title: Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine

abstract: para-Fluorophenylpiperazine is a piperazine derivative with mildly psychedelic and euphoriant effects. It has been sold as an ingredient in legal recreational drugs known as "Party pills", initially in New Zealand and subsequently in other countries around the world. pFPP has been found in vitro to act mainly as a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, with some additional affinity for the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. It has also been shown to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, and to possibly induce their release. pFPP was originally discovered as a metabolite of the hypnotic 5-HT2A and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist niaprazine in 1982, but was rediscovered in 2003 as a potential recreational drug, and sold as an ingredient in "Party pills" in New Zealand, under brand names such as "The Big Grin", "Mashed", and "Extreme Beans". Subsequently it has continued to be used as an ingredient in black market "ecstasy" pills around the world. pFPP has little stimulant effects, with its subjective effects derived mainly from its action as a 5-HT1A receptor agonist. pFPP is active at doses between 20 and 150 mg, but higher doses cause a range of side-effects such as migraine headaches, muscle aches, anxiety, nausea, and vomiting. Metabolic studies have shown pFPP to be an inhibitor of various Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver which may contribute to its side-effect profile. Based on the recommendation of the EACD, the New Zealand government has passed legislation which placed BZP, along with a number of other piperazine derivatives, into Class C of the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. A ban was intended to come into effect in New Zealand on December 18, 2007, but the law change did not go through until the following year, and the sale of BZP and the other listed piperazines became illegal in New Zealand as of 1 April 2008. An amnesty for possession and usage of these drugs remained until October 2008, at which point they became completely illegal. This drug has been detected in a drug-facilitated sexual assault case in the United States of America.

text:
# Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine

***para*-Fluorophenylpiperazine** (**pFPP**, **4-FPP**, **4-Fluorophenylpiperazine**; **Fluoperazine**, **Flipiperazine**) is a piperazine derivative with mildly psychedelic and euphoriant effects. It has been sold as an ingredient in legal recreational drugs known as "Party pills", initially in New Zealand and subsequently in other countries around the world.

pFPP has been found *in vitro* to act mainly as a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, with some additional affinity for the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. It has also been shown to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, and to possibly induce their release.

pFPP was originally discovered as a metabolite of the hypnotic 5-HT2A and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist niaprazine in 1982, but was rediscovered in 2003 as a potential recreational drug, and sold as an ingredient in "Party pills" in New Zealand, under brand names such as "The Big Grin", "Mashed", and "Extreme Beans". Subsequently it has continued to be used as an ingredient in black market "ecstasy" pills around the world.

pFPP has little stimulant effects, with its subjective effects derived mainly from its action as a 5-HT1A receptor agonist. pFPP is active at doses between 20 and 150 mg, but higher doses cause a range of side-effects such as migraine headaches, muscle aches, anxiety, nausea, and vomiting. Metabolic studies have shown pFPP to be an inhibitor of various Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver which may contribute to its side-effect profile.

Based on the recommendation of the EACD, the New Zealand government has passed legislation which placed BZP, along with a number of other piperazine derivatives, into Class C of the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. A ban was intended to come into effect in New Zealand on December 18, 2007, but the law change did not go through until the following year, and the sale of BZP and the other listed piperazines became illegal in New Zealand as of 1 April 2008. An amnesty for possession and usage of these drugs remained until October 2008, at which point they became completely illegal. This drug has been detected in a drug-facilitated sexual assault case in the United States of America.

## InfoBox

Para-Fluorophenylpiperazine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Routes of
administration | Oral |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Elimination half-life | 6–8 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 1-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.017.134 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C10H13FN2 |
| Molar mass | 180.226 g·mol−1 |
| (verify) | |


title: Pamela Andrews

abstract: Pamela Jean Andrews is a retired New Zealand judge and lawyer. She served on the High Court of New Zealand from 2006 to 2015.

text:
# Pamela Andrews

**Pamela Jean Andrews** CNZM is a retired New Zealand judge and lawyer. She served on the High Court of New Zealand from 2006 to 2015.

## Career

Andrews graduated from Victoria University of Wellington with an LLB in 1983, having previously worked as a writer and journalist at the Consumers' Institute, and for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs between 1968 and 1973. She worked at law firm Luke Cunningham and Clere, before joining Kensington Swan (later acquired by Dentons) in 1985 and being made a partner in 1988.

Andrews served as a member of the Refugee Status Appeals Authority, resigning in 2006 upon her appointment to the High Court. She sat on the bench of the High Court in Auckland for nine years, until retiring in 2015. She then chaired the Real Estate Agents Disciplinary Tribunal from May 2016 to 2019.

## Honours

Andrews was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the judiciary, in the 2016 New Year Honours, and was invested with the honour on 27 April 2016.

## InfoBox

| The HonourablePamela AndrewsCNZM | |
| --- | --- |
| Andrews in 2016 | |
|  | |
| Judge of the High Court of New Zealand | |
| **In office**
2006  September 2015 | |
| Chairperson of the Real Estate Agents Disciplinary Tribunal | |
| **In office**
May 2016  2019 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | New Zealander |
| Alma mater | Victoria University of Wellington (LLB, 1983) |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Pamela Ann Rymer

abstract: Pamela Ann Rymer was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

text:
# Pamela Ann Rymer

**Pamela Ann Rymer** (January 6, 1941 - September 21, 2011) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

## Education and career

Born in Knoxville, Tennessee, Rymer earned an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Vassar College in 1961 and a Bachelor of Laws from Stanford Law School in 1964. She was Director of Political Research and Analysis for the Goldwater for President Committee in 1964. From 1965 to 1966, she was vice president of Rus Walton and Associates in Los Altos, California. Rymer then entered private practice from 1966 through 1983 in Los Angeles, California. She was also a member and chairman of the California Post-Secondary Education Commission from 1974 to 1984.

## Federal judicial service

On January 31, 1983, Rymer was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Central District of California vacated by Judge William Percival Gray. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 23, 1983, and received her commission the following day. Her service terminated on May 23, 1989, due to elevation to the court of appeals.

In 1987, Reagan attempted to elevate Rymer to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated by the elevation of Anthony Kennedy to the Supreme Court of the United States, but was rebuffed in the Senate. However, on February 28, 1989, President George H. W. Bush nominated Rymer to the same seat, and this time, she was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 18, 1989, receiving her commission on May 22, 1989.

## Stanford service

Rymer served on the Stanford University Board of Trustees from 1991 to 2001. In 2010, Rymer received the Stanford Medal for her volunteer work for the university, where two scholarship funds had been created in her name.

## Death

Rymer died on September 21, 2011. During her 22 years on the Ninth Circuit, Rymer sat on more than 800 panels and wrote 335 panel decisions. One of the more notable opinions was in *Planned Parenthood v. American Coalition of Life Activists* (2002), which held that threats on the Internet against doctors who performed abortions were not protected by the First Amendment. Fellow judge Stephen Trott said she was a "brilliant jurist" and "a joy to work with".

## InfoBox

| Pamela Rymer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit | |
| **In office**
May 22, 1989  September 21, 2011 | |
| Appointed by | George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Anthony Kennedy |
| Succeeded by | Paul J. Watford |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California | |
| **In office**
February 24, 1983  May 22, 1989 | |
| Appointed by | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | William Percival Gray |
| Succeeded by | Robert C. Bonner |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1941-01-06)January 6, 1941
Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | September 21, 2011(2011-09-21) (aged 70)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Education | Vassar College (BA)
Stanford University (LLB) |
|  | |


title: Papaipema polymniae

abstract: The cup plant borer is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America, including Virginia, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The wingspan is about 40 mm. The larvae feed on Polymnia uvedalis.

text:
# Papaipema polymniae

The **cup plant borer** (*Papaipema polymniae*) is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America, including Virginia, Massachusetts and New Hampshire.

The wingspan is about 40 mm.

The larvae feed on *Polymnia uvedalis*.

## InfoBox

| Cup Plant Borer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Cup Plant Borer Moth (Papaipema polymniae), Cantley, Quebec, Canada | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Papaipema* |
| Species: | ***P. polymniae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Papaipema polymniae***<br>Bird, 1917 | |
|


title: Pangue Hydroelectric Plant

abstract: Pangue Hydroelectric Plant is a hydroelectric power station in Bío Bío Region, Chile. It lies west of Callaqui volcano at the confluence of the rivers Pangue and Huiri-Huiri. The plant uses water from the upper Bío Bío River and produces 467 megawatts (626,000 hp) of electricity. The plant was built by Endesa in 1996.

text:
# Pangue Hydroelectric Plant

**Pangue Hydroelectric Plant** is a hydroelectric power station in Bío Bío Region, Chile. It lies west of Callaqui volcano at the confluence of the rivers Pangue and Huiri-Huiri. The plant uses water from the upper Bío Bío River and produces 467 megawatts (626,000 hp) of electricity. The plant was built by Endesa in 1996.

## Technical features

The penstock delivering water to the power plant has a hydraulic head of 103 metres (338 ft) and a design volume of 500 cubic metres per second (18,000 cu ft/s). Pangue contributes 10% of the electricity fed into the Chilean integrated grid, making it the third largest power station after Ralco (640 megawatts (860,000 hp)) and Pehuenche (500 megawatts (670,000 hp)). The dam is made of roller-compacted concrete, using about a million cubic meter of concrete. The dam and power plant were built from 1993 to 1996. Behind the dam lies a reservoir of 500 hectares (1,200 acres), 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long and 360 metres (1,180 ft) wide. This makes it one of the most efficient large hydropower plants in the world, as measured by the relation between electricity production and area flooded. The construction of Pangue, just as the one of Ralco, generated controversies between environmentalists, the Government and the private power company Endesa, because the dam impacted the indigenous Pehuenche people, whitewater rafting areas and the rights of farmers further downstream.

## Controversy over water rights

During the construction of the dam, the Appellate Court of Concepcion halted construction arguing that the filling of the reservoir and the dam’s operation unduly affected the water rights of farmers further downstream. However, the Chilean Supreme Court overruled the lower court and decided that the nonconsumptive water rights of Endesa took precedence over the consumptive water rights of irrigators. One U.S. scholar said that the decision relied on a government report that itself was “hard to interpret as anything other than a response to political pressure from higher levels of government”, that the decision was “seriously flawed”, made “on the basis of legal reasoning of dubious quality” and that the decision constituted “a major transfer of wealth from irrigators to electric companies”.

