title: Netherlands at the 1960 Summer Olympics

text:
# Netherlands at the 1960 Summer Olympics

The Netherlands competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. 110 competitors, 80 men and 30 women, took part in 54 events in 13 sports.

## Medalists

### Silver

### Bronze

## Athletics

## Boxing

## Canoeing

## Cycling

Thirteen male cyclists represented the Netherlands in 1960.

Individual road race Team time trial Sprint 1000m time trial Tandem Team pursuit

## Diving

## Fencing

Five fencers, one man and four women, represented the Netherlands in 1960.

Men's épée Women's foil Women's team foil

## Gymnastics

## Hockey

## Rowing

The Netherlands had 13 male rowers participate in five out of seven rowing events in 1960.

Men's single sculls Men's double sculls – 5th place Men's coxless pair Men's coxed pair Men's coxed four

## Sailing

Finn Flying Dutchman

## Swimming

## Water polo

Men's Team Competition * **Preliminary Round (Group C)**

* Lost to Yugoslavia (1–2)
* Defeated Australia (5–3)
* Tied with South Africa (3–3)
* **Semi Final Round (Group 2)**

* Lost to Hungary (1–3)
* Lost to United States (6–7)
* **Classification Round (5th/8th)**

* Lost to Romania (4–5)
* Lost to Germany (5–6) → **8th place**
* **Team Roster**

## Wrestling

## InfoBox

| Netherlands at the
1960 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the Netherlands | |
| IOC code | NED
(PBA used at these Games) |
| NOC | Dutch Olympic Committee\*
Dutch Sports Federation |
| Website | www.nocnsf.nl (in Dutch) |
| in Rome | |
| Competitors | 110 (80 men and 30 women) in 13 sports |
| Flag bearer | Jan Willem van Erven Dorens |
| Medals
Ranked 28th | Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 2 Total 3 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| 1906 Intercalated Games | |


title: Hey God

abstract: "Hey God" is a song from American rock band Bon Jovi's sixth studio album, These Days (1995), released as the album's fifth and final single on June 24, 1996. Although it did not chart in the United States, it became a moderate hit in Canada and several European countries.

text:
# Hey God

"**Hey God**" is a song from American rock band Bon Jovi's sixth studio album, *These Days* (1995), released as the album's fifth and final single on June 24, 1996. Although it did not chart in the United States, it became a moderate hit in Canada and several European countries.

## Background

As with most of the songs on *These Days*, "Hey God" is one of Bon Jovi's darker songs. It brings together different stories of people living on the edge of breakdown and despair, such as a father who claims his family are "two paychecks away from living out on the street", a single mother with a wayward son who has been convicted of killing a police officer, and a young man growing up in the ghetto. Throughout the course of the song, each of these characters cries out for spiritual help.

Richie Sambora said that inspiration for the song came when he was sitting in his limo and made eye contact with a derelict huddling in a cardboard box on the pavement. Sambora's sense of guilt at this was immense and after discussing the incident with Jon Bon Jovi, they wrote "Hey God".

## Chart performance

The song charted at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and number 44 on Canada's *RPM* 100 Hit Tracks chart.

## Live performances

"Hey God", like most of the songs from the album, is rarely played live by the band. A performance of the song can be seen as part of the encore from the *Live From London* DVD. In 2008, the song made a comeback in some of the band's concerts during their Lost Highway Tour.

## Track listings

## Charts

| Chart (1995–1996) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Top Singles (*RPM*) | 44 |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 58 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) | 18 |
| Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) | 35 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 37 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 27 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 14 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 13 |
| UK Rock & Metal (OCC) | 1 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref(s). |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | June 24, 1996 | * CD * cassette | Mercury |  |
| Japan | October 5, 1996 | | CD |  |

## InfoBox

| "Hey God" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Bon Jovi | |
| from the album  *These Days* | |
| B-side |  |
| Released | June 24, 1996 (1996-06-24) |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 6:11 |
| Label | Mercury |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Bon Jovi singles chronology | |
| "These Days"
(1996) "**Hey God**"
(1996) "Real Life"
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Music videos | |
| "Hey God" on YouTube | |
| "Hey God" (Long Version) on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Monsieur de Falindor

abstract: Monsieur de Falindor is a 1947 French comedy film directed by René Le Hénaff and starring Jacqueline Dor, Pierre Jourdan and Jacqueline Dor, Pierre Jourdan and Gilbert Gil. The film's sets were designed by the art director Raymond Nègre.

text:
# Monsieur de Falindor

***Monsieur de Falindor*** is a 1947 French comedy film directed by René Le Hénaff and starring Jacqueline Dor, Pierre Jourdan and Jacqueline Dor, Pierre Jourdan and Gilbert Gil. The film's sets were designed by the art director Raymond Nègre.

## Cast

1. Rège p.510
2. Goble p.476

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
* Rège, Philippe. *Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1*. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

## InfoBox

| Monsieur de Falindor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | René Le Hénaff |
| Written by | René Le Hénaff
Gil Roland |
| Based on | *Monsieur de Falindor* by Armand Vérhylle and Georges Manoir |
| Produced by | André Hugon
Marcel Bertrou |
| Starring | Jacqueline Dor
Pierre Jourdan
Gilbert Gil |
| Cinematography | Raymond Agnel |
| Edited by | Marinette Cadix |
| Music by | Louis Beydts |
| Production
companies | Berton et Compagnie
Films André Hugon |
| Distributed by | Cinéma de France |
| Release date | * 29 January 1947 (1947-01-29) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Relational Semantics, Inc.

abstract: Relational Semantics, Inc. (RSI) is an American software company that specializes in case management systems for state courts and agencies. Founded in 1983, RSI is based in Boston, Massachusetts, The Massachusetts Appellate Courts system and other court systems in New England, use RSI's Forecourt judicial case management system to automate case workflows and to provide web-based public access to case information.

text:
# Relational Semantics, Inc.

**Relational Semantics, Inc.** (RSI) is an American software company that specializes in case management systems for state courts and agencies. Founded in 1983, RSI is based in Boston, Massachusetts,

The Massachusetts Appellate Courts system and other court systems in New England, use RSI's Forecourt judicial case management system to automate case workflows and to provide web-based public access to case information.

## History

RSI was founded in 1983. Bob Gorman currently serves as RSI's president and lead software architect.

An early version of RSI's case management technology was adopted by the Vermont Judicial Bureau in 1990 to computerize workflows associated with traffic court cases.

RSI's Forecourt software was adopted by the Massachusetts Appellate Courts (comprising the Massachusetts Appeals Court and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court) as a pilot program in the late 1990s and then implemented state-wide in 2001. Starting in 2003 the Appellate Courts used RSI technology to allow web-based public access to non-confidential case information in the Forecourt system. An updated version of the system and its web portal remain in use as of November 2015. In 2014 RSI updated the system to ingest electronically filed case documents from attorneys and litigants, such as briefs and motions.

Forecourt was adopted by the Connecticut Housing Court in 2002. The system remains in use as of November 2015.

## Products

RSI's Forecourt judicial case management system coordinates and automates workflows throughout the case lifecycle from case initiation, docketing, and calendaring, through to final disposition and reporting. RSI's extensions to the core Forecourt system support web publishing, role-sensitive mobile access, and integration with external systems including e-filing portals.

RSI also makes Paragon software which supports state agencies in managing various types of case work. The Vermont Division of Fire Safety uses Paragon to manage inspection and safety information for structures statewide.


title: Network of Lies (book)

abstract: Network of Lies: The Epic Saga of Fox News, Donald Trump, and the Battle for American Democracy is a 2023 book authored by American journalist Brian Stelter. The book analyzes the relationship between the cable news network Fox News and the presidency of Donald Trump. A follow-up to his 2020 book, Hoax, Network of Lies picks up at the run-up to the 2020 US presidential election and follows the trajectory of Fox News through the election up to the Dominion v. Fox defamation trial, which Stelter has covered as a special correspondent for Vanity Fair. The book also focuses specifically on Tucker Carlson and his mainstreaming of white nationalism. In the weeks before the book's publication, excerpts appeared in Vanity Fair and Rolling Stone.

text:
# Network of Lies (book)

***Network of Lies: The Epic Saga of Fox News, Donald Trump, and the Battle for American Democracy*** is a 2023 book authored by American journalist Brian Stelter. The book analyzes the relationship between the cable news network Fox News and the presidency of Donald Trump. A follow-up to his 2020 book, Hoax, Network of Lies picks up at the run-up to the 2020 US presidential election and follows the trajectory of Fox News through the election up to the Dominion v. Fox defamation trial, which Stelter has covered as a special correspondent for Vanity Fair. The book also focuses specifically on Tucker Carlson and his mainstreaming of white nationalism. In the weeks before the book's publication, excerpts appeared in Vanity Fair and Rolling Stone.

## InfoBox

Network of Lies: The Epic Saga of Fox News, Donald Trump, and the Battle for American Democracy
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Brian Stelter |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | * Atria * One Signal Publishers |
| Publication date | November 14, 2023 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | * Print * e-book * audiobook |
| Pages | 384 |
| ISBN | 978-1-6680-4690-6 |
| Preceded by | *Hoax: Donald Trump, Fox News and the Dangerous Distortion of Truth* |


title: Western Canadian Baseball League

abstract: The Western Canadian Baseball League (WCBL) is a collegiate summer baseball league. The league is home to teams based in the Canadian Prairie provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, and has roots dating back to 1931 in Saskatchewan's Southern Baseball League. In 1975, the province's southern and northern leagues merged, creating the foundation for the WCBL. Today, the league boasts seven teams in Alberta and five in Saskatchewan.

text:
# Western Canadian Baseball League

The **Western Canadian Baseball League** (**WCBL**) is a collegiate summer baseball league. The league is home to teams based in the Canadian Prairie provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, and has roots dating back to 1931 in Saskatchewan's Southern Baseball League. In 1975, the province's southern and northern leagues merged, creating the foundation for the WCBL. Today, the league boasts seven teams in Alberta and five in Saskatchewan.

## History

The league can trace its roots back to 1931, via its predecessors, the Southern Baseball League (1931 to 1974) and the Northern Saskatchewan Baseball League (1959 to 1974). The Saskatchewan Major Baseball League (SMBL) was formed in 1975 through a merger of the Southern and Northern leagues. Three teams from each former league entered the new loop—the Eston Ramblers, Saskatoon Royals, and Unity Cardinals from the north, and the Moose Jaw Devons, Regina Red Sox, and Swift Current Indians from the south.

The league was renamed the Western Major Baseball League in 2000 to reflect teams based in Alberta, along with the possibility of future expansion to British Columbia. In June 2018, it was announced that the league would be renamed the Western Canadian Baseball League.

The 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to COVID-19 restrictions and logistics, the 2021 season was played with only five Alberta-based teams and Canadian players only.

## Teams

As of 2024, WCBL membership consists of 12 teams in two divisions. The West Division is made up of six Albertan teams, while the East Division is made up of all five teams from Saskatchewan, plus the easternmost Albertan team from Medicine Hat. The top four teams in each division qualify for the post-season.

200km
125miles Gulls Dawgs Bulls Prospects Bombers Giants Mavericks Beavers 57's Miller Express  Red Sox  Berries

### Current teams

| Division | Team | City | Stadium | Founded | Seating
capacity | 2024 record | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| West | **Brooks Bombers** | Brooks, Alberta | Elks Stadium | 2015 | 681 | 20–36 | 4th |
| | **Edmonton Prospects** | Sherwood Park, Alberta | Centennial Field | 2005 |  | 12-44 | 6th |
| | **Fort McMurray Giants** | Fort McMurray, Alberta | Legacy Dodge Field | 2016 | 1,725 | 20–36 | 5th |
| | **Lethbridge Bulls** | Lethbridge, Alberta | Spitz Stadium | 1999 | 3,000 | 36-20 | 3rd |
| | **Okotoks Dawgs** | Okotoks, Alberta | Seaman Stadium | 2003 | 2,500 | 42-14 | 2nd |
| | **Sylvan Lake Gulls** | Sylvan Lake, Alberta | Pogadl Park | 2021 | 1,384 | 44-12 | 1st |
| East | **Medicine Hat Mavericks** | Medicine Hat, Alberta | Athletic Park | 2003 | 2,200 | 33-23 | 2nd |
| | **Moose Jaw Miller Express** | Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan | Ross Wells Ball Park | 2002 | 750 | 26-30 | 4th |
| | **Regina Red Sox** | Regina, Saskatchewan | Currie Field | 1946 | 2,000 | 38-18 | 1st |
| | **Saskatoon Berries** | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | Cairns Field | 2023 | 2,200 | 31–25 | 3rd |
| | **Swift Current 57's** | Swift Current, Saskatchewan | Mitchell Field | 1959 | 550 | 16-40 | 6th |
| | **Weyburn Beavers** | Weyburn, Saskatchewan | Pogadl Park |  | 600 | 17-39 | 5th |

### Former teams

| Team | City | Final year |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Eston Ramblers | Eston, Saskatchewan | 1993 |
| Hazlet Elks | Hazlet, Saskatchewan | 1993 |
| Kindersley Royals | Kindersley, Saskatchewan |  |
| Melville Millionaires | Melville, Saskatchewan | 2021 |
| Moose Jaw Devons | Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan |  |
| Oyen Pronghorns | Oyen, Alberta |  |
| Red Deer Generals | Red Deer, Alberta | 2005 |
| Saskatoon Liners | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | 1984 |
| Saskatoon Nationals | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |  |
| Saskatoon Yellow Jackets | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | 2014 |
| Sherwood Park Dukes | Sherwood Park, Alberta | 2008 |
| Unity Cardinals | Unity, Saskatchewan |  |
| Yorkton Cardinals | Yorkton, Saskatchewan | 2021 |

### Expansion

Cranbrook, British Columbia, was granted an expansion team, the Eds, in 2011 conditional on building a new stadium. However, the plans failed to come to fruition.

In May 2020, the Edmonton Prospects confirmed that the team would be leaving Edmonton for Spruce Grove by 2022, but due to construction delays at Myshak Metro Ballpark, those plans have been pushed back.

The two most recent additions to the league are in Sylvan Lake and Saskatoon. Plans for a 2021 launch of the Sylvan Lake team were announced November 1, 2019. Branding as the Sylvan Lake Gulls was announced in March 2020. Saskatoon was awarded the most recent expansion team, in 2023. In July 2023, the team unveiled that it would be called the Saskatoon Berries.

## Harry Hallis Memorial Trophy

Saskatchewan Territorial (1895–1905) and Provincial (1906–present) champions have been decided by an annual tournament. In 1967 the first major division was added to the tournament, and the award was named in memory of Harry Hallis. From 1967 until 1974 the name of this provincial champion was added to the trophy. In 1975, when the Saskatchewan Major Baseball League was formed, this trophy continued to be awarded to the SMBL champions, and now the WCBL champions.

## League champions

**Western Canadian Baseball League (WCBL) Champions: (Harry Hallis Memorial Trophy)**

**Western Major Baseball League (WMBL) Champions: (Harry Hallis Memorial Trophy)**

**Saskatchewan Major Baseball League (SMBL) Champions:**

* 2000: Swift Current Indians
* 1999: Moose Jaw Miller Express
* 1998: Swift Current Indians
* 1997: Swift Current Indians
* 1996: Swift Current Indians
* 1995: Oyen Pronghorns
* 1994: Swift Current Indians
* 1993: Eston Ramblers
* 1992: Swift Current Indians
* 1991: Kindersley Royals
* 1990: Kindersley Royals
* 1989: Hazlet Elks
* 1988: Hazlet Elks
* 1987: Hazlet Elks
* 1986: Eston Ramblers
* 1985: Kindersley Royals
* 1984: Kindersley Royals
* 1983: Eston Ramblers
* 1982: Eston Ramblers
* 1981: Saskatoon Patrick-Liners
* 1980: Saskatoon Patrick-Liners
* 1979: Saskatoon Patrick-Liners
* 1978: Eston Ramblers
* 1977: Regina Red Sox
* 1976: Regina Red Sox
* 1975: Eston Ramblers

**Northern Saskatchewan Baseball League Champions:**

* 1974: Saskatoon Royals
* 1973: Saskatoon Commodores
* 1972: North Battleford Beavers
* 1971: North Battleford Beavers
* 1970: Unity Cardinals
* 1969: North Battleford Beavers
* 1968: North Battleford Beavers
* 1967: Unity Cardinals
* 1966: Unity Cardinals
* 1965: North Battleford Beavers
* 1964: North Battleford Beavers
* 1963: North Battleford Beavers
* 1962: North Battleford Beavers
* 1961: Neilburg Monarchs
* 1960: Kindersley Klippers
* 1959: Spruce Home

**The Southern Baseball League (SBL) Champions: (J.T.M. Anderson Trophy)**

* 1974: Moose Jaw Devons
* 1973: Moose Jaw Devons
* 1972: Swift Current Indians
* 1971: Moose Jaw Regals
* 1970: Moose Jaw Regals
* 1969: Regina Red Sox
* 1968: Moose Jaw Regals
* 1967: Yorkton Cardinals
* 1966: Moose Jaw Regals
* 1965: Swift Current Indians
* 1964: Regina Red Sox
* 1963: Swift Current Indians
* 1962: Moose Jaw Steelers
* 1961: Moose Jaw Steelers
* 1960: Regina Red Sox
* 1959: Swift Current Indians
* 1958: Southey Red Sox
* 1957: Southey Red Sox
* 1956: Estevan Maple Leafs
* 1955: Regina Red Sox
* 1954: Moose Jaw Lakers
* 1953: Regina Red Sox
* 1952: Regina Royal Caps
* 1951: Weyburn Beavers
* 1950: Estevan Maple Leafs
* 1949: Moose Jaw Canucks
* 1948: Weyburn Beavers
* 1947: Weyburn Beavers
* 1946: Regina Clippers
* 1945: Weyburn Beavers
* 1944: Regina Royal Caps
* 1943: (No champion—World War II)
* 1942: Regina Red Sox
* 1941: Weyburn Beavers
* 1940: Weyburn Beavers
* 1939: (No champion—World War II)
* 1938: Broadview Buffalos
* 1937: Weyburn Beavers
* 1936: Regina Nationals
* 1935: Regina Nationals
* 1934: Regina Nationals
* 1933: Regina Nationals
* 1932: Regina Nationals
* 1931: Moose Jaw Canucks

Championships (WCBL/WMBL)
| Team | Wins | Seasons |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Okotoks Dawgs | 8 | 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024 |
| Swift Current 57's | 6 | 2001, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2016, 2017 |
| Medicine Hat Mavericks | 3 | 2003, 2014, 2018 |
| Lethbridge Bulls | 2 | 2015, 2021 |
| Regina Red Sox | 2 | 2011, 2012 |
| Moose Jaw Miller Express | 1 | 2002 |
| Melville Millionaires | 1 | 2013 |

1. "Western Canada Baseball 1975". *attheplate.com*. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
2. Hack, Paul; Shury, David William; Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame (1997). *Wheat Province Diamonds: a Story of Saskatchewan Baseball*. Regina: Saskatchewan Baseball Association. ISBN 9780968196502.
3. "New for 2019: WCBL". *Ballpark Digest*. August Publications. July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
4. "Regina Red Sox scrub 2021 season due to COVID-19". *CKOM*. March 25, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
5. "Saskatchewan teams opt out of 2021 Western Canadian Baseball League season". *Regina Leader-Post*. March 25, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
6. "The Eds' Proposed New Home". *Ballpark Business (ballparkbiz.com)*. Alan D. Poff. February 10, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
7. Reichard, Kevin (February 9, 2011). "New ballpark pitched for Cranbrook". *Ballpark Digest*. August Publications. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
8. Moddejonge, Gerry (May 23, 2020). "Edmonton Prospects heading west to Spruce Grove after losing lease on ball park". *Edmonton Sun*. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
9. "'2022 is just not possible': Edmonton Prospects' new ball field delayed". November 10, 2021.
10. "No 2023 season for Edmonton Prospects | Globalnews.ca". *Global News*. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
11. "Sylvan Lake WCBL Team to Launch in 2021". *Ballpark Digest*. August Publications. November 1, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
12. Spedden, Zach (March 16, 2020). "New for 2021: Sylvan Lake Gulls". *Ballpark Digest*. August Publications. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
13. "The Western Canada Baseball League is back: New franchise lands in Saskatoon for 2024". *thestarphoenix*. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
14. Mitchell, Kevin (July 14, 2023). "They have a name and a coach; now, the Saskatoon Berries wait for the 2024 baseball season". *Saskatoon StarPhoenix*. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
15. "1967 Southern League Game Reports". *attheplate.com*. Retrieved March 5, 2012.

## InfoBox

Western Canadian Baseball League
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Baseball |
| Founded | 1931 |
| No. of teams | 12 |
| Country | Canada |
| Headquarters | Lethbridge, Alberta |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Okotoks Dawgs |
| Most titles | Okotoks Dawgs (8 titles) |
| Official website | westerncanadianbaseballleague.ca |


title: Muritiba

abstract: Muritiba is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.

text:
# Muritiba

**Muritiba** is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Muritiba | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| MuritibaLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 12°37′33″S 38°59′24″W / 12.6258°S 38.99°W / -12.6258; -38.99 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Nordeste |
| State | Bahia |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 29,410 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: The Lion (locomotive)

abstract: The Lion is a historic steam locomotive at the Maine State Museum in Augusta, Maine, USA. Built in 1846 for use on a logging railroad, it is the oldest known American-built locomotive in New England. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

text:
# The Lion (locomotive)

**The Lion** is a historic steam locomotive at the Maine State Museum in Augusta, Maine, USA. Built in 1846 for use on a logging railroad, it is the oldest known American-built locomotive in New England. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

## Description

**The Lion** is set on display, prominently located near the entrance to the Maine State Museum. Its main frame is 12.5 feet (3.8 m) long and 7 feet 4.5 inches (2.248 m) wide, made of solid oak timbers with iron strapping. Mounted on this frame is a five-section boiler, with a dry steam dome near its center, from which steam is piped to the steam chest, which drives the pistons that move the train. The boiler and cylinders were insulated with a thin layer of wood, which was covered by a thin layer of iron. The main stack is located at the front, and has an unusual inverted cone shape, apparently intended to deflect sparks and cinders that came from the exhaust.

It has been stated that the Lion cost originally $2,700, exclusive of the tender. The bore and stroke of its cylinders are 9½ inches and 17 inches, respectively, and the diameter of the four wheels is approximately 42½ inches. The gauge is standard, 56½ inches. The locomotive alone weighs 9 tons.

## History

The locomotive was built by Hinkley & Drury (Hinkley Locomotive Works) in 1846 as the Lion for the Machiasport Railroad of eastern Maine. *The Lion* operated as a working locomotive until 1890. It was sold in 1897 to Thoman Towle of Portland, Maine. It was then purchased by the City of Portland and appeared in the 1898 Fourth of July parade. *The Lion* was given to the University of Maine at Machias in 1905 and was displayed and owned by the University until 1985 when it was given to the Maine State Museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. *The Lion* is the oldest American-built locomotive in New England.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| The Lion (locomotive) | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| *The Lion* in the Maine State Museum, Augusta, Maine, July 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | Maine State Museum, Augusta, Maine |
| Coordinates | 44°18′22″N 69°46′57″W / 44.30611°N 69.78250°W / 44.30611; -69.78250 |
| Area | 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1846 (1846) |
| Architect | Hinkley & Drury |
| NRHP reference No. | 76000118 |
| Added to NRHP | December 15, 1976 |


title: Panthera pardus spelaea

abstract: Panthera pardus spelaea, also known as the European Ice Age leopard or the cave leopard, is a fossil leopard subspecies which roamed Europe in the Late Pleistocene and possibly the Holocene.

text:
# Panthera pardus spelaea

***Panthera pardus spelaea***, also known as the **European Ice Age leopard** or the **cave leopard**, is a fossil leopard subspecies which roamed Europe in the Late Pleistocene and possibly the Holocene.

## Taxonomy

The subspecies was first described as *Felis pardus spelaea* by Emil Bächler in 1936.

Several fossil bones from the Early, Middle and Late Pleistocene were described and proposed as different leopard subspecies:

* *P. p. antiqua*
* *P. p. begoueni*
* *P. p. sickenbergi*
* *P. p. vraonensis*

These are now considered junior synonyms of *P. p. spelaea*.

Mitochondrial genomes from Late Pleistocene European leopard specimens found in Germany suggests that they represent a distinct group of extinct leopards that diveged from the common ancestor of Asian leopards (including those from the Caucasus) around 500,000 years ago.

## Description

The European Ice Age leopard's skull was medium-long, and its characteristics are closest to the *Panthera pardus tulliana* subspecies. An apparent depiction of this leopard in the Chauvet Cave shows a coat pattern similar to that of modern leopards but with an unspotted belly, presumably white. Like other mammals, leopards from the cold glacial periods of the Late Pleistocene are usually larger than those from the warm interglacial phases. As in modern leopards, there was a strong sexual dimorphism, with males being larger than females.

## Distribution

The timing of arrival of leopards in Europe is disputed. Some authors have posited that they arrived in Europe during the late Early Pleistocene around 1.2-1.1 million years ago. while others have suggested that they arrived during the early Middle Pleistocene, around 600,000 years ago. While initially rare, leopards become much more common and widely distributed from the late Middle Pleistocene onwards, following the extinction of the "European jaguar" *Panthera gombaszoegensis.*

During the Last Glacial Maximum, leopards persisted in relatively temperate glacial refugia in the Iberian, Italian and Balkan Peninsulas. Bone fragments of *P. p. spelaea* were excavated in Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, Poland and Greece. Leopard fossils dating to ~43,000 BP were found in the Radochowska Cave in Poland. The most complete skeleton of *P. p. spelaea* is known from Vjetrenica Cave in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, where four leopard fossils were found. These are dated to the end of the Late Pleistocene, about 29,000–37,000 years ago. A cave painting of a leopard in the Chauvet Cave in southern France is dated to about 25,000–37,500 years old. The last European Ice Age leopards vanished from most parts of Europe about 24,000 years ago, just before the Last Glacial Maximum. In Germany, the leopard survived at least into the early Weichselian glaciation.

The site of Equi in northwestern Italy represents the richest concentration of leopard remains from Pleistocene Europe, with some 200 leopards having been excavated. The youngest reliable records for leopards outside of eastern Europe are from the Iberian Peninsula, around 17-11,000 years ago, with records in the Iberian Peninsula possibly extending into the early Holocene, during the Mesolithic. Modern (Asian-type) leopards are still found on the fringes of Europe in the North Caucasus.

## Palaeobiology

Fossils of European Ice Age leopards in Europe are sometimes found in caves, where they apparently sought shelter or hid their prey. They generally preferred smaller caves, most likely because larger caves were usually occupied by larger predators such as cave bears, cave lions (*P. spelaea*), or humans. In European Ice Age caves, leopard bones are far rarer than those of lions, and all currently known fossils belong to adults, suggesting that they rarely, if ever, raised their cubs in caves. Where leopard remains are found in larger caves, they are often found in the cave's deeper recesses, as in Baumann's and Zoolithen Cave in Germany. It is not precisely known which prey species these leopards hunted, although they may have been similar to modern snow leopards, which prey on ibex, deer and wild boar. It is likely that leopards scavenged or occasionally killed cave bears during hibernation in their dens. During the cold phases, European Ice Age leopards occurred mainly in mountain or alpine boreal forests or in mountains above the treeline, and were not usually found in the lowland mammoth steppes.

## InfoBox

| *Panthera pardus spelaea*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Skeleton at the Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze | |
|  | |
| Rock art depiction of a leopard from Chauvet Cave | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Subfamily: | Pantherinae |
| Genus: | *Panthera* |
| Species: | *P. pardus* |
| Subspecies: | ***P. p. spelaea*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Panthera pardus spelaea***
(Bächler, 1936) | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Felis pardus spelaea* Bächler, 1936 * *Felis antiquus* Cuvier, 1835 * *Panthera pardus antiqua* (Cuvier, 1835) * *Panthera pardus begoueni* Fraipoint, 1923 * *Panthera pardus sickenbergi* Schutt, 1969 * *Panthera pardus vraonensis* Nagel, 1999 | |


title: Tomatlán

abstract: Tomatlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco south of Cabo Corrientes in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 3,015 km⁲. As of 2015, the municipality had a total population of 35,824 people. The final portion of Yann Martel's novel Life of Pi is set in Tomatlán, where the character Pi Patel reaches land after being stranded in the Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Tomatlán

**Tomatlán** (meaning "Tomato land" or "place of tomato" from Nahuatl) is a town and municipality, in Jalisco south of Cabo Corrientes in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 3,015 km2.

As of 2015, the municipality had a total population of 35,824 people.

The final portion of Yann Martel's novel *Life of Pi* is set in Tomatlán, where the character Pi Patel reaches land after being stranded in the Pacific Ocean.

## History

Before the arrival of the conquerors, the region was populated by various groups. On Holy Monday of 1525, from El Tuito the conquerors arrived in Tomatlan. The night they spent the night in a village of the cacique, they received them with dances and plumeríos. They wore crowns and scapulars, as they were part of the Province of Los Coronados de El Tuito. There they celebrated Holy Week and Easter. In the place occupied by the Cué, a pagan shrine, they built a “pajarete” church that Brother Juan de Villa Diego blessed, dedicating it to San Antonio.

They baptized the town and the river with the name of Easter, subsequently following Colima. Thus this town was subdued by Francisco Cortés de San Buenaventura. The region was very inhabited. Disseminated in it there were numerous villages currently occupying the place of some, small rancherías.

In 1541 this region revolted and had to go with its people Pedro de Alvarado from Santiago de Manzanillo twice to fight the insurgents. From 1533 to 1574 it was entrusted to Juan Fernández de Híjar with a seat in Villa de Purificación.

Through the proclamation the town knew, in 1730, that English soldiers were disembarking in the cove of Arcos and that the Justice of the Valley of Banderas lacked soldiers to make the defense. 50 soldiers and 100 locals came to the aid of him. They were commanded by Captain Diego de Betancourt.

At the beginning of the War of Independence in the year of 1810, Cura Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sent his nephew Miguel the Lego Gallaga to coordinate the movement on the coasts of Colima, Jalisco and Nayarit.5

In October 1811, after the battle of Palo Blanco, Lego Gallaga, together with Sandoval and Toral, he retired to Mascota and the Coast along the course of the Banderas Valley, where he separated from them, reaching Tomatlán. Gallaga made words with the Sandoval, then, one of those who accompanied Sandoval made fire on the Lego, who was seriously injured. Sandoval immediately ordered him to be shot in front of the Temple of Santo Santiago; Gallaga, lying there on her knees, implored the mercy of God, sold her eyes herself with her handkerchief, and gave the voice of fire falling dead with two bullets. The Indians who were very fond of him, picked up his body, took him to the presbytery of the parish, opened a sepulcher in which an ecclesiastic was buried in a drawer from which they took him out, and then deposited the remains of Gallaga, being the tragic one The end of this famous layman, who gave so much to the troops of Nueva Galicia. Since 1825 belonged to the 6th. Canton of Autlán until 1878 when it happens to depend on the 10 canton of Mascota. The decree of September 23, 1878 already refers to Tomatlán as a municipal entity.

### Location

Tomatlán is located west of the state at coordinates 19° 56’ 13" north latitude and 105° 15’ 0" west longitude; at a height of 50 meters above sea level.

### Municipal limits

It has administrative limits with the following municipalities and / or geographical accidents, according to its location:

### Orography

Its surface is made up of rugged areas (42%), hills and mountains that have heights ranging from 200 to 1,100 meters above sea level; semi-flat areas (41%) on hills and slopes with heights from 125 to 200 meters above sea level, and flat areas (17%).

The composition of the soils is of predominant types cambisol, already Eutrico or Chromic, Feozem Háplico and Regosol Eutrico; to the north of the population are small strips of Acrisol Ortico.

The municipality has a territorial area of 265,750 hectares, of which 44,224 are used for agricultural purposes, 112,400 in livestock activity, 108,220 are for forest use and 886 hectares are urban land, not specifying the use of 20. As far as the property refers to an extension of 124,669 hectares is private and another of 87,081 is ejidal; 54,000 hectares are communal property.

### Hydrography

This municipality belongs to the central Pacific basin, sub-basin Tomatlán River. Its main currents are: Llano Grande river and streams: Los Prietos, Coyula, La Quemada, El Salado, Las Ánimas, El Tule and others of minor importance. They are also part of its hydrological resources, the dams: Cajón de Peñas, El Cobano and San Juan, in addition to the Laguna del Tule.

### Climate

The climate is semi-dry, with dry winter and spring, and warm, with no well-defined winter thermal change. The average annual temperature is 26.9 °C, with a maximum of 34.1 °C and a minimum of 19.6 °C. The rainfall regime is recorded in the month of October with an average rainfall of 892.2 millimeters. The annual average of days with frosts is 33. The prevailing winds are heading south to north.

### Localities that make up the municipality

California Canyon, Benito Juárez, Cacaluta, SAGAR Camp, Acosta Field, Texas Canada, Cimarronas, Corralito de Piloto, Coyula, Realito Cruise, Gargantillo Cruise, CONASUPO Cruise, Habal Cruise, Pilot Cruise, Dam Cruise Cajón de Peña, El Acautal, Hot Water, Avocado, Alejo, Anono, El Aserradero del Reparo, El Avalito, El Cacao, El Caimán, El Carrizalillo, El Chicharrón, El Coco, El Corrido, El Criadero, El Cruise, El Divisadero, El Divisadero de la Cumbre, El Donocito, El Edén (El Chorro), El Gacho, El Guamúchil, El Guasimal, El Guayabillo, El Limón, El Mangal, El Mapache, El Nacastal, El Naranjo, El Nogal, El Ocotillo, El Palmarito, El Paraíso, El Platanar, El Portezuelo, El Porvenir, El Realito, El Recodo, El Swirl, El Rescate, El Rincón de los Robles, El Salitre, El Sube y Baja, El Taray, El Tigre, El Tule, El Zarco, Emiliano Zapata Yautepec (Agua Zarca), Guayacán, Hidalgo, Higuera Blanca, José María Morelos,

José María Pino Suárez, La Cruz de Loreto, La Cueva, La Cumbre, Florida, La Fortuna, La Garita, La Gloria, Gargantillo, La Higuerita, La Lima, La Loma, La Mesa, La Palmera de Don Chayo, La Palomita, The Painted Stone, The Painted, The Providence, The Napkin, The Surprise, The Tavern, The Turpentine, La Villita, La Virgencita, Las Animas, Las Jarillas, Las Partidas, Las Pilitas, Las Porras,

Las Tunitas, Lázaro Cárdenas (La Nancy), Llano del Toro, Llano Grande, López Mateos, Los Ángeles, Los Atascaderos, Los Charcos, Los Cimientos, Los Cobertizos, Los Corralitos, Los Coyotes, Los Diques, Los Guayabitos, Los Horcones, Los Llanitos, Los Naranjos, Los Sauces, Los Tecomates, Los Terreros, Macuautitlán, Malobaco, Mariano Otero, Mismaloya, Modelo, Nuevo Nahuapa, Nuevo Santiago, Palmillas, Palmira, Pando Grande, Paso del Guamúchil, Plan de Ayala, Pochotitán, Presa Cajón de Peña, Puentecillas, San Antonio, San Carlos Coacoyul, San Cayetano, San Francisco (Palo Blancal), San Ignacio (Juan Ignacio), San Isidro, San Miguel, San Rafael de los Moreno, Santa Alejandra, Santa Elena, Santa Gertrudis, Santa María, Sayulapa, Tejerías, Teocinte (Teocintle), Tequesquite, Tierras Blancas, Tomatlán, Tres Puertas, Majahuas Valley (El Poblado), Vicente Guerrero (Las Lomas Coloradas), Viejo Nahuapa, Cabrel, El Ginger.

## Economy

Cattle, pigs, sheep and goats are raised, in addition to birds and hives. Farming produce highlights include corn, sorghum, rice, tobacco, watermelon, plantain, mango, papaya, pineapple, sunflower, chile, sesame and coconut palm. Precious woods are exploited such as: barcino, parota, mahogany, habillo, cedar, tampicirano, spring and purple rose. Mainly bass, brown, bass and carp are caught.

There are establishments that sell basic necessities and mixed stores that sell small-scale diverse items. Financial, professional, technical, communal, social, personal, tourist and maintenance services are provided. There are currently small industries in the municipal seat. The main branches are the transformation of food, dairy products, pastures and construction.

The main salt mines of the state of Jalisco are found.

## Tourism

### El Chorro

This beach, located 10 km from the town of La Gloria, is of strong waves, an idea for fishing, it is a scenario where we find dunes, mangroves, and warm sands that divide the sea and the estuary.

### Peñitas

Magnificent beach framed by large rocks which allude to its name, Peñitas is considered a unique and very rare place, since in it we can appreciate the passage of a Nahuatl culture that predominantly dominated the large municipality of Tomatlán, the stones painted with Petroglyphs that exist in this medium-textured sandy beach, they suggest that our ancestors appreciated the beauty of Peñitas, leaving us their message so that future generations would know that this beach was considered favorite among the natives.

### Costa Majahuas

The beach of Majahuas has strong waves, it is attractive for fishing and for this reason we have the visit of people who love sport fishing during the year, during Easter the camp is traditional, since most of the families of many towns in the municipality, move at that time of year to spend a holiday in complete peace and in a constant harmony with nature, also has many families from other parts of the country who seek to get away from the intense noise and pollution of their places originally.

### Chalacatepec

Pradisiaca white sand beach, which is part of the great coastline that makes up the municipality of Tomatlán, this charming place is made up of several scenarios, highlighting the vegetation, the sea and the group of rocks that frame the beach.

In its warm sands we can appreciate a great variety of wildlife, which is considered unique throughout the world, the intense blue of the sky makes it confused with the sea on the horizon.

Chalacatepec has become an ideal place for the reproduction of the beautiful sea turtle, since year after year it seeks the warmth of its beach to lay eggs, which are currently protected by a turtle camp that sits here.

### Peñitas de la Cruz

This is another of the beautiful beaches that characterize Tomatlan. Ideal for swimming, resting and camping, receiving visitors who come to enjoy its attractions on weekends, it gives tourist life to the municipality.

### Cajón de Peñas Dam

The largest dam in Jalisco, with its immense curtain that looks like a fortress that keeps the most picturesque landscapes, surrounded by a range of greens that contrast with each other and where water sports such as bass fishing, skiing and windsurfing are practiced. It also has comfortable cabins to rest and forget the daily routine.

### The Painted Stone

Located on the banks of the Tomatlàn River, this unique cave painting in Mesoamerica, is 40 meters high by 8 meters long and 2 meters wide, and is pigmented in red.

It is noteworthy that in the entire riverbank of the Tomatlan River there are vestiges of ancient cultures, abundant petroglyphs among which a "Patolli Game" of which there are only two in western Mexico.

### Temple of Saint James the Apostle

This parish, in the center of Tomatlan, is an architectural jewel of the Franciscan style, made of stone, lime and quarry. Its walls have a thickness of one and a half meters and its roof is half-round with a beautiful vault that tops the presbytery. The Baptistry and Sacristy are also vaulted; a quarry snail leads to the bell tower, climbing 49 reduced steps, which forces it to step on its side, to its low tower 6 meters base by 4 high.

## Notable people

* Randy Santana (born 1983), Mexican former professional footballer

## Government

### Municipal presidents

| Municipal president | Term | Political party | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Trinidad Betancourt | 1848 |  |  |
| Juan de Dios Rodríguez | 1849 |  |  |
| Gregorio Betancourt | 1871–1872 |  |  |
| Hilario Mariscal | 1873–1875 |  |  |
| Genaro Menis | 1877 |  |  |
| Socorro Araiza | 1878 |  |  |
| J. de la Cruz Pérez | 1879 |  |  |
| Damián Barbosa | 1880 |  |  |
| Pedro Silva | 1880 |  |  |
| J. de la Cruz Pérez | 1881 |  |  |
| Concepción Gómez | 1881 |  |  |
| Ambrosio Ríos | 1881 |  |  |
| Rafael Macedo | 1884 |  |  |
| Socorro Araiza | 1885 |  |  |
| Apolinar González | 1885–1886 |  |  |
| Agustín Betancourt | 1887 |  |  |
| Apolinar González | 1888 |  |  |
| Fiacro Ríos | 1889 |  |  |
| Apolinar González | 1891–1892 |  |  |
| Rafael Macedo | 1893 |  |  |
| Norberto Betancourt | 1894 |  |  |
| Juan Rentería | 1895 |  |  |
| Manuel Arróniz | 1896 |  |  |
| Félix A. Fernández | 1897 |  |  |
| Norberto Betancourt | 1898 |  |  |
| Apolinar González | 1899 |  |  |
| Ambrosio Ríos | 1900 |  |  |
| Apolinar González | 1901–1902 |  |  |
| Juan Betancourt | 1903 |  |  |
| Ambrosio Ríos | 1904 |  |  |
| Pedro J. Gavica | 1905 |  |  |
| Pedro Meléndez | 1906 |  |  |
| Hilario González | 1907 |  |  |
| Filiberto Guerrero | 1908 |  |  |
| Ramón Parra | 1909 |  |  |
| Norberto Betancourt | 1910 |  |  |
| Filiberto Guerrero | 1911 |  |  |
| Salvador Camacho | 1911 |  |  |
| Pedro J. Gavica | 1912–1913 |  |  |
| Gil Guijarro | 1914–1915 |  |  |
| Feliciano Ramos | 1916–1918 |  |  |
| Norberto Betancourt | 1920 |  |  |
| David González | 1921 |  |  |
| Gil Guijarro | 1922 |  |  |
| Félix A. Fernández | 1923 |  |  |
| Raúl Fernández Ríos | 1924 |  |  |
| Enrique Betancourt Salgado | 1925 |  |  |
| José María Díaz | 1926 |  |  |
| Enrique Santamaría Salgado | 1927 |  |  |
| Juan Rentería | 1928–1929 |  |  |
| Cirilo Meléndez | 1930 | PNR |  |
| Enrique Santamaría Salgado | 1931 | PNR |  |
| Abel Salgado Meléndez | 1932 | PNR |  |
| Enrique Santamaría Salgado | 1933 | PNR |  |
| Abel Salgado Meléndez | 1934 | PNR |  |
| Ignacio Salgado Meléndez | 1935–1936 | PNR |  |
| Pablo González Rodríguez | 1937 | PNR |  |
| Lorenzo Rico | 1938 | PRM |  |
| Braulio V. García | 1939 | PRM |  |
| Filiberto Cordero Gutiérrez | 1940 | PRM |  |
| Ignacio Salgado Meléndez | 1941 | PRM |  |
| Juventino Virgen Macedo | 1942 | PRM |  |
| Juan Gaviño Domínguez | 1943 | PRM |  |
| Abel González Alatorre | 1944 | PRM |  |
| Pablo Santamaría Díaz | 1945 | PRM |  |
| Juan Gaviño Domínguez | 1946 | PRI |  |
| Gilberto Rentería Mariscal | 1947–1948 | PRI |  |
| Jesús González Betancourt | 1949 | PRI |  |
| Gilberto Rentería Mariscal | 1950 | PRI |  |
| Amado Santamaría Díaz | 1951 | PRI |  |
| Gonzalo Muñoz Joya | 1952 | PRI |  |
| Diego Betancourt González | 1953–1955 | PRI |  |
| Miguel Becerra Osorio | 1956 | PRI |  |
| Eduardo Fierros Villalobos | 1957 | PRI |  |
| Gonzalo Muñoz Joya | 1958 | PRI |  |
| Pablo Velasco Morales | 1959–1960 | PRI |  |
| Gilberto Rentería Mariscal | 1962–1964 | PRI |  |
| Pablo Velasco Morales | 1965–1967 | PRI |  |
| Teresa Guerra Arrizon | 1968–1970 | PRI |  |
| Martín Alba Mendoza | 1971–1973 | PRI |  |
| Rigoberto Velázquez Navarro | 01-01-1974–31-12-1976 | PRI |  |
| Vidal Mora Castillo | 01-01-1977–31-12-1979 | PRI |  |
| Armando Santamaría Palomera | 01-01-1980–31-12-1982 | PRI |  |
| Amado Galindo Plazola | 01-01-1983–1983 | PRI | His political immunity was withdrawn because he ordered the assassination of councilor Adalberto Villa Hernández |
| Amado Santamaría Díaz | 1983–31-12-1985 | PRI | Acting municipal president |
| Gabriel Becerra Ocampo | 01-01-1986–31-12-1988 | PRI |  |
| Bertha González Rubio | 01-01-1989–1992 | PRI |  |
| Antonio Sahagún Virgen | 1992–1995 | PRI |  |
| Javier Delgadillo Mancilla | 1995–1997 | PRI |  |
| José Zárate Camarillo | 01-01-1998–31-12-2000 | PRD |  |
| Óscar Estrella Bonilla | 01-01-2001–31-12-2003 | PRI |  |
| Nélida Gutiérrez Rodríguez | 01-01-2004–31-12-2006 | PRD |  |
| Soledad Meléndez González | 01-01-2007–31-12-2009 | PRI |  |
| Juventino Sahagún Virgen | 01-01-2010–30-09-2012 | PRI
Panal | Coalition "Alliance for Jalisco" |
| Saúl Galindo Plazola | 01-10-2012–30-09-2015 | PRD |  |
| Jorge Luis Tello García | 01-10-2015–30-09-2018 | PAN
PRD |  |
| Jorge Luis Tello García | 01-10-2018–30-09-2021 | PAN
PRD
MC | Was reelected on 1 July 2018 |
| Daniel Ruiz Benavides | 01-10-2021– | MC |  |

## Sister cities

## InfoBox

| Tomatlán | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
|  | |
| Location of the municipality in Jalisco | |
| TomatlánLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 19°56′13″N 105°15′0″W / 19.93694°N 105.25000°W / 19.93694; -105.25000 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Jalisco |
| Area | |
| Total | 3,015 km2 (1,164 sq mi) |
| Town | 2.96 km2 (1.14 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census) | |
| Total | 36,316 |
| Density | 12/km2 (31/sq mi) |
| Town | 9,842 |
| Town density | 3,300/km2 (8,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time) |
| Website | http://www.tomatlanjal.gob.mx |


title: Nevadadromeus

abstract: Nevadadromeus is an extinct genus of small thescelosaurine ornithischian dinosaur, from the Willow Tank Formation of Nevada, United States. The genus contains a single species, N. schmitti, which represents the first non-avian dinosaur named from Nevada.

text:
# Nevadadromeus

***Nevadadromeus*** (meaning "Nevada runner") is an extinct genus of small thescelosaurine ornithischian dinosaur, from the Willow Tank Formation of Nevada, United States. The genus contains a single species, ***N. schmitti***, which represents the first non-avian dinosaur named from Nevada.

## Discovery and naming

The *Nevadadromeus* holotype specimen, **NSC 2008-002** was discovered near the Valley of Fire in 2008 and the bones were prepared for an event in Henderson, Nevada in 2021. A second ornithopod from Nevada, a hadrosaur, was also leaked during the event, but it was not ready for public view until 2022. *Nevadadromeus* was formally published in October 2022.

In 2022, Bonde *et al*. described *Nevadadromeus* as a new genus and species of thescelosaurine. The generic name, "*Nevadadromeus*", combines a reference to the Nevada, the state the holotype was discovered in, with the Greek "dromeus", meaning "runner". The specific name, "*schmitti*", honors geologist James G. Schmitt, who initially described the geology of the Willow Tank Formation.

## Classification

The fossil remains of *Nevadadromeus* contain features of both thescelosaurines and orodromines, but the describers find it more likely to be a thescelosaurine. This makes it the oldest member of its subfamily from North America, as all other thescelosaurines date to the Maastrichtian.

## InfoBox

| *Nevadadromeus*
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous,
 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Life reconstruction of *Nevadadromeus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Ornithischia |
| *Clade*: | Neornithischia |
| Family: | Thescelosauridae |
| Subfamily: | Thescelosaurinae |
| Genus: | *Nevadadromeus*
Bonde *et al.*, 2022 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Nevadadromeus schmitti***
Bonde *et al.*, 2022 | |


title: Henry S. LeBlanc

abstract: Henry S. LeBlanc was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Yarmouth County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1897 to 1911 as a Liberal member.

text:
# Henry S. LeBlanc

**Henry S. LeBlanc** (September 4, 1865  September 4, 1946) was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Yarmouth County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1897 to 1911 as a Liberal member.

## Early life

He was born in East Pubnico, Nova Scotia, the son of Andrew LeBlanc and Marie Ann Pothier.

## Career

LeBlanc served as a member of the municipal council for Argyle. He was a member of the province's Executive Council from 1906 to 1911. He was named to the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia in 1920 and served until the Council was abolished in 1928. LeBlanc was Inspector of Old Age Pensions for Yarmouth County from 1933 until his death in 1946.

## Death

He died in Yarmouth on September 4, 1946, at the age of 81.

## Personal life

He was married twice: to Agnes d'Entremont in 1891 and later to Theresa A. d'Eon.

* *A Directory of the Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1758-1958*, Public Archives of Nova Scotia (1958)

## InfoBox

| Henry LeBlanc | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| MLA for Yarmouth County | |
| **In office**
1897–1911 | |
| Preceded by | Albert A. Pothier |
| Succeeded by | Howard Corning |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1865-09-04)September 4, 1865
East Pubnico, Nova Scotia |
| Died | September 4, 1946(1946-09-04) (aged 81)
Yarmouth, Nova Scotia |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse(s) | Agnes d'Entremont
Theresa d'Eon |
| Occupation | fish merchant |
|  | |


title: Happy (Ayiesha Woods song)

abstract: "Happy" is a single by Christian singer Ayiesha Woods from her 2006 album Introducing Ayiesha Woods. It was released to Christian radio stations around early 2006. It lasted 20 weeks on the overall chart. The song is played in a F major key at 120 beats per minute. The song was used in an ad campaign for the DVD release of the 2006 film A Good Year. The song was also used in the 2009 movie "My Life in Ruins" starring Nia Vardalos.

text:
# Happy (Ayiesha Woods song)

"**Happy**" is a single by Christian singer Ayiesha Woods from her 2006 album *Introducing Ayiesha Woods*. It was released to Christian radio stations around early 2006. It lasted 20 weeks on the overall chart. The song is played in a F major key at 120 beats per minute. The song was used in an ad campaign for the DVD release of the 2006 film *A Good Year*. The song was also used in the 2009 movie "My Life in Ruins" starring Nia Vardalos (My Big Fat Greek Wedding).

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Happy" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Ayiesha Woods | |
| from the album  *Introducing Ayiesha Woods* | |
| Released | June 2006 |
| Recorded | 2006 |
| Genre | CCM, pop, R&B |
| Length | 3:37 |
| Label | Gotee Records |
| Songwriter(s) | James L Moore, David A Mullen & Ayiesha Woods |
| Producer(s) | Ayiesha Woods, TobyMac |
| Ayiesha Woods singles chronology | |
| "**Happy**"
(2006) "Big Enough"
(2007) | |


title: Muriel Frances Dana

abstract: Muriel Frances Dana was a child actress in thirteen silent films from 1921 to 1926, appearing in two of them as a boy, Hail the Woman and Can a Woman Love Twice?. Dana was born in Clinton, Iowa. Her parents were Walter C. Dana and Lois Mildred Dana. They divorced, and her mother married Harry K. Gibson. In 1926, Dana's parents were involved in a legal battle when her mother charged Dana's father, grandfather, and uncle with breaking into her house in an attempt to take Dana. Gibson, who was suing Dana's mother for divorce, was also charged in the incident, as were four employees of a detective agency who accompanied the four men. Although Dana's father had custody of the girl, who was 9 years old, her mother had taken her, saying that her father had spent all of the girl's income. He responded that the expenditures were necessary for the actress's career. Dana died in Thousand Oaks, California.

text:
# Muriel Frances Dana

**Muriel Frances Dana** (1916 – 1997) was a child actress in thirteen silent films from 1921 to 1926, appearing in two of them as a boy, *Hail the Woman* and *Can a Woman Love Twice?*.

Dana was born in Clinton, Iowa. Her parents were Walter C. Dana and Lois Mildred Dana. They divorced, and her mother married Harry K. Gibson.

In 1926, Dana's parents were involved in a legal battle when her mother charged Dana's father, grandfather, and uncle with breaking into her house in an attempt to take Dana. Gibson, who was suing Dana's mother for divorce, was also charged in the incident, as were four employees of a detective agency who accompanied the four men. Although Dana's father had custody of the girl, who was 9 years old, her mother had taken her, saying that her father had spent all of the girl's income. He responded that the expenditures were necessary for the actress's career.

Dana died in Thousand Oaks, California.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Muriel Frances Dana | |
| --- | --- |
| Muriel Frances Dana | |
| Born | 1916
Clinton, Iowa |
| Died | 1997
Thousand Oaks, California |
| Occupation | film actress |
| Years active | 1921–1926 |


title: The Mandala of Sherlock Holmes

abstract: The Mandala of Sherlock Holmes is a Sherlock Holmes pastiche novel by Jamyang Norbu, originally published in India in 1999. The novel is an account of Holmes's adventures in India and Tibet where, posing as Norwegian explorer Sigerson, he meets the Dalai Lama and Huree Chunder Mookerjee, a character from Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim.

text:
# The Mandala of Sherlock Holmes

***The Mandala of Sherlock Holmes*** (published in the United States as ***Sherlock Holmes: The Missing Years***) is a Sherlock Holmes pastiche novel by Jamyang Norbu, originally published in India in 1999.

The novel is an account of Holmes's adventures in India and Tibet where, posing as Norwegian explorer Sigerson, he meets the Dalai Lama and Huree Chunder Mookerjee, a character from Rudyard Kipling's novel *Kim*.

## InfoBox

The Mandala of Sherlock Holmes
| First edition cover design | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jamyang Norbu |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Mystery novels |
| Publisher | HarperCollins |
| Publication date | 1999 |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| ISBN | 1-58234-132-X (first U.S. edition, hardback) |


title: Pam Sheyne

abstract: Pamela Sheyne is a New Zealand born songwriter, producer, mentor and singer best known for co-writing Christina Aguilera’s global smash debut single "Genie in a Bottle". She has achieved 50+ million record sales and over 100 RIAA Platinum, Gold and Silver Certified sales awards worldwide, an Ivor Novello Award along with seven BMI citations for US radio plays.

text:
# Pam Sheyne

**Pamela Sheyne** is a New Zealand born songwriter, producer, mentor and singer best known for co-writing Christina Aguilera’s global smash debut single "Genie in a Bottle". She has achieved 50+ million record sales and over 100 RIAA Platinum, Gold and Silver Certified sales awards worldwide, an Ivor Novello Award along with seven BMI citations for US radio plays.

## Biography

Sheyne was born in Auckland, New Zealand and moved to the United Kingdom in her late teens. She spent several years in London as a session singer and backing vocalist for artists including Rebbie Jackson, Pet Shop Boys, Bryan Adams, Elton John, Celine Dion, Mike & The Mechanics, Tom Jones, Lulu, Daryl Hall, Cyndi Lauper, and Dave Stewart.

After initial success in the UK as songwriter with hits including Kavana’s No. 8 UK singles chart with “MFEO” and Billie's No. 3 UK single chart "She Wants You", Sheyne travelled to Los Angeles where she collaborated with David Frank and Steve Kipner to create what was to become her biggest hit song to date. "Genie in a Bottle" was Christina Aguilera’s first single, it achieved No. 1 Billboard single for five weeks and went on to reach No. 1 in 22 countries including the UK. The song won an Ivor Novello Award for ‘International Hit of the Year’ in the year in 1999 and Christina won a Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the same year.

Sheyne also co-wrote and sang background vocals on debut single "He Loves U Not" for girl group Dream which reached No. 2 on the Billboard Single's Chart as well as USA Soundscan No. 1 along with USA No. 15 hit for Jessica Simpson with "Irresistible". Her songs have been covered by a number of international artists including; Camila Cabello, Demi Lovato, Lindsay Lohan, Corrine Bailey Rae, Seal, Dream, Sinead O’Connor, Tina Arena, Laura Pausini, The Backstreet Boys, O Town, Jessica Simpson, Cece Winans and The Saturdays.

In the film and TV world, Sheyne has written end titles for Disney'sThe Princess Diaries’, ‘Confessions of A Teenage Drama Queen’ and the Golden Globe nominated film ‘The Young Victoria’ . TV shows that have featured Sheyne's songs include ‘Hannah Montana’, ‘Jump In’, ‘Camp Rock’, ’Camp Rock 2’, ‘Sonny with a Chance’, ‘Lizzie Maguire’, ‘Beverly Hills 90210’, ‘Roswell’, ‘King of the Hill’, ‘American Idol’, ‘Canadian Idol’, ‘X Factor’, ‘The Voice’, ‘Good Morning America’, ‘Fame’ and ‘General Hospital’ to name but a few. Sheyne additionally wrote and sang the theme tune to NBC’s ‘Dance Your Ass Off’.

Sheyne is also a well regarded songwriting mentor and attends songwriting camps and retreats sharing her experience and talking about the craft of songwriting. She started SongWriterCamps with business partner Richard Harris in 2018 and is passionate about the craft of songwriting. She is a founding member of SONA (Songwriters of North America) a grassroots advocacy group based in Los Angeles that campaigns for songwriter rights.

## Discography

Sheyne is a credited contributor on the following songs or albums:

| Song Name | Award or Recognition | Performing Artist | Writers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Genie In A Bottle" (Cover) | No. 10 UK Singles Chart - 2004 | Speedway | Sheyne, Frank, Kipner |
| "Genio Atrapado" (Spanish Version) | 3 Million Copies Sold Worldwide | Christina Aguilera | Sheyne, Frank, Kipner |
| "Genie In A Bottle" | Over 71 Million Views On YouTube | Dove Cameron | Sheyne, Frank, Kipner |
| "He Loves You Not" | No. 2 USA Hot 100 & No. 17 UK No.1 Soundscan single gold status and platinum album USA “It Was All A Dream”
2 x BMI Pop Awards 2002 & 2003
500,000 single sales USA and 1 million album sales USA | Dream | Sheyne, Frank, Kipner |
| "Irresistible" | No.15 USA Hot 100 - also used in “The Master of Disguise” and “Lizzie Maguire 3 gold compilations in the USA including Lizzie Maguire soundtrack and Disney Radio Jams
2 X BMI Pop Awards 2002 and 2003
500,000 album sales in the USA | Jessica Simpson | Sheyne, Bagg, Birgisson |
| "Miracles Happen" | End title for Disney's “The Princess Diaries” RIAA Gold soundtrack album USA
Reprised in Cantonese by Johnny Blu on “The Princess Diaries”
with Princess Diaries 2 soundtrack album also Gold status USA
Also used in Disney's “Ice Princess” | Myra and Johnny Blu | Sheyne, Kennedy |
| "This Is Me" | Second single for Dream reaching No.39 USA Hot 100 Platinum album USA for “It Was All A Dream”
1 x BMI Pop Award | Dream | Sheyne, Frank, Kipner |
| "Mirror Mirror" | No.62 Hot 100 single USA reaching gold status 1.5 million albums world-wide | M2M | Sheyne, Hosein, Deviller |
| "Never Say Goodbye" | 2 x Platinum album UK. 2 million sales worldwide | Hayley Westenra | Sheyne, Ravel |
| "The Extra Mile" | Pokémon 2 soundtrack and 4 million plus units on Laura Pausini LP “Tra Te E Il Mare” | Laura Pausini | Sheyne, Arena, Frampton |
| "For Love Alone" | Gold album USA 500,000 units | Cece Winans | Sheyne, Winans, Anders |
| "I Must Not Chase The Boys" | Gold album USA. Mercedes advertisement in Italy | Play | Sheyne, Padley, Godfrey |
| "A Girls Mind" | Gold album USA | Play | Sheyne, Padley, Godfrey |
| "Drama Queen" | End title to Disney's “Confessions of A Teenage Drama Queen” | Lindsay Lohan | Sheyne, Wolfe |
| "Point Of Grace" | Gold album USA. Word Records | Point Of Grace | Sheyne, Hosein, Deviller |
| "The Swing" | Silver album United Kingdom. Virgin Records. 700,000 sales worldwide. | 911 | Sheyne, Kennedy |
| "By Heart" | Platinum album Poland. 150,000 units. EMI Records. | Edyta Gorniak | Sheyne, Mowatt |
| "She Wants You" | UK No. 3 single 200,000 singles. Virgin Records “Honey To the B” 300,000 albums sold UK. | Billie | Sheyne, Laws |
| "M.F.E.O" | UK No. 8 single – Virgin Records | Kavana | Sheyne, Kennedy |
| "100 Percent" | UK No. 23 single – Mercury Records | Mary Kiani | Sheyne, Lever, Percy |
| "This I Swear" | UK No. 46 single – MCA Records | Kim Wilde | Sheyne, Swain |
| "Reminds Me Of You" | 300,000 sales United Kingdom. “Woman In Me” CD. | Louise | Sheyne, Kennedy Pescetto |
| "Trouble Is" | 1.5 million sales of album “Unbreakable" | Backstreet Boys | Sheyne, Sutton, Mescal |

## InfoBox

| Pam Sheyne | |
| --- | --- |
| Sheyne in 2010 | |
| Background information | |
| Genres | Pop, rock, country, R&B |
| Occupation | Songwriter/mentor/vocal Producer |
| Instrument(s) | Guitar, backing vocals |
| Years active | 1986–present |
|  | |
| Website | www.pamelasheyne.com |


title: Mentha longifolia var. asiatica

abstract: Mentha longifolia var. asiatica is known by the common name Asian mint. It is a variety of the mint species Mentha longifolia. It has also been treated as the separate species, Mentha asiatica and Mentha vagans.

text:
# Mentha longifolia var. asiatica

***Mentha longifolia* var. *asiatica*** is known by the common name **Asian mint**. It is a variety of the mint species *Mentha longifolia*. It has also been treated as the separate species, ***Mentha asiatica*** and ***Mentha vagans***.

## Taxonomy

*Mentha longifolia* var. *asiatica* was first described as the species *Mentha asiatica* by Antonina Borissova in 1954. It was reduced to a variety of *Mentha longifolia* by Karl Heinz Rechinger in 1954.

## Distribution

*Mentha longifolia* var. *asiatica* is native to Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), Western Asia (Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq) and China (South Central China, Tibet and Xinjiang).

## Cultivation

Asian mint is a species of perennial herb that typically grows in full sun to partial shade. Asian mint prefers to grow in soil with adequate moisture retention year-round. It produces purple showy flowers that are fragrant. Unlike the other plants in the family Lamiaceace, Asian mint produces an unusual foliage color of leaves that are evergreen and opposites. Asian mint is suitable for wintersowing and handles well with transplanting. They do not typically come true from seed, similar to other mints, because mint seeds are highly variable and some varieties are sterile. An easier way to propagate is from cuttings from root, division, or even runners (stolons) from fully grown plants.

## InfoBox

| Asian mint | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mentha asiatica | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Mentha* |
| Species: | *M. longifolia* |
| Variety: | ***M. l.* var. *asiatica*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Mentha longifolia* var. *asiatica***<br>(Boriss.) Rech.f. | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mentha asiatica* Boriss. * *Mentha asperata* (Timb.-Lagr.) Pérard * *Mentha kopetdaghensis* Boriss. * *Mentha vagans* Boriss. | |


title: Nevada wine

abstract: Nevada wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Nevada, where wine has been produced since 1990. There are currently no designated American Viticultural Areas in Nevada. Nevada has five commercial wineries: Basin and Range Cellars in Reno(opening in June 2018), Nevada Sunset Winery also in Reno,Churchill Vineyards in Fallon, Pahrump Valley Winery in Pahrump and Sanders Family Winery. Locally high boron content of the soil, soil salinity, and hard water provide a few challenges to growing grapes, especially Vitis vinifera. Some environmental elements common to Nevada however are favorable for viticulture; these include the ample sunshine, low humidity University of Nevada, Reno professor Dr. Grant Cramer is currently studying the best varietals and techniques at UNR's Valley Road Vineyard. Wine grapes have been grown with success in both the northern and southern part of the state since 1991, and all five wineries have produced wines made from grapes grown in Nevada. Until recently, state law restricted commercial wineries so that they were illegal in counties with more than 100,000 people. This was due to lobbying by the liquor distributors in the State for fight to control the liquor supply. With the passage of Assembly Bill 4 (AB4)in November 2015 this law was changed. Since then three wineries have filed for licenses and began winemaking in Reno (Basin and Range Cellars, Nevada Sunset Winery and Great Basin Winery. The laws for winemaking in Nevada are still considered to be restrictive when compared to neighboring states that have successful wine industries. Additionally, instructional wine-making facilities may operate in any county but must meet special license requirements and are restricted to selling or distributing no more than 60 gallons of wine in any 12-month period.

text:
# Nevada wine

**Nevada wine** refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Nevada, where wine has been produced since 1990. There are currently no designated American Viticultural Areas in Nevada.

Nevada has five commercial wineries: Basin and Range Cellars in Reno(opening in June 2018), Nevada Sunset Winery also in Reno,Churchill Vineyards in Fallon, Pahrump Valley Winery in Pahrump and Sanders Family Winery (also located in Pahrump).

Locally high boron content of the soil, soil salinity, and hard water provide a few challenges to growing grapes, especially *Vitis vinifera*. Some environmental elements common to Nevada however are favorable for viticulture; these include the ample sunshine, low humidity (which decreases the risk for rot and mildew and thus the need for fungicides) University of Nevada, Reno professor Dr. Grant Cramer is currently studying the best varietals and techniques at UNR's Valley Road Vineyard. Wine grapes have been grown with success in both the northern and southern part of the state since 1991, and all five wineries have produced wines made from grapes grown in Nevada.

Until recently, state law restricted commercial wineries so that they were illegal in counties with more than 100,000 people (Washoe and Clark Counties). This was due to lobbying by the liquor distributors in the State for fight to control the liquor supply. With the passage of Assembly Bill 4 (AB4)in November 2015  this law was changed. Since then three wineries have filed for licenses and began winemaking in Reno (Basin and Range Cellars, Nevada Sunset Winery and Great Basin Winery. The laws for winemaking in Nevada are still considered to be restrictive when compared to neighboring states that have successful wine industries. Additionally, instructional wine-making facilities (such as the Valley Road Vineyard) may operate in any county but must meet special license requirements and are restricted to selling or distributing no more than 60 gallons of wine in any 12-month period.

## InfoBox

Nevada
| **Wine region** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Official name | State of Nevada |
| Type | U.S. state |
| Year established | 1864 |
| Years of wine industry | 1990 to present |
| Country | United States |
| Sub-regions | None |
| Total area | 110,567 square miles (286,367 km2) |
| Size of planted vineyards | Under 40 acres |
| No. of vineyards | 8 |
| Grapes produced | Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Cinsault, Frontenac, Gewürztraminer, La Crosse, Merlot, Riesling, Roussillon, Ruby Cabernet, Petite Sirah, Semillon, Syrah, Tempranillo, Zinfandel |
| No. of wineries | 4 |


title: Pont Cassé

abstract: Pont Cassé is situated in the Saint Paul Parish in Dominica. It is located almost in the middle of Dominica, close to Belles Village northeast of the national capital, Roseau, and close to Morne Trois Pitons, the mountain which dominates the southern center of the country. As of 2006 it has a population of 100. Pont Cassé is the site of the Waitukubuli Trail headquarters.

text:
# Pont Cassé

**Pont Cassé** is situated in the Saint Paul Parish in Dominica. It is located almost in the middle of Dominica, close to Belles Village northeast of the national capital, Roseau, and close to Morne Trois Pitons, the mountain which dominates the southern center of the country. As of 2006 it has a population of 100.

Pont Cassé is the site of the Waitukubuli Trail headquarters.

15°22′N 61°21′W / 15.367°N 61.350°W / 15.367; -61.350


title: Godów, Lublin Voivodeship

abstract: Godów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chodel, within Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Chodel, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Opole Lubelskie, and 37 km (23 mi) south-west of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Godów, Lublin Voivodeship

**Godów** \[ˈɡɔduf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chodel, within Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Chodel, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Opole Lubelskie, and 37 km (23 mi) south-west of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Godów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Godów | |
| Coordinates: 51°5′30″N 22°6′38″E / 51.09167°N 22.11056°E / 51.09167; 22.11056 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Opole Lubelskie |
| Gmina | Chodel |


title: Renate Adolph

abstract: Renate Adolph is a former politician for the Die Linke and its predecessors, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and the PDS. She became a member of the party in 1976, and a local councillor in 2003. In 2004, Adolph was elected to the Landtag of the state of Brandenburg. She resigned from the Landtag in November 2009, after she had admitted being an informer for the East German communist secret police Stasi. Against Die Linke policy, she failed to declare publicly this history.

text:
# Renate Adolph

**Renate Adolph** (born 20 March 1954 in East Berlin) is a former politician for the Die Linke and its predecessors, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and the PDS. She became a member of the party in 1976, and a local councillor in 2003.

In 2004, Adolph was elected to the Landtag of the state of Brandenburg. She resigned from the Landtag in November 2009, after she had admitted being an informer for the East German communist secret police Stasi. Against *Die Linke* policy, she failed to declare publicly this history.


title: Nemmeli (Sirkazhi)

abstract: Nemmeli, is one of the Village in Sirkazhi Taluk in Mayiladuthurai district in Tamil Nadu State. Nemmeli is located 3.1 km distance from its Taluk Main Town Sirkazhi. Nemmeli is 21 km far from its District Main City Mayiladuthurai. It is 211 km far from its State Main City Chennai.

text:
# Nemmeli (Sirkazhi)

**Nemmeli**, is one of the Village in Sirkazhi Taluk in Mayiladuthurai district in Tamil Nadu State. Nemmeli is located 3.1 km distance from its Taluk Main Town Sirkazhi. Nemmeli is 21 km far from its District Main City Mayiladuthurai . It is 211 km far from its State Main City Chennai .

## Geography

Nemmeli has an average elevation of 4 m (13 ft).

## Transportation

Nemmeli is on the way between Sirkazhi and Vadarankam. Buses from sirkazhi bus stand is available (Bus Route: 8, 8 A Sirkazhi Bus Stand to Vadarankam). Mini Buses are also available from Kollidam Mukkuttu. Auto Fare is around Rs.80 from sirkazhi bus stand.

## Temples

Sri Visalakshi sametha Viswanathar Temple

Lord Shani came to Nemmeli and worshipped Varuna Linga, and by the blessings of Sri Visalakshi (sametha Sri Viswanathar) he got complete cure over the disease. There is holy pond near the temple where lord shani performed bath, and worshipped Shiva and attained peace. Nimmathi means peace in Tamil, and there are few sayings that Nimmathi became Nemmeli in time. There is another saying that, Nemmeli came from "Nelveli" i.e. land rich in rice cultivations.

The construction of the temple date back to the later chola period. The temple is believed to be 500 years old. But exact history can't be predicted as there is no scripture available. Sri Shasta (deity) temple and Aiyanar temple are situated near this temple.

## InfoBox

| Nemmeli | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| NemmeliLocation in Tamil Nadu, IndiaNemmeliNemmeli (India) | |
| Coordinates: 11°14′N 79°42′E / 11.23°N 79.70°E / 11.23; 79.70 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Mayiladuthurai |
| Government | |
| Village Panchayat President | Mr. Nagappan |
| Elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 609116 |
| Telephone code | 04364 |
| Vehicle registration | TN-51 |


title: Happy Laughter

abstract: Happy Laughter was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic 1000 Guineas in 1953. As a two-year-old, Happy Laughter won five races but was badly affected by sinus problems which were only rectified by surgery in the winter of 1952/1953. As a three-year-old she followed up her win in the Guineas by taking the Coronation Stakes, Falmouth Stakes and Nassau Stakes before being retired to stud.

text:
# Happy Laughter

**Happy Laughter** (foaled 1950) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic 1000 Guineas in 1953. As a two-year-old, Happy Laughter won five races but was badly affected by sinus problems which were only rectified by surgery in the winter of 1952/1953. As a three-year-old she followed up her win in the Guineas by taking the Coronation Stakes, Falmouth Stakes and Nassau Stakes before being retired to stud.

## Background

Happy Laughter was a medium-sized chestnut mare with no white markings bred in Ireland by E. C. Shirley. Her sire, Royal Charger was a successful sprinter and miler who was trained by Jarvis to win the Queen Anne Stakes and the Ayr Gold Cup in 1946. He made a promising start to his stud career in Ireland and went on to greater success after being exported to the United States in 1953. Happy Laughter's dam, Bray Melody was a great-granddaughter of the influential broodmare Verve, whose other descendants include Greek Money, Shirley Heights and Pentire.

As a yearling, the filly was sent to the sales at Doncaster where she was bought for 3,500 Guinea by the Newmarket trainer Jack Jarvis on behalf of the owner and breeder David Wills.

## Racing career

### 1952: two-year-old season

Racing as a two-year-old in 1952, Happy Laughter won five of her seven races, appearing to be just below top class. She won the Stud Produce Stakes at Sandown Park and the Acorn Stakes at Epsom before being sent to Royal Ascot in June where she finished second to Nigrette in the Chesham Stakes. Happy Laughter then won the Fulbourne Stakes and the Soltykoff Stakes (both at Newmarket), but when moved up in class she finished third to Royal Duchy in the Lowther Stakes at York in August. In the Free Handicap, a ranking of the best two-year-olds to have raced in Britain, Happy Laughter was rated twelve pounds below her stable companion Tessa Gillian, the winner of the Molecomb Stakes. In an unusually strong year for two-year-old fillies, top place was shared by Bebe Grande (Gimcrack Stakes, Champagne Stakes, Cheveley Park Stakes) and Neemah who had beaten Pinza in the Royal Lodge Stakes.

Throughout the season, the filly had been suffering from a sinus problem, and when she was moved to her owner's stud to recuperate her condition deteriorated. Veterinary examinations revealed three separate infections and the filly underwent trephining to drain her sinuses. Her condition remained serious until aureomycin was imported from Ireland to treat the infection.

### 1953: three-year-old season

In February, Happy Laughter returned to Jarvis' stable cured of her infection but with a hole in her head which required constant attention. In April she made her first appearance of the season in the Free Handicap over seven furlongs at Newmarket in which she finished second to Good Brandy, a colt who was carrying five pounds less than the runner-up. On 1 May Happy Laughter was one fourteen fillies to contest the 1000 Guineas over Newmarket's Rowley Mile course. She was ridden by Manny Mercer and started at odds of 10/1 with Bebe Grande, who had finished second in the 2000 Guineas being made favourite at 4/1 and Tessa Gillian starting at 9/2. The race was run in difficult conditions, with heavy, persistent rain and soft ground. Happy Laughter overtook Tessa Gillian two furlongs from the finish and defeated her stable companion by two lengths, with Bebe Grande five lengths away in third.

Happy Laughter was then moved up in distance to contest the Oaks Stakes over one and a half miles at Epsom on 4 June. She was strongly fancied for the race, but there were doubts whether, as the daughter of a sprinter, she would have the stamina to cope with the distance. Happy Laughter finished fourth of the twenty-one runners behind Ambiguity, Kerkeb and Noemi. At Royal Ascot, Happy Laughter was brought back in distance for the Coronation Stakes over one mile and won from Tessa Gillian. She then won the Falmouth Stakes at Newmarket's July meeting and the Nassau Stakes at Goodwood.

## Assessment

In 1953 the independent Timeform organisation awarded Happy Laughter a rating of 126, two pounds below the top-rated three-year-old filly La Sorellina. In their book *A Century of Champions*, based on a modified version of the Timeform system John Randall and Tony Morris rated Happy Laughter an “average” winner of the 1000 Guineas.

## Stud career

Happy Laughter was retired from racing to become a broodmare, but she had no success as a dam of winners.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Happy Laughter (IRE), chestnut mare, 1950
| Sire
Royal Charger (GB)
1942 | Nearco (ITY)
1935 | Pharos | Phalaris |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Scapa Flow |
| | Nogara | Havresac |
| | Catnip |
| | Sun Princess (GB)
1937 | Solario | Gainsborough |
| | | Sun Worship |
| | Mumtaz Begum | Blenheim |
| | Mumtaz Mahal |
| Dam
Bray Melody (IRE)
1942 | Coup de Lyon (GB)
1930 | Winalot | Son-in-Law |
| | | Gallenza |
| | Sundry | Sunstar |
| | Queen's Company |
| | Painter's Song (GB)
1935 | Gainsborough | Bayardo |
| | | Rosedrop |
| | Cradle Song | Hurry On |
| | Verve (Family:1-l) |

## InfoBox

| Happy Laughter | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Royal Charger |
| Grandsire | Nearco |
| Dam | Bray Melody |
| Damsire | Coup de Lyon |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | 1950 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | E C Shirley |
| Owner | Davis Wills |
| Trainer | Jack Jarvis |
| Record | 13: 9-2-1 |
| Earnings | £26,908 |
| Major wins | |
| 1000 Guineas (1953)
Coronation Stakes (1953)
Falmouth Stakes (1953)
Nassau Stakes (1953) | |


title: Muriel Freeman

abstract: Muriel Bolton Freeman was an English foil fencer. She competed at the 1924 and 1928 Olympics and won a silver medal in 1928, placing fourth in 1924.

text:
# Muriel Freeman

**Muriel Bolton Freeman** (9 September 1897  1980) was an English foil fencer. She competed at the 1924 and 1928 Olympics and won a silver medal in 1928, placing fourth in 1924.

## InfoBox

Muriel Freeman
| Freeman at the 1928 Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 9 September 1897
Worcester, England |
| Died | 1980 (aged 8283)
Northampton, England |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Event | Foil |
| Medal record      Representing  United Kingdom  Olympic Games  1928 Amsterdam Foil, individual | |


title: Jack Higginson (footballer)

abstract: Jack Higginson was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Small Heath. He played as a left-sided forward. Higginson was born in Dudley, which was then in Worcestershire, and played for Gornal Wood and Dudley Town before joining Small Heath in 1900. On his debut in the Second Division on 6 October 1900, Higginson scored the second goal in a 2–0 home win against Burton Swifts, and followed this up with goals in the next two games. Unable to maintain this level of goalscoring, Higginson lost his place to the newly arrived Johnny McMillan. He played only rarely after the club's promotion to the First Division, and returned to non-league football with Stourbridge in 1902.

text:
# Jack Higginson (footballer)

**Jack Higginson** (1876 – after 1901) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Small Heath. He played as a left-sided forward.

Higginson was born in Dudley, which was then in Worcestershire, and played for Gornal Wood and Dudley Town before joining Small Heath in 1900. On his debut in the Second Division on 6 October 1900, Higginson scored the second goal in a 2–0 home win against Burton Swifts, and followed this up with goals in the next two games. Unable to maintain this level of goalscoring, Higginson lost his place to the newly arrived Johnny McMillan. He played only rarely after the club's promotion to the First Division, and returned to non-league football with Stourbridge in 1902.

## InfoBox

Jack Higginson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Jack Higginson | | |
| Date of birth | 1876 | | |
| Place of birth | Dudley, England | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Gornal Wood |  |  |
|  | Dudley Town |  |  |
| 1900–1902 | Small Heath | 14 | (4) |
| 1902–19?? | Stourbridge |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Mentha longifolia

abstract: Mentha longifolia, also known as horse mint, brookmint, fillymint or St. John's horsemint, is a species of plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to Europe excluding Britain and Ireland, western and central Asia, and northern and southern Africa.

text:
# Mentha longifolia

***Mentha longifolia***, also known as **horse mint**, **brookmint**, **fillymint** or **St. John's horsemint**, is a species of plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to Europe excluding Britain and Ireland, western and central Asia (east to Nepal and far western China), and northern and southern (but not tropical) Africa.

## Description

It is a very variable herbaceous perennial plant with a peppermint-scented aroma. Like many mints, it has a creeping rhizome, with erect to creeping stems 40–120 cm tall. The leaves are oblong-elliptical to lanceolate, 5–10 cm long and 1.5–3 cm broad, thinly to densely tomentose, green to greyish-green above and white below. The flowers are 3–5 mm long, lilac, purplish, or white, produced in dense clusters (verticillasters) on tall, branched, tapering spikes; flowering in mid to late summer. It spreads via rhizomes to form clonal colonies.

## Taxonomy

*Mentha longifolia* has been widely confused with tomentose variant plants of the species *Mentha spicata*; it can be distinguished from these by the hairs being simple and unbranched, in contrast to the branched hairs of *M. spicata*.

### Infraspecies

The following subspecies and varieties are recognised:

* *Mentha longifolia* var. *amphilema* Briq. ex Rech.f. \- western Asia
* *Mentha longifolia* var. *asiatica* (Boriss.) Rech.f. \- western Asia to western China
* *Mentha longifolia* var. *austroafghanica* Rech.f. \- Afghanistan
* *Mentha longifolia* subsp. *capensis* (Thunb.) Briq. \- southern Africa
* *Mentha longifolia* var. *chlorodictya* Rech.f. \- Caucasus to western & central Asia
* *Mentha longifolia* var. *kermamensis* Rech.f. \- Iran
* *Mentha longifolia* var. *kotschyana* (Boiss.) Briq. \- eastern Turkey, Iran
* *Mentha longifolia* subsp. *longifolia* (L.) L. \- Europe, northwestern Africa
* *Mentha longifolia* var. *muqarrabica* Shinwari & Chaudhri \- Pakistan
* *Mentha longifolia* subsp. *noeana* (Briq.) Briq. \- Turkey east to Iran
* *Mentha longifolia* var. *petiolata* Boiss. \- northern Iraq to northern & western Iran
* *Mentha longifolia* var. *schimperi* (Briq.) Briq. \- Sinai to Arabian Peninsula
* *Mentha longifolia* var. *swatica* Shinwari & Chaudhri \- Pakistan
* *Mentha longifolia* subsp. *typhoides* (Briq.) Harley. \- northeastern Africa, southwestern Asia
* *Mentha longifolia* subsp. *wissii* (Launert) Codd. \- southwestern Africa

### Hybrids

*Mentha longifolia* hybridizes with other *Mentha* species. Hybrids include:

### Varieties and Cultivars

Unlike other commonly cultivated species and hybrids of mint, there are few horticultural cultivars of *M. longifolia*. The only ones of note are:

* *M. longifolia* Buddleia Mint Group (syn. *M. longifolia* 'Buddleia') - with silvered leaves.

## Cultivation

Like almost all mints, *Mentha longifolia* can be invasive. Care needs to be taken when planting it in non-controlled areas.

## Uses

Nicholas Culpeper's *Complete Herbal* (1653) states that "It is good for wind and colic in the stomach ... The juice, laid on warm, helps the King's evil or kernels in the throat ... The decoction or distilled water helps a stinking breath, proceeding from corruption of the teeth, and snuffed up the nose, purges the head. It helps the scurf or dandruff of the head used with vinegar." In addition, *Mentha longifolia*, like other Mentha species, is known to have important medicinal properties.

## InfoBox

| *Mentha longifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Mentha* |
| Species: | ***M. longifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mentha longifolia***<br>(L.) Huds. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * *Mentha acroceraia* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha acuminata* Topitz * *Mentha aepycaulos* Candargy * *Mentha aequifrons* Trautm. & Urum. * *Mentha albida* Déségl. & T.Durand ex Briq. * *Mentha albida* Rchb. ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha alpigena* A.Kern. * *Mentha ambigua* Guss. * *Mentha aquatica* var. *gracilis* Wimm. & Grab. * *Mentha bacsensis* Trautm. * *Mentha baldensis* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha balsamiflora* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha bezdanensis* Prodan * *Mentha brachyclada* Sennen * *Mentha brassoensis* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha brevidentata* Sennen * *Mentha brevispicata* Opiz ex Strail * *Mentha brittingeri* Opiz * *Mentha caerulescens* Opiz ex Strail * *Mentha candicans* Mill. * *Mentha candicans* f. *angustifolia* (Lapeyr.) Timb.-Lagr. * *Mentha candicans* f. *leptostachya* Pérard * *Mentha candicans* f. *ramosa* Timb.-Lagr. * *Mentha canescens* Roth * *Mentha cardiophyllos* Borbás ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha castellana* Sennen & Elías * *Mentha caucasica* Gand. * *Mentha caucasica* (Briq.) Vorosch. * *Mentha chaunanthera* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha chrysostomi* Sennen * *Mentha coerulescens* Opiz ex Déségl. * *Mentha collivaga* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha cordata* Posp. * *Mentha cretica* Port. ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha crispa* Ten. * *Mentha cuspidata* Opiz ex Déségl. * *Mentha danubialis* Borbás & Heinr.Braun * *Mentha danubialis* Gand. * *Mentha decloetiana* Opiz * *Mentha densicapilla* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha despecta* Sennen * *Mentha dionisiana* Sennen * *Mentha discolor* Opiz ex Déségl. * *Mentha divaricata* Lag. ex Spreng. * *Mentha domingoi* Sennen * *Mentha dulcissima* Dumort. * *Mentha × dumetorum* var. *hispidula* (Boreau) Rouy * *Mentha eisensteiniana* Opiz * *Mentha ensidens* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha favratii* Déségl. & T.Durand * *Mentha filina* Wallr. * *Mentha firmicaulis* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha flanatica* Borbás ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha fluvialis* Pérard * *Mentha foliosa* Opiz * *Mentha foroiulensis* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha glaucostachya* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha grisella* Briq. * *Mentha grisella* subsp. *caucasica* Briq. * *Mentha grisella* subsp. *minutiflora* Briq. * *Mentha grisella* subsp. *seriata* (A.Kern.) Briq. * *Mentha grisella* subsp. *syriaca* (Déségl.) Briq. * *Mentha halleri* C.C.Gmel. * *Mentha hapalophylla* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha hispidula* Boreau * *Mentha hollosyana* Borbás * *Mentha horridula* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha hugueninii* Déségl. & T.Durand * *Mentha hybrida* Schleich. * *Mentha illyrica* Borbás & Heinr.Braun * *Mentha incana* Willd. * *Mentha incana* f. *barthiana* Borbás * *Mentha incana* var. *litoralis* Borbás * *Mentha ischnostachya* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha josephi* Sennen * *Mentha jucunda* Sennen * *Mentha jurana* (Déségl. & T.Durand) Heinr.Braun * *Mentha kozorensis* Trautm. * *Mentha krassoensis* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha kuncii* Borbás * *Mentha laggeri* Déségl. & T.Durand * *Mentha lavandulacea* Willd. * *Mentha lavandulifolia* Pers. * *Mentha leioneura* Borbás * *Mentha lepidioides* Legrand * *Mentha lereschii* Déségl. & T.Durand * *Mentha leucantha* Borbás ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha ligustrina* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha litigiosa* Sennen * *Mentha macilenta* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha marisensis* Simonk. * *Mentha mellifluens* Haw. ex Spach * *Mentha mentita* Sennen * *Mentha microcephala* (Gelmi) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. * *Mentha microstachya* Sennen * *Mentha minutiflora* A.Kern. * *Mentha mixta* Sennen * *Mentha mollicoma* Opiz ex Strail * *Mentha mollis* (Rochel) Trautm. * *Mentha mollis* f. *leptostachya* Borbás * *Mentha mollis* var. *retinervis* Borbás * *Mentha mollissima* Borkh. * *Mentha mollissima* var. *bornmuelleri* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha mollissima* f. *exserta* Pérard * *Mentha mollissima* f. *inclusa* Pérard * *Mentha mollissima* f. *plicata* Pérard * *Mentha monticola* Déségl. & T.Durand * *Mentha monticola* var. *jurana* Déségl. & T.Durand * *Mentha mosztongensis* Trautm. * *Mentha nativitatis-mariae* Sennen * *Mentha neilreichiana* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha nematostachya* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha × nemorosa* var. *crispa* (Benth.) Timb.-Lagr. * *Mentha × nemorosa* subsp. *dulcissima* (Dumort.) Briq. * *Mentha nigrescens* K.Koch * *Mentha × niliaca* var. *sapida* (Tausch ex Rchb.) Briq. * *Mentha noeana* Boiss. * *Mentha norica* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha nouletiana* Timb.-Lagr. * *Mentha oblonga* Opiz * *Mentha omissa* Sennen * *Mentha pachylodes* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha pagana* (Topitz) Domin * *Mentha pallida* Nees ex Mart. * *Mentha panormitana* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha pantotricha* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha paramecophyllon* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha parviflora* Sennen * *Mentha pedroi* Sennen * *Mentha pellita* Déségl. * *Mentha persica* Benth. * *Mentha petitrix* Sennen * *Mentha phaeocoma* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha planitiensis* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha procera* Sennen * *Mentha psiloclada* Sennen * *Mentha ratisbonensis* Opiz * *Mentha recta* Déségl. & T.Durand * *Mentha reflexifolia* Opiz * *Mentha reflexifolia* var. *serrulata* (Opiz ex Déségl.) Heinr.Braun * *Mentha retinervis* Borbás ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha rigens* Déségl. & T.Durand * *Mentha rocheliana* Borbás & Heinr.Braun * *Mentha rotundifolia* Sole * *Mentha × rotundifolia* var. *maritima* Gadeceau * *Mentha rozaliae* Trautm. * *Mentha sapida* Tausch ex Rchb. * *Mentha sedunensis* Ayasse ex Briq. * *Mentha seriata* A.Kern. * *Mentha serotina* Ten. * *Mentha serratula* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha serrulata* Opiz ex Déségl. * *Mentha sphaerostachya* Haussm. ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha spicata* var. *longifolia* L. * *Mentha spicata* subsp. *longifolia* (L.) Tacik * *Mentha spicata* var. *microphylla* (Lej. & Courtois) Lebeau * *Mentha stenantha* Borbás ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha stenanthelmia* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha stenoclada* Sennen * *Mentha stenostachya* K.Richt. * *Mentha stenotricha* Borbás * *Mentha suavis* Hoffm. ex Sm. * *Mentha suavissima* Lej. ex Malinv. * *Mentha subincana* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha subintegrifolia* Déségl. * *Mentha subviridis* Borbás ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha sylvestris* L. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *alpigena* (A.Kern.) Nyman * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *angustifolia* Lapeyr. * *Mentha sylvestris* subsp. *arctifrons* Briq. * *Mentha sylvestris* subsp. *brevifrons* Borbás ex Briq. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *candicans* Becker * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *canescens* Regel * *Mentha sylvestris* f. *canescens* Gaudin * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *compacta* Wimm. & Grab. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *crispa* Benth. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *diffusa* K.Koch * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *discolor* K.Koch * *Mentha sylvestris* subvar. *domestica* Tausch ex Nyman * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *flaccida* Wimm. & Grab. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *floribunda* Wimm. & Grab. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *grandis* Wimm. & Grab. * *Mentha sylvestris* subvar. *hispidula* (Boreau) Nyman * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *hybrida* (Schleich.) Gaudin * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *iberica* K.Koch * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *incana* (Willd.) Bastard * *Mentha sylvestris* subvar. *incana* (Willd.) Nyman * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *lancifolia* K.Koch * *Mentha sylvestris* subsp. *lavandulacea* Briq. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *major* Wirtg. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *marisensis* (Simonk.) Nyman * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *microcephala* Gelmi * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *microphylla* Lej. & Courtois * *Mentha sylvestris* f. *minor* Becker * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *mollis* Rochel * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *mollissima* (Borkh.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. * *Mentha sylvestris* subsp. *mollissima* (Borkh.) Schübl. & G.Martens * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *nouletiana* (Timb.-Lagr.) Batt. * *Mentha sylvestris* f. *pahinensis* Topitz * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *pallescens* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha sylvestris* subsp. *pellita* (Déségl.) Briq. * *Mentha sylvestris* convar. planifolia Alef. * *Mentha sylvestris* subsp. *procurrens* Briq. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *serotina* (Ten.) Nyman * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *simplex* Wimm. & Grab. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *sordida* Wimm. & Grab. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *subintegra* Wimm. & Grab. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *teydae* Bolle * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *thaumasia* Murr * *Mentha sylvestris* f. *tomentosa* Wimm. & Grab. * *Mentha sylvestris* var. *wierzbickiana* (Opiz) Nyman * *Mentha syriaca* Déségl. * *Mentha syrmiensis* Borbás ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha szamosiana* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha szenezyana* Borbás * *Mentha szilyana* Borbás * *Mentha taphrophila* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha tenorei* Pérard * *Mentha thaumasia* (Murr) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. * *Mentha tomentosa* Stokes * *Mentha transmota* Déségl. & T.Durand * *Mentha transsilvanica* Schur * *Mentha uliginosa* Salisb. * *Mentha ulotricha* (Topitz) Trautm. * *Mentha vallesiaca* (Briq.) Trautm. * *Mentha veroniciformis* Opiz ex Strail * *Mentha × villosa* f. *nouletiana* (Timb.-Lagr.) Topitz * *Mentha × villosa* var. *sapida* (Tausch ex Rchb.) Rouy * *Mentha × villosa* var. *tenorei* Briq. * *Mentha viridescens* Borbás * *Mentha viridescens* f. *leioneura* Borbás * *Mentha viridescens* f. *macrostema* Borbás * *Mentha viridis* subsp. *candicans* Berher * *Mentha viridis* var. *canescens* Gren. & Godr. * *Mentha viridis* var. *minutodonta* Topitz * *Mentha viridis* subsp. *nouletiana* (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman * *Mentha weinerniana* Opiz ex Strail * *Mentha wierzbickiana* Opiz * *Mentha wierzbickiana* f. *holubyana* Heinr.Braun * *Mentha wierzbickiana* f. *lintiae* Heinr.Braun & Topitz * *Mentha wierzbickiana* var. *richteri* Borbás ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha wierzbickiana* var. *stenantha* Borbás ex Heinr.Braun * *Mentha wierzbickiana* f. *subcrispa* Heinr.Braun & Topitz * *Mentha wirzbickiana* Opiz ex Déségl. * *Mentha wondracekii* Opiz ex Strail | |