title: Gussie Fink-Nottle

abstract: Augustus "Gussie" Fink-Nottle is a recurring fictional character in the Jeeves novels of comic writer P. G. Wodehouse, being a lifelong friend of Jeeves's master Bertie Wooster and a country member of the Drones Club. He wears horn-rimmed spectacles and studies newts.

text:
# Gussie Fink-Nottle

**Augustus** "**Gussie**" **Fink-Nottle** is a recurring fictional character in the *Jeeves* novels of comic writer P. G. Wodehouse, being a lifelong friend of Jeeves's master Bertie Wooster and a country member of the Drones Club. He wears horn-rimmed spectacles and studies newts.

## Life and character

A small young man, Gussie Fink-Nottle (called "Spink-Bottle" by Bertie Wooster's Aunt Dahlia) is one of Bertie's friends. He is described as fish-faced (which jokingly means that he has a small chin). Usually described as wearing horn-rimmed spectacles, he also wears tortoiseshell-rimmed spectacles. He went to private school with Bertie Wooster, where they were close enough friends that they shared Bertie's last bar of chocolate. He had not been in London for over five years before meeting Madeline Bassett. Generally a teetotaller, he drinks whisky once, and says that it tastes unpleasantly like medicine, burns the throat and leaves one thirsty. His preferred drink is orange juice. Gussie is very shy in his first appearance, though he becomes more confident and assertive over time.

Having first become interested in newts as a child, Gussie became more devoted to studying them through university and afterward, eventually studying newts in a pond at his home in Lincolnshire. Later, he carries newts around in glass tanks. Knowledgeable about newts, he once describes the courtship practices of newts to Bertie Wooster and on another occasion provides a great deal of information on the subject to Madeline Bassett.

It is likely that Gussie is a member of the Drones Club. While Gussie's membership is not stated directly, there are at least three pieces of evidence suggesting he is a member of the Drones: at least five known Drones Club members attend the dinner celebrating Gussie's engagement to Madeline that Bertie gives Gussie at the Drones, Bertie states that Gussie loves cold steak and kidney pie so much that Bertie has known him to order it "even on curry day at the Drones", and it is implied by Wodehouse in a 1937 letter he wrote to *The Times* that one can find Gussie at the Drones Club. Gussie is described as a Drone in two books about Wodehouse's characters, *Who's Who in Wodehouse* by Daniel H. Garrison and *Wodehouse in Woostershire* by Tony Ring and Geoffrey Jaggard.

In *Right Ho, Jeeves*, Gussie drinks whisky to gather the courage to propose to Madeline Bassett (and also unknowingly drinks orange juice spiked with gin), and while under the influence of the drinks, ends up giving an uninhibited and noteworthy speech at Market Snodsbury Grammar School. In that story, he becomes engaged to Madeline, despite a temporary engagement to Bertie's cousin Angela Travers. His engagement to Madeline is ended and renewed in *The Code of the Woosters*, in which he also comes into conflict with Roderick Spode.

He is still engaged to Madeline through *The Mating Season*, though he tried to send her a letter ending their engagement, and he temporarily falls for Catsmeat Potter-Pirbright's sister Corky. Also in *The Mating Season*, Catsmeat makes Gussie climb into the Trafalgar Square fountain while clothed, and Gussie uses a false name twice. When in court after being arrested for wading in the Trafalgar Square fountain, he uses the alias Alfred Duff Cooper (clearly taken from British politician Alfred Duff Cooper), and he uses Bertie Wooster's name when pretending to be Bertie at Deverill Hall. In *Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves*, his engagement with Madeline is ended for good after she tries to make him be a vegetarian, and Gussie elopes with Emerald Stoker.

## Appearances

Gussie appears in:

Gussie is mentioned in:

## Market Snodsbury Grammar School speech

The scene in *Right Ho, Jeeves* in which Gussie, thoroughly inebriated due to Jeeves and later Bertie Wooster lacing his orange juice with gin, as well as his massive drink of whisky, gives a speech at the Market Snodsbury Grammar School is often cited as among the finest vignettes in English literature.

Gussie goes to the boys' school to present prizes to the pupils (for spelling, drawing, etc.), with the boys' relatives and other members of the community in attendance. He is taking the place of Reverend William Plomer, who is out due to illness. After making some snide remarks to the previous speaker (a man with a beard who mistakenly calls Gussie "Fitz-Wattle"), Gussie, standing with his thumbs in the armholes of his waistcoat, begins to deliver his speech:

> "Boys," said Gussie, "I mean ladies and gentlemen and boys, I will not detain you long, but I propose on this occasion to feel compelled to say a few auspicious words. Ladies – boys and ladies and gentlemen – we have all listened with interest to the remarks of our friend here who forgot to shave this morning – I don't know his name, but then he didn't know mine – Fitz-Wattle, I mean, absolutely absurd – which squares things up a bit – and we are all sorry that the Reverend What-ever-he-was-called should be dying of adenoids, but after all, here today, gone tomorrow, and all flesh is as grass, and what not, but that wasn't what I wanted to say. What I wanted to say was this – and I say it confidently – without fear of contradiction – I say, in short, I am happy to be here on this auspicious occasion and I take much pleasure in kindly awarding the prizes, consisting of the handsome books you see laid out on that table. As Shakespeare says, there are sermons in books, stones in the running brooks, or, rather, the other way about, and there you have it in a nutshell."

Gussie's grammar school speech is referenced in *Jeeves in the Offing*. Bertie recounts that at the grammar school, Gussie "had got pickled to the gills and made an outstanding exhibition of himself, setting up a mark at which all future orators would shoot in vain".

## Adaptations

Television * In the 1990–1993 series *Jeeves and Wooster*, Gussie was portrayed by Richard Garnett in series 1 (episodes 4–5) and series 2 (episodes 1–2), and by Richard Braine in series 3 (episodes 4–5) and series 4 (episode 5).

Stage Film * James Kall portrayed Gussie in the 2001 recording of the musical *By Jeeves*.

Radio * Gussie was voiced by Rolf Lefebvre in the 1956 BBC BBC Light Programme radio dramatisation of *Right Ho, Jeeves*.
* In the 1973–1981 series *What Ho! Jeeves*, Gussie was voiced by Rex Garner (*Right Ho, Jeeves* and *The Code of the Woosters*), David Valla (*The Mating Season*), and Jonathan Cecil (*Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves*).
* In the 1988 BBC radio adaptation of *Right Ho, Jeeves*, Gussie was voiced by Trevor Nichols.
* In the 1997 L.A. Theatre Works radio adaptation of *The Code of the Woosters*, Gussie was voiced by Thomas M. Shea.
* In BBC Radio 4's 2006 adaptation of *The Code of the Woosters* for its Classic Serial series, Gussie was voiced by Jeremy Swift.
* Gussie was voiced by Matthew Wolf in the 2018 BBC radio adaptation of *Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves*.

Notes Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Gussie Fink-Nottle | |
| --- | --- |
| *Jeeves* character | |
| Richard Garnett as Gussie giving his speech at Market Snodsbury Grammar School | |
| First appearance | *Right Ho, Jeeves* (1934) |
| Last appearance | *Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves* (1963) |
| Created by | P. G. Wodehouse |
| Portrayed by | Rex Garner<br>Richard Braine and others |
| In-universe information | |
| Full name | Augustus Fink-Nottle |
| Alias | Alfred Duff Cooper |
| Nickname | Gussie |
| Gender | Male |
| Nationality | British |


title: Niederlehme station

abstract: Niederlehme station is a railway station in the Niederlehme district in the municipality of Königs Wusterhausen, located in the Dahme-Spreewald district in Brandenburg, Germany.

text:
# Niederlehme station

**Niederlehme station** is a railway station in the Niederlehme district in the municipality of Königs Wusterhausen, located in the Dahme-Spreewald district in Brandenburg, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Niederlehme | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Am Bahnhof 1
15751 Niederlehme
Brandenburg
Germany |
| Coordinates | 52°18′07″N 13°39′08″E / 52.3020°N 13.6522°E / 52.3020; 13.6522 |
| Owned by | DB Netz |
| Operated by | DB Station&Service |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Train operators | Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 4506 |
| DS100 code | BNDL |
| IBNR | 8012489 |
| Category | 7 |
| Fare zone | VBB: Berlin C/5960 |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn Following station  Königs WusterhausenTerminus  RB 36  Zernsdorftowards Frankfurt (Oder) | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  NiederlehmeLocation within BrandenburgNiederlehmeLocation within GermanyNiederlehmeLocation within Europe | |


title: Paulão (footballer, born 1973)

abstract: Paulo Frederico Benevenute, known as Paulão, is a retired Brazilian footballer.

text:
# Paulão (footballer, born 1973)

**Paulo Frederico Benevenute** (born 26 December 1973), known as **Paulão**, is a retired Brazilian footballer.

## Biography

Born in Santo André, São Paulo state, Paulão played a season for São Paulo FC in 1999 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, when he passed out in his presentation; he was nicknamed *Paulão Desmaio* by the supporters. He then played a season in Portugal for Vitória de Guimarães and moved back to Santa Cruz in August 2001. He played for Juventude in the next season, and left for Guarani in 2003. In October 2003 he left for Al Khor. In January 2005, he returned to Brazil and signed a contract until the end of 2005 Campeonato Paulista with Atlético Sorocaba. He then played for Série A side Vasco da Gama and Grêmio Barueri of Série B, and also played for Rio Branco Esporte Clube at 2007 Campeonato Paulista.

## InfoBox

Paulão
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Paulo Frederico Benevenute | | |
| Date of birth | (1973-12-26) 26 December 1973 | | |
| Place of birth | Santo André, Brazil | | |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | ? |  |  |
|  | Mogi Mirim |  |  |
| 1999 | São Paulo | 15 | (0) |
| 2000–2001 | Vitória de Guimarães | 28 | (3) |
| 2001 | Santa Cruz | 19 | (1) |
| 2002 | Juventude | 22 | (0) |
| 2003 | Guarani | 20 | (2) |
| 2003–2004 | Al Khor |  |  |
| 2005 | Atlético Sorocaba |  |  |
| 2006 | Vasco da Gama | 11 | (1) |
| 2007 | Rio Branco (SP) |  |  |
| 2007 | Grêmio Barueri | 30 | (3) |
| 2009 | Madureira |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Helping John

abstract: Helping John is a 1912 short American silent comedy written Bannister Merwin, directed by Harold M. Shaw, and produced by the Edison Company at its main studio in New York City, in the Bronx.

text:
# Helping John

***Helping John*** is a 1912 short American silent comedy written Bannister Merwin, directed by Harold M. Shaw, and produced by the Edison Company at its main studio in New York City, in the Bronx.

