title: Alternanthera

abstract: Alternanthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. It is a widespread genus with most species occurring in the tropical Americas, and others in Asia, Africa, and Australia. Plants of the genus may be known generally as joyweeds, or Joseph's coat. Several species are notorious noxious weeds.

text:
# Alternanthera

***Alternanthera*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. It is a widespread genus with most species occurring in the tropical Americas, and others in Asia, Africa, and Australia. Plants of the genus may be known generally as **joyweeds**, or **Joseph's coat**. Several species are notorious noxious weeds.

## Description

These are annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. While some of the better-known species are aquatic plants, most are terrestrial. They take many forms, from prostrate to erect to floating. The leaves are oppositely arranged. The inflorescence is a spike or a rounded head occurring in the leaf axils or the ends of branches. The flowers have 5 tepals. There are 3 to 5 stamens which are fused into a rim at the bases, and 5 pseudostaminodes, appendages between the stamens that are not true staminodes. The fruit is a utricle containing one seed.

The genus *Alternanthera* contains both terrestrial and aquatic species. The photosynthetic pathway varies in this genus: Some species undergo C3 carbon fixation, one clade of 17 species has acquired the C4 pathway, and yet other species have an intermediate C3-C4 pathway.

## Species

It is not yet clear how many species belong in the genus. Estimates range between 80 and 200. *Plants of the World Online* accepts 106 species.

As of April 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:

### Formerly placed here

## Ecology

Many species have been reported as noxious weeds, including *A. angustifolia*, *A. caracasana*, *A. denticulata*, *A. nana*, *A. nodiflora*, *A. paronychioides*, *A. philoxeroides*, *A. sessilis*, *A. tenella*, and *A. triandra*. The most important species is alligator weed (*A. philoxeroides*), a South American aquatic plant that has spread to other continents. It is a weed of many kinds of agricultural crops, it is an invasive species that degrades native habitat, and its dense mats of vegetation clog waterways, slowing shipping and increasing flooding. *Alternanthera* plants are known to produce allelopathic compounds that injure other plants, including crops.

Biological pest control agents now in use to reduce alligator weed infestations include the alligator weed flea beetle (*Agasicles hygrophila*), the alligator weed thrips (*Amynothrips andersoni*), and the alligator weed stem borer (*Arcola malloi*).

## Uses

*A. philoxeroides* and *A. sessilis* are eaten as vegetables in parts of Asia.

Some *Alternanthera* are used as ornamental plants.

## InfoBox

| *Alternanthera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Alternanthera caracasana* (khakiweed) | |
|  | |
| *Alternanthera bettzickiana* (calicoplant) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Subfamily: | Gomphrenoideae |
| Genus: | *Alternanthera*
Forssk. (1775) |
|
| Species | |
| 80-200, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Adoceton* Raf. (1817) * *Adoketon* Raf. (1817) * *Allaganthera* Mart. (1814) * *Amarantesia* Regel (1869) * *Brandesia* Mart. (1826) * *Bucholzia* Mart. (1826) * *Everion* Raf. (1838) * *Jeilium* Regel (1869) * *Mogiphanes* Mart. (1826) * *Pityranthus* Mart. (1817) * *Steiremis* Raf. (1837) * *Telanthera* R.Br. (1818) | |


title: Tottenham Mandem

abstract: The Tottenham Mandem were an organised street gang based in Tottenham, North London, that began on the Broadwater Farm estate prior to the Broadwater Farm riot in 1985. One of the early members and later leader Mark Lambie was a suspect in the murder of PC Keith Blakelock during that riot. Lambie had been top of Operation Trident's wanted list due to the close links he had built with gangs in Wembley, Harlesden and south London. He was jailed in 2002. During the 90s, TMD was one of the largest gangs in North London and controlled much of the drug markets in the area. In the early 2000s, members of TMD formed the North Star record label and music group. The group was active in the music scene at the time, and acted as promoters for So Solid Crew. TMD also declined during this period, instead splintering off into various independent groups such as NPK, Tiverton Mandem, and Chestnut Estate, although some still used the "Tottenham Mandem" name. Some younger members of TMD began to associate with the London Bloods and used names such as Ida Boys, and Bloodline or Bloodgang, whereas some older members began to use the name 'Star Gang'. Collectively, everyone from the Broadwater Farm estate began to be referred to as 'Farm Mandem' (FMD). Some of these groups, such as Star Gang, became active in the road rap scene at the time. Two members of Star Gang, Headz and Young RV, later became prominent in the UK drill scene and formed part of the UK drill collective OFB.

text:
# Tottenham Mandem

The **Tottenham Mandem** (also **Tottenham Man Dem,** **TMD**, or **Man Dem Crew**, formerly known as **Frontliners** or **Tottenham Boys**) were an organised street gang based in Tottenham, North London, that began on the Broadwater Farm estate prior to the Broadwater Farm riot in 1985. One of the early members and later leader Mark Lambie was a suspect in the murder of PC Keith Blakelock during that riot. Lambie had been top of Operation Trident's wanted list due to the close links he had built with gangs in Wembley, Harlesden and south London. He was jailed in 2002. During the 90s, TMD was one of the largest gangs in North London and controlled much of the drug markets in the area.

In the early 2000s, members of TMD formed the North Star record label and music group. The group was active in the music scene at the time, and acted as promoters for So Solid Crew. TMD also declined during this period, instead splintering off into various independent groups such as NPK (Northumberland Park Killers), Tiverton Mandem, and Chestnut Estate (CE, also known as Black Gang), although some still used the "Tottenham Mandem" name. Some younger members of TMD began to associate with the London Bloods and used names such as Ida Boys (also known as Ida Rydaz, Ida Bloodstarz, or IDA), and Bloodline or Bloodgang, whereas some older members began to use the name 'Star Gang'. Collectively, everyone from the Broadwater Farm estate began to be referred to as 'Farm Mandem' (FMD).

Some of these groups, such as Star Gang, became active in the road rap scene at the time. Two members of Star Gang, Headz (now known as Headie One) and Young RV (now known as RV), later became prominent in the UK drill scene and formed part of the UK drill collective OFB (Original Farm Boys).

## History

### Origins: 1970s–90s

TMD, like many other London gangs such as the Peckham Boys and Ghetto Boys, has its origins in the 1970s and was founded in Broadwater Farm, Tottenham. By the time of the infamous Broadwater Farm riot in 1985, the gang was firmly established in the area. The gang is a derivative of another local gang known as the Broadwater Farm Posse, formed in the 1970s by Black British youth of West Indian origins. TMD originally went by the name "Frontliners", then later "Tottenham Boys", then finally 'Tottenham Mandem".

### 1990s: rise of Mark Lambie

By the early 1990s, TMD was one of the largest gangs in North London, controlling many of the drug markets in the area. One leader of TMD, Mark Lambie (also known as "Devil Man", "Obeah Man", or the "Prince of Darkness"), was a suspect in the murder of PC Keith Blakelock during the Broadwater Farm Riot. Lambie helped forge links and alliances with gangs across London and beyond. In 1991, he was sentenced to 3+12 years in jail due to involvement in a gang shooting, although this was reduced a year. In 1995, police intelligence reports indicated he had been fraternizing with gang members from Brent and Notting Hill. He also had a feud with Jerome Maddix, who had experienced a drive-by shooting at his home and was murdered a year later in Jamaica.

In 1996, police believed Mark and an associate, Clifford Angol, may have been involved in the non-fatal shooting of Kenneth Wowe in West London. The following year, three gunmen entered a Caribbean restaurant in West London called The Place To Be and asked to see Mark. While it is suspected Mark Lambie was there at the time, he kept quiet if he was. Instead, two innocent Marks were shot after identifying themselves. Police suspected this may have been an attempted retaliation shooting following the shooting of Kenneth Wowe. Six months later, Kenneth Wowe was shot dead. Mark and Clifford were promptly arrested, but let go due to lack of evidence. A few days later, Clifford Angol was shot dead.

In 1999, a man was shot in Colosseum nightclub in Vauxhall. The victim named Mark Lambie as the shooter, who was then arrested, but once again was let go after the victim withdrew his evidence. In the same year, police believed he and an associate, Michael Thomas (aka Mallet), had shot at an EQ nightclub in Hackney Marsh. Police suspected this was a form of blackmail. There was a third incident at a Hackney club where Stephen Grant was shot dead. Police suspected this was a part of the TMD and Hackney Boys dispute. Lambie was suspected of being at the club.

### 1997–2003: Hackney Boys rivalry

In 1997, TMD had a conflict with another local gang known as the Hackney Boys (also known as Hackney Mandem, or HMD). The conflict resulted in a number of tit-for-tat killings. The origins of the feud aren't clear; in the book *Guns and Gangs: The Inside Story of the War on our Streets* by Graeme McLagen, it is claimed the conflict began when 16-year-old Guydance Dacres was shot dead in 1997 at a Chimes nightclub in Hackney. It was Guydance's first night out at a club ever. Anthony Bourne, member of TMD allies Edmonton Firm, and Fabiann Fatinikun were both acquitted of the murder. James Sutherland however, a former police officer, has stated the death of Guydance was not the cause of the conflict behind TMD and the Hackney Boys and the killings that followed. The conflict may have begun earlier, in 1995/6, when members of TMD robbed youths from Hackney, and one TMD member had stabbed a Hackney Boy member.

Either way, a month after the death of Guydance Dacres, members of the Hackney Boys confronted two members of TMD, Clint Ponton (also known as C1 or The Chosen One, later member of North Star) and 16-year-old Kingsley Iyasara (nicknamed Popcorn), and chased them. Clint escaped, but Kingsley was cornered on a block of flats, beaten, kicked, punched and ultimately shot and killed. Kingsley ultimately bled to death on the roof of the block of flats. Two of the individuals involved in the murder of Kingsley Iyasara, Meneliek Robinson and Corey Wright, were themselves shot dead soon after they were released from prison in 1999 and 2001 respectively.

There was another incident at a Hackney nightclub in 1999 where Stephen Grant was shot dead. Police suspected this was a part of the TMD and Hackney Boys dispute. Two days later, a Hackney youth was shot at by members of TMD in Southgate.

On 4 December 2002, TMD member Adrian Crawford (aka Buckhead) was shot dead by Hackney Boys member Daniel Cummings. Adrian had previously been arrested alongside Mark Lambie while visiting an associate in jail.

On 21 April 2003, Jason Fearon was shot at in a London club. He tried to flee in his Audi but was shot at again and killed. Police were told this was due to a conflict between TMD and the Hackney Boys. The club was hosting an event at the time for So Solid member Lisa Maffia. Clint Ponton was arrested in connection with the shooting. He denied all the charges and claimed he was trying to change his life. After beating the case, he came back to the UK and decided to focus on his music group North Star.

### 2000–2002: Fall of Mark Lambie

By 2000, Mark Lambie was considered untouchable by the local black community. Some people in the local community believed he was capable of juju powers and was untouchable due to magic. This earned him the nickname "Obeah Man", named after an African spiritual system. He was top of Operation Trident's wanted list due to the close links he had built with gangs in Wembley, Harlesden in Brent, and south London. While Trident struggled to find evidence to convict Lambie, they managed to convict two of his associates, Michael Thomas (aka Mallet) and Ricky Sweeney. In order to prevent his girlfriend from testifying against him, Ricky Sweeney had her shot. She was also shot at while on a visit to Jamaica. Ultimately she survived and aided the police in testifying against Ricky. Ricky was jailed for life for an execution he took part in, in 1999. Police were also struggling because they did not actually know where Mark Lambie was or where he lived, which made traditional methods of gathering information on someone somewhat difficult. Instead, police used similar tactics American police used when going after Al Capone, by going after his associates. Police also found that Mark was living in South London, rather than North as was expected, and that he was using false names, such as 'Paul Gordan'. Eventually, they managed to find him and his brother, Wesley Lambie, in a car that was suspected to be stolen (although the owner refused to testify it was). They also found heroin in the car but were unable to link it to the Lambie brothers. Although they were unable to bring charges, knowing where he was made surveillance now a possibility.

In 2002, Mark Lambie and Anthony "Blue" Bourne (a member of the North London gang "The Firm") were jailed after the kidnapping, blackmailing, and torture of two men, Mr Smith and Mr Morris, from Tottenham on 21 April 2001. The police had been following Lambie around Tottenham on the day and saw him enter and leave Broadwater Estate. It was considered too risky to enter the Estate, so they waited outside until Mark left, and followed him to a party. Nothing eventful happened, so they returned to the police station. What they didn't know was that an associate of Mark, Anthony Bourne, had lured two men into Broadwater Estate, where they were kidnapped at gunpoint by at least 14 people. The two men had driven a blue sports car into the estate, which the police had spotted earlier as they were following Mark. The group took the two men into a house, which they burst into, ordering the current occupants (two women and two children) to move downstairs, and then began to torture the two men, demanding money from them both. The house they had entered was the same house the police had seen Mark enter earlier in the day, which the police had interpreted to be a party.

The men were hit with hammers, burned with an electric iron, and had boiling water poured onto their genitals. One of the victims, Mr Smith, was able to escape after suggesting there was money at a nearby salon. He was bundled into a car, and driven to the salon, which was promptly robbed while Mr Smith was secured in the boot of the car. While the suspects were inside the salon, Mr Smith was able to escape from the car and ran to the nearby police station. After his escape, the gang began to flee. They took Mr Morris outside but were seen by a passing police car. The gang fled, and Mr Morris ran towards a police car he had spotted passing by and lunged onto the bonnet asking for help.

Two other members of the gang that were involved in the incident, Warren Leader and Francis Osei, were also convicted of kidnapping and blackmail. Warren Leader was released in 2009, but in 2013 he was jailed for 16 years for running a heroin factory.

In October 2003, Gavin Smith was killed in Lordship Recreation Ground. Mark Duggan, member of TMD off-shoot Star Gang, was arrested in suspicion of the murder. He was released without charge however. In March 2004, Marcus Cox, a TMD member, was shot dead on Tottenham High Road. He was shot by Syron Martin. The prosecution alleged it was revenge for a robbery that had happened prior. Syron alleged that Cox had threatened to kill him if he did not give Cox money. He alleged that he brought a gun and body armour for protection, and on seeing Cox in public, "lost his head" and shot him.

### North Star music group

In 2002/3, Clint Ponton travelled to Ayia Napa. While there, he met up with Megaman from So Solid and became inspired to form his own music group. While still in Ayia Napa, both Clint Ponton and Wesley Lambie were allegedly involved in a stabbing incident. The charges were dropped, but they were convicted and fined for carrying knives.

On 21 April 2003, Jason Fearon was shot at in a London club. He tried to flee in his Audi but was shot at again and killed. The club was hosting an event at the time for So Solid member Lisa Maffia. Clint Ponton (also known as C1 or The Chosen One) was arrested in connection of the shooting. He denied all the charges and claimed he was trying to change his life.

Clint Ponton and Wesley Lambie formed a music collective called North Star or NorthStar. Clint Ponton and Wesley Lambie formed the NorthStar music record label, promotion, and production company. The group started putting on UK garage events and acted as the promoters for UK garage crew So Solid. The group also started booking events for Wiley. Clint has stated the success of So Solid inspired him to refocus on music. The group also became associated with PDC. C1 stated he created it as he wanted to change around his life and move to more legitimate things. North Star had 3 artists that acted as a music group together, C1, Chyna, and Young Spray. Together, they were signed to Lisa Maffia's Maffia Records record label. The group went to number 1 on the Channel U charts with the song "On A Rise". Young Spray had met C1 when he was 16 while both were in prison.

North Star received some resistance from police who shut down their music shows.

In 2008, Clint was stabbed in the neck at the Urban Music Awards in what was suspected by police to be a part of a Tottenham gang conflict.

### Fragmentation and development

The early 2000s saw a decline in TMD. Tottenham became less unified and local independent gangs propped up. Meanwhile, members of NorthStar pursued their careers in music. Killings also dropped during this period, but the rivalries continued through music with rival groups sending disses towards each other (such as Mash Town from London Fields).

Some of the Tottenham split-offs from TMD were Ida Boys, NPK (Northumberland Park Killers), Chestnut Estate (CE, also known as Black Gang), and Tiverton Mandem. 'Star Gang' was also formed during this period, created by older members of TMD. The name 'Star Gang' was allegedly influenced by "North Star", the music group set up by former TMD members during the early 2000s. Some of the younger members of TMD had begun to associate with the London Bloods movement and began calling themselves Ida Boys (also known as Ida Rydaz, Ida Bloodstarz, or IDA), Bloodline or Bloodgang, and BWF (Broadwater Farm).

Some groups still referred to themselves as the "Tottenham Mandem" regardless, but the term no longer referred to a specific gang. Collectively, some of the fragmentations were all known as "Farm Mandem" (FMD), and they still had links to older TMD members.

Some of these groups, such as Star Gang, became active in the road rap scene at the time. Two members of Star Gang, Headz (now known as Headie One) and Young RV (now known as RV), later became prominent in the UK drill scene and formed part of the UK drill collective OFB (Original Farm Boys).

In the mid-late 2000s, members of TMD became associated with the Ghetto Boys, a gang based in South London. Younger members of the Ghetto Boys had formed "Shower". Together, members of TMD and the Ghetto Boys called themselves "Shower Syndicate". It is alleged the group had links with the Jamaican gang Shower Posse. In 2009, two members of TMD were giving life sentences after murdering someone in South London.

### Late 2000s-present

#### NPK/Sin Squad

NPK (Northumberland Park Killers), also known as Sin Squad, are a split-off group from TMD located in the Northumberland Park estate of Tottenham. It is identified using the colour purple.

In 2007, a fight occurred between members of the NPK and the Shankstarz, a gang from neighbouring Edmonton, following an attempted ambush on two Shankstarz members; the ambush was revenge for the attack of an NPK member at a club in Forest Gate. The fight involved up to 20 people near Hertford Road. In 2009, 6 members of the NPK and 5 members of the Shankstarz were sentenced for the fight.

In 2009, NPK members were imprisoned for the murder of Gary Guthrie and ongoing violence between the NPK and the Shankstarz, including the attempted murder of Jerome "Smallman" Bruce-de-Rouche.

