title: Molecular cloning

abstract: Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine. In a conventional molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism. This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMOs). This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large number of bacteria, each of which contains copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as "clones". Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them. The idea arose that different DNA sequences could be inserted into a plasmid and that these foreign sequences would be carried into bacteria and digested as part of the plasmid. That is, these plasmids could serve as cloning vectors to carry genes. Virtually any DNA sequence can be cloned and amplified, but there are some factors that might limit the success of the process. Examples of the DNA sequences that are difficult to clone are inverted repeats, origins of replication, centromeres and telomeres. There is also a lower chance of success when inserting large-sized DNA sequences. Inserts larger than 10kbp have very limited success, but bacteriophages such as bacteriophage λ can be modified to successfully insert a sequence up to 40 kbp.

text:
# Molecular cloning

**Molecular cloning** is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word *cloning* refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine.

In a conventional molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of *E. coli* bacteria). This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMOs). This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large number of bacteria, each of which contains copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as "clones". Strictly speaking, *recombinant DNA* refers to DNA molecules, while *molecular cloning* refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them. The idea arose that different DNA sequences could be inserted into a plasmid and that these foreign sequences would be carried into bacteria and digested as part of the plasmid. That is, these plasmids could serve as cloning vectors to carry genes.

Virtually any DNA sequence can be cloned and amplified, but there are some factors that might limit the success of the process. Examples of the DNA sequences that are difficult to clone are inverted repeats, origins of replication, centromeres and telomeres. There is also a lower chance of success when inserting large-sized DNA sequences. Inserts larger than 10kbp have very limited success, but bacteriophages such as bacteriophage λ can be modified to successfully insert a sequence up to 40 kbp.

## History

Prior to the 1970s, the understanding of genetics and molecular biology was severely hampered by an inability to isolate and study individual genes from complex organisms. This changed dramatically with the advent of molecular cloning methods. Microbiologists, seeking to understand the molecular mechanisms through which bacteria restricted the growth of bacteriophage, isolated restriction endonucleases, enzymes that could cleave DNA molecules only when specific DNA sequences were encountered. They showed that restriction enzymes cleaved chromosome-length DNA molecules at specific locations, and that specific sections of the larger molecule could be purified by size fractionation. Using a second enzyme, DNA ligase, fragments generated by restriction enzymes could be joined in new combinations, termed recombinant DNA. By recombining DNA segments of interest with vector DNA, such as bacteriophage or plasmids, which naturally replicate inside bacteria, large quantities of purified recombinant DNA molecules could be produced in bacterial cultures. The first recombinant DNA molecules were generated and studied in 1972.

## Overview

Molecular cloning takes advantage of the fact that the chemical structure of DNA is fundamentally the same in all living organisms. Therefore, if any segment of DNA from any organism is inserted into a DNA segment containing the molecular sequences required for DNA replication, and the resulting recombinant DNA is introduced into the organism from which the replication sequences were obtained, then the foreign DNA will be replicated along with the host cell's DNA in the transgenic organism.

Molecular cloning is similar to PCR in that it permits the replication of DNA sequence. The fundamental difference between the two methods is that molecular cloning involves replication of the DNA in a living microorganism, while PCR replicates DNA in an *in vitro* solution, free of living cells.

## *In silico* cloning and simulations

Before actual cloning experiments are performed in the lab, most cloning experiments are planned in a computer, using specialized software. Although the detailed planning of the cloning can be done in any text editor, together with online utilities for e.g. PCR primer design, dedicated software exist for the purpose. Software for the purpose include for example ApE  (open source), DNAStrider  (open source), Serial Cloner  (gratis), Collagene  (open source), and SnapGene (commercial). These programs allow to simulate PCR reactions, restriction digests, ligations, etc., that is, all the steps described below.

## Steps

In standard molecular cloning experiments, the cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves seven steps: (1) Choice of host organism and cloning vector, (2) Preparation of vector DNA, (3) Preparation of DNA to be cloned, (4) Creation of recombinant DNA, (5) Introduction of recombinant DNA into host organism, (6) Selection of organisms containing recombinant DNA, (7) Screening for clones with desired DNA inserts and biological properties.

Notably, the growing capacity and fidelity of DNA synthesis platforms allows for increasingly intricate designs in molecular engineering. These projects may include very long strands of novel DNA sequence and/or test entire libraries simultaneously, as opposed to of individual sequences. These shifts introduce complexity that require design to move away from the flat nucleotide-based representation and towards a higher level of abstraction. Examples of such tools are GenoCAD, Teselagen  (free for academia) or GeneticConstructor  (free for academics).

### Choice of host organism and cloning vector

Although a very large number of host organisms and molecular cloning vectors are in use, the great majority of molecular cloning experiments begin with a laboratory strain of the bacterium *E. coli* (*Escherichia coli*) and a plasmid cloning vector. *E. coli* and plasmid vectors are in common use because they are technically sophisticated, versatile, widely available, and offer rapid growth of recombinant organisms with minimal equipment. If the DNA to be cloned is exceptionally large (hundreds of thousands to millions of base pairs), then a bacterial artificial chromosome or yeast artificial chromosome vector is often chosen.

Specialized applications may call for specialized host-vector systems. For example, if the experimentalists wish to harvest a particular protein from the recombinant organism, then an expression vector is chosen that contains appropriate signals for transcription and translation in the desired host organism. Alternatively, if replication of the DNA in different species is desired (for example, transfer of DNA from bacteria to plants), then a multiple host range vector (also termed shuttle vector) may be selected. In practice, however, specialized molecular cloning experiments usually begin with cloning into a bacterial plasmid, followed by subcloning into a specialized vector.

Whatever combination of host and vector are used, the vector almost always contains four DNA segments that are critically important to its function and experimental utility:

* DNA *replication origin* is necessary for the vector (and its linked recombinant sequences) to replicate inside the host organism
* one or more unique *restriction endonuclease recognition sites* to serve as sites where foreign DNA may be introduced
* a *selectable genetic marker* gene that can be used to enable the survival of cells that have taken up vector sequences
* a *tag* gene that can be used to screen for cells containing the foreign DNA

### Preparation of vector DNA

The cloning vector is treated with a restriction endonuclease to cleave the DNA at the site where foreign DNA will be inserted. The restriction enzyme is chosen to generate a configuration at the cleavage site that is compatible with the ends of the foreign DNA (see DNA end). Typically, this is done by cleaving the vector DNA and foreign DNA with the same restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease, for example EcoRI and this restriction enzyme was isolated from E.coli. Most modern vectors contain a variety of convenient cleavage sites that are unique within the vector molecule (so that the vector can only be cleaved at a single site) and are located within a gene (frequently beta-galactosidase) whose inactivation can be used to distinguish recombinant from non-recombinant organisms at a later step in the process. To improve the ratio of recombinant to non-recombinant organisms, the cleaved vector may be treated with an enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) that dephosphorylates the vector ends. Vector molecules with dephosphorylated ends are unable to replicate, and replication can only be restored if foreign DNA is integrated into the cleavage site.

### Preparation of DNA to be cloned

For cloning of genomic DNA, the DNA to be cloned is extracted from the organism of interest. Virtually any tissue source can be used (even tissues from extinct animals), as long as the DNA is not extensively degraded. The DNA is then purified using simple methods to remove contaminating proteins (extraction with phenol), RNA (ribonuclease) and smaller molecules (precipitation and/or chromatography). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are often used for amplification of specific DNA or RNA (RT-PCR) sequences prior to molecular cloning.

DNA for cloning experiments may also be obtained from RNA using reverse transcriptase (complementary DNA or cDNA cloning), or in the form of synthetic DNA (artificial gene synthesis). cDNA cloning is usually used to obtain clones representative of the mRNA population of the cells of interest, while synthetic DNA is used to obtain any precise sequence defined by the designer. Such a designed sequence may be required when moving genes across genetic codes (for example, from the mitochondria to the nucleus) or simply for increasing expression via codon optimization.

The purified DNA is then treated with a restriction enzyme to generate fragments with ends capable of being linked to those of the vector. If necessary, short double-stranded segments of DNA (*linkers*) containing desired restriction sites may be added to create end structures that are compatible with the vector.

### Creation of recombinant DNA with DNA ligase

The creation of recombinant DNA is in many ways the simplest step of the molecular cloning process. DNA prepared from the vector and foreign source are simply mixed together at appropriate concentrations and exposed to an enzyme (DNA ligase) that covalently links the ends together. This joining reaction is often termed ligation. The resulting DNA mixture containing randomly joined ends is then ready for introduction into the host organism.

DNA ligase only recognizes and acts on the ends of linear DNA molecules, usually resulting in a complex mixture of DNA molecules with randomly joined ends. The desired products (vector DNA covalently linked to foreign DNA) will be present, but other sequences (e.g. foreign DNA linked to itself, vector DNA linked to itself and higher-order combinations of vector and foreign DNA) are also usually present. This complex mixture is sorted out in subsequent steps of the cloning process, after the DNA mixture is introduced into cells.

### Introduction of recombinant DNA into host organism

The DNA mixture, previously manipulated in vitro, is moved back into a living cell, referred to as the host organism. The methods used to get DNA into cells are varied, and the name applied to this step in the molecular cloning process will often depend upon the experimental method that is chosen (e.g. transformation, transduction, transfection, electroporation).

When microorganisms are able to take up and replicate DNA from their local environment, the process is termed transformation, and cells that are in a physiological state such that they can take up DNA are said to be competent. In mammalian cell culture, the analogous process of introducing DNA into cells is commonly termed transfection. Both transformation and transfection usually require preparation of the cells through a special growth regime and chemical treatment process that will vary with the specific species and cell types that are used.

Electroporation uses high voltage electrical pulses to translocate DNA across the cell membrane (and cell wall, if present). In contrast, transduction involves the packaging of DNA into virus-derived particles, and using these virus-like particles to introduce the encapsulated DNA into the cell through a process resembling viral infection. Although electroporation and transduction are highly specialized methods, they may be the most efficient methods to move DNA into cells.

### Selection of organisms containing vector sequences

Whichever method is used, the introduction of recombinant DNA into the chosen host organism is usually a low efficiency process; that is, only a small fraction of the cells will actually take up DNA. Experimental scientists deal with this issue through a step of artificial genetic selection, in which cells that have not taken up DNA are selectively killed, and only those cells that can actively replicate DNA containing the selectable marker gene encoded by the vector are able to survive.