## InfoBox

| Pangue Hydroelectric Plant | |
| --- | --- |
| NASA image | |
|  | |
| Country |  |
| Coordinates | 37°54′39″S 71°36′40″W / 37.91083°S 71.61111°W / -37.91083; -71.61111 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | 1996 (1996) |
| Owners |  |
| Operators |  |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 467 MW (626,000 hp) |
| External links | |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.

abstract: Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345 (1974), is an administrative law case of the Supreme Court of the United States holding that extensive state regulation of a public utility does not transform its acts into state action that is reviewable by a federal court under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

text:
# Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.

***Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.***, 419 U.S. 345 (1974), is an administrative law case of the Supreme Court of the United States holding that extensive state regulation of a public utility does not transform its acts into state action that is reviewable by a federal court under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

## Background

The Metropolitan Edison Company, now a unit of FirstEnergy, is an investor-owned private electric company in Pennsylvania that is regulated by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission (PUC), and serves retail customers in York. Under a tariff filed with the PUC, the company may discontinue providing electric service to a customer after a reasonable notice for the non-payment of an electric bill.

Catherine Jackson, a resident of York, received electric service under her name to her home, but her service was discontinued in September 1970 because of a delinquency in payments due for service. A new account for electric service was then opened in the name of James Dodson, another resident of the house, and service was resumed. Dodson left the house in August 1971, and the service was continued but no payments were made.

On October 6, 1971, employees of Metropolitan Edison went to Jackson's house and inquired as to Dodson's present address, and Jackson stated that she did not know where he was living. On the next day, another employee discovered that the electricity meter for the house had been tampered with such that it did not register usage. Jackson denied any knowledge about the meter. She then requested that the account for service to the house be shifted to Robert Jackson, who was later determined to be her 12-year-old son. Because contracts made by a minor cannot be enforced under common law, a 12-year-old cannot open an account for utility service. Four days later and without further notice to Jackson, employees of Metropolitan Edison disconnected electric service to the Jackson house.

### Procedural history

Jackson filed suit against Metropolitan Edison in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania alleging a violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1871, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, seeking damages for the termination of electric service and an injunction requiring Metropolitan Edison to continue providing power to her home until she had been provided notice, a hearing, and an opportunity to pay any amounts found due. Her claim was based upon an alleged entitlement to reasonably continuous electric service to her home, and that the electric company's termination of service for alleged nonpayment, an action allowed by a provision of the company's general tariff approved by the PUC, constituted state action that deprived her of property in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.

The district court granted Metropolitan Edison's motion to dismiss the complaint of Jackson on the ground that the termination of service was not state action, and hence was not subject to judicial review under the Fourteenth Amendment. On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed. The Supreme Court, noting similar decision regarding terminations by other public utility companies, granted *certiorari* to review the judgment.

## Opinion of the Court

The majority opinion by Justice Rehnquist held that the termination of electric service by the public utility did not constitute state action that subjected the termination to judicial review under the Fourteenth Amendment. The opinion compared the regulation of the utility to the factual situation in *Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority*, 365 U.S. 715 (1961), and *Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis*, 407 U.S. 163 (1972). In *Burton*, state action was found when a state had leased part of a government-owned parking facility to a restaurant that practiced racial segregation because the court found that the state had entangled itself in the business. However, the business in *Moose Lodge No. 107* was subject to some state regulation and was privately owned, and the court found that the state regulation did not turn the lodge's acts into state action. In the *Jackson* case, although tightly regulated, the electric company was privately owned. The court held that the fact that the electric company was at least a partial monopoly in its service territory or that it was subject to extensive state regulation did not turn its termination practices into state action.

Three justices wrote dissenting opinions. Justice Douglas stated that he would have found under the reasoning from *Burton* that there was state action in the termination of electric service under the lax regulation of the public utility by the state. Justice Brennan in his dissent noted that the electric service had been in the name of a third party, Dobson, rather than the plaintiff Jackson, so there was no live controversy between Jackson and the electric company. Without such a controversy, the Supreme Court would not have a basis for ruling, and should instead have remanded the case with instructions to enter a new judgment of dismissal. Justice Marshall in his dissent indicated that certiorari should not have been granted for this case, and he would have found state action in the termination as the electric company was a monopoly regulated by the state and had used state-approved procedures in the tariff used in the termination.

The Marshall dissent suggests that the majority opinion had, in effect, either overruled or restricted *Public Utilities Commission of the District of Columbia v. Pollak*, 343 U.S. 451 (1952). *Pollak* involved a decision of the District of Columbia Public Utilities Commission that allowed a public transit system to play radio programs on its street cars and busses, which the Supreme Court determined did not violate the First or Fifth Amendments. The majority opinion noted that the court in *Pollak* did not determine whether the playing of the radio programs on the regulated transit system constituted state action as a result of the regulation by the D.C. PUC, but simply assumed state action for the purposes of evaluating the constitutional questions.

## InfoBox

| Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co. | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued October 15, 1974
Decided December 23, 1974 | |
| Full case name | *Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.* |
| Docket no. | 73-5845 |
| Citations | 419 U.S. 345 (*more*)95 S. Ct. 449; 42 L. Ed. 2d 477; 1974 U.S. LEXIS 50; 8 P.U.R.4th 1 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Motion to dismiss granted, 348 F. Supp. 954 (M.D. Pa. 1972); affirmed, 483 F.2d 754 (3d Cir. 1973); cert. granted, 415 U.S. 912 (1974). |
| Holding | |
| The termination of service to a customer by a regulated public utility does not constitute state action and is thus not subject to judicial review under the Fourteenth Amendment. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William O. Douglas **·**  William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart **·**  Byron White
Thurgood Marshall **·**  Harry Blackmun
Lewis F. Powell Jr. **·**  William Rehnquist | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Rehnquist, joined by Burger, Stewart, White, Blackmun, Powell |
| Dissent | Douglas |
| Dissent | Brennan |
| Dissent | Marshall |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. amend. XIV; 42 U.S.C. § 1983 | |


title: Paopi 5

abstract: Paopi 4 – Coptic calendar – Paopi 6 The fifth day of the Coptic month of Paopi, the second month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to October 2, of the Julian calendar, and October 15, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.

text:
# Paopi 5

Paopi 4Coptic calendarPaopi 6

The fifth day of the Coptic month of Paopi, the second month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to October 2, of the Julian calendar, and October 15, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.

## Commemorations

### Saints

* The martyrdom of Saint Paul the Patriarch of Constantinople
* The departure of Saint Peter the Bishop of Bahnasa

1. Synaxarion, Paope 5, Coptic Reader
2. "Baba 5 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium". *CopticChurch.net*. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
3. "Today's Synaxarium". *St-Takla.org*. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
4. *Coptic Synaxarium* (PDF). Saint George Coptic Orthodox Church. 1995.


title: Jackson Chirwa

abstract: Jackson Chirwa is a Zambian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Green Buffaloes F.C. and the Zambia national football team.

text:
# Jackson Chirwa

**Jackson Chirwa** (born 11 June 1995) is a Zambian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Green Buffaloes F.C. and the Zambia national football team.

## Career

### International

Chirwa made his senior international debut on 4 July 2015 in a 2–1 victory over Namibia during 2016 CHAN qualification.

#### International Goals

*Scores and results list Zambia's goal tally first.*

| Goal | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 5 July 2017 | Moruleng Stadium, Saulspoort, South Africa | Tanzania | **3**–1 | 4–2 | 2017 COSAFA Cup |

## InfoBox

Jackson Chirwa
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1995-06-11) 11 June 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Zambia | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Green Buffaloes F.C. | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2015– | Green Buffaloes F.C. |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2015– | Zambia | 28 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 13 October 2019 | | | |


title: Jacob Lerche Johansen

abstract: Jacob Lerche Johansen (1818–1900) was a Norwegian naval officer and politician. He was Minister of the Navy and Postal Affairs for several periods between 1872 and 1884, as well as member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm several times during the same period. He was a brother of civil servant Jochum Johansen.

text:
# Jacob Lerche Johansen

**Jacob Lerche Johansen** (18181900) was a Norwegian naval officer and politician. He was Minister of the Navy and Postal Affairs for several periods between 1872 and 1884, as well as member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm several times during the same period.

He was a brother of civil servant Jochum Johansen.

## Footnotes

1. Mardal, Magnus A. "Jacob Lerche Johansen" (in Norwegian). Store Norske Leksikon. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
2. "Register of Persons "Norway's Governments since 1814"". Government.no. Archived from the original on 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
3. Husveg, Arne. "Jochum Johansen". In Helle, Knut (ed.). *Norsk biografisk leksikon* (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 25 March 2016.


title: Jacob II of Cilicia

abstract: Jacob II was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 1327 and 1341, and then again between 1355 and 1359. He was the nephew of a previous Catholicos, Gregory VII of Cilicia. During a Mamaluke invasion he and King Leo IV of Armenia got into a severe disagreement over how to deal with the situation. The dispute grew so large that Jacob threatened Leo with the vengeance of the church. Leo was so enraged by this that he had Jacob deposed from the pontificate. Mukhitar Ter Mukhik from the village of Curnah was elected pontiff in his place. In 1347 the new King Constantine II, King of Armenia began a conversation with the pope in Avignon about religious affairs and sent former Catholicos Jacob on a mission to see Pope. Upon his return home Catholicos Mekhitar died, at which point Jacob was nominated to become Catholicos again. He died four years into his second reign.

text:
# Jacob II of Cilicia

**Jacob II** was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 1327 and 1341, and then again between 1355 and 1359.

He was the nephew of a previous Catholicos, Gregory VII of Cilicia. During a Mamaluke invasion he and King Leo IV of Armenia got into a severe disagreement over how to deal with the situation. The dispute grew so large that Jacob threatened Leo with the vengeance of the church. Leo was so enraged by this that he had Jacob deposed from the pontificate. Mukhitar Ter Mukhik from the village of Curnah was elected pontiff in his place.

In 1347 the new King Constantine II, King of Armenia began a conversation with the pope in Avignon about religious affairs and sent former Catholicos Jacob on a mission to see Pope. Upon his return home Catholicos Mekhitar died, at which point Jacob was nominated to become Catholicos again. He died four years into his second reign.


title: Jacob Hård

abstract: Bror Sven "Jacob" Hård af Segerstad, professionally known as Jacob Hård is a Swedish sport journalist. He started his career at Radiosporten on Sveriges Radio in 1980 to then start working for Sveriges Television. Hård is one of Sweden's most known sports commentators as he has commentated skiing and athletics events since the 1980s. Jacob Hård is also known as the voice of Bo A Orm in Lilla Sportspegelns animated series Zoolympiska spelen. He also voiced Tintin in the Swedish dub for the film Tintin and the Temple of the Sun.

text:
# Jacob Hård

**Bror Sven "Jacob" Hård af Segerstad**, professionally known as **Jacob Hård** (born 5 January 1955) is a Swedish sport journalist. He started his career at Radiosporten on Sveriges Radio in 1980 to then start working for Sveriges Television. Hård is one of Sweden's most known sports commentators as he has commentated skiing and athletics events since the 1980s. Jacob Hård is also known as the voice of Bo A Orm in Lilla Sportspegelns animated series Zoolympiska spelen. He also voiced Tintin in the Swedish dub for the film *Tintin and the Temple of the Sun*.