In 2011, Bienvenu Vangu, a member of the rival Wood Green Young Guns, attacked 2 members of NPK with an axe. He would plead guilty to violent disorder, attempted wounding with intent and possession of a sharp-pointed article in a public place, and was sentenced to 6 years in prison, in addition to a 4-year license. In August the same year, Steven Grisales, an architecture student from Argentina, was stabbed to death by Ochaine Williams, a NPK member. Williams would be sentenced to 10+12 years in prison; naming restrictions for Williams were lifted in October. His sentence would later be extended to 12 years.

In 2014, Corrine Allen was sentenced to 2 years in prison, suspended for 2 years, for driving Jermaine Nimoh, an NPK member, for the purpose of drug dealing. Nimoh was sentenced to 2 years and 9 months for possession with intent to supply. It was also noted in a report by the Integrated Gangs Unit in Haringey that there was increased tensions between the NPK and the Farm Mandem.

On 3 February 2018, Kwabena Nelson, also known as Kobi and a former member of NPK, was stabbed to death by members of the Wood Green Mob (WGM) following them crashing into his car. Neron Quartey would be sentenced to a minimum of 26 years in August for involvement in his death. Some weeks later, on 8 March, Kelvin Odunuyi \- also known as Lampz or DipDat- was shot to death outside the Vue cinema in Wood Green. It was assumed that Lampz's death was retaliation for the death of Kobi. As of August 2021, no one has been convicted for Lampz's murder.

Roughly one month following the death of Lampz, on 2 April, Tanesha Melbourne-Blake was shot and killed alongside Chalgrove Road in Tottenham. The shooting was linked to the WGM-NPK conflict, with several posts tagged with "#NPK" making references to the death of Melbourne-Blake. It was alleged that the murder was a revenge attack following a rapper from Wood Green, named Bobby Slater, being attacked at a restaurant in Farringdon. *The Sun* offered a £50,000 reward for information regarding her killer. In 2020, it was determined that the gun used in Melbourne-Blake's murder was used in another murder.

In 2020, members of NPK, alongside SJ of OFB, were sentenced to life for the murder of Kamali Gabbidon-Lynck, also known as K1, and the attempted murder of Jason Fraser, both affiliated with the WGM.

NPK is also associated with the UK drill music scene, with their members having released songs with accompanying music videos. Rappers that go under the "Sin Squad (SS)" collective include Stewie, Bully B, GP, Uncs, KayyKayy, Tugga, MLoose, and LR. Tyrell "Trills" Graham and Shane "Sneakz" Lyons are also members of Sin Squad, however they are currently incarcerated for the murder of Gabbidon-Lynck.

#### OFB

OFB (Original Farm Boys) is the current gang associated with the Broadwater Farm Estate. They were preceded by Star Gang, a road rap group from the 2000s, an offshoot group from TMD which consisted of Headz (now known as Headie One) and Young RV (now known as RV), who later became prominent in the UK drill scene and formed part of the UK drill collective OFB.

In 2020, SJ, alongside four others (Sheareem Cookhorn, Tyrell "Trills" Graham, Shane "Sneakz" Lyons, and Ojay "O'Sav" Hamilton), was given a life sentence with a minimum of 21 years, following a court case at the Old Bailey for the murder of Kamali "K1" Gabbidon-Lynck in Wood Green. The group was said to be linked to the NPK. In protest of the sentence, Carl Stanbury, an electrician and alleged stepfather of Sneakz, jumped from the public gallery; he would be sentenced to 7 months in jail for doing so. SJ's sentence would later be reduced to a minimum of 19 years in 2021, which was announced via his Instagram account.

In 2022, Bandokay, Double Lz and others were charged with violent disorder following a 2021 brawl at a Selfridges store, where two people were stabbed.

## Operation Dibiri

In January 2014, it was reported that the Metropolitan Police had set up Operation Dibri to tackle the TMD. Detective Chief Inspectors Mark Foote stated the gang had "48 of Europe's most dangerous criminals", which he claimed included Mark Duggan. The operation, live since November 2008, saw police "conducting a confidential covert proactive operation" in a bid to arrest the most senior members of a gang whose "line of business" involved the supply of class A drugs, firearms, kidnapping, blackmail and grievous bodily harm. In 2011, the TMD ranked second on the Met's Organised Crime Network matrix, making them the second most harmful gang in the capital. "TMD members and their associates are regularly attending nightclubs and parties in the London area and when doing so have firearms either on their person or nearby with their associates," a police report from 25 July 2011 said.

## Mark Duggan

In August 2011, Mark Duggan, a 29-year-old Tottenham resident, was shot and killed by the Metropolitan Police in Tottenham, north London. Officers were attempting to arrest Duggan, who was suspected to be carrying a gun. The circumstances of Duggan's killing resulted in public protests in Tottenham that were widely seen as the proximate cause of the 2011 England riots. During the inquiry into his killing, police claimed that he was a member of the Tottenham Mandem.

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## InfoBox

Tottenham Mandem
| Founded | 1970s |
| --- | --- |
| Founding location | Tottenham, North London |
| Years active | 1970s to mid-2000s |
| Territory | Tottenham and South Tottenham, in North London |
| Ethnicity | Links to Jamaican Yardies |
| Membership (est.) | 100+ |
| Criminal activities | Drug trafficking, weapon trafficking, armed robbery, kidnapping and contract killing |
| Allies | Broadwater Farm Posse, Burger Bar Boys, Causeway Gang, Edmonton Firm (also known as The Firm, Edmonton Mandem, or EMD), Star Gang |
| Rivals | Northumberland Park Killers (NPK), Hackney Boys, London Field Boys (LFB) |


title: Nick Polly

abstract: Nicholas Polly, was an American professional baseball player who played third base in the Major Leagues for the 1937 Brooklyn Dodgers and 1945 Boston Red Sox.

text:
# Nick Polly

**Nicholas Polly** (*born Nicholas Joseph Polachanin*) (April 18, 1917 – January 17, 1993), was an American professional baseball player who played third base in the Major Leagues for the 1937 Brooklyn Dodgers and 1945 Boston Red Sox.

## InfoBox

| Nick Polly | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Third baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1917-04-18)April 18, 1917
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Died:** January 17, 1993(1993-01-17) (aged 75)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 11, 1937, for the Brooklyn Dodgers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 20, 1945, for the Boston Red Sox | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .200 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 3 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: W. A. Blount

abstract: William Alexander Blount Jr. was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Alabama from 1903 to 1904, compiling a career record of 10–7.

text:
# W. A. Blount

**William Alexander Blount Jr.** (May 23, 1879 – October 28, 1918) was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Alabama from 1903 to 1904, compiling a career record of 10–7.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Alabama Crimson White** *(Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association)* (1903–1904) | | | | | | | | |
| 1903 | Alabama | 3–4 | 3–4 |  |  |
| 1904 | Alabama | 7–3 | 4–3 |  |  |
| **Alabama:** | | 10–7 | 7–7 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 10–7 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

W. A. Blount
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1879-05-23)May 23, 1879
Pensacola, Florida, U.S. |
| Died | October 28, 1918(1918-10-28) (aged 39)
Pensacola, Florida, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Yale (B.A. 1903)
University of Alabama |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1903–1904 | Alabama |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 10–7 |
|  | |


title: Niederbergkirchen

abstract: Niederbergkirchen is a municipality in the district of Mühldorf in Bavaria in Germany.

text:
# Niederbergkirchen

**Niederbergkirchen** is a municipality in the district of Mühldorf in Bavaria in Germany.

## InfoBox

| Niederbergkirchen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Saint Blaise Church and the rectory | |
|  | |
| Location of Niederbergkirchen within Mühldorf am Inn district | |
| Niederbergkirchen Niederbergkirchen | |
| Coordinates: 48°32′N 12°30′E / 48.533°N 12.500°E / 48.533; 12.500 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Oberbayern |
| District | Mühldorf am Inn |
| Municipal assoc. | Rohrbach |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Werner Biedermann (CSU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 24.70 km2 (9.54 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 489 m (1,604 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,240 |
| Density | 50/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 84494 |
| Dialling codes | 08639, 08635 |
| Vehicle registration |  |
| Website | www.niederbergkirchen.de |


title: James B. Engle

abstract: James Bruce Engle was an American diplomat. A career Foreign Service Officer, he served as U.S. Ambassador to Benin. Born in a sod hut in Billings, Montana, James Engle was first in his class at Burlington Junior College in Iowa and went on to study at The University of Chicago. He went on to attend the Harvard Business School, and went to Oxford University at Exeter College with a Rhodes Scholarship, as well as receiving a Fulbright Scholarship to study at Instituto Italiano Studi Storici. He was the first Rhodes Scholar to also receive a Fulbright Scholarship. He also studied at Cambridge University with a Rockefeller Public Service Award. Engle served in the Navy during and after World War II, and assisted in the development of NATO and the implementation of the Marshall Plan in the years after the war. He served in the U.S. diplomatic corps for 46 years, holding positions in Nicaragua and Vietnam before serving as ambassador to Benin. Following his retirement from the foreign service, James Engle moved to Peacham, Vermont, where he helped to found and served as the first president of Vermont Coverts, an organization dedicated to informing landowners about the maintenance of wildlife habitats.

text:
# James B. Engle

**James Bruce Engle** (April 16, 1919  November 7, 2017) was an American diplomat. A career Foreign Service Officer, he served as U.S. Ambassador to Benin (November 26, 1974 – February 15, 1976).

