title: Tusculan Papacy

abstract: The Tusculan Papacy was a period of papal history from 1012 to 1048 where three successive relatives of the counts of Tusculum were installed as pope.

text:
# Tusculan Papacy

The **Tusculan Papacy** was a period of papal history from 1012 to 1048 where three successive relatives of the counts of Tusculum were installed as pope.

## Background

Count Theophylact I of Tusculum, his wife Theodora, and daughter Marozia held great sway over the appointment of popes from 904 to 964. The lovers of Theodora and Marozia, as well as the son and grandson of Marozia, rose to the papacy during this period. However, a Count of Tusculum had not yet attempted to appoint *himself* as pope until 1012. Their rivals, the Crescentii had taken over the papacy from 974 to 1012.

According to Cushing, "in many ways, increasing respect for papal authority from the mid-tenth century to mid-eleventh centuries can be best viewed through the spectrum of two Roman families: the Crescentians and the Tusculans, whose control of the papacy would have important ramifications for both the control and direction of reform." Both the Crescentii and the Counts of Tusculum were descended from Theophylact I, the former papal *vestararius*. The Crescentii had cooperated with German empress Theophanu and Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, who resided in Rome from 999 to 1001.

The Tusculans did not expropriate church property to increase the already substantial holdings of their family; in fact, they appear to have expended their own resources to increase the power of the papacy. According to Luscombe and Riley-Smith, "in contrast to the Crescentians, who had largely relied on the entrenchment of their own dynasty and their supporters in the duchy of Rome as secular magnates and landowners – often at the expense of the temporal power of the Roman church – the Tusculans used their secular power and successes to shore up the standing of the papacy among the Roman nobility. The position of Patrician, so important to Crescentian rule, remained vacant."

Abbot Odilo of Cluny flourished during this period, receiving support from Benedict VII and John XIX for monastic immunity. The power of the Tusculan popes derived both from their assertions of papal supremacy and from their ability to balance power between the competing families of Rome.

The Counts of Tusculum were centered at Tuscolo, above Frascati, protected by an ancient fortress in Borghetto; their principal monasteries were Grottaferrata and Subiaco; they also controlled many churches and religious houses in and around Rome.

## History

### Benedict VIII

In 1012, Rome saw a violent political upheaval which ended Crescentii domination and elevated Theophylact, the son of Count Gregory I of Tusculum, as Pope Benedict VIII (1012–1024). Benedict VIII was a layman until his election. However, during his papacy he was a strong proponent of papal supremacy and frequently interfered in ecclesiastical matters on the Italian peninsula outside Rome. Benedict VIII's brother, Romanus, was the city prefect ("Senator of all the Romans"). His other brother, Alberic, was a Consul and Senator ("*consul et dux*"). Alberic was responsible for overseeing courts of justice in the Imperial Palatinate, near Santa Sabina.

Gregory I had been a figure in the court of Emperor Otto III as the "naval prefect" and Alberic had been the "master of the imperial palace". Other Roman families still held important offices: the Stefaniani family held the prefecture of Rome and the Ottaviani retained the rectorate of Sabina.

Among Benedict VIII's first acts as pope was a military campaign against the strongholds of the Crescentii around Rome. The Crescenzi fortresses in Sabina were demolished. The Crescentii faction set up a rival to Benedict VIII: Antipope Gregory VI (1012). John Crescentius still remained the Prefect of Rome, but was soon dispossessed of much of his property.

Benedict VIII was an ally of Emperor Henry II; he called upon the emperor to visit Rome, which he did in late 1013 (spending Christmas in Pavia). A synod convoked by the emperor deposed the archbishop of Ravenna, who was replaced with Arnulf, a half-brother. Benedict VIII and the emperor met in Ravenna, and then proceeded to Rome (with the emperor arriving later).

Benedict VIII confirmed his privileges at Bamberg and crowned him on February 14, 1014 as emperor, in a ceremony in Old Saint Peter's Basilica. These twelve people calling themselves the Senate of Rome had doubtlessly consented to the coronation before it occurred. Benedict VIII visited Henry II in Bamberg in 1020 (where he celebrated Easter), and the emperor came to Italy the following year. In Bamberg, Henry issued the *Henricianum*, which repeated the *Diploma Ottonianum*, which itself had repeated donations of land which date back to the Frankish Papacy. The *Henricianum*, as much as the forged "Donation of Constantine", played a central role in papal territorial and sovereignty claims in the coming centuries.

Just as Henry II was promising the pope this territory, the pope was being deprived of nearly all of his temporal power by the armies of John Patricius, and competing hereditary counts had "sprung up on both sides of the Tiber". While the Tusculans remained strong in the Latin mountains, the Counts of Segni controlled Campagna, the Crescentii held Sabina, the Counts of Galeria controlled Tuscany, and Thrasmundus, Berardus, and Oderisius retained the Marsian territory as far as Subiaco. According to Gregorovius, "of the dominions founded for them by the Carolingians the popes possessed little beyond the yellowed deeds of gift in their archives".

In 1016, a Pisan and Genoese fleet defeated the Arabs, in a victory which Benedict VIII may have something to do with; he also possibly schemed with the Normans against the Byzantines in southern Italy. Benedict VIII himself led an allied force against Mussetus, who escaped after the battle of Luni. However, in 1018, Melo, the leader of the rebellion against the Greeks was defeated. The Germans honored the *Henricianum* in 1022 by sending their own army to southern Italy.

In 1022, Benedict VIII held with Henry II a council in Ravenna which issued stringent prohibitions against clerical concubinage.

### John XIX

Benedict VIII's brother Romanus succeeded him as Pope John XIX (1024–1032). John XIX did not resign his secular titles ("senatorial dignity") upon his election as pope; documents would refer to him not as "Senator" but as "Count Palatine and Consul". According to Cushing, John XIX was "somewhat less adept" than his brother in cooperating with Henry II's successor, Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor but was "by no means a puppet".

John XIX was open to rapprochement with Byzantine emperor Basil II and was willing to declare the patriarch of Constantinople an ecumenical bishop; the Italian bishops and congregation of Cluny, however, opposed such moves.

### Benedict IX

Pope Benedict IX (1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048) was the nephew of Benedict VIII and John XIX. Norwood Young calls Benedict IX the "Nero of the Tusculan Papacy. Absolute power appears to paralyse the brain if applied at an early age." According to Cushing, "the report of \[his\] crimes and deviance became ever more squalid as the latter reformers grew in power" but was for the first 12 years of his papacy "adequate and credible, if not perhaps immensely pious". Another interpretation of his first twelve years is provided by successor Victor III:

> Leading a life so shameful, so foul, so execrable that he shuddered to describe it. He ruled like a captain of banditti, rather than a prelate. Adulteries, homicides perpetrated by his own hand, passed unnoticed, unrevenged; for the patrician of the city, Gregory, was the brother of the Pope; and another brother, Peter, an active partisan ... The oppressed people at length grew weary of his robberies, murders, and abominations. They rose and drove him from the city, and proceeded to the election of John Bishop of Sabina, who took the name Silvester III.

By Autumn 1044, the position of Benedict IX was "seriously threatened" by the creation of Pope Sylvester III (1045). In May 1045, Benedict IX resigned the papacy in favor of John Gratian, who became Pope Gregory VI (1045–1046). Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor met Gregory VI in 1046 and received him favorably. By December, however, Henry III had changed his mind and ordered Benedict IX, Sylvester III, and Gregory VI to appear before him in a synod in Sutri. Gregory VI was the only one to show up, and he was declared guilty of simony and deposed on December 20. Sylvester III had long since given up being pope and returned to acting as Bishop of Sabina but he too was deprived of his orders and forced to retire to a monastery.

Three days later, in Rome, Benedict IX was excommunicated for simony and Henry III's candidate, Bishop Suidger of Bamberg, was installed as Pope Clement II (1046–1047).

## Aftermath

According to John Cowdrey, "the decline of the Tusculans and Crescentians was to a limited extent balanced by the emergence of newer families which were to provide valuable support for Gregory VII and the popes that followed him", including the Frangipani family and Pierleoni family.

## Legacy

The Tusculan Papacy "shaped other aspects of papal policy far beyond the reigns of the Tusculan popes themselves". The Chancery underwent important changes, and the *filioque* clause was introduced. A synod following Henry II's coronation in 1014 agreed to adopt the Frankish custom of reciting the Nicene Creed along with other prayers at mass on Sundays and other Holidays.

* Cowdrey, Herbert Edward John. 1998. *Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085*.
* Cushing, Kathleen G. 2005. *Reform and the papacy in the eleventh century: spirituality and social change*.
* Luscombe, David and Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 2004. *New Cambridge Medieval History: C.1024-c.1198, Volume 4*.
* Milman, Henry Hart. 1872. *Históry of Latin Christianity including that of the Popes to the Pontificate of Nicholas V*.
* Partner, Peter. 1972. *The lands of St. Peter: the Papal State in the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance*.
* Young, Norwood. 1901. *The story of Rome*.


title: Tyler Perry's House of Payne season 7

abstract: The seventh season of Tyler Perry's House of Payne began airing on September 2, 2020, and ended on January 13, 2021. It stars LaVan Davis as Curtis Payne, Cassi Davis as Ella Payne, Lance Gross as Calvin Payne, China Anne McClain as Jazmine Payne, Larramie "Doc" Shaw as Malik Payne, Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda Payne and Allen Payne as CJ Payne. Demetria McKinney stars in a recurring role this season.

text:
# Tyler Perry's House of Payne season 7

The **seventh season** of *Tyler Perry's House of Payne* began airing on September 2, 2020, and ended on January 13, 2021. It stars LaVan Davis as Curtis Payne, Cassi Davis as Ella Payne, Lance Gross as Calvin Payne, China Anne McClain as Jazmine Payne, Larramie "Doc" Shaw as Malik Payne, Keshia Knight Pulliam as Miranda Payne and Allen Payne as CJ Payne. Demetria McKinney stars in a recurring role this season.

