title: To Southey

abstract: "To Southey" or "To Robert Southey" was written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and published in the 14 January 1795 Morning Chronicle as part of his Sonnets on Eminent Characters series. Robert Southey became a close friend of Coleridge during the summer of 1794 and the two originally formed a plan to start an ideal community together. Although the plan fell apart, Coleridge dedicated the poem to his friend and emphasized Southey's poetic abilities. Following the poem, Coleridge further drifted from Southey and the poem was not republished.

text:
# To Southey

"**To Southey**" or "**To Robert Southey**" was written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and published in the 14 January 1795 *Morning Chronicle* as part of his *Sonnets on Eminent Characters* series. Robert Southey became a close friend of Coleridge during the summer of 1794 and the two originally formed a plan to start an ideal community together. Although the plan fell apart, Coleridge dedicated the poem to his friend and emphasized Southey's poetic abilities. Following the poem, Coleridge further drifted from Southey and the poem was not republished.

## Background

Coleridge first met Southey when Coleridge was about to tour Wales during the summer of 1794. They shared similar political views and the two bonded immediately. Together, they established a plan to create a community run by the ideas of Pantisocracy, a system that would emphasize agriculture and communal living. To further attain this goal, they each married one of the Fricker sisters and started to make financial arrangements along with discussing with others that would join them. The two wrote many poems, with *The Fall of Robespierre* written by both, and they planned to sell the poems to help provide money. However, Coleridge left the side of his wife and travelled to London to further his poetic career.

On 1 December 1794, the *Morning Chronicle* began to run a series of Coleridge's poems called *Sonnets on Eminent Characters* or on "Eminent Contemporaries". In a 17 December 1794 letter from Coleridge to Southey, Coleridge copied a sonnet about Southey with a note that said, "I took the Liberty—Gracious God! pardon me for the aristocratic frigidity of that expression—I indulged my Feelings by sending this among my *Contemporary* Sonnets". The poem was printed for the 14 January 1795 *Morning Chronicle*, which ran it as the tenth poem of Coleridge's series under the name "To Robert Southey, of Baliol College, Oxford, Author of the 'Retrospect,' and Other Poems". It was the only time the poem was published.

Although Coleridge and Southey continued to spend time together and collaborate on their poetic efforts, their relationship was greatly strained and their ideas for the Pantisocratic government fell apart. The change in Coleridge's opinions on both Southey and William Godwin is reflected in Coleridge's not republishing the poems on either of them within his 1796 collection of poems. However, Coleridge also omitted the poems because he did not think they were any good.

## Poem

The only edition of the poem reads:

> Southey! thy melodies steal o'er mine ear
> Like far-off joyance, or the murmering
> Of wild bees in the sunny showers of Spring—
> Sounds of such mingled import as may cheer
> The lonely breast, yet rouse a mindful tear:
> Wak'd by the Song doth Hope-born Fancy fling
> Rich showers of dewy fragrance from her wing,
> Till sickly Passion's drooping Myrtles sear
> Blossom anew! But O! more thrill'd, I prize
> Thy sadder strains, that bid in Memory's Dream
> The faded forms of past Delight arise;
> Then soft, on Love's pale cheek, the tearful gleam
> Of Pleasures smiles—as, faint, yet beauteous lies
> The imag'd Rainbow on a willowy stream.

## Themes

The *Sonnets on Eminent Characters* contained many poems dedicated to those Coleridge considered his hero from many fields, with Southey ranking amongst them. Like the poems in the series "To Godwin" and "To Bowles", "To Southey" talks about Coleridge's personal life and Southey's involvement in it. The heroes were divided into those who were artists, intellectuals, political figures, and military figures in a way similar to Milton. In particular, Milton's sonnet on Henry Lawes ("Sonnet 13") was the model for Coleridge's poem on Southey, along with the poem "To Bowles" and "To Mrs Siddons".

Like with Coleridge's feelings towards William Godwin after writing "To Godwin", Coleridge began to intellectually separate from Southey after "To Southey", and, during his lecture series in 1795, he began to stress Christianity as essential to his political beliefs. However, even within the poem, there is no direct reference to Southey's liberal political beliefs. Instead, the poem only discusses Southey as a poet. A side effect from not including the sonnet in the 1796 series is that Coleridge effectively removed the only sonnet about a contemporary poet from the series.

* Ashton, Rosemary. *The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge*. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997.
* Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1921). Coleridge, Ernest Hartley (ed.). *The Poems of Samuel Taylor Coleridge*. Oxford University Press.
* Curran, Stuart. *Poetic Form and British Romanticism*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
* Holmes, Richard. *Coleridge: Early Visions, 1772-1804*. New York: Pantheon, 1989.
* Joseph, T. and Francis, S. *Encyclopaedia of World Great Poets*. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2004.
* Mays, J. C. C. (editor). *The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works I* Vol I.I. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
* Speck, W. A. *Robert Southey: Entire Man of Letters*. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
* Trott, Nicola. "The Coleridge Circle and the 'Answer to Godwin'" in *The Coleridge Connection*. Eds. Thomas McFarland, Richard Gravil and Molly Lefebure. New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.


title: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae

abstract: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae is a plant pathogen.

text:
# Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae

***Gaeumannomyces graminis* var. *avenae*** is a plant pathogen.

## InfoBox

| *Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Magnaporthales |
| Family: | Magnaporthaceae |
| Genus: | *Gaeumannomyces* |
| Species: | *G. graminis* |
| Variety: | ***G. g.* var. *avenae*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Gaeumannomyces graminis* var. *avenae***<br>(E.M. Turner) Dennis, (1960) | |


title: Gaetz Brook, Nova Scotia

abstract:
Gaetz Brook is a rural community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.
Gaetz Brook has a junior high school called Gaetz Brook Junior High for students in grades 7–9, and the students come from O'Connell Drive Elementary and Porter's Lake Elementary. They can also come from Atlanticview Elementary.

text:
# Gaetz Brook, Nova Scotia

class=notpageimage|Gaetz Brook in Nova Scotia

**Gaetz Brook**  is a rural community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Gaetz Brook has a junior high school called Gaetz Brook Junior High for students in grades 7–9, and the students come from O'Connell Drive Elementary and Porter's Lake Elementary. They can also come from Atlanticview Elementary. 44°46′9.9″N 63°12′34″W / 44.769417°N 63.20944°W / 44.769417; -63.20944

## Gaetz Brook Greenway

| Gaetz Brook Greenway |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

In spring 2020, SATA Trails opened the Gaetz Brook Greenway. The newly developed rail trail starts in Musquodoboit Harbour near the end of Highway 107 and ends on the East Chezzetcook Road. There are small connectors to the trail through the parking lot of the Gaetz Brook Junior High School, the parking lot of the Eastern Marine Legion 161 and Pine Hill Drive.


title: Tod Davis

abstract: Thomas Oscar "Tod" Davis was an American professional baseball player of the 1940s and 1950s. The native of Los Angeles appeared in 42 games as an infielder and pinch hitter in Major League Baseball during the 1949 and 1951 seasons for the Philadelphia Athletics. Davis was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall, weighed 190 pounds (86 kg) and threw and batted right-handed. During his trials with the Athletics, Davis collected 21 hits. His only big-league home run, hit September 5, 1949, came off Vic Raschi of the New York Yankees at Shibe Park during a 13–4 New York victory. The remainder of Davis' nine-year career was spent in the top-level Pacific Coast League. He appeared in 782 games in the PCL for both Los Angeles–based teams, the Angels and the Hollywood Stars, as well as for the Seattle Rainiers. Davis served in the United States Army during World War II and its aftermath, and missed the 1945–46 seasons.

text:
# Tod Davis

**Thomas Oscar "Tod" Davis** (July 24, 1924 – December 31, 1978) was an American professional baseball player of the 1940s and 1950s. The native of Los Angeles appeared in 42 games as an infielder and pinch hitter in Major League Baseball during the 1949 and 1951 seasons for the Philadelphia Athletics. Davis was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall, weighed 190 pounds (86 kg) and threw and batted right-handed.

During his trials with the Athletics, Davis collected 21 hits. His only big-league home run, hit September 5, 1949, came off Vic Raschi of the New York Yankees at Shibe Park during a 13–4 New York victory. The remainder of Davis' nine-year career (1943–1944; 1947–1953) was spent in the top-level Pacific Coast League. He appeared in 782 games in the PCL for both Los Angeles–based teams, the Angels and the Hollywood Stars, as well as for the Seattle Rainiers.

Davis served in the United States Army during World War II and its aftermath, and missed the 1945–46 seasons.

## InfoBox

| Tod Davis | |
| --- | --- |
| Davis, circa 1948 | |
| **Infielder** | |
| **Born:** (1924-07-24)July 24, 1924
Los Angeles | |
| **Died:** December 31, 1978(1978-12-31) (aged 54)
West Covina, California | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 27, 1949, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 15, 1951, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .233 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| Runs batted in | 6 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Melaleuca calycina

abstract: Melaleuca calycina is a shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a stiff, erect shrub with oval to heart-shaped leaves, white flowers and star-shaped fruit.

text:
# Melaleuca calycina

***Melaleuca calycina*** is a shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a stiff, erect shrub with oval to heart-shaped leaves, white flowers and star-shaped fruit.

## Description

*Melaleuca calycina* grows to a height of about 3 m (10 ft) or less and has rough, corky bark. The leaves are 5–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) long and 2.9–6.8 mm (0.1–0.3 in) wide, arranged in alternating opposite pairs (decussate).

The flowers are white or cream-coloured and occur singly or in small groups, sometimes at the ends of branches and sometimes in the leaf axils. At the base of each flower there are brown, papery, overlapping bracts. The stamens are arranged in 5 bundles around the flower, each bundle containing 22 to 25 stamens. Flowering occurs from July to October but mostly in September. The fruit are woody capsules 5–5.9 mm (0.20–0.23 in) long with the sepals remaining as long curved teeth.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Melaleuca calycina* was first formally described in 1812 by Robert Brown in *Hortus Kewensis*. The specific epithet (*calycina*) is from the Greek *kalyx*, calyx, (collectively the sepals).

## Distribution and habitat

This melaleuca occurs from the Stirling Range to Cape Arid in the Coolgardie, Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions. It grows in a wide range of soils on flats, laterite and the edges of swamps.