Born in a sod hut in Billings, Montana, James Engle was first in his class at Burlington Junior College in Iowa and went on to study at The University of Chicago. He went on to attend the Harvard Business School, and went to Oxford University at Exeter College with a Rhodes Scholarship, as well as receiving a Fulbright Scholarship to study at Instituto Italiano Studi Storici. He was the first Rhodes Scholar to also receive a Fulbright Scholarship. He also studied at Cambridge University with a Rockefeller Public Service Award.

Engle served in the Navy during and after World War II, and assisted in the development of NATO and the implementation of the Marshall Plan in the years after the war. He served in the U.S. diplomatic corps for 46 years, holding positions in Nicaragua and Vietnam before serving as ambassador to Benin (then Dahomey).

Following his retirement from the foreign service, James Engle moved to Peacham, Vermont, where he helped to found and served as the first president of Vermont Coverts, an organization dedicated to informing landowners about the maintenance of wildlife habitats.


title: Ndumbe Eyoh

abstract: Hansel Ndumbe Eyoh was a Cameroonian theatre director, critic, and playwright, and professor of Theatre Arts at the University of Yaoundé I. Ndumbe Eyoh was born in Kurume, Southwest Province. He attended primary school in Kumba and continued to St Joseph's College Sasse in 1963 as part of the jubilee class. He obtained his G.C.E. Ordinary Level there. Two years of homeschooling later, he received his G.C.E. Advanced Level. In 1970, he enrolled in the University of Yaoundé, where he studied English at the undergraduate level. From 1973, he spent a couple of years at the School of Drama at Leeds University in England, and graduated with a PhD. in 1979. He died in Yaoundé leaving behind a Widow and 5 children. Dibo Bedie Ndumbe-Eyoh, Fese Munyenge Ndumbe-Eyoh, Sume Ndumbe-Eyoh, Mulango Ndumbe-Eyoh, Makia Ndumbe-Eyoh.

text:
# Ndumbe Eyoh

**Hansel Ndumbe Eyoh** (November 11, 1949 – September 7, 2006) was a Cameroonian theatre director, critic, and playwright, and professor of Theatre Arts at the University of Yaoundé I.

Ndumbe Eyoh was born in Kurume, Southwest Province. He attended primary school in Kumba and continued to St Joseph's College Sasse in 1963 as part of the jubilee class. He obtained his G.C.E. Ordinary Level there. Two years of homeschooling later, he received his G.C.E. Advanced Level. In 1970, he enrolled in the University of Yaoundé, where he studied English at the undergraduate level. From 1973, he spent a couple of years at the School of Drama at Leeds University in England, and graduated with a PhD. in 1979. He died in Yaoundé leaving behind a Widow and 5 children. Dibo Bedie Ndumbe-Eyoh, Fese Munyenge Ndumbe-Eyoh, Sume Ndumbe-Eyoh, Mulango Ndumbe-Eyoh, Makia Ndumbe-Eyoh.

## Published works

* *World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Africa* (1997) by Ousmane Diakhate (Editor), Hansel Ndumbe Eyoh (Editor)
* *Munyenge* (1989). Children's Play. Performed at the First World Festival of Children's Theatre in Lingen, Germany
* *The Magic Fruit* (1991)
* *From Hammock to Bridges*


abstract: Thomas Jefferson High School is a public high school located in Auburn, Washington. It is the largest enrolled high school in the Federal Way School District and one of the largest in the State of Washington. The school is a member of the Coalition of Essential Schools, an organization whose guiding principles are intended to bolster student achievement. The mascot of Thomas Jefferson is the Raiders. A rebuilding of the school started in winter 2020, the new campus opened in the fall of 2021.

text:
# Thomas Jefferson High School (Auburn, Washington)

**Thomas Jefferson High School** (usually abbreviated as **TJ** or **TJHS)** is a public high school located in Auburn, Washington. It is the largest enrolled high school in the Federal Way School District and one of the largest in the State of Washington. The school is a member of the Coalition of Essential Schools, an organization whose guiding principles are intended to bolster student achievement. The mascot of Thomas Jefferson is the Raiders. A rebuilding of the school started in winter 2020, the new campus opened in the fall of 2021.

## Programs

### International Baccalaureate (IB)

Since 1997 the school has offered the International Baccalaureate Program. The program can be a full-diploma choice or an option for earning certificates in specific subjects. The assessments are sent to external assessors, assuring that student work conforms to program standards. Thomas Jefferson High School also offers an honor program called MYP (Middle Years Program) which is a program that prepares students for the International Baccalaureate program.

### CAPP

The Construction Apprenticeship Preparation Program (CAPP) is an integrated 4-year program for students interested in careers and apprenticeships in the construction industry. Construction, Language Arts and Math instructors team to take students through the four-year curriculum. College credit is available to enrolled students.

### Emergency Response Club

Each November the Emergency Response Club sponsors a Mass Casualty Incident Drill that simulates a shallow 7.2 magnitude earthquake and simulates trapping over 35 students and staff members in 12 separate buildings.

### Math Team

Thomas Jefferson "Mathletes" have been active participants in state Mu Alpha Theta math competitions and have achieved noteworthy successes. They have placed in the Top 10 in national Mu Alpha Theta conventions for the last 14 years and many students have won individual championships. The team placed 7th in the nation at the 2018 nationals in Colorado Springs and 9th in the nation at the 2019 Mu Alpha Theta Nationals in Las Vegas  Thomas Jefferson has hosted the Washington state Mu Alpha Theta contest since 2005. In 2011 TJHS was recognized for its "contributions to a history of outstanding mathematics service to its community" with the Mu Alpha Theta Rubin Award.

### Puget Sound Skills Center

Students are able to receive vocational training at the Puget Sound Skills Center, formerly known as Sea-Tac Occupational Skills Center.

TJ’s Raiderlinks was an interdisciplinary program that prepares students for their preferred career path and is aligned with the Washington Assessment for Student Learning (WASL) and Federal Way Public Schools’ literacy goals. The program offered a curriculum that integrated technology into English, social studies, and science classes. Raiderlinks was a 1997 Computerworld Smithsonian Award for Excellence winner.

### Running Start

Students wishing to participate in the Running Start program have dual enrollment at either Highline Community College or Green River Community College. Students may attend classes at either college or both, and can attend classes either full-time or part-time. Students must provide their own transportation, unless they are disabled and their Individual Education Plan requires the school district to provide it.

### Speech and Debate

The Thomas Jefferson Speech and Debate Team placed second in state in the Washington State IE tournament in 2018. The World Schools Debate Team took home tied for 36th place honors at the national tournament in Fort Lauderdale, Florida

## Athletics

TJ, a member of the Olympic Division of the North Puget Sound League since 2016, won the WIAA Washington State Boys High School Soccer Championship 8 times (1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1994, 2005 and 2013). Overall, Thomas Jefferson athletic teams finished 4th for the 2008–2009 season and 3rd in 2009–2010 for the South Puget Sound League all sports trophy.

## Notable alumni

47°20′41″N 122°16′46″W / 47.3446°N 122.2795°W / 47.3446; -122.2795

## InfoBox

| Thomas Jefferson High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 4248 S 288th Street
Auburn, Washington 98001
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | High school |
| Motto | E pluribus unum |
| Established | 1968 |
| School district | Federal Way School District |
| Principal | Joseph (Joe) Rush |
| Teaching staff | 74.01 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Enrollment | 1,695 (2019-20) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 22.90 |
| Color(s) | Red and gold |
| Mascot | Raider |
| Website | www.fwps.org/tjhs |


title: Alyz Henrich

abstract: Alyz Sabimar Henrich Ocando is a Venezuelan model, environmentalist, humanitarian advocate and beauty queen. She represented Falcón state at Miss Venezuela 2012 pageant where she was crowned Miss Venezuela Earth. On December 7, Henrich was crowned Miss Earth 2013 in the Philippines. She is the second Miss Earth winner from Venezuela next to Alexandra Braun and the first Miss Earth winner from Osmel Sousa owned Miss Venezuela. Alyz is the former chairwoman of the Miss Earth Venezuela Organization. By winning Miss Earth crown, Venezuela made a history by becoming the first country to win all the Big Four international beauty pageants multiple times.

text:
# Alyz Henrich

**Alyz Sabimar Henrich Ocando** (born October 19, 1991) is a Venezuelan model, environmentalist, humanitarian advocate and beauty queen. She represented Falcón state at Miss Venezuela 2012 pageant where she was crowned Miss Venezuela Earth. On December 7, Henrich was crowned Miss Earth 2013 in the Philippines. She is the second Miss Earth winner from Venezuela next to Alexandra Braun and the first Miss Earth winner from Osmel Sousa owned Miss Venezuela. Alyz is the former chairwoman of the Miss Earth Venezuela Organization.