When bacterial cells are used as host organisms, the selectable marker is usually a gene that confers resistance to an antibiotic that would otherwise kill the cells, typically ampicillin. Cells harboring the plasmid will survive when exposed to the antibiotic, while those that have failed to take up plasmid sequences will die. When mammalian cells (e.g. human or mouse cells) are used, a similar strategy is used, except that the marker gene (in this case typically encoded as part of the kanMX cassette) confers resistance to the antibiotic Geneticin.

### Screening for clones with desired DNA inserts and biological properties

Modern bacterial cloning vectors (e.g. pUC19 and later derivatives including the pGEM vectors) use the blue-white screening system to distinguish colonies (clones) of transgenic cells from those that contain the parental vector (i.e. vector DNA with no recombinant sequence inserted). In these vectors, foreign DNA is inserted into a sequence that encodes an essential part of beta-galactosidase, an enzyme whose activity results in formation of a blue-colored colony on the culture medium that is used for this work. Insertion of the foreign DNA into the beta-galactosidase coding sequence disables the function of the enzyme so that colonies containing transformed DNA remain colorless (white). Therefore, experimentalists are easily able to identify and conduct further studies on transgenic bacterial clones, while ignoring those that do not contain recombinant DNA.

The total population of individual clones obtained in a molecular cloning experiment is often termed a DNA library. Libraries may be highly complex (as when cloning complete genomic DNA from an organism) or relatively simple (as when moving a previously cloned DNA fragment into a different plasmid), but it is almost always necessary to examine a number of different clones to be sure that the desired DNA construct is obtained. This may be accomplished through a very wide range of experimental methods, including the use of nucleic acid hybridizations, antibody probes, polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment analysis and/or DNA sequencing.

## Applications

Molecular cloning provides scientists with an essentially unlimited quantity of any individual DNA segments derived from any genome. This material can be used for a wide range of purposes, including those in both basic and applied biological science. A few of the more important applications are summarized here.

### Genome organization and gene expression

Molecular cloning has led directly to the elucidation of the complete DNA sequence of the genomes of a very large number of species and to an exploration of genetic diversity within individual species, work that has been done mostly by determining the DNA sequence of large numbers of randomly cloned fragments of the genome, and assembling the overlapping sequences.

At the level of individual genes, molecular clones are used to generate probes that are used for examining how genes are expressed, and how that expression is related to other processes in biology, including the metabolic environment, extracellular signals, development, learning, senescence and cell death. Cloned genes can also provide tools to examine the biological function and importance of individual genes, by allowing investigators to inactivate the genes, or make more subtle mutations using regional mutagenesis or site-directed mutagenesis. Genes cloned into expression vectors for functional cloning provide a means to screen for genes on the basis of the expressed protein's function.

### Production of recombinant proteins

Obtaining the molecular clone of a gene can lead to the development of organisms that produce the protein product of the cloned genes, termed a recombinant protein. In practice, it is frequently more difficult to develop an organism that produces an active form of the recombinant protein in desirable quantities than it is to clone the gene. This is because the molecular signals for gene expression are complex and variable, and because protein folding, stability and transport can be very challenging.

Many useful proteins are currently available as recombinant products. These include--(1) medically useful proteins whose administration can correct a defective or poorly expressed gene (e.g. recombinant factor VIII, a blood-clotting factor deficient in some forms of hemophilia, and recombinant insulin, used to treat some forms of diabetes), (2) proteins that can be administered to assist in a life-threatening emergency (e.g. tissue plasminogen activator, used to treat strokes), (3) recombinant subunit vaccines, in which a purified protein can be used to immunize patients against infectious diseases, without exposing them to the infectious agent itself (e.g. hepatitis B vaccine), and (4) recombinant proteins as standard material for diagnostic laboratory tests.

### Transgenic organisms

Once characterized and manipulated to provide signals for appropriate expression, cloned genes may be inserted into organisms, generating transgenic organisms, also termed genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Although most GMOs are generated for purposes of basic biological research (see for example, transgenic mouse), a number of GMOs have been developed for commercial use, ranging from animals and plants that produce pharmaceuticals or other compounds (pharming), herbicide-resistant crop plants, and fluorescent tropical fish (GloFish) for home entertainment.

### Gene therapy

Gene therapy involves supplying a functional gene to cells lacking that function, with the aim of correcting a genetic disorder or acquired disease. Gene therapy can be broadly divided into two categories. The first is alteration of germ cells, that is, sperm or eggs, which results in a permanent genetic change for the whole organism and subsequent generations. This "germ line gene therapy" is considered by many to be unethical in human beings. The second type of gene therapy, "somatic cell gene therapy", is analogous to an organ transplant. In this case, one or more specific tissues are targeted by direct treatment or by removal of the tissue, addition of the therapeutic gene or genes in the laboratory, and return of the treated cells to the patient. Clinical trials of somatic cell gene therapy began in the late 1990s, mostly for the treatment of cancers and blood, liver, and lung disorders.

Despite a great deal of publicity and promises, the history of human gene therapy has been characterized by relatively limited success. The effect of introducing a gene into cells often promotes only partial and/or transient relief from the symptoms of the disease being treated. Some gene therapy trial patients have suffered adverse consequences of the treatment itself, including deaths. In some cases, the adverse effects result from disruption of essential genes within the patient's genome by insertional inactivation. In others, viral vectors used for gene therapy have been contaminated with infectious virus. Nevertheless, gene therapy is still held to be a promising future area of medicine, and is an area where there is a significant level of research and development activity.

## Further reading


title: Momee Gombe

abstract: Maimuna Gombe Abubakar popularly known as, is a Nigerian actress, singer and dancer working in Kannywood industry.

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# Momee Gombe

**Maimuna Gombe Abubakar**  popularly known as (Momee Gombe), is a Nigerian actress, singer and dancer working in Kannywood industry.

## Life and career

Momee Gombe was born on 11 July 1999, in Gombe State, Nigeria. She attended primary and secondary school in Gombe. The actress is starring with Hausa musician and actor Adam A Zango who she mentions as her mentor in the Kannywood industry, followed by singer Hamisu Breaker, and singer and actor Garzali Miko and other young Hausa singers in Northern Nigeria.

## Personal life

Momme Gombe married popular Hausa singer Adam Fasaha in 2021, but the marriage ended in less than a month, with many speculating that it was due to her relationship with Hamisu Breaker.

## Films

She has appeared in over 30 films, of which there are:

* *Kishin Mata*
* *Asalin Kaun*
* *Sabon Shafi (2008) as Maimuna*
* *Gidan Kashe Ahu (2020)*
* *Zainabu Abu (2021)*
* *Sarki Goma Zamani Goma (2021)*
* *Alaqa (2021 TV Series) as Halisa*

## InfoBox

| Maimuna Gombe Abubakar | |
| --- | --- |
| Maimuna pictured at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi | |
| Born | Maimuna Abubakar
(1999-07-11) 11 July 1999
Gombe, Nigeria |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Other names | Momee Gombe |
| Occupations | * actress * dancer * singer |
| Notable credit | Best known as a singer |
| Spouse | Adam Fasaha  (m. 2021; div. 2021) |


abstract: University of Michigan Health - Sparrow Lansing is a 733-bed teaching hospital located in Lansing, Michigan that provides care for the greater Mid-Michigan region. The hospital is a subsidiary of University of Michigan Health - Sparrow, and is affiliated with the Colleges of Human Medicine and Osteopathic Medicine at nearby Michigan State University. University of Michigan Health - Sparrow Lansing operates the only dedicated pediatric and adult emergency department in the region. The emergency department is a level I trauma center, as verified by the American College of Surgeons. It is also a Joint Commission certified Comprehensive Stroke Center. University of Michigan Health - Sparrow Lansing also has modern operating rooms, multiple helipads, an oncology center, heart and vascular center, and orthopedic department. In addition, 4,500 births are performed annually.

text:
# University of Michigan Health - Sparrow Lansing

**University of Michigan Health - Sparrow Lansing** is a 733-bed teaching hospital located in Lansing, Michigan that provides care for the greater Mid-Michigan region. The hospital is a subsidiary of University of Michigan Health - Sparrow, and is affiliated with the Colleges of Human Medicine and Osteopathic Medicine at nearby Michigan State University. University of Michigan Health - Sparrow Lansing operates the only dedicated pediatric and adult emergency department in the region. The emergency department is a level I trauma center, as verified by the American College of Surgeons. It is also a Joint Commission certified Comprehensive Stroke Center. University of Michigan Health - Sparrow Lansing also has modern operating rooms, multiple helipads, an oncology center, heart and vascular center, and orthopedic department. In addition, 4,500 births are performed annually.

## History

University of Michigan Health - Sparrow Lansing was founded in 1896, when the *Women's Hospital Association* supported one doctor and one nurse out of a rented house.

In 1910, Lansing developer Edward W. Sparrow donated land on East Michigan Avenue near the Michigan State Capitol and $100,000 to help build the hospital. The hospital opened in 1912.

In 2008, a 10-story addition, the *Sparrow Tower*, was completed. The $160 million, 450,000-square-foot (42,000 m2) addition houses the hospital's emergency departments.

The Herbert-Herman Cancer Center opened on July 17,2017. The 132,000-square-foot facility, located across Michigan Avenue from the Sparrow Tower, offers state-of-the-art cancer treatment with the help of three linear accelerators for radiation treatment. It also has 40 chemotherapy bays. Breast cancer survivor Judi Herbert, who along with her husband, Jim, and Dr. James and Susan Herman, donated a combined $2.5 million to the development of the center. The art of healing is an important factor in the $64-million cancer center, which has roughly $600,000 worth of art decorating the walls and ceiling.

