title: Honor (band)

abstract: Honor was a Polish Rock Against Communism (RAC) band. Their lyrical themes are related to national socialism, neopaganism and the white power skinhead movement. Until 1999, the band played typical RAC, and then moved to pagan metal music. In January 2002, vocalist Mariusz Szczerski was arrested for spreading neo-Nazism and antisemitism. After his death from a car accident in 2005, the band stopped playing. The band reformed in 2015 and has played since, albeit in the previous RAC style. Honor is on the Anti-Defamation League List of Hate Music Groups.

text:
# Honor (band)

**Honor** was a Polish Rock Against Communism (RAC) band. Their lyrical themes are related to national socialism, neopaganism and the white power skinhead movement. Until 1999, the band played typical RAC, and then moved to pagan metal music. In January 2002, vocalist Mariusz Szczerski was arrested for spreading neo-Nazism and antisemitism. After his death from a car accident in 2005, the band stopped playing. The band reformed in 2015 and has played since, albeit in the previous RAC style. Honor is on the Anti-Defamation League List of Hate Music Groups.

## Former members

* Olaf Jasiński – guitar, bass
* Mariusz "Szczery" Szczerski – vocals
* Piotr Marcinowski – drums
* Janusz Filipowski – drums
* Karol Cegliński – bass

### Session musicians

* Robert "Rob Darken" Fudali – keyboards
* Paweł "Stormblast" Pietrzak – drums during shows
* Zyklon – bass during shows

## Discography

| Year | Title | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | Biały Front | Album |
| 1992 | Cena Idei | Album |
| 1993 | Urodzony Białym | Album |
| 1993 | W dzień triumfu nad złem | Album |
| 1994 | Oi! Dla Ojczyzny Vol.1 | Compilation |
| 1994 | Stal zemsty | Album |
| 1995 | Droga bez odwrotu | Album |
| 1995 | Skinheads | Compilation |
| 1998 | Ogień ostatniej bitwy | Album |
| 1999 | To Survive for Victory 1989-1999 Vol. 1 | Album |
| 1999 | To Survive for Victory 1989-1999 Vol. 2 | Album |
| 2000 | W płomieniach wschodzącej siły | Album |
| 2000 | Raiders of Revenge | Collaborative |
| 2001 | Day of the Rope Vol.1 | Compilation |
| 2001 | For All White Nationalists | Collaborative |
| 2001 | Honor | EP |
| 2001 | W dzień triumfu nad złem | Reedition |
| 2002 | Głos Słowiańskiej Dumy vol.1 | Album |
| 2002 | In the Flames of Rising Power | Album |
| 2004 | Urodzony Białym | Reedition |
| 2004 | The Fire of the Final Battle | Reedition |
| 2006 | Live Unplugged | Live |
| 2007 | Na szubienicę / Sanhedryn | Single |
| 2009 | Dwadzieścia lat pod sztandarem Orła 1989–2009 | Album |
| 2010 | 20.01.1991 | Live |
| 2011 | Urodzony w dzień triumfu | Compilation |
| 2012 | Przetrwać by zwyciężyć 1989-1999 | Compilation |
| 2014 | Biały front - White Deluxe | Album |
| 2016 | Impuls '89 | Album |
| 2020 | 1989-2019 | Box set |


title: Penderyn distillery

abstract: Penderyn is a Welsh whisky distillery and brand, producing the first commercially available whisky made in Wales since the 19th century. Produced at the Penderyn Distillery, Penderyn is a single malt whisky produced in several expressions, e.g. Madeira Finish, Peated, Sherrywood and Portwood. The distillery also produces the Dragon range comprising Legend, Myth and Celt (Peated).

text:
# Penderyn distillery

**Penderyn** is a Welsh whisky distillery and brand, producing the first commercially available whisky made in Wales since the 19th century. Produced at the **Penderyn Distillery** (the **Welsh Whisky Company**), Penderyn is a single malt whisky produced in several expressions, e.g. Madeira Finish, Peated, Sherrywood and Portwood.

The distillery also produces the Dragon range comprising Legend (Madeira finish), Myth (Bourbon finish) and Celt (Peated).

## Background and products

It is distilled in the village of Penderyn, Rhondda Cynon Taf, in the Cynon Valley, from which the brand takes its name.

The company was launched in 2000 as the Welsh Whisky Company. Whisky had been distilled in Wales for hundreds of years, but stopped in 1894. Penderyn became the first whisky to be manufactured in Wales for over a century when sales started in 2004.

The Penderyn Distillery also produces non-Whisky products: Merlyn Cream Liqueur, Five Vodka and Brecon Gin. Brecon Gin was awarded "Gold Best in Class" at the International Wines & Spirits Competition in 2011.

Penderyn Distillery is situated in the Brecon Beacons National Park and sells internationally to markets such as Taiwan, Australia, France and USA. The company opened up a visitors centre in June 2008, with Charles, then Prince of Wales leading the proceedings. The visitors centre now sees more than 35,000 visitors per annum.

In May 2020 plans for a new distillery in Llandudno were approved. The new Lloyd Street Distillery opened on 17 May 2021, called the Penderyn Llandudno Lloyd St Distillery on the site of the former Llandudno Board School, later known as Lloyd Street School.

A third distillery called Swansea Copperworks was opened in June 2023 in Swansea near Hafod Copperworks.

51°45′51″N 3°31′16″W / 51.76417°N 3.52111°W / 51.76417; -3.52111 (Penderyn Distillery)

## InfoBox

Penderyn (whisky)
| Exterior of the distillery, 2014 | |
| --- | --- |
| Region: Wales | |
| Location | Penderyn, Rhondda Cynon Taf |
| Founded | 2000 |
| Status | Active |
| Water source | The Brecon Beacons National Park |
| Capacity | 700,000 litres |
| Website | www.penderyn.wales |
| Penderyn Madeira | |
| Type | Single Malt |
| Cask type(s) | Bourbon, Madeira |
| ABV | 46 |
| Penderyn Sherrywood | |
| Type | Single Malt |
| Cask type(s) | Bourbon, Sherrywood |
| ABV | 46 |
| Penderyn Peated | |
| Type | Single Malt |
| Cask type(s) | Bourbon, Peated |
| ABV | 46 |


title: Kyazanga

abstract: Kyazanga is a town council in the Lwengo District of the Central Region of Uganda.

text:
# Kyazanga

**Kyazanga** is a town council in the Lwengo District of the Central Region of Uganda.

## Location

Kyazanga is approximately 48 kilometres (30 mi), by road, west of Masaka on the all-weather highway between Masaka and Mbarara. The coordinates of the town are 0°23'11.0"S, 31°19'07.0"E (Latitude:-0.386389; Longitude:31.318611).

## Climate

The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical wet and dry (As).

| Climate data for Kyazanga (altitude: 1300m) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.5
(81.5) | 27.6
(81.7) | 27.1
(80.8) | 26.1
(79.0) | 25.6
(78.1) | 26.1
(79.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.6
(79.9) | 26.4
(79.5) | 26
(79) | 26.4
(79.5) | 26.5
(79.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.2
(70.2) | 21.4
(70.5) | 21.3
(70.3) | 20.8
(69.4) | 20.3
(68.5) | 20.1
(68.2) | 19.9
(67.8) | 20.1
(68.2) | 20.6
(69.1) | 20.7
(69.3) | 20.6
(69.1) | 20.6
(69.1) | 20.6
(69.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.9
(58.8) | 15.2
(59.4) | 15.5
(59.9) | 15.6
(60.1) | 15.1
(59.2) | 14.1
(57.4) | 13.5
(56.3) | 14
(57) | 14.6
(58.3) | 15.1
(59.2) | 15.3
(59.5) | 14.8
(58.6) | 14.8
(58.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48
(1.9) | 52
(2.0) | 97
(3.8) | 124
(4.9) | 90
(3.5) | 20
(0.8) | 18
(0.7) | 49
(1.9) | 81
(3.2) | 93
(3.7) | 106
(4.2) | 69
(2.7) | 847
(33.3) |
| Source: *Climate-Data.org* | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| Climate data for Kyazanga (altitude: 1241m) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.7
(81.9) | 27.9
(82.2) | 27.4
(81.3) | 26.5
(79.7) | 26
(79) | 26.4
(79.5) | 26.7
(80.1) | 26.7
(80.1) | 26.9
(80.4) | 26.8
(80.2) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.7
(80.1) | 26.8
(80.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.3
(70.3) | 21.6
(70.9) | 21.5
(70.7) | 21.2
(70.2) | 20.6
(69.1) | 20.3
(68.5) | 20.2
(68.4) | 20.4
(68.7) | 20.8
(69.4) | 21.1
(70.0) | 20.9
(69.6) | 20.9
(69.6) | 20.9
(69.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15
(59) | 15.4
(59.7) | 15.7
(60.3) | 15.9
(60.6) | 15.3
(59.5) | 14.3
(57.7) | 13.7
(56.7) | 14.2
(57.6) | 14.8
(58.6) | 15.4
(59.7) | 15.6
(60.1) | 15.1
(59.2) | 15.0
(59.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48
(1.9) | 53
(2.1) | 96
(3.8) | 123
(4.8) | 89
(3.5) | 19
(0.7) | 18
(0.7) | 48
(1.9) | 81
(3.2) | 92
(3.6) | 105
(4.1) | 68
(2.7) | 840
(33) |
| Source: *Climate-Data.org* | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Population

The 2014 national population census put he population of Kyazanga at 15,531.

## Points of interest

The following additional points of interest lie within the town limits or near its edges:

* offices of Kyazanga Town Council
* Kyazanga central market (Includes Kyazanga Farmers' Cooperative Society Ltd).
* Masaka-Mbarara Highway, passing through the center of the town, in an east to west direction.

00°23′11″S 31°19′07″E / 0.38639°S 31.31861°E / -0.38639; 31.31861

## InfoBox

| Kyazanga | |
| --- | --- |
| KyazangaMap of Uganda showing the location of Kyazanga | |
| Coordinates: 00°23′11″S 31°19′07″E / 0.38639°S 31.31861°E / -0.38639; 31.31861 | |
| Country | Uganda |
| Region | Central Region of Uganda |
| District | Lwengo District |
| Elevation | 1,300 m (4,300 ft) |
| Population (2014 Census) | |
| Total | 15,531 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Tolatecan languages

abstract: Tolatecan is a proposal by Campbell and Oltrogge (1980) linking two language families of Mesoamerica, Tequistlatecan and Tol/Jicaque languages of Honduras. Later, Campbell (1997) said that Tolatecan is not likely to be a valid language family.

text:
# Tolatecan languages

**Tolatecan** is a proposal by Campbell and Oltrogge (1980) linking two language families of Mesoamerica, Tequistlatecan (Chontal of Oaxaca) and Tol/Jicaque languages of Honduras. Later, Campbell (1997) said that Tolatecan is not likely to be a valid language family.

