title: German submarine U-665

abstract:
German submarine U-665 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 10 June 1941 by Deutsche Werft, Hamburg as yard number 814, launched on 9 June 1942 and commissioned on 22 July 1942 under Leutnant zur See Hans-Jürgen Haupt.

text:
# German submarine U-665

**German submarine *U-665*** was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* for service during World War II. She was laid down on 10 June 1941 by Deutsche Werft, Hamburg as yard number 814, launched on 9 June 1942 and commissioned on 22 July 1942 under *Leutnant zur See* Hans-Jürgen Haupt.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-665* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-665* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The boat's career began with training at 5th U-boat Flotilla on 22 July 1942, followed by active service on 1 February 1943 as part of the 1st Flotilla for the remainder of her short service. In her sole patrol she sank one merchant ship, for a total of 7,134 gross register tons (GRT).

### Wolfpacks

*U-665* took part in three wolfpacks, namely:

* Neuland (4 – 6 March 1943)
* Ostmark (6 – 11 March 1943)
* Stürmer (11 – 20 March 1943)

### Fate

*U-665* has been missing since 22 March 1943 in the Bay of Biscay, west of La Pallice.

### Previously recorded fate

*U-665* was thought to have been sunk on 22 March 1943 in the Bay of Biscay west of Nantes at 46°47′N 09°58′W / 46.783°N 9.967°W / 46.783; -9.967, by depth charges from Vickers Wellington aircraft of No. 172 Squadron RAF (call-sign *G*). This attack was actually against *U-448*, inflicting no damage.

*U-665* was also thought to have been sunk on 22 March 1943 in the North Atlantic at 48°04′N 10°26′W / 48.067°N 10.433°W / 48.067; -10.433, by depth charges from an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley VII of No. 10 Operational Training Unit RAF (10 OTU) (call-sign *Q*), for the loss of all hands.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage
(GRT) | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17 March 1943 | *Fort Cedar Lake* | United Kingdom | 7,134 | Sunk |

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-665* |
| Ordered | 15 August 1940 |
| Builder | Deutsche Werft, Hamburg |
| Yard number | 814 |
| Laid down | 10 June 1941 |
| Launched | 9 June 1942 |
| Commissioned | 22 July 1942 |
| Fate | Missing since 22 March 1943 in the Bay of Biscay west of La Pallice. No explanation for her loss. |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 25 463 |
| Commanders: | * *Oblt.z.S.* Hans-Jürgen Haupt * 22 July 1942 – 22 March 1943 |
| Operations: | * 1 patrol: * 20 February – 22 March 1943 |
| Victories: | 1 merchant ship sunk
(7,134 GRT) |


title: Pike River Conservation Park

abstract: Pike River Conservation Park is a protected area located in the Australian state of South Australia in the locality of Mundic Creek about 215 kilometres (134 mi) north-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of the town of Paringa. The conservation park consists of crown land in section 66 the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Paringa. It came into existence on 1 February 1979 by proclamation under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. It is named after Pike River, a stream which flows through its eastern end. On 10 December 2009, crown land in section 84 of the Hundred of Paringa which was formerly the Mundic Forest Reserve was added to its extent. It is located at the northern end of the locality of Mundic Creek with a boundary adjoining the Sturt Highway in east. As of 2016, it covered an area of 2.88 square kilometres (1.11 sq mi). In 1980, it was described as follows:Pike River Conservation Park protects part of a permanent wetland area and adjacent land on the River Murray flood plain. This area is a valuable feeding and breeding habitat for water birds. Dominant vegetation is open woodland of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. largiflorens over an understorey of scattered Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii. Areas of Atriplex vesicaria, Bassia sp. and Tecticornia spp. Low shrublands are also found while reedbeds of Typha sp. and Phragmites australis occupy lagoon shores. A small area above the flood plain is occupied by an open woodland of E oleosa and Myoporum platycarpum. The park only occupies a small portion of a large backwater system. Many of the large E. camaldulensis are dead and the understorey in some areas is dominated by introduced weed species. The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area. In 1980, it was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.

text:
# Pike River Conservation Park

**Pike River Conservation Park** is a protected area located in the Australian state of South Australia in the locality of Mundic Creek about 215 kilometres (134 mi) north-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of the town of Paringa.

The conservation park consists of crown land in section 66 the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Paringa. It came into existence on 1 February 1979 by proclamation under the *National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972*. It is named after Pike River, a stream which flows through its eastern end. On 10 December 2009, crown land in section 84 of the Hundred of Paringa which was formerly the *Mundic Forest Reserve* was added to its extent. It is located at the northern end of the locality of Mundic Creek with a boundary adjoining the Sturt Highway in east. As of 2016, it covered an area of 2.88 square kilometres (1.11 sq mi).

In 1980, it was described as follows:

> Pike River Conservation Park protects part of a permanent wetland area and adjacent land on the River Murray flood plain. This area is a valuable feeding and breeding habitat for water birds. Dominant vegetation is open woodland of *Eucalyptus camaldulensis* and *E. largiflorens* over an understorey of scattered *Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii*. Areas of *Atriplex vesicaria*, *Bassia* sp. and *Tecticornia* spp. Low shrublands are also found while reedbeds of *Typha* sp. and *Phragmites australis* occupy lagoon shores. A small area above the flood plain is occupied by an open woodland of *E oleosa* and *Myoporum platycarpum*. The park only occupies a small portion of a large backwater system. Many of the large *E. camaldulensis* are dead and the understorey in some areas is dominated by introduced weed species.

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area. In 1980, it was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.

## InfoBox

| Pike River Conservation Park
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category III (natural monument or feature) | |
| Pike River Conservation Park | |
| Nearest town or city | Paringa |
| Coordinates | 34°12′06″S 140°47′43″E / 34.201801459°S 140.795172168°E / -34.201801459; 140.795172168 |
| Established | 1 February 1979 (1979-02-01) |
| Area | 2.88 km2 (1.1 sq mi) |
| Managing authorities | Department for Environment and Water |
| See also | Protected areas of South Australia |


title: Ramón Armando Rodríguez

abstract:
Ramón Armando Rodriguez Lugo was a Venezuelan writer, journalist, and historian, best remembered as the author of the 1957 Diccionario biográfico, geográfico e histórico de Venezuela. He was born in Cúa, Miranda, the son of Ramón Rodriguez Delgado Diaz and Rosa Lugo, he began publishing short stories and articles in the journal América de Puerto Cabello in 1920. That same year he published one of his best known poems, titled "Chrysalis". Ramón Rodríguez collaborated with magazines such as Élite (1925), La Esfera
and El Heraldo. He worked in large companies such the Royal Bank of Canada (1925-1936), the Industrial Bank of Venezuela (1938-1945) and BAP (1946-1954). In 1942 he was involved in the foundation of the Colegio Nacional de Técnicos en Contabilidad, and was appointed its president in 1947. Over 20 years, Ramón Rodriguez wrote a major work, an encyclopedia entitled Diccionario biográfico, geográfico e histórico de Venezuela, a work that seeks to reflect the biographical, historical and geographical knowledge of Venezuela. It was first published in Madrid, in 1957. He died in Caracas.

text:
# Ramón Armando Rodríguez

**Ramón Armando Rodriguez Lugo** (7 September 1895 – 16 April 1959) was a Venezuelan writer, journalist, and historian, best remembered as the author of the 1957 *Diccionario biográfico, geográfico e histórico de Venezuela*.

He was born in Cúa, Miranda, the son of Ramón Rodriguez Delgado Diaz and Rosa Lugo, he began publishing short stories and articles in the journal *América de Puerto Cabello* in 1920. That same year he published one of his best known poems, titled "Chrysalis". Ramón Rodríguez collaborated with magazines such as *Élite* (1925), *La Esfera* and *El Heraldo*. He worked in large companies such the Royal Bank of Canada (1925-1936), the Industrial Bank of Venezuela (1938-1945) and BAP (1946-1954). In 1942 he was involved in the foundation of the Colegio Nacional de Técnicos en Contabilidad (National Association of Accounting Technicians), and was appointed its president in 1947.

Over 20 years, Ramón Rodriguez wrote a major work, an encyclopedia entitled *Diccionario biográfico, geográfico e histórico de Venezuela*, a work that seeks to reflect the biographical, historical and geographical knowledge of Venezuela. It was first published in Madrid, in 1957. He died in Caracas.

## Bibliography

* Miramón, Alberto (1983). *La llama que no muere*. Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Comisión de Historia, Comité Orígenes de la Emancipación.
* Quijada, Adolfo Salazar (1985). *La Toponimia en Venezuela*. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, División de Publicaciones.
* Watson, Gayle Hudgens (1 January 1971). *Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela: An Annotated Guide to Reference Materials in the Humanities and Social Sciences*. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-0433-3.


abstract: Hurlbut Township is located in Logan County, Illinois. As of the 2020 census, its population was 338 and it contained 136 housing units.

text:
# Hurlbut Township, Logan County, Illinois

**Hurlbut Township** is located in Logan County, Illinois. As of the 2020 census, its population was 338 and it contained 136 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 25.18 square miles (65.2 km2), of which 25.15 square miles (65.1 km2) (or 99.88%) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.078 km2) (or 0.12%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 305 |  |  |
| 2020 | 338 |  | 10.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

1. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
2. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

40°00′45″N 89°32′10″W / 40.01250°N 89.53611°W / 40.01250; -89.53611

## InfoBox

| Hurlbut Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Logan County | |
| Logan County's location in Illinois | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Logan |
| Established | November 7, 1865 |
| Area | |
| Total | 25.18 sq mi (65.2 km2) |
| Land | 25.15 sq mi (65.1 km2) |
| Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2)  0.12% |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 338 |
| Density | 12.1/sq mi (4.7/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 17-107-36789 |


title: Merone

abstract: Merone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Milan and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southeast of Como. Merone borders the following municipalities: Costa Masnaga, Erba, Eupilio, Lambrugo, Lurago d'Erba, Monguzzo, Rogeno.

text:
# Merone

**Merone** (Brianzöö: *Merùn* \[meˈrũː\]) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Milan and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southeast of Como.