## Production

Although some modern film references credit Bannister Merwin with directing *Helping John*, it was actually Harold M. Shaw who served as the motion picture's director. In 1912, in its semimonthly newsletter *The Kinetogram*, the Edison Company in the August 15 issue recognizes Merwin as the screenwriter of the project with the commonly used "By" credit for story writers; however, in the newsletter's next issue, on September 1, Edison announces Shaw's recent promotion to director at the studio and publicly credits and compliments him for directing *Helping John* along with other films produced in the summer of 1912:

> It is with great pleasure—though not unalloyed with regret—that we announce the appointment of Harold Shaw as a director of Edison photo-plays. The regret arises from the fact that his new duties will prevent Mr. Shaw from appearing in pictures, as all of his time will be devoted to directing...In his new capacity, he has already produced several films, among them "The Librarian," "The Harbinger of Peace," "The Cub Reporter," "Helping John," and "The Dam Builder." Any one of these pictures might be the work of a veteran director, so excellently have they all been assembled and worked out in detail....

## Release and distribution

The film was released in the United States on August 28, 1912. By December that year, it reached venues in New Zealand, with screenings in Canterbury at the beginning of the month and in Whanganui, where the local newspaper on December 26 promoted *Helping John* as "A Comedy Drama, written by Bannister Mervin  \[*sic*\]". It played in Masterton the next month and at His Majesty's Theatre in Stratford, Taranaki in February 1913. Then, in March, it was presented on a twin bill with another comedy, *Holding the Fort*, at King's Theatre in Thames.

## InfoBox

| Helping John | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Harold M. Shaw |
| Written by | Bannister Merwin |
| Starring | Bigelow Cooper
Miriam Nesbitt
Barry O'Moore
Robert Brower |
| Distributed by | Edison |
| Release date | * August 28, 1912 (1912-08-28) |
| Running time | 1 reel; approximately 1000 feet |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Richard Franklin (director)

abstract: Richard Franklin was an Australian film director.

text:
# Richard Franklin (director)

**Richard Franklin** (15 July 1948 – 11 July 2007) was an Australian film director.

## Early life and career

Franklin was born and grew up in Brighton, Melbourne, the son of Margaret Anne (Jacobson) and Rea Richard Franklin, an engineering company director. He was educated at Haileybury College. In the 1960s, Franklin was the drummer in the Melbourne band The Pink Finks, which also featured Ross Wilson and Ross Hannaford, later of Daddy Cool. The band released several singles, none of which had any significant chart success. Franklin chose a career in film rather than music. He studied film at The University of Southern California alongside other notable directors George Lucas, Robert Zemeckis and John Carpenter. Franklin was a devotee of Alfred Hitchcock (ever since he saw *Psycho* at the age of 12), and his attempt to arrange a screening of Hitchcock's *Rope* (1948) at USC produced a call from Hitchcock. Franklin invited Hitchcock to give a lecture at the university, and he became good friends with the director.

## Directing career

Franklin returned to Australia in the 1970s, when the country's film industry was experiencing a resurgence. He directed four episodes of the Australian police drama *Homicide* before directing the bawdy 1975 sex comedy feature *The True Story of Eskimo Nell* and the 1976 soft-core pornography feature *Fantasm*. Franklin's next film was the cult horror movie *Patrick* (1978), written by Everett De Roche, about a man in a coma who uses telekinesis to create murder and mayhem in a hospital. Franklin gave De Roche a copy of the screenplay of Alfred Hitchcock's *Rear Window* (1954), and De Roche suggested a movie with the plot of *Rear Window* taking place in a moving vehicle. The result was *Roadgames* (1981), directed by Franklin from a screenplay by De Roche. Filmed and set in Australia, and starring American actors Stacy Keach and Jamie Lee Curtis (the latter of whom Franklin met whilst visiting his one-time USC classmate John Carpenter on the set of *The Fog*), *Roadgames* was the most expensive Australian movie ever made at the time of its release in 1981.

### US films

After moving to Hollywood, Richard Franklin directed *Psycho II* (1983), the first sequel to Hitchcock's 1960 classic *Psycho*, with Anthony Perkins reprising the role of Norman Bates. The film was a financial success and received generally good reviews (it also led to a further two sequels, neither of which Franklin was involved with). Franklin then directed the 1984 spy/adventure movie *Cloak & Dagger*, starring Henry Thomas and Dabney Coleman. The film was a remake of *The Window* (1949), which was in turn based on the short story "The Boy Who Cried Murder" by Cornell Woolrich (Woolrich's short story "It Had to Be Murder" was adapted into Hitchcock's *Rear Window*, which was the inspiration for Franklin's *Road Games*).

Franklin was going to make *The Lost Boys* at one stage but his next film was *Link* (1986) a British horror movie (starring Elisabeth Shue and Terence Stamp) about a super-intelligent, murderous orangutan. The film reunited Franklin with screenwriter Everett De Roche.

Franklin was disillusioned with Hollywood after the experience of directing the 1991 action/thriller *FX2: The Deadly Art of Illusion* (starring Bryan Brown and Brian Dennehy).

### Return to Australia

He returned to Australia where he filmed *Hotel Sorrento* (1995) and *Brilliant Lies* (1996). Franklin called these films

> Very conscious attempts to prove that I could do what Australian filmmakers like Peter Weir and Bruce Beresford had done, which was make very classy arthouse types of films. Peter Weir was being offered material like *Witness*, that I would have loved to have directed, because he was perceived as an arthouse filmmaker. Whereas even in Hollywood I was perceived as a genre filmmaker, and not able to get these special elements that would win Oscars and the like.

### Final years

Franklin's final film, *Visitors*, was shot in 2003. He lectured at Swinburne School of Film and Television in Australia until his death.

Richard Franklin died of prostate cancer on 11 July 2007, four days before his 59th birthday. The documentary film *Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation!* (2008), for which Franklin was interviewed, was released after his death and was dedicated to him. Before his death, Franklin was set to be interviewed for *The Psycho Legacy*, a documentary that examined the Psycho franchise; however, the said interview with him was never filmed. Nevertheless, Franklin was enthusiastic about the documentary project and had wanted to do whatever he could to assist in its production.

Quentin Tarantino has cited *Roadgames* as his favourite Australian movie, and he screened *Psycho II* at the sixth Quentin Tarantino Film Festival (2005). Tarantino revealed in an interview that when he was a teenager, he wanted to write a book on genre filmmakers, and Richard Franklin was one of the directors he wanted to engage in conversation for it.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Director | Producer | Writer | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1975 | *The True Story of Eskimo Nell* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Also known as *Dick Down Under* |
| 1976 | *Fantasm* | Yes |  |  | Credited as "Richard Bruce" |
| 1978 | *Patrick* | Yes | Yes |  | Nominated – AACTA Award for Best Film |
| 1980 | *The Blue Lagoon* |  | Yes |  | Co-producer |
| 1981 | *Roadgames* | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |
| 1983 | *Psycho II* | Yes |  |  |  |
| 1984 | *Cloak & Dagger* | Yes |  |  |  |
| 1986 | *Link* | Yes | Yes |  |  |
| 1991 | *F/X2* | Yes |  |  |  |
| 1993 | *Running Delilah* | Yes |  |  | Television film |
| 1995 | *Hotel Sorrento* | Yes | Yes | Yes | AACTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Nominated – AACTA Award for Best Film
Nominated – AACTA Award for Best Direction
Nominated – Tokyo International Film Festival – Grand Prix |
| 1996 | *Brilliant Lies* | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |
| 1997 | *One Way Ticket* | Yes |  |  | Television film |
| 1999 | *Harry's War* |  | Yes |  |  |
| 1999–2000 | *The Lost World* | Yes |  |  | Television film pilot + four additional episodes |
| 2000–2001 | *BeastMaster* | Yes |  |  | 5 episodes |
| 2002 | *Flatland* | Yes |  |  | 2 episodes |
| 2003 | *Visitors* | Yes | Yes |  |  |
| 2007 | *Cut the Crap* |  | Yes |  | Executive producer; Final project |
|

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Richard Franklin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1948-07-15)15 July 1948
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Died | 11 July 2007(2007-07-11) (aged 58)
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Occupation | Film director |
| Years active | 1975–2003 |


title: Altha adala

abstract: Altha adala is a moth of the family Limacodidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1859. It is found in Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Java, Bali, Borneo, and Sumatra. Forewings with dull orange shade with a central dark brown dot. The caterpillar has a greenish-white body which is ovate and without tubercles. Larval food plants include Annona, Bauhinia, Coffea, Mangifera, Eugenia, Rosa, Psidium guajava and Mangifera indica.

text:
# Altha adala

***Altha adala*** is a moth of the family Limacodidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1859. It is found in Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Java, Bali, Borneo, and Sumatra.

Forewings with dull orange shade with a central dark brown dot. The caterpillar has a greenish-white body which is ovate and without tubercles.

Larval food plants include *Annona*, *Bauhinia*, *Coffea*, *Mangifera*, *Eugenia*, *Rosa*, *Psidium guajava* and *Mangifera indica*.

## InfoBox

| *Altha adala* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Limacodidae |
| Genus: | *Altha* |
| Species: | ***A. adala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Altha adala***<br>(Moore, 1859) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Narosa adala* Moore, in Horsfield & Moore, 1859 | |


title: Mexigonus minutus

abstract: Mexigonus minutus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

text:
# Mexigonus minutus

***Mexigonus minutus*** is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Mexigonus minutus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male in San Diego, California | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Mexigonus* |
| Species: | ***M. minutus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mexigonus minutus***<br>(F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1901) | |
|


abstract: Van Buren Township is one of twelve townships in Pulaski County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 854 and it contained 375 housing units. Van Buren Township was organized in 1842, and named for Martin Van Buren (1782–1862), eighth President of the United States (1837–1841).

text:
# Van Buren Township, Pulaski County, Indiana

**Van Buren Township** is one of twelve townships in Pulaski County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 854 and it contained 375 housing units.

Van Buren Township was organized in 1842, and named for Martin Van Buren (1782–1862), eighth President of the United States (1837–1841).

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 1,259 |  |  |
| 1900 | 1,456 |  | 15.6% |
| 1910 | 1,413 |  | −3.0% |
| 1920 | 1,337 |  | −5.4% |
| 1930 | 1,292 |  | −3.4% |
| 1940 | 1,218 |  | −5.7% |
| 1950 | 1,145 |  | −6.0% |
| 1960 | 1,101 |  | −3.8% |
| 1970 | 974 |  | −11.5% |
| 1980 | 1,014 |  | 4.1% |
| 1990 | 951 |  | −6.2% |
| 2000 | 1,005 |  | 5.7% |
| 2010 | 911 |  | −9.4% |
| 2020 | 854 |  | −6.3% |
| Source: US Decennial Census | | | |

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 36.28 square miles (94.0 km2), all land.

### Cities, towns, villages

### Unincorporated towns

(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

### Cemeteries

The township contains these four cemeteries: Buck, Independent Order of Odd Fellows (now known as Star City West Cemetery), Mull and Victor Chapel.

### Major highways

## Education

* Eastern Pulaski Community School Corporation

Van Buren Township residents may obtain a free library card from the Pulaski County Public Library in Winamac.

## Political districts

1. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
2. *Counties of White and Pulaski, Indiana: Historical and Biographical*. F.A. Battey & Company. 1883. p. 588.
3. "Township Census Counts: STATS Indiana".
4. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
5. "The Library District". Pulaski County Public Library. Retrieved March 14, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Van Buren Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Pulaski County | |
| Coordinates: 40°57′22″N 86°31′48″W / 40.95611°N 86.53000°W / 40.95611; -86.53000 | |
| Country | USA |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Pulaski |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.28 sq mi (94.0 km2) |
| Land | 36.28 sq mi (94.0 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2)  0% |
| Elevation | 725 ft (221 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 854 |
| Density | 24/sq mi (9.1/km2) |
| ZIP codes | 46978, 46985 |
| GNIS feature ID | 453951 |


title: Víctor Salazar (footballer, born 1991)

abstract: Víctor Alberto Salazar Cuesta is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a forward.

text:
# Víctor Salazar (footballer, born 1991)

**Víctor Alberto Salazar Cuesta** (born February 14, 1991) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a forward.

## Career

Salazar is a product of the Millonarios youth system and played with the Millonarios first-team since March, 2009.

## InfoBox

Víctor Salazar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Víctor Alberto Salazar Cuesta | | |
| Date of birth | (1991-02-14) 14 February 1991 | | |
| Place of birth | Quibdó, Colombia | | |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2006–2007 | América de Cali | | |
| 2008 | Millonarios | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009–2015 | Millonarios | 8 | (0) |
| 2012–2013 | Atlético (loan) | 49 | (17) |
| 2013 | Atlético Huila (loan) | 1 | (0) |
| 2015–2016 | Atlético Bucaramanga | 11 | (0) |
| 2016–2018 | Royal Eagles | 2 | (0) |
| 2018 | Senica | 0 | (0) |
| 2018 | Nové Mesto nad Váhom (loan) | 3 | (0) |
| 2019– | Deportivo San Pedro |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 22:54, 6 October 2019 (UTC) | | | |


title: Night of the Creeps

abstract: Night of the Creeps is a 1986 American science fiction horror comedy film written and directed by Fred Dekker in his feature directorial debut, starring Jason Lively, Jill Whitlow, and Tom Atkins. The film is an earnest attempt at a B movie and an homage to the genre. While the main plot of the film is related to zombies, the film also mixes in takes on slashers and alien invasion films. Night of the Creeps did not perform well at the box office, but it developed a cult following. In the film, a college student and his best friend steal a cadaver from a cryogenics lab, as part of an initiation rite in a local fraternity. The "corpse" is an undead body from the late 1950s, and is under the control of an extraterrestrial organism. Soon, several other people are infected with these alien slugs.

text:
# Night of the Creeps

***Night of the Creeps*** is a 1986 American science fiction horror comedy film written and directed by Fred Dekker in his feature directorial debut, starring Jason Lively, Jill Whitlow, and Tom Atkins. The film is an earnest attempt at a B movie and an homage to the genre. While the main plot of the film is related to zombies, the film also mixes in takes on slashers and alien invasion films. *Night of the Creeps* did not perform well at the box office, but it developed a cult following.

In the film, a college student and his best friend steal a cadaver from a cryogenics lab, as part of an initiation rite in a local fraternity. The "corpse" is an undead body from the late 1950s, and is under the control of an extraterrestrial organism. Soon, several other people are infected with these alien slugs.

## Plot

In 1959, on board a spacecraft, two aliens race to keep an experiment from being released by a third member of the crew. The seemingly possessed third alien shoots the canister into space where it crashes to Earth. Nearby, a college man takes his date to a parking spot when they see a falling star and investigate. It lands in the path of an escaped criminally insane mental patient. As his date is attacked by the axe-wielding maniac, the boy finds the canister, from which a small slug-like thing jumps out and into his mouth.

Twenty-seven years later in 1986, Chris Romero pines over a love lost, supported by his disabled friend J.C. Hooper. During pledge week at Corman University, Chris spots a girl, Cynthia Cronenberg, and falls instantly in love. To get her attention, he decides to join a fraternity. Cynthia's boyfriend, who heads the Beta Epsilon fraternity, tasks them with stealing a cadaver from the university medical center and depositing it on the steps of a rival fraternity house. Chris and J.C. find a frozen corpse in a secret room, but when it grabs them, they flee. The thawed corpse then kills a medical student working at the lab.

Detective Ray Cameron, a haunted cop, is called in to the cryogenics lab break-in, where he discovers one of the bodies – the boy who discovered the alien experiment in 1959 – is now missing, set free by Chris and J.C. The corpse makes its way back to the sorority house where he picked up his date twenty-seven years ago. There, his head splits open and releases more of the slugs. Called to the scene, Cameron finds the body, interpreting the condition of the head as the result of an axe wound in the face.

The next day, the fraternity brothers confront Chris and J.C., who they believe to be responsible for the previous night's incident. They are then taken in for questioning by the police. Based on the testimony of a janitor who witnessed them running out of the university medical center, "screaming like banshees," they confess to breaking in but deny moving the corpse. That night, the dead medical student rises from his slab and runs into the janitor.

Cynthia attempts to convince Chris and J.C. that the attacks are zombie-related, but they are skeptical. When J.C. sees Cynthia leaning on Chris' shoulder, J.C. leaves the two alone and is attacked by the slugs that emerge from the possessed janitor. After Chris walks Cynthia back to the sorority house, he runs into Cameron, who has overheard their conversation. At his house, Cameron explains to Chris that the escaped lunatic's 1959 victim was his ex-girlfriend, and that he secretly hunted down and killed the axe-murderer in revenge. After Cameron reveals that he buried the body under what is now the sorority house, he gets a call that the same axe-wielding lunatic has killed the house mother. Cameron blows off the corpse's head with his shotgun, which releases more slugs.

The next night, while everyone prepares for a formal dance, Chris finds a recorded message that J.C. posthumously left for him. J.C. says that the slugs have incubated in his brain, but he has discovered that they are susceptible to heat. He confesses his love to Chris, and wishes him luck with Cynthia. Chris recruits Cameron, who was in the midst of a suicide attempt, and they retrieve a flamethrower from the police armory. They arrive at the sorority house just as Cynthia breaks up with Brad, who has become possessed. After killing him, the Beta fraternity brothers show up, despite having been killed in a bus crash. Cynthia and Chris team up to destroy the outside zombies while Cameron clears the house.

After they stop the horde, Chris spots more slugs racing toward the basement; Cynthia explains that a member of the sorority had received specimen brains for biology class. In the basement, they find an enormous pile of slugs and Cameron, tape across his mouth, prepping a can of gasoline. The detective begins counting down as he splashes gasoline and Chris counts down in sync with him as he and Cynthia race out of the house. As Cameron opens up the house's gas valve, several slugs leap to attack him. He flicks his lighter and the house goes up in a fiery explosion. Chris and Cynthia share a kiss as they watch the house burn.

### Endings

The film has two endings, one of which was used for the film's theatrical release and the other is the ending originally intended by director Fred Dekker.

In the theatrical version, the dog who caused the bus accident returns and approaches Cynthia. As Cynthia bends down toward it, the dog opens its mouth and a slug jumps out toward her.

The original ending shows Chris and Cynthia standing in front of the burning sorority house, with the camera moving to the street where police cars race towards the burning building. The police cars race by the charred and 'zombified' Cameron who is shuffling down the street, still smoking a cigarette, when he suddenly stops and falls to the ground. His head then bursts open, with the slugs that incubated inside his brain scamper out and slither towards a nearby cemetery, suggesting the slugs have found new hosts to inhabit. Searchlights appear from the night sky, revealing the source to be the spaceship from the beginning of the film, with the aliens intending to retrieve their experiment.

## Cast

The characters' names are homages to horror directors.

## Production

Director Fred Dekker originally wanted to shoot the film in black and white. He included every B movie cliche he could think of and insisted on directing the script himself. Most of the main characters (Romero, Carpenter, Raimi, Landis, Hooper, Cronenberg, Cameron, Miner, Craven, Bava) are named after horror movie makers. The script was written in a week.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack album, featuring Barry DeVorzon's score for the film (except tracks 22-26), was issued in 2009 by La-La Land Records. Asterisked tracks include sound effects.

| Night of the Creeps - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Barry DeVorzon | |
| Released | October 27, 2009 |
| Length | 1:11:26 |
| Label | La-La Land Records |

## Release

*Night of the Creeps* was released on August 22, 1986, in the United States. In the Philippines, the film was released on March 5, 1987, with free "protector" stickers handed out for early moviegoers to put on during the screening. The domestic gross was $591,366 across 70 theaters.

In Cincinnati, Ohio and other cities, the movie was released as **Homecoming Night**.

### Home video

The film was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1986 by HBO/Cannon Video. Some of these feature the theatrical ending only.

The DVD and Blu-ray was released on October 27, 2009, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and contain the original ending along with some special features. Scream Factory re-released it on Blu-ray on June 18, 2019 with extra special features.

## Reception

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 73% of 22 critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 6.7/10. Nina Darnton wrote that the film, though derivative, "shows a fair ability to create suspense, build tension and achieve respectable performances." Nigel Floyd of *Time Out London* wrote that the direction and special effects are poor, but the film is still "enjoyable enough in a ramshackle sort of way." Michael Gingold of *Fangoria* rated it 3.5/4 stars and called it "one of the year's most surprisingly entertaining fright features, one that homaged practically every subgenre imaginable, yet kept a sure hand on its tone and never descended into spoofery." Steve Barton of Dread Central rated it 5/5 stars and called it "a classic in every sense of the word." Christopher Monfette of IGN rated it 7/10 and wrote that the film "shows its age" but is scary, gory, and has plenty of quotable lines. Nathan Rabin of *The A.V. Club* rated it C+ and wrote, "*Night Of The Creeps* has all the ingredients of a top-notch cult movie, yet Dekker too often ends up recycling clichés rather than subverting or spoofing them." Scott Weinberg of Fearnet wrote that the film is not for everyone, but it is "horror nerd nirvana". Eric Profancik of DVD Verdict called it "a great flick that deserves its cult status".

Later director Fred Dekker said: “It’s an odd movie. Nobody ever sets out to make a cult movie, but there are movies a wide audience will immediately take to, and there’s NIGHT OF THE CREEPS which is a strange mish-mash of detective story, horror movie, romance, science fiction and comedy. But that’s what special about it. At the end of the day I’m pleased with it. I pulled it off.“

## Unofficial sequel

*Zombie Town* was marketed in some regions as a sequel, being alternatively titled *Night of the Creeps 2: Zombie Town* in Germany.

