title: Peter Wipf

abstract: Peter Wipf is a distinguished university professor of chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh. His research interests focus on the total synthesis of natural products, the discovery of new transformations of strained molecules, and the development of new pharmaceuticals. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and the American Chemical Society (ACS).

text:
# Peter Wipf

**Peter Wipf** is a distinguished university professor of chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh. His research interests focus on the total synthesis of natural products, the discovery of new transformations of strained molecules, and the development of new pharmaceuticals. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and the American Chemical Society (ACS).

## Education

## Career

Wipf joined the University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry in 1990, and has remained there ever since. He became a full professor in 1997, and a distinguished university professor of chemistry in 2004. In 2001, he was appointed professor of pharmaceutical sciences in the School of Pharmacy. He is director of the university's Center for Chemical Methodologies & Library Development. He has been a visiting professor at the University of California, Irvine, Paris-Sud, the ESPCI, and the University of Eastern Finland.

His research interests encompass synthetic organic and medicinal chemistry, with a focus on natural products, the chemistry of strained molecules, and the discovery of new drugs. He serves on many advisory and editorial boards in the fields of chemistry and pharmaceuticals.

## Publications

Wipf is the author or coauthor of over 600 academic publications and a named inventor on more than 50 granted patents. One hundred of his original research publications have been cited over 100 times in the literature, including:

* Wipf, Peter; Miller, Chris P. (1993). "A new synthesis of highly functionalized oxazoles". *The Journal of Organic Chemistry*. **58** (14). American Chemical Society (ACS): 3604–3606. doi:10.1021/jo00066a004. ISSN 0022-3263.
* Wipf, Peter; Cunningham, April (1995). "A solid phase protocol of the biginelli dihydropyrimidine synthesis suitable for combinatorial chemistry". *Tetrahedron Letters*. **36** (43). Elsevier BV: 7819–7822. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(95)01660-a. ISSN 0040-4039.
* Wipf, Peter; Lim, Sungtaek (1995). "Total Synthesis of the Enantiomer of the Antiviral Marine Natural Product Hennoxazole A". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **117** (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 558–559. doi:10.1021/ja00106a075. ISSN 0002-7863.
* Wipf, Peter; Kim, Yuntae; Goldstein, David M. (1995). "Asymmetric Total Synthesis of the Stemona Alkaloid (-)-Stenine". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **117** (45). American Chemical Society (ACS): 11106–11112. doi:10.1021/ja00150a010. ISSN 0002-7863.
* Studer, Armido; Jeger, Patrick; Wipf, Peter; Curran, Dennis P. (1 May 1997). "Fluorous Synthesis: Fluorous Protocols for the Ugi and Biginelli Multicomponent Condensations". *The Journal of Organic Chemistry*. **62** (9). American Chemical Society (ACS): 2917–2924. doi:10.1021/jo970095w. ISSN 0022-3263. PMID 11671655.
* Wipf, Peter; Ribe, Seth (1 September 1998). "Zirconocene−Zinc Transmetalation and in Situ Catalytic Asymmetric Addition to Aldehydes". *The Journal of Organic Chemistry*. **63** (19). American Chemical Society (ACS): 6454–6455. doi:10.1021/jo9811827. ISSN 0022-3263.
* Kondru, Rama K.; Wipf, Peter; Beratan, David N. (18 December 1998). "Atomic Contributions to the Optical Rotation Angle as a Quantitative Probe of Molecular Chirality". *Science*. **282** (5397). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 2247–2250. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.2247K. doi:10.1126/science.282.5397.2247. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9856945.
* Phillips, Andrew J.; Uto, Yoshikazu; Wipf, Peter; Reno, Michael J.; Williams, David R. (25 March 2000). "Synthesis of Functionalized Oxazolines and Oxazoles with DAST and Deoxo-Fluor". *Organic Letters*. **2** (8). American Chemical Society (ACS): 1165–1168. doi:10.1021/ol005777b. ISSN 1523-7060. PMID 10804580.
* Lazo, John S.; Aslan, Diana C.; Southwick, Eileen C.; Cooley, Kathleen A.; Ducruet, Alexander P.; Joo, Beomjun; Vogt, Andreas; Wipf, Peter (18 October 2001). "Discovery and Biological Evaluation of a New Family of Potent Inhibitors of the Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase Cdc25". *Journal of Medicinal Chemistry*. **44** (24). American Chemical Society (ACS): 4042–4049. doi:10.1021/jm0102046. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 11708908.
* Ihle, NT; Williams, R; Chow, S; Chew, W; Berggren, MI; Paine-Murrieta, G; Minion, DJ; Halter, RJ; Wipf, P; Abraham, R; Kirkpatrick, L; Powis, G (2004). "Molecular pharmacology and antitumor activity of PX-866, a novel inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling". *Molecular Cancer Therapeutics*. **3** (7): 763–72. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.763.3.7. ISSN 1535-7163. PMID 15252137.

## Honors and awards

Among many other honors and awards, Dr. Wipf is a:


title: PharmaSecure

abstract: PharmaSecure is a U.S.-based software and technology company.

text:
# PharmaSecure

**PharmaSecure** is a U.S.-based software and technology company.

## History

PharmaSecure was founded by Nathan Sigworth and N. Taylor Thompson in 2007. The company was started to address the problem of counterfeit pharmaceuticals. The original technology provided consumers with the opportunity to verify that their medicines are authentic by using a unique identifier on the package and a cell phone. As of 2014, the company issued IDs to more than 1 billion medicine packs.

In July 2012, PharmaSecure became the first company to partner with the INTERPOL Global Register.

## Company Profile

The company is currently headquartered in Lebanon, New Hampshire, with a subsidiary operation in India, and is funded through private investment. PharmaSecure is a global track-and-trace, product authentication and consumer engagement company that has helped protect over 1.8 billion packages through its technology-enabled solutions by 2011.

## Activities

In 2010, the founder announced the going-on discussion for Product Authentication services with 50 major Indian Pharma Companies,

## InfoBox

PharmaSecure
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | anti-counterfeiting |
| Founded | 2007 |
| Headquarters | Lebanon, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Number of employees | 25-30 |
| Website | www.pharmasecure.com |


abstract: Pharr-San Juan-Alamo (PSJA) Southwest High School is a public school in Pharr, Texas. It is part of the Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District and is one of the district's six high schools.

text:
# Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Southwest High School

**Pharr-San Juan-Alamo (PSJA) Southwest High School** is a public school in Pharr, Texas (United States). It is part of the Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District and is one of the district's six high schools.

## Student demographics

As of the 2010–2011 school year, Southwest High School had a total of 351 students. 89.5% of the students are considered economically disadvantaged.

## Attendance area and feeder patterns

The school's attendance boundary includes much of southern Pharr, including the Las Milpas area.

Feeder elementary schools include C. Anaya, Cesar Chavez, Escobar, Garcia, Kelly-Pharr, Palmer, and B. Palacios. The two feeder middle schools are Edward M. Kennedy and Jaime Escalante.

## InfoBox

| PSJA Southwest Early College High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 300 E. Rancho Blanco Road
Pharr, Texas
United States | |
| Coordinates | 26°09′25″N 98°11′14″W / 26.1569°N 98.18732°W / 26.1569; -98.18732 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 2010 |
| School district | Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District |
| Staff | 140.28 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 1,709 (2017-18) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 12.18 |
| Color(s) | Navy, Silver, & White |
| Mascot | Javelina |
| Website | www.psjaisd.us/javelinas |


title: Genevieve Gaignard

abstract: Genevieve Gaignard, born in Orange, Massachusetts in 1981, is best known for work exploring issues of race, class, and gender. As a self-identified mixed-race woman, Gaignard utilizes photography, videography, and installation to explore the overlap of black and white America through staged environments and character performances. She received an AAS in Baking & Pastry Arts from Johnson & Wales University, her BA in photography from the Massachusetts College of Art and Design in 2007, and an MFA from Yale University in 2014. Gaignard's work is represented by Susanne Vielmetter Los Angeles Projects, and has been shown at Shulamit Nazarian, The Cabin, The FLAG Art Foundation, The California African American Museum, The Foley Gallery, and at two residentially-owned art spaces in Los Angeles, CA. She was also included in the fourth iteration of the triennial Prospect New Orleans, in 2018, with an installation at the Ace Hotel New Orleans. Her work has been featured in The New York Times and The Los Angeles Times. Gaignard's photographic series draw inspiration from Carrie Mae Weems, Diane Arbus, Cindy Sherman, and Nikki S. Lee, remixed with the references to the selfie and Instagram culture.

text:
# Genevieve Gaignard

**Genevieve Gaignard**, born in Orange, Massachusetts in 1981, is best known for work exploring issues of race, class, and gender. As a self-identified mixed-race woman, Gaignard utilizes photography, videography, and installation to explore the overlap of black and white America through staged environments and character performances. She received an AAS in Baking & Pastry Arts from Johnson & Wales University, her BA in photography from the Massachusetts College of Art and Design in 2007, and an MFA from Yale University in 2014. Gaignard's work is represented by Susanne Vielmetter Los Angeles Projects, and has been shown at Shulamit Nazarian, The Cabin, The FLAG Art Foundation, The California African American Museum, The Foley Gallery, and at two residentially-owned art spaces in Los Angeles, CA. She was also included in the fourth iteration of the triennial Prospect New Orleans, in 2018, with an installation at the Ace Hotel New Orleans. Her work has been featured in The New York Times and The Los Angeles Times. Gaignard's photographic series draw inspiration from Carrie Mae Weems, Diane Arbus, Cindy Sherman, and Nikki S. Lee, remixed with the references to the selfie and Instagram culture.

## Early life

Born and raised in a Massachusetts mill town by a white mother and black father, Gaignard grew up between black and white cultures. Before enrolling at the Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Gaignard first enrolled at Johnson & Wales University in Providence, Rhode Island, in their baking and pastry program. She became interested in pursuing the arts after one of her professors became her mentor. Her professor created alternative assignments for Gaignard, reintroduced her to mediums such as collage, and opened Gaignard to experimentation in installation. According to Gaignard, she “went through this phase where Abercrombie & Fitch was really cool, I would rip pages out of the catalog and collage my whole wall with half naked guys.” Gaignard began investigating racial dynamics with the use of composed environments and fabricated characters.

Gaignard began photographing her family and neighbors as she transitioned into the Massachusetts College of Art and Design. For a week of assignments “dealing with flesh,” Gaignard used her mother as a subject.

Following her graduation in 2007, she applied to Yale University where she was wait-listed. Her anxiety surrounding her admission status motivated her to experiment with video art, where she created offbeat films. After she was eventually accepted, Gaignard transitioned back to photographic mediums with the added juxtaposition of installation. Yale's predominantly white student body contrasted sharply with the culturally diverse city of New Haven, prompting Gaignard to think through how to balance her two ethnicities. During her time at Yale, she began incorporating the intensity of race and storytelling in her work: “My expression as a person of color is different than others. I have something to say...The stuff I say now sort of addresses a lot of feelings I had as a child.” It was through her exploration of race and family relations that she began creating personas staged in elaborate domestic interiors.

