title: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

abstract:
The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) was a NASA satellite instrument, specifically a spectrometer, for measuring the ozone layer. Of the five TOMS instruments which were built, four entered successful orbit. The satellites carrying TOMS instruments were:
  - Nimbus 7; launched October 24, 1978. Operated until 1 August 1994. Carried TOMS instrument number 1.
  - Meteor-3-5; launched 15 August 1991. Operated until December 1994. Was the first and last Soviet satellite to carry a USA made instrument. Carried TOMS instrument number 2.
  - ADEOS I; launched 17 August 1996. Operated until 30 June 1997. Mission was cut short by a spacecraft failure.
  - TOMS-Earth Probe; launched on July 2, 1996. Operated until 2 December 2006. Carried TOMS instrument number 3.
  - QuikTOMS; launched 21 September 2001. Suffered launch failure and did not enter orbit. Nimbus 7 and Meteor-3-5 provided global measurements of total column ozone on a daily basis and together provided a complete data set of daily ozone from November 1978 to December 1994. After an eighteen-month period when the program had no on-orbit capability, TOMS-Earth Probe launched on 2 July 1996, followed by ADEOS I. ADEOS I was launched on August 17, 1996, and the TOMS-instrument onboard provided data until the satellite which housed it lost power on June 30, 1997. TOMS-Earth Probe was launched on July 2, 1996, from Vandenberg AFB by a Pegasus XL rocket. The satellite project was originally known as TOMS, back in 1989 when it was selected as a SMEX mission in the Explorer program. However, it found no funding as an Explorer mission and transferred to NASA's Earth Probe program, getting funding and becoming TOMS-EP. The small, 295 kg satellite was built for NASA by TRW; the single instrument was the TOMS 3 spectrometer. The satellite had a two-year planned life. TOMS-EP suffered a two-year delay to its launch due to launch failures of the first two Pegasus XL rockets. The launch delays led to alternations in the mission; the satellite was placed in a lower than originally planned orbit to achieve higher resolution and to enable more thorough study of UV-absorbing aerosols in the troposphere. The lower orbit was meant to complement measurements from ADEOS I enabling TOMS-EP to provide supplemental measurements. After ADEOS I failed in orbit, TOMS-EP was boosted to a higher orbit to replace ADEOS I. The transmitter for TOMS-Earth Probe failed on December 2, 2006. The only total failure in the series was QuikTOMS, which was launched on September 21, 2001, on a Taurus rocket from Vandenberg AFB, but did not achieve orbit. Since January 1, 2006, data from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) has replaced data from TOMS-Earth Probe. The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite on Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 have further continued the data record.

text:
# Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

The **Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer** (**TOMS**) was a NASA satellite instrument, specifically a spectrometer, for measuring the ozone layer. Of the five TOMS instruments which were built, four entered successful orbit. The satellites carrying TOMS instruments were:

* Nimbus 7; launched October 24, 1978. Operated until 1 August 1994. Carried TOMS instrument number 1.
* Meteor-3-5; launched 15 August 1991. Operated until December 1994. Was the first and last Soviet satellite to carry a USA made instrument. Carried TOMS instrument number 2.
* ADEOS I; launched 17 August 1996. Operated until 30 June 1997. Mission was cut short by a spacecraft failure.
* TOMS-Earth Probe; launched on July 2, 1996. Operated until 2 December 2006. Carried TOMS instrument number 3.
* QuikTOMS; launched 21 September 2001. Suffered launch failure and did not enter orbit.

Nimbus 7 and Meteor-3-5 provided global measurements of total column ozone on a daily basis and together provided a complete data set of daily ozone from November 1978 to December 1994. After an eighteen-month period when the program had no on-orbit capability, TOMS-Earth Probe launched on 2 July 1996, followed by ADEOS I. ADEOS I was launched on August 17, 1996, and the TOMS-instrument onboard provided data until the satellite which housed it lost power on June 30, 1997.

**TOMS-Earth Probe** (**Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer - Earth Probe**, **TOMS-EP**, originally just **TOMS**, COSPAR 1996-037A) was launched on July 2, 1996, from Vandenberg AFB by a Pegasus XL rocket. The satellite project was originally known as TOMS, back in 1989 when it was selected as a SMEX mission in the Explorer program. However, it found no funding as an Explorer mission and transferred to NASA's Earth Probe program, getting funding and becoming TOMS-EP. The small, 295 kg satellite was built for NASA by TRW; the single instrument was the TOMS 3 spectrometer. The satellite had a two-year planned life. TOMS-EP suffered a two-year delay to its launch due to launch failures of the first two Pegasus XL rockets. The launch delays led to alternations in the mission; the satellite was placed in a lower than originally planned orbit to achieve higher resolution and to enable more thorough study of UV-absorbing aerosols in the troposphere. The lower orbit was meant to complement measurements from ADEOS I enabling TOMS-EP to provide supplemental measurements. After ADEOS I failed in orbit, TOMS-EP was boosted to a higher orbit to replace ADEOS I. The transmitter for TOMS-Earth Probe failed on December 2, 2006.

The only total failure in the series was **QuikTOMS**, which was launched on September 21, 2001, on a Taurus rocket from Vandenberg AFB, but did not achieve orbit.

Since January 1, 2006, data from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) has replaced data from TOMS-Earth Probe. The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite on Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 have further continued the data record.

## Further reading


title: Total Package Tour

abstract: The Total Package Tour was a co-headlining concert tour featuring American bands New Kids on the Block, Boyz II Men and American singer Paula Abdul. It began on May 12, 2017. in Columbus, Ohio and concluded on July 16, 2017, in Hollywood, Florida This was the second joint tour between New Kids on the Block and Boyz II Men, and Abdul's first tour in twenty-five years.

text:
# Total Package Tour

The **Total Package Tour** was a co-headlining concert tour featuring American bands New Kids on the Block, Boyz II Men and American singer Paula Abdul. It began on May 12, 2017. in Columbus, Ohio and concluded on July 16, 2017, in Hollywood, Florida This was the second joint tour between New Kids on the Block and Boyz II Men (after The Package Tour four years prior), and Abdul's first tour in twenty-five years.

## Background

In November 2016, New Kids on the Block, Boyz II Men, and Abdul appeared on the *Today Show* to announce that they would be going on tour together in summer 2017.

## Setlists

Paula Abdul  1. "(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me"
2. "Cold Hearted"
3. "Opposites Attract" (with "Singin' in the Rain" by Gene Kelly intro)
4. "Rush Rush" (with "The Promise of a New Day" intro)
5. "Straight Up"
6. "Forever Your Girl"
Boyz II Men  1. "Motownphilly"
2. "On Bended Knee"
3. "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday"
4. "Water Runs Dry"
5. "Are You Gonna Go My Way"/"American Woman"/"Locked Out of Heaven" (Lenny Kravitz/The Guess Who/Bruno Mars covers)
6. "I'll Make Love to You"
7. "End of the Road"
8. "In the Still of the Night" (snippet)
9. "A Song for Momma" (snippet)
10. "One Sweet Day"
11. "End of the Road"
New Kids on the Block  1. Intro
2. "One More Night"
3. "My Favorite Girl"
4. "Dirty Dancing"
5. "You Got It (The Right Stuff)"
6. "Remix (I Like The)"
7. "Block Party"
8. "Tonight"
9. "Summertime"
10. "Games"
11. "Cover Girl"
12. "The Whisper"
13. "Stop It Girl"
14. "Popsicle"
15. "Be My Girl"
16. "I Wanna Be Loved by You"
17. "Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)" (The Delfonics cover)
18. "Call It What You Want"
19. "Valentine Girl"
20. "Happy Birthday"
21. "You Got the Flavor"
22. "Dirty Dawg"
23. "Never Let You Go"
24. "If You Go Away"
25. "Merry, Merry Christmas"
26. "This One's for the Children"
27. "Still Sounds Good"
28. "Hard (Not Lovin' U)"
29. "Single"
30. "Please Don't Go Girl"
31. "Step by Step"
32. "I'll Be Loving You (Forever)"
33. "Hangin' Tough"

## Tour dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue | Attendance | Gross revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North America | | | | | |
| May 12, 2017 | Columbus | United States | Schottenstein Center | 12,421 / 13,358 (93%) | $904,358 |
| May 13, 2017 | Grand Rapids | | Van Andel Arena | 9,516 / 10,246 (93%) | $657,323 |
| May 16, 2017 | Cincinnati | | U.S. Bank Arena | 9,949 / 10,805 (92%) | $634,974 |
| May 17, 2017 | Nashville | | Bridgestone Arena | 13,355 / 13,355 (100%) | $779,154 |
| May 19, 2017 | New Orleans | | Smoothie King Center | 11,270 / 12,147 (93%) | $743,898 |
| May 20, 2017 | Houston | | Toyota Center | 11,487 / 11,487 (100%) | $1,044,002 |
| May 21, 2017 | Austin | | Frank Erwin Center | 10,691 / 10,691 (100%) | $946,667 |
| May 23, 2017 | Dallas | | American Airlines Center | 12,911 / 13,687 (94%) | $921,200 |
| May 24, 2017 | Tulsa | | BOK Center | 8,664 / 9,909 (87%) | $577,903 |
| May 26, 2017 | Phoenix | | Talking Stick Resort Arena | 11,871 / 11,871 (100%) | $818,243 |
| May 28, 2017 | Las Vegas | | T-Mobile Arena | 7,963 / 8,988 (89%) | $607,971 |
| May 31, 2017 | Fresno | | Save Mart Center | 9,307 / 11,241 (83%) | $562,779 |
| June 1, 2017 | San Diego | | Viejas Arena | 9,016 / 9,464 (95%) | $684,699 |
| June 2, 2017 | Los Angeles | | Hollywood Bowl | 16,183 / 17,672 (92%) | $1,365,634 |
| June 3, 2017 | Sacramento | | Golden 1 Center | 12,882 / 14,095 (91%) | $1,047,501 |
| June 4, 2017 | San Jose | | SAP Center | 11,502 / 12,442 (92%) | $882,569 |
| June 6, 2017 | Portland | | Moda Center | 11,481 / 11,481 (100%) | $846,996 |
| June 7, 2017 | Seattle | | KeyArena | 11,010 / 11,906 (92%) | $811,606 |
| June 9, 2017 | West Valley City | | Maverik Center | 8,587 / 9,620 (89%) | $418,889 |
| June 10, 2017 | Denver | | Pepsi Center | 11,511 / 13,647 (84%) | $834,218 |
| June 11, 2017 | Omaha | | CenturyLink Center Omaha | 9,238 / 11,281 (82%) | $648,459 |
| June 12, 2017 | Kansas City | | Sprint Center | 9,257 / 11,370 (81%) | $702,583 |
| June 14, 2017 | Saint Paul | | Xcel Energy Center | 11,384 / 13,475 (84%) | $834,530 |
| June 15, 2017 | Rosemont | | Allstate Arena | 22,332 / 25,642 (87%) | $1,796,102 |
| June 16, 2017 | | | | |
| June 17, 2017 | St. Louis | | Scottrade Center | 10,589 / 12,228 (87%) | $805,584 |
| June 18, 2017 | Indianapolis | | Bankers Life Fieldhouse | 8,666 / 10,636 (81%) | $539,419 |
| June 20, 2017 | Toronto | Canada | Air Canada Centre | 21,891 / 26,459 (83%) | $1,375,320 |
| June 21, 2017 | | | | | |
| June 23, 2017 | Buffalo | United States | KeyBank Center | 11,049 / 13,214 (84%) | $703,867 |
| June 24, 2017 | Philadelphia | | Wells Fargo Center | 13,068 / 13,730 (95%) | $1,115,756 |
| June 25, 2017 | Washington, D.C. | | Verizon Center | 12,243 / 13,945 (88%) | $942,406 |
| June 27, 2017 | Brooklyn | | Barclays Center | 10,954 / 13,340 (82%) | $818,138 |
| June 29, 2017 | Auburn Hills | | The Palace of Auburn Hills | 11,428 / 12,882 (89%) | $946,819 |
| June 30, 2017 | Cleveland | | Quicken Loans Arena | 12,384 / 14,155 (87%) | $913,666 |
| July 1, 2017 | Pittsburgh | | PPG Paints Arena | 12,174 / 13,352 (91%) | $806,401 |
| July 2, 2017 | Newark | | Prudential Center | 10,790 / 12,599 (86%) | $792,317 |
| July 5, 2017 | Allentown | | PPL Center | 7,525 / 8,556 (88%) | $470,359 |
| July 6, 2017 | Uncasville | | Mohegan Sun Arena | 6,987 / 7,188 (97%) | $553,157 |
| July 7, 2017 | Uniondale | | Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum | 9,724 / 11,037 (88%) | $865,463 |
| July 8, 2017 | Boston | | Fenway Park | 34,519 / 34,519 (100%) | $2,886,861 |
| July 9, 2017 | Albany | | Times Union Center | 9,272 / 11,496 (81%) | $557,214 |
| July 11, 2017 | Raleigh | | PNC Arena | 12,026 / 13,592 (88%) | $787,360 |
| July 13, 2017 | Charlotte | | Spectrum Center | 12,352 / 13,530 (91%) | $851,690 |
| July 14, 2017 | Duluth | | Infinite Energy Arena | 9,770 / 11,008 (89%) | $1,080,777 |
| July 15, 2017 | Tampa | | Amalie Arena | 14,045 / 14,045 (100%) | $992,836 |
| July 16, 2017 | Hollywood | | Hard Rock Live | 5,385 / 5,385 (100%) | $521,813 |
| Total | | | | **520,040 / 574,548
(91%)** | **$37,814,743** |

