title: Head Full of Honey (2018 film)

abstract: Head Full of Honey is a 2018 drama film directed by Til Schweiger. It is an American remake of the 2014 German film of the same name, which Schweiger also directed and co-wrote with Hilly Martinek.

text:
# Head Full of Honey (2018 film)

***Head Full of Honey*** is a 2018 drama film directed by Til Schweiger. It is an American remake of the 2014 German film of the same name, which Schweiger also directed and co-wrote with Hilly Martinek.

## Premise

A widowed grandfather who has Alzheimer's disease is taken on a trip to Venice by his granddaughter on the Orient Express.

## Cast

## Production

An American remake of Til Schweiger's film *Head Full of Honey* was announced in March 2018, with Schweiger directing. Nick Nolte was cast in the leading role, which Michael Douglas was initially sought for. Matt Dillon and Emily Mortimer will star as his son and daughter-in-law respectively. Jacqueline Bisset joined the cast in April.

Filming had commenced by June in Germany. German state film funding spent $5.17 millionUS on this film; the funding was conditional on a release in Germany.

## Reception

### Box office

During the first two weeks, the film grossed US$65,000 in German movie theatres. On the second weekend, only 155 persons watched *Head Full of Honey*. In contrast, the 2014 version was the most successful film in German movie theaters that year, with over seven million viewers over the entire run time.

### Critical response

It received positive to mixed reviews from audiences but negative reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, *Head Full of Honey* has an approval rating of 0% based on six reviews.

## InfoBox

| Head Full of Honey | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Til Schweiger |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on | *Head Full of Honey*
by Hilly Martinek
Til Schweiger |
| Produced by | * Til Schweiger * Christian Specht |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | René Richter |
| Edited by | * Christoph Strothjohann * Til Schweiger |
| Music by |  |
| Production
company | Barefoot Films |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Release dates | * October 27, 2018 (2018-10-27) (Valladolid International Film Festival) * November 30, 2018 (2018-11-30) (United States) |
| Countries | * Germany * United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $138,844 |


title: Venomous mammal

abstract: Venomous mammals are tetrapods of the class Mammalia that produce venom, which they use to kill or disable prey, to defend themselves from predators or conspecifics or in agonistic encounters. Mammalian venoms form a heterogeneous group with different compositions and modes of action, from four orders of mammals: Eulipotyphla, Monotremata, Primates, and Chiroptera. To explain the rarity of venom delivery in Mammalia, Mark Dufton of the University of Strathclyde has suggested that modern mammalian predators do not need venom because they are able to kill quickly with their teeth or claws, whereas venom, no matter how sophisticated, requires time to disable prey. In spite of the rarity of venom among extant mammals, venom may be an ancestral feature among mammals, as venomous spurs akin to those of the modern platypus are found in most non-therian Mammaliaformes groups. Venom is much more common among other vertebrates; there are many more species of venomous reptiles and fish. Some birds are poisonous to eat or touch though no bird species is known to be venomous. There are only a few species of venomous amphibians; certain salamandrid salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs.

text:
# Venomous mammal

**Venomous mammals** are tetrapods of the class Mammalia that produce venom, which they use to kill or disable prey, to defend themselves from predators or conspecifics or in agonistic encounters. Mammalian venoms form a heterogeneous group with different compositions and modes of action, from four orders of mammals: Eulipotyphla, Monotremata, Primates, and Chiroptera. To explain the rarity of venom delivery in Mammalia, Mark Dufton of the University of Strathclyde has suggested that modern mammalian predators do not need venom because they are able to kill quickly with their teeth or claws, whereas venom, no matter how sophisticated, requires time to disable prey.

In spite of the rarity of venom among extant mammals, venom may be an ancestral feature among mammals, as venomous spurs akin to those of the modern platypus are found in most non-therian Mammaliaformes groups.

Venom is much more common among other vertebrates; there are many more species of venomous reptiles (e.g. venomous snakes) and fish (e.g. stonefish). Some birds are poisonous to eat or touch (e.g. hooded pitohui) though no bird species is known to be venomous. There are only a few species of venomous amphibians; certain salamandrid salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs.

## Definitions

Several definitions of venomous animals have been proposed.

Bücherl states that venomous animals must possess at least one venom gland, a mechanism for excretion or extrusion of the venom, and apparatus with which to inflict wounds.

Mebs writes that venomous animals produce venom in a group of cells or gland, and have a tool, the venom apparatus, which delivers the venom by injection during a bite or sting. The venom apparatus in this definition encompasses both the gland and the injection device, which must be directly connected.

Fry et al. found that a venom is a secretion produced in a specialized gland in one animal and delivered to a target animal through the infliction of a wound. This secretion must contain molecules that disrupt normal physiological processes so as to facilitate feeding or defense by the producing animal. Additionally, the feeding secretion of hematophagous specialists (e.g. vampire bats) may be regarded as a specialized subtype of venom.

## Evolutionary history and paleontology

Venomous mammals may have been more common in the past. Extratarsal spurs observed in extinct Mesozoic mammals are homologous with those seen in extant monotremes, and this feature was widespread. Whether or not these extratarsal spurs served as a venom delivery system is up for debate. While species such as *Gobiconodon* and *Zhangeotherium* possessed an extratarsal spur, they are hypothesized to be nonvenomous due to the lack of the spur being hollow or channeled, as seen in modern venomous *Ornithorhynchus.* Whether or not the lack of venom is due to the loss of a basal trait is difficult to determine with current fossil records.

In 2005, Fox and Scott presented evidence of a venom delivery system in late Paleocene fossils found in Alberta. *Bisonalveus browni* was a small eutherian in the order Cimolesta. Fox and Scott argue that the anterior grooves of the upper canines in *B. browni* serve as venom channels. They also present a group of isolated lower mammalian teeth of unknown species that also feature these grooves. These specimens were reexamined and rejected on the basis that the evidence provided may not be enough to prove the presence of venom in these species. Fox and Scott found no fossa that would be indicative of the presence of a venom gland. Also, grooved teeth are a feature of many species of nonvenomous mammals, so the presence of grooved teeth alone is not indicative of venom. There is no phylogenetic support for the presence of venom in *B. browni*.

The genus *Beremendia* may have featured individuals with a venom delivery system. The first lower incisor of several species exhibited a groove that may have served as a canal for venom to travel from a venom gland to the tip of the tooth. Support for a venom gland is seen in the fossa in the mandibular symphysis. Also, *Beremendia* is phylogenetically close to *Solenodon*, which has extant members that are venomous. *Euchambersia* is an example of a fossil therapsid (a relative of mammals) with grooved teeth, and maxillary fossa to match, indicating the presence of venom glands. *Euchambersia* differs in that the upper canines are the teeth that are grooved, and the grooves are almost enclosed, forming a tube.

More recently, nonhomologous species in the genus *Nesophontes* were hypothesized to be venomous. Species within *Nesophontes* exhibit grooved upper canines, similar to other species suspected of venom delivery. Where *Nesophontes* differ, however, is in the presence of grooves on the first and second upper premolars. The grooves are similar in morphology to helodermatid lizards, which feature a deep anterior groove and shallow posterior groove, as well as grooves on other teeth, which suggests that *Nesophontes* grooved premolars also aided in delivery of venom in addition to the upper canines. *Nesophontes* mandibular morphology is similar to that of existing venomous Eulipotyphlans, which further supports the hypothesis that they possessed venom.

## Examples

### Eulipotyphla (previously known as insectivores)

With the exception of vampire bats and European moles, the Eulipotyphla are the only mammals so far observed to produce toxic saliva. These species have significantly enlarged and granular submaxillary salivary glands from which the toxic saliva is produced.

The Cuban solenodon (*Atopogale cubana*) and Hispaniolan solenodon (*Solenodon paradoxus*) look similar to large shrews. They both have venomous bites; the venom is delivered from modified salivary glands via grooves in their second lower incisors. Recent study has identified the gene regulatory network responsible for the development of venom delivery systems in these small mammals. Due to the overexpression of kallikreins in their saliva, solenodon bites cause vasodilation and may result in circulatory shock. It was reported that death was frequent among Hispaniolan solenodons kept together in the same enclosure, with bite marks on their feet being the only observable cause. Such use in competition may be a secondary aspect of the insectivore venom.

The northern short-tailed shrew (*Blarina brevicauda*), Mediterranean water shrew (*Neomys anomalus*), and Eurasian water shrew (*Neomys fodiens*) are capable of delivering a venomous bite. Other American short-tailed shrews—the southern short-tailed shrew (*Blarina carolinensis*), Elliot's short-tailed shrew (*Blarina hylophaga*), and Everglades short-tailed shrew (*Blarina peninsulae*) and the Transcaucasian water shrew (*Neomys teres*)—possibly also have a venomous bite. Shrews cache various prey in a comatose state, including earthworms, insects, snails, and to a lesser extent, small mammals such as voles and mice. This behaviour is an adaption to winter. In this context, the shrew venom acts as a tool to sustain a living hoard, thus ensuring food supply when capturing prey is difficult. This is especially important considering the high metabolic rate of shrews. Arguments against this suggest that the venom is used as a tool to hunt larger prey. Insectivores have an enhanced dependence on vertebrate food material, which is larger and more dangerous than their power to weight ratio would allow, thus requiring an extra asset to overcome these difficulties. Extant shrews do not have specialized venom delivery apparatus. Their teeth do not have channels, but a concavity on the first incisors may collect and transmit saliva from the submaxillary ducts, which open near the base of these teeth.

The European mole (*Talpa europaea*), and possibly other species of mole, have toxins in their saliva that can paralyze earthworms, allowing the moles to store them alive for later consumption.

### Male platypus

Both male and female platypuses (*Ornithorhynchus anatinus*) hatch with keratinised spurs on the hind limbs, although the females lose these during development. The spurs are connected to the venom-producing crural glands, forming the crural system. During the mating season these glands become highly active, producing venom to be delivered by the channeled spur. Echidnas, the other monotremes, have spurs but no functional venom glands. Although not potent enough to be lethal to humans, platypus venom is nevertheless so excruciating that victims may sometimes be temporarily incapacitated. Platypus envenomation was fairly common when the animal was still hunted for its fur. Nowadays any close contact with the animal is rare and restricted to biologists, zookeepers and anglers (who occasionally catch them in fishing lines or nets).

When platypuses attack, they drive their hind legs together with considerable force so that the spurs are embedded in the flesh caught between and if venom is being produced, a few milliliters are injected by repeated jabbing. The spurs have enough strength to support the weight of the platypus, which often hangs from the victim, requiring assistance for removal.

Most of the evidence now supports the proposition that the venom system is used by males on one another as a weapon when competing for females, taking part in sexual selection. During this season, males become more aggressive and are found with punctures in their bodies, especially in the tail region. Adult male platypuses largely avoid each other, outside of this mating rivalry.

Platypus venom is likely retained from its distant non-monotreme ancestors, being the last living example of what was once a common characteristic among mammals. Fossil records show that venom delivery systems were not sexually dimorphic in ancestral monotremes. It has been hypothesized that venom spurs were once used for defense against predators. Proteins derived from platypus venom are being studied for potential analgesic properties.

### Vampire bats

The definition of venom by Fry et al. (see Definitions) regards the feeding secretions of hematophagous (blood eating) specialists as a particular subtype of venom. In this context, the subfamily Desmodontinae represents the venomous mammals from the order Chiroptera. This group comprises the most well known venomous bat, the common vampire bat (*Desmodus rotundus*) and two other rare species, the hairy-legged vampire bat (*Diphylla ecaudata*) and the white-winged vampire bat (*Diaemus youngi*). These bats produce toxic saliva with anticoagulant properties and have a series of anatomical and physiological adaptations to allow nourishment based solely on blood. The majority of their prey do not perish from the attack or contact with the venom.

### Primates

Slow lorises (of the genera *Nycticebus* and *Xanthonycticebus*) are accepted as the only known venomous primate. Slow loris venom was known in folklore in their host countries throughout southeast Asia for centuries, but dismissed by Western science until the 1990s. There are nine recognised species of this small-bodied nocturnal primate. They possess a dual composite venom consisting of saliva and brachial gland exudate, a malodourous fluid forming from an apocrine sweat gland on the animal's forearm. Both fluids have been demonstrated as being venomous individually and creating a more potent venom when mixed. Slow loris brachial gland exudate (BGE) has been shown to possess up to 142 volatile components, and possesses a variant of the cat allergen protein Fel-D1. The BGE has several ecological functions including anti-parasitic defence and communication. Slow loris saliva has been shown to be cytotoxic to human skin cells in laboratory experiments without the administration of BGE.

The venom is administered through morphologically distinct dentition in the form of an adapted toothcomb. In the wild envenomation occurs from intraspecific competition; whereby two slow lorises fight for mates, food or territory. Slow loris inflicted wounds are a major cause of premature death in zoo and wildlife slow loris populations, often resulting in festering and necrotic wounds. Slow loris envenomation in humans is rare, but can result in near fatal anaphylactic shock. A suite of additional effects of the venom have been documented including mild to permanent disfigurement and mobility loss. The study of slow loris venom was brought to the public attention in 2012 by the research of the primatologist Prof. K.A.I Nekaris and in her BBC documentary *The Jungle Gremlins of Java*.

## Arguably venomous mammals

### Eulipotyphla

Hedgehogs (Erinaceinae) anoint their spines with a range of toxic and irritating substances. They will sometimes kill toads (*Bufo* sp.), bite into the toads' poison glands and smear the toxic mixture on their spines.

### Afrosoricida

Tenrecs, which are similar in appearance to hedgehogs but from a different line of evolutionary descent, may also have separately evolved self-anointing behaviour.

### Rodentia

The African crested rat (*Lophiomys imhausi*) has a mane of long, coarse black-and-white banded hairs which extends from the top of the animal's head to just beyond the base of the tail. This mane is bordered by a broad, white-bordered strip of hairs covering an area of glandular skin on the flank. When the animal is threatened or excited, the mane erects and this flank strip parts, exposing the glandular area. The hairs in this flank area are highly specialised; at the tips they are like ordinary hair, but are otherwise spongy, fibrous, and absorbent. The rat is known to deliberately chew the roots and bark of the poison-arrow tree (*Acokanthera schimperi*), so-called because human hunters extract a toxin, ouabain, to coat arrows that can kill an elephant. After the rat has chewed the tree, it deliberately slathers the resulting mixture onto its specialised flank hairs which are adapted to rapidly absorb the poisonous mixture, acting like a lamp wick. It thereby creates a defense mechanism that can sicken or even kill predators which attempt to bite it.

## Chemical defence

Skunks (Mephitidae) can eject a noxious fluid from glands near their anus. It is not only foul smelling, but can cause skin irritation and, if it gets in the eyes, temporary blindness. Some members of the mustelid family, such as the striped polecat (*Ictonyx striatus*), also have this capacity to an extent. Pangolins can also emit a noxious smelling fluid from glands near the anus. The greater long-nosed armadillo can release a disagreeable musky odor when threatened.

### Notes

### Bibliography


title: SMK Raja Lumu

abstract: SMK Raja Lumu is a secondary school in Port Klang, Selangor, Malaysia established in 1982.

text:
# SMK Raja Lumu

**SMK Raja Lumu** (or **Raja Lumu Secondary School**) is a secondary school in Port Klang, Selangor, Malaysia established in 1982.

## History

The school's land was originally planned for Simpang Lima Tamil Primary School. But because of the location, the school was closed and became *Putera Sekolah Tengku Ampuan Rahimah*. Then, the school has moved to a new location and here became the hostel for *Putera Sekolah Tengku Ampuan Rahimah dan Pulau Lumut*. After it was renovated for a few years, the Raja Lumu Secondary School was established.

On 1 January 1982, Mr. Mohammad Noribinin Taib was appointed to be the school's first principal and Mrs. S. Sthipam as the supervisor of this school.

This school holds 2 schooling sessions. The morning session is for Form 3, Form 4 and Form 5 (ages 15 to 17) while the afternoon session is for *Peralihan* or Reform students, Form 1 and Form 2 students (ages 13 to 14). This is done to accommodate the large number of students attending the school.

## InfoBox

| Raja Lumu Secondary School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Port Klang, Selangor<br>Malaysia | |
| Information | |
| Type | Secondary school |
| Motto | Bersama Berilmu Berkualiti Berwawasan |
| Established | 1982 |
| School district | Klang |
| Session | Single + 2 |
| Principal | Miss Noreha Hailani |
| Colour(s) | White, Yellow, Red |


title: Ovidio Lagos

abstract: Ovidio Lagos was an Argentine journalist, businessman and politician. Lagos was born in Buenos Aires in a country torn apart by internal strife. Federalists, who supported the view of Argentina as a confederation of self-ruled provincial states, fought Unitarians, who wanted a national government centralized in and controlled from Buenos Aires. Lagos worked as a clerk and then as a typographist in a state printing press, under the government of Juan Manuel de Rosas. Though nominally federalist, Rosas worked mainly to secure power for himself. Lagos, a supporter of the federalist cause, got into trouble and was forced to flee to Paraná, Entre Ríos. Rosas was ousted by a former ally, Justo José de Urquiza, in 1852. Lagos came back to Buenos Aires and advocated the re-joining of the city with the Argentine Confederation. He then became an editor and columnist in a newspaper, and wrote supporting the proposal, launched by Buenos Aires Deputy Manuel Quintana on 1 July 1867, to move the seat of the federal authorities to the city of Rosario, 300 km away from Buenos Aires, on the Paraná River. President Urquiza, interviewed by Lagos, sponsored the idea and provided funding for a newspaper to advocate this cause in Rosario. On November 15 of that year the first edition of the La Capital newspaper was published. Lagos defended his political convictions vehemently, which caused La Capital to be shut down by the authorities on several occasions. On 13 May 1877 Lagos was arrested for ten days. In 1887 Lagos was elected as a national representative (diputado) for the province of Santa Fe. He died in 1891, at age 65.

text:
# Ovidio Lagos

**Ovidio Lagos** (31 August 1825 – 13 August 1891) was an Argentine journalist, businessman and politician.

Lagos was born in Buenos Aires in a country torn apart by internal strife. Federalists, who supported the view of Argentina as a confederation of self-ruled provincial states, fought Unitarians, who wanted a national government centralized in and controlled from Buenos Aires.

Lagos worked as a clerk and then as a typographist in a state printing press, under the government of Juan Manuel de Rosas. Though nominally federalist, Rosas worked mainly to secure power for himself (and by extension, for Buenos Aires). Lagos, a supporter of the federalist cause, got into trouble and was forced to flee to Paraná, Entre Ríos. Rosas was ousted by a former ally, Justo José de Urquiza, in 1852.

Lagos came back to Buenos Aires and advocated the re-joining of the city with the Argentine Confederation. He then became an editor and columnist in a newspaper, and wrote supporting the proposal, launched by Buenos Aires Deputy Manuel Quintana on 1 July 1867, to move the seat of the federal authorities to the city of Rosario, 300 km away from Buenos Aires, on the Paraná River. President Urquiza, interviewed by Lagos, sponsored the idea and provided funding for a newspaper to advocate this cause in Rosario. On November 15 of that year the first edition of the *La Capital* newspaper was published.

Lagos defended his political convictions vehemently, which caused *La Capital* to be shut down by the authorities on several occasions. On 13 May 1877 Lagos was arrested for ten days.

In 1887 Lagos was elected as a national representative (*diputado*) for the province of Santa Fe. He died in 1891, at age 65.

## Legacy

In Rosario, now a major urban center, Lagos is acknowledged as a champion of the cause of federalism and against the concentration of political power in Buenos Aires. One of the main avenues in the city carries Lagos's name, and a monument is dedicated to him.

*La Capital*, which he founded, is the oldest newspaper in the country that is still being published. The Lagos family controlled it for 130 years, until 1997, when the share majority was acquired by media group Grupo Uno (controlled by businessman Daniel Vila and former Menem-administration Interior Minister José Luis Manzano).