## Work

As an emerging artist, Gaignard first garnered wider attention with her 2016 exhibition Smell the Roses at the California African American Museum in Los Angeles. The exhibition included a number of photographs of Gaignard dressed as a variety of characters alongside two elaborate room-sized installations, one of them a bedroom with a daybed covered in Cabbage Patch Kids dolls. Of the nine photographs featured in the exhibition, "Extra Value (After Venus)", shows Gaignard against a painted American flag holding a McDonald's cup and fries; another depicts Gaignard as a small-town housewife holding a watermelon in front of a discount store.

Gaignard explores racial “passing” and gender to address the difficulties of being a mixed race woman in American society. While Gaignard's work is said to be similar to Cindy Sherman and Carrie Mae Weems, she prefers not to be compared to them. Like Weems, Gaignard's works focuses on black female bodies and their place within society. Gaignard's digital photographs utilize pop culture references and selfie culture to examine mixed race identity and black womanhood. She consistently questions mass media and how it presents white and black cultures by pushing contrasts in her fictitious, femme characters.

Gaignard blends her digital photography with installations evoking the ideal family home. She states, “When I make an installation, I want it to be somewhere between a Wes Anderson film and Harmony Korine’s *Gummo*: gross and perfect at the same time but those are also super white references—so, that’s always my challenge.”

Gaignard exaggerates elements of her personas, posing racial anxieties for viewers through parallel perspectives of her own self-identity. Although racial contrast is important to her characters and her overall work, Gaignard also blurs the lines between representations of black and white women by drawing on current and past pop culture references. By blending representations, stereotypes, and taking inspiration from drag culture, she further challenges beauty standard norms, while also showing others the “invisibility” she faced growing up.

Gaignard's work is in a number of public collections, including the Allen Memorial Art Museum, Nasher Museum of Art, California African American Museum, Pérez Art Museum Miami, Studio Museum in Harlem, and San Jose Museum of Art.

## Exhibitions

Group Exhibitions
|  | Exhibit Name | Venue | Year |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Yale MFA First-Year Student Exhibition* | Yale School of Art: Green Hall Gallery Location: New Haven, Connecticut | 2013 |
| 2 | *Yale MFA Second-Year Student Exhibition* | Yale School of Art: Green Hall Gallery Location: New Haven, Connecticut | 2013 |
| 3 | *13 Artists* | Yale School of Art Location: New Haven, Connecticut | 2014 |
| 4 | *Deep End Yale MFA Photography Thesis* | Yale School of Art: Green Hall Gallery, The FLAG Art Foundation, Diane Rosenstein Gallery | 2014 |
| 5 | *Shaq Loves People* | Expose Chicago Note: Curated by Shaquille O'Neal
Location: Chicago, Illinois | 2014 |
| 6 | *The New New* | Diane Rosenstein Gallery Location: Los Angeles, California | 2014 |
| 7 | *Other Spaces* | dc3 Location: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | 2016 |
| 8 | *Summer School* | The FLAG Art Foundation Location: New York, New York | 2016 |
| 9 | *Industry* | dc3 Location: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | 2017 |
| 10 | *Comm | Alt | Shift* | Aljira Center for Contemporary Art Location: Newark, New Jersey | 2017 |
| 11 | *Face to Face: Los Angeles Collects Portraiture* | California African American Museum Location: Los Angeles, California | 2017 |
| 12 | *Fictions* | Studio Museum Location: Harlem, New York | 2017 |
| 13 | *Opening the Trap* | Interface Gallery Location: San Francisco, California | 2018 |
| 14 | *Forms & Alterations* | 808 Gallery at Boston University Location: Boston, Massachusetts | 2018 |
| 15 | *Fun House* | Josh Lilley Gallery Location: London, United Kingdom | 2018 |
| 16 | *Talisman in the Age of Difference* | Stephen Friedman Gallery Location: London, United Kingdom | 2018 |
| 17 | *In This Imperfect Present Moment* | Seattle Art Museum | 2018 |
| 18 | *People Get Ready* | Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University Location: Durham, North Carolina | 2018 |
| 19 | *Radically Ordinary: Scenes from Black Life in America Since 1968* | Allen Memorial Art Museum Location: Oberlin, Ohio | 2018 |
| 20 | *Daegu Biennale* | Daegu Location: Daegu, South Korea | 2018 |
| 21 | *Personal Space* | Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art Location:Bentonville, Arkansas | 2018 |
| 22 | *Parallels and Peripheries* | ArtCenter Location: Miami, Florida | 2018 |
| 23 | *Terres de Femmes* | Praz-Delavallade Location: Paris, France | 2018 |

Solo Exhibitions
|  | Exhibit Name | Venue | Year |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *A Golden State of Mind* | Diane Rosenstein Presents at The Cabin LA Location: Los Angeles, California | 2015 |
| 2 | *Us Only* | Shulamit Nazarian Location: Los Angeles, California | 2015 |
| 3 | *Smell the Roses* | California African American Museum Location: Los Angeles, California | 2016 |
| 4 | *The Powder Room* | Shulamit Nazarian Location: Los Angeles, California | 2017 |
| 5 | *In Passing* | Houston Center for Photography Location: Houston Texas | 2017 |
| 6 | *Grassroots* | Prospect 4 Location: New Orleans, Louisiana | 2017 |
| 7 | *Hidden Fences* | Praz-Delavallade Location: Paris, France | 2018 |
| 8 | *Counterfeit Currency* | The FLAG Art Foundation Location: New York, New York | 2018 |

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Genevieve Gaignard | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1981
Orange, Massachusetts |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Massachusetts College of Art and Design (2007), Yale University (2013) |
| Known for | Photography, Videography, Installation |
| Website | http://www.genevievegaignard.com/home |


title: Phayul.com

abstract: Phayul.com, also known as Fatherland in Tibetan, is an English language news portal that publishes news and opinion about Tibet and Tibet-in-exile. It was created in 2001 by Tibetan exiles in India operates from Dharamsala. The site also includes book reviews, stories, essays, and a discussion forum. Its director is Tenzin Norsang Lateng and the editor is Kalsang Rinchen.

text:
# Phayul.com

**Phayul.com**, also known as Fatherland in Tibetan, is an English language news portal that publishes news and opinion about Tibet and Tibet-in-exile. It was created in 2001 by Tibetan exiles in India operates from Dharamsala. The site also includes book reviews, stories, essays, and a discussion forum. Its director is Tenzin Norsang Lateng and the editor is Kalsang Rinchen.

## InfoBox

Phayul.com
| Type of site | News website |
| --- | --- |
| Available in | English |
| Headquarters | New Delhi, India |
| Editor | Sherab Woeser |
| URL | phayul.com |
| Launched | 2001 (2001) |


title: Tracy Hutson

abstract: Tracy Hutson is an entrepreneur, an American reality television personality, and one of the original style consultants on ABC TV's television series Extreme Makeover: Home Edition. Hutson grew up in Dallas, Texas.

text:
# Tracy Hutson

**Tracy Hutson** (born March 18, 1976) is an entrepreneur, an American reality television personality, and one of the original style consultants on ABC TV's television series *Extreme Makeover: Home Edition*. Hutson grew up in Dallas, Texas.

## Acting career

Hutson has appeared in a number of national television commercials, as well as sitcoms including *Damaged Goods* and *Less Than Perfect*.

Her film roles include the 1997 independent film *Mixed Signals* and the 2000 independent film *Endsville.* Further, she appeared in the May 2000 TV movie *Rated X*, which also starred Charlie Sheen and Emilio Estevez; in this film, she portrayed adult film star Marilyn Chambers.

## Design career

Hutson began a career as a stylist and designer in 1999, when she started her own design business in Los Angeles.

In 2003, Hutson joined ABC TV's *Extreme Makeover: Home Edition* as a style consultant. She remained a crewmember until the show ended in 2012.

In 2011, Hutson and fellow *Extreme Makeover* personality Tanya McQueen debuted the show *Picker Sisters* on Lifetime. The show follows Hutson and McQueen as they travel around the United States in search of antiques and rare collectibles for their home decor store in Los Angeles.

Along with The Design Network, Hutson helps "deserving moms" with their interior design in the video series *Momtourage*.

## Personal life

In December 2003, Hutson was reunited with high school classmate, actor Barry Watson. The couple married on July 14, 2006, in between the births of their two sons, Oliver (born May 2, 2005) and Felix (born November 13, 2007). They separated in 2010.

1. "Designer Tracy Hutson Scouts Out Cool Portland Finds". The Oregonian. April 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
2. "About Tracy Hutson". Lifetime. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
3. "Designer Bio". ABC. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
4. Elavsky, Cindy (April 6, 2014). "Celebrity Extra". King Features. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
5. Fate Brings You Back// Tracy and Barry
6. Staff (April 14, 2008). "Barry Watson and Tracy Hutson welcome second son, Felix". *People*. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
7. Finn, Natalie (May 2, 2012). "Seventh Heaven, Indeed! Natasha Gregson Wagner Expecting First Child With Barry Watson". *E! News*.


title: Jhajhani

abstract: Jhajhani is a village in Chand block of Kaimur district, Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 676, in 117 households.

text:
# Jhajhani

**Jhajhani** is a village in Chand block of Kaimur district, Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 676, in 117 households.

## InfoBox

| Jhajhani Jhajhani | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| JhajhaniLocation in Bihar, IndiaJhajhaniJhajhani (India) | |
| Coordinates: 25°06′47″N 83°24′28″E / 25.11319°N 83.4078°E / 25.11319; 83.4078 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Bihar |
| District | Kaimur |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.70 km2 (1.04 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 80 m (260 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 676 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Bhojpuri, Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Tracy Huang

abstract: Tracy Huang is a Taiwanese singer. Huang began her career in music with the Thunderbird Choir, alongside Su Rui. After she left the group, Huang spent two years in Taichung, at an American military base, where she learned and performed in English. Huang released her first album in 1974 under the stage name Huang Lu-yi. She later adopted the English name Tracy Huang. Known primarily for her Mandopop songs, Huang has also sung in Cantonese and released several English-language song covers. At the 27th Golden Melody Awards in 2016, Huang received the Golden Melody Award for lifetime contributions.

text:
# Tracy Huang

**Tracy Huang** (Chinese: 黃鶯鶯; born 29 August 1951) is a Taiwanese singer.

Huang began her career in music with the Thunderbird Choir, alongside Su Rui. After she left the group, Huang spent two years in Taichung, at an American military base, where she learned and performed in English. Huang released her first album in 1974 under the stage name Huang Lu-yi. She later adopted the English name Tracy Huang. Known primarily for her Mandopop songs, Huang has also sung in Cantonese and released several English-language song covers. At the 27th Golden Melody Awards in 2016, Huang received the Golden Melody Award for lifetime contributions.


title: Phil McCarthy

abstract: Phil McCarthy was a Kerry senior Gaelic football player in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Hailing from Baltygarron in The Spa (Tralee), McCarthy played his club football with Churchill. He played at full-forward for Kerry in league and championship games between 1944 and 1950. During the 1940s, Kerry won 3 All Ireland football finals and lost 2 - including the "famous" final against Cavan held in New York in 1947. When his playing days ended, McCarthy was heavily involved in the development of under-age teams with his club, Churchill, for many years both in training and taxiing under-age players to games all over North Kerry. McCarthy's nephew, Pat McCarthy, was also a senior Kerry footballer in the 1970s; and his own son, Philip McCarthy, represented Kerry at junior level in the 1980s.

text:
# Phil McCarthy

**Phil McCarthy** was a Kerry senior Gaelic football player in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Hailing from Baltygarron in The Spa (Tralee), McCarthy played his club football with Churchill. He played at full-forward for Kerry in league and championship games between 1944 and 1950. During the 1940s, Kerry won 3 All Ireland football finals and lost 2 - including the "famous" final against Cavan held in New York in 1947.