By winning Miss Earth crown, Venezuela made a history by becoming the first country to win all the Big Four international beauty pageants multiple times.

## Biography

### Early life and career beginnings

Alyz Henrich was born in Punto Fijo, a Caribbean city located in western Venezuela. Her beginnings in the world of pageantry began when she participated in the carnival town You mark, in Falcon state and the "Melon Fair", held in the Paraguana Peninsula where it is native. Then only 16 years old, she moved to Italy to pursue her modeling career. After returning to Venezuela, she resided in the city of Maracaibo, where she was a professor gateway. Alyz has a degree in Social Communication from Universidad Rafael Belloso Chacín. Aside from her native language Spanish, she also speaks Italian and English.

### Miss Venezuela 2012

Henrich Alyz Falcon represented the state in the Miss Venezuela 2012 where she competed with 23 other candidates from different parts of the country. Henrich scored the band Miss Earth Venezuela that gave her the permission to represent Venezuela in the Miss Earth 2013. Alyz is the first Miss Falcón native to reach the final round in Miss Venezuela and get a band of international representation. During the finals night, she won the Miss Integral award.

### Miss Earth 2013

> “We people are responsible also for destruction of our nature. We need to be aware and take care of mother earth. Save the earth.”

—Alyz Henrich, when asked about the contribution of ecotourism in relation to the protection of the environment during the question and answer segment of Miss Earth 2013.

As part of her duties as Miss Earth Venezuela, Alyz represented Venezuela in Miss Earth 2013 whose final was held on December 7 at the Palace of Versailles in Manila, Philippines. Henrich competed with 88 other candidates from different countries and autonomous regions for the title of Miss Earth. At the end of the evening, Alyz was crowned as the new Miss Earth and the second time in history to win this title by a Venezuelan beauty.

According to the Miss Earth website, her environmental advocacy for Venezuela is to work and support the recollection of trash in the Los Roques archipelago to keep the waters of those islands clean. She said that she is already doing that at the age of twelve years.

Notably, Alyz' participation has been one of the most successful in the Miss Earth Venezuela, as Henrich was the recipient of numerous awards prior to the final night both from sponsors and the organization of the pageant. Aside from being the eventual winner of the pageant, she is also the first Miss Earth winner to grab the "Best Evening Gown" award.

## United Nations Youth Conference for Environment and Biodiversity

Henrich was the special guest for the United Nations Youth Conference for Environment and Biodiversity in Hurghada, Egypt on March 7 to 11. She delivered a speech during the Opening Ceremony of the conference. On March 7, Henrich was the moderator for the Global Village Festival with the kids at the Berlin University in El Gouna. She engaged in discussions with the delegates, sponsors and the international press on environment and culture, bio-marine and her experiences as Miss Earth. On March 10, Alyz led a workshop for the kids on waste and waste recycling in Abo Monkar, which is a protected island in the Red Sea, together with Vodafone and HEPECA.

## InfoBox

| Alyz Henrich | |
| --- | --- |
| Henrich in 2016 | |
| Born | Alyz Sabimar Henrich Ocando
(1991-10-19) October 19, 1991
Punto Fijo, Falcón, Venezuela |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9+12 in) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title |  |
| Hair color | Brown |
| Eye color | Brown |
| Major
competition(s) |  |
|  | |


title: Van der Hoeven's organ

abstract: Van der Hoeven's organ is the infrabuccal lamellar organ in the adult male of genus Nautilus. It consists of a pair of fleshy narrow parallel lobes each containing 15-19 lamellae. It is analogous to Owen's laminated organ of the females, which is also infrabuccal and also lamellar, though females have an additional secondary sexual organ, the organ of Valenciennes. It along with the spadix and antispadix comprise the secondary sexual organs of the male. Its function has been described as possibly olfactory, but since its discovery in the mid nineteenth century its exact function, like that of its counterpart, has never been adequately explained— this is why it remains named after the naturalist who first described it rather than having an organ name like "heart" or "gill".

text:
# Van der Hoeven's organ

**Van der Hoeven's organ** is the infrabuccal lamellar organ in the adult male of genus *Nautilus*. It consists of a pair of fleshy narrow parallel lobes each containing 15-19 lamellae. It is analogous to Owen's laminated organ of the females, which is also infrabuccal and also lamellar, though females have an additional secondary sexual organ, the organ of Valenciennes. It along with the spadix and antispadix comprise the secondary sexual organs of the male. Its function has been described as possibly olfactory, but since its discovery in the mid nineteenth century its exact function, like that of its counterpart, has never been adequately explained— this is why it remains named after the naturalist who first described it rather than having an organ name like "heart" or "gill".


abstract: Night Song is an album by Norwegian pianist Ketil Bjørnstad and Swedish cellist Svante Henryson recorded in Norway in January 2009 and released on ECM two years later in 2011.

text:
# Night Song (Ketil Bjørnstad and Svante Henryson album)

***Night Song*** is an album by Norwegian pianist Ketil Bjørnstad and Swedish cellist Svante Henryson recorded in Norway in January 2009 and released on ECM two years later in 2011.

## Reception

The All About Jazz review by John Kelman said that "Defined by stark simplicity and a quiet majesty powered more by calm than energy, both Bjørnstad and Henryson value the purity of every note, and the resultant overtones when permitted decay to their inevitable conclusion. Neither seems compelled to speak more than is absolutely necessary, their discretion and unfailing choices defining qualities that allow *Night Song'*s 16 original compositions (all but four by Bjørnstad) no shortage of interpretive unpredictability, despite never losing sight of—or respect for—the essence of each piece."

## Track listing

*All compositions by Ketil Bjørnstad except as indicated*

1. "Night Song (Evening Version)" - 4:31
2. "Visitor" - 5:11
3. "Fall" (Svante Henryson) - 3:29
4. "Edge" - 5:39
5. "Reticence" (Henryson) - 5:44
6. "Schubert Said" - 4:36
7. "Adoro" - 6:26
8. "Share" - 4:26
9. "Melting Ice" (Henryson) - 3:25
10. "Serene" - 6:02
11. "The Other" - 4:08
12. "Own" - 3:15
13. "Sheen" - 5:45
14. "Chain" - 6:19
15. "Tar" (Henryson) - 3:02
16. "Night Song (Morning Version)" - 5:00

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Night Song | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ketil Bjørnstad and Svante Henryson | |
| Released | January 21, 2011 |
| Recorded | January 2009 |
| Studio | Rainbow Studio
Oslo Norway |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 76:58 |
| Label | ECM
ECM 2108 |
| Producer | Manfred Eicher |
| Ketil Bjørnstad chronology | |
| *Remembrance*
(2010) ***Night Song***
(2011) *Vinding's Music - Songs from the Alder Thicket*
(2012) | |


title: Gurs

abstract: Gurs in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

text:
# Gurs

**Gurs** (French pronunciation: \[ɡyʁs\]) in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

## History

Gurs was the site of the Gurs internment camp. Nothing remains of the camp; after World War II, a forest was planted on the site where it stood.

## Geography

Gurs is located near Pau.

Neighboring communes:

## InfoBox

| Gurs | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall of Gurs | |
|  | |
| Location of Gurs | |
| GursGurs | |
| Coordinates: 43°17′18″N 0°45′09″W / 43.2883°N 0.7525°W / 43.2883; -0.7525 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Pyrénées-Atlantiques |
| Arrondissement | Oloron-Sainte-Marie |
| Canton | Le Cœur de Béarn |
| Intercommunality | Béarn des Gaves |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Christian Puharré |
| Area**1** | 10.96 km2 (4.23 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 417 |
| Density | 38/km2 (99/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 64253 /64190 |
| Elevation | 119–254 m (390–833 ft)
(avg. 178 m or 584 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Hit Me Like a Man EP

abstract: Hit Me Like a Man EP is the second extended play (EP) by American rock band The Pretty Reckless. It was released on March 2, 2012, by Interscope Records. The EP contains three new songs, as well as live renditions of "Make Me Wanna Die" and "Since You're Gone"—originally included on the band's debut studio album, Light Me Up (2010)—which were recorded at London's Hammersmith Apollo on November 4 and 5, 2011. In support of the EP, The Pretty Reckless embarked on a North American tour called The Medicine Tour in March and April 2012, followed by dates on Marilyn Manson's Hey Cruel World... Tour in April and May 2012.

text:
# Hit Me Like a Man EP

***Hit Me Like a Man EP*** is the second extended play (EP) by American rock band The Pretty Reckless. It was released on March 2, 2012, by Interscope Records. The EP contains three new songs, as well as live renditions of "Make Me Wanna Die" and "Since You're Gone"—originally included on the band's debut studio album, *Light Me Up* (2010)—which were recorded at London's Hammersmith Apollo on November 4 and 5, 2011.

In support of the EP, The Pretty Reckless embarked on a North American tour called The Medicine Tour in March and April 2012, followed by dates on Marilyn Manson's Hey Cruel World... Tour in April and May 2012.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Digital Spy* |  |

Robert Copsey of *Digital Spy* praised the EP as "a collection of wonderfully salacious and unashamedly bare-faced songs that today's charts are sorely lacking."

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic viewed the three new songs on the EP as "harder and better than much of \[the band's\] guilty-pleasure debut, *Light Me Up*", concluding, "Sure, former child actress \[Taylor\] Momsen may just be acting out her teenage rebellion on a large stage and her imagination may be limited, but she is not insincere and the heartfelt tawdriness of *Hit Me Like a Man* is oddly compelling."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Taylor Momsen and Ben Phillips, except where noted

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Make Me Wanna Die" (live in London) (Kato Khandwala, Taylor Momsen, Ben Phillips) | 4:12 |
| 2. | "Hit Me Like a Man" | 3:33 |
| 3. | "Under the Water" | 4:03 |
| 4. | "Since You're Gone" (live in London) (Khandwala, Momsen, Phillips) | 3:25 |
| 5. | "Cold Blooded" | 4:43 |
| Total length: | | 19:56 |

## Personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Hit Me Like a Man EP*.

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 44 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | March 2, 2012 | Digital download | Interscope |  |
| Canada | | | March 6, 2012 |  |
| | | | United States |  |
| Canada | April 3, 2012 | | CD |  |
| | | | United States |  |

## InfoBox

| Hit Me Like a Man EP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by The Pretty Reckless | |
| Released | March 2, 2012 (2012-03-02) |
| Recorded | 2011–2012 |
| Venue | Hammersmith Apollo (London, England) |
| Studio | House of Loud (Elmwood Park, New Jersey) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 19:56 |
| Label | Interscope |
| Producer | Kato Khandwala |
| The Pretty Reckless chronology | |
| *Light Me Up*
(2010) ***Hit Me Like a Man EP***
(2012) *Going to Hell*
(2014) | |


title: Ndumeti

abstract: Ndumeti is an administrative ward in Siha District of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 560 km⁲ (220 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 1,297 m (4,255 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 11,344.

text:
# Ndumeti

**Ndumeti** is an administrative ward in Siha District of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 560 km2 (220 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 1,297 m (4,255 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 11,344.

## InfoBox

| Ndumeti Ward *Kata ya Ndumeti* (Swahili) | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Kata ya Ndumeti, Wilaya ya Siha | |
| Ndumeti Ward | |
| Coordinates: 2°59′53.16″S 37°4′11.64″E / 2.9981000°S 37.0699000°E / -2.9981000; 37.0699000 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Kilimanjaro Region |
| District | Siha District |
| Area | |
| Total | 560 km2 (220 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,297 m (4,255 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 11,344 |
| Density | 20/km2 (52/sq mi) |


title: Kottakkal Municipality

abstract: Kottakkal Municipality is the Municipality that administers the city of Kottakkal in Malappuram district, Kerala. Established in 2010, it is in the Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency & Kottakkal Assembly constituency The first chairperson was T.V. Sulaikhabi. Its one assembly constituencies are Kottakkal Assembly constituency, of the city of Kottakkal, with a population of about 44,382 within that area. Kottakkal Municipality has been formed with functions to improve the infrastructure of town. On November 1, 2010, Kottakkal was elevated as a municipality

text:
# Kottakkal Municipality

**Kottakkal Municipality** is the Municipality that administers the city of Kottakkal in Malappuram district, Kerala. Established in 2010, it is in the Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency & Kottakkal Assembly constituency The first chairperson was T.V. Sulaikhabi. Its one assembly constituencies are Kottakkal Assembly constituency, of the city of Kottakkal, with a population of about 44,382 within that area. Kottakkal Municipality has been formed with functions to improve the infrastructure of town. On November 1, 2010, Kottakkal was elevated as a municipality

## Divisions

Kottakkal Municipality is divided into 32 wards for ease of administration from which a member is elected from each for a duration of five years.

**Wards of Kottakkal Municipality**
| Ward No. | Ward Name | Ward No. | Ward Name |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Changuvetty | 2 | Chuda |
| 3 | Kottakkal Town | 4 | Kottakkal Thaze Angadi |
| 5 | Palappura | 6 | Mythri Nagar |
| 7 | Nayyadi Para | 8 | Cheenambuthur |
| 9 | Kavathikkalam West | 10 | Kavathikkalam East |
| 11 | Valiyaparamba | 12 | West Villur |
| 13 | Pappaayi | 14 | East Villur |
| 15 | Kooriyad | 16 | Panikkarkundu |
| 17 | Indianoor West | 18 | Indianoor |
| 19 | Muliyankotta | 20 | Maravattam |
| 21 | Kottoor | 22 | Madrasappadi |
| 23 | Amappara | 24 | Kuttippuram |
| 25 | Alinchuvadu | 26 | Poozhikkunnu |
| 27 | Palathara | 28 | Kottakkulam |
| 29 | Pulikkodu | 30 | Thokkampara |
| 31 | Changuvettykkundu | 32 | Khurbani |

## Municipality Election 2020

### Political Performance in Election 2020

| S.No. | Party Name | Party symbol | Number of Councilors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | IUML |  | 21 |
| 02 | LDF |  | 5 |
| 03 | Independents |  | 4 |
| 04 | BJP |  | 2 |
|

2010 seat distribution: **UDF** \- 24,**LDF** \- 4, **BJP**\- 2

## InfoBox

| Kottakkal Municipality | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | |
| Type | Municipality of Kottakkal |
| Term limits | None |
| History | |
| Founded | 2010 (2010) |
| Leadership | |
| Chairperson | Bushra Shabeer , IUML |
| Vice Chairman | P.P. Ummar, IUML |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 32 |
|  | |
| Political groups | * UDF: 21 seats * LDF: 5 seats * Independent: 4 seats * NDA: 2 seats |
| Committees | * Finance Standing Committee * Development Standing Committee * Welfare Standing Committee * Health Standing Committee * Public Works Standing Committee * Town Planning Standing Committee * Tax Appeal Standing Committee * Education & Sports Standing Committee |
| Length of term | 5 years |
| Elections | |
| Voting system | First-past-the-post |
| Last election | 2020 |
| Next election | 2025 |
| Meeting place | |
| Municipality office, Kottakkal | |
| Website | |
| malappuram.nic.in/en/public-utility/kottakkal-muncipality | |


title: Thomas Logan (prospector)

abstract: Thomas Logan was a pioneer of quartz mining in Otago and was one of few early miners to win enormous wealth from gold mining in New Zealand.

text:
# Thomas Logan (prospector)

**Thomas Logan** (30 August 1835 – 12 August 1897) was a pioneer of quartz mining in Otago and was one of few early miners to win enormous wealth from gold mining in New Zealand.

## Early life and family

Logan was born on 30 August 1835 at St Bees, Cumberland, England. He moved to Australia following the Victorian gold rush, and married Mary Ann "Cissie" McGregor in Melbourne; they had three sons.

## Otago gold mining

Logan first came to New Zealand in early 1863, following the gold rush to Hartley's Beach, a bend of the Clutha River in the Cromwell Gorge. He brought with him considerable experience from gold mining in the Victorian fields of Ballarat and Bendigo.

Settling in the Cromwell area, Logan found work with mining syndicates sluicing the river terraces of Lowburn, the Upper Clutha and in the Kawarau Gorge. He arrived in Bendigo in mid-1866 towards the end of the alluvial gold mining phase that had made Bendigo a short-lived boom town. Logan was convinced that the alluvial gold in the gravels of Bendigo must be sourced in the gold-bearing quartz reefs in the hills above Bendigo and set about locating them. A fiercely energetic prospector, he had previously prospected for auriferous quartz as far as Blacks, Tinker's and Thomson’s Gullies before his persistence was rewarded when he found several promising quartz reefs on Bendigo Hill.

Lacking the capital required to mine the quartz reefs, Logan was forced to turn to investment from a group of Dunedin businessmen in 1865. The Bendigo Quartz Mining Company was formed to mine the reefs found by Logan. One version of events—documented by J. C. Parcell in his 1951 book *Heart of the Desert*—suggests that Logan felt the businessmen were treating him unfairly, and he subsequently led them to poor ground, causing them to eventually withdraw from the project. However, a more recent revision of events, based on a more balanced review of the available literature, suggests that Logan did not swindle the businessmen. Instead, it is quite possible that the inexperience of the mining company was the reason for the Dunedin syndicate's demise. In any event, the Bendigo Quartz Mining Company was only to last a brief four months, ceasing operations in mid-1866.

Logan found investment to mine the reefs again in 1868 when together with William John 'Jack' Garrett, Brian 'Charcoal Joe' Hebden and George Goodger, he formed the Cromwell Quartz Mining Company. The initial returns were 238 ounces (6.7 kg) from the first ten days work, resulting in Bendigo's second gold rush.

