title: Harald Ofstad

abstract: Harald Frithjof Seiersted Ofstad was a Norwegian moral philosopher. He was Professor in Applied Philosophy at Stockholm University for more than 30 years. Born in Bergen, the youngest son of a high-ranking police officer, Ofstad passed the examen artium in 1939 and completed a degree in law in 1945 before changing to philosophy, which he studied under Arne Næss; he was part of the "Bergen group" and one of the most prominent exponents of Næss' "empirical semantics" approach. He became a cand. mag. in philosophy in 1946, studied in the United States at Yale University and other institutions as a Rockefeller Fellow in 1947–49, and was a University Fellow at the University of Oslo in 1949–54. He was appointed to a professorship in philosophy at the University of Bergen in 1954, but after only one year took a position as professor of applied philosophy at Stockholm University, where he remained until his retirement in 1987. He then returned to Bergen. He died in Oslo in 1994. He married Erna Magnussen, a historian of literature, in 1945, and published a collection of essays with her in 1961. Ofstad's interest in philosophy arose out of his encounter with Nazism during World War II, when Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany. He interpreted Nazism as a manifestation of the human tendency to feel contempt for weakness, a viewpoint which he developed in his 1971 book Vår forakt for svakhet. Like many of his generation, influenced by American social scientists and such thinkers as Theodor W. Adorno, he sought the origins of authoritarianism and nationalism. He was one of the most cited Norwegian moral philosophers and participated actively in the public debate in both Norway and Sweden; in 1978 he forcefully disagreed with Thorkild Hansen over the latter's book Processen mod Hamsun in a debate televised on NRK.

text:
# Harald Ofstad

**Harald Frithjof Seiersted Ofstad** (13 October 1920  5 October 1994) was a Norwegian moral philosopher. He was Professor in Applied Philosophy at Stockholm University for more than 30 years.

Born in Bergen, the youngest son of a high-ranking police officer, Ofstad passed the examen artium in 1939 and completed a degree in law in 1945 before changing to philosophy, which he studied under Arne Næss; he was part of the "Bergen group" and one of the most prominent exponents of Næss' "empirical semantics" approach. He became a cand. mag. in philosophy in 1946, studied in the United States at Yale University and other institutions as a Rockefeller Fellow in 194749, and was a University Fellow at the University of Oslo in 194954. He was appointed to a professorship in philosophy at the University of Bergen in 1954, but after only one year took a position as professor of applied philosophy at Stockholm University, where he remained until his retirement in 1987. He then returned to Bergen. He died in Oslo in 1994.

He married Erna Magnussen, a historian of literature, in 1945, and published a collection of essays with her in 1961.

Ofstad's interest in philosophy arose out of his encounter with Nazism during World War II, when Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany. He interpreted Nazism as a manifestation of the human tendency to feel contempt for weakness, a viewpoint which he developed in his 1971 book *Vår forakt for svakhet* (Our Contempt for Weakness). Like many of his generation, influenced by American social scientists and such thinkers as Theodor W. Adorno, he sought the origins of authoritarianism and nationalism. He was one of the most cited Norwegian moral philosophers and participated actively in the public debate in both Norway and Sweden; in 1978 he forcefully disagreed with Thorkild Hansen over the latter's book *Processen mod Hamsun* in a debate televised on NRK.

## Honours

## Selected publications

* with Christian Bay, Ingemund Gullväg and Herman Tönnessen. *Nationalism: A Study of Identification with People and Power*. 3 vols. Oslo: Institute for Social Research, 195053. OCLC 70362658.
* *An Inquiry into the Freedom of Decision*. Oslo: Norwegian Universities Press, 1961. OCLC 153882075
* with Erna Ofstad. *Valg og Verdi* (Choices and Values). Oslo: Aschehoug, 1961. OCLC 20272967. (in Norwegian).
* *Vår forakt for svakhet. En analyse av nazismens normer og vurderinger*. Oslo: Pax, 1971. ISBN 9788253000152. (in Norwegian). Trans. ed. *Our Contempt for Weakness: Nazi Norms and Valuesand Our Own*. Gothenburg: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1989. ISBN 9789122012986.
* *Ansvar og handling: diskusjoner av moral-, sosial- og rettsfilosofiske spørsmål* (Responsibility and Action). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1980. ISBN 9788200053163. (in Norwegian).
* *Vi kan ändra världen: hur bör vi ställa frägorna?* (We Can Have a New World). Stockholm: Prisma, 1987. ISBN 9789151816524. (in Swedish).


title: Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus

abstract: Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus, commonly known as smallflower desert-chicory, Texas false dandelion or Texas dandelion, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico. It is a weedy annual found in prairies, clay soils and disturbed habitats such as fields and sidewalks.

text:
# Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus

***Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus***, commonly known as **smallflower desert-chicory**, **Texas false dandelion** or **Texas dandelion**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico. It is a weedy annual found in prairies, clay soils and disturbed habitats such as fields and sidewalks.

## Description

The Texas dandelion is a taproot that grows 6 to 20 inches (15 to 50 centimeters) in height. Its petals open in the morning and stay open through midday, and the plant typically blooms from March to May. When broken, the stem produces a milky sap. Seeds dry out to resemble dandelion puffs.

According to the U.S. Geological Survey, "The upper leaves of *Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus* are pinnatifid with usually 2 or 3 linear lobes on each side and lower leaves that are usually pinnatifid, sometimes merely toothed late in the season. \[It has\] hairless, clasping, cauline leaves."

*P. pauciflorus* is similar in appearance to *P. carolinianus* but has trichomes on its stems, which the latter lacks.

## Etymology and history

The scientific name *Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus* has many roots, with "pyrrhos" meaning fiery or red-colored, "pappus" referring to the unique sepals of Asteraceae, "pauci" meaning a few and "florus" meaning flower.

Scottish botanist David Don (1799-1841) first named the species, calling it *Chondrilla pauciflora* in his 1830 article "Descriptions of the new Genera and Species of the Class Compositœ belonging to the Floras of Peru, Mexico, and Chile."

The flower was described as *Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus* by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841) in volume 7 of his 17-volume series on plant classification*, Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis.*

## Ecology

Texas dandelion serves as a food source for several local species; cattle and white-tailed deer eat the leaves and stems, and Rio Grande turkeys eat the seeds. It attracts small pollinators, similar to related flowers.

## Cultivation and uses

As a freeze-hardy native wildflower, Texas dandelion can grow in full or partial sun and requires little water. It prefers well-drained soil, such as sand or clay. It can grow under tree canopies as well as in grasslands.

Roots can be used to brew dandelion tea or coffee. The leaves are edible but have a bitter taste, so they're often boiled before eating. It's also possible to make jelly out of Texas dandelion. According to physical organic chemist and forager Mark "Merriwether" Vorderbruggen, "The bitter flavor of the roots are becoming popular with high-end bartenders making their own concoctions where these roots replace traditional bitters."

## InfoBox

| *Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Pyrrhopappus* |
| Species: | ***P. pauciflorus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus***<br>(D.Don) DC. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chondrilla intybacea* Ledeb. * *Chondrilla pauciflora* D.Don * *Chondrilla sessaeana* D.Don * *Pyrrhopappus geiseri* Shinners * *Pyrrhopappus multicaulis* DC. * *Pyrrhopappus sessaeanus* (D.Don) DC. * *Sitilias multicaulis* (DC.) Greene * *Sitilias pauciflora* (D.Don) Greene * *Sitilias sessaeana* (D.Don) Greene | |


title: Latin American Music Awards of 2016

abstract: The 2nd Annual Latin American Music Awards were held at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California. It was broadcast live on Telemundo. Lucero was announced as the host on August 31. Banda MS and Yandel led the nominations with six each.

text:
# Latin American Music Awards of 2016

The **2nd Annual Latin American Music Awards** were held at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California. It was broadcast live on Telemundo. Lucero was announced as the host on August 31. Banda MS and Yandel led the nominations with six each.

## Performances

## Nominees

The nominations were announced on August 31.

| Artist of the Year | Xfinity New Artist of the Year |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| Song of the Year | Album of the Year |
|  |  |
| Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist | Favorite Pop/Rock New Artist |
|  |  |
| Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist | Favorite Pop/Rock Duo or Group |
|  |  |
| Favorite Pop/Rock Album | Favorite Pop/Rock Song |
|  |  |
| Favorite Regional Mexican New Artist | Favorite Regional Mexican Artist |
| * **Adriel Favela** * Banda Clave Nueva de Max Peraza * La Séptima Banda |  |
| Favorite Regional Mexican Duo or Group | Favorite Regional Mexican Album |
|  |  |
| Favorite Regional Mexican Song | Favorite Urban New Artist |
| * "¿Cuál Adiós?" – Banda Clave Nueva de Max Peraza * "Después de Ti, ¿Quién?" – La Addictiva Banda San José de Mesillas * "Préstamela A Mí" – Calibre 50 * **"Solo Con Verte" – Banda Sinaloense MS de Sergio Lizárraga** | * **Jacob Forever** * Karol G * Osmani García |
| Favorite Urban Artist | Favorite Urban Duo or Group |
|  |  |
| Favorite Urban Album | Favorite Urban Song |
|  |  |
| Favorite Tropical New Artist | Favorite Tropical Artist |
| * Jay Ruiz * Jonathan Moly * **Pirulo y La Tribu** |  |
| Favorite Tropical Album | Favorite Tropical Song |
|  |  |
| Favorite Collaboration | Favorite Crossover Artist |
|  |  |
| Favorite Crossover Song | Favorite Dance Song |
|  |  |

## Multiple nominations and awards

Acts that received multiple nominations
| Nominations | Act |
| --- | --- |
| 6 | Banda Sinaloense MS de Sergio Lizárraga |
| | Yandel |
| 5 | Enrique Iglesias |
| | Nicky Jam |
| 4 | J Balvin |
| | Los Plebes del Rancho de Ariel Camacho |
| 3 | Álvaro Soler |
| | CNCO |
| | Gente de Zona |
| | Jesse & Joy |
| | Juan Gabriel |
| | Wisin |
| 2 | Adriel Favela |
| | Banda Clave Nueva de Max Peraza |
| | Drake |
| | Gloria Trevi |
| | Jacob Forever |
| | Jay Ruiz |
| | Julión Álvarez y Su Norteño Banda |
| | Justin Bieber |
| | Maluma |
| | Pitbull |
| | Prince Royce |
| | Sofía Reyes |
| | Víctor Manuelle |

Acts that received multiple awards
| Awards | Act |
| --- | --- |
| 5 | Enrique Iglesias |
| 3 | Banda Sinaloense MS de Sergio Lizárraga |
| | CNCO |
| | Wisin |
| 2 | J Balvin |
| | Justin Bieber |
| | Prince Royce |

## InfoBox

| 2nd Annual Latin American Music Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | October 6, 2016 |
| Location | Dolby Theatre<br>Los Angeles, California |
| Country | United States |
| Hosted by | Lucero |
| Most awards | Enrique Iglesias (5) |
| Most nominations | Banda MS and Yandel (6) |
| Website | Telemundo-Latin American Music Awards |
| Television/radio coverage | |
| Network | Telemundo |
| Runtime | 180 minutes |
| Produced by | Dick Clark Productions |
|


title: Uncey-le-Franc

abstract: Uncey-le-Franc is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

text:
# Uncey-le-Franc

**Uncey-le-Franc** (French pronunciation: \[œ̃sɛ  fʁɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 70 |  |
| 1968 | 74 | +5.7% |
| 1975 | 61 | −17.6% |
| 1982 | 59 | −3.3% |
| 1990 | 68 | +15.3% |
| 1999 | 54 | −20.6% |
| 2008 | 58 | +7.4% |

## InfoBox

| Uncey-le-Franc | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Uncey | |
| Location of Uncey-le-Franc | |
| Uncey-le-FrancUncey-le-Franc | |
| Coordinates: 47°20′45″N 4°34′23″E / 47.3458°N 4.5731°E / 47.3458; 4.5731 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Côte-d'Or |
| Arrondissement | Montbard |
| Canton | Semur-en-Auxois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Pierre Rousseau |
| Area**1** | 9.52 km2 (3.68 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 51 |
| Density | 5.4/km2 (14/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 21649 /21350 |
| Elevation | 344–539 m (1,129–1,768 ft)
(avg. 400 m or 1,300 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Tyler Ewing

abstract: Tyler Ewing is an American television composer. He is best known for his work with Guiding Light, As the World Turns, The Oprah Winfrey Show, and The Nate Berkus Show. In 2007 he composed the Fight Song for his alma mater, Belmont University.

text:
# Tyler Ewing

**Tyler Ewing** (born September 14, 1984) is an American television composer. He is best known for his work with Guiding Light, As the World Turns, The Oprah Winfrey Show, and The Nate Berkus Show. In 2007 he composed the Fight Song for his alma mater, Belmont University.

## Partial discography

* Jim Brickman: Romanza (2011 – Cello, Assistant Engineering)
* Jim Brickman: All is Calm (2011 – Cello)
* Eric Michael: The Wedding Song EP (2011 – Producer, Piano, Cello)
* Ben Utecht: Christmas Hope – An Inspirational Holiday Collection (2011 – Cello, Assistant Engineer, String Engineer)
* Eric Michael: Beginnings (2007 – Producer, Programming)

## InfoBox

| Tyler Ewing | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1984-09-14) September 14, 1984<br>Plano, Texas, U.S. |
| Origin | United States |
| Genres | Television |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, Music producer |
| Instrument(s) | Piano, Cello, Guitar, Bass |
| Years active | 2005–present |


title: Idfc

abstract: "Idfc" is a song by American singer blackbear. The song was released on October 16, 2014, as the first single from his first album, Deadroses (2015). It was written by Blackbear himself. The single was certified Double Platinum by the RIAA in March 2021.

text:
# Idfc

"**Idfc**" (abbreviation for "**I Don't Fucking Care**") is a song by American singer blackbear. The song was released on October 16, 2014, as the first single from his first album, *Deadroses* (2015). It was written by Blackbear himself. The single was certified Double Platinum by the RIAA in March 2021.

## Charts

| Chart (2016–17) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (*Billboard*) | 7 |
| US Hot R&B Songs (*Billboard*) | 14 |
|

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2017) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot R&B Songs (*Billboard*) | 30 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) | Platinum | 60,000 |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000 |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | Gold | 45,000 |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 35,000 |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Gold | 30,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 600,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | 3× Platinum | 3,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Idfc" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by blackbear | |
| from the album  *Deadroses* | |
| Released | October 16, 2014 (2014-10-16) |
| Recorded | 2014 |
| Genre | Alternative R&B |
| Length | 4:05 |
| Label | Beartrap |
| Songwriter(s) | Matthew Musto |
| Producer(s) | blackbear |
| Blackbear singles chronology | |
| "N Y L A"
(2013) "**Idfc**"
(2014) "4U"
(2015) | |


title: I Love You (Dru Hill song)

abstract: "I Love You" is the second single from Dru Hill's third album, Dru World Order. The single peaked at #77 on the Hot 100 and #27 on the R&B chart. The song stayed on the Hot 100 charts for a total of thirteen weeks. This was Dru Hill's final charting hit.

text:
# I Love You (Dru Hill song)

"**I Love You**" is the second single from Dru Hill's third album, *Dru World Order*. The single peaked at #77 on the Hot 100 and #27 on the R&B chart. The song stayed on the Hot 100 charts for a total of thirteen weeks. This was Dru Hill's final charting hit.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Little X. The music video features actress and model La’Shontae Heckard, who plays Nokio's girlfriend, and Nokio's real life son, Jordan Ruffin.

## Track listing

CD single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I love You" | 5:16 |
| 2. | "I Should Be..." | 4:58 |

2 × 12" Vinyl
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Love You (Atlantis 760 AD Club Mix)" | 7:36 |
| 2. | "I Love You (Atlantis 760 AD Dub)" | 7:18 |
| 3. | "I Love You (Ricky's Loving Club Mix)" | 6:53 |
| 4. | "I Love You (Ricky's Café Con Leche Dub)" | 6:37 |
| 5. | "I Love You (Uncle Bubble Aka Ming & FS Vocal Club)" | 6:51 |
| 6. | "I Love You (Uncle Bubble Aka Ming & FS Dub)" | 6:09 |
| 7. | "I Love You (Mantese Vocal Club Mix)" | 6:58 |
| 8. | "I Love You (Mantese Dub)" | 6:44 |

## Charts

1. "Dru Hill chart history". *Billboard*. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
2. BallerAlert (March 20, 2008). "LASHONTAE HECKERD". *Baller Alert Inc*. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
3. iloveoldschoolmusic.com (July 15, 2017). "Son Of Dru Hill's Nokio & Radio Host Angie Martinez Is Waaay Older Now". *iloveoldschoolmusic.com*. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
4. "Dru Hill – I Love You CD, Single". *Discogs*. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
5. "Dru Hill – I Love You 2 × Vinyl, 12". *Discogs*. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
6. "Dru Hill Chart History (Hot 100)". *Billboard*. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
7. "Dru Hill Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". *Billboard*. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
8. "Dru Hill Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". *Billboard*. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
9. "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 2003". *Billboard*. Retrieved March 6, 2021.

## InfoBox

| "I Love You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Dru Hill | |
| from the album  *Dru World Order* | |
| Released | June 24, 2003 |
| Genre | R&B, hip hop soul |
| Length | 5:16 |
| Label | Def Soul |
| Songwriter(s) | Tamir Ruffin; Mark Andrews; Rufus Waller; Dennis Moorehead |
| Producer(s) | Nocko, Nokio The N-Tity |
| Dru Hill singles chronology | |
| "I Should Be..."
(2002) "**I Love You**"
(2003) "Love MD"
(2010) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "I Love You" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Gutkowice

abstract: Gutkowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żelechlinek, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Żelechlinek, 28 km (17 mi) north of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, and 40 km (25 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Gutkowice

**Gutkowice** \[ɡutkɔˈvit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żelechlinek, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Żelechlinek, 28 km (17 mi) north of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, and 40 km (25 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

51°45′50″N 20°02′19″E / 51.76389°N 20.03861°E / 51.76389; 20.03861

## InfoBox

| Gutkowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Gutkowice | |
| Coordinates: 51°45′50″N 20°2′19″E / 51.76389°N 20.03861°E / 51.76389; 20.03861 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Tomaszów Mazowiecki |
| Gmina | Żelechlinek |


title: Harald the Younger

abstract: Harald the Younger was a Viking leader and a member of the Danish royal family. He has sometimes been mistakenly identified with Harald Klak, who was in fact his uncle and probable namesake. His brother was Rorik of Dorestad. In 841 the Emperor Lothair I granted the isle of Walcheren to Harald and his brother as a fief (beneficium) rewarding him for the attacks he had launched against Lothair's father, Louis the Pious, during the civil wars of the 830s. Since at the time Harald was a pagan, whereas the population of Walcheren was Christian, this incident is probably the basis for the contemporary historian Nithard's claim that Lothair placed a Christian population in submission to a group of Northmen and gave them licence to plunder the Christian territories of his enemies in the same year. Between 840 and 843 Lothair was engaged in a civil war with his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald, and Nithard records that Harald was present in his army in 842. Not long thereafter Harald died and his brother was forced to flee to the court of Louis the German, where he spent several years. Although later sources unambiguously describe Harald as a pagan—Prudentius of Troyes, author of the Annales Bertiniani, regarded him as a "persecutor of the Christian faith and a demon-worshipper" and his receipt of a benefice as an "utterly detestable crime"—he may have been baptised as a young man at the imperial court. Harald Klak and his family, perhaps including Harald, were baptised at Mainz in 826, with Lothair standing as godfather. Harald's son Godfrid Haraldsson and one of his nephews remained at the imperial court even after the elder Harald left. Since Godfrid remained allied with Lothair until the mid-840s, it is possible that Harald was his cousin who remained with Lothair after 826 and began raiding Louis the Pious's Frisian lands in 834.

text:
# Harald the Younger

**Harald the Younger** (from "Herioldus iunior", how he is named in the *Annales Xantenses*) was a Viking leader and a member of the Danish royal family. He has sometimes been mistakenly identified with Harald Klak, who was in fact his uncle and probable namesake. His brother was Rorik of Dorestad.

In 841 the Emperor Lothair I granted the isle of Walcheren to Harald and his brother as a fief (*beneficium*) rewarding him for the attacks he had launched against Lothair's father, Louis the Pious, during the civil wars of the 830s. Since at the time Harald was a pagan, whereas the population of Walcheren was Christian, this incident is probably the basis for the contemporary historian Nithard's claim that Lothair placed a Christian population in submission to a group of Northmen and gave them licence to plunder the Christian territories of his enemies in the same year. Between 840 and 843 Lothair was engaged in a civil war with his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald, and Nithard records that Harald was present in his army in 842. Not long thereafter Harald died and his brother was forced to flee to the court of Louis the German, where he spent several years.

Although later sources unambiguously describe Harald as a pagan—Prudentius of Troyes, author of the *Annales Bertiniani*, regarded him as a "persecutor of the Christian faith and a demon-worshipper" and his receipt of a benefice as an "utterly detestable crime"—he may have been baptised as a young man at the imperial court. Harald Klak and his family, perhaps including Harald, were baptised at Mainz in 826, with Lothair standing as godfather. Harald's son Godfrid Haraldsson and one of his nephews remained at the imperial court even after the elder Harald left. Since Godfrid remained allied with Lothair until the mid-840s, it is possible that Harald was his cousin who remained with Lothair after 826 and began raiding Louis the Pious's Frisian lands in 834.


title: Quantum feedback

abstract: Quantum feedback or quantum feedback control is a class of methods to prepare and manipulate a quantum system in which that system's quantum state or trajectory is used to evolve the system towards some desired outcome. Just as in the classical case, feedback occurs when outputs from the system are used as inputs that control the dynamics. The feedback signal is typically filtered or processed in a classical way, which is often described as measurement based feedback. However, quantum feedback also allows the possibility of maintaining the quantum coherence of the output as the signal is processed, which has no classical analogue.

text:
# Quantum feedback

**Quantum feedback** or **quantum feedback control** is a class of methods to prepare and manipulate a quantum system in which that system's quantum state or trajectory is used to evolve the system towards some desired outcome. Just as in the classical case, feedback occurs when outputs from the system are used as inputs that control the dynamics (e.g. by controlling the Hamiltonian of the system). The feedback signal is typically filtered or processed in a classical way, which is often described as measurement based feedback. However, quantum feedback also allows the possibility of maintaining the quantum coherence of the output as the signal is processed (via unitary evolution), which has no classical analogue.

## Measurement based feedback

In the closed loop quantum control, the feedback may be entirely dynamical (that is, the plant and controller form a single dynamical system and the controller with the two influencing each other through direct interaction). This is named Coherent Control. Alternatively, the feedback may be entirely information theoretic insofar as the controller gains information about the plant due to measurement of the plant. This is measurement-based control.

## Coherent feedback

Unlike measurement based feedback, where the quantum state is measured (causing it to collapse) and control is conditioned on the classical measurement outcome, coherent feedback maintains the full quantum state and implements deterministic, non-destructive operations on the state, using fully quantum devices.

One example is a mirror, reflecting photons (the quantum states) back to the emitter.


title: Las Catalinas, Costa Rica

abstract: Las Catalinas is a private resort founded in 2006 along the shores of the Pacific Ocean in the Guanacaste Province of northwest Costa Rica. The objective was to create a compact, car-free, and fully walkable resort, based on the principles of New Urbanism. Las Catalinas was founded by Charles Brewer (businessman), who was intrigued by the effect walkable private resorts have on the health, happiness and well being, of humans.

text:
# Las Catalinas, Costa Rica

**Las Catalinas** is a private resort founded in 2006 along the shores of the Pacific Ocean in the Guanacaste Province of northwest Costa Rica. The objective was to create a compact, car-free, and fully walkable resort, based on the principles of New Urbanism. Las Catalinas was founded by Charles Brewer (businessman), who was intrigued by the effect walkable private resorts have on the health, happiness and well being, of humans.

## Summary

Las Catalinas is located on the coast of Playa Danta and Playa Dantita near Potrero, near Daniel Oduber Quiros International Airport in Liberia. Projected as a 20+ year project, the exclusive private beach resort incorporates the principles of New Urbanism to enable an environment that claims to favor human connection and interaction with numerous urban facilities. It is located in at the center of over 404 hectares of tropical dry forest hills and valleys. Las Catalinas has an extensive network of hiking, running, and biking trails and has an annual Triathlon and Open Water competition.

## Tourism

Las Catalinas has been featured in major travel publications such as Travel + Leisure, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal. Las Catalinas has gained international acclaim for its small-town environment, authentic Costa Rican culture, and scenery. The town offers stays in hotels, villas, and flats. Its architecture was inspired by colonial towns in Latin America such as Antigua, Panama's Casco Viejo, Panama, and San Miguel de Allende, as well as Mediterranean hill and coastal towns. The natural environment and proximity to the sea makes swimming, standup paddleboarding, kayaking, boogie boarding, and snorkeling popular activities in the area.

## Natural Reserve

Approximately 400 ha (990 acres) of the 490 ha (1,200 acres) of Las Catalinas are currently a natural forest reserve. It harbors diverse, local flora and fauna including numerous bird species, howler monkeys, iguanas, and the occasional wild cat. There are about 35 kilometers of hiking, running and single track mountain biking trails. The resort is car-free.

## Architecture and Urbanism

### Urban Design

The planning of Las Catalinas was primarily executed by Douglas Duany, currently a professor at the University of Notre Dame School of Architecture. It is densely designed and focuses on the pedestrian experience by maximizing views and integrating nature. Of the 490 hectares, approximately 80 hectares are planned to be built on, while the remaining 404 hectares will be left as a natural reserve.

### Architecture

Many urban designers and architects have since done design work in Las Catalinas, including:

* Lew Oliver Inc.
* TSW
* ASARQ
* Robert Orr
* Abraham Valenzuela
* Gary Justiss
* Dungan-Nequette
* Michael G. Imber
* Garrison Foundry
* BCV Architects
* Basalt Architecture & Project Development
* Lauren Richa
* Studio Sky

## InfoBox

| **Las Catalinas Resort** | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates: 10°28′55″N 85°47′08″W / 10.481997°N 85.785682°W / 10.481997; -85.785682 | |
| Country | Costa Rica |
| Area | |
| City | 4.86 km2 (1.88 sq mi) |
| Land | 4.86 km2 (1.875 sq mi) |
| Urban | 0.97 km2 (0.37 sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Website | www.lascatalinascr.com |


title: Hugh Phillips (surgeon)

abstract: Hugh Phillips was a Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. His special surgical interests were in hip and knee reconstruction, following on from Kenneth McKee. He received his Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1970 and succeeded Professor Sir Peter Morris as the President on 8 July 2004. Hugh Phillips who lived in Ashwellthorpe was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Norfolk in 1996.

text:
# Hugh Phillips (surgeon)

**Hugh Phillips** was a Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. His special surgical interests were in hip and knee reconstruction, following on from Kenneth McKee. He received his Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1970 and succeeded Professor Sir Peter Morris as the President on 8 July 2004.

Hugh Phillips who lived in Ashwellthorpe was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Norfolk in 1996.

## InfoBox

| Hugh Phillips | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 19 March 1940
Blackheath, London, England |
| Died | 24 June 2005
Norwich, England |
| **Medical career** | |
| Profession | Orthopaedics |
| Institutions | Norfolk and Norwich Hospital |
| Research | Hip replacement |
|  | |


title: Una y Otra Vez

abstract: Una y Otra Vez is a studio album released by Sergent Garcia. It received a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Tropical Fusion Album.

text:
# Una y Otra Vez

***Una y Otra Vez*** (Once and Again) is a studio album released by Sergent Garcia. It received a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Tropical Fusion Album.

## Track List

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Una y Otra Vez" | 3:59 |
| 2. | "Yo Soy Salsamuffin" | 3:54 |
| 3. | "Chacun Son Combat" | 4:13 |
| 4. | "Ojos Inocentes" | 3:29 |
| 5. | "Mi Son Mi Friend" | 4:14 |
| 6. | "Meme Si" | 4:18 |
| 7. | "Vasito De Agua" | 4:34 |
| 8. | "El Baile Del Diablo" | 4:00 |
| 9. | "En Mi Mochila" | 4:31 |
| 10. | "Brujeria" | 4:45 |
| 11. | "Bolero Nuevo" | 5:13 |
| 12. | "To Mi To Mi" | 3:43 |
| 13. | "Acho Bai Bai" | 4:07 |
| 14. | "En El Domino" | 1:38 |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Una y Otra Vez | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sergent Garcia | |
| Released | March 22, 2011 (2011-03-22) US |
| Genre | Reggae, Salsa, Latin, Ska |
| Label | Cumbancha |


title: Minibar (Chicago)

abstract: Minibar was a gay bar in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States, previously located at 3341 N. Halsted. It was opened in 2005 by John Dalton and Stu Zirin and closed in 2016.

text:
# Minibar (Chicago)

**Minibar** was a gay bar in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States, previously located at 3341 N. Halsted. It was opened in 2005 by John Dalton and Stu Zirin and closed in 2016.

## Reception

In 2013, *Out* included Minibar in their list of the "200 of the Greatest Gay Bars in the World". The magazine said of the bar, "Attentive and, more importantly, hot model-esque guys serve your every whim—from delicious cotton candy martinis to paninis. In the heart of the gay filled Halsted Street, walk upstairs and tilt your head back for a stunning light show in this attractive, modern lounge."

41°56′34.7″N 87°38′57.2″W / 41.942972°N 87.649222°W / 41.942972; -87.649222

## InfoBox

Minibar
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | 3341 N. Halsted
Chicago, Illinois
United States |
| Operator | John Dalton and Stu Zirin |
| Genre(s) | Gay bar |
| Opened | 2005 (2005) |
| Closed | 2016 (2016) |


title: Pictou County Wellness Centre

abstract: The Pictou County Wellness Centre is a multi-purpose sporting facility located in Westville Road, Nova Scotia. The facility features 2 NHL sized hockey arenas, an olympic sized swimming pool, a fitness centre and, a gymnasium. The facility opened on December 6, 2012. The opening day featured a MHL game between the Pictou County Crushers and the Bridgewater Lumberjacks. There are two arenas in the Pictou County Wellness Centre, one being the main arena called the Sobeys Arena, and the other, an auxiliary arena named, the Bell Aliant arena. The Pictou County YMCA calls the Pictou County Wellness Centre home as they are the owners of the pool, gymnasium and, fitness centre. In May 2013 it was announced that the John Brother MacDonald Stadium would be coming to a close to help with the opening year deficit from the Wellness Centre of $445,500 and put the usage of the arenas from 42% to 74%. Three hockey teams play in the Pictou County Wellness Centre. The teams are, the Pictou County Crushers of the Maritime Junior Hockey League, the Weeks Major Midgets and the Wearwell Bantam Bombers. The rinks also hosts the Bantam Memorial hockey tournament annually.

text:
# Pictou County Wellness Centre

The **Pictou County Wellness Centre** is a multi-purpose sporting facility located in Westville Road, Nova Scotia. The facility features 2 NHL sized hockey arenas, an olympic sized swimming pool, a fitness centre and, a gymnasium. The facility opened on December 6, 2012. The opening day featured a MHL game between the Pictou County Crushers and the Bridgewater Lumberjacks.

There are two arenas in the Pictou County Wellness Centre, one being the main arena called the Sobeys Arena, and the other, an auxiliary arena named, the Bell Aliant arena. The Pictou County YMCA calls the Pictou County Wellness Centre home as they are the owners of the pool, gymnasium and, fitness centre.

In May 2013 it was announced that the John Brother MacDonald Stadium would be coming to a close to help with the opening year deficit from the Wellness Centre of $445,500 and put the usage of the arenas from 42% to 74%.

Three hockey teams play in the Pictou County Wellness Centre. The teams are, the Pictou County Crushers of the Maritime Junior Hockey League, the Weeks Major Midgets and the Wearwell Bantam Bombers (formerly Scotsburn Major Bantam Crushers). The rinks also hosts the Bantam Memorial hockey tournament annually.

## InfoBox

Pictou County Wellness Centre
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 2756 Westville Road
Westville Road, Nova Scotia
B2H 5E6 |
| Coordinates | 45°34′36″N 62°40′34″W / 45.576637°N 62.676172°W / 45.576637; -62.676172 |
| Owner | The County of Pictou |
| Capacity | Sobeys Arena 1,660 (Expandable to 2,835)
Bell Aliant Arena 144 |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | August 8, 2010 |
| Opened | December 6, 2012 |
| Construction cost | C$35.0 million |
| Builder | Pictou County Wellness Centre Building Authority, Inc. |
| Tenants | |
| Pictou County Crushers (MHL) (2012-present)
2014 Major Midget Atlantics | |


abstract: The Old Town Historic District is a 323-acre (131 ha) historic district in Selma, Dallas County, Alabama. It is bounded by U.S. Route 80, Broad and Franklin streets, and Dallas and Selma avenues. The boundaries were increased on December 15, 2003. The district includes examples of the Federal, Greek Revival, Italianate, Gothic Revival, Victorian, Shotgun, Queen Anne, Romanesque Revival, Renaissance Revival, and Classical Revival.

text:
# Old Town Historic District (Selma, Alabama)

The **Old Town Historic District** is a 323-acre (131 ha) historic district in Selma, Dallas County, Alabama. It is bounded by U.S. Route 80, Broad and Franklin streets, and Dallas and Selma avenues. The boundaries were increased on December 15, 2003. The district includes examples of the Federal, Greek Revival, Italianate, Gothic Revival, Victorian, Shotgun, Queen Anne, Romanesque Revival, Renaissance Revival, and Classical Revival.

## Contributing properties

It contains 629 properties, with 513 contributing and 116 noncontributing to the district. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 3, 1978.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Town Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| The First Baptist Church, built in 1904 | |
|  | |
| Location | Jefferson Davis Ave.; area roughly bounded by Broad, Dallas, US 80 and Franklin; Selma Ave.; and Franklin St., Selma, Alabama |
| Coordinates | 32°24′37″N 87°01′31″W / 32.41028°N 87.02528°W / 32.41028; -87.02528 |
| Area | 323 acres (131 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 78000486 |
| Added to NRHP | May 3, 1978 |


abstract: "I Wanna Hear Your Heartbeat" is a song by Bad Boys Blue from their second studio album Heartbeat. Released as a single in late 1986, it reached number 14 in West Germany and number 21 in Switzerland.

text:
# I Wanna Hear Your Heartbeat (Sunday Girl)

"**I Wanna Hear Your Heartbeat (Sunday Girl)**" is a song by Bad Boys Blue from their second studio album *Heartbeat*. Released as a single in late 1986, it reached number 14 in West Germany and number 21 in Switzerland.

## Composition

The song was written and produced by Tony Hendrik and Karin Hartmann (as Karin van Haaren).

## Charts

| Chart (1986–1987) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 21 |
| West Germany (Official German Charts) | 14 |

## InfoBox

| "I Wanna Hear Your Heartbeat (Sunday Girl)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Bad Boys Blue | |
| from the album  *Heartbeat* | |
| Released | 1986 |
| Label | Coconut |
| Songwriter(s) | Tony Hendrik, Karin van Haaren |
| Producer(s) | Tony Hendrik, Karin Hartmann |
| Bad Boys Blue singles chronology | |
| "Love Really Hurts Without You"
(1986) "**I Wanna Hear Your Heartbeat (Sunday Girl)**"
(1986) "Gimme Gimme Your Lovin' (Little Lady)"
(1987) | |


title: Gurjari (raga)

abstract: Gurjari is an Indian classical music raga, named after Gujarat, India. In south India, the raga is called Shekharachandrika. This raga has Tivra Ma, and Komal Re, Dha and Ga., The Bandish - 'Bhor Bhaye Todi Baat' sung by Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan is based on this raga.

text:
# Gurjari (raga)

**Gurjari** is an Indian classical music raga, named after Gujarat, India. In south India, the raga is called Shekharachandrika. This raga has Tivra Ma, and Komal Re, Dha and Ga.,

The Bandish - 'Bhor Bhaye Todi Baat' sung by Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan is based on this raga.

## InfoBox

Gurjari
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Thaat | Todi |
| Time of day | Late morning, 9–12 |
| Arohana | * S     N |
| Avarohana | * N     S |
| Vadi |  |
| Samavadi |  |
| Synonym | * Gujari Todi * Gurjari Todi |
| Similar | Miyan ki Todi |


title: Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign

abstract: The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign was a non-racial popular movement made up of poor and oppressed communities in Cape Town, South Africa. It was formed in November 2000 with the aim of fighting evictions, water cut-offs and poor health services, obtaining free electricity, securing decent housing, and opposing police brutality. The movement was the first of the first generation of so-called 'new social movements' to spring up after the end of apartheid and was known for its direct action style militancy, its refusal of all forms of vanguardism, including NGO authoritarianism. The movement sought to retain its autonomy from NGOs and publicly refused to work with some local NGOs and insisted that the middle class left respect the autonomy of grassroots movements. The AEC was a founding member of the Poor People's Alliance and, along with the other members of the alliance, refused all electoral politics and encouraged the development of popular power rather than voting for political parties. The AEC mobilised against the 2008 xenophobic attacks in the areas where it was strong. The AEC opposed evictions related to the FIFA 2010 World Cup.

text:
# Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign

The **Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign** was a non-racial popular movement made up of poor and oppressed communities in Cape Town, South Africa. It was formed in November 2000 with the aim of fighting evictions, water cut-offs and poor health services, obtaining free electricity, securing decent housing, and opposing police brutality.

The movement was the first of the first generation of so-called 'new social movements' to spring up after the end of apartheid and was known for its direct action style militancy, its refusal of all forms of vanguardism, including NGO (Non-Governmental Organisations) authoritarianism. The movement sought to retain its autonomy from NGOs and publicly refused to work with some local NGOs and insisted that the middle class left respect the autonomy of grassroots movements.

The AEC was a founding member of the Poor People's Alliance and, along with the other members of the alliance, refused all electoral politics and encouraged the development of popular power rather than voting for political parties.

The AEC mobilised against the 2008 xenophobic attacks in the areas where it was strong.

The AEC opposed evictions related to the FIFA 2010 World Cup.

## Communities

The AEC is currently an umbrella body for over 10 community organisations, crisis committees, and concerned residents movements who have come together to organise and demand their rights to basic services. The organisations that make up the AEC include but are not limited to:

Affiliated movements and committees in the Western Cape:

## Coordinators

The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign had an umbrella structure with an executive committee of a chairperson, a vice chairperson, a secretary, a vice secretary, a treasurer, and five regional coordinators.

## Activities

The AEC opposes evictions and water and electricity cut-offs on many different levels. Activities range from legal actions that challenge the constitutionality of evictions, to mass mobilisation and popular education initiatives, to organisation and capacity building programs. The movement has also confronted local gangs and in July 2012 one of its leading activists, Soraya Nordien, was murdered following threats from gang members.

## Campaigns

Since its inception, the Anti-Eviction Campaign (AEC) has called for an end to all evictions and cut-offs of basic services in the Western Cape. In 2001, the AEC achieved a 6-month moratorium on all evictions in the Cape Town Unicity. Even though the DA had declared the moratorium, illegal evictions continued.

The movement strongly supported the struggle for the Symphony Way Pavement Dwellers to resist forced removal to the notorious Blikkiesdorp transit camp and to demand access to decent housing.

No Land! No House! No Vote! is the name of a campaign by autonomous grassroots movements to boycott elections and reject party politics and vote banking in South Africa. In 2009, the Poor People's Alliance voted to boycott the national elections under the No Land! No House! No Vote! Banner.

The 2010 FIFA World Cup was connected to a large number of evictions in South Africa which many claimed were meant to 'beautify the city'. The WC-AEC campaigned against all evictions caused by the event. The campaign's hotspots included the anti-gentrification issues in Gympie Street and other parts of Woodstock, the national N2 Gateway housing project and its evictions in Joe Slovo and Delft, Sea Point evictions, and evictions in Q-Town next to Athlone Stadium.

The movement is committed to opposing xenophobia and has been particularly active in this regard in Gugulethu where it has set up a forum for these issues to be discussed. According to both the media and the local police the forum has had considerable success in reducing xenophobic hostility. However the movement's anti-xenophobic work has cost it some popular support and resulted in an arson attack on one of the movement's leaders.

The movement produces its own media.

## Poor People's Alliance

In September 2008 the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, together with Abahlali baseMjondolo, the Landless People's Movement and the Rural Network (Abahlali baseplasini) formed the Poor People's Alliance. The poor people's alliance refused electoral politics under the banner 'No Land! No House! No Vote!'. It has been reported that "Nearly 75% of South Africans aged 20-29 did not vote in the 2011 \[local government\] elections" and that "South Africans in that age group were more likely to have taken part in (sic) violent street protests against the local ANC than to have voted for the ruling party".

## Influence

Take Back the Land in Miami and the Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign have both stated that their work is inspired by that of the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign. The Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign has used the slogan 'No House No Vote'.

## Films and Books


title: Anglican Church of Kenya

abstract: The Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) is a province of the Anglican Communion, and it is composed by 41 dioceses. The current Leader and Archbishop of Kenya is Jackson Ole Sapit. The Anglican Church of Kenya claims 5 million total members. According to a study published in the Journal of Anglican Studies and by Cambridge University Press, the ACK claims 5 million adherents, with no official definition of membership, with nearly 2 million officially affiliated members, and 310,000 active baptised members. The church became part of the Province of East Africa in 1960, but Kenya and Tanzania were divided into separate provinces in 1970.

text:
# Anglican Church of Kenya

The **Anglican Church of Kenya** (**ACK**) is a province of the Anglican Communion, and it is composed by 41 dioceses. The current Leader and Archbishop of Kenya is Jackson Ole Sapit. The Anglican Church of Kenya claims 5 million total members. According to a study published in the *Journal of Anglican Studies* and by *Cambridge University Press,* the ACK claims 5 million adherents, with no official definition of membership, with nearly 2 million officially affiliated members, and 310,000 active baptised members. The church became part of the Province of East Africa in 1960, but Kenya and Tanzania were divided into separate provinces in 1970.

## History

The church was founded as the diocese of Eastern Equatorial Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania) in 1884, with James Hannington as the first bishop; however, Protestant missionary activity had been present in the area since 1844, when Johann Ludwig Krapf, a Lutheran missionary, landed in Mombasa. The first Africans were ordained to the priesthood in 1885. In 1898, the diocese was split into two, with the new diocese of Mombasa governing Kenya and northern Tanzania (the other diocese later became the Church of Uganda); northern Tanzania was separated from the diocese in 1927. Mass conversions of Africans began as early as 1910. In 1955, the diocese's first African bishops, Festo Olang' and Obadiah Kariuki, were consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, in Uganda. In 1960, the province of East Africa, comprising Kenya and Tanzania, was formed with Leonard James Beecher as archbishop. The province was divided into two, with Festo Olang' being the first African archbishop of the new province of Kenya in 1970. Manasses Kuria was the Archbishop of Kenya from 1980 to 1994.

The Anglican Church of Kenya has been politically active throughout its history. As the official church of the colonial power, the Anglican missions enjoyed a privileged position, and Anglican preachers sharply denounced the Mau Mau rebellion in the 1950s. A number of Kikuyu loyalists who rejected Mau Mau were active church members. When President Daniel arap Moi moved to consolidate his power by suppressing free speech and limiting political opposition, Anglican leaders spoke out in defense of civil rights. David Gitari famously denounced election controls in a 1987 sermon that received considerable criticism from Moi supporters, but other church leaders soon joined in Gitari's criticisms. In 1990, Bishops Henry Okullu and Alexander Muge criticized the state's investigation of the murder of moderate foreign minister Robert Ouko. Bishop Muge was killed in a suspicious automobile accident later in the year after receiving open threats from a government official. His death spurred bishops Gitari, Okullu, and other Anglican leaders to take an even more active public role, vocally supporting the move to multi-party democracy. Gitari became archbishop in 1995 and continued the church's active engagement around civil rights, using his position to promote constitutional changes such as term limits and fairer elections.

## Membership

As of 2008 there were 4,500,000 Anglicans out of an estimated population of 43,000,000, that formed 10.6% of Kenyan's population.

## Archbishops

The primate of the Church is the Archbishop of All Kenya. The see is fixed at Nairobi. He was previously styled "Archbishop of Kenya and Bishop of Nairobi", but the Diocese of Nairobi has now been divided into two. The Bishop of Nairobi has the geographically larger diocese, whilst there is a separate diocese of All Saints', based around All Saints' Cathedral. The primate's title is now "Primate and Archbishop of All Kenya". The current archbishop is the sixth since the Province of East Africa was divided into the Provinces of Kenya and Tanzania.

1. Festo Olang', 1970–1980
2. Manasses Kuria, 1980–1994
3. David Gitari, 1997–2002
4. Benjamin Nzimbi, 2002–2009
5. Eliud Wabukala, 2009–2016
6. Jackson Ole Sapit, 2016–present

Wabukala announced he would retire on 26 June 2016. An election for a new archbishop was held at a special meeting of synod at All Saints' Cathedral in Nairobi on 20 May 2016, and Jackson Ole Sapit was elected as the new primate. Sapit was installed as the sixth archbishop and primate of Kenya at All Saints' Cathedral in Nairobi on 3 July 2016.

## Structure

The polity of the Anglican Church of Kenya is Episcopal church governance, which is the same as other Anglican churches. That is, headed by bishops from the Greek word, "episcopos," which means overseer or superintendent. The church maintains a system of geographical parishes organized into dioceses. It has been proposed since before 2005 that the quickly-increasing number of dioceses should be organised into about four or five internal ecclesiastical provinces, each headed by a metropolitan diocesan archbishop, with one primate over all. While a plan was apparently approved in 2008, as of 2018 this would seem not to have been implemented.

### Dioceses

Mombasa

Maseno

Mount Kenya

Nakuru

Each diocese is divided into archdeaconries, each headed by an archdeacon, who is a priest. The archdeaconries are further subdivided into parishes, headed by a rector. Parishes are subdivided into sub-parishes, headed by lay readers.

## Worship and liturgy

The Anglican Church of Kenya, like all Anglican churches, embraces the three traditional Orders of ministry: deacon, priest, and bishop. A local variant of the Book of Common Prayer is used.

## Doctrine and practice

The center of the Anglican Church of Kenya's teaching is the life and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The basic teachings of the church, or catechism, includes:

The threefold sources of authority in Anglicanism are scripture, tradition, and reason. These three sources uphold and critique each other in a dynamic way. This balance of scripture, tradition and reason is traced to the work of Richard Hooker, a sixteenth-century apologist. In Hooker's model, scripture is the primary means of arriving at doctrine and things stated plainly in scripture are accepted as true. Issues that are ambiguous are determined by tradition, which is checked by reason.

### Ecumenical relations

Like many other Anglican churches, the Anglican Church of Kenya is a member of the ecumenical World Council of Churches. In October 2009, the Kenyan Church's leadership reacted to the Vatican's proposed creation of personal ordinariates for disaffected traditionalist Anglicans by saying that although he welcomed ecumenical dialogue and shared moral theology with the Catholic Church, the current GAFCON structures already meet the spiritual and pastoral needs of conservative Anglicans in Africa.

## Anglican realignment

The Anglican Church of Kenya is a member of the Global South and the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON). They declared a state of impaired communion with the Episcopal Church of the United States over the question of allowing blessing of same-sex unions and non-celibate gay clergy, and have supported the Anglican Church in North America as a new province in creation of the Anglican Communion. However, there are dioceses of The Episcopal Church and of the Anglican Church of Kenya that continue to partner with one-another. The ACK is also the second member church of GAFCON to ordain women to the episcopate.

The second Global Anglican Future Conference was held at All Saints Cathedral, Nairobi, from 21 October to 26 October 2013. The focus was the shared Anglican future, discussing the missionary theme, "Making Disciples of the Lord Jesus Christ".

The Anglican Church of Kenya was represented at GAFCON III, held in Jerusalem, on 17–22 June 2018, by a 75 members delegation, including Archbishop Jackson Ole Sapit. In 2021, Dioceses in Western Kenya broke with a moratorium imposed by GAFCON against the ordination of women as bishops when the Diocese of Bondo and the Diocese of Butere elected two women as bishops. This sparked controversy within the ACK as some clergy noted that conservatives claim "Western Kenya dioceses are liberal and are ordaining women. \[But most\] of the Kenyan Anglican dioceses are conservative,' \[a cleric\] added."

### Citations

### Sources

## Further reading

* *Anglicanism*, Neill, Stephen. Harmondsworth, 1965.

## InfoBox

| Anglican Church of Kenya | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Classification | Protestant |
| Orientation | Anglican |
| Scripture | Holy Bible |
| Theology | Anglican doctrine |
| Polity | Episcopal |
| Primate | Jackson Ole Sapit |
| Associations | Anglican Communion, GAFCON, Global South |
| Headquarters | Nairobi, Kenya |
| Territory | Kenya |
| Members | 5,000,000 |
| Official website | www.ackenya.org |


title: Las Casas del Conde

abstract: Las Casas del Conde is a tiny village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is located 78 kilometres (48 mi) from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of only 55 people. The municipality covers an area of 1 km⁲ (0.39 sq mi) and it lies 720 metres (2,360 ft) above sea level and the postal code is 37659.

text:
# Las Casas del Conde

**Las Casas del Conde** is a tiny village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is located 78 kilometres (48 mi) from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of only 55 people.

The municipality covers an area of 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) and it lies 720 metres (2,360 ft) above sea level and the postal code is 37659.

## History

As most of the towns of the region, Las casas del Conde was born to history during the Christian repopulation, initiate in the days of Alfonso IX of Leon (1065–1109) into the hands of its son-in-law, the count Raimundo of Burgundy. As the wars of the Muslims continued threatening Christian Spain, Alfonso IX intensifies the repopulation activity and fortifies this zone, that also is border with the Kingdom of Castilla. So and as he comes off himself the origin of his name, soon the municipality happens to consist of the jurisdiction of the Count de Miranda del Castañar, with the economic dependency that it supposes, due to the establishment of the feudal rents, applied to all the economic and materials goods of the neighbours. An important brake for the development of the town, until in 1757, the King grants the title from villa to the Houses of the Count, adjudging to him great part of the land of El Cabaco, Nava de Francia and el Casarito. This distribution originated the beginning of larguísimo lawsuit between the Houses and the Cabaco, in which they did not lack fights, attempts of murder and until the presence of soldiers, sent by the governor of the district, that lived in Ciudad Rodrigo. Some authors relate that those of Las Casas del Conde, but aggressive by their condition of “serranos”, hurt, stabbed and until they left badly unemployed very serious to several neighbours of El Cabaco. In 1763 the cause in favour of the cabaqueños was failed, that recovered their communal mounts. The complete acts of this lawsuit occupy nothing less than 1720 handwritten folio pages and the sentence is contained in another volume of 180 pages. Years before, the neighbours of the Houses also had serious disputes with Mogarraz, by the operation of the meadow of Santa Coloma. In 1672 there was a dead and several wounded in one fight, which triggered a time of greater understanding, and the following year signed the peace, paying Mogarraz 14300 real by the meadow. Nevertheless, the lawsuits continue throughout the years by problems of advantage of dry trees without fruit, pruning, coasts, you select, etc., giving rise to the sentence of the Real Chancillería de Valladolid, executory of the 28 of February 1738, in reference to the places of the mount of Peñalvo, already regulated in decrees of the third count of Miranda, and to the estates towards San Blas and the environs of the Francia river.

## Climate and natural surroundings

Las Casas del Conde is located next to the Francia River, born in the mountain range with the same name, Sierra de Francia. As all mountain rivers its waters are crystalline and it runs between trees like alder and ash that tend to look for the solar light reaching great altitude forming a tunnel around the river which contributes in the summer period to enjoy in its surroundings of a peace, only disturbed by the noise the water. It has a privileged microclimate, given by its geographic situation, which allows the culture of all fruit trees type (cherry trees, fig trees, apple trees, pear trees, olive trees, grapevine etc. those of Mediterranean type (Orange trees, shaft etc.). Vegetation are even very rich in aromatic plants (thyme, Pot Marjoram, etc.). In January the narcissuses have bloomed around the river or the humid meadows, which gives us an idea of the climate given by its geographic situation (inside between two mountains, next to the river mentioned and oriented to the projection.

## Sightseeing

Church of Santa Catalina. Hermitage of the Humilladero. Interesting urban center. Exceptional natural viewpoint

## Services

Recreational zone “Peñalvo”: is 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the urban center. A local highway heads toward Mogarraz.

## Celebrations

Celebrations of Santo Cristo and Virgin of the Triumph: 7, 8 and 9 of August.

## InfoBox

| Las Casas del Conde | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Salamanca | |
| Coordinates: 40°30′27″N 6°2′30″W / 40.50750°N 6.04167°W / 40.50750; -6.04167 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Comarca | Sierra de Francia |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Adelia López Hoyos (PSOE) |
| Area | |
| Total | 1 km2 (0.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 720 m (2,360 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 61 |
| Density | 61/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 37659 |


title: Northampton, Western Australia

abstract: Northampton is a town 52 kilometres (32 mi) north of Geraldton, in the Mid West region of Western Australia. At the 2011 census, the town had a population of 868. The town contains a National Trust building. The town lies on the North West Coastal Highway. Originally called The Mines, Northampton was gazetted in 1864 and named after the colony's Governor, John Hampton. The town was sited in the Nokanena Brook valley, between the hamlets around the two major copper mines in the area, the Wanerenooka and the Gwalla. It was the service town to the micronation, the Principality of Hutt River. The town is known for its many wildflowers. Cave paintings at the Bowes River turnoff show that the region has been inhabited by Indigenous Australians. The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town has a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

text:
# Northampton, Western Australia

**Northampton** is a town 52 kilometres (32 mi) north of Geraldton, in the Mid West region of Western Australia. At the 2011 census, the town had a population of 868. The town contains a National Trust building. The town lies on the North West Coastal Highway. Originally called **The Mines**, Northampton was gazetted in 1864 and named after the colony's Governor, John Hampton. The town was sited in the Nokanena Brook valley, between the hamlets around the two major copper mines in the area, the Wanerenooka and the Gwalla.

It was the service town to the micronation, the Principality of Hutt River.

The town is known for its many wildflowers. Cave paintings at the Bowes River turnoff show that the region has been inhabited by Indigenous Australians.

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town has a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

## History

Lead ore was first found by explorer James Perry Walcott, a member of Augustus Charles Gregory's party, in 1848 in the bed of the Murchison River, establishing the mining industry in Western Australia. By 1864, 980 tons of lead ore and 230 tons of copper ore were exported from the district, representing 14% of the colony's total annual exports, exceeded only by wool (52%) and sandalwood (18%). By 1877 the district's exports of copper and lead ores had grown 350% and were the colony's second largest export, still at 14% of the total, after wool (53%).

The town was left under water by flooding in 1900 following torrential rainfall. The bridge over Nokanena Brook was swamped, with extensive damage; the water levels were the highest recorded in ten years.

In 1936, 4,628 tons of lead were produced from the Northampton field, followed by 6,163 tons in 1937. Most of this came from the Grand Junction mine, which was closed in 1938.

The Northampton State Battery opened in 1954 and operated for about 30 years leaving large amounts of tailings stockpiled. Locals removed the waste to use in buildings and other construction works. The battery was demolished in 2010 with the remaining tailings being sealed in a containment cell.

An investigation into lead contamination in the town commenced in 2013. The Northampton Lead Tailings Project aims to collect information on all land parcels around the town to determine extent of the distribution of lead tailings, which contain about 3% lead, in the area.

In April 2021 the town suffered serious damage from Tropical Cyclone Seroja after making landfall as an Australian scale Category 3 system north of nearby Gregory.

## Heritage

Northampton is one of the oldest towns in Western Australia, having been declared a townsite in 1864. It was classified as a "historic town" by the National Trust of Australia (WA) in 1993 in recognition of the important heritage buildings that have been conserved and which are still in use there. Notable among them are two buildings by the eminent priest architect Mgr Hawes. Most important is the Church of Our Lady in Ara Coeli, built c.1936. It is a romantic Neo Gothic, hammer dressed, sandstone building with some Arts and Crafts elements. Next to the church is the Convent of the Sacred Heart, also by Mgr Hawes, built in 1919 in a more conventional two storied Australian style with its deep sun-shading wooden verandahs. Both buildings are on the Permanent Register of the State Heritage Register of Western Australia.

## Transport

The first Western Australian government railway was constructed from Geraldton to Northampton, a distance of 33 miles 25 chains, and opened on 26 July 1879. An extension from Northampton to Ajana of 33 miles 5 chains was opened on 13 March 1913. The line closed on 29 April 1957.

## Notable residents

## Further reading

* Gibbs, M. (1997) Landscapes of Meaning – Joseph Lucas Horrocks and the Gwalla Estate, Northampton, Western Australia. *Historical Traces: Studies in Western Australian History*, No. 17. University of Western Australia Press.

## InfoBox

| Northampton
Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Hampton Street | |
| Northampton | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 28°21′04″S 114°37′41″E / 28.35111°S 114.62806°E / -28.35111; 114.62806 |
| Population | 821 (UCL 2021) |
| Established | 1864 |
| Postcode(s) | 6535 |
| Area | 11.8 km2 (4.6 sq mi) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Northampton |
| State electorate(s) | Moore |
| Federal division(s) | Durack |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  27.0 °C
81 °F 12.7 °C
55 °F 432.2 mm
17 in | |


title: Union Aid Abroad – APHEDA

abstract: Australian People for Health, Education and Development Abroad (APHEDA), also known as Union Aid Abroad, is a non-government organisation of the Australian union movement. The non-government organisation was established in 1984 as the international aid agency of the Australian Council of Trade Unions. APHEDA was initiated in the pursuit of global justice through “stronger union and social movements, sustainable development programs, global solidarity and support in times of crisis” in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, the Middle East, South Africa and the Caribbean. APHEDA is also a registered charity with the Australian Charities and Not for Profits Commission. There are four key areas in which the APHEDA organisation intends to focus on, these are dignity at work, social justice, economic equality and the realisation of human rights.

text:
# Union Aid Abroad – APHEDA

**Australian People for Health, Education and Development Abroad** (**APHEDA**), also known as **Union Aid Abroad**, is a non-government organisation of the Australian union movement. The non-government organisation was established in 1984 as the international aid agency of the Australian Council of Trade Unions. APHEDA was initiated in the pursuit of global justice through “stronger union and social movements, sustainable development programs, global solidarity and support in times of crisis” in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, the Middle East, South Africa and the Caribbean. APHEDA is also a registered charity with the Australian Charities and Not for Profits Commission.

There are four key areas in which the APHEDA organisation intends to focus on, these are dignity at work, social justice, economic equality and the realisation of human rights.

## History

Helen McCue, a nurse practitioner originating from Australia, was employed in the Middle East as a nurse for the World Health Organization. Helen stated she was horrified by the harm to civilians which took place due to the Lebanese civil war, after the Sabra-Shatila massacre. Therefore, in 1982 she resigned from the World Health Organization to volunteer in Beirut refugee camps for the Palestinian Red Crescent.

In this volunteer position, McCue witnessed, in her words, "the deterioration of the physical, psychological, social and cultural well-being of four million Palestinians". McCue stated witness of this whilst working with the Palestinian Red Crescent was the inspiration to "broaden the base of support Palestinians and to somehow set up an organisation, based in union movement". Within Beirut refugee camps, McCue volunteered for the Palestine Red Crescent Society, a humanitarian organisation which act in the interest of the "health and welfare of the Palestinian people".

In 1983, McCue proposed the idea of a trade union-based international humanitarian organisation to Cliff Dolan, the leader of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) at the time. This was supported and in 1984, the organisation to later be known as the Union Aid Abroad  Australian People for Health, Education and Development Abroad received its first two government grants for "humanitarian development assistance" to support overseas health workers.

At this point, the Australian Council of Trade Unions had officially contracted APHEDA as their international aid agency.

### Key contributors

#### Helen McCue

Helen McCue was an Australian, Catholic nurse who grew up in Canberra, Australia. In the early 1980s, McCue worked for the World Health Organization as a United Nations consultant to evaluate nursing services in the Middle East. McCue then transitioned into a role at the United Nations Relief and Workers for the Agency of Palestinians. It is here McCue worked in Bekker Valley with the refugee community. After the Sabra-Shatila massacre, McCue felt as if she had "failed to protect" the refugee community in her role at the United Nations. Consequently, McCue left the organisation to volunteer in refugee camps. This inspired her to approach Cliff Dolan. McCue's intention for the development of APHEDA was to develop a network where various skilled workers with technical and vocational skills in the Australian community could “support the training of people in these refugee situations”. After founding APHEDA with Cliff Dolan in 1984, McCue was named the executive director. McCue set up several training programs in Australia for nurses abroad to develop critical nursing skills. This led to the establishment of a nurse training program in Lebanon. Further responsibilities of McCue in her time as executive director included “setting up infrastructure in Australia”, recruiting the alliance of international unions and was a key player in overseas project work, in Vietnam, the Philippines, South Africa and the Middle East.

#### Audrey McDonald

Audrey McDonald was a second key contributor to the APHEDA organisation in its early days. McDonald was born in Sandy Flat and relocated with her mother to the Sydney city. At 17 years old, McDonald represented APHEDA at the 1955 Congress of the Food & Canning Workers Organisation in Sofia, Bulgaria. McDonald is said to have supported the APHEDA organisation on an ongoing basis directly and through her affiliations with the Union of Australian Women at which she was the national secretary. McDonald authored a novel with her husband Tom McDonald detailing their experiences in union aid. The funds of this novel contribute to funding a child South African nutrition project directed by APHEDA.

## Goals and objectives

The APHEDA organisation state their purpose is driven towards the achievement of four main areas:

1. Dignity at work
2. Social justice
3. Economic equality
4. The realisation of human rights

The organisation plans to achieve this via unions, social movements, sustainable development programs, global solidarity and crisis support.

The APHEDA organisation have identified five key values in which they endeavour to operate in line with. These values refer to solidarity, equality and justice, movement-building, accountability and partnership.

## Funding

APHEDA is registered with the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission. The organisation derives their funding from "government funding, other grants, donations, fundraising and interest income". The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade funds several of Union-Aid-APHEDA's projects offshore. Members can pay a minimum membership fee of $15.00 a month which is also contributed to the funding of Union-Aid APHEDA's offshore projects and programs. As a registered "Australian Company Limited by Guarantee", the organisation must reinvest any profits obtained back into the charity's work. In the 20192020 financial year, received approximately A$2,000,000 (equivalent to $2,200,000 in 2022) in donations and bequests, A$3,600,000 (equivalent to $3,900,000 in 2022) from the Australian government and made $0 revenue from the provision of goods and services. In this time, approximately A$5,000,000 (equivalent to $5,500,000 in 2022) was spent for use outside of Australia.

## Structure

The governing board of APHEDA are elected by their members and the ACTU.

Board of Union-Aid APHEDA as of May 2021
| Executive Officer | Kate Lee |
| --- | --- |
| Chairperson | Angelo Gavrielatos |
| Vice Chairperson | Michele O’Neil |
| Honorary Secretary | Marj O’Callaghan |
| Honorary Treasurer | Mark Lennon |
| Chief Finance Officer | Lois Rahayu |
| External expert representative | Peter Cozens |
| Appointment Expert | Betty Hounslow |
| Committee Members | Danae Bosler, Michelle Robertson,<br>Michael Wright, Lori-Anne Sharp |

Volunteers of the organisation will provide unpaid services for Australian community education and/or assistance on overseas projects. In 20192020 financial year, volunteers devoted 330 hours to the organisation's work in community education and 3167 hours towards work on overseas projects.

Employees of APHEDA work under the Union-Aid Abroad-APHEDA Staff Agreement 2018–2019. This single enterprise agreement operates under section 185 of Fair Work Act 2009. Volunteers are not considered under this agreement.

### Partnerships

APHEDA has 45 partner organisations in 14 different countries. It is proposed there are four main categories of partnership in which APHEDA engage in, they refer to:

1. Standards and guidelines development
2. Project Funding
3. Provision of services and personnel
4. Provision of goods

## Criticisms and controversies

In 2002, the acting prime minister John Howard's visit to Indonesia was not well received by the government officials. Government officials cancelled scheduled meetings with Howard as it was believed Australia was in support of the West Papua and Aceh independence movements. Howard claimed Australia was not in support of the political tensions in the region. However, the controversies had arisen due to Australian Aid monetary contributions towards APHEDA. At the time, APHEDA were said to be utilising funding to establish Indonesian trade union training programs. Through this, it is said APHEDA were partially responsible for the strike which occurred against the Shangri-La Hotel chain at the end of 2000 for the hotel-chain workers right to freedom of association. The strike was broken up by local police after 4 days and had several legal implications for strikers. Fines were issued to the unions and staff involved lost their job.

## Political advocacies

APHEDA's political advocacies are centred around eight key areas: global issues, anti-corruption, illicit drug and law enforcement, disasters and humanitarian affairs, gender issues, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, health and medical, peace and security, and labour conditions.

### Gender equality

APHEDA work in partnership with Irish Aid. The two AID organisations have been responsible for the training of women in positions of leadership in Vietnam, across several districts, communes and provinces.

The intention of this project is to empower more women to engage in political agendas and positions of political leadership and further, for these women to advocate for gender-related concerns to ensure policies are developed and implemented include the voice of all.

This project began in October 2017 and was set to continue until August 2021. In 2020, this campaign was awarded a total of A$66,186 (equivalent to $72,571 in 2022) in Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) funding.

### Mae Tao Clinic

The Mae Tao Clinic was founded by Dr. Cynthia Maung in 1988. The organisation provides health care free of charge to assist migrants and refugees crossing the border from Burma and Thailand. APHEDA continues to support this organisation offshore from Australia and in the clinic.

### Capacity building for Karen Women at the Thai-Myanmar Border

In this program, APHEDA work in partnership with the Karen's Women's Organisation (KWO) in refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border. The program intends to strengthen leadership skills and knowledge within the camps to ensure community services can continue to be actioned despite political instability in the region. In 2020, this program received A$52,980 (equivalent to $58,091 in 2022) in DFAT funding.

### Campaign to ban asbestos in South-East Asia

This campaign is active in several areas of South-East Asia. These areas are Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia. It involves Australian APHEDA volunteers working with unionists and campaigners in an attempt to “ban asbestos and eliminate asbestos-related diseases”. The overall goal for this campaign is to do so to eliminate asbestos-related diseases in these regions. In 2020, the campaign pushed to reform the Rotterdam Convention. To do so, the Australian Council of Trade Unions and Union-Aid APHEDA initiated an alliance between international several trade unions and environmental non-governmental organisations. It was forecasted in the 2000-2007 period, Asia was responsible for 64% share of the global asbestos use.

In 2020, this campaign was awarded a total of A$637,785 in DFAT funding.

### Boosting agriculture in Gaza and the West Bank

This APHEDA project began in 2015 in association with the MA’AN Development Centre, The Palestinian Business Women's Association – Asala and the Institute for Community Partnership of Bethlehem University.

The project has had several intentions:

* Enhance long-term profitability of small-scale farmers and producers
* Avoid toxic pesticides and improve standards
* Lower costs and reduce waste through water tanks and new agricultural roads
* Improve gender equality in farm production industries

The project has been funded by the Australia Middle East NGO Cooperation Agreement Phase 3.

### Recognition from Nelson Mandela

In 2010, after Nelson Mandela’s release from prison he made tribute to the work of the APHEDA organisation. Specifically, the contribution and support APHEDA demonstrated for the anti-apartheid struggle.

## InfoBox

Australian People for Health, Education and Development Abroad
| Union Aid Abroad | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Abbreviation | APHEDA |
| Formation | 1984 (1984) |
| Founder | Helen McCue |
| Headquarters | Sydney, Australia |
| Area served |  |
| Executive officer | Kate Lee |
| Affiliations |  |
| Website | www.apheda.org.au |


title: John Brand (antiquarian)

abstract: John Brand was an English antiquarian and Church of England clergyman. He was author of Observations on Popular Antiquities: including the whole of Mr Bourne's "Antiquitates Vulgares," with addenda to every chapter of that work.

text:
# John Brand (antiquarian)

**John Brand** (19 August 1744 – 11 September 1806) was an English antiquarian and Church of England clergyman. He was author of *Observations on Popular Antiquities: including the whole of Mr Bourne's "Antiquitates Vulgares," with addenda to every chapter of that work.*

## Life

Born in Washington, County Durham, he was educated at the Royal Grammar School in Newcastle upon Tyne. He was initially apprenticed as a cordwainer, and later was ordained, holding in succession the curacies of Bolam, Northumberland, of St Andrew's, Newcastle, and of Cramlington. But with assistance from friends he entered Lincoln College, Oxford at the age of 28 and obtained a degree in 1775.

Brand was appointed Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1784 and was annually re-elected until his death.

He was buried in the nearby churchyard of St Mary-at-Hill. When this churchyard was cleared, his remains were moved to West Norwood Cemetery within the enclosure that the church acquired there in 1847.

## Works

Brand wrote *Observations on the popular antiquities of Great Britain: Including the Whole of Mr. Bourne's Antiquitates Vulgares* (1777), generally referred to as *Popular Antiquities*. (The incorporated work was the *Popular Antiquities* of Henry Bourne, published 1725, with Brand's own extensive annotations). Material from it was afterwards broadly incorporated into William Hone's *Every Day Book*, *Year Book*, etc., and in Chambers' *Book of Days*, which had wide popular circulation. The *Popular Antiquities* were further revised and enlarged by Sir Henry Ellis. The expression "popular antiquities" was overtaken in the 19th century by "folklore". The book was again reworked as an alphabetical dictionary in *Faiths and folklore ; a dictionary of national beliefs, superstitions and popular customs,* (1905) by William Carew Hazlitt.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "John Brand". *The Nuttall Encyclopædia*. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
* Short biography", St Andrew's Church", British History Online (see footnote 33)
* *Observations on Popular Antiquities, Chiefly Illustrating the Origin of our Vulgar Customs, Ceremonies and Superstitions* by John Brand: A New Edition with the additions of Sir Henry Ellis (Chatto and Windus, London 1900). (This pre-dates the alphabetical extension, revision and correction accessed below.)
* R. H. Sweet, ‘Brand, John (1744–1806)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography


title: Oceanic-Creations

abstract: Oceanic-Creations AB was a company based in Sweden, founded in 1986 around the so-called Oceanic-Creations Composite Technology (OCCT), a special process for producing a carbon fibre based construction material. The company had a production plant in Varna, Bulgaria. Media reported about a floating, pyramid shaped Hotel Maya being constructed there for deployment in Cancún, Mexico. The OCCT process was originally developed for navy stealth ships at Kockums shipyards in Karlskrona, Sweden, and treated as a military secret. After the innovation was declassified in 2002, Oceanic-Creations AB started to explore other markets. The OCCT process is not patented, but kept as a trade secret on a 20-year license from Kockums. The company went bankrupt in 2011.

text:
# Oceanic-Creations

**Oceanic-Creations AB** was a company based in Sweden, founded in 1986 around the so-called **Oceanic-Creations Composite Technology** (OCCT), a special process for producing a carbon fibre based construction material. The company had a production plant in Varna, Bulgaria. Media reported about a floating, pyramid shaped *Hotel Maya* being constructed there for deployment in Cancún, Mexico.

The OCCT process was originally developed for navy stealth ships (including the Visby class corvette) at Kockums shipyards in Karlskrona, Sweden, and treated as a military secret. After the innovation was declassified in 2002, Oceanic-Creations AB started to explore other markets. The OCCT process is not patented, but kept as a trade secret on a 20-year license from Kockums.

The company went bankrupt in 2011.

1. Strandberg, Love (2011-11-22). "Lyxbygget som blev ett sjunkande skepp". *Svenska Dagbladet* (in Swedish). ISSN 1101-2412. Retrieved 2019-04-01.


title: Ian Morris (historian)

abstract: Ian Matthew Morris is a British historian and archaeologist who is the Willard Professor of Classics at Stanford University.

text:
# Ian Morris (historian)

**Ian Matthew Morris** (born 27 January 1960) is a British historian and archaeologist who is the Willard Professor of Classics at Stanford University.

## Early life and education

Morris was born on 27 January 1960 in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. He attended Alleyne's High School, a comprehensive school in Stone, Staffordshire. He studied at the University of Birmingham, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1981. He undertook a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree at the St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1985. His doctoral thesis was titled "Burial and society at Athens, 1100-500 BC".

## Career

From 1987 to 1995, he taught at the University of Chicago. Since 1995, he has been at Stanford.

Since joining Stanford, he has served as Associate Dean of Humanities and Sciences, Chair of the Classics Department, and Director of the Social Science History Institute. He was one of the founders of the Stanford Archaeology Center and has served two terms as its director. He has published extensively on the history and the archaeology of the ancient Mediterranean and on world history. He has also won a Dean's Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2009.

Between 2000 and 2007, he directed Stanford's excavation at Monte Polizzo, Sicily, Italy.

He has been awarded research fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, Hoover Institution, National Endowment for the Humanities, Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington, D.C., and Institute for Research in the Humanities, University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is also a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy and has been awarded honorary degrees by De Pauw University and Birmingham University. In 2012 his work was the subject of a lengthy profile in the *Chronicle of Higher Education*. He delivered the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Princeton University in 2012.

Ian Morris plans to develop his views on the first-millennium BC transformations (the shift from religion-based power to bureaucratic and military one, and the rise of Axial thought) in his new book.

## *Why the West Rules—For Now*

His 2010 book, *Why the West Rules—For Now*, compares East and West across the last 15,000 years, arguing that physical geography, rather than culture, religion, politics, genetics, or great men, explains Western domination of the globe. *The Economist* has called it "an important book—one that challenges, stimulates and entertains. Anyone who does not believe there are lessons to be learned from history should start here." The book won several literary awards, including the 2011 PEN Center USA Literary Award for Creative Nonfiction, and was named as one of the books of the year by Newsweek, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, and a number of other newspapers. It has been translated into 13 languages.

## *The Measure of Civilization*

*The Measure of Civilization* is a companion volume to *Why the West Rules—For Now*. It provides details of the evidence and the statistical methods used by Morris to construct the social development index that he used in *Why the West Rules* to compare long-term Eastern and Western history. The International Studies Association and Social Science History Association devoted panels to discussing the book at their 2013 annual meetings. The book is being translated into Chinese.

## *War! What is it Good For?*

*War! What is it Good For?: Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots* was published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux in the US and Profile Books in Britain in April 2014. Morris argues that there is enough evidence to trace the history of violence across many thousands of years and that a startling fact emerges. For all of its horrors, over the last 10,000 years, war has made the world safer and richer, as it is virtually the only way that people have found to create large, internally pacified societies that then drive down the rate of violent death. The lesson of the last 10,000 years of military history, he argues, is that the way to end war is by learning to manage it, not by trying to wish it out of existence. Morris also devotes a chapter to the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in Tanzania. The German translation of the book, *Krieg: Wozu er gut ist*, was published by Campus Verlag in October 2013. A Dutch translation was published in 2014 by Spectrum (Houten/Antwerp): *Verwoesting en vooruitgang*. Its Spanish translation was released in 2017, edited by Ático de Libros, under the title *Guerra, ¿para qué sirve?*.

## Awards and honors

## Bibliography

* *Burial and Ancient Society,* Cambridge, 1987 ISBN 978-0-521-38738-5
* *Death-Ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity,* Cambridge 1992 ISBN 978-0-521-37611-2
* Editor, *Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies,* Cambridge, 1994 ISBN 978-0-521-45678-4
* Co-editor, with Barry B. Powell, *A New Companion to Homer,* E. J. Brill, 1997 ISBN 978-90-04-09989-0
* Co-editor, with Kurt Raaflaub, *Democracy 2500? Questions and Challenges,* Kendall-Hunt, 1997 ISBN 978-0-7872-4466-8
* *Archaeology as Cultural History,* Blackwell, 2000 ISBN 978-0-631-19602-0
* *The Greeks: History, Culture, and Society,* with Barry B. Powell; Prentice-Hall, 1st ed. 2005, 2nd ed. 2009 ISBN 978-0-13-921156-0
* Co-editor, with Joe Manning, *The Ancient Economy: Evidence and Models,* Stanford, 2005 ISBN 978-0-8047-5755-3
* Co-editor, with Walter Scheidel and Richard Saller, *The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World,* Cambridge, 2007 ISBN 978-0-521-78053-7
* Co-editor, with Walter Scheidel, of *The Dynamics of Ancient Empires,* Oxford, 2009 ISBN 978-0-19-537158-1
* *Why the West Rules—For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future*, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010; Profile Books, 2010 ISBN 978-0-374-29002-3
* *The Measure of Civilisation: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations*, Princeton University Press, 2013; Profile Books, 2013 ISBN 978-0-691-15568-5
* *War! What is it Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots*, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014; Profile Books, 2014 ISBN 978-0-374-28600-2
* *Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels: How Human Values Evolve* (The Tanner Lectures, edited and with an introduction by Stephen Macedo and commentaries by Richard Seaford, Jonathan D. Spence, Christine M. Korsgaard, and Margaret Atwood), Princeton University Press, 2015; ISBN 9780691160399
* *Geography Is Destiny: Britain and the World: A 10,000-Year History*, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2022; Profile Books, 2022 ISBN 9780374157272

## InfoBox

| Ian M. Morris | |
| --- | --- |
| Morris in 2014 | |
| Born | (1960-01-27) 27 January 1960<br>Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England |
| Occupations |  |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education |  |
| Thesis | *Burial and society at Athens, 1100–500 BC* (1985) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions |  |
| Notable works | *Why the West Rules—For Now* (2010) |
|  | |


title: WNSR

abstract: WNSR is a Nashville-area Class D radio station. WNSR's majority owner is Randolph Victor Bell, and the station's general manager is former WSM personality Ted Johnson.

text:
# WNSR

**WNSR** (560 AM) is a Nashville-area Class D radio station. WNSR's majority owner is Randolph Victor Bell, and the station's general manager is former WSM personality Ted Johnson.

## History

The station converted to its current format in 1996, with the call letters **WYOR**, when all-sports programming began its meteoric rise in the North American radio market, particularly on AM stations. WNSR is currently affiliated with CBS Sports Radio. Many of the top names in Nashville sports have worked at WNSR. Greg Pogue, who is a veteran sports writer, sports editor, and television host, hosted Nashville's longest running morning sports show with David Coleman. Pogue worked with the *Nashville Banner* and was later sports editor at the *Daily News Journal*. Pogue took over the morning drive slot after Patrick McMurtry left to take a television news anchor position in Charleston, West Virginia. Darren McFarland, a radio veteran in Nashville, hosted a show during two different stints at the station. Brad Hopkins, a former Tennessee Titan, hosted two different shows, the latter as a co-host alongside McFarland. Bill King, a national sports talk show host and recruiting expert, hosted a show with Joe Biddle, a sports writer with the former *Nashville Banner* and later *The Tennessean*. Gregory Ruff, a veteran broadcaster in Nashville, worked in various roles with the station hosting a show and later being the fill-in for many of the shows. Jonathan Shaffer has also worked at the station. Chip Ramsey was one of the early broadcasters who did a show. Don West hosted an afternoon radio show that featured various other co-hosts including David Boclair, Eric Yutzy, Steve Wrigley, and Paul Kuharsky. (West was also a popular shopping channel show host and later announcer for TNA Wrestling). Long-time Nashville sports broadcasting figure George Plaster joined the station's staff in September 2019, leaving in 2022.

## Listening area

WNSR is licensed to the Nashville suburb of Brentwood, Tennessee, in adjoining Williamson County. Its 4,500-watt daytime signal is transmitted from a four-tower antenna in eastern Williamson County in a north-northeast/south-southeast directional pattern; this is due in part to the 5,000-watt daytime signal of a much older Class B 560 kHz station, WHBQ, just under 200 airline miles away in Memphis. As a result, WNSR's signal can be heard clearly from as far away as Southwestern Indiana, South Central Kentucky and North Alabama between sunrise and sunset. At night, when WHBQ has a 1,000-watt signal, WNSR broadcasts at a nighttime power (75 watts) from a nondirectional, one-tower antenna just southeast of downtown Nashville.

However, the listening area has been effectively enlarged by the purchase of WRFM (formerly WNTC and WPDQ), a Class A FM station licensed to Drakesboro, Kentucky, considerably north of the traditional Nashville market area, which now simulcasts WNSR programming, putting it into the Clarksville/Hopkinsville market area.

In addition, the station also signed on over translator station W240CA (95.9 FM), which serves the Nashville/Davidson County area and the Williamson County area, including the Brentwood, Franklin, and some parts of Spring Hill, Tennessee areas.

## Programming

WNSR currently is in affiliation with Infinity Sports Network (formerly CBS Sports Radio). The station was previously affiliated with Yahoo! Sports Radio (formerly Sporting News Radio, and Sports Fan Radio Network prior to that) and NBC Sports Radio. The station also broadcasts local sports, both talk shows and play-by-play as well.

1. "Facility Technical Data for WNSR". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.

## InfoBox

WNSR
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Nashville, Tennessee |
| Frequency | 560 kHz |
| Branding | WNSR SportsRadio |
| Programming | |
| Format | Sports radio |
| Affiliations | Infinity Sports Network |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Southern Wabash Communications of Middle Tennessee, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WPDQ |
| History | |
| First air date | 1981 (1981) |
| Former call signs | * WTBN (1981–1985) * WWCR (1985–1987) * WYOR (1987–1998) |
| Call sign meaning | "Nashville's Sports Radio" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 41062 |
| Class | D |
| Power | * 4,500 watts (day) * 75 watts (night) |
| Transmitter coordinates |  |
| Translator(s) | * 95.9 W240CA (Brentwood) * 107.9 W300DO (Smyrna) |
| Repeater(s) | 103.9 WRFM (Drakesboro, Kentucky) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | wnsr.com |