title: Therapeutic effect

abstract: Therapeutic effect refers to the response(s) after a treatment of any kind, the results of which are judged to be useful or favorable. This is true whether the result was expected, unexpected, or even an unintended consequence. An adverse effect is the converse and refers to harmful or undesired response(s). What constitutes a therapeutic effect versus a side effect is a matter of both the nature of the situation and the goals of treatment. No inherent difference separates therapeutic and undesired side effects; both responses are behavioral/physiologic changes that occur as a response to the treatment strategy or agent.

text:
# Therapeutic effect

**Therapeutic effect** refers to the response(s) after a treatment of any kind, the results of which are judged to be useful or favorable. This is true whether the result was expected, unexpected, or even an unintended consequence. An adverse effect (including nocebo) is the converse and refers to harmful or undesired response(s). What constitutes a therapeutic effect versus a side effect is a matter of both the nature of the situation and the goals of treatment. No inherent difference separates therapeutic and undesired side effects; both responses are behavioral/physiologic changes that occur as a response to the treatment strategy or agent.

## Treatment scope

To maximize therapeutic effects (desired) and minimize side effects (undesired) requires recognition and quantification of the treatment in multiple dimensions. In the specific case of targeted pharmaceutical interventions, a combination of therapies is often needed to achieve the desired results.

## Pharmacology examples

## Non-pharmacology examples


title: Therapeutic endoscopy

abstract: Therapeutic endoscopy is the medical term for an endoscopic procedure during which treatment is carried out via the endoscope. This contrasts with diagnostic endoscopy, where the aim of the procedure is purely to visualize a part of the gastrointestinal, respiratory or urinary tract in order to aid diagnosis. In practice, a procedure which starts as a diagnostic endoscopy may become a therapeutic endoscopy depending on the findings, such as in cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, or the finding of polyps during colonoscopy. A number of different techniques have been developed to allow treatment to be carried out endoscopically, to treat disorders such as bleeding, strictures and polyps.

text:
# Therapeutic endoscopy

**Therapeutic endoscopy** is the medical term for an endoscopic procedure during which treatment is carried out via the endoscope. This contrasts with diagnostic endoscopy, where the aim of the procedure is purely to visualize a part of the gastrointestinal, respiratory or urinary tract in order to aid diagnosis. In practice, a procedure which starts as a diagnostic endoscopy may become a therapeutic endoscopy depending on the findings, such as in cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, or the finding of polyps during colonoscopy.

A number of different techniques have been developed to allow treatment to be carried out endoscopically, to treat disorders such as bleeding, strictures and polyps.

## Types of endoscopic therapy

### Endoscopic haemostasis

Endoscopic injection of bleeding peptic ulcers with adrenaline has been practised since the 1970s, endoscopic heater probes have been used since the 1980s, and Argon plasma coagulation has been used since the 1990s. More recently, adrenaline injection tends to be combined with either heater probe coagulation or argon plasma coagulation to minimize the chance of an ulcer rebleeding. The disadvantage of this treatment is a low risk of perforation of the gastric wall and a low risk of peritonitis. Combined therapy may work better than epinephrine alone. However, there is no evidence that one kind of treatment is more effective than the other.

### Injection sclerotherapy

Injection sclerotherapy has been used to treat oesophageal varices since the 1960s. A sheathed needle is passed through a channel in the endoscope, unsheathed and pushed into a varix. A sclerosing agent, such as ethanolamine or absolute alcohol, is then injected into the varix to cause scarring and constriction of the varix with the aim of obliterating the varix (or varices). This technique has now largely been superseded by variceal band ligation.

Sclerotherapy has also been used in the treatment of gastric varices since the late 1980s. In this case Histoacryl glue (cyanoacrylate) is commonly used as the sclerosant. This technique is favoured over band ligation because the position of the varices in the stomach, most often in the gastric fundus, makes the placing of bands very difficult.

### Argon plasma coagulation

Argon plasma coagulation (APC) has been used to provide tissue coagulation and haemostasis since the early part of the 1990s. A stream of argon gas is passed through an endoscopic catheter; this is then ionized at the tip of the catheter by an electric current. The tip of the catheter is held close to the tissue to be treated, and the current arcs across to the tissue causing a superficial (2–3 mm) burn. The lack of contact between the catheter and the tissue stops the tendency of the catheter to stick to the tissue, reducing unwanted tissue damage.

Its principal use is in providing haemostasis in gastrointestinal bleeding; angiodysplasia, GAVE, bleeding malignant tumours and bleeding peptic ulcers can all be treated. Trials have also been carried out to assess its use in eradicating Barrett’s oesophagus, but have found that relapse is common.

### Dilatation

Dilatation of benign oesophageal strictures using semi-rigid bougies existed long before the advent of flexible endoscopes. Since that time oesophageal dilatation has been carried out using either bougies or endoscopic balloons, and can be used to treat benign oesophageal strictures and achalasia.

Initially, bougies were used to dilate benign strictures of the oesophagus. These could be passed alongside the endoscope, allowing visualisation of the bougie passing through the stricture, but the technique of passing a guidewire through the stricture endoscopically, then removing the endoscope and passing the bougie over the guidewire was more commonly used.

More recently, balloon dilatation of the oesophageal strictures has become more common. It is thought that this technique carries a lower complication rate than the use of bougies, and since endoscopy balloons are single use items there are no concerns about equipment sterilization. In addition to oesophageal dilatation, endoscopic balloons can also be used to dilate pyloric strictures.

### Polypectomy

Endoscopic polypectomy has been carried out since the early 1970s by both endoscopic snare removal and fulguration of polyps with hot biopsy forceps.

### Variceal banding

Oesophageal varices have been treated by band ligation since the late 1980s.

### Stenting

Expandable mesh stents can be deployed in the oesophagus at endoscopy, primarily in patients with inoperable oesophageal cancer which is causing dysphagia.

Plastic stents can also be used to relieve obstruction of the common bile duct at ERCP.

### Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

A method for inserting a feeding gastrostomy tube without the need for surgery was first described in 1980. This endoscopic technique is of particular use as many patients who require feeding tubes (such as after patients with swallowing difficulties after a stroke) are at high risk for complications from anaesthesia and surgery; the endoscopic technique usually requires mild sedation only.

### Foreign body removal

Foreign bodies commonly impact in the lower oesophagus, and removal of these by pushing them into the stomach has been practised since the Middle Ages. Foreign body retrieval, using forceps and magnets, has been practised since the time of rigid oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy.

## Areas under development

### Anti-reflux procedures

A number of techniques are being developed for the endoscopic treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease as an alternative to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.

### Treatment of Barrett's oesophagus

Endoscopic circumferential radiofrequency ablation is being developed in an effort to obviate long-term endoscopic surveillance in patients with Barrett's oesophagus, and to reduce the risk of development of oesophageal carcinoma. Previous techniques, such as Argon plasma coagulation, have been unsuccessful because of incomplete removal of the Barrett's mucosa and therefore relapse of part of the treated area. Newer techniques using circumferential radiofrequency ablation, which allows larger areas of the oesophagus to be treated at one time giving a more uniform area of treatment, are showing more promising short-term results.

### Transoral gastroplasty (TOGA procedure)

Early trials are under way to evaluate an endoscopic technique for gastric stapling, a type of bariatric surgery, which aims to induce long-term weight loss in morbidly obese patients.

## InfoBox

| Therapeutic endoscopy | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | interventional gastroenterology or interventional endoscopy or operative endoscopy |


title: Theresa-Marie Rhyne

abstract: Theresa-Marie Rhyne is an expert in the field of computer-generated visualization and a consultant who specializes in applying artistic color theories to visualization and digital media. She has consulted with the Stanford University Visualization Group on a color suggestion prototype system (2013), the Center for Visualization at the University of California at Davis (2013), the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute at the University of Utah & (2014) on applying color theory to ensemble data visualization and the Advanced Research Computing Unit at Virginia Tech (2019). Her book on "Applying Color Theory to Digital Media and Visualization" was published by CRC Press on November 17, 2016. In 2017, Theresa-Marie began exploring color harmony Harmony (color) with the Munsell color system and her work on "Visual Analytics with Complementary and Analogous Color Harmony" was published in the Munsell Color Blog. In 2018, she organized and contributed to the SIGGRAPH 2018 panel on "Color Mavens Advise on Digital Media Creation and Tools", that included representation from X-Rite/Pantone, Adobe, Rochester Institute of Technology and Pixar and was presented in Vancouver, Canada. In 2019, she combined "her Munsell Color Harmony work with Scientific Visualization efforts". As of 2020, she began writing on applying color to data visualizations for "Nightingale", the journal of the Data Visualization Society and UX Collective "UX Collective", an independent user experience (UX), visual, and product design publication under Medium. In the 1990s, as a government contractor with Lockheed Martin Technical Services, she was the founding visualization leader of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Scientific Visualization Center. In the 2000s, she founded the Center for Visualization and Analytics and the Renaissance Computing Institute's Engagement Facility at North Carolina State University. Rhyne is the editor of the Visualization Viewpoints Department for IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications Magazine and serves on the Advisory Board of IEEE Computer magazine. She received a BS degree, two MS degrees, and the Degree of Engineer in Civil Engineering from Stanford University. She entered the computer graphics field as a result of her computational and geographic modeling research in geotechnical and earthquake engineering. She is also an internationally recognized digital media artist who began creating digital media with early Apple computers, including the colorization of early Macintosh educational software. She is a senior member of the IEEE Computer Society and of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). She is also the founding director of the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Graphics Cartographic Visualization Project that began in 1996. This effort holds a Birds-of-a-Feather session each year at the annual SIGGRAPH conference.

text:
# Theresa-Marie Rhyne

**Theresa-Marie Rhyne** is an expert in the field of computer-generated visualization and a consultant who specializes in applying artistic color theories to visualization and digital media. She has consulted with the Stanford University Visualization Group on a color suggestion prototype system (2013), the Center for Visualization at the University of California at Davis (2013), the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute at the University of Utah (2010 - 2012) & (2014) on applying color theory to ensemble data visualization and the Advanced Research Computing Unit at Virginia Tech (2019).

Her book on "Applying Color Theory to Digital Media and Visualization" was published by CRC Press on November 17, 2016. In 2017, Theresa-Marie began exploring color harmony Harmony (color) with the Munsell color system and her work on "Visual Analytics with Complementary and Analogous Color Harmony" was published in the Munsell Color Blog. In 2018, she organized and contributed to the SIGGRAPH 2018 panel on "Color Mavens Advise on Digital Media Creation and Tools", that included representation from X-Rite/Pantone, Adobe, Rochester Institute of Technology and Pixar and was presented in Vancouver, Canada. In 2019, she combined "her Munsell Color Harmony work with Scientific Visualization efforts". As of 2020, she began writing on applying color to data visualizations for "Nightingale", the journal of the Data Visualization Society and UX Collective "UX Collective", an independent user experience (UX), visual, and product design publication under Medium.

