title: Toombul Shire Hall

abstract: Toombul Shire Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 1141 Sandgate Road, Nundah, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Hall & Son and built from 1891 to 1891. It is also known as Toombul Divisional Board Offices. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

text:
# Toombul Shire Hall

**Toombul Shire Hall** is a heritage-listed town hall at 1141 Sandgate Road, Nundah, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Hall & Son and built from 1891 to 1891. It is also known as Toombul Divisional Board Offices. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

## History

The former Toombul Shire Hall at Nundah was constructed in 1891 as a combination of municipal offices and public hall for the Toombul Divisional Board.

Construction of the 1891 building was made necessary following the 1890 separation of the Town of Hamilton from the Division of Toombul, which had been created under the Divisional Boards Act of 1879. Following this split the Hamilton Town Council met at the Toombul Divisional Board's old offices at Breakfast Creek, and the Toombul Divisional Board rented premises at Nundah until they could afford the construction of new offices.

In mid-1891 Toombul Divisional Board approached architects John Hall and Son to design sketch plans for new divisional board offices. This architectural firm had designed the South Brisbane Town Hall, which was under construction. The Board agreed on 1 August 1891 that the architects be instructed to prepare plans for board offices, a hall and a clerk's residence, from amended sketch plans. It appears that the clerk's residence was located to the south of the offices and hall, on the Board's property, fronting Sandgate Road.

An application to the colonial treasury for a loan of £1400 was refused, but the Council went ahead with construction in late 1891, probably using day labour. By 2 January 1892 the Toombul Divisional Board was meeting in its new boardroom. Construction had strained the Board's budget, and by early 1892 the Board's bank account was overdrawn by £1460.

Rentals for use of the hall were set at 10 shillings per evening for religious services and 30 shillings per night for balls and functions.

Toombul Divisional Board became Toombul Shire Council in 1903, following the introduction of the Local Government Act of 1902. Toombul Shire Hall remained the property of Toombul Shire Council, continuing to serve the local community as shire offices and public hall, until taken over by the Brisbane City Council following the creation of Greater Brisbane in 1925. Subsequently, the site was used as a works depot and the building as the regional health inspector's office and public hall.

In 1928 a skillion-roofed meeting room was added at the rear, side verandahs were attached to the hall and wing spaces were created on the stage.

In 1987-88 the Brisbane City Council undertook restorative and renovation work which included interior and exterior painting in heritage colours, repair and repointing of the exterior brickwork, re-roofing and recladding of the hall walls with galvanised corrugated iron, replacement of timbers in the pediment, and opening up of the northern verandah, which had been enclosed by this date.

The building continues to serve the local community as a popular function and meeting venue.

## Description

The former Toombul Shire Hall is located flush to the pavement on Sandgate Road, a major arterial road to the northern suburbs and Bruce Highway.

It is a long, narrow building designed to combine the functions of municipal offices and public hall, with the offices at the front of the building sharing a central entrance and vestibule with the public hall behind. Verandahs run either side down the length of the hall, with brick-based and asbestos-clad toilet blocks attached to the southern verandah.

The building is timber-framed and incorporates a gradation in cladding fabric: a brick facade to Sandgate Road; chamferboard walls to the offices; and corrugated iron sheeting to the hall behind.

The classically styled facade of red brickwork with white strings and arches features a central round-arched portico with low-arched openings on either side, forming a brick balustraded verandah to the left, and an office to the right. A front ramp for wheelchair access is a recent addition.

At the front the building rests on shallow brick foundations, but as the land slopes away towards the rear these are replaced by timber stumps.

Above the public hall is a long gabled roof of corrugated iron with tall galvanised ventilators along the crown.

The office section has a hipped roof, also iron covered, with a steeply pitched pediment over the entrance portico. The pediment is infilled with imitation half-timbering.

The site includes a sizeable area of land to the rear which has been utilised as a works depot housing a number of sheds and equipment. The ground facing Sandgate Road to the south of the hall has been asphalted and fenced with wire mesh. There are no visible remains of any landscaping.

## Heritage listing

Toombul Shire Hall (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

The former Toombul Shire Hall, erected in 1891, is significant historically for its association with the work of the Toombul Divisional Board and Toombul Shire Council for over 3 decades, and is significant as a late 19th century expression of local authority status within a Queensland community.

**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**

It is the only surviving, non-masonry shire hall retained by the Brisbane City Council.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

The building remains substantially intact, and is an excellent example of 19th century, timber-framed, municipal hall construction in Queensland. The gradation in materials from brick facade to timber-clad front offices to galvanised iron hall, remains an evocative illustration of the tight financial budgets under which most Queensland divisional boards operated.

**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**

The place is important for its landmark quality and aesthetic and historic contribution to the Nundah townscape.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

The former Toombul Shire Hall, erected in 1891, is significant historically for its association with the work of the Toombul Divisional Board and Toombul Shire Council for over 3 decades, and is significant as a late 19th century expression of local authority status within a Queensland community.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

## InfoBox

| Toombul Shire Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Toombul Shire Hall, 2011 | |
| Location | 1141 Sandgate Road, Nundah, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 27°24′18″S 153°03′38″E / 27.405°S 153.0606°E / -27.405; 153.0606 |
| Design period | 1870s–1890s (late 19th century) |
| Built | 1891–1891 |
| Architect | John Hall & Son |
| Architectural style(s) | Classicism |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Toombul Shire Hall (former), Toombul Divisional Board Offices |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 21 October 1992 |
| Reference no. | 600272 |
| Significant period | early 1890s (fabric)<br>1890s–1920s (historical) |
| Significant components | hall, office/s |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Toombul Shire Hall in QueenslandToombul Shire Hall (Australia) | |


title: Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton

abstract: Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton, was an English peer.

text:
# Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton

**Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton** (28 August 1817 – 20 December 1877), was an English peer.

## Early life

Willoughby was born at Apsley Hall, Nottingham, on 28 August 1817. He was the eldest son of Henry Willoughby (1780–1849) and Charlotte Eyre (d. 1845). Among his siblings were Charlotte Henrietta Willoughby (wife of Henry Willoughby Legard, son of Sir Thomas Legard, 7th Baronet); Francis Digby Willoughby (a Captain in the 9th Lancers); the Rev. Hon. Charles James Willoughby (who married Charlotte Payne Seymour); Emma Willoughby (who the Rev. Richard Machell); Hon. Harriet Cassandra Willoughby (who married Henry's brother-in-law, Godfrey Wentworth Bayard Bosville, *de jure* 13th Baronet); and the Rev. Hon. Percival George Willoughby (who married Sophia Beaumont, sister of Frederick Beaumont).

His paternal grandparents were the Rev. Hon. James Willoughby (a grandson of the 1st Baron Middleton) and Eleanor Hobson (a daughter of James Hobson of Kirkbymoorside). His maternal grandparents were the Ven. John Eyre, Archdeacon of Nottingham, and the former Charlotte Armytage (a daughter of Sir George Armytage, 3rd Baronet).

He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, which he entered in 1836.

## Career

He succeeded to the title of Baron Middleton in 1856, on the passing of his cousin, the 7th Baron Middleton, who died without legitimate issue. He lived in the Willoughby family seat at Birdsall House, which he preferred to Wollaton Park, Nottinghamshire, the family seat he inherited from his cousin.

He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 1st Administrative Brigade of Yorkshire (East Riding) Artillery Volunteers on 17 December 1862, and his son the Hon. Digby Willoughby, (later 9th Baron), a former captain in the Scots Fusilier Guards, was appointed second major in the brigade on 30 July 1869. The 9th Baron later commanded the unit as Lt-Col, became Honorary Colonel in turn on 29 May 1879, and held the post into the 20th Century.

## Personal life

On 3 August 1843, he married the Hon. Julia Louisa Bosville (1824–1901) in London. Julia was the daughter of Alexander William Robert Bosville (the eldest, but illegitimate, son of the 3rd Baron Macdonald and Louisa Maria La Coast, herself purported to be the illegitimate daughter of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh). Together, they had thirteen children, including:

Lord Middleton died on 20 December 1877 at Birdsall House, Birdsall, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, Digby.


title: Hey Girl (group)

abstract: Hey Girl was a Taiwanese girl group. Channel [V] held an audition for the show Blackie's Teenage Club (我愛黑澀會), a variety show that aims to create new female entertainers in Taiwan. At the end of 2005, Channel [V] picked nine members to represent the other girls. These nine members were Gui Gui, Ning Er, MeiMei, Apple, Hsiao Hsun, Ya Tou, Hsiao Man, Bae Tung Tung, and Ta Ya. Together, they are affectionately known as the Nine Beauties for short. The nine members were separated into two groups for their third EP release: Ta Ya, Hsiao Man, Ya Tou, Gui Gui, and Apple comprised Pink, and Mei Mei, Hsiao Hsun, Ning Er, and Bae Tung Tung comprised Honey.

text:
# Hey Girl (group)

**Hey Girl** was a Taiwanese girl group. Channel \[V\] held an audition for the show Blackie's Teenage Club (我愛黑澀會), a variety show that aims to create new female entertainers in Taiwan. At the end of 2005, Channel \[V\] picked nine members to represent the other girls. These nine members were Gui Gui, Ning Er, MeiMei, Apple, Hsiao Hsun, Ya Tou, Hsiao Man, Bae Tung Tung, and Ta Ya. Together, they are affectionately known as the Nine Beauties (Chinese: 九妞妞; pinyin: *Jiǔ Niū Niū*) for short.

The nine members were separated into two groups for their third EP release: Ta Ya, Hsiao Man, Ya Tou, Gui Gui, and Apple comprised *Pink* (traditional Chinese: 粉紅高壓電; ; pinyin: *Fěn Hóng Gāo Yā Diàn*; "high-voltage pink"), and Mei Mei, Hsiao Hsun, Ning Er, and Bae Tung Tung comprised *Honey* (traditional Chinese: 甜心轟炸機; ; pinyin: *Tián Xīn Hōng Zhà Jī*; "sweet-hearted flying bombers").

## Issues and Scandals

### Departure of Bae Tung Tung

On October 5, 2007, Bae Tung Tung left Hey Girl (including the Wo Ai Hei Se Hui show). It is rumoured that she left because of a rift with band leader Ta Ya over an alleged affair with Bae Tung Tung's boyfriend at the time, Hakka-Pac; other sources suggest that Bae Tung Tung was forced to depart due to violations of her contract. Bae Tung Tung reports that she began cutting herself during this stressful period.

Moving forward, Bae Tung Tung has stated that she plans to concentrate on her singing and dancing. She is currently working for Momo Kids, a Taiwanese television company featuring children's programming.

### Departure of Gui Gui

Gui Gui has currently left the management of Channel V, where all the band members originate from. Andy Ge has admitted to the press that she is unlikely to renew her contract, with an ambiguous post on her own blog, Gui Gui had admitted to the news.

While Andy Ge also clarifies, Hey Girl is not under Channel V management so Gui Gui is still with Hey Girl and will be attending promotions per usual.

However, the Hey Girl promotion following his statement did not include Gui Gui who was said to be busy with MIT promotion before and during their promotion. On May 6, 2009, Andy Ge announced to the press that Gui Gui will not be renewing her contract with Channel V, he also states that her involvement with Hey Girl will have to be clarified with Warner Music, as Hey Girl do not belong to Channel V.

### Departure of Hsiao Man

Hsiao Man has currently left the management of Channel V. She has signed to Eelin Model Agency. She has decided to leave Hey Girl to become a model.

### Departure of Yeun Fei

On September 16, 2010, members of Hey Girl performed at an event in Nanchang which did not include Yeun Fei. Instead, it was a new member who was emerged from the event's promotional poster and the Hey Girl members' blogs. Ya Tou later confirmed in her Sina blog that Yeun Fei is no long a member of Hey Girl, but will continue to appear on the "Black Lollipop" show. The newest member, Chi Ting (子庭), has not yet appeared on any of the Channel V related shows and many fans seemed baffled and upset about the departure of Yeun Fei. Further speculations have suggested that the switch maybe due to Yeun Fei's high-profile relationship with one of the Didi "EDD", which the management frowns upon.

### Departure of Si Ya

As of April 2011, Si Ya's personal "weibo" has listed herself as "without a management agent/agency". Subsequently, she did not appear in any of Hey Girl's promotional activities in China. She did, however, appeared in number of variety shows such as 麻辣天后宫 and 鑽石夜總會 as one of the special guests. On May 5, 2011, the Hong Kong promotion company has unveiled the "new" Hey Girl member which included only Ya Tou, Hsiao Hsun, and Chi Ting.

### Departure of other members

Ta Ya, Ning Er, MeiMei & Apple had also decided to leave Hey Girl as they are now signed to Andy Ge's new agency company "A Legend Star Ltd". Ya Tou and Hsiao Hsun are still in Hey Girl, but with two new members, Si Ya and Yeun Fei. Although it has been rumoured that Ya Tou and Hsiao Hsun will also leave after they have fulfilled their contracts to join A Legend Star, which never occurred.

### Departure of Chi Ting, Ya Tou, Hsiao Hsun

They left Hey Girl because their newest single Hey Girl did not sell well. They will not perform together for another 1 year. Ya Tou & Chi Ting have changed their talent agency to Jack Production (Ya Tou at 2013) & Yi Teng Entertainment (Chi Ting at 2014), just Hsiao Hsun stayed at M'stone International. This means that Hey Girl is disbanded. Chi Ting also married Andrew Lin in September 2014.

## Name Change

Originally, the group's name, Hei Se Hui Mei Mei, is a pun on the words "Mei Mei" (traditional Chinese: 美眉,1: beautiful girls) and "Hei She Hui" (traditional Chinese: 黑社會; ; "black society; triad"). Later, after the group's move to Warner Music Taiwan, its name was changed to 黑Girl, and the English name officially became Hey Girl. The change in name resulted from the record company's concerns that scandalous rumors of other members of the show Wo Ai Hei Se Hui would be associated with Hei Se Hui Mei Mei (Hey Girl).

## Members

### Julie Tsai (Bay Tong Tong)

* **Birth Name**: Tsai Ti-Tong (Chinese: 蔡玓彤)
* **Birthdate**: December 10, 1986
* **Stage Name**: Bae Tong Tong (Chinese: 貝童彤) & Tong Tong Chieh Chieh (Chinese: 彤彤姐姐)
* **Old Stage Name**: Tong Tong (Chinese: 彤彤)
* **English Name**: Julie Tsai
* **Languages**: Mandarin
* **Profession**: Actress, Singer, and Host
* **Education**: National Chung Hsing Senior High School
* **Talent agency**: Hsingheng Entertainment
* **Position**: Main Dancer, Lead Vocalist, Rapper

### Emma Wu (Gui Gui)

* **Birth Name**: Wu Ying-Chieh (Chinese: 吳映潔)
* **Birthdate**: August 11, 1989
* **Stage Name**: Gui Gui (Chinese: 鬼鬼)
* **English Name**: Emma Wu
* **Languages**: Mandarin, Taiwanese, English
* **Profession**: Actress, Host and Singer
* **Education**: Jhuang Jing Vocational School (Performing Arts)
* **Talent agency**: Emma Wu Studio
* **Position**: Sub Vocalist, Rapper

### Tina Chou (Ta Ya)

* **Name**: Chou Yi-Pei (Chinese: 周宜霈)
* **Old Name**: Chou Yun-Chen (Chinese: 周雲溱)
* **Birth Name**: Chou Yi-Chun (Chinese: 周怡君)
* **Birthdate**: October 21, 1984
* **Stage Name**: Ta Ya (Chinese:大牙)
* **English Name**: Tina Chou
* **Language**: Mandarin
* **Profession**: Actress, Singer, and Host
* **Education**: Hwa Kang Arts School (Taipei, Taiwan)
* **Talent agency**: Sentimental Creative Studio
* **Position**: 1st Leader, Main Vocalist, Visual

### MeiMei Kuo (MeiMei)

* **Birth Name**: Kuo Chieh-Chi (Chinese: 郭婕祈)
* **Birthdate**: August 16, 1985
* **Stage Name**: MeiMei
* **English Name**: Alexis, Isabelle, MeiMei Kuo
* **Languages**: Mandarin
* **Profession**: Actress, Singer, Model and Dancer
* **Education**: Taipei National University of the Arts and unezsa
* **Now in**: M4 (disbanded)
* **Talent agency**: No Limit Entertainment
* **Position**: Vice Leader, Lead Dancer, Lead Vocalist

### Apple Huang (Apple)

* **Birth Name**: Huang Wei-Ting (Chinese: 黃暐婷)
* **Birthdate**: March 28, 1984
* **Stage Name**: Apple
* **English Name** : Apple Huang
* **Language**: Mandarin, Hakka, Cantonese (a little bit), Taiwanese
* **Profession**: Actress, Singer, and Host
* **Education**: Hwa Kang Arts School (Taipei, Taiwan)
* **Sister or Brother**: Yuri Huang (Yao Yao) + Man Huang (A Man)
* **Talent agency**: A Legend Star Entertainment
* **Position**: Lead Vocalist, Face of the group

### Mini Chang (Ning Er)

* **Name**: Chang Ning-Er (Chinese: 張甯兒)
* **Birth Name**: Chang Hsiao-Chieh (Chinese: 張筱婕)
* **Birthdate**: July 25, 1991
* **Stage name**: Ning Er (Chinese: 甯兒)
* **Old Stage Name**: Hsiao Chieh, Hsiao Chieh (Chinese: 筱婕, 小婕)
* **English Name**: Mini Chang
* **Languages**: Mandarin
* **Profession**: Actress, Singer, Dancer, and Host
* **Education**: Jhuang Jing Vocational School
* **Talent agency**: A Legend Star Entertainment
* **Position**: Sub Vocalist

### Lilu Wang (Hsiao Man)

* **Name**: Wang Cheng-Yen (Chinese: 王承嫣)
* **Old Name**:Wang Ching-Chiao (Chinese: 王婧喬)
* **Birth Name**: Wang Shu-Hsuan (Chinese: 王淑萱)
* **Birthdate**: November 7, 1989
* **Stage Name**: Hsiao Man (Chinese:小蠻)
* **English Name**: Lilu Wang
* **Old English Name**: Chanel Wang & Shuan Wang & Suan Wang
* **Language**: Mandarin, Taiwanese, English
* **Profession**: Actress, Singer, and Model
* **Education**: National Chung Hsing Senior High School
* **Talent agency**: Oneness Music Entertainment
* **Position**: Sub Vocalist

### Ruby Lin (Yong Tu)

* **Name**: Lin Ting-Yu (Chinese: 林筳諭)
* **Old Name**: Chen Ting-Yu (Chinese: 陳筳諭)
* **Birth Name**: Chen Jung-Ying (Chinese: 陳融瑩)
* **Birthdate**: August 5, 1990
* **Stage Name**: Yong Tu (Chinese: 勇兔)
* **Old Stage Name**: Lin Yeun-Fei (Chinese: 林允菲) or Yeun Fei (Chinese: 允菲)
* **English Name**: Ruby Lin
* **Languages**: Mandarin, Taiwanese
* **Profession**: Dancer, Singer, and Host
* **Education**: Jhuang Jing Vocational School
* **Talent agency**: Chuan Hsuan Media Studio
* **Position**: Lead Dancer, Sub Vocalist

### Candy Chen (Si Ya)

* **Name**: Chen Si-Ya (Chinese: 陳斯亞)
* **Birth Name**: Cheng Yu-Ting (Chinese: 鄭羽婷)
* **Birthdate**: January 3, 1993
* **Stage Name**: Si Ya(Chinese: 斯亞)
* **Old Stage Name**: Tang Kuo, Yi Ling (Chinese: 糖果, 伊凌)
* **English Name**: Candy Chen
* **Old English Name**: Emily Cheng & Nina Chen
* **Languages**: Mandarin, Taiwanese, English
* **Profession**: Dancer and Singer
* **Education**: Nan Chiang Industrial and Commercial Senior High School
* **Related group**: Twinko (2013–2016)
* **Talent agency**: Easy C&C
* **Position**: Main Dancer, Lead Vocalist, Visual

### Yako Chan (Ya Tou)

* **Name**: Chan Tzu-Ching (Chinese: 詹子晴)
* **Birth Name**: Chan Ya-Wen (Chinese: 詹雅文)
* **Birthdate**: April 11, 1988
* **Stage Name**: Ya Tou (Chinese: 丫頭)
* **English Name**: Yako Chan
* **Languages**: Mandarin, English, Korean (a little bit)
* **Profession**: Actress and Singer
* **Education**: Hsing Wu College (English Program) Taipei, Taiwan
* **Talent agency**: Easy C&C
* **Position**: 2nd Leader, Lead Dancer, Sub Vocalist, Rapper, Face of the group

### Mia Chang (Tzu Ting)

* **Name**: Chang Tzu-Ting (Chinese: 張子庭)
* **Birth Name**: Chang Ting-Wei (Chinese: 張庭瑋)
* **Birthdate**: September 23, 1985
* **Stage Name**: Tzu Ting (Chinese: 子庭)
* **Old Stage Name**: Hung Tou, Chang Ai-Ping, Ting Ting (Chinese: 紅豆, 張艾蘋, 庭庭)
* **English Name**: Mia Chang
* **Spouse**: Andrew Lin (林聖仁) (2014 Sep – present)
* **Languages**: Mandarin, Taiwanese, English
* **Profession**: Dancer, Singer and Model
* **Education**: Chinese Culture University
* **Related group**: Red Bean Girls (2005)
* **Talent agency**: Yi Teng Entertainment
* **Position**: Main Dancer, Lead Vocalist

### Esther Huang (Hsiao Hsun)

* **Birth Name**: Huang Ching-Yi (Chinese: 黃瀞怡)
* **Birthdate**: February 27, 1989
* **Stage Name**: Hsiao Hsun (Chinese: 小薰)
* **English Name**: Esther Huang
* **Old English Name**: Albee Huang
* **Languages**: Mandarin, Taiwanese, English, Atayal
* **Profession**: Actress and singer
* **Education**: Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management
* **Talent agency**: Fortune Entertainment
* **Position**: Main Vocalist, Visual

## Filmography

### 2006

### 2007

### 2008

### 2011

### 2012

### 2014

## Short film

### 2012

## Film

### 2011

### 2012

### 2013

## Discography

### Digital Singles

| Year | Artist | Song | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | Hey Girl | I Love Blackie's Teenage Club | Beauties' Private Diary : I Love Blackie Beauties |
| | Hey Girl | Shake It Baby | Beauties' Private Day- Pink+Honey |
| | Hey Girl | I Want To Love Well | Beauties' Private Day- Pink |
| | Hey Girl | 123 Pinocchio | Beauties' Private Day- Pink |
| | Hey Girl | Shining Kiss | Beauties' Private Day-Honey |
| | Hey Girl | Sunny Dolls | Beauties' Private Day- Honey |
| 2007 | Hey Girl | Happiness Bubble | Beauties' Private Party : Happiness Bubble |
| | Hey Girl | Hello Breeze Of Love | Brown Sugar Macchiato OST |
| 2008 | Hey Girl | Call Big Sister | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| | Hey Girl | OOXX | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| | Hey Girl | Female | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| | Hey Girl | Hakuna Matata | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| | Hey Girl | Bread With Jam | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| | Hey Girl | Love Is Dreaming | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| | Hey Girl | Souvenir | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| | Hey Girl | Goodbye,The Fool! | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| | Hey Girl | Who Said | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| | Hey Girl | Love Elastic Bonding Tapes | Hey Girl First Debut Album |
| 2011 | Hey Girl | Hey Girl | Hey Girl |
| | Hey Girl | Lover And Friend | Hey Girl |
|

### Collaborations

| Year | Artist | Song | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Lollipop & Hey Girl | Bitter Sweet | Brown Sugar Macchiato OST |
| | Lollipop & Hey Girl | Brown Sugar PK Show | Brown Sugar Macchiato OST |
| 2008 | LollipopHsiao Yu+A-Wei+Wang Chi & Hey Girl – Ya Tou+Hsiao Hsun+Hsiao Man | Dear Baby | The Legend of the Brown Sugar Chivalries OST |

### Albums

### EP

### Soundtrack

### DVD

* 2006 I Love Blackie Beauties Secret Dairy
* 2007 Blackie Beauties Secret Party

### Photo-books

* 2007 Beauties' Private Party Full Colour Photo-book

## InfoBox

| Hey Girl | |
| --- | --- |
| 2007 Taipei IT Month: Members from Hey Girl at booth of Chinese Gamer International Corp. | |
| Born | Taiwan |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2006 May – 2013 Nov ( 7 years 6 months). |
| **Musical career** | |
| Also known as | Hei Se Hui Mei Mei (Mean: Blackie Beauties) |
| Origin | Taiwan |
| Genres | Mandarin pop |
| Labels | Linfair Records 2006–2007.6
Warner Music Taiwan 2008.5- 2009
M'stones 2011–2013.11 |
| Past members | Bae Tung Tung
Gui Gui
Da Ya
MeiMei
Apple
Ning Er
Hsiao Man
Yeun Fei
Si Ya
Ya Tou
Chi Ting
Hsiao Hsun |
|  | |


title: Poverty in Colombia

text:
# Poverty in Colombia

Informal brick housing.District with excellent public services

## Poverty statistics

In 2017, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% in "extreme poverty". The multidimensional poverty rate stands at 17.0% of the population.

### Unemployment

The average national unemployment rate in 2017 was 9.4%, although the informality is the biggest problem facing the labour market (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).

### Inequality

According to the World Bank, Colombia's Gini coefficient (a measurement of inequality in wealth distribution) was 0.587 in 2000 and 0.535 in 2013, ranking alongside Chile, Panama, Brazil and Honduras as the most unequal Latin American countries in terms of wealth distribution.

### Literacy

In 2015, a total of 94.58% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.53% of those aged 15–24.

### Malnutrition

In 2010, 3.4% of the children under 5 years old in Colombia suffer from global malnutrition (deficiency of weight for age) and up to 13% suffer from chronic malnutrition (deficiency of height for age). The situation is worse for the indigenous peoples of Colombia, who in the same indicators recorded rates of 7.5% and 29.5% respectively.

## Social strata in Colombia

Colombia's social strata have been divided as follows and have been extensively used by the government as a reference to develop social welfare programs, statistical information and to some degree for the assignment of lands.

| Stratum 1 | The system is the classification of the residential properties that should receive public services. The system does not consider the income per person. | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stratum 2 | |
| Stratum 3 | |
||
| Stratum 4 | |
||
| Stratum 5 |
| Stratum 6 |

The system is the **classification of the residential properties** that should receive public services. Although **the system does not consider the income per person** and the rules say that the residential real estate should stratify and not households. All mayors should do the stratification of residential properties of their municipality or district.

In 1994, this stratification policy was made into law in order to grant subsidies to the poorest residents. The system is organized so that the people living in upper layers (strata 5 and 6) pay more for services like electricity, water and sewage than the groups in the lower strata. Critics of the system say that it impedes social mobility through stigmatization, while its proponents argue that it allows the poor to locate to areas where they will be able to access subsidized services. There are many studies that have shown that the socio-economic stratum is a bad instrument to allocate subsidies. In particular, these studies show that there is a high percentage of households of strata 1 and 2 which have a level of consumption similar to the households of strata 5 and 6 (18% of households in stratum 1, 36% of households in 2 and 66% of households in stratum 3 are located in quintiles 4 and 5 of the distribution of consumption. 98% of households in stratum 6 is in these quintiles).

Although nowadays **there are more reliable sources to determine capacity to pay.**

* The first is the **tax information**, where each inhabitant income are reported. In the current model, there are people who live in areas with low strata but who receive high income.
* The second proposal are the **surveys related to the policy of subsidies**, such as the **SISBEN**; a strategy that works through home visits, who value the ability to pay of the inhabitants.


title: Return to the Sea (TV series)

abstract: Return to the Sea is an American science documentary television series that aired on PBS from 1991 to 1992, with an additional special that was broadcast in 1995. The series focuses on topics of interest in recreational diving and the conservation of oceanic and coastal environments.

text:
# Return to the Sea (TV series)

***Return to the Sea*** is an American science documentary television series that aired on PBS from 1991 to 1992, with an additional special that was broadcast in 1995. The series focuses on topics of interest in recreational diving and the conservation of oceanic and coastal environments.

## Synopsis

Underwater cinematographer Bill Lovin presents the series, in which viewers "return to the sea" in each episode. Episodes cover a wide range of topics including marine biology, shipwrecks and marine archaeology, underwater photography, decompression sickness, deep-sea exploration, threats to marine and coastal environments and undersea archeological sites, and the contribution of everyday people to recreational diving and conservation. Recurring themes in the series are how improvements in diving equipment have made recreational diving safe and accessible for everyone rather than only for scientists, explorers, and adventurers; how human carelessness and thoughtlessness can damage environments and endanger wildlife; and how everyday people can contribute to understanding and conserving marine and coastal environments.

## Production notes

Some of the half-hour episodes broadcast in 1991 and 1992 cover single topics, while others are divided into two distinct segments. The 1995 special is the only one-hour episode and consists of three distinct segments.

Bill Lovin co-produced the series, presents and narrates each episode, wrote some of the episodes, and captured the underwater cinematography used in the series. The UNC Center for Public Television, rebranded as North Carolina Public Television by the show's second season, produced the series in association with Lovin's company Marine Grafics.

## Broadcast history

*Return to the Sea* premiered on PBS in 1991 with a run of seven half-hour episodes for its first season. A second season of six half-hour episodes followed in 1992. The final episode, a one-hour special, aired in 1995.

## Episodes

### Season 1 (1991)

| Season | Ep No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 101 | "A Day on the Reef" | uncredited | uncredited | 1991 (1991) |
| A discussion of corals – including brain coral, elkhorn coral, pillar coral, and boulder coral – and their construction of coral reefs and an examination of the creatures active on a Caribbean reef during daylight hours. At dawn, animals active by night, such as the squirrelfish, black crinoid, sharptail eel, goldentail moray, spotted moray, and green moray seek shelter for the day in crevices, under ledges, or by retreating into deeper, darker water. Thirty minutes after sunrise, a different population – coral reef fish as well as the lettuce slug – teems around the reef. By midmorning, human recreational divers are swimming around the reef, and stoplight parrotfish, yellowhead jawfish, southern stingrays, black jacks, groupers, cleaner fish, butterflyfish, trumpetfish, peacock flounders, and sponges are active. By late afternoon, the reef is almost empty, as creatures active by day already have retreated for the night. | | | | | | |
| 1 | 102 | "Secrets of the Shark" | uncredited | uncredited | 1991 (1991) |
| The episode dispels various myths about sharks – including the idea that they are aggressive toward divers – and describes their anatomy and senses. It includes a dive on the wreck of the submarine USS *Tarpon* off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to study the sand tiger shark and its habitat and a trip to Cocos Island in the Pacific Ocean off Costa Rica to film the whitetip reef shark and hammerhead shark, as well as the manta ray, a relative of the shark. | | | | | | |
| 1 | 103 | "The Art of Underwater Photography/Fish Senses" | uncredited | uncredited | 1991 (1991) |
| The episode's first segment, "The Art of Underwater Photography," examines the challenges and rewards of taking photographs and making films underwater, which by the early 1990s had become the most popular activity for recreational divers. The segment discusses the challenges of photographing shipwrecks and of filming and photography in different light levels at different depths; how advances in camera and lighting technology by the early 1990s had made underwater photography cheaper, easier, and more accessible for divers; and how photography allows a greater understanding of the details of the anatomy and behavior of marine creatures. The second segment, "Fish Senses," describes the senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch in marine creatures, including how sight varies between fish, squid, crabs and lobsters, the conch, and scallops and clams; how excellent night vision benefits the squirrelfish; how fish use nostrils to smell; how crabs both smell their environment and taste it through their legs; how the goatfish uses barbels to feel the ocean bottom; the lateral line, a sensory organ unique to fish; and the ampullae of Lorenzini, which give sharks and stingrays such as the southern stingray the ability to sense electrical fields. The segment also highlights the ways in which the flounder uses sight to help it camouflage itself; how the toadfish makes sound to find mates and scare off other fish; how the lettuce sea slug and flatworms use their coloration to signal predators that they do not taste good; and how the parrotfish uses a cocoon of mucus to block its smell from reaching predators while it sleeps at night. | | | | | | |
| 1 | 104 | "The Ocean at Night/The Sea of Cortez" | uncredited | uncredited | 1991 (1991) |
| The episode's first segment, "The Ocean at Night," discusses the ease and safety of night diving and the opportunities it creates to encounter creatures which are too skittish to approach in daylight or are only active and visible at night. The segment includes footage of the guineafowl puffer, basket star, sea feather, brittle star, and sea cucumber; sea urchins, shrimp, and marine worms; a "living chain" of planktonic creatures; jellyfish, crabs, and lobsters; the soapfish (including the first mating ritual of the species ever filmed); and an octopus. The second segment, "The Sea of Cortez," discusses the world's newest sea, the Sea of Cortez (also known as the Gulf of California and the Sea of Cortés), the habitat it provides, and its wildlife, including the brown pelican, whales, dolphins, sea lions, manta rays, hammerhead sharks, triggerfish, butterflyfish, and wrasse. It also discusses how the use of DDT once threatened the brown pelican with extinction; how overfishing has led to a drastic decline in the populations of hammerheads and manta rays in the Sea of Cortez; how overhunting once threatened the existence of the sea's sea lion population; and other aspects of man's impact on the creatures of the sea. | | | | | | |
| 1 | 105 | "Graveyard of the Atlantic...Graveyard of the Pacific" | uncredited | uncredited | 1991 (1991) |
| The waters off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and in Truk Lagoon (now Chuuk Lagoon) in Micronesia both are known as graveyards of ships, and both have many wrecks of ships sunk during World War II. The wreck of the tanker SS *Cassimer* creates an artificial reef that harbors tropical creatures from the Caribbean, such as butterflyfish and spiny lobsters, that travel north on the Gulf Stream to the waters off North Carolina; fishing nets and fish traps snagged and abandoned on the wreck still kill many creatures. Dives in Truk Lagoon on the wrecks of the aircraft transport *Fujikawa Maru* at a depth of 50 feet (15 m), the destroyer *Fumizuki* at 130 feet (40 m), and the cargo liner *San Francisco Maru* at 170 feet (52 m) show how the types of corals on wrecks changes with depth and how deeper wrecks cannot support coral growth. Footage of *Fujikawa Maru* includes a Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter aircraft in her hold and a machine gun and its ammunition and a 4.7-inch (120 mm) gun on her deck; that of *Fumizuki* shows a 4.7-inch (120 mm) gun on her deck; and that of *San Francisco Maru* shows a tank and a 3-inch (76 mm) gun on her deck, naval mines in her hold, and Toyota trucks in her hold and on her deck. The episode also describes how corrosion, marine worms, water turbulence, and human souvenir hunting degrade saltwater wrecks over time, and how marine salvage operations severely damaged the wreck of the tanker SS *John D. Gill* off Cape Hatteras. The episode contrasts the lack of legal and ethical protection of Cape Hatteras shipwrecks with the situation in Truk Lagoon, where laws protect the wrecks so they can be preserved as historical reminders of World War II and as attractions for recreational divers. | | | | | | |
| 1 | 106 | "People Who Make a Difference" | uncredited | uncredited | 1991 (1991) |
| Profiles of Norine Rouse, Jill Robinson, and Ted Bridis. Rouse, a housewife in Palm Beach, Florida, took up recreational diving and became a scuba instructor and conservationist. She advocates limitations on – or the prohibition of – spearfishing, monitors the visits of sea turtles to her area, and overcame a bout with decompression sickness ("the bends") to continue diving. Robinson, who wrote a book for disabled divers, and Bridis, who counsels disabled veterans, are themselves disabled. They find movement in the water easier than on land and use prosthetics and gadgetry they invented to compensate for their disabilities while diving. They nonetheless face resistance to their diving activities from some dive boat captains and dive shop owners and employees who continue to think that diving is dangerous for disabled people. The episode includes discussions of decompression sickness, buoyancy control, and buddy diving, and it includes footage of Rouse's interactions with sea turtles and of the goatfish, the sergeant major, and the green moray Robinson, Bridis, and Lovin encountered during dives on the wreck of the United States Coast Guard cutter USCGC *Duane* off Florida. | | | | | | |
| 1 | 107 | "The Reef at the End of the Road/Last Days of the Manatee" | uncredited | uncredited | 1991 (1991) |
| The episode's first segment, "The Reef at the End of the Road," examines threats to the coral reef off the Florida Keys. It discusses how mangrove forests and sea grass protect the reef from runoff from shore, and how economic development and booming tourism in the Florida Keys have allowed runoff to reach such a level that it now reaches the reef, causing eutrophication, in which algae kills corals. The growth in tourism and other human activities also has led to increased pollution and damage to the reef through ship and boat groundings, anchoring, and destructive behaviors by recreational divers. The segment describes efforts to protect the reef by providing mooring buoys to reduce the use of anchors, cleaning up discarded trash, limiting and zoning ship and boat traffic and tourist activities, limitation of coastal development to preserve mangroves, educating children in the need to preserve and protect the reef and mangroves, the creation of artificial reefs to create additional habitats for marine life and draw recreational divers away from natural reefs, and the creation and expansion of United States National Marine Sanctuaries. The second segment, "Last Days of the Manatee," discusses the evolution, anatomy, and behavior of the endangered manatee (or "sea cow"), its decline from a population of 60,000 spread from Texas to North Carolina to about 1,000 limited to central and southern Florida, and how human activities have contributed to the manatee's decline thanks to reduced water quality, loss of habitat, competition with humans in inland manatee wintering areas, shorter lifespans, and deaths in collisions with ships and boats. | | | | | | |

### Season 2 (1992)

| Season | Ep No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | 201 | "Life in a Salt Marsh/Big Sweep" | uncredited | David Hardy | 1992 (1992) |
| The episode's first segment, "Life in a Salt Marsh," describes the ways in which a coastal salt marsh – flooded with seawater by the incoming tide and then drained when the tide goes out – is the most productive ecosystem on earth, protecting the land from erosion by waves, filtering and oxygenating water, serving as a nursery for young sea creatures, and providing an economically important source of seafood. The segment documents a North Carolina Maritime Museum field trip to a salt marsh and describes the adaptations and behaviors of plants and animals which live in or visit salt marshes, including pickleweed, marsh periwhinkles, mud snails, hermit crabs, spider crabs, horseshoe crabs, diamondback terrapins, North American river otters, and birds such as rails, egrets, seagulls (highlighting laughing gulls), herons, ibises, and brown pelicans. The segment also discusses threats to salt marshes posed by human encroachment such as habitat destruction, pollution, and boating. The second segment, "Big Sweep," documents activities in North Carolina that were part of Big Sweep – an annual single-day nationwide volunteer event to pick up trash along the beaches, rivers, and lakes of the United States – and emphasizes the special danger plastic trash poses to aquatic wildlife. | | | | | | |
| 2 | 202 | "Deep Sea Secrets" | uncredited | Jim Bramlett | 1992 (1992) |
| A description of the capabilities and operations of the research submarine *Johnson Sea Link I* as she operates from the mother ship *Seward Johnson* off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to explore the midwater column and the benthos to determine the possible environmental impact of proposed offshore drilling there. The episode culminates in a dive to a depth of 3,000 feet (910 m) to take core samples in a submarine canyon, where the submersible encounters marine snow and a jumbled landscape. | | | | | | |
| 2 | 203 | "The Mystery of the Bends" | uncredited | David Hardy | 1992 (1992) |
| A discussion of the discovery, history of study, causes, symptoms, dangers, and treatment of decompression sickness, known as "the bends." The episode describes the advantages and disadvantages of dive tables and dive computers and the function of a recompression chamber in treating the bends, and explores various still-mysterious and controversial aspects of decompression sickness, including risk factors such as age of the diver and flying after diving. It includes trips to the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit in Panama City Beach, Florida and Duke University to see research activities attempting to improve understanding of the bends and a visit to the Divers Alert Network, where volunteers man telephones to provide advice and assistance to divers who contract the ailment. | | | | | | |
| 2 | 204 | "Reunion" | uncredited | Bill Lovin | 1992 (1992) |
| The story of the World War II sinking of the German submarine *U-352* by the United States Coast Guard Cutter USCGC *Icarus* off North Carolina on May 9, 1942; the discovery of *U-352*′s wreck in 1975; and its subsequent popularity as a dive site. The episode culminates in a reunion in North Carolina of members of *U-352*′s and *Icarus*′s crews for a memorial service for *U-352*′s crew on the 50th anniversary of her sinking on May 9, 1992. The episode includes interviews with crewmen of both ships and with one of the divers who discovered her wreck. | | | | | | |
| 2 | 205 | "Small World" | uncredited | uncredited | 1992 (1992) |
| Divers have only a limited time underwater while exploring a coral reef, and often overlook the smaller things until they examine photographs and video footage later. The episode covers these smaller things, including coral polyps, how they construct reefs, their symbiotic relationship with algae, and coral bleaching; sea anemones; plankton; sea cucumbers; cleaning stations and the tiny cleaner fish such as gobies which base themselves on a coral or a sponge and clean larger fish including groupers, stoplight parrotfish, and barracudas; Pederson's cleaning shrimp, which also cleans fish and hides among the tentacles of the ringed anemone alongside the snapping shrimp; an isopod parasitizing a black bar soldierfish; mollusks, such as the conch, lettuce sea slug, and flamingo tongue snail; how hand-feeding of Nassau groupers has changed their normally skittish behavior around divers; and the anatomy and behaviors of groupers. | | | | | | |
| 2 | 206 | "The Reef...and the Rainforest" | uncredited | Jim Bramlett | 1992 (1992) |
| A trip to Belize to observe the similarities between the two most diverse and active environments on earth – the coral reef and the tropical rainforest. The episode compares the profusion of corals and the diversity of habitats it creates to the profusion of plants in the rainforest and the wide variety of habitats there; describes the abundance of life in each environment, how organisms in both – such as corals and sponges on the reef and plants in the rainforest – must compete for space, and how insects in the rainforest and small reef creatures colonize every ecological niche; shows parallel survival strategies between reef creatures and plants and animals of the rainforest, such as the use of thorns and spikes to ward off predators and camouflage to deceive them; and discusses modern-day Belize City and the Maya civilization that once thrived in Belize. The episode includes footage of the Belize Barrier Reef – part of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, the world's second-largest after the Great Barrier Reef – and of cays off Belize and the rainforest in the country's interior; of the tapir, margay, jaguar, toucan, ocellated turkey, howler monkey, saga tree, sea urchin, flounder, stonefish, trumpetfish, and green vine snake; of a lizard, termites and their nest, bats in a ruined Mayan temple, and of frigatebirds and boobies on a cay on Lighthouse Reef; and of Belize City, Mayan ruins in Belize, and Tikal in neighboring Guatemala. The episode includes a discussion of damage to the reef through coral bleaching and the careless actions of divers, the destruction of the rainforest to create farmland, and of the Government of Belize's effort to preserve the reef, cays, and rainforest by promoting ecotourism, which makes conservation economically important to the local population. It also highlights the work of the co-owners of the Chan Chich Lodge to create ecotourism to reduce illegal activities in the rainforest and give the local people a financial stake in preserving it, and of Sharon Matola, founder and director of the Belize Zoo, to give the people of Belize a greater appreciation of the rainforest and its animals. | | | | | | |

### Special (1995)

| Season | Ep No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 301 | "Oceans Under Glass/Swimming with Whales/Whales Weep Not" | uncredited | Jim Bramlett, Bill Lovin | 1995 (1995) |
| The special's first segment, "Oceans Under Glass," focuses on the operations of the North Carolina Aquariums and highlights the ways in which rivers, sounds, marshes, and barrier islands are important to ocean creatures. The segment covers the aquariums′ field trips, hosting of school visits, and collection of animals in salt marshes; their touch tanks and how they create shipwreck displays; the equipment and techniques they use to make their own salt water, maintain water quality for the organisms in their tanks, and feed the aquarium animals; and their sea turtle rescue and rehabilitation program and research into the causes of sea turtle deaths. The segment also describes the near-extinction, recovery, and nesting and chick-rearing behaviors of the osprey, and visits a tide pool on a rocky outcrop on North Carolina's coast. It includes footage of mosquito larvae, horseshoe crabs, various crabs including a blue crab, filefish, a comb jelly, American alligators, green turtles, loggerhead turtles, an isopod, a sea star, mole crabs, and a striped hermit crab living in a moon snail shell. The second segment, "Swimming With Whales," profiles Dave Woodward – a pioneering recreational diver, scuba instructor, and underwater photographer who in 1976 worked with Marlon Perkins as a still photographer for *Wild Kingdom* during filming of humpback whales – as he once again swims with them at their wintering and calving grounds at Silver Bank in the Caribbean. The segment includes extensive footage of the whales and discusses their social and mating behaviors, research into their individual identities and overall numbers, and whale songs. The third segment, which derives its title from the D. H. Lawrence poem "Whales Weep Not," documents the death of an emaciated young female sperm whale on the beach at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, and the subsequent necropsy that revealed her stomach was full of trash discarded by humans, highlighting the danger human-generated detritus poses to sea creatures. | | | | | | |

## Fair use access to episodes and segments

In 2020, Bill Lovin created the Web site OceanArchives and uploaded to it all 14 complete episodes of *Return to the Sea* – as well as separate video files of some of the individual segments of multi-segment episodes – so they can be viewed, downloaded, and used for free for non-commercial purposes under a fair use policy, with a goal of assisting educators and students. Individual episodes and segments are available as follows:

## InfoBox

| *Return to the Sea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Science documentary |
| Presented by | Bill Lovin |
| Narrated by | Bill Lovin |
| Composer | Robert Griffin |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 (plus special) |
| No. of episodes | 14 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Jim Bramlett, Bill Lovin |
| Cinematography | Bill Lovin |
| Running time | ca. 27 minutes (1991–1992)<br>ca. 58 minutes (1995) |
| Production companies | The UNC Center for Public Television/North Carolina Public Television and Marine Grafics |
| Original release | |
| Network | PBS |
| Release | 1991 (1991) <br>1992; 1995 (1992; 1995) |


title: Morristown Cubs

abstract: The Morristown Cubs were a Minor League Baseball team that played in the Class D Short Season Appalachian League from 1959 to 1961. They were located in Morristown, Tennessee, and were named for their Major League Baseball affiliate, the Chicago Cubs. Morristown won the Appalachian League pennant in 1959.

text:
# Morristown Cubs

The **Morristown Cubs** were a Minor League Baseball team that played in the Class D Short Season Appalachian League from 1959 to 1961. They were located in Morristown, Tennessee, and were named for their Major League Baseball affiliate, the Chicago Cubs. Morristown won the Appalachian League pennant in 1959.

## History

Professional baseball in Morristown, Tennessee, began in 1910 when the Morristown Jobbers became charter members of the Southeastern League. The Jobbers continued in the Appalachian League in 1911 and, with the exception of a brief absence in the first month of the 1913 campaign, played each season through 1914. From 1923 to 1925, the city's entry in the league was called the Morristown Roosters. In 1948, the Morristown Red Sox became charter members of the Mountain States League in which they played through 1954. The Red Sox folded early in the 1954 season and were replaced in the league by the Morristown Reds.

After four years without a team, the Morristown Cubs joined the Appalachian League in 1959 as a Class D Short Season affiliate of the Chicago Cubs. As had the city's previous teams, the Cubs played at Sherwood Park. The team was managed in its first season by Red Hayworth, who had played with the St. Louis Browns in 1944 and 1945. Their scheduled June 25 season opener on the road with the Johnson City Phillies was postponed due to wet grounds. They lost the next day's game at home, 7–4, versus the Phillies. The Cubs won their first game on June 28, besting the Bluefield Orioles, 13–6, on the road. Morristown captured the Appalachian League pennant with a 41–27 (.603) record. The feat was accomplished on the last day of the season when the Cubs split their doubleheader with Johnson City and the second-place Salem Rebels lost to the Lynchburg Senators.

The next two iterations of the team were less successful. In 1960, Morristown finished fourth of six teams at 32–35 (.478). The 1961 team was fifth of eight teams with a record of 34–36 (.486). The Cubs played their final game on August 31, defeating Johnson City at home, 8–7, in 14 innings. The city did not field another team after the 1961 season.

## Season-by-season results

| Season | Regular season | | | | Postseason | | | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Record | Win % | Finish | GB | Record | Win % | Result | |
| 1959 | 41–27 | .603 | 1st |  |  | |  | *Won Appalachian League pennant* |  |
| 1960 | 32–35 | .478 | 4th | 9+12 |  |  |  |  |
| 1961 | 34–36 | .486 | 5th | 7 |  |  |  |  |
| **Totals** | 107–98 | .522 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Notable players

Six Cubs also played in at least one game in Major League Baseball during their careers. These players and their seasons with Morristown were:

## InfoBox

| Morristown Cubs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Class D Short Season (1959–1961) |
| League | Appalachian League (1959–1961) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | Chicago Cubs (1959–1961) |
| Minor league titles | |
| Pennants (1) | 1959 |
| Team data | |
| Name | Morristown Cubs (1959–1961) |
| Ballpark | Sherwood Park (1959–1961) |


title: Harry Lindley Walters

abstract: Harry Lindley Walters was a Canadian politician who was Co-operative Commonwealth MPP for Bracondale from 1948 to 1951.

text:
# Harry Lindley Walters

**Harry Lindley Walters** was a Canadian politician who was Co-operative Commonwealth MPP for Bracondale from 1948 to 1951.

## InfoBox

| Harry Lindley Walters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament
for Bracondale | |
| **In office**
June 7, 1948  October 6, 1951 | |
| Preceded by | Harry Hyland Hyndman |
| Succeeded by | Arthur George Frost |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Co-operative Commonwealth |
|  | |


title: Virginia Air and Space Science Center

abstract: The Virginia Air and Space Science Center is a museum and educational facility in Hampton, Virginia that also serves as the visitors center for NASA's Langley Research Center and Langley Air Force Base. The museum also features an IMAX digital theater and offers summer aeronautic- and space-themed camps for children. The museum includes the Apollo 12 Command Module Yankee Clipper.

text:
# Virginia Air and Space Science Center

The **Virginia Air and Space Science Center** is a museum and educational facility in Hampton, Virginia that also serves as the visitors center for NASA's Langley Research Center and Langley Air Force Base. The museum also features an IMAX digital theater and offers summer aeronautic- and space-themed camps for children.

The museum includes the Apollo 12 Command Module *Yankee Clipper*.

## Collection

The museum's permanent collection is housed in a three-story glass atrium accessible from two exhibit floors with an additional catwalk level available for viewing suspended aircraft from above. Volunteers maintain an amateur radio exhibit displaying modern and historic radio equipment. The exhibit also participates in the Space Amateur Radio Experiment where visitors can periodically talk to astronauts aboard the International Space Station.

The gallery emphasizes hands-on and immersive experiments on flight concepts such as control surfaces and propeller design, and experiences such as flight simulators. The gallery also features numerous aircraft suspended from the roof in the main gallery. Most are restored and have close ties to flight research performed at area NASA, Air Force and Naval installations.

Visitors enter through a room which simulates a crewed launch to Mars, telling the story of a rendezvous with a Mars Transit Vehicle and arrival at the planet where doors open up into the gallery.

## Space Quest

Visitors can experience the hands-on space gallery, "Space Quest: Exploring the Moon, Mars & Beyond," presented by Langley Federal Credit Union. This gallery includes four different exhibits; *Our Solar System*, *Living and Working in Space*, *Mars and the Moon*, and *Visions of Space Exploration*.

### Our Solar System

This permanent exhibit focuses on the planets within the Solar System and showcases planetary models in an array of sizes. Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune hang high above the second-floor, nearly 30 feet high. These four models are the largest in the country to be displayed inside a museum or science center. Jupiter, the largest of the models, weighs more than 750 pounds, has a diameter of 10 feet, and hangs approximately 22 feet in the air. Saturn is eight-and-a-half feet in diameter and weighs 450 pounds, with an additional 495 pounds of rings encircling the planet's body. Hanging more than 30 feet high, Saturn floats above Uranus and Neptune, which each weigh around 65 pounds. The models are composed of heavy-duty Styrofoam which is painted to resemble each of the planets. The Solar System is completed with smaller models of Earth, Mars, Venus, and Mercury mounted at the visitor's level. Created to be a scale model system, Earth is about the size as a soccer ball and Mercury the size of a baseball.

## IMAX Theater

Out of 447 IMAX theaters worldwide and 256 in the US, the Riverside IMAX 3D Theater, is the first institutional theater in the world to have an IMAX Digital.

## InfoBox

Virginia Air and Space Center
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1992 (1992) |
| Location | Hampton, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°01′26″N 76°20′40″W / 37.023944°N 76.344498°W / 37.023944; -76.344498 |
| Type | Aerospace |
| Visitors | 345,000 |
| Director | Brian DeProfio (interim) |
| President | James Reade Chisman |
| Curator | Allen R. Hoilman |
| Website | Official website |


title: The Secret of Stamboul

abstract: The Secret of Stamboul, also known as The Spy in White, is a 1936 British thriller film, taken from the 1935 novel The Eunuch of Stamboul by Dennis Wheatley, directed by Andrew Marton and starring Valerie Hobson, James Mason and Frank Vosper. It was made at Shepperton Studios. The screenplay concerns a British agent who tries to thwart a revolution.

text:
# The Secret of Stamboul

***The Secret of Stamboul***, also known as ***The Spy in White***, is a 1936 British thriller film, taken from the 1935 novel *The Eunuch of Stamboul* by Dennis Wheatley, directed by Andrew Marton and starring Valerie Hobson, James Mason and Frank Vosper. It was made at Shepperton Studios. The screenplay concerns a British agent who tries to thwart a revolution.

## Plot

A British agent travels to Istanbul (Stamboul) to try to thwart a revolution.

## Cast

1. "The Secret of Stamboul (1936)". Archived from the original on 15 January 2009.

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *Filmmaking in 1930s Britain*. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
* Wood, Linda. *British Films, 1927-1939*. British Film Institute, 1986.

## InfoBox

| The Secret of Stamboul | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Andrew Marton |
| Written by |  |
| Based on | *The Eunuch of Stamboul* by Dennis Wheatley |
| Produced by | Richard Wainwright |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Henry Harris |
| Edited by | Inman Hunter |
| Music by | Allan Gray |
| Production<br>company | Richard Wainwright Productions |
| Distributed by | General Film Distributors |
| Release date | * 6 October 1936 (1936-10-06) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: New York World War II Army airfields

abstract: During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) established numerous airfields in New York for training pilots and aircrews of USAAF fighters and bombers. Most of these airfields were under the command of First Air Force or the Army Air Forces Training Command (AAFTC). However the other USAAF support commands commanded a significant number of airfields in a support roles. It is still possible to find remnants of these wartime airfields. Many were converted into municipal airports, some were returned to agriculture and several were retained as United States Air Force installations and were front-line bases during the Cold War. Hundreds of the temporary buildings that were used survive today, and are being used for other purposes.

text:
# New York World War II Army airfields

During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) established numerous airfields in New York for training pilots and aircrews of USAAF fighters and bombers.

Most of these airfields were under the command of First Air Force or the Army Air Forces Training Command (AAFTC) (A predecessor of the current-day United States Air Force Air Education and Training Command). However the other USAAF support commands (Air Technical Service Command (ATSC); Air Transport Command (ATC) or Troop Carrier Command) commanded a significant number of airfields in a support roles.

It is still possible to find remnants of these wartime airfields. Many were converted into municipal airports, some were returned to agriculture and several were retained as United States Air Force installations and were front-line bases during the Cold War. Hundreds of the temporary buildings that were used survive today, and are being used for other purposes.

## Major airfields

* Maurer, Maurer (1983). *Air Force Combat Units of World War II*. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
* Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). *Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947-1977*. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
* Thole, Lou (1999), *Forgotten Fields of America : World War II Bases and Training, Then and Now - Vol. 2*. Pictorial Histories Pub. ISBN 1-57510-051-7
* Military Airfields in World War II - New York

## InfoBox

| New York World War II Army Airfields | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of United States Army Air Forces | |
| Type | Army Airfields |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1940–1944 |
| In use | 1940–present |


title: Poverty in Indonesia

abstract: Poverty in Indonesia is a widespread issue though in recent years the official numbers show a declining trend. Due to the dense rural nature of parts of the Java, Bali, Lombok, and parts of Sumatra, poverty can be classified into rural and urban poverty. Urban poverty is prevalent in not only in Jabodetabek, but also in Medan and Surabaya. As a sprawling archipelago, poverty characteristics and implications vary widely from island to island and culture to culture. The Indonesian part of New Guinea has serious poverty issues of its own due to economic, cultural, linguistic and physical isolations which set it apart from the rest of Indonesia.

text:
# Poverty in Indonesia

**Poverty in Indonesia** is a widespread issue though in recent years the official numbers show a declining trend. Due to the dense rural nature of parts of the Java, Bali, Lombok, and parts of Sumatra, poverty can be classified into rural and urban poverty. Urban poverty is prevalent in not only in Jabodetabek, but also in Medan and Surabaya.

As a sprawling archipelago, poverty characteristics and implications vary widely from island to island and culture to culture. The Indonesian part of New Guinea (comprising the provinces of Papua and West Papua) has serious poverty issues of its own due to economic, cultural, linguistic and physical isolations which set it apart from the rest of Indonesia.

## Figures

In February 1999, as much as 47.97 million people were classified as poor, representing around 23% of the nation's population. However, this figure must take into account the slide of the rupiah in the Asian financial crisis. By July 2005, that number had been reduced to 35.10 million, representing 41.97% of the total population. Figures from March 2007 showed that 37.17 million people were under the poverty line, representing 20.58% of the entire population.

Based on a report from the Asian Development Bank, Indonesia's national population in 2015 was at 255.46 million, 47.2% of whom lived below the national poverty line. Indonesia's national poverty line set a consumption of Rp302,735 ($25) monthly per person - about 82 cents daily. There was also a disparity as early as 2014, where 23.8% of the rural population was classified as poor while the urban population consisted of 16.2%. This stems from the low-productivity jobs available in the country in agriculture and low-end service sectors.

In September 2017, Indonesia's poverty rate stood at 10.12%, with some 26.58 million people living below the poverty line. As of September 2018, the poverty rate stood at 9.66% (some 25 million people), the lowest ever recorded. With the COVID-19 pandemic causing an economic downturn, Statistics Indonesia reported 1.63 million Indonesian fell into poverty in March 2020, raising the total poverty number to 26.42 million people. The government expected the poverty rate to reach 10.60% (28 million) by the end of the year as the pandemic continued to take its toll on the poor across Indonesia.

## Poverty and religion

Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population, which is approximately 227 million people, more than Pakistan and India, at 204 million and 189 million people, respectively. The Indonesian government began to address the issue of poverty in 1994 due to the migration of rural residents into urban areas hoping for better opportunities in the 1970s and 1980s. This existing social inequality then made Muslim economists design a more modern way of collecting alms run by private organizations in accordance with Islamic values. In Islam, zakat is a form of giving where a muslim or business entity gives gold, silver, property and more to those who deserve, in accordance to Islamic Law. Zakat is one of the obligations of Muslims who are able to do it and have the potential to reduce poverty and social inequality. Other than private foundations who collect and distribute zakat, Indonesia has also established the National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) as an organization that collects and distributes zakat nationally in response to the large zakat potential of this country with the largest number of Muslims in the world. Nevertheless, a study by Khasandy and Badrudin in 2019 argued that BAZNAS could only manage 1% of the potential estimated zakat which was Rp217 trillion. In 1999, the Indonesian government issued a law on zakat management, which stated that zakat as a potential source of funds to support welfare for public needs to be managed professionally and responsibly by the community (private foundations) and the government. Therefore, the government has an obligation to provide protection, guidance and services to zakat givers and recipients and zakat managers. Until now, various poverty alleviation programs have been implemented the government, among others, Family Welfare Savings (Takesra) and Family Welfare Business Credit (Kukesra) in the Suharto era (1970-1998), Labor Intensive Program in the B. J. Habibie era (1998-1999), Health and Education Services for the Poor in the Abdurrahman Wahid era (1999-2001), Cheap Electricity for Poor Households in the Megawati Sukarnoputri era (2001-2014), Cash Transfer Program (BLT) in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono era (2004-2014) and Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) in the Joko Widodo era (2014-2019).

Faith-based organizations (FBO), like BAZNAS, could be a potential way in alleviating poverty in Indonesia. The existence of the FBOs play an important role in providing welfare services, but do not always have a good impact on certain community groups. Welfare service programs such as education and health are also carried out by Christians and Catholics who are religious minorities in Indonesia. However, these programs are often not carried out on a massive scale because of the reluctance to be misinterpreted as an attempt to convert non-Christians to Christianity. The lack of cooperation between the government and the FBO is also one of the factors in the overlapping program between the FBO and the government. In addition, the existence of anti-Christian tensions in Indonesia also makes it increasingly difficult to establish cooperation between interfaith FBOs in alleviating poverty.


title: Morice baronets

abstract: The Morice Baronetcy, of Werrington in the County of Devon, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 20 April 1661 for William Morrice, subsequently Member of Parliament for Newport (Cornwall). He was the son of Sir William Morice, Secretary of State for the Northern Department. The second Baronet was also Member of Parliament for Newport while the third Baronet represented Newport as well as Launceston. The title became extinct on the latter's death in 1750. William Morice, eldest son of the first Baronet, was Member of Parliament for Newport but predeceased his father.

text:
# Morice baronets

The **Morice Baronetcy**, of Werrington in the County of Devon, was a title in the Baronetage of England.

It was created on 20 April 1661 for William Morrice, subsequently Member of Parliament for Newport (Cornwall). He was the son of Sir William Morice, Secretary of State for the Northern Department. The second Baronet was also Member of Parliament for Newport while the third Baronet represented Newport as well as Launceston. The title became extinct on the latter's death in 1750. William Morice, eldest son of the first Baronet, was Member of Parliament for Newport but predeceased his father.

## Morice baronets, of Werrington (1661)

## InfoBox

| Morice baronets | |
| --- | --- |
| Escutcheon of the Morice baronets of Werrington | |
| Creation date | 1661 |
| Status | extinct |
| Extinction date | 1750 |
| Arms | Gules, a lion rampant reguardant or |


title: Harry Lindley Hupp

abstract: Harry Lindley Hupp was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

text:
# Harry Lindley Hupp

**Harry Lindley Hupp** (April 5, 1929 – January 27, 2004) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

## Education and career

Born in Los Angeles, California, Hupp attended Beverly Hills High School. He also attended Pomona College from 1947 to 1950. He was in the United States Army from 1950 to 1952. He received an Artium Baccalaureus from Stanford University in 1953 and a Bachelor of Laws from Stanford Law School in 1955. He was in private practice in Los Angeles from 1955 to 1972, and was then a judge on the Superior Court, Los Angeles, California from 1972 to 1984.

## Federal judicial service

On February 14, 1984, Hupp was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Central District of California vacated by Judge A. Andrew Hauk. Hupp was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 20, 1984, and received his commission on March 21, 1984. He assumed senior status on April 1, 1997, serving in that capacity until his death of a massive stroke suffered at his home in San Gabriel, California, on January 27, 2004.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Harry Lindley Hupp | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California | |
| **In office**
April 1, 1997  January 27, 2004 | |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California | |
| **In office**
March 21, 1984  April 1, 1997 | |
| Appointed by | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | A. Andrew Hauk |
| Succeeded by | Howard Matz |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Harry Lindley Hupp
(1929-04-05)April 5, 1929
Los Angeles, California |
| Died | January 27, 2004(2004-01-27) (aged 74)
San Gabriel, California |
| Education | Pomona College
Stanford University (A.B.)
Stanford Law School (LL.B.) |
|  | |


title: Grove City, Illinois

abstract: Grove City is an unincorporated community in Christian County, Illinois, United States. It lies at 39°42′24″N 89°17′49″W. It has been rumored that Bonnie and Clyde used a house in Grove City as a hideout while running from the law. The house still stands today, however, it is in very poor condition. The Grove City Methodist Cemetery is located in Mount Auburn Township. Frank P. Sadler (1872–1931), Illinois state senator and lawyer, lived on a farm near Grove City.

text:
# Grove City, Illinois

**Grove City** is an unincorporated community in Christian County, Illinois, United States. It lies at 39°42′24″N 89°17′49″W / 39.70667°N 89.29694°W / 39.70667; -89.29694.

It has been rumored that Bonnie and Clyde used a house in Grove City as a hideout while running from the law. The house still stands today, however, it is in very poor condition.

The Grove City Methodist Cemetery is located in Mount Auburn Township.

Frank P. Sadler (18721931), Illinois state senator and lawyer, lived on a farm near Grove City.

## InfoBox

| Grove City, Illinois | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Grove City, IllinoisGrove City, Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 39°42′24″N 89°17′49″W / 39.70667°N 89.29694°W / 39.70667; -89.29694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Christian |
| Elevation | 607 ft (185 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 217 |
| GNIS feature ID | 409535 |


title: Jadavpur Sammilita Girls' High School

abstract: Jadavpur Sammilita Balika Vidyalaya or Jadavpur Sammilita Girls' High School is a school located at Baghajatin, Kolkata, India.

text:
# Jadavpur Sammilita Girls' High School

**Jadavpur Sammilita Balika Vidyalaya** or **Jadavpur Sammilita Girls' High School** is a school located at Baghajatin, Kolkata, India.

## History

This is a girls' school and was established in 1952. The school is affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education for Madhyamik Pariksha (10th Board exams), and to the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education for Higher Secondary Examination (12th Board exams).

## InfoBox

| Jadavpur Sammilita Balika Vidyalaya | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 24 Raja, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd, SPD Block, Ajanta Park, Baghajatin Colony,
Kolkata, West Bengal, 700086
India | |
| Coordinates | 22°29′00″N 88°22′33″E / 22.4832267°N 88.3758194°E / 22.4832267; 88.3758194 |
| Information | |
| Established | 1952 (1952) |


title: Mesoplia

abstract: Mesoplia is a genus of cuckoo bees in the family Apidae. There are 17 described species in Mesoplia.

text:
# Mesoplia

***Mesoplia*** is a genus of cuckoo bees in the family Apidae. There are 17 described species in *Mesoplia*.

## Species

## Further reading

* Krombein, Karl V.; Hurd Jr., Paul D. Jr.; Smith, David R.; Burks, B.D. (1979). *Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico*. Smithsonian Institution Press.

## InfoBox

| *Mesoplia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Tribe: | Ericrocidini |
| Genus: | *Mesoplia*<br>Lepeletier, 1841 |
|


title: Herbert Knutton

abstract: Herbert John Knutton was an English cricketer. Knutton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Coventry, Warwickshire. Knutton made a single first-class appearance for Warwickshire against Nottinghamshire at Edgbaston in 1894. Nottinghamshire won the toss and elected to bat, making 238 in their first-innings, during which Knutton bowled twenty wicketless overs. Responding in their first-innings, Warwickshire made 248 all out, with Knutton being dismissed by Richard Hardstaff for 4 runs. In their second-innings, Nottinghamshire made 146 all out, during which he bowled six overs. Warwickshire reached 97/4 in their second-innings, at which point the match was declared a draw. It was in this same year that he first played in the Lancashire League for Enfield, making a single appearance for the club. The following season he also made another appearance for Enfield in the league, before making a third and final appearance for the club in 1903. In 1902, Knutton had been playing in the Bradford League when he was selected to play a hastily arranged first-class fixture for an England XI against the touring Australians at Park Avenue, Bradford. The fixture had only come about after the Coronation of King Edward VII had been postponed after the King had developed appendicitis, allowing a fixture to be played on the day on which the King would have been crowned. Winning the toss and batting, the Australians made 402 all out in their first-innings. Knutton, who was the only fast bowler in the side, finished with figures of 9/100, taking the first eight Australian wickets to fall: Trumper, Noble, Hill, Darling, Hopkins, Duff, Armstrong, and Carter, before taking the final wicket, that of Saunders. The Australians were still able to amass a large total, mostly owing to Duff's 182. Responding in their first innings, the England XI made 240 all out, with Knutton being dismissed by Noble for 8 runs. Forced to follow-on, the England XI were dismissed for 203, with Knutton dismissed for 5, again by Noble. Requiring 41 for victory, the Australians reached their target with three wickets down, one of which (Darling's) fell to Knutton, who finished with match figures of 10/117. He never appeared in first-class cricket again, but did continue to play in the Bradford League, where he took more than a thousand wickets. However, his high, brisk bowling action was sometimes regarded as suspect. Knutton worked outside of cricket as an athletic outfitter. He died at Heaton, Yorkshire, on 12 December 1946.

text:
# Herbert Knutton

**Herbert John Knutton** (14 June 1867 – 12 December 1946) was an English cricketer. Knutton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Coventry, Warwickshire.

Knutton made a single first-class appearance for Warwickshire against Nottinghamshire at Edgbaston in 1894. Nottinghamshire won the toss and elected to bat, making 238 in their first-innings, during which Knutton bowled twenty wicketless overs. Responding in their first-innings, Warwickshire made 248 all out, with Knutton being dismissed by Richard Hardstaff for 4 runs. In their second-innings, Nottinghamshire made 146 all out, during which he bowled six overs. Warwickshire reached 97/4 in their second-innings, at which point the match was declared a draw. It was in this same year that he first played in the Lancashire League for Enfield, making a single appearance for the club. The following season he also made another appearance for Enfield in the league, before making a third and final appearance for the club in 1903.

In 1902, Knutton had been playing in the Bradford League when he was selected to play a hastily arranged first-class fixture for an England XI (which contained one former Test player in Willie Quaife) against the touring Australians at Park Avenue, Bradford. The fixture had only come about after the Coronation of King Edward VII had been postponed after the King had developed appendicitis, allowing a fixture to be played on the day on which the King would have been crowned. Winning the toss and batting, the Australians made 402 all out in their first-innings. Knutton, who was the only fast bowler in the side, finished with figures of 9/100, taking the first eight Australian wickets to fall: Trumper, Noble, Hill, Darling, Hopkins, Duff, Armstrong, and Carter, before taking the final wicket, that of Saunders. The Australians were still able to amass a large total, mostly owing to Duff's 182. Responding in their first innings, the England XI made 240 all out, with Knutton being dismissed by Noble for 8 runs. Forced to follow-on, the England XI were dismissed for 203, with Knutton dismissed for 5, again by Noble. Requiring 41 for victory, the Australians reached their target with three wickets down, one of which (Darling's) fell to Knutton, who finished with match figures of 10/117. He never appeared in first-class cricket again, but did continue to play in the Bradford League, where he took more than a thousand wickets. However, his high, brisk bowling action was sometimes regarded as suspect.

Knutton worked outside of cricket as an athletic outfitter. He died at Heaton, Yorkshire, on 12 December 1946.

## InfoBox

Herbert Knutton
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Herbert John Knutton |
| Born | (1867-06-14)14 June 1867
Coventry, Warwickshire, England |
| Died | 12 December 1946(1946-12-12) (aged 79)
Heaton, Yorkshire, England |
| Nickname | Jack |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1894 | Warwickshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 17  Batting average 5.66  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 8  Balls bowled 402  Wickets 10  Bowling average 17.80  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 1  Best bowling 9/100  Catches/stumpings 0/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 14 May 2012 | |


title: Hey Girl (TV series)

abstract: Hey Girl is an American weekly half-hour sketch comedy television series that aired on MTV. It was developed by Daniel Powell and Jessi Klein, and stars JC Coccolli, Daniella Pineda, Esther Povitsky, Ali Wong, Emily Axford, Laura Willcox, Shelby Fero, Sasheer Zamata, and Wendy McColm. It aired on Sundays at 9 pm, first in a "sneak peek" airing of four episodes on July 28, 2013, and then with an official premiere on October 27, 2013, with new episodes at 9 pm and 9:30 pm. The show was pulled from the broadcast schedule after the second week, having aired eight episodes. Four additional episodes were gradually released at MTV.com in February and March 2014.

text:
# Hey Girl (TV series)

***Hey Girl*** is an American weekly half-hour sketch comedy television series that aired on MTV. It was developed by Daniel Powell and Jessi Klein, and stars JC Coccolli, Daniella Pineda, Esther Povitsky, Ali Wong, Emily Axford, Laura Willcox, Shelby Fero, Sasheer Zamata, and Wendy McColm. It aired on Sundays at 9 pm, first in a "sneak peek" airing of four episodes on July 28, 2013, and then with an official premiere on October 27, 2013, with new episodes at 9 pm and 9:30 pm. The show was pulled from the broadcast schedule after the second week, having aired eight episodes. Four additional episodes were gradually released at MTV.com in February and March 2014.

## InfoBox

| *Hey Girl* | |
| --- | --- |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 12 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | * Catherine Whyte |
| Camera setup | Multiple |
| Running time | 21 minutes |
| Production company | MTV Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | MTV |
| Release | July 28 (2013-07-28) <br>November 3, 2013 (2013-11-03) |


title: Poverty in Ethiopia

text:
# Poverty in Ethiopia

The African country of Ethiopia has made massive strides towards alleviating poverty since 2000 when it was assessed that their poverty rate was one of the greatest among all other countries. The country has made great strides in different areas of the Millennium Development Goals including eradicating various diseases and decreasing the rate of child mortality. Despite these improvements, poverty is still extremely high within the country. One of the leading factors in driving down poverty was the expansion of the agricultural sector. Poor farmers have been able to set higher food prices to increase their sales and revenue, but this expansion has come at a cost to the poorest citizens of the country, as they could not afford the higher priced food. One of the biggest challenges to alleviating this issue is changing the structure of Ethiopia's economy from an agricultural-based economy to a more industry-based economy. The current strategy for addressing poverty in Ethiopia is by building on existing government systems and development programs that are already in place within the country.

## Marginality

Due to the lack of progress in reducing the rate of poverty in Ethiopia, a map of marginality was created for the region to survey the state of poverty. In *Marginality as a Root Cause of Poverty: Identifying Marginality Hotspots in Ethiopia*, Gatzweiler defines marginality as "an involuntary position and condition of an individual or group at the margins of social, political, economic, ecological, and biophysical systems, that prevent them from access to resources, assets, services, restraining freedom of choice, preventing the development of capabilities, and eventually causing extreme poverty". Marginality does not operate as a means to analyze the causes of poverty, rather it serves as a main cause of poverty itself and calls for a deeper analysis of the position of individuals within their society. Marginality directly deals with social webs and systems and how individuals have a sociological effects on the essential functions of everyday society. There are hotspots of marginality in the South-West and North regions of the country. Some strong indications of high marginality among poor agro-ecological conditions and ethnically homogeneous areas. The agro-ecological zones with the highest levels of marginality were found among the Kolla and Bertha zones, both of which have extremely arid temperatures. The study also found that areas of high marginality had one ethnicity that made "up more than 95% of the population". The study estimates that almost 6 million people live in marginal hotspot areas.

### 1984 famine in Ethiopia

The famine in Ethiopia in 1984 served as the beginning of a country-wide famine that lasted for at least 20 years after the crisis itself. According to the study *Hunger and Poverty in Ethiopia: local perceptions of famine and famine response*, "In 2003, up to 15 million people were considered food insecure." 2002 served as a key year where food security was extremely low, and that food production since the initial famine was on a continual decline throughout various political regimes. The strategy was to improve their agricultural sector and attempt to improve livestock and working conditions, though more negative practices were adopted such as begging, stealing, as well as having a smaller diet. Food aid and food for work programs were effective methods of intervention at the time though they were not sustainable practices. A recent study analyzed the relationship between crop choice and household poverty in Ethiopia. The study showed that households who practice crop diversification are more likely to be alleviated out of poverty than households who specialize crop production. The key conclusion stated that increased crop diversity reduces the probability of being in poverty, and that agricultural diversification is associated with poverty reduction. Researchers believe that these findings should be implemented in developing effective policies for household risk management.

## Status of Poverty – 2017

Despite massive strides in development efforts within Ethiopia, the outcome of these efforts is still not sufficient to meet the demands the country needs. Ethiopia serves as a strong example of the effects of natural disasters on poor environments, as the Indian Ocean Dipole-induced Horn of Africa drought and floods disrupted the lives of 10.5 million Ethiopians. Many problems arose such as malnutrition and outbreaks in multiple types of diseases. Ethiopia was in a State of Emergency from October 2016 until August 2017. According to the *UNICEF Annual Report 2017* on the status of Poverty in Ethiopia, "A total of 1.3 million people were internally displaced as a result of conflict and drought by the end of 2017." Due to their current obstacles with natural disasters and widespread displacements of citizens, leaders in development are working especially hard to create lasting infrastructure and sustainable resources. The biggest goal within development efforts is to provide a holistic childhood educational program to improve the quality of education in the country, as well as make great efforts to end the practice of child marriage.

Ethiopia has been successful in implementing many Millennium Development Goals by the year 2015, in which progress among different sectors has resulted in a lower poverty rate. The country has been able to achieve many MDGs through the implementation of the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) from the year 2005 until 2010, then the implementation of the First Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP I) from the years 2010–2015. Ethiopia is currently implementing the Second Growth and transformation Plan (GTP II) "whose major objectives include maintaining the strong growth averaged 11 percent achieved in the past, deepening economic transformation, and aiming to become a lower middle income and carbon neutral status by 2025."


title: Kleszczewko

abstract: Kleszczewko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pszczółki, within Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Pszczółki, 7 km (4 mi) south of Pruszcz Gdański, and 18 km (11 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Kleszczewko

**Kleszczewko** \[klɛʂˈt͡ʂɛfkɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pszczółki, within Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Pszczółki, 7 km (4 mi) south of Pruszcz Gdański, and 18 km (11 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Media related to Kleszczewko at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Kleszczewko | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Kleszczewko | |
| Coordinates: 54°12′18″N 18°38′50″E / 54.20500°N 18.64722°E / 54.20500; 18.64722 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Gdańsk |
| Gmina | Pszczółki |
| Population | 268 |


title: Morice v Bishop of Durham

abstract: Morice v Bishop of Durham [1805] EWHC Ch J80 is an English trusts law case, concerning the policy of the beneficiary principle.

text:
# Morice v Bishop of Durham

***Morice v Bishop of Durham*** \[1805\] EWHC Ch J80 is an English trusts law case, concerning the policy of the *beneficiary principle*.

## Facts

General Mordaunt Cracherode (died 20 June 1773, or in 1768 by some accounts) was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Fort St. Philip, Menorca, in 1753 and as a lieutenant-colonel was commanding officer of the marines during George Anson's voyage round the world.

His son, Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode, was an important benefactor to the British Museum. Despite leaving them his large collections of books, prints and other artworks, his home-made will left his sister Ann his land and residual fortune; she was then 79, and without children or close relations. Clayton's friend, Shute Barrington, Bishop of Durham descended upon her, and after exercising what many later felt was undue influence, persuaded her to make a new will, in which he was named sole executor, with wide power over the disposition of the funds. After bequests, some £30,000 was left for the executor to spend on "such objects of benevolence and liberality as the trustee in his own discretion shall most approve of" – perhaps equating to £2.1 million in modern terms. After Ann died in 1802 the will led to the case being litigated when her cousins Anne and William Morice sued to overturn the will. William had already been bequeathed £16,000 in the will.

The key legal point was that "The testator purported to make a trust for *such objects of benevolence and liberality as the trustee in his own discretion shall most approve of.*"

## Judgment

### Court of Chancery

Sir William Grant held that the will could not amount to a charity, and so the money had to return to the next of kin.

> There can be no trust, over the exercise of which this Court will not assume a control; for an uncontrollable power of disposition would be ownership, and not trust. If there be a clear trust, but for uncertain objects, the property, that is the subject of the trust, is undisposed of, and the benefit of such trust must result to those, to whom the law gives the ownership in default of disposition by the former owner. But this doctrine does not hold good with regard to trusts for charity. Every other trust must have a definite object. There must be somebody, in whose favour the Court can decree performance. But it is now settled, upon authority, which it is too late to controvert, that, where a charitable purpose is expressed, however general, the bequest shall not fail on account of the uncertainty of the object: but the particular mode of application will be directed by the King in some cases, in others by this Court.

### High Court of Chancery

Lord Eldon LC, on appeal, also found that the trust could neither be valid as a private trust, because it lacked beneficiaries.

> As it is a maxim, that the execution of a trust shall be under the control of the court, it must be of such a nature, that it can be under that control; so that the administration of it can be reviewed by the court; or, if the trustee dies, the court itself can execute the trust: a trust therefore, which, in case of mal-administration could be reformed; and a due administration directed; and then, unless the subject and the objects can be ascertained, upon principles, familiar in other cases, it must be decided, that the court can neither reform maladministration, nor direct a due administration. That is the principle of that case. Upon the question, whether that principle was well applied in that instance, different minds will reason differently. I should have been disposed to say, that, where such a purpose was expressed, it was not a strained construction to hold, that the happiness of mankind intended was that, which was to be promoted by the circulation of religious and virtuous learning: and, the testator having stated that to be the charitable purpose, which unquestionably was so, the distribution of books for the promotion of religion, the Court might have so understood him; and the testator having not only called it a charitable purpose, but delegated the execution to this Court, ought to be taken to have meant that.
>
> ... there is no magic in words; and if the real meaning of these words is charity or charitable purposes, according to the technical sense, in which those words are used in this Court, all the consequences follow: if on the other hand the intention was to describe any thing beyond that, then the testator meant to repose in the Bishop a discretion, not to apply the property for his own benefit, but that would enable him to apply it to purposes more indefinite than those, to which we must look; considering them purposes, creating a trust; for, if there is as much of indefinite nature in the purposes, intended to be expressed, as in the cases, to which I first alluded, where the objects are too uncertain to make recommendation amount to trust, by analogy, the trust is as ineffectual: the only difference being, that in the one case no trust is declared; and the recommendation fails; the objects being too indefinite: in the other, the testator has expressly said, it is a trust; and the trustee consequently takes, not for his own benefit, but for purposes not sufficiently defined to be controlled and managed by this Court. Upon these words much criticism may be used. But the question is, whether, according to the ordinary sense, not the sense of the passages and authors alluded to, treating upon the great and extensive sense of the word "charity", in the Christian religion, this testatrix meant by these words to confine the Defendant to such acts of charity or charitable purposes as this Court would have enforced by decree, and reference to a Master. I do not think, that was the intention; and, if not, the intention is too indefinite to create a trust. But it was the intention to create a trust; and the object being too indefinite, has failed. The consequence of Law is, that the Bishop takes the property upon trust to dispose of it, as the Law will dispose of it: not for his own benefit, or any purpose this Court can effectuate. I think, therefore, this decree is right.

*

## Further reading

* Getzler, Joshua, in Mitchell, Charles, Mitchell, Paul (eds.), *Landmark Cases in Equity*, pp. 157–203, 2012, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 1847319742, 9781847319746, google books

## InfoBox

| Morice v Bishop of Durham | |
| --- | --- |
| Court | High Court of Chancery |
| Citation | \[1805\] EWHC Ch J80; (1805) 10 Ves 522 |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | (1804) 9 Ves 399 |
| Case opinions | |
| Lord Eldon | |
| Keywords | |
| Certainty, express trusts | |