## Cast and characters

### Main

### Recurring

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 265 | 1 | "A Wise Man's Opinion" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 2, 2020 (2020-09-02) | 701 | 0.92 |
| *Note:* Though this season picks up eight years after the series ended on WBD's TBS and two years after the cancellation of *The Paynes* on OWN, little time has passed in-universe continuing from Season 8 and ignoring *The Paynes*. | | | | | | | |
| 266 | 2 | "Delicious" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 2, 2020 (2020-09-02) | 702 | 1.09 |
| 267 | 3 | "By Your Side" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 9, 2020 (2020-09-09) | 703 | 0.84 |
| 268 | 4 | "The Old People Game" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 9, 2020 (2020-09-09) | 704 | 0.94 |
| 269 | 5 | "Women of Today" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 16, 2020 (2020-09-16) | 705 | 0.77 |
| 270 | 6 | "Mixed Emotions" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 16, 2020 (2020-09-16) | 706 | 0.90 |
| 271 | 7 | "Love and Hate" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 23, 2020 (2020-09-23) | 707 | 0.71 |
| 272 | 8 | "From Heart to Heart" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 23, 2020 (2020-09-23) | 708 | 0.90 |
| 273 | 9 | "Someone" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 30, 2020 (2020-09-30) | 709 | 0.75 |
| 274 | 10 | "Something's Rotten" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | September 30, 2020 (2020-09-30) | 710 | 0.92 |
| 275 | 11 | "Hard Lessons" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | October 7, 2020 (2020-10-07) | 711 | 0.76 |
| 276 | 12 | "Lucky Cards" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | October 14, 2020 (2020-10-14) | 712 | 0.86 |
| 277 | 13 | "Moving On" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | October 21, 2020 (2020-10-21) | 713 | 0.93 |
| 278 | 14 | "Been A Long Time" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | October 28, 2020 (2020-10-28) | 714 | 0.80 |
| *Note:* This episode reveals that the events of *The Paynes* was all a dream Curtis had. | | | | | | | |
| 279 | 15 | "J. Boogie" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | November 4, 2020 (2020-11-04) | 715 | 0.89 |
| 280 | 16 | "The Dinosaur and the Rabbit" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | November 11, 2020 (2020-11-11) | 716 | 0.77 |
| 281 | 17 | "Dark Thirty" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | November 18, 2020 (2020-11-18) | 717 | 0.73 |
| 282 | 18 | "Out of Character" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | November 25, 2020 (2020-11-25) | 718 | 0.80 |
| 283 | 19 | "The Package" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | December 2, 2020 (2020-12-02) | 719 | 0.87 |
| 284 | 20 | "If You Loved Me" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | December 9, 2020 (2020-12-09) | 720 | 0.92 |
| 285 | 21 | "The Big Game" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | December 16, 2020 (2020-12-16) | 721 | 0.94 |
| 286 | 22 | "Give and Take" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | December 23, 2020 (2020-12-23) | 722 | 1.00 |
| 287 | 23 | "Parenting 101" | Tyler Perry | Tyler Perry | December 30, 2020 (2020-12-30) | 723 | 0.80 |
| 288 | 24 | "Ya' Hearrrd Me" | Mark E. Swinton | Tyler Perry | January 6, 2021 (2021-01-06) | 724 | 0.66 |
| 289 | 25 | "Woman of the Night" | Mark E. Swinton | Mark E. Swinton | January 13, 2021 (2021-01-13) | 725 | 0.63 |

## InfoBox

| *Tyler Perry's House of Payne* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 7 | |
| No. of episodes | 25 |
| Release | |
| Original network | BET |
| Original release | September 2, 2020 (2020-09-02)
January 13, 2021 (2021-01-13) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: Twelve-Factor App methodology

abstract: The Twelve-Factor App methodology is a methodology for building software-as-a-service applications. These best practices are designed to enable applications to be built with portability and resilience when deployed to the web.

text:
# Twelve-Factor App methodology

The **Twelve-Factor App methodology** is a methodology for building software-as-a-service applications. These best practices are designed to enable applications to be built with portability and resilience when deployed to the web.

## History

The methodology was drafted by developers at Heroku, a platform-as-a-service company, and was first presented by Adam Wiggins circa 2011.

## The Twelve Factors

The Twelve Factors
| # | Factor | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | Codebase | There should be exactly one codebase for a deployed service with the codebase being used for many deployments. |
| II | Dependencies | All dependencies should be declared, with no implicit reliance on system tools or libraries. |
| III | Config | Configuration that varies between deployments should be stored in the environment. |
| IV | Backing services | All backing services are treated as attached resources and attached and detached by the execution environment. |
| V | Build, release, run | The delivery pipeline should strictly consist of build, release, run. |
| VI | Processes | Applications should be deployed as one or more stateless processes with persisted data stored on a backing service. |
| VII | Port binding | Self-contained services should make themselves available to other services by specified ports. |
| VIII | Concurrency | Concurrency is advocated by scaling individual processes. |
| IX | Disposability | Fast startup and shutdown are advocated for a more robust and resilient system. |
| X | Dev/Prod parity | All environments should be as similar as possible. |
| XI | Logs | Applications should produce logs as event streams and leave the execution environment to aggregate. |
| XII | Admin Processes | Any needed admin tasks should be kept in source control and packaged with the application. |

## Criticism and adaptation

An Nginx architect argued that the relevance of the Twelve-Factor app concept is somewhat specific to Heroku, while introducing their own (Nginx's) proposed architecture for microservices. The twelve factors are however cited as a baseline from which to adapt or extend.


title: Tyrone Willingham

abstract: Lionel Tyrone Willingham is a former American football player and coach. He was the head coach at Stanford University (1995–2001), the University of Notre Dame (2002–2004), and the University of Washington (2005–2008), compiling a career college football record of 76–88–1.

text:
# Tyrone Willingham

**Lionel Tyrone Willingham** (born December 30, 1953) is a former American football player and coach. He was the head coach at Stanford University (1995–2001), the University of Notre Dame (2002–2004), and the University of Washington (2005–2008), compiling a career college football record of 76–88–1.

## Early career

Willingham attended Jacksonville Senior High School in Jacksonville, North Carolina and lettered in football, basketball, and baseball. He went on to Michigan State University, where he played football and baseball and graduated in 1977 with a degree in physical education. Willingham held assistant coaching positions at his alma mater (1977, 1980–82), Central Michigan University (1978–79), North Carolina State University (1983–85), Rice University (1986–88), and Stanford University (1989–91). When Stanford head coach Dennis Green was hired as the Minnesota Vikings head coach in 1992, Willingham followed him as running backs coach (1992–94).

## Head coaching positions

### Stanford

Following the 1994 season, despite having never been more than a position coach at any level, Willingham returned to Stanford as head coach, succeeding Bill Walsh. In his seven seasons (1995–2001) as coach, he led the Cardinal to a 44–36–1 record and four bowl game appearances. Notably, Willingham's teams went undefeated (7–0) against arch-rival California. In 2000, he was presented with the Eddie Robinson Coach of Distinction Award that is given annually to honor "an outstanding college football coach and role model for career achievement".

His best team was the 1999 team, which won the school's first outright Pacific-10 Conference title in 29 years and appeared in the 2000 Rose Bowl. Willingham's 44 wins were the most by a Stanford coach since John Ralston, who left the school for the Denver Broncos of the NFL after the 1971 season.

### Notre Dame

#### 2002

On December 31, 2001, Willingham was hired as head coach at Notre Dame. Willingham began the 2002 season by going 8–0, and went on to become the only first-year coach in Notre Dame history to win 10 games. For his efforts, he was named the ESPN/Home Depot College Coach of the Year, the Scripps College Coach of the Year, the Black Coaches Association Male Coach of the Year, and the George Munger Award College Coach of the Year by the Maxwell Football Club.

In the 2002 regular-season finale, ND was blown out by arch-rival USC, 44–13, and was outgained 610–109—the worst such margin in school history. That loss knocked ND from a likely Bowl Championship Series berth down to the 2003 Gator Bowl—where they were beaten by North Carolina State, 28–6.

#### 2003

The 2003 team finished 5–7 and was beaten badly in four of those losses, getting shut out twice in one season for the first time since 1960, including a 37–0 loss to Florida State and finishing with a point differential of 243–315—the worst of any Fighting Irish team since the 2–8 team of 1956.

#### 2004

In 2004, Notre Dame posted a 6–5 record in the regular season, including a 41–16 loss to Purdue (the second-worst home loss ever to Purdue) and ending with Willingham's third consecutive loss to USC for his fifth loss by 30 points or more, and eighth by 22 points or more, in his three seasons. The following Tuesday, November 30, after an overall record in South Bend of 21–15 (an 8–0 start followed by a 13-15 finish), Notre Dame terminated Willingham as head coach. Defensive coordinator Kent Baer served as acting head coach for the Insight Bowl, a 38–21 loss to Oregon State.

### Washington

On December 13, 2004, Willingham was hired as the new head coach at Washington, succeeding Keith Gilbertson. The Huskies returned 19 of 22 starters from the previous season, in which they had gone 1–10 (0–8 in conference play).

Willingham's primary task was to change the program's image, which had been marred by off-the-field legal problems under Rick Neuheisel. He instituted a strict hair policy and was known to occasionally show up in his players' classes unannounced to make sure they were attending.

#### 2005

As chance would have it, Willingham found himself facing his former team on September 24, 2005. Notre Dame prevailed, 36–17. His first season at Washington ended with a 2–9 record (1–7 in conference play, tied for 9th place), capped by a scuffle after a close loss to Washington State.

#### 2006

His 2006 Washington team started October with a 4–1 record, with its most notable victory a stunning 29–19 upset over previously undefeated UCLA, before losing its next 6 games after starting quarterback Isaiah Stanback suffered a season-ending foot injury in a loss to Oregon State in their sixth game. The Huskies ended the season at 5–7 (3–6 in conference play, 9th place), this time defeating state rival Washington State (WSU) by three points. This win held WSU from defeating the Huskies for three consecutive seasons years, something that has never happened in the history of the century-long rivalry.

#### 2007

The 2007 Washington Huskies football team faced what a preseason CBS Sports opinion piece called "the toughest schedule in the country" Washington went on to a 4–9 record overall (2–7 in conference play, 10th place) with wins against Syracuse, Boise State, Stanford, and California. There was considerable debate after the season over whether Willingham should be fired as no other coach in the history of the program had ever tallied three straight losing seasons. Washington State won the Apple Cup again, making it three out of the last four. In the end, it was decided that he would return for the upcoming season with the expectation that the team become more competitive. Additionally, several boosters were pleased at Willingham's effort to clean up the program.

#### 2008

Willingham's stiff demeanor resulted in a somewhat acrimonious relationship with fans, boosters, and the Seattle media. The turning point came at the end of his third (losing) season when there was a big question as to whether he would be retained. However, President Emmert gave him a vote of confidence and he was retained for a fourth year.

The 2008 season started off inauspiciously with #21 Oregon defeating Washington 44–10. This marked the first time Oregon had ever beaten Washington five consecutive times in the history of the century-long rivalry. The second game against #15 BYU was a nail biter and Washington scored the final touchdown in the final minute. The PAT would have tied the game, however an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty was called against quarterback Jake Locker who had thrown the ball up in the air in celebration after scoring the touchdown. This moved the PAT attempt to 35 yards which was blocked and the BYU escaped with a 28–27 victory. In the next game, the Huskies were dismantled 55–14 by the #3 Oklahoma Sooners, giving the overmatched Huskies their greatest margin of defeat at home since 1929. In the fourth game, the Huskies lost to Stanford leaving them as the only winless team in a BCS conference. The Huskies were without a sack, leaving them as the only school without a sack at this point of the season. It was the second 0–4 start in the last five years and only the fourth time ever in the history of the program. Starting quarterback Jake Locker was lost for the season, injuring his left hand during a block on a reverse.

In the fifth game, Arizona put Washington away early and the game ended with a 48–14 wipeout of the Huskies. This was the biggest margin of victory by Arizona over Washington ever, and started a watch of just how bad the team could get. The Huskies had a flat performance in their sixth game to lose to Oregon State 34–13. This was the fifth consecutive loss to the Beavers, something that had never happened in the long history of the series. Game 7 was another loss versus his former team Notre Dame. The Huskies were nearly shutout in suffering a 33–7 loss that left them 0–7 and ineligible for a bowl game yet again. On October 27, 2008, seven games into the 2008 season, Willingham announced that his contract was being terminated and he would be leaving UW after the regular season. Game 8 was a shutout by USC.

At 0–11, Washington was the only winless team in the FBS, and the owner of a 13-game losing streak stretching from the last season. Washington closed out the season with a loss at 1–10 Washington State in double-overtime, making it four of the last five, and with a season-ending loss at California. Willingham finished the season with an 0–12 record, the Huskies' first winless season in 119 years, as well as the only winless season in the PAC-10, PAC-12 era.

## After coaching and family

In 2014, Willingham was named as a member of the College Football Playoff selection committee. Willingham also volunteered as a coach on the Stanford women's golf team in 2011. Willingham served as president on the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) Board of Trustees in 2008. On July 18, 2010, at the age of 56 and nearly two years after he had coached his last game, Willingham announced he was retired from coaching.

