title: The Mad Bad Ad Show

abstract: The Mad Bad Ad Show is a British comedy panel show made by Objective Productions and hosted by Mark Dolan. It aired for one season on Channel 4 in 2012.

text:
# The Mad Bad Ad Show

***The Mad Bad Ad Show*** is a British comedy panel show made by Objective Productions and hosted by Mark Dolan. It aired for one season on Channel 4 in 2012.

## Format

The premise of the show is based around answering questions about and related to advertisements, with the two team captains, Mark Watson and Micky Flanagan, each also making an advertisement of their own for a fictitious product which they also have to invent.

The programme consists of two teams, each featuring, alongside the captains, one other comedian and one advertising professional.

## Episode list

The coloured backgrounds denote the result of each of the shows:

– Indicates Micky's team won   – Indicates Mark's team won

| No. | First broadcast | Micky's team | Mark's team | Score | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 17 February 2012 | Simon Chamberlain
Holly Walsh | Kate Stanners
Joe Wilkinson | 8–2 | Mark's team |
| 2 | 24 February 2012 | Matthew Crosby
Nils Leonard | Jason Manford
Kate Stanners | 9–3 | Mark's team |
| 3 | 2 March 2012 | Victor van Amerongen
Miles Jupp | Sean Lock
Gail Parminter | 8–2 | Mark's team |
| 4 | 30 March 2012 | Lorraine Kelly
Rory Sutherland | Peter Sells
Josh Widdicombe | 9–4 | Micky's team |
| 5 | 6 April 2012 | Rosie Arnold
Rufus Hound | Richard Exon
Sara Pascoe | 9–4 | Mark's team |
| 6 | 13 April 2012 | Rachel Riley
Rory Sutherland | Richard Exon
Chris Ramsey | 8–6 | Micky's team |

## InfoBox

| *The Mad Bad Ad Show* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Comedy panel game |
| Written by | Tim Allsop
Matthew Crosby
Gary Delaney
Alistair Griggs
Stewart Williams
Giles Boden
Aiden Spackman |
| Directed by | Richard Valentine
Andrew Chaplin
Lucy Forbes
Geraldine Dowd |
| Presented by | Mark Dolan |
| Starring | Micky Flanagan
Mark Watson |
| Voices of | Simon Greenall |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Lee Hupfield
Paul Gilheany
Andrew Newman |
| Producer | Laura Clark |
| Production location | BBC Television Centre |
| Editors | Stuart Lutes
Philip Lepherd
Diane Bernhardt
Sasha Thuillier |
| Running time | 50 minutes (inc. adverts) |
| Production company | Objective Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | Channel 4 |
| Release | 17 February (2012-02-17)
13 April 2012 (2012-04-13) |


title: Tomi Kōra

text:
# Tomi Kōra

**Tomi Kōra** (Japanese: 高良 とみ, Hepburn: *Kōra Tomi*, July 1, 1896  January 17, 1993) was a Japanese psychologist, peace activist, and politician. She published under the name **Tomiko Kōra** (高良 とみ, *Kōra Tomiko*).

## Early life and education

Kōra was born Tomi Wada on July 1, 1896, in Toyama Prefecture. She graduated from the Japan Women's University in 1917. While a student, she attended the funeral of Tsuriko Haraguchi, held at the university. Haraguchi was a psychologist and the first Japanese woman to obtain a PhD; Kōra was reportedly inspired by Haraguchi to continue her advanced studies in psychology.

Like Haraguchi, she attended Columbia University, earning her master's degree in 1920 and her PhD in 1922. At Columbia, she collaborated with Curt Richter to conduct her experiments on the effects of hunger. Kōra's doctoral dissertation, completed under the supervision of Edward L. Thorndike, was titled *An Experimental Study of Hunger in its Relation to Activity.* She was the second Japanese woman to obtain a PhD in psychology, after Haraguchi.

## Career

After returning to Japan, Kōra worked as an assistant in a clinical psychiatry laboratory and taught at Kyushu Imperial University. She was promoted to associate professor, but was met with resistance because she was unmarried at the time. She resigned from the institution in 1927 and took a post at Japan Women's University, where she became a professor.

Kōra was a member of the Japanese Christian Women's Peace Movement, and travelled to China. There, in January 1932, she met the Chinese writers Lu Xun and Xu Guangping at a bookstore owned by the Japanese Kanzō Uchiyama; shortly after, Lu Xun wrote a poem for her.

Kōra was elected as a Councillor in the 1947 Japanese House of Councillors election, as a member of the Democratic Party. She switched to the Ryokufūkai party in 1949, and served in the House of Councillors for 12 years.

In April 1952, Kōra attended the International Economic Conference in Moscow. Per a request from the US embassy, the Japanese Foreign Ministry had refused to issue passports to those who wished to travel to the Soviet Union; Kōra got around this restriction by travelling to Moscow through Paris, Copenhagen, and Helsinki. They met with vice-minister of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Trade Lei Rei-min and were invited to Beijing. At the time, the Japanese government did not recognize the legitimacy of the PRC government. That May, she visited Beijing as a member of the House of Councillors Special Committee for the Repatriation of Overseas Japanese. The visit was a diplomatic breakthrough, resulting in the first PRC–Japan private-sector trade agreement (signed June 1, 1952) and the resumption of the repatriation of Japanese left in China following the end of World War II. Both praise and opposition greeted the trade agreement from Japanese legislators.

Kōra spent four days as a guest at the Women's International Zionist Organization in Israel in April 1960.

## Personal life

In 1929, Kōra married psychiatrist Takehisa Kōra. They had three daughters, including the poet Rumiko Kōra. Kōra was a practising Quaker.

1. "Tomi Kōra" 高良とみ. *歴史が眠る多磨霊園 \[Tama Cemetery, where history sleeps\]* (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 March 2022.
2. Takasuna, Miki (21 May 2020). "The First Generation of Japanese Women Psychologists". *Genealogy*. **4** (2). MDPI: 61. doi:10.3390/genealogy4020061. ISSN 2313-5778.
3. McVeigh, Brian J. (12 January 2017). *The history of Japanese psychology: global perspectives, 1875-1950*. London. ISBN 978-1-4742-8308-3. OCLC 958497577.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
4. "Japanese Psychologists: K-L". *A Brief Guide to the History of Japanese Psychology*. Oklahoma State Psychology Museum & Resource Center. 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
5. Takasuna, Miki (2012). "History of Psychology in Japan". In Rieber, Robert W. (ed.). *Encyclopedia of the History of Psychological Theories*. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 570–581. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0463-8\_221. ISBN 978-1-4419-0425-6.
6. Ōizumi, Hiroshi (2003). *Nihon shinri gakusha jiten* 日本心理学者事典 \[*Japanese Psychologists Encyclopaedia*\] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kuresu Shuppan. ISBN 4-87733-171-9. OCLC 52857261.
7. von Kowallis, Jon Eugene (1996). *The lyrical Lu Xun: a study of his classical-style verse*. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-1511-4. OCLC 32394571.
8. "Japanese Woman at Moscow Parley; Diet Member Went Without Permission While 24 Men Meekly Stayed at Home". *New York Times*. 8 April 1952. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
9. Shimizu, Sayuri (2001). *Creating people of plenty: the United States and Japan's economic alternatives, 1950-1960*. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-706-6. OCLC 45375185.
10. Itoh, Mayumi (2010). *Japanese war orphans in Manchuria: forgotten victims of World War II* (1st ed.). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10636-9. OCLC 688186455.
11. Oron, Yitzhak, ed. (1960). *Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960*. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
12. 小村大樹. "歴史が眠る多磨霊園 - 高良とみ" (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 November 2019.

## InfoBox

| Tomi Kōra | |
| --- | --- |
| 高良 とみ (Kōra Tomi) | |
| Tomi Kōra in 1953 | |
| Born | Tomi Wada (和田 とみ, *Wada Tomi*)
(1896-07-01)July 1, 1896
Toyama Prefecture |
| Died | January 17, 1993(1993-01-17) (aged 96) |
| Resting place | Tama Cemetery |
| Other names | Tomiko Kōra |
| Occupations |  |
| Known for | Peace and women's rights activism, second Japanese woman to attain a PhD in psychology |
| Children | Rumiko Kōra |
|  | |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education |  |
| Thesis | *An Experimental Study of Hunger in its Relation to Activity* (1922) |
| Doctoral advisor | Edward Thorndike |
| Other advisors |  |
| Influences |  |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Psychology |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Councillor in the Japanese House of Councillors | |
| **In office**
1947–1959 | |
| Parliamentary group | *Ryokufūkai (1949–1959) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Netherlands at the 1964 Winter Olympics

abstract: Athletes from the Netherlands competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.

text:
# Netherlands at the 1964 Winter Olympics

Athletes from the **Netherlands** competed at the **1964 Winter Olympics** in Innsbruck, Austria.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Sjoukje Dijkstra | Figure Skating | Ladies' Singles |
| Silver | Kees Verkerk | Speed Skating | Men's 1500 m |
|

## Figure skating

| Athlete | Event | CF | FS | Points | Places | Final rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wouter Toledo | Men's singles | DNS |  |  |  | DNS |
| Sjoukje Dijkstra | Women's singles | 1 | 1 | 2018.5 | 9 |  |

## Speed skating

Men

| Event | Athlete | Race | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank |
| 1500 m | Rudi Liebrechts | 2:12.8 | 10 |
| | Ard Schenk | 2:13.4 | 13 |
| |
| Kees Verkerk | 2:10.6 |  |
| 5000 m | Rudi Liebrechts | 7:50.9 | 8 |
| | Peter Nottet | 8:26.1 | 34 |
| | Kees Verkerk | 7:51.1 | 9 |
| 10,000 m | Rudi Liebrechts | 16:08.6 | 4 |
| | Kees Verkerk | 16:53.4 | 16 |

Women

| Event | Athlete | Race | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank |
| 1000 m | Willy de Beer | 1:40.1 | 17 |
| 1500 m | Willy de Beer | 2:34.0 | 16 |
| 3000 m | Willy de Beer | 5:49.9 | 27 |

## InfoBox

| Netherlands at the
1964 Winter Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the Netherlands | |
| IOC code | NED |
| NOC | Dutch Olympic Committee\*
Dutch Sports Federation |
| Website | www.nocnsf.nl (in Dutch) |
| in Innsbruck | |
| Competitors | 6 (4 men, 2 women) in 2 sports |
| Flag bearer | Ard Schenk (speedskating) |
| Medals | Gold 1 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 2 |
| Winter Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Porpoise (scuba gear)

abstract: Porpoise is a tradename for scuba developed by Ted Eldred in Australia and made there from the late 1940s onwards. The first Porpoise was a closed circuit oxygen rebreather, and the following models were all single hose open circuit regulators.

text:
# Porpoise (scuba gear)

**Porpoise** is a tradename for scuba developed by Ted Eldred in Australia and made there from the late 1940s onwards. The first Porpoise was a closed circuit oxygen rebreather, and the following models were all single hose open circuit regulators.

## Rebreather

The Porpoise oxygen rebreather was developed by Ted Eldred in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Some were made and used for sport diving, but they did not go into full production. It was worn on the back without a casing. The bag was between the canister and valve assembly and the diver's back. It had two wide breathing tubes running to a mouthpiece, which had a shutoff valve to keep water out when it was not in the mouth. It appeared in three versions: MK1, MK2, MK3. It had a special valve that both breathing tubes ran through that was activated by surrounding pressure; when the diver went deeper than was safe for pure oxygen it restricted (not stopped) the supply of breathing gas, to warn the diver to go to shallower depth. (Before open-circuit scuba was readily available in Australia, many Australian sport divers used war-surplus Siebe Gorman Salvus rebreathers.)

## Single-hose open-circuit scuba regulator

This was the first single-hose open-circuit scuba made in the world. Ted Eldred in Melbourne in Australia started designing it in 1948 to "design around" the Cousteau-Gagnan aqua-lung patent, and to get rid of air supply restrictions that affected early Cousteau-Gagnan-type aqua-lungs. He started making it commercially in 1952. The Royal Australian Navy adopted it. It was the origin of single-hose scuba regulators. It was much used by Australian scuba divers. The picture shows the CA-1, a set with one cylinder with its valve at the bottom, strapped directly to the back with rucksack-type straps without backpack plate or buoyancy aid, with a single-hose regulator-mouthpiece which could be strapped in. The tank was inverted so that the diver could reach the regulator mounted reserve handle. The head strap was intended to keep the demand valve from falling well below the diver, if dropped from the mouth. The high-pressure regulator screwed into the side of the cylinder valve like welding equipment of today; there was no A-clamp. Versions of it were made for the Australian Navy until 1976, and the last one known to be sold to the public was sold in that year. About 12,000 Porpoise units of all models were produced. About 50 Porpoises still exist. Only a few of these early models are known today, the rarest being the CA-2, made for use with two tanks.

* Rebreather – Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas
* Diving regulator – Mechanism that controls the pressure of a breathing gas supply for diving
* Scuba set – Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

* Historical Diving Times No.36 Summer 2005
* Historical Diving Times No.38 Winter 2006


title: Monnaz

abstract: Monnaz was a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges. The municipalities of Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges merged on 1 July 2011 into the municipality of Echichens.

text:
# Monnaz

**Monnaz** was a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges.

The municipalities of Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges merged on 1 July 2011 into the municipality of Echichens.

## History

Monnaz is first mentioned in 1200 as *Monna*. In 1221 it was mentioned as *Muna*.

## Geography

Monnaz had an area, as of 2009, of 1.6 square kilometers (0.62 sq mi). Of this area, 1.17 km2 (0.45 sq mi) or 72.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.27 km2 (0.10 sq mi) or 16.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.15 km2 (37 acres) or 9.3% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.9%. Out of the forested land, 13.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 65.8% is used for growing crops and 1.9% is pastures, while 5.0% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Monnaz became part of the new district of Morges.

The former municipality is located on the left bank of the Morges river.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Azure, a Saltire Or, two Grape bunches and as many Mullets of Five of the same.*

## Demographics

Monnaz has a population (As of 2009) of 396. As of 2008, 15.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 43.5%. It has changed at a rate of 29% due to migration and at a rate of 14.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (244 or 87.5%), with German being second most common (21 or 7.5%) and Swedish being third (5 or 1.8%). There are 4 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 57 or about 20.4% were born in Monnaz and lived there in 2000. There were 91 or 32.6% who were born in the same canton, while 67 or 24.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 57 or 20.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

In 2008 there were 5 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 5 while the foreign population increased by 1. There were 3 Swiss men and 8 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men and 1 non-Swiss woman who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 16 and the non-Swiss population increased by 1 people. This represents a population growth rate of -3.7%.

The age distribution, as of 2009, in Monnaz is; 52 children or 13.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 72 teenagers or 18.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 30 people or 7.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 38 people or 9.6% are between 30 and 39, 75 people or 19.0% are between 40 and 49, and 55 people or 13.9% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 36 people or 9.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 29 people or 7.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 7 people or 1.8% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 and older.

As of 2000, there were 109 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 144 married individuals, 12 widows or widowers and 14 individuals who are divorced.

As of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.51 which is fewer people per room than the cantonal average of 0.61 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 59.8% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

As of 2000, there were 111 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 29 households that consist of only one person and 9 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 116 households that answered this question, 25.0% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 37 married couples without children, 37 married couples with children There were 4 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up of unrelated people and 5 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

In 2000 there were 45 single family homes (or 59.2% of the total) out of a total of 76 inhabited buildings. There were 17 multi-family buildings (22.4%), along with 11 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (14.5%) and 3 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.9%). Of the single family homes 6 were built before 1919, while 5 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (13) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (6) were built between 1961 and 1970 and the next most (4) were built before 1919.

In 2000 there were 116 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 38. There were 5 single room apartments and 54 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 107 apartments (92.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 8 apartments (6.9%) were seasonally occupied and one apartment was empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.64%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Politics

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the Green Party which received 22.61% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (21.56%), the SP (19.92%) and the FDP (15.52%). In the federal election, a total of 136 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 57.6%.

## Economy

As of  2010, Monnaz had an unemployment rate of 3.8%. As of 2008, there were 17 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 4 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 19 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 9 businesses in this sector. There were 141 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.7% of the workforce.

In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 30. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 10, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 4 of which 3 or (75.0%) were in manufacturing and 1 was in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 16. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 12.5% were in the information industry, 8 or 50.0% were technical professionals or scientists, .

In 2000, there were 8 workers who commuted into the municipality and 110 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 13.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 11.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 68.8% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 64 or 22.9% were Roman Catholic, while 171 or 61.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.08% of the population), and there were 2 individuals (or about 0.72% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 35 (or about 12.54% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 4 individuals (or about 1.43% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Monnaz about 105 or (37.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 63 or (22.6%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 63 who completed tertiary schooling, 50.8% were Swiss men, 25.4% were Swiss women, 15.9% were non-Swiss men and 7.9% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 72 students in the Monnaz school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 29 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 42 students in those schools. There were also 1 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

As of 2000, there was one student in Monnaz who came from another municipality, while 40 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Monnaz | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Monnaz | |
| MonnazMonnaz | |
| Coordinates: 46°32′N 06°29′E / 46.533°N 6.483°E / 46.533; 6.483 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Vaud |
| District | Morges |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gilles Cornut |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.61 km2 (0.62 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 485 m (1,591 ft) |
| Population (2009) | |
| Total | 396 |
| Density | 250/km2 (640/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 1125 |
| SFOS number | 5641 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-VD |
| Surrounded by | Colombier, Echichens, Morges, Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges, Vaux-sur-Morges, Vufflens-le-Château |
| Website | www.monnaz.ch
Profile (in French), SFSO statistics |


title: Relation network

abstract: A relation network (RN) is an artificial neural network component with a structure that can reason about relations among objects. An example category of such relations is spatial relations. RNs can infer relations, they are data efficient, and they operate on a set of objects without regard to the objects' order.

text:
# Relation network

A **relation network** (**RN**) is an artificial neural network component with a structure that can reason about relations among objects. An example category of such relations is spatial relations (above, below, left, right, in front of, behind).

RNs can infer relations, they are data efficient, and they operate on a set of objects without regard to the objects' order.

## History

In June 2017, DeepMind announced the first relation network. It claimed that the technology had achieved "superhuman" performance on multiple question-answering problem sets.

Performance
| Dataset | Accuracy | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| CleVR (pixel) | 95.5% | Images of 3D objects, such as spheres and cylinders. Types of questions are: "attribute" queries ("What color is the sphere?", "compare attribute" queries ("Is the cube the same material as the cylinder?"), "count" queries ("How many spheres?") |
| CleVR (state description) | 96.4% | Images represented by state description matrices. Each row in the matrix contained a single object's features: coordinates (x, y, z); color (r, g, b); shape (cube, cylinder,...); material (rubber, metal,...); size (small, large,...). |
| Sort-of-CLEVR | 94% | 2D images along, each containing 6 squares and/or circles of 6 colors. Questions are coded as fixed-length binary numbers, eliminating natural language parsing complications. Each image serves 10 relational ("What is the shape of the object that is farthest from the gray object?") questions and 10 non-relational ("What is the shape of the gray object?") questions. |
| bAbI | 90% | Textual data. 20 tasks, each requiring a particular type of reasoning, such as deduction, induction, or counting. Each question is associated with a set of supporting sentences. For example, the sentences "Sandra picked up the football" and "Sandra went to the office" support the question "Where is the football?" (answer: "office"). Each sentence is processed separately. The success threshold is 95%. 10k entries. |
| Dynamic physical system | 93% connections /95% counting | Balls moving on a surface, with elastic and inelastic connections. One test determined whether pairs of balls were connected. The other determined how many were connected. |

## Design

RNs constrain the functional form of a neural network to capture the common properties of relational reasoning. These properties are explicitly added to the system, rather than established by learning just as the capacity to reason about spatial, translation-invariant properties is explicitly part of convolutional neural networks (CNN). The data to be considered can be presented as a simple list or as a directed graph whose nodes are objects and whose edges are the pairs of objects whose relationships are to be considered. The RN is a composite function: $RN\left(O\right)=f\_{\phi }\left(\sum \_{i,j}g\_{\theta }\left(o\_{i},o\_{j},q\right)\right),$

where the input is a set of "objects" $O=\left\lbrace o\_{1},o\_{2},...,o\_{n}\right\rbrace ,o\_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ is the ith object, and fφ and gθ are functions with parameters φ and θ, respectively and *q* is the question.  and  are multilayer perceptrons, while the 2 parameters are learnable synaptic weights. RNs are differentiable. The output of gθ is a "relation"; therefore, the role of gθ is to infer any ways in which two objects are related.

Image (128x128 pixel) processing is done with a 4-layer CNN. Outputs from the CNN are treated as the objects for relation analysis, without regard for what those "objects" explicitly represent. Questions were processed with a long short-term memory network.


title: Henri Rivière (naval officer)

abstract: Henri Laurent Rivière (1827–1883) was a French naval officer and a writer who is chiefly remembered today for advancing the French conquest of Tonkin in the 1880s. Rivière's seizure of the citadel of Hanoi in April 1882 inaugurated a period of undeclared hostilities between France and Dai Nam that culminated one year later in the Tonkin campaign (1883–1886).

text:
# Henri Rivière (naval officer)

**Henri Laurent Rivière** (1827–1883) was a French naval officer and a writer who is chiefly remembered today for advancing the French conquest of Tonkin (northern Vietnam) in the 1880s. Rivière's seizure of the citadel of Hanoi in April 1882 inaugurated a period of undeclared hostilities between France and Dai Nam (as Vietnam was known then) that culminated one year later in the Tonkin campaign (1883–1886).

## Early career

Born in Paris on 12 July 1827, Rivière entered the École Navale in October 1842. He passed out as a midshipman (second class) in August 1845, and saw his first naval service in the Pacific Ocean on *Brillante*. In February 1847 he was posted to the South Seas naval division, to *Virginie*. He was promoted to midshipman (first class) in September 1847 and to *enseigne de vaisseau* in September 1849. During the next five years he served in the Mediterranean squadron aboard *Iéna* (1850), *Labrador* (1851) and *Jupiter* (1852–54). Significantly, his confidential reports from this period mentioned that he seemed to be unduly interested in poetry and literature.

Rivière took part in the Crimean campaign (1854–56), serving on the vessels *Uranie*, *Suffren*, *Bourrasque* and *Montebello*. Promoted to the rank of *lieutenant de vaisseau* in November 1856, he served aboard *Reine Hortense* during the Franco-Austrian War (1859). In 1866 he took part in the Mexican campaign aboard *Rhône* and *Brandon*. He was promoted to the rank of *capitaine de frégate* in June 1870 and served as second officer on the ironclad corvette *Thétis* with the French Baltic Squadron during the Franco-Prussian War. He saw no active service in any of these campaigns.

Rivière's role in the suppression of a revolt in the French colony of New Caledonia in the late 1870s won him promotion to the coveted rank of *capitaine de vaisseau* in January 1880. In November 1881 Rivière was posted to Saigon, as commander of the Cochin China naval division. The posting was generally regarded as a backwater that offered few opportunities for distinction. Rivière himself saw it as an opportunity to write a literary masterpiece that would procure him membership of the Académie française. Although Rivière spent most of his adult life as a naval officer, he was also ambitious for literary distinction. He was a journalist for *La Liberté*, and also had articles published in the *Revue des deux mondes*.

## Rivière's intervention in Tonkin

At the end of 1881 Rivière was sent with a small French military force to Hanoi to investigate Vietnamese complaints against the activities of French merchants. In defiance of the instructions of his superiors, he stormed the citadel of Hanoi on 25 April 1882 in a few hours, with the governor Hoàng Diệu committing suicide having sent a note of apology to the emperor. Although Rivière subsequently returned the citadel to Vietnamese control, his recourse to force was greeted with alarm in both Vietnam and China.

The Vietnamese government, unable to confront Rivière with its own ramshackle army, enlisted the help of Liu Yongfu, whose well-trained and seasoned Black Flag soldiers were to prove a thorn in the side of the French. The Black Flags had already inflicted one humiliating defeat on a French force commanded by *lieutenant de vaisseau* Francis Garnier in 1873. Like Rivière in 1882, Garnier had exceeded his instructions and attempted to intervene militarily in northern Vietnam. Liu Yongfu had been called in by the Vietnamese government, and ended a remarkable series of French victories against the Vietnamese by defeating Garnier's small French force beneath the walls of Hanoi. Garnier was killed in this battle, and the French government later disavowed his expedition.

The Vietnamese also bid for Chinese support. Vietnam had long been a tributary of China, and China agreed to arm and support the Black Flags and to covertly oppose French operations in Tonkin. The Qing court also sent a strong signal to the French that China would not allow Tonkin to fall under French control. In the summer of 1882 troops of the Chinese Yunnan and Guangxi armies crossed the border into Tonkin, occupying Lang Son, Bac Ninh, Hung Hoa and other towns. The French minister to China, Frédéric Bourée, was so alarmed by the prospect of war with China that in November and December 1882 he negotiated a deal with the Chinese statesman Li Hongzhang to divide Tonkin into French and Chinese spheres of influence. The Vietnamese were not consulted by either party to these negotiations.

Rivière was disgusted at the deal cut by Bourée, and in early 1883 decided to force the issue. He had recently been sent a battalion of marine infantry from France, giving him just enough men to venture beyond Hanoi. On 27 March 1883, to secure his line of communications from Hanoi to the coast, Rivière captured the citadel of Nam Dinh with a force of 520 French soldiers under his personal command. During his absence at Nam Dinh the Black Flags and Vietnamese made an attack on Hanoi, but they were repulsed by *chef de bataillon* Berthe de Villers in the Battle of Gia Cuc on 28 March. Rivière was jubilant: 'This will force them to take forward their Tonkin Question!'

Rivière's timing was perfect. He had expected to be cashiered for his Capture of Nam Dinh, but instead he found himself the hero of the hour. There had recently been a change of government in France, and the new administration of Jules Ferry was strongly in favour of colonial expansion. It therefore decided to back Rivière up. Ferry and his foreign minister Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour denounced Bourée's agreement with Li Hongzhang and recalled the hapless French minister. They also made it clear to the Chinese that they were determined to place Tonkin under French protection. In April 1883, realising that the Vietnamese were incapable of resisting the French effectively, the Chinese civil mandarin Tang Jingsong (Tang Jingsong, 唐景崧) persuaded Liu Yongfu to take the field against Rivière with the Black Flag Army.

## Defeat and death

On 10 May 1883 Liu Yongfu challenged the French to battle in a taunting message on placards that were widely distributed on the walls of Hanoi. On 19 May Rivière marched out of Hanoi to attack the Black Flags. His small force (around 450 men) advanced without proper precautions, and blundered into a well-prepared Black Flag ambush at Paper Bridge (Pont de Papier), a few miles to the west of Hanoi. In the Battle of Paper Bridge the French were enveloped on both wings, and were only with difficulty able to regroup and fall back to Hanoi. Towards the end of the battle a French cannon overturned with the shock of its recoil, and Rivière and his officers rushed forward to help the gunners to right it. The Black Flags fired a volley into this struggling mass of men, killing one French officer and seriously wounding Rivière in the shoulder. Several seconds later, Rivière collapsed. Seeing the French line in confusion, the Black Flags surged forward and drove back the French rearguard. Several French officers were wounded at this critical moment, and in the confusion of the retreat Rivière's body was abandoned on the battlefield. He was immediately presumed dead by his fellow officers. If he had not already died from the effects of his wound, he would have been killed as soon as the Black Flags discovered who he was.

Although the Battle of Paper Bridge was a serious defeat for the French, it strengthened the resolve of Jules Ferry's administration to entrench the French protectorate in Tonkin. The news of Rivière's defeat and death reached Paris on 26 May, and the French navy minister Admiral Peyron declared 'France will avenge her glorious children!' The Chamber of Deputies immediately voted a credit of three and a half million francs to finance the despatch of a strong expeditionary corps to Tonkin. Rivière's adventure in Tonkin set in train a course of events that, within a few years, saw French rule extended beyond Cochinchina to the whole of Indochina.

## Posthumous honours

The French had been forced to leave Rivière's body on the battlefield of Paper Bridge, and for several months were unsure of the precise circumstances of his death. After being shot in the shoulder Rivière had fallen, then risen to his feet, then collapsed again. His recumbent body had been last seen surrounded by a knot of Black Flag soldiers. Most of Rivière's fellow officers naturally assumed that he had been either shot or stabbed to death on the battlefield there and then, but many Vietnamese believed that he had been taken alive by the Black Flags. According to a Vietnamese soldier who claimed to have been present at the time, Rivière had been brought into Liu Yongfu's presence shortly after the battle ended and had been beheaded on the orders of the Black Flag leader, one of whose close friends had been killed by the French during the battle. Neither version of his death could be confirmed.

Several weeks after the battle the French heard rumours that Rivière's body had been savagely mutilated and buried near the Black Flag stronghold of Phu Hoai. On 18 September 1883, acting on information received from Vietnamese informants, the French scouted the area with two battalions of marine infantry. Rivière's severed head and hands, buried in a lacquered box, were discovered in the village of Kien Mai, and three weeks later the mutilated body of a European, dressed in naval uniform, was found close to Paper Bridge, near the spot where Rivière had fallen on 19 May. The body had been gashed with sword slashes, the head and the hands were missing, and the sleeves of the naval tunic had been cut away to remove the marks of rank. Several French naval officers who knew Rivière well were able to confirm that the body was indeed his. These circumstances strongly suggested that Rivière had been killed in the heat of battle, on the battlefield of Paper Bridge. Liu Yongfu had offered a substantial bounty for the heads of French officers, graded according to their rank, and it seems likely that a Black Flag soldier had killed the wounded French commander and then decapitated him in order to claim the bounty, cutting off his hands so that his rank could be verified by the number of bands (*galons*) on his tunic cuffs.

Rivière's remains were brought back to Hanoi, where a funeral service was said over them by Paul-François Puginier, the French apostolic vicar of Western Tonkin. Ten years earlier Puginier had performed a similar office over the body of Francis Garnier, who had died in remarkably similar circumstances. The remains were subsequently returned to France at the request of Rivière's family. They were finally buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre, in Paris.

* Bastard, G., *Défense de Bazeilles, suivi de dix ans après au Tonkin* (Paris, 1884)
* Duboc, E., *Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin* (Paris, 1899)
* Eastman, L., *Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy* (Stanford, 1984)
* Lung Chang \[龍章\], *Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng* \[越南與中法戰爭, Vietnam and the Sino-French War\] (Taipei, 1993)
* Marolles, Vice-amiral de, *La dernière campagne du Commandant Henri Rivière* (Paris, 1932)
* Thomazi, *Histoire militaire de l’Indochine française* (Hanoi, 1931)
* Thomazi, A., *La conquête de l'Indochine* (Paris, 1934)


title: The Mad Bomberg (novel)

abstract: The Mad Bomberg is a 1923 novel by the German writer Josef Winckler. It is loosely based on the legendary exploits of a real-life aristocrat Gisbert von Romberg (1839–1897). The novel has been adapted into films on two occasions. The first was a 1932 film The Mad Bomberg directed by Georg Asagaroff. The second The Mad Bomberg (1957), directed by Rolf Thiele, was a vehicle for the actor Hans Albers, which attempted to recreate the success of his 1943 film Münchhausen.

text:
# The Mad Bomberg (novel)

***The Mad Bomberg*** (German: ***Der tolle Bomberg***) is a 1923 novel by the German writer Josef Winckler. It is loosely based on the legendary exploits of a real-life aristocrat Gisbert von Romberg (1839–1897). The novel has been adapted into films on two occasions. The first was a 1932 film *The Mad Bomberg* directed by Georg Asagaroff. The second *The Mad Bomberg* (1957), directed by Rolf Thiele, was a vehicle for the actor Hans Albers, which attempted to recreate the success of his 1943 film *Münchhausen*.

## InfoBox

The Mad Bomberg
| 1954 edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Josef Winckler |
| Original title | *Der tolle Bomberg* |
| Language | German |
| Genre | Historical novel |
| Publication date | 1923 |


title: J. Rameshwar Rao

abstract: Janumpally Rameshwar Rao III (1923–1998) was an Indian lawyer, diplomat, member of parliament, and book publisher. Rao joined Indian Foreign Service in 1949 and served as commissioner for the Government of India in various African nations. He was elected as a Member of Parliament to the second, third, fourth, and fifth Lok Sabha successively during 1957–1977 from Mahabhubnagar constituency.

text:
# J. Rameshwar Rao

**Janumpally Rameshwar Rao III** (1923–1998) was an Indian lawyer, diplomat, member of parliament, and book publisher. Rao joined Indian Foreign Service in 1949 and served as commissioner for the Government of India in various African nations. He was elected as a Member of Parliament to the second, third, fourth, and fifth Lok Sabha successively during 1957–1977 from Mahabhubnagar constituency.

## Life sketch

Rameshwar Rao III was born on 23 February 1923 in Madras to Raja Krishnadeva Rao and Rani Sarala Devi. Krishna Deva Rao's father was Raja Janumpally Rameshwar Rao II, the Raja of Wanaparthy Samsthanam. Krishna Deva Rao had a brother Ram Dev Rao. Rameshwar Rao III was also the titular Raja of Wanaparthy from 1944 until 1971, when, by the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India, the privy purses of the princes were abolished and official recognition of their titles came to an end.

He studied at Nizam College, Hyderabad, Madras University, and Bombay University. He joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1949. He established Orient Longman (now Orient Blackswan) as a specifically Indian book publishing company in 1948. He was First Secretary, Indian Commission in Nairobi, 1950—52; acted as Commissioner for the Government of India in East Africa, 1950-51; Commissioner for the Government of India in Gold Coast and Nigeria, 1953—56; previously associated with Socialist Wing of the Congress.

He was a Member of Parliament,

1. Second Lok Sabha, 1957— 62,
2. Third Lok Sabha, 1962—67
3. Fourth Lok Sabha, 1967—70
4. Fifth Lok Sabha, 1971—77,

He was also Member of

1. Indian Delegation to the United Nations, 1958
2. United Nations Conciliation Commission for the Congo, 1960-61
3. Indian Delegation to Afro-Asian Conference in Algiers, 1964-65.

## Personal Life

He died at the age of 75 years in Hyderabad on 15 September 1998. He is survived by wife Shanta (the founder of the Vidyaranya School), a son and three daughters, including Nandini Rao, journalist and key person at Orient Blackswan. Another daughter, Hindustani singer Vidya Rao, was married to Ehsaan Hydari, from the Tyabji family and they are the parents of actress, Aditi Rao Hydari.

## InfoBox

| Janumpally Rameshwar Rao | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament | |
| **In office**
1957–1977 | |
| Constituency | Mahabhubnagar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 6 February 1923
Madras, British India |
| Died | 15 September 1998 (aged 75)
Hyderabad, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Shanta |
| Education | M.A. |
|  | |


title: Tomi Leivo

abstract: Tomi Leivo is a Finnish ice hockey player who currently plays professionally in Finland for SaiPa of the SM-liiga.

text:
# Tomi Leivo

**Tomi Leivo** (born September 24, 1989) is a Finnish ice hockey player who currently plays professionally in Finland for SaiPa of the SM-liiga.

## InfoBox

| Tomi Leivo | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1989-09-24) September 24, 1989<br>Lappeenranta, Finland | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) | | |
| Weight | 182 lb (83 kg; 13 st 0 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| SM-liiga team | *SaiPa* | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 2009present | | |


title: Netherlands at the 1968 Summer Olympics

text:
# Netherlands at the 1968 Summer Olympics

The Netherlands competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. 107 competitors, 82 men and 25 women, took part in 52 events in 11 sports.

## Medalists

### Gold

### Silver

### Bronze

## Athletics

## Boxing

**Men's Middleweight ( 75 kg)**

## Canoeing

## Cycling

Ten cyclists represented the Netherlands in 1968.

Individual road race Team time trial Sprint 1000m time trial Tandem Individual pursuit Team pursuit

## Diving

## Hockey

## Rowing

## Sailing

## Swimming

Men Women

## Water polo

### Men's Team Competition

* **Preliminary Round (Group B)**

* Drew with Italy (3-3)
* Lost to Yugoslavia (4-7)
* Lost to DDR (3-8)
* Defeated United Arabic Republic (6-3)
* Defeated Greece (9-5)
* Defeated Mexico (8-1)
* Defeated Japan (9-1)
* **Classification Matches**

* **5th-8th place**: Lost to United States (3-6)
* **7th-8th place**: Defeated Cuba (8-5) → **7th place**
* **Team Roster**

## Weightlifting

## InfoBox

| Netherlands at the
1968 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the Netherlands | |
| IOC code | NED
(HOL used at these Games) |
| NOC | Dutch Olympic Committee\*
Dutch Sports Federation |
| Website | www.nocnsf.nl (in Dutch) |
| in Mexico City | |
| Competitors | 107 (82 men, 25 women) in 11 sports |
| Flag bearer | Fred van Dorp |
| Officials | Chef d'mission: Ansco Dokkum |
| Medals
Ranked 17th | Gold 3 Silver 3 Bronze 1 Total 7 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| 1906 Intercalated Games | |


title: Porpoloma

abstract: Porpoloma is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. The genus contains about 12 species found predominantly in South America. Porpoloma was described by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1952 with P. sejunctum as the type species.

text:
# Porpoloma

***Porpoloma*** is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. The genus contains about 12 species found predominantly in South America. *Porpoloma* was described by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1952 with *P. sejunctum* as the type species.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Porpoloma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Tricholomataceae |
| Genus: | ***Porpoloma***
Singer (1952) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Porpoloma sejunctum*
Singer (1952) | |


title: United Kingdom patent 394325

abstract: The United Kingdom patent 394325 'Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission, Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems' is a fundamental work on stereophonic sound, written by Alan Blumlein in 1931 and published in 1933. The work exists only in the form of a patent and two accompanying memos addressed to Isaac Shoenberg. The text is exceptionally long for a patent of the period, having 70 numbered claims. It contains a brief summary of sound localization theory, a roadmap for introduction of surround sound in sound film and recording industry, and a description of Blumlein's inventions related to stereophony, notably the matrix processing of stereo signals, the Blumlein stereo microphone and the 45/45 mechanical recording system. In 1933–1935 Blumlein built experimental stereo recording equipment and recorded two sets of stereo recordings using mechanical and optical media. Commercial implementation of his invention became a reality in the late 1950s, when the patent had expired. Blumlein's 45/45 system became a worldwide standard for stereo LP records, and Blumlein himself was proclaimed "the inventor of stereo".

text:
# United Kingdom patent 394325

The **United Kingdom patent 394325** '***Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission, Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems'*** is a fundamental work on stereophonic sound, written by Alan Blumlein in 1931 and published in 1933. The work exists only in the form of a patent and two accompanying memos addressed to Isaac Shoenberg. The text is exceptionally long for a patent of the period, having 70 numbered claims. It contains a brief summary of sound localization theory, a roadmap for introduction of surround sound in sound film and recording industry, and a description of Blumlein's inventions related to stereophony, notably the matrix processing of stereo signals, the Blumlein stereo microphone and the 45/45 mechanical recording system.

In 1933–1935 Blumlein built experimental stereo recording equipment and recorded two sets of stereo recordings using mechanical and optical media. Commercial implementation of his invention became a reality in the late 1950s, when the patent had expired. Blumlein's 45/45 system became a worldwide standard for stereo LP records, and Blumlein himself was proclaimed "the inventor of stereo".

## Background

In 1881 Clément Ader presented the *Théâtrophone* – a working system for live delivery of opera performances over telephone lines. The théâtrophone was a one-to-one network, employing one carbon microphone to energize one remote telephone receiver, and required rows of microphones placed along the stage. While experimenting with parallel lines, Ader accidentally discovered stereo effect. By placing pairs of microphones at either side of the stage, near the footlights, Ader achieved strong binaural sound localization, simulating the effect of sitting at the edge of the stage, hearing actors and instruments as if they were spread in front of the listener. Ader himself explained the effect as the result of the differences in apparent loudness registered by the ears of the listener. Binaural théâtrophone, advertized as "auro-stereroscopic" or "binaural audition" failed to attract customers due to the need to have two telephone lines per subscriber, and overall low fidelity. Conventional, monaural théâtrophone operated successfully in France, Hungary, Italy and the United Kingdom until the end of the 1920s.

In the 1900s Lord Rayleigh formulated the scientific sound localization theory. In Rayleigh's model, human hearing localizes low-frequency sounds based on phase difference between the signals registered by left and right ears (interaural time difference, ITD); high-frequency sounds are localized based on relative loudness of two signals (interaural level difference, ILD). Rayleigh's duplex (two-factor) model remains valid in the 21st century, with the addition of a third mechanism, the analysis of spectral cues provided by mechanical filtering of incoming soundwaves by human torso, head and pinna.

During World War I acoustic location was actively researched for military applications of air defense, artillery sound ranging and naval hydroacoustics. Valve amplifiers that emerged at about the same time allowed reproduction of sound via loudspeakers. Early experiments with amplified reproduction of binaural signals ended in failure: binaural effect that was easily reproduced via stereo headphones was either weakened or completely absent.

In the end of the 1920s researchers of American and British corporations approached the amplified stereo problem; basic strategy for solving it had taken shape in the early 1930s. Stereophony could not bring immediate financial gains: the main potential customer, cinema, was content with crude monaural sound film equipment; the Great Depression ruled out investments in new sound systems. However, the corporations were eagerly accumulating patent portfolios in anticipation of economic recovery, and continued financing research. Arthur C. Keller and Harvey Fletcher of Bell Labs and Alan Blumlein of Columbia Graphophone Company and EMI were the first to obtain practical results. Each of the three inventors had a different objective, and followed a different course of research.

Fletcher followed Bell Labs strategy for the improvement of traditional telephony. He concentrated on transmission of sound field images of the original for binaural reproduction via headphones. His experimental equipment successfully recreated high-quality spatial sonic imagery, but like all binaural systems did not work well with loudspeakers.

Keller was primarily interested in amplified public address sound; he placed arrays of microphones on the stage and transmitted parallel audio signals to arrays of amplified loudspeakers in a remote listening hall, trying to capture and recreate the original "sound front". Best results were obtained with expensive two-dimensional arrays, capable of recreating both width and depth of the original; linear (one-dimensional) arrays could produce almost perfect sense of width, but not depth. The minimal working configuration required three channels (left, centre and right). It was adequate for recreating width, and even a limited sense of depth, but only for the listeners sitting close to the axis of the centre channel, and too expensive for the consumer market. A cheaper two-channel stereo setup could not reproduce the sound field; the sound inevitably broke up into left and right point sources with a "hole in the middle".

Blumlein envisaged introduction of surround sound in the film industry. He rejected the binaural model from the start. Instead of recreating spatial sound fields or "sound front" radiated by the orchestra, he settled on recreating the sound that is *heard* by a listener sitting in a concert hall, or by a camera operator on a film set. He reasoned that the microphone array should mimic human hearing apparatus, thus the two microphones must be placed close together (and close to the film camera). The resulting binaural signals cannot be used directly in an amplified stereo setup. However, wrote Blumlein, a two-channel recording with carefully altered phase and level differences can deceive the listener with a lifelike spatial illusion.

## Publication

Very little is known about Blumlein's work on stereo prior to filing the patent application. According to biographer Robert Alexander, theoretical studies probably commenced not earlier than March 1931. Blumlein did not keep work journals, and did not publish journal articles; the first written evidence of his studies, a work paper explaining the shuffling technique, is dated 25 September 1931. Practical experiments in 1931 were impossible due to the merger of Columbia and the Gramophone Company into EMI, subsequent restructuring and relocation of Blumlein's laboratory to the new building in Hayes.

On 14 December 1931 Blumlein filed patent application at The Patent Office. The final revision of the application was filed 10 November 1932 and was granted patent status 14 June 1933 with priority right since 10 November 1932. The first, official publication was 24 pages long (22 text pages and 11 illustrations on two pages). The text contained an extraordinary 70 (or "more than 70") claims (a typical patent of the period contained six).

On 4 July 1932 Blumlein compiled an eighteen-page long handwritten summary of the patent, probably intended for Isaac Shoenberg. The second, much shorter memo contains eight typewritten pages. It was signed by Blumlein on 21 July 1932 and duly received and read by Shoenberg. Both memos are now preserved at the British Library.

Neither the patent, nor the memos ever mention the word *stereo* or its derivatives: Blumlein used the term *binaural*. There are no references to preceding works, apart from the unnamed military hydroacoustics researchers. In the 1950s and the 1980s American critics hypothesized that Blumlein, who worked in the London branch of Western Electric in the 1920s, could have been familiar with concurrent work by Keller and Fletcher, however, no substantive evidence was ever found. The only certain connection is the fact that Blumlein used Western Electric microphones and disk recorders, which were already retired from EMI studios. According to Barry Fox, the issue of priority has no answer. The origins of the ideas and the paths of thought remain unknown; the technical implementations of these ideas were too different to suspect any exchange. There was no commercial incentive to beat the competition in developing a marketable product; the inventors were working, literally, for the next generation.

## Ideas and inventions

### Psychoacoustics of sound localization

Blumlein was a modest man who never sought publicity; according to Alexander, "quite often \[he was\] not fully aware of his genius" or the value of many of his inventions. This wasn't the case with patent 394325: Blumlein "certainly had some feeling for the enormity of this work", and thus prefaced the patent formula with a summary on psychoacoustics of sound localization. Blumlein's theory follows Rayleigh's duplex model, with minor amendments:

* At low frequencies or long wavelengths localization is determined by the difference in phase. The head is too small to register any differences in sound pressure levels, leaving phase as the only directional clue;
* At high frequencies or short wavelengths phase ceases to be a reliable clue. However, now the head forms a relatively large baffle, physically separate left and right signals. Thus the brain can rely on relative differences in sound intensity;
* Fast percussive high-frequency sounds are localized based on the time differences between arriving attack transients, in a manner similar to low-frequency phase differences.

Rayleigh drew the line between low and high frequencies at 1.5–3 kHz. Blumlein noted that the "line" is actually several octaves wide, starting at around 700 Hz. Within this band, human hearing can register and evaluate phase and level differences simultaneously. Phase mechanism alone works only below 700 Hz. It is the low-frequency phase information that is lost when binaural signals are reproduced via loudspeakers.

Blumlein tracked the cause of this loss to omnidirectional pressure microphones which were the principal type used in studio recording. Blumlein proved mathematically that phase differences registered by pressure microphones and clearly heard via headphones will be inevitably lost when reproduced via loudspeakers. He suggested compensating losses of phase with pre-emphasizing low-frequency *level* differences between two stereo channels. When spatial clues present in source signals indicate that the virtual sound source must be positioned to the left of the listener, playback equipment must increase the gain in left channel and attenuate the right channel, and vice versa. These manipulations had to be limited lo low-frequency content; Blumlein specifically warned against tampering with treble signals. The known anomalies of high-frequency hearing were not properly researched and understood yet, so the inventor confined his research to already well-understood low frequencies.

### Matrix processing of stereo signals

Popular perception of stereo that emerged decades after the death of Blumlein usually treats stereo signal as the aggregate of two independent channels, left (L) and right (R). Blumlein proposed an alternative approach: stereo consists of a monaural signal M, which is common to both left and right louspeaker channels, and a differential side signal S that defines spatial distribution of sound. The M and S signals are easily derived from L and R by addition and subtraction:

*M* = 0.7017 (*L* + *R*) *S* = 0.7017 (*L*  *R*),

and can be converted back to L and R just as easily:

*L* = 0.7017 (*M* + *S*) *R* = 0.7017 (*M*  *S*). Blumlein shuffling: conversion of phase differences to level differencesLeft and right binaural signals. R lags behind L, thus the image is localized to the leftCorresponding M and S signals are exactly 90° apartAfter shifting S by 90°, the new side signal S" is either in phase with M (for images localized to the left) or has the opposite polarity (for images localized to the right)Addition and subtraction forms new channels L"=M+S" and R"=M-S", which have exactly same phase but different levels. L" is higher than R", thus the image is localized to the left

The electronic adder-subtractor performing these conversion is called MS matrix or MS array. Blumlein's original, bidirectional passive array used two wideband transformers; in the semiconductor age MS arrays are usually unidirectional, built around operational amplifiers and precision resistors. The scaling coefficients of 0.7017 (square root of 0.5) in the above formulae assure equality of input and output power: L2+R2 = M2+S2. In practice the coefficients and polarities may be chosen at will.

The simplest use of matrix processing devised by Blumlein in patent 394325 is the stereo width control. Attenuation of S while keeping M constant decreases stereo width; attenuation of S to zero eliminates any spatial cues. Amplification of S increases stereo width. Increasing low-frequency components of S (below 700 Hz) by a factor of 1.62.5 produces a particularly strong sense of spaciousness. Finally, inversion of side channel polarity flips left and right signals, producing a mirror image of the original sound field.

### Blumlein shuffling

When an off-center, low-frequency sound source is registered with binaural pressure microphones, the resulting L and R signals have the same intensities and differ only in phase. As a result, the corresponding side signal S is shifted exactly +90° or −90° relative to M. (positive or negative sign of the shift indicates left or right localization of sound source). Simple stereo width manipulation described above can increase phase difference between the widened L' and R' signals, but cannot alter distribution of energy. The intensity of L' remains equal to the intensity of R'.

However, as Blumlein explained in patent 394325, matrix processing of *phase* enables channeling energy from L to R or vice versa. This requires shifting side signal S by +90° or −90°. The new, shifted signal S" is now in phase with the original M (for signals localized to the left) or out of phase with it (for signals localized to the right). Addition of M and S" and subtraction of S" from M creates new left and right signals L" and R", having different intensities and zero or 180° phase shift. Energy is channeled into the L" or R", depending on the localization of the original sound source. This operation – conversion of interchannel timing differences into interchannel level differences – became known as the *Blumlein shuffling*, and the required MS array is called the *Blumlein shuffler*. Patent 394325 provides only a cursory description of the shuffler; it was described at length in the application for patent 429022, filed in October 1933.

### Stereo microphones

Shuffling technique was invented specifically for pressure microphones, which are unable to register level differences between two stereo channels. Ribbon microphones (*velocity microphones* in Blumlein's patent) with bidirectional (figure 8) polar pattern can register both phase and level differences, and don't need shuffling.

Blumlein proposed three alternative configurations for stereo pairs of ribbon microphones. All three require placement of two ribbon microphones on a common vertical axis, as close together as possible:

* MS: central channel microphone (M) points directly to the center of the soundstage (Blumlein used the word *screen*, emphasizing use in cinema). Side channel microphone S is placed at right angle to M;
* XY (later the Blumlein pair): left (X) and right (Y) channel microphones are placed at −45° and 45° to the direction the center of the soundstage
* Splayed XY is similar, but the angle between X and Y is set arbitrarily, to fit the conditions at the set and avoid further processing of stereo signals.

Studio-grade ribbon microphones did not exist yet in 1931. Practical stereo microphone technique was tested and patented by Blumlein later, in 1934–1935.

### 45/45 mechanical recording

Prior to the Blumlein patent, there were two alternative approaches to mechanical stereo recording. The 0/90 system combined two independent soundtracks in a single groove. One track (or stereo channel) was recorded vertically ("0"), another laterally ("90"). In the 1920s John Logie Baird used this approach for recording audio and video signals in his mechanical television. The 0/90 system was a poor choice for stereo sound due to different distortion patterns of lateral and vertical recordings.

The alternative double-groove system employed two cutters for recording parallel grooves, and two pickups for playing them back. On 12 March 1932 Keller used this experimental system to record the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski – the first ever stereo recording. Double-groove recording did not develop beyond experiments due to the difficulties in placing two pickups on a disc.

Patent 394325 put forward a third proposition: the single cutter should be driven by two orthogonal actuators, placed at 45° and −45° to the surface of the disc. Polarities of electrical L and R signals that drive the actuators must be chosen in such a way that the lateral movement of the cutter corresponds to monaural signal M, and vertical movement corresponds to the difference between two stereo channels, S. This ensures backward compatibility with traditional monaural pick-ups of the most common, lateral-cut system.

Alternatively, the actuators may be placed at 0° and 90° to disc surface, as in the 0/90 system, but driven with M and S electrical signals instead of L and R. The resulting recording is identical to true 45/45 recordings, except for different frequency response and distortion patterns of lateral (M) and vertical (S) recording channels. Blumlein believed that this configuration simplifies construction of the stereo cutter, because only the critical lateral actuator must fully meet fidelity standards, including treble response to at least 10 kHz. Bandwidth of the vertical actuator could have been limited to 3 kHz.

Concurrently with Blumlein, and independent of him, Arthur C. Keller and Irad S. Rafuse of Bell Labs invented their own variant of the single-groove 45/45 system. However, due to the Great Depression, peculiarities of the United States patent law, and no immediate prospects of commercializing the invention, corporate patent attorneys did not see an urgent need to patent it. The company filed a patent application only in June 1936, more than five years after Blumlein. According to Keller, he learnt of Blumlein's work only in the 1950s.

### New materials for mechanical recording

Prior to the introduction of the LP record, master discs for pressing coarsegroove shellac records were cut on thick reusable discs of ozokerite-based wax. Wax was a low-fidelity medium; it inevitably degraded on each playback and in storage. Wax could not be archived for future reissues. After the first and only production run the wax master was erased with a mechanical shaver, and the recorded original was forever lost. The only storable mechanical medium of the interwar period was the shellac record, which had even lower fidelity than the wax master. Shellac was naturally noisy, and even more surface noise was added by the conductive graphite powder applied to the wax master prior to electroplating and making intermediate stamper discs.

Keller and A. G. Russell proposed replacing graphite powder with a thin layer of gold, sputtered onto the master disc in a vacuum chamber. The process created a high quality conductive layer, without added noise. On 1 December 1931 Keller, Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra made the first recording using the new technology. Bandwidth of the first gold-plated masters extended to 9 kHz, and was soon improved to 10 and later 13 kHz, making these masters the first high fidelity medium. Sample pressings from were made on quiet cellulose triacetate, rather than noisy shellac.

In patent 394325 Blumlein also considered cellulose triacetate, but in a different role – as the mastering material. The proposal materialized after World War II, when the industry switched from wax to acetate lacquer master discs. In 1935 Blumlein researched various resin mixes for pressing production records, but none of these was significantly better than shellac. The solution – synthetic vinyl resin compound – already existed and was used for distributing records within American radio networks. It was yet too expensive for mass production. Vinyl pressings in the United States began in 1943, in response to wartime shortages of natural shellac, and were limited to propaganda programs for the troops. Mass pressings for the civilian market began later, in the end of the 1940s.

## Prototypes and tests

On 21 July 1932 Blumlein sent a detailed memo explaining the principles of stereophonic sound to his superior and mentor, technical director of EMI Isaac Shoenberg. It is likely that Shoenberg did not understand the value and depth of Blumlein's proposal, but he trusted Blumlein's intuition and approved construction of an experimental setup consisting of a stereo microphone, a shuffler, a mechanical wax cutter and pickup. Likewise, EMI researchers did not grasp Blumlein's ideas; for a while, the inventor was left alone with his plans. Throughout 1932, Blumlein's team was still engaged in the monaural recording project, evaluating potential patent weaknesses in the EMI design and identifying infringements of EMI patents by the competitors. Work on the stereo prototype commenced only in January 1933.

### Mechanical recording

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| Blumlein's mechanical stereo recordings at the British Library | |

In February 1933 Blumlein completed the shuffler, and in March 1933 he assembled the first stereo recording set. First experiments were a failure: shellac test records and Western Electric pressure microphones were not fit for handling the subtleties of stereo sound. By July 1933 the record cutter was fully functional, although its treble response did not extend beyond 4 kHz. By December Blumlein's team had tested at least three different configuration of a magnetic stereo pickup and achieved acceptable sound quality. On 9 December 1933 Blumlein completed fine-tuning his stereo cutting lathe with 0/90 arrangement of actuators driven with MS signals, and made first test recording using commercial gramophone records as sound sources. The set, according to Blumlein's notes, achieved good channel separation which was a prerequisite for stereo recording.

On 14 December15, 1933 Blumlein recorded the first set of ten stereo wax masters at the EMI amateur theatre auditorium. Blumlein and three of his associates themselves performed as live sound sources, walking and talking in front of the microphones. Next day Blumlein evaluated the "walking and talking" recordings and reported "definite binaural effect". Shoenberg concurred, and authorized the use of the EMI Recording Studios for experimental live recordings. Over the New Year holidays Blumlein and his team moved their equipment to the largest room at Abbey Road, then called *Studio No. 1*, and later known as *Studio No. 2* and *The Beatles Studio*.

On 11 January13, 1934 Blumlein recorded piano and chamber music. The recorded binaural effect was present but weak, far weaker than in recordings of speech. On 19 January Blumlein began recording the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Thomas Beecham. The results, in Blumlein's own words, varied between "not bad" and "marginal". Blumlein's experimental cutting lathe could *record* the orchestra in stereo, but the available microphones could not capture and preserve true stereophonic image. This problem was partially solved during subsequent tests in the spring of 1934; the solution, now known as the Blumlein pair, was patented in 1935.

### Optical recording

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Blumlein's films from the Abbey Road Studios archive | |
| Trains in Hayes. This is a short, 44-second fragment of a 5-minute original . The small white "flags" on the poles are the wind screen of ribbon microphones. | |
| Walking and Talking. Blumlein, wearing spectacles and a light grey suit, appears at the end of the roll. | |

In the beginning of 1935 *Cecil Oswald Brown* has built the first film camera with synchronous stereo sound recording on a single optical soundtrack. Left and right edges of the soundtrack were modulated independently by the left and right audio amplifiers. Total width between the left and right edges varied proportionally to the monaural signal M, thus the system was backward-compatible with standard monaural cinema projector (and, incidentally, with Dolby Stereo projectors introduced in the 1970s). The prototype camera needed tweaks and tuning, and was ready for test shots only in June 1935.

The first surviving film, *Trains in Hayes*, is a documentary of railroad traffic at Hayes & Harlington railway station, taken from the roof of nearby office building. The film lasts for 5 minutes and 11 seconds, and combines different takes of similar scenes recorded with different microphone placement. Sonically, *Trains in Hayes* is the most advanced of all Blumlein recordings. Some of its fragments achieve realistic width and depth of stereophonic sound despite obvious distortion caused by overloaded microphones.

After *Trains in Hayes*, Blumlein shot five more test films indoors, using his staff and himself as "walking and talking" technology demonstrators. On 26 July 1935 Blumlein began shooting *Move the Orchestra* – a live action comedy short intended to be a marketing vehicle for his technology. The action took place along a six-meter-long pub bar; the camera remained stationary and fixed, while the actors and the eponymous "orchestra" (a gramophone placed behind the backdrop) moved left and right. Both surviving takes were filmed on the same day, 26 July, and edited in August–September 1935.

Blumlein believed that his test recordings and films had proved the feasibility of surround sound in cinema. According to Eric Nind, the EMI management initiated market studies, planning to supply at least a few experimental sound sets to the theatres, but the venture was terminated before any practical results could be obtained. Louis Sterling, co-founder and marketing director of EMI, felt that improvements in cinema sound could be worthwhile only after the introduction of colour. Likewise, gramophone record industry needed new long-play and low-noise technology prior to introduction of stereo. The Great Depression ruled out investments in yet untested technology; the company had already decided to concentrate on a different target – the television. Schonberg, the main proponent of the EMI TV project, cancelled research in stereo sound in the end of 1935. By this time Blumlein was already engaged full-time on the construction of the BBC Television station at Alexandra Palace.

### Military applications

In 1938 Air Defence Experimental Establishment contracted EMI to manufacture the Mark VIII sound locator. Traditional sound locators relied on the operator's hearing; Blumlein suggested augmenting it with a visual display that incorporated principles of binaural recording. The experimental Visual Indicating Equipment (VIE), presented for tests in October 1938, employed two cathode ray tubes for displaying of target bearing and elevation. The VIE was incorporated into the series production Mark IX sound locator, and retrofitted to thousands of older locators, filling the gap until the deployment of gun-laying radars.

Shortly before the outbreak of World War II Blumlein applied the ideas of patent 394325 to long-range anti-aircraft radars. Unlike the VIE, which handled electrical audio signals directly, Blumlein's radar visualization station worked with the envelopes of amplitude-modulated high-frequency signals. Blumlein proved mathematically that his shuffling approach would work with envelopes just like it did with audio waves. Envelope processing technique became the subject of patent 581920, filed in July 1939. The experimental radar installation in Lake Farm Country Park, operating at 66 MHz carrier wave, began trials in the end of 1939.

## Further development and mass production

### LP records

According to British law, the patent remained in force for sixteen years, and was due to expire in 1947. EMI applied for extension to compensate for wartime losses, and the patent was prolonged until 13 December 1953. By this time European entertainment industry was developing rapidly; the British recorded music market was governed by the duopoly of EMI and Decca Records. The format war on the emerging long-play record market was almost over. The winning format, advanced by Columbia Records, was standardized in the United States in 1954 and adopted by British industry in 1955. In 1953 EMI began preparations for production of stereophonic records. Project manager Philip Vanderlyn, a former colleague of Blumlein, evaluated the alternatives and made a choice in favour of the 45/45 system.

Cutting stereo masters and pressing stereo vinyl records did not present any technical problems. The real challenge, preservation of spatial information during recording, remained as elusive as it was in the 1930s. Recording engineers and musicians were seeking the solution by trial and error, with the help of a device not available to Blumlein – the two-track stereo tape recorder. In February 1954 RCA made the first successful stereo recording of an orchestral performance (*La damnation de Faust* conducted by Charles Munch). In April 1954 the EMI Recording Studios began tests of stereo recordings, using Blumlein's XY microphone. In May, Arthur Haddy of Decca Records made the first recording with a three-microphone Decca tree. Decca engineers, who learned of Blumlein's patent only recently, in the 1950s, tried to develop their own system to a patentable form but failed. Every conceivable aspect of stereophonic sound had already been covered in patent 394325.

The developments at Decca forced EMI to speed up their half-hearted effort. The management believed that stereo recording technology was still unreliable, and refrained from rushing stereo records into production. Instead, in 1957 the company released an expensive intermediate format – prerecorded *Stereosonic* magnetic tapes. The proprietary recording technique was developed by Blumlein's former colleagues Vanderlyn, Clark and Dutton, and relied on the use of XY Blumlein pairs and Blumlein shufflers that introduced crosstalk at frequencies above 700 Hz. Shuffling was intended to equalize high-frequency and low-frequency sound localization, however, it was a poor match to practical studio environment at Abbey Road. The tapes were too expensive for the consumer market and were soon discontinued.

Other European companies were confident that stereo vinyl is ready for production, and sided with Decca. On 28 November 1957 an industry conference arranged by Haddy approved the 45/45 system, making it the de facto European standard. Haddy flew to the United States to recruit more supporters, and found out that the Americans were ready to launch their own stereo format. The American version of the 45/45 system was patented in the United States by Westrex (a spin off Western Electric), independently of the Blumlein patent, and more than two decades after it. On 25 March 1958 the RIAA adopted the Westrex system as the national standard.

Neither Westrex, nor the RIAA ever credited Blumlein. The British were enraged; even the conservative *Gramophone* chastised the Americans for "failing to discover Europe", as well as prewar work by Fletcher, Keller and Rafuse. Under pressure, the Audio Engineering Society recognized Blumlein's priority. In an unprecedented move, in April 1958 the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society reprinted the full text of patent 394325. The Westrex patent was now void; the 45/45 system became a worldwide free standard. Blumlein's notion of *binaural sound* was, however, deemed inappropriate for a commercial product. Instead, the industry used *stereophonic* and *stereo* as a free universal trademark. *Gramophone* objected, again, to no avail. The notion of *stereo*, which was once loosely applied to any manipulations intended to produce spatial effects, changed its meaning and became synonymous with *two-channel sound*. Initially, stereo pressings was limited to classical repertoire. Popular music, intended for replay via cheap low-fidelity players, was pressed in mono throughout the 1960s, and was sold at lesser prices than "upscale" stereo records.

### Microphones

The Blumlein pair, in all three variants discussed in patent 394325, remains in use for recording acoustic music. The most common configuration uses XY arrangement of two bidirectional figure-8 microphones. It is unique for being a *constant power* instrument: due to the Pythagorean trigonometric identity, any sound source located in the front quadrant will be picked up at uniform combined power, without dips or peaks. In the listening space, two resulting stereo signals will add up acoustically, creating constant-power phantom sound sources. A recording made with an XY pair conveys excellent lateral stereo imaging, filling the entire space between the two loudspeakers. It also excels at picking up reverberations from the back quadrant, which are essential for conveying sense of space and presence. However, proper placement of an XY pair in front of an orchestra can often be difficult or outright impossible. The MS Blumlein pair, using a figure-8 microphone for the S channel and a cardioid microphone for the M channel is similar to the XY pair, but is far less sensitive to rear-quadrant sounds, and is fully compatible with monaural equipment. For these reasons, the MS pair is used primarily in radio, television and cinema. The splayed XY pair is the configuration of choice for using cardioid microphones. In normal, 90-degree XY arrangement such microphones compress the recorded stereo image; increasing the angle to 120...135° effectively restores stereo width.

### Shufflers

Matrix processing of stereo signals is a staple of studio recording technology, but the Blumlein shuffling has seen little use. In the 1980s Richard Kaufman, Michael Gerzon and David Griesinger independently proposed three binaural recording techniques based on the Blumlein shuffling, but their ideas did not gain wide acceptance, either.

In the 1990s researchers found that the Blumlein shuffling has a biomechanical analogue in the world of insects. Females of predator fly *Ormia ochracea* feed on crickets, and seek their prey at night, by homing on the crickets' chirp. The distance between the fly's timpanic membranes is too short to be a reliable sound localization instrument. However, the fly possesses a system of ligaments that converts minor phase differences between left and right signals into substantial level differences. In the 21st century the *Ormia ochracea* hearing apparatus became a model for supercompact microelectromechanical stereo microphones intended for hearing aids. Developers claim that such microphones can improve localization, and at the same time improve legibility of amplified speech in noisy environments.

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## Sources

### Patent

### Biographies

* Alexander, R. (2013). *The Inventor of Stereo: The Life and Works of Alan Dower Blumlein*. CRC Press. ISBN 9781136120381.
* Burns, R.W. (2006). *The Life and Times of A. D. Blumlein*. Institution of Engineering and Technology. ISBN 9780852967737.

### Journal articles

### Reviews and encyclopaedias

## InfoBox

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| First official publication of the patent, 1933 | |
| Handwritten memo, July 4, 1932 | |
| Typewritten memo, July 21, 1932 | |
| American publication of the patent, 1958 (incomplete) | |


title: Relation of Ideas

abstract: In philosophy, a relation is a type of fact that is true or false of two things. For instance, "being taller than" is a relation that is true of "Shaquille O'Neal and Ross Perot" and false of "the Empire State building and Mt. Everest." Substances or things have properties. Relations on the other hand obtain between two substances or two properties. There are two major kinds of relations: ontological and epistemological. Ontological relations are entities like "father", which is a person considered in his relation to a child. Epistemological relations are often logical connections that obtain between two concepts or ideas, like "entailment." The fact that all men are mortal and that Socrates is a man entails that Socrates is mortal—the relation between Socrates' mortality and the mortality of all men is an entailment relation.

text:
# Relation of Ideas

In philosophy, a relation is a type of fact that is true or false of two things. For instance, "being taller than" is a relation that is true of "Shaquille O'Neal and Ross Perot" and false of "the Empire State building and Mt. Everest." Substances or things have properties ("this spot is red"). Relations on the other hand obtain between two substances ("this spot is bigger than that spot") or two properties ("this red is a darker shade than that red").

There are two major kinds of relations: ontological and epistemological. Ontological relations are entities like "father", which is a person considered in his relation *to* a child. Epistemological relations are often logical connections that obtain between two concepts or ideas, like "entailment." The fact that all men are mortal and that Socrates is a man entails that Socrates is mortal—the relation between Socrates' mortality and the mortality of all men is an entailment relation.

## Relations in modern philosophy

**Relation of Ideas**, in the Humean sense, is the type of knowledge that can be characterized as arising out of pure conceptual thought and logical operations (in contrast to a Matter of Fact). For instance, in mathematics: 8 x 10 = 80. Or in Logic: All islands are surrounded by water (by definition).

In Kantian philosophy, a relation is equivalent to the analytic *a priori*. Unlike Hume, Kant denied, in the introduction to his "Critique of Pure Reason", that mathematical truths were analytic. Rather, 'a bachelor is unmarried' is true by relation of the definitions of the concepts of 'bachelor' and 'unmarried.'

In Leibniz, relations of ideas are also similar to the so-called Truths of Reason, which are defined as those statements whose denials are self-contradictory.


title: Network of Executive Women

abstract: The Network of Executive Women (NEW) is a women's leadership organization serving the retail, consumer goods, financial services and technology industries. It represents more than 13,000 members from 900 companies, 100 corporate partners and 22 regions in the U.S. and Canada.

text:
# Network of Executive Women

The **Network of Executive Women** (NEW) is a women's leadership organization serving the retail, consumer goods, financial services and technology industries. It represents more than 13,000 members from 900 companies, 100 corporate partners and 22 regions in the U.S. and Canada.

## Leadership

Sarah Alter was named president and CEO of NEW in June 2017. She was previously a vice president of Discover Financial Services and Quill.com.

Other NEW leaders include: Board Chair Monica Turner of Procter & Gamble; Vice Chair Abbe Luersman of Ahold Delhaize, Immediate Past Chair Lisa Walsh, Atlantic Street Capital Advisors, LLC; Treasurer Dagmar Boggs of Coca-Cola; and Secretary Elizabeth Marrion of Accenture.

## Research and insights

NEW conducts independent research and partners with other organizations to help companies achieve gender equality and inclusion. NEW released "The Female Leadership Crisis: Why Women Are Leaving (and What We Can Do About It)" in February 2018 with Mercer & Co and Accenture.

## Regional groups

The Network of Executive Women has 22 regional groups in the United States and Canada that provide local events, outreach and services to the communities where NEW members and supporters live and work.

## History

NEW founders held organizational meetings in Atlanta, New York and elsewhere in 2000–2001, and the Network of Executive Women was incorporated April 1, 2001. Five thousand dollars in seed money was provided by The Minute Maid Company (then CEO Don Knauss was an early Champion; Ahold USA CEO Bill Grize was one of the first retail leaders to lend his support).

NEW held a kick-off meeting at the FMI Midwinter Executive Conference, January 22, 2001, and NEW's first official meeting was held April 2, 2001 in New York City. On June 1, 2001, NEW held its second official meeting and elected its first Board and Officer slate.

1. "NEW About Us Page". Retrieved April 28, 2021.
2. "Network of Executive Women Appoints New CEO". *Convenience Store News*. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
3. "Network of Executive Women (NEW) Board of Directors welcomes three new executives". *PR Newswire*. March 16, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
4. "Turnover Much Higher for Women than Men in Retail and Consumer Goods, Study Finds". *Chicago Business Journal*.
5. "NEW Regions". Retrieved April 28, 2021.


title: Harmandeep Palminder

abstract: Harmandeep Palminder (born September 4, 1996) is a French actor.

text:
# Harmandeep Palminder

**Harmandeep Palminder** (born September 4, 1996) is a French actor.

## Biography

Harmandeep Palminder was born in an Indian Sikh Punjabi family in Blanc-Mesnil but spent his childhood and adolescence in Aulnay-sous-Bois, in the Île-de-France.

He played the main role in his first film, Cyprien Vial's Bébé tigre. In the movie he plays the role of Many, a young immigrant from Punjab, India.

## Filmography

### Feature film

### Short film

1. Marques, Sandrine (2015-01-09). "" Bébé tigre " : itinéraire d'un jeune tigre sans papiers". *Le Monde* (in French).
2. Costa, Ângela (2019-02-08). "Na Praça Pública | Estreia 17 de outubro (Trailer)". *Magazine.HD* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-07-13.
3. "New Biz in the Hood ! (2018)". *en.unifrance.org*. Retrieved 2020-07-13.


title: The Man of Gold (film)

abstract: The Man of Gold is a 1962 Hungarian historical film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring András Csorba, Ilona Béres and Ernő Szabó. It was based on the novel The Man with the Golden Touch by Mór Jókai, which has been adapted for the screen several times. The Man of Gold was the first Hungarian feature film shot in anamorphic widescreen, utilizing Agascope lenses leased from Sweden.

text:
# The Man of Gold (film)

***The Man of Gold*** (Hungarian: ***Az aranyember***) is a 1962 Hungarian historical film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring András Csorba, Ilona Béres and Ernő Szabó. It was based on the novel *The Man with the Golden Touch* by Mór Jókai, which has been adapted for the screen several times.

*The Man of Gold* was the first Hungarian feature film shot in anamorphic widescreen, utilizing Agascope lenses leased from Sweden.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Man of Gold | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Viktor Gertler |
| Written by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Ottó Forgács |
| Edited by | Mihály Morell |
| Music by | Ottó Vincze |
| Production<br>company | Hunnia Filmgyár |
| Release date | * 13 December 1962 (1962-12-13) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | Hungary |
| Language | Hungarian |


title: Pammeces pallida

abstract: Pammeces pallida is a moth of the family Agonoxenidae. It was described by Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham, in 1897. It is found in the West Indies.

text:
# Pammeces pallida

***Pammeces pallida*** is a moth of the family Agonoxenidae. It was described by Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham, in 1897. It is found in the West Indies.

## InfoBox

| *Pammeces pallida* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Agonoxenidae (disputed) |
| Genus: | *Pammeces* |
| Species: | ***P. pallida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pammeces pallida***<br>Walsingham, 1897 | |
|


title: Gadencourt

abstract: Gadencourt is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.

text:
# Gadencourt

**Gadencourt** (French pronunciation: \[ɡadɑ̃kuʁ\]) is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 161 |  |
| 1975 | 181 | +1.69% |
| 1982 | 144 | −3.21% |
| 1990 | 280 | +8.67% |
| 1999 | 343 | +2.28% |
| 2007 | 394 | +1.75% |
| 2012 | 387 | −0.36% |
| 2017 | 382 | −0.26% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Gadencourt | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Gadencourt | |
| Location of Gadencourt | |
| GadencourtGadencourt | |
| Coordinates: 48°59′00″N 1°24′12″E / 48.9833°N 1.4033°E / 48.9833; 1.4033 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Eure |
| Arrondissement | Les Andelys |
| Canton | Pacy-sur-Eure |
| Intercommunality | Seine Normandie Agglomération |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Xavier Pucheta |
| Area**1** | 3.89 km2 (1.50 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 370 |
| Density | 95/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 27273 /27120 |
| Elevation | 42–120 m (138–394 ft)
(avg. 45 m or 148 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |