two leading radicals, Tomaso Staiti di Cuddia and Adriano Tilgher, were expelled from the party in 1997. As a response Tilgher formed his own group in September of that year, calling it *National Front* (a name already used twice before on the Italian far right) and basing it on the French National Front of Jean-Marie Le Pen. The party, which initially confined its operations largely to Rome, gained 18,000 votes in that city in the local elections of 1998.

The party began to expand in early 2000, seeking to work with other minor groups on the far right to form a united alternative to the National Alliance. The group reconstituted under the FSN name after a merger with further dissident elements within the Fiamma Tricolore. In March 2003 supporters of the new group protested outside the Swiss embassy against the jailing of Gaston-Armand Amaudruz.

For the 2004 European election the party joined with *Social Action* and New Force in the Alessandra Mussolini-led coalition *Social Alternative*, which captured a single seat in the European Parliament. They remained part of this coalition until its dissolution following poor results in the 2006 general election.

In 2008 Tilgher joined with Francesco Storace's group *The Right*, and the FSN disbanded.

However, in 2013 the party comes out from The Right and regains its autonomy.

## InfoBox

| National Front Fronte Nazionale | |
| --- | --- |
| President | Adriano Tilgher |
| Founded | 28 September 1997 |
| Split from | Tricolour Flame |
| Ideology | Neofascism
Italian nationalism
Souverainism
Anti-globalism
Right-wing socialism
Hard euroscepticism
Third Position
 |
| Political position | Far-right |
| National affiliation | Social Alternative (2004–06)
The Right (2008–14) |
| Colors | Black |
| Chamber of Deputies | 0 / 630 |
| Senate | 0 / 315 |
| European Parliament | 0 / 73 |
| Website | |
| http:// www.frontenazionale.net | |


title: Angira Dhar

abstract: Angira Dhar is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi films. Her most notable work includes her role in web series Bang Baaja Baaraat and the film Love per Square Foot.

text:
# Angira Dhar

**Angira Dhar** is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi films. Her most notable work includes her role in web series *Bang Baaja Baaraat* and the film *Love per Square Foot*.

## Early and personal life

Dhar is a Kashmiri Hindu and was brought up in Mumbai.

Dhar married *Love per Square Foot* director, Anand Tiwari, in a secret ceremony on 30 April 2021.

## Career

### Debut and early work (2013-2020)

Dhar began her career in TV production with Channel V. She also worked behind the camera as an assistant film director. During her time at Channel V she hosted the show *Beg Borrow Steal* on Bindass. Dhar made her Bollywood debut in 2013 with *Ek Bura Aadmi* opposite Arunoday Singh.

Dhar had her breakthrough in 2015, when she played a feisty and independent girl in Y-Films's web series, *Bang Baaja Baarat* opposite Ali Fazal. *Firstpost* noted, "The gorgeous Angira Dhar really step up to the plate and deliver." The second season of the show started in September 2016.

Dhar played a bank employee in the 2018 film *Love per Square Foot* opposite Vicky Kaushal. It was the first Bollywood film to release directly on a streaming platform. *Hindustan Times* termed her "terrific". *News18* stated, "The oven-baked pairing of Vicky and Angira is a delight as both deliver an earnest and honest performance throughout."

In 2019, she played a British Intelligence agent in *Commando 3* alongside Vidyut Jamwal. *Bollywood Hungama* wrote, "Angira Dhar is great as the no-nonsense cop and underplays her part."

### Further career and recent work (2021–present)

Dhar played a lawyer in Ajay Devgn's *Runway 34* in 2022. *Bollywood Hungama* said, "Angira Dhar doesn't get much scope." *Hindustan Times* noted, "Angira Dhar has a smaller part and she does her parts well in handful of scenes."

Dhar played a quick-tempered women into the drugs business in her second web series, *Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo* opposite Varun Mitra. *Rediff.com* stated, "Angira Dhar’s flair for sly, snappish parts holds her in good stead."