Media related to Jacob Hård at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Jacob Hård | |
| --- | --- |
| Jacob Hård during the Swedish Sports Award in the Stockholm Globe Arena in January 2014 | |
| Born | (1955-01-05) 5 January 1955<br>Danderyd, Sweden |
| Occupation | sports journalist |


title: Parang latok

abstract: A parang latok is a sword from Borneo in Sarawak, Malaysia; where it is regarded as the national weapon of the Sarawakian Malay people and the Bidayuhs, and as well as Kalimantan, Indonesia. It also functions as a machete. Its used for both timber felling, agricultural activities and warfare is characterised by the noticeable bent at an obtuse angle from one-third of its length starting from the pommel. This parang features a single-edge blade that is heavier and wider towards the point of the blade. The handle of the parang latok is made of wood without a guard and often tied securely with rattan at its grip. It is carried in a long, two-piece wooden sheath to properly hold the blade. In the past, the parang latok is also used for executing condemned criminals, and the decapitation is normally achieved with a single blow. This parang is used two-handedly, with one hand holding the hilt and the other holding the blade's shoulder, enabling its user to strike downwards. A smaller version of the parang latok is called the buko, while another variant of the parang latok is known as the sadap.

text:
# Parang latok

A **parang latok** (which is also known as **latok**, **latok buku** or **parang pathi**) is a sword from Borneo in Sarawak, Malaysia; where it is regarded as the national weapon of the Sarawakian Malay people and the Bidayuhs (Land Dayak people), and as well as Kalimantan, Indonesia. It also functions as a machete.

Its used for both timber felling, agricultural activities and warfare is characterised by the noticeable bent at an obtuse angle from one-third of its length starting from the pommel. This parang features a single-edge blade that is heavier and wider towards the point of the blade. The handle of the parang latok is made of wood without a guard and often tied securely with rattan at its grip. It is carried in a long, two-piece wooden sheath to properly hold the blade.

In the past, the parang latok is also used for executing condemned criminals, and the decapitation is normally achieved with a single blow. This parang is used two-handedly, with one hand holding the hilt and the other holding the blade's shoulder, enabling its user to strike downwards.

A smaller version of the parang latok is called the *buko*, while another variant of the parang latok is known as the *sadap*.

## InfoBox

| Parang latok | |
| --- | --- |
| A Parang Latok, circa 1800-1899. | |
| Type | Parang, Sword |
| Place of origin | Borneo (Sarawak, Malaysia and West Kalimantan, Indonesia) |
| Service history | |
| Used by | Bornean Malay people, Dayak people (Bidayuh) |
| Specifications | |
| Length | approximately 55 cm (22 in) |
| --- | |
| Blade type | single edged, one sided chisel grind |
| Hilt type | wood |
| Scabbard/sheath | wood |


title: Para-Aminoblebbistatin

abstract: para-Aminoblebbistatin is a water-soluble, non-fluorescent, photostable myosin II inhibitor, developed from blebbistatin. Among the several blebbistatin derivatives it is one of the most promising for research applications. Furthermore, it has a favourable overall profile considering inhibitory properties and ADME calculations.

text:
# Para-Aminoblebbistatin

***para*-Aminoblebbistatin** is a water-soluble, non-fluorescent, photostable myosin II inhibitor, developed from blebbistatin. Among the several blebbistatin derivatives it is one of the most promising for research applications. Furthermore, it has a favourable overall profile considering inhibitory properties and ADME calculations.

## Myosin specificity

| Species | Myosin type | IC50 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rabbit | Skeletal muscle myosin S1 | 1.3 μM, 9.22 μM, 0.98 μM |
| *Dictyostelium discoideum* | Myosin II motor domain | 6.6 μM, 8.5 μM |
| Human | slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibre (force) | 10 μM |
| Pig (left ventricle) | cardiac myosin | 5.3 μM |
| Chicken (gizzard) | smooth muscle myosin S1 | 13 μM |
| Human (expressed in Sf9 cells) | non-muscle myosin 2A / B / C motor domains | 9 / 20 / 7.2 μM |
| *Drosophila melanogaster* | bodywall muscle fiber | 8.5 μM |

## InfoBox

*para*-Aminoblebbistatin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name (3a*S*)-3a-Hydroxy-6-methyl-1-(4-aminophenyl)-2,3-dihydropyrrolo\[2,3-*b*\]quinolin-4-one | |
| Other names * *p*-Aminoblebbistatin * *p*-Aminoblebb * (*S*)-4'-Aminoblebbistatin * pAB * Optopharma1 | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C18H17N3O2/c1-11-2-7-15-14(10-11)16(22)18(23)8-9-21(17(18)20-15)13-5-3-12(19)4-6-13/h2-7,10,23H,8-9,19H2,1H3/t18-/m1/s1Key: LYWLZINJPRNWFF-GOSISDBHSA-N | |
| SMILES * CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N=C3C(C2=O)(CCN3C4=CC=C(C=C4)N)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C18H17N3O2 |
| Molar mass | 307.353 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Yellow solid |
| Solubility in water | ~ 400 μM |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Jacob Thompson

abstract: Jacob Thompson was the United States Secretary of the Interior, who resigned on the outbreak of the American Civil War and became the Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. In 1864, Jefferson Davis asked Thompson to lead a delegation to Canada, where he appears to have been leader of the Confederate Secret Service. From here, he is known to have organised many anti-Union plots and was suspected of many more, including a possible meeting with Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth. Union troops burned down his mansion in Oxford, Mississippi, the hometown of William Faulkner, who based some of his fictional characters on Thompson.

text:
# Jacob Thompson

**Jacob Thompson** (May 15, 1810 – March 24, 1885) was the United States Secretary of the Interior, who resigned on the outbreak of the American Civil War and became the Inspector General of the Confederate States Army.

In 1864, Jefferson Davis asked Thompson to lead a delegation to Canada, where he appears to have been leader of the Confederate Secret Service. From here, he is known to have organised many anti-Union plots and was suspected of many more, including a possible meeting with Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth.

Union troops burned down his mansion in Oxford, Mississippi, the hometown of William Faulkner, who based some of his fictional characters on Thompson.

## Early life

Born in Leasburg, North Carolina in 1810 to Nicolas Thompson and Lucretia (van Hook) Thompson, Thompson attended Bingham Academy in Orange County, North Carolina and later went on to graduate from the University of North Carolina in 1831, where he was a member of the Philanthropic Society. Afterwards, he served on the university faculty for a short time until he left to study law in 1832. He was admitted to the bar in 1834 and established a law practice in Pontotoc, Mississippi in 1837, and made an unsuccessful bid to become the state attorney general.

### Congressional years

Thompson's involvement in politics began in earnest as he was elected to the 26th Congress, serving through to the 31st Congress (1849–1851).

He was appointed to the United States Senate in 1845 but never received the commission, and the seat went to Joseph W. Chalmers. Thompson was the chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs in the 29th Congress. He lost reelection to the 32nd Congress and went back to practicing law in Mississippi. In 1853, when President Franklin Pierce offered him to become a U.S Consul to Havana he refused it. Thompson lost the 1855 senate election to Jefferson Davis, but in 1857, newly elected President James Buchanan appointed Thompson United States Secretary of the Interior from 1857 to 1861.

In the later years of the Buchanan administration, the cabinet members argued with one another on issues of slavery and secession. In an 1859 speech, Thompson advanced a moderate unionist position. He denounced Republicans in the North who spoke of the slavery issue as an "irrepressible conflict" and Southern extremists who favored reopening the Atlantic slave trade.

### Alignment with Confederacy

While still serving as Interior Secretary, Thompson was appointed by the state of Mississippi as a "secession commissioner" to North Carolina and tasked to convince that state to secede from the Union in the wake of the 1860 presidential election. On December 17, he passed through Baltimore on the way to North Carolina. "Secretary Thompson has entered openly into the secession service, while professing still to serve the Federal authority," the *New York Times* reported on December 20. The next day, Thompson met with Governor John W. Ellis in Raleigh. He wrote an open letter to Ellis which was published in the *Raileigh State Journal* on December 20. Thompson wrote that the South faced "common humiliation and ruin" if it remained in the Union. He warned that a Northern "majority trained from infancy to hate our people and their institutions" would overthrow slavery. The result would be "the subjugation of our people."

Thompson resigned as Interior Secretary in January 1861. When he resigned, Horace Greeley's *New-York Daily Tribune* denounced him as "a traitor", remarking, "Undertaking to overthrow the Government of which you are a sworn minister may be in accordance with the ideas of cotton-growing chivalry, but to common men cannot be made to appear creditable."

Thompson became Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. Though not a military man, Thompson later joined the army as an officer and served as an aide to General P.G.T. Beauregard at the Battle of Shiloh.

He attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and was present at several other battles in the Western Theater of the war, including Corinth, Vicksburg, and Tupelo.

### Commissioner in Canada

In March 1864, Jefferson Davis asked Thompson to lead a secret delegation in Canada. He accepted and arrived in Montreal in May of that year. Thompson appears to have been the leader of Confederate Secret Service operations in Canada.

From there, he directed a failed plot to free Confederate prisoners of war on Johnson's Island, off Sandusky, Ohio, in September. He also arranged the purchase of a steamer, with the intention of arming it to harass shipping in the Great Lakes. Regarded in the North as a schemer and conspirator, many devious plots were associated with his name, though much of this may have been public hysteria.

On June 13, 1864, Thompson met with former New York Governor Washington Hunt at Niagara Falls. According to the testimony of the Peace Democrat Clement Vallandigham, Hunt met Thompson, talked to him about creating a Northwestern Confederacy, and obtained money for arms, which was routed to a subordinate. Thompson gave Benjamin Wood, the owner of the *New York Daily News*, money to purchase arms.

One plot was a planned burning of New York City on November 25, 1864 in retaliation for Union Generals Philip Sheridan and William Tecumseh Sherman's scorched-earth tactics in the South.