## Vocabulary

Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Proto-Jicaque and the Tequistlatecan languages.

| gloss | Proto-Jicaque | Huamelultec | Highland Chontal | Tequistlatec |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| head | \*ha(y)pʰuk | hwaj | ƚiWak | fa |
| hair | \*¢ʼil | hwak’ | ƚaWak | fah |
| eye |  | a’u | ƚiʔi | ’uh |
| ear | \*pʰa¢ʼ | as’mas | lišʔmas |  |
| nose | \*mik | ’nał | ƚiʔnat | ’nali |
| tooth | \*wis | a’ay’ | lihaʔ | ai’ |
| tongue | \*pelam | pał | ƚipaƚ | pala |
| mouth | \*mɨy-pʰini(h); \*lala | ak’o | likó | ko |
| hand | \*mas ? | mane’ | ƚimane |  |
| foot | \*tek 'leg' | a’miš | liʔmi¢ |  |
| breast |  | tyuwe | latuwe | pare |
| meat | \*pis | išik’ | lišik’ | ci’ |
| blood | \*kʼas | hwac’ | ƚaWa¢’ | fas |
| bone | \*kʰele | ekał | lekaƚ |  |
| person | \*yom | akwe’ | kal šans |  |
| name |  | puftyiñe | ƚaftine |  |
| dog | \*¢ʰiyo(h) | milya’ | kal ¢iki | tsigi |
| fish | \*kʰul | atyu’ | ƚatu | tu’u |
| louse | \*tɨtʼ | aykwix | ƚaykwi |  |
| tree | \*yo(h) | ’ex | al ʔek |  |
| leaf |  | ipela | lipela | pela |
| flower |  | ipa’ | lipaʔ | pipi |
| water | \*sɨ(tʰ) | axa’ | lahaʔ | xa |
| fire | \*kʼawa | unkwa’ | ƚuŋa | ngwa |
| stone | \*pe(h) | apix | ƚapik | pih |
| earth | \*(a)ma(h) | amac’ | ƚama¢’ |  |
| salt | \*¢olim | u’we | ƚoʔwe | weh |
| road |  | ane’ | lane | ne |
| eat | \*la ? | sago’ma | lihaʔ 'food' | te, tes |
| die | \*pɨʔ ? | ma’ma | timá | ma |
| I | \*nap ? | iya’ | iyaʔ | ya |
| you | \*hip | ima’ | imaʔ | ma |

## InfoBox

| Tolatecan | |
| --- | --- |
| (abandoned) | |
| Geographic<br>distribution | Mesoamerica |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions |  |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | *None* |
|  | |


title: Hometown International

abstract: Hometown International was an American holding company, best known for operating Your Hometown Deli, a delicatessen in Paulsboro, New Jersey. It attracted attention in 2021 for having a market capitalization of over US$100 million despite the deli having annual sales of only about $25,000. The company changed its name to Makamer Holdings after merging with Makamer, a bioplastics startup, although the stock continues to trade as Hometown International, Inc. The deli closed on June 19, 2022. A former chairman and others associated with the company were charged in September 2022 in relation to their work for Hometown International with conspiracy to commit securities fraud, securities fraud, conspiracy to manipulate securities prices, and other offenses.

text:
# Hometown International

**Hometown International** (Expert Market: HWIN) was an American holding company, best known for operating **Your Hometown Deli**, a delicatessen in Paulsboro, New Jersey. It attracted attention in 2021 for having a market capitalization of over US$100 million despite the deli having annual sales of only about $25,000. The company changed its name to **Makamer Holdings** after merging with Makamer, a bioplastics startup, although the stock continues to trade as Hometown International, Inc. The deli closed on June 19, 2022.

A former chairman and others associated with the company were charged in September 2022 in relation to their work for Hometown International with conspiracy to commit securities fraud, securities fraud, conspiracy to manipulate securities prices, and other offenses.

## Stock market listing

When Hometown intended to go public in 2015, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) had warned Hometown that it believed that the company was a shell company. Hometown's leadership objected, stating that it was operating a delicatessen and that it was investing in food preparation and service.

In a letter to clients published in April 2021, hedge fund manager David Einhorn remarked that retail investors were at risk from inflated valuations of publicly traded companies. Hometown International, whose stock had started trading in 2019, had sales of only $35,748 in the past two years combined, yet it had a market capitalization of over $100 million. Einhorn wrote, "The largest shareholder is also the CEO/CFO/Treasurer and a Director, who also happens to be the wrestling coach of the high school next door to the deli. The pastrami must be amazing."

On April 22, 2021, the OTC Markets Group delisted Hometown's stock from its OTCQB market "for not complying with the rules" and marked it as CE, for caveat emptor. The OTC placed a skull and crossbones icon next to Hometown's stock symbol as a warning that investors should exercise care before investing in a stock marked CE.

## Corporate governance

Paul Morina, the principal of Paulsboro High School and head coach of its wrestling team, owned 19% of Hometown's outstanding shares in April 2021, making his stake worth $20.5 million on paper. Morina was Hometown's CEO, CFO, and treasurer; he was not compensated for his work in these roles. The only other employee of the holding company was Christine Lindenmuth, a math teacher at Paulsboro High School who did not own any shares of Hometown. Lindenmuth served as vice president and secretary of Hometown International, which did not pay her any compensation. According to an SEC filing dated May 12, 2021, shareholders of Hometown International voted to fire Morina and Lindenmuth. The filing did not indicate a reason for why shareholders called for the vote.

Peter Coker Jr., based in Hong Kong, was chairman of Hometown International. His father, Peter Coker Sr., was a major shareholder in Hometown. The elder Coker and several of his associates have been accused of and sued for many crimes, including fraud, campaign finance violations, and prostitution. In June 2021, *New York* magazine's *Intelligencer* blog noted that Hometown's disclosures reveal "an incestuous web of connections across various shell companies, or quasi-shell companies, with little to no revenue". For example, in February 2021, Hometown had lent $150,000 to an unsuccessful vacation company whose investors also included Peter Coker Sr.

*The New York Times Magazine* reported in June 2021 that Manoj Jain, co-chief investment officer at Hong Kong-based hedge fund Maso Capital Partners, was intending to find a company worth under $500 million to engage in a reverse takeover with Hometown International. The tactic is similar to that used by special-purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) who typically acquire more valuable firms. Peter Coker Jr. had approached Maso and convinced the firm to invest $2.5 million in Hometown.

## Food offerings

After Einhorn's letter to investors spread widely, several journalists visited Your Hometown Deli to evaluate its food. *The New Yorker* enlisted Ron Ferreira, a 40-year veteran of the Italian food industry in New Jersey, to evaluate four of Your Hometown Deli's sandwiches. Ferreira gave them largely positive reviews. At a time when Hometown International's market cap was about $2 billion, Ferreira estimated that the deli was worth no more than $50,000. Ben Gilbert of *Insider* visited the deli at about 2:00 PM on a Tuesday, when he was the only customer. Gilbert bought a cheesesteak and praised its quality and its low price, although he noted that the deli's building "looks more suited for a VFW outpost than a food establishment". A senior reporter at *Philadelphia* magazine found that the food was a good value for its cost, although he felt that the location was unremarkable. When he was visiting, four police officers were outside the deli to deter journalists and photographers from accosting customers.

## Merger

On March 31, 2022, Hometown International announced that it would merge with Makamer, a bioplastics start-up based in Los Angeles. The merged company is called Makamer Holdings. Although Hometown's market cap was $109.2 million at the time of the merger, a CNBC reporter wrote that it "is not likely, at all, that the shareholders will receive the current value of the share price". Prior to the merger, the last two trading days for Hometown with any nonzero volume had been March 8, 2022, and December 31, 2021, each with a volume of 100 shares.

Your Hometown Deli closed on June 19, 2022. Makamer Holdings sold its inventory on July 1 and sold the deli business on August 9, according to a regulatory filing. As of August 22, its phone number was not in service.

## Criminal charges

On September 26, 2022, federal authorities announced 12 criminal charges against James Patten, Peter Coker Sr., and Peter Coker Jr., related to their work for Hometown International and another corporation, E-Waste Corp. The charges include conspiracy to commit securities fraud, securities fraud, and conspiracy to manipulate securities prices. Patten was also charged with wire fraud, money laundering, and securities manipulation. Patten and the elder Coker were arrested and appeared in a North Carolina court where they pleaded not guilty. The younger Coker was arrested in Thalang district, Phuket province, Thailand on January 11, 2023.

James Patten pleaded guilty to securities fraud and conspiracy to commit securities fraud on December 20, 2023. Sentencing is scheduled for April 23, 2024.


title: Verneur Edmund Pratt

abstract: Verneur Edmund Pratt was an American entrepreneur and inventor. Pratt started his career working in sales at Sears, Roebuck, and Company. In 1924 Pratt published a book entitled Selling by Mail: Principles and Practice. He started a company called the Sales Guild Company. In the 1920s he ran a small advertising company called Pratt and Lindsey out of 461 Eighth Avenue in New York. During this time period Pratt lived in a house now known as the Keeler-Pratt house in the Silvermine area of Norwalk, Connecticut. His laboratory and studio was the 1876 carriage barn on the property. By the 1930s Pratt was also renting an apartment in the building at 102 Bedford Street in New York's Greenwich Village. Pratt invented the Optigraph an early microfilm reader. This development led to the formation of the International Filmbook company to manufacture and sell microfilm reading equipment. An innovative approach to film reading was the use of cassettes that allowed for rotating the view of the film. Unfortunately, the expense of this innovation led to the bankruptcy of International Filmbook. Along with Edmund C. Pratt Verneur was awarded United States Patent 2999477 for a fire alarm. Edmund Pratt and the estate of Verneur Pratt were also assigned United States Patent 3388245 for a Multicolor lighting apparatus.

text:
# Verneur Edmund Pratt

**Verneur Edmund Pratt** was an American entrepreneur and inventor. Pratt started his career working in sales at Sears, Roebuck, and Company. In 1924 Pratt published a book entitled *Selling by Mail: Principles and Practice*. He started a company called the Sales Guild Company. In the 1920s he ran a small advertising company called Pratt and Lindsey out of 461 Eighth Avenue in New York. During this time period Pratt lived in a house now known as the Keeler-Pratt house in the Silvermine area of Norwalk, Connecticut. His laboratory and studio was the 1876 carriage barn on the property. By the 1930s Pratt was also renting an apartment in the building at 102 Bedford Street in New York's Greenwich Village.