## InfoBox

| University of Michigan Health - Sparrow Lansing | |
| --- | --- |
| University of Michigan Health - Sparrow | |
| Shown in Michigan | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Lansing, Michigan, United States |
| Coordinates | 42°44′03″N 84°32′06″W / 42.7342°N 84.5351°W / 42.7342; -84.5351 |
| Organization | |
| Type | Teaching |
| Affiliated university | MSU College of Human Medicine, MSU College of Osteopathic Medicine |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Level I trauma center |
| Beds | 733 |
| Helipad | FAA LID: **08MI** |
| History | |
| Opened | 1896 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/our-hospitals-services/um-health-sparrow-hospitals/lansing |
| Lists | Hospitals in Michigan |


title: Momo no Hanabira

abstract: "Momo no Hanabira" is the debut single of Japanese singer Ai Otsuka, released on September 10, 2003 in CD-only format, then on October 1, 2003 in CD+DVD format. The title track was used as the theme song of the NTV drama Suika. The two versions charted separately; the CD-only edition peaked 24th on the Oricon weekly singles chart and charted for twenty-one weeks while the CD+DVD edition peaked at the 86th position and charted for seventeen weeks.

text:
# Momo no Hanabira

**"Momo no Hanabira"** (桃ノ花ビラ, *Peach Flower Petals*) is the debut single of Japanese singer Ai Otsuka, released on September 10, 2003 in CD-only format, then on October 1, 2003 in CD+DVD format. The title track was used as the theme song of the NTV drama *Suika*. The two versions charted separately; the CD-only edition peaked 24th on the Oricon weekly singles chart and charted for twenty-one weeks while the CD+DVD edition peaked at the 86th position and charted for seventeen weeks.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Ai Otsuka

CD
| No. | Title | Arranger(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Momo no Hanabira (桃ノ花ビラ; *Peach Flower Petals*)" | Ai×Ikoman | 4:55 |
| 2. | "Himawari (向日葵; *Sunflower*)" | Ai×Ikoman | 4:32 |
| 3. | "Momo no Hanabira (桃ノ花ビラ; *Peach Flower Petals*)" (Instrumental) | Ai×Ikoman | 4:55 |
| 4. | "Himawari (向日葵; *Sunflower*)" (Instrumental) | Ai×Ikoman | 4:31 |
| Total length: | | | 18:54 |

DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Momo no Hanabira (桃ノ花ビラ; *Peach Flower Petals*)" (Music video) |  |
| 2. | "Momo no Hanabira (桃ノ花ビラ; *Peach Flower Petals*)" (Making of Clip) |  |

## Sales

* Initial week (est.): 6,848 (CD); 760 (CD+DVD)
* Total (est.): 31,091 (CD); 13,731 (CD+DVD); 44,822 (all)

## InfoBox

| "Momo no Hanabira" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Ai Otsuka | |
| from the album  *Love Punch* | |
| Released | September 10, 2003 CD
October 1, 2003 CD+DVD |
| Recorded | 2003 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 18:54 CD |
| Label | Avex Trax
AVCD-30525 (Japan, CD)
AVCD-30528 (Japan, CD+DVD) |
| Songwriter(s) | Ai Otsuka |
| Ai Otsuka singles chronology | |
| "**Momo no Hanabira**"
(2003) "Sakuranbo"
(2003) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| The CD and DVD Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Momodani Dam

abstract: Momodani Dam is a gravity dam located in Tottori prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control. The catchment area of the dam is 2.5 km⁲. The dam impounds about 5 ha of land when full and can store 280 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1969 and completed in 1973.

text:
# Momodani Dam

**Momodani Dam** is a gravity dam located in Tottori prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control. The catchment area of the dam is 2.5 km2. The dam impounds about 5 ha of land when full and can store 280 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1969 and completed in 1973.

## InfoBox

| Momodani Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Momodani Dam in Japan | |
| Location | Tottori Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°30′38″N 134°16′25″E / 35.51056°N 134.27361°E / 35.51056; 134.27361 |
| Construction began | 1969 |
| Opening date | 1973 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 18m |
| Length | 79m |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 280 thousand cubic meters |
| Catchment area | 2.5 sq. km |
| Surface area | 5 hectares |


title: Godas

abstract: Godas was a Gothic nobleman of the Vandal kingdom in North Africa. King Gelimer of the Vandals made him governor of the Vandalic province of Sardinia, but Godas stopped forwarding the taxes he collected and declared himself ruler of Sardinia. In 533, he began communicating with Justinian I, Byzantine emperor, as an independent sovereign, clearly with the intent of creating his own principality out of the island of Sardinia. In reaction, Gelimer sent a large army composed of most of the available army in Africa to Sardinia under his brother Tzazo to put down the rebellion. According to Procopius, Tzazo landed at Cagliari and immediately captured the city, killing Godas and the soldiers with him. A military expedition sent to support him by Justinian failed to reach Godas in time. Godas' revolt proved fatal to the Vandal kingdom; for while Tzazo was away with the bulk of the Vandal forces, a Byzantine army commanded by Belisarius landed unopposed near Caputvada with the intention of restoring North Africa to the Byzantine Empire. Belisarius then defeated the remaining Vandal troops and captured Carthage before Gelimer summoned Tzazo back home.

text:
# Godas

**Godas** (died 533) was a Gothic nobleman of the Vandal kingdom in North Africa. King Gelimer of the Vandals made him governor of the Vandalic province of Sardinia, but Godas stopped forwarding the taxes he collected and declared himself ruler of Sardinia.

In 533, he began communicating with Justinian I, Byzantine emperor, as an independent sovereign, clearly with the intent of creating his own principality out of the island of Sardinia. In reaction, Gelimer sent a large army composed of most of the available army in Africa to Sardinia under his brother Tzazo to put down the rebellion. According to Procopius, Tzazo landed at Cagliari and immediately captured the city, killing Godas and the soldiers with him. A military expedition sent to support him by Justinian failed to reach Godas in time.

Godas' revolt proved fatal to the Vandal kingdom; for while Tzazo was away with the bulk of the Vandal forces, a Byzantine army commanded by Belisarius landed unopposed near Caputvada with the intention of restoring North Africa to the Byzantine Empire. Belisarius then defeated the remaining Vandal troops and captured Carthage before Gelimer summoned Tzazo back home.

## Bibliography

* Onnis, Omar; Mureddu, Manuelle (2019). *Illustres. Vita, morte e miracoli di quaranta personalità sarde* (in Italian). Sestu: Domus de Janas. ISBN 978-88-97084-90-7. OCLC 1124656644.


title: Mongolia at the 2008 Asian Beach Games

abstract: Mongolia competed at the 2008 Asian Beach Games held in Bali, Indonesia from October 18, 2008, to October 26, 2008. Mongolia finished with 1 gold medal.

text:
# Mongolia at the 2008 Asian Beach Games

**Mongolia** competed at the **2008 Asian Beach Games** held in Bali, Indonesia from October 18, 2008, to October 26, 2008. Mongolia finished with 1 gold medal.

## InfoBox

| Mongolia at the
2008 Asian Beach Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | MGL |
| NOC | Mongolian National Olympic Committee |
| in Bali | |
| Medals
Ranked 19th | Gold 1 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| Asian Beach Games appearances | |
|  | |


title: Mons Hansteen

abstract: Mons Hansteen is a mountain on the Moon, also known as Hansteen Alpha (α), named after Christopher Hansteen. It is roughly triangular in shape and occupies an area about 30 km across on the western margin of Oceanus Procellarum, southeast of the crater Hansteen and north of the dark-floored crater Billy. It is thought to be an extrusion of volcanic material that is younger than the crater Hansteen, with most of surface volcanic ash been deposited 3.5-3.74 billion years ago. The Mons Hansteen belongs to rare class of non-mare moon volcanoes.

text:
# Mons Hansteen

**Mons Hansteen** is a mountain on the Moon, also known as Hansteen Alpha (α), named after Christopher Hansteen. It is roughly triangular in shape and occupies an area about 30 km across on the western margin of Oceanus Procellarum, southeast of the crater Hansteen and north of the dark-floored crater Billy. It is thought to be an extrusion of volcanic material that is younger than the crater Hansteen, with most of surface volcanic ash been deposited 3.5-3.74 billion years ago.

The Mons Hansteen belongs to rare class of non-mare moon volcanoes.

## Composition

The extruded material is significantly enriched in silica, and strongly depleted in iron and titanium oxides compared to surrounding mare terrain. Initially, it was believed its lavas are not as evolved as in Compton–Belkovich Thorium Anomaly, but by 2004 the low thorium enrichment signal was attributed to small size of volcanic complex, making it composition compatible with highly processed silicic lavas. By 2013, a patchy deposits of magnesium spinel were detected in the central and western parts of the volcanic dome. The spinel-rich areas are associated with boulder fields, and fringed by areas showing a sign of hydration, with 4-8% of mineral by weight been hydroxylated.

The average bulk density of material in Mons Hansteen is extremely low, been equal only to 1500–2000 kg/m3.

## InfoBox

| Mons Hansteen | |
| --- | --- |
| Lunar Orbiter 4 image | |
| Highest point | |
| Listing | Lunar mountains |
| Coordinates | 12°06′S 50°00′W / 12.1°S 50.0°W / -12.1; -50.0 |
| Naming | |
| English translation | Hansteen mountain |
| Language of name | Latin |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Near side of the Moon |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Lunar dome |


title: Godlevo

abstract:
Godlevo is a village in Razlog Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria.
Godlevo is 12 kilometers from Bansko, 6 kilometers from Pirin Golf Country Club, 10 kilometers from Semkovo, and 140 kilometers from Sofia. Godlevo has its own stadium with capacity for 2000 people.

text:
# Godlevo

**Godlevo** is a village in Razlog Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria. Godlevo is 12 kilometers from Bansko, 6 kilometers from Pirin Golf Country Club, 10 kilometers from Semkovo (ski center), and 140 kilometers from Sofia. Godlevo has its own stadium with capacity for 2000 people.

## Hotels

Godlevo has three hotels: Pripetzite, K2 Hotel| and Assen House.

## InfoBox

| Godlevo Godlevo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Godlevo | |
| Coordinates: 41°56′N 23°29′E / 41.933°N 23.483°E / 41.933; 23.483 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Blagoevgrad Province |
| Municipality | Razlog Municipality |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 500 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Monte Bue

abstract: Mount Bue is a mountain in the Ligurian Apennines that is part of the Maggiorasca mountain group, located on the watershed between the Aveto, Ceno and Nure valleys, on the border between the metropolitan city of Genoa and the provinces of Parma and Piacenza, between the municipalities of Santo Stefano d'Aveto, Bedonia and Ferriere. It is the second highest peak in the Ligurian Apennines, after nearby Mount Maggiorasca and the highest peak in the province of Piacenza. The Ligurian side falls within the territory of the Aveto Natural Regional Park, while the Emilian side falls within the SCI Monte Nero, Monte Maggiorasca, La Ciapa Liscia.

text:
# Monte Bue

**Mount Bue** is a mountain in the Ligurian Apennines that is part of the Maggiorasca mountain group, located on the watershed between the Aveto, Ceno and Nure valleys, on the border between the metropolitan city of Genoa and the provinces of Parma and Piacenza, between the municipalities of Santo Stefano d'Aveto, Bedonia and Ferriere. It is the second highest peak in the Ligurian Apennines, after nearby Mount Maggiorasca and the highest peak in the province of Piacenza.

The Ligurian side falls within the territory of the Aveto Natural Regional Park, while the Emilian side falls within the SCI Monte Nero, Monte Maggiorasca, La Ciapa Liscia.

## History

In the 1960s, a cable car capable of connecting Rocca d'Aveto, a hamlet of Santo Stefano d'Aveto, with the summit of the mountain was built on the Aveto side of the mountain, with an intermediate station at Prato della Cipolla. The lift was inaugurated in the winter of 1965, in the presence of Interior Minister Paolo Emilio Taviani. With the construction of the ski lifts, a mountain hut was also built on the summit for the reception and overnight stay of tourists. On the Parma side of the mountain, on the other hand, a ski lift was built to access the summit from Prato Grande dell'Anzola.

The lift remained in operation until 1993 when, after a series of snowless winters starting in 1988, the Val d'Aveto Spa company, operator of the lifts, went bankrupt causing its closure, which also affected the refuge.

In the summer of 2008, the Austrian company Doppelmayr began work on the construction of a two-seater chairlift from Rocca d'Aveto to Prato Cipolla. Once the work was completed, the chairlift was inaugurated the following December 26. The same company was later responsible for the construction of the second section of the chairlift, from Prato della Cipolla to the top of the mountain, which was inaugurated on October 9, 2010. Following the reactivation of the lifts up to the summit, the hut located at the top of the mountain was also reopened in 2011.

## Description

Mount Bue, located north of Mount Maggiorasca, from which it is separated by the Colletta Pass, is characterized by a vaguely pyramidal shape and a grassy summit. It is composed of resurfaced ophiolitic sandstones that are the origin of the mountain's smoother shapes compared to the neighboring mountain peaks generated by outcrops of basalts and peridotites.

The summit of Mount Bue is the point where the ridge dividing the Aveto valley from the Ceno valley splits, giving rise to the Nure valley.

On the slopes of the mountain, in the municipality of Ferriere, there is the Sacchi bivouac and the short Mazzocchi ferrata, while in the municipality of Santo Stefano d'Aveto there is a refuge at Prato della Cipolla.

## Tourism

On the Aveto side there is a ski resort, called Santo Stefano Ski Area with a ski lift, two chairlifts and a treadmill in service of the school camp where people can learn to ski. The area also includes a ring for cross-country skiing.

In summer, the area is popular for hiking and rock climbing, with the crags of Rocca del Prete, Mt. Maggiorasca, Waiting for Fred, and Dente delle Ali; these crags are characterized by the presence of often quite crumbly ophiolite.

1. "Comune di Ferriere". Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
2. Giacomo Campodonico (9 October 2010). "Santo Stefano, Ferriere e Bedonia alleati". *Il Secolo XIX*.
3. "Monte Bue". Retrieved 8 September 2019.
4. "Monte Maggiorasca 1804 m- Monte Bue 1781 m - Monte Nero 1752 m". Retrieved 8 September 2019.
5. "IT4010003 - ZSC- Monte Nero, Monte Maggiorasca, La Ciapa Liscia". Retrieved 8 September 2019.
6. "La storia". Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
7. "Info". Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
8. Fabio Guidoni (22 May 2010). "Monte Bue, un piano da 12 milioni". *Il Secolo XIX*.
9. "Santo Stefano d'Aveto riapre agli sciatori". *Il Secolo XIX* (in Italian). 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
10. "Inaugurata la nuova seggiovia, rimasta ferma per il maltempo". *Radio Aldebaran*. 27 December 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
11. "Rifugio Monte Bue". Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
12. "Bivacco Sacchi". Retrieved 8 September 2019.
13. "Ferrata Mazzocchi". Retrieved 19 August 2023.
14. "Inverno". Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
15. "Arrampicata: Rocca del Prete". 28 July 2010. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2019.

## Bibliography

Cartography * Carta escursionistica *Appennino Piacentino 2 - Val Trebbia e Val Nure*, Infocartografica SCN e CAI Piacenza, scala 1:25.000, edizione 2021

## InfoBox

| Monte Bue | |
| --- | --- |
| The summit | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,774.98 m (5,823.4 ft) |
| Prominence | 66 m (217 ft) |
| Isolation | 0.6 km (0.37 mi) |
| Coordinates | 44°33′21″N 9°29′34″E / 44.555945°N 9.492715°E / 44.555945; 9.492715 |
| Geography | |
| Monte BueLocation in the Apennines | |
| Country | Italy |
| Province | Genoa
Parma

Piacenza |
| Region | Liguria
Emilia-Romagna |
| Parent range | Ligurian Apennines |


title: Monohansett Island

abstract: Monohansett Island is one of the Elizabeth Islands between Cedar Island and Naushon Island. It is located in Dukes County, Massachusetts, just east of Naushon Island and 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Woods Hole in the Town of Gosnold. The name is of Indian origin that goes back to the close of the seventeenth century.

text:
# Monohansett Island

**Monohansett Island** is one of the Elizabeth Islands between Cedar Island and Naushon Island. It is located in Dukes County, Massachusetts, just east of Naushon Island and 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Woods Hole in the Town of Gosnold. The name is of Indian origin that goes back to the close of the seventeenth century.

## InfoBox

Monohansett Island
| Monohansett IslandMonohansett Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 41°30′14″N 70°42′11″W / 41.504°N 70.703°W / 41.504; -70.703 |
| Archipelago | Elizabeth Islands |
| Total islands | 1 |
| Highest elevation | 7 ft (2.1 m) |
| Administration | |
| **United States** | |
| State | Massachusetts |
| County | Dukes County |


title: Gojmanovac

abstract: Gojmanovac is a village in the municipality of Svrljig, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 194 people.

text:
# Gojmanovac

**Gojmanovac**  is a village in the municipality of Svrljig, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 194 people.

43°28′51″N 21°55′36″E / 43.48083°N 21.92667°E / 43.48083; 21.92667

## InfoBox

| Gojmanovac | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Gojmanovac | |
| Coordinates: 43°28′51″N 21°55′36″E / 43.48083°N 21.92667°E / 43.48083; 21.92667 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Nišava District |
| Municipality | Svrljig |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 94 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge

abstract: Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge is a railway bridge built in 1879, crossing the River Wear at Sunderland and Monkwearmouth. The bridge lies adjacent to and upstream of the Wearmouth Road Bridge. Originally built as part of the Monkwearmouth Junction Line, it provided the first direct railway link between Newcastle and Sunderland. The bridge is now used by Tyne and Wear Metro and Durham Coast Line services.

text:
# Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge

**Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge** (officially **Monkwearmouth Bridge**, also called **Wearmouth Railway Bridge** or **Sunderland Railway Bridge**) is a railway bridge built in 1879, crossing the River Wear at Sunderland and Monkwearmouth. The bridge lies adjacent to and upstream of the Wearmouth Road Bridge.

Originally built as part of the Monkwearmouth Junction Line, it provided the first direct railway link between Newcastle and Sunderland. The bridge is now used by Tyne and Wear Metro and Durham Coast Line services.

## History and design

The bridge was built as part of the infrastructure for the Monkwearmouth Junction Line, which opened in 1879; a connecting line across the River Wear to link line of the former Brandling Junction Railway at Monkwearmouth to the south bank at Sunderland and the line of the former Durham and Sunderland Railway.

The bridge was designed by T. E. Harrison: it consisted of a 300 ft (91 m) main span, an iron bowstring bridge, constructed from box girders connected by what would later be considered a Vierendeel truss with curved corner strengthening to create elliptical voids in the bracing. Harrison's design pre-dates Vierendeel's theoretical analysis of these structures by around 20 years. The iron bridge was supported 86 ft (26 m) above high water level on the Wear. At either end of the bridge were three 25 ft (7.6 m) span masonry arches. Hawks, Crawshay and Sons built the ironwork, John Waddell was contractor for the stonework. At the time of its construction it was claimed to be the largest hogsback iron bridge in the world.

The structure was grade II listed in 1978, planning consent was required for alterations to the structure *circa* 2000 for works relating to Metro construction: for the installation of overhead line electrification; and for the construction of a station (St Peter's Metro station), constructed on the northern approach viaduct of the bridge. In 2007 the bridge underwent repairs and strengthening, including the installation of 45 new transverse beams.

### Use

The bridge and railway allowed trains to run directly from Newcastle to Hartlepool, by creating a through line from Newcastle to Sunderland.

Since 2002, the bridge has also carried the Tyne and Wear Metro. It is part of the modern (2012) Durham Coast Line.

## InfoBox

| Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Monkwearmouth Bridge (left), Wearmouth Bridge (right), 2006 | |
| Coordinates | 54°54′33″N 1°22′59″W / 54.9093°N 1.3831°W / 54.9093; -1.3831 (Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge) |
| OS grid reference | NZ396573 |
| Carries |  |
| Crosses | River Wear |
| Locale | Wearside |
| Official name | Monkwearmouth Bridge |
| Other name(s) | * Wearmouth Railway Bridge * Sunderland Railway Bridge |
| Owner | Network Rail |
| Maintained by | Network Rail |
| Heritage status | Grade II listed |
| Network Rail Bridge ID | LEN3-260 |
| Preceded by | Queen Alexandra Bridge |
| Followed by | Wearmouth Bridge |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Vierendeel truss bowstring arch |
| Material | Wrought iron |
| Longest span | 300 ft (91 m) |
| Clearance below | 86 ft (26 m) |
| Rail characteristics | |
| No. of tracks | 2 |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) |
| Electrified | 1500V DC |
| History | |
| Designer | Thomas Elliot Harrison |
| Constructed by | Hawks, Crawshay and Sons |
| Fabrication by | John Waddell & Sons |
| Opened | 1879 (1879) |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Monkton Wildcats

abstract: The Monkton Wildcats were a senior hockey team based in Monkton, Ontario, Canada. They played in the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League, and closed prior to the 2014-15 hockey season.

text:
# Monkton Wildcats

The **Monkton Wildcats** were a senior hockey team based in Monkton, Ontario, Canada. They played in the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League, and closed prior to the 2014-15 hockey season.

## Championships

The Monkton Wildcats won the 1999-2000 Senior "A" championship, and were also Intermediate "B" champions in 1987-88, however they failed to capture the WOAA Grand Championship that year.

## 2006–07 Wildcats season

Monkton, coming off an 8-17-0 season in 2005-06, slipped a little bit, going 7-17-0, and finishing in eighth place in the South Division. The Wildcats were given a bit of a scare in their opening playoff round against the Thedford Dirty Dogs before winning the series two games to one. The Wildcats opened the series with a close 6-5 victory, before Thedford turned the tables in game two and won 2-1, the first ever victory for the Dirty Dogs franchise (they had gone 0-23-1 in the regular season), before Monkton closed the series off with another hard-fought victory, winning by a score of 3-2.

The Wildcats would go on to face the Durham Thundercats in the "A" quarter-finals, and the teams would split the first four games, with both of Monkton's wins coming in overtime. Durham would then play a very tight defensive game, holding Monkton to one goal in the final two games, to eliminate the Wildcats from post-season play.

## 2007–08 Wildcats season

The Wildcats would have their best season since 2003-04, as the team had a record of 10-15-1, earning 21 points, however, they would remain in eighth place in the South Division.

Monkton would face off against the Wingham Bulls in a best of three qualifying series, with the winner advancing to the WOAA "A" playoffs. The Wildcats would easily win the series opener, defeating the Bulls 10-5, and then complete the series sweep with a close 7-6 win in the second game.

The Wildcats would face the Palmerston 81's in the "A" quarter-finals, and Monkton would surprise Palmerston by winning the series opener 4-3 in OT, followed by a solid 2-1 win in the second game to take a 2-0 series lead. Palmerston stormed back, winning the next two games to even the series up, however, Monkton would once again take the series lead with a 4-0 shutout in the fifth game. The Wildcats were unable to close out the series in the sixth game, as Palmerston won by a 4-3 score, and the 81's would complete the comeback, defeating Monkton in the seventh and final game 5-4, eliminating Monkton from the playoffs.

## 2008–09 Wildcats season

Monkton would once again improve in the regular season, as they finished at the .500 level for the first time in over ten years, as the Wildcats had a record of 9-9-2, earning 20 points, and seventh place in the WOAA South Division.

The Wildcats would open the playoffs against the Lucan-Ilderton Jets, who finished in second place in the South Division. The winner of the best of seven series would advance to the "AA" playoffs. The Jets opened the series up with a 4-1 win, however, Monkton evened the series up in the second game, defeating Lucan-Ilderton 3-1. The Wildcats took the series lead in the third game, stunning the Jets with a 5-4 overtime win in Lucan. Monkton stayed hot in the fourth game, shutting out Lucan-Ilderton 1-0 to take a 3-1 series lead. The Wildcats were able to complete the upset, defeating Lucan-Ilderton 4-2 in the fifth game, and advance to the "AA" playoffs. Monkton will face the Petrolia Squires in the "AA" quarter-finals.

## Season-by-season record

***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T= Tie, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

| Season | GP | W | L | T | OTL | GF | GA | PTS | Finish | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998-99 | 24 | 3 | 21 | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | 7 | 11th WOAA Sr |  |
| 1999-00 | 25 | 8 | 15 | 1 | 1 | -- | -- | 18 | 11th WOAA Sr | "A" Champions |
| 2000-01 | 25 | 3 | 17 | 4 | 1 | -- | -- | 11 | 7th WOAA South |  |
| 2001-02 | 24 | 1 | 21 | 1 | 1 | 46 | 146 | 4 | 7th WOAA South |  |
| 2002-03 | 25 | 9 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 97 | 115 | 19 | 10th WOAA Sr |  |
| 2003-04 | 24 | 10 | 11 | 1 | 2 | 82 | 102 | 23 | 9th WOAA Sr |  |
| 2004-05 | 25 | 6 | 14 | 2 | 3 | 87 | 116 | 17 | 13th WOAA Sr |  |
| 2005-06 | 25 | 8 | 17 | - | 0 | 83 | 131 | 16 | 11th WOAA Sr | Lost "A" Final |
| 2006-07 | 24 | 7 | 17 | - | 0 | 99 | 136 | 14 | 8th WOAA South | Lost "A" QF |
| 2007-08 | 26 | 10 | 15 | - | 1 | 107 | 111 | 21 | 8th WOAA South | Lost "A" QF |
| 2008-09 | 20 | 9 | 9 | - | 2 | 92 | 88 | 20 | 7th WOAA South | Lost "AA" QF |
| 2009-10 | 20 | 14 | 5 | - | 1 | 80 | 60 | 29 | 3rd WOAA South | Lost "AA" QF |
| 2010-11 | 26 | 20 | 3 | - | 3 | 125 | 62 | 43 | 2nd WOAA South | Lost "AA" Final |
| 2011-12 | 24 | 8 | 16 | - | 0 | 69 | 86 | 16 | 7th WOAA South |  |
| 2012-13 | 24 | 10 | 11 | - | 3 | 91 | 83 | 23 | 7th WOAA South |  |
| 2013-14 | 24 | 9 | 9 | - | 6 | 82 | 108 | 24 | 6th WOAA South | Lost Div. Quarter-final |

## InfoBox

| Monkton Wildcats | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Monkton, Ontario |
| League | WOAA Senior Hockey League |
| Division | South |
| Folded | 2014 |
| Home arena | Elma-Logan Arena |
| Colours | Blue, Orange, and White |


title: Godunov's theorem

abstract: In numerical analysis and computational fluid dynamics, Godunov's theorem — also known as Godunov's order barrier theorem — is a mathematical theorem important in the development of the theory of high-resolution schemes for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. The theorem states that: Professor Sergei Godunov originally proved the theorem as a Ph.D. student at Moscow State University. It is his most influential work in the area of applied and numerical mathematics and has had a major impact on science and engineering, particularly in the development of methods used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and other computational fields. One of his major contributions was to prove the theorem, that bears his name.

text:
# Godunov's theorem

In numerical analysis and computational fluid dynamics, **Godunov's theorem** — also known as **Godunov's order barrier theorem** — is a mathematical theorem important in the development of the theory of high-resolution schemes for the numerical solution of partial differential equations.

The theorem states that:

*Linear numerical schemes for solving partial differential equations (PDE's), having the property of not generating new extrema (monotone scheme), can be at most first-order accurate.*

Professor Sergei Godunov originally proved the theorem as a Ph.D. student at Moscow State University. It is his most influential work in the area of applied and numerical mathematics and has had a major impact on science and engineering, particularly in the development of methods used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and other computational fields. One of his major contributions was to prove the theorem (Godunov, 1954; Godunov, 1959), that bears his name.

## The theorem

We generally follow Wesseling (2001).

**Aside**

Assume a continuum problem described by a PDE is to be computed using a numerical scheme based upon a uniform computational grid and a one-step, constant step-size, *M* grid point, integration algorithm, either implicit or explicit. Then if $x\_{j}=j\\,\Delta x$ and $t^{n}=n\\,\Delta t$, such a scheme can be described by

In other words, the solution $\varphi \_{j}^{n+1}$ at time $n+1$ and location $j$ is a linear function of the solution at the previous time step $n$. We assume that $\beta \_{m}$ determines $\varphi \_{j}^{n+1}$ uniquely. Now, since the above equation represents a linear relationship between $\varphi \_{j}^{n}$ and $\varphi \_{j}^{n+1}$ we can perform a linear transformation to obtain the following equivalent form,

**Theorem 1:** *Monotonicity preserving*

The above scheme of equation (2) is monotonicity preserving if and only if

*Proof* \- Godunov (1959)

**Case 1: (sufficient condition)**

Assume (3) applies and that $\varphi \_{j}^{n}$ is monotonically increasing with $j$.

Then, because $\varphi \_{j}^{n}\leq \varphi \_{j+1}^{n}\leq \cdots \leq \varphi \_{j+m}^{n}$ it therefore follows that $\varphi \_{j}^{n+1}\leq \varphi \_{j+1}^{n+1}\leq \cdots \leq \varphi \_{j+m}^{n+1}$ because

This means that monotonicity is preserved for this case.

**Case 2: (necessary condition)**

We prove the necessary condition by contradiction. Assume that $\gamma \_{p}^{}\<0$ for some $p$ and choose the following monotonically increasing $\varphi \_{j}^{n}\\,$,

Then from equation (2) we get

Now choose $j=k-p$, to give

which implies that $\varphi \_{j}^{n+1}$ is **NOT** increasing, and we have a contradiction. Thus, monotonicity is **NOT** preserved for $\gamma \_{p}\<0$, which completes the proof.

**Theorem 2:** *Godunov’s Order Barrier Theorem*

Linear one-step second-order accurate numerical schemes for the convection equation

cannot be monotonicity preserving unless

where $\sigma $ is the signed Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition (CFL) number.

*Proof* \- Godunov (1959)

Assume a numerical scheme of the form described by equation (2) and choose

The exact solution is

If we assume the scheme to be at least second-order accurate, it should produce the following solution exactly

Substituting into equation (2) gives:

Suppose that the scheme **IS** monotonicity preserving, then according to the theorem 1 above, $\gamma \_{m}\geq 0$.

Now, it is clear from equation (15) that

Assume $\sigma \>0,\quad \sigma \notin \mathbb {N} $ and choose $j$ such that $j\>\sigma \>\left(j-1\right)$. This implies that $\left({j-\sigma }\right)\>0$ and $\left({j-\sigma -1}\right)\<0$.

It therefore follows that,

which contradicts equation (16) and completes the proof.

The exceptional situation whereby $\sigma =\left|c\right|{{\Delta t} \over {\Delta x}\in \mathbb {N} }$ is only of theoretical interest, since this cannot be realised with variable coefficients. Also, integer CFL numbers greater than unity would not be feasible for practical problems.

* Godunov, Sergei K. (1954), *Ph.D. Dissertation: Different Methods for Shock Waves*, Moscow State University.
* Godunov, Sergei K. (1959), A Difference Scheme for Numerical Solution of Discontinuous Solution of Hydrodynamic Equations, *Mat. Sbornik, 47, 271-306*, translated US Joint Publ. Res. Service, JPRS 7226, 1969.
* Wesseling, Pieter (2001). *Principles of Computational Fluid Dynamics*. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9783540678533. OCLC 44972030.

## Further reading


title: Monneba

abstract: Monneba, also spelled Moneba and other ways, was a local Duala leader on the Cameroon coast in the 1630s. Dutch sources from the 1660s say that Monneba ran a trading post on the Cameroons River at the present location of Douala. His people dealt primarily in ivory, with some slaves. Modern scholars equate Monneba with a Duala ruler named Mulobe a Ewale or Mulabe a Ewale. Assuming this is true, he is the earliest Duala leader of whom we have corroboration in written sources. It is quite possible that Monneba/Mulobe was the ruler who set into motion the transformation of the Duala into a trading people and the most influential ethnic group in early Cameroonian history.

text:
# Monneba

**Monneba**, also spelled **Moneba** and other ways, (fl. c. 1630) was a local Duala leader on the Cameroon coast in the 1630s. Dutch sources from the 1660s say that Monneba ran a trading post on the Cameroons River (the Wouri) at the present location of Douala. His people dealt primarily in ivory, with some slaves. Modern scholars equate Monneba with a Duala ruler named **Mulobe a Ewale** or **Mulabe a Ewale**. Assuming this is true, he is the earliest Duala leader of whom we have corroboration in written sources. It is quite possible that Monneba/Mulobe was the ruler who set into motion the transformation of the Duala into a trading people and the most influential ethnic group in early Cameroonian history.

## Monneba in European sources

Dutch sources from the early 17th century provide some insight into nascent European trade on the Cameroons River (Wouri) at the present site of Douala. Arnout Leers, probably drawing from writings by Samuel Blommaert in the 1630s, is the first writer to mention Monneba:

> There is little \[to pay\] at *Rio Cameronis* so the following should be noted, otherwise the Negros will make demands as unreasonable as they usually do. When you are in the river off the village, which is four \[Dutch\] miles up, in order to trade, the chief (*oppersten*) *Monneba* comes on board. You give him one iron bar and two copper bars. He is satisfied with this—if you want to give more you can.

Euro-Cameroon trade was in its infancy, and these customs duties indicate that Monneba's trading post was of lesser import than that of a leader called Samson (probably an Ibibio) on the Rio del Rey farther north. Rulers farther south in Gaboon (Gabon) received even more custom.

Dutch maps from the 1650s clearly label Monneba's Village (*Monna Baes dorp*  \[*sic*\]), located on the site of Belltown in Douala. The maps also place Monneba's name on the Dibamba River, which is called Monneba's Creek or Channel (*Monnebasa Gat*).

O. Dapper writing in 1668 (also drawing from Blommaert) explains that by that date Samson had been driven out by "those of Ambo" (Ambas Bay) and Monneba had become the lead trader in the region:

> . . . \[They are\] under a headman (*Opper-hooft*) called Monneba, who is taken to be the strongest of the princes round about. The village where the headman has his residence, lies upon a height, which has a very tidy cover of natural vegetation, and it is taken to be the pleasantest spot in the whole bight.

Dapper also describes Monneba's people:

> On the north bank of the river Kamarones live very many people, called *Kalbanges*, who wage war against those above (*tegen tie van bovenen*), there the trade takes place. These *Kalbangen* are subject to a head (*Opperhooft*) named *Monneba*.

By this time, Dutch trade on the Guinea coast had been regularised, and ships carried detailed instructions for reaching the various trading posts, including Monneba's Village. Nevertheless, trade remained minimal and infrequent.

As late as 1739, letters and ships' logs show that Dutch merchants on the Cameroon coast were trading almost solely with the Duala in their settlement on the Wouri, which they still referred to as "Monneba's Village". Trade was mostly in ivory, with some slaves. Monneba himself was still thought to be the ruler there, as Bardot wrote in 1732 (probably using Dapper as the source): "The lands opposite to the latter places, on the north of Rio Camerones, are inhabited by the Calbonges, . . . governed by a chief of their own tribe, called by them Moneba . . . ." Not until King Joss in the late 1780s do European sources name another ruler from the Douala area.

## Connection with Mulobe a Ewale

Edwin Ardener equates Monneba with the Duala leader referred to in traditional genealogies as Mulobe a Ewale or Mulabe a Ewale. This individual is placed one generation after Ewale a Mbedi, the eponymous father of the Duala people. Later academics Austen and Derrick accept the Monneba/Mulabe connection as "very reasonable".

There is no doubt that Monneba's Village is in fact Douala. The location on Dutch maps is clearly on the Wouri River at about the location of Belltown, one of the various townships that made up Douala in the precolonial period. Leers and Blommaert give examples of the language spoken by Monneba and his people, and it is obviously that of the Duala. The connection also makes temporal sense. If one starts from the first incontestable Duala leaders known from modern sources and traces their purported genealogy back allowing 25 years for each generation, Mulobe seems to have lived at the same time Dutch sources first mention Monneba.

* Ardener, Edwin (1996). *Kingdom on Mount Cameroon: Studies in the History of the Cameroon Coast, 1500–1970*. New York: Bergahn Books.
* Ardener, Edwin, and Ardener, Shirley (1996). "Preliminary chronological notes for the Cameroon coast". *Kingdom on Mount Cameroon: Studies in the History of the Cameroon Coast, 1500–1970*. New York: Bergahn Books.
* Austen, Ralph A., and Derrick, Jonathan (1999): *Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: The Duala and their Hinterland, c. 1600–c.1960*. Cambridge University Press.


title: Monterosso Grana

abstract: Monterosso Grana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Cuneo. Monterosso Grana borders the following municipalities: Castelmagno, Demonte, Dronero, Montemale di Cuneo, Pradleves, Rittana, Valgrana, and Valloriate.

text:
# Monterosso Grana

**Monterosso Grana** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Cuneo.

Monterosso Grana borders the following municipalities: Castelmagno, Demonte, Dronero, Montemale di Cuneo, Pradleves, Rittana, Valgrana, and Valloriate.

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.

## InfoBox

| Monterosso Grana | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Monterosso Grana | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Monterosso Grana | |
| Monterosso GranaLocation of Monterosso Grana in ItalyMonterosso GranaMonterosso Grana (Piedmont) | |
| Coordinates: 44°25′N 7°19′E / 44.417°N 7.317°E / 44.417; 7.317 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Piedmont |
| Province | Cuneo (CN) |
| *Frazioni* | Armandi Ollasca, Colletto, Comba, Endrio, Gallo, Partia, Quagna, Russa, Serredellamendia |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Mauro Martini |
| Area | |
| Total | 42.22 km2 (16.30 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 720 m (2,360 ft) |
| Population (1-1-2018) | |
| Total | 527 |
| Density | 12/km2 (32/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Monterossese(i) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 12020 |
| Dialing code | 0171 |
| Patron saint | St. James |


title: Ng Gim Choo

abstract: Ng Gim Choo is the Founder and Chairwoman of EtonHouse International Education Group. Before setting up The EtonHouse Group, she was an auditor at Ernst and Young. When Ng was living in the UK, she was inspired by her experience as a parent of inquiry-based preschools in London, where she saw how happy, engaged and stimulated her children were at school. Ng ventured into the education sector and started the first EtonHouse school at Broadrick Road in 1995. Since then, EtonHouse has evolved into an international education group that offers primary, secondary and high school programmes. Today, EtonHouse has 130 schools spread across 11 countries. Together these schools provide education to over 20,000 children globally.

text:
# Ng Gim Choo

**Ng Gim Choo** is the Founder and Chairwoman of EtonHouse International Education Group. Before setting up The EtonHouse Group, she was an auditor at Ernst and Young. When Ng was living in the UK, she was inspired by her experience as a parent of inquiry-based preschools in London, where she saw how happy, engaged and stimulated her children were at school. Ng ventured into the education sector and started the first EtonHouse school at Broadrick Road in 1995. Since then, EtonHouse has evolved into an international education group that offers primary, secondary and high school programmes. Today, EtonHouse has 130 schools spread across 11 countries. Together these schools provide education to over 20,000 children globally.

## Awards and recognition

Ng was awarded the Woman of Benevolence (ai xin shi zhe) by Suzhou City in China in March 2004 for her significant contributions towards helping the community and promoting cultural practices. In recognition of her work and contribution towards raising the standards of international education in Singapore, Ng was the first Singaporean woman to be awarded the Freedom of the City of London in 2009. Ng was nominated by two former Mayors of London, Sir David Brewer and Sir Clive Martin. In September 2011, she received the Jiangsu Friendship Award. In 2013, she received the 'Foreign Friend' award from the Mayor of Yiwu in China. In 2019, she won the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year Award in the Education category. In 2021, she is one of three Singaporean women to be featured in Forbes 2021 Asia’s Power Businesswomen List. Ng was also named as Her World's Women of the Year 2022 and Tatler Asia’s Most Influential 2022. In 2023, she is featured in the Forbes 50 over 50 list.


title: European Cross Country Championships

abstract: The European Cross Country Championships is an annual international cross country running competition. Organised by the European Athletic Association, it is the area championships for the region and is held in December each year. The championships was inaugurated in 1994 in Alnwick and the venue for the championships changes each year. Unlike the World Championships for the sport, the European Cross Country Championships consists of six races in age categories, with separate senior, under-23, and junior races for both men and women. There are individual and national team medals awarded in each race. In the team competition, the top three from a team of up to six are scored.

text:
# European Cross Country Championships

The **European Cross Country Championships** is an annual international cross country running competition. Organised by the European Athletic Association, it is the area championships for the region and is held in December each year. The championships was inaugurated in 1994 in Alnwick and the venue for the championships changes each year.

Unlike the World Championships for the sport, the European Cross Country Championships consists of six races in age categories, with separate senior, under-23, and junior races for both men and women. There are individual and national team medals awarded in each race. In the team competition, the top three from a team of up to six are scored.

## History

The first edition of the competition featured only senior races and 180 athletes took part. Men's and women's junior (under-20) races were introduced at the third edition in 1996 and under-23 races were added to the programme in 2006.

## Editions

Source:

