title: Grammy Award for Best Tejano Album

abstract: The Grammy Award for Best Tejano Album was awarded from 1999 to 2011. In its first year the award was titled Best Tejano Music Performance and in 2000 it was awarded as Best Tejano Performance. The current title has been used since 2001. From 1993 to 1998 Tejano was included in the award for Best Mexican-American/Tejano Music Performance. The award was discontinued from 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012, this category and Best Regional Mexican Album merged to form the Best Regional Mexican or Tejano Album category. Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

text:
# Grammy Award for Best Tejano Album

The Grammy Award for **Best Tejano Album** was awarded from 1999 to 2011. In its first year the award was titled **Best Tejano Music Performance** and in 2000 it was awarded as **Best Tejano Performance**. The current title has been used since 2001. From 1993 to 1998 Tejano was included in the award for Best Mexican-American/Tejano Music Performance.

The award was discontinued from 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012, this category and **Best Regional Mexican Album** merged to form the **Best Regional Mexican or Tejano Album** category.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

## Recipients

| Year | Winner(s) | Title | Nominees | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | Flaco Jiménez | *Said and Done* | * Fiebre for *Live... En Concierto!* * Jaime y Los Chamacos for *Fanaticos* * Leyendas y Raíces for *Leyendas y Raíces* * Little Joe & La Familia for *2000* |  |
| 2000 | Los Palominos (performer), Randy Miller (engineer), Armando Lichtenberger Jr. (producer) | *Por Eso Te Amo* |  |  |
| 2001 | The Legends (performer), Edward Pérez, Greg García (engineers), Freddie Martínez, Hugo Guerrero (producers & engineers) | *¿Qué Es Música Tejana?* | * Jimmy Gonzalez y El Grupo Mazz for *Quien Iva a Pensar* * Leonardo Gonzales y Los Magnificos for *Siempre Cuenta Conmigo* * Jaime y Los Chamacos for *En Vivo... Puro Party Liva II* * Solido for *Hasta la Cima del Cielo* |  |
| 2002 | Solido (performer), Edward Pérez, Ramiro Serna (engineers), Rolando Benavidez, Amado Garza Jr., Medardo Garza, Ben de León, Otoniel Peña Jr. (producers) | *Nadie Como Tu* | * David Lee Garza y Los Musicales for *20/20 MMXX Twenty-Viente* * Leonard Gonzales y Los Magnificos for *Retro-Momentos* * Los Palominos for *Obsesion* * Emilio Navaira for *Lo Dice Tu Mirada* |  |
| 2003 | Emilio Navaira (performer), Gustavo Alphonso Miranda (engineer/mixer), Manuel Herrera Maldonado (producer) | *Acuérdate* | * David Lee Garza y Los Musicales for *Estamos Unidos* * Little Joe & La Familia for *Celebration of Life - Volume One - Live* * Mingo Saldivar y Sus Tremendos Cuatro Espadas for *A Taste of Texas* * Siggno for *Por Amor* |  |
| 2004 | Jimmy Gonzalez y El Grupo Mazz (performer), Edward Perez, Ramiro Serna (engineers), Jimmy Gonzalez (producer) | *Si Me Faltas Tu* | * Frijoles Romanticos for *Frijoles Romanticos* * Eddie Gonzales for *Un Poco de Cambio* * Milagro for *Despues de Todo* * Bobby Pulido for *Móntame* |  |
| 2005 | David Lee Garza, Joel Guzman, Sunny Sauceda | *Polkas, Gritos y Acordeónes* |  |  |
| 2006 | Little Joe y La Familia | *Chicanisimo* | * Avizo for *The Power of Friends* * La Tropa F for *Milagro* * Joe Posada for *Then & Now* * The Royal Jesters for *Odyssey the Journey* |  |
| 2007 | Chente Barrera | *Sigue El Taconazo* | * Jimmy Edward for *It's... All Right* * Bob Gallarza for *Live In Session* * Jay Perez for *All of Me* * Rebecca Valadez for *Rebecca Valadez* |  |
| 2008 | Little Joe & La Familia | *Before the Next Teardrop Falls* | * Ram Herrera and the Outlaw Band for *Ram Herrera and the Outlaw Band 2007* * David Marez for *Corazon de Oro* * Rubén Ramos for *35th Anniversary* * Sunny Sauceda for *Vagar Libremente* |  |
| 2009 | Rubén Ramos & The Mexican Revolution | *Viva La Revolucion* | * Chente Barrera y Taconazo for *Music Lessons* * Joe Posada for *Friends & Legends* * Tortilla Factory for *All That Jazz...* * Albert Zamora for *Heir to the Throne* |  |
| 2010 | Los Texmaniacs | *Borders y Bailes* | * Stefani Montiel for *Divina* * Jay Perez for *All the Way Live* * Joe Posada for *Point of View* * Sunny Sauceda y Todo Eso for *Radiación Musical* |  |
| 2011 | Little Joe & La Familia | *Recuerdos* | * Juan P. Moreno for *Sabes Bien* * Joe Posada for *In the Pocket* * Sunny Sauceda y Todo Eso for *Homenaje A Mi Padre* * Tortilla Factory for *Cookin* |  |


title: Vasil Levski Monument (Karlovo)

abstract: The Vasil Levski Monument stands in Vasil Levski Square in Karlovo, Bulgaria, between the churches of St. Nicholas and the Holy Mother. The foundation stone of the monument was laid on 15 May 1903, in front of prince regnant Ferdinand I. It was designed by the sculptor Marin Vasilev. The statue of Vasil Levski presents him with a revolver in his hand. By his side is a roaring lion, symbolising the nation of Bulgaria. In the lower part of the monument there is a list of Karlovo citizens, who died during the fight for Liberation of Bulgaria in July and August 1877. On the lower part of the pedestal there are three reliefs - "Creation of the revolutionary committee", "The arrest of Levski", and "Taking Karlovo's rebels from the konak".

text:
# Vasil Levski Monument (Karlovo)

The **Vasil Levski Monument** stands in Vasil Levski Square in Karlovo, Bulgaria, between the churches of St. Nicholas and the Holy Mother. The foundation stone of the monument was laid on 15 May 1903, in front of prince regnant Ferdinand I. It was designed by the sculptor Marin Vasilev. The statue of Vasil Levski presents him with a revolver in his hand. By his side is a roaring lion, symbolising the nation of Bulgaria. In the lower part of the monument there is a list of Karlovo citizens, who died during the fight for Liberation of Bulgaria in July and August 1877. On the lower part of the pedestal there are three reliefs - "Creation of the revolutionary committee" („Създаване на революционен комитет“), "The arrest of Levski" („Залавянето на Левски“), and "Taking Karlovo's rebels from the konak" („Извеждане на карловски въстаници от конака“).

42°38′15″N 24°48′22″E / 42.6374°N 24.8061°E / 42.6374; 24.8061


title: Granulifusus nakasiensis

abstract: Granulifusus nakasiensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

text:
# Granulifusus nakasiensis

***Granulifusus nakasiensis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Granulifusus nakasiensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Fasciolariidae |
| Genus: | *Granulifusus* |
| Species: | ***G. nakasiensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Granulifusus nakasiensis***<br>Hadorn & Fraussen, 2005 | |
|


title: Vellamunda Gram Panchayat

abstract: Vellamunda is a grama panchayat in the Wayanad district of the state of Kerala, India, situated approximately 15 km away from Mananthavady, the nearest town. Vellamunda Panchayath Office is situated at Ettenalu.Vellamunda can accessed by Padinjarathara or Mananthavady

text:
# Vellamunda Gram Panchayat

**Vellamunda** is a grama panchayat in the Wayanad district of the state of Kerala, India, situated approximately 15 km away from Mananthavady, the nearest town. Vellamunda Panchayath Office is situated at Ettenalu (Literally translated to 8/4, which signifies that this place is located at a distance of 8 miles and 4 furlongs from Mananthavady).Vellamunda can accessed by Padinjarathara or Mananthavady

## Etymology

The name Vellamunda is derived from 'Vellamunda Idam', which was the Tharavad of Vattathod family, the landlords of these areas in the days of Jenmi rule. The places near Vellamunda are Pazhajana, Thettamala and others. There is a small hospital and a u.p school.

## History

The areas that constitute the present-day Vellamunda were ruled by the Puliya Kingdom before the days of Pazhassi Raja. The Puliyan Nair clan (Polighar), which inherited control of these areas, were not very popular among the commons. This led to unrests from the Naduvazhis (Lords) of sub-divisions of the place, namely, Mangalassery, Vattathod, Cherukara, Karingari, and Tharuvana, who approached Pazhassi Raja with a request to overthrow the Puliya Clan. Pazhassi duly obliged and defeated them, subsequently adding the area to The Kingdom of Kottayam.

It is believed that Mangalassery Hills served as one of the bases for his guerilla warfare against the British.

In 1950, Chondarnad (Present-day Thondarnad) and Vellamunda villages were merged to form Vellamunda Grama Panchayat, which was reorganized in 1961 by removing Thondarnad and adding Porunnannur.

## Location and Connectivity

Vellamunda is located on the Mananthavady-Kuttiyady route, and is well connected to nearby towns by roads. Kozhikode (83 km away) is accessible via the Kuttiyady Churam while the district capital Kalpetta, which is at a distance of approximately 30 km, can be reached via Padinjarathara.

## Demographics

Vellamunda, similar to other areas in Wayanad, is a not-so-densely populated village. The salient features from the 2011 India Census data are given below.

Demographics
| Sl No. | Specification | Details |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Population | 30498 |
| 2 | Population (Male) | 15410 |
| 3 | Population (Female) | 15088 |
| 4 | Population Density | 473 |
| 5 | Sex Ratio | 979 |
| 6 | Literacy Rate | 81.84 |
| 7 | Literacy Rate (Male) | 89.13 |
| 8 | Literacy Rate (Female) | 74.42 |

## Administration

The Vellamunda grama panchayat is governed as per the Panchayati Raj act and is administrated by the democratically elected Village Head (Panchayat President) and the council of elected Panchayat members. P. K. Ahmed Haji served as the first President after the panchayat was reorganized in 1961. P. Thankamani of the Indian Union Muslim League, whose term started in 2015, is the incumbent Panchayat President. The details of the council of members are as follows.