Pratt invented the *Optigraph* an early microfilm reader. This development led to the formation of the International Filmbook company to manufacture and sell microfilm reading equipment. An innovative approach to film reading was the use of cassettes that allowed for rotating the view of the film. Unfortunately, the expense of this innovation led to the bankruptcy of International Filmbook.

Along with Edmund C. Pratt Verneur was awarded United States Patent 2999477 for a fire alarm (September 12, 1961). Edmund Pratt and the estate of Verneur Pratt were also assigned United States Patent 3388245 (invention attributed to Donald R. Larsen) for a *Multicolor lighting apparatus* (July 11, 1968).


title: General Thomas James

abstract: Thomas James (1782–1847) was a trapper and hunter who took part in the expedition with the Missouri Fur Company that was contracted by Meriwether Lewis to safeguard the Mandan Chief Shehaka back to his tribe up the Missouri River. During the expedition he traded with Indians and hunted Beaver in the Rocky Mountains. James was also enlisted with the Illinois militia and held command over the spy battalion during the Black Hawk War.

text:
# General Thomas James

**Thomas James** (1782–1847) was a trapper and hunter who took part in the expedition with the Missouri Fur Company that was contracted by Meriwether Lewis to safeguard the Mandan Chief Shehaka back to his tribe up the Missouri River. During the expedition he traded with Indians and hunted Beaver in the Rocky Mountains. James was also enlisted with the Illinois militia and held command over the spy battalion during the Black Hawk War.

## Early life and career

Thomas James was of Welsh descent, born in Maryland in 1782. His father was Joseph Austin James and his mother was Elizabeth Hosten. In 1803, the family went in search of a new home in the West, living in various locations at Kentucky, and Illinois, until reaching Missouri in 1807 near Florissant.

During this time, Lewis and Clark returned from their expedition, bringing with them the Mandan Indian Chief Shehaka from the Upper Missouri to visit the "Great Father" at Washington City. When Lewis was appointed Governor of Missouri Territory, he sent Chief Shehaka up the Missouri with an escort of about 40 United States troops under the command of Captain Prior. On their arrival to the country of Rickarees, a warlike Indian tribe attacked the Mandans and killed eight or ten soldiers while the rest retreated with Shehaka to St. Louis. With the formation of the Missouri Fur Company, an expedition was proposed to head up the Missouri and into the Rocky Mountains during Spring of 1809. Governor Lewis contracted with the company to convey the Mandan Chief back to his tribe for the sum of $10,000. Thomas James enlisted in this expedition and the money was raised for trading with the Indians and trapping Beaver along the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. The total party consisted of 350 men.

After the expedition, he started a career in milling. He purchased Kinney's Mill near the village of New Design in Monroe County, Illinois. This location was known for a time as "James' Mill." and later became known as Monroe City, Illinois.

In 1825, he was elected as a general in the Illinois militia, becoming also a member of the Illinois legislature, where he served between 1826 and 1828. In 1827 he was also appointed postmaster at the town of James' Mills and kept the position for many years.

## Black Hawk War

James served as a major in the Black Hawk War, having a "spy battalion" under his command that was composed of three companies. They were led by Captain Daniel Price, Peter Warren, and Thomas Harrison.

Albert Sidney Johnson signed orders designating Thomas James as a colonel during the war.

## Death

At the close of the war, James returned to his former employments and died at Monroe City in December 1847.

## Works

A year before his death, he published the work *Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans* as a memoir of expeditions as a hunter and trapper, wherein he details the a literary illustration of the character and customs of the Indians and Mexicans, accounting too of the battles he found himself in.

## Further reading

Gen. Thomas James (11 February 2018). *Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans: Editied, with notes and biographical sketches, by Walkter B. Douglas*. ISBN 978-1985208711.

## InfoBox

| Thomas James | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait drawn by Miss Martha H. Hoke found in Steven's Black Hawk War | |
|  | |
| Illinois Legislature | |
| **In office**
1826–1828 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1782
Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | December 1847
Monroe City |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | Illinois Militia |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Commands | Spy Battalion |
| Battles/wars | Black Hawk War |
|  | |


title: No. 260 Squadron RAF

abstract: No. 260 Squadron RAF was a Royal Air Force squadron formed as a reconnaissance and anti–submarine unit in World War I and a fighter unit in World War II.

text:
# No. 260 Squadron RAF

**No. 260 Squadron RAF** was a Royal Air Force squadron formed as a reconnaissance and anti–submarine unit in World War I and a fighter unit in World War II.

## History

### Formation and World War I

No. 260 Squadron Royal Air Force was formed in August 1918 as a coastal patrol squadron, equipped with the DH.6s. It carried out anti-submarine patrols from Westward Ho!, Devon for the remainder of the First World War. It disbanded on 22 February 1919.

### Reformation in World War II

The squadron reformed on 22 November 1940 at RAF Castletown, in Caithness in the north of Scotland, receiving Hawker Hurricane I fighters in December that year. The squadron was employed flying convoy patrols off the coast of Scotland from Castletown and RAF Skitten until April 1941, when it moved to RAF Drem to prepare for transfer to the Middle East. On 16 June 1941, twenty 260 Squadron Hurricanes took off from the aircraft carrier *Ark Royal*, with twenty eight more Hurricanes of 238 Squadron flew off from *Victorious*. They then flew to Malta, with 43 of the Hurricanes from the two squadrons safely reaching Malta. The majority of the aircraft flew on to Africa over the next few days. As the squadrons' ground crews had not travelled with the air component, but were being sent by ship via the Cape of Good Hope, the pilots were initially used as a pool of reinforcements for existing squadrons, with 260's pilots initially being attached to 80 Squadron based at Haifa, Mandatory Palestine. On 23 June, the pilots from 260 Squadron combined with the ground party from the Australian 450 Squadron (which had no aircrew) to form a composite unit, 260/450 Squadron, which then supported the employed in the invasion of Syria, carrying out ground attack operations against Vichy French forces, and in particular, against Vichy airfields. No. 260/450 Squadron operated for ten days only and flew 61 sorties against airfields, 20 on offensive patrols and six on bomber-escort duties during the Syrian campaign. In August 1941, as 260 Squadron's ground component had now arrived in the Middle East, the two squadrons separated, with 260 Squadron returning to a full RAF unit.

In October 1941, the squadron moved to the Western Desert, carrying out fighter sweeps, ground attack and bomber escort missions in support of the Operation Crusader offensive, and covering the retreat of British and Allied forces from Rommel's counteroffensive early in 1942. On 15 February 1942 the squadron handed over its Hurricanes to 238 Squadron, receiving Curtiss P-40 Tomahawks for training prior to conversion to the more capable Curtiss Kittyhawk I fighter bomber. The squadron then advanced with the Eighth Army into Tunisia. With the North African Campaign over it then moved to Sicily following Operation Husky. As the allied forces advanced into Italy it converted to the North American P-51 Mustang and it disbanded at Lavariano on 19 August 1945. Among notable squadron personnel was the future actor Christopher Lee, who served as an intelligence officer.

## Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated by no. 260 Squadron RAF
| From | To | Aircraft | Variant |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aug 1918 | Feb 1919 | Airco DH.6 |  |
| Nov 1940 | Feb 1942 | Hawker Hurricane | I |
| Feb 1942 | Mar 1942 | Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk | II |
| Feb 1942 | Sep 1942 | Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk | I |
| Jun 1942 | May 1943 | Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk | IIA |
| Dec 1942 | Mar 1944 | Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk | III |
| Apr 1944 | Aug 1945 | North American P-51 Mustang | III |
| Jun 1945 | Aug 1945 | North American P-51 Mustang | IV |

### 2012 aircraft recovery in Egypt

In May 2012, CNN reported a Polish oil company worker in Egypt discovered a crash-landed 260 Sqn P-40 aircraft presumably piloted by Flt Sgt Dennis Copping, who went missing on 28 June 1942 and was never heard from again. Copping was part of a two plane formation flying defective aircraft from the landing ground at Biur el Baheira to 53RSU, a Recovery & Service Unit at Wadi Natruna. Copping became disorientated while ferrying the P-40 and flew in the wrong direction; evidence at the crash site indicates Copping survived the landing. Since no remains were evident near the Kittyhawk, it seems likely that Copping wandered off into the desert in a desperate and ultimately futile attempt to reach help. British authorities hoped to bring the remarkably well-preserved plane back to the RAF Museum in London, but these plans fell through. Instead the plane was given a cosmetic restoration and displayed at the El Alamein Military Museum.

* Bowyer, Michael J.F.; Rawlings, John D.R. (1979). *Squadron Codes, 1937–56*. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
* Halley, James J. (1988). *The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
* Herington, John (1954). *Air War Against Germany and Italy, 1939–1943*. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Vol. III (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3633363.
* Pine, L G (1983). *A Dictionary of mottoes*. London: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 0-7100-9339-X.
* Rawlings, John D. R. (1969). *Fighter Squadrons of the R.A.F. and their Aircraft*. London: Macdonald & Co., (Publishers) Ltd.
* Shores, Christopher (1996). *Dust Clouds in the Middle East*. London: Grub Street. ISBN 1-898697-37-X.
* Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell (2012). *A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945: Volume One: North Africa: June 1940 – January 1942*. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-908117-07-6.
* Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell; Olynyk, Frank; Bock, Winfried (2012). *A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945: Volume Two: North African Desert: February 1942 – March 1943*. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-909166-12-7.

## InfoBox

| No. 260 Squadron RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | August 1918 – 22 February 1919<br>22 November 1940 – 19 August 1945 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Motto(s) | Latin: Celer et fortis ( Swift and Strong) |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Badge | A sword and morning star |
| Squadron Codes | **HS** (April 1941 – August 1945) |


title: NZCT Chamber Music Contest

abstract: The NZCT Chamber Music Contest is a Classical music Competition held annually in New Zealand for performers up to 19 years of age who are enrolled full-time at a New Zealand primary or secondary school. Groups of 3–8 students perform a work of up to 15 minutes. There are 4 rounds in the competition consisting of 14 District rounds, 3 Regional rounds, a National Semi-Final and a National Final.   The competition began in 1965 under the directorship of Arthur Hilton and is run by Chamber Music New Zealand. It is the longest-running youth music competition in the country.

text:
# NZCT Chamber Music Contest

The **NZCT Chamber Music Contest** (formerly known as the **Westpac School Music Contest**) is a Classical music Competition held annually in New Zealand for performers up to 19 years of age who are enrolled full-time at a New Zealand primary or secondary school. Groups of 3–8 students perform a work of up to 15 minutes. There are 4 rounds in the competition consisting of 14 District rounds, 3 Regional rounds, a National Semi-Final and a National Final.

