title: Global commons

abstract: Global commons is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found. Global commons include the earth's shared natural resources, such as the high oceans, the atmosphere and outer space and the Antarctic in particular. Cyberspace may also meet the definition of a global commons.

text:
# Global commons

**Global commons** is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found. Global commons include the earth's shared natural resources, such as the high oceans, the atmosphere and outer space and the Antarctic in particular. Cyberspace may also meet the definition of a global commons.

## Definition and usage

"Global commons" is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found. In economics, common goods are rivalrous and non-excludable, constituting one of the four main types of goods. A common-pool resource, also called a common property resource, is a special case of a common good (or public good) whose size or characteristics makes it costly, but not impossible, to exclude potential users. Examples include both natural or human-made resource domains (e.g., a "fishing hole" or an irrigation system). Unlike global public goods, global common-pool resources face problems of congestion, overuse, or degradation because they are subtractable (which makes them rivalrous).

The term "commons" originates from the term common land in the British Isles. "Commoners rights" referred to traditional rights held by commoners, such as mowing meadows for hay or grazing livestock on common land held in the open field system of old English common law. Enclosure was the process that ended those traditional rights, converting open fields to private property. Today, many commons still exist in England, Wales, Scotland, and the United States, although their extent is much reduced from the millions of acres that existed until the 17th century. There are still over 7,000 registered commons in England alone.

The term "global commons" is typically used to indicate the earth's shared natural resources, such as the deep oceans, the atmosphere, outer space and the Northern and Southern polar regions, the Antarctic in particular.

According to the *World Conservation Strategy*, a report on conservation published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in collaboration with UNESCO and with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF):

> "A commons is a tract of land or water owned or used jointly by the members of a community. The global commons includes those parts of the Earth's surface beyond national jurisdictions — notably the open ocean and the living resources found there — or held in common — notably the atmosphere. The only landmass that may be regarded as part of the global commons is Antarctica ..."

Today, the Internet, World Wide Web and resulting cyberspace are often referred to as global commons. Other usages sometimes include references to open access information of all kinds, including arts and culture, language and science, though these are more formally referred to as the common heritage of mankind.

## Management of the global commons

The key challenge of the global commons is the design of governance structures and management systems capable of addressing the complexity of multiple public and private interests, subject to often unpredictable changes, ranging from the local to the global level. As with global public goods, management of the global commons requires pluralistic legal entities, usually international and supranational, public and private, structured to match the diversity of interests and the type of resource to be managed, and stringent enough with adequate incentives to ensure compliance. Such management systems are necessary to avoid, at the global level, the classic tragedy of the commons, in which common resources become overexploited.

There are several key differences in management of resources in the global commons from those of the commons, in general. There are obvious differences in scale of both the resources and the number of users at the local versus the global level. Also, there are differences in the shared culture and expectations of resource users; more localized commons users tend to be more homogeneous and global users more heterogeneous. This contributes to differences in the possibility and time it takes for new learning about resource usage to occur at the different levels. Moreover, global resource pools are less likely to be relatively stable and the dynamics are less easily understood. Many of the global commons are non-renewable on human time scales. Thus, resource degradation is more likely to be the result of unintended consequences that are unforeseen, not immediately observable, or not easily understood. For example, the carbon dioxide emissions that drive climate change continue to do so for at least a millennium after they enter the atmosphere and species extinctions last forever. Importantly, because there are significant differences in the benefits, costs, and interests at the global level, there are significant differences in externalities between more local resource uses and uses of global-level resources.

Several environmental protocols have been established (see List of international environmental agreements) as a type of international law, "an intergovernmental document intended as legally binding with a primary stated purpose of preventing or managing human impacts on natural resources." International environmental protocols came to feature in environmental governance after trans-boundary environmental problems became widely perceived in the 1960s. Following the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference in 1972, creation of international environmental agreements proliferated. Due to the barriers already discussed, environmental protocols are not a panacea for global commons issues. Often, they are slow to produce the desired effects, tend to the lowest common denominator, and lack monitoring and enforcement. They also take an incremental approach to solutions where sustainable development principles suggest that environmental concerns should be mainstream political issues.

### The global ocean

The global or world ocean, as the interconnected system of the Earth's oceanic (or marine) waters that comprise the bulk of the hydrosphere, is a classic global commons. It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the continents and various oceanographic features. In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays. Further, most freshwater bodies ultimately empty into the ocean and are derived through the Earth's water cycle from ocean waters. The Law of the Sea is a body of public international law governing relationships between nations in respect to navigational rights, mineral rights, and jurisdiction over coastal waters. Maritime law, also called Admiralty law, is a body of both domestic law governing maritime activities and private international law governing the relationships between private entities which operate vessels on the oceans. It deals with matters including marine commerce, marine navigation, shipping, sailors, and the transportation of passengers and goods by sea. However, these bodies of law do little to nothing to protect deep oceans from human threats.

In addition to providing significant means of transportation, a large proportion of all life on Earth exists in its ocean, which contains about 300 times the habitable volume of terrestrial habitats. Specific marine habitats include coral reefs, kelp forests, seagrass meadows, tidepools, muddy, sandy and rocky bottoms, and the open ocean (pelagic) zone, where solid objects are rare and the surface of the water is the only visible boundary. The organisms studied range from microscopic phytoplankton and zooplankton to huge cetaceans (whales) 30 meters (98 feet) in length.

At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine life resources provide food (especially food fish), medicines, and raw materials. It is also becoming understood that the well-being of marine organisms and other organisms are linked in very fundamental ways. The human body of knowledge regarding the relationship between life in the sea and important cycles is rapidly growing, with new discoveries being made nearly every day. These cycles include those of matter (such as the carbon cycle) and of air (such as Earth's respiration, and movement of energy through ecosystems including the ocean). Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's climate. Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has identified several areas of need in managing the global ocean: strengthen national capacities for action, especially in developing countries; improve fisheries management; reinforce cooperation in semi-enclosed and regional seas; strengthen controls over ocean disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes; and advance the Law of the Sea. Specific problems identified as in need of attention include Current rising sea levels; contamination by hazardous chemicals (including oil spills); microbiological contamination; ocean acidification; harmful algal blooms; and over-fishing and other overexploitation. Further, the Pew Charitable Trusts Environmental Initiative program has identified a need for a worldwide system of very large, highly protected marine reserves where fishing and other extractive activities are prohibited.

### Atmosphere

The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. A primary concern for management of the global atmosphere is air pollution, the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment or built environment. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.

Pollution of breathable air is a central problem in the management of the global commons. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases and may be natural or man-made. Although controversial and limited in scope by methods of enforcement, in several parts of the world the polluter pays principle, which makes the party responsible for producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment, is accepted. It has strong support in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Community (EC) countries. It is also known as extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR seeks to shift the responsibility dealing with waste from governments (and thus, taxpayers and society at large) to the entities producing it. In effect, it attempts to internalise the cost of waste disposal into the cost of the product, theoretically resulting in producers improving the waste profile of their products, decreasing waste and increasing possibilities for reuse and recycling.

The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, or CLRTAP, is an early international effort to protect and gradually reduce and prevent air pollution. It is implemented by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), directed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, or Montreal Protocol (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer), is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. After more three decades of work the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol were widely regarded as highly successful, both in achieving ozone reductions and as a pioneering model for management of the global commons.

Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface, which has been observed for several decades after the start of systematic measurements in the 1950s. Global dimming is thought to have been caused by an increase in particulates such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere due to human action. It has interfered with the hydrological cycle by reducing evaporation and may have reduced rainfall in some areas. Global dimming also creates a cooling effect that may have partially masked the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming.

Global warming and climate change in general are a major concern of global commons management. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established in 1988 to develop a scientific consensus, concluded in a series of reports that reducing emissions of greenhouse gases was necessary to prevent catastrophic harm. Meanwhile, a 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) pledged to work toward "stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic \[i.e., human-induced\] interference with the climate system" (as of 2019 there were 197 parties to the convention, although not all had ratified it). The 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the FCCC set forth binding obligations on industrialised countries to reduce emissions. These were accepted by many countries but not all, and many failed to meet their obligations. The Protocol expired in 2012 and was followed by the 2015 Paris Agreement in which nations made individual promises of reductions. However, the IPCC concluded in a 2018 report that dangerous climate change was inevitable unless much greater reductions were promised and carried out.

### Polar regions

The eight Arctic nations Canada, Denmark (Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Norway, the United States (Alaska), Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and Russia, are all members of the treaty organization, the Arctic Council, as are organizations representing six indigenous populations. The council operates on consensus basis, mostly dealing with environmental treaties and not addressing boundary or resource disputes. Currently, the Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS, regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. The treaty, entering into force in 1961 and currently having 50 signatory nations, sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation and bans military activity on that continent.

Climate change in the Arctic region is leading to widespread ecosystem restructuring. The distribution of species is changing along with the structure of food webs. Changes in ocean circulation appear responsible for the first exchanges of zooplankton between the North Pacific and North Atlantic regions in perhaps 800,000 years. These changes can allow the transmission of diseases from subarctic animals to Arctic ones, and vice versa, posing an additional threat to species already stressed by habitat loss and other impacts. Where these changes lead is not yet clear, but are likely to have far-reaching impacts on Arctic marine ecosystems.

Climate models tend to reinforce that temperature trends due to global warming will be much smaller in Antarctica than in the Arctic, but ongoing research may show otherwise.

### Outer space

Management of outer space global commons has been contentious since the successful launch of the Sputnik satellite by the former Soviet Union on 4 October 1957. There is no clear boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space, although there are several standard boundary designations: one that deals with orbital velocity (the Kármán line), one that depends on the velocity of charged particles in space, and some that are determined by human factors such as the height at which human blood begins to boil without a pressurized environment (the Armstrong line).

Space policy regarding a country's civilian space program, as well as its policy on both military use and commercial use of outer space, intersects with science policy, since national space programs often perform or fund research in space science, and also with defense policy, for applications such as spy satellites and anti-satellite weapons. It also encompasses government regulation of third-party activities such as commercial communications satellites and private spaceflight as well as the creation and application of space law and space advocacy organizations that exist to support the cause of space exploration.