## Filmography

Key
|  | Denotes films that have not yet been released |
| --- | --- |

### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Ek Bura Aadmi* | Unknown |  |  |
| 2018 | *Love per Square Foot* | Kareena D'Souza |  |  |
| 2019 | *Commando 3* | Mallika Sood |  |  |
| 2022 | *Runway 34* | Radhika Roy |  |  |

### Web series

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *Bang Baaja Baaraat* | Shahana Arora |  |  |
| 2023 | *Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo* | Kajal |  |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Beg Borrow Steal* | Host |  |  |

### Music videos

| Year | Title | Singer | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | *Bairiya* | Arijit Singh |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | Zee Cine Awards | Best Female Debut | *Commando 3* | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Angira Dhar | |
| --- | --- |
| Dhar in 2019 | |
| Born | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Occupations | * Actress * model |
| Years active | 2013–present |
| Spouse | Anand Tiwari (m. 2021) |


abstract: The Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements, also referred to as the Bushfires Royal Commission, was a royal commission established in 2020 by the Australian government to inquire into and report upon natural disaster management coordination as it related to the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season. The Commission was charged with the responsibility of examining the coordination, preparedness for, response to and recovery from disasters, as well as improving resilience and adapting to changing climatic conditions and mitigating the impact of natural disasters. The commission was originally scheduled to complete its report by 31 August 2020; however it only handed down interim observations on 31 August 2020 and issued a final report on 28 October 2020. The report, which included between one and seven recommendations for each of 22 chapters relating to different topics, was tabled in Parliament on 30 October 2020.

text:
# Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements

The **Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements**, also referred to as the **Bushfires Royal Commission**, was a royal commission established in 2020 by the Australian government to inquire into and report upon natural disaster management coordination as it related to the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season. The Commission was charged with the responsibility of examining the coordination, preparedness for, response to and recovery from disasters, as well as improving resilience and adapting to changing climatic conditions and mitigating the impact of natural disasters.

The commission was originally scheduled to complete its report by 31 August 2020; however it only handed down interim observations on 31 August 2020 and issued a final report on 28 October 2020. The report, which included between one and seven recommendations for each of 22 chapters relating to different topics, was tabled in Parliament on 30 October 2020.

## Background

Between June 2019 and February 2020, various Australian states and territories were subject to large numbers of uncontrolled bushfires, mainly in the southeast of the country. As of 14 January 2020, fires burnt an estimated 18.6 million hectares (46 million acres; 186,000 square kilometres; 72,000 square miles), destroyed over 5,900 buildings (including 2,779 homes) and killed at least 34 people. An estimated one billion animals were killed and some endangered species may be driven to extinction. Air quality dropped to hazardous levels. The cost of dealing with the bushfires is expected to exceed the A$4.4 billion of the 2009 Black Saturday fires, and tourism sector revenues have fallen more than A$1 billion. By 7 January 2020, the smoke had moved approximately 11,000 kilometres (6,800 mi) across the South Pacific Ocean to Chile and Argentina. As of 2 January 2020, NASA estimated that 306 million tonnes (337 million short tons) of CO2 (carbon dioxide) was emitted.

From September 2019, fires heavily impacted various regions of the state of New South Wales. In eastern and north-eastern Victoria large areas of forest burnt out of control for four weeks before the fires emerged from the forests in late December. Multiple states of emergency were declared across New South Wales, Victoria, and the Australian Capital Territory. Reinforcements from all over Australia were called in to assist fighting the fires and relieve exhausted local crews in New South Wales. The Australian Defence Force was mobilised to provide air support to the firefighting effort and to provide manpower and logistical support. Firefighters and equipment from New Zealand, Singapore, Canada and the United States, among others, helped fight the fires, especially in New South Wales.

As of 23 January 2020, an air tanker and two helicopters have crashed during firefighting operations, the air tanker crash resulting in the deaths of the three crew. Two fire trucks were caught in fatal incidents caused directly by fire conditions, killing three fire fighters.

There was considerable debate regarding the underlying cause of the intensity and scale of the fires, including the role of fire management practices and climate change, which attracted significant international attention. Politicians visiting fire impacted areas received negative responses, in particular Prime Minister Scott Morrison. An estimated A$500 million was donated by the public at large, international organisations, public figures and celebrities for victim relief and wildlife recovery. Convoys of donated food, clothing and livestock feed were sent to affected areas.