The competition began in 1965 under the directorship of Arthur Hilton and is run by Chamber Music New Zealand. It is the longest-running youth music competition in the country.

## History

The contest grew out of conversations between cellist William Pleeth and Arthur Hilton, the director of the Music Federation of New Zealand (now *Chamber Music New Zealand*). The contest was first held in 1965 and involved 250 students from around the country. It was adjudicated by The Vienna Octet, one of the most prominent international chamber groups of the time, who “expressed pleasure at the quality of the performances”. The finalists received a medal and a long-playing record from the octet.

By 1971, the numbers had grown to 600 students and a composition section was added the following year. A vocal group award was created in 1978 but by 1987 the number of students had become so great that the contest was facing logistical challenges. Over 3000 students were involved by 1984, spread over 6 different sections of the competition. In 1988 the New Zealand Choral Federation began the Secondary Schools’ Choral Festival to encourage and inspire secondary school choral singing and lessen the workload of the Music Federation. The festival is now known as The Big Sing and involves 10,000 students from around New Zealand.

In 1988, the final was televised which helped raise the profile of the contest. In 1990, the winners of the instrumental and composition sections were interviewed on the Sunday morning programme as a part of the contest’s 25th anniversary celebrations. The contest final has been livestreamed, and broadcast by Radio New Zealand since 2015.

The contest celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2015. The Turnovsky Jubilee Ensemble toured New Zealand with Chamber Music New Zealand, made up of professional musicians who participated in the competition while at secondary school.

## Competition

The competition consists of 4 rounds. All entrants perform in one of 14 district rounds, held around New Zealand. At the completion of the District Rounds, a total of 12 District groups are selected to play at each of the three Regional Finals in Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch (36 groups nationwide). The winning group from each district is automatically selected to perform in their Regional Final. 12 groups are then selected from the Regional Round to perform at the National Semi-Final, held in Auckland, Wellington, or Christchurch. The top 6 groups are then selected for the National final, held the following day in the same venue. The contest is held over 2 months from June to August annually.

Students are required to perform a work between 4 and 15 minutes of duration. To reach the National Semi-Final or National Final, multiple movements must be from the same work although this is not required for the District Rounds of the competition. Groups of 3–8 musicians can enter, with no more than one singer and no conductor. Each performer must have an individual part. Students cannot compete in more than 2 groups and groups must compete in the district in which they reside.

### Adjudicators

There are up to 14 adjudicators involved in the instrumental section of the contest. They travel around the country individually to judge District and Regional rounds. There is a separate adjudicator for the composition section. The adjudicating panel generally consists of New Zealand residents, but it has been judged by an international panel before, such as the Doric Quartet in 2014.

### Original composition section

An original Composition Section was added in 1972 to encourage young composers. Students are required to submit a score for a work with a duration of up to 15 minutes, involving 3–8 musicians. There is no limit to the number of entries one person can enter. The works are judged directly from the scores and the winning entry is performed at the National Final of the Chamber Music Contest.

### Coaching

Beginning in 2005, Chamber Music New Zealand was able to offer free coaching sessions to groups entered in the competition, with funding granted by the Stout Trust. The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music has funded the coaching program since 2010. Coaching is mainly offered to groups outside of the main centres in recognition of the greater availability of high-level coaching in Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch. Professional musicians are contracted to travel around secondary schools and coach the students on their chosen work in preparation for the contest. From 2007, coaching has also been offered to composition students.

### Aim

From the beginning, the contest has “gone beyond medals and prizes”. It has been credited with inspiring generations of musicians to pursue a music career. A large proportion of New Zealand’s professional musicians participated in the contest while at school and many of these have gone on to tutor in the coaching program or have toured professionally with Chamber Music New Zealand.

Gillian Ansell, of the New Zealand String Quartet, said the following of the contest in 2015.

> “Just by entering and participating with all your energy and commitment, makes you a kind of winner, so go into it with a very open mind and heart, and be engaged throughout the whole process, regardless of the outcome. And play with joy while you are performing, remembering the fact that you are giving a gift to everyone in the audience as well as the adjudicator, so their spirits can be moved, excited, uplifted by your performance.”

## Awards

District round awards
| Award | Description |
| --- | --- |
| Best group overall | This award is presented to the group adjudicated as the best group overall in each District Round. The winning group is automatically selected to perform at one of the three regional finals. Each member of the group will receive a certificate at a later date acknowledging this achievement. |
| Highly commended | The adjudicator can name up to four other groups as highly commended in each district round. Each member of the group will receive a certificate at a later date acknowledging this achievement. |
| NZ music award (in association with SOUNZ and CANZ) | This award is presented in all districts where one or more New Zealand works are performed. Each member of the group will receive a certificate and the winning group will receive a SOUNZ Centre for New Zealand Music cash prize of $100. |
| Original composition performance award | This award is presented in all districts where one or more Original Composition Senior Section work is performed. Each member of the winning group will receive a certificate and the composer whose work is played will receive a SOUNZ Centre for New Zealand Music voucher to the value of $50. |
| KBB music award | Groups eligible for this award must contain wind and/or brass and/or percussion instrument(s). Each member of the group will receive a certificate and the group will receive a prize in the form of KBB gift cards, $50 per student. |
| Adjudicator’s award | Awarded at the adjudicator’s discretion to a group other than the winning one, which is worthy of a special mention. This group will receive certificates at a later date acknowledging this achievement. |

Regional round awards
| Award | Description |
| --- | --- |
| Regional final winner | This is awarded to the group adjudicated the best group overall in each Regional Final. All members of the group must reside in that region to be eligible for this award. Each member of the group will receive a certificate at a later date acknowledging this achievement. |
| Bronze award | All Regional Finalists receive the Bronze Award. All Bronze Award groups whose repertoire meets the Rules and Conditions will be considered for selection to National Semi-Finals. Each member of the group will receive a certificate at a later date acknowledging this achievement. |

National finals and semi-finals
| Award | Description | Amount |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Platinum award | This award is presented to the overall winning group of the National Final. | $6000 |
| Helen Young diamond award | This award is presented to the inaugural runner-up. Funded by the Deane Endowment Trust. | $2500 |
| Joan Kerr gold award | This award is presented to each of the National Finalist groups. | $800 |
| June Clifford silver award | This award is presented to the six national Semi-Finalist groups who do not progress to the National Final. | $500 |
| National award for the best performance of a New Zealand work | This award is presented to a group playing a New Zealand work as part of the National Final. Funded by SOUNZ. | $500 |
| National KBB music award | The group eligible for this award must contain wind and/or brass and/or percussion instrument(s) and play as part of the National Final. Funded by KBB Music. | KBB Music gift cards. |

Composition awards
| Award | Description |
| --- | --- |
| Overall winner | The national champion will be chosen from these regional winners and will be invited to have their composition performed by professional musicians at the National Finals. |
| Northern region winner | Includes compositions from Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Waikato, and East Coast. |
| Central region winner | Includes compositions from Taranaki, Hawke’s Bay, Whanganui, Manawatū, and Wellington. |
| Southern region winner | Includes compositions from Nelson/Marlborough, Canterbury, Otago, and Southland. |
| KBB composition award | Compositions eligible for this award must contain wind and/or brass and/or percussion instrument(s). |
| Large ensemble award | Awarded to a composition for 5–8 instruments. |
| Junior award | Awarded to an outstanding composition by a student in year 10 or below. |
| Newcomer award | Awarded to a first-time entrant of the composition section of the contest. |

Historic awards
| Award | Years awarded |
| --- | --- |
| Poster design | 1965–1972 |
| Large ensemble award (7–15 members) | 1971–1986 |
| Vocal ensemble award (7–15 members) | 1978–1987 |

## Notable alumni

* Michael Houstoun – National Finalist 1969 & 1970.
* Donald Armstrong – Winner of the ‘Original Composition’ section in 1970 with his composition ‘Bits and Pieces’.
* Wilma Smith – Member of *The Manukau String Quartet*, national finalist in 1972.
* Brigid O'Meeghan – Member of *Contempora Trio*, overall winner in 1972.
* Jenny Wollerman – Member of *Wellington Girls’ College Special Choir*, overall vocal winner in 1980.
* Daniel Poynton – Winner of the ‘Elementary Original Composition’ in 1983.
* Justine Cormack – Member of *Vienna Trio*, overall winner in 1984.
* Sarah Watkins – Member of *Vienna Trio*, overall winner in 1984.
* Bridget Douglas – Contest participant 1985–1988
* Ashley Brown – Member of the *Chalas Trio* and *Colla Voce*, overall winners 1986 and 1988.
* Gretchen Dunsmore – Member of *Euphonos*, overall winner in 1990.
* Lara Hall – Member of *Ivankaia Trio* and *Aucktet*, overall winners in 1995 and 1996.
* Amalia Hall – Member of *The Three Slippers* and *Nacio Para Tocar*, overall winners in 2003 and 2004.
* Salina Fisher \- Member of *Felix Octet*, *Bedrich Quartet* and *The Genzmer Trio*, overall winners in 2007, 2008 and 2010.
* Matthias Balzat – Member of *Sollertinksy Trio*, overall winner in 2013.


title: Nitrile anion

abstract: Nitrile anions is jargon from the organic product resulting from the deprotonation of alkylnitriles. The proton(s) α to the nitrile group are sufficiently acidic that they undergo deprotonation by strong bases, usually lithium-derived. The products are not anions but covalent organolithium complexes. Regardless, these organolithium compounds are reactive toward various electrophiles. Although nitrile anions are functionally similar to enolates, the extra multiple bond in nitrile anions provides them with a ketene-like geometry. Additionally, deprotonated cyanohydrins can act as masked acyl anions, giving products impossible to access with enolates alone.

text:
# Nitrile anion

**Nitrile anions** is jargon from the organic product resulting from the deprotonation of alkylnitriles. The proton(s) α to the nitrile group are sufficiently acidic that they undergo deprotonation by strong bases, usually lithium-derived. The products are not anions but covalent organolithium complexes. Regardless, these organolithium compounds are reactive toward various electrophiles.

Although nitrile anions are functionally similar to enolates, the extra multiple bond in nitrile anions provides them with a ketene-like geometry. Additionally, deprotonated cyanohydrins can act as masked acyl anions, giving products impossible to access with enolates alone.