## InfoBox

| Night of the Creeps | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Fred Dekker |
| Written by | Fred Dekker |
| Produced by | Charles Gordon |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Robert C. New |
| Edited by | Michael N. Knue |
| Music by |  |
| Distributed by | Tri-Star Pictures |
| Release date | * August 22, 1986 (1986-08-22) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $591,366 (US) |


title: James Stourton

abstract: James Alastair Stourton, is a British art historian and a former chairman of Sotheby's UK.

text:
# James Stourton

**James Alastair Stourton**, (born 3 July 1956 in York, England) is a British art historian and a former chairman of Sotheby's UK.

## Education

Stourton was educated at Ampleforth College, North Yorkshire and then Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he took an MA in History of Art.

## Personal life

Stourton is the second son of Charles Edward Stourton, 23rd Baron Stourton, 27th Baron Segrave, 26th Baron Mowbray CBE and Jane de Yarburgh-Bateson, the only child of Lord Deramore. In 1993 Stourton married Sophie Stonor, daughter of Thomas Stonor, 7th Baron Camoys. The marriage was dissolved by annulment.. James was partner to Charity Charity, the former worldwide creative director at JWT followed by Saatchi & Saatchi, from 2011 until her death in 2021.

## Career

Stourton began his career at Sotheby's as an Old Master paintings specialist in 1979 and held many positions there, rising to the UK Chairmanship. He left the auction house in 2012 to become a Senior Fellow of the Institute of Historical Research, University of London.

Stourton’s publications include *The British as Art Collectors, A History of British Art Collecting from the Tudors to the Present*, with Charles Sebag-Montefiore (Scala, 2012), *Great Houses of London* (Frances Lincoln, 2012), which won the Spear’s Prize 2013 and *Kenneth Clark* (William Collins 2016), named The Sunday Times Art Book of the Year 2016. See also

Over the years Stourton has been a regular writer of reviews, obituaries and articles for *The Daily Telegraph*; *The Independent;* The Spectator*;* Apollo*;* The Art Newspaper*;* Country Life*,* The Literary Review *and was consultant to* The Economist *art collecting supplement.*

James has written and published *British Embassies: their diplomatic and architectural history* (Frances Lincoln 2017) and *Dudley House: An Architectural and Social History Dudley House*, published Swan éditeur 2019.

James was the proprietor of the Stourton Press, with an article featuring in Matrix 24: A Review For Printers And Bibliophiles, published Winter 2004, entitled 'A Month of Sundays: My time at Stourton Press'.

As well as being a Senior Fellow of the Institute of Historical Research of London University, Stourton sat on several government committees including the Panel of the Heritage Memorial Fund, and the Acceptance in Lieu Panel, from 2012 to 2021 in both cases. James was deputy Chairman of the Acceptance in Lieu Panel and is Vice President of the Roxburghe Club.

### Television, Lecturing and Journalism

Stourton has contributed to several television programmes, most recently for the BBC2 Culture Show programme on Kenneth Clark, screened Saturday 31 May 2014. Past programmes include appearances with Victoria Leatham in *Heirs and Graces* (1990) on the art collections at Highclere and Berkeley Castles; he was also a contributor to BBC4 series on British Art Collecting (screened July 2013). Today he acts as the consultant to Sky Arts television series on art collectors being produced by Colonial Pictures.

He frequently lectures on the history of art and collecting, having in the past delivered lectures for the Cambridge University History of Art faculty, The Art Fund, Sotheby's Institute and many others. Stourton gave the keynote address at Frick Museum seminar on Anglo-American art collecting on 6 May 2011: The Revolving Door: 300 years of British Art Collecting. He also delivered the lecture to close the celebrations for the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification at the Italian Embassy on 13 October 2011: The English Love Affair with Italy, 300 years of Art Collecting. In 2017 he was invited to give the Marlay Lecture at The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

James gave the 150th Anniversary Lecture of the Building of George Gilbert Scott's Foreign Office, entitled "Goths vs Romans: The Battle to Build the Foreign Office'.

### Publications

* *The Dictionary of Art* (Macmillan) contributor, 1996
* *Great Small Museums of Europe* (Scala, 2003). Translated into four languages, Danish, Chinese, French and Japanese
* *Great Collectors of our Time: Art Collecting Since 1945* (Scala, 2007), Apollo Book of the Year 2007
* ‘Robert, 9th Lord Petre’ in *English Catholic Heroes* (Gracewing, 2008)
* *The British as Art Collectors, A History of British Art Collecting from the Tudors to the Present*, with Charles Sebag-Montefiore (Scala, 2012)
* *Great Houses of London* (Frances Lincoln, 2012). winner of Spear's Prize 2013, new edition 2015
* *Kenneth Clark* (William Collins 2016), named The Sunday Times Art Book of the Year 2016. See also
* *British Embassies: their diplomatic and architectural history* (Frances Lincoln 2017)
* *Dudley House: Anarchitectural and Social History*, published Swan Editeur, Paris in 2019
* *Whales & Sprats: A Showing of Books from the Library of James Stourton*, privately printed for the Roxburghe Club 2019
* Sponsor and publisher of *The Lumley Inventory and Pedigree*, Edited Mark Evans, 2010 for the Roxburghe Club
* ‘The Revolving Door: Four Centuries of British Collecting’ in *British Models of Art Collecting and the American Response*, Edited by Inge Reist, Frick 2014
* *Heritage A History of How We Conserve Our Past* (Head of Zeus, 2022)
* *Rogues and Scholars: Boom and Bust in the London Art Market 1945-2000* (Head of Zeus, 2024)

### Sotheby's Career

Stourton joined the British Painting Department of Sotheby’s, London in 1979. By 2006 Stourton was Chairman of Sotheby’s UK.

During his time at Sotheby's Stourton organised many famous and important sales including the Ava Gardner Collection, the Bentinck-Thyssen Old Master Painting Collection, the Edward Fattorini Dutch Painting Collection, the Arturo Lopez-Wilshaw Silver Sale, the Palazzo Corsini Sale in Florence, the Guy de Rothschild sale in Monte-Carlo, the Sale of Charles de Beistegui at Château de Groussay.

He was behind the sale of many famous libraries including those of Fred Adams, the Montefiore Collection of Hebrew Manuscripts, the Macclesfield Library from Shirburn Castle, and the Wardington Collection of Maps and Atlases.

Whilst at Sotheby's he instituted the first Graduate Trainee Scheme, in 1987, which provided a very significant number of today's senior European directors, and in 2006 also initiated the Historic Houses Association/Sotheby's annual prize for a country house restoration.


title: Neck or Nothing Passage

abstract: Neck or Nothing Passage is a narrow passage leading from Blythe Bay between Iratais Point in the south end of Desolation Island and Miladinovi Islets, in the South Shetland Islands. The name was applied prior to 1830, probably by whalers who frequented Blythe Bay and who at times ran their vessels to sea via this passage to escape severe easterly gales.

text:
# Neck or Nothing Passage

**Neck or Nothing Passage** (62°28′16″S 60°20′24″W / 62.47111°S 60.34000°W / -62.47111; -60.34000) is a narrow passage leading from Blythe Bay between Iratais Point in the south end of Desolation Island and Miladinovi Islets, in the South Shetland Islands. The name was applied prior to 1830, probably by whalers who frequented Blythe Bay and who at times ran their vessels to sea via this passage to escape severe easterly gales.

## Maps

* L.L. Ivanov et al., Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4

This article incorporates public domain material from "Neck or Nothing Passage". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Thorvald Hansen (composer)

abstract: Frederick Thorvald Hansen was a Danish trumpeter and composer. As a boy, he learned to play the piano, organ, violin, and later trumpet: with Peter Johan Waldemar Petersen, Danish trumpeter (1824-1901)². In 1867, Hansen joined the Tivoli Concert hall Orchestra and in 1884 he was hired as a solo trumpeter in the Royal Danish Orchestra. At the same time, he played viola and violin in various chamber ensembles. Hansen was for many years organist substitute for cathedral organist J. P. E. Hartmann in the Church of Our Lady. He also composed and has written a number of smaller pieces for piano and trumpet, but also other things such some Progressive End Exercises for Trumpet in F. In 1893 he joined the Royal Danish Academy of Music to teach trumpet there.

text:
# Thorvald Hansen (composer)

**Frederick Thorvald Hansen** (3 May 1847 - 24 January 1915) was a Danish trumpeter and composer. As a boy, he learned to play the piano, organ, violin, and later trumpet: with Peter Johan Waldemar Petersen, Danish trumpeter (1824-1901)². In 1867, Hansen joined the Tivoli Concert hall Orchestra and in 1884 he was hired as a solo trumpeter in the Royal Danish Orchestra. At the same time, he played viola and violin in various chamber ensembles. Hansen was for many years organist substitute for cathedral organist J. P. E. Hartmann in the Church of Our Lady. He also composed and has written a number of smaller pieces for piano and trumpet, but also other things such some Progressive End Exercises for Trumpet in F. In 1893 he joined the Royal Danish Academy of Music to teach trumpet there.

## Compositions

* Sonata for cornet and piano in E Flat Major, op. 18 (1915)
* Cantata for the Naval School 200 Annual Fest (1901)
* Vaisenhus-Cantata (1902)
* Quartet for 2 cornets and trombones 2 (1904)
* Suite for orchestra
* Chanson du soir for string orchestra and harp
* Romance with string orchestra and 2 horns
* Serenade for oboe
* Serenade for French horn
* Concert Waltz for Cornet and piano
* Romance for Cornet and piano
* Scherzo for viola and piano
* Concert Wire
* "From Gyldenløve" for voice and piano

² East meets West - The Russian trumpet tradition from the Time of Peter the Great to the October Revolution, E. Tarr, HBS series n° 4, Pendragon Press, 2003, G.G.


title: Altha lacteola

abstract: Altha lacteola is a moth of the family Limacodidae first described by Charles Swinhoe in 1890. It is found in south-east Asia, including Vietnam and Taiwan. The wingspan is 25–30 mm. Adults are on wing in September.

text:
# Altha lacteola

***Altha lacteola*** is a moth of the family Limacodidae first described by Charles Swinhoe in 1890. It is found in south-east Asia, including Vietnam and Taiwan.

The wingspan is 25–30 mm. Adults are on wing in September.

## Subspecies

* *Altha lacteola lacteola*
* *Altha lacteola melanopsis* Strand, 1915 (Taiwan)

## InfoBox

| *Altha lacteola* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Altha lacteola melanopsis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Limacodidae |
| Genus: | *Altha* |
| Species: | ***A. lacteola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Altha lacteola***<br>(C. Swinhoe, 1890) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Belgoraea lacteola* C. Swinhoe, 1890 | |


title: Mexigonus morosus

abstract: Mexigonus morosus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

text:
# Mexigonus morosus

***Mexigonus morosus*** is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Mexigonus morosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Mexigonus* |
| Species: | ***M. morosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mexigonus morosus***<br>(Peckham & Peckham, 1888) | |
|


title: Motor launch (naval)

abstract:
A motor launch (ML) is a small military vessel in Royal Navy service. It was designed for harbour defence and submarine chasing. Similar vessels were used by the Royal Air Force for armed high-speed air-sea rescue. Some vessels for water police service are also known as motor launches.
Motor launches were slower than motor torpedo boats and motor gun boats

text:
# Motor launch (naval)

| A WW I motor launch - *ML 59* | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Builders | Elco |
| Operators | Royal Navy |
| Built | 1915–1918 |
| In commission | 1915–1920s |
| Completed | 580 |
| General characteristics ML.1–50 series | |
| Type | Motor launch |
| Displacement | 34 t |
| Length | 75 ft (23 m) |
| Propulsion | Petrol engine |
| Speed | 19 kn (35 km/h) |
| Complement | 8 |
| Armament |  |
| General characteristics ML.51–550 series | |
| Type | Motor launch |
| Displacement | 37 t |
| Length | 86 ft (26 m) |
| Propulsion | Petrol engine |
| Speed | 19 kn (35 km/h) |
| Complement | 6 |
| Armament |  |
| General characteristics ML.551–580 | |
| Type | Motor launch |
| Displacement | 37 t |
| Length | 80 ft (24 m) |
| Speed | 19 kn (35 km/h) |
| Complement | 8 |
| Armament | * 1 × 13-pdr gun * later replaced with 1 × 3-pdr |

A **motor launch** (**ML**) is a small military vessel in Royal Navy service. It was designed for harbour defence and submarine chasing. Similar vessels were used by the Royal Air Force for armed high-speed air-sea rescue. Some vessels for water police service are also known as motor launches. Motor launches were slower than motor torpedo boats and motor gun boats

## World War I service

Although small by naval standards, it was larger than the preceding steam or diesel-engined harbour launches of 56 ft and coastal motor boats of 40 and 55 ft length. The first motor launches entered service in the First World War. These were five hundred and eighty 80-foot-long (24 m) vessels built by the US Elco company for the Admiralty, receiving the numbers ML-1 to ML-580. They served with the Royal Navy between 1916 and the end of the war, defending the British coast from German submarines. Some of the earliest examples, including ML 1, also served in the Persian Gulf from June 1916. After the Armistice of 11 November 1918 a flotilla of 12 Royal Navy motor launches travelled down the Rhine performing duty as the Rhine Patrol Flotilla. The only known surviving example of a World War I era motor launch is *ML-286*, which now lies in a poor condition on the banks of the River Thames.

## World War II types

|
|  |
Examples
| Type | Length | Weight | Speed | Built | Total | Lost | Designed for |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fairmile A motor launch | 110 ft (34 m) | 57 tons | 25 knots (46 km/h) | 1939 | 12 |  | Submarine chasing, later minelaying |
| Fairmile B motor launch | 112 ft (34 m) | 85 tons | 20 knots (37 km/h) | 1940–45 | 1,284 |  | Submarine chasing, many later roles including air-sea rescue |
| Harbour defence motor launch | 72 ft (22 m) | 54 tons | 12 knots (22 km/h) | 1940–45 | 486 | 47 | Defending harbours; anti-submarine |
| BPBC Type Two 63 ft high speed launch "Whaleback" | 63 ft (19 m) | 21.5 tons | 36 knots (67 km/h) | 1940–42 | 70 |  | RAF air-sea rescue downed aircrew, particularly in the English Channel |

The BPBC Type Two was succeeded by the Type Three 68 ft "Hants and Dorset".

Post-war, many motor launches were taken on as pleasure boats. A number of them are on the National Register of Historic Vessels.

* Gardiner, Robert, *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921* Conway Maritime Press, 1985. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
* Gardiner, Robert and Chesneau, Roger, *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*, Conway Maritime Press, 1980. ISBN 0-83170-303-2.


title: Niederlauterstein

abstract: Niederlauterstein is a village in Saxony which has been incorporated into the town of Marienberg in the district Erzgebirgskreis since 1996.

text:
# Niederlauterstein

**Niederlauterstein** is a village in Saxony which has been incorporated into the town of Marienberg in the district Erzgebirgskreis since 1996.

## Geography

Niederlauterstein is a dispersed settlement (*Streusiedlung*), situated about 3.5 km (2.2 mi) north-east of Marienberg in the Ore Mountains. It extends from the left bank of Schwarze Pockau river for about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) westward on a steep slope. The ruined Lauterstein Castle which formed the origin of the settlement is situated on a rock spur above the river, at the eastern end of the village.

A former miners' settlement dating back to the 12th century, the abandoned village Schwedengraben, is located about 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Niederlauterstein. To the east, Landesstraße 224 between Pockau und Kniebreche runs along the valley of Schwarze Pockau. Kreisstraße 8131 connects the western end of the village with Rittersberg and Kniebreche and with Lauta via Lauterbach.

## History

The history of Niederlauterstein is closely connected with that of Lauterstein Castle, built in the second half of the 12th century and first mentioned in 1304, which was built to protect a medieval trade road between Leipzig and Prague across the Ore mountains. When castle and lordship were divided in 1497 into *Nyder Sloß Lauttersteynn* ("Lower castle Lauterstein") and *zum Lawttersteyn*, a dividing wall was erected across the castle courtyard.

Since 1539, after the Protestant Reformation Niederlauterstein has belonged to the parish of Lauterbach. In 1559, Prince-elector Augustus installed the administration of the Saxon Amt Lauterstein in the castle. The castle burned down in 1639 during the Thirty Years' War.

Beginning in 1698, the sale of the *Vorwerke* *Neudeck-Schäferei*, *Schlossmühle* and *Schweizer Vorwerk* was prepared. Carl Gottlieb Leubnitz, Georg Heinrich Dürrfeldt and Curth Heinrich Einsiedel, commission agents of the prince-elector, were instructed to negotiate the contract which was completed on 26 September 1701 and which was confirmed on 23 December 1701 by Augustus the Strong in Warsaw. The farming estates together with their tracts of land were sold to 31 buyers, among them subjects of the *Amt* and other applicants. Since the estates had been property of the castle's share since 1497, the new village arising from them was named *Nieder Lauterstein* in 1701.

A school was established in 1835 and a second one in 1884. Both were replaced by a new building in 1916 which is now used as a club house by the local history society. After *Schlossmühle* mill on the right bank of Schwarze Pockau burned down in 1860, a flax spinnery was built in its grounds in 1865. It burned down in 1888 and was replaced by a paper mill for the production of paperboard in 1893. It closed in 1965, only the former proprietor's villa has been preserved. The former manorial district of Schlossmühle was incorporated into Niederlauterstein in 1921.

On 1. Januar 1996 Niederlauterstein was incorporated into Marienberg.

## Inhabitants

| Year Inhabitants  1764 31 smallholders  1834 530  1871 703  1890 673  1910 632 | Year Inhabitants  1925 656  1939 696  1946 716  1950 745  1964 676 | Year Inhabitants  1990 573  1995 647  2007 729  2014 676  2015 673 | Year Inhabitants  2016 659  2021 626 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

## Bibliography

* Schumann, August (1820). "Niederlauterstein". **Vollständiges Staats-, Post- und Zeitungslexikon von Sachsen** (in German). Vol. 7. Zwickau. p. 272.
* Landratsamt Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis, Hrsg.: *Zur Geschichte der Städte und Gemeinden im Mittleren Erzgebirgskreis*, Eine Zeittafel (Teile 1–3)
* Carl W. Hering (1828). *Geschichte des sächsischen Hochlandes: mit besonderer Beziehung auf das Amt Lauterstein und angrenzende Städte, Schlösser und Rittergüter*. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.

* Niederlauterstein in the Digital Historic Index of Places in Saxony (*Digitales Historisches Ortsverzeichnis von Sachsen*)
* Neudeck in the Digital Historic Index of Places in Saxony (*Digitales Historisches Ortsverzeichnis von Sachsen*)
* Schloßmühle in the Digital Historic Index of Places in Saxony (*Digitales Historisches Ortsverzeichnis von Sachsen*)
* Schweizervorwerk in the Digital Historic Index of Places in Saxony (*Digitales Historisches Ortsverzeichnis von Sachsen*)
* niederlauterstein-erzgebirge.de

## InfoBox

| Niederlauterstein | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Marienberg | |
| Location of Niederlauterstein | |
| Niederlauterstein Niederlauterstein | |
| Coordinates: 50°40′13″N 13°9′3″E / 50.67028°N 13.15083°E / 50.67028; 13.15083 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony |
| District | Erzgebirgskreis |
| Town | Marienberg |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.052 km2 (1.178 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 556 m (1,824 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 626 |
| Density | 210/km2 (530/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 09496 |
| Dialling codes | 03735 |


title: Gustaf Murray

abstract: Gustaf Murray was Bishop of Västerås in Sweden from 1811 to 1825.

text:
# Gustaf Murray

**Gustaf Murray** (28 March 1747 – 4 May 1825) was Bishop of Västerås in Sweden from 1811 to 1825.

## Biography

Murray was born on 28 March 1747 in Stockholm, son of the Prussian-born preacher and theologian Andreas Murray (1695–1771). His brothers were the professors Johann Philipp Murray (1726–1776), Johan Anders Murray (1740–1791) and Adolph Murray (1751–1803).

In 1760 Gustaf Murray became a student in Uppsala, and in 1768 became a Master of Philosophy in Göttingen. He was ordained in 1770, and for the next four years was an assistant minister at the German church in Stockholm. In 1771 Murray was one of the founders of the Christian education society Pro Fide et Christianismo, also serving as its president. In 1774 he was made the court chaplain of Duke Charles, the future Charles XIII of Sweden. In 1778 he became a Doctor of Divinity, and in 1780 pastor of the Jakobs and Johannes parishes in Stockholm. In 1793 he was a member of the Committee for improving the Church handbook, hymn book and catechism. As a pastor he worked extensively for the relief of the poor. He established a voluntary workhouse, organized collections and arranged for free practical education and gifts of clothing and footwear for the children of poor families.

In 1801 Murray was promoted to first pastor and vicar of Great Church Assembly. In 1809, after the political revolution, he was made the court preacher and nominal bishop. He was knighted in 1810 and in 1811 was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Västerås. Gustaf Murray died on 4 May 1825 in Västerås. His children were Gustaf Anders (1784–1824), Carl Erik (1786–1870), Charlotta Wilhelmina (1788–1858), Sophia Lovisa (b. 1790), Axel Wilhelm (1794–1796), Augusta Sophia (1796–1828), Johanna Lovisa (1798–1858) and Johan Jacob (1800–1870).

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Gustaf Murray | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Västerås | |
| Gustaf Murray by Peter Krafft | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Västerås |
| Predecessor | Eric Waller |
| Successor | Sven Wijkman Casparsson |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1747-03-28)28 March 1747
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 4 May 1825(1825-05-04) (aged 78)
Västerås, Sweden |
| Occupation | Lutheran Pastor |


title: Hoddlesden

abstract: Hoddlesden is a village in the borough of Blackburn with Darwen, in Lancashire, England. The village population at the 2011 census was 1,239. It is in the borough's East Rural ward, and is situated east of Darwen. To the north there are the parishes of Eccleshill and Yate and Pickup Bank, to the east there is Haslingden Grane, part of the West Pennine Moors, and to the south-west there is Blacksnape, a small hamlet. Although the village is now a residential area, with its residents commuting to places such as the nearby towns of Blackburn and Darwen, in the 19th and early 20th century, local industries included weaving and coal mining. Between 1901 and 1936 the village was on a tram route operated by the local authorities of the two towns. Hoddlesden was also served by a railway line, a branch of the Ribble Valley Line north of Darwen. The line, opened by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1876, only had goods trains, as petitions by local residents for a passenger service were unsuccessful. The section that served Hoddlesden closed in 1950. A mill was operated by Vernon Carus, a manufacturer of healthcare products, until 2003. There had been plans to convert it into apartments until, in 2008, the building was destroyed in a fire. Hoddlesden is part of the Rossendale and Darwen constituency.

text:
# Hoddlesden

**Hoddlesden** is a village in the borough of Blackburn with Darwen, in Lancashire, England. The village population at the 2011 census was 1,239. It is in the borough's East Rural ward, and is situated east of Darwen. To the north there are the parishes of Eccleshill and Yate and Pickup Bank, to the east there is Haslingden Grane, part of the West Pennine Moors, and to the south-west there is Blacksnape, a small hamlet.

Although the village is now a residential area, with its residents commuting to places such as the nearby towns of Blackburn and Darwen, in the 19th and early 20th century, local industries included weaving and coal mining.

Between 1901 and 1936 the village was on a tram route operated by the local authorities of the two towns. Hoddlesden was also served by a railway line, a branch of the Ribble Valley Line north of Darwen. The line, opened by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1876, only had goods trains, as petitions by local residents for a passenger service were unsuccessful. The section that served Hoddlesden closed in 1950.

A mill was operated by Vernon Carus, a manufacturer of healthcare products, until 2003. There had been plans to convert it into apartments until, in 2008, the building was destroyed in a fire.

Hoddlesden is part of the Rossendale and Darwen constituency.

## InfoBox

| Hoddlesden | |
| --- | --- |
| Hoddlesden Village Store | |
| HoddlesdenShown within Blackburn with DarwenHoddlesdenLocation within Lancashire | |
| Population | 1,300 |
| OS grid reference | SD715222 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | DARWEN |
| Postcode district | BB3 |
| Dialling code | 01254 |
|  | |
| Police | Lancashire |
| Fire | Lancashire |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: James Stow

abstract: James Stow, was an English engraver.

text:
# James Stow

**James Stow** (born. c.1770, died in or after 1823), was an English engraver.

## Life

Born near Maidstone about 1770, the son of a labourer. At the age of thirteen he is said to have engraved a plate from Bartolomé Esteban Murillo's *St. John and the Lamb,* which showed such precocious talent that a group of local gentry provided funds for him to move to London and study for William Woollett, one of the leading engravers of the time. After Woollett's death in 1785, he completed his apprenticeship with William Sharp.

Stow is said to have fallen into dissipated habits; he died in obscurity and poverty.

## Works

Stow worked entirely as a line engraver. He engraved many of the plates for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery, after paintings by British artists. He also produced engravings as illustrations for other publications, among them Robert Bowyer's edition of David Hume's *History of England*(1806), Thomas Macklin's *Illustrated Bible* (1791–1800), F. J. du Roveray's edition of Alexander Pope's translation of *The Odyssey of Homer*, and George Perfect Harding's series of portraits of the deans of Westminster (1822), as well as other publications.

Stow's most important single plates were *The Three Women at the Sepulchre,* after Benjamin West, which he issued himself; and a portrait of Lord Frederick Campbell, after Henry Edridge. His latest employment was upon the illustrations to Robert Wilkinson's *Londina Illustrata,* (1811–23).

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Stow, James". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Neil Calver

abstract: Sir Neil Richard Calver is a British High Court judge. He was educated at Dartford Grammar School and was a chess champion in the Kent area at under-18 and other levels. He completed a first-class BA in law at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1986. He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1987 and practised commercial and European law, initially from 4–5 Gray's Inn Square and then Brick Court Chambers from 1994. He took silk in 2006 and was appointed a recorder in 2009. On 1 October 2020, he was appointed a judge of the High Court, replacing Dame Sue Carr who was promoted to the Court of Appeal, and he was assigned to the Queen's Bench Division. He received the customary knighthood in the same year. He sits on the Commercial Court, Admiralty Court, Administrative Court and also hears criminal cases. In 2009, he married Marie-Eleni Demetriou and together they have a son and a daughter. He has another daughter from a previous marriage. He supports Charlton Athletic FC and recreationally mountain climbs.

text:
# Neil Calver

**Sir Neil Richard Calver** (born 4 September 1963) is a British High Court judge.

He was educated at Dartford Grammar School and was a chess champion in the Kent area at under-18 and other levels. He completed a first-class BA in law at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1986.

He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1987 and practised commercial and European law, initially from 4–5 Gray's Inn Square and then Brick Court Chambers from 1994. He took silk in 2006 and was appointed a recorder in 2009.

On 1 October 2020, he was appointed a judge of the High Court, replacing Dame Sue Carr who was promoted to the Court of Appeal, and he was assigned to the Queen's Bench Division. He received the customary knighthood in the same year. He sits on the Commercial Court, Admiralty Court, Administrative Court and also hears criminal cases.

In 2009, he married Marie-Eleni Demetriou (a fellow barrister) and together they have a son and a daughter. He has another daughter from a previous marriage. He supports Charlton Athletic FC and recreationally mountain climbs.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableMr Justice Calver | |
| --- | --- |
| Calver in 2022 | |
|  | |
| Justice of the High Court | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 October 2020 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1963-09-04) 4 September 1963
United Kingdom |
| Alma mater | Christ's College, Cambridge |
|  | |


title: Amalia Ghigoarță

abstract: Amalia Alexandra Ghigoarță is a Romanian artistic gymnast. She represented Romania at the 2024 Summer Olympics. She is the 2022 Junior European Championships team and all-around silver medalist.

text:
# Amalia Ghigoarță

**Amalia Alexandra Ghigoarță** (born 28 January 2007) is a Romanian artistic gymnast. She represented Romania at the 2024 Summer Olympics. She is the 2022 Junior European Championships team and all-around silver medalist.

## Career

Ghigoarță began gymnastics when she was seven years old.

### Espoir

Ghigoarță made her international debut at the 2019 Elek Matolay Memorial and placed fourth all-around in the espoir division. At the 2019 Petrom Cup, a domestic competition, she placed fifth all-around. She then finished second in the all-around behind Amalia Puflea at the 2019 Romanian Junior Championships in the youth age group.

### Junior

#### 2020–21

Ghigoarță's only competition of 2020 was the Romanian Championships in November. She placed tenth in the open all-around and won the bronze medal in the junior floor exercise final.

At the 2021 Romanian Championships, Ghigoarță only competed on the uneven bars and balance beam, finishing third and fourth, respectively. Then at the Tournoi International, she won a gold medal with teammates Andreea Preda and Sabrina Voinea and the bronze medal in the all-around. In the event finals, she won a gold medal on the floor exercise and a bronze medal on the uneven bars behind Germany's Helen Kevric.

#### 2022

Ghigoarță began the 2022 season at the City of Jesolo Trophy, helping the Romanian team place fourth. Individually, she won the bronze medal on the balance beam behind Americans Tiana Sumanasekera and Madray Johnson. She then won the all-around title at the Romanian Junior Championships. She also won the all-around gold medal in the junior division of the Petrom Cup. She was selected to compete at the European Youth Olympic Festival alongside Sabrina Voinea and Amalia Puflea, and they won the team gold medal. She also placed fifth in the all-around and on the uneven bars.

Ghigoarță competed at the Junior European Championships and won a silver medal alongside her Romanian teammates. Individually, she won a silver medal in the all-around behind Germany's Helen Kevric. She also qualified for the uneven bars and balance beam event finals, placing eighth and sixth, respectively. She competed against the senior gymnasts at the Romanian Championships and won the all-around silver medal behind Ana Bărbosu. In the event finals, she won a gold medal on the floor exercise and a silver medal on the balance beam. Then at the Gymnova Cup, she won gold medals on both the balance beam and the floor exercise. She only competed on the uneven bars and the balance beam at the Romanian Junior Individual Championships, winning gold medals on both.

### Senior

#### 2023

Ghigoarță became age-eligible for senior international competitions in 2023. She made her senior international debut at the European Championships and contributed on all four apparatus toward Romania's fifth-place finish. Individually, she qualified for the all-around final where she finished 19th and for the balance beam final where she finished sixth. She competed at the Heidelberg Friendly with the Romanian team that won a silver medal behind Germany. She was selected to compete at the World Championships alongside Ana Bărbosu, Lilia Cosman, Andreea Preda, and Sabrina Voinea. The team finished in tenth place, earning Romania a team berth for the Olympic Games for the first time since 2012.

#### 2024

Ghigoarță competed at the 2024 European Championships and helped the Romanian team finish fourth in the team final. At the 2024 RomGym Trophy, she placed fifth in the all-around and fourth on the uneven bars, and she won a silver medal on the floor exercise behind Algeria's Kaylia Nemour. She was selected to compete at the 2024 Summer Olympics alongside Ana Bărbosu, Lilia Cosman, Andreea Preda, and Sabrina Voinea.

## Competitive history

| Year | Event | Team | AA | VT | UB | BB | FX |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Espoir** | | | | | | | |
| **2019** | Elek Matolay Memorial |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |
| | Petrom Cup |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
| | Romanian Junior Championships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Junior** | | | | | | | |
| **2020** | Romanian Championships |  | 10 |  |  | 6 |  |
| **2021** | Romanian Championships |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |
| | Tournoi International |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |
| **2022** | City of Jesolo Trophy | 4 | 6 |  | 6 |  |  |
| | Romanian Junior Championships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Petrom Cup |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | European Youth Olympic Festival |  | 5 |  | 5 |  |  |
| | European Championships |  |  |  | 8 | 6 |  |
| | Romanian Championships |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |
| | Gymnova Cup |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |
| | Romanian Junior Individual Championships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Senior** | | | | | | | |
| **2023** |
| | European Championships | 5 | 19 |  |  | 6 |  |
| | Heidelberg Friendly |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | World Championships | *10* |  |  |  |  |  |
| **2024** |
| | European Championships | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
| | RomGym Trophy |  | 5 | 4 |  |  |  |
| | **Olympic Games** | **7** | **22** |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Amalia Ghigoarță | |
| --- | --- |
| Ghigoarță at the 2022 European Championships | |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Amalia Alexandra Ghigoarță |
| Country represented | Romania |
| Born | (2007-01-28) 28 January 2007<br>Lugoj, Romania |
| Discipline | Women's artistic gymnastics |
| Years on national team | 2019 - present (ROU) |
| Club | Cetate Deva, CSM Oneşti |


title: Michael J. Wallrich

abstract: Michael Jefferson Wallrich was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

text:
# Michael J. Wallrich

**Michael Jefferson Wallrich** (March 25, 1857 – March 2, 1941) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

## Biography

Wallrich was born on March 25, 1857, in Brighton, Kenosha County, Wisconsin. He attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Wisconsin Law School. He died on March 2, 1941.

## Career

Wallrich was elected to the Assembly in 1902. Additionally, he served as City Attorney of Shawano, Wisconsin, District Attorney of Shawano County, Wisconsin, Chairman of the Shawano County Republican Committee, a member of the Shawano County Board and Mayor of Shawano. He was also a delegate to the Republican State Convention of Wisconsin in 1886, 1888, 1890 1892, 1894, 1896, 1900 and 1902.


title: Motor drive (photography)

abstract: A motor drive, in the field of photography, is a powered film transport mechanism. Historically, film loading, advancing, and rewinding were all manually driven functions. The desires of professional photographers for more efficient shooting, particularly in sports and wildlife photography, and the desires of amateur and novice photographers for easier to use cameras both drove the development of automatic film transport. Some early developments were made with clockwork drives, but most development in the field has been in the direction of electrically driven transport. At first, motor drives were external units that attached to the basic camera body, normally beneath it, with an interface consisting of a physical drive socket and some electrical contacts to signal the drive when to actuate. Beginning in the late 1970s, motor drives began to be integrated into cameras themselves—at first, in compact cameras for the beginner market, and by the 1980s, in amateur-grade and later professional-grade single lens reflex cameras. By the 1990s, the vast majority of 35mm cameras had integral motor drive, and the feature found its way into some medium format cameras as well. Motor drives for compact and amateur cameras wind slowly—shot-to-shot intervals of approximately a second are commonplace. Professional grade cameras are faster, with speeds up to ten frames per second (fps). The first 35 mm SLR to achieve such a shooting speed was Nikon's F High Speed Motor Drive camera, first developed for the 1971 Chicago Photo Expo with 7 fps. To enable this speed and allow the photographer to more easily track the moving subject, this camera used a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror instead of a moving mirror. Later special Canon models used similar mechanisms to achieve such speeds, while cameras with moving mirrors reached approximately five frames per second by the 1980s. Today, the fastest professional models from Canon and Nikon achieve approximately ten frames per second with a moving mirror. In the digital camera era, some users continue to refer to continuous shooting modes as "motor drive". Many camera models refer to different shooting modes—single shot, burst, continuous, self timer—as drive modes, thus keeping alive the terminology of film. An external battery grip is occasionally referred to as a motor drive as it tends to increase the frame rate.

text:
# Motor drive (photography)

A **motor drive**, in the field of photography, is a powered film transport mechanism. Historically, film loading, advancing, and rewinding were all manually driven functions.

The desires of professional photographers for more efficient shooting, particularly in sports and wildlife photography, and the desires of amateur and novice photographers for easier to use cameras both drove the development of automatic film transport. Some early developments were made with clockwork drives, but most development in the field has been in the direction of electrically driven transport.

At first, motor drives were external units that attached to the basic camera body, normally beneath it, with an interface consisting of a physical drive socket and some electrical contacts to signal the drive when to actuate. Beginning in the late 1970s, motor drives began to be integrated into cameras themselvesat first, in compact cameras for the beginner market, and by the 1980s, in amateur-grade and later professional-grade single lens reflex cameras. By the 1990s, the vast majority of 35mm cameras had integral motor drive, and the feature found its way into some medium format cameras as well.

Motor drives for compact and amateur cameras wind slowlyshot-to-shot intervals of approximately a second are commonplace. Professional grade cameras are faster, with speeds up to ten frames per second (fps). The first 35 mm SLR to achieve such a shooting speed was Nikon's  High Speed Motor Drive camera, first developed for the 1971 Chicago Photo Expo with 7 fps. To enable this speed and allow the photographer to more easily track the moving subject, this camera used a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror instead of a moving mirror. Later special Canon models used similar mechanisms to achieve such speeds, while cameras with moving mirrors reached approximately five frames per second by the 1980s. Today, the fastest professional models from Canon and Nikon achieve approximately ten frames per second with a moving mirror.

In the digital camera era, some users continue to refer to continuous shooting modes as "motor drive". Many camera models refer to different shooting modessingle shot, burst, continuous, self timeras **drive modes**, thus keeping alive the terminology of film. An external battery grip is occasionally referred to as a motor drive as it tends to increase the frame rate.


title: Niederreiter cryptosystem

abstract: In cryptography, the Niederreiter cryptosystem is a variation of the McEliece cryptosystem developed in 1986 by Harald Niederreiter. It applies the same idea to the parity check matrix, H, of a linear code. Niederreiter is equivalent to McEliece from a security point of view. It uses a syndrome as ciphertext and the message is an error pattern. The encryption of Niederreiter is about ten times faster than the encryption of McEliece. Niederreiter can be used to construct a digital signature scheme.

text:
# Niederreiter cryptosystem

In cryptography, the **Niederreiter cryptosystem** is a variation of the McEliece cryptosystem developed in 1986 by Harald Niederreiter. It applies the same idea to the parity check matrix, **H**, of a linear code. Niederreiter is equivalent to McEliece from a security point of view. It uses a syndrome as ciphertext and the message is an error pattern. The encryption of Niederreiter is about ten times faster than the encryption of McEliece. Niederreiter can be used to construct a digital signature scheme.

## Scheme definition

A special case of Niederreiter's original proposal was broken but the system is secure when used with a Binary Goppa code.

### Key generation

1. Alice selects a binary (*n*, *k*)-linear Goppa code, *G*, capable of correcting *t* errors. This code possesses an efficient decoding algorithm.
2. Alice generates a (*n**k*) × *n* parity check matrix, *H*, for the code, *G*.
3. Alice selects a random (*n**k*) × (*n**k*) binary non-singular matrix, *S*.
4. Alice selects a random *n* × *n* permutation matrix, *P*.
5. Alice computes the (*n**k*) × *n* matrix, *H*pub = *SHP*.
6. Alice's public key is (*H*pub, *t*); her private key is (*S*, *H*, *P*).

### Message encryption

Suppose Bob wishes to send a message, *m*, to Alice whose public key is (*H*pub, *t*):

1. Bob encodes the message, *m*, as a binary string em' of length *n* and weight at most *t*.
2. Bob computes the ciphertext as *c* = *H*pub*e*T.

### Message decryption

Upon receipt of *c* = *H*pub*m*T from Bob, Alice does the following to retrieve the message, *m*.

1. Alice computes *S*−1*c* = *HPm*T.
2. Alice applies a syndrome decoding algorithm for *G* to recover *Pm*T.
3. Alice computes the message, *m*, via *m*T = *P*−1*Pm*T.

## Signature scheme

Courtois, Finiasz and Sendrier showed how the Niederreiter cryptosystem can be used to derive a signature scheme .

1. Hash the document, **d**, to be signed (with a public hash algorithm).
2. Decrypt this hash value as if it were an instance of ciphertext.
3. Append the decrypted message to the document as a signature.

Verification then applies the public encryption function to the signature and checks whether or not this equals the hash value of the document. When using Niederreiter, or in fact any cryptosystem based on error correcting codes, the second step in the signature scheme almost always fails. This is because a random syndrome usually corresponds to an error pattern of weight greater than *t*. The system then specifies a deterministic way of tweaking **d** until one is found which can be decrypted.

The choice of the code parameters is related to the probability that a random syndrome is decodable. Courtois, Finiaz, and Sendrier suggest the parameter values *n* = 216 and *t* = 9. Then the probability to decode a random syndrome is $\frac {1}{9!}$. Therefore, a decodable syndrome is found after an expected number of 9! attempts. Add a counter, *i*, to the original document **d**, to produce a slightly altered document, **d***i*. Hashing **d***i* gives a syndrome that depends on *i*. Let *i* run from 0 to *i*0, with *i*0 the first value of *i* for which **d***i* is decodable. In this case the decrypted message is a word, *z*, of length *n* and weight 9, such that *Hz*T equals the hash value of **d***i*0. The signature will be *z* combined with the value *i*0 for verification. This signature is attached to the original document, **d**.

* Henk C. A. van Tilborg. Fundamentals of Cryptology, 11.4.

1. H. Niederreiter (1986). "Knapsack-type cryptosystems and algebraic coding theory". *Problems of Control and Information Theory. Problemy Upravlenija I Teorii Informacii*. **15**: 159–166.
2. V. M. Sidel'nikov & S. O. Shestakov (1992). "On the insecurity of cryptosystems based on generalized Reed-Solomon codes". *Discrete Mathematics and Applications*. **2** (4): 439–444. doi:10.1515/dma.1992.2.4.439. S2CID 120779674.
3. N. Courtois; M. Finiaz; N. Sendrier (2001). "How to Achieve a McEliece-Based Digital Signature Scheme". *Advances in Cryptology — ASIACRYPT 2001*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. LNCS 2248. pp. 157–174. doi:10.1007/3-540-45682-1\_10. ISBN 978-3-540-42987-6.


title: WKHI (FM)

abstract: WKHI is a commercial radio station that is licensed to Newark, Maryland, United States and serves the Delmarva Peninsula. The station is owned by The Voice Radio Network and broadcasts a classic hits format.

text:
# WKHI (FM)

**WKHI** (94.5 FM, "94.5 KHI") is a commercial radio station that is licensed to Newark, Maryland, United States and serves the Delmarva Peninsula. The station is owned by The Voice Radio Network and broadcasts a classic hits format.

## History

The station was granted an initial construction permit for 94.9 FM in November 2015. Originally called WMDS, it switched its call sign to WAMS in May 2016. On April 1, 2017, the station signed on the air with a triple-A format as "94.9 WAMS", programmed under an LMA between Miriam Media and Robin Rothschild. In October 2017, Seaford Media, LLC (now Vinco Media, LLC) purchased WAMS from Miriam Media; the new owner flipped the station to adult hits as "94.9 Jack FM" on November 1, moving that format from WSUX-FM.

On September 19, 2018, WAMS adopted the legacy WKHI call letters that were used previously at 99.9 FM (now WWFG) when it was a contemporary hit radio (CHR) station. On January 30, 2019, the station flipped to classic hits as "94.9 KHI". From May 1 to June 7, 2019, WKHI was simulcast on WXSH (106.1 FM).

In January 2020, WKHI was sold to The Voice Radio Network. The following month, the station relaunched its classic hits format with the new tagline "Delmarva's Super Hits", focusing on classic hits from the 1980s and 1990s. Promotion for the relaunch included former personalities of the 1990s CHR incarnation of WKHI.

In July 2022, WKHI changed frequencies to 94.5 FM.

Syndicated programming on WKHI includes *Backtrax USA* — the 1980s version on Saturdays and 1990s on Sundays.

## InfoBox

WKHI
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Delmarva |
| Frequency | 94.5 MHz |
| Branding | *94.5 KHI* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic hits |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * The Voice Radio Network * (The Voice Radio Network, LLC) |
| Sister stations | WJKI, WJKI-FM, WJWL, WKDB, WZEB |
| History | |
| First air date | April 1, 2017 (as WAMS on 94.9 MHz) |
| Former call signs | WMDS (2015–2016)<br>WAMS (2016–2018) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 198742 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 4,700 watts |
| HAAT | 113 meters (371 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 38°21′41.4″N 75°15′08.7″W / 38.361500°N 75.252417°W / 38.361500; -75.252417 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | 945khi.com |


title: Hoddmímis holt

abstract: In Norse mythology, Hoddmímis holt is a location where Líf and Lífþrasir are foretold to survive the long winters of Fimbulvetr. Hoddmímis holt is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Like the very similarly named Mímameiðr, scholars generally consider Hoddmímis holt to be another name for Yggdrasil and connect it to folklore recorded from continental Germanic folklore.

text:
# Hoddmímis holt

In Norse mythology, **Hoddmímis holt** (Old Norse "Hoard-Mímir's" holt) is a location where Líf and Lífþrasir are foretold to survive the long winters of Fimbulvetr. Hoddmímis holt is attested in the *Poetic Edda*, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the *Prose Edda*, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Like the very similarly named Mímameiðr, scholars generally consider *Hoddmímis holt* to be another name for Yggdrasil and connect it to folklore recorded from continental Germanic folklore.

## Attestations

In the poem *Vafþrúðnismál*, collected in the *Poetic Edda*, the god Odin poses a question to the jötunn Vafþrúðnir, asking who among mankind will survive when the winter Fimbulvetr occurs. Vafþrúðnir responds that they will be Líf and Lífþrasir, that the two will have hidden in the wood of Hoddmímis holt, they will consume the morning dew as food, and "from them generations will spring."

In chapter 53 of the *Prose Edda* book *Gylfaginning*, High tells Gangleri (king Gylfi in disguise) that two people, Líf and Lífþrasir, will lie hid in Hoddmímis holt during "Surt's fire," and that "from these people there will be descended such a great progeny that the world will be inhabited." The above-mentioned stanza of *Vafþrúðnismál* is then quoted.

## Theories

Connections have been proposed between the forest and Mímameiðr ("Mímir's tree"), generally thought to refer to the world tree Yggdrasil, and Mímisbrunnr. Based on this association, all three have been theorized as either being the same entity, or as having been visualized within the same proximity. For example, Carolyne Larrington, who notes that it is nowhere expressly stated what will happen to the world tree Yggdrasil at Ragnarök, points to a connection between Mímir and Yggdrasil in the poem *Völuspá*, and theorizes that "it is possible that Hoddmimir is another name for Mimir, and that the two survivors hide in Yggdrasill."

Rudolf Simek theorizes that the survival of Líf and Lífþrasir is "a case of reduplication of the anthropogeny, understandable from the cyclic nature of the Eddic eschatology." Simek says that Hoddmímis holt "should not be understood literally as a wood or even a forest in which the two keep themselves hidden, but rather as an alternative name for the world-tree Yggdrasill. Thus, the creation of mankind from tree trunks (Askr, Embla) is repeated after the Ragnarǫk as well." Simek says that in Germanic regions, the concept of mankind originating from trees is ancient. Simek additionally points out legendary parallels in a Bavarian legend of a shepherd who lives inside a tree, whose descendants repopulate the land after life there has been wiped out by plague (citing a retelling by F. R. Schröder). In addition, Simek points to an Old Norse parallel in the figure of Örvar-Oddr, "who is rejuvenated after living as a tree-man (*Ǫrvar-Odds saga* 24–27)."

* Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). *The Poetic Edda*. Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 0-19-283946-2
* Lindow, John (2001). *Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515382-0
* Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). *Edda*. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3
* Orchard, Andy (1997). *Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend*. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2
* Schröder, F. R. (1931). "Germanische Schöpfungsmythen" in *Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift* 19, pp. 1–26.
* Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. *Dictionary of Northern Mythology*. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1


title: James Frey (disambiguation)

abstract:
James Frey is an American writer, author of A Million Little Pieces. James Frey may also refer to:
  - James N. Frey, American writer, author of How to Write a Damn Good Novel and numerous Cold War era political thrillers
  - Jim Frey, Major League Baseball manager
  - James Frey (priest) (1606–1636), Swiss dean in Ireland, born Johann Jacob Frey

text:
# James Frey (disambiguation)

**James Frey** (born 1969) is an American writer, author of *A Million Little Pieces*.

**James Frey** may also refer to:

* James N. Frey (born 1943), American writer, author of *How to Write a Damn Good Novel* and numerous Cold War era political thrillers
* Jim Frey (born 1931), Major League Baseball manager
* James Frey (priest) (1606–1636), Swiss dean in Ireland, born Johann Jacob Frey

* James Barnet Fry (1827–1894), U.S. Army officer and historical writer
* James Frye (1709–1776), American Revolutionary War soldier


title: Hemiconus turbinopsis

abstract: Hemiconus turbinopsis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

text:
# Hemiconus turbinopsis

***Hemiconus turbinopsis*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in France.

* Deshayes, J.P., 1865. Description des animaux sans vertèbres découverts dans le Bassin de Paris pour servir de supplément à la description des coquilles fossiles des environs de Paris, comprenant une révision générale de toutes les espèces connues. Tome 3, Mollusques Céphalés (livraisons 45–50), 2 e partie, Atlas II. Baillère and Fils, Paris.
* Tracey S., Craig B., Belliard L. & Gain O. (2017). One, four or forty species? - early Conidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) that led to a radiation and biodiversity peak in the late Lutetian Eocene of the Cotentin, NW France. Carnets de Voyages Paléontologiques dans le Bassin Anglo-Parisien. 3: 1-38.

## InfoBox

| *Hemiconus turbinopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Hemiconus* |
| Species: | ***H. turbinopsis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hemiconus turbinopsis***<br>(Deshayes, 1865) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Conus turbinopsis* Deshayes, 1865 | |


title: Richard Reece (physician)

abstract: Richard Reece was an English physician.

text:
# Richard Reece (physician)

**Richard Reece** (1775 – 26 September 1831) was an English physician.

## Biography

Reece was born in 1775. He was the third and youngest son of William Reece (died 1781), vicar of Bosbury, rector of Coddington, and curate of Colwall in Herefordshire, by Elizabeth Anna Mackafee, lady of the manor of Battleborough, Somerset. Early devoting himself to the profession of medicine, Richard was at the age of twenty resident surgeon at the Hereford Infirmary. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1796, and from 1797 to 1808 he practised in Chepstow and Cardiff. The Royal Humane Society in 1799 bestowed its silver medal upon him ‘for his medical services in the cause of humanity vitam ob restitutam’ (sic), and he afterwards entered its service as a medical assistant. He was living in London in 1812, and he subsequently graduated M.D., but it is not known from what university. He secured considerable practice in London, and was consulted by Joanna Southcott, who was then aged 64, as to the possibility of her supernatural pregnancy. He seems to have given a guarded diagnosis, which he had an opportunity of converting into a certain one, for he assisted at her autopsy when she died on 27 December 1814.

Reece led an active life, and, in addition to his practice, interested himself in therapeutic and chemical pursuits at a time when these studies were but little considered. His knowledge of the medicinal properties of plants enabled him to introduce several new drugs into general use. He died on 26 September 1831, and is buried in St. George's burial-ground, Bayswater Road, London. He married Kitty Blackborow, a daughter of Judge Blackborow.

Reece published:

* ‘The Medical Guide, for the use of the Clergy, Heads of Families, and Practitioners in Medicine and Surgery,’ &c., London, 8vo; 1st ed. 1802, 17th ed. 1850; an attempt to place before the public the rational treatment of disease when far removed from skilled assistance, and the steps to be taken in cases of accidents, emergency, and sudden illness.
* ‘Observations on the Anti-Phthisical Properties of Lichen Islandicus, or Iceland Moss,’ London, 8vo, 1803.
* ‘Practical Observations on Radix Rhataniæ,’ London, 8vo, 1808.
* ‘A Practical Dictionary of Domestic Medicine,’ &c., London, 8vo, 1808.
* ‘Letters addressed to Mic. G. Prendergast on the present State of Medicine in great Britain,’ &c., London, 8vo, 1810.
* ‘The Reecean Pandect of Medicine,’ &c., London, royal 8vo, 1812.
* ‘The Chemical Guide,’ London, 8vo, 1814.
* ‘Statement of the last Illness and Death of Mrs. \[Joanna\] Southcott, with the Appearances on Dissection,’ &c., 8vo, London, 1815.
* ‘A Practical Treatise on the Beneficial Effect of the Gratiola Officinalis in Nervous and Organic Diseases of the Lungs,’ &c., London, 8vo, 1818.
* ‘A Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Genital System, the Rectum … with an Account of the Diosma Crenata or Buchu Leaves,’ &c., London, 8vo, 1825.
* ‘A Practical Dissertation on the Means of obviating and treating the Varieties of Costiveness,’ &c., London, 8vo, 1826; 2nd edit. 1827.
* ‘The Lady's Medical Guide,’ &c., 16mo, 1833.
* ‘A Practical Treatise on the Anti-Asthmatic Properties of the Bladder-podded Lobelia … to which is added an Account of the Chirayito Herb,’ London; 2nd edit. 1830. Reece also edited the ‘Monthly Gazette of Practical Medicine,’ 1816–31, and the ‘Medical Annual.’

A miniature in oils, by R. Bull, belonged to Dr. A. J. Richardson of West Brighton. It was engraved.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Power, D'Arcy (1896). "Reece, Richard". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 47. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

## InfoBox

| Richard Reece | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1775 |
| Died | 26 September 1831 |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Physician |