title: HMS Monarch (1868)

abstract: HMS Monarch was the first seagoing British warship to carry her guns in turrets, and the first British warship to carry guns of 12-inch (300 mm) calibre.

text:
# HMS Monarch (1868)

**HMS *Monarch*** was the first seagoing British warship to carry her guns in turrets, and the first British warship to carry guns of 12-inch (300 mm) calibre.

## Design

She was designed by Sir Edward Reed, at a time when the basic configuration of battleship design was undergoing major change simultaneously in many aspects. Sail was gradually giving way to steam, wooden hulls had just been superseded by iron, smoothbore artillery firing round-shot had been overtaken by rifled shell-firing cannon, increasingly heavier armour was being mounted, and there was mounting agitation in naval design circles to abandon broadside armament in favour of that mounted in turrets. In this melting-pot, any battleship design was fated to be a compromise, and the design of *Monarch* proved to be so.

Having determined that *Monarch* would carry her main artillery in turrets, the Board of Admiralty then stipulated that, as she was destined for overseas service, and steam engines were not at that time wholly reliable, she must carry a full ship-rig and be fitted with a forecastle. Reed objected to this concept, which had the effect of totally preventing the main artillery from firing on any other angle than on the port and starboard beams. He was overruled, and is reported to have taken little pride in the resulting ship. He himself wrote, in 1869 "no satisfactorily designed turret ship has yet been built, or even laid down.....the middle of the upper deck of a full-rigged ship is not a very eligible place for fighting large guns". In 1871 Reed stated to the Committee on Designs that he wanted on a turret ship no poop and no forecastle, and masts carrying at most light rig fore or aft on the centre-line which the guns could fire past.

In 1878, she underwent a refit by Messrs. Humphrys, Tennant & Co, Deptford. On 29 April, whilst undergoing sea trials, she ran aground off Sheerness, Kent avoiding a collision with a schooner. She was refloated two hours later.

The hull of *Monarch* was similar to the hulls of recent broadside ironclads, except that her lines were finer, with a length:beam ratio of 5.7:1; a ratio which was not bettered for a battleship until the building of HMS *Dreadnought* with a ratio of very nearly 6:1.

## Modernisation

In 1890 she was selected for what was at the time called "modernisation". She was given new triple expansion engines and new boilers, and thereafter could make 15.75 knots (29.17 km/h) – less than a knot better than on her first trials. No attempt was made to bring her armament up to date, although the muzzle-loading rifles which she carried were by then totally obsolete, and the fitting of breech-loading cannon would not have been difficult. At this time she received four 12-pounder 76 mm (3.0 in) and ten 3-pounder quick-firers as a torpedo-boat defence.

## Armament

The four 12-inch muzzle-loading rifles carried as main armament were housed in two pairs in two centre-line turrets on the upper deck, one on either side of the funnel. These guns, each of which weighed 25 long tons (25 t), could fire a shell weighing 600 pounds (270 kg) with a muzzle velocity of 1,380 ft/s (421 m/s). Being situated on the upper deck, at a height of seventeen feet above water, they were seven feet higher than any battery in the fleet, with significant advantage thereby accruing in terms of range and command. Unlike earlier turret-equipped coast-defence ships, training was by steam power.

A good gun crew could fire an aimed shell every two minutes.

To compensate for the inability of the main guns to train either fore or after, two smaller guns of 7 inch calibre were carried in the bow, and one in the stern.

## Service history

HMS *Monarch* in Number 10 Dock, Portsmouth Dockyard, Hampshire; In 1871 census on 2 April; 316 on board; 209 not on board; Capt Charles Murray-Aynsley; (1821-1901) Captain of Monarch, Channel Squadron (until paying off); October 1870 to 29 November 1871

She was commissioned for the Channel Fleet at Chatham, and served therein until 1872. During the service she crossed the Atlantic in the company of USS *Plymouth* carrying the remains of George Peabody, American merchant, financier and philanthropist, to the United States for burial. On her way home she sailed on one day a distance of 242 nautical miles (448 km), which fell short of the record set by HMS *Ocean* by one nautical mile only. She paid off for refit, rejoining the Channel Fleet in 1874. On 28 November 1875, *Monarch* collided with the Norwegian barque *Halden* 15 nautical miles (28 km) off the Eddystone Rock. Both vessels were severely damaged; they put in to Plymouth. In 1876 she was posted to the Mediterranean, where she served until 1885, with a short refit at home in 1877.

She was present and active at the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882 under command of Captain H Fairfax, firing 125 12-inch (300 mm) shells at the Egyptian forts.

She was ordered to Malta in the Russian war scare of 1885, but broke down *en route* and her whereabouts were unknown for some days; she was ultimately found, towed into Malta, patched up and sent home under escort. After refit she again served in the Channel between 1885 and 1890. On 24 December 1886, she was run into in the Tagus by HMS *Minotaur* and was severely damaged. She spent the years from 1890 to 1897 undergoing a lengthy modernisation, after which she was guardship at Simon's Bay until late 1902. Captain Charles Henry Bayly was appointed in command on 1 February 1900. In March 1902 Captain Robert Kyle McAlpine was appointed in command, for service as Naval Officer in Charge Ascension. Two months later, Captain William Lowther Grant was appointed in command on 5 May 1902, and in July 1902 she was part of a group of seven Royal Navy ships visiting Zanzibar for a show of force following the death of the sultan and accession of his son. By December 1902 she was stationed at Simon's Town, the Royal Navy base outside Cape Town. She was thereafter reduced to the status of a depot ship outside Cape Town, under the new name of HMS *Simoom*; brought home in 1904, she was sold in 1905.

## Gunnery trials

A trial was undertaken in 1870 to compare the accuracy and rate of fire of turret-mounted heavy guns with those in a centre-battery ship. The target was a 600 feet (180 m) long, 60 feet (18 m) high rock off Vigo. The speed of the ships was 4–5 knots (4.6–5.8 mph; 7.4–9.3 km/h) ("some accounts say stationary"). Each ship fired for five minutes, with the guns starting "loaded and very carefully trained". The guns fired Palliser shells with battering charges at a range of about 1,000 yards (0.91 km). Three out of the *Captain's* four hits were achieved with the first salvo; firing this salvo caused the ship to roll heavily (±20°); smoke from firing made aiming difficult. The *Monarch* and the *Hercules* also did better with their first salvo, were inconvenienced by the smoke of firing, and to a lesser extent were caused to roll by firing. On the *Hercules* the gunsights were on the guns, and this worked better than the turret roof gunsights used by the other ships.

| Ship | Weapons firing | Rounds fired | Hits | Rate of fire
(rounds per minute) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Hercules* | 4 × 10-inch MLR | 17 | 10 | 0.65 |
| *Monarch* | 4 × 12-inch MLR | 12 | 5 | 0.40 |
| *Captain* | 4 × 12-inch MLR | 11 | 4 | 0.35 |
| Source: | | | | |
|

## Publications

## InfoBox

| Painting of HMS *Monarch* by William Frederick Mitchell | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS *Monarch* |
| Builder | Chatham Dockyard |
| Laid down | 1 June 1866 |
| Launched | 25 May 1868 |
| Completed | 12 June 1869 |
| Fate | Broken up, 1905 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 8,322 long tons (8,456 t) |
| Length | 330 ft (100 m) |
| Beam | 57 ft 6 in (17.53 m) |
| Draught | * 22 ft 6 in (6.86 m) light * 26 ft (8 m) deep load |
| Propulsion | One-shaft Humphreys & Tennant return connecting rod |
| Sail plan | Ship-rigged, sail area 27,700 sq ft (2,600 m2) |
| Speed | * 14.94 knots (17.19 mph; 27.67 km/h) under power * 13 knots (15 mph; 24 km/h) under sail |
| Complement | 605 |
| Armament |  |
| Armour | * Belt: 7 in (178 mm) amidships, 4.5 in (114 mm) fore and aft * Turrets: 10 in (254 mm) face, 8 in (203 mm) sides * Bulkheads: 4–4.5 in (102–114 mm) * Bow screen: 5 in (127 mm) * Conning tower: 8 in (203 mm) |


title: Plataea calcaria

abstract: Plataea calcaria is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Plataea calcaria is 6921.

text:
# Plataea calcaria

***Plataea calcaria*** is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Plataea calcaria* is 6921.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Plataea calcaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Tribe: | Ourapterygini |
| Genus: | *Plataea* |
| Species: | ***P. calcaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plataea calcaria***<br>(Pearsall, 1911) | |
|


title: Vera Gordon

abstract: Vera Pogorelsky Gordon was a Russian-born American stage and screen actress.

text:
# Vera Gordon

**Vera Pogorelsky Gordon** (June 11, 1886 – May 8, 1948) was a Russian-born American stage and screen actress.

## Early life

Vera Pogorelsky was born in Ekaterinoslav, Russia, on June 11, 1886, the daughter of Boris Pogorelsky and Teigan Nemirovsky.

## Career

Pogorelsky was a child actor but she was fired by the directors of the Shevchenko Imperial Company when they learned she was of Jewish heritage. After emigrating to the United States, Pogorelsky, now Gordon, appeared in smaller theater like the Liberty and the Lyric in New York’s Lower East Side.

In 1916 Gordon went on a tour in England, appearing in vaudeville and theatre.

Gordon starred in several motion pictures such as *Humoresque* and *The Cohens and Kellys*. She represented the archetypical Jewish mother.

She contributed to newspapers and magazines on marriage and children, and supported Jewish children orphanages.