## Generation of nitrile anions

The p*K*as of nitriles span a wide range—at least 20 p*K*a units. Unstabilized nitriles require either alkali metal amide bases (such as NaNH2) or metal alkyls (such as butyllithium) for effective deprotonation. In the latter case, competitive addition of the alkyl group to the nitrile takes place.

Arylacetonitriles (e.g. phenylacetonitrile) are sufficiently acidic to undergo deprotonation with aqueous base, e.g., under phase-transfer catalysis. Nitrile anions can also be involved in Michael-type additions to activated double bonds and vinylation reactions with a limited number of polarized, unhindered acetylene derivatives.

Nitrile anions also arise by conjugate additions to α,β-unsaturated nitriles, reduction, and transmetallation.

## Alkylation of nitrile anions

Nitrile anions are alkylated by alkyl halides.

The primary difficulty for alkylation reactions employing nitrile anions is over-alkylation. In the alkylation of acetonitrile, for instance, yields of monoalkylated product are low in most cases. Two exceptions are alkylations with epoxides (the nearby negative charge of the opened epoxide wards off further alkylation) and alkylations with cyanomethylcopper(I) species. Side reactions may also present a problem; concentrations of the nitrile anion must be high in order to mitigate processes involving self-condensation, such as the Thorpe–Ziegler reaction. Other important side reactions include elimination of the alkyl cyanide product or alkyl halide starting material and amidine formation.

The cyclization of ω-epoxy-1-nitriles provides an interesting example of how stereoelectronic factors may override steric factors in intramolecular substitution reactions. In the cyclization of **1**, for instance, only the cyclopropane isomer **2** is observed. This is attributed to better orbital overlap in the SN2 transition state for cyclization. 1,1-disubstituted and tetrasubstituted epoxides also follow this principle.

Conjugated nitriles containing γ hydrogens may be deprotonated at the γ position to give resonance-stabilized anions. These intermediates almost always react with α selectitivity in alkylation reactions, the exception to the rule being anions of *ortho*-tolyl nitriles.

Formation of cyanohydrins from carbonyl compounds renders the former carbonyl carbon acidic. After protection of the hydroxyl group with an acyl or silyl group, cyanohydrins can function essentially as masked acyl anions. Because ester protecting groups are base labile, mild bases must be employed with ester-protected cyanohydrins. α-(Dialkylamino)nitriles can also be used in this context.

Examples of arylation and acylation reactions are shown below. Although intermolecular arylations using nitrile anions result in modest yields, the *intramolecular* procedure efficiently gives four-, five-, and six-membered benzo-fused rings.

Acylation can be accomplished using a wide variety of acyl electrophiles, including carbonates, chloroformates, esters, anyhdrides, and acid chlorides. In these reactions, two equivalents of base are used to drive the reaction towards acylated product—the acylated product is more acidic than the starting material.

### Polyalkylation

Polyalkylation is a significant problem for primary or secondary nitriles; however, a number of solutions to this problem exist. Alkylation of cyanoacetates followed by decarboxylation provides one solution.

Polyanions of nitriles can also be generated by multiple deprotonations, and these species produce polyalkylated products in the presence of alkyl electrophiles.

## Synthetic applications

Alkylation of a nitrile anion followed by reductive decyanation was employed in the synthesis of (*Z*)-9-dodecen-1-yl acetate, the sex pheromone of *Paralobesia viteana*.


title: New Letters

abstract: New Letters, the name it has been published under since 1970, is one of the oldest literary magazines in the United States and continues to publish award-winning poems and fiction. The magazine is based in Kansas City, Missouri.

text:
# New Letters

***New Letters***, the name it has been published under since 1970, is one of the oldest literary magazines in the United States and continues to publish award-winning poems and fiction. The magazine is based in Kansas City, Missouri.

## History and editors

***The University Review*** was founded in 1934 at the University of Kansas City, a small, private school that later became part of the University of Missouri system. In its first two years, the periodical published a discussion on "Art and Social Struggle", including contributions from Thomas Hart Benton and Diego Rivera, a story by Vance Randolph, a poem by Edgar Lee Masters, and a personal note from Pearl S. Buck.

Starting with the Spring 1938 issue, Alexander P. Cappon became editor and remained in that post for the next 33 years. In 1944 the magazine's name was changed to ***The University of Kansas City Review***. In that time the magazine published work by May Sarton, J.D. Salinger, E.E. Cummings, Marianne Moore, May Swenson, James T. Farrell, Kenneth Rexroth.

In 1971, David Ray took over as editor and the magazine's name was changed again, this time to *New Letters*. Ray published work by Robert Bly, Cyrus Colter, Anselm Hollo, Joyce Carol Oates, Richard Hugo, Robert Peters and Josephine Jacobsen.

In 1986, James McKinley became editor, and under his editorship the magazine published new work by Amiri Baraka, Thomas Berger, former President Jimmy Carter, Annie Dillard, Tess Gallagher, William Gass, Charles Simic, John Updike, and Miller Williams.

Robert Stewart took over the post of editor-in-chief for *New Letters*, *New Letters on the Air*, and their affiliate, BkMk Press in September 2002. Since becoming editor, the magazine has published such writers as Brian Doyle, Quincy Troupe, Daniel Woodrell, Sherman Alexie, Sergio Troncoso, Marilyn Hacker, Maxine Kumin and Charlotte Holmes.

*New Letters* won the National Magazine Award for the essay on May 1, 2008 at Lincoln Center in New York. The essay "I Am Joe's Prostate" by Thomas E. Kennedy appears in Volume 73, Issue 4.

## *New Letters on the Air*

In 1977, editor David Ray and his wife, Judy, began the audio literature program *New Letters on the Air*, a half-hour radio program featuring writers reading from their work and talking about it.

Rebekah Presson produced and hosted the show for many years until 1996 when Angela Elam took over. The program is now the longest continuously-running national literary radio series, having broadcast more than 1,200 programs. The show is now heard on radio stations worldwide, and is available to even more listeners as a podcast. It is distributed by PRX.

## New Letters Literary Awards

The New Letters Literary Awards program was begun in 1986. It consists of prizes for poetry, essays and short stories:

* New Letters Poetry Prize  $1,500 for the best group of three to six poems
* Dorothy Churchill Cappon Essay Prize  $1,500 for the best essay
* Alexander Patterson Cappon Fiction Prize  $1,500 for the best short story

39°2′11″N 94°34′41″W / 39.03639°N 94.57806°W / 39.03639; -94.57806

## InfoBox

*New Letters*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Robert Stewart |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | The University Review, The University of Kansas City Review |
| History | 1934-present |
| Publisher | University of Missouri–Kansas City (United States) |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *New Lett.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0146-4930
 |
| OCLC no. | 1759882 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Risk-free rate

abstract: The risk-free rate of return, usually shortened to the risk-free rate, is the rate of return of a hypothetical investment with scheduled payments over a fixed period of time that is assumed to meet all payment obligations. Since the risk-free rate can be obtained with no risk, any other investment having some risk will have to have a higher rate of return in order to induce any investors to hold it. In practice, to infer the risk-free interest rate in a particular currency, market participants often choose the yield to maturity on a risk-free bond issued by a government of the same currency whose risks of default are so low as to be negligible. For example, the rate of return on zero-coupon Treasury bonds (T-bills) is sometimes seen as the risk-free rate of return in US dollars.

text:
# Risk-free rate

The **risk-free rate of return**, usually shortened to the **risk-free rate**, is the rate of return of a hypothetical investment with scheduled payments over a fixed period of time that is assumed to meet all payment obligations.

Since the risk-free rate can be obtained with no risk, any other investment having some risk will have to have a higher rate of return in order to induce any investors to hold it.

In practice, to infer the risk-free interest rate in a particular currency, market participants often choose the yield to maturity on a risk-free bond issued by a government of the same currency whose risks of default are so low as to be negligible. For example, the rate of return on zero-coupon Treasury bonds (T-bills) is sometimes seen as the risk-free rate of return in US dollars.

## Theoretical measurement

As stated by Malcolm Kemp in chapter five of his book *Market Consistency: Model Calibration in Imperfect Markets*, the risk-free rate means different things to different people and there is no consensus on how to go about a direct measurement of it.

One interpretation of the theoretical risk-free rate is aligned to Irving Fisher's concept of inflationary expectations, described in his treatise *The Theory of Interest* (1930), which is based on the theoretical costs and benefits of holding currency. In Fisher's model, these are described by two potentially offsetting movements:

1. Expected increases in the money supply should result in investors preferring current consumption to future income.
2. Expected increases in productivity should result in investors preferring future income to current consumption.

The correct interpretation is that the risk-free rate could be either positive or negative and in practice the sign of the expected risk-free rate is an institutional convention – this is analogous to the argument that Tobin makes on page 17 of his book *Money, Credit and Capital*. In a system with endogenous money creation and where production decisions and outcomes are decentralized and potentially intractable to forecasting, this analysis provides support to the concept that the risk-free rate may not be directly observable.

However, it is commonly observed that for people applying this interpretation, the value of supplying currency is normally perceived as being positive. It is not clear what is the true basis for this perception, but it may be related to the practical necessity of some form of (credit?) currency to support the specialization of labour, the perceived benefits of which were detailed by Adam Smith in *The Wealth of Nations*. However, Smith did not provide an 'upper limit' to the desirable level of the specialization of labour and did not fully address issues of how this should be organised at the national or international level.

An alternative (less well developed) interpretation is that the risk-free rate represents the time preference of a representative worker for a representative basket of consumption. Again, there are reasons to believe that in this situation the risk-free rate may not be directly observable.

A third (also less well developed) interpretation is that instead of maintaining pace with purchasing power, a representative investor may require a risk free investment to keep pace with wages.

Given the theoretical 'fog' around this issue, in practice most industry practitioners rely on some form of proxy for the risk-free rate, or use other forms of benchmark rate which are presupposed to incorporate the risk-free rate plus some risk of default. However, there are also issues with this approach, which are discussed in the next section.

Further discussions on the concept of a 'stochastic discount rate' are available in *The Econometrics of Financial Markets* by Campbell, Lo and MacKinley.