On 5 December 2019 David Littleproud, the minister for natural disasters and emergency management, announced that the House of Representatives Standing Committee on the Environment and Energy would conduct an inquiry into the ‘efficacy of past and current vegetation and land management policy, practice and legislation and their effect on the intensity and frequency of bushfires and subsequent risk to property, life and the environment’. On 14 January 2020, the Victorian Premier, Daniel Andrews, announced an independent investigation into the 2019-2020 bushfire season in Victoria. On 31 January 2020, the NSW Premier, Gladys Berejiklian announced an independent investigation to review the causes, preparation and response to the bushfires in New South Wales.

On 12 January 2020, Prime Minister Scott Morrison outlined a proposal to establish a royal commission into the bushfires. Requiring the approval of the state and territory governments, the Commonwealth Government drafted terms of reference. A number of organisations raised objections to the commission of inquiry, citing cost, length and the emotionally exhausting process; that most previous inquiries had failed to implement many of their recommendations; and that the term of reference failed to address Australia’s emissions reduction policies. Support for the royal commission from Labor premiers was "lukewarm".

## Terms of reference

The establishment of the Royal Commission followed a constitutional grey zone by directly initiating defence force deployments, utilising a call out of the Australian Army Reserve, with Australian Defence Force personnel serving in support of state and territory response efforts, without clear rules for engagement.

The Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements, also referred to as the Bushfires Royal Commission, was appointed pursuant to the *Royal Commissions Act 1902*. It was charged with the responsibility of examining the coordination, preparedness for, response to and recovery from disasters, as well as improving resilience and adapting to changing climatic conditions and mitigating the impact of natural disasters. On 20 February 2020, Governor-General David Hurley issued Commonwealth letters patent appointing three commissioners and the commission's terms of reference. The commissioners were directed "to review various operational aspects of the 2019–2020 bushfire season... focused on national coordination conducted jointly between the Commonwealth and State and Territory Governments \[so as to\] give Australians confidence that natural disaster coordination arrangements are the best they can be."

The terms of reference required the commissioners to examine "Australia's arrangements for improving resilience and adapting to changing climatic conditions, what actions should be taken to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, and whether accountability for natural disaster risk management ... should be enhanced." The commissioners were directed to consider "thresholds for, and any obstacles to, State or Territory requests for Commonwealth assistance", whether the Commonwealth should have a power to declare a national state of emergency to create "clearer authority to take action ... in the national interest", such as deploying the Australian Defence Force.

Each state was also requested to issue letters patent, or their equivalent instruments of appointment, which allow the three commissioners to conduct an inquiry into natural disaster coordination arrangements under their respective laws. (Despite both the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory having their own governments, they are officially administered under the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Commonwealth letters patent covered their jurisdiction.

## Commissioners and executive

On the same day, Morrison announced the setting up of the Royal Commission and the appointment of the following three commissioners:

## Powers

The powers of Royal Commissions in Australia are set out in the enabling legislation, the Royal Commissions Act 1902.

Royal Commissions, appointed pursuant to the *Royal Commissions Act* or otherwise, have powers to issue a summons to a person to appear before the Commission at a hearing to give evidence or to produce documents specified in the summons; require witnesses to take an oath or give an affirmation; and require a person to deliver documents to the Commission at a specified place and time. A person served with a summons or a notice to produce documents must comply with that requirement, or face prosecution for an offence. The penalty for conviction upon such an offence is a fine of A$1,000 or six months imprisonment. A Royal Commission may authorise the Australian Federal Police to execute search warrants.

## Reports

The commission was originally scheduled to complete its report by 31 August 2020; however it only handed down interim observations on 31 August 2020 and issued a final report on 28 October 2020. The report was tabled in Parliament on 30 October 2020.

The final report contained 80 recommendations aligned to the chapters of the report. The recommendations aligned the chapters as follows:

| Chapter | Recommendations |
| --- | --- |
| 3 - National coordination arrangements | 6 |
| 4 - Supporting better decisions | 7 |
| 5 - Declaration of national emergency | 1 |
| 6 - National emergency response capability | 6 |
| 7 - Role of the Australian Defence Force | 3 |
| 8 - National aerial firefighting capabilities and arrangements | 3 |
| 9 - Essential Services | 5 |
| 10 - Community Education | 1 |
| 11 - Emergency planning | 2 |
| 12 - Evacuation planning and shelters | 7 |
| 13 - Emergency information and warnings | 6 |
| 14 - Air quality | 2 |
| 15 - Health | 4 |
| 16 - Wildlife and heritage | 1 |
| 17 - Public and private land management | 3 |
| 18 - Indigenous land and fire management | 2 |
| 19 - Land-use planning and building regulation | 4 |
| 20 - Insurance | 1 |
| 21 - Coordinating relief and recovery | 5 |
| 22 - Delivery of recovery services and financial assistance | 8 |
| 24 - Assurance and accountability | 3 |

