title: Sydney Rippon

abstract: Arthur Ernest Sydney Rippon was an English cricketer who played 102 first-class cricket matches for Somerset as a batsman between 1914 and 1937. In many of his early first-class matches in 1914 and 1919, he opened the batting with his identical twin brother, Dudley Rippon.

text:
# Sydney Rippon

**Arthur Ernest Sydney Rippon** (29 April 1892 – 13 April 1966) was an English cricketer who played 102 first-class cricket matches for Somerset as a batsman between 1914 and 1937. In many of his early first-class matches in 1914 and 1919, he opened the batting with his identical twin brother, Dudley Rippon.

## Background

The Rippon family hailed from London but had relocated to Radstock in Somerset, and the twins were sent to school at King's College, Taunton, where they made a lot of runs and caused confusion by their close resemblance to each other. Sydney joined the Knowle Cricket Club in Bristol and scored heavily in club cricket; Dudley got a job on a Bath newspaper and played for a local team.

## Cricket career

Like his brother, Sydney Rippon was a right-handed opening batsman; unlike Dudley, he was not a regular bowler in first-class cricket, and he took only three first-class wickets in his career. He made his debut a few days after his brother, and played only six matches in the 1914 season, with a top score of 60 in the final one of those, against Gloucestershire at Taunton.

Rippon also played in the return match at Bristol: that match began on 3 August 1914, and the following day the United Kingdom declared war on Germany as the First World War broke out across Europe. Rippon was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Fusiliers, initially in its third (reserve) battalion. In 1916, he was transferred to one of the new service battalions being formed as part of "Kitchener's Army". He entered the Western Front in France on 14 May 1916. He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1917. He was later wounded, and as a result, resigned his commission on 24 January 1918, he was issued with the Silver War Badge to show that he had been honourably discharged. After this he joined the Inland Revenue, and was appointed an Inspector of Taxes on 11 November 1921.

Despite his wartime injuries, Rippon returned to first-class cricket in 1919. He played fairly regularly in that season and the next two, and then made a minimum of six and a maximum of 10 appearances for Somerset each season through to 1929  except for the 1926 season, when he played just once. After 1929, he was out of cricket for eight years, but reappeared in six matches in 1937. In 1927, he played one first-class match for the Civil Service against the New Zealanders and in 1928 he played in one rain-ruined Gentlemen v Players match at The Oval.

In the 1919 season, he made his then highest score, 92, in the match against Gloucestershire at Taunton while batting under an alias: Rippon was working for the Inland Revenue and had not been given permission to play in the match. So he batted as "S. Trimnell", using his grandmother's name. By the time the 1920 edition of Wisden was published, the story had come out and the innings is recorded under Rippon's real name: "A. E. S. Rippon, who played under an assumed name, enjoyed by far his biggest success during the season," Wisden wrote.

In six out of the ten seasons between 1920 and 1929, he made centuries, but never more than one in any season, and his total of runs in a season never exceeded 600. Among his centuries was one of 118, made in Somerset's first-ever first-class match against Glamorgan in 1921. He put on 189 for the first wicket with the dashing Peter Randall Johnson, who made 123 of the runs; Rippon was, by implication in Wisden's report, much slower, though his runs came in 190 minutes. His highest innings was 133 against Worcestershire at the Knowle ground in 1927, the runs being made out of 314 runs while he was at the wicket: he "wore down the attack", wrote Wisden, and "showed such patience in waiting for the right ball to hit that he did not give a chance". Not all of his batting was slow, however: in 1928, the last of his centuries was 112 against Hampshire and he put on 197 for the first wicket with Tom Young, the runs coming in less than 150 minutes.

Rippon's return to the Somerset side after an absence of eight years in 1937 was less successful, and his top score in 12 innings was just 28.

## Personal life

Sydney Rippon was the father of the UK Conservative Party politician Geoffrey Rippon, who was a minister in the government of Edward Heath.

## InfoBox

Sydney Rippon
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Arthur Ernest Sydney Rippon |
| Born | (1892-04-29)29 April 1892
Kensington, London, England |
| Died | 13 April 1966(1966-04-13) (aged 73)
Berrylands, Surbiton, Surrey, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm slow |
| Role | Opening batsman |
| Relations |  |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1914–1937 | Somerset |
|  | |
| FC debut | 21 May 1914 Somerset v Surrey |
| Last FC | 9 July 1937 Somerset v Nottinghamshire |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 104  Runs scored 3,823  Batting average 21.59  100s/50s 6/15  Top score 133  Balls bowled 192  Wickets 3  Bowling average 40.33  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 1/6  Catches/stumpings 44/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 12 October 2009 | |


title: Sworn and Broken

abstract: "Sworn and Broken" is a song by the American alternative-rock group Screaming Trees. It is the second single released in support of their seventh album, Dust.

text:
# Sworn and Broken

"**Sworn and Broken**" is a song by the American alternative-rock group Screaming Trees. It is the second single released in support of their seventh album, *Dust*.

## Formats and track listing

UK 7" single (663870 7) 1. "Sworn and Broken" (Gary Lee Conner, Van Conner, Mark Lanegan) – 3:35
2. "Butterfly" (live) (Gary Lee Conner, Van Conner, Mark Lanegan) – 3:10

UK CD single (663870 2) 1. "Sworn and Broken" (Gary Lee Conner, Van Conner, Mark Lanegan) – 3:35
2. "Butterfly" (live) (Gary Lee Conner, Van Conner, Mark Lanegan) – 3:10
3. "Dollar Bill" (live) (Van Conner, Mark Lanegan) – 4:17
4. "Caught Between/The Secret Kind" (live) (Gary Lee Conner, Van Conner, Mark Lanegan, Barrett Martin) – 7:38

## Charts

| Chart (1996) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 76 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Sworn and Broken* liner notes.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 1996 | Epic | CD, LP | 663870 |
| United States | | | CD | ESK 8632 |

## InfoBox

| "Sworn and Broken" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Screaming Trees | |
| from the album  *Dust* | |
| B-side | "Butterfly" (live) |
| Released | 1996 (1996) |
| Recorded | 1995 (1995)–1996 (1996) |
| Studio | Capitol Studios and Sunset Sound Factory, Hollywood, CA and The Hit Factory, NY |
| Genre | Grunge, alternative rock, neo-psychedelia |
| Length | 3:35 |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Gary Lee Conner, Van Conner, Mark Lanegan |
| Producer(s) | George Drakoulias |
| Screaming Trees singles chronology | |
| "All I Know"
(1996) "**Sworn and Broken**"
(1996) | |


title: Sxy 5′ UTR element

abstract: The Sxy 5′ UTR element is an RNA element that controls expression of the sxy gene in H. influenzae. The sxy gene is a transcription factor that regulates competence which is the ability of bacteria to take up DNA from their environment. When the sxy gene is deleted the bacterium loses the ability to express genes in the competence regulon. Cameron et al. recently showed that mutations in the 5′ end of the sxy gene lead to hypercompetance. They showed that this region formed an RNA secondary structure that occludes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Mutations that interfere with the stability of this secondary structure lead to increased translation of sxy followed by upregulation of the competence regulon.

text:
# Sxy 5′ UTR element

The **Sxy 5′ UTR element** is an RNA element that controls expression of the sxy gene in *H. influenzae*. The sxy gene is a transcription factor (also known as TfoX) that regulates competence which is the ability of bacteria to take up DNA from their environment. When the sxy gene is deleted the bacterium loses the ability to express genes in the competence regulon. Cameron *et al.* recently showed that mutations in the 5′ end of the sxy gene lead to hypercompetance. They showed that this region formed an RNA secondary structure that occludes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Mutations that interfere with the stability of this secondary structure lead to increased translation of sxy followed by upregulation of the competence regulon.

## tfoR RNA

In the fellow gammaproteobacterium *Vibrio cholerae*, a different RNA regulatory system is used. Here, a sRNA named 'tfoR' positively regulates expression of the sxy (tfoX) protein.

The RNA element responds to chitin, which is an important regulator of competence in *V. cholera*. Deletion of tfoR removed all competence for exogenous DNA in *V. cholera* *in vivo*.

## InfoBox

| sxy 5′ UTR element | |
| --- | --- |
| Secondary structure of the sxy 5′-UTR regulatory element | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | sxy |
| Rfam | RF00632 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Cis-reg |
| Domain(s) | *Haemophilus influenzae* |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Syed Dulal

abstract: Syed Dulal is a Bangladeshi theatre artist and television actor who has introduced studio theatre in Bangladesh. As of 21 December 2012 he had directed 851 theatre plays. He is also known for portraying "Guni Moyra" in Sisimpur.

text:
# Syed Dulal

**Syed Dulal** is a Bangladeshi theatre artist and television actor who has introduced studio theatre in Bangladesh. As of 21 December 2012 he had directed 851 theatre plays. He is also known for portraying "Guni Moyra" in *Sisimpur*.

## Awards

* Abul Kashem Dulal Memorial Medal
* Nandonik Natyajon Award
* Palakar First Anniversary Award

## InfoBox

| Syed Dulal
সৈয়দ দুলাল | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 03 July |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Occupation(s) | Theater Activist & Founder at Shabdaboli studio theater, Executive Member at International Theatre Institute (ITI) Bangladesh Center and সম্পাদক at আনন্দলিখন |
| Known for | Introducing Studio Theatre in Bangladesh
Guni Moyra of *Sisimpur* |
| Children | 1 Daughter and 1 Son |


title: Syllepte benedictalis

abstract: Syllepte benedictalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by William Jacob Holland in 1900. It is found in Buru, Indonesia.

text:
# Syllepte benedictalis

***Syllepte benedictalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by William Jacob Holland in 1900. It is found in Buru, Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Syllepte benedictalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Syllepte* |
| Species: | ***S. benedictalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Syllepte benedictalis***<br>Holland, 1900 | |
|


title: Syllepte belialis

abstract: Syllepte belialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in Brazil, Honduras, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Cuba.

text:
# Syllepte belialis

***Syllepte belialis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in Brazil, Honduras, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Cuba.

## InfoBox

| *Syllepte belialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Syllepte* |
| Species: | ***S. belialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Syllepte belialis***<br>(Walker, 1859) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Botys belialis* Walker, 1859 * *Botys albifrontalis* Möschler, 1890 * *Botys molliculalis* Walker, 1866 * *Pilocrosis holoxantha* Hampson, 1912 | |


title: Sylvia Limmer

abstract: Sylvia Limmer is a German politician who is serving as an Alternative for Germany Member of the European Parliament. Limmer trained as a veterinary nurse before completing a PhD in biology at the University of Bayreuth. She has been a member of the AfD since 2016 and is deputy chairwoman of the AfD district association in Bayreuth. In 2019, she was elected to the European Parliament as an MEP for the party. In the European Parliament, she sits on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI), the delegation for relations with Israel and the delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China.

text:
# Sylvia Limmer

**Sylvia Limmer** is a German politician who is serving as an Alternative for Germany Member of the European Parliament.

Limmer trained as a veterinary nurse before completing a PhD in biology at the University of Bayreuth. She has been a member of the AfD since 2016 and is deputy chairwoman of the AfD district association in Bayreuth. In 2019, she was elected to the European Parliament as an MEP for the party. In the European Parliament, she sits on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI), the delegation for relations with Israel and the delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China.

## InfoBox

| Sylvia LimmerMEP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament
for Germany | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2 July 2019 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1966 |
| Nationality | German |
| Political party | Alternative for Germany |
|  | |


title: Sylvia Llewelyn Davies

abstract: Sylvia Jocelyn Busson Llewelyn Davies was the mother of the boys who were the inspiration for the stories of Peter Pan by J. M. Barrie. She was the daughter of cartoonist and writer George du Maurier and his wife Emma Wightwick, the elder sister to actor Gerald du Maurier, the aunt of novelists Angela and Daphne du Maurier, and a great-granddaughter of Mary Anne Clarke, royal mistress of Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. She met the young barrister Arthur Llewelyn Davies at a dinner party in 1889 and they became engaged shortly thereafter. She married him in 1892, and they had five children, all boys: George (1893–1915), Jack (1894–1959), Peter (1897–1960), Michael (1900–1921), and Nicholas (Nico) (1903–1980). In 1898, Llewelyn Davies met Barrie at a dinner party, discovering he was already friends with her three sons from their regular visits to Kensington Gardens. She and Barrie became close and the family accompanying Barrie and his wife on holidays. Her husband died in 1907 of a sarcoma in his cheek. She welcomed Barrie's financial and emotional support, both for herself and for her boys. Following Barrie's divorce in 1909, he and Sylvia remained close, but did not marry. She became ill with an inoperable cancer in her chest, and died in 1910. Shortly before her death, she wrote that she wanted her boys' nurse Mary Hodgson to continue caring for them, and that she knew Barrie would continue providing for them, which he did. She named him, along with her mother Emma du Maurier, her brother Guy du Maurier, and Arthur's brother Crompton Llewelyn Davies as their guardians. Barrie told the boys after her death that she had been engaged to him, but Jack and Peter later expressed scepticism of this report. Her son Peter was the publisher of her niece Daphne du Maurier's book about their grandfather, The Young George du Maurier: A Selection of His Letters, 1860–67 (1951). She was portrayed by Ann Bell in the miniseries The Lost Boys (1978) and Kate Winslet in the film Finding Neverland (2004). Winslet was nominated for a British Academy Film Award and a Critics' Choice Movie Award for her performance. She was also portrayed by Rosalie Craig, Laura Michelle Kelly, and Christine Dwyer in the 2010s stage musical adaptation of the film.

text:
# Sylvia Llewelyn Davies

**Sylvia Jocelyn Busson Llewelyn Davies** (née **du Maurier**; 25 November 1866 – 27 August 1910) was the mother of the boys who were the inspiration for the stories of Peter Pan by J. M. Barrie. She was the daughter of cartoonist and writer George du Maurier and his wife Emma Wightwick, the elder sister to actor Gerald du Maurier, the aunt of novelists Angela and Daphne du Maurier, and a great-granddaughter of Mary Anne Clarke, royal mistress of Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany.

She met the young barrister Arthur Llewelyn Davies at a dinner party in 1889 and they became engaged shortly thereafter. She married him in 1892, and they had five children, all boys: George (1893–1915), Jack (1894–1959), Peter (1897–1960), Michael (1900–1921), and Nicholas (Nico) (1903–1980).

In 1898, Llewelyn Davies met Barrie at a dinner party, discovering he was already friends with her three sons from their regular visits to Kensington Gardens. She and Barrie became close (he called her by her middle name "Jocelyn") and the family accompanying Barrie and his wife on holidays.

Her husband died in 1907 of a sarcoma in his cheek. She welcomed Barrie's financial and emotional support, both for herself and for her boys. Following Barrie's divorce in 1909, he and Sylvia remained close, but did not marry. She became ill with an inoperable cancer in her chest, and died in 1910. Shortly before her death, she wrote that she wanted her boys' nurse Mary Hodgson to continue caring for them, and that she knew Barrie would continue providing for them, which he did. She named him, along with her mother Emma du Maurier, her brother Guy du Maurier, and Arthur's brother Crompton Llewelyn Davies as their guardians. Barrie told the boys after her death that she had been engaged to him, but Jack and Peter later expressed scepticism of this report.

Her son Peter was the publisher of her niece Daphne du Maurier's book about their grandfather, *The Young George du Maurier: A Selection of His Letters, 1860–67* (1951).

She was portrayed by Ann Bell in the miniseries *The Lost Boys* (1978) and Kate Winslet in the film *Finding Neverland* (2004). Winslet was nominated for a British Academy Film Award and a Critics' Choice Movie Award for her performance. She was also portrayed by Rosalie Craig, Laura Michelle Kelly, and Christine Dwyer in the 2010s stage musical adaptation of the film.

1. Birkin, Andrew, *J. M. Barrie and the Lost Boys*.

## InfoBox

| Sylvia Llewelyn Davies | |
| --- | --- |
| Sylvia Llewelyn Davies, photographed by J.M. Barrie in 1898 | |
| Born | Sylvia Jocelyn Busson du Maurier
(1866-11-25)25 November 1866 |
| Died | 27 August 1910(1910-08-27) (aged 43)
Devon, England |
| Spouse | Arthur Llewelyn Davies  (m. 1892; died 1907) |
| Children |  |
| Parents |  |
| Relatives |  |


title: Synapturanus ajuricaba

abstract: Synapturanus ajuricaba is a species of microhylid frog. It is endemic to the state of Para in Brazil.

text:
# Synapturanus ajuricaba

***Synapturanus ajuricaba*** is a species of microhylid frog. It is endemic to the state of Para in Brazil.

## Taxonomy

*Synapturanus ajuricaba* was described in 2021 by a team of researchers, including Raffael Ernst, a German herpetologist.

## Description

*Synapturanus ajuricaba* has a snout-vent length of 29.3–37.3 mm. This makes it larger than *S. rabus* and *S. salseri*.

The species is found in the northern parts of the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará.

## InfoBox

| *Synapturanus ajuricaba* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Synapturanus* |
| Species: | ***S. ajuricaba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Synapturanus ajuricaba***<br>Fouquet, Leblanc, Fabre, Rodrigues, Menin, Courtois, Dewynter, Hölting, Ernst, Peloso, and Kok, 2021 | |
|


title: Synapturanus rabus

abstract:
Synapturanus rabus is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae.
It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, possibly Brazil, and possibly Peru.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and freshwater springs.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Synapturanus rabus

***Synapturanus rabus*** is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, possibly Brazil, and possibly Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and freshwater springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Synapturanus rabus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Synapturanus* |
| Species: | ***S. rabus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Synapturanus rabus***
Pyburn, 1976 | |
|


title: Oreocossus

abstract: Oreocossus is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

text:
# Oreocossus

***Oreocossus*** is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Oreocossus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Oreocossus occidentalis | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cossidae |
| Subfamily: | Zeuzerinae |
| Genus: | *Oreocossus*<br>Aurivillius, 1910 |
|


abstract: Nandakumar is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Tamluk subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

text:
# Nandakumar (community development block)

**Nandakumar** is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Tamluk subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Geography

Purba Medinipur district is part of the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain and Eastern coastal plains. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of alluvium and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 metres above mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5 km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are Haldi, Rupnarayan, Rasulpur, Bagui and Keleghai, flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.

Nandakumar is located at 22°11′47″N 87°55′15″E / 22.1963059°N 87.9207516°E / 22.1963059; 87.9207516.

Nandakumar CD Block is bounded by Tamluk CD Block in the north, Mahishadal CD Blocks in the east, Chandipur CD Block in the south and Moyna CD Blocks in the west.

It is located 12 km from Tamluk, the district headquarters.

Nandakumar CD Block has an area of 165.70 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 12 gram panchayats, 186 gram sansads (village councils), 100 mouzas and 100 inhabited villages. Nandakumar police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Kumarpur.

Gram panchayats of Nandakumar block/ panchayat samiti are: Bargodadgdar, Basudebpur, Byabattarhat Paschim, Byabattarhat Purba, Chaksimulia, Dakshin Narikeldanga, Kalyanpur, Kumarara, Kumarchak, Saorberia-Jalpai I, Saorberia-Jalpai II and Sitalpur Paschim.

## Demographics

### Population

As per 2011 Census of India Nanda Kumar CD Block had a total population of 262,998, all of which were rural. There were 135,720 (52%) males and 127,278 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 31,408. Scheduled Castes numbered 37,366 (14.21%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 633 (0.24%).

As per 2001 census, Nandakumar block had a total population of 229,444, out of which 117,859 were males and 111,585 were females. Nandakumar block registered a population growth of 15.58 per cent during the 1991–2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Nandakumar CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Bargoda (4,971), Bar Godagudar (11,660), Kunar Chak (9,198), Saorabere Jalpai (14,774), Chak Simulya (4,620), Baich Berya (5,549), Khanchi (7,454), Raj Nagar (4,388), Jalpai (19,447), Shyamsundarpur (4,759), Shridharpur (5,035), Basudebpur (4,739), Kumarara (4,231), Mahammadpur (4,614), Madhabpur (4,055), Kalyanpur (5,421) and Terapara Jalpai (4,801).

### Literacy

As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Nandakumar CD Block was 198,153 (85.56% of the population over 6 years) out of which 108,428 (55%) were males and 89,725 (45%) were females.

