title: Franklin North

abstract: Franklin North was a parliamentary electorate in the southern part of the Auckland Region of New Zealand from 1881 to 1890.

text:
# Franklin North

**Franklin North** was a parliamentary electorate in the southern part of the Auckland Region of New Zealand from 1881 to 1890.

## Population centres

The previous electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1875 for the 1875–1876 election. In the six years since, New Zealand's European population had increased by 65%. In the 1881 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–76 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, which led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Franklin North, and two electorates that had previously been abolished to be recreated. This necessitated a major disruption to existing boundaries.

Franklin North included the towns of Papatoetoe, and Papakura from 1881 to 1887. In 1887 with the growth of Auckland Franklin North contracted in area, and Papakura was transferred to Franklin South.

## History

The electorates of Franklin North and Franklin South were created from the former Franklin electorate in 1881, and were absorbed back into the reconstituted Franklin electorate in 1890.

The first representative was Benjamin Harris, who had since the 1879 election represented the Franklin electorate.

Four candidates contested the Franklin North electorate in the 1881 election. Captain Harris beat Frank Buckland by just two votes. Early in 1882, Buckland petitioned to the courts against the election on various grounds. The case was heard by the Chief Justice, James Prendergast, and Justice Gillies, who declared the election void. Harris won the subsequent 1882 by-election.

In the 1884 election, Harris was defeated by Buckland. Buckland in turn was defeated in the 1887 election by Frank Lawry. At the end of the term, the electorate was abolished and Lawry successfully contested the Parnell electorate in the 1890 election.

### Members of Parliament

The electorate was represented by three Members of Parliament:

**Key**

Independent

| Election | Winner | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1881 election |  | Benjamin Harris |
| *1882 by-election* | | |
| 1884 election |  | Frank Buckland |
| 1887 election |  | Frank Lawry |

## Election results

### 1882 by-election

1882 Franklin North by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Independent** | **Benjamin Harris** | **529** | **51.46** |  |
|  | Independent | Frank Buckland | 499 | 48.54 |  |
| Majority | | | 30 | 2.92 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,028 | 71.69 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 1,434 |  |  |

### 1881 election

1881 general election: Franklin North
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Independent** | **Benjamin Harris** | **323** | **40.07** |  |
|  | Independent | Frank Buckland | 321 | 39.83 |  |
|  | Independent | Samuel Luke | 154 | 19.11 |  |
|  | Independent | John Gordon | 8 | 0.99 |  |
| Majority | | | 2 | 0.25 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 7 | 0.86 |  |
| Turnout | | | 813 | 56.69 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 1,434 |  |  |

* McRobie, Alan (1989). *Electoral Atlas of New Zealand*. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) \[First published in 1913\]. *New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984* (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.


title: Gaffey

abstract: Gaffey is a surname originated from South Connacht almost exclusively to the area around Athlone.

text:
# Gaffey

**Gaffey** (alternately **Mac/Mc Gaibhidhe**) is a surname originated from South Connacht almost exclusively to the area around Athlone.

## History

Originally Mac the name was Anglicized to Gaffey in the 17th century. There has been confusion about the origins of the Gaffey name, some people believing that the name came from England or Scotland and moved to Ulster during the Ulster plantation and moved again to Connacht in the wake of the O'Donnells. This has been disproven as they did not come from Donegal nor did they settle in north Connacht like other Ulster families. A poet named O'Dugan wrote in "The Topographical Poem" of a sept called Mac Gaibhidh, describing their location as a "land of fruit" it was clearly not the west or north of Connacht but instead the southern Roscommon area. It is thought that the Gaffeys are descendants of Vikings who sailed down the River Shannon and settled near the Viking town, Athlone. The name Mac Gaibhidhe comes from the Irish "mac an gabha" which translates to "Son of the Smith". Irish people called Vikings "The Blacksmiths" for their skills at iron work and it is believed that this is where the Gaffey name originates. There is more confusion to the name Gaffey as not all Gaffeys are from the original Mc Gaibhidhe name. some small branches of the Gaffney family moved from Britain to Connacht during some unknown point of time and converted their name to Gaffey as they hibernicized. And Gaffeys that moved to Scotland and Australia changed their names to Gaffney. And the name Gaffey and Hackett (surname) have such similar coat of arms that they are often confused with each other by heraldry websites.

## Coat of arms

The Gaffey coat of arms is a white chief containing three green shamrocks or trefoils symbolising peace, authority and perpetuity, the rest of the shield is Royal blue (azure) containing three fish (vertical) symbolising loyalty and virtue. The motto of the Gaffey family is "Fortitudine et prudentia" meaning Courage and Caution. The family colors of the Gaffey family are royal blue and white as shown by their mantle. and their crest is a golden crown below a double-headed eagle supporting two serpents lifting a tiara.

## People

Notable people with the surname include:

* Hugh Joseph Gaffey (1895–1946), Chief of Staff for General George Patton's Third Army during World War II
* John Tracy Gaffey (1860–1935), a journalist, state and city official, real-estate speculator and investor at the turn of the 20th century in Los Angeles, California
* Michael Gaffey (1893–1961), the police chief of San Francisco between 1951 and 1955
* Michael James Gaffey, planetary scientist who specializes in deriving the mineralogies of asteroids from their reflectance spectra
* Nigel Gaffey (born 1970), Australian rugby league footballer
* Thomas Gaffey, American politician, state senator from Connecticut since 1995

* 3545 Gaffey (1981 WK2), a Main-belt Asteroid discovered in 1981

## Sources

* "Supplement Irish families" by Edward MacLysaght M.A, D.Litt., M.R.I.A
* "Historic Families" Aston house, Dublin


title: Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi

abstract: Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi is an Indian rocket scientist, known as the pioneer of cryogenic rocket science in India. A graduate in Mechanical Engineering from the Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Gandhi started his career by joining the Indian Space Research Organization in 1968 and held many positions such as Project Director and Programme Director at ISRO. His contributions are reported behind the development of booster liquid stages of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle and the uprating of VIKAS engine. A recipient of the Aeronautical Society of India Award, Gandhi was honored by the Government of India, in 2005, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri. Currently, Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi is working as Senior Vice President-Propulsion at Skyroot Aerospace, Hyderabad and also as chief academic advisor to Givemefive.ai.

text:
# Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi

**Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi** is an Indian rocket scientist, known as the pioneer of cryogenic rocket science in India. A graduate in Mechanical Engineering from the Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Gandhi started his career by joining the Indian Space Research Organization in 1968 and held many positions such as Project Director and Programme Director at ISRO. His contributions are reported behind the development of booster liquid stages of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle and the uprating of VIKAS engine. A recipient of the Aeronautical Society of India Award, Gandhi was honored by the Government of India, in 2005, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri. Currently, Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi is working as Senior Vice President-Propulsion at Skyroot Aerospace, Hyderabad and also as chief academic advisor to Givemefive.ai.

## InfoBox

| Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Vaduvarpatti, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Occupation(s) | Rocket scientist, retired in 2006 |
| Years active | since 1968 |
| Awards | Padma Shri<br>Aeronautical Society of India Award |


title: International flight

abstract: An international flight is a form of commercial flight within civil aviation where the departure and the arrival take place in different countries. Regular international passenger air service began in August 1919 with a flight going from London, England to Paris, France. The journey was organized and operated by the firm Air Transport & Travel Ltd (AT&T), which would later serve as a forerunner of British Airways (BA). Besides ferrying travelers, the flights, which occurred daily, also transported mail and parcels. The De Havilland DH4A aircraft were designed for combat during the First World War but saw extensive later use. Looking back, historical writer Paul Jarvis has commented that during the "very early days it was very much just about persuading people to fly at all" given that "quite a lot of people" considered aviation as a whole to be "just a passing fad." The aftermath of the Second World War brought about widespread cultural changes in multiple nations that resulted in international flights becoming embraced by large populations. An important difference between international and domestic flights is that, before boarding the aircraft, passengers must undergo migration formalities and, when arriving to the destination airport, they must undergo both immigration and customs formalities. Exceptions exist in situations such as when the departure and arrival countries are members of the same diplomatically organized free travel area, an example being the Schengen Area within Europe. Said group of traveling agreements resulted from the 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 Schengen Convention, both matters of international law being signed in Luxembourg. Airports serving international flights are known as international airports. For example, King Fahd International Airport within the Dammam metropolis of Saudi Arabia has the largest landmass of any airport in the world, with the complex encompassing over three-hundred square miles of territory. By comparison, the Middle Eastern nation of Bahrain is actually smaller. These international facilities typically are of a far greater size than standard airports, usually including expanded amenities such as areas with bookshops, lounges, and restaurants. Experiences not normally associated with airports such as banks providing financial services may be offered to travelers in such complexes.

text:
# International flight

An **international flight** is a form of commercial flight within civil aviation where the departure and the arrival take place in different countries.

Regular international passenger air service began in August 1919 with a flight going from London, England to Paris, France. The journey was organized and operated by the firm Air Transport & Travel Ltd (AT&T), which would later serve as a forerunner of British Airways (BA). Besides ferrying travelers, the flights, which occurred daily, also transported mail and parcels. The De Havilland DH4A aircraft were designed for combat during the First World War but saw extensive later use. Looking back, historical writer Paul Jarvis has commented that during the "very early days it was very much just about persuading people to fly at all" given that "quite a lot of people" considered aviation as a whole to be "just a passing fad." The aftermath of the Second World War brought about widespread cultural changes in multiple nations that resulted in international flights becoming embraced by large populations.

An important difference between international and domestic flights is that, before boarding the aircraft, passengers must undergo migration formalities and, when arriving to the destination airport, they must undergo both immigration and customs formalities. Exceptions exist in situations such as when the departure and arrival countries are members of the same diplomatically organized free travel area, an example being the Schengen Area within Europe. Said group of traveling agreements resulted from the 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 Schengen Convention, both matters of international law being signed in Luxembourg.

