title: Jimmy & the Mustangs

abstract:
Jimmy and the Mustangs is an American rockabilly band fronted by Jimmy Haddox.
Emerging from the punk scene in Southern California during the 1980s, Jimmy and the Mustangs played their first live show opening for The Go-Go's. At the time, the band’s "root’s music" was fueled by fury-driven, gut-wrenching guitars, not unlike their punk contenders of that era. As the band progressed, a more definitive sound began to evolve, and Jimmy and the Mustangs carved out a style of rockabilly and swing unlike any other band in Los Angeles at the time. World-famous Hollywood nightclubs like The Whiskey, The Roxy and The Starwood began booking Jimmy and the Mustangs as an opening act for L.A. bands such as X, The Blasters and Los Lobos as well as touring bands such as Chuck Berry,The Stray Cats and Joe Ely, just to name a few. It wasn’t long before Jimmy and the Mustangs were headlining the same clubs with sold-out shows of their own. In a 1982 Los Angeles Times review of their sold-out Roxy show "filled with quiff-headed rocking cats and their petticoated kittens", the group was described as "not just a band. The Roxy show featured a full-scale production number, complete with guest musicians, guest singers" and others. Not long after being hired by Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin fame to perform at his own private party, the band was sought out by Bruce Springsteen, who joined them onstage. An East Coast tour followed. Upon returning home to L.A., the band received its first record deal with Vanity Records, which sold an excess of 40,000 copies. Television and movie appearances followed including an appearance in the final episode of the CBS television series Square Pegs in 1983. A self-titled E.P. was released on the Curb/MCA label and included the song "Justine", which was made into a video and received play on MTV. Since relocating to Austin Texas, Jimmy has recorded a self-titled CD and has put together a new Mustangs line-up.

text:
# Jimmy & the Mustangs

**Jimmy and the Mustangs** is an American rockabilly band fronted by Jimmy Haddox (sometimes credited as Jimmy Silvers). Emerging from the punk scene in Southern California during the 1980s, Jimmy and the Mustangs played their first live show opening for The Go-Go's. At the time, the band’s "root’s music" was fueled by fury-driven, gut-wrenching guitars, not unlike their punk contenders of that era. As the band progressed, a more definitive sound began to evolve, and Jimmy and the Mustangs carved out a style of rockabilly and swing unlike any other band in Los Angeles at the time. World-famous Hollywood nightclubs like The Whiskey, The Roxy and The Starwood began booking Jimmy and the Mustangs as an opening act for L.A. bands such as X, The Blasters and Los Lobos as well as touring bands such as Chuck Berry,The Stray Cats and Joe Ely, just to name a few. It wasn’t long before Jimmy and the Mustangs were headlining the same clubs with sold-out shows of their own.

In a 1982 *Los Angeles Times* review of their sold-out Roxy show "filled with quiff-headed rocking cats and their petticoated kittens", the group was described as "not just a band. The Roxy show featured a full-scale production number, complete with guest musicians, guest singers" and others.

Not long after being hired by Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin fame to perform at his own private party, the band was sought out by Bruce Springsteen, who joined them onstage. An East Coast tour followed. Upon returning home to L.A., the band received its first record deal with Vanity Records, which sold an excess of 40,000 copies. Television and movie appearances followed including an appearance in the final episode of the CBS television series *Square Pegs* in 1983. A self-titled E.P. was released on the Curb/MCA label and included the song "Justine", which was made into a video and received play on MTV. Since relocating to Austin Texas, Jimmy has recorded a self-titled CD and has put together a new Mustangs line-up.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Jimmy and the Mustangs | |
| --- | --- |
| Genres | Rockabilly |
| Years active | 1979–present |
| Labels | Vanity Records, Nervie Record, Curb Records |
|  | |
| Members | Jimmy Haddox |
|  | |
| Past members | Marshall Rohner
Jeff Cranford
Troy Mack
Spyder Mittleman
Pat Woodward
Bryan Spainhower
Mark Youngersmith
Danny B. Harvey
Paul Soliz
Vance Hazen
Jeff Brown
Mike Lewis
Howard Parker
Johnny Bartel
Dave Bartel
Jerry Sikorski
Charlie Quintana
Gene Taylor
Mark Walsdorf
Jon Nicoles
John Kelly
Dylan Cavaliere |
|  | |
| Website | Official website |


title: Michael Wild

abstract: Michael Wild is an English former professional snooker player.

text:
# Michael Wild

**Michael Wild** (born 27 March 1981) is an English former professional snooker player.

## Career

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Wild competed in the Challenge Tour and International Open Series events, without much success until the 2002/2003 season, when he reached the last 16 at Challenge Tour events 1 and 2; these performances were sufficient for him to earn a place on the sport's main tour, which he took up in 2003.

Wild's first season as a professional brought little success itself, his best finish a run to the last 80 in the British Open, where he beat Kristján Helgason and Munraj Pal, before losing to Mike Dunn. He won only £3,850 prize money during the season and, finishing it ranked 121st, fell off the tour.

Several years of attempting to qualify again for the main tour through the International Open Series followed; during the 2005/2006 season, he reached the semi-finals in Event 1 - losing 1–5 to Martin Gould \- and the quarter-finals in Event 3, where Liu Song beat him 5–2. Another semi-final came in 2007, before Wild recorded his first run to the final of a tournament, in Event 4 of that year's series. There his opponents included Robert Stephen and David Grace, but in the final, he lost 3–6 to Matthew Couch.

With the advent of the Players Tour Championship in the 2010–11 season, Wild found form after another lean period, recording two last-64 finishes - in Event 2 and EPTC1, where he lost 2–4 to Dave Harold and 1–4 to Ricky Walden respectively. He entered Q-School in 2011 and reached the quarter-finals of the second event, but, leading David Morris 3–1 and requiring only one more win to return to the tour, eventually lost 3–4.

Having fared better in Q-School the following year, Wild was invited to play in several ranking events in 2012–13 season as a top-up amateur, and competed in his first such event in eight years at the 2012 Wuxi Classic qualifying stage. He was drawn to play Craig Steadman and led 2–0, but could not prevent a 3–5 defeat. In the 2012 Australian Goldfields Open, he came within one win of reaching the televised stages in Bendigo, beating Daniel Wells 5–0, Simon Bedford 5–2 and six-time World Champion Steve Davis 5–0, but lost in the final round 0–5 to Ken Doherty.

Wild enjoyed further success at the 2012 Paul Hunter Classic, where he defeated Jordan Brown, Marcus Campbell and Scott Donaldson before being eliminated in the last 16, losing 3–4 to Doherty. The two would meet in another two matches during the season, both of these also resulting in 4–3 victories for Doherty - in the 2012 Scottish Open and the Munich Open.

In 2015, Wild won the EBSA European Snooker Championship, beating Jamie Clarke 7–4 in the final, to win back his place on the main tour after twelve years away.

In his first season back on the tour, Wild produced the finest performance of his career in whitewashing former world number one Judd Trump 6–0 in the 2015 International Championship qualifying round, but lost all seven of his matches thereafter - 0–6 to Sanderson Lam in the next qualifying round, by the same scoreline to Dominic Dale in the UK Championship, 3–5 to Anthony McGill in the German Masters, 3–4 to Jimmy Robertson in the Welsh Open, 2–4 to Mark King in the Gdynia Open, 2–5 to Tom Ford in the China Open and 6–10 - having trailed 0–9 - to Michael Holt in the World Championship. As a result, he ended the season ranked 110th.

He recorded his first victory of the 2016–17 season in the 2016 European Masters, defeating Cao Yupeng 4–3 from 1–3 behind, and followed this with a similar deciding-frame win over Jamie Jones from 0–3 behind, to reach the televised stages of a ranking tournament for the first time in his career.

## Performance and rankings timeline

| Tournament | 1997/
98 | 1998/
99 | 1999/
00 | 2000/
01 | 2001/
02 | 2002/
03 | 2003/
04 | 2004/
05 | 2010/
11 | 2011/
12 | 2012/
13 | 2013/
14 | 2015/
16 | 2016/
17 | 2017/
18 | 2018/
19 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ranking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |
| **Ranking tournaments** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Riga Masters | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | MR | LQ | A | A |
| World Open | A | A | A | A | A | A | LQ | A | A | A | LQ | A | NH | LQ | A | A |
| Paul Hunter Classic | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | PA | Minor-Ranking Event | | | | | 1R | LQ | 1R |
| European Masters | Not Held | | | | | A | LQ | A | Tournament Not Held | | | | | 1R | A | A |
| English Open | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1R | A | A |
| International Championship | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | A | A | 1R | LQ | A | A |
| Northern Ireland Open | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1R | A | A |
| UK Championship | A | A | A | A | A | A | LQ | A | A | A | A | A | 1R | 1R | A | A |
| Scottish Open | A | A | A | A | A | A | LQ | Tournament Not Held | | | MR | Not Held | | 1R | A | A |
| German Masters | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | A | A | A | A | LQ | LQ | A | A |
| World Grand Prix | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ |
| Welsh Open | A | A | A | A | A | A | LQ | A | A | A | A | A | 1R | 1R | A | A |
| Shoot-Out | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | Non-Ranking Event | | | | | 1R | A | A |
| Indian Open | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | A | NH | LQ | A | A |
| Players Championship | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ |
| Gibraltar Open | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | MR | 1R | 3R | A |
| Tour Championship | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DNQ |
| China Open | NR | A | A | A | A | Not Held | | A | A | A | LQ | A | LQ | LQ | A | A |
| World Championship | LQ | LQ | LQ | LQ | LQ | LQ | LQ | LQ | A | A | A | A | LQ | LQ | A | A |
| **Non-ranking tournaments** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| The Masters | LQ | A | A | A | LQ | LQ | LQ | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
| **Former ranking tournaments** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| British Open | A | A | A | A | A | A | LQ | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Irish Masters | Non-Ranking Event | | | | A | A | LQ | A | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Wuxi Classic | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | Non-Ranking | | LQ | A | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Australian Goldfields Open | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | | A | LQ | A | LQ | Not Held | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Shanghai Masters | Tournament Not Held | | | | | | | | A | A | A | A | LQ | LQ | A | NH |

| Performance Table Legend | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LQ | lost in the qualifying draw | #R | lost in the early rounds of the tournament
(WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin) | QF | lost in the quarter-finals |
| SF | lost in the semi-finals | F | lost in the final | **W** | won the tournament |
| DNQ | did not qualify for the tournament | A | did not participate in the tournament | WD | withdrew from the tournament |

| NH / Not Held | | | | means an event was not held. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| NR / Non-Ranking Event | | | | means an event is/was no longer a ranking event. |
| R / Ranking Event | | | | means an event is/was a ranking event. |
| MR / Minor-Ranking Event | | | | means an event is/was a minor-ranking event. |

## Career finals

### Pro-am finals: 1 (1 title)

| Outcome | Year | Championship | Opponent in the final | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Winner | 2006 | Dutch Open | Mark King | 6–5 |

### Amateur finals: 2 (1 title)

| Outcome | Year | Championship | Opponent in the final | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Runner-up | 2007 | PIOS - Event 4 | Matthew Couch | 3–6 |
| Winner | 2015 | EBSA European Amateur Championship | Jamie Clarke | 7–4 |

1. "WORLD RANKINGS After 2016 Kaspersky Riga Masters". *World Snooker*. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
2. "CueTracker - Michael Wild - Season 2003-2004 - Professional Results - Snooker Results & Statistics Database".
3. "CueTracker - 2011 Q School - Event 2 - Snooker Results & Statistics Database".
4. "CueTracker - 2012 European Tour - Event 1 - Snooker Results & Statistics Database".
5. "Prague gone Wild - EBSA Web Site". Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
6. "Trump thrashed by Wild in qualifiers". *BBC Sport*.
7. "Ranking History". Snooker.org. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
* Michael Wild at *CueTracker.net: Snooker Results and Statistic Database*

## InfoBox

Michael Wild
| Wild at the 2016 Paul Hunter Classic | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1981-03-27) 27 March 1981 |
| Sport country | England |
| Professional | 2003/2004, 2015–2017 |
| Highest ranking | 85 (June 2016) |
| Best ranking finish | Last 32 (x2) |


title: Phil Purcell (hurler)

abstract: Phil Purcell was an Irish hurler who played for his local club Moycarkey–Borris and at senior level for the Tipperary county team from 1926 until 1937.

text:
# Phil Purcell (hurler)

**Phil Purcell** (13 November 1902 – 2 February 1961) was an Irish hurler who played for his local club Moycarkey–Borris and at senior level for the Tipperary county team from 1926 until 1937.

## Playing career

### Club

Purcell played his club hurling with his local club Moycarkey–Borris and enjoyed much success. He won his first senior county title in 1932. It was the first of four county victories for Purcell, the other three coming in 1934, 1937 and 1940.

### Inter-county

Purcell began his inter-county hurling career at a time when there was no minor hurling championship. He first came to prominence with the Tipperary junior team in the early 1920s. He was captain of the team in 1924 as Tipp captured the Munster junior title. Purcell later captured an All-Ireland junior title as Tipperary defeated Galway in the final.

Purcell later joined the Tipperary senior team and made his debut in 1926. It was a time when Cork were dominating the provincial championship. Purcell, however, first tasted major success sin 1928 as Tipp defeated Laois to take the National Hurling League title.

Two years later in 1930 Purcell lined out against Clare in the Munster final. It was Tipperary’s first appearance in the provincial decider in four years; however, they hadn’t won the title in five years. Purcell’s side were the dominant side for the whole game and went on to win by 6-4 to 2-8. It was his first Munster senior title. Tipp later defeated Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final, setting up a championship decider with Dublin. Two goals just before half-time gave Tipp the edge and the team hung on to win by 2-7 to 1-3. It was Purcell’s first and only All-Ireland medal.

Tipperary went into decline following this victory as Limerick became the dominant force in Munster. Purcell retired from inter-county hurling in 1937, shortly before Tipp reclaimed the provincial and All-Ireland titles.

### Provincial

Purcell also lined out with Munster in the inter-provincial hurling competition. He first played for his province in the second year of the Railway Cup competition in 1928. On that occasion he collected his first winners’ medal as Munster defeated Leinster. Coughlan remained on the team and helped Munster to capture a further four titles in-a-row in 1929, 1930 and 1931 when he captained the side. Purcell captured a fifth Railway Cup medal in 1934.

* Corry, Eoghan, *The GAA Book of Lists* (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).
* Donegan, Des, *The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games* (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).

## InfoBox

Phil Purcell
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Pilib Puirséil* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Centre-back | | |
| Born | (1902-11-02)2 November 1902
Moycarkey, County Tipperary, Ireland | | |
| Died | 2 February 1961(1961-02-02) (aged 58)
Thurles, County Tipperary, Ireland | | |
| Occupation | Sugar factory labourer | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | Moycarkey–Borris | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 1926–1937 | Tipperary | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 1 | | |
| All-Irelands | 1 | | |
| NHL | 1 | | |


title: Phil Pugh

abstract: Phillip Pugh is a Welsh former rugby union international. A native of Seven Sisters in Neath Port Talbot, Pugh was a flanker and played his senior rugby for Neath RFC. He was a physical player, regarded as an enforcer, whose performance for Neath against the touring All Blacks in 1989 earned him a maiden Wales call up at the age of 30 for the one-off Test in Cardiff. This remained his only Wales cap. Pugh, previously a miner, works as a salesman for the agricultural industry.

text:
# Phil Pugh

**Phillip Pugh** (born 8 October 1959) is a Welsh former rugby union international.

A native of Seven Sisters in Neath Port Talbot, Pugh was a flanker and played his senior rugby for Neath RFC. He was a physical player, regarded as an enforcer, whose performance for Neath against the touring All Blacks in 1989 earned him a maiden Wales call up at the age of 30 for the one-off Test in Cardiff. This remained his only Wales cap.

Pugh, previously a miner, works as a salesman for the agricultural industry.

## InfoBox

Phil Pugh
| Full name | Phillip Pugh |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1959-10-08) 8 October 1959 |
| Place of birth | Seven Sisters, Wales |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Flanker  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1989 Wales  1  (0) | |


title: Trenton Six

abstract: The Trenton Six is the group name for six African-American defendants tried for murder of an elderly white shopkeeper in January 1948 in Trenton, New Jersey. The six young men were convicted in August 1948 by an all-white jury of the murder and sentenced to death. Their case was taken up as a major civil rights case, because of injustices after their arrests and questions about the trial. The Civil Rights Congress and the NAACP had legal teams that represented three men each in appeals to the State Supreme Court. It found fault with the court's instruction to the jury, and remanded the case to a lower court for retrial, which took place in 1951. That resulted in a mistrial, requiring a third trial. Four of the defendants were acquitted. Ralph Cooper pleaded guilty, implicating the other five in the crime. Collis English was convicted of murder, but the jury recommended mercy – life in prison rather than execution. The civil rights groups appealed again to the big State Supreme Court, which found fault with the court, and remanded the case to the lower court for retrial of the two defendants who were sentenced to life. One was convicted in 1952 and the other pleaded guilty; both were sentenced to life. Collis English died in late December that year in prison. Ralph Cooper was paroled in 1954 and disappeared from the records.

text:
# Trenton Six

The **Trenton Six** is the group name for six African-American defendants tried for murder of an elderly white shopkeeper in January 1948 in Trenton, New Jersey. The six young men were convicted in August 1948 by an all-white jury of the murder and sentenced to death.

Their case was taken up as a major civil rights case, because of injustices after their arrests and questions about the trial. The Civil Rights Congress and the NAACP had legal teams that represented three men each in appeals to the State Supreme Court. It found fault with the court's instruction to the jury, and remanded the case to a lower court for retrial, which took place in 1951. That resulted in a mistrial, requiring a third trial. Four of the defendants were acquitted. Ralph Cooper pleaded guilty, implicating the other five in the crime. Collis English was convicted of murder, but the jury recommended mercy – life in prison rather than execution.

The civil rights groups appealed again to the big State Supreme Court, which found fault with the court, and remanded the case to the lower court for retrial of the two defendants who were sentenced to life. One was convicted in 1952 and the other pleaded guilty; both were sentenced to life. Collis English died in late December that year in prison. Ralph Cooper was paroled in 1954 and disappeared from the records.

## Crime

On the morning of January 27, 1948, William Horner (1875–1948) opened his second-hand furniture store as usual, at 213 North Broad Street in Trenton. His common-law wife worked with him there. A while later, several young African-American men entered the store. One or more killed Horner by hitting him in the head with a soda bottle; some also assaulted his wife. She could not say for sure how many men were involved with the attack, saying two to four light-skinned African-American males in their teens had assaulted them.

## Arrests

The Trenton police, pressured to solve the case, arrested: Ralph Cooper, 24; Collis English, 23; McKinley Forrest, 35; John McKenzie, 24; James Thorpe, 24; and Horace Wilson, 37, on February 11, 1948. All were arrested without warrants, were held without being given access to attorneys, and were questioned for as long as four days before being brought before a judge. Five of the six men charged with the murder signed confessions written by the police.

## Trial

The trial began on June 7, 1948, when the State of New Jersey opened its case against the six based on the five signed confessions obtained by the Trenton police. There was no other forensic evidence, and Horner's widow could not identify the men as the ones in her store.

The defendants were assigned four attorneys, one of whom was Raymond Pace Alexander, an African American. On August 6, 1948, all six men were convicted and sentenced to death. All six had provided alibis for that day and had repudiated their confessions, signed under duress. An appeal was filed and an automatic stay of execution granted.

## Appeal

In the process of appeal, the Communist Party USA took on the legal defense of half the defendants, with Emanuel Hirsch Bloch acting as their attorney.

The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) defended the other three men, seeking to get their convictions overturned. Among the NAACP attorneys were Thurgood Marshall, who led many legal efforts by the organization; he later was appointed as the first African American to the Supreme Court of the United States; Clifford Roscoe Moore Sr., later appointed as U.S. Commissioner for Trenton, New Jersey, the first African American appointed to such a position since post-Civil War Reconstruction; and Raymond Pace Alexander, later to be appointed as a judge in Pennsylvania.

In 1949 the State Supreme Court remanded the case to the lower court for retrial, ruling that the jury had been improperly charged in the first case. In the course of the trial, the defense teams revealed that evidence had been manufactured. The medical examiner in Trenton was found guilty of perjury.

## Outcome

After a mistrial, four of the men were acquitted in a third trial. Collis English was convicted. Ralph Cooper pleaded guilty, implicating the other five in the crime. The jury recommended mercy for these two men, with prison sentences rather than capital punishment. These two convictions were also appealed; the State Supreme Court said the court had erred again. It remanded the case to the lower court for a fourth trial in 1952.

English suffered a heart attack (myocardial infarction) soon after the trial and died in December 1952 in prison. Cooper served a portion of his prison sentence and was released on parole in 1954 for good behavior.

## Legacy

Because of legal abuses in the treatment of suspects after the arrests, the case attracted considerable attention. The Civil Rights Congress and the NAACP generated publicity to highlight the racial inequities in the railroading of the suspects, their lack of access to counsel, the chief witness' inability to identify them, and other issues. Figures such as W. E. B. Du Bois to Pete Seeger, then active in leftist movements, joined the campaign for publicity about obtaining justice in the trials of these men. Albert Einstein also protested the injustice. Commentary and protests were issued from many nations.

## The accused

* Ralph Cooper (1924-?), pleaded guilty in the 4th trial and was sentenced to life. After being paroled in 1954, he disappeared from records.
* Collis English (1925–1952). Shortly after the fourth trial, he died in prison on December 31, 1952, of a heart attack.
* McKinley Forrest (1913–1982). He was the brother-in-law of Collis English. Acquitted in the third trial in 1951.
* John McKenzie (1925-?), acquitted in 1951.
* James Henry Thorpe Jr. (1913–1955), acquitted in 1951. He died in a car crash on March 25, 1955.
* Horace Wilson (1911–2000), acquitted in 1951.

## Timeline

* 1948 William Horner, a seventy-two-year-old junk shop dealer, was killed and his common-law wife beaten in Trenton, New Jersey on January 27. Although police alleged the motive was robbery, they recovered more than $1,500 from Horner's body.
* 1948 The Trenton police arrested six African-American men, questioning them without access to attorneys. Five of the six men charged with the murder signed confessions on February 11.
* 1948 The State of New Jersey opened its case against the six based on the five signed confessions. The defendants were assigned four attorneys on June 7.
* 1948 All were convicted at trial in August and sentenced to death. All six had provided alibis for the time of the crime and repudiated their confessions. The defense raised serious doubts about the legality of the confessions. An appeal was filed with the State Supreme Court and an automatic stay of execution granted on August 6.
* 1948 Bessie Mitchell, sister of Collis English, started a public speaking campaign questioning the trial. The Civil Rights Congress, the legal arm of the communist party, hired O. John Rogge, William Patterson and Solomon Golat to serve as defense for three of the men, seeking to overturn the convictions. The NAACP represented the other three men, seeking the same goal.
* 1949 Communist Party USA, American Civil Liberties Union, and NAACP supported the appeal. The State Supreme Court remanded the case to the lower court for retrial.
* 1951 Prosecutor Mario Volpe's attack of appendicitis causes delay in the second trial on February 5.
* 1951 Second trial resumed on March 5.
* 1951 Four of the defendants were acquitted. Collis English and Ralph Cooper found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment on June 14
* 1951 A second appeal was made to the State Supreme Court for the two remaining defendants on September 11.
* 1952 In November, the court ordered a new trial for English and Cooper.
* 1952 English died in prison on December 31.
* 1953 Ralph Cooper pleaded guilty and was sentenced to prison.
* 1954 Cooper was paroled for good behavior.
* 1955 Former defendant James Henry Thorpe Jr. died in a car crash on March 25.