She was a member of Actors' Equity Association, Russian-American Art Club of Los Angeles, and Grand Street Boys, N.Y.

## Personal life

In 1904, in Russia, Vera Pogorelsky married Nathan A. Gordon, a producer and writer at the Ostoffersk Acting Company, and had two children: William (b. 1904) and Nadje (b. 1907).

In 1905 the Gordons moved to New York City and in 1926 to California, living at 364 S. Highland Ave., Los Angeles.

Her nephew was the musicologist and violinist Sol Babitz, and her great-niece was the writer Eve Babitz.

She moved to Beverly Hills, died there on May 8, 1948, and is buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Hollywood.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Vera Gordon | |
| --- | --- |
| Gordon in 1909 | |
| Born | Vera Pogorelsky Gordon
(1886-06-11)June 11, 1886
Ekaterinoslav, Russia |
| Died | May 8, 1948(1948-05-08) (aged 61)
Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1904–1946 |
| Spouse | Nathan Gordon (m. 1904) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Saheb Bibi Golam

abstract: Saheb Bibi Golam is a 1953 Bengali novel written by Bimal Mitra (1912–1991) and is set in Calcutta, India during the last years of the nineteenth century. It was serialised in the Bengali-language literary magazine Desh in November 1952. The novel tells the story of the sumptuous lifestyle and the decay of a feudal family. It is the story of Pateshwari aka Chhoto Bou, a woman who wants to experience romance, to be a real wife, to invent for herself and live a new kind of conjugality. But the book also tells the story of Calcutta, now Kolkata, and of all the people who lived there.

text:
# Saheb Bibi Golam

***Saheb Bibi Golam*** is a 1953 Bengali novel written by Bimal Mitra (19121991) and is set in Calcutta, India during the last years of the nineteenth century. It was serialised in the Bengali-language literary magazine *Desh* in November 1952.

The novel tells the story of the sumptuous lifestyle and the decay of a feudal family. It is the story of Pateshwari aka Chhoto Bou, a woman who wants to experience romance, to be a real wife, to invent for herself and live a new kind of conjugality. But the book also tells the story of Calcutta, now Kolkata, and of all the people who lived there.

## Adaptations

The novel was adapted into Bengali film, *Saheb Bibi Golam* (King, Queen, Knave) in 1956, starring Sumitra Devi, Uttam Kumar and Chhabi Biswas. A Hindi version, *Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam* released in 1962 starring Meena Kumari, Rehman, Guru Dutt and Waheeda Rehman among others, went on to become a huge hit.

## Title

The title *Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam* is translated in English as *King, Queen and Knave*. The literal meaning comes from playing cards.

1. Das, Sisir Kumar (1991). *History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy*. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788172017989.
2. *Dress Circle*. 1983. p. 28. Retrieved 30 July 2021. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
3. "Saheb Bibi Golam (1956) - Cinestaan.com". *Cinestaan*. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
4. "Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam 1962". *The Hindu*. 30 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008.

## InfoBox

Saheb Bibi Golam (King, Queen and Knave)
| Author | Bimal Mitra |
| --- | --- |
| Language | Bengali |
| Genre | Novel |
| Publication place | India |
| Media type | Print (Hardback) |


title: Radnička Borba

abstract: Radnička Borba was a Serbo-Croatian language socialist newspaper which was published from 1907 to 1970. The newspaper was initially published in New York City and served as an organ of the Yugoslav Federation of the Socialist Labor Party of America. Radnička Borba was staffed entirely by volunteers and frequently supported the interests of striking workers in the United States. The newspaper relocated to Detroit after World War II and ceased publication in 1970. In 1923 the paper had a weekly circulation of 3,000. Copies of Radnička Borba have been digitized and are part of the collection of the Library of Congress.

text:
# Radnička Borba

***Radnička Borba*** (*Worker's Struggle)* was a Serbo-Croatian language socialist newspaper which was published from 1907 to 1970. The newspaper was initially published in New York City and served as an organ of the Yugoslav Federation of the Socialist Labor Party of America. *Radnička Borba* was staffed entirely by volunteers and frequently supported the interests of striking workers in the United States. The newspaper relocated to Detroit after World War II and ceased publication in 1970. In 1923 the paper had a weekly circulation of 3,000. Copies of *Radnička Borba* have been digitized and are part of the collection of the Library of Congress.

## InfoBox

Radnička Borba
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| Founded | 1907 |
| Political alignment | Socialist Labor Party of America |
| Language | Serbo-Croatian |
| Ceased publication | 1970 |
| Headquarters | New York City,
Cleveland
Detroit |
| Circulation | 3,000 (1923) |


title: Indira Terrero

abstract: Indira Terrero Letuce is a Spanish sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres. Earlier she represented her native Cuba.

text:
# Indira Terrero

**Indira Terrero Letuce** (born 29 November 1985) is a Spanish sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres. Earlier she represented her native Cuba.

## Career

Her personal best time is 51.00 seconds, achieved in May 2007 in Havana.

## Personal best

**Outdoor**

* 100 m: **11.70 s** (wind: -1.9 m/s) Cáceres, 29 June 2011
* 200 m: **23.80 s** (wind: +0.0 m/s) Camagüey, 14 March 2009
* 400 m: **50.98 s A** Cali, 4 July 2008
* 800 m: **2:03.24 min** San Fernando, 6 June 2010

**Indoor**

* 200 m: **23.92 s** Valencia, 26 January 2013
* 400 m: **52.02 s** Metz, 24 February 2013

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Cuba | | | | | |
| 2005 | ALBA Games | La Habana, Cuba | 2nd | 400 m | 53.5 s |
| | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Nassau, Bahamas | 15th (h) | 400 m | 55.47 s |
| | | 3rd | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:33.85 min |
| 2007 | ALBA Games | Caracas, Venezuela | 1st | 400 m | 51.99 s |
| | | | 1st | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:38.77 min |
| | Pan American Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 3rd | 400 m | 51.09 s |
| | | 1st | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:27.51 min |
| | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 15th (sf) | 400 m | 51.08 s |
| | | 7th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:27.05 min |
| 2008 | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Cali, Colombia | 1st | 400 m | 50.98 s |
| | | | 1st | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:27.97 min |
| | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 16th (sf) | 400 m | 51.80 s |
| | | 6th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:23.21 min |
| 2009 | ALBA Games | Havana, Cuba | 1st | 400 m | 51.79 s |
| | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Havana, Cuba | 1st | 400 m | 51.64 s |
| | | 1st | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:29.94 |
| | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 16th (sf) | 400 m | 51.87 s |
| | | 8th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:36.99 min |
| 2010 | Ibero-American Championships | San Fernando, Spain | 3rd | 800 m | 2:03.24 min |
| | | | 1st | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:30.73 min |
| Representing  Spain | | | | | |
| 2014 | European Championships | Zürich, Switzerland | 3rd | 400 m | 51.38 s |
| 2015 | European Indoor Championships | Prague, Czech Republic | 2nd | 400 m | 52.63 s |
| 2016 | Ibero-American Championships | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 2nd | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:36.16 min |
| | European Championships | Amsterdam, Netherlands |  | 400 m | DNF |

* Indira Terrero at World Athletics
* Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Indira Terrero". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03.
* Tilastopaja biography

## InfoBox

Indira Terrero
| Indira Terrero in 2013 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Indira Terrero Letuce |
| Born | (1985-11-29) November 29, 1985<br>Havana, Cuba |
| Height | 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 52 kg (115 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Spain |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  Spain  European Championships  2014 Zürich 400 m  European Indoor Championships  2015 Prague 400 m | |


title: Nelson Brickham

abstract: Nelson Henry Brickham, Jr. was a Central Intelligence Agency officer, best known for his role in developing the Phoenix Program.

text:
# Nelson Brickham

**Nelson Henry Brickham, Jr.** (23 January 1927 – 1 February 2007) was a Central Intelligence Agency officer, best known for his role in developing the Phoenix Program.

## Career

Brickham graduated from Yale University in 1949, and joined the Central Intelligence Agency the same year. After some years in the Directorate of Intelligence, he transferred to the Operations Division in 1955, serving in the Soviet-Russia Division. In 1960 Brickham was posted to Teheran, managing intelligence and counterintelligence operations against Soviet targets in Iran. By 1964 he was working in the Sino-Soviet Relations Branch.

In 1965-66 Brickham was the senior CIA officer in charge of Foreign Intelligence Field Operations throughout South Vietnam. In 1966 Saigon station chief John Limond Hart assigned Brickham to Robert Komer's staff, where in late 1966 to June 1967 Brickham developed ICEX-SIDE (later renamed the Phoenix Program) as a single organizational structure to coordinate intelligence, military and police activities in Vietnam. The system was modelled on the Ford Motor Company's executive staff structure. It was also inspired in part by David Galula's *Counterinsurgency Warfare* (1964), a book based on Galula's experiences in the Algerian War which Brickham was "very taken" with and carried with him around Vietnam.


title: Ophélie-Cyrielle Étienne

abstract: Ophélie-Cyrielle Étienne is a French swimmer from Wissembourg. In the 2012 Summer Olympics her 4 × 200 m freestyle team won a bronze medal in a time of 7:47.49. The split times were: Camille Muffat (1:55.51); Charlotte Bonnet (1:57.78); Étienne (1:58.05); Coralie Balmy (1:56.15). She also competed in 200 m freestyle, 4 x 200 m freestyle relay and the 4 x 100 m freestyle relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 200 m freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Ophélie-Cyrielle Étienne

**Ophélie-Cyrielle Étienne** (born 9 September 1990) is a French swimmer from Wissembourg. In the 2012 Summer Olympics her 4 × 200 m freestyle team won a bronze medal in a time of 7:47.49. The split times were: Camille Muffat (1:55.51); Charlotte Bonnet (1:57.78); Étienne (1:58.05); Coralie Balmy (1:56.15).