Airports serving international flights are known as international airports. For example, King Fahd International Airport within the Dammam metropolis of Saudi Arabia has the largest landmass of any airport in the world, with the complex encompassing over three-hundred square miles of territory. By comparison, the Middle Eastern nation of Bahrain is actually smaller. These international facilities typically are of a far greater size than standard airports, usually including expanded amenities such as areas with bookshops, lounges, and restaurants. Experiences not normally associated with airports such as banks providing financial services may be offered to travelers in such complexes.

## Origins

One of the first flights between two countries was on January 7, 1785, when Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries crossed the English Channel in a hot air balloon. It took more than a century for the first heavier-than-air object to repeat this process: Louis Blériot crossed the English Channel on July 25, 1909, winning a *Daily Mail* prize of £1,000.

Aviation technology developed during World War I, with aviation between the World Wars seeing the development of international commercial flights. There was a combination of aircraft types which included airships and airplanes. The first airline to operate international flights was Chalk's Ocean Airways, established 1917, which operated scheduled seaplane services from Florida to the Bahamas. The first regular international service in the world was covered by the British Aircraft Transport and Travel, from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, near Paris.

After World War II, international commercial flights were regulated by the creation of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Both organizations continue into the 21st century.


title: Otello Corporation

abstract: Otello Corporation ASA is a Norwegian internet company which develops advertising and mobile software for operators, publishers and advertisers. It operates through its subsidiaries which include AdColony, a mobile advertising platform and network, Bemobi, a subscription-based mobile application and game discovery service, and Skyfire Labs, which provides mobile operators cloud based access for network management and video optimization, and advertising facilitation. Opera Software ASA was founded as a holding company for Opera products and businesses. It changed its name to Otello Corporation after it sold off its web browser and consumer business along with the Opera brand to a Chinese consortium of investors. While initially it planned to wholly sell itself off to the consortium the deal did not go through due to regulatory approvals, it settled by selling its consumer-facing web browser business instead.

text:
# Otello Corporation

**Otello Corporation ASA** (formerly **Opera Software ASA**) is a Norwegian internet company which develops advertising and mobile software for operators, publishers and advertisers. It operates through its subsidiaries which include AdColony (formerly *Opera Mediaworks*), a mobile advertising platform and network, Bemobi, a subscription-based mobile application and game discovery service, and Skyfire Labs, which provides mobile operators cloud based access for network management and video optimization, and advertising facilitation.

Opera Software ASA was founded as a holding company for Opera products and businesses. It changed its name to Otello Corporation after it sold off its web browser and consumer business along with the *Opera* brand (Opera Software AS) to a Chinese consortium of investors. While initially it planned to wholly sell itself off to the consortium the deal did not go through due to regulatory approvals, it settled by selling its consumer-facing web browser business instead.

## Acquisitions

On 11 March 2004, the company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange with the ticker OPERA.

On September 20, 2005, Opera announced that they would remove the ad from the browser and make it free.

On 20 January 2010, Opera Software announced that it had acquired AdMarvel, Inc.

On 30 April 2010, Opera Software acquired Australian web email provider FastMail. In September 2013, the staff of FastMail bought the company back from Opera Software.

On 19 September 2011, Opera Software announced that it had acquired mobile application platform Handster, the leading independent app store for Android apps at that time, in order to strengthen the Opera Mobile Store's offerings to consumers, mobile operators and handset manufacturers.

On 15 February 2013, Opera Software announced that it had acquired Skyfire for $155 million. Opera primarily targeted the company for its video optimization technologies, such as its Rocket Optimizer platform, which would complement its own content optimization technologies.

On 4 June 2014, Opera Software announced that it is acquiring AdColony to bolster its mobile video ad capabilities. Opera paid $75 million in cash for AdColony, plus potential earn-out payments of up to $275 million.

In March 2015, Opera Software acquired the Canadian VPN company, SurfEasy and later integrated the SurfEasy VPN into Opera as a free and unlimited service for its users. On September 22, 2015, Opera announced that they would remove "Software" from its logo.

In December 2017, AdColony CEO, Will Kassoy stepped down from his position and was replaced by Otello CEO, Lars Boilesen.

In 2021, Digital Turbine Inc. is acquiring AdColony from Otello for $400 million.

## Divestitures

On 20 December 2016, control of Opera TV AS was sold to Moore Frères & Company. On 15 September 2017, Opera TV AS changed its name to Vewd Software AS, which would later be acquired by Xperi in 2022.

On 6 November 2017, Opera Software divested its SurfEasy subsidiary by selling it to Symantec for $38.5 million all in cash. 85% of the payment was released on November 6, 2017 by Symantec with the remaining 15% remaining in escrow for up to 15 months. Specific earn-out targets were not publicly mentioned.

1. "Nøkkelopplysninger fra Enhetsregisteret". *w2.brreg.no* (in Norwegian). Brønnøysund Register Centre. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
2. "Otello Corporation ASA: Private Company Information". *bloomberg.com*. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
3. "OTELLO.OL Profile | OTELLO CORPORATION Stock". *Yahoo Finance*.
4. "Quarterly Report 4Q 2017 Otello Corporation Asa" (PDF). *otello.cdn.prismic.io*. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
5. "Otello Corporation ASA Company Profile". *Reuters.com*. Archived from the original on 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
6. Hughes, Matthew (2017-12-18). "Opera Software ASA rebrands to Otello Corporation after selling its browser business (update)". *The Next Web*. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
7. "Opera Plunges as $1 Billion Buyout by Chinese Group Fails to Get Approval". *Bloomberg.com*. 2016-07-18. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
8. Wauters, Robin. "Opera Buys Mobile Ad Startup AdMarvel For $8M In Cash Plus A $15M Earnout". *TechCrunch*. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
9. Opera acquires FastMail.fm Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, URL accessed on April 30, 2010
10. Rob Mueller (25 September 2013). "Exciting news: FastMail staff purchase the business from Opera". FastMail. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
11. Jennifer Van Grove (19 September 2011). "Opera Buys Top Mobile App Store Handster". Mashable. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
12. "Opera acquires Handster Inc". *Opera Press Releases* (Press release). Opera Software ASA. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
13. "Opera Eyes Speedier Mobile Web With Skyfire Acquisition". PC Magazine. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
14. "Opera Buys Mobile Video Ad Firm AdColony". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
15. Kolondra, Krystian (20 April 2016). "Free VPN integrated in Opera for better online privacy". *Opera Desktop Blog*. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
16. "Meet the new Opera brand identity". *Opera News*. 2015-09-22. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
17. Reuters Editorial. "Stock Quote News - Stock Market Quotes, Online Stock Quotes, India". *IN*. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2018-02-26. `{{cite web}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)
18. "Otello sells AdColony to Digital Turbine". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
19. "Global Leader in enabling OTT, Opera TV, acquired by Frères & Company" (PDF) (Press release). New York City: Moore Frères & Company. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
20. "Opera divests its connected TV business". Oslo Stock Exchange. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
21. "Opera TV is Now Vewd" (Press release).
22. "Symantec acquires VPN software vendor SurfEasy for $50 million". *CRN Australia*. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
23. "Opera divests SurfEasy business". Oslo Stock Exchange. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
* Official website
* Otello Corp. at Hoovers
* Business data for Otello Corporation ASA:

## InfoBox

Otello Corporation ASA
|
|  |
| Formerly | Opera Software ASA (1995-2016) |
| Company type | Public ASA |
| Traded as | OSE: OTELLO |
| ISIN | NO0010040611 |
| Industry | * Software * Internet * Advertising |
| Founded | 22 June 1995 (1995-06-22) in Oslo, Norway |
| Headquarters | Oslo, Norway |
| Area served |  |
| Key people |  |
| Services |  |
| Revenue | * US$99.2 million (2017) * US$142.5 million (2016) |
| Net income | * -US$15.4 million (2017) * -US$30.3 million (2016) |
| Total assets | * US$636.5 million (2017) * US$836.9 million (2016) |
| Divisions | * Business sales * Information technologies |
| Subsidiaries | * AdColony Inc. * Bemobi Midia e Entretenimento Ltda. * Skyfire Labs |
| Website | otellocorp.com |


title: Paige Parker

abstract: Paige Parker is an Australian rules football and rugby league footballer who plays for the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL Women's Premiership. She previously played for Brisbane and the Gold Coast in the AFL Women's competition (AFLW), and the Newcastle Knights in the NRLW.

text:
# Paige Parker

**Paige Parker** (born 7 May 1995) is an Australian rules football and rugby league footballer who plays for the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL Women's Premiership. She previously played for Brisbane and the Gold Coast in the AFL Women's competition (AFLW), and the Newcastle Knights in the NRLW.

## Early life

Parker was raised in Brisbane's northern suburb of Bracken Ridge to a family of Indigenous Australian (Quandamooka) descent. She attended St John Fisher College throughout her upbringing and excelled in touch football where she plays for the Brisbane Broncos and represents Australia at the World Cup level. She also played Australian rules football in her youth and was playing for Coorparoo in the AFL Queensland Women's League when she was drafted by Brisbane with the ninth pick in the 2018 AFL Women's draft.

## AFLW career

Parker made her debut for Brisbane in the round 1 game against Greater Western Sydney at Moreton Bay Central Sports Complex on 3 February 2019. Following the 2019 season, she joined the Gold Coast. After playing 13 games over two seasons, Parker was delisted by the Gold Coast in June 2021.

## Rugby League career

Paige Parker
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1995-05-07) 7 May 1995
Brisbane Queensland, Australia |
| Height | 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 74 kg (11 st 9 lb) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Centre |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2021 Newcastle Knights 1 1 0 0 4  2022– Brisbane Broncos 0 0 0 0 0  Total 1 1 0 0 4 | |
| Source: As of 9 August 2022 | |

On 3 December 2021, Parker was recruited by the Newcastle Knights to be a part of their inaugural NRL Women's Premiership squad.

In round 5 of the delayed 2021 NRL Women's season, Parker made her NRLW debut for the Knights against the Gold Coast Titans.

In June 2022, she signed with the Brisbane Broncos for the 2022 season.

## InfoBox

| Paige Parker | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1995-05-07) 7 May 1995 | | |
| Original team(s) | Coorparoo (QWAFL) | | |
| Draft | No. 9, 2018 AFL Women's draft | | |
| Debut | Round 1, 2019, Brisbane vs. Greater Western Sydney, at Moreton Bay Central Sports Complex | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2019 | Brisbane | 04 (0) |
| 2020–2021 | Gold Coast | 13 (2) |
| Total |  | **17 (2)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of the 2021 season. | | | |
| Source: AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Iota High School

abstract: Iota High School is a high school located in Iota, Louisiana, United States. The school is a part of the Acadia Parish School Board.

text:
# Iota High School

**Iota High School** is a high school located in Iota, Louisiana, United States. The school is a part of the Acadia Parish School Board.

## School uniforms

Beginning in the 1999–2000 school year the school district required all students to wear school uniforms.

## Athletics

Iota High athletics competes in the LHSAA.

Sports sponsored by the school include:

* Men's Football
* Men's Basketball
* Women's Basketball
* Men's Baseball
* Women's Softball
* Men's Powerlifting
* Women's Powerlifting
* Men's Tennis
* Women's Tennis
* Men's Track & Field
* Women's Track & Field
* Women's Volleyball

### State Championships

**Football**

* (1) 1999

**Girls Basketball**

* (4) 1981, 1992, 2007, 2008,

### State Runners-Up

**Baseball**

* (1) 2018

**Football**

* (2) 2001, 2002

**Girls Basketball**

* (4) 1970, 1994, 2006, 2012

30°19′34″N 92°29′41″W / 30.326058°N 92.494682°W / 30.326058; -92.494682

## InfoBox

| Iota High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 456 South 5th Street
Iota, (Acadia Parish), Louisiana 70543
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public, Coeducational |
| Status | Open |
| School board | Acadia Parish School Board |
| Superintendent | Scott M. Richard |
| Principal | Colby Wallace |
| Grades | 12 |
| Color(s) | Maroon and Gold |
| Athletics conference | LHSAA |
| Mascot | American Bulldog |
| Nickname | Bulldogs |
| Feeder schools | Iota Middle School (Iota)
Evangeline Elementary School (Evangeline)
Egan Elementary School (Egan) |
| Website | acadia.k12.la.us/IHS |


title: Irton

abstract: Irton is a village and civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire, England. According to the 2011 UK census, Irton parish had a population of 312, a decrease on the 2001 UK census figure of 332.

text:
# Irton

**Irton** is a village and civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire, England. According to the 2011 UK census, Irton parish had a population of 312, a decrease on the 2001 UK census figure of 332.

Media related to Irton at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Irton | |
| --- | --- |
| Irton Pumping Station | |
| IrtonLocation within North Yorkshire | |
| Population | 312 (2011 census) |
| OS grid reference | TA010841 |
| Civil parish | * Irton |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SCARBOROUGH |
| Postcode district | YO12 |
|  | |
| Police | North Yorkshire |
| Fire | North Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Iqra Institute for Higher Education

abstract: Iqra Institute for Higher Education is a Somali institute for higher education situated in the town of Badhan, in the Sanaag region of Somaliland. The institute was established in 2008 on the basis of providing opportunities for destitute youth in the region of Sanaag, focusing on vocational courses and other short courses in Management and languages, for its students to reduce poverty, and develop educated individuals who, in return, will help the community with their struggle against poverty.

text:
# Iqra Institute for Higher Education

***Iqra Institute for Higher Education*** is a Somali institute for higher education situated in the town of Badhan, in the Sanaag region of Somaliland. The institute was established in 2008 on the basis of providing opportunities for destitute youth in the region of Sanaag, focusing on vocational courses and other short courses in Management and languages, for its students to reduce poverty, and develop educated individuals who, in return, will help the community with their struggle against poverty.

## Overview

The Sanaag (Maakhir) region has been subjected to a prolonged lack of any higher educational entity, possibly as a result of the long and devastating Somali civil war, which have had multiple impacts on the local youth, and devastating effects on career developments and the possibility of youth receiving sustainable income.

Youths have become destitute in high numbers. Harsh socio-economic conditions and lack of higher education have, in turn, escalated their poverty and increased the likelihood of the youths immigrating to other regions of Somaliland to seek further education. The area is huge and lacks basic community institutions in surrounding towns or cities.

The institute offers different types of courses and vocational skill lessons on its main campus in Badhan. The institute has joined the Union of Somali institutes, a consortium of Somalia's institutes.

## InfoBox

Iqra Institute for Higher Education
| **اقرأ للتعليم العالي** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Motto in English | *Baro saad u noolaatid* |
| Established | 2008 |
| Endowment | $ 21,230 |
| Chancellor | Prof Abdurashid Sheikh Salah |
| Administrative staff | 17 |
| Location | Badhan, Somaliland |
| Campus | Urban and suburban |


title: Iqmik

abstract: Iqmik, also called blackbull, is a smokeless tobacco product. It is used in parts of Alaska mainly among Native Americans. Iqmik is made using a mixture of tobacco and the ash of Phellinus igniarius, informally called punk ash.

text:
# Iqmik

**Iqmik**, also called **blackbull**, is a smokeless tobacco product. It is used in parts of Alaska mainly among Native Americans. Iqmik is made using a mixture of tobacco and the ash of *Phellinus igniarius*, informally called **punk ash**.

## Prevalence

Over 50% of Yupik-Eskimos are reported to consume Iqmik today. A common belief is that Iqmik is a healthier alternative to commercially available dipping tobacco because there are no added chemicals. However, Iqmik is reported to deliver more nicotine than dipping tobacco. Another reason for high rates of use is its tradition in the Native society. Even young children use Iqmik in the remote villages of Alaska. Of all smokeless tobacco use across Alaska, Iqmik accounts for 16% of use.

The ingredients for Iqmik can be purchased at general stores in Western Alaska. Typically, Iqmik is prepared by the user, by purchasing tobacco leaf and punk ash separately and then combining them.


title: Iodophor

abstract: An iodophor is a preparation containing iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent, such as a surfactant or water-soluble polymers such as povidone, The result is a water-soluble material that releases free iodine when in solution. Iodophors are prepared by mixing iodine with the solubilizing agent; heat can be used to speed up the reaction. Besides povidone, polyvinyl alcohol, starch derivatives, chitosan and cellulose have also been used as solubilizing agents.

text:
# Iodophor

An **iodophor** is a preparation containing iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent, such as a surfactant or water-soluble polymers such as povidone (forming povidone-iodine), The result is a water-soluble material that releases free iodine when in solution.

Iodophors are prepared by mixing iodine with the solubilizing agent; heat can be used to speed up the reaction. Besides povidone, polyvinyl alcohol, starch derivatives (e.g. dextrin forming cadexomer iodine), chitosan and cellulose have also been used as solubilizing agents.

## Commercial use

Diluted iodophor is often used by brewers and winemakers to sanitize equipment and bottles. Its major advantage over other sanitizers is that when used in proper proportions, it does not require rinsing. However, it can leave unattractive orange-brown stains on plastic parts and equipment if left in contact with them. It is often supplied in different concentrations and is further diluted with water before use. The label will advise the appropriate dilution ratio, commonly 1:1000 or 1:100. Equipment to be sanitized should be thoroughly clean and left in contact with the solution for at least 2 minutes.

Diluted iodophor is used extensively in the dairy industry for disinfecting milking parlors, particularly in the United Kingdom. Continued use of this disinfectant has helped maintain the high iodide content in UK cow's milk, which was historically important in the elimination of goiter in the UK.

### Application guidelines

Iodophors are most effective in an acidic medium (pH 2 to pH 5) but are effective up to pH 7. It is gradually inactivated by proteins if the pH rises above 4 and is inactivated if the temperature rises above 50°C, as the iodine is driven off as a gas. The optimum concentration is \>200 mg/L free iodine with a contact time of 2 minutes and 100 mg/L free iodine for cleaned and dried equipment. In a nonfood-contact application the concentration may rise to 500 – 800 mg/L.

## Human toxicity

"Based on a review of the available toxicology data, the \[US EPA\] has concluded that iodine and iodophor complexes are of very low toxicity by the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure."

1. Makhayeva, D. N.; Irmukhametova, G. S.; Khutoryanskiy, V. V. (2020-01-01). "Polymeric Iodophors: Preparation, Properties, and Biomedical Applications". *Review Journal of Chemistry*. **10** (1): 40–57. doi:10.1134/S2079978020010033. ISSN 2079-9799. PMC 7749746. PMID 33362938.
2. Makhayeva, Danelya N.; Irmukhametova, Galiya S.; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2023-11-08). "ADVANCES IN ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMERIC IODOPHORS" (PDF). *European Polymer Journal*: 112573. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112573. ISSN 0014-3057.
3. Makhayeva, D. N.; Irmukhametova, G. S.; Khutoryanskiy, V. V. (January 2020). "Polymeric Iodophors: Preparation, Properties, and Biomedical Applications". *Review Journal of Chemistry*. **10** (1–2): 40–57. doi:10.1134/S2079978020010033. PMC 7749746.
4. Woodside, Jayne V.; Mullan, Karen R. (April 2021). "Iodine status in UK–An accidental public health triumph gone sour". *Clinical Endocrinology*. **94** (4): 692–699. doi:10.1111/cen.14368.
5. "Iodophors". Australian Government Department of Agriculture. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
6. "Characteristics of Sanitizers". Cole-Parmer's Food Tech Source. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
7. "Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Iodine And Iodophor Complexes". July 2006.


title: International Field Archery Association

abstract: The International Field Archery Association (IFAA), is an amateur sports association that represents 50,000 field archers in 40 member countries. It was founded in 1970. IFAA promotes competition between international and national associations and formulates the rules governing international competition. It creates programmes that recognise archers for proficiency in all IFAA sanctioned competitions. IFAA creates standards that differentiate between the amateur status and professional status of archers for competition as conducted by and/or sanctioned by the Association. It promotes the development, instruction, coaching and spreading of expertise. IFAA is an international member of The Association for International Sport for All (TAFISA).

text:
# International Field Archery Association

The **International Field Archery Association (IFAA)**, is an amateur sports association that represents 50,000 field archers in 40 member countries. It was founded in 1970.

IFAA promotes competition between international and national associations and formulates the rules governing international competition. It creates programmes that recognise archers for proficiency in all IFAA sanctioned competitions.

IFAA creates standards that differentiate between the amateur status and professional status of archers for competition as conducted by and/or sanctioned by the Association. It promotes the development, instruction, coaching and spreading of expertise.

IFAA is an international member of **The Association for International Sport for All (TAFISA)**.


title: Out of Our Idiot

abstract: Out of Our Idiot is a compilation album by English musician Elvis Costello, released in 1987 through Demon Records in the United Kingdom. It is composed of rare and previously unreleased Costello recordings dating back to 1979. It was only available as an import in the USA and other markets. The album was credited to "Various Artists" rather than to Costello because the tracks were recorded and credited under a variety of names, including the Costello Show, Elvis Costello and the Attractions, Elvis Costello and the Confederates, the Coward Brothers, Napoleon Dynamite, the Emotional Toothpaste and the MacManus Gang. The songs featured a variety of collaborators, including Jimmy Cliff, Nick Lowe and T-Bone Burnett.

text:
# Out of Our Idiot

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *New Musical Express* | 8/10 |

***Out of Our Idiot*** is a compilation album by English musician Elvis Costello, released in 1987 through Demon Records in the United Kingdom. It is composed of rare and previously unreleased Costello recordings dating back to 1979. It was only available as an import in the USA and other markets. The album was credited to "Various Artists" rather than to Costello because the tracks were recorded and credited under a variety of names, including the Costello Show, Elvis Costello and the Attractions, Elvis Costello and the Confederates, the Coward Brothers, Napoleon Dynamite, the Emotional Toothpaste and the MacManus Gang. The songs featured a variety of collaborators, including Jimmy Cliff, Nick Lowe and T-Bone Burnett.

## Songs

The album consisted of previously released tracks and alternate versions of released tracks. The one song that had never been released in any form prior to *Out of Our Idiot* was Costello with the Attractions' cover of "So Young". "Little Goody Two Shoes" was an early version of "Inch by Inch".

## Track listing

All songs written by Elvis Costello, except as indicated.

**CD version**

1. "Seven Day Weekend" (Costello, Jimmy Cliff) – 2:37
2. "Turning the Town Red" – 3:20
3. "Heathen Town" – 3:06
4. "The People's Limousine" (Costello, T-Bone Burnett) – 3:38
5. "So Young" (Joe Camilleri, Tony Faehse, Jeff Burstin) – 3:27
6. "Little Goody Two Shoes" – 2:27
7. "American Without Tears No. 2" (Declan MacManus) – 3:34
8. "Get Yourself Another Fool" (Frank Haywood, Ernest Tucker) – 4:02
9. "Walking on Thin Ice" (Yoko Ono) – 3:42
10. "Withered and Died" (Richard Thompson) – 3:13
11. "Blue Chair" (MacManus) – 3:39
12. "Baby It's You" (Burt Bacharach, Mack David, Barney Williams) – 3:15
13. "From Head to Toe" (Smokey Robinson) – 2:34
14. "Shoes Without Heels" (MacManus) – 4:15
15. "Baby's Got a Brand New Hairdo" (MacManus) – 3:21
16. "The Flirting Kind" – 2:58
17. "Black Sails in the Sunset" – 3:09
18. "A Town Called Big Nothing" – 5:44
19. "Big Sister" – 2:16
20. "Imperial Bedroom" – 2:47
21. "The Stamping Ground" – 3:10

## Release

Two versions of *Out of Our Idiot* were released: a 17-track vinyl LP and a 21-track CD. Tracks 6, 10, 18, and 19 on the CD were not included on the vinyl release. With the exception of "Little Goody Two Shoes", all of the tracks on *Out of Our Idiot* were later released as bonus tracks on individual albums when Costello's pre-1987 catalogue was re-released on CD on the Rykodisc and Rhino labels. An alternate version of "Little Goody Two Shoes" was included on the *Imperial Bedroom* bonus disc.

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Out of Our Idiot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Elvis Costello | |
| Released | 4 December 1987 |
| Recorded | 1979–87 |
| Genre | New wave, post-punk, alternative rock |
| Length | 70:34 (CD)
56:50 (LP) |
| Label | Demon |
| Producer | Nick Lowe, Elvis Costello, Colin Fairley, the Mono-Kings, the Coward Brothers, Clive Langer, Alan Winstanley, Allen Toussaint, J. Henry "T-Bone" Burnett, Larry Hirsch |
| Elvis Costello chronology | |
| *Blood and Chocolate*
(1986) ***Out of Our Idiot***
(1987) *Spike*
(1989) | |


title: Out of Payne Comes Love

abstract: Out of Payne Comes Love is Freda Payne's sixth American released album, released in 1975. All of the tracks except for "Million Dollar Horse" would be later issued on the collection Lost in Love.

text:
# Out of Payne Comes Love

***Out of Payne Comes Love*** is Freda Payne's sixth American released album, released in 1975. All of the tracks except for "Million Dollar Horse" would be later issued on the collection *Lost in Love*.

## Track listing

Side A
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Look What I Found" | Paul Williams | 3:50 |
| 2. | "I Hear Rumors" | Bob Siller, Candy Siller | 3:47 |
| 3. | "You" | Christopher Bond | 3:42 |
| 4. | "Keep It Coming" | Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson | 3:17 |
| 5. | "Seems So Long" | Stevie Wonder | 3:55 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You Brought the Woman out of Me" | Dennis Lambert, Brian Potter | 3:25 |
| 2. | "(See Me) One Last Time" | Samuel Parsons | 4:59 |
| 3. | "Lost in Love" | David Batteau, John Klemmer | 3:55 |
| 4. | "Million Dollar Horse" | James Seals, Walter Heath | 5:32 |

## Personnel

* Produced by: Bob Monaco
* Recorded and mixed at: ABC Recording Studios, Inc.
* Engineered by: Howard Gale
* Mastered at: ABC Recording Studios, Inc.
* Mastering engineer: Phil Cross
* Special thanks to: Howard Gale, Ron Stockert, Gary Monaco, Jimmy Benso, John Klemmer and Cyrano, Los Angeles for cover location
* Wardrobe courtesy of: Holly's Harp, Los Angeles
* Album design by: Earl R. Klasky
* Photography by: Antonin Kratochvil

### Musicians

* *"Look What I Found"*
    + Ron Stockert: Strings and horns arrangements
    + Dennis Belfield: Bass
    + Mickey McMeel: Drums
    + Ron Stockert: Fender rhodes, piano
    + Ben Benay: Electric guitar
    + Jimmy Benso: Electric guitar solo
    + Gavin Christopher: Percussion
    + Brooks Hunnicutt, Tish Coulter, Lisa Freeman Roberts: Background vocals
* *"I Hear Rumors"*
    + Jimmie Haskell: Strings arrangements
    + Scott Edwards: Bass
    + Ollie Brown: Drums
    + Ben Benay: Acoustic and electric guitar
    + Ron Stockert: Fender rhodes, piano
    + Jimmy Benso: Electric guitar
    + Gavin Christopher: Percussion
    + Tish Coulter, Lisa Freeman Roberts, Maxine Willard: Background vocals
* *"You"*
    + Jimmie Haskell: Strings arrangements
    + Dennis Belfield: Bass
    + Mickey McMeel: Drums
    + Ben Benay: Guitar solo
    + Jimmy Benso: Rhythm guitar
    + Ron Stockert: Piano, moog, organ
    + Gary Monaco: Percussion
    + Lisa Freeman Roberts, Tish Coulter, Maxine Willard, Jay Gruska: Background vocals
* *"Keep It Coming"*
    + Ron Stockert: Horns arrangements, clavinet, piano, fender rhodes, organ
    + Dennis Belfield: Bass
    + Mickey McMeel: Drums
    + Ben Benay: Electric guitar
    + Brooks Hunnicutt, Tish Coulter, Lisa Freeman Roberts: Background vocals
* *"Seems So Long"*
    + Johnny Bond: String bass
    + Ollie Brown: Drums
    + Ben Benay: Electric guitar, acoustic guitar
    + Ron Stockert: Organ, string ensemble, fender rhodes
    + Victor Feldman: Vibes
    + Gavin Christopher: Percussion
* *"You Brought the Woman out of Me"*
    + Ron Stockert: Strings arrangements
    + Scott Edwards: Bass
    + Ollie Brown: Drums
    + Ron Stockert: Arp odyssey, clavinet, moog, organ
    + Ben Benay: Electric rhythm guitar
    + Jimmy Benso: Guitar solo, percussion
    + Gavin Christopher: Percussion
    + Tish Coulter, Brooks Hunnicutt, Lisa Freeman Roberts: Background vocals
* *"(See Me) One Last Time"*
    + Jimmie Haskell: Strings arrangements
    + Dennis Belfield: Bass
    + Mickey McMeel: Drums
    + Ben Benay: Acoustic guitar
    + Ron Stockert: Piano
* *"Lost in Love"*
    + Dennis Belfield: Bass
    + Mickey McMeel: Drums
    + Ben Benay: Electric and acoustic guitar
    + Ron Stockert: Fender rhodes
    + John Klemmer: Saxophone solo
    + Victor Feldman: Vibes, flapamba
    + Gavin Christopher and Jimmy Benso: Percussion
* *"Million Dollar Horse"*
    + Ben Benay: Horns arrangements, electric guitar
    + Jimmie Haskell: Strings arrangements
    + Scott Edwards: Bass
    + Ollie Brown: Drums
    + Ron Stockert: Fender rhodes, organ, piano, clavinet
    + Jimmy Benso: Electric guitar effects
    + Gary Monaco: Percussion
    + Gavin Christopher: Congas
    + Tish Coulter, Maxine Willard, Lisa Freeman Roberts, Jay Gruska: Background vocals
    + The Kids: Kim, Scott, Renée

## InfoBox

| Out of Payne Comes Love | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Freda Payne | |
| Released | 1975 |
| Studio | ABC, Los Angeles, California |
| Genre | Pop, R&B |
| Label | ABC |
| Producer | Bob Monaco |
| Freda Payne chronology | |
| *Payne & Pleasure*
(1974) ***Out of Payne Comes Love***
(1975) *Stares and Whispers*
(1977) | |


title: Iolaus caesareus

abstract: Iolaus caesareus is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Iolaus caesareus

***Iolaus caesareus*** is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Subspecies

* *Iolaus caesareus caesareus* (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Uele, Tshuapa and Equateur)
* *Iolaus caesareus cleopatrae* Collins & Larsen, 2000 (Republic of the Congo)

## InfoBox

| *Iolaus caesareus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Iolaus* |
| Species: | ***I. caesareus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Iolaus caesareus***<br>Aurivillius, 1895 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Iolaus* (*Argiolaus*) *caesareus* | |


title: Outrigger Macintosh

abstract: The Outrigger is a style of Apple Macintosh desktop computer case designed for easy access. Outrigger cases were used on the Power Macintosh 7200, 7300, 7500, 7600 and Power Macintosh G3 Desktop computers from August 1995 to December 1998. The logic board is mounted at the bottom of the case, with drive bays and a power supply in a separate fold-out section that swings aside as one piece and props open. This allows unfettered access to logic board connections such as the memory, Central processing unit, VRAM and drive/power connections without a screwdriver. The PCI slots were located on the left edge of the case and covered only by a plastic shield, making them accessible without lifting the drive bay assembly. Apple's next Power Macintosh case design as used in the Power Macintosh G3 would also provide easy user access.

text:
# Outrigger Macintosh

The **Outrigger** is a style of Apple Macintosh desktop computer case designed for easy access. Outrigger cases were used on the Power Macintosh 7200, 7300, 7500, 7600 and Power Macintosh G3 Desktop computers from August 1995 to December 1998.

The logic board is mounted at the bottom of the case, with drive bays and a power supply in a separate fold-out section that swings aside as one piece and props open. This allows unfettered access to logic board connections such as the memory, Central processing unit, VRAM and drive/power connections without a screwdriver. The PCI slots were located on the left edge of the case and covered only by a plastic shield, making them accessible without lifting the drive bay assembly.

Apple's next Power Macintosh case design as used in the Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White) would also provide easy user access (although the motherboard and power-supply are significantly more difficult to replace).

* Christopher Phin (22 May 2015). "The Power Macintosh 7300 proves good design is about function as much as form". *Macworld*.


title: Iris longipetala

abstract: Iris longipetala is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Longipetalae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from North America. It has dark green or bluish green, grass-like leaves, small stem and 3–8 flowers, that range from creamy-white, pale blue to lavender blue. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

text:
# Iris longipetala

***Iris longipetala*** is a species in the genus *Iris*, it is also in the subgenus *Limniris* and in the series *Longipetalae*. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from North America. It has dark green or bluish green, grass-like leaves, small stem and 3–8 flowers, that range from creamy-white, pale blue to lavender blue. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

## Description

*Iris longipetala* has a rhizome (approx. 10–25 mm diam), with small trailing branches (which are approx. 2–2.5 cm in diam.) and plenty of fleshy toots. The spreading rhizomes give the appearance of a clump forming plant. It can form dense colonies.

It has a small stem, which reaches a height of between 30–60 cm (0.98–1.97 ft), with a few branches (1 or 2) and is about 3–6 cm in diameter. The stem has 3 leaves along it, which overlap and wrap around the stem.

The leaves can be either dark green or bluish green and they can be equal or just shorter than the flowering stems. They start at the base of the plant, rising up with a grass-like form. They are generally, between 5-11mm wide. They are briefly deciduous, turning grey or yellow-brown when dying. Before soon re-appearing, giving the plant an evergreen appearance.

It can have between 3–8 flowers per stem, in spring, (March–April), or summer (in Europe). The lilac-purple perianth tube is between 3–8 cm in length. The flowers are large, measuring about 4–6 inches (10–15 centimetres) across, but with narrow petals.

The very lightly scented flowers, come in a range of shades from creamy-white, pale blue, to lavender blue. Each flower has a purple (lilac to dark purple) veining. The falls often have a slight yellowish signal patch. The flowers have 2-lobed stigmas.

After flowering, it has a (oblong-ovoid shaped) seed capsule (measuring approx. 2 in. long) that is narrowed at each end. The capsule has 6 ribs along it length. It is almost round in cross-section. Inside are wrinkled dark brown globular seeds, which are pyriform.

### Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count : 2n=86, 88, (found by Simonet in 1932).

## Taxonomy

It has the common name of 'Long petaled Iris', or 'Coast Iris'.

It was published by William Herbert in 'Botany of Captain Beechey's Voyage' on page 395 in Feb–Mar 1840.

It was later illustrated in Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1963.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 6 June 2007.

*Iris longipetala* is an accepted name by the RHS.

## Distribution and habitat

*Iris longipetala* is native to North America.

### Range

It is native to Western US, in the state of California, around the San Francisco (Bay Area), in Mendocino County down to Monterey County. It can be also found on the Twin Peaks hills, San Francisco.

## Habitat

It is spread over the coastal grasslands in moist open spaces. It is also found in grazed pastures (due to its cattle resistance).

At altitudes at less than 600 m (2,000 ft) above sea level.

## Cultivation

It is hardy to USDA Zone 3, which is not hardy below 10 degrees F.

It can be planted in sun or part shade, it tolerates full sun in coastal areas and a little shade inland with regular watering through the blooming period. It requires less water after the flowering period has ended. It prefers soils with good drainage. It will survive a long period of summer dryness except in hot inland areas. It is deer resistant, and it also cattle resistant, due to the foliage being unpalatable.

It can tolerate wet heavy soils including clay.

It is suitable to be cultivated in garden borders, the fringes of shrubberies in soils with sandy loam. It may also suitable for pond margins or bog gardens.

Specimens can be found at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

*Aulacorthum solani* and *Rhapalosiphonius staphyleae* are two aphids that can be found on the plant.

### Propagation

It is better propagated by means of 'division' (the two fork method).

### Hybrids and cultivars

*Iris longipetala* hybridizes readily with *Iris missouriensis*.

A known hybrid is *Iris longipetala superba*, A known variant is *Iris longipetala* var. *pelogonus*. But this could be a version of *Iris missouriensis* var. *pelogonus* which is a synonym of *Iris missouriensis*.

## Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.

## Sources

* FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America.
* Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California.
* Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 101–102.

## InfoBox

| *Iris longipetala* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Image from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 88 in 1862 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Iris* |
| Subgenus: | *Iris* subg. *Limniris* |
| Section: | *Iris sect. Limniris* |
| Series: | *Iris ser. Longipetalae* |
| Species: | ***I. longipetala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Iris longipetala***<br>Herb. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Limniris longipetala* (Herb.) Rodion. | |


title: Iris laevigata

abstract: Chiryū Iris laevigata, known as Japanese iris, rabbit-ear iris, or shallow-flowered iris, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae, native to Japan. It is related to other members of Iris subgenus Limniris, including other species of Japanese irises. It is found growing in shallow waters and seems to prefer marshy and still ponds, although it can also be grown in damp soil if conditions are right. Flowers are usually blue, purple or violet and have unique colour patterns including some types with predominantly white flowers with blue spots (washino-o), and dark purples bordered with white (maikujaku). Synonyms include I. albopurpurea and I. phragmitetorum.

text:
# Iris laevigata

***Iris laevigata***, known as **Japanese iris**, **rabbit-ear iris**, or **shallow-flowered iris** (Japanese: ***kakitsubata*** カキツバタ), is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae, native to Japan. It is related to other members of *Iris* subgenus *Limniris*, including other species of Japanese irises.

It is found growing in shallow waters and seems to prefer marshy and still ponds, although it can also be grown in damp soil if conditions are right. Flowers are usually blue, purple or violet and have unique colour patterns including some types with predominantly white flowers with blue spots (*washino-o*), and dark purples bordered with white (*maikujaku*).

Synonyms include *I. albopurpurea* and *I. phragmitetorum*.

## Cultivation

*Iris laevigata* differs from other Japanese irises mainly in being more dependent on water and in lacking the strong midrib of the foliage. When grown from seeds, it usually germinates in 30–545 days although even under good conditions germination may be erratic. Seeds are sown about 6 mm deep in a peaty seed sowing mix at about 15–20 °C with frequent watering. Some varieties are almost ever-blooming even in mild climates, which makes it a good candidate for water gardens in temperate zones.

This plant has been cultivated in Japan for more than a thousand years and some varieties mentioned in Japanese gardening books in the late 17th century are still in existence.

The variegated cultivar *I. laevigata* 'Variegata' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

## History and culture

In Chiryū (知立市, *Chiryū-shi*) (Aichi prefecture, Japan) one can find an example of a water garden in the *Yatsuhashi Kakitsubata Garden* (八橋かきつばた園) at the Muryojuji Temple which has been known for its *kakitsubata* garden since the Heian period and is also the place where the Japanese poet Ariwara no Narihira wrote a poem in the *Ise Monogatari* using the five initial letters of *Ka-Ki-Tsu-Ba-Ta*. The poem goes:

> *KArakoromo KItsutsu narenishi TSUma shi areba HArubaru kinuru TAbi wo shi zo omou* (HA can also be read BA).

The *kakitsubata* is the prefectural flower of Aichi prefecture as well as of Chiryū City. Each year at the end of April a festival is held in the temple garden as a celebration of the flowering and attracts about 250,000 visitors each year.

The Nezu Museum in Aoyama, in central Tokyo, possesses a pair of National Treasure screens painted by Ogata Korin, *Irises*, the most famous depiction of *kakitsubata* in art. The screens are placed on display mid-April to mid-May every year, when the *kakitsubata* are in bloom in the pond in the museum garden.

## InfoBox

| *Iris laevigata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Iris* |
| Subgenus: | *Iris* subg. *Limniris* |
| Section: | *Iris sect. Limniris* |
| Series: | *Iris ser. Laevigatae* |
| Species: | ***I. laevigata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Iris laevigata***<br>Fisch. | |
|


title: Iran at the 2018 Asian Para Games

text:
# Iran at the 2018 Asian Para Games

Iran participated at the 2018 Asian Para Games which was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 6 to 13 October 2018. In July 2019, Iran had a bronze medal upgraded to silver due to doping violation of an Uzbek athlete.

## Competitors

A total of 210 athletes, consisting of 137 men and 73 women, competed for Iran in the 2018 Asian Para Games in 13 sports. The following is a list showing the number of competitors by sport and gender.:

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Archery | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| Athletics | 60 | 23 | 83 |
| Boccia | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| Chess | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| Cycling | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Goalball | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| Judo | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| Powerlifting | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| Shooting | 1 | 6 | 7 |
| Sitting volleyball | 12 | 12 | 24 |
| Swimming | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| Table tennis | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| Wheelchair basketball | 12 | 12 | 24 |
| Total | 137 | 73 | 210 |

## Medal summary

### Multiple medalists

| Name | Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Shahin Izadyar | Swimming | 6 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Atefeh Naghavi | Chess | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Fatemeh Barghoul | Chess | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Fariba Zendehboudi | Chess | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Hamed Amiri | Athletics | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Vahid Alinajimi | Athletics | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Mahdi Olad | Athletics | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Sareh Javanmardi | Shooting | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Zahra Nemati | Archery | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Hashemiyeh Motaghian | Athletics | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Saman Pakbaz | Athletics | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Omid Karimi | Chess | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Vahid Nouri | Judo | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Ozra Mahdavikiya | Athletics | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| Omid Zarifsanayei | Athletics | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| Mehdi Alizadeh | Athletics | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Batoul Jahangiri | Athletics | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Alireza Mokhtari | Athletics | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Younes Seifipor | Athletics | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Maliheh Safaei | Chess | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Hajar Safarzadeh | Athletics | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Leila Zarezadeh | Chess | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Asadollah Azimi | Athletics | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Jalil Bagheri Jeddi | Athletics | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Zahra Mohammadi Rad | Chess | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Mohammadreza Kheirollahzadeh | Judo | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Davoudali Ghasemi | Athletics | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Masoud Heidari | Athletics | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Reza Gholami | Judo | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Seyed Omid Jafari | Judo | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Ahmad Ojaghlou | Athletics | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |

## InfoBox

| Iran at the
2018 Asian Para Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | IRN |
| Website | www.paralympic.ir (in Persian and English) |
| 6–13 October 2018 | |
| Competitors | 210 in 13 sports |
| Flag bearer | Sareh Javanmardi |
| Medals
Ranked 3rd | Gold 51 Silver 43 Bronze 43 Total 137 |
| Asian Para Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Youth appearances | |
|  | |


title: Isaie Melanson

abstract: Isaie Melanson was a farmer and political figure of Acadian origin in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Kent County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a Liberal member from 1939 to 1956. His first name appears as Isaac in some sources. He was born in Sainte-Marie, New Brunswick, the son of Onésime Melanson and Geneviève Henrie. In 1911, he married Élise LeBlanc. He operated a dairy farm. Melanson served as warden for Kent County. He served as chairman of the province's Electric Power Commission. He died on March 7, 1964, in Moncton.

text:
# Isaie Melanson

**Isaie Melanson** (October 27, 1883  March 7, 1964) was a farmer and political figure of Acadian origin in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Kent County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a Liberal member from 1939 to 1956. His first name appears as Isaac in some sources.

He was born in Sainte-Marie, New Brunswick, the son of Onésime Melanson and Geneviève Henrie. In 1911, he married Élise LeBlanc. He operated a dairy farm. Melanson served as warden for Kent County. He served as chairman of the province's Electric Power Commission. He died on March 7, 1964, in Moncton.

* *Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1956*, PG Normandin

1. Death
2. "Fonds archive Désiré-Melanson, University of Moncton". Archived from the original on 2004-03-27. Retrieved 2017-09-01.


title: Irrigon Irrigator

abstract: The Irrigon Irrigator was a newspaper based in Irrigon in the U.S. state of Oregon from 1904 to 1912.

text:
# Irrigon Irrigator

The ***Irrigon Irrigator*** was a newspaper based in Irrigon in the U.S. state of Oregon from 1904 to 1912.

## History

The newspaper was founded by Addison Bennett, who had previously named the town, as a portmanteau of the words "irrigation" and "Oregon." The town was "the scene of a promising irrigation enterprise," the basis for the names of both the newspaper and the town. The first issue, published January 27, 1904, bore the name *Oregon Irrigator*; the title was changed several months hence. Bennett made several entrepreneurial forays into the newspaper publishing business, and later served as a staff writer for *the Oregonian*.

Bennett, at about age 60, was new to the American west when he founded the paper. He was the town's second postmaster. He used the paper as a vehicle to promote the irrigation industry in the region; he was also known for his "jackrabbit" stories, which were syndicated in other newspapers. The *Irrigator* was discontinued in 1912 (or 1914??), the year after Bennett departed for Portland. The paper was known for being full of "droll wit" and "homespun philosophy," but not selling much advertising.

Bennett's work was published in other Oregon newspapers during the *Irrigator's* run, including the *Oregon Daily Journal*. Bennett was an invited speaker at the Pendleton Fair in 1908, two years before the Pendleton Round-Up was established.

Another paper by the same title was later started, publishing in the early 2000s.

## InfoBox

Irrigon Irrigator
| Type | Newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Founder(s) | Addison Bennett |
| Launched | January 27, 1904 (1904-01-27) |
| Ceased publication | 1912 (1912) |
| City | Irrigon, Oregon |


title: Isamu Akasaki

abstract: Isamu Akasaki was a Japanese engineer and physicist, specializing in the field of semiconductor technology and Nobel Prize laureate, best known for inventing the bright gallium nitride (GaN) p-n junction blue LED in 1989 and subsequently the high-brightness GaN blue LED as well. For this and other achievements, Akasaki was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology in 2009, and the IEEE Edison Medal in 2011. He was also awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in Physics, together with Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources". In 2021, Akasaki, along with Shuji Nakamura, Nick Holonyak, M. George Craford and Russell D. Dupuis were awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering "for the creation and development of LED lighting, which forms the basis of all solid state lighting technology".

text:
# Isamu Akasaki

**Isamu Akasaki** (赤﨑 勇, *Akasaki Isamu*, January 30, 1929 – April 1, 2021) was a Japanese engineer and physicist, specializing in the field of semiconductor technology and Nobel Prize laureate, best known for inventing the bright gallium nitride (GaN) p-n junction blue LED in 1989 and subsequently the high-brightness GaN blue LED as well.

For this and other achievements, Akasaki was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology in 2009, and the IEEE Edison Medal in 2011. He was also awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in Physics, together with Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources". In 2021, Akasaki, along with Shuji Nakamura, Nick Holonyak, M. George Craford and Russell D. Dupuis were awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering "for the creation and development of LED lighting, which forms the basis of all solid state lighting technology".

## Early life and education

He was born in Chiran, Kagoshima Prefecture and raised in Kagoshima City. His elder brother is Masanori Akazaki who was an electronic engineering researcher and a Professor Emeritus at Kyushu University. (Their surname "赤﨑" is also pronounced Akazaki.)

Isamu graduated from Kagoshima Prefectural Daini-Kagoshima Middle School (now Kagoshima Prefectural Konan High School) in 1946, from Seventh Higher School Zoshikan (now Kagoshima University) in 1949 and from Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University in 1952. During his university years, he visited shrines and temples that local residents rarely visit, walked around the mountains of Shinshu during the summer vacation, enjoyed classes and enjoyed a fulfilling student era. After he became a researcher, he obtained the degree of Doctor of Engineering from Nagoya University in 1964.

## Research

Akasaki started working on GaN-based blue LEDs in the late 1960s. Step by step, he improved the quality of GaN crystals and device structures at Matsushita Research Institute Tokyo, Inc. (MRIT), where he decided to adopt metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) as the preferred growth method for GaN.

In 1981, Akasaki started afresh the growth of GaN by MOVPE at Nagoya University, and in 1985 he and his group succeeded in growing high-quality GaN on sapphire substrate by pioneering the low-temperature (LT) buffer layer technology.

This high-quality GaN enabled them to discover p-type GaN by doping with magnesium (Mg) and subsequent activation by electron irradiation (1989), to produce the first GaN p-n junction blue/UV LED (1989), and to achieve conductivity control of n-type GaN (1990) and related alloys (1991) by doping with silicon (Si), enabling the use of hetero structures and multiple quantum wells in the design and structure of more efficient p-n junction light emitting structures.

They achieved stimulated emission from the GaN firstly at room temperature in 1990, and developed in 1995 the stimulated emission at 388 nm with pulsed current injection from high-quality AlGaN/GaN/GaInN quantum well device. They verified quantum size effect (1991) and quantum confined Stark effect (1997) in nitride system, and in 2000 showed theoretically the orientation dependence of piezoelectric field and the existence of non-/semi-polar GaN crystals, which have triggered today's worldwide efforts to grow those crystals for application to more efficient light emitters.

## Nagoya University Akasaki Institute

Akasaki's patents were produced from these inventions, and the patents have been rewarded as royalties. Nagoya University Akasaki Institute opened on October 20, 2006. The cost of construction of the institute was covered with the patent royalty income to the university, which was also used for a wide range of activities in Nagoya University. The institute consists of an LED gallery to display the history of blue LED research/developments and applications, an office for research collaboration, laboratories for innovative research, and Akasaki's office on the top sixth floor. The institute is situated in the center of the collaboration research zone in Nagoya University Higashiyama campus.

## Professional record

Akasaki worked as a Research Scientist from 1952 to 1959 at Kobe Kogyo Corporation (now, Fujitsu Ltd.). In 1959 he was a research associate, assistant professor, and associate professor at the Department of Electronics at Nagoya University until 1964. Later in 1964, he was the Head of Basic Research Laboratory at Matsushita Research Institute Tokyo, Inc. until 1974 to later become a General Manager of Semiconductor Department (in the same institute until 1981). In 1981 he became a professor in the Department of Electronics at Nagoya University until 1992.

From 1987 to 1990 he was a Project Leader of "Research and Development of GaN-based Blue Light–Emitting Diode" sponsored by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). He then led the "Research and Development of GaN-based Short-Wavelength Semiconductor Laser Diode" product sponsored by JST from 1993 to 1999. While he led this project, he was also a visiting professor at the Research Center for Interface Quantum Electronics at Hokkaido University, from 1995 to 1996. In 1996 he was a Project Leader of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science's for the "Future program" up to 2001. From 1996 he started as a Project Leader of "High-Tech Research Center for Nitride Semiconductors" at Meijo University, sponsored by MEXT until 2004. From 2003 up to 2006 he was the Chairman of "R&D Strategic Committee on the Wireless Devices Based on Nitride Semiconductors" sponsored by METI.

He continued working as a Professor Emeritus of Nagoya University, Professor of Meijo University from 1992. He was also the Director of the Research Center for Nitride Semiconductors at Meijo University since 2004. He also worked as a Research Fellow at Akasaki Research Center of Nagoya University from 2001.

## Personal life

He and his wife Ryoko lived in Nagoya, and the couple had no children.

## Death

Akasaki passed away from pneumonia at a hospital in Nagoya on April 1, 2021, at the age of 92.

## Honors and awards

### Scientific and academic

* 1989 – Japanese Association for Crystal Growth (JACG) Award
* 1991 – Chunichi Culture Award
* 1994 – Technological Contribution Award, Japanese Association for Crystal Growth in commemoration of its 20th anniversary
* 1995 – Heinrich Welker Gold Medal, the International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors
* 1996 – Engineering Achievement Award, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers / Lasers Electro-Optics Society
* 1998 – Inoue Harushige Award, Japan Science and Technology Agency
* 1998 – C&C Prize, the Nippon Electric Company Corporation
* 1998 – Laudise Prize, the International Organization for Crystal Growth
* 1998 – Jack A. Morton Award, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* 1998 – Rank Prize, the Rank Prize Foundation
* 1999 – Fellow, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* 1999 – Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Science and Technology, the Electrochemical Society
* 1999 – Honoris Causa Doctorate, the University of Montpellier II
* 1999 – Toray Science and Technology Prize, Toray Science Foundation
* 2001 – Asahi Prize, the Asahi Shinbun Cultural Foundation
* 2001 – Honoris Causa Doctorate, Linkoping University
* 2002 – Outstanding Achievement Award, the Japan Society of Applied Physics
* 2002 – Fujihara Award, the Fujihara Foundation of Science
* 2002 – Takeda Award, the Takeda Foundation
* 2003 – President's Award, the Science Council of Japan (SCJ)
* 2003 – Solid State Devices & Materials (SSDM) Award
* 2004 – Tokai TV Culture Prize
* 2004 – University Professor, Nagoya University
* 2006 – John Bardeen Award, the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
* 2006 – Outstanding Achievement Award, the Japanese Association for Crystal Growth
* 2007 – Honorable Lifetime Achievement Award, the 162nd Research Committee on Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Photonic and Electronic Devices, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
* 2008 – Foreign Associate, the US National Academy of Engineering
* 2009 – Kyoto Prize Advanced Technology, the Inamori Foundation
* 2010 – Lifetime Professor, Meijo University
* 2011 – Edison Medal, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* 2011 – Special Award for Intellectual Property Activities, the Japan Science and Technology Agency
* 2011 – Minami-Nippon Culture Prize-Honorable Prize
* 2014 – Nobel Prize in Physics together with Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura
* 2015 – Charles Stark Draper Prize
* 2015 – Asia Game Changer Award
* 2016 – UNESCO Medal for contributions to the development of nanoscience and nanotechnologies ceremony
* 2021 – Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering

### National

## Further reading

* Insights & Enterprise in *PHOTONICS SPECTRA*, 54, November 2004.
* *Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings*, Volume 639 (2000), pp. xxiii–xxv.

## InfoBox

| Isamu Akasaki | |
| --- | --- |
| 赤﨑 勇 | |
| Isamu Akasaki | |
| Born | (1929-01-30)January 30, 1929
Chiran, Kawanabe District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Empire of Japan (Now Japan) |
| Died | April 1, 2021(2021-04-01) (aged 92)
Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Alma mater | Kyoto University
Nagoya University |
| Spouse | Ryoko Akasaki |
| Awards | Asahi Prize (2001)
Takeda Award (2002)
Kyoto Prize (2009)
IEEE Edison Medal (2011)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2014)
Charles Stark Draper Prize (2015) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics, Engineering |
| Institutions | Meijo University
Nagoya University |
|  | |


title: Otáez Municipality

abstract: Otáez is a municipality in the Mexican state of Durango. The municipal seat lies at Otáez. The municipality covers an area of 906.5 km⁲. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 5,208, up from 4,543 as of 2005. Localities inside the municipality include El Bajío de Vacas, Los Cardos, Banome, San Pedro de Azafranes, and San Miguel de Pielagos. The municipality had 106 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

text:
# Otáez Municipality

**Otáez** is a municipality in the Mexican state of Durango. The municipal seat lies at Otáez. The municipality covers an area of 906.5 km2.

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 5,208, up from 4,543 as of 2005.

Localities inside the municipality include El Bajío de Vacas, Los Cardos, Banome, San Pedro de Azafranes, and San Miguel de Pielagos.

The municipality had 106 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

## InfoBox

| Otáez | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipality of Otáez in Durango | |
| OtáezLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 24°42′N 106°0′W / 24.700°N 106.000°W / 24.700; -106.000 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Durango |
| Municipal seat | Otáez |
| Area | |
| Total | 906.5 km2 (350.0 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 5,208 |
| Density | 5.7/km2 (15/sq mi) |


title: Otávio Azevedo

abstract: Otávio Marques de Azevedo is a Brazilian businessman, and the CEO of Andrade Gutierrez, a Brazilian conglomerate. Azevedo received a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. In June 2015, he was arrested as part of a major investigation into corruption at the state-owned oil company Petrobras.

text:
# Otávio Azevedo

**Otávio Marques de Azevedo** is a Brazilian businessman, and the CEO of Andrade Gutierrez, a Brazilian conglomerate.

Azevedo received a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais.

In June 2015, he was arrested as part of a major investigation into corruption at the state-owned oil company Petrobras.

## InfoBox

| Otávio Azevedo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Otávio Marques de Azevedo |
| Nationality | Brazilian |
| Alma mater | Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais |
| Occupation(s) | CEO, Andrade Gutierrez |


title: Isabel Stuart

abstract: Isabel Stuart, also called Isobel and Isabella, was a daughter of the future King James II of England and his second wife, Mary of Modena. Isabel was born at St James's Palace in London. She was the second daughter of James and Mary, after her sister Catherine Laura who died eleven months before Isabel's birth. Isabel had two older half-sisters from her father's first marriage to Anne Hyde: Mary and Anne; both would become reigning Queens of England. Isabel's paternal grandparents were Charles I of England and his wife Henrietta Maria of France, her maternal grandparents were Alfonso IV d'Este and Laura Martinozzi.

text:
# Isabel Stuart

**Isabel Stuart** (28 August 1676 – 2 March 1681), also called **Isobel** and **Isabella**, was a daughter of the future King James II of England and his second wife, Mary of Modena.

Isabel was born at St James's Palace in London. She was the second daughter of James and Mary, after her sister Catherine Laura who died eleven months before Isabel's birth. Isabel had two older half-sisters from her father's first marriage to Anne Hyde: Mary and Anne; both would become reigning Queens of England. Isabel's paternal grandparents were Charles I of England and his wife Henrietta Maria of France, her maternal grandparents were Alfonso IV d'Este and Laura Martinozzi.

## Life

For the majority of her lifetime, Isabel was the royal couple's only child and thus fourth in line to the throne (behind her father, Mary and Anne). She was moved down a place upon the birth of her brother Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge; however, he died of smallpox after living only for a month, so Isabel was promoted back up to fourth in line. In 1678, Isabel was joined by another sister, Elizabeth, who was also short-lived.

Her family had a portrait painted of her by Sir Peter Lely.

In 1678 when Isabel was two years old, the Popish Plot led to her parents' being exiled to Brussels to stay with Mary. The royal couple were accompanied by Isabel and Anne.

A report that her uncle King Charles was very sick sent the family hurrying back to England. They feared that the King's eldest illegitimate son, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth and commander of England's armed forces, might usurp the crown if Charles died in their absence. Monmouth enjoyed the support of the Exclusionists, who held a majority in the House of Commons of England. Charles survived but, feeling the family returned to court too soon, sent James and Mary to Edinburgh, where for the next three years they stayed on-and-off in the dilapidated Holyrood Palace, while Anne and Isabel stayed in London on Charles's orders. The couple were recalled to London in February 1680, only to return again to Edinburgh that autumn; this time they went on a more honourable footing: James was created King's Commissioner to Scotland. Separation from Isabel caused her mother to sink into a state of sadness, exacerbated by the passing of the Exclusion bill in the Commons.

Lady Isabel, thus far the only one of Mary's children to survive infancy, died of natural causes in March 1681, at age 4 years, 6 months, at St James's Palace, the place of her birth. She was buried at Westminster Abbey on 4 March (Old Style) as "The Lady Isabella, daughter to the Duke of York.

Isabel's death plunged Mary into a religious mania, worrying her physician. At the same time as news reached Holyrood of Isabel's death, her maternal grandmother, Laura Martinozzi, was falsely accused of offering £10,000 for the murder of the King. The accuser, a pamphleteer, was executed by order of the King.

Four years after Isabel's death, her father succeeded as King of England.

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Isabel Stuart | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait after Sir Peter Lely, circa 1679–1681 | |
| Born | 28 August 1676
St James's Palace, London |
| Died | (1681-03-02)2 March 1681 (aged 4)
St James's Palace, London |
| Burial | 4 March 1681
Westminster Abbey |
| House | Stuart |
| Father | James, Duke of York and Albany |
| Mother | Princess Mary of Modena |


title: Our Lady of Trapani procession (Tunis)

abstract: Our Lady of Trapani procession is a traditional festival that the Tunisian Christian community celebrates on the 15th of August of each year at Saint-Augustin and Saint-Fidèle's church in the city of La Goulette in Tunis.

text:
# Our Lady of Trapani procession (Tunis)

**Our Lady of Trapani procession** is a traditional festival that the Tunisian Christian community celebrates on the 15th of August of each year at Saint-Augustin and Saint-Fidèle's church in the city of La Goulette in Tunis.

## Historical background

According to Catholic and Orthodox belief, Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus, did not die but rather ascended to heaven during her lifetime or entered directly into the glory of God (what we would commonly translate as "ascent to heaven"). According to the story, the procession took place in Ephesus, in the house of the apostle John, which is also referred to as the House of the Virgin Mary.

All over the world, and for centuries, Christians have celebrated the procession annually on the 15th of August, the date of the consecration in Jerusalem of the first church dedicated to Mary in the fifth century, after the Council of Ephesus in 431.

## The celebration

### History

In Italian popular culture, Our Lady of Trapani is the protector of the Italian city of Trapani in Sicily. She has been venerated by the Italian and Sicilian community of La Goulette since its arrival in the sixteenth century. In 1848, a church was built following a donation of land from Ahmed Bey. The building was initially dedicated to Saint Fidèle, patron of Fidèle Sutter, apostolic vicar of Tunis from 1844 to 1881. However, and considering the diversity of the local Christian community, the space got divided and each of the three chapels got dedicated to a Virgin Mary: Our Lady of Lourdes, Our Lady of Mont-Carmel and Our lady of Trapani for the French, Maltese, and Italians, respectively.

### Activities

The celebration changed before and after Tunisia's independence. According to the archives of the Catholic Church, it reached its peak in 1909. It used to begin with the exit of the Madonna from the church on the shoulders of believers, who make her cross the streets of La Goulette, walking up to Tunis, all accompanied by a musical troupes. Some people used to follow this procession barefoot, to fulfill a wish. Then a fireworks show and a concert on Ahmed Bey square in La Goulette took place. According to popular culture, the prostitutes of the city came in the evening, accompanied by their pimps, to prostrate themselves at the feet of the cross, thus performing the so-called rite of the Madeleine.

The festivities take place simultaneously in Trapani in the same way, but what distinguishes the Tunisian version is the diversity of the participants who, in addition to Christians, also include Muslims and Jews in Tunis. The latter even attend mass inside the church.

The tradition of the procession was abandoned in the 1960s, due to the decrease in the number of Christians living in La Goulette, and until 2017, when the celebration resumed after Mass, but in a less visible way, in the interior courtyard of the church.

The procession of the Trapani Madonna was represented in the last scene of the Ferid Boughdir's film *A Summer in La Goulette*.

## Photos

1. "L'assomption et la procession de la Madone à La Goulette". *lepetitjournal.com* (in French). Retrieved 2020-08-10.
2. Ceillier, Rémi (1863). *Histoire générale des auteurs sacrés et ecclésiastiques: qui contient leur vie, le catalogue, la critique, le jugement, la chronologie, l'analyse et le dénombrement des différentes éditions de leurs ouvrages...* (in French). L. Vivès.
3. "Demain, célébration de la procession de la "Madone de Trapani": Tunisie, terre de paix et de dialogue". *La Presse de Tunisie* (in French). 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
4. "La Goulette célèbre la procession de la Madone de Trapani". *Kapitalis* (in French). 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2020-08-10.


title: Islesboro, Maine

abstract: Islesboro is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States, comprising Islesboro Island and several smaller islands. The population was 583 at the 2020 census. It has a summer colony accessible by state ferry service from Lincolnville Beach three miles to the west, by private boat, or by air taxi service. Home to Warren Island State Park, Islesboro includes the village of Dark Harbor.

text:
# Islesboro, Maine

**Islesboro** is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States, comprising **Islesboro Island** and several smaller islands. The population was 583 at the 2020 census. It has a summer colony accessible by state ferry service from Lincolnville Beach three miles to the west, by private boat, or by air taxi service. Home to Warren Island State Park, Islesboro includes the village of Dark Harbor.

## History

The Penobscot people called it Pitaubegwimenahanuk, meaning "the island that lies between two channels", although André Thevet recorded the name Aiayascon in 1556. It was part of the Waldo Patent. First called Long Island Plantation, it was settled in 1769. It was incorporated as Islesborough on January 28, 1789, although over time the spelling was contracted to Islesboro.

With many harbors and coves, the island was home to the largest commercial shipping fleet in the bay during the 19th century. Following the Civil War, however, Islesboro developed as a resort community, and many large and luxurious summer homes were built. Their large yachts cruised and raced throughout the Gulf of Maine. The town remains an upper-class enclave and summer colony.

## Geography

### Islands and villages

Situated in upper Penobscot Bay, the island town separates East from West Penobscot Bay. Islesboro Island is narrow, mainly north-south and 14 miles long. Smaller islands include Job Island, Seven Hundred Acre Island, Spruce Island, Warren Island, Seal Island, Ram Island, Thrumcap, Middle Island, Minot Island, Ensign Island (#1 and #2), Lime Island, Flat Island, Hutchins Island, Little Island, Little Bermuda(?), Joe's Rock, and Birch Point. Semi-submerged features include Haskell Ledge, Minor Ledge, and Minot Island Ledge.

The main island consists of two wider landmasses separated by a narrow isthmus called The Narrows. Neighborhoods and villages (small clusters of buildings) are distributed across the two:

* Up Island, the northern landmass
    + Pripet, also known as Warren's Landing or Beckett's Landing – the historic site of a kiln and steamboat wharf
    + North Islesboro – historic village and current site of a general store
    + Ryder's Cove – historic summer vacation spot and steamboat destination
* Down Island, the southern landmass
    + Islesboro Village, also known as Guinea Village – near Islesboro Harbor
    + Hewes Point – historic summer vacation spot and steamboat destination
    + Town Center – town offices, community center, and post office
    + Grindle Point – current ferry landing, with historic lighthouse
    + Dark Harbor – historic summer vacation spot and steamboat destination

### Size and features

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 68.88 square miles (178.40 km2), of which 14.29 square miles (37.01 km2) is land and 54.59 square miles (141.39 km2) is water.

There is one large pond, called Meadow Pond, in the northern portion of the Island, the work of beavers that have dammed a narrow place. Ice was once harvested from this pond for export to places as far away as India. Hewes Point was named for Paola Hewes, an early pioneer settler.

### Climate

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Islesboro has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1830 | 674 |  |  |
| 1840 | 777 |  | 15.3% |
| 1850 | 984 |  | 26.6% |
| 1860 | 1,276 |  | 29.7% |
| 1870 | 1,230 |  | −3.6% |
| 1880 | 1,208 |  | −1.8% |
| 1890 | 1,006 |  | −16.7% |
| 1900 | 923 |  | −8.3% |
| 1910 | 877 |  | −5.0% |
| 1920 | 637 |  | −27.4% |
| 1930 | 697 |  | 9.4% |
| 1940 | 718 |  | 3.0% |
| 1950 | 529 |  | −26.3% |
| 1960 | 444 |  | −16.1% |
| 1970 | 421 |  | −5.2% |
| 1980 | 521 |  | 23.8% |
| 1990 | 579 |  | 11.1% |
| 2000 | 603 |  | 4.1% |
| 2010 | 566 |  | −6.1% |
| 2020 | 583 |  | 3.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 566 people, 270 households, and 161 families living in the town. The population density was 39.6 inhabitants per square mile (15.3/km2). There were 850 housing units at an average density of 59.5 per square mile (23.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.9% White, 0.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

There were 270 households, of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.4% were non-families. Of all households 34.4% were made up of individuals, and 15.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.57.

The median age in the town was 52.1 years. 17.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.4% were from 25 to 44; 37.5% were from 45 to 64; and 24.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 603 people, 280 households, and 176 families living in the town. The population density was 42.3 inhabitants per square mile (16.3/km2). There were 741 housing units at an average density of 52.0 per square mile (20.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.18% White, 0.17% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.50% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.33% of the population.

There were 280 households, out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. Of all households 30.7% were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.69.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.2% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,643, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $24,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,653. About 5.5% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Islesboro Central School is one of four island schools in Maine that cover all grades (K–12), the others being North Haven, Vinalhaven, and Mount Desert Island. It is also unique that it allows mainland students to pay tuition to attend from grades 5 through 12. The "magnet" students, and some teachers, who live on the mainland take the ferry across every morning where they are met with a school bus to take them to school. Students come from a range of midcoast towns to attend ICS. The number of the students in the school fluctuates, but is around 100 students in kindergarten through 12th grade.

The school is a member of the Busline League for middle school sports, and is in Class D, South, in the Maine Principals' Association. The competitive sports offered through the school include cross country running, sailing, soccer, basketball, and Ultimate Frisbee.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Islesboro | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Pendleton Point | |
| Location of Islesboro (in yellow) in Waldo County, and Waldo County (red) in the state of Maine | |
| Coordinates: 44°18′30″N 68°54′12″W / 44.30833°N 68.90333°W / 44.30833; -68.90333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maine |
| County | Waldo |
| Incorporated | 1789 |
| Area | |
| Total | 68.88 sq mi (178.40 km2) |
| Land | 14.29 sq mi (37.01 km2) |
| Water | 54.59 sq mi (141.39 km2) |
| Elevation | 30 ft (9 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 583 |
| Density | 41/sq mi (15.8/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Code | 04848 |
| Area code | 207 |
| FIPS code | 23-35240 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0582531 |
| Website | www.townofislesboro.com |