## Conservation status

*Melaleuca calycina* is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| *Melaleuca calycina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Melaleuca* |
| Species: | ***M. calycina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melaleuca calycina***<br>R.Br. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Myrtoleucodendron calycinum* (R.Br.) Kuntze * *Melaleuca carinata* Turcz. | |


title: Melaleuca camptoclada

abstract: Melaleuca camptoclada is a shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It was first described in 1990 in a review of the genus Melaleuca when the species Melaleuca laxiflora at that time was found to comprise ten species. Two of those species were new - M. camptoclada and M. ctenoides.

text:
# Melaleuca camptoclada

***Melaleuca camptoclada*** is a shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It was first described in 1990 in a review of the genus *Melaleuca* when the species *Melaleuca laxiflora* at that time was found to comprise ten species. Two of those species were new - *M. camptoclada* and *M. ctenoides*.

## Description

*Melaleuca camptoclada* is a shrub growing to a height of about 3 m (10 ft). Its leaves and branches are glabrous or almost so. The leaves are 2.9–5.5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long and 1.5–1.8 mm (0.06–0.07 in) wide and elliptical in shape.

The flowers are mauve and are arranged in heads or spikes to 16 mm (0.6 in) in diameter, with 5 to 15 individual flowers. The petals are 1.5–2.4 mm (0.06–0.09 in) long and fall off as the flowers open. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower with 9 to 16 stamens in each bundle. Flowering occurs from September to November and the fruit are woody capsules, 2.5–3.5 mm (0.098–0.14 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Melaleuca camptoclada* was first formally described in 1990 by F.C.Quinn from a specimen found near the Stirling Ranges. The specific epithet (*camptoclada*) is from the Greek *camptos*, (flexible or curved) and *clados* (a shoot or branch), referring to the habit of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

This melaleuca occurs in the Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Warren biogeographic regions. It grows in gravelly sand and clay loam.

## Conservation status

*Melaleuca camptoclada* is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| *Melaleuca camptoclada* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Melaleuca* |
| Species: | ***M. camptoclada*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melaleuca camptoclada***<br>F.C.Quinn | |
|


title: Tom Bruggere

abstract: Tom Bruggere is an American entrepreneur and onetime candidate for the U.S. Senate in the state of Oregon. He founded the company Mentor Graphics and has been involved with several other startup companies.

text:
# Tom Bruggere

**Tom Bruggere** (born February 18, 1946, in Berkeley, California) is an American entrepreneur and onetime candidate for the U.S. Senate in the state of Oregon. He founded the company Mentor Graphics and has been involved with several other startup companies.

## Early life

Tom Bruggere was born in Berkeley, California. He stated of his early life that he "grew up with a picture of Jack and Bobby Kennedy over \[his\] bed."

He has a Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics from the University of California, Santa Barbara, a Masters of Science in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin, and a Masters of Business Administration from Pepperdine University. He served in the Army in the Vietnam War, from 1968 to 1970. Prior to running for office, he served on several government boards, including the Oregon State Board of Higher Education.

Bruggere was an engineer with Burroughs Corporation Medium Systems Plant in Pasadena, California, in the early to mid-1970s, then with Tektronix, Inc. in the late 1970s.

He is Protestant.

## Leadership of Mentor Graphics

Bruggere founded Mentor Graphics, a Tektronix spinoff, in 1981. A 1991 article in *Oregon Business* magazine stated: "One of \[Tektronix'\] main contributions to Oregon has been the many companies that spun off from former employees," citing the success of Bruggere and a number of other creative former Tektronix employees with Mentor Graphics as the prime example. He was one of the people credited with founding the Oregon Center for Advanced Technology Education and served as chairman of the center in the early 2000s. Mentor Graphics is credited with having established the industry of electronic design automation. He resigned as president and CEO in October 1993, and was succeeded in both roles by Wally Rhines. Upon leaving Mentor Graphics, he cited a desire "to do something else, something in public policy."

## 1996 U.S. Senate race

Bruggere won the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate seat vacated by the retiring Mark Hatfield in 1996. Spending $800,000 of his own money in the primary race, he was one of 134 candidates for the U.S. Congress to finance their own elections in excess of $50,000 in that cycle.

Bruggere's Republican opponent, Gordon Smith, was also heavily self-financed, having spent $2.5 million of his own money earlier that same year in an unsuccessful effort to defeat Democrat Ron Wyden in the special election to replace Bob Packwood, who had resigned.

In the general election race, most Oregon daily newspapers endorsed Smith over Bruggere. Bruggere lost a close election to Smith, with neither side claiming victory for several days after the election, when absentee ballots were tallied.

## Further business ventures

Bruggere was the founding Chairman of Stamps.com and Sensoria. He resigned from the Stamps.com board in October 2000.

He has also served on the boards of Will Vinton Studios, OpenMarket, and Sirigen and on the advisory boards of Mercy Corps and of the Technology Management Program at UCSB.

As of 2011, he was part of the management team of 13therapeutics, a biotech spin-off of the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU).

## InfoBox

| Thomas Bruggere | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1946-02-18) February 18, 1946
Berkeley, California, U.S. |
| Education | Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics, University of California, Santa Barbara (1968);
Masters of Science in Computer Science, University of Wisconsin (1972);
Masters of Business Administration, Pepperdine University (1975). |
| Occupation(s) | computer software and engineering |
| Known for | founder of Mentor Graphics |
| Political party | Democratic |


title: Melanochromis robustus

abstract: Melanochromis robustus is a species of cichlid in the Cichlidae endemic to Lake Malawi. This species can reach a length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) TL.

text:
# Melanochromis robustus

***Melanochromis robustus*** is a species of cichlid in the Cichlidae endemic to Lake Malawi. This species can reach a length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) TL.

## InfoBox

| *Melanochromis robustus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Genus: | *Melanochromis* |
| Species: | ***M. robustus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanochromis robustus***
D. S. Johnson, 1985 | |
|


title: GE True

abstract: GE True is a 33-episode, American anthology series sponsored by General Electric that aired from September 30, 1962, until May 26, 1963, with repeats through September 1963. Telecast on CBS, the series presented stories, both published and unpublished, from the files of True magazine. The series' executive producer was Jack Webb through his Mark VII Limited company; he also acted as host-narrator, directed several episodes, and acted in several episodes.

text:
# GE True

***GE True*** (also known as ***General Electric True***) is a 33-episode, American anthology series sponsored by General Electric that aired from September 30, 1962, until May 26, 1963, with repeats through September 1963. Telecast on CBS, the series presented stories, both published and unpublished, from the files of *True* magazine. The series' executive producer was Jack Webb through his Mark VII Limited company; he also acted as host-narrator, directed several episodes, and acted in several episodes.

## Program overview

A representative of the publisher of *True* magazine met Jack Webb at a party in New York and suggested the magazine as a source of material. Webb and others then researched the magazine's files for story ideas. Stories were adapted for television primarily by head writer Harold Jack Bloom. More than half of the episodes were directed by William Conrad, who portrayed Matt Dillon on radio's *Gunsmoke* and was later the star of the CBS crime drama *Cannon*.

In an overview of the 1962 television season, *Time* noted:

Jack ("dum-de-dum-dum") Webb is back. This time he is retelling stories from the files of *True* magazine. The first one was set on a hospital ship off Okinawa, where a doctor (played by William Conrad) operated on a marine who had a live and sensitive shell in his body capable of blowing a six-foot hole in a steel deck. It was a hell of a moment, but Webb sank it. "At 1830 hours exactly," he intoned, "the operation began on a human bomb dead center in the circle of death." He hosts the program in an echo-chambered voice, while he stands beside the word TRUE, spelled out in block letters 22 feet high, or roughly 10 times as tall as Jack Webb.

*GE True* aired at 9:30 p.m. Sundays, following *The McCoys*, a sitcom that had moved to CBS from ABC. *GE True* aired a half-hour later than a predecessor series, *General Electric Theater*, hosted by Ronald Reagan, which had aired at 9 p.m. from 1953 to 1962. Both *The McCoys* and *GE True* faced opposition from the highly rated Western series *Bonanza* on NBC.

The show had a unique opening, of which there were at least two variants. Each opening featured a large "TRUE" sign, apparently several stories tall and shown at an oblique angle, initially in deep shadow. One variant began with Webb voicing "Good evening. Your host, General Electric." with a large GE logo displayed next to the TRUE sign. Another variant lacked the GE logo, but included a superimposed quotation from Daniel Webster: "There is nothing so powerful as truth, and often nothing so strange." Strong symphonic music was featured as part of a majestic opening theme. Webb walked alongside the TRUE sign and stated either "And this, is true" (GE logo variant) or simply "This is true". The sign became brightly lit and the camera changed to a direct view of Webb, who then introduced the episode.

The Webb-hosted short film *Red Nightmare* (1962) had similarities to the *GE True* episode "The Last Day", although the former was presented as fantasy via a dream sequence.

In February 1963, Webb succeeded William T. Orr as executive in charge of Warner Bros. Television, with Orr moving to the motion picture part of Warner Bros. At the beginning of June 1963, it was reported that *GE True* would not continue. Webb's role with Warner ended in December 1963.