## Proxies for the risk-free rate

The return on domestically held short-dated government bonds is normally perceived as a good proxy for the risk-free rate. In business valuation the long-term yield on the US Treasury coupon bonds is generally accepted as the risk-free rate of return. However, theoretically this is only correct if there is no perceived risk of default associated with the bond. Government bonds are conventionally considered to be relatively risk-free to a domestic holder of a government bond, because there is by definition no risk of default – the bond is a form of government obligation which is being discharged through the payment of another form of government obligation (i.e. the domestic currency). In fact, default on government debt does happen, so if in theory this is impossible, then this points out a deficiency of the theory. Another issue with this approach is that with coupon-bearing bonds, the investor does not know ex-ante what his return will be on the reinvested coupons (and hence the return cannot really be considered risk-free).

Some academics support the use of swap rates as a measurement of the risk-free rate. Feldhütter and Lando state that: "the riskless rate is better proxied by the swap rate than the Treasury rate for all maturities."

There is also the risk of the government 'printing more money' to meet the obligation, thus paying back in lesser valued currency. This may be perceived as a form of tax, rather than a form of default, a concept similar to that of seigniorage. But the result to the investor is the same, loss of value according to his measurement, so focusing strictly on default does not include all risk.

The same consideration does not necessarily apply to a foreign holder of a government bond, since a foreign holder also requires compensation for potential foreign exchange movements in addition to the compensation required by a domestic holder. Since the risk-free rate should theoretically exclude any risk, default or otherwise, this implies that the yields on foreign owned government debt cannot be used as the basis for calculating the risk-free rate.

Since the required return on government bonds for domestic and foreign holders cannot be distinguished in an international market for government debt, this may mean that yields on government debt are not a good proxy for the risk-free rate.

Another possibility used to estimate the risk-free rate is the inter-bank lending rate. This appears to be premised on the basis that these institutions benefit from an implicit guarantee, underpinned by the role of the monetary authorities as 'the lendor of last resort.' (In a system with an endogenous money supply the 'monetary authorities' may be private agents as well as the central bank – refer to Graziani 'The Theory of Monetary Production'.) Again, the same observation applies to banks as a proxy for the risk-free rate – if there is any perceived risk of default implicit in the interbank lending rate, it is not appropriate to use this rate as a proxy for the risk-free rate.

Similar conclusions can be drawn from other potential benchmark rates, including AAA-rated corporate bonds of institutions deemed 'too big to fail.'

One solution that has been proposed for solving the issue of not having a good 'proxy' for the risk-free asset, to provide an 'observable' risk-free rate is to have some form of international guaranteed asset which would provide a guaranteed return over an indefinite time period (possibly even into perpetuity). There are some assets in existence which might replicate some of the hypothetical properties of this asset. For example, one potential candidate is the 'consol' bonds which were issued by the British government in the 18th century.

## Application

The risk-free interest rate is highly significant in the context of the general application of capital asset pricing model which is based on the modern portfolio theory. There are numerous issues with this model, the most basic of which is the reduction of the description of utility of stock holding to the expected mean and variance of the returns of the portfolio. In reality, there may be other utility of stock holding, as described by Robert J. Shiller in his article 'Stock Prices and Social Dynamics'.

The risk-free rate is also a required input in financial calculations, such as the Black–Scholes formula for pricing stock options and the Sharpe ratio. Note that some finance and economic theories assume that market participants can borrow at the risk-free rate; in practice, very few (if any) borrowers have access to finance at the risk free rate.

The risk-free rate of return is the key input into cost of capital calculations such as those performed using the capital asset pricing model. The cost of capital at risk then is the sum of the risk-free rate of return and certain risk premia.


title: Toledo station (Naples)

abstract: Toledo is a station on Line 1 of the Naples Metro, named after nearby Via Toledo. It won the 2013 LEAF Award as "Public building of the year". The station was opened on 17 April 2012 on the earlier completed section to Università.

text:
# Toledo station (Naples)

| Line 1 |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| (\**) Under construction |
|  |

**Toledo** is a station on Line 1 of the Naples Metro, named after nearby Via Toledo. It won the 2013 LEAF Award as "Public building of the year".

The station was opened on 17 April 2012 on the earlier completed section to Università.

40°50′33″N 14°14′57″E / 40.8424°N 14.2493°E / 40.8424; 14.2493

## InfoBox

| Toledo | |
| --- | --- |
| Naples Metro station | |
| General information | |
| Operated by | ANM |
| Line(s) | Line 1 |
| History | |
| Opened | 17 April 2012 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Naples Metro Following station  Dantetowards Piscinola Scampia  Line 1  Municipiotowards Garibaldi | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Michal Klasa

abstract: Michal Klasa is a retired cyclist from Czechoslovakia. He competed in four events in total at the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics. In 1976, he finished in eights and fifth place in the 4000 m individual and team pursuit, respectively. In 1980, he won a bronze medal in the 100 km time trial, but failed to finish the individual road race. He missed the 1984 Summer Olympics due to their boycott by Czechoslovakia and competed in the Friendship Games instead, winning a bronze medal in the team road race. Klasa won three medals at the world championships, in the team pursuit in 1974 and in the team time trial in 1981 and 1985. Between 1976 and 1985, he won more than 12 individual stages at major international races and three races overall, in Lidice (1979), Circuit des Ardennes (1981) and the Sealink Race (1981). He retired around 1986 due to multiple past injuries and worked first as a cycling coach and then as a distributor of nutrition supplements.

text:
# Michal Klasa

**Michal Klasa** (born 19 December 1953) is a retired cyclist from Czechoslovakia. He competed in four events in total at the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics. In 1976, he finished in eights and fifth place in the 4000 m individual and team pursuit, respectively. In 1980, he won a bronze medal in the 100 km time trial, but failed to finish the individual road race. He missed the 1984 Summer Olympics due to their boycott by Czechoslovakia and competed in the Friendship Games instead, winning a bronze medal in the team road race.

Klasa won three medals at the world championships, in the team pursuit in 1974 and in the team time trial in 1981 and 1985. Between 1976 and 1985, he won more than 12 individual stages at major international races and three races overall, in Lidice (1979), Circuit des Ardennes (1981) and the Sealink Race (1981).

He retired around 1986 due to multiple past injuries and worked first as a cycling coach and then as a distributor of nutrition supplements.

## InfoBox

Michal Klasa
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1953-12-19) 19 December 1953<br>Brno, Czechoslovakia |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 79 kg (174 lb) |
| Medal record      Representing  Czechoslovakia  Olympic Games  1980 Moscow Team time trial  Friendship Games  1984 Schleiz Road race, team  World Championships  1985 Giavera del Montello Team time trial  1974 Montreal Team pursuit  1981 Prague Team time trial | |


title: No More Wig for Ohio

abstract: No More Wig for Ohio is a studio album by American hip hop producer Odd Nosdam. It was released on Anticon in 2003. It peaked at number 175 on the CMJ Radio 200 chart.

text:
# No More Wig for Ohio

***No More Wig for Ohio*** is a studio album by American hip hop producer Odd Nosdam. It was released on Anticon in 2003. It peaked at number 175 on the CMJ Radio 200 chart.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 62/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Dusted Magazine* | mixed |
| *Pitchfork* | 6.7/10 |
| *XLR8R* | favorable |

At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 62, based on 6 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Stanton Swihart of AllMusic gave the album 2.5 stars out of 5, saying: "The album is potentially valuable as a source for samples, but it fails as a listening experience." Chris Dahlen of *Pitchfork* gave the album a 6.7 out of 10, saying, "all this disc really tells us is that Odd Nosdam's a solid DJ who likes doofy vinyl." Dave Segal of *XLR8R* described the album as "hip-hop's answer to *The Faust Tapes*".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Untitled" | 2:05 |
| 2. | "Untitled" | 2:51 |
| 3. | "Untitled" | 1:56 |
| 4. | "Untitled" | 1:26 |
| 5. | "Untitled" | 2:56 |
| 6. | "Untitled" | 3:23 |
| 7. | "Untitled" | 2:26 |
| 8. | "Untitled" | 0:45 |
| 9. | "Untitled" | 1:53 |
| 10. | "Untitled" | 1:10 |
| 11. | "Untitled" | 0:51 |
| 12. | "Untitled" | 2:06 |
| 13. | "Untitled" | 2:52 |
| 14. | "Untitled" | 1:34 |
| 15. | "Untitled" | 1:26 |
| 16. | "Untitled" | 2:10 |
| 17. | "Untitled" | 1:13 |
| 18. | "Untitled" | 2:15 |
| 19. | "Untitled" | 2:19 |
| 20. | "Untitled" | 2:09 |
| 21. | "Untitled" | 3:33 |
| 22. | "Untitled" | 3:10 |
| 23. | "Untitled" | 4:00 |
| 24. | "Untitled" | 5:10 |
| Total length: | | 55:34 |

## Personnel

Credits adapted from liner notes.

## InfoBox

| No More Wig for Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Odd Nosdam | |
| Released | May 19, 2003 (2003-05-19) |
| Recorded | Spring 2000 – Spring 2002 |
| Genre | Instrumental hip hop |
| Length | 55:34 |
| Label | Anticon |
| Producer | Odd Nosdam |
| Odd Nosdam chronology | |
| *Plan 9... Meat Your Hypnotis.*
(2002) ***No More Wig for Ohio***
(2003) *Burner*
(2005) | |


title: Nadergul

abstract: Nadergul is a part of Bandangpet Nagar Panchayath in Rangareddy district of Telangana state, India. It hosts Nadirgul Airfield. The jurisdiction of Hyderabad Airport Development Authority (HADA) is about 458 km⁲ and covers 70 Revenue villages and 19 hamlets all falling in Ranga Reddy District, in this Nadergul village also included.

text:
# Nadergul

**Nadergul** is a part of Bandangpet Nagar Panchayath in Rangareddy district of Telangana state, India. It hosts Nadirgul Airfield.

The jurisdiction of Hyderabad Airport Development Authority (HADA) is about 458 km2 and covers 70 Revenue villages and 19 hamlets all falling in Ranga Reddy District, in this Nadergul village also included.

## Village population

* Total males:-12947
* Total females:-11914
* Total:-24861

**Nadergul population**
| Village | Males | Females | Total | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nadergul | 12947 | 11914 | 24861 | Source : Population Census - 2001. Note : As Collected and Compiled by Director of Census Operations |
| **Total** | **12947** | **11914** | **24861** |  | |

### Assembly Constituency

### Colleges

1. MRR College of Pharmacy
2. MVSR Engineering College
3. Spoorthy Engineering College
4. Noble PG College of MBA
5. Noble College of Engineering Technology for Women (NETW)
6. Einstein Institute of Teacher Training, Nadergul
7. Einstein College of Education, Nadergul
8. Einstein PG College, Nadergul
9. bhavani decorators nadergul
10. vishwa bharathi College of Engineering&sciences {VBTS}

### Transport

203 - Woman's college - Nadergul 203l/d - Dilsukhnagar - Nadergul 102B/203 - Nadergul -Secunderabad 203A - Women's college Koti - Nadergul

1. "hyderabad-airport-development-authority". hyderabadrealguide.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010.
2. "population" (PDF). gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011.