When his playing days ended, McCarthy was heavily involved in the development of under-age teams with his club, Churchill, for many years both in training and taxiing under-age players to games all over North Kerry.

McCarthy's nephew, Pat McCarthy, was also a senior Kerry footballer in the 1970s; and his own son, Philip McCarthy, represented Kerry at junior level in the 1980s.

1. "Terrace Talk".


title: Treborth railway station

abstract: Treborth railway station was a railway station located on the Bangor and Carnarvon Railway, about half a mile south of the Britannia Bridge, Caernarfonshire, Wales, near the route of the modern day A55. Opened in June 1854 on the line connecting the Menai Bridge with Caernarfon with a single platform and brick waiting room, the station was briefly closed in October 1858 for about a month. In 1872 a second platform was built and the station remained active until March 1959 when it was closed. The line itself was closed finally in 1972 and lifted shortly afterwards. The station building was converted to a private residence and is still standing, being listed on the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales database.

text:
# Treborth railway station

**Treborth railway station** was a railway station located on the Bangor and Carnarvon Railway, about half a mile south of the Britannia Bridge, Caernarfonshire, Wales, near the route of the modern day A55. Opened in June 1854 on the line connecting the Menai Bridge with Caernarfon with a single platform and brick waiting room, the station was briefly closed in October 1858 for about a month. In 1872 a second platform was built and the station remained active until March 1959 when it was closed. The line itself was closed finally in 1972 and lifted shortly afterwards.

The station building was converted to a private residence and is still standing, being listed on the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales database.

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Menai Bridge |  | Bangor and Carnarvon Railway |  | Port Dinorwic |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Treborth | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Wales |
| Coordinates | 53°12′37″N 4°10′51″W / 53.2102°N 4.1809°W / 53.2102; -4.1809 |
| Grid reference | SH544704 |
| Platforms | 2 after 1872 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Bangor and Carnarvon Railway |
| Pre-grouping | London and North Western Railway |
| Post-grouping | London, Midland and Scottish Railway |
| Key dates | |
| June 1854 | Opened |
| 1 October 1858 | Closed for c 1 month |
| 2 March 1959 | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tree That Owns Itself (Alabama)

abstract: The Tree That Owns Itself is an oak tree in Eufaula, Alabama. A tree in the same location was given its freedom by E. H. Graves, the mayor of Eufaula, in 1935. Confederate soldier Captain John A. Walker previously owned the land that the tree is on, so the original tree was known as the Walker Oak. The deed also named the tree as the Post Oak Tree. The original Walker Oak was destroyed in 1961 after it was hit by a tornado, and a new tree was planted by the International Paper Company to replace it. An iron sign was affixed to the railings surrounding the new tree; at some point after 1961, the word "Post" was removed from the sign and it was then known only as Oak Tree. The new tree was subsequently replaced again, but each replacement tree has been given the deed to the land.

text:
# Tree That Owns Itself (Alabama)

**The Tree That Owns Itself** is an oak tree in Eufaula, Alabama. A tree in the same location was given its freedom by E. H. Graves, the mayor of Eufaula, in 1935. Confederate soldier Captain John A. Walker previously owned the land that the tree is on, so the original tree was known as the **Walker Oak**. The deed also named the tree as the **Post Oak Tree**. The original Walker Oak was destroyed in 1961 after it was hit by a tornado, and a new tree was planted by the International Paper Company to replace it. An iron sign was affixed to the railings surrounding the new tree; at some point after 1961, the word "Post" was removed from the sign and it was then known only as Oak Tree. The new tree was subsequently replaced again, but each replacement tree has been given the deed to the land.

## Deed

In 1935, former mayor of Eufaula, E. H. Graves, recorded a deed giving the tree ownership of itself, including its roots, branches, and trunk. It reads:

> I, E. H. Graves, as Mayor of the City of Eufaula, do hereby grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the ‘Post Oak Tree,” not as an individual, partnership nor corporation, but as a creation and gift of the Almighty, standing in our midst—to itself—to have and to hold itself, its branches, limbs, trunk and roots so long as it shall live.
>
> E. H. Graves

All replacement trees have also been given the deed to their land.

## Plaque

There is a large plaque on the fence surrounding the tree. It reads:

> THE TREE THAT OWNS ITSELF
> Planted and dedicated
> April 19, 1961
> Replacing the Walker Oak
> Felled by wind April 9, 1961
> Original deed granted by
> CITY OF EUFAULA
> To the
> \[POST\] OAK TREE
> April 8, 1936
> "ONLY GOD CAN MAKE A TREE"
> Replacement by International Paper Company

## InfoBox

| The Tree That Owns Itself | |
| --- | --- |
| The Tree That Owns ItselfEufaula, Alabama | |
| Species | Post oak (**Quercus stellata**) |
| Coordinates | 31°53′54″N 85°08′46″W / 31.89833°N 85.14611°W / 31.89833; -85.14611 |
| Date felled | April 9, 1961 (1961-04-09) (since replaced) |
| Custodian | Itself |


title: Phil Hardy

abstract: Philip Hardy is an English-born former Ireland under-21 footballer who played as a left-back. With Welsh club Wrexham from 1990 to 2001, he played more than 450 games under manager Brian Flynn. He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the 1991–92 Fourth Division campaign. He picked up both a winners and runners-up medal in the Welsh Cup. During his time at the club, Wrexham reached four FAW Premier Cup finals, winning on three occasions, and were also promoted out of the Third Division in 1992–93. He later played ten games for Port Vale, before leaving the professional game in 2002.

text:
# Phil Hardy

**Philip Hardy** (born 9 April 1973) is an English-born former Ireland under-21 footballer who played as a left-back. With Welsh club Wrexham from 1990 to 2001, he played more than 450 games under manager Brian Flynn. He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the 1991–92 Fourth Division campaign. He picked up both a winners and runners-up medal in the Welsh Cup. During his time at the club, Wrexham reached four FAW Premier Cup finals, winning on three occasions, and were also promoted out of the Third Division in 1992–93. He later played ten games for Port Vale, before leaving the professional game in 2002.

## Club career

Hardy started his career with Fourth Division Wrexham, signing professionally for Brian Flynn's side in 1990. He played in the Welsh Cup final at the Cardiff Arms Park in 1991, in what finished as a 2–0 win for Swansea City. An ever-present in the 1991–92 season, along with fellow full-back Andy Thackeray, he played in the club's giant-killing of Arsenal in the FA Cup Third Round. They were eventually defeated by West Ham United in the next round, following a replay. For his performances, Hardy was named on the PFA Team of the Year.

Following the creation of the Premier League, Wrexham spent the 1992–93 season in the Third Division. A second-place finish then won the club promotion into the Second Division. The "Red Dragons" held their own in the third tier and remained in the division for the rest of Hardy's time at the club.

He captained the side in the 1995 Welsh Cup final victory over Cardiff City, in his second appearance in a cup final. Wrexham equalled a club record by reaching the FA Cup quarter-finals in 1996–97, beating Colwyn Bay, Scunthorpe United, West Ham United, Peterborough United and Birmingham City on the way. Drawn against Chesterfield, also of the Third Division, a 1–0 defeat at Saltergate prevented the club from making a first-ever appearance in the FA Cup semi-finals. However, Hardy was limited to just sixteen appearances throughout the 1996–97 season.

He posted 39 appearances in 1997–98, picking up seven yellow cards. Wrexham became the inaugural winners of the FAW Premier Cup in 1998, beating Cardiff City 2–1 at the Racecourse Ground. He played 42 games in 1998–99, and at the end of the season Wrexham played in the 1999 FAW Premier Cup final, losing out 2–1 to Barry Town. He played 45 games in 1999–2000, and Wrexham won the FAW Premier Cup for a third time in 2000, following a 2–0 victory over Cardiff City. Throughout the campaign, he was sent off against Luton Town and Bristol Rovers, and scored his first league goal with a penalty in a 1–0 win over Colchester United on 24 April.

He made just fourteen appearances in 2000–01, as Wrexham reached the FAW Premier Cup final for a fourth time in 2001, and beat Swansea City 2–0 at Vetch Field. He departed the club at the end of the campaign. Despite being granted a testimonial match for serving the club for more than ten years and playing over 450 games (in all competitions), financial problems from the 2001 season onwards meant that he never received the game.

In June 2001, he signed with Brian Horton's Port Vale. He scored on his league debut for the "Valiants" on 25 August, helping Vale to beat Peterborough United 4–1 at Vale Park. However, he was out of the first-team picture by October. He was transfer listed in November. Chester City expressed interest in signing him on loan the following month. He joined Luton Town on trial in January 2002, but manager Joe Kinnear decided that Hardy was too small for the Third Division. With ten appearances to his name in 2001–02, he left Vale in April 2002. In November that year had a trial with Mansfield Town. However, the 29-year-old failed to find a contract at another Football League club, and announced his retirement.

## International career

Hardy earned three caps for the Republic of Ireland U21 side.

On 29 May 1993, Hardy was a member of an Irish side which played Hungary in a testimonial for David O'Leary, coming on as a substitute for Steve Staunton; the Hungarians won the match 4–2. Although the rest of the Irish team were past or future internationals, the match has not been granted full international status.

## Post-retirement

After retiring, Hardy went on to a career in engineering before becoming a driver for a factory in Ellesmere Port.

## Career statistics

Source:

| Club | Season | Division | League | | FA Cup | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Wrexham | 1989–90 | Fourth Division | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | 1990–91 | Fourth Division | 32 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 38 | 0 |
| | 1991–92 | Fourth Division | 42 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 55 | 0 |
| | 1992–93 | Third Division | 32 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 38 | 0 |
| | 1993–94 | Second Division | 25 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 34 | 0 |
| | 1994–95 | Second Division | 44 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 56 | 0 |
| | 1995–96 | Second Division | 42 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 53 | 0 |
| | 1996–97 | Second Division | 13 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 21 | 0 |
| | 1997–98 | Second Division | 34 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 39 | 0 |
| | 1998–99 | Second Division | 33 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 42 | 0 |
| | 1999–2000 | Second Division | 38 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 45 | 1 |
| | 2000–01 | Second Division | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| | Total | | 349 | 1 | 36 | 0 | 51 | 0 | 436 | 1 |
| Port Vale | 2001–02 | Second Division | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 1 |
| Career total | | | 357 | 2 | 36 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 446 | 2 |

## Honours

**Wrexham**

**Individual**

## InfoBox

Phil Hardy
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Philip Hardy | | |
| Date of birth | (1973-04-09) 9 April 1973 | | |
| Place of birth | Ellesmere Port, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Left-back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Wrexham | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1990–2001 | Wrexham | 349 | (1) |
| 2001–2002 | Port Vale | 8 | (1) |
| Total |  | **357** | **(2)** |
| International career | | | |
|  | Republic of Ireland under-21 | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Michael Nyman (1981 album)

abstract: Michael Nyman is the third album release by Michael Nyman and the second with the Michael Nyman Band, having previously contributed tracks to new music compilations. Most of the music was material from early films by Peter Greenaway such as "Bird List Song" from The Falls, sung by Lucie Skeaping, and music from Act of God and Tree. It also includes his first concert work for the band, "In Re Don Giovanni", which is built around a brief 15-bar phrase in the accompaniment of Leporello's catalog aria in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Don Giovanni, which was also released as a single under the title Mozart. Nyman says he discovered the piece playing the aria on his piano in the style of Jerry Lee Lewis, which "dictated the dynamic, articulation and texture of everything I've subsequently done." The album should not be confused with Criterion's 1995 promo CD, Michael Nyman, which featured previously released material, none of which was from this album, which was released as Piano Records Sheet 005, and which has yet to be issued on CD. It was announced for release in 2009, in connection with Nyman's 65th birthday. This was missed, and it has been announced again for release on November 21, 2011. The CD was released in January 2012, including both the UK and Japanese cover art but not including the "Last But One Of The Last But One" non-LP b-side from the "In Re Don Giovanni" single. It was published by Chester Music/Michael Nyman Ltd, and produced by David Cunningham.

text:
# Michael Nyman (1981 album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Michael Nyman*** is the third album release by Michael Nyman and the second with the Michael Nyman Band, having previously contributed tracks to new music compilations. Most of the music was material from early films by Peter Greenaway such as "Bird List Song" from *The Falls*, sung by Lucie Skeaping, and music from *Act of God* and *Tree*.

It also includes his first concert work for the band, "In Re Don Giovanni", which is built around a brief 15-bar phrase in the accompaniment of Leporello's catalog aria in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's *Don Giovanni*, which was also released as a single under the title *Mozart*. Nyman says he discovered the piece playing the aria on his piano in the style of Jerry Lee Lewis, which "dictated the dynamic, articulation and texture of everything I've subsequently done."

The album should not be confused with Criterion's 1995 promo CD (CRIT CD002), *Michael Nyman*, which featured previously released material, none of which was from this album, which was released as Piano Records Sheet 005, and which has yet to be issued on CD. It was announced for release in 2009, in connection with Nyman's 65th birthday. This was missed, and it has been announced again for release on November 21, 2011. The CD was released in January 2012, including both the UK and Japanese cover art but not including the "Last But One Of The Last But One" non-LP b-side from the "In Re Don Giovanni" single.

It was published by Chester Music/Michael Nyman Ltd, and produced by David Cunningham.

## Band members

## Guest musicians

## Track listing

1. "Bird Anthem" (from *Act of God*) 2:37
2. "Initial Treat" (from *Tree*) 2:50
3. "Secondary Treat" (from *Tree*) 1:27
4. "In Re Don Giovanni" 2:48
5. "Waltz in F" 5:55
6. "Bird List Song" (from *The Falls*) 4:19
7. "M-Work" 21:09

"Waltz in F" was reissued on the compilation, *Century XXI UK: N-Z* It is the only track to be issued on CD in its album performance. The main waltz theme, without the jazz improvisations, was the basis of "Waltzing the Bird" on *À la folie*. "In Re Don Giovanni" and the instrumental "Bird List" appeared on *Live* in new, live versions. A new recording of *In Re* appears on the 2008 album *Mozart 252*. "Initial Treat", the opening titles from *Tree*, is part of *Five Orchestral Pieces for Opus Tree*, which can be heard in its complete form by Jon Gibson and other artists at The Kitchen on the 1979 edition of *From the Kitchen Archives*.

The single *Mozart/Webern* was released on Les Disques du Crépuscule. On that single, "Mozart" is "In Re Don Giovanni"; "Webern" is "Secondary Treat". A third track, "Untitled", is "Initial Treat".

## InfoBox

| Michael Nyman | |
| --- | --- |
| Photo by Marcia Resnick | |
| Studio album by Michael Nyman | |
| Released | November 21, 1981 on Victor Records VIP6798 (Japan)
1982 (UK) |
| Recorded | 1981 |
| Genre | Contemporary classical music, minimalism, film score |
| Length | 42:05 |
| Label | Piano Records |
| Producer | David Cunningham |
| Michael Nyman chronology | |
| *"The Masterwork" Award Winning Fish-Knife*
(1979) ***Michael Nyman***
(1981) *The Draughtsman's Contract*
(1982) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Michael Nyman* | |
| 1. "Mozart/Webern"
Released: 1982 | |
|  | |


title: Transform coding

abstract: Transform coding is a type of data compression for "natural" data like audio signals or photographic images. The transformation is typically lossless on its own but is used to enable better quantization, which then results in a lower quality copy of the original input. In transform coding, knowledge of the application is used to choose information to discard, thereby lowering its bandwidth. The remaining information can then be compressed via a variety of methods. When the output is decoded, the result may not be identical to the original input, but is expected to be close enough for the purpose of the application.

text:
# Transform coding

**Transform coding** is a type of data compression for "natural" data like audio signals or photographic images. The transformation is typically lossless (perfectly reversible) on its own but is used to enable better (more targeted) quantization, which then results in a lower quality copy of the original input (lossy compression).

In transform coding, knowledge of the application is used to choose information to discard, thereby lowering its bandwidth. The remaining information can then be compressed via a variety of methods. When the output is decoded, the result may not be identical to the original input, but is expected to be close enough for the purpose of the application.

## Colour television

### NTSC

One of the most successful transform encoding system is typically not referred to as such—the example being NTSC color television. After an extensive series of studies in the 1950s, Alda Bedford showed that the human eye has high resolution only for black and white, somewhat less for "mid-range" colors like yellows and greens, and much less for colors on the end of the spectrum, reds and blues.

Using this knowledge allowed RCA to develop a system in which they discarded most of the blue signal after it comes from the camera, keeping most of the green and only some of the red; this is chroma subsampling in the YIQ color space.

The result is a signal with considerably less content, one that would fit within existing 6 MHz black-and-white signals as a phase modulated differential signal. The average TV displays the equivalent of 350 pixels on a line, but the TV signal contains enough information for only about 50 pixels of blue and perhaps 150 of red. This is not apparent to the viewer in most cases, as the eye makes little use of the "missing" information anyway.

### PAL and SECAM

The PAL and SECAM systems use nearly identical or very similar methods to transmit colour. In any case both systems are subsampled.

## Digital

The term is much more commonly used in digital media and digital signal processing. The most widely used transform coding technique in this regard is the discrete cosine transform (DCT), proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972, and presented by Ahmed with T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1974. This DCT, in the context of the family of discrete cosine transforms, is the DCT-II. It is the basis for the common JPEG image compression standard, which examines small blocks of the image and transforms them to the frequency domain for more efficient quantization (lossy) and data compression. In video coding, the H.26x and MPEG standards modify this DCT image compression technique across frames in a motion image using motion compensation, further reducing the size compared to a series of JPEGs.

In audio coding, MPEG audio compression analyzes the transformed data according to a psychoacoustic model that describes the human ear's sensitivity to parts of the signal, similar to the TV model. MP3 uses a hybrid coding algorithm, combining the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT). It was succeeded by Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), which uses a pure MDCT algorithm to significantly improve compression efficiency.

The basic process of digitizing an analog signal is a kind of transform coding that uses sampling in one or more domains as its transform.


title: Michael Rock (graphic designer)

abstract: Michael Rock is an American graphic designer and recipient of the National Design Award.

text:
# Michael Rock (graphic designer)

**Michael Rock** is an American graphic designer and recipient of the National Design Award.

## Biography

Rock received his B.A. in Humanities from Union College in 1981, before going on to receive his M.F.A. in Graphic Design from the Rhode Island School of Design.

In 1994, Rock, alongside designers Susan Sellers and Georgianna Stout, founded 2x4, a design firm based in New York City.

He is currently the Director of the Graphic Architecture Project at Columbia University's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. He is also a member of the graphic design faculty at the Yale School of Art.

## Recognition

Rock is the recipient of the 1999 Rome Prize in Design, and in 2006, was awarded the National Design Award.

As winner of the National Design Award, Rock was invited with other winners to the White House. Rock gained notoriety as one of the signers of a letter to the White House declining the invitation. Also signing the letter were co-winners Susan Sellers, Georgianna Stout, Paula Scher, and Stefan Sagmeister.


title: Phil Harris

abstract: Wonga Philip Harris was an American actor, bandleader, entertainer and singer. He was an orchestra leader and a pioneer in radio situation comedy, first with The Jack Benny Program, then in The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show in which he co-starred with his wife, singer-actress Alice Faye, for eight years. Harris is also noted for his voice acting in animated films. As a voice actor, he played Baloo in The Jungle Book (1967), Thomas O'Malley in The Aristocats (1970), Little John in Robin Hood (1973), and Patou in Rock-a-Doodle (1991). As a singer, he recorded a number one novelty hit record, "The Thing" (1950).

text:
# Phil Harris

**Wonga Philip Harris** (June 24, 1904 – August 11, 1995) was an American actor, bandleader, entertainer and singer. He was an orchestra leader and a pioneer in radio situation comedy, first with *The Jack Benny Program*, then in *The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show* in which he co-starred with his wife, singer-actress Alice Faye, for eight years. Harris is also noted for his voice acting in animated films. As a voice actor, he played Baloo in *The Jungle Book* (1967), Thomas O'Malley in *The Aristocats* (1970), Little John in *Robin Hood* (1973), and Patou in *Rock-a-Doodle* (1991). As a singer, he recorded a number one novelty hit record, "The Thing" (1950).

## Early life and career

Harris was born in Linton, Indiana on June 24, 1904, but grew up in Nashville, Tennessee, and identified himself as a Southerner. His hallmark song was "That's What I Like About the South." He had a trace of a Southern accent and in later years made self-deprecating jokes over the air about his heritage. His parents were circus performers. His father, a tent bandleader, gave him his first job as a drummer with the circus band.

His unusual first name "Wonga," is said to derive from a Cherokee word meaning "messenger of fleet" or, perhaps more accurately translated, "fast messenger."

Harris began his music career as a drummer in San Francisco, in the mid-1920s playing drums in the Henry Halstead Big Band Orchestra. He formed an orchestra with Carol Lofner in the latter 1920s and started a long engagement at the St. Francis Hotel. In the 1930s, Lofner-Harris recorded swing music for Victor, Columbia, Decca, and Vocalion. The partnership ended by 1932, and Harris led a band in Los Angeles for which he was the singer and bandleader.

In 1933, he made a short film for RKO called *So This Is Harris!*, which won an Academy Award for best live action short subject. He followed with a feature-length film, *Melody Cruise*. Both films were created by the same team that produced *Flying Down to Rio*, which started the careers of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. He also starred in *I Love a Bandleader* (1945) with Leslie Brooks. Here he played a house painter who gets amnesia, then starts to lead a band. He recorded *Woodman, Spare That Tree* (by George Pope Morris and Henry Russell) in 1947. His nickname was "Old Curly." In 1950, Harris recorded a hit novelty song, the million-seller, "The Thing," which hit number one on the U.S. chart. Additionally, he appeared in *The Wild Blue Yonder* (1951), alongside Forrest Tucker and Walter Brennan. He made a cameo appearance in the Warner Bros. musical, *Starlift*, with Janice Rule and Dick Wesson, and was featured in *The High and the Mighty* with John Wayne in 1954.

Harris made two feature films with Jack Benny for Paramount Pictures, *Man About Town* (1939) and *Buck Benny Rides Again* (1940). Both films also featured Eddie "Rochester" Anderson.

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| Best of Jack Benny Spotlight Podcast! October 4, 1936 – Phil Harris's First Show | |
| *The Fitch Bandwagon/The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show*, 102 episodes | |

## Radio

In 1936, Harris became musical director of *The Jell-O Program Starring Jack Benny* singing and leading his band, with Mahlon Merrick writing much of the show's music. When Harris exhibited a knack for snappy one-liners, he joined the cast, portraying himself as a hip, hard-drinking Southerner whose good nature superseded his ego. He gave the others nicknames, such as "Jackson" for Jack Benny. (Addressing a man as "Jackson" or sometimes "Mr. Jackson" became popular slang in the early 1940s.) His signature song was "That's What I Like About the South." Many of his vocal recordings were comic novelty "talking blues," similar to the songs of Bert Williams, which are sometimes considered a precursor to rap.

In 1942, Harris and his band joined the U.S. Merchant Marine and served for 16 weeks.

In 1946, Harris and wife Alice Faye began co-hosting *The Fitch Bandwagon*, a comedy-variety program that followed the Jack Benny show on Sunday nights. On *The Fitch Bandwagon* and its later incarnation as *The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show*, Harris played a vain, stumbling husband, while Faye played his sarcastic but loving wife. Gerald Nachman has written that Harris was a soft-spoken, modest man off the air. In *On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio* John Dunning wrote that Harris's character made the show popular. *The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show* appeared until 1954. Harris continued to appear on Jack Benny's show from 1948 to 1952.

## Recording career

Harris was recording songs as early as 1931. He sang with a deep baritone voice. Songs by Harris include the early 1950s novelty song, "The Thing". The song describes the hapless finder of a box with a mysterious secret and his efforts to rid himself of it.

## Later career

In 1956, Harris appeared in the film *Good-bye, My Lady*. He made numerous guest appearances on 1960s and 1970s television series, including *The Steve Allen Show*, the *Kraft Music Hall*, *Burke's Law*, *F Troop*, *The Dean Martin Show*, *The Hollywood Palace*, and other musical variety programs. He appeared on *The American Sportsman* which took celebrities on hunting and fishing trips around the world.

Harris worked as a voice actor for a number of Disney animated films, providing the voice of Baloo the bear in *The Jungle Book* (1967), Thomas O'Malley in *The Aristocats* (1970), and Little John in *Robin Hood* (1973). In 1989, he reprised his role as Baloo for the cartoon series *TaleSpin*, but after a few recording sessions he was replaced by Ed Gilbert. Harris's final film role was in *Rock-a-Doodle* (1991), where he voiced Patou, the Basset Hound.

Harris spent time in the 1970s and early 1980s leading a band that appeared often in Las Vegas, often on the same bill with bandleader Harry James.

## Personal life

On September 2, 1927, Harris married actress Marcia Ralston (then known as Mascotte Ralston) in Melbourne, Australia, where his band had a long engagement. The couple adopted a son, Phil Harris Jr. (b. 1935). Harris and Marcia divorced in September 1940.

Harris and Alice Faye married in 1941; it was a second marriage for both (Faye had been married briefly to singer-actor Tony Martin) and lasted 54 years, until Harris's death.

A Democrat, Harris supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election.

Harris was a lifelong friend of singer and actor Bing Crosby. He appeared on telecasts of Bing's Pro-Am Golf Tournament from Pebble Beach, California,  and appeared in an episode of ABC's short-lived sitcom *The Bing Crosby Show*. After Crosby died in 1977, Harris replaced him as commentator for the annual Bing Crosby Pro-Am Golf Tournament.

Harris was a resident and benefactor of Palm Springs, California, and was active in many local civic organizations.

## Death and legacy

Harris died of a heart attack at age 91 in his Rancho Mirage home on the night of August 11, 1995. He is interred at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Cathedral City, California.

Harris was a benefactor of his birthplace of Linton, Indiana, establishing scholarships in his honor for promising high school students, performing at the high school, and hosting a celebrity golf tournament in his honor every year. Harris and Faye donated most of their show business memorabilia and papers to Linton's public library. Harris was inducted into the Indiana Hall of Fame.

In 1994, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1929 | *Why Be Good* | Drummer in band at The Boiler | Uncredited |
| 1933 | *Melody Cruise* | Alan Chandler |  |
| 1933 | *So This Is Harris!* | Himself | Short |
| 1936 | *Double or Nothing* | Himself | Short |
| 1937 | *Turn Off the Moon* | Himself |  |
| 1937 | *Romancing Along* |  | Short |
| 1937 | *Harris in the Spring* | Himself |  |
| 1939 | *Man About Town* | Ted Nash |  |
| 1940 | *Buck Benny Rides Again* | Himself |  |
| 1940 | *Dreaming Out Loud* | Peter Atkinson |  |
| 1945 | *I Love a Bandleader* | Phil Burton |  |
| 1950 | *Wabash Avenue* | Mike Stanley |  |
| 1951 | *Here Comes the Groom* | Himself | Uncredited |
| 1951 | *The Wild Blue Yonder* | Sgt. Hank Stack |  |
| 1951 | *Starlift* | Himself |  |
| 1954 | *The High and the Mighty* | Ed Joseph |  |
| 1956 | *Anything Goes* | Steve Blair |  |
| 1956 | *Good-bye, My Lady* | A.H. "Cash" Evans |  |
| 1956 | *Saturday Spectacular: Manhattan Tower* | Billy | TV movie |
| 1960 | *The Big Sell* | Salesman |  |
| 1963 | *The Wheeler Dealers* | Ray Jay Fox |  |
| 1964 | *The Patsy* | Chic Wymore |  |
| 1967 | *The Cool Ones* | MacElwaine |  |
| 1967 | *The Jungle Book* | Baloo the Bear | Voice |
| 1970 | *The Aristocats* | Thomas O'Malley | Voice |
| 1971 | *Tom Jones: Movin' Up the River* | Himself |  |
| 1971 | *The Gatling Gun* | Luke Boland |  |
| 1973 | *Robin Hood* | Little John - A Bear | Voice |
| 1991 | *Rock-a-Doodle* | Narrator / Patou | Voice, (final film role) |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | *This Is Your Life* | Himself |  |
| 1964 | *Ben Casey* | Clarence Simmons | Episode: "The Only Place Where They Know My Name" |
| 1966 | *The Milton Berle Show* | Himself | Episode #1.7 |
| 1966-1970 | *The Dean Martin Show* | Himself | Eight episodes |
| 1967 | *F Troop* | Flaming Arrow | Episode: "What are you doing after the massacre" |
| 1968 | *The Lucy Show* | Phil Stanley | Episode: "Lucy and Phil Harris" |
| 1969 | *The Johnny Cash Show* | Himself | Episode #1.15 |
| 1970 | *This Is Tom Jones* | Himself | Episode #2.19 |
| 1975 | *Dinah!* | Himself | Episode #2.43 |
| 1978 | *Fantasy Island* | Will Fields | Episode: "Carnival/The Vaudevillians" |
| 1980 | *The Love Boat* | Harvey Cronkle | Episode: "Rent a Romeo/Matchmaker/Y' Gotta Have Heart" |
| 1984 | *This Is Your Life* | Himself |  |
| 1985 | *The Disney Family Album* | Himself | Episode: "Voice Actors" |

* *NBC Salutes the 25th Anniversary of the Wonderful World of Disney* – TV documentary (1978) – Himself

## Radio appearances

| Year | Program | Episode/source |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1951 | *Suspense* | *Death on My Hands* |

## Partial discography

* *The Thing*. RCA, Victor. 1950.
* *That's What I Like About The South*. RCA, Victor. 1947 20–2471.
* *Loaded Pistol, Loaded Dice*. RCA, Victor. 1947.
* *Hambone*. RCA, Victor. 1952. 47-4584.

## Notes and references

1. "Phil Harris Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More..." *AllMusic*. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
2. "Radiography". *Los Angeles Times*. 20 September 1936. p. 62. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
3. "Phil Harris, Comic, Bandleader". *The Press-Enterprise*. Riverside, California. August 13, 1995. p. B5.
4. "Benny Show's Phil Harris Dies at 89". *Los Angeles Times*. August 13, 1995. Retrieved July 27, 2022. Phil Harris, the bandleader who became famous by portraying himself as a flashy, hard-drinking musician on the old Jack Benny radio show, died. … He was 89.
5. "Advertising". *The Herald (Melbourne)*. No. 15, 450. Victoria, Australia. 24 November 1926. p. 8. Retrieved 25 August 2022  via National Library of Australia.
6. "Advertising". *The Herald (Melbourne)*. No. 15, 721. Victoria, Australia. 7 October 1927. p. 7. Retrieved 25 August 2022  via National Library of Australia.
7. Murrells, Joseph (1978). *The Book of Golden Discs* (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 50. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
8. Dalzell Victor; Partridge, Eric (2006). *The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z*. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-25938-5.
9. Dunning, John (1998). "Phil Harris/Alice Faye Show". *On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio* (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 543–545. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
10. Brooks, Tim (2010). *Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890–1919*. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09063-9.
11. Arnold, Mark (2013). *Frozen in Ice: The Story of Walt Disney Productions, 1966–1985*. BearManor Media.
12. Voice actor decisions – Baloo and Kit Jymn Magon, co-creator of TaleSpin who initially cast Harris for the role of Baloo: "his age was a factor. He didn't have the slick, con man timing anymore. I loved working with Phil, so I was distraught to inform management that he just wasn't going to work out for 65 episodes. (Besides, we had to chauffeur him to and from Palm Springs for the recording sessions – a 4 hour round trip!!)", Animationsource.org
13. McCall, Douglas L. (2015). *Film Cartoons: A Guide to 20th Century American Animated Features and Shorts*. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-0966-9.
14. Levinson, Peter J. (1999). *Trumpet Blues: The Life of Harry James*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-028317-9.
15. "Phil's Luck". *Table Talk*. No. 3095. Victoria, Australia. 1 September 1927. p. 22. Retrieved 25 August 2022  via National Library of Australia.
16. "Marcia Ralston Gets a Divorce". *The Telegraph (Brisbane)*. Queensland, Australia. 18 September 1940. p. 17. Retrieved 25 August 2022  via National Library of Australia.
17. *Motion Picture and Television Magazine*, November 1952, p. 33, Ideal Publishers
18. Henderson, Moya; Palm Springs Historical Society (2009). *Images of America: Palm Springs*. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7385-5982-7.
19. Brooks, Patricia; Brooks, Jonathan (2006). "Chapter 8: East L.A. and the Desert". *Laid to Rest in California: a guide to the cemeteries and grave sites of the rich and famous*. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0762741014. OCLC 70284362.
20. "The Brightest Stars from New-York to Los Angeles" (PDF). *Palmspringswalkofstars.com*. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012.
21. "Those Were the Days". *Nostalgia Digest*. **39** (1): 32–41. Winter 2013.
22. Ruhlmann, William (2004-08-02). *Breaking Records: 100 Years of Hits*. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-94719-4.
23. "Going Strong". *Billboard*. 1952-03-08.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Phil Harris | |
| --- | --- |
| Harris in 1956 | |
| Born | Wonga Philip Harris
(1904-06-24)June 24, 1904
Linton, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | August 11, 1995(1995-08-11) (aged 91)
Rancho Mirage, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Cemetery, Cathedral City, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | * Wonga Harris * Wonga P. Harris * Curly |
| Occupations | * Actor * bandleader * comedian * singer |
| Years active | 1933–1991 |
| Known for | Playing Baloo the Bear in *Walt Disney's The Jungle Book* |
| Spouses | *   Marcia Ralston  (m. 1927; div. 1940) *   Alice Faye (m. 1941) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Petersfield, Jamaica

abstract: Petersfield is a small town in Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica. It shares its name with five other places in Jamaica. The town was founded in the 18th century and named after Peter Beckford, a slave owner who settled the Roaring River Estate. Petersfield was a dormitory community for workers on that estate. To the south of the town's main junction lies the neighborhood locally called "Carawina" which was the original name given to the plantation which predated it. According to an estate record proved in 1723, the original owner of the land that would be called Carawina was Rowland Williams of Glamorgan west of present-day Cardiff. The name "Carawina" given to the estate highly suggests its founders were of Welsh origin. Carawina appears to be the Anglicization of the Welsh name "Carwyn" which is a combination of the Welsh word caru "to love" and gwyn "white, fair, blessed." By 1764, John Wedderburn of Ballendean was listed as an associated owner of the estate. This is the same Wedderburn who was a litigant in the Knight v. Wedderburn court case. Today Petersfield is a one street town with a community health centre at one end and a cemetery at the other. It is the home of many of the workers at the Frome Sugar Estate as well as many other business people with interests in the nearby coastal cities of Savannah La Mar, Negril and even Montego Bay to the North. The reggae artist Winston Hubert McIntosh was born in Petersfield, and later on, when he lived in Jamaica's capital Kingston, he changed his name to Peter McIntosh.

text:
# Petersfield, Jamaica

**Petersfield** is a small town in Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica. It shares its name with five other places in Jamaica.

The town was founded in the 18th century and named after Peter Beckford, a slave owner who settled the Roaring River Estate. Petersfield was a dormitory community for workers on that estate.

To the south of the town's main junction lies the neighborhood locally called "Carawina" which was the original name given to the plantation which predated it. According to an estate record proved in 1723, the original owner of the land that would be called Carawina was Rowland Williams of Glamorgan west of present-day Cardiff. The name "Carawina" given to the estate highly suggests its founders were of Welsh origin. Carawina appears to be the Anglicization of the Welsh name "Carwyn" which is a combination of the Welsh word *caru* "to love" and *gwyn* "white, fair, blessed." By 1764, John Wedderburn of Ballendean was listed as an associated owner of the estate. This is the same Wedderburn who was a litigant in the Knight v. Wedderburn court case.

Today Petersfield is a one street town with a community health centre at one end and a cemetery at the other. It is the home of many of the workers at the Frome Sugar Estate as well as many other business people with interests in the nearby coastal cities of Savannah La Mar, Negril and even Montego Bay to the North.

The reggae artist *Winston Hubert McIntosh* was born in Petersfield, and later on, when he lived in Jamaica's capital Kingston, he changed his name to *Peter* McIntosh (Peter Tosh).

## InfoBox

| Petersfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| Petersfield | |
| Coordinates: 18°15′43″N 78°04′08″W / 18.261876°N 78.0688906°W / 18.261876; -78.0688906 | |
| Country | Jamaica |
| Parish | Westmoreland |
| Founded | 18th century |
| Named for | Peter Beckford |
| Population | |
| Estimate (2009) | 2,252 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |


title: Phil Rees (geographer)

abstract: Phillip Howell Rees is a British population geographer and demographer. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Population Geography at the University of Leeds.

text:
# Phil Rees (geographer)

**Phillip Howell Rees** CBE FRGS, FBA (born 17 September 1944) is a British population geographer and demographer. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Population Geography at the University of Leeds.

## Biography

Born in Wales, he was educated at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a double first in Geography in 1966 (MA 1970). He went on to the University of Chicago where he gained an MA in Geography in 1968 and a Ph.D. in 1973 under the supervision of Brian Berry.

On 1 October 1970 Phil joined the School of Geography in the University of Leeds helping drive the new wave of quantitative geography in Britain with colleagues including Alan Wilson (who joined the department on the very same day). A prolific author of research papers and books on many aspects of human population problems, between 1992 and 2002 he was also co-ordinator of the ESRC/Jisc Census of Population Programme.

Retiring from teaching in 2009, Phil's contribution to geography was marked with a symposium celebrating the lasting international impact his work has had. Although retired from teaching he remains extremely active in research.

In 1996 he was awarded the Gill Memorial Award from the Royal Geographical Society, in 1998 was made a fellow of the British Academy, in 2004 appointed as a Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire and in 2009 he was awarded the Victoria Medal from the Royal Geographical Society.


title: Tres de Febrero Partido

abstract: Tres de Febrero is a partido of the Greater Buenos Aires conurbation area in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

text:
# Tres de Febrero Partido

**Tres de Febrero** (lit.'3 February') is a *partido* of the Greater Buenos Aires conurbation area in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

## Toponymy

Tres de Febrero took its name from the 1852 Battle of Caseros between General Justo José Urquiza and Juan Manuel de Rosas, which was won by General Urquiza and marked a historical event for the country and which took place on this land.

## History

The lands that now comprise the Tres de Febrero Partido were inhabited by Querandí Indians before the discovery of the Americas and during the early years of the conquest. These indigenous people preferred to set their huts near watercourses, particularly along the current Reconquista River and the Morón, Maldonado, and Medrano streams. They cultivated \[corn\]\], squash and bean. Upon the arrival of the Spaniards, the indigenous people fought tenaciously to defend their possessions but were ultimately defeated and had to submit to the conquerors.

The distribution of lands began with the second foundation of Buenos Aires by Juan de Garay in 1580, marking the beginning of the settlement and urbanization process in the area now known as the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. The urbanization of Tres de Febrero Partido, while having specific characteristics, shares broader aspects of development with the majority of Greater Buenos Aires. Juan de Garay's land grants included "solars" (lots for houses), farms, and estates surrounding villages for growing vegetables, cereal, and dairy production. Until the early 20th century, the area functioned as a supplier of agricultural products to Buenos Aires. In the early 18th century, this area, formerly known as Pago de las Conchas, was renamed the Curato de San Isidro, encompassing the current partidos of San Martín, San Isidro, Tres de Febrero, and Vicente López. Circulation was facilitated by old highways connecting the area with La Matanza Partido, Morón Partido, Luján, and Buenos Aires. The installation of the railroad in 1876 spurred the first urban settlements.

Around the same time, the Lacroze brothers introduced a rural tram system, which became electric in 1908. This tramway started from the intersection of Medrano and Corrientes streets and extended to the village of San Martín. Alongside the low property costs in the area, the tramway significantly stimulated demographic settlement.

Until the late 1800s, the only railroad station in the partido was Caseros Station, around which administrative offices, homes, and shops of zonal importance were established. Starting in the early 1900s, new railroad stations were created, leading to the development of other primarily residential areas such as Santos Lugares (1906), Ciudadela (1910), and Sáenz Peña (1910).

In June 1920, the Argentine Red Cross established its Santos Lugares branch at 3670 Severino Langeri Street, providing relief and assistance to the immediate community of Santos Lugares and the entire partido. This institution became renowned for its distinguished doctors, such as Cerazo, Carbone, and Canepa.

Until the 1930s, the development of settlements was primarily driven by the expansion of the railroad service and passenger transport, including the introduction of buses (el colectivo) in Buenos Aires in 1930. As these transport services penetrated Greater Buenos Aires, industrial settlements and housing developments began to emerge in areas remote from or between railroad stations.

The urbanization of the partido was completed between 1970 and 1972 with the fragmentation and subdivision of vacant areas to the northwest, including Loma Hermosa, El Libertador, Churruca, Remedios de Escalada and Once de Septiembre. Additionally, the influence of military settlements, such as Campo de Mayo and Ciudadela from 1901 and the opening of the Colegio Militar de la Nación in 1937, which now comprise 12% of the partido's area, played a significant role in the stages of settlement.

In 1958, deputy Alfredo Longo, (born in Caseros), presented a project for the creation of a new partido called "Caseros", composed of the localities of Santos Lugares, Ciudadela, Sáenz Peña, El Palomar and Caseros, which was completed the following year with the enactment of Law 6.065 of Buenos Aires Province by which the October 15 partido was created Tres de Febrero, separating of the San Martín partido, in the area bounded by General Paz avenue, Ferrocarril General Urquiza, Triunvirato street to the Reconquista River, the Reconquista River to Díaz Vélez avenue and thence to the General Paz avenue.

The municipality of Tres de Febrero began its economic financial year and servicing in general from 1 January 1960 based on the previous quartermaster located at 2161 Lisandro Medina, Caseros. Its first mayor was Mr. Ramón Landin who was ousted in 1962 by soldiers of the time. The name Tres de Febrero is because on this date in 1852 was performed the Battle of Caseros between the forces of Juan Manuel de Rosas and the General Urquiza, in the lands that belong to this partido.

When in October 1959 was created the partido, one of the biggest obstacles they faced their authorities was a lack of building facilities capable of accommodating the different agencies were integrated was created, which were shortly after dispersed in fourteen different sites. This brought great inconvenience, and in 1967, the authorities decided to move forward on an old dream: The Municipal Edifice. Was negotiated with Ferrocarriles Argentinos to use the land adjacent to the tracks, among the streets General Hornos and Juan Bautista Alberdi. In 1968 when were resolved the issue of the place occupied, a concourse was held to the presentation of projects, He was elected work of architects Odilia Suárez and Eduardo Sarrailh. According to the rules, the set should embody a coherent urban image and with this premise was created the general structure of the set, which among other works, envisaged a walkway under the tracks, a shopping mall, banks, church and cultural center. Work started in 1969, being in charge of the company Sucesión Carlos Rinadi, which soon after went bankrupt, fact that produced long delays in the initial schedule. 14 years passed, during which the works were interrupted several times by different causes. In 1983 under the quartermaster Rodolfo Vasquez's office removals occurred Mayor, time the edifice was called by the name of "Heroes de Malvinas" as a tribute to those who gave their lives in the Falklands War; and is in 1987, when the Concejo Deliberante went to take his place, leaving the former headquarters of the street Lisandro Medina, now demolished, and had been primary site of the first mayors. Architecturally the edifice is composed of a set of volumetric forms of exposed concrete, checking various parameters carpentry aluminum. It is noteworthy that the original project underwent many changes, although with the passing of time some of the original estimates it will specifying, as in the case of the street parallel to the roads that join General Hornos with Libertador San Martín Avenue.

In February 1988 Tunnel of Libertador San Martín avenue in central Caseros opens. The low-level step had its ribbon cutting shared between two mayors: Héctor Dáttoli and Jorge Mangas. When installing the tunnel initially hurt businesses Valentin Gómez street. Since this was the most coveted street of partido, and installed a water source to attract the public, but was soon removed because stalking was inevitable.

## Governance

The partido of Tres de Febrero is governed by mayor Diego Valenzuela. He defeated the historic Peronist mayor Hugo Omar Curto in 2015 who had governed Tres de Febrero since 1991. Though seen as an underdog, Valenzuela squeezed a victory in his re-election bid in 2019

### Mayors

List of mayors who ruled Tres de Febrero and their respective periods:

1. Commissioner Martín Jorge Lasarte (01/01/1960-04/30/1960)
2. Mayor Ramón Landin (05/01/1960-04/30/1962)
3. Commissioner Arnaldo A. Barbieri (04/30/1962-11/30/1962)
4. Commissioner Manuel R. Fernández (11/30/1962-05/16/1963)
5. Commissioner Coronel Gabriel Larralde (05/16/1963-10/11/1963)
6. Mayor Roberto Antonio D'Elia (10/12/1963-06/30/1966)
7. Commissioner Coronel Ermeife Graselli (06/30/1966-07/15/1966)
8. Mayor Coronel Gabriel Larralde (07/15/1966-02/20/1969)
9. Mayor Interino Coronel Héctor Kummer (02/21/1969-04/10/1969)
10. Mayor Rómulo E. Repetto (04/10/1969-03/18/1971)
11. Mayor Interim Horacio W. Chaves (03/18/1971-05/06/1971)
12. Mayor Antonio Diconsolo (05/06/1971-09/17/1971)
13. Mayor Enrique León Dí Almonte (09/17/1971-11/02/1971)
14. Mayor Arturo Bombelli (01/21/1971-05/25/1973)
15. Mayor Roberto Manuel Heredia (05/25/1973-08/10/1975)r
16. Mayor Rubén Darío Novoa (08/10/1975-03/24/1976)
17. Mayor Interim Coronel Dardo Gilva (03/24/1976-04/30/1976)
18. Mayor Coronel Raúl Schweiser (04/30/1976-05/15/1981)
19. Mayor Rodolfo Vázquez (05/15/1981-12/10/1983)
20. Mayor Héctor Roberto Dátoli (12/10/1983-12/10/1987)
21. Mayor Jorge N. Mangas (12/10/1987-12/10/1991)
22. Mayor Hugo Omar Curto (12/10/1991-12/10/1995)
23. Mayor Hugo Omar Curto (12/10/1995-12/10/1999)
24. Mayor Hugo Omar Curto (12/10/1999-12/10/2003)
25. Mayor Hugo Omar Curto (12/10/2003-12/10/2007)
26. Mayor Hugo Omar Curto (12/10/2007-12/10/2011)
27. Mayor Hugo Omar Curto (12/10/2011-12/10/2015)
28. Mayor Diego Valenzuela (12/10/2015–12/10/2019)
29. Mayor Diego Valenzuela (12/10/2019–present)

### Elections 2011

In the elections of 2011 Hugo Curto won his sixth term with 45,18% of the vote (86.573 votes); in second place was the Broad Progressive Front (Frente Amplio Progresista) with 24.846 votes (12,97%), in third place was the Union for Social Development (Unión para el desarrollo social) with 22.684 votes (11,84%).

### Elections 2013

The October 2013 elections were held to define: deputies, senators and councilors. Striking thing was the defeat of Frente para la Victoria. In Tres de Febrero Partido in the list in which were chosen 12 councilors and 4 school counselors, won the Frente Renovador with 46,46% of the vote (96.177 votes). Submitting councilors (6): Martín Jofre, Diego Achilli, Susana Berisso, Raul Mazzeo, Julio Candia and Dora Aguilera. The Frente para la Victoria obtained 28,38% of the vote (58.742 votes). Submitting as councilors (4): Marta Curto, Osvaldo Santoro, Máximo Rodríguez and La Tigresa Acuña.

Third was the Frente Progresista Cívico y Social with 11,82% of the vote (24.468 votes), entering two councilors. The fourth place went to the Frente de izquierda y de los trabajadores (Left Front and Workers) with 16.846 votes (8,14%) and fifth Unidos por la Libertad y el Trabajo (United for Freedom and Labour) with 10.786 votes (5,21%).

These elections put on alert as Hugo Curto could be defeated in his next election in 2015.

## Geography

The partido has an area of 46 km2 (18 sq mi), it is the 4th-smallest partido in Buenos Aires.

The Tres de Febrero partido occupies only 0.01% of the surface of the Republic Argentina and accounts for 1.2% of the total population.

It is northeast of the Buenos Aires Province, is one of its 135 partidos. This integrated of urban conglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires.

Its roughly rectangular shape, is oriented in the direction from northwest to southeast, is west of the Buenos Aires city, which separates the General Paz Avenue. On the north, it borders the General San Martin Partido separates Triunvirato Avenue, General Lavalle and ways of Ferrocarril General Urquiza. The records defined separation northeast with the Reconquista River, natural boundary with the San Miguel Partido. Meanwhile, to the south borders the partides of Morón, Hurlingham and La Matanza are separated by a number of streets and avenues.

| Data for locality | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Locality | Population 2001 | Population 2010 | Area | Density |
| Caseros | 90.313 | 95.785 | 11,2 km2 | 8.552,23 inhabitants/km2 |
| Churruca | 5.784 | 4.099 | 0,4 km2 | 10.247,50 inhabitants/km2 |
| Ciudad Jardín | 17.605 | 16.317 | 2,4 km2 | 6.798,75 inhabitants/km2 |
| Ciudadela | 73.155 | 73.031 | 6,8 km2 | 10.739,85 inhabitants/km2 |
| El Libertador | 15.108 | 15.027 | 1,3 km2 | 11.559,23 inhabitants/km2 |
| José Ingenieros | 7.223 | 8.208 | 1,1 km2 | 7.461,81 inhabitants/km2 |
| Loma Hermosa | 17.960 | 18.479 | 3,0 km2 | 6.159,67 inhabitants/km2 |
| Martín Coronado | 19.121 | 17.090 | 2,3 km2 | 7.430,43 inhabitants/km2 |
| Once de Septiembre | 4.355 | 6.366 | 0,6 km2 | 10.610,00 inhabitants/km2 |
| Pablo Podestá | 12.852 | 12.762 | 1,4 km2 | 9.115,71 inhabitants/km2 |
| Remedios de Escalada | 11.860 | 13.753 | 0,9 km2 | 15.281,11 inhabitants/km2 |
| Sáenz Peña | 11.542 | 12.258 | 1,2 km2 | 10.215,00 inhabitants/km2 |
| Santos Lugares | 17.023 | 16.526 | 3,2 km2 | 5.164,37 inhabitants/km2 |
| Villa Bosch | 24.702 | 23.323 | 2,6 km2 | 8.970,38 inhabitants/km2 |
| Villa Raffo | 7.864 | 7.046 | 0,9 km2 | 7.828,89 inhabitants/km2 |

### Limits

The limits are:

### Settlements

The partido of Tres de Febrero is divided into 15 settlements, the capital being: Caseros

### Climate

The climate is temperate pampas. Presents temperate hot summers and cool winters, sufficient rainfall and in some cases generating strong floods, and prevailing winds from the east and northeast. The days 6, 7 and 8 July 2007, saw the entry of a polar cold air mass, and as a result on Monday 9 July, the simultaneous presence of very cold air in both middle levels of the atmosphere and at the surface, leading to the occurrence of precipitation in the form of sleet and snow. It was the third time that a snowfall occurred in the partido. It also snowed in 1912 and 1918.

| Tres de Febrero |
| --- |
| Climate chart (explanation) |
|  |
| Imperial conversion  J F M A M J J A S O N D  4.3     86 63       5.3     82 61       5.6     75 59       4.1     70 52       3     66 46       2.9     61 41       2.6     57 39       2.7     59 43       2.8     66 48       4.4     72 50       4.2     77 57       3.8     82 63   Average max. and min. temperatures in °F  Precipitation totals in inches |

## Population

The population of Tres de Febrero according to the census of October 2010 was 340.071 inhabitants. It is the 15th most populous partido in the Buenos Aires Province. The total fertility rate of partido is 1,65 children per woman.

According to estimates of INDEC, the population aged 65 or more would correspond to 14,15% of total and 60 years or more, 19,12% glimpsing an aging population structure. In turn, the population aged 0–14 years, representing 20,41% of the total.

Population distribution:

| Population distribution of Tres de Febrero | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Age | Population | % | Argentines | % | Foreigners | % |
| 0-9 | 46.222 | 13,59% | 45.424 | 98,27% | 802 | 1,73% |
| 10-19 | 47.729 | 14,03% | 46.028 | 96,44% | 1.701 | 3,56% |
| 20-29 | 51.907 | 15,26% | 48.117 | 92,73% | 3.772 | 7,27% |
| 30-39 | 50.006 | 14,70% | 46.477 | 92,94% | 3.529 | 7,06% |
| 40-49 | 40.570 | 11,93% | 37.379 | 92,13% | 3.191 | 7,87% |
| 50-59 | 38.630 | 11,36% | 35.823 | 92,73% | 2.807 | 7,27% |
| 60-69 | 30.652 | 9,01% | 25.912 | 84,54% | 4.640 | 15,46% |
| 70-79 | 21.641 | 6,36% | 17.957 | 82,98% | 3.687 | 17,02% |
| 80+ | 12.714 | 3,74% | 9.834 | 77,35% | 2.880 | 22,65% |
| Total | 340.071 | 100% | 312.947 | 92,02% | 27.124 | 7,98% |

Tres de Febrero in the year 2001 had 336.467 inhabitants, amounting in the year 2010 to 340.071 inhabitants; i.e. its population grew by 1,07%. Its density increased from 7.314,5/km2 to 7.392,85/km2.

The 7,98% of its population are foreigners, mainly from:

There are also migrants from other provinces of the country.

The index of masculinity is 90,8%.

Poverty affects 8,62% of the population of the partido, mainly young people between 18 and 24 years and young people from provinces.

Tres de Febrero has 112.588 homes, which indicates that living 3,02 persons for household. In total 81,56% of the partido has sewage, 97,04% has the pipes. 88,62% has natural gas while 10,79% use carafes. The 73,14% live in houses while 24,83% live in apartments and 62,53% have a computer.

### Variation Intercensal

| Evolution Population of Tres de Febrero Partido according to the different national censuses and intercensal variation in percentage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1991 | 2001 | 2010 |
| Population | 263.391 | 313.460 | 345.424 | 349.376 | 336.467 | 340.071 |
| Variation | - | +19,00% | +10,19% | +1,14% | -3,69% | +1,07% |

## Education

Currently Tres de Febrero has most of 90 schools (public and private); a School Site Council (in the head town of the partido: Caseros) located on Andrés Ferreyra street, and the University of Tres de Febrero (UNTreF) was created in 1995, and attended by over 12.000 students, as it has different varieties of university courses and this located at a strategic point in the partido.

## Transport

By Tres de Febrero three lines of railroads run through the partido: Urquiza Line, San Martín Line and Sarmiento Line. And has 11 stations, 4 shared with San Martín and 1 shared with Morón:

• Urquiza Line:

* Coronel Lynch Station
* Fernández Moreno Station
* Lourdes Station
* Tropezón Station
* José María Bosch Station
* Martín Coronado Station
* Pablo Podestá Station

• San Martín Line:

* Sáenz Peña Station
* Santos Lugares Station
* Caseros Station
* El Palomar Station

• Sarmiento Line:

* Ciudadela Station

And some of the bus lines that run the partido are: 1, 53, 78, 85, 92, 96, 105, 123, 124, 135, 136, 146, 152, 163, 169, 181, 237, 242, 252, 310, 320, 326, 328 and 343.

## Sport

As for sports, Tres de Febrero has three sports centers municipalities where you can practice different types of disciplines, from swimming, athletics and football. The Centers are Ce.De.M. Number 1, Ce.De.M. Number 2 and the Ce.F. in which schools also use it to students to make physical education.

The partido also has three football club: Club Atlético Estudiantes, Club Almagro and Asociación Social y Deportiva Justo José de Urquiza better known as J. J. Urquiza.

The Club Atlético Estudiantes, is currently participating in the tournament Nacional B and the club not only practiced football, also there are a lot of disciplines. The club has a great friendship with Argentino de Rosario and Montevideo Wanderers Fútbol Club. Its historical rival is Almagro who dispute the classic Tres de Febrero, one of the most important Greater Buenos Aires. Stadium Estudiantes have a maximum capacity nearly 17.000 people. Almagro Club currently plays in the Primera B Metropolitana and their stadium has a capacity of 21.000 people. While J.J. Urquiza plays in Primera C tournament, has its stages capacity for 2.500 people.

Tres de Febrero also has different leagues and schools that work with dozens of participants, have added several cultural venues as the game is referred to as the provincial capital of sport with figures known as the boxer La Tigresa Acuña.

## Notable people

## Twin towns

Tres de Febrero is twinned with:

## InfoBox

| Tres de Febrero | |
| --- | --- |
| Department | |
|  | |
| Location of Tres de Febrero Partido in Buenos Aires Province | |
| Coordinates: 34°35′53″S 58°33′54″W / 34.59806°S 58.56500°W / -34.59806; -58.56500 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Buenos Aires |
| Established | 15 October 1959 |
| Founded by | Provincial law |
| Seat | Caseros |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Diego Valenzuela (PRO) |
| Area | |
| Total | 46 km2 (18 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 340,071 |
| Density | 7,400/km2 (19,000/sq mi) |
| Demonym | *tresfebrerense* |
| Postal Code | B1678 |
| IFAM | BUE128 |
| Area Code | +54 011 |
| Patron saint | Nuestra Señora de la Merced |
| Website | tresdefebrero.gov.ar |


title: Treadwell Creek

abstract: Treadwell Creek is a river in Delaware County, New York. It flows into the Ouleout Creek north of Leonta.

text:
# Treadwell Creek

**Treadwell Creek** is a river in Delaware County, New York. It flows into the Ouleout Creek north of Leonta.

## InfoBox

| Treadwell Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the mouth of Treadwell Creek | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Delaware |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| coordinates | 42°20′43″N 74°56′51″W / 42.3453603°N 74.9473834°W / 42.3453603; -74.9473834 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Ouleout Creek |
| coordinates | 42°22′00″N 75°07′47″W / 42.3667479°N 75.1296116°W / 42.3667479; -75.1296116 |
| elevation | 1,220 ft (370 m) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Roaring Brook |


title: Phil Reed

abstract: Phil Reed was a New York City Council Member from 1998 to 2005, when term limits forced him out of office. He represented the 8th district, encompassing Manhattan neighborhoods of East Harlem and Manhattan Valley, and a portion of the South Bronx, as well as Randall's Island, Wards Island and Central Park. He was the first openly gay African-American New York City Council Member. From 2002 to 2005 he was the chair of the Council's Committee on Consumer Affairs. Reed was born in New York on February 21, 1949. He dropped out of Ohio Wesleyan University and received conscientious objector status during the Vietnam War. Prior to joining the Council, Reed worked for ten years as a sales representative for Otis Elevator Company in San Francisco. After returning to New York City, he was the project director at the East New York HIV/AIDS Project, and as the Director of Public Affairs for the Hetrick-Martin Institute. In 1981, he first developed symptoms that were ultimately diagnosed as HIV. From mid-1995 to early 1997, he underwent 18 months of chemotherapy for multiple myeloma, a virulent form of bone marrow cancer. In 2003, Reed completed Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government as a David Bohnett LGBTQ Victory Institute] Leadership Fellow. Reed had earlier run and lost bids for the New York State Senate and the City Council. In 1997, Adam Clayton Powell IV ran for Manhattan Borough President, and Reed won a five-way race in the Democratic Party primary to fill Powell's vacant seat. He won the 1997 general election with 75% of the vote, outpacing four challengers led by Republican George L. Espada who had 18% of the vote. While in office, Reed gained attention for his work to prevent childhood asthma, a serious problem in his district. He also concentrated on measures to increase affordable housing and refurbish neighborhood parks. Reed vigorously opposed Mayor Rudy Giuliani's plan to relocate the Museum of the City of New York from its location in East Harlem to the Tweed Courthouse in downtown Manhattan. Mayor Michael Bloomberg ultimately scrapped this plan, moving the New York City Department of Education to the Tweed Courthouse instead. Reed lived on the Upper West Side and died at age 59 on November 6, 2008, of complications of pneumonia that resulted from leukemia.

text:
# Phil Reed

**Phil Reed** (February 21, 1949 – November 6, 2008) was a New York City Council Member from 1998 to 2005, when term limits forced him out of office. He represented the 8th district, encompassing Manhattan neighborhoods of East Harlem and Manhattan Valley, and a portion of the South Bronx, as well as Randall's Island, Wards Island and Central Park. He was the first openly gay African-American New York City Council Member. From 2002 to 2005 he was the chair of the Council's Committee on Consumer Affairs.

Reed was born in New York on February 21, 1949. He dropped out of Ohio Wesleyan University and received conscientious objector status during the Vietnam War. Prior to joining the Council, Reed worked for ten years as a sales representative for Otis Elevator Company in San Francisco. After returning to New York City, he was the project director at the East New York HIV/AIDS Project, and as the Director of Public Affairs for the Hetrick-Martin Institute. In 1981, he first developed symptoms that were ultimately diagnosed as HIV. From mid-1995 to early 1997, he underwent 18 months of chemotherapy for multiple myeloma, a virulent form of bone marrow cancer. In 2003, Reed completed Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government as a David Bohnett LGBTQ Victory Institute\] Leadership Fellow.

Reed had earlier run and lost bids for the New York State Senate and the City Council. In 1997, Adam Clayton Powell IV ran for Manhattan Borough President, and Reed won a five-way race in the Democratic Party primary to fill Powell's vacant seat. He won the 1997 general election with 75% of the vote, outpacing four challengers led by Republican George L. Espada who had 18% of the vote.

While in office, Reed gained attention for his work to prevent childhood asthma, a serious problem in his district. He also concentrated on measures to increase affordable housing and refurbish neighborhood parks. Reed vigorously opposed Mayor Rudy Giuliani's plan to relocate the Museum of the City of New York from its location in East Harlem to the Tweed Courthouse in downtown Manhattan. Mayor Michael Bloomberg ultimately scrapped this plan, moving the New York City Department of Education to the Tweed Courthouse instead.

Reed lived on the Upper West Side and died at age 59 on November 6, 2008, of complications of pneumonia that resulted from leukemia.

## InfoBox

| Phil Reed | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New York City Council
from the 8th district | |
| **In office**
January 1, 1998  December 31, 2005 | |
| Preceded by | Adam Clayton Powell IV |
| Succeeded by | Melissa Mark-Viverito |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1949-02-21)February 21, 1949
New York City, US |
| Died | November 6, 2008(2008-11-06) (aged 59)
New York City, US |
| Alma mater | Ohio Wesleyan University |
| Profession | Salesperson
Non-profit organizer |
|  | |


title: Treadwheel

abstract: A treadwheel, or treadmill, is a form of engine typically powered by humans. It may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human or animal standing inside it (treadwheel). These devices are no longer used for power or punishment, and the term "treadmill" has come to mean an exercise machine for running, walking or other exercises in place.

text:
# Treadwheel

A **treadwheel**, or **treadmill**, is a form of engine typically powered by humans. It may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human or animal standing inside it (treadwheel). These devices are no longer used for power or punishment, and the term "treadmill" has come to mean an exercise machine for running, walking or other exercises in place.

## History

Uses of treadwheels included raising water, to power cranes, or grind grain. They were used extensively in the Greek and Roman world, such as in the reverse overshot water-wheel used for dewatering purposes. They were widely used in the Middle Ages to lift the stones in the construction of Gothic cathedrals. There is a literary reference to one in 1225, and one treadwheel crane survives at Chesterfield, Derbyshire and is housed in the Museum. It has been dated to the early 14th century and was housed in the top of the church tower until its removal in 1947. They were used extensively in the Renaissance famously by Brunelleschi during the construction of Florence cathedral.

Penal treadmills were used in prisons during the early Victorian period in the UK as a form of punishment. According to *The Times* in 1827, and reprinted in William Hone's *Table-Book* in 1838, the amount prisoners walked per day on average varied, from the equivalent of 6,600 vertical feet at Lewes to as much as 17,000 vertical feet in ten hours during the summertime at Warwick gaol. In 1902, the British government banned the use of the treadwheel as a form of punishment.

## Further reading