title: Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

abstract: The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) underlies 1.4 million square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary basin consists of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins. The WCSB contains one of the world's largest reserves of petroleum and natural gas and supplies much of the North American market, producing more than 450 million cubic metres per day of gas in 2000. It also has huge reserves of coal. Of the provinces and territories within the WCSB, Alberta has most of the oil and gas reserves and almost all of the oil sands.

text:
# Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

The **Western Canada Sedimentary Basin** (**WCSB**) underlies 1.4 million square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary basin consists of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins. The WCSB contains one of the world's largest reserves of petroleum and natural gas and supplies much of the North American market, producing more than 450 million cubic metres (16 billion cubic feet) per day of gas in 2000. It also has huge reserves of coal. Of the provinces and territories within the WCSB, Alberta has most of the oil and gas reserves and almost all of the oil sands.

## Conventional oil

The WCSB is considered a mature area for exploration of petroleum and recent development has tended toward natural gas and oil sands rather than conventional oil. In the WCSB, conventional oil is of two different types: light crude oil and heavy crude oil, each with different costs, prices, and development strategies. Conventional light oil is a mature industry with most of the recoverable oil reserves already produced and production declining by three to four percent per year. Conventional heavy oil is also past its production peak with a future of long-term decline. Alberta, which contains most of the reserves, expects its light-medium crude oil production to decline by 42% from 2006 to 2016, while it expects heavy crude production to decrease by 35% over the same period. However, it also expects bitumen and synthetic crude oil from oil sands will considerably more than offset the decline in conventional crude oil and account for 87% of Alberta oil production by 2016.

For light oil, the petroleum industry is searching for the remaining undiscovered pools, drilling infill oil wells, or redeveloping existing pools using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques such as waterfloods, miscible floods, and carbon dioxide injection. Currently, only about 27 percent of light oil is recovered, leaving large opportunities for improvement.

For conventional heavy oil, the industry is exploring new zones in undrilled portions of the basin to find remaining undiscovered pools, or to apply EOR schemes such as water floods, thermal projects, and miscible floods such as the Vapour Extraction Process (VAPEX) technology. Only 15 percent of heavy oil is currently being recovered, leaving a large volume for future recovery.

Improved seismic and drilling technology, higher recoveries from existing pools through infill drilling, and efficient, cost-effective exploration and development of smaller pools are maintaining levels of conventional oil production in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. As the basin matures, the resource triangle with few large pools at the top, and many small pools at the base is being economically pursued deeper into the smaller pool segment as a result of these efficiencies.

## Oil sands

According to the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB, now known as the **Alberta Energy Regulator,** the AER), Alberta's oil sands areas contain an ultimately recoverable crude bitumen resource of 50 billion cubic metres (315 billion barrels), with remaining established reserves of almost 28 billion cubic metres (174 billion barrels) at year-end 2004.

The Athabasca Oil Sands, the Cold Lake Oil Sands and the Peace River Oil Sands, which contain initial oil-in-place reserves of 260 billion cubic metres (1.6 trillion barrels), an amount comparable to the total world reserves of conventional oil. The World Energy Council reported (2007) that the three Alberta oil sands areas contain at least two-thirds of the world's discovered bitumen in place. These three major oil sands areas, all in Alberta, have reserves that dwarf those of the conventional oil fields. By 2007 the Alberta natural bitumen deposits were the source of over one third of the crude oil produced in Canada.

As a result of the oil price increases since 2003, the number of major mining, upgrading and thermal in-situ projects has grown to some 46 existing and proposed projects, encompassing 135 project expansion phases in various stages of execution. Estimates of capital expenditures to construct all announced projects over the period 2006 to 2015 total $125 billion. According to a Statistics Canada 2006 report, this extremely high level of activity has caused a severe labor shortage in Alberta and driven unemployment rates to their lowest level in history  the lowest of all 10 Canadian provinces and 50 U.S. states. This is the main factor limiting growth of oil sands production in the WCSB.

## Natural gas

Canada is the third largest producer and second largest exporter of gas in the world, with the vast majority of it coming from the WCSB. The WCSB is estimated to have 143 trillion cubic feet (4,000 km3) of marketable gas remaining (discovered and undiscovered), which represents about two thirds of Canadian gas reserves. Over half of the gas produced is exported to the United States.

However, Canadian gas reserves represent less than one percent of world reserves and are rapidly becoming exhausted according to a 2010 paper. The majority of the large gas pools have been discovered and a significant portion of the discovered reserves has been produced. Production from the basin peaked in 2001 at around 16 billion cubic feet (450,000,000 m3) per day and was predicted in 2003, by the National Energy Board to be likely to decline from that level. The overall decline rate increased from 13 percent per year in 1992 to 23 percent in 2002, which means 3.8 billion cubic feet per day (110,000,000 m3/d) of production must be replaced each year just to keep production constant. With the basin being largely explored and operators finding less gas with each new well, this seems improbable. New gas reserves in the WCSB will likely come from unconventional sources such as coalbed methane (CBM).

The number of coalbed methane wells in Alberta more than doubled in 2005, to 7764 by the end of that year, producing nearly 0.5 billion cubic feet (14,000,000 m3) of gas per day. More than 95 percent of the CBM wells were completed in the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon and Belly River formations, at typical depths of 300 to 2,400 feet (91–732 m). About 4 percent of the CBM wells are completed in the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Formation, at depths of 2,300 to 4,300 feet (700–1,310 m).

Author David J. Hughes in his 2004 book entitled *North America's Natural Gas Crisis*, predicted that the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin would likely continue to be the main gas supply area in Canada for many years; however, declining production and the likelihood that much of the gas will be diverted to fuel new oil sands plants mean that the probability of there being sufficient surplus gas to meet projected U.S. demand is low, and the US will have to look elsewhere for future gas supplies.

## Coal

The WCSB contains about 90 percent of Canada's usable coal resources. Their rank ranges from lignite to semianthracite. About 36 percent of the total estimated 71,000 megatonnes of usable coal is bituminous, including a high proportion of medium to low volatile coals. The low sulfur content and acceptable ash levels of these bituminous coals make them attractive as coking feedstocks, and large quantities are mined for that purpose. However, the lack of heavy industry in Western Canada means that only a limited amount of this coal is consumed in Canada, and most is exported to Japan, Korea and other countries. The lower rank coals are used mainly for electricity generation, where the existence of shallow coal seams with little overburden make strip-mining and reclamation easy, and low sulfur levels reduce the environmental impact of their use.

## Further reading

55°N 112°W / 55°N 112°W / 55; -112


title: Roseina Boston

abstract: Roseina "Auntie Rose" Boston was an Gumbaynggirr Aboriginal elder known for her gumleaf music. Her Indigenous name was Wanangaa, meaning "stop".

text:
# Roseina Boston

**Roseina "Auntie Rose" Boston** (3 March 1935 – September 2018) was an Gumbaynggirr Aboriginal elder known for her gumleaf music. Her Indigenous name was Wanangaa, meaning "stop".

## Career

Growing up on Stuart Island, New South Wales, Australia in an area that is now a golf course, she learned how to play the local eucalyptus gum leaves after hearing her uncles play.

Boston took part in the Australian Gumleaf Playing Championships, which ran between 1977 and 1997. No Indigenous person ever won the competition, but Boston did place fourth.

Her album, *Aunty Rose and the gumleaf,* was released in 2000 and Boston became the only female gumleaf player to have her music recorded for CD. She also painted.

Through her career, Boston was played frequently on Australian radio, and audio and video recordings of her work are held at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, National Library of Australia, Department of Music Monash University, and National Film and Sound Archive.

Roseina Boston died in 2018, and was survived by her husband Harry Boston.

## InfoBox

| Roseina Boston | |
| --- | --- |
| Wanangaa | |
| Born | (1935-03-03)3 March 1935<br>Stuart Island, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | September 2018 (2018-10) (aged 83) |
| Other names | Auntie Rose |
| **Musical career** | |
| Instrument | Gumleaf |
|  | |


title: Howard Mechanic

abstract: Howard Lawrence Mechanic was an undergraduate student at Washington University in St. Louis who went into hiding for 28 years after being accused of throwing a cherry bomb at the university's ROTC building during a Vietnam War protest in May 1970. Mechanic denied throwing the firecracker. No one was injured, but Mechanic was charged under the Civil Obedience Act of 1968 and sentenced to five years in prison. During his appeals, he fled and subsequently lived under the assumed name of "Gary Robert Tredway" in Scottsdale, Arizona. His identity as Howard Mechanic became known when he decided to run for office on the Scottsdale City Council in 2000. He was discovered following an interview with reporter Penny Overton of the Scottsdale Tribune, who became suspicious after running a background check. Mechanic tried to dissuade Overton from publishing the story by falsely claiming that he had leukemia, but the newspaper published the story anyway. Mechanic turned himself in on February 10, 2000, and was immediately sent to prison to serve out his term. New charges were also filed against him of faking his identity and using a false name to acquire public documents including a driver's license and a passport. Mechanic received a pardon from President Bill Clinton in January 2001.

text:
# Howard Mechanic

**Howard Lawrence Mechanic** was an undergraduate student at Washington University in St. Louis who went into hiding for 28 years after being accused of throwing a cherry bomb at the university's ROTC building during a Vietnam War protest in May 1970.

Mechanic denied throwing the firecracker. No one was injured, but Mechanic was charged under the Civil Obedience Act of 1968 and sentenced to five years in prison. During his appeals, he fled and subsequently lived under the assumed name of "**Gary Robert Tredway**" in Scottsdale, Arizona.

His identity as Howard Mechanic became known when he decided to run for office on the Scottsdale City Council in 2000. He was discovered following an interview with reporter Penny Overton of the *Scottsdale Tribune*, who became suspicious after running a background check. Mechanic tried to dissuade Overton from publishing the story by falsely claiming that he had leukemia, but the newspaper published the story anyway. Mechanic turned himself in on February 10, 2000, and was immediately sent to prison to serve out his term. New charges were also filed against him of faking his identity and using a false name to acquire public documents including a driver's license and a passport.