## InfoBox

| Nadergul | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 24,861 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 501510 |
| Telephone code | 08415 |
| Vehicle registration | **TS 07** |
| Sex ratio | 1:1(approx) / |


title: Horndal

abstract: Horndal is a locality situated in Avesta Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 1,114 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Horndal

**Horndal** is a locality situated in Avesta Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 1,114 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Horndal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| HorndalHorndal | |
| Coordinates: 60°18′N 16°25′E / 60.300°N 16.417°E / 60.300; 16.417 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Dalarna |
| County | Dalarna County |
| Municipality | Avesta Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.37 km2 (1.30 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 1,114 |
| Density | 330/km2 (900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Peggy Rae Sapienza

abstract: Peggy Rae Sapienza, was a science fiction fan, con-runner, and promoter of science fiction fandom. She made memorable contributions to Noreascon III in Boston, the 1989 Worldcon, partnering with Fred Isaacs in conceptualizing the ConCourse, a new feature for Worldcons. A Vice Chair of the 1993 Worldcon, ConFrancisco, she served briefly as Acting Chair after the Chairman died, until a new chairman was appointed. In 1998 she chaired BucConeer, the 56th Worldcon in Baltimore. She served as North American agent for the first Worldcon to be held in Japan, Nippon 2007; in 2010 co-chaired, and 2011 and 2012 chaired the SFWA Nebula Awards Weekends; and was Fan Guest of Honor at Chicon 7, the 70th Worldcon, held in 2012. She co-chaired the 2014 World Fantasy Convention just months before she died due to complications from heart surgery.

text:
# Peggy Rae Sapienza

**Peggy Rae Sapienza** (born McKnight, previously Pavlat, 28 June 1944 – 22 March 2015), was a science fiction fan, con-runner, and promoter of science fiction fandom. She made memorable contributions to Noreascon III in Boston, the 1989 Worldcon, partnering with Fred Isaacs in conceptualizing the ConCourse, a new feature for Worldcons. A Vice Chair of the 1993 Worldcon, ConFrancisco, she served briefly as Acting Chair after the Chairman died, until a new chairman was appointed. In 1998 she chaired BucConeer, the 56th Worldcon in Baltimore. She served as North American agent for the first Worldcon to be held in Japan, Nippon 2007; in 2010 co-chaired, and 2011 and 2012 chaired the SFWA Nebula Awards Weekends; and was Fan Guest of Honor at Chicon 7, the 70th Worldcon, held in 2012. She co-chaired the 2014 World Fantasy Convention just months before she died due to complications from heart surgery.

## Early life and family

Sapienza was born on June 28, 1944, outside of Philadelphia, to Jack and Buddie McKnight, both members of the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society (PSFS). Her stepmother, Ann Newell McKnight, was also a member of PSFS, and her stepfather, Bill Evans, was active in the Washington Science Fiction Association (WSFA).

When she was 9 years old she watched as her father, Jack McKnight, spent most of the 1953 Worldcon in his metal shop machining the first Hugo Award rockets, which he had been recruited to do at the last minute, making it to the Convention just in time for the Hugo Ceremony. A few years later, at the age of 12, she attended her first science fiction convention, Philcon, with her parents, and at the age of 16, she attended Pittcon, her first World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), where she met her future husband, Robert K. (Bob) Pavlat.

From the mid-1960s on, Peggy Rae was an active member of WSFA, attended conventions across the country, and often found herself on the con committee. She was active in the PSFS in the late 1950s, where she served as Secretary and Vice President, and she was active in fanzine fandom in the 1960s and beyond.

## Marriage, children, and fandom

She married fan Bob Pavlat, who was nearly 20 years her senior, in 1964, and they settled into the Washington DC suburbs and had two children, Melissa (Missy) and Eric. Starting in the 1960s she published several fanzines, including 7 issues of "*etwas*" from 1960 - 1963, *Of Cabbages and Kings (and Baby Turtles)* 1969–1996, *Of Members and Zines (and Egoboo Polls)* c 1968 +, and the fapazine *Adventures on Earth*, 1999–2004.

Science fiction was not her only interest; she was also active in local politics, serving as a legislative assistant to Frank Pesci, Maryland State Delegate from Prince George's County, working with the League of Women Voters of Prince George's County, serving as district leader for the 1976 presidential campaign of Mo Udall, and once running for a seat on the County Council. In the 1980s, Maryland Governor Harry Hughes appointed her to the Maryland State Board of Elections, where in January 1995, she cast the tie-breaking vote validating the gubernatorial election of Parris Glendening over Ellen Sauerbrey. Glendening had won by 5993 votes, but Sauerbrey had contested both in court and to the Board.

She also served as the president of the Parent-Teacher Association for her children's school for several years in the 1970s, served on the Prince George's County Community Mental Health Advisory Board, volunteered at the Paint Branch Unitarian Universalist Church for twenty years, and volunteered completing taxes for the elderly later in life.

In 1963 she served on the Con Committee for the first Worldcon held in Washington DC, Discon I, and she did it again for Discon II in 1974. She continued to serve on Worldcon Con Committees regularly for the next four decades, all over the United States and beyond, including Constellation, in 1983, in Baltimore, Maryland. At Constellation, she was in charge of Programming and Special Events. In that position, she revived the one-off idea from a previous WorldCon  of running an entire schedule of children's programming. Children's programming has since become a staple of WorldCons.

Her husband, Bob, died suddenly only months before Constellation. With help from her staff and committee she was able to pull through. She and Bob were jointly awarded the Big Heart Award there, one of fandom's highest honors, but she was now widowed at the age of 38, with 2 children to raise. The following year she went to work as a contractor for the United States government in Washington, D.C., as a UNIX Administrator for OSHA.

## Running conventions

At Noreascon III in Boston in 1989, she and Fred Isaacs ran the “Second Floor Division", which included Exhibits, Registration, the Dealers’ Room, Information, Press Relations and the Newsletter. She also conceptualized and managed the ConCourse for which Noreascon III was known.

She chaired Disclave, the DC Regional SF convention, in 1991: the 9th SMOFCon, held in New Orleans in 1992: and SMOFCon 22, held in Washington DC in 2004.

She served as vice-chairman for ConFrancisco, the 1993 Worldcon in San Francisco, stepping in to serve as interim chair when the Chairman died suddenly.

Sapienza helped organize the first FanHistoricon, which took place May 1994, in Hagerstown, MD. Her goal was to create some kind of umbrella organization to oversee existing fan history activities, and to come up with ideas for new ones. FanHistoricon wasn't a convention, it was more of a workshop to establish a structure for the new organization, which became The Society for the Preservation of the History of Science Fiction Fandom, aka the Timebinders.

Her many accomplishments in fandom were crowned by her election as Chair of Bucconeer, the 1998 Worldcon in Baltimore, by the Baltimore in 1998 Worldcon Bid Committee. She was instrumental in forming the Baltimore Washington Area Worldcon Association (BWAWA) in the wake of BucConeer. For several years after, BWAWA continued administration of the Young Writers' contest which had been started for BucConeer. As a 501(c)(3) BWAWA was able to sponsor other fannish pursuits such as organizing SFWA's Awards Weekends in 2010 and 2011, and the World Fantasy Convention in 2014. As an Officer of BWAWA, she was a key factor in the formation of DC17, a bid to bring the Worldcon back to Washington DC in 2017, which was launched in October 2013. DC17 lost the site selection vote held at Sasquan in August 2015.

She married her second husband John Sapienza, a long-time RPG aficionado who had contributed to TSR's *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* and Chaosium's *RuneQuest*, in 1999. Their honeymoon was in Australia, where not unexpectedly, Sapienza was recruited on short notice to coordinate volunteers at AussieCon III.

More recently she was on the Bid Committee and represented Nippon, first for their Bid and then as a member of their Con Comm and North American Agent, which bid for and won the right to hold the 65th World Science Fiction Convention in 2007. She not only became reasonably conversant in Japanese but also helped plan the program for the English-speaking portion of the convention. The Japanese language became a lifelong interest; upon her death in 2015, a Japanese-language instructional CD was found inserted in her car's CD player.

## Mowing Peggy Rae's lawn

Sometime in the nineties, when a fan arrived at Sapienza's house early for a con–planning meeting and found her gardening, he pitched in to help, and one by one the other committee members did so too, as they arrived. Joe Mayhew warned people that if Baltimore won the 1998 Worldcon, all the committee members would wind up mowing Peggy Rae's lawn. Thus was born the phrase “I mowed Peggy Rae's Lawn,” which indicated that people were sucked in when Peggy Rae looked at them and said, with a big smile on her face, “You know, I think you would be good at…”

In 2012, at Chicon 7, she was honored as the Fan Guest of Honor. Her display in the Exhibits area consisted of a patch of astroturf surrounded by picket fences and park benches. Sitting in the middle of the patch was a small toy lawnmower, to give everyone at the con the chance to mow Peggy Rae's lawn.

## Legacy

She and John endowed a scholarship at the University of Maryland, her alma mater, for a student majoring in economics "to help facilitate the education of a hardworking student and encourage him or her toward graduation" (Sapienza had graduated summa cum laude with a B.A. in economics).

On June 5, 2015, Chicon 7 created the Peggy Rae Sapienza Endowment to benefit the special collections library at Northern Illinois University, using the last of Chicon 7's surplus funds. Chicon 7 Chair Dave McCarty announced the initial endowment of $25,000 during the Nebula Awards Weekend reception at The Palmer House Hilton in Chicago. The endowment is intended to advance the library's efforts to collect materials related to SF, fantasy, and horror, and to make those materials available to the public.

In a tribute to her on his blog, *Whatever*, John Scalzi wrote: "...I considered Peggy Rae a friend, and deeply admired her competence and her cheerfulness in being so. If Peggy Rae was running things, basically, I felt in safe hands. She’ll be remembered ...by all of science fiction fandom."

## Awards

In January 2017 Peggy Rae Sapienza was announced as the recipient of the SFWA's Kate Wilhelm Solstice Award with the following citation: "The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) is pleased to announce that Peggy Rae Sapienza has been named the recipient of the Kate Wilhelm Solstice Award to honor her activities in support of science fiction and fantasy.The Kate Wilhelm Solstice Award is given by SFWA for distinguished contributions to the science fiction and fantasy community."