Some speculate that John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, met Thompson, but that has not been proved. (In the years after the war, Thompson worked hard to clear his name of involvement in the assassination.) His manor, called "Home Place," in Oxford, Mississippi was burned down by Union troops in 1864.

## Postwar

After the Civil War, Thompson fled to England and later returned to Canada as he waited for passions to cool in the United States. He eventually came home and settled in Memphis, Tennessee, to manage his extensive holdings. Thompson was later appointed to the board of the University of the South at Sewanee and was a great benefactor of it.

## Death

Jacob Thompson died in Memphis, Tennessee and was interred in Elmwood Cemetery. Republicans and Union veterans condemned the Grover Cleveland administration's lowering of flags to half-mast in Washington and Secretary of Interior Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II's closure of the Department of Interior to honor Thompson after his death.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Jacob Thompson | |
| --- | --- |
| Thompson between 1855 and 1865, by Mathew Brady | |
|  | |
| 5th United States Secretary of the Interior | |
| **In office**
March 10, 1857  January 8, 1861 | |
| President | James Buchanan |
| Preceded by | Robert McClelland |
| Succeeded by | Caleb Smith |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Mississippi's 1st district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1847  March 3, 1851 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Benjamin D. Nabers |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Mississippi's at-large district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1839  March 3, 1847
Seat A | |
| Preceded by | Thomas J. Word |
| Succeeded by | Constituency abolished |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1810-05-15)May 15, 1810
Leasburg, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | March 24, 1885(1885-03-24) (aged 74)
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Resting place | Elmwood Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Catherine Jones |
| Education | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (BA) |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Papare (music)

abstract: Papare is a form of music which originated in Sri Lanka. Adopted from kawadi Tamil Hindu genres band music they normally play in thiruvizha times. Papare is a very lively genre of music, and is a popular music culture throughout the South Asian region. There are a lot of papare bands in Sri Lanka that play mostly at cricket matches to boost the morale of supporters.

text:
# Papare (music)

**Papare** is a form of music which originated in Sri Lanka. Adopted from kawadi Tamil Hindu genres band music they normally play in thiruvizha times . Papare is a very lively genre of music, and is a popular music culture throughout the South Asian region. There are a lot of papare bands in Sri Lanka that play mostly at cricket matches to boost the morale of supporters.


title: Zhang Yuming

abstract: Zhang Yuming, courtesy name Shengqu (升衢), was a Chinese official of the Qing Dynasty. Zhang Yuming passed the second stage of the imperial exams and received his Juren (舉人) degree. In 1665, he was appointed as the Prefect of Songjiang Prefecture (松江府知府). The short-lived "Academy of Purity and Harmony" in Shanghai's Yu Garden was initially dedicated to him.

text:
# Zhang Yuming

**Zhang Yuming** (Chinese: 張羽明), courtesy name **Shengqu** (升衢), was a Chinese official of the Qing Dynasty.

Zhang Yuming passed the second stage of the imperial exams and received his Juren (舉人) degree. In 1665, he was appointed as the Prefect of Songjiang Prefecture (松江府知府). The short-lived "Academy of Purity and Harmony" (书院, *Qīng-Hé Shūyuàn*) in Shanghai's Yu Garden was initially dedicated to him.

## InfoBox

| Zhang Yuming | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 張羽明 |
| Simplified Chinese | 张羽明 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhāng Yǔmíng | |
|  | |


title: Harry Jørgensen

abstract: Harry Jørgensen is a Danish rower who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Gammel Haderslev, Region of Southern Denmark. In 1968 he was a crew member of the Danish boat which won the bronze medal in the coxed pairs event.

text:
# Harry Jørgensen

**Harry Jørgensen** (born 7 December 1945) is a Danish rower who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Gammel Haderslev, Region of Southern Denmark.

In 1968 he was a crew member of the Danish boat which won the bronze medal in the coxed pairs event.

## InfoBox

| Olympic medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's rowing | | |
|  | 1968 Mexico City | Coxed pair |


title: University Hall (Brown University)

abstract: University Hall is the first and oldest building on the campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Built in 1770, the building is one of only seven extant college buildings built prior to the American Revolution. According to architectural historian Bryant F. Tolles Jr., the structure is "one of the genuine icons of early American collegiate architecture." The building occupies a central part of the university's front campus and is framed by the Van Wickle Gates.

text:
# University Hall (Brown University)

**University Hall** is the first and oldest building on the campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Built in 1770, the building is one of only seven extant college buildings built prior to the American Revolution. According to architectural historian Bryant F. Tolles Jr., the structure is "one of the genuine icons of early American collegiate architecture."

The building occupies a central part of the university's front campus and is framed by the Van Wickle Gates.

## History

### Construction

Built in 1770, University Hall was originally known as the **College Edifice**. The building was constructed on a piece of land that had belonged to the original Brown family ancestor and co-founder of Providence, Chad Brown (c. 1600–1650).

The first reference to the building was made on September 5, 1765, at the second meeting of the Corporation in Newport. Later meetings of the Corporation organized a building committee; among the committee's members were Stephen Hopkins and Joseph Brown. The plans were finalized on February 9, 1770, and on February 17 the building committee placed a notice in the Providence Gazette soliciting donations of timber and other materials. At the time of its construction until the construction of the First Baptist Church in 1775, University Hall was the largest building in Rhode Island.

Prominent Newport merchant and slave trader Aaron Lopez donated timber to the effort, while Nicholas Brown, Sr. and Company led the construction. The workforce involved in the construction of the building was diverse, reflecting the ethnic and social admixture of colonial Providence's population. Slaves, free people of color, indigenous people, and white laborers—both skilled and unskilled—worked to erect the structure.

Construction on the building began on March 26, 1770, and the roof of the structure was raised on October 13, 1770. Construction on the building resumed following the Revolutionary War, continuing into the 1790s.

Morgan Edwards, described the location as "Commanding a prospect of ... an extensive country, variegated with hills and dales, woods, and plains," and was further inspired to write, "Surely, this spot was made for a seat for the Muses."

### American Revolution

During the presidency of the Reverend Manning, the building was used to house French and other revolutionary troops led by General George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau during the wait to commence the celebrated march of 1781 that led to the Siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake.

Following the departure of the French troops, President Manning petitioned the Rhode Island General Assembly as follows:

> That the College edifice was first taken in December, 1776, for the use of barracks and a hospital for the American troops, and retained for that use until the Fall before the arrival of his most Christian Majesty's fleets and armies in this State; – that, by our direction, the President resumed the course of education in said College, and took possession of the edifice on the 10th of May, 1780; and continued so to occupy it until the authority of this State, in a short time after, granted it to the French army as an hospital, who continued to hold and use it for said purpose until the last week, when the Commissary of War of the French army delivered it up, with the keys, to his Honor the Deputy Governor; they having previously permitted the officers of the French ships in this State to place their sick in it, who still continue there; – that the building was in good repair, and occupied by upwards of thirty students when first taken for the public service; – that great injury hath been done to every part of it since taken out of the hands of the Corporation; especially by two buildings adjoining it, one an house of offal at the north end, with a vault fifteen feet deep under it, having broken down the wall of the College to facilitate the passage of the invalids from the edifice into it; from which addition the intolerable stench renders all the northern part uninhabitable; and the other a horse stable, built from the east projection to the north end, by which the house is greatly weakened; many of the windows are also taken entirely out of the house, and others so broken, as well as the slate on the roof, that the storms naturally beat into it. ...

### 19th Century

The name of the building was changed from the College Edifice to University Hall in 1823 following the construction of Brown's second building, Hope College. In 1834, following the construction of neighboring Manning Hall, the exterior of University Hall was coated with cement. At this time, the original wooden balustrade was removed from the roof. In 1843, the structure was again turned over to the military for use in suppressing the Dorr Rebellion. In 1883, a large renovation of the building's interior was undertaken by Gould & Angell, including the introduction of steam hating and gas lighting.

### 20th Century

The building was further renovated in 1905 following a donation by Providence resident Marsden J. Perry. This effort involved the removal of the plaster that had been applied to the building's exterior in the 1830s (mirroring the adjacent Manning Hall) as well as the restoration of the belfry and windows.

On May 11, 1927, a tablet placed on University Hall was dedicated to the memory of General Nathanael Greene, who had received an honorary degree from Brown in 1776, by the First Light Infantry Regiment of Rhode Island.

Renovations took place once again in 1939. Led by Perry, Shaw & Hepburn, this renovation saw the replacement of the building's foundation and the restoration of the building's chimneys and cupola. At the rededication of University Hall on May 4, 1940, French ambassador Comte René Doynel de Saint-Quentin and Princeton president Harold W. Dodds took part in the ceremonies recalling the university's early associations with France and Princeton.

The building has been used for many different purposes at the university over the years. It currently houses the office for the president of Brown on the first floor, facing the middle campus in space first occupied by the Commons, along with other administrative offices.

The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, recognizing it as an excellent example of 18th-century academic architecture, and as key place in the life of educator Horace Mann (1796–1859), who graduated from Brown in 1819 and taught there until 1821, before embarking on a career of educational reform.

## Architecture

University Hall is a four-story, seventeen bay structure. The building's largely rectangular form measures approximately 150 long and 46 feet wide. The central three bays of the building project an additional ten feet forward, forming pedimented pavilions measuring 33 feet across. The structure's hipped roof is decorated with an ornamental balustrade and features a central cupola.

Designed in the late Georgian style, the building is constructed of red brick and decorated with white-painted, wood trim. The facade of the structure is relatively unornamented with the exception of plain brick belt courses which mark the building's stories. Brick segmental arches frame the structure's evenly spaced, double sash windows. T

Compared to coeval academic buildings, University Hall is of modest and utilitarian character. Speaking of the building's design, architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock wrote "academic design could hardly be further reduced to its essentials of solid mass, sound proportions and regular rhythm." The building is notable for its projecting pediment bays on the west and east side, which was influenced by Renaissance ideas of buildings with clear focal points and vistas.

### Architect

There is some ambiguity surrounding the architect of University Hall. Historical sources have attributed the structure to a variety of architects, including Joseph Brown, Robert Smith, and Joseph Horatio Anderson.

Joseph Brown is most frequently posited as the chief architect of the structure. While Brown was clearly involved in the design process, historian Lawrence C. Wroth disputes sources attributing the structure solely to the amateur architect. According to Wroth, "an architectural commission and not Joseph Brown alone was responsible for the choice of a design."

Architectural historian Bryant F. Tolles Jr. notes that Philadelphia architect Robert Smith may have visited Providence during the building's planning and contributed to its design.

In a letter dated March 14, 1770, architect Joseph Horatio Anderson offered his services to the new college. The correspondence, however, was received only after construction on the building had begun.

Nassau Hall, built 14 years prior at the College of New Jersey, is often cited as the model for the building. James Manning, Brown's first president and active member of the building process, was educated at Princeton and may have suggested that Brown's first building resemble that of his alma mater.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| University Hall, Brown University | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark District<br>Contributing Property | |
|  | |
| *Front View* | |
| Location | Providence, Rhode Island |
| Coordinates | 41°49′34″N 71°24′14″W / 41.82611°N 71.40389°W / 41.82611; -71.40389 |
| Built | 1770 |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| Part of | College Hill Historic District (ID70000019) |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000003 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | June 13, 1962 |
| Designated NHLDCP | November 10, 1970 |


title: Memecylon subramanii

abstract: Memecylon subramanii is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is endemic to India.

text:
# Memecylon subramanii

***Memecylon subramanii*** is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is endemic to India.

## InfoBox

| *Memecylon subramanii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Melastomataceae |
| Genus: | *Memecylon* |
| Species: | ***M. subramanii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Memecylon subramanii***
Henry | |
|


title: Trophic egg

abstract: A trophic egg is an egg whose function is not reproduction but nutrition; in essence, the trophic egg serves as food for offspring hatched from viable eggs. In most species that produce them, a trophic egg is usually an unfertilised egg. The production of trophic eggs has been observed in a highly diverse range of species, including fish, amphibians, spiders and insects. The function is not limited to any particular level of parental care, but occurs in some sub-social species of insects, the spider A. ferox, and a few other species like the frogs Leptodactylus fallax and Oophaga, and the catfish Bagrus meridionalis. Parents of some species deliver trophic eggs directly to their offspring, whereas some other species simply produce the trophic eggs after laying the viable eggs; they then leave the trophic eggs where the viable offspring are likely to find them. The mackerel sharks present the most extreme example of proximity between reproductive eggs and trophic eggs; their viable offspring feed on trophic eggs in utero. Despite the diversity of species and life strategies in which trophic eggs occur, all trophic egg functions are similarly derived from similar ancestral functions, which once amounted to the sacrifice of potential future offspring in order to provide food for the survival of rival offspring. In more derived examples the trophic eggs are not viable, being neither fertilised, nor even fully formed in some cases, so they do not represent actually potential offspring, although they still represent parental investment corresponding to the amount of food it took to produce them.

text:
# Trophic egg

A **trophic egg** is an egg whose function is not reproduction but nutrition; in essence, the trophic egg serves as food for offspring hatched from viable eggs. In most species that produce them, a trophic egg is usually an unfertilised egg. The production of trophic eggs has been observed in a highly diverse range of species, including fish, amphibians, spiders and insects. The function is not limited to any particular level of parental care, but occurs in some sub-social species of insects, the spider *A. ferox*, and a few other species like the frogs *Leptodactylus fallax* and *Oophaga*, and the catfish *Bagrus meridionalis*.

Parents of some species deliver trophic eggs directly to their offspring, whereas some other species simply produce the trophic eggs after laying the viable eggs; they then leave the trophic eggs where the viable offspring are likely to find them.

The mackerel sharks present the most extreme example of proximity between reproductive eggs and trophic eggs; their viable offspring feed on trophic eggs *in utero*.

Despite the diversity of species and life strategies in which trophic eggs occur, all trophic egg functions are similarly derived from similar ancestral functions, which once amounted to the sacrifice of potential future offspring in order to provide food for the survival of rival (usually earlier) offspring. In more derived examples the trophic eggs are not viable, being neither fertilised, nor even fully formed in some cases, so they do not represent actually potential offspring, although they still represent parental investment corresponding to the amount of food it took to produce them.

## Morphology

Trophic eggs are not always morphologically distinct from normal reproductive eggs; however if there is no physical distinction there tends to be some kind of specialised behaviour in the way that trophic eggs are delivered by the parents.

In some beetles, trophic eggs are paler in colour and softer in texture than reproductive eggs, with a smoother surface on the chorion. It has also been found that trophic eggs in ants have a less pronounced reticulate pattern on the chorion.

The morphological differences may arise due to the fact that mothers invest less energy in the production of trophic eggs than viable eggs.

### Summary of cross-species morphology and behaviour

|  | Species (family) | Trophic eggs (TE) morphologically distinct | Specialised behaviour in delivery of TEs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Vertebrates | Frogs (Dendrobatidae, Leptodactylidae, Hylidae) | No | Yes (repeated TE laying) |
| | Catfish (*Bagrus meridionalis*, Bagridae) | ? | Yes (repeated TE laying) |
| | Coelacanth (*Latimeria chalumnae*, Coelacanthidae) | Yes | Yes (TEs supplied continually in oviduct) |
| Insects | *Adomerus triguttulus* (Cydnidae) | Yes | Yes (repeated TE laying) |
| | *Anurogryllus muticus* (Gryllidae) | Yes | Yes (repeated TE laying) |
| Eusocial insects | Various ants (Formicidae); queen-produced eggs | Yes | Yes (delivery to offspring) |
| | Various ants (Formicidae); worker-produced eggs | Yes | Yes (delivery to offspring) |
| Other invertebrates | Several polychaete worms (Spionidae) | Yes | ? |
| | *Amaurobius ferox* (Amaurobiidae) | ? | Yes (laid after offspring hatch) |
| | *Coelotes terrestris* (Agelenidae) | ? | Yes (laid after offspring hatch) |
| | Several prosobranch gastropods (Buccinidae, Calyptraeidae, Muricidae) | Yes | Yes |

## Ecology

### Adaptive plasticity

The behaviour of trophic egg-laying species depends highly on their environment and can be modified via adaptive plasticity in response to environmental variation. The ratio of trophic to viable eggs is determined by the availability of resources, although the absolute number of trophic eggs does not always change. The production of fewer viable eggs ensures that each hatched nymph will have a larger provision of trophic eggs; and therefore give each individual an enhanced chance of survival when external resources are limited. Females can adaptively adjust the egg ratio in response to environmental drivers prior to oviposition.

### Reproductive success

When resources are limited, the presence of trophic eggs greatly increases the maturation and survival rates of offspring. There are some species such as the subsocial burrower bug *Canthophorus niveimarginatus* (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) whose offspring cannot survive at all without the provision of trophic eggs. The nymphs starve to death because trophic eggs are the only thing they are able to feed on. However, when other suitable sources of food are plentiful, feeding on trophic eggs has little effect on brood success.

Sibling cannibalism, common in many spider species, is not affected by the proportion of trophic eggs, since viable eggs are oviposited and hatch synchronously, before trophic eggs are laid. In the spider *Amaurobius ferox*, trophic eggs are laid the day after spiderlings emerge from their egg sac. The mother's reproductive behaviour is modified by the behaviour of her offspring, and their presence inhibits the second generation of eggs from maturing; instead they are released as infertile trophic eggs. Converting the second generation into food for the first ultimately boosts the mother's reproductive success.

### Evolutionary theory

There are no concrete explanations for the evolution of trophic eggs. The two main conflicting arguments are:

* They are an evolved maternal phenotype
* They are simply a failed generation of offspring, produced as a result of reproductive stochasticity.

If they have evolved (and are now distinct) from functionless by-products of failed reproduction, then trophic eggs should be *more easily available* and provide *more nutrients to the offspring* than their evolutionary predecessors. There seems to be clear evidence of this adaptation in many species. This can be seen in mothers making an effort to distribute trophic eggs to their offspring; or eggs which are specialised for the nutritional needs of the offspring. However, in many species, the two types of egg are indistinguishable. Various hypotheses could potentially be tested to determine whether trophic eggs are indeed an evolved phenotype.

It has been suggested that trophic egg-laying evolved as a consequence of *limited egg size*, since larger eggs with more nutrient supply would require the mother to have a larger body size. Thus, the production of more eggs, some of which are not intended to reach maturity. It is relatively simple for the mother to adjust the ratio of fertilised to non-fertilised eggs, in response to environmental conditions.

An alternative to trophic egg-laying is sibling cannibalism; however this requires the mother to regulate the *synchrony of hatching times*. However, in this case eggs which are not eaten would continue to develop. If it is difficult for the mother to achieve this synchrony, trophic eggs are a sensible alternative in ensuring that the offspring that hatches will be fed sufficiently.

## Examples

* Trophic egg-laying is found relatively commonly in sub-social insects, one of the most commonly studied being the bug *Adomerus triguttulus* (Heteroptera: Cydnidae). Nymphs are provisioned with nettle seeds, and the ratio of trophic eggs to viable ones is higher when seeds are less well-developed or in lower quantities, indicating that they are filling the deficit of the alternate food source.
* Worker bees in many eusocial stingless bee species, *Paratrigona subnuda*, have ovarian development and can lay trophic eggs within the brood combs that are later eaten by the queen bee and her progeny, including workers and future queen larvae.
* Many ant species produce trophic eggs, although in the case of *Pachycondyla apicalis* (Formicidae: Ponerinae) the trophic eggs are laid by workers and offered to the queen rather than to developing offspring. However this depends on transmission of pheromones from the queen, since workers lacking contact with the queen may instead start to lay reproductive eggs.
* Some spider species lay a batch of trophic eggs the day after the viable offspring have emerged. This precise timing is based on close interactions between the mother and her offspring, including rotating and drumming behaviour by the mother, which stimulates the spiderlings to climb onto her body at the exact time of release of the trophic eggs. Consumption of trophic eggs can more than double the body weight of the spiderlings, greatly increasing their chances of survival.
* Some species of frogs produce trophic eggs in the same location as their reproductive eggs. Species such as *Oophaga* (formerly included in *Dendrobates*) lay both types of eggs within water-filled tree holes, bromeliad reservoirs, and pitcher plants; where the trophic eggs provide nutrition for the emerging tadpoles. Another frog species, *Leptodactylus fallax*, shows extraordinarily high levels of parental care, with both parents remaining near the burrow, and females feeding each brood a total of 10,000–25,000 trophic eggs, their only source of nutrition.
* Intrauterine cannibalism is common in the viviparous shark order Lamniformes (commonly known as mackerel sharks). This strategy is effective in applying the mother's available resources to production of the optimal number of offspring viable in the ecological niche of a large marine predator. Such cannibalism may take the form of oophagy (eating sibling eggs) or adelphophagy (literally, eating one's brother, but in context meaning the eating of one's siblings). In either form intrauterine cannibalism certainly minimises waste of nutrient resources, such as surplus eggs in the mother's reproductive system, and it prevents the development of excessive numbers of small offspring, rather than a small number of vigorously competitive young sharks. It has been speculated to ensure the survival of only the fittest offspring. However, that speculation has no substance, simply because there is no systematic genetic difference, and hence no systematic difference in genetic fitness, between embryos produced at various times and places in the mother's reproductive system. An embryo that in genetic terms is poorly fit, but nearly mature, would have no difficulty in eating a fit egg or much younger sibling embryo, no matter how genetically fit they might be.

