title: Italian Aerospace Research Centre

abstract: The Italian Aerospace Research Centre is a consortium established in July 1984 to promote the growth and success of the aerospace industry in Italy. The majority of CIRA share capital is held by government organizations: the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the National Research Council of Italy.

text:
# Italian Aerospace Research Centre

The **Italian Aerospace Research Centre** (Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali - **CIRA**) is a consortium established in July 1984 to promote the growth and success of the aerospace industry in Italy (its head-office is in Capua). The majority of CIRA share capital is held by government organizations: the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the National Research Council of Italy (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR).

## Spaceplane technology

CIRA is developing spaceplane technology using its facilities for numerical simulation and ground tests, and has flown its first transonic flight test of a "flying test-bed" (FTB) vehicle dropped from a high-altitude balloon. CIRA intends to develop FTB vehicles by 2012 that can perform atmospheric reentry from low Earth orbit, launched using the Vega space launch system. This is consistent with the Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV) plan of the European Space Agency.

Since 2005, CIRA is a partner of the Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change (CMCC).

41°07′16″N 14°10′50″E / 41.12111°N 14.18056°E / 41.12111; 14.18056


title: Rattler (disambiguation)

abstract: A rattler is a member in a group of venomous snakes. Rattler or rattlers may also refer to:

text:
# Rattler (disambiguation)

A **rattler** is a member in a group of venomous snakes.

**Rattler** or **rattlers** may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Rattler (comics), a fictional character from the Marvel Comics Universe
* *Rattler* (periodical), published by the Bus Preservation Society of Western Australia
* *Rattlers* (film), a 1976 horror film
* "The Rattler", a song by Scottish rock band Goodbye Mr. Mackenzie
* Iron Rattler, a wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio, Texas formerly known as *The Rattler*
* Rattlers are a type of Coin slab used in coin grading

## Sports

## People

## Other uses


title: Thomas Sexton (Irish politician)

abstract: Thomas Sexton (1848–1932) was an Irish journalist, financial expert, nationalist politician and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1880 to 1896, representing four different constituencies. He was High Sheriff of County Dublin in 1887 and Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1888 to 1890. Sexton was a high ranking member of the Irish Parliamentary Party, raised up by Charles Stewart Parnell himself. However, Sexton broke with Parnell and joined the Anti-Parnellites in 1891 following Parnell's marriage scandal. Sexton was disheartened by the subsequent infighting amongst the Anti-Parnellites and pulled back from politics. He thereafter became the chairman of the Freeman's Journal, one of the largest newspapers in Ireland.

text:
# Thomas Sexton (Irish politician)

**Thomas Sexton** (1848–1932) was an Irish journalist, financial expert, nationalist politician and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1880 to 1896, representing four different constituencies. He was High Sheriff of County Dublin in 1887 and Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1888 to 1890. Sexton was a high ranking member of the Irish Parliamentary Party, raised up by Charles Stewart Parnell himself. However, Sexton broke with Parnell and joined the Anti-Parnellites in 1891 following Parnell's marriage scandal. Sexton was disheartened by the subsequent infighting amongst the Anti-Parnellites and pulled back from politics. He thereafter became the chairman of the Freeman's Journal, one of the largest newspapers in Ireland.

## Early life

Sexton was born at Ballygannon, County Waterford, where he attended the local CBS school. Aged 12 he was the chosen from amongst several applicants to a position of clerk with the Waterford and Limerick Railway where he remained until 1867. Sexton took work from the *Waterford News* and other local papers; as well as forming a debating society. Moving to Dublin he joined *The Nation* newspaper becoming its leader-writer. In 1879 Sexton joined the Irish National Land League movement, and he became a member of the Parnellite Irish Parliamentary Party.

## Career

After being encouraged to run by Charles Stuart Parnell, Sexton was first elected MP for County Sligo in the 1880 general election, for South Sligo in the 1885 general election, then for Belfast West in the 1886 election and for North Kerry in the 1892 election. During his time as an MP, he was considered one of Parnell's principal lieutenants.

He was a cosigner of the *No Rent Manifesto* issued in 1881. He was regarded as one of the finest orators of the Irish Party, but handicapped by a querulous temperament. He was noted for once having spoken for 3 hours straight during an attempt by the Irish Parliamentary Party to block the government from introducing the Coercion Act.

In October 1881 Sexton was amongst those Irish Parliamentary Party MPs who were arrested and imprisoned alongside Parnell for "sabotaging the Land Act" through their activism with the Irish Land League. Following his early release on the grounds of ill health, Sexton was amongst those who signed the No Rent Manifesto, which called for a nationwide rent strike in Ireland intended to break the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881.

Sexton's victory in Belfast West in 1886 was considered an upset victory, with Joseph Devlin and his organisational skills being credited by some as the lynchpin behind it.

Sexton's speech on the second reading of the first home rule bill has been called Sexton's greatest triumph, with William Gladstone describing it as "the most eloquent he had heard in a generation."

In December 1887 Sexton received the freedom of Dublin.

Sexton was a member of Dublin Corporation between 1886 and 1892, and during that time he became Lord Mayor of Dublin between 1888 and 1890. During that reign, Sexton arranged a highly beneficial restructuring of the municipal debt.

### Anti-Parnellite

Sexton joined the likes of Justin McCarthy and John Dillon in the Anti-Parnell Irish National Federation party

Following the party split over Parnell's leadership, Sexton sided with John Dillon's anti-Parnellite faction. Sexton felt that Parnell had to step aside in order for the Irish to maintain their political alliance with William Gladstone's Liberal party, however, Parnell refused to do so. Sexton also came to write for the Anti-Parnellite paper the *National Press*, launched in March 1891. The *National Press* merged with the more well-known Freeman's Journal in March 1892 and Sexton served as the chairman of the newly merged board.

Sexton lost his seat in Belfast West in 1892 but won another seat in North Kerry in the same election. During this final run as an MP, Sexton was struck by the callousness of the in-fighting in the Irish National Federation between one faction supporting John Dillon and one supporting T. M. Healy. Sexton tried to remain above the disputes. In 1896, following the resignation of Justin McCarthy as leader of the Irish National Federation, Sexton was offered the role but instead not only opted to decline, but he also retired from parliamentary politics, disgusted at the bitter factionalism following the failure of the second Home Rule bill.

Sexton seemed to come to regret this decision and thereafter tried to use his role as Chairman of the Freeman's Journal to influence his former colleagues, leading Dillon to complain about Sexton in 1899. Sexton continued to be an issue following the reunification of the Irish Parliamentary Party under John Redmond in 1900. By 1903, Sexton's Freeman's Journal was staunchly critical of the party, particularly over the issue of a land purchase scheme introduced by George Wyndham. Sexton criticised the scheme as both too generous to landlords but also for seeming, to him, to have the objective of "killing home rule with kindness". After Wyndham's Land Act came into law, John Dillon joined Sexton in rejecting the policy of seeking further areas of ‘conciliation’ between the IPP and the landlords. "Conciliation" had been seen by William O'Brien, who negotiated the scheme, and others as the basis for future progress. Redmond, while sympathetic to ‘conciliation’, refused to dissociate himself from the views of Dillon, Sexton and the Freeman. Dillon would not risk splitting the party again and so the policy of ‘conciliation’ was effectively at a dead end, put down largely thanks to Sexton and the Freeman.

Sexton was a member of the Committee, chaired by Hugh Childers, to enquire into the financial relations between Great Britain and Ireland. In the report of the committee, published in 1896, he wrote a minority report showing that the tax burden on Ireland had been steadily increased throughout the nineteenth century, at the same time as its people were steadily impoverished.

He was hostile to the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 on financial grounds, and regarded by William O'Brien as one of the principal players involved in his subsequent marginalisations from the Irish Party. Sexton continued to be a leading ally of Dillon as chairman of the board of the *Freeman's Journal* from 1893 to 1911; however, his policy of cutting investments to maintain dividends led to the demise of the paper through William Martin Murphy's *Irish Independent*.

During Sexton's time as chairman of the Freeman's Journal, the paper began to suffer financially, struggling with competition from the *National Press* and from 1891 onwards, the pro-Parnall *Irish Daily Independent*. In the face of this competition, the Journal found it difficult to attract new investment and Sexton was unwilling to sell his shares in the paper for fear of losing control over it. In 1900 the *Irish Daily Independent* was purchased by William Martin Murphy and in 1905 transformed it into the Irish Independent, which sold at half the price of the Freeman's Journal and in a more popular format. The Freeman was unable to offer a response and began losing money. Sexton continued to try and hold on, but eventually the leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party stepped in and forced his resignation. The paper had to be subsidised by the party in the following years until it was shut down in 1918 following the Irish Parliamentary Party's catastrophic loss to Sinn Féin in the 1918 Irish general election.

## Later life

After retiring from the *Freeman's Journal* he became Chairman of Boland's Mill, and during World War I denounced wartime taxation and in 1918 endorsed Sinn Féin. At the end of his career he supported Fianna Fáil because it promised tariff protection for flour-milling.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Sexton | |
| --- | --- |
| Sexton, c. 1880s | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament | |
| **In office**
18801885 | |
| Preceded by | Denis Maurice O'Conor and Edward King-Harman |
| Succeeded by | Constituency divided |
| Constituency | County Sligo |
| **In office**
18851886 | |
| Preceded by | New Constituency |
| Succeeded by | Edward Joseph Kennedy |
| Constituency | South Sligo |
| **In office**
18861892 | |
| Preceded by | James Horner Haslett |
| Succeeded by | H. O. Arnold-Forster |
| Constituency | Belfast West |
| **In office**
1892–1896 | |
| Preceded by | John Stack |
| Succeeded by | Michael Joseph Flavin |
| Constituency | North Kerry |
| Lord Mayor of Dublin | |
| **In office**
1888–1890 | |
| Preceded by | Timothy Daniel Sullivan |
| Succeeded by | Edward Joseph Kennedy |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1848
Ballygannon, County Waterford, Ireland |
| Died | 1932 (aged 8384) |
| Political party | Irish Parliamentary Party (until 1891)
Irish National Federation (1891 to 1896) |
|  | |


title: National Center for Housing Management

abstract: The National Center for Housing Management, Inc. (NCHM) was created by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), George W. Romney, pursuant to an Executive Order of President Richard Nixon in 1972. The President took the action on the recommendation of a blue-ribbon task force of national housing leaders chaired by Carter L. Burgess, the then Chairman of the National Corporation of Housing Partnerships. The task force was made up of 13 members chosen by the President. The task force recognized that the country was in the process of greatly expanding its inventory of affordable housing but lacked the cadre of professional managers needed to successfully operate that inventory. President Nixon tasked NCHM with the mission of establishing industry standards for management and developing the training and other resources necessary to help achieve those standards. NCHM was established as a private, 501(c)(3) non-profit organization – not a federal agency – so that it would be free from political influence and able to establish meaningful and objective industry standards. NCHM's first president was Samuel J. Simmons. He served from 1972 to 1981. Simmons was previously Assistant Secretary for Equal Opportunity of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and Director of Field Operations for the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. After leaving NCHM he became the President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Caucus and Center on Black Aged, Inc. NCHM's current president, Paul R. Votto, was appointed to the position in February 2018. NCHM carries out its mission in three primary ways: professional training, certification, and direct technical assistance to both public and private housing organizations. Certifications offered by NCHM include: Certified Occupancy Specialist, Tax Credit Specialist, Blended Occupancy Specialist, Certified Manager of Housing, Certified Manager of Senior Housing, Certified Manager of Maintenance, Certified Financial Specialist, Registered Housing Manager, Fair Housing Specialist, HOME Compliance Specialist, Management and Occupancy Review Specialist, Enterprise Income Verification Specialist and Rural Housing Specialist. On March 19, 2019, NCHM launched the Veterans for Housing Initiative. The Initiative's mission is to recruit and train veterans of the US armed services for careers in housing management, with an emphasis on affordable housing. NCHM has pledged $1,000,000 in training and certification scholarships for veterans not currently employed in the housing industry. NCHM also is a financial contributor to the "Save the Soldiers Home" project on the grounds of the Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The overall project will eventually renovate and restore six historic buildings, some dating back to the 1860s. The restoration of the main building was completed in 2021 and resulted in the creation of 101 supportive housing units for veterans and their families who are either homeless or at risk of being homeless. The Milwaukee Soldiers Home is one of the three original Soldiers' Homes in the U.S. and was the result of one of the last pieces of legislation signed in 1865 by President Abraham Lincoln.

text:
# National Center for Housing Management

The **National Center for Housing Management, Inc.** (NCHM) was created by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), George W. Romney, pursuant to an Executive Order of President Richard Nixon in 1972. The President took the action on the recommendation of a blue-ribbon task force of national housing leaders chaired by Carter L. Burgess, the then Chairman of the National Corporation of Housing Partnerships (Executive Order No. 11668). The task force was made up of 13 members chosen by the President. The task force recognized that the country was in the process of greatly expanding its inventory of affordable housing but lacked the cadre of professional managers needed to successfully operate that inventory. President Nixon tasked NCHM with the mission of establishing industry standards for management and developing the training and other resources necessary to help achieve those standards.

NCHM was established as a private, 501(c)(3) non-profit organization – not a federal agency – so that it would be free from political influence and able to establish meaningful and objective industry standards.

NCHM's first president was Samuel J. Simmons. He served from 1972 to 1981. Simmons was previously Assistant Secretary for Equal Opportunity of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and Director of Field Operations for the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. After leaving NCHM he became the President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Caucus and Center on Black Aged, Inc. NCHM's current president, Paul R. Votto, was appointed to the position in February 2018.

NCHM carries out its mission in three primary ways: professional training, certification, and direct technical assistance to both public and private housing organizations. Certifications offered by NCHM include: Certified Occupancy Specialist, Tax Credit Specialist, Blended Occupancy Specialist, Certified Manager of Housing, Certified Manager of Senior Housing, Certified Manager of Maintenance, Certified Financial Specialist, Registered Housing Manager, Fair Housing Specialist, HOME Compliance Specialist, Management and Occupancy Review Specialist, Enterprise Income Verification Specialist and Rural Housing Specialist.

On March 19, 2019, NCHM launched the Veterans for Housing Initiative. The Initiative's mission is to recruit and train veterans of the US armed services for careers in housing management, with an emphasis on affordable housing. NCHM has pledged $1,000,000 in training and certification scholarships for veterans not currently employed in the housing industry.

NCHM also is a financial contributor to the "Save the Soldiers Home" project on the grounds of the Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The overall project will eventually renovate and restore six historic buildings, some dating back to the 1860s. The restoration of the main building was completed in 2021 and resulted in the creation of 101 supportive housing units for veterans and their families who are either homeless or at risk of being homeless. The Milwaukee Soldiers Home is one of the three original Soldiers' Homes in the U.S. and was the result of one of the last pieces of legislation signed in 1865 by President Abraham Lincoln.


title: Warszawa Służewiec railway station

abstract: Warszawa Służewiec is a railway stop in the city of Warsaw, Poland, on Marynarska Street, operated by the Polish State Railways. It is located at the railway line no. 8, which connects Warszawa Zachodnia and Kraków Główny railway stations. It operates lines of the Fast Urban Railway and Masovian Railways. The railway stop is located in the city district of Mokotów, within the City Information System of Służewiec, and the Municipal neighbourhood of Służewiec Południowy.

text:
# Warszawa Służewiec railway station

**Warszawa Służewiec** is a railway stop in the city of Warsaw, Poland, on Marynarska Street, operated by the Polish State Railways. It is located at the railway line no. 8, which connects Warszawa Zachodnia (Warsaw West) and Kraków Główny (Kraków Main) railway stations. It operates lines of the Fast Urban Railway and Masovian Railways.

The railway stop is located in the city district of Mokotów, within the City Information System of Służewiec, and the Municipal neighbourhood of Służewiec Południowy.

## History

The Warszawa Służewiec railway station was opened in 1962.

## Passengers

In 2021, it the railway stop was used by 657 000 passengers, with average number of passengers each day being 1 800.

## InfoBox

| Warszawa Służewiec | |
| --- | --- |
| The Warszawa Służewiec railway stop in 2018. | |
| General information | |
| Location | Mokotów, Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship<br>Poland |
| Coordinates | 52°10′49″N 20°59′13″E / 52.18028°N 20.98694°E / 52.18028; 20.98694 |
| Owned by | Polish State Railways |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Building: No |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station KM Following station  Warszawa Okęcietowards Góra Kalwaria or Skarżysko-Kamienna  R8  Warszawa Żwirki i Wigurytowards Warszawa Wschodnia  Warszawa Jeziorkitowards Radom  RE8Trains No. 12680/12681   Warszawa Okęcietowards Skarżysko-Kamienna  RE8Trains No. 12690/12691   Warszawa Okęcietowards Góra Kalwaria or Skarżysko-Kamienna  R8   Warsaw Chopin AirportTerminus  RL  Warszawa Żwirki i Wigurytowards Modlin  Preceding station  SKM Following station  Warsaw Chopin AirportTerminus  S2  Warszawa Żwirki i Wigurytowards Sulejówek Miłosna  S3  Warszawa Żwirki i Wigurytowards Legionowo Piaski or Radzymin  Warszawa Okęcietowards Piaseczno  S4  Warszawa Żwirki i Wigurytowards Zegrze Południowe  S40  Warszawa Żwirki i Wigurytowards Warszawa Rakowiec | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The Pacuí River is a river of Minas Gerais state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the São Francisco River.

text:
# Pacuí River (São Francisco River tributary)

The **Pacuí River** is a river of Minas Gerais state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the São Francisco River.

## InfoBox

| Pacuí River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Minas Gerais state |
|  | |
| Mouth | São Francisco River |
| coordinates | 16°45′S 45°1′W / 16.750°S 45.017°W / -16.750; -45.017 |


abstract: The Indonesia women's national under-16 basketball team is a national basketball team of Indonesia, administered by the Indonesian Basketball Association "PERBASI". It represents the country in international under-16 women's basketball competitions.

text:
# Indonesia women's national under-16 basketball team

The **Indonesia women's national under-16 basketball team** is a national basketball team of Indonesia, administered by the Indonesian Basketball Association "PERBASI".

It represents the country in international under-16 (under age 16) women's basketball competitions.

## InfoBox

Indonesia
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| FIBA zone | FIBA Asia |
| World Cup | |
| Appearances | None |
| Asian Championship | |
| Appearances | 2 (2013, 2015) |
| Medals | None |


title: Nigerian state governors 1999–2003 term

abstract:
The Nigerian Fourth Republic was initiated on 29 May 1999 after an orderly handover from the military regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, with an elected civilian governor for each state holding office for a four-year term. Lagos state: Senator Bola Ahmed Tinubu
Ogun state: Chief Olusegun Osoba
Oyo state: Alh Lam Adeshina Ekiti state: Adeniyi Adebayo(Executive Governor	May 29, 1999	May 29, 2003)
Ondo state : Adebayo Adefarati(Executive Governor	May 29, 1999	May 29, 2003
Kwara: Muhammad Lawal
Abia state:Orji Uzor Kalu Executive Governor	May 29, 1999	May 29, 2007

text:
# Nigerian state governors 1999–2003 term

The Nigerian Fourth Republic was initiated on 29 May 1999 after an orderly handover from the military regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, with an elected civilian governor for each state holding office for a four-year term.

Lagos state: Senator Bola Ahmed Tinubu (Executive Governor May 29, 1999 May 29, 2007) Ogun state: Chief Olusegun Osoba (Executive Governor May 29, 1999 May 29, 2003) Oyo state: Alh Lam Adeshina ( Executive Governor May 29, 1999 May 29, 2003)

Ekiti state: Adeniyi Adebayo(Executive Governor May 29, 1999 May 29, 2003) Ondo state : Adebayo Adefarati(Executive Governor May 29, 1999 May 29, 2003 Kwara: Muhammad Lawal(Executive Governor May 29, 1999 May 29, 2003) Abia state:Orji Uzor Kalu (OUK)Executive Governor May 29, 1999 May 29, 2007


title: Uropeltis maculata

abstract: Uropeltis maculata, also known commonly as the spotted earth snake and the spotted shieldtail, is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Uropeltidae. The species is endemic to southern India. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.

text:
# Uropeltis maculata

***Uropeltis maculata***, also known commonly as the **spotted earth snake** and the **spotted shieldtail**, is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Uropeltidae. The species is endemic to southern India. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.

## Geographic range

*U. maculata* is found in southern India in the Western Ghats: Anaimalai Hills and southern Kerala.

No type locality was given in the original description. Beddome (1886) gives "Anaimalai, higher ranges 6,000–7,000 ft (1,800–2,100 m) elevation.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of *U. maculata* are forest and grassland, but it has also been found in agricultural plantations.

## Description

*U. maculata* is dark brown or black both dorsally and ventrally, with several deep red blotches on the sides anteriorly, rarely along the full length of the body. It has similar deep red blotches about the tail.

Adults may attain a total length (including tail) of 38 cm (15 inches).

The dorsal scales are arranged in 17 rows at midbody (in 19 rows behind the head). The ventrals number 152–173, and the subcaudals number 8-13.

The snout is obtuse. The rostral is about 14 the length of the shielded part of the head. The portion of the rostral visible from above is as long as its distance from the frontal. The nasals are in contact with each other behind the rostral. The frontal is longer than broad. The eye is small, its diameter less than 12 the length of the ocular shield. The diameter of the body goes 27 to 40 times into the total length. The tail is rounded or slightly laterally compressed. The caudal dorsal scales are smooth, or a few of the terminal ones are faintly keeled. The terminal scute is very small, with two points.

## Reproduction

*U. maculata* is ovoviviparous.

## Further reading

* Beddome, R.H. (1878). "Descriptions of new Uropeltidæ from Southern India, with Remarks on some previously-described Species". *Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London* **1878** (1): 154–155. (*Silybura maculata*, new species, pp. 154–155).
* Beddome, R.H. (1886). "An Account of the Earth-Snakes of the Peninsula of India and Ceylon". *Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Fifth Series* **17**: 3–33. (*Silybura maculata*, p. 22).
* Boulenger, G.A. (1890). *The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.* London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (*Silybura maculata*, pp. 261–262).
* Sharma, R.C. (2003). *Handbook: Indian Snakes*. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India. 292 pp. ISBN 978-8181711694.
* Smith, M.A. (1943). *The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.* London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (*Uropeltis maculatus*, new combination, pp. 83–84).

## InfoBox

| *Uropeltis maculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Uropeltidae |
| Genus: | *Uropeltis* |
| Species: | ***U. maculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uropeltis maculata***
(Beddome, 1878) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Silybura maculata*
Beddome, 1878 * *Silybura maculata*
Boulenger, 1893 * *Uropeltis maculatus*
M.A. Smith, 1943 * *Uropeltis* (*Crealia*) *maculatus*
Mahendra, 1984 * *Uropeltis maculata*
Das, 1996 | |


title: Judith Potter

abstract: Dame Judith Marjorie Potter is a former High Court judge in New Zealand.

text:
# Judith Potter

**Dame Judith Marjorie Potter** DNZM CBE (born 23 August 1942) is a former High Court judge in New Zealand.

## Early life

Potter was born in the Auckland suburb of Mount Albert on 23 August 1942, the daughter of Winifred Marjorie Potter (née Hall) and Philip Ernest Potter, who served as mayor of Mount Roskill between 1950 and 1953. She spent much of her childhood in Mount Roskill and Epsom. She was educated at Epsom Girls' Grammar School, before studying at the University of Auckland from 1960 to 1964, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1965. In 1964, Potter joined the law firm Wallace, McLean, Bawden & Partners.

## Career

Potter became a senior partner at law firm, Kensington Swan. She is the former President of the Auckland District Law Society and was the first woman president of the New Zealand Law Society, holding the position from 1991 to 1994.

On 20 March 1997 Potter was appointed as a judge of the High Court of New Zealand Potter has presided over several high-profile cases in her 15 years on the bench. One such case which prompted a rebuke from the United Nations Human Rights Committee was the criminal conviction of twelve-year-old Emelysifa Jessop for aggravated robbery. In 1998, Potter convicted and sentenced the girl to 4 years. When this conviction was overturned on grounds the judge had convicted Miss Jessop despite her not entering a plea, Potter presided over the retrial and sentenced the girl to 4 years and eight months.

Her previous roles include director of the Electricity Corporation, a director of the New Zealand Guardian Trust Company, chairwoman of the Broadcasting Standards Authority and a member of the Securities Commission.

In 2000 Potter issued an influential ruling balancing the rights of those alleging harassment and the rights of freedom of expression in *Beadle v Allen*. In 2007 Potter jailed website editor Vince Siemer for his continual breaches of a High Court injunction. Potter has been criticised in the media for sentences which were considered excessively lenient.

On 31 December 2012 Potter retired from the bench in New Zealand and accepted an appointment to the High Court of the Cook Islands. Potter was the second woman to become a judge in the Cook Islands following Christine Grice.

## Honours

In 1990, Potter received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal, and in 1993 she was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal.

In the 1994 New Year Honours, Potter was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the legal profession, and became Judith Potter CBE. On 20 March 1997, on her appointment to the High Court of New Zealand, she became The Honourable Justice Judith Potter CBE. On 27 August 2012, Potter was granted the right to retain the title of "The Honourable" for life, in recognition of her service as a judge of the High Court of New Zealand.

In the 2013 New Year Honours, Potter was appointed a Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the judiciary, and became The Honourable Justice Dame Judith Potter DNZM CBE.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableDame Judith PotterDNZM CBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Potter in 2013 | |
|  | |
| Justice of the High Court | |
| **In office**
1997–2012 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1942-08-23) 23 August 1942
Auckland, New Zealand |
| Relatives | Philip Ernest Potter (father) |
| Alma mater | University of Auckland |
|  | |


title: Ida Orloff

abstract: Ida Orloff was a theater and silent film actress during the early 20th century. She was already "renowned for her performances of modern high literature at leading German theaters", according to historians Jennifer Kapczynski and Michael Richardson, before she starred in the classic Danish silent film Atlantis, which was based upon the 1912 novel by Gerhardt Hauptmann. It was discovered years later that Orloff had been a secret lover and an inspirational muse for Hauptmann. She met and began a relationship with him in 1905.

text:
# Ida Orloff

**Ida Orloff** (also written *Ida Orlov,* pseudonym of *Ida Siegler von Eberswald*; 16 February 1889  9 April 1945) was a theater and silent film actress during the early 20th century. She was already "renowned for her performances of modern high literature at leading German theaters", according to historians Jennifer Kapczynski and Michael Richardson, before she starred in the classic Danish silent film *Atlantis*, which was based upon the 1912 novel by Gerhardt Hauptmann. It was discovered years later that Orloff had been a secret lover and an inspirational muse for Hauptmann. She met and began a relationship with him in 1905.

## Life and career

Born on 16 February 1889 in St. Petersburg, Russia as Ida Margaretha Weißbeck, Ida Weißbeck was a daughter of Georg Weißbeck, a brewery manager who had emigrated from Prussia's province of Hesse to Russia. Following her father's death, circa 1895, she relocated with her two siblings and mother, a native of Heidelberg, Germany, to Germany and then to Vienna, Austria. After her mother remarried to Austrian army captain Heinrich von Siegler, Edler von Eberswald, Ida Weißbeck's name was changed to Ida Siegler von Eberswald. Educated initially in a convent, she pursued advanced training at Vienna's Ottosche Theaterschule following her stepfather's death.

She began her acting career in the world of theater, and ultimately adopted the stage name of Ida Orloff. In 1905, she met and began a relationship with novelist Gerhardt Hauptmann, ultimately becoming his muse. He frequently signed his letters to her as "Your Wann" in reference to a character in his work, *And Pippa Dances*. She last met Hauptmann in 1942, at a grand reception hosted by the government in honour of his 80th birthday.

On 9 April 1945, while the Battle of Vienna was raging only a few miles away, Ida Orloff committed suicide at her home in the suburb of Tullnerbach, fearing reports of widespread rape and looting by the advancing Soviet Army.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Ida Orloff | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Ida Margaretha Weissbeck
Ida Siegler von Eberswald
(1889-02-16)16 February 1889
St. Petersburg, Russian Empire |
| Died | 9 April 1945(1945-04-09) (aged 56)
Tullnerbach, Nazi Germany |
| Years active | 1905–1941 |


title: PX-1

abstract: PX-1 is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug.

text:
# PX-1

**PX-1** (also known as **5F-APP-PICA** and **SRF-30**) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug.

## Legality

Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying PX-1 as hazardous substance on November 10, 2014.

PX-1 is listed in the Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) and therefore illegal in Singapore as of May 2015.

## InfoBox

PX-1
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (*S*)-*N*-(1-amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1*H*-indole-3-carboxamide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C23H26FN3O2 |
| Molar mass | 395.478 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=C(N\[C@H\](C(N)=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1)C2=CN(CCCCCF)C3=C2C=CC=C3 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C23H26FN3O2/c24-13-7-2-8-14-27-16-19(18-11-5-6-12-21(18)27)23(29)26-20(22(25)28)15-17-9-3-1-4-10-17/h1,3-6,9-12,16,20H,2,7-8,13-15H2,(H2,25,28)(H,26,29)/t20-/m0/s1 * Key:DDVANTXQCRMRFF-FQEVSTJZSA-N | |


abstract: The National Center for Health Services Research was a United States government program tasked with conducting research into health services. It was established on July 23, 1974. It was transferred from the Heath Resources Administration to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare on December 2, 1977. It was renamed the National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment on October 30, 1984. The Center was terminated on December 19, 1989.

text:
# National Center for Health Services Research

The **National Center for Health Services Research** was a United States government program tasked with conducting research into health services.

It was established on July 23, 1974. It was transferred from the Heath Resources Administration to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare on December 2, 1977. It was renamed the National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment on October 30, 1984. The Center was terminated on December 19, 1989.


title: Warszawa Targówek railway station

abstract: Warszawa Targówek railway station is a railway station in the Praga-Północ district of Warsaw, Poland. As of 2022, it is used by Koleje Mazowieckie, which runs services to Modlin and Warszawa Centralna. The station was opened on 12 December 2021.

text:
# Warszawa Targówek railway station

**Warszawa Targówek railway station** is a railway station in the Praga-Północ district of Warsaw, Poland. As of 2022, it is used by Koleje Mazowieckie, which runs services to Modlin and Warszawa Centralna.

The station was opened on 12 December 2021.

Media related to Warszawa Targówek railway station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Warszawa Targówek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Praga-Północ, Warsaw<br>Poland |
| Coordinates | 52°15′50″N 21°03′14″E / 52.26389°N 21.05389°E / 52.26389; 21.05389 |
| Owned by | Polskie Koleje Państwowe S.A. |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Building: No |
| History | |
| Opened | 12 December 2021 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station KM Following station  Warszawa Wschodniatowards Warsaw Chopin Airport  RL  Warszawa Toruńskatowards Modlin | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Paladins in Troubled Times

abstract: Paladins in Troubled Times is a 2008 Chinese television series adapted from Liang Yusheng's novel Datang Youxia Zhuan. The series was produced by Zhang Jizhong, and starred Victor Huang, Shen Xiaohai, Sattawat Sethakorn, He Zhuoyan, Liu Tianyue and Lu Chen. It was first broadcast on CCTV in 2008.

text:
# Paladins in Troubled Times

***Paladins in Troubled Times*** is a 2008 Chinese television series adapted from Liang Yusheng's novel *Datang Youxia Zhuan*. The series was produced by Zhang Jizhong, and starred Victor Huang, Shen Xiaohai, Sattawat Sethakorn, He Zhuoyan, Liu Tianyue and Lu Chen. It was first broadcast on CCTV in 2008.

## Plot

The story is set in the Tianbao era during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang dynasty. Dou Lingkan, the leader of the Flying Tiger Mountain Gang, and his godson Tie Mole are passing through a small town when they are attracted by a commotion. They realise that Wang Longke, a servant of the warlord An Lushan, is planning to steal a letter from Guo Ziyi's messenger. Apparently, Guo Ziyi discovered An Lushan's plans to rebel against the imperial court and he wants to warn the emperor. Tie Mole saves the messenger and becomes involved in the politics of that era. He is joined by several righteous martial artists as they attempt to undermine An Lushan's rebellion.

## Cast

* Victor Huang as Tie Mole
* Shen Xiaohai as Wang Longke
* Sattawat Sethakorn as Kongkong'er / Duan Keye
* He Zhuoyan as Wang Yanyu / Shi Hongmei
* Liu Tianyue as Xia Lingshuang
* Lu Chen as Han Zhifen
* Wang Jiusheng as Jingjing'er
* Ba Yin as Yang Mulao / Tie Kunlun / Huangfu Song
* Tong Chun-chung as Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
* Wang Gang as Qin Xiang
* Chen Jiming as Duan Guizhang
* He Sirong as Dou Xianniang
* Tu Men as An Lushan
* Li Zefeng as An Qingxu
* Rocky Hou as An Qingzong
* Yang Niansheng as Han Zhan
* Zhang Baijun as Dou Lingkan
* Wang Jianguo as Guo Ziyi
* Hu Qingshi as Gao Lishi
* Liu Peizhong as Yang Guozhong
* Gao Yuan as Imperial Concubine Yang
* Jiang Hualin as Geshu Han
* Wang Yuzhi as Wang Yanyu's wet nurse
* Ren Baocheng as Du Qianyun
* Zhao Qiang as Zhang Xun
* Chen Panjing as Duan Fei
* Xi Xianfeng as Liu Da
* Zhang Hengping as Blacksmith
* Shi Tongcui as Blacksmith's wife
* Liu Bing as Liu'er
* Li Yuchen as Gou'er
* Zhang Xueying as Hua'er
* Cheng Hongjun as Shi Yiru
* Li Yuan as Mobei Heibao
* Xu Hongzhou as Cui Qianyou
* Song Songlin as Huobo Guiren
* Zhao Shuijin as Li Heng
* Gong Zhixi as Wang Botong
* Tian Yu as Madam Wang
* Tian Haipeng as Opera troupe master

## InfoBox

| *Paladins in Troubled Times* | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD box art | |
| Also known as | Wandering Tang Dynasty Swordsman
Legend of the Great Tang Dynasty Hero |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 大唐游俠傳 |
| Simplified Chinese | 大唐游侠传 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Dà Táng Yóuxiá Zhuàn |
|  | |
|  | |
| Genre | Wuxia |
| Based on | *Datang Youxia Zhuan*
by Liang Yusheng |
| Screenplay by | Liu Yi
Mo Mo |
| Directed by | Zhao Jian
Huang Kemin
Lin Feng |
| Starring | Victor Huang
Shen Xiaohai
Sattawat Sethakorn
He Zhuoyan
Liu Tianyue
Lu Chen |
| Theme music composer | Wu Shaoxiong |
| Ending theme | *Zhen Ai* (真爱) performed by Bo Wen |
| Country of origin | China |
| Original language | Mandarin |
| No. of episodes | 31 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Zhang Jizhong
Pu Shulin
Liu Yawen
Fan Xingchao |
| Production location | China |
| Running time | 45 minutes per episode |
| Original release | |
| Network | CCTV |
| Release | 24 July 2008 (2008-07-24) |


title: Indomitable

abstract: Indomitable may refer to:

text:
# Indomitable

**Indomitable** may refer to:

## Fauna

## Literature

* Early drafts of Herman Melville's novel *Billy Budd* had the ship HMS *Bellipotent* named as *Indomitable*
* "Indomitable" (short story), a short story by Terry Brooks, published in Robert Silverberg's *Legends II*, which serves as an epilogue to *The Wishsong of Shannara*
* *Indomitable Spirit*, a book authored by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

## Military

Two warships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS *Indomitable*:

## Sport

## Other uses


abstract: Gopal Krishna College of Engineering & Technology is an engineering and technology institute established in 1999. It is a unit of the IEM Society established by Gopal Krushna Nahak in 1989. GKCET is in Jeypore, Odisha, India. The campus is seven km (4.3 mi) from the main city. It is a campus of 72 acres (29 ha) on the outskirts of Jeypore. Gopal Krishna College of Engineering & Technology is a center for technical education in Odisha.

text:
# Gopal Krushna College of Engineering & Technology

**Gopal Krishna College of Engineering & Technology** (commonly known as **GKCET**) is an engineering and technology institute established in 1999. It is a unit of the IEM Society established by Gopal Krushna Nahak in 1989. GKCET is in Jeypore, Odisha, India. The campus is seven km (4.3 mi) from the main city. It is a campus of 72 acres (29 ha) on the outskirts of Jeypore.

Gopal Krishna College of Engineering & Technology is a center for technical education in Odisha.

## Courses offered

The institute offers the following B.Tech. courses:

| Course | Annual Intake |
| --- | --- |
| Civil Engineering | 60 |
| Electrical Engineering | 30 |
| Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering | 43 |
| Mechanical Engineering | 60 |

## Affiliation and accreditation

GKCET is affiliated to Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Odisha. It is approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi. It has been accredidated by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) since 2015. It is also certified by ISO 9001:2015 for maintaining quality measures.

## Organisation structure

| Name | Designation |
| --- | --- |
| Shri Gupta Prasad Dash | President |
| Smt. Karpura Nahak | Secretary & Director |
| Shri Padmanav Nahak | Director (Finance) |
| Shri Simanchal Nayak | Director (Public Relations) |
|

## Admission

Qualified candidates can apply for admission in any of the four-year B.Tech. (Bachelor of Technology) degree programs, as well as directly in second year (Lateral Entry) in B.Tech. Admissions are made through Odisha Joint Entrance Examination (OJEE) & JEE MAIN Entrance Examination.

## Infrastructure and Facilities

It has planned buildings, which includes multi-storeyed main building housing classrooms, laboratories, library, seminar hall, examination hall, offices, IT Lab, drawing hall, canteen, auditorium, etc. Separate hostel facility for boys and girls.

## Social Work

GKCET has two units of NSS & also has a registered Youth Red Cross Unit. The NSS units conduct various social awareness programmes & also conducts field visit to various villages and surrounding areas for supporting the environmental cause as well as supporting the people in their day-to-day life. The NSS also organises various programmes like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Earth Hour, Drug Free India, Gandhi GLobal Solar Yatra, Save Forests - Save Trees, One Student - One Tree Initiative etc. The Youth Red Cross Unit organises blood donation camps on various occasions.

## InfoBox

Gopal Krishna College of Engineering and Technology
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Other name | GKCET |
| Motto | "Knowledge is Power" |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1999 |
| Founder | Gopal Krushna Nahak |
| Location | Jeypore, Odisha, India<br>20°21′04″N 85°48′22″E / 20.3511°N 85.8061°E / 20.3511; 85.8061 |
| Campus | Rural |
| Affiliations | BPUT |
| Website | gkcet.in |


title: Julien Borowczyk

abstract: Julien Borowczyk is a French physician and politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who has been serving as a member of the French National Assembly from the 2017 elections to the 2022 ones, representing the department of Loire.

text:
# Julien Borowczyk

**Julien Borowczyk** (born 2 May 1979) is a French physician and politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who has been serving as a member of the French National Assembly from the 2017 elections to the 2022 ones, representing the department of Loire.

## Political career

In parliament, Borowczyk serves as member of the Committee on Social Affairs. In 2020, he also chaired a parliamentary inquiry into the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in France.

In addition to his committee assignments, Borowsczyk is part of the parliamentary friendship group with Madagascar.

In the 2022 French legislative election, he lost his seat to Republican Jean-Pierre Taite.

## Political positions

In July 2019, Borowczyk decided not to align with his parliamentary group's majority and became one of 52 LREM members who abstained from a vote on the French ratification of the European Union’s Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.

In a joint open letter with Bertrand Sorre and Grégory Galbadon which was published in *Le Point* in October 2019, Borowczyk defended the controversial decisions to have the 2019 World Athletics Championships and the 2022 FIFA World Cup take place in Qatar.

## InfoBox

| Julien Borowczyk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the National Assembly
for Loire's 6th constituency | |
| **In office**
21 June 2017  21 June 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Paul Salen |
| Succeeded by | Jean-Pierre Taite |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1979-05-02) 2 May 1979
Montbrison, France |
| Political party | La République En Marche! |
| Occupation | Physician |
|  | |


title: Ida Ougnidif

abstract: Ida Ougnidif is a small town and rural commune in Chtouka-Aït Baha Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 3151 people living in 864 households.

text:
# Ida Ougnidif

**Ida Ougnidif** is a small town and rural commune in Chtouka-Aït Baha Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 3151 people living in 864 households.

## InfoBox

| Ida Ougnidif ⵉⴷⴰ ⵡⴽⵏⵟⵉⴼ (Standard Moroccan Berber) <br>إداوكنظيف (Arabic) | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural commune and town | |
|  | |
| Ida OugnidifLocation in Morocco | |
| Coordinates: 29°51′42″N 9°00′28″W / 29.861667°N 9.007778°W / 29.861667; -9.007778 | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Souss-Massa-Drâa |
| Province | Chtouka-Aït Baha Province |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 3,151 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Pa (Indic)

abstract: Pa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter.

text:
# Pa (Indic)

**Pa** is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter  after having gone through the Gupta letter .

## Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of प are:

* \[\] = 21 (२१)
* पि \[\] = 2,100 (२ १००)
* पु \[\] = 210,000 (२ १० ०००)
* पृ \[pri\] = 21,000,000 (२ १० ०० ०००)
* पॢ \[plə\] = 21×108 (२१×१०)
* पे \[pe\] = 21×1010 (२१×१०१०)
* पै \[pɛː\] = 21×1012 (२१×१०१२)
* पो \[poː\] = 21×1014 (२१×१०१४)
* पौ \[pɔː\] = 21×1016 (२१×१०१६)

## Historic Pa

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called *slanting Brahmi*. Pa as found in standard Brahmi,  was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Pa  had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of pa, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

### Brahmi Pa

The Brahmi letter , Pa, is probably derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to the modern Latin  and Greek Pi. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Pa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Pa historic forms
| Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE) | Girnar
(~150 BCE) | Kushana
(~150-250 CE) | Gujarat
(~250 CE) | Gupta
(~350 CE) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |

### Tocharian Pa

The Tocharian letter  is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form  used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Pä.

Tocharian Pa with vowel marks
| Pa |  | Pi |  | Pu |  | Pr | Pr̄ | Pe | Pai | Po | Pau |  | Fremdzeichen |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Kharoṣṭhī Pa

The Kharoṣṭhī letter  is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to  and Pi, in addition to the Brahmi Pa.

## Devanagari Pa

**Pa** () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘢.

### Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, प is pronounced as \[\] or \[\] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari प with vowel marks
| Pa |  | Pi |  | Pu |  | Pr | Pr̄ | Pl | Pl̄ | Pe | Pai | Po | Pau | P |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | पा | पि | पी | पु | पू | पृ | पॄ | पॢ | पॣ | पे | पै | पो | पौ | प् |

### Conjuncts with प

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.

#### Ligature conjuncts of प

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form  for an initial "R" instead of repha.

* Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa: note

* Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

* प্ (p) + न (na) gives the ligature pna:

* प্ (p) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature pra:

* प্ (p) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature pḍʱa:

* प্ (p) + त (ta) gives the ligature pta:

* प্ (p) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

#### Stacked conjuncts of प

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

* छ্ (ch) + प (pa) gives the ligature chpa:

* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍʱpa:

* ड্ (ḍ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍpa:

* द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:

* ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:

* प্ (p) + च (ca) gives the ligature pca:

* प্ (p) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pḍa:

* प্ (p) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pja:

* प্ (p) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pjña:

* प্ (p) + ल (la) gives the ligature pla:

* प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:

* प্ (p) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature pṇa:

* प্ (p) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pña:

* प্ (p) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

* प্ (p) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature pṭha:

* ठ্ (ṭh) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭhpa:

* ट্ (ṭ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭpa:

## Bengali Pa

The Bengali script প is derived from the Siddhaṃ , but lacks the horizontal head line, and has a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, प. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter প will sometimes be transliterated as "po" instead of "pa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /po/. Like all Indic consonants, প can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali প with vowel marks
| pa |  | pi |  | pu |  | pr | pr̄ | pe | pai | po | pau | p |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | পা | পি | পী | পু | পূ | পৃ | পৄ | পে | পৈ | পো | পৌ | প্ |

### প in Bengali-using languages

প is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

### Conjuncts with প

Bengali প exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures as an initial head consonant, and linear (horizontal) ligatures as a trailing consonant.

* ল্ (l) + প (pa) gives the ligature lpa:

* ম্ (m) + প (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

* ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra, with the ra phala suffix:

* প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature pla:

* প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:

* প্ (p) + প (pa) gives the ligature ppa:

* প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature pra, with the ra phala suffix:

* প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

* প্ (p) + স (sa) gives the ligature psa:

* প্ (p) + ত (ta) gives the ligature pta:

* প্ (p) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

* প্ (p) + য (ya) gives the ligature pya, with the ya phala suffix:

* র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa, with the repha prefix:

* স্ (s) + প (pa) gives the ligature spa:

* স্ (s) + প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature spla:

* ষ্ (ṣ) + প (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

* ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra, with the ra phala suffix:

## Gujarati Pa

**Pa** () is the twenty-first consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Pa  with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

### Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, પ is pronounced as \[\] or \[\] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

| Pa |  | Pi |  | Pu |  | Pr | Pl | Pr̄ | Pl̄ |  | Pe | Pai |  | Po | Pau | P |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Gujarati Pa syllables, with vowel marks in red. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Conjuncts with પ

Gujarati પ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

* ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa:

* પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa:

* પ્ (p) + ત (ta) gives the ligature PTa:

* પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:

## Javanese Pa

## Telugu Pa

Telugu independent and subjoined Pa.

**Pa** () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

## Malayalam Pa

**Pa** () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter  *Pa*. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

### Conjuncts of പ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, *put̪iya lipi*, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in *paḻaya lipi*, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

* പ് (p) + ത (ta) gives the ligature pta:

* പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:

* പ് (p) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ppa:

* മ് (m) + പ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

* ല് (l) + പ (pa) gives the ligature lpa:

* ഷ് (ṣ) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

* സ് (s) + പ (pa) gives the ligature spa:

* പ് (p) + ഫ (pha) gives the ligature ppha:

* പ് (p) + സ (sa) gives the ligature psa:

## Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Pe

, ,  and  are the base characters "Pe", "Pi", "Po" and "Pa" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant  (P) is a small version of the A-series letter ᐸ, although the Western Cree letter ᑊ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for P. The character ᐯ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter प, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by rotation. Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

| Variant | E-series | | I-series | | O-series | | | A-series | | | Other |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| P + vowel |  | |  | |  | | |  | | |  |
| | Pe | | Pi | | Po | | | Pa | | | Pay |
| Small | - | |  | | - | | |  | | |  |
| | - | | *Ojibway* P | | - | | | P | | | *Cree* P |
| P with long vowels | - | |  | |  | |  |  | | |  |
| | - | |  | |  | | *Cree* |  | | | Pāi |
| P + W-vowels |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  | | - |
| | Pwe | *Cree* Pwe | Pwi | *Cree* Pwi | Pwo | | *Cree* Pwo | Pwa | *Cree* Pwa | | - |
| P + long W-vowels | - | |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  | - |
| | - | | Pwī | *Cree* Pwī | Pwō | | *Cree* Pwō | Pwā | *Cree* Pwā | | - |
| Other P forms | - | | - | |  | |  | - | | | - |
| | - | | - | | Poy | | Pwoy | - | | | - |

## Odia Pa

Odia independent and subjoined letter Pa.

**Pa** () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  *Pa*. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Pa with vowel matras
| Pa |  | Pi |  | Pu |  | Pr̥ | Pr̥̄ | Pl̥ | Pl̥̄ | Pe | Pai | Po | Pau | P |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | ପା | ପି | ପୀ | ପୁ | ପୂ | ପୃ | ପୄ | ପୢ | ପୣ | ପେ | ପୈ | ପୋ | ପୌ | ପ୍ |

### Conjuncts of ପ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

* ମ୍ (m) + ପ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

## Kaithi Pa

Kaithi consonant and half-form Pa.

**Pa** (**𑂣**) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  *Pa*. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Pa with vowel matras
| Pa |  | Pi |  | Pu |  | Pe | Pai | Po | Pau | P |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 𑂣 | 𑂣𑂰 | 𑂣𑂱 | 𑂣𑂲 | 𑂣𑂳 | 𑂣𑂴 | 𑂣𑂵 | 𑂣𑂶 | 𑂣𑂷 | 𑂣𑂸 | 𑂣𑂹 |

### Conjuncts of 𑂣

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of *ra* are indicated with a *repha* or *rakar* mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂣୍ (p) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

## Comparison of Pa

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Pa, are related as well.

| Comparison of Pa in different scripts |
| --- |
| Aramaic
                     Kharoṣṭhī
𐨤      Ashoka Brahmi
  Kushana Brahmi
  Tocharian
/         Gupta Brahmi
                Pallava
    Kadamba
-                 Bhaiksuki
𑰢  Siddhaṃ
              Grantha
𑌪  Cham
    Sinhala
   Pyu /
Old Mon
-               Tibetan
    Newa
𑐥              Ahom
𑜆   Malayalam
    Telugu
   Burmese
               Lepcha
     Ranjana
                Saurashtra
  Dives Akuru
𑤠    Kannada
  Kayah Li
              Limbu
     Soyombo
𑩰             Khmer
  Tamil
    Chakma
𑄛   Tai Tham
/                Meitei Mayek
     Gaudi
-              Thai
/   Lao
/     Tai Le
                  Marchen
𑱾     Tirhuta
𑒣          New Tai Lue
/   Tai Viet
/   Aksara Kawi
   'Phags-pa
   Odia
    Sharada
𑆥  Rejang
   Batak
   Buginese
   Zanabazar Square
𑨞     Bengali-Assamese
  Takri
𑚞    Javanese
   Balinese
  Makasar
𑻣   Hangul
-    Northern Nagari
-  Dogri
𑠞  Laṇḍā
-   Sundanese
  Baybayin
   Modi
𑘢  Gujarati
     Khojki
𑈟   Khudabadi
𑋒   Mahajani
𑅨   Tagbanwa
   Devanagari
  Nandinagari
𑧂  Kaithi
    Gurmukhi
  Multani
𑊛    Buhid
   Canadian Syllabics
  Soyombo
𑩰  Sylheti Nagari
  Gunjala Gondi
𑶅   Masaram Gondi
𑴠   Hanuno'o
   Notes |

## Character encodings of Pa

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Pa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Pa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER PA | | BENGALI LETTER PA | | TAMIL LETTER PA | | TELUGU LETTER PA | | ORIYA LETTER PA | | KANNADA LETTER PA | | MALAYALAM LETTER PA | | GUJARATI LETTER PA | | GURMUKHI LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 2346 | U+092A | 2474 | U+09AA | 2986 | U+0BAA | 3114 | U+0C2A | 2858 | U+0B2A | 3242 | U+0CAA | 3370 | U+0D2A | 2730 | U+0AAA | 2602 | U+0A2A |
| UTF-8 | 224 164 170 | E0 A4 AA | 224 166 170 | E0 A6 AA | 224 174 170 | E0 AE AA | 224 176 170 | E0 B0 AA | 224 172 170 | E0 AC AA | 224 178 170 | E0 B2 AA | 224 180 170 | E0 B4 AA | 224 170 170 | E0 AA AA | 224 168 170 | E0 A8 AA |
| Numeric character reference | प | प | প | প | ப | ப | ప | ప | ପ | ପ | ಪ | ಪ | പ | പ | પ | પ | ਪ | ਪ |
| ISCII | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 | 200 | C8 |

Character information
| Preview | AshokaKushanaGupta | | 𐨤 | |  | | 𑌪 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER PA | | KHAROSHTHI LETTER PA | | SIDDHAM LETTER PA | | GRANTHA LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 69671 | U+11027 | 68132 | U+10A24 | 71074 | U+115A2 | 70442 | U+1132A |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 128 167 | F0 91 80 A7 | 240 144 168 164 | F0 90 A8 A4 | 240 145 150 162 | F0 91 96 A2 | 240 145 140 170 | F0 91 8C AA |
| UTF-16 | 55300 56359 | D804 DC27 | 55298 56868 | D802 DE24 | 55301 56738 | D805 DDA2 | 55300 57130 | D804 DF2A |
| Numeric character reference | 𑀧 | 𑀧 | 𐨤 | 𐨤 | 𑖢 | 𑖢 | 𑌪 | 𑌪 |

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | | 𑨞 | | 𑐥 | | 𑰢 | | 𑆥 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | TIBETAN LETTER PA | | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER PA | | PHAGS-PA LETTER PA | | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PA | | NEWA LETTER PA | | BHAIKSUKI LETTER PA | | SHARADA LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 3924 | U+0F54 | 4004 | U+0FA4 | 43084 | U+A84C | 72222 | U+11A1E | 70693 | U+11425 | 72738 | U+11C22 | 70053 | U+111A5 |
| UTF-8 | 224 189 148 | E0 BD 94 | 224 190 164 | E0 BE A4 | 234 161 140 | EA A1 8C | 240 145 168 158 | F0 91 A8 9E | 240 145 144 165 | F0 91 90 A5 | 240 145 176 162 | F0 91 B0 A2 | 240 145 134 165 | F0 91 86 A5 |
| UTF-16 | 3924 | 0F54 | 4004 | 0FA4 | 43084 | A84C | 55302 56862 | D806 DE1E | 55301 56357 | D805 DC25 | 55303 56354 | D807 DC22 | 55300 56741 | D804 DDA5 |
| Numeric character reference | པ | པ | ྤ | ྤ | ꡌ | ꡌ | 𑨞 | 𑨞 | 𑐥 | 𑐥 | 𑰢 | 𑰢 | 𑆥 | 𑆥 |

Character information
| Preview |  | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 4117 | U+1015 |
| UTF-8 | 225 128 149 | E1 80 95 |
| Numeric character reference | ပ | ပ |

* See further below for Tai Tham and New Tai Lue codepoints.

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | KHMER LETTER BA | | LAO LETTER BO | | LAO LETTER PO | | THAI CHARACTER BO BAIMAI | | THAI CHARACTER PO PLA | | TAI VIET LETTER LOW PO | | TAI VIET LETTER HIGH PO | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 6036 | U+1794 | 3738 | U+0E9A | 3739 | U+0E9B | 3610 | U+0E1A | 3611 | U+0E1B | 43676 | U+AA9C | 43677 | U+AA9D |
| UTF-8 | 225 158 148 | E1 9E 94 | 224 186 154 | E0 BA 9A | 224 186 155 | E0 BA 9B | 224 184 154 | E0 B8 9A | 224 184 155 | E0 B8 9B | 234 170 156 | EA AA 9C | 234 170 157 | EA AA 9D |
| Numeric character reference | ប | ប | ບ | ບ | ປ | ປ | บ | บ | ป | ป | ꪜ | ꪜ | ꪝ | ꪝ |

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | | 𑄛 | |  | | 𑜆 | | 𑤠 | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA PAYANNA | | KAYAH LI LETTER PA | | CHAKMA LETTER PAA | | TAI LE LETTER PA | | AHOM LETTER PA | | DIVES AKURU LETTER PA | | SAURASHTRA LETTER PA | | CHAM LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 3508 | U+0DB4 | 43285 | U+A915 | 69915 | U+1111B | 6489 | U+1959 | 71430 | U+11706 | 71968 | U+11920 | 43174 | U+A8A6 | 43546 | U+AA1A |
| UTF-8 | 224 182 180 | E0 B6 B4 | 234 164 149 | EA A4 95 | 240 145 132 155 | F0 91 84 9B | 225 165 153 | E1 A5 99 | 240 145 156 134 | F0 91 9C 86 | 240 145 164 160 | F0 91 A4 A0 | 234 162 166 | EA A2 A6 | 234 168 154 | EA A8 9A |
| UTF-16 | 3508 | 0DB4 | 43285 | A915 | 55300 56603 | D804 DD1B | 6489 | 1959 | 55301 57094 | D805 DF06 | 55302 56608 | D806 DD20 | 43174 | A8A6 | 43546 | AA1A |
| Numeric character reference | ප | ප | ꤕ | ꤕ | 𑄛 | 𑄛 | ᥙ | ᥙ | 𑜆 | 𑜆 | 𑤠 | 𑤠 | ꢦ | ꢦ | ꨚ | ꨚ |

Character information
| Preview | 𑘢 | | 𑧂 | | 𑩰 | |  | | 𑶅 | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | MODI LETTER PA | | NANDINAGARI LETTER PA | | SOYOMBO LETTER PA | | SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER PO | | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER PA | | KAITHI LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 71202 | U+11622 | 72130 | U+119C2 | 72304 | U+11A70 | 43033 | U+A819 | 73093 | U+11D85 | 69795 | U+110A3 |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 152 162 | F0 91 98 A2 | 240 145 167 130 | F0 91 A7 82 | 240 145 169 176 | F0 91 A9 B0 | 234 160 153 | EA A0 99 | 240 145 182 133 | F0 91 B6 85 | 240 145 130 163 | F0 91 82 A3 |
| UTF-16 | 55301 56866 | D805 DE22 | 55302 56770 | D806 DDC2 | 55302 56944 | D806 DE70 | 43033 | A819 | 55303 56709 | D807 DD85 | 55300 56483 | D804 DCA3 |
| Numeric character reference | 𑘢 | 𑘢 | 𑧂 | 𑧂 | 𑩰 | 𑩰 | ꠙ | ꠙ | 𑶅 | 𑶅 | 𑂣 | 𑂣 |

Character information
| Preview | 𑒣 | |  | |  | |  | | 𑱾 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER PA | | LEPCHA LETTER PA | | LIMBU LETTER PA | | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER PA | | MARCHEN LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 70819 | U+114A3 | 7182 | U+1C0E | 6416 | U+1910 | 43972 | U+ABC4 | 72830 | U+11C7E |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 146 163 | F0 91 92 A3 | 225 176 142 | E1 B0 8E | 225 164 144 | E1 A4 90 | 234 175 132 | EA AF 84 | 240 145 177 190 | F0 91 B1 BE |
| UTF-16 | 55301 56483 | D805 DCA3 | 7182 | 1C0E | 6416 | 1910 | 43972 | ABC4 | 55303 56446 | D807 DC7E |
| Numeric character reference | 𑒣 | 𑒣 | ᰎ | ᰎ | ᤐ | ᤐ | ꯄ | ꯄ | 𑱾 | 𑱾 |

Character information
| Preview | 𑚞 | | 𑠞 | | 𑈟 | | 𑋒 | | 𑅨 | | 𑊛 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER PA | | DOGRA LETTER PA | | KHOJKI LETTER PA | | KHUDAWADI LETTER PA | | MAHAJANI LETTER PA | | MULTANI LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 71326 | U+1169E | 71710 | U+1181E | 70175 | U+1121F | 70354 | U+112D2 | 69992 | U+11168 | 70299 | U+1129B |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 154 158 | F0 91 9A 9E | 240 145 160 158 | F0 91 A0 9E | 240 145 136 159 | F0 91 88 9F | 240 145 139 146 | F0 91 8B 92 | 240 145 133 168 | F0 91 85 A8 | 240 145 138 155 | F0 91 8A 9B |
| UTF-16 | 55301 56990 | D805 DE9E | 55302 56350 | D806 DC1E | 55300 56863 | D804 DE1F | 55300 57042 | D804 DED2 | 55300 56680 | D804 DD68 | 55300 56987 | D804 DE9B |
| Numeric character reference | 𑚞 | 𑚞 | 𑠞 | 𑠞 | 𑈟 | 𑈟 | 𑋒 | 𑋒 | 𑅨 | 𑅨 | 𑊛 | 𑊛 |

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | |  | | 𑻣 | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER PA | | BATAK LETTER PA | | BUGINESE LETTER PA | | JAVANESE LETTER PA | | MAKASAR LETTER PA | | REJANG LETTER PA | | SUNDANESE LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 6951 | U+1B27 | 7111 | U+1BC7 | 6660 | U+1A04 | 43429 | U+A9A5 | 73443 | U+11EE3 | 43318 | U+A936 | 7061 | U+1B95 |
| UTF-8 | 225 172 167 | E1 AC A7 | 225 175 135 | E1 AF 87 | 225 168 132 | E1 A8 84 | 234 166 165 | EA A6 A5 | 240 145 187 163 | F0 91 BB A3 | 234 164 182 | EA A4 B6 | 225 174 149 | E1 AE 95 |
| UTF-16 | 6951 | 1B27 | 7111 | 1BC7 | 6660 | 1A04 | 43429 | A9A5 | 55303 57059 | D807 DEE3 | 43318 | A936 | 7061 | 1B95 |
| Numeric character reference | ᬧ | ᬧ | ᯇ | ᯇ | ᨄ | ᨄ | ꦥ | ꦥ | 𑻣 | 𑻣 | ꤶ | ꤶ | ᮕ | ᮕ |

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | |  | | 𑴠 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | TAGALOG LETTER PA | | TAGBANWA LETTER PA | | BUHID LETTER PA | | HANUNOO LETTER PA | | MASARAM GONDI LETTER PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 5897 | U+1709 | 5993 | U+1769 | 5961 | U+1749 | 5929 | U+1729 | 72992 | U+11D20 |
| UTF-8 | 225 156 137 | E1 9C 89 | 225 157 169 | E1 9D A9 | 225 157 137 | E1 9D 89 | 225 156 169 | E1 9C A9 | 240 145 180 160 | F0 91 B4 A0 |
| UTF-16 | 5897 | 1709 | 5993 | 1769 | 5961 | 1749 | 5929 | 1729 | 55303 56608 | D807 DD20 |
| Numeric character reference | ᜉ | ᜉ | ᝩ | ᝩ | ᝉ | ᝉ | ᜩ | ᜩ | 𑴠 | 𑴠 |

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | CANADIAN SYLLABICS PE | | CANADIAN SYLLABICS PI | | CANADIAN SYLLABICS PO | | CANADIAN SYLLABICS PA | | CANADIAN SYLLABICS P | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 5167 | U+142F | 5169 | U+1431 | 5171 | U+1433 | 5176 | U+1438 | 5193 | U+1449 |
| UTF-8 | 225 144 175 | E1 90 AF | 225 144 177 | E1 90 B1 | 225 144 179 | E1 90 B3 | 225 144 184 | E1 90 B8 | 225 145 137 | E1 91 89 |
| Numeric character reference | ᐯ | ᐯ | ᐱ | ᐱ | ᐳ | ᐳ | ᐸ | ᐸ | ᑉ | ᑉ |

* The full range of *pE* Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 142F-1449, 150C, 18B4-18B6, 14D4, & 18DC-18DD.

Character information
| Preview |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unicode name | TAI THAM LETTER BA | | TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN BA | | TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PA | | NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH BA | | NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW BA | | NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL B | | NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH PA | |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 6711 | U+1A37 | 6749 | U+1A5D | 6712 | U+1A38 | 6562 | U+19A2 | 6565 | U+19A5 | 6599 | U+19C7 | 6548 | U+1994 |
| UTF-8 | 225 168 183 | E1 A8 B7 | 225 169 157 | E1 A9 9D | 225 168 184 | E1 A8 B8 | 225 166 162 | E1 A6 A2 | 225 166 165 | E1 A6 A5 | 225 167 135 | E1 A7 87 | 225 166 148 | E1 A6 94 |
| Numeric character reference | ᨷ | ᨷ | ᩝ | ᩝ | ᨸ | ᨸ | ᦢ | ᦢ | ᦥ | ᦥ | ᧇ | ᧇ | ᦔ | ᦔ |

1. Ifrah, Georges (2000). *The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer*. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
2. Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". *archive.org*. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
3. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
4. Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). *Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed*. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
5. "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
6. Andrew Dalby (2004:139) *Dictionary of Languages*
7. *Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography,* Chris Harvey 2003
8. Zui. "Writing in North America — Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics". *The Language Closet*. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
**^note**  Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

## InfoBox

| Pa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Example glyphs | |
| Bengali–Assamese |  |
| Tibetan |  |
| Tamil |  |
| Thai |  |
| Malayalam |  |
| Sinhala |  |
| Ashoka Brahmi |  |
| Devanagari |  |
| Cognates | |
| Hebrew | פ ,ף |
| Greek | Π |
| Latin | P |
| Cyrillic | П |
| Properties | |
| Phonemic representation | /p/ /ɓ/ |
| IAST transliteration | *p P* |
| ISCII code point | C8 (200) |
|
**^B** both /ɓ/ and /p/ in Khmer | |
|  | |


title: Thomas atte Crosse

abstract: Thomas atte Crosse, also called Thomas de Crosse, or simply Thomas Crosse was an English cleric, Crown official and judge, who had a highly successful career in both England and Ireland. Little is recorded about his early years, but by 1336 he was referred to as an official of long-standing, who had been put to great "labours and charges" on the King's business in England, Ireland and Scotland. He appears as a prebendary in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin in 1334, and in the same year was made a Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). He was made Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer in 1335, "so long as he was of good behaviour" and held that office for two years. In 1336, "in consideration of his long and good service" to the Crown, he was appointed Keeper of the Royal Market in Ireland, and Royal Clerk of the Wages. The Irish Exchequer Payments state that he was assigned the task of paying the wages of the men at arms being sent to Scotland with the Justiciar of Ireland "to suppress the malice of the King's Scottish enemies" in 1335-6, and with purveying the necessary food and drink for the Scottish campaign. For this purpose, he was paid £400. He was also paid 100 marks for repairs to military engines, crossbows and other instruments. He returned to England in 1337: Ball states that he received many clerical benefices but does not specify them. He was probably the Thomas atte Crosse who was rector of Bexwell, Norfolk. He was appointed Keeper of the Royal Wardrobe in 1337 and was Chamberlain of the Exchequer from 1337 to 1348.

text:
# Thomas atte Crosse

**Thomas atte Crosse, also called Thomas de Crosse, or simply Thomas Crosse** (died after 1348) was an English cleric, Crown official and judge, who had a highly successful career in both England and Ireland. Little is recorded about his early years, but by 1336 he was referred to as an official of long-standing, who had been put to great "labours and charges" on the King's business in England, Ireland and Scotland.

He appears as a prebendary in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin in 1334, and in the same year was made a Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). He was made Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer in 1335, "so long as he was of good behaviour" and held that office for two years.

In 1336, "in consideration of his long and good service" to the Crown, he was appointed Keeper of the Royal Market in Ireland, and Royal Clerk of the Wages. The *Irish Exchequer Payments* state that he was assigned the task of paying the wages of the men at arms being sent to Scotland with the Justiciar of Ireland "to suppress the malice of the King's Scottish enemies" in 1335-6, and with purveying the necessary food and drink for the Scottish campaign. For this purpose, he was paid £400. He was also paid 100 marks for repairs to military engines, crossbows and other instruments.

He returned to England in 1337: Ball states that he received many clerical benefices but does not specify them. He was probably the Thomas atte Crosse who was rector of Bexwell, Norfolk. He was appointed Keeper of the Royal Wardrobe ( i.e. the Royal Household) in 1337 and was Chamberlain of the Exchequer from 1337 to 1348.

* Ball, F. Elrington *The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921* John Murray London 1926
* *Calendar of Patent Rolls*
* *Irish Exchequer Payments 1270-1446*
* O Riain, Flann "Where's that/Cronody 1355" *Irish Times 11/6/2001*

## Footnotes


title: Hans Järta

abstract: Hans Järta was a Swedish administrator, revolutionary and philosopher. He helped overthrow Gustavus IV Adolphus in the Coup of 1809 and was one of the main drafters of the 1809 constitution of Sweden. From 1812 to 1822 he was County Governor of Kopparberg County. His liberal-conservative philosophy has given him the nickname "Sweden's Edmund Burke".

text:
# Hans Järta

**Hans Järta** (originally **Hans Hierta**) (11 February 1774 – 6 April 1847) was a Swedish administrator, revolutionary and philosopher. He helped overthrow Gustavus IV Adolphus in the Coup of 1809 and was one of the main drafters of the 1809 constitution of Sweden. From 1812 to 1822 he was County Governor of Kopparberg County. His liberal-conservative philosophy has given him the nickname "Sweden's Edmund Burke".

