title: Michael Conahan

abstract: Michael T. Conahan is an American convicted felon and former judge. He received a J.D. degree from Temple University and went on to serve from 1994 to 2007 as judge on the Court of Common Pleas. During the last four years of his tenure, he was the presiding judge of the county. As of 2011, he is serving a 17.5 year sentence for his part in the "kids for cash" scandal. Due to coronavirus concerns, Conahan was released on furlough on June 19, 2020, to home confinement.

text:
# Michael Conahan

**Michael T. Conahan** is an American convicted felon and former judge. He received a J.D. degree from Temple University and went on to serve from 1994 to 2007 as judge on the Court of Common Pleas. During the last four years of his tenure, he was the presiding judge of the county.

As of 2011, he is serving a 17.5 year sentence for his part in the "kids for cash" scandal. Due to coronavirus concerns, Conahan was released on furlough on June 19, 2020, to home confinement.

## "Kids for cash"

Along with his fellow Luzerne County judge Mark Ciavarella, Conahan was found to be involved in the Pennsylvania "kids for cash" scandal in 2008.

Ronald Belletiere from Florida was sentenced in the 1990s to 4½ years in federal prison in connection with a Hazleton cocaine-trafficking ring. A witness in that case testified that in 1986, then-Magisterial District Judge Conahan called to tip him off that his drug connection was being investigated. Conahan allegedly referred the man to Belletiere as a safer source to obtain drugs. During a sidebar with a judge in that case, the prosecutor described Conahan as an "unindicted co-conspirator." That disclosure became public in 1994, eight months after Conahan was sworn in for his first term as a county judge. At a press conference he held to deny the allegation, he blamed the charges on "common criminals" looking for favorable treatment with prosecutors.

After becoming Luzerne county's president judge running under the Democratic Party, Conahan used his budgetary discretion to stop funding the county public youth detention facility, agreeing to send juvenile defendants instead to a newly constructed, for-profit facility. He was subsequently accused of agreeing to generate at least $1.3 million per year in receivables that could be billed to taxpayers in exchange for receiving kickbacks from the facility owner. After indictment, he originally pleaded guilty to charges, but later withdrew his plea. His colleague Mark Ciavarella was also indicted on charges of money laundering, fraud and racketeering. Both judges were disbarred following the guilty pleas.

### State investigation

The Pennsylvania Judicial Conduct Board received four complaints about Conahan between 2004 and 2008, but later admitted it failed to investigate any of them, nor had it sought documentation regarding the cases involved. In 2006, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation was tipped off about Conahan and nepotism in the county courts. An additional investigation into improper sentencing in Luzerne County began early in 2007 resulting from requests for help from several youths that were received by the Philadelphia-based Juvenile Law Center. The Center's attorneys determined that several hundred cases had been tried without the teenaged defendants having received adequate assistance of counsel. In April 2008, the Center petitioned the Pennsylvania Supreme Court seeking relief for alleged violation of the civil rights of those young defendants. The court initially denied the application for relief, then in January 2009 after charges of corruption against both the judges surfaced, it reconsidered in favor of the appellants.

### Federal investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Internal Revenue Service also investigated the two judges, although the particular timeline and scope of the confidential investigations by the federal agencies were not disclosed. Part of the investigation concerned issues that had been raised during disciplinary hearings over the conduct of another former Luzerne County judge, Anne H. Lokuta. In November 2006, Lokuta appeared before Pennsylvania's Judicial Conduct Board to respond to accusations that she used court workers to do her housework, displayed bias against attorneys arguing cases before her, and publicly humiliated courthouse staff causing those employees mental distress. The board ruled against Lokuta in November 2008, resulting in her removal from the bench. During the course of those disciplinary hearings, Lokuta accused Conahan of bullying behavior, further charging that he was behind a conspiracy to have her removed. Because Lokuta had aided the FBI's investigation into the "kids for cash" scheme prior to the disciplinary board's decision, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court stayed the removal order in March 2009 in light of the ongoing corruption investigations. That paused Lokuta's removal and obviated the election that was scheduled for that May to fill the seat her removal would have left vacant. The supreme court decided, 4–1, to uphold Lokuta's removal from the bench in January 2011, finding that she had indeed received a sufficiently fair trial, regardless of Conahan's adverse testimony. The court also ordered the expungement of the records of 2,401 juveniles who were affected by the judicial misconduct. During the Lokuta hearing, Conahan testified that there were no out-of-court social relationships among the county judges. However, Judge Michael Toole, who was later convicted of case fixing, as well as another county judge, had each stayed at a Florida condo jointly owned by Conahan and Ciavarella.

Shortly after his indictment in January 2009, Conahan pleaded guilty. He later withdrew his plea, intending to take the case to trial. Eventually he pleaded guilty once more. On September 23, 2011, he was sentenced to 17.5 years in prison and ordered to pay over $900,000 in fines and restitution. He was initially held in the low-security complex component of the Federal Correctional Institution, Coleman, in Florida. After almost a decade in prison, Conahan was transferred in 2020 to home confinement, with an anticipated release date of 2026, under a provision of the federal CARES Act that authorized such transfers as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## InfoBox

| Michael Conahan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Hazleton, Pennsylvania, US |
| Occupation | Former judge |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Criminal status | BOP #15009-067
Home confinement |
|  | |
| Criminal charge | Money laundering, fraud and racketeering |
| Penalty | 17.5 years in prison
Over $900,000 in fines and restitution |
|  | |


title: Thomas Arthur Lewis

abstract: Thomas Arthur Lewis was a Welsh school teacher, barrister and Liberal Party politician.

text:
# Thomas Arthur Lewis

**Thomas Arthur Lewis** (21 September 1881 – 18 July 1923) was a Welsh school teacher, barrister and Liberal Party politician.

## Family and education

Lewis was the son of the Reverend J.M. Lewis, a Baptist minister from Cemaes, Pembrokeshire, and his wife Phoebe Griffiths. He attended the County School, Porth, and then University College, Cardiff, where he took a degree in science. In 1919 he married Marjorie Culross from Adelaide, South Australia, and they had one daughter.

## Career

After University, Lewis worked briefly as a school teacher but in 1910 he moved to London to become the private secretary to Freddie Guest who was at that time the Liberal MP for East Dorset. Guest would go on to become Chief Whip in the Coalition government of David Lloyd George. Guest later said that he talent-spotted Lewis and induced him to give up teaching and move to London to seek a political career.

Once in London, Lewis studied the law towards qualification as a barrister. Although he had what Guest described as a delicate constitution he joined the Officers' Training Corps at the Inns of Court in 1915 and was commissioned in April 1916. He served in Salonika from 1916 to 1918 and achieved the rank of Lieutenant. He resumed his law career on return to Britain and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1919.

## Politics

### Election to Parliament

By the time of the 1918 general election Guest had become one of Lloyd George's closest advisers and his patronage must have been useful to Lewis in securing the nomination to become Coalition Liberal candidate for the Pontypridd Division of Glamorgan. It is not clear if Lewis was the recipient of the Coalition Coupon as he was opposed by a Conservative candidate at Pontypridd as well as by Labour. However the anti-socialist votes clearly migrated to Lewis as the Tory managed only 1.1% of the poll and lost his deposit. Lewis was elected with a majority 3,175 votes.

### Welsh Liberal MP

Lewis spoke Welsh and English and spoke in Parliament in favour of Welsh Home Rule as part of a debate on a resolution moved by Edward Wood the future Lord Halifax to set up a committee of enquiry on federal devolution to all the home countries. As a result of the debate, which was supported by the Welsh members present, Lloyd George established a Speaker's Conference on Devolution which sat from October 1919 – May 1920.)

Lewis championed the rights of nonconformists in relation to the position of the Established church. As a Liberal, Lewis strongly disagreed with the state socialist approach of the Labour Party. He was a member of the Liberal Anti-Nationalization Committee but was in favour of co-partnership and profit sharing in industry.

### Parliamentary appointments

Soon after entering Parliament, Lewis was rewarded for his service to his former chief with his appointment as Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Freddie Guest, who had been government Chief Whip since 1917. When, in 1921, Guest was made Secretary of State for Air in succession to Winston Churchill he appointed Lewis his PPS in succession to Lieutenant-Colonel J T C Moore-Brabazon.

In 1922, Lewis was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury to enable him to be the government's Welsh whip but under the constitutional arrangements of the day this meant he had to resign and fight a by-election in his Pontypridd seat. The by-election took place on 25 July 1922 and was a straight fight between Lewis and Thomas Isaac Mardy Jones for Labour. Lewis' majority of 3,175 at the 1918 general election was turned into a Labour majority of 4,080 at the by-election. Mardy Jones put his victory down to the disillusion of the electorate with the government's performance but also singled out what he clearly believed was the government's poor treatment of the coal miners.

### University of Wales Member of Parliament

Lewis was not out of Parliament for long. The 1922 general election took place on 15 November, and by then Lewis had secured adoption as the Lloyd George, National Liberal candidate for the University of Wales Parliamentary constituency.

By this time Lewis was in poor health despite being relatively young at 41 years old. He contested the election from a nursing home. He won the seat defeating two strong opponents. Former minister Sir Ellis Ellis-Griffith stood for the Liberals. The Labour candidate was Dr (later Dame) Olive Wheeler, a university lecturer in education who later became Professor of Education at Cardiff University.

## Death

Lewis died suddenly in London on 18 July 1923, aged 41, eight months after his return to Parliament. He had been in poor health and undergone operations in August 1922 and at Easter 1923 after leaving the nursing home where he had stayed in 1922, possibly leaving him susceptible to infection.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Arthur Lewis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for University of Wales | |
| **In office**
1922-1923 | |
| Member of Parliament for Pontypridd | |
| **In office**
1918-1922 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1881-09-21)21 September 1881
Wales |
| Died | 18 July 1923(1923-07-18) (aged 41)
London, England |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Marjorie Culross (m. 1919) |
| Children | 1 |
| Education | University College, Cardiff |
|  | |


title: Giuseppe Ceracchi

abstract: Giuseppe Ceracchi, also known as Giuseppe Cirachi, was an Italian sculptor active in a Neoclassic style. He worked in Italy, England, and in the United States following the nation's emergence following the American Revolutionary War. Ceracci was a passionate republican who supported both the American and French revolutions. During his career, he created portrait busts of prominent British and American political and military figures, including, Alexander Hamilton in 1794 and George Washington the following year, in 1795. In the United States, he worked predominantly in the post-Revolutionary capital of Philadelphia.

text:
# Giuseppe Ceracchi

**Giuseppe Ceracchi**, also known as *Giuseppe Cirachi*, (4 July 1751 – 30 January 1801) was an Italian sculptor active in a Neoclassic style. He worked in Italy, England, and in the United States following the nation's emergence following the American Revolutionary War.

Ceracci was a passionate republican who supported both the American and French revolutions. During his career, he created portrait busts of prominent British and American political and military figures, including, *Alexander Hamilton* in 1794 and *George Washington* the following year, in 1795. In the United States, he worked predominantly in the post-Revolutionary capital of Philadelphia.

## Early life and education

He initially trained in Rome with Tommaso Righi (1727–1802) and then continued his studies at the Accademia di San Luca. He went to London in 1773, armed with a letter of introduction from Matthew Nulty, an English antiquarian and amateur sculptor in Rome, and worked under Agostino Carlini, a founding member of the Royal Academy.