## Later life

Logan sold his shares in the Cromwell Company for £15,000 in 1875 (equivalent to NZ$1,956,000 in 2021). This allowed him to "embark on a career of opulence". In December 1876, he bought the racehorses Cloth of Gold and Dead Heat, and soon afterwards won the Timaru Cup with the former. He joined in some of David Proudfoot's schemes, and continued to invest in mining, although often not successfully. After living in New South Wales for many years, where he won lucrative contracts for laying railway lines, putting some of the profits into donations to a hospital, he returned to Dunedin and died there on 12 August 1897. He was buried at the Dunedin Southern Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Logan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1835-08-30)30 August 1835
St Bees, Cumberland, England |
| Died | 12 August 1897(1897-08-12) (aged 61)
Dunedin, New Zealand |
| Occupations |  |
| Spouse | Mary Ann (Cissie) McGregor |
| Children | 1 |


title: Hiva Oa

abstract: With its 320 square kilometres, Hiva Oa is the second largest island in the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Located at 9 45' south latitude and 139 W longitude, it is the largest island of the southern Marquesas group. Around 2,200 people reside on the island. A volcano, Temetiu, is Hiva Oa's highest point with 1,200 metres.

text:
# Hiva Oa

With its 320 square kilometres (124 square miles), **Hiva Oa** is the second largest island in the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Located at 9 45' south latitude and 139 W longitude, it is the largest island of the southern Marquesas group. Around 2,200 people reside on the island. A volcano, Temetiu, is Hiva Oa's highest point with 1,200 metres (3,937 feet).

## History

### Colonial period

The first recorded sighting of Hiva Oa by the Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña on 21 July 1595. They charted it as *Dominica*. The island was briefly occupied by german forces under the command of Admiral Von Spee in October 1914.

## Overview

Administratively, Hiva Oa is part of the commune (municipality) of Hiva-Oa, itself in the administrative subdivision of the Marquesas Islands. Atuona, on the coast of Hiva Oa island, is the administrative centre of the commune. Atuona was formerly the seat of government for all of the Marquesas Islands, but it has been replaced by Taioha'e on Nuku Hiva island.

The island is famous as the final home of French painter Paul Gauguin and Belgian singer Jacques Brel, both of whom are buried in Calvary Cemetery, overlooking Atuona. It is also home to the largest tiki sculptures in French Polynesia.

In late pre-European times, the island was nearly evenly divided into two provincesNuku in the west, and Pepane in the east.

## Geography

Hiva Oa is the largest and most fertile of the southern Marquesas islands and second only to Nuku Hiva in size. Similar to all the larger Marquesas, Hiva Oa features steep cliffs abruptly rising from the ocean to a rugged interior spine of volcanic mountains, ridges, and deep, isolated valleys. Unlike most other Polynesian islands near the equator, no fringing coral reefs protect Hiva Oa from the pounding of the ocean and only a few sheltered anchorages and sandy beaches are scattered around the coast. Travel along the shoreline is by boat as most of the coastal terrain is too rugged for roads. A few dirt roads traverse the interior and link seacoast villages and settlements. Atuona Airport is located at an elevation of 1,481 feet (451 m) on a plateau near the center of the island and has an asphalt-surfaced runway 3,986 feet (1,215 m) long with daily flights to other Marquesas islands and Tahiti.

The outstanding geologic characteristic of Hiva Oa is the collapsed volcano Temetiu. Semi-circular Ta'a Oa bay, also called the Bay of Traitors, is in the crater of the volcano whose walls rise sharply 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above the bay. Within Ta'a Oa are Atuona Bay and adjacent Taha Uku which are the best anchorages on the island.

Hiva Oa is separated from the nearby island of Tahuata to its south by a 2.5 miles (4.0 km) wide channel called Ha'ava or the Canal de Bordelais.

### Climate

Temperatures in the Marquesas are stable year round, but precipitation is highly variable. Precipitation is much greater on the north and east (windward) parts of the islands and much less on the western (leeward) parts. Droughts, sometimes lasting several years, are frequent and seem to be associated with the El Niño phenomena. The highest annual rainfall recorded in Atuona is 148.2 inches (3,760 mm); the lowest is 22 inches (560 mm).

| Climate data for Hiva-Oa (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1939−present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.3
(95.5) | 35.0
(95.0) | 35.0
(95.0) | 35.0
(95.0) | 34.7
(94.5) | 33.8
(92.8) | 33.0
(91.4) | 32.6
(90.7) | 34.2
(93.6) | 34.7
(94.5) | 35.0
(95.0) | 36.1
(97.0) | 36.1
(97.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.2
(88.2) | 31.5
(88.7) | 31.5
(88.7) | 31.2
(88.2) | 30.5
(86.9) | 29.6
(85.3) | 29.0
(84.2) | 29.0
(84.2) | 29.6
(85.3) | 30.4
(86.7) | 30.9
(87.6) | 31.1
(88.0) | 30.5
(86.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.3
(81.1) | 27.6
(81.7) | 27.8
(82.0) | 27.6
(81.7) | 27.1
(80.8) | 26.4
(79.5) | 26.0
(78.8) | 25.8
(78.4) | 26.2
(79.2) | 26.6
(79.9) | 26.9
(80.4) | 27.2
(81.0) | 26.9
(80.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.4
(74.1) | 23.7
(74.7) | 24.0
(75.2) | 24.0
(75.2) | 23.7
(74.7) | 23.3
(73.9) | 22.9
(73.2) | 22.6
(72.7) | 22.7
(72.9) | 22.7
(72.9) | 23.0
(73.4) | 23.3
(73.9) | 23.3
(73.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 19.2
(66.6) | 18.3
(64.9) | 19.9
(67.8) | 19.8
(67.6) | 19.2
(66.6) | 18.5
(65.3) | 17.7
(63.9) | 16.8
(62.2) | 18.0
(64.4) | 18.0
(64.4) | 18.6
(65.5) | 17.5
(63.5) | 16.8
(62.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 134.4
(5.29) | 116.1
(4.57) | 178.2
(7.02) | 170.2
(6.70) | 135.7
(5.34) | 151.7
(5.97) | 151.2
(5.95) | 121.1
(4.77) | 87.9
(3.46) | 87.1
(3.43) | 94.1
(3.70) | 68.6
(2.70) | 1,496.3
(58.91) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.6 | 12.8 | 15.2 | 13.6 | 14.4 | 14.9 | 16.4 | 14.8 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 9.9 | 160.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 219.2 | 202.3 | 210.5 | 196.3 | 194.1 | 172.7 | 174.6 | 185.7 | 197.9 | 222.4 | 214.1 | 228.1 | 2,417.8 |
| Source: Météo-France | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| Climate data for Atuona, Hiva Oa | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30
(86) | 31
(87) | 31
(87) | 31
(87) | 29
(85) | 29
(84) | 28
(83) | 28
(83) | 29
(84) | 29
(85) | 30
(86) | 30
(86) | 29
(85) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27
(81) | 27
(81) | 28
(82) | 28
(82) | 27
(80) | 26
(79) | 26
(78) | 26
(78) | 26
(79) | 26
(79) | 27
(80) | 27
(81) | 27
(80) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23
(74) | 24
(75) | 24
(76) | 24
(76) | 24
(75) | 23
(74) | 23
(74) | 23
(73) | 23
(73) | 23
(73) | 23
(74) | 23
(74) | 23
(74) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 110
(4.5) | 91
(3.6) | 110
(4.4) | 120
(4.6) | 120
(4.8) | 180
(6.9) | 120
(4.8) | 100
(4) | 160
(6.2) | 79
(3.1) | 66
(2.6) | 89
(3.5) | 1,290
(50.9) |
| Source: Weatherbase | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Geology

The island is of volcanic origin. Geologically, Hiva Oa belongs to the Marquesas Linear Volcanic Chain, which formed from a hot spot on the Pacific Plate and is moving west-northwest at a rate of 103 to 118 mm. per year. The magmatic rocks on the island are between 1.63 and 4.26 million years old, but volcanic activity has not yet been completely extinguished. Not far from the road from Atuona to Ta'aoa, further west, some mud pots and small solfataras can be seen.

### Flora

Like Nuku Hiva, Hiva Oa, as the second largest island in the archipelago, has a relatively high biodiversity for the South Pacific islands. A total of 205 native plants - 24 of them endemic - and 178 exotic species have been identified. Among the richest and most widespread native species on the island are ferns with a high number of endemic species. They cover large areas of the inaccessible, humid and shady incises of the valley. Among the idiocorophytes (ancient autochthonous species) are probably the coconut palm and the screw tree, which are widespread in the lowlands.

Anthropochorophytes, such as breadfruit trees and Tahitian chestnut (Inocarpus edulis), already introduced by Polynesian settlers, predominate in the lowland and midland regions. A threat to native plant communities could be bamboo, which is not native to the island and has already formed extensive groves in some places.

In the higher, more inaccessible areas of the island, the natural habitats remain almost unchanged. The north, shaded from wind and rain by the mountains, is largely arid.

### Fauna

The fauna of the Marquesas Islands is limited to land and sea birds, insects, reptiles, butterflies and spiders. The Marquesas warbler (*Acrocephalus mendanae mendanae*) is endemic to Hiva Oa and the neighboring island of Tahuata. There are no animals that are dangerous to humans. The nono fly, a type of black fly which occurs in the interior, is extremely unpleasant.

## Population

In 2012, the population of Hiva Oa was 2,190, of which 1,845 lived in the commune of Atuona and 345 in the village of Puama'u. The inhabitants speak the southern Marquesan language, related to other Polynesian languages, and French.