Mechanic received a pardon from President Bill Clinton in January 2001.


abstract: Umbilical cord ulceration and intestinal atresia is a rare congenital disease that leads to intestinal atresia, umbilical cord ulceration and severe intrauterine haemorrhage. Only 15 cases have so far been reported, though newer studies are beginning to conclude that this disease has a higher incidence rate than has been previously reported. A particular study has given intestinal atresia and umbilical cord ulceration a clear link after 5 such cases were reported at the time of publication.

text:
# Umbilical cord ulceration and intestinal atresia

**Umbilical cord ulceration and intestinal atresia** is a rare congenital disease that leads to intestinal atresia, umbilical cord ulceration and severe intrauterine haemorrhage. Only 15 cases have so far been reported, though newer studies are beginning to conclude that this disease has a higher incidence rate than has been previously reported. A particular study has given intestinal atresia and umbilical cord ulceration a clear link after 5 such cases were reported at the time of publication.

## InfoBox

| Umbilical cord ulceration and intestinal atresia | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Umbilical cord ulcer with intestinal atresia |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology |


title: Minister of Finance of Saint Lucia

abstract: Minister of Finance of Saint Lucia is a cabinet minister in charge of the Ministry of Finance, Economic Development and the Youth Economy of Saint Lucia, responsible for public finances of the country. The ministry is located at Financial Administrative Center, Pointe Seraphine, Castries. The first minister of finance who was not prime minister, was Stephenson King in June 2007.

text:
# Minister of Finance of Saint Lucia

**Minister of Finance of Saint Lucia** is a cabinet minister in charge of the Ministry of Finance, Economic Development and the Youth Economy of Saint Lucia, responsible for public finances of the country. The ministry is located at Financial Administrative Center, Pointe Seraphine, Castries. The first minister of finance who was not prime minister, was Stephenson King in June 2007.

## Ministers of Finance

| Name | Took office | Left office | Party | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Compton | April 1964 | July 1979 | UWP |  |
| Allan Louisy | July 1979 | May 1981 | SLP |  |
| Winston Cenac | May 1981 | January 1982 | SLP |  |
| Michael Pilgrim | January 1982 | May 1982 | PLP |  |
| John Compton | May 1982 | April 1996 | UWP |  |
| Vaughan Lewis | April 1996 | May 1997 | UWP |  |
| Kenny Anthony | May 1997 | December 2006 | SLP |  |
| John Compton | December 2006 | June 2007 | UWP |  |
| Stephenson King | June 2007 | November 2011 | UWP |  |
| Kenny Anthony | November 2011 | June 2016 | SLP |  |
| Allen Chastanet | June 2016 | July 2021 | UWP |  |
| Philip J. Pierre | July 2021 | Incumbent | SLP |  |


title: Johannes Pullois

abstract: Johannes Pullois was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, active in both the Low Countries and Italy. He was one of the early generation of composers to carry the Franco-Flemish polyphonic style from its home region in the Netherlands to Italy. He was probably born in Pulle, near Antwerp, but nothing is known about his life until he became zangmeester at the church of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1443. He unsuccessfully auditioned with Philip the Good for the Burgundian court chapel, but was not accepted for a position. He then went to Rome in 1447 where he sang in the papal chapel until 1468. He returned to Antwerp, becoming residential canon at the same church at which he had worked in the 1440s, and he died there in 1478. During his career he was a colleague of both Johannes Philibert and Johannes Ockeghem.

text:
# Johannes Pullois

**Johannes Pullois** (numerous variant spellings of his name include **Pillays**, **Pilloys**, **Pylois**, **Pyloys**, **Pyllois,** **Puilloys,** **Puylloys,** **Puyllois**) (died 23 August 1478) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, active in both the Low Countries and Italy. He was one of the early generation of composers to carry the Franco-Flemish polyphonic style from its home region in the Netherlands to Italy.

He was probably born in Pulle, near Antwerp, but nothing is known about his life until he became *zangmeester* (singing master) at the church of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1443. He unsuccessfully auditioned with Philip the Good for the Burgundian court chapel, but was not accepted for a position. He then went to Rome in 1447 where he sang in the papal chapel until 1468. He returned to Antwerp, becoming residential canon at the same church at which he had worked in the 1440s, and he died there in 1478. During his career he was a colleague of both Johannes Philibert and Johannes Ockeghem.

## Music and influence

One complete cyclic mass has survived, a *Missa sine nomine*, for three voices; most likely dating from the 1450s, it is one of the earliest cyclic masses to be written on the continent. It shows such influence of English music that it has been mistaken for the work of an anonymous English composer. The mass displays a complex transmission pattern, which has confused its dating and provenance.

Pullois also wrote a motet for the Christmas season *Flos de spina*, which is similar stylistically to works by Ockeghem, and may have been written during his time in Italy. One other motet, *Victime paschali laudes*, and three sacred contrafacta of secular songs have survived.

He also wrote 14 secular songs (including the three with contrafactum texts) which appear in various sources from Italy as well as Germany.

## Works

### Masses and mass fragments

1. *Missa sine nomine* (3 voices)
2. *Gloria* (4 voices)

### Motets

1. *Flos de spina* (4 voices)
2. *Globus igneus* (Contrafactum of "Quelque cose", 3 voices)
3. *O beata Maria* (Contrafactum of "De ma dame", 3 voices; not attributed to Pullois in the original)
4. *Resone unice genito* (Contrafactum of "Puis que Fortune", 3 voices)
5. *Victime paschali laudes*, (3 voices)

### Secular

1. *De ma dame* (rondeau, 3 voices)
2. *He n'esse pas* (rondeau, 3 voices)
3. *Je ne puis* (3 voices: no text)
4. *La bonté du Saint Esperit* (ballade, 3 voices)
5. *Le serviteur* (3 voices)
6. *Les larmes*, (3 voices: no text)
7. *Op eenen tijd*, 3 voices (not attributed to Pullois in the original)
8. *Pour prison*, (3 voices: no text)
9. *Pour toutes fleurs*, (rondeau, 3 voices)
10. *Puisque fortune* (rondeau, 3 voices)
11. *Quelque cose* (rondeau, 3 voices)
12. *Quelque langage*, (rondeau, 3 voices)
13. *Se ung bien peu*, (rondeau, 3 voices)
14. *So lanc so meer*, (3 voices, attribution uncertain)

* Gareth Curtis: "Jean Pullois and the Cyclic Mass: Or a Case of Mistaken Identity?” Music and Letters 62 (1981): 41–59.
* Keith Mixter: "Johannes Pullois," in *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
* Gustave Reese, *Music in the Renaissance*. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
* Starr, Pamela. L. Macy (ed.). *Johannes Pullois*. Grove Music Online. Retrieved 29 October 2010. (subscription required)
* Pamela Starr: *Music and music patronage at the papal court, 1447-1464*. PhD diss. Yale University, 1987.


title: Offutt Covered Bridge

abstract: Offutt Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge located near Rushville, Indiana in Posey Township, Rush County, Indiana. It was built in 1884 by Emmett L. Kennedy and his brother Charles. It is a Burr Arch bridge, 85 feet (26 m) long over the Little Blue River. The bridge has rounded arch portals and decorative scrollwork that are signatures of the Kennedy firm. It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1983, as part of a multiple property submission covering six bridges built by the Kennedy family firm.

text:
# Offutt Covered Bridge

**Offutt Covered Bridge** is a historic covered bridge located near Rushville, Indiana in Posey Township, Rush County, Indiana. It was built in 1884 by Emmett L. Kennedy and his brother Charles. It is a Burr Arch bridge, 85 feet (26 m) long over the Little Blue River. The bridge has rounded arch portals and decorative scrollwork that are signatures of the Kennedy firm.

It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1983, as part of a multiple property submission covering six bridges built by the Kennedy family firm.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Offutt Covered Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Offutt Covered Bridge, November 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | N. Offutt's Ford Covered Bridge Road, northwest of Rushville, Posey Township, Rush County, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 39°39′36″N 85°32′22″W / 39.66000°N 85.53944°W / 39.66000; -85.53944 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1884 (1884) |
| Built by | Kennedy, Emmett L., & Charles F. |
| Architectural style | Burr Arch Truss System |
| MPS | Kennedy, A. M., House and Covered Bridges of Rush County TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 83000098 |
| Added to NRHP | February 2, 1983 |


abstract: "I Won't Let You Go" is a song by British singer James Morrison. The song was released as the first single from his third studio album, The Awakening. The song was first released on 25 August 2011, with the first country receiving a release being Belgium. According to Songfacts, Morrison wrote the mid-tempo ballad about Gill, his long-term girlfriend and the mother of his daughter. The song was used as a promo for the 2012 season of Home and Away.

text:
# I Won't Let You Go (James Morrison song)

"**I Won't Let You Go**" is a song by British singer James Morrison. The song was released as the first single from his third studio album, *The Awakening*. The song was first released on 25 August 2011, with the first country receiving a release being Belgium. According to Songfacts, Morrison wrote the mid-tempo ballad about Gill, his long-term girlfriend and the mother of his daughter. The song was used as a promo for the 2012 season of *Home and Away*.

## Critical reception

Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song an average review stating: ""Take a little time to hold yourself/ Take a little time to feel around," he insists in his unmistakable gruff tones, before the lilting guitars and gentle piano riff shift gear for the swaying, '60s slow-dance chorus. Truth be told there are more adventurous songs in his catalogue, but given his situation, we'd be inclined to play it safe too."

Jon O'Brien wrote for AllMusic that ""I Won't Let You Go" follows the same heartfelt, acoustic, tearjerker template as his previous two lead singles;." Pip Elwood wrote a positive review for "Entertainment Focus", stating that "The album’s lead single is a progression from Morrison’s usual sound. The stripped-back song is a heart-wrenching track with a passionate vocal from Morrison."

## Chart performance

The song debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart, becoming his third top-five hit and biggest hit since "Broken Strings" (2008). In the second week, the song dropped only one spot, falling to number six. Elsewhere in Europe, the song attained a lot of success. On the Austrian Singles Chart, the song was Morrison's first number-one single, surpassing his previous peak of number two, with the song "Broken Strings". In Australia, the song reached 13, Morrison's first appearance in the top 20 since "You Give Me Something" which reached number 7 in 2006.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "I Won't Let You Go" was first released onto YouTube on 4 August 2011 at a total length of three minutes and fifty-nine seconds. The video was shot at Wimbledon Studios, and directed by Phil Griffin. In the clip, Morrison wakes up to an empty bed, while somewhere in the city, his loved one is lying alone in the middle of the street. When he runs into her, he quickly offers his comfort and lies beside her.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Won't Let You Go" | 3:49 |
| 2. | "Broken Strings" (Live at the iTunes Festival, London 2011) | 5:29 |
| 3. | "Undiscovered" (Live at the iTunes Festival, London 2011) | 4:04 |

CD single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Won't Let You Go" | 3:49 |
| 2. | "Right by Your Side" (Live at Church Studios) | 4:58 |

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 4× Platinum | 280,000 |
| Germany (BVMI) | Gold | 150,000 |
| Italy (FIMI) | Platinum | 30,000* |
| Sweden (GLF) | Platinum | 40,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 600,000 |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Country | Release date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Belgium | August 25, 2011 | Digital download | Island Records |
| Ireland | | | September 16, 2011 |
| Germany | September 16, 2011 | | CD single |
| United Kingdom | September 18, 2011 | | Digital download |

## Other versions

In 2013, Australian singer Taylor Henderson recorded a version for his album *Taylor Henderson*.

In April 2012, Daniel Evans, a finalist on *The X Factor UK* released an acoustic version on his YouTube channel. It also featured on his 2013 album *Wicked Game*.

## InfoBox

| "I Won't Let You Go" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by James Morrison | |
| from the album  *The Awakening* | |
| B-side | "Right by Your Side" |
| Released | * 25 August 2011 (Belgium) * 16 September 2011 (Germany) |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:49 |
| Label | Island |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Mark Taylor |
| James Morrison singles chronology | |
| "Get to You"
(2009) "**I Won't Let You Go**"
(2011) "Up"
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "James Morrison - I Won't Let You Go (Official Video)" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Q-Force

abstract: Q-Force is an American adult animated comedy television series created by Gabe Liedman for Netflix. In April 2019, Netflix ordered 10 episodes of the series, with Liedman as a showrunner, along with Sean Hayes, Michael Schur, Todd Milliner and others as executive producers. It was released on September 2, 2021. On June 27, 2022, Netflix cancelled the series after one season. The series was widely panned by critics.

text:
# Q-Force

***Q-Force*** is an American adult animated comedy television series created by Gabe Liedman for Netflix. In April 2019, Netflix ordered 10 episodes of the series, with Liedman as a showrunner, along with Sean Hayes, Michael Schur, Todd Milliner and others as executive producers. It was released on September 2, 2021.

On June 27, 2022, Netflix cancelled the series after one season. The series was widely panned by critics.

## Premise

This series is about Queer Force (Q-Force), a group of undervalued LGBT superspies, and is centered on a gay secret agent who is like James Bond, Steve Maryweather (also known as Agent Mary), as they try to prove themselves on personal and professional adventures. One day, Mary decides to prove himself to the American Intelligence Agency (AIA), solve a case, and get the approval of the agency, but they have to add a new member to their team, a straight man.

## Voice cast and characters

### Main

* Steve Maryweather (voiced by Sean Hayes) – Also known as Agent Mary, Steve was formerly a rising star of the AIA before he came out as gay. He heads the Q-Force team consisting of himself, Stat, Twink, and Deb.
* Twink (voiced by Matt Rogers) – A gay French Canadian who is a "Master of drag" and part of the Q-Force.
* Deb (voiced by Wanda Sykes) – A skilled lesbian mechanic who is part of the Q-Force and has a wife.
* Stat (voiced by Patti Harrison) – A hacker who is part of the Q-Force. Her orientation is ambiguous and not explicitly stated within the show. She forms a relationship with a sentient computer program named Jacqueline who chooses to take on a female avatar.
* Director Dirk Chunley (voiced by Gary Cole) – The director of the AIA who is straight and hard-nosed.
* Agent Rick Buck (voiced by David Harbour) – A straight agent brought into the Q-Force team once they became official spies, serving as a liaison between them and the AIA.
* V (voiced by Laurie Metcalf) – The deputy director of the AIA and highest-ranking woman in the agency, who has a soft spot for Mary.

### Recurring

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.<br>code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Rogue" | Josh Taback | Gabe Liedman | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 101 |
| In 2011, Steve Maryweather, the top recruit at the academy of the American Intelligence Agency (AIA), comes out as gay during his graduation ceremony and subsequently finds himself discriminated against by the majority of his colleagues. AIA Director Dirk Chunley, believing LGBT+ agents are less effective than straight ones, sidelines Steve by assigning him to West Hollywood, as it has a large LGBT+ community and no significance to national security. Ten years later in 2021, Steve remains at his posting and has a team that he has recruited over the years, namely mechanic and driver Deb, disguise artist Twink and expert hacker Stat, all of whom are also LGBT+. The team is additionally called 'Q-Force' behind their backs, as a play on the word queer. Tired of continually having no assignments from the AIA, Steve convinces the team to go rogue and find an assignment themselves. Based on a tip-off from Twink, the team finds a Chechen terrorist at a gay bar and apprehend him. They discover information linking the terrorist to a nuclear bomb plot and when confronted by Chunley for going rogue, AIA Deputy Director V defends the team and has them promoted. As the team settle into their new, upgraded HQ in West Hollywood and formally adopt the name Q-Force, Steve's old academy rival Rick Buck is assigned by Chunley to supervise them. | | | | | |
| 2 | "Deb's BBQ" | Jeanette Moreno King | Megan Amram | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 102 |
| After being commissioned as an upgraded team within the AIA, Steve and his team await the arrival of Deputy Director V to oversee the hacking of encrypted data related to the stolen uranium plot that the team uncovered from the Chechen terrorist. Seeking to impress V, Steve authorises Stat to begin the hack early but Stat trips a security fail-safe and the team are soon left with only 2 hours to override the fail-safe before the data is destroyed, during which time Stat succumbs to fatigue. At the same time, Buck and Twink clash over Twink's value as a spy, leading to Twink questioning his value after having flashbacks to his childhood being raised by demanding parents. With Twink and Stat both in crisis, Steve seeks Deb's help as she hosts her annual BBQ with her wife Pam for their lesbian friends on her day off. Deb begrudgingly agrees to help, on the condition that nobody in Q-Force tells Pam that she is a spy. Together, the team fixes Stat's fatigue and stops the fail-safe from destroying the data, although V arrives and discovers Steve authorised the hack without her approval. V tells Steve he should be less forthright in future whilst a recovered Twink, disguised as Steve, reprimands Buck and says he should be kinder to Twink in future. | | | | | |
| 3 | "Backache Mountain" | Alex Salyer | Guy Branum | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 103 |
| Based on the decrypted data from the Chechen terrorist, the team are sent to a rural mining town in Wyoming to investigate the source of the stolen uranium. Upon arrival, mission leader Buck sidelines Stat, Deb and Twink to investigate the town whilst Buck and Steve investigate the uranium mine. They discover the mine is staffed by automated robots and that only one human employee, Ennis, remains to provide maintenance. Realising that Ennis is gay, Buck and Steve compete to seduce him for information, resulting in Buck being incapacitated and Steve failing to seduce Ennis on the first try. After advice about sex on missions from V and Buck, Steve successfully seduces Ennis and steals information from him, discovering that the automated robots are the ones stealing uranium. Meanwhile, in the town, Deb, Stat and Twink pose as Erin Brokovich and her camera crew to dig for information, eventually stumbling upon a plot by local, laid-off mineworkers to imminently blow up the mine. Steve rescues Buck and Ennis from the collapsing mine after the bomb goes off whilst Stat, Twink and Deb steal a robot and some uranium from the Chechen's to track their whereabouts. As Deb returns home, she discovers her wife Pam has been kidnapped by the Chechens, who demand the uranium returned. | | | | | |
| 4 | "EuropeVision" | Josh Taback | Matt Rogers | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 104 |
| Following Pam's kidnapping, Q-Force is dispatched to the annual EuropeVision song contest where Pam is being held hostage. V instructs the team to recover Pam by faking an exchange for the uranium whilst stressing they cannot let the uranium fall into enemy hands. The small nation of Gyenorvya is hosting EuropeVision and upon arrival, the team find their contact for the mission is Mira Popadopolous, the Princess of Gyenorvya. Mira arranges for Q-Force to enter the EuropeVision arena as part of the entourage for Vox Tux, the Gynenorvyan entry. Whilst Steve contends with an impulsive, impatient Deb and Buck has sex with Mira, Twink begins a rivalry with Vox that results in Vox dying and Twink taking over her role in disguise. Twink, Steve and Deb discover that Pam has been disguised as EuropeVision co-host Vonda and rescue her successfully. Deb resigns from the AIA immediately afterwards and admits to Pam that she is a spy. When Deb and Pam leave, Steve is knocked out and captured by EuropeVision host Demetrius Viszion, whom Stat discovers is using EuropeVision as a cover for international arms deals. With Steve due to be auctioned off by Kazakhstan, Deb returns to Q-Force at Pam's urging and the team works together to successfully rescue Steve, kill Demetrius and recover the uranium. V arrives in the aftermath to congratulate Q-Force, but when asked by Mira about her former partner, Caryn, V realises she has missing memories. | | | | | |
| 5 | "WeHo Confidential" | Alex Salyer | Max Silvestri | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 105 |
| Steve and his boyfriend Benji attend a party hosted by gay billionaire Chasten Barkley, a former friend of Steve's who knows his true identity as a spy. Chasten asks Steve to investigate the mysterious disappearance of his assistant Patrick and Steve finds that the West Hollywood Sheriff Department has no interest in Patrick's disappearance. He also encounters Patrick's roommate, Toluca Lake, who reveals Patrick went missing at a secret rave. Steve asks Antoni, an old friend of Benji's, for more information about the rave but Antoni is killed in a scooter bomb meant for Steve, set off by Detective Gosh of the Sheriff Department. Steve discovers the rave's location from Antoni's phone and goes undercover there with Twink and Buck. The team find that Sheriff Globuchar and her officers are kidnapping gay men and forcing them to act in TV programmes to create content that will enrich the Sheriff's Department. Steve, Twink and Buck rescue the kidnapped actors, kill Gosh and capture Globuchar just before Chasten arrives on a boat to rescue them. However, Chasten betrays Steve by kidnapping the rescued actors, revealing himself as another villain with Toluca as his henchwoman. Meanwhile, Pam successfully undergoes spy training as part of therapy with Deb and the two help V recover her missing memories, during which V finds the AIA wiped her memories of Caryn on Director Chunley's orders. | | | | | |
| 6 | "The Secretaries' Ball" | Jeanette Moreno King | Chloe Keenan | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 106 |
| In the aftermath of Chasten's betrayal, Twink and Stat are sent undercover into Chasten's company to recover the kidnapped actors. Meanwhile, Steve and Deb go to Intellicon, a major networking event for spies, in order to lobby for more influence and funding for Q-Force. However, V recruits them to break into Director Chunley's office to recover information on her brainwashing. Despite agreeing to undertake the mission, Steve chooses to attend Chunley's party instead so he can network with the AIA's senior leadership. V and Deb break into the AIA regardless, later being joined by Steve and the three end up being confronted at gunpoint by Director Chunley and his secretary Louisa. Chunley reveals that V shot and killed Caryn during their last mission together, leading V to escape before she can be arrested. On the undercover mission, Twink and Stat are introduced to Chasten's elite hacking team by Toluca, who easily enthrals Stat with her charms, worrying Twink. He decides to carry on with the mission alone and works with Jacqueline Box, Stat's AI assistant and lover, to uncover information about the secret ingredient to Chasten's beauty products. However, Chasten and Toluca capture Buck, Twink and Stat, who reveal that the secret ingredient comes from the residue after crushing young men to death. With Buck, Twink and the actors about to be crushed, Jacqueline sacrifices herself to go into Chasten's mainframe, successfully destroying the system at the cost of her own life. Buck arrests Chasten and Toluca whilst Twink comforts Stat about the loss of Jacqueline. | | | | | |
| 7 | "Tarzana" | Josh Taback | Ira Madison III | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 107 |
| Steve accompanies Benji to Antoni’s funeral in Benji’s hometown of Tarzana, located in the San Fernando Valley. During the visit, Steve is plagued by visions of a dead Antoni as he feels guilty for Antoni’s death during the investigation into the missing actors. Steve also meets Benji’s welcoming parents and his hometown friends before V suddenly shows up, posing as Steve’s mom. V requests Steve’s help but he refuses, though he is also unable to get rid of V as Benji and his family welcome her into their home. However, after V tries to sedate Benji and his family, Steve throws V out. At the funeral, Steve is confronted by Greg, a fellow AIA agent with who he studied at the academy. Greg threatens Benji’s life, leading Steve and Greg to fight. As Greg tries to shoot Steve, V takes the bullet for him and remembers the word ‘Greyscale’ before collapsing. A still alive Caryn knocks Greg out and runs off with V’s body. Fearing for Benji’s life in the aftermath of Greg’s attack, Steve breaks up with him. Back at Q-Force HQ, Deb, Twink and Stat prank Buck after he is harsh on Deb. Twink poses as Princess Mira and cons Buck into a fake date. During the date, they discover Buck is an orphan and more emotionally sensitive than he seems. The prank backfires when Twink’s portrayal of Mira prompts Buck to resign from the AIA and propose marriage to Mira. Feeling guilty, Deb, Twink and Stat admit their prank to Buck, who is heartbroken. Twink apologises to Buck and suggests he visit the real Mira to admit his feelings and Stat erases evidence of Buck’s resignation. | | | | | |
| 8 | "Greyscale" | Alex Salyer | Liza Dye | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 108 |
| Q-Force investigate the meaning of ‘Greyscale’ further, discovering that it’s a project associated with a physician in Palm Springs named Dr. Hammond. Without authorisation from the AIA, Q-Force decides to go to Palm Springs to investigate further. Meanwhile, Director Chunley suspends Buck for his failure to contain Q-Force and his feelings for Princess Mira. Feeling sorry for Buck, Steve invites him to join them on their secret mission to Palm Springs. Upon arrival, Q-Force finds that patients at Hammond’s medical practice are behaving suspiciously after treatment. Steve follows Andrew, a patient who displayed signs of spy training when observed by Q-Force and flirts with him to get an invite to a party that Andrew is hosting. At the party, Steve, Deb and Buck discover that all of the neighbourhood community are gay ex AIA agents who have been brainwashed to forget their sexualities and their time with the AIA. Twink and Stat break into Hammond’s home to find out more but are caught by Hammond, who alerts the AIA before committing suicide. Q-Force flees the pursuing AIA but are able to reverse the brainwashing effect on the former agents, leading them to begin fighting the pursuing AIA teams. Q-Force escapes and reunites with Caryn and V. Steve resolves to fix Greyscale’s horrors but as the group celebrate their new mission, V covertly warns Steve that they need to talk about Caryn. | | | | | |
| 9 | "The Coeur de la Mer" | Jeanette Moreno King | Zackery Alexzander Stephens and Tim Zientek | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 109 |
| V and Caryn recount their last mission in Venezuela to Q-Force, revealing that they conspired to fake Caryn’s death so that V could be promoted and gain the authority to destroy Greyscale, a plan foiled by V’s brainwashing. V tells Q-Force that the AIA keeps information on the locations of former agents brainwashed under Grayscale at Coeur de la Mer, a top-secret bunker in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Mentally unstable from decades of being in hiding, Caryn proposes using a nuclear bomb to destroy the bunker, worrying V. With Steve’s help, V finds the coordinates for Coeur de la Mer and convinces Q-Force to leave without Caryn, fearing she is too unstable for the mission. The team flies to Coeur de la Mer in a jet supplied by Princess Mira but finds Caryn has stowed away on board anyway, forcing them to include her on the mission. As Q-Force searches for the bunker, Director Chunley and Louisa arrive but are captured by the team. Chunley tries to make a deal with Steve to cover up Greyscale but Steve refuses on principle, instead forcing Chunley to lead Q-Force into the bunker. Stat downloads the information about the brainwashed Greyscale agents but finds evidence that the AIA is committing even worse acts against agents and civilians. Steve orders Stat to upload all compromising information to Mira’s plane as an insurance policy against repercussions from Chunley. Enraged by the new revelations, V blows up the bunker and destroys the AIA’s communications system. However, Q-Force is left stranded on the island by Mira, who tells them she has kidnapped Buck and intends to use the compromising information about the AIA for Gynenorvya’s benefit. With no way to contact the rest of the AIA, Q-Force temporarily allies with Chunley to stop Mira, with Steve proposing to use the brainwashed Greyscale agents as their allies. | | | | | |
| 10 | "The Hole" | Josh Taback | Gabe Liedman | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) | 110 |
| Q-Force frees a group of the brainwashed Greyscale agents to recruit them for the mission against Mira. At the World Pride Festival in Gyenorvya, Q-Force goes undercover to rescue Buck whilst Chunley tries to cover up the data theft back in Washington D.C. Mira publicly announces her engagement and imminent marriage to Buck, who has been brainwashed by her. Q-Force finds that Mira will transition from Princess to Queen once she marries, giving her supreme authority over Gyenorvya and allowing her to declare war on other countries. To stop her, Q-Force hunts for the ‘Horn of Objection’, an ancient Gyenorvyan artefact that can be used to stop a royal wedding under Gyenorvyan culture. Steve and Stat also discover that Mira intends to brainwash the entire LGBT+ community at World Pride by using Greyscale technology as part of her plan to create a personal army. Q-Force delays the start of the wedding ceremony and is joined by V and the freed Greyscale agents in fighting off Mira’s guards. Twink, in disguise as Mira, disrupts the ceremony and is crowned Queen in Mira’s place. Enraged, the real Mira activates the brainwashing, forcing Q-Force to fight against the LGBT+ community in attendance until V breaks the brainwashing, arresting Mira in the process. Back in West Hollywood, Q-Force and the freed agents celebrate and are thanked by Chunley, who is brainwashed on Steve’s orders by Louisa. Steve also reunites with Benji and reveals he is a spy. | | | | | |

## Production and release

Hayes and Milliner had been considering the idea for the series for some time. Milliner called a spy TV series tough to make and Hayes said that they were thinking how to get such a series, and have it animated, while having "the fun parts of a James Bond film." He added that animation allows for "freedom" to do more than a live-action series. Milliner also said that he wasn't sure if studios would greenlight "a feature with a leading character that's gay in that genre" and noted that it is "one of the last bastions of masculinity" that can't be broken down. He further said that teaming up with co-creator Michael Schur happened quickly because he had been friends from a while back, and asked him if he wanted to work on the project, with Schur saying yes. Liedman later told Animation Magazine that the show began with the idea to be about "a gay James Bond," and that he, along with Hayes and Milliner, came up with the idea for "an ensemble comedy about queer secret agents." Following this, Liedman, Hayes, Milliner and Schur pitched the idea to Universal Television, which approved of the idea, and it was sold to Netflix.

In April 2019, Netflix ordered 10 episodes of the series. It was also said that each episode would be 30 minutes long. At the same time, some reported that Sean Hayes would voice the series protagonist. Also in April 2019, Gabe Liedman as the showrunner, along with Sean Hayes, and Todd Milliner, and various others, as executive producers, were confirmed. Liedman later revealed that they "always knew" that Hayes would play the protagonist. Liedman, also said in December 2019, the show's writers "started putting the episodes together."

In January 2020, it was reported that the series would be animated by Titmouse, Inc.'s Canadian studio. In April 2020, Animation Magazine and Deadline reported that the show was one of the many series that the Writers Guild of America West negotiated deals with in order to ensure that production for the animated series proceeded even with the COVID-19 pandemic. In a later interview, Liedman said that more than half of the writing, and all of the acting, and animation had to be "done in isolation" due to the pandemic, noting that the show's first season "took about 18 months to finish." In September 2020, it was reported that Guy Branum would be a co-executive producer for the series. In December 2020, Deadline described Q-Force as an "upcoming animated series." Chloe Keenan was also confirmed as a writer for the show.

In January 2021 it was reported that Matt Rogers, the host of HBO Max's *Haute Dog*, served as a staff writer for the show. It was also reported that Charlie Nagelhout, a 2D artist, would be working as a prop designer at Titmouse on the series. In May 2021, it was reported that non-binary comedian Zackery Alexzander Stephens will be working on the show in some capacity, In June 2021, Gary Cole, David Harbour, Patti Harrison, Laurie Metcalf, Matt Rogers, Wanda Sykes, and Gabe Liedman joined the voice cast. The same month, it was confirmed that Hazy Mills Productions, a company run by Hayes, would be one of the companies producing the series. Fremulon and 3 Arts Entertainment were also reported to be the ones producing the series with the help of Universal Television.

On June 23, 2021, a 40-second teaser for the series was released. Reuben Baron of CBR noted that those on Twitter claimed that the series had various stereotypes and attacked those behind the show, leading some storyboarders to lock their Twitter accounts. Baron argued that while there were some stereotypical jokes in the trailer, he said that the trailer's "stereotypical gay jokes" center around one of the protagonists, and that some of the responses to one of the characters, Twink, shows "internal prejudices within the gay community." One of the show's animators, Alanna Train, criticized the trailer, saying it did not truly represent the show, and its characters, adding that many queer artists worked on the show itself. Liedman later said, in response to questions about the trailer, that he wanted to make people laugh, and "offer them a few hours of entertainment, rather than wanting to shock audiences." Rogers told The A.V. Club that he didn't think the trailer was 'a great representation of what the show is" and he understands the response, but added he respects the people who worked on the show.

On August 12, a trailer for the series was released and received more positively than the teaser which had been released in June. Following the trailer's release, Leidman, when interviewed by CBS8, said that it was important to build the story "into an ensemble comedy" and to tell the "story of the wider \[LGBTQ\] community" with the show.

Before the show's release, Liedman told Animation Magazine that the show's visuals were inspired by animation in *BoJack Horseman* and *Archer* and called Andrew Goldberg, the showrunner of *Big Mouth*, his "teacher and mentor," and praised John Rice, the supervising director of the show, as a key to ensure the show's production and completion. He also called Matt Rogers, the show's "breakout star" and described *The Simpsons* as deeply influencing him. He argued that a "message of acceptance and LGBTQ+ equality and pride" is integrated into the show, which he called "super fun and exciting." In another interview with *Consequence*, Liedman said that the series builds upon his work on *PEN15*, *Big Mouth*, and *Brooklyn Nine-Nine*, while also noting references in the series to *L.A. Confidential* and *The Princess Diaries* and inspiration from *Mission: Impossible* and Jason Bourne film series. Rogers, in an interview with Gay City News, said he came to embody the character of Twink after reading the show's pilot script, and said he 'gravitated towards him naturally." In response to a question about the show's stereotypes, he said that he understood the "hesitancy and difficulty to swallow queer content by queer audiences," and noted the anxiety over seeing such characters and representation. He further defended the show, saying that people do talk like Twink and hopes that people embrace the show due to the "many queer identities represented" in the show, calling the show "a very sweet story about a chosen family."

The first season was released on September 2, 2021. On the day of the show's premiere, Liedman, in an interview with ET, said that the adventures the characters embark on have big stakes, with "a world hanging in the balance." He also defended the show's maturity, noting that it is "a show for adults" and said "people can handle it or they can turn it off, you know?" On September 6, in an article with The A.V. Club, Rogers said that Twink's "use of code-switching as a superpower" was clever, and praised the character, calling getting the role a "unique opportunity." He further said that people are going to have different reactions to the show, but describing it as a whole "by queer people, for queer people."

## Reception

### Pre-release

The release of the trailer on June 23 was met with heavily polarized reactions. Reuben Baron of CBR was apprehensive about the show, saying he wasn't sure if the show would be any good and that the show's humor is "not for everyone," but said that the fact the show is written, starring, and animated by queer people makes a difference. He also concluded that no matter how the show turns out, it is "not being made from a place of bigotry," telling people to wait until the show's release to criticize it. Charles Pulliam-Moore of Gizmodo stated that the show's "premise and the jokes in the trailer come across like a much more tame and recognizable go at the kind of queer pandering the show itself calls out," but that it "might end up having something interesting to say when it premieres." Gavia Baker-Whitelaw of The Daily Dot stated that the trailer "looks kind of cringeworthy, focusing on stereotypes and unfunny one-liners" and that the show "seems destined to join the ranks of mediocre adult animated sitcoms." Baker-Whitelaw also said that despite the fact the show is "walking the walk in terms of queer representation," it doesn't guarantee the show will be good, and said the show feels corny, dated, and as sophisticated as *The Ambiguously Gay Duo*. Farid-ul-Haq of *The Geekiary* argued that while he was excited by the show back in 2019, his excitement disappeared after watching the trailer, saying the trailer "seems to be relying too much on problematic queer stereotypes," concluding that while there is an interesting story, it is not right to harass those associated with the series, like artists and animators. Matt Moen of Paper said that the show, as based on the trailer, would not be subtle or nuanced in its "queer-centric humor," but concluded that it remained to be seen whether the show would be entertaining and groundbreaking or "woefully two-dimensional."

In contrast, Michael Cuby of Them was more positive, saying the show sounded "ridiculously entertaining," even before the trailer dropped, and saying that with the reveal of the cast, they would add it to their Netflix queue. Additionally, Cuby said they were "intrigued by the premise," were excited by the trailer, and praised the "queer-affirming dialogue." May Rude of Out stated that the trailer was "filled with comedy, action, and plenty of pure and beautiful homosexuality" and argued that the show "could be the queer adult cartoon we’ve been waiting for!"

### Critical reception

On Rotten Tomatoes it has a 33% rating with an average rating of 3.40/10, based on 13 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "*Q-Force*'s heart is in the right place, but dated stereotypes and a general lack of humor make this animated action adventure fall flat." Metacritic gave it a score of 45 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

B.L. Panther of *The Spool* described the show as "splendidly queer" and praised the show for its ability to "sketch sex and desire as an integral part of queerness," but criticized it for showing "queer culture" only as defined by cisgender White gay people, and its attempt to "force acceptance and assimilation" as something that is important to the show's characters, and hoped the show would improve in future seasons. Mika A. Epstein of LezWatch.TV said that one of her favorite things about the show is that "they let us know the actor pronouns are the same as their characters." Tariq Raouf of the *San Francisco Chronicle* was more critical, arguing that the series feels "like a mockery of LGBTQ people" despite its creative team and cast, stating that the show tries "too hard to be hip, queer and fun," making it somewhat offensive and "stale." Reuben Baron of *Comic Book Resources* gave a similar assessment, describing the show as "disappointingly unfunny," and said the show has the sense that "it's coming out 10 years later than it should have." He also called the characters themselves a "mixed bag," and concluded the story is "watchable but mediocre." Farid-ul-Haq of *The Geekiary* said the show would be better if it aired in the early 2000s. He also criticized the inclusion of Buck's character.

David Feinberg of *The Hollywood Reporter* said that while the show is not as "bad as Netflix's initial promotion suggested," the episodes rely on "many exhausted tropes." Even so, he called it watchable due to the "dynamic animation from Titmouse," distinctive and expressive characters, and talented voice actors. He concluded that it was a "typically bumpy start for a comedy" trying to find its footing. Daniel D'Addario, Chief TV Critic for *Variety* concurred, saying the protagonist, Steve, "doesn't hold the center of the show" while arguing that the supporting characters "fare somewhat better" than Steve's character. Michael Blackmon of *BuzzFeed News* added that the show is "weighed down by uninteresting characters and dull 'jokes,'" and that though the show "finds its footing toward the middle," he wanted more from the show.

Other reviews were also mixed. Glen Weldon of NPR called the show warmer and kinder than *Archer*, and said he had "unfair assumptions" going into the series but it had "surprisingly gentle and humane" jokes. He added that while the characters initially embody "very broad queer stereotypes," they later go beyond this, and that if the show gets a second season, it could be improved by shining more on "members of the team besides Maryweather." Andy Swift of *TVLine* called the series "irreverent" and described the first episode as a "fun set-up" to the rest of the series.

## Cancellation

Q-Force was not renewed by Netflix for a second season. Matt Rogers (Voice of Twink) confirmed this on the Spotify podcast *Attitudes!*, simply stating that "It did not get a second season". Some described the cancellation as among "major losses for queer storytelling on television" and predicted a Peacock revival may be possible.

## InfoBox

| *Q-Force* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre |  |
| Created by | Gabe Liedman |
| Voices of |  |
| Composers |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producer | David Ichioka |
| Editor | Phil Davis |
| Running time | 26 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | Netflix |
| Release | September 2, 2021 (2021-09-02) |


title: NGC 3599

abstract: NGC 3599 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 14, 1784. The galaxy is located at a distance of 67 million light-years (20.4 Mpc) from the Sun. NGC 3599 is a member of the Leo II group of galaxies in the Virgocentric flow. The morphological classification of NGC 3599 is SA0:, which indicates this is a lenticular galaxy but with some uncertainty in the classification. There is a weak ring structure 45″ to 71″ from the nucleus, and a small bar about 11″ in length. The galaxy is inclined at an angle of 28° to the plane of the sky, so it is being viewed from nearly face-on. The nucleus is compact and not associated with any non-thermal activity. Although not optically active, NGC 3599 is classified as a Seyfert 2 or a LINER-type galaxy. The mass of the central black hole is estimated at (1.3±0.6)×10⁶ M☉. In 2003, a sudden rise in X-ray emission from NGC 3599 was observed by the XMM-Newton space observatory. Follow-up observations showed a rapid decay in flux during the following years. This was originally suggested as a candidate tidal disruption event but it may instead have been caused by thermal instability of the accretion disk orbiting a black hole.

text:
# NGC 3599

**NGC 3599** is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 14, 1784. The galaxy is located at a distance of 67 million light-years (20.4 Mpc) from the Sun. NGC 3599 is a member of the Leo II group of galaxies in the Virgocentric flow.

The morphological classification of NGC 3599 is SA0:, which indicates this is a lenticular galaxy but with some uncertainty in the classification. There is a weak ring structure 45″ to 71″ from the nucleus, and a small bar about 11″ in length. The galaxy is inclined at an angle of 28° to the plane of the sky, so it is being viewed from nearly face-on. The nucleus is compact and not associated with any non-thermal activity. Although not optically active, NGC 3599 is classified as a Seyfert 2 or a LINER-type galaxy. The mass of the central black hole is estimated at (1.3±0.6)×106 *M*.

In 2003, a sudden rise in X-ray emission from NGC 3599 was observed by the XMM-Newton space observatory. Follow-up observations showed a rapid decay in flux during the following years. This was originally suggested as a candidate tidal disruption event but it may instead have been caused by thermal instability of the accretion disk orbiting a black hole.

* Media related to NGC 3599 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| NGC 3599 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 3599 by Sloan Digital Sky Survey | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Leo |
| Right ascension | 11h 15m 26.949s |
| Declination | +18° 06 37.43 |
| Redshift | 0.00277 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 876±18 km/s |
| Distance | 67 Mly (20.4 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 10.178 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SA0: |
| Other designations | |
| NGC 3599, UGC 6281, MCG +03-29-015, PGC 34326 | |


title: Rosteig

abstract: Rosteig is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

text:
# Rosteig

**Rosteig** (French pronunciation: \[ʁɔʃtaiɡ\]) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Rosteig | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Rosteig | |
| RosteigRosteig | |
| Coordinates: 48°56′01″N 7°20′27″E / 48.9336°N 7.3408°E / 48.9336; 7.3408 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Bas-Rhin |
| Arrondissement | Saverne |
| Canton | Ingwiller |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Luc Rinie |
| Area**1** | 7.69 km2 (2.97 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 488 |
| Density | 63/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 67413 /67290 |
| Elevation | 225–407 m (738–1,335 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract: The North American Society of Adlerian Psychology (NASAP) was created in 1952 and is the primary organization in the United States for the promotion of the psychological and philosophical theories of Alfred Adler, known as Adlerian Psychology or Individual psychology. Adler was a one-time collaborator with Sigmund Freud in the early days of the psychoanalytic movement who split with Freud to develop his own theories of psychology and human functioning. In the late 1940s a group of psychiatrists and psychologists in Chicago, under the leadership of Rudolf Dreikurs, among others, founded an informal group to carry on discussion and teaching of theories and techniques of Adler. This early Adlerian organization became the Individual Psychology Association of Chicago, which quickly grew until it became the North American Society of Adlerian Psychology. The current headquarters of the organization is in Canton, GA. Members are students and practitioners of Adlerian psychology, coaches, parents, educators, and family members. Members are primarily concentrated in the United States and Canada, but there are also members from Uruguay, Brazil, Mexico, countries in Europe, Israel, Iran, China, Taiwan, Romania, and Japan. NASAP holds annual conferences in North American cities where practitioners share Adlerian counseling, education, and parenting techniques and theory.

text:
# North American Society of Adlerian Psychology

The **North American Society of Adlerian Psychology** (**NASAP**) was created in 1952 and is the primary organization in the United States for the promotion of the psychological and philosophical theories of Alfred Adler, known as Adlerian Psychology or Individual psychology. Adler was a one-time collaborator with Sigmund Freud in the early days of the psychoanalytic movement who split with Freud to develop his own theories of psychology and human functioning.

In the late 1940s a group of psychiatrists and psychologists in Chicago, under the leadership of Rudolf Dreikurs, among others, founded an informal group to carry on discussion and teaching of theories and techniques of Adler. This early Adlerian organization became the Individual Psychology Association of Chicago, which quickly grew until it became the North American Society of Adlerian Psychology.

The current headquarters of the organization is in Canton, GA. Members are students and practitioners of Adlerian psychology (or individual psychology), coaches, parents, educators, and family members. Members are primarily concentrated in the United States and Canada, but there are also members from Uruguay, Brazil, Mexico, countries in Europe, Israel, Iran, China, Taiwan, Romania, and Japan. NASAP holds annual conferences in North American cities where practitioners share Adlerian counseling, education, and parenting techniques and theory.

## Organization

NASAP consists of the **Council of Representatives (COR)**. The Council of Representatives is composed of Section Representatives and Affiliate Representatives, as well as the Board of Directors (BOD), and Committee and Task Force chairs and co-chairs.

**The Board of Directors (BOD)** includes the current President, vice-president, Past President, President-Elect, and the Treasurer, Secretary, Affiliate Liaison, and Section Liaison.

**General Members** of NASAP include Individual, Professional, Family, Associate, Retired, Lifetime, and Student Members.

NASAP's **staff** includes executive director, Susan Belangee, PhD, and one office administrative staff member.

### NASAP Sections

Section Representatives are elected by their sections. Currently NASAP has six sections: Adlerian Counseling & Therapy (ACT), Education, Family Education, Professional Clinicians, Transformative Leadership & Coaching (TLC), and Theory, Research, & Teaching (TRT).

**NASAP Affiliates**

Affiliate Groups exist in North American and internationally. Affiliate groups have representatives, who are sent to the COR by their local Affiliate Organization. In order for Affiliates to send Representatives to the COR, they must have at least 5 general members of NASAP as active members of their Affiliate. Affiliate Organization membership has annual dues. To form an Affiliate Organization one needs to have an organization charter or constitution, by-laws, statement of purpose, a list of members, and approval by the board of directors.

### NASAP Committees

There are committees include the Conference committee, Constitution & Bylaws, Finances & Grant Administration, Education & Professional Development, Ethics, Long Range Planning Committee (LRPC), Membership, Nominating committee, Publications & Theory Development and its subcommittee the Newsletter committee, and the Public Relations committee.

**The Social Justice Task Force** (SJTF) was established in 2020 and has two co-chairs.

## Publications

The principal publication of the Society is the *Journal of Individual Psychology*. This publication traces its root back to *Zeitschrift für Individualpsychologie*, a journal founded by Alfred Adler in 1914. Jon Sperry and Len Sperry are the current co-editors of the journal and the editorial team is located at Lynn University. It was known under several different titles, and incorporated the *Individual Psychologist* journal, also published by the Society.

NASAP also has an online newsletter called *The Connection**.*

## InfoBox

North American Society of Adlerian Psychology
| Formation | 1952 |
| --- | --- |


title: Uncertainty parameter

abstract: The uncertainty parameter U is introduced by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) to quantify the uncertainty of a perturbed orbital solution for a minor planet. The parameter is a logarithmic scale from 0 to 9 that measures the anticipated longitudinal uncertainty in the minor planet's mean anomaly after 10 years. The larger the number, the larger the uncertainty. The uncertainty parameter is also known as condition code in JPL's Small-Body Database Browser. The U value should not be used as a predictor for the uncertainty in the future motion of near-Earth objects.

text:
# Uncertainty parameter

The **uncertainty parameter** *U* is introduced by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) to quantify the uncertainty of a perturbed orbital solution for a minor planet. The parameter is a logarithmic scale from 0 to 9 that measures the anticipated longitudinal uncertainty in the minor planet's mean anomaly after 10 years. The larger the number, the larger the uncertainty. The uncertainty parameter is also known as **condition code** in JPL's Small-Body Database Browser. The *U* value should not be used as a predictor for the uncertainty in the future motion of near-Earth objects.

## Orbital uncertainty

Classical Kuiper belt objects 40–50 AU from the Sun
| JPL SBDB
**Uncertainty
parameter**
 | Horizons
January 2018
**Uncertainty in
distance from the Sun**
(millions of kilometers) | **Object**
 | **Reference
Ephemeris**
Location: @sun
Table setting: 39 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | ±0.01 | (134340) Pluto | E2022-J69 |
|
| 1 | ±0.04 | 2013 BL76 | JPL |
| 2 | ±0.14 | 20000 Varuna | JPL |
| 3 | ±0.84 | 19521 Chaos | JPL |
| 4 | ±1.4 | (15807) 1994 GV9 | JPL |
| 5 | ±8.2 | (160256) 2002 PD149 | JPL |
| 6 | ±70 | 1999 DH8 | JPL |
| 7 | ±190 | 1999 CQ153 | JPL |
| 8 | ±590 | 1995 KJ1 | JPL |
| 9 | ±1,600 | 1995 GJ | JPL |
| ‘D’ | **D**ata insufficient for orbit determination. | | |
| ‘E’ | **E**ccentricity was guessed instead of determined. | | |
| ‘F’ | Both ‘D’ and ‘E’ apply. | | |

Orbital uncertainty is related to several parameters used in the orbit determination process including the number of observations (measurements), the time spanned by those observations (observation arc), the quality of the observations (e.g. radar vs. optical), and the geometry of the observations. Of these parameters, the time spanned by the observations generally has the greatest effect on the orbital uncertainty.

Occasionally, the Minor Planet Center substitutes a letter-code (‘D’, ‘E’, ‘F’) for the uncertainty parameter.

| D | Objects with a ‘D’ have only been observed for a single opposition, and have been assigned two (or more) different designations ("double"). |
| --- | --- |
| E | Objects such as 2003 UU291 with a condition code ‘E’ in the place of a numeric uncertainty parameter denotes orbits for which the listed **e**ccentricity was assumed, rather than determined. Objects with assumed eccentricities are generally considered lost if they have not recently been observed because their orbits are not well constrained. |
| F | Objects with an ‘F’ fall in both categories ‘D’ and ‘E’. |

## Calculation

The *U* parameter is calculated in two steps. First the in-orbit longitude runoff $r$ in seconds of arc per decade is calculated, (i.e. the discrepancy between the observed and calculated position extrapolated over ten years):

$$r=\left(\Delta \tau \cdot e+10\cdot {\frac {\\;\Delta P\\;}{P}\right)\cdot 3600\cdot 3\cdot {\frac {\\;k\_{\text{o}\\;}{P}}}}$$

with

| $\Delta \tau $ | uncertainty in the perihelion time in days |
| --- | --- |
| $e$ | eccentricity of the determined orbit |
| $P$ | orbital period in years |
| $\Delta P$ | uncertainty in the orbital period in days |
| $k\_{\text{o}}$ | $0.01720209895\cdot {\frac {180^{\circ }{\pi }}}$, Gaussian gravitational constant, converted to degrees |

Then, the obtained in-orbit longitude runoff is converted to the "uncertainty parameter" U, which is an integer between 0 and 9. The calculated number can be less than 0 or more than 9, but in those cases either 0 or 9 is used instead. The formula for cutting off the calculated value of U is

$$U=\min \left\\{~9,~\max {\Bigl \\{}\\;0,\\;\left\lfloor 9\cdot {\frac {\log r}{\\;\log 648{,}000\\;}\right\rfloor +1\\;{\Bigr \\}~\right\\}}}$$

For instance: As of 10 September 2016, Ceres technically has an uncertainty of around 2.6, but is instead displayed as the minimal 0.

The result is the same regardless of the choice of base for the logarithm, so long as the same logarithm is used throughout the formula; e.g. for "log" = log10, log*e*, ln, or log2 the calculated value of U remains the same if the logarithm is the same in both places in the formula.

| U | Runoff
Longitude runoff per decade |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | \< 1.0 arc second |
| 1 | 1.04.4 arc seconds |
| 2 | 4.419.6 arc seconds |
| 3 | 19.6 arc seconds  1.4 arc minutes |
| 4 | 1.46.4 arc minutes |
| 5 | 6.428 arc minutes |
| 6 | 28 arc minutes  2.1° |
| 7 | 2.1°9.2° |
| 8 | 9.2°41° |
| 9 | \> 41° |

648000 is the number of arc seconds in a half circle, so a value greater than 9 would be meaningless as we would have no idea where the object will be in 10 years within the orbit.


title: Ghena (book)

abstract: Ghena (book), also known as "the book of Ghina' and Moosiqi (music)", is a Persian Feqhi book by Iran's supreme leader, Seyyed Ali Khamenei. This religious book which is also known as "Darsnameh Ghina'-and-Moosiqi", includes the text of 76 sessions from the Fiqh sessions of haram (illegal) gains of Seyyed Ali Khamenei in regards to the subject of Ghina' and music.

text:
# Ghena (book)

**Ghena (book)**, also known as "the book of Ghina' and Moosiqi (music)", is a Persian Feqhi book by Iran's supreme leader, Seyyed Ali Khamenei. This religious book which is also known as "Darsnameh Ghina'-and-Moosiqi" (i.e. textbook of Qena and Music), includes the text of 76 sessions from the Fiqh sessions of haram (illegal) gains of Seyyed Ali Khamenei in regards to the subject of Ghina' and music.

## Meaning (of Ghena)

Ghena or Ghināʾ (in Arabic: الغناء), is attributed to the voice of a human being produced in an undulating pattern in order to create the effect of rapture which is appropriate for gatherings of merrymaking and sin. This is haram (forbidden Islamically) to engage in this kind of singing; in addition to listen to it.

## Publication

The Research-Cultural Institute of "Enghelab-e-Eslami" (the Islamic Revolution institute) relating to "the Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Seyyed Ali Khamenei", has published the textbook of Ghena which is including 76 sessions (since 2008-2009). The goal of this publication is to perceive Seyyed-Ali Khamenei's viewpoint and his Feqhi manner on the mentioned subject -- of Ghina'. On the other hand, Arabic article of Khamenei in this field has been published by the institute (of Enghelab-e-Eslami) in the periodical of "Feqhe-Ahlulbayt".

## InfoBox

Ghena
| Authors | Ali Khamenei |
| --- | --- |
| Original title | *Ghina' (غناء)* |
| Language | Persian |
| Publication place | Iran |
| Pages | 562 |


title: Phosphate nephropathy

abstract: Phosphate nephropathy or nephrocalcinosis is an adverse renal condition that arises with a formation of phosphate crystals within the kidney's tubules. This renal insufficiency is associated with the use of oral sodium phosphate (OSP) such as C.B. Fleet's Phospho soda and Salix's Visocol, for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy.      According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the potential risk factors of this complication include pre-existing kidney disease, increased age, female gender, dehydration, comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and concurrent treatment with hypertensive medications and medications that affect renal perfusion. This complication can be diagnosed with renal tests and biomarkers in laboratories including histochemical staining of renal biopsy specimens, the measure of creatinine level, GFR level, and urine output, urine microscopy, CT scanning, and urinalysis. Phosphate nephropathy may also lead to further renal complications including acute kidney diseases and chronic kidney diseases, or the abrupt and gradual loss of kidney function over time. Different management approaches involve the use of alternative bowel preparation agents and increasing patients' risk assessment among healthcare professionals, including nephrologists, gastroenterologists, and renal pathologists. Other agents used for bowel preparation do not carry this risk. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "acute phosphate nephropathy is a rare, serious adverse event that has been associated with the use of OSPs. The occurrence of these events was previously described in an Information for Healthcare Professionals sheet and an FDA Science Paper issued in May 2006. Additional cases of acute phosphate nephropathy have been reported to FDA and described in the literature since these were issued."

text:
# Phosphate nephropathy

**Phosphate nephropathy** or nephrocalcinosis is an adverse renal condition that arises with a formation of phosphate crystals within the kidney's tubules. This renal insufficiency is associated with the use of oral sodium phosphate (OSP) such as C.B. Fleet's Phospho soda and Salix's Visocol, for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy.

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the potential risk factors of this complication include pre-existing kidney disease, increased age, female gender, dehydration, comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and concurrent treatment with hypertensive medications (ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers) and medications that affect renal perfusion (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAIDs and diuretics). This complication can be diagnosed with renal tests and biomarkers in laboratories including histochemical staining of renal biopsy specimens, the measure of creatinine level, GFR level, and urine output, urine microscopy, CT scanning, and urinalysis.

Phosphate nephropathy may also lead to further renal complications including acute kidney diseases and chronic kidney diseases, or the abrupt and gradual loss of kidney function over time. Different management approaches involve the use of alternative bowel preparation agents and increasing patients' risk assessment among healthcare professionals, including nephrologists, gastroenterologists, and renal pathologists. Other agents used for bowel preparation (e.g. magnesium citrate or PEG-3350 & electrolyte-based purgatives such as Colyte or Golytely) do not carry this risk.

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "acute phosphate nephropathy is a rare, serious adverse event that has been associated with the use of OSPs. The occurrence of these events was previously described in an Information for Healthcare Professionals sheet and an FDA Science Paper issued in May 2006. Additional cases of acute phosphate nephropathy have been reported to FDA and described in the literature since these were issued."

## Signs and symptoms

Patients with phosphate nephropathy have variable outcomes, either being recognised as developing acute kidney injury, the abrupt loss in renal failure, or being undiagnosed. As the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals are detected at the renal tubules following the use of OSP, the symptoms of phosphate nephropathy are similar to acute tubular necrosis, an intrinsic renal injury. For example, events including diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, sepsis, and hypotension following the colonoscopy, can indicate the risk of phosphate nephropathy and raise the concern for acute tubular necrosis. The results of hypotension and dehydration are dry mucous membrane, decreased skin turgor, and cool extremities, which can be used to notify the abnormal renal perfusion. As there is a gap between the first administration of OSP and recognisable symptoms, many phosphate nephropathy incidences are overlooked and not proceeded to biopsy for further investigation.

The transient hyperphosphatasemia, the electrolyte disorder with elevated phosphate level in the blood, is found to be correlated with the use of OSP after colonoscopy. Significant electrolyte abnormalities including hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, and hypomagnesemia are also the outcomes of the use of OSP. As these detection tests are mostly operated at the laboratory level, phosphate nephropathy incidents are widely under-recognized and overlooked.

## Risk factors

According to the FDA, caution is required to consider prior use of OSP, especially in patients with the following potential risk factors. For instance, people older than 55, female gender, people with a history of kidney diseases if their GFR level is less than 60 mL/min, people who recurrently on antihypertensive treatment with NSAIDs, ARBs, ACEIs, and diuretics, people who have lower fluid intake and less bowel movements, people who have underlying systemic and gastrointestinal diseases, and a short interval between OSP administrations (less than 12 hours interval). The risk of acquiring phosphate nephropathy was reported to increase in parallel with the number of these listed risk factors.

Older people are particularly at risk when using OSP for colonoscopy, as they have lower fluid intake, have intrinsically less bowel movements, and often have antihypertensive or nephrotoxic drugs. It is also reported that people with comorbidities including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and other metabolic syndromes will have a higher risk of phosphate nephropathy.

## Pathophysiology

The efficient elimination of phosphorus depends on the kidney’s filtration rate and the phosphorus bioavailability in the blood. Most renal phosphorus is absorbed at the proximal tubules in comparison to the distal nephron. The elevated phosphorus load, or hyperphosphatemia, can reduce the phosphorus reabsorption in the kidney’s proximal tubular within minutes of OSP ingestion. This leads to hypovolemia, a large distribution of phosphate at the distal nephron without being completely reabsorbed at the proximal tubules. Hypovolemia results in an increase of proximal salt and water at the descending limb of the loop of Henle, where calcium and phosphate are unable to permeate. Hypovolemia collectively combines with the ongoing water and salt reabsorption in the proximal tubules, enhances the calcium phosphate precipitation within the renal tubular lumen.

Parathyroid hormone-induced calcium precipitation also contributes to the formation of calcium phosphate crystals, which thus impairs the renal function. An excess phosphorus triggers calcium precipitation and reduces calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. This reduces the ionized calcium concentration in blood, which further induces a compensatory parathyroid hormone response. Parathyroid hormone is reported to accelerate urinary calcium load, which results in the formation of calcium phosphate crystals in the renal distal tubules and collecting ducts.

When the calcium phosphate crystals bind to the tubular epithelial cells, the reactive oxygen species are released, which further impair the renal excretory pathway. The use of OSP causes an increase in phosphatemia and impairs renal perfusion, which later leads to acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. The calcification of major arteries like coronary arteries and cardiovascular complication risks can be the result of impaired kidney function in excreting calcium and phosphate.

## Diagnosis

Phosphate nephropathy can be diagnosed via different types of assessment, most of which are also used to detect acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Most phosphate nephropathy incidents are diagnosed weeks or months after taking OSP, due to its clinical silence. For example, these assessments include the measurement of serum phosphorus with an elevation of more than 3 mmol/L, the finding of an elevated serum creatinine level and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine microscopy for crystallization detection, the image of calcium phosphate crystals deposited through CT scanning, urinalysis, renal biopsy specimens with histochemical staining for calcium phosphate. These assessments are generally carried out within the laboratory environment, in which longer waiting time is required to attain the results.

The measurement of serum creatinine level and GFR are used to indicate the severity stage of acute kidney injury or the duration of impairment of kidney function, when early-onset phosphate nephropathy occurs. The more than 1.5 fold increase in serum creatinine level, or the more than 25% decrease in GFR, or the decrease in urine output less than 0.5mL/kg/h within 6 hours, signify the risk of attaining acute kidney injury after ingestion of OPS.

Urine microscopy is reported to be an accurate diagnostic assessment for underlying crystalline-induced nephropathy, either endogenous or drug-induced calcium phosphate crystals. Via examining the urinary sediments, calcium phosphate crystals are identified, and the associated phosphate nephropathy is determined.

As phosphate nephropathy results in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, the impairment in kidney function can be measured via urinalysis. The presence of non-dysmorphic erythrocytes, modest proteinuria or protein within urine, pyuria or pus within urine, and leukocyte cast indicates acute tubular necrosis and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.

For phosphate nephropathy with nonspecific symptoms, renal biopsy is reported as an important diagnosis due to the normal levels of both calcium and phosphorus. Following renal biopsy, the calcium phosphate crystals are distinguished from calcium oxalate crystals via staining with haematoxylin and eosin, as calcium phosphate deposits lack birefringence under polarized light. Then, the positive staining with the von Kossa stains can be used to display the presence of abnormal calcium and phosphate deposits respectively via light illumination.

## Prevention

As phosphate nephropathy is considered an irreversible complication when starting to progress into acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, prevention strategies can help to avoid the undesired outcomes. According to the FDA, it is recommended for both healthcare professionals and patients, particularly high-risk individuals, to obtain adequate information about the adverse effect of OSP before administering and consuming this agent. Monitoring of renal function weeks or months after the administration of OSP also helps to early detect and treat the condition appropriately.

Withholding the antihypertensive medications (ARBs, ACEIs), diuretic medications, and NSAIDs before and after the use of OSP for colonoscopy, is reported to minimize the risk of phosphate nephropathy.

As ingestion of OPS can potentially induce osmotic diarrhea and result in depletion of body fluid, adequate hydration is recommended before and after the procedure to prevent episodes of hypotension. It is unknown whether water or electrolyte-containing solutions would adequately compensate the electrolyte imbalance following the use of OSP. The recommended volume of fluid when using OSP as a bowel preparation agent varies from 0.7 to 2.2 L, with the optimal amount greater than 3.7 L. It is still unknown whether lowering the standard doses of OSP from 45/45 ml to 45/30 mL in 9–12 hours apart would be safer to use, as lower OSP dose was reported to cause moderate elevation of serum phosphorus.

In addition, there are other relevant bowel-preparation agents that can be used in line with the colonoscopy guidelines including electrolyte-based purgatives such as Golytely, Polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium picosulfate, and sodium laxatives. These bowel preparation alternatives show the same efficacy with OSP and cause less frequently and significantly side effects and complications than OSP.

## Treatment

Upon the early detection, phosphate nephropathy can be treated with a timely renal replacement therapy such as haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in order to decelerate the calcium phosphate crystallization process. Haemodialysis is performed to assist the renal excretion via removing accumulated toxins, especially the overproduction of reactive oxygen species at the damaged tubular epithelial cells. The complete recovery of renal function after phosphate nephropathy progression to acute kidney injury or to chronic kidney disease, was reported to be rare.

## History

Mannitol and large volume of saline were first used as bowel preparation agents prior to colonoscopy. As the use of Mannitol causes the production of methane, hydrogen, and other flammable gases, it was reported to be associated with colonic explosion. Large volume of saline was also reported to significantly impact the electrolyte balance and net fluid within the body. Later in the 1990, the polyethylene-glycol electrolyte lavage solution or PEG-ELS, was formulated with more effectiveness and safety to use. PEG-ELS was not widely adopted due to its requirement of consuming an enormous volume. Then, OSP (C.B. Fleet's Phospho soda) in the form of tablets with the same efficacy as PEG-ELS, was chosen as a safe alternative bowel preparation agent.

Later, in 1975, acute kidney injury and potential chronic kidney disease were first found to be related to the ingestion of OSP. Then, in 2003, an adverse incident of calcium phosphate deposition within the renal tubules was first reported following the use of OSP. This was linked to the tubular injury and other renal complications as well as the emergence of the term “phosphate nephropathy”.

## Further reading

* "Acute phosphate nephropathy and renal failure". *New England Journal of Medicine*. 2003 Sep 4;349(10):1006-7.
* "Renal failure due to acute nephrocalcinosis following oral sodium phosphate bowel cleansing". *Human Pathology*. 2004 Jun;35(6):675-84.
* "Renal failure following bowel cleansing with a sodium phosphate purgative". *Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation*. 2005 Apr;20(4):850-1.
* "Acute Phosphate Nephropathy following Oral Sodium Phosphate Bowel Purgative: An Underrecognized Cause of Chronic Renal Failure". *Journal of the American Society of Nephrology*. 2005 Nov 1;16(11).

## InfoBox

| Phosphate nephropathy | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Nephrocalcinosis |
| Specialty | Nephrology |
| Symptoms | Similar with Acute kidney disease |
| Complications | Acute kidney disease and Chronic kidney disease |
| Types | Kidney injury |
| Causes | Use of sodium phosphate |
| Risk factors | Development of Acute kidney disease |
| Diagnostic method | Formation of calcium phosphate crystals |
| Prevention | Alternative bowel-preparation agents |
| Treatment | Renal replacement therapy |


title: Iain Dunn

abstract: Iain George William Dunn is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for York City, Chesterfield, Huddersfield Town and Scunthorpe United.

text:
# Iain Dunn

**Iain George William Dunn** (born 1 April 1970) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for York City, Chesterfield, Huddersfield Town and Scunthorpe United.

## Early life

Iain George William Dunn was born on 1 April 1970 in York, where he was raised.

## Career

Whilst in his second spell at Chesterfield he helped them reach the FA Cup semi-final in 1997, playing as a substitute in the quarter-final tie against Wrexham. However, he did not play in the semi-final, in which Chesterfield lost to Middlesbrough after a replay.

Dunn was the first player in British football to score a golden goal. He achieved this feat in the Football League Trophy for Huddersfield Town versus Lincoln City on 30 November 1994. Huddersfield won 3–2 in extra time. Dunn was later presented with a commemorative trophy.

Always a cult figure, Dunn polarised fans' opinions; despite this he was voted Huddersfield Town's all-time cult hero by the club's fans in an August 2004 poll for the BBC's Football Focus programme, and was included in the fans' all-time 100 favourite players.

## Personal life

Dunn is currently a street environment officer for City of York Council.

Since 2017, Dunn has been a match summariser on BBC Radio York's York City match commentary.

## InfoBox

Iain Dunn
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Iain George William Dunn | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-04-01) 1 April 1970 | | |
| Place of birth | York, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1988–1991 | York City | 77 | (11) |
| 1991–1992 | Chesterfield | 13 | (1) |
| 1992 | Scarborough |  |  |
| 1992 | Peterborough United | 0 | (0) |
| 1992 | Scarborough |  |  |
| 1992 | Goole Town |  |  |
| 1992–1997 | Huddersfield Town | 120 | (14) |
| 1996 | Scunthorpe United (loan) | 3 | (0) |
| 1997–1999 | Chesterfield | 18 | (0) |
| Total |  | **231** | **(26)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: I Love You (Mary J. Blige song)

abstract: "I Love You" is a 1995 single by American singer-songwriter Mary J. Blige, taken from her second album My Life.

text:
# I Love You (Mary J. Blige song)

**"I Love You"** is a 1995 single by American singer-songwriter Mary J. Blige, taken from her second album *My Life*.

## Background

"I Love You" was included as a B-side on the standard cassette release of Blige's single "You Bring Me Joy". It charted as a double A-side with "You Bring Me Joy" on the U.S. Hot 100 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop songs charts.

There were plans and negotiations of a possible music video for this single to be shot back-to-back with "You Bring Me Joy", but plans were scrapped as it performed well on its own. *I Love You (Part 2)* was recorded with rapper duo Smif-n-Wessun. The song samples the piano loop of Isaac Hayes's "Ike's Mood" from 1970's album "...To Be Continued", and samples "Hollywood's World" by DJ Hollywood.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1995) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100
*You Bring Me Joy / I Love You* | 57 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*)
*You Bring Me Joy / I Love You* | 29 |
|

## Other recordings

## InfoBox

| "I Love You" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Mary J. Blige | |
| from the album  *My Life* | |
| A-side | "You Bring Me Joy" |
| Released | May 28, 1995 (1995-05-28) |
| Recorded | 1994 |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Uptown, MCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Isaac Hayes, Mary J. Blige, Sean Combs |
| Producer(s) | Chucky Thompson |
| Mary J. Blige singles chronology | |
| "You Bring Me Joy"
(1995) "**I Love You**"
(1995) "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman"
(1995) | |


title: NGC 691

abstract: NGC 691 is an unbarred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Aries. It is located at a distance of circa 120 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 691 is about 130,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on November 13, 1786. NGC 691 features a multiple ring structure, with three rings recognised in the infrared, with diameters of 1.03, 1.67, and 2.79 arcminutes. When imaged in H-alpha, the galaxy appears patchy. The total star formation rate of the galaxy is estimated to be about 0.6 M☉ per year. One supernova has been observed in NGC 691, SN 2005W. It was discovered by Yoji Hirose in unfiltered CCD frames taken on Feb. 1.442 UT with a 0.35-m f/6.8 Schmidt-Cassegrain reflector. The supernova was located 56" east and 1" south of the center of NGC 691 and at the time of the discovery had an apparent magnitude of 15.2. Spectrographic observations indicated it was a type Ia supernova about a week before maximum. The peak magnitude of the supernova was 14.3, on February 10.759. NGC 691 is the foremost member of a galaxy group known as the NGC 691 group. Other members of the group include IC 163, NGC 678, NGC 680, NGC 694, IC 167, and NGC 697.

text:
# NGC 691

**NGC 691** is an unbarred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Aries. It is located at a distance of circa 120 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 691 is about 130,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on November 13, 1786.

NGC 691 features a multiple ring structure, with three rings recognised in the infrared, with diameters of 1.03, 1.67, and 2.79 arcminutes. When imaged in H-alpha, the galaxy appears patchy. The total star formation rate of the galaxy is estimated to be about 0.6  per year. One supernova has been observed in NGC 691, SN 2005W. It was discovered by Yoji Hirose in unfiltered CCD frames taken on Feb. 1.442 UT with a 0.35-m f/6.8 Schmidt-Cassegrain reflector. The supernova was located 56" east and 1" south of the center of NGC 691 and at the time of the discovery had an apparent magnitude of 15.2. Spectrographic observations indicated it was a type Ia supernova about a week before maximum. The peak magnitude of the supernova was 14.3, on February 10.759.

NGC 691 is the foremost member of a galaxy group known as the NGC 691 group. Other members of the group include IC 163, NGC 678, NGC 680, NGC 694, IC 167, and NGC 697.

## InfoBox

| NGC 691 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 691 by the Liverpool Telescope | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Aries |
| Right ascension | 01h 50m 41.7s |
| Declination | +21° 45 36 |
| Redshift | 0.008889 ± 0.000013 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 2,665 ± 5 km/ |
| Distance | 119 ± 14 Mly (36.5 ± 4.3 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.5 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SA(rs)bc |
| Apparent size (V) | 3.5 × 2.6 |
| Other designations | |
| UGC 1305, CGCG 482-023, MCG +04-05-019, PGC 6793 | |