Reruns of *GE True* were later syndicated under the title *True*.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Circle of Death" | Jack Webb | Dale Wasserman | September 30, 1962 (1962-09-30) |
| During the Battle of Okinawa, a doctor (William Conrad) operates on a marine with a live projectile shell in his body. | | | | | |
| 2 | "V-Victor 5" | Robert M. Leeds | Gene Roddenberry and Harold Jack Bloom | October 7, 1962 (1962-10-07) |
| In 1933, an off-duty police officer (Karl Held) attempts to apprehend five wanted criminals in Hell's Kitchen. | | | | | |
| 3 | "Harris Vs. Castro" | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom | October 14, 1962 (1962-10-14) |
| Miami advertising executive Erwin Harris takes legal action against Fidel Castro to make good on an advertising contract. | | | | | |
| 4 | "Code Name: Christopher (Part 1)" | Jack Webb | Otis Carney | October 21, 1962 (1962-10-21) |
| In late 1942, a Marine Corps captain (Jack Webb) is sent to assist with the sabotage of a Nazi chemical plant in Norway. | | | | | |
| 5 | "Code Name: Christopher (Part 2)" | Jack Webb | Otis Carney | October 28, 1962 (1962-10-28) |
| Conclusion; see above. | | | | | |
| 6 | "The Handmade Private" | William Conrad | Dean Riesner | November 4, 1962 (1962-11-04) |
| During World War II, a U.S. Army corporal (Jerry Van Dyke) creates an imaginary private, who then becomes the subject of a worldwide search. | | | | | |
| 7 | "The Last Day" | William Conrad | John Joseph (John Furia Jr.) & Harold Jack Bloom | November 11, 1962 (1962-11-11) |
| During the Cold War, what appears to be a typical American town is actually a Russian spy school. | | | | | |
| 8 | "Man With a Suitcase" | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom | November 18, 1962 (1962-11-18) |
| A man (Bill Berger) smuggles a woman (Erika Peters) out of East Berlin in a suitcase. | | | | | |
| 9 | "Mile Long Shot To Kill" | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom | November 25, 1962 (1962-11-25) |
| During the Civil War, a Union Army officer develops a telescopic sight. | | | | | |
| 10 | "Cheating Cheaters" | Robert M. Leeds | Harold Jack Bloom | December 2, 1962 (1962-12-02) |
| A card game expert (Jack Hogan) is sent to a cruise ship to help investigate the death of a passenger. | | | | | |
| 11 | "UXB (Unexploded Bomb)" | Robert M. Leeds | Harold Jack Bloom | December 9, 1962 (1962-12-09) |
| Major Bill Hartley (Michael Evans) is part of a bomb disposal unit still disarming German bombs from World War II in London. | | | | | |
| 12 | "The Wrong Nickel" | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom | December 16, 1962 (1962-12-16) |
| A Soviet spy is eventually captured following the discovery of a modified nickel. | | | | | |
| 13 | "The Amateurs" | William Conrad | Dean Riesner | December 30, 1962 (1962-12-30) |
| In 1909, a Boston jeweler (Jonathan Hole) gets a lead to $1 million in stolen jewels from a former Harvard classmate (Vinton Hayworth). | | | | | |
| 14 | "Open Season" | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom & Barry Oringer | January 6, 1963 (1963-01-06) |
| Courageous Wisconsin game warden Ernie Swift (James Best) faces the reprisal of organized crime after he tickets gangster Frank MacErlane (David McLean) for illegal fishing. | | | | | |
| 15 | "Defendant: Clarence Darrow" | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom | January 13, 1963 (1963-01-13) |
| In 1912, Clarence Darrow (Tol Avery), the Chicago lawyer who later clashed with William Jennings Bryan over the theory of evolution at the Scopes trial, is accused of having attempted to bribe a juror. Darrow argues passionately over legal procedures with his own lawyer, Earl Rogers (Robert Vaughn). | | | | | |
| 16 | "O.S.I." | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom | January 20, 1963 (1963-01-20) |
| A communist spy asks for help from the Office of Special Investigations to secure the safety of his family in East Germany. | | | | | |
| 17 | "Firebug" | William Conrad | John Kneubuhl | January 27, 1963 (1963-01-27) |
| Victor Buono plays Charles Colvin, a barber in Los Angeles, who is by night a pyromaniac. The United States Forest Service believes that one arsonist is causing a series of fires. The episode also stars Keith Andes and Arch Johnson. | | | | | |
| 18 | "Little Richard" | Jack Webb | Harold Jack Bloom | February 3, 1963 (1963-02-03) |
| An Oklahoma man (Hampton Fancher) seeks help when his hunting dog becomes trapped in a hole. | | | | | |
| 19 | "Escape (Part 1)" | William Conrad | Louis Morheim | February 10, 1963 (1963-02-10) |
| An escape artist poses as an RAF officer, allows himself to be captured, and helps RAF pilots escape from a German prisoner-of-war camp. | | | | | |
| 20 | "Escape (Part 2)" | William Conrad | Louis Morheim | February 17, 1963 (1963-02-17) |
| Conclusion; see above. | | | | | |
| 21 | "The Moonshiners" | William Conrad | John Kneubuhl | February 24, 1963 (1963-02-24) |
| Walter Kopek (Gene Evans), an agent of the United States Treasury Department, assumes an undercover role to halt a bootlegging operation in Florida, run by mobster Bill Munger (Robert Emhardt). James Griffith is cast in this episode as Stan Woolman. | | | | | |
| 22 | "Security Risk" | William Conrad | John Kneubuhl | March 3, 1963 (1963-03-03) |
| In 1960, George Ellsworth (Charles Aidman), an official with the United States Embassy in Warsaw, Poland, is blackmailed through a romantic affair with a young woman named Erica (Erika Peters) into passing secret information to the communists at the height of the Cold War. He confessed his guilt despite the protection of diplomatic immunity. Karl Swenson and Parley Baer also appeared in this episode. | | | | | |
| 23 | "The Black-Robed Ghost" | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom & Maxine Robinson & John Robinson | March 10, 1963 (1963-03-10) |
| After a young female artist dies suddenly, an aunt (Josephine Hutchinson) reports seeing her outside their home. | | | | | |
| 24 | "Ordeal" | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom | March 17, 1963 (1963-03-17) |
| In New Orleans, an ex-convict (Chris Robinson) kills a police sergeant, then forces his way into an apartment where he holds a family of three (the father played by Kevin Hagen) hostage. | | | | | |
| 25 | "Pattern for Espionage" | William Conrad | Harold Jack Bloom | March 24, 1963 (1963-03-24) |
| In 1954, a U.S. Army colonel, Harvey Madison (Rex Reason), is approached by a former Russian comrade-in-arms to spy for the communists. Instead, he covertly cooperates with the FBI to uncover a spy ring operated by the Soviet Union. Anthony Eisley and Gregory Walcott also appeared in this episode. | | | | | |
| 26 | "The Tenth Mona Lisa" | William Conrad | Louis Morheim | March 31, 1963 (1963-03-31) |
| In 1911, Vincenzo Peruggia (Vito Scotti) steals the *Mona Lisa* from the Louvre in Paris, but is apprehended by a French detective when he attempts to sell the painting to an art dealer. | | | | | |
| 27 | "Gertie The Great" | Robert M. Leeds | Harold Jack Bloom | April 14, 1963 (1963-04-14) |
| A mallard duck in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, captivates the community; Jan Shepard plays a reporter assigned to cover the story. | | | | | |
| 28 | "Black Market" | Alan Crosland Jr. | Michael Zagor | April 21, 1963 (1963-04-21) |
| In post-World War II Munich, an American investigator (Ron Foster) works to stop black market trafficking of cigarettes. Hanna Landy also stars. | | | | | |
| 29 | "Nitro" | John Peyser | Harold Jack Bloom & Les Pine | April 28, 1963 (1963-04-28) |
| An employee of an electroplating business in Kansas City, Missouri, accidentally makes 9 US gallons (34 L) of nitroglycerin while mixing chemicals. | | | | | |
| 30 | "Heydrich (Part 1)" | William Conrad | John Kneubuhl & Harold Jack Bloom | May 5, 1963 (1963-05-05) |
| In 1942, Nazi chief of the Reich Security Main Office, Reinhard Heydrich (Kurt Kreuger), is assassinated by Czech resistance, and Adolf Hitler takes revenge on a village. Werner Klemperer also stars as Karl Hermann Frank. | | | | | |
| 31 | "Heydrich (Part 2)" | William Conrad | John Kneubuhl & Harold Jack Bloom | May 12, 1963 (1963-05-12) |
| Conclusion; see above. | | | | | |
| 32 | "Commando" | William Conrad | Michael Zagor | May 19, 1963 (1963-05-19) |
| A safecracker (Sean McClory) is recruited to assist in a commando raid in Rome during World War II. | | | | | |
| 33 | "Five Tickets to Hell" | Robert M. Leeds | Harold Jack Bloom & Richard Harbinger | May 26, 1963 (1963-05-26) |
| In the series finale, John Quigley (Bing Russell), a Chicago mobster travels to Chihuahua, Mexico, where he robs the mint of $500,000 and kills seven men in the commission of the crime. Police Lieutenant Juan Garcia (Carlos Romero) tracks down Quigley and his three accomplices. Barbara Luna appears in this episode as Cotita. | | | | | |

## Guest stars

In addition to performers mentioned above, other notable persons who guest starred on *GE True* include:

