title: Hillgrove, New South Wales

abstract: Hillgrove is a Northern Tablelands historic goldmining town, now a village with a population of about 95. The village lies about 30 km east of Armidale and 5 km south of the Waterfall Way, at an elevation of 1,000 m on a granite plateau above Bakers Creek, near the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. It lies in Sandon County, part of the Armidale Regional Council local government area. Hillgrove was one of the major gold fields in New South Wales, with a recorded production of over 15,000 kg of gold. It has also been a significant producer of antimony and tungsten.

text:
# Hillgrove, New South Wales

**Hillgrove** is a Northern Tablelands historic goldmining town, now a village with a population of about 95. The village lies about 30 km east of Armidale and 5 km south of the Waterfall Way, at an elevation of 1,000 m on a granite plateau above Bakers Creek, near the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. It lies in Sandon County, part of the Armidale Regional Council local government area.

Hillgrove was one of the major gold fields in New South Wales, with a recorded production of over 15,000 kg of gold. It has also been a significant producer of antimony (14,700 tons) and tungsten (at least 2,000 tons of scheelite).

## History

### 1800s

The town was first known as *Eleanora Township*, named after the antimony mine that for nearly a decade after 1876 was the sole reason for its existence. The name *Hillgrove* was given to the town in 1888.

Although some alluvial gold was discovered in Bakers Creek gorge as early as 1857, it was not until antimony was discovered that important mining was undertaken in the late 1870s. The main shaft in Bakers Creek was sunk 610 metres below the surface. Tramways operated by a steam-powered winding engine pulled the trams up and down the precipitous incline to the Bakers Creek mines.

The town of Hillgrove was established in 1884 and grew rapidly during the 1880s and 1890s due to the expanding production of the mining companies. Hillgrove Post Office opened on 1 June 1884 and closed in 1979. A *Hillgrove West* Post Office opened in 1890, was renamed *Metz* in 1896 and closed in 1922.

At its peak in about 1898, the town's population was close to 3,000, similar to that of Armidale. Hillgrove then had four churches, six hotels, two schools, a school of arts, a hospital, several banks, a stock exchange, a court house, police station, a recreation ground, a technical college, debating society, a temperance league and a cordial factory. The town also printed its own local paper, the *Hillgrove Guardian*. In 1895 it became the first town in Australia to be supplied with power by means of hydroelectricity which operated from Gara Gorge to the west.

### 1900s

Hillgrove began to decline after 1900. The difficulties and expense of its deep underground workings led investors and miners to seek more profitable ventures elsewhere. Gold finds were exhausted and antimony prices declined by the 1920s, leading to mining companies shutting down. In all, the Eleanora and Bakers Creek Mines had produced 15,600 kg of gold. Shortly afterwards, most of the town's buildings were dismantled and relocated to Armidale and other centres. By 1933 there were just 241 residents left.

Goldmining briefly resumed between 1937 and 1940. However, it was the Damned If I Know Mine, a small operation which extracted tungsten ore between the late 1930s and the late 1950s, which turned a large profit, particularly during World War II when tungsten's steel-strengthening capacity was in great demand. Antimony mining came into its own in 1969 and was mined along with gold, thus sustaining the village.

### 2000s

In March 2004, the Hillgrove Gold Project near Armidale was purchased by Straits Resources, who made development plans for the area. The mine closed for months in 2009, due to global price fluctuations. It was later owned by Meridian Capital of Hong Kong, but in December 2015 it closed again, largely due to a fall in antimony prices from $8,000 to $5,000 a tonne.

### Heritage

The post office and school are the only substantial buildings which remain. The school buildings (1897) are now used to house the Hillgrove Rural Life and Industry Museum.

Hillgrove Goldmining Area and the Antimony Mine on Stockton Road have been placed on the Register of the National Estate.

## Attractions

Long Point campground is 18 km south of Hillgrove in the wilderness of Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. There are two posted walking tracks through dry rainforest and around the rim of the gorge offering good views over the Chandler and Macleay River systems. The overnight Chandler River Walk to Wollomombi starts here. Some rare *Eucalyptus michaeliana* (Hillgrove Gum) trees may be seen growing along the Long Point Road. These trees have a distinctive, mottled, greenish trunk with peeling yellow-brown bark (like jigsaw puzzle pieces). Its range is restricted to Mount Barney National Park in Queensland and in NSW to the Wyong and Hillgrove areas.

Bakers Creek Falls lookout is about 1.5 km from the Waterfall Way and provides views of the commencement of the Bakers Creek Gorge.

Metz, which was known as West Hillgrove, is situated on the western side of the Bakers Creek gorge from Hillgrove and has a scenic viewing platform at Metz Gorge. The good panorama here makes it possible to see some relics of the old Bakers Creek Mine at the bottom of the gorge, 490 m below Hillgrove. The shaft was sunk a further 610 m below the surface, almost to sea-level.

* "Hillgrove: A Photographic Study of a New South Wales Mining Town, 1893-1912" by Graham Wilson and Bruce Caddy; printed by Armidale and District Historical Society, 1996

## InfoBox

| Hillgrove<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Hillgrove welcome sign in 2008 | |
| Hillgrove | |
| Coordinates | 30°34′S 151°54′E / 30.567°S 151.900°E / -30.567; 151.900 |
| Population | 174 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 1884 |
| Postcode(s) | 2350 |
| Elevation | 1,000 m (3,281 ft) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Armidale Regional Council |
| State electorate(s) | Northern Tablelands |
| Federal division(s) | New England |


title: Patate Canton

abstract: Patate Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the Tungurahua Province. Its capital is the town of Patate. Its population at the 2010 census was 13,497. The still active Tungurahua volcano is situated within the canton. Patate was declared a Pueblo Mágico by Ecuador's Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) in 2019. It was the first community in the country to be awarded this distinction.

text:
# Patate Canton

**Patate Canton** is a canton of Ecuador, located in the Tungurahua Province. Its capital is the town of Patate. Its population at the 2010 census was 13,497.

The still active Tungurahua volcano is situated within the canton.

Patate (town and canton) was declared a *Pueblo Mágico* (magical town) by Ecuador's Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) in 2019. It was the first community in the country to be awarded this distinction.

## InfoBox

| Patate Canton | |
| --- | --- |
| Canton | |
| Tungurahua Province in Ecuador | |
| Patate Canton in Tungurahua Province | |
| Coordinates: 01°19′S 78°31′W / 1.317°S 78.517°W / -1.317; -78.517 | |
| Country | Ecuador |
| Province | Tungurahua Province |
| Capital | Patate |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Medardo Chiliquinga |
| Area | |
| Total | 292.3 km2 (112.9 sq mi) |
| Population (2022 census) | |
| Total | 13,879 |
| Density | 47/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (ECT) |
| Area code | 593 |
| Website | Patate Autonomous Decentralized Government |


abstract: Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division is the principal tenant command located at Naval Support Activity Crane in Indiana. NSA Crane is a United States Navy installation located approximately 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Bloomington, Indiana, and predominantly located in Martin County, but small parts also extend into Greene and Lawrence counties. It was originally established in 1941 under the Bureau of Ordnance as the Naval Ammunition Depot for the production, testing, and storage of ordnance under the first supplemental Defense Appropriation Act. The base is named after William M. Crane. The base is the third largest naval installation in the world by geographic area and employs approximately 3,300 people. The closest community is the small town of Crane, which lies adjacent to the northwest corner of the facility.

text:
# Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division

**Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division** (**NSWC Crane Division**) is the principal tenant command located at Naval Support Activity Crane (NSA Crane) in Indiana.

NSA Crane is a United States Navy installation located approximately 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Bloomington, Indiana, and predominantly located in Martin County, but small parts also extend into Greene and Lawrence counties. It was originally established in 1941 under the Bureau of Ordnance as the Naval Ammunition Depot for the production, testing, and storage of ordnance under the first supplemental Defense Appropriation Act. The base is named after William M. Crane. The base is the third largest naval installation in the world by geographic area and employs approximately 3,300 people. The closest community is the small town of Crane, which lies adjacent to the northwest corner of the facility.

## Operations

With an increasing demand in the 1990s and 2000s by the US military for bases to support multiple functions rather than being sole-purpose installations, Crane has taken on a broad variety of development and support operations. These include expeditionary warfare systems, fleet maintenance, and modernization, radar, power systems, strategic systems, small arms, surface and airborne electronic warfare, night vision systems, and undersea warfare systems. Crane is also involved in systems development for the upcoming DD(X) class of destroyer for the US Navy and the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS).

Operations at Crane are divided into three distinct focus areas: Strategic Missions, Electronic Warfare, and Expeditionary Warfare.

## Strategic missions

*"Deter – Defend – Defeat"*

*The Strategic Missions Focus Area encompasses the full range of DoD activities that alter an adversary's will and ability to attack the United States and its interests*.

Critical Infrastructure Protection

Crane is the acquisition engineering & technical support agent for the Navy's Strategic Programs Office for the fielding of the Integrated Nuclear Weapons Security System.

Full Spectrum Radar Engineering Support

Crane provides a broad range of systems engineering expertise for the sustainment and modernization of the Air Forces Ballistic Missile Early Warning Systems.

Flight Systems

Crane supports systems engineering design, analysis, test, and evaluation of flight systems for Strategic platforms.

Launcher Systems

Crane provides product and subsystem engineering and logistics to the Navy's Strategic Systems Programs Strategic Weapons System and Attack Weapon Control System.

Modeling and Simulation

The Flight Systems Division (Code GXM) models and simulates electronic components and subsystems of the Navy's Strategic Weapons System including the Attack Weapon Control System and Counter Measurement System. Analyses include Signal Processing, Signal Integrity (SI), and Electromagnetic Compatibility/Electromagnetic Interference (EMC/EMI) using Signal Modeling and Simulation (M&S) techniques, Circuit M&S techniques, and Method of Moments (MoM). Particular signal M&S tools include Matlab/Simulink and particular circuit M&S and MoM tools include Agilent Technologies Advanced Design System (ADS) with Agilent Momentum.

The Platform and Launch Systems Division (Code GXP) models and simulates:

1. Components and subsystems of the Submarine, Launch Tube, and Missile including missile Launch Test Vehicle (LTV), Ballast Transport Fixtures, and Hydrophones. Analyses include Stress, Thermal, Modal, and Acoustic using Finite Element Method (FEM). Particular FEM analysis tools include ANSYS and ABAQUS.
2. Components and subsystems of the Common Missile Compartment (CMC) involving Missile Heating and Cooling (MHC) and Underwater Launch (UWL). Analyses include Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using Finite Volume Method (FVM) and FEM. Particular CFD tools include ANSYS Fluent and ABAQUS CFD.
3. Electronic systems and subsystems of the Platform and Launch Tube. Analyses include Electromagnetic Compatibility/Electromagnetic Interference (EMC/EMI) using Circuit Modeling and Simulation (M&S) techniques and coupled Boundary Element Method and Finite Element Method (BEM/FEM). Particular circuit M&S tools and BEM/FEM tools include ANSOFT Simplorer and ANSOFT Q3D Extractor.