## Further reading

* Barlow, G W (2002). "Chapter 2 - Jaws Two". *The cichlid fishes: nature's grand experiment in evolution*. Basic Books, Nature.
* Cole, K S (2010). "Chapter 1 - Chondrichthyan Reproduction". *Reproduction and Sexuality in Marine Fishes: Patterns and Processes*. University of California Press.
* Polis, G (2008). "Chapter 5 - Intraspecific predation and "infant killing" among invertebrates". In Hausfater, G; Hardy, S (eds.). *Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives*. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9780202366838.
* Perry, J C (2004). *The behavioural ecology of trophic egg-laying*. Simon Fraser University.
* Capinera, J L (2008). "Cannibalism". *Encyclopaedia of Entomology*. Springer.


abstract: John Gubbins Newton and His Sister, Mary Newton is an 1833 painting by Robert Burnard. It is now in the Yale Center for British Art, as part of the Paul Mellon collection, where it has the accession number B2001.2.66.

text:
# John Gubbins Newton and His Sister, Mary Newton

***John Gubbins Newton and His Sister, Mary Newton*** is an 1833 painting by Robert Burnard. It is now in the Yale Center for British Art, as part of the Paul Mellon collection, where it has the accession number B2001.2.66.

## Description

The painting, a full-length portrait, shows John Gubbins Newton on a horse, with his sister, Mary Newton, beside him. At the time of the painting, John was six years old and Mary was ten years old. Judy Egerton wrote that there is nothing remotely like it in English portraiture of the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Grace Glueck described it as "a little-known dazzler".

## Attribution

The painting has been attributed to at least three painters. In 1963, Basil Taylor attributed the painting to Jacques-Laurent Agasse. In 1978, Judy Egerton attributed the painting to Scottish portrait and history painter John Zephaniah Bell. When the portrait was cleaned by Lance Mayer for the 2001 exhibition, *The Paul Mellon Bequest: Treasures of a Lifetime*, a signature ('R. Burnard pinxit') was discovered in the foliage in the upper left corner of the painting. On the basis of the signature, the painting was attributed to Robert Burnard.

## Provenance

John Gubbins Newton and Mary Newton were the only children of John Newton of Devon. The painting stayed at the Newton’s Millaton House for over a hundred years until 1955, when it was bought by J. Andrews, of Tavistock, Devon. Then it was bought by Cyril Steal who sold it to Jeremy Maas in 1961. Later that same year, Paul Mellon bought it. The painting remained in Mellon's house in Upperville, Virginia until 1999, when it was moved to the Yale Center for British Art in New Haven, Connecticut.

## InfoBox

| John Gubbins Newton and His Sister, Mary Newton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Robert Burnard |
| Year | 1833 (1833) |
| Type | Oil painting |
| Dimensions | 235 cm × 143.5 cm (93 in × 56.5 in) |
| Location | Yale Center for British Art, New Haven |
| Coordinates | 41°18′29″N 72°55′50″W / 41.307954°N 72.930693°W / 41.307954; -72.930693 |
| Owner | Yale Center for British Art |


title: Geraldine Morgan Thompson

abstract: Geraldine Livingston Morgan Thompson (1872–1967) was an American social reform pioneer who became known as the "First Lady of New Jersey" due to her philanthropic and social service activities in New Jersey. In 1912, she founded the Monmouth County Organization for Social Service (MCOSS), which evolved through acquisitions and mergers to become Visiting Nurse Association Health Group in 2011, New Jersey's largest non-profit provider of home health, hospice, and community services. Thompson owned Brookdale Farm, an 800-acre (320 ha) estate in Lincroft. In her will, Thompson left 206 acres (83 ha) of the estate to Monmouth County for a public park named for the Thompsons. Thompson Park includes the administrative headquarters of the Monmouth County Park System.

text:
# Geraldine Morgan Thompson

**Geraldine Livingston Morgan Thompson** (1872–1967) was an American social reform pioneer who became known as the "First Lady of New Jersey" due to her philanthropic and social service activities in New Jersey. In 1912, she founded the Monmouth County Organization for Social Service (MCOSS), which evolved through acquisitions and mergers to become Visiting Nurse Association Health Group in 2011, New Jersey's largest non-profit provider of home health, hospice, and community services.

Thompson owned Brookdale Farm, an 800-acre (320 ha) estate in Lincroft. In her will, Thompson left 206 acres (83 ha) of the estate to Monmouth County for a public park named for the Thompsons. Thompson Park includes the administrative headquarters of the Monmouth County Park System.

## Early life

Thompson was born in 1872 in New York City, the daughter of William Dare Morgan and Angelica Livingston Hoyt and the sister of suffragists and social reformers Ruth Morgan and Margaret Lewis Morgan Norrie, the latter of whom was the eldest of the Morgan sisters and eponym of the Margaret Lewis Norrie State Park in Dutchess County, New York. Their younger brother, journalist Gerald Morgan Sr. (1879-1948), reported on the Nazi invasion of Belgium for the *New York Tribune* during World War II.

In 1896, Geraldine Morgan married Lewis Steenrod Thompson, heir to a fortune amassed by his father, William Payne Thompson, a founder of the National Lead Company and later a treasurer of Standard Oil. Devoted to fishing, hunting, and horse racing, Lewis Thompson lived for much of each year at Sunny Hill, a plantation he owned in southern Georgia, while Geraldine Thompson generally remained with the children at Brookdale Farm. The couple had four children of their own, and the Brookdale household included five orphaned relatives and many servants. Lewis Thompson died in 1936.

## Activism

Thompson was a feminist social worker, and her activism was aimed at female prison reform, public health and juvenile justice. She donated money to psychiatric services and college scholarships. In 1923, she was the first female New Jersey delegate to a Republican National Convention. She was a lifelong friend of Eleanor Roosevelt. She helped preserve Island Beach as a state park and worked to save wildlife habitat.

Her awards included an honorary Master of Philanthropy degree, conferred in 1931 by Rutgers University. She was the first New Jersey woman to receive this honor.

## Personal life

Thompson maintained a 40-year romantic and professional relationship with Miriam Van Waters, a prison reformer who served as superintendent of the Massachusetts Reformatory for Women at Framingham. Van Waters was a closeted lesbian who eventually destroyed most of the letters she received from Thompson.

Thompson died on September 9, 1967, at Brookdale Farm, Lincroft, New Jersey.

### Sources


title: Marklund Motorsport

abstract: Marklund Motorsport, also competed under the title Volkswagen Marklund Motorsport, is an auto racing team. The team has been competing in rallycross since its creation, and has recently been backed by Volkswagen. For 2016 the team merged with Kristoffersson Motorsport to create Volkswagen RX Sweden, before stepping back to the European circuit following the fallout from the Volkswagen emissions scandal.

text:
# Marklund Motorsport

**Marklund Motorsport**, also competed under the title **Volkswagen Marklund Motorsport**, is an auto racing team. The team has been competing in rallycross since its creation, and has recently been backed by Volkswagen. For 2016 the team merged with Kristoffersson Motorsport to create **Volkswagen RX Sweden**, before stepping back to the European circuit following the fallout from the Volkswagen emissions scandal.

## Racing record

### Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results

(key)

#### Supercar

| Year | Entrant | Car | No. | Driver | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | WRX | Points | Teams | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Marklund Motorsport | Volkswagen Polo | 57 | **Toomas Heikkinen** | POR
4 | GBR
4 | NOR
7 | FIN
7 | SWE
8 | BEL
1 | CAN
5 | FRA
10 | GER
5 | ITA
8 | TUR
3 | ARG
5 |  | **2nd** | **221** | **2nd** | **394** |
| | | 92 | **Anton Marklund** | POR
5 | GBR
12 | NOR
8 | FIN
5 | SWE
14 | BEL
4 | CAN
2 | FRA
8 | GER
17 | ITA
6 | TUR
4 | ARG
7 |  | | | 6th | 173 |
| | | 34 | **Tanner Foust** | POR
 | GBR
5 | NOR
 | FIN
1 | SWE
 | BEL
 | CAN
18 | FRA
 | GER
 | ITA
 | TUR
 | ARG
 |  | 13th | 42 | N/A | N/A |
| | | 67 | | | **François Duval** | POR
 | GBR
 | NOR
 | FIN
 | SWE
 | BEL
16 | CAN
 | FRA
 | GER
 | ITA
 | TUR
 | ARG
 |  | 55th | 1 |
| | | 82 | | | **Patrick Carpentier** | POR
 | GBR
 | NOR
 | FIN
 | SWE
 | BEL
 | CAN
6 | FRA
 | GER
 | ITA
 | TUR
 | ARG
 |  | 30th | 13 |
| | | 90 | | | **Ronny Wechselberger** | POR
 | GBR
 | NOR
 | FIN
 | SWE
 | BEL
 | CAN
 | FRA
 | GER
19 | ITA
 | TUR
 | ARG
 |  | 57th | 0 |
| 2015 | Marklund Motorsport | Volkswagen Polo | 34 | **Tanner Foust** | POR
 | HOC
9 | BEL
 | GBR
16 | GER
 | SWE
 | CAN
3 | NOR
 | FRA
 | BAR
5 | TUR
 | ITA
 | ARG
 | 15th | 44 | 6th | 236 |
| | | 45 | **Per-Gunnar Andersson** | POR
6 | | | HOC
12 | BEL
4 | GBR
13 | GER
14 | SWE
16 | CAN
 | NOR
5 | FRA
13 | BAR
 | TUR
20 | ITA
14 | ARG
 | 13th | 70 |
| | | 57 | **Toomas Heikkinen** | POR
8 | | | HOC
4 | BEL
1 | GBR
15 | GER
13 | SWE
4 | CAN
2 | NOR
19 | FRA
9 | BAR
8 | TUR
14 | ITA
13 | ARG
9 | 9th | 137 |
| | | 100 | **Thomas Bryntesson** | POR
 | | | HOC
 | BEL
 | GBR
 | GER
 | SWE
 | CAN
 | NOR
 | FRA
 | ESP
 | TUR
 | ITA
 | ARG
16 | 34th | 1 |
| | | HTB Racing-Marklund Motorsport | 24 | **Tommy Rustad** | POR
 | HOC
 | BEL
 | GBR
 | GER
 | SWE
12 | CAN
4† | NOR
 | FRA
 | BAR
 | TUR
 | ITA
 | ARG
 | 18th | 24 | N/A | N/A |
| 2018 | Marklund Motorsport | Volkswagen Polo | 92 | **Anton Marklund** | BAR
 | POR
 | BEL
 | GBR
17 | NOR
11 | SWE
 | CAN
 | FRA
 | LAT
 | USA
 | GER
 | RSA
 |  | 16th\* | 7\* | N/A | N/A |
| | | HTB Racing-Marklund Motorsport | 24 | **Tommy Rustad** | BAR
 | POR
 | BEL
 | GBR
11 | NOR
13 | SWE
 | CAN
 | FRA
 | LAT
 | USA
 | GER
 | RSA
 |  | 15th\* | 13\* | N/A | N/A |
|

† Points scored with other team(s).

### Complete FIA European Rallycross Championship results

(key)

#### Touringcar

| Year | Entrant | Car | No. | Driver | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | ERX | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Marklund Motorsport | Ford Fiesta | 31 | **Anton Marklund** | GBR
 | POR
 | FRA
 | NOR
10 | SWE
3 | BEL
11 | NED
5 | AUT
 | POL
 | CZE
4 | 8th | 53 |
| 2012 | Marklund Motorsport | Ford Fiesta | 8 | **Anton Marklund** | GBR
1 | FRA
2 | AUT
2 | HUN
2 | NOR
(6) | SWE
2 | BEL
2 | NED
1 | FIN
2 | GER
(7) | 1st | 142 |
|

#### Supercar

| Year | Entrant | Car | No. | Driver | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ERX | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Marklund Motorsport | Volkswagen Polo | 68 | **Mattias Ekström** | GBR
 | POR
 | HUN
 | FIN
 | NOR
 | SWE
2 | FRA
 | AUT
 | GER
 | 17th | 23 |
| | | 92 | **Anton Marklund** | GBR
7 | POR
9 | HUN
8 | FIN
9 | NOR
7 | SWE
21 | FRA
13 | AUT
7 | GER
9 | 7th | 102 |
| 2014 | Marklund Motorsport | Volkswagen Polo | 34 | **Tanner Foust** | GBR
3 | NOR
 | BEL
 | GER
 | ITA
 |  |  |  |  | 18th | 14 |
| | | 67 | **François Duval** | GBR | NOR | BEL
8 | GER | ITA |  |  |  |  | 24th | 9 |
| | | 90 | **Ronny Wechselberger** | GBR | NOR | BEL
 | GER
12 | ITA |  |  |  |  | 31st | 5 |
| 2015 | HTB Racing-Marklund Motorsport | Volkswagen Polo | 24 | **Tommy Rustad** | BEL
4 | GER
1 | NOR
1 | BAR
6 | ITA
1 |  |  |  |  | 1st | 135 |
| 2017 | Marklund Motorsport | Volkswagen Polo | 19 | **Magda Andersson** | BAR
28 | NOR
15 | SWE
12 | FRA
9 | LAT
19 |  |  |  |  | 16th | 19 |
| | | 92 | **Anton Marklund** | BAR
1 | NOR
2 | SWE
1 | FRA
4 | LAT
1 |  |  |  |  | 1st | 129 |
| 2018 | Marklund Motorsport | Volkswagen Polo | 92 | **Anton Marklund** | BAR
2 | BEL
1 | SWE
 | FRA
 | LAT
 |  |  |  |  | 2nd\* | 53\* |

* Season still in progress.

## InfoBox

Marklund Motorsport
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2011 |
| Team principal(s) | Jan Marklund |
| Current series | FIA European Rallycross Championship |
| Former series | FIA World Rallycross Championship |
| Current drivers | 92.  Anton Marklund |
| Noted drivers | Mattias Ekström
Tanner Foust
Toomas Heikkinen |


title: Marknesse

abstract: Marknesse is a village in the Dutch province of Flevoland. It is a part of the municipality of Noordoostpolder, and lies about 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) east of Emmeloord.

text:
# Marknesse

**Marknesse** is a village in the Dutch province of Flevoland. It is a part of the municipality of Noordoostpolder, and lies about 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) east of Emmeloord.

## History

Marknesse was first mentioned in 1950 as Marknesse, and is a combination of border land and headland. It has been named after a flooded village near Urk.

The village was founded in 1946 as **B**. In 1943, temporary barracks were built to *polder* the Noordoostpolder. The plan of the village by Theo Verlaan was approved in 1949. The village has a green central axis with the Dutch Reformed Church in one corner and the Reformed Church on the other side, and the flanks contain shops. Most of the houses are oriented north–south.

After the merger of the two Reformed Churches into the Protestant Church, it was decided to demolish the Dutch Reformed church and replace it with a five-story apartment building. One of the original wooden barracks is still present. It was supposed to be transformed into residential houses, but is currently in use as a cultural centre.

## Climate

| Climate data for Marknesse (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1989−present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.5
(58.1) | 17.6
(63.7) | 23.4
(74.1) | 28.5
(83.3) | 31.3
(88.3) | 33.7
(92.7) | 38.1
(100.6) | 34.7
(94.5) | 31.2
(88.2) | 25.5
(77.9) | 19.1
(66.4) | 14.3
(57.7) | 38.1
(100.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.3
(41.5) | 6.1
(43.0) | 9.6
(49.3) | 14.3
(57.7) | 17.9
(64.2) | 20.2
(68.4) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.4
(72.3) | 18.9
(66.0) | 14.2
(57.6) | 9.2
(48.6) | 6.0
(42.8) | 13.9
(57.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.1
(37.6) | 3.4
(38.1) | 5.9
(42.6) | 9.5
(49.1) | 13.1
(55.6) | 15.6
(60.1) | 17.7
(63.9) | 17.5
(63.5) | 14.4
(57.9) | 10.5
(50.9) | 6.6
(43.9) | 3.8
(38.8) | 10.1
(50.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.8
(33.4) | 0.7
(33.3) | 2.4
(36.3) | 4.6
(40.3) | 8.2
(46.8) | 10.7
(51.3) | 12.7
(54.9) | 12.6
(54.7) | 10.1
(50.2) | 6.8
(44.2) | 3.9
(39.0) | 1.5
(34.7) | 6.2
(43.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.7
(1.9) | −22.8
(−9.0) | −20.7
(−5.3) | −6.0
(21.2) | −0.5
(31.1) | 1.7
(35.1) | 5.0
(41.0) | 5.4
(41.7) | 2.3
(36.1) | −5.3
(22.5) | −8.4
(16.9) | −13.0
(8.6) | −22.8
(−9.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 66.8
(2.63) | 55.1
(2.17) | 49.9
(1.96) | 41.2
(1.62) | 58.2
(2.29) | 77.1
(3.04) | 87.0
(3.43) | 85.8
(3.38) | 71.7
(2.82) | 73.2
(2.88) | 66.9
(2.63) | 71.9
(2.83) | 804.8
(31.69) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 90.0 | 87.5 | 83.4 | 77.0 | 75.6 | 79.2 | 80.2 | 81.0 | 85.0 | 88.4 | 91.4 | 91.3 | 84.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.8 | 97.0 | 149.0 | 200.2 | 226.5 | 214.2 | 224.6 | 205.4 | 159.9 | 121.8 | 70.0 | 60.6 | 1,798 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 26.9 | 34.7 | 40.4 | 47.9 | 46.4 | 42.6 | 44.4 | 45.0 | 41.9 | 36.8 | 26.5 | 25.3 | 38.2 |
| Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

1. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". *Central Bureau of Statistics*. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
2. "Postcodetool for 8316AA". *Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland* (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
3. "Marknesse (geografische naam)". *Etymologiebank* (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 April 2022.
4. Ronald Stenvert & Chris Kolman (2006). "Marknesse" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9179 X. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
5. "Marknesse". *Plaatsengids* (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 April 2022.
6. "Weerstatistieken Marknesse". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
7. "Klimaatviewer 1991-2020". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
* Media related to Marknesse at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Marknesse | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Marknesse from above | |
|  | |
| MarknesseLocation of Marknesse in the province of FlevolandMarknesseMarknesse (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 52°42′32″N 5°51′44″E / 52.70889°N 5.86222°E / 52.70889; 5.86222 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Flevoland |
| Municipality | Noordoostpolder |
| Established | 1946 |
| Area | |
| Total | 53.82 km2 (20.78 sq mi) |
| Elevation | −2.8 m (−9.2 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 3,775 |
| Density | 70/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8316 |
| Dialing code | 0527 |
| Website | www.marknesse.nl |


title: Marklund convection

abstract: Marklund convection, named after Swedish physicist Göran Marklund, is a convection process that takes place in filamentary currents of plasma. It occurs within a plasma with an associated electric field, that causes convection of ions and electrons inward towards a central twisting filamentary axis. A temperature gradient within the plasma will also cause chemical separation based on different ionization potentials.

text:
# Marklund convection

**Marklund convection**, named after Swedish physicist Göran Marklund, is a convection process that takes place in filamentary currents of plasma. It occurs within a plasma with an associated electric field, that causes convection of ions and electrons inward towards a central twisting filamentary axis. A temperature gradient within the plasma will also cause chemical separation based on different ionization potentials.

## Mechanism

In Marklund's paper, the plasma convects radially inwards towards the center of a cylindrical flux tube. During this convection, the different chemical constituents of the plasma, each having its specific ionization potential, enters into a progressively cooler region. The plasma constituents will recombine and become neutral, and thus no longer under the influence of the electromagnetic forcing. The ionization potentials will thus determine where the different chemicals will be deposited.

This provides an efficient means to accumulate matter within a plasma. In a partially ionized plasma, electromagnetic forces act on the non-ionized material indirectly through the viscosity between the ionized and non-ionized material.

Hannes Alfvén showed that elements with the lowest ionization potential are brought closest to the axis, and form concentric hollow cylinders whose radii increase with ionization potential. The drift of ionized matter from the surroundings into the rope means that the rope acts as an ion pump, which evacuates surrounding regions, producing areas of extremely low density.


title: The Solar Generation

abstract: The Solar Generation: Childhood and Adolescence of Terrestrial Photovoltaics is a 2018 book by Philip R Wolfe published by John Wiley & Sons and the IEEE. It describes the early years of the solar power sector, covering in particular the years between 1973 and 1999. The author's foreword says this was a period when solar power was "discounted as an irrelevance", but he "confidently predicts that it will be the world's largest energy source" within his lifetime. The book covers specifically solar photovoltaic power generation for terrestrial uses. It does not deal with space applications of solar cells, nor solar thermal energy including CSP.

text:
# The Solar Generation

***The Solar Generation: Childhood and Adolescence of Terrestrial Photovoltaics*** is a 2018 book by Philip R Wolfe published by John Wiley & Sons and the IEEE. It describes the early years of the solar power sector, covering in particular the years between 1973 and 1999.

The author's foreword says this was a period when solar power was "discounted as an irrelevance", but he "confidently predicts that it will be the world's largest energy source" within his lifetime.

The book covers specifically solar photovoltaic power generation for terrestrial uses. It does not deal with space applications of solar cells, nor solar thermal energy including CSP.

## Book Volumes and Chapters

The book is presented in three parts:

### Part I: A biography of terrestrial photovoltaics

This part tells the story of the period from various perspectives; research and technology, industrial development, applications of solar generation, economics and the geo-political context.

It has chapters entitled:

1. Origins of terrestrial solar power;
2. What is photovoltaics?;
3. Terrestrial solar applications;
4. Photovoltaic research;
5. PV business and markets;
6. Economics of solar generation;
7. Solar industry participants;
8. Geo-politics of the early solar sector; and
9. The next generation

### Part II: Encyclopaedia; People, organisations, events

Central to this section is a 'Who's Who' of the leading participants in the early solar sector:

* Profiles of sixty-six leading pioneers of the time. In total over 200 people are mentioned.
* Profiles of forty-two companies active in the early PV sector; together with thirteen leading research institutions; and ten national and international agencies. Nearly 100 others are also mentioned.

Part II also includes compendia enumerating specific records and achievements in research and technology; national and international policies towards the sector; prizes, awards, conferences and expositions.

### Part III: Dictionary; References, glossary and indexes

This very comprehensive reference section includes Acknowledgements; Citations; Bibliography; Glossary and Indexes

## InfoBox

The Solar Generation
| Technology and regional trends (Figs 5.3 and 5.4 from the book) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Philip R Wolfe |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Solar energy <br>Renewable Energy |
| Publisher | John Wiley & Sons; copyright IEEE |
| Publication date | 2018 |
| Publication place | USA (author UK) |
| Media type | paperback and electronic versions |
| Pages | 411 |
| ISBN | 978-1-119-42558-8 |


title: Martha Burns

abstract: Martha Burns is a Canadian actress known for her stage work and youth outreach in Ontario and her leading role as Ellen Fanshaw in the TV dramedy series Slings and Arrows.

text:
# Martha Burns

**Martha Burns** (born 23 April 1957) is a Canadian actress known for her stage work and youth outreach in Ontario and her leading role as Ellen Fanshaw in the TV dramedy series *Slings and Arrows*.

## Early life

Burns was born and raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. She studied at the University of Alberta and the Vancouver Playhouse's Acting School.

## Career

Burns has had a long career as a character and supporting actress. Her most notable television roles being Shakespearean diva Ellen Fanshaw in *Slings and Arrows*, for which she won two Gemini Awards, Jasmina Hart on *Michael, Tuesdays and Thursdays* and Rebecca Baker on *Remedy*.

Some of her notable film work includes *Long Day's Journey into Night* and for *Love and Savagery*, both resulting in Genie Awards for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role.

### Theatre

Burns is a founding member and a former associate director of Toronto's Soulpepper Theatre Company., Burns headed up Soulpepper's extensive youth outreach program. She founded the Toronto Arts for Youth Award, and has worked as an instructor for the theatre program at George Brown College.

She has performed leading roles at Stratford, the Shaw Festival, the National Arts Centre and The Company Theatre. She was nominated five times for a Dora Award and won twice: in 1986 for *The Miracle Worker* and in 1984 for *Trafford Tanzi*.

In 2005 she was honoured for her career in the theatre with the Barbara Hamilton Award.

In 2016 Burns was awarded ACTRA’s Leslie Yeo Award, an award honouring actors for their volunteer work. She donated her cash prize to the Qaggiq Performing Arts Teacher Training Workshop, a program that works on developing Inuit-specific performing arts programming for children and youth.

## Personal life

Burns is married to director and actor Paul Gross. They have two children, Hannah Gross and Jack.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | *Passage of the Heart* | Kate Ward |  |
| 1994 | *Paint Cans* | Melda |  |
| 1995 | *Never Talk to Strangers* | Maura |  |
| 1999 | *The Life Before This* | Gwen Maclean |  |
| 2000 | *Hindsight* | Trina | Short film |
| 2004 | *Siblings* | Miss Bradford |  |
| 2006 | *Screening* | Helen Thompson | Short film |
| 2007 | *Silk* | Mme. Joncour |  |
| 2008 | *Rewind* | Heather Beckett | Short film |
| 2009 | *You Might as Well Live* | Dr. Elizabeth |  |
| 2009 | *Dinner at Lucy's* | Lucy | Short film |
| 2009 | *Love and Savagery* | Mother Superior | Won  Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role |
| 2009 | *A Wake* | Sabina |  |
| 2010 | *The Reception* | Debra | Short film |
| 2011 | *French Immersion* | Cathy |  |
| 2012 | *Fury* | Gretchen |  |
| 2013 | *Mad Ship* | Judith |  |
| 2013 | *Hardsell* | Sandra Hipps | Short film |
| 2015 | *Boxing* | Janet | Short film |
| 2016 | *A False Sense of Security* | Debra | Short film |
| 2021 | *We're All in This Together* | Kate Parker |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1983 | *Backstretch* | Kelly | TV series |
| 1987 | *Street Legal* | Margaret | "Take My Jokes, Please" |
| 1990 | *The Last Best Year* | Sally | TV film |
| 1991 | *E.N.G.* | Joanna Miles | "Tyger, Tyger" |
| 1995 | *Great Performances* | Cathleen | "Long Day's Journey Into Night"
Won  Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role |
| 1996 | *Side Effects* | Andrea Burrows | "Sex, Death and Rock 'N' Roll" |
| 1996 | *Traders* | Rita Hutchison | "Two Steps Forward" |
| 1997 | *Marie Curie: More Than Meets the Eye* | Lisette Boudreau | TV film |
| 1997 | *Due South* | Nadia | "Spy vs. Spy" |
| 1998 | *Witness to Yesterday* | Amelia Earhart | "Amelia Earhart" |
| 1998 | *Thanks of a Grateful Nation* | Dr. Rosemary Dove | TV film |
| 1999 | *What Katy Did* | Aunt Izzie | TV film |
| 1999 | *Due South* | Caroline Fraser | "Call of the Wild: Part 2" |
| 1999 | *Emily of New Moon* | Eve Kinch | "Under the Wishing Moon: Part 1", "Bridge of Dreams: Part 2" |
| 1999 | *Murder Most Likely* | Alice Malinson | TV film |
| 2003 | *Profoundly Normal* | Dr. Maswell | TV film |
| 2003-06 | *Slings & Arrows* | Ellen Fanshaw | Main role
Nominated  Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (2004)
Nominated  Canadian Comedy Award for Best Female TV Performance (2006)
Won  Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (2006)
Won  Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (2007) |
| 2008 | *The Trojan Horse* | Mary Miller | "Part One" |
| 2009 | *Murdoch Mysteries* | Mrs. Burgess | "Convalescence" |
| 2009 | *The Foundation* | Selena Selkirk | "The Face of Hope", "The African Prince", "Springing Jett" |
| 2011 | *Republic of Doyle* | Joyce | "Something Old, Someone Blue" |
| 2011 | *Michael: Tuesdays and Thursdays* | Jasmina Hart | Main role |
| 2013 | *After All These Years* | Phyllis Deitrichson | TV film |
| 2013 | *Cracked* | Alice Kelly | "The Valley" |
| 2014 | *Darknet* | Mother | "Darknet 3" |
| 2014-15 | *Remedy* | Rebecca Baker | Main role
Nominated  Canadian Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Series (2016) |
| 2017 | *Alias Grace* | Mrs. Parkinson | 3 episodes |
| 2022 | *Guillermo del Toro's Cabinet of Curiosities* | Agatha | Episode: "Lot 36" |
|

## InfoBox

| Martha Burns | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1957-04-23) 23 April 1957
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1983 \- Present |
| Spouse | Paul Gross
(m. 1988) |
| Children | 2, including Hannah Gross |


title: Folie

abstract: Folie or Folies may refer to:

text:
# Folie

**Folie** or **Folies** may refer to:

## Places

* Condé-Folie, commune in the Picardie region of France
* Fains-la-Folie, commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in north-central France
* Folies, commune in the Somme département in the Picardie region of France
* Forêt-la-Folie, commune in the Haute-Normandie region of northern France
* Hubert-Folie, commune in the Basse-Normandie region of northern France.
* La Folie, commune in the Basse-Normandie region of northern France

## Film and television

## Music

## Others


title: Marry in Haste

abstract: Marry in Haste is a 1924 American silent comedy drama film directed by Duke Worne and starring William Fairbanks, Dorothy Revier, and Alfred Hollingsworth.

text:
# Marry in Haste

***Marry in Haste*** is a 1924 American silent comedy drama film directed by Duke Worne and starring William Fairbanks, Dorothy Revier, and Alfred Hollingsworth.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine review, Wayne Sturgis of Wyoming while visiting New York City meets and weds Joan Prescott, a Greenwich Village art student making a living by modeling. His wealthy father disowns him as a result of the marriage. They live on a small farm where the hard work brings disillusionment, unhappiness, and ill health to Joan. Trouble also arises due to the attentions paid to the young wife by a neighbor, Monte Brett. Wayne desperately struggles to make good and wins some much needed money by staying three rounds with a champion pugilist. Brett attempts to make love to Joan but is repulsed by her. In the finale, the father is reconciled and forgives the young couple, who find happiness with each other.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Munden, Kenneth White. *The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1*. University of California Press, 1997.

## InfoBox

| Marry in Haste | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Duke Worne |
| Written by | Jean Duvane |
| Produced by | Phil Goldstone |
| Starring | William Fairbanks
Dorothy Revier
Alfred Hollingsworth |
| Production
company | Phil Goldstone Productions |
| Release date | * February 1, 1924 (1924-02-01) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |