title: Arso Jovanović

abstract: Arsenije "Arso" Jovanović was a Yugoslav partisan general and one of the country's foremost military commanders during World War II in Yugoslavia. Educated through the Yugoslav Royal Army academies, Jovanović was one of the best-educated generals among the partisan forces in Yugoslavia, speaking French, Russian and English. His military reports distinguished him, sometimes running to as many as ten pages, and he stayed close to the partisan High Command, lecturing in the first partisan officer school in Drvar, 1944. After the Tito–Stalin Split in 1948, Jovanović openly sided with the Soviet Union. He was killed by Yugoslav border guards while trying to escape to Romania with two other Montenegrin dissidents, Vlado Dapčević and Branko Petričević, who were captured alive.

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# Arso Jovanović

**Arsenije "Arso" Jovanović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Арсо Јовановић; 24 March 1907 – 12 August 1948) was a Yugoslav partisan general and one of the country's foremost military commanders during World War II in Yugoslavia.

Educated through the Yugoslav Royal Army academies, Jovanović was one of the best-educated generals among the partisan forces in Yugoslavia, speaking French, Russian and English. His military reports distinguished him, sometimes running to as many as ten pages, and he stayed close to the partisan High Command, lecturing in the first partisan officer school in Drvar, 1944. After the Tito–Stalin Split in 1948, Jovanović openly sided with the Soviet Union. He was killed by Yugoslav border guards while trying to escape to Romania with two other Montenegrin dissidents, Vlado Dapčević and Branko Petričević, who were captured alive.

## Biography

Arso Jovanović was born in the village of Zavala near Podgorica, Principality of Montenegro on March 24, 1907, into a family belonging to the Piperi clan. His blood relative Blažo Jovanović was a prominent Montenegrin communist.

His father was, until 1910, an officer of the Royal Serbian Army, stationed with the artillery regiment in Topčider, a suburb of Belgrade, capital of the Kingdom of Serbia. Jovanović went to school in Podgorica, and then progressed to the Yugoslav Royal Army's military academy in Belgrade in 1925. There he was a contemporary of Velimir Terzić and Petar Ćetković, who would later also become significant commanders in the partisan forces during World War II. He graduated near the top of his class, and was appointed sergeant (platoon commander) in the 10th Infantry Regiment "Takovski", stationed in Sarajevo.

He went on to the Higher School of the Military Academy, where he studied several subject including tactics of war and French, graduating in 1934. He returned to Sarajevo where he became a commander of the cadet company at the School for Reserve Infantry Officers, until the Nazi German Invasion of Yugoslavia.

In 1934, he married Senka Vujić, a law clerk from Nikšić; together they had two daughters.

## The German invasion

When the German invasion started, Jovanović was a commander of the school battalion. He was subject to the Second Army Group under General Dragoslav Miljković. His task was to take action in the direction of Sarajevo \- Travnik. An interesting fact is that here he served with a number of future high commanders in the army such as Dragoljub Mihailović, Major Miodrag Palošević and Major Radoslav Đurić. Following the breakdown of the front at Sarajevo on April 15, and the entry of a German armoured group into the city, Jovanović did not go forward to support Colonel Mihailović who was being attacked near Derventa. Instead he returned to his birthplace, unwilling to surrender to the enemy. There he awaited the famous 13 July uprising in Montenegro, in which he participated.

In these actions other active officers of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia who subsequently crossed over to the partisan lines also excelled themselves. Examples include infantry Colonel Savo Orović, reserve Lt. Colonel Veljko Bulatović, infantry Captain 1st Class Velimir Terzić and infantry Captain 1st Class Petar Ćetković. All fought then in the Royal Yugoslav Army that renounced the country's capitulation to the invaders, and later alongside the partisan units commanded by Peko Dapčević, Vlado Ćetković, Jovo Kapičić and others.

Since Montenegrins had traditionally held great affection for Russia, when the Soviet-German war broke out Montenegro rose in revolution. Despite the fact that plans and preparations for guerrilla warfare had not been made, a universal uprising was under way. Jovanović commanded his forces in a drive against the Italians near Crmnica, where they defeated one Italian battalion. Alone, Jovanović's unit captured 2,000 Italians and a significant amount of war equipment. Jovanović then joined the partisan forces.

## The partisan war

Jovanović was well received among the partisans. Due to his experience, he was assigned as chief of staff of the partisan guerrilla units for Montenegro and Boka. Until December, he was chief of staff for Montenegro.

Meanwhile, the Italian army had managed to transfer one army corps and three squadrons from Albania in order to quell the uprising. Jovanović found himself pressed between strong forces that slowly cleared the partisan units from the territory. He ordered a move towards Cetinje, where partisan units even managed to surround the Italian governor. The Italians however succeeded in deblocking Cetinje. Jovanović then ordered an attack on Kolašin and Šavnik but the enemy forces were too strong, and the partisans were forced to retreat.

Jovanović faced the ire of the people due to the deteriorating military situation. In this situation, he ordered a retreat on the entire front until the arrival of troops from Sandžak. For this action, 3,500 people were mobilised in Montenegro. On November 20, these forces commenced a march-manoeuvre in all parts of Montenegro. The main objectives were Kolašin, Mojkovac, Mioče, Donja Morača, Gornja Morača, Boan, Đurđevića Tara, Nikšić, Šavnik and Žabljak. Jovanović ordered his troops to take the city of Pljevlja at any cost, and manoeuvres were made to surround the city. The Battle of Pljevlja commenced on December 1 when the majority of the forces entered the city itself. Jovanović was among his fighters, and ordered charge, then retreat, followed by another charge. The Komski, "Bajo Pivljanin" and "Zetsko-lješanski" battalions all participated in this battle. The city was almost taken, but the enemy counter-attack was so strong that Jovanović had to order a retreat. The Axis forces suffered 74 dead, compared to 253 among the partisan units. Following this defeat partisans plundered villages and executed captured Italians, party "sectarians" and "perverts".

After the unsuccessful battle for Pljevlja, which was intended to connect the communist-controlled territory in Sandžak and Montenegro, Jovanović was called up to supreme command. He thought that he would be relieved of duty, but (instead of Captain Branko Poljanac) Jovanović was appointed on December 12, 1941, as head of the Supreme Command of Yugoslavia's partisan forces. He held this post until the end of the war. Jovanović wrote an extensive report on the uprising in Montenegro and the reasons for the unsuccessful attempt on Pljevlja. In this report he described the shortcomings of the partisan forces.

## After the war

When Joseph Stalin broke with Josip Broz Tito in 1948, Jovanović, along with other political and military personnel sided with the Soviet Union. He was killed by Yugoslav border guards while trying to escape to Romania with Vlado Dapčević and Branko Petričević.

According to the scholars Vlatka Vukelić and Vladimir Šumanović, in the initial years after the war Jovanović was "one of the most influential and most quoted figures of the restored Yugoslav state" but that after accepting the informbiro resolution in favor of the Soviet Union, he was declared an "enemy of the state" and "was literally cut out of the official Yugoslav account of World War II".

## Sources

## Further reading

* Matović, Ivan (2001). *Arso Jovanović: Vojskovođa sa oreolom mučenika* \[*Arso Jovanović: A military leader with a halo of martyrs*\]. Belgrade: Vojnoistorijski institut.

## InfoBox

| Arso Jovanović | |
| --- | --- |
| Jovanović in 1943 | |
| Birth name | Arsenije Jovanović |
| Nickname(s) | Arso |
| Born | 24 March 1907 (1907-03-24)
Zavala near Podgorica, Montenegro |
| Died | 12 August 1948(1948-08-12) (aged 41) |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia |
| Service/branch | DF Yugoslavia, FPR of Yugoslavia |
| Years of service | 1924–1948 |
| Rank | Colonel General |
| Commands | Chief of the General Staff |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Ivan Sharp

abstract: Ivan James Sharp was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Sharp later served in the Australian Army during World War II.

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# Ivan Sharp

**Ivan James Sharp** (31 August 1909 – 24 March 1989) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Sharp later served in the Australian Army during World War II.

## InfoBox

| Ivan Sharp | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Ivan James Sharp | | |
| Date of birth | (1909-08-31)31 August 1909 | | |
| Place of birth | Ivanhoe, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 24 March 1989(1989-03-24) (aged 79) | | |
| Place of death | Heidelberg, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Ivanhoe | | |
| Height | 174 cm (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1929–30 | Fitzroy | 18 (13) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1930. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Thujene

abstract: Thujene is a natural organic compound classified as a monoterpene. It is found in the essential oils of a variety of plants, and contributes pungency to the flavor of some herbs such as Summer savory. The term thujene usually refers to α-thujene. A less common chemically related double-bond isomer is known as β-thujene. Another double-bond isomer is known as sabinene.

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# Thujene

**Thujene** (or α-thujene) is a natural organic compound classified as a monoterpene. It is found in the essential oils of a variety of plants, and contributes pungency to the flavor of some herbs such as Summer savory.

The term *thujene* usually refers to α-thujene. A less common chemically related double-bond isomer is known as β-thujene (or 2-thujene). Another double-bond isomer is known as sabinene.

| **Chemical structure comparison** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
| α-Thujene | β-Thujene | Sabinene |

1. L. Tschugaeff (1900). "Ueber das Thujen, ein neues bicyclisches Terpen". *Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft*. **33** (3): 3118–3126. doi:10.1002/cber.19000330363.
2. *PDR for Herbal Medicines*, Third Edition, Joerg Gruenwald (Editor), page 802. ISBN 1-56363-512-7

## InfoBox

Thujene
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbicyclo\[3.1.0\]hex-3-ene | |
| Other names α-Thujene
3-Thujene
Thujiene | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-7(2)10-5-4-8(3)9(10)6-10/h4,7,9H,5-6H2,1-3H3 YKey: KQAZVFVOEIRWHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| SMILES * CC1=CCC2(C(C)C)CC12 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C10H16 |
| Molar mass | 136.238 g·mol−1 |
| Boiling point | 151 °C (304 °F; 424 K) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: West Stockbridge Town Hall

abstract: West Stockbridge Town Hall is the seat of government of the town of West Stockbridge, Massachusetts. It is located at 9 Main Street. The two story Greek Revival building was built in 1854, and has retained much of its original woodwork and integrity despite its use for a variety of civic purposes in the time since its construction. The hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

text:
# West Stockbridge Town Hall

**West Stockbridge Town Hall** is the seat of government of the town of West Stockbridge, Massachusetts. It is located at 9 Main Street. The two story Greek Revival building was built in 1854, and has retained much of its original woodwork and integrity despite its use for a variety of civic purposes in the time since its construction. The hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

## Description and history

West Stockbridge Town Hall is located in the village center of the town, on the east side of Main Street near its junction with Center Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame building, with a gabled roof parallel to the street and a clapboarded exterior. The ground floor of the street-facing facade is organized into three storefronts, with an upstairs entrance at the far left end. Each storefront consists of a center entrance flanked by sash windows. All four doorways are sheltered by gabled hoods supported by large angle brackets. Pilasters rise at the building corners to a cornice separating the first and second floors. The second story has five large and evenly spaced sash windows.

One of the few prominent 20th century exterior alterations is the addition of a cupola in 1978 to house the bell of an 1878 schoolhouse. Although it was built with the idea that other businesses would also occupy parts of the building, the town has taken over the entire space, which now also includes the public library. The downstairs houses some town offices and the library, and the upstairs, which was originally a large open hall with a stage at one end, has been partitioned for further office space, although these changes are reversible.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| West Stockbridge Town Hall | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | West Stockbridge, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°20′03″N 73°22′01″W / 42.33417°N 73.36694°W / 42.33417; -73.36694 |
| NRHP reference No. | 09000469 |
| Added to NRHP | July 1, 2009 |


title: Water Stories (Ketil Bjørnstad album)

abstract: Water Stories is an album by Norwegian pianist Ketil Bjørnstad recorded in January 1993 and released on ECM later that year. The quartet features rhythm section Terje Rypdal, Bjørn Kjellemyr and Jon Christensen, with drummer Per Hillestad substituting Christensen on part two.

text:
# Water Stories (Ketil Bjørnstad album)

***Water Stories*** is an album by Norwegian pianist Ketil Bjørnstad recorded in January 1993 and released on ECM later that year. The quartet features rhythm section Terje Rypdal, Bjørn Kjellemyr and Jon Christensen, with drummer Per Hillestad substituting Christensen on part two.

## Reception

The AllMusic review awarded the album 3 stars.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by Ketil Bjørnstad.* 1. "Glacial Reconstruction" – 6:56
2. "Levels and Degrees" – 7:16
3. "Surface Movements" – 4:24
4. "The View I" – 5:17
5. "Between Memory and Presentiment" – 4:00
6. "Ten Thousand Years Later" – 7:08
7. "Waterfall" – 2:10
8. "Flotation and Surroundings" – 5:17
9. "Riverscape" – 2:11
10. "Approaching the Sea" – 4:48
11. "The View II" – 4:28
12. "History" – 3:47

## Personnel

### Part one: Blue Ice (The Glacier) (tracks 1-5)

### Part two: Approaching the Sea (tracks 6-12)

* Ketil Bjørnstad – piano
* Terje Rypdal – guitar
* Bjørn Kjellemyr – bass
* Per Hillestad – drums

## InfoBox

| Water Stories | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ketil Bjørnstad | |
| Released | 1993 |
| Recorded | January 1993 |
| Studio | Rainbow Studio
Oslo, Norway |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 57:42 |
| Label | ECM
ECM 1503 |
| Producer | Manfred Eicher |
| Ketil Bjørnstad chronology | |
| *Løsrivelse*
(1993) ***Water Stories***
(1993) *For Den Som Elsker*
(1994) | |


title: Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari

abstract: Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari, also called Casa Grande Barberini, to distinguish it from the more famous palace in the Trevi district, is a historic palace in Rome. It was the family's first residence in the papal capital and, even after the construction of the palace at the Quattro Fontane, it remained the home of Taddeo, prince of Palestrina, until he fled to France. The palace remained the property of the Barberini family until the fourth decade of the eighteenth century, when they sold it to the Discalced Carmelites, who made it the seat of their General Curia; later passed to the Monte di Pietà, it is now owned by the municipality of Rome and home to educational institutions, including the Vittoria Colonna High School.

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# Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari

**Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari**, also called **Casa Grande Barberini**, to distinguish it from the more famous palace in the Trevi district, is a historic palace in Rome. It was the family's first residence in the papal capital and, even after the construction of the palace at the Quattro Fontane, it remained the home of Taddeo, prince of Palestrina, until he fled to France. The palace remained the property of the Barberini family until the fourth decade of the eighteenth century, when they sold it to the Discalced Carmelites, who made it the seat of their General Curia; later passed to the Monte di Pietà, it is now owned by the municipality of Rome and home to educational institutions, including the Vittoria Colonna High School.

## History

### Barberini (1581–1734)

#### Monsignor Francesco

The palace, in its residential phase, slowly took shape over the course of nearly eighty years (1581-1658) and four generations with numerous successive purchases of neighboring houses, enlarging in parallel with the growing fortunes of the Barberini family. The starting point for the construction was the purchase, on June 15, 1581, of a house with four stores on the ground floor owned by the Scapucci family by Monsignor Francesco Barberini (1528-1600), a protonotary apostolic and the prime mover in the incorporation of the household into Roman society. The monsignor, who in 1584 had his nephew Maffeo come to Rome to study at the Roman College, perfected the project in the following years by buying new houses bordering his own on Via dei Giubbonari, in the direction of what is now Piazza Cairoli, and entrusting Annibale Lippi with the arrangement of the first and second floors around a courtyard, with four rooms and a hall each.

#### Maffeo

When Francesco died, the property remained entirely in the hands of his nephew Maffeo, at that period a protonotary apostolic and chamber cleric and by then launched toward a rapid career as a prelate due in part to the considerable finances left to him by his uncle (calculated at more than 100,000 scudi of movable property, in addition to houses at the Giubbonari and two farmhouses near Rome). Monsignor Maffeo called his closest relatives to Rome and, between 1600 and 1603, commissioned work on the building to house them, under the direction of Flaminio Ponzio, valued at 2600 scudi. After his appointment as cardinal in 1606, Maffeo (who, engaged in diplomatic and government missions in Paris and Bologna, and residing in his diocese of Spoleto, rarely lived in Rome in the years between 1601 and 1617) rented other palaces for himself: first the one belonging to the Salviati family at the Roman College, then the one belonging to the Madruzzo family in Borgo; however, in order to provide his family with a residence appropriate to the new cardinal's rank, he continued his purchases of houses on Via dei Giubbonari, having their facades unified and rearranging the main floor into a unified apartment of eight rooms: to this phase, completed by 1612, dates the small chapel that still exists today, which was frescoed by Passignano, a painter the cardinal had also hired for the decoration of the family chapel in Sant'Andrea della Valle. On one side of the little chapel in the Casa Grande, as was the custom of the time, a window led into one of the side halls, from which the family could attend the celebrations. By 1620, a few years before Maffeo's election to the papal throne, new extension work brought the apartment inhabited by his brother Carlo's family to a consistency of thirteen salons around a courtyard with a loggia.

#### The last Barberinian works of enlargement: Carlo, Taddeo and Francesco

With Maffeo's ascension to the papacy in 1623 under the name of Urban VIII, the problem again arose for the Barberinis to provide themselves with a suitable representative residence. While the idea of the grandiose palace at the Quattro Fontane was born and the construction site opened, with the 1625 purchase of the Sforza Cesarini villa, the Casa Grande, assigned to the pope's brother Carlo, was endowed in the years 1623-1624 with new rooms and a unified elevation on Via dei Giubbonari by Giovanni Maria Bonazzini, architect of the Apostolic Camera and brother-in-law of Flaminio Ponzio. Carlo obtained in those years first the title of Gonfalonier of the Holy Roman Church, with the office of Captain General of the papal militia, and then the noble title of Duke of Monterotondo, a fief purchased in 1626 from the Orsini. When he died in 1630, the Casa Grande passed to his son Taddeo, prince of Palestrina and General of the Church in his father's stead, who maintained his residence there, commissioning important new works (1640-1642) from the architect Francesco Contini, who had been active for some years for the Barberini family at the convent of Santa Susanna and later authored for the family works such as the church of Santa Rosalia and the Barberini Triangle in Palestrina. Contini's work was the entire body of the building on the Piazza del Monte di Pietà, with the now lost portal on the façade, the atrium adorned with twelve columns of oriental granite now in the Vatican Museums, the courtyard and the corner roof-terrace. Work was interrupted after the death of Urban VIII by the flight of the Barberini family to France, as part of an investigation opened by his successor Innocent X for irregular management of Papal State property, and was resumed upon the return of the household to the city at the behest of Cardinal Francesco, finishing again under Contini's direction between 1653 and 1658.

#### After the return to Rome: the numerous changes of ownership and the final sale

Having returned to Rome and regained possession of the palace on the Quirinal Hill, the Barberini family, while completing work on the Casa Grande, turned to seeking a solution for the enormous property that had by then, with Taddeo's death in exile (1647), become essentially a burden on the family finances. The building, which passed to Prince Maffeo, was sold by him in 1658 for 50,000 scudi to his uncle Cardinal Antonio, who died in 1671 bequeathing it to his brother Francesco and nephew Carlo, both cardinals, and again to Maffeo. The three sold the palace three years later to Stefano Pallavicini, brother of Cardinal Lazzaro who had recently been elevated to the cardinalate and was seeking accommodation for himself and his art collections. The contract of sale for 50,000 scudi, dated Feb. 12, 1674, provided for the possibility of redeeming the Casa Grande within twenty years, which was done in 1694 by Cardinal Carlo Barberini alone. The palace was then leased as a residence for the diplomat Georg Adam II von Martinitz, ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire to the Holy See (1696-1700). The Barberinis tried again to get rid of their first Roman mansion in 1711, lobbying the Monte di Pietà to buy it, and in 1726, attempting this time to sell it to the papal government for use as a court, until, on October 12, 1734, Cardinal Francesco Barberini (1662-1738), nephew and heir of Cardinal Carlo and the last representative of the family's male lineal and legitimate descendants, succeeded in finally ceding the property to the Order of Discalced Carmelites.

### Order of Discalced Carmelites (1734–1759)

Ownership by the Discalced Carmelites was a brief interlude in the history of the Casa Grande. The Order established the purchase of the new headquarters in the general chapter of 1734, proceeding in a short time to draw up the contract with Cardinal Carlo Barberini. Within three months, the solemn blessing of the building, which was used as a convent and the seat of the General Curia of the Order, was achieved on January 21, 1735 by Carmelite Cardinal Giovanni Antonio Guadagni. Contini's atrium was converted into a church, dedicated to Saints Teresa and John of the Cross, founders and glories of the Discalced Carmelites. Three general chapters of the Order met in the convent, until in 1759 it was sold by the Carmelites to the Monte di Pietà and moved to the smaller Rocci palace on Via di Monserrato.

### Monte di Pietà (1759–1880)

The ancient institution of the Monte di Pietà of Rome, founded in 1527 and approved in 1539 by Paul III with the bull "*Ad Sacram Beati Petri Sedem*," had its headquarters from the very early seventeenth century in the palace formerly belonging to the Petrignani family of Amelia, which still houses it. During the pontificate of Benedict XIV (1740-1758), the institute became the bank of the State of the Church, assuming first, in 1743, the functions of Secret Treasury and General Depositary of the Reverend Apostolic Camera (previously contracted out to private bankers) and then, from 1749, of Papal Mint. In view of the new space requirements generated by these changes, the Monte di Pietà turned to the search for a location for its new offices, opting in 1759 to purchase from the Discalced Carmelites the old Casa Grande dei Barberini, bordering its palace. To provide a safe passage between the two buildings, the street that separated them was bypassed with an arch, built in the following decade, and from it took the name Via dell'Arco del Monte. The Casa Grande, enlarged in the direction of the arch, was destined to be the headquarters of the General Depositary of the Apostolic Camera, the Depositary Bank and the archives of the Monte di Pietà: the atrium and staircase designed by Giansimoni in the new wing date to these years (1759-1764). From this time until the Capture of Rome, the Casa Grande Barberini remained the property of the Monte di Pietà: among the transformations in the building's decorative apparatus, the three mounts that replaced the Barberini coats of arms in many of the stucco cornices inside bear witness to this phase. In 1819 the twelve black granite columns of Contini's atrium were removed and replaced by travertine columns to adorn the New Wing of the Vatican Museums.

### State property: the schools

Between 1872 and 1880, the vicissitudes of the palace were again separated from those of the Monte di Pietà: the old Casa Grande was destined to be used as the seat of educational institutions by the Municipality of Rome, which took possession of it in those years. The part on Via dei Giubbonari, on which a new gateway was opened, became the site of a *Scuola degli Artieri* (a type of vocational institute in post-unification Italy consisting of evening drawing schools for people of humble backgrounds already provided with other employment), while the wing on Via dell'Arco del Monte was designated to house Rome's first girls' school, named first *Scuola Normale Femminile* and then, from 1883, named after the poet Vittoria Colonna, which still exists today. The first principal of this school was Giannina Milli, after whom the institute on Via dei Giubbonari was named, which replaced the Artieri school and which today, since 1923, bears the name "*Trento e Trieste*." The building's new function led to numerous alterations, including the elevation of the facade on Piazza del Monte di Pietà and, inside, the almost complete disruption of the original division into rooms to create classrooms, bathrooms, cafeterias and every other type of environment necessary for a school. Other parts of the building were put to different uses: the Contini atrium, transformed into a theater in the 1930s for use by the *Gruppo Rionale Fascista*, is now given over to commercial activities.

## Description

The building, which is of considerable size, occupies most of the block between Via dei Giubbonari, Via dell'Arco del Monte, Vicolo della Madonnella (which wedges into the lot by connecting a side entrance of the building to Via Capo di Ferro) and Vicolo delle Grotte; in particular, the building constitutes the corner part of the block facing with its two straight sides onto Via dei Giubbonari and Via dell'Arco del Monte, interrupted in the middle by Piazza del Monte di Pietà, corresponding to the two long main facades, composed of 16 and 18 windows, respectively. The building in its present *facies* is the result of numerous transformations and extensions, well disguised in its uniform exterior appearance those of the 18th century, more aesthetically cumbersome those of the late 19th century, such as the elevation and the creation of terraces, motivated by the numerous changes of ownership and use throughout its history, as well as by the state of degradation in which the palace often ran into and in which it still finds itself in many of its parts today. It is composed mainly of two bodies of the building, unified on the outside: the first, the Barberinian one, corresponds to the facades on Via dei Giubbonari and Piazza del Monte di Pietà, while the second, from the second half of the eighteenth century, corresponds to the continuation of the facade on Via dell'Arco del Monte towards Trinità dei Pellegrini; both have their own atrium, courtyard and staircase.

### Exterior

On the exterior, the building has a decorative detailing of extreme restraint, consisting of simple travertine cornices with no moldings around the windows and stores. The corner between the two facades is formed by two superimposed lesenes, the lower in travertine and the higher, resting on the stringcourse of the main floor, in stucco, both bearing on either side, in Tuscan capitals, the Barberini bees. The cornice, with an Egyptian cyma, is smooth in stucco, decorated with a simple egg-and-dart in the lower margin. The facades are distinguished by a first floor with tall barred windows above doors or skylights, and, on the Giubbonari side, rectangular-opening or low arched stores, surmounted by a mezzanine with roughly square windows, also barred, three of which, on Via dei Giubbonari, are French doors with goose-breasted railings. The windows on the main floor, otherwise decorated like all the other openings, have as their only differentiating factor the string-course cornice on which they rest, smooth with travertine; those on the mezzanine floor above, once square and separated by the cornice, are now rectangular and hung from it with a raised stucco cornice clearly differentiated from the ancient travertine. The façade on Monte di Pietà Square once featured an arched portal flanked by two lesenes supporting a triangular tympanum, now replaced by a simple rectangular framed portal; among other changes over time, this façade now continues with a raised floor beyond the cornice, built in the late 19th century for school use. A last remaining element of the original structure is the roof terrace, on the corner between the two facades, formerly peeking out from the roof and now surrounded by the terraces that have replaced it; the decoration, entirely in stucco, of the roof terrace, which is rectangular in shape, with three bays on the long sides and two on the short ones, is slightly more elaborate than that of the rest of the exterior of the palace: windows with molded cornices close the arches, separated by lesenes with festooned Ionic capitals and with Barberini bees in the abacus supporting the entablature, topped by a notched cornice. Suspended between the Monte di Pietà palace and the Casa Grande is an archway, built in the 1760s to join the two buildings after the bank purchased the former Barberini palace: the archway, which gives its name to the street below, rests on four scroll brackets and supports the covered passageway that has, on the two visible sides, two facades with a window with a railing parapet flanked by four Tuscan lesenes, two on each side, supporting the architrave; above, a small terrace with a parapet opened by a railing in the center, at the window.

### Interior

Inside, the continuous change of use over the centuries has retained little of the original residential layout.

Of the original decorative and architectural apparatus in the Barberini building there remain, in addition to the atrium created by Contini (accessed through the right portal of the main facade, at number 99A Via dell'Arco del Monte), consisting of a long barrel-vaulted hall with ribs supported by twelve paired columns, once of black granite and now of travertine, several halls with lunette and cloister vaults with elaborate stucco decorations, and, on the main floor, a wooden ceiling with Barberinian bees, and the chapel commissioned by Cardinal Maffeo; of this, with an oval plan, only the architectural and decorative stuccoes remain, after restoration: on the fluted pilasters that serve as corner pillars, with bees in the capital, are set four arches interspersed with four pendentives that support the oval dome, without a lantern but with an additional oval stucco cornice in the center; nothing remains of the frescoes commissioned by Passignano while in the pendentives the original decorations of gold racemes on a blue background have been reinstated.

In the wing of the palace built after its purchase by the Monte di Pietà (accessed from the left portal of the facade, number 99) there remains the atrium designed by Nicola Giansimoni, oval with a cross vault flanked by two semi-circular vaults, set above an entablature supported by lesenes and free-standing Tuscan columns, and the spiral staircase that rises by turning around it. In the atrium, now the entrance to the Vittoria Colonna High School, two inscriptions "*BANCO DE DEPOSITI*" and "*QUI SI PIGLIA ORO E ARG\[ENTO\]*" still remain as evidence of its original use as a pawnshop.

1. "Casa Grande Barberini". *rome.czechcentres.cz*.
2. "Casa Grande dei Barberini". *info.roma.it*.
3. "p. 4" (PDF). *web.uniroma1.it*.
4. "Barberini, Francesco". *treccani.it*.
5. "p. 6" (PDF). *liceovittoriacolonnaroma.edu.it*.
6. "Urbano VIII, papa". *treccani.it*.
7. "p. 7" (PDF). *liceovittoriacolonnaroma.edu.it*.
8. "pp. 8-13" (PDF). *liceovittoriacolonnaroma.edu.it*.
9. "Palazzo Barberini". *barberinicorsini.org*.
10. "Casa Grande Barberini". *borgato.be*.
11. "Barberini, Carlo". *treccani.it*.
12. "Contini, Francesco". *treccani.it*.
13. "Pallavicino, Lazzaro". *treccani.it*.
14. There has often been confusion over the dates of purchase and redemption of the palace, often set the former at 1671 and the latter at 1680, and the terms of redemption, as reported, range from twenty to twenty-five years, the latter being used to explain the exceeding of the royal term in cases where the date of sale is set at 1671 and the date of repurchase at the actual 1694. For the correct dates, see the previous note. These errors, caused by the lack of scholarly attention to the history of the Casa Grande in comparison with the more important palace at the Quattro Fontane, are quite frequent in other matters as well, such as the erroneous attribution to Borromini of the 18th-century atrium and to Maderno of the spiral staircase around it (reported, for example, in the Rionali Guides and in the volumes published by Newton Compton in the bibliography).
15. The lineage became extinct with Cornelia Costanza (1716-1797), who went to marry Prince Giulio Cesare Colonna di Sciarra; the family surname and titles were assumed by the descendants from this marriage and later passed into the House of Sacchetti. There was an illegitimate line through a half-brother of Cornelia Costanza, Maffeo Callisto (b. 1688), legitimized as Marquis of Corese but excluded from the lineage.
16. "p. 5" (PDF). *web.uniroma1.it*.
17. "Ordine dei Padri Carmelitani Scalzi. Casa generalizia". *san.beniculturali.it*.
18. "Via dei Giubbonari". *romasegreta.it*.
19. "Giansimoni, Nicola". *treccani.it*.
20. "pp. 18-19" (PDF). *liceovittoriacolonnaroma.edu.it*.
21. G. Rossi, *L’istruzione professionale in Roma Capitale. Le scuole professionali dei salesiani al Castro Pretorio (1883-1930),* a cura di F. Motto, *Insediamenti e iniziative salesiane dopo don Bosco.* Saggi di storiografia. Atti del 2° convegno-seminario di Storia dell’Opera salesiana, Roma, 1-5 novembre 1995, LAS, Roma, 1996, 63-135.
22. "La sede come appare oggi". *liceovittoriacolonnaroma.edu.it*.
23. "Un po' di Storia". *icvirgilioroma.edu.it*. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021.
24. "pp. 7-ss" (PDF). *web.uniroma1.it*.
25. "p. 16" (PDF). *liceovittoriacolonnaroma.edu.it*.
26. "p. 15" (PDF). *web.uniroma1.it*.
27. "pp. 8, 11, 13, 15-17" (PDF). *web.uniroma1.it*.
28. "p. 20" (PDF). *liceovittoriacolonnaroma.edu.it*.
29. "pp. 10-13" (PDF). *liceovittoriacolonnaroma.edu.it*.
30. "La storia". *liceovittoriacolonnaroma.edu.it*.

## Bibliography

* Bruno Maria Apollonj Ghetti (September 1932). "La "Casa Grande" dei Barberini". *Capitolium*: 451–462.
* Carlo Pietrangeli, ed. (1975). *Rione VII - Regola*. Vol. I (2 ed.). Roma: Fratelli Palombi Editori. pp. 14–18.
* Patricia Waddy (1990). *Seventeenth-Century Roman Palaces: Use and the Art of the Plan*. New York: The Architectural History Foundation. pp. 132–ss.
* Giorgio Carpaneto (2004). *I palazzi di Roma*. Roma: Newton & Compton editori. pp. 64–66.
* Claudio Rendina (2015). *I palazzi storici di Roma*. Roma: Newton Compton editori. p. 145.

41°53′40″N 12°28′24″E / 41.8945°N 12.4733°E / 41.8945; 12.4733

## InfoBox

| Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari | |
| --- | --- |
| The facade on Piazza del Monte di Pietà | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | In use |
| Address | Via dell'Arco del Monte 99 |
| Town or city | Rome |
| Country | Italy |
| Year(s) built | 16th century – 19th century |
| Client | Barberini family |
| Owner | Metropolitan City of Rome Capital |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Annibale Lippi<br>Flaminio Ponzio<br>Giovanni Maria Bonazzini<br>Francesco Contini<br>Nicola Giansimoni |


title: Orazi e Curiazi

abstract: Orazi e Curiazi is an opera by the Italian composer Saverio Mercadante. It takes the form of a tragedia lirica in three acts. The libretto, by Salvadore Cammarano, is based on the Roman legend of the fight between Horatii and Curiatii. It was first performed at the Teatro San Carlo, Naples, on 10 November 1846.

text:
# Orazi e Curiazi

***Orazi e Curiazi*** (*The Horatii and the Curiatii*) is an opera by the Italian composer Saverio Mercadante. It takes the form of a *tragedia lirica* in three acts. The libretto, by Salvadore Cammarano, is based on the Roman legend of the fight between Horatii and Curiatii. It was first performed at the Teatro San Carlo, Naples, on 10 November 1846.

## Roles

Roles, voice types, premiere cast
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 10 November 1846
Conductor: Antonio Farelli |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Orazio | baritone | Pietro Balzar |
| Curiazio | tenor | Gaetano Fraschini |
| Old Orazio | bass | Marco Arati |
| Old Curiazio | tenor | Capranica Jr. |
| Camilla | soprano | Erminia Frezzolini |
| Sabina | mezzo-soprano | Anna Salvetti |
| High Priest | tenor | Teofilo Rossi |
|

## Recordings

| Year | Cast: Orazio, Camilla,
Curiazio, Old Orazio | Conductor,
opera house and orchestra | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1975 | Christian du Plessis,
Janet Price,
Richard Greager,
Malcolm King | Kenneth Montgomery,
Bournemouth Sinfonietta Orchestra and Choir
(Recording of a concert performance given by Opera Rara in the Queen Elizabeth Hall, 27 April) | 3 LPs: Unique Opera Records Corporation
Cat: UORC 250 |
| 1993 | Nelly Miricioiu,
Anthony Michaels-Moore,
Marcus Haddock,
Alastair Miles | David Parry,
Philharmonia Orchestra and the Mitchell Choir | CD: Opera Rara
ORC 12 |
|

## Further reading

* Black, John, *The Italian Romantic Libretto: A Study of Salvadore Cammarano*, Edinburgh University Press, 1984 ISBN 9780852244630 ISBN 0852244630
* Rose, Michael (1998), “Mercadante, (Giuseppe) Saverio (Raffaele)" in Stanley Sadie, (ed.), *The New Grove Dictionary of Opera*, vol. 3, pp. 334–339. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7 ISBN 1-56159-228-5
* Rose, Michael (2001), in Holden, Amanda,(ed.), *The New Penguin Opera Guide*, New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. ISBN 0-14-029312-4


title: Goranchacha Temple

abstract: The Goranchacha Temple is an archeological site of the Muisca located in the city of Tunja, Boyacá, which in the time of the Muisca Confederation was called Hunza. The temple is named after the mythological Goranchacha. The remains of the temple are located on the terrain of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia in Tunja. Scholar Javier Ocampo López has written about the temple and its religious meaning. Knowledge about the temple has been provided by chronicler Pedro Simón.

text:
# Goranchacha Temple

The **Goranchacha Temple** (Spanish: *Templo de Goranchacha*) is an archeological site of the Muisca located in the city of Tunja, Boyacá, which in the time of the Muisca Confederation was called Hunza. The temple is named after the mythological Goranchacha. The remains of the temple are located on the terrain of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia in Tunja. Scholar Javier Ocampo López has written about the temple and its religious meaning. Knowledge about the temple has been provided by chronicler Pedro Simón.

## Background

During the time before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, the central highlands of the Colombian Andes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) were populated by the Muisca. This advanced civilization had its own religion and rituals, centered around the most important deities Sué and Chía. The northern territories were ruled by the *iraca* of Sugamuxi, the *tundama* of Tundama and the *zaque* based in Hunza.

Goranchacha was a mythical *cacique* who moved the capital of the northern Muisca from Ramiriquí to Hunza and was feared by the people, ruling as a dictator.

## Description

The Goranchacha Temple was allegedly constructed of two circular structures of rocks, reed and wood, transported from the farthest regions of the Muisca Confederation. In the centre was placed a column to support the roof. Goranchacha ordered the temple to be built to worship his father; Sué, the God of the Sun. The *cacique* organised pilgrimages to the temple passing over painted cotton mantles and adorned with flower petals. At the temple offerings were made.

Pedro Simón wrote about the temple:

> "Cerca de las postreras casas del pueblo a la parte del norte donde ahora llaman las cuadras de Porras, hizo edificar un templo a su padre el Sol donde lo hacía venerar con frecuentes sacrificios..."

> "Close to the farthest houses of the village in the northern part where today it's called Porras quarter, he ordered the construction of a temple to his father, the Sun, where he venerated him with frquent sacrifices..."

The location of the temple was found using this description in 1937 by Colombian archaeologist Gregorio Hernández de Alba (1904–1973). He excavated the site.

Today, the remains of the temple are part of the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia in Tunja.

### Bibliography

* Ocampo López, Javier (2013), *Mitos y leyendas indígenas de Colombia - Indigenous myths and legends of Colombia* (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A., pp. 1–219, ISBN 978-958-14-1416-1

## InfoBox

Goranchacha Temple
| Statue representing Goranchacha, who ordered the construction of the temple | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Colombia | |
| Location | Tunja, Boyacá |
| Region | Altiplano Cundiboyacense,
Colombia |
| Coordinates | 5°33′8.84″N 73°21′27.76″W / 5.5524556°N 73.3577111°W / 5.5524556; -73.3577111 |
| Altitude | 2,693 m (8,835 ft) |
| Type | Religious site |
| Part of | Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
Muisca sites |
| History | |
| Abandoned | Spanish conquest |
| Periods | (Pre-)Muisca |
| Cultures | Muisca |
| Satellite of | Hunza |
| Site notes | |
| Archaeologists | Gregorio Hernández de Alba |
| Condition | Parts excavated |
| Public access | Yes |


title: Profundiconus

abstract: Profundiconus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. As the name of the genus suggests, these species live in deep water. It is presumed that they are vermivorous. This genus is the type genus of the subfamily Profundiconinae Limpalaër & Monnier, 2018. This is an alternate representation for the family Conidae.

text:
# Profundiconus

***Profundiconus*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

As the name of the genus suggests, these species live in deep water. It is presumed that they are vermivorous.

This genus is the type genus of the subfamily Profundiconinae Limpalaër & Monnier, 2018. This is an alternate representation for the family Conidae.

## Species

Species brought into synonymy * *Profundiconus bayeri* (Petuch, 1987): synonym of *Conus bayeri* Petuch, 1987
* *Profundiconus darkini* (Röckel, Korn & Richard, 1993) represented as *Conus darkini* Röckel, Korn & Richard, 1993 (alternate representation)
* *Profundiconus luciae* (Moolenbeek, 1986) represented as *Conus luciae* Moolenbeek, 1986 (alternate representation)
* *Profundiconus soyomaruae* Okutani, 1964: synonym of *Conus profundorum* (Kuroda, 1956), synonym of *Profundiconus profundorum* (Kuroda, 1956)

* Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Profundiconus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural and abapertural views of shell of *Profundiconus lani* (Crandall, 1979) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Profundiconus*
Kuroda, 1956 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Chelyconus profundorum*
Kuroda, 1956 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus (Profundiconus)* Kuroda, 1956 * *Lizaconus* da Motta, 1991 | |


abstract: Niederrickenbach Station railway station is a Swiss railway station in the municipality of Wolfenschiessen in the canton of Nidwalden. It is on the Luzern–Stans–Engelberg line, owned by the Zentralbahn railway company. The station is adjacent to the lower station of the cable car, to the hamlet of Niederrickenbach and the convent of Maria-Rickenbach, from which it takes its name. Niederrickenbach station is 2.3 km (1.4 mi) horizontally and 650 m (2,130 ft) vertically from Niederrickenbach hamlet. Unusually, and perhaps for this reason, the German language railway timetable includes the word Station as part of the name of this railway station. Because of the distance the station was made a request stop.

text:
# Niederrickenbach Station railway station

**Niederrickenbach Station railway station** is a Swiss railway station in the municipality of Wolfenschiessen in the canton of Nidwalden. It is on the Luzern–Stans–Engelberg line, owned by the Zentralbahn railway company. The station is adjacent to the lower station of the cable car, to the hamlet of Niederrickenbach and the convent of Maria-Rickenbach, from which it takes its name.

Niederrickenbach station is 2.3 km (1.4 mi) horizontally and 650 m (2,130 ft) vertically from Niederrickenbach hamlet. Unusually, and perhaps for this reason, the German language railway timetable includes the word *Station* as part of the name of this railway station. Because of the distance the station was made a request stop.

## Services

The following services stop at Niederrickenbach Station:

The station is also served by the cable car to the hamlet of Niederrickenbach and the convent of Maria-Rickenbach, which operates every half-hour.

## InfoBox

| Niederrickenbach Station | |
| --- | --- |
| The station platform in 2018 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Kantonstrasse
Wolfenschiessen
Switzerland |
| Coordinates | 46°55′40.188″N 8°23′46.252″E / 46.92783000°N 8.39618111°E / 46.92783000; 8.39618111 |
| Elevation | 488 m (1,601 ft) |
| Owned by | Zentralbahn |
| Line(s) | Luzern–Stans–Engelberg line |
| Train operators | Zentralbahn |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Zentralbahn Following station  Wolfenschiessentowards Engelberg  InterRegio*Luzern-Engelberg Express*  Dallenwiltowards Lucerne | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Niederrickenbach StationLocation within SwitzerlandNiederrickenbach StationNiederrickenbach Station (Canton of Nidwalden) | |


title: Arsoli

abstract: Arsoli is a town and a comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, central Italy.

text:
# Arsoli

**Arsoli** (Romanesco: *Àrzuli*) is a town and a *comune* in the Metropolitan City of Rome, central Italy.

## Main sights

The narrow ancient streets of the medieval centre are still preserved, as well as the castle, once a possession of the Benedictine Order; it dates from the 11th century. The castle is built at the end of a spur, overlooking Arsoli on one side and extending formal gardens on the other. four frescoed rooms on the *piano nobile* are flanked by guardrooms hung with arms, armor and family portraits.

This *rocca* has been in his possession since it was purchased by Fabrizio Massimo in 1574. He commissioned Giacomo Della Porta to remodel the church and commissioned the construction of an aqueduct to supplement inadequate wells, for the abundant springs of Arsoli have been tapped to serve the city of Rome since 600 BC, traditional date of an aqueduct, built, according to tradition, by Ancus Marcius.

## International relations

Arsoli is twinned with:

## InfoBox

| Arsoli | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| View of Arsoli | |
| Location of Arsoli | |
| ArsoliLocation of Arsoli in ItalyArsoliArsoli (Lazio) | |
| Coordinates: 42°02′N 13°01′E / 42.033°N 13.017°E / 42.033; 13.017 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lazio |
| Metropolitan city | Rome (RM) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gabriele Caucci |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.2 km2 (4.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 666 m (2,185 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2021) | |
| Total | 1,382 |
| Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Arsòlani |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 00023 |
| Dialing code | 0774 |
| ISTAT code | 058010 |
| Saint day | December 23 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Pakistan (D-Block Europe song)

abstract: "Pakistan" is a song by British rap collective D-Block Europe featuring British rapper Clavish. It was released on 29 June 2023, as the second single from D-Block Europe's sixth mixtape DBE World. The song was produced by Da Beatfreakz.

text:
# Pakistan (D-Block Europe song)

"**Pakistan**" is a song by British rap collective D-Block Europe featuring British rapper Clavish. It was released on 29 June 2023, as the second single from D-Block Europe's sixth mixtape *DBE World*. The song was produced by Da Beatfreakz.

## Background

The track was first teased by Young Adz through Instagram live in 2020 prior to the official release. The original song was solely Young Adz, however, the official release sees an addition of Dirtbike LB and Clavish.

## Critical reception

Critics noted that "Pakistan" has an "energetic and infectious beat" with a "catchy hook." It's also noted that Clavish's verse is "smoothly executed."

## Music video

The official music video was released alongside the audio. It was filmed in Stratford, East London in Westfield after Young Adz requested fans to come to the location. The video featured several Pakistan flags alongside Clavish in an abandoned area.

## Personnel

Credits and personnel adapted from Tidal.

**Musicians**

**Technical**

## Charts

Chart performance for "Pakistan"
| Chart (2023) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 34 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 8 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 3 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "Pakistan"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Pakistan" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by D-Block Europe and Clavish | |
| from the album  *DBE World* | |
| Released | 29 June 2023 (2023-06-29) |
| Length | 2:54 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | * Adam Williams * Ricky Banton * Cian Wright * Obi Ebele * Uche Ebele |
| Producer(s) | Da Beatfreakz |
| D-Block Europe singles chronology | |
| "Side Effects"
(2023) "**Pakistan**"
(2023) "Potential"
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Clavish singles chronology | |
| "100mph Freestyle x3"
(2023) "**Pakistan**"
(2023) "Click Of My Fingers"
(2023) | |
| Music video | |
| "Pakistan" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Thorpe Astley

abstract: Thorpe Astley is a suburban settlement on the southwestern edge of the city of Leicester, England. It is part of the civil parish of Braunstone Town, although a small part of the development, around Goodheart Way, extends into Leicester Forest East civil parish. Both Braunstone Town and Leicester Forest East are within the district of Blaby, Leicestershire. This settlement was built on the last area of agricultural land in Braunstone Town. Construction of this development began after approval from the Blaby District Council in 1994. It covers most of a wedge of land between the M1 Motorway on its western side and the A563 ringroad on the east, with the established community of Braunstone West is on its north side. It is neighboured to the south by the Meridian industrial and commercial development. A Community Centre to serve this housing estate was opened in October 2010; this is maintained by Braunstone Town Council. Around the same time a new community group was formed, Your Thorpe Astley, with the aim of furthering the interests of local residents and staging events at the centre. The name "Thorpe Astley" was derived from the Astley family, who owned land in Braunstone Town from 1334 to 1404. Several roads in the Thorpe Astley estate are named after famous people from history, including the 18th-century political radical Thomas Paine and American paratroop commander General James M. Gavin. The headquarters of General Gavin's U.S. 82nd Airborne Division was stationed at Braunstone Park during 1944.

text:
# Thorpe Astley

**Thorpe Astley** is a suburban settlement on the southwestern edge of the city of Leicester, England. It is part of the civil parish of Braunstone Town, although a small part of the development, around Goodheart Way, extends into Leicester Forest East civil parish. Both Braunstone Town and Leicester Forest East are within the district of Blaby, Leicestershire.

This settlement was built on the last area of agricultural land in Braunstone Town. Construction of this development began after approval from the Blaby District Council in 1994. It covers most of a wedge of land between the M1 Motorway on its western side and the A563 ringroad on the east, with the established community of Braunstone West is on its north side. It is neighboured to the south by the Meridian industrial and commercial development.

A Community Centre to serve this housing estate was opened in October 2010; this is maintained by Braunstone Town Council. Around the same time a new community group was formed, Your Thorpe Astley, with the aim of furthering the interests of local residents and staging events at the centre.

The name "Thorpe Astley" was derived from the Astley family, who owned land in Braunstone Town from 1334 to 1404.

Several roads in the Thorpe Astley estate are named after famous people from history, including the 18th-century political radical Thomas Paine and American paratroop commander General James M. Gavin. The headquarters of General Gavin's U.S. 82nd Airborne Division was stationed at Braunstone Park during 1944.

## Transport

Thorpe Astley is served by Centrebus service 40 circle line which operates a circular route around outer Leicester.

Vectare run the NovusDirect from the estate of New Lubbesthorpe through Thorpe Astley, into Leicester. Another Vectare bus that runs through Thorpe Astley is the Novus Fosse, which is an orbital route that goes to Fosse Park and Enderby, Leicestershire.

Vectare's Novus Direct stops at Leicester railway station. It has a CrossCountry line going to Birmingham New Street railway station via Nuneaton train station (along with other train stations in Leicester), and East Midlands Railway Midland Mainline trains going towards St Pancras Train Station, Nottingham Train Station, Sheffield Train Station and Cambridge train station

Thorpe Astley is around 5 minutes away from the M69 and M1 Junction 21.

## Culture

### Leisure and Entertainment

Meridian Leisure Park is located about 5 minutes away from Thorpe Astley, containing a bowling alley ran by Hollywood Bowl, a Vue cinema, a children's play area, a David Lloyd fitness business and several restaurants.

Meridian Business Park is located about 5 minutes away, containing multiple businesses, various pubs and hotels, a McDonalds, and a Costa Coffee, as well as a local fire station.

Fosse Park is a 5-minute drive away and accessible by bus.

1. "Thorpe Astley Community Centre". *www.braunstonetowncouncil.org.uk*. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
2. "40 | Centrebus". *www.centrebus.info*. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
3. "Accept cookies | Vectare East Midlands 2021-22". *localbus.vectareportal.co.uk*. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
4. "Leicester Train Station | CrossCountry".

## InfoBox

| Thorpe Astley | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Thorpe AstleyLocation within Leicestershire | |
| OS grid reference | SK5402 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Leicester |
| Postcode district | LE3 |
|  | |
| Police | Leicestershire |
| Fire | Leicestershire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: West Stockholm, New York

abstract: West Stockholm is a hamlet in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The community is located along the St. Regis River and U.S. Route 11, 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Potsdam. West Stockholm has a post office with ZIP code 13696, which opened on March 25, 1825.

text:
# West Stockholm, New York

**West Stockholm** is a hamlet in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The community is located along the St. Regis River and U.S. Route 11, 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Potsdam. West Stockholm has a post office with ZIP code 13696, which opened on March 25, 1825.

## InfoBox

| West Stockholm, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| West Stockholm, New YorkWest Stockholm, New York | |
| Coordinates: 44°42′49″N 74°54′03″W / 44.71361°N 74.90083°W / 44.71361; -74.90083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | St. Lawrence |
| Elevation | 384 ft (117 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 13696 |
| Area code(s) | 315 & 680 |
| GNIS feature ID | 977260 |


title: Palace of Florence Apartments

abstract: The Palace of Florence Apartments is a historic structure in Tampa, Florida, USA. The 28-unit apartment building is located on Tampa's Davis Islands at 45 Davis Boulevard.

text:
# Palace of Florence Apartments

The **Palace of Florence Apartments** is a historic structure in Tampa, Florida, USA. The 28-unit apartment building is located on Tampa's Davis Islands at 45 Davis Boulevard.

## Architecture

Construction on The Palace of Florence began in 1925. Its Mediterranean Revival architecture mixes medieval and classical elements to reproduce the look of a grand scale Italian palazzo, and includes a dramatic four-story battlement tower with exterior staircase. The design, by artist Athos Menaboni, is loosely based on that of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Italy., hence the building's name.

## Historic Status

On August 3, 1989, The Palace of Florence Apartments were among several Davis Islands properties included in a Multiple Property Submission(or *MPS*) to be listed with the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The MPS, named "Mediterranean Revival Style Buildings of Davis Islands", included a total of twenty-three historic structures, which were among the first ever built on the newly accessible Davis Islands during the Florida land boom of the 1920s.

The Palace of Florence Apartments underwent a complete restoration between 2002-2003.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Palace of Florence Apartments | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Palace of Florence Apartments, north end, 2006 | |
|  | |
| Location | 45 E. Davis Blvd., Tampa, Florida |
| Coordinates | 27°56′2″N 82°27′28″W / 27.93389°N 82.45778°W / 27.93389; -82.45778 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1925 |
| Architect | Athos Menaboni, et al. |
| Architectural style | Mediterranean Revival |
| MPS | Mediterranean Revival Style Buildings of Davis Islands MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 89000969 |
| Added to NRHP | August 3, 1989 |


title: Inside My Brain

abstract: Inside My Brain is the debut extended play by the American punk rock band Angry Samoans, released in 1980 by Bad Trip Records. The most infamous song on the EP, "Get Off the Air", was directed at influential KROQ-FM DJ Rodney Bingenheimer.

text:
# Inside My Brain

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | A |

***Inside My Brain*** is the debut extended play by the American punk rock band Angry Samoans, released in 1980 by Bad Trip Records. The most infamous song on the EP, "Get Off the Air", was directed at influential KROQ-FM DJ Rodney Bingenheimer.

## Track listing

1. "Right Side of My Mind" - 2:09
2. "Gimme Sopor" - 1:44
3. "Hot Cars" - 0:33
4. "Inside My Brain" - 1:36
5. "You Stupid Asshole" - 2:09
6. "Get Off the Air" - 1:28

### Reissue on PVC Records and Triple X Records

1. "Right Side of My Mind" - 2:09
2. "Gimme Sopor" - 1:44
3. "Hot Cars" - 0:33
4. "Inside My Brain" - 1:36
5. "You Stupid Asshole" - 2:09
6. "Get Off the Air" - 1:28
7. "My Old Man's a Fatso" (demo, recorded October 1978) - 2:55
8. "Carson Girls" (demo, recorded October 1978) - 2:48
9. "I'm a Pig" (demo, recorded October 1978) - 2:17
10. "Too Animalistic" (live at Rhino Records, May 12, 1979) - 1:59
11. "Right Side of My Mind" (live at Rhino Records, May 12, 1979) - 2:16

## Personnel

* "Metal Mike" Saunders \- vocals, guitar
* Gregg Turner - vocals, guitar (tracks 1-6)
* P.J. Galligan - first guitar (tracks 1-6)
* Bonze Blayk f/k/a "Kevin Saunders" – lead guitar (tracks 7-11)
* Todd Homer - bass guitar, vocals
* Bill Vockeroth - drums

## InfoBox

| Inside My Brain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Angry Samoans | |
| Released | October 16, 1980 |
| Genre | Punk rock |
| Length | 9:39 |
| Label | Bad Trip Records |
| Producer | Lee Ving |
| Angry Samoans chronology | |
| ***Inside My Brain***
(1980) *Back from Samoa*
(1982) | |


title: Goranec, Zagreb

abstract: Goranec is a village in Croatia. It is formally a settlement (naselje) of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia.

text:
# Goranec, Zagreb

**Goranec** is a village in Croatia. It is formally a settlement (naselje) of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 297. According to the 2011 census, it had 449 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Goranec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Goranec | |
| Coordinates: 45°53′51″N 16°04′46″E / 45.89750°N 16.07944°E / 45.89750; 16.07944 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | City of Zagreb |
| City District | Sesvete |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.4 sq mi (3.6 km2) |
| Elevation | 873 ft (266 m) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 10 |
| Density | 7.2/sq mi (2.8/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Profundiconus dondani

abstract: Profundiconus dondani is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Profundiconus, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

text:
# Profundiconus dondani

***Profundiconus dondani*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

Like all species within the genus *Profundiconus*, these cone snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 16 mm and 33 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines.

* Kosuge S. (1981) S*tudies on the collection of Mr. Victor Dan (4) Descriptions of new species of the genera Lyria, Conus and Fissidentalium*. Bulletin of the Institute of Malacology, Tokyo 1(7): 113–115, pl. 39. 31. \[30 October 1981\]

page(s): 114, pl. 39 figs 8-9

* The *Conus* Biodiversity website
* Cone Shells – Knights of the Sea
* "*Cylinder dondani*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Profundiconus dondani* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural and abapertural views of shell of *Profundiconus dondani* (Kosuge, S., 1981) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Profundiconus* |
| Species: | ***P. dondani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Profundiconus dondani***
(Kosuge, 1981) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus dondani* Kosuge, 1981 (original combination) * *Cylinder dondani* (Kosuge, 1981) * *Turriconus (Mitraconus) dondani* (Kosuge, 1981) | |


title: Hobotalk

abstract: Hobotalk were a Scottish alternative rock band, playing the songs of the singer-songwriter Marc Pilley. Having started as a drummer, Pilley started songwriting in 1989. Together with guitar-player Ross Edmond, Al Denholm (bass) and Iain Bruce (drums), he founded Hobotalk in the late 1990s. In 1998, Hobotalk signed to Hut Records. Their debut EP Pictures of Romance was released in November 1999. Both the EP and the following Scotland tour received positive critical response for their heartfelt sound rooted in American-style folk. Hobotalk's debut album Beauty in Madness was released in 2000 and also widely received with critical acclaim being shortlisted for the Mercury Prize. Despite all this, the album had only little sales and was hardly noticed by a wider public. In 2002, the band split from Hut Records. It was not until 2005 that a second album was released. Notes on Sunset appeared on Circular Records (UK) and Glitterhouse Records (Europe). Again, the album gained positive reviews, but did not form a commercial breakthrough for the band. The band's line up by now was Pilley, Ali Petrie (keys), Klive Smith (guitar), Allan Cranston (drums), Nick Houldsworth. In 2007, Hobotalk's the album Homesick for Nowhere was released. Alone Again Or saw Hobotalk's final album release in 2008.

text:
# Hobotalk

**Hobotalk** were a Scottish alternative rock band, playing the songs of the singer-songwriter Marc Pilley.

Having started as a drummer, Pilley started songwriting in 1989. Together with guitar-player Ross Edmond, Al Denholm (bass) and Iain Bruce (drums), he founded Hobotalk in the late 1990s. In 1998, Hobotalk signed to Hut Records. Their debut EP *Pictures of Romance* was released in November 1999. Both the EP and the following Scotland tour (supporting the indie rock band Gomez) received positive critical response for their heartfelt sound rooted in American-style folk.

Hobotalk's debut album *Beauty in Madness* was released in 2000 and also widely received with critical acclaim being shortlisted for the Mercury Prize. Despite all this, the album had only little sales and was hardly noticed by a wider public.

In 2002, the band split from Hut Records. It was not until 2005 that a second album was released. *Notes on Sunset* appeared on Circular Records (UK) and Glitterhouse Records (Europe). Again, the album gained positive reviews, but did not form a commercial breakthrough for the band.

The band's line up by now was Pilley, Ali Petrie (keys), Klive Smith (guitar), Allan Cranston (drums), Nick Houldsworth (guitar, mandolin).

In 2007, Hobotalk's the album *Homesick for Nowhere* was released.

*Alone Again Or* saw Hobotalk's final album release in 2008.

## Influences

Major influences of Hobotalks's music are Tim Buckley, Tim Hardin and Joni Mitchell.

## Discography

* 2008 *Alone Again Or*
* 2007 *Homesick for Nowhere*
* 2005 *Notes on Sunset*
* 2004 *A Chair by the Window* (unofficial release only available on concerts)
* 2000 *Beauty in Madness*
* 1999 *Pictures of Romance* (EP)


title: Arso Airport

abstract: Arso Airport is an airport in Arso, Indonesia.

text:
# Arso Airport

**Arso Airport** is an airport in Arso, Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| Arso Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Location | Arso, Indonesia |
| Elevation AMSL | 150 ft / 46 m |
| Coordinates | 2°56′00″S 140°47′00″E / 2.9333329°S 140.7833405°E / -2.9333329; 140.7833405 |
| Map | |
| ARJLocation in PapuaARJLocation in Western New GuineaARJLocation in Indonesia | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  1,640 500 | |


title: Ivan Kerzelli

abstract: Ivan Kerzelli or Cherzelli was an opera composer and conductor in Imperial Russia of 18th century. He was a representative of big family of Kerzelli musicians of Italian, Czech or Austrian origin the information is vague and inconsistent settled in 18th-century Russia. He is regarded as a composer of a few famous operas.

text:
# Ivan Kerzelli

**Ivan Kerzelli** or **Cherzelli** (also known as **I. I. Kerzelli**, or **Iosif Kertsel**, Russian: **Иван Керцелли**, И. И. Керцелли, or Иосиф Керцель) was an opera composer and conductor in Imperial Russia of 18th century.

He was a representative of big family of Kerzelli musicians of Italian, Czech or Austrian origin the information is vague and inconsistent settled in 18th-century Russia. He is regarded as a composer of a few famous operas.

## Selected works

* *Lyubovnik - koldun* (*Любовник - колдун - The Lover-Magician*, one-act opera, text by Nikolai Nikolev, 1772 Moscow),
* *Rozana i Lyubim* (*Розана и Любим* \- *Rozana und Lyubim*, four-act opera, text by Nikolai Nikolev, 1778, Moscow)
* *Derevenskiy vorozheya* (*Деревенский ворожея* \- *The Village Wizard*, text by Vasily Maikov after Rousseau, c. 1777 Moscow). Overture and songs were printed in Moscow 1778. They were the first opera fragments printed in Russia.
* *Guljanye ili sadovnik kuskovskoy* (*Гулянье или садовник кусковской - Promenade or the Gardener from Kuskovo*, text by Vasili Kolychev, 1780 or 1781 Kuskovo, Theatre of Count Nikolay Sheremetyev).


title: Thunder Force IV

abstract: Thunder Force IV Thunder Force IV, known in North America as Lightening Force: Quest for the Darkstar, is a shoot 'em up video game developed and published by Technosoft for the Mega Drive in 1992. It is the fourth installment in Technosoft's Thunder Force series, and the third and final one created for the Mega Drive. It was developed by the team at Technosoft that ported Devil's Crush to the Mega Drive rather than the team that developed the previous Thunder Force games. Like its predecessors, it is a horizontally scrolling shooter, but it also features extensive vertical scrolling with large playing fields. The game was considered by journalists as one of the best shooters on the Mega Drive when it was launched. Critics especially praised the game's graphics, including the vertical and parallax scrolling for illustrating the immense environments. Some believed that underneath the graphical sheen, the gameplay was relatively average however. Thunder Force IV was rereleased on the Sega Saturn in 1996 and the Nintendo Switch in 2018.

text:
# Thunder Force IV

***Thunder Force IV***, known in North America as ***Lightening Force: Quest for the Darkstar***, is a shoot 'em up video game developed and published by Technosoft for the Mega Drive in 1992. It is the fourth installment in Technosoft's *Thunder Force* series, and the third and final one created for the Mega Drive. It was developed by the team at Technosoft that ported *Devil's Crush* to the Mega Drive rather than the team that developed the previous *Thunder Force* games. Like its predecessors, it is a horizontally scrolling shooter, but it also features extensive vertical scrolling with large playing fields.

The game was considered by journalists as one of the best shooters on the Mega Drive when it was launched. Critics especially praised the game's graphics, including the vertical and parallax scrolling for illustrating the immense environments. Some believed that underneath the graphical sheen, the gameplay was relatively average however. *Thunder Force IV* was rereleased on the Sega Saturn in 1996 and the Nintendo Switch in 2018.

## Gameplay

*Thunder Force IV* is a horizontal shoot 'em up. The story takes place two years after the events of *Thunder Force III*. The player takes on the role of a fighter pilot to battle the Orn Empire, which is plotting the extinction of the human race. The first four stages can be selected in any order. There are ten stages total. They scroll horizontally automatically, and the player can also explore up and down to scroll the screen vertically and reveal a larger playing field. The player can change the speed of their ship at any time for easier maneuverability. Scrolling up and down will reveal different waves of enemies the player can shoot down, as well as hidden power-ups. At the end of each stage is a boss, and sometimes there are bosses mid-stage.

Some enemies will drop power-ups that if picked up by the player will arm the ship with new weaponry, including a variety of missiles and lasers that fire in different patterns. Each weapon has advantages and drawbacks, and is more or less effective depending on the battle situation the player finds themselves in. The player can hold multiple weapons and cycle through them at will. Other power-ups include shields and satellite ships that revolve around their ship and multiply their firepower. Half-way through the game, the player gains a powerful "Thunder Sword" attack which deals massive damage to enemies. It requires that the player have two satellite ships.

## Development

*Thunder Force IV* was developed in Japan by Technosoft as the third *Thunder Force* game for the Mega Drive. Only the sound department was brought over from the original staff of *Thunder Force II* (1988) and *Thunder Force III* (1990); the rest of the team had previously ported the pinball game *Devil's Crush* to the Mega Drive. They chose to develop *Thunder Force IV* when given the opportunity to develop an original game. Having taken the reins for the *Thunder Force* series, the team felt a responsibility to surpass the quality of earlier series titles. They borrowed code from the previous games, and built upon it using what they learned when porting *Devil's Crush*. The composer for *Thunder Force IV* previously worked on *Thunder Force III* and also composed some original music for *Devil's Crush*. The sound team staff, led by Naosuke Arai, were fans of heavy metal, so they worked on finding a method to create an electric guitar sound using the Mega Drive's FM synthesizer. They ran into difficulties and eventually settled on using the system's distortion sound effects to positive results.

## Release

Technosoft held a promotional event for the game at a convention in Tokyo on June 7, 1992. The event included a tournament, giving fans an early opportunity to play the game. The game was released in Japan on July 24, and in Europe and North America in January 1993. Sega of America renamed the North American version to *Lightening Force: Quest for the Darkstar*.

The game was ported to the Sega Saturn as a part of *Thunder Force: Gold Pack 2*, a compilation disc released on November 29, 1996, in Japan. The compilation also includes *Thunder Force AC* (an arcade port of *Thunder Force III*). This version improved on the original by eliminating sluggish frame rate issues, adding an easier mode which gives the player bonus defensive abilities, as well as adding the fighter from *Thunder Force III* as a secret playable ship.

In 2016, Sega acquired the rights to the *Thunder Force* series. Two years later, the game was released on September 20, 2018, along with *Sonic the Hedgehog* (1991) on Nintendo Switch and other Sega games under the *Sega Ages* brand. Players can choose between the Japanese and international versions and take advantage of the improvements and other features from the Saturn port.

## Reception

*Thunder Force IV* was quickly identified as one of the best Mega Drive shooters when it was released. Critics agreed that the graphics were one of the game's best qualities. *Mean Machines* called them "state of the art" and highlighted the vertical scrolling for "evoking a sense of vastness". The vertical scrolling also impressed other journalists. *Mega* wrote that the landscapes were expansive, and appreciated the parallax scrolling effects. The parallax scrolling was also picked up by *Mega Drive Advanced Gaming*, which called it "the most stunning use of parallax ever seen on the 16-bit Sega". They believed the game pushed the technical capabilities of the Mega Drive. Other visual aspects highlighted by critics included the large sprites and smooth animation. Most critics liked the music and sound effects as well. *Mega* disliked the music, calling it "aimless, twittery, Japanese meanderings". *GameFan* called the graphics and sound great quality considering the game was on a cartridge and not a CD. The graphical quality came at a cost however, as some reviewers experienced slow frame rate issues when the screen was busy with action.

The high quality presentation of *Thunder Force IV* was not enough to cover up some concerns with its gameplay. While most critics enjoyed the game, even calling it "addictive" and "pure adrenaline", some thought the game lacked originality and felt like an average shooter. *Mean Machines* wrote that it was similar to *Thunder Force III* and called it ""the best shoot 'em up you'll get on the Mega Drive, but suffers from complete lack of originality. This is the genre taken to its extreme". *Sega Force* agreed that it was similar to the earlier *Thunder Force* games. *Mega* added on to this, saying "beneath the graphical gymnastics of the surface, the game really is...decidedly average". Critics that were more receptive to the gameplay commended the level of difficulty, the ability to pick the stage order, and the variety of weapons and power-ups.

### Retrospective coverage

*Thunder Force IV* continues to be regarded as one of the best shoot 'em ups of its era. *IGN* rated it as the fourth best classic shoot 'em up, calling it Technosoft's best shooter and "the pinnacle of Genesis shooters". *Retro Gamer* placed it among their top ten Mega Drive games, praising its sense of scale, exotic environments, frenetic action, and graphical fidelity. In another review, *Retro Gamer* called *Thunder Force IV* "Technosoft's masterpiece" and an essential game for shooter fans. Both *USGamer* and *Hardcore Gaming 101* discussed the game's presentation in high regard. At Kotaku, Peter Tieryas described it as "the ultimate adrenaline rush and hands down one of the best shooters on the Sega Genesis". Paul Brownlee, writing for *Hardcore Gaming 101*, called it one of the best looking Mega Drive games and said of the soundtrack: "It's one of the best on the system from both an artistic and technical standpoint, standing among greats such as *Streets of Rage 2* and *MUSHA*".

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6. "『サンダーフォースIII』はいかにして『セガ3D復刻アーカイブス3』に収録されることになったのか？ 元テクノソフト新井氏を交えてのスタッフインタビュー". *ファミ通.com* (in Japanese). October 8, 2016. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. (Translation Archived June 30, 2017, at the Wayback Machine)
7. Manent, Mathieu; Mellado, Fabien; Latour, Franck; Clerc-Renaud, Antoine (2014). "Naosuke Arai". *PlayStation Anthology*. United States: Geeks Line. pp. 193–194. ISBN 9791093752327.
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27. Buchanan, Levi (April 8, 2008). "Top 10 Classic Shoot 'Em Ups". *IGN*. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
28. "Top Ten Mega Drive Games". *Retro Gamer*. January 7, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
29. Thorpe, Nick (May 7, 2016). "Thunder Force IV". *Retro Gamer*. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
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31. Tieryas, Peter (December 31, 2019). "Thunder Force IV Was One Of The Best Shooters Of The 16-Bit Era". *Kotaku*. Retrieved January 31, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Thunder Force IV | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Technosoft |
| Publisher(s) | Technosoft |
| Series | *Thunder Force* |
| Platform(s) | Mega Drive, Sega Saturn, Nintendo Switch |
| Release | **Mega Drive*** JP: July 24, 1992 * NA/EU: January 1993 **Sega Saturn*** JP: November 29, 1996 **Nintendo Switch*** WW: September 20, 2018 |
| Genre(s) | Shoot 'em up |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: West Stonesdale

abstract: West Stonesdale is a hamlet in the Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire, England. The secluded village is near Keld to the south, Tan Hill to the north and is both 10 miles (16 km) from Grinton and Askrigg. The small valley that cuts south from Tan Hill to West Stonesdale is also known as West Stonesdale and carries Stonesdale Beck 4 miles (7 km) south to the River Swale. A road heads north from the B6270 through West Stonesdale to Tan Hill. Where the road diverges from the B6270 is the site of Currack Force, a waterfall on Stonesdale Beck which drops 23 feet (7 m) before entering the Swale. West Stonesdale used to be in the ecclesiastical parish of Grinton, but now forms part of the civil parish of Muker. The Pennine Way is to the east of the hamlet on the far side of Stonesdale Beck. To the north, just before Startindale Gill becomes Stonedale Beck is West Stonesdale Lead Mine, which between 1850 and 1861 was operated by Christopher Lonsdale Bradley. The site of the mine and its associated workings are now listed as a scheduled monument. Coal was also mined above West Stonesdale, with Stonesdale Moor being dotted with former pit workings. Coal was mined as far back as 1384 and was transported to Richmond in the east. The coal was poor quality by comparison to other sources, but the industry was important enough in the area to warrant a turnpike road being built from Tan Hill down through Arkengarthdale.

text:
# West Stonesdale

**West Stonesdale** is a hamlet in the Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire, England. The secluded village is near Keld to the south, Tan Hill to the north and is both 10 miles (16 km) from Grinton (west north west) and Askrigg (north west). The small valley that cuts south from Tan Hill to West Stonesdale is also known as West Stonesdale (or West Stones Dale) and carries Stonesdale Beck 4 miles (7 km) south to the River Swale. A road heads north from the B6270 through West Stonesdale to Tan Hill. Where the road diverges from the B6270 is the site of Currack Force, a waterfall on Stonesdale Beck which drops 23 feet (7 m) before entering the Swale.

West Stonesdale used to be in the ecclesiastical parish of Grinton, but now forms part of the civil parish of Muker. The Pennine Way is to the east of the hamlet on the far side of Stonesdale Beck. To the north, just before Startindale Gill becomes Stonedale Beck is West Stonesdale Lead Mine, which between 1850 and 1861 was operated by Christopher Lonsdale Bradley. The site of the mine and its associated workings are now listed as a scheduled monument. Coal was also mined above West Stonesdale, with Stonesdale Moor being dotted with former pit workings. Coal was mined as far back as 1384 and was transported to Richmond in the east. The coal was poor quality by comparison to other sources, but the industry was important enough in the area to warrant a turnpike road being built from Tan Hill down through Arkengarthdale.

## InfoBox

| West Stonesdale | |
| --- | --- |
| West Stonesdale | |
| West StonesdaleLocation within North Yorkshire | |
| OS grid reference | NY8802 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | RICHMOND |
| Postcode district | DL11 |
| Dialling code | 01748 |
|  | |
| Police | North Yorkshire |
| Fire | North Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Watzke–Allen test

abstract: Watzke-Allen test (WAT) also known as Watzke-Allen slit beam test (WASBT) is a test used in the diagnosis of a macular hole, a condition affecting the macular region in the retina of the eye. The test is done by projecting a thin line of light over the macula with a slit lamp.

text:
# Watzke–Allen test

**Watzke-Allen test** (WAT) also known as **Watzke-Allen slit beam test** (WASBT) is a test used in the diagnosis of a macular hole, a condition affecting the macular region in the retina of the eye. The test is done by projecting a thin line of light over the macula with a slit lamp.

## Theory

Watzke-Allen test is a test used in the diagnosis of a macular hole. It is a subjective test based on photoreceptor (cone cell) displacement.

Test can be used to differentiate full thickness macular hole from other similar conditions and also to assess retinal function after surgical closure of the hole.

## Procedure

Watzke-Allen test is done by projecting a thin line of light over the macula with a slit lamp. A fundus lens or macular lens is used to aim beam of light on the macula. It is best performed in a dilated eye, projecting a slit beam of approximately 100 μm. The slit is projected in both vertical and horizontal orientations. The patient is asked to describe whether the light line is straight or narrow or has a gap (break). A straight line indicates an intact fovea where as narrow or gapped line indicate macular holes. A narrowing indicates isolated, damaged but functional foveal receptors. Patient may be asked to draw what he sees.

## Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of WAT are its availability, affordability, easy to perform and ability to be used through relatively opaque media, which can help overcome the limitations of spectral-domain OCT, however, it is not known whether the measurements recorded by WAT reflect the true extent of photoreceptor displacement.

## InfoBox

| Watzke-Allen test | |
| --- | --- |
| A macular hole | |
| Purpose | diagnosis of full thickness macular hole |


title: JCI Nepal

abstract: Junior Chamber International NEPAL commonly referred to as JCI Nepal Nepal Jaycees is a non-profit international non-governmental organization of young people between 18 and 40 years old. It has members in about 124 countries, and regional or national organizations in most of them.is a voluntary organization; a membership-based NGO working in Nepal since 1964 for developing the leadership skills of young men and women of this country. JCI Nepal is organization of young active citizens age 18 to 40 working in Nepal since 1964 for developing the leadership, personality and entrepreneurship skills of young people of Nepal. Dr. Bhekh Bahadur Thapa is the founder President of JCI Nepal. They are engaged and committed to creating positive impact in our communities. JCI Nepal is one of the National Organizations of (JCI) Junior Chamber International. JCI is founded by Mr. Henry Giessenbier. JCI has 120+ national organizations, 5000+ local organizations and 200,000+ active members. JCI Nepal has 178 Local Chapters along with 15000 members. JCI Nepal gathers young active citizens from all sectors of society. They develop their skills, knowledge and understanding to make informed decisions and take action in our communities. JCI Nepal is the seventh-largest Member Nation of Junior Chamber International. Currently they are active in almost every parts of Nepal.

text:
# JCI Nepal

**Junior Chamber International NEPAL** commonly referred to as **JCI Nepal** Nepal Jaycees (नेपाल जेसीज) is a non-profit international non-governmental organization of young people between 18 and 40 years old. It has members in about 124 countries, and regional or national organizations in most of them.is a voluntary organization; a membership-based NGO working in Nepal since 1964 for developing the leadership skills of young men and women of this country. JCI Nepal is organization of young active citizens age 18 to 40 working in Nepal since 1964 for developing the leadership, personality and entrepreneurship skills of young people of Nepal. Dr. Bhekh Bahadur Thapa is the founder President of JCI Nepal (नेपाल जेसीज).

They are engaged and committed to creating positive impact in our communities. JCI Nepal is one of the National Organizations of (JCI) Junior Chamber International. JCI is founded by Mr. Henry Giessenbier. JCI has 120+ national organizations, 5000+ local organizations and 200,000+ active members. JCI Nepal has 178 Local Chapters along with 15000 members. JCI Nepal gathers young active citizens from all sectors of society. They develop their skills, knowledge and understanding to make informed decisions and take action in our communities. JCI Nepal is the seventh-largest Member Nation of Junior Chamber International. Currently they are active in almost every parts of Nepal.

## Mission

To provide leadership development opportunities that empower young people to create positive change.

## Vision

To be the foremost global network of young leaders.

## History

JCI Nepal is organization of young active citizens age 18 to 40 working in Nepal since 1964 for developing the Leadership, Personality and Entrepreneurship skills of young people of Nepal. Dr Bhekh Bahadur Thapa is the founder President of JCI Nepal (नेपाल जेसीज).

## Organizational structure

JCI Nepal is headquartered in Thapathali, Kathmandu and it has chapters in many parts of the country. It consists of a National General Assembly, a National Board of Directors, a Local Organization Member Committee, and General Members. JCI Nepal Training School is a Training wing of JCI Nepal, which Provides various types of Training, Workshops to its leaders & General members. Present President of JCI Nepal for 2024 is JCI Sen. Rabin Pokhrel

## InfoBox

JCI Nepal (Nepal Jaycees)
| Abbreviation | Junior Chamber International Nepal (JCI Nepal) |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1964 |
| Type | Social welfare |
| Legal status | Non-Profit Organization and Auxiliary to Government in the humanitarian field |
| Purpose | Community service |
| Headquarters | Kathmandu, Nepal |
| Region served | Nepal |
| Founder President | JCI Sen. Dr Bekh Bahadur Thapa |
| National President 2024 | JCI Sen.Rabin Pokhrel |
| National Secretary General 2024 | JC.Saroj Adhikari |
| Main organ | National Board of Director |
| Affiliations | Junior Chamber International |
| Website | jcinepal.org.np |


title: Inermocoelotes kulczynskii

abstract: Inermocoelotes kulczynskii is a funnel-web spider species found in Bulgaria.

text:
# Inermocoelotes kulczynskii

***Inermocoelotes kulczynskii*** is a funnel-web spider species found in Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| *Inermocoelotes kulczynskii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Agelenidae |
| Genus: | *Inermocoelotes* |
| Species: | ***I. kulczynskii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Inermocoelotes kulczynskii***<br>(Drensky, 1915) | |
|