## Further reading

40°13′23″N 74°45′53″W / 40.22307°N 74.76465°W / 40.22307; -74.76465


abstract: Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins is the national Scouting and Guiding association of Liechtenstein. Scouting in Liechtenstein started in 1931, and Guiding followed in 1932. The Boy Scouts became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1933, and the Guides joined the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1952. In 1989 both organizations merged and formed the present Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins. The PPL has about 1,100 members of both sexes and is organised in ten troops.

text:
# Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins

**Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins** (*Scouts and Guides of Liechtenstein*, PPL) is the national Scouting and Guiding association of Liechtenstein. Scouting in Liechtenstein started in 1931, and Guiding followed in 1932. The Boy Scouts became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1933, and the Guides joined the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1952. In 1989 both organizations merged and formed the present *Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins*. The PPL has about 1,100 members of both sexes and is organised in ten troops (799 Scouts and 312 Guides).

## History

Scouting in Liechtenstein began in Schaan in 1931 and Guiding started in Vaduz in 1932. The Scout Association became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) in 1933. The Girl Guides of Liechtenstein became a full member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) in 1952. At the end of World War II, Rangers and Rovers helped in refugee camps.

In 1953 the World Scout Conference took place in Vaduz and a special Scout stamp was issued for this event.

A first-aid-group for Scouts and Guides was founded in 1973. The Scouts and Guides have had their own shop since 1976 and in 1979, they started publishing a bimonthly magazine for leaders, which is called "KNOTEN". Co-operation between the Scout and the Guide Associations has increased since 1981, when joint activities were organized to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Scout Movement in Liechtenstein. In 1989, the two Associations merged and its official name now is "Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins". Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein and his sister, Princess Nora, are Honorary Members of the Movement.

In 2006 a Scout Camp was held in Schaan to celebrate 75 years of Scouting in Liechtenstein and 200 years independence of Liechtenstein. Scouts from Austria and South Tyrol took part in this camp.

## Programme

The Scout emblem incorporates the national colors of the flag of Liechtenstein. All members wear the same uniform. The Brownies and Cub Scouts branch has a yellow scarf, all others wear a blue and red scarf which also symbolizes the national colors.

Each division draws up its own program. Leaders organize various activities for all branches at local and national level and these are adapted to meet the requirements of the individual in the community.

The Association provides basic training for leaders of all age groups as well as additional courses on special subjects. Patrol leaders are trained at district level.

Members of the Association are involved in many community service projects. During Lent, Guides organize a Soup Day in most villages together with the Liechtenstein Lent Charity. In 1986 the Liechtenstein Scouts and Guides started a community development project in cooperation with the Egyptian Scout Federation. The aim of this "Palm Tree Project" in El Arish, Egypt was to establish a palm tree factory (which can process all parts of a palm tree including the dates) and therefore provide jobs for the inhabitants of the region. During this project, exchanges of Egyptian and Liechtenstein Boy Scouts and Girl Guides also took place.

Various outdoor activities also are organized during the annual programs of all branches. Attendance at international gatherings is encouraged and the number of members participating in international camps, seminars and training sessions is increasing.

The Association informs its members and the general public about its activities through the national press as well as through its bimonthly magazine "KNOTEN".

The PPL is organised in four age branches:

* Bienli/Wölfle (Brownies/Cub Scouts – ages 7 to 11)
* Pfadfinderinnen/Pfadfinder (Guides/Scouts – ages 11 to 15)
* Pionier (Pioneer – ages 15 to 18)
* Ranger/Rover (age 18 and older)

### Scout Motto, Promise and Law

#### Brownies and Cub Scouts

**Motto:**

Unser Bestes! *Our best!*

**Promise:**

Ich will mir Mühe geben, Gott und meine Familie gern zu haben, unser Gesetz zu befolgen und für alle ein guter Kamerad/eine gute Kameradin zu sein. *To the best of my ability I will love God and my family,* *abide by our Law* *and be a good comrade to everyone.*

**Law:**

Ein Wolf/Bienle hält seine Augen offen und hilft allen. Ich bin ein Wolf/Bienle – Du bist ein Wolf/Bienle – auf uns ist Verlass. *A Cub Scout/Brownie is observant and helps everyone.* *I am a Cub Scout/Brownie –* *you are a Cub Scout/Brownie –* *we are reliable.*

#### Other branches

**Motto:**

Allzeit bereit! *Be prepared!*

**Promise:**

Ich verspreche, dass ich mit der Hilfe Gottes versuchen will, mein Bestes für meine Mitmenschen und unser Land zu tun, den Fürsten zu achten und nach dem Pfadfinder/Innen-Gesetz zu leben. *I promise that with God's help I will try*  *and do my best for my fellow beings and our country,*  *to respect the Prince*  *and live according to the Scouts/Guides Law.*

**Law:**

Als Pfadfinder/Pfadfinderin suche ich meinen Weg zu Gott bin ich aufrichtig helfe ich, wo ich kann überwinde ich Schwierigkeiten entscheide ich und setze mich ein bin ich zuverlässig schütze ich Natur und Umwelt bereite ich Freude verstehe und achte ich andere bin ich ein guter Freund /eine gute Freundin. In Übereinstimmung mit diesem Gesetz ergänze ich für mich und meine Gruppe: (...) *As a Scout/Girl Guide* *I seek my way to God* *I am upright* *help where I can* *overcome difficulties* *make decisions and take action* *I am reliable* *protect nature and the world around us* *give pleasure* *understand and respect others* *I am a good friend.* *In conformity with this Law* *I amend as follows, for myself and my group:* *(...)*

The Pionier and the Ranger/Rover branches may formulate promise and law according to age.

#### Leaders

**Promise:**

Im Vertrauen auf die Hilfe Gottes und in Treue zu Fürst und Vaterland verspreche ich, gemäss dem Pfadfinder/Innen-Gesetz und den Statuten der "Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins" die mir anvertraute Verantwortung als Führer/In zu übernehmen und nach besten Kräften zu erfüllen. *With trust in God's help* *and in loyalty to Prince and Country,* *I promise according to the Scouts'/Guides' Law and the statutes of the "Scouts and Guides of Liechtenstein"* *to accept, to the best of my ability* *the responsibility entrusted to me as leader.*

## Pfadfinder-Gilde Liechtenstein

This is the Old Scouts Guild of Liechtenstein. Pfadfinder-Gilde Liechtenstein is affiliated to International Scout and Guide Fellowship. The Adult Scout association works closely together with the Youth association. It was founded in 1953. There are strong ties to the Scout Fellowships of Switzerland, Austria and Germany.

## InfoBox

| Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins | |
| --- | --- |
| Scouts and Guides of Liechtenstein | |
| Country | Liechtenstein |
| Founded | 1931/1989 |
| Membership | 1,100 |
| President | Andreas Meier |
| Affiliation | World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Organization of the Scout Movement |
|  | |
| **Website**<br>http://www.scout.li | |
|  | |
|


title: Trenton Simpson

abstract: Trenton Simpson is an American professional football linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson.

text:
# Trenton Simpson

**Trenton Simpson** (born June 14, 2001) is an American professional football linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson.

## Early life

Simpson attended Mallard Creek High School in Charlotte, North Carolina. He played both linebacker and running back in high school. He was selected to play in the 2020 Under Armour All-America Game. A five-star recruit, Simpson originally committed to Auburn University to play college football but switched to Clemson University.

## College career

As a true freshman at Clemson in 2020, Simpson played in 12 games with three starts and had 28 tackles and four sacks. In 2021, he started 12 games and recorded 65 tackles along with six sacks.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 2+38 in
(1.89 m) | 235 lb
(107 kg) | 32+38 in
(0.82 m) | 10+14 in
(0.26 m) | 4.43 s | 1.55 s | 2.55 s | 4.25 s | 7.07 s | 40.5 in
(1.03 m) | 9 ft 10 in
(3.00 m) | 25 reps |
| Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Simpson was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the third round, 86th overall, of the 2023 NFL draft. He recorded his first NFL sack in Week 18 against the Steelers. As a rookie, he appeared in 15 regular season games and two postseason games for the Ravens.

## InfoBox

Trenton Simpson
| Simpson at the 2023 NFL Combine | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 23 – Baltimore Ravens | |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (2001-06-14) June 14, 2001
Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight: | 235 lb (107 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Mallard Creek
(Charlotte, North Carolina) |
| College: | Clemson (2020–2022) |
| NFL draft: | 2023 / round: 3 / pick: 86 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Roster status: | Active |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics as of Week 5, 2024 | |
| Total tackles: 38  Sacks: 1.5  Fumble recoveries: 1  Pass deflections: 3 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Jim Leisy

abstract: Jim Leisy, Jr. (1950–2014) was an artist, photographer, book editor and publisher. He was born in Dallas, Texas in 1950. He attended both Bethel College and Stanford University, and earned a BA from Bethel College. He was editor of the Bethel Collegian. In 1972 he joined the University of Chicago Press as a photographer. He also worked as a freelance photographer and art editor for the Chicago Review. After two years he left University of Chicago Press to become a field representative and field editor for Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, based in Philadelphia. In 1977, he was hired to acquire and edit college textbooks in chemistry and computer science for Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. In 1978, the company was acquired by International Thomson. He rose through the executive ranks at Thomson and became a vice-president of a company that specialized in publishing for information technology. In 1985, he left the Thomson Corporation to found Franklin, Beedle & Associates to publish college-level textbooks in computer science and information technology. Through Franklin, Beedle & Associates he edited and published numerous textbooks that include: Carolyn Gillay's over 20 books on Microsoft DOS and Windows; Ernest Ackermann and Karen Hartman's textbooks on the use of the Internet; John Zelle's Python-based computer science 1 textbook; Paul Brians' Common Errors in English Usage; and Mark Liberman and Geoffrey K. Pullum's (UCSC) Far from the Madding Gerund. Publications from his companies have earned numerous achievement awards and have been featured on Air America Radio, NPR, The Progressive, The New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, and nearly all major US newspapers. He was active in publishing and photography through his companies: Franklin, Beedle & Associates; William, James & Company; and Digitopia. In addition he was a member of the board of directors for the Portland Art Museum Photography Council. He was also staff photographer for Chamber Music Northwest, which has strong ties with the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center. His photographs have been published by The Oregonian, NPR, Poetry Review, Diffusion annual, and the Oregon Cultural Trust, and are in private collections and museums.

text:
# Jim Leisy

**Jim Leisy, Jr.** (1950–2014) was an artist, photographer, book editor and publisher.

He was born in Dallas, Texas in 1950. He attended both Bethel College and Stanford University, and earned a BA (history major/art minor) from Bethel College. He was editor of the *Bethel Collegian*.

