title: Rino Lupo

abstract: Rino Lupo (1888–1934) was an Italian-Portuguese film director. He made films in several countries during the silent era. He was forced to flee from Russia following the Russian Revolution in 1917.

text:
# Rino Lupo

**Rino Lupo** (1888–1934) was an Italian-Portuguese film director. He made films in several countries during the silent era. He was forced to flee from Russia following the Russian Revolution in 1917.

## Selected filmography

* 1915 - *Wenn Völker streiten* (uncredited)
* 1915 - *Slør-Danserinden*
* 1921 - *Dwie urny* (as Cezar Rino-Lupo)
* 1921 - *Przez pieklo* (as Cezar Rino-Lupo)
* 1923 – *Mulheres da Beira*
* 1923 – *Os Lobos (The Wolves)*
* 1926 – *O Diabo em Lisboa* (unfinished)
* 1926 – *O Desconhecido (1926)*
* 1926 – *Carmiña, flor de Galicia*
* 1927 – *As Aventuras do Tenor Romão*
* 1928 – *Fátima Milagrosa*
* 1929 – *José do Telhado* (1929)

## Bibliography

* Vieira, Patricia. *Portuguese Film, 1930-1960,: The Staging of the New State Regime*. A&C Black, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Rino Lupo | |
| --- | --- |
| Rino Lupo with Aida de Oliveira (not yet his wife) in the 1920s. | |
| Born | 15 February 1888<br>Rome, Lazio, Italy |
| Died | 1934 |
| Other names | Cesare Rino Lupo |
| Occupation(s) | Director, Writer |
| Years active | 1915 - 1929 (film) |


title: Kyawywa, Kale

abstract: Kyawywa is a village in Kale Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma.

text:
# Kyawywa, Kale

**Kyawywa** is a village in Kale Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma.

## InfoBox

| Kyawywa | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| KyawywaLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 22°50′N 94°3′E / 22.833°N 94.050°E / 22.833; 94.050 | |
| Country | Burma |
| Region | Sagaing Region |
| District | Kale District |
| Township | Kale Township |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MST) |


title: Risk-sensitive foraging models

abstract: Risk-sensitive foraging models help to explain the variance in foraging behaviour in animals. This model allows powerful predictions to be made about expected foraging behaviour for individual groups of animals. Risk sensitive foraging is based on experimental evidence that the net energy budget level of an animal is predictive of type of foraging activity an animal will employ. Experimental evidence has indicated that individuals will change the type of foraging strategy that they use depending on environmental conditions and ability to meet net energy levels. When individuals can meet net energy level requirements by accessing food in risk aversive methods they do so. However, when net energy level requirements are not met by employing risk aversive methods, individuals are more likely to take risk prone actions in order to meet their net energy requirements.

text:
# Risk-sensitive foraging models

**Risk-sensitive foraging models** help to explain the variance in foraging behaviour in animals. This model allows powerful predictions to be made about expected foraging behaviour for individual groups of animals. Risk sensitive foraging is based on experimental evidence that the net energy budget level of an animal is predictive of type of foraging activity an animal will employ. Experimental evidence has indicated that individuals will change the type of foraging strategy that they use depending on environmental conditions and ability to meet net energy levels. When individuals can meet net energy level requirements by accessing food in risk aversive methods they do so. However, when net energy level requirements are not met by employing risk aversive methods, individuals are more likely to take risk prone actions in order to meet their net energy requirements.

## Caraco’s experiment (Juncos)

Thomas Caraco and his colleagues in 1980 were amongst the first to study risk sensitive foraging behaviour in yellow-eyed juncos. For the original study seven yellow-eyed juncos were used in a two-part experiment. Part one examined foraging behaviours in five juncos when they were given a choice of eating on a perch where enough seeds were placed every time to meet their 24-hour energy requirements, or on a perch where they would sometimes find an abundance of seeds and sometimes no seeds. All individuals showed a preference to feed at the perch where they could get their daily seed requirement, the risk aversive choice. Part two examined foraging preference in four juncos, on one perch seeds were present every time but not enough to meet their 24-hour energy requirement. On the other perch they could sometimes find and abundance of seeds or no seeds. In this case the juncos showed a preference to feeding at the variable reward perch, choosing the risk prone feeding option. In order to test if individuals would change their strategy as a result of changed environment, two of the juncos from part one were used in part two of the experiment. As expected the juncos from part one who preferred the risk aversive foraging strategy switched to risk prone foraging behaviour in part two of the experiment.

Thomas Caraco conducted follow up experiment in 1981 with dark-eyed juncos and used a larger sample size. The results were similar; dark-eyed juncos prefer risk aversive foraging behaviours when their 24-hour energy budgets can be met. However, when 24hr energy budgets are not met the juncos employ risk prone foraging behavior.

## Other examples

Risk sensitive foraging has also been found in other animal species. Laboratory rats have also been found to display risk sensitive foraging. Rats prefer to forage at a constant food supply source if they are able to meet their energy requirements. But will employ risk prone foraging behaviour when the constant food supply source does not fulfill their daily energy requirement.

The common shrew has also been found to use risk sensitive foraging methods. Choosing to be risk aversive when they are able to constantly meet their energy requirements. But switching over to risk prone foraging and variable reward when their energy requirements are not met regularly.

## Possible exceptions

Follow-up studies conducted in hummingbirds have found conflicting evidence about risk sensitivity foraging. When the hummingbirds are given three different choices of food supply, risk sensitivity foraging model was not entirely accurate at predicting foraging strategy. When deciding to obtain food from experimentally manipulated flowers containing: low variance, high variance or constant nectar. Hummingbirds were found to prefer nectar from the low variance flower more than any other choice. Researchers suggest that these results may be attributed to the possibility that the hummingbirds were not able to examine the amount of nectar present in each flower visually.

1. Caraco, Thomas; Martindale, Steven; Whittam, Thomas S. (1980). "An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences". *Animal Behaviour*. **28** (3): 820–830. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(80)80142-4.
2. Barnard, C. J.; Brown, C. A. J. (1985). "Risk-Sensitive Foraging in Common Shrews (Sorex araneus L.)". *Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology*. **16** (2): 161–164. doi:10.1007/BF00295150. JSTOR 4599760.
3. Caraco, Thomas (1981-06-01). "Energy budgets, risk and foraging preferences in dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis)". *Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology*. **8** (3): 213–217. doi:10.1007/BF00299833. ISSN 0340-5443.
4. Pubols, Benjamin (1962). "Constant versus variable delay of reinforcement". *Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology*: 55–52.
5. Hurly, T.Andrew; Oseen, Michael D. (1999). "Context-dependent, risk-sensitive foraging preferences in wild rufous hummingbirds". *Animal Behaviour*. **58** (1): 59–66. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1130. PMID 10413541.


title: Wandsworth Parks and Events Police

abstract: Wandsworth Parks and Events Police is a Wandsworth Borough Council service responsible for the routine patrolling of the parks, commons, and open spaces within the London Borough of Wandsworth, which has more green spaces than any other inner London borough. It also enforces byelaws, dog control orders, and other park regulations, and provides policing for special events. Its lineage may be traced to a 1984 foundation, although the present body dates from 2012, and was rebranded in 2015 with its current name and responsibilities.

text:
# Wandsworth Parks and Events Police

**Wandsworth Parks and Events Police** is a Wandsworth Borough Council service responsible for the routine patrolling of the parks, commons, and open spaces within the London Borough of Wandsworth, which has more green spaces than any other inner London borough. It also enforces byelaws, dog control orders, and other park regulations, and provides policing for special events. Its lineage may be traced to a 1984 foundation, although the present body dates from 2012, and was rebranded in 2015 with its current name and responsibilities.

## History

**Wandsworth Parks Police** was the name given to the body of Constables run by Wandsworth Borough Council from 1984 to 2012, which was primarily concerned in patrolling parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Wandsworth to enforce by-laws and other enactments relating to parks and open spaces. Its members were council officers, sworn in as constables referred to by Wandsworth Council as 'Parks Police Constables', or 'Constables'. The constabulary worked closely with the Metropolitan Police Service, with whom there was a history of mutual co-operation, the two forces often assisting each other with arrests, ASBOs, and other operational matters.

In April 2011 Wandsworth Council announced that it was proposing to take advantage of a Metropolitan Police Authority funding scheme that would result in the set up of a **Metropolitan Police Safer Parks Team** of 16 police officers from the Metropolitan Police (2 sergeants and 14 constables) dedicated to policing the parks and open spaces of the borough. The council believed the move would save £800,000 a year as well as securing a team of officers some with higher levels of training and greater powers. Such a move meant the abolition of the Wandsworth Parks Police. There was opposition to this proposal. However, it went ahead on 1 April 2012, when the force was replaced by a Metropolitan Police Safer Parks Team.

Following the disbanding of the original Wandsworth Parks Police in 2012, the council retained five officers (1 inspector and 4 constables) within the newly formed **Wandsworth Events Police Service** (WEPS). The officers were still sworn under the same legislation and enjoyed the same powers as their predecessor unit. WEPS proved highly effective, and was at times contracted out to assist with specific local policing issues in other London boroughs.

The cost savings that were anticipated by the council, and used as a justification for disbanding the parks police, took no account of the cost of maintaining the 'new' constabulary. In 2015 the new unit was expanded back up to previous strength, and rebranded as the **Wandsworth Parks and Events Police**. It is led by an Inspector and a Sergeant.

## Rank structure and numbers

As of 2019 the Parks and Events Police has a team of 9 full-time attested constables (across all operational ranks), and 6 part-time reserves, of whom half are attested.

The full breakdown of operational personnel is:

* 1 full-time Chief Officer with the rank of Inspector
* 1 full-time Deputy Chief Officer with the rank of Sergeant
* 1 full-time Supervisor with the rank of Senior Constable
* 9 Full Time Constables,
* 6 Reserves Constables

| **Chief Officer (Parks Police Inspector)** |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Deputy Chief Officer (Parks Police Sergeant)** |  |
| **Parks Constable** |  |
|

There are additionally administrative and training staff.

## Training and awards

The Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal was awarded in 2002 to all Wandsworth Park Police constables who had completed more than five years service.

On 15 June 2016, eight members of Wandsworth Parks and Events Police, including their senior officer Inspector Stephen Biggs, became the first police officers to be awarded certificates for attaining a Level Five (the highest level) National Vocational Qualification in Event Safety and Policing.

In May 2017 four constables of the Wandsworth Parks and Events Police received bravery awards from the Mayor of Wandsworth, Councillor Richard Field, for their part in apprehending an armed suspect. The officers received the Award for Exemplary Performance in the Mayor's Parlour at the grade II listed Town Hall, opened in 1937 by Queen Mary.

The Parks and Events Police receive initial training and in-service re-training in:

* legal and enforcement processes;
* conflict resolution;
* personal safety;
* first aid, including the operation of defibrillator machines (which are carried in all of their vehicles).

## Operational duties

Officers of the Wandsworth Parks and Events Police (WPEP) carry out a range of duties within the Borough. Their primary work, as outlined above, is focused on community policing, and results in low numbers of arrests, and very little violence. A Freedom of Information enquiry in June 2017 revealed that WPEP officers had made a total of just 32 arrests in the preceding three years, and that force had not been used in connection with any of those arrests.

This coincides with a falling number of annual arrests in the predecessor units. The number of arrests made by the Wandsworth Parks Police dropped from 148 in 2000/2001 to 18 in 2010/2011. By 2017 the average number of arrests per year was only just over 10.

Primary duties include:

* Patrolling parks, commons, and open spaces within the Borough.
* Enforcing byelaws, dog control orders, and other park regulations.
* Parking, cycling, and public nuisance offences.
* Policing special events, particularly in Battersea Park.

Additional areas of responsibility for constables, include:

## Headquarters

The headquarters of the Police Service is located in Battersea Park, and includes both the Inspector's office, and the modern operations and control centre. The headquarters is also home to administrative staff and Home Office qualified instructors.

## Uniform

According to a Freedom of Information enquiry in June 2017, each Wandsworth Parks and Events constable was at that time issued with operational uniform and equipment to a total value of just over £1,777.

The operational uniform consists of a police polo top, black trousers, black fleece jacket, high-visibility jacket, peaked cap, Magnum boots, gloves, body armour (stab vest), and an equipment-carrying police vest with handcuffs, a video camera, and a Motorola personal radio. Officers also carry a baton. The vests bear rank markings and collar numbers, on black rank slides, as well as an identifying patch with the Parks and Events Police badge and name.

There is also a formal uniform for official occasions consisting of a white shirt, black tie, dark blue or black tunic, and black trousers. Medal ribbons, if awarded, as well as rank markings (if any) are worn on the tunic.

## Equipment and batons

Parks and Events constables carry batons and handcuffs, when in uniform. Additionally they carry body worn video cameras, and personal Motorola radios. The powers of parks constables to carry batons was questioned by the Guardian newspaper in 2007, and in that year the trade union UNISON advised its members not to carry them. Batons continued to be issued, and are routinely carried by all officers.

The Constables of Wandsworth Parks Police were trained to Home Office standard to carry Monadnock batons. Wandsworth Council received their own legal opinion in November 2001 stating that carrying such equipment was legal. However, a report for Newham Council and a legal opinion for Barking and Dagenham Council contradicts this. This opinion stated that there was no "lawful authority" for parks constables to carry batons. They also trained with and carried rigid handcuffs.

Queen's Counsel Advice to Newham Council in 2007 stated that Parks Constables have lawful authority to carry batons as they are exercising powers under section 24 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (P.A.C.E.) and are therefore protected to carry such equipment under section 117 of P.A.C.E and Section 3 CLA 1967; the protection to carry such equipment is also afforded to officers in the Border Force and any person carrying out arrest powers such as Water Bailiffs and ports and Harbours Police.

The powers of Parks Constables are complex in that many of the provisions of arrest were updated by Section 26(1) of P.A.C.E 1984 and much of the negative denial of powers of Parks Constables was due to poor research and a poor understanding of the definition of the status of constables at law.

Parks Constables exercise powers under Section 24 of P.A.C.E and are therefore protected under the provisions of Section 117 of P.A.C.E, whilst enforcing byelaws, regulations, and enactments relating to open spaces. Parks Constables have all the powers of a Constable to enforce the above, albeit within a limited jurisdiction. Nevertheless, they are constables for this purpose and therefore have all the protections for constables whilst carrying out these duties. There is no office of "Police Officer" in English law, but only the office of Constable, and although a constable's jurisdiction may be limited they are nevertheless constables as defined by law, with the protection such an office brings.

## Police dog section

Police dogs had a vital role in the work of the Wandsworth Parks Police, assisting police officers in routine work. General purpose police dogs were German Shepherds, Bouvier des Flandres and Malinois. Drug search dogs were Border Collie and Labradors.

Wandsworth Parks and Events Police also operate a dog unit, using a Ford Transit Connect police dog van.

## Vehicles

The Parks and Events Police operate at least three marked police vehicles, carrying the service crest as part of the livery. They are

* one Ford Transit Custom, with blue LED flashing lights and CCTV recording.
* one Mercedes-Benz Vito van, fitted with blue flashing lights.
* one Ford Transit Connect dog unit, fitted with blue flashing lights.

The motor vehicles used by the Wandsworth Parks and Events Police are fitted with blue flashing strobe lights, alternating headlamps, and sirens. Wandsworth Council has stated that their use is in accordance with the Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989, as amended, which permit blue lights to be fitted to emergency vehicles that are used for police purposes.

The Constables are sworn in under Article 18 of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967. This states that:

**A local authority may procure officers appointed by them, for securing the observance of the provisions of all enactments relating to open spaces under their control or management and of bye-laws and regulations made thereunder, *to be sworn in as a constable for that purpose* but any such officer shall not act as a Constable unless in uniform or provided with a warrant.**

This gives the powers of a Constable whilst enforcing open space law, including bye-laws and regulations. This includes the power under the Road Traffic Act 1988 to stop a vehicle driving onto common land. Other powers used by the Constables are set out in Sections 24 and 24A of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) as amended by section 110 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005.

When on or off duty and they see an offence being committed that is not in breach of the open spaces laws, they may only arrest using 'other person powers' (commonly known as citizen's arrest) given under Section 24a of PACE.

Wandsworth council's opinions on the stop and search powers of Parks Police constables differed. One report stated that they had no such powers, whereas a later report said they had search powers only upon arrest for breach of bylaws, under Section 1 of PACE. However, the post-arrest power of searching was derived from Section 32 of PACE which allows those that are arrested to be searched:

> **"Section 32(1):** **A constable may search an arrested person, in any case where the person to be searched has been arrested at a place other than a police station, if the constable has reasonable grounds for believing that the arrested person may present a danger to himself or others.**

> **"Section 32(2) Subject to subsections (3) to (5) below, a constable shall also have power in any such case-**
>
> **(a) to search the arrested person for anything:**
>
> **(i) which he might use to assist him to escape from lawful custody; or**
>
> **(ii) which might be evidence relating to an offence"**

It would seem that these constables did have such a power. However, if they seized evidence in relation to a suspected offence of which they did not have jurisdiction then they still had a power of seizure, although they were required to hand the evidence over to a local police officer for consideration of arrest.

Regardless of their status as Constables, they are also council officers and as such could enforce legislation which only Local Authority Officers are able to enforce for prosecution.

Like other parks police services, Wandsworth Parks and Events Police is not a territorial police service. Their officers, in both plain clothes and uniform, enforce bye-laws and other enactments relating to open spaces, and are categorised as a miscellaneous police service.

## InfoBox

| Wandsworth Parks and Events Police | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 2015 |
| Preceding agencies | * Wandsworth Events Police Service (2012) * Wandsworth Parks Police (1984) |
| Legal personality | Police service funded by local authority |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | Wandsworth Borough Council, England, UK |
| Size | 34.2 km2 (13.2 sq mi) |
| Population | 323,300 |
| Legal jurisdiction | London Borough of Wandsworth |
| Governing body | Wandsworth Borough Council |
| Constituting instrument | * Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967 |
| General nature |  |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Parks Police Station, Battersea Park |
| Agency executive |  |
| Facilities | |
| Stations | 1 |
| Notables | |
| Awards |  |
| Website | |
| Parks Police Website | |


title: Nantong Museum

abstract: Nantong Museum is located in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, at 19 Qixiu Road in Chongchuan District. It is near the center of the city, beside the Haohe river. It was established by a well-known educator, Zhang Jian in 1905. It is made of five parts, the center, the south, the north, the east, the west. It is one of the oldest museums in China.

text:
# Nantong Museum

**Nantong Museum** (Chinese: 南通博物苑; pinyin: *Nántōng Bówùyuàn*) is located in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, at 19 Qixiu Road in Chongchuan District. It is near the center of the city, beside the Haohe river. It was established by a well-known educator, Zhang Jian in 1905. It is made of five parts, the center, the south, the north, the east, the west. It is one of the oldest museums in China.

## Buildings

### Original

The original museum occupied three main buildings in the center, south, and north, used to display specimens of science, history, art and education.

### Additions

Fifty years later, miniature garden displaying rooms, tea houses and other amusement facilities have been added to the big museum. Therefore, Nantong museum is a local comprehensive museum and a unique park. The most notable cultural property displayed are Neolithic finds.

### Architecture

The central building is a Chinese-style single-storey house with two floors while the south is a western-style building. The north building is in traditional Chinese style with two floors. The eastern one is Chinese style as well. In the yard, there are plenty of trees and flowers accompanied by birds and other animals. There are also pavilions and ponds.

## Exhibits

The objects in Nantong museum are both historical and natural. The total count is about 50 thousand. The historical remains mostly represent local culture from the ancient times to now. The natural ones stand for not only the plants and animals in Nantong, but also in the whole country and the world.

The southern and center museums have a great many historical relics. The southern one contains most of local historical remains and, outside, there are huge relics. In the reconstructed "old elephant pavilion", there are pictures of supernatural beings. The western one consists of various kinds of natural specimen. The most famous display is the framework of a whale.

32°00′48″N 120°51′53″E / 32.013218°N 120.864809°E / 32.013218; 120.864809

## InfoBox

Nantong Museum
| Nantong Museum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1905 |
| Location | 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, China |


title: Nanjing salted duck

abstract: Nanjing salted duck is a local duck dish from Nanjing, China. The history of the dish goes back hundreds of years, possibly to the 14th century, but it grew more famous during the Qing Dynasty. The tender white duck-meat has some fat but is not greasy, and in presentation the dish is fragrant and often crispy. Although available all year round, experts believe that duck in autumn inherently possesses a sweet scent of osmanthus and is therefore best in this season. In line with this statement, some cooked-meat product shops have started experimenting with the use of osmanthus to flavour duck. Nanjing salted duck prepared shortly before or after mid-Autumn is reputed to taste the best, because of duck production during the sweet osmanthus blooming season. Sometimes the seasonal version of the dish is called "osmanthus duck". Nanjing is a culinary centre noted for its Jinling dishes, especially quality ducks and a whole variety of duck dishes. Over 100 million ducks per year are eaten in the city of 8 million. Nanjing salted duck reigns supreme on the table in southern China, just as Peking duck reigns supreme in northern China. For the people of Nanjing, eating salted duck once a day seems to have become a regular habit. Some historians believe that the ducks were first raised as livestock by the Nanjing people more than two thousand years ago. The Nanjing salted duck is recorded as a gourmet entry in the List of Jinling’s Delicacies by the modern Chinese gourmet Tongzhi Zhang. Most of Nanjing's most famous duck shops are located around the Shuiximen area. The key to the formation of the unique flavour of Nanjing salted duck is the oxidation and degradation of the duck fat, which is achieved throughout the production process through a series of steps including dry-curing, salting, roasting and boiling. In parts of China, taro and salted duck are a unique combination. Over the years, Nanjing salted duck has achieved a number of honourable achievements in different fields.

text:
# Nanjing salted duck

**Nanjing salted duck** (simplified Chinese: 盐水鸭; traditional Chinese: 鹽水鴨; pinyin: *yánshuǐ yā*) is a local duck dish from Nanjing, China. The history of the dish goes back hundreds of years, possibly to the 14th century, but it grew more famous during the Qing Dynasty. The tender white duck-meat has some fat but is not greasy, and in presentation the dish is fragrant and often crispy. Although available all year round, experts believe that duck in autumn inherently possesses a sweet scent of osmanthus and is therefore best in this season. In line with this statement, some cooked-meat product shops have started experimenting with the use of osmanthus to flavour duck. Nanjing salted duck prepared shortly before or after mid-Autumn is reputed to taste the best, because of duck production during the sweet osmanthus blooming season (osmanthus may be added to the spice mixture particularly in those months). Sometimes the seasonal version of the dish is called "osmanthus duck".

Nanjing is a culinary centre noted for its Jinling dishes, especially quality ducks and a whole variety of duck dishes. Over 100 million ducks per year are eaten in the city of 8 million.

Nanjing salted duck reigns supreme on the table in southern China, just as Peking duck reigns supreme in northern China. For the people of Nanjing, eating salted duck once a day seems to have become a regular habit. Some historians believe that the ducks were first raised as livestock by the Nanjing people more than two thousand years ago. The Nanjing salted duck is recorded as a gourmet entry in the *List of Jinling’s Delicacies* by the modern Chinese gourmet Tongzhi Zhang. Most of Nanjing's most famous duck shops are located around the Shuiximen area. The key to the formation of the unique flavour of Nanjing salted duck is the oxidation and degradation of the duck fat, which is achieved throughout the production process through a series of steps including dry-curing, salting, roasting and boiling. In parts of China, taro and salted duck are a unique combination. Over the years, Nanjing salted duck has achieved a number of honourable achievements in different fields.

## Place of origin

Cooked duck products are widely popular in China for their rich nutritional value as much as for their flavour, and are especially so in Nanjing. This ancient city on the southern bank of the Yangtze River has a long history of duck farming, with some historians even suggesting that ducks were raised as livestock in the old city of Nanjing more than 2,000 years ago. In the early Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the salted duck was an essential part of many Nanjing families' daily meals, and even the emperor of the time, Zhu Yuanzhang, was fond of it.

For the people of Nanjing, enjoying salted duck with the meal every day is as commonplace as drinking a cold drink on a hot summer day or a warm congee on a cold winter day. The people of Nanjing love eating duck to such an extent that it is a sin not to eat it once a day, so it has become a regular habit in Nanjing for rich and poor alike to have a plate of salted duck, whether in the company of others or alone. Every summer evening, there will always be two or three old men sitting together on the streets of Nanjing, drinking alcohol with two wings and two legs of salted duck as a side dish.

## Origin, according to tradition

One legend holds that when Zhu Yuanzhang was the emperor (with Nanjing as the capital in the 14th century), there was a dispute of sorts, and an edict was issued to kill all the roosters in the city. This solved a noise problem, but the result was no chicken to eat. The people of Nanjing had to eat duck instead, which gave rise to the prominence in Nanjing of duck dishes like Nanjing salted duck. Other accounts claim that Nanjing was famed for duck dishes centuries earlier, dating even to the Southern Dynasties (420~589 A.D.).

During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), near the Fuzimiao, the examination venue for the imperial examinations, major restaurants and teahouses specialised in preparing brine duck to satisfy the taste buds of students.

## Gastronomical records

The gourmet entry for Nanjing salted duck was recorded in Tongzhi Zhang's *List of Jinling’s Delicacies* published in February 1947, one of the 61 entries in his selection. These 61 gourmet entries cover a wide range of local delicacies that Tongzhi Zhang has tasted in Nanjing during his lifetime, including but not limited to raw materials, processed foods and cooked dishes.

Tongzhi Zhang (1875-1948), who came from the present Luhe district of Nanjing, was not only a highly respected scholar, educator, poet, calligrapher and painter in contemporary China, but also a gourmet. The fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 forced Tongzhi Zhang to leave officialdom for Nanjing, where he spent the rest of his life. *List of Jinling’s Delicacies* is included in *Nanjing wenxian* (Nanjing documents), then edited by Tongzhi Zhang himself, as a food review that is a testament to his ability to console himself by sampling the local cuisine of Nanjing. In addition to Nanjing salted duck, many of the 61 gourmet entries recorded by Tongzhi Zhang are still representative of Nanjing's local specialties these days.

According to Tongzhi Zhang's comments, for the meat of the Nanjing salted duck to be fatty enough, the ducks used for cooking must be carefully reared, with particular attention to the feed fed to the ducks. The distinctive flavour, perfect tenderness and moderate saltiness of Nanjing salted duck are all due to the right amount of time and salt used in the curing process. This is also due to the moist heat cooking technique used in the production of Nanjing salted duck, which makes the duck meat to be fleshy and firm and full of juices. It is therefore crucial to control the temperature during the cooking process of the duck, otherwise neither the aroma nor the taste of the duck meat will reach the standard value, and it may even be said to be irrelevant to the quality of authentic Nanjing salted duck. Finally, Tongzhi Zhang also mentions the reputation and popularity of the salted duck produced and sold by Hanfuxing Shop in Nanjing because of its rich and attractive aroma and fatty but not greasy taste.

## Cooking method

The duck, with wings and feet removed, is cleaned and drained. Spices and recipes vary, but a simple approach is to rub pepper into the body with more stuffed inside. The duck is cooked in a pot, pickled (1–2 hours in summer, 4 hours in winter), and hung to dry in a well ventilated area. The duck is then simmered in water with ginger, onion, and star anise. Finally, the duck is cut into strips.

## Salted duck at Shuiximen

Most of the most famous duck shops in Nanjing are located in the Shuiximen area, and if a duck shop has "Shuiximen" in its name, then the shop is doing a lot of business which will be more than expected. Some of the better known of these shops have been Shuiximen Xu's Duck, Shuiximen Yin's Duck, Shuiximen Cheng's Duck, Shuiximen Lu's Duck, and not only them, but all the duck shops around Shuiximen advertise and claim that they make and sell the most authentic Nanjing Shuiximen salted duck. Salted duck shops in Nanjing tend to do their best business in the afternoon, with a long queue of customers usually forming in front of the shop by 3 pm each day. Each day when the shop opens for business, one of the owners or staff is responsible for cutting the prepared salted duck and the other for serving the customers. The vast majority of salted duck shops are snapped up by around 6 pm each day.

When preparing the salted duck, it is necessary to go through the brining step. Unlike ordinary businesses, some specialists or shops serving authentic Nanjing salted duck do not wear rubber gloves to handle the duck during this step. This is because the gloves block the touch of the fingers and thus do not ensure that the salt particles are evenly dispersed on the surface of the duck's skin, or even in more serious cases leave a rubbery taste in the meat. In addition, as the meat of authentic Nanjing salted duck is very tender and tasty and easy to get stale, the flavour of the duck itself can be contaminated if plastic pots are used in the brining step.

It is because there are indeed many different ways to cook duck that, with the exception of the main product, salted duck, all companies and shops in Nanjing that produce and sell cooked duck products, regardless of size, are struggling to find their niche markets. From large banquets to small alleyway stalls, a duck is found mutilated into different parts for different cooking methods such as curing, drying, roasting, smoking and stewing.

## Flavour and production techniques

Among the many traditional meat products in China, Nanjing salted duck is one of the few processed meat products cooked at low temperatures. As a famous local appetiser, Nanjing salted duck is well known for its tender and flavourful taste and meticulous processing. Although Nanjing salted duck may appear to be an ordinary dish at first glance, its unique and rich flavour has made it a cornerstone of Jinling cuisine, thus not only rivalling Peking duck in terms of taste, but also enjoying similar popularity and reputation as Peking duck. Jinling cuisine is the ancient Chinese name for Nanjing cuisine, which is subordinate to Jiangsu cuisine, one of the eight major cuisines of China, and can be traced back to the Six Dynasties (222-589 A.D.).

Cooked duck products are a popular food not only in China, but all over the world, and Nanjing salted duck is one of the most well-known ones. Nanjing salted duck is cooked in the traditional Chinese brine method at low temperatures, and its tender and flavourful taste has made it a world-famous local specialty. In China, brine is recognised as a means of treating raw meat with only a bloody smell, and it is widely used in the preparation of various cooked meat products with traditional characteristics. As a traditional cured meat cooked with this technique, the flavour is the most important sensory quality and characteristic of Nanjing salted duck. Due to the high unsaturated fatty acid content of the duck, the oxidation and degradation of the fat are essential for the formation of the perfect taste of the duck meat, which is also the key to Nanjing salted duck's unique flavour. The production process involves a series of steps such as dry-curing, salting, roasting and boiling, all of which are essential, as they together contribute to the oxidation and degradation of the fat. When the products of fat degradation are increased, the typical and distinctive flavour of Nanjing salted duck is created and enhanced.

The dry-curing process makes an important contribution to the degradation of duck fat by accelerating its oxidation to a great extent throughout the production process of Nanjing salted duck. During the curing process, it is better if the whole duck is completely immersed in the aged brine, which is the salting step, and this is why other categories of cooked duck products never reach the flavour and quality standards of the Nanjing salted duck. The optimum ageing time for duck is 24 hours, which is more conducive to the processing and subsequent flavour formation of the salted duck and is also more suitable for real-life production. The ageing step often follows the brining (salting) and is somewhat similar to the processing of ham. As the ageing time increases, the water content of the duck meat decreases, so the dehydration caused by excessive ageing time can seriously affect the water locking capacity of the duck meat, which is detrimental to the oxidation of fat and thus hinders the formation and development of the flavour of Nanjing salted duck.

To summarise the whole process, in the dry-curing step, the salt inhibits the formation of bitterness, which contributes to the mellow taste and flavour of Nanjing salted duck; in the brining step, the taste and flavour of the duck are greatly enhanced after brine stewing; in the ageing step, the rapid reduction of fat in the duck makes the meat firmer; and the final boiling step further enhances the tender and tasty taste of the duck meat.

## Special recipes

The fame of Nanjing salted duck has long been known to have profoundly influenced many surrounding cities near Nanjing and has successfully made its way to the tables of people in Shanghai and Hangzhou. Just as mashed potatoes and turkey are the signature pairing for Thanksgiving dinner in the United States, taro and duck are the perfect combination for the Mid-Autumn Festival meal in Shanghai, China. The number of recipes developed by chefs in China using taro and duck, both in professional and private kitchens, is innumerable. In the Yangtze River Delta region of eastern China, it is a common practice to cut up peeled taro, stir-fry it with salt and spring onions, and then cook it in a pot with duck bought from a nearby delicatessen. In this case, the Nanjing salted duck, with its rich and attractive aroma and fatty but not greasy taste, is always one of the most popular choices. In Guangdong province of southern China, the soup-loving Cantonese people choose to put taro and duck together in a slow-cooked soup over low heat, which according to the principles and claims of traditional Chinese medical science, can soothe the dryness that people feel in the body during autumn.

## Honorary achievements

* In 2012, Nanjing salted duck was listed as a Chinese geographical indication agricultural product.
* In 2014, *Modern Express*, a local newspaper in Nanjing, launched a campaign in which Nanjing salted duck was named as one of the eight most popular dishes in Nanjing.
* In 2014, during the Youth Olympic Games held in Nanjing, Nanjing salted duck was included in the athletes' diet menu, thus giving athletes from all over the world the opportunity to taste this very representative Jiangsu specialty.

### Additional sources

## InfoBox

Nanjing salted duck
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names | Chinese: 盐水鸭, 鹽水鴨 |
| Type | Duck dishes |
| Place of origin | China |
| Region or state | Nanjing |
| Associated cuisine | Jinling cuisine, Jiangsu cuisine |
| Similar dishes | Peking duck |
|  | |


title: HTC Desire 300

abstract: The HTC Desire 300 is a low-end Android smartphone released by HTC in 2013. The phone was announced on 3 September 2013 in London, England. It was stated that the device would be available in October 2013 in select markets.

text:
# HTC Desire 300

The **HTC Desire 300** is a low-end Android smartphone released by HTC in 2013. The phone was announced on 3 September 2013 in London, England. It was stated that the device would be available in October 2013 in select markets.

## Specifications

### Design

The HTC Desire 300 has a 4.3-inch display with big bezels; there is an earpiece, an "HTC" logo and a front-facing camera at the upper bezel of the display and there are two capacitive buttons (back and home) buttons at the lower bezel of the display. On the side frame, there is a volume rocker at the right side, there is a power button and a headphone jack at the top and there is a micro-USB port and a microphone hole at the bottom while the left side is empty. The HTC Desire 300 has a unibody plastic cover that can be removed; removing the cover reveals a removable battery, a microSIM card slot and a microSD card slot for storage expansion. There is a rear-facing camera and a speaker alongside an "HTC" logo at the back.

The HTC Desire measures 131.78 x 66.23 x 10.12 mm and weighs 120 grams. It is available in black and white.

### Hardware

The HTC Desire 300 is powered by Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 system-on-chip manufactured on a 45 nm process and consisting of a 1.0 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A5 CPU and Adreno 203 GPU. It comes with 512 MB RAM and 4 GB internal storage; however, only 1.4 GB of the 4 GB internal storage is user accessible. Internal storage can be expanded up to 64 GB by using a microSD card.

The HTC Desire 300 has a 4.3-inch LCD with 480x800 pixels (WVGA) resolution and 217 ppi pixel density. The phone has Beats Audio enhancements but lacks the BoomSound speakers.

The HTC Desire 300 has a 5-megapixel rear camera with f/2.8 aperture, 34mm focal length, autofocus and WVGA (800x480) video recording. It also has a VGA (0.3-megapixel) front-facing camera. None of the cameras is assisted by LED flash.

The HTC Desire 300 has a 1650 mAh removable battery. According to HTC, the phone can last up to 11 hours on 3G calls and up to 26 days on 3G stand-by.

### Software

The HTC Desire 300 runs on Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean with HTC's Sense user interface out of the box. It also includes HTC's Blinkfeed feature which displays a dynamic list of titles and social network updates on the home screen. It comes preinstalled with Google's software suite.

## InfoBox

HTC Desire 300
| Manufacturer | HTC |
| --- | --- |
| Compatible networks | 2G
3G |
| Dimensions | 131.78 x 66.23 x 10.12 mm |
| Weight | 120 grams |
| Operating system | Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean, HTC Sense 5.0 |
| System-on-chip | Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 |
| CPU | 1.0 GHz dual core ARM Cortex-A5 |
| GPU | Adreno 203 |
| Memory | 512 MB RAM |
| Storage | 4 GB (Only 1.4 GB is user accessible) |
| Removable storage | microSD card support up to 64 GB |
| Battery | 1650 mAh removable battery |
| Display | 4.3 inch LCD display; WVGA (480x800 pixels) resolution, 217 ppi pixel density |
| Sound | Beats Audio |
| Rear camera | 5 MP (f/2.8 aperture, 34mm focal length, autofocus, WVGA video recording) |
| Front camera | VGA |
| Connectivity | Wi-Fi
Bluetooth 4.0
3.5 mm headphone jack
microUSB |


title: Wanna Be That Song

abstract: "Wanna Be That Song" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brett Eldredge. It was released on May 23, 2016 as the third and final single from Eldredge's second studio album, Illinois. Eldredge wrote the song with Ross Copperman and Scooter Carusoe.

text:
# Wanna Be That Song

"**Wanna Be That Song**" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brett Eldredge. It was released on May 23, 2016 as the third and final single from Eldredge's second studio album, *Illinois*. Eldredge wrote the song with Ross Copperman and Scooter Carusoe.

## Background

According to Eldredge, the idea for the song came when he was about to walk on stage to perform at the Kansas Speedway, and he said to songwriter Scooter Carusoe: "I want to write a song called "Wanna Be That Song"." However, the song was not written until three months later in a writing session with Carusoe and Ross Copperman, who is the producer of his album. Eldredge said of the song: ""Wanna Be That Song" has everything I want to say about love and about what I'm trying to be."

## Commercial performance

The song first entered the chart when the song became available for download as a preview single in advance of the release of the album *Illinois*. Based on 16,000 copies in sales, the song debuted at No. 34 on Hot Country Songs for chart dated September 26, 2015. When the song was released to radio as the third single from the album in 2016; the song debuted on Country Airplay at No. 58 for chart dated June 4, 2016; It also debuted at number 57 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. The song peaked at No. 3 on Hot Country Songs, and reached No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart in December 2016, making this Eldredge's fifth No. 1 on the chart. The song has sold 410,000 copies as of August 2017. The song also reached at number 25 on Canada Country chart for the week of November 25, 2016.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Trey Fanjoy and premiered in June 2016. It was filmed in Wrigley Field.

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 40,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 / 410,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Wanna Be That Song" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Brett Eldredge | |
| from the album  *Illinois* | |
| Released | May 23, 2016 (2016-05-23) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:56 |
| Label | Atlantic Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Ross Copperman * Brett Eldredge |
| Brett Eldredge singles chronology | |
| "Drunk on Your Love"
(2015) "**Wanna Be That Song**"
(2016) "Somethin' I'm Good At"
(2017) | |


title: HMS Success (1740)

abstract: HMS Success was a 20-gun Royal Navy ship launched in 1740 as the first government contract for the Blaydes Yard in Hull. She had a crew of 140 men. She had several famous commanders over her lifetime.

text:
# HMS Success (1740)

**HMS *Success*** was a 20-gun Royal Navy ship launched in 1740 as the first government contract for the Blaydes Yard in Hull. She had a crew of 140 men. She had several famous commanders over her lifetime.

## History

She was commissioned in October 1739 at a cost of £4800 and launched July 1740 under the command of Captain Bradwarden Thomas who took her over the Atlantic to New England. There in October 1742 command passed to Captain Jack Wickham who sailed her to Lisbon in 1743. In June 1744 she went to Dunkirk.

From January to May 1746 she underwent repairs at Sheerness Dockyard. She went under further alterations and repair at Deptford bringing total costs to £7000 over her original build cost and did not return to action until June 1749 when she returned to New England. After three years service she returned for further repair at Woolwich which were completed May 1754 at a cost of a further £7000.

Under command of Captain John Rous she was part in the Battle of Fort Beausejour off the New Brunswick coast in May 1755. In August 1755 the ship attacked several French-owned fishing boats and destroyed harbour facilities at Codroy, Newfoundland.

In 1757 she was stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia and command transferred to Captain Paul Henry Ourry who took her on the Louisburg Expedition but departed prior to the Siege of Louisburg.

In 1758 she had a fourth refit, again at Deptford which was completed in March. In June 1758 still under command of Captain Ourry she attacked St Malo before joining a convoy to South Carolina where command changed to Captain George Watson (d.1774).

In 1761/2 she had a fifth repair and upgrade, again at Deptford, costing over £5000. She then returned to South Carolina with Captain John Botterell.

She was paid off in February 1764 but had three further captains, the last Skeffington Lutwidge leaving her in August 1775. She was broken in Sheerness in May 1779. This exercise reused as much material as possible for other ships.

The ship's logbook of 1747 to 1752 plus the private logbook of midshipman John Gauntlett covering the period 1754 to 1756 are held at the National Archive, Kew.

## InfoBox

| HMS *Success*'s sister ship *Experiment* (L) takes the French ship *Telemaque* (R) | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | HMS *Success* |
| Ordered | 4 October 1739 |
| Builder | Hugh Blaydes, Hull |
| Cost | 4,838.3.3. |
| Laid down | 30 October 1739 |
| Launched | 14 August 1740 |
| Completed | 19 October 1740 |
| Commissioned | July 1740 |
| Fate | Broken up May 1779 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Sixth-rate frigate |
| Tons burthen | 4364294 (bm) |
| Length | * 106 ft (32.3 m) (gundeck) * 87 ft 3 in (26.6 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 30 ft 8 in (9.3 m) |
| Depth of hold | 9 ft 5 in (2.9 m) |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Complement | 140 |
| Armament | Gundeck: 20 × 9-pounder guns |


title: Nannoarctia takanoi

abstract: Nannoarctia takanoi, described by Jinhaku Sonan in 1934, is an endemic species of moth in the family Erebidae from Taiwan. It is probably extinct now; no specimens have been collected since World War II. The species was formerly known as Pericallia integra Matsumura, 1931, but specimens from Taiwan are not conspecific to those from the Philippines, where N. integra (Walker, 1855) occur.

text:
# Nannoarctia takanoi

***Nannoarctia takanoi***, described by Jinhaku Sonan in 1934, is an endemic species of moth in the family Erebidae from Taiwan. It is probably extinct now; no specimens have been collected since World War II. The species was formerly known as *Pericallia integra* Matsumura, 1931, but specimens from Taiwan are not conspecific to those from the Philippines, where *N. integra* (Walker, 1855) occur.

* Dubatolov, Vladimir V. & Kishida, Yasunori (December 2010). "Review of the genus *Nannoarctia* Kôda, s. str. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae)" (PDF). *Tinea*. **21** (3): 136–152.
* Matsumura, S. (1931). *6000 Illustrated Insects of Japan-Empire*: 1497+191 p., Tokyo (in Japanese).
* Sonan, J. (1934) "On three new species of the moths in Japan and Formosa". *Kontyû*. **8**: 212–214, Tokyo.

## InfoBox

| *Nannoarctia takanoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Nannoarctia* |
| Species: | ***N. takanoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nannoarctia takanoi***<br>(Sonan, 1934) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pericallia takanoi* Sonan, 1934 | |


title: Nannobrachium

abstract: Nannobrachium is a genus of lanternfishes.

text:
# Nannobrachium

***Nannobrachium*** is a genus of lanternfishes.

## Species

There are currently 17 recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Nannobrachium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Black Lanternfish *(N. nigrum)* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Myctophiformes |
| Family: | Myctophidae |
| Genus: | *Nannobrachium*<br>Günther, 1887 |
|


title: HWW Limited

abstract: HWW was an Australian-based organisation which supplied television and movies metadata to a broad range of clients across new and traditional media including: online publishers, subscription television providers, IPTV providers, HbbTV providers and print publishers. HWW data powered recording, navigation, discovery and recommendation functions across a range of devices and platforms including web, mobile and set top boxes. HWW was the official provider of Foxtel listings in Australia. Customers included Foxtel, Freeview, Samsung, Telstra and Beamly. HWW also licenses its proprietary data management software, DataGenius, to operators internationally to customers including Integral and Multichoice.

text:
# HWW Limited

**HWW** was an Australian-based organisation which supplied television and movies metadata to a broad range of clients across new and traditional media including: online publishers, subscription television providers, IPTV providers, HbbTV providers and print publishers.

HWW data powered recording, navigation, discovery and recommendation functions across a range of devices and platforms including web, mobile and set top boxes. HWW was the official provider of Foxtel listings in Australia. Customers included Foxtel, Freeview, Samsung, Telstra and Beamly.

HWW also licenses its proprietary data management software, DataGenius, to operators internationally to customers including Integral and Multichoice.

## History

HWW was founded by Philomena Horan and Stephen Wall in 1974 and first traded as Horan and Wall, The Information Agency in Peter Day's Kirk Gallery in Surry Hills, Sydney. Their first client was the then new youth radio station 2JJ. It was here that the founders met Tony Walker and he soon joined the partnership. The partnership began to trade as Horan Wall and Walker in 1974. The proprietary limited company became known as HWW Limited when it was floated on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) in 1999. HWW was acquired by Mi9 under a scheme of arrangement in 2006 and was delisted from the ASX. HWW was purchased to support a focus on mobile content with HWW producing, aggregating and syndicating content to many of the major mobile carriers including Telstra, Optus and Vodafone. In October 2014, HWW was acquired from Mi9 by Gracenote.

HWW syndicated a range of national content including television listings, movies listings, live music listings, restaurant and bar listings, horoscopes and humour. HWW won the Foxtel EPG contract in 2004 and worked with the subscription television provider on the launch of its digital television service.

In 2014, HWW was the leading supplier of movies and television data in Australia. In October 2014, HWW was acquired by Gracenote. In 2015, the HWW brand was retired.

## Product

HWW's first content management system was called SPACE (Sales Prospects And Client Environment). It grew into the basis for handling all of the company's data and content in all of its content domains. After HWW was taken over by NineMSN it built its next content management system, DataGenius, to manage schedule and metadata for its Australian clients. Content editors used DataGenius to standardise and enhance TV and movie metadata for display across a wide range of platforms. The data provided to clients in the Australian market included features such as real times for accurate recording, which were specific to local time zones and locations with, at that time, 718 unique channels configurations across Australia, series linking, and unique episode and program IDs.

Before its sale to Gracenote, HWW licensed DataGenius to international subscription television operators, including Integral and Multichoice. Installed locally and managed by their teams in-house, DataGenius allows operators to control and manage the quality of their metadata in their own environment. DataGenius features include the ability to receive data from multiple sources, supports management of both bound and unbound data and language translation.

## InfoBox

HWW Limited
|
|  |
| Formerly | Horan Wall and Walker |
| Industry | Data management and enhancement |
| Founded | 1974 |
| Founder | Philomena Horan<br>Stephen Wall |
| Defunct | 2015 |
| Headquarters | Sydney, Australia |
| Parent | Gracenote |
| Website | www.hww.com.au |


title: Wanderer (company)

abstract: Wanderer was a German manufacturer of bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, vans and other machinery. Established as Winklhofer & Jaenicke in 1896 by Johann Baptist Winklhofer and Richard Adolf Jaenicke, the company used the Wanderer brand name from 1911, making civilian automobiles until 1941 and military vehicles until 1945. Wanderer was last active as a financial holding company without its own business operations and went bankrupt in July 2010. The brand was then acquired by Cologne-based manufacturer Zweirad Einkaufs Genossenschaft (ZEG).

text:
# Wanderer (company)

**Wanderer** was a German manufacturer of bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, vans and other machinery. Established as *Winklhofer & Jaenicke* in 1896 by Johann Baptist Winklhofer and Richard Adolf Jaenicke, the company used the *Wanderer* brand name from 1911, making civilian automobiles until 1941 and military vehicles until 1945.

Wanderer was last active as a financial holding company without its own business operations and went bankrupt in July 2010. The brand was then acquired by Cologne-based manufacturer Zweirad Einkaufs Genossenschaft (ZEG).

## History

*Winklhofer & Jaenicke* was established in 1896 in Chemnitz. It built motorcycles from 1902 and automobiles from 1903. The *Wanderer* brand was chosen in 1911 for overseas exports and was soon adopted for domestic sales.

The first two- or three-seater models used four-cylinder 1145 cc and 1220 cc engines. The 1220 cc model lasted until 1925. The first six-cylinder model appeared in 1928. By 1926, when Wanderer introduced a successful *Typ* 10, the company was making 25 vehicles a day; parts were made at the old plant in Chemnitz and assembled at the 1927 built new site in Siegmar, delivered by rail right to the assembly line. Motorcycle production continued in Chemnitz alone.

During the Great Depression, in 1929, the company owner, Dresdner Bank, sold the motorcycle business to František Janeček, and in 1932 divested the rest of Wanderer. The car division with its Siegmar factory became part of Auto Union together with Horch, Audi and DKW. In this quartet, Horch was positioned as the luxury brand, DKW and Slaby-Beringer built cheap two-stroke cars, and Audi and Wanderer competed in the Middle class and Upper Middle class segments the same way GM's Buick and Oldsmobile divisions were used, technologically advanced small cars (the heaviest, 6-cylinder Wanderers reached 1.5 tons dry weight). Wanderers of the Nazi period acquired a trademark radiator design, shaped as a heraldic shield.

The next model W17 7/35 PS was propelled by a new 1692 cc OHV four-cylinder engine developed by Ferdinand Porsche. In 1933 the new Audi Front was equipped with the Wanderer W22 engine, a 1950 cc OHV six-cylinder, also a Porsche design. The top model from 1936 to 1939 was the W50, propelled by a 2257 cc six-cylinder engine. From 1937 on there were also sporting fours (W24 and W25) and another six-cylinder model of 2632 cc (W23), propelled by new Flathead engines constructed by Auto Union itself. Wanderer cars were always admired for their high quality and sporting character.

During World War II, all civilian production was replaced in 1941 with licence-built military vehicles, such as Steyr 1500A light truck. A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp, KZ Siegmar-Schonau, was operated during the war to provide slave labour for the Wanderer vehicle plants. From 1943 on the Auto Union Siegmar plant produced Maybach HL230 V12 engines, used in many heavy tanks of the German Wehrmacht.

The Wanderer Siegmar plant (now Chemnitz) of Auto Union was destroyed in early 1945, closing this chapter in the history of automobiles. Post-war efforts to restore East German auto industry concentrated on Auto Union facilities in Zwickau and Zschopau: Wanderer car production never recovered, with Auto Union relocating to Ingolstadt, West Germany, where the company was rebuilt based using the DKW and, ultimately, the Audi brand.

## Company History from 1945

Following the end of World War II, a referendum on 30 June 1946 saw the expropriation of war and Nazi criminals by the occupying Soviet forces. This resulted in both the Wanderer works company and Auto Union enterprises being partially dismantled and their assets taken as reparations to the Soviet Union by 1948. This gave way to the rearrangement of state-owned enterprises (VEB):

* the car factory in Siegmar was allocated as part of the Vehicle Construction Industry Association (IFA) and was later part of the VEB Barkas-Werke (which is now the VW engine factory in Chemnitz).
* Meanwhile, the machine tool area initially continued as VEB Wanderer-Fräsmaschinenbau was changed to VEB Fritz-Heckert-Werk in 1951. It later became the parent company of the VEB machine tool combine ‘Fritz-Heckert’ (now the Starrag Group).
* The office machine business in Schönau was reorganised as VEB Wanderer-Continental office machine works, under the umbrella of VVB Mechanik. It was then merged with the former Astrawerke AG and formed as VEB Büromaschinen Chemnitz in 1953, but two years later spun off again as VEB Industriewerke Karl-Marx-Stadt and commissioned with the production of aircraft engines. The production of typewriters passed to the Optima office machine factory in Erfurt, whilst calculators and booking machines were further developed and created in the VEB booking machine factory in Karl-Marx-Stadt (formerly known as the Astrawerke). Following the suspension of the GDR's own aircraft construction in 1961, hydraulic pumps and vehicle engines were manufactured in the industrial plant. A small part of it managed to remain after the reunification as Sachsenhydraulik GmbH, before eventually being passed to the US company Parker-Hannifin.

## Automobile models

| Type | Years | Engine type | Displacement | Engine power | Top speed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W1 (5/12 PS) "Puppchen" | 1912–1913 | straight-4 | 1147 cc | 12 PS
(8.8 kW; 12 hp) | 70 km/h
(43 mph) |
| W2 (5/15 PS) "Puppchen" | 1913–1914 | straight-4 | 1222 cc | 15 PS
(11 kW; 15 hp) | 70 km/h
(43 mph) |
| W3 (5/15 PS) "Puppchen" | 1914–1919 | straight-4 | 1286 cc | 15 PS
(11 kW; 15 hp) | 70 km/h
(43 mph) |
| W4 (5/15 PS) "Puppchen" | 1919–1924 | straight-4 | 1306 cc | 17 PS
(13 kW; 17 hp) | 78 km/h
(48 mph) |
| W6 (6/18 PS) | 1921–1923 | straight-4 | 1551 cc | 18 PS
(13 kW; 18 hp) | 80 km/h
(50 mph) |
| W9 (6/24 PS) | 1923–1925 | straight-4 | 1551 cc | 24 PS
(18 kW; 24 hp) | 85 km/h
(53 mph) |
| W8 (5/20 PS) “Puppchen” | 1925–1926 | straight-4 | 1306 cc | 20 PS
(15 kW; 20 hp) | 78 km/h
(48 mph) |
| W10/I (6/30 PS) | 1926–1928 | straight-4 | 1551 cc | 30 PS
(22 kW; 30 hp) | 85 km/h
(53 mph) |
| W10/II (8/40 PS) | 1927–1929 | straight-4 | 1940 cc | 40 PS
(29 kW; 39 hp) | 95 km/h
(59 mph) |
| W11 (10/50 PS) | 1928–1930 | straight-6 | 2540 cc | 50 PS
(37 kW; 49 hp) | 90 km/h
(56 mph) |
| W10/IV (6/30 PS) | 1930–1932 | straight-4 | 1563 cc | 30 PS
(22 kW; 30 hp) | 85 km/h
(53 mph) |
| W11 (10/50 PS) | 1930–1933 | straight-6 | 2540 cc | 50 PS
(37 kW; 49 hp) | 97 km/h
(60 mph) |
| W14 (12/65 PS) | 1931–1932 | straight-6 | 2970–2995 cc | 65 PS
(48 kW; 64 hp) | 105 km/h
(65 mph) |
| W15 (6/30 PS) | 1932 | straight-4 | 1563 cc | 30 PS
(22 kW; 30 hp) | 85 km/h
(53 mph) |
| W17 (7/35 PS) | 1932–1933 | straight-6 | 1690 cc | 35 PS
(26 kW; 35 hp) | 90 km/h
(56 mph) |
| W20 (8/40 PS) | 1932–1933 | straight-6 | 1950 cc | 40 PS
(29 kW; 39 hp) | 95 km/h
(59 mph) |
| W21 / W235 / W35 | 1933–1936 | straight-6 | 1690 cc | 35 PS
(26 kW; 35 hp) | 95 km/h
(59 mph) |
| Wanderer W23S | 1937–1939 | straight-6 | 2651 cc | 62 PS
(46 kW; 61 hp) | 90 km/h
(56 mph) |
| W22 / W240 / W40 | 1933–1938 | straight-6 | 1950 cc | 40 PS
(29 kW; 39 hp) | 100 km/h
(62 mph) |
| W245 / W250 | 1935 | straight-6 | 2257 cc | 50 PS
(37 kW; 49 hp) | 100 km/h
(62 mph) \- 105 km/h
(65 mph) |
| W45 / W50 / Spezial W51 | 1936–1938 | straight-6 | 2257 cc | 55 PS
(40 kW; 54 hp) | 100 km/h
(62 mph) \- 105 km/h
(65 mph) |
| W25K | 1936–1938 | straight-6 | 1950 cc | 85 PS
(63 kW; 84 hp) | 145 km/h
(90 mph) |
| W52 | 1937 | straight-6 | 2651 cc | 62 PS
(46 kW; 61 hp) | 115 km/h
(71 mph) |
| W24 | 1937–1940 | straight-4 | 1767 cc | 42 PS
(31 kW; 41 hp) | 105 km/h
(65 mph) |
| W26 | 1937–1940 | straight-6 | 2651 cc | 62 PS
(46 kW; 61 hp) | 115 km/h
(71 mph) |
| W23 | 1937–1941 | straight-6 | 2651 cc | 62 PS
(46 kW; 61 hp) | 105 km/h
(65 mph) |

## InfoBox

Wanderer
|
|  |
| Industry | Bicycles, Automobiles |
| Founded | 1896 by Johann Baptist Winklhofer und Richard Adolf Jaenicke |
| Defunct | 1945 |
| Fate | merged into Auto Union (car division only) |
| Headquarters | Saxony, Germany |
| Parent | Auto Union |


title: Nancy Brataas

abstract: Nancy Osborn Brataas was an American politician and consultant. She served in the Minnesota Senate from 1975 to 1992. Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Brataas went to the University of Minnesota, where she joined the sorority Alpha Phi. She was a management and data processing consultant for charities and political organizations and the owner of Nancy Brataas Associates. Brataas lived in Rochester, Minnesota. Brataas served from 1975 to 1992 in the Minnesota State Senate as a Republican. She was the first woman to be elected in her own right.

text:
# Nancy Brataas

**Nancy Osborn Brataas** (January 19, 1928  April 17, 2014) was an American politician and consultant. She served in the Minnesota Senate from 1975 to 1992.

Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Brataas went to the University of Minnesota, where she joined the sorority Alpha Phi. She was a management and data processing consultant for charities and political organizations and the owner of Nancy Brataas Associates. Brataas lived in Rochester, Minnesota. Brataas served from 1975 to 1992 in the Minnesota State Senate as a Republican. She was the first woman to be elected in her own right.

## InfoBox

| Nancy Brataas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Nancy Osborn
(1928-01-19)January 19, 1928
Minneapolis |
| Died | April 17, 2014(2014-04-17) (aged 86) |
| Occupation | Politician |


title: Mike Stone (record producer)

abstract: Michael Richard Seth Stone was an English recording engineer and record producer. He worked with Queen, Foreigner, Journey, Toby Beau, Asia, Whitesnake, April Wine, and others.

text:
# Mike Stone (record producer)

**Michael Richard Seth Stone** (1951 – May 2002) was an English recording engineer and record producer. He worked with Queen (multiple albums), Foreigner (multiple albums), Journey (multiple albums), Toby Beau, Asia (multiple albums), Whitesnake, April Wine (multiple albums), and others.

## Biography

Stone began his career as an assistant recording engineer at Abbey Road Studios in England. While still a teenager, Stone worked on some sessions for The Beatles' *Beatles For Sale* (1964). Later, he became a runner at Trident Studios, then worked his way up to tape operator and assistant engineer. In 1974, Stone began a long relationship with Queen when he worked with Queen's then producer, Roy Thomas Baker, to engineer the unique vocal layering for "Bohemian Rhapsody". Following Baker's departure as Queen's producer, the band hired Stone as their engineer for his expertise in over-dubbing vocals. By the early eighties, Stone had produced popular top-selling albums for both Asia and Journey.

Stone was scheduled to oversee the re-mastering of the Queen catalogue when he died in 2002. Queen's Brian May wrote of Stone in a eulogy: "Mike's production style of big chorus building and hitting hard, the ability to treat vocals uniquely, and find space in a recording have influenced a generation of young producers."

Stone's work productivity was limited in later years by an alcohol problem, and he died of complications from it.

## Selected discography

References for record producers with the name 'Mike Stone' often get confused. Others with this name are Mike D. Stone (10/24/1949 – 12/3/2017) of the Record Plant recording studio in Los Angeles, California who engineered for the Bee Gees, Joe Walsh, Frank Zappa, Peter Criss, Paul Stanley, America, and B. B. King, and Mike "Clay" Stone of Clay Records who worked with largely punk and metal acts in the UK.

## InfoBox

| Mike Stone | |
| --- | --- |
| Stone, 1975 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | 1951 |
| Died | 2002 (aged 5051) |
| Occupation | Record producer |


title: Prophecy (Mami Kawada song)

abstract: "Prophecy" is the eighth single released by the J-pop singer, Mami Kawada, released on November 18, 2009. The title track was used as the opening theme for Shakugan no Shana S, an OVA of the anime series Shakugan no Shana. Overall, it is Kawada's fifth tie-in with the said anime series. The single came in a limited CD+DVD edition (GNCV-0007) and a regular edition (GNCV-0008). The DVD contains the promotional video for "Prophecy". The single peaked at #34 in the Oricon weeklies charting for only three weeks making this Kawada's least successful single to date.

text:
# Prophecy (Mami Kawada song)

"**Prophecy**" is the eighth single released by the J-pop singer, Mami Kawada, released on November 18, 2009. The title track was used as the opening theme for *Shakugan no Shana S*, an OVA of the anime series *Shakugan no Shana*. Overall, it is Kawada's fifth tie-in with the said anime series.

The single came in a limited CD+DVD edition (GNCV-0007) and a regular edition (GNCV-0008). The DVD contains the promotional video for "Prophecy".

The single peaked at #34 in the Oricon weeklies charting for only three weeks making this Kawada's least successful single to date.

## Track listing

1. Prophecy Lyrics: Mami Kawada Composition/Arrangement: Tomoyuki Nakazawa, Takeshi Ozaki
2. a frame Lyrics: Mami Kawada Composition/Arrangement: Tomoyuki Nakazawa, Takeshi Ozaki
3. Prophecy -instrumental-
4. a frame -instrumental-

## Sales trajectory

| Chart (2009) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Oricon Daily Chart | 20 |
| Oricon Weekly Chart | 34 |
| **Sales** | 4,713 |

## InfoBox

| "Prophecy" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mami Kawada | |
| from the album  *Linkage* | |
| B-side | "a frame" |
| Released | November 18, 2009 |
| Recorded | 2009 |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Length | 17:58 |
| Label | Geneon |
| Songwriter(s) | Mami Kawada |
| Producer(s) | I've Sound |
| Mami Kawada singles chronology | |
| "L'Oiseau bleu"
(2009) "**Prophecy**"
(2009) "No Buts!"
(2010) | |


title: Four-horned chameleon

abstract: The four-horned chameleon is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is native to highland areas in western Cameroon and southeastern Nigeria.

text:
# Four-horned chameleon

The **four-horned chameleon** (***Trioceros quadricornis***) is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is native to highland areas in western Cameroon and southeastern Nigeria.

## Taxonomy and subspecies

The four-horned chameleon was first described in 1899 by German naturalist Gustav Tornier. There are three subspecies, including the nominate race, which are recognized as being valid.

* *T. q. quadricornis* (Tornier, 1899) – southern four-horned chameleon
* *T. q. eisentrauti* (Mertens, 1968)Eisentraut's chameleon
* *T. q. gracilior* (Böhme & Klaver, 1981) – northern four-horned chameleon

*Nota bene*: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than *Trioceros*.

## Etymology

The subspecific name, *eisentrauti*, is in honor of German zoologist Martin Eisentraut.

## Distribution and habitat

The four-horned chameleon is found only in some highland areas associated with the Cameroon line across Cameroon and eastern Nigeria; its range includes the Western High Plateau, the Bamboutos massif, Mount Manengouba, Oku Massif, the Bakossi Mountains including Mount Kupe, and the Obudu Plateau in Nigeria. *T. q. eisentrauti* in particular is endemic to the Rumpi Hills of Cameroon. Overall, *T. quadricornis* has an extent of occurrence of 13,300 km2 (5,135 sq mi) and an inferred area of occupancy of 1,000 km2 (386 sq mi). The species is primarily associated with relatively intact montane forest with limited human activity, where it has a relatively restricted elevational range of 1,150–2,400 m (3,770–7,870 ft). Research suggests that this is likely to reflect competition with other chameleon species rather than physiological tolerances. The type locality for the species is Mount Manegouba in Cameroon.

## Description and behavior

Like many other chameleons, the four-horned chameleon has a prehensile tail and single claws on its toes. It usually has four prominent horns, but sometimes two are present with up to four adjacent reduced horns; adults typically grow to a total length (including tail) of 10–14 in (25–36 cm). Male four-horned chameleons have a prominent hemipenal bulge and a gular beard, while some female four-horned chameleons have one horn or even two horns on the tip of the snout. The species almost exclusively feeds on arthropods.

## Conservation and threats

Because of its small and fragmented range coupled with numerous threats to its population, the four-horned chameleon is ranked Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. There are concerns that logging and agricultural expansion may contribute to deforestation and potentially threaten the status of the species by degrading its habitat; in addition, despite its status as a protected Class A species in Cameroon, its intensive exploitation by the pet trade has caused significant population declines in some cases.

## Further reading

* Böhme W, Klaver CJJ (1981). "*Zur innerartlichen Gliederung und zur Artgeschichte von* Chamaeleo quadricornis *Tornier, 1899 (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae)*". *Amphibia-Reptilia* **4**: 313–328. (*Chamaeleo quadricornis gracilior*, new subspecies, pp. 317–320, Figures 2–5). (in German, with abstracts in English and French).
* Mertens R (1968). "*Zur Kenntnis der Herpetofauna von Kamerun und Fernando Poo* ". *Bonner Zoologische Beiträge* **19** (1–2): 69–84. (*Chamaeleo eisentrauti*, new species, pp. 70–72, Figures 1–2). (in German).
* Tornier G (1899). "*Drei Reptilien aus Afrika* ". *Zoologischer Anzeiger* **22**: 258–261. (*Chamaeleo quadricornis*, new species, pp. 259–260, Figure 2). (in German).

## InfoBox

| Four-horned chameleon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A four-horned chameleon from Mount Kupe in Cameroon | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Chamaeleonidae |
| Genus: | *Trioceros* |
| Species: | ***T. quadricornis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trioceros quadricornis***
(Tornier, 1899) | |
|
|  | |
| A map illustrating highland areas of the Cameroon line, including some of those inhabited by the four-horned chameleon | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chamaeleo quadricornis*
Tornier, 1899 * *Chamaeleo (Trioceros) quadricornis*
Klaver & Böhme, 1986 * *Trioceros quadricornis*
Tilbury & Tolley, 2009 | |


title: Obfelden

abstract: Obfelden is a municipality in the district of Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

text:
# Obfelden

**Obfelden** (Swiss German: *Obfälde*) is a municipality in the district of Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

## History

Politically, Obfelden is the youngest municipality in Affoltern, though settlements in the area date back to the Alemannic-Franconian period in the 5th century AD. Early activity coalesced around five hamlets: Bickwil (first mentioned in 1246 as *Bickewilare*), Oberlunnern and Unterlunnern (1257 *Lundenerun* and *Lunderun inferioris*), Wolsen (1311 *Wolunsun*), and Toussen (1325 *Thunsen*). These five hamlets were known collectively as being *ob dem Feld* ("over the field") from neighbouring Ottenbach; most fell under the jurisdiction of Maschwanden, although Toussen and part of Unterlunnern came under the Zürich Freiamt. Both of these areas were merged into Knonau (today's Affoltern district) in the sixteenth century, when the hamlets of Obfelden became a part of the nearby parish of Ottenbach.

In the nineteenth century, local authorities began to take steps toward creating their own separate community, and an independent ecclesiastical and municipal entity was formally created in 1847 under a new village church completed the following year. The original separate hamlet councils were officially dissolved in 1877. The town's coat of arms commemorates this history, with five ears of wheat symbolising the five hamlets, held together by a band representing their union to the new church.

## Geography

Obfelden has an area of 7.6 km2 (2.9 sq mi). Of this area, 54.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 22.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 20.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (2.9%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).

The municipality is located on the Reuss River and on the border with the Canton of Aargau. It consists of five smaller communities; Bickwil, Ober-, Unterlunnern, Wolsen and Toussen.

## Demographics

Obfelden has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 5,779. As of 2007, 16.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 7.6%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (89.6%), with Italian being second most common ( 3.9%) and Albanian being third ( 1.7%).

In the 2007 election, the most popular party was the SVP which received 38% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (15.6%), the FDP (12%) and the CSP (11.5%).

The age distribution of the population (as of 2000)is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.9% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 9.7%. In Obfelden about 78.4% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

Obfelden has an unemployment rate of 2%. As of 2005, there were 90 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 26 businesses involved in this sector. 334 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 57 businesses in this sector. 659 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 130 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1450 | c. 24 Households |
| 1634 | 311 |
| 1668 | 562 |
| 1799 | 789 |
| 1850 | 896 |
| 1900 | 1,335 |
| 1950 | 1,517 |
| 2000 | 4,182 |
|

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Obfelden | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Obfelden | |
| ObfeldenObfelden | |
| Coordinates: 47°16′N 8°25′E / 47.267°N 8.417°E / 47.267; 8.417 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Zurich |
| District | Affoltern |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.54 km2 (2.91 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 430 m (1,410 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 5,592 |
| Density | 740/km2 (1,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 8912 |
| SFOS number | 0010 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-ZH |
| Surrounded by | Affoltern am Albis, Hünenberg (ZG), Maschwanden, Merenschwand (AG), Mettmenstetten, Ottenbach |
| Website | www.obfelden.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Penteleu

abstract: Penteleu or Cașcaval de Penteleu is the name of a Romanian cheese made with sheep milk, originally from the Buzău Mountains region. It is made using the same process as caşcaval, and can be consumed as a table cheese or it can be used to complement traditional Romanian dishes such as mămăligă.

text:
# Penteleu

***Penteleu*** or ***Cașcaval de Penteleu*** is the name of a Romanian cheese made with sheep milk, originally from the Buzău Mountains region. It is made using the same process as caşcaval, and can be consumed as a table cheese or it can be used to complement traditional Romanian dishes such as mămăligă.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Penteleu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country of origin | Romania |
| Town | Penteleu |
| Source of milk | Sheep |
| Pasteurised | Traditionally, no |
| Texture | Semi hard |
| Certification | Romanian Cașcaval have PDO status since 2005. |


title: Muhammad Sherin

abstract: Muhammad Sherin(Pashto:محمد شیرین) ;known as Marghuzar Babajee, is a Muslim Sufi(pir), saint and Islamic scholar of Qadiriyya Chishti Silsila (order). He was born in 1933 in Talash, Dir state to Ghulam Muhammad. His grandfather; Hasan Khan was the disciple of Akhund of Swat. He is father of two daughters. He remained the disciple of Abdul Hadi, Maulana Khan Bahadar, Maulana Sirajul Yum, Maulana Zardad babajee (Mingora) and Maulana Rahimullah (Mingora). Muhanmmad Sherin used to stay in a cave near the town Marghuzar known as the cave of Akhund of Swat, for nearly 17 years. He is now settled in a mosque near Marghuzar where a large numbers of his disciples visit him and receive spiritual education. Muhammad Sherin performed Hajj (Pilgrimage) four times and few Umrahs. Before sitting in a Chillah he used to work as labour in the construction roads in Swat. He visited India with his brothers to earn their livelihood. He also visited Afghanistan in 1997 where he called on religious scholars. He also visited the tomb of Tamim Ansari and Jubair.

text:
# Muhammad Sherin

**Muhammad Sherin**(Pashto:محمد شیرین) ;known as Marghuzar Babajee, is a Muslim Sufi(pir), saint and Islamic scholar of Qadiriyya Chishti Silsila (order).

He was born in 1933 in Talash, Dir state to Ghulam Muhammad. His grandfather; Hasan Khan was the disciple of Akhund of Swat. He is father of two daughters. He remained the disciple of Abdul Hadi (Shah Mansur), Maulana Khan Bahadar (Martung babajee), Maulana Sirajul Yum (Gharai Babajee), Maulana Zardad babajee (Mingora) and Maulana Rahimullah (Mingora).

Muhanmmad Sherin used to stay in a cave near the town Marghuzar known as the cave of Akhund of Swat (A cave where Saidu Baba used to stay and pray), for nearly 17 years. He is now settled in a mosque near Marghuzar where a large numbers of his disciples visit him and receive spiritual education.

Muhammad Sherin performed Hajj (Pilgrimage) four times and few Umrahs. Before sitting in a Chillah he used to work as labour in the construction roads in Swat. He visited India with his brothers to earn their livelihood. He also visited Afghanistan in 1997 where he called on religious scholars. He also visited the tomb of Tamim Ansari and Jubair.

Akhund of Swat


title: Vicky Roy

abstract: Vicky Roy is a photographer from Purulia, West Bengal, India.

text:
# Vicky Roy

**Vicky Roy** (born 1987) is a photographer from Purulia, West Bengal, India.

## Early life

At the age of 11, Roy ran away from home to New Delhi to save himself from an abusive grandfather. He worked as a dishwasher and rag picker at the New Delhi railway station for months until a doctor referred him to the Salaam Balak non-governmental organisation (NGO). In the NGO, Roy met a British photographer who became his inspiration. At the age of 18, the NGO presented a camera to him, and he left after getting an apprenticeship with Anay Mann.

## Career

*Street Dreams* was his first solo photography exhibition in 2007, and was held at the India Habitat Centre in New Delhi. During the 2013 Delhi Photo Festival, the Nazar Foundation released *Home Street Home,* his first monograph. In 2017, his first solo show was showcased at the Vadehra Art Gallery, titled *This Scarred Land: New Mountainscapes.* In 2018, he was a part of the Houston FotoFest Biennial and Kochi-Muziris Biennale.

In 2014, he was awarded the MIT Media Fellowship. In 2016, he featured in the Forbes Asia "30 under 30" list. In 2019, he debuted at the Asia Society Texas Center (ASTC) with *Scraping the Sky: Photographs by Vicky Roy.*

## InfoBox

| Vicky Roy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1987<br>Purulia, West Bengal, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Photographer |
| Notable work | Street Dreams, 2007-09 HOME.STREET.HOME, 2013 |
| Website | vickyroy.in |


title: Vicky Shu

abstract: Vicky Veranita Yudhasoka Shu better known by her stage name Vicky Shu is an Indonesian singer who released her debut album, Drink Me, in 2011. Mari Bercinta 2 is a sequel to the same title song by Aura Kasih. The single was number 3 on Dahsyat and number 5 on Klik!. Shu is also designing high heels shoes product under her own brand, named Syu Syu. Before becoming a singer, she was a finalist for Miss Indonesia in 2007.

text:
# Vicky Shu

**Vicky Veranita Yudhasoka Shu** (born July 8, 1986) better known by her stage name **Vicky Shu** is an Indonesian singer who released her debut album, *Drink Me*, in 2011. Mari Bercinta 2 is a sequel to the same title song by Aura Kasih. The single was number 3 on Dahsyat and number 5 on Klik!. Shu is also designing high heels shoes product under her own brand, named Syu Syu. Before becoming a singer, she was a finalist for Miss Indonesia in 2007.

## Study

Shu placed her priorities in her studies, although she had wanted to be in the entertainment since high school. Therefore, she completed her Undergraduate studies first in Political Science majoring in International Relations from Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, before she started in the entertainment industry. However, as yet she has yet to utilize her degree to work in the field that she studied.

## Awards

* The Best Soloist Female Singer of Dahsyatnya Award 2013

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Vicky Shu | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Vicky Veranita Yudhasoka Shu |
| Born | (1986-07-08) July 8, 1986
Cilacap, Indonesia |
| Genres | Pop, R&B, pop rock, dance pop, hip hop, soul |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, designer |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Labels | Millionaires Club
VMC Music Entertainment
Mercury Records (Jogjakarta) |
|  | |
| Website | Official Facebook page |


title: Vicky Richardson

abstract: Vicky Richardson is a writer, curator and consultant specialising in architecture and design. In 2014 she was nominated for Debrett's 500, as one of the 20 most influential people in British architecture; in 2015 she was named a 'Woman of the Year', and received an Honorary Fellowship from the Royal Institute of British Architects.

text:
# Vicky Richardson

**Vicky Richardson** is a writer, curator and consultant specialising in architecture and design. In 2014 she was nominated for Debrett's 500, as one of the 20 most influential people in British architecture; in 2015 she was named a 'Woman of the Year', and received an Honorary Fellowship from the Royal Institute of British Architects.

## Biography

Her writing is published in magazines and newspapers including the *Evening Standard*, *Dezeen* and *Icon*. She is a regular public speaker and convenor of events, including the symposium 'Rebuilding Aleppo: memory, loss and creation' at the Freud Museum in June 2018, and 'The Successful Architect?' at the Royal Academy in July 2018.

Richardson was Associate Director at the London School of Architecture from 2017 to 2018. During this crucial phase of the school's development, she established a public programme and curated the exhibition Idencity at the Roca London Gallery.

Richardson is best known for her work as Director of Architecture, Design and Fashion at the British Council, the UK's international organisation for educational opportunities and cultural relations from 2010 to 2016. An important part of this role was to act as Commissioner of the British Pavilion at Venice Architecture Biennale. Exhibitions during this period included Villa Frankenstein, curated by Muf architecture/art (2010); Venice Takeaway: Ideas to change British Architecture, co-curated by Richardson and Vanessa Norwood (2012); A Clockwork Jerusalem, curated by FAT and Crimson Architectural Historians (2014), and Home Economics, curated by Shumi Bose, Jack Self and Finn Williams (2016).

She studied architecture at the University of Westminster after a foundation degree in art at Central St Martins. She was deputy editor at the *RIBA Journal* before becoming editor of leading design magazine *Blueprint*, a role she held from 2004 to 2010.

Richardson is a member of the Advisory panel of the V&A Dundee. She was previously honorary treasurer of the Architectural Association, a co-director of the London Festival of Architecture and a member of the London Mayor's Cultural Strategy Group, which advised on the British capital's culture policy. She is regularly a member design juries including the RIBA Architecture Awards, the D&AD Awards and the Architect of the Year Awards.

She is a visiting critic at design and architecture schools, and writes about architecture and design for a variety of publications. While at the British Council, she established the design blog *Back of the Envelope*. Richardson's work on architecture, design and cities is widely published. Essays include "Queen Caroline's Temple and the Origins of Experimental Design in Kensington Gardens" in the Serpentine Pavilion catalogue (2016) and "Trade Show" for Faye Toogood at London Design Festival (2017). Books include *New Vernacular Architecture* (Laurence King, 2002) and *In Defence of the Dome* (ASI, 1999). In 2015, Richardson completed an MA in Early Modern History at King's College London. Her dissertation focused on the English publication and censorship of *Common Sense*, the first pamphlet by Thomas Paine, in 1776.


title: Vijaipal Singh

abstract: Vijaipal Singh in Narsan Kalan, Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State, India is an Agricultural scientist associated with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and is known for his contributions to the science of rice genetics and breeding. He is well known for his contributions in developing the most popular Basmati rice variety, Pusa Basmati 1121. A post graduate and a doctoral degree (PhD) holder in Agriculture Botany from Agra University, he started his career as a research assistant at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi in 1968 and retired as a professor at the Division of Genetics, IARI. Singh is credited with several articles published in peer reviewed journals. In recognition of his services to the nation, he was honored by the Government of India, in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri.

text:
# Vijaipal Singh

**Vijaipal Singh** (born 17 January 1945) in Narsan Kalan, Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State, India is an Agricultural scientist associated with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and is known for his contributions to the science of rice genetics and breeding. He is well known for his contributions in developing the most popular Basmati rice variety, Pusa Basmati 1121. A post graduate and a doctoral degree (PhD) holder in Agriculture Botany from Agra University, he started his career as a research assistant at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi in 1968 and retired as a professor at the Division of Genetics, IARI. Singh is credited with several articles published in peer reviewed journals. In recognition of his services to the nation, he was honored by the Government of India, in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri.

## Awards and honors

V. P. Singh was honoured with Hari Om Ashram Trust Award by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in 1974-75; Jawaharlal Nehru Award in 1977; B. P. Pal Memorial Award in 2005; ICAR Team Award in Crop Improvement in 2007; Third Rao Bahadur B. Viswanath Award by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 2006-07; ICAR Recognition Certificate in 2009; Padma Shri in 2012; Shri O.P. Bhasin Memorial Award in 2012; Doyen of Rice 2019 by Association of Rice Research Workers, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack and Basmati Rattan Award in 2019.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Vijaipal Singh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 17 Janualry 1945<br>Narsan Kalan, Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State, India |
| Alma mater | Agra University |
| Known for | Pusa Basmati 1121 rice variety |
| Awards | Padma Shri |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Genetics and Plant Breeding |
| Institutions | Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi |
|  | |


title: Vienne (department)

abstract: Vienne is a landlocked department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the river Vienne. It had a population of 438,435 in 2019.

text:
# Vienne (department)

**Vienne** (French pronunciation: \[vjɛn\]  *vyen*; Poitevin-Saintongeais: *Viéne*) is a landlocked department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the river Vienne. It had a population of 438,435 in 2019.

## History

Established on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution, Vienne is one of the original 83 departments. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Poitou, Touraine, and Berry, the last being a part of the Duchy of Aquitaine until the 15th century.

The original Acadians, who settled in and around what is now Nova Scotia, left Vienne for North America after 1604. Kennedy (2014) argues that the emigrants carried to Canada their customs and social structure. They were frontier peoples, who dispersed their settlements based on kinship. They optimized use of farmland and emphasized trading for a profit. They were hierarchical and politically active.

## Geography

The department of Vienne has an area of 6,990 km2 (2,700 sq mi). Part of the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine, it borders Maine-et-Loire to the northwest, Indre-et-Loire to the north, Indre to the east, Haute-Vienne to the southeast, Charente to the south and Deux-Sèvres to the west. It is crossed by the river Vienne, a tributary of the Loire.

### Principal towns

The most populous commune is Poitiers, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 6 communes with more than 7,000 inhabitants:

| Commune | Population (2019) |
| --- | --- |
| Poitiers | 89,212 |
| Châtellerault | 31,487 |
| Buxerolles | 10,060 |
| Jaunay-Marigny | 7,600 |
| Saint-Benoît | 7,267 |
| Chauvigny | 7,062 |

## Demographics

Population development since 1801:

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1801 240,990       1806 252,351 +0.93%  1821 260,697 +0.22%  1831 282,731 +0.81%  1841 294,250 +0.40%  1851 317,305 +0.76%  1861 322,028 +0.15%  1872 320,598 −0.04%  1881 340,295 +0.66%  1891 344,355 +0.12%  1901 336,343 −0.24%  1911 332,276 −0.12%  1921 306,248 −0.81% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1931 303,072 −0.10%  1936 306,820 +0.25%  1946 313,932 +0.23%  1954 319,208 +0.21%  1962 331,619 +0.48%  1968 340,256 +0.43%  1975 357,366 +0.70%  1982 371,428 +0.55%  1990 380,005 +0.29%  1999 399,130 +0.55%  2006 418,460 +0.68%  2011 427,193 +0.41%  2016 436,069 +0.41% |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sources: | |

## Politics

Édith Cresson, France's first woman prime minister from 1991 to 1992, was a deputy (MP) for the department. The president of the Departmental Council is Alain Pichon, elected in 2020.

Vienne has three arrondissements: Poitiers, the prefecture, and the subprefectures Châtellerault and Montmorillon.

### Current National Assembly Representatives

| Constituency | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Vienne's 1st constituency | Lisa Belluco | The Ecologists (France) |
|  | Vienne's 2nd constituency | Sacha Houlié | La République En Marche! |
|  | Vienne's 3rd constituency | Pascal Lecamp | MoDem |
|  | Vienne's 4th constituency | Nicolas Turquois | MoDem |

## Religion

The capital, Poitiers, is the see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Poitiers, which pastorally serves the department.

## Tourism and sights

The most famous tourist sites include the Futuroscope theme park, Poitiers (city of Art and History), the Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, a UNESCO world heritage site, the animal parks of Monkey's Valley in Romagne and the Crocodile Planet in Civaux.

## Economy

The production of goat cheese is an important industry in Vienne.

## International relations

Vienne has a partnership relationship with:

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Vienne | |
| --- | --- |
| Department | |
| Prefecture building of the Vienne department, in Poitiers | |
|  | |
| Location of Vienne in France | |
| Coordinates: 45°31′20″N 4°50′43″E / 45.5221°N 4.8453°E / 45.5221; 4.8453 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Prefecture | Poitiers |
| Subprefectures | Châtellerault
Montmorillon |
| Government | |
| President of the Departmental Council | Alain Pichon |
| Area | |
| Total | 6,990 km2 (2,700 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 439,385 |
| Rank | 56th |
| Density | 63/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Department number | 86 |
| Arrondissements |  |
| Cantons | 19 |
| Communes | 266 |
| **^1** French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2 | |