Willingham is married and has three children, Cassidy, Kelsey and Nathaniel, with his wife, Kim. Cassidy was a gymnast at the University of Denver and Kelsey was a softball player at the University of California at Santa Barbara.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs | Coaches# | AP° |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Stanford Cardinal** *(Pacific-10 Conference)* (1995–2001) | | | | | | | | |
| 1995 | Stanford | 7–4–1 | 5–3 | 4th | **L** Liberty |  |  |
| 1996 | Stanford | 7–5 | 5–3 | 3rd | **W** Sun |  |  |
| 1997 | Stanford | 5–6 | 3–5 | T–7th |  |  |  |
| 1998 | Stanford | 3–8 | 2–6 | T–8th |  |  |  |
| 1999 | Stanford | 8–4 | 7–1 | 1st | **L** Rose | 24 |  |
| 2000 | Stanford | 5–6 | 4–4 | 4th |  |  |  |
| 2001 | Stanford | 9–3 | 6–2 | T–2nd | **L** Seattle | 17 | 16 |
| **Stanford:** | | 44–36–1 | 32–24 |  | | | | |
| **Notre Dame Fighting Irish** *(Independent)* (2002–2004) | | | | | | | | |
| 2002 | Notre Dame | 10–3 |  |  | **L** Gator | 17 | 17 |
| 2003 | Notre Dame | 5–7 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004 | Notre Dame | 6–5\* |  |  | Insight* |  |  |
| **Notre Dame:** | | 21–15 |  | *Fired before Insight Bowl | | | | |
| **Washington Huskies** *(Pacific-10 Conference)* (2005–2009) | | | | | | | | |
| 2005 | Washington | 2–9 | 1–7 | 10th |  |  |  |
| 2006 | Washington | 5–7 | 3–6 | 9th |  |  |  |
| 2007 | Washington | 4–9 | 2–7 | 10th |  |  |  |
| 2008 | Washington | 0–12 | 0–9 | 10th |  |  |  |
| **Washington:** | | 11–37 | 6–29 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 76–88–1 |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Tyrone Willingham
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1953-12-30) December 30, 1953
Kinston, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1973–1976 | Michigan State |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Quarterback, wide receiver |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1977 | Michigan State (GA) |
| 1978–1979 | Central Michigan (DB) |
| 1980–1982 | Michigan State (DB/ST) |
| 1983–1985 | NC State (DB/ST) |
| 1986–1988 | Rice (WR/ST) |
| 1989–1991 | Stanford (RB) |
| 1992–1994 | Minnesota Vikings (RB) |
| 1995–2001 | Stanford |
| 2002–2004 | Notre Dame |
| 2005–2008 | Washington |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 76–88–1 |
| Bowls | 1–4 |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| 1 Pac-10 (1999) | |
| Awards | |
| George Munger Award (2002)
Home Depot Coach of the Year Award (2002) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Typhoon (novella)

abstract: Typhoon is a short novel by Joseph Conrad, begun in 1899 and serialized in Pall Mall Magazine in January–March 1902. Its first book publication was in New York by Putnam in 1902; it was also published in Britain in Typhoon and Other Stories by Heinemann in 1903.

text:
# Typhoon (novella)

***Typhoon*** is a short novel by Joseph Conrad, begun in 1899 and serialized in *Pall Mall Magazine* in January–March 1902. Its first book publication was in New York by Putnam in 1902; it was also published in Britain in ***Typhoon and Other Stories*** by Heinemann in 1903.

## Plot summary

Captain MacWhirr sails the *Nan-Shan*, a British-built steamer running under the Siamese flag, into a typhoon—a mature tropical cyclone of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Other characters include the young Jukes—most probably an alter ego of Conrad from the time he had sailed under captain John McWhir—and Solomon Rout, the chief engineer. While MacWhirr, who, according to Conrad, "never walked on this Earth"—is emotionally estranged from his family and crew, and though he refuses to consider an alternative course to skirt the typhoon, his indomitable will in the face of a superior natural force elicits grudging admiration.

## Analysis

Conrad "broke new ground" by showing the ways a steam ship differs from a sailing vessel, an historic shift occurring at the time. For example how the crew were broken into "sailors and firemen" \[engineers\]; the unromantic labors of Hackett and Beal; the captain as a mirror of his ship, isolated from nature and lacking the power of imagination.

Stylistically, Conrad made "perhaps the most celebrated ellipsis in modern short fiction". At the end of chapter V the story reaches a climactic point, the ship barely makes it into the eye of the typhoon and faces a final challenge to exit the storm through the eye wall.

The hurricane, with its power to madden the seas, to sink ships, to uproot trees, to overturn strong walls and dash the very birds of the air to the ground, had found this taciturn man in its path, and, doing its utmost, had managed to wring out a few words. Before the renewed wrath of winds swooped on his ship, Captain MacWhirr was moved to declare, in a tone of vexation, as it were: “I wouldn't like to lose her.”

This is followed by a single sentence:

He was spared that annoyance.

The story then leaps forward in time with the ship back in port, the events of what happened unstated. This was an innovative technique with hints of post-modernism. He challenges the reader to fill in the events of the story themselves. The break in the chronology is particularly effective, and jarring, as the preceding passages had been so detailed that the time it took to read the novel and the real time of the story were not so far apart.

## Real life connections

In 1887, Conrad worked as chief mate on the *Highland Forest* under Captain John McWhir, whom he portrays in the novel as "McWhirr". He drew upon this six months voyage for the novel.

Conrad once dictated to biographer and friend Richard Curle a list of ships he served on, and the stories they were connected to—the connections might have been minor (a single character or incident) or major (a complete voyage), Conrad did not indicate. For *Typhoon* he said it "suggested" the steamer *John P. Best* which he served on.

Joseph Conrad dedicated the book to Cunninghame Graham, a fellow writer and Scots radical who was an enthusiastic supporter of Conrad since his earliest publications.

## Characters

* Captain Tom MacWhirr, an empirical man without imagination.
* Jukes, the first mate. *Typhoon* alternates between his third-person limited point of view, the third-person limited point of view of MacWhirr, and the third-person omniscient point of view of the narrator.
* Jukes' absent friend, the second mate from a trans-Atlantic liner. The omniscient narrator quotes from Jukes's letters to him, and the friend comments to his shipmates about a letter from Jukes.
* Solomon Rout, the chief engineer, an experienced seaman.
* The garrulous, choleric second engineer Harry and the silent third engineer Beale.
* The boatswain, "an ill-favoured, undersized, gruff sailor of fifty, coarsely hairy, short-legged, long-armed, resembing an elderly ape."
* The second mate: "He was one of those men who...are competent enough, appear hopelessly hard up, show no evidence of any kind of vice, and carry about with them all the signs of manifest failure."
* The other sailors, steward and cook of the *Nan-Shan*. The reader only learns the name of the helmsman, Hackett.
* The coolies, hired workers being sent home to China by the Bun Hin Company.
* The clerk for the Bun Hin Company, who interprets between the workers and the ship's officers.
* Mrs. Lucy MacWhirr, Lydia, and Tom, the Captain's wife, daughter and son, who all comment upon him in one way or another from their home in London.
* Mrs. Rout, the chief engineer's wife and the elder Mrs. Rout, the chief engineer's mother, also living in London, who comment upon the engineer.
* The two owners of the shipbuilding firm in Dumbarton, Scotland, that constructed the *Nan-Shan*. They discuss MacWhirr after hiring and briefing him.

## InfoBox

Typhoon
| First book edition (US) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Joseph Conrad |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Adventure story |
| Publisher | *Pall Mall Magazine* |
| Publication date | 1902 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| OCLC | 2312277 |


title: Typhoon (restaurant)

abstract: Typhoon! was a Tigard, Oregon-based Thai restaurant with seven locations in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington, including Beaverton, Bend, Gresham, and Redmond. The restaurant shut down in 2012.

text:
# Typhoon (restaurant)

**Typhoon!** was a Tigard, Oregon-based Thai restaurant with seven locations in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington, including Beaverton, Bend, Gresham, and Redmond. The restaurant shut down in 2012.

## History

Bo and Steve Kline opened the original restaurant in northwest Portland in 1995, and was charged with unfair labor conditions in 2010. In early 2014, after the restaurant had closed, an executive was accused of stealing $1 million.

Typhoon! Has been sued multiple times by their employees, have been delinquent on their taxes and in September 2010, the state filed a civil suit claiming, that the restaurant discriminated against Thai chefs. One of their locations was seized by the landlord in February 2011, on the basis non-payment of rent. The following month, some of their vendors sued because they weren’t being paid.

The discrimination suit also alleged human trafficking violations. A federal arbitration panel found in favor of the chef and awarded them $268,000. Arbitrators awarded damages to former Typhoon! chefs, but found no evidence on the human trafficking claims.

## InfoBox

| Restaurant information | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1997 |
| Closed | 2012 |
| State | Oregon<br>Washington |
| Country | United States |


title: Táchira emerald

abstract: The Táchira emerald is a hummingbird described in 1956 by Alexander Wetmore and William Phelps as a new species from a specimen from Venezuela. It is now considered an intergeneric hybrid between the glittering-throated emerald and the white-chinned sapphire.

text:
# Táchira emerald

The **Táchira emerald** (*Amazilia distans*) is a hummingbird described in 1956 by Alexander Wetmore and William Phelps as a new species from a specimen from Venezuela. It is now considered an intergeneric hybrid between the glittering-throated emerald (*Amazilia fimbriata*) and the white-chinned sapphire (*Hylocharis cyanus*).

## InfoBox

| Táchira emerald | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| *Clade*: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Genus: | *Amazilia* |
| Species: | ***A. distans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amazilia distans***<br>Wetmore & Phelps, 1956 | |
|


title: Tyro, North Carolina

abstract: Tyro is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located 7 miles (11 km) west of Lexington and 24 miles (39 km) south of Winston-Salem in Davidson County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, the community had a population of 8,926.

text:
# Tyro, North Carolina

**Tyro** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located 7 miles (11 km) west of Lexington and 24 miles (39 km) south of Winston-Salem in Davidson County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, the community had a population of 8,926.

## Geography

Tyro is located in western Davidson County along North Carolina Highway 150. Neighboring communities include Reeds to the northeast on NC 150, Churchland to the southwest on NC 150, Linwood to the southeast, and the city of Lexington to the east.

Located 6 miles (10 km) west of Tyro is Boone's Cave Park on the Yadkin River. Daniel Boone is rumored to have once hidden in the cave from a group of Native Americans who were avidly pursuing him.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Tyro CDP has an area of 12.9 square miles (33.3 km2), all land.

## Climate

Thunderstorms are common during the spring and summer months, including some severe storms. Located in central North Carolina, between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mid-Atlantic coast.

| Climate data for Tyro, North Carolina | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 49.6
(9.8) | 54.4
(12.4) | 63.3
(17.4) | 72.5
(22.5) | 79.3
(26.3) | 85.5
(29.7) | 89.1
(31.7) | 87.4
(30.8) | 81.6
(27.6) | 71.9
(22.2) | 61.7
(16.5) | 52.6
(11.4) | 70.7
(21.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 28.6
(−1.9) | 30.9
(−0.6) | 38.0
(3.3) | 45.3
(7.4) | 54.5
(12.5) | 62.9
(17.2) | 67.1
(19.5) | 65.5
(18.6) | 59.1
(15.1) | 46.7
(8.2) | 37.9
(3.3) | 31.0
(−0.6) | 47.3
(8.5) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.06
(103) | 3.78
(96) | 4.31
(109) | 3.63
(92) | 3.93
(100) | 4.06
(103) | 3.85
(98) | 3.63
(92) | 3.84
(98) | 3.52
(89) | 3.47
(88) | 3.37
(86) | 45.45
(1,154) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 2.4
(6.1) | 2.8
(7.1) | 1.2
(3.0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0.6
(1.5) | 7
(17.7) |
| Average precipitation days | 10.2 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 8.4 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 109.7 |
| Average snowy days | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 2.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 170.5 | 175.2 | 229.4 | 246.0 | 260.4 | 270.0 | 269.7 | 248.0 | 225.0 | 220.1 | 174.0 | 164.3 | 2,652.6 |
| Source: NOAA, HKO (sun) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

### 2020 census

Lexington racial composition
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 7,944 | 89% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 89 | 1% |
| Asian | 178 | 2% |
| Other/Mixed | 178 | 2% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 535 | 6% |

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 8,926 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Historic sites

Haden Place, Capt. John Koonts Jr. Farm, St. Luke's Lutheran Church Cemetery, and Tyro Tavern are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Education

Tyro is home to West Davidson High School (2012 Davidson County Quiz Bowl Champs) as well as Tyro Middle School; both of which are part of the Davidson County School System.

## InfoBox

| Tyro, North Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| TyroLocation within the state of North Carolina | |
| Coordinates: 35°48′36″N 80°22′12″W / 35.81000°N 80.37000°W / 35.81000; -80.37000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Davidson |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.85 sq mi (33.28 km2) |
| Land | 12.85 sq mi (33.28 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 824 ft (251 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 8,926 |
| Density | 292.06/sq mi (245.2/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 27295 |
| FIPS code | 37-69020 |
| GNIS feature ID | 996400 |


title: Tábara Beatus

abstract: The Tábara Beatus or Beatus of Tábara is a 10th-century illuminated manuscript, containing the Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus of Liébana. It originated in the San Salvador de Tábara Monastery and is now held in Spain's National Historical Archive in Madrid under the catalogue number L.1097B. Only eight of its original hundred miniatures survive.

text:
# Tábara Beatus

The **Tábara Beatus** or **Beatus of Tábara** is a 10th-century illuminated manuscript, containing the *Commentary on the Apocalypse* by Beatus of Liébana. It originated in the San Salvador de Tábara Monastery and is now held in Spain's National Historical Archive in Madrid under the catalogue number L.1097B. Only eight of its original hundred miniatures survive.

## History

A colophon on folio 167 of the manuscript states it was completed by a scribe called Emeterius on 29 July 970 in the scriptorium of the San Salvador Monastery in Tábara. Its copyist was a monk called Monnius and its illumination was by one Magius, who could be the same man as Maius, who illuminated the Morgan Beatus but died halfway through producing the Tábara Beatus. It was copied from an unknown 10th century manuscript from the province of Leon.

When it was restored a hypothesis arose that the present manuscript is the result of binding one two-folio work with two folios from another Beatus manuscript, with that other manuscript forming folios 167 and 168 of the work as it stands today, which have been cut, possibly to make larger folios fit into the new codex. This hypothesis is not universally accepted and John Williams argues that all the work's folios belong to the same manuscript.

One of the manuscript's later owners was Ramón Alvarez de la Braña, a librarian in Leon, from which it entered the collection of the School of Diplomacy in Madrid and then its present home.

## Description

Its text is written in two columns in Visigothic minuscule. Glosses in Arabic are noted in the margins, showing that the monastery which produced and used it contained Mozarabic monks. It also contains large decorative capitals. It belongs to the same group of Beatus manuscripts as the Gerona Beatus and Morgan Beatus and originated in the same scriptorium.

## Bibliography

* John W. Williams, "The illustrated Beatus. A corpus of the illustrations of the commentary on the Apocalypse", volume II, *The 9th and 10th centuries*, Harvey Miller Publisher, 1994, 319 pages, p. 43-49
* (in French) John Williams, *Manuscrits espagnols du Haut Moyen Âge*, Chêne, 1977, 119 p. (ISBN 2851081470)

1. (in Spanish) Vicente Garcia De Wolf and John Williams, *Tabara Beatus, facsimile edition*, Testimonio, Madrid, 2003, 336+172 p.
2. (in Spanish) Catalogue entry
3. (in French) Qantara Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine


title: Typhlacontias rohani

abstract: Typhlacontias rohani, Rohan's blind dart skink, is a species of lizard which is found in Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Angola.

text:
# Typhlacontias rohani

***Typhlacontias rohani***, **Rohan's blind dart skink**, is a species of lizard which is found in Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Angola.

## InfoBox

| *Typhlacontias rohani* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Genus: | *Typhlacontias* |
| Species: | ***T. rohani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Typhlacontias rohani***<br>Angel, 1923 | |
|


title: Télimélé

abstract: Télimélé is a town in the Fouta Djallon highlands of Guinea. Its population was estimated at 15,973 in 2008. It is the capital of Télimélé Prefecture.

text:
# Télimélé

**Télimélé** is a town in the Fouta Djallon highlands of Guinea . Its population was estimated at 15,973 in 2008. It is the capital of Télimélé Prefecture.

## Guémé Sangan

Guémé Sangan was a fortress of Koli Tenguella located at Télimélé. On 20 February 1888, Almamy Sori and the Chiefs of the Fouta Théocratique ceded Guémé Sangan, and territory of Koli Tengela's capital to the French negotiator Aimé Olivier de Sanderval. This was signed by Almamy Ibrahima Sori the son of d’Abdoul Gadiri and Thierno Ibrahima chief of the Province of Timbi Touni.

It has a district hospital with 44 beds.

10°54′N 13°02′W / 10.900°N 13.033°W / 10.900; -13.033

## InfoBox

| Télimélé | |
| --- | --- |
| TéliméléLocation in Guinea | |
| Coordinates: 10°54′N 13°02′W / 10.900°N 13.033°W / 10.900; -13.033 | |
| Country | Guinea |
| Region | Kindia Region |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 15,973 |


title: U.S. Route 218

abstract: U.S. Highway 218 (US 218) is an original United States Highway that was created in 1926. Although technically a spur of US 18, US 218 neither begins nor ends at US 18, but overlaps US 18 for eight miles (13 km) near Charles City, Iowa. US 218 begins at U.S. 136 in downtown Keokuk and ends 319 miles (513 km) away at Interstate 35 (I-35) and US 14 at Owatonna, Minnesota. A large portion of US 218 in Iowa is part of the Avenue of the Saints, which connects St. Louis, Missouri, and Saint Paul, Minnesota.

text:
# U.S. Route 218

**U.S. Highway 218** (**US 218**) is an original United States Highway that was created in 1926. Although technically a spur of US 18, US 218 neither begins nor ends at US 18, but overlaps US 18 for eight miles (13 km) near Charles City, Iowa. US 218 begins at U.S. 136 in downtown Keokuk and ends 319 miles (513 km) away at Interstate 35 (I-35) and US 14 at Owatonna, Minnesota. A large portion of US 218 in Iowa is part of the Avenue of the Saints, which connects St. Louis, Missouri, and Saint Paul, Minnesota.

## Route description

### Iowa

US 218 begins in downtown Keokuk at an intersection with US 136 and US 61 Business (US 61 Bus.) at Main and 7th streets. The highway heads north along Main Street with US 61 Bus. As they exit Keokuk, the business route ends at an intersection with the mainline US 61, which bypasses the city. US 218 and US 61 head north concurrently for a few miles before US 218 exits to the northwest; US 61 follows the Mississippi River north towards Fort Madison. US 218 travels northwesterly for almost ten miles (16 km) along a two-lane road. As it approaches Donnellson, it meets up with and joins Iowa Highway 27 (Iowa 27), the Avenue of the Saints.

The two highways head north on a four-lane expressway. In Donnellson, they meet Iowa 2 at a diamond interchange. Further north, and east of Houghton, they intersect Iowa 16 at an at-grade intersection. Prior to crossing the Skunk River, the roadway angles to the northeast and a freeway bypass of Mount Pleasant begins. From the east, the highways are joined by US 34 and Iowa 163. The four highways loop around the city's eastern side and begin traversing the northern side when US 34 and Iowa 163 split away to continue bypassing Mount Pleasant; US 218 and Iowa 27 continue north.

From Mount Pleasant it continues to the Iowa City area, which it bypasses to the south and west. The US 218/IA27 concurrency intersects with I-80, and continues north with I-380 towards Cedar Rapids. There US 218 diverges from IA 27 and joins the US30/US151 bypass of south Cedar Rapids. US 151 heads south at Exit 248, and the US 30/218 concurrency continues west for 15 miles, where US 30 continues on as a 4 lane highway and US 218 exits north as a rural 2 lane highway. US 218 heads northwest through Vinton and La Porte City before it reaches the Waterloo area.

Route 218 remains a 2 lane highway until it becomes a freeway right before US 20 and once again joins I-380 for a couple miles to downtown Waterloo. When I-380 ends, US 218 continues through downtown Waterloo and then to Cedar Falls, where it crosses the Cedar River. It continues northwest as a 4 lane highway through Waverly, Charles City, and Osage until the Minnesota state line.

### Minnesota

US 218 enters the state at Lyle, in Mower County. It follows along the east side of the Iowa, Chicago, and Eastern Railroad line as it continues northward through farm fields. Southeast of Austin, US 218 angles northeastward to bypass the city, its former route following County Road 45 (CR 45) into town.

US 218 passes by the Austin Municipal Airport just before its interchange with I-90. The highway runs concurrently with I-90 for nearly three miles (4.8 km) through northern Austin. When US 218 departs from the Interstate and turns back north, it becomes a four-lane divided highway for a short distance. After its junction with State Highway 251 (MN 251), the highway angles north-northwestward again following the IC&E rail line, this time on the west side of the tracks.

The highway enters Dodge County for less than a mile, then reaches Steele County, Blooming Prairie, and an eight-block-long concurrency with MN 30. It continues north-northwesterly after leaving Blooming Prairie, traveling through predominantly agricultural scenery. It passes by Oak Glen Lake before going through the unincorporated community of Bixby.

After passing through the unincorporated community of Pratt, US 218 meets US 14 at a folded diamond interchange. US 218 runs westward concurrently with US 14, while its historic route through downtown Owatonna continues ahead as CR 48. After an interchange with CR 45 (former US 65), US 14/US 218 passes by Kaplan's Woods Park and reaches I-35, where US 218 ends.

Legally, the Minnesota section of US 218 is defined as Route 40 in Minnesota Statutes § 161.114(2).

## History

In 1913, work on the road that is now US 218 was begun. At this time it was called the **Red Ball Route**. It was called this because the original route was marked with poles which had red balls, six inches (150 mm) in diameter, mounted on each side. In 1920, the Minnesota portion of the route was designated as Constitutional Route 40, as part of the Babcock Amendment that established the Minnesota trunk highway system.

In Iowa, US 218 was extended from its previous southern terminus, at its intersection with US 30 in Benton County, in 1934 when US 161 was split and renamed. The former US 161 had extended from Dubuque, through Cedar Rapids, to Keokuk. After the split, the section of former US 161 from Dubuque to Cedar Rapids extended US 151 south, and the section of US 30 from the former terminus of US 218 to its intersection with the former US 161 in Cedar Rapids, along with the section of former US 161 from Cedar Rapids to Keokuk, extended US 218 south.

In 1965, US 218 was rerouted along bypasses of Austin, Minnesota and Owatonna, Minnesota, the latter following a route that would later become the US 14 bypass of that city as well.

In 1985, US 218 was bypassed around Iowa City and Coralville, joining I-380 at the I-80 interchange. US 218 to Cedar Rapids was replaced by Iowa 965.

## Future

The Iowa Department of Transportation has plans to rebuild the AOTS interchange with I-80 and I-380/US 218/Iowa 27 in Coralville. As the Eastern Iowa region has grown, traffic has increased, and the current arrangement of the interchange with its cloverleaf ramps has been deemed unsafe. The Iowa DOT proposes to rebuild the interchange as a turbine interchange, which will eliminate weaving. The project is scheduled to begin in 2020.

## Major intersections

| State | County | Location | mi | km | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iowa | Lee | Keokuk | 0.000 | 0.000 |  |

US 136 west / US 61 Bus. south (7th Street) / US 136 east (Main Street) | Southern end of US 61 Bus. overlap |
| | | | 3.480 | | 5.601 |

US 61 south / US 61 Bus. ends | Southern end of US 61 overlap; northern end of US 61 Bus. |
| | | Montrose Township | 9.132 | | 14.697 |
US 61 north | Northern end of US 61 overlap |
| | | Charleston Township | 18.746 | 30.169 | 18 |

Iowa 27 south St. Louis | Southern end of Iowa 27 overlap; exit 10 on Iowa 27/Ave. of the Saints |
| | | Donnellson | 20.673 | 33.270 | 19 | Iowa 2 Donnellson, Fort Madison |  |
| | | Marion Township | 30.760 | 49.503 |  | Iowa 16 |  |
| | Henry | Mount Pleasant | 41.663 | 67.050 | 40 | 255th Street Mount Pleasant |  |
| | | 43.349 | 69.763 | 42 |

US 34 east / US 218 Bus. / Iowa 163 east Mount Pleasant, Burlington | Southern end of US 34 overlap; signed as exits 42A (east) and 42B (west) |
| | | 45.787–
47.223 | 73.687–
75.998 | 45 |

US 218 Bus. (Iowa 438) to US 34 west / Iowa 163 west Mount Pleasant, Ottumwa | Northern end of US 34 overlap; US 218 Bus. only signed southbound |
| | Olds | 55.447 | 89.233 |  | Iowa 78 |  |
| | Washington | Oregon Township | 67.581 | 108.761 | 66 | Iowa 92 Washington, Columbus Junction | Also serves Ainsworth and Cotter |
| | | 70.960 | 114.199 | 70 | CR G36 |  |
| | Riverside | 81.072 | 130.473 | 80 | Iowa 22 Kalona, Lone Tree |  |
| | Johnson | Liberty Township | 85.534 | 137.654 | 85 | Hills |  |
| | West Lucas Township | 89.708 | 144.371 | 89 | Riverside Drive, Airport |  |
| | Iowa City | 91.318 | 146.962 | 91 | Iowa 1 Iowa City, Kalona |  |
| | 93.561 | 150.572 | 93 | Melrose Avenue University Heights |  |
| | Coralville | 96.934 | 156.000 | 97  ---  0 | I-80 Iowa City, Davenport, Des Moines

I-380 begins | Northbound exit numbers follow mileage of US 218; signed as exits 97A (eastbound) and 97B (westbound); southbound exit numbers follow mileage of I-380, signed as exits 0A (eastbound) and 0B (westbound) |
| | CoralvilleNorth Liberty line | 98.974 | 159.283 | 2 | Forevergreen Road |  |
| | North Liberty | 100.980 | 162.512 | 4 | CR F28 north Liberty |  |
| | Shueyville | 107.791 | 173.473 | 10 | CR F12 Swisher, Shueyville |  |
| | Linn | Cedar Rapids | 110.750 | 178.235 | 13 | Wright Brothers Boulevard SW Ely, The Eastern Iowa Airport | Former Iowa 84 |
| | | 113.263 | 182.279 | 16A |

I-380 north / US 30 east / US 151 north / Iowa 27 north | Northern end of I-380 and Iowa 27 overlaps; southern end of US 30 and US 151 overlaps |
| | | 113.596 | 182.815 | 252A | 6th Street SW | Exit numbers follow US 30 |
| | | 115.780 | 186.330 | 250 | Edgewood Road SW |  |
| | | 117.151 | 188.536 | 248 |

US 151 south / US 151 Bus. (Williams Boulevard SW) | Northern end of US 151 overlap |
| | Clinton Township | 119.130–
119.651 | 191.721–
192.560 | 246 | Iowa 100 / 16th Avenue / 80th Street Fairfax | Interchange under reconstruction to connect to Iowa 100 |
| | Benton | Eldorado Township | 135.239 | 217.646 |  |
US 30 west | End of US 30 overlap |
| | Vinton | 148.199 | 238.503 |  |
Iowa 150 north |  |
| | Monroe Township | | 158.602 | 255.245 |
Iowa 8 west |  |
| | Black Hawk | Waterloo | 179.468 | 288.826 | 71 |

I-380 south / US 20 / Iowa 27 Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids, Dubuque | Southern end of I-380 overlap; signed as exits 71A (eastbound) and 71B (westbound); exit numbers follow I-380 |
| | | 180.535 | 290.543 | 72 | San Marnan Drive | Access to Covenant Medical Center |
| | | 181.116 | 291.478 |  |
I-380 ends | Northern end of I-380; exit numbers follow US 218 |
| | | 182.864–
183.102 | 294.291–
294.674 | 181A |
US 63 north Downtown Riverfront, Young Arena, Sullivan Brothers Convention Center | No northbound entrance; signed as exit 180 southbound; access to Allen Hospital |
| | | 183.425 | 295.194 | 181B |
US 63 south / University Avenue | No southbound entrance; signed as exit 181 southbound |
| | | 184.201–
184.785 | 296.443–
297.383 | 182 | Fletcher Avenue, Ansborough Avenue |  |
| | | 185.659 | 298.789 | 184 | Greenhill Road |  |
| | | 187.228 | 301.314 | 185 | Broadway Street, Airport |  |
| | Cedar Falls | 189.067 | 304.274 |  |

Iowa 27 south / Iowa 57 west / Iowa 58 south Cedar Falls, Hudson, UNI, UNI-Dome | Southern end of Iowa 27 overlap |
| | 190.719 | 306.932 | 189 | Lone Tree Road |  |
| | Washington Township | 193.565 | 311.513 | 192 | CR C57 (W. Cedar–Wapsi Road) | Interchange opened October 2016 |
| | Bremer | Janesville | 196.765 | 316.663 | 195 | CR C50 Janesville |  |
| | Waverly | 200.256 | 322.281 | 198 |
US 218 Bus. Waverly | Access to Waverly Health Center |
| | 204.757 | 329.524 | 203 | Iowa 3 Waverly, Shell Rock |  |
| | 206.757 | 332.743 | 205 |
US 218 Bus. – Waverly Airport |  |
| | Plainfield | 214.012 | 344.419 | 212 | Iowa 188 Plainfield |  |
| | Chickasaw | Nashua | 221.316 | 356.174 | 220 | Iowa 346 / CR B60 Nashua |  |
| | Floyd | Charles City | 230.538 | 371.015 | 218 |

US 18 east / US 218 Bus. / CR T64 Charles City, New Hampton | Southern end of US 18 overlap; exit numbers follow US 18 |
| | | 234.114 | 376.770 | 214 | Iowa 14 Charles City, Greene |  |
| | | 236.238 | 380.188 | 212 |
US 218 Bus. / CR B35 Charles City |  |
| | Floyd | 238.655 | 384.078 |  |

US 18 west / Iowa 27 north | Northern end of US 18 and Iowa 27 overlaps |
| | Mitchell | | Burr Oak Township | 249.987 | 402.315 |
Iowa 9 east | Southern end of Iowa 9 overlap |
| | Osage | | 253.985 | 408.749 |
Iowa 9 west | Northern end of Iowa 9 overlap |
| | St. Ansgar | 265.754 | 427.690 |  | CR 105 |  |
|  | | | | 274.995  ---  0.000 | 442.562  ---  0.000 | IowaMinnesota state line | |
| Minnesota | Mower | Austin | 12.195 | 19.626 | 180B |
I-90 east / CSAH 61 La Crosse | Eastern end of I-90 overlap |
| | | | 12.478 | 20.081 | 180A | Oakland Place | Westbound exit and eastbound entrance |
| | | | 13.071 | 21.036 | 179 | 11th Drive NE | Interchange |
| | | | 13.725 | 22.088 | 178B | CR 16 (6th Street NE) | Interchange |
| | | | 14.347 | 23.089 | 178A | CR 45 (4th Street NW) | Interchange |
| | | | 15.031 | 24.190 | 177 |
I-90 west Albert Lea | Western end of I-90 overlap |
| | | Lansing Township | 20.633 | 33.206 |  |
MN 251 west Hollandale |  |
| | Dodge
 | No major junctions | | | | | | | |
| | Steele | Blooming Prairie | 28.365 | 45.649 |  |
MN 30 east Hayfield | Southern end of MN 30 overlap |
| | | 29.459 | | 47.410 |
MN 30 west Ellendale | Northern end of MN 30 overlap |
| | Owatonna Township | 43.717 | 70.356 |  |
US 14 east / CSAH 48 Rochester | Eastern end of US 14 overlap |
| | 45.539 | 73.288 |  | CSAH 45 | Former US 65 |
| | 46.739 | 75.219 |  |
I-35 / US 14 west Minneapolis, St. Paul, Albert Lea, Waseca | Western end of US 14 overlap; I-35 exit 40 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | | |

### Mount Pleasant business route

| U.S. Highway 218 Business | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Mount Pleasant |
| Existed | 2003–present |

**U.S. Highway 218 Business** (**US 218 Bus.**) was designated along a former routing of US 218 through Mount Pleasant, the northernmost 0.7 miles (1.1 km) are officially known as Iowa 438. The routing was created as a result of construction of the Avenue of the Saints corridor through Iowa. The new Avenue of the Saints corridor took US 218/Iowa 27 and US 34 around the eastern and northern edges of Mount Pleasant. The Iowa 438 section of US 218 Bus. serves as a connector from southbound US 218/Iowa 27 to westbound US 34.

### Waverly business route

| U.S. Highway 218 Business | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Waverly |
| Length | 6.6 mi (10.6 km) |
| Existed | December 1998–present |

**US 218 Business** (**US 218 Bus.**) in Waverly was designated December 2, 1998, on the old segment of US 218 after it was routed around Waverly. The business route spans 6.6 miles (10.6 km). It intersects Iowa 3 in downtown Waverly and the two routes run concurrently for about one mile (1.6 km). South of Iowa 3, US 218 Bus. is officially known as Iowa 116. US 218 Bus. begins at exit 198 on US 218/Iowa 27 south of Waverly and ends at exit 205 on US 218/Iowa 27.

### Charles City business route

| U.S. Highway 218 Business | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Charles City |
| Existed | 2000–present |

**US 218 Business** (**US 218 Bus.**) in Charles City was designated along the old alignment of US 218 in 2000 after the construction of the Avenue of the Saints corridor created a bypass around Charles City. Upon its designation, the route was officially known by two Iowa state highways: Iowa 337 and Iowa 162. Iowa 337 was turned over to local jurisdictions in 2001 and Iowa 162 was turned over in 2006 after US 18 was relocated through Charles City.

| Browse numbered routes | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Iowa 415 | **Iowa 438** | Iowa 922 |
| Iowa 110 | **Iowa 116** | Iowa 117 |

Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 218KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| U.S. Route 218 | |
| --- | --- |
| US 218 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Auxiliary route of US 18 | |
| Length | 321.734 mi (517.781 km) * Iowa: 274.995 mi (442.562 km) * Minn: 46.739 mi (75.219 km) |
| Existed | 1926–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 136 at Keokuk, IA |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | I-35 / US 14 at Owatonna, MN |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| States |  |
| Counties |  |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Iowa 212 **IA**  Iowa 220  MN 217 **MN**  MN 219 | |


title: Tzemach Cunin

abstract: Tzemach Yehoshua Cunin was an American rabbi, and the founder of the Chabad of Century City in Los Angeles, California.

text:
# Tzemach Cunin

**Tzemach Yehoshua Cunin** (March 27, 1976 – July 5, 2019) was an American rabbi, and the founder of the Chabad of Century City in Los Angeles, California.

## Life

Cunin was born on March 27, 1976, to Shlomo Cunin, the director of Chabad-Lubavitch of California.

Cunin assisted his father in his ongoing effort to repatriate the Schneerson Library from Russia to the United States beginning when he was a teenager and continuing into adulthood. In 1990, Cunin founded the Chabad of Century City in Los Angeles. He also founded Beis Chaya Mushka, an all-girl school in Los Angeles.

Cunin married Ada Wilschanski in 2000; they had five children. He died on July 5, 2019, at 43.

## InfoBox

| Tzemach Yehoshua Cunin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1976-03-27)March 27, 1976
Los Angeles County, California |
| Died | July 5, 2019(2019-07-05) (aged 43)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Rabbi |
| Spouse | Ada Wilschanski (m. 2000) |
| Children | 5 |
| Parent(s) | Shlomo Cunin, Miriam Cunin |


title: Támar Davis

abstract: Ashley Támar Davis, known professionally as Támar Davis and sometimes simply Támar, is an American singer who came to prominence through her association with Prince. She sang the co-lead vocals on his Grammy-nominated song "Beautiful, Loved and Blessed" from his 2006 album, 3121 and on backup vocals throughout the album. She made her professional stage debut touring with Prince in 2006 at Manhattan's Nokia Theatre. Támar started her musical career in the group Girl's Tyme, appearing with them on Star Search, but left before the group was renamed Destiny's Child. In 2016, she auditioned for season 10 of the American talent competition The Voice. She was a member of Kanye West's Sunday Service Choir, and is music supervisor for That Damn Michael Che.

text:
# Támar Davis

**Ashley Támar Davis**, known professionally as **Támar Davis** and sometimes simply **Támar**, is an American singer who came to prominence through her association with Prince. She sang the co-lead vocals on his Grammy-nominated song "Beautiful, Loved and Blessed" from his 2006 album, *3121* and on backup vocals throughout the album. She made her professional stage debut touring with Prince in 2006 at Manhattan's Nokia Theatre. Támar started her musical career in the group Girl's Tyme, appearing with them on *Star Search*, but left before the group was renamed Destiny's Child. In 2016, she auditioned for season 10 of the American talent competition *The Voice*. She was a member of Kanye West's Sunday Service Choir, and is music supervisor for That Damn Michael Che.

## *The Voice*

Támar auditioned for season 10 of the American series *The Voice*.

| Stage | Song | Original Artist | Date | Order | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Blind Audition | "Chain of Fools" | Aretha Franklin | March 8, 2016 | 4.1 | Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton turned
Joined Team Christina |
| Battle Rounds | "Lady Marmalade" (vs. Shalyah Fearing) | Labelle | March 15, 2016 | 7.1 | Saved by Coach |
| Knockout Rounds | "Lay Me Down" (vs. Maya Smith) | Sam Smith | March 29, 2016 | | 11.3 |
| Live Playoffs (Top 24) | "Rise Up" | Andra Day | April 11, 2016 | 14.8 | Eliminated |

## Discography

* *Milk & Honey* (2006) (limited US & Japan release only)
* *My Name Is Tamar* (2011)
* *I Am the Storm* (2016)
* *My Name Is Ashley* (2021)

## InfoBox

| Támar Davis | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Ashley Támar Davis |
| Origin | Houston, Texas, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, funk, pop |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 1990–1993 (group)
1998–present (solo) |
| Labels | Universal Records |
|  | |
| Website | tamardavis.com |


title: U.R. Mirense

abstract: União Recreativa Mirense, also called União Mirense is a Portuguese sports club from Mira de Aire. The men's football team plays in the Honra da AF Leiria league. The team played in the Segunda Divisão, but from 1990 the Segunda Divisão B, the third tier of Portuguese football. Following relegation to the 1993–94 Terceira Divisão they were instantly relegated, but returned to this fourth tier from 2000 to 2004.

text:
# U.R. Mirense

**União Recreativa Mirense**, also called **União Mirense** is a Portuguese sports club from Mira de Aire.

The men's football team plays in the Honra da AF Leiria league. The team played in the Segunda Divisão, but from 1990 the Segunda Divisão B, the third tier of Portuguese football. Following relegation to the 1993–94 Terceira Divisão they were instantly relegated, but returned to this fourth tier from 2000 to 2004.

## InfoBox

U.R. Mirense
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | União Recreativa Mirense |
| Founded | 1939 |
| League | Honra da AF Leiria |
| 2020–21 | 10th |


title: U.P. Town Center

abstract: The University of the Philippines Town Center, commonly known as the U.P. Town Center and abbreviated as UPTC, is a shopping center in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, managed by the Ayala Malls group. It opened on September 30, 2013.

text:
# U.P. Town Center

The **University of the Philippines Town Center**, commonly known as the **U.P. Town Center** and abbreviated as **UPTC**, is a shopping center in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, managed by the Ayala Malls group. It opened on September 30, 2013.

## Development

Ayala Land secured a 25-year lease with the University of the Philippines to develop a 7.4 ha (18 acres) lot in the university's campus to build a shopping mall complex. The lot was the former location of the U.P. Integrated School under the University of the Philippines Diliman. The trees in the lot were not cut down, and 40 percent of the land is designated for open space.

The U.P. Town Center has three phases. The first phase, covering 4,700 square meters (51,000 sq ft), is primarily for restaurants and retail stores. It also hosts a two-level Timezone arcade. The second phase, covering a 26,000 square meters (280,000 sq ft) floor plan, contains more retail and dining outlets and was completed by May 2015. The third and last phase, covering 37,000 square meters (400,000 sq ft), was completed in 2016, containing four cinemas, including one 4DX cinema, offices, and more retail stores and restaurants, including a 2-storey H&M store.

## Architecture

The architectural design and master planning of the U.P. Town Center was done by the international architectural firm Benoy.

## Facilities and tenants

The U.P. Town Center is marketed as the "first and only university town center" in the Philippines, primarily targeting students from universities and other educational institutions along Katipunan Avenue, such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Ateneo de Manila University and Miriam College.

Shortly after the first phase of the complex was opened, most of the tenants were restaurants and other dining outlets. In November 2013, there were 30 tenants, 28 of which were dining outlets and only two retail stores. By this time, Ayala Malls reportedly prioritized new restaurant and dining brands over popular fast-food chains and restaurants since many of these brands already have outlets along Katipunan Avenue.

When the second phase was completed, numerous retail brands primarily selling fashion, sports, tech, and stationery goods or services targeting millennials opened stores at the U.P. Town Center.

U.P. Town Center also has a supermarket named Merkado Supermarket. It is a 50-50 joint venture between Ayala and Puregold, and the outlet in the shopping complex is the first outlet under the brand name.

## InfoBox

U.P. Town Center
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Quezon City, Philippines |
| Coordinates | 14°39′04″N 121°04′30″E / 14.651°N 121.075°E / 14.651; 121.075 |
| Address | Katipunan Avenue, Brgy. U.P. Campus, Diliman |
| Opening date | September 30, 2013 (2013-09-30) |
| Developer | Ayala Land |
| Management | Ayala Malls |
| Architect | Benoy |
| Total retail floor area | 174,000 square meters (1,870,000 sq ft) |
| No. of floors | Phase 1: 2
Phase 1A: 3
Phase 2: 3 |
| Public transit access | Katipunan
19  UP Town Center |


title: UCC-1 financing statement

abstract:
A UCC-1 financing statement is a United States legal form that a creditor files to give notice that it has or may have an interest in the personal property of a debtor. This form is filed in order to "perfect" a creditor's security interest by giving public notice that there is a right to take possession of and sell certain assets for repayment of a specific debt with a certain priority. Such notices of sale are often found in the local newspapers. Once the form has been filed, the creditor establishes a relative priority with other creditors of the debtor. This process is also called "perfecting the security interest" in the property, and this type of loan is a secured loan. A financing statement may also be filed in the real estate records by a lessor of fixtures to establish the priority of the lessor's rights against a holder of a mortgage or other lien on the real property. The creditor's rights against the debtor and the lessor's rights against the lessee are based on the credit documents and the lease, respectively, and not the financing statement. Pursuant to the standards set forth in the UCC, at 9-503 and 9–504, the financing statement need only contain three pieces of information:
  - the debtor's name and address
  - the creditor's name and address
  - an indication of the collateral, "whether or not it is specific, if it reasonably identifies what is described." The financing statement is generally filed with the office of the state secretary of state, in the state where the debtor is located - for an individual, the state where the debtor resides, for most kinds of business organizations the state of incorporation or organization. Many states have a state agency that operates under the secretary of state, which is tasked with overseeing business organizations and activities, including receipt of financing statements. However, an exception exists if the collateral is something that is tied to a particular piece of real property, such as timber, mineral rights, or fixtures. In that case, the filing must be made in the county where the property is located, usually in the recording office or county court, because that is where third parties are most likely to search for such record. In the case of a loan secured by personal property collateral, the filing of a financing statement gives notice of a lien against the property so that other lenders or buyers of the personal property will know of the security interest. In the case of a filing of a financing statement by a lessor of fixtures, the filing of the financing statement gives notice of the lessor's interests to others who acquire an interest in the real property and related fixtures. The financing statement does not create a lien nor does it create any additional rights against a lessee in favor of a lessor, the filing of a financing statement just gives notice of whatever rights the creditor or lessor have under their loan documents or lease, respectively. A filed financing statement typically has a duration of five years from when it was filed before a lapse may occur. Upon a lapse, a financing statement is no longer effective and any security interest that was perfected by the financing statement becomes unperfected. A secured party can continue their security interest by filing a continuation six months before the expiration date of the financing statement.

text:
# UCC-1 financing statement

A **UCC-1 financing statement** (an abbreviation for Uniform Commercial Code-1) is a United States legal form that a creditor files to give notice that it has or may have an interest in the personal property of a debtor (a person who owes a debt to the creditor as typically specified in the agreement creating the debt). This form is filed in order to "perfect" a creditor's security interest by giving public notice that there is a right to take possession of and sell certain assets for repayment of a specific debt with a certain priority. Such notices of sale are often found in the local newspapers. Once the form has been filed, the creditor establishes a relative priority with other creditors of the debtor. This process is also called "perfecting the security interest" in the property, and this type of loan is a secured loan. A financing statement may also be filed in the real estate records by a lessor of fixtures to establish the priority of the lessor's rights against a holder of a mortgage or other lien on the real property. The creditor's rights against the debtor and the lessor's rights against the lessee are based on the credit documents and the lease, respectively, and not the financing statement.

Pursuant to the standards set forth in the UCC, at 9-503 and 9–504, the financing statement need only contain three pieces of information:

1. the debtor's name and address
2. the creditor's name and address
3. an indication of the collateral, "whether or not it is specific, if it reasonably identifies what is described." (UCC 9-108)

The financing statement is generally filed with the office of the state secretary of state, in the state where the debtor is located - for an individual, the state where the debtor resides, for most kinds of business organizations the state of incorporation or organization. Many states have a state agency that operates under the secretary of state, which is tasked with overseeing business organizations and activities, including receipt of financing statements. However, an exception exists if the collateral is something that is tied to a particular piece of real property, such as timber, mineral rights, or fixtures. In that case, the filing must be made in the county where the property is located, usually in the recording office or county court, because that is where third parties are most likely to search for such record.

In the case of a loan secured by personal property collateral, the filing of a financing statement gives notice of a lien against the property so that other lenders or buyers of the personal property will know of the security interest. In the case of a filing of a financing statement by a lessor of fixtures, the filing of the financing statement gives notice of the lessor's interests to others who acquire an interest in the real property and related fixtures. The financing statement does not create a lien nor does it create any additional rights against a lessee in favor of a lessor, the filing of a financing statement just gives notice of whatever rights the creditor or lessor have under their loan documents or lease, respectively.

A filed financing statement typically has a duration of five years from when it was filed before a lapse may occur. Upon a lapse, a financing statement is no longer effective and any security interest that was perfected by the financing statement becomes unperfected. A secured party can continue their security interest by filing a continuation six months before the expiration date of the financing statement.


title: UCC Students' Union

abstract: The UCC Students' Union is a students' union in University College Cork (UCC), in Cork, Ireland. It was established in 1973 following the charter, statutes and regulations of the governing body of the college as a representative body for UCC students. Each UCC student is automatically a member by virtue of a student levy. The main functions of the UCC Students' Union (UCCSU) are to provide academic assistance to students, to provide support to students in need, to lobby the university and the government on issues affecting students, and to provide entertainment on campus. The Student Council of the UCCSU also acts as the student parliament for UCC, and represents students on a number of committees including UCC's Governing Authority, Academic Council, and externally at national bodies such as the Union of Students in Ireland.

text:
# UCC Students' Union

The **UCC Students' Union** is a students' union in University College Cork (UCC), in Cork, Ireland. It was established in 1973 following the charter, statutes and regulations of the governing body of the college as a representative body for UCC students. Each UCC student is automatically a member by virtue of a student levy.

The main functions of the UCC Students' Union (UCCSU) are to provide academic assistance to students, to provide support to students in need, to lobby the university and the government on issues affecting students, and to provide entertainment on campus. The Student Council of the UCCSU also acts as the student parliament for UCC, and represents students on a number of committees including UCC's Governing Authority, Academic Council, and externally at national bodies such as the Union of Students in Ireland.

## History

The UCC Students' Union was established in 1973 to "represent and support their members at every level within the university". The union replaced a previous body known as the 'Students' Representative Council'. This body (known in Irish as *Comhairle Teachta na Mac Léinn* CTM) was established around 1908. In its early years, all officers of the body served in a voluntary capacity. The first full-time officer came with the introduction of a paid presidency role in 1940, and increased to four full-time officers in 2004.

Since 2010, UCCSU has awarded Honorary Life Memberships, to "individuals that have demonstrated commitment to working in the best interests of students both within the University and externally".

On 5 December 2014, UCC Students' Union became the first third-level institution on the island of Ireland to install a permanent Pride flag on campus.

## Publications

Publications by the UCCSU include union handbooks, the twice weekly union newspaper, and monthly magazine. Since 2004 the campus newspaper has been known as the 'UCC Express'. The newspaper had been known over previous years variously as: 'Aire', 'The Gazette', 'The University Examiner', 'The Campus Chronicle', and 'The University Xpress'. The union also publishes the monthly 'Motley Magazine', which was named 'KBC Irish Student Magazine of the Year' in 2014, 2015 and 2016.

## Organisation

The Students Union executive is elected by the student body.

As of 2022, there are six full-time sabbatical officers, including the roles of President, Communications and Engagement Officer, Education Officer, Welfare Officer, Commercial and Fundraising Officer, and Entertainments Officer.

There are also a number of non-sabbatical/voluntary positions which are divided into three types- College Representatives, Campaign Representatives and Special Representatives. College Representatives represent the four colleges within University College Cork. The Campaign Representatives are made up of: Environmental & Sustainability Representative, Equality & Diversity Representative and Irish Language & Cultural Representative. Special Representatives include both voluntary representatives advocating for a specific academic group, and those who are sabbatical officers in student organisations under the university departments but sit on the SU Executive to represent those interest groups.

UCC Societies Executive and UCC Clubs Executive also have a Students' Union officer sitting on their executives.

## Services

Services provided to students by UCCSU include a jobs portal, education advice and grinds, welfare advice, free condoms, and a second-hand bookshop. It is also involved in charity and fundraising, advocacy and community relations, and campaigning on other issues.


title: UEFA Euro 1968 squads

abstract: These are the squads for the UEFA Euro 1968 tournament in Italy, that took place between 5 June and 10 June 1968. The players' listed ages is their age on the tournament's opening day. Every player in the tournament played for a club in his native country.

text:
# UEFA Euro 1968 squads

These are the squads for the **UEFA Euro 1968** tournament in Italy, that took place between 5 June and 10 June 1968. The players' listed ages is their age on the tournament's opening day (5 June 1968).

Every player in the tournament played for a club in his native country.

## England

Manager: Alf Ramsey

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Gordon Banks | (1937-12-30)30 December 1937 (aged 30) | 43 | Stoke City |
| 2 | 2DF | Keith Newton | (1941-06-23)23 June 1941 (aged 26) | 9 | Blackburn Rovers |
| 3 | 2DF | Ray Wilson | (1934-12-17)17 December 1934 (aged 33) | 61 | Everton |
| 4 | 3MF | Alan Mullery | (1941-11-23)23 November 1941 (aged 26) | 10 | Tottenham Hotspur |
| 5 | 2DF | Brian Labone | (1940-01-23)23 January 1940 (aged 28) | 9 | Everton |
| 6 | 2DF | Bobby Moore *(captain)* | (1941-04-12)12 April 1941 (aged 27) | 61 | West Ham United |
| 7 | 3MF | Alan Ball | (1945-05-12)12 May 1945 (aged 23) | 26 | Everton |
| 8 | 4FW | Roger Hunt | (1938-07-20)20 July 1938 (aged 29) | 30 | Liverpool |
| 9 | 3MF | Bobby Charlton | (1937-10-11)11 October 1937 (aged 30) | 85 | Manchester United |
| 10 | 4FW | Geoff Hurst | (1941-12-08)8 December 1941 (aged 26) | 20 | West Ham United |
| 11 | 3MF | Martin Peters | (1943-11-08)8 November 1943 (aged 24) | 19 | West Ham United |
| 12 | 1GK | Alex Stepney | (1942-09-18)18 September 1942 (aged 25) | 1 | Manchester United |
| 13 | 1GK | Gordon West | (1943-04-24)24 April 1943 (aged 25) | 0 | Everton |
| 14 | 2DF | Cyril Knowles | (1944-07-13)13 July 1944 (aged 23) | 4 | Tottenham Hotspur |
| 15 | 2DF | Jack Charlton | (1935-05-08)8 May 1935 (aged 33) | 28 | Leeds United |
| 16 | 2DF | Tommy Wright | (1944-10-21)21 October 1944 (aged 23) | 0 | Everton |
| 17 | 3MF | Nobby Stiles | (1942-05-18)18 May 1942 (aged 26) | 24 | Manchester United |
| 18 | 4FW | Mike Summerbee | (1942-12-15)15 December 1942 (aged 25) | 3 | Manchester City |
| 19 | 2DF | Norman Hunter | (1943-10-29)29 October 1943 (aged 24) | 8 | Leeds United |
| 20 | 3MF | Colin Bell | (1946-02-26)26 February 1946 (aged 22) | 2 | Manchester City |
| 21 | 4FW | Jimmy Greaves | (1940-02-20)20 February 1940 (aged 28) | 57 | Tottenham Hotspur |
| 22 | 3MF | Peter Thompson | (1942-11-27)27 November 1942 (aged 25) | 14 | Liverpool |

## Italy

Manager: Ferruccio Valcareggi

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Enrico Albertosi | (1939-11-02)2 November 1939 (aged 28) | 18 | Fiorentina |
| 2 | 4FW | Pietro Anastasi | (1948-04-07)7 April 1948 (aged 20) | 0 | Varese |
| 3 | 2DF | Angelo Anquilletti | (1943-04-25)25 April 1943 (aged 25) | 0 | Milan |
| 4 | 2DF | Giancarlo Bercellino | (1941-10-09)9 October 1941 (aged 26) | 5 | Juventus |
| 5 | 2DF | Tarcisio Burgnich | (1939-04-25)25 April 1939 (aged 29) | 21 | Internazionale |
| 6 | 4FW | Giacomo Bulgarelli | (1940-10-24)24 October 1940 (aged 27) | 29 | Bologna |
| 7 | 2DF | Ernesto Castano | (1939-05-02)2 May 1939 (aged 29) | 2 | Juventus |
| 8 | 3MF | Giancarlo De Sisti | (1943-03-13)13 March 1943 (aged 25) | 2 | Fiorentina |
| 9 | 4FW | Angelo Domenghini | (1941-08-25)25 August 1941 (aged 26) | 12 | Internazionale |
| 10 | 2DF | Giacinto Facchetti *(captain)* | (1942-07-18)18 July 1942 (aged 25) | 34 | Internazionale |
| 11 | 3MF | Giorgio Ferrini | (1939-08-18)18 August 1939 (aged 28) | 5 | Torino |
| 12 | 3MF | Aristide Guarneri | (1938-03-07)7 March 1938 (aged 30) | 19 | Bologna |
| 13 | 3MF | Antonio Juliano | (1942-12-26)26 December 1942 (aged 25) | 10 | Napoli |
| 14 | 3MF | Giovanni Lodetti | (1942-08-10)10 August 1942 (aged 25) | 16 | Milan |
| 15 | 4FW | Sandro Mazzola | (1942-11-08)8 November 1942 (aged 25) | 29 | Internazionale |
| 16 | 4FW | Pierino Prati | (1946-12-13)13 December 1946 (aged 21) | 2 | Milan |
| 17 | 4FW | Gigi Riva | (1944-11-07)7 November 1944 (aged 23) | 6 | Cagliari |
| 18 | 3MF | Gianni Rivera | (1943-08-18)18 August 1943 (aged 24) | 31 | Milan |
| 19 | 2DF | Roberto Rosato | (1943-08-18)18 August 1943 (aged 24) | 15 | Milan |
| 20 | 2DF | Sandro Salvadore | (1939-11-29)29 November 1939 (aged 28) | 29 | Juventus |
| 21 | 1GK | Lido Vieri | (1939-07-16)16 July 1939 (aged 28) | 4 | Torino |
| 22 | 1GK | Dino Zoff | (1942-02-28)28 February 1942 (aged 26) | 1 | Napoli |

## Soviet Union

Manager: Mikhail Yakushin

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Yuri Pshenichnikov | (1940-06-02)2 June 1940 (aged 28) | 15 | CSKA Moscow |
| 2 | 3MF | Viktor Anichkin | (1941-12-08)8 December 1941 (aged 26) | 20 | Dynamo Moscow |
| 3 | 2DF | Valentin Afonin | (1939-12-22)22 December 1939 (aged 28) | 32 | CSKA Moscow |
| 4 | 4FW | Anatoliy Banishevskiy | (1946-02-23)23 February 1946 (aged 22) | 38 | Neftchi Baku |
| 5 | 4FW | Anatoliy Byshovets | (1946-04-23)23 April 1946 (aged 22) | 16 | Dynamo Kyiv |
| 6 | 3MF | Valery Voronin | (1939-07-17)17 July 1939 (aged 28) | 66 | Torpedo Moscow |
| 7 | 4FW | Gennady Yevriuzhikin | (1944-07-04)4 July 1944 (aged 23) | 7 | Dynamo Moscow |
| 8 | 2DF | Yuri Istomin | (1944-07-03)3 July 1944 (aged 23) | 9 | CSKA Moscow |
| 9 | 1GK | Anzor Kavazashvili | (1940-07-19)19 July 1940 (aged 27) | 20 | Torpedo Moscow |
| 10 | 2DF | Vladimir Kaplichny | (1944-05-26)26 May 1944 (aged 24) | 7 | CSKA Moscow |
| 11 | 4FW | Eduard Malofeyev | (1942-06-02)2 June 1942 (aged 26) | 38 | Dynamo Minsk |
| 12 | 3MF | Vladimir Muntyan | (1946-09-14)14 September 1946 (aged 21) | 0 | Dynamo Kyiv |
| 13 | 4FW | Givi Nodia | (1948-01-02)2 January 1948 (aged 20) | 2 | Dinamo Tbilisi |
| 14 | 1GK | Evgeni Rudakov | (1942-01-02)2 January 1942 (aged 26) | 1 | Dynamo Kyiv |
| 15 | 2DF | Vladimir Levchenko | (1944-02-18)18 February 1944 (aged 24) | 2 | Dynamo Kyiv |
| 16 | 3MF | Murtaz Khurtsilava | (1943-01-05)5 January 1943 (aged 25) | 30 | Dinamo Tbilisi |
| 17 | 3MF | Igor Chislenko | (1939-01-04)4 January 1939 (aged 29) | 53 | Dynamo Moscow |
| 18 | 2DF | Albert Shesternyov *(captain)* | (1941-06-20)20 June 1941 (aged 26) | 59 | CSKA Moscow |
| 19 | 3MF | Aleksandr Lenev | (1944-09-25)25 September 1944 (aged 23) | 6 | Torpedo Moscow |
| 20 | 3MF | Kakhi Asatiani | (1947-01-01)1 January 1947 (aged 21) | 2 | Dinamo Tbilisi |
| 21 | 2DF | Gennady Logofet | (1942-02-15)15 February 1942 (aged 26) | 9 | Spartak Moscow |
| 22 | 4FW | Nikolai Smolnikov | (1949-03-10)10 March 1949 (aged 19) | 3 | Neftchi Baku |

## Yugoslavia

Manager: Rajko Mitić

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Ilija Pantelić | (1942-08-02)2 August 1942 (aged 25) | 15 | Vojvodina Novi Sad |
| 2 | 2DF | Mirsad Fazlagić *(captain)* | (1943-04-04)4 April 1943 (aged 25) | 16 | FK Sarajevo |
| 3 | 2DF | Milan Damjanović | (1943-10-15)15 October 1943 (aged 24) | 3 | Partizan Belgrade |
| 4 | 3MF | Borivoje Đorđević | (1948-08-02)2 August 1948 (aged 19) | 3 | Partizan Belgrade |
| 5 | 2DF | Blagoje Paunović | (1947-06-04)4 June 1947 (aged 21) | 3 | Partizan Belgrade |
| 6 | 2DF | Dragan Holcer | (1945-01-19)19 January 1945 (aged 23) | 13 | Hajduk Split |
| 7 | 3MF | Ilija Petković | (1945-09-22)22 September 1945 (aged 22) | 1 | OFK Belgrade |
| 8 | 3MF | Ivica Osim | (1941-05-06)6 May 1941 (aged 27) | 12 | FK Željezničar |
| 9 | 4FW | Vahidin Musemić | (1946-10-29)29 October 1946 (aged 21) | 3 | FK Sarajevo |
| 10 | 3MF | Rudolf Belin | (1942-11-04)4 November 1942 (aged 25) | 20 | Dinamo Zagreb |
| 11 | 4FW | Dragan Džajić | (1946-05-30)30 May 1946 (aged 22) | 25 | Red Star Belgrade |
| 12 | 1GK | Radomir Vukčević | (1944-09-15)15 September 1944 (aged 23) | 2 | Hajduk Split |
| 13 | 1GK | Ratomir Dujković | (1946-02-24)24 February 1946 (aged 22) | 0 | Red Star Belgrade |
| 14 | 2DF | Rajko Aleksić | (1947-02-19)19 February 1947 (aged 21) | 0 | Vojvodina Novi Sad |
| 15 | 3MF | Miroslav Pavlović | (1942-10-23)23 October 1942 (aged 25) | 0 | Red Star Belgrade |
| 16 | 3MF | Jovan Aćimović | (1948-06-21)21 June 1948 (aged 19) | 0 | Red Star Belgrade |
| 17 | 2DF | Mladen Ramljak | (1945-07-01)1 July 1945 (aged 22) | 5 | Dinamo Zagreb |
| 18 | 2DF | Ljubomir Mihajlović | (1943-09-04)4 September 1943 (aged 24) | 6 | Partizan Belgrade |
| 19 | 3MF | Ivica Brzić | (1941-05-28)28 May 1941 (aged 27) | 0 | Vojvodina Novi Sad |
| 20 | 4FW | Boško Antić | (1944-01-07)7 January 1944 (aged 24) | 0 | FK Sarajevo |
| 21 | 3MF | Dobrivoje Trivić | (1943-10-26)26 October 1943 (aged 24) | 5 | Vojvodina Novi Sad |
| 22 | 4FW | Idriz Hošić | (1944-02-17)17 February 1944 (aged 24) | 1 | Partizan Belgrade |


title: USA-229

abstract: USA-229, known before launch as NRO Launch 34 (NROL-34), is a pair of American signals intelligence satellites which were launched in 2011. They are operated by the United States National Reconnaissance Office. Both satellites were deployed by a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 411 launch vehicle, which launched from SLC-3E at the Vandenberg Air Force Base. The launch occurred at 04:24 UTC on 15 April 2011. The rocket placed the satellites into a low Earth orbit. By 04:29 UTC, official updates on the status of the spacecraft had been discontinued. Whilst details of the satellites and their missions are officially classified, amateur observers have identified that the Atlas V deployed two satellites, one of which has officially been catalogued as debris. The two spacecraft have been identified as being a pair of third or fourth generation Naval Ocean Surveillance System satellites. Amateur observations have located the spacecraft in an orbit with a perigee of 1,015 kilometres (631 mi) and an apogee of 1,207 kilometres (750 mi), inclined at 63.46° to the plane of the equator. Current generation NOSS satellites are always launched and operated in pairs, and are used to locate and track ships and aircraft from the radio transmissions that they emit.

text:
# USA-229

**USA-229**, known before launch as **NRO Launch 34** (**NROL-34**), is a pair of American signals intelligence satellites which were launched in 2011. They are operated by the United States National Reconnaissance Office.

Both satellites were deployed by a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 411 launch vehicle, which launched from SLC-3E at the Vandenberg Air Force Base. The launch occurred at 04:24 UTC on 15 April 2011. The rocket placed the satellites into a low Earth orbit. By 04:29 UTC, official updates on the status of the spacecraft had been discontinued.

Whilst details of the satellites and their missions are officially classified, amateur observers have identified that the Atlas V deployed two satellites, one of which has officially been catalogued as debris. The two spacecraft have been identified as being a pair of third or fourth generation Naval Ocean Surveillance System satellites. Amateur observations have located the spacecraft in an orbit with a perigee of 1,015 kilometres (631 mi) and an apogee of 1,207 kilometres (750 mi), inclined at 63.46° to the plane of the equator. Current generation NOSS satellites are always launched and operated in pairs, and are used to locate and track ships and aircraft from the radio transmissions that they emit.

## InfoBox

USA-229
| Names | NROL-34
NRO Launch 34
NOSS-3 5A and 5B
Intruder 9A and 9B |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | SIGINT |
| Operator | United States NRO |
| COSPAR ID | 2011-014A |
| SATCAT no. | 37386 and 37391 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | NOSS-3 5 (3rd Generation) |
| Spacecraft type | Intruder |
| Bus | NOSS-3 |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin |
| Launch mass | 3250 kg (each) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 15 April 2011, at 04:24 UTC |
| Rocket | Atlas V 411 (AV-027) |
| Launch site | Vandenberg, SLC-3E |
| Contractor | ULA |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Low Earth orbit |
| Perigee altitude | 1015 km |
| Apogee altitude | 1207 km |
| Inclination | 63.46° |
|  | |
| Naval Ocean Surveillance System | |


title: USA-224

abstract: USA-224, also known as NROL-49, is an American reconnaissance satellite. Launched in 2011 to replace the decade-old USA-161 satellite, it is the fifteenth KH-11 optical imaging satellite to reach orbit.

text:
# USA-224

**USA-224**, also known as **NROL-49**, is an American reconnaissance satellite. Launched in 2011 to replace the decade-old USA-161 satellite, it is the fifteenth KH-11 optical imaging satellite to reach orbit.

## Project history and cost

After the Boeing-led Future Imagery Architecture program failed in 2005, the National Reconnaissance Office ordered two more KH-11s. Critics worried that each of these "exquisite-class" satellites would cost more than the Navy's latest aircraft carrier (US$6.35 billion in 2005, or about $9,910,000,000 today). Instead, USA-224–the first of these two–was completed by Lockheed $2 billion under the initial budget estimate and two years ahead of schedule.

## Launch

USA-224 was launched atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket from Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 6 in California. The launch was conducted by United Launch Alliance, and was the first flight of a Delta IV Heavy from Vandenberg. Liftoff occurred on 20 January 2011 at 21:10:30 UTC. Upon reaching orbit, the satellite received the International Designator 2011-002A.

The satellite began operating 33 days after its predecessor, USA-161, stopped doing its primary mission. This coverage gap was much smaller than originally feared, thanks to USA-224's earlier-than-planned launch and operational changes to extend the lifetime of USA-161.

As the fifteenth KH-11 satellite to be launched, USA-224 is a member of one of the later block configurations occasionally identified as being a separate system. Details of its mission and orbit are classified, but amateur observers have tracked it in low Earth orbit. Shortly after launch it was in an orbit with a perigee of 251 kilometres (156 mi), an apogee of 1,023 kilometres (636 mi) and 97.9 degrees of inclination, typical for an operational KH-11 satellite. By April it was 260 by 987 kilometres (162 by 613 mi) at 97.93 degrees.

## Imaging of Safir launch preparation accident

The photo believed to have been taken by USA-224 tweeted by President Trump in August 2019The original GEOINT product given to Trump, declassified by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency in November 2022

On 30 August 2019, President Donald Trump tweeted a classified picture from an intelligence briefing showing the aftermath of an accident that apparently occurred during launch preparations of a Safir rocket at the Imam Khomeini Spaceport a day earlier. According to analysts, the photo is likely to have been taken by USA-224. The opinion is based on a close agreement between the estimated time when the photo was taken (based on the orientation of shadows cast by structures in the photo), and the location of the satellite at that same time, as estimated with tracking data maintained by the amateur satellite watching community. The off-nadir photograph stands out for its high-resolution (estimated by analysts to be 10 cm or less per pixel), sharpness and lack of atmospheric distortion. Before this tweet, the only KH-11 imagery available was leaked in 1984, and the only declassified imagery available in public domain was released in 2011 taken by KH-9.

## InfoBox

USA-224
| Launch of USA-224 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Optical imaging |
| Operator | US NRO |
| COSPAR ID | 2011-002A |
| SATCAT no. | 37348 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | KH-11 |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 20 January 2011, 21:10:30 (2011-01-20UTC21:10:30Z) UTC |
| Rocket | Delta IV Heavy D352 |
| Launch site | Vandenberg SLC-6 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
| Perigee altitude | 270 kilometers (170 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 986 kilometers (613 mi) |
| Inclination | 97.92 degrees |
| Period | 97.13 minutes |
| Epoch | 5 August 2014, 00:12:52 UTC |
|  | |
|  | |