In 1972 he joined the University of Chicago Press as a photographer. He also worked as a freelance photographer and art editor for the *Chicago Review*. After two years he left University of Chicago Press to become a field representative and field editor for Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, based in Philadelphia. In 1977, he was hired to acquire and edit college textbooks in chemistry and computer science for Brooks/Cole Publishing Company (Monterey CA). In 1978, the company was acquired by International Thomson. He rose through the executive ranks at Thomson and became a vice-president of a company that specialized in publishing for information technology.

In 1985, he left the Thomson Corporation to found Franklin, Beedle & Associates to publish college-level textbooks in computer science and information technology.

Through Franklin, Beedle & Associates he edited and published numerous textbooks that include: Carolyn Gillay's (Saddleback College) over 20 books on Microsoft DOS and Windows; Ernest Ackermann and Karen Hartman's (University of Mary Washington/USA State Department) textbooks on the use of the Internet; John Zelle's (Wartburg College) Python-based computer science 1 textbook; Paul Brians' (Washington State University) *Common Errors in English Usage*; and Mark Liberman (University of Pennsylvania) and Geoffrey K. Pullum's (UCSC) *Far from the Madding Gerund*. Publications from his companies have earned numerous achievement awards and have been featured on Air America Radio, NPR, *The Progressive*, *The New York Times*, CNN, MSNBC, and nearly all major US newspapers.

He was active in publishing and photography through his companies: Franklin, Beedle & Associates; William, James & Company; and Digitopia. In addition he was a member of the board of directors for the Portland Art Museum Photography Council. He was also staff photographer for Chamber Music Northwest, which has strong ties with the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center. His photographs have been published by *The Oregonian*, NPR, *Poetry Review*, Diffusion annual, and the Oregon Cultural Trust, and are in private collections and museums.

1. "Jim Leisy", Portland Community College Art Collection. Retrieved July 1, 2023.


title: Phalaris (horse)

abstract: Phalaris was a British bred Thoroughbred racehorse, later a Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland and a Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain & Ireland. He appears in the sireline of all racehorses which were winners of more than $10 million, as well as all yearlings that were auctioned for more than $7.5 million.

text:
# Phalaris (horse)

**Phalaris** (16 May 1913 – 28 February 1931) was a British bred Thoroughbred racehorse, later a Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland and a Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain & Ireland. He appears in the sireline (stallion to stallion) of all racehorses which were winners of more than $10 million, as well as all yearlings that were auctioned for more than $7.5 million.

## Background

Phalaris was sired by the Champion Stakes winner Polymelus out of Bromus by the Epsom Derby winner Sainfoin, she being closely inbred in the second and third removes to Springfield. Bromus also foaled Hainault by Swynford. Phalaris was from a long line of successful sires. The conformation of Phalaris was typical of a sprinter, upstanding in build, but he was slightly back at the knee.

## Racing career

At the age of two years he was rated 9 lbs (4 kg) below the champion filly Fifinella. At three years he was not up to the classic standard at a mile but he did win over 10 furlongs (2,000 metres). At four and five years old he was a very good sprinter, able to carry more than 10 stone (63.5 kilograms) and win on three occasions. Phalaris only raced at Newmarket where he won 16 of his 24 starts and was placed on another three occasions. He was the winner of the Stud Produce Stakes; Redmere Nursery Stakes; Beaufort Stakes; St. George Stakes; Royal Stakes; Bretby Handicap; Chesterfield Stakes; St. Ives Handicap; Bury St. Edmunds Plate; Snailwell Stakes; Challenge Stakes (twice); The Whip; Abingdon Plate; June Stakes and Lanwades Plate. Phalaris was the top sprinter in 1917 and 1918 when racing was restricted due to World War I. Phalaris was kept in training for four seasons, and was retired to Lord Derby's stud.

## Stud record

Phalaris was one of the most influential sires to serve Lord Derby's interests, and he had a major influence on modern Thoroughbred pedigrees the world over. He is today the most influential patriarch of the Bend Or dynasty and arguably the world's most influential sire of the 20th century. Nearly all runners in the main races of the leading racing nations are now from the Phalaris sire-line. He appears in the tail-male line (those coming straight through father to son to grandson etc.) of all nine horses that have earned more than $10 million.

He was the Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland in 1925, 1928, once second and third and was the Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain & Ireland in 1937, 1941 and 1942.

Among his notable progeny, Phalaris sired five Classic race winners plus the following horses:

| Foaled | Name | Sex | Major Wins/Achievements |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | Knockando | Stallion |  |
| 1920 | Pharos | Stallion | Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland, Leading sire in France |
| 1922 | Manna | Stallion | 2000 Guineas Stakes, Epsom Derby |
| 1922 | Warden Of The Marches | Stallion | St Leger Stakes |
| 1923 | Colorado | Stallion | 2000 Guineas Stakes (1926) |
| 1923 | Phaona | Mare |  |
| 1924 | Sickle | Stallion | Leading sire in North America (1936, 1938) |
| 1925 | Fairway | Stallion | St Leger Stakes, Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland (4 times) |
| 1925 | Pharamond | Stallion |  |
| 1927 | Caerleon | Stallion | Eclipse Stakes |
| 1927 | Fair Isle | Mare | 1000 Guineas Stakes (1930) |
| 1929 | Village Green | Mare |  |
| 1930 | Chatelaine | Mare | Epsom Oaks (1933) |
| 1931 | Carpet Slipper | Mare |  |

Phalaris’ major tail-male descendants in the USA include, Native Dancer, Raise a Native, Mr. Prospector, Bold Ruler, Secretariat, Affirmed, Alydar, Seattle Slew, and of course the great Northern Dancer. among many others. His tail-male line British descendants, or those that raced in Britain or Ireland, include such champions as Arkle (steeplechaser), Blue Peter, Fair Trial, Nasrullah, Royal Palace, Nijinsky, Sir Ivor, Roberto, Brigadier Gerard, Mill Reef, Shergar, Troy, Grundy, Galileo, Sea Bird II, Sea the Stars, High Chaparral and Frankel. Nearco, a son of Pharos who was sire of Nasrullah and grandsire of Northern Dancer, raced in Italy and France.

Phalaris dropped dead after covering a mare on 28 February 1931 at the age of 16 years.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Phalaris (GB), brown stallion, 1913
| Sire
Polymelus
1902 | Cyllene
1895 | Bona Vista | Bend Or |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Vista |
| | Arcadia | Isonomy |
| | Distant Shore |
| | Maid Marian
1886 | Hampton | Lord Clifden |
| | | Lady Langden |
| | Quiver | Toxophilite |
| | Young Melbourne Mare |
| Dam
Bromus
1905 | Sainfoin
1887 | **Springfield** | St.Albans |
| | | Viridis |
| | Sanda | Wenlock |
| | Sandal |
| | Cheery
1892 | St. Simon | Galopin |
| | | St. Angela |
| | Sunrise | **Springfield** |
| | Sunray (Family 1-i) |

## InfoBox

| Phalaris | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sire | Polymelus |
| Grandsire | Cyllene |
| Dam | Bromus |
| Damsire | Sainfoin |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | (1913-05-16)16 May 1913 |
| Died | 28 February 1931(1931-02-28) (aged 17) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Colour | Brown |
| Breeder | 17th Earl of Derby |
| Owner | 17th Earl of Derby |
| Trainer | George Lambton |
| Record | 24: 16–2–1 |
| Earnings | £5,478 |
| Major wins | |
| Challenge Stakes (1917, 1918) | |
| Awards | |
| Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland
(1925, 1928)
Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain & Ireland (1937, 1941, 1942) | |
| Last updated on 24 September 2011 | |


title: Trenton Speedway

abstract: Trenton Speedway was a racing facility located near Trenton, New Jersey at the New Jersey State Fairgrounds. Races for the United States' premier open-wheel and full-bodied racing series of the times were held at Trenton Speedway.

text:
# Trenton Speedway

**Trenton Speedway** was a racing facility located near Trenton, New Jersey at the New Jersey State Fairgrounds. Races for the United States' premier open-wheel and full-bodied racing series of the times were held at Trenton Speedway.

## Racing history

The first race at the Fairgrounds was held on September 24, 1900, but there was no further racing there until 1907. Regular racing began in 1912 and continued until 1941. A new 1 mile dirt oval was opened in 1946. In 1957 the track was paved. It operated in that configuration until 1968 when the track was expanded to 1.5 miles (2.41 km) and a "kidney bean" shape with a 20° right-hand dogleg on the back stretch and a wider turn 3 & 4 complex than turns 1 & 2. The track closed in 1980 and the Fairgrounds itself closed 3 years later. The former site of the speedway is now occupied by the Grounds for Sculpture, a UPS shipping facility, and the housing development known as "Hamilton Lakes".

## Championship cars

Trenton was a long-time stop for the AAA and USAC Championship Car series. Its first recognized Champ Car race was held in 1949 on the dirt mile. The series did not return until 1957 when the track was paved, but when it did, at least one Champ Car race was held every year until 1979. The final Champ Car races held in 1979 at the track were sanctioned by CART. During his career A. J. Foyt won twelve Indy Car races at Trenton Speedway. The May 1976 race was Janet Guthrie's first IndyCar appearance.

## Stock cars

Trenton hosted many races sanctioned by AAA and USAC Stock Car divisions. In 1957, Mike Klapak won the Trenton 500, intended to become the most prestigious race on the USAC calendar.

Trenton hosted the NASCAR Grand National and Winston Cup series 8 times: once each May in 1958 and 1959, and once each July from 1967 to 1972, a race known as the Northern 300. Richard Petty led all drivers with three Trenton Grand National victories. In July 1973 the Northern 300 ran time trials but rain washed out the race and it was never rescheduled. The Northern 300 was placed on NASCAR's 1974 Winston Cup Grand National schedule (*Stock Car Racing* magazine listed it on the schedule in its early 1974 season issues) but was dropped early in the year and replaced by Pocono Raceway's Purolator 500.

## Major races for NASCAR modifieds

### National Championship races

From 1958 to 1971, a NASCAR National Championship race for modified stock car racing was held annually at Trenton Speedway, promoted by Sam Nunis. Through 1962, these were hundred-lap races. In 1963, the race was expanded to 200 laps, making it one of the longest and highest-paying races for Modified and Sportsman racers in the country. Ray Hendrick from Virginia was the leading winner of these races, driving the Jack Tant-owned number 11.

### Race of Champions

From 1972 to 1976, Trenton Speedway hosted the Race of Champions modified race. Five different drivers won the five RoC events at Trenton. In 1977, the Race of Champions was moved to Pocono Raceway.

## Race results

*All winning drivers were American.*

### AAA/USAC/CART Championship Car

| Season | Date | Winning Driver | Chassis | Engine | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AAA Championship Car (Dirt 1 mile oval) | | | | | |
| 1949 | June 19 | Myron Fohr | Marchese | Offenhauser |  |
| 1950–1956: *Not held* | | | | | |
| USAC Championship Car | | | | | |
| 1 Mile Paved Oval | | | | | |
| 1957 | September 29 | Pat O'Connor | Kuzma | Offenhauser |  |
| 1958 | March 30 | Len Sutton | Kuzma | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 28 | Rodger Ward | Lesovsky | Offenhauser |  |
| 1959 | April 19 | Tony Bettenhausen | Kuzma | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 27 | Eddie Sachs | Meskowski | Offenhauser |  |
| 1960 | April 10 | Rodger Ward | Watson | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 25 | Eddie Sachs | Kuzma | Offenhauser |  |
| 1961 | April 9 | Eddie Sachs | Ewing | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 24 | Eddie Sachs | Kuzma | Offenhauser |  |
| 1962 | April 8 | A. J. Foyt | Meskowski | Offenhauser |  |
| | July 22 | Rodger Ward | Watson | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 23 | Don Branson | Watson | Offenhauser |  |
| 1963 | April 21 | A. J. Foyt | Meskowski | Offenhauser |  |
| | July 28 | A. J. Foyt | Trevis | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 22 | A. J. Foyt | Trevis | Offenhauser |  |
| 1964 | April 19 | A. J. Foyt | Watson | Offenhauser |  |
| | July 19 | A. J. Foyt | Watson | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 27 | Parnelli Jones | Lotus | Ford |  |
| 1965 | April 25 | Jim McElreath | Brabham | Offenhauser |  |
| | July 18 | A. J. Foyt | Lotus | Ford |  |
| | September 26 | A. J. Foyt | Lotus | Ford |  |
| 1966 | April 24 | Rodger Ward | Lola | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 25 | Mario Andretti | Brawner | Ford |  |
| 1967 | April 23 | Mario Andretti | Brawner | Ford |  |
| | September 24 | A. J. Foyt | Coyote | Ford |  |
| 1968 | April 21 | Bobby Unser | Eagle | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 22 | Mario Andretti | Brawner | Offenhauser | Andretti Racing Enterprises |
| 1.5 Mile Kidney Bean Oval | | | | | |
| 1969 | July 19 | Mario Andretti | Brawner | Ford |  |
| | September 21 | Mario Andretti | Brawner | Ford |  |
| 1970 | April 26 | Lloyd Ruby | Laycock | Offenhauser |  |
| | October 3 | Al Unser | Colt | Offenhauser |  |
| 1971 | April 25 | Mike Mosley | Watson | Ford |  |
| | October 3 | Bobby Unser | Eagle | Offenhauser |  |
| 1972 | April 23 | Gary Bettenhausen | McLaren | Offenhauser | Penske Racing |
| | September 24 | Bobby Unser | Eagle | Offenhauser |  |
| 1973 | April 15 | A. J. Foyt | Coyote | Foyt |  |
| | | Mario Andretti | Parnelli | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 23 | Gordon Johncock | Eagle | Offenhauser |  |
| 1974 | April 7 | Bobby Unser | Eagle | Offenhauser |  |
| | September 22 | A. J. Foyt | Coyote | Foyt |  |
| | Bobby Unser | Eagle | Offenhauser |  |
| 1975 | April 6 | A. J. Foyt | Coyote | Foyt |  |
| | September 21 | Gordon Johncock | Wildcat | DGS |  |
| 1976 | May 2 | Johnny Rutherford | McLaren | Offenhauser | McLaren Racing |
| | August 15 | Gordon Johncock | Wildcat | DGS |  |
| 1977 | April 30 | Wally Dallenbach Sr. | Wildcat | DGS |  |
| 1978 | April 23 | Gordon Johncock | Wildcat | DGS |  |
| | September 23 | Mario Andretti | Penske | Cosworth | Penske Racing |
| CART Champ Car | | | | | |
| 1979 | June 10 | Bobby Unser | Penske | Cosworth | Penske Racing |
| | | Bobby Unser | Penske | Cosworth | Penske Racing |
| | August 19 | Rick Mears | Penske | Cosworth | Penske Racing |

### NASCAR Grand National/Winston Cup

| Season | Date | Winning Driver | Manufacturer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1958 | May 30 – 500 miles | Fireball Roberts | Chevrolet |
| 1959 | May 17 – 500 miles | Tom Pistone | Ford |
| 1967 | July 9 – 300 miles | Richard Petty | Plymouth |
| 1968 | July 14 | LeeRoy Yarbrough | Ford |
| 1969 | July 13 | David Pearson | Ford |
| 1970 | July 12 | Richard Petty | Plymouth |
| 1971 | July 18 | Richard Petty | Plymouth |
| 1972 | July 16 | Bobby Allison | Chevrolet |

## Lap Records

The official race lap records at Trenton Speedway are listed as:

| Category | Time | Driver | Vehicle | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dog-leg Oval: 2.41 km (1969–1980) | | | | |
| CART | **31.341** | Gordon Johncock | Penske PC-6 | 1979 Trenton Twin Indy |
| Stock car racing | **40.564** | Bobby Isaac | Dodge Charger | 1972 Northern 300 |
| Oval: 1.609 km (1946–1968) | | | | |
| USAC IndyCar | **30.701** | Al Unser | Lola T150 | 1968 Trenton 150 |
| Stock car racing | **34.710** | LeeRoy Yarbrough | Ford Torino | 1968 Northern 300 |
|

40°14′20.5″N 74°43′01.5″W / 40.239028°N 74.717083°W / 40.239028; -74.717083

## InfoBox

Trenton Speedway
|
The "kidney bean" shaped oval | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Hamilton Township, Mercer County, near Trenton, New Jersey |
| Owner | George A. Hamid Jr. |
| Opened | September 24, 1900 |
| Closed | June 29, 1980 |
| Former names | Trenton International Speedway |
| Major events | **AAA/USAC/CART Championship Car** Trenton 100/150/200/300 (1949, 1957–1979)
**NASCAR Grand National/Winston Cup** Northern 300 (1958–1959, 1967–1972) |
| Half-mile oval (1900–1941) | |
| Surface | Dirt |
| Length | 0.5 miles (.81 km) |
| Mile oval (1946–1968) | |
| Surface | Dirt (1946–57)
Asphalt (1957–69) |
| Length | 1 miles (1.6 km) |
| Dog-leg oval "Kidney Bean" (1969–1980) | |
| Surface | Asphalt |
| Length | 1.5 miles (2.41 km) |
| Banking | Turns 1 & 2: 10°
Dogleg: 4°
Turns 3 & 4: 15° |


abstract: Michael "Mick" Shanahan DSO was a soldier with the Australian 2nd Light Horse Brigade during the First World War, remembered for heroic rescues during the Battle of Romani.

text:
# Michael Shanahan (Australian Army officer)

**Michael "Mick" Shanahan** DSO (30 March 1870 – 1964) was a soldier with the Australian 2nd Light Horse Brigade during the First World War, remembered for heroic rescues during the Battle of Romani.

## History

Shanahan was born in Roma, Queensland, son of Thomas Shanahan (1843 – 4 December 1915) and Mrs Shanahan (died 9 March 1919). He was educated at Roma Public School and trained as a carpenter, working for his father.

He made several notable rescues in Roma's Chinatown in March 1890 when the Bungil Creek flooded. He took his small punt to Bungeworgorai, where he rescued Mr Murray and his family, then took provisions to Mr and Mrs Goggs, and conveyed them to safety.

He served with the Queensland Military Force before Federation: from August 1886 to November 1888 as Bugler with the Roma Volunteer Rifles, and first as Bugler, then Corporal from December 1888 to June 1893 with D Company of the 4th Queensland Regiment. He was ranked Private, then Corporal with M Company of the Queensland Rifles from February 1899 to February 1901. Then came Federation, and he enlisted with E Company, 2nd Battalion, as Corporal, and transferred to 14th Australian Light Horse Regiment in July 1903 to October 1906. In August 1914 he enlisted with the 1st AIF, appointed second lieutenant in the 2nd Brigade, 14th Light Horse Regiment.

He arrived at Gallipoli on 9 May 1915 and was promoted to Captain (acting) on 18 September. He was one of those evacuated in December 1915, disembarking at Alexandria on 14 January 1916. Two days later he was sent to the front at Wardan with the 2nd Light Horse. He was promoted Captain in February and Major on 17 June 1916, several times wounded in action, the second requiring hospitalisation at Cairo where, on 17 August 1916, his left leg was amputated above the knee. The injury occurred under fire, after Shanahan had dismounted to assist a trooper who was having trouble mounting his horse. He was awarded the DSO on 13 October 1916 (presented by King George V at Buckingham Palace), then struck of strength and returned to Australia in January 1917.

His DSO warrant read "For conspicuous gallantry in action. He organised and maintained the outpost line with the greatest courage and determination. Later he rescued several wounded men under very heavy fire. He was wounded"

## Personal

On 29 January 1896 Michael Shanahan married Charlotte Dunstan; they adopted Charles Wieneke Schrimph or Schrimpf, about whom nothing has been found, as a son.

He represented the Shanahan family, of which there were eleven surviving members, at the "Back to Roma" celebrations of 1951.

## Legend of "Bill the Bastard"

Contemporary details of the rescues performed by Shanahan are sparse, but fleshed out in later accounts.

In *Light Horse: The Story of Australia's Mounted Troops* (1978), Elyne Mitchell, daughter of Sir Harry Chauvel, recounts how Shanahan, while checking his forward listening posts one dark night, came upon four troopers who had lost their mounts and were outflanked by the enemy. Two were hoisted onto his horse, "Bill the Bastard", while the others jogged along on either side, each holding a stirrup, and proceeded back to camp through no man's land. Although sometimes conflated, the action in which his leg was irreparably damaged was at a later date.

In a later account by Roland Perry, more details are revealed: "Bill the Bastard" was a 17.1 hands chestnut stallion that no-one could ride, so was employed at Gallipoli as a packhorse, whose last burden was the body of John Simpson Kirkpatrick, of "Simpson's donkey" fame. Shanahan later gained the horse's trust and requested Banjo Paterson, head of the Remount Service, to release the recalcitrant animal to him. Perry has "the Bastard" carrying not three men but five, the inspiration for Carl Valerius' monument on the Burley Griffin Way at Murrumburrah, opposite the Light Horse Memorial Park.


title: Joakim Nyström

abstract: Joakim "Jocke" Nyström is a former top ten ranked tennis player from Sweden who won 13 singles titles during his professional career. The right-hander reached his highest singles ranking on the ATP Tour on 31 March 1986, when he was ranked world No. 7. He was also ranked world No. 4 in doubles that same year.

text:
# Joakim Nyström

**Joakim** "**Jocke**" **Nyström** (born 20 February 1963) is a former top ten ranked tennis player from Sweden who won 13 singles titles during his professional career. The right-hander reached his highest singles ranking on the ATP Tour on 31 March 1986, when he was ranked world No. 7. He was also ranked world No. 4 in doubles that same year.

## Tennis career

He was a singles quarterfinalist at both the French Open (1985) and US Open (1985, 1986) tournaments, the 1986 Wimbledon doubles champion with Mats Wilander, and a member of the winning 1985 and 1987 Davis Cup teams from Sweden. He qualified for The Masters year-end singles tournament in 1984, 1985, and 1986.

Nyström was part of the generation of outstanding Swedish players in the 1980s and early 1990s, which included Anders Järryd, Jonas Svensson, Mikael Pernfors, Kent Carlsson, Stefan Edberg, Henrik Sundström, Magnus Gustafsson, and Mats Wilander.

Since retiring from tennis, Nyström has served as Fed Cup captain for Sweden and as an assistant coach to Wilander with the Swedish Davis Cup team. Outside these commitments, he coached both Finn Jarkko Nieminen and Austrian Jürgen Melzer. Jack Sock has also hired him as his coach. He coached Kamil Majchrzak from December 2020 till August 2022.

## Singles performance timeline

Key
| **W** | F | SF | QF | #R | RR | Q# | DNQ | A | NH |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.

| Tournament | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | Career SR | Career W–L |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Grand Slam tournaments** | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Australian Open | A | 1R | A | 4R | 3R | 3R | NH | A | A | 1R | 0 / 5 | 7–5 |
| French Open | A | 1R | 4R | 3R | 2R | QF | 1R | 4R | 3R | A | 0 / 8 | 15–8 |
| Wimbledon | A | 2R | 1R | A | 2R | 3R | 3R | 3R | 3R | A | 0 / 7 | 10–7 |
| US Open | A | A | A | 4R | 4R | QF | QF | 2R | 1R | A | 0 / 6 | 16–6 |
| SR | 0 / 0 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 4 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 26 | N/A |
| Win–loss | 0–0 | 1–3 | 3–2 | 8–3 | 8–4 | 12–4 | 6–3 | 6–3 | 4–3 | 0–1 | N/A | 48–26 |
| **Year-end championships** | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| The Masters | A | A | A | A | QF | 1R | RR | A | A | A | 0 / 3 | 2–4 |

## Career finals

### Singles: 18 (13 titles, 5 runner-ups)

| Result | No. | Year | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 1. | 1983 | Munich, West Germany | Clay | Tomáš Šmíd | 0–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 5–7 |
| Win | 1. | 1983 | Sydney Outdoor, Australia | Grass | Mike Bauer | 2–6, 6–3, 6–1 |
| Win | 2. | 1984 | Gstaad, Switzerland | Clay | Brian Teacher | 6–4, 6–2 |
| Win | 3. | 1984 | North Conway, U.S. | Clay | Tim Wilkison | 6–2, 7–5 |
| Loss | 2. | 1984 | Barcelona, Spain | Clay | Mats Wilander | 6–7(5–7), 4–6, 6–0, 2–6 |
| Win | 4. | 1984 | Basel, Switzerland | Hard | Tim Wilkison | 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2 |
| Win | 5. | 1984 | Cologne, West Germany | Carpet (i) | Miloslav Mečíř | 7–6, 6–2 |
| Win | 6. | 1985 | Munich, West Germany | Clay | Hans Schwaier | 6–1, 6–0 |
| Win | 7. | 1985 | Gstaad, Switzerland | Clay | Andreas Maurer | 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–3 |
| Loss | 3. | 1985 | Palermo, Italy | Clay | Thierry Tulasne | 2–6, 0–6 |
| Win | 8. | 1986 | Toronto Indoor, Canada | Carpet (i) | Milan Šrejber | 6–1, 6–4 |
| Win | 9. | 1986 | La Quinta, U.S. | Hard | Yannick Noah | 6–1, 6–3, 6–2 |
| Loss | 4. | 1986 | Milan, Italy | Carpet (i) | Ivan Lendl | 2–6, 2–6, 4–6 |
| Win | 10. | 1986 | Rotterdam, Netherlands | Carpet (i) | Anders Järryd | 6–0, 6–3 |
| Win | 11. | 1986 | Monte-Carlo, Monaco | Clay | Yannick Noah | 6–3, 6–2 |
| Win | 12. | 1986 | Madrid, Spain | Clay | Kent Carlsson | 6–1, 6–1 |
| Loss | 5. | 1987 | Lyon, France | Carpet (i) | Yannick Noah | 4–6, 5–7 |
| Win | 13. | 1987 | Båstad, Sweden | Clay | Stefan Edberg | 4–6, 6–0, 6–3 |

### Doubles: 20 (8 titles, 12 runner-ups)

| Result | No. | Year | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Loss | 1. | 1982 | Båstad, Sweden | Clay | Mats Wilander | Anders Järryd
Hans Simonsson | 6–0, 3–6, 6–7 |
| Win | 1. | 1983 | Båstad, Sweden | Clay | Mats Wilander | Anders Järryd
Hans Simonsson | 1–6, 7–6, 7–6 |
| Loss | 2. | 1983 | Geneva, Switzerland | Clay | Mats Wilander | Stanislav Birner
Blaine Willenborg | 1–6, 6–2, 3–6 |
| Loss | 3. | 1984 | Cologne, West Germany | Carpet (i) | Jan Gunnarsson | Wojciech Fibak
Sandy Mayer | 1–6, 3–6 |
| Loss | 4. | 1984 | Australian Open, Melbourne | Grass | Mats Wilander | Mark Edmondson
Sherwood Stewart | 2–6, 2–6, 5–7 |
| Win | 2. | 1985 | Philadelphia, U.S. | Carpet (i) | Mats Wilander | Wojciech Fibak
Sandy Mayer | 3–6, 6–2, 6–2 |
| Loss | 5. | 1985 | Cincinnati, U.S. | Hard | Mats Wilander | Stefan Edberg
Anders Järryd | 6–4, 2–6, 3–6 |
| Win | 3. | 1985 | Palermo, Italy | Clay | Colin Dowdeswell | Sergio Casal
Emilio Sánchez | 6–4, 6–7, 7–6 |
| Loss | 6. | 1985 | Masters, New York | Carpet (i) | Mats Wilander | Stefan Edberg
Anders Järryd | 1–6, 6–7 |
| Win | 4. | 1986 | Toronto Indoor, Canada | Carpet (i) | Wojciech Fibak | Christo Steyn
Danie Visser | 6–3, 7–6 |
| Loss | 7. | 1986 | Monte-Carlo, Monaco | Clay | Mats Wilander | Guy Forget
Yannick Noah | 4–6, 6–3, 4–6 |
| Win | 5. | 1986 | Madrid, Spain | Clay | Anders Järryd | Jesus Colas
David de Miguel | 6–2, 6–2 |
| Win | 6. | 1986 | Wimbledon, London | Grass | Mats Wilander | Gary Donnelly
Peter Fleming | 7–6, 6–3, 6–3 |
| Loss | 8. | 1986 | Gstaad, Switzerland | Clay | Stefan Edberg | Sergio Casal
Emilio Sánchez | 3–6, 6–3, 3–6 |
| Loss | 9. | 1986 | US Open, New York | Hard | Mats Wilander | Andrés Gómez
Slobodan Živojinović | 6–4, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4, 3–6 |
| Win | 7. | 1986 | Barcelona, Spain | Clay | Jan Gunnarsson | Carlos di Laura
Claudio Panatta | 6–3, 6–4 |
| Loss | 10. | 1987 | Boston, U.S. | Clay | Mats Wilander | Hans Gildemeister
Andrés Gómez | 6–7, 6–3, 1–6 |
| Loss | 11. | 1987 | Indianapolis, U.S. | Clay | Mats Wilander | Laurie Warder
Blaine Willenborg | 0–6, 3–6 |
| Win | 8. | 1988 | Bordeaux, France | Clay | Claudio Panatta | Christian Miniussi
Diego Nargiso | 6–1, 6–4 |
| Loss | 12. | 1988 | Kitzbühel, Austria | Clay | Claudio Panatta | Sergio Casal
Emilio Sánchez | 4–6, 6–7 |

## InfoBox

Joakim Nyström
| Country (sports) | Sweden |
| --- | --- |
| Residence | Monte Carlo, Monaco |
| Born | (1963-02-20) 20 February 1963
Skellefteå, Sweden |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Turned pro | 1980 |
| Retired | 1989 |
| Plays | Right-handed (two-handed backhand) |
| Prize money | $2,074,947 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 265–142 |
| Career titles | 13 |
| Highest ranking | No. 7 (31 March 1986) |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| Australian Open | 4R (1983, 1984, 1985) |
| French Open | QF (1985) |
| Wimbledon | 3R (1985, 1986, 1987, 1988) |
| US Open | QF (1985, 1986) |
| Other tournaments | |
| Tour Finals | QF (1984) |
| WCT Finals | SF (1985) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 185–116 |
| Career titles | 8 |
| Highest ranking | No. 4 (10 November 1986) |
| Grand Slam doubles results | |
| Australian Open | F (1984) |
| French Open | SF (1985) |
| Wimbledon | **W** (1986) |
| US Open | F (1986) |
| Team competitions | |
| Davis Cup | **W** (1984, 1985, 1987) |


title: Michael Shani

abstract: Michael Shani is a well-known figure in the Israeli musical scene. He was born and raised in Israel, where he began his musical career as a cellist. He played in the Kibbutz Chamber Orchestra and was the conductor of the Kibbutz Symphony Orchestra. He completed his musical training at the Tel-Aviv Music Teacher's College, the Rubin Academy of Music in Jerusalem and at the Brigham Young University in Utah, United States.

text:
# Michael Shani

**Michael Shani** is a well-known figure in the Israeli musical scene. He was born and raised in Israel, where he began his musical career as a cellist. He played in the Kibbutz Chamber Orchestra and was the conductor of the Kibbutz Symphony Orchestra. He completed his musical training at the Tel-Aviv Music Teacher's College, the Rubin Academy of Music in Jerusalem and at the Brigham Young University in Utah, United States.

## History

Michael Shani was the music director of the Tel Aviv Philharmonic Choir, the new Israeli Opera Choir and the Vocal Music festivals of Tel Aviv and Abu Ghosh. He has conducted the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, the Israel Chamber Orchestra, the Kibbutz Chamber Orchestra, the Haifa Symphony orchestra, the Ra'anana Symphony, the Be'er-Sheva Symphonette and orchestras in Germany, Hungary, Czech and Italy.

He was among the founders of the Israeli School of Choral singing, established in 1986 in Tel Aviv and he continues to act as its academic director and principal conductor while also teaching at the Rubin Academy of Music in Tel Aviv and in the Department of Music in the University of Haifa.

Michael Shani is the music director of the Zimriya World Assembly of Choirs in Israel. He founded the Tel-Aviv Chamber Choir in 1987 and since that time continues to serve as its music director. He is the Head of Choral Conducting Department at the Buchmann-Mehta School of Music in Tel-Aviv University. He teaches choral conducting and conducts the Oratorio and the chamber choir of the school.


title: Jimmy Fortune

abstract: Jimmy Fortune is an American country music singer from Nelson County, Virginia. Fortune sang tenor for The Statler Brothers for 21 years, and wrote the song "Elizabeth" for the group. Shortly after the Statler Brothers disbanded, he began to perform as a solo artist. Fortune, commonly referred to as the Amish Elvis, was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2008 as a member of The Statler Brothers.

text:
# Jimmy Fortune

**Jimmy Fortune** (born March 11, 1955) is an American country music singer from Nelson County, Virginia. Fortune sang tenor for The Statler Brothers for 21 years, and wrote the song "Elizabeth" for the group. Shortly after the Statler Brothers disbanded, he began to perform as a solo artist.

Fortune, commonly referred to as the Amish Elvis, was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2008 as a member of The Statler Brothers.

## Biography

Fortune grew up in Nelson County, Virginia, where he attended Nelson County High School in Lovingston, Virginia.

The original tenor of the Statler Brothers, Lew DeWitt, heard Fortune sing at a local ski resort. When DeWitt was suffering from Crohn's disease and needed a temporary replacement, he asked Fortune to come to audition for the band in Nashville. Fortune started performing with the Statler Brothers in 1982, originally as a temporary replacement for DeWitt. He joined the group permanently later in the year when DeWitt decided to quit the group due to his illness.

Fortune wrote several number-one songs that were recorded by the Statler Brothers, including "Elizabeth", "Too Much on My Heart", and "My Only Love". "More Than a Name on a Wall" was a top ten country hit. "Elizabeth" recently was a top bluegrass release for Dailey & Vincent. He spent 21 years touring, singing, and performing with the Statler Brothers.

In 2002, after the Statlers disbanded, Fortune continued his career as a solo artist with an extensive performance schedule in the U.S. and Canada. He has continued as a songwriter and has recorded some projects in Nashville that he mostly produced himself. In 2015 he released *Hits & Hymns* produced by Ben Isaacs. The album reached the Top Ten on *Billboard'*s Top Country Albums chart. The DVD release of a TV special, "Jimmy Fortune: Hits & Hymns," hosted by Bill Gaither, debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Music Video chart. In 2020, Fortune collaborated with Bradley Walker, Ben Isaacs, and Mike Rogers, and formed a group later named Brothers of the Heart. They have released three albums to date: *Brotherly Love* (2020), *Listen To The Music* (2023), and *Will The Circle Be Unbroken* (2023).

On July 8, 2023, a bronze statue of Fortune was unveiled in Nelson County, Virginia. Fortune attended the ceremony, where a statue of fellow Nelson County native Earl Hamner Jr. was also dedicated.

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country
 | US
 | US Christ
 | |
| *When One Door Closes* |  |  |  |  |  |
| *I Believe* | * Release date: December 27, 2005 * Label: Fortune Enterprises |  |  |  |  |
| *Feels Like Christmas* | * Release date: November 29, 2007 * Label: Fortune 4 |  |  |  |  |
| *Windows* | * Release date: December 8, 2009 * Label: Fortune Enterprises |  |  |  |  |
| *Lessons* | * Release date: August 28, 2012 * Label: Fortune Enterprises |  |  |  |  |
| *Hits & Hymns* | * Release date: October 23, 2015 * Label: Gaither Music Group | 10 | 156 | 6 | US: 42,800 |
| *Sings the Classics* | * Release date: April 21, 2017 * Label: Spring House Music Group |  |  |  | US: 13,400 |
|
| *God & Country* | * Release date: May 24, 2019 * Label: Gaither Music Group |  |  | 11 |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | "What Money Can't Buy" | *When One Door Closes* |
| 2004 | | "Elizabeth" |

### Guest singles

| Year | Single | Artist | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | "God Bless the Children" (with Wayne Warner and the Nashville All-Star Choir) | *Turbo Twang'n* |
| 2013 | "Working on a Building" | Marty Raybon (with T. Graham Brown & Trace Adkins) | *Working on a Building* |

### Music videos

| Year | Video | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | "Dare the World" (Various Artists) | John Lloyd Miller |

## InfoBox

| Jimmy Fortune | |
| --- | --- |
| Fortune (center) with Dailey & Vincent | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1955-03-11) March 11, 1955
Williamsburg, Virginia |
| Origin | Nelson County, Virginia |
| Genres | Country |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 1982–present |
| Labels | * Audium * Song Garden * Fortune Enterprises |
| Formerly of | The Statler Brothers |
|  | |
| Website | Official Website |


title: Geoff Kabush

abstract: Geoff Kabush is a Canadian cyclo-cross cyclist and cross-country mountain biker. At the 2000 Summer Olympics, he finished in 9th place in the cross-country race. He then competed in the same event at the 2008 Summer Olympics, finishing in 20th place. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he again competed in the Men's cross-country at Hadleigh Farm, finishing in 8th place. He has also been successful in cyclo-cross, having won the Canadian national cyclo-cross championship five times.

text:
# Geoff Kabush

**Geoff Kabush** is a Canadian cyclo-cross cyclist and cross-country mountain biker. At the 2000 Summer Olympics, he finished in 9th place in the cross-country race. He then competed in the same event at the 2008 Summer Olympics, finishing in 20th place. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he again competed in the Men's cross-country at Hadleigh Farm, finishing in 8th place. He has also been successful in cyclo-cross, having won the Canadian national cyclo-cross championship five times.

## Major results

### Cyclo-cross

2004–2005 1st  National Championships 1st Gran Prix of Gloucester 1 2nd Gran Prix of Gloucester 2 2nd Beacon Cyclo-cross 3rd Clif Bar Grand Prix 3rd Star-Crossed 2005–2006 3rd Star-Crossed 2006–2007 2nd National Championships 2nd Scion Stumptown Cup 3rd Star-Crossed 2007–2008 2nd Fort Lewis College SquawkerCross 2008–2009 1st  National Championships 1st Jim Horner Grand Prix 2009–2010 1st  National Championships 1st Jim Horner Grand Prix 2010–2011 USGP of Cyclocross 1st Mercer Cup Day 1 3rd Mercer Cup Day 2 2011–2012 USGP of Cyclocross 2nd Fort Collins Cup Day 1 3rd Fort Collins Cup Day 2 3rd Derby City Cup Day 2 3rd Bend Day 2 2012–2013 1st  National Championships 1st BC Grand Prix USGP of Cyclocross 3rd New Belgium Cup Day 2 2013–2014 1st  National Championships 1st BC Grand Prix 2nd Deschutes Brewery Cup 3rd CrossVegas 2014–2015 1st Manitoba Grand Prix 2nd National Championships 2015–2016 2nd National Championships 2nd Manitoba Grand Prix 2016–2017 2nd National Championships 2017–2018 2nd National Championships 2018–2019 2nd National Championships

### Mountain bike

2005 1st  Cross-country, National Championships 2006 1st  Cross-country, National Championships 2007 1st  Cross-country, Pan American Championships 1st  Cross-country, National Championships 2008 UCI XC World Cup 2nd Vallnord 2nd Mont-Sainte-Anne 3rd Canberra 2009 1st  Cross-country, National Championships UCI XC World Cup 1st Bromont 3rd Mont-Sainte-Anne 2nd  Team relay, UCI World Championships 2010 1st  Cross-country, National Championships 2014 1st  Cross-country, National Championships 2016 1st  Marathon, National Championships

### Road

2017 1st Tour de Nez

## InfoBox

Geoff Kabush
| Geoff Kabush at the 2012 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Geoff Kabush |
| Born | (1977-04-14) 14 April 1977<br>Courtenay, British Columbia, Canada |
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 76 kg (168 lb) |
| Team information | |
| Discipline |  |
| Role | Rider |
| Professional teams | |
| 2005 | Jittery Joe's–Kalahari |
| 2007–2008 | Symmetrics |
| 2008–2011 | Maxxis |
| 2012–2014 | Scott–3rox Racing |
|  | |
| Major wins | |
| Mountain bike XC World Cup 1 individual win (2009) | |
|  | |


title: Jimmy Fontana

abstract: Enrico Sbriccoli, known professionally as Jimmy Fontana, was an Italian actor, composer and singer-songwriter. Two of his most famous songs are "Che sarà", performed also by José Feliciano with Ricchi e Poveri, and "Il Mondo".

text:
# Jimmy Fontana

**Enrico Sbriccoli** (13 November 1934 – 11 September 2013), known professionally as **Jimmy Fontana**, was an Italian actor, composer and singer-songwriter. Two of his most famous songs are "Che sarà", performed also by José Feliciano with Ricchi e Poveri, and "Il Mondo".

## Biography

Enrico Sbriccoli was born in Camerino, Marche. After graduating from high school, he moved to Rome to study Economics. In his spare time, Fontana taught himself bass and attend local jazz venues. Eventually, he dedicated himself completely to music and adopted the stage name Jimmy Fontana in homage to one of his heroes, American musician Jimmy Giuffre (the surname Fontana was arbitrarily chosen out of the phone book).

In the early 1950s he started his own jazz band, *Fontana and his Trio*, with piano, bass and drums, and around that time he met Leda, who became his wife and with whom they had four children: Luigi, Roberto, Andrea, and Paola.

At the end of the 1950s, he turned to light music and began his solo career. His first success was "Diavolo" ("Devil") that won him third place in the Festival of Barcelona. With his song "Bevo" ("I Drink"), in 1960, he won the Burlamacco Gold, a music competition in Viareggio. His first participation in the Sanremo Music Festival came in 1961 with "Lady luna" ("Lady moon"), written by Armando Trovajoli and Dino Verde. His first single with RCA is "Non te ne andare" ("Don't go"), released in 1963 and written by Gianni Meccia and Lilli Greco.

In 1965, Fontana had his major success with "Il mondo" ("The world"), a song composed by Fontana and Carlo Pes, and arranged by Ennio Morricone, with lyrics by Gianni Meccia, which reached the top of the charts in Italy and other countries in Europe and charted in Latin America as well. The same year, he made his debut as an actor, appearing in two *musicarelli*, which are movies heavily featuring musical numbers, titled *Viale della canzone* ("Avenue of song") and *008 Operazione ritmo* ("008 Operation rhythm").

Jimmy Fontana's hits include "La mia serenata" that won the Un disco per l'estate festival in 1967.

At the 1968 Cantagiro summer festival, Fontana sang a cover version of the Tom Jones hit "Delilah", titled "La nostra favola". The song reached 2nd place in the Italian hit parade.

In 1971, the song "Che sarà", composed by Fontana with lyrics by Franco Migliacci, was performed by José Feliciano with the Ricchi e Poveri group at that year's Sanremo Music Festival, winning 2nd prize. It eventually became one of the biggest pop music hits of the era in Italy and abroad.

After "Che sarà", Fontana stopped writing songs, but continued to tour around Italy for another decade. In 1982 his son Luigi wrote the first part of the music for a new song and this fact brought Jimmy back to compose and create again: he completed the song "Beguine" and sung it at 1982 Sanremo Music Festival, joining the 6th place; Luigi was on stage with his father in Sanremo and from that moment on they were performing together around Italy and abroad until Jimmy died. They were joined in 1992 by Andrea (Jimmy's 3rd son), creating some beautiful and emotional "family shows". Jimmy Fontana also continued appearing on TV shows until his old age. He died peacefully at his home in Rome, at age 78, while still planning concert tours.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Arrivederci* (1996)
* *Il Mondo* (1997)
* *I Grandi Successi Originali* (2001)

## Filmography

### Actor

### Soundtrack composer

### Soundtrack singer

* *Io bacio, tu baci* (1961: "Diavolo"; "Il tempo si è fermato"; "Mare di dicembre"; "Cha cha cha dell'impiccato")

## InfoBox

| Jimmy Fontana | |
| --- | --- |
| Fontana in the 1960s | |
| Born | Enrico Sbriccoli
(1934-11-13)13 November 1934
Camerino, Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | 11 September 2013(2013-09-11) (aged 78)
Rome, Italy |
| Occupations | * Singer * music composer * actor |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |


title: Philip Glass Ensemble

abstract: The Philip Glass Ensemble is an American musical group founded by composer Philip Glass in 1968 to serve as a performance outlet for his experimental minimalist music. The ensemble continues to perform and record to this day, under the musical direction of keyboardist Michael Riesman. The Ensemble's instrumentation became a hallmark of Glass's early minimalist style. While the ensemble's instrumentation has varied over the years, it has generally consisted of amplified woodwinds, keyboard synthesizers, and solo soprano voice. After Glass wrote his first opera, Einstein on the Beach, for the ensemble in 1976, he began to compose for other instrumentation more frequently, but he still retains the core ensemble instrumentation. In 2011, individuals from the ensemble performed a series of concerts in an installation at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the Temple of Dendur exhibit. From 2012 until late 2015 the ensemble has presented, along with many other performers, a revival of Einstein on the Beach which opened in Montpellier, France in 2012. In 2013 the ensemble began to perform Glass's opera, La Belle et la Bête again. The opera is set to the visuals of the 1946 Jean Cocteau film, with the help of four vocalists. In early September 2014 the ensemble performed with Steve Reich and other musicians at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's "Next Wave Festival." It had been over thirty years since Glass and Reich had shared a stage. In February 2018, the ensemble performed with the San Francisco Girls Chorus at Carnegie Hall. They performed the ninety-minute Music With Changing Parts, the work's debut performance with women's chorus and an extremely important concert as this piece is considered to have changed music in the 1970s. Glass has also collaborated with them on their most recent album, Final Answer, and many of his works are featured in performance by SFGC.

text:
# Philip Glass Ensemble

The **Philip Glass Ensemble** is an American musical group founded by composer Philip Glass in 1968 to serve as a performance outlet for his experimental minimalist music. The ensemble continues to perform and record to this day, under the musical direction of keyboardist Michael Riesman.

The Ensemble's instrumentation became a hallmark of Glass's early minimalist style. While the ensemble's instrumentation has varied over the years, it has generally consisted of amplified woodwinds (typically saxophones, flutes, and bass clarinet), keyboard synthesizers, and solo soprano voice (singing *solfeggio*).

After Glass wrote his first opera, *Einstein on the Beach*, for the ensemble in 1976, he began to compose for other instrumentation more frequently, but he still retains the core ensemble instrumentation.

In 2011, individuals from the ensemble performed a series of concerts in an installation at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the Temple of Dendur exhibit. From 2012 until late 2015 the ensemble has presented, along with many other performers, a revival of *Einstein on the Beach* which opened in Montpellier, France in 2012.

In 2013 the ensemble began to perform Glass's opera, *La Belle et la Bête* again. The opera is set to the visuals of the 1946 Jean Cocteau film, with the help of four vocalists. In early September 2014 the ensemble performed with Steve Reich and other musicians at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's "Next Wave Festival." It had been over thirty years since Glass and Reich had shared a stage.

In February 2018, the ensemble performed with the San Francisco Girls Chorus at Carnegie Hall. They performed the ninety-minute *Music With Changing Parts*, the work's debut performance with women's chorus and an extremely important concert as this piece is considered to have changed music in the 1970s. Glass has also collaborated with them on their most recent album, Final Answer, and many of his works are featured in performance by SFGC (artistically directed by Ensemble vocalist and keyboardist Lisa Bielawa).

## Members

* Michael Riesman, keyboards
* Philip Glass, keyboards
* Dan Dryden, audio engineer
* Eleanor Sandresky, keyboards
* Nelson Padgett, keyboards
* Ted Baker, keyboards
* Lisa Bielawa, voice
* Andrew Sterman, woodwinds
* Mick Rossi, percussion, keyboards
* Frank Cassara, percussion
* Peter Hess, woodwinds
* Dan Bora, audio engineer
* Ryan Kelly, onstage audio engineer

* Gregory Purnhagen, baritone
* Peter Stewart, bass
* Marie Mascari, soprano
* Hai-Ting Chin, mezzo-soprano
* Alexandra Montano, mezzo-soprano (deceased)
* Janice Felty, mezzo-soprano (still active in the opera world)
* Anna-Maria Martinez, soprano (still active in the opera world)

### Former members

* Stephen Erb, audio engineer
* Martin Goldray, keyboards
* Jon Gibson, woodwinds
* Bob Telson, keyboards
* Steve Reich, keyboards
* Art Murphy, keyboards
* Steve Chambers, keyboards
* James Tenney, keyboards
* Robert Prado, trumpet, flute, and keyboards
* Richard Peck, woodwinds
* Jack Kripl, woodwinds
* Richard Landry, woodwinds
* David Crowell, woodwinds
* Joan La Barbara, voice and keyboards
* Iris Hiskey, voice and keyboards
* Dora Ohrenstein, voice and keyboards
* Barbara Benary, violin and voice
* David Behrman, viola
* Beverly Lauridsen, cello
* Seymour Barab, cello
* Kurt Munkacsi, audio engineer (now a studio producer)

## Films

1. "Philip Glass Ensemble website".
2. "Philip Glass Ensemble | Biography & History | AllMusic". *AllMusic*. Retrieved March 7, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Philip Glass Ensemble | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | New York City, New York, United States |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Chamber ensemble |
| Years active | 1968–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Members |  |
|  | |
| Past members | * Stephen Erb * Martin Goldray * Richard Peck * Jack Kripl * Richard Landry * Joan La Barbara * Seymour Barab * Iris Hiskey * Dora Ohrenstein * Kurt Munkacsi * David Crowell |
|  | |
| Website | philipglassensemble.com philipglass.com |


title: Treaty of London (1839)

abstract: The Treaty of London of 1839, was signed on 19 April 1839 between the major European powers, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium. It was a direct follow-up to the 1831 Treaty of the XVIII Articles, which the Netherlands had refused to sign, and the result of negotiations at the London Conference of 1838–1839 which sought to maintain the Concert of Europe. Under the treaty, the European powers recognised and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium and established the full independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg. Article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral. Following the German invasion of 1914, Belgium abandoned its policy of neutrality.

text:
# Treaty of London (1839)

The **Treaty of London of 1839**, was signed on 19 April 1839 between the major European powers, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium. It was a direct follow-up to the 1831 Treaty of the XVIII Articles, which the Netherlands had refused to sign, and the result of negotiations at the **London Conference of 1838–1839** which sought to maintain the Concert of Europe.

Under the treaty, the European powers recognised and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium and established the full independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg. Article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral. Following the German invasion of 1914, Belgium abandoned its policy of neutrality (except for a brief, unsuccessful resumption from 1936 to 1940).

## Background

Since 1815, Belgium had been a reluctant part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1830, Belgians broke away and established an independent Kingdom of Belgium. The overwhelmingly Catholic population could not accept the Dutch king's favouritism toward Protestantism, while French-speakers were irritated by his disdain for the French language, and the middle classes objected to the Dutch monopolisation of public offices. Liberals regarded King William I's rule as despotic, while there were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes.

Small-scale fighting – the death of some 600 volunteers is commemorated in the Place des Martyrs, Brussels – was followed by an international settlement in 1831. However the settlement was not accepted by the Dutch, who invaded the country in the autumn of 1831; and it took a French army recapturing Antwerp in 1832 before Belgium and the Netherlands could even agree an armistice. Several years later, the Netherlands recognised that they stood to gain more territory by accepting the 1831 settlement than from a mere continuance of the armistice. The Belgian government protested, with French support, against the late implementation of the settlement terms, but Britain accepted the Dutch claim; and in 1839, the Dutch accepted Belgian independence (and regained the disputed territories) by the Treaty of London. At the same time, the major powers all guaranteed Belgium's independence from the Netherlands.

## Territorial consequences

With the treaty, the southern provinces of the Netherlands, independent *de facto* since 1830, became internationally recognised as the Kingdom of Belgium, while the Province of Limburg was split into Belgian and Dutch parts.

The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg was in a personal union with the Netherlands and simultaneously a member of the German Confederation. The treaty partitioned the grand duchy. It lost two-thirds of its territory to Belgium's new Province of Luxembourg. The partitioning left a rump grand duchy, covering one-third of the original territory and inhabited by one-half of the original population, in personal union with the Netherlands, under King-Grand Duke William I (and subsequently William II and William III). This arrangement was confirmed by the 1867 Treaty of London, known as the 'Second Treaty of London' in reference to the 1839 treaty, and lasted until the death of King-Grand Duke William III 23 November 1890.

## Belgian neutrality

Belgium's *de facto* independence had been established through nine years of intermittent fighting in the 1830s against The Netherlands. The co-signatories of the Treaty of London recognised the independent Kingdom of Belgium. The five great powers of Europe (Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom) also pledged to guarantee Belgium's neutrality.

The treaty was a fundamental "lawmaking" treaty that became a cornerstone of European international law; it was especially important in the Causes of World War I. On 31 July 1914, the mobilisation of the Belgian Army was ordered and the Belgian king publicly called Europe's attention to the fact that Germany, Great Britain and France were legally bound to defend the neutrality of his country. When the German Empire invaded Belgium in August 1914, despite the treaty, after an unanswered ultimatum Britain declared war on 4 August. Informed by the British ambassador that Britain would go to war with Germany over the latter's violation of Belgian neutrality, German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg exclaimed that he could not believe that Britain and Germany would be going to war over a mere "scrap of paper".

The reasoning may have had at least as much to do with the British fear that lack of their help leading to a possible defeat of France could lead to German hegemony in Western Europe, with Christopher Clark pointing out that the British cabinet decided on 29 July 1914 that, being a signatory to the 1839 treaty, guaranteeing Belgium's frontiers did not oblige it to oppose a German invasion of Belgium with military force. According to Isabel V. Hull,

> Annika Mombauer wrote "Few historians would still maintain that the 'rape of Belgium' was the real motive for Britain's declaration of war on Germany". Instead, the role of Belgian neutrality is variously interpreted as an excuse used to mobilise public opinion, to provide embarrassed radicals in the cabinet with the justification for abandoning the principal (sic) of pacifism and thus staying in office, or – in the more conspiratorial versions – as cover for naked imperial interests".

## Iron Rhine

The Treaty of London also guaranteed Belgium the right of transit by rail or canal over Dutch territory as an outlet to the German Ruhr. This right was reaffirmed in a 24 May 2005 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in a dispute between Belgium and the Netherlands on the railway track.

In 2004 Belgium requested a reopening of the Iron Rhine railway. This was the result of the increasing transport of goods between the port of Antwerp and the German Ruhr Area. As part of the European policy of modal shift on the increasing traffic of goods, transport over railway lines and waterways was now preferred over road transport. The Belgian request was based on the treaty of 1839, and the Iron Rhine Treaty of 1873. After a series of failed negotiations, the Belgian and Dutch governments agreed to take the issue to the Permanent Court of Arbitration and respect its ruling in the case.

In a ruling of 24 May 2005, the court acknowledged both the Belgian rights under the cessation treaty of 1839 and the Dutch concerns for part of the Meinweg National Park nature reserve. The 1839 treaty still applied, the court found, giving Belgium the right to use and modernise the Iron Rhine. However, Belgium would be obliged to finance the modernisation of the line, while the Netherlands had to fund the repairs and maintenance of the route. Both countries were to share the costs of a tunnel beneath the nature reserve.

## In media

## Footnotes

## Further reading

* Calmes, Christian (1989). *The Making of a Nation From 1815 to the Present Day*. Luxembourg City: Saint-Paul.
* Omond. G. W. T. "The Question of the Netherlands in 1829–1830," *Transactions of the Royal Historical Society* (1919) pp. 150–171 JSTOR 3678256
* Schroeder, Paul W. *The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848* (1994) pp. 716–18
* Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003). *Histoire du Luxembourg* (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053852-3.

### Primary sources

## InfoBox

Treaty of London
| Belgian borders claimed before The Treaty of the XXIV articles. | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Multilateral Treaty |
| Signed | 19 April 1839 (1839-04-19) |
| Location | London, United Kingdom |
| Original<br>signatories |  |
| Ratifiers | * Austria * Belgium * France * German Confederation * Netherlands * Russia * United Kingdom |


title: Phangkhar Gewog

abstract: Phangkhar Gewog is a gewog of Zhemgang District, Bhutan. Phangkhar Gewog is also a part of Panbang Dungkhag (sub-district), along with Goshing, Ngangla, and Bjoka Gewogs.

text:
# Phangkhar Gewog

**Phangkhar Gewog** (Dzongkha: ཕང་མཁར་) is a gewog (village block) of Zhemgang District, Bhutan. Phangkhar Gewog is also a part of Panbang Dungkhag (sub-district), along with Goshing, Ngangla, and Bjoka Gewogs.

## InfoBox

| Phangkhar Gewog ཕང་མཁར་ | |
| --- | --- |
| Gewog | |
|  | |
| Country | Bhutan |
| District | Zhemgang District |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (BTT) |