1. Lowry, Cynthia (September 30, 1962). "Webb's TV Series Will Face Stiff Competition". *Charleston Gazette-Mail*. Charleston, West Virginia. AP. p. 9s. Retrieved April 8, 2023  via newspapers.com.
2. "Jack Webb in Pursuit of Truth". *Press & Sun-Bulletin*. Binghamton, New York. September 29, 1962. p. Ent. 3. Retrieved April 8, 2023  via newspapers.com.
3. "'Just The Truth, Ma'am,' Theme Of New Jack Web Drama Series". *Santa Maria Times*. September 22, 1962. p. 2-B. Retrieved April 8, 2023  via newspapers.com.
4. "Show Business: The Retreads". *Time*. Vol. LXXX, no. 15. October 12, 1962. p. 100. Retrieved April 3, 2023  via time.com.
5. See episode "Code Name Christopher"
6. See episode "V-Victor 5"
7. "Webb Lands Post With Warner Bros". *The Ardmoreite*. Ardmore, Oklahoma. AP. February 20, 1963. p. 2. Retrieved April 17, 2023  via newspapers.com.
8. Finnigan, Joseph (June 1, 1963). "Jack Webb Is Running Warner Lot". *Cumberland Evening Times*. Cumberland, Maryland. UPI. p. 3. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
9. "TV Notes". *The Salinas Californian*. Salinas, California. December 23, 1963. p. 14. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
10. Rahn, Pete (October 10, 1962). "Jack Webb 'True' Series Good Tv". *St. Louis Globe-Democrat*. p. 5B. Retrieved April 8, 2023  via newspapers.com.
11. "G E True - V Victor Five Karl Held". 25 May 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2023  via YouTube.
12. Kirkley, Donald (October 10, 1962). "Look and Listen (column)". *The Baltimore Sun*. p. 14. Retrieved April 8, 2023  via newspapers.com.
13. "'Harris Vs. Castro' Story Of Unique Legal Conflict". *Napa Valley Register*. September 29, 1962. p. 3-A. Retrieved April 8, 2023  via newspapers.com.
14. "GE True 1962 Code Name Christopher - sabotaging Nazi A-bomb factory - Jack Webb". Retrieved April 8, 2023  via YouTube.
15. "Sunday's Best On Television". *The News & Observer*. Raleigh, North Carolina. November 4, 1962. p. III-13. Retrieved April 8, 2023  via newspapers.com.
16. "The Last Day - Jack Webb host - frightening cold war drama that is like a Twilight Zone episode". Retrieved April 8, 2023  via YouTube.
17. "She's Tiny, Has Accent—She Gets Part". *Press & Sun-Bulletin*. Binghamton, New York. November 17, 1962. p. 15. Retrieved April 8, 2023  via newspapers.com.
18. "GE TRUE 1962 Mile Long Shot to Kill history of the telescopic rifle Civil War - Russell Johnson". Retrieved April 4, 2023  via YouTube.
19. "Fool and Money Part Easily". *The Salinas Californian*. Salinas, California. December 1, 1962. p. 6A. Retrieved April 11, 2023  via newspapers.com.
20. "Program Notes". *The Gazette*. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. December 9, 1962. p. 92. Retrieved April 11, 2023  via newspapers.com.
21. "'Wrong Nickel' on 'General Electric True'". *The Times-Mail*. Bedford, Indiana. December 15, 1962. p. 13. Retrieved April 11, 2023  via newspapers.com.
22. "TV Scout". *The Tennessean*. Nashville, Tennessee. December 30, 1962. p. 4-C. Retrieved April 11, 2023  via newspapers.com.
23. "TV Previews for Tonight". *Press & Sun-Bulletin*. Binghamton, New York. January 6, 1963. p. 6-C. Retrieved April 11, 2023  via newspapers.com.
24. "G E TRUE: "DEFENDANT: CLARENCE DARROW" Jack Webb Narrator. 1-13-1963. (HD)". Retrieved April 4, 2023  via YouTube.
25. "Television for the Week". *The Miami News*. January 20, 1963. p. 82. Retrieved April 11, 2023  via newspapers.com.
26. "GE TRUE 1963 - Firebug - Victor Buono, Keith Andes - host Jack Webb - directed by William Conrad". Retrieved April 6, 2023  via YouTube.
27. "Dog's Rescue Told". *The Register-Herald*. Beckley, West Virginia. February 2, 1963. p. TV-3. Retrieved April 12, 2023  via newspapers.com.
28. "Television listing". *Detroit Free Press*. February 10, 1963. p. 65. Retrieved April 12, 2023  via newspapers.com.
29. "Television listing". *Windsor Star*. Windsor, Ontario. February 16, 1963. p. 20. Retrieved April 12, 2023  via newspapers.com.
30. "Agent 'Joins' Bootleg Ring". *The Times Herald*. Port Huron, Michigan. February 23, 1963. p. TV-7. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
31. "G.E. TRUE: "SECURITY RISK" Charles Aidman, Erika Peters Guest Stars. 3-3-1963. (HD HQ 1080p)". Retrieved April 4, 2023  via YouTube.
32. "Featured Sunday". *The Marion Star*. Marion, Ohio. March 9, 1963. p. 5. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
33. "Family Held Prisoner On 'GE True'". *The News Leader*. Staunton, Virginia. March 15, 1963. p. 1-TV. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
34. "PATTERN FOR ESPIONAGE 1963 - host Jack Webb, Rex Reason - true life story similar to I Led 3 Lives". Retrieved April 8, 2023  via YouTube.
35. "A Short Order". *The Boston Globe*. March 31, 1963. p. 28 (Magazine). Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
36. "(photo)". *Scranton Tribune*. Scranton, Pennsylvania. April 13, 1963. p. TV-3a. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
37. "Previews of Television and Radio Shows". *The Dispatch*. Moline, Illinois. April 20, 1963. p. 18. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
38. "TV Previews, Programs". *Rutland Daily Herald*. Rutland, Vermont. April 20, 1963. p. 7. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
39. "Television Programs". *The Kansas City Star*. April 28, 1963. p. 6G. Retrieved April 5, 2023  via newspapers.com.
40. "G.E. TRUE 1963 Nitro hosted by Jack Webb - harrowing story of chemical plant accident". Retrieved April 5, 2023  via YouTube.
41. "Himmler's Aide Target On GE True". *The Times Herald*. Port Huron, Michigan. May 4, 1963. p. TV-6. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
42. "TV Highlights". *Arizona Daily Star*. May 5, 1963. p. 14-C. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
43. "Terrorist". *The Fresno Bee*. May 5, 1963. p. 1-TV. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
44. "G.E. TRUE: "COMMANDO" Jack Webb Narrator, Sean McCory. 5-19-1963. (HD HQ 1080p)". Retrieved April 4, 2023  via YouTube.
45. "'Five Tickets To Hell' Set As 'True' Drama Sunday". *The Register-Herald*. Beckley, West Virginia. May 25, 1963. p. TV-5. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.
46. "Plays Waitress In 'True' Sunday". *The Register-Herald*. Beckley, West Virginia. May 25, 1963. p. TV-4. Retrieved April 15, 2023  via newspapers.com.

## InfoBox

| *GE True* | |
| --- | --- |
| A screenshot from the opening sequence | |
| Also known as | *General Electric True* |
| Genre | Anthology |
| Written by | Harold Jack Bloom
Otis Carney
John Kneubuhl
Lou Morheim
Dean Riesner
Michael Zagor |
| Directed by | William Conrad
Robert M. Leeds
Jack Webb |
| Presented by | Jack Webb |
| Narrated by | Jack Webb |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 33 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Jack Webb |
| Producer | Michael Meshekoff |
| Cinematography | Daniel L. Fapp
Bert Glennon
Carl E. Guthrie
Harold E. Stine |
| Camera setup | Single-camera |
| Running time | 25 minutes |
| Production companies | Warner Bros. Television
CBS Television Network |
| Original release | |
| Network | CBS |
| Release | September 30, 1962 (1962-09-30)
May 26, 1963 (1963-05-26) |


title: Melrose, Wisconsin

abstract: Melrose is a village in Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 503 at the 2010 census. The village is located within the Town of Melrose.

text:
# Melrose, Wisconsin

**Melrose** is a village in Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 503 at the 2010 census. The village is located within the Town of Melrose.

## Geography

Melrose is located at 44°07′55″N 90°59′45″W / 44.131912°N 90.995737°W / 44.131912; -90.995737 (44.131912, -90.995737).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.84 square miles (2.18 km2), of which, 0.81 square miles (2.10 km2) of it is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 144 |  |  |
| 1920 | 445 |  |  |
| 1930 | 480 |  | 7.9% |
| 1940 | 462 |  | −3.7% |
| 1950 | 497 |  | 7.6% |
| 1960 | 516 |  | 3.8% |
| 1970 | 505 |  | −2.1% |
| 1980 | 507 |  | 0.4% |
| 1990 | 551 |  | 8.7% |
| 2000 | 529 |  | −4.0% |
| 2010 | 503 |  | −4.9% |
| 2020 | 544 |  | 8.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 503 people, 212 households, and 137 families living in the village. The population density was 621.0 inhabitants per square mile (239.8/km2). There were 250 housing units at an average density of 308.6 per square mile (119.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.0% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 1.6% from other races, and 0.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 212 households, of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.4% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.93.

The median age in the village was 40.6 years. 24.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.2% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 19.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 529 people, 218 households, and 139 families living in the village. The population density was 670.1 people per square mile (258.5/km2). There were 229 housing units at an average density of 290.1 per square mile (111.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.05% White, 0.19% Pacific Islander, and 0.76% from two or more races. 0.76% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 218 households, out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $37,955, and the median income for a family was $45,938. Males had a median income of $28,333 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,765. None of the families and 3.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 11.7% of those over 64.

## Transportation

Wisconsin Highway 54 travels northeast–southwest through Melrose. The northern termini of Wisconsin Highway 71 and Wisconsin Highway 108 is located in Melrose as the highways come from the south.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Melrose, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Looking south | |
| Location of Melrose in Jackson County, Wisconsin. | |
| Coordinates: 44°7′8″N 91°0′1″W / 44.11889°N 91.00028°W / 44.11889; -91.00028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Jackson |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.83 sq mi (2.16 km2) |
| Land | 0.80 sq mi (2.07 km2) |
| Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2) |
| Elevation | 761 ft (232 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 544 |
| Density | 595.51/sq mi (229.99/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 608 |
| FIPS code | 55-50775 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1569326 |
| Website | http://www.melrosewi.com/ |


title: Tomopterus flavofasciatus

abstract: Tomopterus flavofasciatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fisher in 1947.

text:
# Tomopterus flavofasciatus

***Tomopterus flavofasciatus***  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fisher in 1947.

## InfoBox

| *Tomopterus flavofasciatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Tomopterus*** |
| Species: | ***T. flavofasciatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tomopterus flavofasciatus***<br>Fisher, 1947 | |
|


title: GOLGA8B

abstract: Golgin A8 family member B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOLGA8B gene.

text:
# GOLGA8B

**Golgin A8 family member B** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOLGA8B gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| GOLGA8B | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | GOLGA8B, golgin A8 family member B, GOLGA5 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 609619; HomoloGene: 121673; GeneCards: GOLGA8B; OMA:GOLGA8B - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001023567   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001018861   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 15: 34.53 – 34.59 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Melocactus

abstract: Melocactus, also known as the Turk's head cactus, Turk's cap cactus, or Pope's head cactus, is a genus of cactus with about 30–40 species. They are native to the Caribbean, western Mexico through Central America to northern South America, with some species along the Andes down to southern Peru, and a concentration of species in northeastern Brazil. The first species was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, as Cactus melocactus. When the genus was separated from Cactus, the pre-Linnaean name Melocactus was used. Acting on the principle of priority, in 1922 Nathaniel Britton and Joseph Rose resurrected Linnaeus' Cactus. However, the 1905 Vienna botanical congress had already rejected the name Cactus, so this name was not available, and Melocactus Link & Otto is the correct genus name. Mature plants are easily recognizable by their cephalium, a wool- and bristle-coated structure at the apex of the plant, containing a mass of areoles from which the small flowers grow. The red, wool-coated cephalium, said to resemble the fez worn by Turkish men during the late Ottoman Empire, gives the plant one of its common names, Turk's cap cactus. It gives its name to the Turks Islands, part of the Turks and Caicos Islands. The fruits of Melocactus are pink and resemble the shape of pepper fruits. The fruits of this genus are edible, and in the wild they are frequently dispersed by lizards and birds.

text:
# Melocactus

***Melocactus*** (**melon cactus**), also known as the **Turk's head cactus**, **Turk's cap cactus**, or **Pope's head cactus**, is a genus of cactus with about 30–40 species. They are native to the Caribbean, western Mexico through Central America to northern South America, with some species along the Andes down to southern Peru, and a concentration of species in northeastern Brazil.

The first species was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, as *Cactus melocactus*. When the genus was separated from *Cactus*, the pre-Linnaean name *Melocactus* was used. Acting on the principle of priority, in 1922 Nathaniel Britton and Joseph Rose resurrected Linnaeus' *Cactus*. However, the 1905 Vienna botanical congress had already rejected the name *Cactus*, so this name was not available, and *Melocactus* Link & Otto is the correct genus name.

Mature plants are easily recognizable by their cephalium, a wool- and bristle-coated structure at the apex of the plant, containing a mass of areoles from which the small flowers grow. The red, wool-coated cephalium, said to resemble the fez worn by Turkish men during the late Ottoman Empire, gives the plant one of its common names, Turk's cap cactus. It gives its name to the Turks Islands, part of the Turks and Caicos Islands.