## Sources


title: Unionport, Indiana

abstract: Unionport is an unincorporated community in Union Township, Randolph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

text:
# Unionport, Indiana

**Unionport** is an unincorporated community in Union Township, Randolph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

## History

Unionport was platted in 1837. The community took its name from Union Township. A post office was established at Unionport in 1878, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1902.

## InfoBox

| Unionport, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| UnionportUnionport | |
| Coordinates: 40°07′15″N 85°05′47″W / 40.12083°N 85.09639°W / 40.12083; -85.09639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Randolph |
| Township | Union |
| Elevation | 1,083 ft (330 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 47340 |
| Area code | 765 |
| GNIS feature ID | 445137 |


title: Medina de las Torres

abstract: Medina de las Torres is a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1403 inhabitants.

text:
# Medina de las Torres

**Medina de las Torres** is a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1403 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Medina de las Torres | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Badajoz | |
| Medina de las TorresLocation of Medina de las Torres within Extremadura | |
| Coordinates: 38°20′37″N 6°24′42″W / 38.34361°N 6.41167°W / 38.34361; -6.41167 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Extremadura |
| Province | Badajoz |
| Municipality | Medina de las Torres |
| Area | |
| Total | 87.4 km2 (33.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 529 m (1,736 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,207 |
| Density | 14/km2 (36/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Raymond Geuss

abstract: Raymond Geuss, FBA is an American political philosopher and scholar of 19th and 20th century European philosophy. He is currently Emeritus Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge. Geuss is primarily known for three reasons: his early account of ideology critique in The Idea of a Critical Theory; a recent collection of works instrumental to the emergence of political realism in Anglophone political philosophy over the last decade, including Philosophy and Real Politics; and a variety of free-standing essays on issues including aesthetics, Nietzsche, contextualism, phenomenology, intellectual history, culture and ancient philosophy.

text:
# Raymond Geuss

**Raymond Geuss**, FBA (/ɡɔɪs/; born 1946) is an American political philosopher and scholar of 19th and 20th century European philosophy. He is currently Emeritus Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge. Geuss is primarily known for three reasons: his early account of ideology critique in *The Idea of a Critical Theory*; a recent collection of works instrumental to the emergence of political realism in Anglophone political philosophy over the last decade, including *Philosophy and Real Politics*; and a variety of free-standing essays on issues including aesthetics, Nietzsche, contextualism, phenomenology, intellectual history, culture and ancient philosophy.

## Life

Geuss was educated at Columbia University (undergraduate B.A., *summa cum laude*, 1966, and Ph.D., 1971). His Ph.D. thesis was written under the direction of Robert Denoon Cumming. Geuss was also greatly influenced by Sidney Morgenbesser during his university education.

Geuss taught at Princeton University, Columbia University, and University of Chicago in the United States, and at Heidelberg and Freiburg in Germany before taking up a lecturing post at Cambridge in 1993. In 2000 he became a naturalised British citizen. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2011.

Geuss has supervised the graduate work of several prominent scholars working in the history of continental philosophy, social and political philosophy and in the philosophy of art. His students include former Southern Poverty Law Center president J. Richard Cohen, filmmaker Ethan Coen and Cornel West.

## Work

To date, Geuss has published 16 books of philosophy, of which four are collections of essays. They are: *The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School*; *Morality, Culture, and History*; *Public Goods, Private Goods*; *History and Illusion in Politics*; *Glück und Politik*; *Outside Ethics*, *Philosophy and Real Politics,* *Politics and the Imagination,* *A World without Why*, *Reality and its Dreams*, *Changing the Subject: Philosophy from Socrates to Adorno*, *Who Needs a World View?, Not Thinking like a Liberal,* and *A philosopher looks at work*. He has also co-edited two critical editions of works of Nietzsche, *The Birth of Tragedy* and *Writings from the Early Notebooks.* Geuss has also published two collections of translations/adaptations of poetry from Ancient Greek, Latin and Old High German texts.

## Reception

Alasdair MacIntyre has written the following about Geuss:

> No one among contemporary moral and political philosophers writes better essays than Raymond Geuss. His prose is crisp, elegant, and lucid. His arguments are to the point. And, by inviting us to reconsider what we have hitherto taken for granted, he puts in question not just this or that particular philosophical thesis, but some of the larger projects in which we are engaged. Often enough Geuss does this with remarkable economy, provoking us into first making his questions our own and then discovering how difficult it is to answer them.

## Books

* Geuss, Raymond (1981). *The Idea of a Critical Theory*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521284226.
* Geuss, Raymond (1999). *Morality, Culture, and History*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521632027.
* Geuss, Raymond (1999). *Parrots, Poets, Philosophers, & Good Advice*. London: Hearing Eye. ISBN 978-1870841634.
* Geuss, Raymond (2001). *History and Illusion in Politics*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521805964.
* Geuss, Raymond (2001). *Public Goods, Private Goods*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691089034.
* Geuss, Raymond (2004). *Glück und Politik* \[*Happiness and Politics*\]. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISBN 978-3830509448.
* Geuss, Raymond (2005). *Outside Ethics*. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691123417.
* Geuss, Raymond (2008). *Philosophy and Real Politics*. Princeton University Press: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691137889.
* Geuss, Raymond (2010). *Politics and the Imagination*. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691155883.
* Geuss, Raymond (2014). *A World Without Why*. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691155883.
* Geuss, Raymond (2016). *Reality and its Dreams*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674504950.
* Geuss, Raymond (2017). *Changing the Subject: Philosophy from Socrates to Adorno*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674545724.
* Geuss, Raymond (2020). *Who Needs a World View?*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674245938.
* Geuss, Raymond. *A Philosopher Looks at Work*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108930611.
* Geuss, Raymond (2022). *Not Thinking Like a Liberal*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674270343.
* Geuss, Raymond (2024). *Seeing Double*. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1509560882.

## InfoBox

| Raymond Geuss | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1946-12-10) December 10, 1946<br>Evansville, Indiana, U.S. |
| Education | Columbia University (BA, PhD) |
|  | |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Continental, critical theory |
| Doctoral students | Cornel West, Katherine Harloe, Michael Forster |
| Main interests | Ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of history, intellectual history |
|  | |


title: Nannie Zenobia Carver Huddle

abstract: Nannie Zenobia Carver Huddle was an American painter. She is best known for her paintings of flowers, particularly fields of bluebonnets.

text:
# Nannie Zenobia Carver Huddle

**Nannie Zenobia Carver Huddle** (January 28, 1860July 21, 1951) was an American painter. She is best known for her paintings of flowers, particularly fields of bluebonnets.

## Life and career

Nannie Zenobia Carver was born on January 28, 1860 in Mobile, Alabama, the third of six daughters of Benjamin Franklin Carver and Leonora Moss Carver. In the 1870s, the family relocated to Austin, Texas. She attended St. Mary's Academy in Austin, a Catholic school for girls. Her first art classes were at the school, with a nun named Sister Florentine. Sister Florentine asked artist William Henry Huddle to critique Carver's work, and he told her to paint a flower "so that it seems that you can reach around it," advice that was particularly influential.

Ten years later, in 1889, Nannie Carver and William Huddle married. They had a daughter before he died in 1892.

She resumed painting in 1894. She studied at the Art Students League from 1896 to 1898 and with William Merritt Chase, Wayman Adams, Marshall Troy, and Marshal Fry in New York, and with T. S. Frackelton, and Franz Bertram Aulich in Chicago.

She returned to Austin in 1900. There she studied sculpture under Elsabet Ney and developed a close friendship with Ney until Ney's death in 1907. Huddle's main focus was painting, particularly the wildflowers of Texas. She is thought to be one of the earliest painters of fields of Texas bluebonnets. She also painted portraits and was commissioned to paint US President Woodrow Wilson.

Huddle taught art at the Texas School for the Deaf from the 1900s to the 1940s.

Nannie Zenobia Carver Huddle died on 21 July 1951 in Austin.

*

## InfoBox

| Nannie Zenobia Carver Huddle | |
| --- | --- |
| *Bluebonnets and the Capitol*, c. 1910 | |
|  | |
| Born | January 28, 1860
Mobile |
| Died | July 21, 1951  (aged 91)
Austin |
| Occupation | Painter, sculptor |
| Spouse(s) | William Henry Huddle |


title: Henry Hoare of Mitcham Grove

abstract: Henry Hoare of Mitcham Grove (1750–1828) was an English banker, senior partner of Hoare's Bank over four decades.

text:
# Henry Hoare of Mitcham Grove

**Henry Hoare of Mitcham Grove** (1750–1828) was an English banker, senior partner of Hoare's Bank over four decades.

## Life

He was the son of William Hoare and his wife, Martha Cornelisen, daughter of Henry Cornelisen, and the grandson of Richard Hoare, eldest son of Sir Richard Hoare, founder of the bank; he was born in Bury St Edmunds.

Hoare became a junior partner in the family bank in 1774, when, according to Price the other partners were Henry Hoare II (died 1785), Sir Richard Hoare, 1st Baronet (died 1787), and Richard Hoare of Boreham House (died 1778). The baronet was replaced by his son (Henry) Hugh Hoare (1762–1841), around 1788; with Hoare becoming senior partner. He remained in the position to the end of his life in 1828, when Hugh Hoare replaced him.

Hoare owned mills on the River Wandle. He was also a shareholder in the Surrey Iron Railway.

## Mitcham Grove

Hoare purchased Mitcham Grove, a country house near Mitcham, Surrey, from Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn. The original house was Elizabethan. The grounds came to include the eastern part of what is now Ravensbury Park. Hoare bought it in 1784, and after his death it was sold to Sir John Lubbock, 2nd Baronet. At the time the area was industrial.

## Hoare & Co. brewery

Hoare bought in 1802 the Red Lion Brewery in East Smithfield, from 1802, and his third son George became a director. It later traded as Hoare and Co. The business was not a success, however, as he told his grandson and heir Henry Hoare of Staplehurst, shortly before he died: both Charles Hoare of the bank, and his son-in-law Acland, had put further capital into it.

The Hoare & Co. brewery existed until 1934, and for a number of generations was passed down in the Hoare family. Following a string of acquisitions after World War I, it was taken over by Charrington Brewery in 1933, and closed down the year after.

## Family

Hoare married in 1775 Lydia Henrietta Malortie, daughter of the Hanover merchant Isaac Malortie. Their children were:

1. William Henry Hoare (1776–1819), married 1807 Louisa Elizabeth Noel, daughter of Sir Gerard Noel, 2nd Baronet, father of Henry Hoare of Staplehurst (1807–1866).
2. Henry Vilars Hoare (1777–1822), unmarried.
3. George Matthew Hoare (1779–1852), married 1810 Angelina Frances Greene, daughter of James Greene of Lancashire.
4. Charles James Hoare (1781–1865), married 1811 Jane Isabella Holden, daughter of Richard Holden of Moorgate, Yorkshire.
5. Lydia Elizabeth Hoare (born 1786), married 1808 Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet.


title: Heliozela eucarpa

abstract: Heliozela eucarpa is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1897. It is found in New South Wales.

text:
# Heliozela eucarpa

***Heliozela eucarpa*** is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1897. It is found in New South Wales.

## InfoBox

| *Heliozela eucarpa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Heliozelidae |
| Genus: | *Heliozela* |
| Species: | ***H. eucarpa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Heliozela eucarpa***<br>Meyrick, 1897 | |
|


title: Sacoglottis gabonensis

abstract: Sacoglottis gabonensis, commonly known as bitterbark tree or cherry mahogany is a medium to large sized evergreen tree within the Humiriaceae family. It is the only species within the genus, Sacoglottis that is native to tropical Africa, another, guianensis Benth. being native to Amazonia. It occurs in rainforests or on sandy soils of Senegal eastwards to Angola in central Africa. It is traded locally and known in some countries under the name Ozouga.

text:
# Sacoglottis gabonensis

***Sacoglottis gabonensis***, commonly known as bitterbark tree or cherry mahogany is a medium to large sized evergreen tree within the Humiriaceae family. It is the only species within the genus, Sacoglottis that is native to tropical Africa, another, guianensis Benth. being native to Amazonia. It occurs in rainforests or on sandy soils of Senegal eastwards to Angola in central Africa. It is traded locally and known in some countries under the name Ozouga.

## Description

A large species that can reach 40 metres (130 ft) tall and a diameter of 1.8 m (6 ft) at maturity, it has a scaly dark brown bark with pustulate lenticels and a red-brown slash, its trunk is crooked but occasionally straight while the base is irregular, with wide spreading buttressed roots or deeply fluted surface roots. Leaves are simple, alternate and distichous in arrangement, with a coriaceous surface that is dull green in color; stipules up to 1 mm long, petiole is 6 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long; leaf-blade is narrowly ovate, elliptic or oblong in outline, 6 to 15 cm (2.4 to 5.9 in) long and 2.5 to 6 cm (1.0 to 2.4 in) wide. Inflorescence is axillary cymes, bracts are 1 to 2 mm (0.0 to 0.1 in) long, pedicel is 0.5 to 1.5 mm (0.02 to 0.06 in) long. Fruit is an ellipsoid drupe, greenish to yellow when ripe, 1-5 seeded.

## Chemistry

The chemical compound, Bergenin has been isolated from the stem bark of *Sacoglottis gabonensis.*

## Uses

Stem bark extracts is used as a palm wine additive for the preservation and potency of the alcoholic drink, while fruits of the species are favored by the African bush elephants at the Lope National Park.Some monkeys are also adapted to eat their hard seeds. Its wood is used in local marine related works such as canoe and boat making and bridge construction, it is also a good source of firewood.

## InfoBox

| *Sacoglottis gabonensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Humiriaceae |
| Genus: | *Sacoglottis* |
| Species: | ***S. gabonensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sacoglottis gabonensis***<br>(Baill.) Urb. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aubrya gabonensis*  Baill. * *Houmiri gabonensis*  Baill. | |


abstract: The Israeli Law Professors' Forum for Democracy is a voluntary, non-affiliated and independent group of about 140 permanent faculty members in the law faculties of academic institutions in Israel. The Forum was founded in 2023, in response to the 2023 Israeli judicial reform. The Forum opposes this plan, and advocates the maintenance of a robust separation of powers with sustainable checks and balances. The Forum actively opposes initiatives and actions aimed at abolishing the independence of the judiciary and subordinating it to the government and to partisan political considerations of the executive branch, as well as initiatives aimed at limiting democratic institutions, equal and free elections, the right to equality, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and other human rights. The main activity of the forum is authoring and publishing professional legal opinions, based on extensive legal research. By the summer 2023, the Forum had published over 50 position papers on various issues, such as the unreasonableness amendment, judicial independence, judicial appointments, and more. Extracts of the papers are published in Arabic, English, French, and Russian. The Forum is assisted by "Basha'ar", an organization of senior Israeli academics, for administrative and financial support, while maintaining full independence.

text:
# Israeli Law Professors' Forum for Democracy

**The Israeli Law Professors' Forum for Democracy** is a voluntary, non-affiliated and independent group of about 140 permanent faculty members in the law faculties of academic institutions in Israel. The Forum was founded in 2023, in response to the 2023 Israeli judicial reform. The Forum opposes this plan, and advocates the maintenance of a robust separation of powers with sustainable checks and balances.

The Forum actively opposes initiatives and actions aimed at abolishing the independence of the judiciary and subordinating it to the government and to partisan political considerations of the executive branch, as well as initiatives aimed at limiting democratic institutions, equal and free elections, the right to equality, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and other human rights.

The main activity of the forum is authoring and publishing professional legal opinions, based on extensive legal research. By the summer 2023, the Forum had published over 50 position papers on various issues, such as the unreasonableness amendment, judicial independence, judicial appointments, and more. Extracts of the papers are published in Arabic, English, French, and Russian.

The Forum is assisted by "Basha'ar", an organization of senior Israeli academics, for administrative and financial support, while maintaining full independence.

## Composition of the Forum

The Forum grew out of a discussion group established by several law professors (among them Professor Ittai Bar-Siman-Tov and Professor Eliav Lieblich) in 2019, in response to legislative initiatives related to enacting a constitutional override clause in Israel. The joint activity of the members of the Forum expanded and became partially institutionalized in view of the legal reform presented by the coalition in the 25th Knesset at the beginning of 2023.

The Forum comprises about 140 law professors and lecturers who are permanent faculty members in all law faculties in Israel, including most of constitutional law and administrative law experts in Israel. The Forum was founded and is led by Dr. Ronit Levine-Schnur from Reichman University.

Members of the Forum include, among others, Prof. Yaniv Roznai and Prof. Adam Shinar (Reichman University), Prof. Margit Cohn, Prof. Eyal Benvenisti, Prof. David Kretzmer, Prof. Guy Davidov and Prof. Barak Medina (Hebrew University); Prof. Menachem Mautner, Prof. Ronen Avraham, Prof. Yishai Blank, Dr. Ofra Bloch, Prof. Dafna Hacker, Prof. Aeyal Gross, Dr. Doreen Lustig and Dr. Yofi Tirosh (Tel Aviv University); Dr. Meital Pinto (Zefat Academic College and the Ono Academic College), Dr. Ori Aronson, Prof. Ittai Bar-Siman-Tov and Dr. Manal Totri-Jubran (Bar-Ilan University); Prof. Tamar Hostovsky Brands, Prof. Zvi Kahana and Prof. Dana Pugach (Ono Academic College); Prof. Amnon Reichman and Dr. Yair Sagy (Haifa University); Prof. Yiffat Bitton (Ahva Academic College), Dr. Nurit Zimmerman (Sapir Academic College), and Prof. Gila Stopler (Academic Center for Law and Business).

The Forum considers the legislative initiatives proposed by the coalition to be an unprecedented and serious attack on the independence of the judiciary, state legal advisors, the police, the military, public broadcasting, and the academia - intended to seriously curve the rule of law and the democratic nature of the State of Israel. The Forum holds that the weakening of the checks and balances mechanisms in Israel will enable the current governing coalition to entrench its power for many years to come, possibly rendering irreversible the changes currently promoted.

## Forum positions

### Levin reform

The Forum argues that the aggregated changes proposed by Israel's thirty-seventh government suffocate the independence of the judiciary, dissolve the separation of powers among the branches of governments, and undermine the rule of law. The Forum emphasizes that there is not a single democratic country in the world where a combination of all the proposed constitutional arrangements exists.

#### Mechanism for selecting judges

The Forum strongly opposes the proposal that the coalition alone will be able to appoint judges, on the grounds that judges appointed by the government alone will have difficulty fulfilling its role in the democratic regime as a control mechanism of the actions of the executive branch. The Forum is similarly opposed to the selection of judges by the votes of politicians only. The Forum points to numerous empirical and comparative studies that indicate a correlation between a greater involvement of political actors and lesser involvement of professional representatives in the process of selecting judges on the one hand, and political influence on the judgments on the other hand.

#### Diversity of court system

One argument that the proponents of the Levin The Forum points out that in recent decades, under the existing system, the committee for the selection of judges has successfully appointed judges from different groups within the Israeli population. The Forum supports increasing diversity in the judicial system, but claims that the coalition's proposal will lead to the appointment of ideologically biased judges, chosen only because of their political loyalty.

The Forum maintains that the coalition's proposal, according to which the legal opinion of the Attorney General or of ministerial legal advisors will not bind the political echelon, will allow the political echelon to carry out illegal acts without any internal review. According to the Forum this will expose government ministries to pressure by interest groups whose influence will not be blocked by the professional gate-keepers, thus weakening the public's trust in the system which is now non-partisan and professional.

#### Abolition of reasonableness as grounds for judicial review

The Forum vehemently opposed the 24 July 2023 legislation amending Basic Law: Judiciary, which denies the courts the power to consider and/or pass judgment on the reasonableness of any decision of the Cabinet, the prime minister, or any government minister. The Forum opined that "\[t\]he unreasonableness amendment is only the first step towards executive authoritarianism, stripping an entire body of case-law that served as a primary constraint on executive arbitrariness, illegality, and corruption". The Forum also addresses the government's policy towards Palestinians in the occupied West Bank, warning that the amendment could even further weaken "the highly limited legal protections they have enjoyed until now.."

According to the Forum, legislation to develop Israeli administrative law (which is currently judge-made) should consist of norms that apply to the administration rather than those that limits of the courts' authority. Such legislation should be adopted without regard to the narrow interests of any specific government. Therefore, the applicability of such a law should either be postponed until the term of office of the next Knesset, or the law should be enacted by an especially large majority.

### Comparative analysis of constitutional arrangements

The Forum opposes the coalition's approach, which argues that the existence of certain constitutional arrangements aboard justifies their adoption in Israel. The Forum argues that this is done without regard for the full context of the constitutional arrangements in those countries which create a comprehensive structure of checks and balances. Some of the mechanisms that are found abroad but do not exist in Israel are a comprehensive and rigid constitution, a bi-cameral parliament, a presidential system of government, a federal structure, regional elections, or the subordination of national legislation to supra-national courts that protect human rights and basic democratic principles. The Forum argues that selective borrowing of arrangements that strengthen the government's power in foreign countries without the mechanisms that balance them will create a flawed legal structure in Israel. Such structure will place it alongside countries that have experienced acute democratic backsliding in recent years, such as Turkey, Hungary and Poland. Some of the forum positions are based on the opinions of experts from the countries whose constitutional arrangements the coalition purports to import to Israel, including Great Britain and Switzerland.

The Forum refuted the coalition's claim that there is no judicial review of laws in New Zealand by pointing to the powers of the courts there to strike down laws. It also pointed out that, contrary to what is claimed by coalition supporters, Ireland, has adopted a scheme for electing judges that is free from any political affiliation. The Forum has shown that in France elected officials do not control the appointment of the majority of judges. The Forum also noted that in the United States there are actually a variety of election methods, and even when the appointment is made by the president, other factors are involved in the process, factors that act as brakes on the power of the government. Regarding the appointment of presidents of high courts according to the rule of seniority in democratic countries, the Forum points out that in the United States a rule of seniority is enshrined in all regular federal courts, except for the Supreme Court. This is also the case with regard to the appointment of Supreme Court presidents in several US states. The Forum also hold that the rule of seniority is of great importance in appointment procedures in many democratic countries, especially in view of the fact that by other methods, including in the United States, the appointment of a Supreme Court president by Politicians is not common.

The Forum states that the proposed measures are completely contrary to the recommendations of the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, of which Israel is a member, in at least three aspects: the methods of selecting judges, the procedure for making constitutional changes, and respecting the principles of the rule of law. According to the Forum, if the proposals are passed, Israel's weak checks and balances system will be similar to that of countries such as Poland, Hungary and Turkey. The legal systems of those three countries have been very negatively reviewed in recent years by the Venice Commission.

### Position on possible consequences of the proposed regime changes

**Women**: The Forum claims that the actions, commitments and legislative changes proposed by the coalition will restrict women's rights in Israel in a severe way. The Forum points out to problematic legislative changes, some of which are already in process and some of which are planned, for example the exacerbation of gender segregation in public sphere.

**Children**: The Forum emphasizes the judiciary's importance in the interpretation of law and in the protection of the rights of children. Weakening the court system may be particularly harmful to minors belonging to minority groups, including children without status, LGBTQ+ children, and children of LGBTQ+ parents. According to the Forum, the abolition of the reasonableness doctrine will especially endanger minors in risky situations. Politicization of the selection of judges may, according to the forum, result in unprofessional appointments as juvenile and family court judges. Expanding the powers of the Rabbinical Court system may, in the Forum's opinion, harm the rights that minors currently have in divorce proceedings.

**Palestinians**: The Forum notes that the transfer of the responsibility and management of the West Bank to civilian hands according to the power sharing agreement between the current Minister of Defense and the additional minister in the Ministry of Defense dated February 23, 2023 is an explicit and public surrender of the management of the West Bank to national and social considerations of the state, which is in contravention of international law. According to the Forum, the agreement is an open and official step that gives validity to the claims that Israel uses the practice of apartheid, which is prohibited under public international law.

**Employees**: The Forum maintains that the dependence of judges on politicians will harm the ability of the labor courts to deal with labor disputes, with requests for injunctions against strikes, and more. This will harm collective labor laws (such as freedom of association and collective bargaining, settlement of labor disputes and the right to strike) and individual labor laws, including constitutional rights at work, and the employees' pension funds. The members of the Forum claim that the changes in the legislation will especially harm the weaker sections of Israeli society.

**LGBTQ+ people**: According to the Forum, the cancellation of effective judicial review will cause harm to LGBTQ+ families. Hindering the independence of the courts will have a particularly serious effect on women's rights and the rights of the trans community, since their rights in essential areas have been recognized and protected by the courts, rather than by the Legislature. According to the Forum, limiting the activities of human rights organizations will harm the extremely important fight for equal rights for LGBTQ+ people.

**Litigants in the rabbinical courts**: The Forum argues that since the rabbinical courts suffer from many of the ills of governance that the coalition's proposals ostensibly seek to correct, they should have been at the center of the plan to improve judicial procedures in Israel. According to the Forum, the coalition's effort to expand the jurisdiction of the rabbinic courts raises doubts about the sincerity of its alleged intention to correct supposed problems of the secular legal system.

**Criminal defendants and victims**: The Forum claims that the abolition of reasonableness doctrine as grounds for review and the lack of an explicit anchoring of the constitutional right to equality may expose weak populations such as prisoners, suspects, crime victims and others to serious harm without any restraint. Risks include the establishment new offenses or increasing punishment in a way that particularly harms disadvantaged populations, and legislation that will allow abusive policing and enforcement and draconian punishment. The Forum points out that in populist states criminal law is misused to impose restrictions on civil society organizations, restrict freedom of expression, and create an infrastructure that encourages corruption.

**Academia**: The Forum estimates that the existing threats to academic freedom in Israel will intensify if the proposed changes are approved. It warns that academic freedom will be harmed, and with it the quality of research and teaching.

The Forum has published position papers on the consequences of the regime changes in additional areas, including the environment, and the right to privacy.

### The Forum's academic analysis of possible modes of action of different actors

**The public service during a constitutional crisis**: The Forum believes that during a constitutional crisis, namely when two different branches of the government compete over the authority to determine fundamental governmental arrangements, the decision of civil servants to obey one of the competing branches of government should be based on two considerations: the identification of the authority authorized to determine the law, and the obligation to provide equal and optimal service to the population. Given the characteristics of the 37th government's actions in the constitutional field, the Forum believes that civil servants must obey the instructions of the Attorney-General to the government and the Supreme Court in cases where its rulings concern their actions, but this determination may change as the existing conditions change, chiefly the independence of the Attorney-General and the Supreme Court.

**Strike**: A work stoppage caused by opposition to the moves promoted by the government in its governmental capacity and not as an employer, is a political strike that is not recognized as a "strike" under Israeli law. However, in some cases, a work stoppage may be recognized as a strike and even provide protections to the strikers, for example if it is directed against legislative changes that directly affect working conditions and labor relations.

### Positions regarding so-called compromise outlines

The Forum criticized the manner in which talks were conducted under the auspice of the President, given that, in the Forum's opinion, they are conducted confidentially and without transparency, without sufficient representation, and in a way that threatens the legislation and constitution that will shape Israeli democracy.\[28\]

**The President's outline**: At the end of February 2023, representatives of the Forum had a one-off meeting with President Herzog. At this meeting, they requested that representatives of Arab society take part in the negotiations, and presented red lines regarding the proposed changes. They emphasized that the coalition's control of the committee for the selection of judges should be prevented, that there is a need to enact a Basic Law on legislation, and that it is necessary to anchor the protection of human rights. Journalist Yehuda Yifarah claimed that the Forum, presented an "extreme letter" to the President, with the result that the president adopted an outline that the government cannot accept.

**Friedmann-Elbashan outline**: The Forum argued that the compromise plan proposed by former justice minister Daniel Friedmann and others adopts too much of the government's plan to be regarded as a "compromise".

### Means and tools for building constitutional changes

The Forum has put forward its position regarding a proper procedures for the enactment of constitutional reform. It maintained that circumscribing judicial review justifies the empowerment of the Knesset (rather than of the government as proposed by the coalition), and that any decision on the matter should be adopted by an especially large parliamentary majority, which includes opposition members. With regard to provisional arrangements pending the adoption of a comprehensive constitution on the basis of the existing basic laws and in accordance with the spirit of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, the Forum sets out minimum requirements. These include:

* The committee for selecting judges should include members of the court system, the government, the Knesset and the public. Women and the Arab public must be represented on the committee. A basic law: Legislation must be enacted and this law should set procedural and substantive limitations, in the spirit of the fundamental principles of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, on the enactment and amendment of basic laws.
* The authority of the courts to conduct judicial review of legislation in light of the basic laws must be anchored.
* The right to equality must be anchored in Israel's Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty and a committee should be established to promote the enactment of a basic laws dealing with human and social rights.
* Collective rights for the Arab public must be anchored in a Basic Law.
* The independence of the ombudsmen and the binding status of it opinions must be enshrined in a basic law.

## Public activity

### Activity in the Knesset

Forum members participated in the Knesset Constitution, Law and Justice Committee discussions that dealt with the proposed regime changes. Position documents of the forum were used as background material for the discussions and the members of the forum expressed themselves during the discussions.

### Public addresses

Members of the Forum regularly speak on behalf of the forum in the weekly demonstrations around the country. Dr. Ronit Levine-Schnur spoke in the central demonstration in Tel Aviv, Prof. Yaniv Roznai spoke in the major demonstration in Jerusalem against the legislation annulling reasonableness as grounds for judicial review. Other members have been speaking regularly since the beginning of the protests.

### Public outreach

The Forum has held various symposia featuring academics, members of the Knesset, members of civil society organizations and members of policy institutes.

## InfoBox

Israeli Law Professors' Forum for Democracy
| פורום המרצים למשפטים למען הדמוקרטיה | |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 2023 (2023) |
| Founder | Ittai Bar-Siman-Tov, Eliav Lieblich, Ronit Levine-Schnur |
| Founded at | Israel |
| Purpose | Advocate for democracy and judicial independence |
| Affiliations | Basha'ar |


title: Mohammad Nazmul Haque

abstract: Shaheed Mohammad Nazmul Haque was the deputy director of anti-corruption in Chittagong until his kidnapping and presumed death at the hands of the Pakistan military. In 2015, the Shaheed Nazmul Haque Police Barrack in Naogaon District, his birthplace, were named after him following renovations. He was awarded the Independence Day Award in 2017 by the government of Bangladesh.

text:
# Mohammad Nazmul Haque

**Shaheed Mohammad Nazmul Haque** (1 February 1924 – 1971) was the deputy director of anti-corruption in Chittagong until his kidnapping and presumed death at the hands of the Pakistan military. In 2015, the Shaheed Nazmul Haque Police Barrack in Naogaon District, his birthplace, were named after him following renovations. He was awarded the Independence Day Award in 2017 by the government of Bangladesh.

## Life and career

Haque was born in Naogaon in 1924. He earned his Higher Secondary Certification from Rajshahi College. He then earned bachelor's and master's degrees in English literature at Calcutta University. He later earned a Bachelors of Law (LLB) degree from Rajshahi University. Haque attended the International Police Academy in Washington, D.C. for higher police training.

Haque completed his police training from the Bangladesh Police Academy at Sardah near Rajshahi. He joined the East Pakistan police force as a sub-divisional police officer in Mymensingh in 1950. For over 20 years, he rotated between the districts of Faridpur, Kushtia, and Barisal.

In 1964, Haque's name was included as Police Service of Pakistan (P.S.P.). Subsequently, in 1967, he was awarded with the Pakistan Police Medal.

In 1971, while serving as deputy director of anti-corruption in Chittagong, Haque involved himself in the non-cooperation movement against the Pakistan military, responding to the national calls of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He led officers in the skirmish at the Dampara Police Lines between the Pakistan Army and police officers.

In 2015, Shaheed Nazmul Haque Police Barracks was inaugurated at Naogaon Police Lines in Haque's honor.

## Independence Day Award

In 2017, Haque was posthumously awarded the Shādhīnatā Puraṣhkār, or the Independence Award, given annually to notable citizens of Bangladesh. The award was received by his son Shahidul Islam Haque and his family.


title: Titanostrombus galeatus

abstract: Titanostrombus galeatus, commonly known as the Eastern Pacific giant conch, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs and their allies. It is an eastern Pacific species that occurs from the Gulf of California to Peru. The shells of this species were used as a wind instruments by the Chavín, an ancient civilization from the northern Andean highlands of Peru. They are still used for this purpose in the Andes, where they are known as pututu.

text:
# Titanostrombus galeatus

***Titanostrombus galeatus***, commonly known as the **Eastern Pacific giant conch**, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs and their allies.

It is an eastern Pacific species that occurs from the Gulf of California to Peru.

The shells of this species were used as a wind instruments by the Chavín, an ancient civilization from the northern Andean highlands of Peru. They are still used for this purpose in the Andes, where they are known as *pututu*.

## Distribution

*Titanostrombus galeatus* occurs in several countries and regions along the coastal waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean, including the Gulf of California, Mexico, Pacific Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands and Peru.

## Description

The shell of *Titanostrombus galeatus* is large (maximum size 23 cm (8.97 inches), common to 14 cm (5.46 inches)), very thick and heavy. It has an oblong outline, with a short pointed spire that lacks spines and nodules and is often eroded. The body whorl is very inflated, with numerous spiral ridges and low, slightly noticeable nodules on the shoulder. The periostracum is thick. The outer lip is very flared, posteriorly expanded, not higher than the apex of the spire. The edge of the outer lip edge bears a shallow stromboid notch that is often associated with the undulations originating from the superficial spiral sculpture. The columella is smooth with a well-developed callus in this species. The shell is colored ivory white to light brown externally, with a darker spire and a brown periostracum. The aperture is bright white, and the outer lip and columellar callus are often extensively orange or dull brown in old specimens.

## Phylogeny

In 2006, Latiolais and colleagues proposed a cladogram (a tree of descent) that attempts to show the phylogenetic relationships of 34 species within the family Strombidae. The authors analysed 31 species in the genus *Strombus* including *Lobatus galeatus* (there referred to as *Strombus galeatus*), and three species in the allied genus *Lambis*. The cladogram was based on DNA sequences of both nuclear histone H3 and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I protein-coding gene regions. In this proposed phylogeny, *Strombus galeatus* is show as a sister taxon to the clade that includes *Lobatus gallus* (*Strombus gallus*), *Lobatus gigas* (*Strombus gigas*), *Lobatus costatus* (*Strombus costatus*), *Lobatus raninus* (*Strombus raninus*), *Lobatus peruvianus* (*Strombus peruvianus*) and their last common ancestor.

## Ecology

*Titanostrombus galeatus* dwells on rocky, sandy bottoms near mangrove areas. It lives in depths from the low tide mark to 15 m, but records go as deep as 30 m. During the beginning of the year, in the early months, *L. galeatus* exhibits a gregarious behavior, forming large agglomerates in shallow waters. This is due to the mating season, which is also when oviposition occurs. Females usually lay eggs arranged in clusters called egg masses, either directly on the sand or on dead mollusk shells.

During the 19th century, strombid gastropods were believed to be carnivores. This erroneous conception was based on the writings of the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck, whose classification scheme grouped strombids with the carnivorous sea snails. However, subsequent studies have refuted the concept completely, proving without a doubt that strombid gastropods are herbivorous animals. *L. galeatus* feeds primarily on macroalgae, and occasionally on detritus.

The giant conch is preyed upon by invertebrates, such as octopuses, and also by vertebrates, including rays (genera and species of cartilaginous fish in the family Myliobatidae), triggerfish (family Balistidae), and snappers (perciform fish in the family Lutjanidae).

## Behavior

Compared to other gastropods, *Titanostrombus galeatus* has an unusual means of locomotion, which is common only among the Strombidae. This curious series of maneuvers was originally described by the American zoologist George Howard Parker in 1922. The animal initially fixes the posterior end of the foot by thrusting the point of its sickle-shaped operculum into the substrate. Then it extends its foot forward, lifting the shell and throwing it ahead in a motion that Parker called "leaping". *L. galeatus* is known to move long distances, on a scale of kilometers, in a matter of months. Burrowing behavior, in which an individual sinks itself entirely or partially into the substrate, is frequent among strombid gastropods. In the course of its life span, *Lobatus galeatus* spends part of the time partially buried in the sand.

## Human uses

Giant conch shells were used as wind instruments by the Chavín, a pre-Incan civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru. *Lobatus galeatus* shells were prepared for musical use through the creation of a mouthpiece. This was done by cutting a small tip of the spire out and polishing the resulting hole, thus producing a trumpet-like instrument. In 2001, twenty such instruments were excavated from the Chavín de Huantar archaeological site, which makes them nearly three thousand years old. This kind of playable shell is still used in the Andes, where they are known as *pututu*. *Lobatus galeatus* is edible; it is an economically important species in many areas where it occurs. It is primarily used for subsistence and commercial fishery.

## InfoBox

| *Titanostrombus galeatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural view of a shell of *Titanostrombus galeatus* from a museum collection | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Strombidae |
| Genus: | *Titanostrombus* |
| Species: | ***T. galeatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Titanostrombus galeatus***<br>(Swainson, 1823) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Hampton School (Jamaica)

abstract: Hampton School is an all-girls boarding school located in Malvern, Jamaica. It is one of the oldest boarding schools in Jamaica, and was founded in 1858, two years after its all boys counterpart Munro College. The school was originally named Fort-Rose, and was constructed from funds received from the Munro and Dickenson Trust. The school's motto is in Latin, "Summa Virtute Et Humanitate", which means: "With Utmost Courage and Courtesy".

text:
# Hampton School (Jamaica)

**Hampton School** is an all-girls boarding school located in Malvern, Jamaica. It is one of the oldest boarding schools in Jamaica, and was founded in 1858, two years after its all boys counterpart Munro College. The school was originally named Fort-Rose, and was constructed from funds received from the Munro and Dickenson Trust. The school's motto is in Latin, "*Summa Virtute Et Humanitate*", which means: "With Utmost Courage and Courtesy".

## History

On 21 January 1797 Robert Munro left a residuary request in his will, addressed to his nephew Caleb Dickenson and the Churchwardens of St Elizabeth. Included were instructions to establish a school for the marginalized children in St. Elizabeth. In his lifetime, Dickenson would augment his uncle's estate, increasing its value. Upon his death in 1821, Dickenson left instructions in his will for the trustees of his wealth to perform his uncle's wishes.

This request would go unaddressed until 1855, when a new Trustee Board was established, known as "The Governors and Trustees of Munro and Dickenson Free School and Charity". In 1856 an all-boys school named Potsdam College was erected in Black River; later removed to Potsdam in 1857 and renamed to Munro College during World War I. In 1858, a year later, an all-girls school was erected on the same campus. This all-girls school was known as Fort-Rose.

The location of the all-girls school was moved several times, first to Torrington, then to Mt-Zion. The institution saw a change in 1885, moving to Malvern House. It would not reach its final and current location, Hampton, property of the Boxer family, until 1891. The year 1891 holds further significance in being the date of the renaming of the school to Hampton School for Girls. In 1896, on the decease of Mr. Boxer, the Hampton property was purchased by the Munroe and Dickenson Trust for £800.

## Historic Buildings

**Chapel**

The Hampton School Chapel was built over a 10-year timespan (1922 to 1932). The chapel hosts a stained-glass window designed by James Ballantine of Edinburgh. A piece of granite left over from the construction of Usher Hall in Edinburgh was donated by the builder of the Scottish War Memorial, Neil McLeod.

**Calder Hall**

Calder Hall was officially opened on 8 October 1913, after three and a half years of construction. Its erection was supervised by Henry Maxwell, one of the then trustees of the school. Calder Hall was named after John Vassal Calder, who served as Chairman of the Trust for more than 30 years.

## Notable Hamptonians

## Past headmistresses

* Miss Elizabeth Ramson (1858–84)
* Miss McCutcheon (1885–89)
* Mrs Julia Comrie (Principal)\*, Miss Geddes (Headmistress) (1890–93)
* Miss Holden (1894–1904)
* Miss Maud Barrows (1905–22)
* Miss Campbell (1923–34)

Miss Ivy Mitchell Miss Gloria Wesley-Gammon

* Mrs Joliette Sutherland (1993 – 2003)
* Mrs Heather Murray (2003 - 2017)
* Dr Mahvell Charlton-Brown (2019 - )

** For the period (1890–93) Hampton School had attempted to change its leadership structure, introducing both a Principal and Headmistress in 1890, this was done away with in 1894.*

## InfoBox

| Hampton School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Malvern, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica | |
| Coordinates | 17°57′41″N 77°41′31″W / 17.96136°N 77.69207°W / 17.96136; -77.69207 |
| Information | |
| Motto | Summa virtute et humanitate
(With the utmost courage and courtesy) |
| Founded | 1858 |
| Status | Open |
| Head of school | Dr. Mahvell Charlton-Brown |
| Gender | Female |
| Language | English, Jamaican English |
| Colour(s) | Blue, White
 |


title: Poincaré (crater)

abstract: Poincaré is a large lunar impact basin that lies in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. Most of the formation has been heavily eroded by subsequent impacts, leaving a battered formation with only rugged remnants of the original outer rim to the west. The eastern half has been completely worn away, and much of the interior has been resurfaced by lava flows. This surface has a lower albedo than the surrounding terrain, giving it a dark appearance. A rugged formation forms a low north–south range across the eastern section of the floor, possibly the remnant of an inner ring. The perimeter of Poincaré has several notable craters. To the north is the crater Hopmann, while the craters Abbe and Hess lie to the east. Directly to the west is Planck, a walled plain of similar dimensions to Poincaré. Both formations are sufficiently large to have formed a small lunar mare on the near side face of the Moon. The basin's name was adopted in 1970 by the IAU.

text:
# Poincaré (crater)

**Poincaré** is a large lunar impact basin that lies in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. Most of the formation has been heavily eroded by subsequent impacts, leaving a battered formation with only rugged remnants of the original outer rim to the west.

The eastern half has been completely worn away, and much of the interior has been resurfaced by lava flows. This surface has a lower albedo than the surrounding terrain, giving it a dark appearance. A rugged formation forms a low north–south range across the eastern section of the floor, possibly the remnant of an inner ring.

The perimeter of Poincaré has several notable craters. To the north is the crater Hopmann, while the craters Abbe and Hess lie to the east. Directly to the west is Planck, a walled plain of similar dimensions to Poincaré. Both formations are sufficiently large to have formed a small lunar mare on the near side face of the Moon.

The basin's name was adopted in 1970 by the IAU.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Poincaré.

| Poincaré | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | 54.4° S | 169.0° E | 20 km |
| E | 56.6° S | 171.1° E | 60 km |
| F | 57.9° S | 168.6° E | 95 km |
| J | 59.4° S | 168.7° E | 20 km |
| Q | 59.3° S | 160.9° E | 26 km |
| R | 60.2° S | 155.0° E | 52 km |
| X | 53.8° S | 161.9° E | 19 km |
| Z | 53.7° S | 164.9° E | 35 km |

* Wood, Chuck (November 21, 2006). "A Basin to Study". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Poincaré
| Clementine mosaic | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 56°42′S 163°36′E / 56.7°S 163.6°E / -56.7; 163.6 |
| Diameter | 319 km |
| Depth | *Unknown* |
| Colongitude | 207° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Henri Poincaré |


title: Heavyweight unification series

abstract: The heavyweight unification series, also known as the Heavyweight World Series, was a sequence of professional boxing matches held in 1986 and 1987 to crown an undisputed champion of the heavyweight class. The series was produced by HBO Sports and promoted by Don King. It ended with Mike Tyson as undisputed champion, holding the championship belts of the International Boxing Federation (IBF), World Boxing Association (WBA), and World Boxing Council (WBC).

text:
# Heavyweight unification series

The **heavyweight unification series**, also known as the **Heavyweight World Series**, was a sequence of professional boxing matches held in 1986 and 1987 to crown an undisputed champion of the heavyweight class. The series was produced by HBO Sports and promoted by Don King. It ended with Mike Tyson as undisputed champion, holding the championship belts of the International Boxing Federation (IBF), World Boxing Association (WBA), and World Boxing Council (WBC).

## Background

Prior to the series, the last undisputed heavyweight champion had been Leon Spinks, who won the championship in his 1978 victory over Muhammad Ali. Spinks was stripped of his WBC title later that year because he opted to fight a rematch against Ali instead of a mandatory challenger; the heavyweight championship had been fragmented ever since. This fragmentation and the resulting proliferation of title fights was seen by many as a discredit to the sport, and resulted in declining public interest in boxing.

The idea of the series originated in October 1985, when Don King visited HBO Sports president Seth Abraham to propose a WBC title fight between Pinklon Thomas and Trevor Berbick. Abraham had little interest in the fight, but, inspired by the World Series that was being televised at the time, he suggested making the fight the first in a series to unify the heavyweight titles. King and Abraham mapped out the seven fights that would constitute the series, which King estimated could be produced for $20 million.

King and HBO announced the series on January 17, 1986, during a press conference before a fight between Tim Witherspoon and Tony Tubbs. That fight was seen as an unofficial prelude to the series, as the winner would hold the WBA title and would participate in the series. The series would also include WBC champion Pinklon Thomas, IBF champion Michael Spinks, and top contenders from each of the three sanctioning bodies' rankings. The organizers were hopeful that Mike Tyson, then a young, fresh face, would qualify for the tournament and generate excitement for what was otherwise seen by some analysts as an unappealing slate of fighters.

## Fights

## Aftermath

Michael Spinks had been stripped of his IBF title in the middle of the tournament because he had accepted a lucrative offer to fight Gerry Cooney, instead of facing his mandatory challenger, Tony Tucker. Spinks, however, was still recognized as the lineal champion (which he had not lost in the ring) as well as *The Ring* magazine heavyweight champion. Following the unification series, there were ongoing calls for Tyson, the champion of all three major sanctioning bodies, and Spinks, the lineal champion, to fight and erase any doubt about the identity of the "true" champion. In June 1988, the two champions faced off, and Tyson knocked out Spinks in 91 seconds. Although Tyson did officially unify the heavyweight title by winning the WBC/WBA/IBF belts in the HBO Unification Tournament, he did not achieve true universal recognition as the undisputed world heavyweight champion until he won this bout with Spinks.

Tyson held on to his titles until February 1990, when he was knocked out by James "Buster" Douglas. In October 1990, Douglas lost to a well-conditioned Evander Holyfield in his first title defense. Holyfield held the unified title until November 1992, when he lost a unanimous decision to Riddick Bowe. The titles remained unified until December 1992, when undisputed champion Riddick Bowe relinquished his WBC title for refusing to defend his unified crown against Lennox Lewis.


title: Verconia

abstract: Verconia is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae. The host sponges for species in this genus are sponges in the genera Darwinella and Dendrilla. Noumea Risbec, 1928 is a junior homonym of Noumea Fauvel, 1874, a name in current use. Verconia Pruvot-Fol, 1931 was recognized as a synonym of Noumea Risbec by Johnson & Gosliner (2012) and is here used for species of the chromodoridid group previously known as Noumea.

text:
# Verconia

***Verconia*** is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae.

The host sponges for species in this genus are sponges in the genera *Darwinella* and *Dendrilla*.

*Noumea* Risbec, 1928 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) is a junior homonym of *Noumea* Fauvel, 1874 (Arthropoda: Coleoptera), a name in current use. *Verconia* Pruvot-Fol, 1931 was recognized as a synonym of *Noumea* Risbec by Johnson & Gosliner (2012) and is here used for species of the chromodoridid group previously known as *Noumea*.

## Species

Species in the genus *Verconia* include:

Species brought into synonymy:

## InfoBox

| *Verconia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A live individual of *Verconia romeri*, *in situ*, head end towards the lower left | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Nudibranchia |
| Family: | Chromodorididae |
| Genus: | *Verconia*
Pruvot-Fol, 1931 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Verconia verconis*
Basedow & Hedley, 1905 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Noumea* Risbec, 1928 | |


title: SS Brockley Hill

abstract:
SS Brockley Hill has been the name of two ships belonging to Counties Ship Management (CSM) of London, England:
  - SS Brockley Hill (1918), completed in 1918, acquired by CSM and renamed Brockley Hill in 1939 and sunk by enemy action in 1941
  - SS Brockley Hill (1943), completed in 1943, acquired by CSM and renamed Brockley Hill in 1947, sold and renamed again in 1950–51 and scrapped in 1966

text:
# SS Brockley Hill

**SS *Brockley Hill*** has been the name of two ships belonging to Counties Ship Management (CSM) of London, England:

* SS *Brockley Hill* (1918), completed in 1918, acquired by CSM and renamed *Brockley Hill* in 1939 and sunk by enemy action in 1941
* SS *Brockley Hill* (1943), completed in 1943, acquired by CSM and renamed *Brockley Hill* in 1947, sold and renamed again in 1950–51 and scrapped in 1966


title: Ismael Pérez Pazmiño

abstract: Ismael Pérez Pazmiño was founder of El Universo newspaper of Guayaquil, Ecuador, and former senator of El Oro province. He was born in Machala in El Oro province. His parents were José Pérez Santander and Elena Pazmiño Gómez. On September 16, 1921, he published the first edition of El Universo. He was married to Herlinda Castro Santander de Pérez Pazmiño. His children were Ismael, Sucre, Francisco, Efraín, Franklin Pérez Castro, and his grandchildren are Carlos Pérez Perasso, Francisco Pérez Febres-Cordero. El Universo is still run by Pérez Pazmiño's descendants. Many educational institutions and streets bear his name in Ecuador. He died of cancer in Los Angeles, California on November 1, 1944.

text:
# Ismael Pérez Pazmiño

**Ismael Pérez Pazmiño** (Machala, June 30, 1876 - Los Angeles, November 1, 1944) was founder of El Universo newspaper of Guayaquil, Ecuador, and former senator of El Oro province.

He was born in Machala in El Oro province. His parents were José Pérez Santander and Elena Pazmiño Gómez.

On September 16, 1921, he published the first edition of El Universo.

He was married to Herlinda Castro Santander de Pérez Pazmiño. His children were Ismael, Sucre, Francisco, Efraín, Franklin Pérez Castro, and his grandchildren are Carlos Pérez Perasso, Francisco Pérez Febres-Cordero.

El Universo is still run by Pérez Pazmiño's descendants.

Many educational institutions and streets bear his name in Ecuador.

He died of cancer in Los Angeles, California on November 1, 1944.

## InfoBox

| Ismael Pérez Pazmiño | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | June 30, 1876
Machala, El Oro Province, Ecuador |
| Died | November 1, 1944 (1944-12) (aged 68)
Los Angeles, CA |
| Occupation(s) | Newspaper owner, Writer, Senator |
| Known for | Founder of El Universo |


title: Moedomo Soedigdomarto

abstract: Moedomo Soedigdomarto, also spelled Mudomo Sudigdomarto, was an Indonesian mathematician, educator and professor at the Bandung Institute of Technology, of which he was rector. Soedigdomarto was one of the first Indonesians to obtain a Ph.D. in mathematics, which he earned from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, with a dissertation titled "A Representation Theory for the Laplace Transform of Vector-Valued Functions", in 1959 at the age of 32, under the orientation of Robert Gardner Bartle. Soedigdomarto was the first Indonesian to have a paper recorded in Mathematical Reviews.

text:
# Moedomo Soedigdomarto

**Moedomo Soedigdomarto**, also spelled **Mudomo Sudigdomarto**, (29 November 1927, Magetan – 5 November 2005, Bandung) was an Indonesian mathematician, educator and professor at the Bandung Institute of Technology, of which he was rector.

Soedigdomarto was one of the first Indonesians to obtain a Ph.D. in mathematics, which he earned from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, with a dissertation titled "A Representation Theory for the Laplace Transform of Vector-Valued Functions", in 1959 at the age of 32, under the orientation of Robert Gardner Bartle.

Soedigdomarto was the first Indonesian to have a paper recorded in *Mathematical Reviews* (Moedomo and J. J. Uhl, Jr. "Radon-Nikodym theorems for the Bochner and Pettis integrals" published in the *Pacific Journal of Mathematics* in 1971).


title: Timothy Twardzik

abstract: Timothy "Tim" Twardzik is an American businessman and politician. A Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, he has represented the 123rd district in Schuylkill County since 2021. Twardzik is the first Republican to represent the 123rd Legislative District in more than fifty years.

text:
# Timothy Twardzik

**Timothy "Tim" Twardzik** is an American businessman and politician. A Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, he has represented the 123rd district in Schuylkill County since 2021.

Twardzik is the first Republican to represent the 123rd Legislative District in more than fifty years.

## Formative years and family

Twardzik graduated from Shenandoah Valley High School in 1977 and from the University of Notre Dame in 1981. He began working for his family’s business immediately after graduating from college.

He is the son of Ted Twardzik, founder of Mrs. T's Pierogies. He is married to Caroline Kiefer Twardzik. He is the father of three sons.

## Career

Prior to public service, Twardzik served as an executive vice president at Ateeco Inc., the marketer of Mrs. T's.

In 2020, Twardzik was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives representing the 123rd district, which is part of Schuylkill County. He defeated Democratic candidate Peter Symons with 62.6% of the vote in the general election.\<ref\>"Full election results for Pennsylvania". *The Philadelphia Inquirer*. January 5, 2021.\</ref

In 2022, Twardzik was opposed by Kathy Benyak. Twardzik won with nearly 70% of the vote.

## InfoBox

| Timothy Twardzik | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the 123rd district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 5, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Neal Goodman |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Political party | Republican |
| Education | University of Notre Dame |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |


title: Kettle Cove (Massachusetts)

abstract: Kettle Cove is a bay in Dukes County, Massachusetts. It is located on Naushon Island 0.8 miles (1.3 km) west of Tarpaulin Cove and northeast of Robinson's Hole in the Town of Gosnold.

text:
# Kettle Cove (Massachusetts)

**Kettle Cove** is a bay in Dukes County, Massachusetts. It is located on Naushon Island 0.8 miles (1.3 km) west of Tarpaulin Cove and northeast of Robinson's Hole in the Town of Gosnold.

## InfoBox

| Kettle Cove | |
| --- | --- |
| Kettle CoveLocation of Kettle Cove within MassachusettsKettle CoveKettle Cove (the United States) | |
| Coordinates | 41°28′45″N 70°46′33″W / 41.4792753°N 70.7758644°W / 41.4792753; -70.7758644 |
| Part of | Buzzards Bay |


title: Weidman, Michigan

abstract: Weidman is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Isabella County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The CDP had a population of 920 at the 2020 census. The community is located within Nottawa Township to the east and Sherman Township to the west. As an unincorporated community, Weidman has no legal autonomy of its own but does have its own post office with the 48893 ZIP Code.

text:
# Weidman, Michigan

**Weidman** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Isabella County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The CDP had a population of 920 at the 2020 census. The community is located within Nottawa Township to the east and Sherman Township to the west.

As an unincorporated community, Weidman has no legal autonomy of its own but does have its own post office with the 48893 ZIP Code.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.9 square miles (15.4 km2), of which 5.6 square miles (14.6 km2) are land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km2), or 4.98%, are water. The built-up center of town is in the southern part of the CDP, on the south side of Lake of the Hills on the Coldwater River. The Coldwater is a south-flowing tributary of the Chippewa River and thus part of the Saginaw River drainage basin.

Weidman is 16 miles (26 km) by road northwest of Mount Pleasant, the Isabella County seat, and 19 miles (31 km) southwest of Clare.

The community is situated on the boundary between Nottawa Township on the east and Sherman Township on the west. The area of the CDP within Sherman Township is somewhat larger than that within Nottawa Township. The Nottawa Township section lies within the Isabella Indian Reservation. The postal delivery area for the Weidman 48893 ZIP Code is much larger, including large portions of both Sherman and Nottawa townships, as well as portions of Coldwater and Gilmore townships on the north and Broomfield and Deerfield townships on the south, as well as the village of Lake Isabella and the western half of the community of Beal City.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 920 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 879 people, 344 households, and 258 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 159.4 inhabitants per square mile (61.5/km2). There were 389 housing units at an average density of 70.5 per square mile (27.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.88% White, 0.34% Black or African American, 3.53% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02% of the population.

There were 344 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,042, and the median income for a family was $37,857. Males had a median income of $35,469 versus $19,732 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,968. About 8.9% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable business

*The Incredible Dr. Pol* is a Nat Geo Wild popular reality show that follows veterinarian Jan Pol, his family and employees, centered around his veterinarian office in Weidman.

## InfoBox

| Weidman, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place (CDP) & unincorporated community | |
| Looking south along N. Woodruff Road | |
| Location within Isabella County | |
| WeidmanLocation within the state of MichiganWeidmanLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 43°41′15″N 84°58′08″W / 43.68750°N 84.96889°W / 43.68750; -84.96889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Isabella |
| Townships | Nottawa and Sherman |
| Settled | 1894 |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.95 sq mi (15.41 km2) |
| Land | 5.65 sq mi (14.64 km2) |
| Water | 0.30 sq mi (0.77 km2) |
| Elevation | 892 ft (272 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 920 |
| Density | 162.75/sq mi (62.83/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 48893 |
| Area code | 989 |
| FIPS code | 26-85140 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1615969 |


title: Henry Moses Wood

abstract: Henry Moses Wood was an architect based in Nottingham.

text:
# Henry Moses Wood

**Henry Moses Wood** (178828 September 1867) was an architect based in Nottingham.

## Career

He studied in the practice of Edward Staveley, and continued the business after Staveley's death in 1837. One of his pupils, William Booker established himself as an architect and surveyor in Nottingham.

In 1831, jointly with Edward Staveley, he produced a detailed plan and map of Nottingham and its suburbs.

In 1835-1836 he was Sheriff of Nottingham.

He was manager of the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Fire and Life Assurance Company. His son succeeded him in this business.

In 1811, he married a Miss Wilson of Shelford Manor and they had 11 children.

He died in Buxton, Derbyshire on 28 September 1867. His son, Henry Walter Wood, continued his practice in Nottingham after his death. His other son, Arthur Augustus Wood, was a playwright.

## Buildings and work

* St. Peter's Church, Radford 1812
* Denton House (Denton Manor), Grantham, Lincolnshire 1815 (enlargement) (demolished 1939)
* St Matthew's Church, Darley Abbey, Derbyshire 1819
* Parsonage, Sawley, Derbyshire 1822-24
* Parsonage, Radcliffe on Trent, Nottinghamshire 1827
* Parsonage, Clifton, Nottinghamshire, 1830 (enlarged)
* The Grange, Bramcote, Nottinghamshire 1830
* Collin's Almshouses, Carrington Street, Nottingham 1831 (demolished 1954)
* County Gaol, High Pavement, Nottingham 1832-33
* County House, High Pavement, Nottingham 1833 (remodelling)
* The Old Rectory, Colston Bassett 1834
* Carrington Street bridge over the Nottingham Canal, Nottingham 1842
* Labray's Hospital, Derby Road, Nottingham 1844 (demolished)
* Post Office, St. Peter's Church side, Albert Street, Nottingham 1848 (demolished 1929)
* Public baths and washhouse, Gedling Street, Nottingham 1848
* Lodge at south west entrance to Nottingham Arboretum 1851
* Pedestrian Subway under Addison street 1851-52
* Forest Lodge, Nottingham Racecourse, Mansfield Road, Nottingham 1857