As per 2011 census, literacy in Purba Medinipur district was 87.02%. Purba Medinipur had the highest literacy amongst all the districts of West Bengal in 2011.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

| Literacy in CD blocks of
Purba Medinipur district |
| --- |
| Tamluk subdivision |
| Tamluk – 87.06% |
| Sahid Matangini – 86.99% |
| Panskura I – 83.65% |
| Panskura II – 84.93% |
| Nandakumar – 85.56% |
| Chandipur – 87.81% |
| Moyna – 86.33% |
| Haldia subdivision |
| Mahishadal – 86.21% |
| Nandigram I – 84.89% |
| Nandigram II – 89.16% |
| Sutahata – 85.42% |
| Haldia – 85.96% |
| Contai subdivision |
| Contai I – 89.32% |
| Contai II – 88.33% |
| Contai III – 89.88% |
| Khejuri I – 88.90% |
| Khejuri II – 85.37% |
| Ramnagar I – 87.84% |
| Ramnagar II – 89.38% |
| Bhagabanpur II – 90.98% |
| Egra subdivision |
| Bhagabanpur I – 88.13% |
| Egra I – 82.83% |
| Egra II – 86.47% |
| Patashpur I – 86.58% |
| Patashpur II – 86.50% |
| Source:
2011 Census: CD Block Wise
Primary Census Abstract Data |

### Language and religion

| Religion in Nandakumar CD block (2011) | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | |  |  | |
| Hinduism | |  | 87.64% | |
| Islam | |  | 12.24% | |
| Other or not stated | |  | 0.12% | |

In 2011 census Hindus numbered 230,480 and formed 87.64% of the population in Nandakumar CD Block. Muslims numbered 32,197 and formed 12.24% of the population. Others numbered 321 and formed 0.12% of the population. In 2001, Hindus made up 88.89% and Muslims 11.07% of the population respectively.

Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by 99.81% of the population.

## Rural poverty

The District Human Development Report for Purba Medinipur has provided a CD Block-wise data table for Modified Human Poverty Index of the district. Nandakumar CD Block registered 23.89 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHPI was estimated at 24.78. Eleven out of twentyfive CD Blocks were found to be severely deprived in respect of grand CD Block average value of MHPI (CD Blocks with lower amount of poverty are better): All the CD Blocks of Haldia and Contai subdivisions appeared backward, except Ramnagar I & II, of all the blocks of Egra subdivision only Bhagabanpur I appeared backward and in Tamluk subdivision none appeared backward.

## Economy

### Livelihood

In Nandakumar CD Block in 2011, total workers formed 39.39% of the total population and amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 18.47%, agricultural labourers 34.15%, household industry workers 11.92% and other workers 35.46%.

### Infrastructure

There are 100 inhabited villages in Nandakumar CD block. All 100 villages (100%) have power supply. All 100 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 21 villages (21%) have post offices. 90 villages (90%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 39 villages (39%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 51 villages (51%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 18 villages (18%) have agricultural credit societies. 17 villages (17%) have banks.

In 2007–08, around 40% of rural households in the district had electricity.

In 2013–14, there were 28 fertiliser depots, 12 seed stores and 42 fair price shops in the CD Block.

### Agriculture

**Persons engaged in agriculture
in Nandakumar CD Block**

Bargadars (5.31%)  Patta holders (6.96%)  Small farmers (1.71%)  Marginal farmers (34.23%)  Agricultural labourers (51.79%)

According to the District Human Development Report of Purba Medinipur: The agricultural sector is the lifeline of a predominantly rural economy. It is largely dependent on the Low Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 50%) or High Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 27%) for irrigation, as the district does not have a good network of canals, compared to some of the neighbouring districts. In many cases the canals are drainage canals which get the backflow of river water at times of high tide or the rainy season. The average size of land holding in Purba Medinipur, in 2005–06, was 0.73 hectares against 1.01 hectares in West Bengal.

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Nandakumar CD Block was 7,835 hectares, out of which 300 hectares were irrigated with canal water, 1,350 hectares by tank water, 105 hectares by deep tube wells, 610 hectares by shallow tube wells, 410 hectares by river lift irrigation and 5,060 hectares by other means.

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Nandakumar CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 5.31%, patta (document) holders 6.96%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1.71%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 34.23% and agricultural labourers 51.79%.

In 2013–14, Nandakumar CD Block produced 1,505 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 2,441 hectares, 32,707 tonnes of Boro paddy, the spring crop, from 9,327 hectares and 2,126 tonnes of potatoes from 72 hectares. It also produced pulses and oil seeds.

Betelvine is a major source of livelihood in Purba Medinipur district, particularly in Tamluk and Contai subdivisions. Betelvine production in 2008–09 was the highest amongst all the districts and was around a third of the total state production. In 2008–09, Purba Mednipur produced 2,789 tonnes of cashew nuts from 3,340 hectares of land.

| Concentration of Handicraft Activities in CD Blocks |
| --- |
| * **Horn Craft**  – Kolaghat * **Pata Chitra**  – Chandipur, Nandakumar * **Sea Shell**  – Ramnagar I & II * **Mat & Mat Diversified Products**  – Ramnagar I, Egra I & II, Patashpur I * **Brass & Bell Metal**  – Ramnagar I, Mahisadal, Patashpur II, Egra I * **Diversified Jute Products**  – Ramnagar II, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini * **Cane & Bamboo Products**  – Chandipur, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini * **Sola Craft**  – Tamluk, Kolaghat * **Pottery/Terracotta**  – Panskura, Tamluk, Sahid Matangini, Nandakumar * **Wood Craft**  – Tamluk * **Zari work** \- Sutahta, Mahisadal, Haldia, Nandakumar  Source: District Human Development Report, Purba Medinipur, Page 97 |

### Pisciculture

Purba Medinipur's net district domestic product derives one fifth of its earnings from fisheries, the highest amongst all the districts of West Bengal. The nett area available for effective pisciculture in Nandakumar CD Block in 2013–14 was 712.50 hectares. 3,880 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 27,146 quintals.

### Banking

In 2013–14, Nandakumar CD Block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 1 gramin bank.

### Backward Regions Grant Fund

Medinipur East district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.

## Transport

Nandakumar CD Block has 1 ferry services and 10 originating/ terminating bus routes.

Nandakumar railway station is situated on the Tamluk-Digha line, constructed in 2003–04.

NH 116, from Kolaghat to Haldia, passes through this block.

## Education

In 2013–14, Nandakumar CD Block had 163 primary schools with 12,345 students, 19 middle schools with 847 students, 8 high schools with 6,378 students and 20 higher secondary schools with 23,115 students. Nandakumar CD Block had 1 general college with 1,068 students, 379institutions for special and non-formal education with 16,703 students.

As per the 2011 census, in Nandakumar CD block, amongst the 100 inhabited villages, 1 village did not have a school, 56 villages had two or more primary schools, 47 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 29 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.

Maharaja Nandakumar Mahavidyalaya was established at Bhabanipur in 2007. It is affiliated with Vidyasagar University.

## Healthcare

In 2014, Nandakumar CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 2 primary health centres, and 1 private nursing home with total 50 beds and 10 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 40 family welfare sub centres. 4,288 patients were treated indoor and 160,721 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.

Khejurberia Rural Hospital at Khejurberia, PO Nandakumar (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Nandakumar CD block. There are primary health centres at Dakshin Damodarpur (with 10 beds) and Dakshin Gumai, PO Kalyanchak (with 2 beds).

## InfoBox

| Nandakumar | |
| --- | --- |
| Community development block | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 22°11′47″N 87°55′15″E / 22.1963059°N 87.9207516°E / 22.1963059; 87.9207516 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Purba Medinipur |
| Government | |
| Type | Community development block |
| Area | |
| Total | 165.70 km2 (63.98 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 262,998 |
| Density | 1,600/km2 (4,100/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Bengali, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 721632 (Nandakumar) |
| Area code | 03228 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-WB |
| Vehicle registration | WB-29, WB-30, WB-31, WB-32, WB-33 |
| Literacy | 85.56% |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Tamluk |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Nandakumar |
| Website | purbamedinipur.gov.in |


title: War on Waste

abstract: War on Waste is an Australian documentary television series, the first season of which premiered on 16 May 2017 on ABC TV.

text:
# War on Waste

***War on Waste*** (also known as ***War on Waste with Craig Reucassel***) is an Australian documentary television series, the first season of which premiered on 16 May 2017 on ABC TV.

## Release

Season 1 aired on 16 May 2017 and the second series premiered on 24 July 2018. Season 3 premiered on 25 July 2023.

## Summary

Filmed in multiple locations across the country, *War on Waste* focuses on the impact and solutions to material waste in Australia. The series was inspired by the earlier BBC series, *Hugh's War on Waste.*

## Critical reception

In July 2019, *TV Week* listed *War on Waste* at No. 95 in its list of the 101 greatest Australian television shows of all time, which appeared in its monthly *TV Week Up Close* magazine. The magazine recognised the show for creating public awareness and prompting legislative changes, and for encouraging the nation to be mindful of waste.

## Episodes

| Series | Episodes | | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired |
|  | 3 | | 16 May 2017 (2017-05-16) | 30 May 2017 (2017-05-30) |
| Special | | | 3 December 2017 (2017-12-03) | |
|  | 3 | | 24 July 2018 (2018-07-24) | 7 August 2018 (2018-08-07) |
|  | 3 | | 25 July 2023 (2023-07-25) | 8 August 2023 (2023-08-08) |

### Season 1 (2017)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Topic(s) | Original air date | Viewers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Food waste | 16 May 2017 (2017-05-16) | 919,000 |
| 2 | 2 | Plastic waste | 23 May 2017 (2017-05-23) | 894,000 |
| 3 | 3 | Coffee cups and fast fashion | 30 May 2017 (2017-05-30) | 898,000 |

### Special

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Topic(s) | Original air date | Viewers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 | 1 | Waste solutions | 3 December 2017 (2017-12-03) | 628,000 |

### Season 2 (2018)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Topic(s) | Original air date | Viewers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | 1 | Plastic straws and bottled water | 24 July 2018 (2018-07-24) | 798,000 |
| 6 | 2 | Fast furniture, plastic straws, electrical waste & China's ban on waste imports | 31 July 2018 (2018-07-31) | 628,000 |
| 7 | 3 | Food waste & follow-ups on initiatives from previous episodes | 7 August 2018 (2018-08-07) | 764,000 |

### Season 3 (2023)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Topic(s) | Original air date | Viewers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 | 1 | Waste solutions | 25 July 2023 (2023-07-25) | 415,000 |
| 9 | 2 | Food waste | 1 August 2023 (2023-08-01) | 365,000 |
| 10 | 3 | Fast fashion | 8 August 2023 (2023-08-08) | 325,000 |

## Awards

| Year | Award | Category | Recipients and nominees | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | 2017 Banksia Sustainability Awards. | Gold Banksia Sustainability Award | *War on Waste* | Won |
| | | Banksia Communication for Change Award | *War on Waste* | Won |
| | 7th AACTA Awards | Best Documentary Television Program | *War on Waste* | Won |
| 2018 | Logie Awards | Most Outstanding Factual or Documentary Program | *War on Waste* | Won |

## InfoBox

| *War on Waste* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Documentary |
| Presented by | Craig Reucassel |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 3 |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Jodi Boylan |
| Running time | 50–60 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC TV |
| Release | 16 May 2017 (2017-05-16)
8 August 2023 (2023-08-08) |
| Related | |
| *Hugh's War on Waste* | |


title: Patriot War (Florida)

abstract: The Patriot War was an attempt in 1812 to foment a rebellion in Spanish East Florida with the intent of annexing the province to the United States. The invasion and occupation of parts of East Florida had elements of filibustering, but was also supported by units of the United States Army, Navy and Marines, and by militia from Georgia and Tennessee. The rebellion was instigated by General George Mathews, who had been commissioned by United States President James Madison to accept any offer from local authorities to deliver any part of the Floridas to the United States, and to prevent the reoccupation of the Floridas by Great Britain. The rebellion was supported by the Patriot Army, which consisted primarily of citizens of Georgia. The Patriot Army, with the aid of U.S. Navy gunboats, was able to occupy Fernandina and parts of northeast Florida, but never gathered enough strength to attack St. Augustine. United States Army troops and Marines were later stationed in Florida in support of the Patriots. The occupation of parts of Florida lasted over a year, but after United States military units were withdrawn and Seminoles entered the conflict, the Patriots dissolved.

text:
# Patriot War (Florida)

The **Patriot War** was an attempt in 1812 to foment a rebellion in Spanish East Florida with the intent of annexing the province to the United States. The invasion and occupation of parts of East Florida had elements of filibustering, but was also supported by units of the United States Army, Navy and Marines, and by militia from Georgia and Tennessee. The rebellion was instigated by General George Mathews, who had been commissioned by United States President James Madison to accept any offer from local authorities to deliver any part of the Floridas to the United States, and to prevent the reoccupation of the Floridas by Great Britain. The rebellion was supported by the Patriot Army, which consisted primarily of citizens of Georgia. The Patriot Army, with the aid of U.S. Navy gunboats, was able to occupy Fernandina and parts of northeast Florida, but never gathered enough strength to attack St. Augustine. United States Army troops and Marines were later stationed in Florida in support of the Patriots. The occupation of parts of Florida lasted over a year, but after United States military units were withdrawn and Seminoles entered the conflict, the Patriots dissolved.

## Background

### Before 1803

Conflict between Spain and the United States over the status of East and West Florida arose during the American Revolutionary War. Leaders of the American Revolution hoped that all of British North America, including Canada, the Floridas, and even Bermuda, would become part of the United States. However, both Floridas in fact ended up as havens for loyalists who fled there during the Revolution. Spain joined its ally France in the war in support of the United States against Britain in 1779, but did not officially recognize the United States or enter into a treaty with it before the end of the war. Spain wanted to recover Florida and all of *Luisiana Oriental* (the part of French Louisiana between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River up to the Ohio River) and have exclusive control and use of the Mississippi River. The United States wanted possession of all territory east of the Mississippi River, including the Floridas, and free navigation on the Mississippi. In the event that Spain recovered Florida, the United States wanted access to a free port on the Gulf of Mexico.

The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War, returned the Floridas to Spain, awarded the territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River north of the 31st parallel to the United States, and gave the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi. With the transfer of East Florida, most of the British in Florida would end up leaving. Out of those who left, most went to the Bahamas and the West Indies. Spain rejected the last two provisions of the treaty, closing the Mississippi to American navigation in 1784, and claiming boundaries for West Florida that were further east (the Flint River) and further north (the mouth of the Ohio River) than specified in the Treaty of Paris. Further irritants in relations between the United States and Spain included the policies of the Florida and Louisiana colonies in welcoming American settlers, and Spanish support for Indian tribes in the United States. The United States and Spain finally negotiated a treaty in 1795. Pinckney's Treaty settled the boundary between the United States and Louisiana on the Mississippi River, and the northern boundary of West Florida on the 31st parallel between the Chattahoochee River and the Mississippi. Spain also conceded navigation on the Mississippi and the "right of deposit" (storage of goods awaiting export) in New Orleans to the United States as a "privilege" rather than a right.

In 1800 France regained Louisiana from Spain through the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. The treaty ambiguously described "the Colony or Province of Louisiana with the same extent that it now has in the hands of Spain, and that it had when France possessed it; and such as it should be after the Treaties subsequently entered into between Spain and other states." Prior to 1763 France had claimed all of the coast along the Gulf of Mexico from the Perdido River to the Rio Grande as part of Louisiana, i.e., from Mobile to southern Texas. France clearly specified that it wanted the area between New Orleans and Mobile Bay included in Louisiana when it was returned. France also wanted to acquire East Florida from Spain. Spain ceded control of the Isle of Orleans and of Louisiana west of the Mississippi to France, but continued to administer all of West Florida to the Mississippi River.

### After the Louisiana Purchase

In order to obtain a port on the Gulf of Mexico with secure access for Americans, United States diplomats in Europe were instructed to try to purchase the Isle of Orleans and West Florida from whichever country owned them. When Robert Livingston approached France in 1803 about buying the Isle of Orleans, the French government offered to sell it and all of Louisiana, as well. While the purchase of Louisiana exceeded their instructions, Livingston and James Monroe (who had been sent to help Livingston negotiate the sale) believed that the purchase would include the area east of the Mississippi to the Perdido River, and had references to the appropriate clauses in the Treaty of San Ildefonso included in the purchase treaty. President Thomas Jefferson, after extensive research, concluded that the Louisiana Purchase included West Florida to the Perdido River, and gave the United States a strong claim to Texas.

The American claim that West Florida west of the Perdido River was included in the Louisiana Purchase was rejected by Spain, and American plans to establish a customs house at Mobile Bay in 1804 were dropped in the face of Spanish protests, although the United States government still considered the claims to be valid. It also hoped to acquire all of the Gulf coast east of Louisiana, and plans were made to offer to buy the remainder of West Florida (between the Perdido and Apalachicola Rivers) and all of East Florida. It was soon decided, however, that rather than paying for the colonies, the United States would offer to assume Spanish debts to American citizens in return for Spain ceding the Floridas. The American position was that it was placing a lien on East Florida in lieu of seizing the colony to settle the debts.

In 1808 Napoleon invaded Spain, forced Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, to abdicate, and installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte as King. Resistance to the French invasion coalesced in a national government, the Cortes of Cádiz. This government then entered into an alliance with Great Britain against France. This alliance raised fears in the United States that Britain would establish bases in or occupy Spanish colonies, including the Floridas, gravely compromising the security of the southern frontiers of the United States.

### West Florida

By 1810, during the Peninsular War, Spain was largely overrun by the French army. Rebellions against the Spanish authorities broke out in many of its American colonies. Residents of westernmost West Florida (between the Mississippi and Pearl Rivers) organized a convention at Baton Rouge in the summer of 1810. The convention was concerned about maintaining public order and preventing control of the district from falling into French hands, and at first tried to establish a government under local control that was nominally loyal to Ferdinand VII. After discovering that the Spanish governor of the district had appealed for military aid to put down an "insurrection", militia seized the Spanish fort in Baton Rouge, and on September 26, the convention declared West Florida to be independent.

The authorities of the newly proclaimed Republic appealed to the United States to annex the area, and to provide financial aid. On October 27, 1810 President James Madison proclaimed that the area had become a part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase, although the United States had refrained from expelling Spanish authorities pending peaceful arrangements for their withdrawal. At the same time, Governor William C. C. Claiborne of the Territory of Orleans was instructed to occupy the area and administer it as part of the Territory.

Settlers in West Florida and in the adjacent Mississippi Territory started organizing in the summer of 1810 to seize Mobile and Pensacola; the latter was outside the part of West Florida claimed by the United States. United States authorities acted to suppress this filibustering. Juan Vicente Folch y Jaun, governor of West Florida, hoping to avoid fighting, abolished customs duties on American goods at Mobile, and offered to surrender all of West Florida to the United States if he had not received help or instructions from Havana or Veracruz by the end of the year.

## Special agents

United States officials feared that France would overrun all of Spain, with the result that Spanish colonies would either fall under French control, or be seized by Great Britain. On June 20, 1810, Secretary of State Robert Smith wrote to Georgia Senator William H. Crawford and asked that he find someone who could travel to East Florida and gather information and spread word that if any settlers were to rebel against the Spanish, they would be welcomed into the United States. Crawford would eventually identify and recruit General George Mathews. In January 1811 President Madison requested Congress to pass legislation authorizing the United States to take "temporary possession" of any territory adjacent to the United States east of the Perdido River, i.e., the balance of West Florida and all of East Florida. The United States would be authorized to either accept transfer of territory from "local authorities", or occupy territory to prevent it falling into the hands of a foreign power other than Spain. The resolution also appropriated $100,000 for "expenses as the President shall deem necessary." Congress debated and passed, on January 15, 1811, the requested resolution in closed session, and provided that the resolution could be kept secret until as late as March 1812.

Under the resolution, General Mathews, as well as Colonel John McKee, were given commissions and asked to help fulfill the purpose of the act: to bring Florida into United States control. George Mathews was a veteran of the Revolutionary War and had served as the governor of Georgia. Colonel John McKee had served as a militiaman and as a Federal Indian Agent to the Choctaw. He also served to carry letters between governor Folch and the federal government.

During Mathews' reconnaissance in East Florida, he had tried to judge the willingness of settlers to break away from Spain. In particular, he initiated clandestine meetings with five leading East Florida settlers, men with military and financial influence in the state. These meetings led Mathews to believe that the settlers in East Florida would prefer to join the United States rather than be vassals of the British Crown or Napoleon Bonaparte, if he did in fact depose the Spanish regency. Of those five men, one was John Houston McIntosh, an affluent land owner and eventual leader of the rebel Patriot group. McIntosh, and other Southerners, disliked and very much feared that Spanish Florida was a safe zone for escaped slaves. He said of Florida: "the whole province will be the refuge of fugitive slaves; and from thence emissaries can, and no doubt will be detached, to ring about a revolt of the black population in the United States." In order to stop slaves from having a southern escape route, McIntosh believed, like many other U.S. citizens, that Florida needed to be taken over.

In September of 1811, the British ambassador in Washington, Augustus Foster, wrote a letter to President Madison's cabinet protesting American incursions in East Florida. In particular, he asked for an explanation of Mathews' actions in undermining the Spanish government and wanted to know what the U.S. government was doing to put a stop to those actions. Secretary of State James Monroe responded two months later. In his response, Monroe stated that the U.S. government could not abide East Florida falling into another country's hands. He also ignored Foster's inquiry regarding Mathews.

When the letters between Monroe and Foster were published by a newspaper, Mathews took Monroe's words as an endorsement and began to gather a force of troops for an attack on Spanish Florida. This force would dub itself the Patriots.

## Fomenting the rebellion and the capture of Fernandina

Even before Mathews managed to band together his group of Patriots, there was evidence of unrest in East Florida. In early January of 1811, a letter from George J. F. Clarke, deputy surveyor general of East Florida and a loyal subject of Spain, described a group of "invaders" from Georgia who had crossed over the border and camped out near Fernandina with the intent to destabilize or otherwise create havoc in the region. It was discovered that they were under the orders of Lt. Col. Thomas Adam Smith, commanding U.S. officer at Point Peter, a military post on the Georgia side of the St. Mary's river about five miles from Amelia Island, Florida. Furthermore, it was openly admitted that they were working with the Patriots and a part of Mathews' plans for Florida. This direct tie between the U.S. military and the Patriots group was an early indication of U.S. designs in the region.

At some point during the summer of 1811, Mathews met with John Houston McIntosh and discussed a plan to set up a temporary local authority in Spanish Florida. This temporary government would then transfer their land to the United States. In this way, the United States could gain parts or the entirety of East Florida while avoiding the appearance that they were directly attacking Spain. To further hide their intent, and because he was having trouble finding many Floridians who actually wanted to rebel, Mathews primarily recruited soldiers north of the St. Mary's river. This ensured that the government in St. Augustine wasn't made aware of the growing threat and then reinforced the town. Many of the men were volunteers from Camden County, Georgia as well as the militia of General John Floyd.

By the beginning of March of 1812, the group had a force of around 125 men. Besides the aforementioned Georgian volunteers, there were also some men from Tennessee and possibly a few Spanish deserters. This group would call themselves the Patriots. To further augment his force, Mathews devised a plan for U.S. troops at the Florida/Georgia border to join the Patriot group. Mathews would then pardon those deserters and restore their military rank following the rebellion. These troops were the garrison at Point Peter and were under the temporary command of Major Jacint Laval, while the garrison's commanding Colonel Smith was away. Laval and Mathews, who at one time lived together, came to dislike one another and Laval refused to supply Mathews with either troops or weapons. It wasn't until March 16 that Colonel Smith returned to Point Peter and agreed to provide Mathews with what he asked for. The next day, a detachment of 50 soldiers joined with the Patriots to march on Fernandina. That same day, March 16, the Patriots elected John Houston McIntosh as their leader. Mathews also sought help from the Navy. He sent a request to Commodore Hugh G. Campbell, commanding officer of the naval forces at St. Mary's, asking for weapons as well as the aid of gunboats. Campbell argued that he was never in agreement with Mathews' mission and stated that his ships were given no orders to open fire. However, 5 gunboats did anchor on the St. Mary's river and trained their guns on the city while the Patriot group captured Fernandina on March 17, 1812.

## Provisional government

The same day that the Patriots marched into Fernandina, March 17, 1812, they removed the Spanish flag and raised the Patriot flag. One of the Patriot officers delivered a speech offering the town up to the U.S. Colonel Smith, who was there for the ceremony, accepted the land on behalf of the U.S. and promised to protect the city. The officers speech was reflected in a treaty negotiated between the Spanish and Mathews. The treaty had 6 articles that, besides the aforementioned promise that the U.S. would govern and "protect" Fernandina, also guaranteed that the U.S. would honor existing Spanish land grants and offered employment in the U.S. Army to any Spanish soldiers willing to defect. The truce also stipulated that the ports of East Florida would remain open to Great Britain until at least May 1813. This was most likely done to mollify local merchants and plantation owners, whose income depended greatly upon trade with England. In the following weeks, the Patriot group marched towards St. Augustine, with Colonel Smith and his contingent of soldiers following behind. At each population center that they stopped at along the way, they would repeat what they had done in Fernandina, take the place in the Patriots' name, and then immediately relinquish the land to the U.S. By late March/early April, Mathews' and his band had captured and set up a headquarters at Fort Mose, just outside of St. Augustine

By April of 1812, the U.S. government feared entering open warfare with Spain, lest they join their ally, Britain, in the impending War of 1812. In an attempt to relieve tensions between the nations, on April 4 James Monroe sent a letter stating that Mathews' actions were "not authorized by the law of the United States." Congress also decided to replace Mathews with David Mitchell, the governor of Georgia. Mitchell, however, made no policy changes.

On July 17, 1812, the provisional government published a constitution signed by 14 members of the Patriot group, with John Houston McIntosh serving as President.

Mathews, deeply hurt by the repudiation from the government, decide to keep quiet about their involvement in the Patriot War until he found that the government intended on keeping the East Florida territory. At that point, he embarked for Washington and said he'd "be dam'd if he did not blow them up." He only got as far as Augusta, Georgia and began to suffer from malaria. On August 30, 1812, he passed away and was buried in Saint Paul's Church.

In late September 1812, two companies of Georgia militiamen under the command of Colonel Smith were ambushed by a group of Seminoles and their black allies led by King Payne. Another force of militia under Col. Daniel Newnan came to Smith's aid. During the battle, which took place near present-day Gainesville, King Payne was hit and would eventually die from his wounds.

By December 1812, the Patriots were accused of "raising the devil," having looted and destroyed homesteads and forcing citizens to flee from their homes.

In January 1814, a group of soldier-settlers erected a two-story blockhouse and dubbed it Fort Mitchell. While modern historians are unsure of where exactly Fort Mitchell was located, it was likely in Alachua County, near the modern town of Micanopy. General Buckner F. Harris declared Fort Mitchell to be the capital of the Republic of East Florida. After building the fort, a petition was drafted to the U.S. Congress asking to annex the "District of Elotchaway \[Alachua\] in the Republic of East Florida" as a territory to the U.S. They also offered to send soldiers to fight the British as the War of 1812 was occurring.

Aside from the establishment of the fort, Harris also appropriated farm land from nearby Paynes Prairie. The land was coveted by the Patriots for its rich soil. However, the capital was short-lived, as the fort was abandoned by May of 1814 after Harris was killed by Seminoles.

## Aftermath

The war was not particularly popular with either politicians or the public. Some of those who had acted as leaders in the rebellion, such as John Houston McIntosh, worked hard to clear their names following the conflict. McIntosh would also sue the U.S. government in an eventually successful bid to make up for the financial loss he incurred the war. Many Seminole as well as African Americans, both enslaved and freed, fled East Florida and settled further south, such as in the Peace River region.

In the summer of 1817, another group of filibusters would cross the border from the United States into Spanish Florida and establish an interim government at Fernandina. This group, made up of some veterans of War of 1812 but mostly otherwise mercenaries and pirates, was led by the Scottish soldier and conman Gregor MacGregor. The temporary government was called the Republic of the Floridas.

## Citations

1. Pugliese 2002, pp. 112–113.
2. Borneman 2006, pp. 276–77.
3. Bauer 2010, pp. 7, 24–25.
4. Stagg 2009, pp. 14–17.
5. Stagg 2009, pp. 27–28, 31, 37.
6. Peters 1961, pp. 1, 8.
7. Stagg 2009, p. 39.
8. Stagg 2009, pp. 39–41.
9. Stagg 2009, pp. 40–41.
10. Stagg 2009, p. 43.
11. Stagg 2009, pp. 42–43.
12. Cusick 2003, p. 14.
13. Stagg 2009, pp. 58–67.
14. Patrick 1954, pp. 11–12.
15. Stagg 2009, pp. 80–86.
16. Stagg 2007, p. 70.
17. Jackson, Harvey H. (2022). *Jackson, H. Mathews, George (1739-1812), soldier, frontiersman, and governor of Georgia*. American National Biography. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300311. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
18. Phinney, A.H. (January 1926). "The First Spanish-American War". *The Florida Historical Society Quarterly*. **4** (3): 115. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
19. Stagg 2009, pp. 89–91.
20. Lewis, Herbert J. "Jim". "John McKee". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
21. Stagg 2007, p. 273.
22. Cusick 2003, pp. 31–33.
23. Cusick 2003, pp. 75.
24. United States. Department of State., Wait, T. B. (Boston)., United States. President. (1819). *State papers and publick documents of the United States, from the accession of George Washington to the presidency: exhibiting a complete view of our foreign relations since that time ...* 3d ed. Boston: Printed and published by Thomas B. Wait. Retrieved from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081773586&view=1up&seq=11&skin=2021, pp 144-145
25. Wasserman, Adam (2009). *A People's History of Florida 1513-1876: How Africans, Seminoles, Women, and Lower Class Whites Shaped the Sunshine State* (4th ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 82–85. ISBN 978-1-4421-6709-4.
26. Patrick 1954, pp. 61–64.
27. Kruse 1952, pp. 200–203.
28. Patrick 1954, pp. 56–57.
29. Kruse 1952, pp. 194–200.
30. Cusick 2003, p. 83.
31. Patrick 1954, p. 84.
32. Kruse 1952, pp. 208–209.
33. Cusick 2003, pp. 107–111.
34. Stagg 2007, pp. 288–289.
35. Kruse 1952, p. 209.
36. Herndon, G. Melvin (July 1969). "George Mathews, Frontier Patriot". *The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography*. **77** (3): 327. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
37. Field, Ron (2009). *The Seminole Wars, 1818-58*. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-84603-461-9.
38. ""Patriot Constitution" of the Republic of East Florida, 1812". *Florida Memory*. Florida Department of State. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
39. Herndon, p. 328
40. Brown, Canter Jr. (1990). "The "Sarrazota, or Runaway Negro Plantations": Tampa Bay's First Black Community, 1812-1821". *Tampa Bay History*. **12** (2): 1–2. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
41. Iverson, Justin (Fall 2019). "Fugitives on the Front: Maroons in the Gulf Coast Borderlands War, 1812-1823". *The Florida Historical Quarterly*. **98** (2): 105. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
42. Frank 2017, p. 70.
43. Monaco, Chris (2000). "Fort Mitchell and the Settlement of the Alachua Country". *The Florida Historical Quarterly*. **79** (1): 1–9. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
44. Cusick 2003, p. 307.
45. Brown, Canter Jr. (1991). *Florida's Peace River frontier*. Orlando: University of Central Florida Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8130-1037-3.
46. Gene M. Burnett (1 October 2014). *Florida's Past, Vol 2: People and Events That Shaped the State*. Pineapple Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-56164-759-0.
* Bauer, Deborah (2010). ""... in a strange place...": The Experiences of British Women during the Colonization of East & West Florida". *The Florida Historical Quarterly*. **89** (2): 145–185. JSTOR 2976516  via JSTOR.
* Borneman, Walter R. (2006). *The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America*. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-076184-4.
* Frank, Andrew K. (2017). *Before the Pioneers: Indians, Settlers, Slaves, and the Founding of Miami*. Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-5451-3.
* Cusick, James G. (2003). *The Other War of 1812: The Patriot War and the American Invasion of Spanish East Florida*. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8203-2921-5.
* Kruse, Paul (May 1952). "A Secret Agent in East Florida: General George Matthews and the Patriot War". *The Journal of Southern History*. **18** (2): 193–217. doi:10.2307/2954272. JSTOR 2954272.
* Owsley, Frank Lawrence Jr.; Smith, Gene A. (1997). *Filibusters and Expansionists: Jeffersonian Manifest Destiny, 1800-1821*. Tuscaloosa, Alabama and London: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-5117-5.
* Patrick, Rembert W. (1954). *Florida Fiasco: Rampant Rebels on the Georgia-Florida Border 1810-1815*. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
* Peters, Thelma (October 1961). "The Loyalist Migration from East Florida to the Bahama Islands". *The Florida Historical Quarterly*. **40** (2): 123–141  via JSTOR.
* Phinney, A.H. (January 1926). "The First Spanish-American War". *The Florida Historical Society Quarterly*. **4** (3): 115. JSTOR 30150723.
* Pratt, J.W. (1925). *Expansionists of 1812*. Macmillan.
* Pugliese, Elizabeth (2002). "Fontainebleau, Treaty of". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.). *The Louisiana Purchase: a Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. ISBN 1-57607-188-X.
* Smith, Joseph Burkholder (1983). *The Plot to Steal Florida: James Madison's Phony War*. New York: Arbor House.
* Southey, Robert (1828). *History of the Peninsular War* (Vol. V (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
* Stagg, J. C. A. (Winter 2007). "George Mathews and John McKee: Revolutionizing East Florida, Mobile, and Pensacola in 1812". *The Florida Historical Quarterly*. **85** (3): 269–296. JSTOR 30150062.
* Stagg, J. C. A. (2009). *Borderlines in Borderlands: James Madison and the Spanish-America Frontier, 1776-1821*. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13905-1.

## InfoBox

| Patriot War | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Seminole Wars | |
| Date 1812–1814  Location Spanish East Florida | |
| Belligerents | |
| United States<br>American Filibusters dubbed the Patriots | Spain<br>Seminole<br>Seminole Maroons |


title: Tracktor Bowling

abstract: Tracktor Bowling was a Russian nu metal band, formed in Moscow in 1996.

text:
# Tracktor Bowling

**Tracktor Bowling** was a Russian nu metal band, formed in Moscow in 1996.

## History

The band formed in 1996. In 2000, their demo-track record "Mutatsiya" ("Mutation") gained early success and netted them a budding reputation as leaders of the Moscow alternative rock scene.

Their debut album was released in 2002. The band released five albums, one Live-album, one DVD and some singles.

## Members

* Lou (vocals)
* Kondrat (vocals, guitar)
* Mult (guitar)
* Vit (bass)
* Stepan (drums)

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | - | Finalist in nomination «Best Russian Act» in Moscow Alternative Music Awards | Nominated |
| 2006 | - | Best Act 2005–2006 in Russian Alternative Music Prize | Won |
| 2007 | - | Finalist in nomination «Best Alternative Act» in Moskovskij Komsomolets Newspaper | Nominated |
| 2008 | Song «*Время*» | Best Soundtrack (for «Nirvana» Movie) in Moscow Alternative Music Awards | Won |

## Discography

### Albums

* *Напролом* (2002)
* *Черта* (2005)
* *Шаги по стеклу* (2006)
* *Tracktor Bowling* (2010)
* *Бесконечность* (2015)

### Singles

* *It’s Time To…* (2005)
* *Время* (2008)
* *Поколение Рок* (2008)
* *Ни шагу назад* (2009)

### DVDs

* *Два шага до… и год после* (2006)

### Demo recordings

* *Alternative Invasion Vol.1* (1997)
* *Мутация* (1999)
* *Мутация 2 \[000\]* (2000)

## Literature

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Tracktor Bowling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Moscow, Russia |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 19962017 |
| Labels | Moroz Records
A-ONE Records
Souyz Music |
|  | |
| Members | Lusine "Lou" Gevorkyan
Alexander "Kondrat" Kondratyev
Andrey "Mult" Ponasutkin
Vitaliy "Vit" Demidenko
Stepan Chetverikov |
|  | |
| Past members | Mila
Grek
Klark
Den
Che Gevara |
|  | |
| Website | tracktorbowling.ru |


title: Fazal Shah Sayyad

abstract: Fazal Shah Sayyad (1827–1890) was a 19th-century Punjabi poet known for his qissas on tragic romances, most notably Sohni Mahiwal, Heer Ranjha and Laila Majnu. Of this body of work, the poem Sohni Mahiwal "has been considered his best". He was born in 1827 in Punjab during the Sikh rule and resided in Newan Kot, a suburb of Lahore where he died in 1890.

text:
# Fazal Shah Sayyad

**Fazal Shah Sayyad** (1827–1890) was a 19th-century Punjabi poet known for his *qissas* (long poems) on tragic romances, most notably *Sohni Mahiwal*, *Heer Ranjha* and *Laila Majnu*. Of this body of work, the poem *Sohni Mahiwal* "has been considered his best".

He was born in 1827 in Punjab during the Sikh rule and resided in Newan Kot, a suburb of Lahore (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) where he died in 1890.


title: Frank Pryor

abstract: Frank Commons Pryor (1919-1985) was a senior Australia public servant.

text:
# Frank Pryor

**Frank Commons Pryor** OBE (1919-1985) was a senior Australia public servant.

## Life and career

Pryor graduated with first class honours in Philosophy from the University of Sydney, having been a member of the Philosophy Club there in 1939. Within a year of graduation, Pryor began his Australian Public Service career in the Department of the Treasury.

In November 1971, Pryor resigned from the Treasury after John Stone was appointed a Deputy Secretary in the Department. In December 1971 Pryor returned to the Australian Public Service as director of the Office of Secondary Industry within the Department of Trade and Industry.

In July 1972 the Australian Government approved the creation of 25 new positions in the Office of Secondary Industry, giving Pryor the opportunity to set up the nucleus for a full-scale Department of Secondary Industry.

In April 1973 the then Minister for Secondary Industry, Jim Cairns, proposed to Cabinet that Pryor be appointed to the board of the Australian Industry Development Corporation.

Pryor retired from the public service in 1984.

Pryor died in Canberra in November 1985.

## Awards

Frank Pryor was created an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in January 1970 while First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.

## InfoBox

| Frank PryorOBE | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Secretary of the Department of Secondary Industry | |
| **In office**
9 January 1973  12 June 1974 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Frank Commons Pryor
November 1919
Nyngan, New South Wales |
| Died | November 1985 (aged 6566)
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Spouse | Joan Adelaide Steer |
| Alma mater | University of Sydney |
| Occupation | Public servant |
|  | |


title: Melrose, Oregon

abstract: Melrose is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 735. It was named by Henry Scott for Melrose Abbey in Scotland. Its post office, at first named Hogan, was established on May 18, 1887, and James McKinney was the first postmaster. Named earlier on as French Settlement, Oregon.

text:
# Melrose, Oregon

**Melrose** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 735. It was named by Henry Scott for Melrose Abbey in Scotland. Its post office, at first named **Hogan**, was established on May 18, 1887, and James McKinney was the first postmaster. Named earlier on as French Settlement, Oregon.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 834 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## InfoBox

| Melrose, Oregon | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place (CDP) | |
| The grange hall at Melrose | |
| Melrose, OregonMelrose, Oregon | |
| Coordinates: 43°15′10″N 123°27′27″W / 43.2528610°N 123.4574581°W / 43.2528610; -123.4574581 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Douglas |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.35 sq mi (11.26 km2) |
| Land | 4.35 sq mi (11.26 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 420 ft (128 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 834 |
| Density | 191.77/sq mi (74.05/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 97471 |
| Area code(s) | 458 and 541 |
| FIPS code | 41-47350 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1124051 |


title: Sylvania Watkins

abstract: Sylvania "Sly" Watkins is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Moncton Miracles of the National Basketball League of Canada (NBL). He played college basketball at Okaloosa–Walton Community College and then Crichton College. Watkins also competed at the high school level with South Atlanta High School in his hometown, Atlanta, Georgia. As a professional, he has spent much of his years with the Miracles, seeing success primarily on the defensive end.

text:
# Sylvania Watkins

**Sylvania "Sly" Watkins** (born February 18, 1985) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Moncton Miracles of the National Basketball League of Canada (NBL). He played college basketball at Okaloosa–Walton Community College and then Crichton College. Watkins also competed at the high school level with South Atlanta High School in his hometown, Atlanta, Georgia. As a professional, he has spent much of his years with the Miracles, seeing success primarily on the defensive end.

## High school career

Watkins attended South Atlanta High School in Atlanta, Georgia and played varsity basketball for four years. In his junior year, he led his team to a 27–3 record and earned All-State honorable mention, first-team all-region, and first-team all-city honors. As a senior, Watkins averaged 12.5 points, 13.0 rebounds and 4.5 blocks and earned the same honors as he did the previous year. South Atlanta ended the season with a 30–2 mark and a berth at the 4A state championship game.

## Collegiate career

As a freshman, Watkins played college basketball at Okaloosa–Walton Community College in Niceville, Florida, averaging 8.2 points and 7.2 rebounds per game. The Raiders finished their season with a 21–9 record, second place in the Panhandle Conference, and berths to the state and NJCAA tournaments.

In November 2004, Watkins signed a National Letter of Intent (NLI) to play with the NCAA Division I program at Western Kentucky for the following season. Hilltoppers head coach Darrin Horn praised him for his style of play and expected him to become a significant part of the team's front line. However, Watkins later decided to not enroll at WKU for personal reasons.

Watkins competed with Crichton College in Memphis, Tennessee for the 2006–07 season. In his debut, he posted a double-double of 19 points and 10 rebounds against Philander Smith College. On November 21, 2006, he was named TranSouth Athletic Conference Player of the Week in men's basketball after leading Crichton to two wins to start off the season. He was averaging 23.0 points, 7.5 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 2.5 blocks, and 1.5 steals that week. At the end of the season, Watkins led the Comets to an Elite Eight appearance at the NAIA tournament. His team also won the TranSouth tournament and Watkins was named first-team all-conference.

## Professional career

In 2009, Watkins took part in the Southeastern Exposure Basketball League (SEBL) for Rome Servpro-1. He later joined the Georgia Gwizzlies of the American Basketball Association (ABA) for the 2010–11 season. Following his stint with the Gwizzlies, Watkins competed at the Kentuckiana Pro–Am summer league with Team Atlanta. In 2011, Watkins returned to the ABA and signed with the Atlanta Experience. However, he left the team in December, when he signed with the Moncton Miracles of the newly-created National Basketball League of Canada (NBL).

## InfoBox

Sylvania Watkins
| Moncton Miracles | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Power forward / center |
| League | NBL Canada |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1985-02-18) February 18, 1985<br>Atlanta, Georgia |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) |
| Listed weight | 220 lb (100 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | South Atlanta (Atlanta, Georgia) |
| College |  |
| NBA draft | 2008: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2008–present |
| Career history | |
| 2010–2011 | Georgia Gwizzlies (ABA) |
| 2011 | Atlanta Experience (ABA) |
| 20112014 | Moncton Miracles (Canada) |
| 2014–2015 | GIE Maile Matrix (UBA) |
| 2015–present | Moncton Miracles (Canada) |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: HMS Monarch (1911)

abstract: HMS Monarch was the second of four Orion-class dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the early 1910s. She spent the bulk of her career assigned to the Home and Grand Fleets. Aside from participating in the failed attempt to intercept the German ships that had bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in late 1914, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, her service during World War I generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea. After the Grand Fleet was dissolved in early 1919, Monarch was transferred back to the Home Fleet for a few months before she was assigned to the Reserve Fleet. The ship was listed for disposal in mid-1922, but was hulked for use as a stationary training ship. In late 1923 Monarch was converted into a target ship and sunk in early 1925.

text:
# HMS Monarch (1911)

**HMS *Monarch*** was the second of four *Orion*-class dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the early 1910s. She spent the bulk of her career assigned to the Home and Grand Fleets. Aside from participating in the failed attempt to intercept the German ships that had bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in late 1914, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, her service during World War I generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

After the Grand Fleet was dissolved in early 1919, *Monarch* was transferred back to the Home Fleet for a few months before she was assigned to the Reserve Fleet. The ship was listed for disposal in mid-1922, but was hulked for use as a stationary training ship. In late 1923 *Monarch* was converted into a target ship and sunk in early 1925.

## Design and description

The *Orion*-class ships were designed in response to the beginning of the Anglo-German naval arms race and were much larger than their predecessors of the *Colossus*-class battleship to accommodate larger, more powerful guns and heavier armour. In recognition of these improvements, the class was sometimes called "super-dreadnoughts". The ships had an overall length of 581 feet (177.1 m), a beam of 88 feet 6 inches (27.0 m) and a deep draught of 31 feet 3 inches (9.5 m). They displaced 21,922 long tons (22,274 t) at normal load and 25,596 long tons (26,007 t) at deep load as built; by 1918 *Monarch*'s deep displacement had increased to 28,556 long tons (29,014 t). Her crew numbered 738 officers and ratings upon completion and 750 as of 1914.

The *Orion* class was powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each driving two shafts, using steam provided by 18 Yarrow boilers. The turbines were rated at 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) and were intended to give the battleships a speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph). During her sea trials on 9 December 1911, *Monarch* reached a maximum speed of 21.9 knots (40.6 km/h; 25.2 mph) from 32,277 shp (24,069 kW). The ships carried enough coal and fuel oil to give them a range of 6,730 nautical miles (12,460 km; 7,740 mi) at a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).

### Armament and armour

The *Orion* class was equipped with 10 breech-loading (BL) 13.5-inch (343 mm) Mark V guns in five hydraulically powered twin-gun turrets, all on the centreline. The turrets were designated 'A', 'B', 'Q', 'X' and 'Y', from front to rear. Their secondary armament consisted of 16 BL 4-inch (102 mm) Mark VII guns. These guns were split evenly between the forward and aft superstructure, all in single mounts. Four 3-pounder (1.9 in (47 mm)) saluting guns were also carried. The ships were equipped with three 21-inch (533 mm) submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and another in the stern, for which 20 torpedoes were provided.

The *Orion*s were protected by a waterline 12-inch (305 mm) armoured belt that extended between the end barbettes. Their decks ranged in thickness between 1 inch (25 mm) and 4 inches with the thickest portions protecting the steering gear in the stern. The main battery turret faces were 11 inches (279 mm) thick, and the turrets were supported by 10-inch-thick (254 mm) barbettes.

### Modifications

In 1914 the shelter-deck guns were enclosed in casemates and a fire-control director was installed sometime in 1914, before August, on a platform below the spotting top. By October 1914, a pair of 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft (AA) guns had been installed. Additional deck armour was added after the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. Around the same time, three 4-inch guns were removed from the aft superstructure and the ship was modified to operate kite balloons. A flying-off platform was mounted on 'B' turret's roof and extended onto the gun barrels during 1917–1918. A high-angle rangefinder was fitted in the forward superstructure by 1921.

## Construction and career

*Monarch*, named after a third-rate ship of the line, *Monarque*, that had been captured from the French in 1747, was the third ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. The ship was laid down by Armstrong Whitworth at their shipyard in Elswick on 1 April 1910 and launched on 30 March 1911. She was completed on 31 March 1912, commissioned with a partial crew on 16 April and fully commissioned on 27 April. Including her armament, her cost is variously quoted at 1,888,736 or £1,886,912. *Monarch* was assigned to the 2nd division of the Home Fleet which was redesignated as the 2nd Battle Squadron (BS) on 1 May. The ship, together with her sister ships *Thunderer* and *Orion*, participated in the Parliamentary Naval Review on 9 July at Spithead. They then participated in training manoeuvres. The three sisters were present with the 2nd BS to receive the President of France, Raymond Poincaré, at Spithead on 24 June 1913 and then participated in the annual fleet manoeuvres in August.

### World War I

Between 17 and 20 July 1914, *Monarch* took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review as part of the British response to the July Crisis. Arriving in Portland on 25 July, she was ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow four days later to safeguard the fleet from a possible surprise attack by the Imperial German Navy. Following the outbreak of World War I in August, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet, and placed under the command of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. On 8 August, *Monarch* was conducting gunnery practice south-east of Fair Isle when she was unsuccessfully attacked by a submarine-fired torpedo. This was probably a false alarm as the area was too far to the west of the German U-boats' patrol zones to be likely. SM *U-15*, however, has been suggested as a candidate for the attack, although the boat was sunk the following day with the loss of all hands and the truth will never be known.

Repeated reports of submarines in Scapa Flow led Jellicoe to conclude that the defences there were inadequate and he ordered that the Grand Fleet be dispersed to other bases until the defences be reinforced. On 16 October the 2nd BS was sent to Loch na Keal on the western coast of Scotland. The squadron departed for gunnery practice off the northern coast of Ireland on the morning of 27 October and the dreadnought *Audacious* struck a mine, laid a few days earlier by the German armed merchant cruiser SS *Berlin*. Thinking that the ship had been torpedoed by a submarine, the other dreadnoughts were ordered away from the area, while smaller ships rendered assistance. On the evening of 22 November 1914, the Grand Fleet conducted a fruitless sweep in the southern half of the North Sea; *Monarch* stood with the main body in support of Vice-Admiral David Beatty's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. The fleet was back in port in Scapa Flow by 27 November.

#### Bombardment of Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby

The Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans for a German attack on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in mid-December using the four battlecruisers of *Konteradmiral* (Rear-Admiral) Franz von Hipper's I Scouting Group. The radio messages did not mention that the High Seas Fleet with fourteen dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts would reinforce Hipper. The ships of both sides departed their bases on 15 December, with the British intending to ambush the German ships on their return voyage. They mustered the six dreadnoughts of Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender's 2nd BS, including *Monarch* and her sister ships, *Orion* and *Conqueror*, and Beatty's four battlecruisers.

The screening forces of each side blundered into each other during the early morning darkness and heavy weather of 16 December. The Germans got the better of the initial exchange of fire, severely damaging several British destroyers, but Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, commander of the High Seas Fleet, ordered his ships to turn away, concerned about the possibility of a massed attack by British destroyers in the dawn's light. A series of miscommunications and mistakes by the British allowed Hipper's ships to avoid an engagement with Beatty's forces.

#### 1915–1916

The Grand Fleet conducted another fruitless sweep of the North Sea in late December and, while trying to enter Scapa Flow in a Force 8 gale and minimal visibility, *Monarch* was accidentally rammed by *Conqueror* on 27 December. The former had to unexpectedly manoeuvre to avoid a guardship at the entrance and *Conqueror* could not avoid her. *Monarch* suffered moderate damage to her stern and received temporary repairs at Scapa before proceeding to Devonport for full repairs on 4 January 1915, rejoining the Grand Fleet on 20 January.

On the evening of 23 January, the bulk of the Grand Fleet sailed in support of Beatty's battlecruisers, but *Monarch* and the rest of the fleet did not participate in the ensuing Battle of Dogger Bank the following day. On 7–10 March, the Grand Fleet conducted a sweep in the northern North Sea, during which it conducted training manoeuvres. Another such cruise took place on 16–19 March. On 11 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a patrol in the central North Sea and returned to port on 14 April; another patrol in the area took place on 17–19 April, followed by gunnery drills off Shetland on 20–21 April.

The Grand Fleet conducted sweeps into the central North Sea on 17–19 May and 29–31 May without encountering any German vessels. During 11–14 June, the fleet conducted gunnery practice and battle exercises west of Shetland and more training off Shetland beginning on 11 July. The 2nd BS conducted gunnery practice in the Moray Firth on 2 August and then returned to Scapa Flow. On 2–5 September, the fleet went on another cruise in the northern end of the North Sea and conducted gunnery drills. Throughout the rest of the month, the Grand Fleet conducted numerous training exercises. The ship, together with the majority of the Grand Fleet, conducted another sweep into the North Sea from 13 to 15 October. Almost three weeks later, *Monarch* participated in another fleet training operation west of Orkney during 2–5 November and repeated the exercise at the beginning of December.

The Grand Fleet sortied in response to an attack by German ships on British light forces near Dogger Bank on 10 February 1916, but it was recalled two days later when it became clear that no German ships larger than a destroyer were involved. The fleet departed for a cruise in the North Sea on 26 February; Jellicoe had intended to use the Harwich Force to sweep the Heligoland Bight, but bad weather prevented operations in the southern North Sea. As a result, the operation was confined to the northern end of the sea. Another sweep began on 6 March, but had to be abandoned the following day as the weather grew too severe for the escorting destroyers. On the night of 25 March, *Monarch* and the rest of the fleet sailed from Scapa Flow to support Beatty's battlecruisers and other light forces raiding the German Zeppelin base at Tondern. By the time the Grand Fleet approached the area on 26 March, the British and German forces had already disengaged and a strong gale threatened the light craft, so the fleet was ordered to return to base. On 21 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a demonstration off Horns Reef to distract the Germans while the Imperial Russian Navy relaid its defensive minefields in the Baltic Sea. The fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 24 April and refuelled before proceeding south in response to intelligence reports that the Germans were about to launch a raid on Lowestoft, but only arrived in the area after the Germans had withdrawn. On 2–4 May, the fleet conducted another demonstration off Horns Reef to keep German attention focused on the North Sea.

#### Battle of Jutland

In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the High Seas Fleet, composed of sixteen dreadnoughts, six pre-dreadnoughts and supporting ships, departed the Jade Bight early on the morning of 31 May. The fleet sailed in concert with Hipper's five battlecruisers. Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. In response the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totalling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.

On 31 May, *Monarch*, under the command of Captain George Borrett, was the sixth ship from the head of the battle line after deployment. During the first stage of the general engagement, the ship fired three salvos of armour-piercing, capped (APC) shells from her main guns at a group of five battleships at 18:32, scoring one hit on the dreadnought SMS *König* that knocked out a 15-centimetre (5.9 in) gun, temporarily disabled three boilers and started several small fires. At 19:14, she engaged the battlecruiser SMS *Lützow* at a range of 17,300–18,450 yards (15,820–16,870 m) with five salvos of APC shells and claimed to straddle her with the last two salvos. *Lützow* was also fired at by *Orion* during this time and was hit five times between the sisters. They knocked out two of her main guns, temporarily knocked out the power to the sternmost turret and caused a fair amount of flooding. This was the last time that *Monarch* fired her guns during the battle, having expended a total of fifty-three 13.5-inch APC shells.

#### Subsequent activity

The Grand Fleet sortied on 18 August to ambush the High Seas Fleet while it advanced into the southern North Sea, but a series of miscommunications and mistakes prevented Jellicoe from intercepting the German fleet before it returned to port. Two light cruisers were sunk by German U-boats during the operation, prompting Jellicoe to decide to not risk the major units of the fleet south of 55° 30' North due to the prevalence of German submarines and mines. The Admiralty concurred and stipulated that the Grand Fleet would not sortie unless the German fleet was attempting an invasion of Britain or there was a strong possibility it could be forced into an engagement under suitable conditions.

In April 1918, the High Seas Fleet again sortied, to attack British convoys to Norway. They enforced strict wireless silence during the operation, which prevented Room 40 cryptanalysts from warning the new commander of the Grand Fleet, Admiral Beatty. The British only learned of the operation after an accident aboard the battlecruiser SMS *Moltke* forced her to break radio silence to inform the German commander of her condition. Beatty then ordered the Grand Fleet to sea to intercept the Germans, but he was not able to reach the High Seas Fleet before it turned back for Germany. The ship was present at Rosyth, Scotland, when the High Seas Fleet surrendered there on 21 November and she remained part of the 2nd BS through 1 March 1919.

By 1 May, *Monarch* had been assigned to the 3rd BS of the Home Fleet. On 1 November, the 3rd BS was disbanded and *Monarch* was transferred to the Reserve Fleet at Portland, together with her sisters. The ship had been transferred back to Portsmouth by 18 March 1920. She was temporarily recommissioned during the summers of 1920 and 1921 to ferry troops to the Mediterranean and back. On 5 May 1922, *Monarch* was paid off and placed on the disposal list in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. Put up for sale in August, the ship was later withdrawn and attached to the gunnery school at *Vernon* as a hulk.

*Monarch* was paid off on 13 June 1923 and she was converted into a target ship at HM Dockyard, Portsmouth in October 1923. A replica of the underwater side protection of the *Nelson*-class battleships added to test the blast effects of large bombs detonating alongside the hull. A device consisting of 2,081 pounds (944 kg) of TNT (representing the explosives in a 4,000-pound (1,800 kg) aerial bomb) was exploded at a depth of 40 feet (12.2 m) and 7 feet 6 inches (2.3 m) from her side. Although damaged, the structure remained watertight after the test. The following year, live bombs of various sizes were dropped on the ship by Airco DH.9A bombers with little effect. Bombs were then positioned and detonated internally to evaluate their effects. On 20 January 1925, *Monarch* was towed out from Plymouth by dockyard tugs into Hurd's Deep in the English Channel, approximately 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) south of the Isles of Scilly. On 21 January she was attacked by a wave of Royal Air Force bombers, which scored several hits; this was followed by four C-class light cruisers firing six-inch (152-mm) shells, and the destroyer *Vectis*, using her 4-inch guns. For the finale, the fast battleships *Hood* and *Repulse* and the five *Revenge*-class battleships opened fire with their 15-inch (381-mm) guns. The number of hits on *Monarch* is unknown, but after nine hours of shelling she finally sank at 22:00 after a final hit by *Revenge*.

## Citations

1. Burt, p. 136
2. Parkes, p. 525
3. Burt, pp. 136, 139–40
4. Burt, pp. 134, 136, 139
5. Friedman, p. 123
6. "H.M.S. Monarch (1910)". The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
7. Burt, pp. 140, 142; Friedman, pp. 123, 198–200, 205
8. Silverstone, p. 252
9. Colledge, p. 231
10. Preston, p. 28
11. Burt, p. 146
12. Burt, pp. 146, 148, 150
13. Massie, p. 19
14. Preston, p. 32
15. Goldrick, p. 89
16. Showell, p. 41
17. Goldrick, p. 156; Jellicoe, pp. 143–44, 148, 163–65
18. Tarrant, pp. 28–30
19. Goldrick, pp. 200–14
20. Burt, pp. 146, 148; Goldrick, p. 242
21. Jellicoe, pp. 194–196, 206, 211–212
22. Jellicoe, pp. 217–219, 221–222
23. Jellicoe, pp. 228, 234–235, 243, 246, 250, 253, 257–258
24. Jellicoe, pp. 270–271, 275, 279–280, 284, 286
25. Jellicoe, pp. 286–290
26. Tarrant, pp. 54–55, 57–58
27. Corbett, frontispiece map and p. 428
28. Campbell, pp. 156, 188, 193, 209, 218–20, 346–47
29. Halpern, pp. 330–32
30. Halpern, pp. 418–20
31. "Operation ZZ". The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
32. "Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c". *National Library of Scotland*. Admiralty. 1 March 1919. p. 10. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
33. "Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c". *National Library of Scotland*. Admiralty. 1 May 1919. p. 12. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
34. "The Navy List" (PDF). *National Library of Scotland*. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 18 December 1919. pp. 694, 709. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
35. "The Navy List" (PDF). *National Library of Scotland*. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 18 March 1920. pp. 707a. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
36. Burt, p. 148
37. "H.M.S. Monarch to be Sunk". *The Times of London*. No. 43781. 13 October 1924. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
38. Burt, p. 142
39. Brown, pp. 20, 23–24
40. "The Sinking of H.M.S. Monarch". *The Times of London*. No. 43866. 22 January 1925. Retrieved 11 March 2017.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Monarch* at anchor, before 1915 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Monarch* |
| Namesake | A French ship, *Monarque*, captured in 1747 |
| Builder | Armstrong Whitworth, Elswick |
| Laid down | 1 April 1910 |
| Launched | 30 March 1911 |
| Commissioned | 27 April 1912 |
| Decommissioned | 5 May 1922 |
| Out of service | October 1923 |
| Fate | Sunk as a target, 21 January 1925 |
| General characteristics (as built) | |
| Class and type | *Orion*-class dreadnought battleship |
| Displacement | 21,922 long tons (22,274 t) (normal) |
| Length | 581 ft (177.1 m) (o/a) |
| Beam | 88 ft 6 in (27.0 m) |
| Draught | 31 ft 3 in (9.5 m) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 4 × shafts; 2 × steam turbine sets |
| Speed | 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) |
| Range | 6,730 nmi (12,460 km; 7,740 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 738–750 (1914) |
| Armament |  |
| Armour | * Belt: 8–12 in (203–305 mm) * Deck: 1–4 inches (25–102 mm) * Turrets: 11 in (280 mm) * Barbettes: 10 in (254 mm) |