title: Mark Lamos

abstract: Mark Lamos is an American theatre and opera director, producer and actor. Under his direction, Hartford Stage won the 1989 Tony Award for Outstanding Regional Theatre and he has been nominated for two other Tonys. For more than 15 seasons, he has been artistic director of the Westport Country Playhouse. In May 2023, he announced he will leave the post in January 2024.

text:
# Mark Lamos

**Mark Lamos** (born March 10, 1946) is an American theatre and opera director, producer and actor. Under his direction, Hartford Stage won the 1989 Tony Award for Outstanding Regional Theatre and he has been nominated for two other Tonys. For more than 15 seasons, he has been artistic director of the Westport Country Playhouse. In May 2023, he announced he will leave the post in January 2024.

## Life and career

Born in Melrose Park, Illinois, Lamos studied violin and ballet at an early age, and participated in high school theater productions at Proviso East High School, Maywood, IL, from which he graduated in 1964. He attended Northwestern University on a music scholarship.

He began his theatrical career as an actor at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis. His early Broadway appearances all were in short-lived productions: *The Love Suicide at Schofield Barracks* and *The Creation of the World and Other Business* in 1972, *Cyrano* in 1973, and a revival of *Man and Superman* in 1978. He also appeared in the 1990 film *Longtime Companion*.

He served as artistic director of Hartford Stage from 1981 to 1998. Hartford Stage gained national recognition under Lamos, who shook up the theatre's traditional repertoire with bolder contemporary dramas and spectacular productions of Shakespeare and classics such as *Peer Gynt* and The Greeks, a cycle of ancient Greek dramas. Productions that ended up on Broadway included *Marvin's Room*, *Our Country's Good*, *Tiny Alice*, *Tea at Five*, *The Carpetbagger's Children* and *Enchanted April*.

He was appointed the artistic director of the Westport Country Playhouse, effective in February 2009.

**Directing credits** Westport Country Playhouse: *Harbor*; *Into the Woods*; *Twelfth Night*; *Lips Together, Teeth Apart*; *Happy Days*; *She Loves Me*; *The Breath of Life*; *That Championship Season*; *Of Mice and Men*. New York credits: *The Rivals*, *Big Bill, Seascape, Cymbeline, Measure for Measure* (Lortel Award), all for Lincoln Center Theater; *The Gershwins’ Fascinating Rhythm; The Deep Blue Sea; Our Country's Good* (Tony Award nomination). Off-Broadway: *The End of the Day* (Playwrights Horizons); *Thief River* (Signature Theatre Company); *Love's Fire* (Public Theater, Acting Company); *As You Like It* (Public Theater, Central Park); *Indian Blood,* *Buffalo Gal*, *Black Tie and Harbor* (Primary Stages). Artistic Director, Hartford Stage (1989 Tony Award for theater's body of work). Other theater: The Kennedy Center; Washington's Ford's Theatre; Canada's Stratford Festival; Guthrie Theater; A.C.T.; Chicago Shakespeare Theater; Yale Repertory Theatre; D.C.'s Shakespeare Theatre; Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park; San Diego's Old Globe; Moscow's Pushkin Theatre (first American to direct in former Soviet Union). Opera: I Lombardi, Wozzeck, (both televised for Great Performances); The Great Gatsby (world premiere) and Adriana Lecouvreur at the Metropolitan Opera; many productions for New York City Opera, including televised productions of *Paul Bunyan, Tosca, Central Park* and *Madama Butterfly* (Emmy Award). Glimmerglass Opera; Gothenburg's Stora Teatern; L'Opéra de Montréal; Chicago Lyric; San Francisco Opera; Norway's Bergen National Opera; and opera companies of Santa Fe, St. Louis, Washington, Dallas, Seattle.

Lamos began his career in the theater as an actor on and off-Broadway and in regional theater. He made his film debut in Longtime Companion. He was awarded the Connecticut Medal for the Arts as well as honorary doctorates from Connecticut College, University of Hartford, and Trinity College (Connecticut).

Lamos was awarded the 2007 Beinecke Fellow, Yale University, the Stanford Chair at University of Miami in Coral Cables, has lectured at Yale and was a visiting adjunct professor in the Department of Theater at the University of Michigan.

Lamos is openly gay. His partner since 1979 is Jerry Jones.

## Awards and nominations

* 1991 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play - *Our Country's Good*, nominee
* 1991 Tony Award for Best Play - *Our Country's Good*, nominee
* 1989 Tony Award for Outstanding Regional Theatre - The Hartford Stage Company, winner
* 1989 Connecticut Medal for the Arts

## InfoBox

| Mark Lamos | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1946-03-10) March 10, 1946<br>Melrose Park, Illinois, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Director, producer, actor |
| Partner | Jerry Jones |


title: The Silence of the Sirens

abstract:
"The Silence of the Sirens" is a short story by Franz Kafka. It was not published until 1931, seven years after his death. Max Brod selected stories and published them in the collection Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer. The first English translation by Willa and Edwin Muir was published by Martin Secker in London in 1933. It appeared in The Great Wall of China. Stories and Reflections. The story briefly discusses and re-analyzes the famous journey of Ulysses in which he confronts the deadly Sirens. Canonically, Ulysses tied himself to his ship's mast so that he could experience the Sirens without being driven mad and jumping into the sea. He ordered his crew to stop their ears with wax, so that they would not be tempted by the siren song to steer the ship into the rocks on which the creatures perched. In Kafka's version, however, Ulysses puts wax in his own ears, and is then tied to the mast. Kafka's telling asserts that the Sirens' silence is an even more deadly weapon than their song, and further states that the Sirens fell silent when they saw the expression of "innocent elation" on Ulysses face. Yet because Ulysses' stratagem involved stoppering his ears to block out their singing, Ulysses didn't realize that the Sirens were silent. Finally, Kafka mentions an additional possibility that has been "handed down": that Ulysses knew the Sirens were not singing, but pretended not to notice it in order to protect himself from divine wrath over his victory. But Kafka admits that the human understanding is beyond its depths on this issue. The story can be interpreted as a commentary on the futility of complicated approaches to daunting problems. Kafka himself introduces the story as, "Proof that inadequate, even childish measures, may serve to rescue one from
peril."

text:
# The Silence of the Sirens

"**The Silence of the Sirens**" (German: "Das Schweigen der Sirenen") is a short story by Franz Kafka. It was not published until 1931, seven years after his death. Max Brod selected stories and published them in the collection *Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer*. The first English translation by Willa and Edwin Muir was published by Martin Secker in London in 1933. It appeared in *The Great Wall of China. Stories and Reflections* (New York City: Schocken Books, 1946).

The story briefly discusses and re-analyzes the famous journey of Ulysses in which he confronts the deadly Sirens. Canonically, Ulysses tied himself to his ship's mast so that he could experience the Sirens without being driven mad and jumping into the sea. He ordered his crew to stop their ears with wax, so that they would not be tempted by the siren song to steer the ship into the rocks on which the creatures perched. In Kafka's version, however, Ulysses puts wax in his own ears, and is then tied to the mast. Kafka's telling asserts that the Sirens' silence is an even more deadly weapon than their song, and further states that the Sirens fell silent when they saw the expression of "innocent elation" on Ulysses face. Yet because Ulysses' stratagem involved stoppering his ears to block out their singing, Ulysses didn't realize that the Sirens were silent. Finally, Kafka mentions an additional possibility that has been "handed down": that Ulysses knew the Sirens were not singing, but pretended not to notice it in order to protect himself from divine wrath over his victory. But Kafka admits that the human understanding is beyond its depths on this issue.

The story can be interpreted as a commentary on the futility of complicated approaches to daunting problems. Kafka himself (in English translation) introduces the story as, "Proof that inadequate, even childish measures, may serve to rescue one from peril."

## InfoBox

| "The Silence of the Sirens" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Franz Kafka | |
| Original title | *Das Schweigen der Sirenen* |
| Language | German |
| Genre(s) | Short story |
| Publication | |
| Published in | *Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer* |
| Media type | book (hardcover) |
| Publication date | 1931 |
| Published in English |  |


title: The Sex Life of the Polyp

abstract: The Sex Life of the Polyp is a 1928 short film written and performed by Robert Benchley, based on a routine he first did in 1922. The short, which was adapted from an essay by Benchley, documents a dim-witted doctor attempting to discuss the sex life of a polyp to a women's club. This was the second of Benchley's 46 comedy short films, with six made for Fox, one each for Universal Pictures and RKO Radio Pictures, 29 for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and nine for Paramount Pictures. The film, made in the then-new Fox Movietone sound-on-film process, was a success and was later included in the compilation Robert Benchley and the Knights of the Algonquin. In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

text:
# The Sex Life of the Polyp

***The Sex Life of the Polyp*** is a 1928 short film written and performed by Robert Benchley, based on a routine he first did in 1922. The short, which was adapted from an essay by Benchley, documents a dim-witted doctor attempting to discuss the sex life of a polyp to a women's club. This was the second of Benchley's 46 comedy short films, with six made for Fox, one each for Universal Pictures and RKO Radio Pictures, 29 for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and nine for Paramount Pictures.

The film, made in the then-new Fox Movietone sound-on-film process, was a success and was later included in the compilation *Robert Benchley and the Knights of the Algonquin*.

In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## Further reading

* Maltin, Leonard, *Selected Short Subjects*. (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015) ISBN 1511644893
* Billy Altman, *Laughter's Gentle Soul: The Life of Robert Benchley*. (New York City: W. W. Norton, 1997) ISBN 0-393-03833-5

## InfoBox

| The Sex Life of the Polyp | |
| --- | --- |
| The full film | |
| Directed by | Thomas Chalmers |
| Written by | Robert Benchley |
| Produced by | William Fox |
| Starring | Robert Benchley |
| Distributed by | Fox Film Corporation |
| Release date | * July 25, 1928 (1928-07-25) |
| Running time | 11 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Markup

abstract:
Markup or mark-up can refer to:
  - Markup language, a standardized set of notations used to annotate a plain-text document's content to give information regarding the structure of the text or instructions for how it is to be displayed
    - Lightweight markup language, notation that adds basic markup to a client
  - Markup rule in economics, a formula for the ratio of a monopolist's chosen price to its marginal cost
  - Markup (business) a term in retail business describing the increase in the price of goods to cover expenses and create a profit margin
  - Markup (legislation), the process to amend bills
  - The Markup, American nonprofit organization publishing data-driven journalism

text:
# Markup

**Markup** or **mark-up** can refer to:

* Markup language, a standardized set of notations used to annotate a plain-text document's content to give information regarding the structure of the text or instructions for how it is to be displayed
* Markup rule in economics, a formula for the ratio of a monopolist's chosen price to its marginal cost
* Markup (business) a term in retail business describing the increase in the price of goods to cover expenses and create a profit margin
* Markup (legislation), the process to amend bills
* The Markup, American nonprofit organization publishing data-driven journalism


title: Focal infection theory

abstract: Focal infection theory is the historical concept that many chronic diseases, including systemic and common ones, are caused by focal infections. In present medical consensus, a focal infection is a localized infection, often asymptomatic, that causes disease elsewhere in the host, but focal infections are fairly infrequent and limited to fairly uncommon diseases. Focal infection theory, rather, so explained virtually all diseases, including arthritis, atherosclerosis, cancer, and mental illnesses. An ancient concept that took modern form around 1900, focal infection theory was widely accepted in medicine by the 1920s. In the theory, the focus of infection might lead to secondary infections at sites particularly susceptible to such microbial species or toxin. Commonly alleged foci were diverse—appendix, urinary bladder, gall bladder, kidney, liver, prostate, and nasal sinuses—but most commonly were oral. Besides dental decay and infected tonsils, both dental restorations and especially endodontically treated teeth were blamed as foci. The putative oral sepsis was countered by tonsillectomies and tooth extractions, including of endodontically treated teeth and even of apparently healthy teeth, newly popular approaches—sometimes leaving individuals toothless—to treat or prevent diverse diseases. Drawing severe criticism in the 1930s, focal infection theory—whose popularity zealously exceeded consensus evidence—was discredited in the 1940s by research attacks that drew overwhelming consensus of this sweeping theory's falsity. Thereupon, dental restorations and endodontic therapy became again favored. Untreated endodontic disease retained mainstream recognition as fostering systemic disease. But only alternative medicine and later biological dentistry continued highlighting sites of dental treatment—still endodontic therapy, but, more recently, also dental implant, and even tooth extraction, too—as foci of infection causing chronic and systemic diseases. In mainstream dentistry and medicine, the primary recognition of focal infection is endocarditis, if oral bacteria enter blood and infect the heart, perhaps its valves. Entering the 21st century, scientific evidence supporting general relevance of focal infections remained slim, yet evolved understandings of disease mechanisms had established a third possible mechanism—altogether, metastasis of infection, metastatic toxic injury, and, as recently revealed, metastatic immunologic injury—that might occur simultaneously and even interact. Meanwhile, focal infection theory has gained renewed attention, as dental infections apparently are widespread and significant contributors to systemic diseases, although mainstream attention is on ordinary periodontal disease, not on hypotheses of stealth infections via dental treatment. Despite some doubts renewed in the 1990s by conventional dentistry's critics, dentistry scholars maintain that endodontic therapy can be performed without creating focal infections.

text:
# Focal infection theory

**Focal infection theory** is the historical concept that many chronic diseases, including systemic and common ones, are caused by focal infections. In present medical consensus, a focal infection is a localized infection, often asymptomatic, that causes disease elsewhere in the host, but focal infections are fairly infrequent and limited to fairly uncommon diseases. (Distant injury is focal infection's key principle, whereas in ordinary infectious disease, the infection itself is systemic, as in measles, or the initially infected site is readily identifiable and invasion progresses contiguously, as in gangrene.) Focal infection theory, rather, so explained virtually all diseases, including arthritis, atherosclerosis, cancer, and mental illnesses.

An ancient concept that took modern form around 1900, focal infection theory was widely accepted in medicine by the 1920s. In the theory, the *focus of infection* might lead to secondary infections at sites particularly susceptible to such microbial species or toxin. Commonly alleged foci were diverse—appendix, urinary bladder, gall bladder, kidney, liver, prostate, and nasal sinuses—but most commonly were oral. Besides dental decay and infected tonsils, both dental restorations and especially endodontically treated teeth were blamed as foci. The putative *oral sepsis* was countered by tonsillectomies and tooth extractions, including of endodontically treated teeth and even of apparently healthy teeth, newly popular approaches—sometimes leaving individuals toothless—to treat or prevent diverse diseases.

Drawing severe criticism in the 1930s, focal infection theory—whose popularity zealously exceeded consensus evidence—was discredited in the 1940s by research attacks that drew overwhelming consensus of this sweeping theory's falsity. Thereupon, dental restorations and endodontic therapy became again favored. Untreated endodontic *disease* retained mainstream recognition as fostering systemic disease. But only alternative medicine and later biological dentistry continued highlighting sites of dental treatment—still endodontic therapy, but, more recently, also dental implant, and even tooth extraction, too—as foci of infection causing chronic and systemic diseases. In mainstream dentistry and medicine, the primary recognition of focal infection is endocarditis, if oral bacteria enter blood and infect the heart, perhaps its valves.

Entering the 21st century, scientific evidence supporting general relevance of focal infections remained slim, yet evolved understandings of disease mechanisms had established a third possible mechanism—altogether, metastasis of infection, metastatic toxic injury, and, as recently revealed, metastatic immunologic injury—that might occur simultaneously and even interact. Meanwhile, focal infection theory has gained renewed attention, as dental infections apparently are widespread and significant contributors to systemic diseases, although mainstream attention is on ordinary periodontal disease, not on hypotheses of stealth infections via dental *treatment*. Despite some doubts renewed in the 1990s by conventional dentistry's critics, dentistry scholars maintain that endodontic therapy can be performed without creating focal infections.

## Rise and popularity (1890s–1930s)

### Roots and dawn

#### Germ theory

Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, had reported cure of an arthritis case by tooth extraction. Yet focal infection, as such, appeared in modern medicine in 1877, when Karl Weigert reported "dissemination of 'tuberculosis poison' ". The prior year's breakthrough by Robert Koch, a fellow German, had launched *medical bacteriology*—a set of laboratory methods to isolate, culture, and multiply a single bacterium of one species—whereby Koch announced discovery of the "tubercle bacillus" in 1882, fully premising the modern principle of focal infection. In 1884, William Henry Welch, tasked to design the medical department at the newly forming Johns Hopkins University, imported the German model, "scientific medince", to America.

As progressively more diseases drew an infectious hypothesis that led to a pathogen discovery, conjectures grew that virtually all diseases are infectious. In 1890, German dentist Willoughby D Miller attributed a set of oral diseases to infections, and attributed a set of extraoral diseases—as of lung, stomach, brain abscesses, and other conditions—to the oral infections. In 1894, Miller became the first to identify bacteria in samples of tooth pulp. Miller advised root canal therapy. Yet ancient and folk concepts, entrenched as Galenic principles of humoral medicine, found new outlet in medical bacteriology, a pillar of the new "scientific medicine". Around 1900, British surgeons, still knife-happy, were urging "surgical bacteriology".

#### Autointoxication

In 1877, French chemist Louis Pasteur adopted Robert Koch's bacteriology protocols, but soon directed them to developing the first modern vaccines, and ultimately introduced rabies vaccine in 1885. Its success funded Pasteur's formation of the globe's first biomedical research institute, the Pasteur Institute. In 1886, Pasteur welcomed to Paris the emigration from Russia by international scientific celebrity Elie Metchnikoff—discoverer of phagocytes, mediating innate immunity—whom Pasteur granted an entire floor of the Pasteur Institute, once it opened in 1888. Later the institute's director and a 1908 Nobelist, Metchnikoff believed, as did his German immunology rival Paul Ehrlich—theorist on antibody, mediating acquired immunity—and as did Pasteur, too, that nutrition influences immunity. Metchnikoff brought to France its first yogurt cultures for probiotic microorganisms to suppress the colon's putrefactive microorganisms, which allegedly fostered the colon's toxic seepage causing degenerative disease, the putative phenomenon termed *autointoxication*. Metchnikoff reasoned that the colon functions as a "vesitigal cesspool" that stores waste but is unneeded.

Abdominal surgery's pioneer, Sir Arbuthnot Lane, based in London, drew from Metchnikoff and clinical observation to identify "chronic intestinal stasis"—in lay terms, intractable constipation—presumably, "flooding of the circulation with filthy material". Reporting surgical treatment in 1908, Lane eventually offered total colon removal, but later favored simply surgical release of colonic "kinks", and in 1925, abandoning surgery, began promoting prevention and intervention by diet and lifestyle, how Lane secured his contemporary reputation as a crank. Since 1875, in the American state Michigan, physician John Harvey Kellogg had targeted "bowel sepsis"—an allegedly prime cause of degeneration and disease—at his health resort, Battle Creek Sanitarium. Having, in fact, coined the term *sanitarium*, Kellogg yearly received several thousand patients, including US Presidents and celebrities, at his huge resort, advertised as the "University of Health". But in the 1910s, as North American medical schools emulated the German model—that is, "scientific medicine"—medical doctors who recognized "focal infection" were hinting a scientific basis versus the older, alleged "health faddists" like medical doctor Kellogg and like minister Sylvester Graham.

### Medical popularity

#### Hunter on "oral sepsis"

In 1900, British surgeon William Hunter blamed many disease cases on *oral sepsis*. In 1910, lecturing in Montreal at McGill University, Hunter declared, "The worst cases of anemia, gastritis, colitis, obscure fevers, nervous disturbances of all kinds from mental depression to actual lesions of the cord, chronic rheumatic infections, kidney diseases are those which owe their origin to or are gravely complicated by the oral sepsis produced by these gold traps of sepsis." Thus, he apparently indicted dental restorations. Incriminating their execution, rather, his American critics lobbied for stricter requirements on dentistry licensing. Still, Hunter's lecture—as later recalled—"ignited the fires of focal infection". Ten years later, he proudly accepted that credit. And yet, read carefully, his lecture asserts a sole cause of oral sepsis: dentists who instruct patients to *never remove* partial dentures.

#### Billings & Rosenow

Focal infection theory's modern era really began with physician Frank Billings, based in Chicago, and his case reports of tonsillectomies and tooth extractions that apparently cured infections of distant organs. Replacing Hunter's term *oral sepsis* with *focal infection*, Billings in November 1911 lectured at the Chicago Medical Society, and published it in 1912 as an article for the American medical community. In 1916, Billings lectured in California at Stanford University Medical School, this time printed in book format. Billings thus popularized intervention by tonsillectomy and tooth extraction. A pupil of Billings, Edward Rosenow held that extraction alone was often insufficient, and urged teamwork by dentistry and medicine. Rosenow developed the principle *elective localization*, whereby microorganisms have affinities for particular organs, and also espoused extreme *pleomorphism*, whereby a bacterium can drastically change form and perhaps evade conventional detection methods.

#### Preeminent recognition

Since 1889, in the American state Minnesota, brothers William Mayo and Charles Mayo had built an international reputation for surgical skill at their Mayo Clinic, by 1906 performing some 5,000 surgeries a year, over 50% intra-abdominal, a tremendous number at the time, with unusually low mortality and morbidity. Though originally distancing themselves from routine medicine and skeptical of laboratory data, they later recruited Edward Rosenow from Chicago to help improve Mayo Clinic's diagnosis and care and to enter basic research via experimental bacteriology. Rosenow influenced Charles Mayo, who by 1914 published to support focal infection theory alongside Rosenow.

At Johns Hopkins University's medical school, launched in 1894 as America's first to teach "scientific medicine", the eminent Sir William Osler was succeeded as professor of medicine by Llewellys Barker, who became a prominent proponent of focal infection theory. Although many of the Hopkins medical faculty remained skeptics, Barker's colleague William Thayer cast support. As Hopkins' chief physician, Barker was a pivotal convert propelling the theory to the center of American routine medical practice. Russell Cecil, famed author of *Cecil's Essentials of Medicine*, too, lent support. In 1921, British surgeon William Hunter announced that oral sepsis was "coming of age".

Although physicians had already interpreted pus within a bodily compartment as a systemic threat, pus from infected tooth roots often drained into the mouth and thereby was viewed as systemically inconsequential. Amid focal infection theory, it was concluded that that was often the case—while immune response prevented dissemination from the focus—but that immunity could fail to contain the infection, that dissemination from the focus could ensue, and that systemic disease, often neurological, could result. By 1930, excision of focal infections was considered a "rational form of therapy" undoubtedly resolving many cases of chronic diseases. Its inconsistent effectiveness was attributed to unrecognized foci—perhaps inside internal organs—that the clinicians had missed.

### Dental reception

In 1923, upon some 25 years of researches, dentist Weston Andrew Price of Cleveland, Ohio, published a landmark book, then a related article in the *Journal of the American Medical Association* in 1925. Price concluded that after root canal therapy, teeth routinely host bacteria producing potent toxins. Transplanting the teeth into healthy rabbits, Price and his researchers duplicated heart and arthritic diseases. Although Price noted often seeing patients "suffering more from the inconvenience and difficulties of mastication and nourishment than they did from the lesions from which their physician or dentist had sought to give them relief", his 1925 debate with John P Buckley was decided in favor of Price's position: "practically all infected pulpless teeth should be extracted". As chairman of the American Dental Association's research division, Price was a leading influence on the dentistry profession's opinion. Into the late 1930s, textbook authors relied on Price's 1923 treatise.

In 1911, the year that Frank Billings lectured on focal infection to the Chicago Medical Society, unsuspected periapical disease was first revealed by dental X-ray. Introduced by C. Edmund Kells, dental radiography to feed the "mania of extracting devitalized teeth". Even Price was cited as an authoritative source espousing conservative intervention at focal infections. Kells, too, advocated conservative dentistry. Many dentists were "100 percenters", extracting every tooth exhibiting either necrotic pulp or endodontic treatment, and extracted apparently healthy teeth, too, as suspected foci, leaving many persons toothless. A 1926 report published by several authors in *Dental Cosmos*—a dentistry journal where Willoughby Miller had published in the 1890s—advocated extraction of known healthy teeth to *prevent* focal infection. Endodontics nearly vanished from American dental education. Some dentists held that root canal therapy should be criminalized and penalized with six months of hard labor.

### Psychiatric promulgation

Near the turn of the 20th century, psychiatry's predominant explanations of schizophrenia's causation, besides heredity, were focal infection and autointoxication. In 1907, psychiatrist Henry Andrews Cotton became director of the psychiatric asylum at Trenton State Hospital in the American state New Jersey. Influenced by focal infection theory's medical popularity, Cotton identified focal infections as the main causes of dementia praecox (now schizophrenia) and of manic depression (now bipolar disorder). Cotton routinely prescribed surgery not only to clean the nasal sinuses and to extract the tonsils and the teeth, but also to remove the appendix, gall bladder, spleen, stomach, colon, cervix, ovaries, and testicles, while Cotton claimed up to 85% cure rate.

Despite Cotton's death rate of some 30%, his fame rapidly spread through America and Europe, and the asylum drew influx of patients. *The New York Times* heralded "high hope". Cotton made a European lecture tour, and Princeton University Press and Oxford University Press simultaneously published his book in 1922. Despite skepticism in the profession, psychiatrists sustained pressure to match Cotton's treatments, as patients would ask why they were being denied curative treatment. Other patients were pressured or compelled into the treatment without their own consent. Cotton had his two sons' teeth extracted as preventive healthcare—although each later committed suicide. In the 1930s, however, focal infection fell from psychiatry as an explanation, Cotton having died in 1933.

## Criticism and decline (1930s–1950s)

### Early skepticism

Addressing the Eastern Medical Society in December 1918, New York City physician Robert Morris had explained that focal infection theory had drawn much interest but that understanding was incomplete, while the theory was earning disrepute through overzealousness of some advocates. Morris called for facts and explanation from scientists before physicians continued investing so steeply in it, already triggering vigorous disputes and embittering divisions among clinicians as well as uncertainty among patients.

In 1919, the American Dental Association's forerunner, the National Dental Association, held in New Orleans its annual meeting, where C Edmund Kells, the originator and pioneer of dental X-ray, delivered a lecture, published in 1920 in the association's journal, largely discussing focal infection theory, which Kells condemned as a "crime". Kells stressed that X-ray technology is to improve dentistry, not to enhance the "mania of extracting devitalized teeth". Kells urged dentists to reject physicians' prescriptions of tooth extractions.

Focal infection theory's elegance suggested simple application, but the surgical removals brought meager "cure" rate, occasional disease worsening, and inconsistent experimental results. Still, the lack of controlled clinical trials, among present criticism, was normal at the time—except in New York City. Around 1920, at Henry Cotton's claims of up to 85% success treating schizophrenia and manic depression, Cotton's major critic was George Kirby, director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute on Ward's Island. As colleagues of Kirby, two researchers—bacteriologist Nicolas Kopeloff and psychiatrist Clarence Cheney—ventured from Ward's Island to Trenton, New Jersey, to investigate Cotton's practice.

### Research attacks

In two controlled clinical trials with alternate allocation of patients, Nicolas Kopeloff, Clarence Cheney, and George Kirby concluded Cotton's psychiatric surgeries ineffective: those who improved were already so prognosed, and others improved without surgery. Publishing two papers, the team presented the findings at the American Psychiatric Association's 1922 and 1923 annual meetings. At Johns Hopkins University, Phyllis Greenacre questioned most of Cotton's data, and later helped steer American psychiatry into psychoanalysis. Antipsychotic colectomy vanished except in Trenton until Cotton—who used publicity and word of mouth, kept the 30% death rate unpublicized, and passed a 1925 investigation by New Jersey Senate—died by heart attack in 1933.

By 1927, Weston Price's researches had been criticized for allegedly "faulty bacterial technique". In the 1930s and 1940s, researchers and editors dismissed the studies of Price and of Edward Rosenow as flawed by insufficient controls, by massive doses of bacteria, and by contamination of endontically treated teeth during extraction. In 1938, Russell Cecil and D Murray Angevine reported 200 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, but no consistent cures by tonsillectomies or tooth extractions. They commented, "Focal infection is a splendid example of a plausible medical theory which is in danger of being converted by its enthusiastic supporters into the status of an accepted fact." Newly a critic, Cecil alleged that foci were "anything readily accessible to surgery".

In 1939, E W Fish published landmark findings that would revive endodontics. Fish implanted bacteria into guinea pigs' jaws, and reported that four zones of reaction consequently developed. Fish reported that the first zone was the zone of infection, whereas the other three zones—surrounding the zone of infection—revealed immune cells or other host cells but no bacteria. Fish theorized that by removing the infectious nidus, dentists would permit recovery from the infection This reasoning and conclusion by Fish became the basis for successful root-canal treatment. Still, endodontic therapy of the era indeed posed substantial risk of failure, and fear of focal infection crucially motivated endontologists to develop new and improved technology and techniques.

### End of the focal era

The review and "critical appraisal" by Hobart A Reimann and W Paul Havens, published in January 1940, was perhaps the most influential criticism of focal infection theory. Recasting British surgeon William Hunter's landmark pronouncements of 30 years earlier as widely misinterpreted, they summarized that "the removal of infectious dental focal infections in the hope of influencing remote or general symptoms of disease must still be regarded as an experimental procedure not devoid of hazard". By 1940, Louis I Grossman's textbook *Root Canal Therapy* flatly rejected the methods and conclusions made earlier by Weston Price and especially by Edward Rosenow. Amid improvements in endodontics and medicine, including release of sulfa drugs and antibiotics, a backlash to the "orgy" of tooth extractions and tonsillectomies ensued.

K A Easlick's 1951 review in the *Journal of the American Dental Association* notes, "Many authorities who formerly felt that focal infection was an important etiologic factor in systemic disease have become skeptical and now recommend less radical procedures in the treatment of such disorders". A 1952 editorial in *Journal of the American Medical Association* tolled the era's end by stating that "many patients with diseases presumably caused by foci of infection have not been relieved of their symptoms by removal of the foci", that "many patients with these same systemic diseases have no evident focus of infection", and that "foci of infection are as common in apparently healthy persons as in those with disease". Although some support extended into the late 1950s, focal infection vanished as the primary explanation of chronic, systemic diseases, and the theory was generally abandoned in the 1950s.

## Revival and evolution (1990s–2010s)

Despite the general theory's demise, focal infection remained a formal, if rare, diagnosis, as in idiopathic scrotal gangrene and angioneurotic edema. Meanwhile, by way of continuing case reports claiming cures of chronic diseases like arthritis after extraction of infected or root-filled teeth, and despite lack of scientific evidence, "dental focal infection theory never died". In fact, severe endodontic disease resembles classic focal infection theory. In 1986, it was noted that, "in spite of a decline in recognition of the focal-infection theory, the association of decayed teeth with systemic disease is taken very seriously". Eventually, the theory of focal infection drew reconsideration. Conversely, attribution of endocarditis to dentistry has entered doubt via case-control study, as the species usually involved is present throughout the human body.

### Stealth pathogens

With the 1950s introduction of antibiotics, attempts to explain unexplained diseases via bacterial etiology seemed all the more unlikely. By the 1970s, however, it was established that antibiotics could trigger bacteria switch to their L phase. Eluding detection by traditional methods of medical microbiology, bacterial L forms and the similar mycoplasma—and, later, viruses—became the entities expected in the theory of focal infection. Yet until the 1980s, such researchers were scarce, largely due to scarce funding for such investigations.

Despite the limited funding, research established that L forms can adhere to red blood cells and thereby disseminate from foci within internal organs such as the spleen, or from oral tissues and the intestines, especially during dysbiosis. Perhaps some of Weston Price's identified "toxins" in endodontically treated teeth were L forms, thought nonexistent by bacteriologists of his time and widely overlooked into the 21st century. Apparently, dental infections, including by uncultured or cryptic microorganisms, contribute to systemic diseases.

### Periodontal medicine

At the 1990s' emergence of epidemiological associations between dental infections and systemic diseases, American dentistry scholars have been cautious, some seeking successful intervention to confirm causality. Some American sources emphasized epidemiology's inability to determine causality, categorized the phenomena as progressive invasion of local tissues, and distinguished that from focal infection theory—which they assert was evaluated and disproved by the 1940s. Others have found focal infection theory's scientific evidence still slim, but have conceded that evolving science might establish it. Yet select American authors affirm the return of a modest theory of focal infection.

European sources find it more certain that dental infections drive systemic diseases, at least by driving systemic inflammation, and probably, among other immunologic mechanisms, by molecular mimicry resulting in antigenic crossreaction with host biomolecules, while some seemingly find progressive invasion of local tissues compatible with focal infection theory. Acknowledging that beyond epidemiological associations, successful intervention is needed to establish causality, they emphasize that biological explanation is needed atop both, and the biological aspect is thoroughly established already, such that general healthcare, as for cardiovascular disease, must address prevalent periodontal disease, a stance matched in Indian literature. Thus, there has emerged the concept *periodontal medicine*.

### Dental controversies

During the 1980s, dentist Hal Huggins, sparking severe controversy, spawned biological dentistry, which claims that conventional tooth extraction routinely leaves within the tooth socket the periodontal ligament that often becomes gangrenous, then, forming a jawbone *cavitation* seeping infectious and toxic material. Sometimes forming elsewhere in bones after injury or ischemia, jawbone cavitations are recognized as foci also in osteopathy and in alternative medicine, but conventional dentists generally conclude them nonexistent. Although the International Academy of Oral Medicine & Toxicology claims that the scientific evidence establishing existence of jawbone cavitations is overwhelming and even published in textbooks, the diagnosis and related treatment remain controversial, and allegations of quackery persist.

Huggins and many biological dentists also espouse Weston Price's findings on endodontically treated teeth routinely being foci of infection, although these dentists have been accused of quackery. Conventional belief is that microorganisms within inaccessible regions of a tooth's roots are rendered harmless once entrapped by the filling material, although little evidence supports this. A H Rogers in 1976 and E H Ehrmann in 1977 had dismissed any relation between endodontics and focal infection. At dentist George Meinig's 1994 book, *Root Canal Cover-Up*, discussing researches of Rosenow and of Price, some dentistry scholars reasserted that the claims were evaluated and disproved by the 1940s. Yet Meinig was but one of at least three authors who in the early 1990s independently renewed the concern.

Boyd Haley and Curt Pendergrass reporting finding especially high levels of bacterial toxins in root-filled teeth. Although such possibility appears especially likely amid compromised immunity—as in individuals cirrhotic, asplenic, elderly, rheumatoid arthritic, or using steroid drugs—there remained a lack of carefully controlled studies definitely establishing adverse systemic effects. Conversely, some if few studies have investigated effects of systemic disease on root-canal therapy's outcomes, which tend to worsen with poor glycemic control, perhaps via impaired immune response, a factor largely ignored until recently, but now recognized as important. Still, even by 2010, "the potential association between systemic health and root canal therapy has been strongly disputed by dental governing bodies and there remains little evidence to substantiate the claims".

The traditional root-filling material is gutta-percha, whereas a new material, Biocalex, drew initial optimism even in alternative dentistry, but Biocalex-filled teeth were later reported by Boyd Haley to likewise seep toxic byproducts of anaerobic bacterial metabolism. Seeking to sterilize the tooth interior, some dentists, both alternative and conventional, have applied laser technology. Although endodontic therapy can fail and eventually often does, dentistry scholars maintain that it *can* be performed without creating focal infections. And even by 2010, molecular methods had rendered no consensus reports of bacteremia traced to asymptomatic endodontic infection. In any event, the predominant view is that shunning endodonthic therapy or routinely extracting endodontically treated teeth to treat or prevent systemic diseases remains unscientific and misguided.

## Footnotes


title: Mark Patterson (footballer, born 1965)

abstract: Mark Andrew Patterson is an English former footballer who made nearly 500 appearances in the Football League playing as a midfielder for Blackburn Rovers, Preston North End, Bury, Bolton Wanderers, Sheffield United, Southend United and Blackpool. He went on to play, and then to manage, in non-League football.

text:
# Mark Patterson (footballer, born 1965)

**Mark Andrew Patterson** (born 24 May 1965) is an English former footballer who made nearly 500 appearances in the Football League playing as a midfielder for Blackburn Rovers, Preston North End, Bury, Bolton Wanderers, Sheffield United, Southend United and Blackpool. He went on to play, and then to manage, in non-League football.

## Career

Patterson used to be a midfielder playing for a number of clubs over a long career including: Blackburn Rovers, Preston North End, Bury, Bolton Wanderers, Sheffield United, Southend, Blackpool, Accrington Stanley, Rossendale and Scarborough. Patterson started his coaching career with Scarborough as player-coach and then assistant manager under Russell Slade. Since then he has managed several non-league clubs including Chorley, Darwen and Leigh RMI.

After the exit of Scarborough managagment duo Neil Redfearn and his assistant Eric Winstanley, in the 2006 close season, Patterson took over as manager. Due to injuries and a small playing squad Patterson, at age 41, had to register as a player and has sat on the bench. He left the club on 4 May 2007 by mutual consent, having failed to agree a new deal. He was assistant manager to Phil Starbuck at Hednesford Town until February 2008. He later coached the Bolton Wanderers Academy and at Wigan Athletic and Accrington Stanley. In June 2017, he was appointed manager of AFC Darwen. However, he resigned in December that year with the club in the relegation zone.

In November 2021, his autobiography *Old School - A Proper Football Education* (written with Kevin O'Hara) was issued.

## Honours

**Bolton Wanderers**

## InfoBox

Mark Patterson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mark Andrew Patterson | | |
| Date of birth | (1965-05-24) 24 May 1965 | | |
| Place of birth | Darwen, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1983–1988 | Blackburn Rovers | 101 | (20) |
| 1988–1990 | Preston North End | 55 | (19) |
| 1990–1991 | Bury | 42 | (10) |
| 1991–1995 | Bolton Wanderers | 169 | (11) |
| 1995–1997 | Sheffield United | 73 | (4) |
| 1997 | Southend United (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 1997–1999 | Bury | 30 | (2) |
| 1998–1999 | Blackpool (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 1999 | Southend United | 5 | (0) |
| 2001–2003 | Scarborough | 23 | (0) |
| 2002–2003 | Leigh RMI (loan) |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2003 | Leigh RMI | | |
| 2003–2004 | Chorley | | |
| 2006–2007 | Scarborough | | |
| 2017-2020 | AFC Darwen | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Focal point (game theory)

abstract: In game theory, a focal point is a solution that people tend to choose by default in the absence of communication in order to avoid coordination failure. The concept was introduced by the American economist Thomas Schelling in his book The Strategy of Conflict (1960). Schelling states that "[p]eople can often concert their intentions or expectations with others if each knows that the other is trying to do the same" in a cooperative situation, so their action would converge on a focal point which has some kind of prominence compared with the environment. However, the conspicuousness of the focal point depends on time, place and people themselves. It may not be a definite solution.

text:
# Focal point (game theory)

In game theory, a **focal point** (or **Schelling point**) is a solution that people tend to choose by default in the absence of communication in order to avoid coordination failure. The concept was introduced by the American economist Thomas Schelling in his book *The Strategy of Conflict* (1960). Schelling states that "\[p\]eople *can* often concert their intentions or expectations with others if each knows that the other is trying to do the same" in a cooperative situation (p. 57), so their action would converge on a focal point which has some kind of prominence compared with the environment. However, the conspicuousness of the focal point depends on time, place and people themselves. It may not be a definite solution.

## Existence

The existence of the focal point is first demonstrated by Schelling with a series of questions. Here is one example: to determine the time and place to meet a stranger in New York City, but without being able to communicate in person beforehand. In this coordination game, any place and time in the city could be an equilibrium solution. Schelling asked a group of students this question, and found the most common answer was "noon at (the information booth at) Grand Central Terminal". There is nothing that makes Grand Central Terminal a location with a higher payoff because people could just as easily meet at another public location, such as a bar or a library, but its tradition as a meeting place raises its salience and therefore makes it a natural "focal point". Later, Schelling's informal experiments have been replicated under controlled conditions with monetary incentives by Judith Mehta.

The existence of focal points can help explain the use of social norms, including traditional gender roles, in order to ensure coordination, and why changing said norms can be difficult.

## Theories

Although the concept of a focal point has been widely accepted in game theory, it is still unclear how a focal point forms. The researchers have proposed theories from two aspects.

### The level-n theory

Stahl and Wilson argue that a focal point is formed because players would try to predict how other players act. They model the level of "rational expectation" players by their ability to

1. form priors (models) about the behavior of other players;
2. choose the best responses given these priors.

A level-0 player will choose actions regardless of the actions of other players. A level-1 player believes that all other players are level-0 types. A level-n player estimates that all other players are level-0, 1, 2, ..., *n*-1 types. Based on experimental data, most of the players only use one model to predict the behavior of all the other players. Although the hierarchy of types could be indefinite, the benefits of higher levels would decrease substantially while incurring a much greater cost. Because of the limit of players' expectation level and players' priors, it is possible to reach an equilibrium in games without communication.

#### The cognitive hierarchy theory

The cognitive hierarchy (CH) theory is a derivation of level-n theory. A level-n player from the CH model would assume that their strategy is the most sophisticated and that the levels 0, 1, 2, ..., n-1 on which their opponents play follow a normalized Poisson distribution. This model works well in multi-player games where the players need to estimate a number in a given range, such as the Guess 2/3 of the average game. A player would be able to determine the value which they should play based on the assumed distribution of lower-level players described by the Poisson distribution. Another example of a game involving CH theory is the Keynesian beauty contest.

### The team reasoning

Bacharach argued that people could find a focal point because they act as members of a team instead of individuals in a cooperative game. With the identity changed, the player follows the prescription of an imaginary group leader to maximize the group interest.

## Examples

### Schelling's questions

Here is a subset of the questions raised by Schelling to prove the existence of a focal point.

1. Head-tail game: Name "heads" or "tails". If the two players name the same, they win an award, otherwise, they get nothing.
2. Letter order game: Give an order to letters A, B, and C. If the three players give the same order, they win an award, otherwise they get nothing.
3. Split money game: Two players share $100. They first write down their individual claims on a sheet of paper. If their claims add to $100 or less, both of them will get exactly what they claimed, but if the sum is higher than $100 they get nothing.

The results of the informal experiments are

1. For the two players, A and B, in head-tail game. 16 out of 22 A and 15 out of 22 B chose "heads".
2. For the three players, A, B, and C, in letter order game. 9 out of 12 A, 10 out of 12 B, and 14 out of 16 C wrote "ABC".
3. For the players to claim part of the $100. 36 out of 40 chose $50. 2 of the remainder chose $49 and $49.99.

These games suggest that focal points have some saliency. These characteristics make them preferable choices to people. Furthermore, people would assume each other has also noticed the saliency and make the same decision.

### In coordination game

In a simple example, two people unable to communicate with each other are each shown a panel of four squares and asked to select one; if and only if they both select the *same* one, they will each receive a prize. Three of the squares are blue and one is red. Assuming they each know nothing about the other player, but that they each do want to win the prize, then they will, reasonably, *both* choose the red square.

The red square is not in a sense a *better* square; they could win by both choosing any square and in this sense, all squares are technically a Nash equilibrium. The red square is the "right" square to select only if a player can be sure that the other player has selected it, but by hypothesis neither can. However, it is the most salient and notable square, so—lacking any other one—most people will choose it, and this will in fact (often) work.

### Collision game

Focal points can also have real-life applications. For example, imagine two bicycles headed towards each other and in danger of crashing. Avoiding collision becomes a coordination game where each player's winning choice depends on the other player's choice. Each player, in this case, has the choice to go straight, swerve to the left or swerve to the right. Both players want to avoid crashing, but neither knows what the other will do. In this case, the decision to swerve right can serve as a focal point which leads to the winning right-right outcome. It seems a natural focal point in places using right-hand traffic.

This idea of *anti-coordination game* is also apparent in the game of chicken, which involves two cars racing toward each other on a collision course and in which the driver who first decides to swerve is seen as a coward, while no driver swerving results in a fatal collision for both.

### “Guess 2/3 of the average” game

The Guess 2/3 of the average game shows the level-n theory in practice. In this game, players are tasked with guessing an integer from 0 to 100 inclusive which they believe is closest to 2/3 of the average of all players’ guesses. A Nash equilibrium can be found by thinking through each level:

* Level 0: The average can be in \[0, 100\]
* Level 1: The average can be in \[0, 67\], which is 2/3 of the maximum average of level 0
* Level 2: The average can be in \[0, 45\], which is 2/3 of the maximum average of level 1
* Level N: Assuming all other players reason similarly, 2/3 of the maximum average will never be higher than $100\cdot ({\tfrac {2}{3})^{N}}$

As N grows, 2/3 of the average will trend towards zero. At this point, the only Nash equilibrium is for all players to guess 0

Adding repetition to the game introduces a focal point at the Nash equilibrium solution of 0. This was shown by Camerer as, “\[when\] the game is played multiple times with the same group, the average moves close to 0.” Introducing the iterative aspect to the game forces all players onto higher levels of thinking which allows them all to play guesses trending towards 0.

1. Pastin, Ivan; Pastine, Tuvana; Humberstone, Tom (2017). *Game Theory: A Graphic Guide*. United Kingdom: Icon Books Inc. pp. 54–61. ISBN 978-1-78578-082-0.
2. Schelling, Thomas C. (1960). *The strategy of conflict* (First ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-84031-7.
3. Mehta, Judith; Starmer, Chris; Sugden, Robert (1994). "The Nature of Salience: An Experimental Investigation of Pure Coordination Games". *The American Economic Review*. **84** (3): 658–673. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 2118074.
4. Stahl, Dale O.; Wilson, Paul W. (1 July 1995). "On Players′ Models of Other Players: Theory and Experimental Evidence" (PDF). *Games and Economic Behavior*. **10** (1): 218–254. doi:10.1006/game.1995.1031. ISSN 0899-8256.
5. Camerer, Colin F.; Ho, Teck-Hua; Chong, Juin-Kuan (1 August 2004). "A Cognitive Hierarchy Model of Games" (PDF). *The Quarterly Journal of Economics*. **119** (3): 861–898. doi:10.1162/0033553041502225. ISSN 0033-5533.
6. Bacharach, Michael (1 June 1999). "Interactive team reasoning: A contribution to the theory of co-operation". *Research in Economics*. **53** (2): 117–147. doi:10.1006/reec.1999.0188. ISSN 1090-9443.
7. "Focal Points (or Schelling Points): How We Naturally Organize in Games of Coordination – Mind Your Decisions". *mindyourdecisions.com*. Retrieved 2017-12-12.


title: Greater tube-nosed bat

abstract: The greater tube-nosed bat is a species of bat. An adult greater tube-nosed bat has a body length of 4.2-5.7 cm, a tail length of 3.6-4.1 cm, and a wing length of 3.7-4.4 cm. The species is found in India, Mongolia, China, and Korea. The greater tube-nosed bat's call has twelve simple syllables and five composites with harmonics in the ultrasonic range. When emitting aggression calls, they bare their teeth, pull up their wings, and attack other individuals by biting. Males have stereotypical mating behaviors of shaking their bodies and licking their genitalia.

text:
# Greater tube-nosed bat

The **greater tube-nosed bat** (***Murina leucogaster***) is a species of bat. An adult greater tube-nosed bat has a body length of 4.2-5.7 cm, a tail length of 3.6-4.1 cm, and a wing length of 3.7-4.4 cm. The species is found in India, Mongolia, China, and Korea.

The greater tube-nosed bat's call has twelve simple syllables and five composites with harmonics in the ultrasonic range. When emitting aggression calls, they bare their teeth, pull up their wings, and attack other individuals by biting. Males have stereotypical mating behaviors of shaking their bodies and licking their genitalia.

* Won, Byeong-o (원병오) (2004). *한국의 포유동물 (Hangugui poyudongmul, Mammals of Korea)*. Seoul: Dongbang Media. ISBN 89-8457-310-8.

## InfoBox

| Greater tube-nosed bat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Vespertilionidae |
| Genus: | *Murina* |
| Species: | ***M. leucogaster*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Murina leucogaster***
(Milne-Edwards, 1872) | |
|


title: IC 1182

abstract: IC 1182 is a type S0-a lenticular galaxy located in Hercules. It is located 464 million light-years away from the Solar System and was discovered on August 11, 1892, by Stephane Javelle. IC 1198 is a member of the Hercules Cluster, which is a part of the CfA 2 Great Wall.

text:
# IC 1182

**IC 1182** is a type S0-a lenticular galaxy located in Hercules. It is located 464 million light-years away from the Solar System and was discovered on August 11, 1892, by Stephane Javelle. IC 1198 is a member of the Hercules Cluster, which is a part of the CfA 2 Great Wall.

## Description

IC 1182 was originally classified as a Seyfert type 2 galaxy but later, research shows it is an unusual and rare galaxy in some kind of merger event. A jet which is extending out from the center in an easterly direction is composed of kinetic material. There is a broad, faint S-shaped plume and debris on the other side of the galaxy. IC 1182 radiates a lot of energy and ejects a substantial amount of material at high velocity. In its central region, clusters of O-type hot blue stars are present.

## An ongoing merger?

IC 1182 shows high resolution broad and narrow band images and long slit spectroscopy. It reveals a distorted morphology with a heavily obscured disk-link structure with several knots in its regions. Some of the galactic material, in the form of two slender tails are detected beyond the main body of the galaxy. IC 1182 has color indices of an early type object which is significantly bluer than what is typical for this kind of galaxy. The narrow lines show this galaxy is a powerful emitter and the knots in the central region and inside the tail emerging eastward from the galaxy are luminous in H*α* and have typical sizes of 1 kpc.

Additionally, IC 1182 contains large quantities of neural hydrogen which its distance-independent ratio of hydrogen mass to optical luminosity is equal to 0.7 times the solar ratio. This could indicate it might be involved in a collision involving a gas-rich spiral galaxy which gives rise to observed nuclear emission lines.

1. "HyperLeda -object description". *atlas.obs-hp.fr*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
2. Ford, Dominic. "IC1182 (Galaxy)". *In-The-Sky.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
3. "Your NED Search Results". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
4. "Index Catalog Objects: IC 1150 - 1199". *cseligman.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
5. "Clusters and Superclusters of Galaxies". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
6. information@eso.org. "The VLT Records Faint Structures in Colliding Galaxies". *www.eso.org* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-30.
7. Moles, M.; Bettoni, D.; Fasano, G.; Kjærgaard, P.; Varela, J.; Milvang-Jensen, B. (2004-05-01). "The peculiar galaxy IC 1182: An ongoing merger?". *Astronomy & Astrophysics*. **418** (2): 495–507. arXiv:astro-ph/0402219. Bibcode:2004A&A...418..495M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034295. ISSN 0004-6361.
8. Bothun, G. D.; Stauffer, J. R.; Schommer, R. A. (1981-07-01). "The peculiar galaxy IC 1182". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **247**: 42–47. Bibcode:1981ApJ...247...42B. doi:10.1086/159007. ISSN 0004-637X.

## InfoBox

| IC 1182 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS image of IC 1182 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Hercules |
| Right ascension | 16h 05m 36.8s |
| Declination | +17° 48 07.7 |
| Redshift | 0.034210 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 10,206 km/s |
| Distance | 464 Mly (142.26 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | Hercules Cluster |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 15.19 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SAO+ pec, HII |
| Size | 135,000 ly |
| Other designations | |
| PGC 57084, UGC 10192, CGCG 108-126, MCG +03-41-104, Mrk 298, AGC 260184, NPM1G+17.0584, 2MASX J16053680+1748078, NVSS J160536+174804, 1RXS J160537.9+174740, KUG 1603+179B, SDSS J160536.78+174807.5, WBL 607-016, 2MASS J16053680+1748075, LEDA 57084 | |


title: Ged Corcoran

abstract: Ged Corcoran is an Irish professional rugby league coach who is the head coach of Ireland and a former professional rugby league footballer. He played at international level for Ireland, and at club level for Halifax in the Super League, as well as the Dewsbury Rams, Oldham, the Sheffield Eagles and Toulouse Olympique, as a prop or second-row. Ged Corcoran is the elder brother of the Rochdale Hornets rugby league footballer DWayne Corcoran and is a first team coach with the Sheffield Eagles.

text:
# Ged Corcoran

**Ged Corcoran** (born 28 March 1983) is an Irish professional rugby league coach who is the head coach of Ireland and a former professional rugby league footballer.

He played at international level for Ireland, and at club level for Halifax in the Super League, as well as the Dewsbury Rams, Oldham, the Sheffield Eagles and Toulouse Olympique, as a prop or second-row. Ged Corcoran is the elder brother of the Rochdale Hornets rugby league footballer DWayne Corcoran and is a first team coach with the Sheffield Eagles.

## Background

Corcoran was born in County Offaly, Ireland.

## International honours

Ged Corcoran was named in the Ireland training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and the Ireland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.

## InfoBox

Ged Corcoran
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Ged Corcoran |
| Born | (1983-03-28) 28 March 1983<br>County Offaly, Ireland |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight | 15 st 10 lb (100 kg) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Prop, Second-row |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2003–04 Halifax 35 2 0 0 8  2005 Dewsbury Rams 13 1 0 2 6  2006 Oldham 14 1 0 0 4  2007–10 Sheffield Eagles 65 6 0 0 24  2011 Toulouse Olympique 13 2 0 0 8  Total 140 12 0 2 50  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2004–11 Ireland 11 1 0 0 4 | |
| Coaching information | |
| Representative  **Years** **Team** **Gms** **W** **D** **L** **W%**  2022 Ireland 3 1 0 2 33 | |
| Source: As of 11 December 2022 | |


title: Grant Witherspoon

abstract: Grant Lee Witherspoon is an American professional baseball outfielder who is currently a free agent.

text:
# Grant Witherspoon

**Grant Lee Witherspoon** (born September 27, 1996) is an American professional baseball outfielder who is currently a free agent.

## Career

### Amateur

Witherspoon attended D'Evelyn Junior/Senior High School in Denver, Colorado where he played baseball, basketball, and golf. As a senior in 2015, he batted .364 alongside pitching to a 1.19 ERA. He went unselected in the 2016 Major League Baseball draft and enrolled at Tulane University where he played three years of college baseball. In 2017, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Bourne Braves of the Cape Cod Baseball League. As a junior in 2018, he batted .330 with 12 home runs and 53 RBIs over 58 starts for Tulane.

### Tampa Bay Rays

After the season, the Tampa Bay Rays selected Witherspoon in the fourth round of the 2018 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Rays and made his professional debut with the Princeton Rays, batting .245 with five home runs and 31 RBIs over 56 games. He spent the 2019 season with the Bowling Green Hot Rods with whom he appeared in 119 games and hit .248 with ten home runs, 54 RBIs, and 22 stolen bases. He did not play a minor league game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season. He did, however, play for the Perth Heat of the Australian Baseball League that winter. Witherspoon returned to Bowling Green in 2021, slashing .269/.331/.503 with 22 home runs and seventy RBI over 99 games. He opened the 2022 season with the Montgomery Biscuits and was promoted to the Durham Bulls in late June. Over 115 games, he slashed .266/.343/.467 with 17 home runs, 61 RBI, and 15 stolen bases.

### Detroit Tigers

On March 29, 2023, Witherspoon was traded to the Detroit Tigers. To open the 2023 season, he was assigned to the Double–A Erie SeaWolves. On May 22, Witherspoon was promoted to the Triple–A Toledo Mud Hens. In 73 games split between Erie and Toledo, he hit .238/.350/.410 with 10 home runs, 29 RBI, and 9 stolen bases. Witherspoon was released by the Tigers organization on August 9.

### Seattle Mariners

On March 21, 2024, Witherspoon signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. In 41 games for the Double–A Arkansas Travelers, he batted .153/.250/.256 with three home runs and 16 RBI. Witherspoon was released by the Mariners organization on June 25.

## InfoBox

| Grant Witherspoon | |
| --- | --- |
| Free agent | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1996-09-27) September 27, 1996<br>Littleton, Colorado | |
| **Bats:** Left**Throws:** Left | |
|  | |


title: Pleasanton Weekly

abstract: The Pleasanton Weekly is a weekly newspaper published in Pleasanton, California, established in 2000. Owned by Embarcadero Media, the newspaper serves Pleasanton, California. Gina Channell was named the division president and Pleasanton Weekly publisher in 2006. In 2017, Jeremy Walsh took over as the paper's editor from the founding editor Jeb Bing. The newspaper also maintains an online version on its website. The Pleasanton Weekly is distributed free to all households every Friday, as well as via businesses and street newsstands. As of 2020, the print circulation is 9,500 and the digital reach is 180,000 monthly total visits. 90% of the paper's revenue comes from the print edition.

text:
# Pleasanton Weekly

The ***Pleasanton Weekly*** is a weekly newspaper published in Pleasanton, California, established in 2000. Owned by Embarcadero Media, the newspaper serves Pleasanton, California.

Gina Channell was named the division president and Pleasanton Weekly publisher in 2006. In 2017, Jeremy Walsh took over as the paper's editor from the founding editor Jeb Bing. The newspaper also maintains an online version on its website. The *Pleasanton Weekly* is distributed free to all households every Friday, as well as via businesses and street newsstands.

As of 2020, the print circulation is 9,500 and the digital reach is 180,000 monthly total visits. 90% of the paper's revenue comes from the print edition.

## Awards and recognition

The newspaper has won multiple first-place awards from the California Newspaper Publishers Association. Awards include first-place Coverage of Local Government from the 2018 California Journalism Awards Digital Contest and first-place Editorial Comment from the 2019 California Journalism Awards Print Contest.

## InfoBox

Pleasanton Weekly
| Late 2006 and early 2007 editions of the *Pleasanton Weekly* | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Alternative weekly |
| Owner(s) | Embarcadero Media |
| Publisher | Gina Channell |
| President | Gina Channell |
| Editor | Jeremy Walsh |
| Founded | 2000 |
| Language | English |
| Headquarters | 5506 Sunol Boulevard, Suite 203, Pleasanton, California |
| City | Pleasanton, California |
| Country | United States |
| Circulation | * 9,500 print * 180,000 digital  (as of 2020) |
| Sister newspapers | Palo Alto Weekly, The Almanac, Mountain View Voice |
| Website | www.pleasantonweekly.com |
|  | |


title: WKHC

abstract: WKHC is a contemporary Christian radio station licensed to Hatteras, North Carolina serving the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The station is owned by Educational Media Foundation.

text:
# WKHC

**WKHC** (97.1 FM) is a contemporary Christian radio station licensed to Hatteras, North Carolina serving the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The station is owned by Educational Media Foundation.

## History

WKHC started in 1989 as soft adult contemporary "The Wind 97.1", **WYND-FM**. In 2000, the station became Country **WNHW**. In 2003, Soft AC **WYND-FM** returned to 97.1. In 2006, Convergent Broadcasting LLC sold WYND-FM, WFMZ, WVOD and WZPR to CapSan Media LLC. On October 31, 2006 at Noon, WYND-FM and WZPR both dropped Soft AC for Country later branded as "Wilbur 92.3 & Orville 97.1".

In late 2002, Convergent had purchased these two stations from OBX Broadcasting. In April 2006, CapSan Media announced it had signed an Asset Purchase Agreement to purchase WZPR/WYND-FM along with sister stations WVOD and WFMZ from Convergent Broadcasting, LLC. On July 6, 2006, CapSan Media completed the purchase of all four stations.

On March 13, 2008, Capsan Media ended its Country simulcast and flipped the 92.3 frequency to sports as "ESPN 92.3." and WYND-FM became Your Country 97.1.

On May 11, 2009, WYND-FM changed their format to sports as sister station WZPR was simulcasting WFMZ 104.9 FM.

Hengooch, LLC bought WYND-FM, WVOD, and WZPR/WFMZ in 2010 for $200,000. Hengooch sold WYND-FM to EMF Broadcasting for $1 effective September 1, 2013. On September 1, 2013, WYND-FM changed their format to EMF's K-Love contemporary Christian format.

On February 5, 2019, the station changed its call sign to WKHC.

(Former simulcast WZPR's logo)

VARTV

35°27′50″N 76°02′06″W / 35.464°N 76.035°W / 35.464; -76.035

## InfoBox

WKHC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Elizabeth City-Nags Head |
| Frequency | 97.1 MHz |
| Branding | *K-Love* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Contemporary Christian |
| Affiliations | K-LOVE |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Educational Media Foundation |
| Sister stations | WZLV |
| History | |
| First air date | 1996 |
| Former call signs | WYND-FM (1989–2000)
WNHW (2000–2003)
WYND-FM (2003–2019) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 51417 |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 59,000 watts |
| HAAT | 170 meters |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | klove.com |


title: Rava-Ruska (border checkpoint)

abstract: Rava-Ruska is a land border crossing between Ukraine and Poland on the Ukrainian side, near the city of Rava-Ruska, Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast. The crossing is situated on autoroute E372 Warsaw - Lviv. Across the border on the Polish side is the village of Hrebenne, Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship. The border crossing is located 8 km (5.0 mi) west of the city of Rava-Ruska. In the city at a rail station is rail border checkpoint that however serves freight trains only. The type of crossing is automobile and lorries but not pedestrians however they are planning to build a crossing for pedestrians in the future The port of entry is part of the Rava-Ruska customs post of Lviv customs.

text:
# Rava-Ruska (border checkpoint)

**Rava-Ruska** is a land border crossing between Ukraine and Poland on the Ukrainian side, near the city of Rava-Ruska, Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast.

The crossing is situated on autoroute  **E372** ( **M 09**) Warsaw \- Lviv. Across the border on the Polish side is the village of Hrebenne, Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship. The border crossing is located 8 km (5.0 mi) west of the city of Rava-Ruska. In the city at a rail station is rail border checkpoint that however serves freight trains only.

The type of crossing is automobile and lorries but not pedestrians however they are planning to build a crossing for pedestrians in the future The port of entry is part of the Rava-Ruska customs post of Lviv customs.

## InfoBox

| Rava-Ruska | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Location | Rava-Ruska, Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast |
| Coordinates | 49°47′56″N 22°58′22″E / 49.79889°N 22.97278°E / 49.79889; 22.97278 |
| Details | |
| Hours | Open 24 Hours |
| Statistics | |


title: U-23 Men's Softball World Cup

abstract: The U-23 Men's Softball World Cup is the softball world championship tournament for World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) members’ men's national teams with players under the age of 23, held every four years. The competition will have its inaugural tournament in 2023 in Argentina.

text:
# U-23 Men's Softball World Cup

The **U-23 Men's Softball World Cup** is the softball world championship tournament for World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) members’ men's national teams with players under the age of 23, held every four years. The competition will have its inaugural tournament in 2023 in Argentina.

## History

The inaugural tournament will be held in Paraná, Argentina from 15 to 23 July 2023. 12 teams will compete in the 2023 event. Due to originally be held in Paraná, Argentina, in October 2022, the tournament was postponed for a number of reasons. The bidding process was reopened and once again awarded to Paraná in Argentina.

## Results

| Year | Final Host |  | Medalists | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Champions | Final | Runners-up | 3rd place |
| | 2023
*Details*1 |
Paraná | Australia | **1–0** | Japan | Argentina |
| |

1 Originally scheduled to be held in October 2022, but due to a number of reasons, postponed to April 2023.

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Australia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Japan | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | Argentina | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |

## Participating nations

* **1st** — Champion
* **2nd** — Runner-up
* **3rd** — Third place
* **#** — Position
* **q** — Qualified
* Hosts

| Teams | 2023 | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Argentina | 3rd | 1 |
| Australia | 1st | 1 |
| Canada | 5th | 1 |
| Czech Republic | 7th | 1 |
| Guatemala | 11th | 1 |
| Israel | 10th | 1 |
| Japan | 2nd | 1 |
| Mexico | 4th | 1 |
| New Zealand | 6th | 1 |
| Singapore | 9th | 1 |
| South Africa | 12th | 1 |
| Venezuela | 8th | 1 |
| No. of Teams | 12 |  |

## InfoBox

U-23 Men's Softball World Cup
| **Current season, competition or edition:**
*2023 U-23 Men's Softball World Cup* | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Softball |
| Founded | 2023 (2023) |
| Organising body | WBSC |
| No. of teams | 12 (Finals) |
| Continent | International |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Australia (1st title)
(2023) |
| Most titles | Australia (1 title) |
| Related
competitions | Men's Softball World Cup |
| Official website | wbsc.org/u-23-mens-softball-world-cup |


title: Ghemical

abstract: Ghemical is a computational chemistry software package written in C++ and released under the GNU General Public License. The program has graphical user interface based on GTK+2 and supports quantum mechanical and molecular mechanic models, with geometry optimization, molecular dynamics, and a large set of visualization tools. Ghemical relies on external code to provide the quantum-mechanical calculations — MOPAC provides the semi-empirical MNDO, MINDO, AM1, and PM3 methods, and MPQC methods based on Hartree–Fock calculations. The chemical expert system is based on OpenBabel, which provides basis functionality like atom typing, rotamer generation and import/export of chemical file formats.

text:
# Ghemical

**Ghemical** is a computational chemistry software package written in C++ and released under the GNU General Public License. The program has graphical user interface based on GTK+2 and supports quantum mechanical and molecular mechanic models, with geometry optimization, molecular dynamics, and a large set of visualization tools. Ghemical relies on external code to provide the quantum-mechanical calculations MOPAC provides the semi-empirical MNDO, MINDO, AM1, and PM3 methods, and MPQC methods based on Hartree–Fock calculations.

The chemical expert system is based on OpenBabel, which provides basis functionality like atom typing, rotamer generation and import/export of chemical file formats.

1. "\[ViewVC\] Annotation of: ghemical/trunk/CHANGES". *bioinformatics.org*.
2. Hassinen, Tommi; Perakyla, Mikael (June 2001). "New energy terms for reduced protein models implemented in an off-lattice force field". *Journal of Computational Chemistry*. **22** (12): 1229–1242. doi:10.1002/jcc.1080. S2CID 5073249.

## InfoBox

Ghemical
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Ghemical authors |
| Initial release | 11 April 2000 (2000-04-11) |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | C++ |
| Operating system | Unix-like |
| Available in | ? |
| Type | Computational chemistry |
| License | GPL |
| Website | http://bioinformatics.org/ghemical |


title: Ghemme

abstract: Ghemme is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located on the river Sesia about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Novara. It is the birthplace of architect Alessandro Antonelli and the town of origin of Blessed Panacea De' Muzzi. The main attraction is the castle (Castello-ricetto), built in the 11th to 15th centuries. Ghemme is notable for its red wine.

text:
# Ghemme

**Ghemme** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located on the river Sesia about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Novara.

It is the birthplace of architect Alessandro Antonelli and the town of origin of Blessed Panacea De' Muzzi. The main attraction is the castle (*Castello-ricetto*), built in the 11th to 15th centuries.

Ghemme is notable for its red wine.

## InfoBox

| Ghemme | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Ghemme | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Ghemme | |
| GhemmeLocation of Ghemme in ItalyGhemmeGhemme (Piedmont) | |
| Coordinates: 45°36′N 8°25′E / 45.600°N 8.417°E / 45.600; 8.417 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Piedmont |
| Province | Novara (NO) |
| *Frazioni* | Strona |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Davide Temporelli |
| Area | |
| Total | 20.57 km2 (7.94 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 241 m (791 ft) |
| Population (2007) | |
| Total | 3,668 |
| Density | 180/km2 (460/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Ghemmesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 28074 |
| Dialing code | 0163 |
| Patron saint | Blessed Panacea |
| Saint day | First Friday of May |
| Website | Official website |


title: Tyler Farr

abstract: Tyler Lynn Farr is an American country music singer and songwriter. Originally signed to BNA Records Farr released two singles for the label before it closed. He transferred to Columbia Records Nashville, releasing two albums: Redneck Crazy in 2013 and Suffer in Peace in 2015. Overall he has charted eight singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts. His highest ranking on the latter chart is "A Guy Walks Into a Bar" which placed at No. 1 in 2015.

text:
# Tyler Farr

**Tyler Lynn Farr** (born February 5, 1984) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Originally signed to BNA Records Farr released two singles for the label before it closed. He transferred to Columbia Records Nashville, releasing two albums: *Redneck Crazy* in 2013 and *Suffer in Peace* in 2015. Overall he has charted eight singles on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts. His highest ranking on the latter chart is "A Guy Walks Into a Bar" which placed at No. 1 in 2015.

## Career

Tyler Farr grew up in Garden City, Missouri, and attended Missouri State University, getting a degree in voice.

Farr co-wrote the songs "Hey Y'all" for Cole Swindell and "She's Just Like That" for Joe Nichols. In early 2012, Farr released his debut single, "Hot Mess" which he co-wrote with Rhett Akins. Billy Dukes of *Taste of Country* gave the song four stars out of five, calling Farr's voice "unique, but not distracting." Following the merger of his original label, BNA Records, Farr moved to Columbia Nashville and released his second single, "Hello Goodbye". His third single, "Redneck Crazy", became his first Top 10 hit in 2013. Next was the top 3 hit "Whiskey in My Water". All four singles were included on his debut album, *Redneck Crazy* which was released on September 30, 2013.

Farr led off his second album in mid-2014 with "A Guy Walks Into a Bar". The album, entitled *Suffer in Peace*, was released on April 28, 2015, and "A Guy Walks Into a Bar" became Farr's first No. 1 single on *Billboard* Country Airplay in May 2015. The album's second single, "Withdrawals", was released to country radio on June 15, 2015. It had only reached number 52 on the Country Airplay chart when it was pulled from radio and "Better in Boots" was issued as a third single on August 17, 2015. The decision to change the single was made in order to give Farr an up-tempo, "female-friendly" song that he could sing live, according to Steve Hodges of Sony Nashville.

"Our Town", Farr's eighth single release, was issued in late 2016. Singer Seth Ennis co-wrote the song.

In September 2018, Farr parted ways with Sony Music Nashville. Farr signed with Broken Bow Records in March 2019 under Jason Aldean's newly-founded imprint Night Train Records, and released the EP *Only Truck in Town* on June 5, 2020. The title track and "Soundtrack to a Small Town Sundown" were released as singles.

## Musical styles

Farr is also a classically trained opera singer and took voice lessons during his teenage years; he sang tenor in Missouri's All-State Choir during his senior year of high school. He claims he discovered (and fell in love with) country music after his mother married George Jones' touring guitarist.

## Personal life

Farr married his long-time girlfriend, Hannah Freeman on October 10, 2016.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | | | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country
 | US
 | AUS
 | CAN
 | |
| *Redneck Crazy* |  | 2 | 5 |  |  |  |
| *Suffer in Peace* | * Release date: April 28, 2015 * Label: Columbia Nashville | 2 | 4 | 66 | 11 |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | | |

### Extended plays

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Camouflage* |  |
| *Only Truck in Town* |  |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | | | | | Certifications | Sales | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country Songs
 | US Country Airplay
 | US
 | CAN Country
 | CAN
 | | | |
| 2012 | "Hot Mess" | 49 | |  |  |  |  |  | *Redneck Crazy* |
| | "Hello Goodbye" | 52 | 47 |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 2013 | "Redneck Crazy" | 2 | 3 | 29 | 7 | 57 |  | |  |
| | "Whiskey in My Water" | 11 | 3 | 52 | 10 | 73 |  | |  |
| 2014 | "A Guy Walks Into a Bar" | 7 | 1 | 51 | 9 | 67 |  |  | *Suffer in Peace* |
| 2015 | "Withdrawals" | 47 | 52 |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Better in Boots" | 26 | 26 |  | 43 |  |  | |  |
| 2016 | "Our Town" |  | 53 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017 | "I Should Go to Church Sometime" |  | 56 |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 2018 | "Love by the Moon" |  | 57 |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 2020 | "Only Truck in Town" |  | 60 |  |  |  |  |  | *Only Truck in Town* |
| | "Soundtrack to a Small Town Sundown" |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | | | | | |

**Notes**

#### Promotional singles

| Year | Single | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | "Suffer in Peace" | *Suffer in Peace* |

### Other charted songs

| Year | Single | Peak chart
positions | | Sales | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country | US Country Airplay | | |
| 2015 | "Blue Christmas" |  | 56 |  |  |
| | "Damn Good Friends"
(with Jason Aldean) | 46 |  |  | *Suffer in Peace* |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | |

### Music videos

| Year | Video | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | "Hello Goodbye" | Darrin Dickerson |
| 2013 | "Redneck Crazy" | Jeff Venable |
| 2014 | "Whiskey in My Water" | Chris Hicky |
| | "A Guy Walks Into a Bar" | Jeff Venable |
| 2015 | "Withdrawals" | Eric Welch |
| | | "Better in Boots" |
| 2018 | "Love By The Moon" |  |

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Ridiculousness* | Himself | Episode: "Tyler Farr" |
| 2019–present | *Buck Commander* | Himself | with Willie Robertson and Adam LaRoche |

1. "Biography". Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
2. "Things to Do". The Frederick News-Post. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
3. "11 New Artists in Country Music". CMT. February 3, 2012. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
4. "Tyler Farr, 'Hot Mess' – Song Review". Tasteofcountry.com. December 14, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
5. "Columbia Nashville". Retrieved August 2, 2013.
6. Stephenson, Troy (February 23, 2015). "Tyler Farr To Release Sophomore Album 'Suffer In Peace' On April 28". *MusicRow*. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
7. "HITS Daily Double : Rumor Mill – TRIANGLE OFFENSE".
8. "Farr signs with Aldean's label". *Country Standard Time*. March 25, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
9. "Tyler Farr: From Opera to George Jones to 'Redneck Crazy'", CMT.com, November 1, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
10. "Tyler Farr Marries Hannah Freeman on a Tennessee Farm". October 10, 2016.
11. "Tyler Farr Album & Song Chart History – Country Albums". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
12. "Tyler Farr Album & Song Chart History – Billboard 200". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
13. "ARIA CHART WATCH #414". auspOp. April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
14. "Tyler Farr Album & Song Chart History – Canadian Albums". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
15. Trust, Gary (May 19, 2015). "Tyler Farr Scores First No. 1 on Country Airplay, Steven Tyler Debuts". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
16. Bjorke, Matt (November 16, 2015). "Top 10 Country Albums Chart: November 16, 2015". *Roughstock*.
17. "Tyler Farr Chart History – Country Songs". *Billboard*. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
18. "Tyler Farr Chart History – Country Airplay". *Billboard*. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
19. "Tyler Farr Chart History – Hot 100". *Billboard*. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
20. "Tyler Farr Chart History – Canada Country". *Billboard*. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
21. "Tyler Farr Chart History – Canadian Hot 100". *Billboard*. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
22. "American single certifications – Tyler Farr – Redneck Crazy". Recording Industry Association of America.
23. "Canadian single certifications – Tyler Farr – Redneck Crazy". Music Canada.
24. Matt Bjorke (November 13, 2013). "Country Chart News – The Top 30 Digital Singles – November 13, 2013: CMA Awards Drive Sales; Eric Church "The Outsiders" #1; Taylor Swift "Red" #3". *Roughstock*. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014.
25. "American single certifications – Tyler Farr – Whiskey in My Water". Recording Industry Association of America.
26. Matt Bjorke (July 23, 2014). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles – July 23, 2014". *Roughstock*. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014.
27. "American single certifications – Tyler Farr – A Guy Walks Into A Bar". Recording Industry Association of America.
28. Matt Bjorke (June 11, 2015). "Country Music's Top 30 Digital Singles: Week of June 11, 2015".
29. "Tyler Farr Chart History – Bubbling Under". *Billboard*. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
30. Bjorke, Matt (March 27, 2016). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart: March 29, 2016". *Roughstock*.
31. Bjorke, Matt (October 3, 2016). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart: October 3, 2016". *Roughstock*.
32. Bjorke, Matt (May 13, 2015). "Country Music's Top 30 Digital Singles: Week of May 13, 2015". *Roughstock*. Sales figure given here
33. "CMT : Videos : Tyler Farr : Hello Goodbye". Country Music Television. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
34. "CMT : Videos : Tyler Farr : Whiskey in My Water". Country Music Television. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
35. "Tyler Farr | A Guy Walks Into a Bar | VEVO – Yahoo Screen". Yahoo! Screen. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2014.
36. "Tyler Farr | Withdrawals | VEVO – Yahoo Screen". Yahoo! Screen. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
37. "CMT : Videos : Tyler Farr : Better in Boots". Country Music Television. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.

## InfoBox

| Tyler Farr | |
| --- | --- |
| Farr at Walmart Soundcheck in 2013 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Tyler Lynn Farr |
| Born | (1984-02-05) February 5, 1984
Garden City, Missouri, U.S. |
| Origin | Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Genres | Country |
| Occupations | * Singer * songwriter |
| Instruments | * Vocals * guitar |
| Years active | 2010–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Website | tylerfarr.com |