title: Heck (band)

abstract: Heck are a British rock band formed in Nottingham, England, in 2009 under the name Baby Godzilla. The name was changed after a lawsuit from the Japanese film company, Toho, which owns the copyright to the name Godzilla. The band split up in August 2017, announcing a final show scheduled for 17 August. On 5 July 2022 the bands social media channels were updated and a performance announced at 2000 Trees Festival on 8 July 2022.

text:
# Heck (band)

**Heck** are a British rock band formed in Nottingham, England, in 2009 under the name **Baby Godzilla**. The name was changed after a lawsuit from the Japanese film company, Toho, which owns the copyright to the name Godzilla. The band split up in August 2017, announcing a final show scheduled for 17 August.

On 5 July 2022 the bands social media channels were updated and a performance announced at 2000 Trees Festival on 8 July 2022.

## Musical style

Heck's musical style has been described as mathcore, punk thrash, thrash metal, punk rock heavy metal, thrashcore, hardcore punk, progressive metal, punk metal, stadium rock, groove metal and borderline grindcore. It has been compared to Iggy Pop, Napalm Death, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Future of the Left, Gallows, Pulled Apart by Horses and The Chariot.

## Members

### Final line-up

* Jonny Hall – vocals, rhythm guitar (2011–2017, 2022)
* Matt Reynolds – vocals, lead guitar (2009–2017, 2022)
* Paul Shelley – backing vocals, bass guitar (2009–2017, 2022)
* Tom Marsh – drums (2009–2017, 2022)

### Past members

* Joe Rawson – vocals, rhythm guitar (2009–2011)

## Discography

| Title | Album details | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *NPAG* | * Released: 2010 * Label: Origin Records * Moniker: Baby Godzilla | EP |
| *Oche* | * Released: 2012 * Label: I'm Not From London * Moniker: Baby Godzilla | LP |
| *Knockout Machine* | * Released: 2013 * Label: Origin Records * Moniker: Baby Godzilla | EP |
| *Instructions* | * Released: 2016 * Label: Npag Industries * Moniker: HECK | LP |

### Music videos

| Title | Year | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "At the Oche" | 2011 | David Louis Lankester |
| "Powerboat Disaster" | 2012 | David Louis Lankester |
| "A Good Idea Realised" | 2013 | David Louis Lankester |
| "Trogloraptor" | 2013 |  |
| "Don't Touch That Dial" | 2013 | David Louis Lankester |
| "Pig" | 2013 | David Louis Lankester |
| "The Great Hardcore Swindle" | 2014 | David Louis Lankester |
| "The Breakers" | 2015 | Dan Sturgess |
| "Brain" | 2015 |  |
| "Good As Dead" | 2016 | David Louis Lankester |
| "Mope" | 2016 | Dan Sturgess |

## InfoBox

| Heck | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Baby Godzilla (2009–2015) |
| Origin | Nottingham, England |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2009–2017, 2022 |
| Labels | Npag Industries, I'm Not From London, Origin Records |
|  | |
| Past members | * Joe Rawson * Jonny Hall * Paul Shelley * Matt Reynolds * Tom Marsh |
|  | |
| Website | abandcalledheck.com |


title: Two Black Crows

abstract: The Two Black Crows was a blackface comedy act popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The duo appeared in vaudeville, on Broadway, on radio, comedy records, and in film features and shorts.

text:
# Two Black Crows

The **Two Black Crows** (also called **The Black Crows** and **Moran and Mack**) was a blackface comedy act popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The duo appeared in vaudeville, on Broadway, on radio, comedy records, and in film features and shorts.

## History

The act was originated by Charles Sellers (1888–1934), who hired actor John Swor as his partner. "Swor & Mack" enjoyed moderate success until Swor left the act. He was replaced by George Moran. The team of Moran and Mack caught on and became major recording stars. *The Two Black Crows* became a weekly radio show in 1928; Moran and Mack also guest-starred on Fred Waring's radio show in 1933.

Although Moran and Mack's gags were mostly corny and the characters were stereotypical (one practical but naive, the other seemingly slow and lazy yet quick with a quip and a certain skewed logic), the relationship depicted plus their laconic delivery made them one of the most successful of comedy teams.

The team was known for two catchphrases. Moran would remind Mack of some unfortunate event, causing Mack to say, "Why bring *that* up?" Mack frequently would interrupt Moran's description of something with a drawling "What *causes* that?"

The duo of Moran and Mack appeared in vaudeville with W.C. Fields, on Broadway in the *Ziegfeld Follies* of 1920 and in *Earl Carroll's Vanities* in the mid-1920s. They also appeared in *George White's Scandals* and *The Greenwich Village Follies*.

At the height of their popularity, after completing their first talking feature film, Moran had a salary dispute with Mack and sued him in 1930. A judge ruled that Mack legally owned the act and could pay whatever salary he wanted. Moran quit.

He was replaced by John Swor's brother, Bert Swor, who adopted the name Moran. The second "Moran and Mack" talkie (without George Moran) faltered at the box office, and the team made no further films until 1933, when the low-budget Educational Pictures studio hired them for a feature film and a series of "Two Black Crows" short subjects.

Charles Mack died in an automobile accident on January 11, 1934. This ended the act, although George Moran did try to revive it with other partners.

Moran would later appear in three W. C. Fields films, *The Fatal Glass of Beer*, *My Little Chickadee*, and *The Bank Dick*.

Moran died on August 1, 1949.

## Legacy

Their catch phrase, "Who wants a worm, anyhow?", was the punchline to a lengthy dialogue that Moran initiated by telling Mack that, "The early bird catches the worm". Mack had never heard the expression, so he took it literally, and frustrated Moran by repeatedly asking inane questions about the saying. "Who wants a worm, anyhow?" was the closing statement by the crow in a Warner Bros. cartoon called *The Wacky Worm*, and parts of the routine appeared in other Warner cartoons.

## Jokes

Typical joke:

MACK: On our farm, we had a thousand chickuns, an' 999 o'em laid eggs. MORAN: What was wrong with de udder one? MACK: Uh, he was de head man.

Once Moran played a blast on his kazoo.

MACK (annoyed): Boy, even if dat was *good*, I wouldn't like it! MORAN: I can play *anything* on dis! MACK: You caint play *piano* on dat!

Another gag was:

MACK: I'll meet you down by de pig-pen. You better keep yo hat on so's I'll know ya!

Even a watermelon joke, the essence of racial stereotyping, took on a certain surrealist air in their hands:

MACK: Wish I had an ice-cold watamelon. MORAN: Oh lawdy. Me too. MACK: Wish I had a thousand ice-cold watamelons. MORAN: Glory be. I bet if you had a thousand ice-cold watamelons, you'd give me one. MACK: No, no siree! If you are too lazy to wish for your own watamelons, you ain't gon' git none o' mine.

## Films

| Year | Title | Distributor | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1927 | *Two Flaming Youths* | Paramount Pictures | Lost |
| 1929 | *Why Bring That Up?* | |  |
| 1930 | *Anybody's War* | | AKA *Two Black Crows in the AEF* |
| 1932 | *Hypnotized* | Sono Art-World Wide Pictures | AKA *Little Gypsy* |
| 1933 | *A Pair of Socks* | Educational Pictures | Short |
| | *The Farmers' Fatal Folly'* | | |
| | *Hot Hoofs* | | |
| | *Two Black Crows in Africa* | | |
| | *As the Crows Fly* | | |
| | *Blue Blackbirds* | | |

## Recordings

* Early Bird Catches the Worm (3/14/1927)
* All About the Lions (7/18/1927)
* Curiosities on the Farm (11/14/1927)
* No Matter How Hungry the Horse Is, He Can't Eat a Bit (11/25/1927; 12/23/1927)
* B Our Child (12/22/1927) (as Charles E. Mack)
* Elder Eatmore's Sermon on Throwing Stones (12/23/1927)
* Two Black Crows Part 1/Part 2 (Columbia #935-D) (1928) (78 RPM)
* Two Black Crows Part 3/Part 4 (Columbia #1094-D) (1928) (78 RPM)
* Two Black Crows Part 5/Part 6 (Columbia #1198-D) (1928) (78 RPM)
* Two Black Crows Part 7/Part 8 (Columbia #1350-D) (1928) (78 RPM)
* Two Black Crows in the Jailhouse Part 1/Part 2 (Columbia #1560-D) (9/8/1928) (78 RPM)
* Two Black Crows in Hades Part 1/Part 2 (Columbia #1652-D) (11/14/1928)
* Courthouse Bump - Jelly Roll Morton's Orchestra (7/9/1929)
* Foolishments (6/5/1929)
* Esau Buck (6/4/1929)
* Drag 'Em - Mary Lou Williams (piano) (12/1930)


title: USS Billfish (SS-286)

abstract: USS Billfish (SS-286), a Balao-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to bear the generic name for any fish, such as gar or marlin, with bill-shaped jaws. During World War II, Billfish made eight war patrols between 12 August 1943 and 27 August 1945. During these patrols she sank three Japanese cargo ships totaling 4,074 gross register tons and five smaller craft. She spent part of her seventh and eighth war patrols on lifeguard duty off Japan during Allied airstrikes.

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# USS Billfish (SS-286)

USS *Billfish* (SS-286), a *Balao*-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to bear the generic name for any fish, such as gar or marlin, with bill-shaped jaws. During World War II, *Billfish* made eight war patrols between 12 August 1943 and 27 August 1945. During these patrols she sank three Japanese cargo ships totaling 4,074 gross register tons and five smaller craft. She spent part of her seventh and eighth war patrols on lifeguard duty off Japan during Allied airstrikes.

## Construction and commissioning

*Billfish* was ordered on 15 December 1941. Her keel was laid down at Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, on 23 July 1942. She was launched on 12 November 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Lewis Parks (wife of Lieutenant Commander Lewis Parks), and commissioned on 20 April 1943 with Lieutenant Commander Frederic C. Lucas, Jr., in command.

## Service history

### World War II

#### April–August 1943

After her commissioning, *Billfish* began shakedown training off the United States East Coast. She arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, from New London, Connecticut on 24 May 1943, then, after torpedo trials at Newport, moved from Newport back to New London on 28 May. She was on the slipway at New London from 19 to 22 June 1943.

On 24 June 1943, *Billfish* got underway from New London bound for Cristóbal in the Panama Canal Zone, which she reached on 2 July 1943. She transited the Panama Canal on 6 July 1943, and departed Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, the same day bound for Brisbane, Australia, to deploy to the South West Pacific Area. She reached Brisbane on 1 August 1943.

From 8 to 10 August 1943, *Billfish* conducted antisubmarine warfare exercises off Brisbane with the Royal Australian Navy destroyer HMAS *Vendetta* and Royal Australian Air Force aircraft. After *Vendetta* parted company with her on 10 August to make for Moreton Bay, *Billfish* remained at sea for one more day of exercises on 11 August before returning to Brisbane.

#### First war patrol

*Billfish* departed Brisbane on 12 August 1943 for her first war patrol. The Royal Australian Navy Motor Launch HMAS *ML 815* escorted her into Darwin, Australia, on 18 August for an overnight stop to top off with fuel and provisions. She got back underway on 19 August 1944 and headed for her patrol area in the waters of the Japanese-occupied Netherlands East Indies.