Election Details (2015)
| Ward No. | Ward Name | Member | Political Party | Reservation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kandathuvayal | Ammath Haji | IUML | General |
| 2 | Vellamunda 10th Mile | Kunhikoya V S | IUML | General |
| 3 | Pazhanjana | Ebrahim | IUML | General |
| 4 | Madathumkuni | Athikka Bai M | IUML | Woman |
| 5 | Vellamunda 8/4 | Sakkeena | INC | Woman |
| 6 | Kattayad | Shajini Ajith | CPI(M) | Woman |
| 7 | Kokkadavu | A.Johny | CPI(M) | General |
| 8 | Tharuvana | P.Thankamani | IUML | ST Woman |
| 9 | Peechamcode | Sidheeq E V | IUML | General |
| 10 | Kellur | Abdul Salim Keloth | IUML | General |
| 11 | Kommayad | Margaret Augustine | CPI(M) | Woman |
| 12 | Karingari | Sathy | CPI(M) | Woman |
| 13 | Mazhuvannur | Ebrahim Haji Kanhai | IUML | General |
| 14 | Paliyana | Kunhiraman P | INC | ST |
| 15 | Pulikkadu | Raheena | IUML | Woman |
| 16 | Cherukara | Fousiya K | IUML | Woman |
| 17 | Ozhukkanmmoola | Geetha Manoj | CPI(M) | Woman |
| 18 | Mothakkara | Kalyani P | CPI(M) | ST Woman |
| 19 | Varambetta | Lekha Purushothaman | INC | Woman |
| 20 | Narokkadavu | Chacko Vandan Kuzhy | INC | General |
| 21 | Pulinjal | Andrews Joseph | INC | General |

11°43′00″N 75°57′00″E / 11.716667°N 75.95°E / 11.716667; 75.95

## InfoBox

| Vellamunda | |
| --- | --- |
| Grama Panchayat | |
| VellamundaLocation in Kerala, IndiaVellamundaVellamunda (India) | |
| Coordinates: 11°44′03″N 75°56′15″E / 11.7341026°N 75.9376146°E / 11.7341026; 75.9376146 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Wayanad |
| Established | 1950 (Reorganized in 1961) |
| Government | |
| Type | Grama Panchayat |
| Panchayat President | P. Thankamani (IUML) |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | O. R. Kelu (CPI(M)) |
| Member of Parliament | Rahul Gandhi (INC) |
| Area | |
| Total | 64.54 km2 (24.92 sq mi) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 30,498 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 670731 |
| Telephone code | 04935 |
| Vehicle registration | KL 72 |
| Nearest city | Mananthavady |


title: Van Taylor Monroe III

abstract: Van Taylor Monroe III is an African-American artist best known for his custom, hand-painted sneakers. His most notable work, the Obama '08 sneakers, were requested by the Smithsonian Institution for inclusion in the National Museum of African American History and Culture. He has a long list of celebrity clients and frequently creates works to market major Hollywood films.

text:
# Van Taylor Monroe III

**Van Taylor Monroe III** (also known as **Van Monroe**) is an African-American artist best known for his custom, hand-painted sneakers. His most notable work, the Obama '08 sneakers, were requested by the Smithsonian Institution for inclusion in the National Museum of African American History and Culture. He has a long list of celebrity clients and frequently creates works to market major Hollywood films.

## Biography

Monroe was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio, and attended Miami University in Ohio where he studied graphic design before changing his major to psychology. Monroe began painting sneakers in 2003 while at college, both for himself and his fellow football teammates. After graduating, Monroe worked as a market manager for Sherwin Williams, then worked as a broker for a logistics firm before leaving that job in 2007 to pursue an art career.

In 2018, Monroe spent a summer residency as featured artist for the Cleveland Museum of Art's mobile art studio, Studio Go. He has also traveled to Africa to teach painting at Academie des Beaux-Arts in Kinshasa, DRC.

## Career

His work "Obama ’08", a hand-painted pair of Nike sneakers featuring former President Barack Obama's portrait alongside quotes from the former president, went viral on MySpace in 2008. He later gifted these sneakers to the Smithsonian, where they currently are featured in the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC. He has since been commissioned by other notable figures, including Valérie Trierweiler, Spike Lee, Afeni Shakur, Will.i.am, Hill Harper, Queen Latifah, Nicki Minaj, Ray Romano, Tiësto, Jennifer Lopez, Carmelo and LaLa Anthony, and Josh Hutcherson.

Monroe has been hired by major film companies to create custom sneakers to help market Hollywood films including, Ice Age: Continental Drift and X-Men Origins: Wolverine.

He is currently based out of his hometown of Cleveland, Ohio where he runs VTM Creative, an advertising and branding company.

## Notable artworks

### *Obama '08*

His most notable artwork, Obama '08 is a set of custom Nike Air Force 1s that he has hand painted with the likeness of Barack Obama and the words "CHANGE" and "YES WE CAN" on each shoe. Monroe has stated he became inspired after watching Obama's speeches after winning the Iowa Caucus during the first run of his presidency.

### *What Is That in Thine Hand?*

Monroe painted a large-scale mural featuring two African-American children on the wall of St. Adalbert Catholic School, in Cleveland, Ohio in 2011. Monroe has said the inspiration for this mural came from a passage from the bible, Exod 4:2, which is featured at the bottom of the mural. This mural is one of eight murals from the "Community Mural Project" by the Cleveland Foundation.

## Collections

His sneakers, "Obama '08" are in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) in Washington, DC. His work has also been featured in the Manifest Hope Gallery, which was housed within the Andenken Gallery, in Denver, Colorado.

1. "Shoes for Obama". *National Museum of African American History and Culture*. 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
2. "Local artist Van Monroe's custom sneakers in demand everywhere from The Smithsonian to Spike Lee". *cbs8.com*. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
3. "Creating Connections: CMA Artist in Residence Van Monroe Uses Art to Inspire Community". *Medium*. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
4. Krastz, Roger (July 11, 2014). "Custom Fridays: Van Monroe Speaks On His Barack Obama Inspired Shoe And Upcoming Sneaker For Spike Lee - XXL". *XXL Mag*. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
5. Esparra, Lydia. "'I was crying myself to sleep at night wondering if I made a mistake': Cleveland artist changes life, inspires through non-traditional art". *www.cleveland19.com*. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
6. "Van Monroe - Linkedin".
7. "Van Taylor Monroe". *Roadtrip Nation*. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
8. "Creating Connections: CMA Artist in Residence Van Monroe Uses Art to Inspire Community". *Medium*. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
9. "Van Monroe". *www.vanmonroe.com*. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
10. "Obama 08". *Smithsonian Institution*. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
11. "Van Monroe". *www.vanmonroe.com*. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
12. Donaldson, Stan (2012-07-14). "Cleveland sneaker artist Van Monroe back in the spotlight with 'Ice Age: Continental Drift'". *cleveland*. The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
13. Miers, K (2014-02-12). ""What Is That in Thine Hand?"". *Cleveland Museum of Art*. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
14. Miers, K (2012-12-19). "About Community Mural Project". *Cleveland Museum of Art*. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
15. "Manifest Hope Gallery". *Obey Giant*. 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2021-04-21.

## Bibliography

* Florino, Rick. *Van Taylor Monroe*, Simon Media Corporation, 30 Nov. -1, digitaledition.qwinc.com/display\_article.php?id=135027&view=14732.
* Kurin, Richard. The Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects. United States, Penguin Publishing Group, 2013.
* McAllister, Brian. Roadmap: The Get-It-Together Guide for Figuring Out What to Do with Your Life. United States, Chronicle Books LLC, 2015.
* “Shoes for Obama.” *National Museum of African American History and Culture*, 8 Feb. 2018, nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/shoes-obama.

## InfoBox

| Van Taylor Monroe III | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Cleveland, Ohio |
| Known for | Custom Hand-Painted Sneakers |
| Notable work | Obama 08 Sneakers |
| Website | http://www.vanmonroe.com/ |


title: Vardhangad Fort

abstract: Vardhangad Fort {वर्धनगड} lies on the Bhadle-Kundla spur of the Mahadev range at a point of it on the boundary between the Koregaon and Khatav Talukas, seven miles north-east of Koregaon and nine miles north-east of Satara.

text:
# Vardhangad Fort

**Vardhangad Fort {वर्धनगड}** (Khatav T; 17° 40' N, 74° 15' E; RS. Koregaon, 9 m. W; p. 1,686) lies on the Bhadle-Kundla spur of the Mahadev range at a point of it on the boundary between the Koregaon and Khatav Talukas, seven miles north-east of Koregaon and nine miles north-east of Satara.

## History

The construction of the fort was undertaken in 1673 by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and was finished in 1674. It was used as an outpost guarding the east frontier of his newly acquired territory. In 1800, the fort, then in the hands of the Pratinidhi, was invested by Mahadji Shinde's force with 25,000 men. The Ramoshis in the south-west machi were attacked and killed the horse of Muzafarkhan one of Shinde's generals. The machis were then sacked and burnt. Further havoc was stopped by the influence of the Sarnobat Ghorpade's wife who was sister to the wife of Shinde. In 1805, the fort was attacked by Fattesingh Mane. The Killedar karkhanis resisted however in the later period Karkhanis and other officers were killed and Fattesingh took many horses in the neighbourhood. But was himself killed soon afterwards in a battle fought with Balvantrav Phadnis, the Mutalik of pratinidhi who was assisted by the troops of Chintamanrav Patwardhan. \[Grant Duffs Marathas, Vol. II, 413.\] In 1807, after the battle of Vasantgad, \[Grant Duff's Marathas, Vol. II, 413.\] Bapu Gokhale brought the Pant Pratinidhi to Cimanganv, a Koregaon village close to the north of the fort, and the fort was then surrendered to him. He administered it for five years till 1811 when the Peshva took charge of it. \[Papers in possession of the fort Sabnis.\] It appears to have surrendered in 1818.