| # | Year | Host | Dates | Venue | Races
Events | Countries | Athletes\[nb\] | Events |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Senior** | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 1994 | Alnwick,  United Kingdom | 10 December |  | 2/4 | 23 | 180 | 4 |
| 2 | 1995 | Alnwick,  United Kingdom | 2 December |  | 2/4 | 23 | 186 | 4 |
| 3 | 1996 | Charleroi,  Belgium | 15 December |  | 2/4 | 25 | 175 | 4 |
| **Senior + U20** | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | 1997 | Oeiras,  Portugal | 14 December |  | 4/8 | 26 | 138 | 8 |
| 5 | 1998 | Ferrara,  Italy | 13 December |  | 4/8 | 26 | 139 | 8 |
| 6 | 1999 | Velenje,  Slovenia | 12 December |  | 4/8 | 27 | 141 | 8 |
| 7 | 2000 | Malmö,  Sweden | 10 December |  | 4/8 | 31 | 150 | 8 |
| 8 | 2001 | Thun,   Switzerland | 9 December |  | 4/8 | 27 | 155 | 8 |
| 9 | 2002 | Medulin,  Croatia | 8 December |  | 4/8 | 27 | 157 | 8 |
| 10 | 2003 | Edinburgh,  United Kingdom | 14 December |  | 4/8 | 27 | 135 | 8 |
| 11 | 2004 | Heringsdorf,  Germany | 12 December |  | 4/8 | 27 | 165 | 8 |
| 12 | 2005 | Tilburg,  Netherlands | 11 December |  | 4/8 | 27 | 164 | 8 |
| **Senior + U23 + U20** | | | | | | | | |
| 13 | 2006 | San Giorgio su Legnano,  Italy | 10 December |  | 6/12 | 21 | 125 | 12 |
| 14 | 2007 | Toro,  Spain | 9 December |  | 6/12 | 26 | 103 | 12 |
| 15 | 2008 | Brussels,  Belgium | 14 December | Laeken Park | 6/12 | 33 | 142 | 12 |
| 16 | 2009 | Dublin,  Ireland | 13 December | Santry Demesne | 6/12 | 30 | 116 | 12 |
| 17 | 2010 | Albufeira,  Portugal | 12 December | Açoteias Cross Country Course | 6/12 | 34 | 123 | 12 |
| 18 | 2011 | Velenje,  Slovenia | 11 December |  | 6/12 | 33 | 130 | 12 |
| 19 | 2012 | Szentendre,  Hungary | 9 December |  | 6/12 | 35 | 146 | 12 |
| 20 | 2013 | Belgrade,  Serbia | 8 December |  | 6/12 | 36 | 155 | 12 |
| 21 | 2014 | Samokov,  Bulgaria | 14 December | Borovets | 6/12 | 35 | 137 | 12 |
| 22 | 2015 | Hyères-Toulon,  France | 13 December | Hippodrome de Hyères | 6/12 | 32 | 147 | 12 |
| 23 | 2016 | Chia,  Italy | 11 December |  | 6/12 |  | 153 | 12 |
| **Senior + U23 + U20 + Mixed Relay** | | | | | | | | |
| 24 | 2017 | Šamorín,  Slovakia | 10 December | Šamorín x-bionic® sphere | 7/13 | 37 | 157 | 13 |
| 25 | 2018 | Tilburg,  Netherlands | 9 December |  | 7/13 | 38 | 555 | 13 |
| 26 | 2019 | Lisbon,  Portugal | 8 December |  | 7/13 | 40 | 606 | 13 |
|  | ~~2020~~ | Dublin,  Ireland | 13 December | *Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.* | | | | |
| 27 | 2021 | Dublin,  Ireland | 12 December | National Sports Campus | 7/13 | 37 | 606 | 13 |
| 28 | 2022 | Turin,  Italy | 11 December | La Mandria Park | 7/13 | 40 | 623 | 13 |
| 29 | 2023 | Brussels,  Belgium | 10 December | Laeken Park | 7/13 |  |  | 13 |
| 30 | *2024* | Antalya,  Turkey | 8 December |  | 7/13 |  |  |
| 31 | *2025* | Lagoa,  Portugal | 14 December |  | 7/13 |  |  |
| 32 | *2026* | TBA | 13 December |  | 7/13 |  |  |
| 33 | *2027* | TBA | 12 December |  | 7/13 |  |  |

* **nb**  Country and athlete figures for senior races only

## Medals (1994-2023)

Source:

Consist of all individual and team events in senior, U23 and U20.

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Great Britain (GBR) | 83 | 58 | 48 | 189 |
| 2 | France (FRA) | 35 | 35 | 36 | 106 |
| 3 | Spain (ESP) | 23 | 34 | 27 | 84 |
| 4 | Turkey (TUR) | 22 | 11 | 15 | 48 |
| 5 | Portugal (POR) | 19 | 20 | 20 | 59 |
| 6 | Russia (RUS) | 17 | 24 | 16 | 57 |
| 7 | Italy (ITA) | 15 | 12 | 15 | 42 |
| 8 | Norway (NOR) | 14 | 9 | 9 | 32 |
| 9 | Ukraine (UKR) | 11 | 3 | 7 | 21 |
| 10 | Germany (GER) | 9 | 15 | 23 | 47 |
| 11 | Netherlands (NED) | 8 | 7 | 5 | 20 |
| 12 | Belgium (BEL) | 7 | 9 | 10 | 26 |
| | Ireland (IRL) | 7 | 9 | 10 | 26 |
| 14 | Denmark (DEN) | 5 | 2 | 2 | 9 |
| 15 | Hungary (HUN) | 5 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 16 | Romania (ROU) | 4 | 11 | 12 | 27 |
| 17 | Poland (POL) | 3 | 5 | 5 | 13 |
| 18 | Sweden (SWE) | 1 | 6 | 10 | 17 |
| 19 | Serbia (SRB) | 1 | 5 | 6 | 12 |
| 20 | Switzerland (SUI) | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 |
| 21 | Finland (FIN) | 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
| 22 | Yugoslavia (YUG) | 1 | 2 | 6 | 9 |
| 23 | Slovenia (SLO) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 24 | Latvia (LAT) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 25 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 26 | Belarus (BLR) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 27 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 28 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 29 | Israel (ISR) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 30 | Luxembourg (LUX) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (30 entries) | | 294 | 294 | 294 | 882 |

## Senior

### Individual

| Year | Men's senior race | Women's senior race |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | Paulo Guerra (POR) | Catherina McKiernan (IRL) |
| 1995 | Paulo Guerra (POR) | Annemari Sandell (FIN) |
| 1996 | Jon Brown (GBR) | Sara Wedlund (SWE) |
| 1997 | Carsten Jørgensen (DEN) | Joalsiae Llado (FRA) |
| 1998 | Serhiy Lebid (UKR) | Paula Radcliffe (GBR) |
| 1999 | Paulo Guerra (POR) | Anita Weyermann (SUI) |
| 2000 | Paulo Guerra (POR) | Katalin Szentgyörgyi (HUN) |
| 2001 | Serhiy Lebid (UKR) | Yamna Belkacem (FRA) |
| 2002 | Serhiy Lebid (UKR) | Helena Javornik (SLO) |
| 2003 | Serhiy Lebid (UKR) | Paula Radcliffe (GBR) |
| 2004 | Serhiy Lebid (UKR) | Hayley Yelling (GBR) |
| 2005 | Serhiy Lebid (UKR) | Lornah Kiplagat (NED) |
| 2006 | Mo Farah (GBR) | Tetyana Holovchenko (UKR) |
| 2007 | Serhiy Lebid (UKR) | Marta Domínguez (ESP) |
| 2008 | Serhiy Lebid (UKR) | Hilda Kibet (NED) |
| 2009 | Alemayehu Bezabeh (ESP) | Hayley Yelling (GBR) |
| 2010 | Serhiy Lebid (UKR) | Jessica Augusto (POR) |
| 2011 | Atelaw Yeshetela (BEL) | Fionnuala Britton (IRL) |
| 2012 | Andrea Lalli (ITA) | Fionnuala Britton (IRL) |
| 2013 | Alemayehu Bezabeh (ESP) | Sophie Duarte (FRA) |
| 2014 | Polat Kemboi Arikan (TUR) | Gemma Steel (GBR) |
| 2015 | Ali Kaya (TUR) | Sifan Hassan (NED) |
| 2016 | Aras Kaya (TUR) | Yasemin Can (TUR) |
| 2017 | Kaan Kigen Özbilen (TUR) | Yasemin Can (TUR) |
| 2018 | Filip Ingebrigtsen (NOR) | Yasemin Can (TUR) |
| 2019 | Robel Fsiha (SWE) | Yasemin Can (TUR) |
| 2021 | Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR) | Karoline Grøvdal (NOR) |
| 2022 | Jakob Ingebrigtsen (NOR) | Karoline Grøvdal (NOR) |
| 2023 | Yann Schrub (FRA) | Karoline Grøvdal (NOR) |

### Medal table

Updated after 2019, including the team rankings for each category and the mixed relay.

| # | Country |  |  |  | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Great Britain | 19 | 21 | 15 | 55 |
| **2** | Portugal | 16 | 16 | 16 | 48 |
| **3** | Spain | 14 | 19 | 18 | 51 |
| **4** | France | 13 | 15 | 14 | 42 |
| **5** | Turkey | 13 | 7 | 4 | 24 |
| **6** | Ukraine | 10 | 1 | 3 | 14 |
| **7** | Ireland | 4 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| **8** | Netherlands | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| **9** | Russia | 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
| **10** | Italy | 2 | 2 | 7 | 11 |
| **11** | Sweden | 1 | 4 | 4 | 9 |
| **12** | Romania | 1 | 6 | 3 | 10 |
| **13** | Belgium | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 |
| **14** | Norway | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
| **15** | Finland | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| **16** | Switzerland | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| **17** | Hungary | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| **18** | Denmark | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Slovenia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| **20** | Germany | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| **21** | Belarus | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Poland | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| **23** | Czech Republic | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| **24** | Serbia | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| **Total (24 nations)** | | **107** | **107** | **107** | **321** |

## Under 23

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Great Britain | 17 | 11 | 12 | 40 |
| 2 | France | 11 | 5 | 7 | 23 |
| 3 | Russia | 5 | 9 | 5 | 19 |
| 4 | Turkey | 4 | 0 | 4 | 8 |
| 5 | Belgium | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 |
| 6 | Netherlands | 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
| 7 | Germany | 2 | 7 | 5 | 14 |
| 8 | Italy | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 |
| 9 | Norway | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 10 | Denmark | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 11 | Spain | 1 | 5 | 3 | 9 |
| 12 | Poland | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 13 | Ireland | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 14 | Hungary | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Romania | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 16 | Serbia | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 17 | Bulgaria | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 18 | Ukraine | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 19 | Portugal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Sweden | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (20 entries) | | 56 | 56 | 56 | 168 |

Source: it:Campionati europei di corsa campestre#Under 23

## Under 20

### Men

| Edition | Individual | | | Team | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997 | Gert-Jan Liefers | Günther Weidlinger | Mustafa Mohamed | Spain | Portugal | Romania |
| 1998 | Yousef El Nasri | Ovidiu Tat | Gareth Turnbull | Spain | United Kingdom | Romania |
| 1999 | Hans Janssens | Guillaume Eraud | Turo Inkiläinen | United Kingdom | France | Ireland |
| 2000 | Wolfram Müller | Christopher Thompson | Martin Pröll | Portugal | United Kingdom | France |
| 2001 | Vasyl Matviychuk | Mo Farah | Stefano Scaini | United Kingdom | Portugal | France |
| 2002 | Yevgeniy Rybakov | Anatoliy Rybakov | Halil Akkaş | Russia | France | Italy |
| 2003 | Yevgeniy Rybakov | Anatoliy Rybakov | Aleksey Reunkov | Russia | Romania | Spain |
| 2004 | Barnabás Bene | Yevgeniy Rybakov | Anatoliy Rybakov | Russia | Ireland | United Kingdom |
| 2005 | Barnabás Bene | Andrew Vernon | Dušan Markešević | Poland | United Kingdom | Romania |
| 2006 | Andrea Lalli | Siarhei Chebiarak | Ciprian Suhanea | Italy | Spain | France |
| 2007 | Mourad Amdouni | Florian Carvalho | Dmytro Lashyn | France | United Kingdom | Germany |
| 2008 | Florian Carvalho | Sondre Nordstad Moen | Hassan Chahdi | France | Norway | United Kingdom |
| 2009 | Jeroen D'Hoedt | Nick Goolab | James Wilkinson | United Kingdom | France | Norway |
| 2010 | Abdelaziz Merzougui | Nemanja Cerovac | Rui Pinto | United Kingdom | Portugal | Russia |
| 2011 | Ilgizar Safiullin | Richard Goodman | Vladimir Nikitin | United Kingdom | Russia | France |
| 2012 | Szymon Kulka | Mitko Tsenov | Kieran Clements | Russia | France | United Kingdom |
| 2013 | Ali Kaya | Isaac Kimeli | Mikhail Strelkov | France | Russia | Italy |
| 2014 | Yemaneberhan Crippa | Carlos Mayo | Said Ettaqy | Italy | Spain | Turkey |
| 2015 | Yemaneberhan Crippa | Fabien Palcau | El Madhi Lahoufi | France | Italy | United Kingdom |
| 2016 | Jakob Ingebrigtsen | Yohanes Chiappinelli | Mahamed Mahamed | France | Spain | United Kingdom |
| 2017 | Jakob Ingebrigtsen | Ramazan Barbaros | Louis Gilavert | Spain | France | Turkey |
| 2018 | Jakob Ingebrigtsen | Ouassim Oumaiz | Elzan Bibić | Norway | United Kingdom | Germany |
| 2019 | Jakob Ingebrigtsen | Ayetullah Aslanhan | Efrem Gidey | United Kingdom | Norway | Portugal |
| 2020 | *Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | | | | |

### Women

| Edition | Individual | | | Team | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997 | Sonja Stolić | Monica Rosa | Judith Heise | Germany | Serbia and Montenegro | United Kingdom |
| 1998 | Katalin Szentgyörgyi | Inês Monteiro | Sonja Stolić | Turkey | Belgium | Romania |
| 1999 | Inês Monteiro | Nicola Spirig | Ane Marie Moutsinga | Turkey | Portugal | Belgium |
| 2000 | Jessica Augusto | Nicola Spirig | Elvan Can | United Kingdom | Turkey | Sweden |
| 2001 | Elvan Abeylegesse | Tatyana Chulakh | Snezana Kostić | Russia | United Kingdom | Turkey |
| 2002 | Charlotte Dale | Elina Lindgren | Galina Yegorova | United Kingdom | Russia | Belgium |
| 2003 | Inna Poluškina | Snežana Kostić | Charlotte Dale | United Kingdom | Russia | Germany |
| 2004 | Binnaz Uslu | Ancuţa Bobocel | Marta Romo | Romania | United Kingdom | Russia |
| 2005 | Ancuţa Bobocel | Emily Pidgeon | Susan Kuijken | United Kingdom | Romania | Russia |
| 2006 | Stephanie Twell | Karoline Bjerkeli Grovdal | Ancuţa Bobocel | United Kingdom | Russia | Romania |
| 2007 | Stephanie Twell | Danuta Urbanik | Charlotte Purdue | United Kingdom | Russia | Ukraine |
| 2008 | Stephanie Twell | Charlotte Purdue | Lauren Howarth | United Kingdom | Ukraine | Russia |
| 2009 | Karoline Grøvdal | Gulshat Fazlitdinova | Kate Avery | Russia | United Kingdom | Germany |
| 2010 | Charlotte Purdue | Amela Terzić | Emelia Gorecka | United Kingdom | Germany | Romania |
| 2011 | Emelia Gorecka | Ioana Doaga | Amela Terzić | United Kingdom | Russia | Germany |
| 2012 | Amela Terzić | Emelia Gorecka | Maya Rehberg | United Kingdom | Germany | Russia |
| 2013 | Emelia Gorecka | Sofia Ennaoui | Maruša Mišmaš | United Kingdom | Sweden | Germany |
| 2014 | Emine Hatun Tuna | Jessica Judd | Lydia Turner | United Kingdom | France | Germany |
| 2015 | Konstanze Klosterhalfen | Harriet Knowles-Jones | Alina Reh | Germany | United Kingdom | Denmark |
| 2016 | Konstanze Klosterhalfen | Anna Emilie Møller | Harriet Knowles-Jones | United Kingdom | Germany | Netherlands |
| 2017 | Harriet Knowles-Jones | Lili Tóth | Miriam Dattke | United Kingdom | Italy | Spain |
| 2018 | Nadia Battocletti | Delia Sclabas | İnci Kalkan | United Kingdom | Netherlands | Turkey |
| 2019 | Nadia Battocletti | Klara Lukan | Mariana Machado | United Kingdom | Italy | France |
| 2020 | *Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | | | | |

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Great Britain | 30 | 18 | 16 | 64 |
| 2 | Russia | 9 | 12 | 10 | 31 |
| 3 | France | 7 | 9 | 7 | 23 |
| 4 | Italy | 7 | 4 | 4 | 15 |
| 5 | Norway | 6 | 4 | 1 | 11 |
| 6 | Turkey | 6 | 3 | 7 | 16 |
| 7 | Spain | 5 | 5 | 4 | 14 |
| 8 | Germany | 5 | 3 | 11 | 19 |
| 9 | Portugal | 3 | 6 | 3 | 12 |
| 10 | Hungary | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 11 | Romania | 2 | 5 | 9 | 16 |
| 12 | Serbia | 2 | 4 | 5 | 11 |
| 13 | Belgium | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 14 | Poland | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 15 | Netherlands | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| | Ukraine | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 17 | Latvia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 18 | Switzerland | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 19 | Sweden | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 20 | Austria | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 21 | Ireland | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 22 | Denmark | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Finland | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Slovenia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 25 | Belarus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (25 entries) | | 92 | 92 | 92 | 276 |

## InfoBox

| European Cross Country Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Action from the men's race in 2010 | |
| Status | active |
| Genre | sports event |
| Date(s) | December |
| Frequency | annual |
| Location(s) | various |
| Inaugurated | 1994 (1994) |
| Organised by | EAA |


title: Jason Moss (musician)

abstract: Jason David Moss is an American musician, known for his work as the lead guitarist for the ska-swing band the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, of which he was a member from 1992 to 2010.

text:
# Jason Moss (musician)

**Jason David Moss** (born April 19, 1969) is an American musician, known for his work as the lead guitarist for the ska-swing band the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, of which he was a member from 1992 to 2010.

## Biography

### Early life

Born in Lawrence, Kansas, Moss grew up in Oregon following his family's relocation to Eugene in 1976. Influenced by hard rock and guitarists such as Jimmy Page and Ace Frehley, Moss taught himself guitar at age 14, and spent most of his early music career playing in various Eugene cover bands and a group called The Impostors. After his graduation from South Eugene High School in 1986, he left to study journalism at Western Washington University.

### Career

Following the departure of Cherry Poppin' Daddies guitarist John Fohl in 1992, the band placed an open ad seeking a replacement member. Already a fan of the regionally popular group, Moss responded and, after being hired on the spot by Daddies frontman Steve Perry, dropped out of school to tour with the group full-time. Moss played lead guitar on all of the Daddies' recordings from 1994's *Rapid City Muscle Car* to 2009's *Skaboy JFK* before leaving the band in March 2010 to resume his education. He has since performed with the band on few occasions, substituting for then-guitarist William Seiji Marsh for two concerts in Washington in February 2012, and playing alongside Marsh for *Zoot Suit Riot*, a live music and dance show created by the Eugene Ballet Company featuring the music of the Daddies, in April 2014.

Throughout his tenure with the Daddies, Moss alternated between a Gibson Les Paul, an Epiphone Broadway hollowbody and a Hamer Artist Mahogany, and most recently used Vox amplifiers.

Outside of the Daddies, Moss also played and recorded with the Eugene-based glam punk band White Hot Odyssey alongside Steve Perry and the hip hopjazz group Runaway Slave. In 2011, he relocated to the Bay Area, where he currently works as a guitar instructor and plays with the Los Altos classic and modern rock cover band The Megatones.

## Discography

### Cherry Poppin' Daddies

*See: Cherry Poppin' Daddies discography for complete list of recordings*

### White Hot Odyssey

## InfoBox

| Jason Moss | |
| --- | --- |
| Jason Moss playing with the Cherry Poppin' Daddies in 2007. | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1969-04-19) April 19, 1969<br>Lawrence, Kansas |
| Genres | Rock, swing, ska, hard rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Lead guitar |
| Years active | 1992–present |


title: Juan Rexach

abstract:
Juan Rexach, was a Spanish painter and miniaturist. His date of birth is not known. Most of his life is scarcely documented. He studied with Jacomart, in whose studio he worked, and after a period of time Rexach succeeded his master. He completed some altarpieces left incomplete by Jacomart, and worked with him on certain commissions, so sometimes attributions can be difficult. Rexach opted for large formats and monumental treatment of the figures. Rexach was an eminent painter in Valencia during the 15th century. Although his works are markedly Spanish, they also reflect influences of other European artistic style, especially Flanders. His famous painting, The Crucifixion, resembles the work of Gerard David. The architecture shown in the painting is northern. His other famous work, Madonna and Child Enthroned, was in vogue to the point of becoming a motif in Valencian art of his time. These two paintings were part of a larger retable. Among his works are the following altarpieces:
  - The Santa Ursula, from Cubells, now in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya. Signature appears at the feet of the saint
  - The Epiphany, from the Augustinian convent in Rubielos de Mora, also in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya
  - The San Martin, Segorbe Cathedral
  - The Crucifixion and the Virgin enthroned with Angels, in the Norton Simon Museum
  - The Annunciation, a diptych dated circa 1460, now in the Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts

text:
# Juan Rexach

**Juan Rexach**, (*fl.* 1431-1482) was a Spanish painter and miniaturist. His date of birth is not known.

Most of his life is scarcely documented. He studied with Jacomart, in whose studio he worked, and after a period of time Rexach succeeded his master. He completed some altarpieces left incomplete by Jacomart, and worked with him on certain commissions, so sometimes attributions can be difficult. Rexach opted for large formats and monumental treatment of the figures.

Rexach was an eminent painter in Valencia during the 15th century. Although his works are markedly Spanish, they also reflect influences of other European artistic style, especially Flanders. His famous painting, *The Crucifixion*, resembles the work of Gerard David. The architecture shown in the painting is northern. His other famous work, *Madonna and Child Enthroned*, was in vogue to the point of becoming a motif in Valencian art of his time. These two paintings were part of a larger retable.

Among his works are the following altarpieces:

* Azcárate Ristori, J. M., "15th-Century Gothic Painting", *Historia del arte* (*Art History*), Anaya, Madrid, 1986. ISBN 84-207-1408-9
* Monreal, L.,  *La pintura en los grandes museos* (*Paintings of the Great Museums*), vol. 1 Editorial Planeta, 1975. ISBN 84-320-0460-X (complete collection)