### Religion

The population is primarily Christian, due to Catholic missionaries. The Catholic Church controls six religious buildings on the island, including the Church of the Immaculate Conception (*Église de l'Immaculée Conception*) in Atuona; the Church of Saint Anne (*Église de Sainte-Anne*) in Hanaiapa; the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes (*Église de Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes*) in Hanapa'aoa; the Church of Saint Joseph (*Église de Saint-Joseph*) in Nahoe; the Church of the Sacred Heart (*Église du Sacré-Cœur*) in Puamau; and the Church of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart (*Église de Notre-Dame du Sacré-Cœur*) in Ta'aoaoa.

According to local myth, the gods created the Marquesas as their home. Therefore, all the islands have names related to the construction of a house: Hiva Oa means long ridge.

## Economy

Subsistence agriculture, a combination of fishing, pig and chicken farming, and the cultivation of staple crops such as breadfruit, coconut, yam, taro, sweet potatoes and bananas, remains the basis of the island's economy. Part of the copra is grown for export. Tourism has so far existed only to a small extent, but is economically important, as otherwise there are few jobs on the island. The currency is the CFP franc, which is pegged to the euro.

## Infrastructure

The settlements are only partially connected by paved roads. As the existing ones are also steep and winding, the preferred means of transport between the villages is still by boat. The west and the mountainous interior of the island are largely undeveloped.

The airfield, with a 1,250 m paved runway (ICAO code: NTMN, IATA code: HIX), is located on the Tepuna plateau, northeast of Atuona, and is connected to the village by a winding road.

Atuona has a fairly modern infrastructure, with a hospital, a medical and dental office, a post office (with satellite phone), a bank (with ATM), a national Gendarmerie station, a courthouse, schools with preschool (école maternelle et primaire) and a high school (Collège Sainte Anne), as well as a Catholic church and a Protestant church. For tourist needs, there is a hotel and small private pensions, as well as restaurants and bars.

Larger cruise ships can also enter Atuona Bay. However, they are usually anchored and passengers are disembarked. Regular supply ships to/from Tahiti dock at the harbor pier.

## Tourism

### Places of interest

The village of Puamau is 45 km from Atuona (a two and a half hour drive up a steep and winding road). On the outskirts of the village is a large ceremonial platform, said to be the burial place of Queen Vahine Titoiani. There are large stone tikis carved on two corners of the platform.

In the Puamau valley, about two kilometers from the coast, is Ipona (formerly: Oipona), the largest and most important historical site in the Marquesas. The valley once belonged to the influential Naiki tribe, which also controlled the Atuona region. After the Naiki captured and consumed the chief of the neighboring tribe, Tio'o, the clans of the Hanapa'aoa district took revenge and wiped out the Naiki. The victors erected a tapu on Ipona and installed tikis. After the introduction of Christianity, this place of worship fell into disuse.

The Marae Takii, now well restored and consisting of three overlapping terraces, stands at the foot of a steep cliff and includes 8 stone statues and cyclopean heads. The largest is Tiki Takai'i, the guardian spirit of the valley, at 2.43 meters. However, the most interesting artwork is the Maki'i Taua Pepe figure, unique in the entire South Seas region, which, according to Karl von den Steinen, physician and ethnologist, depicts a priestess or goddess giving birth. According to Thor Heyerdahl, who visited Hiva Oa in 1937, the statue does not resemble a woman giving birth, but "more like an animal swimming," and he compared it to two sculptures of the "alligator god" from the St. Augustine culture. v.d. Steinen's interpretation of a woman in labor is contradicted by the fact that the base emerged from the navel region and not from the loins. He learned from his informants that the statue had long been lying on its back in a thicket and had only "recently" been erected. Another notable site is in the Vustin River valley.

Also notable is the Ta'aoa Valley, west of Atuona, which is filled with huge banyan trees, coconut palms, twenty-meter tall Barringtonia asiatica, many breadfruit trees, mango trees and Tahitian chestnuts. Among the dense undergrowth, it is difficult to distinguish most of the house and ceremonial platforms spread over an area of 3 ha, as little has been excavated and hardly anything has been restored. The Ta'aoa valley belonged to the sphere of influence of the powerful Tiu tribe, which plays a central role in the traditional myths of Hiva Oa. The buildings erected were correspondingly numerous and representative. In the center is a tohua, the largest of the Marquesas. A large tiki stands in the plaza and a stone head on one of the ceremonial platforms. Taro cultivation terraces have been found in the vicinity of the settlement. Ralph Linton explored this site as part of his expedition to the Marquesas, 1920/21, organized by the Bishop Museum.

The Eiaone Valley, west of Puamau, is known for its unique and particularly expressive semi-relief petroglyphs. However, most of them are covered by dense vegetation. There are other petroglyphs, stone images and platforms in the Tahauku and Punae (Punai) valleys east of Atuona.

The Atuona cultural center dedicated to the painter Paul Gauguin displays only copies of his paintings, but documents his life in the South Seas. His house, which was right next door, has been reconstructed. In the process a disused well was found where the later inhabitants had disposed of the painter's personal belongings, including a comb and toothbrush, jugs of wine, empty absinthe bottles, a morphine syringe, and tiger balm.

There are also some Jacques Brel memorabilia in Atuona. In 2003, a hangar was built especially for his Beechcraft D 50 Twin-Bonanza under the name "Jojo", which has been restored in the meantime. Photos and documents from Brel's stay in the South Seas over several years are also on display here. A monument to Jacques Brel has been erected on a lookout point on the airport road.

In the Calvaire Cemetery (Cimetière Calvaire), located above Atuona, are the graves of Gauguin and Brel. It is sometimes doubted that this is Gauguin's actual grave; it is said that he was buried unmarked and somewhere in the jungle. The cemetery is a much-visited lookout point, offering views of Ta'aoa Bay.

## InfoBox

Hiva Oa
| The island of Hiva Oa. Atuouna is located on the large bay on the south side of the island. | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Hiva Oa within the Marquesas Islands | |
| Geography | |
| Location | South Pacific Ocean |
| Coordinates | 9°45′S 139°00′W / 9.750°S 139.000°W / -9.750; -139.000 |
| Archipelago | Marquesas Islands |
| Area | 316 km2 (122 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 1,213 m (3980 ft) |
| Highest point | Temetiu |
| Administration | |
| **France** | |
| Overseas country | French Polynesia |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 2,190 (2012) |
| Pop. density | 6.9/km2 (17.9/sq mi) |


title: Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus

abstract: Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus is an 1851 oil painting by the English artist William Holman Hunt. It depicts a scene from William Shakespeare's The Two Gentlemen of Verona. The top left and right portions of the frame include excerpts from act V, scene IV of the play. From left to right, the characters are Julia, disguised as a page, Sylvia, Valentine, and Proteus, who is in love with Julia. Sylvia's father, the Duke of Milan, and a group of followers are present in the background. The painting was on display at the Royal Academy in 1851, then was transferred to the Liverpool Academy in 1851. In 1887, the painting was bought by the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. As of 2021, the painting is still in their collection.

text:
# Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus

***Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus*** is an 1851 oil painting by the English artist William Holman Hunt. It depicts a scene from William Shakespeare's *The Two Gentlemen of Verona*. The top left and right portions of the frame include excerpts from act V, scene IV of the play. From left to right, the characters are Julia, disguised as a page, Sylvia, Valentine, and Proteus, who is in love with Julia. Sylvia's father, the Duke of Milan, and a group of followers are present in the background.

The painting was on display at the Royal Academy in 1851, then was transferred to the Liverpool Academy in 1851. In 1887, the painting was bought by the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. As of 2021, the painting is still in their collection.

## InfoBox

| Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | William Holman Hunt |
| Year | 1851 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 100.2 cm × 133.4 cm (39.4 in × 52.5 in) |
| Location | Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, Birmingham |


title: Night Song (Al Grey album)

abstract: Night Song is an album by trombonist Al Grey with saxophonist Billy Mitchell released in 1963 on the Argo label.

text:
# Night Song (Al Grey album)

***Night Song*** is an album by trombonist Al Grey with saxophonist Billy Mitchell released in 1963 on the Argo label.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

## Track listing

1. "Blues in the Night" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) – 5:20
2. "Stella by Starlight" (Victor Young, Ned Washington) – 6:10
3. "The Way You Look Tonight" (Jerome Kern, Dorothy Fields) – 4:55
4. "Through for the Night" (Trummy Young) – 4:10
5. "Stardust" (Hoagy Carmichael, Mitchell Parish) – 5:20
6. "Night and Day" (Cole Porter) – 4:30
7. "Laughing Tonight" (Al Frisch, Roy Alfred) – 2:55

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Night Song | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Al Grey with Billy Mitchell | |
| Released | 1963 |
| Recorded | November 2 & 5, 1962 |
| Studio | Ter-Mar Studios, Chicago, IL |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 33:20 |
| Label | Argo
LP-711 |
| Producer | Esmond Edwards |
| Al Grey chronology | |
| *Snap Your Fingers*
(1962) ***Night Song***
(1963) *Having a Ball*
(1963) | |
|  | |
| Billy Mitchell chronology | |
| *This Is Billy Mitchell*
(1962) ***Night Song***
(1962) *A Little Juicy*
(1963) | |
|  | |