abstract: The International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism was an exhibition which ran from May 21 to October 25, 1925, in the city of Grenoble in France, in order to promote the city as the capital of "white coal", as hydropower was then known. This exhibition gave credit to the people of Grenoble in general, and the industrialist Aristide Bergès in particular, for harnessing the driving force of water rushing down from the mountains. This was also an opportunity for Grenoble to celebrate the new industries of tomorrow. Suggested by Paul Mistral, the mayor of Grenoble, the project was backed immediately by the support of Léon Perrier, president of the General Council of the Isère. Hydroelectricity is at the center of Grenoble's economic development. Tourism began to develop in the Alps at the beginning of the twentieth century, with the first bus trips. Hydropower had been developing since the 1870s with the control of waterfalls in the mountains. The paper industry was also growing well, thanks to leaders like Bergès, Felix Viallet and Joseph Bouchayer. Close to the old town, land was acquired from the military, not without difficulty, and adapted in record time with lot of different buildings, as the Palais de la Houille Blanche. The event was of utmost importance; the exhibition hosted over one million visitors in five months. "The victory of man over nature, the domination of the forces of the mountains by man", said Mistral, who also inaugurated a new industrial and urban development plan. The site became a city park in 1926, called Parc Paul Mistral since the death of the mayor in 1932. Today, the only building remaining of this exhibition in the park, is the Tour Perret, closed to the public since 1960.

text:
# International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism

The **International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism** (French: *Exposition internationale de la houille blanche et du tourisme*) was an exhibition which ran from May 21 to October 25, 1925, in the city of Grenoble in France, in order to promote the city as the capital of "white coal" (houille blanche), as hydropower was then known. This exhibition gave credit to the people of Grenoble in general, and the industrialist Aristide Bergès in particular, for harnessing the driving force of water rushing down from the mountains. This was also an opportunity for Grenoble to celebrate the new industries of tomorrow. Suggested by Paul Mistral, the mayor of Grenoble, the project was backed immediately by the support of Léon Perrier, president of the General Council of the Isère. Hydroelectricity is at the center of Grenoble's economic development.

Tourism began to develop in the Alps at the beginning of the twentieth century, with the first bus trips. Hydropower had been developing since the 1870s with the control of waterfalls in the mountains. The paper industry was also growing well, thanks to leaders like Bergès, Felix Viallet and Joseph Bouchayer.

Close to the old town, land was acquired from the military, not without difficulty, and adapted in record time with lot of different buildings, as the Palais de la Houille Blanche.

The event was of utmost importance; the exhibition hosted over one million visitors in five months. "*The victory of man over nature, the domination of the forces of the mountains by man*", said Mistral, who also inaugurated a new industrial and urban development plan.

The site became a city park in 1926, called Parc Paul Mistral since the death of the mayor in 1932.

Today, the only building remaining of this exhibition in the park, is the Tour Perret, closed to the public since 1960.

## InfoBox

| International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism | |
| --- | --- |
| Gate of the exposition in 1925 | |
| Overview | |
| BIE-class | Unrecognized exposition |
| Name | International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism |
| Visitors | More than 1 million |
| Location | |
| Country | France |
| City | Grenoble in France |
| Coordinates | 45°11′05″N 5°44′07″E / 45.18472°N 5.735280°E / 45.18472; 5.735280 |
| Timeline | |
| Opening | 21 May 1925 |
| Closure | 25 October 1925 |


title: Organitis

abstract: Organitis is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae.

text:
# Organitis

***Organitis*** is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Organitis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Subfamily: | Gelechiinae |
| Genus: | *Organitis*<br>Meyrick, 1906 |
|


abstract: The International Anti-Corruption Conference (IACC) is a series of international conferences organised by the IACC Council, in association with local governments and organisations, with Transparency International as its secretariat. The conference was first held in 1983 in Washington D.C. and has since been held every two years in a different country. IACC has developed a number of global initiatives that run independently of the conference, such as Young Journalist Initiative, Social Entrepreneurs for Transparency, Journalists 4 Transparency, anti-corruption film festival, and the Fair Play music Anti-corruption competition.

text:
# International Anti-Corruption Conference

The **International Anti-Corruption Conference (IACC)** is a series of international conferences organised by the IACC Council, in association with local governments and organisations, with Transparency International as its secretariat. The conference was first held in 1983 in Washington D.C. and has since been held every two years in a different country.

IACC has developed a number of global initiatives that run independently of the conference, such as Young Journalist Initiative, Social Entrepreneurs for Transparency, Journalists 4 Transparency, anti-corruption film festival, and the Fair Play music Anti-corruption competition.

## Host cities

The table below shows the location of each IACC since the conference was first held in 1983.

| Year | Location |
| --- | --- |
| 1983 | Washington, D.C. |
| 1985 | New York City |
| 1987 | Hong Kong |
| 1989 | Sydney |
| 1992 | Amsterdam |
| 1993 | Cancun |
| 1995 | Beijing |
| 1997 | Lima |
| 1999 | Durban |
| 2001 | Prague |
| 2003 | Seoul |
| 2006 | Guatemala City |
| 2008 | Athens |
| 2010 | Bangkok |
| 2012 | Brasilia |
| 2015 | Putrajaya |
| 2016 | Panama City |
| 2018 | Copenhagen |
| 2020 | Seoul |
| 2022 | Washington, D.C. |
| 2024 | Vilnius |

## Summary of conferences

### 14th IACC

The 14th IACC was held In Bangkok between 10 and 13 November 2010 with the theme “Restoring trust: Global action for transparency”. The conference was hosted jointly by the IACC Council, the National Anti-Corruption Commission, The Royal Thai Ministry of Justice and Transparency Thailand. Delegates from over 130 countries were present at the conference, which was also attended by the Prime Minister of Thailand Abhisit Vejjajiva, World Bank Managing Director Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Asian Development Bank President Haruhiko Kuroda and Transparency International chair Huguette Labelle.

The conference featured 40 workshop sessions structured around four identified global challenges:

* Restoring Trust for Peace and Security
* Fuelling Transparency and Accountability in the Natural Resources and Energy Markets
* Climate Governance: Ensuring a Collective Commitment
* Strengthening Global Action for an Accountable Corporate World

The conference concluded as all attending nations pledged to increase the intensity of anti-corruption initiatives, and to fully honour all existing anti-corruption agreements.

### 15th IACC

The 15th IACC was held in Brasilia between 7 and 10 November 2012, with the theme "Mobilising people: connecting agents of change". The conference was organised by the IACC Council, with Transparency International as the secretariat and in association with the Brazilian Office of the Comptroller General (OCG), AMARRIBO Brazil and Instituto Ethos.

### 16th IACC

The 16th IACC was held in Putraya between 2 and 4 September 2015, with the theme "Ending Impunity: People, Integrity, Action". The Conference was organised by the IACC Council, with Transparency International as the Secretariat in association with the Malaysian Anti-corruption Commission.

### 17th IACC

The 17th IACC took place in Panama City between 1 and 4 December 2016, with the theme "Time for Justice, Equity, Security and Trust", The Conference was organised by the IACC Council, with Transparency International as the Secretariat in association with National authority for Transparency and access to Information ANTAI and TI National Chapter in Panama. The four-day conference was packed with opportunities for anti-corruption activists and experts to exchange, learn and enjoy through workshops and panels, film screenings, plenaries, an evening networking events and an outdoor concert, the Fair Play Anti-corruption Music.

The conference featured 60 workshop sessions structured around four identified global challenges:

* Panama Papers
* Strong, resilient and ethical institutions
* Shielding Justice, Financial Integrity
* People fighting Grand Corruption

### 18th IACC

The 18th IACC was held in Copenhagen, Denmark from 22 to 24 October 2018.

### 19th IACC

The 19th IACC was planned to be held in Seoul, Korea from 2 to 5 June 2020. In light of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it was postponed to 1 to 4 December 2020. While the South Korean government was still the IACC host, the conference took place virtually.

### 20th IACC

The 20th IACC was held in Washington, D.C. in the US from 6 to 10 December 2022 on the theme of "Uprooting Corruption: Defending Democratic Values."

### 21st IACC

The 21st IACC was held between 18 and 21 June 2024 in the LITEXPO centre in Vilnius, Lithuania. Its theme was "Confronting Global Threats: Standing Up for Integrity".


title: International Anti-Poaching Foundation

abstract: Akashinga, is a non-profit organisation registered in Australia, predominantly operating on the African continent. The group initially created a structured military-like approach to conservation, employing tactics and technology generally reserved for the modern-day battlefield, and has since moved to a community oriented approach. This has included the training of local women as rangers.

text:
# International Anti-Poaching Foundation

**Akashinga**, (formerly the **International Anti-Poaching Foundation** (**IAPF**)) is a non-profit organisation registered in Australia, predominantly operating on the African continent. The group initially created a structured military-like approach to conservation, employing tactics and technology generally reserved for the modern-day battlefield, and has since moved to a community oriented approach. This has included the training of local women as rangers.

## History

The organisation was founded by Damien Mander, after a trip to Africa where he intended to use his naval experience for conservation. He observed the problems that front-line rangers and wildlife experienced, and founded the IAPF in 2009.

In 2010, the TV program *60 Minutes* filmed IAPF operations in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, which focused on conservation efforts for the black rhinoceros. In 2012, *60 Minutes* then filmed the IAPF using unmanned drones in Mozambique's Niassa National Reserve.

In 2015 the IAPF transitioned away from military tactics towards community-oriented strategies for their anti-poaching work, attempting to incentivize locals to join the conservation effort. Part of this effort was to train women to become rangers, helping both wildlife conservation and women empowerment efforts. The first program that the IAPF set up for women was Akashinga in the Lower Zambezi Valley and Phundundu, Zimbabwe. The initial outreach for candidates focused on "victims of sexual assault or domestic violence; who were single mothers or abandoned wives; or who were Aids orphans", according to the BBC.

They have also set up training programs for women in South Africa. Over its first year, the female anti-poaching unit was able to make about 70 arrests over the first year. *60 Minutes* filmed for a third time in 2018, covering the Akashinga program in ZImbabwe's Lower Zambezi Valley, which is the first nature reserve in the world to be managed and protected by women. Jane Goodall is a patron of the organization.

## Operations

IAPF operates an anti-poaching unit, protecting the breeding program of black rhinos on the Stanley & Livingstone Private Game Reserve. No rhinos have been killed during the time IAPF has operated there. IAPF also provides free training in Zimbabwe for rangers. The IAPF's rangers are taught skills including ambush, patrolling, arrest, crime scene preservation, and camouflage and concealment.

Some skills are an adaptation of military courses, adjusted to suit conservation efforts. Some convicted poachers have been rehabilitated and sent out to work as rangers. In South Africa the IAPF co-developed of the nation's Anti-Poaching Ranger qualification standard.

## IAPF recognition

In 2013, three nominations at The Humane Society of the United States' 28th annual Genesis Award covered the IAPF.

## InfoBox

International Anti-Poaching Foundation
|
|  |
| Founded | 2009 |
| Founder | Damien Mander |
| Type | Not-For-Profit |
| Focus | Conservation |
| Location | * Africa |
| Website | www.IAPF.org |


title: Osieczyna

abstract: Osieczyna is a settlement, part of the village of Godków, in the administrative district of Gmina Kostomłoty, within Środa Śląska County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of Środa Śląska, and 33 kilometres (21 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Osieczyna

**Osieczyna** \[ɔˈɕɛt͡ʂɨna\] is a settlement, part of the village of Godków, in the administrative district of Gmina Kostomłoty, within Środa Śląska County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of Środa Śląska, and 33 kilometres (21 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

## Transport

The Polish A4 motorway runs nearby, north of Osieczyna.

## InfoBox

| Osieczyna | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Osieczyna | |
| Coordinates: 51°01′19″N 16°36′39″E / 51.02194°N 16.61083°E / 51.02194; 16.61083 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Środa Śląska |
| Gmina | Kostomłoty |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | DSR |


title: Osiedle Bagnówka, Białystok

abstract: Osiedle Bagnówka is a neighbourhood in the city of Białystok in Poland. It is located on the eastern outskirts of the city. It borders with Wygoda, Jaroszówka and the village of Sowlany. The historical part of the district stretches along Jana Krzysztofa Kluka Street. To the east of it there is housing estate of single-family houses in Puchalskiego Street. Dolistówka river runs in the neighbourhood.

text:
# Osiedle Bagnówka, Białystok

**Osiedle Bagnówka** is a neighbourhood in the city of Białystok in Poland. It is located on the eastern outskirts of the city. It borders with Wygoda, Jaroszówka and the village of Sowlany. The historical part of the district stretches along Jana Krzysztofa Kluka Street. To the east of it there is housing estate of single-family houses in Puchalskiego Street. Dolistówka river runs in the neighbourhood.

## Overview

The district has a layout in which the sides of rectangular ownership plots are narrow from the side of the road, but very elongated in the direction perpendicular to the street. From the front there are residential buildings, while farm buildings are located deep inside the property. It can be assumed that with the passage of time, new houses were erected in place of old houses, so the shape of the village itself has not changed much since the end of the 19th century. Relics of the former village along Kluka Street on the section between Mościckiego and Kosińskiego streets. The street here follows the course of a country road, it also has a characteristic layout, and along it there are old houses reminding of the history of this place.

## History

Formerly an independent village. Until 1954 it was part of the Gmina Dojlidy, then 1954–1971 in the Grabówka Gromada, and in 1972 in the Zaścianki Gromada.

On January 1, 1973, it was incorporated into Białystok, until 2004 a separate housing estate. In the years 2004-2020 the territories of the district were administratively assigned to the Wygoda and Jaroszówka districts.

In 1975 a detailed spatial plan was approved, for the construction of single houses in the district.

In 2020 residents of the district had complained about the lack of street lighting in the area.

On January 25, 2021, a resolution of the Białystok City Council was adopted to create a new Bagnówka district. The change entered into force on February 16, 2021.

According to the provisions of the preservation plan approved in 2023, only single-family houses are to be built in the protection zone, with a maximum of two storeys above ground, with the second storey in the form of an attic.

Media related to Osiedle Bagnówka, Białystok at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Bagnówka | |
| --- | --- |
| District (*osiedle*) of Białystok | |
| View of Kluka Street in Bagnówka, August 2022 | |
| Location of Bagnówka within Białystok | |
| Coordinates: 53°09′02″N 23°13′05″E / 53.15056°N 23.21806°E / 53.15056; 23.21806 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| City | Białystok |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.072 km2 (1.186 sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | +48 85 |
| Vehicle registration | BI |


title: Origlio

abstract: Origlio is a municipality in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

text:
# Origlio

**Origlio** is a municipality in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## History

Origlio is first mentioned in 1335 as *Orellio*.

In the Middle Ages, the village, was part of the valley community of Lugano. In 1484 it was ravaged by the plague. In the 15th century it was under the Duke of Milan, to whom it had to provide soldiers and weapons. Under Swiss Confederation rule, it was part of the bailiwick of Lugano. In 1803, after the Act of Mediation, it became part of the district of Lugano.

The first church in the village dates from the 8th century. The church of San Vittore Mauro in Carnago was built on the site of this earlier church. In 1570 it became a parish church. A duty was shared after 1812, with the church of SS Giorgio and Maria Immacolata, which dates back to the 17th century. Its interior contains a number of frescoes and stucco work.

The village economy was built around viticulture, silkworm breeding and farming. In the 1950s Orgilio developed into a residential and tourist center, which resulted in a population increase. By the 1980s the population had doubled.

## Geography

Origlio has an area, as of 1997, of 2.07 square kilometers (0.80 sq mi). Of this area, 0.56 km2 (0.22 sq mi) or 27.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.25 km2 (0.48 sq mi) or 60.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.55 km2 (0.21 sq mi) or 26.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.07 km2 (17 acres) or 3.4% is either rivers or lakes and 0.04 km2 (9.9 acres) or 1.9% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 17.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.8%, while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.9%. Out of the forested land, 52.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 8.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 7.2% is used for growing crops, while 2.4% is used for orchards or vine crops and 17.4% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes.

The municipality is located in the Lugano district, in a glacially created depression near Lago di Origlio. It consists of the village of Origlio and the hamlet of Carnago.

## Demographics

Origlio has a population (as of December 2020) of 1,497. As of 2008, 15.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 14.5%.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks Italian (81.4%), with German being second most common (13.2%) and French being third (2.1%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000), 153 speak German, 24 people speak French, 943 people speak Italian, and 2 people speak Romansh. The remainder (36 people) speak another language.

As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 48.0% male and 52.0% female. The population was made up of 542 Swiss men (39.6% of the population), and 114 (8.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 603 Swiss women (44.1%), and 108 (7.9%) non-Swiss women.

In 2008 there were 9 live births to Swiss citizens and were 7 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population remained the same. There were 3 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland and 1 Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men and 7 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 2 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 20 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.4%.

The age distribution, as of 2009, in Origlio is; 135 children or 9.9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 217 teenagers or 15.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 129 people or 9.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 156 people or 11.4% are between 30 and 39, 271 people or 19.8% are between 40 and 49, and 186 people or 13.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 148 people or 10.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 73 people or 5.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 52 people or 3.8% who are over 80.

As of 2000, there were 462 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. In 2000 there were 333 single family homes (or 75.9% of the total) out of a total of 439 inhabited buildings. There were 58 two family buildings (13.2%) and 31 multi-family buildings (7.1%). There were also 17 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).

The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 0%. In 2000 there were 600 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 5 room apartment of which there were 198. There were 9 single room apartments and 198 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 460 apartments (76.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 133 apartments (22.2%) were seasonally occupied and 7 apartments (1.2%) were empty. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 4.5 new units per 1000 residents.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Sights

The entire village of Origlio is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

## Politics

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 28.38% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (21.61%), the Ticino League (18.91%) and the CVP (12.61%). In the federal election, a total of 467 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 54.3%.

In the 2007 *Gran Consiglio* election, there were a total of 857 registered voters in Origlio, of which 538 or 62.8% voted. 14 blank ballots and 1 null ballot were cast, leaving 523 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 136 or 26.0% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the LEGA (with 109 or 20.8%), the PS (with 97 or 18.5%) and the SSI (with 80 or 15.3%).

In the 2007 *Consiglio di Stato* election, 3 blank ballots and 3 null ballots were cast, leaving 532 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the LEGA which received 140 or 26.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 131 or 24.6%), the PS (with 115 or 21.6%) and the SSI (with 74 or 13.9%).

## Economy

As of  2007, Origlio had an unemployment rate of 2.61%. As of 2005, there were 13 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 9 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 96 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 20 businesses in this sector. There were 532 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.7% of the workforce.

In 2000, there were 153 workers who commuted into the municipality and 436 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 19.6% of the workforce coming into Origlio are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 6.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 70.7% used a private car.

As of 2009, there were 2 hotels in Origlio.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 821 or 70.9% were Roman Catholic, while 138 or 11.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 147 individuals (or about 12.69% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 52 individuals (or about 4.49% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Origlio about 84.4% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

In Origlio there were a total of 286 students (as of 2009). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Origlio there were 36 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 77 students attended the standard primary schools and 1 student attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 86 students in the two-year middle school and 1 in their pre-apprenticeship, while 45 students were in the four-year advanced program.

The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 17 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 21 who attend part-time.

The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There were 2 students in the professional program.

As of 2000, there were 149 students in Origlio who came from another municipality, while 212 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Origlio | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Origlio village | |
|  | |
| Location of Origlio | |
| OriglioOriglio | |
| Coordinates: 46°03′N 8°57′E / 46.050°N 8.950°E / 46.050; 8.950 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Ticino |
| District | Lugano |
| Government | |
| Mayor | *Sindaco* |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.1 km2 (0.8 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 452 m (1,483 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 1,457 |
| Density | 690/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 6945 |
| SFOS number | 5208 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-TI |
| Surrounded by | Capriasca, Comano, Cureglia, Lamone, Ponte Capriasca, Torricella-Taverne |
| Website | www.origlio.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Orphy Robinson

abstract: Orphy Robinson MBE is a British jazz multi-instrumentalist who plays vibraphone, keyboards, saxophone, trumpet, piano, marimba, steelpans and drums. He has written music for television, film and theatre.

text:
# Orphy Robinson

**Orphy Robinson** MBE (born 13 October 1960) is a British jazz multi-instrumentalist who plays vibraphone, keyboards, saxophone, trumpet, piano, marimba, steelpans and drums. He has written music for television, film and theatre.