Just after midnight on 29 August 1943, *Bilfish* sighted what she thought was a large, unescorted Japanese tanker in the Sulu Sea, but the tanker's zigzag course enabled her to escape into the darkness before *Billfish* could reach a suitable attack position. While submerged at 07°58′N 117°18′E / 7.967°N 117.300°E / 7.967; 117.300 at 12:15 that afternoon, she sighted a Japanese ship exiting Balabac Strait at a range of 5,000 yards (4,600 m) which she took to be the tanker that had eluded her earlier. She surfaced and gave chase at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Finally in firing position at 22:17 at 08°28′N 119°36′E / 8.467°N 119.600°E / 8.467; 119.600, she fired a spread of four torpedoes at the ship from her stern torpedo tubes. The torpedoes passed under the ship, which then turned and revealed herself to be a small warship rather than the expected deep-draft vessel for which *Billfish* had set the torpedoes′ depth setting. *Billfish* withdrew at full power and evaded the warship.

While in position 12°15′N 111°25′E / 12.250°N 111.417°E / 12.250; 111.417 at 06:21 on 8 September 1943, *Billfish* sighted the smoke of what turned out to be a convoy of five Japanese ships steaming in the South China Sea along the coast of Japanese-occupied French Indochina. She chased the convoy until late afternoon, when she closed to within torpedo range. At 16:38 in position 11°04′N 110°23′E / 11.067°N 110.383°E / 11.067; 110.383 she launched a spread of four torpedoes from her bow tubes, then went deep and rigged for depth charging. Her crew heard an explosion, but Japanese warships counterattacked, forcing *Billfish* to go as deep as 500 feet (152 m) while they dropped 15 depth charges between 16:42 and 17:10, inflicting only minor damage on *Billfish*. As a result, she was unable to assess the results of her attack. She claimed to have damaged one cargo ship, but postwar analysis revealed that her target, the 5,832-gross register ton *Norway Maru*, escaped damage.

At 08:25 hours on 25 September 1943, *Billfish* was at 09°38′N 111°38′E / 9.633°N 111.633°E / 9.633; 111.633 when she sighted a convoy of five Japanese ships escorted by a torpedo boat. The convoy altered course away from her at a range of 4,300 yards (3,900 m) at 09:43, preventing her from reaching an attack position. She surfaced at 12:00, reported her sighting, and began an "end around" on the convoy's right flank to get ahead of it. At 12:10, she sighted the submarine USS *Bonefish* (SS-223) surfacing 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) away and beginning an end around on the convoy's left flank. Meanwhile, the submarine USS *Bowfin* (SS-287) had heard her contact report and engaged the convoy, and at 12:14 *Billfish* heard a loud explosion as *Bowfin* torpedoed and sank the 8,120-gross register ton passenger-cargo ship *Kirishima Maru*. *Billfish* saw *Bowfin* surface about 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) to her north at 13:50. The convoy had scattered, so *Billfish* pursued the easternmost ship, and sighted two other ships at 14:00. She established radar contact on the targets at a range of 8,200 yards (7,500 m) as darkness fell, and at 19:12 was in a good position to begin an attack approach from a range of 10,000 yards (9,100 m), but the ships altered course away. She again worked ahead of them, and at position 10°49′N 113°18′E / 10.817°N 113.300°E / 10.817; 113.300 fired a spread of five torpedoes from her bow tubes at 20:03. Her crew saw a bright flash and a water column rise from the stern of one Japanese ship, which stopped, began to settle, and opened gunfire as *Billfish* retired to a range of 14,000 yards (13,000 m). She attempted another attack overnight, but did not achieve an attack position. *Billfish* claimed a torpedo hit and damage to one ship, but postwar analysis did not confirm this claim.

On 3 October 1943, *Billfish* made a southbound transit of Lombok Strait on the surface. She stopped at Exmouth Gulf on the coast of Western Australia to refuel on 7 October, and ended her patrol with her arrival at Fremantle, Australia, on 10 October 1943.

#### Second war patrol

After refit, *Billfish* put to sea again on 1 November 1943 to begin her second war patrol. After stopping at Exmouth Gulf on 4 November 1943 to top off with fuel, she made a submerged northbound transit of Lombok Strait on 9 November and headed through the Netherlands East Indies via the Makassar Strait and waters north of Borneo toward a patrol area in the South China Sea off the coast of French Indochina.

While she was in the Makassar Strait at 00°22′S 118°42′E / 0.367°S 118.700°E / -0.367; 118.700 at 09:20 on 11 November 1943, she sighted an approaching Japanese torpedo boat which passed her, apparently unaware of her presence. At 14:07, she sighted a destroyer or another torpedo boat and began an approach. She abandoned her approach at a range of 3,600 yards (3,300 m) at 14:50, but the vessel turned and headed toward her, so she submerged to 300 feet (91 m) and rigged for silent running and depth charging. The Japanese ship dropped six depth charges at 15:05. *Billfish* sustained considerable minor damage and descended to 400 feet (122 m). Six more depth charges exploded at 16:40 with *Billfish* at 465 feet (142 m), inflicting no additional damage. Soon thereafter, *Billfish* detected the arrival of a second Japanese ship, and the two ships made a combined attack with eight depth charges at 19:00. With all officers senior to him incapacitated by panic and no one manning the helm, the diving officer, Lieutenant Charles W. Rush, found himself the senior man still able to carry out his duties. After 12 continuous hours at his station as diving officer, Rush turned over control of the dive to a junior officer and assumed command. Rush realized that *Billfish*′s damaged fuel tanks were leaking profusely and that the Japanese undoubtedly were tracking her by the oil slick she was leaving, so, with *Billfish* at 580 feet (177 m), some 170 feet (52 m) below her test depth – according to Rush's award citation, although he claimed she was at 650 feet (198 m), which was 250 feet (76 m) below her test depth – he reversed course so precisely that *Billfish* was able to proceed back down her previous track, using the floating oil slick as cover and defeating its usefulness to the Japanese as a trail. Meanwhile, Chief Electrician's Mate John D. Rendernick took action from his battle station and led emergency repairs, which included using a hydraulic jack to reposition the port main motor, which had been knocked off its foundation, and filling a leaking stern torpedo tube with grease. Some four hours after the Japanese attack finally ceased, *Billfish* surfaced under the cover of darkness at 00:25 on 12 November, recharged her batteries using the single operating generator, and completed repairs. For his actions, Rush was awarded the Navy Cross on 5 April 2002. Rendernick was awarded the Navy Silver Star posthumously, and on 17 August 2004 the Naval Submarine Training Center John D. Rendernick Damage Control Wet Trainer at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was named in his honor.

*Billfish* continued her patrol. While transiting Sibutu Passage, she slipped by a Japanese antisubmarine warfare ship without harm and entered the South China Sea on 16 November 1943.

From time to time during the patrol, *Billfish* again teamed up with *Bowfin*. In the predawn darkness of 28 November 1943, *Billfish* detected an escorted five-ship Japanese convoy and reported the find to *Bowfin*. In a surface attack on the convoy, *Bowfin* fired a spread of four torpedoes, all of which hit and quickly sank the 2,866-gross register ton tanker *Tonan Maru*. Only moments later, *Bowfin* fired two bow torpedoes, which struck another ship, leaving its bow awash. A third ship headed for *Bowfin* at high speed, firing its guns at her. One shell hit *Bowfin*, causing considerable damage, but *Bowfin* fired two torpedoes from her stern tubes which sent the 5,425-gross register ton passenger-cargo ship *Sydney Maru* to the bottom. Out of torpedoes, *Bowfin* headed for Australia a short time later. Meanwhile, *Billfish* got into position to fire four torpedoes from her stern tubes at one of the Japanese ships still afloat after *Bowfin*′s attack. Though *Billfish* soon heard explosions, she was unable to observe the results of the attack.

While heading through the Celebes Sea toward Australia on 5 December 1943, *Billfish* survived a Japanese attack of 15 depth charges. Unscathed, she reached Fremantle on 24 December 1943.

#### Third war patrol

After a refit, *Billfish* got underway on 19 January 1944 and headed back to the South China Sea for her third war patrol. She transited Sibutu Passage on the evening of 1 February 1944 and at around 23:30 opened fire with her 4-inch (102 mm) gun on two Japanese "sea trucks, " a U.S. term for small Japanese cargo ships. The Japanese ships responded with erratic gunfire and scored a few hits on *Billfish*′s deck aft. Undamaged, *Billfish* set one of the ships afire and left the second listing dangerously.

On 13 February 1944, a comparatively small Japanese warship surprised *Billfish* on the surface and bracketed her with 4.7-inch (120 mm) gunfire, forcing her to go deep. A depth-charge attack ensued but she sustained no damage. After a final brush with a Japanese convoy on 1 March 1944, she returned to Fremantle on 24 March 1944.

#### Fourth war patrol

Underway again on 18 April 1944 to begin her fourth war patrol, *Billfish* made a stop at Darwin. She departed Darwin on 23 April 1944. At 13:37 on 24 April 1944, she detected an approaching Allied twin-engine bomber which mistook her for a Japanese submarine and responded to her recognition flare by strafing her with machine-gun fire as she crash-dived to 100 feet (30 m). She resurfaced at 14:05 and sighted the same plane, which again attacked her, attempting to drop a bomb, but the dropping mechanism locked up. *Billfish* again crash-dived, submerging to 150 feet (46 m). She surfaced at 14:45 and at 14:49 sighted the plane heading for Darwin. On 25 April, *Billfish* – which had suffered no damage or casualties – returned to Darwin, where her commanding officer and the bomber′s pilot met to discuss the incident, determining that neither *Billfish* or the bomber had seen each other's recognition flares and that, although *Billfish* was within 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) of her predicted position, the pilot had not received any information on *Billfish*′s whereabouts and had not expected any Allied submarines within 175 nautical miles (324 km; 201 mi) of his position.

Again departing Darwin, *Billfish* proceeded to a patrol area in waters between and around the Mariana Islands and Caroline Islands. On 2 May 1944, she almost closed within range of a Japanese cargo ship escorted by a destroyer and a minesweeper, but the Japanese ships made a sudden and radical change of course that prevented her from launching any torpedoes.

While running submerged on 21 May 1944, *Billfish* found herself in the path of a four-ship Japanese convoy escorted by four submarine chasers. *Billfish* worked into position to attack and fired six torpedoes at the two largest ships. According to *Billfish*′s patrol report, three torpedoes sent one ship to the bottom and one hit the second, severely damaging her, as depth charges forced *Billfish* deep, but postwar analysis of Japanese records failed to confirm the kill.

On 22 May 1943, *Billfish* sighted a large Japanese submarine and stalked her for six hours before reaching attack position. She then fired four torpedoes from her bow tubes. Three missed because the Japanese submarine made a last-minute course change. The fourth hung up in the tube and had to be jarred loose with a second, much heavier, blast of compressed air. The Japanese submarine submerged and escaped. *Billfish*′s target sometimes has been identified as *I-43*, but *I-43* still was under construction at the time.

*Billfish* spotted another Japanese submarine on 26 May 1944 but failed to gain a favorable attack position. Later, after surviving two Japanese air attacks, *Billfish* headed for Hawaii on 5 June and reached Pearl Harbor on 13 June 1944.