The Technology and Infrastructure Protection Division's Strategic Test and Validation Systems Branch Code GXQP models and simulates Strategic Weapon Systems Coordination. Analyses are performed for requirements verification using Matlab/Simulink.

The Radar Systems Engineering Division (Code GXR) models and simulates:

1. Electronic components and subsystems of Microwave and Radar equipment. Analyses include Electromagnetic Compatibility/Electromagnetic Interference (EMC/EMI) and Signal Integrity (SI) using Circuit Modeling and Simulation (M&S) techniques and Method of Moments (MoM). Particular circuit M&S and MoM tools include Agilent Technologies Advanced Design System (ADS) with Agilent Momentum.
2. Electron Guns inside Microwave Tubes. Analyses include calculation of Electric Potential and Electric Field using Finite Element Method (FEM). Particular FEM analysis tools include ANSOFT Maxell 2-D and 3-D steady state and transient electromagnetic fields solver.
3. Waveguides and Antennas. Analyses include the determination of antenna patterns/performance using FEM and Method of Moments (MoM). Particular FEM and MoM analysis tools include ANSOFT HFSS, Agilent EMPro, FEKO, and CST Microwave Studio.

## Electronic warfare

*"Control the Spectrum – Control the Fight"*

*Electronic Warfare supports any military action using electromagnetic energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or attack an adversary*

Development

Crane develops and manufactures all of the infrared countermeasures used on US Navy aircraft

Test and Evaluation

Crane developed and operates the only COMOPTEVFOR certified test facilities to support EW T&E events such as Developmental Tests, Operational assessments, and Operational Tests

Sustainment

Crane is the only DOD Engineering, Logistics, and Maintenance Capability for Air, Ground, Surface, and Submarine EW Systems within one Facility

Training

Crane is helping the Army to improve their capabilities of countering improvised explosive devices (IED).

Modeling and Simulation

The Expeditionary Electronic Warfare Division models and simulates: Counter Radio Controlled IED Electronics Warfare (CREW) systems; radio control trigger devices for IEDs; and, the RF prorogation paths involved in the engagement and defeat of RCIEDS, allowing former field tests to be run in a controlled laboratory environment.

The IR/RF Systems Technologies Division's Navy Infrared Countermeasures Effectiveness Laboratory, (NICEL), models and simulates threat IR missile vs. aircraft engagements to support aircraft countermeasure development.

The Maritime Electronic Warfare Systems Division models a systems engineering sustainment system that automates Electronic Warfare (EW) Systems sustainment activities. The model is created using the IBM Rational Rhapsody tool using the SysML modeling language and DoD Application Framework (DoDAF). The sustainment model implements life-cycle activities including logistics delays based on real or proposed replacement part reliabilities, quantities, and locations, along with workflows and processes to support a performance-based sustainment (PBS) solution for Electronic Warfare Systems. Using SysML and DoDAF, the interactions between Crane employees, automated tools, the Electronic Warfare systems, and data to accomplish PBS are simulated.

The Maritime Electronic Warfare Systems Division provides modeling and simulation for shipboard Electronic Warfare (EW) Systems. Scenarios have been constructed to characterize the effects of various threats on EW systems and to develop technology for increasing system performance. Antenna patterns measured in the anechoic environment are used to both enhance models and validate simulations.

## Expeditionary warfare

*"Rapid Response – Proven Solutions"*

*Special Missions supports military forces engaged in Special Operations, Irregular Warfare and Riverine Operations*

Mobility and Maneuverability

Crane designed, built, and fielded the first Counter-Sniper Enclosure for USAF Force Protection HMMWVs in six weeks

Special Munitions and Weapons

Crane is USSOCOM's PM for the development, acquisition, fielding, and sustainment of the SOF Combat Assault Rifle (SCAR)

Sensors and Communications

SOPMOD has surged more than $60 million in ground combat end items to Special Operations in the field during OIF/OEF

Training

Crane provided Small Arms operations & maintenance training to over 500 personnel in FY06

Modeling and Simulation

Special Missions Human Systems Integration activity uses Concept Modeling tools to analyze gunner tasks to provide improved training and testing methods.

The Small Arms Weapons Systems Division utilizes a weapon shock simulator to augment live-fire on weapon accessories and other weapon-mounted electronics to ensure proper survivability. Measured shock profiles from actual weapons are used with the simulator to test the survivability of batteries, electrical connections, and optical components. This division also uses a six-axis platform that simulates sea states for testing auto tracker software. The Electro-Optic Technology Division uses modeling tools in a number of applications. Examples include using a variety of commercially available tools to do the following:

* evaluate the performance of Infrared systems, to accurately predict atmospheric effects on specific optical/electromagnetic wavelengths
* predict turbulence effects on optical transmission and imaging at different altitudes
* simulate a realistic system-level minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) test result
* model laser beam propagation through the atmosphere over the distance to a target
* calculate spatial frequencies based upon range, scene, and sensor
* predict electro-optical sensors and I2 tubes Minimum Resolvable Contrast (MRC)
* predict the Contrast Threshold Function (CTF) of a human interacting with an imaging system in order to predict task range performance
* predict an imaging system modulation transfer function (MTF)
* predict electrooptical weapon and navigation systems performance
* model laser-based active imager performance
* predict mission effectiveness versus sensor system versus environmental conditions
* use Concept Modeling tools to analyze warfighter tasks to provide improved sensors, interfaces, communications, and testing methods

Additional modeling capabilities within the Special Missions Focus Area use common modeling tools (i.e., Finite Element Analysis, MATLAB, COMSOL, etc.) as well as tools developed within the government to better understand electrooptic phenomena, warfighter technology applications, benefits, and trade spaces of new technologies, etc.

## History

In the late 1940s, an ammunition quality evaluation unit was added by the Bureau to expand its quality control system. As the complexity and sophistication of weapons increased in the 1950s and 1960s, Crane's activities, capabilities, and expertise expanded in scope under the newly formed Bureau of Weapons to include small arms, sonobuoy surveillance, microwave tubes, POLARIS missiles, and other scientific and engineering support to the Bureau.

In the 1960s, Crane came under the command of the newly established Naval Ordnance Systems Command and began providing technical support for weapons systems including logistics, in-service engineering, repair, overhaul, and design. In the 1970s, Crane's support began to include batteries, rotating components, electronic components, failure analysis, and standard hardware and new technologies related to night vision systems.

In 1974, Crane came under the Naval Sea Systems Command that was established from the merger of the Naval Ordnance Systems Command and Naval Ship Systems Command. Shortly after in 1975, Crane's name was changed to the Naval Weapons Support Center which more accurately reflected the true function of the installation.

In 1977, a major change occurred with the designation of the United States Army as the single-service manager of conventional ammunition. This resulted in the establishment of the tenant command, Crane Army Ammunition Activity (CAAA) which took over the loading, assembly, and storage of ammunition at the installation. CAAA and Crane's strong partnership continues today.

In 1992, Crane's name was changed to the Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center when the warfare centers were established under the related systems commands. Today, grown from its ordnance roots, Crane is recognized worldwide as a modern and sophisticated leader in diverse and highly technical product lines.

In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended to retain most existing operations at Crane, with weapons and armaments research, development and acquisition, and test and evaluation, but moving gun/ammunition, combat system security, and energetic materials to Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake. This BRAC change resulted in a net loss of 672 civilian jobs from the base.

## NSA Crane tenants

Naval Support Activity Crane hosts a number of different commands and divisions. These are:

## Geography

The base is the third largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 280 square kilometers (110 sq mi) of territory. Lake Greenwood, a 320-hectare (790-acre) lake, is entirely encompassed by the base. White oak wood for reconstruction of USS *Constitution* is harvested at this base from a grove of trees known as "Constitution Grove".

38°52′12″N 86°50′04″W / 38.8701°N 86.8344°W / 38.8701; -86.8344

## InfoBox

| Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division | |
| --- | --- |
| NSWC Crane Emblem | |
| Active | 1941 – present |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Navy |
| Garrison/HQ | Crane, Indiana |
| Motto(s) | "I Work at Crane With Pride.” |
| Commanders | |
| Current<br>commander | Captain Rex Boonyobhas |


title: Riccardoella limacum

abstract: Riccardoella limacum or the white snail mite is a member of the Acari (mite) family which is parasitic primarily on snails. Slug mites are very small, white, and can be seen to move very rapidly over the surface of their host, particularly under the shell rim and near the pulmonary aperture. While once thought to be benign mucophages, more recent studies have shown that they actually subsist on the host's blood, and may bore into the host's body to feed. Studies have shown that this species name has been frequently misapplied to the more widespread Riccardoella oudemansi, the white slug mite. Despite its name, R. limacum is typically a restricted parasite of snails, while R. oudemansi is the common species on slugs, although it occasionally feeds on snails too.

text:
# Riccardoella limacum

***Riccardoella limacum*** or the **white snail mite** is a member of the Acari (mite) family which is parasitic primarily on snails. Slug mites are very small (less than 0.5 mm in length), white, and can be seen to move very rapidly over the surface of their host, particularly under the shell rim and near the pulmonary aperture. While once thought to be benign mucophages, more recent studies have shown that they actually subsist on the host's blood, and may bore into the host's body to feed.

Studies have shown that this species name has been frequently misapplied to the more widespread *Riccardoella oudemansi*, the white slug mite. Despite its name, *R. limacum* is typically a restricted parasite of snails, while *R. oudemansi* is the common species on slugs, although it occasionally feeds on snails too.

## Hosts

Mite infection among gastropod populations varies greatly. Dense gastropod population favors infection; isolated populations may remain uninfected. Older and larger gastropods are more likely to show infection. Mites have been observed to move from host to host when hosts mate, and when gastropods congregate in moist soil and under rocks during the day. It has been shown that mites move preferentially towards fresh mucus when they travel along mucus, enabling them to follow mucus trails to new hosts. Once infected, individual gastropods take longer to mature and show reduced mating, activity, and feeding. Infected slugs and snails lay fewer eggs than uninfected individuals. Infected gastropods also show decreased winter survival rates.

At least 31 species of mollusks are exploited. Common hosts include the following:

Note that, as recent studies show that *R. limacum* is usually limited to snails, this host list deserves revision.

## Taxonomy

The slug mite was first identified in 1710 by entomologist René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur. Three species were subsequently named, though they were synonymized as *Riccardoella limacum* in 1946.

## Life cycle

Slug mites are a one-host mite. It is possible for a mite to be born, live, and die on a single host.

Mites have two sexes. Their five-stage life cycle is as follows: Females lay eggs in the host lung, and then the eggs hatch in 8–12 days as six-legged larva in the lungs of hosts and undergo three nymph stages. The whole life cycle can take place in 20 days under ideal conditions. Eggs do not hatch while the host is hibernating.

## Economic impact and treatment

Slug mites are a concern for commercial and hobbyist breeders of snails; as few as six mites can sicken an individual and make it susceptible to infection by threadworms and bacteria such as *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. Countermeasures include regular washing and introduction of *Hypoaspis miles,* a predatory species of mite which feeds upon slug mites.