### Land management

In Chapter 17, the Commission found that "The weight of research into the effects of fuel reduction on the propagation of extreme bushfires indicates that as conditions deteriorate, fuel reduction is of diminishing effectiveness". It distinguished between ordinary and extreme bushfires, saying that fuel reduction (whether by various forms of controlled burning or Aboriginal land management practice known as fire-stick farming or "cool burning") could be used to reduce risk: "Reducing available fuels in the landscape can also slow the initial rate of fire spread and fire intensity, which can provide opportunities for fire suppression and thereby reduce the risk of fires escalating into extreme fire events".

## Response and outcomes

The Commonwealth Government offered support or in-principle support for the majority of the recommendations although notably did not support the recommendations to establish a national aerial fire-fighting fleet. In November 2020 the Australian Government announced an intention to introduce legislation to give the Commonwealth an ability to declare a national emergency, establish a National Emergency Management Ministers Meeting, strengthen national coordination arrangements within Emergency Management Australia and commence work to establish a National Emergency Resilience, Relief and Recovery Agency. The agency is intended to incorporate the National Bushfire Recovery Agency and the National Drought and North Queensland Flood Response and Recovery Agency.

The Tasmanian Government offered support or in-principle support for all but two of the recommendations. Tasmania did not support aspects of recommendation 5.1, in particular noting that Tasmania "does not support the Australian Government having the power to take action without the agreement of states and territories". Tasmania also did not support recommendation 11.1 that provided for greater State and Territory government responsibility for various emergency planning responsibilities delegated to local government.

* Official website
* Final Report of the Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements (Web / PDF)
* Interim observations of the Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements (Web / PDF)

### State and territory responses

## InfoBox

Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements
| Outcome | 80 recommendations in the Final Report |
| --- | --- |
| Commissioners |  |
| Inquiry period | 20 February 2020 (2020-02-20)  28 October 2020 (2020-10-28) |
| Constituting instrument | *Royal Commissions Act 1902* |
| Website | naturaldisaster.royalcommission.gov.au |


title: Unicoi Turnpike

abstract: The Unicoi Turnpike was a 150-mile (240km) trail through north Georgia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee used by Native Americans before the footpath was converted into a toll road in the early 19th century.

text:
# Unicoi Turnpike

The **Unicoi Turnpike** was a 150-mile (240km) trail through north Georgia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee used by Native Americans before the footpath was converted into a toll road in the early 19th century.

## The route

The trail began in Tennessee at Tellico Blockhouse on the Federal Road near Nine Mile Creek in present-day Vonore. It entered the mountains in Unicoi Gap on its way east to present-day Murphy, North Carolina, and followed the Hiwassee River toward Hayesville, before turning south towards present-day Hiawassee, Georgia, and entering Georgia's Unicoi Gap. The trail then crosses Spoilcane Creek and the Chattahoochee River 11 times, dropping around 800 feet on its way to Sautee. In the Sautee-Nacoochee Valley, the turnpike connected with the Cherokee Trading Path network which included trails to present-day Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.

From Sautee-Nacoochee, the path continued east to Toccoa as the Chattahoochee River turned south. The route then connected with the Savannah River, just below the entrance of Toccoa Creek. From there, the river could be navigated to ports in Savannah and Charleston.

## History

The path has existed for more than 1,000 years. Even before Native Americans used the trail, large mammals migrated along the route for the winter.

In 1756, British soldiers used the road to construct Fort Loudoun during the French and Indian War. The trail later aided raids between European colonists and Cherokees during the American Revolution. In 1795 a United States fur trade factory was established in Tellico along the route. It was moved to Hiawassee in 1807 before being discontinued in 1811.

In 1813, after requests from Tennessee and Georgia, the Cherokee struck a treaty with the U.S. government to allow construction of a toll road along the path. According to the treaty, the tribe would be paid $160 per year for twenty years. After that time the agreement would be re-negotiated or the route would revert to the Cherokee's ownership. The annual amounts were reportedly never paid.

A company led by Russell Wiley worked from 1813 until 1817 to turn the trail into a two-lane toll road for wagons carrying freight. Inns and rest stops called "stands" were built along the trail at intervals of about fifteen miles. Many such rest stops grew into communities, such as Brasstown, North Carolina. The only surviving inn, Traveler's Rest in Toccoa, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

Drovers herded turkeys, hogs, and livestock on the toll road. The toll ranged from twelve and a half cents for a man and his horse to $1.25 for a four-wheel “carriage of pleasure." The discovery of gold at Coker Creek in the 1820s brought an influx of people and a fort was established to separate miners from Cherokee and their lands. In the 1830s, the turnpike was the first leg of the Trail of Tears for more than 3,000 Cherokee people who were deported during the Cherokee Removal.

The toll road remained in operation until after the Civil War. Today the path is part of the Cherokee Heritage Trail project. A 2.5 mile (4.0km) section of the original trail opened for hiking in June 2005. It is located in the Cherokee National Forest in Coker Creek. The rest of the turnpike can be can be seen by car on roads that roughly follow the route of the old trail.

“Unicoi” was the Cherokee word for “white." The name may have referred to the mountain mist along the route or to the travelers using the road.

In 1999, the White House Millennium Council designated Unicoi Turnpike as one of 16 National Millennium Trails.


title: Oil shale in Serbia

abstract: Oil shale in Serbia is a large, but undeveloped energy resource. Serbia is estimated to have a total resource of 4.81 billion tonnes of oil shale, with up to 3.6 billion tonnes of recoverable reserves, all concentrated within the Aleksinac, Vranje, Senonian Tectonic Trench, Valjevo, Western Morava, Kruševac, Babušnica, Kosanica, Niš and Levač basins, which are all located in the Central - Eastern part of the country. Serbia has around 21 oil shale deposits of various qualities and oil content. The biggest deposits of commercial potential are near Aleksinac and Vina-Zubetin. Serbian oil shale is of sapropel type and sapropel-coaly type.

text:
# Oil shale in Serbia

**Oil shale in Serbia** is a large, but undeveloped energy resource. Serbia is estimated to have a total resource of 4.81 billion tonnes of oil shale, with up to 3.6 billion tonnes of recoverable reserves, all concentrated within the Aleksinac, Vranje, Senonian Tectonic Trench, Valjevo, Western Morava, Kruševac, Babušnica, Kosanica, Niš and Levač basins, which are all located in the Central - Eastern part of the country. Serbia has around 21 oil shale deposits of various qualities and oil content. The biggest deposits of commercial potential are near Aleksinac and Vina-Zubetin. Serbian oil shale is of sapropel type (Aleksinac, Mionica and Petnica) and sapropel-coaly type.

## History

Although oil shale was known in Serbia for centuries, a more detailed exploration started in 1980s. The Southern Serbia region, covering an area equal to around 30% of the country and containing oil shales of Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous age, was extensively studied during the 1980s, while the smaller deposits in the other parts of the country were found to be of negligible economic value. Within the region, two potentially exploitable large deposits, Aleksinac and Vina-Zubetin, have been identified, estimated to contain 2 and 0.85 billion tonnes of oil shale respectively. The Aleksinac deposit is equal to approximately 210 million barrels (33×10~~^~~6 m3) of shale oil. The deposit is Lower Miocene and it associated with coal seams. It is about 30 metres (98 ft) thick.

## Geology

Compared to other large deposits (e.g. Estonian deposits), Serbian oil shale is of lower quality containing around 20% organic matter, while the ash content ranges from 50 to 64%. Due to these properties, the Sebian oil shale cannot be burned directly at a fossil fuel power station; the rocks must first undergo the process of pyrolysis, which results in production of shale oil, oil shale gas and other factions that can then be used like the conventionally produced hydrocarbons. Furthermore, a significant depth of seams (up to 700 m (2,300 ft)) excludes the possibility of open-pit mining, adding to the cost of production. For these reasons, fossil fuel extraction in Serbia has been limited to the more easily accessible and cheaply produced conventional coal, petroleum and natural gas.

## Shale oil extraction

Estonian company Viru Keemia Grupp is looking for investing in Serbia's oil shale industry.

## Serbian oil shale deposits


title: Nostima quinquenotata

abstract: Nostima quinquenotata is a species of shore flies in the family Ephydridae.

text:
# Nostima quinquenotata

***Nostima quinquenotata*** is a species of shore flies in the family Ephydridae.

## Distribution

United States.

## InfoBox

| *Nostima quinquenotata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Ephydridae |
| Subfamily: | Ilytheinae |
| Tribe: | Hyadinini |
| Genus: | *Nostima* |
| Species: | ***N. quinquenotata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nostima quinquenotata***<br>Cresson, 1930 | |
|


title: Oligoflexia

abstract: The Oligoflexia are a class of the phylum Bdellovibrionota. All species of this group are all Gram-negative.

text:
# Oligoflexia

The **Oligoflexia** are a class of the phylum Bdellovibrionota. All species of this group are all Gram-negative.

## InfoBox

| Oligoflexia | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bdellovibrionota |
| Class: | Oligoflexia<br>Nakai et al. 2014 |
|
| Orders | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * "Oligoflexidae" Cavalier-Smith 2020 | |


title: NGC 250

abstract:
NGC 250 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation
Pisces.

text:
# NGC 250

**NGC 250** is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces.

## InfoBox

| NGC 250 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS image of NGC 250 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Pisces |
| Right ascension | 00h 47m 16.0s |
| Declination | +07° 54 36 |
| Redshift | 0.017459 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 5234 ± 28 km/s |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.63 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | S0/a |
| Apparent size (V) | 1.1 × 0.6 |
| Other designations | |
| LEDA 2765, \[HDL96\] 410 5, IRAS 00446+0738, 2MASX J00471599+0754357,  0044.7+0739, IRAS F00446+0738, MCG+01-03-002,  410-5, UGC 487, PGC 2765 | |


title: Gherardello da Firenze

abstract: Gherardello da Firenze was an Italian composer of the Trecento. He was one of the first composers of the period sometimes known as the Italian ars nova.

text:
# Gherardello da Firenze

**Gherardello da Firenze** (also **Niccolò di Francesco** or **Ghirardellus de Florentia**) (c. 1320–1325 – 1362 or 1363) was an Italian composer of the *Trecento*. He was one of the first composers of the period sometimes known as the *Italian ars nova*.

## Life

Gherardello was a member of a musical family, and both his brother Jacopo and his son Giovanni were also composers; however, none of their music survives. He was probably born in or near Florence, and spent most of his life there.

In 1343 he appears in the records of the cathedral of Florence, Santa Reparata (this was before the building of the main cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore) as a clerk. Later he became a priest, and then served as chaplain of Santa Reparata from 1345 until 1351—during the years that the Black Death ravaged the city.

Probably around 1351 he joined the order of the Vallombrosa, a Benedictine order with an abbey about 30 km from Florence. Details of the last years of his life are lacking, and his death date is inferred from a sonnet written in 1362 or 1363, probably by Simone Peruzzi, mourning his death, which occurred at Florence.

## Music

Although Gherardello was renowned during his time for his sacred music, little of it has survived. A *Gloria* and an *Agnus Dei*, both by Gherardello, are among just a handful of mass movements by Italian composers from before 1400. The style of Gherardello's mass movements is similar to that of the madrigal, although more restrained emotionally: they are for two voices, which sing together most of the time, with occasional passages where they sing in alternation.

Gherardello's secular music has survived in greater abundance. Ten madrigals, all for two voices; five *ballatas*, all for a single voice; and a very famous *caccia*, *Tosto che l'alba*, which is for three voices, survive. Stylistically his music is typical of the early *Trecento*, with the voices usually singing the same words at the same time, except for the *caccia*, in which the upper two voices sing a quickly moving canon, and the lowest voice sings a freely composed part in longer notes.

Most of Gherardello's music has been preserved in the 15th century *Squarcialupi Codex*, although several other manuscripts, all from Tuscany, contain works of his. A portrait on the pages of the *Codex* devoted to his music is most likely him (each composer in that illuminated manuscript is pictured).