## Career

Robinson began his professional career with the band Savanna in the late 1970s. During the mid- to late-1980s, he was a member of the Jazz Warriors with Courtney Pine, and worked with Mica Paris and Andy Sheppard.

In the 1990s, Robinson released two critically acclaimed solo albums: *When Tomorrow Comes* and *The Vibes Describes*. He has recorded as a guest musician and has toured with Hugh Hopper and Robert Wyatt.

For the UK celebration of the bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act in 2007, Robinson was commissioned to write and perform pieces from his suite *Routes Through Roots* in the Houses of Parliament. He was commissioned by the Phoenix Dance company to write *42 Shades of Black*. In June 2014, he was commissioned to write a suite for the combined Shivanova and Ignite ensembles for the 2014 Women's Festival at Kings Place in the UK. He has written for The Proms at the Royal Albert Hall and for the Romanian violin virtuoso Alexander Balanescu.

During 2009, several albums featured Robinson as guest soloist, including *No Now Is So!* by the Alexander Hawkins ensemble, *Out of Office* by the Burn Out Mama band from Finland, and albums by Louis Moholo, Leee John and Beggar & Co. Since late 2009, he has been a featured soloist on marimba and vibraphone with the violinist Nigel Kennedy, performing an extensive repertoire including Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi's *The Four Seasons*, Jimi Hendrix and Duke Ellington. Robinson has performed as guest musician on three albums with Kennedy: *The Four Elements* (2011), *Vivaldi: The New Four Seasons* (2015) and *My World* (2016).

In the latter part of 2009, he was invited to become musical director of a large ensemble at The Roundhouse with the drummer Nick Mason of Pink Floyd. The duo Black Top was formed in 2011 with the Free Improv pianist Pat Thomas. An album entitled *#One* was released internationally in July 2014 on the Babel Label with guest saxophonist Steve Williamson. The second Black Top album, *#Two*, had Evan Parker as guest.

Robinson started The Spontaneous Cosmic RawXtra ensemble at the Kings Place concert venue in October 2009. The ensemble was included in *Black British Jazz* (2014), an Open University book by Jason Toynbee. A DVD and recording were released in 2015.

Robinson was instrumental in the formation of the band Malik & the O.G's with band leader Malik Al Nasir and also in his tribute to Gil Scott-Heron at St George's Hall, Liverpool, entitled *The Revolution Will Be Live!*

Robinson has worked with Lester Bowie, Don Cherry, Neneh Cherry, Junior Giscombe, Kate Havnevik, Imagination, Lionel Loueke, Wynton Marsalis, Hugh Masekela, Jean-Paul "Bluey" Maunick, Joe McPhee, Thurston Moore, Butch Morris, David Murray, Sunny Murray, Mica Paris, Robert Plant, Wadada Leo Smith, Spring Heel Jack, Joss Stone, Jamaaladeen Tacuma, John Tchicai, Kenny Thomas and Nana Vasconcelos.

### Other work

Robinson represented Great Britain at the Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia. He has worked in schools and on large-scale education projects, including at the Hackney Empire, where he led the Music Education department for more than ten years. He has been on the board of The Vortex jazz club, Warriors International, the National Youth Jazz Orchestra, the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and the Participation and Learning Education advisory board at the Hackney Empire.

Robinson is a founding member of Edge (The Shape of Things to Come), a group of artists, writers and promoters curating events pitched as a fringe to the London Jazz Festival. Due to the success of their first programme, titled Edge 08, Robinson and the journalist Paul Bradshaw continued to curate events internationally as well as all-year round events in the UK. Their project Love Supreme Reimagined, a homage to the 1965 John Coltrane album *A Love Supreme*, a large-scale ensemble with Robinson in the role of musical director, received critical acclaim at the 2014 South Bank Meltdown Festival curated by James Lavelle.

Robinson produced Carleen Anderson's album *Cage Street Memorial* (2016). In 2017, Anderson was nominated as Best Jazz Vocalist at the Jazz FM Jazz Awards. In 2018, the album was nominated in the Jazz Innovation category at the same awards.

## Awards and honors

* Nominated, Jazz Educator of the Year, Parliamentary Jazz Awards
* Among 12 Best Vibraphonists named in *DownBeat* magazine in 2015, the first musician from the UK to achieve this accolade
* Nominated, Giles Peterson Worldwide FM, *Cage Street Memorial* by Carleen Anderson, 2016
* Winner, Concert of the Year, Live Entertainment of the year, Jazz FM Awards, 2017
* Appointed MBE for services to music, Queen's Birthday Honours list, 2018
* Nominated, Innovation Award, Jazz FM Awards, 2019
* Nominated, Live Entertainment of the year, Jazz FM Awards, 2019
* Jazz FM's Gold Award 2020 for his services to UK jazz and jazz education

Recipient of the prestigious Paul Hamlyn Award for artists for his work as a composer 2022 https://www.phf.org.uk/news-and-publications/600000-awarded-to-new-recipients-of-awards-for-artists-2022 Appointed visiting Fellowship Jesus College, Cambridge University 2024.

## Discography

### As leader

* *When Tomorrow Comes* (Blue Note, 1993)
* *Pyrotechnics* (Blue Note, 1993)
* *The Vibes Describes* (Blue Note, 1994)
* *The Funky End of Things* (Blue Note, 1994)
* *Life* (Blue Note, 1994)

**With Savannah**

* *I Can't Turn Away* (1981)
* *Never Let You Go* (1982)

**With Black Top**

**Other**

* *Orpheum Theatre with Sun Araw & Orphy Robinson* Otoruku Download Releases 21.09.15
* *Priming the Population Thru Subversive Experimental Sonic Gestures*, Jamal Moss, Mark Sanders & Orphy Robinson Otoruku Download Releases 01.01.16
* *Corsano / Mcphee / Prévost / Robinson* Otoruku Download Releases - 15.2.16
* *Pat Thomas & Orphy Robinson* Otoruku Download Releases 18.4.17

### As guest

**With Beggar & Co**

* *Brass, Strings n Tings* (2007)
* *The Legacy* (2011)

**With Tony Bevan**

* *Bruised* (2005)
* *Bruise with Derek Bailey* (2006)
* *We Packed Are Bags* (2007)

**With Alexander Hawkins**

* *No Now Is So* (2009)
* *All There, Ever Out* (2012)

**With Jazz Warriors**

* *Out of Many, One People* (1987)
* *Chameleon* (1993)

**With Nigel Kennedy**

* *The Four Elements*, (2011)
* *The New Four Seasons*, (2015)
* *My World*, (2016)

**With the London Improvisors Orchestra**

* *The Hearing Continues* (2001)
* *Freedom of the City* (2002)
* *Proceedings* (2000)
* *Responses, Reproduction & Reality* (2003)

**With Mica Paris**

* *I'd Hate to Love You* (1988)
* *Like Dreamers Do* (1988)

**With Courtney Pine**

**With Andy Sheppard**

* *Andy Sheppard* (1987)
* *Introductions in the Dark* (1989)
* *Soft on the Inside* (1990)

**With others**

## Film and television

* *Blood Rights*, BBC Drama, episodes 1, 2 and 3 (1990), composer
* *Eagle Star*, 3 commercials (1993), composer/performer
* *Men of the Month*, BBC Films Screen Two (1994), composer
* *Bollywood Queen*, Arclight films (2002), performer
* *The Republic of Love*, Dan Films (2003), performer
* Amos Vogel & Cinema 16, *Film as a Subversive Art*, The Sticking Place (2004), composer

## InfoBox

| Orphy RobinsonMBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Orphy Robinson | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Orphy Everton Robinson |
| Born | (1960-10-13) 13 October 1960<br>London, England |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, composer, educator |
| Instrument(s) | Vibraphone, marimba |
| Years active | 1980–present |
| Labels | Blue Note, Babel Label |
|  | |
| Website | www.thecentreofattention.co.uk |


title: Orion of Thebes

abstract: Orion of Thebes was a 5th-century grammarian of Thebes (Egypt), the teacher of Proclus the neo-Platonist, and of Aelia Eudocia, the wife of Emperor Theodosius II. He taught at Alexandria, Caesarea in Cappadocia and Constantinople. He was the author of a partly extant etymological Lexicon, largely used by the compilers of the Etymologicum Magnum, the Etymologicum Gudianum and other similar works; a collection of maxims in three books, addressed to Eudocia, also ascribed to him by Suidas, still exists in a Warsaw manuscript.

text:
# Orion of Thebes

**Orion of Thebes** (Greek: Ώρίων ό Θηβαίος, died c. 460s) was a 5th-century grammarian of Thebes (Egypt), the teacher of Proclus the neo-Platonist, and of Aelia Eudocia, the wife of Emperor Theodosius II. He taught at Alexandria, Caesarea in Cappadocia and Constantinople. He was the author of a partly extant etymological Lexicon (ed. F. W. Sturz, 1820), largely used by the compilers of the *Etymologicum Magnum*, the *Etymologicum Gudianum* and other similar works; a collection of maxims in three books, addressed to Eudocia, also ascribed to him by Suidas, still exists in a Warsaw manuscript.

## Edition

* *Antholognomici* Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin (ed.), *Coniectanea critica: insunt Orionis Thebani Antholognomici Tituli VIII,* Göttingen (1839)

## Sources


title: Orthocomotis altivolans

abstract: Orthocomotis altivolans is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

text:
# Orthocomotis altivolans

***Orthocomotis altivolans*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

## Description

The length of the forewings 12-13.5 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Orthocomotis altivolans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Orthocomotis* |
| Species: | ***O. altivolans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthocomotis altivolans***<br>Brown, 2003 | |
|


title: Orr, Kentucky

abstract: Orr is an unincorporated community located in Lawrence County, Kentucky, United States. Its post office is closed.

text:
# Orr, Kentucky

**Orr** is an unincorporated community located in Lawrence County, Kentucky, United States. Its post office is closed.

## InfoBox

| Orr, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| OrrLocation in KentuckyOrrLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 38°8′8″N 82°53′31″W / 38.13556°N 82.89194°W / 38.13556; -82.89194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Lawrence |
| Elevation | 712 ft (217 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 508758 |


title: Orr's Circle of the Sciences

abstract: Orr's Circle of the Sciences was a scientific encyclopedia of the 1850s, published in London by William Somerville Orr.

text:
# Orr's Circle of the Sciences

***Orr's Circle of the Sciences*** was a scientific encyclopedia of the 1850s, published in London by William Somerville Orr.

## William S. Orr & Co.

William S. Orr & Co. was a publisher in Paternoster Row, London. It put out the *British Cyclopædia* in ten volumes of the 1830s. It also was in business selling engravings (for example the Kenny Meadows illustrations to Shakespeare), and maps, such as a mid-century *Cab Fare and Guide Map of London* (c. 1853).

The firm was a general commercial publisher, with a specialist area of natural history, and also published periodicals. It was innovative in its use of wood engraving, in its 1838 edition of *Paul et Virginie*. In children's literature, it published Christoph von Schmid's *Basket of Flowers* in an English translation of 1848, in partnership with J. B. Müller of Stuttgart.

## William Somerville Orr

Orr himself was a publishers' agent from the 1830s, and was a close associate of Robert and William Chambers. He printed a London edition of *Chambers's Edinburgh Journal* by mid-1832. The arrangement used stereotype plates, and brought the circulation up to 50,000. By 1845 the circulation was declining from its peak, and Orr wrote to Chambers explaining that the market was changing. In 1846 Chambers terminated the arrangement with Orr.

*Punch* magazine, set up in 1841, brought in Orr to help with distribution to booksellers and news agents. Orr died in 1873.

## *Orr's Circle of the Sciences*

*Orr's Circle of the Sciences* was announced first as a part publication, a series in weekly parts, price 2d. beginning 5 January 1854. The series editor was John Stevenson Bushnan, who also wrote the introductory section of the first volume.

| Volume | Year | Title | Content |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1854 | Organic Nature, vol. 1/The Principles of Physiology | *On the Nature, Connection, and Uses of the Great Departments of Human Knowledge*, John Stevenson Bushnan
*On the Physiology of Animal and Vegetable Life*, John Stevenson Bushnan
*On the Principal Forms of the Skeleton*, Richard Owen
*On the Principal Forms and Structures of the Teeth*, Richard Owen
*On the Varieties of the Human Species*, Robert Gordon Latham |
| 2 | 1854 | The Mathematical Sciences | *Simple Arithmetic, Algebra and the Elements of Euclid*, John Radford Young
*Planes, Spherical Trigonometry, Series, Logarithms, and Mensuration*, John Francis Twisden
*Practical Geometry*, Alexander Jardine |
| 3 | 1855 | A System of Natural History
Vol. 1 Botany and Invertebrated Animals | *Botany*, Edward Smith
*Zoology*, William Sweetland Dallas |
| 4 | 1855 | Elementary Chemistry | John Scoffern. The author explains in the introduction that the work was based on a revision of William Henry's *Treatise on Chemistry*. |
| 5 | 1855 | Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography | *Science of Physical Geography and Geology*, David Thomas Ansted
*Crystallography and Mineralogy*, Walter Mitchell and James Tennant |
| 6 | 1855 | Organic Nature Vol. III/A System of Natural History
Vol. 2 Vertebrate Animals | William Sweetland Dallas; Edward Smith's name is on the title page, but for "Botany". |
| 7 | 1856 | Practical Astronomy, Navigation, Nautical Astronomy and Meteorology | *Nautical Astronony and Navigation*, John Radford Young
*Practical Astronomy*, Hugh Breen
*Meteorology*, John Scoffern and Edward Joseph Lowe
Lowe's participation is mentioned in his Royal Society obituary. |
| 8 | 1856 | Practical Chemistry | *Electro-deposition*, George Gore
*Photography*, Marcus Sparling
*Chemistry of Food*, translation by Edward Bronner from the German of Jacob Moleschott, *Lehre des Nahrungsmittel für das Volk*
*Adulterations of Food*, John Scoffern |
| 9 | 1856 | Mechanical Philosophy | *Mechanical Laws, Theory of Equilibrium, Mechanical Powers, Statics, Dynamics, and Hydrostatics*, Walter Mitchell
John Radford Young
*Mechanical Drawing, Strength of Materials, Construction of Machinery, the Steam Engine, and Textile Machines*, John Imray |


title: Osmium(IV) fluoride

abstract: Osmium(IV) fluoride is an inorganic chemical compound of osmium metal and fluorine with the chemical formula OsF4.

text:
# Osmium(IV) fluoride

**Osmium(IV) fluoride** is an inorganic chemical compound of osmium metal and fluorine with the chemical formula OsF4.

## Synthesis

Passing fluorine over heated osmium at 280 °C:

Os + 2F2 → OsF4

Reaction products can be contaminated with other osmium fluorides.

## Physical properties

Osmium(IV) fluoride compound forms yellow hygroscopic crystals.

## Chemical properties

Osmium(IV) fluoride reacts with water.

OsF4 \+ 2H2O → OsO2 \+ 4HF

## InfoBox

Osmium(IV) fluoride
| Names | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names Osmium tetrafluoride | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| InChI * InChI=CSRXPKRQTCTNOE-UHFFFAOYSA-JKey: 1S/4FH.Os/h4\*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 | |
| SMILES * \[F-\].\[F-\].\[F-\].\[F-\].\[Os+4\] | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | F4Os |
| Molar mass | 266.22 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | yellow crystals |
| Melting point | 230 °C (446 °F; 503 K) |
| Solubility in water | reacts with water |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Osmium(V) chloride

abstract: Osmium(V) chloride is an inorganic chemical compound of osmium metal and chlorine with the chemical formula OsCl5.

text:
# Osmium(V) chloride

**Osmium(V) chloride** is an inorganic chemical compound of osmium metal and chlorine with the chemical formula **OsCl5**.

## Potential synthesis

Osmium(V) chloride can be obtained in small amounts by reacting osmium hexafluoride with excess boron trichloride:

2OsF6 \+ 4BCl3 → 2OsCl5 \+ 4BF3 \+ Cl2

It can also be obtained by the action of sulfur dichloride on osmium tetroxide:

2OsO4 \+ 8SCl2 \+ 5Cl2 → 2OsCl5 \+ 8SOCl2

## Physical properties

Osmium(V) chloride forms a black dimeric solid, isomorphic with rhenium(V) chloride. OsCl5 is sparingly soluble in non-polar solvents. It is soluble in POCl3 to form a red-brown solution, which can crystallize OsCl5·POCl3.

## InfoBox

Osmium(V) chloride
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Other names pentachloroosmium, osmium pentachloride | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/5ClH.Os/h5\*1H;/q;;;;;+5/p-5Key: UVOYHLXSTOWTCX-UHFFFAOYSA-I | |
| SMILES * Cl\[Os\](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Cl5Os |
| Molar mass | 367.48 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | black solid |
| Density | 4.09 |
| Melting point | 160 °C (320 °F; 433 K) |
| Solubility in water | soluble |
| Structure | |
| Space group | *P*21/*c* |
| Lattice constant | *a* = 9.17 Å, *b* = 11.5 Å, *c* = 11.97 Åα = 90°, β = 109°°, γ = 90°. |
| Lattice volume (*V*) | 1194 Å3 |
| Formula units (*Z*) | 8 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds | Osmium pentafluoride; Rhenium pentachloride |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


abstract: Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun or IS☉IS, is an instrument aboard the Parker Solar Probe, a space probe designed to study the Sun. IS☉IS is focused on measuring energetic particles from the Sun, including electrons, protons, and ions. The parent spacecraft was launched in early August 2018, and with multiple flybys of Venus will study the heliosphere of the Sun from less than 4 million kilometers or less than 9 solar radii. IS☉IS consists of two detectors, EPI-Lo and EPI-Hi, corresponding to detection of relatively lower and higher energy particles. EPI-Lo is designed to detect from about 20 keV per nucleon up to 15 MeV total energy, and for electrons from about 25 keV up to 1000 keV. EPI-Hi is designed to measure charged particles from about 1– to 200 MeV per nucleon and electrons from about 0.5 to 6 MeV, according to a paper about the device. The shortname includes a symbol for the Sun, a circle with a dot in it: ☉. NASA suggests pronouncing the name as "ee-sis" in English.

text:
# Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun

**Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun** or **IS☉IS**, is an instrument aboard the *Parker Solar Probe*, a space probe designed to study the Sun. IS☉IS is focused on measuring energetic particles from the Sun, including electrons, protons, and ions. The parent spacecraft was launched in early August 2018, and with multiple flybys of Venus will study the heliosphere of the Sun from less than 4 million kilometers or less than 9 solar radii.

IS☉IS consists of two detectors, EPI-Lo and EPI-Hi, corresponding to detection of relatively lower and higher energy particles. EPI-Lo is designed to detect from about 20 keV per nucleon up to 15 MeV (mega electronvolts) total energy, and for electrons from about 25 keV up to 1000 keV. EPI-Hi is designed to measure charged particles from about 1– to 200 MeV per nucleon and electrons from about 0.5 to 6 MeV, according to a paper about the device.

The shortname includes a symbol for the Sun, a circle with a dot in it: ☉. NASA suggests pronouncing the name as "ee-sis" in English.

## Operations

By September 2018, IS☉IS had been turned on and first light data was returned.

## EPI-Hi

EPI-Hi includes:

* High Energy Telescope (1)
    + HET has 16 detectors stacked
* Low Energy Telescopes (2)
    + LET1 is double ended with 9 stacked detectors
    + LET2 is single ended with 7 stacked detectors

The detectors are solid-state devices.

## EPI-Lo

EPI-Lo includes 8 wedge detectors, fed by 80 separate entrances. These entrances correspond to covering a field of view over almost a full hemisphere.

EPI-Lo can record differential energy spectra for electrons, Hydrogen, Helium-3, Helium-4, Carbon, Oxygen, Neon, Magnesium, Silicon, and Iron.

* JEDI (instrument on *Juno* Jupiter orbiter that detects energetic particles at Jupiter)


title: Integrated Science Instrument Module

abstract: Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) is a component of the James Webb Space Telescope, a large international infrared space telescope launched on 25 December 2021. ISIM is the heart of the JWST, and holds the main science payload which includes four science instruments and the fine guidance sensor. ISIM is the spacecraft chassis and instruments that take the light from the main mirror and convert that into the science data that is then sent back to Earth. The other two major sections of the JWST are the Optical Telescope Element (OTE) and the Spacecraft Element (SE), which includes the spacecraft bus and sunshield. ISIM has a mass of 1400 kg, about 23% of the mass of the JWST. The infrared camera instrument integrated with ISIM passed its thermal tests in early 2016. ISIM underwent intense thermal cold testing in late 2015 to early 2016. NIRcam is extremely important to JWST, because it is not only a sensitive infrared camera, but it is also used to adjust the alignment of the main mirror segments. The tests were very positive because NIRcam showed it was very stable through vibration and thermal testing. NIRcam was installed into ISIM in March 2014, and then underwent integration and testing after that, as the telescope was readied for its originally planned 2019 launch.

text:
# Integrated Science Instrument Module

**Integrated Science Instrument Module** (**ISIM**) is a component of the James Webb Space Telescope, a large international infrared space telescope launched on 25 December 2021. ISIM is the heart of the JWST, and holds the main science payload which includes four science instruments and the fine guidance sensor.

ISIM is the spacecraft chassis and instruments that take the light from the main mirror and convert that into the science data that is then sent back to Earth. The other two major sections of the JWST are the Optical Telescope Element (OTE) (mirrors and their structure) and the Spacecraft Element (SE), which includes the spacecraft bus and sunshield. ISIM has a mass of 1400 kg (3086 lb), about 23% of the mass of the JWST.

The infrared camera instrument integrated with ISIM passed its thermal tests in early 2016. ISIM underwent intense thermal cold testing in late 2015 to early 2016. NIRcam is extremely important to JWST, because it is not only a sensitive infrared camera, but it is also used to adjust the alignment of the main mirror segments. The tests were very positive because NIRcam showed it was very stable through vibration and thermal testing. NIRcam was installed into ISIM in March 2014, and then underwent integration and testing after that, as the telescope was readied for its originally planned 2019 launch.

## Summary

ISIM contains these instruments:

ISIM also includes the MIRI crycooler, which extends down into the spacecraft bus (on the hot side of the spacecraft). Relevant systems and subsystems the ISIM:

* Optical metering structure
* ISIM Electronics Compartment (IEC)
* harness radiator
* ISIM Command and Data Handling System (ICDH)
* ISIM Remote Services Unit (IRSU)
* electrical harness system
* thermal control system
* flight software system
* on-board script system

Three regions to ISIM were defined by NASA to aid in its production. The three regions include the cryogenic instrument module (1), the electronics compartment (2), and finally the Command and Data Handling subsystem and MIRI crycooler (3), which is inside the spacecraft bus physically. MIRI needs to be colder than the other instruments so it has an additional cooler. MIRI is the mid-infrared instrument. The Command and Data Handling subsystem uses the spacecraft on-board communication standard called SpaceWire. SpaceWire was developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), and provides low-power data communication at up to 200 Mbits per second.

Regions:

* Cryogenic instrument module
* Electronics Compartment (ISIM Electronics Compartment (IEC))
* ISIM Command and Data Handling subsystem (ICDH)
    + This is located inside the spacecraft bus
    + Also includes MIRI cryocooler

In May 2016, OTE and ISIM were merged into what is called OTIS, which is the combination of these two regions.

### ISIM Electronics Compartment (IEC)

The ISIM Electronics Compartment (IEC) is a section of ISIM that houses computing and electrical resources for the instruments. The main electronics for each of the instruments is housed in this thermally wrapped box. In 2014 the electronics for NIRspec were installed in the IEC. The IEC is mounted to the cryogenic structure of the main telescope, and the enclosure must maintain a much warmer temperature for the electronics inside, but not allow that heat to negatively affect the main telescope. The box can dissipate about 200 watts of electrical power. One of the considerations is to direct the majority of the heat (radiatively) in a roughly 20 degree angle in between the back of the main mirror structure and instruments and the sunshield. Not too close to the back of the telescope or too close to the sunshield, but by using baffles and insulation, direct the heat out into space. The IEC box sits just below most of the instruments and behind it, but above the spacecraft bus.

There is one side that is made of aluminum and the other sides are composite. It is wrapped in multiple layers of insulation including six layers of SLI (the JWST Single Layer Insulation). Some of the features for thermal (heat) management include a parasitic tray radiator and baffles.

IEC constitutes region 2 of ISIM.


title: International Social Work

abstract: International Social Work is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of social work. The journal is edited by Professor Patrick O'Leary and Professor Ming-sum TSUI. It has been in publication since 1957 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW), the International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW); each of whom have equal ownership of the journal.

text:
# International Social Work

***International Social Work*** is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of social work. The journal is edited by Professor **Patrick O'Leary (Griffith University, Australia) and Professor Ming-sum TSUI (Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong)**. It has been in publication since 1957 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW), the International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW); each of whom have equal ownership of the journal.

## Scope

*International Social Work* is a journal which strives to extend knowledge and promote communication in the fields of social development, social welfare and human services. It has a particular focus on a selection of key international themes in the delivery of services and the education of social workers.

## Abstracting and indexing

*International Social Work* is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: Academic Search Premier, the British Education Index, Current Contents, the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, its 2016 impact factor is 0.573, ranking it 35th out of 42 journals in the category 'Social Work'.

## InfoBox

*International Social Work*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Social Work |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Professor Vasilios Ioakimidis |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | Formerly (until 1958): Social Welfare in South-East-Asia |
| History | 1957–present |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications |
| Frequency | Bi-monthly |
| Impact factor | 0.573 (2016) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Int. Soc. Work* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0020-8728 (print)
1461-7234 (web)
 |
| LCCN | sa64007476 |
| OCLC no. | 475400860 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Intelligence collection plan

abstract: An intelligence collection plan (ICP) is the systematic process used by most modern armed forces and intelligence services to meet intelligence requirements through the tasking of all available resources to gather and provide pertinent information within a required time limit. Creating a collection plan is part of the intelligence cycle. While an ICP has no prescribed doctrinal format, it must use all available collection capabilities to meet the decision maker's priority requirements. It must be precise and concise, yet a working document that is flexible enough to respond to changes as they occur.

text:
# Intelligence collection plan

An **intelligence collection plan** (ICP) is the systematic process used by most modern armed forces and intelligence services to meet intelligence requirements through the tasking of all available resources to gather and provide pertinent information within a required time limit. Creating a collection plan is part of the intelligence cycle.

While an ICP has no prescribed doctrinal format, it must use all available collection capabilities to meet the decision maker's priority requirements. It must be precise and concise, yet a working document that is flexible enough to respond to changes as they occur.

## Process

Developing an ICP typically involves five stages:

### Requirements

Identifying the intelligence requirements or the decision maker’s intent ensures that information collected is pertinent and that time and resources are not wasted.

### Assets, resources, and deterrents

At this stage, assets, resources, and obstacles are determined to help guide collection. Assets and resources are broken down into categories of sources and contacts and the value and extent of use for each asset and resource is evaluated. Deterrents to collection are identified and plans are developed to address deterrents. Travel plans are designed to overcome geographical barriers and emergency plans are conceived to address possible problems that may be encountered.

### Priorities

A strategy is then devised based on the previous steps to prioritize collection. This ensures that all requirements are adequately addressed, and that more important requirements receive an adequate amount of attention.

### Taskings

Those who will do the collecting are then given tasks based on the previous steps. This ensures that each collector has a manageable amount of work and that someone is responsible for each requirement. It also makes collectors accountable for their areas of responsibility.

### Evaluation and updates

Once collection has begun, it is important to track progress to ensure that the requirements are being appropriately addressed and that time schedules are being met. When tracking progress in collection, there are several stages in which a task may be. It may be pending assignment, in process, on hold, reassigned, completed, or canceled, depending on the stage of the ICP process and any changes that may have occurred during collection.

It is also important to update the plan and keep it current as the situation and the needs and requirements of the decision maker changes. This flexibility ensures that the intelligence needs are better met when dealing with dynamic problems.


title: Intelligence assessment

abstract: Intelligence assessment, or simply intel, is the development of behavior forecasts or recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organisation, based on wide ranges of available overt and covert information (intelligence). Assessments develop in response to leadership declaration requirements to inform decision-making. Assessment may be executed on behalf of a state, military or commercial organisation with ranges of information sources available to each. An intelligence assessment reviews available information and previous assessments for relevance and currency. Where there requires additional information, the analyst may direct some collection. Intelligence studies is the academic field concerning intelligence assessment, especially relating to international relations and military science.

text:
# Intelligence assessment

**Intelligence assessment**, or simply **intel**, is the development of behavior forecasts or recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organisation, based on wide ranges of available overt and covert information (intelligence). Assessments develop in response to leadership declaration requirements to inform decision-making. Assessment may be executed on behalf of a state, military or commercial organisation with ranges of information sources available to each.

An intelligence assessment reviews available information and previous assessments for relevance and currency. Where there requires additional information, the analyst may direct some collection.

Intelligence studies is the academic field concerning intelligence assessment, especially relating to international relations and military science.

## Process

Intelligence assessment is based on a customer requirement or need, which may be a standing requirement or tailored to a specific circumstance or a Request for Information (RFI). The "requirement" is passed to the assessing agency and worked through the intelligence cycle, a structured method for responding to the RFI.

The RFI may indicate in what format the requester prefers to consume the product.

The RFI is reviewed by a Requirements Manager, who will then **direct** appropriate tasks to respond to the request. This will involve a review of existing material, the tasking of new analytical product or the collection of new information to inform an analysis.

New information may be **collected** through one or more of the various collection disciplines; human source, electronic and communications intercept, imagery or open sources. The nature of the RFI and the urgency placed on it may indicate that some collection types are unsuitable due to the time taken to collect or validate the information gathered. Intelligence gathering disciplines and the sources and methods used are often highly classified and compartmentalised, with analysts requiring an appropriate high level of security clearance.

The process of taking known information about situations and entities of importance to the RFI, characterizing what is known and attempting to forecast future events is termed "all source" assessment, analysis or **processing**. The analyst uses multiple sources to mutually corroborate, or exclude, the information collected, reaching a conclusion along with a measure of confidence around that conclusion.

Where sufficient current information already exists, the analysis may be tasked directly without reference to further collection.

The analysis is then communicated back to the requester in the format directed, although subject to the constraints on both the RFI and the methods used in the analysis, the format may be made available for other uses as well and **disseminated** accordingly. The analysis will be written to a defined classification level with alternative versions potentially available at a number of classification levels for further dissemination.

## Target-centric intelligence cycle

This approach, known as **Find-Fix-Finish-Exploit-Assess** (**F3EA**), is complementary to the intelligence cycle and focused on the intervention itself, where the subject of the assessment is clearly identifiable and provisions exist to make some form of intervention against that subject, the target-centric assessment approach may be used.

The subject for action, or target, is identified and efforts are initially made to **find** the target for further development. This activity will identify where intervention against the target will have the most beneficial effects.

When the decision is made to intervene, action is taken to **fix** the target, confirming that the intervention will have a high probability of success and restricting the ability of the target to take independent action.

During the **finish** stage, the intervention is executed, potentially an arrest or detention or the placement of other collection methods.

Following the intervention, **exploitation** of the target is carried out, which may lead to further refinement of the process for related targets. The output from the exploit stage will also be passed into other intelligence assessment activities.

## Intelligence Information Cycle Theory

The Intelligence Information Cycle leverages secrecy theory and U.S. regulation of classified intelligence to re-conceptualize the traditional intelligence cycle under the following four assumptions:

1. Intelligence is secret information
2. Intelligence is a public good
3. Intelligence moves cyclically
4. Intelligence is hoarded

Information is transformed from privately held to secretly held to public based on who has control over it. For example, the private information of a source becomes secret information (intelligence) when control over its dissemination is shared with an intelligence officer, and then becomes public information when the intelligence officer further disseminates it to the public by any number of means, including formal reporting, threat warning, and others. The fourth assumption, intelligence is hoarded, causes conflict points where information transitions from one type to another. The first conflict point, collection, occurs when private transitions to secret information (intelligence). The second conflict point, dissemination, occurs when secret transitions to public information. Thus, conceiving of intelligence using these assumptions demonstrates the cause of collection techniques (to ease the private-secret transition) and dissemination conflicts, and can inform ethical standards of conduct among all agents in the intelligence process.

## Further reading

Surveys * Andrew, Christopher. *For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush* (1996)
* Black, Ian and Morris, Benny *Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services* (1991)
* Bungert, Heike et al. eds. *Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century* (2003) Archived 2012-07-16 at the Wayback Machine essays by scholars
* Dulles, Allen W. *The Craft of Intelligence: America's Legendary Spy Master on the Fundamentals of Intelligence Gathering for a Free World* (2006)
* Kahn, David *The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet* (1996), 1200 pages
* Lerner, K. Lee and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, eds. *Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security* (2003), 1100 pages. 850 articles, strongest on technology
* Odom, Gen. William E. *Fixing Intelligence: For a More Secure America, Second Edition (Yale Nota Bene)* (2004)
* O'Toole, George. *Honorable Treachery: A History of U.S. Intelligence, Espionage, Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA* (1991)
* Owen, David. *Hidden Secrets: A Complete History of Espionage and the Technology Used to Support It* (2002), popular
* Richelson, Jeffery T. *A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century* (1997) Archived 2012-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Richelson, Jeffery T. *The U.S. Intelligence Community* (4th ed. 1999)
* Shulsky, Abram N. and Schmitt, Gary J. "Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence" (3rd ed. 2002), 285 pages
* West, Nigel. *MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909–1945* (1983)
* West, Nigel. *Secret War: The Story of SOE, Britain's Wartime Sabotage Organization* (1992)
* Wohlstetter, Roberta. *Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision* (1962)

World War I * Beesly, Patrick. *Room 40*. (1982). Covers the breaking of German codes by RN intelligence, including the Turkish bribe, Zimmermann telegram, and failure at Jutland.
* May, Ernest (ed.) *Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars* (1984)
* Tuchman, Barbara W. *The Zimmermann Telegram* (1966)
* Yardley, Herbert O. *American Black Chamber* (2004)

World War II1931–1945 * Babington Smith, Constance. *Air Spy: the Story of Photo Intelligence in World War II* (1957) - originally published as *Evidence in Camera* in the UK
* Beesly, Patrick. *Very Special Intelligence: the Story of the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre, 1939–1945* (1977)
* Hinsley, F. H. *British Intelligence in the Second World War* (1996) (abridged version of multivolume official history)
* Jones, R. V. *Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945* (2009)
* Kahn, David. *Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II* (1978)
* Kahn, David. *Seizing the Enigma: the Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939–1943* (1991)
* Kitson, Simon. *The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France*, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (2008). ISBN 978-0-226-43893-1
* Lewin, Ronald. *The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers and the Defeat of Japan* (1982)
* May, Ernest (ed.) *Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars* (1984)
* Smith, Richard Harris. *OSS: the Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency* (2005)
* Stanley, Roy M. *World War II Photo Intelligence* (1981)
* Wark, Wesley K. *The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933–1939* (1985)
* Wark, Wesley K. "Cryptographic Innocence: the Origins of Signals Intelligence in Canada in the Second World War", in: *Journal of Contemporary History* 22 (1987)

Cold War Era1945–1991


title: Intelligence cycle

abstract: The intelligence cycle is an idealized model of how intelligence is processed in civilian and military intelligence agencies, and law enforcement organizations. It is a closed path consisting of repeating nodes, which will result in finished intelligence. The stages of the intelligence cycle include the issuance of requirements by decision makers, collection, processing, analysis, and publication of intelligence. The circuit is completed when decision makers provide feedback and revised requirements. The intelligence cycle is also called intelligence process by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and the uniformed services.

text:
# Intelligence cycle

The **intelligence cycle** is an idealized model of how intelligence is processed in civilian and military intelligence agencies, and law enforcement organizations. It is a closed path consisting of repeating nodes, which (if followed) will result in finished intelligence. The stages of the intelligence cycle include the issuance of requirements by decision makers, collection, processing, analysis, and publication (i.e., dissemination) of intelligence. The circuit is completed when decision makers provide feedback and revised requirements. The intelligence cycle is also called **intelligence process** by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and the uniformed services.

## Conceptual model

### Direction

Intelligence requirements are determined by a decision maker to meet his/her objectives. In the federal government of the United States, requirements (or priorities) can be issued from the White House or the Congress. In NATO, a commander uses requirements (sometimes called Essential elements of information (EEIs)) to initiate the intelligence cycle.

### Collection

In response to requirements, an intelligence staff develops an intelligence collection plan applying available sources and methods and seeking intelligence from other agencies. Collection includes inputs from several intelligence gathering disciplines, such as HUMINT (human intelligence), IMINT (imagery intelligence), ELINT (electronic intelligence), SIGINT (Signals Intelligence), OSINT (open source, or publicly available intelligence), etc.

### Processing and exploitation

Once the collection plan is executed and the data arrives, it is processed for exploitation. This involves the translation of raw intelligence materials from a foreign language, evaluation of relevance and reliability, and collation of the raw data in preparation for exploitation.

### Analysis

Analysis establishes the significance and implications of processed intelligence, integrates it by combining disparate pieces of information to identify collateral information and patterns, then interprets the significance of any newly developed knowledge.

### Dissemination

Finished intelligence products take many forms depending on the needs of the decision maker and reporting requirements. The level of urgency of various types of intelligence is typically established by an intelligence organization or community. For example, an indications and warning (I&W) bulletin would require higher precedence than an annual report.

### Feedback

The intelligence cycle is a closed loop; feedback is received from the decision maker and revised requirements issued.

## Intelligence information cycle theory

The intelligence information cycle leverages secrecy theory and U.S. regulation of classified intelligence to re-conceptualize the traditional intelligence cycle under the following four assumptions:

1. Intelligence is secret information
2. Intelligence is a public good
3. Intelligence moves cyclically
4. Intelligence is hoarded

Information is transformed from privately held to secretly held to public based on who has control over it. For example, the private information of a source becomes secret information (intelligence) when control over its dissemination is shared with an intelligence officer, and then becomes public information when the intelligence officer further disseminates it to the public by any number of means, including formal reporting, threat warning, and others. The fourth assumption, intelligence is hoarded, causes conflict points where information transitions from one type to another. The first conflict point, collection, occurs when private transitions to secret information (intelligence). The second conflict point, dissemination, occurs when secret transitions to public information. Thus, conceiving of intelligence using these assumptions demonstrates the cause of collection techniques (to ease the private-secret transition) and dissemination conflicts, and can inform ethical standards of conduct among all agents in the intelligence process.

1. "The Intelligence Cycle" (HTML). Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 23 March 2013. Archived from the original (HTML) on 08 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
2. "Joint Publication 2-0, Joint Intelligence" (PDF). *Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)*. Department of Defense. 22 June 2007. pp. GL–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
3. Stottlemyre, Steven (2022). "Reconceptualizing Intelligence after Benghazi". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.19732.99204. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
4. Stottlemyre, Steven (2021). "The United States Intelligence Community, Secrecy and the 'Steele Dossier': Reconceptualizing the Intelligence Process". *Journal of European and American Intelligence Studies*. **4** (2): 11–28.


title: Ostedes coomani

abstract: Ostedes coomani is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pic in 1927.

text:
# Ostedes coomani

***Ostedes coomani*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pic in 1927.

## InfoBox

| *Ostedes coomani* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Ostedes*** |
| Species: | ***O. coomani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ostedes coomani***<br>Pic, 1927 | |
|


title: Intelsat 602

abstract: Intelsat 602, also known as IS-602 and previously named Intelsat VI F-2, is a communications satellite operated by Intelsat. Launched in 1989, it was the first of five Intelsat VI satellites to be launched. The Intelsat VI series was constructed by Hughes Aircraft, based on the HS-389 satellite bus. Intelsat 602 was decommissioned in July 2012. Intelsat 602 was launched at 23:05:00 UTC on 27 October 1989, atop an Ariane 4 44L carrier rocket, flight number V34. The launch took place from ELA-2 at Kourou, and placed Intelsat 602 into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into its final geostationary orbit using two liquid-fuelled R-4D-12 engines, with the satellite arriving in geostationary orbit on 31 October 1989. Intelsat 602 initially operated in a geostationary orbit with a perigee of 35,726 kilometres (22,199 mi), an apogee of 35,849 kilometres (22,276 mi), and 0.1 degrees of inclination, however its inclination has increased over time. The satellite carried 38 IEEE C band and ten IEEE Ku band transponders, and had a design life of 13 years and a mass of 4,215 kilograms (9,292 lb). After launch, Intelsat 602 was positioned at a longitude of 37 degrees west until January 1991, when it was moved to 24.5 degrees west. It left this position in February 1992, and arrived at 60 degrees east in April 1992. Later the same month the satellite was again relocated, and was next operated at 63 degrees east between October 1992 and October 1997. It then moved to 62 degrees East where it operated until November 2001 when it was moved to 32.9 degrees east, arriving in December. Between May and July 2003, it was moved to 50.5 degrees east, and between December 2004 and June 2005 it moved to 150.5 degrees east, where it was operated under an agreement with Indosat until May 2007. It was positioned at 157 degrees east between June 2007 and August 2008, and in November 2008 it began operations at 177.9 degrees east; Intelsat documentation listed its position as 178 degrees east. The satellite was decommissioned and moved to a graveyard orbit in July 2012.

text:
# Intelsat 602

0°00′N 179°22′W / 0°N 179.36°W / 0; -179.36

**Intelsat 602**, also known as **IS-602** and previously named **Intelsat VI F-2**, is a communications satellite operated by Intelsat. Launched in 1989, it was the first of five Intelsat VI satellites to be launched. The Intelsat VI series was constructed by Hughes Aircraft, based on the HS-389 satellite bus. Intelsat 602 was decommissioned in July 2012.

Intelsat 602 was launched at 23:05:00 UTC on 27 October 1989, atop an Ariane 4 44L carrier rocket, flight number V34. The launch took place from ELA-2 at Kourou, and placed Intelsat 602 into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into its final geostationary orbit using two liquid-fuelled R-4D-12 engines, with the satellite arriving in geostationary orbit on 31 October 1989.

Intelsat 602 initially operated in a geostationary orbit with a perigee of 35,726 kilometres (22,199 mi), an apogee of 35,849 kilometres (22,276 mi), and 0.1 degrees of inclination, however its inclination has increased over time. The satellite carried 38 IEEE C band and ten IEEE Ku band transponders, and had a design life of 13 years and a mass of 4,215 kilograms (9,292 lb).

After launch, Intelsat 602 was positioned at a longitude of 37 degrees west until January 1991, when it was moved to 24.5 degrees west. It left this position in February 1992, and arrived at 60 degrees east in April 1992. Later the same month the satellite was again relocated, and was next operated at 63 degrees east between October 1992 and October 1997. It then moved to 62 degrees East where it operated until November 2001 when it was moved to 32.9 degrees east, arriving in December. Between May and July 2003, it was moved to 50.5 degrees east, and between December 2004 and June 2005 it moved to 150.5 degrees east, where it was operated under an agreement with Indosat until May 2007. It was positioned at 157 degrees east between June 2007 and August 2008, and in November 2008 it began operations at 177.9 degrees east; Intelsat documentation listed its position as 178 degrees east. The satellite was decommissioned and moved to a graveyard orbit in July 2012.

## InfoBox

Intelsat 602
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mission type | Communication |
| Operator | Intelsat |
| COSPAR ID | 1989-087A |
| SATCAT no. | 20315 |
| Mission duration | 13 years (planned)
23 years (achieved) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Bus | HS-389 |
| Manufacturer | Hughes |
| Launch mass | 4,215 kilograms (9,292 lb) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 27 October 1989, 23:05:00 (1989-10-27UTC23:05Z) UTC |
| Rocket | Ariane 44L V34 |
| Launch site | Kourou ELA-2 |
| Contractor | Arianespace |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Disposal | Decommissioned |
| Deactivated | July 2012 (2012-08) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Geostationary |
| Longitude | 37° W (first position) |
| Perigee altitude | 35,726 kilometres (22,199 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 35,849 kilometres (22,276 mi) |
| Inclination | 0.1 degrees |
| Period | 1436.14 minutes |
| Epoch | 27 November 1989 |
|  | |
| *Intelsat VI* | |


abstract: Standings and results for Group I of the last 16 phase of the 2010–11 Eurocup basketball tournament.

text:
# Eurocup Basketball 2010–11 Last 16 Group I

Standings and results for **Group I** of the **last 16** phase of the 2010–11 Eurocup basketball tournament.

## Standings

Key to colors
|  | Top two places in each group advance to the Quarterfinals |
| --- | --- |

|  | Team | Pld | W | L | PF | PA | Diff | Tie-break |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | UNICS Kazan | 6 | 4 | 2 | 492 | 459 | +33 | 1–1 (+14) |
| 2. | Cedevita Zagreb | 6 | 4 | 2 | 513 | 531 | −18 | 1–1 (−14) |
| 3. | Gran Canaria 2014 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 482 | 484 | −2 | 1–1 (+5) |
| 4. | KK Hemofarm | 6 | 2 | 4 | 453 | 466 | −13 | 1–1 (−5) |

## Fixtures and results

*All times given below are in Central European Time.*

### Game 1

| **UNICS Kazan** | **67**64 | Gran Canaria 2014 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 16–16, 12–**16**, **15**–12, **24**–20 | | |
| **Pts:** Minard 16
**Rebs:** Rizvić 9
**Asts:** Lyday 3 |  | **Pts:** Carroll 22
**Rebs:** Rey 7
**Asts:** Wallace 6 |

---

| **KK Hemofarm** | **86**73 | Cedevita Zagreb |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **32**–15, **18**–14, **19**–14, 17–**30** | | |
| **Pts:** Jordan 19
**Rebs:** Savović, Borisov 8
**Asts:** Pavković 5 |  | **Pts:** Wright 25
**Rebs:** Plaisted 6
**Asts:** Draper 4 |

### Game 2

| Cedevita Zagreb | 76**94** | **UNICS Kazan** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 23–**26**, 15–15, 19–**35**, **19**–18 | | |
| **Pts:** Draper 16
**Rebs:** Kaštropil 9
**Asts:** Draper 6 |  | **Pts:** McCarty 22
**Rebs:** Rizvić, Lampe 8
**Asts:** Lyday 6 |

---

| **Gran Canaria 2014** | **72**66 | KK Hemofarm |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **13**–11, **21**–15, **20**–18, 18–**22** | | |
| **Pts:** Carroll 27
**Rebs:** Nelson 6
**Asts:** Bellas 4 |  | **Pts:** Savović 13
**Rebs:** Borisov 9
**Asts:** Pavković 5 |

### Game 3

| KK Hemofarm | 83**84** | **UNICS Kazan** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **24**–17, 13–**21**, 18–**21**, **28**–25 | | |
| **Pts:** Savović 22
**Rebs:** Savović 8
**Asts:** Pavković 9 |  | **Pts:** Lyday 28
**Rebs:** Veremeenko 11
**Asts:** Lyday 4 |

---

| **Cedevita Zagreb** | **114**110 (OT) | Gran Canaria 2014 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 26–**28**, 17–**21**, **21**–19, **32**–28, **Overtime:** **18**–14 | | |
| **Pts:** Rudež 35
**Rebs:** Edwards 9
**Asts:** Draper 11 |  | **Pts:** Carroll 28
**Rebs:** Rey 8
**Asts:** Green 7 |

### Game 4

| **UNICS Kazan** | **90**72 | KK Hemofarm |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **32**–17, **20**–14, 17–**18**, 21–**23** | | |
| **Pts:** Lampe 19
**Rebs:** Lampe 6
**Asts:** Minard 6 |  | **Pts:** Borisov 16
**Rebs:** Božović 10
**Asts:** Pavković, Božović 2 |

---

| Gran Canaria 2014 | 86**89** | **Cedevita Zagreb** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 24–**28**, **20**–16, 17–**23**, **25**–22 | | |
| **Pts:** Carroll 27
**Rebs:** Nelson 8
**Asts:** Green 6 |  | **Pts:** Wright, Rudež 23
**Rebs:** Edwards 11
**Asts:** Draper 10 |

### Game 5

| **Cedevita Zagreb** | **73**71 | KK Hemofarm |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **25**–24, 17–**20**, **18**–10, 13–**17** | | |
| **Pts:** Edwards 17
**Rebs:** Baždarić 8
**Asts:** Draper 7 |  | **Pts:** Jeremić 15
**Rebs:** Božović 13
**Asts:** Pavković 3 |

---

| **Gran Canaria 2014** | **76**73 | UNICS Kazan |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 12–**14**, **31**–24, **19**–13, 14–**22** | | |
| **Pts:** Carroll 16
**Rebs:** Beiran 11
**Asts:** Wallace 4 |  | **Pts:** Minard 19
**Rebs:** Lampe 8
**Asts:** Lyday, Veremeenko 3 |

### Game 6

| **KK Hemofarm** | **75**74 | Gran Canaria 2014 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 14–**20**, **19**–14, **20**–15, 22–**25** | | |
| **Pts:** Pavković 16
**Rebs:** Božović 8
**Asts:** Pavković 6 |  | **Pts:** Carroll 17
**Rebs:** Nelson 7
**Asts:** Nelson 5 |

---

| UNICS Kazan | 84**88** | **Cedevita Zagreb** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 22–22, **18**–16, **24**–18, 20–**32** | | |
| **Pts:** McCarty, Minard 21
**Rebs:** McCarty 7
**Asts:** Pashutin 7 |  | **Pts:** Wright 27
**Rebs:** Vukušić 8
**Asts:** Princ 4 |


title: Oligodon wagneri

abstract: Oligodon wagneri, Wagner's kukri snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae. The snake is found in Indonesia.

text:
# Oligodon wagneri

***Oligodon wagneri***, **Wagner's kukri snake**, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.

The snake is found in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Oligodon wagneri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Oligodon* |
| Species: | ***O. wagneri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oligodon wagneri***
David & G. Vogel, 2012 | |
|


abstract: George John Charles Mercer Nairne Petty-Fitzmaurice, 8th Marquess of Lansdowne, DL, was a British peer and Conservative politician.

text:
# George Petty-Fitzmaurice, 8th Marquess of Lansdowne

**George John Charles Mercer Nairne Petty-Fitzmaurice, 8th Marquess of Lansdowne**, DL (27 November 1912 – 25 August 1999), was a British peer and Conservative politician.

## Background

Petty-Fitzmaurice was the only son of Lord Charles Mercer Nairne, the second son of Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne. His father was killed in action in 1914 while on active service in the First World War, and his mother, the former Lady Violet Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, later married secondly John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever.

He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and served in the British Army in the Second World War.

In August 1944, Petty-Fitzmaurice’s life was significantly changed when his cousins the 7th Marquess of Lansdowne and his younger brother were both killed in action in the War. As a result, he suddenly and unexpectedly inherited the family peerages and estates, except for the Lordship of Nairne, which under Scottish law went to the 7th Marquess's sister Katherine Evelyn Constance Bigham (1912–1995).

## Career

Lansdowne became a Justice of the Peace for Perthshire in 1950 and a Deputy Lieutenant of Wiltshire in 1952. In 1957 and 1958 he was a Lord-in-Waiting (government whip) and then was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office between 1958 and 1962 and Minister of State for Commonwealth and Colonial Affairs between 1962 and 1964. Effectively his political career was ended by the election of the Labour government of 1964–1970. In 1964 he was appointed as a Privy Counsellor.

## Personal life

Lansdowne was married four times.

On 18 March 1938 he married firstly Barbara Dempsey Chase (1918–1965), only child of Harold Stuart Chase (1890–1970), a real-estate investor of Santa Barbara, California, and Detroit, Michigan, and his wife, née Gertrude Boyer. The first Lady Lansdowne died on 18 February 1965, from injuries sustained in a shotgun blast in the gunroom at her Scottish home, Meikleour House, found by the police to be an accident. They had four children:

* Lady Caroline Margaret Petty-Fitzmaurice (1939–1956); she, like her mother, died in a shooting accident.
* Charles Maurice Petty-Fitzmaurice (born 1941); later 9th Marquess of Lansdowne.
* Lord Robert Harold Mercer Nairne (born 1947); married Jane Elizabeth Gordon (born 1950), a cousin of Granville Gordon, 13th Marquess of Huntly, and had issue, two sons and one daughter. He is a writer who lives in Scotland on the Mercer-Nairne estates, inherited from his ancestress Emily Jane de Flahaut, 8th Lady Nairne. He has two sons and one daughter:
    + Emily Jane Mercer Nairne (born 1974); married Dominic Robertson, has three daughters.
    + Samuel George Mercer Nairne (born 1976); married Claire Aussudre, and has two sons (born 2009 and 2011) and one daughter.
    + Joseph Douglas Mercer Nairne (born 1980); married Melissa Wakeley, and has one son and one daughter.
* Lady Georgina Elizabeth Petty-Fitzmaurice (1950–2022); married Guy Hamilton in 1974 (divorced 1980), and married Robert Eric Miller in 1981 (divorced 1990). She lived in London and had two children and three grandchildren.
    + Josiah Stirling Hamilton (born 1975); married Justine Miller and lives in Santa Barbara, California - has one son and one daughter.
    + Emma Carissa Hamilton (born 1977); married David Malina and lives in New York City - has one daughter.

On 22 December 1969, Lansdowne married, secondly, Selina Polly Dawson Carnegie, a daughter of David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles, and former wife of Robin Andrew Duthac Carnegie, becoming the stepfather of Andrew James Carnegie (born 1963). This marriage ended in divorce in 1978.

On 15 October 1978 Lansdowne married thirdly Gillian Anna Morgan (1936–1982), daughter of Alured A.E. Morgan and his first wife, the former Nancye Little-Jones.

On 12 July 1995, Lansdowne married fourthly Penelope Eve Astor (died 2006), widow of his half-brother John Astor, a former wife of David Rolt, and daughter of Commander George Francis Norton Bradford.

## InfoBox

| The Most HonourableThe Marquess of LansdownePC DL | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of State for the Colonies | |
| **In office**
20 April 1962  16 October 1964 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | Harold Macmillan
Sir Alec Douglas-Home |
| Preceded by | The Earl of Perth |
| Succeeded by | *Office abolished* |
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs | |
| **In office**
23 October 1958  20 April 1962 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | Harold Macmillan |
| Preceded by | The Earl of Gosford |
| Succeeded by | *Vacant* |
| Lord-in-waiting
Government Whip | |
| **In office**
11 June 1957  23 October 1958 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | Harold Macmillan |
| Preceded by | The Lord Hawke |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Gosford |
| Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal | |
| **In office**
30 August 1944  25 August 1999
Hereditary Peerage | |
| Preceded by | The 7th Marquess of Lansdowne |
| Succeeded by | The 9th Marquess of Lansdowne |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1912-11-27)27 November 1912 |
| Died | 25 August 1999(1999-08-25) (aged 86) |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouses | *   Barbara Dempsey Chase  (m. 1938; died 1965) *   Selina Carnegie  (m. 1969; div. 1978) *   Gillian Anna Morgan (m. 1978) *   Penelope Astor (m. 1995) |
| Children | 4, including Charles, 9th Marquess of Lansdowne |
| Parents |  |
| Relatives | The 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (paternal grandfather) |
|  | |


title: Matricaria chamomilla

abstract: Matricaria chamomilla, commonly known as chamomile, German chamomile, Hungarian chamomile (kamilla), wild chamomile, blue chamomile, or scented mayweed, is an annual plant of the composite family Asteraceae. Commonly, the name M. recutita is applied to the herbal product chamomile, although other species are also used as chamomile. The plant is commonly used to make a tea.

text:
# Matricaria chamomilla

***Matricaria chamomilla*** (synonym: *Matricaria recutita*), commonly known as **chamomile** (also spelled **camomile**), **German chamomile**, **Hungarian chamomile** (kamilla), **wild chamomile**, **blue chamomile**, or **scented mayweed**, is an annual plant of the composite family Asteraceae. Commonly, the name *M. recutita* is applied to the herbal product chamomile, although other species are also used as chamomile. The plant is commonly used to make a tea.

## Description

*Matricaria chamomilla* is a member of the Asteraceae family, native to southern and eastern Europe. It can be found on all continents, has a branched, erect and smooth stem, and grows to a height of 15–60 cm (6–24 in). The long and narrow leaves are bipinnate or tripinnate. The flowers are borne in paniculate flower heads (capitula). The white ray florets are furnished with a ligule, while the disc florets are yellow. The hollow receptacle is swollen and lacks scales. This property distinguishes German chamomile from *Anthemis arvensis* (corn chamomile), which has a receptacle with scales. The flowers bloom in early to midsummer and are fragrant.

The essential oil of the flowers gives them a characteristic smell and has interesting properties. The blue color of the oil, attributable to the chamazulene it contains, explains why the plant is also known by the common name *blue chamomile*. The fruit is a yellowish-brown achene.

## Etymology

The word chamomile comes from the Greek χαμαίμηλον (*chamaimēlon*) meaning "earth-apple", which is derived from χαμαί (*chamai*) meaning "on the ground" and μήλον (*mēlon*) meaning "apple". It is so called because of the apple-like scent of the plant.

In Latin, one of the meanings of *matrix* is *womb*; the name Matricaria was given to the genus because *Matricaria chamomilla* was used in ancient herbalism to treat cramps and sleep disorders related to premenstrual syndrome.

## Cultivation

Chamomile does not need special soil, although it grows best on well balanced soils with good topsoil. It can be planted as an annual crop in either autumn or spring, or it can be treated as a perennial due to its ability to self-seed.

Aphids are a major insect pest in chamomile production. Its most significant diseases in Europe are downy mildew, powdery mildew and rust.

The chamomile plant often flowers 2 to 3 times per year. This is taken into account by multiple harvests per year as well. The flowering period is about 50–65 days while the development of a flower takes about 20–25 days.

## Potential adverse effects

Chamomile, a relative of ragweed, can cause allergy symptoms and can cross-react with ragweed pollen in individuals with ragweed allergies. Contact dermatitis may occur when touching the plant. When consuming the tea, there is potential for drug interactions with anticoagulants.

## Uses

Chamomile is commonly used to make a tea. German chamomile is used in herbal medicine.

### Phytochemistry

The flowers contain between 0.3 and 1.5% of the essential oil. It is extracted by distillation, mostly out of fresh flower buds and flower stalks. Bisabolol accounts for up to 33% of the oil's content.

More than 120 chemical constituents have been identified in chamomile flower, most of them found in the essential oil. Chemical constituents of the essential oil include bisabolol, farnesene, chamazulene, apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, luteolin, and coumarin.

## InfoBox

| *Matricaria chamomilla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Matricaria* |
| Species: | ***M. chamomilla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Matricaria chamomilla***
L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Chamomilla chamomilla* (L.) Rydb.
*Chamomilla recutita* (L.) Rauschert
*Matricaria recutita* L.
*Matricaria suaveolens* L.
etc.
 | |