The fruits of *Melocactus* are pink and resemble the shape of pepper fruits. The fruits of this genus are edible, and in the wild they are frequently dispersed by lizards and birds.

## Species

As of September 2023, *Plants of the World Online* accepted the following species:

| Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Melocactus acunae* León | Eastern Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus andinus* R.Gruber ex N.P.Taylor | Venezuela |
|  | *Melocactus azureus* Buining & Brederoo | Brazil (Bahia) |
|  | *Melocactus bahiensis* (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb. | Brazil (Bahia) |
|  | *Melocactus bellavistensis* Rauh & Backeb. | Ecuador and Peru |
|  | *Melocactus braunii* Esteves | Brazil (Bahia) |
|  | *Melocactus brederooianus* Buining | Brazil (Bahia) |
|  | *Melocactus broadwayi* (Britton & Rose) A.Berger | Trinidad & Tobago |
|  | *Melocactus caroli-linnaei* N.P.Taylor | Jamaica |
|  | *Melocactus conoideus* Buining & Brederoo | Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus curvispinus* Pfeiff. | Mexico, Central America, Colombia and western Venezuela |
|  | *Melocactus deinacanthus* Buining & Brederoo | Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus ernestii* Vaupel | Brazil (Bahia and Minas Gerais.) |
|  | *Melocactus estevesii* P.J.Braun | Brazil (Roraima) |
|  | *Melocactus evae* Z.Mészáros | Southeastern Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus ferreophilus* Buining & Brederoo | Brazil (Bahia) |
|  | *Melocactus glaucescens* Buining & Brederoo | Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus harlowii* (Britton & Rose) Vaupel | Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus heimenii* P.J.Braun & Gonç.Brito | Brazil (Bahia) |
|  | *Melocactus holguinensis* Areces | Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus inconcinnus* Buining & Brederoo | Northeastern Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus intortus* (Mill.) Urb. | Bahamas to Turks-Caicos Islands, Puerto Rico to Lesser Antilles |
|  | *Melocactus lagunaensis* (Z.Mészáros) D.Barrios & Majure | Southeastern Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus lanssensianus* P.J.Braun | Brazil (Pernambuco) |
|  | *Melocactus lemairei* (Monv. ex Lem.) Miq. ex Lem. | Hispaniola (NW. Haiti, W. & Southern Dominican Republic) |
|  | *Melocactus levitestatus* Buining & Brederoo | Central & Eastern Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus macracanthos* (Salm-Dyck) Link & Otto | Aruba to Netherlands Antilles |
|  | *Melocactus matanzanus* León | Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus mazelianus* Ríha | Eastern Colombia to Venezuela |
|  | *Melocactus nagyi* Z.Mészáros | Southeastern Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus neoviridescens* Guiggi | Northeastern Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus neryi* K.Schum. | Venezuela to N. Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus oreas* Miq. | Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus pachyacanthus* Buining & Brederoo | Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus paucispinus* Heimen & R.J.Paul | Bahia, Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus pedernalensis* M.M.Mejía & R.G.García | Southeastern Haiti to southwestern Dominican Republic |
|  | *Melocactus perezassoi* Areces | Central Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus peruvianus* Vaupel | Peru |
|  | *Melocactus praerupticola* Areces | Dominican Republic |
|  | *Melocactus pruinosus* Werderm. | Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais) |
|  | *Melocactus radoczii* Z.Mészáros | Southeastern Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus salvadorensis* Werderm. | Brazil (Southern Bahia, Minas Gerais) |
|  | *Melocactus santiagoensis* D.Barrios & Majure | Cuba |
|  | *Melocactus schatzlii* H.Till & R.Gruber | Venezuela (Mérida) |
|  | *Melocactus sergipensis* N.P.Taylor & Meiado | Brazil (Sergipe) |
|  | *Melocactus smithii* (Alexander) Buining ex G.D.Rowley | Brazil |
|  | *Melocactus stramineus* Suringar | Aruba |
|  | *Melocactus violaceus* Pfeiff. | Northeastern Brazil (to Northeastern Minas Gerais) |
|  | *Melocactus zehntneri* (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb. | Northeastern Brazil |
|

### Natural hybrids

As of September 2023, *Plants of the World Online* accepted the following natural hybrids:

| Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Melocactus* × *albicephalus* Buining & Brederoo | Brazil (Bahia) |
|  | *Melocactus* × *horridus* Werderm. | Brazil (Pernambuco) |
|  | *Melocactus* × *trachycephalus* Suringar | Aruba |

## InfoBox

| *Melocactus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Melocactus bahiensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Tribe: | Cereeae |
| Subtribe: | Cereinae |
| Genus: | *Melocactus*
Link & Otto, nom. cons. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Melocactus communis* (now *Melocactus intortus*)
 | |
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Melocactus conoideus

abstract: Melocactus conoideus is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is dry savanna. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a species of cacti that originates in Vitória da Conquista, located in the southwestern portion of the state of Bahia, Brazil. This species of cactus was discovered by the German émigré Leopold Horst. This species spreads by bearing fruit with seeds that ants take and transport to other locations that it can grow.

text:
# Melocactus conoideus

***Melocactus conoideus*** is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is dry savanna. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a species of cacti that originates in Vitória da Conquista, located in the southwestern portion of the state of Bahia, Brazil. This species of cactus was discovered by the German émigré Leopold Horst. This species spreads by bearing fruit with seeds that ants take and transport to other locations that it can grow.

## InfoBox

| *Melocactus conoideus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Genus: | *Melocactus* |
| Species: | ***M. conoideus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melocactus conoideus***
Buining & Brederoo | |
|


abstract: The Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (V.C.N.S.) was a senior appointment in the Royal Navy usually a three-star rank and had a NATO ranking code of OF-8 that existed from 1941 to 1985 and was a member of the Admiralty Naval Staff.

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# Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (United Kingdom)

The **Vice Chief of the Naval Staff** (V.C.N.S.) was a senior appointment in the Royal Navy usually a three-star rank and had a NATO ranking code of OF-8 that existed from 1941 to 1985 and was a member of the Admiralty Naval Staff.

## History

In October 1941 the post of Vice-Chief of the Naval Staff was created when the Admiralty abolished the title of Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff in line with changes that were also taking place within the army and air force. It was essentially the same role as the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff: the post holder initially was the operational head of the Royal Navy and reported directly to the First Sea Lord.

In 1946 the office of the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff was revived and the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff from that point reported to the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff.

Following internal re-structuring within the Ministry of Defence the position of Vice Chief of the Naval Staff was abolished in 1985.

## Vice Chiefs of the Naval Staff

Vice Chiefs of the Naval Staff included:
*Note: reports to the First Sea Lord from 1941 to 1946 then reports to the DCNS from 1947 until 1985*

| No. | Portrait | Chief-of-Staff | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Moore, MooreVice Admiral
**Sir Henry Ruthven Moore** | 21 October 1941 | 7 June 1943 | 1 year, 7 months |  |
| 2 |  | Syfret, EdwardVice Admiral
**Sir Edward Neville Syfret** | 8 June 1943 | October 1945 | 2 years, 3 months |  |
| 3 |  | McGrigor, RhoderickVice Admiral
**Sir Rhoderick McGrigor** | October 1945 | October 1947 | 2 years |  |
| 4 |  | Edelsten, JohnVice Admiral
**Sir John Edelsten** | October 1947 | November 1949 | 2 years, 1 month |  |
| 5 |  | Creasy, GeorgeVice Admiral
**Sir George Creasy** | November 1949 | October 1951 | 1 year, 11 months |  |
| 6 |  | Grantham, GuyVice Admiral
**Sir Guy Grantham** | October 1951 | April 1954 | 2 years, 6 months |  |
| 7 |  | Davis, WilliamVice Admiral
**Sir William Davis** | April 1954 | May 1957 | 3 years, 1 month |  |
| 8 |  | John, CasparVice Admiral
**Sir Caspar John** | May 1957 | February 1960 | 2 years, 9 months |  |
| 9 |  | Couchman, CouchmanVice Admiral
**Sir Walter Couchman** | February 1960 | November 1960 | 9 months |  |
| 10 |  | Begg, VarylVice Admiral
**Sir Varyl Begg** | January 1961 | February 1963 | 2 years, 1 month |  |
| 11 |  | Frewen, JohnVice Admiral
**Sir John Frewen** | February 1963 | April 1965 | 2 years, 2 months |  |
| 12 |  | Bush, JohnVice Admiral
**Sir John Bush** | April 1965 | August 1967 | 2 years, 4 months |  |
| 13 |  | Hill, PeterVice Admiral
**Sir Peter Hill-Norton** | August 1967 | December 1968 | 1 year, 4 months |  |
| 14 |  | Ashmore, EdwardVice Admiral
**Sir Edward Ashmore** | December 1968 | January 1971 | 2 years, 1 month |  |
| 15 |  | Ashmore, EdwardVice Admiral
**Sir Terence Lewin** | January 1971 | October 1973 | 2 years, 9 months |  |
| 16 |  | Treacher, JohnVice Admiral
**Sir John Treacher** | October 1973 | April 1975 | 1 year, 6 months |  |
| 17 |  | Lygo, RaymondVice Admiral
**Sir Raymond Lygo** | April 1975 | January 1978 | 2 years, 9 months |  |
| 18 |  | Morton, AnthonyVice Admiral
**Sir Anthony Morton** | January 1978 | July 1980 | 2 years, 6 months |  |
| 19 |  | Staveley, WilliamVice Admiral
**Sir William Staveley** | July 1980 | October 1982 | 2 years, 3 months |  |
| 20 |  | Stanford, PeterVice Admiral
**Sir Peter Stanford** | October 1982 | October 1985 | 3 years |  |

## General references

## InfoBox

| Vice Chief of the Naval Staff | |
| --- | --- |
| Ensign of the Royal Navy | |
| Department of the Admiralty, Ministry of Defence | |
| Abbreviation | V.C.N.S. |
| Member of | Board of Admiralty, Admiralty Board |
| Reports to | Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff |
| Nominator | First Lord of the Admiralty, Secretary of State for Defence |
| Appointer | *Prime Minister*
Subject to formal approval by the King-in-Council |
| Term length | Not fixed (typically 2–3 years) |
| Formation | 1941 |
| First holder | Sir Henry Moore |
| Final holder | Sir Peter Stanford |
| Abolished | 1985 |


title: Vice Co. Blockbusters

abstract: The Vice Co. Blockbusters is a former men's volleyball team playing in the Premier Volleyball League (PVL). The team was owned by comedian and TV host Vice Ganda.

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# Vice Co. Blockbusters

The **Vice Co. Blockbusters** is a former men's volleyball team playing in the Premier Volleyball League (PVL). The team was owned by comedian and TV host Vice Ganda.

## 2018 roster

| **Vice Co. Blockbusters** | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Number | Player | Position | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | School |
| 1 | Jose Marie Viceral | Outside hitter | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | 0 kg (0 lb) | Far Eastern University |
| 2 | Richard Solis | Opposite hitter |  |  | Far Eastern University |
| 3 | Kris Cian Silang | Setter |  |  | Far Eastern University |
| 4 | Owen Jaime Suarez | Setter |  |  | Far Eastern University |
| 5 | Rikko Marius Marmeto | Libero |  |  | Far Eastern University |
| 7 | Jude Garcia | Outside hitter |  |  | Far Eastern University |
| 8 | John Paul Bugaoan | Middle blocker |  |  | Far Eastern University |
| 10 | Redjohn Paler | Outside hitter |  |  | Far Eastern University |
| 11 | Paolo Pablico | Middle blocker |  |  | Adamson University |
| 12 | Jayson Ramos | Outside hitter |  |  | University of Santo Tomas |
| 13 | Jack Kalingking | Libero |  |  | University of Perpetual Help System DALTA |
| 14 | Jan Berlin Paglinawan () | Outside hitter |  |  | National University |
| 15 | Peter John Quiel | Middle blocker |  |  | Far Eastern University |
| 17 | Kim Malabunga | Middle blocker |  |  | National University |
|

## Honors

### Team

**Premier Volleyball League**

| Season | Conference | Title | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | Reinforced | **3rd place** |  |
| | Open |  |  |

### Individual

**Premier Volleyball League**

| Season | Conference | Award | Name |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | Reinforced | 2nd Best Middle Blocker | John Paul Bugaoan |
|

## InfoBox

Vice Co. Blockbusters
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Vice Cosmetics Blockbusters |
| Short name | VCO |
| Nickname | Blockbusters |
| Founded | 2018 |
| Captain | Jan Berlin Paglinawan (NU) |
| League | Premier Volleyball League |
| 2018 Reinforced | 3rd place |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |


title: Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

abstract: The vice commandant of the Coast Guard serves as the second-in-command of the United States Coast Guard, behind only the commandant of the Coast Guard. Since 1929, 31 officers have served as Vice Commandant, or, as the position was referred to before 1972, Assistant Commandant. The title of the position was changed effective October 2, 1972, pursuant to Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law 92–451. This position has been historically held by a vice admiral until the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015 elevated the statutory rank for the position to admiral. The current vice commandant is Admiral Kevin E. Lunday, who assumed office on June 13, 2024.

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# Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

The **vice commandant of the Coast Guard** serves as the second-in-command of the United States Coast Guard, behind only the commandant of the Coast Guard.

Since 1929, 31 officers have served as Vice Commandant, or, as the position was referred to before 1972, Assistant Commandant. The title of the position was changed effective October 2, 1972, pursuant to Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 92–451. This position has been historically held by a vice admiral until the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015 elevated the statutory rank for the position to admiral.

The current vice commandant is Admiral Kevin E. Lunday, who assumed office on June 13, 2024.

## Vice commandants of the Coast Guard

| No. | Name | Photo | Tenure |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Captain
Benjamin M. Chiswell |  | 1929–1931 |
| 2 | Rear Admiral
Leon C. Covell |  | 1931–1941 |
| 3 | Rear Admiral
Lloyd T. Chalker |  | 1941–1946 |
| 4 | Vice Admiral
Merlin O'Neill |  | 1946–1949 |
| 5 | Rear Admiral
Alfred C. Richmond |  | 1949–1954 |
| 6 | Vice Admiral
James Hirshfield |  | 1954–1962 |
| 7 | Vice Admiral
Edwin J. Roland |  | 1962–1962 |
| 8 | Vice Admiral
Donald M. Morrison |  | 1962–1964 |
| 9 | Vice Admiral
William D. Shields |  | 1964–1966 |
| 10 | Vice Admiral
Paul E. Trimble |  | 1966–1970 |
| 11 | Vice Admiral
Thomas R. Sargent III |  | 1970–1974 |
| 12 | Vice Admiral
Ellis L. Perry |  | 1974–1978 |
| 13 | Vice Admiral
Robert H. Scarborough |  | 1978–1982 |
| 14 | Vice Admiral
Benedict L. Stabile |  | 1982–1986 |
| 15 | Vice Admiral
James C. Irwin |  | 1986–1988 |
| 16 | Vice Admiral
Clyde T. Lusk |  | 1988–1990 |
| 17 | Vice Admiral
Martin H. Daniell |  | 1990–1992 |
| 18 | Vice Admiral
Robert T. Nelson |  | 1992–1994 |
| 19 | Vice Admiral
Arthur E. Henn |  | 1994–1996 |
| 20 | Vice Admiral
Richard D. Herr |  | 1996–1998 |
| 21 | Vice Admiral
James C. Card |  | 1998–2000 |
| 22 | Vice Admiral
Thomas H. Collins |  | 2000–2002 |
| 23 | Vice Admiral
Thomas J. Barrett |  | 2002–2004 |
| 24 | Vice Admiral
Terry M. Cross |  | 2004–2006 |
| 25 | Vice Admiral
Vivien Crea |  | 2006–2009 |
| 26 | Vice Admiral
David Pekoske |  | 2009–2010 |
| 27 | Vice Admiral
Sally Brice-O'Hara |  | 2010–2012 |
| 28 | Vice Admiral
John Currier |  | 2012–2014 |
| 29 | Vice Admiral
Peter Neffenger |  | 2014–2015 |
| 30 | Admiral
Charles D. Michel |  | 2015–2018 |
| 31 | Admiral
Charles W. Ray |  | 2018–2021 |
| 32 | Admiral
Linda L. Fagan |  | 2021–2022 |
| 33 | Admiral
Steven D. Poulin |  | 2022–2024 |
| 34 | Admiral
Kevin E. Lunday |  | 2024–present |

## InfoBox

| Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard | |
| --- | --- |
| Seal of the Coast Guard | |
| Flag of the Vice Commandant | |
| Incumbent
ADM Kevin E. Lunday
since June 13, 2024 | |
| United States Coast Guard | |
| Type | Service vice chief |
| Reports to | Commandant of the Coast Guard |
| Seat | Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building, Washington, D.C. |
| Appointer | The President
with Senate advice and consent |
| Constituting instrument | 14 U.S.C. § 304 |
| Formation | 1929 |
| First holder | Benjamin M. Chiswell |
| Website | www.uscg.mil |


title: Vibration welding of thermoplastics

abstract: Vibration welding refers to a process in which two workpieces are brought in contact under pressure, and a reciprocating motion (vibration) is applied along the common interface in order to generate heat. The resulting heat melts the workpieces, and they become welded when the vibration stops and the interface cools. Most machinery operates at 120 Hz, although equipment is available that runs between 100 and 240 Hz. Vibration can be achieved either through linear vibration welding, which uses a one dimensional back and forth motion, or orbital vibration welding which moves the pieces in small orbits relative to each other. Linear vibration welding is more common due to simpler and relatively cheaper machinery required. Vibration welding is often used for larger applications where the parts to be joined have relatively flat seams, although the process can accommodate some out of plane curvature. Recently, the automotive industry has made extensive use of the process to produce parts like manifolds and lighting assemblies whose complex geometries prevent single component molding processes.

text:
# Vibration welding of thermoplastics

**Vibration welding** (also known as linear or friction welding) refers to a process in which two workpieces are brought in contact under pressure, and a reciprocating motion (vibration) is applied along the common interface in order to generate heat. The resulting heat melts the workpieces, and they become welded when the vibration stops and the interface cools. Most machinery operates at 120 Hz, although equipment is available that runs between 100 and 240 Hz. Vibration can be achieved either through linear vibration welding, which uses a one dimensional back and forth motion, or orbital vibration welding which moves the pieces in small orbits relative to each other. Linear vibration welding is more common due to simpler and relatively cheaper machinery required.

Vibration welding is often used for larger applications where the parts to be joined have relatively flat seams, although the process can accommodate some out of plane curvature. Recently, the automotive industry has made extensive use of the process to produce parts like manifolds and lighting assemblies whose complex geometries prevent single component molding processes.

## Advantages and disadvantages

Vibration welding has numerous advantages over other conventional plastic welding processes. Since the heat is created at an interface, the molten polymers are not exposed to open air, preventing oxidation and contamination of the weld during the process. No filler material is required, and when welding components of the same material the joint can be expected to be just as strong as the bulk material. Heating is localized to the interface, decreasing the chances of material degradation seen with other processes which require a heat source well above the melt temperature of the material. The process itself is cost effective, with no consumables and short cycle times. Vibration welding produces virtually no smoke or fume, requires little surface preparation, and works well for a multitude of applications, making it well suited to mass production environments.

Vibration welding does have its drawbacks, however. The process does not lend itself well to low modulus thermoplastics or to joints between plastics with relatively high differences in melting temperatures. Vibration welding requires part specific fixturing and joint designs, and the part will be exposed to rigorous vibration during the welding cycle which may damage sensitive or miniature components. The finished weld will be surrounded by a significant amount of flash, which must be removed if appearance is an issue. Alternatively, joint geometries which hide the excess flash can be used. Lastly, the process is not well suited to welding of anything other than relatively flat joints.

## Vibration welding process

The vibration welding process consists of four steps: solid friction, transient flow, steady state flow, and solidification.

### Solid friction

In this first stage, vibration is commenced between two cold parts pressed together at a constant pressure. The frictional energy causes the polymers to heat. In this stage there is no weld penetration as melting has not yet occurred.

### Transient flow

In the transient flow step the polymer's surface begins to melt. The melt layer thickness quickly grows, causing the frictional forces to decrease. This decrease in friction decreases the heat input to the system, and a lateral flow of molten material begins to occur.

### Steady state flow

In this phase the melting rate of the material matches the flow of material extruded at the lateral surfaces. The material flow and thickness of the melt layer become constant. This is the step that determines the quality of the weld. This step is maintained until the desired ‘melt down’ thickness (thickness of the molten material) is achieved. At that time the vibration is stopped and the weld is allowed to cool.

### Solidification

During solidification the vibration is stopped, while pressure is maintained on the workpieces until no more molten material remains. Once cooled to room temperature, the joint should have near the strength of the bulk material. Pressure is only relieved once the joint reaches an acceptable strength.

## Equipment

A vibration welding machine is essentially a vertical machine press in which one side has been modified to vibrate. The main components are the vibrating assembly, a lifting table, and a tooling fixture.

### Vibrating assembly

The vibrating assembly is a moving element driven either by hydraulics or more commonly, electromagnets. In the electromagnetic version, the heart of this assembly is a tuned spring-mass system powered by electrical coils acting on oppositely charged lamination stacks. The frequency of the electrical charges is matched to the mechanical frequency of the system. Although the amplitude can be adjusted on the machine the frequency can only be changed by changing the mass of the vibrating assembly. The moving portion of the tooling is affixed to the vibrating assembly.

### Lifting table

The lifting table is a hydraulic assembly attached to the fixed portion of the tooling. The lifting table brings the workpieces together, and applies pressure between the moving and stationary portions of the tooling.

### Tooling

Tooling refers to the fixtures which are attached to the vibrating assembly and lifting table that hold the work pieces in place. Tooling is application specific, and must allow for workpieces to be quickly switched out after every welding cycle. It is imperative that the tooling matches the workpieces closely enough to prevent any relative motion between the tooling and the workpieces, as this would reduce the amplitude of the weld and lower heat input as well as dimensional tolerances.

## Process variables

The vibration welding process has five main variables: frequency, amplitude, pressure, time, and depth.

### Frequency

Frequency refers to how many times per second a vibration cycle is completed. Most machinery runs at 120 Hz, although machinery is available that runs from 100–240 Hz. Frequency is dependent on the mass of the vibrating assembly, and as such can only be changed by switching out components of the assembly.

### Amplitude

Amplitude refers to the distance traveled during each vibratory cycle. Higher amplitudes tend to be used with lower frequencies, and vice versa. Higher amplitudes increase heat input at the cost of cleanliness and dimensional tolerances, making them more useful for larger parts. Lower amplitudes range from 0.7 to 1.8 mm (0.028 to 0.071 in), while higher amplitudes describe cycles that cover 2 to 4 mm (0.079 to 0.157 in).

### Pressure

Pressure is the primary controller of melt layer thickness, and must be kept within an optimal range in order to produce quality joints. Although pressure can vary between 0.5 to 20 MPa (73 to 2,900 psi) across different materials and geometries, the tolerances for a given application are quite tight. Too little pressure will prevent sufficient heat generation, while too much pressure can cause all of the molten material to squeeze out of the joint. Both scenarios will result in a weak weld. Pressure is controlled by the lifting table.

### Time

The length of time that vibration is applied to the workpiece is another key factor. Time is directly proportional to heat generation and material loss to flash. Processes can be either time or depth controlled, with most modern processes being depth controlled. A depth controlled process will have a variable time, and vice versa.

### Depth

Depth refers to the distance traveled by the workpieces after vibration is started. Sometimes referred to as displacement, it is directly related to the amount of material loss to flash. In general depth should be kept close to or above the thickness of the melt layer at the beginning of the steady state stage. After this value, more depth only results in loss of material without an accompanying rise in joint strength.

## Weld design

Weld design for vibration welding must include a relatively large flat surface, although some out of plane curvature can be accommodated for. The most common type of joint is a butt joint, where two flat pieces with the same cross section are welded together. Variations on this joint can include u-flanges, tongue and groove joints, and even double tongue and groove joints. When appearances are important, flash traps can be used. Flash traps refer to hollow areas in the cross section next to the weld area that collect the flash and hide it from view.


title: Vibration-proof hitch

abstract: The vibration-proof hitch is a knot used for fastening a line or rope to a solid object. This particular hitch is designed to tighten when subjected to vibration and functions best when the object is fairly large compared to the diameter of the rope. Knot expert Geoffrey Budworth credits the knot to Amory Bloch Lovins.

text:
# Vibration-proof hitch

The **vibration-proof hitch** is a knot used for fastening a line or rope to a solid object. This particular hitch is designed to tighten when subjected to vibration and functions best when the object is fairly large compared to the diameter of the rope. Knot expert Geoffrey Budworth credits the knot to Amory Bloch Lovins.

## InfoBox

| Vibration-proof hitch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Category | Hitch |
| Related | Clove hitch, Ground-line hitch, Snuggle hitch |


title: Vibration fatigue

abstract: Vibration fatigue is a mechanical engineering term describing material fatigue, caused by forced vibration of random nature. An excited structure responds according to its natural-dynamics modes, which results in a dynamic stress load in the material points. The process of material fatigue is thus governed largely by the shape of the excitation profile and the response it produces. As the profiles of excitation and response are preferably analyzed in the frequency domain it is practical to use fatigue life evaluation methods, that can operate on the data in frequency-domain, s power spectral density (PSD). A crucial part of a vibration fatigue analysis is the modal analysis, that exposes the natural modes and frequencies of the vibrating structure and enables accurate prediction of the local stress responses for the given excitation. Only then, when the stress responses are known, can vibration fatigue be successfully characterized. The more classical approach of fatigue evaluation consists of cycle counting, using the rainflow algorithm and summation by means of the Palmgren-Miner linear damage hypothesis, that appropriately sums the damages of respective cycles. When the time history is not known, because the load is random, those cycles can not be counted. Multiple time histories can be simulated for a given random process, but such procedure is cumbersome and computationally expensive. Vibration-fatigue methods offer a more effective approach, which estimates fatigue life based on moments of the PSD. This way, a value is estimated, that would otherwise be calculated with the time-domain approach. When dealing with many material nodes, experiencing different responses, time-histories need not be simulated. It then becomes viable, with the use of vibration-fatigue methods, to calculate fatigue life in many points on the structure and successfully predict where the failure will most probably occur.

text:
# Vibration fatigue

**Vibration fatigue** is a mechanical engineering term describing material fatigue, caused by forced vibration of random nature. An excited structure responds according to its natural-dynamics modes, which results in a dynamic stress load in the material points. The process of material fatigue is thus governed largely by the shape of the excitation profile and the response it produces. As the profiles of excitation and response are preferably analyzed in the frequency domain it is practical to use fatigue life evaluation methods, that can operate on the data in frequency-domain, s power spectral density (PSD).

A crucial part of a vibration fatigue analysis is the modal analysis, that exposes the natural modes and frequencies of the vibrating structure and enables accurate prediction of the local stress responses for the given excitation. Only then, when the stress responses are known, can vibration fatigue be successfully characterized.

The more classical approach of fatigue evaluation consists of cycle counting, using the rainflow algorithm and summation by means of the Palmgren-Miner linear damage hypothesis, that appropriately sums the damages of respective cycles. When the time history is not known, because the load is random (*e.g.* a car on a rough road or a wind driven turbine), those cycles can not be counted. Multiple time histories can be simulated for a given random process, but such procedure is cumbersome and computationally expensive.

Vibration-fatigue methods offer a more effective approach, which estimates fatigue life based on moments of the PSD. This way, a value is estimated, that would otherwise be calculated with the time-domain approach. When dealing with many material nodes, experiencing different responses (*e.g.* a model in a FEM package), time-histories need not be simulated. It then becomes viable, with the use of vibration-fatigue methods, to calculate fatigue life in many points on the structure and successfully predict where the failure will most probably occur.

## Vibration-fatigue-life estimation

### Random load description

In a random process, the amplitude can not be described as a function of time, because of its probabilistic nature. However, certain statistical properties can be extracted from a signal sample, representing a realization of a random process, provided the latter is ergodic. An important characteristics for the field of vibration fatigue is the amplitude probability density function, that describes the statistical distribution of peak amplitudes. Ideally, the probability of cycle amplitudes, describing the load severity, could then be deduced directly. However, as this is not always possible, the sought-after probability is often estimated empirically.

### Effects of structural dynamics

Random excitation of the structure produces different responses, depending on the natural dynamics of the structure in question. Different natural modes get excited and each greatly affects the stress distribution in material. The standard procedure is to calculate frequency response functions for the analyzed structure and then obtain the stress responses, based on given loading or excitation. By exciting different modes, the spread of vibration energy over a frequency range directly affects the durability of the structure. Thus the structural dynamics analysis is a key part of vibration-fatigue evaluation.

### Vibration-fatigue methods

Calculation of damage intensity is straightforward once the cycle amplitude distribution is known. This distribution can be obtained from a time-history simply by counting cycles. To obtain it from the PSD another approach must be taken.

Various vibration-fatigue methods estimate damage intensity based on moments of the PSD, which characterize the statistical properties of the random process. The formulas for calculating such estimate are empirical (with very few exceptions) and are based on numerous simulations of random processes with known PSD. As a consequence, the accuracy of those methods varies, depending on analyzed response spectra, material parameters and the method itself - some are more accurate than others.

The most commonly used method is the one developed by T. Dirlik in 1985. Recent research on frequency-domain methods of fatigue-life estimation compared well established methods and also recent ones; conclusion showed that the methods by Zhao and Baker, developed in 1992 and by Benasciutti and Tovo, developed in 2004 are also very suitable for vibration-fatigue analysis. For narrow-band approximation of random process analytical expression for damage intensity is given by Miles. There are some approaches with adaptation of narrow-band approximation; Wirsching and Light proposed the empirical correction factor in 1980 and Benasciutti presented α0.75 in 2004. In 2008, Gao and Moan published a spectral method that combines three narrow-band processes. Implementation of those method is given in the Python open-source FLife package.

## Applications

Vibration fatigue methods find use wherever the structure experiences loading, that is caused by a random process. These can be the forces that bumps on the road extort on the car chassis, the wind blowing on the wind turbine, waves hitting an offshore construction or a marine vessel. Such loads are first characterized statistically, by measurement and analysis. The data is then used in the product design process.

The computational effectiveness of vibration-fatigue methods in contrast to the classical approach, enables their use in combination with FEM software packages, to evaluate fatigue after the loading is known and the dynamic analysis has been performed. Use of the vibration-fatigue methods is well-suited, as structural analysis is studied in the frequency-domain.

Common practice in the automotive industry is the use of accelerated vibration tests. During the test, a part or a product is exposed to vibration, that are in correlation with those expected during the service-life of the product. To shorten the testing time, the amplitudes are amplified. The excitation spectra used are broad-band and can be evaluated most effectively using vibration-fatigue methods.


title: Verticordia grandis

abstract: Verticordia grandis is a large woody shrub that occurs in Southwest Australia. The name grandis, Latin for large, is a reference to its large flowers, leaves, and height. It is well known for its large flowers, which are collected and cultivated, and given the informal name of scarlet featherflower. It was the first species of the family Myrtaceae to have been genetically modified.

text:
# Verticordia grandis

***Verticordia grandis*** is a large woody shrub that occurs in Southwest Australia. The name *grandis*, Latin for large, is a reference to its large flowers, leaves, and height. It is well known for its large flowers, which are collected and cultivated, and given the informal name of **scarlet featherflower**. It was the first species of the family Myrtaceae to have been genetically modified.

## Description

*Verticordia grandis* is a species of *Verticordia*, a genus of the family Myrtaceae, which are noted for their exquisite flowers. It has been described as the most well known and desirable species of the genus.

The large size and bright red flowers of this plant distinguish from it from its near relations. These shrubs are erect and may attain a height between 0.7 and 4.0 metres and one, or several, main stems that branch out 0.3 metres to 3.0 metres across. Some specimens may be tall and erect, but is more commonly bushy regrowth from a lignotuber. This is the result of exposure to bushfires and other disturbances, the new stems emerging as reddish. The foliage becomes bluish or grey when matured.

The plumose flowers appear in compact groups, that spike out from the upper branch, beginning as white and turning to a deep red colour. The style extends out from the centre of the flower up to 25mm, slightly curving at the end. The petals are fused to form a tube, the sepals are feathery in appearance. Flowering may occur throughout the year, the main period beginning in August and ending in January. The flowers open successively and are up to 25 mm in diameter, these are unscented.

The leaves are 18 to 25 mm long, rounded in outline, paler at the margin, and partly clasping the stem; the floral leaves are similar to those on the lower branches. These are aromatic when crushed, a possible substitute for a floral scent. An oil is contained in prominent glands on the leaf surface. They may become a shade of purple when a plant is stressed.

The open branched habit of these shrubs, especially those taller and environmentally secure specimens, give a straggly appearance with fewer flowers. Regrowth from a lignotuber, or in cultivated environments, give the shrub a more compact habit that flowers profusely. Whether they are undisturbed, or exposed to bushfire etc., *Verticordia grandis* often attain ages around 100 years old.

## Taxonomy

### Discovery and naming

The type collection for *Verticordia grandis* is the one obtained by James Drummond, sometime between 1849 and 1850, on his last expedition to Champion Bay. Drummond was collecting seed and specimens for the gardens of England and Europe, the colony's first resident botanical collector, and became so enthused by the appearance of the flowers that he filled his bags with them. His response is noted in the memoirs of Dr William Harvey. After preparing his specimens, and having overeagerly collected, Drummond made a bed of the surplus, feathery, material. The species was described in a letter by Drummond, written to and published by William Jackson Hooker, which was sufficient to give him credit as its author. Hookers publication of Drummond's description, in his Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany (1853), was preceded by *The Perth Gazette* in 1852. The same newspaper printed a mention of the species, also by Drummond, in 1851.

When Alex George reviewed the genus *Verticordia* in 1991, he placed this species in subgenus *Eperephes*, section *Pennuligera* along with *V. comosa*, *V. lepidophylla*, *V. chrysostachys*,*V. aereiflora*, *V. dichroma*, *V. x eurardyensis*, *V. muelleriana*, *V. argentea*, *V. albida*, *V. fragrans*, *V. venusta*, *V. forrestii*, *V. serotina*, *V. oculata* and *V. etheliana*. The specific epithet (*grandis*) is a Latin word meaning "large", "great" or "grand", referring to the size of the plant, its leaves and flowers.

The leaves of plants in section *Pennuligera* are often described as the round or lettuce-leaved species; *V. grandis* has stem and floral leaves that embrace the stem at their base, and spread out to their diameter of 8–15 mm. The roundish shape of the leaf is highlighted by margins that are lighter in colour.

## Distribution and habitat

*Verticordia grandis* occurs in yellow, grey, and white sands, especially the Geraldton Sandplains. The species is found in heathland and open scrub of the region, an association with laterite has also been identified, and is distributed south of Geraldton and to the east at Three Springs. The range extends south in the plains, between Geraldton and Perth, to a place known as Cataby. Most populations occur within 30 miles of the coastline. The species is not considered to be threatened by extinction, the root system making it tolerant of fire, disturbance, and physical damage, however, the large scale clearing of its range, for European agriculture, is presumed to have impacted on population and distribution in the Wheatbelt. A single outlier at Dalwallinu, conserved on private property by a title deed, is thought to be a remnant of a wider and more eastern distribution.

## Ecology

The resilient root system of the species, particularly with regard to fire and soil disturbance, allows the plant to attain ages of up to 100 years. The possession of a lignotuber, one of the few in the genus so endowed, allows the plant to regenerate within a month of a bushfire.

The pollination of *Verticordia* is poorly understood, although *V. grandis*, and other red-flowered species are known to be naturally pollinated by birds such as honeyeaters. Records of the species attracted to cultivated plants, when it has been grown locally, include the singing, little brown or New Holland honeyeaters, and the western spinebill.

## Uses

The species has been used as the source of cut flowers and as a garden plant. Overpicking and increased demand have prompted study of techniques for its commercial production. Successful research has been undertaken into micropropagation, by means of genetic transformation, for commercial production to supply the floristry industry. This was the first time that a species of family Myrtaceae has been genetically engineered. The publication of papers and reference to the species has steadily increased since the 1990s.

### Floristry

The large and bright red flowers of *Verticordia grandis* have been admired and harvested since its first discovery by Europeans, when Drummond noted its use as an adornment by the people of the region. He described in his first report as the "most beautiful of Australian plants". The cut flower has a vase life of less than 10 days, shorter that other harvested verticordia, and is unresponsive to treatments that extend this period. A technique for extending this is required for viability as an exported commodity. The dried specimens of freshly opened flowers are less brittle and long lasting in ornamental displays. Until a prohibition on unlicensed collection, the species was harvested by sometimes careless pickers; the floral industry is now supplied by professional pickers or growers. The development of micropropagation for the plant is expected after its successful genetic transformation in 1993, this was achieved using meristematic cells that were found to be present in the leaves.

### Horticulture

The species has been successfully cultivated as an ornamental plant in suburban environments. It is sometimes grown from seed, in mediterranean climates, or hardwood cuttings are used in grafts with more resilient species. This has been trialled with *Darwinia citriodora* and *Chamelaucium uncinatum* (Geraldton wax) supplying the rootstock. The botanical illustrator, Margaret Pieroni, used a 10-year-old specimen from her garden for the plate in Curtis's Botanical Magazine. The cultivated specimens of this plant do not attain the height of endemic examples, typically growing between 1 and 2 metres, and may be slow to establish. Pruning is applied to induce a bushy habit, desirable for neatness and blooming, and this is done severely when the plant is mature. Maintenance of the plant is required to reduce the tendency to become straggly by pruning to new wood. *Verticordia* are difficult to cultivate in moister environments, but success has been achieved with *V. grandis* (in Sydney) by using free draining soil in an open situation.

## InfoBox

| Scarlet featherflower | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| *V. grandis* in Kings Park | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Eperephes* |
| Section: | *Verticordia* sect. *Pennuligera* |
| Species: | ***V. grandis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Verticordia grandis***<br>J.Drumm. | |
|


title: Mount Davies (South Australia)

abstract: Mount Davies, is a mountain in the Tomkinson Ranges in the north-west corner of South Australia, with an altitude of about 1,039 metres (3,409 ft) above sea level. The nearest settlement is Pipalyatjara, a small Aboriginal community in the APY lands of South Australia, which was for a while known as Mount Davies.

text:
# Mount Davies (South Australia)

Mount Daviesclass=notpageimage|Location in South Australia

**Mount Davies**, is a mountain in the Tomkinson Ranges in the north-west corner of South Australia, with an altitude of about 1,039 metres (3,409 ft) above sea level.

The nearest settlement is Pipalyatjara, a small Aboriginal community in the APY lands of South Australia, which was for a while known as Mount Davies.

## History

The Mount is in the traditional lands of the Pitjantjatjara one of the Anangu peoples of the central desert, who speak the Western Desert language. William Gosse (explorer) was the first European the see the Mount was W.C. Gosse on 27 August 1873, and he named it after Richard Davies Hanson Acting Governor from December 1872 to June 1873.

Access to the areas was improved in the 1950s when the Mount Davies Road was constructed to provide access to a remote weather station, as part of the British nuclear testing program.

26°12′48″S 129°15′30″E / 26.2133885°S 129.2582379°E / -26.2133885; 129.2582379


title: Victor Palmieri

abstract: Victor Henry Palmieri is an American lawyer, real estate financier and corporate turnaround specialist. He was also the Deputy Executive of the Kerner Commission and Ambassador-at-large and U.S. Coordinator for Refugee Affairs in the United States Department of State during the Jimmy Carter administration.

text:
# Victor Palmieri

**Victor Henry Palmieri** (born February 16, 1930) is an American lawyer, real estate financier and corporate turnaround specialist. He was also the Deputy Executive of the Kerner Commission and Ambassador-at-large and U.S. Coordinator for Refugee Affairs in the United States Department of State during the Jimmy Carter administration.

## Early life and education

Palmieri was born in Chicago, and earned his A.B. and LL.B. from Stanford University. He was admitted to the California Bar in 1954 and was based in Malibu, California.

## Career

In the mid-1960s, Palmieri was the president of the Janss Corporation, one of the largest real estate development firms in the western United States (this firm had developed the Snowmass ski resort). He quickly became known for his ability and skills to manage large and complicated ventures. In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson had considered appointing Palmieri to a position in HUD, but Palmieri was not interested. In August 1967, he was selected to be the Kerner Commission's second-in-charge staff position where he was responsible for overseeing many of the Commission's daily activities, keeping its many investigative activities on-schedule, and writing and editing key parts of the Commission's final report (including its summary which includes the report's powerful statement that the country is "moving toward two societies, one Black, one white--separate and unequal").

Following his work at the Commission, Palmieri created The Palmieri Company, a general management consulting firm that specialized in large-scale reorganizations and restructurings.

His participation in a convocation of business leaders and students at Harvard University during the Vietnam War landed him in the Nixon Enemies List.

Palmieri served as the Deputy Rehabilitator and CEO at Mutual Benefit from 1991 until 1994. From 1994 to 1995, He served as the President and CEO of MBL Life Assurance Corp.

He is the retired vice chairman and general counsel of MullinTBG, a leading executive benefits consulting firm located in Los Angeles, CA. He is currently a director of M Financial Holdings, Southern California Radio, and Chairman of Los Angeles Universal Preschool.

He has been a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation and president of the Lincoln Center Theater. He was previously on the boards of directors of Phillips Petroleum, Arvida Corporation, Pennsylvania Company, Outlet Communications, the William Carter Company, and Broadcasting Partners.

He has taught courses on corporate crisis management at Stanford Law School and at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

Rohleder, Anna (February 9, 2001). Movers & Shakers. *Forbes*

## InfoBox

| Victor Palmieri | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Victor Henry Palmieri
(1930-02-16) February 16, 1930
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Education | Stanford University (AB, LLB) |
| Occupations | * lawyer * real estate financier * corporate turnaround specialist |