Merone borders the following municipalities: Costa Masnaga, Erba, Eupilio, Lambrugo, Lurago d'Erba, Monguzzo, Rogeno.

## Twin towns — sister cities

Merone is twinned with:

## InfoBox

| Merone *Merùn* (Lombard) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Merone | |
| Location of Merone | |
| MeroneLocation of Merone in ItalyMeroneMerone (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°47′N 9°15′E / 45.783°N 9.250°E / 45.783; 9.250 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Como (CO) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Giovanni Vanossi |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 280 m (920 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2013) | |
| Total | 4,195 |
| Density | 1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Meronesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 22046 |
| Dialing code | 031 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Garibong

abstract: Garibong (Korean: 가리봉) is a mountain in the county of Inje, Gangwon-do, in South Korea. It has an elevation of 1,059.7 m (3,477 ft).

text:
# Garibong

**Garibong** (Korean: 가리봉) is a mountain in the county of Inje, Gangwon-do, in South Korea. It has an elevation of 1,059.7 m (3,477 ft).

* An Gyeong-ho (2003). *신 한국 100 명산 ('The New' 100 Korean Mountains)*. Seoul: 깊은솔 (Gipeunsol). ISBN 89-89917-07-7.

## InfoBox

| Garibong | |
| --- | --- |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,059.7 m (3,477 ft) |
| Geography | |
| Location | South Korea |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 가리봉 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Garibong* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Karipong* |
|  | |


title: Mervinia Masterman

abstract: Edith Mervinia Masterman (1901–1998) was an Australian writer, naturalist and illustrator, best known for her two illustrated books dedicated to the natural history of Kangaroo Island: Flinder's Chase, Kangaroo Island, South Australia: Place of enchantment for nature lovers (1950) and Flinder's Chase Revisited, Kangaroo Island, South Australia: Nature-lovers' sanctuary (1972). Masterman also gave public lectures on the subject. The Advertiser described her original 1950 work as "a charming book" and columnist Eleanor Barbour described her as "an artist of no mean calibre" with a talent for "fluent descriptive writing". The book was advertised and distributed nationally.

text:
# Mervinia Masterman

**Edith Mervinia Masterman** (1901–1998) was an Australian writer, naturalist and illustrator, best known for her two illustrated books dedicated to the natural history of Kangaroo Island: *Flinder's Chase, Kangaroo Island, South Australia: Place of enchantment for nature lovers* (1950) and *Flinder's Chase Revisited, Kangaroo Island, South Australia: Nature-lovers' sanctuary* (1972). Masterman also gave public lectures on the subject. *The Advertiser* described her original 1950 work as "a charming book" and columnist Eleanor Barbour described her as "an artist of no mean calibre" with a talent for "fluent descriptive writing". The book was advertised and distributed nationally.

## Political views

Masterman lobbied to maintain the boundaries and protections of Flinder's Chase National Park and was an advocate for nature education.

## Personal life

Masterman lived at Undalya with her husband John, an apiarist. They had a daughter on 11 May 1936, and another on 9 February 1940. She played an active role in the Associated Country Women of the World, gave talks on art to various Country Women's Association branches and held informal art classes and sketching parties. She died the same year as her husband.

1. "Mervinia Masterman | 1901 - 1998 | Undalya (Saint Patrick) Catholic Cemetery | Grave Site | BillionGraves". *BillionGraves*. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
2. Masterman, Mervinia (1950). *Flinders Chase, Kangaroo Island, South Australia : place of enchantment for nature lovers*. Melbourne : Georgian House.
3. Masterman, Mervinia (1972). *Flinders Chase revisited : Kangaroo Island, South Australia : nature-lovers' sanctuary*. Netley, S. Aust. : Griffin Press.
4. "WATERVALE NOTES". *Northern Argus (Clare, SA : 1869 - 1954)*. 18 March 1948. p. 6. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
5. "Bureau Conference". *Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954)*. 13 February 1952. p. 11. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
6. "Delightful Description Of Flinders Chase". *Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954)*. 20 January 1951. p. 6. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
7. "Eleanor Barbour's Pages FOR COUNTRY WOMEN". *Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954)*. 2 August 1951. p. 28. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
8. "LET'S GO SHOPPING". *Cumberland Argus (Parramatta, NSW : 1950 - 1962)*. 22 June 1960. p. 10. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
9. "Library List". *Brisbane Telegraph (Qld. : 1948 - 1954)*. 24 March 1951. p. 12. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
10. "Book News". *Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954)*. 24 March 1951. p. 8. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
11. "Advertising". *Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957)*. 9 December 1950. p. 19. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
12. "To the Editor". *Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954)*. 8 June 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
13. "Family Notices". *Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954)*. 14 May 1936. p. 18. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
14. "Family Notices". *Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954)*. 15 February 1940. p. 23. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
15. "Burra Branch C.W.A." *Burra Record (SA : 1878 - 1954)*. 25 April 1950. p. 8. Retrieved 1 October 2018.


title: Toronto Granites

abstract: The Toronto Granites were an amateur senior ice hockey team from Toronto, Ontario. The Granites were Allan Cup champions in 1922 and 1923. They were chosen to represent Canada at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. The Granites won the second consecutive Olympic gold medal for the Canada national men's ice hockey team.

text:
# Toronto Granites

The **Toronto Granites** were an amateur senior ice hockey team from Toronto, Ontario. The Granites were Allan Cup champions in 1922 and 1923. They were chosen to represent Canada at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. The Granites won the second consecutive Olympic gold medal for the Canada national men's ice hockey team.

## History

Formed in the 1880s, the Granites were the first organized ice hockey team in Toronto. The ice hockey team was an offshoot of the Toronto Granite Curling Club, which still exists today as The Granite Club. At first, games were only exhibitions, such as visits from teams in Ottawa or Montreal, or local competition from the Caledonian Rink or other curling clubs which formed ice hockey teams, with no championships or tournaments. The team joined the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) for the 1890–91 season. The team would play in the OHA until 1924, adding a junior club in 1893, which continued until 1923. The Granites won the J. Ross Robertson Cup in 1920, 1922 and 1923, as the senior champion of the OHA. The club was the Canadian champion, winning the 1922 Allan Cup and 1923 Allan Cup, becoming Canadian champions.

## 1924 Winter Olympics

Ontario Hockey Association president W. A. Fry recommended to have the Toronto Granites, being the 1923 Allan Cup champions, represent Canada in ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association approved the Granites to represent Canada, and W. A. Hewitt was chosen oversee the team's finances at the Olympics. Hewitt was also empowered by the CAHA to name replacement players as needed, and recruited Harold McMunn and Cyril Slater as replacements when four players from the Granites were unable to travel to the Olympics.

In his weekly report to the *Toronto Daily Star*, Hewitt wrote that the Granites would face multiple changes in conditions compared to hockey games in Canada. He did not feel the team would be affected by playing outdoors on natural ice in the morning or afternoon, despite that the team was accustomed to playing indoors with electric lighting on artificial ice. He also felt that the larger ice surface and lack of boards around the sides of the rink would mean more stick handling and less physical play. The Granites defeated the United States team by a 6–1 score, and won all six games played to be the Olympic gold medallists.

**Team roster**

## InfoBox

Toronto Granites
| Sport | Ice hockey |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1880s (1880s) |
| Folded | 1924 (1924) |
| League | OHA (1890-1924) |
| Location | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Affiliation(s) | Toronto Granite Curling Club |
| Championships | 2 |
| League titles | 3 |


title: Mesophleps cycnobathra

abstract: Mesophleps cycnobathra is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Australia.

text:
# Mesophleps cycnobathra

***Mesophleps cycnobathra*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Australia (New South Wales).

## InfoBox

| *Mesophleps cycnobathra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Mesophleps* |
| Species: | ***M. cycnobathra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mesophleps cycnobathra***<br>(Lower, 1898) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Paltodora cycnobathra* Lower, 1898 * *Xerometra cycnobathra* | |


title: Mesophleps aspina

abstract: Mesophleps aspina is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Thailand and Burma. The wingspan is 11.5–14 millimetres (0.45–0.55 in).

text:
# Mesophleps aspina

***Mesophleps aspina*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Thailand and Burma.

The wingspan is 11.5–14 millimetres (0.45–0.55 in).

## InfoBox

| *Mesophleps aspina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Mesophleps* |
| Species: | ***M. aspina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mesophleps aspina***<br>H.H. Li & Sattler, 2012 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Brchyacma albilinella* Park, 1990 * *Brachyacma albilinella* | |


title: Tour du Vaucluse

abstract: The Tour du Vaucluse (Tour of the Vaucluse) is a former cycling race, held in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France. From 1923 until 1960 it was organized as a one-day race finishing in Cavaillon. Subsequently, it was held as a stage race, run over two and later three days, until the event was discontinued in 1998.

text:
# Tour du Vaucluse

The **Tour du Vaucluse** *(Tour of the Vaucluse)* is a former cycling race, held in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France. From 1923 until 1960 it was organized as a one-day race finishing in Cavaillon. Subsequently, it was held as a stage race, run over two and later three days, until the event was discontinued in 1998.