Scientists have outlined rationale for governance that regulates the current free externalization of true costs and risks, treating orbital space around the Earth as part of the global commons – as an "additional ecosystem" or "part of the human environment" – which should be subject to the same concerns and regulations like e.g. oceans on Earth. The study concluded in 2022 that it needs "new policies, rules and regulations at national and international level".

#### Policies

The Outer Space Treaty provides a basic framework for international space law. It covers the legal use of outer space by nation states. The treaty states that outer space is free for all nation states to explore and is not subject to claims of national sovereignty. It also prohibits the deployment of nuclear weapons in outer space. The treaty was passed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1963 and signed in 1967 by the USSR, the United States of America and the United Kingdom. As of mid-year, 2013 the treaty has been ratified by 102 states and signed by an additional 27 states.

Beginning in 1958, outer space has been the subject of multiple resolutions by the United Nations General Assembly. Of these, more than 50 have concerned the international co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space and preventing an arms race in space. Four additional space law treaties have been negotiated and drafted by the UN's Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Still, there remain no legal prohibitions against deploying conventional weapons in space and anti-satellite weapons have been successfully tested by the US, USSR and China. The 1979 Moon Treaty turned the jurisdiction of all heavenly bodies (including the orbits around such bodies) over to the international community. However, this treaty has not been ratified by any nation that currently practices crewed spaceflight.

In 1976 eight equatorial states (Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Congo, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and Indonesia) met in Bogotá, Colombia to make the "Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries," also known as "the Bogotá Declaration", a claim to control the segment of the geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country. These claims are not internationally accepted.

#### The International Space Station

The International Space Station programme is a joint project among five participating space agencies: NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RSA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), European Space Agency (ESA), and Canadian Space Agency (CSA). National budget constraints led to the merger of three space station projects into the International Space Station. In 1993 the partially built components for a Soviet/Russian space station Mir-2, the proposed American Freedom, and the proposed European Columbus merged into this multinational programme. The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The ISS is arguably the most expensive single item ever constructed, and may be one of the most significant instances of international cooperation in modern history.

According to the original Memorandum of Understanding between NASA and the RSA, the International Space Station was intended to be a laboratory, observatory and factory in space. It was also planned to provide transportation, maintenance, and act as a staging base for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars and asteroids. In the 2010 United States National Space Policy, it was given additional roles of serving commercial, diplomatic and educational purposes.

### Internet

As a global system of computers interconnected by telecommunication technologies consisting of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government resources, it is difficult to argue that the Internet is a global commons. These computing resources are largely privately owned and subject to private property law, although many are government owned and subject to public law. The World Wide Web, as a system of interlinked hypertext documents, either public domain (like Wikipedia itself) or subject to copyright law, is, at best, a mixed good.

The resultant virtual space or cyberspace, however, is often viewed as an electronic global commons that allows for as much or more freedom of expression as any public space. Access to those digital commons and the actual freedom of expression allowed does vary widely by geographical area. Management of the electronic global commons presents as many issues as do other commons. In addition to issues related to inequity in access, issues such as net neutrality, Internet censorship, Internet privacy, and electronic surveillance arise. However, the term global commons generally represents stateless maneuver space, where no nation or entity can claim preeminence, and since 100 percent of cyberspace is owned by either a public or private entity, although it is often perceived as such, cyberspace may not be said to be a true global commons.

## Further reading


title: Glyptotrox mutsuensis

abstract: Glyptotrox mutsuensis is a species of hide beetle in the subfamily Troginae.

text:
# Glyptotrox mutsuensis

***Glyptotrox mutsuensis*** is a species of hide beetle in the subfamily Troginae.

## InfoBox

| *Glyptotrox mutsuensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Trogidae |
| Subfamily: | Troginae |
| Genus: | *Glyptotrox* |
| Species: | ***G. mutsuensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Glyptotrox mutsuensis***<br>Nomura, 1937 | |
|


title: PCU

abstract: PCU can refer to:

text:
# PCU

**PCU** can refer to:

## Education

## Finance

## Politics

## Technology

## Other

* *PCU* (film), a 1994 film lampooning political correctness on college campuses, set at the fictitious Port Chester University
* Portage Credit Union Centre, an ice hockey and recreational complex in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba
* Pre-Commissioning Unit, a description used for United States Navy vessels prior to commission and the personnel units assigned to them
* Progressive care unit, an intermediate coronary care unit


title: Gmina Lubań

abstract: Gmina Lubań is a rural gmina in Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Lubań, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina. The gmina covers an area of 142.15 square kilometres (54.9 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 6,601.

text:
# Gmina Lubań

**Gmina Lubań** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Lubań, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 142.15 square kilometres (54.9 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 6,601.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Lubań is bordered by the town of Lubań and the gminas of Gryfów Śląski, Leśna, Nowogrodziec, Olszyna, Pieńsk, Platerówka, Siekierczyn, Sulików and Zgorzelec.

## Villages

The gmina contains the villages of Henryków Lubański, Jałowiec, Kościelnik, Kościelniki Dolne, Mściszów, Nawojów Łużycki, Nawojów Śląski, Pisarzowice, Radogoszcz, Radostów Dolny, Radostów Górny, Radostów Średni and Uniegoszcz.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Lubań Lubań Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Lubań): 51°07′N 15°18′E / 51.117°N 15.300°E / 51.117; 15.300 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Lubań |
| Seat | Lubań |
| Sołectwos | Henryków Lubański, Jałowiec, Kościelnik, Kościelniki Dolne, Mściszów, Nawojów Łużycki, Nawojów Śląski, Pisarzowice, Radogoszcz, Radostów Dolny, Radostów Górny, Radostów Średni, Uniegoszcz |
| Area | |
| Total | 142.15 km2 (54.88 sq mi) |
| Population (2019-06-30) | |
| Total | 6,601 |
| Density | 46/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.luban.ug.gov.pl |


title: Gonionota vexillata

abstract: Gonionota vexillata is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in Peru. The wingspan is 21–22 mm. The forewings are brown tinged with purple, the dorsal edge sometimes suffused with dark purplish fuscous and with an elongate deep yellow patch suffusedly mixed with bright crimson extending from the base of the dorsum along the costa to the middle and then projecting downwards to the end of the cell, marked with purplish fuscous towards the base of the costa and twice interrupted posteriorly. The first discal stigma is indistinct and blackish. The costal edge is white for a short distance towards two-thirds, edged beneath with rosy suffusion. The hindwings are dark fuscous.

text:
# Gonionota vexillata

***Gonionota vexillata*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in Peru.

The wingspan is 21–22 mm. The forewings are brown tinged with purple, the dorsal edge sometimes suffused with dark purplish fuscous and with an elongate deep yellow patch suffusedly mixed with bright crimson extending from the base of the dorsum along the costa to the middle and then projecting downwards to the end of the cell, marked with purplish fuscous towards the base of the costa and twice interrupted posteriorly. The first discal stigma is indistinct and blackish. The costal edge is white for a short distance towards two-thirds, edged beneath with rosy suffusion. The hindwings are dark fuscous.

## InfoBox

| *Gonionota vexillata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Gonionota* |
| Species: | ***G. vexillata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gonionota vexillata***<br>(Meyrick, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Coptotelia vexillata* Meyrick, 1913 | |


abstract: Highland Township is a township in Harvey County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 415.

text:
# Highland Township, Harvey County, Kansas

**Highland Township** is a township in Harvey County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 415.

## Geography

Highland Township covers an area of 35.47 square miles (91.9 km2) and contains no incorporated settlements. The stream of Beaver Creek runs through this township.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Highland Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Harvey County | |
| Coordinates: 38°08′20″N 097°19′01″W / 38.13889°N 97.31694°W / 38.13889; -97.31694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Harvey |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.47 sq mi (91.87 km2) |
| Land | 35.4 sq mi (91.7 km2) |
| Water | 0.07 sq mi (0.17 km2)  0.19% |
| Elevation | 1,463 ft (446 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 415 |
| Density | 11.7/sq mi (4.5/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0477770 |
| Website | County Website |


title: Motorcycle headlamp modulator

abstract: A motorcycle headlamp modulator is an accessory device that oscillates the intensity of a motorcycle headlamp at 240 ±40 cycles per minute (~4 Hz) between approximately 20% and 100% of full intensity. The headlight operates at full intensity 50-70% of the time. United States and Canadian regulations require headlight modulators to include a light sensor that disables modulation when the ambient light level drops below a certain point. When this happens, the headlamps burn steadily.

text:
# Motorcycle headlamp modulator

A **motorcycle headlamp modulator** (or simply **headlamp modulator**) is an accessory device that oscillates the intensity of a motorcycle headlamp at 240 ±40 cycles per minute (~4 Hz) between approximately 20% and 100% of full intensity. The headlight operates at full intensity 50-70% of the time. United States and Canadian regulations require headlight modulators to include a light sensor that disables modulation when the ambient light level drops below a certain point. When this happens, the headlamps burn steadily.

## Purpose

Motorcycles in the United States since 1978 have been wired so as to operate the low-beam headlamp whenever the engine is running. This is not required by any federal regulation but rather is a matter of voluntary industry policy. However, as increasing numbers of vehicles are equipped with daytime running lights, daytime-illuminated motorcycle headlamps may no longer provide a significant conspicuity benefit. Some motorcyclists install headlamp modulators in the belief they increase motorcycle conspicuity in traffic.

## Science

While there are no studies supporting the headlamp modulator as an effective motorcycle safety device, some research suggests headlamp modulators may increase the conspicuity of motorcycles.

## Legality

### North America

In the United States, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108, which regulates all automotive lighting devices and systems, permits motorcycle headlamp modulation systems provided they comply with the performance, operation, and durability requirements contained therein Canada's analogous regulation, Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108, likewise permits headlamp modulators that meet the same technical requirements as those in force in the USA.


title: Excitation filter

abstract: An excitation filter is a high quality optical-glass filter commonly used in fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopic applications for selection of the excitation wavelength of light from a light source. Most excitation filters select light of relatively short wavelengths from an excitation light source, as only those wavelengths would carry enough energy to cause the object the microscope is examining to fluoresce sufficiently. The excitation filters used may come in two main types — short pass filters and band pass filters. Variations of these filters exist in the form of notch filters or deep blocking filters. Other forms of excitation filters include the use of monochromators, wedge prisms coupled with a narrow slit and the use of holographic diffraction gratings, etc. [for beam diffraction of white laser light into the required excitation wavelength]. An excitation filter is commonly packaged with an emission filter and a dichroic beam splitter in a cube so that the group is inserted together into the microscope. The dichroic beam splitter controls which wavelengths of light go to their respective filter.

text:
# Excitation filter

An **excitation filter** is a high quality optical-glass filter commonly used in fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopic applications for selection of the excitation wavelength of light from a light source. Most excitation filters select light of relatively short wavelengths from an excitation light source, as only those wavelengths would carry enough energy to cause the object the microscope is examining to fluoresce sufficiently. The excitation filters used may come in two main types — *short pass filters* and *band pass filters*. Variations of these filters exist in the form of *notch filters* or deep blocking filters (commonly employed as emission filters). Other forms of excitation filters include the use of monochromators, wedge prisms coupled with a narrow slit (for selection of the excitation light) and the use of holographic diffraction gratings, etc. \[for beam diffraction of white laser light into the required excitation wavelength (selected for by a narrow slit)\].

An excitation filter is commonly packaged with an emission filter and a dichroic beam splitter in a cube so that the group is inserted together into the microscope. The dichroic beam splitter controls which wavelengths of light go to their respective filter.


title: Peralta de Alcofea

abstract: Peralta de Alcofea is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2018 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 562.

text:
# Peralta de Alcofea

**Peralta de Alcofea** is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2018 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 562.

41°56′N 0°04′W / 41.933°N 0.067°W / 41.933; -0.067

## InfoBox

| Peralta de Alcofea | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
| Old church of Santiago of Tormillo, Peralta de Alcofea, Huesca, Spain | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Aragon |
| Province | Huesca |
| Municipality | Peralta de Alcofea |
| Area | |
| Total | 116 km2 (45 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 562 |
| Density | 4.8/km2 (13/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: José Raymundo Del Río

abstract: José Raymundo del Río (1783–1866) was a Chilean politician during the years of organization of the state of Chile. He was minister of the Supreme Director Ramon Freire and under the presidencies of Agustín Eyzaguirre, Ramon Freire, Francisco Antonio Pinto, Francisco Ramón Vicuña, José Tomás Ovalle and Manuel Bulnes. He was the son Gaspar del Río y Arcaya and Nieves de la Cruz y Goyeneche.

text:
# José Raymundo Del Río

**José Raymundo del Río** (1783–1866) was a Chilean politician during the years of organization of the state of Chile. He was minister of the Supreme Director Ramon Freire and under the presidencies of Agustín Eyzaguirre, Ramon Freire, Francisco Antonio Pinto, Francisco Ramón Vicuña, José Tomás Ovalle and Manuel Bulnes. He was the son Gaspar del Río y Arcaya and Nieves de la Cruz y Goyeneche.

## Political career

During Chile's War of Independence he joined the patriotic side, commanding army volunteers. After the reconquest of Chile he was exiled to Mendoza and when he was informed of Chile's independence he returned to the country. He made donations to the government for undertaking the Liberation Expedition to Peru.

During his political career he functioned as deputy secretary of finance and senior officer. He took over in 1823 as alternate for Senator Concepción (Chile) but was never called to be incorporated. He was also running civilian member in the Great Convention.

As deputy secretary he had to be acting deputy or interim minister of finance in different periods and separately from 1825 to 1842. He left political life as he was slowly beginning to lose his sight. He died blind in 1866.


title: Gene Greene

abstract: Eugene Delbert Greene was an American vaudeville and ragtime singer. He was one of the first to use scat singing techniques.

text:
# Gene Greene

**Eugene Delbert Greene** (June 9, 1877 – April 5, 1930) was an American vaudeville and ragtime singer. He was one of the first to use scat singing techniques.

## Career

Greene was born in Indiana. He worked with his wife, Blanche Werner, as Greene & Werner.

Between 1911 and 1917, he made five recordings of "King of the Bungaloos", which was his most popular song. Nicknamed "The Ragtime King", he employed scat singing techniques on this song. His other songs included "The Chinese Blues" and "Alexander's Got a Jazz Band Now". While on a tour of Europe in 1912, Blanche Werner died. Greene continued to perform, making about 64 recordings during 1912–13 before returning to the U.S. He retired to Grand Rapids, Michigan, and ran a restaurant. He tried to sing again in New York City but died of a heart attack backstage.

"King of the Bungaloos" appeared on *Pop Music: The Early Years 1890–1950* as part of Sony's *Soundtrack for a Century* box set.

## InfoBox

| Gene Greene | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Eugene Delbert Greene |
| Born | (1877-06-09)June 9, 1877 |
| Died | April 5, 1930(1930-04-05) (aged 52)<br>New York City |
| Genres | Ragtime |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 1911–1930 |


title: Francis Humphreys Storer

abstract: Francis Humphreys Storer was an American chemist known for his work in agricultural chemistry. He studied under Josiah Parsons Cooke at the Lawrence Scientific School. He later was professor of general and industrial chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1865 to 1870, and dean of the Bussey Institution at Harvard University from 1870 to 1907. At MIT he co-authored with Charles W. Eliot the first Laboratory Manual of Inorganic Chemistry written in the English language. Storer's father was David H. Storer, a prominent physician and naturalist, and his older brother was Horatio R. Storer, a gynecologist and anti-abortion activist. He was good friends Robert H. Richards, a mining engineer, and Charles Eliot, who would become president of Harvard University, and married his sister Catherine Eliot in 1871.

text:
# Francis Humphreys Storer

**Francis Humphreys Storer** (March 27, 1832 – July 30, 1914) was an American chemist known for his work in agricultural chemistry. He studied under Josiah Parsons Cooke at the Lawrence Scientific School (now known as the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences). He later was professor of general and industrial chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1865 to 1870, and dean of the Bussey Institution at Harvard University from 1870 to 1907. At MIT he co-authored with Charles W. Eliot the first Laboratory Manual of Inorganic Chemistry written in the English language. Storer's father was David H. Storer, a prominent physician and naturalist, and his older brother was Horatio R. Storer, a gynecologist and anti-abortion activist. He was good friends Robert H. Richards, a mining engineer, and Charles Eliot, who would become president of Harvard University, and married his sister Catherine Eliot in 1871.


title: Mobile Web Server

abstract: A Mobile Web Server is software designed for modern-day smartphones to host personal web servers through the use of open sourced software. Nokia is one of the few cellphone companies that brought Apache HTTP Server to their line of Nokia cellphones, running Symbian OS S60 mobile software platform. The S60 Mobile Web Server enables connectivity for HTTP traffic to a mobile device from the Internet. The Mobile Web Server components include a gateway application that runs on a computer with Internet access and a connector application, that runs on the remote mobile device. The gateway and the connector applications with a valid DNS configuration can provide a mobile device with a global web address (URL). However, as of January 2010, the web server project has been discontinued by Nokia.

text:
# Mobile Web Server

A **Mobile Web Server** is software designed for modern-day smartphones to host personal web servers through the use of open sourced software.

Nokia is one of the few cellphone companies that brought Apache HTTP Server to their line of Nokia cellphones, running Symbian OS S60 mobile software platform. The S60 Mobile Web Server enables connectivity for HTTP traffic to a mobile device from the Internet.

The Mobile Web Server components include a gateway application that runs on a computer with Internet access and a connector application, that runs on the remote mobile device. The gateway and the connector applications with a valid DNS configuration can provide a mobile device with a global web address (URL). However, as of January 2010, the web server project has been discontinued by Nokia.

## Examples

The Mobile Web Server application allows mobile devices a means for hosting personal web applications, including, web pages and server side control. The most commonly used HTTP servers and servlet containers currently available are Jetty, Tomcat, Glassfish and Resin.

|  | The diagram on the left demonstrates a general understanding of a mobile device containing a servlet container, such as, Jetty, Tomcat, Glassfish and Resin. Allowing global hosting through a personalized device, creating functionality and complete user control. Configurations within the Mobile Web Server allows optimization, account management and instant synchronized information across all platforms, regardless of a desktop, laptop or cellphone. |
| --- | --- |

## Web container comparison

| Different Containers and versions | Java API (Version) | Ant tasks (Version) | Maven 2 plugin (Version) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| GlassFish 2.x | 1.0.1 | 1.0.1 | 1.0.1 |
| GlassFish 3.x | 1.0.1 | 1.0.1 | 1.0.1 |
| Jetty 4.x | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
| Jetty 5.x | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
| Jetty 6.x | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
| Jetty 7.x | 1.0.1 | 1.0.1 | 1.0.1 |
| Jetty 8.x | 1.1.3 | 1.1.3 | 1.1.3 |
| Jetty 9.x | 1.3.0 | 1.3.0 | 1.3.0 |
| Resin 2.x | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Resin 3.x | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Resin 3.1.x | 1.2.0 | 1.2.0 | 1.2.0 |
| Tomcat 4.x | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Tomcat 5.x | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Tomcat 6.x | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Tomcat 7.x | 1.0.2 | 1.0.2 | 1.0.2 |

## Features

## InfoBox

Mobile Web Server
| Original author(s) | Robert McCool |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Apache Software Foundation, Nokia Research |
| Initial release | 23 October 2007 |
|  | |
| Stable release | 1.5 / 18 November 2008 (2008-11-18) |
|  | |
| Written in | , C++, Java |
| Operating system | All POSIX (Linux/BSD/Unix-like OSes), Symbian OS, S60 platform, Android |
| Available in | English |
| Type | Web server |
| License | Apache License 2.0 |
| Website | https://code.google.com/p/i-jetty/ |


title: Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta

abstract: Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta began his career as an Italian Mannerist painter but later adopted the reformist naturalism of Girolamo Muziano in the 1560s and 70s. He was active in Rome in the mid 16th century. Native to Sermoneta, he was reputed to have been a pupil of Leonardo da Pistoia. His first known work is an altarpiece once in the Valvisciolo Abbey, now in the Palazzo Caetani in Rome. In Piacenza he painted a Holy Family with Saint Michael (1545–1546). In 1548, he painted a Madonna with Six Saints for San Martino Maggiore in Bologna. In 1548-1549 In collaboration with Jacopino del Conte, he completed the Raphaelesque style frescoes depicting the Baptism of Clovis in the Remigius chapel of the church of San Luigi dei Francesi, which had been left unfinished by Perino del Vaga. In the 1550s, he painted the Crucifixion as an altarpiece for the Spanish national church in Rome, San Giacomo degli Spagnoli, paid for by a donation from Prince Philip of Spain. Framed in marble, it was flanked by two side panels depicting St. Ildefonsus and St. James. The Crucifixion was later relocated to Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli. In the 1560s, he painted a Life of the Virgin for San Tommaso dei Cenci and a Crucifixion for San Giovanni in Laterano, both in Rome. He was one of many Mannerist contributors to the Sala Regia of the Palazzo Quirinale. Also in Rome, he painted a Transfiguration for Santa Maria in Aracoeli; a Nativity for Santa Maria della Pace; and a Martyrdom of Saint Catherine for Santa Maria Maggiore in 1568. He painted a Virgin enthroned with saints for the church of San Bartolomeo at Ancona. He painted a series of highly ornate frescoes for the Palazzo Baronale at Cisterna di Latina.

text:
# Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta

**Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta** (1521  c. 1580) began his career as an Italian Mannerist painter but later adopted the reformist naturalism of Girolamo Muziano in the 1560s and 70s. He was active in Rome in the mid 16th century.

Native to Sermoneta, he was reputed to have been a pupil of Leonardo da Pistoia. His first known work is an altarpiece once in the Valvisciolo Abbey, now in the Palazzo Caetani in Rome. In Piacenza he painted a *Holy Family with Saint Michael* (1545–1546). In 1548, he painted a *Madonna with Six Saints* for San Martino Maggiore in Bologna. In 1548-1549 In collaboration with Jacopino del Conte, he completed the Raphaelesque style frescoes depicting the *Baptism of Clovis* in the Remigius chapel of the church of San Luigi dei Francesi, which had been left unfinished by Perino del Vaga.

In the 1550s, he painted the *Crucifixion* as an altarpiece for the Spanish national church in Rome, San Giacomo degli Spagnoli, paid for by a donation from Prince Philip of Spain. Framed in marble, it was flanked by two side panels depicting St. Ildefonsus and St. James. The *Crucifixion* was later relocated to Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli.

In the 1560s, he painted a *Life of the Virgin* for San Tommaso dei Cenci and a Crucifixion for San Giovanni in Laterano, both in Rome.

He was one of many Mannerist contributors to the Sala Regia of the Palazzo Quirinale. Also in Rome, he painted a *Transfiguration* for Santa Maria in Aracoeli; a *Nativity* for Santa Maria della Pace; and a *Martyrdom of Saint Catherine* for Santa Maria Maggiore in 1568. He painted a *Virgin enthroned with saints* for the church of San Bartolomeo at Ancona.

He painted a series of highly ornate frescoes for the Palazzo Baronale at Cisterna di Latina (destroyed during World War II).

## Sources


title: Modec

abstract: Modec was an electric vehicle manufacturer in Coventry, in the United Kingdom, specialising in Commercial vehicles in the N2 category. It unveiled its first model in April 2006 and announced its intention to commence series production in March 2007, with the first production vehicles destined for Tesco. Following a long-term decline in sales, it entered administration in March 2011, with all remaining assets and intellectual property sold to Navistar International.

text:
# Modec

**Modec** was an electric vehicle manufacturer in Coventry, in the United Kingdom, specialising in Commercial vehicles in the N2 category. It unveiled its first model in April 2006 and announced its intention to commence series production in March 2007, with the first production vehicles destined for Tesco. Following a long-term decline in sales, it entered administration in March 2011, with all remaining assets and intellectual property sold to Navistar International.

## History

2002eMercury project commenced within London Taxis International (a subsidiary of Manganese Bronze Holdings). The project was led by Jevon Thorpe, designer of the TX1London Taxi. Some development funding received from the Energy Savings Trust (EST), part of the Department of Trade and Industry. 2004Three eMercury prototypes demonstrated - one conventional lead-acid battery powered, one hybrid vehicle utilising a nickel metal hydride battery and one utilising a high energy molten salt battery mounted in a removable cassette between the chassis rails. Manganese Bronze Holdings announces its decision to focus on its taxi business. The eMercury project bought by Jamie Borwick, former CEO & Chairman of Manganese Bronze, who creates Modec Limited as part of Borwick Group. Splits with drivetrain supplier Azure Dynamics, in favour of Zytek, commences development of production vehicles 2006Announces partnerships with Lex Logistics for customer service, GE Commercial Finance for vehicle finance and battery rental and Axeon Power for battery cassette assemblies containing Zebra battery technology. Unveils next generation of production intent vehicles at SMMT Commercial Vehicle Show. Fitted with an 85 kWh battery pack, they have a 2-2.5 tonne payload, a governed top speed of 50 mph and a range in excess of 100 miles on a typical urban duty cycle. Maximum torque of 300 Newton metres is delivered from rest, resulting in lively acceleration. Zebra batteries are used. 2007Coventry production facility officially opened by David Cameron MP. Announcement of that the first vehicles built will be delivered to Tesco for home grocery deliveries. Other deliveries included Center Parcs at their Elveden Forest park for servicing use, Accord, Amey, Speedy Hire, Hildon Water, London Borough of Islington and others. 2008100th Modec vehicle produced, production at the Coventry plant ramping up according to plan (maximum capacity 5,000 vehicles per annum). London dealer network expands to six sites; Distributors appointed in the Netherlands and Ireland UPS has ordered Modec electric vans for its UK and German fleets. Energy costs play a huge part in the potential profitability of package delivery companies like UPS, DHL and FedEx. 2009Modec is the first electric vehicle in the N2 class to attain European Whole Vehicle Type Approval. Modec has entered into a joint venture with Navistar International for North and South America. The Joint venture is named Navistar-Modec EV Alliance. 2010Navistar began deliveries of its eStar electric van manufactured in Wakarusa, Indiana, under licensed technology from Modec's zero-emissions delivery van.

### Closure

Following a long-term decline in sales with a total production of around 400 vehicles, and following the failure of a rescue deal with Navistar, Modec entered administration in March 2011 with debts of over £40M. Navistar subsequently bought the intellectual property rights from administrators Zolfo Cooper.

Following the closure of the business and sale of the assets, Liberty Electric Cars hired the entire Modec engineering team and set up a new subsidiary "Liberty E-Tech". After failing in January 2011 to agree a deal with Navistar to buy the brand, in July 2011 Liberty launched a service called "e-Care" to service and maintain Modec vehicles, which presently covers the UK, France, Germany and Dubai.

## Technical

The only product of the Modec company was the Modec EV commercial vehicle. It was produced in three versions; a chassis cab, box van and a dropside. All three shared a common wheelbase of 141.7 in (3.60 m) and a steel ladder frame chassis. The Modec has a kerb weight of 3.3 tonnes and a max gross capacity of 6.05 tonnes.

The vehicles use an 102 bhp (76 kW; 103 PS) motor with 221 lb⋅ft (300 N⋅m) of torque and an exchangeable lead-acid battery which is charged from an external charger that requires a 32amp 3-phase supply to charge the vehicle for 6 hours, it also has options for Lithium-Ion Phosphate or Sodium Nickel chloride batteries.

It has a 100-mile (160 km) range and a 50 mph (80 km/h) top speed.

## InfoBox

Modec Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Manufacturing |
| Founded | October 2004 (2004-10) |
| Defunct | March 2011 (2011-03) |
| Fate | Assets & IP sold to Navistar International |
| Headquarters | Coventry, United Kingdom |
| Key people | Jamie Borwick, (Chairman)<br>Bill Gillespie, (CEO) |
| Products | Zero Emission Commercial Vehicles |
| Revenue | Undisclosed |
| Net income | Undisclosed |
| Number of employees | 70 (2007) |
| Website | www.modeczev.com |


title: Missombo

abstract: Missombo is a city and commune of Angola, located in the province of Cuando Cubango. As of 2014, the commune had a population of 9,469 over an area of 3,030 square kilometres (1,170 sq mi).

text:
# Missombo

**Missombo** is a city and commune of Angola, located in the province of Cuando Cubango. As of 2014, the commune had a population of 9,469 over an area of 3,030 square kilometres (1,170 sq mi).

14°48′S 17°41′E / 14.800°S 17.683°E / -14.800; 17.683

## InfoBox

| Missombo | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Country | Angola |
| Province | Cuando Cubango |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
| Climate | Aw |


title: Under a Jarvis Moon

abstract: Under a Jarvis Moon is a 2010 documentary film about the young men, mostly of Hawaiian origin, sent in the 1930s and 1940s to colonize the Line Island of Jarvis and the Phoenix Islands of Howland and Baker. Directed by Noelle Kahanu and Heather Giugni, the film is related to a 2002 Bishop Museum exhibition "Hui Panalāʻau: Hawaiian Colonists, American Citizens." In 2010 Hawaii International Film Festival, the film scored #1 in Best Documentary nomination.

text:
# Under a Jarvis Moon

***Under a Jarvis Moon*** is a 2010 documentary film about the young men, mostly of Hawaiian origin, sent in the 1930s and 1940s to colonize the Line Island of Jarvis and the Phoenix Islands of Howland and Baker. Directed by Noelle Kahanu and Heather Giugni, the film is related to a 2002 Bishop Museum exhibition "Hui Panalāʻau: Hawaiian Colonists, American Citizens." In 2010 Hawaii International Film Festival, the film scored #1 in Best Documentary nomination.

## Description

The United States companies ran guano mining business in Jarvis Island during the mid-1800s, by using the Guano Act passed by Congress in 1856. Eventually the mines were exhausted, and the colonists left the island. Then Jarvis, Baker and Howland islands were claimed by Great Britain. However, it was unable to occupy the islands or find any use for them, so the British soon abandoned, too.

In 1935, the US Department of Air Commerce announced the need to reclaim the strategically located Line Islands, ostensibly to protect federal interests in commercial aviation routes between California and Australia. During the 1930s, the United States government made a decision to send colonists to the islands of Baker, Howland, and Jarvis under the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project, in order to lay claim to the islands. The stated reason for the claim would be to further commercial aviation. Documents presented in this movie suggest that military purposes were contemplated, though they were not to be divulged.

The government recruited the initial 130 colonists among young men at Kamehameha Schools in Hawaii, and also among furloughed Army personnel. The students from Kamehameha school were generally not given very much information about their upcoming assignment. The Coast Guard cutter *Itasca* delivered the colonists to their islands, and was subsequently used for bringing replacements and supplies.

At the end of the first three-month tour, the furloughed military personnel reported dissatisfaction with the experience, whereas the young men of Native Hawaiian ancestry reportedly enjoyed the experience. Throughout the 1930s, the vast majority of subsequent colonists sent to these islands were Native Hawaiian young men recruited from Kamehameha schools.

Although the colonists initially attempted to grow plants on these islands, they were largely unsuccessful. The most notable achievement of the colonists, besides helping the United States claim these three islands, was to prepare a runway on Howland Island for Amelia Earhart on her planned trip around the world (Amelia Earhart disappeared en route to Howland).

The documentary describes the living conditions of the colonists, including the water scarcity, the abundance of fish and surfing opportunities, the abundant bird life, the isolation of the colonists prior to the installation of radios, and the social and personal interactions of the colonists with each other. Mention is also made of the hardships of the colonists after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.

The documentary includes interviews with the (now aged) surviving colonists, many contemporary photographs, and occasional descriptions of related political and world events.

The title of the movie is the title of a song written by one of the colonists on Jarvis.

## Outcome of the colonization effort

Today, in part because of the efforts of these colonists, these islands are grouped as part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. They are currently uninhabited and have National Wildlife Refuge designation, meaning they are set aside as protected areas.

## Further reading

* "112th CONGRESS, 1st Session, H. RES. 388". 6 September 2011. Retrieved 2013-06-02. Resolved, That the House of Representatives--(1) acknowledges the accomplishments and sacrifices of the Hui Panalāʻau colonists and extends appreciation on behalf of the people of the United States; (2) acknowledges the local, national, and international significance of the 7-year colonization project, which resulted in the United States extending sovereignty into the Equatorial Pacific; and (3) recognizes and commends the accomplishments, sacrifices, and contributions of the more than 130 young men, the majority of whom were Native Hawaiian, who participated in the Equatorial Pacific colonization project.

## InfoBox

| Under a Jarvis Moon | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Noelle Kahanu and Heather Giugni |
| Produced by | Noelle Kahanu, Heather Giugni, Lisa Altieri |
| Edited by | Lisa Altieri |
| Production<br>company | Juniroa Productions |
| Release date | * October 17, 2010 (2010-10-17) (Hawaii Film Festival) |
| Running time | 56 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Under a Godless Veil

abstract: Under a Godless Veil is the seventh studio album by Swedish gothic metal band Draconian, released on 30 October 2020 through Napalm Records. It is their first album since Arcane Rain Fell (2005) without longtime bassist Fredrik Johansson, who left the band in April 2016. Daniel Änghede performed bass for this album. It is also their last album with Heike Langhans, who left the band in 2022. A lyric video for "Lustrous Heart" was released on 5 May 2020, followed by "Sorrow of Sophia" on 16 July 2020.

text:
# Under a Godless Veil

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Blabbermouth.net* | 8.5/10 |
| *Distorted Sound* | 8/10 |
| *Metal Hammer* |  |
| *Sonic Perspectives* | 8.8/10 |

***Under a Godless Veil*** is the seventh studio album by Swedish gothic metal band Draconian, released on 30 October 2020 through Napalm Records. It is their first album since Arcane Rain Fell (2005) without longtime bassist Fredrik Johansson, who left the band in April 2016. Daniel Änghede performed bass for this album. It is also their last album with Heike Langhans, who left the band in 2022.

A lyric video for "Lustrous Heart" was released on 5 May 2020, followed by "Sorrow of Sophia" on 16 July 2020.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Anders Jacobsson except where noted; all music is composed by Johan Ericson

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sorrow of Sophia" | 7:28 |
| 2. | "The Sacrificial Flame" | 7:30 |
| 3. | "Lustrous Heart" | 4:47 |
| 4. | "Sleepwalkers" (Heike Langhans, Anders Jacobsson) | 6:45 |
| 5. | "Moon Over Sabaoth" | 5:50 |
| 6. | "Burial Fields" | 4:35 |
| 7. | "The Sethian" | 6:51 |
| 8. | "Claw Marks on the Throne" | 5:42 |
| 9. | "Night Visitor" | 3:48 |
| 10. | "Ascend Into Darkness" | 8:54 |
| Total length: | | 62:10 |

## Personnel

* Heike Langhans – vocals
* Anders Jacobsson – vocals
* Johan Ericson – lead guitar, backing vocals
* Daniel Arvidsson – rhythm guitar, vocals on "The Sethian"
* Daniel Änghede – bass
* Jerry Torstensson – drums, percussion
* Daniel Neagoe – narration on "Burial Fields"

## Production

* Arranged and produced by Johan Ericson, additional string arrangement on "Sorrow of Sophia" by Erik Arvinder.

## InfoBox

| Under a Godless Veil | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Draconian | |
| Released | 30 October 2020 |
| Recorded | 2018–2019 |
| Genre | Gothic metal, doom metal |
| Length | 62:10 |
| Label | Napalm |
| Producer | Johan Ericson |
| Draconian chronology | |
| *Sovran*
(2015) ***Under a Godless Veil***
(2020) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Under a Godless Veil* | |
| 1. "Lustrous Heart"
Released: 5 May 2020 2. "Sorrow of Sophia"
Released: 16 July 2020 | |
|  | |


title: Modern Order of Praetorians

abstract: The Modern Order of Praetorians, sometimes known as The Praetorians, was a fraternal organization founded in Dallas in 1898 or 1899 by Charles B. Gardner, who had formerly worked with the Home Forum and Woodmen of the World. Despite early setbacks the Order thrived and in the early built the Praetorian Building, the first skyscraper in Texas. Membership was open to men and women, and the Order once had 36,752 benefit members. This was up from 32,800 members at the end of 1919 and approximately 36,000 at the end of 1920. In 1923 the Order was active in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Colorado, New Mexico and Washington. The administrative organ of the Order was the Supreme Senate at the Praetorian building in Dallas. Local branches were called "Councils", of which there were 599 in 1923. Local officers included a "Sublime Augustus", "Seignor Tribune", "Junior Tribune", "Worthy Attorney", "Worthy Recorder", First and Second "Centurion", "Lygian", "Soothsayer", "Sentinel", "Praetorian Queen", "Worthy Physician" and "Official Musician". It became a life insurance company in 1957.

text:
# Modern Order of Praetorians

The **Modern Order of Praetorians**, sometimes known as **The Praetorians**, was a fraternal organization founded in Dallas in 1898 or 1899 by Charles B. Gardner, who had formerly worked with the Home Forum and Woodmen of the World. Despite early setbacks the Order thrived and in the early built the Praetorian Building, the first skyscraper in Texas.

Membership was open to men and women, and the Order once had 36,752 benefit members. This was up from 32,800 members at the end of 1919 and approximately 36,000 at the end of 1920. In 1923 the Order was active in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Colorado, New Mexico and Washington. The administrative organ of the Order was the Supreme Senate at the Praetorian building in Dallas. Local branches were called "Councils", of which there were 599 in 1923. Local officers included a "Sublime Augustus", "Seignor Tribune", "Junior Tribune", "Worthy Attorney", "Worthy Recorder", First and Second "Centurion", "Lygian", "Soothsayer", "Sentinel", "Praetorian Queen", "Worthy Physician" and "Official Musician".

It became a life insurance company in 1957.


title: Union Railroad 0-10-2

abstract: Ten Union Railroad 0-10-2 steam locomotives were built in 1936–1939 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works. These were the only 0-10-2 locomotives ever built in the United States and this purchase gave the name "Union" to this type. The Union Railroad was a switching and transfer line owned by U.S. Steel, serving a number of plants in the area and connecting with six trunk line railroads. Operation was only at low speed, thus a leading truck's stability was not required. The intent was to eliminate helper requirements on grades, and thus a locomotive larger than the Union's previous switchers and 2-8-0 "Consolidations" was needed. Ten driving wheels allowed the application of sufficient tractive effort within the axle load limits of the line, and the requirement for a large firebox and plentiful steam-raising ability necessitated the trailing truck. To increase tractive effort still further, a booster engine was fitted to the leading tender truck. The unusual wheel arrangement was also a result of the turntable restrictions on the total wheel base. Upon dieselization of the Union in 1949, nine of the locomotives were sold to fellow U.S. Steel railroad the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range, where they served until 1962. 304 survives as a static exhibit at Greenville, Pennsylvania.

text:
# Union Railroad 0-10-2

Ten **Union Railroad 0-10-2** steam locomotives were built in 1936–1939 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works. These were the only 0-10-2 locomotives ever built in the United States and this purchase gave the name "Union" to this type.

The Union Railroad was a switching and transfer line owned by U.S. Steel, serving a number of plants in the area and connecting with six trunk line railroads. Operation was only at low speed, thus a leading truck's stability was not required. The intent was to eliminate helper requirements on grades, and thus a locomotive larger than the Union's previous switchers and 2-8-0 "Consolidations" was needed. Ten driving wheels allowed the application of sufficient tractive effort within the axle load limits of the line, and the requirement for a large firebox and plentiful steam-raising ability necessitated the trailing truck. To increase tractive effort still further, a booster engine was fitted to the leading tender truck. The unusual wheel arrangement was also a result of the turntable restrictions on the total wheel base.

Upon dieselization of the Union in 1949, nine of the locomotives were sold to fellow U.S. Steel railroad the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range, where they served until 1962. 304 survives as a static exhibit at Greenville, Pennsylvania.

1. Alexander, Edwin P. (1950). *American Locomotives*. Bonanza. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0-517-01423-3.
2. Railway Age (magazine) July 18, 1936 Page 105-106
3. "Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range RR No. 604". *SteamLocomotive.info*. Retrieved 2006-12-16.

## InfoBox

| Union Railroad 0-10-2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder Baldwin Locomotive Works  Serial number 61907–61911, 62059–62062,  Build date 1936–1939  Total produced 10 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-10-2  UIC E1′  Gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm)  Driver dia. 61 in (1,549 mm)  Adhesive weight 343,930 lb (156.0 tonnes)  Loco weight 404,400 lb (183.4 tonnes)  Total weight 644,510 lb (292.3 tonnes)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 28,000 lb (12.7 tonnes)  Water cap. 12,000 US gal (45,000 L; 10,000 imp gal)  Boiler pressure 260 lbf/in2 (1.79 MPa)  Cylinders Two  Cylinder size 28 in × 32 in (711 mm × 813 mm)  Valve gear Walschaerts | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort *Loco:* 90,900 lbf (404.3 kN),
*Tender booster:* 17,150 lbf (76.29 kN) | |
| Career  Operators Union Railroad, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range  Class URR: U-108b
DMIR: S7  Numbers URR 301-310; DM&IR 601-609  Retired URR: 1949
DM&IR: 1958–1963  Disposition One preserved, remainder scrapped | |


title: Glass Teeth

abstract: Glass Teeth are an American electronic duo from Boston, Massachusetts, consisting of Xavier Thomas and Joe Reutt. It began as Thomas's solo project. While going to film school in New York City in late 2009 and early 2010, he began making music to accompany his video projects, which he uploaded to MySpace under the name Glass Teeth. He also DJed under this name. Reutt connected with Thomas after a friend informed him that Thomas had played his songs. He dropped his own project to join Glass Teeth around 2013. Thomas released a self-titled debut EP as Glass Teeth on Black Bus Records in 2011. He also released a split EP with ℑ⊇≥◊≤⊆ℜ as Glass Teeth on Phantasma Disques in 2011.

text:
# Glass Teeth

**Glass Teeth** (stylized as **GL▲SS †33†H**) are an American electronic duo from Boston, Massachusetts, consisting of Xavier Thomas (also known as Xavier Gath and Xavier Glass) and Joe Reutt.

It began as Thomas's solo project. While going to film school in New York City in late 2009 and early 2010, he began making music to accompany his video projects, which he uploaded to MySpace under the name Glass Teeth. He also DJed under this name. Reutt (who was also going to college around this time and DJing on the side as Grim Trigger) connected with Thomas after a friend informed him that Thomas had played his songs. He dropped his own project to join Glass Teeth around 2013.

Thomas released a self-titled debut EP as Glass Teeth on Black Bus Records in 2011. He also released a split EP with ℑ⊇≥◊≤⊆ℜ as Glass Teeth on Phantasma Disques in 2011.

## InfoBox

| Glass Teeth | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Boston, Massachusetts |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2011–present |
| Labels | * Black Bus * Phantasma Disques |
|  | |
| Members | Xavier Thomas<br>Joe Reutt |


title: Unidos Permanecemos

abstract: Unidos Permanecemos is a live album by Australian band Hillsong United. It was recorded in Spain and sung in Spanish. AllMusic gave the album a four star rating out of five, writing that "The fact that the Aussies took the time to learn the lyrics and enunciate them correctly is proof that they didn't just want to rush out something to appease their ardent Latin followers; they wanted them to give the full Hillsong United treatment: big choruses, stadium-sized rockers, and lots of Britpop atmospherics... en español."

text:
# Unidos Permanecemos

**Unidos Permanecemos** (Spanish for "United We Stand") is a live album by Australian band Hillsong United. It was recorded in Spain and sung in Spanish. AllMusic gave the album a four star rating out of five, writing that "The fact that the Aussies took the time to learn the lyrics and enunciate them correctly is proof that they didn't just want to rush out something to appease their ardent Latin followers; they wanted them to give the full Hillsong United treatment: big choruses, stadium-sized rockers, and lots of Britpop atmospherics ... en español."

## Track listing

01. — Introducción (An Introduction) — (Michael Guy Chislett) — 01:33

02. — Es Tiempo (The Time Has Come) — (Joel Houston) *Worship Leader: Joel Houston* — 04:41

03. — Tómalo (Take It All) — (Marty Sampson, Matt Crocker & Scott Ligertwood) *Worship Leader: Marty Sampson* — 03:09

04. — Su Hijo Dio (From God Above) — (Marty Sampson) *Worship Leader: Marty Sampson — 03:19*

05. — Desde Mi Interior (From The Inside Out) — (Joel Houston) *Worship Leader: Jad Gillies* — 06:30

06. — Me Viniste A Rescatar (Came To My Rescue) — (Sampson, Dylan Thomas & Joel Davies) *Worship Leader: Marty Sampson & Annie Garrat* — 05:23

07. — Repetición (A Reprise) — 02:53

08. — Sólo Cristo (None But Jesus) — (Brooke Fraser) *Worship Leader: Brooke Fraser* — 05:30

09. — Selah I — 01:43

10. — Fuego De Dios (Fire Fall Down) — (Crocker) *Worship Leader: Marty Sampson* — 10:51

11. — La Revolución (Revolution) — (Ligertwood, Houston, Sampson, Chislett & Fraser) *Worship Leader: JD* — 03:47

12. — Venga Tú Reino (Kingdom Come) — (Ben Fielding) *Worship Leader: Jad Gillies* — 04:59

13. — Nadie Hay Como Tú (There Is No One Like You) — (Joel Houston) *Worship Leader: Joel Houston* — 02:38

14. — Soberano (Sovereign Hands) — (Mia Fieldes) *Worship Leader: Annie Garrat* — 05:30

15. — Aquí Estoy (The Stand) — (Joel Houston) *Worship Leader: Joel Houston* — 06:54

16. — Selah II — 03:40

17. — Aleluya (Hallelujah) — (Rolf Wam Rjell, Matthew Tennikoff & Marty Sampson) *Worship Leader: Joel Houston* — 03:46

## InfoBox

| Unidos Permanecemos | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Hillsong & Hillsong United | |
| Released | 2007 |
| Recorded | 2006 |
| Genre | Praise and worship, Christian rock, Latin |
| Length | 76:55 |
| Label | Hillsong Music Australia |
| Producer | Joel Houston |
| Hillsong Español chronology | |
| ***Unidos Permanecemos***
(2007) *Con Todo*
(2010) | |


title: Moerdijk

abstract: Moerdijk is a municipality and a town in the South of the Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant.

text:
# Moerdijk

**Moerdijk** (Dutch pronunciation: \[muːrˈdɛik\] ) is a municipality and a town in the South of the Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant.

## History

The municipality of Moerdijk was founded in 1997 following the merger of the municipalities of Fijnaart en Heijningen, Klundert, Standdaarbuiten, Willemstad, and Zevenbergen. At that time the new municipality was called Zevenbergen. The name changed to Moerdijk on 1 April 1998.

## Population centres

### Topography

*Dutch Topographic map of the municipality of Moerdijk, June 2015*

### The village of Moerdijk

The village of Moerdijk is one of the smaller villages of the municipality. Population as of 2002 is 1,205. *Moerdijk* is however a well-known name in the Netherlands, because of the large Moerdijk industrial area, with a large power plant, and because of the well-known Moerdijk bridges (highway and railway bridges) across the Hollands Diep. This was the last bridge available for the retreat from the vital Scheldt Estuary of the rapidly collapsing German defences near Antwerp in World War II. (Noteworthy as well, the Moerdijk bridges were one of the first targets of guided, or "smart bombs"- by American heavy bombers in late 1944.)

Moerdijk made headlines on 5 January 2011 because of a large fire at Chemie-Pack (a firm processing numerous chemicals) causing a large cloud of toxic smoke to blow over the surrounding area, mostly to the north of Moerdijk.

*Above the Moerdijk* (meaning "north of Moerdijk") is used as an expression in Belgium and the southern parts of the Netherlands to mean "in the Netherlands" or "in Holland".

*Below the Moerdijk* (meaning "south of Moerdijk" or "below the major rivers") is also a Dutch expression for the Catholic provinces North Brabant and Limburg. This expression is used particularly around Mardi Gras in relation to the region's traditional carnival culture, which (with a few local exceptions) does not exist north of the major rivers.

*Over de Moerdijk* (meaning "across the Moerdijk") is used by either party to mean the other one.

### Zevenbergen

**Zevenbergen** is the largest town of the municipality (population as of 2002: 14,006). It is located about 10 km northwest of Breda. It received city rights in 1427.

Zevenbergen has a train station with connections to Dordrecht and Roosendaal.

## Transport

Railway Dordrecht to Roosendaal (part of line 11), with stations and official station abbreviations:

Close to Hollands Diep, the area is now used for industrial movements by water, with great inland access as well the access into the North Sea, transport company Van der Vlist have their own port located in the area, and many other transport companies have nearby offices.

## Notable people

### Sport

## InfoBox

| Moerdijk | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aerial view over Moerdijk (Zevenbergen in centre) | |
|  | |
| Location in North Brabant | |
| Coordinates: 51°39′N 4°36′E / 51.650°N 4.600°E / 51.650; 4.600 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | North Brabant |
| Government | |
| Body | Municipal council |
| Mayor | Aart-Jan Moerkerke (VVD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 184.03 km2 (71.05 sq mi) |
| Land | 159.15 km2 (61.45 sq mi) |
| Water | 24.88 km2 (9.61 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1 m (3 ft) |
| Population (January 2021) | |
| Total | 37,185 |
| Density | 234/km2 (610/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postcode | 4758–4797 |
| Area code | 0168 |
| Website | www.moerdijk.nl |


title: Moerenuma Park

abstract: Moerenuma Park is a municipal park in Sapporo, Japan. It has playground equipment, outdoor sports fields, and objects that are designed by Isamu Noguchi, a Japanese American artist. Visitors can enter the park and use the parking lot for free. Construction began in 1988; the park opened in 2005. It won a number of awards including the Good Design Award in 2002.

text:
# Moerenuma Park

**Moerenuma Park** (モエレ沼公園, *Moerenuma Kōen*) is a municipal park in Sapporo, Japan. It has playground equipment, outdoor sports fields, and objects that are designed by Isamu Noguchi, a Japanese American artist. Visitors can enter the park and use the parking lot for free. Construction began in 1988; the park opened in 2005. It won a number of awards including the Good Design Award in 2002.

## History

Before the construction of Moerenuma Park, the place has been used as a garbage reclaimed ground since 1979. Under the Sapporo Circular Greenbelt Concept, a city planning project that aims at developing the urban areas of Sapporo with greenbelts and parks, construction began in 1982. Sapporo asked Isamu Noguchi to design the park.

Noguchi's first visit to Sapporo was in March 1988, when the place was still used as a reclaimed ground in part. Impressed with the landscape and the northern skyline, Noguchi contracted the offer from Sapporo government and made the master plan of the park, which includes the concept of "park that is considered to be one complete sculpture." On December 30 in the same year, however, right after making a miniature model of the planned park, Isamu Noguchi died of heart failure in New York City, and the park was constructed with his master plan from 1989.

In 1990, land reclamation of garbage was totally closed. It had 71.2 ha and 2,736,000 tons of garbage carried to the place until 1990.

In 1997, Moerenuma Park made a park twinning agreement with the Bayfront Park in Miami, United States. The park won the Good Design Award in 2002, 11th Sapporo Urban Scenery Award in 2003, and Hokkaidō Red Brick Architectural Award in 2004. The park was partly open during construction, and on July 1, 2005, the entire construction was completed (although it was initially planned to be complete in 2004). The Sapporo international art festival was held in 2014 and 2017.

## Outline

The name "Moerenuma" (Moere marsh) is derived from the word "Moyre pet" in Ainu language, which means "a slowly flowing river." Moere marsh was in the place long before the park was constructed. The official name of the marsh is Shinoro New River. It is said that river was made because of perpetual flood in the past. It currently connects to the Kariki New River. The Moere marsh is surrounding the whole area of the park ground.

The entire area of the park is 1,888,000 m² including the Moere marsh, coming to a total cost of 27 billion yen. The park has 120 pieces of playground equipment, about 3,000 cherry trees, and the parking lots holds 1,500 vehicles. The construction is mainly supervised by Isamu Noguchi Foundation and George Sadao.

The biggest symbol of the park is a glass pyramid near the eastern entrance. The pyramid has the nickname "Hidamari", which means "sunny spot" in Japanese. The nickname was given in 2002 and selected from 2,340 applications. With a floor space of 5,328 m², the pyramid has three floors and a roof overlooking a large part of the park. The top floor houses the gallery of Isamu Noguchi and the miniature model of the park. A restaurant and museum shop are on the ground floor. The pyramid has an air conditioning system to cool down inside in summer, using snow stored in a neighbouring storage building during winter. Hidamari is also used for workshops and events including the Prestigious International Conference on Music and Perception with a concert by John Kaizen Neptune in 2008 in the rooms on the ground and second floors.

The Tetra Mound, an object with triangle stainless steels (one of the creations of Isamu Noguchi) is placed in the western side. Several events have been held in the square close by. The Mt. Moere occupies large part of the park. It is 62 metres high, which enables visitors to overlook the landscape of the park and northern part of the Sapporo city. More playground equipment is near the Forest of Cherry Trees and the Moere Beach, which is a shallow pond open during summer.

A 150-metre canal, the Aqua Plaza, is in the centre of the park, and the Sea Fountain is constructed near the canal. The fountain reaches 25 meters high when it jets out, and it is closed during winter. The monument called Music Shell is used as the musical venue. It is shaped to imitate two shells swelling up from the ground — as the name indicates.

The park contains sports grounds such as a tennis court, baseball field and athletic field. These are opened from April to November. Registration to use these facilities is required at the management office. Visitors can rent bicycles. As some park facilities are closed during the winter months, visitors can enjoy cross-country skiing in the park instead. Courses are set up, which enable visitors to view objects in the park whilst skiing. Cross-country skiing equipment is lent at the office in the glass pyramid.

## Nearby

Close to Moerenuma Park, there is the Sapporo Satoland — a theme park focusing on agriculture and one of the venues of the Sapporo Snow Festival. The Sapporo Community Dome, an indoor stadium which is often used as a venue for some sports events, and the Okadama Airport are close to the park.

## Access

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Moerenuma Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Sapporo Japan |
| Coordinates | 43°07′26″N 141°25′48″E / 43.124°N 141.430°E / 43.124; 141.430 |
| Area | 188.8ha |
| Created | 2005 |
| Visitors | 831,350 (2006) |
| Parking | 1500 vehicles |


title: Moere

abstract: Moere is a small village located within the municipality of Gistel in West Flanders, Belgium. The village gained some fame when American singer Marvin Gaye moved there for several months in the early 1980s. During his stay, the singer composed his hit songs "Sexual Healing" and "Midnight Love." The house he resided in remains an attraction to this day. Another famous inhabitant of the village was Alfons Vanhee, a priest who was a friend of the romantic poet Guido Gezelle in the latter half of the 19th century. Vanhee is best known for composing the text Het manneke uit de mane which is roughly translated as "The man in the Moon".

text:
# Moere

**Moere** is a small village located within the municipality of Gistel in West Flanders, Belgium. The village gained some fame when American singer Marvin Gaye moved there for several months in the early 1980s. During his stay, the singer composed his hit songs "Sexual Healing" and "Midnight Love." The house he resided in remains an attraction to this day.

Another famous inhabitant of the village was Alfons Vanhee, a priest who was a friend of the romantic poet Guido Gezelle in the latter half of the 19th century. Vanhee is best known for composing the text *Het manneke uit de mane* which is roughly translated as "The man in the Moon".

51°07′20″N 2°57′20″E / 51.12233°N 2.95567°E / 51.12233; 2.95567


title: Giulio Angolo del Moro

abstract: Giulio Angolo del Moro,, the brother of Battista, was a sculptor, architect, and painter. He was a native of Verona, but laboured chiefly at Venice, and in the churches and the Doge's Palace of that city he has left several pictures. He flourished in the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th. There is no record of him later than 1618. There was a third brother, Girolamo, who was also a painter, but of no great merit.

text:
# Giulio Angolo del Moro

**Giulio Angolo del Moro**, (commonly called Angeli), the brother of Battista, was a sculptor, architect, and painter. He was a native of Verona, but laboured chiefly at Venice, and in the churches and the Doge's Palace of that city he has left several pictures. He flourished in the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th. There is no record of him later than 1618. There was a third brother, Girolamo, who was also a painter, but of no great merit.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Angolo Del Moro, Giulio". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). *Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K)*. Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.


title: Giulio Antonio Santorio

abstract: Giulio Antonio Santorio was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

text:
# Giulio Antonio Santorio

**Giulio Antonio Santorio** (6 June 1532  9 May 1602) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

## Biography

Santorio was born in Caserta. He served as Archbishop of Santa Severina from 1566 until his death.

On 12 March 1566, Santorio was consecrated bishop by Scipione Rebiba with Annibale Caracciolo, Bishop of Isola, and Giacomo de' Giacomelli, Bishop Emeritus of Belcastro, serving as co-consecrators. Santorio was made Cardinal on 17 May 1570, and installed as the Cardinal-Priest of S. Bartolomeo all'Isola the same year, and subsequently became Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere in 1595 and finally in 1597 Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina. Through his own episcopal consecration of Girolamo Bernerio, Cardinal Santorio figures in the episcopal lineage of Pope Francis, Pope Benedict XVI, and most modern bishops.

## Episcopal succession

## Literary works

* *Vita del card. Giulio Antonio Santori detto il card. di Santa Severina composta e scritta da lui medesimo*, in «Archivio della R. Società di Storia Patria», voll. XII 1889 e XIII 1890
* *Pro confutatione articulorum et haeresum recentiorum Haereticorum et pseudo-apostolorum, ex Utriusque Testamenti textu decerpta*, in ms. Vaticanus Latinus 12233, cc. 62r-439v, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana
* *Historia abiuratorum et haereticorum scripta et notata a Cardinali Sanctae Severinae* ... *De persecutionis haereticae pravitatis historia*, ms. in Archivio della Congragazione per la Dottrina della Fede

## Further reading

* (in Italian) L. Santori, *La spedizione di Lautrec nel Regno di Napoli*, Galatina 1972
* (in Italian) R. Ajello, *Una società anomala. Il programma e la sconfitta della nobiltà napoletana in due memoriali cinquecenteschi*, Napoli 1996
* (in Italian) S. Ricci, *Il Sommo Inquisitore. Giulio Antonio Santori tra autobiografia e storia (1532–1602)*, Roma 2002 ISBN 88-8402-393-9

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Giulio Antonio Santorio | |
| --- | --- |
| Cardinal, Bishop of Palestrina | |
| Tomba of Giulio Antonio Santorio in the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano sculpted by Giuliano Finelli in 1634 | |
| Appointed | 6 March 1566 |
| Installed | 12 March 1566 |
| Term ended | 9 January 1573 |
| Predecessor | Giovanni Battista Orsini |
| Successor | Francesco Antonio Santorio |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina |
| Previous post(s) | * Cardinal-Priest of S. Bartolomeo all’Isola (1570–1595) * Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere (1595–1597) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1557 |
| Consecration | 12 March 1566
by Scipione Rebiba |
| Created cardinal | 17 May 1570 |
| Rank | Cardinal-Bishop |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Giulio Antonio Santorio
6 June 1532
Caserta |
| Died | 9 May 1602(1602-05-09) (aged 69) |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |


title: Unified Power Format

abstract: Unified Power Format (UPF) is the popular name of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard for specifying power intent in power optimization of electronic design automation. The IEEE 1801-2009 release of the standard was based on a donation from the Accellera organization. The current release is IEEE 1801-2018.

text:
# Unified Power Format

**Unified Power Format** (UPF) is the popular name of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard for specifying power intent in power optimization of electronic design automation. The **IEEE 1801**-2009 release of the standard was based on a donation from the Accellera organization. The current release is IEEE 1801-2018.

## History

A Unified Power Format technical committee was formed by the Accellera organization, chaired by Stephen Bailey of Mentor Graphics. As a reaction to the Power Forward Initiative the group was proposed in July 2006 and met on September 13, 2006. It submitted its first draft in January 2007, and a version 1.0 was approved to be published on February 26, 2007. Joe Daniels was technical editor.

Files written to this standard annotate an electric design with the power and power control intent of that design. Elements of that annotation include:

* Power Supplies: supply nets, supply sets, power states
* Power Control: power switches
* Additional Protection: level shifters and isolation
* Memory retention during times of limited power: retention strategies and supply set power states
* Refinable descriptions of the potential power applied to the electronic system: power states, transitions, a set of simstate, power/ground pin type (pg\_type) and function attributes of nets, and the -update argument to support the progressive refinement of the power intent.

The standard describes extensions to the Tool Command Language (Tcl): commands and arguments for annotating a design hierarchy which has been read into a tool. Semantics for inferring additional elements in the design from the intent are provided in the standard. Digital designers, IP Block providers, Physical Designers, and Verification engineers make use of this standard language to communicate their design intent and implementation with respect to the variable power of an electronic system.

The Design Automation Standards Committee (DASC) of the IEEE Standards Association sponsored working group 1801, with the project authorization approved on May 7, 2007. Goals included:

* clarify the semantics of the intent - this provides portability of design intent across many vendors tools
* Add support for incremental refinement - Platinum source (constraints) from IP vendors, Golden source (configuration) from IP integrators, and Silicon source (implementation choices) from those that realize the instantiations.
* Add support for bottom up and top down design
* add documentation of the support for wildcard and regular expression selection of design instances
* clarify the differences between ports and pins
* provide for convergence capability from both UPF and Common Power Format of the Silicon Integration Initiative (Si2)

The IEEE group was initially called the "Low Power Study Group". Proposed standards have the letter "P" in front of them (such as P1801), which is removed and replaced with a dash and year when the standard is ratified. Accelera's UPF 1.0 was donated to the IEEE as a basis of this standard in June 2006.

After reviewing 14 drafts, on March 27, 2009, the "Standard for Design and Verification of Low Power Integrated Circuits" was published as IEEE Std 1801-2009. It is sometimes called UPF 2.0. Bailey was also chairman of the IEEE group. Another notable supporter of the standard was Synopsys. A follow-on project planned to develop a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) about the specification.


title: Excitable Boy

abstract: Excitable Boy is the third studio album by American musician Warren Zevon. The album was released on January 18, 1978, by Asylum Records. It includes the single "Werewolves of London", which reached No. 21 and remained in the American Top 40 for six weeks. The album brought Zevon to commercial attention and remains the best-selling album of his career, having been certified platinum by the RIAA and reaching the top ten on the US Billboard 200. A remastered and expanded edition was released in 2007.

text:
# Excitable Boy

***Excitable Boy*** is the third studio album by American musician Warren Zevon. The album was released on January 18, 1978, by Asylum Records. It includes the single "Werewolves of London", which reached No. 21 and remained in the American Top 40 for six weeks. The album brought Zevon to commercial attention and remains the best-selling album of his career, having been certified platinum by the RIAA and reaching the top ten on the US *Billboard* 200. A remastered and expanded edition was released in 2007.

## Music and lyrics

"Excitable Boy" and "Werewolves of London" were considered macabrely humorous by some critics. The historical "Veracruz" dramatizes the United States occupation of Veracruz. It was the first song Zevon wrote with Jorge Calderón. Likewise, "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner" is a fictionalized account of former mercenary David Lindell's experiences in Africa. "Lawyers, Guns and Money" is a tongue-in-cheek tale of a young American man's adventures in Cold War-era Latin America. In addition, there are two ballads about life and relationships ("Accidentally Like a Martyr" and "Tenderness on the Block"), as well as the funk/disco-inspired "Nighttime in the Switching Yard".

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | A− |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *Music Box* |  |
| *PopMatters* | 9/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* | (favorable) |
| *Uncut* | 9/10 |

Reviewing in *Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies* (1981), Robert Christgau wrote:

> The further these songs get from Ronstadtland, the more I like them. The four that exorcise male psychoses by mock celebration are positively addictive, the two uncomplicated rockers do the job, and two of the purely 'serious' songs get by. But no one has yet been able to explain to me what 'accidentally like a martyr' might mean—answers dependent on the term 'Dylanesque' are not acceptable—and I have no doubt that that's the image Linda will home in on. After all, is she going to cover the one about the headless gunner?

*The Globe and Mail* panned the album, writing that Zevon's famous friends contributing to "this improbable collection of tunes is a testament to the constant in-breeding among the California types that have so deteriorated the scene out there."

## Track listing

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Johnny Strikes Up the Band" | Warren Zevon | 2:49 |
| 2. | "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner" | David Lindell, Zevon | 3:47 |
| 3. | "Excitable Boy" | LeRoy Marinell, Zevon | 2:40 |
| 4. | "Werewolves of London" | Waddy Wachtel, Marinell, Zevon | 3:27 |
| 5. | "Accidentally Like a Martyr" | Zevon | 3:37 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | "Nighttime in the Switching Yard" | Jorge Calderón, Lindell, Wachtel, Zevon | 4:15 |
| 7. | "Veracruz" | Calderón, Zevon | 3:30 |
| 8. | "Tenderness on the Block" | Jackson Browne, Zevon | 3:55 |
| 9. | "Lawyers, Guns and Money" | Zevon | 3:29 |

Bonus Tracks (2007 reissue)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10. | "I Need a Truck" (Outtake) | Zevon | 0:50 |
| 11. | "Werewolves of London" (Alternate version) | Wachtel, Marinell, Zevon | 3:41 |
| 12. | "Tule's Blues"" (Solo piano version) | Zevon | 3:13 |
| 13. | "Frozen Notes" (Strings version) | Zevon | 1:59 |

## Personnel

### Additional personnel

* Karla Bonoff – harmony vocals on "Accidentally Like a Martyr"
* Jackson Browne – guitar, harmony and backing vocals
* Luis Damian – jarana on "Veracruz"
* Kenny Edwards – bass guitar on "Veracruz", "Tenderness on the Block" and "Lawyers, Guns and Money"
* John McVie \- bass on "Werewolves of London"
* Mick Fleetwooddrums on "Werewolves of London"
* The Gentlemen Boys (Jackson Browne, Jorge Calderón, Kenny Edwards, JD Souther and Waddy Wachtel) – backing and harmony vocals
* Arthur Gerst – Mexican harp
* Bob Glaub – bass guitar on "Roland the Headless Gunner", "Excitable Boy" and "Nighttime in the Switching Yard"
* Jim Hornrecorder on "Veracruz"; saxophone on "Excitable Boy"
* Greg Ladanyi – bells on "Nighttime in the Switching Yard"
* Rick Marotta – drums on "Veracruz" and "Lawyers, Guns and Money"
* Jeff Porcaro – drums and percussion on "Nighttime in the Switching Yard"
* Linda Ronstadt – backing and harmony vocals on "Excitable Boy"
* Leland Sklar – bass guitar on "Johnny Strikes Up The Band" and "Accidentally Like a Martyr"
* JD Souther – backing and harmony vocals
* Manuel Vasquez – requinto on "Veracruz"
* Waddy Wachtel – guitar, synthesizer, harmony and backing vocals
* Jennifer Warnes – harmony vocals on "Excitable Boy"

### Technical

* Jackson Browne, Waddy Wachtel – producers
* Greg Ladanyi, Dennis Kirk – engineers
* George Ybarra, Serge Reyes – assistant engineers
* Jimmy Wachtel – album design, photography
* Crystal Zevon, Lorrie Sullivan – additional photography

## Charts

## Certifications

| Organization | Level | Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| RIAA – U.S. | Gold | April 17, 1978 |
| CRIA – Canada | Gold | June 1, 1978 |
| RIAA – U.S. | Platinum | November 7, 1997 |

## InfoBox

| Excitable Boy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Warren Zevon | |
| Released | January 18, 1978 (1978-01-18) |
| Recorded | 1977 (1977) |
| Studio | The Sound Factory, Los Angeles |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 31:29 |
| Label | Asylum |
| Producer | Jackson Browne, Waddy Wachtel |
| Warren Zevon chronology | |
| *Warren Zevon*
(1976) ***Excitable Boy***
(1978) *Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School*
(1980) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Excitable Boy* | |
| 1. "Johnny Strikes Up the Band"
Released: 1978 2. "Excitable Boy"
Released: 1978 3. "Werewolves of London"
Released: January 18, 1978 4. "Nighttime in the Switching Yard"
Released: 1978 5. "Lawyers, Guns and Money"
Released: 1978 | |
|  | |