title: Foreign language

abstract: A foreign language is a language that is not an official language of, nor typically spoken in, a specific country. Native speakers from that country usually need to acquire it through conscious learning, such as through language lessons at school, self-teaching, or attending language courses. A foreign language might be learned as a second language; however, there is a distinction between the two terms. A second language refers to a language that plays a significant role in the region where the speaker lives, whether for communication, education, business, or governance. Consequently, a second language is not necessarily a foreign language. Children who learn more than one language from birth or at a very young age are considered bilingual or multilingual. These children can be said to have two, three, or more mother tongues, meaning these languages would not be considered foreign to them, even if one language is a foreign language for the majority of people in the child's birth country. For instance, a child learning English from their English parent and Irish at school in Ireland can speak both English and Irish, but neither is a foreign language for them. This situation is common in countries like India, South Africa, or Canada, which have multiple official languages. In general, it is believed that children have an advantage in learning foreign languages compared to adults. However, studies have shown that pre-existing knowledge of language and grammar rules, as well as a superior ability to memorize vocabulary, may benefit adults when learning foreign languages.

text:
# Foreign language

A **foreign language** is a language that is not an official language of, nor typically spoken in, a specific country. Native speakers from that country usually need to acquire it through conscious learning, such as through language lessons at school, self-teaching, or attending language courses. A foreign language might be learned as a second language; however, there is a distinction between the two terms. A second language refers to a language that plays a significant role in the region where the speaker lives, whether for communication, education, business, or governance. Consequently, a second language is not necessarily a foreign language.

Children who learn more than one language from birth or at a very young age are considered bilingual or multilingual. These children can be said to have two, three, or more mother tongues, meaning these languages would not be considered foreign to them, even if one language is a foreign language for the majority of people in the child's birth country. For instance, a child learning English from their English parent and Irish at school in Ireland can speak both English and Irish, but neither is a foreign language for them. This situation is common in countries like India, South Africa, or Canada, which have multiple official languages.

In general, it is believed that children have an advantage in learning foreign languages compared to adults. However, studies have shown that pre-existing knowledge of language and grammar rules, as well as a superior ability to memorize vocabulary, may benefit adults when learning foreign languages.

## Foreign-language education and ability

Most schools around the world teach at least one foreign language and most colleges and high schools require foreign language before graduation. By 1998, nearly all pupils in Europe studied at least one foreign language as part of their compulsory education, the only exception being Ireland, where primary and secondary schoolchildren learn both Irish and English, but neither is considered a foreign language (although Irish pupils do study a third European language). On average in Europe, at the start of foreign-language teaching, learners have lessons for three to four hours a week. Compulsory lessons in a foreign language normally start at the end of primary school or the start of secondary school. In Luxembourg, Norway and Malta, however, the first foreign language is studied at age six, and in Flanders at age 10. In Wales, all children are taught Welsh from the first year of primary school. The Welsh language is also compulsory up to the age of 16, although a formal GCSE qualification is optional.

In some countries, learners have lessons taken entirely in a foreign language: for example, more than half of European countries with a minority/regional language community use partial immersion to teach both the minority and the state language. This method is also highly used in Canada, wherein anglophone students spend all of most of their lessons learning the materials in French.

In 1995, the European Commission's White Paper on Education and Training emphasised the importance of schoolchildren learning at least two foreign languages before upper secondary education. The Lisbon Summit of 2000 defined languages as one of the five key skills.

Despite the high rate of foreign-language teaching in schools, the number of adults claiming to speak a foreign language is generally lower than might be expected. This is particularly true of native English speakers: in 2004 a British survey by recruitment firm Office Angels showed that fewer than one in 10 UK workers could speak a foreign language and that less than 5% could count to 20 in a second language. In 2012, a European Commission survey found that 61% of respondents in the UK were unlikely to speak any language other than their mother tongue (page 5).

Since the 1990s, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages has tried to standardise the learning of languages across Europe.

An article from *The Atlantic* claims that only 1 percent of the adults within the US population consider themselves proficient in speaking a foreign language. This is in stark contrast to many other countries, where the percentage is much higher. Even though there are many benefits that come with learning a foreign language, schools across the United States continue to cut foreign language from their budgets.

### Pronunciation

### Instruments for foreign-language learning

In recent years, computer-assisted language learning has been integrated into foreign-language education and computer programs with varying levels of interactional relationship between computer and the language learner have been developed. Language learning aids such as foreign-language writing aid and foreign-language reading aid, targeted at the specific language skills of foreign-language learners, are also alternative instruments available for foreign-language learners.

## Research into foreign-language learning

Learning a foreign language provides various benefits, ranging from improving career opportunities to enhancing cognitive abilities.

In 2004, the Michel Thomas Language Centre in the United Kingdom conducted a study that found that speaking a second language could increase an average worker's salary by £3000 (€3 300) a year, or £145 000 (€159 000) in a lifetime, and are also more likely to be more successful with the opposite sex. Further results showed that nine out of 10 British companies thought their businesses could benefit from better language skills. Studies show that a bilingual or multilingual person can earn much more than a computer programmer or engineer because they can use their abilities in foreign language to obtain success in a wide range of career paths. In addition, due to the increase in the number of people from different parts of the world, a multilingual person can more easily communicate with prospective customers.

Also in 2004, a study by University College London (UCL) examined the brains of 105 people who could speak more than one language. The study found that people who learned a second language when younger had denser grey matter than those who learned one later. Grey matter is an area of the brain where information is most efficiently processed, due to the function of specialized cells called neurons. The researchers concluded that learning a second language changes the structure of the brain and enhances its functionality.

A series of experiments on more than 300 people from the U.S. and Korea found that thinking in a second language reduced deep-seated, misleading biases that unduly influence how risks and benefits are perceived.

Other research has shown that early exposure to a second language increases divergent thinking strategies, which helps not only in language-related tasks, but also in areas such as math. Children who are exposed to a second language early on have different ways of expressing themselves, which helps them better understand that there is more than one way to look at a problem and that there is more than one solution.

Another benefit of learning a foreign language is that it improves one's attention span and ability to multitask. A study by the University of the Potomac found that bilinguals have better control over their attention and can switch between tasks more easily than monolinguals. This is because bilinguals have to constantly monitor which language they are using and suppress the interference from the other language. This mental exercise trains their executive function, which is responsible for planning, organizing, problem-solving and decision-making. Learning a foreign language also boosts one's creativity, as it exposes them to new ways of expressing ideas and thinking outside the box.

Learning a foreign language also has positive effects on one's first language. According to the Cambridge Assessment English blog, learning another language helps students improve their literacy skills in their native language, as they become more aware of grammar, vocabulary and sentence structure. Learning a foreign language also enhances one's understanding of other cultures and perspectives, as they can access more information and entertainment sources in different languages and communicate with people from diverse backgrounds. This can foster empathy, tolerance and respect for others.

In summary, learning a foreign language is not only useful for practical purposes, but also beneficial for cognitive, social and personal development. It can improve one's brain power, memory, concentration, creativity, communication skills and cultural awareness. It can also open up new opportunities for education, work and travel. Therefore, learning a foreign language is a worthwhile investment for anyone who wants to enrich their lives and broaden their horizons.

## Foreign language versus second language

Although significant differences between the definitions of second language and foreign language may be hard to find as the two terms are often taken as synonyms, research has been carried out to shed light on the differentiating traits of the two. The distinction between acronyms TESL (Teaching of English as a Second Language) and TEFL (Teaching of English as a Foreign Language) shows the attention different researchers have paid to the concepts of foreign language and second language.

Richards and Schmidt (2002: 472) provide the following information about second language:

"In a broad sense, any language learned after one has learnt one's native language \[is called second language\]. However, when contrasted with foreign language, the term refers more narrowly to a language that plays a major role in a particular country or region though it may not be the first language of many people who use it. For example, the learning of English by immigrants in the US or the learning of Catalan by speakers of Spanish in Catalonia (an autonomous region of Spain) are cases of second (not foreign) language learning, because those languages are necessary for survival in those societies. English is also a second language for many people in countries like Nigeria, India, Singapore and the Philippines (plus Spanish), because English fulfills many important functions in those countries (including the business of education and government) and Learning English is necessary to be successful within that context. (Some people in these countries however may acquire English as a first language, if it is the main language used at home)."

They also define a *foreign language* as a language which is not the native language of large numbers of people in a particular country of region, is not used as a medium of instruction in schools and is not widely used as a medium of communication in government, media, etc. They note that foreign languages are typically taught as school subjects for the purpose of communicating with foreigners or for reading printed materials in the language. For example, French is a foreign language for most people in England. However, French is not a foreign language for most people in France.

Crystal (2003) notes that *first language* is distinguishable from *second language* (a language other than one's mother-tongue used for a special purpose, e.g. for education, government) distinguishable in turn from *foreign language* (where no such special status is implied). He also notes that the distinction between the latter two is not universally recognised (especially not in the US).

Stern (1983) believes that there is today consensus that a necessary distinction is to be made between a non-native language learnt and used within one country to which the term *second language* has been applied and a non-native language learnt and used with reference to a speech community outside national or territorial boundaries to which the term *foreign language* is commonly given. He argues that while the distinction between 'second' and 'foreign' has a certain justification, it is perhaps less important than it has sometimes been made out to be and it may be misleading. He notes that the distinction became popular after World War II in international organisations, such as UNESCO, in order to meet nationalist susceptibilities in discussions on language questions.

Fasold and Connor-Linton (2006), Falk (1978) and Hudson (2000) provide similar definitions for the two terms. O'Grady *et al.* (1384) do not mention the exact terms 'second' and 'foreign' language, but they emphasise on the role of learning environment in teaching non-native languages.

So, the distinction between 'second language' and 'foreign language' is a geographical and environmental distinction. We can mention 'second-language situation' and 'foreign-language situation' as two situations of learning, not two kinds of languages. So a foreign language is not always a foreign language and a second language is not always a second language. Since the distinction is geographical, the two situations (learning second language and learning foreign language) can be considered as a continuum. At one extreme, we may find learners learning without external help and direction purely from exposure to the non-native language through living in the target language environment (second-language learning) and at the other we find learners learning the non-native language exclusively in language teaching setting and classrooms (foreign-language learning).