## References and further reading

* *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
* Gustave Reese, *Music in the Renaissance*. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
* Richard H. Hoppin, *Medieval Music*. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. ISBN 0-393-09090-6
* Fischer, Kurt von; D'Agostino, Gianluca (2001). "Gherardello da Firenze". *Grove Music Online* (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.


title: Anja Frešer

abstract: Anja Frešer is a former Slovenian handball player.

text:
# Anja Frešer

**Anja Frešer** (born 4 September 1974 in Maribor, Slovenia) is a former Slovenian handball player.

## InfoBox

| Anja Frešer | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Anja Frešer | | |
| Born | (1974-09-04) 4 September 1974<br>Maribor, Slovenia | | |
| Nationality | Slovenian | | |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Playing position | Right back | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Retired | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 1997-2000 | RK Olimpija | | |
| 2000-2003 | RK Krim | | |
| 2003-2004 | Slagelse DT | | |
| 2004-2009 | RK Krim | | |
| 2009-2010 | AC Loux Patras | | |
| 2010-2011 | Maliye Milli Pyango SK | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Slovenia | 143 | (531) |


title: Physematia concordalis

abstract: Physematia concordalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Julius Lederer in 1863. It is found in India's Nicobar Islands.

text:
# Physematia concordalis

***Physematia concordalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Julius Lederer in 1863. It is found in India's Nicobar Islands.

## InfoBox

| *Physematia concordalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Physematia* |
| Species: | ***P. concordalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Physematia concordalis***<br>Lederer, 1863 | |
|


title: Laurel Neme

abstract: Laurel A. Neme is an American writer and consultant in environmental and wildlife policy and natural resource management. She is the author of the book Animal Investigators: How the World's First Wildlife Forensics Lab Is Solving Crimes and Saving Endangered Species. She has worked as a consultant for the United States Department of the Treasury, the World Bank, bilateral donors such as United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and non-governmental organizations including the Environmental Defense Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and the World Wildlife Fund.

text:
# Laurel Neme

**Laurel A. Neme** is an American writer and consultant in environmental and wildlife policy and natural resource management. She is the author of the book *Animal Investigators: How the World's First Wildlife Forensics Lab Is Solving Crimes and Saving Endangered Species*. She has worked as a consultant for the United States Department of the Treasury, the World Bank, bilateral donors such as United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and non-governmental organizations including the Environmental Defense Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and the World Wildlife Fund.

## Education

Laurel A. Neme holds a PhD in international and public affairs from Princeton University and a master's degree in Public Policy and a B.A. in political science from the University of Michigan.

## Career

### *Animal Investigators* (2009)

Neme's 2009 book *Animal Investigators* describes the work of the Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory in Ashland, Oregon, which investigates crimes against wildlife. It is described as "a CSI for wildlife," the first and only crime lab of its kind. She has appeared on numerous radio and television shows to talk about the emerging science of animal forensics and the $20 billion worldwide business of smuggling wildlife and wild animal parts. *Time* magazine also interviewed her about the wildlife black market and the attempts to investigate and stop it. Interest in the lab reportedly "soared" following the book's publication.

A review of the book in *E–The Environmental Magazine* noted that "Those who enjoy the inner workings of a walrus dissection will appreciate Neme's attention to detail. \[...\] There's a lot of potential here, but more particulars than the average reader (or CSI-watcher) is likely to want to sift through." The book was also reviewed in the *Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences*, *New Scientist*, and *The Oregonian*.

### Writing and radio broadcasting

Neme works as a writer/editor for *Earth Negotiations Bulletin*, a publication of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Reporting Services, that covers major international environmental negotiations and meetings, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). She has also published numerous documents, ranging from Annual Reports to Congress for the United States Treasury Department to government technical reports for USAID and other organizations such as Nature Conservancy, the Environmental Defense Fund, and Rainforest Action Network. She has been published in academic journals including the *Journal of Modern African Studies* and more popular online venues such as her own blog and other independent sites, including the online conservation publication *Mongabay*. Neme is the host of the radio program *The Wildlife* in Burlington, Vermont.

Neme has also written informational picture books. *Orangutan Houdini*, illustrated by Kathie Kelleher, was published in 2014 by Bunker Hill Publishing. A review of the book in *Kirkus Reviews* described the work as an "interesting exploration of animal intelligence for budding zoologists". *The Elephant's New Shoe* (2020) was written with the Wildlife Alliance, illustrated by Ariel Landy, and published by Orchard Books, an imprint of Scholastic. The reviewer for *Kirkus Reviews* called it a "captivating story".