She also competed in 200 m freestyle, 4 x 200 m freestyle relay and the 4 x 100 m freestyle relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 200 m freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Ophélie-Cyrielle Étienne
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Ophélie-Cyrielle Étienne |
| Nationality | France |
| Born | (1990-09-09) 9 September 1990<br>Wissembourg, France |
| Height | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 62 kg (137 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's swimming  Representing  France  Olympic Games  2012 London 4×200 m freestyle  World Championships (SC)  2010 Dubai 4×200 m freestyle  European Championships (LC)  2010 Budapest  400 m freestyle  2010 Budapest  800 m freestyle  2010 Budapest  4×200 m freestyle  2012 Debrecen  200 m freestyle  2012 Debrecen  400 m freestyle  European Championships (SC)  2009 Istanbul 400 m freestyle  2009 Istanbul 800 m freestyle  Mediterranean Games  2009 Pescara 200 m freestyle  2009 Pescara 800 m freestyle  World Junior Championships  2006 Rio de Janeiro 200 m freestyle  2006 Rio de Janeiro 4×100 m freestyle  2006 Rio de Janeiro 4×200 m freestyle | |


title: Wang Zhiming (pastor)

abstract: Wang Zhiming (王志明) was a Miao pastor little known outside his home in Wuding County, Yunnan, China, at the time of his execution on December 29, 1973. Since then, he has received two unique honors. In 1981, he became the only Christian martyr of the Cultural Revolution to have a monument erected at his gravesite. Then in 1998, he was one of ten 20th-century Christian martyrs memorialized above the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey with a statue. These statues represent those who died in the name of Christ in the century marked by the greatest number of martyrdoms in the history of the church. Wang was heavily respected and admired for his work. He died for his passion and beliefs.

text:
# Wang Zhiming (pastor)

**Wang Zhiming** (王志明) (1907 – December 29, 1973) was a Miao pastor little known outside his home in Wuding County, Yunnan, China, at the time of his execution on December 29, 1973. Since then, he has received two unique honors. In 1981, he became the only Christian martyr of the Cultural Revolution to have a monument erected at his gravesite. Then in 1998, he was one of ten 20th-century Christian martyrs memorialized above the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey with a statue. These statues represent those who died in the name of Christ in the century marked by the greatest number of martyrdoms in the history of the church.

Wang was heavily respected and admired for his work. He died for his passion and beliefs.

## Life and work

Wang Zhiming was born in Wuding in 1907, the year after Christian missionaries Samuel Pollard, Arthur G. Nicholls, George E. Metcalf and Gladstone Porteous first began work there. Their work among minority people, especially the Miao in Wuding, saw much fruit. By 1949, 130,000 Protestants, nearly 20% of the total for China, were found among Yunnan's minorities. Five years later half of the Christians in Yunnan reportedly lived in the prefecture which included Wuding.

Wang was educated in Christian schools and later taught in one for ten years. In 1944 he was elected chairman of the church council in Wuding, and he was ordained in 1951 at the age of 44. During the 1950s Wang was one of six Miao Christian leaders who accommodated some of the demands of the new government by signing the Three Self Manifesto. Still, he refused to participate in denunciation meetings held to humiliate landlords, saying, "My hands have baptized many converts, and should not be used for sinfulness". This was undoubtedly one of the reasons that, even before the Cultural Revolution, Wang was declared a counter-revolutionary.

## Martyrdom

During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), at least 21 Christian leaders in Wuding were imprisoned, and many others were sent to camps, denounced or beaten. One later stated,

> I cannot recall how many times I was made to kneel on the rubble and how much blood flowed from my knees due to their sharp edges. When I could not hold out and fell to the ground, merciless beatings followed. Then I was pulled up and forced to salute the portrait of Chairman Mao. My refusal to do so resulted in another round of beating up. Vicious cycles went on and on. This only paused for a little while when I almost lost consciousness.
>
> Li Zicheng, in Ju-K'ang T'ien, Peaks of Faith, page 115

In 1969, Wang Zhiming and his wife and sons were arrested. On December 29, 1973, Wang was executed in a stadium in front of more than 10,000 people. The largely Christian crowd was not cowed into submission by the spectacle, but rather many rushed to stand where they were berated by the prosecuting officials.

## Legacy

After the Cultural Revolution, official attempts to placate the Miao included a compensatory payment of 1,300 yuan (then $250) to Wang's family. However, the real compensation for the great suffering of Wang and the other Christians in Wuding has come in church growth. When Wang Zhiming was arrested, there were 2,795 Christians in Wuding. By 1980 the church had grown to about 12,000, and Wuding now has over 30,000 Christians and more than 100 places of worship. Sporadic persecution in Wuding continues.

In 2014, a documentary about Wang's life and community was released by filmmaker Hu Jie.

* Hattaway, Paul. *Operation China,* Piquant, 1990. ISBN 978-0-9535757-5-6.
* Wickeri, Philip L. "The Abolition of Religion in Yunnan: Wang Zhiming" in *The Terrible Alternative: Christian Martyrdom in the Twentieth Century.* Mowbray, 1998. ISBN 978-0-304-70287-9.
* Tien Ju-Kang, *Peaks of Faith: Protestant Mission in Revolutionary China.* Brill, 1993. ISBN 978-90-04-09723-0.


title: Johnny Long (musician)

abstract: Johnny Long was an American violinist and bandleader, known as "The Man Who's Long on Music". He was raised on a farm in Newell, North Carolina, currently a subdivision of Charlotte. He started practicing with the violin at the age of six, but injured two fingers on his left hand when he was bitten by a pig. He then learned to use his right hand to play the violin, and continued to do so until his death.

text:
# Johnny Long (musician)

**Johnny Long** (September 12, 1914 (disputed)  October 31, 1972) was an American violinist and bandleader, known as "The Man Who's Long on Music". He was raised on a farm in Newell, North Carolina, currently a subdivision of Charlotte. He started practicing with the violin at the age of six, but injured two fingers on his left hand when he was bitten by a pig. He then learned to use his right hand to play the violin, and continued to do so until his death.

## Music career

As a freshman at Duke University, Long joined with ten other freshmen to create a school band named **The Duke Collegians**. He also joined Sigma Nu Fraternity. During their second year, they were adopted as the official school band. The band stayed together throughout their school years and, upon graduation, renamed themselves **The Johnny Long Orchestra**, with Long as the bandleader. For a number of years they toured the country and were eventually signed on to Vocalion Records (owned by ARC) in 1937 for the release of *Just Like That*. They performed their first national radio broadcast in 1939 on *The Fitch Summer Bandwagon Show*, which boosted their national popularity. This resulted in the band being signed on by Decca Records. His orchestra earned the label "Miracle Band of the Year" thru a series of lengthy engagements at some of the top and locations in the country.

His Johnny Long Orchestra accompanied Ella Fitzgerald on her Decca recording of "Confessin' That I Love You". He was chosen to play the President's Birthday Ball in Washington in 1942, and also that his has been the only record of "Back Up the Red, White and Blue with God," official song of the Treasury's War Bond Dept.

Under management of Decca, Long released a hit single, "In a Shanty in Old Shanty Town", that resulted in over one million sales. It was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. This song quickly became the band's signature tune. This song, and numerous other hits, made the band one of the most successful big bands in the country during the 1940s. Other popular covers included "My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time" and "Poor Butterfly". One of the high points of his career was playing Franklin D. Roosevelts Birthday Ball in April 1941.

However, as the big band style diminished over the years, so did Long's ensemble. Long continued to lead the band, with various members, up until his death in 1972. The cause of death was melanoma. He is buried in the cemetery of King’s Church (formerly Newell Baptist Church) in Charlotte, North Carolina.

## Film roles

While being supported by a strong musical following, Johnny Long and his band enjoyed a short film career. Their first big role was in the Abbott & Costello comedy, *Hit the Ice*, where Long played a romantic male lead opposite Ginny Simms. The same year gave Long his last major movie role in *Follies Girl*.

## InfoBox

| Johnny Long | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Johnny Long |
| Also known as | "The Man Who's Long on Music" |
| Born | (1914-09-12)September 12, 1914 |
| Origin | Newell, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | October 31, 1972(1972-10-31) (aged 58) |
| Genres | Swing, big band |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, bandleader |
| Instrument | Violin |
| Years active | 1931–1972 |
| Labels | Decca, Vocalion, ARC, Signature |


title: Missionary route

abstract: In transportation, a missionary route is a term that refers to a transport route that involves one or more points that have little or no service due to geographic limitation or absence of market viability. The term "missionary route" is used almost exclusively in the Philippines. In Indonesia, a similar term is referred to as a "pioneer route."

text:
# Missionary route

In transportation, a **missionary route** is a term that refers to a transport route that involves one or more points that have little or no service due to geographic limitation or absence of market viability. The term "missionary route" is used almost exclusively in the Philippines. In Indonesia, a similar term is referred to as a "pioneer route."

## Aviation

President Ferdinand Marcos implemented a one-airline policy in the Philippines in 1973. Philippine Airlines (PAL) was designated as the flag carrier and became the lone surviving airline, absorbing Air Manila and Filipinas Orient Airways. Subsidies from the government and income from better performing routes allowed PAL to service smaller airports. When the airline industry was opened to new players in 1995, PAL continued service to some missionary routes until 1999, shortly after it went into receivership.