In the 1990s, as a government contractor with Lockheed Martin Technical Services, she was the founding visualization leader of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Scientific Visualization Center. In the 2000s, she founded the Center for Visualization and Analytics and the Renaissance Computing Institute's Engagement Facility at North Carolina State University. Rhyne is the editor of the Visualization Viewpoints Department for IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications Magazine and serves on the Advisory Board of IEEE Computer magazine. She received a BS degree, two MS degrees, and the Degree of Engineer in Civil Engineering from Stanford University. She entered the computer graphics field as a result of her computational and geographic modeling research in geotechnical and earthquake engineering. She is also an internationally recognized digital media artist who began creating digital media with early Apple computers, including the colorization of early Macintosh educational software. She is a senior member of the IEEE Computer Society and of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

She is also the founding director of the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Graphics Cartographic Visualization Project (ACM SIGGRAPH Carto Project) that began in 1996. This effort holds a Birds-of-a-Feather session each year at the annual SIGGRAPH conference.

1. "Color Expert Visits Virginia Tech". *Virginia Tech*. September 10, 2019. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2023.


title: Thomas A. Chandler

abstract: Thomas Alberter Chandler was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Oklahoma.

text:
# Thomas A. Chandler

**Thomas Alberter Chandler** (July 26, 1871 – June 22, 1953) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Oklahoma.

## Biography

Born near Eucha, Delaware County, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), Chandler was the son of Burges G. and Annie Gunter Chandler. He attended the public schools, Worcester Academy, Vinita, Indian Territory, in 1888, and, later, Drury College, Springfield, Missouri. In 1894 he married Marie L. Wainwright, and they had two children, Norma Louise and Collis.

## Career

Chandler was appointed a Cherokee revenue collector in 1891. Served as a Cherokee town-site Commissioner from 1895 to 1898 and United States deputy clerk of the court for the northern district of Indian Territory from 1900 to 1907.

He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1907 and commenced practice in Vinita, Indian Territory. He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1908. He was member of the first Board of Public Affairs for the State of Oklahoma in 1909 and 1910. He resumed the practice of law, and also engaged in the production of oil, in agricultural pursuits, and in the real estate business.

Elected as a Republican to the 65th Congress, Chandler served from March 4, 1917, to March 3, 1919. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1918 to the 66th Congress, but was elected to the 67th Congress, and served from March 4, 1921, to March 3, 1923. Again an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1922 to the 68th Congress, he resumed the practice of law.

In 1927, he was convicted of fraud in federal court with six co-defendants.

## Death

Chandler died in Vinita, Craig County, Oklahoma, on June 22, 1953 (age 81 years, 331 days). He is interred at Fairview Cemetery in Vinita.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Alberter Chandler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Oklahoma's 1st district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1917  March 3, 1919 | |
| Preceded by | James S. Davenport |
| Succeeded by | Everette B. Howard |
| **In office**
March 4, 1921  March 3, 1923 | |
| Preceded by | Everette B. Howard |
| Succeeded by | Everette B. Howard |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | July 26, 1871 (1871-07-26)
Eucha, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), United States |
| Died | June 22, 1953 (1953-06-23) (aged 81)
Vinita, Oklahoma |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Marie L. Wainwright Chandler |
| Children | * Norma Louise Chandler * Collis P. Chandler |
| Alma mater | Drury College |
| Profession |  |
|  | |


title: Thermophis shangrila

abstract: Thermophis shangrila, the Shangri-La hot-spring snake, is a species of snake in the family, Colubridae. It is found in China.

text:
# Thermophis shangrila

***Thermophis shangrila***, the **Shangri-La hot-spring snake**, is a species of snake in the family, Colubridae. It is found in China.

## InfoBox

| *Thermophis shangrila* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Thermophis* |
| Species: | ***T. shangrila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thermophis shangrila***<br>Peng, Lu, Huang, Guo and Zhang, 2014 | |
|


title: Thermonotus rufipes

abstract: Thermonotus rufipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1958. It is known from Sumatra.

text:
# Thermonotus rufipes

***Thermonotus rufipes*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1958. It is known from Sumatra.

## InfoBox

| *Thermonotus rufipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Thermonotus*** |
| Species: | ***T. rufipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thermonotus rufipes***<br>Breuning, 1958 | |
|


title: Mugen Motorsports

abstract: M-TEC Company, Ltd., doing business as Mugen Motorsports (無限), is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda, the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda, and Masao Kimura. Mugen, meaning "without limit", "unlimited" or "vast", is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda. Despite the family relationship, Mugen is not and has never been owned by Honda Motor Company; however, Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father's death in 1991. The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship, and, additionally, sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts. It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991, and that eventually led to Mugen's involvement in Formula One, from 1992 to 2000, and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines.

text:
# Mugen Motorsports

**M-TEC Company, Ltd.**, doing business as **Mugen Motorsports** (無限), is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda, the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda, and Masao Kimura. Mugen, meaning "without limit", "unlimited" or "vast", (hence the commonly placed word "power" after, denoting "unlimited power") is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda. Despite the family relationship, Mugen is not and has never been owned by Honda Motor Company; however, Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father's death in 1991.

The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship, and, additionally, sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts. It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991, and that eventually led to Mugen's involvement in Formula One, from 1992 to 2000, and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines.

## Corporate history

The company has a strong racing heritage, as Hirotoshi Honda began building his own racing car in a workshop at his father's house, shortly before he graduated from Nihon University in 1965. Masao Kimura is a veteran racer with more than 50 victories in Honda sports cars and single-seaters and worked for Honda R&D and then Honda Racing Service before helping Hirotoshi Honda establish Mugen.

In 1973, Mugen started its operations and initially offered special parts of motocross bikes. As Honda expanded its vehicle lineup, Mugen's product range also expanded. The company started specializing in tuning Honda engines. Beginning with the 1200cc Honda Civic engine, it went on to develop, and now designs and builds, both two-stroke and four-stroke engines, manufacturing many of the major components itself.

Mugen ultimately intends to build its own road cars and the first step towards this was the creation of bodykits for the Honda Ballade CR-X in 1984. Since then, the company has produced a number of body kits for Honda machinery, culminating with the Mugen NSX prototype in 1992.

Following Hirotoshi Honda's tax evasion allegation in late 2003, Mugen was restructured in early 2004 with the establishment of M-TEC. The new company retained the right to use the Mugen trademark and its headquarters in Asaka, Saitama, in the northern suburbs of Tokyo close to the Honda R&D facility at Wako. Although it is a legally separate entity, M-TEC kept Mugen's existing staff and is headed by former Mugen board member Shin Nagaosa, who was the engineering division manager at Mugen and been involved with running Mugen's NSX racing program.

## Mugen Racing

### Single-seaters

Working with Honda, Mugen has gradually expanded its sporting involvement to all levels of the sport. In 1986, Formula 3000 was introduced into Japan and Mugen joined forces with Honda to build an F3000 engine. It was introduced in the 1987 season and leased to 14 teams. The following year, Mugen won four of the top five places in the Japanese F3000 championship. In 1989, Mugen entered European F3000 with the MF308 engine and won the championship with Jean Alesi, driving an Eddie Jordan Racing Reynard. The same year the company produced its own prototype 3.5L  V8 Formula One engine, codenamed MF350.

In 1988, Mugen started tuning Honda engines for use in Formula Three, winning the Japanese series with Akihiko Nakaya, and in 1990 expanded their business to Europe. The same year, Mugen won its first Formula Three championships in Europe, taking the French title with Éric Hélary, and the British crown with Mika Häkkinen at the wheel of a West Surrey Racing Ralt, which repeated the title in 1991 with Rubens Barrichello.

As F3000 became a spec-series in Europe starting in 1996 with the Lola-Judd combo, the Japanese series responded by making Mugen the sole supplier to the Japanese championship, now redubbed Formula Nippon. M-TEC lost the supply contract for the 2006 season, with the rules changing to allow Toyota associate TOM'S to join Mugen as engine supplier.

Mugen continues to enjoy success in the Formula Three circuit with its tuned 2.0 L Honda engines, having won 9 titles in Asia (8 of which in Japan) since 1988, as well as 19 titles in Europe (15 of them in Britain), and 13 in Latin America.

As of 2017, Mugen Formula engines still enjoy use and success across the various European hillclimb championships, employed in former Formula chassis and dedicated hillclimb prototypes.

### Formula One

Mugen-Honda *as a Formula One engine manufacturer*
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| --- | --- |
| First entry | 1992 South African Grand Prix |
| Last entry | 2000 Malaysian Grand Prix |
| Races entered | 147 |
| Chassis | Footwork, Lotus, Ligier, Prost, Jordan |
| Constructors' Championships | 0 |
| Drivers'
Championships | 0 |
| Race victories | 4 |
| Podiums | 16 |
| Points | 182 |
| Pole positions | 1 |
| Fastest laps | 0 |

In 1991 Mugen prepared Honda V10 engines for Tyrrell (based on engines used by McLaren in 1989 and 1990), but the following year these engines were renamed Mugen MF351H and were transferred to the Footwork team, with drivers Aguri Suzuki and Michele Alboreto. Although Honda withdrew from the sport at the end of 1992 season, Mugen remained affiliated with Footwork in 1993 and created a B version of the MF351H, used by Aguri Suzuki and Derek Warwick.

At the end of the year, Mugen switched to Team Lotus with plans for a new Lotus 109. The team—with drivers Johnny Herbert and Pedro Lamy (later replaced by Alessandro Zanardi)—was underfunded and the 109 chassis was late arriving. The Mugen engine, codenamed MF351HC (also known as ZA5C), was not able to show its full potential and failed to score a single World Championship point during 1994 despite coming close on 3 occasions. This was the only season in which Mugen engines (and Lotus) did not score a World Championship point during their time in Formula One.

After Lotus closed at the end of the year, Mugen switched to the Ligier team, which was then being run for Flavio Briatore by Tom Walkinshaw, with drivers Olivier Panis, Martin Brundle and Aguri Suzuki, although it was initially planned for the Minardi team. The 3.0 L engine, conforming to the new regulations, was codenamed MF301H. The 1995 season was promising with points being scored at nine races and the team securing two podiums, one courtesy of Brundle finishing third at the Belgian Grand Prix and the other by Panis finishing second at the Australian Grand Prix. The team secured 24 points and finished a respectable 5th in the Constructors Championship. The following season with Ligier resulted in Mugen's first Formula One victory as well as Ligier's last Formula One victory at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix with Panis at the wheel. Despite this unexpected success, the Mugen powered Ligier car only scored three more points finishes during the rest of the season two 6th-place finishes from Diniz and one 5th-place finish from Panis; the team suffered 17 retirements during 1996.

Ligier was taken over by Alain Prost in 1997, and the newly named Prost Grand Prix ran MF301HB engines with Jarno Trulli leading the Austrian Grand Prix before suffering an engine failure. The Prost team managed two podium finishes during the 1997 season at Brazil and Spain, scoring points in 8 races over the season securing a final total of 21 points and a 6th-place finish in the Constructors Championship.

With Prost establishing a relationship with Peugeot and switching to them from 1998 onwards, Mugen looked for a new partner and reached a two-year agreement with Jordan Grand Prix for which Mugen produced the MF301HC engine. The first half of the 1998 season was an absolute disaster; it was so bad that at one point Mugen officials met with Eddie Jordan and his team during the 1998 Monaco Grand Prix to find out why up until then the team had failed to score a single World Championship point. The relationship continued at Silverstone where the team scored their first World Championship point of the season courtesy of a 6th-place finish from Ralf Schumacher, followed by points finishes at the next 3 races. It was not until Spa-Francorchamps, when Jordan's fortunes changed for the better with drivers Damon Hill and Ralf Schumacher scored a 1–2 finish securing Jordan's first ever Formula One victory and their only 1–2 finish during their existence after a crash-marred start. The team would score points on two further occasions with Ralf achieving a 3rd-place finish at the Italian Grand Prix. Gary Anderson would later reveal that, by that season, Honda's headquarters had increased their involvement in developing the engines that otherwise still carry Mugen branding.

The 1999 season resulted in further success with Heinz-Harald Frentzen winning twice in France and Italy and even challenging for the title, although he failed in doing so due to better performance from McLaren and Ferrari. After Honda returned to the sport from 2000 with British American Racing, Mugen left Formula One after another year of having both Honda and Mugen engines racing together, leaving Honda to supply the engines to Jordan as well in 2001 and 2002. Mugen-built engines were also used for the RC101B/RC-F1 2.0X, a car built by the Honda R&D Center without direct support from Honda headquarters (previous cars built by the R&D Center used older Honda engines when they supplied engines for McLaren) and for the Honda RA099, an official Honda test car to prepare for Honda's factory engine supply operation.

### Sportscar racing

In 1998, Mugen built four NSX models, two for the Mugen/Dome partnership, one for Team Kunimitsu and one for Nakajima Racing. The cars were fast but unreliable at first, until the Nakajima NSX scored the car's first win at the fourth round in Fuji. This was followed by three more wins (one of them by the Mugen/Dome team), which led to a second place championship finish for Tom Coronel and Kouji Yamanishi. In 1999, the Honda took three more wins, one of those with the Mugen/Dome team of Juichi Wakisaka and Katsutomo Kaneishi scoring a victory at the opening round in Suzuka and finishing the third best team in the championship. In 2000, the Mugen/Dome team was champion with Ryo Michigami, but the car's performance was limited by regulation changes and Michigami reached the title without a single win. Still, Honda won four races, one of them by the second Mugen/Dome car.

In 2001, Mugen concentrated once more in the JGTC, the NSX winning two races, and finishing second (Mugen/Dome) and third (ARTA) in the series. More importantly, in June, the company announced development of a new 4.0 L V8, dubbed MF408S, for the main prototype class in the 24 Hours of Le Mans and American Le Mans Series. At the time, Mugen acknowledged that international sportscar racing was a new category for them. The concept of the MF408S was high power, compact size, durability and reliability. Mugen chose a 4.0 L (N/A) Naturally aspirated engine because they felt through their experience in Formula Three that restrictor size was key to performance. The idea was to save fuel with a smaller displacement engine, since, theoretically, restrictor size will bring power in any engine to a similar level. The main engines in use at the time were producing around 600 hp, including the turbocharged Audi and Cadillac, as well as the larger displacement BMW and the Roush-prepared Ford. Mugen excluded a turbo as this necessitated use of intercoolers to extract maximum performance, which added to the weight and reduced performance.

2002 was a good year for Mugen at the track. The Mugen-prepared NSXs won five rounds, with the Mugen/Dome team winning two races outright, which gave them the Team's championship title. The debut of the MF408S was in a Panoz chassis in the 2002 Sebring 12 Hours, first round of ALMS.

In 2004, M-TEC decided to drop down to GT300 and help train Japanese drivers for GT500 speeds. By grabbing promising drivers early in their careers, M-TEC would then be able to mold them and have definite access to future champions. M-TEC driver, Hiroyuki Yagi, was sourced from the Integra Series. Giving the drivers experience was more important than developing the car to take the championship. To this end, M-TEC simply detuned the car for the GT300 class without optimizing it for the new power level. Winning the GT300 series by one point over the ARTA Garaiya was simply an unintended bonus for a dedicated, championship-level team.

Breaking into the United States is another goal for the M-TEC team and the Mugen name. Currently, the authorized dealer of Mugen parts in the US is King Motorsports. Team director Junichi Kumakura thought racing the NSX in the United States was a great way to promote the company in a previously unvisited environment. When asked what else M-TEC would like to accomplish in America with the golden NSX, competing at Sebring and Daytona were marked as attractive goals.

#### MF408S Engine Technical Specifications

* Engine Name: MF408S
* Engine: 90° V8, naturally aspirated
* Displacement: 4,000 cm3
* Bore x Stroke: 97 mm x 67 mm
* Max Power: Over 456 kW (612 hp; 620 PS) @ 9,500 rpm
* Max Torque: Over 520 N⋅m (380 lb⋅ft) @ 7,500 rpm
* Restrictor Size: 33.4 mm x2 or 46.8 mm x1
* Ignition Type: Direct Injection
* ECU System: EFI Technology Inc
* CDI System: EFI Technology Inc
* Clutch Type/Size Carbon / 5.5 inch 4-plate
* Maintenance Interval: \>3,000 km (\>5,000 km at Le Mans 24h)
* Length: 559 mm (not including flywheel)
* Height: 577 mm (not including flywheel)
* Width: 720 mm
* Weight: 131 kg
* Crank Height: 92 mm

#### MF 458S Engine Technical Specifications

Engine Name: MF458S

* Engine: 90° V8, naturally aspirated
* Displacement: 4,500 cm3
* Bore x Stroke: 100 mm x 71.6 mm
* Max Power: 600+ hp (460 kW) @ 8,250 rpm
* Max Torque: 398 lbf·ft (587 N·m) @ 7,000 rpm
* Restrictor Size: 33.1 mm x2 or 46.6 mm x1
* Ignition Type: Direct Injection
* ECU System: EFI Technology Inc
* CDI System: EFI Technology Inc
* Clutch Type/Size Carbon / 5.5 inch 4-plate
* Maintenance Interval: \>3,000 km (\>5,000 km at Le Mans 24h)
* Length: 559 mm (not including flywheel)
* Height: 577 mm (not including flywheel)
* Width: 720 mm
* Weight: 131 kg
* Crank Height: 92 mm

### Motorcycle Racing

#### Isle of Man TT Races

Mugen have become the dominant force in electrically powered motorcycles competing at the Isle of Man TT Races. In the eight years since their introduction into the TT Zero, the average speed of the Mugen Shinden around the Snaefell Mountain Course has increased from 102.215 mph (164.499 km/h) in 2012 to 121.91 mph (196.20 km/h) in 2019. By 2019, Mugen has won five TT Zero races using its Shinden bikes.

2012

Making their competitive debut at the 2012 Isle of Man TT, John McGuinness took the Mugen Shinden Ni to second place behind the MotoCzysz of Michael Rutter at an average speed of 109.527 mph.

2013

At the 2013 TT Mugen again finished runners up to MotoCzysz, with Rutter and McGuinness repeating the previous year's result.

2014

Mugen's development has continued at subsequent races in the TT Zero Category. Fielding two machines at the 2014 Isle of Man TT, John McGuinness secured their maiden victory ahead of teammate Bruce Anstey who took second place on the other Shinden San.

2015

At the 2015 TT McGuinness and Anstey again took the first two spots on the rostrum.

2016

Mugen continued their dominance in the TT Zero class at the Isle of Man TT Races in 2016, when Bruce Anstey took the honours, although their other machine, ridden by John McGuinness, retired during the one lap event.

2017

Anstey and Guy Martin came first and second respectively, both riding Mugen machines.

2018

The Mugen motorcycles achieved first and third place with Michael Rutter and Lee Johnston respectively, split by Daley Mathison riding for the University of Nottingham. Rutter broke the 120 mph barrier to set a new lap record of 121.824 mph (196.057 km/h).

**2019**

Mugen achieved their sixth consecutive victory with Michael Rutter again increasing the lap record average speed to 121.91 mph. John McGuinness followed his team-mate home to complete a 1-2 finish for the team.

## Vehicles

M-Tec has also built concept Honda vehicles, using the company's own performance parts. Some models (e.g.: Mugen Civic RR) are also sold in Japanese domestic market. Mugen also sells individual parts for newer vehicles that includes the 2017-2021 Civic Type-R (FK8), as well as 2016-2021 Civic Hatchback (FK7). These parts include aerodynamic body parts such as front lips, rear diffusers, and wings. This also goes for earlier gen vehicles, and is typically well known to be sought as an OEM aftermarket purchases for countries such as the U.S that do not receive Mugen produced vehicles like in Japan.

### List of Mugen vehicles

### Production vehicles

## Formula One statistics

| Year | Team | GPs | Wins | Pole Position | Podiums | Fastest laps | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Footwork-Mugen Honda | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 1993 | Footwork-Mugen Honda | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 1994 | Lotus-Mugen Honda | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1995 | Ligier-Mugen Honda | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 24 |
| 1996 | Ligier-Mugen Honda | 16 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 15 |
| 1997 | Prost-Mugen Honda | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 21 |
| 1998 | Jordan-Mugen Honda | 16 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 34 |
| 1999 | Jordan-Mugen Honda | 16 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 61 |
| 2000 | Jordan-Mugen Honda | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 17 |

## Complete Formula One results

(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine(s) | Drivers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | Points | WCC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Footwork Mugen Honda | Footwork FA13 | MF-351H 3.5 V10 |  | RSA | MEX | BRA | ESP | SMR | MON | CAN | FRA | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | POR | JPN | AUS |  | 6 | 7th |
| | | | | Michele Alboreto | 10 | 13 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 7 | Ret | 7 | 6 | 15 | Ret |  |
| | | | | Aguri Suzuki | 8 | DNQ | Ret | 7 | 10 | 11 | DNQ | Ret | 12 | Ret | Ret | 9 | Ret | 10 | 8 | 8 |  |
| 1993 | Footwork Mugen Honda | Footwork FA13B
Footwork FA14 | MF-351 HB 3.5 V10 |  | RSA | BRA | EUR | SMR | ESP | MON | CAN | FRA | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | POR | JPN | AUS |  | 4 | 9th |
| | | | | Derek Warwick | 7 | 9 | Ret | Ret | 13 | Ret | 16 | 13 | 6 | 17 | 4 | Ret | Ret | 15 | 14 | 10 |  |
| | | | | Aguri Suzuki | Ret | Ret | Ret | 9 | 10 | Ret | 13 | 12 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 7 |  |
| 1994 | Team Lotus | Lotus 107C | MF-351 HC 3.5 V10
MF-351 HD 3.5 V10 |  | BRA | PAC | SMR | MON | ESP | CAN | FRA | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | POR | EUR | JPN | AUS |  | 0 | NC |
| | | | | Pedro Lamy | 10 | 8 | Ret | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | | | | Alessandro Zanardi |  |  |  |  | 9 | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | | | | Johnny Herbert | 7 | 7 | 10 | Ret |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | | | | Lotus 109 |  |  |  |  | Ret | 8 | 7 | 11 | Ret | Ret | 12 | Ret | 13 |  |  |  |  |
| | | | | Alessandro Zanardi |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ret | Ret | Ret | 13 |  | Ret |  | 16 | 13 | Ret |  |
| | | | | Philippe Adams |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ret |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |
| | | | | Éric Bernard |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |
| | | | | Mika Salo |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 | Ret |  |
| 1995 | Ligier Gitanes Blondes | Ligier JS41 | MF-301 3.0 V10 |  | BRA | ARG | SMR | ESP | MON | CAN | FRA | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | POR | EUR | PAC | JPN | AUS | 24 | 5th |
| | | | | Martin Brundle |  |  |  | 9 | Ret | 10 | 4 | Ret |  | Ret | 3 | Ret | 8 | 7 |  |  | Ret |
| | | | | Aguri Suzuki | 8 | Ret | 11 |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  | Ret | DNS |  |
| | | | | Olivier Panis | Ret | 7 | 9 | 6 | Ret | 4 | 8 | 4 | Ret | 6 | 9 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 8 | 5 | 2 |
| 1996 | Ligier Gauloises Blondes | Ligier JS43 | MF-301 HA 3.0 V10 |  | AUS | BRA | ARG | EUR | SMR | MON | ESP | CAN | FRA | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | POR | JPN |  | 15 | 6th |
| | | | | Olivier Panis | 7 | 6 | 8 | Ret | Ret | 1 | Ret | Ret | 7 | Ret | 7 | 5 | Ret | Ret | 10 | 7 |  |
| | | | | Pedro Diniz | 10 | 8 | Ret | 10 | 7 | Ret | 6 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 6 | Ret | Ret |  |
| 1997 | Prost Gauloises Blondes | Prost JS45 | MF-301 HB 3.0 V10 |  | AUS | BRA | ARG | SMR | MON | ESP | CAN | FRA | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | AUT | LUX | JPN | EUR | 21 | 6th |
| | | | | Olivier Panis | 5 | 3 | Ret | 8 | 4 | 2 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 | Ret | 7 |
| | | | | Jarno Trulli |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 15 | 10 | Ret |  |  |  |
| | | | | Shinji Nakano | 7 | 14 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 6 | Ret | 11 | 7 | 6 | Ret | 11 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 10 |
| 1998 | Benson and Hedges Jordan | Jordan 198 | MF-301 HC 3.0 V10 |  | AUS | BRA | ARG | SMR | ESP | MON | CAN | FRA | GBR | AUT | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | LUX | JPN |  | 34 | 4th |
| | | | | Damon Hill | 8 | DSQ | 8 | 10 | Ret | 8 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 7 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 9 | 4 |  |
| | | | | Ralf Schumacher | Ret | Ret | Ret | 7 | 11 | Ret | Ret | 16 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 3 | Ret | Ret |  |
| 1999 | Benson and Hedges Jordan | Jordan 199 | MF-301 HD 3.0 V10 |  | AUS | BRA | SMR | MON | ESP | CAN | FRA | GBR | AUT | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | EUR | MAL | JPN |  | **61** | **3rd** |
| | | Damon Hill | Ret | Ret | 4 | Ret | 7 | Ret | Ret | 5 | 8 | Ret | 6 | 6 | 10 | Ret | Ret | Ret |  | | |
| | | Heinz-Harald Frentzen | 2 | 3 | Ret | 4 | Ret | 11 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | **Ret** | 6 | 4 |  | | |
| 2000 | Benson and Hedges Jordan | Jordan EJ10
Jordan EJ10B | MF-301 HE 3.0 V10 |  | AUS | BRA | SMR | GBR | ESP | EUR | MON | CAN | FRA | AUT | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | USA | JPN | MAL | 17 | 6th |
| | | | | Heinz-Harald Frentzen | Ret | 3 | Ret | 17 | 6 | Ret | 10 | Ret | 7 | Ret | Ret | 6 | 6 | Ret | 3 | Ret | Ret |
| | | | | Jarno Trulli | Ret | 4 | 15 | 6 | 12 | Ret | Ret | 6 | 6 | Ret | 9 | 7 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 13 | 12 |
|

## Formula Nippon/Super Formula results

| Season | Car | Drivers | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Points | D.C. | T.C. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Swift FN09 | Yuji Ide | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14th | 10th |
| | 2011 | Naoki Yamamoto | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 11th | 7th |
| | 2012 | Takuma Sato | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15th | 8th |
| | Naoki Yamamoto | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | | 11th |
| | 2013 | Takuma Sato | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 18th | 4th |
| | Takashi Kobayashi | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 22nd |
| | Naoki Yamamoto | 8 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 37 | | **1st** |
| 2014 | Dallara SF14 | Naoki Yamamoto | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 14.5 | 9th | 7th |
| | Yuhki Nakayama | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20th | |
| | 2015 | Naoki Yamamoto | 8 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 26 | 5th | 6th |
| | 2016 | Naoki Yamamoto | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 15.5 | 8th | 6th |
| | 2017 | Pierre Gasly | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 33 | **2nd** | **2nd** |
| | Naoki Yamamoto | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.5 | | 9th |
| | 2018 | Nirei Fukuzumi | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 20th | **2nd** |
| | Dan Ticktum | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 19th |
| | Naoki Yamamoto | 6 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 38 | | **1st** |
| 2019 | Dallara SF19 | Dan Ticktum | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20th | 5th |
| | Patricio O'Ward | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 18th | |
| | Jüri Vips | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23rd | |
| | Tomoki Nojiri | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 4th | |
| | 2020 | Ukyo Sasahara | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 18th | 7th |
| | Tomoki Nojiri | 7 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 47 | | 5th |
| | 2021 | Tomoki Nojiri | 7 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 86 | **1st** | **3rd** |
| | Hiroki Otsu | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 38.5 | 6th | 7th |
| | 2022 | Tomoki Nojiri | 10 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 154 | **1st** | **1st** |
| | Ukyo Sasahara | 10 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 57 | | 6th |
| | 2023 | Liam Lawson | 9 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 106.5 | **2nd** | **1st** |
| | Tomoki Nojiri | 8 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 106 | | **3rd** |
| | Hiroki Otsu | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 24th |

## JGTC/Super GT results

| Season | Car | Class | Drivers | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Points | D.C. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | Honda NSX-GT | GT500 | Takuya Kurosawa
Katsumi Yamamoto | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 16th |
| | 1998 | GT500 | Ryō Michigami
Osamu Nakako | 7 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 48 | 4th |
| | 1999 | GT500 | Ryō Michigami
Osamu Nakako | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 36 | 10th |
| | GT500 | Katsutomo Kaneishi
Juichi Wakisaka | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 47 | 4th |
| | 2000 | GT500 | Ryō Michigami | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 74 | **1st** |
| | Osamu Nakako | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 34 | 10th |
| | Hidetoshi Matsusada | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 7th |
| | GT500 | Katsutomo Kaneishi
Juichi Wakisaka | 8 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 46 | 6th |
| | 2001 | GT500 | Ryō Michigami
Hidetoshi Matsusada | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 56 | **3rd** |
| | GT500 | Sébastien Philippe | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 16th |
| | Hiroki Katoh | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 22nd |
| | Benoît Tréluyer | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 18th |
| | 2002 | GT500 | Daisuke Itō | 8 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 59 | 5th |
| | Dominik Schwager | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 13th |
| | Ryō Michigami | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 18th |
| | GT500 | Richard Lyons
Sébastien Philippe | 8 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 47 | 9th |
| | 2003 | GT500 | Tom Coronel
Daisuke Itō | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 10th |
| 2004 | Honda NSX-GT | GT300 | Tetsuya Yamano
Hiroyuki Yagi | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 93 | **1st** |
| | 2005 | GT300 | Shinya Hosokawa
Haruki Kurosawa | 8 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 81 | **2nd** |
| 20062011: Mugen did not compete as an independent team. | | | | | | | | | |
| 2012 | Mugen CR-Z GT300 | GT300 | Hideki Mutoh
Daisuke Nakajima | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 15th |
| | 2013 | GT300 | Hideki Mutoh
Yuhki Nakayama | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 85 | **1st** |
| | 2014 | GT300 | Yuhki Nakayama
Tomoki Nojiri | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 10th |
| | Ryō Michigami | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| 20152016: Mugen did not compete as an independent team. | | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 | Honda NSX-GT | GT500 | Hideki Mutoh
Daisuke Nakajima | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 18th |
| | | Jenson Button | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| | 2018 | GT500 | Hideki Mutoh
Daisuke Nakajima | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 15th |
| | 2019 | GT500 | Hideki Mutoh
Daisuke Nakajima | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 15th |
| | 2020 | GT500 | Hideki Mutoh
Ukyō Sasahara | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 14th |
| | 2021 | GT500 | Toshiki Oyu
Ukyō Sasahara | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 20 | 16th |
| | 2022 | GT500 | Toshiki Oyu
Ukyō Sasahara | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.5 | 14th |
| | 2023 | GT500 | Tomoki Nojiri
Toshiki Oyu | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 32 | 10th |
| | Iori Kimura | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17th |
| | GT500 | Nirei Fukuzumi
Hiroki Ōtsu | 7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 53 | **3rd** |

## InfoBox

M-TEC Co., Ltd.
|
|  |
| Trade name | Mugen Motorsports |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Automotive |
| Genre | Car tuning |
| Founded | 1973 |
| Founders |  |
| Headquarters | Asaka, Saitama, Japan |
| Website | www.mugen-power.com |


title: This Is the Shack

abstract: This Is the Shack is the debut studio album by American G-funk trio The Dove Shack. It was released on August 22, 1995 via G-Funk Entertainment/Def Jam Recordings. The album peaked at #68 on the US Billboard 200 and #13 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Its lead single, "Summertime in the LBC" featuring Arnita Porter, peaked at #54 on the Hot 100, #37 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #11 on the Hot Rap Songs, #47 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, #39 on the Rhythmic, and was featured on the 1995 film The Show. Its second single, Young Jedi-produced "We Funk", peaked at #44 on the Hot Rap Songs. The title track, "This Is the Shack", previously appeared on Warren G's debut album Regulate... G Funk Era, released a year prior to this album, albeit in a slightly different version.

text:
# This Is the Shack

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| RapReviews |  |

***This Is the Shack*** is the debut studio album by American G-funk trio The Dove Shack. It was released on August 22, 1995 via G-Funk Entertainment/Def Jam Recordings. The album peaked at #68 on the US *Billboard* 200 and #13 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

Its lead single, "Summertime in the LBC" featuring Arnita Porter, peaked at #54 on the Hot 100, #37 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #11 on the Hot Rap Songs, #47 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, #39 on the Rhythmic, and was featured on the 1995 film *The Show*. Its second single, Young Jedi-produced "We Funk (The G Funk)", peaked at #44 on the Hot Rap Songs. The title track, "This Is the Shack", previously appeared on Warren G's debut album *Regulate... G Funk Era*, released a year prior to this album, albeit in a slightly different version.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" (Skit) | DJ Enuf | 1:39 |
| 2. | "Smoke Out" | Keith Clizark | 4:32 |
| 3. | "This is the Shack" | Warren G | 5:50 |
| 4. | "Summertime in the LBC" (featuring Arnita Porter) | Lamon "Sleepy" Turner and Henry "Hank" Thomas | 3:58 |
| 5. | "Bomb Drop" | Jam Master Jay | 4:59 |
| 6. | "The Train" (Skit) | DJ Enuf | 2:00 |
| 7. | "Fuck Ya Mouth" | Keith Clizark | 4:15 |
| 8. | "Slap a Hoe" (Skit) | Ghetto Klownz | 1:53 |
| 9. | "Freestyle Interview" (Skit) |  | 0:46 |
| 10. | "Freestyle" | Crazy C | 4:25 |
| 11. | "Crooked Cop" (Skit) | DJ Enuf | 1:13 |
| 12. | "Ghetto Life" | Crazy C | 4:47 |
| 13. | "East Side Party" | Jam Master Jay | 4:08 |
| 14. | "Rollin' Wit a Gang" | Keith Clizark | 4:09 |
| 15. | "We Funk (The G Funk)" | Young Jedi | 4:15 |
| 16. | "There'll Come a Day" | Lamon "Sleepy" Turner and Henry "Hank" Thomas | 3:53 |
| 17. | "Summertime in the LBC" (Rap) | Lamon "Sleepy" Turner and Henry "Hank" Thomas | 3:56 |
| Total length: | | | 1:00:38 |

**Sample credits**

* Track 3 contains elements from "Golden Lady" by Stevie Wonder (1973)
* Track 4 contains elements from "Feels So Good" by Midnight Star (1983)
* Track 5 contains elements from "You're Getting a Little Too Smart" by Detroit Emeralds (1973)
* Track 6 contains elements from "4 Play" by Y?N-Vee (1994)

## Personnel

* 2Scoop - vocals
* Bo-Roc - vocals
* C-Knight - vocals
* Arnita Porter - additional vocals (tracks: 4, 17)
* Tina Davis - additional vocals (track 9)
* Ricky Harris \- producer (tracks: 1, 6, 11)
* Lamon "Sleepy" Turner and Henry "Hank" Thomas - Producer (tracks 4, 16, 17)
* Keith Clizark - producer (tracks: 2, 7, 14)
* Warren Griffin \- producer (track 3)
* Jason Mizell \- producer (tracks: 5, 13)
* Ghetto Klownz - producer (track 8)
* Simon Cullins - producer (tracks: 10, 12)
* Young Jedi - producer (track 15)
* Tony Dawsey \- mastering
* Aaron Connor - mixing
* Greg Geitzenauer - mixing
* Tim Carter - photography

## InfoBox

| This Is the Shack | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Dove Shack | |
| Released | August 22, 1995 |
| Recorded | 1994–1995 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 1:00:38 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| The Dove Shack chronology | |
| ***This Is the Shack***
(1995) *Reality Has Got Me Tied Up*
(2006) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *This Is the Shack* | |
| 1. "Summertime in the LBC"
Released: 1995 2. "We Funk (the G Funk)"
Released: 1995 3. "Bomb Drop"
Released: 1995 | |
|  | |


abstract: The FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1978 took place in Aurach, Austria.

text:
# FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1978

The **FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships 1978** took place in Aurach, Austria.

## Men's singles

| Medal | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Hubert Mairamhof (ITA) |  |
| Silver | Werner Prantl (AUT) |  |
| Bronze | Alfred Kogler (AUT) |  |

## Women's singles

| Medal | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Elfriede Pirkmann (AUT) |  |
| Silver | Roswitha Fischer (ITA) |  |
| Bronze | Ruth Oberhöller (AUT) |  |

## Men's doubles

| Medal | Athlete | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Austria (Werner Mücke, Helmut Huter) |  |
| Silver | Italy (Hubert Mairamhof, J. Pioner) |  |
| Bronze | Austria (Gebhard Oberbichler, Hubert Ausserdorfer) |  |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Austria (AUT) | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
| 2 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| Totals (2 entries) | | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |


title: Eric Clark (author)

abstract: Eric Clark was a British author and investigative journalist. Clark is best known for his book The Real Toy Story, which examines the world toy market and the battle companies have to win over consumers. During his career, he wrote several books in both the fiction and non-fiction sectors that have been published in over 20 countries (LINK). His works included thrillers, documentaries, magazine, and newspaper articles. In the 1960s, Clark wrote a series of articles that appeared in The Observer, focusing on the American Mafia's infiltration of London's casinos. These articles were credited for the changes that were made to the UK's gambling laws. One of Clark's espionage novels, The Sleeper, was described by Kirkus Reviews as 'mind-lingering entertainment that boosts Clark high up in the stark, lean, British-suspense echelons.'

text:
# Eric Clark (author)

**Eric Clark** (29 July 1937 – 22 October 2018) was a British author and investigative journalist. Clark is best known for his book *The Real Toy Story*, which examines the world toy market and the battle companies have to win over consumers. During his career, he wrote several books in both the fiction and non-fiction sectors that have been published in over 20 countries (LINK). His works included thrillers, documentaries, magazine, and newspaper articles.

In the 1960s, Clark wrote a series of articles that appeared in *The Observer*, focusing on the American Mafia's infiltration of London's casinos. These articles were credited for the changes that were made to the UK's gambling laws. One of Clark's espionage novels, *The Sleeper*, was described by *Kirkus Reviews* as 'mind-lingering entertainment that boosts Clark high up in the stark, lean, British-suspense echelons.'

## Life and Family

Clark was born in Moseley, Birmingham to Horace and Hilda (née Mitchley) and grew up in Erdington in the city. After studying at Handsworth Grammar School, Clark flew to Spain with the desire to be the next Hemingway. He had the ambition to write from a young age and wrote his first (unpublished) novel before his 17th birthday. He then started his career in journalism.

In 1958, Clark married Frances Grant; the couple later divorced. In 1972, Clark married Marcelle Bernstein. Together they had three children, Rachael, Charlotte and Daniel. He also has 4 grandchildren, Madeleine, Cecilia, Tabitha and Iris. Together, Clark and Bernstein decided to become freelance writers, and earned their living as self-employed authors. Clark's style of writing was that of unadorned and spare prose, while his wife preferred to use more adjectives and write in a 'flowery' manner.

In 1974, he received a prospective commission from politician Enoch Powell who asked Clark to write a biography for him in exchange for access to his papers. At their meeting in Powell's London flat, Powell expressed his surprise that Clark had married someone of Jewish heritage, and Clark rejected the offer. He later expressed his belief the intended purpose of the proposed biography was to promote Powell should Britain require a leader in the context of a breakdown of civil order.

Clark was a member of the Society of Authors (SoA) for over 30 years and in the later years became part of their management committee. He was also a fellow of the English PEN, a member of the National Union of Journalists, the Authors Guild, the Mystery Writers Association, and the International Thriller Writers organisation.

At the age of 81, Clark died on 22 October 2018.

## Career

### Non-Fiction

Clark started working for local papers, including the *Erdington News* and the *Birmingham Post*, before moving to *The Daily Mail*. In 1958, he joined *The Guardian*, where he wrote authoritative backgrounders to major events of the time, such as the Great Train Robbery. From 1964-72, Clark worked for *The Observer*, where he served as Home Affairs Editor and head of the Investigative Unit. Here, his exposure of London's casinos led the Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins, to introduce swingeing new controls that cleaned up the British gambling scene and sent many American 'businessmen' scurrying home.'

In 1967, Clark contributed a chapter 'Underworld' to *Len Deighton's London Dossier* published by Jonathan Cape and Penguin. The book's cover described it as 'an alternative new way of taking the city apart.'

In 1969, Clark's first book was *Everybody's Guide to Survival: A Handbook on Danger - How to Prevent It or Live through It*. His solution to the problem of escaping from a submerged car led to a 1968 television appearance on ATV's 'Tonight with Dave Allen'. 'A tank was rigged up in the studio car park: the about-to-be-submerged pair discovered to their horror that the car, an old banger, leaked like a sieve. 'If things go wrong we'll smash the tank,' the director assured them. 'Do that and you'll kill us both,' said Eric. He and Allen were nevertheless lowered in – and survived.'

In 1973, Clark wrote *Corps Diplomatique*, later published in the US as *Diplomat*. The book showed how 'the old school of diplomacy is dying. Modern communications have diminished the diplomat's autonomy... the U.S. State Department has recently demonstrated some iconoclastic feminism, and egalitarian recruiting has undercut the aura of aristocracy... Clark occasionally chides the vestigial formalities such as calling cards...suggesting that, after all, diplomats are nothing more than 'glorified journalists.' His portrayal of espionage, propaganda, and posts behind the Iron Curtain and at the U.N. is dispassionate and objective.'

In 1988, Clark released *The Want Makers*, a look at the rise of advertising, revealing how deeply the industry has come to affect every area of life. This was another international investigation, based on firms in London, Tokyo, and New York. In the book, Clark describes 'in exhaustive detail an industry that targets as captive customers children, who spend more time watching TV than in school and can zero in on consumer 'grazers' 18–30 years old, who eat lightly and often and buy more of everything than anyone else. He shows us tobacco and liquor advertisers who subtly evade regulation, giant pharmaceutical companies with identical therapies that push their own brand names on doctors through gifts, entertainment and a barrage of trade ads, and political TV spots that overwhelm democracy in national elections.'

In 2007, *The Real Toy Story* was published. Clark contrasted the ruthless pragmatism of the international toy industry with the cozy lovable image of the products it sells. He interviewed 200 industry insiders, from lone inventors to heads of multinational companies, and also investigated the Chinese sweatshops, where 80% of the world's toys are made:

> 'This is where toys are produced for a few cents each by vast numbers of young migrants toiling in sweatshop conditions. This is the hidden face of the toy industry, without which it could not exist. The Pearl River Delta, China. The workshop of the world. Behind high fences, sprawling factory compounds stretch mile after dusty, depressing mile along the congested roads. Guarded gates control entry and exit. Adjoining many of the blocks are identical concrete boxes – the washing at the chicken-wire-covered windows, adding flashes of colour, is the only indication that these are the dormitories. Between shifts, the workers, mostly young women, their faces set in exhaustion, shuffle from building to building. Shifts can last more than 15 hours a day, seven days a week...'

### Fiction

Between 1977 and 1985, Clark wrote five espionage novels. The first, *Black Gambit*, influenced by John le Carré, concerns a plan to rescue a Soviet dissident under house arrest by substituting a double for him. *Kirkus Reviews* described the book as 'revamped escape-from-behind-the-Iron-Curtain... (with) the quiet, cumulative force and the clean, cinematic through-line that more convoluted spy-thrillers miss out on.'

Clark's second novel, *The Sleeper*, which was published in 1980, was judged by Kirkus to be his most successful: 'Clark's quietly impressive spy debut, *Black Gambit* (1977), had everything but original twists—and now he has those too, in a swift, cleanly knotted festival of ironies... Dark-edged characters, shards of raw action, implicit moral dilemmas left and right, plus a last-page punchline guaranteed to elicit a gasp or groan.'

With *Send in the Lions*, in 1981, Clark set the story of a plane hijack in the near future: 'It's 1985, and a terrorist band (including cool-killer Karen, a Dutch diplomat's daughter) hijacks a Concorde jet carrying, among others, a US movie queen, the Soviet deputy foreign minister, the son of billionaire Andrew Muntwick... and an ugly little nobody named Ross whom Karen loathes on sight. And when the plane is forced to land in Algeria, the terrorists and these prime hostages disappear...How will the governments react?...' The reviewer found the book 'more like a film scenario than a full-scale novel... swiftly readable but disappointingly sketchy.'

Clark's last two novels, *Chinese Burn* (1984) and *China Run* (1985) were both set in China. According to Kirkus, *Chinese Burn* had 'none of the grabs of Clark's best suspense (*The Sleeper*)--but readers may forgive the predictability... in order to enjoy the richly detailed, well-researched Chinese backgrounds.'

## Publications

### Non-Fiction

* *Len Deighton's London Dossier (Chapter 10), 1967*
* *Everybody's Guide to Survival*, 1969
* *Corps Diplomatique*, 1973
* *Diplomat: The World of International Diplomacy*, 1974
* *The Want Makers: The world of advertising: how they make you buy*, 1988
* *The Real Toy Story: Inside the Ruthless Battle for America's Youngest Consumers*, 2007

### Fiction

* *Black Gambit*, Morrow, 1977
* *The Sleeper*, 1980
* *Send in the Lions*, Hodder and Stoughton, 1981
* *Chinese Burn*, Hodder and Stoughton, 1984
* *China Run*, Little Brown & Co, 1985

## InfoBox

| Eric Clark | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1937-07-29)July 29, 1937<br>Moseley, United Kingdom |
| Died | October 22, 2018(2018-10-22) (aged 81) |
| Occupation | Investigative journalist, Fiction author |
| Spouse | Marcelle Bernstein |
| Website | |
| ericclark.net | |


title: Francesco Traina

abstract:
Francesco Traina (1578–1651) was a Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Agrigento (1627–1651). He was born in Palermo, Italy in 1578.
On 2 March 1627, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Agrigento.
On 14 March 1627, he was consecrated bishop by Cosimo de Torres, Bishop of Perugia. He served as Bishop of Agrigento until his death in October 1651.

text:
# Francesco Traina

**Francesco Traina** (1578–1651) was a Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Agrigento (1627–1651).

He was born in Palermo, Italy in 1578. On 2 March 1627, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Agrigento. On 14 March 1627, he was consecrated bishop by Cosimo de Torres, Bishop of Perugia. He served as Bishop of Agrigento until his death in October 1651.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Francesco Traina | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Agrigento | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Agrigento |
| In office | 1627–1651 |
| Predecessor | Ottavio Ridolfi |
| Successor | Ferdinando Sánchez de Cuéllar |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 14 March 1627 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1578
Palermo, Italy |
| Died | October 1651 (age 73)
Agrigento, Italy |


title: Idaho State Highway 99

abstract: State Highway 99 (SH-99) is a state highway in Idaho that travels from SH-3 in Kendrick to SH-8 in Troy. The highway is approximately 11.7 miles (18.8 km) in length.

text:
# Idaho State Highway 99

**State Highway 99** (**SH-99**) is a state highway in Idaho that travels from SH-3 in Kendrick to SH-8 in Troy. The highway is approximately 11.7 miles (18.8 km) in length.

## Route description

Idaho State Highway 99 begins at an intersection with Idaho State Highway 3 in the community of Kendrick. The highway proceeds northeast, exiting Kendrick, and proceeding into rural area. The highway weaves northeast and northwest for several miles, before bending northwest. The route continues through a small valley, intersecting several small roads while traveling. The roadway proceeds northward before making a large bend northwest, and entering the community of Troy. The highway continues to its northern terminus, an intersection with Idaho State Highway 8.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Latah County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kendrick | 0.000 | 0.000 | SH-3 | Southern end |
| Troy | 11.686 | 18.807 | SH-8 | Northern end |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Idaho State Highway 99KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Highway 99 | |
| --- | --- |
| SH-99 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ITD | |
| Length | 11.686 mi (18.807 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SH-3 in Kendrick |
| North end | SH-8 in Troy |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Idaho |
| Counties | Latah |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Idaho State Highway System** | |
| SH-97   SH-128 | |


title: General Service Medal (1918)

abstract: The General Service Medal was instituted to recognise service in minor Army and Royal Air Force operations for which no separate medal was intended. Local forces, including police, qualified for many of the clasps, as could units of the Indian Army prior to 1947. The GSM was equivalent to the 1915 Naval General Service Medal. Both these medals were replaced by the General Service Medal in 1962.

text:
# General Service Medal (1918)

The **General Service Medal** (**1918 GSM**) was instituted to recognise service in minor Army and Royal Air Force operations for which no separate medal was intended. Local forces, including police, qualified for many of the clasps, as could units of the Indian Army prior to 1947.

The GSM was equivalent to the 1915 Naval General Service Medal. Both these medals were replaced by the General Service Medal in 1962.

## Description

The 1918 GSM is a circular silver medal, 36 mm (1.4 in) in diameter, with following design:

* The obverse shows the crowned effigy of the reigning monarch with an appropriate inscription.
* The reverse bears the standing winged figure of Victory in a Corinthian helmet and carrying a trident, bestowing a wreath on the emblems of the Army (the sword) and the RAF (the wings). It was designed by E Carter Preston.
* The 32 mm (1.3 in) wide ribbon has three equal stripes of purple, dark green and purple.
* The service number, rank, name and regiment or corps of the recipient are impressed on the rim of the medal in small block capitals.

A bronze oak leaf emblem is worn on the ribbon of the medal to signify a mention in dispatches or King's/Queen's Commendation for a campaign for which the GSM was awarded.

## Clasps

A total of eighteen clasps were awarded, the medal never being awarded without a clasp. The clasps consist of silver bars bearing the name of the relevant campaign or theatre of operations. They were attached to the medal's suspension bar.

Where a minimum qualifying period was laid down for a clasp, it did not apply to those killed or wounded due to operations, or to those decorated for bravery or distinguished conduct, including a mention in dispatches and a Queen's Commendation.

The clasps and the award criteria for each are:

* **S. Persia**

* Service at or near Bushire with Major-General J.A. Douglas and Brigadier-General A. M. S. Elsmie from 12 November 1918 – 22 June 1919
* Service at or near Bandar Abbas with Major-General Sir Percy Sykes or Lieutenant Colonel E.F. Orton from 12 November 1918 – 3 June 1919
This clasp was awarded for the following: * At Kirkuk or north of a line east and west through Kirkurk between 23 May and 31 July 1919.
* At Dohok or north of a line east and west through Dohok between 14 July and 7 October 1919.
* At or north of the advanced bases near Akra and Amadia between 7 November and 6 December 1919.

Army Order No. 387 of 1924 and Army Instruction (India) No. 132 of 1925 extended eligibility for this clasp to cover further operations in Kurdistan under Air Marshal Sir J.M. Salmond

* Colonel Commandant B. Vincent between 19 March and 18 June 1923.
* Operations under Colonel Commandant H.T. Dobbin between 27 March and 28 April 1923.
This clasp was presented to those who satisfied one of the following conditions: * Served at Ramadi or north of a line east and west through Ramadi between 10 December 1919 and 13 June 1920.
* Part of an establishment within Iraq between 1 July and 17 November 1920.
* **N.W. Persia**

Awarded to members of NoPerForce (North Persia Force) and those on various lines of communications serving under Brigadier-General Hugh Bateman-Champain from 10 August to 31 December 1920. * **Southern Desert Iraq**

Awarded to the RAF for its services against the Akhwan in the Southern Desert, under the command of Air Commodore T.C.R. Higgins between 8 and 22 January 1928, or under the command of Wing Commander E.R.C. Nanson between 22 January and 3 June 1928. * **Northern Kurdistan**

For operations against Sheikh Admed of Barzan in the area DianaErbil – Aqra – Suri due north to the Turkish frontier, between 15 March and 21 June 1932. Awarded to the RAF and to British military personnel serving with Iraqi Forces. No British Army units were present. For service in the British Mandate of Palestine between 19 April 1936 and 3 September 1939, during the Arab Revolt. Awarded to both Military and Civil personnel, such as British section of Palestine Police Force. * **S.E. Asia 1945–46**

For service in South-East Asia after the end of World War Two, for duties including guarding Japanese POWs, maintaining law and order and engagement in combat against enemy combatants in French Indochina or the Dutch East Indies. By November 1946 the British, Dominion, Colonial and Indian Forces involved had handed over their responsibilities to the territories former colonial powers. The qualifying dates were:  * **Bomb and Mine Clearance 1945–49**

Awarded for an aggregated total of 180 days active engagement in the removal of mines and bombs in the UK between 9 May 1945 and 31 December 1949. * **Bomb and Mine Clearance 1945–56**

Awarded for an aggregated total of 180 days active engagement in the removal of mines and bombs in the following locations between 9 May 1945 and 10 November 1956 by Australian Army personnel only: * (a) Solomon Islands (Australian Mandate and British Protectorate)
* (b) New Guinea (Trust territory)
* (c) Papua

note – if the **Bomb and Mine Clearance 1945–49** clasp had already been issued it was to be replaced with this clasp, not issued in addition to.

For service in the British Mandate of Palestine between 27 September 1945 (the date a "state of emergency" was declared) and 30 June 1948 (when the last British troops departed). It was issued to members of the British and Indian Forces and also civil personnel, such as British section of Palestine Police Force. As a result of the 2012 Independent Medal Review conducted by Sir John Holmes, from 1 March 2015 a Berlin Airlift clasp has been awarded to RAF or civilian aircrew with at least one day's service in the Berlin Airlift operation from 25 June 1948 to 6 October 1949 inclusive. In 2020, the Committee on the Grant of Honours, Decorations and Medals decided against granting the clasp to ground crew involved in the airlift. For service in Malaya and Singapore against communist guerrilla forces. The qualifying dates for service were between 16 June 1948 and 31 July 1960. For the Colony of Singapore, the date period was between 16 June 1948 to 31 January 1959.

It was issued to members of the British, Commonwealth and Colonial Forces and Civil personnel, for example as the Malayan Police Force.

Awarded for 30 days continuous service between 16 October 1951 – 19 October 1954 within certain specified geographical boundaries in Egypt. This clasp was awarded some 50 years later in October 2003 following representation to the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair. For involvement in the suppression of acts of terrorism during the guerrilla war with the EOKA organisation, who wanted Cyprus’s union with Greece (called "Enosis"). The conflict involved approximately 40,000 British troops over 4 years.

It was issued to members of the British Military Forces and Civil personnel, for example the Cyprus Police Force.

The clasp was originally awarded for 120 days service between 1 April 1955 to 18 April 1959. As a result of the 2012 Independent Medal Review conducted by Sir John Holmes, from 1 October 2014 the qualifying period was reduced to 90 days service, to bring it into line with the Africa General Service Medal awarded for the Kenya campaign.

This clasp was awarded for service in Egypt during the period 31 October to 22 December 1956. This conflict is often referred to as the Suez Crisis, or by its codename of Operation Musketeer.

It was issued to members of the British Armed Forces and selected civil personnel.

Due to a disagreement about land and associated oil rights, the Iman of Oman rebelled against the Sultan of Muscat. After initial setbacks, in 1955 the Sultan called for assistance from UK forces. It was not until British special forces were deployed that the rebels were dislodged from their territory in the Jebel Akhbar mountains. The qualifying period for this clasp is 30 days' service between 1 January 1957 and 30 June 1960, in the Aden Colony or protectorate and the Sultanates of Muscat and Oman, or any of the adjacent Gulf states. For a minimum 1 days' service in at least one of the operational areas located in the State of Brunei, North Borneo or Sarawak between 8 and 23 December 1962.

It was issued to members of the British Armed Forces, specially approved civilians and civil police forces, such as the Sarawak Police Force.

## Obverse variations

There were six obverses. The Malaya clasp could be awarded with the George VI (2nd type) or with either Elizabeth II version.

## Bibliography

* Mussel, J (ed) – *Medals Yearbook – 2015*, (2014), Token Publishing.
* Joslin, Litherland, and Simpkin (eds), *British Battles and Medals*, (1988), Spink

## InfoBox

| General Service Medal (1918) | |
| --- | --- |
| Obverse and reverse of the medal. | |
| Type | Campaign medal |
| Awarded for | Campaign service. |
| Description | Silver disc, 36 mm diameter. |
| Presented by | United Kingdom |
| Eligibility | British Army and Royal Air Force. |
| Campaign(s) | Minor campaigns 1918–62. |
| Clasps | 18 |
| Established | 19 January 1923 |
|  | |
| Ribbon: Purple with a central green stripe.

Ribbon with bronze oak leaf for a mention in dispatches (1920 onwards) | |
|  | |
| Related | Naval General Service Medal (1915),
General Service Medal (1962) |


title: Hālaulani station

abstract: Hālaulani station is a Skyline metro station in Pearl City, Hawaiʻi, serving the Leeward Community College campus. The station is located alongside Ala ʻIke Street and can be accessed from a building on the college campus, with passengers using a tunnel to travel under Ala ʻIke Street and the eastbound track. It is the only station on the system not built on elevated tracks. It opened on June 30, 2023. In Hawaiian, "hālaulani" means "heavenly hālau, chief’s house, name of a star" and is the name of the ʻili in which it is located. The Hawaiian Station Name Working Group proposed Hawaiian names for the nine rail stations on the ʻEwa end of the rail system in November 2017, and HART adopted the proposed names on February 22, 2018.

text:
# Hālaulani station

**Hālaulani station** (also known as **Leeward Community College station**) is a Skyline metro station in Pearl City, Hawaiʻi, serving the Leeward Community College campus. The station is located alongside Ala ʻIke Street and can be accessed from a building on the college campus, with passengers using a tunnel to travel under Ala ʻIke Street and the eastbound track. It is the only station on the system not built on elevated tracks. It opened on June 30, 2023.

In Hawaiian, "hālaulani" means "heavenly *hālau*, chief’s house, name of a star" and is the name of the ʻili (ahupuaʻa division) in which it is located. The Hawaiian Station Name Working Group proposed Hawaiian names for the nine rail stations on the ʻEwa end of the rail system (stations west of and including Aloha Stadium) in November 2017, and HART adopted the proposed names on February 22, 2018.

## Service

### Station layout

| **PL** Platform level | **Westbound** | Skyline toward Kualakaʻi (Pouhala) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left or right | |
| | **Eastbound** | Skyline toward Hālawa (Waiawa) |
| **G** | Ground level | Entrance/Exit, fare gates, ticket machines, LCC campus |

### Hours and frequency

Skyline trains run every 10 minutes. Service operates from 5 a.m. to 7 p.m. on weekdays and from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. on weekends and holidays.

## Station information

When all 19 stations are open in 2031, Hālaulani is projected to see 1,450 boardings per day, reflecting its relatively physically isolated location at a community college with decreasing enrollment and sparsely-populated surroundings, along with the lack of a public-access park and ride or bus transit center. The 1,200-spot park and ride at Leeward Community College is for students, staff, and faculty only.

The station is the only at-grade component of the Skyline rail network and is the only station accessed via a tunnel.

Public art is present at the station via the Station Art Program. A metalized fiberglass sculpture hangs above the entrance, titled *He Kauhulu ʻAnae (A Gathering of Mullets)* by artist Donald Lipski. It depicts mullets from the historical *loko iʻa* (fishponds) in the region, inspired by the legend of Miahea, who asked the gods Kāne and Kanaloa for prosperity; in response, standing at Hāʻupu (now known as LCC), they gave a chant: "May the fish ponds down at Waiawa be as the stars in the sky above."

The Skyline Rail Operations Center is located immediately east of the station.

## Surrounding area

College Gardens, a 119-unit townhome complex, is adjacent to Leeward Community College (LCC) and the station. Single-family homes also exist in the area. The City and County of Honolulu has announced tentative plans to build a "college-oriented neighborhood" of an additional 820 homes in the area.

North of the station is a Hawaiian Electric substation and a busy highway interchange, the meeting point of the Interstate H-1 and H-2, described by the *Star-Advertiser* in June 2023 as "a twisted mess of roads."

## InfoBox

| Hālaulani
Leeward Community College | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | 96-47 Ala ʻIke Street
Pearl City, Hawaiʻi |
| Coordinates | 21°23′40″N 157°59′09″W / 21.394391°N 157.985699°W / 21.394391; -157.985699 |
| Owned by | Honolulu Department of Transportation Services |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Bicycle facilities | Racks |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | June 30, 2023 (2023-06-30) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Skyline Following station  Pouhalatoward Kualakaʻi  Skyline  Waiawatoward Hālawa | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Stoneton

abstract: Stoneton is a hamlet, civil parish and manor in Warwickshire, England. It lies just to the northeast of Wormleighton. It was documented in the Domesday Book. From the late 15th century onwards the wealthy Spencer family owned land here, and owned the manor in conjunction with nearby Wormleighton Manor. Little remains of the original village, which lies in a field next to the manor. The moat has been restored to Stoneton Manor, using water supplied from a nearby spring. A windfarm with 8-13 turbines has been proposed in the vicinity since June 2012, with a capacity of up to 16 MW of low carbon energy. Stoneton was originally an extra-parochial place within Northamptonshire. In 1858 it became a civil parish of its own. At an unknown date it was transferred to Warwickshire.

text:
# Stoneton

**Stoneton** is a hamlet, civil parish and manor in Warwickshire, England. It lies just to the northeast of Wormleighton. It was documented in the Domesday Book. From the late 15th century onwards the wealthy Spencer family owned land here, and owned the manor in conjunction with nearby Wormleighton Manor. Little remains of the original village, which lies in a field next to the manor. The moat has been restored to Stoneton Manor, using water supplied from a nearby spring. A windfarm with 8-13 turbines has been proposed in the vicinity since June 2012, with a capacity of up to 16 MW of low carbon energy.

Stoneton was originally an extra-parochial place within Northamptonshire. In 1858 it became a civil parish of its own. At an unknown date it was transferred to Warwickshire.

52°11′25″N 1°18′55″W / 52.19028°N 1.31528°W / 52.19028; -1.31528


title: Taylor Girlz

abstract: Taylor Girlz are an American rap-dance-R&B musical trio consisting of sister rappers Daysha Taylor and Ti Taylor, and dancer-choreographer Tiny. Raised in Atlanta, the Taylor sisters were inspired by their father's rapping to develop their own rhymes. They began working with Tiny in 2013. Now a full-fledged girl group, they first gained popularity in 2015 with their "Woozie" dance video. In 2016 they released two singles produced by Bolo Da Producer, "Steal Her Man" and "Wedgie," both featuring third Taylor sister Trinity. Both became hugely popular viral dance challenges, bringing the trio to prominence and a record deal with RCA Records. The "Steal Her Man" challenge video received over 33 million YouTube views, the "Wedgie" video over 13 million. "Steal Her Man" hit No. 1 on Billboard's Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Chart, and the group appeared on Pandora Radio's Trendsetters Chart in November 2016. As of this writing the two dance singles have received a combined 40 million streams on Spotify, Apple Music and Vevo. In February 2017 RCA released the group's EP Who Are Those Girlz!?.

text:
# Taylor Girlz

**Taylor Girlz** are an American rap-dance-R&B musical trio consisting of sister rappers Daysha Taylor (born December 25, 1995) and Ti Taylor (born August 7, 1998 in Alabama), and dancer-choreographer Tiny. Raised in Atlanta, the Taylor sisters were inspired by their father's rapping to develop their own rhymes. They began working with Tiny in 2013. Now a full-fledged girl group, they first gained popularity in 2015 with their "Woozie" dance video.

In 2016 they released two singles produced by Bolo Da Producer (Silentó of "Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)" fame), "Steal Her Man" and "Wedgie," both featuring third Taylor sister Trinity. Both became hugely popular viral dance challenges, bringing the trio to prominence and a record deal with RCA Records.

The "Steal Her Man" challenge video received over 33 million YouTube views, the "Wedgie" video over 13 million. "Steal Her Man" hit No. 1 on *Billboard'*s Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Chart, and the group appeared on Pandora Radio's Trendsetters Chart in November 2016. As of this writing the two dance singles have received a combined 40 million streams on Spotify, Apple Music and Vevo.

In February 2017 RCA released the group's EP *Who Are Those Girlz!?*.

## InfoBox

| Taylor Girlz | |
| --- | --- |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2013–present |
| Labels | RCA Records |
|  | |
| Members | * Daysha Taylor * Ti Taylor * Tiny |


title: Taxandria linearifolia

abstract: Taxandria linearifolia, also known as the swamp peppermint or the coarse teatree, is a small tree or shrub species that grows along south west coastal areas of Western Australia. This plant was previously classified as Agonis linearifolia but is now part of the Taxandria genus.

text:
# Taxandria linearifolia

***Taxandria linearifolia***, also known as the **swamp peppermint** or the **coarse teatree**, is a small tree or shrub species that grows along south west coastal areas of Western Australia. This plant was previously classified as *Agonis linearifolia* but is now part of the *Taxandria* genus.

## Description

The shrub or small tree can grow up to a height of 5 metres (16 ft). It can flower between March and May or September to December producing white flowers.

## Distribution

Often found along the edge of swamps and watercourses in the Peel and South West regions of Western Australia where it grows in loam, clay or sand soils over quartzite or granite.

## Classification

First formally described as *Leptospermum linearifolium* by the botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1828 as part of *Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis*. It was later placed into the *Agonis* genera by R.Sweet in Sweet in 1830) in *Hortus Britannicus*. The plant was subsequently reclassified to *T. linearifolia* in a 2007 revision by Wheeler and Marchant into the new genus *Taxandria*.

## InfoBox

| *Taxandria linearifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Taxandria* |
| Species: | ***T. linearifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Taxandria linearifolia***<br>(DC) J.R.Wheeler & N.G.Marchant | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leptospermum linearifolium* * *Agonis linearifolia* | |


title: Lygaeospilus

abstract: Lygaeospilus is a genus of seed bugs in the family Lygaeidae. There are at least four described species in Lygaeospilus.

text:
# Lygaeospilus

***Lygaeospilus*** is a genus of seed bugs in the family Lygaeidae. There are at least four described species in *Lygaeospilus*.

## Species

These four species belong to the genus *Lygaeospilus*:

## Further reading

* Slater, James A.; O'Donnell, Jane E. (1995). *A Catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the World (1960-1994)*. The New York Entomological Society. ISBN 978-0-913-424-16-2.
* Aukema, Berend; Rieger, Christian, eds. (2001). *Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region, Vol. 4: Pentatomorpha I: Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Malcidae, Berytidae, Colobathristidae, Largidae, Pyrrhocoridae*. The Netherlands Entomological Society. ISBN 978-90-71912-21-4.

## InfoBox

| *Lygaeospilus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Lygaeidae |
| Subfamily: | Lygaeinae |
| Genus: | *Lygaeospilus*<br>Barber, 1921 |
|


title: Taylor Range

abstract: The Taylor Range or Herbert Taylor Range is a mountain range on the western edge of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was first named The Glenmorrison Range by John Oxley during his exploration of the area in January 1824. In 1828, the colonial botanist Charles Fraser, whilst looking at the range from the Ipswich area, noted the bearings as Sir Herbert Taylor’s Range from which the current name derived. The range is an eastern spur at the southern end of the D'Aguilar Range. The section of the range north of Enoggera Creek includes the Keperra Bushland, Enoggera Military Area and the Ashgrove Golf Club golf course. Most of the range south of Enoggera Creek is covered by the protected area of Mt Coot-tha Reserve. The two sections of the range separate at Enoggera Reservoir and circle the crater shaped suburb of The Gap like the claws of a crab, leaving a narrow entrance via Waterworks Road from the east. The Enoggera side of the range is bound on the north by the upper end of the Kedron Brook catchment area which includes the tributary of Cedar Creek. Enoggera Creek and its tributaries, Ithaca Creek, and Fish Creek commencing at Wittonga Park at The Gap, drain the eastern slopes between the Enoggera and Mt Coot-tha sections of the range. The Mt Coot-tha side of the range is drained on the western slopes by Gap Creek, a tributary of Moggill Creek, and Cubberla Creek which runs south into the Brisbane River. Toowong Creek starts on the eastern slope of Mt Coot-tha and travels through the Brisbane Botanic Gardens on its way to the Brisbane River. Ithaca Creek was unsuccessfully mined for gold between 1894 and the 1950s. Remnants of the mining operations can be found within Brisbane Forest Park.

text:
# Taylor Range

The **Taylor Range** or **Herbert Taylor Range** is a mountain range on the western edge of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was first named **The Glenmorrison Range** by John Oxley during his exploration of the area in January 1824. In 1828, the colonial botanist Charles Fraser, whilst looking at the range from the Ipswich area, noted the bearings as Sir Herbert Taylor’s Range from which the current name derived.

The range is an eastern spur at the southern end of the D'Aguilar Range. The section of the range north of Enoggera Creek (sometimes called the Enoggera side of the range) includes the Keperra Bushland, Enoggera Military Area and the Ashgrove Golf Club golf course. Most of the range south of Enoggera Creek (the Mt Coot-tha side) is covered by the protected area of Mt Coot-tha Reserve (or Mt Coot-tha Forest). The two sections of the range separate at Enoggera Reservoir and circle the crater shaped suburb of The Gap like the claws of a crab, leaving a narrow entrance via Waterworks Road from the east (this being ‘the gap’ from which the suburb got its name).

The Enoggera side of the range is bound on the north by the upper end of the Kedron Brook catchment area which includes the tributary of Cedar Creek. Enoggera Creek and its tributaries, Ithaca Creek (formed by East Ithaca Creek and West Ithaca Creek which join near the Bardon Scenic Reserve), and Fish Creek commencing at Wittonga Park at The Gap, drain the eastern slopes between the Enoggera and Mt Coot-tha sections of the range.

The Mt Coot-tha side of the range is drained on the western slopes by Gap Creek, a tributary of Moggill Creek, and Cubberla Creek which runs south into the Brisbane River. Toowong Creek starts on the eastern slope of Mt Coot-tha and travels through the Brisbane Botanic Gardens on its way to the Brisbane River.

Ithaca Creek was unsuccessfully mined for gold between 1894 and the 1950s. Remnants of the mining operations can be found within Brisbane Forest Park.

## Peaks

Mount Coot-tha, on which there is a lookout, botanical gardens, a planetarium and television towers, has multiple peaks. The highest of these is also the highest peak of the Taylor Range, at 287 m.

Other notable peaks on the mountain include Constitution Hill (263 m elevation) and the lookout at One Tree Hill (226 m elevation).

Further east along the range is Enoggera Hill (284 m elevation) located within the Enoggera Army Barracks. The range becomes a series of hills through the Brisbane locality of St Johns Wood and the suburbs of Red Hill, Spring Hill to Wickham Terrace in the Brisbane central business district.

## Protected areas

Much of the range has been protected in recreation reserves. Early attempts to purchase the land in the 1860s were not permitted by the Surveyor-General, Augustus Charles Gregory, on the basis that the heights would be needed for trigonometrical purposes and for Brisbane residents to visit on account of the views and fresh air.

The public park at the summit of Mount Coot-tha was one of Brisbane's first public parks. It was officially gazetted in 1880 and two years later was visited by Prince George, who later become King George V.

Media related to Taylor Range at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Taylor | |
| --- | --- |
| Herbert Taylor, Glenmorrison | |
| Brisbane lies on the southern slopes of the range | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Mount Coot-tha |
| Elevation | 287 m (942 ft) |
| Geography | |
| Taylor | |
| Country | Australia |
| State | Queensland |
| Region | South East Queensland |
| Municipality | Brisbane |
| Range coordinates | 27°29.1′S 152°57.6′E / 27.4850°S 152.9600°E / -27.4850; 152.9600 |
| Parent range | D'Aguilar Range |


title: Ted Mahan

abstract: Ted Mahan is an American former college baseball coach and catcher. He was the head baseball coach at Michigan State University from 1996 to 2005 and at Olivet College from 2007 to 2016.

text:
# Ted Mahan

**Ted Mahan** (born September 7, 1955) is an American former college baseball coach and catcher. He was the head baseball coach at Michigan State University from 1996 to 2005 and at Olivet College from 2007 to 2016.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Michigan State Spartans**  *(Big Ten Conference)* (1996–2005) | | | | | | | | |
| 1996 | Michigan State | 14–41 |  |  |  |
| 1997 | Michigan State | 26–28 |  |  |  |
| 1998 | Michigan State | 25–27 |  |  |  |
| 1999 | Michigan State | 28–25 |  |  |  |
| 2000 | Michigan State | 20–36 |  |  |  |
| 2001 | Michigan State | 29–27 |  |  |  |
| 2002 | Michigan State | 38–19 |  |  |  |
| 2003 | Michigan State | 21–34 |  |  |  |
| 2004 | Michigan State | 33–26 | 19–13 | 3rd |  |
| 2005 | Michigan State | 22–31 |  |  |  |
| **Michigan State:** | | 256–294 |  |  | | | | |
| **Olivet Comets**  *(Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association)* (2007–2016) | | | | | | | | |
| 2007 | Olivet | 14–26 | 8–10 | 8th |  |
| 2008 | Olivet | 17–23 | 15–13 | 3rd |  |
| 2009 | Olivet | 19–21 | 15–13 | T–3rd |  |
| 2010 | Olivet | 10–30 | 8–20 | 6th |  |
| 2011 | Olivet | 11–28 | 8–20 | 8th |  |
| 2012 | Olivet | 12–28 | 9–19 | T–6th |  |
| 2013 | Olivet | 20–20 | 13–15 | 5th |  |
| 2014 | Olivet | 10–30 | 7–21 | 8th |  |
| 2015 | Olivet | 7–33 | 6–22 | 8th |  |
| 2016 | Olivet | 5–34 | 2–26 | 8th |  |
| **Olivet:** | | 125–273 | 91–179 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 381–567 |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Ted Mahan
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1955-09-07) September 7, 1955
Saginaw, Michigan, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan (1977) |
| Playing career | |
| 1974–1977 | Michigan |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Catcher |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1981–1987 | Grossi Connie Mack Baseball Club (Flint, Michigan) |
| 1983–1987 | Davison (MI) HS |
| 1988 | Michigan (GA) |
| 1989–1991 | Michigan (assistant) |
| 1992–1995 | Michigan State (assistant) |
| 1996–2005 | Michigan State |
| 2007–2016 | Olivet |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 381–567 (college)
127–56 (high school)
257–98 (Connie Mack) |
| Tournaments | NCAA: |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| 2× Big Ten Champion (1975, 1976)
3× HS Conference Champion (1983, 1985, 1986)
HS District Champion (1985) | |
| Awards | |
| NCAA All-Mideast Region Team (1975)
3× All Big Ten Third-Team
Michigan Co-MVP (1977) w/ Rick Leach | |
|  | |
|  | |