## InfoBox

| Peggy Rae Sapienza | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Peggy Rae McKnight
(1944-06-28)28 June 1944
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Died | 22 March 2015(2015-03-22) (aged 70)
Virginia, United States |
| Alma mater | University of Maryland |
| Spouse | John Sapienza (1999 - 2015) Bob Pavlat (1964–1983) |
| Children | Two |


title: Henry K. Braley

abstract: Henry King Braley was an American politician who served as Mayor of Fall River, Massachusetts. Braley was appointed as an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in the place of Marcus Perrin Knowlton. Knowlton had been elevated to the position of Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court after Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was appointed as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

text:
# Henry K. Braley

**Henry King Braley** (March 17, 1850  January 18, 1929) was an American politician who served as Mayor of Fall River, Massachusetts.

Braley was appointed as an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in the place of Marcus Perrin Knowlton. Knowlton had been elevated to the position of Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court after Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was appointed as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

## Personal life

Braley was born in Rochester, Massachusetts to Samuel Tripp Braley and Mary A. (King) Braley on March 17, 1850. He got his early education at Pierce Academy and Rochester Academy. He was married to Caroline W. Leach on April 29, 1875 in Bridgewater, Massachusetts.

1. "GENERAL NOTES.", *The New York Times*, New York, N.Y., p. 6, December 21, 1902
2. Hurd, Duane Hamilton (1883), *History of Bristol County, Massachusetts: with biographical sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men, Part 1*, Philadelphia, PA: J. Lewis & CO., p. 33
3. "H. K. BRALEY DEAD; GAVE SACCO OPINION; Senior Justice on Supreme Bench of Massachusetts Stricken at 78. HAD SERVED FOR 26 YEARS Succeeded Justice Holmes, Now of U.S. Supreme Court--Was Once Mayor of Fall River.", *The New York Times*, New York, N.Y., p. 15, January 18, 1929
4. Bacon, Edwin M. (1916) \[1883\], *The Book of Boston: Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis*, Boston, Ma: The Pilgrim Press, p. 397
5. Rand, John C., ed. (1890). "Braley, Henry King". *One of a Thousand: A Series of Biographical Sketches of One Thousand Representative Men Resident in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, A. D. 1888–'89*. Boston: First National Publishing Company. p. 77.

## InfoBox

| Henry King Braley | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court | |
| **In office**
December 1902  January 17, 1929 | |
| Appointed by | Winthrop Murray Crane |
| Preceded by | Marcus Perrin Knowlton |
| Justice of the
Massachusetts Superior Court | |
| **In office**
1891–1902 | |
| Appointed by | William Russell |
| Mayor of
Fall River, Massachusetts | |
| **In office**
1882–1883 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Henry |
| Succeeded by | Milton Reed |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 17, 1850
Rochester, Massachusetts |
| Died | January 17, 1929
Boston, Massachusetts |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Caroline W. Leach |
| Children | Abner L. Braley |
| Profession | Attorney |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Kyle Bobby Dunn

abstract:
Kyle Bobby Dunn is a Canadian composer, arranger, and live performer of modern compositional and guitar based drone music. He has performed in live and exclusive outdoor settings, including Banff National Park, since 2000 and has released music on various international recording labels. His work has been described as "compositions that are patience incarnate" and "encourage an emotional response even as its seemingly infinite, creeping swirl and hum threatens to numb. A difficult feat."
It is music that often "captures a mood somewhere between sadness and strength; it's the sound of a respite that occurs after having survived an ordeal; it's sound as memory, as memorial." The austere, tempered tonal shifts featured in many of his compositions subtly echo the work of minimalist forerunners like Morton Feldman and La Monte Young. At the same time Dunn occasionally intersperses quaint, almost chamberal touches which evoke more traditionally classical sources. Drawing from cinematic and classical music as much as drone and ambient, Dunn operates outside of categories, instead viewing the music he makes as a personal and reflective document of his experience, as "soundtrack suites" to his own life: past, present and future. His music has been featured in Kristof Bilsen's 2019 documentary film "Mother," and the British independent film "Irene's Ghost."

text:
# Kyle Bobby Dunn

**Kyle Bobby Dunn** (born February 27, 1986) is a Canadian composer, arranger, and live performer of modern compositional and guitar based drone music. He has performed in live and exclusive outdoor settings, including Banff National Park, since 2000 and has released music on various international recording labels.

His work has been described as "compositions that are patience incarnate" and "encourage an emotional response even as its seemingly infinite, creeping swirl and hum threatens to numb. A difficult feat." It is music that often "captures a mood somewhere between sadness and strength; it's the sound of a respite that occurs after having survived an ordeal; it's sound as memory, as memorial."

The austere, tempered tonal shifts featured in many of his compositions subtly echo the work of minimalist forerunners like Morton Feldman and La Monte Young. At the same time Dunn occasionally intersperses quaint, almost chamberal touches which evoke more traditionally classical sources.

Drawing from cinematic and classical music as much as drone and ambient, Dunn operates outside of categories, instead viewing the music he makes as a personal and reflective document of his experience, as "soundtrack suites" to his own life: past, present and future.

His music has been featured in Kristof Bilsen's 2019 documentary film "Mother," and the British independent film "Irene's Ghost."

## Background & Musical History

First realized in Calgary, Alberta, Dunn started composing and arranging his music for homemade films mostly on piano and cassette tapes (audio and video) in the late 1990s. His first love was filmmaking and it was film music that initially attracted him to composing his own works. He began performing and recording under the names 'Subtract by Two' and *Kyle Bobby Dunn* with the first self-released album, *Music for Medication* around 2002–2003.

In interviews he has often mentioned large admiration for classical and soundtrack composers including Arvo Pärt, Valentin Silvestrov, John Williams, Ennio Morricone and Jerry Fielding, yet his own music often exhibits a more quiet, minimalist, and droning nature that is often compared to ambient contemporary musicians William Basinski, Brian Eno and Stars of the Lid.

Releasing what he has referred to as his 'first proper full length' album, *Fragments & Compositions of Kyle Bobby Dunn*, on Boston's Sedimental label in 2008. The album covered several years of his earliest compositional works, mainly for strings and piano.

In early 2010, a long form album that filled a double compact disc set containing five years worth of his music, *A Young Person's Guide to Kyle Bobby Dunn*, released on the UK based label Low Point, received positive reviewed by Steve Smith at *The New York Times* as "something like a chamber-music equivalent of Kirlian photography: dark, shadowy and indistinct at its core, surrounded by an iridescent glow. The effect is mysterious, hypnotic and deeply affecting."

He released Ways of Meaning in 2011 on Buffalo, New York imprint, Desire Path Recordings, to unanimously positive reception. The Huffington Post's Daniel Kushner wrote, "Dunn presents the listener with sounds that seemingly, have no beginning, nor any end. There are not so much melodies, in the conventional sense – but rather an economical assemblage of tones, which linger in the air like the quivering brush strokes in an Impressionist still life."

In 2012 he released another double disc set of long form works on the Low Point label. Bring Me the Head of Kyle Bobby Dunn was recorded at the artist's Bunce Cake studio and throughout remote locations in his native Canada. The recordings revealed a most personal and deeply emotional aspect of the composer's work and reached a high standard for electronically produced and arranged music – only utilizing an electric guitar and loop station pedal for the album's 15 songs. The disc received a largely positive response and was heralded by Resident Advisor as being among his finest work.

In addition to the massive double disc release of 2012, a five song vinyl record was released later in the year on the Toronto label, Komino. It was considered as "a tightening of the composer's sound – the signature elements are there; cyclical patterns, drifts of spidery drones, buried static, but though they somehow seem slower and more stately than before, they seem focused, resolute" and "in a quiet master class in poised composition; constantly in motion, and in perfect stillness" by John Boursnell at UK's Fluid Radio.

In mid 2014 he released his largest full-length release album to date, 'Kyle Bobby Dunn & The Infinite Sadness.' The album is one of the artist's largest and most emotionally complex release with many of the previous guitar laden sounds of previous releases stretched out to long crescendos and intricate melodic development. The release is available on the triple vinyl and double compact disc formats.

After a few years of almost complete silence, 2019 saw the artist release the even longer, nearly 3 hour album 'From Here to Eternity,' with positive accolades and reviews from many notable music journalists — and made available in the most ambitious format so far, a quadruple vinyl release that was paired with nearly 3 more hours of sketches and B-side material that failed to make the original album cut. Pitchfork Media gave the release an 8.0 rating, which is rare for drone music covered on the site, and wrote "there is a coppery burnish that was not there before, a tendency to float just beyond the bounds of our usual limits of musical perception. There is a sense of presence here that’s hard to put your finger on—an undercurrent, a shadow, something felt but not heard."

In 2020 and during much of the COVID-19 pandemic he began releasing archival works from past sessions and unreleased material or versions as *Selected Ambient Expansion Pack,* and has in the last year released what appears to be a 4 part series of an album documenting his latest work during the pandemic restrictions and winter long curfew that was set in the province of Quebec. *The Cohesive Redundancies,* is only available digitally through the artist's official Bandcamp release site.

In 2022 he began releasing work digitally called the WGR collection and also stands as a document of sound art, available once again exclusively on the bandcamp page. The material varied wildly in most areas from previous work and was sourced almost entirely from very old vinyl records. The project is still potentially open to include further works, but currently is many hours in length and 100 suites long.

## Discography

Collaborations * *PERILS* – PERILS (Kyle Bobby Dunn and Benoît Pioulard), (vinyl/digital 2015, Desire Path Recordings)

## InfoBox

| Kyle Bobby Dunn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Kyle Robert Dunn |
| Born | (1986-02-27) February 27, 1986<br>Mississauga, Ontario, Canada |
| Origin | Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
| Genres |  |
| Instruments | guitar, piano, computers |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Website | sites.google.com/site/kylebobbydunn |


title: Tom Alberghini

abstract: Thomas Joseph Alberghini was a professional American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He was born in Peabody, Massachusetts.

text:
# Tom Alberghini

**Thomas Joseph Alberghini** (October 27, 1920 – November 26, 2013) was a professional American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He was born in Peabody, Massachusetts.

## InfoBox

Tom Alberghini
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1920-10-27)October 27, 1920
Peabody, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died: | November 26, 2013(2013-11-26) (aged 93) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Peabody Veterans Memorial (Peabody, Massachusetts) |
| College: | Holy Cross |
| Position: | Tackle/Guard |
| NFL draft: | 1943 / round: 13 / pick: 115
(by the Cleveland Rams) |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * First-team All-Eastern (1942) | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |