title: Islam during the Ming dynasty

text:
# Islam during the Ming dynasty

As the Yuan dynasty ended, many Mongols as well as the Muslims who came with them remained in China. Most of their descendants took Chinese names and became part of the diverse cultural world of China. During the following Ming rule (1368–1644), Muslims truly adopted Chinese culture. Most became fluent in Chinese and adopted Chinese names and the capital, Nanjing, became a center of Islamic learning. As a result, the Muslims became "outwardly indistinguishable" from the Chinese.

The Ming dynasty saw the rapid decline in the Muslim population in the sea ports. This was due to the closing of all seaport trade with the outside world except for rigid government-sanctioned trade.

## History

### Integration

As a result of increasing isolationism by the Ming dynasty, immigration from Muslim countries slowed down drastically, and the Muslims in China became increasingly isolated from the rest of the Islamic world, gradually becoming more sinicized and adopting the Chinese language and Chinese dress. Muslims became fully integrated into Chinese society. One interesting example of this synthesis was the process by which Muslims changed their names.

Foreign origin Muslims adopted the Chinese character which sounded the most phonetically similar to the beginning syllables of their Muslim names – Ha for Hasan, Hu for Hussain, Sa'I for Said and so on. Han who converted to Islam kept their own surnames like Kong, Zhang. Chinese surnames that are very common among Muslim families are Mo, Mai, and Mu – names adopted by the Muslims who had the surnames Muhammad, Mustafa and Masoud.

Muslims also sought to integrate themselves with the majority of the Chinese people during this time, making themselves as undistinguished as possible to assimilate.

Muslim customs of dress and food also underwent a synthesis with Chinese culture. The Islamic modes of dress and dietary rules were maintained within a Chinese cultural framework. Chinese Islamic cuisine is heavily influenced by Beijing cuisine, with nearly all cooking methods identical, and differing only in material due to religious restrictions. As a result, northern Islamic cuisine is often included as part of Beijing cuisine.

During the Ming dynasty, Chinese Islamic traditions of writing began to develop, including the practice of writing Chinese using the Arabic script (xiaojing) and distinctly Chinese forms of decorative calligraphy. The script is used extensively in mosques in eastern China, and to a lesser extent in Gansu, Ningxia, and Shaanxi. A famous Sini calligrapher is Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang.

Mosque Architecture began to follow traditional Chinese architecture. A good example is the Great Mosque of Xi'an, whose current buildings date from the Ming dynasty. Western Chinese mosques were more likely to incorporate minarets and domes while eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like pagodas.

In time, the Muslims who were descendants of immigrants from Muslim countries began to speak local dialects and to read in Chinese Language. The Ming policy towards the Islamic religion was tolerant. The Hongwu Emperor decreed the building of multiple mosques throughout China in many locations. A Nanjing mosque was built by the Xuanzong Emperor. Muslims in Ming dynasty Beijing were given relative freedom by the Chinese, with no restrictions placed on their religious practices or freedom of worship, were considered normal citizens in Beijing. In contrast to the freedom granted to Muslims, followers of Tibetan Buddhism and Catholicism suffered from restrictions and censure in Beijing.

The Hongwu Emperor ordered the building of several mosques in southern China, and wrote a 100 character praise on Islam, Allah and the prophet Muhammad. He had over 10 Muslim Generals in his military. The Emperor built mosques in Nanjing, Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian. Zhu rebuilt Jin Jue mosque in Nanjing and large numbers of Hui Muslims moved to Nanjing during his rule. He ordered that inscriptions praising Muhammd be put into Mosques.

During the war against the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng.

'Ali Akbar Khata'i wrote in his book Khataynameh: “the Emperor \[Xiaozong- Hongzhi Emperor (1487-1505)\] not only employed many Muslim officials but also had a marked personal inclination toward Islam…., The Kin Tay (Zhengde, r. 1505-1521) had been very friendly with the Muslims and had Muslim warlords under his service....., the eunuchs of the Chinese palace are all Muslims who can practice their faith without any limitations." He also called the Zhengde Emperor as "Khan".

1,200 Muslims who settled in China during the Yuan dynasty were sent "back" from Gansu to Sa-ma-rh-han (Samarkhand), due to a command from the Emperor to the Governor of Gansu to do so.

The Yongle Emperor called for the establishment and repair of Islamic mosques during his reign. Two mosques were built by him, one in Nanjing and the other in Xi'an and they still stand today. Repairs were encouraged and the mosques were not allowed to be converted to any other use.

Pro Muslim inscriptions were found on stelae erected by the Ming Emperors. The Fuzhou and Quanzhou mosques contain the following edict by the Emperor:

> "I hereby give you my imperial decree in order to guard your residence. Officials, civil or military, or anyone, are not to offend or insult you. Anyone who offends or insults you against my imperial order will be punished as a criminal".

The Ming dynasty decreed that Manichaeism and Nestorian Christianity were illegal and heterodox, to be wiped out from China, while Islam and Judaism were legal and fit Confucian ideology.

Ming Taizu's tolerant disposition for Muslims and allowing them to practice their religion led to Arab missionaries continually coming to China during the Ming dynasty, prominent ones included Mahamode and Zhanmaluding (Muhammad and Jamal Ul-din respectively).

The Zhengde Emperor was fascinated by foreigners and invited many Muslims to serve as advisors, eunuchs, and envoys at his court. His court was reportedly full of Muslims, and artwork such as porcelain from his court contained Islamic inscriptions in Arabic or Persian. He was also said to wear Muslim clothing and alleged to have converted to Islam. Muslim eunuchs ran many of his state affairs.

When the Qing dynasty invaded the Ming dynasty in 1644, Muslim Ming loyalists led by Muslim leaders Milayin, Ding Guodong, and Ma Shouying led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the Milayin rebellion in order to drive the Qing out and restore the Ming Prince of Yanchang Zhu Shichuan to the throne as the emperor. The Muslim Ming loyalists were crushed by the Qing with 100,000 of them, including Milayin and Ding Guodong, killed.

## Muslim scholarship

The era saw Nanjing become an important center of Islamic study. From there Wang Daiyu wrote Zhengjiao zhenquan (A Commentary on the Orthodox Faith), while his successor, Liu Zhi, translated Tianfang xingli (Islamic Philosophy) Tianfang dianli (Islamic Ritual) and Tianfang zhisheng shilu (The Last Prophet of Islam). Another scholar, Hu Dengzhou started a rigorous Islamic school in Nanjing, which taught hadith, the Qur'an, and Islamic law. The school grew into a fourteen-course system, with classes in Arabic and Persian. Jingtang Jiaoyu was founded during the era of Hu Dengzhou 1522–1597. Other provinces had different systems and different specializations; Lintao and Hezhou provinces had a three-tier educational system in which the youngest children learned the Arabic required for namaz and wudu, and then graduated to more advanced studies. Shandong province became a center specialized in Persian texts. As the Hui Muslim community became more diluted, Chinese scholars worked harder to translate texts into Chinese to both provide more texts for Muslims to convince the ruling Han elite that Islam was not inferior to Confucianism.

The work of Islamic geographers which had reached China during the Yuan dynasty was used in the Ming dynasty to draw the Western Regions in the *Da Ming Hun Yi Tu*, the oldest surviving world map from East Asia.

## Prominent Muslims

Although the Yuan dynasty, unlike the western khanates, never converted to Islam, the Mongol rulers of the dynasty elevated the status of foreigners of all religions from Mongolia, Central, west Asia like Muslims, Jews, and Christians versus the Han, Khitan, and Jurchen, and placed many foreigners such as Central Asians, Jews, Nestorian Christian Naiman, Kerait, Ongud, Tibetan Buddhist Tangut Lamas, and Buddhist Turpan Uyghurs from Central and West Asia in high-ranking post. The state moved people from different parts of the empire including moving Chinese to Central Asia while moving Central Asians to China. The Mongol emperors moved many different peoples including Muslims to China while moved Chinese west to Muslim lands. Many worked in the elite circles arriving as provincial governors. They were referred to as Semu.

At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.

### Philosophy

Li Nu was a Han Chinese merchant and scholar, and the son of Li Lu in 1376 Li Nu visited Ormuz in Persia, converted to Islam, married a Persian or an Arab girl and brought her back to Quanzhou in Fujian. One of his descendants was the Neo Confucian philosopher Li Zhi who was not a Muslim, their clan stopped practising the religion during his grandfather's generation.

There was a significant amount of influence from Neo-Confucianism in Chinese Islamic thought around this time, to the point where many Muslims thought that they practiced Confucianism in a superior way to Confucianists who did not worship Allah. Buddhist and Taoist esotericism also influenced Muslim intellectuals.

### Military generals

#### Disputed identities

Some Hui people claim that according to their oral legends that several of the commanders of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, were Muslim like Lan Yu, Mu Ying, Feng Sheng, Ding Dexing and Hu Dahai. These are disputed by historians who say there is no evidence for them being Hui.

Lan Yu, in 1388, led a strong imperial Ming army out of the Great Wall and won a decisive victory over the Mongols in Mongolia, effectively ending the Mongol dream to re-conquer China. Lan Yu was later killed by the Emperor, along with several others, in a purge of those deemed to be a potential threat to his heir apparent.

Mu Ying was one of the few capable generals who survived the massacre of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. He and his descendants guarded Yunnan, a province near Vietnam, until the end of the Ming dynasty. He and other Muslim Generals loyal to the Ming dynasty led Muslim troops to defeat Mongol and Muslims loyal to the Yuan dynasty during the Ming conquest of Yunnan.

Other generals of the Ming dynasty include Feng Sheng, Ding Dexing and Hu Dahai.

#### undisputed Hui officers

In the year 1447, a Muslim Hui general Chen You, financed the restoration of the Dong Si Mosque (literally meaning: *Propagation of Brightness Mosque*).

#### Zheng He

The Ming dynasty also gave rise to who is perhaps the most famous Chinese Muslim, Zheng He, a mariner, explorer, diplomat, and admiral. He was born in 1371 in Yunnan province. He served as a close confidant of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1403–1424), the third emperor of the Ming dynasty. Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions led by Zheng He into the Indian Ocean, reaching as far away as east Africa. On his voyages, he is known to have heavily subsidized Buddhist temples; upon his returns to China, he restored or constructed temples to Mazu, the Taoist sea goddess, in Nanjing, Taicang, and Nanshan, erecting steles praising her protection. Amateur historian Gavin Menzies claims that Zheng He traveled to West Africa, North America and South America, Greenland, Antarctica and Australia and most of the rest of the world, although this idea is not taken seriously by professional historians.

## Foreign policy

The Ming dynasty supported Muslim Sultanates in South East Asia like the Malacca Sultanate, protecting them from Thailand and the Portuguese, allowing them to prosper. It also supported the Muslim Champa state against Vietnam.

Ming dynasty China warned Thailand and the Majapahit against trying to conquer and attack the Malacca sultanate, placing the Malacca Sultanate under Chinese protection as a protectorate, and giving the ruler of Malacca the title of King. The Chinese strengthened several warehouses in Malacca. The Muslim Sultanate flourished due to the Chinese protection against the Thai and other powers who wanted to attack Malacca. Thailand was also a tributary to China and had to obey China's orders not to attack

In response to the Portuguese Capture of Malacca (1511), the Chinese Imperial Government imprisoned and executed multiple Portuguese envoys after torturing them in Guangzhou. Since Malacca was a tributary state to China, the Chinese responded with violent force against the Portuguese. The Malaccans had informed the Chinese of the Portuguese seizure of Malacca, to which the Chinese responded with hostility toward the Portuguese. The Malaccans told the Chinese of the deception the Portuguese used, disguising plans for conquering territory as mere trading activities, and told of all the atrocities committed by the Portuguese. Malacca was under Chinese protection and the Portuguese invasion angered the Chinese.

Due to the Malaccan Sultan lodging a complaint against the Portuguese invasion to the Chinese Emperor, the Portuguese were greeted with hostility from the Chinese when they arrived in China. The Sultan's complaint caused "a great deal of trouble" to Portuguese in China. The Chinese were very "unwelcoming" to the Portuguese. The Malaccan Sultan, based in Bintan after fleeing Malacca, sent a message to the Chinese, which combined with Portuguese banditry and violent activity in China, led the Chinese authorities to execute 23 Portuguese and torture the rest of them in jails. Tomé Pires, a Portuguese trade envoy, was among those who died in the Chinese dungeons. Much of the Portuguese embassy stayed imprisoned for life.

## Ming loyalist Muslims

When the Qing dynasty invaded the Ming dynasty in 1644, Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Muslim leaders Milayin and Ding Guodong led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the Milayin rebellion in order to drive the Qing out and restore the Ming Prince of Yanchang Zhu Shichuan to the throne as the emperor. The Muslim Ming loyalists were supported by Hami's Sultan Sa'id Baba and his son Prince Turumtay. The Muslim Ming loyalists were joined by Tibetans and Han Chinese in the revolt. After fierce fighting, and negotiations, a peace agreement was agreed on in 1649, and Milayan and Ding nominally pledged allegiance to the Qing and were given ranks as members of the Qing military. When other Ming loyalists in southern China made a resurgence and the Qing were forced to withdraw their forces from Gansu to fight them, Milayan and Ding once again took up arms and rebelled against the Qing. The Muslim Ming loyalists were then crushed by the Qing with 100,000 of them, including Milayin, Ding Guodong, and Turumtay killed in battle.

The Confucian Hui Muslim scholar Ma Zhu (1640-1710) served with the southern Ming loyalists against the Qing. Zhu Yu'ai, the Ming Prince Gui was accompanied by Hui refugees when he fled from Huguang to the Burmese border in Yunnan and as a mark of their defiance against the Qing and loyalty to the Ming, they changed their surname to Ming.

In Guangzhou, there are three tombs of Ming loyalist Muslims who were martyred while fighting in battle against the Qing in the Manchu conquest of China in Guangzhou. The Ming Muslim loyalists were called "jiaomen sanzhong ("Three defenders of the faith" or "The Muslim's Loyal Trio").

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41. Zhidong Hao (2011). *Macau History and Society* (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-988-8028-54-2. Pires came as an ambassador to Beijing to negotiate trade terms and settlements with China. He did make it to Beijing, but the mission failed because first, while Pires was in Beijing, the dethroned Sultan of Malacca also sent an envoy to Beijing to complain to the emperor about the Portuguese attack and conquest of Malacca. Malacca was part of China's suzerainty when the Portuguese took it. The Chinese were apparently not happy with what the Portuguese did there.
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59. WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). *GREAT ENTERPRISE*. University of California Press. p. 802. ISBN 978-0520048041.
60. WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). *GREAT ENTERPRISE*. University of California Press. p. 803. ISBN 978-0520048041. milayin.
61. Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar; Pierce, Justin, eds. (2013). *Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities*. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317938521.
62. Michael Dillon (16 December 2013). *China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects*. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-80940-8.
63. Ring & Salkin & La Boda 1996, p. 306.


title: Glenroy Samuel (footballer, born 1994)

abstract: Glenroy Lajon Samuel is a Kittian international footballer who plays for Conaree, as a midfielder.

text:
# Glenroy Samuel (footballer, born 1994)

**Glenroy Lajon Samuel** (born 29 November 1994) is a Kittian international footballer who plays for Conaree, as a midfielder.

## Club career

Samuel has played club football for Conaree. Following a SKNFA Premier League match against Village Superstars on 20 April 2019, Samuel stabbed opposing player Raheem Francis. He was charged with attempted murder and released on bail.

## International career

At the youth level, he played in 2011 CONCACAF U-17 Championship qualification, where he scored six goals, and 2015 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship qualification.

He made his senior international debut for Saint Kitts and Nevis in 2016.

## InfoBox

Glenroy Samuel
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Glenroy Lajon Samuel | | |
| Date of birth | (1994-11-29) 29 November 1994 | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Conaree | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011– | Conaree |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Saint Kitts and Nevis U17 |  |  |
|  | Saint Kitts and Nevis U23 |  |  |
| 2016– | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14:46, 9 February 2018 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 14:46, 9 February 2018 (UTC) | | | |


title: Tiny Little Houses

abstract: Tiny Little Houses are a lo-fi, Indie rock band from Melbourne, Australia.

text:
# Tiny Little Houses

**Tiny Little Houses** are a lo-fi, Indie rock band from Melbourne, Australia.

## Biography

Tiny Little Houses was formed in Melbourne in 2014 and have grown from a SoundCloud collaboration between front man Caleb Karvountzis and guitarist Sean Mullins into an established band with the addition of bassist Al Yamin and drummer Clancy Bond.

The band released the EPs *You Tore Out My Heart* in 2015 and *Snow Globe* in 2016.

Tiny Little Houses' debut album *Idiot Proverbs* was released on 21 January 2018.

Their second album *Misericorde* was released on 19 November 2021.

## Members

* Caleb Karvountzis – Vocals, Guitar
* Sean Mullins – Lead Guitar, Backing Vocals
* Al Yamin – Bass, Backing Vocals
* Clancy Bond – Drums

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of studio albums, with release date and selected details
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS<br> |
| *Idiot Proverbs* |  | 39 |
| *Misericorde* |  |  |

### Extended plays

List of EPs, with release date and selected details
| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *You Tore Out My Heart* | * Released: 30 October 2015 * Label: Ivy League Records (IVY311) * Formats: CD, digital download, streaming |
| *Snow Globe* | * Released: 7 October 2016 * Label: Ivy League Records (IVY311) * Formats: CD, digital download, streaming |

### Singles

| Year | Title | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | "Every Man Knows His Plague; And You Are Mine" | *You Tore Out My Heart* |
| 2015 | "Easy" | |
| | "Soon We Won't Exist" | |
| 2016 | "Milo Tin" | Non-album single |
| | "Song Despite Apathy" | *Snow Globe* |
| 2017 | | "Medicate Me" |
| | "Garbage Bin" | *Idiot Proverbs* |
| | | "Entitled Generation" |
| 2018 | | "Short Hair" |
| 2020 | "Richard Cory" | *Misericorde* |
| 2021 | "Car Crash" | |
| | "Smartest Guy" | |
| | "I'm Doing Just The Best That I Can" | |
| | "Take A Swing" | |
| | "Golden Boy" | |
| | "Cold Showers" | |
| 2023 | "Everyday I wake I find another reason not to" |
|

### Music videos

| Year | Album | Title | Director | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *You Tore Out My Heart* | "Every Man Knows His Plague; And You Are Mine" | Jordan Bond |  |
| 2015 | | "Easy" | |  |
| | | "Soon We Won't Exist" | Zachary Bradtke |  |
| 2016 | Non-album single | "Milo Tin" | Daniel Dunn & Clancy Bond |  |
| | *Snow Globe* | "Song Despite Apathy" | Clancy Bond |  |
| | 2017 | "Medicate Me" | Marie Panguad |  |
| | *Idiot Proverbs* | | "Garbage Bin" |  |
| | "Entitled Generation" | |  |
| | 2018 | | "Short Hair" |  |
| 2021 | *Misericorde* | "Car Crash" | Michael Ridley |  |
| | | "Smartest Guy" | |  |
| | | "Take A Swing" | Dirk Jonker |  |
| | | "Cold Showers" | Ziggy Cross |  |

## InfoBox

| Tiny Little Houses | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Melbourne, Victoria |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2014–present |
| Labels | Ivy League Records |
|  | |
| Members | * Caleb Karvountzis * Sean Mullins * Al Yamin * Clancy Bond |


title: Kent Pitman

abstract: Kent M. Pitman (KMP) is a programmer who has been involved for many years in the design, implementation, and use of systems based on the programming languages Lisp and Scheme. Since 2010, he has been President of HyperMeta, Inc. Pitman was chair of the ad hoc group that designed the Common Lisp Error and Condition System and is author of the proposal document that was ultimately adopted, and many papers on Lisp programming and computer programming in general. While in high school, he saw output from one of the guess the animal pseudo-artificial intelligence (AI) games then popular. He considered implementing a version of the program in BASIC, but once at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), instead he implemented it in several dialects of Lisp, including Maclisp. He was a technical contributor to X3J13, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) subcommittee that standardized Common Lisp and contributed to the design of the programming language. He prepared the document that became ANSI Common Lisp, the Common Lisp HyperSpec, and the document that became International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISLISP. He can often be found on the Usenet newsgroup comp.lang.lisp, where he is involved in discussions about Lisp and computer programming, and insider perspectives on Lisp evolution and Common Lisp standardization. In some posts there, he has expressed his opinion on open-source software, including open source implementations of Lisp and Scheme, as something that should be judged individually on its essential merits, rather than automatically considered good merely by being free or open.

text:
# Kent Pitman

**Kent M. Pitman** (**KMP**) is a programmer who has been involved for many years in the design, implementation, and use of systems based on the programming languages Lisp and Scheme. Since 2010, he has been President of HyperMeta, Inc.

Pitman was chair of the ad hoc group (part of X3J13) that designed the Common Lisp Error and Condition System and is author of the proposal document that was ultimately adopted, and many papers on Lisp programming and computer programming in general.

While in high school, he saw output from one of the *guess the animal* pseudo-artificial intelligence (AI) games then popular. He considered implementing a version of the program in BASIC, but once at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), instead he implemented it in several dialects of Lisp, including Maclisp.

He was a technical contributor to X3J13, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) subcommittee that standardized Common Lisp and contributed to the design of the programming language. He prepared the document that became ANSI Common Lisp, the Common Lisp HyperSpec (a hypertext conversion of the standard), and the document that became International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISLISP. He can often be found on the Usenet newsgroup `comp.lang.lisp`, where he is involved in discussions about Lisp and computer programming, and insider perspectives on Lisp evolution and Common Lisp standardization. In some posts there, he has expressed his opinion on open-source software, including open source implementations of Lisp and Scheme, as something that should be judged individually on its essential merits, rather than automatically considered good merely by being free or open.

## InfoBox

| Kent M. Pitman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | United States |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) |
| Known for | Lisp, Scheme, HyperMeta, Inc. |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Computer science, programming |
| Institutions | Harlequin, HyperMeta, Inc. |
|  | |
| Website | www.nhplace.com |


title: Poecilopharis

abstract:
Poecilopharis are beetles from the subfamily Cetoniinae, tribe Schizorhinini. The genus was created by Ernst Gustav Kraatz in 1880. The type of the genus is the species Schizorhina bouruensis Wallace, 1867.
Metallic green in colour, often gaudy decorated with orange. Mesosternal process horizontal and flattened with raised tip. Protibia tridentate with long, tapering teeth grouped together at the tip. Clypeus tucked in, simply sinuate. Pronotum with the basal median lobe only covering the base of the scutellum.
The genus is spread throughout the whole Australian region.

text:
# Poecilopharis

***Poecilopharis*** are beetles from the subfamily Cetoniinae, tribe Schizorhinini. The genus was created by Ernst Gustav Kraatz in 1880. The type of the genus is the species *Schizorhina bouruensis* Wallace, 1867. Metallic green in colour, often gaudy decorated with orange. Mesosternal process horizontal and flattened with raised tip. Protibia tridentate with long, tapering teeth grouped together at the tip. Clypeus tucked in, simply sinuate. Pronotum with the basal median lobe only covering the base of the scutellum. The genus is spread throughout the whole Australian region.

## List of the described species and subspecies

## Details of the species and subspecies

* ***Poecilopharis allardi*** Rigout, 1997

The insect from the island of Erromango, New Hebrides. A large coppery species recalling *emilia*, but of a more stocky stature. Paramers resembling those of *samuelsoni*. The type specimen is in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

* ***Poecilopharis allardi tannaensis*** Rigout, 1997

The insect from the Tanna island, smaller and more bluish. The type specimen is in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

* ***Poecilopharis angulicollis*** Schürhoff, 1936

The insect is chocolate colour, West Papua.

* ***Poecilopharis angulicollis penicillata*** Schürhoff, 1936

Smaller with a very weak elytral punctation from the Madang region.

* ***Poecilopharis antoinei*** Allard, 1995

Shiny dark green, orange marks reduced. From Nissan island. The type specimen is in the Allard's collection.

* ***Poecilopharis aruana*** (Wallace), 1867

Described as *Schizorhina aruana*, close to *leai*, but slimmer, the punctation lines are more parallel. The type specimen is in the Paris Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis bimaculata*** Schürhoff, 1936

Insect from New Britain, very small, shiny, dark, with yellowish marks.

* ***Poecilopharis buruensis*** (Wallace), 1867

Described as *Schizorhina buruensis*, this insect from the eastern part of the Buru island is dark, shiny, olive green with a few residual yellow dots. The type specimen is in the Paris Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis buruensis laevipennis*** Ritsema, 181

From the western part of the Buru island, the insect is metallic golden green, the orange marks almost totally absent.

* ***Poecilopharis curtisi*** Waterhouse, 1884

From the Larat island, a species with no punctation and of metallic green colour with copper red brilliance.

* ***Poecilopharis dechambrei*** Allard, 1995

Shiny dark green, weak elytral punctation. From the New Hebrid (no more precise location). The type specimen is in the Paris Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis emilia*** (White), 1856

Described as *Schizorhina emilia*, an insect from the Anatom island, in the New Hebrides, small with a shiny greenish black colour, covered with regular orange patterns.

* ***Poecilopharis femorata*** Waterhouse, 1894

From the Arfak region, West Papua. Uniform dark green, legs copper red.

* ***Poecilopharis flavens*** Heller, 1916

From the Vaté island, New Hebrides. Orange ground colour with greenish brown marks.

* ***Poecilopharis fromentae*** Rigout, 1997

The insect from the island of Ghanongga, Solomon Islands. Cohabiting with *uniformis* with the two external teeth of the tibia close together and some differences in the paramers. The type specimen is in the Paris Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis gressitti*** Rigout, 1997

The insect from the Nggela island, Solomon Islands. Close to *woodfordi* but less elongated, the patterns less clear and some differences in the paramers. The type specimen is in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

* ***Poecilopharis gressitti*** ssp.

From the Choiseul island, has an unusual ending of the aedeagus.

* ***Poecilopharis kerleyi*** Allard, 1995

Shiny, sparkling green, weak elytral orange maculation. From Guadalcanal, in the Solomon Islands. The type specimen is in the British Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis lachaumei*** Allard, 1995

A small, black species with very small orange marks, living in the Rossel island. The type specimen is in the Paris Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis laeviclypeata*** Schürhoff, 1936

Close to *moana*, the edges of the elytral suture even less marked. The type specimen come from "Namanumi, Fleet island" (?).

* ***Poecilopharis leai*** Schürhoff, 1936

The Australian insect from N. Queensland. It has double marginal band on the pronotum and a strong elytral punctation.

* ***Poecilopharis minuta*** Moser, 1901

A very small species from the Larat island with a strong elytral punctation.

* ***Poecilopharis moana*** Moser, 1908

From the Moa island, copper green with an orange maculation.

* ***Poecilopharis morrisi*** Allard, 1995

A species from E. Sepik, Papua New Guinea. Ground colour olive black and a fine punctation. The type specimen is in the Paris Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis poggii*** Allard, 1995

A species from the Yapen island. Small, shiny dark brown species with weak punctation. The type specimen is in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Italy.

* ***Poecilopharis poggii flyensis*** Rigout, 1997

A subspecies from the Fly river, Western Prov., Papua New Guinea. Much more coloured in appearance, with a much wider spatula. The type specimen is in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

* ***Poecilopharis poggii***  ssp.

The specimens from Madang have a similar spatula but the protibial teeth very tapering.

* ***Poecilopharis porioni*** Allard, 1995

Green colour with gold and reddish reflections, weak orange maculation. From Rotuma (North of the Fiji islands). The type specimen is in the British Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis quadrimaculata*** Schürhoff, 1936

The species from New Ireland with a bronze colour and yellowish marks.

* ***Poecilopharis rufofemorata*** Heller, 1916

From the New Hebrides: Spiritu Santo and Malekula islands. A large species with extended yellow marks on a dark mauve background.

* ***Poecilopharis ruteri*** Allard, 1995

A species from Halmaera which makes the transition to the *Anacamptorrhina*, the tip of the clypeus being strongly indented. The type specimen is in the Paris Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis samuelsoni*** Rigout, 1997

The insect from the Banks island, New Hebrides. Shiny blue green colour and general appearance different from the other currently known *Poecilopharis*. The type specimen is in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu and was dedicated to the great entomologist Dr. G. Allan Samuelson.

* ***Poecilopharis schochi*** Schürhoff, 1936

This is the species named *aruana* by Schoch in 1896. It comes from the Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. The yellow patterns are of variable size.

* ***Poecilopharis schochi buloloensis*** Allard, 1995

From a place close to Bulolo, an insect usually small, with a very extensive orange maculation. The type specimen is in the Paris Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis schochi lufaensis*** Allard, 1995

A subspecies (or a true species) from Lufa, East Highlands Province, small size, chocolate colour with confluent yellow maculation. The type specimen is in the Paris Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis speiseri*** Heller, 1916

From the New Hebrides: Banks islands. A large species with a shiny light brown ground colour.

* ***Poecilopharis truncatipennis*** (Ritsema), 1881

Described as *Schizorhina truncatipennis*, an insect from the Key island, with orange maculation in a black ground colour.

* ***Poecilopharis uniformis*** Waterhouse, 1887

This is the insect from the south of the Solomon archipelago, almost a uniform dark green, the pronotum very little punctate.

* ***Poecilopharis uniformis makiraensis*** Rigout, 1897

The subspecies from the island of San Cristobal (now Makira), Solomon Islands. Uniform green colour with bright copper reflections. The type specimen is in the British Museum.

* ***Poecilopharis uniformis*** ssp.

In the island of Ghizzo the specimens have a strong pronotal punctations. Same specimens exist also at the neighbouring island of Ganonggha.

* ***Poecilopharis valcklucasseni*** Schürhoff, 1936

This is the species from the Batjan island. The general appearance is dark copper red.

* ***Poecilopharis whitei*** (J. Thomson), 1860

Described as *Schizorhina whitei*, an insect from the Aru and Key islands, with a shiny blue green colour.

* ***Poecilopharis woodfordi*** Waterhouse, 1887

The insect from the small island south of Bougainville is dark green with very few orange markings.

* ***Poecilopharis woodfordi bukaensis*** Rigout, 1997

The specimens from Bougainville are strongly marked with orange, those from the island of Buka even having bronze reflections.

The details of the paramers and of the first tibia have been published in the volume 25 of The Beetles of the World, together with a general distribution map.

## InfoBox

| *Poecilopharis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Poecilopharis whitei* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Subfamily: | Cetoniinae |
| Genus: | ***Poecilopharis***
Kraatz, 1880 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Schizorhina bouruensis*
Wallace, 1867 | |


title: Ned Crompton

abstract: Edward Crompton was an English born Major League Baseball outfielder. He played parts of two seasons in the majors, playing 17 games as a left fielder for the St. Louis Browns in 1909 and one game as a center fielder for the Cincinnati Reds in 1910.

text:
# Ned Crompton

**Edward Crompton** (February 13, 1889 – September 28, 1950) was an English born Major League Baseball outfielder. He played parts of two seasons in the majors, playing 17 games as a left fielder for the St. Louis Browns in 1909 and one game as a center fielder for the Cincinnati Reds in 1910.

## InfoBox

| Ned Crompton | |
| --- | --- |
| **Left fielder** | |
| **Born:** (1889-02-13)February 13, 1889
Liverpool, England | |
| **Died:** September 28, 1950(1950-09-28) (aged 61)
Aspinwall, Pennsylvania | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 13, 1909, for the St. Louis Browns | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 8, 1910, for the Cincinnati Reds | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .154 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 2 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Heino (given name)

abstract:
Heino is a masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
  - Heino, German schlager and volksmusik music singer
  - Heino Anto (1882–1955), Estonian playwright, actor, politician and journalist
  - Heino Dissing (1912–1990), Danish cyclist and Olympic competitor
  - Heino Eller (1887–1970), Estonian composer and composition teacher
  - Heino Enden, Estonian professional basketball power forward
  - Heino Ferch, German film and television actor
  - Heino Finkelmann, German chemist and professor
  - Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming (1632–1706), German field marshal and Governor of Berlin
  - Heino Hansen, Danish football player and Olympic competitor
  - Heino von Heimburg (1889–1945), German Vice Admiral of the Kriegsmarine and U-boat commander during WWI
  - Heino Heinaste (1928–2006), Estonian track and field athlete
  - Heino Holm, Danish handballer
  - Heino Jürisalu (1930–1991), Estonian composer
  - Heino Kaski (1885–1957), Finnish composer and pianist
  - Heino Kiik (1927–2013), Estonian writer and journalist
  - Heino Kostabi (1933–2021), Estonian politician
  - Heino Kuhn, South African cricketer
  - Heino Kruus (1926–2012), Estonian basketball player and Olympic competitor
  - Heino Kurvet (1941–2020), Estonian sprint canoeist and Olympic medalist
  - Heino Lill, Estonian basketball coach and basketball player
  - Heino Liiv (1930–2021), Estonian linguist and philologist
  - Heino Lipp (1922–2006), Estonian decathlete
  - Heino Lind (1931–2008), Estonian sport sailor
  - Heino Mandri (1922-1990), Estonian actor
  - Heino Meyer-Bahlburg, German-born American psychologist
  - Heino Pars (1925–2014), Estonian animated film director
  - Heino Pulli (1938–2015), Finnish ice hockey player
  - Heino Puuste, Estonian javelin thrower and Olympic competitor
  - Heino von Rantzau (1894–1946), German Generalleutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II
  - Heino Schmieden (1835-1913), German architect
  - Heino Senekal, Namibian rugby player
  - Heino Sepp (1936–2008), Estonian rally driver
  - Heino Sild (1944–2009), Estonian shot putter
  - Heino Sisask (1928–2023), Estonian politician, racewalker and sports personality
  - Heino Thielemann (1923–2015), German field hockey player and Olympic competitor
  - Heino Torga (1933–2012), Estonian theatre director and actor

text:
# Heino (given name)

**Heino** is a masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:

* Heino (born 1938), German schlager and volksmusik music singer
* Heino Anto (1882–1955), Estonian playwright, actor, politician and journalist
* Heino Dissing (1912–1990), Danish cyclist and Olympic competitor
* Heino Eller (1887–1970), Estonian composer and composition teacher
* Heino Enden (born 1959), Estonian professional basketball power forward
* Heino Ferch (born 1963), German film and television actor
* Heino Finkelmann (born 1945), German chemist and professor
* Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming (1632–1706), German field marshal and Governor of Berlin
* Heino Hansen (born 1947), Danish football player and Olympic competitor
* Heino von Heimburg (1889–1945), German Vice Admiral of the Kriegsmarine and U-boat commander during WWI
* Heino Heinaste (1928–2006), Estonian track and field athlete
* Heino Holm (born 1979), Danish handballer
* Heino Jürisalu (1930–1991), Estonian composer
* Heino Kaski (1885–1957), Finnish composer and pianist
* Heino Kiik (1927–2013), Estonian writer and journalist
* Heino Kostabi (1933–2021), Estonian politician
* Heino Kuhn (born 1984), South African cricketer
* Heino Kruus (1926–2012), Estonian basketball player and Olympic competitor
* Heino Kurvet (1941–2020), Estonian sprint canoeist and Olympic medalist
* Heino Lill (born 1944), Estonian basketball coach and basketball player
* Heino Liiv (1930–2021), Estonian linguist and philologist
* Heino Lipp (1922–2006), Estonian decathlete
* Heino Lind (1931–2008), Estonian sport sailor
* Heino Mandri (1922-1990), Estonian actor
* Heino Meyer-Bahlburg (born 1940), German-born American psychologist
* Heino Pars (1925–2014), Estonian animated film director
* Heino Pulli (1938–2015), Finnish ice hockey player
* Heino Puuste (born 1955), Estonian javelin thrower and Olympic competitor
* Heino von Rantzau (1894–1946), German Generalleutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II
* Heino Schmieden (1835-1913), German architect
* Heino Senekal (born 1975), Namibian rugby player
* Heino Sepp (1936–2008), Estonian rally driver
* Heino Sild (1944–2009), Estonian shot putter
* Heino Sisask (1928–2023), Estonian politician, racewalker and sports personality
* Heino Thielemann (1923–2015), German field hockey player and Olympic competitor
* Heino Torga (1933–2012), Estonian theatre director and actor


title: Vecelin

abstract: Vecelin, also Vecellin and Vencellin, was a prominent military commander of Stephen I of Hungary at the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 11th century. He was of Bavarian origin and came from a city named as either Wasserburg or Weissenburg.

text:
# Vecelin

**Vecelin**, also **Vecellin** and **Vencellin**, was a prominent military commander of Stephen I of Hungary at the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 11th century. He was of Bavarian origin and came from a city named as either Wasserburg or Weissenburg.

## Sources

* Engel, Pál (2001). *The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526*. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
* Györffy, György (1994). *King Saint Stephen of Hungary*. Atlantic Research and Publications. ISBN 0-88033-300-6.
* Kristó, Gyula (2001). "The Life of King Stephen the Saint". In Zsoldos, Attila (ed.). *Saint Stephen and His Country: A Newborn Kingdom in Central Europe - Hungary*. Lucidus Kiadó. pp. 15–36. ISBN 963-86163-9-3.
* Veszprémy, László (1994). "Vecelin". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). *Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század)* \[=Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th-14th centuries)\] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 722. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.


title: SCTE-35

abstract: SCTE-35 is a joint ANSI/Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers standard that describes the inline insertion of cue tones in mpeg-ts streams. The full standard name is "Digital Program Insertion Cueing Message for Cable."

text:
# SCTE-35

**SCTE-35** (**ANSI/SCTE 35 2013**) is a joint ANSI/Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers standard that describes the inline insertion of cue tones in mpeg-ts streams. The full standard name is "Digital Program Insertion Cueing Message for Cable."

## History

SCTE-35 was originally used in the US to signal a local ad insertion opportunity in the transport streams, and in Europe to insert local TV programs (e.g. local news transmissions). It is now used to signal all kinds of program and ad events in linear transport streams and in newer ABR delivery formats such as HLS and DASH.

Work on splicing GOP compressed video streams was started by SMPTE ST 312M Television - Splice Points for MPEG-2 Transport Streams. This standard had some basic signaling and details on how to perform seamless and near seamless splicing of compressed streams. Although it mainly worked on constant bit rate streams, and in the cable industry the digital feeds were moving to a statistical multiplex format. A company called Imedia developed an MPEG splicer and along with a company called SkyConnect they demonstrated a splice of ad content in to a statistically multiplexed stream.

A few of the cable proponents for the SMPTE 312M standard then moved the standards process for signaling to SCTE and formed the DPI ad hoc group. Using SMPTE 312M as a base, they modified the standard to work better for signalling local ad insertion splice points and added a minimal additional amount of data to be able to start sending more information about the splice. This became the first version of SCTE 35. SCTE 35 was written without examples or much explanatory text as that was relegated to the SCTE 67 guide document.

A few years later Time Warner formed a company called MystroTV to develop a network DVR solution. This required accurate signaling of program and ad boundaries for proper recording, and more importantly, not recording programs that the programmer or operator did not have rights to. They were also interested in signaling both programmer and distributor advertising avails. This was accomplished by adding the time\_signal command which was basically a splice\_insert, but had all of the extraneous data removed. They then added a segmentation\_descriptor to be able to signal an extensible number of events and associate that with the time\_signal command for accurate splice points.

Some programmers decided to overload the original splice\_insert command rather than add standardized elements for what they wanted to do and this created some diverse interpretations on how to handle certain events. Quite a bit of time was taken in SCTE 35 2019r1 to add some examples and more explanatory text on how to use the standard.


title: Isoctenus

abstract: Isoctenus is a genus of South American wandering spiders first described by Philipp Bertkau in 1880.

text:
# Isoctenus

***Isoctenus*** is a genus of South American wandering spiders first described by Philipp Bertkau in 1880.

## Species

As of April 2019 it contains fifteen species found in Brazil and Argentina:

## InfoBox

| *Isoctenus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Ctenidae |
| Genus: | *Isoctenus*
Bertkau, 1880 |
|
| Type species | |
| *I. foliifer*
Bertkau, 1880 | |
| Species | |
| 15, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Glenmore, Mulgoa

abstract: Glenmore is a heritage-listed former farm, vineyard, rural residence and private school and now golf club and function centre located at 754-760 Mulgoa Road in the western Sydney suburb of Mulgoa in the City of Penrith local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1809 to 1868. It is also known as Glenmore Heritage Valley Golf and Country Club. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

text:
# Glenmore, Mulgoa

***Glenmore*** is a heritage-listed former farm, vineyard, rural residence and private school and now golf club and function centre located at 754-760 Mulgoa Road in the western Sydney suburb of Mulgoa in the City of Penrith local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1809 to 1868. It is also known as **Glenmore Heritage Valley Golf and Country Club**. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

In 1809-16 the Luttrell family were granted land in the Mulgoa Valley, and sold this in 1815-16 to neighbour William Cox. Also in 1809 an adjoining 162 hectares (400 acres) of land were granted to William Cox - and used for pastoralism, had fine orchards and vineyards. Between 1816 and 1852 the Cox family had strong associations with *Glenmore*. The father William Cox retained *Glenmore* until 1817, conveying it then to his fourth son George. His brother Henry Cox bought the lands off George in 1823 at the time of his marriage, and is most closely associated with the property. In 1825 Henry gained another 344-hectare (850-acre) grant from William and George sold Henry a 259-hectare (640-acre) grant he had acquired in 1815 from Thomas Hobby.

In 1824-25 Glenmore homestead appears to have been built, on the former grant of Robert Luttrell. It was the principal home of Henry Cox and family and head station of his pastoral estates. By 1825 Henry had a large estate with fertile and well watered land between Mulgoa Creek and the Nepean River. Convicts were used to clear the holding. It was used as a holding farm for animals from his other lands west of the Blue Mountains, on their way to the markets in Sydney. Glenmore was a busy centre for many years, with grape vines, wheat, corn, alfalfa and all kinds of horse and cattle feed and sheep roaming the homestead.

In 1845-5 the first homestead was built for Henry Cox. In 1850 Heny Cox had his sheep transferred to a property he had purchased at *Broombee* between Mudgee and Bathurst. The family moved there in 1851. In 1852 *Glenmore* was sold to his half-brother, Alfred Cox, who in 1853 sold it to merchant Thomas Sutcliffe Mort. Between 1852 and c.1920 was the Riley family association with *Glenmore* (the Rileys were already leasing land in the Mulgoa Valley).

In 1854 T. S. Mort sold *Glenmore* to James Riley (who was later to become the first Mayor of Penrith, in 1871). The estate was developed as his private home.

In the 1860s land use changed in the area from pastoralism to fruit growing and dairying, particularly with the arrival of the railway to Penrith in 1863 and thus ready access of products to the city markets. In c.1868 the eastern wing of the house was added for James Riley. The farm was known (along with Winbourne, *Fernhill* and the Fairlight Homestead, for the abundance and success of their crops and vineyards. In 1882 James Riley died. His wife and four daughters remained living at *Glenmore*.

In 1891 the estate was put up for sale/rent, noting it was both residence and working farm. 810 hectares (2,000 acres) including 200 hectares (500 acres) of forest, fattening paddocks, homestead and "magnificent" grounds, three good dams and a spring at the cottage. In c.1904 Riley's widow Christina died and his daughters set up a select girls' school in the house. In c.1920s land acquisition of adjoining land, and land sales of portions by D. Hattersley & C. Holswich, graziers. Hattersley subsequently bought out Holswich. Portions of the estate were sold off during the 1920s - it was reduced to its present boundaries by 1929.

In 1926 the earliest plans to use it as a golf club arose, the course opened in 1927 (nine holes, now known as the course's 'back' holes), continuing in the 1930s with a guest house, tennis, horse riding, shooting, swimming, fishing, archery, table tennis and bridge. The valley was increasingly known for its scenery and historic associations. In the 1930s *Glenmore* operated as golf course and guest house under Mr & Mrs T. O'Rourke, also tennis, horse riding, shooting, swimming, fishing, archery, table tennis and bridge were available. The Mulgoa Valley was increasingly becoming known for its scenery and historic associations. (Winbourne was another key valley guesthouse of this era).

In 1937 the Glenmore Country Club purchased the property. In 1938 the Glenmore Country Club added an extra "front" nine holes to the course. In 1940 the southern part of the estate around the homestead was in use as golf links and the northern part was reserved as grasslands. In 1947 *Glenmore* and the golf links were bought by Mary Woodland, who leased it as a golf club to a succession of lessees. 1959 Glenmore Golf & Country Club bought the business, Mrs Woodland retained ownership of the land. A liquor licence was granted.

In 1975 the property was classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). In 1978 internal additions were made to main homestead including wall stripping, installation of a new bar, enlarging and reconcreting the patio, repainting, and reseeding/dressing the greens. From 1981+ there were at least two changes of owners.

Warren Anderson, a property developer from Western Australia, bought *Glenmore* in 1981, as well as nearby *Fernhill*, *Boomerang* in Elizabeth Bay and *Tipperary* pastoral stations in the Northern Territory.

From 1982 the Department of Planning conducted a Regional Environmental Study of the Mulgoa Valley, leading to SREP 13 - Mulgoa Valley gazetted in 1987, with an emphasis on the conservation of heritage, natural and landscape values. In 1986 a putting green was constructed.

In 1993 the present owners Askhour P/L bought the property, re-roofed and repainted the main house, recorded and demolished a side verandah to the main house, converted former barn to golf pro shop, constructed a fresh water pipeline from the Nepean River, installed a new electrical substation and underground mains, removed Bunya pine tree #2, built new entry gates, driveway, parking areas, amenities building next to existing barn, machinery shed and compound. In 1993 the present owners re-roofed and repainted the house, converted the barn to a pro shop, constructed a pipeline from the Nepean, new substation and mains, built new entry gates, new driveway, parking areas, amenities building, machinery shed and compound.

In 1994 a proposed new function centre did not eventuate. A further proposal arose in 2004 but did not advance. In 1997 approval was given to convert the former barn into a golf pro-shop.

## Description

Glenmore lies between Mulgoa Road and Mulgoa Creek to the east and west, between two points to the north and south where road and creek are close together, south of Penrith. The land slopes gently upwards from Mulgoa Road to a ridgeline then falls steeply eastwards to the creek. The main homestead is near the site's centre, close to the ridgeline. Views to the house from the road are obstructed partly by landscaping and partly by the original stone barn, to its southwest.

A driveway from Mulgoa Road approaches the house and barn through a newly constructed parking area. Remnants of original tree plantings survive, particularly to the northwest of the homestead, together with some of the early hedge plants and trees beside the driveway to the south. The main homestead is U-shaped in plan with the front 2-storey wing facing northeast. The side wing facing northwest has a wine cellar under part of its length, and a disused attic towards its southwest end. A small lean-to on the northwest side was built in c.1920s. The opposite wing is single storey, with an extension at the southwest built c.1970s.

* 1809  162-hectare (400-acre) rural land grant with 1824+ homestead.
* 1868  addition, large underground cellar for wine, stone barn, a school from c.1904, and post 1920s subdivisions/sales a golf club from 1929 and more recently a function centre. Original layout included orchard and orangery areas, vegetable and split-rail fenced ornamental flower gardens, shrubbery, climbing plants covering a verandah, three dams, a spring near the cottage, double hawthorn hedge lining gravel entrance drive, teardrop bed in front of main house, rear service yard (abridged from Orwell & Peter Phillips, 2004)

Mature specimen trees include Bunya Bunya pine (Araucaria bidwillii) and Chinese elm (Ulmus chinensis). (NB: in the 1920s Glenmore was noted for its mature trees and English atmosphere, citing oaks (Quercus sp.) and elms (Ulmus sp.). Other mature trees include kurrajong (Brachychiton populneum) an exceptional example of Queensland kauri (Agathis robusta), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), pear (Pyrus pyrifolia), Osage orange (Maclura pomifera), weeping lilly pilly (Waterhousea floribunda) and conifers including hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), stone pine (Pinus pinea) and funeral cypress (Cupressus funebris).

The surrounding pastures are ringed by native forest, being grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana)-ironbark (E.crebra) woodland, and also noted in this area for Angophora subvelutina, or rough-barked apple gums.

### Condition

As at 28 November 2007:

* Ruin of kitchen courtyard?, c.1825 ;
* Substantial remnants of garden walls with gateway; evidence of lean-to shed etc.;
* "house belonging to Gill" on Glenmore pre 1863 - building rubble and old planting;
* site of two houses of "Hoe" pre-1863 on *Glenmore* \- exotic plantings, no visible (built) evidence.

### Modifications and dates

* 1824/5 Glenmore appears to have been built,
* 1845-5 extensions (pre 1852) to an L-shaped building
* c.1868 eastern wing added for James Riley
* c.1904 select girls' school set up in house
* c.1920s land acquisition of adjoining land, and land sales of portions by Hattersley & Holswich, graziers - reduced to present boundaries by 1929.
* 1927 golf course use began (9 holes)
* 1938 additional 9 holes added to course - 1930s operated as golf course and guest house
* 1978 internal additions made to main homestead including wall stripping, installation of a new bar, enlarging and reconcreting the patio, repainting, and reseeding/dressing the greens.
* 1986 putting green constructed in front of homestead (ranked intrusive in CMP, 1997)
* 1993 re-roofed and repainted the main house, recorded and demolished a side verandah to the main house, converted former barn to golf pro shop, constructed a fresh water pipeline from the Nepean River, installed a new electrical substation and underground mains, removed Bunya pine tree #2, built new entry gates, driveway, parking areas, amenities building next to existing barn, machinery shed & compound. Secure fence to Mulgoa Road erected to dissuade vandalism

## Heritage listing

As at 4 March 2005, *Glenmore* estate is an integral part of a relatively intact rural landscape developed by the pioneering Cox family in the early years of the colony of New South Wales, and subsequently throughout the 19th century. It is thus a physical record of the development of farming in Australia in general and the Mulgoa Valley in particular. The remnants of early exotic plantings include some of the finest specimens of their species in New South Wales.

The existing house and garden remnants at *Glenmore* are a substantial and rare surviving example of an early 19th century country residence, adapted for changing uses over time.

The estate is associated with significant personalities in state and local 19th century history, notably Henry Cox and James Riley.

There is archaeological significance in the potential evidence of other buildings and structures on the site. Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about many aspects of the former homestead, the archaeological resource contains the only remaining evidence.

*Glenmore* has aesthetic values as a landmark on Mulgoa Road since its construction in 1825. The house and barn, associated large trees and setting, are located on a ridge and are visible from many places.

Areas or elements of exceptional significance include:

* underground spaces including cellars and sub-floor spaces, excluding modern services and alterations;
* all rooms in the main house and barn constructed before 1920.

Fabric of exceptional significance includes all extant fabric from the first stages of development except as noted elsewhere, and including:

* underground elements including courtyard well, external drains and other structures, excluding modern alternations and services;
* masonry elements including footings, walls, fireplaces, chimneys, verandah flagging and steps, constructed before 1920;
* structural timber elements including floor, roof and verandah framing (posts and beams, both decorated and plain) constructed before 1920;
* decorative timber elements and associated hardware constructed before 1920 (including elements relocated or removed), including eaves, doors, windows, shutters, architraves, skirtings and trims;
* plaster and render constructed before 1920 including wall and ceiling finishes, cornices and mouldings;
* cast iron fireplace surrounds and grates;
* landscape elements planted or constructed before 1920 including paths, driveways and mature trees and shrubs (refer to CMP for details).

Views and vistas of exceptional significance include:

* views of house, landscaping and outbuildings from Mulgoa Road;
* views from the main house towards the creek;
* views between the main house and the barn;
* approach to the main house and views of the house along the original driveway.

Fabric of considerable significance includes:

* galvanised steel roofing, roof plumbing and tanks installed prior to 1920;
* pressed metal ceilings and cornices.

Spaces and attributes of some significance include:

* storage rooms built on to kitchen;
* enclosure to rear verandah.

Fabric of some significance includes:

* landscape elements constructed or planted from 1930, including golf tees and greens;
* rainwater tanks and similar traditional items installed after 1920.

Glenmore is historically significant because:

1. it is an integral part of a relatively intact landscape consisting of a network of surviving rural properties from the 19th century, all intimately associated with the Cox family which demonstrates the landscape and developmental mechanisms of 19th century pastoralism in the Cumberland Plain;
2. It is one of the few surviving properties' houses from the very earliest period of development in the Mulgoa Valley;
3. It provides evidence of the development of the home farms in the district as centres of conspicuous consumption during the latter part of the 19th century;
4. It demonstrates the development of the Mulgoa Valley in the early 20th century as a tourist attraction, as a result of its historical and aesthetic appeal;
5. It is intimately associated with the Cox family, notable for their role in the early development of the colony;
6. It is associated with the Riley family, notable in the history of the Penrith district.

*Glenmore* was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

### Bibliography

* (uncited) (1929). *Glenmore House, Mulgoa*. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
* Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd.; Kass, Terry; Orwell & Peter Phillips (2005). *Glenmore heritage valley golf club : archaeological excavation permit application*. Charles Glanville (Architects) Pty Ltd on behalf of Askhour Pty Ltd.
* Davies, Paul (2014). *Fernhill Conservation Management Plan, May 2014, Revised Endorsement Edition*.
* Glenmore Heritage Valley Golf Club. "Glenmore Heritage Valley Golf Club website". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
* Morris, C.; Britton, G.; NSW National Trust (for the Heritage Council of NSW) (2000). *Colonial Landscapes of the Cumberland Plain and Camden, NSW*.
* Nepean District Historical Society (2014). *Watkin Tench Luncheon (to be held at Glenmore, 21/6/2014)*.
* Norrie, P. Dr. (1990). *Vineyards of Sydney*.
* Orwell & Peter Phillips Architects (2004). *Heritage Impact Statement - Glenmore Function Centre Mulgoa*.
* Orwell and Peter Phillips Architects (1997). *Conservation Plan Glenmore Mulgoa Road Mulgoa*.
* Rappoport P/L (2010). *Conservation Management Plan - (Revised 6/2010) Glenmore Heritage Valley, Mulgoa Road, Mulgoa*.
* Rappoport P/L (2009). *Statement of Heritage Impact - Proposed Development at Glenmore, Mulgoa Road, Mulgoa Valley*.
* Rappoport P/L, 10/2009 (2009). *Conservation Management Plan - Glenmore, Mulgoa Road, Mulgoa*.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
* Rappoport P/L, 6/2010 (2010). *Statement of Heritage Impact - Proposed Development at Glenmore, Mulgoa Road, Mulgoa*.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
* Department of Environment and Planning (1987). *Sydney Regional Environmental Plan - No.13 - Mulgoa Valley*.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on Glenmore, entry number 74 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 13 October 2018.

## InfoBox

| *Glenmore* | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of *Glenmore* in Sydney | |
| Location | 754-760 Mulgoa Road, Mulgoa, City of Penrith, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 33°47′53″S 150°39′14″E / 33.7980°S 150.6538°E / -33.7980; 150.6538 |
| Built | 18091868 |
| Website | www.glenmoregolf.com.au |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Glenmore; Glenmore Heritage Valley Golf and Country Club |
| Type | State heritage (landscape) |
| Designated | 2 April 1999 |
| Reference no. | 74 |
| Type | Historic Landscape |
| Category | Landscape - Cultural |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tiny Metal

abstract: Tiny Metal is a turn-based tactics video game developed by Area 35 and published by Unties. It was released for PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Windows in December 2017. A follow-up, Tiny Metal: Full Metal Rumble, was released in July 2019 on Nintendo Switch and PC.

text:
# Tiny Metal

***Tiny Metal*** is a turn-based tactics video game developed by Area 35 and published by Unties. It was released for PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Windows in December 2017.

A follow-up, *Tiny Metal: Full Metal Rumble*, was released in July 2019 on Nintendo Switch and PC.

## Gameplay

*Tiny Metal* is a military-themed turn-based tactics video game.

## Development

*Tiny Metal* is the debut game from Japanese video game development studio Area 35. The studio was founded in August 2016 by Hiroaki Yura who directed the game. At the game's release the studio had six full-time developers. Key influences of the game include *Advance Wars* and *Warhammer 40,000.*

The game was released on PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Windows on 21 December 2017. The game was published by Unties, an indie gaming label that is part of Sony Music.

## Reception

*Tiny Metal* received "mixed or average" reviews from critics according to review aggregator Metacritic.

## InfoBox

| Tiny Metal | |
| --- | --- |
| Steam cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Area 35 |
| Publisher(s) | Unties |
| Director(s) | Hiroaki Yura |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation 4
Nintendo Switch
Windows |
| Release | 21 December 2017 |
| Genre(s) | Turn-based tactics |


title: Reactions of organocopper reagents

abstract:
Reactions of organocopper reagents involve species containing copper-carbon bonds acting as nucleophiles in the presence of organic electrophiles. Organocopper reagents are now commonly used in organic synthesis as mild, selective nucleophiles for substitution and conjugate addition reactions. Since the discovery that copper(I) halides catalyze the conjugate addition of Grignard reagents in 1941, organocopper reagents have emerged as weakly basic, nucleophilic reagents for substitution and addition reactions. The constitution of organocopper compounds depends on their method of preparation and the various kinds of organocopper reagents exhibit different reactivity profiles. As a result, the scope of reactions involving organocopper reagents is extremely broad.
  - Organocopper complexes (RCu) are produced when a copper(I) halide and organolithium are combined. In conjunction with Lewis acidic additives such as boron trifluoride etherate, these reagents are used for conjugate addition reactions.
  - Lower-order cuprates result when organocopper complexes are treated with an equivalent of organolithium. Alternatively, they may be formed by the treatment of a copper(I) halide with two equivalents of organolithium. They undergo substitution, conjugate addition, and carbocupration reactions in the presence of the appropriate organic substrates. Mixed Gilman reagents consist of two different R groups, one of which is typically a non-transferable "dummy" group.
  - Lower-order cyanocuprates (RCuLi) are similarly derived from an organolithium compound and copper(I) cyanide; however, intermediate organocopper complexes do not form during this reaction and thus only a single equivalent of organolithium reagent is necessary. Cyanocuprates undergo SN2' substitution in the presence of allyl electrophiles and conjugate addition reactions in the presence of enones.
  - Higher-order cyanocuprates (R2CuLi2) are formed upon the reaction of two equivalents of organolithium with copper(I) cyanide. These reagents are more reactive towards substitution than the corresponding lower-order cyanocuprates.

text:
# Reactions of organocopper reagents

**Reactions of organocopper reagents** involve species containing copper-carbon bonds acting as nucleophiles in the presence of organic electrophiles. Organocopper reagents are now commonly used in organic synthesis as mild, selective nucleophiles for substitution and conjugate addition reactions.

Since the discovery that copper(I) halides catalyze the conjugate addition of Grignard reagents in 1941, organocopper reagents have emerged as weakly basic, nucleophilic reagents for substitution and addition reactions. The constitution of organocopper compounds depends on their method of preparation and the various kinds of organocopper reagents exhibit different reactivity profiles. As a result, the scope of reactions involving organocopper reagents is extremely broad.

* **Organocopper complexes** (RCu) are produced when a copper(I) halide and organolithium are combined. In conjunction with Lewis acidic additives such as boron trifluoride etherate, these reagents are used for conjugate addition reactions.
* **Lower-order cuprates** (R2CuLi, also known as Gilman reagents) result when organocopper complexes are treated with an equivalent of organolithium. Alternatively, they may be formed by the treatment of a copper(I) halide with two equivalents of organolithium. They undergo substitution, conjugate addition, and carbocupration reactions in the presence of the appropriate organic substrates. Mixed Gilman reagents consist of two different R groups, one of which is typically a non-transferable "dummy" group.
* **Lower-order cyanocuprates** (RCu(CN)Li) are similarly derived from an organolithium compound and copper(I) cyanide; however, intermediate organocopper complexes do not form during this reaction and thus only a single equivalent of organolithium reagent is necessary. Cyanocuprates undergo SN2' substitution in the presence of allyl electrophiles and conjugate addition reactions in the presence of enones.
* **Higher-order cyanocuprates** (R2Cu(CN)Li2) are formed upon the reaction of two equivalents of organolithium with copper(I) cyanide. These reagents are more reactive towards substitution than the corresponding lower-order cyanocuprates.

## Mechanism and Stereochemistry

### Substitution Reactions

The mechanism of nucleophilic substitution by lower-order organocuprates depends in a profound way on the structure of the substrate, organocuprate, and reaction conditions. Early evidence suggested that a direct SN2 displacement was occurring; however more recent results suggest that invertive oxidative addition of copper(I) into the carbon-leaving group bond takes place, generating a copper(III) intermediate which then undergoes reductive elimination to generate the coupled product. Both of these mechanisms predict inversion at the electrophilic carbon, which is observed in a number of cases. On the other hand, experiments with radical traps and the observation of racemization during substitution suggest a radical mechanism.

***(1)***

### Conjugate Addition Reactions

In 1941, Kharash discovered that Grignard reagents add to cyclohexenone in presence of Cu(I) resulting in 1,4-addition instead of 1,2-addition. This work foreshadowed extensive studies on the conjugate additions to enones with organocuprates. Note that if a Grignard reagent (such as RMgBr) is used, the reaction with an enone would instead proceed through a 1,2-addition. The 1,4-addition mechanism of cuprates to enones goes through the nucleophilic addition of the Cu(I) species at the beta-carbon of the alkene to form a Cu(III) intermediate, followed by reductive elimination of Cu(I). In the original paper describing this reaction, methylmagnesium bromide is reacted with isophorone with and without 1 mole percent of added copper(I) chloride (see figure).

Without added salt the main products are alcohol **B** (42%) from nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group and diene **C** (48%) as its dehydration reaction product. With added salt the main product is 1,4-adduct **A** (82%) with some **C** (7%).

A 1,6-addition is also possible, for example in one step of the commercial-scale production of fulvestrant:

#### Enantioselective Variants

Diastereoselective conjugate addition reactions of chiral organocuprates provide β-functionalized ketones in high yield and diastereoselectivity. A disadvantage of these reactions is the requirement of a full equivalent of enantiopure starting material.

***(3)***

More recently, catalytic enantioselective methods have been developed based on the copper(I)-catalyzed conjugate addition of Grignard reactions to enones. The proposed mechanism involves transmetalation from the Grignard reagent to copper, conjugate addition, and rate-determining reductive elimination (see the analogous upper pathway in equation (2)).

***(4)***

## Catalytic reactions

Vinyl and aryl Grignard reagents couple with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a catalytic amount of a copper(I) halide salt. The use of Li2CuCl4 rather than simple copper(I) halide salts (CuX) improves yields of these coupling reactions.

***(5)***

The addition of Grignard reagents to alkynes is facilitated by a catalytic amount of copper halide. Transmetalation to copper and carbocupration are followed by transmetalation of the product alkene back to magnesium. The addition is *syn* unless a coordinating group is nearby in the substrate, in which case the addition becomes *anti* and yields improve.

***(6)***

### Stoichiometric reactions

Propargyl methanesulfinates are useful substrates for the synthesis of allenes from stoichiometric organocopper complexes. In this case, the complexes were generated *in situ* through the combination of a Grignard reagent, copper(I) bromide, and lithium bromide. Organocopper complexes very often need Lewis acid activation in order to react efficiently; magnesium bromide generated *in situ* serves as an activating Lewis acid in this case.

***(7)***

Alkenylcopper complexes, easily generated through carbocupration, are useful for the introduction of a vinyl group in the β position of a carbonyl compound. In this case, as above, magnesium bromide is serving as an activating Lewis acid.

***(8)***

Epoxide opening with organocuprates is highly selective for the less hindered position. Substitution takes place with complete inversion of configuration at the electrophilic carbon.

***(9)***

Generally, organocuprates react with allylic electrophiles in an *anti* SN2 fashion. In the reaction below, nearly complete inversion of configuration was observed despite the presence of a second stereocenter in the ring.

***(10)***

Conjugate addition of organocuprates is widely used in organic synthesis. Vinyl ether cuprates serve as convenient acyl anion equivalents in conjugate addition reactions to enones. The resulting enol ethers can be hydrolyzed to 1,4-diketones, which are difficult to access using conventional carbonyl chemistry.

***(11)***

The use of additives in conjunction with a stoichiometric amount of organocopper complexes enhances the rate and yield of many reactions. Organocopper complexes in particular react sluggishly in the absence of a Lewis acid. Although magnesium bromide generated *in situ* from the reaction of Grignard reagents and copper(I) halides can serve this role (see above), external Lewis acids are also useful. In the presence of boron trifluoride etherate, organocopper complexes are able to add to sterically congested enones in moderate yield (effecting the same transformation with an organocuprate would be difficult).

***(12)***

Boron trifluoride etherate is also useful as an additive in reactions of higher-order cyanocuprates. The use of the 2-thienyl group as a "dummy" substituent in the cyanocuprate conserves the potentially valuable organolithium reagent used to generate the cyanocuprate (as only the dummy group is present in copper-containing byproducts). In the absence of boron trifluoride etherate, no reaction was observed in this case.

***(13)***

Conjugate addition reactions of higher-order cyanocuprates represent another useful application for boron trifluoride etherate. The vinyl group is transferred selectively in this reaction (there is a mistake in a scheme); this is in contrast to substitution reactions employing the same reagent, which result in selective transfer of the methyl group.

***(14)***

### Alkylation of amines

Secondary amines can be alkylated with cuprates. The reaction is based on the oxidative coupling of lithium alkyl copper amide which is reported to form in situ during the reaction between lithium dialkylcuprates and primary or secondary amides.

## Synthetic Applications

Because the stereoselectivity of carbocupration is extremely high, the reaction has been applied to the synthesis of pheromones in which the geometric purity of double bonds is critical. One example is the insect pheromone of *Cossus cossus*, which is synthesized by *syn*-selective carbocupration of acetylene and alkylation of the resulting organocuprate in the presence of added phosphite.

***(15)***


title: Wayne Stewart (rugby league)

abstract: Wayne Stewart is an Australian former rugby league player. An ex-Marist College Ashgrove pupil, Stewart was a winger and occasional fullback, often utilised as a goal-kicker during his first-grade career with Wests, where he won back to back premierships in 1975 and 1976. Stewart was a Queensland interstate representative player in the early 1970s and made one Test match appearance for Australia, kicking five goals in a win over New Zealand at Lang Park in 1972. Retiring as Wests top all-time points-scorer, Stewart was named on the wing in the club's Team of Century in 2015.

text:
# Wayne Stewart (rugby league)

**Wayne Stewart** (born 2 June 1951) is an Australian former rugby league player.

An ex-Marist College Ashgrove pupil, Stewart was a winger and occasional fullback, often utilised as a goal-kicker during his first-grade career with Wests, where he won back to back premierships in 1975 and 1976.

Stewart was a Queensland interstate representative player in the early 1970s and made one Test match appearance for Australia, kicking five goals in a win over New Zealand at Lang Park in 1972.

Retiring as Wests top all-time points-scorer, Stewart was named on the wing in the club's Team of Century in 2015.

## InfoBox

Wayne Stewart
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1951-06-02) 2 June 1951 |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Wing / Fullback |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1969–77 Wests (Brisbane)       Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1970–75 Queensland 11 3 37 0 83  1972 Australia 1 0 5 0 10 | |


title: Hayseed Romance

abstract: Hayseed Romance is a 1935 American short comedy film featuring Buster Keaton.

text:
# Hayseed Romance

***Hayseed Romance*** is a 1935 American short comedy film featuring Buster Keaton.

## Plot

A young man named Elmer answers an ad from a woman looking for a new husband. He arrives at the house, meets a young girl named Molly, and is immediately smitten with her. He discovers that the person who placed the ad was not Molly but her aunt. Molly's aunt sets Elmer and Molly to work washing dishes in the kitchen, but the clumsy pair end up smashing them. That evening, Molly's aunt plays the piano and sings boisterously, causing many objects in the house to fall and break despite Elmer's best efforts to save them. As Elmer tries to sleep that night, rain drips onto him from a hole in the roof. He climbs up on the roof to try to patch, but falls through it and lands on Molly's aunt's bed, propelling her through the bedroom window and into a muddy puddle. Elmer covers the giant hole in the roof with a blanket. The rain eventually fills it, causing it to burst, and sending the water flooding down onto Elmer, and then Molly's aunt on the floor below his. The aunt makes her way up to Elmer's bedroom and accidentally sends him out of the window and into the same muddy puddle. Elmer decides to spend the night in the barn instead. The next morning, he tries to tell Molly he loves her, but is repeatedly interrupted by her aunt. That night, Elmer is confronted by a ghostly version of himself who tells him that he needs to leave before Molly's aunt discovers he is in love with Molly. As he tries to flee, the aunt catches him and marches him at gunpoint to the Justice of the Peace. A quickie wedding is organised, but at the last minute it is revealed that the arranged wedding is for Elmer and Molly. As Elmer prepares to marry Molly, he sees the ghostly version of himself again, but chases it off with a gun, shooting it in the backside.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Hayseed Romance | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Charles Lamont |
| Written by | Glen Lambert |
| Produced by | E. H. Allen<br>E. W. Hammons |
| Starring | Buster Keaton |
| Cinematography | Gus Peterson |
| Release date | * March 15, 1935 (1935-03-15) |
| Running time | 19 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Mountain Home (Front Royal, Virginia)

abstract: Mountain Home is a historic home located near Front Royal, Warren County, Virginia. It was built in 1847, and is a two-story, three-bay, brick Greek Revival style dwelling. It has a two-story frame ell added in 1869. Also on the property are the contributing mid-19th-century slave quarters, a meat house, a chicken coop, a shed, and two early-20th-century garages. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

text:
# Mountain Home (Front Royal, Virginia)

**Mountain Home** is a historic home located near Front Royal, Warren County, Virginia. It was built in 1847, and is a two-story, three-bay, brick Greek Revival style dwelling. It has a two-story frame ell added in 1869. Also on the property are the contributing mid-19th-century slave quarters, a meat house, a chicken coop, a shed, and two early-20th-century garages.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mountain House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 3471 Remount Rd., near Front Royal, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 38°52′30″N 78°8′43″W / 38.87500°N 78.14528°W / 38.87500; -78.14528 |
| Area | 3.7 acres (1.5 ha) |
| Built | 1847 (1847) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 07000801 |
| VLR No. | 093-0009 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | August 8, 2007 |
| Designated VLR | June 6, 2007 |