title: National American Indian Memorial

abstract: The National American Indian Memorial or North American Indian Memorial was a proposed monument to Native Americans to be erected on a bluff overlooking the Narrows, the main entrance to New York Harbor. The major part of the memorial was to be a 165-foot-tall (50 m) statue of a representative American Indian warrior atop a substantial foundation building housing a museum of native cultures, similar in scale to, but higher than, the Statue of Liberty several miles to the north. Ground was broken to begin construction in 1913 but the project was never completed and no physical trace remains today.

text:
# National American Indian Memorial

The **National American Indian Memorial** or **North American Indian Memorial** was a proposed monument to Native Americans to be erected on a bluff overlooking the Narrows, the main entrance to New York Harbor. The major part of the memorial was to be a 165-foot-tall (50 m) statue of a representative American Indian warrior atop a substantial foundation building housing a museum of native cultures, similar in scale to, but higher than, the Statue of Liberty several miles to the north. Ground was broken to begin construction in 1913 but the project was never completed and no physical trace remains today.

## Background

In 1908 and 1909, Joseph K. Dixon led two 'expeditions', sponsored by Rodman Wanamaker, wealthy from his involvement with the department store Wanamaker's, to visit Native American tribes as part of increasing white American interest in Native culture and efforts to "assimilate" the tribes into white American society. The first expedition, which travelled to Crow Agency, Montana, in 1908, saw Dixon carefully direct filming and photographs in an effort to capture authentic images without "any hint of the white man's foot". The following year Dixon returned to Crow Agency where directed around 100 Native chiefs to film "The Last Great Indian Council" and a reenactment of the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

## Concept

In on May 12, 1909, shortly after the second expedition ended, a dinner was held at the New York City restaurant Sherry's to honor Buffalo Bill Cody, whose performance was being held in the New York Hippodrome. Over one hundred people attended, including Nelson A. Miles, an American general, and Frederic Remington, an artist. At the dinner, Cody proposed a giant Native American statuewhich Wanamaker had suggested to him, that would be set on the shore of New York Harbor. He suggested that it would be "as large" as the Statue of Liberty and would serve to welcome "everyone to this shore." Many guests at the dinner party enthusiastically supported the idea, with Miles saying he was "gratified that there is now a feeling of generosity and respect towards the departing race". The public also met the proposal with general support. In June 1909 the President of the United States, William Howard Taft, received a letter from Wanamaker (historian Alan Trachtenberg theorizes Dixon wrote it) asking for his endorsement of the memorial. A 1910 conception foresaw a **Peace Memorial** or **Great Bronze Column of Staten Island**, sitting 580 feet (180 m) above Pavilion Hill in St. George and Tompkinsville, Staten Island on city-donated land (40°38′13″N 74°04′48″W / 40.637°N 74.08°W / 40.637; -74.08) and functioning as a Western Hemisphere counterpart to The Hague's Peace Palace.

There were varied motivations behind this memorial. Historian Russel Barsh wrote in 1993 that many Americans viewed it as "a celebration of victory" over Native Americans, while others considered it "a constant reminder of the vanishing race to whom we are indebted for the great, free gift of a continent," and some thought the monument would memorialize admirable qualities attributed to Natives and serve as a "lasting beacon of American ideals". Arizona John Burke, who managed Cody, announced that America owed "at least an apology for the exigencies of civilized man and his cupidity in appropriating the red man's land" though he later clarified that "of course, it was all done in the name of progress, and God had foreordained that it should be so, but let us build this monument as a lasting tribute to a dying race and to the genius of the man who suggested it."

> The bow and arrow, with the left hand hanging entirely at full length, indicates that he is through with his war weaponry; the uplifted hand, with the two fingers extended toward the open sea, is the universal peace sign of the Indian. Thus he gives, in bronze, a perpetual welcome to the nations of the world, as he gave welcome to the white man when he first came to these shores.

Joseph K. Dixon

Dixon became heavily involved advocating for the monument. He envisioned a major lasting that would be "another WORLD-WONDER", proposing a 60 feet (18 m) tall bronze statue of a Native American warrior, bringing the monument's full height to 165 feet (50 m), or 15 feet (4.6 m) above the Statue of Liberty. Dixon wrote that "it must be the most compelling statue in the world." While he excluded Natives themselves from all planning, he was in contact with several. He formally consulted the Improved Order of Red Men, which actually had no native members. In 1911 Wanamaker founded the **National American Indian Memorial Association** (NAIMA) for the purpose of constructing the monument. Miles suggested a group of statues for the monument.

## Location

Wanamaker had originally proposed Fort Lafayette as a site, and for a time Shore Road in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn was also considered, but in March 1910 Leonard Wood, a general in the US Army, suggested Fort Wadsworth. By April 18, 1912, this had been set as the location. The memorial was to be erected on the site of Fort Tompkins on Staten Island, New York. Fort Tompkins, a component of the larger Fort Wadsworth, is located on a bluff high above the west side of the Narrows. It was and still is owned by the federal government. Virtually all ocean-going ships destined for New York pass the site, so the monument would have been highly visible to visitors, seen well before the Statue of Liberty would come into view.

On December 8, 1911, the United States Congress formally authorized the use of federal land for the monument, though Wanamaker would be responsible for providing funding. The land was to be decided upon by the US Secretary of War and US Secretary of the Navy. The bill had been introduced by Taft.

## Groundbreaking

A "Committee of One Hundred" prominent American citizens was organized in support of the monument, with members such as Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Cornelius Vanderbilt, J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, William Randolph Hearst, Henry Clay Frick, and Ralph Pulitzer. This group, as well as the Improved Order, offered help fundraising.

It was decided in early 1912 that the memorial would be designed by a sculptor, an architect, and a landscape architect. A $250 contest in 1910 for the contest had produced no credible results. The sculptor Cyrus Edwin Dallin offered to design the sculpture, though he was not selected. After Burnham & Company turned Dixon's request for design help down, the architects Thomas Hastings and Daniel Chester French agreed to handle it, though they were members of the United States Commission of Fine Arts, which would be responsible for selecting and approving the final design. The two later withdrew over allegations of impropriety. They produced a preliminary sketch, though not a formal design. A brochure from the dedication also spoke of a museum of Native culture under the statue. Some criticized the memorial, including the architect Charles Moore, also a member of the Commission of Fine Arts, who described it as an "ungainly Indian on the roof of a Greek temple".

In 1911, the United States Congress had approved the monument to be built on federal land, but groundbreaking did not take place on February 22, 1913, Washington's Birthday, at the old Fort Tompkins on Staten Island. Dixon carefully arranged the ceremony, getting William Howard Taft, the current president of the United States, to agree to come, as well as "thirty of the most famous Chiefs from the Indian Reservations". These thirty were carefully selected to conform to white stereotypes of Natives, and Dixon placed great emphasis on having them wearing traditional clothing. Dixon advertised that the natives had fought at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, though only one actually did. Similarly, the natives came from seven reservations but Dixon inflated the total to "nearly every tribe in the nation".

The Native group visited F. H. Abbott, the acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and James McLaughlin, a worker with the department, in Washington, D.C. The delegation was "supervised" by McLaughlin and upon Abbott's suggestion they developed three speeches pledging allegiance to the United States to present at the groundbreaking. Abbott combined the three into a final pledge.

The actual groundbreaking ceremony was grey and rainy. Though hundreds were in attendance, Thomas L. Sloan was the only Native American in addition to the chiefs. Taft was greeted with a 21-gun salute and spent an hour there, giving a brief speech and digging first with a silver spade and later with a Native stone axe. Other politicians in attendance included members of Taft's cabinet and the Mayor of New York City and the governor of New York State. Shortly after Chief Wooden Leg, who was in the Native delegation, began digging with a buffalo thigh bone. They then raised an American flag while Irving Morgan's "The Indian's Requiem" was playing. the declaration of allegiance was signed, and 27-33 Buffalo nickels were distributed for the first time by George Frederick Kunz.

The delegation toured New York City the following day.

## Efforts and failure

Shortly after the ceremony Dixon went on a third expedition. Although he continued to heavily advocate for the memorial, returning to the Fort Wadsworth groundbreaking site in 1914 for the New York Commercial Tercentenary, exhibiting photographs at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915 and giving lectures to an estimated million people, he gained support but little money. A total of $143.10 was raised for the memorial. Wanamaker was unwilling to provide funding, and the project was overshadowed by the American entry into World War I. A giant bronze statue was also impractical because of a bronze shortage brought about by the war. Dixon and the NAIMA later advocated for all-Native American cavalry regiments and later for Native American citizenship. The press had also begun to deem the project a "philanthropic humbug".

A bronze tablet from 1913 disappeared. Discussion in 1936 as a Works Progress Administration project led to no tangible result, as did a proposal in the 1940s. A 2012 proposal by Margaret and Robert Boldeagle for a much-reduced version of the monument garnered support from local politicians Andrew Lanza and Louis Tobacco, as well as a supportive editorial in the *Staten Island Advance*. In 2017, the monument was included in "Never Built New York", an exhibition at the Queens Museum that profiled unbuilt proposals for building in New York City.

In 1914, actor and activist Chauncey Yellow Robe condemned the project, stating:

> We see a monument of the Indian in New York harbor as a memorial of his vanishing race. The Indian wants no such memorial monument, for he is not yet dead. The name of the North American Indian will not be forgotten as long as the rivers flow and the hills and mountains shall stand, and though we have progressed, we have not vanished.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

40°36′17.8″N 74°3′23.6″W / 40.604944°N 74.056556°W / 40.604944; -74.056556


title: Thomas A. Carlin

abstract: Thomas A. Carlin was an American stage, television and film actor during the mid twentieth century. Carlin was married to the film and television actress Frances Sternhagen and had six children.

text:
# Thomas A. Carlin

**Thomas A. Carlin** (December 10, 1928 – May 6, 1991) was an American stage, television and film actor during the mid twentieth century. Carlin was married to the film and television actress Frances Sternhagen and had six children.

## Life and career

During the 1950s and 1960s, Carlin appeared in a number of Broadway plays, including *Time Limit*, *A Thousand Clowns* and *The Deputy*.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Carlin taught and directed at Pace University in Pleasantville, New York and at Rye High School.

Carlin's film credits include *Ragtime*, *Caddyshack*, and *The Pope of Greenwich Village*.

Carlin died at his home in Sutton Manor, New Rochelle, New York, on May 6, 1991, at age 62.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | *The Young Don't Cry* | Johnny Clancy |  |
| 1980 | *Caddyshack* | Sandy McFiddish |  |
| 1981 | *Fort Apache, The Bronx* | Man with Flat Tire |  |
| 1981 | *Ragtime* | Vice President Fairbanks |  |
| 1984 | *The Pope of Greenwich Village* | Walsh |  |
| 1987 | *Matewan* | Turley |  |
| 1989 | *Family Business* | Neary |  |
| 1990 | *Jacob's Ladder* | Doorman |  |
| 1991 | *One Good Cop* | Farrell | (final film role) |


title: Walter Parsons

abstract: Walter Dyett Parsons was an English first-class cricketer. Parsons was born in Southampton in June 1861. He made two appearances in first-class cricket for Hampshire in 1882, against Sussex at Hove and Somerset at Taunton. In these, he scored 31 runs and took and a single wicket. He later played minor cricket matches in the Far East for the Straits Settlements against Hong Kong in November 1904. Parsons died on Christmas Eve in 1939 at East Wellow, Hampshire.

text:
# Walter Parsons

**Walter Dyett Parsons** (26 June 1861 – 24 December 1939) was an English first-class cricketer.

Parsons was born in Southampton in June 1861. He made two appearances in first-class cricket for Hampshire in 1882, against Sussex at Hove and Somerset at Taunton. In these, he scored 31 runs and took and a single wicket. He later played minor cricket matches in the Far East for the Straits Settlements against Hong Kong in November 1904. Parsons died on Christmas Eve in 1939 at East Wellow, Hampshire.

## InfoBox

Walter Parsons
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Walter Dyett Parsons |
| Born | (1861-06-26)26 June 1861
Southampton, Hampshire, England |
| Died | 24 December 1939(1939-12-24) (aged 78)
East Wellow, Hampshire, England |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Bowling | Unknown |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1882 | Hampshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 31  Batting average 15.50  100s/50s –/–  Top score 12  Balls bowled 124  Wickets 1  Bowling average 72.00  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 1/23  Catches/stumpings 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 4 December 2007 | |


title: Nicolas (wine retailer)

abstract: Nicolas is a French wine retailer, which also has stores in other countries. Nicolas is a French wine specialist established in Paris in 1822 and operating in London since 1989. The first Nicolas stores were opened in Paris in 1822, and the chain has since grown to include over 400 branches throughout France, with a number of branches in the UK, Belgium, Germany and Poland. In 1988, Nicolas was bought by Groupe Castel. Nicolas has 530 stores in total, located in major towns and cities throughout France and abroad, notably Great Britain where there are 7 branches in London. Nicolas stocks more than 1,200 wines, champagnes and other alcoholic beverages.

text:
# Nicolas (wine retailer)

**Nicolas** is a French wine retailer, which also has stores in other countries.

Nicolas is a French wine specialist established in Paris in 1822 and operating in London since 1989. The first Nicolas stores were opened in Paris in 1822, and the chain has since grown to include over 400 branches throughout France, with a number of branches in the UK, Belgium, Germany and Poland. In 1988, Nicolas was bought by Groupe Castel.

Nicolas has 530 stores in total, located in major towns and cities throughout France and abroad, notably Great Britain where there are 7 branches in London. Nicolas stocks more than 1,200 wines, champagnes and other alcoholic beverages.

## InfoBox

Nicolas UK
|
|  |
| Industry | Wine retailing |
| Founded | 1822 (1822) |
| Headquarters | Thiais, France |
| Number of locations | 7 stores in UK |
| Key people | Pascal Le Pelve (Head of Nicolas Uk Operations) |
| Number of employees | 140 |
| Website | www.nicolas.com |


title: Gopal Fun Park

abstract: Gopal Fun Park is a privately owned park located about 1 km from Hatkhola, Biratnagar, Nepal. The park has an area of 13 bighas out of which 3 bhigas is occupied by a pond. The park has boating, rope climbing, and children entertainment facilities. The park was established in December 2017 at a cost of NPR 130,000,000.

text:
# Gopal Fun Park

**Gopal Fun Park** is a privately owned park located about 1 km from Hatkhola, Biratnagar, Nepal. The park has an area of 13 *bighas* (approximately 2.1 ha) out of which 3 *bhigas* is occupied by a pond. The park has boating, rope climbing, and children entertainment facilities. The park was established in December 2017 at a cost of NPR 130,000,000.

## Notable events

* In January 2019, an Indian actress Rakhi Sawant performed in this park along with other local artists.

## InfoBox

| Gopal fun Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Rangeli Road, Katahari |
| Nearest city | Biratnagar |
| Coordinates | 26°27′37″N 87°18′27″E / 26.4603683°N 87.3076172°E / 26.4603683; 87.3076172 |
| Open | 6:00-18:00 |


title: Opal, Wyoming

abstract: Opal is a town in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 64 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Opal, Wyoming

**Opal** is a town in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 64 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

Opal is located at 41°46′14″N 110°19′33″W / 41.77056°N 110.32583°W / 41.77056; -110.32583 (41.770449, -110.325918).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.39 square miles (1.01 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | 78 |  |  |
| 1950 | 67 |  | −14.1% |
| 1960 | 55 |  | −17.9% |
| 1970 | 34 |  | −38.2% |
| 1990 | 95 |  |  |
| 2000 | 102 |  | 7.4% |
| 2010 | 96 |  | −5.9% |
| 2020 | 64 |  | −33.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 96 people, 38 households, and 28 families living in the town. The population density was 246.2 inhabitants per square mile (95.1/km2). There were 51 housing units at an average density of 130.8 per square mile (50.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 92.7% White, 1.0% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 3.1% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% of the population.

There were 38 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.3% were non-families. 10.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.82.

The median age in the town was 44.5 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.9% were from 25 to 44; 43.8% were from 45 to 64; and 5.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 58.3% male and 41.7% female.

1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
5. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
7. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 14, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Opal, Wyoming | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of Opal in Lincoln County, Wyoming. | |
| Opal, WyomingLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 41°46′14″N 110°19′33″W / 41.77056°N 110.32583°W / 41.77056; -110.32583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wyoming |
| County | Lincoln |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipal |
| Mayor | Anthony J. Ritzdorf |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.39 sq mi (1.02 km2) |
| Land | 0.39 sq mi (1.02 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 6,670 ft (2,033 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 64 |
| Density | 276.65/sq mi (106.79/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 83124 |
| Area code | 307 |
| FIPS code | 56-57810 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1592450 |


title: José de Oliveira Fernandes

abstract: José de Oliveira Fernandes was a Brazilian politician, economist and university professor, who served as mayor of Manaus and member of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as federal Secretary of Housing and Urbanism and Secretary of Works.

text:
# José de Oliveira Fernandes

**José de Oliveira Fernandes** (Careiro, 1 December 1943 — 12 October 2020) was a Brazilian politician, economist and university professor, who served as mayor of Manaus and member of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as federal Secretary of Housing and Urbanism and Secretary of Works.

## Biography

The son of Benjamim Matias Fernandes and Maria de Oliveira Fernandes, he graduated in Economy in 1968 at the Federal University of Amazonas and specialized with the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean on the following year. In 1970 he became head professor of the Federal University of Amazonas and advisor to the Department of Highways of Amazonas, a position which he kept for a year. Appointed Secretary of Transport in 1975 by governor Enoque Reis, he left office in 1978 when he was elected federal deputy of the Amazonas.

Approximately 45 days after his inauguration, he asked governor José Lindoso to be appointed mayor of Manaus, remaining in office for three years (his seat in the Chamber of Deputies was occupied by Ubaldino Meireles), until he resigned in order to be reelected federal deputy by the Democratic Social Party (PDS) in the 1982 elections. In the new legislature he missed the vote on the Dante de Oliveira amendment in 1984 and voted for Paulo Maluf in the 1985 Brazilian presidential election.

In the 1986 elections, Fernandes entered the Democratic Labour Party (PDT) and was re-elected to join the National Constituent Assembly responsible for 1988 Brazilian Constitution; at the beginning of the Collor Government he migrated to the Social Labor Party (PST), which he led in the Chamber of Deputies, but was not re-elected in the 1990 elections. After leaving Brasilia, he worked in the private sector in a construction company and later as general director of the Boas Novas television network. In the second Amazonino Mendes government he was Secretary of Housing and Urbanism and later Secretary of Works.

Fernandes died on October 12, 2020, at the age of 76, from complications of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

1. "Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil: deputado José Fernandes". Retrieved 1 May 2013.
2. "Banco de dados do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (1945-1990): estado do Amazonas". Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
3. "Morre ex-prefeito de Manaus José Fernandes, por complicações da Covid-19". *G1*. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.

## InfoBox

| José Fernandes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Federal Deputy for Amazonas | |
| **In office**
1979–1991 | |
| Mayor of Manaus | |
| **In office**
1979–1982 | |
| Preceded by | Jorge Teixeira |
| Succeeded by | Mendonça Furtado |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | December 1, 1943
Careiro, Amazonas, Brazil |
| Died | October 12, 2020 (age 76)
Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil |
| Political party | National Renewal Alliance, Democratic Social Party, Democratic Labour Party, Social Labour Party, Progressistas |
|  | |


title: Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology

abstract: The Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology (OCMA) is a specialist research group within the School of Archaeology at the University of Oxford in England.

text:
# Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology

The **Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology** (**OCMA**) is a specialist research group within the School of Archaeology at the University of Oxford in England.

## Overview

Established in 2003 with the ongoing support of the Hilti Foundation, the OCMA is devoted to the study of people who live or work on and around water. The centre offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in maritime archaeology and fosters research that ranges from the Mediterranean and its surrounding seas and oceans to the maritime cultures and peoples of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea from antiquity to the early modern period. In Egypt, the OCMA collaborates on field projects implemented by the Institut Européen d’Archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM), under the direction of Franck Goddio. In 2011, OCMA began the excavation of shipwreck 43 in Aboukir Bay and the centre is also involved in work in Libya. Its research is disseminated through a vigorous programme of international conferences and in-house monograph publication.

## Teaching and research

The Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology offers post-graduate courses in maritime archaeology and provides post-graduate supervision within the School of Archaeology and the Faculty of Classics. The Hilti Foundation funds two postgraduate studentships into research relating to IEASM excavations in ancient Heracleion. Post-graduates research includes the Byzantine harbours in Greece and Spain, and the maritime archaeology of the Philippines, Korea and Cambodia. An option in Mediterranean maritime archaeology is also available to undergraduates.

## Excavation

The Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology is actively engaged in fieldwork as part of its on-going research strategy.

### Shipwreck 43, Aboukir Bay

From 21&, OCMA is excavating shipwreck 43, one of 67 ancient ships so-far recorded by IEASM under Franck Goddio. Tentatively dated to between 785-481 cal BC, the vessel has a distinctive form of naval architecture that has not been fully documented elsewhere in the ancient Mediterranean. This involved the use of long tenons that were initially fitted into mortice holes that passed through the keel plank over which multiple lines of planking were added, pegged into place with wooden treenails. From the albeit limited excavations, there do not appear to be any frames and consequently the long tenons may have provided the structural stability of the vessel through a kind of ‘internal framework’. As the structural elements of the wreck were made from the locally-available wood Acacia Totilis/Radiana, the team believes that shipwreck 43. was Egyptian in origin and thus probably involves a shipbuilding tradition that developed in accordance with the availability of local supplies of timber and the realities of nautical life at the margins of the Nile Delta 2015.

### The Western Marmarica Coastal Survey

The OCMA supports the Western Marmarica Coastal Survey (WMCS) to investigate the engagement of the Roman and Byzantine countryside with coastal trade in eastern Libya. The region east of Tobruk was populated by small farms and villages, most of whom exported their produce in amphora made in their own kilns. Although the area lacked the environmental resources to develop into a major centre, it is not isolated. A range of archaeological finds suggest connections, at different times, to Cyrenaica, ca. 250 km west and to the Egyptian delta, some 600 km to the east, as well as contacts across the eastern Mediterranean to the Aegean, and through the Sahara to west Africa or the Sudan.

## Conferences and publication

The Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology publishes a monograph series as part of the Institute of Archaeology’s publication programme. Each volume is assessed by an internal review committee comprising principal members of staff from the Institute of Archaeology, the Oriental Institute, the Classics Centre and the Ashmolean Museum, and are also peer-reviewed.

The OCMA oversees the scholarly publication of the fieldwork conducted by the IEASM in Alexandria and the submerged Canopic region, as well as post-excavation studies of the material culture recovered from these excavations by IEASM specialists and Hilti Foundation sponsored post-graduate students. The OCMA regularly organizes conferences exploring themes within maritime archaeology or relating to the fieldwork of the IEASM. Volumes arising out of these conferences are also included in the monograph series.

### Publications

OCMA publishes excavation monographs studies of ship and conference proceedings. The monographs are distributed by Casemate-Oxbow

### Conferences

The Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology regularly organises conferences exploring themes within maritime archaeology or relating to the fieldwork of the Centre and of the IEASM.

## Staff

* Director: Damian Robinson
* Visiting professor: Franck Goddio
* Research officer: Linda Hulin


title: Hanns Grewenig

abstract: Hanns Grewenig was a German engineer who pursued a successful career in the German automobile industry. He was the Commercial Director and a leading member of the executive board at BMW between 1948 and 1957.

text:
# Hanns Grewenig

**Hanns Grewenig** (30 September 1891 - 6 April 1961) was a German engineer who pursued a successful career in the German automobile industry. He was the Commercial Director and a leading member of the executive board at BMW between 1948 and 1957.

## Life

### Early years

Hanns Grewenig was born in Strasbourg which at that time was in Germany. In 1911 he joined the Navy as a marine engineer. In 1917 he obtained his diploma as a Ship's Engineer after which he participated in the war, serving as chief engineer on a submarine. After the war ended Grewenig's career took a change of direction, as he undertook a commercial apprenticeship and then took charge of several vehicle service/repair shops. In 1927 he joined Ford, the US automobile manufacturer which in 1925, initially rather tentatively, had opened a vehicle assembly facility in the Western Port quarter of Berlin.

### Opel

A year later, in 1928, he switched to General Motors (GM) who had an assembly facility at Berlin-Borsigwalde, on the same side of the city as the Ford business but slightly further from the city centre. The | facility assembled a small number of Chevrolets and Buicks for a few years around this time. However, in 1929, the year after Grevening joined the company GM purchased Opel, already Germany's largest car producer in terms of volume, but hitherto a family owned automobile manufacturer with a modern car plant at Rüsselsheim to the west. During the next decade Opel, backed by the investment capabilities of its Detroit parent, more than quadrupled its domestic market sales in the booming German automarket, and Grewenig's career followed a similarly upward trajectory. With GM-Opel he worked successively as Customer Services Director, Director for Production and Distribution of Replacement Parts, and Sales Director for the southern part of Germany, covering Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden und Hessen.

In 1935, encouraged by the government, Opel opened a new truck plant at Brandenburg an der Havel. Grewenig was appointed plant director, retaining this responsibility till 1938. That year he transferred to the company's main plant, at Rüsselsheim where he took over as Operations Director. The next year he was finally appointed a full member of the company's executive board.

### Vomag

In 1941 Grewenig relocated to Plauen when he was recruited to take charge at Vomag. Vomag was a manufacturer of industrial sewing machines which had reacted to the decline in Plauen's textile business thirty years earlier by diversifying into trucks and buses. By 1941 it had switched to war production, becoming a major supplier of tanks to the military, especially the Jagdpanzer IV/70(V) Grewenig was mandated to improve efficiencies and expand production. The end of the war in May 1945, found what was left of Germany divided into four occupation zones. Plauen had been heavily bombed, leaving it, according to one source, one of the most completely destroyed towns in Germany. The town found itself on the southern edge of the Soviet occupation zone (after October 1949 the German Democratic Republic / East Germany). The Vomag plant had been approximately 40% destroyed by bombing, but by February 1946 was nevertheless ready for a return to truck production on a limited scale. At this point, however, the military administration ordered the remains of the factory to be disassembled, crated up and shipped to the Soviet Union as part of a reparations package that had, at least in principle, been agreed between the victorious powers before the end of the war. Sources indicate that Grewenig remained in charge at the Vomag plant till 1947. That year he crossed the (at this stage still completely porous) border separating the Soviet occupation zone from Bavaria, which had ended up in the US occupation zone (after May 1949 the German Federal Republic / West Germany).

### BMW

Grewenig joined BMW as Commercial Director in 1948, retaining the position till 1957. Between 1948 and 1955 he combined the role with that of CEO (*Geschäftsführer*). In 1947 the military administration gave permission for the company's destroyed Munich plant to be rebuilt as a motorbike factory. The necessary investment amounted to 63 Million marks, leaving the company heavily indebted. Desperate shortage of cash would be a defining feature of Grewenig's time at the top of BMW. Motorbike production nevertheless resumed in 1948, which significantly was also the year of currency reform. 9,450 BMW motorbikes were produced in 1949, which had risen to 28,300 by 1952, although in the acute austerity of the period, most of the machines that found buyers were relatively basic: there was little demand for the expensive (and more profitable) heavy motorbikes for which BMW had been known in the 1930s and early 1940s.

BMW automobile production before the war had taken place at a plant in Eisenach to which the company no longer had access since it was in the Soviet occupation zone. There was nevertheless an awareness that if the economy continued to improve, growth in the motorbike market would not continue, and Grewenig was adamant that a return to automobile production was vital in order to provide a "second leg" if the company was have a long term future. Money to invest in production was a challenge however. To the west Mercedes-Benz still had their car plant and were achieving significant additional cash flow from their truck range. Most of Opel's factory had been disassembled and shipped to the Moscow area, but General Motors was cash rich and happy to invest in new plant. In the small car sector, a miraculous revival was unfolding at Volkswagen thanks to a pre-war design that had captured the imagination of the market. BMW's dire financial position ruled out investment in a new factory for volume production any time soon, but Bavaria, its population swollen by refugees created by the 1945 frontier changes, was rich in skilled craftsmen and wages were low. Grewenig and his senior colleagues accordingly determined that BMW's first West German passenger car should compete at the top end of the market, attracting a premium price for a small number of luxury saloon/sedan models.

Fritz Fiedler's 1951 proposal for a small BMW passenger car remained on the shelf, and the BMW 501 was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show, though "development issues" delayed the start of production until late 1952. Powered at this stage by a compact 6-cylinder engine not massively changed since it had first appeared in the BMW 326 in 1936, the BMW 501 for 1952 was seen as seriously underpowered, and high warranty charges for the early cars indicated that it was also seriously underdeveloped at launch, reflecting the manufacturer's continuing acute cash shortage. Mercedes-Benz were also cash strapped, and their contender in the six cylinder class was in many respects a less elaborate design, but the Württembergers had invested in a much more modern engine. Applying a simplistic but telling comparison, contrasting the Mercedes-Benz 220 of 1952 with the BMW 501, Der Spiegel reported a power-to-weight ratio for the Mercedes of 16 kg of car weight per unit of declared Horsepower (*Pferdestärke* / PS), whereas the 65 PS engine of the BMW resulted in an anemic power-to-weight ratio of 19 kg of car weight per unit of declared horsepower, . Two years later a V8 engined 2.6 litre version addressed some of the criticisms of the BMW's sluggish performance, but the overall market for large cars in West Germany was still small, and it was dominated by Mercedes-Benz. BMW found customers for only about 3,000 cars annually. In some respects BMW displayed a bizarre "money no object" approach to their luxury car: a perfectly adequate fastener for the luggage locker (boot/trunk) could have been produced for 8 Marks, but BMW insisted on developing a superior fastener costed at 98 Marks. The high cost of the special fastener no doubt reflected the relatively small number of cars over which development costs had to be amortised. Low production volumes and, especially in the early 1950s, high warranty costs meant that the BMW 501 was never as profitable as the board had hoped.

While BMW contested the large car market, and the middle market was fought over by several manufacturers, the high volume small market in West Germany was becoming monopolised by just one car, the Volkswagen. A discussion between Hanns Grewenig and C. A. Drenowatz, the BMW distributor for Switzerland, took place early in 1954 at which the two men identified a way that BMW might secure for itself a slice of the small car market, inspired by a "motorbike with a body shell" (*"verkleidetes Motorrad"*) that had been displayed at the Geneva Motorshow by Iso, an Italian manufacturer from Lombardy. The company looked for ways to exploit the idea in Germany, and in the end Grewenig, supported by his technical director Kurt Donath, was able to persuade an initially reluctant board to pay the Italians for a license to manufacture a version of the Iso design at the BMW Munich plant, adapted to take a motorbike engine from BMW's existing range along with modified front suspension to take he extra weight of the electric starter/dynamo motor that BMW fitted. With more than 160,000 sold between 1955 and 1962 the BMW Isetta became, in sheer volume terms, the most successful BMW model to date.

> "... die ständig steigenden Reklamationen an Wagen und Isetten verursachen außerordentliche Aufwendungen der Produktion einerseits und ein katastrophal sinkendes Vertrauen der Kundschaft andererseits“
>
> *"... the constant rise in complaints about cars and Isettas causes extraordinary additional production costs on the one hand and a catastrophic loss of trust from the customer base on the other hand."*
>
> Hanns Grewenig in an internal memorandum *(1956)*

Nevertheless, the economies of scale that Volkswagen were by now achieving had the effect of depressing new car prices across the small car sector in West Germany, and BMW remained under acute financial pressure throughout the 1950s. As far as the BMW model range was concerned, it might be thought that the BMW 501 and the "bubble car" BMW Isetta had little in common. Unfortunately, one thing they did have in common was poor build quality, which continued to land the manufacturer with high warranty costs and, at a time when several (though not all) West German automakers were building a reputation for quality, left BMW at a competitive disadvantage in the market place: by the end of the decade dealers were accumulating stocks of unsold cars.

> "... die sogenannten harten Kalkulationen des Herrn Donath vor Beginn der Wagenfertigung und die heutigen Werte der Letztkalkulation die außerordentliche Steigerung der Selbstkosten zeigten und damit den Schlüssel geben für die ständigen Verluste in der Wagenproduktion bis heute."
>
> *"... the so-called hard calculations provided by Mr Donath \[Kurt Donath, technical director\] before production, and the most recently calculated actual costs show an extraordinary increase: this provides the key to the continuing losses from automobile production "*
>
> Hanns Grewenig on the production costs of BMW 501, in discussions on cost estimates in respect of a possible new "mid-market" model *(1956)*

As automobile production continued to be loss making for BMW, tensions mounted at board level. By 1956 there was agreement that the company needed to plug the gaping gap in its range with a mid-size model, but Grewenig was determined to avoid the mistakes that had been made with the 501, which had been launched on the basis of cost estimates that in retrospect appeared ludicrously optimistic. He accused colleagues for failing to provide convincing cost estimates for proposed new models, but at this stage no prototypes had been produced so that any costing of proposals was a somewhat theoretical exercise. In the end Hanns Grewenig resigned from BMW in 1957. By mutual agreement with the chairman of the supervisory board, Hans Karl von Mangoldt-Reiboldt, Grewenig's resignation took place six months ahead of the date previous scheduled. His successor in charge of the executive board, Heinrich Richter-Brohm, would have a similarly challenging time at the top of the company, which culminated with an offer for BMW by Daimler-Benz. The Daimler Benz ambitions for BMW were thwarted only at the eleventh hour through a massive cash investment by the industrialist Herbert Quandt, which saved the business and, as matters turned out, gave BMW a long term future.

###

Hanns Grewenig died in a car accident in Munich on 6 April 1961.

## InfoBox

| Hanns Grewenig | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 30 September 1891
Straßburg, Alsace-Lorraine, German Empire |
| Died | 6 April 1961
Munich, Bavaria, West Germany |
| Occupation | Auto executive |


title: This Is England '86

abstract: This Is England '86 is a 2010 British drama miniseries written by Shane Meadows and Jack Thorne, a spin-off from the 2006 film This Is England. Set three years later, it focuses on the mod revival scene rather than the skinhead subculture, with the gang variously adopting an eclectic mix of clothing styles. Like the film version previously, Thomas Turgoose stars as Shaun, with central roles played by Joe Gilgun as Woody, now a scooter-riding mod, although girlfriend Lol and her friend Trev stay loyal to their roots and still wear the skinhead garb. Lol's sister Kelly has gone new wave/punk, while other gang members adopt psychobilly, early chav and mohican influences. The story takes place during the 1986 FIFA World Cup. As Shaun completes his last school exam, he realises he will have to find his way in the world. His now-estranged friends including Woody, Lol, Smell, Gadget and Meggy, are still around the area, looking for love, entertainment and employment.

text:
# This Is England '86

***This Is England '86*** is a 2010 British drama miniseries written by Shane Meadows and Jack Thorne, a spin-off from the 2006 film *This Is England*. Set three years later, it focuses on the mod revival scene rather than the skinhead subculture, with the gang variously adopting an eclectic mix of clothing styles.

Like the film version previously, Thomas Turgoose stars as Shaun, with central roles played by Joe Gilgun as Woody, now a scooter-riding mod, although girlfriend Lol (Vicky McClure) and her friend Trev stay loyal to their roots and still wear the skinhead garb. Lol's sister Kelly has gone new wave/punk, while other gang members adopt psychobilly, early chav and mohican influences.

The story takes place during the 1986 FIFA World Cup. As Shaun completes his last school exam, he realises he will have to find his way in the world. His now-estranged friends including Woody, Lol, Smell, Gadget and Meggy, are still around the area, looking for love, entertainment and employment.

## Development

On 26 August 2009, Channel 4 promised that it would fund a four-part television drama, *This Is England '86*, to be written by Shane Meadows and Jack Thorne. Meadows said:

> When I finished *This Is England*, I had a wealth of material and unused ideas that I felt very keen to take further – audiences seemed to really respond to the characters we created and out of my longstanding relationship with Film4 and Channel 4 the idea for a television serial developed. Not only did I want to take the story of the gang broader and deeper, I also saw in the experiences of the young in 1986 many resonances to now – recession, lack of jobs, sense of the world at a turning point. Whereas the film told part of the story, the TV series will tell the rest.

Meadows said that Combo (Stephen Graham) would return, that the fate of Milky would be revealed, and that a wedding between Woody and Lol would be called off. He said if the series succeeded, he would follow it with another series. He said Milky was alive and that Woody has a factory job and was about to marry Lol. He said that scooters, including Vespas and Lambrettas, would be used in the series - reflecting the scooterboy subculture of the mid to late 1980s.

Channel 4's terms for the series was that the original gang had to be slimmed down. This resulted in the removal of a few characters that were in the feature film: Kez (Kieran Hardcastle) and Pob (Sophie Ellerby) were cut, while Pukey (Jack O'Connell) had to be cut as the actor had other commitments. Pukey's dialogue and story was given to the returning character Harvey (Michael Socha), who had a bit-part in the film as a school-bully; the series does not explain how he joined the gang or got on friendly terms with Shaun. A new bully, Flip, takes Harvey's place as Shaun's tormentor and leads a moped gang (Harvey is the first person to hit Flip for threatening Shaun in episode 3).

### Setting

Much of the series was filmed around the sprawling, down-at-heel Gleadless Valley area of Sheffield, with most of the drama centring on Ironside Road and the large, concrete-sided maisonettes are a prominent feature across either side of Blackstock Road, the estate's main artery. The estate of Lowedges (Lowedges Crescent) is also used, although it is portrayed as being part of the same area in the storyline. Many residents are of the opinion Gleadless Valley has not changed much in the 50 years since it was built, and this possibly influenced Meadows choice to film there. Other notable local venues for filming include Leighton Road, Gaunt Road, Blackstock Road Shopping Precinct and Norton Lane. The school in which Shaun sits his history exam is Gladys Buxton school in Dronfield as nearby Gleadless Valley Comprehensive School was closed and demolished in the 1990s. Gladys Buxton School is disused, and its mid-1980s design suited the time period. Students in years 10 and 11 of local secondary school Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School were used as extras, playing Shaun's classmates who are also sitting the exam, that were shown within the first eight minutes of the first episode. Sheffield landmarks such as the Park Hill Flats and Neepsend Gasholder are also seen.

As in the film, the exact setting is unclear. The setting in the film was implied to be a coastal town in the English East Midlands (Grimsby was used in filming the coastal scenes). In the first episode, Woody and Lol ride on a Yorkshire Rider bus to their wedding from a bus stop in Gaunt Road, a bus company which operated in West Yorkshire in the 1980s. This now-preserved bus was supplied by Transport Yorkshire Preservation Group of Leeds.

## Episodes

### Episode 1

In the prologue, Combo and 13-year-old Shaun sit alone in Combo's blood-stained car, having just rushed Milky to the hospital (after Combo snapped and beat him into unconsciousness in the original film). Following a moment of silence, Shaun bids Combo farewell and leaves.

Going forward three years, Woody and Lol's wedding ends disastrously by Woody's reluctance to marry Lol, and Meggy suffers a near-fatal heart attack in the toilets of the licensed private wedding venue. After Shaun sits his final exam in history, he gets hassled by Flip (Perry Fitzpatrick) and his gang of moped-riding casuals. Flip orders Shaun to help him stage Flip defending his crush Gemma from a staged insult from Shaun. Gemma sees through this act and Flip, in his anger, assaults Shaun, leaving him bloodied. He is found by Lol's mother and taken to the same hospital as Meggy, where he reunites with Smell, but does not join the rest of the gang in Meggy's room. After urging from his mother, Shaun later gets a job working in a video rentals shop owned by Mr. Sandhu, the Indian shopkeeper with whom Shaun had a feud in the first film but is now close friends with both Shaun and his mother.

### Episode 2

Woody and the gang stop by Shaun's house and welcome him back into their group. Meanwhile, Lol finds out that her father, Mick, has returned to the family home; she insinuates that she was sexually abused by him as a young girl. Lol tries to warn her mother and Kelly that people like Mick cannot change, but her mother responds by telling her to "fuck off out of \[my\] house". Feeling betrayed by her mother and neglected by Woody, Lol confides in Milky, with whom she starts having casual sex. Gadget, meanwhile, learns of his feelings for Lol's sister, Kelly but after he sees Kelly kissing another boy and is devastated, he starts to go out with Trudy the wedding receptionist, and discovers that she has a son, Winston, with Meggy from a previous affair (something she has callously kept secret from Meggy so that she won't have to share custody of Winston with him). Meanwhile, Shaun finds out that his mother has been having a secret relationship with Mr. Sandhu, who plans for him to move in with them. Insinuating that his mother slept with Mr. Sandhu in order to get him a job and disgusted at her actions, Shaun angrily leaves home. Feeling guilty, Mr. Sandhu leaves the household in hopes that Shaun will go back home.

### Episode 3

Lol continues her casual affair with Milky, but Milky starts to feel guilty when an upset Woody confides in him about his failing relationship with Lol. Gadget is bullied and isolated from his friends by a controlling, sexually charged Trudy, so he decides to end their unusual eight-day relationship after urging from Harvey, who tells him that Trudy has had sex with Woody, Milky, Meggy, Gadget and himself, and also realises that Winston is Meggy's son after seeing them playing on the Commodore 64 together (Meggy himself fails to notice Winston's resemblance to him, due to Winston being dressed up as Dogtanian).

Later, during an improvised football session on a large residential estate (the iconic Park Hill Flats in Sheffield were used for this scene), the gang are confronted by Flip and his moped gang, who want to beat Shaun up as revenge for the incident with Gemma. Lambretta-riding Woody mockingly refers to the mopeds as "hairdryers", and, as the tension escalates, it breaks out into a fight between Woody's and Flip's gangs, resulting in Police intervention.

Shaun, meanwhile, reunites with Smell, and on her advice, returns home to apologise to his mother and give his blessing on her relationship with Mr. Sandhu. Lol starts to drown her sorrows and distances herself away from both of her lovers, especially when Milky fearfully does not defend Lol against Mick when he visits her to deny her allegations of sexual abuse. Meanwhile, Trev stops by Lol's parents' house to meet up with Kelly, and she awkwardly watches the football match with Mick. Mick violently rapes Trev and immediately after tells her to leave. Meanwhile, as Shaun, his mother and Smell watch the football match, a drunken and bloodied Combo stumbles into the living room and collapses on the floor.

### Episode 4

After waking, Combo informs Shaun and Smell that his mother is dying. Shaun takes him to see his mother, but when they get there they discover she has already died. Combo says goodbye to his mother's body. Meanwhile, Milky teases Woody about the fact that he left Lol at the altar. In response, Woody tells him they will get married that day. Woody and Milky go around inviting all their friends to their wedding, which is going to be a surprise to Lol.

After much deliberation, Trev tells Lol that she was raped by Mick. Lol tells her go to sleep. She then goes to Mick's house, armed with a hammer to confront him, just as Mick is in the process of abandoning the household again. Lol accuses Mick of raping Trev and presents the hammer, indicating that she intends to kill him with it, and he responds by attacking her. He pulls off her underwear and attempts to rape her, but Lol defends herself by swinging the hammer against Mick's head several times which stuns him. With Mick lying prone on the floor, Lol decides to strike him again, killing him. Combo then arrives at the house, finding the scene of Mick dead and Lol sobbing.

Combo, who as a teenager once tried to beat Mick up for molesting Lol only for Mick to beat him and send him to the hospital, decides to "do a good thing," smearing his and Mick's fingerprints over the hammer and injuring himself with Mick's hand to make it look as if he fought and killed Mick in Lol's defence, knowing that Lol will likely be sent to prison even if the truth is proven. The episode ends with Combo arriving in prison, after being charged with manslaughter. Most of the cast sit in the pub watching the England v Argentina World Cup game, which England goes on to lose, due to Maradona's infamous "Hand of God" and famous Goal of the Century. Shaun also has sex with Smell in the pub toilets. Meanwhile, Lol, Kelly, Trev, Milky and Woody sit alone together, listening to the game on the radio whilst playing cards. Kelly cries and Woody and Lol kiss as Combo peacefully enters his cell.

## Reception

The miniseries had an average rating of 2.93 million viewers, 2.5 million of which watched the first episode, leading to the commissioning of sequels. These ratings were up 38% on the average figures for Channel 4's 11PM timeslot.

*The Guardian'*s Sam Wollaston said that the first episode "breathed life into \[Meadows'\] characters again... it's still bleak, as you'd expect. At times touching, at others funny".

The rape scene in episode 3 provoked a strong reaction on online forums and social networking sites, with many viewers finding it a difficult scene to watch. Channel 4 broadcast the number for a rape crisis helpline at the end of the episode.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| This Is England '86 Soundtrack | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by various artists | |
| Released | 27 September 2010 |
| Genre | Rock, pop, reggae, new wave, jazz rock |
| Label | Universal International, UMTV |
| Shane Meadows film soundtracks chronology | |
| *Somers Town*
(2008) ***This Is England '86 Soundtrack***
(2010) | |

### Track listing

1. "Happy Hour" – The Housemartins
2. "Wonderful World, Beautiful People" – Jimmy Cliff
3. "Gadget And Harvey in Garden (Dialogue)" – Andrew Ellis, Michael Socha
4. "My Girl" – Madness
5. "The Bitterest Pill" – The Jam
6. "Solo" – Ludovico Einaudi
7. "Fast Cars" – Buzzcocks
8. "Flip Before Fight (Dialogue)" – Perry Fitzpatrick
9. "All Through The City" – Dr. Feelgood
10. "99 Red Balloons" – Nena
11. "Woody & Squire (Dialogue)" – Joe Gilgun
12. "We've Got The World at Our Feet" – 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico England Squad
13. "Rainmaker" – Spear of Destiny
14. "Walls Come Tumbling Down" – The Style Council
15. "Ora" – Ludovico Einaudi
16. "Red Red Wine" – UB40
17. "Greeting to the New Brunette" – Billy Bragg
18. "Ying And Yang (Dialogue)" - Hannah Graham
19. "Guava Jelly" – Johnny Nash
20. "Ancora" – Ludovico Einaudi
21. "Give It Up" – Lee Dorsey
22. "It Miek" – Desmond Dekker
23. "Woody & Milk in Bathroom (Dialogue)" – Joe Gilgun, Andrew Shim
24. "Ruler of My Heart" – Irma Thomas
25. "English Rose" – The Jam
26. "Questa Volta" – Ludovico Einaudi
27. "Man of the World" – Fleetwood Mac

Additional music from the series:

1. "What Difference Does It Make?" – The Smiths
2. "This Charming Man" – The Smiths
3. "Asleep" – The Smiths
4. "This Is The Day" – The The
5. "Frozen Dub" – Augustus Pablo
6. "There Must Be An Angel (Playing with My Heart)" – Eurythmics
7. "My Own True Love" – Margaret Whiting
8. "Ballblazer" – Peter Langston
9. "Night Train" – The Rudies
10. "Ritornare" – Ludovico Einaudi
11. "Dna" – Ludovico Einaudi
12. "In Volo" – Ludovico Einaudi
13. "The Crane Dance" – Ludovico Einaudi
14. "Berlin Song" – Ludovico Einaudi

From the Channel 4 TV advert:

1. "Under Me Sleng Teng" – Wayne Smith

## InfoBox

| *This Is England '86* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Drama |
| Written by | Shane Meadows
Jack Thorne |
| Directed by | Tom Harper
(Epi 1–2)
Shane Meadows
(Epi 3–4) |
| Starring | Vicky McClure
Joe Gilgun
Thomas Turgoose
Stephen Graham
Johnny Harris
Rosamund Hanson
Chanel Cresswell |
| Composer | Ludovico Einaudi |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 4 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Mark Herbert, Shane Meadows |
| Producer | Derrin Schlesinger |
| Editor | Mark Eckersley (episodes 1–2) Chris Wyatt (episodes 3–4) |
| Camera setup | Danny Cohen |
| Running time | 44:55 (episode 1)
47:47 (episode 2)
49:05 (episode 3)
48:27 (episode 4) |
| Production companies | Warp Films, Big Arty Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | Channel 4 |
| Release | 7 September (2010-09-07)
28 September 2010 (2010-09-28) |
| Related | |
| *This Is England*
*This Is England '88* | |


title: Oxford (disambiguation)

abstract: Oxford is a city in Oxfordshire, England. Oxford may also refer to:

text:
# Oxford (disambiguation)

**Oxford** is a city in Oxfordshire, England.

**Oxford** may also refer to:

## Places

### England

### Australia

### Canada

### New Zealand

### United States

### Other places

## People

## Art, entertainment and media

## Brands and enterprises

## Clothing

## Educational institutions

## Flora and fauna

## Language

## Religion

* Oxford Group, a 20th-century religious movement which became Moral Re-Armament
* Oxford Movement, 19th century Anglo-Catholic theological movement

## Sport

## Transport

## Vehicles

## Other uses


title: Wadsley

abstract: Wadsley is a suburb of the City of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. It stands 3 miles (5 km) north-west of the city centre at an approximate grid reference of SK321905. At the 2011 Census the suburb fell within the Hillsborough ward of the City. Wadsley was formerly a rural village which was engulfed by the expansion of Sheffield in the early part of the 20th century.

text:
# Wadsley

**Wadsley** is a suburb of the City of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. It stands 3 miles (5 km) north-west of the city centre at an approximate grid reference of SK321905. At the 2011 Census the suburb fell within the Hillsborough ward of the City. Wadsley was formerly a rural village which was engulfed by the expansion of Sheffield in the early part of the 20th century.

## History

The origin of the name Wadsley is thought to come from a personal or mythological name, possibly Wad, Wadde, Wade or Wada, in conjunction with the Old English word “leah” which means an open space or glade in a wood. A feudal manorial system existed in Wadsley in the Early Middle Ages under the control of Aldene. The Anglo-Saxon estate of Wadesleah is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 in its genitive form of Wadesleia. After the Norman conquest of England Waltheof, the last of the Saxon lords retained Hallamshire of which Wadsley was a part; however he was beheaded in 1076 for rebellion against William the Conqueror and his lands passed to his wife Judith of Lens, with Roger de Busli, first Lord of Hallamshire, holding power.

Wadsley eventually became a manor under the control of the De Wadsley family; they were a knightly family of some power in southern Yorkshire. The family had manorial rights and built a manor hall, a deer park and chapel within the parish of Ecclesfield. Their surname was first recorded in 1227,there are still Wadsleys today. The ownership of the manor of Wadsley changed many times over the following centuries.

Eventually all indications of the former medieval way of life were slowly eradicated; the deer were removed from the park in 1621, Wadsley Hall was rebuilt in 1722 and the chapel was replaced by Wadsley Parish Church in 1834. In 1790 Joseph Clay bought the manor of Wadsley from Michael Burton, upon his death in 1797 he bequeathed it to his daughter, Ellen, the wife of George Bustard Greaves, of Page Hall. As Lord of the Manor, Greaves commissioned a survey of the manor in 1802, this was carried out by the Sheffield surveyors Fairbanks. The survey revealed 200 people as landowners within the manor and between them they possessed almost 2,400 acres. The largest landowner at the time was Samuel Turner who owned almost 650 acres, most individuals held smallholdings of between one and three acres.

From the 16th century up to the 1920s Wadsley’s main industry was cutlery manufacturing; at the end of the 19th century there were over 100 cutler's shops in the village. The industry declined as the small workshops of Wadsley lost business to the large cutlery works of Sheffield. It is generally believed that the last little mester operating as a knife maker in Wadsley was Harry Horsfield who died in 1938. In 1901 Sheffield extended its boundaries and part of Wadsley came within the city; a further expansion in 1923 brought the rest of the village inside the city boundary. The recent history of Wadsley has been its development as a residential suburb with many houses built, especially in the area between Wadsley Lane and Langsett Avenue, in the 1930s. The original manor house that stood on Laird Road was controversially sold and demolished in 1958 to make way for the Laird Road Flats - after this happened the Wadsley conservation campaign ceased to be a coherent force. Over the next fifteen years most of the small old shops, houses and workshops of Wadsley were demolished virtually without opposition - culminating in the City Council's Wadsley redevelopment programme in 1968.

## Historical buildings and eminent residents

Due to its former rural setting Wadsley has several country houses which are still standing within the now built-up suburb.

### Wadsley House

Wadsley House (SK325906) is a grade two listed building which stands on a cul-de-sac called The Drive. George Calvert Holland M.D. lived in the house in the mid-19th century; his writings include “The Philosophy of Animated Nature” and “Vital Statistics of Sheffield”. George Miller, a railway contractor who was involved in building the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway bought the house in 1851 and lived there till his death in 1884. The house is now a social club with a bowling green attached.

### Wadsley Hall

Wadsley Hall, (SK327904) which stands in Far Lane, is also a grade two listed building and a structure of some antiquity. It was probably built in the 15th century although it was substantially modernised in 1722 by George Bamforth, the then lord of the manor. Sir Robert Wadsley, Lord of the Manor, built a chapel on to the east end of the hall in the 15th century; this was partly destroyed in the reign of Elizabeth I although not completely demolished until 1813. From 1812 it was the home of the Fowlers, one of Wadsley’s most famous families. Sir John Fowler (1817–1898) was a famous railway engineer who co-constructed the Forth Bridge and completed many other railway projects around the world. William Fowler established the Sheepbridge coal and iron works near Chesterfield while Robert Fowler had a large solicitor's practice in Westminster. There is also some speculation that the artist Thomas Creswick (1811–1869) was born at Wadsley Hall, although two other Sheffield locations are claimed as his birthplace. After World War I the estate was broken up with much of the surrounding land sold off for new housing.

### Loxley House

Despite its name, Loxley House (SK315903) is within the Wadsley area; it is also grade two listed and was originally built in 1795 by Thomas Halliday. The house was completely rebuilt it in 1826 by Thomas Payne.

### Wadsley Grove

Wadsley Grove (SK317910) stands just off Worrall Road in a secluded situation being well screened by trees. It was the home of John Livesey who was vicar of St. Philip's Church, Shalesmoor in Sheffield between 1831 and 1870. In 1872 Wadsley Grove was purchased by John Marples, a wine merchant who acquired the "Wine and Spirit Commercial Hotel" on the corner of Fitzalan Square, Sheffield. Later known as the Marples Hotel, it was destroyed by bombing in December 1940 with much loss of life. Sheffield's first ever female Lord Mayor Ann Eliza Longden, who was elected in 1936, lived at Wadsley Grove.

### Wadsley Almshouses

The Wadsley Almshouses are situated on Worrall Road next to the parish church and across the road from the Sportsman pub. They are a collection of six cottages built on land then known as "The Meadows" purchased in April 1839 by Miss Hannah Rawson of Wardsend House, Owlerton. They were constructed as a charitable project to be occupied by six poor widows of the Wadsley Church District. The total cost of the project came to £1,000 1s 5d. In June 1973 the almshouses were designated as a Grade II listed building.

### Notable residents

The Victorian writer Reuben Hallam, also known as "Wadsley Jack", was from the area. He is best known for the 1866 book, *Wadsley Jack; or, the Humours and Adventures of a Travelling Cutler*. A pub, *The Wadsley Jack*, is named in his honour.

One of Wadsley’s more famous modern residents was the politician Roy Hattersley who spent his youth living on Wadsley Lane and then Airedale Road; this early part of his life is covered in the book, “A Yorkshire Boyhood”. His mother Enid was Lord Mayor of Sheffield in 1981. Professional cyclist and Commonwealth Games double gold medallist Malcolm Elliott was brought up in Prescott Road, Wadsley.

The tool collector and industrial historian Ken Hawley lived in Wadsley from the age of three until his death.

The English baritone, Peter Glossop was born in Wadsley.

## Amenities

Wadsley has two schools, Marlcliffe Community Primary School on Marlcliffe Road and Wisewood Community Primary School on Rural Lane they are both for pupils aged between 4 and 11. Wisewood School and Community Sports College was closed in the Summer of 2011 and demolished in March 2012. The school was merged with Myers Grove School which was also demolished to form the new Forge Valley School on Wood Lane at Malin Bridge. There are four public houses in the area, The Wadsley Jack (formerly called The Star) which has the original village stocks outside, The Rose and Crown (often referred to as The Top House) is 150 years old and was extended in the 1980s by knocking through into adjoining cottages. The Horse and Jockey stands where the original medieval village green was at the top of Wadsley Lane. The Sportsman is on Worrall Road near the church. The few shops in Wadsley are of the smaller variety scattered across the village, the nearest main shopping area is in nearby Hillsborough.

## Wadsley Common

Wadsley Common (SK312906) is a piece of land owned and held in trust by Sheffield City Council which is a public open space used as an area of recreation and exercise by the general public. Combined with the adjoining Loxley Common it covers 100 acres (0.40 km2) and is an area of heather, oak, silver birch, bracken and grassland which was declared a local nature reserve in 1999. The Wadsley section of the common is designated as access land under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. Formerly there were four football pitches which belonged to Wadsley church on a section of the common but these are unused at present. To the north of the common is Hillsborough golf club laid out in 1920.

For a period of 130 years from 1784 the common was in private hands and was an area of mining and quarrying, with coal and ganister being mined and sandstone quarried for building. There were two drift mines on the common, the Bower mine and the Top mine. The Bower mine was owned by the Oughtibridge Silica Firebrick Company and operated between 1890 and 1940 while the Top mine probably ceased production in 1943.

In 1913 the common was given to the council by the descendants of the Payne family, who gave "seventy five acres of land at Loxley Common and Wadsley Common to be used by the public for the purpose of exercise and recreation, and to be known as Loxley Chase". The Common is managed by The Parks, Woodlands and Ranger Service who work for Sheffield City Council. The management plan was drawn up in consultation with local land owners, members of the public, representatives from the Wadsley and Loxley Commoners and local ecologists. The overall broad aim of the plan is: "To maintain and enhance the Commons as a wildlife, landscape, historical and recreational resource for the enjoyment of the local community and visitors alike."

## InfoBox

| Wadsley | |
| --- | --- |
| WadsleyLocation within South Yorkshire | |
| Population | 5,631 |
| OS grid reference | SK321905 |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SHEFFIELD |
| Postcode district | S6 |
| Dialling code | 0114 |
|  | |
| Police | South Yorkshire |
| Fire | South Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Hiroshi Shō

abstract: Hiroshi Shō Marquess Hiroshi Shō was the head of the Shō family, the former Ryūkyūan royal family. He was the great-grandson of Shō Tai, the last king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and was the last member of the family to hold the title of Marquess. Like most members of the kazoku system of peerage, and all heads of the Shō family since the abolition of the Ryukyu Kingdom, he lived in Tokyo for his whole life.

text:
# Hiroshi Shō

Marquess **Hiroshi Shō (尚裕, *Shō Hiroshi*, 18 January 1918  30 August 1996)** was the head of the Shō family, the former Ryūkyūan royal family. He was the great-grandson of Shō Tai, the last king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and was the last member of the family to hold the title of Marquess (侯爵, *kōshaku*). Like most members of the *kazoku* system of peerage, and all heads of the Shō family since the abolition of the Ryukyu Kingdom, he lived in Tokyo for his whole life.

## Life

Hiroshi Shō was born the eldest son of Shō Shō with Momoko Ogasawara. Upon his father's death on 19 June 1923, and at the age of five, he became head of the family and inherited the family title of Marquess. He graduated from Tokyo Imperial University earning a degree in East Asian history from the Department of Literature.

He served for a time as a captain in the Japanese Imperial Navy. He was also active in the business world, working with various institutions, including Shō Enterprises, where he was representative director. He lost his title, as did all other members of the *kazoku* system of peerage, with the implementation of the post-war Constitution of Japan in 1947.

Late in life, in the 1990s, Shō donated many Shō family possessions, including artworks, ritual objects, historical documents, the royal mausoleum of Tamaudun and royal gardens of Shikina-en to the City of Naha. He also donated artworks, documents, and other family possessions to the city of Urasoe and village of Izena. Shō died on 30 August 1996. His funeral was held in Tokyo, though he was entombed in Izena Tamaudun on the Okinawan island of Izena. His son, Mamoru Shō (尚衞), became head of the royal Shō family afterwards.

## Family

* Father: Shō Shō (1888-1923)
* Mother: Momoko Ogasawara (1896-1950)
* Wives:
    + Tozawa Eiko (1919-1945)
    + Keiko (b.1920)
* Children: four daughters and one son
    + Kazuko (b.1943)
    + Yoshiko (b.1945)
    + Keiko (b.1947) married Kabaya Nozu
    + Kaoru (b.1949)
    + Mamoru Shō (b. 1950)

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| MarquessHiroshi Shō | |
| --- | --- |
| Hiroshi Shō in 1956 | |
| Born | (1918-01-18)January 18, 1918
Shuri, Okinawa |
| Died | August 30, 1996(1996-08-30) (aged 78)
Tokyo, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Spouse(s) | Shō Eiko (née Tozawa)
Shō Keiko (née Murase) |
| Children | Nozu Keiko, Mamoru Shō |
| Parent(s) | Shō Shō (father)
Shō Momoko (mother) |


title: Gopal Datt

abstract: Gopal Datt is an Indian actor and writer. Gopal Datt started as theater artist in 1999 until he got first starring role in Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai. He also went on to star in the blockbuster Tere Naam, Samrat & Co. and the National Award-winning Filmistaan.

text:
# Gopal Datt

***Gopal Datt*** is an Indian actor and writer. Gopal Datt started as theater artist in 1999 until he got first starring role in Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai. He also went on to star in the blockbuster Tere Naam, Samrat & Co. and the National Award-winning Filmistaan.

## Early life

Gopal Datt was born in Nainital and finished high School in Nainital. He graduated with B.Sc. (Chemistry). After his graduation, Gopal enrolled into the National School of Drama (NSD) Delhi passing out in 1999. He acted in many stage dramas like Shakespearean Italian to Parsi. His favorite theater director is B.V. Karanth.

## Career

After finishing acting course, Gopal Dutt moved to Mumbai from Delhi. He got first break in Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai (2001). After that he played roles in Tere Naam, in Kaushik Ghatak's 2014 Samrat & Co. as Chakradhar Pandey and also soundtrack writer in this and he played Jawaad's character in national award-winning film Filmistaan. He also became a jury in a film festival. Gopal has worked in many web series and he has been actively involved with the TVF since a very long time. He played a major role in Arre’s Official Chukyagiri and Voot’s Badman. He is known for his comedy roles in AIB videos.

## Filmography

### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai* | Hrithik |  |
| 2003 | *Tere Naam* | Chandar |  |
| 2013 | *Filmistaan* | Jawaad |  |
| 2014 | *Samrat & Co.* | Chakradhar Pandey |  |
| 2016 | *Daughter* | Father | *Short* |
| 2017 | *Shubh Mangal Saavdhan* | Veterinary Doctor |  |
| 2018 | *Love per Square Foot* | Pappu Mama |  |
| 2019 | *Jabariya Jodi* | Inspector Tiwari |  |
| | *Line of Descent* | Arun, an undercover agent | Released on ZEE5 |
| 2020 | *Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan* | Doctor |  |
| 2021 | *Bunty Aur Babli 2* | IT Officer Nand Kishore |  |
| 2024 | *Wild Wild Punjab* | Gaurav's Father |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *Godaan* |  |  |  |
| 2006 | *The Week That Wasn't* |  |  |  |
| 2015 | *TVF Pitchers* | Rastogi | Web series | TVF Play |
| 2016 | *TVF Bachelors* | Dr. Aashiq Mastana | Web series | TVF Play |
| 2016 | *Official Chukyagiri* |  | Web series | Arre |
| 2018 | Official CEOgiri | Janitor *Chacha* | Web series | Arre |
| 2018 | *Comedy High School* |  |  |  |
| 2018 | *Dhatt Tere Ki* |  | Web Series | ZEE5 |
| 2019 | *Delhi Crime* | Sudhir Kumar | Web Series | Netflix |
| 2019 | *The Office* | T.P. Mishra | Web series | Hotstar Specials |
| 2020 | *Wakaalat From Home* | Lobo Tripathi, Lawyer | Web series | Amazon Prime Video |
| 2020 | *A Simple Murder* | Amit Mehta | Web series | Sony Liv |
| 2021 | *Kathmandu Connection* | Hitesh | Web series | Sony Liv |
| 2021 | *Candy* | Head Master Thomas | Web series | Voot |
| 2021 | *Chakravyuh* | Forensic Doctor | Web series | MX Player |
| 2022 | *Jugaadistan* | Nadeem Dalvi | Web series | Lionsgate Play |
| 2022 | *London Files* | Gopi | Web Series | Voot |
| 2023 | *Kaalkoot* | SHO Jagdish Sahay | Web Series | JioCinema |
| 2024 | Aap Ka Apna Zakir | Gopal Datt | TV program | Sony Entertainment Television |

## InfoBox

| Gopal Datt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nainital |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, writer |
| Years active | 2001–present |


title: Rarámuris de Chihuahua

abstract: The Rarámuris de Ciudad Juárez are an American football team based in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The Rarámuris will compete in the inaugural season of the International Football Alliance (IFA) in 2024.

text:
# Rarámuris de Chihuahua

The **Rarámuris de Ciudad Juárez** (English: *Ciudad Juárez Rarámuris*) are an American football team based in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The Rarámuris will compete in the inaugural season of the International Football Alliance (IFA) in 2024.

## History

### Fútbol Americano de México

The Rarámuris de Ciudad Juárez were originally announced on 19 August 2020 as an expansion team in Fútbol Americano de México (FAM), with César Chávez serving as team president. The Rarámuris replaced the Centauros de Ciudad Juárez, who played in the same city but announced its disappearance on the same day. The name of the team was chosen as a tribute to the Rarámuri, the indigenous group native to the state of Chihuahua. That December, the Rarámuris presented Aarón Silva as the team's head coach and revealed Estadio 20 de Noviembre to be their home stadium. They also inquired about playing their home games at the larger Estadio Carta Blanca.

The 2021 FAM season was ultimately canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, postponing the Rarámuris' debut. However, a new Ciudad Juárez team with different ownership, the Jefes de Ciudad Juárez, was presented as a replacement for the Rarámuris ahead of the 2022 FAM season. Minutes after the announcement, the Rarámuris published a statement claiming that the team was unable to reach an agreement with the league and they mutually agreed to terminate their relationship.

### Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional

On 21 May 2022, during halftime of Tazón México V, it was announced that the Rarámuris de Ciudad Juárez would be joining the Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA) for the 2023 LFA season as its eighth team, hiring Mauricio Balderrama as their head coach. A press conference was held on 11 July to officially present the team and reveal that it would play its home games at the Estadio Olímpico Universitario José Reyes Baeza in Chihuahua City. The team held its first tryouts in October. However, on 4 November, team president Cuahutémoc Romero Bedolla announced that the Rarámuris would not be able to take part in the 2023 season.

### International Football Alliance

On 15 May 2023, it was announced that the Rarámuris would be joining the International Football Alliance (IFA), an upstart binational football league with teams in both Mexico and the U.S., for its inaugural season in 2024.

## InfoBox

Rarámuris de Ciudad Juárez
| Established | 19 August 2020 (2020-08-19) |
| --- | --- |
| Based in | Chihuahua City, Chihuahua, Mexico |
| Home field | Estadio Olímpico Universitario José Reyes Baeza |
| Head coach | Mauricio Balderrama |
| Owner(s) | Luis Orozco |
| League | International Football Alliance<br>2024– |
| Website | www.raramurisprofootball.com |


title: Opal-crowned tanager

abstract: The opal-crowned tanager is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae, the tanagers. It is one of 49 species in the genus Tangara. It is found in the eastern Andes drainages to the western Amazon Basin in southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Peru and a region of northwestern Bolivia; for Brazil in southwestern-western Amazonas state and Acre. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

text:
# Opal-crowned tanager

The **opal-crowned tanager** (***Tangara callophrys***) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae, the tanagers. It is one of 49 species in the genus *Tangara*.

It is found in the eastern Andes drainages to the western Amazon Basin in southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Peru and a region of northwestern Bolivia; for Brazil in southwestern-western Amazonas state and Acre.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## Distribution

The opal-crowned tanager is found in one contiguous range centered on Amazonian eastern Peru-Ecuador, southeastern Colombia, and the very west of Amazonas state, Brazil; all of Acre state is included in the south with southern Peru, and a border region of extreme northwestern Bolivia.

A small disjunct population exists 100 km west in southern Colombia.

## InfoBox

| Opal-crowned tanager | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thraupidae |
| Genus: | *Tangara* |
| Species: | ***T. callophrys*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tangara callophrys***
(Cabanis, 1849) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Juanjo Menéndez

abstract: Juan José Menéndez Gutiérrez de la Torre better known as Juanjo Menéndez was a Spanish actor. He appeared in more than 90 films and television shows between 1953 and 1997. He starred in the film El Lazarillo de Tormes, which won the Golden Bear at the 10th Berlin International Film Festival.

text:
# Juanjo Menéndez

**Juan José Menéndez Gutiérrez de la Torre** (15 May 1929  7 November 2003) better known as **Juanjo Menéndez** was a Spanish actor. He appeared in more than 90 films and television shows between 1953 and 1997. He starred in the film *El Lazarillo de Tormes*, which won the Golden Bear at the 10th Berlin International Film Festival.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Juanjo Menéndez | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Juan José Menéndez Gutiérrez de la Torre
(1929-05-15)15 May 1929
Madrid, Spain |
| Died | 7 November 2003(2003-11-07) (aged 74)
Madrid, Spain |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1953-1997 |


title: Oxford Cavaliers

abstract: Oxford Cavaliers Rugby League Football Club is the first amateur rugby league club formed in Oxford in the summer era. Over 16 years the Cavaliers have coached and developed several players who have gone on to play the game both professionally and semi-professionally. Cavaliers juniors Mike Castle and Corey Simms both represented London Skolars, Jamie Cope joined Keighley Cougars, while Australians Barry Randall and Brad Smith both had a spell at Super League side, London Broncos. Arguably the club's greatest on-field success however, was the development of current Leeds Rhinos and England prop forward, Darrell Griffin. Darrell began his long and distinguished career with the Cavaliers, having joined the club's junior ranks from Witney Rugby Union club at just 16 years of age. He has gone on to make close to 250 Super League appearances, spanning over a decade with London Broncos, Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, Huddersfield Giants, and current club, Leeds Rhinos. Darrell has four England caps, his last coming in the 36-10 Gillette Rugby League Four Nations victory over Papua New Guinea at Eden Park, Auckland in 2010.

text:
# Oxford Cavaliers

**Oxford Cavaliers** Rugby League Football Club is the first amateur rugby league club formed in Oxford in the summer era.

Over 16 years the Cavaliers have coached and developed several players who have gone on to play the game both professionally and semi-professionally. Cavaliers juniors Mike Castle and Corey Simms both represented London Skolars, Jamie Cope joined Keighley Cougars, while Australians Barry Randall and Brad Smith both had a spell at Super League side, London Broncos (via Rochdale Hornets). Arguably the club's greatest on-field success however, was the development of current Leeds Rhinos and England prop forward, Darrell Griffin. Darrell began his long and distinguished career with the Cavaliers, having joined the club's junior ranks from Witney Rugby Union club at just 16 years of age. He has gone on to make close to 250 Super League appearances, spanning over a decade with London Broncos, Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, Huddersfield Giants, and current club, Leeds Rhinos. Darrell has four England caps, his last coming in the 36-10 Gillette Rugby League Four Nations victory over Papua New Guinea at Eden Park, Auckland in 2010.

## History

The club was the brainchild of Rugby League Summer Conference founder and one time London Broncos CEO, Lionel Hurst, who chose the club's name and colours to honour the city's civil war heritage. The club's original crest was the blue and red royal standard of King Charles I who held court at Christ Church in the city during the English Civil War. The first and only other community Rugby League club in the city, Oxford Sharks RLFC, had folded in 1993.

The club's first ever competitive fixture, a 36-16 win over Bath RLFC on Sunday 14 July 1996, was played in the inaugural 'Summer Conference' - the forerunner to the 10-team Rugby League Conference which launched the following year. Over the coming months Oxford Cavaliers would become a founder member of the Rugby League Conference.

Following an impressive first season of competitive Rugby League, 1998 saw an expanded 14 team competition that pitted the Cavaliers against North London Skolars, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks, and bitter rivals Crawley Jets. At season's end, no fewer than five Cavaliers had achieve honours with the Rugby League Conference Representative side. Former London Broncos Alliance players Graham Crane and Simon Hill were joined by Paul Daly, John Williams and Darrell Griffin in the 22-man squad for games against the North East and Combined Services representative teams.

**1999** \- The Cavaliers reach the regional final of the Rugby League Conference, and are awarded the title of **Rugby League Conference Club of the Year**. Props John Williams and Graham Crane, along with Kiwi fullback Steve Lacey, scrum half Simon Hill and centre Jon Flatman all receive representative honours.

**2000** \- Oxford Cavaliers coach Dave Doran is appointed Head Coach of the Rugby League Conference representative side. The Cavaliers themselves finish a credible tenth place in the RLC composite table of 24 teams.

**2001** \- Founder and Chairman Lionel Hurst leaves Oxford Cavaliers and is appointed Chief Executive Officer of Super League club London Broncos.

**2008** \- Oxford finish second in the League; beating Telford Raiders, Coventry Bears, Swindon St George and Redditch Ravens in the process.

**2011** \- The Cavaliers join the newly formed RLC West of England division.

**2012** \- Oxford, coached by former Hull FC and Bradford Bulls wing Tevita Vaikona, claim the RLC West of England division title, defeating Somerset Vikings in the Grand Final.

**2014** \- Announced link up with professional side Oxford Rugby League with the club fielding two sides the senior side to play in Conference League South the highest division for southern clubs in the amateur game. In August 2014 the Cavaliers withdrew from the Conference League South

**2022** \- An Oxford Cavaliers women's team take part in the RFL Women's Super League South. They withdrew from the competition after one season.

## Club Honours

Sam Hardy Memorial Trophy - 2007

Rugby League Conference West of England Champions - 2012

Rugby League Conference West of England Plate - 2016

## InfoBox

Oxford Cavaliers
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Royal Standard | |
| Club information | |
| Full name | *Oxford Cavaliers Rugby League* |
| Short name | Oxford |
| Colours | Red and blue |
| Founded | 1996 (1996) |
| Website | www.oxfordcavaliersrlfc.co.uk |
| Current details | |
| Ground(s) | * Oxford RFC, North Hinksey, Oxford |
| Competition | Conference League South \- 1st grade (from 2014)<br>West of England Rugby League |


title: Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps

abstract: Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps is an equestrian portrait of a youthful black male painted by the contemporary artist Kehinde Wiley in 2005. It is based on Jacques-Louis David’s 1801 equestrian portrait, Napoleon Crossing the Alps. This painting was chosen by a man who Wiley had approached in the streets. The basic composition of Wiley's painting is the same as the 200-year-old painting it was based on, and has many of the same elements. The modern painting has a decorative background rather than the battlefield background. It is in the Brooklyn Museum.

text:
# Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps

***Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps*** is an equestrian portrait of a youthful black male painted by the contemporary artist Kehinde Wiley in 2005. It is based on Jacques-Louis David’s 1801 equestrian portrait, *Napoleon Crossing the Alps*. This painting was chosen by a man who Wiley had approached in the streets. The basic composition of Wiley's painting is the same as the 200-year-old painting it was based on, and has many of the same elements. The modern painting has a decorative background rather than the battlefield background. It is in the Brooklyn Museum.

## Background

The painting is very typical of the style of Kehinde Wiley in that it is a monumental painting that incorporates brocade/decorative motif as an element of the background. It is seen against a rich red background embellished with gold floral motifs.

## Similarities between the two paintings

The basic composition of Wiley's painting is similar to the well-known portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte by Jacques-Louis David, and the two paintings share many elements.

1. Smith, Roberta (19 February 2015). "Review: 'Kehinde Wiley: A New Republic' at the Brooklyn Museum". *The New York Times*.
2. "Kehinde Wiley Biography – Kehinde Wiley on artnet".
* Banks, Andre. "NO POSER HERE; Acclaimed Artist Kehinde Wiley Paints Black Masculinity Anew." *ColorLines* 8, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 57.
* Lenzi, Carlotta. "Jacques-Louis David: Artistic Interpretation in Tumultuous Times." (2008).
* Munhall, Edgar. "Portraits of Napoleon." *Yale French Studies* no. 26, The Myth of Napoleon (1960): 3-20.
* Shareef, Shahrazad A. "The Power of Decor: Kehinde Wiley's Interventions into the Construction of Black Masculine Identity." UMI Dissertations Publishing (2010).


title: Thierno Hady Boubacar Thiam

abstract: Thierno Hady Boubacar Thiam was a Malian Tijaniyyah ulama. He was elected president of the High Islamic Council of Mali in 2002 with the support of President Alpha Oumar Konaré. He was considered a moderate, and his goals as president included maintaining the apolitical nature of the Council and uniting various Muslim groups within Mali. In 2008, Mahmoud Dicko succeeded him as president.

text:
# Thierno Hady Boubacar Thiam

**Thierno Hady Boubacar Thiam** (died December 11, 2017) was a Malian Tijaniyyah ulama. He was elected president of the High Islamic Council of Mali in 2002 with the support of President Alpha Oumar Konaré. He was considered a moderate, and his goals as president included maintaining the apolitical nature of the Council and uniting various Muslim groups within Mali. In 2008, Mahmoud Dicko succeeded him as president.

1. "Thierno Hady Aboubacar Thiam nous a quitté". *Maliweb.net* (in French). December 13, 2017. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
2. Holder, Gilles. "Essai de lecture d’une démocratisation malienne hors champ: salafisme républicain versus légalisme soufi". Gilles, Holder; Jean-Pierre, Dozon (2018). *Les politiques de l'Islam en Afrique.: Mémoires, réveils et populismes islamiques* (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 231. ISBN 978-2-8111-2507-3.
3. "Mali : Mahmoud Dicko réélu à la présidence du Haut Conseil islamique". *Maliactu.com*. April 21, 2014. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
4. Sogodogo, Bakary (April 22, 2014). "Haut conseil islamique du Mali: Mahamoud Dicko rempile, mais…". *Afribone.com*. Retrieved 2020-08-21.


title: Walter Riml

abstract: Walter Riml was an Austrian cameraman and actor.

text:
# Walter Riml

**Walter Riml** (September 23, 1905 – June 21, 1994) was an Austrian cameraman and actor.

## Life

Born in Innsbruck, the 2.05 m tall Tyrolean at first was trained as a carpenter and an interior designer. As a passionate sportsman and skier he contacted the Mountain film-pioneer Arnold Fanck who made a film in the Tyrolean area of Arlberg in 1927. Fanck engaged him as a grip for the silent movie *The Great Leap* where Walter Riml appeared also in some short scenes. Fanck loved the artistic and humorous side of Walter Riml's talents and so he played a major role in Fanck's famous film *The White Ecstasy* (1931). Together with other already famous actors like Leni Riefenstahl, Hannes Schneider, Rudi Matt, Gustav Diessl and the pilot Ernst Udet Walter Riml played also in *Abenteuer im Engadin* or *S.O.S. Eisberg* and showed his further talent for the film business in *The White Ecstasy*.

Walter Riml played the tall carpenter "Fietje" from Hamburg together with his petite carpenter-partner "Tietje" Guzzi Lantschner, both in the traditional black carpenter costumes. Their ski acrobatic scenes became legendary until today. This film is also a favourite film for today's snowboarding generation because of the fabulous ski jumps.

Another film with these two comedians was *North Pole, Ahoy* filmed in Greenland, directed by Andrew Marton, produced by Universal Films. This film was a parodistic story in connection with *S.O.S. Eisberg*. Walter Riml was interested in becoming a professional cameraman and very soon into his career he got his visual education from two famous cameramen Hans Schneeberger and Richard Angst. Because of his visual talents Leni Riefenstahl committed to him as her still-photographer and as a second cameraman for her first movie *Das blaue Licht* (*The Blue Light*). The most famous photos of Leni Riefenstahl as the witch "Junta" from this film were shot by Walter Riml. This fact she mentioned in her book "Im Kampf in Schnee und Eis". Walter Riml became a great cameraman and expert for mountain films. Therefore, Luis Trenker engaged him several times. In the 30es, Walter Riml filmed in Japan *Die Tochter des Samurai* (1936) together with Arnold Fanck.

Because of a bomb attack in 1944 in Berlin he lost his archive with more than 30,000 negatives from his travels and works in Japan and Greenland. Therefore, planned film projects together with the American film producer Paul Kohner could not be realised any more.

After the Second World War he was a cameraman for the US Army. In 1957 he was one of the four western cameramen who were allowed to make a film about the daily life in Russia. Riml also worked on different TV productions.

Until the mid-1960s Walter Riml made a lot of the typical and famous mountain films and films with regional background. One of them is the famous film *Two Times Lotte* based on the book by Erich Kästner. In 1962 the American director John Sturges engaged him as a second cameraman for his film *The Great Escape* with stars like Steve McQueen, Richard Attenborough and Charles Bronson. As a specialist for films in snow atmosphere he filmed scenes in the James Bond film *On Her Majesty's Secret Service* in 1969. His last filmwork was in 1970, a documentary for US television about the film *The Last Valley* with Michael Caine and Omar Sharif.

Walter Riml died at the age of 89 in the year 1994 in Steinach am Brenner. In his long life he worked on more than 100 film productions and documentaries worldwide.

## List of films

### Actor

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|

### Cameraman

## Literature

* *Gesprengte Ketten: The Great Escape, Behind the Scenes*, Photographs of cameraman Walter Riml, Editor Helma Türk & Christian Riml, House Publishing 2013, English/German


title: Hills Learning

abstract: Hills Learning is an Asian language school in New York City. It is located on Fifth Avenue and has been recognized by several television stations, websites, and publications, such as PBS, TBS, CBS New York, and Chopsticks NY.

text:
# Hills Learning

**Hills Learning** is an Asian language school in New York City. It is located on Fifth Avenue and has been recognized by several television stations, websites, and publications, such as PBS, TBS, CBS New York, and Chopsticks NY.

## History

Hills Learning was founded in 2009 as a foreign language school for private lessons in Chinese and Japanese. By the end of the year, Hills Learning added ESL and Korean to its list of languages and began teaching group classes. As of January 2013, Hills Learning also provides both private and group lessons in Thai and Cantonese. In 2017, classes for Arabic started, and in 2021 Vietnamese also began.

## Organization

Hills Learning’s mission is to develop long lasting relationships of language competency and cultural understanding between Asia, America, and the global community.

Hills Learning currently employs over 25 teachers and has programs for over 200 students. Their client list includes fortune 500 companies, public and private high schools, universities, and various other individuals throughout the New York City area.

Jon Hills, director, has been serving since January 2009. Hills speaks Japanese as a second language and knows some Korean and Mandarin. Prior to establishing Hills Learning, Hills worked in financial services, translation, and taught English in Japan.

Hills Learning offers one-on-one and group lessons in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Arabic, Cantonese, Thai and Vietnamese.

## Recognition

Hills Learning has been recognized by PBS in its show “Asian America” and was voted one of the best language schools in New York by CBS New York. Hills Learning was reported on by Chopsticks NY magazine.

## Affiliated organizations

40°45′08″N 73°58′45″W / 40.752347°N 73.979180°W / 40.752347; -73.979180

## InfoBox

| Hills Learning | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 551 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1225
New York, NY 10176
USA | |
| Information | |
| Established | 2009 |
| Faculty | 40+ |
| Affiliation | Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools |
| Website | Hills Learning |