Today, missionary routes have been taken over by smaller regional carriers such as Sky Pasada and SkyJet, and to some extent by low-cost carriers. As these routes are no longer heavily subsidized, air fare is higher and at times compatible with business class seats in major air routes.

## Maritime

The Maritime Industry Authority, an agency of the Department of Transportation defines which routes are considered as missionary and grants Operator Status for ship operators intending to serve them. It first released a list of identified missionary routes in 2005.

1. Maritime Industry Authority. "MARINA Circular No. 2009-23" (PDF). *Marina.gov.ph*. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
2. Hernitaningtyas, Keshie. "Pioneer flights making travel across Indonesia easier". *Jakarta Post Travel*. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
3. Manuela, Wilfred (2007). "The Evolution of the Philippine Airline Industry". *Aerlines e-zine Edition*. No. 36. International Association for Students of Aviation.
4. Arceo-Dumlao, Tina (11 Jan 2002). "Airline tries to fly by picking up the missionary routes". *Philippine Daily Inquirer*. Vol. 17, no. 34. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
5. BusinessMirror staff. "Seair International receives operator certificate from CAAP". *BusinessMirror Online*. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014. `{{cite web}}`: `|last1=` has generic name (help)
6. Maritime Industry Authority. "MARINA Circular No. 2005-01" (PDF). *Marina.gov.ph*. Retrieved 21 August 2014.


title: Vehicle simulation game

abstract: Vehicle simulation games are a genre of video games which attempt to provide the player with a realistic interpretation of operating various kinds of vehicles. This includes automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, military vehicles, and a variety of other vehicles. The main challenge is to master driving and steering the vehicle from the perspective of the pilot or driver, with most games adding another challenge such as racing or fighting rival vehicles. Games are often divided based on realism, with some games including more realistic physics and challenges such as fuel management.

text:
# Vehicle simulation game

**Vehicle simulation games** are a genre of video games which attempt to provide the player with a realistic interpretation of operating various kinds of vehicles. This includes automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, military vehicles, and a variety of other vehicles. The main challenge is to master driving and steering the vehicle from the perspective of the pilot or driver, with most games adding another challenge such as racing or fighting rival vehicles. Games are often divided based on realism, with some games including more realistic physics and challenges such as fuel management.

## Definition

Vehicle simulation games allow players to drive or fly a vehicle. This vehicle can resemble a real one, or a vehicle from the game designer's imagination. This includes vehicles in the air, on the ground, over water, or even in space. Different vehicle simulations can involve a variety of goals, including racing, combat, or simply the experience of driving a vehicle. These games normally allow the player to experience action from the visual perspective of the pilot or driver. This definition includes a wide range of vehicles, including aircraft, spacecraft, boats, cars, trucks, motorcycles, and so on.

This definition includes many kinds of driving simulators, including both real and imaginary racing systems. It also includes a range of flight simulators, including civilian, military, and fantastical vehicles. Rolling and Adams note that racing games follow the design conventions of a vehicle simulation, despite often being marketed in the sports category.

## Game design

### Goals and challenges

The core gameplay in a vehicle simulation is the physical and tactical challenge of driving a vehicle. Mastery of vehicle control is the element which encourages players to continue playing, even after the game's goals have been completed. Players learn to use appropriate speed and steering, and must avoid crashing by observing cues about how fast they are going. There are some vehicle simulations where the player is given no specific goal, and is simply able to explore and experience using the vehicle. In the absence of any competition, "some vehicle simulations aren't games at all"

But most vehicle simulations involve some form of competition or race, with a clear winner and loser. Some games add special challenges such as combat and slaloms. Many types of driving games, including both military flight simulators and racing simulators, make use of careers and campaigns. Players must complete different tracks or missions, and collect victories and other achievements based on their performance.

### Realism and physics

The market for vehicle simulators is "divided between the purists and the casual players". A variety of vehicle simulators have been created to serve both markets. Purists demand total accuracy, whereas casual players are less concerned with such details. This level of accuracy depends on how damage, physics, environment, weather, and controls are implemented. For example, accurate flight simulators will ensure that the vehicle responds slowly to their controls, while other games will treat the plane more like a car in order to simplify the game.

In both driving games and flight simulators, players have come to expect a high degree of verisimilitude where vehicles are scaled to realistic sizes. These types of games usually utilize a highly accurate time scale, although several flight simulators allow players to fast forward through periods where there is nothing interesting happening. In the case of space or water vehicle simulations, the gameplay physics tend to follow those of flying and driving simulations.

These games will add variety by having a variety of vehicles with different performance characteristics, such as sharper turning or faster speed. Many games make use of real life vehicles, including military vehicles or cars from major automobile manufacturers.

In most games, the player can adjust performance of their vehicle by configuring or replacing parts of it, while some games like *SimplePlanes* allow players to build entirely custom vehicles from a set of blocks and presets. These may sacrifice realism in favor of broader customization possibilities.

### Non-driving roles

Although vehicle simulations focus on driving a vehicle, many games involve non-driving roles. For more detailed racing simulations, the player may sometimes play the role of a mechanic who repairs or augments their vehicle. Some flight simulators involve various air traffic controller roles, especially in multiplayer mode. In games with a combat element, this might involve manning a separate combat station on a larger vehicle. Some games such as *Their Finest Hour* allow players to alternate between piloting the vehicle or manning the waist or tail guns. *Megafortress* allowed players to operate five separate stations for combat and managing the vehicle. Games that make use of combat have competition modes similar to first-person shooters, where player must defeat human or artificial intelligence opponents.

### As part of other genres

Many games implement a driving system. For example, it has been increasingly popular in first-person shooters to have combat vehicles. These are rarely designed with accuracy in mind, focusing more on their tactical experience.

## Sub-genres and vehicle types

Rollings and Adams note that "the vast majority of vehicle simulators are flight simulators and driving (usually car-racing) simulators". However, this genre includes any game that creates the feeling of driving or flying a vehicle, including the magic broomsticks in the *Harry Potter* games. More common examples include simulations of driving trains, spacecraft, boats, tanks, and other combat vehicles.

### Boat and naval simulations

Most watercraft simulations are of "powerboats or jet skis". Gameplay differs from driving a car because of the fluid medium, which affects turning. These games involve racing through a course marked by buoys, with some tracks allowing the player to make jumps. Sailing simulations are rare, as the complexity of controlling a sailboat appeals to only a specialized market. However, there has been a growing market after Nadeo introduced their *Virtual Skipper* games. Other popular sailing games are *Sail Simulator 2010* and *Virtual Sailor*. These games can both be played online against other sailors around the world.

This category includes submarine simulations, which typically focus on old-fashioned submarine activities such as firing torpedoes at surface ships. Simulations of warships are more rare. Due to their slow speed, games such as *Harpoon,* *Command: Modern Air Naval Operations* and *Dangerous Waters* simulate naval warfare involving entire fleets.

### Construction simulators

Construction simulators such as the *Construction Simulator* series put players in control of various vehicles on construction sites or in other scenarios allowing them to simulate the vehicles and the tasks they accomplish. Vehicles used in construction simulator games consist of a wide variety of vehicles such as cranes, dozers, excavators, front loaders and various trucks. Players can use these vehicles to build up construction projects, demolish buildings or deform terrain such as digging pits and trenches. Construction vehicle sims have become increasingly popular on mobile platforms with numerous games focused on individual vehicles such as Heavy Excavator Simulator PRO and Construction & Crane SIM.

### Farming simulators

Farm simulators such as *Farming Simulator* series offer varying levels of farm care from agriculture production to animal husbandry and synthesis of bio-fuels. Vehicles used in farming simulator games consist mainly of tractors, combines, and tractor trailers. Because of the nature of farming there are often many different components to add to the tractor to till, seed, water, and fertilize the land.

### Flight simulators

Flight simulators "tend to fall into military or civilian categories".

* **Civilian flight simulator**: *FlightGear* and *Microsoft Flight Simulator* are notable example of a civilian flight simulator. These games "seldom have any victory conditions, unless they implement racing or specific challenges, such as tests of speed and accuracy". Still, players can be presented with a variety of challenges including flying at night, or flying in harsh weather conditions. One of the most difficult challenges is to land the plane, especially during adverse weather conditions.
* **Military flight simulators**: Military or combat flight simulators demand that players "achieve the mission's objectives, usually attacking enemy aircraft and ground installations". These games depend heavily on the aircraft or role being simulated, where fighter planes largely engage with enemy aircraft, while bombers are designed to attack targets on the ground. A unique aspect of these games is the ability to view ground targets, or view the action from the perspective of a bomb or missile. Players are often confronted with a series of missions with both primary and secondary objectives, and victory is achieved by completing a combination of goals. Many games will also award different levels of victory based on how many objectives were completed, or how much time or damage the player took.
* **Fantasy flight simulators**: in some extraordinary instances, a game will create the experience of flying on fantastical vehicles, such as a dragon.

### Racing games

Racing video games "tend to fall into *organized racing* and *imaginary racing* categories".

* **Racing simulations**: Organized racing simulators attempt to "reproduce the experience of driving a racing car or motorcycle in an existing racing class: Indycar, NASCAR, Formula 1, and so on." These games draw on real-life to design their gameplay, such as by treating fuel as a resource, or wearing out the car's brakes and tires. Damage is often modeled as a single variable, with more accurate simulations modeling damage to different areas of the car with differing consequences. Aside from trying to win races without crashing, players will sometimes earn prize money that they can spend on upgrading their race car.
* **Arcade racing games**: Less realistic racing games, sometimes called imaginary or arcade-like racing games, involve "imaginary situations, driving madly through cities or the countryside or even fantasy environments". These games focus less on realistic physics, and may add other challenges such as collecting power-ups, driving through hoops and cones, or shooting weapons at rival players.

### Spacecraft simulators

In general, game developers tend to avoid making realistic space flight simulators because they behave too slowly to interest a wide audience. Thus, spacecraft simulation games are typically science fiction games, such as the *Wing Commander* series. Two notable counter-examples are Orbiter, and Kerbal Space Program, which have the explicit goal of physically accurate atmospheric- and spaceflight simulation.

### Tank and mech simulators

Vehicular combat simulators include tank simulations and mecha simulations. Aside from piloting the vehicle, a key element of gameplay is controlling a rotating turret. These games are seldom fully accurate, as realistic tanks are slow and have limited visibility (as World War II Online simulation game), which would limit their appeal to casual gamers. Many games have made use of mechs in order to appeal to a wider audience, as they can add weapons and capabilities that are not necessarily restricted by weapons platforms and technologies that bear resemblance to such systems that currently exist, which grants a broader artistic license on behalf of the game developers.

### Vehicular combat game

**Vehicular combat games** (also known as just **vehicular combat** or **car combat**) are typically video or computer games where the primary objectives of gameplay includes vehicles, armed with weapons fighting with other armed vehicles.

### Train simulator

This genre also includes simulations of driving trains. A train simulator is a computer program that simulates rail transport operations. This includes other kinds of railborne vehicles, such as a tram.

### Trucking simulator

The first trucking simulator Juggernaut was released in 1985. It simulates the road train (as an articulated vehicle) and focuses on cargo transportation and economical issues.

The trucking simulator is a relatively new aspect of the vehicle simulation genre, focusing on cargo transportation and the expansion of the player's trucking business, combining elements of a business simulation game.


title: Rachel Smolkin

abstract: Rachel Smolkin is an American journalist who works as the Vice President and Executive Editor of CNN Politics for CNN where she oversees all of CNN's political coverage.

text:
# Rachel Smolkin

**Rachel Smolkin** is an American journalist who works as the Vice President and Executive Editor of CNN Politics for CNN where she oversees all of CNN's political coverage.

## Biography

Smolkin is the daughter of Mitchell T. and Laura B. Smolkin. She graduated magna cum laude from Brown University and is a graduate of the Sulzberger Executive Leadership Program at Columbia University. After school she worked as a journalist for the *Philadelphia Inquirer*. She then worked as an editor at USA Today; managing editor of American Journalism Review magazine; and the managing editor at Politico. In August 2014, she was hired as the Executive Editor of CNN Politics where she built their digital team which consists of over 50 reporters, editors and social producers including Greg Krieg, Dan Berman, Dylan Byers, Tal Kopan, Stephen Collinson, and Zach Wolf.

## Personal life

Smolkin lives in Arlington, Virginia with her husband and two children.

## InfoBox

| Rachel Smolkin | |
| --- | --- |
| Education | B.A. Brown University |
| Alma mater | Columbia University |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist<br>Editor |


title: Saint-Pierre Doré

abstract: Saint-Pierre Doré is a white French wine grape variety grown primarily around the Saint-Pourçain AOC in the Auvergne region of Central France. While the grape has a long history in the region of being very productive and producing high yields, its plantings have been steadily declining over the last century and now the variety is almost extinct. DNA profiling has confirmed that it is one of several varieties descended from Gouais blanc, the French white grape variety that is also the mother vine to Chardonnay, Gamay and Melon de Bourgogne as well as several other varieties.

text:
# Saint-Pierre Doré

**Saint-Pierre Doré** is a white French wine grape variety grown primarily around the Saint-Pourçain AOC in the Auvergne region of Central France. While the grape has a long history in the region of being very productive and producing high yields, its plantings have been steadily declining over the last century and now the variety is almost extinct.

DNA profiling has confirmed that it is one of several varieties descended from Gouais blanc, the French white grape variety that is also the mother vine to Chardonnay, Gamay and Melon de Bourgogne as well as several other varieties.

## Synonyms

Over the years Saint-Pierre Doré has been known under a variety of synonyms including Cerceau, Epinette, Epinette blanc, Epinette blanche, Firminhac, Lucane, Per Dore, Roussellou, Saint-Clair, Saint Come, Saint Pierre, San Per Dore and Saint-Pierre de l'Allier.


title: I Am Bruce Lee

abstract: I Am Bruce Lee is a 2012 American documentary film directed and written by Pete McCormack. The film documents the life of Bruce Lee, the famous actor and martial artist, featuring interviews with his widow Linda Emery and daughter Shannon Lee. It won a Leo Award in 2012.

text:
# I Am Bruce Lee

***I Am Bruce Lee*** is a 2012 American documentary film directed and written by Pete McCormack. The film documents the life of Bruce Lee, the famous actor and martial artist, featuring interviews with his widow Linda Emery and daughter Shannon Lee. It won a Leo Award in 2012.

## Reception

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an aggregate score of 75% based on 9 positive and 3 negative critic reviews.

## InfoBox

| I Am Bruce Lee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Pete McCormack |
| Written by | Pete McCormack |
| Produced by | Derik Murray<br>John Barbisan |
| Release date | * February 9, 2012 (2012-02-09) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Oprah's Lifeclass

abstract: Oprah's Lifeclass is an American primetime television show hosted and produced by Oprah Winfrey, which aired on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. The series premiered on October 10, 2011.

text:
# Oprah's Lifeclass

***Oprah's Lifeclass*** (also known as ***Oprah's Lifeclass: The Tour*** in the show's second season) is an American primetime television show hosted and produced by Oprah Winfrey, which aired on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. The series premiered on October 10, 2011.

## Concept

*Oprah's Lifeclass* is a self-help program that showcases "all of Oprah's lessons, revelations and aha moments over the past 25 years broken down to help make your life better, happier, bigger, richer – more fulfilling."

Each episode revolves around a central topic or lesson that teaches viewers how to live their best life. Winfrey and her co-hosts share their ideas, thoughts, and reflections about the lesson, and the show features interviews with guests (and sometimes past guests and audience members from *The Oprah Winfrey Show*) whose life experiences relate to each topic. Every episode also features segments with guests from around the world, who connect with Winfrey via Skype, Facebook, Twitter, or Oprah.com.

## Overview

### Season 1 (2011)

Season One of *Oprah's Lifeclass* debuted on Monday October 10, 2011, and aired weekdays at 8/7c on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. The first season features twenty-five episodes. During the first week of season one, Winfrey hosted nightly webcasts at 9/8c on *Oprah.com* to complement each on-air lesson. She was joined by a spiritual teacher or self-help expert, with whom she would discuss each *Lifeclass* lesson. After the first week of shows, she went on to host a televised webcast every Friday night at 9/8c called *Oprah's Lifeclass LIVE* to rehash the week's lessons with relationship expert, Iyanla Vanzant.

### Season 2 (2012): *Oprah's Lifeclass: The Tour*

In the second season, Winfrey took the show on the road with a panel of spiritual teachers. Season Two premiered as *Oprah's Lifeclass: The Tour* from its first stop at The Peabody Opera House in St. Louis, Missouri on Monday March 26, 2012 at 8/7c with a two-hour live episode with guest co-host Iyanla Vanzant. The second season aired weekly on Monday at 8/7c and features six two-hour episodes that were simultaneously televised on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network and streamed online at *Oprah.com* (instead of separate telecast episodes and webcasts, as was the case with the first season). The tour concluded at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto, Ontario; the final episode was filmed on Monday April 16, 2012 and aired on OWN on Monday April 30, 2012.

### Season 3 (2012–13)

Winfrey announced on her Twitter page that she would be taking *Lifeclass* back to Harpo Studios in Chicago for a third season of lessons, beginning Summer 2012. Season Three of *Oprah's Lifeclass* aired on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network from Sunday July 29, 2012 until Sunday January 13, 2013. The third season aired Sundays at 9/8c or 10/9c and consisted of seven hour-long episodes. It features Winfrey hosting classes in front of a live studio audience with various guest co-hosts, including Bishop T.D. Jakes and relationship expert Iyanla Vanzant. Some episodes of the third season were filmed at The Hobby Center for the Performing Arts in Sarofim Hall in Houston, Texas on October 5, 2012 with guest co-hosts Joel Osteen and Rick Warren.

### Season 4 (2013)

Season Four of *Oprah's Lifeclass* premiered on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network on Sunday February 10, 2013 at 9/8c. In the fourth season, Winfrey hosts classes in front of a live studio audience at Harpo Studios in Chicago with various guest co-hosts, including *Lifeclass* mainstay Iyanla Vanzant, Gary Chapman, Dr. Phil, and Brené Brown. Throughout the fourth season, Oprah debuted a new set for *Lifeclass* called "The Social Lab", a smaller studio with additional teaching tools that provide multiple platforms for viewers to connect to the broadcast live via *Skype*, *Facebook*, and *Twitter*.

On May 5, 2013, Oprah debuted a two hour special entitled *Oprah's Lifeclass presents Fatherless Sons*. The show, with Iyanla Vanzant, focused on the epidemic of fatherless sons in America. The double length episode became the 2nd highest rated *Lifeclass* in the shows history, behind only Joel Osteen's episode, and was the #1 most social show of the week. Continuing with the theme, on May 12, 2013, *The Secret Pain of Single Mothers* aired, focusing on mothers raising fatherless sons. Due to the overwhelming reception to the *Fatherless Sons* themed shows, on July 7, 2013, *Fatherless Sons: The Reaction* debuted.

### Season 5 (2014)

Season Five of Oprah's Lifeclass premiered on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network on Friday January 3, 2014 at 10/9c. It features Winfrey hosting classes in front of a live studio audience in "The Social Lab" at Harpo Studios in Chicago with various guest co-hosts, including *Lifeclass* mainstay Iyanla Vanzant and Greg Behrendt.

## Episodes

| Season | | Episodes | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | First aired | | Last aired |
|  |  | 25 | October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10) | November 11, 2011 |
|  |  | 6 | March 26, 2012 | April 30, 2012 |
|  |  | 7 | July 29, 2012 | January 13, 2013 |
|  |  | 14 | February 10, 2013 | October 6, 2013 |
|  |  | 11 | January 3, 2014 | September 28, 2014 |

## Reception

### Critical response

*Oprah's Lifeclass* debuted to mixed but generally negative reviews. Alessandra Stanley of *The New York Times* stated that "*Oprah’s Lifeclass* is *The Oprah Winfrey Show* with the life sucked out of it." Stanley further declared that the new series lacks "Winfrey’s spirited interactions with guests and audiences" and fails to capture the tone of *The Oprah Winfrey Show* when the host "was irreverent, bold and even at times shocking."

Nuzhat Naoreen of *Entertainment Weekly* rated the third season premiere featuring Winfrey and Iyanla Vanzant with a "B−" declaring that "the ensuing life lessons delivered by O and her co-chair can feel a bit overbearing and at times... slightly grating. But the show isn't without some notable nuggets of wisdom, though you'll only hear them if you manage to keep your attention from straying as the professors...er, hosts give their lecture."

### Ratings

The debut of *Oprah's Lifeclass* on October 10, 2011 was seen by 330,000 viewers on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. The series was also aired across Planet Green, TLC, Discovery Fit & Health and Investigation Discovery reaching a combined total audience of 1.2 million.

Overall, an average 302,000 nightly viewers watched *Oprah's Lifeclass* on OWN during the month of October 2011. Online, *Oprah’s Lifeclass* live webcasts, hosted by Winfrey as she interacts with viewers, have seen over 3.5 million video views to date on Oprah.com and via OWN’s and Winfrey’s Facebook pages.

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | NAACP Image Awards | Outstanding Talk Series | Won |
| | 18th Annual NAMIC Vision Awards | Digital Media- Long Form (for *Oprah's Lifeclass: Live*) | Won |
| | Variety/ Talk Show | Nominated |
| 2013 | NAACP Image Awards | Outstanding Talk Series | Nominated |
| | Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Creative Achievement In Interactive Media | Won |
| 2014 | NAACP Image Awards | Outstanding Talk Series | Nominated |
| | Gracie Awards | Outstanding Talk Show- Entertainment/ Information | Won |
| | 20th Annual NAMIC Vision Awards | Variety/ Talk Show | Nominated |
| 2015 | NAACP Image Awards | Outstanding News/ Information (Series or Special) | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| *Oprah's Lifeclass* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Joe Terry |
| Presented by |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 5 |
| No. of episodes | 63 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | * Oprah Winfrey * Sheri Salata |
| Producer | Jill Van Lokeren |
| Production locations | Harpo Studios
Chicago, Illinois |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production company | Harpo Studios |
| Original release | |
| Network | Oprah Winfrey Network |
| Release | October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10)
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28) |
| Related | |
| *The Oprah Winfrey Show*
*Super Soul Sunday*
*Oprah Prime* | |


title: Nemo, South Dakota

abstract: Nemo is an unincorporated community in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 546 at the 2010 census. Nemo has been assigned the ZIP code of 57759. According to the Federal Writers' Project, the origin of the name Nemo is obscure.

text:
# Nemo, South Dakota

**Nemo** is an unincorporated community in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 546 at the 2010 census. Nemo has been assigned the ZIP code of 57759.

According to the Federal Writers' Project, the origin of the name Nemo is obscure.

## Demographics

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 546 people, 164 households, and 109 families in the town. There were 260 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 81.7% White, 3.3% African American, 11.7% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.4% of the population.

There were 164 households, of which 14.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 0.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.5% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.41.

The median age in the town was 33.3 years. 15.0% of residents were under that age of 18; 35.6% of residents were between the ages of 18 and 24; 7.1% were from 25 to 44; 28.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 60.1% male and 39.9% female.

As of 2010 the median income for a household in the town was $78,226, and the median income for a family was $79,758. Males had a median income of $20,135 versus $32,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,646. 39.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18.

## Climate

Nemo has a humid continental climate (Köppen *Dfb*).

| Climate data for Nemo (RAWS), South Dakota, 1994–2020 normals: 4644ft (1415m) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.2
(4.0) | 39.1
(3.9) | 46.9
(8.3) | 53.4
(11.9) | 62.3
(16.8) | 73.7
(23.2) | 82.0
(27.8) | 81.0
(27.2) | 72.3
(22.4) | 57.7
(14.3) | 47.7
(8.7) | 39.4
(4.1) | 57.9
(14.4) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 24.6
(−4.1) | 24.7
(−4.1) | 32.2
(0.1) | 39.3
(4.1) | 48.5
(9.2) | 58.6
(14.8) | 66.0
(18.9) | 64.2
(17.9) | 55.3
(12.9) | 42.7
(5.9) | 32.8
(0.4) | 25.0
(−3.9) | 42.8
(6.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 10.0
(−12.2) | 10.0
(−12.2) | 17.6
(−8.0) | 25.2
(−3.8) | 34.6
(1.4) | 43.6
(6.4) | 50.1
(10.1) | 47.4
(8.6) | 38.2
(3.4) | 27.6
(−2.4) | 17.9
(−7.8) | 10.6
(−11.9) | 27.7
(−2.4) |
| Source: XMACIS2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Nemo, South Dakota | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Road near Nemo | |
| NemoLocation in South DakotaNemoLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 44°11′39″N 103°30′16″W / 44.19417°N 103.50444°W / 44.19417; -103.50444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| County | Lawrence |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 546 |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP codes | 57759 |


title: Vermillion Lies

abstract: Vermillion Lies were a cabaret band from Oakland, California. The band consisted of siblings Kim Boekbinder and Zoe Boekbinder. They are known for incorporating elements of circus and folk into their music. The band stated on their website on August 7, 2009: "Our exciting news today is that Vermillion Lies is giving way to two solo careers! We will still be playing some shows together as Vermillion Lies, but most of our energies and attentions will be going to our solo music at this time."

text:
# Vermillion Lies

**Vermillion Lies** were a cabaret band from Oakland, California. The band consisted of siblings Kim Boekbinder and Zoe Boekbinder. They are known for incorporating elements of circus and folk into their music. The band stated on their website on August 7, 2009: "Our exciting news today is that Vermillion Lies is giving way to two solo careers! We will still be playing some shows together as Vermillion Lies, but most of our energies and attentions will be going to our solo music at this time."

## Discography

### Studio albums

* *Separated by Birth* (2006), Label: A Small Tribe Records, ASIN: B000HD1MZW
* *What's in the Box?* (2008), MP3, self-released, ASIN: B001BL2JFQ

### EPs

* *Scream-Along EP* (2007)
* *In New Orleans* 7" vinyl (2008)

## InfoBox

| Vermillion Lies | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Oakland, California, USA |
| Genres | Indie folk, folk pop, dark cabaret |
| Years active | 2006–present (hiatus) |
| Labels | Unsigned |
|  | |
| Members | Kim Boekbinder<br>Zoe Boekbinder |
|  | |
| Website | www.vermillionlies.com |


title: Veronica Widyadharma

abstract: Maria Veronica Widyadharma, known as Veronica Widyadharma, is an Indonesian former professional tennis player.

text:
# Veronica Widyadharma

**Maria Veronica Widyadharma** (born 9 November 1977), known as **Veronica Widyadharma**, is an Indonesian former professional tennis player.

## Tennis career

While competing on the professional tour in the early 1990s, Widyadharma reached career high rankings of 636 for singles and 429 for doubles. She featured in her only WTA Tour singles main draw as a wildcard at the 1995 Wismilak Open, held in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Widyadharma didn't play Fed Cup tennis for Indonesia, but did represent her country at both the Asian Games and Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games). Her individual medals at the SEA Games include a bronze for singles in 1993 and she was also a multiple gold medalist in the team event. At the 1994 Asian Games she was a silver medalist in the team event, as an unused player.

In the late 1990s she began playing varsity tennis for the UCF Knights and was a two-time TAAC Player of the Year.

## ITF finals

### Doubles: 2 (1–1)

| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Winner | 1. | April 1995 | Jakarta, Indonesia | Hard | Agustine Limanto | Kim Soon-nam
Kim Ih-sook | 4–6, 6–3, 6–4 |
| Runner-up | 2. | September 1995 | Samut Prakan, Thailand | Hard | Agustine Limanto | Benjamas Sangaram
Tamarine Tanasugarn | 5–7, 6–1, 4–6 |

## InfoBox

Veronica Widyadharma
| Full name | Maria Veronica Widyadharma |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | Indonesia |
| Born | (1977-11-09) 9 November 1977 |
| Prize money | $7,870 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 13–28 |
| Highest ranking | No. 636 (1 May 1995) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 18–31 |
| Career titles | 1 ITF |
| Highest ranking | No. 429 (20 Nov 1995) |
| Medal record      Asian Games  1994 Hiroshima  Women's Team  Southeast Asian Games  1993 Singapore  Women's Team  1995 Chiang Mai  Women's Team  1993 Singapore  Women's Singles  1995 Chiang Mai  Women's Doubles | |


title: Vern Handrahan

abstract: James Vernon Handrahan was a Canadian professional baseball pitcher who played for the Kansas City Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1964 and 1966. He is noted for being one of only three major-league players from Prince Edward Island, the others being 19th-century outfielder George Wood and catcher Henry Oxley.

text:
# Vern Handrahan

**James Vernon Handrahan** (November 27, 1936 – November 2, 2016) was a Canadian professional baseball pitcher who played for the Kansas City Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1964 and 1966. He is noted for being one of only three major-league players from Prince Edward Island, the others being 19th-century outfielder George Wood and catcher Henry Oxley.

## Biography

Handrahan threw right-handed, batted left-handed, and was listed as 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and 185 pounds (84 kg). He was originally signed by the Milwaukee Braves as a 22-year-old amateur in 1959. After playing sandlot and youth baseball in his native Charlottetown, then pitching in a semi-professional league for Stellarton, Nova Scotia, in the heart of that province's coal mining country, he was signed by veteran Braves scout Lucius "Jeff" Jones, whose territory encompassed New England and Atlantic Canada.

Handrahan spent four years at the lower levels of the Braves' farm system before the Athletics selected him in the 1962 minor league draft. He made the Kansas City roster out of spring training in 1964, and worked in 18 games between April 14 and June 9. Sent to Triple-A, he didn't return to the majors until Kansas City recalled him in the middle of 1966 for a 16-game audition. Handrahan made two starts for the Athletics, one in 1964 and the other in 1966, and they resulted in both of his MLB decisions: defeats at the hands of the Los Angeles Angels on May 5, 1964, and the Chicago White Sox on April 17, 1966. He earned his only major-league save in his penultimate MLB appearance when he worked a scoreless one-third of an inning against the Cleveland Indians to complete a 1–0 Kansas City triumph on September 15, 1966.

Handrahan returned to minor league baseball in 1967 for the remainder of his 12-season career. During his MLB service—34 games (32 in relief)—Handrahan compiled an 0–2 won–lost record and an earned run average of 5.31. In 61 innings pitched, he permitted 53 hits and 40 bases on balls, and struck out 36.

Handrahan was elected to the Prince Edward Island Sports Hall of Fame in its first year, 1968, but could not attend the induction ceremony because he was pitching across the country for the Triple-A Vancouver Mounties at the time.

He died in Charlottetown on November 2, 2016.

Handrahan was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Vern Handrahan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1936-11-27)November 27, 1936
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island | |
| **Died:** November 2, 2016(2016-11-02) (aged 79)
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 14, 1964, for the Kansas City Athletics | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 21, 1966, for the Kansas City Athletics | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 0–2 |
| Earned run average | 5.31 |
| Strikeouts | 36 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Member of the Canadian | |
| Baseball Hall of Fame | |
| Induction | 2021 |
|  | |


title: Vernon Criss

abstract: Vernon Criss is an American politician who has served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from the 10th district since 2016. He previously served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from the 8th district from 1987 to 1990.

text:
# Vernon Criss

**Vernon Criss** (born September 25, 1954) is an American politician who has served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from the 10th district since 2016. He previously served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from the 8th district from 1987 to 1990.

## InfoBox

| Vernon Criss | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the West Virginia House of Delegates | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
December 1, 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Mike Azinger |
| Constituency | 12th district (2022–present)
10th district (2016–2022) |
| **In office**
December 8, 1987  December 1, 1990 | |
| Preceded by | Sandy Rogers |
| Succeeded by | * J.D. Beane * Larry Border * Brenda Brum * Barbara W. Sims |
| Constituency | 8th district |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-09-25) September 25, 1954 |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Vernon Cunningham

abstract: Vernon "Little Hack" Cunningham, also listed as L. Cunningham, was an American baseball centerfielder in the Negro leagues. He played with Pollock's Cuban Stars in 1933 and the Baltimore Black Sox in 1934.

text:
# Vernon Cunningham

**Vernon "Little Hack" Cunningham**, also listed as **L. Cunningham**, was an American baseball centerfielder in the Negro leagues. He played with Pollock's Cuban Stars in 1933 and the Baltimore Black Sox in 1934.

## InfoBox

| Vernon Cunningham | |
| --- | --- |
| **Centerfielder** | |
| **Batted:** Unknown**Threw:** Unknown | |
| Negro league baseball debut | |
| 1933, for the Pollock's Cuban Stars | |
| Last appearance | |
| 1934, for the Baltimore Black Sox | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Verticordia elizabethiae

abstract: Verticordia elizabethiae, named as Elizabeth's featherflower, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. An endemic species of Southwest Australia, it occurs near salt lakes as an erect bushy shrub.

text:
# Verticordia elizabethiae

***Verticordia elizabethiae***, named as **Elizabeth's featherflower**, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. An endemic species of Southwest Australia, it occurs near salt lakes as an erect bushy shrub.

## Taxonomy

A species of *Verticordia*, the featherflowers, assigned to a section of the genus *Verticordia* sect. *Verticordella*. The type was collected in 2018 at a location reported imprecisely as Baladjie. Previously collected specimens, including one made by Charles Gardner in 1926 and another recognised as *Verticordia* sp. *Koolyanobbing*, were assigned by the authors, Barbara Rye and Matthew Barrett, to the new species.

The specific epithet honours the extensive contribution of Elizabeth Anne (Berndt) George, née Sykes (1935-2012) to the collection and research of verticordias. A treatment of the population had previously been published by George as an inland variant of *Verticordia halophila*.

## Description

A low growing salt tolerant shrub between 0.4 and 1.2 metres in width and 0.3 to 0.6 m high. The species lacks evidence of a lignotuber.

## Distribution and habitat

Only known at a restricted distribution range within the semi-arid Coolgardie bioregion, in an area near Southern Cross, Western Australia. It occurs on flats around salt lakes amongst other halophytes forming heath communities, species of *Maireana*, *Gunniopsis* and *Frankenia*, associated with *Callitris*.

## InfoBox

| *Verticordia elizabethiae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Eperephes* |
| Section: | *Verticordia* sect. *Verticordella* |
| Species: | ***V. elizabethiae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Verticordia elizabethiae***<br>Rye & M.D.Barrett | |
|


title: Vera Guerin

abstract: Vera Guerin is an American billionaire, philanthropist, and musical theater producer.

text:
# Vera Guerin

**Vera Guerin** is an American billionaire, philanthropist, and musical theater producer.

## Biography

Guerin was born to a Jewish family, the daughter of Lily (née Schreiber) and Nathan Shapell. Her father was born in Poland. During World War II he was interned at the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps but he managed to escape. Her mother was also an Auschwitz survivor and worked as an interpreter at several of the war crimes trials. Her parents immigrated to California in 1952 when she was five where her father co-founded home builder Shapell Industries with his brother David and brother-in-law Max Webb. Shapell Industries eventually went on to build 65,000 houses in California.

Guerin inherited her father’s 43 percent stake in Shapell Industries upon his death in 2007. In November 2013, Toll Brothers purchased the Shapell Homes housebuilding division of Shapell Industries for $1.6 billion; Shapell's share was $690 million. Shapell still retains a 43 percent interest in the remainder of Shappell industries which includes over 10,000 apartments, five shopping centers, and four office buildings worth an additional $1.7 billion making her share worth $645 million. This sum combined with the amount earned from the Shapell Homes sale gives her an estimated net worth of $1.3 billion.

Guerin is an occasional musical theater producer. She produced a show for the Women’s Guild 50th Anniversary Gala emceed by Billy Crystal. She produced the musical *Leap of Faith.*

## Philanthropy

In 2008, Guerin donated $5 million to support the research arm of the Women's Guild Lung Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. In 2013, Guerin donated $10 million to establish the Vera and Paul Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Heart Institute; and $10 million to endow two academic chairs in pulmonary medicine and pediatric neurosurgery and to support Cedars-Sinai’s new outpatient services building. Guerin serves as vice chair and chair-elect of the Cedars-Sinai Board of Directors and is a former president of the Women's Guild Lung Institute. She served as trustee at the Harvard-Westlake School; served on the Stephen S. Wise Temple advisory board; and served on the board of the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles. Her husband is president and board chairman of Friends of the Israel Defense Forces, a support group for Israel’s soldiers. In 2021 Guerin Donated $100 million to support Children's Health Services at Cedars Sinai

## Personal life

In 1968, Guerin married a gentile, Paul Guerin, over her parents' objections. He converted to Judaism. They have three children: Lisa, Dana, and Michael.

## InfoBox

| Vera Guerin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Vera Shapell
1947 (age 7677) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | philanthropist |
| Spouse | Paul Guerin |
| Children | Lisa Guerin
Dana Guerin
Michael Guerin |
| Parent(s) | Nathan Shapell
Lilly Schreiber |


title: Henry Lee (economist)

abstract: Henry Lee was a merchant, political economist and politician from Massachusetts whose writings were popular in England. He was the Nullifier Party's nominee for vice president of the United States in 1832, coming in third place out of four major candidates.

text:
# Henry Lee (economist)

**Henry Lee** (February 4, 1782  February 6, 1867) was a merchant, political economist and politician from Massachusetts whose writings were popular in England. He was the Nullifier Party's nominee for vice president of the United States in 1832, coming in third place out of four major candidates.