## Career

Ceracchi exhibited busts at the Royal Academy from 1776 to 1779. He was nominated for membership in the academy but received only four votes. His bust of the Academy's president Sir Joshua Reynolds, is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Art. Living in Carlini's lodgings near Soho Square,

Ceracchi modelled architectural ornament and bas-relief panels for Robert Adam, most notably a grand bas-relief of a Sacrifice to Bacchus, fourteen feet long and six feet high, in Adam's patent mastic composition, for the rear façade of Mr. Desenfans' house in Portland Place.

In 1778, Ceracchi sculpted the statues of *Temperance* and *Fortitude* cast in Portland stone for the Strand façade of Sir William Chambers' Somerset House, London; Carlini, who modelled the other two classical virtues for the project, was occupied with architectural sculpture for Somerset House over several years and doubtless recommended Ceracchi. As well as the portrait busts he executed in London is a full-length portrait of Anne Seymour Damer, herself a sculptor and to some extent his pupil, in antique robes, with her tools at her feet (British Museum).

He returned to Rome in 1781, but had to leave twice due to his links with the Jacobin movements. He befriended Johann Wolfgang von Goethe during the German poet's Grand Tour in Italy in 1786 - 1788, as they dwelled in the same building in Via del Corso where Ceracchi had his atelier/house. Goethe commissioned him a bust of Johann Joachim Winckelmann and they lived together in Ceracchi's studio for a brief period in 1788.

### United States

Ceracchi made two visits to the United States, in 1790 and again in 1792, following the emergence of the nation after the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War. He hoped to be commissioned to erect an elaborate monument to the new republic and George Washington that he was convinced the new Congress had voted to fund. In 1794, he returned a third time but was unsuccessful in raising the funds for his venture by private subscription. James Madison, a Founding Father, drily remarked that the sculptor "was an enthusiastic worshipper of Liberty and Fame, and his whole soul was bent on securing the latter by rearing a monument to the former". Duplicate letters from Ceracchi to Washington and George Clinton describe plans for a national monument to Washington to be built in Washington, D.C., which was under construction as the nation's new capital.

During his two American visits, he developed heroic portrait busts of leaders of the American Revolution, including Benjamin Franklin (Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts), John Jay (Supreme Court, Washington DC), Thomas Jefferson (Monticello), George Washington with a Roman haircut and a toga (Metropolitan Museum of Art, George Clinton, again presented as a noble Roman (twice, Boston Atheneum and New-York Historical Society), and Alexander Hamilton. Most of his prominent subjects sat to him to encourage his art, but none could be found to pay for their busts after the fact. George Washington politely refused the gift of his Roman bust.

At the request of artist Charles Willson Peale, Ceracchi was invited along with 30 artists to the Museum rooms at Philosophical Hall in Philadelphia on December 29, 1794, where he signed an agreement to create "The Columbianum, or American Academy of the Fine Arts." The organization was short-lived, but served as a precursor of the present-day Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, which was founded in 1805 and remains one of the nation's most elite fine arts academies.

### Italy

He returned to Florence about 1794. In Rome he entered with fiery vehemence into the projected Italian Republic under revolutionary French auspices, when Joseph Bonaparte arrived in the city in 1797, drawing Jacobin sympathizers to him. In the Jacobin riots in December 1797, during which brigadier-general Mathurin-Léonard Duphot was killed, Ceracchi was noted as a leader of the rioters; events led directly from Duphot's death to the Directoire's decision to occupy the city. French troops arrived on 10 February 1798 and on the 15th the Republic of Rome was proclaimed.

## France

In 1799, Ceracchi moved to Paris, where he sculpted the portrait bust of Pope Pius VI (Residenzmuseum, Munich; Palazzo Bianco, Genoa).

### Arrest and execution

Having sculpted a bust of Napoleon Bonaparte (Museum at Nantes), he became disillusioned after the *coup d'état* of 18 Brumaire to the extent that he was embroiled in the paranoid and furious reaction of Napoleon to the plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise, an attempt against Napoleon's life in which a device dubbed the "machine infernal" was exploded, with loss of innocent life.

Ceracchi was arrested for his alleged participation in the "Conspiration des poignards" and guillotined on 30 January 1801, at the age of 49.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Giuseppe Ceracchi | |
| --- | --- |
| A 1792 portrait of Ceracchi by John Trumbull | |
| Born | (1751-07-04)4 July 1751
Rome, Papal States |
| Died | 30 January 1801(1801-01-30) (aged 49)
Paris, First French Republic |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Notable work | *Alexander Hamilton*, *George Washington* |


title: Girl Trouble (1942 film)

abstract: Girl Trouble is a 1942 American comedy film made by 20th Century Fox, directed by Harold D. Schuster, and starring Don Ameche and Joan Bennett. It is also known as Between You and Me and Man from Brazil.

text:
# Girl Trouble (1942 film)

***Girl Trouble*** is a 1942 American comedy film made by 20th Century Fox, directed by Harold D. Schuster, and starring Don Ameche and Joan Bennett. It is also known as ***Between You and Me*** and ***Man from Brazil***.

## Plot

June Delaney belongs to the upper circles of New York City's social life. When she learns that her private money has been impounded by the British government, since most of her investments are made by her father in England before the outbreak of World War II, she is very annoyed. To make the most of what she got and continue living as before she is forced to rent out her upscale apartment. She advertises in a newspaper, and gets a response from a prospective tenant, a Venezuelan playboy and sole heir to an American rubber industry, Pedro Sullivan.

Pedro is going to the United States to secure a bank loan for his father's business, and needs a place to stay during the negotiations. Despite the huge cost of renting the fancy apartment, he cannot resist its beauty and the charms of its owner June.

When Pedro arrives to his new temporary home, June is dressed in an apron, and Pedro mistakes her for a servant. June does not take him out of his misconception, but continues to play along, telling him that Miss Delaney is away traveling. Since June knows nothing of the servant role, Pedro is soon very disappointed with her services. Pedro also meets resistance in the negotiations with the largest tire manufacturer in the United States, Ambrose Murdock Flint, who insists on investing his money in a rubber substitute instead of the real rubber Pedro has to offer. When Pedro talks to the company's New York representative, Mr. Cordoba, the latter misunderstands him and thinks he has been granted the loan by Flint.

June and Pedro go to the same club that night, and June tries to evade Pedro when she discovers him. Her real name is disclosed to Pedro though by an employee, and since June is oblivious of this, she lets Pedro take her to another club, where they start to fall in love with each other.

Mr. Cordoba learns that Pedro never got the loan and chastises him relentlessly. Pedro is ordered back to Venezuela. By one of June's jealous friends, he is led to believe that it was June that told Cordoba about the loan, to sabotage the deal. June on the other hand, is trying to use her charms to convince Flint investing in property she can offer him, to help Pedro get the money. A misunderstanding occurs as Pedro believes June is competing with him for Flint's money. June and Pedro become enemies, but make up at one of June's friends charity events. At the event, June manages to make Pedro and Flint meet again, and with June's help they finally reach an agreement and Pedro gets the loan. June and Pedro become a romantic couple, but Pedro accidentally manages to flatten Flint's car tire with a gun.

## Cast

1. "Girl Trouble".

## InfoBox

| Girl Trouble | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Harold D. Schuster |
| Written by | **Screenplay:**
Robert Riley Crutcher
Ladislas Fodor
**Story:**
Vicki Baum
Ladislas Fodor
Guy Trosper |
| Produced by | Robert Bassler |
| Starring | Don Ameche
Joan Bennett |
| Cinematography | Edward Cronjager |
| Edited by | Robert Fritch |
| Music by | Alfred Newman |
| Distributed by | 20th Century Fox |
| Release date | * 9 October 1942 (1942-10-09) |
| Running time | 81 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Giovinazzo

abstract: Giovinazzo is a town, comune (municipality) and former bishopric within the Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia region, southeastern Italy.

text:
# Giovinazzo

**Giovinazzo** (Barese: *Scevenàzze*) is a town, *comune* (municipality) and former bishopric within the Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia region, southeastern Italy.

## History

It was a small fortified centre of the Romans, who called it **Natolium**, maybe built on the ruins of the Peucete *Netium* which was destroyed during the Punic Wars.

After the Byzantine period, it became a countship (later a duchy). It became later a flourishing commercial centre, that had trading connections with Venice.

## Main sights

* The co-cathedral, dedicated to *Santa Maria Assunta* (Mary's Assumption), built in the Norman period (1150–1180), in characteristic Apulian Romanesque style featuring Eastern and Western elements, consecrated in 1283 under bishop Giovanni II; under bishop Paolo De Mercurio (1731–1752) it got a thorough Baroque remodeling.
* Ducal Palace/Castle (17th century)
* Two columns of the Via Traiana, which however did not pass through the city.

In the neighbourhood is Castel del Monte, one of the most famous castles in southern Italy, built during the 1240s by Frederick II Hohenstaufen.

## People

## InfoBox

| Giovinazzo | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Giovinazzo | |
| View of Giovinazzo from the sea | |
|  | |
| Location of Giovinazzo | |
| GiovinazzoLocation of Giovinazzo in ItalyGiovinazzoGiovinazzo (Apulia) | |
| Coordinates: 41°11′N 16°40′E / 41.183°N 16.667°E / 41.183; 16.667 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Apulia |
| Metropolitan city | Bari (BA) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Michele Sollecito |
| Area | |
| Total | 44.3 km2 (17.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 18 m (59 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2020) | |
| Total | 19.537 |
| Density | 0.44/km2 (1.1/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Giovinazzesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 70054 |
| Dialing code | 080 |
| Patron saint | St. Thomas |
| Saint day | July 3 Madonna di Corsignano |
| Website | Official website |


title: Girolamo Buratti

abstract: Girolamo Buratti was an Italian painter of the late Renaissance, active in his native Ascoli Piceno. Here, in the Santa Maria della Carità Church, he painted on the walls a cycle of frescoes representing "Histories of Exodus" and the Presepio for main altar.

text:
# Girolamo Buratti

**Girolamo Buratti** (active 1580) was an Italian painter of the late Renaissance, active in his native Ascoli Piceno. Here, in the Santa Maria della Carità Church, he painted on the walls a cycle of frescoes representing "Histories of Exodus" and the *Presepio* for main altar.

* Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). *Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical*. Vol. I: A-K. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 200.


title: Missionary diplomacy

abstract: Missionary diplomacy was the policy of US President Woodrow Wilson that Washington had a moral responsibility to deny diplomatic recognition to any Latin American government that was not democratic. It was an expansion of President James Monroe's 1823 Monroe Doctrine. "Missionary diplomacy" is a descriptive label often applied to the policies and practices of the United States in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, as well as China, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921). According to Arthur S. Link: [Secretary of State William Jennings], Bryan and Wilson were both fundamentally missionaries of democracy, driven by inner compulsions to give other peoples the blessings of democracy and inspired by the confidence that they knew better how to promote the peace and well-being of other countries than did the leaders of those countries themselves." Wilson related both missionary diplomacy and the New Freedom, his domestic program, to his concepts of morality and democratic government. Woodrow Wilson came to the presidency with little knowledge of or interest in foreign affairs. His well-known remark to a Princeton friend, "It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs," seemed to emphasize his concentration on domestic questions. But from the start of his term, Wilson saw close relationships between domestic and foreign policies. The New Freedom envisaged a return to free competition in the United States. The monopolistic interests had to be destroyed at home and their influence in foreign policy dispelled, and thus Wilson's initial rejection of "dollar diplomacy." Although he was not unqualifiedly hostile to business interests, he believed that their activities ought to serve, rather than dominate, the public interest. Wilson's ethical and religious beliefs profoundly influenced his foreign policy as president. Nations, like individuals, should adhere to high ethical and moral standards. Democracy, Wilson thought, was the most Christian of governmental systems, suitable for all peoples. The democratic United States thus had a moral mandate for world leadership. At the end of World War I, the president saw the League of Nations as an instrument for the application of Wilsonian democracy on an international scale. Wilson's foreign policy promoted liberal and humanitarian ends and was based on morality and idealism.

text:
# Missionary diplomacy

**Missionary diplomacy** was the policy of US President Woodrow Wilson that Washington had a moral responsibility to deny diplomatic recognition to any Latin American government that was not democratic. It was an expansion of President James Monroe's 1823 Monroe Doctrine.

"Missionary diplomacy" is a descriptive label often applied to the policies and practices of the United States in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, as well as China, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921). According to Arthur S. Link: \[Secretary of State William Jennings\], Bryan and Wilson were both fundamentally missionaries of democracy, driven by inner compulsions to give other peoples the blessings of democracy and inspired by the confidence that they knew better how to promote the peace and well-being of other countries than did the leaders of those countries themselves." Wilson related both missionary diplomacy and the New Freedom, his domestic program, to his concepts of morality and democratic government.

Woodrow Wilson came to the presidency with little knowledge of or interest in foreign affairs. His well-known remark to a Princeton friend, "It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs," seemed to emphasize his concentration on domestic questions. But from the start of his term, Wilson saw close relationships between domestic and foreign policies. The New Freedom envisaged a return to free competition in the United States. The monopolistic interests had to be destroyed at home and their influence in foreign policy dispelled, and thus Wilson's initial rejection of "dollar diplomacy." Although he was not unqualifiedly hostile to business interests, he believed that their activities ought to serve, rather than dominate, the public interest. Wilson's ethical and religious beliefs profoundly influenced his foreign policy as president. Nations, like individuals, should adhere to high ethical and moral standards. Democracy, Wilson thought, was the most Christian of governmental systems, suitable for all peoples. The democratic United States thus had a moral mandate for world leadership. At the end of World War I, the president saw the League of Nations as an instrument for the application of Wilsonian democracy on an international scale. Wilson's foreign policy promoted liberal and humanitarian ends and was based on morality and idealism.

1. F. M. Carroll, "Wilsonian Diplomacy: Friends and Enemies." *Canadian Review of American Studies 19.2* (1988): 211-226.
2. Arthur S. Link, *Wilson: The New Freedom* (1956) p. 278.
3. Tony Smith, *America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy* ((Princeton University Press, 2012) pp 60-83.
4. Smith, 2019.

## Further reading

* Link, Arthur S., *Wilson: The New Freedom* (1956) online
* O'Toole, Patricia. *The Moralist: Woodrow Wilson and the World He Made* (Simon & Schuster, 2019).
* Smith, Tony. *America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy* (Princeton University Press, 2012).
* Smith, Tony. *Why Wilson Matters: The Origin of American Liberal Internationalism and Its Crisis Today* (Princeton University Press, 2017)


title: Ulrich of Eppenstein

abstract: Ulrich of Eppenstein served between 1071 and his death as Abbot of the powerful Abbey of Saint Gall. Ulrich was prominent as a supporter of Emperor Henry IV during the civil wars that erupted out of the power struggles between the emperor and the papacy during the closing decades of the eleventh century.

text:
# Ulrich of Eppenstein

**Ulrich of Eppenstein** (c. 1047?–1121) served between 1071 and his death as Abbot of the powerful Abbey of Saint Gall. Ulrich was prominent as a supporter of Emperor Henry IV during the civil wars that erupted out of the power struggles between the emperor and the papacy during the closing decades of the eleventh century.

## Name

Sources that focus on his role as Abbot of St. Gallen sometimes refer to him as **Ulrich III of St Gallen**. In 1086 he was also appointed Patriarch of Aquileia, in respect of which sources may refer to him as **Ulrich I of Aquileia**.

## Life

### Family provenance

Ulrich was born into the Eppensteiner family, a leading family in Carantania. His father, Markwart von Eppenstein, was a supporter of the emperor in his conflicts with Rome. His mother, Liutbirg of Plain, was a daughter of Wilhelm of the Sann. Of his known siblings the eldest, Liutold of Eppenstein, would succeed to their father's dukedom and lands in 1177. The second brother, Henry, succeeded when Luitold died in 1190. The third brother, called Markwart, probably died young. Ulrich entered the church: he was the fourth son. All the brothers who lived long enough to feature in the sources participated actively in the Investiture Controversy in support of the emperor. Because of the way local rivalries became intertwined with continental politics, this meant sustained conflict closer to home with dynastic families supporting the papacy, notably the von Zähringens and the von Rheinfeldens.

### Office

The Eppensteiners and the Emperor Henry IV shared their descent from Herman II of Swabia, who was probably Ulrich's great grandfather, and the emperor saw in young Ulrich a loyal supporter. In 1077 Ulrich was appointed Abbot of Saint Gall / Saint Gallen in succession to the abbot Ulrich II who had died on 9 December 1076. The appointment was contested by the "anti-abbot" Lutold between 1177 and 1183. Lutold's appointment was conferred by the "anti-king", Rudolf of Rheinfelden. One objection cited for Ulrich's appointment was that he was young - aged "only about 30". Lutold came from the nearby Abbey of Reichenau, but sources indicated that the monks at St. Gallen nevertheless favoured the newcomer to monasticism, Ulrich, in the war that enfolded him because they, like Ulrich, backed the emperor against the pope. Two years later Ulrich himself was given the additional appointment of "anti-abbot" of Reichenau, but the Monastery at Reichenau supported the papal cause and Ulich's base remained at St. Gallen. In 1083 St Gallen itself was attacked by an army led by Folknand von Toggenburg, but Ulrich managed to drive off the attackers. Another assault in 1086 seems to have been less serious. Nevertheless, by 1086 the abbey had been impoverished, and many of the church ornaments had been sold.

The "anti-abbot" Lutold was replaced in 1083 by a new "anti-abbot", another Reichenau monk called Werinhar, and one source indicates that Werinhar successfully supplanted Ulrich for a time. Meanwhile, on the international stage the "anti-king", Rudolf of Rheinfelden had died following a battle in 1080; his place as "anti-king" being taken by Hermann of Salm. Hermann was less effective as a leader for the papal side than Rudolf had been. Support for the rebellion against the emperor was fading: in St. Gallen the "anti-abbot", Werinhar, formally abdicated his claim in 1086, possibly persuaded to do so by the resistance he met from St. Gallen's monks, and calm slowly returned. As a reward for his energetic loyalty, in 1086 the emperor conferred on Ulrich the Patriarchate of Aquileia, a wealthy region where his elder brother, Henry already exercised secular overlordship in support of the emperor. It is believed that in it was Ulrich of Eppenstein who in 1119 established at Moggio a Benedictine monastery, dedicated to Saint Gall. Moggio was along the route between St. Gallen and Aquileia and the new foundation was presumably intended to strengthen communication links between the region of Ulrich's patriarchate and his Abbey of Saint Gall.

### Death

Ulrich von Eppenstein probably died on 13 December 1121 at Aquileia. However, residual uncertainty as to his date of death remains because of other surviving entries in the records at St. Gallen which support the dates 2 April and 7 October as anniversaries of his death.


title: Girdə

abstract: Girdə is a village in the Agsu Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Gürcüvan.

text:
# Girdə

40°38′N 48°18′E / 40.633°N 48.300°E / 40.633; 48.300

**Girdə** (also, **Girde**) is a village in the Agsu Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Gürcüvan.

## InfoBox

| Girdə | |
| --- | --- |
| Girdə | |
| Coordinates: 40°38′N 48°18′E / 40.633°N 48.300°E / 40.633; 48.300 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Agsu |
| Municipality | Gürcüvan |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Glamour Girls (2022 film)

abstract: Glamour Girls is a 2022 Nigerian movie directed by Bunmi Adesoye and produced by Abimbola Craig. Released on Netflix, it stars Nse Ikpe-Etim, Sharon Ooja, Joselyn Dumas, Toke Makinwa and Segilola Ogidan as women embarking on glamorous and luxurious lifestyles through escorting. Glamour Girls was initially touted as a remake, but subsequently metamorphosed into a reconstruction of the original story with an entirely different storyline and different characters, and some actors from the 1994 movie also appeared.

text:
# Glamour Girls (2022 film)

***Glamour Girls*** is a 2022 Nigerian movie directed by Bunmi Adesoye and produced by Abimbola Craig. Released on Netflix, it stars Nse Ikpe-Etim, Sharon Ooja, Joselyn Dumas, Toke Makinwa and Segilola Ogidan as women embarking on glamorous and luxurious lifestyles through escorting. *Glamour Girls* was initially touted as a remake, but subsequently metamorphosed into a reconstruction of the original story with an entirely different storyline and different characters, and some actors from the 1994 movie also appeared.

## Plot

After Emma (Sharon Ooja) is fired from her stripping job, she desperately approaches Donna—an interior designer moonlighting as a procurer—who rejects the aspiring high-end call girl on the grounds of unsuitability, but reconsiders after Emma assures Donna of her potential. A makeover follows, and the uncouth Emma is introduced to the world of high-class escorting but snubbed by Donna's snooty clientele until Zeribe — a bodyguard who confesses to framing her for theft at the strip club — presents Emma to his new boss Segun (Femi Branch) who gradually takes a shine to Donna's new recruit.

Louisa (Toke Makinwa) — a boutique owner also in Donna's employment — is shocked upon discovering her America-based husband Aaron (Uzor Arukwe) has flown into Nigeria to surprise her and their two daughters. She manages to conceal her secret profession, but Aaron is increasingly suspicious when she frequently leaves their residence late at night under false pretences to meet up with her Lebanese lover, Fadi (Cezar Obayan). Donna advises her to send Aaron back to America before he discovers the truth, but he extends his stay.

Jemma visits her former friend Donna who has not forgiven her for breaking the escort agency's golden rule: *Never give your love for free*. Jemma's terminally ill husband, Desmond, faces life-support withdrawal unless his wife settles his medical bills. She initially turns down Donna's request to return to escorting in exchange for money but eventually gives in after running out of options. At a high-profile party she attends with Donna and her girls, Jemma catches the eye of Alexander (Lynxxx), a business associate of billionaire Chief Nkem (Ejike Asiegbu) with whom Donna enjoys the occasional dalliance. Jemma and Alexander spend the night together and instantly begin a relationship. Soon after, Desmond's life support machine is switched off.

Six months after Emma completes finishing school and a business course in Ireland, Segun uses his connections to secure her a job as a bank manager despite her limited qualifications. However, he refuses to interfere when his daughter publicly exposes Emma's past, and humiliates her further by demanding a striptease with Zeribe also present. Enraged, she storms off, but Zeribe suggests she obey Segun's orders lest he replaces her with another woman. She reluctantly agrees, but not before seducing Zeribe, and Segun hears them having sex under his roof but does not retaliate. Trouble also ensues in Louise's home after Aaron finally stumbles on his wife's secret rendezvous with Fadi, and he flees back to America with their daughters, demanding their mother pay child support or face his wrath.

Jemma murders Alexander when she catches him sexually molesting her son, and enlists the help of both Donna and the latter's personal assistant Tommy (Temisan Emmanuel), to dispose of the body. Donna receives more devastating news when Hell (Segilola Ogidan) — an escort from a wealthy family — dies of a drug overdose after discovering she is pregnant without knowledge of the father's identity. At the funeral, Nkem reveals Alexander was his accountant, but as Jemma was romantically involved with him, she is considered a suspect after a hard drive with his company's billions disappears. Donna travels to Beirut where she begs her mentors—Doris (Gloria Anozie-Young) and Thelma (Dolly Unachukwu) from the original movie—to plea with Nkem who has started to harass her girls, but both women are unwilling to co-operate.

Upon Donna's return to Nigeria, the escorts finally locate the drive (Alexander had worn it as a pendant), and with the assistance of a Francophone hacker who demands sex with Emma in exchange for his service, they discover the drive contains a larger sum than anticipated. However, Zeribe double-crosses the women and secretly plants a duplicate on Emma, who, in a repeat of events at their first meeting, hides the actual drive in his pocket, and Nkem's henchmen cart him off, his pleas of innocence falling on deaf ears. The film concludes with the revelation that Donna had secretly duplicated the flash drive containing part of the money.

## Cast

### Notes

Unachukwu—Maureen in the original movie—was cast as Thelma in the 2022 remake, originally played by Ngozi Ezeonu.

## Reception

Reviews for *Glamour Girls* were negative, with *Pulse Nigeria* describing the film as "a story with no story". *Premium Times* praised *Glamour Girls'* cinematography and filming locations, but criticised the plot, performances, and audio, comparing it to *Chief Daddy 2*, another Nollywood movie with subpar reviews, while *Nollywood Post* criticised the movie's weak plot.

## InfoBox

| Glamour Girls | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Bunmi Ajakaiye |
| Written by | Kemi Adesoye |
| Produced by | Abimbola Craig & Charles Okpaleke |
| Starring | Nse Ikpe-Etim
Sharon Ooja
Joselyn Dumas
Toke Makinwa
Segilola Ogidan |
| Cinematography | KC Obiajulu |
| Music by | Tatenda Terence Kamera |
| Distributed by | Netflix |
| Release date | * 24 June 2022 (2022-06-24) |
| Country | Nigeria |
| Languages | English
Nigerian Pidgin
Igbo
Yoruba
French |


title: Mobile Wizards

abstract: The Mobile Wizards were an af2 arena football team that played their home games in Mobile, Alabama at the Mobile Civic Center. On June 15, 2001, the af2 awarded a franchise to Mobile businessman Norris Armstrong, who ran the team with his wife Beth. The af2 club replaced the Mobile Seagulls in the market, who played the 2000 season in the IPFL and 2001 in the NIFL. The Civic Center was a hub of activity in early 2000s, as it also hosted the ECHL's Mobile Mysticks and the NBDL's Mobile Revelers. The Wizards were anything but on the turf or at the box office. They lost all sixteen games they played in 2002, often by ugly scores such as 80–18 and 72–6. They did manage to draw 5,427 – barely half-filling the arena – for their first home game, but averaged less than 2,000 a night the rest of the season. The Wizards disbanded after only one season, making them the only af2 team to never have won a game in their history.

text:
# Mobile Wizards

The **Mobile Wizards** were an af2 arena football team that played their home games in Mobile, Alabama at the Mobile Civic Center.

On June 15, 2001, the af2 awarded a franchise to Mobile businessman Norris Armstrong, who ran the team with his wife Beth. The af2 club replaced the Mobile Seagulls in the market, who played the 2000 season in the IPFL and 2001 in the NIFL. The Civic Center (capacity: 10,112) was a hub of activity in early 2000s, as it also hosted the ECHL's Mobile Mysticks and the NBDL's Mobile Revelers.

The Wizards were anything but on the turf or at the box office. They lost all sixteen games they played in 2002, often by ugly scores such as 80–18 and 72–6. They did manage to draw 5,427 – barely half-filling the arena – for their first home game, but averaged less than 2,000 a night the rest of the season. The Wizards disbanded after only one season, making them the only af2 team to never have won a game in their history.

## Season record

Season records
| Season | W | L | T | Finish | Playoff results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 4th NC Southern | -- |

## InfoBox

| Mobile Wizards | |
| --- | --- |
| **Established 2001**
**Folded 2002**
**Played** in Mobile Civic Center
in Mobile, Alabama | |
|  | |
|  | |
| League/conference affiliations | |
| af2 (2002) * National Conference (2002)     + South Division (2002) | |
| **Current uniform** | |
|  | |
| Team colors | Deep purple, teal, white
 |
| Personnel | |
| Team history | |
| * **Mobile Wizards** (2002) | |
| Championships | |
| **League championships (0)**
 | |
| **Conference championships (0)**
 | |
| **Division championships (0)**
 | |
| Home arena(s) | |
|  | |


title: Monterosso (horse)

abstract: Monterosso is a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse. He was originally trained in Britain, where he won three handicap races and the King Edward VII Stakes as a three-year-old in 2010. After being moved to the United Arab Emirates he recorded his most important success when he won the Dubai World Cup on 31 March 2012.

text:
# Monterosso (horse)

**Monterosso** (foaled 2007) is a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse. He was originally trained in Britain, where he won three handicap races and the King Edward VII Stakes as a three-year-old in 2010. After being moved to the United Arab Emirates he recorded his most important success when he won the Dubai World Cup on 31 March 2012.

## Background

Monterosso, a dark-coated bay horse with a white sock on his right hind foot, was bred in England by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum's Darley Stud. He was originally registered as being owned by Sheikh Mohammed's son Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum and was sent into training with Mark Johnston at Middleham, North Yorkshire.

Monterosso's sire, Dubawi won the Irish 2,000 Guineas and the Prix Jacques Le Marois before going on to a successful stud career, siring winners including Makfi (2000 Guineas) and Poet's Voice (Queen Elizabeth II Stakes). His dam, Porto Roca, was a successful Australian racehorse, winning the Coolmore Classic in 2001.

## Racing career

### 20092010: early career

Monterosso began his racing career by finishing unplaced in a maiden race on the Polytrack surface at Wolverhampton Racecourse in November 2009. In the winter he was campaigned on the all-weather track at Lingfield, finishing second in a maiden on 15 January and then recording his first win in a similar event eight days later. On 6 February he carried top weight of 133 pounds and won a one-mile handicap race at the same venue.

Monterosso contested his first turf race in April when he won the Cock of the North Handicap at Ripon by a neck from the filly Eleanora Duse, a subsequent Group Two winner. After finishing second to Green Moon in the London Gold Cup (Johnston felt he had been unlucky) he was a comfortable winner of a handicap at Newmarket under top weight of 130 pounds. His performances since the start of the year had seen his official rating improve from 78 to 104, and he was thereafter campaigned in Group Races.

At Royal Ascot, Monterosso contested the Group Two King Edward VII Stakes over 1+12 miles. Ridden by Frankie Dettori, he took the lead early in the straight and "quickened clear" to win by two and a quarter lengths from the subsequent St Leger winner Arctic Cosmos, with The Derby runner-up At First Sight in fourth place. Monterosso's continuing improvement resulted in his owners paying €150,000 to supplement the horse into the Irish Derby at the Curragh on 27 June. He started 3/1 favourite for the race, but was never able to reach the lead and finished fourth to Cape Blanco. Monterosso was again made favourite in the Deutsches Derby three weeks later, but finished seventh behind Buzzword. He returned to England for the Great Voltigeur Stakes at York in August but was "never a factor" and finished fifth of the ten runners behind Rewilding.

At the end of the 2010 season, Monterosso's ownership was transferred to the Maktoum family's Godolphin Racing operation and he was sent to Dubai to be trained by Mahmoud Al Zarooni. Another of Johnston's best three-year-olds, a chestnut named Capponi, also made the move.

### 2011: four-year-old season

On his first start for his new trainer, Monterosso contested the Group Two Dubai City of Gold over 12+12 furlongs on turf at Meydan Racecourse. Ridden for the first time by Mickael Barzalona he took the lead in the straight and won by one and a quarter lengths from his stable companion Calvados Blues. Monterosso was then brought back in distance to ten furlongs and switched to tapeta for the world's most valuable race, the Dubai World Cup. Starting as a 40/1 outsider he tracked the leaders and stayed on well in the closing stages to finish third, beaten half a length and a neck by the Japanese runners Victoire Pisa and Transcend. Monterosso missed the rest of the 2011 season after contracting colic.

### 2012: five-year-old season

After a break of more than eleven months, Monterosso returned to the racecourse for the third round of the Al Maktoum Challenge at Meydan on 10 March. He finished fourth of the fourteen runners, 6+12 lengths behind his stable companion Capponi. For his second attempt at the Dubai World Cup, Monterosso started at odds of 20/1 against twelve opponents on the evening of 31 March. Barzalona settled the horse in the middle of the field before moving strongly through to dispute the lead in the straight. He overtook Capponi 1+12 furlongs from the finish and drew clear to win "comfortably" by three lengths. As he had done when winning the Epsom Derby on Pour Moi, Barzalona celebrated before the finish by standing up in his stirrups and waving his whip to the crowd. After the race the Godolphin spokesman Simon Crisford announced that Monterosso and Capponi would return to England for the rest of the European flat season, although a run in the Singapore Airlines International Cup was also being considered.

Monterosso made his next appearance in the Eclipse Stakes at Sandown on 7 July. He tracked the leaders and briefly reached third place in the straight but faded in the closing stages to finish eighth of the nine runners behind Nathaniel.

### 2013: six-year-old season

Monterosso returned to Dubai in the winter of 2012/2013 but made only one appearance in the 2013 season. On 9 March he finished tenth of the twelve runners in the third round of the Al Maktoum Challenge.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Monterosso (GB), bay horse, 2007
| Sire
Dubawi (IRE)
2002 | Dubai Millennium
1996 | Seeking the Gold | Mr. Prospector |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Con Game |
| | Colorado Dancer | Shareef Dancer |
| | Fall Aspen |
| | Zomaradah
1995 | Deploy | Shirley Heights |
| | | Slightly Dangerous |
| | Jawaher | Dancing Brave |
| | High Tern |
| Dam
Porto Roca (AUS)
1995 | Barathea
1990 | Sadler's Wells | Northern Dancer |
| | | Fairy Bridge |
| | Brocade | Habitat |
| | Canton Silk |
| | Antelliere
1986 | Salieri | Accipiter |
| | | Hogan's Sister |
| | Anntelle | Loosen Up |
| | Soft Quest (Family: 28) |

## InfoBox

| Monterosso | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Dubawi |
| Grandsire | Dubai Millennium |
| Dam | Porto Roca |
| Damsire | Barathea |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 14 February 2007 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Darley Stud |
| Owner | Sheikh Hamdan Bin Mohammed Al Maktoum
Godolphin Racing |
| Trainer | Mark Johnston
Mahmoud Al Zarooni |
| Record | 16: 7-2-1 |
| Earnings | £4,780,239 (1 April 2012) |
| Major wins | |
| King Edward VII Stakes (2010)
Dubai City of Gold (2011)
Dubai World Cup (2012) | |


title: Monterosso Calabro

abstract: Monterosso Calabro is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vibo Valentia in the Italian region of Calabria, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Vibo Valentia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,927 and an area of 18.2 square kilometres (7.0 sq mi). Monterosso Calabro borders the following municipalities: Capistrano, Maierato, Polia.

text:
# Monterosso Calabro

**Monterosso Calabro** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Vibo Valentia in the Italian region of Calabria, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Vibo Valentia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,927 and an area of 18.2 square kilometres (7.0 sq mi).

Monterosso Calabro borders the following municipalities: Capistrano, Maierato, Polia.

## Demographic evolution

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
3. All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.

## InfoBox

| Monterosso Calabro | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Monterosso Calabro | |
|  | |
| Location of Monterosso Calabro | |
| Monterosso CalabroLocation of Monterosso Calabro in ItalyMonterosso CalabroMonterosso Calabro (Calabria) | |
| Coordinates: 38°43′N 16°17′E / 38.717°N 16.283°E / 38.717; 16.283 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Calabria |
| Province | Province of Vibo Valentia (VV) |
| Area | |
| Total | 18.2 km2 (7.0 sq mi) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 1,927 |
| Density | 110/km2 (270/sq mi) |
| Demonym | MONTEROSSINI |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 89819 |
| Dialing code | 0963 |


title: Goodenia bellidifolia

abstract: Goodenia bellidifolia, commonly known as daisy goodenia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is an erect, perennial herb with egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, spikes or thyrses of lemon-yellow to orange flowers, and oval to more or less spherical fruit.

text:
# Goodenia bellidifolia

***Goodenia bellidifolia***, commonly known as **daisy goodenia**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is an erect, perennial herb with egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, spikes or thyrses of lemon-yellow to orange flowers, and oval to more or less spherical fruit.

## Description

*Goodenia bellidifolia* is an erect, perennial herb that typically grows to a height of 60 cm (24 in) and has glabrous to cottony-hairy stems. The leaves are egg-shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, sometimes with irregular teeth on the edges, 40–100 mm (1.6–3.9 in) long and 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) wide. The flowers are arranged in spikes or thyrses up to 400 mm (16 in) long, sometimes on a pedicel up to 3 mm (0.12 in) long, with linear bracteoles about 3 mm (0.12 in) long at the base. The sepals are linear, 1.5–4 mm (0.059–0.157 in) long and the corolla is lemon-yellow to orange or yellow with cottony hairs on the back, up to 12 mm (0.47 in) long, the lower lobes of the corolla 2.5–4.5 mm (0.098–0.177 in) long with wings 1–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in) wide. Flowering occurs from August to March and the fruit is an oval to more or less spherical capsule about 4 mm (0.16 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Goodenia bellidifolia* was first formally described in 1794 by James Edward Smith in *Transactions of the Linnean Society of London*.

In 1981 Surrey Wilfrid Laurance Jacobs and J. Pickard described two subspecies, *Goodenia belliodifolia* subsp. *A* and the autonym *Goodenia bellidifolia* Sm. *bellidifolia* in *Plants of New South Wales*. In 1990, subspecies *A* was formalised as *Goodenia bellidifolia* subsp. *argentea* by Roger Charles Carolin in the journal *Telopea* and both names are accepted at the Australian Plant Census:

* *Goodenia bellidifolia* subsp. *argentea* Carolin has petals that are usually lemon-yellow with cottony white hairs on the back and more or less spherical fruit usually about 2 mm (0.079 in) long containing very dark brown to black seeds;
* *Goodenia bellidifolia* Carolin subsp. *bellidifolia* has petals that are usually orange to yellow with coarse yellow hairs on the back and oval fruit usually about 4 mm (0.16 in) long containing brown seeds.

## Distribution and habitat

Daisy goodenia grows in heath and forest from the Moreton and Wide Bay districts of Queensland, through eastern New South Wales and as far west as Dubbo to the Genoa area in the far north-east of Victoria. Subspecies *argentea* occurs in the northern part of the species' distribution, north from near Wingham and subspecies *bellidifolia* south from Glen Innes.

## InfoBox

| Daisy goodenia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Goodenia bellidifolia* in Burnum Burnum Reserve, Jannali | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Goodeniaceae |
| Genus: | *Goodenia* |
| Species: | ***G. bellidifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Goodenia bellidifolia***<br>Sm. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Goodenia azurea

abstract: Goodenia azurea, commonly known as blue goodenia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to northern Australia. It is an erect, dense, spreading or sprawling, glaucous, perennial herb with egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, racemes or thyrses of bluish-purple flowers with leaf-like bracts, and oval to cylindrical fruit.

text:
# Goodenia azurea

***Goodenia azurea***, commonly known as **blue goodenia**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to northern Australia. It is an erect, dense, spreading or sprawling, glaucous, perennial herb with egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, racemes or thyrses of bluish-purple flowers with leaf-like bracts, and oval to cylindrical fruit.

## Description

*Goodenia azurea* is an erect, dense, spreading or sprawling, perennial herb that typically grows to a height of 0.8–1 m (2 ft 7 in – 3 ft 3 in) and has glaucous foliage. The leaves are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base and irregular teeth on the edges, up to 70 mm (2.8 in) long and 15 mm (0.59 in) wide. The flowers are arranged in racemes or thyrses up to 500 mm (20 in) long on a peduncle 20–35 mm (0.79–1.38 in) long with leaf-like bracteoles at the base, each flower on a pedicel 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) long. The sepals are lance-shaped, 3–3.5 mm (0.12–0.14 in) long and the corolla is bluish-purple, 12–15 mm (0.47–0.59 in) long, the lower lobes of the corolla 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long with wings 1–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in) wide. Flowering occurs from April to October and the fruit is an oval to cylindrical capsule 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Goodenia azurea* was first formally described in 1859 by Ferdinand von Mueller in *Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae*.

In 2006 Leigh William Sage and David Edward Albrecht described two subspecies and the names are accepted at the Australian Plant Census:

* *Goodenia azurea* F.Muell. subsp. *azurea* has broadly egg-shaped bracteoles mostly less than twice as long as wide and lacking a downcurved tip;
* *Goodenis azurea* subsp. *hesperia* L.W.Sage & Albr. has lance-shaped, oblong or elliptic bracteoles usually more than twice as long as wide and lacking a down-curved tip.

The specific epithet (*azurea*) means "azure" or "deep blue" and the subspecies name *hesperia* means "western".

## Distribution and habitat

Blue goodenia grows in sandy soil with lateritic pebbles in northern central Australia. Subspecies *azurea* is found in far western Queensland, central Northern Territory and central north-eastern Western Australia. Subspecies *hesperia* is endemic to Western Australia where it occurs in the Great Sandy Desert, Gibson Desert, Great Victoria Desert, Gascoyne, Pilbara, Dampierland and Ord Victoria Plain bioregions of that state.

## Conservation status

*Goodenia azurea* is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, and as of "least concern" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992. Both subspecies are classified as "not threatened" in Western Australia. Subspecies *azurea* is listed as of "least concern" under the Northern Territory Government Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1976.

## InfoBox

| Blue goodenia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Near Wave Hill | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Goodeniaceae |
| Genus: | *Goodenia* |
| Species: | ***G. azurea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Goodenia azurea***<br>F.Muell. | |
|


title: Godélilié 1

abstract: Godélilié 1 is a village in southern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Niambézaria, Lakota Department, Lôh-Djiboua Region, Gôh-Djiboua District. Godélilié 1 was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

text:
# Godélilié 1

**Godélilié 1** is a village in southern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Niambézaria, Lakota Department, Lôh-Djiboua Region, Gôh-Djiboua District.

Godélilié 1 was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

## InfoBox

| Godélilié 1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Godélilié 1Location in Ivory Coast | |
| Coordinates: 5°36′N 5°58′W / 5.600°N 5.967°W / 5.600; -5.967 | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| District | Gôh-Djiboua |
| Region | Lôh-Djiboua |
| Department | Lakota |
| Sub-prefecture | Niambézaria |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Upside Down 2020

abstract: Upside Down 2020 is reggae and dancehall artist Buju Banton's eleventh studio album. It was released on June 26, 2020, through Gargamel Music and Roc Nation. The album is Buju's first release after his prison release. The song "Unity" is featured on the FIFA 21 soundtrack.

text:
# Upside Down 2020

***Upside Down 2020*** is reggae and dancehall artist Buju Banton's eleventh studio album. It was released on June 26, 2020, through Gargamel Music and Roc Nation. The album is Buju's first release after his prison release.

The song "Unity" is featured on the *FIFA 21* soundtrack.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *Mojo* |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *The Times* |  |

Danny Schwarz of *Rolling Stone* gave the album four stars out of five, praising the album for its content by saying "from the political sermons tracks to the love songs, he sounds spry and engaged. It's like he never left." Damien Morris of *The Guardian* also gave the album four stars out of five, saying that Banton is "as good as he's ever been". Will Hodgkinson of *The Times* however gave the album a negative review, giving it two stars out of five by stating that the body of work is "beautiful moments, but not a great comeback."

## Track listing

*Upside Down 2020* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lamb of God" | 2:43 |
| 2. | "Yes Mi Friend" (featuring Stephen Marley) | 4:14 |
| 3. | "Buried Alive" | 3:52 |
| 4. | "Blessed" | 3:24 |
| 5. | "Memories" (featuring John Legend) | 4:01 |
| 6. | "Lovely State of Mind" | 4:06 |
| 7. | "Appreciated" | 3:13 |
| 8. | "Trust" | 3:06 |
| 9. | "Cherry Pie" (featuring Pharrell Williams) | 3:35 |
| 10. | "Beat Dem Bad" | 3:22 |
| 11. | "Good Time Girl" | 3:15 |
| 12. | "Call Me" (featuring Stefflon Don) | 3:50 |
| 13. | "Moonlight Love" | 3:13 |
| 14. | "Cheated" | 2:53 |
| 15. | "Steppa" | 3:25 |
| 16. | "The World Is Changing" | 3:54 |
| 17. | "400 Years" | 4:08 |
| 18. | "Rising Up" | 4:24 |
| 19. | "Helping Hand" | 3:52 |
| 20. | "Unity" | 3:45 |
| Total length: | | 72:00 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *Upside Down 2020*
| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 3 |
| US Reggae Albums (*Billboard*) | 2 |
| US Top Album Sales (*Billboard*) | 27 |
| US Top Tastemaker Albums (*Billboard*) | 23 |

## InfoBox

| Upside Down 2020 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Buju Banton | |
| Released | June 26, 2020 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 72:00 |
| Label | Gargamel Music, Roc Nation |
| Buju Banton chronology | |
| *Before the Dawn*
(2010) ***Upside Down 2020***
(2020) *Born for Greatness*
(2023) | |


title: Gold Coast Transit

abstract: Gold Coast Transit District, formerly known as South Coast Area Transit (SCAT), is a local bus operator in western Ventura County, California, serving Ventura, Oxnard, Port Hueneme, Ojai, and the adjoining areas of unincorporated Ventura County. In 2023, the system had a ridership of 3,380,300, or about 12,100 per weekday as of the second quarter of 2024.

text:
# Gold Coast Transit

**Gold Coast Transit District**, formerly known as **South Coast Area Transit** (**SCAT**), is a local bus operator in western Ventura County, California, serving Ventura, Oxnard, Port Hueneme, Ojai, and the adjoining areas of unincorporated Ventura County. In 2023, the system had a ridership of 3,380,300, or about 12,100 per weekday as of the second quarter of 2024.

## History

Gold Coast Transit District was founded in 1973 as South Coast Area Transit with the merger of the Ventura City Transit Lines and the Oxnard Municipal Bus Lines. Until 1994, SCAT also served Santa Paula. Service to Santa Paula has since been replaced with VCTC Intercity fixed-route and dial-a-ride services. The system adopted the name Gold Coast Transit effective July 1, 2007. This accompanied a change in bus livery and the acquisition of 26 new buses.

In October 2013, California Assembly Bill 664 was chartered as the enabling legislation to transition Gold Coast Transit from a joint powers authority to a special purpose transit district. On July 1, 2014, the agency officially became Gold Coast Transit District. The district's founding member jurisdictions include the cities of Ojai, Oxnard, Port Hueneme, and Ventura and the County of Ventura. The bill allows other cities in Ventura County to subsequently join the district.

In 2014, GCTD leadership was recognized with the District being honored as the “Transit Agency of the Year” at the Small Operators award ceremony hosted by the California Transit Association (CTA) as part of its 49th Annual Conference and Expo in Monterey, California.

On May 10, 2017 Gold Coast Transit District broke ground on a new operations and maintenance facility in Oxnard. The facility opened in July 2019.

## Service area

Gold Coast Transit District provides bus service to these cities and communities:

## Routes

### Local routes

As of May 2024, Gold Coast Transit District operates 18 local lines and 4 school trippers lines as well as paratransit service.

| Route | Terminals | | Via | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1A | **Oxnard** Oxnard Transit Center | | C St, Saviers Rd | * Clockwise loop * Serves Centerpoint Mall |
| | | 1B | * Counter-clockwise loop * Serves Centerpoint Mall |
| 2 | **Oxnard** Oxnard Transit Center | **Colonia** San Gorgonio Av & Gibraltar St | Colonia Rd, 1st St | * Interlined with Route 3 |
| 3 | **Oxnard** Oxnard Transit Center | **Oxnard** El Dorado Av & Channel Island Bl | J St, Channel Island Bl | * Serves Centerpoint Mall * Interlined with Route 8 |
| 4A | Oxnard Oxnard Transit Center | | Gonzales Rd, Rose Av, 3rd St | * Clockwise loop |
| | | 4B | * Counter-clockwise loop |
| 5 | **Oxnard** Oxnard Transit Center | **Oxnard** Hemlock St & Patterson Rd | 5th St, Wooley Rd |  |
| 6 | **Oxnard** Oxnard Transit Center | **Ventura** Ventura Av and Willett St | C St, Victoria Av, Telegraph Rd, Ventura Av |  |
| 7 | **Oxnard** Centerpoint Mall | **Oxnard** Butler Rd and Pleasant Valley Rd | Saviers Rd, Pleasant Valley Rd |  |
| 8 | **Oxnard** Oxnard Transit Center | **Oxnard** Centerpoint Mall | 5th St, Rose Av, Bard Rd, Saviers Rd | * Serves Oxnard College |
| 10 | **Ventura** Ventura Transit Center | **Ventura** Darling Rd & Jonquill Av | Telegraph Rd | * Serves Ventura College * Interlined with Route 16 |
| 11 | **Ventura** Ventura Transit Center | **Ventura** Wells Rd and Carlos St | Telephone Rd |  |
| 15 | **Oxnard** Esplanade Shopping Center | **Oxnard** Auto Center Dr & Paseo Mercado | Vineyard Av, Alvarado St, Gonzales Rd |  |
| 16 | **Ventura** Ventura Transit Center | **Ojai** Ojai Av & Fox St | Thompson Blvd, Ventura Av, Ojai Av | * Interlined with Route 10 |
| 17 | **Oxnard** Esplanade Shopping Center | **Oxnard** Oxnard College | Ventura Bl, Rose Av |  |
| 19 | **Oxnard** Oxnard Transit Center | | 5th St, Victoria Av, Gonzales Rd, Rice Av, 3rd St | * Clockwise loop |
| 21 | **Oxnard** Centerpoint Mall | **Ventura** Ventura Transit Center | Channel Islands Bl, Victoria Av, Telegraph Rd | * Serves Ventura College |
| 23 | **Oxnard** Oxnard College | **Oxnard** Esplanade Shopping Center | Pleasant Valley Rd, Ventura Rd |  |

### School Trippers routes

Gold Coast Transit District operates five "school trippers" that supplement school bus service to local high schools. While intended to serve students with service only on school days, these routes are open to the general public.

| Route | Terminals | | Via | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18A | **Oxnard** Channel Islands Bl & Ventura Rd | **Oxnard** Oxnard High School | C St, Doris St | * Serves Centerpoint Mall |
| 18C | **Oxnard** Oxnard High School | | H St | * To 5th St & Ventura Rd |
| 18E | **Oxnard** Pacifica High School | | Rose Av | * To Oxnard Transit Center |
| 18F | **Ventura** Ventura Av & Norway Dr | **Ventura** Ventura High School | Ventura Av, Santa Clara St | * Morning trip continues on to Ventura Transit Center |
| 18G | **Oxnard** Nyeland Av & Ventura Bl | **Oxnard** Rio Mesa High School | Rose Av |  |

34°13′38″N 119°08′55″W / 34.2271°N 119.1487°W / 34.2271; -119.1487

## InfoBox

Gold Coast Transit District
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Gold Coast Transit bus at Oxnard Transit Center in 2015 | |
| Founded | 1973 |
| Headquarters | 301 East Third Street<br>Oxnard, California |
| Service area | Ventura County, California |
| Service type | bus service, paratransit |
| Routes | 23 |
| Fleet | 64 buses |
| Daily ridership | 12,100 (weekdays, Q2 2024) |
| Annual ridership | 3,380,300 (2023) |
| Website | goldcoasttransit.org |


title: Gold Coast Vikings

abstract: The Gold Coast Vikings was a rugby league team representing the Gold Coast Rugby League Competition, where the best players of the competition get selected to play for the Vikings. They used to compete in the Queensland State League and the Queensland Cup (1998) competitions. Although originally a representative team, the Vikings became a feeder club for the Gold Coast Chargers National Rugby League team, and were withdrawn from the Queensland Cup when the Chargers were withdrawn from the NRL.

text:
# Gold Coast Vikings

The **Gold Coast Vikings** was a rugby league team representing the Gold Coast Rugby League Competition, where the best players of the competition get selected to play for the Vikings.

They used to compete in the Queensland State League (from 1982) and the Queensland Cup (1998) competitions. Although originally a representative team, the Vikings became a feeder club for the Gold Coast Chargers National Rugby League team, and were withdrawn from the Queensland Cup when the Chargers were withdrawn from the NRL.

## Results

### Amco Cup

### Queensland Cup

* 1998: Semi-finalists

### Queensland State League

* 1995: Runners-up
* 1994: Semi-finalists
* 1993: Knocked out in preliminary rounds
* 1992: 5th
* 1991: 6th
* 1988: 13th
* 1987: 8th
* 1986: 13th
* 1985: 11th
* 1984: 14th
* 1983: 10th
* 1982: 9th

## InfoBox

Gold Coast Vikings
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Club information | |
| Full name | Gold Coast Vikings Rugby League Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | Vikings |
| Short name | The Vikings |
| Colours | Green
Gold
White |
| Founded | 1982 (1982) |
| Exited | 1998 (1998) |
| Former details | |
| Ground(s) |  |


title: Golam Helal Morshed Khan

abstract: Golam Helal Morshed Khan is a retired major general of the Bangladesh Army and a veteran of the Bangladesh Liberation War. He was awarded Bir Bikrom, the third highest gallantry award, for his actions in the war. He participated in the 1996 Bangladeshi coup d'état attempt.

text:
# Golam Helal Morshed Khan

**Golam Helal Morshed Khan** is a retired major general of the Bangladesh Army and a veteran of the Bangladesh Liberation War. He was awarded Bir Bikrom, the third highest gallantry award, for his actions in the war. He participated in the 1996 Bangladeshi coup d'état attempt.

## Career

During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Khan was a lieutenant in the Mukti Bahini and served in Kalkalia of Sector 3. This second was commanded by Major K. M. Shafiullah who was later replaced by Major A. N. M. Nuruzzaman. The neighboring camp was commanded by M Harun-Ar-Rashid who had borrowed weapons from Khan's camp. Khan fought in the battle to liberate Ashuganj in a joint operation between the Indian Army and the Mukti Bahini. He fought in the first and second battle of Belonia.

Khan fought in the Liberation of Mirpur in 1972 as a captain in the 2nd East Bengal Regiment of the Bangladesh Army and commander of Delta Company. After the surrender of the Pakistan Army and the independence of Bangladesh, Mirpur was the last stronghold of pro-Pakistan forces. He commanded the Bangladeshi forces composed 82 personnel of Bangladesh Army and 200 personnel of Bangladesh Police. His commanding officer was Major Moinul Hossain Chowdhury who sent Second Lieutenant Selim Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, who was killed in action, to support him. The battle saw heavy gunfights between his forces and collaborators of Pakistan Army. After losing 42 army personnel and 82 police personnel Khan retreated from Mirpur to an Indian army base. Mirpur was liberated after reinforcements were sent from different cantonments of Bangladesh.

Major General Khan was the GOC of Bogra Cantonment in 1996. He criticised the government following the February 1996 Bangladeshi general election, which was boycotted by all parties except the ruling Bangladesh Nationalist Party who won, and in response President of Bangladesh Abdur Rahman Biswas sacked him and deputy chief of Bangladesh Rifles, Brigadier General Hameedur Rehman. Army chief General Abu Saleh Mohammed Nasim revolted and launched the failed 1996 Bangladeshi coup d'état attempt with support of troops from Bogra Cantonment. In the June 1996 Bangladeshi general election, the Awami League was elected to power.

Khan is the chairman of Bangladesh Muktijoddha Sangsad.

## InfoBox

| Golam Helal Morshed Khan | |
| --- | --- |
| Allegiance | Bangladesh
Pakistan (Before 1971) |
| Service/branch | Bangladesh Army
Pakistan Army |
| Years of service | 1969–1997 |
| Rank | Major General
 |
| Unit | East Bengal Regiment |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars | Bangladesh Liberation War |
| Awards | Bir Bikrom |
| Other work | Chairman of Bangladesh Muktijoddha Sangsad |


title: Monticello (privateer)

abstract: Monticello was a Confederate blockade runner during the American Civil War. She was a two-masted schooner out of Havana, Cuba and of unknown nationality. She ran ashore about 6 to 8 miles east of Fort Morgan and the main inlet to Mobile Bay in Alabama on June 26, 1862, after sailing from Havana; her crew then set her on fire to prevent her capture. A landing party from the USS Kanawha attempted to board Monticello, but Confederate soldiers firing from nearby on the shore drove them off. Her length was 136 feet. She was likely cruising just off shore along the Swash Channel when she ran aground. The wreckage of Monticello is exposed occasionally when severe storms hit the area; wreckage identified as the ship was uncovered after Hurricane Camille in 1969, after Hurricane Ivan in 2004, and after Hurricane Ike in 2008. Although some speculated that a shipwreck that was unearthed after Hurricane Isaac in 2012 was Monticello, experts later identified the ship as Rachael, a three-mast schooner that ran aground in 1933.

text:
# Monticello (privateer)

***Monticello*** was a Confederate blockade runner during the American Civil War. She was a two-masted schooner out of Havana, Cuba and of unknown nationality. She ran ashore about 6 to 8 miles east of Fort Morgan and the main inlet to Mobile Bay in Alabama on June 26, 1862, after sailing from Havana; her crew then set her on fire to prevent her capture. A landing party from the USS *Kanawha* attempted to board *Monticello*, but Confederate soldiers firing from nearby on the shore drove them off. Her length was 136 feet. She was likely cruising just off shore along the Swash Channel when she ran aground.

The wreckage of *Monticello* is exposed occasionally when severe storms hit the area; wreckage identified as the ship was uncovered after Hurricane Camille in 1969, after Hurricane Ivan in 2004, and after Hurricane Ike in 2008. Although some speculated that a shipwreck that was unearthed after Hurricane Isaac in 2012 was *Monticello*, experts later identified the ship as *Rachael*, a three-mast schooner that ran aground in 1933.

* Gaines, W. Craig, *Encyclopedia of Civil War Shipwrecks*, Louisiana State University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8071-3274-8


title: Monticello (steamboat)

abstract: The steamboat Monticello (2) operated in the early 1900s as part of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet. The vessel went through several reconstructions and remained in service until 1962, when she was lost in Alaska waters. Her later names were Penaco and Sea Venture. (This Puget Sound steamer should not be confused with the smaller Monticello, which also ran on Puget Sound, but was built in 1895 for Captain Z.J. Hatch of the Monticello Steamship Company.

text:
# Monticello (steamboat)

The steamboat ***Monticello*** (2) operated in the early 1900s as part of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet. The vessel went through several reconstructions and remained in service until 1962, when she was lost in Alaska waters. Her later names were ***Penaco*** and ***Sea Venture***. (This Puget Sound steamer should not be confused with the smaller *Monticello* (1), which also ran on Puget Sound, but was built in 1895 for Captain Z.J. Hatch of the Monticello Steamship Company.

## Construction

*Monticello* was built in 1906 by the Crawford and Reid shipyard at Tacoma for the Moe Brothers to run her with their other boat, *Advance*, in opposition to the Kitsap County Transportation Company’s boats on the Seattle-Poulsbo route. *Monticello* was 125' long, 21 on the beam, drew 6.3 feet (1.9 m) and was rated at 196 tons.

## Operations

Late in the year 1906, *Monticello* under the command of Capt. Chris Moe, collided with her chief rival, *Kitsap*, under Captain Alf Hostmark. Following an investigation, both masters were censured by marine inspectors Whitney and Turner (who, apparently coincidentally, had been present in Portland, Oregon earlier that year at the launching of *Kitsap*.) *Monticello* seems to have been operated out of Seattle from the Galbraith Dock (Pier 3), the so-called "Mosquito Fleet" dock.

### Sale to Port Blakely Mill Co.

In January 1907, Moe Bros. sold both *Monticello* and *Advance* to the Port Blakeley Mill Co., which used them to replace the *Sarah M. Renton*. In 1908, the company put *Monticello* on the popular Navy Yard (Seattle-Bremerton)route, running in opposition to the Puget Sound Navigation Company’s steamers *Athlon*, *Tourist*, and *Inland Flyer*. Gasoline-engined vessels were mounting a serious challenge to steam power at about this time, and gasoline power seemed to be vindicated when in 1912 *Monticello* broke down and had to be towed into Seattle by the gasoline tug *Klickitat*.

### Operation with D Fleet

One source reports that *Monticello* was operated by Capt. Matthew McDowell as part of his D Fleet of steamers, but provides no further information.

### Sale to Kitsap County Transportation Co.

In 1922, Port Blakeley Mill sold *Monticello* to their former competitor Kitsap County Transportation Company with the objective of forming a jointly-operated fast passenger ferry from Seattle to Bainbridge Island, where the mill company's owners, D.E. Skinner and John W. Eddy, owned 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) which they were hoping to develop. *Monticello* was replaced on the Seattle-Port Blakeley route in 1923 with the automobile ferry *Liberty*.

### Later career and union charter

In 1930, Puget Sound Freight Lines obtained an option on *Monticello* to operate her on the Bellingham-San Juan Islands-Seattle route with the steamer *Mohawk*, but the business wasn't sufficient to sustain two large passenger vessels, so the diesel vessel *Suquamish* was assigned to run from the San Juans to Bellingham where travelers bound for Seattle could board the *Mohawk* for Seattle.

For eleven months in 1932 to 1933, *Monticello* was chartered by maritime unions during a long wage dispute so that union men could ride on a union boat from Seattle to their jobs at the Navy Yard and still boycott the Puget Sound Navigation Company, then the biggest private inland shipping concern on the Sound. *Virginia V* also was chartered by the unions for a similar role. By this time, *Monticello*’s steam power plant was in a state of deterioration. Her boiler tubes were leaking, and the engineering crew hit on the idea of putting horse manure in the feedwater to stop the leaks. This actually worked, although one of her all-union crew had to carry the burden of collecting horse manure along the waterfront and bringing it back to the boat.

## Conversion to motor freighter

In 1936, *Monticello* was converted to diesel power using a Fairbanks-Morse power plant and rebuilt as the freighter *Penaco*. As *Penaco*, she ran between Tacoma, Seattle, Port Townsend, Port Angeles and way ports under the ownership of the Peninsula Transportation Co., a firm consisting of Capts. O. Joyce, E.M. Fosse, and others.

## Loss

*Penaco* (ex *Monticello*) lasted a long time. By 1962, she was in service out of Seattle as the crab fishing vessel *Sea Venture*, and under that name in March 1962 she foundered off the Aleutian Islands.

### Historic images from the on-line collection of the University of Washington

## InfoBox

| *Monticello*, steamship built 1906. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Monticello* (2) |
| Owner | Moe Bros., Port Blakeley Mill Co., Kitsap County Trans. Co.; Peninsula Transportation Co.; McDowell Trans. Co. |
| Operator | Matthew McDowell for a time |
| Route | Puget Sound and Strait of Juan de Fuca (after 1936 conversion to freighter) |
| Builder | Crawford and Reid shipyard at Tacoma |
| Completed | 1906 |
| In service | 1906 |
| Out of service | 1962 |
| Fate | Foundered off Aleutian Islands |
| Notes | Renamed *Penaco* in 1936 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 196 tons |
| Length | 125 ft (38 m) |
| Beam | 21 ft (6 m) |
| Depth | 6.3 ft (2 m) depth of hold |
| Installed power | steam engine |
| Propulsion | propeller-drive |
| Notes | Converted to diesel power 1936 |


title: Goniophila

abstract: Goniophila is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

text:
# Goniophila

***Goniophila*** is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Goniophila* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Goniophila excavata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | ***Goniophila***
Hampson, 1926 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Cosmophila excavata*
C. Swinhoe, 1905 | |


title: Nichols Bridgeway

abstract: The Nichols Bridgeway is a pedestrian bridge located in Chicago, Illinois. The bridge begins at the Great Lawn of Millennium Park, crosses over Monroe Street and connects to the third floor of the West Pavilion of the Modern Wing, the Art Institute of Chicago's newest wing. The bridge opened May 16, 2009. Designed by Renzo Piano, the architect of the Modern Wing, the bridge is approximately 620 ft (190 m) long and 15 ft (4.6 m) wide. The bottom of the Bridgeway is made of white, painted structural steel, the floor is made of aluminum planking and the 42" tall railings are steel set atop stainless steel mesh. The Bridgeway features anti-slip walkways and heating elements to prevent the formation of ice and meets ADA standards for universal accessibility. The bridge is named after museum donors Alexandra and John Nichols. The bridge design was inspired by the hull of a boat.

text:
# Nichols Bridgeway

The **Nichols Bridgeway** is a pedestrian bridge located in Chicago, Illinois. The bridge begins at the Great Lawn of Millennium Park, crosses over Monroe Street and connects to the third floor of the West Pavilion of the Modern Wing, the Art Institute of Chicago's newest wing. The bridge opened May 16, 2009.

Designed by Renzo Piano, the architect of the Modern Wing, the bridge is approximately 620 ft (190 m) long and 15 ft (4.6 m) wide. The bottom of the Bridgeway is made of white, painted structural steel, the floor is made of aluminum planking and the 42" tall railings are steel set atop stainless steel mesh. The Bridgeway features anti-slip walkways and heating elements to prevent the formation of ice and meets ADA standards for universal accessibility. The bridge is named after museum donors Alexandra and John Nichols. The bridge design was inspired by the hull of a boat.

## Construction

The Nichols Bridgeway was added to the master plan of the Modern Wing of the Art Institute of Chicago in 2005. Construction on the bridge began on September 20, 2007. Construction was completed on April 8, 2009. The bridge officially opened, along with the Modern Wing on May 16, 2009.

On June 11, 2009, the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (SEAOI) named the winners of its 2009 excellence in engineering awards. Arup and Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., received an Award of Merit for their design work for the Nichols Bridgeway.

## Pop culture

In the 2012 romantic comedy, *The Vow*, the characters run from the Art Institute of Chicago across the Bridgeway to Millennium Park, where they kiss under *Cloud Gate*.

## InfoBox

| Nichols Bridgeway | |
| --- | --- |
| The Bridgeway after completion in May 2009 | |
| Coordinates | 41°52′50″N 87°37′21″W / 41.880555°N 87.622490°W / 41.880555; -87.622490 |
| Carries | Pedestrians |
| Crosses | Monroe Street |
| Locale | Chicago, Illinois |
| Characteristics | |
| Total length | 620 feet (189.0 m) |
| Width | 15 feet (4.6 m) |
| History | |
| Designer | Renzo Piano |
| Construction start | September 20, 2007 |
| Opened | May 16, 2009 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Van Halen World Invasion Tour

abstract: The World Invasion Tour was a concert tour by hard rock band Van Halen in support of their third studio album, Women and Children First.

text:
# Van Halen World Invasion Tour

The **World Invasion Tour** was a concert tour by hard rock band Van Halen in support of their third studio album, *Women and Children First*.

## Background

The tour was dubbed the "Party 'til You Die Tour" by the band. The tour is notable for being the first time the band played keyboards live during their shows, which would later play a role on the band's next three studio albums. The band skipped Japan on the tour, focused on playing in other smaller cities in North America, with a month of performances in Europe. Unlike the previous tours, this tour had ended up more successful. During the performance in Cincinnati, Roth was accused of inciting others to violate the fire code when he told the crowd to "light 'em up!", urging them to smoke with the audience lighting both matches and lighters during the song "Light Up the Sky". He was written up and later charged for violating fire codes. He would later break his nose during a television appearance in Italy when he did his famous leap, hitting a light fixture.

During the tour, the band had carried 50 tons of equipment, and 850,000 watts of lighting which Alex Van Halen stated would be in the Guinness Book of World Records. The extensive stage itself featured a plane of multi-colored lights, choreographed with each song performed, with multi-platform stage to the right side where Eddie Van Halen would perform a guitar solo with seven lights pointing at him from behind to create a silhouette effect. Before every show, Van Halen demanded that in their dressing rooms that they'd have two pounds of M&M's with all the brown ones removed.

## Set list

## Tour dates

List of concerts, showing date, city, country and venue
| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North America | | | |
| March 19, 1980 | Victoria | Canada | Victoria Memorial Arena |
| March 21, 1980 | Central Point | United States | Compton Arena |
| March 22, 1980 | Eugene | | McArthur Court |
| March 24, 1980 | Spokane | | Spokane Coliseum |
| March 25, 1980 | Great Falls | | Four Seasons Arena |
| March 26, 1980 | Missoula | | Adams Field House |
| March 29, 1980 | Fort Collins | | Moby Gym |
| March 30, 1980 | Pueblo | | Massari Gym |
| April 2, 1980 | Vancouver | Canada | Pacific Coliseum |
| April 3, 1980 | Portland | United States | Portland Memorial Coliseum |
| April 4, 1980 | Seattle | | Seattle Center Coliseum |
| April 5, 1980 | | |
| April 7, 1980 | Calgary | Canada | Stampede Corral |
| April 8, 1980 | Edmonton | | Northlands Coliseum |
| April 11, 1980 | Winnipeg | | Winnipeg Arena |
| April 13, 1980 | Saint Paul | United States | St. Paul Civic Center |
| April 14, 1980 | Milwaukee | | MECCA Arena |
| April 15, 1980 | Madison | | Dane County Veterans Memorial Coliseum |
| April 24, 1980 | Cincinnati | | Riverfront Coliseum |
| April 26, 1980 | Detroit | | Cobo Arena |
| April 27, 1980 | | |
| April 29, 1980 | Richfield | | Richfield Coliseum |
| April 30, 1980 | Pittsburgh | | Pittsburgh Civic Arena |
| May 1, 1980 | Landover | | Capital Centre |
| May 2, 1980 | Binghamton | | Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena |
| May 3, 1980 | South Yarmouth | | Cape Cod Coliseum |
| May 5, 1980 | Buffalo | | Buffalo Memorial Auditorium |
| May 6, 1980 | Rochester | | Rochester Community War Memorial Arena |
| May 7, 1980 | Philadelphia | | Spectrum |
| May 8, 1980 | | |
| May 9, 1980 | New Haven | | New Haven Coliseum |
| Europe | | | |
| May 26, 1980 | Geleen | Netherlands | Burgemeester Damen Sportpark
(*Pinkpop Festival*) |
| May 27, 1980 | Ludwigshafen | West Germany | Friedrich-Ebert-Halle |
| May 29, 1980 | Essen | | Grugahalle |
| May 30, 1980 | Hamburg | | Ernst-Merck-Halle |
| May 31, 1980 | Cambrai | France | Grottos Palace |
| June 1, 1980 | Caen | | Caen Expo Hall |
| June 3, 1980 | Paris | | Palais des Sports |
| June 4, 1980 | Lyon | | Palais des Sports de Gerland |
| June 6, 1980 | Reims | | Reims Sports Palace |
| June 7, 1980 | Würzburg | West Germany | Carl Diem Hall |
| June 8, 1980 | Neunkirchen | | Hemmerleinhalle |
| June 10, 1980 | Düsseldorf | | Philips Hall |
| June 11, 1980 | Sindelfingen | | Messehalle |
| June 14, 1980 | Munich | | Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle |
| June 17, 1980 | Newcastle | England | Newcastle City Hall |
| June 18, 1980 | Glasgow | Scotland | The Apollo |
| June 19, 1980 | Manchester | England | Manchester Apollo |
| June 20, 1980 | Leicester | | De Montfort Hall |
| June 22, 1980 | Birmingham | | Birmingham Odeon |
| June 23, 1980 | London | | Rainbow Theatre |
| June 24, 1980 | | |
| North America | | | |
| July 10, 1980 | Kalamazoo | United States | Wings Stadium |
| July 11, 1980 | Toledo | | Toledo Sports Arena |
| July 12, 1980 | Fort Wayne | | Allen County War Memorial Coliseum |
| July 13, 1980 | Huntington | | Huntington Civic Center |
| July 15, 1980 | Montreal | Canada | Montreal Forum |
| July 16, 1980 | Ottawa | | Ottawa Civic Center |
| July 17, 1980 | London | | London Gardens |
| July 18, 1980 | Toronto | | Maple Leaf Gardens |
| July 21, 1980 | Hampton | United States | Hampton Coliseum |
| July 22, 1980 | Baltimore | | Baltimore Civic Center |
| July 24, 1980 | Hartford | | Hartford Civic Center |
| July 25, 1980 | Boston | | Boston Garden |
| July 26, 1980 | Hempstead | | Nassau Coliseum |
| July 28, 1980 | Louisville | | Freedom Hall |
| July 29, 1980 | Chicago | | International Amphitheatre |
| July 30, 1980 | Indianapolis | | Market Square Arena |
| July 31, 1980 | St. Louis | | Checkerdome |
| August 1, 1980 | Memphis | | Mid-South Coliseum |
| August 2, 1980 | Little Rock | | Barton Coliseum |
| August 4, 1980 | Birmingham | | Jefferson Civic Center |
| August 5, 1980 | Nashville | | Nashville Municipal Auditorium |
| August 6, 1980 | Atlanta | | Omni Coliseum |
| August 8, 1980 | Lakeland | | Lakeland Civic Center |
| August 9, 1980 | Pembroke Pines | | Hollywood Sportatorium |
| August 10, 1980 | Jacksonville | | Jacksonville Coliseum |
| August 11, 1980 | North Fort Myers | | Lee County Civic Center |
| August 15, 1980 | San Juan | Puerto Rico | Roberto Clemente Coliseum |
| August 16, 1980 | | | |
| August 22, 1980 | Kansas City | United States | Kemper Arena |
| August 23, 1980 | Omaha | | Omaha Civic Auditorium |
| August 24, 1980 | Salina | | Bicentennial Center |
| August 26, 1980 | Corpus Christi | | Corpus Christi Memorial Coliseum |
| August 27, 1980 | San Antonio | | San Antonio Convention Center |
| August 28, 1980 | Houston | | Sam Houston Coliseum |
| August 29, 1980 | Shreveport | | Hirsch Memorial Coliseum |
| August 30, 1980 | Baton Rouge | | Riverside Centroplex |
| September 1, 1980 | Mobile | | Mobile Municipal Auditorium |
| September 2, 1980 | Jackson | | Mississippi Coliseum |
| September 3, 1980 | Beaumont | | Fair Park Coliseum |
| September 4, 1980 | Dallas | | Reunion Arena |
| September 6, 1980 | Norman | | Owen Field
(*Roklahoma*) |
| September 7, 1980 | Amarillo | | Amarillo Civic Center |
| September 8, 1980 | | |
| September 9, 1980 | Lubbock | | Lubbock Municipal Coliseum |
| September 10, 1980 | Albuquerque | | University of New Mexico Arena |
| September 12, 1980 | Denver | | McNichols Sports Arena |
| September 13, 1980 | | |
| September 15, 1980 | Phoenix | | Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum |
| September 16, 1980 | Tucson | | Tucson Community Center |
| September 18, 1980 | Fresno | | Selland Arena |
| September 19, 1980 | Los Angeles | | Los Angeles Sports Arena |
| September 20, 1980 | | |
| October 3, 1980 | Rapid City | | Rushmore Plaza Civic Center |
| October 4, 1980 | Bismarck | | Bismarck Civic Center |
| October 6, 1980 | Salt Lake City | | Salt Palace |
| October 9, 1980 | Oakland | | Oakland Arena |
| October 10, 1980 | | |
| October 12, 1980 | San Diego | | San Diego Sports Arena |
| October 15, 1980 | Sioux Falls | | Sioux Falls Arena |
| October 16, 1980 | Des Moines | | Des Moines Veterans Memorial Auditorium |
| October 17, 1980 | Lincoln | | Pershing Memorial Auditorium |
| October 19, 1980 | Macomb | | Western Hall |
| October 21, 1980 | Terre Haute | | Hulman Arena |
| October 22, 1980 | Lexington | | Rupp Arena |
| October 24, 1980 | Knoxville | | Knoxville Civic Coliseum |
| October 25, 1980 | Johnson City | | Freedom Hall |
| October 31, 1980 | Macon | | Macon Coliseum |
| November 1, 1980 | Augusta | | Augusta Civic Center |
| November 2, 1980 | Asheville | | Asheville Civic Center |
| November 5, 1980 | Champaign | | Assembly Hall |
| November 6, 1980 | Notre Dame | | Notre Dame Athletics and Convocation Center |
| November 7, 1980 | Evansville | | Roberts Municipal Stadium |
| November 8, 1980 | Huntsville | | Von Braun Civic Center |
| November 11, 1980 | Winston-Salem | | Winston-Salem Memorial Coliseum |
| November 12, 1980 | Savannah | | Savannah Civic Center |
| November 14, 1980 | St. Petersburg | | Bayfront Center |
| November 15, 1980 | Lakeland | | Lakeland Civic Center |

### Box office score data

List of box office score data with date, city, venue, attendance, gross, references
| Date
(1980) | City | Venue | Attendance | Gross | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| July 18 | Toronto, Canada | Maple Leaf Gardens | 14,955 | $150,706 |  |
| July 24 | Hartford, United States | Civic Center | 13,300 | $119,151 |  |
| July 25 | Boston, United States | Boston Gardens | 12,000 | $118,104 |  |
| July 28 | Louisville, United States | Freedom Hall | 13,436 | $105,038 |  |
| July 30 | Indianapolis, United States | Market Square Arena | 14,000 | $104,209 |  |
| July 31 | St. Louis, United States | Checkerdome Theatre | 13,320 | $117,451 | |
| August 1 | Memphis, United States | South Coliseum | 10,154 | $83,608 | |
| August 4 | Birmingham, United States | Jefferson Civic Center | 11,146 | $93,790 | |
| September 4 | Dallas, United States | Reunion Arena | 14,177 | $127,593 |  |
| September 6 | Norman, United States | Owen Field | 31,611 | $410,652 | |
| September 18 | Fresno, United States | Selland Arena | 7,030 | $61,161 |  |
| October 9–10 | Oakland, United States | Coliseum | 23,178 | $210,669 |  |

## Personnel

### Citations

### General sources

* Gulla, Bob (2009). *Guitar Gods: The 25 Players Who Made Rock History*. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313358067.
* Tolinski, Brad; Gill, Chris (2021). *Eruption: Conversations with Eddie Van Halen* (First ed.). New York, New York: Hachette Books. ISBN 9780306826672.
* Christopher, Michael (2021). *Van Halen: The Eruption and the Aftershock*. Lanham, Maryland: Backbeat. ISBN 9781493062102.

## InfoBox

World Invasion Tour
| Tour by Van Halen | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | * North America * Europe |
| Associated album | *Women and Children First* |
| Start date | March 19, 1980 (1980-03-19) |
| End date | November 15, 1980 (1980-11-15) |
| Legs | 3 |
| No. of shows | 124 |
| Van Halen concert chronology | |