## Other sources

* Baur B. and Schupbach H.U. (2008). "Parasitic mites influence fitness components of their host, the land snail arianta arbustrorum". *Invertebrate biology*, 127 (3), 350-356
* Baur A. and Baur B. (2005). "Interpopulation variation in the prevalence and intensity of parasitic mite infection in the land snail Arianta arbustrum". *Invertebrate biology* 124 (3), 194-201

## InfoBox

| *Riccardoella limacum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Trombidiformes |
| Family: | Ereynetidae |
| Genus: | *Riccardoella* |
| Species: | ***R. limacum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Riccardoella limacum***<br>(Schrank, 1776) | |
|


title: History of the Ba'ath Party

text:
# History of the Ba'ath Party

This article details the history of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from its founding in 1947 to its dissolution in the 1960s.

## Early years: 1947–58

The party was founded on 7 April 1947 as the Arab Ba'ath Party by Michel Aflaq (a Christian), Salah al-Din al-Bitar (a Sunni Muslim) and the followers of Zaki al-Arsuzi (an Alawite). The founding congress, the 1st National Congress, was held in Rasheed Coffee Shop, close to what is now the Russian Cultural Centre. While Arsuzi's followers attended the congress, he himself did not. He never forgave Aflaq and Bitar of stealing the name "Ba'ath" from him. While the party remained small during the 1940s, the party together with some recruited Ba'athist military officers participated in the March 1949 coup which toppled President Shukri al-Quwatli. When Husni al-Za'im's rule proved just as repressive as that of Quwatli, the Ba'ath participated in another coup to overthrow the former. While al-Za'im's overthrow led to the reestablishment of democracy, the 1949 elections saw the People's Party (PP) win a majority. The PP sought the establishment of an Iraqi–Syrian monarchical federal union, which Aflaq, strangely enough, supported. However, Akram al-Hawrani, the leader of the Arab Socialist Party, persuaded the Ba'ath Party leadership in supporting a coup led by Adib Shishakli.

While Shishakli was dismissed at the beginning as being a follower of Hawrani, who was appointed Minister of Defense, but in 1952 Shishakli dismissed parliament and initiated a crackdown of the opposition. Aflaq, Bitar and Hawrani, after a short-lived government detention, left Syria for Lebanon. The most significant outcome of this was the merger of Hawrani's Arab Socialist Party with the Arab Ba'ath Party to form the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The merger had been discussed before Shishakli's crackdown of the opposition, but Aflaq had been reluctant. With the general amnesty of October 1953, the Ba'ath leaders returned. Hawrani, after his returned, immediately began planning a coup against Shishakli. In collaboration with the PP and the National Party (NP), and through his contacts in the military, Shishakli was forced to step down in February 1954. The Ba'ath Party became the major beneficiary of Shishakli's downfall, and in the 1954 elections, 90 percent of the Ba'ath Party members who stood for elections were elected to parliament, and it became the third largest party in the country.

The 2nd National Congress convened in June 1954 elected a seven-man National Command (replacing the old Executive Committee), the party's highest organ between National Congresses. Aflaq, Bitar and Hawrani represented the Syrian Regional Branch while Abdullah Rimawi and Abdallah Na'was represented the Jordanese Regional Branch. The modern Ba'ath Party structure was created at the 2nd National Congress by amending the party's Internal Regulations. The Congress officially approved the merger of 1952 of the Arab Ba'ath and the Arab Socialist Party.

The failure of the traditionalist parties (the PP and the NP) to close ranks, strengthened the public image of the Ba'ath Party. When Ba'athist Adnan al-Malki, the deputy chief of staff, was assassinated by Yunis Abd al-Rahim, a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), the Ba'ath Party launched a vehemently anti-SSNP hate-campaigns which "reached hysterical proportions". What followed organized anti-SSNP demonstrations, attacks on the SSNP's party organ *al-Bina*, the sentencing of its party leaders to jail, and the SSNP's dissolution. After this, the traditionalist parties with the Ba'ath Party and the Syrian Communist Party, signed a National Pact which sough the establishment of a unity government. After bickering with the traditionalist parties of the PP and the NP, a unity government was formed led by Sabri al-Asali. Bitar and Khalil Kallas were appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Economics respectively in the new government. The Ba'ath Party, in a position of strength, was then able to force the government to join a proposed federal union with Egypt. This would lead to the establishment of the United Arab Republic (UAR) and the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch.

## United Arab Republic period: 1958–61

On 24 June 1959, Fuad al-Rikabi, the 1st Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch, called a press conference in Beirut, Lebanon in which he condemned the National Command, accusing them of not living up their official pan-Arab principles. According to Rikabi he spoke on the behalf of the Iraqi Regional Command. He further accused them of conspiring against the UAR. The National Command, Rikabi said, had taken over the Iraqi Regional Branch organization by illegal means, and had established a puppet Regional Command. This was confirmed by the National Command, which responded to criticism by stating that Rikabi had left his post as Regional Secretary on 29 November 1959, and that he was unqualified to speak on the party's behalf.

The 3rd National Congress, held 27 August – 1 September 1959, was attended by delegates from "Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, South Arabia, the Gulf, Arab South, Arab Maghreb, Palestine and Party student organisations in Arab and other universities outside the \[Arab\] homeland". The congress endorsed the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch, which had been decided by Aflaq and Bitar in 1958.

The National Command expelled Rimawi from the Ba'ath Party in September 1959, because if his opportunism and his failure to appear in a National Command meeting which was investigation him on charges of financial irregularities. On 6 September 1959 Rimawi and Gharbiyah issued a resolution which declared the National Command resolution null and void, and denied the allegations which had been leveled against Rimawi. In May 1960, Rimawi had established a rival National Command, an organ which would develop into the Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party (ASBP), a pro-UAR party. The Revolutionary Ba'ath Party stopped its activity in either 1962 or 1963. By 1966, the Regional Branch had 1,000 members.

On 2 February 1960 the National Command, in the presence of Rikabi, elected a Temporary Regional Command with Talib Hussein ash-Shabibi as Regional Secretary. Not long after, in July 1960, the 3rd Regional Congress of the Iraqi Regional Branch called on the national leadership to investigate Rikabi. The National Command investigated him in 1960, and expelled him from the party on 15 June 1961. Rikabi was later reported to be a member of the ASBP, and Radio Cairo continued to refer to him as the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch.

The 4th National Congress, held in August 1960, reversed the decision reached at the 3rd National Congress, which supported the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch. It was mainly attended by representatives from the Lebanese Regional Branch. The congress had a strongly anti-Nasserite tendency, and the traditional leadership of Aflaq and Bitar was criticized. The delegates decided to deemphasize pan-Arabism for Marxian interpretation of socialism, and criticized the traditional leadership for entering Syria into the UAR. Discontent with Egyptian dominance of the UAR, led elements opposed to the union under Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi, to seize power on 28 September 1961. Two days later, the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished.

## Ba'ath rule and the 1966 split: 1961–66

The challenges of building a Ba'athist state led to considerable ideological discussion and internal struggle within the party. The Iraqi Regional Branch was increasingly dominated by Ali Salih al-Sadi, now a self-described Marxist, previously anti-communist as of the summer of 1963. He was supported in his ideological reorientation by Hammud al-Shufi, the Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Command, Yasin al-Hafiz, one of the party's few ideological theorists, and by certain members of the secret Military Committee.

The far-left tendency gained control at the party's 6th National Congress of 1963, where hardliners from the dominant Syrian and Iraqi regional parties joined forces to impose a hard left line, calling for "socialist planning", "collective farms run by peasants", "workers' democratic control of the means of production", a party based on workers and peasants, and other demands reflecting a certain emulation of Soviet-style socialism. In a coded attack on Michel Aflaq, the congress also condemned "ideological notability", criticizing his middle-class background, within the party. Aflaq, angry at this transformation of his party, retained a nominal leadership role, but the National Command as a whole came under the control of the radicals.

In 1963 the Ba'ath Party seized power, from then on the Ba'ath functioned as the only officially recognized Syrian political party, but factionalism and splintering within the party led to a succession of governments and new constitutions. On 23 February 1966, a bloody coup d'état led by a more left-wing, radical Ba'athist faction headed by Chief of Staff Salah Jadid, overthrew Aflaq and the Salah al-Din al-Bitar's Government. The coup sprung out of factional rivalry between Jadid's "regionalist" (qutri) camp of the Ba'ath Party, which promoted ambitions for a Greater Syria and the more traditionally pan-Arab, in power faction, called the "nationalist" (qawmi) faction.

Jadid's supporters were seen as more radically left-wing then Aflaq and his peers. Many of Jadid's opponents managed to make their escape and fled to Beirut, Lebanon. Jadid moved the party in a more radical direction, although he and his supporters had not been supporters of the victorious far-left line at the Sixth Party Congress, they had now moved to adopt its positions. The moderate faction, formerly led by Aflaq and al-Bitar, were purged from the party.

In the aftermath of the 1966 coup, the Ba'ath Party split in two; out of it a Damascus-based Ba'ath Party and a Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party were formed, with each maintaining that it was the genuine party and electing a separate National Command to take charge of the international Ba'ath movement. However, both in Iraq and Syria, the Regional Command became the real centre of party power, and the membership of the National Command became a largely honorary position, often the destination of figures being eased out of the leadership. A consequence of the split was that Zaki al-Arsuzi took Aflaq's place as the official father of ba'athist thought in the Damascus-based Ba'ath Party, while the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party still considered Aflaq the *de jure* father of Ba'athist thought.

## Bibliography

Articles & journals Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Arab Ba'ath | 19401947 |
| --- | --- |
| Arab Ba'ath Movement | 19401947 |
| Ba'ath Party | 19471966 |
| Baath Party (pro-Iraqi) | 19682003 |
| Baath Party (pro-Syrian) | 1966present |


title: This Is Africa

abstract: This Is Africa is an English-language bi-monthly business publication owned by the Financial Times and edited in London. It examines African business and politics in a global context. This Is Africa investigates foreign policy towards Africa and tracks the rise of the African consumer. Adrienne Klasa was one of the editors of the magazine. According to the magazine’s 2013 media pack, the readership circulation by job description is 25% Senior Government Officials, 24% Consultants and Intermediaries, 20% C-Suite, 20% Director of Policy and 11% Institutional Investors, while the regional readership breakdown is 25% Africa, 24% Americas, 23% Europe, 18% Asia and 10% Middle East.

text:
# This Is Africa

***This Is Africa*** is an English-language bi-monthly business publication owned by the *Financial Times* and edited in London. It examines African business and politics in a global context. *This Is Africa* investigates foreign policy towards Africa and tracks the rise of the African consumer. Adrienne Klasa was one of the editors of the magazine.

According to the magazine’s 2013 media pack, the readership circulation by job description is 25% Senior Government Officials, 24% Consultants and Intermediaries, 20% C-Suite, 20% Director of Policy and 11% Institutional Investors, while the regional readership breakdown is 25% Africa, 24% Americas, 23% Europe, 18% Asia and 10% Middle East.

## Features

*This Is Africa* focuses primarily on FDI business and political developments that impact on how Africa interacts with the world. It has regular sections on:

| Name | Description |
| --- | --- |
| Legal Bulletin | a record of all the new and upcoming legislation that might impact on business concerns across Africa. |
| Development | a global perspective of development in Africa, including education, agriculture, healthcare and business. |
| Policy | a review of the latest government policy across Africa. |
| Perspectives | opinion pieces and interviews with Kofi Annan, Muhammad Ali Pate, Mo Ibrahim, Gordon Brown, Ban Ki-moon. |
| Reports | a series of in-depth reports conducted with WEF, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA), and the Brookings Institution on themes such as agriculture, development and education. |

## InfoBox

This Is Africa
| Type | Newsmagazine |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Magazine |
| Owner(s) | Pearson plc, via *Financial Times* |
| Headquarters | London, England |
| Circulation | 20,000 |
| Website | www.thisisafricaonline.com |


title: Motherless Brooklyn (soundtrack)

abstract: The soundtrack to the 2019 film Motherless Brooklyn directed by Edward Norton consists of two musical projects released by WaterTower Music. An original soundtrack consisted of jazz compositions and a score album featuring music by Daniel Pemberton. Both the albums were released on October 25, 2019, a week prior to the film's release. An original song "Daily Battles" performed by Thom Yorke and Flea released as a single on August 21.

text:
# Motherless Brooklyn (soundtrack)

The soundtrack to the 2019 film *Motherless Brooklyn* directed by Edward Norton consists of two musical projects released by WaterTower Music. An original soundtrack consisted of jazz compositions and a score album featuring music by Daniel Pemberton. Both the albums were released on October 25, 2019, a week prior to the film's release. An original song "Daily Battles" performed by Thom Yorke and Flea released as a single on August 21.

## Development

> "I was intimidated but intrigued by Ed \[Edward Norton\]'s idea of trying to write a song that felt timeless, from a different era \[...\] \[Like\] a lost musical standard that could fall seamlessly into the hands of a small, *Kind of Blue* Miles Davis jazz ensemble, but at the same time still be me, and still be modern."

— Thom Yorke

Norton sent the film's script to Radiohead singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Thom Yorke on email and asked him to write a song for the film. Two weeks later, he sent him the finished song "Daily Battles" with his Atoms for Peace bandmate Flea performing bass and horns. The song was then arranged by jazz musician Wynton Marsalis as a 1950s ballad with pianist Isaiah J. Thompson, bassist Russell Hall, saxophonist Jerry Weldon and drummer Joe Farnsworth. Marsalis was further asked to perform key horns on particular themes reflecting the characters; he read the score sheets and said "This is just great; you have to let us play over all of it."

After completing the score *Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse* (2018), Pemberton was invited by Norton for a drink at the Chiltern Firehouse in London. During their meeting, Norton referenced Vangelis' score for *Chariots of Fire* (1981) as his and Pemberton's favorite because of its simple classical piano theme underlined at the synthesizers to curate a neo-noir fusion score; Pemberton bought the Yamaha CS-80 synthesizer—which Vangelis used for scoring *Chariots of Fire*—in his first salary. Unlike *Chariots of Fire*, Norton did not want a synthesized score but instead "something that viewed the subject matter from a different angle just like in the same way that *Chariots of Fire* viewed a period English drama from a different angle", they discussed on how they could view *Motherless Brooklyn* apart from a traditional noir score.

Norton described the score as "half Miles Davis half Radiohead"; he wanted a "big, lyrical, thematic jazz score" but also want a dissonance. Pemberton thought of adapting the sounds from the ancient period and layer it with modern instrumental approach with limited musical palette. The score consisted of trumpet, saxophone, double bass, piano, drums, percussions and strings layered with ambient synthesizers. Despite being a complex score, Pemberton wrote the film's music in less than four weeks, composed them within two weeks and recorded it in three days at the Abbey Road Studios in London.

## Release

Yorke's original song "Daily Battles" along with Marsalis' re-arranged jazz ballad version of the song were released for digital download on August 21, 2019 and as a vinyl single on October 4. The soundtrack and Pemberton's score were released through WaterTower Music on October 25, a week ahead of the film's release.

## Reception

A reviewer based at *Film Music Central* wrote "*Motherless Brooklyn* has an interesting soundtrack for sure; Daniel Pemberton left his unique mark on every piece." Another critic from *The Film Scorer* wrote " The score fills the slower moments with life and, like Jerry Goldsmith did in *Chinatown*, serves to remind the viewer that no matter how optimistic things may seem, there’s always something waiting to crush that optimism." Luke Hicks of *Film School Rejects* described it as "a smoky \[...\] jazz score that will undoubtedly outlive the film". Wendy Ide of *The Guardian* wrote "the score, by Daniel Pemberton, is a brassy dive bar grind, all skittish drums and slutty brass."

A. O. Scott of *The New York Times* wrote "The musical score, with its Elmer Bernstein echoes, is by Daniel Pemberton, and is supplemented by Wynton Marsalis’s fresh, precise interpretations of period-appropriate jazz classics." Clarisse Loughrey of *The Independent* described the film's score as "lush and authentic", while *Rolling Stone* critic Peter Travers called it as "evocative". Calling it as one of the best music scores of the year, Pete Hammond of *Deadline Hollywood* stated "smoky and jazzy riffs that are as much a character in the piece as any of the sensational cast Norton has assembled here".

Record producer-composer Quincy Jones, who watched the film at a special screening complemented Pemberton's score, adding that he "can't get my head around the music in that film".

## Track listing

### *Motherless Brooklyn (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)*

| No. | Title | Artist(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Woman In Blue" |  | 6:03 |
| 2. | "Daily Battles" |  | 2:53 |
| 3. | "Relaxing With Lee" |  | 2:48 |
| 4. | "Round About Midnight" | Babs Gonzales | 3:38 |
| 5. | "Blues Walk" |  | 2:56 |
| 6. | "Daily Battles" | * Marsalis * Farnsworth * Hall * J. Thompson * Weldon | 3:24 |
| 7. | "Jump Monk" | * Marsalis * Farnsworth * Hall * J. Thompson * Weldon | 4:01 |
| 8. | "Delilah" | * Marsalis * Farnsworth * Hall * J. Thompson * Weldon | 5:05 |
| 9. | "On a Misty Night" | * Marsalis * Farnsworth * Hall * J. Thompson * Weldon | 5:35 |
| 10. | "Motherless Brooklyn Theme" | * Marsalis * Jones III * Norris * J. Thompson * Nash * Pemberton | 3:40 |
| Total length: | | | 40:03 |

| Motherless Brooklyn (Original Motion Picture Score) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Film score by Daniel Pemberton | |
| Released | October 25, 2019 |
| Genre | Film score |
| Length | 65:57 |
| Label | WaterTower Music |
| Producer | Daniel Pemberton |
|  | |
| Daniel Pemberton chronology | |
| *Yesterday*
(2019) ***Motherless Brooklyn***
(2019) *Birds of Prey*
(2020) | |
|  | |

### *Motherless Brooklyn (Original Motion Picture Score)*

| No. | Title | Artist(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tyrannous" |  | 3:11 |
| 2. | "Sharp on the Line" |  | 3:45 |
| 3. | "Fire It Up" |  | 4:01 |
| 4. | "Emergency Room" |  | 2:49 |
| 5. | "Motherless Home" |  | 1:13 |
| 6. | "No Wisdom" |  | 4:00 |
| 7. | "The Woman in the Photo" |  | 1:11 |
| 8. | "Plaza Speech" |  | 4:07 |
| 9. | "Borough Authority" |  | 2:24 |
| 10. | "Woman In Blue" |  | 3:23 |
| 11. | "Brother" |  | 3:31 |
| 12. | "Red Rooster" |  | 1:29 |
| 13. | "Motherless Brooklyn" |  | 4:41 |
| 14. | "Something Not Telling" |  | 2:53 |
| 15. | "In or Out" |  | 4:36 |
| 16. | "Penn Station" |  | 3:19 |
| 17. | "Across Harlem" |  | 5:50 |
| 18. | "Close, The Right Information" |  | 2:05 |
| 19. | "Motherless County" |  | 1:26 |
| 20. | "Woman In Blue" (end credits) | * Marsalis * Jones III * Norris * J. Thompson * Nash | 6:03 |
| Total length: | | | 65:57 |

## Chart performance

| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC) | 49 |

## Accolades

Accolades received by *Motherless Brooklyn* (film)
| Award | Date of ceremony | Category | Recipient(s) | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Golden Globe Awards | January 5, 2020 | Best Original Score | Daniel Pemberton | Nominated |

 |
| Hollywood Music in Media Awards | November 20, 2019 | Best Original Score – Feature Film | Daniel Pemberton | Nominated |  |
| | Best Original Song – Feature Film | "Daily Battles" by Thom Yorke and Flea | Nominated | |
| International Film Music Critics Association | February 20, 2020 | Best Original Score for a Drama Film | Daniel Pemberton | Nominated |
 |
| London Film Critics' Circle | January 30, 2020 | Technical Achievement of the Year | Daniel Pemberton (music) | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Motherless Brooklyn (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by various artists | |
| Released | October 25, 2019 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 40:03 |
| Label | WaterTower Music |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Motherless Brooklyn (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)* | |
| 1. "Daily Battles"
Released: August 21, 2019 | |
|  | |


title: Garzê County

abstract: Garzê County or Kardze County, called Ganzi County in Chinese, is one of the 18 subdivisions of the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, in northwestern Sichuan province, China. The Yalong River passes just south of the town Garzê, also known as Ganzi, the capital town of the county, which has some 16,920 inhabitants (2010), many of them ethnic Tibetans, and is famous for its Tibetan lamasery. Historically, it is part of the Tibetan cultural region of Kham and now defunct province of Xikang. It lies on the northern section of the Sichuan-Tibet Highway.

text:
# Garzê County

| Garzê County | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 甘孜县 |
| Traditional Chinese | 甘孜縣 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Gānzī Xiàn | |
| Tibetan name | |
| Tibetan | དཀར་མཛེས་རྫོང་། |
| Transcriptions  Wylie dkar mdzes rdzong  Tibetan Pinyin Garzê Zong | |
|  | |

**Garzê County** or **Kardze County** (Tibetan: དཀར་མཛེས་རྫོང་།, Wylie: *dkar mdzes rdzong*), called **Ganzi County** in Chinese (Chinese: 甘孜县; pinyin: *Gānzī xiàn*), is one of the 18 subdivisions of the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, in northwestern Sichuan province, China. The Yalong River passes just south of the town Garzê, also known as Ganzi, the capital town of the county, which has some 16,920 inhabitants (2010), many of them ethnic Tibetans, and is famous for its Tibetan lamasery. Historically, it is part of the Tibetan cultural region of Kham and now defunct province of Xikang (or Sikang). It lies on the northern section of the Sichuan-Tibet Highway.

## Geography and climate

Due to its elevation, Garzê County has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen *Dwb*) and subarctic climate, with cold but very dry winters, and warm summers with frequent rain. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −3.9 °C (25.0 °F) in January to 14.2 °C (57.6 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 5.93 °C (42.7 °F). Over two-thirds of the annual precipitation of 646 mm (25.4 in) occurs from June thru September. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 49% in July to 74% in November and December, the county seat receives abundant, outside of summer, sunshine, totalling 2,620 hours annually. The diurnal temperature variation is large, averaging 14.5 °C (26.1 °F) annually.

| Climate data for Garzê County, elevation 3,394 m (11,135 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.7
(69.3) | 20.6
(69.1) | 25.3
(77.5) | 27.0
(80.6) | 28.9
(84.0) | 30.5
(86.9) | 29.7
(85.5) | 29.6
(85.3) | 28.0
(82.4) | 25.9
(78.6) | 21.3
(70.3) | 18.2
(64.8) | 30.5
(86.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.3
(43.3) | 8.7
(47.7) | 11.6
(52.9) | 15.1
(59.2) | 18.7
(65.7) | 20.5
(68.9) | 21.6
(70.9) | 21.8
(71.2) | 19.8
(67.6) | 15.1
(59.2) | 10.6
(51.1) | 6.9
(44.4) | 14.7
(58.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.5
(25.7) | −0.4
(31.3) | 3.2
(37.8) | 6.9
(44.4) | 10.9
(51.6) | 13.4
(56.1) | 14.5
(58.1) | 14.2
(57.6) | 11.8
(53.2) | 6.9
(44.4) | 0.9
(33.6) | −3.2
(26.2) | 6.3
(43.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −10.5
(13.1) | −7.2
(19.0) | −3.3
(26.1) | 0.3
(32.5) | 4.5
(40.1) | 8.1
(46.6) | 9.3
(48.7) | 8.8
(47.8) | 6.7
(44.1) | 1.5
(34.7) | −5.4
(22.3) | −10.0
(14.0) | 0.2
(32.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −26.5
(−15.7) | −22.6
(−8.7) | −16.4
(2.5) | −9.6
(14.7) | −4.1
(24.6) | −2.4
(27.7) | 0.7
(33.3) | −1.1
(30.0) | −2.0
(28.4) | −9.2
(15.4) | −21.4
(−6.5) | −26.0
(−14.8) | −26.5
(−15.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5.0
(0.20) | 9.9
(0.39) | 20.9
(0.82) | 36.4
(1.43) | 79.0
(3.11) | 139.3
(5.48) | 121.0
(4.76) | 94.8
(3.73) | 104.4
(4.11) | 52.1
(2.05) | 10.3
(0.41) | 3.4
(0.13) | 676.5
(26.62) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.8 | 5.6 | 8.8 | 13.4 | 18.2 | 22.7 | 20.8 | 18.2 | 18.4 | 13.6 | 4.8 | 2.7 | 151 |
| Average snowy days | 5.4 | 7.9 | 11.0 | 8.3 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 49.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 42 | 43 | 46 | 51 | 55 | 65 | 68 | 67 | 68 | 64 | 53 | 47 | 56 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 215.3 | 195.0 | 215.5 | 212.8 | 223.5 | 197.8 | 200.6 | 198.9 | 204.2 | 213.7 | 229.7 | 232.6 | 2,539.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 67 | 62 | 58 | 54 | 52 | 47 | 47 | 49 | 56 | 61 | 73 | 74 | 58 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: Weather China | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Administrative divisions

Garzê County is divided into 3 towns and 18 townships:

| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Tibetan | Wylie | Administrative division code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Towns** | | | | | | |
| Garzê Town
(Ganzi) | 甘孜镇 | *Gānzī Zhèn* | དཀར་མཛེས་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *dkar mdzes grong rdal* | 513328100 |
| Calung Town
(Chalong) | 查龙镇 | *Chálóng Zhèn* | ཚྭ་ལུང་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *tshwa lung grong rdal* | 513328101 |
| Dainma Town
(Laima) | 来马镇 | *Láimǎ Zhèn* | འདན་མ་གྲོང་རྡལ། | *'dan ma grong rdal* | 513328102 |
| **Townships** | | | | | | |
| Garrag Township
(Gala) | 呷拉乡 | *Gālā Xiāng* | དཀར་རགས་ཤང་། | *dkar rags shang* | 513328200 |
| Sêrqudêng Township
(Sexidi) | 色西底乡 | *Sèxīdǐ Xiāng* | གསེར་ཆུ་སྟེང་ཤང་། | *gser chu steng shang* | 513328201 |
| Dando Township
(Nanduo) | 南多乡 | *Nánduō Xiāng* | མདའ་མདོ་ཤང་། | *mda' mdo shang* | 513328202 |
| Sêrkar Township
(Shengkang) | 生康乡 | *Shēngkāng Xiāng* | གསེར་མཁར་ཤང་། | *gser mkhar shang* | 513328203 |
| Konglam Township
(Kolam, Gonglong) | 贡隆乡 | *Gònglóng Xiāng* | གོང་ལམ་ཤང་། | *gong lam shang* | 513328204 |
| Zakog Township
(Zhake) | 扎科乡 | *Zhākē Xiāng* | རྫ་ཁོག་ཤང་། | *rdza khog shang* | 513328205 |
| Qêsêr Township
(Xise) | 昔色乡 | *Xīsè Xiāng* | བྱེ་གསེར་ཤང་། | *bye gser shang* | 513328207 |
| Kargang Township
(Kagong) | 卡攻乡 | *Kǎgōng Xiāng* | མཁར་སྒང་ཤང་། | *mkhar sgang shang* | 513328208 |
| Ringo Township
(Renguo) | 仁果乡 | *Rénguǒ Xiāng* | རི་མགོ་ཤང་། | *ri mgo shang* | 513328209 |
| Doba Township
(Tuoba) | 拖坝乡 | *Tuōbà Xiāng* | ལྟོ་པ་ཤང་། | *lto pa shang* | 513328210 |
| Tingka Township | 庭卡乡 | *Tíngkǎ Xiāng* | ཐིང་ཁ་ཤང་། | *thing kha shang* | 513328212 |
| Xarqog Township
(Xiaxiong) | 下雄乡 | *Xiàxióng Xiāng* | ཤར་ཕྱོགས་ཤང་། | *shar phyogs shang* | 513328213 |
| Sitangda Township
(Sitongda) | 四通达乡 | *Sìtōngdá Xiāng* | ཟི་ཐང་མདའ་ཤང་། | *zi thang mda' shang* | 513328214 |
| Dotog Township
(Dodi, Duodu) | 夺多乡 | *Duóduō Xiāng* | རྡོ་ཐོག་ཤང་། | *rdo thog shang* | 513328215 |
| Nyikog Township
(Nike) | 泥柯乡 | *Níkē Xiāng* | ཉི་ཁོག་ཤང་། | *nyi khog shang* | 513328216 |
| Caza Township
(Chazha) | 茶扎乡 | *Cházhā Xiāng* | ཚ་རྩྭ་ཤང་། | *tsha rtswa shang* | 513328217 |
| Dadoi Township
(Dade) | 大德乡 | *Dàdé Xiāng* | ཟླ་སྟོད་ཤང་། | *zla stod shang* | 513328218 |
| Kyaglung Township
(Karlung, Kalong) | 卡龙乡 | *Kǎlóng Xiāng* | འཁྱགས་ལུང་ཤང་། | *'khyags lung shang* | 513328219 |
|

## Transport

## InfoBox

| Garzê County 甘孜县དཀར་མཛེས་རྫོང་།Kardze, Ganzi | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| View of Garzê Town | |
| Location of Garzê County (red) within Garzê Prefecture (yellow) and Sichuan | |
| Garzê CountyLocation of the seat in SichuanGarzê CountyGarzê County (China) | |
| Coordinates: 31°37′23″N 100°00′04″E / 31.623°N 100.001°E / 31.623; 100.001 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Sichuan |
| Autonomous prefecture | Garzê |
| County seat | Garzê Town |
| Area | |
| Total | 7,364 km2 (2,843 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 5,688 m (18,661 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 3,325 m (10,909 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 72,698 |
| Density | 9.9/km2 (26/sq mi) |
| Postal code | 624000 |
| Website | www.ganzi.gov.cn |


title: Hindenburg-class airship

abstract: The two Hindenburg-class airships were hydrogen-filled, passenger-carrying rigid airships built in Germany in the 1930s and named in honor of Paul von Hindenburg. They were the last such aircraft to be constructed, and in terms of their length, height, and volume, the largest aircraft ever built. During the 1930s, airships like the Hindenburg class were widely considered the future of air travel, and the lead ship of the class, LZ 129 Hindenburg, established a regular transatlantic service. The airship's destruction in a highly publicized accident was the end of these expectations. The second ship, LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin, was never operated on a regular passenger service, and was scrapped in 1940 along with its namesake predecessor, the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin, by order of Hermann Göring.

text:
# Hindenburg-class airship

The two ***Hindenburg*-class airships** were hydrogen-filled, passenger-carrying rigid airships built in Germany in the 1930s and named in honor of Paul von Hindenburg. They were the last such aircraft to be constructed, and in terms of their length, height, and volume, the largest aircraft ever built. During the 1930s, airships like the *Hindenburg* class were widely considered the future of air travel, and the lead ship of the class, LZ 129 *Hindenburg*, established a regular transatlantic service. The airship's destruction in a highly publicized accident was the end of these expectations. The second ship, LZ 130 *Graf Zeppelin*, was never operated on a regular passenger service, and was scrapped in 1940 along with its namesake predecessor, the LZ 127 *Graf Zeppelin*, by order of Hermann Göring.

## Design and development

The *Hindenburg* class were built entirely from duralumin. The leader of the design team was Ludwig Dürr, who had overseen the design of all Zeppelins except LZ-1 (on which he was a crew member), under the overall direction of Hugo Eckener, the head of the company. They were 245 m (804 ft) long and 41 m (135 ft) in diameter. The previous largest civilian airship, with a length of 237 m (777 ft) and a width of 40 m (130 ft), was the British R101, which was completed in 1929. The U.S. Navy's *Akron* and *Macon* were 239 m (785 ft) long and 44 m (144 ft) wide.

The design originally called for cabins for 50 passengers and a crew complement of 40.

Construction of the first ship, LZ 129, later named *Hindenburg*, began in 1931, but was suddenly stopped when Luftschiffbau Zeppelin went bankrupt. This led Eckener to make a deal with the Nazi Party, which had come to power in 1933. He needed money to build the airship; in return he agreed to display the swastika on the fins. Construction resumed in 1935. The keel of the second ship, LZ 130 *Graf Zeppelin* was laid on June 23, 1936, and the cells were inflated with hydrogen on August 15, 1938. As the second Zeppelin to carry the name *Graf Zeppelin* (after the LZ 127), it is often referred to as *Graf Zeppelin II*.

The duralumin frame was covered by cotton cloth varnished with iron oxide and cellulose acetate butyrate impregnated with aluminium powder. The aluminium was added to reflect both ultraviolet, which damaged the fabric, and infrared light, which caused heating of the gas. This was an innovation that was first used on the LZ 126, which was provided as war reparations to the United States and served as the USS *Los Angeles* (ZR-3) from 1924 until decommissioned in 1933.

The structure was held together by many large rings, 15 of which were gas cell boundaries which formed bulkheads. These bulkheads were braced by steel wires which connected up into the axial catwalk. The longitudinal duralumin girders connected all the rings together and formed "panels". The 16 gas cells were made of cotton and a gas-tight material. On *Graf Zeppelin*, the cells were lightened and one was made of lightweight silk instead of cotton.

Hydrogen was vented out through valves on the top of the ship. These valves could be controlled both manually and automatically. The axial catwalk was added across the center of the ship to provide access to the gas valves. A keel catwalk provided access to the crew quarters and the engines. Alongside the keel were water ballast and fuel tanks. The tail fins of the airship were over 30 m (100 ft) in length, and were held together with a cross-like structure. The lower tail fin also had an auxiliary control room in case the controls in the gondola malfunctioned.

*Hindenburg* was powered by four reversible 890 kW (1,190 hp) Daimler-Benz diesel engines which gave the airship a maximum speed of 135 km/h (84 mph). Although the *Graf Zeppelin* had the same engine car design in its early stages of construction, the pods were later completely redesigned to power tractor propellers. The engines had a water recovery system which captured water from exhaust of the engines to replace ballast jettisoned during flight.

To reduce drag, the passenger rooms were contained entirely within the hull, rather than in the gondola as on the LZ 127 *Graf Zeppelin*, on two decks. The upper deck, "A", contained the passenger quarters, public areas, a dining room, a lounge, and a writing room. The lower deck, "B", contained washrooms, a mess hall for the crew, and a smoking lounge. Long slanted windows ran the length of both decks. The passenger decks were redesigned for *Graf Zeppelin*; the restaurant was moved to the middle of the quarters and the promenade windows were half a panel lower.

### Lift gas

*Hindenburg* was originally designed for helium, heavier than hydrogen but nonflammable. In the 1920s the United States possessed a monopoly on the production of helium, obtained as a byproduct of natural gas production. The U.S. Congress banned its export under the Helium Act of 1925 in an effort to conserve helium for use in U.S. Navy airships. Eckener expected this ban to be lifted, but to save helium the design was modified to have double gas cells (an inner hydrogen cell protected by an outer helium cell). The ban remained however, so the engineers used only hydrogen despite its extreme flammability. It held 200,000 cubic metres (7,062,000 cu ft) of gas in 16 bags or cells with a useful lift of approximately 232 t (511,000 lb). This provided a margin above the 215 t (474,000 lb) average gross weight of the ship with fuel, equipment, 10,000 kg (22,000 lb) of mail and cargo, about 90 passengers and crew and their luggage.

The Germans had extensive experience with hydrogen as a lifting gas. Accidental hydrogen fires had never occurred on civilian Zeppelins, so the switch from helium to hydrogen did not cause much concern. Hydrogen also increased lift by about 8%. After the *Hindenburg* disaster Eckener vowed to never use hydrogen again in a passenger airship. He planned to use helium for the second ship and went to Washington, D.C., to personally lobby President Roosevelt, who promised to supply the helium only for peaceful purposes. After Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes refused to supply the gas, and the *Graf Zeppelin II* was also filled with hydrogen.

## Operational history

### LZ 129 *Hindenburg*

*Hindenburg* made her first flight on 4 March 1936, but before commencing its intended role as a passenger liner, was put to use for propaganda purposes by the Nazi government. Together with LZ 127 *Graf Zeppelin*, it spent four days dropping leaflets, playing music, and making radio broadcasts in the lead up to the March 29 plebiscite mandating Hitler's Chancellorship and remilitarization of the Rhineland.

Commercial services commenced on 31 March 1936 with the first of seven round trips to Rio de Janeiro that *Hindenburg* was to make during her first passenger season. Together with ten round trips to New York City, *Hindenburg* covered 308,323 km (191,583 mi) that year with 2,798 passengers and 160 tons of freight and mail.

Following refurbishment during the winter, *Hindenburg* set out on her first flight to North America for the 1937 season (she had already made one return trip to South America in 1937) on 3 May, bound for New York. This flight would end in tragedy with *Hindenburg* being utterly consumed by fire as it prepared to dock at NAS Lakehurst in New Jersey.

### LZ 130 *Graf Zeppelin II*

By the time the *Graf Zeppelin II* was completed, it was obvious that the ship would never serve its intended purpose as a passenger liner; the lack of a supply of inert helium was one cause. The ship was christened and made her first flight on September 14, 1938, making a circuit from Friedrichshafen to München, Augsburg, Ulm, and back. The total distance covered was 925 km (575 mi). The *Graf Zeppelin II* made a total of thirty flights, mainly spy missions for the Luftwaffe.

### Scrapping

In April 1940, Hermann Göring issued the order to scrap both *Graf Zeppelins* and the unfinished framework of LZ 131, since the metal was needed for the construction of airplanes. By April 27, work crews had finished cutting up the airships. On May 6, the enormous airship hangars in Frankfurt were leveled by explosives, three years to the day after the destruction of the *Hindenburg*.

## Specifications

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** ca. 40
* **Capacity:** ca. 50 passengers for LZ-129 (later upgraded to 72), 40 passengers for LZ-130
* **Length:** 245.3 m (803 ft 10 in)
* **Diameter:** 41.2 m (135 ft 0 in)
* **Volume:** 200,000 m3 (7,100,000 cu ft)
* **Useful lift:** 232,000 kg (511,000 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 4 × Daimler-Benz DB 602 16-cylinder diesel engines , 735 kW (1,100 hp) each

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 131 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)

* Sammt, Albert. 1988. *Mein Leben für den Zeppelin*, Verlag Pestalozzi Kinderdorf Wahlwies 1988, ISBN 3-921583-02-0 \- pages 167-168 extract covering LZ 130's spying trip from 2 to 4 August 1939, (German) (pdf)

## InfoBox

| *Hindenburg* class | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Hindenburg* at NAS Lakehurst | |
| Role | Passenger airship |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Luftschiffbau Zeppelin |
| Designer | Ludwig Dürr |
| First flight | March 4, 1936 (LZ 129) September 14, 1938 (LZ 130) |
| Retired | 1937 (LZ 129) 1939 (LZ 130) |
| Status | Crashed at Lakehurst, New Jersey (LZ 129); Scrapped (LZ 130)) |
| Primary user | Deutsche Zeppelin-Reederei |
| Number built | 2 |


title: Vokesimurex sobrinus

abstract: Vokesimurex sobrinus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Vokesimurex sobrinus

***Vokesimurex sobrinus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 37 mm and 77 mm.

The ovate shell has an acute spire. It contains seven convex whorls. These are longitudinally nodosely plicate and transversely lirate with three varices. The shell is very spiny, with two sharp hooked spines. The aperture is almost round. The siphonal canal is straight, closed and very produced. It is spiny at the base. There are two red-brown bands on the body whorl, and the end of the long straight beak is variegated with the same colour.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan, Korea and China.

* Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp.
* Houart R. (2014). *Living Muricidae of the world. Muricinae. Murex, Promurex, Haustellum, Bolinus, Vokesimurex and Siratus.* Harxheim: ConchBooks. 197 pp.

* "*Vokesimurex sobrinus*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Vokesimurex sobrinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Vokesimurex sobrinus* (museum specimen at Naturalis Biodiversity Center) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Muricinae |
| Genus: | *Vokesimurex* |
| Species: | ***V. sobrinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vokesimurex sobrinus***<br>(A. Adams, 1863) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Haustellum sobrinus* (A. Adams, 1863) * *Murex sobrinus* A. Adams, 1863 (original combination) | |


title: Jamelaa (TV series)

abstract: Jamelaa (ஜமீலா) is a 2022 Indian-Tamil-language family drama television series airing on Colors Tamil. The series stars Tanvi Rao and Ajay. It premiered on Colors Tamil on 10 October 2022, and ended on 12 January 2023 with 70 episodes. It is available for streaming in select markets on Voot. The show is produced by Rayane Mithun under Radaan Mediaworks. The series is set in an Islamic background as a new venture in the world of Tamil serials.

text:
# Jamelaa (TV series)

***Jamelaa*** (ஜமீலா) is a 2022 Indian-Tamil-language family drama television series airing on Colors Tamil. The series stars Tanvi Rao and Ajay. It premiered on Colors Tamil on 10 October 2022, and ended on 12 January 2023 with 70 episodes. It is available for streaming in select markets on Voot. The show is produced by Rayane Mithun under Radaan Mediaworks.

The series is set in an Islamic background as a new venture in the world of Tamil serials.

## Cast

### Main cast

* Tanvi Rao as Jamelaa
* Ajay as Ananda Kannan a.k.a. AK

### Recurring cast

* Gowtham Sundararajan as Hanifa: Jamelaa's Father
* Aishwarya Bhaskaran as Saleema: Jamelaa's Mother
* Basha as Sikandar
* Hema as Jannat
* Sharvan as Dr. Nawaz
* Sonia as Dr. Mumtaz
* Shriram as Saddam
* Harishmitha as Nargis
* Preetha Suresh as Keerthi
* S. N. Parvathy as Gandhimathi
* Ravi Chandran as Ravi
* Poovilangu Mohan as Dakshinamurthy: AK's Father
* Meera Krishnan / Anitha Venkat as Maragatham: AK's Mother
* VJ Lekha as RJ Kanmani
* Kia as RJ Rbbas
* Caroline Hiltrud as Laila
* Dheeraj Vishnu Rathnam as Kasim

## Production

### Casting

Newcomer Kannada television actress Tanvi Rao was cast in the female lead role as Jamelaa. Newcomer Ajay portrayed male lead role AK. Gowtham Sundararajan was cast as Hanifa. Aishwarya portrayed Saleema. Poovilangu Mohan was cast as AK's father Dakshinamurthy. Meera Krishnan was selected to play AK's mother Maragatham.

### Development

At the end of May end 2022, Colors Tamil confirmed through a press release that it would distribute a new Tamil Muslim series, to be produced by Rayane R Mithun under Radaan Mediaworks. It was scheduled to premiere on 22 August 2022, but due to some issues, the series went on air on 10 October 2022.

## Music

The Drama soundtrack was composed by Rizwan, with lyrics by "Ayyo Saami" Fame Pottuvil Asmin.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ulage Puthithai" | Pottuvil Asmin | Jerril Shaji | 02.27 |
| 2. | "Meharuba Meharuba" | Pottuvil Asmin | Jerrill Shaji | 02.17 |
| 3. | "Kaaltheeram" | Pottuvil Asmin | Jerrill Shaji | 03.10 |
| Total length: | | | | 8.03 |

### Release

The first promo was unveiled on 14 July 2022. In the series' opening shot, a Muslim woman stands wearing a burqa. Only her eyes are visible. The title of the series in Arabic style was released as "Jameela." The second promo was unveiled on 28 August 2022, featuring Jamelaa's face and revealing the release date. The third song promo was unveiled on 4 September 2022, featuring Jameela and her family. The fourth promo was unveiled on 22 September 2022, featuring AK and Jamelaa meeting.

## InfoBox

| *Jamelaa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original title | *ஜமீலா* |
|  | |
| Genre | Family
Drama |
| Written by | Aiswaryan Siddique |
| Directed by | Asif Kuraishi |
| Creative director | Radikaa Sarathkumar |
| Starring | * Tanvi Rao * Ajay |
| Composer | Rizwan |
| Country of origin | India |
| Original language | Tamil |
| No. of episodes | 70 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Rayane R Mithun |
| Editors | K.Bharath Kumar
K.Pandydurai |
| Camera setup | Single-camera |
| Running time | approx.20-22 minutes per episode |
| Production company | Radaan Mediaworks |
| Original release | |
| Network | Colors Tamil |
| Release | 10 October 2022 (2022-10-10)
12 January 2023 (2023-01-12) |


title: Healy, Alaska

abstract: Healy is a census-designated place (CDP) and the borough seat of Denali Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. The population was 966 at the time of the 2020 census, down from 1,021 in 2010.

text:
# Healy, Alaska

**Healy** is a census-designated place (CDP) and the borough seat of Denali Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. The population was 966 at the time of the 2020 census, down from 1,021 in 2010.

## History

The history of Healy is intertwined with that of coal mining and construction of the Alaska Railroad, which both began in the area in 1918 and 1919 respectively.

Healy was originally named Healy Fork after the Healy River. The Healy River was named after Capt. John J. Healy, manager of the North American Trading and Transportation Company.

## Geography

Healy is located at 63°58′15″N 149°7′37″W / 63.97083°N 149.12694°W / 63.97083; -149.12694 (63.970833, -149.126944). The George Parks Highway (Alaska Route 3) runs through the community, leading south 18 miles (29 km) to Denali Park and north 56 miles (90 km) to Nenana.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Healy CDP has a total area of 687.2 square miles (1,779.8 km2), of which 687.0 square miles (1,779.2 km2) is land and 0.19 square miles (0.5 km2), or 0.03%, is water. By area, it is the second-largest CDP in the United States, exceeded by only Willow, Alaska.

## Climate

As is typical of the Alaska Interior, Healy experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen *Dfc*) with very long, bitterly cold winters and short, warm summers, and straddles the border between USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 2 and 3, indicating the coldest temperature of the year is typically around −40 °F (−40 °C). Average temperatures are below freezing from early October to mid-April, though occasionally chinook winds will push temperatures up to 45 °F (7.2 °C) even in the depths of winter.

| Climate data for Healy, Alaska (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1976–2017) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 52
(11) | 59
(15) | 64
(18) | 69
(21) | 85
(29) | 93
(34) | 90
(32) | 90
(32) | 74
(23) | 71
(22) | 54
(12) | 51
(11) | 93
(34) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 40.6
(4.8) | 45.9
(7.7) | 46.3
(7.9) | 60.1
(15.6) | 73.2
(22.9) | 82.6
(28.1) | 82.0
(27.8) | 77.2
(25.1) | 66.8
(19.3) | 55.4
(13.0) | 43.3
(6.3) | 40.5
(4.7) | 85.1
(29.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 8.0
(−13.3) | 18.3
(−7.6) | 23.6
(−4.7) | 41.0
(5.0) | 55.9
(13.3) | 66.5
(19.2) | 67.3
(19.6) | 61.7
(16.5) | 50.8
(10.4) | 33.0
(0.6) | 15.8
(−9.0) | 11.6
(−11.3) | 37.8
(3.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | −0.4
(−18.0) | 8.3
(−13.2) | 12.6
(−10.8) | 31.3
(−0.4) | 45.4
(7.4) | 55.5
(13.1) | 58.0
(14.4) | 52.9
(11.6) | 42.7
(5.9) | 25.5
(−3.6) | 8.3
(−13.2) | 2.7
(−16.3) | 28.6
(−1.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −8.8
(−22.7) | −1.6
(−18.7) | 1.7
(−16.8) | 21.6
(−5.8) | 34.9
(1.6) | 44.5
(6.9) | 48.6
(9.2) | 44.1
(6.7) | 34.6
(1.4) | 18.0
(−7.8) | 0.8
(−17.3) | −6.1
(−21.2) | 19.4
(−7.0) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −37.9
(−38.8) | −28.8
(−33.8) | −22.4
(−30.2) | −1.0
(−18.3) | 21.0
(−6.1) | 33.9
(1.1) | 41.1
(5.1) | 31.8
(−0.1) | 17.9
(−7.8) | −2.7
(−19.3) | −20.1
(−28.9) | −29.9
(−34.4) | −40.0
(−40.0) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −56
(−49) | −51
(−46) | −40
(−40) | −25
(−32) | 4
(−16) | 27
(−3) | 32
(0) | 20
(−7) | −2
(−19) | −20
(−29) | −41
(−41) | −44
(−42) | −56
(−49) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.53
(13) | 0.67
(17) | 0.36
(9.1) | 0.62
(16) | 0.87
(22) | 2.48
(63) | 3.04
(77) | 2.75
(70) | 1.57
(40) | 0.95
(24) | 0.70
(18) | 0.84
(21) | 15.38
(390.1) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 10.9
(28) | 7.6
(19) | 8.3
(21) | 4.7
(12) | 1.4
(3.6) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 1.3
(3.3) | 12.1
(31) | 15.1
(38) | 14.8
(38) | 76.2
(193.9) |
| Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 14.9
(38) | 15.3
(39) | 14.6
(37) | 12.2
(31) | 2.6
(6.6) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 1.8
(4.6) | 9.4
(24) | 12.5
(32) | 14.8
(38) | 20.9
(53) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.3 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 6.7 | 11.5 | 13.7 | 13.2 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 8.7 | 104.9 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 6.8 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 6.2 | 8.4 | 7.4 | 41.9 |
| Source: NOAA (snow depth 19812010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Economy

Usibelli Coal Mine, Golden Valley Electric Association, the Denali Borough School District, and the National Park Service are the major employers in Healy. Proximity to Denali National Park & Preserve supports local RV parks, hotels, restaurants, bed and breakfast, and other small businesses. The Denali Chamber of Commerce represents the economic interests of Healy and the Denali Borough, Alaska. The 24 MW Eva Creek Wind Farm opened in 2013, 12 miles north of Healy.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 36 |  |  |
| 1940 | 46 |  | 27.8% |
| 1950 | 102 |  | 121.7% |
| 1960 | 67 |  | −34.3% |
| 1970 | 79 |  | 17.9% |
| 1980 | 334 |  | 322.8% |
| 1990 | 487 |  | 45.8% |
| 2000 | 1,000 |  | 105.3% |
| 2010 | 1,021 |  | 2.1% |
| 2020 | 966 |  | −5.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Healy first appeared on the 1930 U.S. Census as the unincorporated community of "Healey Fork." In 1940, it appeared as Healy Fork. It was shortened to \*Healy beginning in 1950. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) in 1980.

* Note there was also another locale named "Healey (Healy) Village" on the 1930 & 1940 U.S. Censuses (with a population of 16 and 77, respectively). It was stated that this place was located in the Fairbanks Recording District rather than Nenana (where then Healy Fork was located). It is unclear whether this was a geographic error on the census and both places were located at or around Healy Fork and merged in 1950, or if the former was a native village on or near present-day Healy Lake (within Southeast Fairbanks Census Area).

At the 2000 census there were 1,000 people, 436 households, and 245 families in the CDP. The population density was 1.5 people per square mile (0.58 people/km2). There were 604 housing units at an average density of 0.9 units per square mile (0.35 units/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.20% White, 0.30% Black or African American, 2.30% Native American, 1.90% Asian, 0.70% Pacific Islander, 0.80% from other races, and 3.80% from two or more races. 2.00%. were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 436 households 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 3.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.6% were non-families. 37.6% of households were one person and 0.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.12.

The age distribution was 27.4% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 30.6% from 45 to 64, and 2.2% 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 132.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 142.8 males.

The median household income was $60,000 and the median family income was $77,806. Males had a median income of $65,729 versus $30,227 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,225. About 2.5% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Education

K-12 students attend Tri-Valley School, operated by the Denali Borough School District. The district is headquartered in Healy.

## The Magic "Supertramp" Bus

Just outside of Healy, (Approximately 6 miles) near the Stampede Trail, the bus that Christopher McCandless, a.k.a. Alexander (Alex) Supertramp occupied during his "Great Alaskan Adventure". The Fairbanks City Transit bus 142 has been an extremely sought after treasure and has ultimately lead to the deaths of two people after Chris in 1992. The bus has since been airlifted out of Healy and transported to the University Campus in Fairbanks, AK. (Antonette, 2021)

## InfoBox

| Healy, Alaska | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Healy from Parks Highway | |
| Location in Denali Borough and the state of Alaska. | |
| Coordinates: 63°58′15″N 149°7′37″W / 63.97083°N 149.12694°W / 63.97083; -149.12694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Denali |
| Named for | John Healy |
| Government | |
| Borough mayor | Clay Walker |
| State senator | Mike Shower () |
| State rep. | Kevin McCabe (R) |
| Area | |
| Total | 687.17 sq mi (1,779.75 km2) |
| Land | 686.96 sq mi (1,779.23 km2) |
| Water | 0.20 sq mi (0.53 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,342 ft (409 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 966 |
| Density | 1.41/sq mi (0.54/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−9 (Alaska (AKST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−8 (AKDT) |
| ZIP code | 99743 |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-32150 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1403275 |


title: Riccarton, East Ayrshire

abstract: Riccarton is a village and parish in East Ayrshire, Scotland. It lies across the River Irvine from Kilmarnock, this river forming the boundary between Riccarton and Kilmarnock parishes, and also between the historical districts of Kyle and Cunningham. The name is a corruption of 'Richard's town', traditionally said to refer to Richard Wallace, the uncle of Sir William Wallace. The parish also contains the village of Hurlford.

text:
# Riccarton, East Ayrshire

**Riccarton** is a village and parish in East Ayrshire, Scotland. It lies across the River Irvine from Kilmarnock, this river forming the boundary between Riccarton and Kilmarnock parishes, and also between the historical districts of Kyle and Cunningham. The name is a corruption of 'Richard's town', traditionally said to refer to Richard Wallace, the uncle of Sir William Wallace. The parish also contains the village of Hurlford.

## History

The village became a Burgh of Barony in 1638, but its civic powers were never exercised. Riccarton is also sometimes called Ellerslie. In 1875 Riccarton had a population of 1889, but by 1951 that had increased to between 7000 and 8000; many of whom were employed at the Glenfield Works in Kilmarnock.

Riccarton has effectively been absorbed into Kilmarnock, partly through the growth of council housing estates at Shortlees, Witchknowe and Burnpark, and later by the improvements to the A71 (T) road, the building of which, together with associated interchanges, effectively made the old village centre into a large traffic island.

### The Barony of Riccarton

The ancient 109 merkland barony included 54 separate landholdings, including the coalheughs of Riccarton and all the buildings, orchards, woods, mills, and fishings (salmon and others). Riccarton and Shaws mill were included. Also the £17 lands of Kaimshill, Auchindinane and Hunthall, oddly also the £5 land of Elderslie in Renfrewshire, the 4 merklands of Inchgotrig and the 2 merklands of Holme.

### The churches

A pre-reformation Riccarton parish church stood in the centre of the old burial ground; first noted, as a chapel, in 1229, sub-ordinate to the church of Dundonald. It was granted by Walter, High Steward of Scotland, to the short-lived independent Gilbertine convent of Dalmulin. This convent was dissolved in 1238, and the 'chapel' given to the monastery of Paisley, becoming the parish church, which still belonged to the monks. The last patrons were the Cuninghames of Caprington, whose impressive memorial still stands; some of the Campbells of Treesbank are also interred here.

The old cemetery has a number of interesting pre-reformation style gravestones, ornamented with scenes of men ploughing with oxen, one with a bodkin, shears and iron, another with millstones, wheels, and other gearing, and even a few with Garden of Eden scenes. The oldest discernible stone is marked 1641. Unfortunately many are very worn and heraldic devices, etc. can no longer be made out with any certainty.

From the presbytery records it would appear to have been rebuilt in 1725. It was replaced by the present church (at NS 4282 3639) in 1823, which was built on the old Judgement or Moot hill of the barony of Riccarton. Of the old church in the small churchyard nearby, nothing now remains above ground, the stones being used to build a single story house close to the old bridge.

The manse no longer exists, however it had a claim to significance in that it had a mantelpiece in its kitchen which came from the dining room of Riccarton castle.

#### Sawney Moodie

Alexander Moodie (1728–1799) was the Auld-Licht Protestant minister of Riccarton lampooned by Robert Burns. Burns has him preaching with hell-fire roaring, enough to send the Devil himself back to his hot hell in fright. He was educated at Glasgow University and starting his ministry at Culross in 1759. He was buried in the Riccarton churchyard, but the present church wasn't built until 1823.

Alexander had a hyperactive and deafening preaching style. Burns also references him in the *Holy Fair* with :

This was followed by a lampooning in "*The Kirk's Alarm*" where his swarthy complexion earned him the title of *Singet Sawnie*. Burns wrote The Holy Tulzie in 1784 in response to a verbally violent dispute over parish boundaries between Alexander Moodie and the John Russel, minister of Kilmarnock's High Kirk.

### Local worthies and eccentrics

Gilbert de Grimsby was born at Riccarton and would have known William Wallace during his childhood. Gilbert's Scots nickname was 'Jop' and as a man of great stature and generally impressive appearance he was chosen by Edward I to carry the sacred banner of Saint John of Beverley at the head of the English army at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296 after voluntarily joining the English army. He had served under Edward in Flanders and Picardy and had been selected as a pursuivant or herald. On hearing of William Wallace's insurrection Gilbert deserted Edward and joined William's rebellion, bringing invaluable intelligence about the English army and being rewarded with the position of standard-bearer.

The Rev. Alexander Moodie, minister of the parish, is buried in the old cemetery. Robbie Burns mentions him in *The Holy Fair*.

Sandy McCrone was a blind fiddler who is remembered for having climbed to the top of the new church when the scaffolding was still in place and placed a potato on the beak of the weathercock.

William Stevenson was a local beggar who came from Dunlop. About 1787 he separated from his wife and made the unusual pledge that if either of them were to make an attempt at reconciliation then that person was to pay the other a £100; a considerable sum in those times. When he died it was found that he was worth around nine hundred pounds. He set aside money for all the beggars in Ayrshire to come and see his body lying in state and then enjoy a great feast in his honour.

Sir James Shaw, Bart., a Lord Mayor of London was born at Mosshead farm on the Treesbank estate in 1764. His statue now stands outside the Dick Institute in Kilmarnock. Sir James endeared himself to Scotland by the active part which he took in raising money in London for the widow and children of Robbie Burns.

### The Seat of Judgement

The present 1823 parish church of Riccarton stands on a mound which is partly natural and partly artificial and which was formerly called "Seat of Judgement", having been a court or moot hill where justice was administered by the old baron court of Riccarton. Paterson in 1863 called it the "Moat." Soil from the foundations of the new church on the old moot hill was used to fill up part of the river bed when its course was changed at East Shaw Street, and this area though north of the Irvine still lies in Riccarton parish. Witchknowe is an area of Riccarton named after a low hill. No definite site for the 'Gallow's hill' associated with the Moot hill has been identified and this is a candidate, together with the 'Castle hill.'

The 'Castle Hill' in 1895 was a round-topped mound with an oval base close to Damhead House. It was 26 paces in its longest diameter at the base, 15 feet (4.6 m) high on one side and 4-foot-6-inch (1.37 m) on the other. It was covered with trees and had a seat and a path to the top.

### Riccarton Castle and the Sir William Wallace connection

The name Wallace was spelled in various ways, such as 'Waleys', 'Walensis', 'Walays', etc. The family were the barons of Riccarton and it is said that Wallace's father was born here. Some go so far as to suggest that William Wallace himself was born in Riccarton. After his murder of Selby, Governor of Dundee, William Wallace first sought refuge in Riccarton castle; another time being after he had revenged his uncle's death at the Barns of Ayr.

A little below the watermeetings of the Irvine and the Kilmarnock Water took place a pivotal incident in 1297 which led to the Scottish Nation regaining its independence following what was effectively its conquest by Edward I of England.

Sir William Wallace was fishing on the Irvine at Monksholm also Maxholm farm, about half a mile to the west of old Riccarton castle, when a troop of English soldiers dismounted and demanded that he give up his catch. He offered to share, but this was refused and he was grossly insulted by the soldiers for his temerity. He had no weapons, however he used his fishing rod to disarm one soldier and then killed him with his own sword. He similarly dispatched two others and the remaining soldiers then fled. The Bickering Bush commemorated the site of the incident until the 19th century.

He went to his uncle's castle, the nearby **Riccarton castle** and took on the disguise of a woman working at her spinning-wheel, thereby eluding the vengeful English troops. In the following months an uprising slowly gained impetus through the example of one unarmed Scotsman killing three armed soldiers. A thorn tree called the "*Bickering Bush*" stood nearby and its site is marked on the 1860 OS map and a public house by that name used to stand in Riccarton, although another still exists in Bonnyton, Kilmarnock.

John Wallace of Riccarton married the heiress of Craigie Castle and this became the principal residence, the old castle being allowed to fall into ruins. In 1875 all that remained of the castle was some stately trees, including a pear tree supposedly planted by William Wallace.

### Death at Riccarton's Nether ford

At the **Nether Ford** on the Irvine near Riccarton, Robert the Bruce in 1307 sent Sir James Douglas to intercept the English soldiers commanded by Sir Philip de Mowbray. The English were ambushed as they crossed the ford on the Irvine and sixty lay dead before the survivors fled.

### Riccarton old bridge

Riccarton Bridge is an 18th-century 3-span, segmental arched bridge, with dressed stone arch rings, rubble spandrels and triangular cutwaters. The bridge was widened in 1806. The first recorded wheeled vehicles to be used in Ayrshire were carts offered gratis to labourers working on Riccarton Bridge, Kilmarnock, in 1726, and even then some of the labourers refused them. The 1860 OS map shows that stepping stones crossed the River Irvine just upstream of the old bridge and just before the confluence of the Kilmarnock water with the river Irvine. The 'New' Riccarton Bridge lies just downstream and dates from 1839 and was also widened.

### The Toll Road

Riccarton parish was often in dispute with the Kilmarnock to Cumnock committee over the payment of so-called 'conversion' money for the Toll Road maintenance. Even after recourse to law the committee still failed to obtain any money from Riccarton and Galston parishes.

### Riccarton mill and cottages

At Map reference: NS 4463 3701 lies the old Riccarton mill with its associated cottages. The mill wheel has gone and the building has been converted into a private house. One miller was named Goudie and his son was likewise a miller in Alloway until he took a lease on Burns's Cottage and ran it as a pub.

### Riccarton Institute

John Galloway, Esq., of Barleith and Dollars Collieries built an institute in New Street Riccarton for the use of the working-men in the locality. The building still survives as a Community Centre run by East Ayrshire Council.

### Riccarton and Craigie railway station

The village had a railway station by this name on the Gatehead and Hurlford branch of the Glasgow and South Western Railway. Part of the line remains open to supply a petrol depot in Kilmarnock. The remains of the station were extant until the new Kilmarnock bypass removed all traces. It was a goods only station (no passengers) as the line never had a publicly advertised passenger service. It is listed in 1929 as 'Riccarton and Craigie' by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, one of the stations which the company conveyed goods to. It closed officially on 5 July 1965, originally just called Riccarton and renamed in 1905.

### Bellfield Estate

This grand Georgian mansion and its 240 acres (0.97 km2) of woodlands and gardens, including a notable rock garden, were given to Kilmarnock by the Misses Buchanan, Elizabeth, Jane and Margaret, in around 1879. The ladies were the daughters of George Buchanan, a Glasgow merchant. Bellfield housing scheme borders it.

The Buchanan Bequest was donated by the Buchanan Family from Bellfield House. It contains only 100 titles, from the original 1,500 books donated, dating from 1759 to 1856; these can be found in the Ayrshire Collection at the Dick Institute. The Museum Service also has a number of items, including those on history, biographies, dictionaries, reference works, periodicals, general literature, poetry & theology, industry, agriculture & natural history, travel, topography & illustrated works.

In the 1900s Walls recalled that *the Bellfield Park, adjoining, the beauty and beneficience of which touches every heart. Here flowers and plants are grown to perfection and every shrubbery cultivated and tree pruned to a nicety.*

The house was demolished in 1970, much of the land was used for building council housing and the remainder is now used as a public park and playing fields.

## Water courses

The Simon's burn runs down from near High Coodham, through the grounds of Treesbank House and then runs underground through the village and finally enters the Irvine. The Todgrige burn runs from near Muirmill Equestrian centre to join the Irvine at the Caprington Castle estate. Ainslie's map of 1821 shows a loch near Earlston, with a farm named Lochside.

## Coal and limestone mining

Coal existed in great abundance and was mined from a very early date. Anthracite or blind coal was chiefly mined and limestone was quarried for use as a 'manure' on the fields as well as for making mortar.

## Whitehill Loch

Whitehill or Hillhouse loch was located in a glacial kettle-hole above Whitehill Farm and although largely drained by the early 18th century it was used a curling site in the 19th century. A dwelling, now demolished, called Lochouse sat on the loch's outflow into the Little Sorn Burn.

## Micro-history

In 1848 James Young from the farm or small holding at Knowehead was murdered near Fortacres Farm by James McWheelan. He was killed whilst returning to the farm after a visit to his parents and family at Knowehead.

Riccarton is also a locality to the south-west of Edinburgh, the site of Heriot-Watt University's main campus

Riccarton Junction railway station was on the Waverley Route line built by the North British Railway. It closed in 1969.

Mr & Mrs. Campbell from Treesbank attended the Eglinton Tournament of 1839.

The 'Peace and Plenty' was a tavern on the road to Ayr near Treesbank, sitting amongst a group of cottages. The pub and cottages have long gone, however the name remains. The publican was famous for providing a free kebbuck of cheese and a scone with lunchtime pints; a custom that was quite prevalent in various parts of Scotland and England up until the 1914-1918 war.

Temple Riccarton, Temple Croft, and Temple Easter Knowhead were parts of the Lainshaw, Kirkwood, and Bridgehouse Estate. The estate had rights of peat extraction from Riccarton Moss.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Riccarton | |
| --- | --- |
| RiccartonLocation within East Ayrshire | |
| OS grid reference | NS434349 |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | KILMARNOCK |
| Postcode district | KA |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
| Website | http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/ |
|