title: Applied ethics

abstract: Applied ethics is the practical aspect of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership. For example, bioethics is concerned with identifying the best approach to moral issues in the life sciences, such as euthanasia, the allocation of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos in research. Environmental ethics is concerned with ecological issues such as the responsibility of government and corporations to clean up pollution. Business ethics includes the duties of whistleblowers to the public and to their employers.

text:
# Applied ethics

**Applied ethics** is the practical aspect of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership. For example, bioethics is concerned with identifying the best approach to moral issues in the life sciences, such as euthanasia, the allocation of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos in research. Environmental ethics is concerned with ecological issues such as the responsibility of government and corporations to clean up pollution. Business ethics includes the duties of whistleblowers to the public and to their employers.

## History

Applied ethics has expanded the study of ethics beyond the realms of academic philosophical discourse. The field of applied ethics, as it appears today, emerged from debate surrounding rapid medical and technological advances in the early 1970s and is now established as a subdiscipline of moral philosophy. However, applied ethics is, by its very nature, a multi-professional subject because it requires specialist understanding of the potential ethical issues in fields like medicine, business or information technology. Nowadays, ethical codes of conduct exist in almost every profession.

An applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas can take many different forms but one of the most influential and most widely utilised approaches in bioethics and health care ethics is the four-principle approach developed by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress. The four-principle approach, commonly termed principlism, entails consideration and application of four prima facie ethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice.

## Underpinning theory

Applied ethics is distinguished from normative ethics, which concerns standards for right and wrong behavior, and from meta-ethics, which concerns the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments.

Whilst these three areas of ethics appear to be distinct, they are also interrelated. The use of an applied ethics approach often draws upon these normative ethical theories:

1. Consequentialist ethics, which hold that the rightness of acts depends only on their consequences. The paradigmatic consequentialist theory is utilitarianism, which classically holds that whether an act is morally right depends on whether it maximizes net aggregated psychological wellbeing. This theory's main developments came from Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill who distinguished between act and rule utilitarianism. Notable later developments were made by Henry Sidgwick who introduced the significance of motive or intent, and R. M. Hare who introduced the significance of preference in utilitarian decision-making. Other forms of consequentialism include prioritarianism.
2. Deontological ethics, which hold that acts have an inherent rightness or wrongness regardless of their context or consequences. This approach is epitomized by Immanuel Kant's notion of the categorical imperative, which was the centre of Kant's ethical theory based on duty. Another key deontological theory is natural law, which was heavily developed by Thomas Aquinas and is an important part of the Catholic Church's teaching on morals. Threshold deontology holds that rules ought to govern up to a point despite adverse consequences; but when the consequences become so dire that they cross a stipulated threshold, consequentialism takes over.
3. Virtue ethics, derived from Aristotle's and Confucius' notions, which asserts that the right action will be that chosen by a suitably 'virtuous' agent.

Normative ethical theories can clash when trying to resolve real-world ethical dilemmas. One approach attempting to overcome the divide between consequentialism and deontology is case-based reasoning, also known as casuistry. Casuistry does not begin with theory, rather it starts with the immediate facts of a real and concrete case. While casuistry makes use of ethical theory, it does not view ethical theory as the most important feature of moral reasoning. Casuists, like Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin (*The Abuse of Casuistry*, 1988), challenge the traditional paradigm of applied ethics. Instead of starting from theory and applying theory to a particular case, casuists start with the particular case itself and then ask what morally significant features (including both theory and practical considerations) ought to be considered for that particular case. In their observations of medical ethics committees, Jonsen and Toulmin note that a consensus on particularly problematic moral cases often emerges when participants focus on the facts of the case, rather than on ideology or theory. Thus, a Rabbi, a Catholic priest, and an agnostic might agree that, in this particular case, the best approach is to withhold extraordinary medical care, while disagreeing on the reasons that support their individual positions. By focusing on cases and not on theory, those engaged in moral debate increase the possibility of agreement.

Applied ethics was later distinguished from the nascent applied epistemology, which is also under the umbrella of applied philosophy. While the former was concerned with the practical application of moral considerations, the latter focuses on the application of epistemology in solving practical problems.

## Further reading


title: The One (Jane Zhang album)

abstract: The One is the first studio album by Chinese singer Jane Zhang, released on October 11, 2006 by Huayi Brothers.

text:
# The One (Jane Zhang album)

***The One*** is the first studio album by Chinese singer Jane Zhang, released on October 11, 2006 by Huayi Brothers.

## Track listing

1. Body Language (Chinese: 身体语言) (4:15)
2. This Damned Thing Called Love (Chinese: 这该死的爱) (4:57)
3. Take It Like a Man (3:49)
4. If We Keep Loving (Chinese: 如果爱下去) (4:02)
5. Can't Take It Back (3:13)
6. Private Matter (Chinese: 个人秘密) (4:11)
7. Missing You, at 0:01 (Chinese: 想你，零点零一分) (4:12)
8. Blockhead (Chinese: 木脑壳) (3:48)
9. Girl of Your Dreams (3:54)
10. Midnight, Goodnight (4:28)

## InfoBox

| The One | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jane Zhang | |
| Released | October 11, 2006 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Label | Huayi Brothers |
| Jane Zhang chronology | |
| *Jane, Love*
(2006) ***The One***
(2006) *Update*
(2007) | |


title: Oman ypsilon

abstract: Oman ypsilon, the Oman blenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western Indian Ocean, around Oman. This fish reaches a length of 4 centimetres (1.6 in) TL. It is the only known species in the genus Oman.

text:
# Oman ypsilon

***Oman ypsilon***, the **Oman blenny**, is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western Indian Ocean, around Oman. This fish reaches a length of 4 centimetres (1.6 in) TL. It is the only known species in the genus ***Oman***.

## InfoBox

| *Oman ypsilon* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Blenniidae |
| Subfamily: | Blenniinae |
| Genus: | *Oman*
V. G. Springer, 1985 |
| Species: | ***O. ypsilon*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oman ypsilon***
V. G. Springer, 1985 | |
|


title: Joseph M. Pettit

abstract: Joseph Mayo Pettit was an engineer and the president of the Georgia Institute of Technology from 1972 to 1986. He previously served as the dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering from 1958 to 1972. While president of Georgia Tech, Pettit advanced the causes of research and industrial development at the school; Tech's research budget surpassed the $100 million mark and Pettit headed Tech's $100 million Centennial Campaign.

text:
# Joseph M. Pettit

**Joseph Mayo Pettit** (July 15, 1916 – September 15, 1986) was an engineer and the president of the Georgia Institute of Technology from 1972 to 1986. He previously served as the dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering from 1958 to 1972.

While president of Georgia Tech, Pettit advanced the causes of research and industrial development at the school; Tech's research budget surpassed the $100 million mark and Pettit headed Tech's $100 million Centennial Campaign.

## Early life and career

Joseph M. Pettit was born in Rochester, Minnesota. He earned a B.S. degree from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1938, an engineering degree from Stanford University in 1940, and a Ph.D. from Stanford in 1942.

From 1940 to 1942, Pettit served as an instructor at the University of California. He then joined the World War II radar countermeasures project at the Radio Research Laboratory of Harvard University. Following the war effort, Pettit became supervising engineer with Airborne Instruments Laboratory in New York.

In 1947, Pettit joined the faculty of Stanford University, and was named Professor of Electrical Engineering in 1954. He was named Dean of the Stanford School of Engineering in 1958, and would remain in the position until 1972.

## Georgia Tech

Pettit became president of the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1972. During his 14-year tenure as president, Pettit was credited with turning Georgia Tech into a top tier research institution. Pettit has also received credit for shifting Georgia Tech back to its roots with regards to providing assistance with economic development within the state of Georgia. In the decades known for the Vietnam War and the launch of Sputnik, research at Georgia Tech and the Georgia Tech Research Institute had become so tied with NASA and the Department of Defense that local industrial development had been largely forgotten. In 1975, the Georgia General Assembly designated the Engineering Experiment Station (now the Georgia Tech Research Institute) as the "Georgia Productivity Center". Georgia was the first state to designate such a center to encourage business productivity.

In the aftermath of the launch of Scientific Atlanta by Glen P. Robinson and the subsequent disputes, Georgia Tech's culture encouraged hard work, but did not encourage start-ups. This changed during Joseph Pettit's administration; Pettit was at Stanford during the development of Silicon Valley and worked to change the culture to inspire something similar in Atlanta. "That was when Tech began actively encouraging faculty, staff and students to be entrepreneurial... In some ways it was a shift back to our roots, with Tech beginning to reconnect with the state through the Advanced Technology Development Center, the Economic Development Institute and the Georgia Research Alliance", according to Bob McMath.

During Pettit's tenure as Georgia Tech's president, the Institute progressed into top tier of technological education institutions. Under his leadership, Tech's research budget surpassed the $100 million mark for the first time in its history. In addition, Pettit spearheaded Tech's historic $100 million Centennial Campaign. A total of $202.7 million was raised during the Centennial Campaign, which was Georgia Tech's first major fundraising effort. Pettit worked closely with J. Erskine Love, Jr. with regards to these fundraising efforts; Love was later asked to deliver the eulogy at Pettit's funeral.

Numerous research centers were established during Pettit's tenure at Georgia Tech. In 1978, Georgia Tech established the Georgia Mining Resources Institute, which was linked to the U. S. Bureau of Mines; they also established the Fracture and Fatigue Research Laboratory. Other centers established around this time included the Computational Mechanics Center in 1979; the Center for Rehabilitation Technology in 1980; the Advance Technology Center, the Technology Policy and Assessment Center, and the Microelectronics Research Center in 1981; the Materials Handling Research Center, Center for Architecture Conservation, Center for Excellence in Rotary Wing Aircraft, and Communication Research Center in 1982; the Research Center for Biotechnology in 1983; and the Center for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning, and the College of Architecture Construction Research Center in 1986. The general assembly granted $15 million in funding for the Center of Excellence in Microelectronics in 1985.

Pettit also oversaw Georgia Tech's application and admittance into the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), an athletic league founded in 1953 which included seven charter members. Georgia Tech had withdrawn from the Southeastern Conference in January 1964 and had operated as an Independent until 1975 when Georgia Tech joined the Metro Conference. Georgia Tech was admitted to the ACC on April 3, 1978. The ACC has expanded from 8 to 12 members since that time.

Pettit died of cancer in 1986, and his vice president of academic affairs, Henry C. Bourne, Jr., served as interim president.

## Honors and awards

Pettit was awarded the President's Certificate of Merit in 1949 for his contributions during World War II. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Radio Engineers (now part of IEEE) in 1954 and served on that organization's board of directors from 1954 to 1955. He was elected as a life member of IEEE in 1982. While in IRE and later IEEE, Pettit founded two academic conferences: Wescon in 1949 and Southcon in 1981.

Pettit was also involved in the American Society for Engineering Education, serving two terms on their board of directors and one term, 1972–1973, as their president. He served on the National Science Board from 1977 to 1982, and also served as an advisor to the National Science Foundation.

The Joseph Mayo Pettit Distinguished Service Award, conferred by the Georgia Tech Alumni Association, is named after Pettit.

## InfoBox

| Joseph Mayo Pettit | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1916-07-15)July 15, 1916
Rochester, Minnesota, United States |
| Died | September 15, 1986(1986-09-15) (aged 70)
Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
| Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley
Stanford University |
| Awards | President's Certificate of Merit (1949)
IEEE Founders Medal (1983) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Electronic Engineering |
| Institutions | Stanford University
Georgia Institute of Technology |
| Doctoral students | Donald Pederson |
|  | |


title: Otis Spunkmeyer

abstract: Otis Spunkmeyer Inc. is a baked goods distribution company. Otis Spunkmeyer produces cookies, muffins, frozen cookie doughs, and other pastries.

text:
# Otis Spunkmeyer

37°41′39″N 122°10′14.8″W / 37.69417°N 122.170778°W / 37.69417; -122.170778

**Otis Spunkmeyer Inc.** is a baked goods distribution company. Otis Spunkmeyer produces cookies, muffins, frozen cookie doughs, and other pastries.

## History

Ken Rawlings, the founder of Otis Spunkmeyer, Inc., opened the first fresh-baked cookie store in Oakland, California in 1977. For the name of the business, Rawlings took the suggestion of his 12-year-old daughter who coined the name. By 1983, with his brother Bill, Rawlings had grown the company to less than two dozen stores. With high overhead costs and weak sales, the company shifted its focus from retail to wholesale, creating a store-baked cookie program for other foodservice operators. The program included pre-portioned frozen cookie dough, a pre-set convection oven, and marketing materials. This program allowed both big and small foodservice operators to sell store-baked cookies in their facilities.

Otis Spunkmeyer hired a pair of DC-3 aircraft painted with the company logo and had them fly over the Golden Gate bridge.

A 2002 management buyout was led by chief executive officer, John Schiavo, in association with the private equity firm of Code Hennessy & Simmons.

In September 2005, Otis Spunkmeyer acquired Merkel-McDonald, Inc., a manufacturer, and distributor of frozen IQF Cookie Dough products for the foodservice market, doing business as Chippery. Chippery is based out of Austin, Texas and has a 97,000-square-foot (9,000 m2) manufacturing facility located there.

In November 2006, the company was sold to Irish Agricultural Wholesale Society ('IAWS') for $561 million. IAWS already owned Cuisine de France and La Brea Bakery, and merged with Hiestand to form Aryzta in 2008.

## InfoBox

Otis Spunkmeyer Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Food processing |
| Founded | 1977 |
| Headquarters | San Leandro, California, United States |
| Products | Muffins, Cookies Danishes, Brownies, Pretzels, Bagels, Cinnamon Rolls. |
| Revenue | 336.3 million USD (2005) |
| Number of employees | 1,183 (2005) |
| Parent | Aryzta |
| Website | www.otisspunkmeyer.com |


title: Ottoman clothing

abstract: Ottoman clothing or Ottoman fashion is the style and design of clothing worn during the Ottoman Empire.

text:
# Ottoman clothing

**Ottoman clothing** or **Ottoman fashion** is the style and design of clothing worn during the Ottoman Empire.

## Ottoman period

While those of the palace and court dressed lavishly, common people were only concerned with covering themselves. Starting in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, administrators enacted sumptuary laws about the clothing of Muslims, Christians, Jewish communities, clergy, tradesmen, and state and military officials, particularly strictly enforced during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.

In this period men wore outer clothing like the 'mintan' (a vest or short jacket), 'zıbın', 'şalvar' (trousers), 'kuşak' (sash), 'potur', entari or kaftan (long robe), 'kalpak', 'sarık' on the head, and 'çarık', çizme (boots), 'çedik', or 'Yemeni' on the feet. The administrators and the wealthy wore caftans with fur lining and embroidery, whereas the middle class wore 'cübbe' (mid-length robe) or 'hırka' (a short robe or tunic). The poor wore collarless 'cepken' or 'yelek' (vest).

Women's everyday wear was şalvar (trousers), a gömlek(chemise) that came down to mid-calf or ankle, a short, fitted jacket called a zıbın, and a sash or belt tied at or just below the waist. For formal occasions, such as visiting friends, the woman added an entari or kaftan, a long robe that was cut like the zıbın apart from the length. Both zıbın and kaftan were buttoned to the waist, leaving the skirts open in front. Both garments also had buttons all the way to the throat but were often buttoned only to the underside of the bust, leaving the garments to gape open over the bust. All of these clothes could be brightly colored and patterned. However, when a woman left the house, she covered her clothes with a ferace, a dark, modestly cut robe that buttoned all the way to the throat. She also covered her hair and face with a pair of veils.

Headgear was the most potent indicator of male social status. While commoners wore "külahs" covered with 'abani' or 'Yemeni', higher-ranking men wore a wide variety of turbans.

Political crises of the 17th century were reflected in chaos in clothes. The excessively luxurious compulsion for consumption and showing off in the Tulip Era lasted until the 19th century. The modernization attempts of Mahmud II in the 1830s first had their effects in the state sector. While the 'sarık' was replaced by the 'fez', people employed at the Sublime Porte began to wear trousers, 'setre' and 'potin'.

### Headwear

Ottoman headdresses indicated the status and occupation of the wearer. Royal turbans could be decorated with feathers in an ornamental aigrette. Starting from the 19th century, sultans started wearing fezzes instead of turbans. The daughters of sultans would receive luxurious jewelry when marrying, including diadems or veils with jewels embedded in them. Imperial and noble ladies would also cover their heads with small handkerchiefs and their faces with Brussels net veils.

There are not many records of women's clothing at the time, but artwork can provide some understanding. Headdresses were typically tall, pointed hats with a veil attached to them, which served to cover their faces during outings. In depictions of sultanas, their clothing is mostly fabricated with few references to what Ottoman women actually wore. A portrait of Roxelana depicts her wearing a pillbox-shaped headdress with decorative jewels on the border. While her headdress illustrates popular styles in Ottoman women's headwear at the time, her clothing remains very similar to European-style clothing. This was a popular way to depict women, specifically sultanas.

Many factors contributed to changes in Ottoman women's garments, including the cost of materials and firmans, or royal declarations. At the beginning of the 18th century, upper-class women began wearing yashmaks, or veils that covered their faces when going out. Over time, the yashmaks became more transparent and wider, with silver embroidery. As more changes were made to women's clothing, yashmaks and feraces were seen less as garments to cover the body, and more as decorative and ornamental styles.

In the 19th century, there were more extreme changes in women's clothing. Yemenis, or headscarves, were so thin that their hair was almost all visible. Other traditional garments combined Turkish and European fashions.

Around World War I, Turkish women began wearing headscarves tied below the chin instead of the carsaf, a robe-like dress that covered the whole body and head except for the eyes.

### Tanzimat period

During the 'Tanzimat' and 'Meşrutiyet' period in the 19th century, common people still wearing traditional clothing presented a great contrast with to administrators and the wealthy wearing 'redingot', jacket, waistcoat, boyunbağı (tie), 'mintan', sharp-pointed and high-heeled shoes. Women's clothes of the Ottoman period in the 'mansions' and Palace courts included 'Entari', 'kuşak', 'şalvar', 'başörtü', and the 'ferace' of the 19th century without much change.

In the 16th century, women wore two-layer long 'entari' and 'tül', velvet shawls, on their heads. Their outdoor clothing consisted of 'ferace' and 'yeldirme'. The simplification in the 17th century was apparent in an inner 'entari' worn under a short-sleeved, caftan-shaped outfit and a matching belt.

Women's wear becoming more showy and extravagant accompanied adorned hair buns and tailoring. Tailoring in its real sense began in this period. The sense of women's wear primarily began in large residential centers such as Istanbul and İzmir in the 19th century and women gradually began to participate in social life, along with the Westernization movement. Pera became the center of fashion and Paris fashions were followed by tailors of Greek and Armenian origin. In the period of Abdul Hamid II, the 'ferace' (a concealing outer robe shaped like a modestly cut version of the indoor dress) was replaced by 'çarşaf' of different styles. However, the rural sector continued to wear traditional clothing.

## Ottoman influence on Western female dress

Interactions between Ottomans and Britons occurred throughout history, but in the 18th century, European visitors and residents in the Ottoman Empire markedly increased, and exploded in the 19th century. As such, fashion is one method to gauge the increased interactions. Historically, Europeans clothing was more delineated between male and female dress. Hose and trousers were reserved for men, and skirts were for women. Conversely, in the Ottoman Empire, male and female dress was more similar. A common item worn by both was the şalvar, a voluminous undergarment in white fabric shaped like what is today called "harem pants". To British women traveling in the Ottoman Empire, the şalvar quickly became a symbol of freedom because they observed that Ottoman women had more rights than British women. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762), wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, noted in her *Turkish Embassy Letters* that Ottoman women "possessed legal property rights and protections that far surpassed the rights of Western women". These female travelers often gained an intimate view of Ottoman culture, since as women, they had easier access to the Muslim elite harems than did men. Şalvar successfully spread into Europe at the end of the 19th century as various female suffragists and feminists used şalvar as a symbol of emancipation. Other British women of distinction, such as Lady Janey Archibald Campbell (1845–1923), and Lady Ottoline (Violet Anne) Morrell (1873–1938) wore şalvar "in an attempt to symbolize their refusal of traditional British standards and sexual differences". Şalvar also spread beyond Europe when Amelia Jenks Bloomer modified these "Turkish trousers" to create American "bloomers".

Another area where the Ottomans influenced female Western dress was in layering. Initially, layering had a practical use for the ancestors of the Ottoman Empire, who were pastoral nomads and horse riders, and needed to wear layers to adapt to changing temperatures. As the Ottoman Empire came into being, the layering of garments would distinguish one's gender, class, or rank within particular communities, while also displaying many sumptuous fabrics, thus signaling one's wealth and status. Layering also had spiritual significance. In Islamic art, layering different patterns represents a spiritual metaphor of the divine order that seems to be incomprehensible, but is actually planned and meaningful.

In Europe, in the 16th century, skirts began to have a layered appearance. Previous to the 16th century, skirts were slit only at the bottom, but now, the slit bisected the front of the skirt to reveal a contrasting layer underneath. Often, the underlayer would coordinate with a layered sleeve. Hanging sleeves were also a European concept derived from the Ottomans, although they arrived in Europe much earlier than layered skirts. In the 12th century, religious and scholarly peoples would wear coats that had hanging sleeves, similar to Turkish-style outer kaftans. These hanging sleeves meant one could see the second layer of fabric underneath the outer layer. Although hanging sleeves had been present in Europe since the 12th century, they did not escape Lady Mary Montague's fascination in the 18th century. In a letter dated 10 March 1717, she wrote to the Countess of Marabout Hafiz (Hafsa) Sultan, a woman who was a favorite of the deposed Sultan Mustafa: "But her dress was something so surprisingly rich, that I cannot forbear describing it to you. She wore a vest called donalmá, which differs from a caftan by long sleeves and folding over the bottom. It was of purple cloth, straight to her shape, and thick-set on each side, down to her feet, and round the sleeves, with pearls of the best water, of the same size as their buttons commonly are."

## Republican period

The common clothing styles prevailing in the mid 19th century imposed by religious reasons entered a transformation phase in the Republican period. In this period the 'şapka' and the following 'kılık kıyafet' reform being realized with the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Kastamonu in 1925 had a full impact in Istanbul. Women's 'çarşaf' and 'peçe' were replaced by a coat, scarf, and shawl. Men began to wear hats, jackets, shirts, waistcoats, ties, trousers and shoes. With the industrialization process of the 1960s, women entered the work-life and tailors were substituted by readymade clothes industry. The contemporary fashion concept, as it is in the whole world, is apparent in both social and economic dimensions in Turkey as well.

## Modern use

Modern Turkish designers such as Rıfat Özbek, Cemil İpekçi, Vural Gökçaylı, Yıldırım Mayruk, Sadık Kızılağaç, Hakan Elyaban, and Bahar Korçan draw inspiration from historical Ottoman designs, and Ottoman or Ottoman-inspired patterns are important to the Turkish textile industry.

**Religious garb (1878)**

**Everyday people (1878)**

### Folk costumes in 1873

* Feyzi, Muharrem. *Eski Türk Kıyafetleri ve Güzel Giyim Tarzları*.
* Koçu, Reşat Ekrem (1967). *Türk Giyim Kuşam ve Süslenme Sözlüğü*. Ankara: Sümerbank.
* .Küçükerman, Önder (1966). *. Türk Giyim Sanayinin Tarihi Kaynakları*. İstanbul: GSD Dış Ticaret AŞ.
* Sevin, Nurettin (1990). *Onüç Asırlık Türk Kıyafet Tarihine Bir Bakış*. Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı.
* .Tuğlac, Pars (1985). *Osmanlı Saray Kadınları / The Ottoman Palace Women*. Istanbul: Cem Yayınevi.


title: Hajiganj Fort

abstract: Hajiganj Fort, also known as Khizirpur fort, situated at Hajiganj locality of Narayanganj, Bangladesh, on the western bank of Shitalakshya.

text:
# Hajiganj Fort

**Hajiganj Fort**, also known as Khizirpur fort, situated at Hajiganj locality of Narayanganj, Bangladesh, on the western bank of Shitalakshya.

## History

The exact date of Hajiganj fort is uncertain but it may have been built soon after Subahdar Islam Khan established the Mughal capital at Dhaka.

## Architecture

The fort, quadrangular in size, consists of a pentagonal curtain wall machicolated for muskets with rounded corner bastions. On the inner side of the curtain wall there is a 1.22 m high rampart walkway from the base of the curtain wall which is itself pierced by several musketry holes. The holes are wider meant probably for 'gun firing at the pirates proceeding up the river'. In a corner of the fort enclosure there is a tall free standing square column of brick which must have been used for observation and placing guns in the rainy season.

## InfoBox

| Hajiganj Fort | |
| --- | --- |
| *হাজিগঞ্জ দুর্গ* | |
| Narayanganj, Bangladesh | |
| Hajiganj Fort | |
| Hajiganj Fort | |
| Coordinates | 23°38′00″N 90°30′46″E / 23.6334°N 90.5128°E / 23.6334; 90.5128 |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | Department of Archaeology, Dhaka Division |
| Open to<br>the public | Yes |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1610/1650 |
| Built by | Mir Jumla I or Islam Khan I |


title: Võ Cạnh inscription

abstract:
The Võ Cạnh inscription or Inscription C. 40 is the oldest Sanskrit inscription ever found in Southeast Asia, discovered in 1885 in the village of Võ Cạnh, about 4 km from the city of Nha Trang, Vietnam. This inscription is in the form of a 2.5 m high stone stele, with three uneven sides. The inscription mentions the name of King Sri Mara, which according to paleographic analysis was to whom it was erected by his descendants around 2nd or 3rd century CE. There are still debates whether the inscription was a legacy of Lâm Ấp, Champa, or Funan.
George Coedès mentioned the possibility of identifying Sri Mara with Fan Shih-man, which according to the Chinese chronicles was one of the rulers of Funan. Coedès considered the Võ Cạnh inscription as proof of the first wave of Indianization in Southeast Asia. New academic assertions reassess the date of the Vo Canh stele to cannot be precisely dated earlier than the fourth century AD. The stele itself testifies traces of lexical influence and cultural connection between the Gupta Empire with early Champa. Historian Anton O. Zakharov from the Russian Academy of Sciences, and another paleographer, D.C. Sircar, affirm the date of >4th century AD or even late as 5th century AD because the Vo Canh stele contains verses in poetic meter Vasantatilaka, which can be found in inscriptions of Samudragupta who reigned from 335 to 376. Line 15 also detects the term bhrtya 'royal servant or minister.' Both appear only in Gupta Empire period epigraphy for the first time. According to D.C. Sircar in his Indian Epigraphic Glossary, the word bhrtya is an extremely rare occurrence. Bhrtya signifies a vassal ruler, its usage only emerged during 455-458 AD. Subsequently, the date of the stele could be late as mid- or late-5th century AD. Currently, the inscription is stored in the National Museum of Vietnamese History in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam. The stele was designated as a national treasure of Vietnam by the Vietnamese Prime Minister's decision in 2013.

text:
# Võ Cạnh inscription

The **Võ Cạnh inscription** or **Inscription C. 40** is the oldest Sanskrit inscription ever found in Southeast Asia, discovered in 1885 in the village of Võ Cạnh, about 4 km from the city of Nha Trang, Vietnam. This inscription is in the form of a 2.5 m high stone stele, with three uneven sides.

The inscription mentions the name of King Sri Mara, which according to paleographic analysis was to whom it was erected by his descendants around 2nd or 3rd century CE. There are still debates whether the inscription was a legacy of Lâm Ấp, Champa, or Funan. George Coedès mentioned the possibility of identifying Sri Mara with Fan Shih-man (c. 230 CE), which according to the Chinese chronicles was one of the rulers of Funan. Coedès considered the Võ Cạnh inscription as proof of the first wave of Indianization in Southeast Asia.

New academic assertions reassess the date of the Vo Canh stele to cannot be precisely dated earlier than the fourth century AD. The stele itself testifies traces of lexical influence and cultural connection between the Gupta Empire (4th-6th cen. AD) with early Champa. Historian Anton O. Zakharov from the Russian Academy of Sciences, and another paleographer, D.C. Sircar, affirm the date of \>4th century AD or even late as 5th century AD because the Vo Canh stele contains verses in poetic meter *Vasantatilaka,* which can be found in inscriptions of Samudragupta who reigned from 335 to 376. Line 15 also detects the term *bhrtya* 'royal servant or minister.' Both appear only in Gupta Empire period epigraphy for the first time. According to D.C. Sircar in his *Indian Epigraphic Glossary,* the word *bhrtya* is an extremely rare occurrence. *Bhrtya* signifies a vassal ruler, its usage only emerged during 455-458 AD. Subsequently, the date of the stele could be late as mid- or late-5th century AD.

Currently, the inscription is stored in the National Museum of Vietnamese History in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam. The stele was designated as a national treasure of Vietnam by the Vietnamese Prime Minister's decision in 2013.

## Text

The Sanskrit text written on this inscription has been severely damaged. Of the three sides of the inscription stele, on the first side at least the first six lines are almost completely blurred, and so are the first eight lines on the second side. On the third side, even only a few characters can still be read.

The parts of the text that can still be read contain the following phrases:

* *"compassion for the creatures"*
* *"the priests, of course, who have drunk the ambrosia of the hundred words of the king"*
* *"the ornament... by that which is the joy of the family of the daughter of the grandson of King Sri Mara... has been ordained"*
* *"those who are seated on the throne"*
* *"that which has to do with silver or gold"*
* *"material treasure"*
* *"all that is provided by me as one who is kind and useful"*
* *"my minister Vira"*
* *"the edict which bring the welfare of the creatures, by the better of the two* karin*, the going and coming of this world"*

The mention of "the joy of the family of the daughter of the grandson of King Sri Mara .." may indicate the existence of a matrilineal system, which applies inheritance of assets to female relatives. The word *karin* can mean "ivory" or "tax", which here may mean the king was a generous person.

The use of certain Sanskrit terms in the inscription text, according to Jean Filliozat, shows the possibility that Valmiki's Ramayana epic was spread on the Indochina peninsula at the time this inscription was made. The Hindu religious terms used in the inscriptions is thought to date from pre-puranic time.


title: Hibbertia mollis

abstract: Hibbertia mollis is a species of flowering plant in the family Dilleniaceae and is endemic to a restricted part of Western Australia. It is a shrub with hairy, ridged branches, narrow elliptic-oblong leaves, and yellow flowers arranged singly in leaf axils with about twenty-four stamens arranged in bundles around two densely scaly carpels.

text:
# Hibbertia mollis

***Hibbertia mollis*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Dilleniaceae and is endemic to a restricted part of Western Australia. It is a shrub with hairy, ridged branches, narrow elliptic-oblong leaves, and yellow flowers arranged singly in leaf axils with about twenty-four stamens arranged in bundles around two densely scaly carpels.

## Description

*Hibbertia mollis* is a shrub with only a few ridged branches and that typically grows to a height of up to 40 cm (16 in) high, the foliage covered with hairs or shield-shaped scales. The leaves are elliptic-oblong, 25–40 mm (0.98–1.57 in) long and 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) wide on a petiole 0.3–1 mm (0.012–0.039 in) long. The flowers are arranged singly in leaf axils along the branches on a stiff, thread-like peduncle 4.2–5.6 mm (0.17–0.22 in) long, with oblong to strap-like bracts 3.6–4.2 mm (0.14–0.17 in) long. The five sepals are joined at the base, the two outer sepal lobes 7.2–7.5 mm (0.28–0.30 in) long and the inner lobes 4.4–4.8 mm (0.17–0.19 in) long. The five petals are wedge-shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, yellow, 2.2–2.6 mm (0.087–0.102 in) long and there are about twenty-four stamens of several different lengths arranged in bundles around the two densely scaly carpels, each carpel with two ovules. Flowering occurs in June.

## Taxonomy

*Hibbertia mollis* was first formally described in 2010 by Hellmut R. Toelken in the *Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens* from specimens collected near Prince Frederick Harbour in 1985. The specific epithet (*mollis*) means "soft", referring to the hairs on the foliage of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

This hibbertia is only known from the type specimen that was growing on a sandstone outcrop at the mouth of the Hunter River in the Northern Kimberley biogeographic region of Western Australia.

## Conservation status

*Hibbertia mollis* is only known from the type specimen but is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| *Hibbertia mollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Dilleniales |
| Family: | Dilleniaceae |
| Genus: | *Hibbertia* |
| Species: | ***H. mollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hibbertia mollis***<br>Toelken | |
|


title: Godfred Seidu Jasaw

abstract: Godfred Seidu Jasaw is a Ghanaian politician and member of the National Democratic Congress. He is the member of parliament for the Wa East constituency in the Upper West Region of Ghana.

text:
# Godfred Seidu Jasaw

**Godfred Seidu Jasaw** (born 14 March 1977) is a Ghanaian politician and member of the National Democratic Congress. He is the member of parliament for the Wa East constituency in the Upper West Region of Ghana .

## Early life and education

Jasaw was born in Jeriyi on Monday, 14 March 1977. He holds a PHD (Sustainability science) – 2016,BSc (Agricultural Economics) – 2005.

## Politics

Jasaw was elected as a member of parliament for the Wa East constituency during the 2020 general elections. He was able to poll 16259 vote (59.99%).

## Personal life

Jasaw is an Islam.

## InfoBox

| Hon.Godfred Seidu Jasaw | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Ghana Parliament
for Wa East | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
7 January 2020 | |
| President | Nana Akufo-Addo |
| Preceded by | Godfrey Tangu Bayon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1977-03-14) 14 March 1977 |
| Nationality | Ghanaian |
| Political party | National Democratic Congress (Ghana) |
| Children | 2 |
| Profession | Academic |
| Committees | * Food, Agriculture and Cocoa Affairs Committee (8th Parliament of 4th Republic of Ghana) * House Committee (8th Parliament of 4th Republic of Ghana) |
|  | |


title: Apriona irma

abstract: Apriona irma is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Kriesche in 1919.

text:
# Apriona irma

***Apriona irma*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Kriesche in 1919.

## InfoBox

| *Apriona irma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Apriona* |
| Species: | ***A. irma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Apriona irma***<br>Kriesche, 1919 | |
|


title: The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity

abstract: The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity (ODLA) is the first comprehensive, multi-disciplinary reference work covering culture, history, religion, and life in Late Antiquity. This was the period in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East from about AD 250 to 750. Written by more than 400 contributors and edited by Oliver Nicholson, the Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity was published in 2018. It connects the period in history between those covered in the Oxford Classical Dictionary and The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. The print edition is in two volumes, Volume I: A–I; Volume II: J–Z.

text:
# The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity

The ***Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity*** (**ODLA**) is the first comprehensive, multi-disciplinary reference work covering culture, history, religion, and life in Late Antiquity. This was the period in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East from about AD 250 to 750. Written by more than 400 contributors and edited by Oliver Nicholson, the *Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity* was published in 2018. It connects the period in history between those covered in the *Oxford Classical Dictionary* and *The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages*. The print edition is in two volumes, Volume I: A–I; Volume II: J–Z.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
| Cover of the 1st Edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Oliver Nicholson (ed.) |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Late Antiquity |
| Genre | Reference work |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press |
| Publication date | 2018 |
| Pages | 1,744 |
| ISBN | 9780198662778 |
| OCLC | 1030905378 |


title: José Domingo Amunátegui

abstract: José Domingo Amunátegui Borgoño was a Chilean Brigadier General who participated across many battles of the War of the Pacific as well as a primary commander of the Lima campaign.

text:
# José Domingo Amunátegui

**José Domingo Amunátegui Borgoño** was a Chilean Brigadier General who participated across many battles of the War of the Pacific as well as a primary commander of the Lima campaign.

## Biography

Amunátegui began his military service by entering the Escuela Militar del Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins and graduated in 1849. However he was then terminated of his service due to the Chilean Revolution of 1851 and wouldn't return into active service until 1861 where he was assigned to the 4th Line Infantry as a captain.

During the War of the Pacific, Amunátegui participarted in the battles of Pisagua, San Francisco, Tacna, San Juan and Chorrillos and Miraflores. He then founded the Military Circle for the cultural and social training of the military as well as the Director of the Chilean Army War Academy. In 1884, he was promoted to Brigadier General as well as a Inspector General of the Chilean Army.

## InfoBox

| José Domingo Amunátegui | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1832
Chillán, Ñuble Region, Chile |
| Died | 1887(1887-00-00) (aged 54–55)
Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile |
| Allegiance | Conservative Republic
Liberal Republic |
| Branch | Chilean Army |
| Years of service | 1849 – 1887 |
| Rank | Brigadier General |
| Battles/wars | War of the Pacific |


title: Iochroma

abstract: Iochroma is a genus of about 34 species of shrubs and small trees belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. Species are native from Mexico to south Brazil. They are found in the forests of Mexico and South America. Their hummingbird-pollinated flowers are tubular or trumpet-shaped, and may be blue, purple, red, yellow, or white, becoming pulpy berries. The cupular (cup-shaped) calyx is inflated in some species. The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire. Iochromas are cultivated as flowering ornamentals and in cooler zones make useful patio shrubs for summer display or conservatory plants. The majority are not frost-hardy and must be overwintered under protection. In warmer zones they can be used as landscape plants. They are commonly trained as standards (topiary) to control their size and shape. Iochroma flowers attract hummingbirds and bees to gardens. Like many plants in the Solanaceae, Iochroma species contain phytochemicals with potential pharmaceutical value but the genus has not been exhaustively studied in this respect. Iochroma fuchsioides is taken by the medicine men of the Kamsa Indians of the Sibundoy valley in the Colombian Andes for difficult diagnoses, the unpleasant side effects lasting several days. A variety of withanolides and hydroxycinnamic acid amides have been isolated from Iochroma species.

text:
# Iochroma

***Iochroma*** is a genus of about 34 species of shrubs and small trees belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. Species are native from Mexico to south Brazil. They are found in the forests of Mexico and South America. Their hummingbird-pollinated flowers are tubular or trumpet-shaped, and may be blue, purple, red, yellow, or white, becoming pulpy berries. The cupular (cup-shaped) calyx is inflated in some species. The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire.

Iochromas are cultivated as flowering ornamentals and in cooler zones (zones 7–8/9) make useful patio shrubs for summer display or conservatory plants. The majority are not frost-hardy and must be overwintered under protection. In warmer zones (zones 9–10) they can be used as landscape plants. They are commonly trained as standards (topiary) to control their size and shape. Iochroma flowers attract hummingbirds (Americas only) and bees to gardens.

Like many plants in the Solanaceae, *Iochroma* species contain phytochemicals with potential pharmaceutical value but the genus has not been exhaustively studied in this respect. *Iochroma fuchsioides* is taken by the medicine men of the Kamsa Indians of the Sibundoy valley in the Colombian Andes for difficult diagnoses, the unpleasant side effects lasting several days. A variety of withanolides and hydroxycinnamic acid amides have been isolated from *Iochroma* species.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Iochroma* was established by George Bentham in 1845. Like other plant families, the Solanaceae is further divided into subfamilies, tribes and subtribes. *Iochroma* is in the subtribe Iochrominae along with the genera *Dunalia*, *Eriolarynx*, *Saracha* and *Vassobia*. As of February 2023, *Acnistus*, previously treated as a separate genus, was regarded as a synonym of *Iochroma*.

### Species

The genus is currently divided into three sections. As of February 2023, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:

Section *Iochroma*

Section *Lehmannia*

Section *Spinosa*

Unclassified

### Former species

Species formerly placed in the genus *Iochroma* include:

## Cultivation

Several forms of *Iochroma* (some wild collected, some garden hybrids) have been given cultivar names. Some of the cultivars have been assigned to species but others, mainly hybrids, have not. There may be some synonymy in this list.

* *Iochroma calycinum* 'Vlasta’s Surprise'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'Album'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'Apricot Belle'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'Indigo'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'Karl Hartweg'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'John Miers'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'Royal Blue'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'Royal Queen' = *I. cyaneum* 'Indigo'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'Sky King'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'Trebah'
* *Iochroma cyaneum* 'Woodcote White'
* *Iochroma gesnerioides* 'Coccineum'
* *Iochroma gesnerioides* var. *flavum*
* *Iochroma* 'Ashcott Red'
* *Iochroma* 'Burgundy Bells'
* *Iochroma* 'Frosty Plum'
* *Iochroma* 'Ilie’s Plum'
* *Iochroma* 'Plum Beauty'
* *Iochroma* 'Plum Delight'
* *Iochroma* 'Purple Haze'
* *Iochroma* 'Ruby Red' (*I. cyaneum* 'Royal Blue' x *I*. 'Sunset')
* *Iochroma* 'Sunset'
* *Iochroma* 'Wine Red'

Constantine, D. R. (2008): Iochroma - an annotated list of the species and cultivars

## InfoBox

| *Iochroma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Iochroma fuchsioides* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Subfamily: | Solanoideae |
| Tribe: | Physaleae |
| Genus: | *Iochroma*<br>Benth. |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acnistus* Schott * *Chaenesthes* Miers * *Cleochroma* Miers * *Codochonia* Dunal * *Diplukion* Raf. * *Ephaiola* Raf. * *Eplateia* Raf. * *Pederlea* Raf. * *Valteta* Raf. | |


title: Hajichi

abstract: Hajichi are traditional tattoos worn on the hands of Ryukyuan women.

text:
# Hajichi

**Hajichi** (ハジチ, *hajichi*) are traditional tattoos worn on the hands of Ryukyuan (mainly Okinawan) women.

## Etymology

The term comes from Okinawan *hajichi*, literally "needle thrusting", in turn from Proto-Ryukyuan *\*pazuki* \< *\*pari-tuki* (tone class C). Cognates in other Ryukyuan languages include Miyako (Tarama dialect) *paitsïki* and Yonaguni *hadichi*.

## History

The custom was first recorded in the 16th century but is believed to date back much further. The tattoos could represent pride in being a woman, beauty, and protection. They were associated with rites of passage for women and could indicate marital status. The motifs and shapes varied from island to island. Among some peoples it was believed that women who lacked *hajichi* would risk suffering in the afterlife.

### After annexation

The tattoos were banned by the Meiji government in 1899, but the practice continued for many years. The ban was mainly to crack down on indigenous Ryukyuan culture because it was deemed "primitive" by ethnic Yamato people. American servicemen during World War II were taught that one could distinguish between some Okinawan women and mainland Japanese women through *hajichi*. Nonetheless the practise became less and less common over time and by the 1950s most young women in Okinawa rejected getting the traditional tattoos.

By the early 21st century, tattoos were stigmatized in Japanese culture, and many Japanese associated them with the Yakuza. However, there was a movement to revive the practice as a symbol of female empowerment and of their Ryukyuan cultural heritage. Some people, concerned about the professional ramifications of permanent tattoos on their hands, turned to temporary Hajichi made using fruit-based inks. However, some traditionalists object to these practices.

In 2020, an exhibition featuring pictures taken of hajichi was organized in Japan.

## Techniques

Traditional techniques included hand-poking the skin with bamboo needles.


title: Vélo Club Sovac

abstract: Vélo Club Sovac was a UCI Continental cycling team based in Algeria. It was founded in 2012.

text:
# Vélo Club Sovac

**Vélo Club Sovac** was a UCI Continental cycling team based in Algeria. It was founded in 2012.

## Team roster

| Rider Date of birth  Boualem Belmoukhtar (ALG)  (1993-03-11) March 11, 1993  Gaetan Bille (BEL)  (1988-04-06) April 6, 1988  Mohamed Bouzidi (ALG)  (1994-05-06) May 6, 1994  Louis Deguide (BEL)  (1994-02-04) February 4, 1994  Florian Deriaux (FRA)  (1990-06-05) June 5, 1990  Laurent Evrard (BEL)  (1990-09-22) September 22, 1990  Alexander Geuens (BEL)  (1994-09-05) September 5, 1994  Abderrahmane Mehdi Hamza (ALG)  (1992-02-19) February 19, 1992  Ayoub Karrar (ALG)  (1993-03-02) March 2, 1993 |  | Rider Date of birth  Matthias Legley (BEL)  (1991-01-15) January 15, 1991  Hamza Mansouri (ALG)  (1999-04-13) April 13, 1999  Islam Mansouri (ALG)  (1997-07-23) July 23, 1997  Hichem Mokhtari (ALG)  (1996-12-11) December 11, 1996  Davide Rebellin (ITA)  (1971-08-09) August 9, 1971  Youcef Reguigui (ALG)  (1990-01-09) January 9, 1990  Robin Stenuit (BEL)  (1990-06-16) June 16, 1990  Marco Zamparella (ITA)  (1987-10-01) October 1, 1987 |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Major wins

2012 Stage 4 Tour du Faso, Hichem Chaabane Stage 8 Tour du Faso, Fayçal Hamza Stages 9 & 10 Tour du Faso, Adil Barbari 2013 Overall Tour de Blida, Hichem Chaabane Stage 3, Hichem Chaabane  Algeria Road Race Championships, Hichem Chaabane  Algeria Time Trial Championships, Adil Barbari Stages 4 & 8 Tour du Faso, Adil Barbari 2014 Stage 1 Tour d'Algérie, Adil Barbari Grand Prix d'Oran, Adil Barbari 2015 Overall Tour International de Sétif, Nabil Baz Stage 1, Nabil Baz Stage 2 Tour de Constantine, Abderrahmane Mansouri  Algeria Road Race Championships, Abderrahmane Mansouri

## InfoBox

Vélo Club Sovac
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Team information | |
| UCI code | VCS |
| Registered | Algeria |
| Founded | 2012 |
| Disbanded | 2015 |
| Discipline(s) | Road |
| Status | UCI Continental |
| Key personnel | |
| General manager | Jafar Belhocine |
| Team name history | |
| 2012–2013
2014–2015 | Velo Club Sovac Algerie
Velo Club Sovac |


title: Hibbertia mucronata

abstract: Hibbertia mucronata is a species of flowering plant in the family Dilleniaceae and is endemic to the south of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with hairy branches, crowded, thick, tapering linear leaves ending in a sharp point, and golden yellow flowers with five stamens fused at their bases, all on one side of two densely hairy carpels.

text:
# Hibbertia mucronata

***Hibbertia mucronata*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Dilleniaceae and is endemic to the south of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with hairy branches, crowded, thick, tapering linear leaves ending in a sharp point, and golden yellow flowers with five stamens fused at their bases, all on one side of two densely hairy carpels.

## Description

*Hibbertia mucronata* is an shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and has woolly-hairy branchlets. The leaves are crowded, spirally arranged, thick, linear tapering to a sharp point, 5–18 mm (0.20–0.71 in) long and 0.9–1.5 mm (0.035–0.059 in) wide on a petiole 1.0–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in) long. The flowers are arranged singly in leaf axils and more or less sessile or on a hairy peduncle up to 2 mm (0.079 in) long, sometimes with sharply-pointed bracts at the base. The five sepals are joined at the base, the outer sepals 6.0–8.5 mm (0.24–0.33 in) long, the inner ones 5–5.5 mm (0.20–0.22 in) long. The five petals are golden yellow, egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base and 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long with a notch at the tip. There are five stamens, fused at the base on one side of the two densely hairy carpels that each contain two ovules. Flowering mostly occurs between August and December.

## Taxonomy

*Hibbertia mucronata* was first formally described in 1852 by Nikolai Turczaninow who gave it the name *Pleurandra mucronata* in *Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou*. In 1863 George Bentham changed the name to *Hibbertia mucronata* in *Flora Australiensis*. The specific epithet (*mucronata*) means "mucronate", referring to the leaves.

## Distribution and habitat

This species grows in rocky places or in sandy heath or mallee-scrub in the Fitzgerald River National Park and east to Ravensthorpe and Hopetoun in the south of Western Australia.

## Conservation status

*Hibbertia mucronata* is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| Prickly hibbertia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Dilleniales |
| Family: | Dilleniaceae |
| Genus: | *Hibbertia* |
| Species: | ***H. mucronata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hibbertia mucronata***<br>(Turcz.) Benth. | |
|


title: University Stadium (Caracas)

abstract: The Estadio Universitario is a multi-use stadium in Caracas, Venezuela, and is used mostly for baseball games. The stadium holds 20,723 people and was built in 1952. The Estadio Universitario served as the home stadium for the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League club Leones del Caracas until 2023 and the Tiburones de la Guaira as well until 2019, though they still use the stadium as a secondary home.

text:
# University Stadium (Caracas)

The **Estadio Universitario** is a multi-use stadium in Caracas, Venezuela, and is used mostly for baseball games. The stadium holds 20,723 people and was built in 1952.

The Estadio Universitario served as the home stadium for the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League club Leones del Caracas until 2023 and the Tiburones de la Guaira as well until 2019, though they still use the stadium as a secondary home.

10°29′22.13″N 66°53′2.42″W / 10.4894806°N 66.8840056°W / 10.4894806; -66.8840056

## Concerts

| Country | Artist | Year |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mexico | Santana | 1973 |
| USA | Joan Baez | 1976 |
| USA | Christina Aguilera | 2001 |
| England | Oasis | 2001 |
| United Kingdom | Sting | 2001 |
| USA | Sheryl Crow | 2001 |
| Panamá | Rubén Blades | 2001 |
| USA | Collective Soul | 2001 |
| Puerto Rico | Ignacio Peña | 2001 |
| Mexico | Maná | 2001 |
| United Kingdom | Five | 2001 |
| Dominican Republic | Juan Luis Guerra | 2002 |
| Argentina | Ratones Paranoicos | 2002 |
| Panamá | Roberto Blades | 2002 |
| USA | Papa Roach | 2002 |
| USA | Korn | 2002 |
| Mexico | Paulina Rubio | 2002 |
| Canada | Alanis Morissette | 2002 |
| Chile | La Ley | 2002 |
| Ireland | Westlife | 2002 |
| United Kingdom | Roger Waters | 2002 |
| USA | Red Hot Chili Peppers | 2002 |
| USA | No Doubt | 2002 |
| Puerto Rico | Gilberto Santa Rosa | 2003 |
| Puerto Rico | Olga Tañón | 2003 |
| USA | Victor Manuelle | 2004 |
| Puerto Rico | Tego Calderón | 2004 |
| Mexico | Molotov | 2004 |
| Colombia | Andrea Echeverri | 2004 |
| Cuba | Jon Secada | 2004 |
| Spain | Julio Iglesias, Jr. | 2004 |
| Puerto Rico | Héctor & Tito | 2004 |
| Panamá | Rabanes | 2004 |
| USA | Bacilos | 2004 |
| Cuba | Rey Ruiz | 2004 |
| Puerto Rico | Jerry Rivera | 2004 |
| USA | Shalim Ortiz | 2004 |
| Puerto Rico | Luis Fonsi | 2004 |
| USA | Soraya | 2004 |
| Puerto Rico | Ricky Martin | 1998/2005/2007 |
| USA | Black Eyed Peas | 2005 |
| USA | Smash Mouth | 2005 |
| USA | Incubus | 2005 |
| Finland | The Rasmus | 2005 |
| USA | Hilary Duff | 2005 |
| Spain | La Oreja de Van Gogh | 2005/2007 |
| Mexico | RBD | 2006 |
| United Kingdom | Robbie Williams | 2006 |
| USA | Marc Anthony | 2006 |
| USA | High School Musical | 2007 |
| Mexico | Sin Bandera | 2008 |
| Spain | David Bisbal | 2008 |
| Argentina | Diego Torres | 2008 |
| Colombia | Fanny Lu | 2008 |
| USA | Aerosmith | 2008 |
|

## InfoBox

Estadio Universitario
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Estadio Universitario de Caracas |
| Location | Caracas, Venezuela |
| Owner | Universidad Central de Venezuela |
| Capacity | 20,723 |
| Field size | **Left Field** \- 347 ft (105.8 m)
**Center Field** \- 385 ft (117.3 m)
**Right Field** \- 347 ft (105.8 m) |
| Construction | |
| Built | 1950 - 1951 |
| Opened | 1951 |
| Tenants | |
| Leones del Caracas (1952–2023)
Tiburones de la Guaira (1962–present) | |


title: The Palace of the King of the Birds

abstract: "The Palace of the King of the Birds", also known as "The Castle of the King of the Birds", is a name given to an instrumental by the English rock band the Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney and was originally recorded by the band during the Let It Be album sessions in three takes between 6 and 9 January, 1969, at Twickenham Film Studios. The recordings vary in length—the 6 January session is fourteen minutes one second long and turned into a loose jam, and was recorded with the demo of "Carry That Weight". The track was later forgotten, until McCartney recorded a still unreleased version, in his solo recordings, named "The Castle of the King of the Birds"; this version was recorded for the unreleased album Rupert the Bear, sometime in 1978, with Wings with a duration of 1:42. The song was used as the end-credits music for the first episode of the Disney+ documentary The Beatles: Get Back, in which it also makes a brief appearance earlier in the episode, where it was credited to Lennon/McCartney/Harrison/Starkey.

text:
# The Palace of the King of the Birds

"**The Palace of the King of the Birds**", also known as "**The Castle of the King of the Birds**", is a name given to an instrumental by the English rock band the Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney and was originally recorded by the band during the *Let It Be* album sessions in three takes between 6 and 9 January, 1969, at Twickenham Film Studios. The recordings vary in length—the 6 January session is fourteen minutes one second long and turned into a loose jam, and was recorded with the demo of "Carry That Weight". The track was later forgotten, until McCartney recorded a still unreleased version, in his solo recordings, named "The Castle of the King of the Birds"; this version was recorded for the unreleased album *Rupert the Bear*, sometime in 1978, with Wings with a duration of 1:42. The song was used as the end-credits music for the first episode of the Disney+ documentary *The Beatles: Get Back*, in which it also makes a brief appearance earlier in the episode, where it was credited to Lennon/McCartney/Harrison/Starkey.

## Personnel for the January 9 version

## Reception

Music critic Richie Unterberger noted McCartney's "particularly elegiac" organ, and the "flowing, bluesy guitar lines", saying it was about as close as the band ever came to progressive rock jamming - "highly uncharacteristic territory for the group to be wandering into, but interesting precisely for that reason." Tom Taylor of *Far Out Magazine* put it at #1 in his list of "The 10 Greatest Unreleased Beatles Songs," praising the "effervescing melody that you could listen to all day." *New York Magazine'*s *Vulture* website called each musical element "beautifully considered," saying "it's all very turn-off-your-mind-relax-and-float-downstream."

## InfoBox

| "The Palace of the King of the Birds" | |
| --- | --- |
| Instrumental by the Beatles | |
| Recorded | 6, 7 and 9 January 1969 and then again in 1978 |
| Studio | Twickenham Film Studios |
| Length | various |
| Songwriter(s) | Lennon–McCartney |


title: In Camera (Arthur & Yu album)

abstract: In Camera is the debut studio album by Arthur & Yu. It was self-released on June 19, 2007 on Hardly Art Records, which branches off Sub Pop. Stylistically, comparisons to Velvet Underground and early Luna have been drawn, with a hazy atmospheric sound present in the album.

text:
# In Camera (Arthur & Yu album)

***In Camera*** is the debut studio album by Arthur & Yu. It was self-released on June 19, 2007 on Hardly Art Records, which branches off Sub Pop. Stylistically, comparisons to Velvet Underground and early Luna have been drawn, with a hazy atmospheric sound present in the album.

## Track listing

1. "Absurd Heroes Manifestos" – 3:59
2. "Come to View (Song for Neil Young)" – 3:25
3. "There Are Too Many Birds" – 2:56
4. "Afterglow" – 3:47
5. "Flashing the Lobby Lights" – 2:43
6. "1000 Words" – 2:40
7. "Lion's Mouth" – 5:13
8. "The Ghost of Old Bull Lee" – 2:42
9. "Half Years" – 3:23
10. "Black Bear" – 4:11

## InfoBox

| In Camera | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Arthur & Yu | |
| Released | June 19th, 2007 |
| Recorded | 2006–2007 |
| Genre | Alternative |
| Label | Hardly Art |


title: Port of Meizhou Bay

abstract: The Port of Meizhou Bay was created in 2012 by merging the ports of Quanzhou, Meizhou Island and Putian, as part of Fujian Province's rationalization of ports, which cutting down the number of ports in the province into three large consolidated ports. In 2012, Meizhou Bay port had 147 berths, 24 with 10,000DWT capacity, and had a total cargo throughput of 114 million tonnes. Port of Quanzhou is a seaport with a number of facilities in Quanzhou prefecture-level city, in the southeastern part of Fujian province (Minnan), China. Its UN/LOCODE is CNQZJ.

text:
# Port of Meizhou Bay

The **Port of Meizhou Bay** was created in 2012 by merging the ports of Quanzhou, Meizhou Island and Putian, as part of Fujian Province's rationalization of ports, which cutting down the number of ports in the province into three large consolidated ports (Xiamen, Meizhou Bay and Fuzhou). In 2012, Meizhou Bay port had 147 berths, 24 with 10,000DWT capacity, and had a total cargo throughput of 114 million tonnes.

**Port of Quanzhou** (Chinese: 泉州港) is a seaport with a number of facilities in Quanzhou prefecture-level city, in the southeastern part of Fujian province (Minnan), China. Its UN/LOCODE is **CNQZJ**.

## History

Port of Quanzhou was the busiest port during the era of the Tang dynasty. The port peaked in activity during the Yuan Dynasty. The medieval western travellers to China; Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, Giovanni de' Marignolli, and Odoric all have transited through Quanzhou. Polo labelled it as one of world's the largest port and Battuta equated the port to the Port of Alexandria during the time.

The port has facilities in four bays of Taiwan Strait. They are Meizhou Bay, Quanzhou Bay, Shenhu Bay and Weitou Bay. It is managed by the Quanzhou Port Authority.

## InfoBox

| Port of Meizhou Bay <br>湄州湾港 | |
| --- | --- |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Location | Quanzhou, Fujian; Meizhou Island, Fujian; and Putian, Fujian |
| UN/LOCODE | CNQZJ, CNSNH, CNWIT, CNXMG, CNQALN |
| Details | |
| No. of berths | 147 |


title: Orrin Bizer

abstract: Orrin Bizer is an American rugby sevens player. He competed for the United States at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.

text:
# Orrin Bizer

**Orrin Bizer** (born December 13, 2000) is an American rugby sevens player. He competed for the United States at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.

## InfoBox

Orrin Bizer
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2000-12-13) December 13, 2000 |
| Home town | The Woodlands, Texas, U.S. |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (189 cm) |
| Weight | 214 lb (97 kg) |
|  | |
| Rugby union career | |
| National sevens team  **Years** **Team** **Comps**  United States | |
|  | |


title: Irish Olympic Handball Association

abstract: The Irish Olympic Handball Association (IOHA) is a governing body of team or Olympic handball on the island of Ireland. It is a member of the European Handball Federation (EHF). Established in 1975, the IOHA is recognised by the Irish Sports Council, Olympic Council of Ireland, the European Handball Federation and the International Handball Federation (IHF) as the sole governing body for the sport of Olympic handball in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

text:
# Irish Olympic Handball Association

The **Irish Olympic Handball Association (IOHA)** is a governing body of team or Olympic handball on the island of Ireland. It is a member of the European Handball Federation (EHF). Established in 1975, the IOHA is recognised by the Irish Sports Council, Olympic Council of Ireland, the European Handball Federation and the International Handball Federation (IHF) as the sole governing body for the sport of Olympic handball in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

## Irish Men National League

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | 3rd Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2000-01** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| **2001-02** | Dublin City University | Lughnasa Handball Club | N/A |
| **2002-03** | Dublin City University | Lughnasa Handball Club | N/A |
| **2003-04** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| **2004-05** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| **2005-06** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| **2006-07** | Dublin International Handball Club | N/A | N/A |
| **2007-08** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| **2008-09** | Dublin International Handball Club | N/A | N/A |
| **2009-10** | Dublin International Handball Club | N/A | N/A |
| **2010-11** | Dublin International Handball Club | N/A | N/A |
| **2011-12** | Dublin International Handball Club | N/A | N/A |
| **2012-13** | Astra Handball Club | Dublin International Handball Club | Lughnasa Handball Club |
| **2013-14** | Dublin International Handball Club | Astra Handball Club | Lughnasa Handball Club |
| **2014-15** | Dublin International Handball Club | UCD Olympic Handball | Lughnasa Handball Club |
| **2015-16** | Dublin International Handball Club | UCD Olympic Handball | Astra Handball Club |
| **2016-17** | Dublin City Handball | Astra Handball Club |

## Men's IOHA Cup

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | 3rd Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2009-10** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| **2010-11** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| **2011-12** | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| **2012-13** | Dublin International Handball Club | Astra Handball Club | Lughnasa Handball Club |
| **2013-14** | Dublin International Handball Club | Astra Handball Club | Lughnasa Handball Club |
|

## Women IOHA Cup

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | 3rd Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2012-13** |  |  |  |
| **2013-14** | Astra Handball Club | Lughnasa Handball Club | Dublin International Handball Club |

|} Data sources: Dublin International HC*Club Achievements*;

1. "Club Achievements".

## InfoBox

Irish Olympic Handball Association (IOHA)
| Type | Sports association |
| --- | --- |
| Legal status | Federation |
| Purpose | Development of Handball in Ireland |
| Location |  |
| Region served | Ireland & Northern Ireland |
| Official language | English |
| Website |  |


title: Voices of Music

abstract: Voices of Music (VOM) is a non-profit American musical ensemble based in San Francisco, California, that specializes in the performance of early music, especially Renaissance music, and Baroque compositions, using historically informed musical performance practices and instrumentation.

text:
# Voices of Music

**Voices of Music** (VOM) is a non-profit American musical ensemble based in San Francisco, California, that specializes in the performance of early music, especially Renaissance music, and Baroque compositions, using historically informed musical performance practices and instrumentation.

## History

Voices of Music was founded in 2007 by artistic codirectors, and musician-scholars, Hanneke van Proosdij and David Tayler. The ensemble performs music by Johann Sebastian Bach, Arcangelo Corelli, Claudio Monteverdi, Georg Philipp Telemann and Antonio Vivaldi, among others. Through its website and social media, the group provides free and easy access to information and related materials about their concerts and recordings (including those on CD Baby) to all members of the public.

## Mission

According to their mission statement, the goal of Voices of Music is to offer the following: "concerts and recordings of music composed before 1800, affordable educational programs for children and adults, advanced training for the next generation of young professionals and community outreach \[as well as to provide\] music of the highest quality in live performances \[and to\] introduce new audiences of all ages to the world of early classical music".

## Recognition

Voices of Music is distinguished as the first early music group to broadcast their concerts in high-definition video over the internet, providing the worldwide public with numerous free to share concerts. The group has won several awards, including "Best of the Bay" awards, and a "Laurette Goldberg Award" for outstanding outreach and educational projects. Reviews of musical performances by the ensemble have been presented by many. According to the *San Francisco Classical Voice*, Voices of Music are "splendidly colorful and imaginative", and, as presented in *Early Music Today* (UK), "early music marvels". The music performances of Voices of Music are considered "of historic, national significance". Voices of Music has been regarded as “the most popular early music ensemble in the United States, and one of the most popular music ensembles of any kind in the world today”.

## Further reading


abstract: Gmina Czarnocin is a rural gmina in Kazimierza County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Czarnocin, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kazimierza Wielka and 61 km (38 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce. The gmina covers an area of 69.53 square kilometres (26.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,176. The gmina contains part of the protected area called Kozubów Landscape Park.

text:
# Gmina Czarnocin, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

**Gmina Czarnocin** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kazimierza County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Czarnocin, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kazimierza Wielka and 61 km (38 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 69.53 square kilometres (26.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,176.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Kozubów Landscape Park.

## Villages

Gmina Czarnocin contains the villages and settlements of Będziaki, Bieglów, Charzowice, Cieszkowy, Ciuślice, Czarnocin, Dębiany, Kolosy, Koryto, Krzyż, Malżyce, Mękarzowice, Michałowice, Mikołajów, Miławczyce, Opatkowiczki, Soboszów, Sokolina, Stradów, Stropieszyn, Swoszowice, Turnawiec, Zagaje Stradowskie and Zagajów.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Czarnocin is bordered by the gminas of Działoszyce, Kazimierza Wielka, Opatowiec, Pińczów, Skalbmierz, Wiślica and Złota.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Czarnocin Czarnocin Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Czarnocin): 50°20′40″N 20°31′10″E / 50.34444°N 20.51944°E / 50.34444; 20.51944 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Kazimierza |
| Seat | Czarnocin |
| Area | |
| Total | 69.53 km2 (26.85 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 4,176 |
| Density | 60/km2 (160/sq mi) |


title: Appleton Water Tower

abstract: The Appleton Water Tower is a Victorian water tower located in Sandringham, Norfolk. It was constructed in 1877 to improve the quality of the water supply to the nearby Sandringham House and its estate. Accommodation was provided within the tower on the ground and first floors for the water tower custodian, whilst the second floor above the water tank provides a viewing platform. All floors are served by a spiral staircase adjoining the tower. The tower is now leased and operated by the Landmark Trust as a holiday let.

text:
# Appleton Water Tower

The **Appleton Water Tower** is a Victorian water tower located in Sandringham, Norfolk. It was constructed in 1877 to improve the quality of the water supply to the nearby Sandringham House and its estate. Accommodation was provided within the tower on the ground and first floors for the water tower custodian, whilst the second floor above the water tank provides a viewing platform. All floors are served by a spiral staircase adjoining the tower.

The tower is now leased and operated by the Landmark Trust as a holiday let.

52°49′15″N 0°31′44″E / 52.8207°N 0.5290°E / 52.8207; 0.5290


title: The Phoenix (1982 TV series)

abstract: The Phoenix is an American science fiction television series starring Judson Scott which aired on ABC for about one month. The series premiered on March 19, 1982. The plot revolved around an ancient extraterrestrial, Bennu of the Golden Light, who is discovered in a sarcophagus in Peru and awakened in the 20th century. The series was preceded by a TV movie on April 26, 1981.

text:
# The Phoenix (1982 TV series)

***The Phoenix*** is an American science fiction television series starring Judson Scott which aired on ABC for about one month. The series premiered on March 19, 1982. The plot revolved around an ancient extraterrestrial, Bennu of the Golden Light, who is discovered in a sarcophagus in Peru and awakened in the 20th century. The series was preceded by a TV movie on April 26, 1981.

## Characters

* Bennu of the Golden Light (played by Judson Scott), the protagonist, is an alien who possesses special abilities including physical levitation, telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, astral projection and telekinesis. Some of these are made possible or amplified by his Phoenix Amulet, which draws power from the Sun. Bennu's home planet was originally called Aurica, but this was changed to Eldebran for broadcast.
* Yago is another being from the planet Eldebran. He is evil and Bennu's primary opponent. Yago is connected to the Moon, as Bennu is to the Sun. The series bible explicitly compares Yago to Lucifer and Dracula. He wears a bracelet called "The Bells of Thon" around his right wrist, which has the power to deafen. He also carries a musical instrument called "The Black Moonball", which can alter his appearance or teleport him to another location. In the series bible Yago was named Aiwaz, presumably after the alleged being who dictated *The Book of the Law* to Aleister Crowley.
* Mira (played by Sheila Frazier) is another being from the planet Eldebran. 40,000 years ago she was placed on Earth as Bennu's companion, and when the series begins he is searching for her.
* Justin Preminger (played by Richard Lynch) is the recurring human antagonist of the story, a tough, cynical and relentless former P.O.W. in Vietnam turned government agent. He is obsessed with capturing Bennu, who, despite what his superiors say, he believes to be nothing more than some sort of New Age con man. He is generally only one step behind his alien quarry.
* Dr. Ward Frazier (played by E. G. Marshall) is a scientist sympathetic to Bennu and his goals.

## Sources and influences

* The series bible mentions Erich von Däniken's books *Chariots of the Gods?* (1968) and *Gods from Outer Space* (1970) as the source of the idea that aliens may have visited the Earth roughly 40,000 years ago.
* Yago's ability to create illusions using the power of the Moon was, according to the series bible, "implied in the Lunacy  \[*sic*\] Act of 1842".
* Bennu is the Egyptian word for the mythological phoenix bird.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "The Phoenix" | April 26, 1981 (1981-04-26) |
| 2 | "In Search of Mira" | March 26, 1982 (1982-03-26) |
| 3 | "One of Them" | April 2, 1982 (1982-04-02) |
| 4 | "A Presence of Evil" | April 9, 1982 (1982-04-09) |
| 5 | "The Fire Within" | April 16, 1982 (1982-04-16) |

## InfoBox

| *The Phoenix* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Created by | Anthony Lawrence
Nancy Lawrence |
| Starring | Judson Scott
E. G. Marshall
Richard Lynch |
| Composer | Arthur B. Rubinstein |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 5 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Mark Carliner |
| Producers | Leigh Vance
Christopher Kochoff
Anthony Lawrence
Nancy Lawrence |
| Cinematography | Donald H. Birnkrant
Frank Beascoechea
Frank Tidy |
| Editors | Marvin Adelson
David Berlatsky
Tony de Zarraga |
| Running time | 60 minutes (including commercials) |
| Production company | Mark Carliner Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC |
| Release | March 19 (1982-03-19)
April 16, 1982 (1982-04-16) |


title: In Camera (band)

abstract: In Camera were an English post-punk group, comprising David Steiner, Andrew Gray (guitar), Pete Moore (bass), and Jeff Wilmott (drums), formed in London in 1978 and signed to the 4AD label. The band split in 1981 after releasing only one single and two EPs.

text:
# In Camera (band)

**In Camera** were an English post-punk group, comprising David Steiner (vocals, keyboards), Andrew Gray (guitar), Pete Moore (bass), and Jeff Wilmott (drums), formed in London in 1978 and signed to the 4AD label. The band split in 1981 after releasing only one single and two EPs (the final one being released posthumously).

## Background

The seeds of the group were sown when youthful drummer Jeff Wilmott introduced aspiring bass guitar player Pete Moore to singer David Steiner; through this nucleus the addition of guitarist Andrew Gray became possible. After an incendiary performance at 'Billy's' in Soho, London opening for Bauhaus, In Camera were signed by that group's record label, 4AD.

In Camera released a 7" single, "Final Achievement"/"Die Laughing" in June 1980, followed six months later by the four-track EP *IV Songs*. Various gigs materialised throughout England, culminating at the end of 1980 in a John Peel session. This resulted in the release of the session on 12" as the EP *Fin*; the recording being the final vinyl document of the band before their non-acrimonious split in 1981.

### Post-split

A retrospective, *13 (Lucky for Some)*, was released in 1992 on CD. All releases were on the 4AD label.

In March 2015, 4AD announced a pre-order for *Era*, an anthology of In Camera’s pre-1981 material featuring previously unheard tracks, rehearsal tapes, live recordings and demos, via direct-to-fan platform PledgeMusic. *Era* was released in June 2015 on digital, 2xCD and 2xLP formats.

Andrew Gray went on to join the Wolfgang Press.

## Discography

### Compilation albums

* *13 (Lucky for Some)* (BAD 205 CD, August 1992)
* *Era* (DAD3508, June 2015)

### EPs

* *IV Songs* (BAD 19, December 1980)
* *Fin* (BAD 205, April 1982)

### Singles

* "Final Achievement"/"Die Laughing" (AD 8, June 1980)

## InfoBox

| In Camera | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | London, England |
| Genres | Post-punk |
| Years active | 19781981 |
| Labels | 4AD |
|  | |
| Past members | David Steiner
Andrew Gray
Pete Moore
Jeff Wilmott |
|  | |
| Website | In Camera on 4AD |


title: Postcard (Steven Wilson song)

abstract: "Postcard" is the first single from Grace for Drowning, the second solo studio album by the English musician Steven Wilson. It was released digitally on 10 October 2011. The single includes the album version, a live piano/vocal version, a remix by Scottish new prog group North Atlantic Oscillation, and a remix of another track from the same album, "Index".

text:
# Postcard (Steven Wilson song)

"**Postcard**" is the first single from *Grace for Drowning*, the second solo studio album by the English musician Steven Wilson. It was released digitally on 10 October 2011. The single includes the album version, a live piano/vocal version, a remix by Scottish new prog group North Atlantic Oscillation, and a remix of another track from the same album, "Index".

## Reception

Reception for the song has been generally positive, with critics praising it for being more melodic and accessible than much of the *Grace for Drowning* album. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic interpreted it to be a song about lost love, writing, "In the relatively sparse lyrics that Wilson sings with a calm, British-accented tenor, he seems melancholy at first, apparently suffering from the aftermath of a romantic breakup. 'There's nothing left for me to say or do,' he declares in 'Postcard'." Brice Ezell of *PopMatters* described it as one of the most accessible, melodic, and strongest songs of the album. Similarly, *Metal Buzz* described the song as "Wilson's attempt at Coldplay", and *Alternative Matter* compared it to music from Blackfield, Wilson's melodic pop rock side project. *American Aftermath* called it a "gorgeous ballad" that "could fill even the coldest shell of a person with emotion".

## Track listing

1. "Postcard" (Album Version) \- 4:28
2. "Postcard" (Live Piano/Vocal Version) – 3:12
3. "Postcard" (North Atlantic Oscillation Remix) – 4:38
4. "Index" (Necro Deathmort Remix) – 5:01

## InfoBox

| "Postcard" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Steven Wilson | |
| from the album  *Grace for Drowning* | |
| Released | 10 October 2011 |
| Recorded | 2010–2011 |
| Length | 4:28 |
| Label | Kscope |
| Songwriter(s) | Steven Wilson |
| Producer(s) | Steven Wilson |
| Steven Wilson singles chronology | |
| "Stoneage Dinosaurs"
(2011) "**Postcard**"
(2011) "Happiness III"
(2016) | |


title: Irritable Hedgehog Music

abstract: Irritable Hedgehog Music is a Kansas City-based record label, focused primarily on minimalist and electroacoustic music.

text:
# Irritable Hedgehog Music

**Irritable Hedgehog Music** is a Kansas City-based record label, focused primarily on minimalist and electroacoustic music.

## History

Irritable Hedgehog Music was original organized as the publishing imprint for David D. McIntire's compositions. The impetus for moving into the recording industry was a performance of Tom Johnson's An Hour for Piano by R. Andrew Lee in May 2009. Recalls McIntire, “My wife and I were there and driving home I said, ‘You know, I think Andy plays that as well as anyone in the world. He owns that piece in a really amazing way.’ And she said, ‘Well I think he should record it, and you should produce it.’ I was startled by the idea, but as I let it sink in I thought, ‘You know, I should.’”

Realization of that recording would take over a year, but on 30 October 2010, Irritable Hedgehog released their first commercial recording, "Tom Johnson: An Hour for Piano." Since that time, their catalog has grown to include several CD releases as well as digital releases.

## CD Releases

***Manfred Werder: Stück 1998*** \- Released 19 October 2015. This realization by Chilean guitarist Cristián Alvear represents pages 676-683 of this 4000 page work by Manfred Werder.

***Jay Batzner: as if to each other*** \- Released 21 July 2015. The premiere recording of Jay Batzner's "as if to each other..." for piano and fixed electronics.

***Memory and Weather*** \- Released 13 February 2015. This is the debut album by the Ensemble of Irreproducible Outcomes (EIO), which features David D. McIntire (clarinet, tenor saxophone, ocarina, electronics), Ryan Oldham (trumpet, flugelhorn, objects, whistling) and Brian Padavic (double bass, whistling).

***Jürg Frey: Pianist, Alone*** \- Released 30 September 2014. This is the second album of Frey's music recorded by R. Andrew Lee, featuring two works: *pianist, alone (1)* and *pianist, alone (2)*. The latter having been written specifically for Lee.

***Dave Seidel: ~60 Hz*** \- Released 25 February 2014. An album of electroacoustic music by composer Dave Seidel.

***Electronic Music Midwest*** \- Released 11 November 2013. This is an album of electroacoustic music by composers associated with Electronic Music Midwest.

***Eva-Maria Houben: Piano Music*** \- Released 15 October 2013. This CD features two previously unrecorded works of Wandelweiser composer Eva-Maria Houben: *Abgemalt* and *go and stop*. This album was selected by Alex Ross of The New Yorker as one of 10 Notable Classical Recordings of 2013.

***Landscape of Descent*** \- Released 25 June 2013. 'Landscape' is an electroacoustic piece composed by David D. McIntire based on a short sampling of high-pitched bells.

***Dennis Johnson: November*** \- Released 18 March 2013. *November*, written in 1959, is perhaps the first minimalist composition every composed. This is the first commercial recording of this nearly five-hour-long piece. This album was selected by Steve Smith as the top classical album of 2013 for *Time Out NY*.

***Jürg Frey: Piano Music*** \- Released 13 November 2012. This CD features two previously unrecorded works of Wandelweiser composer Jürg Frey: Klavierstück 2 and *les tréfonds inexplorés des signes pour piano (24-35)*.

***Queen of Heaven*** \- Released 31 January 2012. Another premier recording, this EP features music composed by Scott Blasco and is performed by pianist Kari Johnson, who commissioned the work. Based in Catholic and Orthodox theology, this piece for piano and electronics reflects on five different aspects of the Virgin Mary.

***William Duckworth: The Time Curve Preludes*** \- Released 18 October 2011. This was the second complete recording of The Time Curve Preludes, following the premier recording for Lovely Music, and also follows Bruce Brubaker's recording of Book I for Arabesque. One notable aspect of the recording is that it allows the sustained tones (created by small weights place on certain keys) to die away completely, more closely mirroring a live performance.

***Ann Southam: Soundings for a New Piano*** \- Released 9 August 2011. This was the first commercial release of Southam's *Soundings for a New Piano: 12 Meditations on a Twelve Tone Row,* which was composed for Jane Blackstone in March 1986. The piece is another example of Southam's pervasive 12-tone row (featured in out pieces such as *Simple Lines of Enquiry*), and combines serial and minimalist composition techniques.

***Tom Johnson: An Hour for Piano*** \- Released 30 October 2010. This marked the third recording of An Hour for Piano, with the first being Frederic Rzewski's original 1979 release, subsequently released on CD in 2000, and Jeroen van Veen's recording as part of his Minimal Piano collection, released in 2007. This was the first commercial release of the piece that was exactly one hour long, as is indicated by the score.

## Digital Releases

Along with CD releases, Irritable Hedgehog has put out a number of digital-only albums and tracks, many of which are free to download. The consist of almost exclusively of David McIntire's electroacoustic compositions and field recordings, with the exception of the Putney Project.

* one gate, one hundred paths, one arrival (for John Cage), 2013+
* Chronomosaic+
* Maps Without Grids, 1992+
* Hommage á Nancarrow, 1992
* Arcadia Landscape, 2000+
* Landscape of Retrieval, 2004+
* unhurried, untitled, 1985, rev. 2010
* Longbow Creek, 2010
* J.T. Fraser Appointed Official Timekeeper of Ongoing Achilles v. Tortoise Footrace (In Memoriam), 2011+
* P'lique, 2011+

\+ indicates free download

## Putney Project

The Putney Project came about as a result of two separated experiences. The first was McIntire's early exposure to the EMS VCS-3, an odd English synthesizer known as the "Putney," while the second was the 60x60 concerts. The 60x60 concerts, curated by Robert Voisey, each featuring 60 works by 60 different composers that are one minute in length.

As an undergraduate, McIntire recorded several improvisations with this synthesizer and invited others to compose their own pieces based on these raw materials. All invited were encouraged to use the material as they saw fit. As the invitation states, "There are no restrictions as to length or how you use it. Re-mix, re-mash. Add beats. Subtract overtones, add undertones. Overdub guitar solos. Layer in twelve tubas. Put it in a blender and hit "frappé." Whether your approach is subtle and sophisticated or brute-force and grungy, it's all good."

The first volume was released on 3 January 2012, featuring works by Ken Frank, David Morneau, Alexander Hogan,Phillip Marshall, Jack Smith, and Scott Unrein

The second volume was released on 22 May 2012, featuring works by Steve Gisby, Christopher Biggs, Jonathan Robertson, Audrey Valentine, and John Chittum.

## Artist and Composer Roster

* Cristián Alvear, guitarist
* Jay Batzner, composer
* Christopher Biggs, composer
* Scott Blasco, composer
* Jason Bolte, composer
* George Brunner, composer
* John Chittum, composer
* Kyong Mee Choi, composer
* Greg Dixon, composer
* William Duckworth, composer
* Paul Epstein, composer
* Jürg Frey, composer
* Ken Frank, composer
* Steve Gisby, composer
* Alexander Hogan, composer
* Eva-Maria Houben, composer
* Dennis Johnson
* Kari Johnson, pianist
* Tom Johnson, composer
* R. Andrew Lee, pianist
* Elainie Lillios, composer
* Phillip Marshall, composer
* Mike McFerron, composer
* David D. McIntire, composer, performer
* David Morneau, composer
* Ryan Oldham, composer, performer
* Brian Padavic, bassist
* Michael Pounds, composer
* M. Anthont Reimer, composer
* Jonathan Robertson, composer
* Paul Rudy, composer
* Dave Seidel, composer
* Jack Smith, composer
* Ann Southam, composer
* Scott Unrein, composer
* Audrey Valentine, composer
* Robert Voisey, composer
* Manfred Werder, composer

## InfoBox

| Irritable Hedgehog Music | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 2010 (2010) |
| Founder | David D. McIntire |
| Genre | Minimalism, postminimalism, electroacoustic |
| Country of origin | U.S. |
| Location | Kansas City, Missouri |
| Official website | www.irritablehedgehog.com |


title: Webbo Clarke

abstract: Vibert Ernesto "Webbo" Clarke was a Panamanian professional baseball player. Born in Colón, Clarke was a left-handed pitcher who made seven appearances for the 1955 Washington Senators of Major League Baseball. He stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and weighed 165 pounds (75 kg).

text:
# Webbo Clarke

**Vibert Ernesto "Webbo" Clarke** (June 8, 1928 – June 14, 1970) was a Panamanian professional baseball player. Born in Colón, Clarke was a left-handed pitcher who made seven appearances for the 1955 Washington Senators of Major League Baseball. He stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and weighed 165 pounds (75 kg).

## Career

Before signing with Washington in 1955, Clarke pitched in the Negro leagues, including service with the Cleveland Buckeyes and Memphis Red Sox. In his first season in the Senators' system, Clarke compiled a win–loss record of 16–12 in 33 games (32 as a starting pitcher), with an earned run average of 3.40 in 262 innings pitched for the Charlotte Hornets of the Class A Sally League.

The performance earned him a promotion to the Senators' 40-man roster in September. Among his seven games with Washington, he made two starts: September 10 against the Kansas City Athletics and September 16 against the Baltimore Orioles. His debut start was the better of the two. He pitched seven innings and gave up four runs, all earned, and four hits, one of them a solo home run by Kansas City's Gus Zernial. He held a 5–1 lead through seven innings, but walked the bases loaded in the eighth frame and was removed from the game. The Senators' relief pitchers, Chuck Stobbs and Pedro Ramos, then gave up the tying runs and ultimately lost the game, 8–6. Clarke's seventh and last MLB game, September 24 against the Orioles, was his finest: appearing in relief, he set down all nine Baltimore batters he faced over three innings.

During his MLB trial, Clarke allowed 17 hits, 11 earned runs and 14 walks in 21+13 innings pitched, with nine strikeouts, no decisions to his record and an ERA of 4.64.

He returned to minor league baseball in 1956–1957 to finish his North American pro career, going only 14–32 and losing a combined 20 games in 1956 in the Sally League and Triple-A American Association.

Webbo Clarke died at age 42 in Cristóbal, Colón, in his native Panama.

## InfoBox

| Webbo Clarke | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1928-06-08)June 8, 1928
Colón, Panama | |
| **Died:** June 14, 1970(1970-06-14) (aged 42)
Cristóbal, Colón, Panama | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| Professional debut | |
| **NgL:** 1946, for the Cleveland Buckeyes | |
| **MLB:** September 4, 1955, for the Washington Senators | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 24, 1955, for the Washington Senators | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 0–0 |
| Earned run average | 4.64 |
| Strikeouts | 9 |
| Innings pitched | 2113 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
| Negro leagues Major League Baseball | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Vântoase

abstract: Vântoase are creatures present in Romanian folklore, as a sort of female spirits (iele). Popular beliefs describe them as capable of causing dust storms and powerful winds, similar to harpies. They live in forests, in the air, in deep lakes, and use a special wagon for traveling. The Vântoase are also believed to be capable of attacking children, and the only protection against them is the mysterious "grass of the winds".

text:
# Vântoase

**Vântoase** are creatures present in Romanian folklore, as a sort of female spirits (*iele*). Popular beliefs describe them as capable of causing dust storms and powerful winds, similar to harpies. They live in forests, in the air, in deep lakes, and use a special wagon for traveling. The *Vântoase* are also believed to be capable of attacking children, and the only protection against them is the mysterious "grass of the winds".


title: Higbee High School

abstract: Higbee High School is a public high school located in Higbee, Missouri, United States. The high school and junior high school have 107 students in grades seven through twelve. The school mascot is the tiger, with black and gold being the school colors. The small high school size prevents it from fielding a football team. The school offers boys baseball and girls softball in both fall and spring. Basketball is offered in the winter months. Boys and girls track and field are offered in the spring.

text:
# Higbee High School

**Higbee High School** is a public high school located in Higbee, Missouri, United States. The high school and junior high school have 107 students in grades seven through twelve. The school mascot is the tiger, with black and gold being the school colors. The small high school size prevents it from fielding a football team. The school offers boys baseball and girls softball in both fall and spring. Basketball is offered in the winter months. Boys and girls track and field are offered in the spring.

39°18′22″N 92°30′44″W / 39.30624°N 92.51213°W / 39.30624; -92.51213

## InfoBox

| Higbee High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 101 Evans Street
Higbee, (Randolph County), Missouri 65257
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| School district | Higbee R-VIII Public School District |
| Principal | Tanner Burton |
| Staff | 7.68 (FTE) |
| Enrollment | 64 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 8.33 |
| Color(s) | Black and gold |
| Nickname | Tigers |
| Website |  |