## Early life

Hans Hierta was born at Näs kungsgård, Husby, in the province of Dalecarlia. His parents, who belonged to the Swedish nobility, the Hierta family, were Lieutenant general Carl Hierta and Maria Charlotta von Plomgren. In 1778, Carl Hierta ran into financial trouble, left active military service and moved with his household to Lagmansholm in Västergötland; Hans was sent to live with his father's friend Johan Beck-Friis who was the County Governor of Dalecarlia, and who became Hans Hierta's foster father. In 1783, at the age of nine, Hierta was enrolled in a school in Falun. He did not attend secondary school but began his university studies at Uppsala university in 1787. He studied theology (a mandatory subject at the time), history, and languages, and graduated in 1791.

## Career

After graduating from university, Hierta started working as a minor official for the royal administration. He was present at the masked ball in 1792 where King Gustav III was assassinated, and in the aftermath of the murder he was questioned but never accused of being part of the conspiracy against the king. He did, however, have a cautiously positive attitude to a more democratic form of government, and in 1800, he renounced his noble rank. In August 1800, Gustavus IV Adolphus rescinded Hierta's right to a noble name and arms, and he changed the spelling of his last name to Järta.

In 1828, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

## InfoBox

| Hans Järta | |
| --- | --- |
| Hans Järta, illustration from *Sveriges historia intill tjugonde seklet* by Emil Hildebrand | |
| Born | Hans Hierta
(1774-02-11)February 11, 1774
Husby, Dalecarlia |
| Died | April 6, 1847(1847-04-06) (aged 73)
Uppsala |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Occupation(s) | Politician, civil servant |


title: Warwick Castle, Maida Vale

abstract: The Warwick Castle is a grade II listed public house at Warwick Place, Maida Vale, London, that was built in 1846. It and Warwick Place were named after Jane Warwick, the bride of the original landowner. The pub is mentioned in the biographies of a number of music figures and London "characters".

text:
# Warwick Castle, Maida Vale

The **Warwick Castle** is a grade II listed public house at Warwick Place, Maida Vale, London, that was built in 1846. It and Warwick Place were named after Jane Warwick, the bride of the original landowner. The pub is mentioned in the biographies of a number of music figures and London "characters".

## History

The pub dates from 1846 and is grade II listed with Historic England along with the whole of the terrace of numbers 1 to 5 Warwick Place on the north side of the street. Among the architectural details mentioned by Historic England in their listing are the scrolled iron lamp and sign brackets for the pub. The pub and the street took their name from the original landowner, who married Jane Warwick of Warwick Hall, near Carlisle, in 1778. Brian Spiller speculates in his book *Victorian Public Houses* that the pub's "discreet location in a cul-de-sac may have made it a refuge for domestic servants from the neighbouring stucco villas and terraces".

It featured in Maurice Gorham's 1939 book *The Local*, and his 1949 follow-up volume, *Back to the Local*, both with illustrations of the pub by the artist Edward Ardizzone, including the front cover of the 1949 volume. Ardizzone lived in Maida Vale for most of his life, and Gorham was his regular drinking partner.

Regular customers have included the Welsh drug smuggler and author Howard Marks, who recounts in his autobiography *Mr. Nice* that he concluded a drug deal there, while half of a consignment of Thai grass was hidden in a car parked outside.

Music entrepreneur Richard Branson was a regular at the pub in the 1970s, early in his career when his office was a barge on the Grand Union Canal about 100m away. Michael Caborn-Waterfield, known for setting up the first Ann Summers sex shop in 1970, was also a customer, as was the musician Rick Wakeman in the 1980s when he lived in nearby Elgin Mansions.

51°31′20″N 0°11′02″W / 51.522110°N 0.18376933°W / 51.522110; -0.18376933

## InfoBox

| The Warwick Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| The Warwick Castle | |
| Type | Public house |
| Location | Warwick Place, Maida Vale, London |
| Coordinates | 51°31′19.6″N 0°11′1.57″W / 51.522111°N 0.1837694°W / 51.522111; -0.1837694 |
| Built | 1846 |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | NUMBERS 1 TO 5 AND WARWICK CASTLE PUBLIC HOUSE |
| Designated | 01-Dec-1987 |
| Reference no. | 1273925 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ivo Belet

abstract: Ivo Maria Robert Belet, is a Belgian politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for Flanders with the CD&V, part of the European People's Party. He is a former news anchor of VRT, the Flemish public broadcaster.

text:
# Ivo Belet

**Ivo Maria Robert Belet** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈivoː bəˈlɛt\]; born on 7 June 1959 in Sint-Truiden), is a Belgian politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for Flanders with the CD&V, part of the European People's Party. He is a former news anchor of VRT, the Flemish public broadcaster.

## Education and early career

## Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2019

During his time as Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2019, Belet served on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (2004-2006, 2009-2014), the Committee on Culture and Education (2006–2009) and the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (since 2014). From 2008 until 2009, he was a member of the Temporary Committee on Climate Change. From 2017 until 2019, he also served on the Special Committee on Terrorism, a temporary body to address the practical and legislative deficiencies in the fight against terrorism across the EU.

Belet was a substitute for the Committee on Transport and Tourism. He was also a member of the delegation for relations with India. In addition to his committee assignments, he served as a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Children's Rights.

## Political positions

In May 2011, as rapporteur on the future of professional football, with Syed Kamall, Chairman of the Parliamentary Sports Intergroup, he called for a reform of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association: "FIFA is facing a series of corruption scandals, dragging professional football through the mud. It is time for a big clean-up. We, in the European Parliament, therefore support a thorough reform of FIFA. A transparent and independent committee needs to lead an enquiry into the malpractices".

## InfoBox

| Ivo Belet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
2004–2019 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1959-06-07) 7 June 1959
Sint-Truiden, Belgium |
| Political party | Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) |
| Website | www.ivobelet.be |
|  | |


title: Oreophryne brevicrus

abstract:
Oreophryne brevicrus is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae.
It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.

text:
# Oreophryne brevicrus

***Oreophryne brevicrus*** is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.

## InfoBox

| *Oreophryne brevicrus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Oreophryne* |
| Species: | ***O. brevicrus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oreophryne brevicrus***
Zweifel, 1956 | |
|


title: Usui, Fukuoka

abstract: Usui was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,287 and a density of 744.02 persons per km⁲. The total area was 8.45 km⁲. On March 27, 2006, Usui, along with the city of Yamada, and the towns of Inatsuki and Kaho, was merged to create the city of Kama.

text:
# Usui, Fukuoka

**Usui** (碓井町, *Usui-machi*) was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,287 and a density of 744.02 persons per km2. The total area was 8.45 km2.

On March 27, 2006, Usui, along with the city of Yamada, and the towns of Inatsuki and Kaho (all from Kaho District), was merged to create the city of Kama.


abstract: The Princeton Community Japanese Language School is a Japanese weekend school in the Princeton, New Jersey area. It holds weekend Japanese classes for Japanese citizen children abroad to the standard of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and it also has classes for people with Japanese as a second language. Courses are held at Bierenbaum Fisher Hall at Rider University in Lawrence Township, Mercer County. The school offices are in Princeton, except on Sundays, when the offices are at Rider University. This is one of the Japanese weekend school systems in the New York metropolitan area.

text:
# Princeton Community Japanese Language School

The **Princeton Community Japanese Language School** (**PCJLS**; プリンストン日本語学校 *Purinsuton Nihongo Gakkō*) is a Japanese weekend school in the Princeton, New Jersey area. It holds weekend Japanese classes for Japanese citizen children abroad to the standard of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and it also has classes for people with Japanese as a second language.

Courses are held at Bierenbaum Fisher Hall (formerly Memorial Hall) at Rider University in Lawrence Township, Mercer County. The school offices are in Princeton, except on Sundays, when the offices are at Rider University.

This is one of the Japanese weekend school systems in the New York metropolitan area.

## History

Five Japanese researchers at Princeton University founded the PCJLS in 1980. It was originally at that institution but moved to Rider in 1996.

In 1987 its weekend courses for children covered Kindergarten through the 7th grade.

## Curriculum

The school's Japanese Ministry of Education (MEXT)-compliant classes are part of its Division 1. The principal of Division 1 is funded by MEXT. In addition, the school offers Japanese heritage language courses, Japanese as a foreign language courses, and courses for adults as part of Division 2, which is oriented to children attending university in the United States and other persons from English-dominant households. The school's teachers developed their own kanji textbooks for use in these courses. Placement into a particular division involves consultations in which the student, the parents, and/or PCJLS teachers are involved.

In 1987 the school also had Japanese language courses for adults who work in businesses.

## Student body

Many PCJLS students are U.S. permanent residents with at least some Japanese ancestral origin, including multilingual students with one or more parents who speak a language not English and/or not Japanese, and/or bilingual students living in English-dominant households. These students often attend heritage classes and/or Japanese as a second language courses.

In 1987 students came from the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Some of the students came from Fort Lee and some came from South Jersey.

In 187 the school had around 20-25 adult students and 100 child students.

## Teaching staff

Parents, as of 2012, make up 70% of the teachers at PCJLS.

* Kano, Naomi (加納 なおみ *Kanō Naomi*). "Japanese Community Schools: New Pedagogy for a Changing Population" (Chapter 6). In: García, Ofelia, Zeena Zakharia, and Bahar Otcu (editors). *Bilingual Community Education and Multilingualism: Beyond Heritage Languages in a Global City* (Volume 89 of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism). Multilingual Matters, 2012. ISBN 184769800X, 9781847698001. START: p. 99.

40°21′07″N 74°39′18″W / 40.351894°N 74.654946°W / 40.351894; -74.654946