## Economics

Henry Lee established himself as a merchant in Boston as one of the owners of the firm H & J Lee & Company. After the economic collapse in 1811, the firm folded and Lee traveled to Calcutta, India for four years. He returned to Boston and became an importer of Indian goods, a business in which he had to pay a 30% tariff and compete with the local Boston Manufacturing Company (of which he later became a shareholder). When the textile business dried up, he began importing indigo, iron and sugar and sold salt to the Du Pont Company for the manufacture of munitions. He dedicated himself to the study of political economy and to the collection of financial and commercial statistics and exchanged correspondences with contemporary British economists such as McCulloch, Tooke, Villiers and Cobden, who considered him an authority. He assisted Albert Gallatin in preparing an analysis of the impact of the tariff on free trade in 1831 and became an advocate of free trade. He was a frequent contributor to the "Free Trade Advocate" and other periodicals and author of the book "Boston Reports" in 1827.

## Politics

As a free trade proponent, Lee became an ardent Federalist and in 1830 ran a spirited, but losing campaign, against tariff proponent Nathan Appleton for a United States House seat. Appleton would go on to help write the Tariff of 1832 and the Tariff of 1842.

Though his 1830 race was unsuccessful, it gained him further notoriety as a free trade supporter and so when the new Independent Democratic or Nullifier Party, which strongly opposed tariffs, met on November 20, 1832 in Charleston, South Carolina, Lee was well-known voice for the cause. Henry Lee was thus nominated as the party's candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1832 election. Lee and his running-mate John Floyd received 11 electoral votes in the Election, coming in third place. The ticket won only one state, South Carolina, in the midst of the Nullification Crisis, and though he was on the ticket, Henry Lee was not a supporter of nullification. At the time, South Carolina was the only state which did not select its presidential electors via popular vote and so it was the legislature that awarded the electors to Floyd and Lee.

Following the 1832 election, Lee returned to his life as a merchant. He and his wife Mary Jackson Lee had six children. His two sons became prominent members of Boston society, both serving as colonels in the Civil War.

Lee died in Boston on February 6, 1867.

## Bibliography

* Francis Rollins Morse (1926). *Henry and Mary Lee, letters and journals: with other family letters, 1802-1860*. Privately printed.
* Henry Lee (1828). *Report of a Committee of the Citizens of Boston and Vicinity Opposed to a Further Increase of Duties on Importations*. Clayton & Van Norden.
* Henry Lee (1832). *Report of a Committee of the Citizens of Boston and Vicinity Opposed to a Further Increase of Duties on Importations*. From the Press of Nathan Hale. pp. 3–.
* Hambden (anonymous) (1832). *Strictures on Mr. Lee's exposition of evidence on the Sugar Duty, in behalf of the Committee appointed by the Free-Trade Convention*. pp. 1–.
* Hambden (anonymous) (1831). *First reflections on reading the President's message to Congress of Dec. 7, 1830*. Published originally in the National Intelligencer.

## InfoBox

| Henry Lee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1782-02-04)February 4, 1782
Beverly, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | February 6, 1867(1867-02-06) (aged 85)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Political party | Federalist (before 1832)
Nullifier (1832) |
| Spouse | Mary Jackson Lee |
| Children | 6 |
|  | |


title: Henri Rivière (painter)

abstract: Henri Rivière was a French artist and designer best known for his creation of a form of shadow play at the Chat Noir cabaret, and for his post-Impressionist illustrations of Breton landscapes and the Eiffel Tower.

text:
# Henri Rivière (painter)

**Henri Rivière** (March 11, 1864 – August 24, 1951) was a French artist and designer best known for his creation of a form of shadow play at the *Chat Noir* cabaret, and for his post-Impressionist illustrations of Breton landscapes and the Eiffel Tower.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Rivière was born in Paris. His father, Prosper Rivière, was an embroidery merchant from the Pyrénées. His mother, Henriette Thérese Leroux Rivière, was a Parisienne "from a petit bourgeois family". Rivière had one brother, Jules, born 1866.

In 1870, fleeing from the advancing Prussians during the Franco-Prussian war, his father moved the family back to Ax-les-Thermes, his childhood home in the Pyrenees. Rivière's time spent in the rural environment helped develop his love of nature, later a strong theme in his art.

After the war finished in 1871, Rivière returned to Paris with his parents, while his brother remained in Ax to finish his studies. Rivière was enrolled in a boarding-school outside Paris. Rivière's father died in 1873, and his mother was forced to move to a cheaper apartment and send Rivière was to a local day school. There, he became friends with Paul Signac, with whom he would later study art .

Rivière's mother remarried, and as circumstances improved, Rivière went to a new school and excelled in reading and painting, reading Victor Hugo, Jules Verne and showing an early interest in art, especially Impressionism.

After working for one week at an ostrich-feather importation business, a job his mother had arranged for him, he left work and went to paint at the Butte Montmartre, a habit he had developed. His mother, frustrated with Rivière, complained to his step-father, who spoke to his friend and art teacher, Emile Bin. Bin, after seeing Rivière's work, offered to teach him and Rivière began his formal training at Bin's studio.

### Chat Noir and development of work

From 1880, he was contributing illustrations to magazines and journals. Rivière was introduced to the cabarets in Montmartre by Paul Signac, especially the popular *Chat Noir* (Black Cat) café. From 1882, Rivière worked as part of the editorial team on the weekly *Chat Noir* journal, which published light verse, short stories and illustrations. Rivière edited and contributed art and reviews to the journal until 1885.

In 1888, Riviére met Eugenie Estelle Ley, who he would spend the rest of his life with.

That year Sigfried Bing began publishing the journal *Le Japon Artistique*, which inspired Riviére to begin collecting Japanese art and teaching himself to make woodblock prints in the Japanese method. Riviére made his own cutting tools, mixed his own inks and did the printing himself.

## Shadow plays

In 1886 Rivière created a form of shadow theatre at the *Chat Noir* under the name "ombres chinoises". This was a notable success, lasting for a decade until the cafe closed in 1897. He used back-lit zinc cut-out figures which appeared as silhouettes. Rivière was soon joined by Caran d'Ache and other artists, initially performing d'Ache's drama *L’Epopee*. From 1886 to 1896, Rivière created 43 shadow plays on a great variety of subjects from myth, history and the Bible. He collaborated with many different artists and writers, but made the illustrations for only 9 of the productions himself. He concentrated on improving the technical aspects of the production using enamelling and lighting to create extremely delicate effects of light and colour. The *Ombres* evolved into numerous theatrical productions and had a major influence on phantasmagoria.

According to historians Phillip Cate and Mary Shaw, Rivière's work involved both aesthetic and technical innovations,

> Essentially, Rivière created a system in which he placed silhouettes of figures, animals, elements of landscapes, and so forth, within a wooden framework at three distances from the screen: the closest created an absolutely black silhouette, and the next two created gradations of black to gray, thus suggesting recession into space. Silhouettes could be moved across the screen on runners within the frame.

Along with d'Ache's *L’Epopee*, Rivière's own works *Le Temptation de Saint Antoine* (1887) and *La Marche a L'etoile* (1890), were the most successful and popular. Rivière's shadow theatre was the cabaret's greatest attraction and "played a crucial role in establishing the credibility of the cabaret with that other tier of the avant-garde, the Impressionists/Post Impressionists: Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet, Mary Cassatt, and others."

## Prints

Between 1882 and 1886 Rivière created a large number of etchings. He also showed an interest in photography, making a series of picturesque scenes of everyday life. He later experimented with colour woodcuts and chromolithography in the late 1880s. Rivière first visited Brittany in 1884, spending most of his summers there until 1916. Together with bustling Parisian life, rural Brittany constituted the majority of the subjects of his landscape works.

Rivière’s prints were generally intended to be published as collections. These include forty images used in *Breton Landscapes*, created between 1890 and 1894. He also made colour woodcuts for *The Sea: Studies of Waves*, and prepared other sequences that remained unfinished, including *36 Views of the Eiffel Tower*, which were eventually published as lithographs. These were influenced by the vogue for Japonism at the time, modernising the famous prints by Hiroshige and Hokusai of *36 Views of Mount Fuji*.

His colour lithographic series' include:

* *The Aspects of Nature* (1897 to 1899), 16 images
* *The Beautiful Land of Brittany* (1897 to 1917), 20 images
* *Parisian Landscapes* (1900), 8 images
* *The Magic Hours* (1901 to 1902), 16 images
* *Thirty-Six Views of the Eiffel Tower* (1902), 36 images
* *The Noirot Wind* (1906), 4 images

Rivière ceased making prints in 1917, effectively retiring as a professional artist, but continued to work on watercolours in his later years. He died on August 24, 1951.


title: Nestori Lähde

abstract: Nestori Lähde is a Finnish ice hockey player currently playing for Lukko of the Finnish Liiga.

text:
# Nestori Lähde

**Nestori Lähde** (born 12 August 1989) is a Finnish ice hockey player currently playing for Lukko of the Finnish Liiga.

## InfoBox

| Nestori Lähde | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1989-08-12) 12 August 1989
Nokia, Finland | | |
| Height | 182 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 93 kg (205 lb; 14 st 9 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| Liiga team
Former teams | *Lukko*
Tappara
HC TPS | | |
| Playing career | 2008present | | |