## Palmarès

| **Edition** | **Winner** | **Second** | **Third** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **One-day race** | | | |
| 1923 | Romain Bellenger | José Pelletier | Joseph Curtel |
| 1924 | Maurice Ville | Jean Hillarion | Gaston Ducerisier |
| 1930 | Louis Gras | Maxime Calamel | Ernest Neuhard |
| 1931 | Maxime Calamel | Henri Bergerioux | Marius Guiramand |
| 1932 | Maxime Calamel | Giuseppe Cassin | Georges Speicher |
| 1933 | Georges Speicher | Max Bulla | Louis Hardiquest |
| 1934 | Jean Bidot | Maurice Archambaud | Edoardo Molinar |
| 1935 | Jean Bidot | Léon Level | Maxime Calamel |
| 1936 | Ettore Molinaro | Fabien Galateau | Luigi Barral |
| 1937 | Giuseppe Cassin | Henri Puppo | Adrien Buttafocchi |
| 1938 | Nello Troggi | Amédée Rolland | Georges Naisse |
| 1939 | Dante Gianello | Fermo Camellini | Pierre Lorino |
| 1941 | Domenico Zanti | Pierre Canavese | Paul Néri |
| 1951 | Raoul Rémy | Antonin Rolland | Robert Chapatte |
| 1952 | Jose Perez De Las Heras | Siro Bianchi | Antonin Rolland |
| 1953 | Antonin Canavese | Antonin Rolland | Francis Anastasi |
| 1954 | Raymond Elena | André Payan | Siro Bianchi |
| 1955 | Russell Mockridge | Raoul Rémy | Antonin Canavese |
| 1956 | Lucien Fliffel | Guy Carle | Marcel Ferri |
| 1957 | Jean Dotto | Gérard Bousquet | Henry Anglade |
| 1959 | Max Cohen | Alcide Vaucher | Fernand Lamy |
| 1960 | René Fournier | Anatole Novak | Siro Bianchi |
| **Stage race** | | | |
| 1965 | Marcel Ferri | Escudier | Cenari |
| 1966 | Francis Ducreux | Serge Bolley | Marcel Ferri |
| 1967 | Paul Gutty | Joseph Carrara | Giorgetti |
| 1968 | Pierre Martelozzo | Combes | Rault |
| 1969 | Pierre Martelozzo | Vittorio Cumino | Francis Rigon |
| 1970 | Mario Corti | Giuseppe Maffeis | Franco Baroni |
| 1971 | Giuseppe Maffeis | Claude Mazeaud | Mario Corti |
| 1972 | no race | | |
| 1973 | Stanisław Szozda | Fernando Plaza | Ryszard Szurkowski |
| 1974 | Jan Brzezny | Tadeusz Mytnik | B. Kieczynski |
| 1975 | Patrick Marette | Henri Berthillot | Fr. Indalecio |
| 1976 | Hans-Joachim Hartnick | Tadeusz Mytnik | Nentcho Staykov |
| 1977 | Bernd Drogan | G. Fedrigo | Tadeusz Mytnik |
| 1978 | Michel Laurent | Mariano Martínez | Pierre-Raymond Villemiane |
| 1979 | Czesław Lang | Zdenek Benacek | Alain De Carvalho |
| 1980 | Michel Laurent | Robert Millar | Jean-François Rodriguez |
| 1981 | Michel Laurent | Bernard Thévenet | Alain De Carvalho |
| 1982 | Éric Caritoux | Laurent Fignon | Urs Zimmermann |
| 1983 | Denis Roux | André Chappuis | Gilles Mas |
| 1984 | Philippe Chevalier | Davide Cassani | Éric Salomon |
| 1985 | Jean-Jacques Philippe | Philippe Casado | Hervé Doueil |
| 1986 | Jérôme Simon | Laurent Fignon | Uwe Ampler |
| 1987 | Pascal Simon | Uwe Ampler | Laurent Fignon |
| 1988 | Charly Mottet | Claude Criquielion | Jan Schur |
| 1989 | Steven Rooks | Pascal Lance | Éric Caritoux |
| 1990 | Atle Kvålsvoll | Thierry Bourguignon | Luc Leblanc |
| 1991 | Miguel Indurain | Fabrice Philipot | Luc Roosen |
| 1992 | Robert Forest | Orlando Rodrigues | Dimitri Zhdanov |
| 1993 | Thierry Bourguignon | Pascal Hervé | Jean-Christophe Currit |
| 1994 | Blaise Chauviere | František Trkal | Jens Zemke |
| 1995 | Fabrizio Guidi | Jean-Christophe Bloy | Claude Lamour |
| 1996 | Fabrizio Guidi | Marco Vergnani | Maurizio De Pasquale |
| 1998 | Benoît Salmon | Artūras Kasputis | Daniel Schnider |
|

## InfoBox

Tour du Vaucluse
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | early April |
| Region | Vaucluse, France |
| Discipline | Road race |
| History | |
| First edition | 1923 (1923) |
| Editions | 54 |
| Final edition | 1998 |
| First winner | Romain Bellenger (FRA) |
| Final winner | Benoît Salmon (FRA) |


title: Torrecuadradilla

abstract: Torrecuadradilla is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 51 inhabitants.

text:
# Torrecuadradilla

**Torrecuadradilla** is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 51 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Torrecuadradilla, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Torrecuadradilla, SpainTorrecuadradilla, SpainTorrecuadradilla, Spain | |
| Coordinates: 40°51′13″N 2°31′55″W / 40.85361°N 2.53194°W / 40.85361; -2.53194 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile-La Mancha |
| Province | Guadalajara |
| Municipality | Torrecuadradilla |
| Area | |
| Total | 33 km2 (13 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 25 |
| Density | 0.76/km2 (2.0/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Gateway Trail Iron Bridge

abstract: The Gateway Trail Iron Bridge is a historic camelback truss bridge on the Gateway State Trail in Grant, Minnesota, United States. The bridge has stood in three locations in Minnesota. Its main span was built of wrought iron in 1873—before steel became the preferred material for metal bridges—and erected in Sauk Centre in Central Minnesota. Designated Bridge No. 5721, it was refurbished and moved in 1937 to rural Koochiching County in northern Minnesota, where it became known as the Silverdale Bridge. It was relocated to its present site in east-central Minnesota in 2011 and renamed Bridge No. 82524. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 for its state-level significance in engineering. It was nominated as a rare example of a wrought iron truss bridge with ornamental detailing.

text:
# Gateway Trail Iron Bridge

The **Gateway Trail Iron Bridge** is a historic camelback truss bridge on the Gateway State Trail in Grant, Minnesota, United States. The bridge has stood in three locations in Minnesota. Its main span was built of wrought iron in 1873—before steel became the preferred material for metal bridges—and erected in Sauk Centre in Central Minnesota. Designated **Bridge No. 5721**, it was refurbished and moved in 1937 to rural Koochiching County in northern Minnesota, where it became known as the **Silverdale Bridge**. It was relocated to its present site in east-central Minnesota in 2011 and renamed **Bridge No. 82524**. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 for its state-level significance in engineering. It was nominated as a rare example of a wrought iron truss bridge with ornamental detailing.

## Description

The historic main span of the Gateway Trail Iron Bridge is a camelback through truss of pin-connected wrought iron. It spans 160 feet (49 m) in eight panels. Its bracing members are decorated with ornamental latticework. It originally had a wood deck but was given a lightweight concrete deck during the 2011 relocation to accommodate equestrian use. The side railings were retained from its 1937 iteration, though respaced according to modern safety standards. Although it was a visual departure from its historic appearance, cables were strung above the railings to protect horseback riders and bicyclists from being thrown off the bridge in the case of an accident.

## History

The bridge was originally constructed over the Sauk River in the city of Sauk Centre. It was completed in 1873, accommodating horse and buggy traffic on the town's Main Street. At some point it was dismantled and put into storage in Sauk Centre.

In 1937 the bridge was taken out of storage and reassembled at 47°58′34″N 93°8′37″W / 47.97611°N 93.14361°W / 47.97611; -93.14361, about two miles southwest of Silverdale in Koochiching County. There it carried Minnesota State Highway 65 over the Little Fork River. Steel, which had come into favor for bridges in the 1890s, was used for the new approaches on either end. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as "Bridge No. 5721" in 1998.

Within a few years it was clear that Bridge 5721 was insufficient for the demands of modern traffic, particularly the logging trucks common in northern Minnesota. An analysis in 2006 determined that the bridge was insufficient for highway use but retained its historic design integrity and was a candidate for rehabilitation in a less rigorous context. The Minnesota Department of Transportation collaborated with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources to determine possible new locations. One was identified on the Gateway State Trail where the rail trail intersected a county highway on a level crossing. Bridge 5721 was dismantled in 2009 and put in storage while the new site was prepared. In May 2011 the reassembled truss was hoisted into place. It now serves pedestrians, bicyclists, and horses much as it did in its first incarnation.

## InfoBox

| Gateway Trail Iron Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 45°06′14″N 92°51′54″W / 45.104°N 92.865°W / 45.104; -92.865 |
| Statistics | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Bridge No. 5721 | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Gateway Trail Iron Bridge from the southeast | |
|  | |
| Location | Gateway State Trail over Manning Avenue, Grant, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 45°6′16″N 92°51′54″W / 45.10444°N 92.86500°W / 45.10444; -92.86500 |
| Area | Less than one acre |
| Built | 1873 |
| Built by | E.W. Coons, Inc. |
| Architect | Minnesota Highway Department |
| Architectural style | Camelback through truss |
| MPS | Iron and Steel Bridges in Minnesota MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 98000717 |
| Designated NRHP | July 13, 1998 |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Gateway Village Historic District

abstract: The Gateway Village Historic District encompasses a World War I-era housing project on the east side of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Centered on Alanson Road, the project was developed in the later years of the war to provide emergency housing for workers in the city's munitions factories. It is a rare design attributed to the female-led architectural firm Mead & Schenk, led by Marcia Mead and Anna P. Schenk. Gateway Village is an early example of Garden City movement design. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

text:
# Gateway Village Historic District

The **Gateway Village Historic District** encompasses a World War I-era housing project on the east side of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Centered on Alanson Road, the project was developed in the later years of the war to provide emergency housing for workers in the city's munitions factories. It is a rare design attributed to the female-led architectural firm Mead & Schenk, led by Marcia Mead and Anna P. Schenk. Gateway Village is an early example of Garden City movement design. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## Description and history

Gateway Village is located on Bridgeport's East Side, occupying most of a block bounded by Connecticut Avenue, Stratford Avenue, Hewitt Street, and Waterman Street. It consists of a series of grouped rowhouses, all built out of brick in the Tudor Revival style. They are 2+12 stories in height, and share a common architectural vocabulary of dormered slate roofs, entries with bracketed shed roof hoods, and sash windows topped by pointed-arch lintels. Much of the complex is oriented around Alanson Road, which functions as a large courtyard space for many of the units.

The development begun in 1916, and was the first project of the Bridgeport Housing Company, which was established by the city to provide worker housing needed for the city's war-related businesses. The project was the design work of Mead & Schenk, a New York City firm that was one of the first to be headed by women and whose known works are small in number. The development is a good early example of design inspired by the Garden City movement.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Gateway Village Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| The central courtyard area on Alanson Road | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Waterman St., Connecticut Ave. and Alanson Ave., Bridgeport, Connecticut |
| Coordinates | 41°09′27″N 73°13′30″W / 41.15750°N 73.22500°W / 41.15750; -73.22500 (Gateway Village Historic District) |
| Area | 8.9 acres (3.6 ha) |
| Architect | Mead & Schenck |
| Architectural style | Tudor Revival |
| MPS | Wartime Emergency Housing in Bridgeport MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 90001429 |
| Added to NRHP | September 26, 1990 |


title: Gateway Town Center

abstract: Gateway Town Center is an indoor/outdoor shopping center located in the Jacksonville, Florida neighborhood of Brentwood, just off Interstate 95 at Golfair Boulevard and Norwood Avenue. Developed in the 1950s, it has 34 stores, and is anchored by Winn Dixie, Burlington and Roses. The mall originally consisted of a strip center with Food Fair, G. C. Murphy, J. C. Penney, Winn Dixie, and W. T. Grant. A 1967 expansion added the enclosed mall, anchored by a new J. C. Penney store and Jefferson Ward, later Zayre.

text:
# Gateway Town Center

**Gateway Town Center** (commonly called **Gateway Mall** or **Gateway**) is an indoor/outdoor shopping center located in the Jacksonville, Florida neighborhood of Brentwood, just off Interstate 95 (exit 355 and 356) at Golfair Boulevard and Norwood Avenue. Developed in the 1950s, it has 34 stores, and is anchored by Winn Dixie, Burlington and Roses.

The mall originally consisted of a strip center with Food Fair, G. C. Murphy, J. C. Penney, Winn Dixie, and W. T. Grant (later May-Cohen's). A 1967 expansion added the enclosed mall, anchored by a new J. C. Penney store and Jefferson Ward, later Zayre.

## History and Recent Activity

On October 28th 2019 Publix announced they would close the Gateway store leaving the center without an anchor. On November 26th Winn Dixie was approved into the Publix spot (Publix had not moved and Closed on December 28th 2019.)On February 12th 2020 Winn Dixie reopened in the former Publix store.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

Gateway Town Center
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Jacksonville, Florida, United States |
| Coordinates | 30°21′53″N 81°40′04″W / 30.364786°N 81.667874°W / 30.364786; -81.667874 |
| Address | 5000-7 Norwood Ave |
| Opening date | 1959 |
| Management | Gateway Retail Center LLC |
| Owner | Gator Investments |
| No. of stores and services | 34 |
| No. of anchor tenants | 3 |
| Total retail floor area | 700,000 sq ft (65,000 m2) |
| No. of floors | 1 |
| Parking | Surrounding sectional; free |
| Website | gatewaytownctr.com |


title: Tourism in Nunavut

abstract: Tourism in Nunavut focuses on outdoor activities and culture of the local Inuit, the indigenous people of Nunavut. Wildlife watching is a popular tourist attraction, as the territory is home to a number of wildlife and bird sanctuaries. It is possible to spot walrus, polar bears, a large variety of birds and belugas throughout Nunavut. Outdoor adventure activities are also popular. Nunavut has a wide and lengthy river system, meaning that there are a large number of canoeing and kayaking opportunities to suit experienced travellers. Nunavut's vast expanse of uninhabited territory offers many opportunities for hiking and camping. However, the region's often extreme conditions and remote location often necessitates a guide, even for experienced campers. Nunavut Tourism does not regularly publish tourism statistics. However, an exit survey conducted by the Department of Economic Development and Transportation between June and October 2008 revealed that 33,378 people visited Nunavut during that period, up from 28,802 in June–October 2006. The vast majority of visitors to Nunavut are Canadian, with 96% of travellers arriving from Canada. However, the leisure travel market is not as dominated by Canadian visitors, with 28% of foreign visitors.

text:
# Tourism in Nunavut

**Tourism in Nunavut** focuses on outdoor activities and culture of the local Inuit, the indigenous people of Nunavut. Wildlife watching is a popular tourist attraction, as the territory is home to a number of wildlife and bird sanctuaries. It is possible to spot walrus, polar bears, a large variety of birds and belugas throughout Nunavut. Outdoor adventure activities are also popular. Nunavut has a wide and lengthy river system, meaning that there are a large number of canoeing and kayaking opportunities to suit experienced travellers. Nunavut's vast expanse of uninhabited territory offers many opportunities for hiking and camping. However, the region's often extreme conditions and remote location often necessitates a guide, even for experienced campers.

Nunavut Tourism does not regularly publish tourism statistics. However, an exit survey conducted by the Department of Economic Development and Transportation between June and October 2008 revealed that 33,378 people visited Nunavut during that period, up from 28,802 in June–October 2006. The vast majority of visitors to Nunavut are Canadian, with 96% of travellers arriving from Canada. However, the leisure travel market is not as dominated by Canadian visitors, with 28% of foreign visitors.

## Attractions

Nunavut features a number of outdoor adventure activity opportunities as a result of the territory's vast uninhabited area. Wildlife watching is one particularly popular activity - the territory is home to walrus and belugas, as well as eleven bird sanctuaries housing millions of birds. Muskox are also spread throughout Nunavut, although the territory's tourism authority does not promote 'muskox watching' trips specifically. The territory is also home to a population of polar bears, and trips designed to increase tourists' chances of spotting a polar bear are common. A number of private operators offer wildlife, bird, polar and whale watching tours, in addition to other activities.

Other popular activities for tourists in Nunavut involve the Canadian territory's vast opportunities for adventuring. Canoeing and kayaking are possible on the territory's lengthy rivers, with the Thelon River being the most famous of these. This river is most popular during summer - despite not having road access direct to the river, many visitors participate in kayaking or canoeing along the river each year, as it is not as difficult to navigate as some of the other rivers in Nunavut. Another popular outdoor adventure activity is hiking. Nunavut Tourism promotes Nunavut as having a number of short and long hikes available to tourists, with camping possible in the middle of "caribou birthing grounds... \[and at Whale Cove,\] at the river, teeming with chirping white whales." However, due to Nunavut's rugged terrain and often extreme conditions, Nunavut Tourism recommends the use of a guide for all campers and hikers staying the night outdoors to enhance safety.

One tourism activity unique to the Arctic North is iceberg watching. During the summer season of April to July, it is possible to watch icebergs moving down rivers while the ice around them melts. In addition, watching the floe edge is also a popular activity due to wildlife movement during this time. Whales can often be seen swimming metres from the ice, polar bears can be observed swimming briefly in the icy water and amphibious animals often bring themselves up onto dry land or onto the ice to sunbathe.

## Statistics

Nunavut Tourism did not, as of 2002, produce detailed statistics about tourism numbers, trends and characteristics. However, by 2010, this appeared to have changed, with Nunavut Tourism providing media outlets with general figures on trends in tourism in Nunavut. Tourism brings approximately CAD $30 million to Nunavut's economy each year according to Nunavut Tourism, with one in five of its tourists arriving on cruise ships. Between June and October 2008, 33,378 people visited Nunavut by air and sea, according to the territory's Department of Economic Development and Transportation. This is an almost 16 percent increase on the number of people who visited Nunavut by air and sea during the same period in 2006, which was 28,802 people. The average age of people arriving in Nunavut was 46 during the period in 2008 that the Department of Economic Development and Transportation conducted its survey, and the majority of visitors were in the territory for business purposes. 96 percent of all business travellers entering the territory were domestic travellers (Canadian residents). However, among the leisure traveller sub-group, the proportion of domestic travellers declines - Canadians make up only 72 percent of the leisure traveller arrival numbers, with travellers from the United States (20 percent) and other countries (8 percent) making up the difference. September and July account for 46 percent of arrivals, making them the busiest arrival months.

The most popular tourist destination among arrivals to Nunavut was Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island), home to the territory's capital, Iqaluit. Visitors to Baffin Island comprised 63 percent of all travellers to Nunavut. 11 percent visited the Kivalliq Region, seven percent travelled to the Kitikmeot Region and the remainder were cruise ship passengers who visited a number of Nunavut towns during their journeys. 76 percent of visitors to the Kivalliq Region travelled for business, leisure tourism was the most popular reason given for travel to the Kitikmeot Region, and visiting friends and family was the most popular reason given for travel to Baffin Island. 21 cruise ships visited Nunavut communities in 2009.

## Market issues

In the 2002 Nunavut Tourism publication *The Time is Right: A Vision and Strategy for Tourism Development in Nunavut*, a number of issues facing Nunavut tourism operators were highlighted. One major issue for the Nunavut tourism industry is the territory's remote nature. This imposes high travel costs on visitors to Nunavut, and drives tourism numbers down. In addition, Nunavut's position north of the Arctic Circle reduces the opportunity for spring activities, and results in a highly seasonally based tourism market. This limits opportunities for year-round employment in the territory. Many tourism organisations and operators faced difficulty attracting high-quality staff members to their ranks, and experienced high levels of turnover. There are limited links between tourism operators, inhibiting opportunities for inter-sector growth.

A number of governmental and human resource issues also exist. Employees in the tourism industry are often poorly trained and tourism operators also face high staff turnover. A lack of interest in tourism development also exists in many Nunavut governmental organisations as well as in the private sector, and a policy put in place to prevent "market disruption" by new businesses has led to many businesses being denied licences to operate due to the new competition they would bring to the market. This policy has not only acted to the detriment of competition in the tourism sector but has also limited the opportunities for industry growth. Finally, a lack of in-depth and relevant statistics about trends and growth in tourism in Nunavut has prevented businesses from planning for their short- and long-term futures.


title: Metallographeus

abstract:
Metallographeus is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
  - Metallographeus albolineatus Breuning, 1970
  - Metallographeus angolensis Breuning, 1978
  - Metallographeus ghanaensis Breuning, 1978

text:
# Metallographeus

***Metallographeus*** is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Metallographeus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Genus: | ***Metallographeus*** |
|


title: Mesoporous silicate

abstract: Mesoporous silicates are silicates with a special morphology.

text:
# Mesoporous silicate

**Mesoporous silicates** are silicates with a special morphology.

## Background

Porous inorganic solids have found great utility as catalysts and sorption media because of their large internal surface area, i.e. the presence of voids of controllable dimensions at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales. With increasing environmental concerns worldwide, nanoporous materials have become more important and useful for the separation of polluting species and the recovery of useful ones. In recent years there has been great progress in applying environmentally friendly zeolites in heterogeneous reaction catalysis. The reason for their success is related to their specific features in converting molecules having kinetic diameter below 1 nm, but they become inadequate when reactants with sizes above the dimensions of the pores have to be processed. Research efforts to synthesize zeolites with larger pore diameter, high structural stability and catalytic activity have not given the expected results yet.

## Characteristics

The discovery of a new family of mesoporous molecular sieves in the early 1990s by Kuroda et al., known as KSW-1 and FSM-16, and by ExxonMobil, called M41S, opened new possibilities to prepare catalysts for reactions of relatively large molecules. The silicate wall of the pores is amorphous. Mesoporous silicates, such as MCM-41 and SBA-15 (the most common mesoporous silicates), are porous silicates with huge surface areas (normally ≥1000 m2/g), large pore sizes (2 nm ≤ size ≤ 20 nm) and ordered arrays of cylindrical mesopores with very regular pore morphology. The large surface areas of these solids increase the probability that a reactant molecule in solution will come into contact with the catalyst surface and react. The large pore size and ordered pore morphology allow one to be sure that the reactant molecules are small enough to diffuse into the pores.

1. Yanagisawa, T.; Shimizu, T.; Kuroda, K.; Kato, C. *Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.* 1990, **63**, 988.
2. Inagaki, S.; Fukushima, Y.; Kuroda, K. *J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.* 1993, **8**, 680.
3. Kresge, C. T.; Leonowicz, M. E.; Roth, W. J.; Vartuli J.C.; Beck J. S. *Nature*, 1992, **359**, 710.


title: Gastrotheca dendronastes

abstract:
Gastrotheca dendronastes is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae.
It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Gastrotheca dendronastes

***Gastrotheca dendronastes*** is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Gastrotheca dendronastes* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hemiphractidae |
| Genus: | *Gastrotheca* |
| Species: | ***G. dendronastes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gastrotheca dendronastes***
Duellman, 1983 | |
|


title: Toxic Terror (book)

abstract: Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (2000) is a MIT Press book edited by Jonathan B. Tucker which has twelve chapters by different authors discussing use of chemical and biological weapons by terrorists from 1946 to 1998. Only three groups caused "mass casualties" and only one attack approached terrorism. The book therefore shows that the groups were not able to achieve much damage with these unconventional weapons, contrary to warnings of an extreme threat.

text:
# Toxic Terror (book)

***Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons*** (2000) is a MIT Press book edited by Jonathan B. Tucker which has twelve chapters by different authors discussing use of chemical and biological weapons by terrorists from 1946 to 1998. Only three groups caused "mass casualties" and only one attack (the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack) approached terrorism. The book therefore shows that the groups were not able to achieve much damage with these unconventional weapons, contrary to warnings of an extreme threat.


title: Toxic Two

abstract: Toxic Two was an electronic music production duo of New York City DJs Damon Wilber and Ray Laurie, using the names Damon Wild and Ray Love, who had a UK top 20 hit single in 1992.

text:
# Toxic Two

**Toxic Two** was an electronic music production duo of New York City DJs Damon Wilber and Ray Laurie, using the names Damon Wild and Ray Love, who had a UK top 20 hit single in 1992.

## History

The duo only produced two singles under the Toxic Two name, namely "Rave Generator" and "Chemical Reaction". "Rave Generator" - in essence, a bootleg remix of Frank de Wulf's track "Pure Pleasure" - entered the UK singles chart in March 1992, and rose to its peak at no. 13 in its third week on the charts. The duo performed the song on Top Of The Pops on 12 March 1992.

## InfoBox

| Toxic Two | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | United States of America |
| Genres | Rave |
| Years active | 1991–92 |
| Labels | PWL |
|  | |
| Past members | * Damon Wild * Ray Love |


title: Metanarsia piskunovi

abstract: Metanarsia piskunovi is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Mongolia and Qinghai, China. The length of the forewings is 10–11 mm. Adults are on wing from July to early August.

text:
# Metanarsia piskunovi

***Metanarsia piskunovi*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Mongolia and Qinghai, China.

The length of the forewings is 10–11 mm. Adults are on wing from July to early August.

## InfoBox

| *Metanarsia piskunovi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Metanarsia* |
| Species: | ***M. piskunovi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metanarsia piskunovi***<br>Bidzilya, 2005 | |
|


title: Messenger College

abstract: Messenger College is a private Pentecostal college in Bedford, Texas. The institution is accredited through the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) and its students are eligible for federal student aid programs. Messenger College offers Bachelor of Arts and Associate of Arts degrees. Distance learning is offered through Messenger College On-Line.

text:
# Messenger College

**Messenger College** is a private Pentecostal college in Bedford, Texas. The institution is accredited through the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) and its students are eligible for federal student aid programs. Messenger College offers Bachelor of Arts and Associate of Arts degrees. Distance learning is offered through Messenger College On-Line.

## History

**Joplin Era**

In September 1987, Messenger College was created by the merging of two collegiate institutions. In November 1983, the Pentecostal Church of God, the sponsoring organization of the two denominational colleges in the United States, elected to merge those institutions into one college in Joplin, Missouri, the host city of its international headquarters. Southern Bible College in Houston, Texas and Evangelical Christian College in Fresno, California were closed and the resources moved to Joplin, Missouri to create Messenger College. Messenger College was opened in newly constructed facilities on 16 acres (65,000 m2) of wooded property across from the international offices of the church denomination.

It is the Pentecostal Church of God's national collegiate institution, serving as the organization's educational arm for its ministers, missionaries, teachers, and other professionals to serve its constituency and others in the United States and abroad.

During the 2011 tornado that devastated the city of Joplin, Messenger College and The Pentecostal Church of God opened its doors to the people of Joplin for emergency relief, housing, and some day care services.

**Dallas-Fort Worth Era**

In 2012, Messenger College relocated its campus to Euless, Texas, in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. In 2018, Messenger College relocated again to Bedford, Texas still in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, united once again with the campus of the Pentecostal Church of God's International Missions Center.

## Academics

**Major Programs**

Messenger College offers two major programs, Christian Ministry and Christian Counseling.

In Christian Ministry there are seven different concentrations that can be applied to the degree: Student Ministry, Worship Ministry, Inter-Cultural Ministry, Pastoral Ministry, Biblical Studies, Discipleship Ministry, and Administration and Leadership. These concentrations allow for a deeper connection to the specific area of ministry a student is hoping to work in.

The Christian Ministry major program can be followed through a one-year certification, a two-year associates, or a four-year bachelor's degree. The Christian Counseling program can only be followed through a four-year bachelor's degree.

## InfoBox

Messenger College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | Developing world changing Pentecostal leaders for the 21st century. |
| Type | private |
| Established | 1987 |
| Affiliation | Pentecostal Church of God |
| President | James Rayburn |
| Vice-president | Angela Heppner and Candace Rayburn |
| Location | Bedford, Texas, United States
32°49′52″N 97°06′01″W / 32.83114°N 97.10023°W / 32.83114; -97.10023 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Colors | Red, White, and Blue |
| Nickname | MC, Messenger |
| Mascot | Eagles |
| Website | Messenger College |


title: Messenger Monsey

abstract: Messenger Monsey was an English physician and humorist. He became physician to the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, a home for injured and elderly soldiers. Known for his eccentricity and ill manners, he is described in the diaries of Fanny Burney as "Dr. Monso, a strange gross man".

text:
# Messenger Monsey

**Messenger Monsey** (October 1694 – 26 December 1788) was an English physician and humorist. He became physician to the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, a home for injured and elderly soldiers. Known for his eccentricity and ill manners, he is described in the diaries of Fanny Burney as "Dr. Monso, a strange gross man".

## Early life

Monsey, son of Robert Monsey, a non-juror cleric, and Mary (daughter of Roger Clopton, rector of Downham), was born at Hackford with Whitwell, Norfolk, and educated at home, then at Woodbridge School and Pembroke College, Cambridge (BA, 1714), before studying medicine under Sir Benjamin Wrench MD of Norwich (died 1747). Monsey was admitted to the Royal College of Physicians in 1723. He then practised in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, where he never earned more than £300 a year, but married well.

## Move to London

Monsey was lucky enough to be called to treat Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin, who was taken ill with apoplexy on the way to Newmarket. Godolphin – taken with Monsey's skill, raucous sense of humour and insolent familiarity – persuaded him to move to London, where he introduced him to patients such as the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole, Lord Chesterfield and other prominent Whigs. Monsey also built up literary connections. For many years he paid court to the bluestocking Elizabeth Montagu, writing rhymed letters to her in the style of Swift. His friendship with David Garrick was broken after a quarrel. Dr Johnson disapproved of his coarse wit.

According to William Munk, "Monsey maintained his original plainness of manners, and with an unreserved sincerity sometimes spoke truth in a manner that gave offence; and as old age approached, he acquired an asperity of behaviour and a neglect of decorum.... As a physician he adhered to the tenets of the Boerhaavian school, and despised modern improvements in theory and practice." Monsey was a free-thinker in religious matters, or as Munk put it, "he shook off the manacles of superstition \[and\] he fell into the comfortless bigotry of scepticism." One man whom Monsey admired was the Dutch-born physician, philosopher and satirist Bernard Mandeville. Monsey's copy of Mandeville's *The Fable of the Bees* survives in the library of Sir John Soane's Museum, London, to which he presented it in 1781.

## Legacy

Anecdotes about Monsey's eccentricities and unseemly language were collected after his death. He held his appointment to Chelsea Hospital, also obtained through Godolphin, until his death there on 26 December 1788 aged 94, after which he was dissected in a post mortem examination before students of Guy's Hospital, as he had requested. An extensive medical and personal correspondence between Monsey and the noted Norwich physician and philanthropist Benjamin Gooch survives in the British Library. On his death Monsey left £16,000 to his only daughter Charlotte, who had married William Alexander, brother to James Alexander, 1st Earl of Caledon.

## Further reading


title: Townsend Farmhouse

abstract: The Townsend Farmhouse is a historic residence near Hollywood, Alabama. The farm is situated at the base of Poorhouse Mountain, and consists of the main house, built circa 1870; a two-room log house, built circa 1860 and today used for storage; and several outbuildings dating from the mid-20th century and later. The center-hall house has a gable roof, with a tall, cross-gable pediment. The exterior is clad in clapboard atop the rough-cut limestone block foundation. Two limestone chimneys project from the gable ends. The front porch and entry exhibit Folk Victorian details. A three-bay ell extends from the rear of the house. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

text:
# Townsend Farmhouse

The **Townsend Farmhouse** is a historic residence near Hollywood, Alabama. The farm is situated at the base of Poorhouse Mountain, and consists of the main house, built circa 1870; a two-room log house, built circa 1860 and today used for storage; and several outbuildings dating from the mid-20th century and later. The center-hall house has a gable roof, with a tall, cross-gable pediment. The exterior is clad in clapboard atop the rough-cut limestone block foundation. Two limestone chimneys project from the gable ends. The front porch and entry exhibit Folk Victorian details. A three-bay ell extends from the rear of the house. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Townsend Farmhouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Cty Rte 34, E side, 0.8 mi. N of Cty Rte 234, Hollywood, Alabama |
| Coordinates | 34°46′30″N 85°59′32″W / 34.77500°N 85.99222°W / 34.77500; -85.99222 |
| Area | 6.7 acres (2.7 ha) |
| Built | 1870 (1870) |
| Architectural style | Folk Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 05000838 |
| Added to NRHP | August 11, 2005 |


title: Townsend Haines

abstract: Townsend Haines was an American politician and judge from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1827 to 1828. He served as Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

text:
# Townsend Haines

**Townsend Haines** (January 7, 1792 – October 5, 1865) was an American politician and judge from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County from 1827 to 1828. He served as Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

## Early life

Townsend Haines was born on January 7, 1792, in West Chester, Pennsylvania, to Ann (née Ryant) and Caleb Haines. His father was a Loyalist during the Revolutionary War and was a refugee in Nova Scotia until he received amnesty. In October 1809, Haines studied at the school of Enoch Lewis in New Garden Township. In 1815, he studied Latin under Mr. Glass in West Chester. He then studied the law under Judge Isaac Darlington and was admitted to the bar on February 7, 1818.

## Career

Haines first practiced law in the orphans' court.

Haines was elected as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Chester County in 1826 and was re-elected in 1827. In 1846, he was a candidate for the U.S. Congress as a Whig. Under Governor William F. Johnston, he served as Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. In 1851, he was elected president judge of the 15th judicial district, comprising Chester and Delaware counties. He served in that role for ten years.

## Personal life

Haines married. His wife died in 1865.

Haines died on October 5, 1865, at his home in West Chester.

## InfoBox

| Townsend Haines | |
| --- | --- |
| Haines in a 1899 publication | |
|  | |
| Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania | |
| **In office**
1848–1850 | |
| Preceded by | Jesse Miller |
| Succeeded by | Alexander L. Russel |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the Chester County district | |
| **In office**
1827–1828 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1792-01-07)January 7, 1792
West Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | October 5, 1865(1865-10-05) (aged 73)
West Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Whig |
| Occupation | * Politician * judge * lawyer |
|  | |


title: Mesopotamocnus

abstract: Mesopotamocnus is an extinct genus of megalonychid ground sloth that lived during the Late Miocene in what is now Argentina. Fossils have been found in the Ituzaingó Formation of Argentina.

text:
# Mesopotamocnus

***Mesopotamocnus*** is an extinct genus of megalonychid ground sloth that lived during the Late Miocene in what is now Argentina. Fossils have been found in the Ituzaingó Formation of Argentina.

## Etymology

The generic name, *Mesopotamocnus*, is derived from "Mesopotam", from its geographic provenance, Mesopotamia, which in turn means "between rivers" in Greek, and -ocnus, meaning "lazy" or "slow" which is commonly used to name extinct sloths. The specific name, *brevirostrum*, means "short snout".

## Taxonomy

*Mesopotamocnus* (as *"Ortotherium" brevirostrum"*) was originally assigned to the Nothrotheriidae however, the genus *Ortotherium* is currently considered to be a megalonychid, without being assigned to a particular clade such as Ortotheriinae, Megalocninae or Megalonychinae. Furthermore, most of the genera and species that were traditionally considered nothrotheres are now considered members of the Nothrotheriinae, such as *Nothrotherium*, *Nothropus*, *Pronothrotherium*, *Nothrotheriops*, and *Mionothropus*, or as basal Megatherioidea such as *Hapalops*, *Schismotherium*, and *Pelecyodon*.

## InfoBox

| *Mesopotamocnus*
Temporal range: Late Miocene (Huayquerian)
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Pilosa |
| Family: | Megalonychidae |
| Genus: | *Mesopotamocnus*
Brandoni *et al.*, 2014 |
| Species: | ***M. brevirostrum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mesopotamocnus brevirostrum***
(Bordas, 1942) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Ortotherium brevirostrum* (Bordas, 1942) | |


title: Mesopredator release hypothesis

abstract: The mesopredator release hypothesis is an ecological theory used to describe the interrelated population dynamics between apex predators and mesopredators within an ecosystem, such that a collapsing population of the former results in dramatically increased populations of the latter. This hypothesis describes the phenomenon of trophic cascade in specific terrestrial communities. A mesopredator is a medium-sized, middle trophic level predator, which both preys and is preyed upon. Examples are raccoons, skunks, snakes, cownose rays, and small sharks.

text:
# Mesopredator release hypothesis

The **mesopredator release hypothesis** is an ecological theory used to describe the interrelated population dynamics between apex predators and mesopredators within an ecosystem, such that a collapsing population of the former results in dramatically increased populations of the latter. This hypothesis describes the phenomenon of trophic cascade in specific terrestrial communities.

A mesopredator is a medium-sized, middle trophic level predator, which both preys and is preyed upon. Examples are raccoons, skunks, snakes, cownose rays, and small sharks.

## The hypothesis

The term "mesopredator release" was first used by Soulé and colleagues in 1988 to describe a process whereby mid-sized carnivorous mammals became far more abundant after being "released" from the control of a larger carnivore. This, in turn, resulted in decreased populations of still smaller prey species, such as birds. This may lead to dramatic prey population decline, or even extinction, especially on islands. This process arises when mammalian top predators are considered to be the most influential factor on trophic structure and biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. Top predators may feed on herbivores and kill predators in lower trophic levels as well. Thus, reduction in the abundance of top predators may cause the medium-sized predator population to increase, therefore having a negative effect on the underlying prey community. The mesopredator release hypothesis offers an explanation for the abnormally high numbers of mesopredators and the decline in prey abundance and diversity. The hypothesis supports the argument for conservation of top predators because they protect smaller prey species that are in danger of extinction. This argument has been a subject of interest within conservation biology for years, but few studies have adequately documented the phenomenon.

## Criticism

One of the main criticisms of the mesopredator release hypothesis is that it argues in favor of the top-down control concept and excludes the possible impacts that bottom-up control could have on higher trophic levels. This means that it supports the argument that top predators control the structure and population dynamics of an ecosystem, but it does not take into account that prey species and primary producers also have an effect on the ecosystem's structure. Furthermore, populations of smaller predators do not *always* increase after the removal of top predators; in fact, they sometimes decline sharply. Another problem is that the hypothesis is offered as an explanation after large predators have already become rare or extinct in an ecosystem. Consequently, there is no data on the past ecosystem structure and the hypothesis cannot be tested. As a result, information on the past conditions has been inferred from studies of the present conditions. However, contemporary examples of mesopredator release exist, such as the culling of cats on Macquarie Island.

The hypothesis is sometimes also applied to humans as apex predators that produce top-down effects on lower trophic levels. However, it fails to recognize bottom-up effects that anthropogenic land transformations can have on landscapes on which primary producers, prey species, and mesopredators dwell. Possible bottom-up effects on an ecosystem can be from bioclimatic impacts on ecosystem productivity and from anthropogenic habitat alterations. Examples of anthropogenic habitat change include agriculture, grazing land, and urbanization. More importantly, the hypothesis does not take into account that higher trophic levels are affected by primary productivity. It also does not mention that trophic interactions operate at different strengths according to the ecosystem. Therefore, the roles of predation and food/nutrient processes in influencing ecosystem structures remain open to controversy and further testing.

## Other release hypotheses

The mesopredator release hypothesis has also inspired other "release hypotheses". For example, the "mesoscavenger release hypothesis", which proposes that when large, efficient, scavenger populations decline (such as vultures), small, less efficient, mesoscavenger populations increase (such as rats). However, this type of release is different. In the mesoscavenger release hypothesis, mesoscavengers are being released from competition for food, whereas, in the mesopredator release hypothesis, mesopredators are being released from direct predation from the apex predators.


title: Metabotropic receptor

abstract: A metabotropic receptor, also referred to by the broader term G-protein-coupled receptor, is a type of membrane receptor that initiates a number of metabolic steps to modulate cell activity. The nervous system utilizes two types of receptors: metabotropic and ionotropic receptors. While ionotropic receptors form an ion channel pore, metabotropic receptors are indirectly linked with ion channels through signal transduction mechanisms, such as G proteins. Both receptor types are activated by specific chemical ligands. When an ionotropic receptor is activated, it opens a channel that allows ions such as Na+, K+, or Cl− to flow. In contrast, when a metabotropic receptor is activated, a series of intracellular events are triggered that can also result in ion channels opening or other intracellular events, but involve a range of second messenger chemicals.

text:
# Metabotropic receptor

A **metabotropic receptor**, also referred to by the broader term G-protein-coupled receptor, is a type of membrane receptor that initiates a number of metabolic steps to modulate cell activity. The nervous system utilizes two types of receptors: **metabotropic** and ionotropic receptors. While ionotropic receptors form an ion channel pore, metabotropic receptors are indirectly linked with ion channels through signal transduction mechanisms, such as G proteins.

Both receptor types are activated by specific chemical ligands. When an ionotropic receptor is activated, it opens a channel that allows ions such as Na+, K+, or Cl to flow. In contrast, when a metabotropic receptor is activated, a series of intracellular events are triggered that can also result in ion channels opening or other intracellular events, but involve a range of second messenger chemicals.

## Mechanism

Chemical messengers bind to metabotropic receptors to initiate a diversity of effects caused by biochemical signaling cascades. G protein-coupled receptors are all metabotropic receptors. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, a guanine nucleotide-binding protein, or G protein, activates a second messenger cascade which can alter gene transcription, regulate other proteins in the cell, release intracellular Ca2+, or directly affect ion channels on the membrane. These receptors can remain open from seconds to minutes and are associated with long-lasting effects, such as modifying synaptic strength and modulating short- and long-term synaptic plasticity.

Metabotropic receptors have a diversity of ligands, including but not limited to: small molecule transmitters, monoamines, peptides, hormones, and even gases. In comparison to fast-acting neurotransmitters, these ligands are not taken up again or degraded quickly. They can also enter the circulatory system to globalize a signal. Most metabotropic ligands have unique receptors. Some examples include: metabotropic glutamate receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, GABAB receptors.

## Structure

The G protein-coupled receptors have seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains. Most of them are monomeric proteins, although GABAB receptors require heterodimerization to function properly. The protein's N terminus is located on the extracellular side of the membrane and its C terminus is on the intracellular side.

The 7 transmembrane spanning domains, with an external amino terminus, are often claimed as being alpha helix shaped, and the polypeptide chain is said to be composed of around 450550 amino acids.

## Further reading

* Zimmerberg, B. 2002. Dopamine receptors: A representative family of metabotropic receptors. Multimedia Neuroscience Education Project


title: Garzón Airport

abstract: La Jagua Airport is an airport serving the town of Garzón, in the Huila Department of Colombia. The airport is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southwest of the town, near the village of La Jagua.

text:
# Garzón Airport

**La Jagua Airport** (ICAO: **SKGZ**) is an airport serving the town of Garzón, in the Huila Department of Colombia. The airport is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southwest of the town, near the village of La Jagua.

## InfoBox

| La Jagua Airport<br>Garzón Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Serves | Garzón, Colombia |
| Elevation AMSL | 2,620 ft / 799 m |
| Coordinates | 2°08′45″N 75°41′40″W / 2.14583°N 75.69444°W / 2.14583; -75.69444 |
| Map | |
| **SKGZ**Location of the airport in Colombia | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  05/23 1,530 5,020 Grass | |
| Sources: GCM HERE Maps | |


title: Gathering of Nations Pow Wow 1999

abstract: Gathering of Nations Pow Wow 1999 is a compilation album by various artists, released on May 23, 2000. The album features music from the annual event "Gathering of Nations Pow Wow" in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It contains live recordings from the 1999 event with 19 different drum groups from various Native American tribes. It received the Grammy Award for Best Native American Music Album in 2001, the first time this award was held. AllMusic recommends the album to anyone who is already a fan of powwow music, "simply because it is an exceptionally high quality recording."

text:
# Gathering of Nations Pow Wow 1999

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Gathering of Nations Pow Wow 1999*** is a compilation album by various artists, released on May 23, 2000. The album features music from the annual event "Gathering of Nations Pow Wow" in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It contains live recordings from the 1999 event with 19 different drum groups from various Native American tribes. It received the Grammy Award for Best Native American Music Album in 2001, the first time this award was held. AllMusic recommends the album to anyone who is already a fan of powwow music, "simply because it is an exceptionally high quality recording."

## Track listing

1. "SR Girls Fancy" (Tribe)  3:32
2. "Women's Cloth" (Wild Horse)  3:36
3. "Tiny Tots" (Point)  4:02
4. "Men's Grass" (Seekaskootch)  3:42
5. "Boy's Northern Traditional" (Southern Cree)  3:19
6. "Teen Girl's Fancy" (Clay)  3:20
7. "Ladies Jingle" (Stoney Park)  3:27
8. "Ladies Shawl" (The Boyz)  3:12
9. "Girl's Jingle" (Eagle)  3:31
10. "Ladies Cloth" (Springs)  4:00
11. "Men's Grass" (High Noon)  2:27
12. "Men's Norther Fancy" (Maskquaki Nation)  3:04
13. "Boy's Fancy" (MGM)  1:52
14. "Men's Northern Traditional" (Painted Horse)  4:14
15. "Ladies Cloth" (Northern Cree Singers)  3:09
16. "Teen Jingle" (Tribe)  3:24
17. "Men's Grass" (Southern Cree)  4:35
18. "Jr. Boy's Traditional" (Trailmix)  2:52
19. "Teen Jingle" (Point)  2:48

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Gathering of Nations Pow Wow 1999 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by various artists | |
| Released | May 23, 2000 |
| Genre | Native American music |
| Length | 61:26 |
| Label | Soar |
| Producer | Douglas Spotted Eagle, Tom Bee (executive producer) |


title: Toxicodendron orientale

abstract: Toxicodendron orientale is an allergenic East Asian flowering plant in the genus Toxicodendron. The species was first characterized and named by Edward Lee Greene in 1905. T. orientale is known to grow in Sakhalin, Japan, Taiwan, South central China, and South Korea. It was introduced to parts of Uzbekistan.

text:
# Toxicodendron orientale

***Toxicodendron orientale*** (**Asian poison ivy**) is an allergenic East Asian flowering plant in the genus *Toxicodendron*. The species was first characterized and named by Edward Lee Greene in 1905. *T. orientale* is known to grow in Sakhalin, Japan, Taiwan, South central China, and South Korea. It was introduced to parts of Uzbekistan.

## Description

*Toxicodendron orientale* is a climbing vine that grows on trees or other supports. The deciduous leaves of *T. orientale* are trifoliate and grow to be 3-10 cm in length. Young branches are covered with small brown hairs that turn into red lenticels as the branches mature.

*T. orientale* flowers from May to June. The small yellow-green flowers grow in groups from the leaf axils. The flowers mature into yellow-brown fruit in August to September.

## Caution

All parts of *Toxicodendron orientale* contain urushiol, which is known to cause severe contact dermatitis.

## InfoBox

| *Toxicodendron orientale* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Toxicodendron orientale*, Fukushima Prefect, Japan | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | *Toxicodendron* |
| Species: | ***T. orientale*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Toxicodendron orientale***<br>Greene | |
|


title: Mesosaur

abstract: Mesosaurs were a group of small aquatic reptiles that lived during the early Permian period (Cisuralian), roughly 299 to 270 million years ago. Mesosaurs were the first known aquatic reptiles, having apparently returned to an aquatic lifestyle from more terrestrial ancestors. It is uncertain which and how many terrestrial traits these ancestors displayed; recent research cannot establish with confidence if the first amniotes were fully terrestrial, or only amphibious. Most authors consider mesosaurs to have been aquatic, although adult animals may have been amphibious, rather than completely aquatic, as indicated by their moderate skeletal adaptations to a semiaquatic lifestyle. Similarly, their affinities are uncertain; they may have been among the most basal sauropsids or among the most basal parareptiles.

text:
# Mesosaur

**Mesosaurs** ("middle lizards") were a group of small aquatic reptiles that lived during the early Permian period (Cisuralian), roughly 299 to 270 million years ago. Mesosaurs were the first known aquatic reptiles, having apparently returned to an aquatic lifestyle from more terrestrial ancestors. It is uncertain which and how many terrestrial traits these ancestors displayed; recent research cannot establish with confidence if the first amniotes were fully terrestrial, or only amphibious. Most authors consider mesosaurs to have been aquatic, although adult animals may have been amphibious, rather than completely aquatic, as indicated by their moderate skeletal adaptations to a semiaquatic lifestyle. Similarly, their affinities are uncertain; they may have been among the most basal sauropsids or among the most basal parareptiles (in the case of which parareptiles were basal sauropsids).

## Phylogeny

The phylogenetic position of mesosaurs has an important bearing on the definition of Reptilia. In one of the first major phylogenetic studies of amniotes (vertebrates laying eggs on land) Gauthier *et al.* (1988) placed Mesosauridae in a group called Parareptilia. Parareptilia means "at the side of reptiles" and was placed outside the clade Reptilia, which was considered a crown group. As a crown group, Reptilia included the most recent common ancestor of the then believed to be the two main lineages of living reptiles – anapsids (specifically turtles) and diapsids (all other living reptiles) – and all descendants of that common ancestor. This view of placing turtles outside of diapsids is now outdated and the majority of modern paleontologists believe that the Testudines (turtles and allies) are descended from diapsid reptiles that lost their temporal fenestrae. More recent morphological phylogenetic studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within diapsids, and, more commonly, as a sister taxon to Archosauria (made up of crocodiles, dinosaurs – including birds – and allies). Furthermore, Anapsida is rarely considered a valid clade in recent phylogenetic analyses. In this sense, Reptilia was a node-based taxon because the first reptilian common ancestor would have been a "node" on the phylogenetic tree. Under this phylogeny, many extinct forms traditionally regarded as reptiles including mesosaurs were excluded from the group because they were outside the node.

The study of Laurin and Reisz (1995) was the second major phylogenetic analysis of amniotes. Like Gauthier *et al.*, Laurin and Reisz used Reptilia as a crown group and placed mesosaurs outside the group. Their phylogeny differed in that the parareptiles of Gauthier *et al.* were now regarded as close relatives of turtles, within crown group Reptilia. Laurin and Reisz adopted the name Sauropsida as a node-based taxon including the last common ancestor of mesosaurs and Reptilia. Traditionally, amniotes are divided into two groups: a mammal lineage called Synapsida and a reptile lineage called either Reptilia or Sauropsida. In fact, the study of Gauthier (1994) defined Sauropsida as all amniotes more closely related to reptiles than to mammals, which meant that Sauropsida was a stem-based taxon encompassing the entire reptilian lineage or reptilian "stem" of Amniota (Synapsida was the mammalian stem). Under this phylogeny, the only group that prevents Sauropsida from being equivalent to Reptilia is mesosaurs.

More recent phylogenetic analyses, such as that of Modesto (1999), support that of Gauthier *et al.* (1988) by placing mesosaurs with parareptiles. However, these phylogenies follow Laurin and Reisz (1995) in placing Parareptilia within crown-group Reptilia, meaning that mesosaurs are once again members of Reptilia. Using Laurin and Reisz's node-based definition of Sauropsida as "The last common ancestor of mesosaurs, testudines and diapsids, and all its descendants", Sauropsida and Reptilia are equivalent groupings; mesosaurs and testudines are more closely related to each other than either group is to diapsids,\[a\] meaning that the clade containing testudines and diapsids (which would be crown-group Reptilia) must also contain mesosaurs. Since Reptilia was named earlier than Sauropsida, it is used most often in modern phylogenetic analyses.

A 2017 phylogenetic analysis by Laurin (who had previously published the 1995 study) and Piñeiro recovered mesosaurs as a basal member of Sauropsida/Reptilia and no longer present within Parareptilia, with Parareptilia being redefined as including former members of Procolophonomorpha (found to be paraphyletic), Millerosauria, Pareiasauria, and Pantestudines, with the latter two being found to be sister groups to one another. Parareptilia was also found to actually nest inside Diapsida as the sister group to Neodiapsida.

In 2012 it was revealed that *Mesosaurus* has holes at the back of the skull called lower temporal fenestrae, a characteristic once thought to be present only in synapsids and diapsids. This confirmed the previous results of German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene, already published in 1941 The condition in the skull of *Mesosaurus* is most similar to that in synapsid skulls because both lack the upper temporal fenestrae of diapsids. Lower temporal fenestrae are so far known only in *Mesosaurus*, but may be present in all mesosaurs. The presence or absence of temporal fenestrae is an important consideration in the phylogeny of mesosaurs and other amniotes because the three major groups of amniotes -Synapsida, Diapsida, and Anapsida- have been named after the number of holes in their skull; Diapsida means "two arches" in reference to the two bars that close off the upper and lower fenestra, Synapsida means "fused arch" in reference to a single bar at the bottom of the skull closing a single fenestra, and Anapsida means "no arch" in reference to skulls that lack any bars or fenestrae. Mesosaurs were traditionally classified as anapsids because they were thought to have lacked temporal fenestrae. However, the occurrence of fenestrae in amniotes has been recognized a highly variable feature within the group for many years prior to their discovery in *Mesosaurus*; many anapsids such as *Candelaria*, *Bolosaurus*, and lanthanosuchoids possess lower temporal fenestrae.

The phylogenetic position of mesosaurs influences the current understanding of how amniotes evolved temporal fenestrae. If the phylogeny produced by Laurin and Reisz (1995) is correct in that mesosaurs are basal sauropsids, the lower temporal fenestra may be a primitive feature in amniotes, present in amniote's most recent common ancestor. Synapsids would have retained their fenestrae, and so too would sauropsids except for turtles and most parareptiles. Another possibility under Laurin and Reisz's phylogeny is that lower temporal fenestrae evolved independently in mesosaurs, synapsids, diapsids, and some parareptiles, and that the lack of fenestrae is a primitive feature in amniotes. If instead mesosaurs are members of Parareptilia, the presence of temporal fenestrae is probably not a primitive feature in amniotes, and the lower temporal fenestrae in mesosaurs may be characteristic of a lineage of basal parareptiles that also includes fenestra-bearing lanthanosuchoids and *Bolosaurus*.

## Biology

They have long been thought to have been coastal forms that probably inhabited relatively shallow water, but recent research suggests that at least those from Uruguay inhabited a hypersaline environment, rather than a coastal marine environment. Recently described embryos show that pachyostosis of the ribs (which were thicker and denser than in terrestrial tetrapods) developed even before hatching, which suggests that mesosaurs were able to swim at birth, or shortly thereafter. They were apparently not very fast swimmers, with an optimal swimming speed estimated to have been between 0.15 and 0.86 m/s, but this must have been somewhat faster than the speed of their main prey, the pygocephalomorph crustaceans. Their reproductive mode is somewhat uncertain because association between adults and possible embryos in utero suggests viviparity, as in many aquatic reptiles, but a potentially isolated egg has also been found.

Recently, evidence of predation on both pygocephalomorph crustaceans and members of their own species has been established. It is thought that mesosaurs were in general adapted to hypersaline habitats.

A study on the vertebral column torso and tail proportions of *Mesosaurus* suggests that, while juveniles may have been fully aquatic, adults might have spent some time on land; this is further vindicated by the rarity of adult animals in aquatic settings and some faeces showing signs of drying fracture. However, how terrestrial they were is difficult to say, as this same study states that terrestrial foraging would have been difficult due to their specializations to an aquatic life.

1. **^** Studies using molecular phylogenetics, which examine the genes and proteins of living organisms, suggest that testudines (turtles) are diapsids. These studies show that mesosaurs do not form a clade with turtles that excludes diapsids, but fossil evidence still suggests that mesosaurs form a group with parareptiles. In most recent studies, Reptilia is not used as a crown group and still contains mesosaurs and Parareptilia.

## InfoBox

| Mesosaurs
Temporal range: Cisuralian, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Mesosaurus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| *Clade*: | Parareptilia |
| Order: | Mesosauria
Seeley, 1892 |
| Family: | Mesosauridae
Baur, 1889 |
|
| Genera | |
|  | |


title: Gates, West Virginia

abstract: Gates is an unincorporated community in Monroe County, West Virginia, United States. Gates is southeast of Union.

text:
# Gates, West Virginia

**Gates** is an unincorporated community in Monroe County, West Virginia, United States. Gates is southeast of Union.

## InfoBox

| Gates, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Gates, West VirginiaGates, West Virginia | |
| Coordinates: 37°33′56″N 80°29′23″W / 37.56556°N 80.48972°W / 37.56556; -80.48972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Monroe |
| Elevation | 2,270 ft (690 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 304 & 681 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1554538 |


title: Gates, Tennessee

abstract: Gates is a town in Lauderdale County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 901 at the 2000 census and 647 at the 2010 census, showing a decline of 254.

text:
# Gates, Tennessee

**Gates** is a town in Lauderdale County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 901 at the 2000 census and 647 at the 2010 census, showing a decline of 254.

## History

Gates was established around 1850 and named for Revolutionary War general Horatio Gates. The town was incorporated in 1886.

## Geography

Gates is located at 35°50′21″N 89°24′25″W / 35.83917°N 89.40694°W / 35.83917; -89.40694 (35.839253, -89.407058). The town is concentrated around the intersection of State Routes 88 and 209, south of Halls and northeast of Ripley. Memphis lies approximately 65 miles (105 km) to the southwest.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all land.

Gates is situated on the southeastern edge of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, an area with a high earthquake risk.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 204 |  |  |
| 1900 | 167 |  | −18.1% |
| 1910 | 292 |  | 74.9% |
| 1920 | 303 |  | 3.8% |
| 1930 | 314 |  | 3.6% |
| 1940 | 383 |  | 22.0% |
| 1950 | 234 |  | −38.9% |
| 1960 | 291 |  | 24.4% |
| 1970 | 523 |  | 79.7% |
| 1980 | 729 |  | 39.4% |
| 1990 | 608 |  | −16.6% |
| 2000 | 901 |  | 48.2% |
| 2010 | 647 |  | −28.2% |
| 2020 | 664 |  | 2.6% |
| Sources: | | | |

### 2020 Census

**Gates, Tennessee – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 414 | 252 | 305 | 45.95% | 38.95% | 45.93% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 480 | 376 | 318 | 53.27% | 58.11% | 47.89% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0.11% | 0.62% | 0.30% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.15% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 4 | 7 | 29 | 0.44% | 1.08% | 4.37% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 2 | 8 | 9 | 0.22% | 1.24% | 1.36% |
| **Total** | **901** | **647** | **664** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 664 people, 276 households, and 162 families residing in the town.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 901 people, 266 households, and 201 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,272.5 inhabitants per square mile (491.3/km2). There were 290 housing units at an average density of 409.6 per square mile (158.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 45.95% White, 53.39% African American, 0.11% Native American, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.22% of the population.

There were 266 households, out of which 41.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.3% were married couples living together, 31.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 24.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 69.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 58.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $29,191, and the median income for a family was $29,653. Males had a median income of $24,615 versus $22,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,910. About 26.3% of families and 26.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.8% of those under age 18 and 40.6% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable person

## InfoBox

| Gates, Tennessee | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Water tower in Gates | |
| Nickname: Gates America | |
| Location of Gates in Lauderdale County, Tennessee. | |
| Coordinates: 35°50′21″N 89°24′25″W / 35.83917°N 89.40694°W / 35.83917; -89.40694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | Lauderdale |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.70 sq mi (1.83 km2) |
| Land | 0.70 sq mi (1.83 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 312 ft (95 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 664 |
| Density | 941.84/sq mi (363.63/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 38037 |
| Area code | 731 |
| FIPS code | 47-28740 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1285236 |