#### Fifth war patrol

Following a hasty overhaul, *Billfish* departed Pearl Harbor to begin her fifth war patrol as part of a coordinated attack group under the command of Commander Stanley P. Moseley – who was embarked aboard *Billfish* – which also included the submarines USS *Greenling* (SS-213) and USS *Sailfish* (SS-192). The submarines stopped at Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, then proceeded to their patrol area in the Luzon Strait. On 7 August 1944, after *Sailfish* reported her detection of a Japanese convoy, *Billfish* launched a spread of four torpedoes at a 300-foot (91 m) cargo ship from a range of 2,000 yards (1,800 m). However, the cargo ship spotted the wakes of the torpedoes and evaded them. An immediate depth-charge attack by an escort forced *Billfish* to go deep and prevented her from making another attack against the convoy.

Later in the patrol, several Japanese aircraft attacked *Billfish*, but she escaped without damage or casualties. She departed her patrol area early in September 1944 and proceeded via Saipan in the Mariana Islands to Majuro Atoll in the Marshall Islands, where she arrived on 13 September 1944.

#### Sixth war patrol

After refitting at Majuro Atoll, *Billfish* got underway on 6 October 1944 for her sixth war patrol, bound for the Volcano Islands, where she performed lifeguard duty in support of raids on the Japanese Home Islands by United States Army Air Forces B-29 Superfortress bombers based in the Mariana Islands. On 21 October 1944, she shifted to the Ryukyu Islands, where she sighted a Japanese convoy of 10 ships on the night of 4–5 November 1944. Shoal water thwarted her efforts to approach the Japanese ships for an attack.

Shortly after dawn on 7 November 1944, *Billfish* spotted a convoy of five Japanese merchant ships escorted by four warships and tracked them until just after 22:00 that night, when she fired three torpedoes from her bow tubes and hit two ships. Even before hearing the explosions of the torpedoes, *Billfish* turned around and launched four more torpedoes from her stern tubes. Her patrol report stated that two of these torpedoes exploded against the largest merchant ship in the convoy, but it was impossible for her to observe the results of the attack because the escorts struck back with depth charges and forced her down nearly to maximum depth. Postwar analysis of Japanese records failed to credit her with any sinkings on that day, although she may have severely damaged one or more ships in the convoy. Later that night, during the predawn hours of 8 November 1944, *Billfish* fired four more torpedoes at a 2,500-to-3,000-gross register ton two-masted ship, but the ship answered with machine-gun fire before escaping unharmed.

On 13 November 1944, *Billfish* sank a 40-gross register ton diesel-powered sampan with gunfire. She ended her patrol with her arrival at Pearl Harbor on 27 November 1944.

#### December 1944–March 1945

On 1 December 1944, *Billfish* got underway from Pearl Harbor and headed for San Francisco, California. She reached San Francisco on 9 December 1944 and began an overhaul. Upon its completion, she departed San Francisco Bay on 12 March 1945 and proceeded Pearl Harbor, from which she conducted refresher training in the waters of the Hawaiian Islands.

#### Seventh war patrol

After completion of refresher training, *Billfish* departed Pearl Harbor to begin her seventh war patrol. After a stop in the Mariana Islands, she headed for a patrol area in the East China Sea to provide lifeguard service for U.S. Army Air Forces B-29 Superfortress bombers during raids on Honshu. Late in May 1945, she shifted to the Tsushima Strait area where, on 26 May 1945, one of her torpedoes sank the Japanese 991-gross register ton cargo ship *Kotobuki Maru No. 7*. Following an unsuccessful torpedo attack on a small Japanese coastal cargo ship two days later, *Billfish* scored again when two of her torpedoes sank the 2,220-gross register ton cargo ship *Taiu Maru* on 4 June 1945 in the Yellow Sea about 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) off the coast of the Korean Peninsula. A short time later, she surfaced and destroyed three coastal steamers with gunfire. During the action, rifle fire from the third and last schooner she attacked killed Quartermaster 1st Class Robert V. Oliver and wounded another *Billfish* crewman. At 12:00 on the 5 June 1945, *Billfish* launched a salvo of four torpedoes at a medium-sized cargo ship, but the ship's simultaneous, radical course change caused all of them to miss. As *Billfish* left her patrol area, a Japanese plane dove out of the sun and dropped two well-aimed depth charges that burst close aboard, violently shaking *Billfish* without inflicting any serious damage. She arrived safely at Midway Atoll on 17 June 1945 and began a refit there.

#### Eighth war patrol

*Billfish* got underway again on 12 July 1945, departing Midway Atoll for her eighth war patrol, which took her to Japan's home waters. Japanese shipping had become a rare commodity by this time in the war, and *Billfish* only achieved two significant successes during the entire patrol. On 5 August 1945, near the coast of Manchuria, three torpedoes from a salvo of four she fired hit and sank the 1,091-gross register ton cargo ship *Kori Maru*. On 7 August 1945, in practically the same area, she sent a considerably smaller cargo ship to the bottom with a single torpedo. She then escaped her victim's escort through skillful maneuvering in water scarcely deep enough to permit her to operate submerged. That night, while proceeding on the surface at high speed, she collided with and sank a small fishing junk.

*Billfish* then took up a lifeguard station off the coast of Kyushu in support of Allied airstrikes. On 15 August 1945, while on lifeguard duty, she received word of Japan's surrender that day and orders to proceed to Hawaii. She ended her wartime career with her arrival at Pearl Harbor on 27 August 1945.

### Post-World War II

At Pearl Harbor, *Billfish* received orders to proceed to the United States Gulf Coast. After transiting the Panama Canal, she reached New Orleans, Louisiana, on 19 September 1945 and began several months of maneuvers and training in the Gulf of Mexico and in waters adjacent to the Panama Canal Zone in the Caribbean Sea.

By the late spring of 1946, *Billfish* was at New London. She moved to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, in June 1946 for her inactivation overhaul, which was completed in October 1946. Towed back to New London by the rescue tug USS *ATR-64* early in the autumn of 1946, she was decommissioned there on 1 November 1946.

From 1 January 1960 until 1 April 1968, *Billfish* served as a training vessel for the United States Naval Reserve, First Naval District, at the South Boston Annex of the Boston Naval Shipyard in Boston, Massachusetts, and during this duty was reclassified as an auxiliary submarine, **AGSS-286**, on 6 November 1962. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 April 1968 and sold on 17 March 1971 for scrapping.

## Honors and awards

*Billfish* received seven battle stars for her World War II service.

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| **USS *Billfish*** | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Builder | Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine |
| Laid down | 23 July 1942 |
| Launched | 12 November 1942 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Lewis Parks |
| Commissioned | 20 April 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 1 November 1946 |
| Reclassified | Auxiliary submarine (AGSS-286) 6 November 1962 |
| Stricken | 1 April 1968 |
| Honors and<br>awards | Seven battle stars for World War II |
| Fate | Sold for scrap, 17 March 1971 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Balao*-class diesel-electric submarine |
| Displacement | * 1,526 long tons (1,550 t) surfaced * 2,414 long tons (2,453 t) submerged |
| Length | 311 ft 9 in (95.02 m) |
| Beam | 27 ft 3 in (8.31 m) |
| Draft | 16 ft 10 in (5.13 m) maximum |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 20.25 knots (37.50 km/h) surfaced * 8.75 kn (16.21 km/h) submerged |
| Range | 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km) surfaced at 10 knots (19 km/h) |
| Endurance | * 48 hours at 2 knots (3.7 km/h) submerged * 75 days on patrol |
| Test depth | 400 ft (120 m) |
| Complement | 10 officers, 70–71 enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: Zonulispira

abstract: Zonulispira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

text:
# Zonulispira

***Zonulispira*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

## Species

Species within the genus *Zonulispira* include:

Species brought into synonymy  * P. Bartsch (1950), *New West American Turrids*. Nautilus, 63 (3): 87-97, plate 6

* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.
* Bouchet, P.; Kantor, Y. I.; Sysoev, A.; Puillandre, N. (2011). *A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda).* Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77(3): 273-308
* Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Pseudomelatomidae

## InfoBox

| *Zonulispira* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Zonulispira chrysochildosa* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Pseudomelatomidae |
| Genus: | *Zonulispira*
Bartsch, 1950 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pleurotoma zonulata*
Reeve, 1842 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Up for Grabs...Live

abstract: Up for Grabs...Live is the first live album by American rock band Spin Doctors, released in 1991. It is also their first release.

text:
# Up for Grabs...Live

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Up for Grabs...Live*** is the first live album by American rock band Spin Doctors, released in 1991. It is also their first release.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Spin Doctors

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Big Fat Funky Booty" | 6:55 |
| 2. | "At This Hour" | 6:05 |
| 3. | "Freeway of the Plains/Lady Kerosene" | 10:41 |
| 4. | "Yo Mamas a Pajama" | 3:53 |
| 5. | "Little Miss Can't Be Wrong" | 4:51 |
| 6. | "Rosetta Stone" | 7:58 |

**Notes**

## Personnel

* Chris Barron – lead vocals
* Eric Schenkman – guitar, backing vocals
* Mark White – bass
* Aaron Comess – drums

**Production**

* Peter Denenberg – producer, mixing, engineer
* Frankie La Rocka – producer
* Karen Kuehn – photography
* Paul LaRaia – photography

## InfoBox

| Up for Grabs...Live | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Spin Doctors | |
| Released | January 1991 |
| Recorded | September 27, 1990 |
| Venue | Wetlands (New York City) |
| Length | 40:23 |
| Label | Epic |
| Producer | Peter Denenberg
Frankie La Rocka |
| Spin Doctors chronology | |
| ***Up for Grabs...Live***
(1991) *Pocket Full of Kryptonite*
(1991) | |


title: Lycomorphodes flavipars

abstract: Lycomorphodes flavipars is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1909. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Lycomorphodes flavipars

***Lycomorphodes flavipars*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1909. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Lycomorphodes flavipars* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Lycomorphodes* |
| Species: | ***L. flavipars*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lycomorphodes flavipars***<br>Hampson, 1909 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lycomorphodes flavipars* ab. *nigripyga* Strand, 1922 * *Lycomorphodes flavipars* ab. *reducta* Draudt, 1918 | |


title: Theatre of Lebanon

abstract: Theatre in Lebanon has its origin in passion plays. The musical plays of Maroun Naccache from the mid-1800s are considered the birth of modern Arab theatre. Some scholars, such as Abdulatif Shararah, have divided Lebanese theatre into three historical phases centered on 1) translations of European plays, 2) Arab nationalism, and 3) realism.

text:
# Theatre of Lebanon

**Theatre in Lebanon** has its origin in passion plays. The musical plays of Maroun Naccache from the mid-1800s are considered the birth of modern Arab theatre. Some scholars, such as Abdulatif Shararah, have divided Lebanese theatre into three historical phases centered on 1) translations of European plays, 2) Arab nationalism, and 3) realism.

## Passion Plays

The dramatic presentation of the Passion of Jesus Christ was a traditional practice during Lent among the Christian communities in Lebanon. Additionally, passion plays, depicting the events of Karbala, were also common among the Shia of Lebanon. Passion plays, whether Christian or Shia, were events centered around village life. In villages, it was not uncommon for Christians to participate in minor roles in Shia passion plays and vice versa.

## 1800s

The first theatrical production, which was by Maroun Naccache, was performed in Beirut in 1846. On a visit to Italy in late 1846, Maroun Naccache was exposed to theatre and upon his return to Lebanon, he wrote an Arabic adaptation of *L'Avare* (Al Bakhil). The increase of theatrical productions is evident in advertisements for plays and critical reviews that appeared in the publication of the arts magazine, *Thamrat Al Funun*, starting in 1875.

## 1900s

The Naccache plays paved the road. By the turn of the century, theatre became a "customary form of entertainment," overcoming the initial objection of the Church regarding dramatic arts. As part of the end of the academic year, universities in Beirut staged theatrical productions. In 1903, *Julius Caesar* was staged at the American University of Beirut followed by *Hamlet* in 1905.

## 1910s

The contributions of expatriate literary figures such as, Mikhael Naimy of the New York Pen League who wrote the play, *Fathers and Sons* in 1906, were an important factor in the acceptance of the literary genre in Lebanon.

## 1920s

The Grand Théâtre, built in 1927 on Rue Amir Bachir in Beirut Central District, catered to the Francophone communities of Lebanon.

## 1940s

Said Akl's *Cadmus* that was published in 1944 was considered another important contribution to the development of theatre in Lebanon due to its nationalistic theme.

## 1950s

One of the most important playwrights of the 1950s was Said Takieddine whose one-act play, *The Outcast* (1953), was acclaimed. This period also witnessed the flourishing of the Armenian Lebanese theatre that was heralded by Kaspar Ipekian and later George Sarkissian.

## 1960s

Due to the fact that Beirut was the only city in the Arab world that enjoyed "true freedom of expression," theatrical productions flourished in Lebanon in the 1960s. The National Theatre was founded in 1960, paving the way for the emergence of a number of theatrical troops, including the Rahbani brothers and their star, Fairuz. Le Théâtre de Dix-Heures, focusing on comedy, was established in 1962 by Gaston Chikhani, Pierre Gédéon, Abdallah Nabbout and Edmond Hanania. One of the most important plays of the decade was Issam Mahfouz's *Zinzalakht*, which was written in the Lebanese vernacular. Mahfouz is credited for sparking the creative elements of many playwrights and actors, such as Raymound Gebara, Jalal Khoury, Nidal Achkar, and Antoine Courbage.

By the mid sixties, the Rahbani theatre had become very extravagant. It was reported that in order to stage the musical, *Fakhr al-Din* (1966), 200 performers, 30 dancers and a 30-piece orchestra were hired while the costumes alone cost 50,000 L.L.

## 1970s

By the early seventies, at least five theatrical companies had gained mass appeal in Lebanon. Roger Assaf, Nidal Achkar, and Antoine and Latifa Multaka were experimenting with *avant garde* theatre in the early 1970s. The internationally renowned Caracalla Dance Theatre was founded in 1970. Romeo Lahoud produced a series of musicals starring, Salwa Al Katrib, such as *Singof Singof* in 1974 and *Bint El Jabal* in 1977. The Rahbani brothers also continued staging musicals, like *Ya'ish Ya' ish* (1970) and *Sahh al-Nawm* (1971), especially at the Piccadilly Theater on Hamra Street.

## 1980s

Despite the war, theatrical productions continued albeit moving from Beirut to safer locations in the northern suburbs and the coastal city of Jounieh. A series of plays that centered around the folkloric character, the fool of Chanay, were produced by Nabih Abou Al Hosen and staged at the theatre of Casino du Liban. Also, Romeo Lahoud continued to produce musicals with Salwa Al Katrib and so did the Rahbani brothers who introduced new singers to the public, the sisters Ronza and Fadia Tomb.

## Present

The majority of theatres in Lebanese are based in the capital The sons of Mansour Rahbani continued in the tradition of their father and have produced several musicals that were staged in Baalbeck, Byblos and overseas.

Nidal Al Achkar established Al Madina Theater Association for Arts and Culture in 2005, renovating the Saroulla Cinema, which was built in the late sixties on Hamra Street, and turning it into a multidisciplinary platform. Al Achkar's renovation of Saroulla created hope among artists that other theaters on Hamra Street, such as Piccadilly Theatre, would also be restored to their former glory. Al Madina Theatre was credited for bringing back traces of high culture to Hamra Street that was the cultural hub of Beirut before the war. In 2011, The Maqamat Dance Theater also opened on Hamra Street in 2011, providing a new contemporary dance space and furthering Hamra's cultural and art-scene revival.

The 20th anniversary was celebrated in Al Madina Theatre in 2016.

The first Lebanese National Theatre Festival in 2018 was also held there by the Ministry of Culture in Al Madina Theatre.

Provocative playwright Rabih Mroué wrote *How Nancy Hoped it Was All an April Fool's Joke* in 2007. The play dealt with political problems and addressed the issues that divide the country.

In 2008, Zeina Daccache, a television comedian and head of The Lebanese Centre for Drama Therapy, presented *12 Angry Lebanese* that starred prisoners from the infamous, maximum-security Roumieh Prison. Daccache and a group of prisoners adapted the play from Reginald Rose's *Twelve Angry Men* and then staged it at the prison in a makeshift theatre. Socialites, the Prosecutor General and the Minister of Interior were among the guests and other prisoners present at the premier.

Théâtre de Beyrouth, a vestige of pre-war Beirut, was a small theatre known for its cutting-edge productions and performances in various languages, Arabic, French, and English. Another active theatre, with more than 60 performances per year, is Monot Theater, presenting local French-language programming but also international acts, such as the Danish, Svalholm Dans' "Imago Poetry and Performing Arts" in 2011.

Lebanese dancer-choreographer Georgette Gebara was conferred with the new honorary membership of the International Theatre Institute at the 33rd ITI World Congress that was held in China in 2011.


title: Memorial Park, Motueka

abstract: Memorial Park is a cricket ground in Motueka, Tasman, New Zealand. Memorial Park is jointly owned by Tasman District Council and Wakatū Incorporation, a company representing 4,000 shareholders who are descendants of the original Te Tau Ihu Māori of the area. The first recorded match held on the ground came in January 1950 when Nelson played Marlborough in the 1950/51 Hawke Cup. The ground later held a single List A match when Central Districts played Otago in the 1987/88 Shell Cup, which Central Districts won by 52 runs. Senior cricket hasn't been played at the ground since.

text:
# Memorial Park, Motueka

**Memorial Park** is a cricket ground in Motueka, Tasman, New Zealand.

Memorial Park is jointly owned by Tasman District Council and Wakatū Incorporation, a company representing 4,000 shareholders who are descendants of the original Te Tau Ihu Māori of the area.

The first recorded match held on the ground came in January 1950 when Nelson played Marlborough in the 1950/51 Hawke Cup. The ground later held a single List A match when Central Districts played Otago in the 1987/88 Shell Cup, which Central Districts won by 52 runs. Senior cricket hasn't been played at the ground since.

41°06′33.66″S 173°0′28.10″E / 41.1093500°S 173.0078056°E / -41.1093500; 173.0078056

## InfoBox

Memorial Park
| Gates leading into Memorial Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Ground information | |
| Location | Motueka, New Zealand |
| Establishment | 1950 (first recorded match) |
| Team information | |
| Central Districts (1987) | |
| As of 3 November 2011<br>Source: Ground profile | |


title: Zonulispira crocata

abstract: Zonulispira crocata, common name the Sanibel turrid, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

text:
# Zonulispira crocata

***Zonulispira crocata***, common name the **Sanibel turrid**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 29 mm.

The shell is pyramidally oblong, transversely elevately striated and longitudinally ribbed. The body whorl is furnished with a small gibbous tubercle. The siphonal canal is very short. The aperture is short. The sinus broad and large. The color of the shell is whitish, covered with a saffron-olive epidermis.

## Distribution

*Z. crocata* can be found off the western coast of Florida to the Florida Keys.

* Rosenberg, G.; Moretzsohn, F.; García, E. F. (2009). Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 579–699 in: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas
* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.
* Gatsropods.com: *Zonulispira crocata*.

## InfoBox

| *Zonulispira crocata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Zonulispira crocata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Pseudomelatomidae |
| Genus: | *Zonulispira* |
| Species: | ***Z. crocata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zonulispira crocata***<br>(Reeve, 1845) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Drillia acucincta* W.H. Dall, 1890 * *Drillia crocata* L.A. Reeve, 1845 (original combination) * *Zonulispira sanibelensis* Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 | |


title: Nedeljko Piščević

abstract: Nedeljko Piščević is a Serbian football midfielder who plays for Bulgarian side CSKA 1948. He made his Serbian Super Liga debut with FK Rad in July 2017.

text:
# Nedeljko Piščević

**Nedeljko Piščević** (born 20 April 1995) is a Serbian football midfielder who plays for Bulgarian side CSKA 1948.

He made his Serbian Super Liga debut with FK Rad in July 2017.

## InfoBox

Nedeljko Piščević
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1995-04-20) 20 April 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Belgrade, FR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | CSKA 1948 | | |
| Number | 28 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2017 | FK Sinđelić Beograd | 89 | (3) |
| 2017–2018 | FK Rad | 9 | (0) |
| 2018 | FK Sinđelić Beograd (loan) | 18 | (3) |
| 2019–2020 | FK Javor Ivanjica | 59 | (5) |
| 2021–2022 | Riga FC | 23 | (0) |
| 2022 | Radnički Kragujevac | 14 | (1) |
| 2022–2023 | Borac Banja Luka | 27 | (3) |
| 2023– | CSKA 1948 | 18 | (4) |
| 2023– | CSKA 1948 II | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20 June 2024 | | | |


title: Gerald M. Rubin

abstract: Gerald Mayer Rubin is an American biologist, notable for pioneering the use of transposable P elements in genetics, and for leading the public project to sequence the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Related to his genomics work, Rubin's lab is notable for development of genetic and genomics tools and studies of signal transduction and gene regulation. Rubin also served as a vice president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2003–2020) and founding executive director of its Janelia Research Campus.

text:
# Gerald M. Rubin

**Gerald Mayer Rubin** (born 1950) is an American biologist, notable for pioneering the use of transposable P elements in genetics, and for leading the public project to sequence the *Drosophila melanogaster* genome. Related to his genomics work, Rubin's lab is notable for development of genetic and genomics tools and studies of signal transduction and gene regulation. Rubin also served as a vice president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2003–2020) and founding executive director of its Janelia Research Campus.

## Education and early life

Rubin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1950, attending the Boston Latin School. Rubin completed his undergraduate degree in biology at MIT, working at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory during the summer. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge, working at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1974, for studies on 5.8S ribosomal RNA supervised by Sydney Brenner.

## Career and research

Following his PhD, Rubin did postdoctoral research at Stanford University with David Hogness.

Rubin's first faculty position was at Harvard Medical School, followed by the Carnegie Institution of Washington; in 1983 he accepted an appointment as the John D. MacArthur Professor of Genetics at the University of California, Berkeley. He was appointed a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator in 1987. He is currently the MacArthur Professor of Genetics emeritus, Genomics and Development, in Berkeley's Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and a Senior Group Leader at the Janelia Research Campus.

Rubin has taken a leading role in a number of high-profile scientific research projects. As the director of the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, he led the public effort to sequence *Drosophila melanogaster*. As Vice President of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rubin led the development of HHMI's Janelia Research Campus, an independent biomedical research institute in Virginia.

His lab is particularly known for its development of genomics tools, studies of gene regulation and other genome-wide research, neuroanatomy, and neurogenetics.

He was one of the three scientific founders of Exelixis in 1994; the company's original business plan was to exploit genomic research in *Drosophila* and other model organism to discover biological targets that could be used in drug discovery.

### Awards and honours

Rubin has won numerous awards including:

## InfoBox

| Gerald Rubin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Gerald Mayer Rubin<br>1950 (age 7374) |
| Alma mater |  |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
| Thesis | *Studies on 5.8S ribosomal RNA* (1974) |
| Doctoral advisor | Sydney Brenner |
|  | |
| Website | www.hhmi.org/scientists/gerald-m-rubin |


title: Mispila samarensis

abstract: Mispila samarensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.

text:
# Mispila samarensis

***Mispila samarensis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.

## InfoBox

| *Mispila samarensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Mispila* |
| Subgenus: | *Mispila (Mispila)* |
| Species: | ***M. samarensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mispila samarensis***<br>Breuning, 1939 | |
|


title: Gianluca Lorenzoni

abstract: Gianluca Antonio Remo Lorenzoni, better known as Gianluca Lorenzoni, is a Mozambican football player who currently plays for Gudja United and Mozambique U20. His position is left winger.

text:
# Gianluca Lorenzoni

**Gianluca Antonio Remo Lorenzoni** (born 22 February 2001), better known as **Gianluca Lorenzoni**, is a Mozambican football player who currently plays for Gudja United and Mozambique U20. His position is left winger.

## InfoBox

Gianluca Lorenzoni
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gianluca Antonio Remo Lorenzoni | | |
| Date of birth | (2001-02-22) 22 February 2001 | | |
| Place of birth | Maputo, Mozambique | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Gudja United | | |
| Number | 10 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2011–2014 | Académica Maputo | | |
| 2014–2016 | Costa do Sol | | |
| 2017–2018 | AT Rennes | | |
| 2018–2019 | Rio Ave | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2019–2020 | Boavista |  |  |
| 2020-2021 | Varzim |  |  |
| 2021-2022 | Puente Genil | 6 | (1) |
| 2023- | Gudja United | 16 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2021- | Mozambique U20 | 2 | (1) |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  Mozambique  COSAFA Cup  2024 South Africa | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 13 May 2024 | | | |


title: UNIVAC EXEC I

abstract: EXEC I is UNIVAC's original operating system developed for the UNIVAC 1107 in 1962. EXEC I is a batch processing operating system that supports multiprogramming.

text:
# UNIVAC EXEC I

**EXEC I** is UNIVAC's original operating system developed for the UNIVAC 1107 in 1962. EXEC I is a batch processing operating system that supports multiprogramming.

* Gray, George (March 1993). "EXEC II". *Unisys History Newsletter*. **1** (3). Archived from the original on August 9, 2017.

## InfoBox

EXEC I
| Developer | UNIVAC |
| --- | --- |
| Working state | Discontinued |
| Platforms | UNIVAC 1107 |
| Default<br>user interface | Batch processing |
| License | Proprietary |


title: Minnesota's congressional districts

text:
# Minnesota's congressional districts

Minnesota is currently divided into eight congressional districts, each represented by a member of the United States House of Representatives. After the 2020 census, the number of Minnesota's seats remained unchanged.

Minnesota statutes do not require candidates for the United States House of Representatives to reside in the district in which they run for office, but candidates must be inhabitants of the state at the time of the election.

## Current districts and representatives

List of members of the United States House delegation from Minnesota, their terms, their district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of eight members, consisting of four Democrats and four Republicans.

| Current U.S. representatives from Minnesota | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| District | Member
(Residence) | Party | Incumbent since | CPVI
(2022) | District map |
| 1st |
**Brad Finstad**
(New Ulm) | Republican | August 12, 2022 | R+7 |  |
| 2nd |
**Angie Craig**
(Prior Lake) | Democratic (DFL) | January 3, 2019 | D+1 |  |
| 3rd |
**Dean Phillips**
(Plymouth) | Democratic (DFL) | January 3, 2019 | D+8 |  |
| 4th |
**Betty McCollum**
(Saint Paul) | Democratic (DFL) | January 3, 2001 | D+17 |  |
| 5th |
**Ilhan Omar**
(Minneapolis) | Democratic (DFL) | January 3, 2019 | D+30 |  |
| 6th |
**Tom Emmer**
(Delano) | Republican | January 3, 2015 | R+12 |  |
| 7th |
**Michelle Fischbach**
(Regal) | Republican | January 3, 2021 | R+19 |  |
| 8th |
**Pete Stauber**
(Hermantown) | Republican | January 3, 2019 | R+8 |  |
|

## Historical and present district boundaries

Table of United States congressional district boundary maps in the State of Minnesota, presented chronologically. All redistricting events that took place in Minnesota between 1973 and 2013 are shown.

| Year | Statewide map | Minneapolis–St. Paul Metro Area highlight |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1872–1882 |  |  |
| 1882–1892 |  |  |
| 1892–1902 |  |  |
| 1902–1912 |  |  |
| 1973–1982 |  |  |
| 1983–1992 |  |  |
| 1993–1994 |  |  |
| 1995–2002 |  |  |
| 2003–2013 |  |  |
| 2013-2023 |  |  |
| Since 2023 |  |  |

## Obsolete districts

### Districts

Congressional districts are also used to ensure regional representation on other government bodies within the state. The following entities are required by state statute to have at least one member from each congressional district:

Minnesota currently has eight congressional districts. There were 9th and 10th districts but they were eliminated in 1963 and 1933 respectively. Redistricting is done every 10 years to reflect population shifts within the United States.


title: Gibbons Pass

abstract: Gibbons Pass (el. 2117 m./6945 ft.) is a high mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains in Montana. It is situated on the North American Continental Divide. It was used by part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition on their return trip. Gibbons Pass is also one of the most historic passes in Montana. Its highest point is 6,945 feet above sea level. The conflict with the Nez Perce Indians by Captain Gibbons began here. The pass was the main route for Indians, explorers, hunters and other traffic prior to the construction of US Highway 93.

text:
# Gibbons Pass

**Gibbons Pass** (el. 2117 m./6945 ft.) is a high mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains in Montana. It is situated on the North American Continental Divide. It was used by part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition on their return trip. Gibbons Pass is also one of the most historic passes in Montana. Its highest point is 6,945 feet above sea level. The conflict with the Nez Perce Indians by Captain Gibbons began here. The pass was the main route for Indians, explorers, hunters and other traffic prior to the construction of US Highway 93.

## Bibliography

* Saindon, Robert A. (2003). *Explorations Into the World of Lewis and Clark, Volume 3*.
Digital Scanning Inc. p. 528. ISBN 9781582187655.
* Woodger, Elin; Toropov, Brandon (2009). *Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition*.
Infobase Publishing. p. 438. ISBN 978-0-8160-4781-9. Url

45°43.9′N 113°54.3′W / 45.7317°N 113.9050°W / 45.7317; -113.9050

## InfoBox

| Gibbons Pass | |
| --- | --- |
| Elevation | 2,117 m (6,946 ft) |
| Location | Beaverhead / Ravalli counties, Montana, United States |
| Range | Rocky Mountains |
| Coordinates | 45°43.9′N 113°54.3′W / 45.7317°N 113.9050°W / 45.7317; -113.9050 |


title: Minoru Minami

abstract: Minoru Minami was a Japanese photographer. He served as the founding editor-in-chief of the photography magazine Geijutsu shashin kenkyu.

text:
# Minoru Minami

**Minoru Minami** (南 実, *Minami Minoru*, 18871948) was a Japanese photographer. He served as the founding editor-in-chief of the photography magazine *Geijutsu shashin kenkyu* ("Art Photography Studies").

1. (in Japanese) Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, editor. *328 Outstanding Japanese Photographers* (『日本写真家事典』, **Nihon shashinka jiten**). Kyoto: Tankōsha, 2000. ISBN 4-473-01750-8
2. Tucker, Anne; Friis-Hansen, Dana; Iizawa, Kōtarō; Ryuichi, Kaneko; Kinoshita, Naoyuki; Joe, Takeba; Staff, Kokusai Kaoryau Kikin (2003). *The History of Japanese Photography*. Yale University Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 9780300099256.


title: USS Fulton (SP-247)

abstract: The fourth USS Fulton (SP-247), later USS SP-247, was a commercial tug built in 1909. She was commissioned by the United States Navy and served as a minesweeper in 1917 in the Third Naval District and returned to her previous owners two years later. She remained in service, latterly as Catherine Carroll, at least into the 1960s.

text:
# USS Fulton (SP-247)

The fourth **USS *Fulton* (SP-247)**, later **USS *SP-247***, was a commercial tug built in 1909. She was commissioned by the United States Navy and served as a minesweeper in 1917 in the Third Naval District and returned to her previous owners two years later. She remained in service, latterly as *Catherine Carroll*, at least into the 1960s.

## Construction and commercial service

*Fulton* was built as a steel-hulled tug in 1909 by the Staten Island Shipbuilding Company at Port Richmond on Staten Island, New York as Yard Number 489. The tug had a length of 93.5 ft (28.5 m), a beam of 25.2 ft (7.7 m), a depth of 12.1 ft (3.7 m) and a draft of 11.0 ft (3.4 m). She measured 229 GRT and 156 NRT and was powered by a compound steam engine of 850 ihp (630 kW) driving a single propeller.

The tug was built for the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. to tow barges carrying rail cars. She was registered at New York, with US Official Number 207060 and call-sign LBHQ. The vessel was named after Robert Fulton who was honored in New York City's Hudson–Fulton Celebration in 1909 on the centenary of his development of practical steamship technology.

## World War I service

The U.S. Navy acquired her under charter on 30 April 1917 for service as a Section mine sweeper. After arming with a single 1-pounder gun, she was commissioned as USS *Fulton* (SP-247) on 22 September with two officers and sixteen men assigned to the Third Naval District. On 11 April 1918 her official name was reduced to *SP-247*.

The Navy returned *Fulton* to her previous owner on 12 August 1919.

## Return to commercial service

In 1919 *Fulton* resumed service with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. By 1958 she had been sold to Tug Fulton Corp., New York and renamed *Catherine Carroll*. The tug continued in service until at least 1964.

1. "Bethlehem Steel Company, Staten Island NY". *shipbuildinghistory.com*. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
2. *Merchant Vessels of the United States*. Washington DC: US Bureau of Customs. 1914. p. 176. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
3. *Record*. American Bureau of Shipping. 1933. p. 183. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
4. Construction & Repair Bureau (Navy) (November 1, 1918). *Ships' Data U.S. Naval Vessels*. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 308–313.
5. Historical Section, Navy Department (1920). *German Submarine Activities on the Atlantic Coast of the United States and Canada* (PDF). Washington, D.C. p. 135. Retrieved 5 October 2018.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
6. "SP-247". *NavSource Online*. NavSource Naval History. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
7. *Merchant Vessels of the United States*. Washington DC: US Bureau of Customs. 1920. p. 47. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
8. *Merchant Vessels of the United States*. Washington DC: US Coast Guard. 1958. pp. 106, 716. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
9. *Merchant Vessels of the United States*. Washington DC: US Coast Guard. 1964. p. 810. Retrieved 21 August 2018.

## InfoBox

| *Lackawanna Railroad* tugboat *Fulton* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Fulton* |
| Namesake | Robert Fulton |
| Builder | Staten Island Shipbuilding Company, Port Richmond, Staten Island, New York |
| Completed | 1909 |
| Acquired | 30 April 1917 |
| Renamed | USS *SP-247* 11 April 1918 |
| Fate | Returned to owner 12 August 1919 |
| Notes | Operated as civilian vessel *Fulton* 1909-1917 and from 1919 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Minesweeper / tugboat |
| Tonnage | 229 GRT, 156 NRT |
| Length | 93.5 ft (28.5 m) |
| Beam | 25.2 ft (7.7 m) |
| Draft | 11.0 ft (3.4 m) |
| Depth | 12.1 ft (3.7 m) |
| Installed power | 850 ihp (630 kW) |
| Propulsion | Single compound steam engine, one shaft |
| Complement | * 7 * 18 as mine sweeper |
| Armament | single 1-pounder gun |
| Notes | steel hull |


title: Miss Polski 2017

abstract: Miss Polski 2017 was the 28th Miss Polski pageant, held on December 3, 2017. The winner was Kamila Świerc of Opole. Świerc then represented Poland at Miss Supranational 2019. The 1st Runner-Up, Marta Ziębakowska represented the country at Miss International 2018.

text:
# Miss Polski 2017

**Miss Polski 2017** was the 28th Miss Polski pageant, held on December 3, 2017. The winner was Kamila Świerc of Opole. Świerc then represented Poland at Miss Supranational 2019. The 1st Runner-Up, Marta Ziębakowska represented the country at Miss International 2018.

## Final results

| Final results | Contestant |
| --- | --- |
| **Miss Polski 2017**
**Miss Supranational Poland 2019** | * **Opole****Kamila Świerc** |
| **1st Runner-Up**
**Miss International Poland 2018** |  |
| **2nd Runner-Up** |  |
| **3rd Runner-Up** |  |
| **4th Runner-Up** |  |
| **Top 10** |  |
|

### Special Awards

| Award | Contestant |
| --- | --- |
| **Best Model** |  |
| **Miss Friendship** |  |
| **Miss Grace and Elegance** |  |
| **Miss Hotel Beskids** |  |
| **Miss Photogenic** |  |
| **Miss Polsat Viewers** | * **Opole** – Natalia Rokniak |
| **Miss Semilac** |  |
| **Miss Social Media** | * **Łódź** – Karolina Źródłowska |
| **Miss WP.PL** |  |
|

## Finalists

| Represents | Candidate | Age | Height | Title/Qualification Method |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Greater Poland** | Zuzanna Słaboszewska | 21 | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | Nationwide Casting |
| **Kuyavia-Pomerania** | Paulina Zgoda | 20 | 174 cm (5 ft 8.5 in) | Miss Kuyavia-Pomerania 2017 |
| **Lesser Poland** | Katarzyna Żydek | 24 | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | Miss Beskids |
| | Kinga Choma | 19 | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | Miss Sądecki 2017 |
| **Łódź** | Karolina Źródłowska | 19 | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1st Runner-Up of Miss Łódź 2017 |
| | Marta Ziębakowska | 20 | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) | Miss Łódź 2017 |
| | Oliwia Walczak | 20 | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | Nationwide Casting |
| **Lublin** | Anna Jakubik | 20 | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) | Miss Lublin 2017 |
| | Dominika Słaby | 21 | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) | Green Card of the Lublin Region |
| **Masovia** | Anna Matulaniec | 18 | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | Miss Radom 2017 |
| | Natalia Kowalczyk | 22 | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) | Green Card of Masovia |
| **Opole** | Gajana Galstjan | 22 | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) | Miss Opole 2017 |
| | **Kamila Świerc** | 18 | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | Miss of the Opole Region 2017 |
| | Natalia Rokniak | 18 | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 1st Runner-Up of Miss of the Opole Region 2017 |
| **Podlasie** | Angelika Kitlas | 22 | 174 cm (5 ft 8.5 in) | 1st Runner-Up of Miss Podlasie 2017 |
| **Pomerania** | Ewelina Jedynasta | 19 | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) | Miss Pomerania 2017 |
| | Marta Pałucka | 25 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | Nationwide Casting |
| **Silesia** | Katarzyna Sikora | 20 | 181 cm (5 ft 11 in) | Green Card of the Pszczyna Region |
| | Klaudia Kluczyk | 21 | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) | Miss Silesia 2019 |
| | Michalina Sikorska | 24 | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 2nd Runner-Up of Miss Silesia 2017 |
| **Subcarpathia** | Jagienka Preisner | 18 | 166 cm (5 ft 4.5 in) | 2nd Runner-Up of Miss Subcarpathia 2017 |
| **Warmia-Masuria** | Wioletta Urbanska | 22 | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) | 1st Runner-Up of Miss Elbląg |
| **Polish Community in the U.K.** | Alexander Serafin | 22 | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) | Green UK Card |
| | Alicja Zalewska | 20 | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) | Green UK Card |
|

### Withdrawals

### Did not compete

## InfoBox

| Miss Polski 2017 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | December 3, 2017 |
| Venue | Municipal Sports and Recreation Center (MOSIR), Krynica-Zdrój |
| Broadcaster | Polsat |
| Entrants | 24 |
| Placements | 10 |
| Withdrawals |  |
| Returns |  |
| Winner | Kamila Świerc
Opole |
| Congeniality | Katarzyna Sikora (Silesia) |
| Photogenic | Natalia Kowalczyk (Masovia) |
|


title: Miss Polski 2016

abstract: Miss Polski 2016 was the 27th Miss Polski pageant, held on December 4, 2016. The winner was Paulina Maziarz of Masovia. Maziarz represented Poland in Miss International 2017 and Miss Supranational 2017.

text:
# Miss Polski 2016

**Miss Polski 2016** was the 27th Miss Polski pageant, held on December 4, 2016. The winner was Paulina Maziarz of Masovia. Maziarz represented Poland in Miss International 2017 and Miss Supranational 2017.

## InfoBox

| Miss Polski 2016 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | December 4, 2016 |
| Presenters |  |
| Entertainment |  |
| Venue | Municipal Sports and Recreation Center (MOSIR), Krynica-Zdrój |
| Broadcaster | Polsat |
| Entrants | 24 |
| Placements | 10 |
| Withdrawals |  |
| Returns |  |
| Winner | Paulina Maziarz<br>Masovia |
|


title: Gibbula zonata

abstract: Gibbula zonata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Gibbula zonata

***Gibbula zonata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 6 mm and 10 mm. The rather solid shell is imperforate but excavated at the place of the umbilicus. It has a depressed-conical shape. It is whitish, with numerous spiral bauds and lines of purplish-brown. The surface is very lightly obliquely striate, closely, densely finely spirally striate, generally with three strong carinae, one at periphery, the others above. The about 5 whorls are convex, those of the upper surface bicarinate. The convex body whorl is carinate or subcarinate. The oblique aperture is rounded-quadrangular. It is nacreous inside with slight sulci at the positions of the external carina. The columella is a little straightened.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Namibia and the western coast of South Africa; in the Indian Ocean off the Agulhas Bank.

* "*Gibbula zonata*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Gibbula zonata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of a shell of *Gibbula zonata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Gibbula* |
| Species: | ***G. zonata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gibbula zonata***<br>(Woods, 1828) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oxystele zonata* Wood, Sowerby, 1892 * *Trochus cingulatus* Muhlf, 1816 * *Trochus leaensis* Watson * *Trochus menkeanus* Philippi * *Trochus zonatus* Woods, 1828 | |


title: Uchi–soto

abstract: in-groups Uchi–soto is the distinction between in-groups and out-groups. This distinction between groups is a fundamental part of Japanese social custom and sociolinguistics and is even directly reflected in the Japanese language itself.

text:
# Uchi–soto

***Uchi–soto*** is the distinction between in-groups (, *uchi*, "inside") and out-groups (, *soto*, "outside"). This distinction between groups is a fundamental part of Japanese social custom and sociolinguistics and is even directly reflected in the Japanese language itself.

## Concept

The basic concept revolves around dividing people into in-groups and out-groups. When speaking with someone from an out-group, the out-group must be honored, and the in-group humbled. That is achieved with special features of the Japanese language, which conjugates verbs based on both tense and politeness. It may also include social concepts such as gift giving or serving. The *uchi–soto* relationship can lead to someone making great personal sacrifices to honor a visitor or other person in an out-group.

One of the complexities of the *uchi–soto* relationship lies in the fact that groups are not static; they may overlap and change over time and according to situation.

*Uchi–soto* groups may be conceptualized as a series of overlapping circles. One's position within the group and relative to other groups depends on the context, situation, and time of life. For example, a person usually has a family, a job, and other groups or organizations to which they belong. Their position within the various groups and in relation to other groups changes according to circumstances at a given moment.

### Examples

A company employee may occupy a superior position within the specific company but a humble one in relation to the company's customers. The same employee may hold a black belt, giving them a superior position within a karate club but may be a beginner at tennis and thus occupy an inferior position in the tennis club.

The workplace is a typical example: the employees below a middle manager are in his in-group and may be spoken to using casual speech. His bosses or even, in large companies, people in other departments, are in an out-group and must be spoken to politely. However, when dealing with someone from another company, the middle manager's entire company is the in-group, and the other company is the out-group. Thus, it is acceptable for the middle manager to speak about his own company, even his bosses, in non-honorific speech. That emphasizes that his company is one group, and although the group may have subdivisions inside of itself, it does not include the other company.

For example, when speaking with subordinates, a manager might omit the honorific *-san*, but he would be unlikely to do so when addressing his superiors. On the other hand, when dealing with an outsider, essentially any person not directly connected to his company, he omits all honorifics to speak about anyone in the company, including his superiors.

However, when the same manager speaks to a subordinate about the subordinate's family, he refers to the subordinate's family, which is the subordinate's in-group but not his, in polite terms. However, he refers to his own family, which is his in-group but not the subordinate's, in plain language.

Thus, the manager and the subordinate both refer to their own families as *kazoku* (family) and to the other's family as *go-kazoku* (honorable family).

In addition to features of the Japanese language, *uchi–soto* also extends to social actions. For instance, in a Japanese home the most senior family member, usually the father or grandfather, normally takes a bath first; the rest of the family follows in order of seniority.

A visitor to the home, however, is offered the first bath. Similarly, an overnight guest is offered the best sleeping arrangements even if it greatly inconveniences the rest of the family. That case is a difficult point for Westerners in Japan, who have usually been taught to be polite by refusing accommodations that inconvenience others.

## Language examples

For detailed information, see honorific speech in Japanese.

Japanese honorific language ("keigo") is divided into three forms: polite, humble and respectful. Within these forms are specific words and prefixes.

For example, the verb "to eat" may be given as follows:

* *taberu* (plain: "I/we/you/they eat" or "he/she/it eats")
* *itadaku* (humble, literally "to receive", used to refer to oneself or one's in-group)
* *meshiagaru* (respectful, used to refer to one's superior)

The noun "a drink" may be given as follows;

* *nomimono* (one's own drink), or
* *o-nomimono* (someone else's drink)

Nouns involving the family, the household, or familial relations normally take honorific prefixes when denoting an out-group and not when denoting an in-group.

Some nouns change completely for the same reasons, such as *chichi* and *haha* ("my father", "my mother") vs. *o-tō-san* and *o-kā-san* ("your father" and "your mother", and they are also used to address one's own parents respectfully).


title: Gilles Corrozet

abstract: Gilles Corrozet was a French writer and printer-bookseller.

text:
# Gilles Corrozet

**Gilles Corrozet** (1510 - 1568, Paris) was a French writer and printer-bookseller.

## Life and works

Corrozet’s printer’s mark was a rose enclosed in a heart, punning on his name (*Coeur rosier*), and accompanied by the Biblical motto *In corde prudentis requiescit sapientia* (Wisdom resteth in the heart of him that hath understanding, Proverbs 14.33). His first productions date from 1532 and one of his specialities was to make available handy small-scale classical texts and influential illustrated works.

A poet himself, he was also responsible for publishing books by some of the principal authors of his era, Clément Marot, Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay and Pierre Belon. His own poetic work accompanied the illustrations in his emblem book *Hecatomographie* (1540), which was followed soon after by his versifications of Aesop’s Fables, *Les Fables du très ancien Esope, mises en rithme françoise* (1542). He was also responsible for several historical and philosophical works.

Corrozet was the grandson of the Paris bookseller Pierre Le Brodeur and married as his second wife Catherine Cramoisy from the family of equally notable booksellers. Two of his sons followed him into the trade, while his daughter married Nicholas Bonfons from another printer-bookseller dynasty.

Information is drawn from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia.


title: Gilles Coulier

abstract: Gilles Coulier is a Belgian film director, screenwriter, and producer. Gilles Coulier is best known for his feature film Cargo (2017) and the television series Bevergem(2015), De Dag (2018), and War of The Worlds (2019). He studied Audiovisual Arts at the Sint-Lukas School of Arts in Brussels. His graduation project, the short film IJsland (2009), was screened in the prestigious Cinéfondation section at the Cannes Film Festival and won multiple awards. Following his graduation, Coulier pursued a successful career in film and television. His short film Mont Blanc (2013) was once again selected for the Cannes Film Festival. In 2013, he co-founded the production company De Wereldvrede with Gilles De Schryver and Wouter Sap, through which they produced Bevergem, a series that quickly became a cult classic. In 2017, Coulier made his feature film debut with Cargo, a drama set in the rough Flemish fishing community, which premiered at the San Sebastián Film Festival. The film gained international recognition, being featured at the BFI London Film Festival, the Thessaloniki Film Festival, and the Göteborg Film Festival. Coulier also directed the acclaimed thriller series De Dag and in 2019 directed the first four episodes of the international series War of the Worlds for Fox and Canal+. In 2020, he co-created the VRT series Lockdown with Maarten Moerkerke, which won the Student Jury Prize at the Canneseries Festival in 2021. As a producer, Coulier is known for the critically acclaimed series Roomies (2022), Albatros (2020), and the film Julie Keeps Quiet (2024), which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2024. Throughout his career, Coulier has received several awards, including the Jo Röpke Award and the prestigious Cultural Prize from KU Leuven for his contribution to Flemish cinema.

text:
# Gilles Coulier

Gilles Coulier (Bruges, October 30, 1986) is a Belgian film director, screenwriter, and producer.

Gilles Coulier is best known for his feature film *Cargo* (2017) and the television series *Bevergem*(2015), *De Dag* (2018), and *War of The Worlds* (2019). He studied Audiovisual Arts at the Sint-Lukas School of Arts in Brussels. His graduation project, the short film *IJsland* (2009), was screened in the prestigious Cinéfondation section at the Cannes Film Festival and won multiple awards. Following his graduation, Coulier pursued a successful career in film and television. His short film *Mont Blanc* (2013) was once again selected for the Cannes Film Festival.

In 2013, he co-founded the production company De Wereldvrede with Gilles De Schryver and Wouter Sap, through which they produced *Bevergem*, a series that quickly became a cult classic.

In 2017, Coulier made his feature film debut with *Cargo*, a drama set in the rough Flemish fishing community, which premiered at the San Sebastián Film Festival. The film gained international recognition, being featured at the BFI London Film Festival, the Thessaloniki Film Festival, and the Göteborg Film Festival.

Coulier also directed the acclaimed thriller series *De Dag* and in 2019 directed the first four episodes of the international series *War of the Worlds* for Fox and Canal+. In 2020, he co-created the VRT series *Lockdown* with Maarten Moerkerke, which won the Student Jury Prize at the Canneseries Festival in 2021.

As a producer, Coulier is known for the critically acclaimed series *Roomies* (2022), *Albatros* (2020), and the film *Julie Keeps Quiet* (2024), which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2024.

Throughout his career, Coulier has received several awards, including the Jo Röpke Award and the prestigious Cultural Prize from KU Leuven for his contribution to Flemish cinema.

## Filmography

* As Director
    + *Lockdown* (TV series, 2021)
    + *War of the Worlds* (TV series, 2019)
    + *De Dag* (TV series, 2018)
    + *Cargo* (2017)
    + *Bevergem* (TV series, 2015)
    + *Mont Blanc* (short film, 2012)
    + *Paroles* (short film, 2010)
    + *IJsland* (short film, 2009)
* As Producer
    + *Julie Keeps Quiet* (2024)
    + *Roomies* (TV series, 2022)
    + *Holy Rosita* (2024)
    + *Lockdown* (TV series, 2021)
    + *Albatros* (TV series, 2020)
    + *War of the Worlds* (TV series, 2019)
    + *Cargo* (2017)
    + *Bevergem* (TV series, 2015)

## InfoBox

| Gilles Coulier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Gilles P.A. Coulier
(1986-10-30) October 30, 1986
Bruges, Belgium |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Occupation | Director – Writer – Producer |
| Years active | 2009–present |
| Agent | Independent Talent Group UK // ICM |
| Notable work | Cargo – The Day – The Natives |
| Movement |  |
| Website | https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3899315/?ref\_=nv\_sr\_1 |


title: Miriam Shaded

abstract: Miriam Shaded is a Polish entrepreneur, human-rights activist and critic of Islam. She is the founder and president of the Estera Foundation tasked with bringing Christian refugees from Syria to Poland.

text:
# Miriam Shaded

**Miriam Shaded** (born 29 June 1986, in Warsaw) is a Polish entrepreneur, human-rights activist and critic of Islam. She is the founder and president of the Estera Foundation tasked with bringing Christian refugees from Syria to Poland.

## Life and career

Shaded was born into a Polish-Syrian family in Warsaw as the youngest of seven siblings. Her mother is Polish. Her father, Moner Shaded, was born in Syria. He is a pastor of a Presbyterian church in Warsaw.

Shaded studied evangelical theology and works in IT projects.

She took part in the beauty contest "Miss Egzotica 2015", although she had to leave before the finale. The parting statement from Miss Egzotica indicated that her divisive attitude towards other people was against the principles of the pageant. On the other hand, Shaded stated that this participation was only a couple of meetings, after which she left due to bad treatment of the participants by the organizers. She further stated that the only goal of her taking part in the pageant was a search for a forum to bring an attention to the fate of Christian refugees ignored by the media and government, which can be corroborated by the videos of her in the pageant still available in the Internet.

In 2015, Shaded took part in the elections to the Sejm (Polish parliament) as a candidate from the list of the party KORWiN. She received 3644 votes in the electoral district number 19 of the Republic of Poland. This was the second-best result in the party behind Janusz Korwin-Mikke, but both failed to enter the Sejm.

She promotes the intensification of help towards persecuted Christians in the Middle East and all over the world. For this purpose, she started a YouTube channel in early 2016 on which all her appearances and discussions are being translated into German and English.

Miriam Shaded was interviewed by many Polish and international newspapers, magazines and platforms (in some of which she appeared on the front cover) such as Wprost, ThePostOnline, JungeFreiheit, Gazeta Wyborcza, Rzeczpospolita, DoRzeczy, The Yomiuri Shimbun, TVN, Superstacja, TBN, Euronews, TVP, ARD, BBC, Reuters, Fox News, TVRepublika, Deutsche Welle, Austria News, Washington Post, Die Zeit, Der Spiegel.

## Criticism

Miriam Shaded appeared on the cover picture of the weekly magazine *Wprost* in 2016 (Nr. 10/2016 \[1727\]) on an occasion of her interview where she calls to ban Islam in Poland "because it contradicts the Constitution of Poland by limiting the personal freedoms, and especially the freedoms of women under Islam."

## InfoBox

| Miriam Shaded | |
| --- | --- |
| Malinkiewicz in 2015 | |
| Born | (1986-06-29) 29 June 1986<br>Warsaw |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Alma mater | Christian Theological Academy, Warsaw |
| Occupation(s) | entrepreneur, human rights activist |
| Known for | founder of Estera Foundation |


title: Gino Banks

abstract: Gino Banks is an Indian drummer and member of the fusion band 'Nexus'. He is son of popular Jazz musician Louis Banks. Gino Banks performed with santoor player Tarun Bhattacharya, on Indian Independence Day's eve, at Ravindra Bharathi auditorium, in 2016. He also performed at the Four Aces concert in 2022, alongside other Indian and Fusion legends, including Shankar Mahadevan, Zakir Hussain (musician), Louis Banks, Sheldon D'Silva, Rakesh Chaurasia and as a guest star Vandana Somaia.

text:
# Gino Banks

**Gino Banks** is an Indian drummer and member of the fusion band 'Nexus'. He is son of popular Jazz musician Louis Banks. Gino Banks performed with santoor player Tarun Bhattacharya, on Indian Independence Day's eve, at Ravindra Bharathi auditorium, in 2016. He also performed at the Four Aces concert in 2022, alongside other Indian and Fusion legends, including Shankar Mahadevan, Zakir Hussain (musician), Louis Banks (his father), Sheldon D'Silva, Rakesh Chaurasia and as a guest star Vandana Somaia.

## Background

Gino Banks learnt to play drums from his father Louis Banks, and usually accompanies his father, while performing on stage.

> Do not be scared. Music is fun. Work hard and dedicate yourself to it and practice everyday consistently. It is important to know about the history of music and where it comes from and why a particular instrument is played the way it is and it also to explore every genre.

—Gino Banks


title: Gino Bechi

abstract: Gino Bechi was an Italian operatic baritone, particularly associated with the Italian repertory, especially in Verdi roles.

text:
# Gino Bechi

**Gino Bechi** (16 October 1913 – 2 February 1993) was an Italian operatic baritone, particularly associated with the Italian repertory, especially in Verdi roles.

## Life and career

Bechi studied in his native Florence with Raul Frazzi and di Giorgio, and made his debut at Empoli, in 1936, as Germont in *La traviata*.

He sang widely in Italy, appearing frequently at the Rome Opera from 1938 to 1952, and at La Scala from 1939 to 1953, where he sang the title role in *Nabucco* for its reopening in 1946.

He quickly established himself as the leading dramatic baritone of his time, in roles such as Rigoletto, Count de Luna, Renato, Carlo, Amonasro, Alfio, Gérard, but was also admired as Figaro and Hamlet.

Bechi sang relatively little outside Italy, but did appear in England and North and South America in the late 1950s, but by then he was past his best.

In his prime, Bechi possessed a dark and incisive voice and was a fine singing actor. He can be heard in a number of early recordings, opposite Beniamino Gigli, such as *Un ballo in maschera*, *Aida*, *Andrea Chénier*, and *Cavalleria rusticana*, conducted by Pietro Mascagni himself. He also recorded *Il barbiere di Siviglia*. Also available is an unauthorized recording of *Nabucco*, with Maria Callas, from 1949, and the Prologue from *Pagliacci*.

Bechi retired from the stage in 1965, and taught in Siena. He died in Florence in 1993.

## Selected filmography

## Videography

## Sources

* *Le guide de l'opera, les indispensables de la musique*, R. Mancini & J-J. Rouvereux, (Fayard, 1986), ISBN 2-213-01563-5

## InfoBox

| Gino Bechi | |
| --- | --- |
| Bechi in *Music on the Run* (1943) | |
| Born | (1913-10-16)16 October 1913
Florence, Italy |
| Died | 2 February 1993(1993-02-02) (aged 79)
Florence, Italy |
| Occupation | Opera singer (Baritone) |


title: Miracle match

abstract: Miracle match or miracle game are terms sometimes used to refer to sporting events with highly unexpected outcomes or very dramatic finishes. The term may refer to one of the following:

text:
# Miracle match

**Miracle match** or **miracle game** are terms sometimes used to refer to sporting events with highly unexpected outcomes (a significant upset) or very dramatic finishes. The term may refer to one of the following:

## Film and literature

## Sports

Note: a "miracle" name can refer to an entire game, its defining play, or both.

### American football

#### College

#### Professional

### Australian rules football

### Baseball

* The Miracle of Coogan's Bluff, the game-winning home run scored by Bobby Thomson of the New York Giants against the Brooklyn Dodgers on October 3, 1951

### Ice hockey


title: USS Leonidas (AD-7)

abstract: USS Leonidas (AD-7) was a destroyer tender, the lone ship in her class, named for Leonidas I, and the second United States naval vessel to bear the name.

text:
# USS Leonidas (AD-7)

**USS *Leonidas* (AD-7)** was a destroyer tender, the lone ship in her class, named for *Leonidas I* (a king of Sparta), and the second United States naval vessel to bear the name.

## Construction, acquisition, and commissioning

Originally built as ***Elizabeth Holland*** by S. P. Austin & Son, Ltd., Sunderland, England, in 1897–1898, she was acquired by the U.S. Navy from Samuel P. Holland, London, on 16 April 1898. She was commissioned at New York City on 21 May 1898.

## Service history

### Collier, 18981912

Converted into a collier for duty with the newly established Navy Fleet Train, *Leonidas* departed New York on 30 May 1898 on a coaling voyage to Key West, Florida, and following her return to Norfolk, Virginia in mid-June, sailed again on the 23rd for Cuba and Jamaica, supplying occupation troops and naval units. Putting into League Island Navy Yard, Philadelphia on 15 December, she decommissioned on the 27th and remained there in reserve for nearly two years.

Reactivated on 8 November 1900 she served with the Collier Service, carrying coal to naval ships and stations along the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies through 1908. Decommissioning at Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, from 15 February to 11 June 1909, the ship resumed her service as an Atlantic Fleet Auxiliary. In 1912, the *Leonidas* carried several tons of relics retrieved from the USS *Maine*, including the battleship's main mast, to the United States. She was placed out of service on 3 May 1912 at Portsmouth to fit out for duty as a survey ship.

### Survey ship, 19141917

Recommissioned on 1 April 1914, *Leonidas* sailed from Portsmouth via Boston to survey the coast of Panama. From that date until 24 April 1917 the converted survey ship made four surveying trips to the Caribbean, charting the coasts of Panama, Honduras, and Nicaragua and making general observations on climate and terrain.

With the outbreak of World War I, she took up patrol duty in the Caribbean, searching for possible enemy submarine bases in Central America. As part of the Caribbean Detachment, Patrol Force, Atlantic Fleet, *Leonidas* remained in the West Indies until sailing for home 4 September, arriving Portsmouth 30 October.

### Tender, 19181922

There the survey ship was converted, once again, this time into a tender capable of supplying two squadrons of submarine chasers. *Leonidas* sailed for the Mediterranean on 8 March 1918 via New York, Bermuda, the Azores and Gibraltar, arriving Corfu, Italy on 8 June and remaining there tending her submarine chasers guarding the area from submarine attack. After the Armistice on 20 November, the tender sailed for home via ports in Italy, the Riviera, and Spain, and escorted a convoy of submarine chasers from the Azores to Bermuda. She twice more escorted homeward bound small craft before arriving New York on 8 September.

Following short voyages to New London and Newport in support of her submarine chasers, the ship sailed for Key West on 11 October and operated off the southern U.S. coast as tender for the destroyers of Reserve Destroyer Squadron 1, Atlantic Fleet, out of Charleston, South Carolina until sailing for New York and arriving 19 May 1921. *Leonidas* sailed to Newport for duty 1 June to 17 October and, after returning to New York, sailed for Norfolk on the 28th, arriving two days later. She decommissioned there on 28 November, and was sold on 5 June 1922 to Ammunitions Products Corporation of Washington, D.C. as the SS *Elizabeth Holland*.

## InfoBox

| *Leonidas* (AD-7) underway on 22 April 1914, while serving as a survey ship. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Leonidas* |
| Builder | S P Austin & Son Ltd. |
| Laid down | 1897 |
| Launched | 23 March 1898 |
| Acquired | 16 April 1898 |
| Commissioned | 21 May 1898 |
| Decommissioned | 28 November 1921 |
| Fate | Sold, 5 June 1922 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Destroyer tender |
| Displacement | 4,264 long tons (4,332 t) |
| Length | 264 ft 3 in (80.54 m) |
| Beam | 39 ft 3 in (11.96 m) |
| Draft | 21 ft (6.4 m) |
| Speed | 9.5 knots (17.6 km/h; 10.9 mph) |
| Complement | 52 officers and enlisted (collier) |
| Armament | 2 × 3-pounder guns |


title: USS Honduras

abstract: USS Honduras was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. The Union Navy commissioned her as a supply ship and dispatch boat who task was to support the Navy ships blockading the Confederate States of America.

text:
# USS Honduras

**USS *Honduras*** was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

The Union Navy commissioned her as a supply ship and dispatch boat who task was to support the Navy ships blockading the Confederate States of America.

## Built in New York city in 1863

*Honduras*, a side wheel steamer, was built in 1861 at New York City and purchased from her owner, Simeon Ackerman, 31 July 1863. Converted to Navy use, she commissioned at New York Navy Yard 8 September 1863, Acting Lieutenant T. Stites in command.

## Civil War operations

### Assigned as support vessel for the East Gulf Blockade

Assigned as a supply boat and dispatch steamer with the East Gulf Blockading Squadron, *Honduras* sailed for Key West, Florida, soon after commissioning. She carried mail and dispatches, and in addition served on the blockade which so effectively strangled southern commerce and strength.

She captured British blockade-runner *Mail* in the Gulf of Mexico 15 October 1863, and early the next year supported a joint operation at the mouth of the Caloosahatchie River. *Honduras* carried troops to the mouth of the river and disembarked them 4 January 1864.

In addition to her regular dispatch duties, the steamer also participated in the capture of Tampa, Florida, by joint expedition, 4–7 May 1864. *Honduras*, with USS *Sunflower* and USS *James L. Davis*, carried General Woodbury and his troops to Tampa, Florida, and provided a naval landing party which joined in the assault. During the successful operation the ships also captured blockade-running sloop *Neptune* 6 May.

### Problems with yellow fever sickness

Continuing to supply the squadron, *Honduras*, like many of the ships in that tropical climate, suffered from yellow fever among the crew during July 1864, and spent much of her time at Key West, Florida.

She interrupted her regular itinerary among the stations of the squadron 4 January 1865 to come to the assistance of *San Jacinto*, stranded on a reef in the Bahamas. *Honduras* helped to salvage ordnance and equippage from the stricken ship.

### Participating in the St. Marks River expedition

*Honduras* also participated in a joint expedition to the mouth of the St. Marks River, Florida, 23 February-7 March 1865. Gunboats with troops embarked destroyed Confederate installations near the mouth of the river, and effectually blockaded it against illegal commerce.

## Post-war decommissioning and sale

In July 1865 Honduras was ordered to New York City, where she decommissioned 5 August. The steamer was sold 5 September 1865 to W. A. Lightfall and returned to merchant service, finally stranding off Key West, Florida, in 1870.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Laid down | date unknown |
| Launched | 1861 |
| Acquired | 31 July 1863 |
| Commissioned | 8 September 1863 |
| Decommissioned | 5 August 1865 |
| Stricken | 1865 (est.) |
| Fate | Sold, 5 September 1865 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 376 tons |
| Length | 150 ft (46 m) |
| Beam | 27 ft (8.2 m) |
| Depth of hold | 10 ft (3.0 m) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 12 knots |
| Complement | not known |
| Armament | two 12-pounder rifled guns |


title: Gibson's Finest

abstract: Gibson's Finest is a brand of Canadian Whisky produced between 40% & 46% alcohol by volume. The brand is owned by William Grant & Sons. Gibson's Finest was founded by John Gibson in 1837, and is currently produced in Windsor, Ontario.

text:
# Gibson's Finest

**Gibson's Finest** is a brand of Canadian Whisky produced between 40% & 46% alcohol by volume (80 & 92 U.S. proof). The brand is owned by William Grant & Sons. Gibson's Finest was founded by John Gibson in 1837, and is currently produced in Windsor, Ontario.

## History

The Gibson's whisky brand was started by the Irish-born spirits merchant John Gibson at a distillery in Pennsylvania along the Monongahela River on 40 acres (16 ha) of land that he bought in 1856. He produced wheat, malt, and especially rye whiskey at the distillery. Prohibition in the United States closed the distillery, and shortly afterwards the entire Gibson plant and its contents were auctioned off.

As prohibition was ending, Schenley Industries purchased the Gibson's brand and in 1945, a Schenley subsidiary called Schenley Distillers Corporation established a distillery in Valleyfield, Quebec. In 1972–50 years after the auctioning of the Gibson's distillery—Schenley re-introduced the Gibson's name using whisky distilled at Valleyfield. The Gibson name re-surfaced on whisky bottles no longer containing Pennsylvania rye, but rather Canadian whisky.

Today, Gibson's Finest Canadian Whisky brands are owned by family distiller, William Grant & Sons and produced at the Hiram Walker distillery in Windsor, Ontario.

## Awards

Gibson's Finest Sterling, Rare 12 Year Old and Venerable 18 Year Old have won awards at major whisky competitions including Gold for the Rare 18 Year Old at the 2012 Canadian Whisky Awards and gold and silver respectively for the Rare 18 Year Old and the 12 Year Old at the 2006 San Francisco Spirits Competition.

## InfoBox

Gibson's Finest
| Type | Canadian whisky |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | William Grant & Sons |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Region of origin | Pennsylvania, United States |
| Introduced | 1856 (United States)<br>1945 (Canada) |
| Proof (US) | 80 |