## Ways to reach

It is a round-topped hill rising about 900 feet above the plain below on the west or Koregaon side and about 700 feet on the east or Khatav side. The ascent to the fort is from a machi or hamlet at its foot on the Khatav side. This is easily reached from the Satara-Pandharpur road, which winds up the southern slope of the fort hill to a hill close to which on the north lies the fort hamlet. The way takes off from Maruti temple in Vardhangad village. The approach to the fort can be made also from the village Panchgani-vadi. Both ways are easy. The top of the fort can be reached within 15 to 20 minutes. There is also an approach from Cimangaon. As one climbs halfway, one meets with an image of Maruti. A legend about this Maruti is that he brings relief to the person who is bitten by a snake. The person is taken around the image after giving him a juice of Nimb leaves. The person becomes giddy and vomits the poison, according to the legend. Two large ponds attributed to the Musalmans lie about two hundred yards off to the south of the road. The path from the hamlet takes about half an hour to ascend with ease and goes diagonally up the south slope, till it reaches the middle of the south side where is the only gateway reached by a turn to the south-west. The gate is in good condition. The road via koregaon is the road in good condition. The route is shown in the link

## Features

After crossing the gate, a little further up one comes across a small temple of Mahadev. The top of the temple is dilapidated. The base of the temple is built of stones and is in good condition. Near the temple is a banyan tree. To the south of the temple are two ponds. The water in them is not potable. As we climb a little further on the left side of the Mahadev temple, there is a temple of **Vardhinidevi**. On the outer side of the temple is a hall, the roof of which is being repaired by the Grampanchayat. A fair is held here on every Dasara day. Outside the temple is a *dipmal*, in front of the standing idol facing east. The base of the temple is built of stone and the upper part is built of bricks. There is an idol of Parashuram in the hall. It is said that, there is a tunnel leading to Mahimangad. The door of the tunnel is now covered with prickly pear and stones. The wall on each side juts out so that the gateway can be sighted only through a narrow passage from the north-east. It consists of a pointed arch and wooden doorway close outside which is shown the mark of a cannon shot fired when the fort was attacked by Fattesingh Mane (1805). The fort sloping all round from the sides to the top is round at the summit, and covers about twenty acres. On the east is a hollow, where are two ponds and the site of the garrison's quarters, now thickly covered with prickly pear, and the buildings in ruins. Only two small guns remain among the rubbish. The fort has but little scarp, the wall crowning a ridge of black rock protruding abruptly from the sides of the hill which though steep are covered with loose shallow soil. The walls with parapet vary from ten to fifteen feet on the outside, and follow the contour of the ridge, the hollows being filled up with strong masonry. They are about sixteen and a half feet thick, with a parapet, two feet high on the inside. The height is generally about six feet from the ground close under them. The ground rises so abruptly behind them that at any distance they would give no shelter, and the fort is commanded on the north from a hill in Lalgun, and on the south from the hill of Rameshvar, each about 2,000 yards distant, with perfectly possible ascents at any side. The masonry of the walls is mostly small and put together with mortar only in a few places. The gate and its neighbourhood are the strongest points. The fort wall has fallen down at a number of places. On the north side is an empty pond. The east is the only side where water is constantly found, but that in small quantities.

## InfoBox

| Vardhangad Fort | |
| --- | --- |
| *वर्धनगड* | |
| Satara District, Maharashtra, India | |
| Vardhangad Fort | |
| Coordinates | 17°43′33″N 74°15′47″E / 17.7258782°N 74.2631901°E / 17.7258782; 74.2631901 |
| Height | 457m (1500 ft) |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Government of India |
| Open to<br>the public | Yes |


title: Graves of Valor

abstract: Graves of Valor is an American death metal band formed in 2005, hailing from Florence, South Carolina, United States. They signed a deal with Relapse Records and have since released their only album, Salarian Gate, on May 26, 2009.

text:
# Graves of Valor

**Graves of Valor** is an American death metal band formed in 2005, hailing from Florence, South Carolina, United States. They signed a deal with Relapse Records and have since released their only album, *Salarian Gate*, on May 26, 2009.

## History

Graves of Valor was formed in December 2005 in Florence, South Carolina, with their original name being "From Graves of Valor." After a few line-up changes, ex-Through the Eyes of the Dead members Jeff Springs, Richard Turbeville, and Dayton Cantley joined up with bassist David Hasselbring and Damon Welch to solidify the band's most recent line-up.

The band recorded their debut album, *Salarian Gate*, in Tampa, Florida at Mana Recording Studios with engineer Brian Elliott. The band toured as part of the 2009 Relapse Contamination Tour alongside fellow label-mates Obscura and Abysmal Dawn in April and May leading up to the official *Salarian Gate* US release date. Graves of Valor also went on a three-week run supporting Salt the Wound in September 2009 in support of their latest release with Knights of the Abyss, and Within the Ruins.

After being unable to secure a full line-up and full-time drummer, Graves of Valor disbanded. The band has recently re-formed with Jeff Springs and Dayton Cantley under the new name Ditch Eel. Their musical style has changed from death metal to more Southern inspired metal.

## Members

Current * Richard Turbeville – Guitar
* Damon Welch – Vox
* Justin Brown – Guitar
* Jeff Pence – Drums
* Ryan Blum – Bass

Former * David Hasselbring – Bass
* Billy Wood – Bass
* Jeff Springs – Guitar
* Dayton Cantley – Drums

## Discography

### as From Graves of Valor

### as Graves of Valor

## InfoBox

| Graves of Valor | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Florence, South Carolina, United States |
| Genres | Death metal
Metalcore |
| Years active | 2005–2011, 2014–present |
| Labels | Tragic Hero Records (2007–2009)
Relapse (2009–present) |
|  | |
| Members | Richard Turbeville
Justin Brown
Damon Welch
Jeff Pence
Ryan Blum |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.myspace.com/FROMGRAVESOFVALOR |


title: Great 120-cell honeycomb

abstract: In the geometry of hyperbolic 4-space, the great 120-cell honeycomb is one of four regular star-honeycombs. With Schläfli symbol {5,5/2,5,3}, it has three great 120-cells around each face. It is dual to the order-5 icosahedral 120-cell honeycomb. It can be seen as a greatening of the 120-cell honeycomb, and is thus analogous to the three-dimensional great dodecahedron {5,5/2} and four-dimensional great 120-cell {5,5/2,5}. It has density 10.

text:
# Great 120-cell honeycomb

| Great 120-cell honeycomb | |
| --- | --- |
| (No image) | |
| Type | Hyperbolic regular honeycomb |
| Schläfli symbol | {5,5/2,5,3} |
| Coxeter diagram |  |
| 4-faces | {5,5/2,5} |
| Cells | {5,5/2} |
| Faces | {5} |
| Face figure | {3} |
| Edge figure | {5,3} |
| Vertex figure | {5/2,5,3} |
| Dual | Order-5 icosahedral 120-cell honeycomb |
| Coxeter group | H4, \[5,3,3,3\] |
| Properties | Regular |

In the geometry of hyperbolic 4-space, the **great 120-cell honeycomb** is one of four regular star-honeycombs. With Schläfli symbol {5,5/2,5,3}, it has three great 120-cells around each face. It is dual to the order-5 icosahedral 120-cell honeycomb.

It can be seen as a greatening of the 120-cell honeycomb, and is thus analogous to the three-dimensional great dodecahedron {5,5/2} and four-dimensional great 120-cell {5,5/2,5}. It has density 10.

* Coxeter, *Regular Polytopes*, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 0-486-61480-8. (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
* Coxeter, *The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays*, Dover Publications, 1999 ISBN 0-486-40919-8 (Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space, Summary tables II, III, IV, V, p212-213)


title: Vega Refinery

abstract: Vega Refinery is a Romanian oil refinery owned by Rompetrol and located in Ploiești, Prahova County. The refinery has a processing capacity of over 350,000 tons of feedstock/year. It is also the sole producer of hexane and bitumen in Romania with a production capacity of 66,000 tons of bitumen per year.

text:
# Vega Refinery

**Vega Refinery** is a Romanian oil refinery owned by Rompetrol and located in Ploiești, Prahova County. The refinery has a processing capacity of over 350,000 tons of feedstock/year. It is also the sole producer of hexane and bitumen in Romania with a production capacity of 66,000 tons of bitumen per year.

## History

### Origins

On 5 January 1905, the Vega Society was established by the German bank Disconto-Gesellschaft together with French investors. The bank had been interested in the Romanian oil industry since 1899, when it founded the *Internaționala Română* society in the Netherlands. In 1904, the same bank formed the oil transport society *Creditul Petrolifer* which built an extensive oil pipeline network in the Telega region.

The construction of the refinery began in May 1905, under the leadership of the administration council presided over by Titu Maiorescu. The refinery, located near the Ploiești–Vălenii de Munte rail line, was finished on 1 December 1905 and began production on 26 February 1906. It had an area of around 50 hectares (120 acres) and a processing capacity of 200,000 tons of crude oil per year. The transport of crude oil was initially done by carts and 300 tank wagons of which 246 were owned by *Creditul Petrolifer*. By 1935, the society operated some 1,200 tank wagons, as well as four locomotives, and 421 railway lines.

The refinery, with its automatic installations and electric pumps, could process 120 crude oil wagons per day and produce a variety of oil products, such as lubricating oils and asphalt. From 1908, while Lazăr Edeleanu was the director of the refinery, he developed a new method of oil refining, called the Edeleanu process.

### First World War and interwar period

During World War I, with the advance of the Central Powers armies into Romania in November 1916, the majority of oil wells in Romania were destroyed as a precautionary measure as to not fall into enemy hands. A commission formed by several British officers and led by British Lieutenant-Colonel John Norton-Griffiths, together with Prince George Valentin Bibescu and several Romanian engineers conducted the plan on 5 December. While the damage sustained by Vega was significant, the refinery was not fully destroyed, which prompted the Germans to restart production in March 1917.

After the war, the German-owned companies were taken by the Romanian state. At the insistence of other international companies, Vega and *Creditul Petrolifer* were taken over by the Belgian Petrofina company, while Concordia (another company previously owned by Disconto-Gesellschaft) was taken by the French Compagnie Française des Pétroles. In 1922, the Vega refinery came into the possession of Concordia after the company was merged with the Vega and *Creditul Petrolifer* under the Franco-Belgian Petrofina trust led by Léon Wenger. During the interwar period, Vega was ranked second among the Romanian refineries, after Astra Română.

### Second World War

After the start of World War II, Concordia was placed under military jurisdiction on 11 December 1940, and until 1945 it was controlled by the General Staff and the Ministry of Endowment of the Army and War Production. Also in 1940, a Mobilization and Passive Defense Service was established with the role of camouflaging the refinery and constructing bomb shelters for the workers. Brick walls were also erected around tanks, and walls up to 10 m high were built for protection. With Romania's entry into the war, the Vega refinery was first bombed on 18 July 1941 by Soviet bombers. Only one oil tank was set on fire, while the anti-aircraft artillery shot down one bomber.

With America's declaration of war on Romania in 1942, and with the arrival of the Halverson Detachment equipped with B-24 bombers in Egypt, the refineries from Ploiești were targeted once again. Vega did not sustain any damage on the 12 June 1942 raid. Designated as target White 2 for the low-level raid code-named Operation Tidal Wave, the refinery was attacked on 1 August 1943 by the 376th and 93d Bomb Groups. In the aftermath of the raid, damage sustained by Vega amounted to just 15%, which was quickly repaired and the refinery increased its production by September.

Between April and August 1944, the Vega refinery was attacked several times. It suffered heavy damage in the 31 May raid, and by the end of the war damage caused to the refinery amounted to about 442 million lei with almost 90% of the refinery being affected. The four main oil processing installations did not suffer significant damage however.

### Post-war to modern day

The damages suffered during the war were fully repaired by 1948. In the same year, the Concordia society was nationalized and the refinery was transferred to the state, being renamed Refinery No. 2. Between 1949 and 1955, the refinery was under the control of the Sovrompetrol. Once it was transferred back to the state, the refinery was modernized and by 1981 it could be manufacture petroleum solvents for the chemical and petrochemical industry, as well as detergents, petroleum jelly, and special bitumens.

In 1990, after the revolution, the Vega Refinery became a joint-stock company. The company was privatized in 1998, and the majority stake was purchased by Rompetrol in 1999. Following a 7 million investment, a processing unit of polymer-modified road bitumen was finished in 2007. In 2014, a record 61.400 tons of bitumen and 64.000 tons of n-hexane were produced.

Currently, the Vega refinery is the only producer of bitumen in Romania, and the only producer of n-hexane in Central and Eastern Europe.

## InfoBox

| Vega Refinery | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view of the refinery in 2009 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Oil refinery |
| Location | Ploiești, Prahova County |
| Coordinates | 44°57′47.9″N 26°1′26.7″E / 44.963306°N 26.024083°E / 44.963306; 26.024083 |
| Construction started | May 1905 |
| Completed | 1 December 1905 (1905-12-01) |
| Owner | Rompetrol |


abstract: Green Crystal Ties, Volume 4: Mind-Expanding 60s Psychedelia is the fourth installment in the Green Crystal Ties series of psychedelic and garage rock compilations issued by Collectables Records. It was released on April 7, 1998 and like volume 1 features songs by Texas garage and psychedelic bands who recorded in the 1960s. The series is known for good quality mastering and sound quality. Like all of the entries in the series, the highly colorful packaging is designed by Nicole Ruhl Fichera. The inner sleeve includes well-researched liner notes written by Steve Kaplan and Matt Wendelken which provide helpful biographical information about the bands and their songs. The set begins with the folk rock stylings of "Since You've Been Gone" and "Masters of War" by The Uncalled For. The Exotics follow with harder mind-bending fare with "Queen of Shadows" and "I Was Alone," which are added extra grit by Robert Price's raspy vocals, punctuated by Tommy Spalding's guitar chords, and a thundering rhythm section made up of Chris Brown on bass and Geof West on drums. The Outside In follow suit in similar fashion with the grinding "You Ain't Gonna Bring Me Down to My Knees." The WordD are represented in two cuts, "Keep on Waling" and "You're Gonna Make Me." Other bands featured are the District Six, the Couriers, and Hydro Pyro. The Couriers perform the haunting "Just Tell Me." The Stowaways, from North Carolina are the last band featured beginning with a bluesy "What a Shame," then a rendition of the Byrds' "It Won't Be Wrong," and at last a reworking of the Beatles' "It's Only Love," which closes out the set.

text:
# Green Crystal Ties, Volume 4: Mind-Expanding 60s Psychedelia

***Green Crystal Ties, Volume 4: Mind-Expanding 60s Psychedelia*** is the fourth installment in the *Green Crystal Ties* series of psychedelic and garage rock compilations issued by Collectables Records. It was released on April 7, 1998 and like volume 1 features songs by Texas garage and psychedelic bands who recorded in the 1960s. The series is known for good quality mastering and sound quality. Like all of the entries in the series, the highly colorful packaging is designed by Nicole Ruhl Fichera. The inner sleeve includes well-researched liner notes written by Steve Kaplan and Matt Wendelken which provide helpful biographical information about the bands and their songs.

The set begins with the folk rock stylings of "Since You've Been Gone" and "Masters of War" by The Uncalled For. The Exotics follow with harder mind-bending fare with "Queen of Shadows" and "I Was Alone," which are added extra grit by Robert Price's raspy vocals, punctuated by Tommy Spalding's guitar chords, and a thundering rhythm section made up of Chris Brown on bass and Geof West on drums. The Outside In follow suit in similar fashion with the grinding "You Ain't Gonna Bring Me Down to My Knees." The WordD are represented in two cuts, "Keep on Waling" and "You're Gonna Make Me." Other bands featured are the District Six, the Couriers, and Hydro Pyro. The Couriers perform the haunting "Just Tell Me." The Stowaways, from North Carolina are the last band featured beginning with a bluesy "What a Shame," then a rendition of the Byrds' "It Won't Be Wrong," and at last a reworking of the Beatles' "It's Only Love," which closes out the set.

## Track listing

1. The Uncalled For: "Since You've Been Gone" 2:44
2. The Uncalled For: "Masters of War" 2:21
3. The Exotics: "Queen of Shadows" *(Frank Sutton)* 2:26
4. The Exotics: "I Was Alone" *(Frank Sutton)* 2:00
5. The Outside In: "You Ain't Gonna Bring Me Down to My Knees" 3:08
6. Hydro Pyro: "Id" 1:59
7. Hydro Pyro: "Hydro Pyro" 2:02
8. The WordD: "Keep on Walking" 2:16
9. The WordD: You're Gonna Make Me *(Jon Williams)* 1:52
10. Knights Bridge: "Make Me Some Love" 3:05
11. Knights Bridge: "CJ Smith" 2:27
12. The District Six: "She Cried No" *(Bob Seger)* 2:23
13. The District Six: "7 and 7 Is" *(Arthur Lee)* 2:04
14. The Couriers: "I Couldn't Care Less" 2:27
15. Couriers: "Just Tell Me" 3:22
16. The Stowaways: "What a Shame" 2:39
17. The Stowaways: "It Won't Be Wrong" 1:55
18. The Stowaways: "It's Only Love" *(John Lennon/Paul McCartney)* 1:56

## InfoBox

| Green Crystal Ties, Volume 4: Mind-Expanding 60s Psychedelia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album | |
| Released | April 7, 1998 |
| Recorded | 1960s |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 43:06 |
| Label | Collectables |
| chronology | |
| *Green Crystal Ties, Volume 3: Gloria Meets 96 Tears*
(1998) ***Green Crystal Ties, Volume 4: Mind-Expanding 60s Psychedelia***
(1998) *Green Crystal Ties, Volume 5: Gems from the Garage Band Vaults*
(1998) | |


title: Greater Chicago Food Depository

abstract: The Greater Chicago Food Depository (GCFD) is a nonprofit organization that fights hunger throughout Cook County, Illinois. The GCFD distributes donated and purchased food through a network of 700 food pantries, soup kitchens, shelters and community programs, serving more than 800,000 adults and children every year. In fiscal year 2016, the GCFD distributed more than 70 million pounds of nonperishable food, produce, dairy products, and meat - the equivalent of more than 160,000 meals every day. Of the $96,883,955 spent in 2016, over 90% went to direct food distribution programs. The GCFD is a charter member of Feeding America, the nation's food bank network.

text:
# Greater Chicago Food Depository

The **Greater Chicago Food Depository** (**GCFD**) is a nonprofit organization that fights hunger throughout Cook County, Illinois. The GCFD distributes donated and purchased food through a network of 700 food pantries, soup kitchens, shelters and community programs, serving more than 800,000 adults and children every year. In fiscal year 2016, the GCFD distributed more than 70 million pounds of nonperishable food, produce, dairy products, and meat - the equivalent of more than 160,000 meals every day. Of the $96,883,955 spent in 2016, over 90% went to direct food distribution programs.

The GCFD is a charter member of Feeding America, the nation's food bank network.

## History

The Greater Chicago Food Depository was founded in 1979 by Tom O’Connell, Robert W. Strube Sr., Rev. Philip Marquard, Gertrude Snodgrass, Ann Connors and Ed Sunshine. Following an increase of poverty in the Chicago area, the six founders were inspired to start a food bank. They followed the example of John van Hengel, who started the nation's first food bank in Phoenix, Arizona. However, due to an Illinois statute that prohibited the use of the word ‘bank’ in the name of non-banking entities, the name ‘depository’ was chosen.

A year after incorporation, the Greater Chicago Food Depository opened their doors at the Chicago South Water Market. Major benefactors included the City of Chicago, which provided a start-up grant, as well as Strube Celery and Vegetable Company, which donated warehouse space. By the end of their first year, the GCFD distributed 471,000 pounds of food from 22 food donors to 85 agencies.

Food supply grew in 1981 when Illinois legislators passed a Good Samaritan law, which protected food contributors from legal liabilities. Within a year, food donors increased to 111, distribution to 6.1 million pounds and agencies to 375. The growing food bank settled in a 91,000-square-foot (8,454 m2) facility at 4501 South Tripp Avenue in 1984.

In 1986, GCFD established a Perishable Food Program, now known as Food Rescue, with a grant from Chicago Community Trust. The program collected and distributed unused food from restaurants and caterers to soup kitchens. The depository further broadened its distribution in 1993 with new programs. The Produce People Share Program addressed the need for fresh fruits and vegetables in the community, and the first Kids Cafe began serving after-school hot meals for low-income children.

By 1998, GCFD's distribution topped 25 million pounds. In that same year, the food bank founded Chicago's Community Kitchens, a free 12-week culinary training program for unemployed and underemployed adults. In 2001, the first Producemobile, a farmers’ market on wheels, began distributing fresh produce to low-income communities.

The GCFD acquired a new warehouse and training center, in 2004, which allowed them to double their food distribution capacity. The 268,000-square-foot (24,900 m2) facility is located in Archer Heights, Chicago, and remains the headquarters of the GCFD today. In addition to increased storage space, the facility hosts administration and training programs like Pantry University, which began the same year.

## Organization Structure

The Greater Chicago Food Depository is led by a Leadership Team, a Board of Directors, and an Associate Board. The **Leadership Team** consists of the CEO/Executive Director, Chief Marketing Officer, Vice President of Operations, Chief Financial Officer, Chief People Officer, Vice President of Community Impact, and the Vice President of Development. The **Board of Directors** is made up of local business leaders in a variety of industries. The **Associate Board**, launched in 2014, is led by two co-chairs. The board consists of more than 100 volunteer young business professionals interested in helping further the organization's mission. As of November 2017, there are 138 employees of the GCFD, as well as 23,594 volunteers. Administration costs are $5,680,478 annually, about 5% of total expenses.

## Programs

### Producemobile

In 2001, GCFD launched the Producemobile, a beverage-style truck that delivers donated food directly to individuals across Chicago on a weekly basis. Many of these individuals live in areas where produce is difficult or costly to obtain. A second Producemobile was added in 2005, and eventually made its way to Evanston.

### Mobile Pantry

The Mobile Pantry program launched in 2007, and distributes food to more than twelve sites each month. The sites are in areas with high poverty levels and low food assistance from the GCFD, according to the 2006 Cook County Unmet Need Study. In addition, the program delivers food on evenings and weekends to provide assistance to more people.

### Hunger Walk

In 1985, the GCFD organized the Hunger Walk, an event which helps raise awareness on hunger and supports the GCFD. In 2017, it is reported that over 12,000 people participated in their 32nd annual Hunger Walk in Chicago's Jackson Park. The Hunger Walk spans 2 miles, and through the revenue from this event, GCFD could fund some of their partner agencies for an entire year.

### Food Rescue

Since 1987, the GCFD's Food Rescue program has been recovering prepared and perishable foods, such as meats, dairy products, baked goods and produce, that might otherwise have been wasted. Using refrigerated trucks, Food Rescue drivers—who are state-certified in food handling and sanitation—collect surplus foods at grocery stores, restaurants, food catering businesses, and cafeterias. These donations are then delivered to pantries, soup kitchens, and shelters for incorporation into their meal plans.

### Kids Cafe

The Kids Cafe program is a national initiative of Feeding America and administered locally by the GCFD. Since 1993, the Food Depository's Kids Cafes have partnered with after-school programs to provide hot meals, tutoring, and other educational programs for children. The Food Depository has launched 44 Kids Cafes, serving more than 2,500 children each day.

### Older Adult Program

The GCFD's Older Adult Program was formally launched, in May 2006, to address the needs of low-income seniors. The program delivers fresh produce to seniors at 80 Chicago Housing Authority complexes, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development sites, and other locations in Cook County. Of the 812,000 people who rely on food from the Food Depository and its network of member agencies every year, 18 percent are older adults.

### Veterans' programs

The GCFD serves hundreds of veterans on a weekly basis, estimated between 125 and 175 veterans. The GCFD has two pantries specifically used to serve veterans, located at the VA Hospitals in Cook County at Jesse Brown and at Hines. Combined, both pantries have been able to provide assistance to about 88,000 veterans. In addition to food, GCFD provides veterans with other necessities such as long underwear, socks, bags and sleeping bags.

### Lunch Bus

The GCFD's lunch bus initiative provides food to children, who are eligible for free or reduce price meals at school, throughout the school year and summer. There are a total of 4 lunch buses with 24 stops from the Little Village to South Holland neighborhoods. The lunch buses serve children sandwiches and milk, both during the school year and the summer.

### Fresh Truck

The Fresh Truck is a mobile program started by the GCFD and the Cook County Health and Hospitals System in 2015. It began, as a test program, as a way of providing healthy foods to people who are unable to get enough in their diet due to location and/or resources. Doctors, at hospitals, write people, who need more healthy nutrients in their diets, "prescriptions" which they can then take down to the fresh truck and redeem for fresh fruits and vegetables. This service is also available to the general public at certain times, when people able to go and obtain fresh fruits and vegetables from the fresh truck regardless of prescription.

## Education and Training

### Chicago's Community Kitchens

Founded in 1998, Chicago's Community Kitchens is a free, 14-week culinary training program for people with barriers to employment like arrest records or lack of work history. The program, located at the GCFD, prepares students for a career in food service by providing them with a solid foundation in food preparation. Students spend the first 12 weeks training and the final two weeks working, as an intern, at a professional kitchen. The program has a 90% job placement rate, and graduates have been able to land jobs in some of Chicago's top restaurants. GCFD has also assisted students, of the program, with transportation while they are enrolled in the program.

### Pantry University

Founded in 2004, Pantry University is the GCFD's training program for member pantries, soup kitchens, and shelters. Pantry University is dedicated to building the capacity of member agency partners by providing training and educational workshops on topics such as grant writing, creating budgets, and volunteer management. Pantry University has offered courses at the GCFD as well as at community colleges, neighborhood centers, and agency sites throughout Cook County.

Client workshops and classes range from food safety and sanitation, nutrition, fundraising, grant writing, creating and maintaining budgets to operational best practices. All classes are taught by Food Depository staff, agency representatives, and skilled practitioners who are knowledgeable in their topic areas.

## Partnerships

The GCFD is sustained, in part, by a variety of corporate sponsorship. In particular, many Chicago metropolitan area food suppliers provide direct donations to the GCFD. Companies that have donated or donate to the GCFD include Starbucks, Buddig & Company, Tyson Foods, Jewel-Osco, Smithfield Foods and Gotham Greens. In addition, the GCFD has partnered with Cook County to find ways to curb food insecurity by providing fruits and vegetables to more than 760,000 affected residents.

## InfoBox

Greater Chicago Food Depository
|
|  |
| Formation | 1979 (1979) |
| Type | Non-profit |
| Legal status | 501(c)(3) |
| Headquarters | 4100 W Ann Lurie Pl.
Chicago, Illinois 60632
United States |
| Region served | Cook County |
| Membership | 700 pantries, soup kitchens and shelters |
| Executive Director | Kate R. Maehr |
| Main organ | Board of Directors |
| Revenue (2016) | $106,149,642 |
| Expenses (2016) | $96,883,955 |
| Website | http://www.chicagosfoodbank.org |


abstract: East German vehicle registration plates were issued in the former German Democratic Republic between 1953 and 1990. Vehicles whose cylinder capacity was less than 50 cm⁳ were exempt from registration. The plates remained legal until the end of 1993, when all vehicles had to be re-registered to the West German system.

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of the German Democratic Republic

**East German vehicle registration plates** were issued in the former German Democratic Republic between 1953 and 1990. Vehicles whose cylinder capacity was less than 50 cm3 were exempt from registration.

The plates remained legal until the end of 1993, when all vehicles had to be re-registered to the West German system.

## Design

The plates' appearance remained largely constant during the 37 years in which they were issued. Black alphanumerics rendered in a condensed version of DIN 1451 were used (although other fonts have also been observed), with the first letter indicating the *bezirk* (the German word for 'district') where the vehicle was registered. Between 1953 and 1974, the format of these plates was **XX ##-##**, where **X** is any letter in the range A-Z, and **#** is a digit between 0 and 9  although a numerical prefix and/or suffix of '00' was disallowed.

In response to the dramatic increase in the number of vehicles on East German roads, the design was revised in October 1974 to include an additional serial letter, albeit at the cost of the initial digit. The new format became: **XXX #-##**. Under this system, '0' was a permitted prefix digit, but the combination '0-00' was disallowed.

## List of district identifiers

The prefixes were allocated alphabetically to each region, from North to South. The letters **G**, **J**, **Q**, and **W** were not used.

| Prefix | Bezirk |
| --- | --- |
| A | Rostock |
| B | Schwerin |
| C | Neubrandenburg |
| D, P | Potsdam |
| E | Frankfurt |
| F, L | Erfurt |
| H, M | Magdeburg |
| I | East Berlin |
| K, V | Halle |
| N | Gera |
| O | Suhl |
| R, Y | Dresden |
| S, U | Leipzig |
| T, X | Karl-Marx-Stadt |
| Z | Cottbus |

The prefixes HJ, KZ, SA, and SS were not issued, due to their Nazi connotations.

## Special Plates

### GST

Vehicles belonging to the Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik (en: **Sport and Technology Association**), or **GST** for short, were allocated plates with only a single prefix letter denoting the district of registration.

### Military

Vehicles belonging to the Nationale Volksarmee (en: **National People's Army**) were issued plates bearing the **VA** (**V**olks**a**rmee) prefix, whilst those of the Grenztruppen (en: **Border Troops**), and Grenzschutz (as of 1990) received the **GT** and **GS** prefixes, respectively.

### Volkspolizei

Vehicles of the Volkspolizei were furnished with plates bearing the **VP** prefix. Although they were identical in appearance and format to other East German plates, Volkspolizei plates followed a different system.

The first two digits after the **VP** prefix identified the district (or bezirk) where the vehicle was stationed. Incidentally, these (and diplomatic registrations) were the only plates where it was legal to use '00' as prefix digits.

The table below illustrates the numerical codes used:

| Code | Bezirk |
| --- | --- |
| 00 | East Berlin |
| 01 | Rostock |
| 02 | Schwerin |
| 03 | Neubrandenburg |
| 04 | Potsdam |
| 05 | Frankfurt |
| 06 | Cottbus |
| 07 | Magdeburg |
| 08 | Halle |
| 09 | Erfurt |
| 10 | Gera |
| 11 | Suhl |
| 12 | Dresden |
| 13 | Leipzig |
| 14 | Karl-Marx-Stadt |

### Diplomatic & Foreign National

Vehicles belonging to diplomats and embassy staff were issued plates which featured white alphanumerics on a reddish-brown background, whilst those of foreign nationals were the more familiar white-on-blue. In both cases, the two-letter prefix identified the vehicle's function, whilst the first two digits indicated the country it belonged to. Diplomatic plates always began with the letter **C**, whilst those assigned to foreigners were prefixed with **Q**.

The following table lists these prefixes:

| Prefix | Allocation |
| --- | --- |
| CC | Consular staff |
| CD | Diplomatic missions and their personnel |
| CY | Technical and administrative staff |
| QA | Foreign correspondents |
| QB, QX | Foreign trade offices, commercial offices, and industrial agencies |
| QC | Travel agencies, airlines, culture and information centres |
| QD | Others |

List of numerical embassy codes:

| Code | Country/Organisation |
| --- | --- |
| 00 | Comecon |
| 01 | Soviet Union |
| 02 | Czechoslovakia |
| 03 | Hungary |
| 04 | Poland |
| 05 | Romania |
| 06 | Bulgaria |
| 07 | People's Republic of China |
| 08 | Albania |
| 09 | Finland |
| 10 | Mongolia |
| 11 | North Korea |
| 12 | North Vietnam |
| 13 | Egypt |
| 14 | Yugoslavia |
| 15 | Cuba |
| 16 | South Vietnam |
| 17 | Syria |
| 18 | North Yemen |
| 19 | Mali |
| 20 | Guinea |
| 21 | Iraq |
| 22 | Cambodia |
| 23 | Sudan |
| 24 | South Yemen |
| 25 | India |
| 26 | People's Republic of the Congo |
| 30 | Algeria |
| 31 | Bangladesh |
| 32 | Burma |
| 33 | Switzerland |
| 34 | Italy |
| 35 | Denmark |
| 36 | Tunisia |
| 37 | Belgium |
| 38 | Sweden |
| 39 | France |
| 40 | Pakistan |
| 41 | Great Britain |
| 42 | Peru |
| 43 | Austria |
| 44 | Spain |
| 45 | Netherlands |
| 46 | Norway |
| 47 | Mexico |
| 48 | Indonesia |
| 49 | Lebanon |
| 50 | Iran |
| 51 | Japan |
| 52 | Argentina |
| 53 | Zaire |
| 54 | Brazil |
| 55 | Uruguay |
| 56 | Colombia |
| 57 | West Germany |
| 58 | Ghana |
| 59 | Portugal |
| 60 | Ecuador |
| 61 | United States |
| 62 | Turkey |
| 63 | Greece |
| 64 | Venezuela |
| 65 | Australia |
| 66 | Panama |
| 67 | Somalia |
| 68 | Libya |
| 69 | Ethiopia |
| 70 | PLO |
| 71 | Afghanistan |
| 72 | Nicaragua |
| 73 | Cape Verde |
| 74 | Philippines |
| 75 | Nigeria |
| 76 | Costa Rica |
| 77 | Guinea-Bissau |
| 78 | Laos |
| 79 | Zimbabwe |
| 80 | Mozambique |
| 81 | Angola |
| 82 | Bolivia |
| 83 | Morocco |
| 91 | France (trade delegations) |
| 92 | Austria (trade delegations) |
| 93-96 | *Other accredited diplomatic missions in the GDR* |
| 99 | *Allocated to non-accredited diplomatic missions in the GDR* |


# Vehicle registration plates of the Luhansk People's Republic

The Luhansk People's Republic has had a system of vehicle registration plates since May 2016. The plates were recognized as valid in the Russian Federation, alongside the plates of the neighboring Donetsk People's Republic, in February 2017.

On 21 December 2022 there was a change in terms of license plate issuing. Russian plates were first issued on that day with the Code 181, after The Lugansk People’s Republic became a part of Russia on September 30, 2022 following the unification referendum. The residents with LPR or Ukrainian vehicle registration completed before 14 December 2022 have to re-register by 1 January 2026 with no extra costs.


title: Vatesini

abstract:
Vatesini is a tribe of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae. It contains ten genera:
  - Cilea Jacquelin du Val, 1856
  - Cileoporus Campbell, 1994
  - Coproporus Kraatz, 1857
  - Coprotachinus Cameron, 1933
  - Mimocyptus Cameron, 1919
  - †Procileoporus Yamamoto, 2016
  - Tachinoporus Cameron, 1928
  - Tachinoproporus Cameron, 1928
  - Termitoplus Silvestri, 1946
  - Vatesus Sharp, 1876

text:
# Vatesini

***Vatesini*** is a tribe of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.

It contains ten genera:

## InfoBox

| Vatesini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Coproporus*, species unspecified | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Subfamily: | Tachyporinae |
| Tribe: | Vatesini<br>Seevers, 1958 |
|


title: Promegistidae

abstract: Promegistidae is a family of mites in the order Mesostigmata.

text:
# Promegistidae

**Promegistidae** is a family of mites in the order Mesostigmata.

## Species

Promegistidae contains one genus, with one recognized species:

## InfoBox

| Promegistidae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Subclass: | Acari |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | **Promegistidae**<br>Kethley, 1977 |
|


title: Making Lite of Myself

abstract: Making Lite of Myself is stand-up comedian John Pinette's second comedy album.

text:
# Making Lite of Myself

***Making Lite of Myself*** is stand-up comedian John Pinette's second comedy album.

## Track listing

1. "The Gym" – 5:19
2. "Subway Diet" – 1:03
3. "The Herbalist and the Blocked Colon" – 3:40
4. "Low Carb Diets and Dr. Phil" – 2:14
5. "Extreme Sports" – 5:15
6. "Camping" – 8:30
7. "Pennsylvania / Thanksgiving" – 7:16
8. "England" – 4:39
9. "France" – 4:07
10. "Viva El Gordo" – 4:45
11. "Get Outta the Line!" – 4:18
12. "Toilet Paper" – 1:10

## InfoBox

| Making Lite of Myself | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by John Pinette | |
| Released | August 7, 2007 |
| Genre | Stand-up comedy |
| Length | 52:18 |
| Label | Uproar Entertainment |
| Producer | David Drozen |
| John Pinette chronology | |
| *Show Me the Buffet*
(1998) ***Making Lite of Myself***
(2007) *Still Hungry*
(2011) | |


title: PSSK Selayar

abstract: Persatuan Sepakbola Selayar Kepulauan is an Indonesian football club based in Selayar Islands Regency, South Sulawesi. They currently compete in the Liga 3.

text:
# PSSK Selayar

**Persatuan Sepakbola Selayar Kepulauan** (simply known as **PSSK Selayar**) is an Indonesian football club based in Selayar Islands Regency, South Sulawesi. They currently compete in the Liga 3.

## History

PSSK Selayar was established in July 1962, the establishment of the club was spearheaded by sportsmen in Benteng, Selayar Islands under the name **Persatuan Sepakbola Selajar Kepulauan** or **PSSK** for short. Their goal is to become a member of PSSI and develop soccer organizations located in the level area of Selayar II. Selayar Islands Regency is a district established under Law no. 29 of 1959 concerning the Establishment of Level II Regions in Sulawesi. Selayar Regency wants to change its name to Selayar Maritime Regency. However, in Law no. 17 of 1985, does not recognize a "maritime state", but an "archipelagic state". Therefore, Selayar Regency was renamed Selayar Islands Regency. Along with the implementation of the Indonesian Spelling System from Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, the word Selajar was changed to Selayar and had implications for PSSK's long name, namely **Persatuan Sepakbola Selayar Islands**.

## InfoBox

PSSK Selayar
| Full name | Persatuan Sepakbola Selayar Kepulauan |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *Pasukan Tana Doang* |
| Founded | 1962 (1962) |
| Ground | Pemuda Benteng Field<br>Selayar Islands, South Sulawesi |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| Owner | Askab PSSI Selayar Kepulauan |
| Chairman | Muhammad Aqsa Ramadhan |
| Coach | Sofyan Haeruddin |
| League | Liga 3 |
| 2021 | 4th in First Round of Group B, (South Sulawesi zone) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Montjustin-et-Velotte

abstract: Montjustin-et-Velotte is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Montjustin-et-Velotte

**Montjustin-et-Velotte** is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Montjustin-et-Velotte | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Montjustin-et-Velotte | |
|  | |
| Location of Montjustin-et-Velotte | |
| Montjustin-et-VelotteMontjustin-et-Velotte | |
| Coordinates: 47°36′54″N 6°22′29″E / 47.615°N 6.3747°E / 47.615; 6.3747 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Haute-Saône |
| Arrondissement | Vesoul |
| Canton | Villersexel |
| Area**1** | 7.54 km2 (2.91 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 120 |
| Density | 16/km2 (41/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 70364 /70110 |
| Elevation | 279–396 m (915–1,299 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Thismia hongkongensis

abstract: Thismia hongkongensis is a species of Thismia. S.S.Mar and R.M.K.Saunders, the discoverers, published their discovery in the journal PhytoKeys on 4 February 2015. This species is endemic to Hong Kong.

text:
# Thismia hongkongensis

***Thismia hongkongensis*** is a species of *Thismia*. S.S.Mar and R.M.K.Saunders, the discoverers, published their discovery in the journal *PhytoKeys* on 4 February 2015. This species is endemic to Hong Kong.

## InfoBox

| *Thismia hongkongensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Dioscoreales |
| Family: | Burmanniaceae |
| Genus: | *Thismia* |
| Species: | ***T. hongkongensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thismia hongkongensis***<br>S.S.Mar & R.M.K.Saunders, 2015 | |
|


title: General Yue Fei

abstract: General Yue Fei is a Chinese historical novel written by Qian Cai in the Qing dynasty. Consist of 80 chapters, the first 61 chapters detail the life and adventures of Yue Fei, while the last 19 concern the exploits of Yue Fei's son Yue Lei after Yue Fei's unjust death.

text:
# General Yue Fei

***General Yue Fei*** (Chinese: 說岳全傳) is a Chinese historical novel written by Qian Cai in the Qing dynasty. Consist of 80 chapters, the first 61 chapters detail the life and adventures of Yue Fei, while the last 19 concern the exploits of Yue Fei's son Yue Lei after Yue Fei's unjust death.

## Description

The author Qian Cai (錢彩) lived sometime during the reigns of the Kangxi and Yongzheng (1661–1735) emperors of the Qing dynasty. A dating symbol in its preface points either to the year 1684 or to 1744. It was banned during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. There are two main versions of this novel. The original one had 80 chapters. There was an illustrated edition of this version published in 1912. The other version also had 80 chapters and was published during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (1861–1875).

Some people mistakenly take this novel to be historical fact when it is purely fiction. According to Sir Yang Ti-liang's introduction to his translation:

> The work is a historical novel in form, but it is in fact based almost mainly on legends which were current amongst the common people for centuries. Indeed some of the events described there are nothing more than Qian Cai's own imagination.

## English translation

Starting in 1964 and finishing in 1995, Sir Yang Ti-liang, former Chief Justice of Hong Kong, current Chairman of the Hong Kong Red Cross, combined the first chapters of these works (in an attempt to weed out the overabundance of supernatural elements) to create a 79-chapter version with 961 pages, which he translated into English. It was published by Joint Publishing in 1995.

## Major characters

### Protagonists

### Antagonists

## InfoBox

General Yue Fei
| Cover of an 1864 edition of *General Yue Fei*, volume one | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Qian Cai |
| Translator | T.L. Yang |
| Language | Written Chinese |
| Genre | Historical fiction |
| Set in | 12th century |
| Publication date | 1684, 1744 |
| Publication place | Qing dynasty |
| Media type | Print |


title: Glaphyria rufescens

abstract: Glaphyria rufescens is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1912. It is found from Costa Rica south to Panama.

text:
# Glaphyria rufescens

***Glaphyria rufescens*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1912. It is found from Costa Rica south to Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Glaphyria rufescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Glaphyria* |
| Species: | ***G. rufescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Glaphyria rufescens***<br>(Hampson, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Scybalista rufescens* Hampson, 1912 | |


abstract: Highlights from the Summer of 1992 American Tour is a live album by pianist Marilyn Crispell. It was recorded at four locations in the United States on dates ranging from November 1991 to April 1992, and was released in 1993 by Music & Arts. On the album, Crispell is joined by bassist Reggie Workman and drummer Gerry Hemingway. When Crispell was asked why, given the recording dates, the album was titled "...Summer of 1992...", she replied: "I don't know."

text:
# Highlights from the Summer of 1992 American Tour

***Highlights from the Summer of 1992 American Tour*** is a live album by pianist Marilyn Crispell. It was recorded at four locations in the United States on dates ranging from November 1991 to April 1992, and was released in 1993 by Music & Arts. On the album, Crispell is joined by bassist Reggie Workman and drummer Gerry Hemingway.

When Crispell was asked why, given the recording dates, the album was titled "...Summer of 1992...", she replied: "I don't know."

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |
| Tom Hull – on the Web | B+ |

In a review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek stated: "The physicality Crispell lays down... is based on an innate, and often deliberately shadowed under multi-faceted color schemes, lyricism. Crispell's songlike playing comes from out of the ethos of Boulez and Messiaen as much as it does from Mary Lou Williams or Taylor or Eric Dolphy. One can hear the lieder of Webern and even Kurt Weill and Berthold Brecht in her staggered improvisations that seek larger palettes for color, shape, and texture... Crispell has done her job: she's presented a variety of musical languages and intertwined them for the listener to sort."

The authors of the *Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* awarded the album 3½ stars, and wrote: "The trio... is marked by slow harmonic transformations that largely develop in the bass register, accented by piano right hand and percussion. Though several of the pieces remain 'open', there is a developing emphasis on determinant form." They praised Hemingway's playing, stating: "A strong but by no means aggressive player, he concentrates in the spaces in the music, stippling them with detail... It works wonderfully well in... combination with Workman, for which Hemingway... strips down to essentials."

## Track listing

All compositions by Marilyn Crispell.

1. "Suite For Trio" – 13:55
2. "Solstice" – 11:20
3. "Not Wanting" – 7:52
4. "Commodore" – 12:20
5. "Mouvements Changeables" – 7:34
6. "Rain" – 6:07
7. "Angels" – 11:10

* Tracks 4, 6, and 7 recorded on November 8, 1991, at Crowell Concert Hall, Center for the Arts, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut. Track 3 recorded on March 27, 1992, at Real Art Ways, Hartford, Connecticut. Track 5 recorded on April 3, 1992, at Montview Presbyterian Church, Denver, Colorado. Tracks 1 and 2 recorded on April 4, 1992, at Walker Arts Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Highlights from the Summer of 1992 American Tour | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Marilyn Crispell | |
| Released | 1993 |
| Recorded | November 8, 1991
March 27, 1992
April 3, 1992
April 4, 1992 |
| Venue | Middletown, Connecticut
Hartford, Connecticut
Denver, Colorado
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Genre | Free Jazz |
| Label | Music & Arts
CD-758 |
| Producer | Marilyn Crispell |


title: Jeanie Lambe

abstract: Jeanie Lambe was a Scottish jazz singer. She was married to jazz tenor saxophonist Danny Moss.

text:
# Jeanie Lambe

**Jeanie Lambe** (23 December 1940 – 29 May 2020) was a Scottish jazz singer. She was married to jazz tenor saxophonist Danny Moss.

## Biography

Lambe was born on 23 December 1940 in Glasgow, Scotland. Her mother was a singer and her father, Lyston Morven Lamb (also known as Tony), was the son of a Church of Scotland minister in Inverness who played the accordion in the musical act Douglas, Nicol & Lamb. Lambe's first public performances were with her parents. When she was seventeen, she was a member of the Clyde Valley Stompers. She was the female vocalist with the Alex Sutherland sextet at Elgin's Two Red Shoes Ballroom, referred to as the 'Glitterball of the North' run by Albert Bonici where she helped kick off the Two Red Shoes dances, aged 19, on 28 January 1960 with their “Gala Opening And Carnival Night".

Lambe moved to London in 1960 and worked with a variety of jazz bands in that area, including those led by Alex Welsh, Kenny Ball and Charlie Galbraith. She married tenor saxophonist Danny Moss on 6 January 1964, and became more well known through her extensive performances at international jazz festivals.

In September, 1980 Lambe performed with trombonist Cliff Hardie and the UK All Stars Orchestra in London. In 1984 Lambe and her husband played a season in New York with the band of Bobby Rosengarden.

In 1989, Lambe and Moss moved to Perth, Australia and continued to tour internationally into the 2000s. "During her career Lambe has sung with modern and mainstream jazz musicians including Monty Alexander, Ben Webster, Budd Johnson, Oscar Peterson, Wild Bill Davison, Kenny Davern, Joe Pass and Buddy Tate."

She recorded two albums for Nagel-Heyer: *Three Great Concerts - Live in Hamburg 1993-1995* and *The Blue Noise Session*.

"Over the years, Lambe's voice has subtly darkened, adding greater texture to an already fluid musical instrument."

## Personal life and death

Lambe married tenor saxophonist Danny Moss on 6 January 1964. Moss and Lambe had two sons, Danny Moss Jnr. and Robert Moss, and remained married until his death on 28 May 2008. Following a stroke in July 2014, Lambe suffered ill health and died in Perth Australia on 29 May 2020 aged 79.

## Discography

* *Mary Poppins* (World Record Club, 1966)
* *Jeanie Lambe and the Danny Moss Quartet* (Flyright, 1980)
* *Blues and All that Jazz* (Zodiac, 1982)
* *The Midnight Sun* (Zodiac, 1984)
* *My Man* (Zodiac, 1988)
* *Three Great Concerts: Live in Hamburg 1993-1995* (Nagel-Heyer, 1996)
* *The Blue Noise Session* (Nagel-Heyer, 1999)

## InfoBox

| Jeanie Lambe | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Jean Lamb |
| Born | (1940-12-23)23 December 1940
Glasgow, Scotland |
| Died | 29 May 2020(2020-05-29) (aged 79)
Perth, Australia |
| Genres | Jazz, swing, traditional pop |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 1957–2020 |
| Labels | Flyright
Nagel-Heyer
World Record Club |
| Spouse | Danny Moss  (m. 1964; died 2008) |


title: Jeanie Lang

abstract: Jeanie Lang was an American actress, mostly known for having a lead role in the 1930 color film King of Jazz. Lang was born on December 17, 1901, in Maplewood, Missouri. Lang's initial acting experience came on stage in St. Louis. After about a year of that, she and her family moved to Hollywood, where she was signed to be in King of Jazz (1930). She sang with Paul Whiteman and his orchestra, and in the shorts Freshman Love (1931) and The Way of All Freshmen (1933). Also in 1933, she performed alongside Tom Howard, and occasionally vocal harmonizer's, the Three X Sisters, on NBC radios Musical Grocery Store program. A newly resurfaced radio transcribed song, "Rumble Seat" of her vocals. She was married to Arthur C. Langkamer (Lang) who died in 1986. She died on September 19, 1993, in Broward, Florida.

text:
# Jeanie Lang

**Jeanie Lang** (born Mary Eugenia Wirick ) was an American actress, mostly known for having a lead role in the 1930 color film *King of Jazz*.

Lang was born on December 17, 1901, in Maplewood, Missouri.

Lang's initial acting experience came on stage in St. Louis. After about a year of that, she and her family moved to Hollywood, where she was signed to be in *King of Jazz* (1930). She sang with Paul Whiteman and his orchestra (*Ragamuffin Romeo*, *I Like to Do Things for You*), and in the shorts *Freshman Love* (1931) and *The Way of All Freshmen* (1933). Also in 1933, she performed alongside Tom Howard, and occasionally vocal harmonizer's, the Three X Sisters, on NBC radios Musical Grocery Store program. A newly resurfaced radio transcribed song, "Rumble Seat" of her vocals.

She was married to Arthur C. Langkamer (Lang) who died in 1986. She died on September 19, 1993, in Broward, Florida.


title: Peter Craze

abstract: Peter David Craze was a British actor, brother of fellow actor Michael Craze. He made many television appearances, including Doctor Who, EastEnders and Blake's 7, and appeared in films such as The Beast in the Cellar (1970), Terror (1978) and Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil (1985). He was principal of Drama Studio London until 2012. Craze directed The Trials of Oscar Wilde, which toured the UK in 2014 and was co-authored by Merlin Holland, Oscar Wilde's grandson. Craze also narrated the first season of the hit children's animated fantasy television series The Dreamstone. He died on 30 December 2020, at the age of 74.

text:
# Peter Craze

**Peter David Craze** (27 August 1946 – 30 December 2020) was a British actor, brother of fellow actor Michael Craze.

He made many television appearances, including *Doctor Who* (*The Space Museum*, *The War Games* and *Nightmare of Eden*), *EastEnders* and *Blake's 7*, and appeared in films such as *The Beast in the Cellar* (1970), *Terror* (1978) and *Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil* (1985).

He was principal of Drama Studio London until 2012.

Craze directed *The Trials of Oscar Wilde*, which toured the UK in 2014 and was co-authored by Merlin Holland, Oscar Wilde's grandson. Craze also narrated the first season of the hit children's animated fantasy television series *The Dreamstone*.

He died on 30 December 2020, at the age of 74.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1971 | *The Beast in the Cellar* | Roy |  |
| 1978 | *Terror* | Les |  |
| 1985 | *Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil* | Keilbach | TV movie |
| 2007 | *Dangerous Parking* | Suicidal James |  |

## InfoBox

| Peter Craze | |
| --- | --- |
| Craze in *Terror* (1978) | |
| Born | Peter David Craze
(1946-08-27)27 August 1946
Redruth, Cornwall, England |
| Died | 30 December 2020(2020-12-30) (aged 74) |
| Occupation | Theatre director |
| Relatives | Michael Craze (brother) |


title: Peter H. Reill

abstract:
Peter Hanns Reill (1938-2019) was an American historian.
A professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, he taught history and served as the director of the UCLA Clark Library and the Center for 17th and 18th Century Studies. Reill was born in Astoria, NY, on December 11, 1938, the child of immigrants from Germany. He earned a bachelor's degree from New York University in 1960, and his PhD from Northwestern University in 1969. He joined the Department of History at UCLA as an Assistant Professor in 1966, and became Full Professor in 1980. He chaired the History Department at UCLA from 1988 to 1991. In his research, he specialized on the cultural and intellectual history of Europe during the Enlightenment, with a focus on the exchange of scientific and philosophical ideas between Germany, Britain, and France. His notable works include The German Enlightenment and the Rise of Historicism (1975) and Vitalizing Nature in the Enlightenment (2005). Personal Reill was married to historian Jenna Gibbs and was the father of historian Dominique Kirchner Reill.

text:
# Peter H. Reill

**Peter Hanns Reill** (1938-2019) was an American historian. A professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, he taught history and served as the director of the UCLA Clark Library and the Center for 17th and 18th Century Studies.

Reill was born in Astoria, NY, on December 11, 1938, the child of immigrants from Germany. He earned a bachelor's degree from New York University in 1960, and his PhD from Northwestern University in 1969. He joined the Department of History at UCLA as an Assistant Professor in 1966, and became Full Professor in 1980. He chaired the History Department at UCLA from 1988 to 1991. In his research, he specialized on the cultural and intellectual history of Europe during the Enlightenment, with a focus on the exchange of scientific and philosophical ideas between Germany, Britain, and France.

His notable works include *The German Enlightenment and the Rise of Historicism* (1975) and *Vitalizing Nature in the Enlightenment* (2005).