A 'second language' usually has official status or a recognised function within a country which a foreign language has not and furthermore these two different situations frequently have important consequences to which attention has been drawn in some books. For example, Persian is a second language for Kurdish people, but not vice versa, because there is no Kurdish environment for Persian speakers who are learning Kurdish. On the other hand, English is a foreign language for both groups, because there is no contact between Kurdish and Persian people with English people. However, if an Iranian person goes to United States, then English becomes a second language for them. Thus, British immigrants to Iran learn Persian as a second language, and Persian speakers study English in Britain as a second language. Meanwhile, people in Kurdistan can speak of learning Kurdish by Persian speakers as a second rather than foreign language.

The purposes of second-language learning are often different from foreign-language learning. Second language is needed for full participation in the political and economic life of the nation, because it is frequently the official language or one of two or more recognised languages. It may be the language needed for education. Among the purposes of foreign-language learning are traveling abroad, communication with native speakers, reading foreign literature or scientific and technical works.

There are some major differences between foreign and second language teaching and learning. In second-language learning, one can receive input for learning both inside and outside the classroom. They can readily put to use what is learned, as can the child learning its first language, so much naturalistic practice is possible.

Second-language learners are usually more successful in developing non-native language skills and what is learned may be essential for getting along in the community, so motivation is stronger.

Acculturation that is a main aspect of learning a language is easier in the case of second-language learning and the emotional role of language (as opposed to communicational role) is easier to use for learners.

The major characteristics of the planned condition of the classroom in the case of foreign-language learning as opposed to natural conditions of second-language learning are:

1. Psycho-social demands of classroom: The school classroom requires adjustment of the learner to the group processes, classroom discipline and procedures. The learner receives only a limited amount of individual attention. Regular attendance is required.
2. Preselected language data: The teacher generally introduces preselected target language items. Spontaneity is limited. A planned curriculum is followed with the teacher attempting to realize certain goals regarding the language that is to be learned.
3. Grammatical rules presented. The teacher may describe a rule in the native language to explain a grammatical structure. The teacher is expected to understand, assimilate and later apply the abstract rule.
4. Unreal limited situations. Situations for language use in the classroom are limited in variety and scope as compared to those outside of the classroom. The situations which are employed are often simulated.
5. Educational aids and assignments. In order to assist learning and achieve teacher goals, books, writing or a language lab, for example, may be used. Work assignments may be given to be completed in the class or at home.

There are some other issues in teaching and learning foreign language and second language including the type of motivation and the distinction between 'learning' and 'acquisition' that I will discuss them in separate parts.

### Acquisition versus learning

In linguistic and pedagogic literature, there is often a distinction made between acquisition and language learning. Children are said to 'acquire' their native language, as they begin with no prior information or knowledge, whereas adults are said to 'learn' a non-native language. Acquisition is viewed as a natural, unconscious, untaught, and possibly unteachable process, while learning is seen as more artificial, usually conscious and possibly dependent on instruction and study.

This distinction between acquisition and learning can be useful in discussing language learning, as the general conditions in the case of second language acquisition offer opportunities for acquisition, as it is informal, free, undirected, and naturalistic. Conversely, in the case of foreign language learning, educational treatment may offer opportunities primarily for learning.

However, it is important to note that acquisition can occur in the case of foreign-language learning, and learning can occur in the case of second-language learning. For example, immigrants to the US may attend language teaching classes in the target language environment, allowing for both acquisition and learning. Similarly, foreign-language learners who are far from the target language environment may still acquire language through exposure to media such as foreign radio or literature.

In conclusion, while the distinction between acquisition and learning is useful in understanding language acquisition and learning, it is important to recognize that both processes can occur in various language learning contexts. Therefore, it is essential to employ a variety of language learning strategies and techniques, tailored to the specific learner's needs and goals, to maximize language acquisition and learning.

## Footnotes

1. Merritt, Anne (2013-09-18). "Merritt, Anne. "Are Children Really Better at Foreign Language Learning?"". *Telegraph.co.uk*. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
2. Service, Elisabet; Yli-Kaitala, Hely; Maury, Sini; Kim, Jeong-Young (2014-04-26). "Adults' and 8-Year-Olds' Learning in a Foreign Word Repetition Task: Similar and Different: Adults' and Children's Foreign Word Repetition" (PDF). *Language Learning*. **64** (2): 215–246. doi:10.1111/lang.12051. hdl:11375/23532. Retrieved 2022-07-11  via MacSphere - McMaster University Libraries Institutional Repository.
3. "De lat hoog voor talen in iedere school" \[Raising the bar for languages in every school\] (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2007-01-12.
4. Robb, Stephen (2004-07-29). "Why Britons are 'language barbarians'". *BBC News*. Retrieved 2022-07-10.
5. Friedman, Amelia (2015-05-10). "America's Lacking Language Skills". *The Atlantic*. Retrieved 2022-07-10.
6. Palmberg, Rolf (1989). "Integrating CALL into Foreign-Language Teaching". *Special Languages and Second Languages: Methodology and Research*. **47**  via Education Resources Information Center.
7. "Languages 'boost work and love'". November 2004.
8. "Life is better for linguists, survey finds". *The Guardian*. 2004-11-01. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
9. "Learning languages 'boosts brain'". *BBC News*. 2004-10-13. Archived from the original on 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
10. Pilcher, Helen (2004-07-21). "Grey matter matters for intellect". *Nature News*: news040719–11. doi:10.1038/news040719-11. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17.
11. Keim, Brandon. "Thinking in a Foreign Language Makes Decisions More Rational". *WIRED*. Archived from the original on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
12. Diaz, Rafael M. (1983-01-01). "Chapter 2: Thought and Two Languages: The Impact of Bilingualism on Cognitive Development". *Review of Research in Education*. **10** (1): 23–54. doi:10.3102/0091732X010001023. ISSN 0091-732X. JSTOR 1167134. S2CID 143909423.
13. "9 Benefits of Learning a Second Language | University of the Potomac". 2021-12-05. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
14. "12 Awesome Advantages of Learning a Foreign Language". *FluentU Language Learning*. 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
15. Spence, Carley (2022-04-29). "How learning a new language changes your brain | Cambridge English". *World of Better Learning | Cambridge University Press*. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
16. Richards, Jack C.; Schmidt, Richard (2002). *Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics* (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 9780582438255.
17. Crystal, David (2003). *English as a Global Language*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3.
18. Stern, H.H. (1983). *Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching: Historical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Applied Linguistic Research*. Oxford University Press.
19. Fasold, Ralph W.; Connor-Linton, Jeff (2006). *An Introduction to Language and Linguistics*. Cambridge University Press.
20. Falk, Yehuda N. (1978). *Linguistics and Language: A Survey of Basic Concepts and Implications*. Wiley.
21. Hudson, R.A. (2000). *Sociolinguistics: Second Edition*. Cambridge University Press.
22. O'Grady, W.; Dobrovolsky, M.; Aronoff, M. (1997). *Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction*. St. Martin's Press.

## Sources

* Bailey, David. "The Secret to Learning a Foreign Language as an Adult. " Time. Time, 2 Oct. 2014. Web.
* Crystal, D. (2003), A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 5th edition, London: Blackwell.
* Falk, J.S. (1978), Linguistics and Language, US: John Wiley & Sons.
* Fasold, R.W. and Connor-Linton J. (2006), An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Hudson, G. (2000), Essential Introductory Linguistics, London: Blackwell.
* Merritt, Anne. "Are Children Really Better at Foreign Language Learning?" The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 18 Sept. 2013. Web.
* Richards, J.C. and Schmidt R. (2002), Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 3rd edition, London: Longman.
* Service, Elisabet, et al. "Adults' And 8-Year-Olds' Learning In A Foreign Word Repetition Task: Similar And Different."Language Learning 64.2 (2014): 215-246. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web.
* Steinberg, D. D. (1991), Psycholinguistics: Language, Mind and World, London: Longman.
* Stern, H.H. (1983), Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Sanfins, Nuno (2018), "TEFL or TESL? A study of Language development and progression."


title: Fore Shoe Company Building

abstract: Fore Shoe Company Building, also known as the Washington Shoe Company Building and Kane Dunham & Kraus Shoe Company Building, is a historic shoe factory building located at Washington, Franklin County, Missouri. The original section was built in 1925, and is a two-story, reinforced concrete and wood beam structure sheathed in brick. A two- and three-story brick addition was built in 1927, and is of steel frame construction. The building features a prominent brick smoke stack and measures approximately 58,000 square feet of floor space. The factory closed in 1971. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

text:
# Fore Shoe Company Building

**Fore Shoe Company Building**, also known as the **Washington Shoe Company Building** and **Kane Dunham & Kraus Shoe Company Building**, is a historic shoe factory building located at Washington, Franklin County, Missouri. The original section was built in 1925, and is a two-story, reinforced concrete and wood beam structure sheathed in brick. A two- and three-story brick addition was built in 1927, and is of steel frame construction. The building features a prominent brick smoke stack and measures approximately 58,000 square feet of floor space. The factory closed in 1971.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fore Shoe Company Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Fore Shoe Company Building, March 2014 | |
|  | |
| Location | 601 E 6th St., Washington, Missouri |
| Coordinates | 38°33′15″N 91°0′17″W / 38.55417°N 91.00472°W / 38.55417; -91.00472 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1925 (1925), 1927 |
| Built by | Lohmeyer and Schulte |
| Architectural style | Brick Factory |
| NRHP reference No. | 05001432 |
| Added to NRHP | December 23, 2005 |


title: Folcmar (bishop of Utrecht)

abstract:
Folcmar, also named Poppo, was a bishop of Utrecht from 976 to 990. Folcmar was the son of the Saxon count Adalbero and an uncle of bishop Bernward of Hildesheim, a fervent builder who was responsible for the famous bronze doors and the Christussäule. Folcmar was a member of the Chapter in Hildesheim, and in 975 he became Chancellor of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, who afterwards appointed him to the bishopric of Utrecht.
When Otto II's cousin, Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, revolted in a bid to seize the throne, he was defeated, stripped of all his possessions and placed in the custody of bishop Folcmar. After Otto II's death, Henry was released, but he soon made another attempt at the throne against the infant Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor. This kept Folcmar involved in the succession issue. Folcmar was buried in the Dom Church of Utrecht.

text:
# Folcmar (bishop of Utrecht)

**Folcmar** (died 10 December 990), also named **Poppo**, was a bishop of Utrecht from 976 to 990.

Folcmar was the son of the Saxon count Adalbero and an uncle of bishop Bernward of Hildesheim, a fervent builder who was responsible for the famous bronze doors and the *Christussäule* (Bernward Column). Folcmar was a member of the Chapter in Hildesheim, and in 975 he became Chancellor of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, who afterwards appointed him to the bishopric of Utrecht. When Otto II's cousin, Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, revolted in a bid to seize the throne, he was defeated, stripped of all his possessions and placed in the custody of bishop Folcmar. After Otto II's death, Henry was released, but he soon made another attempt at the throne against the infant Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor. This kept Folcmar involved in the succession issue. Folcmar was buried in the Dom Church of Utrecht.

1. Blok, Dirk Peter (1989). *Folkmar (Poppo), Bischof von Utrecht (976–990) ; Lexikon des Mittelalters (LexMA). Band 4*. München/Zürich: Artemis & Winkler. p. 613. ISBN 3-7608-8904-2.

This info was partially taken from:

## InfoBox

| Folcmar | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Utrecht | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Archdiocese of Utrecht |
| In office | 976–990 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 10 December 990 |


title: For the First Time (The Script song)

abstract: "For the First Time" is a song by Irish pop rock band the Script. Written by band members Danny O'Donoghue and Mark Sheehan, the song was released on 20 August 2010 as the lead single from the band's second studio album Science & Faith. It debuted at number one on the Irish Singles Chart, becoming the Script's first number-one single. The Wanted covered this song live on BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge and used that version in their EP Lose My Mind.

text:
# For the First Time (The Script song)

"**For the First Time**" is a song by Irish pop rock band the Script. Written by band members Danny O'Donoghue and Mark Sheehan, the song was released on 20 August 2010 as the lead single from the band's second studio album *Science & Faith*. It debuted at number one on the Irish Singles Chart, becoming the Script's first number-one single. The Wanted covered this song live on BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge and used that version in their EP Lose My Mind.

## Background

Danny O'Donoghue told the story behind the song in an interview with Merrick, Dools & Ricki-Lee on Sydney radio station Nova 96.9. Said O'Donoghue: "The song 'For the First Time' was about a time when we got back after touring around the world. We wanted to press palms with the people who had really gotten us there, and we got home and realised there's a stark reality out there, the recession, people are losing their jobs and their valuable things, and we thought, it almost pales in comparison to your news. We started the song, and it ended up being a bit bleak and we felt we really needed a great message in these, to turn it around... so we needed a message of hope, as people are being stripped of all these things they're realizing what's really important. It's all about going back to basics: drinking cheap wine, eating your dinner off the floor. That's when you meet each other for the first time, when you have nothing."

The song was sampled by the band on the track "Good Ol' Days" from their third studio album *3* (2012). The song was also sampled by rapper Machine Gun Kelly, or MGK, for his track "Her Song" off of the "EST 4 Life" (2012) mixtape.

## Music video

The music video features band members of the Script within a studio and clips of a couple who have emigrated from Ireland to New York City. The characters in the music video are played by Eve Hewson, daughter of U2's Bono, and Luke Treadaway. The video was inspired by O. Henry's short story *The Gift of the Magi*.

## Chart performance

"For the First Time" debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number one on 10 September 2010, knocking Katy Perry's "Teenage Dream" from the top spot. This marks the band's first number-one single and third top-ten hit in Ireland. On its second week on the chart, the single remained at the top spot. The single debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart before moving up to number four the following week. In Australia, "For the First Time" debuted and peaked at number 12 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. It reached number four on the US *Billboard* Adult Top 40 chart and number 23 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. This is their third song that has hit both of these charts. The song was certified Gold in the U.S. by the RIAA, meaning the song has been downloaded 500,000 times. As of June 2011, the song was sold 1,000,000 times in the United States.

## Track listing

1. "For The First Time" – 4:11
2. "Breakeven" (Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire) – 4:30

* **Digital download**

1. "For The First Time" – 4:11
2. "For The First Time" (Music Video) – 4:41

## Personnel

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 2× Platinum | 140,000 |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 25,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 600,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "For the First Time" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by the Script | |
| from the album  *Science & Faith* | |
| Released | 20 August 2010 |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre | Pop rock |
| Length | 4:11 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Danny O'Donoghue * Mark Sheehan * Andrew Frampton |
| The Script singles chronology | |
| "Before the Worst"
(2009) "**For the First Time**"
(2010) "Nothing"
(2010) | |


title: For the First Time Anywhere

abstract: For the First Time Anywhere is a compilation album by American rock and roll singer Buddy Holly. The album was released in February 1983. For the First Time Anywhere features the undubbed versions of songs previously released with overdubs by the Fireballs. At the time of release this was considered an important release for Holly fans and awarded with a four star review from Rolling Stone.

text:
# For the First Time Anywhere

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***For the First Time Anywhere*** is a compilation album by American rock and roll singer Buddy Holly. The album was released in February 1983 (see 1983 in music).

*For the First Time Anywhere* features the undubbed versions of songs previously released with overdubs by the Fireballs.

At the time of release this was considered an important release for Holly fans and awarded with a four star review from Rolling Stone.

## Track listing

**Side A**

1. "Rock-A-Bye Rock"
2. "Maybe Baby" (1st Version)
3. "Because I Love You"
4. "I'm Gonna Set My Foot Down"
5. "Changing All Those Changes"

**Side B**

1. "That's My Desire"
2. "Baby Won't You Come Out Tonight"
3. "It's Not My Fault"
4. "Brown-Eyed Handsome Man"
5. "Bo Diddley"

## InfoBox

| For the First Time Anywhere | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Buddy Holly | |
| Released | February 1983 (1983-02) |
| Recorded | 1955–1958 |
| Studio | Norman Petty Studios in Clovis, New Mexico |
| Genre | Rock and roll, rockabilly |
| Label | MCA |
| Producer | Norman Petty |
| Buddy Holly chronology | |
| *The Great Buddy Holly*
(1982) ***For the First Time Anywhere***
(1983) *From the Original Master Tapes*
(1985) | |


title: Mary Bedford

abstract: Mary Esther Bedford was a South African freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1928 she was a member of the South African relay team which won the bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay event. She also competed in the 400 metre freestyle competition, but was eliminated in the first round.

text:
# Mary Bedford

**Mary Esther Bedford** (27 March 1907  8 September 1997 in Durban) was a South African freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

In 1928 she was a member of the South African relay team which won the bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay event. She also competed in the 400 metre freestyle competition, but was eliminated in the first round.

## InfoBox

Mary Bedford
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1907-03-27)March 27, 1907 |
| Died | September 8, 1997(1997-09-08) (aged 90) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
| Medal record      Representing  South Africa  Olympic Games  1928 Amsterdam  4×100 m freestyle | |


title: The Very Best of dansbandshårdrock

abstract: The Very Best of dansbandshårdrock is a 2000 compilation album from Swedish heavy metal band Black Ingvars.

text:
# The Very Best of dansbandshårdrock

**The Very Best of dansbandshårdrock** is a 2000 compilation album from Swedish heavy metal band Black Ingvars.

## Track listing

1. Inget stoppar oss nu
2. Whole Lotta Engberg
3. Mitt eget blue Hawaii
4. Leende guldbruna ögon
5. Eloise
6. Karlstads collage
7. Två mörka ögon
8. Tio tusen röda rosor
9. Mjölnarens Irene
10. Gråt inga tårar
11. Flamingo medley
12. Du gav bara löften
13. Sofia dansar go-go
14. Natten har tusen ögon
15. Dra dit pepparn växer
16. Tusen bitar
17. Ljus och värme
18. De sista ljuva åren
19. Vem tänder stjärnorna
20. Vindens melodi

## InfoBox

| The Very Best of dansbandshårdrock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by Black Ingvars | |
| Released | 2000 |
| Genre | heavy metal |
| Label | Mariann |
| Black Ingvars chronology | |
| *Kids Superhits*
(2000) ***The Very Best of dansbandshårdrock***
(2000) *Sjung och var glad med Black-Ingvars 2*
(2001) | |


title: Fontainebleau State Park

abstract: Fontainebleau State Park is located in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain. The park is 2,800 acres (1,100 ha) in size and was once the site of a sugar cane plantation and brickyard operated by Bernard de Marigny and later by his son Armand Marigny. The park has a multitude of habitats for birds.

text:
# Fontainebleau State Park

**Fontainebleau State Park** is located in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain. The park is 2,800 acres (1,100 ha) in size and was once the site of a sugar cane plantation and brickyard operated by Bernard de Marigny and later by his son Armand Marigny. The park has a multitude of habitats for birds.

## History

The visitor center highlights the history of the land which was once owned by the wealthy Bernard de Marigny (17851868) of New Orleans and founder of Mandeville, which lies directly to the west of Fontainebleau Park. Marigny operated a sugar mill that was built in 1829. He named his large holding Fontainebleau after the beautiful forest near Paris, France. In 1840, his son Armand documented the presence of 153 enslaved individuals at the site, including 57 children under the age of ten.

Fontainebleau State Park is surrounded on three sides by water: Lake Pontchartrain, Bayou Cane, and Bayou Castine. The state originally named the park Tchefuncte State Park and Conservation Reservation, after the Tchefuncte River.

The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

## Overnight features

* 12 cabins; six are handicapped-accessible including two that are ADA-compliant.
* 163 RV and tenting campsites, many with utilities
* Comfort stations with showers
* Playground
* Three group camps and a lodge
* Around 200 camping sites in total

## Day use facilities

* A 4.8-mile (7.7 km) hiking trail.
* A 1.2-mile (1.9 km) nature trail. The nature trail includes a boardwalk into the marsh.
* Picnic area and playground.
* Pavilion.
* Beach, fishing pond, and fishing pier.
* Visitor center with museum displays and interpretive programs.
* The Tammany Trace crosses Fontainebleau State Park. This is a rail-trail conversion of the old Illinois Central corridor, and is a 31 miles (50 km) paved trail for hiking, inline skating, and bicycling, with a parallel equestrian trail.

## InfoBox

| Fontainebleau State Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Live oak tree draped with Spanish moss | |
| Map of Louisiana, U.S.A.Fontainebleau State Park (the United States) | |
| Location | St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States |
| Coordinates | 30°20′43″N 90°01′22″W / 30.34523°N 90.02269°W / 30.34523; -90.02269 |
| Area | 2,800 acres (11 km2; 4.4 sq mi) |
| Established | 1942 |
| Visitors | 227,884 (in 2022) |
| Governing body | Louisiana Office of State Parks |
| Official website | |


title: Fontainebrux

abstract: Fontainebrux is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Fontainebrux

**Fontainebrux** (French pronunciation: \[fɔ̃tɛnbʁy\]) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 101 |  |
| 1975 | 104 | +0.42% |
| 1982 | 110 | +0.80% |
| 1990 | 116 | +0.67% |
| 1999 | 131 | +1.36% |
| 2009 | 179 | +3.17% |
| 2014 | 201 | +2.35% |
| 2020 | 205 | +0.33% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Fontainebrux | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Fontainebrux | |
| Location of Fontainebrux | |
| FontainebruxFontainebrux | |
| Coordinates: 46°42′17″N 5°25′22″E / 46.7047°N 5.4228°E / 46.7047; 5.4228 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Jura |
| Arrondissement | Lons-le-Saunier |
| Canton | Bletterans |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Quentin Paroisse |
| Area**1** | 6.75 km2 (2.61 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 206 |
| Density | 31/km2 (79/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 39229 /39140 |
| Elevation | 195–229 m (640–751 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: The Spinners (English band)

abstract: The Spinners were a folk group from Liverpool, England, who formed in September 1958. They variously had four albums in the UK Albums Chart between September 1970 and April 1972. One of them, Spinners Live Performance (1971), spent three months in the listing and peaked at No. 14.

text:
# The Spinners (English band)

**The Spinners** were a folk group from Liverpool, England, who formed in September 1958.

They variously had four albums in the UK Albums Chart between September 1970 and April 1972. One of them, *Spinners Live Performance* (1971), spent three months in the listing and peaked at No. 14.

## Career

The band began as a skiffle group with a mainly American repertoire, until they were prompted by Redd Sullivan, a seaman, to include sea shanties and English folk songs. They started out as the Gin Mill Skiffle Group, which included guitarist Tony Davis and washboard player Mick Groves. The group played the Cavern Club, Liverpool for the first time on 18 January 1957, with the Muskrat Jazz Band and the Liverpool University Jazz Band. They played there on a number of occasions during that summer. In September 1958, they became the Spinners. They founded a folk club in Liverpool, the 'Triton Club' (while they were still called 'The Liverpool Spinners'), but soon were performing in London at places such as The Troubadour coffee house. Their first album, *Songs Spun in Liverpool* (released under the group name of 'The Liverpool Spinners'), was recorded by Bill Leader from live performances. In 1962 Peter Kennedy of the English Folk Dance & Song Society recorded an album with them called *Quayside Songs Old & New*. In 1963 Philips Records signed them, and they recorded eight more albums over the next eight years. They signed with EMI Records in the early 1970s.

The band became popular by singing folk music and singing new songs in the same vein. Although sounding like traditional English folk songs, some of their material was in fact composed by Jones, such as "The Ellan Vannin Tragedy" and "The Marco Polo". One of their best known songs, particularly in their native Liverpool, was in "My Liverpool Home", written by Peter McGovern in 1962. Cliff Hall also introduced traditional Jamaican songs to their repertoire. One of their albums was called *Not Quite Folk*.

They produced over 40 albums, and made numerous concerts and TV appearances. In 1965, after seeing the group perform in Liverpool, BBC producer Trevor Hill invited them to appear in a new BBC One series called *Dance and Skylark*, aboard an old sailing barque owned by presenter, bosun Stan Hugill. In 1970 they were given their own television show on BBC One that ran for seven years. *The Spinners Christmas Special* attracted large audiences. They also had their own show on BBC Radio 2. They retired in 1988, after thirty years together, although they led the community singing at the 1989 FA Cup final and played some Christmas shows in the early 1990s. Mick Groves and Hughie Jones still occasionally perform, although Cliff Hall retired to Australia, where he died in 2008. Tony Davis returned to playing jazz after retiring and also hosted Tony's Tradtime on Jazz FM. He died in 2017.

Their version of the Ewan MacColl song, "Dirty Old Town", was included in the Terence Davies' 2008 memoir/documentary of Liverpool, *Of Time and the City*. A biography of the group *Fried Bread and Brandy-O* (the title of their signature tune) was written by Liverpool journalist David Stuckey (with a foreword by Pete Seeger and an introduction from Deryck Guyler) to coincide with their 25th anniversary. It was published by Robson Books.

In 2009, "The Liverpool Barrow Boys", from *Songs Spun in Liverpool*, was included in Topic Records 70-year anniversary boxed set *Three Score and Ten* as track 19 on the sixth CD.

The surviving members of the group, often with bass player/musical director John McCormick, continued playing at various venues such as Exeter, Buxton, London Olympia, Orpington and Liverpool as the "**Spinners Legends**". A plan to finish off with a two concert appearance at the Liverpool Philharmonic in spring 2020 was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. But on 2 and 3 October 2021, after 63 years in showbusiness, the trio played their final concerts in the Music Room at Liverpool's Philharmonic Concert Hall.

## Band members

* Tony Davis (born Anthony John Davis, 24 August 1930, Blackburn, Lancashire, England, died 10 February 2017)
* Mick Groves (born Anthony Groves, 29 September 1936, Salford, Lancashire, England)
* Cliff Hall (born Clifford Samuel Hall, 11 September 1925, Oriente Province, Cuba, died 26 June 2008, Adelaide, South Australia)
* Hughie Jones (born Hugh E. Jones, 21 July 1936, Liverpool, England)

## InfoBox

| The Spinners | |
| --- | --- |
| The Spinners
From left to right: Mick Groves, Tony Davis, Cliff Hall, Hughie Jones | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Liverpool, England |
| Genres | Folk music, skiffle |
| Years active | 1958–1989 |
| Labels | Philips, EMI |
|  | |
| Past members | Tony Davis
Mick Groves
Cliff Hall
Hughie Jones |


title: Ford Köln

abstract: The Ford Köln is an automobile that was produced by Ford Germany from 1933 until 1936 at its Cologne plant.

text:
# Ford Köln

The **Ford Köln** is an automobile that was produced by Ford Germany from 1933 until 1936 at its Cologne plant.

## Origins

The English Ford company had developed the car and introduced it in 1932 as the Ford Model Y. The German-built version, renamed Ford Köln to stress the vehicle's German provenance, was first seen at the 1933 Berlin Motor Show. The name came from the German name for the city of Cologne. The early cars were built with components and other support from the company's English associate, but during the first year of production componentry was increasingly sourced locally.

## Evolution

Subsequently, the German company offered alternative bodied cars of its own design, including notably, for 1934/35, a cheap open topped "Cabrio-Limousine" that used timber-frame construction with synthetic leather covering after the manner of some of the smaller DKWs and Adlers. This bargain basement special was promoted as a "car for everyman" ("*Wagen für Jedermann*") and priced in 1935 at 1,850 Marks, which was 360 Marks less than the manufacturer's advertised price for the normally bodied two-door sedan/saloon.

## Technical specification

The Köln had a four-cylinder, four-stroke engine of 933 cc giving 21 hp (16 kW) at 3400 rpm. The top speed was 85 km/h (53 mph). It had a three-speed gearbox (plus reverse) with synchromesh on second and third gear. It was a small car weighing, in bare chassis form, only 540 kg (1,190 lb): an empty car with a body fitted weighed between 700 kg (1,543 lb) and 750 kg (1,653 lb).

## Commercial

Public response to the car was lukewarm due to a rigid axle based front suspension and a perpendicular body style which was by now perceived as old fashioned. In its class the car faced heavy competition, mainly from Opel, DKW and Adler: commercially the Ford Köln, with 11,121 cars produced between 1933 and 1936, was not a great success. Adler produced 24,013 of their similarly sized Trumpf Juniors in less than two years between 1934 and 1935. Ford Köln volumes were also disappointing when compared with the 153,117 produced by Ford of Britain of the equivalent model.

In 1935 the Ford Köln was replaced by the Ford Eifel which was a larger car (based on the British Model C).

**Bibliography**

* Oswald, Werner (2001). *Deutsche Autos 1920-1945, Band (vol) 2* (in German). Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-613-02170-6.

## InfoBox

| Ford Köln | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Ford Germany |
| Also called | Ford 4/21
(reflecting tax horsepower / actual horsepower)
(German built) Ford Modell/Model Y |
| Production | July 1933–1936
11,121 built |
| Assembly | Niehl, Cologne, Germany |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Small family car () |
| Body style | 2-door saloon/sedan
Cabrio-limousine (soft top saloon/sedan)
bare-chassis also offered |
| Layout | FR layout |
| Related | Ford Model Y
1932 Ford |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 921 cc
side-valve 4-cylinder 4-stroke |
| Transmission | 3-speed manual
synchromesh on top two ratios |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,286 mm (90.0 in) |
| Length | 3,630 mm (143 in) |
| Width | 1,370 mm (54 in) |
| Height | 1,630 mm (64 in) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Ford Eifel |


title: Mary Beth Zimmerman

abstract: Mary Beth Zimmerman is an American professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour. Zimmerman won four times on the LPGA Tour between 1986 and 1995.

text:
# Mary Beth Zimmerman

**Mary Beth Zimmerman** (born December 11, 1960) is an American professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour.

Zimmerman won four times on the LPGA Tour between 1986 and 1995.

## Professional wins

### LPGA Tour (4)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of
victory | Runner(s)-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Feb 23, 1986 | Standard Register/Samaritan Turquoise Classic | –10 (68-69-70-71=278) | 1 stroke | Donna Caponi
Cathy Gerring |
| 2 | Mar 2, 1986 | Uniden LPGA Invitational | –7 (70-70-70-71=281) | 1 stroke | Laura Baugh
Pat Bradley |
| 3 | Aug 9, 1987 | Henredon Classic | –10 (72-68-66=206) | 3 strokes | Beth Daniel
Nancy Lopez
Laurie Rinker |
| 4 | Sep 4, 1995 | State Farm Rail Classic | –10 (72-69-65=206) | Playoff | Emilee Klein |

**LPGA Tour playoff record (1–2)**

| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponent(s) | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1986 | Mazda Japan Classic | Cathy Gerring
Becky Pearson
Ai-Yu Tu | Tu won with bogey on fourth extra hole
Pearson and Zimmerman eliminated by birdie on first hole |
| 2 | 1995 | State Farm Rail Classic | Emilee Klein | Won with birdie on second extra hole |

## InfoBox

| Mary Beth Zimmerman | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| **Born** | (1960-12-11) December 11, 1960
Mount Vernon, Illinois |
| **Height** | 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) |
| **Sporting nationality** | United States |
| Career | |
| **College** | Florida International University |
| **Turned professional** | 1983 |
| **Former tour(s)** | LPGA Tour (1984–2002) |
| **Professional wins** | 4 |
| Number of wins by tour | |
| LPGA Tour | 4 |
| Best results in LPGA major championships
 | |
| Chevron Championship | 3rd: 1986 |
| Women's PGA C'ship | T17: 1984 |
| U.S. Women's Open | T24: 1995 |
| du Maurier Classic | T14: 1985 |
| Women's British Open | DNP |


title: Forepark

abstract: Forepark is a business park in The Hague, Netherlands, east of the Prins Clausplein highway interchange. It was developed in the 1990s, together with the nearby residential neighbourhood Leidschenveen. Originally part of the municipality of Leidschendam, it was annexed by The Hague in 2002 and now falls under the district of Leidschenveen-Ypenburg. Since 2007, Forepark is home to Cars Jeans Stadion, the home stadium of ADO Den Haag. Since the construction of the RandstadRail network, the business park is connected to the metro line between Rotterdam and the city centre of The Hague via Forepark Station. Forepark has 160 inhabitants, and is divided into two sub-neighbourhoods, Westvliet and De Rivieren.

text:
# Forepark

**Forepark** is a business park in The Hague, Netherlands, east of the Prins Clausplein highway interchange (A4 and A12). It was developed in the 1990s, together with the nearby residential neighbourhood Leidschenveen. Originally part of the municipality of Leidschendam, it was annexed by The Hague in 2002 and now falls under the district of Leidschenveen-Ypenburg. Since 2007, Forepark is home to Cars Jeans Stadion, the home stadium of ADO Den Haag. Since the construction of the RandstadRail network, the business park is connected to the metro line between Rotterdam and the city centre of The Hague via Forepark Station.

Forepark has 160 inhabitants (as of 1 January 2014), and is divided into two sub-neighbourhoods, Westvliet (132 inhabitants) and De Rivieren (28 inhabitants).

52°03′54″N 4°23′36″E / 52.0650°N 4.3933°E / 52.0650; 4.3933


title: Marwa Range

abstract: Aden Marwa Range is a football referee from Kenya.

text:
# Marwa Range

**Aden Marwa Range** (born 31 January 1977) is a football referee from Kenya.

## Career

Marwa has served as a FIFA referee since 2011. He is the first Kenyan football official to be involved in any FIFA competition, having featured in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. He was named as an assistant referee in the 2012 and 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. Marwa was named as a reserve official at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and an assistant referee at the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup. He was included as CAF's assistant referee in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, where he served alongside Bakary Gassama, Jean-Claude Birumushahu and Malang Diedhiou.

### 2018 FIFA World Cup removal

Marwa was due to officiate at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, but a week before the tournament was due to start, the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal. He was filmed receiving $600 US dollars before a previous game. He subsequently withdrew from the World Cup.


title: Martin Bouz

abstract: Martin Bouz is a Czech former professional ice hockey forward. Bouz played six gamed for HC Oceláři Třinec during the 2004–05 Czech Extraliga season, scoring one goal. He also played in the English Premier Ice Hockey League for the Guildford Flames and the Polska Hokej Liga for Naprzód Janów and TKH Toruń.

text:
# Martin Bouz

**Martin Bouz** (born November 3, 1979) is a Czech former professional ice hockey forward.

Bouz played six gamed for HC Oceláři Třinec during the 2004–05 Czech Extraliga season, scoring one goal. He also played in the English Premier Ice Hockey League for the Guildford Flames and the Polska Hokej Liga for Naprzód Janów and TKH Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Martin Bouz | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1979-11-03) November 3, 1979 | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 198 lb (90 kg; 14 st 2 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shot | Right | | |
| Played for | HC Oceláři Třinec
Naprzód Janów
TKH Toruń | | |
| Playing career | 19992018 | | |


title: Mordellistena guttifera

abstract: Mordellistena guttifera is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1891 by George Charles Champion.

text:
# Mordellistena guttifera

***Mordellistena guttifera*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1891 by George Charles Champion.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena guttifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. guttifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena guttifera***<br>Champion, 1891 | |
|


title: Russian oligarchs

abstract: Russian oligarchs are business oligarchs of the former Soviet republics who rapidly accumulated wealth in the 1990s via the Russian privatisation that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The failing Soviet state left the ownership of state assets contested, which allowed for informal deals with former USSR officials as a means to acquire state property. The Russian oligarchs emerged as business entrepreneurs under Mikhail Gorbachev during his period of market liberalization. Boris Berezovsky, a mathematician and former researcher, became the first well-known Russian business oligarch. Oligarchs became increasingly influential in Russian politics during Boris Yeltsin's presidency (1991–1999); they helped finance his re-election in 1996. Well-connected oligarchs like Roman Abramovich, Michail Khodorkovsky, Boris Berezovsky and Vladimir Potanin acquired key assets at a fraction of the value at the loans for shares scheme auctions conducted in the run-up to the election. Defenders of the out-of-favor oligarchs argue that the companies they acquired were not highly valued at the time because they still ran on Soviet principles, with non-existent stock control, huge payrolls, no financial reporting and scant regard for profit. Since 2014, hundreds of Russian oligarchs and their companies have been hit with US sanctions for their support of "the Russian government's malign activity around the globe". In 2022, many Russian oligarchs and their close family members were targeted and sanctioned by countries around the world as a rebuke of Russia's war in Ukraine.

text:
# Russian oligarchs

Roman AbramovichOleg DeripaskaAlisher UsmanovVladimir PotaninMikhail ProkhorovGennady TimchenkoVagit AlekperovPetr AvenArkady Rotenberg

**Russian oligarchs** (Russian: олигархи, romanized: *oligarkhi*) are business oligarchs of the former Soviet republics who rapidly accumulated wealth in the 1990s via the Russian privatisation that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The failing Soviet state left the ownership of state assets contested, which allowed for informal deals with former USSR officials (mostly in Russia and Ukraine) as a means to acquire state property.

The Russian oligarchs emerged as business entrepreneurs under Mikhail Gorbachev (General Secretary, 1985–1991) during his period of market liberalization. Boris Berezovsky, a mathematician and former researcher, became the first well-known Russian business oligarch.

Oligarchs became increasingly influential in Russian politics during Boris Yeltsin's presidency (1991–1999); they helped finance his re-election in 1996. Well-connected oligarchs like Roman Abramovich, Michail Khodorkovsky, Boris Berezovsky and Vladimir Potanin acquired key assets at a fraction of the value at the loans for shares scheme auctions conducted in the run-up to the election. Defenders of the out-of-favor oligarchs argue that the companies they acquired were not highly valued at the time because they still ran on Soviet principles, with non-existent stock control, huge payrolls, no financial reporting and scant regard for profit.

Since 2014, hundreds of Russian oligarchs and their companies have been hit with US sanctions for their support of "the Russian government's malign activity around the globe". In 2022, many Russian oligarchs and their close family members were targeted and sanctioned by countries around the world as a rebuke of Russia's war in Ukraine.

## Yeltsin era, 1991–1999

During Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika (c.1985–1991), many businessmen in Russia imported goods such as personal computers and jeans into the country and sold them for a hefty profit.

Once Boris Yeltsin became President of Russia in July 1991, the oligarchs emerged as well-connected entrepreneurs who started from nearly nothing and became rich through participation in the market via connections to the corrupt, but elected, government of Russia during the state's transition to a market-based economy. The so-called voucher privatization program of 1992–1994 enabled a handful of young men to become billionaires, specifically by arbitraging the vast difference between old domestic prices for Russian commodities (such as natural gas and oil) and the prices prevailing on the world market. These oligarchs became unpopular with the Russian public and are often blamed for the turmoil that plagued the Russian Federation following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

### Emergence

Economists Sergei Guriev and Andrei Rachinsky contrast older oligarchs with *nomenklatura* ties and younger-generation entrepreneurs such as Kakha Bendukidze who built their wealth from scratch because Gorbachev's reforms affected a period "when co-existence of regulated and quasi-market prices created huge opportunities for arbitrage."

The majority of oligarchs were promoted (at least initially) by the Soviet *apparatchiks*, with strong connections to Soviet power-structures and access to the funds of the Communist Party. Boris Berezovsky himself was Head of the Department of System Design at another Academy of Sciences research centre. His private company was established by the Institute as a joint venture. Mikhail Khodorkovsky started his business importing computers under auspices of the Komsomol-authorised Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity of the Youth in 1986, briefly serving as a deputy secretary of the Komsomol for a district in Moscow in 1987. His move into banking two years later was funded with the support of Komsomol alumni working in Moscow city government. Later, he served in the Russian government as an adviser to the prime minister and a deputy minister of fuel and power while still running his business. Vladimir Vinogradov was the chief economist of Promstroybank, one of the six banks existing in the Soviet Union, previously serving as the secretary of Atommash plant Komsomol organisation.

### Political support

Economist Yegor Gaidar worked in a Soviet Academy of Sciences think tank modelled after RAND. Gaidar later became the economics editor of the *Kommunist* journal, the official theoretical organ of the CC of the CPSU. He also held various positions, including Prime Minister in the Russian government during 1991–1992. Together with Anatoly Chubais, the two "Young Reformers" were chiefly responsible for privatization in the early 1990s. According to David Satter, "what drove the process was not the determination to create a system based on universal values but rather the will to introduce a system of private ownership, which, in the absence of law, opened the way for the criminal pursuit of money and power".

The 1998 Russian financial crisis hit most oligarchs hard and those whose holdings were based mainly in banking lost much of their fortunes. The most influential oligarchs from the Yeltsin era include Roman Abramovich, Boris Berezovsky, Vladimir Gusinsky, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Vladimir Potanin, Alexander Smolensky and Vladimir Vinogradov. They formed what became known as the *Semibankirschina* (or "seven-banker outfit", compare Seven Boyars), a group of businessmen with a great influence on Boris Yeltsin and his political environment. Together they controlled from 50% to 70% of all Russian finances between 1996 and 2000. Historian Edward L. Keenan has compared these oligarchs to the system of powerful boyars that emerged in late-medieval Muscovy. *The Guardian* reported in 2008 that "'oligarchs' from the era of former president Boris Yeltsin have been purged by the Kremlin".

## Putin era, 1999–2022 (prior to the invasion of Ukraine)

With the ascent of Vladimir Putin in the Kremlin the influence of the Yeltsin oligarchs dissipated, as some were imprisoned, such as Mikhail Khodorkovsky (pictured here) and Mikhael Mirilashvili, while others emigrated, sold off their assets or died under suspicious circumstances, such as Vladimir Vinogradov and Boris Berezovsky. A number of Yeltsin oligarchs first came under fire for alleged tax evasion. Vladimir Gusinsky of MediaMost and Boris Berezovsky both avoided legal proceedings by leaving Russia, and the most prominent, Mikhail Khodorkovsky of Yukos oil, was arrested in October 2003 and sentenced to 9 years. This was subsequently extended to 14 years, and after Putin pardoned him, he was released on 20 December 2013.

A second wave of oligarchs emerged in the 2000s, friends and former colleagues of President Putin either from his years in the St Petersburg municipal administration or his Dresden tenure in the KGB. Examples are the director of the institute where Putin obtained a degree in 1996, Vladimir Litvinenko, and Putin's childhood friend and judo-teacher Arkady Rotenberg. Gennady Timchenko was close friends with Russian leader Vladimir Putin since the early 1980s. In 1991, Putin gave Timchenko an oil export license. These oligarchs worked in close cooperaton with the government, displacing a system of crony capitalism with a system of state capitalism whereby the new oligarchs benefited from financing by state-owned banks and access to public procurement projects.

An economic study distinguished 21 oligarchic groups as of 2003. Between 2000 and 2004, Putin apparently engaged in a power struggle with some oligarchs, reaching a "grand bargain" with them. This bargain allowed the oligarchs to maintain their powers, in exchange for their explicit support of – and alignment with – Putin's government. However, other analysts argue that the oligarchic structure has remained intact under Putin, with Putin devoting much of his time to mediating power-disputes between rival oligarchs.

### Prominent Putin-era oligarchs

The ten most-prominent oligarchs of the early Putin era included Roman Abramovich, Oleg Deripaska, Mikhail Prokhorov, Alisher Usmanov, Viktor Vekselberg, Leonid Mikhelson, Arkady Rotenberg, Gennady Timchenko, Andrey Guryev and Vitaly Malkin. In 2004, five years after Putin's ascend to power, *Forbes* listed 36 billionaires of Russian citizenship, with a note: "this list includes businessmen of Russian citizenship who acquired the major share of their wealth privately, while not holding a governmental position". In 2005, the number of billionaires dropped to 30, mostly because of the Yukos case, with Khodorkovsky dropping from No. 1 (US$15.2 billion) to No. 21 (US$2.0 billion). A 2013 report by Credit Suisse found that 35% of the wealth of Russia was owned by the wealthiest 110 individuals.

Daniel Treisman proposed using a term "silovarch" (silovik and oligarch) for a new class of Russian oligarchs with backgrounds in Russian military and intelligence. Billionaire and former KGB agent Alexander Lebedev has criticized these new oligarchs, saying "I think material wealth for them is a highly emotional and spiritual thing. They spend a lot of money on their own personal consumption." Lebedev has also described them as "a bunch of uncultured ignoramuses", saying "They don't read books. They don't have time. They don't go to \[art\] exhibitions. They think the only way to impress anyone is to buy a yacht."

On 30 January 2018, the U.S. Treasury published a "list of oligarchs" as part of a document known as the "Putin list" which was compiled under the requirement of the CAATSA Act. According to the document itself, its criterion for inclusion was simply being a Russian national with a net worth of over $1 billion. The list was criticised for being indiscriminate, and including critics of Putin.

### 2008 global recession and credit crisis

According to the financial news-agency Bloomberg L.P., Russia's wealthiest 25 individuals have collectively lost US$230 billion (£146 billion) since July 2008. The fall in the oligarchs' wealth relates closely to the meltdown in Russia's stock market, as by 2008 the RTS Index had lost 71% of its value due to the capital flight after the Russo-Georgian War of August 2008.

Billionaires in Russia were particularly hard-hit by lenders seeking repayment on balloon loans to shore up their own balance sheets. Many oligarchs took out generous loans from Russian banks, bought shares, and then took out more loans from western banks against the value of these shares. One of the first to get hit by the global downturn was Oleg Deripaska, Russia's richest man at the time, who had a net worth of US$28 billion in March 2008. As Deripaska borrowed money from western banks using shares in his companies as collateral, the collapse in share price forced him to sell holdings to satisfy the margin calls.

## Putin era, 2022 invasion of Ukraine and international sanctions

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Canada, US, and European leaders with the addition of Japan, took unprecedented steps to sanction Putin and the oligarchs directly. In response to the sanctions, the targeted oligarchs started to hide wealth in an attempt to prevent the Western nations from freezing their assets. These sanctions intend to directly impact the Russian ruling class as a response for their perceived contribution and acquiescence to the war with Ukraine. Although the sanctions miss some of the richest oligarchs, the impact on the war is unknown due to Putin's power over those that were sanctioned. Since the invasion began, nine of the Russian oligarchs' yachts have turned their navigation transponders off as they sail to ports where they are less likely to be searched and seized.

On March 2, 2022, the United States announced a special task force dubbed "Task Force KleptoCapture". This team was put together to specifically target oligarchs. It is made up of officials from the FBI, Marshals Service, IRS, Postal Inspection Service, Homeland Security Investigations and Secret Service. The main goal of the task force is to impose the sanctions set against these individuals to freeze and seize the assets that the US government claimed were proceeds of their illegal involvement with the Russian government and the invasion of Ukraine. On March 21, 2022, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project launched Russian Asset Tracker to showcase the profiles and assets of several Russian oligarchs.

Several dozen business people with family connections to top politicians include President Putin’s younger daughter Katerina Tikhonova, who through her investment fund has been the recipient of numerous large contracts from state-owned energy companies. Her former husband Kirill Shamalov runs the largest Russian petrochemicals company Sibur as well as his own investment fund.

The son-in-law of Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov runs an investment fund with assets exceeding $6 billion. Andrey Ryumin, the son-in-law of Viktor Medvedchuk, President Putin’s former closest ally in Ukraine, runs another investment fund with large agricultural holdings which have become recipients of state subsidies for import substitution (Rouhandeh 2022). Petr Fradkov, the son of a former Prime Minister and head of the Russian foreign intelligence service, Sergei Sergeevich Ivanov, the son of the former head of the presidential administration Sergei Ivanov, and Andrey Patrushev, the son of the current head of the Russian Security Council Nikolai Patrushev have all joined the ranks of the oligarchs.

The list of oligarchs and business executives who have risen to prominence and who have been sanctioned after Russia's invasion of Ukraine includes:

## Russian oligarchs in London

The British Government policy encouraged the flow of foreign capital into the United Kingdom, for example through the foreign investor visa routes, introduced during John Major's premiership in 1994, one-fifth of whose recipients since 2008 are Russian citizens.

A significant number of Russian oligarchs have bought homes in upmarket sections of London in the United Kingdom, which has been dubbed "Moscow on Thames" or "Londongrad". Some, such as Eugene Shvidler, Alexander Knaster, Konstantin Kagalovsky, David Wilkowske and Abram Reznikov, are expatriates, having taken permanent residency in London. Roman Abramovich bought 16 Kensington Palace Gardens in London, a 15-bedroom mansion, for £120 million. Mikhail Fridman restored Athlone House in London as a primary residence in 2016.

Roman Abramovich bought the English football club Chelsea F.C. in 2003, spending record amounts on players' salaries. Alexander Mamut invested £100m to Waterstones bookstore chain after acquiring it in 2011 for £53m. According to its managing director James Daunt, the intervention saved Waterstones, which managed to make its first annual profit since 2008 in 2016. He remarked that continued Russian ownership would've been "catastrophic" for the chain in 2022.

## Further reading


title: Madonna and Child (Crivelli, Ancona)

abstract: Madonna and Child is a tempera and gold on panel painting by Carlo Crivelli, executed c. 1480, and signed OPVS CAROLI CRIVELLI VENETI. It is now in the Pinacoteca civica Francesco Podesti in Ancona. Its dating has varied on stylistic grounds between the 1470s and 1480s, close in date to the artist's Lenti Madonna and Madonna and Child with an Apple. According to Melchiorri (1844), the painting was originally in the Gabriel Ferretti chapel in the church of San Francesco ad Alto in Ancona. The chapel had been built in 1480 by Ferretti's nephew. In 1861 the work was in a closet in that church's sacristy, where it was seen by Cavalcaselle and Giovanni Morelli who noted its "marvellous [state of] conservation" in a catalogue of art objects in the Marche. It was then displayed at the former monastery of San Domenico in the town, before moving to the church of San Francesco alle Scale. It was taken to Urbino during the Second World War and remained there until returning to Ancona in 1950, where it was displayed at the Palazzo degli Anziani and the Palazzo Bosdari before entering its present collection.

text:
# Madonna and Child (Crivelli, Ancona)

***Madonna and Child*** is a tempera and gold on panel painting by Carlo Crivelli, executed *c.* 1480, and signed OPVS CAROLI CRIVELLI VENETI. It is now in the Pinacoteca civica Francesco Podesti in Ancona. Its dating has varied on stylistic grounds between the 1470s and 1480s, close in date to the artist's *Lenti Madonna* and *Madonna and Child with an Apple*.

According to Melchiorri (1844), the painting was originally in the Gabriel Ferretti chapel in the church of San Francesco ad Alto in Ancona. The chapel had been built in 1480 by Ferretti's nephew. In 1861 the work was in a closet in that church's sacristy, where it was seen by Cavalcaselle and Giovanni Morelli who noted its "marvellous \[state of\] conservation" in a catalogue of art objects in the Marche. It was then displayed at the former monastery of San Domenico in the town, before moving to the church of San Francesco alle Scale. It was taken to Urbino during the Second World War and remained there until returning to Ancona in 1950, where it was displayed at the Palazzo degli Anziani and the Palazzo Bosdari before entering its present collection.

## Bibliography (in Italian)

* F. Apolloni e M. Tazzoli, *Antologia Di Belle Arti*, Edizioni 9–12, 1979 (p 47)
* Pietro Zampetti, volume *Marche*, della collana *Itinerari dell'Espresso* (editoriale l'Espresso, 1980), p 213;
* Pietro Zampetti, *Carlo Crivelli*, Nardini Editore, Firenze 1986.
* Pietro Zampetti, *Pittura nelle Marche* \- volume I (Nardini editore, 1988) (p 324);
* Michele Polverari (a cura di), *Ancona pontificia* (Comune di Ancona, 1994) (p 562);
* Costanza Costanzi, volume *Ancona - Pinacoteca civica F. Podesti*, della collana *Musei d'Italia - Meraviglie d'Italia* (Editore Calderini, 1999) (pages 3 and 17);
* Valter Curzi, *Pittura veneta nelle Marche*, Cariverona, 2000 (p 120);
* Andrea De Marchi, Matteo Mazzalupi (ed.), *Pittori ad Ancona nel Quattrocento* (Federico Motta editore, 2008)" (p 311).
* Carlo Crivelli, Susanna Avery-Quash, *Crivelli e Brera*, Mondadori Electa, 2009 (p. 268);
* Grande enciclopedia multimediale dell'arte *Opera Omnia Carlo Crivelli* (scheda 000005102).
* Pietro Zampetti, *La pittura marchigiana del '400* (Electa editrice, senza data - pages 180 and 181);

1. (in Italian) Giovanna Bonasegale Pittei, *La Madonna con Bambino di Carlo Crivelli*, il Lavoro editoriale, 1984


title: Non-blanching rash

abstract: A non-blanching rash (NBR) is a skin rash that does not fade when pressed with, and viewed through, a glass. It is a characteristic of both purpuric and petechial rashes. Individual purpura measure 3–10 mm, whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm. A non-blanching rash can be a symptom of bacterial meningitis, but this is not the exclusive cause.

text:
# Non-blanching rash

A **non-blanching rash** (**NBR**) is a skin rash that does not fade when pressed with, and viewed through, a glass.

It is a characteristic of both purpuric and petechial rashes. Individual purpura measure 3–10 mm (0.3–1 cm, 332-38 in), whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm.

A non-blanching rash can be a symptom of bacterial meningitis, but this is not the exclusive cause.

## InfoBox

| Non-blanching rash | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Both petechiae and purpura on the lower limb due to medication induced vasculitis | |
| Specialty | Dermatology, hematology |


title: Tottenham Park Cemetery

abstract: Tottenham Park Cemetery is a small burial ground in Edmonton, in the London Borough of Enfield. It was opened in 1912 by the Tottenham Park Cemetery Company, and originally used as a paupers' cemetery. It is owned by Tottenham Park Cemetery Ltd and is used as a mixed faith burial ground.

text:
# Tottenham Park Cemetery

**Tottenham Park Cemetery** is a small (2.4 hectares) burial ground in Edmonton, in the London Borough of Enfield. It was opened in 1912 by the Tottenham Park Cemetery Company, and originally used as a paupers' cemetery. It is owned by Tottenham Park Cemetery Ltd and is used as a mixed faith burial ground.

## Architecture

A small brick chapel (disused and derelict) is situated on a central drive lined with lime trees. It is similar in style to chapels of Surbiton Cemetery, Streatham Park Cemetery (also known as the South London Crematorium and Streatham Vale Cemetery) all designed by architect John Bannen.

## Closure

After safety concerns were raised by members of the community with Enfield Council, the owners took the decision to close the cemetery on 16 February 2018 to protect the public. Tottenham Park Cemetery is in contact with the local authority to discuss proposals to completing remedial works and opening the site as soon as possible.

## Controversy

In September 2018, the police opened an investigation following reports that the cemetery had been unearthing remains without permission and refusing the space for new graves. In the United Kingdom, it is against the Burial Act 1857 to remove buried human remains without a licence from the Secretary of State responsible, or permission from the Church of England if it is consecrated ground.

## Sources

* Webb C, revised ed. of Wolfston, P, Greater London Cemeteries and Crematoria, Society of Genealogists, 3rd ed. 1994;
* Hugh Meller & Brian Parsons, 'London Cemeteries, An Illustrated Guide and Gazetteer', 4th edition (The History Press, 2008);
* The Paul Drury Partnership for LB Enfield, 'Montagu Road Cemeteries Conservation Area Character Appraisal', 2006

51°37′18″N 0°03′03″W / 51.6216°N 0.0509°W / 51.6216; -0.0509


title: Yeren (Zhou dynasty)

abstract: The yeren were peasants and commoners under the ancient Zhou dynasty China. Living mostly in underdeveloped rural areas, they were considered uncivil people by the upper class guoren (國人), who regarded themselves as cultured citizens living within the walls of larger urban settlements. Zilu, one of Confucius's favorite disciples, was considered to be one and the Analects includes a passage giving the yeren primacy over the Zhou in having undergone the influence of "ritual and music".

text:
# Yeren (Zhou dynasty)

The ***yeren*** (Chinese: 野人; pinyin: *Yé Rén*; lit. 'field/rural people') were peasants and commoners under the ancient Zhou dynasty China (11th-3rd centuries BC). Living mostly in underdeveloped rural areas, they were considered uncivil people by the upper class *guoren* (國人), who regarded themselves as cultured citizens living within the walls of larger urban settlements.

Zilu, one of Confucius's favorite disciples, was considered to be one and the *Analects* includes a passage giving the *yeren* primacy over the Zhou in having undergone the influence of "ritual and music".

### Citations

1. "Chapter XI, verse 1". *confucius.org*.
2. Eno (2003), p. 30.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Yeren | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 野人 |
| Literal meaning | Wild People<br>Country Folk |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin yěrén | |
|  | |


abstract: Hubert Selby Jr.: It/ll Be Better Tomorrow is a 2005 documentary film about writer Hubert Selby Jr. The film's title It/ll Be Better Tomorrow is taken from Selby's novel, The Demon, the slash is included in Selby's typography. In the film, Selby explains that, on his manual typewriter, an apostrophe meant typing an "uppercase 8", so it was simpler to use a slash. Selby objects to apostrophes generally, preferring the spelling "dont" to "don't". The 79-minute film features new interviews with Selby, known by his nickname "Cubby", as well as Lou Reed, Ellen Burstyn, Jared Leto, James Remar, Darren Aronofsky, Uli Edel, Gilbert Sorrentino, Nick Tosches, Jerry Stahl, Richard Price, Amiri Baraka, James Ragan, Michael Silverblatt, Jem Cohen, Kenneth Shiffrin, Nicolas Winding Refn, Desmond Nakano, Susan Compo, and Kaytie Lee with archival appearances by Henry Rollins and Anthony Kiedis. The film is narrated by Robert Downey Jr.

text:
# Hubert Selby Jr.: It/ll Be Better Tomorrow

***Hubert Selby Jr.: It/ll Be Better Tomorrow*** is a 2005 documentary film about writer Hubert Selby Jr.

The film's title *It/ll Be Better Tomorrow* is taken from Selby's novel, *The Demon*, the slash is included in Selby's typography.

In the film, Selby explains that, on his manual typewriter, an apostrophe meant typing an "uppercase 8", so it was simpler to use a slash. Selby objects to apostrophes generally, preferring the spelling "dont" to "don't".

The 79-minute film features new interviews with Selby, known by his nickname "Cubby", as well as Lou Reed, Ellen Burstyn, Jared Leto, James Remar, Darren Aronofsky, Uli Edel, Gilbert Sorrentino, Nick Tosches, Jerry Stahl, Richard Price, Amiri Baraka, James Ragan, Michael Silverblatt, Jem Cohen, Kenneth Shiffrin, Nicolas Winding Refn, Desmond Nakano, Susan Compo, and Kaytie Lee with archival appearances by Henry Rollins and Anthony Kiedis. The film is narrated by Robert Downey Jr.

## Crew

The film is directed by Michael W. Dean and Kenneth Shiffrin. The editor is Ryan Brown.

The film's executive producers are Selby's wife Suzanne Selby and Kenneth Shiffrin, who was Selby's writing partner on three projects including the screenplay, *Scardust*.

## InfoBox

| Hubert Selby Jr.: It/ll Be Better Tomorrow | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Michael W. Dean
Kenneth Shiffrin |
| Produced by | Michael W. Dean
Ryan Brown |
| Starring | Hubert Selby Jr.
Henry Rollins
Lou Reed
Jared Leto
Darren Aronofsky |
| Narrated by | Robert Downey Jr. |
| Edited by | Ryan Brown |
| Release date | * 2005 (2005) |
| Running time | 79 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Forst (Lausitz)

abstract: Forst (Lausitz) (German) or Baršć (Łužyca) is a town in Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, in eastern Germany. It lies east of Cottbus, on the Lusatian Neisse river which is also the German-Polish border. It is the capital of the Spree-Neiße district. It is known for its rose garden and textile museum. The town's population is 18,651. In Forst, there is a railway bridge across the Neiße belonging to the line Cottbus–Żary which is serviced by regional trains and a EuroCity train between Hamburg and Kraków (2011). There is also a road bridge across the river north of Forst.

text:
# Forst (Lausitz)

**Forst (Lausitz)** (German) or **Baršć (Łužyca)** (Lower Sorbian, pronounced \[ˈbarɕtɕ ˈwuʒɨtsa\]) is a town in Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, in eastern Germany. It lies east of Cottbus, on the Lusatian Neisse river which is also the German-Polish border. It is the capital of the Spree-Neiße district. It is known for its rose garden and textile museum. The town's population is 18,651. In Forst, there is a railway bridge across the Neiße belonging to the line CottbusŻary which is serviced by regional trains and a EuroCity train between Hamburg and Kraków (2011). There is also a road bridge across the river north of Forst.

## Incorporated villages

* Forst (Lausitz) – Baršć (Łužyca)
    + Domsdorf – Domašojce
    + Eigene Scholle – Swójske Grunty
    + Eulo – Wiłow
    + Försterei Keune – Gólnikaŕnja Chójna
    + Keune – Chójna
    + Mexiko
    + Noßdorf – Nosydłojce
* Bohrau – Bórow
* Briesnig – Rjasnik
* Groß Bademeusel – Wjelike Bóžemysle
* Groß Jamno – Jamne
* Horno – Rogow
* Klein Bademeusel – Małe Bóžemysle
    + Försterei Bademeusel – Bóžemyslańska Gólnikaŕnja
* Klein Jamno – Małe Jamne
* Mulknitz – Małksa
* Naundorf – Glinsk
    + Neu Sacro – Nowy Zakrjow
* Sacro – Zakrjow

## History

A short distance to the south of the old Sorbian village of Altforst, the town probably originated around 1150 at a river crossing point on the important west–east trade route. Known as the "Salt Road", it was used to transport salt from Halle to Lusatia and further east to Poland. By 1265 it was developing into a permanent trading settlement round the Church of St Nicholas. The commercial importance of Forst increased with the development of a north–south route connecting to Guben, downstream along the Neisse River. In the fourteenth century the council was able to take on responsibility for the lower courts locally. In 1352 of Ileburg took over the overlordship of Forst from Frederick III of Meissen. At various times the town was under the suzerainty of Bohemian, Hungarian, Saxon and Polish monarchs. In 1628, clothiers from Leszno, Międzyrzecz and Wschowa in Poland settled in the town. In 1746, it was purchased by Heinrich von Brühl, minister of Augustus III of Poland. In 1749, a new postal route was established from Warsaw and Poznań to Dresden, which led through the town.

Forst was awarded to the Kingdom of Prussia in the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The town was administered as a part of the Province of Brandenburg from 1815 to 1947. During World War II, in 1942–1943, the Germans operated a forced labour camp for Jewish men in the town. After the war it became part of the State of Brandenburg, which became one of the constituent parts of the German Democratic Republic in 1949. From 1952 to 1990, it was part of the East German Bezirk Cottbus. Since German reunification in 1990, it is again part of Brandenburg.

Forst has experienced severe problems as a result of the 1990 German reunification, most notably from extreme unemployment. In the past, the town was known for textile manufacturing, but all of the textile plants and factories have closed down.

## Demography

Forst (Lausitz): Population development
within the current boundaries (2020)
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1875  19,084       1890  27,494 +2.46%  1910  31,594 +0.70%  1925  32,977 +0.29%  1939  36,771 +0.78%  1950  33,339 −0.89%  1964  32,342 −0.22% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1971  31,471 −0.39%  1981  28,870 −0.86%  1985  28,031 −0.73%  1990  27,214 −0.59%  1995  25,701 −1.14%  2000  24,309 −1.11%  2005  22,391 −1.63% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  2010  20,618 −1.64%  2015  18,773 −1.86%  2016  18,651 −0.65%  2017  18,353 −1.60%  2018  18,164 −1.03%  2019  17,902 −1.44%  2020  17,691 −1.18% |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Forst (Lausitz)  **Baršć (Łužyca)** | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| From top: water tower
St Nicholas' Church
church in Naundorf (Glinsk)
Ostdeutscher Rosengarten
Forst (Lausitz) station
view from St Nicholas' Church | |
|  | |
| Location of Forst (Lausitz) within Spree-Neiße district | |
| Forst (Lausitz) Forst (Lausitz) | |
| Coordinates: 51°44′N 14°38′E / 51.733°N 14.633°E / 51.733; 14.633 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Brandenburg |
| District | Spree-Neiße |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201826) | Simone Taubenek |
| Area | |
| Total | 109.91 km2 (42.44 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 72 m (236 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 17,855 |
| Density | 160/km2 (420/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 03141–03149 |
| Dialling codes | 03562 |
| Vehicle registration | SPN |
| Website | www.forst-lausitz.de |


title: Gootchie, Queensland

abstract: Gootchie is a rural locality in the Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Gootchie had a population of 96 people.

text:
# Gootchie, Queensland

**Gootchie** is a rural locality in the Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Gootchie had a population of 96 people.

## Geography

The Bruce Highway enters the locality at the south-west (Kanigan / Glenwood) and forms the south-east boundary of the locality, then passes through the locality travelling north, and then forms the north-eastern boundary of the locality before exiting to the north-west (Bauple).

The Bauple Woolooga Road forms part of the northern boundary of the locality while the Old Gympie Road (the predecessor to the Bruce Highway) forms the north-western boundary of the locality.

The North Coast railway line enters the locality from the west (Paterson) and exits to the north-west (Gundiah). The locality was served by the now-abandoned Gootchie Creek railway station (25°51′17″S 152°33′22″E / 25.8547°S 152.5561°E / -25.8547; 152.5561 (Gootchie Creek railway station)).

The land use is a mix of rural activities including grazing on native vegetation, plantation forestry, and crop growing.

## History

The locality name comes from a grazing property and the railway station name formerly spelt Gutchy. It is reportedly an Aboriginal word from the Kabi language, Badjala dialect, meaning sand goanna.

Gootchie Provisional School opened on 1 June 1874. It closed on 30 April 1879, but reopened on 1 May 1885. It closed again in 1894, but reopened on 2 December 1895. On 1 January 1909, it became Gootchie State School. It closed permanently in 1933.

Kannagan Provisional School opened on 6 July 1896. By 1898, the spelling of the name had changed to be Kanighan Provisional School. On 1 January 1909, it became Kanighan State School. About 1946, the spelling changed to Kanigan State School. It closed in 1959. It was on the western corner of the junction of Kanyan Road and the Bruce Highway (approx 25°54′15″S 152°35′53″E / 25.9042°S 152.5981°E / -25.9042; 152.5981 (Kanigan State School (former))), now within the present-day boundaries of Gootchie.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Gootchie had a population of 96 people.

In the 2021 census, Gootchie had a population of 96 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Gootchie. The nearest government primary schools are:

* Gundiah State School in neighbouring Gundiah to the north-west
* Bauple State School in neighbouring Bauple to the north-east
* Glenwood State School in neighbouring Glenwood to the south-east
* Theebine State School in neighbouring Theebine to the south-west

The nearest government secondary schools are:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Gootchie
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Bruce Highway, Gootchie, 2013 | |
| Gootchie | |
| Coordinates | 25°52′54″S 152°34′52″E / 25.8816°S 152.5811°E / -25.8816; 152.5811 (Gootchie (centre of locality)) |
| Population | 96 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 2.783/km2 (7.21/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4650 |
| Area | 34.5 km2 (13.3 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Fraser Coast Region |
| State electorate(s) | Gympie |
| Federal division(s) | Wide Bay |
| **Suburbs around Gootchie:**  Gundiah Gundiah Bauple  Paterson Gootchie Bauple Forest  Theebine Kanigan Glenwood | |


title: Honda Shigetsugu

abstract: Honda Shigetsugu, also known as Honda Sakuzaemon (作左衛門), was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period through Azuchi-Momoyama Period, who served the Tokugawa clan. He served as one of Ieyasu's "three magistrates" (san-bugyō).

text:
# Honda Shigetsugu

**Honda Shigetsugu** (本多 重次) (1529 – August 9, 1596), also known as **Honda Sakuzaemon** (作左衛門), was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period through Azuchi-Momoyama Period, who served the Tokugawa clan. He served as one of Ieyasu's "three magistrates" (san-bugyō).

## Biography

He was known as Hachizo, Sakujuro, or Saemon. Shigetsugu spouse was a daughter of Torii Tadayoshi, and his son was Honda Narishige who eventually became the lord of the Maruoka Domain of the Echizen Province.

Shigetsugu also distinguished himself at Battle of Azukizaka (1564) suppressing the uprising Ikko sect followers in Mikawa Province.

In 1565 he was named one of Mikawa's **San-bugyô**, or Three Commissioners (along with Amano Yasukage and Koriki Kiyonaga). Shigetsugu was known for his fortitude, Yasukage for his patience, and Kiyonaga for his leniency.

Shigetsugu was a veteran of the Battle of Nagashino (1575), Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (1584) and fought in many of the Tokugawa clan's major battles, and was known as "**Ogre Sakuza**" (鬼作左, *Oni Sakuza*) for his ferocity.

At the Siege of Odawara (1590), he intercepted and beat back the naval warriors of Later Hōjō clan led by Kajiwara Kagemune.

Shigetsugu died in 1596 at the age of 68. It is said that he lost one eye and leg from his battle wounds, and he was missing several fingers.

## InfoBox

| Honda Shigetsugu | |
| --- | --- |
| 本多 重次 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1529
Mikawa Province |
| Died | August 9, 1596 |
| Spouse | a daughter of Torii Tadayoshi |
| Children | Honda Narishige |
| Nickname(s) | "Ogre Sakuza"
"Sakuzaemon" |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Matsudaira clan
Tokugawa clan |
| Rank | Bugyō |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Azukizaka (1564)
Battle of Nagashino (1575)
Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (1584)
Siege of Odawara (1590) |
|  | |


title: North Deighton

abstract: North Deighton is a village and civil parish in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. Until 1866, when it became its own parish, the village was part of the parish of Kirk Deighton. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 Census was less than 100. Details are included in the civil parish of Little Ribston, however, North Yorkshire County Council estimated the population in 2014 as having dropped to 80. It is near the A1(M) motorway and the A168 road and is 1.9 miles (3 km) north-west of Wetherby. The B6164 road runs through the village between Knaresborough and Wetherby with a minor road heading south-west towards Spofforth. Along with neighbouring Kirk Deighton, the village is mentioned in the Domesday Book and its name derives from a mixture of Old English and Old Norse—Kirkja dīc tūn which means a church, a defensive trench or ditch and a farmstead or village. To the east of the village is Howe Hill, which is a former Motte-and-bailey castle from around the time of the Norman Conquest. It is also thought to be one of the burial sites of dead soldiers from the Battle of Marston Moor. The area was formerly part of the Royal Forest of Knaresborough and also part of the Ribston Estate.

text:
# North Deighton

**North Deighton** is a village and civil parish in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. Until 1866, when it became its own parish, the village was part of the parish of Kirk Deighton. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 Census was less than 100. Details are included in the civil parish of Little Ribston, however, North Yorkshire County Council estimated the population in 2014 as having dropped to 80.

It is near the A1(M) motorway and the A168 road and is 1.9 miles (3 km) north-west of Wetherby. The B6164 road runs through the village between Knaresborough and Wetherby with a minor road heading south-west towards Spofforth.

Along with neighbouring Kirk Deighton, the village is mentioned in the Domesday Book and its name derives from a mixture of Old English and Old Norse*Kirkja dīc tūn* which means a church, a defensive trench or ditch and a farmstead or village.

To the east of the village is Howe Hill, which is a former Motte-and-bailey castle from around the time of the Norman Conquest. It is also thought to be one of the burial sites of dead soldiers from the Battle of Marston Moor. The area was formerly part of the Royal Forest of Knaresborough (a medieval hunting park) and also part of the Ribston Estate.

### Sources

## InfoBox

| North Deighton | |
| --- | --- |
| The Green | |
| North DeightonLocation within North Yorkshire | |
| OS grid reference | SE390516 |
| Civil parish | * North Deighton |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | WETHERBY |
| Postcode district | LS22 |
|  | |
| Police | North Yorkshire |
| Fire | North Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
|