## InfoBox

The Total Package Tour
| Tour by New Kids on the Block, Paula Abdul and Boyz II Men | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster for the tour | |
| Associated album | *Thankful* |
| Start date | May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12) |
| End date | July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16) |
| Legs | 1 |
| No. of shows | 47 |
| Box office | $37,814,743 ($47 million in 2023 dollars) |
| New Kids on the Block tour chronology  The Main Event
(2015) **Total Package Tour**
(2017) Mixtape Tour
(2019)   Paula Abdul tour chronology  Under My Spell Tour
(1991–92) **Total Package Tour**
(2017) Straight Up Paula!
(2018–19)   Boyz II Men tour chronology  The Package Tour
(2013) **Total Package Tour**
(2017) | |


title: Gawliki Wielkie

abstract: Gawliki Wielkie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wydminy, within Giżycko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Wydminy, 22 km (14 mi) east of Giżycko, and 108 km (67 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Gawliki Wielkie

**Gawliki Wielkie** \[ɡaˈvliki ˈvjɛlkʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wydminy, within Giżycko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Wydminy, 22 km (14 mi) east of Giżycko, and 108 km (67 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Gawliki Wielkie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| (2023) | |
| Gawliki Wielkie | |
| Coordinates: 54°1′N 22°5′E / 54.017°N 22.083°E / 54.017; 22.083 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Giżycko |
| Gmina | Wydminy |


title: Metallolophia ocellata

abstract: Metallolophia ocellata is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by William Warren in 1897. It is found in the Khasi Hills of India.

text:
# Metallolophia ocellata

***Metallolophia ocellata*** is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by William Warren in 1897. It is found in the Khasi Hills of India.

## InfoBox

| *Metallolophia ocellata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Metallolophia* |
| Species: | ***M. ocellata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metallolophia ocellata***<br>(Warren, 1897) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Terpna ocellata* Warren, 1897 | |


title: Metallolophia subradiata

abstract: Metallolophia subradiata is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by William Warren in 1897. It is found on Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. The habitat consists of lower montane forests and hill dipterocarp forests.

text:
# Metallolophia subradiata

***Metallolophia subradiata*** is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by William Warren in 1897. It is found on Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. The habitat consists of lower montane forests and hill dipterocarp forests.

## InfoBox

| *Metallolophia subradiata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Metallolophia* |
| Species: | ***M. subradiata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metallolophia subradiata***<br>(Warren, 1897) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Terpna subradiata* Warren, 1897 | |


title: Torsten Stålhandske

abstract:
Torsten Stålhandske was a Swedish officer in the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War. He was the son of Torsten Svensson (Stålhandske), a noble military officer of Swedish ancestry from West Gothland, and Carin Lydiksdotter Jägerhorn, of Finnish nobility from southern Finland. Torsten's father died in the Battle of Stångå when he was four years old, and his mother married a Scottish soldier, Major Robert Guthrie. With the help of his father-in-law, Stålhandske started his military career as a squire to the Colonel Patrick Ruthwen, with whom he had a task of recruiting military in Scotland. He followed Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to Prussia, as an Ensign in his Personal guard in 1626. In the same year he was promoted to the rank of major in the Regiment of Arvid Horn. In 1627 he joined the cavalry led by Åke Henriksson Tott. In 1629 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the Nyland and Tavastehus Cavalry regiment, leading Finnish horsemen, also known as Hakkapeliitat, for the first time into the Thirty Years' War. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) they rode with the right wing personally led by King Gustavus Adolphus. In 1632 he was promoted to the rank of colonel. At the siege of Nuremberg he assaulted the "invincible warriors" of Austrian Colonel Cronberg and, thanks to his mighty and successful charges, largely determined the outcome of the Battle of Lützen, where Gustavus Adolphus was killed, but the battle nonetheless won.
In June 1634, Stålhandske was wounded at the Battle of Hamelin. In 1635, a major-general, he joined the main army led by Banér. At the Battle of Wittstock he personally captured 35 flags and, at a critical juncture of the battle, forced the enemy to flee. Similarly, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Chemnitz as well as in Silesia, where he defended his positions during the whole year of 1640 against Count Mansfeld. Finally, in April 1642, he joined his forces with Torstenson's Army and took part in the Second Battle of Breitenfeld, where he was seriously wounded. In May he was appointed general in Chief of the Cavalry. In 1643 Stålhandske followed Torstenson in Bohemia. He married Kristina Horn in 1643. In 1644 he crushed a hostile army corps in the Jutland, but then fell ill and died in Haderslev on 21 April 1644. Torsten Stålhandske's mausoleum can be seen in the Cathedral of Turku in Finland.

text:
# Torsten Stålhandske

**Torsten Stålhandske** (1 September 1593 – 21 April 1644) was a Swedish officer in the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War. He was the son of Torsten Svensson (Stålhandske), a noble military officer of Swedish ancestry from West Gothland, and Carin Lydiksdotter Jägerhorn, of Finnish nobility from southern Finland. Torsten's father died in the Battle of Stångå when he was four years old, and his mother married a Scottish soldier, Major Robert Guthrie.

With the help of his father-in-law, Stålhandske started his military career as a squire to the Colonel Patrick Ruthwen, with whom he had a task of recruiting military in Scotland. He followed Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to Prussia, as an Ensign in his Personal guard in 1626. In the same year he was promoted to the rank of major in the Regiment of Arvid Horn. In 1627 he joined the cavalry led by Åke Henriksson Tott.

In 1629 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the Nyland and Tavastehus Cavalry regiment, leading Finnish horsemen, also known as *Hakkapeliitat*, for the first time into the Thirty Years' War. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) they rode with the right wing personally led by King Gustavus Adolphus. In 1632 he was promoted to the rank of colonel. At the siege of Nuremberg he assaulted the "invincible warriors" of Austrian Colonel Cronberg and, thanks to his mighty and successful charges, largely determined the outcome of the Battle of Lützen, where Gustavus Adolphus was killed, but the battle nonetheless won. In June 1634, Stålhandske was wounded at the Battle of Hamelin. In 1635, a major-general, he joined the main army led by Banér. At the Battle of Wittstock he personally captured 35 flags and, at a critical juncture of the battle, forced the enemy to flee. Similarly, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Chemnitz as well as in Silesia, where he defended his positions during the whole year of 1640 against Count Mansfeld.

Finally, in April 1642, he joined his forces with Torstenson's Army and took part in the Second Battle of Breitenfeld (also known as the First Battle of Leipzig), where he was seriously wounded. In May he was appointed general in Chief of the Cavalry. In 1643 Stålhandske followed Torstenson in Bohemia. He married Kristina Horn in 1643. In 1644 he crushed a hostile army corps in the Jutland, but then fell ill and died in Haderslev on 21 April 1644.

Torsten Stålhandske's mausoleum can be seen in the Cathedral of Turku in Finland.

## Citations

## Sources

* Janzon, Kaj. "Torsten Stålhandske". Swedish Biographical Dictionary. Retrieved February 21, 2024. (In Swedish)


title: Metius flavipes

abstract: Metius flavipes is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Dejean in 1828.

text:
# Metius flavipes

***Metius flavipes*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Dejean in 1828.

## InfoBox

| *Metius flavipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Metius* |
| Species: | ***M. flavipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metius flavipes***<br>(Dejean, 1828) | |
|


title: Metcalfa pruinosa

abstract: Metcalfa pruinosa, the citrus flatid planthopper, is a species of insect in the Flatidae family of planthoppers first described by Thomas Say in 1830.

text:
# Metcalfa pruinosa

***Metcalfa pruinosa***, the **citrus flatid planthopper**, is a species of insect in the Flatidae family of planthoppers first described by Thomas Say in 1830.

## Subspecies

* *Metcalfa pruinosa cubana* (Metcalf & Bruner, 1948)

## Distribution

The species is native to North America (Nearctic realm), but it is today found throughout Europe (Austria, Britain, France, Spain, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, Poland, Switzerland, and Moldova), in the Neotropical realm and in South Korea.

## Description

Adults of *Metcalfa pruinosa* can reach a length of 5.5–8 millimetres (732516 in) and a width of 2–3 millimetres (56418 in) at the widest point. They are initially whitish. The color of adults may vary from brown to gray, in connection with the presence of a bluish white epicuticular wax, covering especially the nymphs. The large and prominent compound eyes are yellow. The mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking. The trapezoidal forewings are held vertically, wrapping the body when the insect is at rest. The front wings have veined costal cell and several characteristic whitish spots. The hind tibiae usually have two lateral spines in addition to the other spines at the apex.

Nymphs may reach a length of about 3.2 millimetres (18 in). Color varies from whitish to light green, with relative large tufts of white wax on the abdomen.

## Behavior and ecological impact

The species is univoltine, producing one generation per year. Adults mate in fall during the night. The females lay about 100 eggs, usually in the bark of host plants. Eggs overwinter, hatching the following spring. The adults are seen mainly in summer and fall, when they feed gregariously on sap. When they feed on sap, they eject excess sugar in the form of honeydew. This attracts bees, which convert it to honey.

As it feeds, it causes serious damage to field crops and ornamental plants. It is polyphagous, feeding on a variety of plant taxa. Host plants include maples, dogwoods, hawthorns, willows, elms, privet, black locust, and elder. It lives on crop plants such as grape, citrus, apricot, peach, blackberry, and raspberry.

## Bibliography

* Glover T. (1877) Homoptera in Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum, Report of the United States Commissioner of Agriculture. Washington, D. C., 1876: 17-46
* Metcalf Z.P. (1957) Part 13. Flatidae and Hypochthonellidae, In: Metcalf Z. P. 1954 - General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fascicule IV, North Carolina State College, Raleigh(United States of America). p. 1-565.
* Pavel Lauterer (2002) Citrus Flatid Planthopper - Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera: Flatidae), a New Pest of Ornamental Horticulture in the Czech Republic. In: Plant Protection Science. Vol. 38, No. 4, 2002, S. 145–148
* Say T. (1830) Descriptions of new North American Hemipterous insects, belonging to the first family of the section Homoptera of Latreille, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6: 235-244.
* Schaum H.R. (1850) Fulgorellae. Erster Section A-G. In: Ersch I. S. & Gruber I. G. 1850 Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Kunste in alnhaberischen folge von Genannten Schriftstellern bearbeitet und herausgegeben, 51. p. 58-73.

## InfoBox

| Citrus flatid planthopper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult of *Metcalfa pruinosa* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Flatidae |
| Genus: | *Metcalfa* |
| Species: | ***M. pruinosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metcalfa pruinosa***<br>(Say, 1830) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ormenis pruinosa* Glover, 1877 * *Poeciloptera prumosa* Dohrn, 1859 * *Poeciloptera pruinosa* Schaum, 1850 * *Flata pruinosa* Say, 1830 | |


title: Gauss–Laguerre quadrature

abstract:
In numerical analysis Gauss–Laguerre quadrature (named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Edmond Laguerre) is an extension of the Gaussian quadrature method for approximating the value of integrals of the following kind:
  - ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x f ( x ) d x. In this case
  - ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x f ( x ) d x ≈ ∑ i = 1 n w i f ( x i ) where xi is the i-th root of Laguerre polynomial Ln(x) and the weight wi is given by
  - w i = x i ( n + 1 ) 2 [ L n + 1 ( x i ) ] 2. The following Python code with the SymPy library will allow for calculation of the values of x i and w i to 20 digits of precision:

text:
# Gauss–Laguerre quadrature

In numerical analysis **Gauss–Laguerre quadrature** (named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Edmond Laguerre) is an extension of the Gaussian quadrature method for approximating the value of integrals of the following kind:

$$\int \_{0}^{+\infty }e^{-x}f(x)\\,dx.$$

In this case

$$\int \_{0}^{+\infty }e^{-x}f(x)\\,dx\approx \sum \_{i=1}^{n}w\_{i}f(x\_{i})$$

where *x**i* is the *i*-th root of Laguerre polynomial *L**n*(*x*) and the weight *w**i* is given by

$$w\_{i}={\frac {x\_{i}{\left(n+1\right)^{2}\left\[L\_{n+1}\left(x\_{i}\right)\right\]^{2}.}}}$$

The following Python code with the SymPy library will allow for calculation of the values of $x\_{i}$ and $w\_{i}$ to 20 digits of precision:

```
from sympy import *

def lag_weights_roots(n):
    x = Symbol("x")
    roots = Poly(laguerre(n, x)).all_roots()
    x_i = [rt.evalf(20) for rt in roots]
    w_i = [(rt / ((n + 1) * laguerre(n + 1, rt)) ** 2).evalf(20) for rt in roots]
    return x_i, w_i

print(lag_weights_roots(5))

```

## For more general functions

To integrate the function $f$ we apply the following transformation

$$\int \_{0}^{\infty }f(x)\\,dx=\int \_{0}^{\infty }f(x)e^{x}e^{-x}\\,dx=\int \_{0}^{\infty }g(x)e^{-x}\\,dx$$

where $g\left(x\right):=e^{x}f\left(x\right)$. For the last integral one then uses Gauss-Laguerre quadrature. Note, that while this approach works from an analytical perspective, it is not always numerically stable.

## Generalized Gauss–Laguerre quadrature

More generally, one can also consider integrands that have a known $x^{\alpha }$ power-law singularity at *x*=0, for some real number $\alpha \>-1$, leading to integrals of the form:

$$\int \_{0}^{+\infty }x^{\alpha }e^{-x}f(x)\\,dx.$$

In this case, the weights are given in terms of the generalized Laguerre polynomials:

$$w\_{i}={\frac {\Gamma (n+\alpha +1)x\_{i}{n!(n+1)^{2}\[L\_{n+1}^{(\alpha )}(x\_{i})\]^{2}\\,,}}}$$

where $x\_{i}$ are the roots of $L\_{n}^{(\alpha )}$.

This allows one to efficiently evaluate such integrals for polynomial or smooth *f*(*x*) even when α is not an integer.

## Further reading


title: Methanobacteriota

abstract: Methanobacteriota is a proposed phylum in the domain Archaea.

text:
# Methanobacteriota

**Methanobacteriota** is a proposed phylum in the domain Archaea.

## Taxonomy

The phylum *Methanobacteriota* was introduced to prokaryotic nomenclature in 2023. It contains following classes:

## InfoBox

| Methanobacteriota | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Phase-contrast photo of *Methanobacterium formicicum* strain MF (DSM 1535) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Archaea |
| Phylum: | Methanobacteriota |
|


title: Metopomuscopteryx

abstract: Metopomuscopteryx is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Metopomuscopteryx

***Metopomuscopteryx*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Metopomuscopteryx* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Voriini |
| Genus: | *Metopomuscopteryx*
Townsend, 1915 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Muscopteryx tibialis*
Coquillett, 1902 | |


title: Gegeen Khan

abstract: Gegeen Khan, born Shidibala, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Yingzong of Yuan, was an emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the ninth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. His personal name "Shidibala" in Sanskrit means "purity protection" and his regnal name "Gegeen Khan" means "enlightened/bright khan" in the Mongolian language. Early in his short reign, the Khunggirat faction played a key role in the Yuan court. When his grandmother Dagi (Targi) and the grand councillor Temuder died in 1322, his opponents seemed to have triumphed. Despite the Emperor's aim to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, Temuder's faction linked up with the Alan guard and assassinated the emperor in 1323. This was the first violent transition struggle in the Yuan dynasty's history, which is also known as the Coup d'état at Nanpo (南坡之變), that an emperor was overthrown by a group led by a non-Borjigin.

text:
# Gegeen Khan

**Gegeen Khan** (Mongolian: Гэгээн хаан; Mongol script: ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; *Shidebal Gegegen qaγan*; Chinese: 格堅汗), born **Shidibala** (ᠰᠢᠳᠡᠪᠠᠯᠠ; 碩德八剌), also known by his temple name as the **Emperor Yingzong of Yuan** (Chinese: 元英宗; February 22, 1302 – September 4, 1323), was an emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the ninth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. His personal name "Shidibala" (शुद्ध पाल्) in Sanskrit means "purity protection" and his regnal name "Gegeen Khan" means "enlightened/bright khan" in the Mongolian language.

Early in his short reign, the Khunggirat faction played a key role in the Yuan court. When his grandmother Dagi (Targi) and the grand councillor Temuder died in 1322, his opponents seemed to have triumphed. Despite the Emperor's aim to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, Temuder's faction linked up with the Alan guard and assassinated the emperor in 1323. This was the first violent transition struggle in the Yuan dynasty's history, which is also known as the Coup d'état at Nanpo (南坡之變), that an emperor was overthrown by a group led by a non-Borjigin.

## Peaceful succession

Prince Shidibala was the eldest son of Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan (Emperor Renzong) and Radnashiri of the Khunggirad clan. In return for his own crown princeship, Ayurbarwada promised his elder brother Khayishan to appoint Khayishan's son as Crown Prince after his succession. But when Khayishan died, Khayishan's two sons were relegated to borderlands and pro-Khayishan officers were purged.

Shidibala's powerful grandmother Dagi installed Shidibala as Crown Prince in 1316, and then as Khan, since he was mothered by a Khunggirad khatun. He was made the nominal head of both the Secretariat and the Bureau of Military Affairs one year later. At one time, his father Ayurbarwada had even toyed with the idea of abdicating the throne in favor of Shidebala. Dagi's protégé Temuder was made as tutor to the heir apparent, Shidibala, after he failed to increase tax revenue.

Between Ayurbarwada's death in March 1320 and his own death in October 1322, Temüder attained a great power with the full support of Dagi. Immediately after her grandson's succession, Dagi reinstated Temüder as Minister of the Secretariat and took politics into her own hands more openly than during Ayurbarwada's reign.

## Puppet regime

As Gegeen Khan, Prince Shidibala succeeded his father on April 19, 1320. Empress Targi (Dagi) reappointed Temuder senior grand councillor. While Temuder's persecution of his opponents in the censorate alienated the new Emperor, Temuder remained in power until his death, which came only two years later.

The return to power of Temudar was signalised by fresh excesses, and by the execution of several of those whom he suspected of having been the cause of his late trial. At length the young prince began to feel the leading strings of the Empress Dowager and Temudar rather irksome, and determined to speed on his inauguration.

From the beginning of his reign, Shidebala showed a political independence and resolution beyond his years. In a masterly move to counter the influence of the grand empress dowager and Temüder, Gegeen appointed the 21-year-old Baiju, a Jalayir and grandson of Antong, who had illustrious family background and good Confucian education, as the grand councillor of the left in the summer of 1320, which gave Shidabala several political advantages. Temuder was on the high-road to the attainment of supreme power when Baiju. However, Baiju, the commander of the kheshig, who was descended from Muqali, the renowned general of Genghis Khan, and was a man of high character, gained great influence over the Emperor, and displaced that of Temuder.

Gegeen Khan, the young emperor, however, did not sit with folded hands. The throne soon became the focus of loyalty for the Confucian scholar-officials in their struggle against the powerful Temüder. Gegeen was prepared for such a role, for he had been as well educated in Chinese as his father had been. Deeply affected by Confucianism as well as by Buddhism, Gegeen could cite Tang poems from memory and also was a creditable calligrapher.

Besides Confucianism, Gegeen was also devoted to Buddhism. In 1321 Shidbala built a Buddhist temple in honor of 'Phags-pa Lama on the mountains west of Dadu, and when the censors reproached him he had several of them put to death; among them a very distinguished officer, named Soyaoelhatimichi, whose ancestors had been faithful dependents of the Mongol Imperial house. On the other hand, Islam suffered particularly severe discrimination during his reign. It is said that the Emperor destroyed a temple built by the Muslims, at Shangdu, and prohibited them from buying slaves from the Mongols and selling them again to the Chinese.

The growing influence of Baiju greatly disgusted Temuder. Baiju went to Liau tung to put up a monument to his ancestors. Temudar thought this a favourable opportunity of regaining his influence at the Yuan court, and presented himself at the palace, but was refused admittance, and died shortly after that. The Empress, Dagi (Targi), died about the same time in 1322–23.

## Self-assertion

In 1322, the deaths of Dagi and Temüder enabled him to seize full power. He was able to dismantle the Khunggirad faction from the Gegeen-led new administration. The severe suppression of the powerful faction including the deprivation of Temüder's titles and estates, the execution of his son drove it into the corner. On the other hand, he appointed Baiju as the grand councillor of the right. As the sole grand councillor throughout the rest of Gegeen's reign, Baiju became a powerful ally of Gegeen. They eliminated many offices subordinate to the personal establishments of the empress dowager and the empress. The increasing influence of Neo-Confucianism saw greater limits placed on Mongol women who were allowed to move about more freely in public.

Soon after becoming his own master and with the help of Baiju, Gegeen Khan began to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, continued his father Ayurbarwada's policies for active promoting Chinese cultures. He and Baiju recruited for the government a great number of Chinese scholar-officials, many of whom had resigned when Temüder was in power. Heading of this list, Zhang Gui, a veteran administrator, was reappointed manager of governmental affairs and became Baiju's chief partner in carrying out reforms. Apart from the three elderly scholars appointed as councilors to the Secretariat, seven famous scholars were appointed to the Hanlin Academy. It was approximately at this same time that the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (大元通制, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty began by his father, was revised in order to rationalize the administration and facilitate the dispensation of justice.

Furthermore, to relieve the labour burdens of small landowners, Gegeen's administration stipulated that landowners set aside a certain proportion of the lands registered under their ownership from which revenues could be collected to cover corvée expenses.

## Death

Regardless of the merits of Shidebala's reign, it came to a tragic end on September 4, 1323, known as the "Coup d'état at Nanpo". A plot was formed among Temuder's supporters, who were afraid of vengeance overtaking them. It was headed by Temüder's adopted son Tegshi. Besides the high-ranking officials, five princes were involved: Altan Bukha, the younger brother of the former prince of An-si, Ananda, who was executed by Ayurbarwada's faction; and Bolad, a grandson of Ariq Böke; Yerutömör, a son of Ananda; Kulud Bukha; and Ulus Bukha, a descendant of Möngke Khan.

When Gegeen stayed at Nanpo on his way from the summer palace Shangdu to the capital Dadu of the Yuan dynasty, Gegeen and Bayiju were assassinated by Tegshi, who attacked Gegeen's Ordo with Asud guards and other soldiers under him. Tegshi asked Yesün Temür to succeed the throne, but Yesün Temür purged Tegshi's faction before he entered Dadu because he feared to become a puppet of it.

Gegeen's reign was short; his direct rule lasted only for a year after Dagi's death. But he was glorified in Chinese records since he and his father, aided by their sinicized Mongolian ministers and Chinese scholar-officials, had made vigorous efforts to transform further the Yuan along traditional Confucian lines. From that point of view, Gegeen's assassination was sometimes explained as the struggle between the pro-Confucian faction and the opposite steppe elite faction, for Yesün Temür Khan had ruled Mongolia before succession and his policies appeared relatively unfavorable for Chinese officials.

His marriage to Sugabala, produced no children to succeed him.

## InfoBox

| Emperor Yingzong of Yuan
元英宗
Gegeen Khan
格堅汗
ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | |
| --- | --- |
| *9th Khagan of the Mongol Empire
(Nominal due to the empire's division)
Emperor of China
(5th Emperor of the Yuan dynasty)* | |
| Emperor of the Yuan dynasty | |
| Reign | April 19, 1320 – September 4, 1323 |
| Coronation | April 19, 1320 |
| Predecessor | Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan |
| Successor | Yesün Temür |
|  | |
| Born | February 22, 1302 |
| Died | September 4, 1323(1323-09-04) (aged 21)
Nanpo, Yuan China |
| Empress | Empress Sugabal of Ikires clan (m.?–1323) |
| Names  Mongolian:ᠰᠢᠳᠡᠪᠠᠯᠠ
Chinese: 碩德八剌
Shidebala  Full name   Era dates  Zhizhi (至治) 1321–1323  Regnal name  Emperor Jitian Tidao Jingwen Renwu Dazhao Xiao (繼天體道敬文仁武大昭孝皇帝);
Gegeen Khan (ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; 格堅汗)  Posthumous name  Emperor Ruisheng Wenxiao (睿聖文孝皇帝)  Temple name  Yingzong (英宗) | |
| House | Borjigin |
| Dynasty | Yuan |
| Father | Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan |
| Mother | Radnashiri of the Khunggirat |


title: Gastropnir

abstract: In Norse mythology, Gastropnir was in the realm of Menglöð. Gastropnir is featured in Fjölsvinnsmál, as Svipdag conducts his mission to reach Menglöð. Svipdag walking up to the gate in the wall where he addresses a watchman called Fjölsviður. In the exchange between the two, Svipdagr asks what the wall is called. Fjolsvith replies that it is called Gastropnir and adds that he built it out of Leirbrimir's limbs.

text:
# Gastropnir

In Norse mythology, **Gastropnir** was in the realm of Menglöð.

Gastropnir is featured in Fjölsvinnsmál, as Svipdag conducts his mission to reach Menglöð. Svipdag walking up to the gate in the wall where he addresses a watchman called Fjölsviður. In the exchange between the two, Svipdagr asks what the wall is called. Fjolsvith replies that it is called Gastropnir and adds that he built it out of Leirbrimir's limbs.

## Other sources

* *The Elder or Poetic Edda* by Saemund Sigfusson with illustrations by W.G. Collingwood (originally published by Norroena Society, 1907; re-published by ADP Gauntlet, 2014, with Olive Bray, translator) ISBN 978-0692200650


abstract: The following are the New Wave Awards given by the Metro Manila Film Festival.

text:
# Metro Manila Film Festival New Wave Awards

The following are the **New Wave Awards** given by the **Metro Manila Film Festival**.

## History

In 2010, the film festival had undergone some changes. One change is that the festival format will give a tribute to independent "indie" films. For the first time in the 36 editions of the Metro Manila Film Festival, it paid tribute to the independent filmmakers in the country by featuring five indie films in addition to the eight mainstream movie entries in the 36th Metro Manila Film Festival.

In September 2011, Atty. Francis Tolentino, chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) changed the category name of "Indie" films to "New Wave" films to make it sound better and more attractive to hear, as well as including "Student Short Film Category" for the first time. The *New Wave* category starts during the 37th Metro Manila Film Festival in 2011.

In 2016, they announced that there would no longer be a distinction made between "mainstream" and "indie" films in the MMFF and the New Wave Category was dissolved.

## *Indie Films* awards

### 36th Metro Manila Film Festival

* **Best Indie Film**: *Presa* \- Adolf Alix, Jr.

## *New Wave* awards

### 37th Metro Manila Film Festival

Winners:

### 38th Metro Manila Film Festival

Winners:

### 39th Metro Manila Film Festival

Winners:

### 40th Metro Manila Film Festival

Winners:

## InfoBox

| Metro Manila Film Festival New Wave Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Philippines |
| Presented by | MMDA |
| Website | www.mmda.gov.ph/mmff/ |


title: MetroCARD

abstract: MetroCARD is a contactless smartcard ticketing system for public transport services in the Adelaide city and suburbs in South Australia. The system is managed by Adelaide Metro and is usable on their bus, train and tram services. The contract for the system was tendered out, and in 2010 was awarded to Affiliated Computer Services using technology used in – among others – Montreal, Canada; Houston, Texas; and Toulouse, France. It was originally scheduled to become fully operative in early 2013. Due to overwhelmingly positive response from trial users, it was launched in November 2012.

text:
# MetroCARD

**MetroCARD** (stylised as **metroCARD**) is a contactless smartcard ticketing system for public transport services in the Adelaide city and suburbs in South Australia. The system is managed by Adelaide Metro and is usable on their bus, train and tram services.

The contract for the system was tendered out, and in 2010 was awarded to Affiliated Computer Services using technology used in – among others – Montreal, Canada; Houston, Texas; and Toulouse, France. It was originally scheduled to become fully operative in early 2013. Due to overwhelmingly positive response from trial users, it was launched in November 2012.

## Usage

### Operation

Passengers can purchase metroCARDs from eligible retailers, online, the Adelaide Metro InfoCentre at Adelaide railway station, or on vending machines located at select train stations and bus interchanges. There are four main types of metroCARD:

* Student metroCARDs - for primary and secondary school students
* Concession metroCARDs - for tertiary students and other government issued concession card holders (e.g., Veterans health card)
* Seniors Card \- South Australian issued Seniors cards are pre-programmed for use as metroCARDs. Travel is free for seniors card holders, but the card must still be validated for travel.
* Regular metroCARD - for all other passengers not eligible for discounted fares.

Regular metroCARDs cost $5 to purchase and are subject to full priced fares. Student or concession metroCARDs cost $3.50, and are subject to discounted fares.

MetroCARDs are rechargeable, and passengers can add value to the card at any time online, or by using a vending machine on board trains, trams, and select bus stations. Regular commuters are encouraged to purchase an auto-recharge, whereby a direct-debit payment of a set amount is taken each time the metroCARD value falls below the value of a peak fare.

### Fares

The Adelaide Metro network operates on a flat fare system, as passengers validate their cards upon boarding a vehicle and when passing through ticket gates to pay for public transport. A single fare lasts 2 hours, and passengers can transfer between trains, trams and buses at any time during this period without incurring any additional fees. Student and concession metroCARDs are charged discounted fares, and cardholders are required to have valid student ID or proof of their concession.

MetroCARDs can also be loaded with 1- ("Daytrip"), 14- or 28-day passes. These allow for unlimited travel on the Adelaide Metro network until expiry, and are a cheaper alternative for regular commuters.

On 1 July 2024, new fares will apply for all Adelaide Metro bus, train and tram services. There are two designated periods on the Adelaide Metro network which determine the price of a fare:

| Travel Period | Times | Regular Fare | Concession Fare | Student Fare | Senior Fare |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Peak | 3PM - 9AM Monday to Friday All day Saturday | $4.40 | $2.15 | $1.55 | $0.00 |
| Interpeak | 9AM - 3PM Monday to Friday All day Sunday | $2.50 | $1.25 | $1.25 | $0.00 |
| Daytrip | Expires 4am day after purchase | $12.10 | $5.90 | $5.90 | Not Available |
| 14-day pass |  | $69.60 | $34.70 | $17.40 | Not Available |
| 28-day pass |  | $115.50 | $57.80 | $28.60 | Not Available |

In May 2019, it was announced by the Marshall government that the ability to pay for a cheaper "two-section fare" for shorter trips would be removed in an effort to reduce fare evasion and simplify the fare structure to a single flat fare, regardless of distance travelled. The opposition claimed that there was no evidence that two-section fares were to blame for fare evasion.

## History

The original ticketing system was based on the Crouzet system and was provided by Affiliated Computer Services. It was introduced in 1987 and was intended to be used for only a few years before being replaced. Replacement plans soon fell through and the original equipment remained in use until 2012. In 2010, it was announced that Affiliated Computer Services had been awarded the contract to replace the aging Crouzet system with a new contactless smartcard system, which would allow the current Edmondson-sized magnetic stripe tickets to remain in use.

As a result of the new system, multi-trip tickets are no longer sold as Crouzet tickets. metroCARDs have replaced them, and Seniors tickets have been replaced by the new Seniors Card. Single and day-trip tickets continue to be sold as Edmondson-sized magnetic stripe Metrotickets. Passengers could trade their existing Multitrip Metrotickets in for metroCARD trips. From December 2014, validators no longer accepted Multitrip tickets, however users could continue to convert them to metroCARD Trips until 28 February 2015.

In 2013, it was announced that metroCARDs would be able to be used to access secure bike cages, at railway stations fitted with the necessary equipment, for an annual fee. At a later date, bike cages were made free to access, however continue to require a metroCARD to be accessed.

It was announced that, as part of the Tea Tree Plaza Interchange park & ride upgrade, metroCARD users would be able to use their metroCARD to pay for parking.

### Contactless payment rollout

In 2020, Adelaide Metro began trials of contactless payments for fare payments on trams. In 2022, the rollout was extended to O-Bahn buses. The rollout involves the installation of new Conduent contactless payment validators which accept Visa and Mastercard debit payments. The new payment method will allow commuters to use physical bank cards, as well as digital wallets, to pay for travel on trains, trams and buses. Payments using the new contactless validators are processed by Commonwealth Bank.

In late 2022, Adelaide Metro announced that contactless payment technology would be rolled out across the entire bus network. Almost all buses have been equipped with the new validators, and the rollout is expected to be completed on the 1st of July 2023. From the 1st of July 2023, metroCARDs subseded metroTickets. As a result of this, Adelaide Metro have introduced the ability to load singletrip and daytrip tickets onto metroCARDs.

In June 2023, the state government announced $7 million in funding funding for the rollout of contactless payment technology on the Adelaide Metro rail network. This project would complete the rollout, allowing commuters to transfer between transport modes using contactless payment. Currently, the rollout is expected to be completed by mid-2025, and will involve replacing the existing turnstiles at Adelaide railway station, along with installation of new validators on all trains. Once this project is complete, metrotickets will no longer be accepted on any Adelaide Metro services.

## Equipment

### Validators

There are three kinds of validators currently used on the Adelaide Metro network: contactless payment, metroCARD-only, and dual-purpose.

* Contactless payment validators are currently rolling out across the network, and only accept metroCARD and debit card payments. These validators feature an LCD display showing information to users, such as debited value, metroCARD balance or pass expiry date and whether the transaction was successful.

* MetroCARD-only validators are currently installed on trains, and previously trams.

* Dual-purpose validators had previously been installed on all buses, trains and trams and accept both metroCARDs and Crouzet tickets. The validators are no longer in use on trams, and are progressively being removed from buses in favour of contactless payment validators. Both the metroCARD-only and dual-purpose validators feature indicator lights and an LED display showing basic information to users such as ticket type, debited value and credit balance (if any), and errors.

### Vending Machines

Located on every train and tram is a vending machine for recharging metroCARDs and checking card balance. They do not dispense metroCARDs. Vending machines on trains can also be used to purchase single trip and day trip metrotickets. These machines accept coins and card payments, but not bills, which was a common criticism of the previous generation ticket vending machines.

The ticket vending machines have a touchscreen display for passengers to choose the appropriate fare and payment method, and upon payment the machine dispenses a validated ticket for the passenger. Passengers paying using a debit or credit card interact with the PIN pad located towards the centre to process payment.

A similar version of the vending machines is located at several of the city tram stops, the Adelaide Metro InfoCentres, and some major interchanges that will only recharge metroCARDs and accept EFTPOS payments.

### metroCARD Vending Machine

These ticket machines are located in the main passenger concourse at Adelaide railway station and in the public bus stop shelter at Adelaide Airport. They differ from other ticket vending machines in that they both dispense and recharge all three Metrocard types.

These machines have a larger touchscreen, allowing for selection of different ticket types and payment methods.

Payment methods accepted by this machine are coins (except 5c pieces), bills (except $50 and $100 bills), and EFTPOS.

## InfoBox

metroCARD
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Adelaide |
| Launched | 3 November 2012 |
| Technology |  |
| Manager | Adelaide Metro |
| Currency | AUD ($5 minimum load, $200 maximum load) |
| Stored-value | Two-hour unlimited trips from first validation |
| Auto recharge | Optional |
| Validity | * Bus * Train * Tram |
| Variants | * Regular * Student * Senior * Concession |
| Website | www.adelaidemetro.com.au |


title: Geko

abstract: Geko were a gothic rock duo based in Los Angeles. Formed in 1983, the band's nucleus comprised vocalist/bassist Sarah Folkman and guitarist Carrie McNinch. They released one full-length album, titled Join My Pretty World, in 1992 before disbanding.

text:
# Geko

**Geko** were a gothic rock duo based in Los Angeles. Formed in 1983, the band's nucleus comprised vocalist/bassist Sarah Folkman and guitarist Carrie McNinch. They released one full-length album, titled *Join My Pretty World*, in 1992 before disbanding.

## History

Geko was formed in 1983 by Sarah Folkman and Carrie McNinch, who were roommates and attending school at the time. Both were influenced by early death rock, rockabilly and punk rock. After a few years of performing live, the band recorded a six-song demo in the late eighties. The band issued their first proper release, the *"Probing the Gash in Her Head* 7", in 1991 for Open Records.

Produced with the help of prominent Los Angeles producer Earle Mankey, the band issued their sole full-length album *Join My Pretty World* in 1992. The album compiled previously recorded tracks with new recordings. Ned Raggett of allmusic called the band "sharply powerful" and the album was "rough, industrial-strength darkwave music that easily bears repeated listening."

The duo dissolved shortly after the release of their debut album. McNinch abandoned the music scene and began publishing comic zines including *The Assassin and the Whiner*, and *Food Geek*. Her mini comic *You Don't Get There From Here* is still being published regularly. McNinch also has work included in various anthologies, including *QU33R*, *No Straight Lines: Four Decades of Queer Comics*, *Runner Runner*, *Tablegedden* and multiple issues of *Not My Small Diary*. Her book *I Want Everything to be Okay* was published by Tugboat Press. Sarah Folkman collaborated with a number of bands, including Spiderworks, Vampire Rodents and proGREX.iv, before joining the trip hop band THC in 1997. She has since gained some recognition as a visual artist and illustrator.

## Discography

**Studio albums**

**EP**

* *Probing the Gash in Her Head* (Open, 1991)

## InfoBox

| Geko | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Los Angeles, California, US |
| Genres | Gothic rock, alternative rock |
| Years active | 1983–1992 |
| Labels | Open |
|  | |
| Members | * Sarah Folkman * Carrie McNinch |


title: Ged Keegan

abstract: Gerard "Ged" Keegan is an English former footballer who played as a right-back. He joined Manchester City as a trainee in 1973 and made his debut in March 1975 in a 2–1 defeat against Carlisle United. He made a total of 37 Football League appearances for the club, scoring two goals. However his most memorable game for them was in their 1976 Football League Cup Final victory. He also played in the first ever England under-21 match. In 1978, he was transferred to Oldham Athletic where he made 144 League appearances before moving to Mansfield Town in 1983. After a short spell here he moved on to Rochdale, and then to Altrincham. As of 2008 he was working as a car-parking attendant at Manchester Airport.

text:
# Ged Keegan

**Gerard "Ged" Keegan** (born 3 October 1955 in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire) is an English former footballer who played as a right-back. He joined Manchester City as a trainee in 1973 and made his debut in March 1975 in a 2–1 defeat against Carlisle United. He made a total of 37 Football League appearances for the club, scoring two goals. However his most memorable game for them was in their 1976 Football League Cup Final victory. He also played in the first ever England under-21 match. In 1978, he was transferred to Oldham Athletic where he made 144 League appearances (scoring 5 goals) before moving to Mansfield Town in 1983. After a short spell here he moved on to Rochdale, and then to Altrincham. As of 2008 he was working as a car-parking attendant at Manchester Airport.

## InfoBox

Ged Keegan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gerard Keegan | | |
| Date of birth | (1955-10-03) 3 October 1955 | | |
| Place of birth | Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England | | |
| Position(s) | Full back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1973–1975 | Manchester City | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1975–1978 | Manchester City | 37 | (2) |
| 1978–1983 | Oldham Athletic | 144 | (5) |
| 1983–1984 | Mansfield Town | 18 | (1) |
| 1984–1985 | Rochdale | 2 | (0) |
| Total |  | **199** | **(10)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1976 | England U21 | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ged Grimes

abstract: Ged Grimes is a Scottish musician, producer and composer. He is currently the bass player for rock band Simple Minds, and was a founding member of Scottish pop band Danny Wilson whose hits include "Mary's Prayer", and "The Second Summer of Love".

text:
# Ged Grimes

**Ged Grimes** (born on 28 March 1962) is a Scottish musician, producer and composer. He is currently the bass player for rock band Simple Minds, and was a founding member of Scottish pop band Danny Wilson whose hits include "Mary's Prayer" (from *Meet Danny Wilson* and featured prominently in the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack to the movie *There's Something About Mary*), and "The Second Summer of Love" (from *Bebop Moptop*).

## Musical career

### Danny Wilson (1984–1991)

### After Danny Wilson

After the break-up of Danny Wilson, Grimes began to focus on writing, performing, and producing other artists including Eddi Reader, Simply Red, and Natalie Imbruglia.

Grimes has also done a substantial amount of work for both television and film. His television credits include *Tartan Shorts*. As the owner of Jack's Hoose Music, Grimes has worked on a number of interactive entertainment media projects in recent years. Grimes composed the soundtrack for the PC game Earthworm Jim 3D; other Jack's Hoose Music projects included score material for Universal Pictures, including work featured on the trailer for *The Bourne Supremacy*. Grimes has been featured on tracks for Sony PS2's (PlayStation 2) DJ Decks and FX, music themes for a series of mobile games for Digital Bridges, including movie franchise *The Fast and the Furious*, and the interactive music soundtrack to Namco Japan’s rhythm action title, "Rhythmic Star". Grimes' recent projects include title themes for Sky Games including *Shrek the Third (video game)*, *Ben 10*, *Goldenballs* and the Latin American flavoured soundtrack to iPhone and iPad game *Quarrel*.

Grimes, who is fluent in the Spanish language, relocated from Dundee, Scotland, to Andalucia, Spain, in 2005 and ran Jack's Hoose Music's international, day-to-day business from there.

Grimes has also been a member of pop rock band Deacon Blue. He played bass for Simple Minds lead singer Jim Kerr on the first live performances of Kerr's album *Lostboy! AKA Jim Kerr*, appearing on the short Lostboy! AKA Promo Tour 2010.

### Joining Simple Minds (2010–present)

On 11 September 2010, Grimes made his debut as Simple Minds' new bass player. His first live appearance with Simple Minds took place in Paris, France, at the Fête de l'Humanité festival. Simple Minds were headlining and played in front of an audience of 80,000 that evening. Grimes featured on the band's Celebrate – Live At The Glasgow SSE Hydro DVD (recorded in 2013) and played on the subsequent albums Big Music, Walk between Worlds, and Direction of the Heart.

## Instruments

Grimes is an official endorser of the Sandberg Guitars California PM bass guitar. On 21 July 2011, Markbass products announced they had also picked up Grimes' endorsement.

## InfoBox

| Ged Grimes | |
| --- | --- |
| Grimes performing with Simple Minds in 2017 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Ged Grimes |
| Born | (1962-03-28) 28 March 1962 |
| Origin | Dundee, Scotland |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, producer, composer |
| Instrument(s) | Bass, vocals |
| Member of | Simple Minds |
| Formerly of | *Danny Wilson*<br>*Deacon Blue* |
|  | |
| Website | SimpleMinds.com |


title: Tour of Duty (TV series)

abstract: Tour of Duty is an American military drama television series based on events in the Vietnam War, broadcast on CBS. The series ran for three seasons, from September 24, 1987, to April 28, 1990, for a total of 58 one-hour episodes. The show was created by Steve Duncan and L. Travis Clark and produced by Zev Braun. The show follows an American infantry platoon on a tour of duty during the Vietnam War. It was the first television series to regularly show Americans in combat in South Vietnam and was one of several similarly themed series to be produced in the wake of the acclaimed Oliver Stone film Platoon (1986). The series won an Emmy Award in 1988 for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series, and it was nominated again in 1989 and 1990.

text:
# Tour of Duty (TV series)

***Tour of Duty*** is an American military drama television series based on events in the Vietnam War, broadcast on CBS. The series ran for three seasons, from September 24, 1987, to April 28, 1990, for a total of 58 one-hour episodes. The show was created by Steve Duncan and L. Travis Clark and produced by Zev Braun.

The show follows an American infantry platoon on a tour of duty during the Vietnam War. It was the first television series to regularly show Americans in combat in South Vietnam and was one of several similarly themed series to be produced in the wake of the acclaimed Oliver Stone film *Platoon* (1986).

The series won an Emmy Award in 1988 for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series, and it was nominated again in 1989 and 1990.

## Overview

*Tour of Duty* examined the issues of politics, faith, teamwork, racism, suicide, fragging, terrorism, civilian deaths, sexuality, drug abuse, and how the lives of soldiers and civilians were permanently affected by the Vietnam War.

The first season began in 1987 and followed Bravo company's second platoon located at Camp Ladybird. Second platoon was standard light infantry platoon conducting "search and destroy" missions in Vietnam, under the command of 2nd Lieutenant (1st Lieutenant from the start of season 2) Myron Goldman (Stephen Caffrey) and Staff Sergeant (later Sergeant First Class) Zeke Anderson (Terence Knox). It was filmed on location in Hawaii at Schofield Barracks.

For the second and third seasons, the series was filmed at Indian Dunes/Newhall Orchards and Farms west of Santa Clarita, California between Hwy 126 and the Santa Clara River to reduce filming costs. This area was also used to film *China Beach*, *Baa Baa Black Sheep* and many other TV series and movies from the mid-1970's to 1990.

The change of location also led to a change in the show's direction. Beginning in the second season, the platoon was relocated to a base near Saigon, Tan Son Nhut. Production staff interviewed in *Vietnam Magazine* said this change in premise doomed the series because it shifted from being a realistic chronicle about the life of an average combat infantryman to an action/romantic/drama show. CBS wanted female characters because ABC had premiered *China Beach*, a Vietnam Army nurses drama, which was aimed directly at attracting more female viewers.

In *Tour of Duty*'s third season, the remaining female character was killed off, and the platoon was transferred to a SOG unit at Camp Barnett, under the command of Colonel Brewster (played by Carl Weathers). The unit conducted covert operations in Vietnam and Cambodia which included a fictional version of the raid on Son Tay Prison. The show was cancelled at the end of this season due to falling ratings.

Guest stars included Lee Majors, James Hong, Mako, Kelly Hu, Angela Bassett, Ving Rhames, Melora Hardin, Everett McGill, Olivia d'Abo, David Alan Grier, Richard Brooks, Malcolm-Jamal Warner, William Sadler, and Michael Madsen.

## Episodes

### Series overview

| Season | Episodes | | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired |
|  | 21 | | September 24, 1987 (1987-09-24) | April 30, 1988 (1988-04-30) |
|  | 16 | | January 3, 1989 (1989-01-03) | May 16, 1989 (1989-05-16) |
|  | 21 | | September 23, 1989 (1989-09-23) | April 28, 1990 (1990-04-28) |

### Season 1 (1987–88)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Rating/share
(households) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Pilot" | Bill L. Norton | Steve Duncan & L. Travis Clark | September 24, 1987 (1987-09-24) | 10.6/17 |
| 2 | 2 | "Notes From the Underground" | Bill L. Norton | Bill L. Norton | October 1, 1987 (1987-10-01) | 10.3/17 |
| 3 | 3 | "Dislocations" | Aaron Lipstadt | Steven Phillip Smith | October 8, 1987 (1987-10-08) | 12.0/19 |
| 4 | 4 | "War Lover" | Jim Johnston | Rick Husky | October 15, 1987 (1987-10-15) | 10.4/17 |
| 5 | 5 | "Sitting Ducks" | Aaron Lipstadt | Steve Bello | October 29, 1987 (1987-10-29) | 10.8/16 |
| 6 | 6 | "Burn, Baby, Burn" | Reynaldo Villalobos | *Story by*: L. Travis Clark & Steve Duncan
*Teleplay by*: L. Travis Clark & Steve Duncan & Steven Phillip Smith | November 5, 1987 (1987-11-05) | 10.2/16 |
| 7 | 7 | "Brothers, Fathers and Sons" | Bill L. Norton | Bill L. Norton | November 12, 1987 (1987-11-12) | 9.5/14 |
| 8 | 8 | "The Good, the Bad and the Dead" | Reynaldo Villalobos | Brad Radnitz | November 19, 1987 (1987-11-19) | 10.8/17 |
| 9 | 9 | "Battling Baker Brothers" | Bill L. Norton | *Story by*: Bill L. Norton
*Teleplay by*: Bill L. Norton & David Wyles | December 10, 1987 (1987-12-10) | 10.6/17 |
| 10 | 10 | "Nowhere to Run" | Randy Roberts | Rick Husky | December 17, 1987 (1987-12-17) | 10.7/17 |
| 11 | 11 | "Roadrunner" | Jim Johnston | Robert Burns Clark | January 7, 1988 (1988-01-07) | 12.5/18 |
| 12 | 12 | "Pushin' Too Hard" | Bill L. Norton | *Story by*: David Hume Kennerly & Dennis Foley
*Teleplay by*: Steven Phillip Smith | January 14, 1988 (1988-01-14) | 11.7/17 |
| 13 | 13 | "USO Down" | Ronald L. Schwary | Jim Beaver | January 21, 1988 (1988-01-21) | 11.5/17 |
| 14 | 14 | "Under Siege" | Stephen L. Posey | *Story by*: Steve Bello
*Teleplay by*: Steve Bello & Robert Burns Clark | February 11, 1988 (1988-02-11) | 12.5/19 |
| 15 | 15 | "Soldiers" | Bill L. Norton | Rick Husky | February 18, 1988 (1988-02-18) | 11.9/17 |
| 16 | 16 | "Gray-Brown Odyssey" | Randy Roberts | Bruce Reisman | February 25, 1988 (1988-02-25) | 12.9/19 |
| 17 | 17 | "Blood Brothers" | Charles Correll | Christian Darren | March 12, 1988 (1988-03-12) | 9.0/16 |
| 18 | 18 | "The Short Time" | Bill Duke | *Story by*: Bruce Reisman & Peter Lubliner
*Teleplay by*: Bruce Reisman | March 19, 1988 (1988-03-19) | 10.5/18 |
| 19 | 19 | "Paradise Lost" | James L. Conway | Robert Burns Clark | March 26, 1988 (1988-03-26) | 9.8/19 |
| 20 | 20 | "Angel of Mercy" | Unknown | Unknown | April 9, 1988 (1988-04-09) | 9.5/17 |
| 21 | 21 | "The Hill" | Robert Iscove | Steven Phillip Smith | April 30, 1988 (1988-04-30) | 8.3/15 |

### Season 2 (1989)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(millions) | Rating/share
(households) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 22 | 1 | "Saigon: Part 1" | Bill L. Norton | Rick Husky | January 3, 1989 (1989-01-03) | 18.0 | 11.3/16 |
| 23 | 2 | "Saigon: Part 2" | Bill L. Norton | Rick Husky | January 10, 1989 (1989-01-10) | 14.6 | 9.6/14 |
| 24 | 3 | "For What It's Worth" | Ed Sherin | Dennis Cooper | January 17, 1989 (1989-01-17) | 14.3 | 9.6/14 |
| 25 | 4 | "True Grit" | Ed Sherin | Steven Phillip Smith | January 24, 1989 (1989-01-24) | 15.5 | 10.2/15 |
| 26 | 5 | "Non-Essential Personnel" | Jim Johnston | Elia Katz | January 31, 1989 (1989-01-31) | 13.0 | 8.4/13 |
| 27 | 6 | "Sleeping Dogs" | Stephen L. Posey | Jerry Patrick Brown | February 7, 1989 (1989-02-07) | 15.3 | 10.0/15 |
| 28 | 7 | "I Wish It Would Rain" | Bradford May | *Story by*: Rick Husky & Dennis Cooper & Steven Phillip Smith
*Teleplay by*: Robert Burns Clark | February 14, 1989 (1989-02-14) | 14.4 | 9.2/14 |
| 29 | 8 | "Popular Forces" | Bill L. Norton | *Story by*: Dennis Cooper & Elia Katz & Jerry Patrick Brown
*Teleplay by*: Cynthia Darnell | February 21, 1989 (1989-02-21) | 13.7 | 9.2/14 |
| 30 | 9 | "Terms of Enlistment" | Charles Correll | *Story by*: Dennis Cooper
*Teleplay by*: Dennis Cooper & Rick Husky & Steven Phillip Smith & Jerry Patrick Brown Rick Husky | March 21, 1989 (1989-03-21) | 14.8 | 9.8/15 |
| 31 | 10 | "Nightmare" | Tommy Lee Wallace | *Story by*: Rick Husky & Dennis Cooper
*Teleplay by*: Bruce Reisman | March 28, 1989 (1989-03-28) | 13.3 | 9.2/14 |
| 32 | 11 | "Promised Land" | Helaine Head | Steven Phillip Smith | April 4, 1989 (1989-04-04) | 12.6 | 8.3/13 |
| 33 | 12 | "Lonesome Cowboy Blues" | Charles Correll | W.K. Scott Meyer | April 11, 1989 (1989-04-11) | 14.0 | 9.6/15 |
| 34 | 13 | "Sins of the Fathers" | Jim Johnston | Rick Husky | April 25, 1989 (1989-04-25) | 14.8 | 10.4/18 |
| 35 | 14 | "Sealed With a Kiss" | Stephen L. Posey | *Story by*: Dennis Cooper & Elia Katz
*Teleplay by*: Elia Katz | May 2, 1989 (1989-05-02) | 11.6 | 7.7/12 |
| 36 | 15 | "Hard Stripe" | Jim Johnston | *Story by*: Dennis Cooper & Jerry Patrick Brown
*Teleplay by*: Jerry Patrick Brown | May 9, 1989 (1989-05-09) | N/A | N/A |
| 37 | 16 | "Volunteer" | Stephen L. Posey | Steven Phillip Smith | May 16, 1989 (1989-05-16) | 12.2 | 8.5/14 |

### Season 3 (1989–90)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(millions) | Rating/share
(households) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 38 | 1 | "The Luck" | Stephen L. Posey | Jerry Patrick Brown | September 23, 1989 (1989-09-23) | 16.4 | 10.2/18 |
| 39 | 2 | "Doc Hock" | Randy Roberts | Robert Bielak | September 30, 1989 (1989-09-30) | 13.3 | 8.1/15 |
| 40 | 3 | "The Ties that Bind" | Stephen L. Posey | Carol Mendelsohn | October 7, 1989 (1989-10-07) | 15.0 | 9.3/17 |
| 41 | 4 | "Lonely at the Top" | Edwin Sherin | David Kemper | October 14, 1989 (1989-10-14) | 10.9 | 6.9/12 |
| 42 | 5 | "A Bodyguard of Lies" | Jim Johnston | Brian Herskowitz | October 28, 1989 (1989-10-28) | 12.4 | 7.5/13 |
| 43 | 6 | "A Necessary End" | Stephen L. Posey | Jerry Patrick Brown | November 4, 1989 (1989-11-04) | 12.5 | 7.7/13 |
| 44 | 7 | "Cloud Nine" | George Kaczender | Robert Bielak | November 11, 1989 (1989-11-11) | 13.5 | 7.9/14 |
| 45 | 8 | "Thanks for the Memories" | Paul Lynch | Carol Mendelsohn | November 18, 1989 (1989-11-18) | 14.1 | 8.5/15 |
| 46 | 9 | "I Am What I Am" | Bradford May | David Kemper | December 2, 1989 (1989-12-02) | 11.2 | 7.1/12 |
| 47 | 10 | "World in Changes" | Helaine Head | James Kearns | December 9, 1989 (1989-12-09) | 11.7 | 7.3/13 |
| 48 | 11 | "Green Christmas" | James A. Contner | Steven Phillip Smith | December 23, 1989 (1989-12-23) | 14.4 | 8.2/14 |
| 49 | 12 | "Odd Man Out" | James A. Contner | David Ehrman | January 6, 1990 (1990-01-06) | 12.7 | 7.6/13 |
| 50 | 13 | "And Make Death Proud to Take Us" | George Kaczender | Jerry Patrick Brown | January 20, 1990 (1990-01-20) | 13.2 | 7.9/13 |
| 51 | 14 | "Dead Man Tales" | Bradford May | Robert Bielak | February 3, 1990 (1990-02-03) | 12.8 | 7.7/13 |
| 52 | 15 | "Road to Long Binh" | Steve Dubin | David Kemper & Carol Mendelsohn | February 10, 1990 (1990-02-10) | 11.7 | 7.4/13 |
| 53 | 16 | "Acceptable Losses" | Bradford May | David Kemper & Carol Mendelsohn | February 17, 1990 (1990-02-17) | 13.2 | 7.9/14 |
| 54 | 17 | "Vietnam Rag" | George Kaczender | Robert Bielak | February 24, 1990 (1990-02-24) | 12.6 | 7.7/13 |
| 55 | 18 | "War is a Contact Sport" | Stephen Caffrey | David Kemper | March 24, 1990 (1990-03-24) | 13.8 | 7.9/14 |
| 56 | 19 | "Three Cheers for the Orange, White & Blue" | Stephen L. Posey | Carol Mendelsohn | April 14, 1990 (1990-04-14) | 11.4 | 7.4/14 |
| 57 | 20 | "The Raid" | Jim Johnston | Jim Johnston | April 28, 1990 (1990-04-28) | 12.7 | 8.1/15 |
| 58 | 21 | "Payback" | Jim Johnston | Jerry Patrick Brown | April 28, 1990 (1990-04-28) | 12.7 | 8.1/15 |

## Characters

| Character | Actor | Rank(s)/Job | Seasons | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | |  |  |  |
| Main cast | | | | | |
| Clayton Ezekiel "Zeke" Anderson | Terence Knox | Staff Sgt. (SSG)/Sgt. 1st Class (SFC) | Main | | |
| Myron Goldman | Stephen Caffrey | 2nd Lt./1st Lt. | Main | | |
| Daniel "Danny" Percell | Tony Becker | PFC/Cpl./SP4 | Main | | |
| Alberto Ruiz | Ramón Franco | Pvt./PFC/SP4 | Main | | |
| Marcus Taylor | Miguel A. Núñez Jr. | Pvt./PFC/SP4/Sgt. | Main | | |
| Marvin Johnson | Stan Foster | SP4/Sgt. | Main | | Main |
| Scott Baker | Eric Bruskotter | Pvt./SP4 | Main | Does not appear | Guest |
| Roger Horn | Joshua D. Maurer | Pvt./PFC/SP4 | Main | Does not appear | |
| Randy "Doc" Matsuda | Steve Akahoshi | SP4 | Main | Does not appear | |
| Rusty Wallace | Kevin Conroy | Captain | Main | Does not appear | |
| Johnny McKay | Dan Gauthier | 1st Lt. | Does not appear | Main | |
| Alex Devlin | Kim Delaney | Reporter | Does not appear | Main | Main |
| Francis "Doc Hock" Hockenbury | John Dye | PFC/SP4 | Does not appear | | Main |
| Supporting cast | | | | | |
| Nikki Raines | Pamela Gidley | 2nd Lt. | Recurring | Does not appear | |
| Dalby | Bruce Gray | Lt. Col. | Recurring | Does not appear | |
| Darling | Richard Brestoff | Major | Does not appear | Also starring | Does not appear |
| Dr. Jennifer Seymour | Betsy Brantley | Civilian Contracted Psychiatrist / then Major U.S. Army Medical Corps | Does not appear | Recurring | |
| Marion Hannegan/Putman | Charles Hyman | Master Sergeant (as Hannegan), SFC (as Putnam) | Does not appear | Recurring | |
| Mike Duncan | Michael B. Christy | Major | Does not appear | | Also starring |
| Sister Bernardette | Maria Mayenzet | Civilian Nun | Does not appear | | Also starring |
| Stringer | Alan Scarfe | Colonel | Does not appear | | Also starring |
| Jack Elliot | Peter Vogt | General | Does not appear | | Also starring |
| Edward Higgins | Michael Fairman | Major General | Does not appear | | Also starring |
| William Griner | Kyle Chandler | Pvt. | Does not appear | | Recurring |
| Duke Fontaine | Patrick Kilpatrick | CIA Agent | Does not appear | | Recurring |
| Joseph "Skip" Beller | Greg Germann | 1st Lt. | Does not appear | | Recurring |
| Carl Brewster | Carl Weathers | Colonel | Does not appear | | Special Guest Star |
| Thomas "Pop" Scarlett | Lee Majors | Private | Does not appear | | Special Guest Star |

Notes

## Music

The opening theme song was an abbreviated version of The Rolling Stones hit "Paint It Black" that had featured in the end titles of the 1987 Vietnam War film *Full Metal Jacket*; this was removed for the US DVD release. The closing consisted of an instrumental, synthesized tune with a distinctive Asian sound mixed in with acoustic guitar; it was performed by Joseph Conlan, and was never released for public consumption other than in the series. That music was used as background music for most of the series. On the US DVD release, most of the Vietnam War–era popular songs were replaced by instrumental bits to cover the blank spots of music.

All three seasons that have been released in the United Kingdom feature the complete original soundtrack, including "Paint It Black".

The show was known for its classic American rock soundtrack including Creedence Clearwater Revival, Jimi Hendrix, and Jefferson Airplane. One first-season episode, "USO Down", used "live" versions of "Wooly Bully", and "We Gotta Get Out of This Place" as performed by a USO band, the latter song being used also for ironic comment. The songs in this episode were retained in the DVD soundtracks. But for copyright reasons, the VHS and DVD soundtracks of the majority of episodes were replaced with soundalikes, a move which was widely protested by buyers and resulted in a significantly lower sales volume for the third-season DVD set than for the first two.

In the Netherlands, amongst other European nations, a total number of seven albums were released, containing most of the songs featured on the show. As a result, "Paint It Black" was re-released as a single, again hitting the number 1 position in the Dutch top 40 pop charts in May 1990.

### The original soundtrack albums

The *Tour of Duty* television series soundtrack was released by CBS on Columbia Records as four different compilation albums during 1988 and 1989. The original albums are now out of print. Their track listings are as follows:

#### Charts

| Date | Title | Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 1988 | Volume One | Australia (Kent Music Report) | 3 |
| August 1988 | Volume Two | Australia (ARIA Charts) | 5 |
| April 1989 | Volume Three | Australia (ARIA Charts) | 15 |
| April 1989 | Volume Three | Australia (ARIA Charts) | 15 |

* Note: The official Australian chart was the Kent Music Report until June 1988, and which time it changed to ARIA.

### Compilation soundtrack CDs

In 1992, Sony Music released a compilation CD titled *The Best of 'Tour of Duty'*. It contains only twenty of the songs featured in the four original *Tour of Duty* Soundtrack albums.

## Home media

In 2004–2005, Sony Pictures released all three seasons for the first time in the US, both as individual season sets and a complete series set. Due to licensing issues, all original music was replaced with sound-alike versions, much to the dismay of fans. These releases, which have also been criticized for having substandard sound and picture quality, have since been discontinued.

In 2013, Mill Creek Entertainment acquired the US rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including *Tour of Duty*. In 2014–2015, they re-released all three seasons on DVD, again as individual season sets and a complete series set. These releases have the same poor A/V and replacement music of the Sony issues.

Between 2011 and 2013, Fabulous Films released identical DVDs in the UK and Australia, both as individual season sets and a complete series set. They have improved audio and video quality over the US issues, and retain the complete original soundtrack, including "Paint It, Black". They also contain extras including cast and crew biographies, hundreds of publicity photos and a feature-length, three-part documentary. The latter includes interviews filmed in Los Angeles in July 2011 with key cast members Terence Knox, Joshua D. Maurer, Steve Akahoshi, Tony Becker, Eric Bruskotter, Kevin Conroy, Miguel A. Núñez Jr. and Dan Gauthier, and key production crew members Zev Braun (producer) Bill L. Norton (writer/director), Steve Smith (writer/producer), Steve Duncan (creator) and Paul Sinor (military advisor).

The complete series was also released on DVD in Germany by Koch Media between 2012 and 2014, both as individual season sets and complete series sets. These releases replicate the poor quality, music-replacement and extras-free US DVDs but they do reinstate the original version of "Paint It, Black" in the opening credits.

## Reception

### Television ratings

Viewership and ratings per season of *Tour of Duty*
| Season | Episodes | First aired | | | Last aired | | | TV season |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Date | HH
rating | Viewers
(millions) | Date | HH
rating | Viewers
(millions) | |
|  | 21 | September 24, 1987 | 10.6 |  | April 30, 1988 | 8.3 |  | 1987–88 |
|  | 16 | January 3, 1989 | 11.3 | 18.0 | May 16, 1989 | 8.5 | 12.2 | 1988–89 |
|  | 21 | September 23, 1989 | 10.2 | 16.4 | April 28, 1990 | 8.1 | 12.7 | 1989–90 |

### Awards

The series won an Emmy Award in 1988 for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (for "Under Siege"), and it was nominated again in 1989 and 1990.

Emmy Award nominations:

* 1989: Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (for "I Wish it Could Rain")
* 1990: Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (for "And Make Death Proud to Take Us")

Eddie Award nominations

* 1988: Best Edited Episode from a Television Series (for the pilot episode)

* *China Beach*, a similar series set in South Vietnam during the war
* *Combat!*, a similar series set in France during World War II that ran for five seasons (152 episodes) from 1962 to 1967

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23. "Nielsen ratings". Life. *USA Today*. May 4, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306041364.
24. "NBC, laughing all the way". Life. *USA Today*. January 11, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306165080.
25. "NBC clinches season's ratings title". Life. *USA Today*. January 18, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306171627.
26. "NBC scores super ratings". Life. *USA Today*. January 25, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306147740.
27. "Midseason entries boost NBC". Life. *USA Today*. February 1, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306144802.
28. "Comedies sweep up for NBC". Life. *USA Today*. February 8, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306179902.
29. "CBS gallops to a tie with NBC". Life. *USA Today*. February 15, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306163263.
30. "NBC's back alone on top". Life. *USA Today*. February 22, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306175741.
31. "CBS up despite Grammy drop". Life. *USA Today*. March 1, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306152931.
32. "A 'Brewster' boost for ABC". Life. *USA Today*. March 29, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306173300.
33. "ABC's roller-coaster week". Life. *USA Today*. April 5, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306171172.
34. "ABC's hit-and-miss week". Life. *USA Today*. April 12, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306166319.
35. "CBS squeaks by into second". Life. *USA Today*. April 19, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306176608.
36. "We loved CBS' 'Lucy' tribute". Life. *USA Today*. May 3, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306197470.
37. "Bright spots for No. 3 ABC". Life. *USA Today*. May 10, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306210811.
38. "Everybody loved ABC's 'Baby'". Life. *USA Today*. May 24, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306198690.
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46. "'Small Sacrifices' wins big". Life. *USA Today*. November 22, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306257160.
47. "'Cosby' rebounds to lead NBC". Life. *USA Today*. December 6, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306278059.
48. "'Cosby' leads NBC charge". Life. *USA Today*. December 13, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306271476.
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50. "Football fumbles for ABC". Life. *USA Today*. January 10, 1990. p. 3D. ProQuest 306269530.
51. "A 'Grand' entrance for NBC". Life. *USA Today*. January 24, 1990. p. 3D. ProQuest 306288617.
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54. "'Home Videos' a hit for ABC". Life. *USA Today*. February 21, 1990. p. 3D. ProQuest 306320133.
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## InfoBox

| *Tour of Duty* | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card (seasons 2–3) | |
| Genre | Military drama |
| Created by | * Steve Duncan * L. Travis Clark |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Joseph Conlan |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 3 |
| No. of episodes | 58 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Steve Duncan
L. Travis Clark
Ronald L. Schwary |
| Producer | Zev Braun |
| Running time | 47–49 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | CBS |
| Release | September 24, 1987 (1987-09-24)
April 28, 1990 (1990-04-28) |


title: Mexican Federal Highway 145D

abstract: Federal Highway 145D is a toll highway in the state of Veracruz. It connects southern Veracruz to Mexican Federal Highway 150D, continuing the other road's east-west trajectory. The road is operated by Caminos y Puentes Federales, who charges a toll of 183 pesos per car to travel Highway 145D.

text:
# Mexican Federal Highway 145D

**Federal Highway 145D** is a toll highway in the state of Veracruz. It connects southern Veracruz to Mexican Federal Highway 150D, continuing the other road's east-west trajectory. The road is operated by Caminos y Puentes Federales, who charges a toll of 183 pesos per car to travel Highway 145D.

## Route description

Highway 145D begins at an interchange with Highway 150D at La Tinaja, facilitating access to the port of Veracruz or further down Highway 150D toward Puebla and Mexico City. From there, the road heads southeast. At an interchange in Cosamaloapan, travelers encounter one of the highway's two toll plazas; the other is located at Acayucan, where it meets Highway 185. The route designation ends at the interchange with Mexican Federal Highway 185 serving Cosoleacaque and Minatitlán.

The 34 kilometres (21 mi) Cosoleacaque-Nuevo Teapa stretch of Highway 180D continues the west-east routing past Minatitlán and the Coatzacoalcos River toward Nuevo Teapa.

## History

Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo built the highway and operated it until 1998.

## InfoBox

| Federal Highway 145D | |
| --- | --- |
| *Carretera federal 145D* | |
| Autopista La Tinaja-Cosoleacaque | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Caminos y Puentes Federales | |
| Length | 228.1 km (141.7 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Fed. 150D at La Tinaja |
| Major intersections | VER 185 at Cosamaloapan
Fed. 179 north of Ciudad Isla
Fed. 185 near Acayucan |
| East end | Fed. 185 / Fed. 180D in Cosoleacaque |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Veracruz |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Gaudiya Math

abstract: The Gaudiya Math is a Gaudiya Vaishnava matha formed on 6 September 1920, about 30 months after Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati took sannyasa, the renounced order of life. On 7 March 1918, the same day he took sannyasa, he established the Sri Chaitanya Math in Mayapura in West Bengal, later recognised as the parent body of all the Gaudiya Math branches. Its purpose was to spread Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the philosophy of the medieval Vaisnava saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, through preaching and publishing. From the beginning of Chaitanya's bhakti movement in Bengal, devotees, including Haridasa Thakur and others, whether Muslim or Hindu by birth, have been participants. This openness and disregard for the traditional caste received a boost from the "broad-minded vision" of Bhaktivinoda Thakura, a nineteenth-century magistrate and prolific writer on bhakti topics, and was institutionalised by his son and successor Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura in the twentieth-century Gaudiya Math.

text:
# Gaudiya Math

The **Gaudiya Math** (/mʌt/, /mɑːt/; *Gauḍīya Maṭha*) is a Gaudiya Vaishnava *matha* (monastic organisation) formed on 6 September 1920, about 30 months after Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati took *sannyasa*, the renounced order of life. On 7 March 1918, the same day he took *sannyasa,* he established the Sri Chaitanya Math in Mayapura in West Bengal, later recognised as the parent body of all the Gaudiya Math branches. Its purpose was to spread Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the philosophy of the medieval Vaisnava saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, through preaching and publishing.

From the beginning of Chaitanya's bhakti movement in Bengal, devotees, including Haridasa Thakur and others, whether Muslim or Hindu by birth, have been participants. This openness and disregard for the traditional caste received a boost from the "broad-minded vision" of Bhaktivinoda Thakura, a nineteenth-century magistrate and prolific writer on *bhakti* topics, and was institutionalised by his son and successor Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura in the twentieth-century Gaudiya Math.

## Branches

The Gaudiya Math had established 64 branches. Most were in India, but preaching centres were maintained for a time in British Burma, England and Germany. The first European preaching center was established in London in 1933 (London Glouster House, Cornwall Garden, W7 South Kensington) under the name Gaudiya Mission Society of London'. Lord Zetland, the English Secretary of State, was the president of this society. The second European preaching center was opened by Swami B.H. Bon Maharaj in Berlin (W30 Eisenacherstr. 29).

## History

Soon after the Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati's death (1 January 1937), a dispute began and the original Gaudiya Math mission divided by the court in 1948 into two administrative bodies which continued preaching on their own, up to the present day. In a settlement they divided the 64 Gaudiya Math centers into two groups. Sri Chaitanya Math Branch were headed by Srila Bhakti Vilasa Tirtha Maharaj. Gaudiya Mission were headed by Ananta Vasudev Prabhu, who became known as Srila Bhakti Prasad Puri Maharaj after accepting sannyasa for short duration.

Many of the disciples of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati did not agree with the spirit of these newly created two fractions, or were simply inspired to expand the mission of their guru on their own enthusiasm, started their own missions. Many of these autonomous missions are still known as Gaudiya Math. Some of the other notable new missions are:

Some are very large missions, and some are smaller branches started by individual Vaishnavas. What they hold in common is that they are autonomous branches of the tree of the Gaudiya Math. Almost all of them have published books and periodicals and opened one or more temples. There is little cooperation among these missions. Nevertheless, in 1994 many of them formed united the World Vaisnava Association — Visva Vaisnava Raj Sabha (WVA–VVRS).

## References and notes

## InfoBox

Sri Gaudiya Math
| গৌড়ীয় মঠ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Successor | Gaudiya Mission and Sri Chaitanya Math |
| Established | 6 September 1920 (1920-09-06) |
| Founder | Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati |
| Founded at | Calcutta, British India |
| Dissolved | 1937 (1937) |
| Type | Religious organization |
| Purpose | Educational, Philanthropic, Religious studies, Spirituality |
| Headquarters | Calcutta, British India |
| Location |  |
| Region served | British India
British Burma
London, UK
Berlin, Germany |
| Official languages | Bengali, English |
| Affiliations | Gaudiya Vaishnavism |


title: Gelato Italia

abstract: Gelato Italia is a British company producing high-end Italian frozen desserts. Their factory is based in Southend-on-Sea, Essex. Gelato Italia operate nationally in the UK with ice cream vans, kiosks and parlours; Founded in 2011, the company started producing gelato.

text:
# Gelato Italia

**Gelato Italia** is a British company producing high-end Italian frozen desserts. Their factory is based in Southend-on-Sea, Essex. Gelato Italia operate nationally in the UK with ice cream vans, kiosks and parlours;

Founded in 2011, the company started producing gelato.

## Products

Gelato Italia produces over thirty different flavours of gelato, made of milk, water and a little cream only. Gelato Italia produces gelato, ice cream, sorbet, granita slush ice, and frozen yogurt. The company sells nationally to wholesalers, restaurants, grocery stores and ice cream parlours.

## InfoBox

Gelato Italia
|
|  |
| Industry | Retail, Foodservice & Wholesale |
| Founder | Antonio Siciliani & Stephen Siciliani |
| Headquarters | Essex, United Kingdom |
| Products | Gelato & Ice Cream, Sorbet, Slush (beverage) & Frozen Yogurt |
| Website | www.gelatoitalia.co.uk |


title: Michael Comiskey

abstract: Michael Comiskey is an Irish Fine Gael politician, a former senator and farmer. He was elected to the 24th Seanad in April 2011 on the Agricultural Panel. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 2007 general election for the Sligo–North Leitrim constituency, polling 4,936 first preference votes (12.4%). He also unsuccessfully contested the 2007 Seanad election. He is a member of the Irish Farmers' Association (IFA) and is a former chairman of County Leitrim branch of the IFA. He was the Fine Gael Seanad spokesperson on Agriculture, Marine and Food during his term.

text:
# Michael Comiskey

**Michael Comiskey** (born 1 October 1953) is an Irish Fine Gael politician, a former senator and farmer. He was elected to the 24th Seanad in April 2011 on the Agricultural Panel. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 2007 general election for the Sligo–North Leitrim constituency, polling 4,936 first preference votes (12.4%). He also unsuccessfully contested the 2007 Seanad election.

He is a member of the Irish Farmers' Association (IFA) and is a former chairman of County Leitrim branch of the IFA.

He was the Fine Gael Seanad spokesperson on Agriculture, Marine and Food during his term.

## InfoBox

| Michael Comiskey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senator | |
| **In office**
25 May 2011  8 June 2016 | |
| Constituency | Agricultural Panel |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1953-10-01) 1 October 1953
Manorhamilton, County Leitrim, Ireland |
| Political party | Fine Gael |
|  | |


title: Notelaea pungens

abstract: Notelaea pungens is a species of flowering plant in the olive family that is endemic to south-eastern Queensland, Australia.

text:
# Notelaea pungens

***Notelaea pungens*** is a species of flowering plant in the olive family that is endemic to south-eastern Queensland, Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Notelaea pungens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Oleaceae |
| Genus: | *Notelaea* |
| Species: | ***N. pungens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Notelaea pungens***<br>Guymer, 1987 | |
|