**Personal**

Reill was married to historian Jenna Gibbs and was the father of historian Dominique Kirchner Reill.


title: Peter H. Ruvolo

abstract: Peter H. Ruvolo was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

text:
# Peter H. Ruvolo

**Peter H. Ruvolo** (August 31, 1895 – January 27, 1943) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

He was born on August 31, 1895, in Alcamo, Sicily, Italy. In 1906, when he was only eleven years old, his family moved to Brooklyn on the ship Sicllian Prince. In 1909 he won a scholarship to Brooklyn Prep and, some years later, he got a scholarship for a full course at St. St. Francis Xavier College, where he graduated magna cum laude. besides he won a scholarship for post-graduate studies at the Catholic University in Washington, D. C.

After the outbreak of World War I he served in the U.S. Army, as a major in the infantry. In 1921 he graduated from Fordham Law School, in 1922 was admitted to the bar, as a lawyer, and practiced in Brooklyn. He married Catherine Foran, and they had four children.

After the abolition of the Board of Aldermen, where he was a member for more than two terms, Peter H. Ruvolo, ran for the Assembly in the 22nd District in 1938 and was elected.

He was an active member, for more than 10 years, of the Democratic club in that district, and its vice-president, Ruvolo first entered public office when in 1934 he was named in substitution of the Alderman James J. Morris. He was elected for two more mandates and was very helpful in obtaining parks, playgrounds and other changes for East New York.

In 1938, after being elected to New York State Assembly, he became famous for his *debating* ability. The next year he struggled for the extension of allowances to the blind, widows and orphans.

He died of heart disease on January 27, 1943, in the Lutheran Hospital in Brooklyn, and was buried at St. John Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens.

### Career

* alderman of New York City in November 1934, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James J. Morris.
* Re-elected in 1935, and remained on the Board of Aldermen until 1937.
* Member of New York State Assembly from Kings County 22nd District, 1938, in 1938
* Member of New York State Senate (9th D.) in 1939, 1939,
* Resigned his seat on September 30, 1939, to run for the Municipal Court.
* Municipal judge in New York City Municipal Court (7th D.), from 1940 until 1943

## Sources


title: Petawawa Heliport

abstract: Petawawa Heliport is located 3.5 nautical miles northwest of Petawawa, Ontario, Canada. It is mostly used as a heliport for CH-146 Griffon and CH-147F Chinook helicopters from Garrison Petawawa.

text:
# Petawawa Heliport

**Petawawa Heliport** (IATA: **YWA**, ICAO: **CYWA**) is located 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km; 4.0 mi) northwest of Petawawa, Ontario, Canada. It is mostly used as a heliport for CH-146 Griffon and CH-147F Chinook helicopters from Garrison Petawawa.

## InfoBox

| Petawawa Heliport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Military |
| Operator | DND |
| Location | Petawawa, Ontario |
| Time zone | EST (UTC−05:00) |
| Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC−04:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 427 ft / 130 m |
| Coordinates | 45°57′00.40″N 077°19′03.26″W / 45.9501111°N 77.3175722°W / 45.9501111; -77.3175722 |
| Map | |
| CYWALocation in OntarioCYWACYWA (Canada) | |
| Helipads | |
| Number Length Surface  ft m  17H/35H 1,630 497 Reinforced concrete  427 sqd pad 150 46 Concrete  450 sqd pad 160 49 Concrete | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Jeff Crook

abstract: Jeff Crook is an American novelist, author, and former technical writer for the United States Postal Service.

text:
# Jeff Crook

**Jeff Crook** is an American novelist, author, and former technical writer for the United States Postal Service.

## Works

Jeff Crook's first Dragonlance novel, *The Rose and the Skull*, was published in March 1999. His other novels for the Dragonlance setting include *The Thieves' Guild* (2000), *Conundrum* (2001), and *Dark Thane* (2003). One of Crook's stories was also included in the 2000 Dragonlance anthology, *Rebels and Tyrants*. His story, "The Fractal," appeared in *Relics and Omens*, his poetry in "The Final Word," and his *AD&D* adventures in *Dungeon* Magazine. He was later the editor of *Campaigns*, the newsletter for the Southern Realms region of the RPGA. He has also had short stories published in the anthology *The Search for Magic: Tales from the War of Souls* (2001), and co-authored *Bertrem's Guide to the War of Souls, Volume One* (2001).

Crook also wrote short stories for the *Sovereign Stone* world setting.

Crook co-designed the *Dungeons & Dragons* sourcebook, *Champions of Ruin*, published in 2005 for the Forgotten Realms setting.

Crook also wrote a paranormal murder mystery set in Memphis, Tennessee called *The Sleeping and the Dead*, which centers on the life of a former police detective named Jackie Lyons who has the ability to see the dead.


title: Jeff Cronenweth

abstract: Jeffrey Scott Cronenweth, ASC is an American cinematographer based in Los Angeles, California who is known for his role as the director of photography on the David Fincher films Fight Club, The Social Network, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Gone Girl. He graduated from the USC School of Cinematic Arts and was invited to join the cinematographers branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2004. He is the son of Jordan Cronenweth, one of the most influential cinematographers in motion picture history.

text:
# Jeff Cronenweth

**Jeffrey Scott Cronenweth**, ASC (born January 14, 1962) is an American cinematographer based in Los Angeles, California who is known for his role as the director of photography on the David Fincher films *Fight Club*, *The Social Network*, *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo* and *Gone Girl* (two of which earned him Academy Award for Best Cinematography nominations in 2010 and 2011). He graduated from the USC School of Cinematic Arts and was invited to join the cinematographers branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2004. He is the son of Jordan Cronenweth, one of the most influential cinematographers in motion picture history.

## Career

Jeff worked with father Jordan Cronenweth (cinematographer most notable for *Blade Runner*) as a camera loader and second assistant camera during high school, working his way up to first assistant camera and then camera operator until the mid-1990s. The first major motion picture where he acted as a Director of Photography (DP) was *Fight Club*. Other notable feature films on which he worked as a DP are *One Hour Photo*, *K-19: The Widowmaker*, *Down With Love*, *The Social Network*, *Hitchcock*, *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo*, and *Gone Girl*.

Jeff and his brother Tim ("The Cronenweths") have worked as a director/DP team, doing numerous commercials and music videos in and out of Los Angeles.

In 2011, Cronenweth was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on *The Social Network*.

In 2012, Cronenweth was nominated for a second time for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo*.

## Style

Cronenweth is known for his use of light or the absence of and composition to elegantly weave a visual language throughout a story as shown in his work on *Fight Club*, *The Social Network*, *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo*, and *Gone Girl* and including many of the iconic music videos and commercials he has photographed. On filming *Fight Club*, Cronenweth stated: "Whether we were inside or outside, we always wanted to embrace depth of field or the lack of as a key story telling element in guiding an audiences focus on what we wanted them to embrace."

## Filmography

**Film**

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | *Fight Club* | David Fincher |  |
| 2002 | *One Hour Photo* | Mark Romanek |  |
| | *K-19: The Widowmaker* | Kathryn Bigelow |  |
| 2003 | *Down with Love* | Peyton Reed |  |
| 2010 | *The Social Network* | David Fincher |  |
| 2011 | *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo* | |  |
| 2012 | *Hitchcock* | Sacha Gervasi |  |
| 2014 | *Gone Girl* | David Fincher |  |
| 2018 | *A Million Little Pieces* | Sam Taylor-Johnson |  |
| 2021 | *Being the Ricardos* | Aaron Sorkin |  |
| 2025 | *Tron: Ares* | Joachim Rønning | Post-production |

**Television**

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *Tales from the Loop* | Mark Romanek | Episode "Loop" |

**Music videos**

| Year | Title | Artist(s) | Director |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | "Freedom! '90" | George Michael | David Fincher |
| 1994 | "Sly" | Massive Attack | Stéphane Sednaoui |
| 1995 | "Daddy's Home" | Montell Jordan | Daniel Zirilli |
| 1996 | "Kreep" | Chino XL | Nancy Bennett |
| | "Novocaine for the Soul" | Eels | Mark Romanek |
| 1997 | "The Perfect Drug" | | Nine Inch Nails |
| | "Got 'Til It's Gone" | | Janet Jackson featuring Q-Tip and Joni Mitchell |
| 1999 | "Do Something" | | Macy Gray |
| | "So Pure" | Alanis Morissette | |
| | "She's All I Ever Had" | Ricky Martin | Nigel Dick |
| | "That's the Way It Is" | Celine Dion | Liz Friedlander |
| 2000 | | | "I Want You to Need Me" |
| | "Independent Women" | Destiny's Child | Francis Lawrence |
| 2001 | "You Rock My World" | Michael Jackson | Paul Hunter |
| 2002 | "Outtathaway!" | The Vines | David LaChapelle |
| 2003 | "The Voice Within" | Christina Aguilera | |
| | "It's My Life" | No Doubt | |
| 2005 | "La Tortura" | Shakira featuring Alejandro Sanz | Michael Haussman |
| 2008 | "Rock with U" | Janet Jackson | Saam Farahmand |
| | "Love in this Club" | Usher | Greg and Colin Strause |
| 2009 | "Boom Boom Pow" | The Black Eyed Peas | Mathew Cullen |
| 2013 | "Just Give Me a Reason" | Pink featuring Nate Ruess | Diane Martel |
| | "The Stars (Are Out Tonight)" | David Bowie | Floria Sigismondi |
| | | | "The Next Day" |
| 2014 | "Shake It Off" | Taylor Swift | Mark Romanek |
| 2017 | "Chained to the Rhythm" | Katy Perry featuring Skip Marley | Mathew Cullen |
| 2019 | "Walk Me Home" | Pink | Michael Gracey |
| | "Memories" | Maroon 5 | David Dobkin |
| 2020 | "Smile" | Katy Perry | Mathew Cullen |
| | "911" | Lady Gaga | Tarsem Singh |
| 2022 | | "Hold My Hand" | Joseph Kosinski |
|

## Awards and nominations

**Academy Awards**

| Year | Category | Title | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Best Cinematography | *The Social Network* | Nominated |
| 2011 | | *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo* | Nominated |

**American Society of Cinematographers**

| Year | Category | Title | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Outstanding Cinematography | *The Social Network* | Nominated |
| 2011 | | *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo* | Nominated |

**BAFTA Awards**

| Year | Category | Title | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Best Cinematography | *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo* | Nominated |

**St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association**

| Year | Category | Title | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Best Cinematography | *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo* | Nominated |
| 2014 | | *Gone Girl* | Nominated |

**Other awards**

| Year | Award | Category | Title | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Chicago Film Critics Association | Best Cinematography | *The Social Network* | Nominated |
| | Washington D.C. Film Critics Association | Best Cinematography | | Nominated |
| 2014 | Satellite Award | Best Cinematography | *Gone Girl* | Nominated |
| | San Diego Film Critics Society | Best Cinematography | | Nominated |
|

## InfoBox

| Jeff Cronenweth | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-01-14) January 14, 1962<br>Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Cinematographer |
| Years active | 1984–present |