title: Infiniti M

abstract: The Infiniti M is a line of mid-size luxury (executive) cars from the Infiniti luxury division of Nissan. From 2013 on it has been marketed as the Infiniti Q70, reflecting the company's new naming scheme. The first iteration was the M30 Coupé/Convertible, which were rebadged JDM Nissan Leopard. After a long hiatus, the M nameplate was used for Infiniti's mid-luxury sedans. First was the short-lived M45 sedan, a rebadged version of the Japanese-spec Nissan Gloria. The next generations, the M35/45 and M37/56/35h/30d, became the flagship of the Infiniti brand and are based on the JDM Nissan Fuga.

text:
# Infiniti M

The **Infiniti M** is a line of mid-size luxury (executive) cars from the Infiniti luxury division of Nissan. From 2013 (model year 2014) on it has been marketed as the **Infiniti Q70**, reflecting the company's new naming scheme.

The first iteration was the M30 Coupé/Convertible, which were rebadged JDM Nissan Leopard. After a long hiatus, the M nameplate was used for Infiniti's mid-luxury sedans (executive cars). First was the short-lived M45 sedan, a rebadged version of the Japanese-spec Nissan Gloria. The next generations, the M35/45 and M37/56/35h/30d, became the flagship of the Infiniti brand and are based on the JDM Nissan Fuga.

## First generation (1989–1992)

| Infiniti M30 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Model code | F31 |
| Also called | Nissan Leopard |
| Production | 1989–1992 |
| Model years | 1990–1992 |
| Assembly | Musashimurayama, Japan |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Mid-size car/Executive car |
| Body style | 2-door convertible
2-door coupé |
| Layout | Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive |
| Related | Nissan Skyline R31
Nissan Laurel C32
Nissan Cefiro A31
Autech Zagato Stelvio AZ1 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 3.0 L *VG30E* V6 |
| Transmission | 4-speed *RE4R01A* automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,616 mm (103.0 in) |
| Length | 4,796 mm (188.8 in) |
| Width | 1,689 mm (66.5 in) |
| Height | 1,321 mm (52.0 in) |
| Curb weight | 1,498 kg (3,303 lb) (coupe)
1,622 kg (3,576 lb) (convertible) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Infiniti G37 Cabrio |

The **Infiniti M30** was a 2-door coupé based on the Japanese market Nissan Leopard (chassis code F31). It was launched in 1989 for the 1990 model year as a lower-priced alternative to the Infiniti Q45, and was intended to be an alternative to the Acura Legend coupe and to a lesser extent the Lexus ES 250, as it was also a lower-priced alternative to the Lexus LS400, although the ES 250 was only offered as a 4-door sedan.

Unlike its competitors that were designed with the American market in mind and were launched as brand-new models, the M30 was based on a somewhat dated platform that was originally designed for the Japanese market; when the Leopard was imported to the United States, few changes were made to the exterior but the interior was revised to better suit American tastes; a leather interior was standard in the M30, and several features in the Leopard such as a center-mounted television screen and a digital instrument cluster weren't available in the M30 as those features were perceived as gimmicks in western car markets.

The M30's angular design aesthetics and on-road performance were viewed as outdated, especially considering a redesigned Acura Legend coupe was launched in 1991. The interior came in for criticism for its outdated ergonomics and lack of room. While the Japanese-market Leopard had received a new dashboard along with the 1988 facelift, economics precluded making a left-hand-drive version of the new dashboard and the M30 was instead fitted with the LHD version of the R31 Skyline's rectilinear dashboard, first presented in 1985.

The M30 made up for these deficiencies in its somewhat lower price; whereas the 1990 Acura Legend coupe started at $27,325 before options and the 1990 BMW 325i started at $24,650 before options, the M30 started at $23,500, and had no factory options, per Infiniti's pricing structure used at the time. Dealerships offered an in-car cellular telephone and in-dash CD player as optional accessories, amongst other items.

### Overview

Standard equipment on the M30 included a driver's side airbag, anti-lock brakes, an anti-theft security system with an engine immobilizer, Nissan Sonar Suspension II, and leather upholstery. Other standard features include a 4 speaker Nissan-Bose audio system with satellite radio controls, a cassette player and an electric mast antenna, cruise control, power windows, power door locks, power mirrors, power moonroof, and on coupes, automatic climate control.

For the 1991 model year, the cable-type speedometer became electric, instrument cluster typeface changed to match that of the Q45, and fuel and coolant temperature gauges were switched. An illuminated entry feature was added that would light the driver's and passenger's door keyhole and the interior dome light upon pulling the outer door handle. Selective door lock logic was added that allowed unlocking of the passenger door from the driver's keyhole by turning the key twice.

A convertible was introduced for the 1991 model year. All convertibles originated as coupe models, and were shipped to California and converted by American Sunroof Corporation (ASC). The electric canvas top featured fully automatic push-button operation, similar to the redesigned 1990 Mercedes-Benz SL, although the SL used a hydraulic system. Unlike the coupe, the M30 convertible use manual climate controls, and a Bose *Active Sound* audio system. The convertible top used a plastic rear window; as a result the rear window defroster feature used on the coupe was removed, and buttons to raise and lower the convertible top were put in place of the rear window defroster switch. The convertible model was never officially sold in Japan, and was exclusive to the US market, although convertibles have been imported to Japan in the last few years by collectors.

All 1992 models gained the addition of a central locking switch next to the Sonar Suspension II selector, and the intake plenum cover was revised and displayed the Infiniti logo, rather than the Nissan logo and the "V6 3000" script on 1990 and 1991 cars.

The M30 was discontinued after the 1992 model year following a production run of approximately 17,000 cars. It was replaced in the Infiniti lineup by the J30 sedan, which was based on the F31 Nissan Leopard's successor, the Nissan Leopard J. Ferie (chassis code Y32).

### Technical

Power came from Nissan's VG30E V6, which produced 162 hp (121 kW; 164 PS) at 6000 rpm, and 180 lb⋅ft (244 N⋅m) of torque at 3500 rpm. All M30s had a Jatco RE4R01A 4-speed automatic transmission. The differential was a Nissan open R200 unit. Although most Nissan Leopards were equipped with a DOHC V6, offered in 2-liter, 3-liter, naturally aspirated and turbocharged variants, the M30 was only offered with the SOHC VG30E. Although it was a smooth powertrain, which Infiniti touted in its brochures for the M30, the 3,302 lb (1,498 kg) coupe, and 3,523 lb (1,598 kg) convertible were generally received as overweight and underpowered, with a quoted 0–60 time of 9.4 and 9.7 seconds, respectively. Infiniti marketed the car as a luxury sports coupe, but its relatively low power output, comfort-oriented driving dynamics, and the absence of a manual transmission hampered its performance and sporting image.

Like the Nissan Maxima, the M30 was equipped with Nissan's Sonar Suspension II. A sonar sensor mounted underneath the front bumper scanned the road surface ahead of the vehicle and instantly changed damping based on varying road surfaces, using individual actuators on all shock absorbers. A center console-mounted switch allowed drivers to choose between Comfort (soft) and Sport (firm) suspension modes. All M30s used McPherson struts for the front wheels, and a semi-trailing arm rear suspension with coil springs for the rear.

## Second generation (2002–2004)

| Infiniti M | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Model code | Y34 |
| Also called | Nissan Cedric
Nissan Gloria |
| Production | 2002 – December 2004 |
| Model years | 2003–2004 |
| Assembly | Kaminokawa, Tochigi, Japan |
| Body and chassis | |
| Layout | FR layout |
| Related | Infiniti Q45
Nissan Cima
Nissan Gloria |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 4.5L *VK45DE* 340 hp (254 kW) V8 |
| Transmission | 5-speed automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,799 mm (110.2 in) |
| Length | 5,009 mm (197.2 in) |
| Width | 1,770 mm (69.7 in) |
| Height | 1,463 mm (57.6 in) |
| Curb weight | 3,851 lb (1,747 kg) |

Infiniti M45 was designed in 2000 at the Nissan Technical Center (NTC) in Atsugi, Japan; was manufactured in Tochigi, Japan; and is based on eleventh generation, Y34-series Nissan Gloria. In contrast to the Japanese models, which were available only with 6-cylinder engines, the M45 was powered by Nissan's VK45DE V8, producing 340 hp (254 kW) and 333 lb⋅ft (451 N⋅m) of torque, which it shared with the Infiniti's flagship Q45.

In addition to the difference in powertrain with the Y34 Cedric/Gloria, the Y34 M45 uses a different instrument panel design, similar to the F50 Q45 as well as a different rear multi-link suspension design. The Y34 Cedric/Gloria's rear multi-link suspension design is similar to Z32 300ZX, and S14/S15 Silvia/200SX/240SX where the rear spring is mounted on the strut. The rear suspension design on the Y34 M45 is much like the rear suspension design on the Z33 350Z, where the spring is mounted independent of the shock/strut, and sits directly on the lower arm, in a spring cup.

The front suspension design carries over from the Y33 Q45, with a one-piece strut/upright. In place of the stamped steel front lower arm, the Y34 M45 has a cast aluminum lower A-arm.

The M45 broadened Nissan's use of the 4.5L V8 that had been exclusive to the Q45, allowing the company to better amortize the engine's development cost.

## Third generation (2005–2010)

| Infiniti M | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Model code | Y50 |
| Also called | Nissan Fuga |
| Production | December 2004–2010 |
| Model years | 2006–2010 |
| Assembly | Kaminokawa, Tochigi, Japan |
| Designer | Michinari Chiba (2002) |
| Body and chassis | |
| Layout | Front engine, rear-wheel drive / All-wheel drive |
| Platform | FM-L "enhanced FM" |
| Related | Infiniti FX
Infiniti G35
Nissan 350Z
Infiniti G37
Infiniti EX35 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 3.5L 280 hp (209 kW) *VQ35DE* V6
3.5L 303 hp (226 kW) *VQ35HR* V6
4.5L 325 hp (242 kW) *VK45DE* V8 |
| Transmission | 5-speed automatic; 7-speed automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,901 mm (114.2 in) |
| Length | 2006–07: 4,892 mm (192.6 in)
2008–2010: 4,930 mm (194.1 in) |
| Width | 1,798 mm (70.8 in) |
| Height | 1,509 mm (59.4 in) (M35 & M45)
1,511 mm (59.5 in) (M35 & M45 Sport)
M35x: 1,524 mm (60.0 in) |

Infiniti released a redesigned M for the 2006 model year, released in February 2005, and marketed in Japan as the Nissan Fuga. All-wheel-drive models, marketed as the **M35x** and **M45x**, use a system (ATTESA-ETS) to send all power to the rear wheels until slip is detected. As the Q45 was no longer exported from Japan after model year 2006, the M45 became Infiniti's flagship.

The M used a more rigid version of the Nissan FM platform shared with the G35/350Z/FX — and was available with the VQ-series 280 hp (209 kW) 3.5 L V6 in the **M35**, or the Q45's 335 hp (250 kW) 4.5 L V8 in the **M45**.

While shorter 177 mm (7.0 in) than the last Q45 at 5,069 mm (199.6 in), the M offered greater interior space, performance, a rear multilink suspension and front double wishbone, and improved ergonomics as well as a 30 mm (1.2 in) longer wheelbase.

### Reception

The automotive press the Y50 Infiniti M several praised the M35 and M45's driving involvement and handling dynamics vs the GS and E-Class while having superior ergonomics to the 5 Series; furthermore the M was equipped and priced competitively against its German rivals, while the M35 also received strong reviews. Despite entering a very crowded, competitive segment in which almost every member has been recently redesigned, the M managed to claim several key distinctions. The M is near or at the top of its class of every interior dimension, actually breaking into the United States Environmental Protection Agency "large" category depending on which option packages are selected. The **M35x** won *Consumer Reports* top luxury car pick for 2006, taking the top spot from the 2005 Lexus LS 430.

The Infiniti M did not gain a significant share in the mid-luxury market. The Infiniti G37 sedan and coupe, competing in the entry-level luxury sport category, accounted for half of the marque's sales as of 2009. Out of that year's 81000 Infiniti cars sold, only 10000 were of the M nameplate. Furthermore, the 2009 update left M35 and M45 in awkward positions of the Infiniti lineup, as though they were the flagships of the marque, they were out-powered by the VQ37VHR engines fitted in the 2009 G37 coupe and sedan. For that model year while the G Series received 7-speed automatic transmissions across the lineup, only the M35 RWD was upgraded to a 7-speed automatic while the rest of the nameplate retained the aging 5-speed automatic.

### 2008/2009 Mid-generational refresh

For the 2008 model year, the Infiniti M received a facelift, receiving optional all wheel drive (M45x), revised front and rear fascias, revised tail lights, and redesigned blue-highlted gauges, previously orange. Infiniti also offered an S type version for the M45/M45x similar to the previous Sport model. Other new features on the 2008 model include touch screen hard drive based navigation, iPod integration, and a music hard drive.

For 2009, the M35 received a new V6 engine producing 303 hp (226 kW) and 262 lb⋅ft (355 N⋅m) of torque and a 7-speed automatic transmission. The 2009 M35x, M45, and M45x retained the five-speed automatic.

## Fourth generation (2010–2019)

| Infiniti M / Q70 | |
| --- | --- |
| Infiniti M37 S (Europe) | |
| Overview | |
| Model code | Y51 |
| Also called |  |
| Production | December 2009–2019 |
| Model years | 2011–2019 (USA & Canada) |
| Assembly | Kaminokawa, Tochigi, Japan;
Saint-Petersburg, Russia (SKD, 2012–2014) |
| Designer | Hideo Komuro (2007, 2008) |
| Body and chassis | |
| Layout | Front engine, rear-wheel drive / All-wheel drive |
| Platform | FM-L "enhanced FM" |
| Related | Infiniti FX
Infiniti G35
Infiniti G37
Infiniti EX35
Nissan 370Z
Nissan 350Z
Nissan Cima |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 2.5L V6 *VQ25HR*
3.0L V6 *V9X* turbo diesel
3.5L V6 *VQ35HR* hybrid
3.7L V6 *VQ37VHR*
5.6L V8 *VK56VD* |
| Electric motor | 68PS Nissan HM34 high-response Motor (3.5 L models only) |
| Transmission | 7-speed automatic |
| Hybrid drivetrain | Intelligent Dual Clutch Control |
| Battery | 1.4 kWh Li-ion |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,900 mm (114.2 in)
3,051 mm (120.1 in) (Q70L) |
| Length | 4,945 mm (194.7 in)
5,131 mm (202.0 in) (Q70L) |
| Width | 1,845 mm (72.6 in) |
| Height | 1,509 mm (59.4 in) |

Infiniti M30d S (Germany)Interior

The Y51, designed by Hideo Komuro during 2006 and 2008 under the supervision of Shiro Nakamura, took on a more fluid look, recalling the coke bottle styling of a 1960s and 1970s.

The 2011 Infiniti M debuted at the 59th Annual Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance, and at a media event in Beverly Hills, California in December 2009, to coincide with the LA Auto Show in Los Angeles. The production version went on sale globally starting in the spring of 2010, as a 2011 model — and in the US on March 1, 2010. It was launched in Europe at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show.

A driving mode selector was included on all models, situated below the transmission gear lever and between the heated and ventilated front seat controls, providing four selections labeled "Standard", "Sport", "Eco", and "Snow", allowing the 7-speed transmission, engine and various systems to optimize driving in varying conditions. To minimize intrusion of exhaust noise in the passenger compartment, the M included a noise cancelling system marketed as *Active Noise Control*. Double-piston shock absorbers, developed by Kayaba Industry Company, have replaced those previously supplied by Hitachi.

The 5.6L V8 VK56VD in the Infiniti M56 was competitive with other V8 mid-luxury (executive) cars such as the BMW 550i and Mercedes-Benz E550. The 5.6L V8 is not shared with its Japanese domestic market counterpart, the Nissan Fuga, as Nissan opted instead to have the hybrid version as the performance option. The extended length version of the Fuga, known as the Cima, is offered as the Infiniti Q70L beginning from model year 2015.

The M37 and M56 will have all-wheel drive optional, badged as M37x and M56x, respectively.

Safety technology included Lane Departure Prevention, which uses a small camera mounted above the rearview mirror to gauge distance from the lane markers, and would lightly deploy selected brakes to help ease the car into the correct lane. It allowed for unimpeded lane changes when the turn signal is used and yields control to the driver at all times. Blind Spot Intervention System used sensors to provide a visual warning in the side view mirror. If the car sensed movement toward an obstacle, it provided an audible warning and applied opposite side brakes to guide the vehicle to the correct lane.

### Safety

The third generation Infiniti M models were given a "Top Safety Pick" by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) by earning a "Good" score for all four IIHS crash tests while also featuring standard stability control to help avoid accidents altogether.

### Engines

Gasoline engines
| Model | Years | Type/code | Power, torque@rpm |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M25 | 2011– | 2,495 cc (152.3 cu in) V6 24-valve (VQ25HR) | 218 hp (163 kW; 221 PS) @ 6,400, 186 lb⋅ft (252 N⋅m) @4,800 |
| M37 | 2010– | 3,696 cc (225.5 cu in) V6 24-valve VVEL (VQ37VHR) | 330 hp (246 kW; 335 PS)@ 7,000, 270 lb⋅ft (366 N⋅m) @5,200 |
| M56 | 2010– | 5,552 cc (338.8 cu in) V8 32-valve VVEL direct injection (VK56VD) | 420 hp (313 kW; 426 PS) @ 6,000, 417 lb⋅ft (565 N⋅m) @4,400 |
| M35h | 2011– | 3,498 cc (213.5 cu in) V6 24-valve (VQ35HR) | 303 hp (226 kW; 307 PS) @ 6,800, 264 lb⋅ft (358 N⋅m) @ 4,800 |
| | | electric motor | 59 PS (43 kW; 59 PS)@? 199 lb⋅ft (270 N⋅m) @? |

Diesel engines
| Model | Years | Type/code | Power, torque@rpm |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M30d | 2010–2014 | 2,993 cc (182.6 cu in) V6 24-valve turbodiesel (V9X) | 237 hp (177 kW; 240 PS) @ 3,750, 406 lb⋅ft (550 N⋅m) @ 1,750–2,500 |

### M35h (Hybrid version) (2011–2019)

The Infiniti M Hybrid, sold as the Nissan Fuga Hybrid in Japan where it was the top performance trim, introduced Nissan's first in-house developed electric hybrid technology, and the carmaker claimed it doubles the fuel economy of its gasoline-powered version. Nissan also announced that the Nissan Infiniti/Fuga Hybrid, together with the Nissan Leaf, included its new Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians system to alert pedestrians, the blind and others to their presence when the hybrid is operating at low speeds in all-electric mode.

The hybrid includes one electric motor and two clutches to allow the 3.5L V6 (302 hp (225 kW) and 258 lb⋅ft (350 N⋅m)) gas engine and electric motor to drive the rear wheels simultaneously. The lithium-ion battery pack comes from the Infiniti Essence. The VQ35HR 3.5 L V6 Hybrid utilizes the Atkinson cycle. The electric motor, installed in parallel between the engine and the transmission, produces 68 PS (50 kW; 67 bhp) from 1.3kWh lithium-ion batteries that are expected to have a service life of 10 years. The batteries are installed upright behind the rear seats. The main sacrifices are that the luggage compartment space is reduced, the hybrid's rear seats are fixed in place and cannot fold down, and all-wheel drive is not available. One benefit of the battery placement though, is that it leaves the hybrid with a 51/49 front to rear weight distribution.

The combined power output of the M35H's hybrid power-train is 360 hp (268 kW; 365 PS) at 6500 rpm, and an estimated 391 lb⋅ft (530 N⋅m) of torque at 2000 rpm.

Reviewers have considered the 2012 Infiniti M35h, along with the 2011 Porsche Panamera S Hybrid which also debuted in the same calendar year, as among the best executed hybrid performance luxury cars. The M35h and Panamera S Hybrid are the first hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles with an automatic transmission to return frugal fuel economy figures *and* retain the acceleration/handling characteristics of its gasoline-only counterparts. Earlier hybrids such as the Lexus 2007 GS 450h used a CVT for fuel economy at the cost of driving dynamics, while the 2010 BMW ActiveHybrid 7 which has an automatic transmission did not feature significantly improved mileage over its gasoline counterpart. The M35h's fuel economy is superior to the M37, and it is almost as fast as the M56 while providing a more balanced, near 50/50, front/rear weight distribution.

On August 23, 2011, the Infiniti M35h set an official Guinness world record for the world's fastest accelerating production full hybrid. The feat took place at the United Kingdom's Santa Pod Raceway, where CAR magazine journalist Tim Pollard drove the vehicle down the quarter-mile dragstrip in 13.896 seconds. The M35h averaged 13.9031 seconds for all runs, reaching speeds over 100 mph (160 km/h). Guinness adjudicators were present to witness the run and certify the record. The official claimed 0–100 km/h (62 mph) time for the Infiniti M35h is 5.5 seconds.

### M30d (Diesel version) (2010–2014)

In 2010, at the Geneva Motor Show, the Infiniti M was introduced with a diesel engine for the first time. It was sold across Europe starting in September 2010. The V9X diesel engine produces 240 hp (179 kW) and 406 lb⋅ft (550 N⋅m) of torque at 2,500 rpm. In western Europe, this V6 performance diesel was offered as a high performance option in lieu of the M56 V8. The M30d was not sold in the US or Canada.

## Discontinuation

In 2019, Nissan confirmed that the Infiniti Q70, Q70L, Q30, and QX30 models will be discontinued after the 2019 model year due to poor sales as buyers in the United States, Canada, and Mexico preferred crossovers and SUVs instead of sedans, hatchbacks, wagons, convertibles, and coupes. Another reason for the discontinuation was Nissan's plans to withdraw the Infiniti brand from the Australian, New Zealand, South Korean, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Malaysian, and West European markets by the end of 2020, with Nissan already withdrawing the Infiniti brand from the South African market in 2017 due to losses and poor sales. Nissan has no plans of abandoning sedans entirely and plans on possibly introducing an Infiniti EV vehicle in 2021 for the 2022 model year based from QS Inspiration concept.

## Awards and recognition

## Sales by calendar year

| Year | U.S. Sales | Canada Sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | 1,010 | n/a |
| 2003 | 4,755 | n/a |
| 2004 | 2,090 | 31 |
| 2005 | 24,000 | 1,111 |
| 2006 | 25,658 | 1,083 |
| 2007 | 21,884 | 550 |
| 2008 | 15,618 | 410 |
| 2009 | 8,501 | 217 |
| 2010 | 14,618 | 550 |
| 2011 | 10,818 | 408 |
| 2012 | 9,130 | 320 |
| 2013 | 5,283 | 249 |
| 2014 | 5,034 | 128 |
| 2015 | 8,449 | 217 |
| 2016 | 5,872 | 156 |
| 2017 | 5,772 | 66 |
|

## InfoBox

| Infiniti M | |
| --- | --- |
| 2011 Infiniti M37 | |
| Overview | |
| Also called | Infiniti Q70 (2013–2019)
Nissan Fuga (SWB; 2009–2022)
Nissan Cima (hybrid LWB; 2012–2022) |
| Production | * 1989–1992 (M30 coupe)
2002–2019 (M sedan) |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Executive car |
| Body style | 4-door sedan |
| Platform | Nissan FM platform |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Infiniti I
Infiniti J30 |
| Successor | Infiniti Q70 (renamed to) |


title: Mooring (oceanography)

abstract: A mooring in oceanography is a collection of devices connected to a wire and anchored on the sea floor. It is the Eulerian way of measuring ocean currents, since a mooring is stationary at a fixed location. In contrast to that, the Lagrangian way measures the motion of an oceanographic drifter, the Lagrangian drifter.

text:
# Mooring (oceanography)

A **mooring** in oceanography is a collection of devices connected to a wire and anchored on the sea floor. It is the *Eulerian way* of measuring ocean currents, since a mooring is stationary at a fixed location. In contrast to that, the *Lagrangian way* measures the motion of an oceanographic drifter, the Lagrangian drifter.

## Construction principle

The mooring is held up in the water column with various forms of buoyancy such as glass balls and syntactic foam floats. The attached instrumentation is wide-ranging but often includes CTDs (conductivity, temperature depth sensors), current meters (e.g. acoustic Doppler current profilers or deprecated rotor current meters), and biological sensors to measure various parameters. Long-term moorings can be deployed for durations of two years or more, powered with alkaline or lithium battery packs.

## Components

### Top buoy

#### Surface buoys

Moorings often include surface buoys that transmit real time data back to shore. The traditional approach is to use the Argos System. Alternatively, one may use the commercial Iridium satellites which allow higher data rates.

#### Submerged buoys

In deeper waters, areas covered by sea ice, areas within or near shipping lines or areas that are prone to theft or vandalism, moorings are often submerged with no surface markers. Submerged moorings typically use an acoustic release or a Timed Release that connects the mooring to an anchor weight on the sea floor. The weight is released by sending a coded acoustic command signal and stays on the ground. Deep water anchors are typically made from steel and may be as large as 100 kg. A common deep water anchor consists of a stack of 2–4 railroad wheels. In shallow waters anchors may consist of a concrete block or small portable anchor.

The buoyancy of the *floats*, i.e. of the top buoy plus additional packs of glass bulbs of foam, is sufficient to carry the instruments back to the surface. In order to avoid entangled ropes, it has been practical to place additional floats directly above each instrument.

### Instrument housing

#### Prawlers

Prawlers (profiling crawlers) are sensor bodies which climb and descend the cable, to observe multiple depths. The energy to move is "free," harnessed by ratcheting upward via wave energy, then returning downward via gravity.

## Depth correction

Similar to a kite in the wind, the mooring line will follow a so-called (half-)catenary. The influence of currents (and wind if the top buoy is above the sea surface) can be modeled and the shape of the mooring line can be determined by software. If the currents are strong (above 0.1 m/s) and the mooring lines are long (more than 1 km), the instrument position may vary up to 50 .


title: Gibberula striata

abstract: Gibberula striata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Cystiscidae.

text:
# Gibberula striata

***Gibberula striata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Cystiscidae.

## InfoBox

| *Gibberula striata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Cystiscidae |
| Subfamily: | Cystiscinae |
| Genus: | *Gibberula* |
| Species: | ***G. striata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gibberula striata***<br>(Laseron, 1957) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Larch, Michigan

abstract: Larch is an unincorporated community in Delta County, in the U.S. state of Michigan.

text:
# Larch, Michigan

**Larch** is an unincorporated community in Delta County, in the U.S. state of Michigan.

## History

The community was named from a grove of American larch near the original town site.

## InfoBox

| Larch, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| LarchLocation within the state of Michigan | |
| Coordinates: 45°47′23″N 87°03′52″W / 45.78972°N 87.06444°W / 45.78972; -87.06444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Delta |
| Township | Wells |
| Elevation | 600 ft (183 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 49837 |
| Area code | 906 |
| GNIS feature ID | 630162 |


title: Frederick Squire House

abstract: The Frederick Squire House is a historic house at 185 North Street in Bennington, Vermont. Built about 1887, it is one of the town's finest examples of Queen Anne Victorian architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

text:
# Frederick Squire House

The **Frederick Squire House** is a historic house at 185 North Street in Bennington, Vermont. Built about 1887, it is one of the town's finest examples of Queen Anne Victorian architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

## Description and history

The Squire House is located north of downtown Bennington, at the southeast corner of North Street (United States Route 7) and Gage Street. It is a 2+12-story wood-frame structure, with a cross-gabled roof, an exterior clad in clapboards and decoratively cut shingles, and a foundation of brick, stone, and concrete. It has a projecting front porch, now enclosed in glass, extending across the front, with a smaller second-story porch above. A band of cut shingles extends around the building between the first and second floors, with more such shingling in the gables above the second-floor windows. Small oval keystoned windows make decorative accents on the side facades. The interior retains original high-quality woodwork, including the staircase, builtin cabinetry, and spindlework transom screens on some of the windows. The dining room has a pressed metal ceiling.

The house was built about 1887 by Frederick Squire, a jeweler who was prominent in the local business community. The front porches and other Colonial Revival details were probably added by the house's second owner, who purchased it in 1904. For most of the 20th century it saw a variety of uses, including as a convent for an adjacent school, and as a real estate office.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frederick Squire House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 185 North St., Bennington, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 42°53′3″N 73°11′40″W / 42.88417°N 73.19444°W / 42.88417; -73.19444 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1887 (1887) |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 92000964 |
| Added to NRHP | July 30, 1992 |


title: Wake turbulence category

abstract: Wake turbulence categories and wake turbulence groups are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization for the purpose of separating aircraft in flight, due to wake turbulence.

text:
# Wake turbulence category

**Wake turbulence categories** and **wake turbulence groups** are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization for the purpose of separating aircraft in flight, due to wake turbulence.

## Wake turbulence categories

Since 2020, there are four categories, based on maximum certificated take-off mass:

* Light (L) — aircraft types of 7,000 kg or less.
* Medium (M) — aircraft types more than 7,000 kg but less than 136,000 kg; and
* Heavy (H) — all aircraft types of 136,000 kg or more, with the exception of aircraft types in Super (J) category; and
* Super (J) — aircraft types specified as such in ICAO Doc 8643, Aircraft Type Designators.

As of 2023, the only aircraft in Category J is the Airbus A380, with an MTOW of 575 t (1,268,000 lb)). Before its destruction, the single Antonov An-225 (MTOW of 640 t (1,410,000 lb)) was classified by the FAA as Super, although it is classified by ICAO as Heavy. The Antonov An-225 and the Antonov An-124 Ruslan are classified by the UK Civil Aviation Authority as Super, although they are classified by ICAO as Heavy.

Most wide-body aircraft are classified as Heavy. Not all aircraft variants of the same type have the same wake turbulence category. The narrow-bodied Boeing 707-100 is Medium but the 707-300 is Heavy.

### Radio communication

The word "super" or "heavy" should be included by super or heavy aircraft immediately after the aircraft call-sign in initial radio contact with air traffic service (ATS) units, to warn ATS and other aircraft that they should leave additional separation to avoid this wake turbulence.

### Distance-based separation minima

Distance-based separation minima for approach and departure are given by ICAO as follows:

| Preceding aircraft | Succeeding aircraft | Distance-based wake turbulence separation minima |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Super | Heavy | 9.3 kilometres (5.0 nmi) |
| | Medium | 13 kilometres (7.0 nmi) |
| | Light | 14.9 kilometres (8.0 nmi) |
| Heavy | Heavy | 7.4 kilometres (4.0 nmi) |
| | Medium | 9.3 kilometres (5.0 nmi) |
| | Light | 11.1 kilometres (6.0 nmi) |
| Medium | Light | 9.3 kilometres (5.0 nmi) |

### Time-based separation minima

For landing aircraft, time-based separation minima are as follows:

* HEAVY aircraft landing behind SUPER aircraft — 2 minutes
* MEDIUM aircraft landing behind SUPER aircraft — 3 minutes
* MEDIUM aircraft landing behind HEAVY aircraft — 2 minutes
* LIGHT aircraft landing behind SUPER aircraft — 4 minutes
* LIGHT aircraft landing behind HEAVY or MEDIUM aircraft — 3 minutes

For departing aircraft, time-based separation minima are more complicated and depend on the runways used, but range from 2 minutes to 4 minutes.

### United States of America

In the United States, the FAA uses a slightly different categorization, adding a block between medium and heavy, labeling aircraft capable of maximum takeoff weights more than 41,000 pounds (19 t) and less than 300,000 pounds (140 t) as "Large".

Of special note here is the narrow-bodied Boeing 757. With a MTOW of 116,000 kilograms (256,000 lb), the 757 is classified as Large. However, after a number of accidents where smaller aircraft following closely behind a 757 crashed, tests were carried out showing the 757 generated stronger wake vortices than a Boeing 767. The rules were changed so that controllers are required to apply special wake turbulence separation criteria specified in paragraph 5-5-4 in the FAA guidelines for aircraft separation, as if the 757 were heavy.

## Wake turbulence groups

In addition to wake turbulence categories, ICAO also specifies **wake turbulence groups**. These are based on wing span as well as maximum takeoff mass. There are seven groups, A to G.

Wake turbulence groups were introduced to enable reduced separation requirements, although in some cases separation is increased. They are used when permitted by the appropriate air traffic service authority.

Wake turbulence groups enable distance-based separation minima for approach and departure as low as 3 nautical miles. Time-based separation minima are used for separating departing aircraft only. Separation minima range from 80 seconds to 240 seconds.

## History

Wake turbulence categories have existed since at least 1996.

The "Super" category was introduced in 2020 by ICAO, however it had already been introduced by the FAA in 2014.

Wake turbulence groups originated in the United States. In 2012, the FAA authorized Memphis International Airport air traffic controllers to begin applying revised criteria for separation. This initially used six groups of aircraft, primarily based on weight: Super (A380), Heavy, B757, Large, Small+, and Small.

The FAA continued Wake Turbulence Recategorization, or RECAT. In 2013, RECAT was extended from Memphis to 6 other airports. In RECAT Phase I, the groups were replaced with six groups, A to F, based on weight, certificated approach speeds, and wing characteristics, with special consideration given to aircraft with limited ability to counteract adverse rolls. These groups were named "Super", "Upper Heavy", "Lower Heavy", "Upper Large", "Lower Large", and "Small". In some cases, separation was increased but in other cases it was reduced. The revised spacing between these groups was shown to increase airport capacity. The FAA estimated an increase in capacity of 15% at Memphis, and average taxi time for FedEx (Memphis' largest carrier, with about 500 operations per day in 2012) aircraft was cut by three minutes.

RECAT Phase II was a continuation of the RECAT program that focused on a larger variety of aircraft (123 ICAO type designators that make up more than 99% of US air traffic movements based on 32 US airports), as opposed to the 61 aircraft comprising 85% of operations from 5 US and 3 European airports that were used in RECAT Phase I. The wake separations in RECAT Phase II were not defined by wake turbulence groups, but individual pairs of make-model-series aircraft types (e.g. Boeing B747-400 leading Airbus A321). In the US, automation does not yet exist to allow air traffic controllers to utilize this pairwise separation matrix. Instead, RECAT Phase II takes advantage of the underlying matrix to redefine the RECAT Phase I-type categories (i.e. Categories A–F, with an additional Category G) for individual TRACONs (terminal radar approach control). This allows efficiency gains over RECAT I because it takes the fleet mix – which aircraft fly most often – into account for each site, rather than doing a global optimization for the US national airspace system as a whole. RECAT Phase II went operational on August 3, 2016, at Southern California TRACON and associated towers.

In RECAT Phase III, which was in development as of 2016, atmospheric conditions were taken into account.

In Europe, the programme to increase runway throughput by introducing new wake turbulence groups was called RECAT-EU. With a database of over 100,000 wake measurements, EUROCONTROL also developed six wake turbulence groups. The change was partly prompted by the development of the Airbus A380. The previous three wake turbulence categories were increased to six, by splitting Medium and Heavy into pairs, and adding a Super Heavy category for the Airbus A380. Capacity gains of up to 8% were achieved.

RECAT-EU was initially deployed at Paris Charles de Gaulle and Paris Le Bourget airports in 2016.

RECAT-EU for arrivals and departures was successfully deployed by NATS at London Heathrow Airport in March 2018.

In RECAT-2, the six categories were augmented by individual pair-wise separation, based on the characteristics of the lead and following aircraft types. RECAT-3 further augments this by using real-time data including ground-based measurements of wake decay. In strong headwinds, reduced time based separation can be used because vortices are dispersed more quickly.

The seven wake turbulence groups were adopted by ICAO in 2020.


title: Phyllonotus oculatus

abstract: Phyllonotus oculatus, common name the oculate apple murex, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Phyllonotus oculatus

***Phyllonotus oculatus***, common name the **oculate apple murex**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The adult shell size varies between 50 mm and 124 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, the Lesser Antilles and in the Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Eastern Brazil.

* Jensen, R. H. (1997). A Checklist and Bibliography of the Marine Molluscs of Bermuda. Unp. , 547 pp
* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. *Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico*, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
* Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) *Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae*. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp. page(s): 116
* Garrigues B. & Lamy D. (2019). Inventaire des Muricidae récoltés au cours de la campagne MADIBENTHOS du MNHN en Martinique (Antilles Françaises) et description de 12 nouvelles espèces des genres Dermomurex, Attilosa, Acanthotrophon, Favartia, Muricopsis et Pygmaepterys (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Xenophora Taxonomy. 23: 22-59.

* Reeve, L. A. (1845-1849). Monograph of the genus Murex. In: Conchologia Iconica: or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 3, pls 1-37 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London.
* "*Phyllonotus oculatus*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 23 June 2011.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonotus oculatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Phyllonotus oculatus* (specimen at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonotus* |
| Species: | ***P. oculatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonotus oculatus***<br>(Reeve, 1845) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chicoreus (Phyllonotus) oculatus* (Reeve, 1845) * *Chicoreus oculatus* (Reeve, 1845) * *Murex oculatus* Reeve, 1845b * *Phyllonotus pomum f. oculatus* (Reeve, 1845) | |


title: Wednesday's Child (novel)

abstract: Wednesday's Child is the sixth novel by Canadian detective fiction writer Peter Robinson in the Inspector Banks series. It was published in 1992, and reprinted a number of times since. It was the first of Robinson's novels to be shortlisted for the Edgar Award.

text:
# Wednesday's Child (novel)

***Wednesday's Child*** is the sixth novel by Canadian detective fiction writer Peter Robinson in the Inspector Banks series. It was published in 1992, and reprinted a number of times since. It was the first of Robinson's novels to be shortlisted for the Edgar Award.

## InfoBox

Wednesday's Child
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Peter Robinson |
| Language | English |
| Series | Inspector Alan Banks, #6 |
| Genre | Crime novel |
| Publisher | Viking Press |
| Publication date | 1992 |
| Publication place | Canada |
| Media type | Print (Hardback), (Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-330-48219-X |
| OCLC | 47150819 |
| Preceded by | *Past Reason Hated* |
| Followed by | *Dry Bones That Dream* |


title: Wells Township, Appanoose County, Iowa

abstract: Wells Township is one of seventeen townships in Appanoose County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 270.

text:
# Wells Township, Appanoose County, Iowa

**Wells Township** is one of seventeen townships in Appanoose County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 270.

## History

Wells Township was founded in 1848.

## Geography

Wells Township covers an area of 38.5 square miles (99.7 km2) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains five cemeteries: Croft, Davis, Hilltown, Kerby and Staten.

## InfoBox

| Wells Township, Appanoose County | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 40°38′22″N 092°41′47″W / 40.63944°N 92.69639°W / 40.63944; -92.69639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Iowa |
| County | Appanoose |
| Area | |
| Total | 38.51 sq mi (99.73 km2) |
| Land | 38.42 sq mi (99.50 km2) |
| Water | 0.09 sq mi (0.23 km2) |
| Elevation | 876 ft (267 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 270 |
| Density | 7/sq mi (2.7/km2) |
| ZIP code | 52572 |
| Area code | 641 |
| FIPS code | 19-94638 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0468967 |


title: Infiniti Mall

abstract: Infiniti Mall is a chain of shopping malls in India. It is a subsidiary of K Raheja Realty, which has been in the business of construction and property development since the 1960s. The first Infiniti Mall opened in 2004, in Andheri, Mumbai. This is the third oldest shopping mall in Mumbai. Infiniti Mall launched their second property in Mumbai, at Malad, in May 2011.

text:
# Infiniti Mall

**Infiniti Mall** is a chain of shopping malls in India. It is a subsidiary of K Raheja Realty, which has been in the business of construction and property development since the 1960s. The first Infiniti Mall opened in 2004, in Andheri, Mumbai. This is the third oldest shopping mall in Mumbai. Infiniti Mall launched their second property in Mumbai, at Malad, in May 2011.

## Infiniti Mall, Andheri

Infiniti Mall, Andheri located at Oshiwara Link Road, Andheri (West), was built in 2004 and is spread across 310,000 square feet (29,000 m2) with 65

stores, a six-screen multiplex (PVR Icon), food court, Family Entertainment Center and restaurants besides shopping. The Andheri branch is the third oldest mall in Mumbai, as well as the second oldest in Mumbai Suburban.

## Infiniti Mall, Malad

Infiniti Mall is one of the best malls in Mumbai and the most elite destination for visitors of all age groups looking for international standard shopping, entertainment and food options under one roof. It has entertainment, fashion, game arenas and the largest food court with the best of the restaurants with finger-licking food options comparable to the best in the world.

Located in one of Mumbai's most thriving and buzzing locations, Malad West, Infiniti Mall is an ideal retail mix with a good fusion of innovation and technology that features wide, open spaces for relaxation and entertainment and a full calendar of exciting festivals and events that will draw both locals and foreign visitors. Also one can find a wide array of food options to choose from. Moreover, it is strategically nestled in the coveted neighbouring localities of Kandivali, Borivali, and Goregaon.

Best of the retail, food and beverage brands for shoppers and fun seekers, Infiniti Mall is Mumbai's best retail, lifestyle and entertainment destination, consisting of endless retail stores, eateries, and amusement options. Each space leads intuitively into the next, creating an enjoyable shopping experience. The mall also houses a 950-seater multi-cuisine food court spread across 35,000 sq. ft. with more than 40 dining and café selections.

Infiniti Mall, Malad is the first mall in India to have a 360-degree roller coaster ride for children and adults alike in the air-conditioned mall's closed confines.

Infiniti Mall also has PVR Cinemas, India's leading movie multiplex, which offers the ultimate experience of watching movies in the comfort of reclining chairs and digital screens.

Infiniti Mall has Bounce Inc. - India's largest indoor trampoline park and adrenaline playground facility catering to customers ranging from pre-school kids and school groups to families and elite sports athletes.

Filled with something that delights everyone, Infiniti Mall, Malad West, is one of the most prominent and Mumbai's best retail, entertainment, and lifestyle destinations.

## Awards & Accolades

* Infiniti Mall felicitated at IMAGES Shopping Centre Awards 2023 \- Infiniti Mall, the leading shopping centre in Andheri and Malad, has been bestowed with prestigious awards under several categories, owing to its contribution towards the advancement and evolution of the retail sector in India. Some of the awards include Mapic India Most Admired Shopping Centre of the Year: Metro-West, Mapic Most Admired Shopping Centre of the Year-Marketing & Promotion Activities (Metro) Iconic Shopping Destination by Mid-Day, Best Design (food court) by Food Connoisseurs India Awards 2023, among others. These recognitions stand as a testament to the tireless efforts of Infiniti Mall to curate the finest experiences for customers and continue striving towards reshaping the sector.

## InfoBox

Infiniti Mall
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Malad, Mumbai;
Andheri, Mumbai; |
| Opening date | 2004 |
| Developer | K Raheja Realty |
| Owner | K. Raheja Realty |
| Parking | Available |
| Website | www.infinitimall.com |


title: Google Code Search

abstract: Google Code Search was a free beta product from Google which debuted in Google Labs on October 5, 2006, allowing web users to search for open-source code on the Internet. Features included the ability to search using operators, namely lang:, package:, license:, and file:. The code available for searching was in various formats including tar.gz,.tar.bz2,.tar, and.zip, CVS, Subversion, git and Mercurial repositories. Google Code Search covered many open-source projects, and as such is different from the "Code Search for Google Open source projects" that was released afterwards.

text:
# Google Code Search

**Google Code Search** was a free beta product from Google which debuted in Google Labs on October 5, 2006, allowing web users to search for open-source code on the Internet. Features included the ability to search using operators, namely lang:, package:, license:, and file:.

The code available for searching was in various formats including tar.gz, .tar.bz2, .tar, and .zip, CVS, Subversion, git and Mercurial repositories.

Google Code Search covered many open-source projects, and as such is different from the "Code Search for Google Open source projects" that was released afterwards.

## Regular expression engine

The site allowed the use of regular expressions in queries, which at that time was not offered by any other search engine for code. This makes it resemble grep, but over the world's public code. The methodology employed, sometimes called trigram search, combines a trigram index with a custom-built, denial-of-service resistant regular expression engine.

In March 2010, the code of RE2, the regular expression engine used in Google Code Search, was made open source.

Google Code Search supported POSIX extended regular expression syntax, excluding back-references, collating elements, and collation classes.

Languages not officially supported could be searched for using the file: operator to match the common file extensions for the language.

## Discontinuation

In October 2011, Google announced that Code Search was to be shut down along with the Code Search API. The service remained online until March 2013, and it now returns a 404.

In January 2012, Google developer Russ Cox published an overview of history and the technical aspects of the tool, and open-sourced a basic implementation of a similar functionality as a set of standalone programs that can run fast indexed regular expression searches over local code.

## InfoBox

Google Code Search
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Search engine |
| Available in | All languages |
| Owner | Google |
| URL | www.google.com/codesearch |
| Launched | October 5, 2006 (2006-10-05) |
| Current status | Discontinued as of 15 January 2012 |


title: Roodu

abstract: Roodu is a village in Toila Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia. Before the 2017 Administrative Reform, the village belonged to Kohtla Parish.

text:
# Roodu

**Roodu** is a village in Toila Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.

Before the 2017 Administrative Reform, the village belonged to Kohtla Parish.

59°22′N 27°10′E / 59.367°N 27.167°E / 59.367; 27.167

## InfoBox

| Roodu | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Ida-Viru County |
| Parish | Toila Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Karina González

abstract: Laura Karina González Muñoz is a Mexican TV host, model, and beauty pageant titleholder who won Nuestra Belleza México 2011. she represented Mexico at Miss Universe 2012 in Las Vegas and placed in the Top 10.

text:
# Karina González

**Laura Karina González Muñoz** (born March 28, 1991) is a Mexican TV host, model, and beauty pageant titleholder who won Nuestra Belleza México 2011. she represented Mexico at Miss Universe 2012 in Las Vegas and placed in the Top 10.

## Pageantry

González was crowned Nuestra Belleza Aguascalientes the night of July 7, 2011, and subsequently represented her state in the national competition, held in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, where she competed against thirty-four young women from all over the country. González became the first Nuestra Belleza México winner from Aguascalientes on August 20, 2011. She was crowned by the outgoing national titleholder Karin Ontiveros, and Miss Universe 2010 Ximena Navarrete.

## Miss Universe 2012

Gonzalez represented Mexico at the Miss Universe 2012 competition. She was one of the favorite prior to the coronation night. She placed in the Top 10, wearing a resplendent red evening gown with generous slit and went to second place in the national costume competition. The design of the gown she wore was reminiscent of what Miss Universe 2010 and fellow Mexican Ximena Navarrete wore when she was crowned, incidentally, in Las Vegas, Nevada.

## InfoBox

| Karina González | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Laura Karina González Muñoz
(1991-03-28) March 28, 1991
Aguascalientes City, Aguascalientes, Mexico |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | Nuestra Belleza Aguascalientes 2011
Nuestra Belleza México 2011 |
| Hair color | Brown |
| Eye color | Brown |
| Major
competition(s) | Nuestra Belleza México 2011
(Winner)
Miss Universe 2012
(Top 10) |
|  | |


title: Gəraybəyli, Ujar

abstract: Gəraybəyli is a village and municipality in the Ujar Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,128.

text:
# Gəraybəyli, Ujar

**Gəraybəyli** (also, **Qarabəyli** and **Geraybeyli**) is a village and municipality in the Ujar Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,128.

## InfoBox

| Gəraybəyli | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Gəraybəyli | |
| Coordinates: 40°31′51″N 47°39′21″E / 40.53083°N 47.65583°E / 40.53083; 47.65583 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Ujar |
| Population | |
| Total | 1,128 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Phyllonycteris

abstract:
Phyllonycteris is a genus of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It contains the following species:
  - Jamaican Flower Bat
  - † Puerto Rican Flower Bat
  - Cuban Flower Bat

text:
# Phyllonycteris

***Phyllonycteris*** is a genus of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It contains the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonycteris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Phyllostomidae |
| Subfamily: | Glossophaginae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonycteris*
Gundlach, 1861 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Phyllonycteris poeyi*
Gundlach, 1861 | |
| Species | |
| *P. aphylla*
*P. poeyi* | |


title: Han Oak

abstract: Han Oak is a restaurant serving Korean cuisine in Portland, Oregon's Kerns neighborhood, in the United States. Owned by chef Peter Cho and partner Sun Young Park, Han Oak was The Oregonian's Restaurant of the Year in 2017.

text:
# Han Oak

**Han Oak** is a restaurant serving Korean cuisine in Portland, Oregon's Kerns neighborhood, in the United States. Owned by chef Peter Cho and partner Sun Young Park, Han Oak was *The Oregonian*'s Restaurant of the Year in 2017.

The menu has included noodles, soondae (blood sausage), Korean fried chicken wings, spicy rice cake ramen, and dumplings.

## History

Cho and Park opened Han Oak in 2016, in the Ocean building on Northeast Glisan.

The restaurant was featured in the season two premiere of David Chang's Netflix show *Ugly Delicious* in 2020, as well as a season 5 episode of the network's *Somebody Feed Phil* in 2022. Food critic Karen Brooks visited the restaurant for an episode of Hulu's *Eater's Guide to the World*.

In 2022, Han Oak re-opened after a nearly two-year closure, with a "reinvented" menu.

Han Oak and Shake Shack partnered to host a pop-up in 2023, ahead of the chain's first restaurant in Portland.

## Reception

In 2017, Han Oak was named Restaurant of the Year by *The Oregonian* and *Portland Monthly*. The business was included in *Esquire* magazine's 2021 list of 100 restaurant "America can't afford to lose". In 2023, Cho was one of 18 Portland industry professionals deemed "rising stars" by the restaurant resource and trade publication *StarChefs*.

## InfoBox

| Han Oak | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Food type | Korean |
| City | Portland |
| State | Oregon |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 45°31′36.5″N 122°38′30.6″W / 45.526806°N 122.641833°W / 45.526806; -122.641833 |
| Website | hanoakpdx.com |


title: Indiana Hi-Rail Corporation

abstract: Indiana Hi-Rail Corporation was a railroad which operated lines in the U.S. states of Indiana, Illinois and Ohio. It ceased operations after it was declared bankrupt in 1997. The railroad was known for its extensive use of locomotives built by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO).

text:
# Indiana Hi-Rail Corporation

**Indiana Hi-Rail Corporation** (reporting mark **IHRC**) was a railroad which operated lines in the U.S. states of Indiana, Illinois and Ohio. It ceased operations after it was declared bankrupt in 1997. The railroad was known for its extensive use of locomotives built by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO).

## InfoBox

Indiana Hi-Rail
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Reporting mark | IHRC |
| Locale | Midwestern United States |
| Dates of operation | 19811998 |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| Length | 461 Miles |


title: V471 Tauri

abstract: V471 Tauri is an eclipsing variable star in the constellation of Taurus. The star has a visual magnitude of 9 which makes it impossible to see with the naked eye. It is around 155 light-years away from the Solar System.

text:
# V471 Tauri

**V471 Tauri** (short V471 Tau) is an eclipsing variable star in the constellation of Taurus. The star has a visual magnitude of 9 which makes it impossible to see with the naked eye. It is around 155 light-years away from the Solar System.

## Physical properties

The V471 Tauri system has at least two members: a white dwarf star of spectral type D2; and a K-type main sequence star (K2 V). There are variations in the timing of the eclipses that were once thought to be due to a third member of the system, proposed to be a brown dwarf, but it may be a pair of smaller brown dwarfs and/or the eclipse variations may be caused by the Applegate mechanism. The system is located in the Hyades star cluster.

## InfoBox

V471 Tauri
|
A light curve for V471 Tauri, plotted from *TESS* data | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Taurus |
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| Right ascension | 03h 50m 24.9667s |
| Declination | 17° 14 47.431 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.40 - 9.71 |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | K2V + D2 |
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| Variable type | Algol \+ RS CVn |
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| Astrometry | |
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| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 37.4±0.5 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: 127.278 mas/yr
Dec.: −22.321 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 21.0129 ± 0.0158 mas |
| **Distance** | 155.2 ± 0.1 ly
(47.59 ± 0.04 pc) |
|  | |
| Orbit | |
| **Period (P)** | 0.52118 days |
| **Semi-major axis (a)** | 0.01496 AU |
| **Eccentricity (e)** | 0 (assumed) |
| **Inclination (i)** | 80.8° |
| Details | |
| White dwarf | |
| **Mass** | 0.792 |
| **Radius** | 0.01134 |
| **Luminosity** | 0.145 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 8.227 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 34,500 |
| K star | |
| **Mass** | 0.852 |
| **Radius** | 0.816 |
| **Luminosity** | 0.41 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.49 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 5,066 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | +0.12 dex |
| **Rotation** | 0.5211 days |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 89.30 km/s |
| **Age** | 625 Myr |
| Other designations | |
| 471 Tau, BD+16°516, HIP 17962 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Giallo a Venezia

abstract: Giallo a Venezia is a 1979 Italian giallo film directed by Mario Landi. The film released on December 31, 1979, in Italy and starred Leonora Fani. It is known primarily for its extremely graphic scenes of sex and gore, including a woman's leg being slowly sawed off with a long knife. There is also a Brazilian VHS version containing XXX scenes under the title Pesadelo em Veneza.

text:
# Giallo a Venezia

***Giallo a Venezia*** (*Giallo in Venice*) is a 1979 Italian giallo film directed by Mario Landi. The film released on December 31, 1979, in Italy and starred Leonora Fani. It is known primarily for its extremely graphic scenes of sex and gore, including a woman's leg being slowly sawed off with a long knife. There is also a Brazilian VHS version containing XXX scenes under the title *Pesadelo em Veneza*.

## Synopsis

The film follows a detective investigating the murder of a married couple involving a sexually abusive cocaine addict husband while, at the same time, an unknown killer commits multiple grisly murders.

## Cast

## Production

While filming the scene in which Mariangela Giordano was tied to a kitchen table, the telephone cords were put on her wrists and ankles so tight that they cut into her flesh. She had visible marks on those places for three months.

## Reception

*Moviefone* gave a mixed review for the film, saying that it "is one worth seeing for fans of the subgenre" but that overall it was "simply not on par with most of the Italian greats". In the book *Italian Horror Film Directors* one critic noted that *Giallo a Venezia* is a "perfect example of how a filmmaker can go too far in his quest to achieve the perfect synthesis of horror and repulsion."

Paolo Mereghetti wrote that it:

> "deserves (or perhaps does not deserve) to be remembered as one of the most idiotic Italian thrillers ever made, a collage of soft-porn sequences and dismemberments of rare brutality that fall into the void, in a childish attempt to astonish."

Horror author Brandon Halsey wrote:

> "While Giallo a Venezia may lack the social commentary of Lucio Fulci or the swooping camera-work and visual styling of Dario Argento, it is still a giallo that can comfortably stand on merits of its own."

## InfoBox

| Giallo a Venezia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Mario Landi |
| Written by | Aldo Serio |
| Produced by | Gabriele Crisanti |
| Starring | Leonora Fani |
| Cinematography | Franco Villa |
| Edited by | Mario Salvatori |
| Music by | Berto Pisano |
| Distributed by | Variety Distribution |
| Release date | * 31 December 1979 (1979-12-31) |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: Lariophagus

abstract: Lariophaugus is a genus of hymenopteran parasitoids in the family Pteromalidae. The genus was described by American entomologist and taxonomist James Chamberlain Crawford, with the type species Lariophagus texanus.

text:
# Lariophagus

***Lariophaugus*** is a genus of hymenopteran parasitoids in the family Pteromalidae. The genus was described by American entomologist and taxonomist James Chamberlain Crawford, with the type species *Lariophagus texanus*.

## Species

Species include:

## InfoBox

| *Lariophagus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Pteromalidae |
| Genus: | ***Lariophagus***<br>Crawford, 1909 |
|


title: Karina Grömer

abstract: Karina Grömer is an Austrian archaeologist known for her contribution to the study of archaeological textiles. She is the head of the Department of Prehistory at the Natural History Museum Vienna in Austria.

text:
# Karina Grömer

**Karina Grömer** (born 1974) is an Austrian archaeologist known for her contribution to the study of archaeological textiles. She is the head of the Department of Prehistory at the Natural History Museum Vienna in Austria.

## Education and career

Grömer studied prehistoric archaeology, anthropology, history and ethnology at the University of Vienna, Department of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology in Austria. During her studies she was a member of excavation teams in Austria, France, Croatia and Poland, excavating settlements and cemeteries, covering a time-span between Neolithic and Roman Period. She is engaged with studies in material culture, especially Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Age in Central and Eastern Central Europe. In her research methodology, she is working in an interdisciplinary research context to set artefacts into a wider chronological and supra-regional framework. Theoretical approaches used for her studies are about identity, innovation and creativity, functional design theory, visual coding, design concepts, sociological and semiotic studies.

In 2007 she wrote her doctoral thesis about the Bronze Age textile finds from Hallstatt (Bronzezeitliche Gewebefunde aus Hallstatt und die Entwicklung der Textiltechnologie zur Eisenzeit) and in 2019 her Habilitation at the University of Vienna in 2019 “Archaeological Textile Research - Technical, economic and social aspects of textile production and clothing from Neolithic to the Early Modern Era”.

Since 2008 she has been working for international and interdisciplinary research projects at the Department of Prehistory at the Natural History Museum Vienna. Her current research focuses on the analysis of textiles from graves and salt-mines, covering a time span from 2000 BC to 1000 AD and a geographical area from Central Europe to Iran.

Grömer is a member of HEAS Team Leaders, HEAS is the Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences Consortium in Austria and Board Member of Council for Austrian Archaeology.

## Public outreach

In November 2020 she won the Austrian Science Slam with the performance "Hallstatt It Girl with Soundeffect".

She teaches at the University of Vienna, Institute for Prehistory and Historical Archaeology, and acts as visiting lecturer at the University Cambridge (GB), University Southampton (GB) and the Mazaryk University Brno (CZ), where she holds lectures about textile archaeology and experimental archaeology.

She is the author of 9 monographs (4 peer-reviewed), 14 edited volumes (7 peer-reviewed); 82 journal articles (46 peer-reviewed); 121 book chapters (59 peer-reviewed) and numerous miscellaneous publications including popular science.

She is the main editor of four archaeological–anthropological periodicals in Austria (*Archäologie Österreichs* (until 2010); *Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien**, Archäologie Online Hallstatt**; Prähistorische Forschungen Online*) and member of the editorial board of *Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien* *Serie A*, *Archaeological Textiles Review* at the Centre for Textile Research Copenhagen.

## International research projects

| Years | Projects |
| --- | --- |
| 2020 - 2024 | COST Action EuroWeb - Europe Through Textiles: Network for an integrated and interdisciplinary Humanities (Project proposer: Marie-Louise Nosch, Univ. Copenhagen; Chair: Agata Ulanowska, University of Warsaw, Poland; Vice-chair: Karina Grömer, NHM Wien) COST - European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Grant Nr. CA19131. |
| 2018 - 2020 | Project Gerda Henkel Stiftung: Die Salzmänner Irans - Das Kulturerbe des Salzmumien-Museums in Zanjan (Projectleader: Thomas Stöllner, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum in Deutschland; Markus Egg, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz; Wolfgang David, Museum Frankfurt; Abolfazl Aali, Archaeological Museum Zanjan in Iran; Position Grömer: Research partner) Funded by Gerda Henkel Stiftung, Grant Number: AZ 07/BE/17. |
| 2015 - 2017 | DFG Project Saltmen Iran \- Chehrabad Saltmummy & Saltmine Exploration Project (Project manager: Abolfazl Aali, Archaeological Museum Zanjan in Iran; Thomas Stöllner, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum in Germany; Position Grömer: Research partner) Funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG, Grant Number STO 458/12-2. |
| 2010 - 2013 | CinBA: Creativity and Craft Production in Middle and Late Bronze Age Europe (Project manager: Joanna Sofaer, University of Southampton in UK; Position Grömer: Co PI, Research partner) Funded by HERA - Humanities in the European Research Area. Grant Number: 09-HERA-JRP-CI-FP-020. |
| 2008 - 2011 | HallTex FWF: Dyeing techniques of the prehistoric textiles from the salt mine of Hallstatt (Project manager: Regina Hofmann-de Keijzer, Universität für Angewandte Kunst, Institut für Kunst und Technologie/Archäometrie in Austria; Position Grömer: Research partner) Funded by FWF (Fonds zur Förderung Wissenschaftlicher Forschung Austria/Austrian Science Fund), Translational - Research - Program, Grant Number L431-G02. |
| 2007 - 2012 | DressID Clothing and Identities - New Perspectives on Textiles in the Roman Empire (Project manager: Michael Tellenbach, Curt-Engelhorn-Stiftung für die Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen Mannheim in Germany; Position Grömer: Research partner) Funding: EU Commission, "Culture" Program. Grant Number x2007-1765/001-001 CTU-COOPMU. |

## Selected publications

* Grömer, K., Gleba, M. & Van Horne, S. (2023): Textiles burning: Understanding charred textiles from cremation graves and experimental charring. In: Sanna Lipkin, Erika Ruhl and Krista Wright (Hrsg.): proceedings "Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research of North and Central European Archaeological Textiles". Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland 12, 2023, 309-322.
* Grömer, K. (2022): Textiles and human needs. A discussion about textile production in the Hallstatt Culture. In: A. Dickey, M. Gleba, S. Hitchens, G. Longhitano (eds): Exploring Ancient Textiles. Pushing the Boundaries of Established Methodologies. Oxbow Books, Oxford and Philadelphia, 131-140.
* Ulanowska, A., Grömer, K., Vanden Berghe, I. & Öhrmann, M. (ed.) 2022, “Ancient Textile Production from an Interdisciplinary Approach: Humanities and Natural Sciences Interwoven for our Understanding of Textiles”, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer 2022. ISBN 978-3-030-92169-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92170-5 30.4.22 (Edited volume)
* Moskvin, A., Grömer, K., Moskvina, M., Kuzmichev, V., Stöllner, Th. & Aali, A. (2022), 3D visualization of the 2400-year-old garments of Salt man 4 from Chehrābād, Iran. In: K. Grömer, Ina Vanden Berghe, Magdalena Öhrmann (ed.), “Ancient Textile Production from an Interdisciplinary Approach: Humanities and Natural Sciences Interwoven for our Understanding of Textiles”, Springer 2022, 319-338.
* Fernández-Götz, M. & Grömer, K. (2021): Making cities, producing textiles; The Late Hallstatt Fürstensitze. In: M. Gleba, B. Marín-Aguilera, B. Dimova (eds): Making cities. Economies of production and urbanization in Mediterranean Europe, 1000-500 BC. University of Cambridge, McDonald Institute Conversations, 329-343 (ISBN 978-1-913344-06-1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.76148
* Grömer, K. & Ullermann, M. (2020): Functional Analysis of Garments in 18th Century Burials from St. Michael’s Crypt in Vienna, Austria. In: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Archaeologica; edited by Magdalena Majorek, Olgierd Ławrynowicz; 2020, vol. 35, Published by Łódź University Press (Poland). ISSN: 0208-6034; e-ISSN: 2449-8300.
* Grömer, K. (2021): “Tablet weaving is a small byway of textile production...” Bronze and Iron Age tablet bands with stripes, meanders and triangles from the salt mines in Austria. In: F. Pritchard (ed): Crafting Textiles. Tablet weaving, Sprang, lace and other techniques from the Bronze Age to the early 17th century. Ancient Textiles Series 39. Oxford and Philadelphia: Oxbow Books, 3-21.
* K. Grömer, A. Kern, A. Kroh (2019): Critical Assessment of Media Stations in the Permanent Exhibition of the Natural History Museum Vienna: Prehistory and Palaeontology. In: W. Börner and S. Uhlirz (ed.): Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies 2018. CHNT 23, 2018 (Vienna 2019). ISBN 978-3-200-06576-5
* K. Grömer and A. Kern (eds.) (2018): Artifacts. Treasures of the Millennia. A Guide through the Prehistoric Collection. Natural History Museum Vienna Exhibition guide. Wien 2018: Verlag des Naturhistorischen Museums.
* K. Grömer (2016): The Art of Prehistoric Textile Making – The development of craft traditions and clothing in Central Europe. Veröffentlichungen der Prähistorischen Abteilung 5, Verlag des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Vienna 2016.
* K. Grömer and F. Pritchard (eds.) (2015): Aspects of the Design, Production and Use of Textiles and Clothing from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Era. NESAT XII. The North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles, 21 – 24 May 2014 in Hallstatt, Austria. Archaeolingua Main Series 33. Budapest 2015.
* K. Grömer (2014): Römische Textilien in Noricum und Westpannonien - im Kontext der archäologischen Gewebefunde 2000 v. Chr. - 500 n. Chr. in Österreich. Austria Antiqua, Graz 2014.
* K. Grömer, A. Kern, H. Reschreiter and H. Rösel-Mautendorfer (Hrsg.) (2013): Textiles from Hallstatt. Weaving culture in Bronze and Iron Age Salt Mines. Archaeolingua 29, Budapest 2013.
* K. Grömer (2010): Prähistorische Textilkunst. Geschichte des Handwerks und der Kleidung vor den Römern. Veröffentlichungen der Prähistorischen Abteilung 4, Wien 2010.

## InfoBox

| Karina Grömer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1974 |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Alma mater | University of Vienna |
| Occupation | Archaeologist |
| Known for | Archaeological textiles |


title: Gərmətük

abstract: Gərmətük is an urban-type settlement and municipality in the Lankaran Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 5,556. The municipality consists of the villages of Gərmətük and Velədi.

text:
# Gərmətük

**Gərmətük** (also, **Germatuk** and **Germatyuk**) is an urban-type settlement and municipality in the Lankaran Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 5,556. The municipality consists of the villages of Gərmətük and Velədi.

## InfoBox

| Gərmətük | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Gərmətük | |
| Coordinates: 38°43′00″N 48°50′52″E / 38.71667°N 48.84778°E / 38.71667; 48.84778 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Lankaran |
| Population | |
| Total | 5,556 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Phyllonotus peratus

abstract: Phyllonotus peratus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Phyllonotus peratus

***Phyllonotus peratus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 45 mm and 66 mm. The coloring is a neutral cream with brown features.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean between Mexico and Panama.

* Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) *Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae*. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp. page(s): 116

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonotus peratus* | |
| --- | --- |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonotus* |
| Species: | ***P. peratus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonotus peratus***<br>Keen A.M., 1960 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chicoreus (Phyllonotus) decorus* Keen, 1960 * *Chicoreus (Phyllonotus) peratus* (Keen, 1960) * *Chicoreus peratus* (Keen, 1960) * *Phyllonotus peratus decorus* Keen, 1960 | |


title: Han Ok-sim

abstract: Han Ok-sim is a retired North Korean female volleyball player who plays as a middle blocker. She was part of the North Korea women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 2010 Asian Games. On club level, she played for Sobaeksu in 2010.

text:
# Han Ok-sim

**Han Ok-sim** (born 10 January 1991) is a retired North Korean female volleyball player who plays as a middle blocker. She was part of the North Korea women's national volleyball team.

She participated at the 2010 Asian Games. On club level, she played for Sobaeksu in 2010.

1. Krastev, Todor. "Women Volleyball Asia Games 2010 Guandhzou (CHN) - 18-27.11 Winner China". *www.todor66.com*. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
2. "Team Roster – North Korea". *asianvolleyball.org*. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2012.

## InfoBox

| Han Ok-sim | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | North Korea |
| Born | (1991-01-10) 10 January 1991 |
| Height | 182 cm (72 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | middle blocker |
| Number | 5 (national team) |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2010  Sobaeksu | |
| National team | |
| 2010  North Korea | |


title: Inishloe

abstract: Inishloe or Low Island is an uninhabited island in the River Fergus and townland in the Kildysart parish of County Clare, Ireland.

text:
# Inishloe

**Inishloe** or *Low Island* (Gaeilge: *Inis Lua*) is an uninhabited island in the River Fergus and townland in the Kildysart parish of County Clare, Ireland.

## Geography

The island's surface area is 52.68 hectares (130 acres).

## Demographics

It has been uninhabited since 1976 however the 1901 census showed 43 inhabitants which reduced to 32 in 1911.

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1841 114       1851 93 −18.4%  1861 96 +3.2%  1871 91 −5.2%  1881 55 −39.6%  1891 43 −21.8%  1901 43 +0.0%  1911 32 −25.6% | Year Pop. ±%  1926 28 −12.5%  1936 23 −17.9%  1946 27 +17.4%  1951 14 −48.1%  1956 10 −28.6%  1961 9 −10.0%  1966 7 −22.2%  1971 3 −57.1% | Year Pop. ±%  1979 0 −100.0%  1981 0 0.00%  1986 0 0.00%  1991 0 0.00%  1996 0 0.00%  2002 0 0.00%  2006 0 0.00%  2011  0 0.00% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Central Statistics Office. "CNA17: Population by Off Shore Island, Sex and Year". *CSO.ie*. Retrieved 12 October 2016. | | |

The table reports data taken from *Discover the Islands of Ireland* (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.

## InfoBox

Inishloe
| Native name: Inis Lua | |
| --- | --- |
| Inishloe | |
| Geography | |
| Location | River Fergus |
| Coordinates | 52°40′37″N 9°01′12″W / 52.67694°N 9.02000°W / 52.67694; -9.02000 |
| Area | 0.52 km2 (0.20 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Ireland** | |
| Province | Munster |
| County | Clare |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |


title: Gigaku

abstract: Gigaku Gigaku (伎楽), also known as kure-gaku (呉楽), refers to an extinct genre of masked drama-dance performance, imported into Japan during the Asuka period.

text:
# Gigaku

***Gigaku*** (伎楽), also known as ***kure-gaku*** (呉楽), refers to an extinct genre of masked drama-dance performance, imported into Japan during the Asuka period.

## History

Records state that *gigaku* was introduced during the 20th year of the reign of Empress Suiko (612 AD) by a certain Mimaji (味摩之) from Kudara kingdom (Baekje), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. According to accounts, Mimaji arrived in Sakurai and taught *gigaku* to the Japanese youth. It is said that he had studied *gigaku* in Wu (China), showing that the origins of *gigaku* can be traced back to China, as during the Suiko period (593/604–658 AD), the Japanese court took heavy influence from Chinese and Korean culture. The regent at the time, Prince Shōtoku, played a decisive role in allowing and diffusing Buddhist culture within Japan; this spread of culture allowed *gigaku* to be performed and viewed by many Japanese individuals, as it promoted the religion. *Gigaku* peaked during the first half of the 8th century, but began to disappear when *bugaku* took over as the official entertainment of the imperial palace, though *gigaku* was still performed and taught in areas far from the capital and continued to play a role in Japanese entertainment until up to the 14th century. Many wooden *gigaku* masks were painted at this time, most dating from the Nara period (710–784), and are now preserved at the Hōryūji and Tōdaiji temples and the imperial treasure house (Shōsōin), all in Nara. Masks were an integral aspect of *gigaku* theatre and represented various characteristics and properties and later influenced other parts of Japanese theatre.

The history of *gigaku* is often widely debated, as there is no documentation of *gigaku* in mainland Asia aside from a few extant masks. This lack of strong evidence often makes it difficult for researchers to decipher the true origins of *gigaku*, and its processes, characters, plots, and performances.

## Performance

*Gigaku* was performed in silent mime, to the accompaniment of music. The flute, waist drum (or hip drum (腰鼓, *yōko*), also known as *kuretsuzumi* (呉鼓, 'Wu drum')), and *shōban* (鉦盤), a type of gong, were the three instruments used in the Nara period, though the gong was superseded by a type of cymbal (*dobyōshi* (銅鈸子)) in the early Heian period (9th century).

About the only surviving description of the performance comes from the musical treatise forming a part of the Kyōkunshō (教訓抄; 'Selections for Instructions and Admonition') authored by Koma no Chikazane (died 1242). According to this, the *netori*, or tuning of instruments, signals the start, followed by a prelude of instruments. Then there is a parading of the whole cast, both dancers and instrumentalists. It has been speculated that the character mask named Chidō (治道) probably took position at the front of the parade, especially as this mask is listed first off in the assets ledgers (*Shizaichō* (資材帳)) for some of the temples that house *gigaku* masks. The program opens with the Lion Dance (*Shishimai*), and solo dances by the Duke of Wu, wrestler, the birdman *karura*, and the Brahman priest.

## Archetypes

There are two wrestler archetype characters, the **Kongō** (金剛) or "Vajra-yakṣa" who is open-mouthed, and the **Rikishi** (力士) who is closed mouthed. These two are said to be analogous to the two Niō or guardian gate statues, who respectively form the open and closed A-un shapes in their mouths. Rikishi and Konron masks are often mixed up due to their similar features, they possess a darker complexion, bulging eyes, large mouths and jutting teeth. These masks can be differentiated through their facial expressions as the Konron is less aggressive than Rikishi.

With the exaggerated features of many of the masks, the content of the play is described as being farcical. Indeed, the two-part play of the **Kuron** (崑崙) (or Konron; Chinese: Kunlun nu which denotes a black man or negrito) and the Rikishi (wrestler or "Strong Man") is outright obscene.

In the ribald performance, the lascivious Kuron falls in lust for the Gojo (Wu woman or Chinese maiden), and expresses his desire by holding up his phallic prop called *marakata* (陽物(マラカタ)), and beating it with his hand fan. The comic dance maneuvers are referred to as *marafuri-mai* (マラフリ舞, 'phallus-swinging dance'). In subsequent development, the Kuron is subdued by the Rikishi who binds the Kuron by his equipment (*marakata*), and drags him along by the noose around his manhood.

## Masks

* Chidō (治道) "Govern the way" – Leads the procession part. This mask has been suggested as precursor of the depiction of Tengu masks; it was a red headed mask with a wide mouth, long nose, wide bulging eyes, dark brows and sometimes contained few whiskers on the chin.
* Shishi (師子) "lion" – Lion mask with movable jaw, ear, eyes, similar in appearance to the mask from Shishimai lion dance. The mask contained tiny ears applied to a large circular face, a red tongue and snout, white teeth, brown, red, or green.
* Shishiko (師子児) "lion tamers" – Usually two tamers accompany each lion
* Gokō (呉公) "Duke of Wu"
* Kongō (金剛) "Vajra-yakṣa)" – Topknotted wrestler, wide-eyed and flexed eyebrows, open-mouthed. Serves Lord of Wu.
* Karura (迦楼羅) "Garuḍa"
* Kuron (崑崙) "Kunlun (black man)"
* Gojo (呉女) "Wu woman" or "Chinese maiden"
* Rikishi (力士) "wrestler" or "Strong Man" – Topknotted wrestler like Kongo, but closed-mouthed.
* Baramon (波羅門) – "Brāhmaṇa" priests
* Taikofu (太弧父) "old widower"
* Taikoji (太弧児) "old widower's child"
* Suikoō (酔胡王) "drunken Persian king" or "Drunken Hu barbarian"
* Suikojū (酔胡従) "drunken Persian's followers" – about 6–8 of them accompany the drunken Persian king.

## Influence

Many of these masks also influenced other Japanese theatre forms; Noh, for example particularly has masks very similar to the *gigaku* masks of *goko* and *gojo*. The well resemblance of *gojo* can be seen in the well known Noh mask of Koomote as well as Chido and Konron to the ghost and demon masks with their stark, exaggerated, and frightening features. Though these masks share similarities it is important to note that there are also differences with them, for example the masks of Noh are much smaller in comparison to *gigaku*, this is also the case with *bugaku* (the emerging theatre form after *gigaku*).


title: Rookie Card (album)

abstract: Rookie Card is the debut studio album by New Zealand rapper PNC. It was released in New Zealand in 2006 and won best Hip Hop/Urban album in 2007 at the New Zealand Vodafone Music Awards. The track "P-N-Woah" sampled The Staple Singers song, "This is Our Night", while "Just Roll" was made up almost entirely of quotes from 1990s songs.

text:
# Rookie Card (album)

***Rookie Card*** is the debut studio album by New Zealand rapper PNC. It was released in New Zealand in 2006 and won best Hip Hop/Urban album in 2007 at the New Zealand Vodafone Music Awards.

The track "P-N-Woah" sampled The Staple Singers song, "This is Our Night", while "Just Roll" was made up almost entirely of quotes from 1990s songs.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Only Child Style" | Fire & Ice | 3:39 |
| 2. | "Bomb!" (feat. P-Money) | P-Money | 3:01 |
| 3. | "Stress Relief" (feat. Che Fu & Perceive) | 41 | 5:13 |
| 4. | "Saturday Getaway" (feat. Awa (of Nesian Mystik)) | Fire & Ice | 3:57 |
| 5. | "Just Roll" | P-Money & Official | 3:34 |
| 6. | "Who Betta Than This" | 41 | 4:17 |
| 7. | "Dead Pioneers" (feat. Scribe) | Fire & Ice | 4:24 |
| 8. | "Love Letter Interlude" | Fire & Ice | 2:17 |
| 9. | "What I Do" | Fire & Ice | 3:30 |
| 10. | "Miss You" (feat. Chong Nee) | 41 & Chong Nee | 4:22 |
| 11. | "P-N-Woah" | 41 | 3:33 |
| 12. | "Memory Lane" | P-Money | 4:17 |
| 13. | "The King" | P-Money | 4:15 |
| 14. | "Dizzy" (feat. David Dallas) | 41 | 7:26 |

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Rookie Card | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by PNC | |
| Genre | hip hop, rap |
| Label | Dirty Records |
| Producer | P-Money, Fire & Ice, 41, Official, Chong Nee |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Rookie Card* | |
| 1. "Just Roll" 2. "P-N-Whoa" 3. "Who Betta Than This" 4. "Saturday Getaway" | |
|  | |


title: Karthala white-eye

abstract: The Karthala white-eye, also known as the Mount Karthala white-eye, Grand Comore white-eye, or Comoro white-eye, is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. As suggested by its name, it is endemic to Philippia heath woodland growing on Mount Karthala on the island of Grand Comore in the Comoros. Mount Karthala is an active volcano and future eruptions pose a serious threat to the Karthala white-eye. The bird is further threatened by human-induced habitat loss. The bird is approximately 3 centimetres (1.2 in) long with olive upperparts and yellow-green underparts. It has a white ring around the eye. Its diet consists of fruits and insects.

text:
# Karthala white-eye

The **Karthala white-eye** (***Zosterops mouroniensis***), also known as the **Mount Karthala white-eye**, **Grand Comore white-eye**, or **Comoro white-eye**, is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. As suggested by its name, it is endemic to *Philippia* heath woodland growing on Mount Karthala on the island of Grand Comore in the Comoros. Mount Karthala is an active volcano and future eruptions pose a serious threat to the Karthala white-eye. The bird is further threatened by human-induced habitat loss.

The bird is approximately 3 centimetres (1.2 in) long with olive upperparts and yellow-green underparts. It has a white ring around the eye. Its diet consists of fruits and insects.

## InfoBox

| Karthala white-eye | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Zosteropidae |
| Genus: | *Zosterops* |
| Species: | ***Z. mouroniensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zosterops mouroniensis***
Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885 | |
|


title: Thouria Saqqat

abstract: Touria Sekkat was a Moroccan writer of children's books. She worked as a teacher in Casablanca.

text:
# Thouria Saqqat

**Touria Sekkat** (1935 Fes \- Paris 1992) was a Moroccan writer of children's books. She worked as a teacher in Casablanca.

## Books

* *Al-Labu´a al-bayd:â´ al-Nasr al-ramâdî H:iwâr ma'a al-amwâdj y Fât:ima al-mafdjű'a*, Casablanca: Manshűrât Dâr al-At:fâl, 1988 (fairy tales)
* *Manâdîl wa-qud:bân. Rasâ´il al-sidjn*, Casablanca: Dâr al-Nashr al-Magribiyya, 1988.
* *Ugniyât jâridh al-zamân*, Casablanca: 'Uyűn al-Maqâlât, 1990. (songs)

1. Hassan al Wazzani (ed). *Dalîl al-Kuttâb al-Magâriba A\`d:â\` Ittih:âd Kuttâb al-Magrib.* Rabat: Manshűrât Ittih:âd Kuttâb al-Magrib, 1993, p. 229. (retrieved Feb. 22, 2009)


title: Waddle House

abstract: The Waddle House is a historic house on South Erwin Street in Success, Arkansas. It is a two-story wood frame L-shaped structure, with a hip roof that has large gable sections. A single-story porch wraps around two sides of the house. It was built in 1909, when the town was at its economic height due to the success lumber industry. It was built by Dr. M. V. B. Waddle, one of the first doctors to serve in the area, and was one of the finest houses in the town at the time of its construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

text:
# Waddle House

The **Waddle House** is a historic house on South Erwin Street in Success, Arkansas. It is a two-story wood frame L-shaped structure, with a hip roof that has large gable sections. A single-story porch wraps around two sides of the house. It was built in 1909, when the town was at its economic height due to the success lumber industry. It was built by Dr. M. V. B. Waddle, one of the first doctors to serve in the area, and was one of the finest houses in the town at the time of its construction.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Waddle House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | S. Erwin, Success, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 36°27′4″N 90°43′21″W / 36.45111°N 90.72250°W / 36.45111; -90.72250 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1909 (1909) |
| NRHP reference No. | 77000246 |
| Added to NRHP | March 28, 1977 |


title: Hamed Hervé Diomandé

abstract: Hamed Hervé Diomandé is an Ivorian professional football midfielder who plays for the ASEC Mimosas.

text:
# Hamed Hervé Diomandé

**Hamed Hervé Diomandé** (born 17 June 1988) is an Ivorian professional football midfielder who plays for the ASEC Mimosas.

## Honours

### Club

ASEC Mimosas

## InfoBox

Hervé Diomandé
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Hamed Hervé Diomandé | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-06-17) 17 June 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Odienne, Ivory Coast | | |
| Height | 1.82 m (5 ft 11+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | ASEC Mimosas | | |
| Number | 15 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2012 | ASEC Mimosas |  |  |
| 2012–2013 | Hassania Agadir |  |  |
| 2015–2017 | SC Gagnoa |  |  |
| 2017–2019 | ASEC Mimosas |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2016–2018 | Ivory Coast | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 6 August 2019 | | | |