title: Women Without Men (1956 film)

abstract: Women Without Men is a 1956 British second feature drama film directed by Elmo Williams and Herbert Glazer and starring Beverly Michaels, Joan Rice, Thora Hird and Hermione Baddeley. A woman escapes from prison to keep a date with her boyfriend. For U.S. release the film was retitled Blonde Bait and substantially re-edited, with new scenes filmed by the American distributors (with additional American actors, with Jim Davis replacing Paul Carpenter as Nick, and notable character and plot changes, such as turning the heroine into a gangster's moll, for whom the prison break is engineered by the police in hopes she will lead them to her much-wanted fugitive boyfriend. Other new actors were Richard Travis, Harry Lauter and Paul Cavanagh. Beverly Michaels also appeared in the film's new ending sequence.

text:
# Women Without Men (1956 film)

***Women Without Men*** is a 1956 British second feature drama film directed by Elmo Williams and Herbert Glazer and starring Beverly Michaels, Joan Rice, Thora Hird and Hermione Baddeley. A woman escapes from prison to keep a date with her boyfriend.

For U.S. release the film was retitled ***Blonde Bait*** and substantially re-edited, with new scenes filmed by the American distributors (with additional American actors, with Jim Davis replacing Paul Carpenter as Nick, and notable character and plot changes, such as turning the heroine into a gangster's moll, for whom the prison break is engineered by the police in hopes she will lead them to her much-wanted fugitive boyfriend. Other new actors were Richard Travis, Harry Lauter and Paul Cavanagh. Beverly Michaels also appeared in the film's new ending sequence.

## Plot

Angie Booth is imprisoned following an assault committed in self-defence, and escapes along with two other prisoners, Granny and Marguerite, to keep a date with her would-be fiancé Nick, who has been out of the country and unaware of her plight. In order to make the meeting, Nick discharges himself from hospital. Meanwhile Marguerite struggles to prevent her baby being sent to an orphange.

## Cast

## Critical reception

*Monthly Film Bulletin* said "A stereotyped women's prison drama, following a predictable course in incident and characterisation. The actual escape seems somewhat arbitrarily contrived, relying more on the stupidity of the guards and police than the ingenuity of the participants, but on its modest level, the plot maintains an agreeable balance between thrills and humour. The players assume their familiar roles with ease, and there is a tireless performance by Thora Hird."

*Sky Movies* wrote, "Hammer Films, just before their success in the horror field, jumped on the band-wagon for women's prison films that had been rolling in Britain and America since the success of *Caged* in 1950. Beverly Michaels (sent to prison on the slimmest of pretexts), Joan Rice, April Olrich and Hermione Baddely are among those looking grim, while Thora Hird makes the most of one of her best film roles as the indomitable Granny."

The *Radio Times* noted a "Second-feature British prison drama of no particular distinction, but deploying some humour and employing some interesting names – Thora Hird, Avril Angers – which up the entertainment quotient ... it's good for an idle rainy afternoon or 2am insomnia."

In *British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959* David Quinlan rated the film as "average", writing: "Women's prison drama with welcome vein of humour; silly plot, lively performances."

1. Chibnall, Steve; McFarlane, Brian (2009). The British 'B' Film. London: BFI/Bloomsbury. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-8445-7319-6.
2. "Women Without Men". *British Film Institute Collections Search*. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
3. "Blonde Bait (1956) - Notes - TCM.com".
4. "Women Without Men". *Monthly Film Bulletin*. **23** (264): 108. 1956  via ProQuest.
5. "Women without Men".
6. "Women without Men - Film from RadioTimes".
7. Quinlan, David (1984). *British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959*. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 402. ISBN 0-7134-1874-5.

## InfoBox

| Women Without Men | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. poster | |
| Directed by | Elmo Williams
Herbert Glazer |
| Screenplay by | Val Guest
Richard Landau |
| Based on | a story by Richard Landau |
| Produced by | Anthony Hinds |
| Starring | Beverly Michaels
Joan Rice
Thora Hird |
| Cinematography | Walter J. Harvey |
| Edited by | James Needs |
| Music by | Leonard Salzedo
John Hollingsworth |
| Production
company | Hammer Film Productions |
| Distributed by | Exclusive Films (U.K.)
Associated Film Releasing Corporation (U.S.) |
| Release date | * 2 April 1956 (1956-04-02) |
| Running time | 71 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Women's football in Pakistan

abstract: Women's football in Pakistan officially began with the establishment of the first women club Diya WFC in 2002. Despite facing challenges, including societal norms and limited resources, women's football has garnered support and recognition. One the barriers of the sport growing is it coached by men so the Pakistan FA are trying to get more women involved in coaching and refereeing.

text:
# Women's football in Pakistan

**Women's football in Pakistan** officially began with the establishment of the first women club Diya WFC in 2002. Despite facing challenges, including societal norms and limited resources, women's football has garnered support and recognition.

One the barriers of the sport growing is it coached by men so the Pakistan FA are trying to get more women involved in coaching and refereeing.

## History

Women's football in Pakistan has experienced notable growth and development, gradually carving out its place within the broader narrative of football in the country. The inception of women's football in Pakistan can be traced back to 2002 with the establishment of Diya W.F.C., the first female football club.

With a limited participation of women in the game, and mainly restricted to the affluent class of the country, it was first encouraged by the relatively moderate government of former President Pervez Musharaf, the Pakistan Football Federation staged its first-ever women’s football match in September 2004. The first edition of the National Women Football Championship was held one year later. The establishment of the National Women Football Championship has been a significant milestone, providing a platform for female footballers to showcase their skills at the domestic level. The championship, contested by teams from various regions, contributes to talent identification and the overall development of women's football in the country.

### 2010: Formation of the women national team

The Pakistan women's national football team was formed in 2010, and made its international debut at the 11th South Asian Games in Dhaka. It played its first match on 31 January 2010 against India at the Bangabandhu National Stadium. It also faced off against Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal in that tournament, winning against Sri Lanka via walkover while losing the other two fixtures. It came in 4th out of 5 teams. In December 2010, the team, under coach Tariq Lutfi, participated in the inaugural SAFF Women's Championship held at Cox's Bazar Stadium. It stood second Group B, winning against Maldives (2–1) and Afghanistan (3–0), while losing heavily to Nepal (0–12). India were the opponents in the semifinal, but Pakistan lost 8–0 and were thus eliminated. In this tournament, Mehwish Khan became the first ever goal-scorer for Pakistan (in the match against Maldives). As a result of these official matches, Pakistan entered the FIFA Women's World Rankings for the first time on 18 March 2011. It stood 121 in the World and 22 in Asia.

In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on initiatives aimed at encouraging young girls to take up football. These programs focus on providing access to coaching, facilities, and opportunities for skill development. With ongoing support and recognition, women's football in Pakistan is set up to contribute significantly to the country's sporting landscape in the years to come.

## Cup competitions

### Senior

### Youth

## National teams

1. Wasim, Umaid (8 August 2014). "Balochistan United look to transform women's football in Pakistan". *Dawn*. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
2. "Football United: Women's Football In Pakistan Has Progressed But There Is Still A Long Way To Go". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
3. "'Pakistan women's football light years behind the rest'". *The Express Tribune*. 2 August 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
4. Pakistan women’s football team ushers in fresh hope FIFA 11 May 2023
5. "Female referees important as football's popularity grows: Lodhi". *Dawn*. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
6. "Pakistan's first female football club breaks down cultural barriers". UNICEF. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
7. Wasim, Umaid (8 August 2014). "Balochistan United look to transform women's football in Pakistan". *DAWN.COM*. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
8. "11th South Asian Games: India to meet Pakistan in women football". *Business Recorder*. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
9. "Pakistan female footballers record maiden win". *The Nation*. 6 February 2010. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
10. "Lutfi appointed as coach for Pakistan women football team". *Dawn*. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
11. "Pakistan women's camp kicks off". *The Express Tribune*. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
12. Irfan, Anmol (19 July 2023). "Pakistan's women's football team has a bright future ahead". *www.newarab.com/*. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
13. "SPORTS WORLD: Women add glamour to soccer; Punjab lift champ trophy". *Brecorder*. 15 October 2005. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
14. natasha.raheel (3 February 2020). "Uneven playing fields: Women's football is no joke". *The Express Tribune*. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
15. "Inter-Club Women Football C'ship". *The Nation*. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
16. Shah, Syed Ali; Ali, Imtiaz; Wasim, Umaid (13 October 2016). "Pakistan football team striker Shahlyla Baloch dies in Karachi car crash". *Dawn*. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
17. "Pakistan women's football team striker dies in accident". *The Times of India*. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2022.

## InfoBox

| Women's football in Pakistan | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Governing body | Pakistan Football Federation |
| National team(s) | Women's national team |
| National competitions | |
| SAFF Women's Championship | |
| Club competitions | |
| **Cups:**
National Women Football Championship
National Inter-Club Women Football Championship (defunct)
PFF National Under-19 Women’s Football Championship
Shahlyla Baloch National Women U-16 Championship | |
| International competitions | |
| Olympics
FIFA Women's World Cup (National Team)
AFC Women's Asian Cup (National Team) | |


title: Women's football in Montserrat

abstract: Montserrat women's national football team has not played a single FIFA recognised match, though they were scheduled to before withdrawing from the competition. Montserrat Football Association was created in 1994 and became a FIFA affiliate in 1996.

text:
# Women's football in Montserrat

**Montserrat women's national football team** has not played a single FIFA recognised match, though they were scheduled to before withdrawing from the competition. Montserrat Football Association was created in 1994 and became a FIFA affiliate in 1996.

## History

In 1985, few countries in the world had a women's national football team, including Montserrat. Between 1985 and April 2012, the team did not play in a single FIFA recognised match. They were supposed to compete in the Caribbean qualifying for the 2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup. On 30 June, they should have played against the United States Virgin Islands but they withdrew from the tournament. Likewise, they were supposed to compete in the qualifying for the 2006 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup. They were supposed to have played St. Kitts and Nevis but withdrew from the tournament. In March 2012, the team was not ranked in the world by FIFA. The team was intended to appear in the 2018 CFU Women's Challenge Series, but again withdrew.

## Background and development

The national federation was created in 1994 and became a FIFA affiliate in 1996.

## InfoBox

Montserrat
| Association | Montserrat Football Association |
| --- | --- |
| Confederation | CONCACAF (North America) |
| Sub-confederation | CFU (Caribbean) |
| FIFA code | MSR |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Women's football in Portugal

text:
# Women's football in Portugal

Women's football in Portugal is growing in popularity.

## Club Football

Campeonato Nacional de Futebol Feminino is Portugal's highest tier of women's football.

## International Team

Since the 21st Century, Portugal has seen an upsurge of success, with the national team qualifying for the UEFA Women's Championship twice and reaching the World cup once.

## InfoBox

| Women's Football in Portugal | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Portugal |
| Governing body | Portuguese Football Federation |
| National team(s) | Women's national team |
| National competitions | |
|  | |
| Club competitions | |
| **League**:
Campeonato Nacional Feminino
Campeonato Nacional II Divisão
Campeonato Nacional III
**Cups**:
Taça de Portugal
Taça da Liga
Supertaça | |
| International competitions | |
|  | |
| Audience records | |
| Single match | 27,211 |


title: Women's football in Russia

text:
# Women's football in Russia

Women's association football is a largely amateur sport in Russia, given the greater emphasis of the male competitions. As of 2018, there were 30,000 women playing football in Russia, with over 11,000 playing at an amateur level and only 200 playing professionally in the eight teams of the Russian Women's Football Championship.

## History

In 1972 the Communist Party and banned women’s football because it believed it was a “men’s sport. There is a great amount of stigma attached to women playing football in Russia. The Soviet women's football championship was founded in 1989.

## League

The Russian Women's Football Championship is the national league of the country consisting of 8 professional teams.

## National team

The Russia women's national football team has been qualified only twice in the FIFA Women's World Cup reaching the Quarterfinals (1999, 2003), and fives times in the UEFA Women's Championship, (1997, 2001, 2009, 2013, 2017).

On 28 February 2022, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and in accordance with a recommendation by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), FIFA and UEFA suspended the participation of Russia, including in the Qatar 2022 World Cup. The Russian Football Union unsuccessfully appealed the FIFA and UEFA bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which upheld the bans.

## InfoBox

| Women's football in Russia | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Russia |
| Governing body | Russian Football Union |
| National team(s) | Women's national team |
| National competitions | |
| Russian Women's Football Championship | |
| Club competitions | |
| Russian Women's Cup | |
| International competitions | |
| Champions League
FIFA Women's World Cup(National Team)
European Championship(National Team)
Olympics(National Team) | |


abstract: Women's Legal Centre Trust v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others is a 2022 decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa concerning the legal status and regulation of Muslim marriages. The Constitutional Court declared that the Marriage Act, 1961 and Divorce Act, 1979 were unconstitutional insofar as they failed to recognise and regulate marriages solemnised in accordance with sharia and not registered as civil marriages. This failure was inconsistent with various constitutional rights in sections 9, 10, 28 and 34 of the Constitution of South Africa. The judgment was unanimous and was written by Acting Justice Pule Tlaletsi. The case originated in the Western Cape High Court, where it was decided by Judge Nolwazi Mabindla-Boqwana.

text:
# Women's Legal Centre Trust v President (2022)

***Women's Legal Centre Trust v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others*** is a 2022 decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa concerning the legal status and regulation of Muslim marriages. The Constitutional Court declared that the Marriage Act, 1961 and Divorce Act, 1979 were unconstitutional insofar as they failed to recognise and regulate marriages solemnised in accordance with sharia and not registered as civil marriages. This failure was inconsistent with various constitutional rights in sections 9, 10, 28 and 34 of the Constitution of South Africa. The judgment was unanimous and was written by Acting Justice Pule Tlaletsi.

The case originated in the Western Cape High Court, where it was decided by Judge Nolwazi Mabindla-Boqwana.

## InfoBox

| Women's Legal Centre Trust v President | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Constitutional Court of South Africa |
| Full case name | *Women's Legal Centre Trust v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others* |
| Decided | 28 June 2022 (2022-06-28) |
| Docket nos. | CCT 24/21 |
| Citations | \[2022\] ZACC 23; 2022 (5) SA 323 (CC); 2023 (1) BCLR 80 (CC) |
| Case history | |
| Prior actions |  |
| Related action | *Women's Legal Centre Trust v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others* \[2009\] ZACC 20 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Madlanga J, Majiedt J, Mhlantla J, Theron J, Tshiqi J, Madondo AJ, Pillay AJ and Tlaletsi AJ |
| Case opinions | |
| Decision by | Tlaletsi AJ (unanimous) |


title: Wolters Filling Station

abstract: Wolters Filling Station is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. Alfred Wolters built this building to house his filling station in 1930. His son, Dick Wolters, took over the business and operated it as a Standard franchise. The gas pumps were eventually removed and it has been used for other commercial enterprises, including a hair salon. The station was built in an English Cottage style. It features polychrome brick, metal casement windows, a stone-arched doorway, half-timbered gables, and rustic posts and bracings on the drive-thru. The domestic character of the building was typical for filling stations built in the same era. The filling station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

text:
# Wolters Filling Station

**Wolters Filling Station** is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. Alfred Wolters built this building to house his filling station in 1930. His son, Dick Wolters, took over the business and operated it as a Standard franchise. The gas pumps were eventually removed and it has been used for other commercial enterprises, including a hair salon.

The station was built in an English Cottage style. It features polychrome brick, metal casement windows, a stone-arched doorway, half-timbered gables, and rustic posts and bracings on the drive-thru. The domestic character of the building was typical for filling stations built in the same era. The filling station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wolters Filling Station | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1229 Washington St.<br>Davenport, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 41°31′57″N 90°35′45″W / 41.53250°N 90.59583°W / 41.53250; -90.59583 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1930 |
| Architectural style | English Cottage |
| MPS | Davenport MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 84001595 |
| Added to NRHP | July 27, 1984 |


title: Wong Xiang Yi

abstract: Wong Xiang Yi is an artist from Malaysia, born in 1987. She graduated from the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), finishing her bachelor's degree of art in the Fine Arts Department in 2010. In 2016, she completed her master's degree of Fine Arts, majoring in Chinese Ink Painting, in Taipei National University of the Arts (TNUA). She is notable for her artwork related to "Boy's Love" (BL). Due to the Influence by the Japanese comics "BL", Wong expresses her dissatisfaction on the current society's gender differentiation system with her brushes, showing the desire for Utopian love. Wong's artwork are published and appreciated in numerous exhibitions, held in Hong Kong, Taipei and London respectively. With her distinctive style and perspectives, Wong also gains the recognition by the industry and wins significant awards.

text:
# Wong Xiang Yi

**Wong Xiang Yi** is an artist from Malaysia, born in 1987. She graduated from the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), finishing her bachelor's degree of art in the Fine Arts Department in 2010. In 2016, she completed her master's degree of Fine Arts, majoring in Chinese Ink Painting, in Taipei National University of the Arts (TNUA).

She is notable for her artwork related to "Boy's Love" (BL). Due to the Influence by the Japanese comics "BL", Wong expresses her dissatisfaction on the current society's gender differentiation system with her brushes, showing the desire for Utopian love.

Wong's artwork are published and appreciated in numerous exhibitions, held in Hong Kong, Taipei and London respectively. With her distinctive style and perspectives, Wong also gains the recognition by the industry and wins significant awards.

## Background

Wong Xiang Yi was born in Malaysia but instead, she studied and grew up in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Therefore, she is deeply affected by different culture of arts from different places. In Malaysia, there are limited resources for her to know more about art. When she started her bachelor's degree in Fine Arts in Hong Kong, she earned a brand new way of understanding and exploring art due to the different culture and social value. Besides, she was able to reach the information related to Japanese popular culture, which mainly contributes to shape her value judgement.

With the support of family, Wong is determined in her art career. As a young contemporary artist, Wong has been passionate in devoting and showing her significance to the Hong Kong contemporary art, by participating in exhibitions in Hong Kong throughout the past few years.

## Style

Wong's creation is deeply affected by Japanese pop culture (manga), especially “Boy's Love” (which is also called YAOI in Japanese) Her works is inspired by her feminist tendencies. She takes particular offense at the notion that her current exploration of gender, sexuality and ambiguity must stem from some level of female gender related dissatisfaction. However, there is no negativity reflected in her creation. Indeed, she aims to provide neutral idea to let audience imagine and interpret in their unique way. Through Wong's creation, we can see her focus on fantasy and love (the “love-imagination”), romance and the ambiguity. She always paint boys in a soft and weak expression because she believes gender is not the main focus while human are medium of transferring emotion. For the medium that Wong used, she is good at using Gongbi as she believes it is the most suitable tool to express her feeling on the canvas. Wong mentions in her interview with the Arthongkong.net, "However, to me it is the simplest and most honest of the styles to adopt in order to present the mental state (internal emotion) of an artist." Gongbi undeniably is a painting technique that has long tradition and history, like other Chinese painting styles. Wong uses this traditional painting method, with her fabulous skills to reflect her unique contemporary thinking. This shows her significance, of reserving Gongbi, such a traditional tool of China. At the same time, her unique thinking also brings to the society a different point of view.

## Career

Starting to study Fine Arts in the CUHK, Wong started her path to become an artist in 2006. Throughout the 11 years of being an artist, Wong participated in a total of 23 exhibitions, in terms of solo and joint exhibition, including 3 solo exhibitions. Wong shows her active participation in the art industry since she participated in at least one exhibition every year, consecutively in 10 years since her first exhibition in 2007.

Wong has been unique in terms of her artwork and especially her perspective of seeing love and gender, and her talent is recognized by the art industry. She has won numerous awards in the previous, including significant awards such as the Hong Kong Chinese Meticulous Painting Association Creative Award in 2009 and the Grotto Creation Awards (2010). Last but not least, in 2014, Wong has been one of the brilliant and promising artists on the "100 Painters of Tomorrow", written by Kurt Beers, published by Thames & Hudson, which implies the recognition and the appreciation from the international committees. The 100 Painters were chosen based on their artwork, among around 4300 applicants, which can show how talented and brilliant she is and how she can stand out from the crowd of artist in the dimension of Contemporary art.

Here is a summarized table of exhibitions where her artwork were published.

| Exhibition | Year | Name | Location | Additional Information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Solo | 2009 | ForwART | Hong Kong |  |
| | 2012 | P.S | | Grotto Fine Art Limited |
| | 2013 | ze•ph•yr | | A-lift Gallery "Checkpoint" |
| | 2019 | Casually Peeking | Malaysia | Suma Orientalis |
| Joint | 2007 | Come Come | Hong Kong | Year 1 Exhibition |
| | | Two and Thirteen | | Year 2 Exhibition |
| | 2008 | Directionalism | |  |
| | So American |  | |
| | 2010 | Popcorn | | Graduation Exhibition |
| | New Trend 2010 | Art Commune, Cattle Depot Artist Village | |
| | K9+2 | Local Artists Exhibition, K11 | |
| | Ink Art in the New Century |  | |
| | 2011 | Fotanian 2012 | | Studio Opening Project, Fotan |
| | 2012 | Flurry | | A-Lift Art Gallery |
| | Here I am | A‧lift Gallery x Harbour City | |
| | 2013 | Octave | | A‧lift Gallery ‘PROJECT’ |
| | AHAF 2013 | A.Lift Gallery, Mandarin Oriental Hotel | |
| | Unspoken Tales: Dreams and Emotion | ARTIFY GALLERY | |
| | 2014 | DELINEATION | London | A. Lift Gallery, Art14London |
| | Affordable Art Fair Hong Kong | Hong Kong | ARTIFY GALLERY |
| | 2015 | Lifestyle Guru Haunted by Anxiety | Taipei | Master of Fine Arts, Graduation Exhibition of TNUA |
| | THE GLAMOROUS INSIGHT | |  |
| | 2016 | | (ROOM) NO.7 | Taipei Artist Village (TAIPEI) |
| | | Hong Kong | Asia Contemporary Art Show |


title: Women's Super League Golden Boot

abstract: The Women's Super League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in Women's Super League (WSL). The award is sponsored by Barclays. The most recent winner is Khadija Shaw who scored 21 goals in 18 games for Manchester City in the 2023–24 season. Vivianne Miedema and Sam Kerr are the only players to win the Golden Boot multiple times having both won it twice. Rachel Daly for Aston Villa in the 2022–23 season, and Miedema for Arsenal in the 2018–19 season, hold the record for the most goals in a season with 22.

text:
# Women's Super League Golden Boot

The **Women's Super League Golden Boot** is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in Women's Super League (WSL). The award is sponsored by Barclays. The most recent winner is Khadija Shaw who scored 21 goals in 18 games for Manchester City in the 2023–24 season. Vivianne Miedema and Sam Kerr are the only players to win the Golden Boot multiple times having both won it twice. Rachel Daly for Aston Villa in the 2022–23 season, and Miedema for Arsenal in the 2018–19 season, hold the record for the most goals in a season with 22.

## Winners

Key
| **Player (X)** | Name of the player and number of times they had won the award at that point (if more than one) |
| --- | --- |
| **Games** | The number of WSL games played by the winner that season |
| **Rate** | The winner's goals-to-games ratio that season |
|  | Indicates multiple award winners in the same season |
| § | Denotes the club were WSL champions in the same season |
| # | WSL record |

WSL Golden Boot winners
| Season | Player | Nationality | Club | Goals | Games | Rate | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Rachel Williams | England | Birmingham | 14 | 14 | 1 |  |
| 2012 | Kim Little | Scotland | Arsenal § | 11 | 14 | 0.79 |  |
| 2013 | Natasha Dowie | England | Liverpool § | 19 | 21 | 0.9 |  |
| 2014 | Karen Carney | England | Birmingham | 8 | 16 | 0.5 |  |
| 2015 | Beth Mead | England | Sunderland | 12 | 18 | 0.67 |  |
| 2016 | Eniola Aluko | England | Chelsea | 9 | 16 | 0.56 |  |
| Spring Series | Fran Kirby | England | Chelsea § | 6 | 5 | 1.2 |  |
| 2017–18 | Ellen White | England | Birmingham City | 15 | 14 | 1.07 |  |
| 2018–19 | Vivianne Miedema | Netherlands | Arsenal § | 22 # | 20 | 1.1 |  |
| 2019–20 | Vivianne Miedema (2) | Netherlands | Arsenal | 16 | 14 | 1.14 |  |
| 2020–21 | Sam Kerr | Australia | Chelsea § | 21 | 22 | 0.95 |  |
| 2021–22 | Sam Kerr (2) | Australia | Chelsea § | 20 | 20 | 1 |  |
| 2022–23 | Rachel Daly | England | Aston Villa | 22 # | 22 | 1 |  |
| 2023–24 | Khadija Shaw | Jamaica | Manchester CIty | 21 | 18 | 1.36 |  |

## InfoBox

| Women’s Super League Golden Boot | |
| --- | --- |
| Khadija Shaw is the current holder of the award. | |
| Awarded for | Leading goalscorer in the Women's Super League, England's top women's football league |
| Presented by | Barclays |
| First awarded | 2011 |
| Currently held by | Khadija Shaw |
| Most awards | Vivianne Miedema and Sam Kerr (2) |


title: Women's Suffrage in Newfoundland

abstract: Women in Newfoundland won the right to vote and run for political office in 1925. The first general election in which women were able to participate occurred in 1928. In that election, 90 per cent of eligible women voters cast ballots. In 1930, Lady Helena Squires became the first woman elected into the Newfoundland House of Assembly after winning a by-election.

text:
# Women's Suffrage in Newfoundland

**Women in Newfoundland** won the right to vote and run for political office in 1925. The first general election in which women were able to participate occurred in 1928. In that election, 90 per cent of eligible women voters cast ballots. In 1930, Lady Helena Squires became the first woman elected into the Newfoundland House of Assembly after winning a by-election.

## The 1890s

The Newfoundland women’s suffrage movement began in the 1890s and was closely linked to the prohibition movement. In September 1890, a local branch of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) formed in St. John’s. WCTU members argued that alcohol abuse was a problem in the dominion, and that it led to increased rates of domestic violence and poverty, of which women and children were the primary victims. The WCTU argued that women should be given the right to vote in local option elections, so they could vote on prohibition and other issues.

To help promote its cause, the WCTU published a newsletter called the *Water Lily*. Edited by Jessie Ohman, it contained editorials and essays calling for women’s suffrage, as well as political cartoons skewering the Newfoundland government and Prime Minister Sir William Whiteway, who was seen as being weak on prohibition and women’s suffrage. The WCTU also circulated a petition across the island of Newfoundland, demanding the women be given the right to vote in local option elections. On March 18, 1891, WCTU members marched to the Colonial Building and gave the petition to the government. The Newfoundland legislature debated enfranchising women on March 15, 1892, but defeated the motion in a vote of 13 to ten. Another vote on May 4, 1893 was also unsuccessful, with 17 votes against the suffrage bill and 14 in favor.

The WCTU then stopped advocating for suffrage and turned its attention to missionary and charitable work.

## Second Wave of the Suffrage Movement

Although the WCTU was no longer fighting for women’s suffrage, the topic did not entirely disappear from the public consciousness. Suffragists were active in other parts of the world, and news of their work was reported in Newfoundland newspapers and debated in local clubs and societies.

However, most clubs were fraternal and barred women. In response, a group of St. John’s women formed the Ladies Reading Room in 1909 to give women a space to discuss current affairs and read international journals and newspapers. The Reading Room also hosted a Current Events Club, which met every Saturday to debate current affairs, including suffrage. The Ladies Reading Room and Current Events Club politicized a new generation of suffragists. Its leaders included Armine Gosling, Fannie McNeil, Myra Campbell, Anna (Barnes) Mitchell, Agnes Miller Ayre, and Adeline Browning.

The outbreak of the First World War caused suffragists to reduce their efforts, but, when the war ended, the movement gained significant ground. The war service of Newfoundland women helped the postwar suffragettes make their case that women deserved the vote. The Women's Patriotic Association (which was formed in 1914 to support the war effort) and its leaders were to key to the postwar proliferation of women's civic organizations, including the suffrage movement. In 1920, Armine Gosling, Adeline Browning, and Anna Mitchell founded the Newfoundland Women’s Franchise League. Browning was also London representative to the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. The Franchise League had one goal: to win voting rights for women. League members embarked on an island-wide publicity campaign: suffragists screened advertisements in movie houses, published essays and letters in newspapers, canvassed homes and businesses, and circulated a petition throughout the island to garner support. Their efforts ended in success on March 9, 1925, when Prime Minister Walter Stanley Monroe introduced a suffrage bill to the legislature. It passed unanimously and became law on April 3, 1925. It was not, however, a total success: women could become voters at the age of 25, while men could vote at the age of 21. Nonetheless, suffragists hailed the new law as a victory and the Women’s Franchise League changed its name to The League of Women Voters, a non-partisan organization that promoted such social issues as compulsory education, child welfare, and maternal health.

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title: Wolfgang Schad

abstract: Wolfgang Schad was a German evolutionary biologist, anthroposophist and goetheanist.

text:
# Wolfgang Schad

**Wolfgang Schad** (27 July 1935 – 15 October 2022) was a German evolutionary biologist, anthroposophist and goetheanist.

## Life

Schad studied biology, chemistry, physics and education. In the early years of his professional career, he was a teacher at Waldorf schools. After many years as a Waldorf teacher at the Goetheschule in Pforzheim, Wolfgang Schad became a lecturer at the Seminar for Waldorf Education at the *Freie Hochschule Stuttgart* in 1975. In addition, he was a member of staff at the Educational Research Centre of the *Bund der Freien Waldorfschulen* in Stuttgart, which he temporarily directed.

In 1992 he founded the Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Morphology at Witten/Herdecke University, which he directed until 2005. The foundation of the chair was supported by the patron Karl Ludwig Schweisfurth, after whom the institute was named.

His son Albrecht Schad also became a Waldorf teacher and, after his father's departure, also a lecturer at the *Freie Hochschule Stuttgart* in the training for teachers at Waldorf schools.

Wolfgang Schad has since retired and Bernd Rosslenbroich has taken over as head of the institute.

## Scientific work

His major two-volume work *Threefoldness in Humans and Mammals: Toward a Biology of Form* (Adonis Press, 2020) is an expanded second edition of his book *Man and Mammals*, first published in 1977. In *Threefoldness in Humans and Mammals*, Schad applied Rudolf Steiner’s approach from his idea of the threefold structure of the human organism in the sense of a comparative morphology to mammals.

From 1982 to 1985 Schad published four anthologies of works by various authors under the title *Goetheanist Natural Science* in the (anthroposophical) Verlag Freies Geistesleben & Urachhaus. With this he established the term *Goetheanism* in the environment of anthroposophy. Numerous works by Schad appeared in anthroposophical journals, only occasionally did he write for others. As head of the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, he became editor of the Wissenschaftlichen Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Evolutionsbiologie und Morphologie Universität Witten/Herdecke (Scientific Series of the Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Morphology University of Witten/Herdecke).

In his research in evolutionary biology, Schad came to the conclusion that evolutionary developments would not take place by coincidence alone, but also not by teleology, but that in many living beings there would live a piece of inner autonomy, which, if the epigenetic changes are inherited by their offspring, could lead them to new forms of development.

"The element of chance frees the course of evolution from the *teleological determinism* of any plan. In the meantime, quantum and chaos theory have also freed it from the *causal determinism* in its claim to absoluteness." (Wolfgang Schad, 2009)

His central topics include the temporal shapes in the evolution of animals and humans and heterochrony. In retirement, he authored several more books published by Urachhausverlag.

## Selected publications

* *Man and mammals: Toward a Biology of Form*. Verlag: Waldorf Press, 1977, ISBN 978-0-91461-410-4
* *Understanding Mammals: Threefoldness and Diversity*. Adonis Press, 2018, ISBN 978-0932776631
* *Moon Rhythms in Nature: How Lunar Cycles Affect Living Organisms*. Floris Books, 2003, ISBN 978-0863153600
* *Threefoldness in Humans and Mammals: Toward a Biology of Form*. Adonis Press, 2020, ISBN 978-0932776648

## InfoBox

| Wolfgang Schad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 27 July 1935
Biberach an der Riß |
| Died | 15 October 2022
Witten |
| Occupation | Evolutionary biologist |


title: Woodgrove

abstract: Woodgrove is a historic home located near Round Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia. The original section of the house was built around 1785, with a rear ell added around 1840, and an addition with a new main entrance in about 1910. All sections are two-and-a-half stories in height and constructed of native fieldstone. The oldest section of the house is in the Federal style and the 1910 addition is in the Classical Revival style. Also on the property is a contributing fieldstone meat house, built around 1840. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

text:
# Woodgrove

**Woodgrove** is a historic home located near Round Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia. The original section of the house was built around 1785, with a rear ell added around 1840, and an addition with a new main entrance in about 1910. All sections are two-and-a-half stories in height and constructed of native fieldstone. The oldest section of the house is in the Federal style and the 1910 addition is in the Classical Revival style. Also on the property is a contributing fieldstone meat house, built around 1840.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Woodgrove | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 16860 Woodgrove Rd., Round Hill, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 39°9′6″N 77°46′10″W / 39.15167°N 77.76944°W / 39.15167; -77.76944 |
| Area | 9.8 acres (4.0 ha) |
| Built | c. 1785 (1785), c. 1840, c. 1910 |
| Architectural style | Federal, Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 02001004 |
| VLR No. | 053-0423 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 14, 2002 |
| Designated VLR | June 12, 2002 |


title: Women and Families for Defence

abstract: Women and Families for Defence was a Conservative-aligned pressure group originally founded in March 1983 as Women for Defence. It was founded in opposition to the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and aimed to oppose arguments in favour of unilateral nuclear disarmament. It was reportedly founded by Lady Olga Maitland, Ann Widdecombe, Virginia Bottomley and Angela Rumbold. However, Alfred Sherman told the Sunday Times that it was Maitland who 'solely' set up the group, with his help. The Viscount Trenchard, the former Minister for Defence Procurement, became its president. The group had its own magazine, Deter, and received a commendation from the U.S. president, Ronald Reagan. The group held its first public meeting on 1 May 1983 in Trafalgar Square, whereupon 150 members of the group met, sang "Land of Hope and Glory" and argued in favour of a nuclear deterrent as a precursor to multilateral nuclear disarmament. The group also delivered a petition signed by 13,000 people to respond to the proposals of the West for missile reductions. In 1986, it was expelled from a council that was organising events to mark the International Year of Peace that year. Maitland later turned the group into a general anti-Labour political canvassing group, Women and Families for Canvassing.

text:
# Women and Families for Defence

**Women and Families for Defence** was a Conservative-aligned pressure group originally founded in March 1983 as **Women for Defence**. It was founded in opposition to the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and aimed to oppose arguments in favour of unilateral nuclear disarmament.

It was reportedly founded by Lady Olga Maitland, Ann Widdecombe, Virginia Bottomley and Angela Rumbold (who also became vice-chairwoman of the organization). However, Alfred Sherman told the *Sunday Times* that it was Maitland who 'solely' set up the group, with his help. The Viscount Trenchard, the former Minister for Defence Procurement, became its president.

The group had its own magazine, *Deter*, and received a commendation from the U.S. president, Ronald Reagan. The group held its first public meeting on 1 May 1983 in Trafalgar Square, whereupon 150 members of the group met, sang "Land of Hope and Glory" and argued in favour of a nuclear deterrent as a precursor to multilateral nuclear disarmament. The group also delivered a petition signed by 13,000 people to respond to the proposals of the West for missile reductions. In 1986, it was expelled from a council that was organising events to mark the International Year of Peace that year.

Maitland later turned the group into a general anti-Labour political canvassing group, **Women and Families for Canvassing**.


title: Women and the Economic Miracle

abstract: Women and the Economic Miracle: Gender and Work in Postwar Japan is a non-fiction book by Mary Brinton, published by the University of California Press in 1993. Brinton argues that women had supported male workers and directly provided adaptable labor, so in this sense they support the economy of Japan. Brinton also argues that Japanese practices will remain separate from those in Western countries. James R. Lincoln of the University of California, Berkeley described the book as "In the revisionist tradition of Japan sociology begun by Robert Cole and Ronald Dore".

text:
# Women and the Economic Miracle

***Women and the Economic Miracle: Gender and Work in Postwar Japan***  is a non-fiction book by Mary Brinton, published by the University of California Press in 1993.

Brinton argues that women had supported male workers and directly provided adaptable labor, so in this sense they support the economy of Japan. Brinton also argues that Japanese practices will remain separate from those in Western countries.

James R. Lincoln of the University of California, Berkeley described the book as "In the revisionist tradition of Japan sociology begun by Robert Cole and Ronald Dore".

## Background

The author used surveys and the Census of Japan as sources. The survey asked participants about their work history and questions about gender discrimination. The survey was administered in 1984, and conducted in Kodaira, Sapporo, and Toyohashi. A total of 1,200 people were surveyed, including men and women.

## Contents

In the second chapter she compares and contrasts how the role of women in the Japanese economy versus the same in the economy of the United States. This chapter includes data used to analyze the differences and similarities.

The author explores what she calls the "human capital development system" in the third chapter.

The stratification between men and women by Japanese employers is covered in the fourth chapter. It discusses historical information such as the oyakata system.

The survey findings are in the fifth chapter. Adolf Ehrentraut of the University of Windsor stated that the findings "convincingly demonstrated and explicated" "the relationship between key institutional and individual variables".

Japanese census data is used in four of the chapters.

## Reception

Ehrentraut stated the book is "a valuable contribution" to its field.

Ingrid Getreuer-Kargl and Sepp Linhart of the University of Vienna argued that the book's academic thesis had merit to be analyzed. The reviewers argued that, in regards to the author's goal to change perceptions of Japanese women in the workforce, the book would ultimately be inconsequential in changing said perceptions since it would be unlikely that a journalist would read and analyze an academic volume such as this book.

Andrew Gordon of Duke University described the work as "empirically rich, theoretically driven". Gordon argued that in Brinton's analysis she "dismisses culture too blithely" and that her belief that the system will give women in Japan more employment avenues is "more hope than analysis."

Alice Lam of the University of Kent called the work "a highly thought-provoking book".

Lincoln praised the book for having "nuanced and credible ideas" with sufficient evidence supporting it. However, he argued that the content would already be known to people with a high degree of familiarity with Japan.

### Notes

## Further reading


title: Women and the Law

abstract: Women and the Law is a 1984 book by Susan Atkins and Brenda Hale. The authors described the book as the first published in the United Kingdom to "comprehensively to examine the gendered nature of the law itself and the legal inter-relationships between women's private and public lives and between men and women". Hoggett and Atkins felt that the book "...took women's experiences in life as its starting point, rather than conventional legal categories". In a 2004 profile of Hale, The Guardian described Women and the Law as "the first comprehensive survey of women's rights at work, in the family and in the state". The book concluded by stating that "Deep-rooted problems of inequality persist and the law continues to reflect the economic, social and political dominance of men". The book was republished in 2018 to mark the 100th anniversary of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 that allowed women to become solicitors in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Women and the Law

***Women and the Law*** is a 1984 book by Susan Atkins and Brenda Hale (then known as Brenda Hoggett). The authors described the book as the first published in the United Kingdom to "comprehensively to examine the gendered nature of the law itself and the legal inter-relationships between women's private and public lives and between men and women". Hoggett and Atkins felt that the book "...took women's experiences in life as its starting point, rather than conventional legal categories".

In a 2004 profile of Hale, *The Guardian* described *Women and the Law* as "the first comprehensive survey of women's rights at work, in the family and in the state". The book concluded by stating that "Deep-rooted problems of inequality persist and the law continues to reflect the economic, social and political dominance of men".

The book was republished in 2018 to mark the 100th anniversary of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 that allowed women to become solicitors in the United Kingdom.

## Women Business and the Law

Women and the Law inspired the World Bank annual study Women Business and the Law, which collects data on gendered laws in 190 countries from 1970 to today. The study is based on methodology described in Simeon Djankov, Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg and Marie Hyland in Gendered Laws and Women in the Workforce. In 2022 the John Templeton Foundation issued a grant on Women’s Empowerment, Economic Freedom, and the Role of Law in Driving Prosperity to the London School of Economics for extending the analysis to country case studies.

## InfoBox

Women and the Law
| Author | Susan Atkins and Brenda Hale |
| --- | --- |
| Publication date | 1984 |
| ISBN | 9781911507123 |


title: Women and the Church

abstract: Women and the Church (WATCH) is a group of women and men who have been campaigning for gender equality in the Church of England. The group was initially created during the 1990s as London WATCH in order to ensure the acceptance of female priests in the Church of England. The organization traces its origins to the Movement for the Ordination of Women, which campaigned for the ordination of women as priests in the Church of England.

text:
# Women and the Church

**Women and the Church** (**WATCH**) is a group of women and men who have been campaigning for gender equality (and especially for the ordination of women as bishops) in the Church of England. The group was initially created during the 1990s as **London WATCH** in order to ensure the acceptance of female priests in the Church of England. The organization traces its origins to the Movement for the Ordination of Women, which campaigned for the ordination of women as priests in the Church of England.


title: Women at War

abstract: Women at War is a 1943 American short drama film directed by Jean Negulesco and starring Faye Emerson. It was nominated for an Academy Award at the 16th Academy Awards for Best Short Subject (Two-Reel).

text:
# Women at War

***Women at War*** is a 1943 American short drama film directed by Jean Negulesco and starring Faye Emerson. It was nominated for an Academy Award at the 16th Academy Awards for Best Short Subject (Two-Reel).

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Women at War | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jean Negulesco |
| Written by | Charles L. Tedford |
| Produced by | Gordon Hollingshead |
| Starring | Faye Emerson |
| Cinematography | Harry Hallenberger |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| Release date | * October 2, 1943 (1943-10-02) |
| Running time | 21 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition was constrained by age limits, definitions around heads of household and a lack of elections. Women got the right to vote in Spain in 1933 as a result of legal changes made during the Second Spanish Republic.  Women lost most of their rights after Franco came to power in 1939 at the end of the Spanish Civil War, with the major exception that women did not universally lose their right to vote. Repression of the women's vote occurred nevertheless as the dictatorship held no national democratic elections between 1939 and 1977. The Franco regime imposed changes around women's suffrage, namely as it related to the need for women to be heads of household and around women's age of majority.  Originally, the age was 23, but this was reduced to 21 in 1943 provided women were no longer living with their parents; otherwise the age of majority was 25.  Several national referendums were held in Spain, where women could vote if they were over the age of 21, for example in 1942, 1947 and 1966. Women could, under certain conditions involving age and marital status, vote in municipal elections. They could also run in municipal elections. Dolores Pérez Lapeña was one such women, winning in Valladolid in the 1963 elections.The first national elections in which women could vote took place in 1977, two years after the death of Franco.  However, during Francoist Spain and the democratic transition, there were legal ambiguities over women's free right to vote, due to restrictions of women's rights in civil law, with unmarried and married women being under the guardianship of their fathers and husbands, respectively. In 1975, the permiso marital was abolished, improving the legal status of married women. The 1978 Spanish constitution gave men and women equality under the law, effectively ending the Franco regime's system of guardianship for single women, and a new family law was enacted in 1981, giving married women full civil rights, and also legalizing divorce.

text:
# Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition

**Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition** was constrained by age limits, definitions around heads of household and a lack of elections. Women got the right to vote in Spain in 1933 as a result of legal changes made during the Second Spanish Republic. Women lost most of their rights after Franco came to power in 1939 at the end of the Spanish Civil War, with the major exception that women did not universally lose their right to vote. Repression of the women's vote occurred nevertheless as the dictatorship held no national democratic elections between 1939 and 1977.

The Franco regime imposed changes around women's suffrage, namely as it related to the need for women to be heads of household and around women's age of majority. Originally, the age was 23, but this was reduced to 21 in 1943 provided women were no longer living with their parents; otherwise the age of majority was 25. Several national referendums were held in Spain, where women could vote if they were over the age of 21, for example in 1942, 1947 and 1966. Women could, under certain conditions involving age and marital status, vote in municipal elections. They could also run in municipal elections. Dolores Pérez Lapeña was one such women, winning in Valladolid in the 1963 elections.The first national elections in which women could vote took place in 1977, two years after the death of Franco.

However, during Francoist Spain and the democratic transition, there were legal ambiguities over women's free right to vote, due to restrictions of women's rights in civil law, with unmarried and married women being under the guardianship of their fathers and husbands, respectively. In 1975, the *permiso marital* was abolished, improving the legal status of married women. The 1978 Spanish constitution gave men and women equality under the law, effectively ending the Franco regime's system of guardianship for single women, and a new family law was enacted in 1981, giving married women full civil rights, and also legalizing divorce.

## History

### Francoist period (1939–1975)

The first time all Spanish women could vote in elections for the national legislature was on 19 November 1933 during the Second Spanish Republic. These women would only be able to vote in national elections one more time, in 1936. This period ended with the Spanish Civil War and the official start of Francoist Spain in 1939. Between 1939 and 1976, the opportunities to vote on the national level were nearly non-existent in Spain. There were three national referendums, and two elections for attorneys to represent families in the courts. There were also eight municipal elections. Because of controls by the dictatorship, elected municipal and legislative officials were limited in the changes they could enact.

Women nominally maintained the right to vote, one of the few rights carried over from the Second Republic to the Francoist period. Universal suffrage existed in Spain during the dictatorship, but the only time people could vote was during referendums and for municipal officials. While direct voting was allowed, repression of women still existed as only the head of household could vote. This largely excluded women, as only widowed women were generally considered heads of household. Women's suffrage also changed because of rules around the age of majority and the voting age. The age of majority for women became 23 as a result of the imposition of the reintroduction of the Civil Code of 1889, Article 321. This changed in 1943, when the age of majority was lowered to 21 so as to be consistent for both genders. An additional clause still stipulated women did not reach majority until they were 25 unless they were married or joined a convent. No elections or referendums took place in the period between 1939 and 1944; despite legal changes in the age of majority, women continued to be disenfranchised as the dictatorship did not hold elections. The voting age for women appeared to change again in 1945, when the age for some women was lowered to 18. According to Article 5 of the Decree of 29 September 1945, voters included, "Spaniards, neighbors and people over 21 years, or emancipated people over the age of 18, men or women, under whose dependence other persons coexist in the same home." Most public efforts around franchising of women in this period were based on regime attempts to be perceived abroad as more democratic, and did not necessarily lead to greater numbers of eligible voters or meaningful and free elections that could result in undermining the regime.

The Cortes Españolas was created in 1942, to act as a pseudo-representational body. Selection for the body was done indirectly, through other political organs of the state, including state-sanctioned unions, city councils and state-run businesses. The 1942 Referendum Act stated in Article 2, "The referendum will be held among all the men and women of the Nation over twenty-one years \[...\]"

Municipal elections entailed three categories. These included union elections, corporate and entities, and family representatives. The first municipal union elections took place in 1944. The union elections of 1944 were broadly boycotted by many union workers who were skeptical of the regime's actions. These elections were controlled by Franco through the right-wing Falange. UGT and CNT continued to boycott union elections into the 1950s and 1960s, as they saw them as legitimizing the regime. Elections were not a threat to the regime as they had control over who could run. The regime's continuing was assured as Emilio Lamo de Espinosa, civil governor of Málaga, explained saying that it had been created "by the effort of a war and only an action of equal but opposite meaning can ruin our political continuity." Alejandra Bujedo Fernández and María Pilar Zarzuela Plaza were the first female candidates for a municipal union election in Valladolid but they did not run until 1970, and were joined by Esperanza López Delgado who ran for one of three corporations and entities positions.

A referendum on the Succession Law of 1947 was held, with women being allowed to vote. The new law prohibited women from being allowed to succeed the Spanish throne. Voter turnout was alleged by the regime to be 100%.

Madrid held municipal elections in 1948, the first such elections since the end of the Civil War. Only heads of household could vote, which disenfranchised most women. Voters had few options, all of them involving right-wing candidates, mostly Falangists, who belonged to official parties or who were unofficial candidates. Records show there was an abstention rate of 40%.

The Madrid municipal elections of 1954 had the same conditions as 1948 for voting. The candidates were primarily made up of official party candidates and monarchists who had become disconnected from the regime. While allowing these right wing monarchists to run, the Government used all its available tools to discourage voters from supporting them. Voter abstention in these elections was 67%. The votes for the official party candidates ranged between 7,000 and 22,000 while the highest number of votes for a monarchist candidate was 7,600.

The 1963 municipal elections for corporations and entities positions in Valladolid saw Dolores Pérez Lapeña come out victorious. Only three people were elected into this position, and she won along with Rafael Tejedor Torcida and Juan Ignacio Pérez Pellón. It was the first time since the Spanish Second Republic that a woman had been elected to office in the city. She told the local newspaper, *El Norte de Castilla*, at the time, "For the first time, women have to be represented in their thoughts and concerns before their City Council by another woman." Her concerns as an elected official included "displacement from the towns before the industrial growth of the city." They also concerned "her daily concerns \[about the woman\] of the market, her situation in some distant places, its supply, transport." She would win again in the 1966 elections. María Teresa Íñigo de Toro and Pérez Lapeña also ran in those elections, with Pérez Lapeña emerging victorious.

The 1966 Spanish organic law referendum gave universal suffrage to all citizens over the age of 21. Citizens were so confused about who could vote in this election, that a newspaper needed to explain, stating: "All Spanish citizens over twenty-one years of age, without distinction of sex, state or profession, have the right and obligation to take part in the referendum vote, freely casting the ballot for or against the legislative draft consulted." This referendum was little more than the regime trying to get the electorate to support its policies while appearing more democratic. Among the people who went to the polls were 103-year-old Benigna Medrano from Avila and groups of cloistered nuns. In the 1966 referendum in Alicante, some districts with high numbers of older people and women had lower turnout rates than younger districts with more male voters.

The 1967 Law on Family Representation allowed women to vote, but only if they were the head of their household. Voter turnout was alleged by the regime to be 90%. Sección Feminina played a critical role in advancing changes to the 1955 Ley de Regimen Local about the role of married women in 1968. Consequently, married women were allowed to vote and run in local elections. Married women would get the right to vote in national referendums in 1970.

The 1967 municipal elections were the first to allow direct election. In Madrid, the election was again dominated by Falangist candidates, and politically rebellious Francoists. The abstention rate was 44.3%. Municipal elections also took place in 1970 and 1973. The 1971 Madrid municipal elections had an abstention rate of 68.3%, higher than the national average of 50%. Voters in the region were extremely skeptical of the regime, and did not turn out. Abstention for many voters was a way of expressing anti-Francoist sentiment.

Law 31/1972 changed in respect to Articles 320 and 321. It reduced the age of majority to 21 in all cases for women, and allowed women to act as an adult in civil life. Article 320 now read, "The oldest age begins at 21 years of age. The adult is capable of all acts of civil life, apart from the exceptions established in special cases of this Code."

The Civil Code enshrined discrimination against women, specifically against married women. Article 57 of the Civil Code stated, "The husband must protect the woman, and she must obey the husband." This was viewed as conflicting with Article 322 of the Civil Code which stated, "The adult is capable for all acts of civil life, apart from the exceptions established in special cases by this Code." There were other questions about what this implied, and if it meant women were obligated to obey their husbands when it came to how they should vote.

### Democratic transition period (1975–1986)

The first national elections held in Spain following the death of Franco in 1975 took place in 1977. For the first time since the Second Spanish Republic, women were fully franchised. For many women, these elections were a hopeful moment and represented a milestone in the democratic transition. Many felt that they had been neglected for too long by the state. A referendum was held in 1976 over the proposed 1977 Political Reform Act. 77.8% of heads of households voted, with 94.17% voting in favor. In Madrid, 22% of voters submitted blank ballots or null votes, higher than most other regional capitals. Spaniards between 18 and 21 years of age were not eligible to vote. The 1945 national referendum voting rules were applied, with both men and women being allowed to vote.

On 16 November 1978, Royal Decree-Law 33/1978 modified the age of majority for all women, with Article 320 then stating, "The age of majority begins for all Spaniards at eighteen years of age." This was reaffirmed in the 1978 Spanish Constitution in Articles 12 and 14. Article 14 gave men and women full legal equality under the law. Article 12 confirmed an age of majority and voting age of 18 for everyone.

In 1975, the *permiso marital* was abolished, improving the legal status of married women. The 1978 Spanish constitution gave men and women equality under the law, effectively ending the Franco regime's system of guardianship for single women, and a new family law was enacted in 1981, giving married women full civil rights, and also legalizing divorce.


title: Woo Moon-gi

abstract: Woo Moon-gi, is a South Korean film director. Woo's directorial feature debut, the indie sports comedy The King of Jokgu (2013), has won various awards, including Best New Director and Special Jury Prize at the 20th Chunsa Film Art Awards, and Best Independent Film Director at the 15th Director's Cut Awards.

text:
# Woo Moon-gi

**Woo Moon-gi** (born 1983), is a South Korean film director. Woo's directorial feature debut, the indie sports comedy *The King of Jokgu* (2013), has won various awards, including Best New Director and Special Jury Prize at the 20th Chunsa Film Art Awards, and Best Independent Film Director at the 15th Director's Cut Awards.

## Career

Born in 1983, Woo studied Film and Video at Hongik University and is currently majoring in filmmaking at the Korea National University of Arts. He made a few shorts such as *Between Hot and Cold* (2008), *Trembling* (2009) and *The Boy's Physics* (2010). He also worked as assistant director on the film *Modern Boy* (2008) and as storyboard artist on *Manshin: Ten Thousand Spirits* (2014) and *The Legacy* (2014).

In 2013, Woo's directorial feature debut, the indie sports comedy *The King of Jokgu* (2013), made its world premiere at the 18th Busan International Film Festival. Released in 2014, the film was a sensation, attracting over 40,000 viewers, unheard of for an indie comedy in Korea. The film also picked up five nominations at the 2nd Wildflower Film Awards, winning Best Actor for Ahn Jae-hong.

## Filmography

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Woo Moon-gi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1983 (age 4041)
South Korea |
| Alma mater | Hongik University \- Film and Video
Korea National University of Arts \- Filmmaking |
| Occupation | Film director |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 우문기 |
| Revised Romanization | *U Mun-gi* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *U Mun-ki* |


title: Woo Po-shing

abstract: Sir Po-shing Woo, LLD, FCIArb, FIMgt, FInstD, FHKMA is a Hong Kong solicitor, entrepreneur, politician and philanthropist.

text:
# Woo Po-shing

**Sir Po-shing Woo**, LLD, FCIArb, FIMgt, FInstD, FHKMA (Chinese: 胡寶星, born 19 April 1929) is a Hong Kong solicitor, entrepreneur, politician and philanthropist.

## Biography

Woo was born on 19 April 1929 in Hong Kong to a wealthy family of Seaward Woo and Ng Chiu-man. He was educated at the La Salle College and King's College of London. He was admitted to practice as solicitor in England and in Hong Kong in 1960 and became Notary Public in 1966. He founded the Woo Kwan Lee & Lo, Solicitors and Notaries in 1963 and was the consultant of the law firm. In 1983, he was admitted to practice as barrister and solicitor at the Supreme Court of Victoria in Australia. He is also consultant of Jackson Woo & Associates, his son's firm.

Besides his law career, he had been chairman of the Kailey Enterprises Limited and the Kailey Development Limited, director of the major real estate developers in Hong Kong including the Sun Hung Kai Properties and Henderson Land Development from 29 May 1981 to 29 February 2012 and 40 other companies.

He was first elected to the Urban Council of Hong Kong in the 1967 election for the Reform Club of Hong Kong and served until 1971. He was appointed by the government member of the Board of Review Inland Revenue from 1978 to 1981, Staff Provident Fund and Staff Retirement Scheme from 1996 to 2002.

Woo was member of the Institute of Administrative Management and Institute of Trade Mark Agents. He also founded the Woo Po Shing Medal in Law in 1982 and the Woo Po Shing Overseas Summer School Travelling Scholariship in 1983 at the University of Hong Kong to support the students studying the Bachelor of Laws. Among others he also founded the Po-Shing Woo Charitable Foundation since 1994 and Woo Po Shing Professor (Chair) of Chinese and Comparative Law at the City University of Hong Kong in 1995.

He is former member of the Board of Trustees and the Council of the University of Hong Kong, voting member of the Hong Kong Jockey Club, Po Leung Kuk Advisory Board, Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, legal adviser for the Chinese Gold and Silver Exchange Society, honorary president and legal adviser for the South China Athletic Association, patron of Woo Po Shing Gallery of Chinese Bronze at the Shanghai Museum, the Sir Po-Shing Woo Auckland Observatory Building in the Auckland Observatory and honorary professor of the Nankai University in Tianjin. He is the fellow of the Institute of Management, Institute of Directors, the King's College, London University and Hong Kong Management Association. He received Legum Doctors from the City University of Hong Kong and is part of the world fellowship of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.

Woo married to Helen Woo Fong Shuet-fun in 1956 and they have four sons and one daughter. His hobbies include travelling, antiques collecting including Chinese paintings, bronze and ceramic and he is also a racehorse owner including Hong Kong Derby winners Helene Star and Helene Mascot. He was knighted by the UK government in 1999 and was awarded Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government in 2004 for his charitable services to the Arts.

## InfoBox

| Sir Po-shing WooLLD, FCIArb, FIMgt, FInstD, FHKMA | |
| --- | --- |
| 胡寶星 | |
| Born | (1929-04-19) 19 April 1929
Hong Kong |
| Occupation(s) | Solicitor, entrepreneur, politician |
| Board member of | Sun Hung Kai Properties
Henderson Land Development |
| Spouse | Helen Woo (m. 1956) |
| Children | Nelson
Wilson
Jackson
Dawson
Carmen |
| Parent(s) | Seaward Woo
Ng Chiu-man |


abstract: Woodside Township is located in Sangamon County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 11,447 and it contained 5,668 housing units.

text:
# Woodside Township, Sangamon County, Illinois

**Woodside Township** is located in Sangamon County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 11,447 and it contained 5,668 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 12.65 square miles (32.8 km2), of which 12.64 square miles (32.7 km2) (or 99.92%) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.026 km2) (or 0.08%) is water.

### Cities, Towns, Villages

### Unincorporated communities

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 (est.) | 11,227 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

1. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
2. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
3. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

39°44′32″N 89°39′31″W / 39.74222°N 89.65861°W / 39.74222; -89.65861

## InfoBox

| Woodside Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Sangamon County | |
| Sangamon County's location in Illinois | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Sangamon |
| Established | November 6, 1860 |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.65 sq mi (32.8 km2) |
| Land | 12.64 sq mi (32.7 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)  0.08% |
| Population (2010) | |
| Estimate (2016) | 11,227 |
| Density | 905.6/sq mi (349.7/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 17-167-83310 |


title: Woodhouse's antpecker

abstract: Woodhouse's antpecker is an unusual bird species of estrildid finch of uncertain affinities. The name commemorates the American explorer and collector Samuel Washington Woodhouse.

text:
# Woodhouse's antpecker

**Woodhouse's antpecker** (***Parmoptila woodhousei***) is an unusual bird species of estrildid finch of uncertain affinities. The name commemorates the American explorer and collector Samuel Washington Woodhouse.

## Description

The male has a bright red fore crown, brown under parts, the adult female is brown above with a rufous-brown wash to the throat and scaled brown and white from the breast to the vent.

## Distribution and habitat

Woodhouse's antpecker inhabits subtropical or tropical lowland moist forest at Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda. It is found in forest from 700-1800 m, where it actively forages in tangled vines and creepers in the undergrowth. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 190,000 km2.

In Uganda it can be seen in Budongo Central Forest Reserve within the Nature Reserve known as N15 (Nyakafunjo Block 15).

## InfoBox

| Woodhouse's antpecker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Estrildidae |
| Genus: | *Parmoptila* |
| Species: | ***P. woodhousei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parmoptila woodhousei***
Cassin, 1859 | |
|


title: Women in French Guiana

abstract: Women in French Guiana are women living in or are from French Guiana. Some of these women are from the Maroon society of French Guiana. Although matrilineal in nature, some Maroon women in French Guiana once acted only as assistants or basia to the kabiten or male leader. A common job for the Maroon women in French Guiana include cleaning work in coastal areas, particularly in the markets of Saint-Laurent and Cayenne to earn income that would support their children. Other women from French Guiana also come from other ethnic groups such as the Kali'na, the Oyaricoulet, and the Wayana peoples.

text:
# Women in French Guiana

**Women in French Guiana** are women living in or are from French Guiana. Some of these women are from the Maroon society of French Guiana. Although matrilineal in nature, some Maroon women in French Guiana once acted only as assistants or *basia* to the *kabiten* or male leader. A common job for the Maroon women in French Guiana include cleaning work in coastal areas, particularly in the markets of Saint-Laurent and Cayenne to earn income that would support their children.

Other women from French Guiana also come from other ethnic groups such as the Kali'na, the Oyaricoulet, and the Wayana peoples.


title: Wood Mountain (electoral district)

abstract: Wood Mountain was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1949. This riding was created in 1933 from parts of Willow Bunch riding. It was abolished in 1947 when it was redistributed into Assiniboia, Maple Creek and Swift Current ridings.

text:
# Wood Mountain (electoral district)

**Wood Mountain** was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1949.

This riding was created in 1933 from parts of Willow Bunch riding. It was abolished in 1947 when it was redistributed into Assiniboia, Maple Creek and Swift Current ridings.

## Election results

| 1935 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | DONNELLY, Thomas F. | 6,092 |
|  | Social Credit | WARREN, Herman Kerster | 4,584 |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth | CRAIG, William Wesley | 2,864 |
|  | Conservative | HOATH, Robert Bingham | 1,446 |

| 1940 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | DONNELLY, Thomas F. | 6,375 |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth | BUCHANAN, Niles Leonard | 5,247 |
|  | Independent | ELLISON, Alban Cedric | 3,775 |

| 1945 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Co-operative Commonwealth | ARGUE, Hazen Robert | 7,772 |
|  | Liberal | JOHNSON, Charles William | 5,641 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | HAMILTON, Frank Fletcher | 2,718 |


title: World Apart

abstract: "World Apart" is a song by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was released as the second single of their third studio album, Fanclub, on February 15, 2006. The song is unique for a number of reasons. Not only was it the first single AKG released following their tenth anniversary, it also became their first number-one single, debuting at the top of the Oricon charts. The song's b-side, "Uso to Wonderland," was also the first recording in which Kensuke Kita held the position of lead singer.

text:
# World Apart

"**World Apart**" (ワールドアパート, *Wārudo Apāto*) is a song by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was released as the second single of their third studio album, *Fanclub*, on February 15, 2006. The song is unique for a number of reasons. Not only was it the first single AKG released following their tenth anniversary, it also became their first number-one single, debuting at the top of the Oricon charts. The song's b-side, "Uso to Wonderland," was also the first recording in which Kensuke Kita held the position of lead singer.

## Music video

The music video for "World Apart" was directed by Nobuyuki Matsukawa, with planning by Atsushi Masachika and Satoshi Iwashita.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Masafumi Gotoh

| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "World Apart" (ワールドアパート *Wārudo Apāto*) | Masafumi Gotoh | 4:29 |
| 2. | "Eien ni" (永遠に *Forever*) | Masafumi Gotoh | 3:12 |
| 3. | "Uso to Wonderland" (嘘とワンダーランド *Lies and Wonderland*) | Kensuke Kita | 2:28 |
| Total length: | | | 10:09 |

## Personnel

## Charts

| Year | Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | Oricon | 1 |

## InfoBox

| "World Apart" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Asian Kung-Fu Generation | |
| from the album  *Fanclub* | |
| Released | February 15, 2006 |
| Studio | Crescent Studio
Folio Sound
Landmark Studio |
| Genre | Alternative rock, Power pop |
| Length | 4:29 |
| Label | Ki/oon Records
KSCL-934 |
| Songwriter(s) | Masafumi Gotoh |
| Producer(s) | Asian Kung-Fu Generation |
| Asian Kung-Fu Generation singles chronology | |
| "Blue Train"
(2005) "**World Apart**"
(2006) "Aru Machi no Gunjō"
(2006) | |


title: World Apartment Horror

abstract: World Apartment Horror is a 1991 Japanese comedy horror film directed by Katsuhiro Otomo, with a screenplay by Otomo and Keiko Nobumoto from a story by Satoshi Kon. The film stars Sabu as a yakuza henchman who encounters the language barrier and evil spirits in his attempts to evict a Tokyo apartment full of foreigners. Sabu received the Best New Actor Award at the Yokohama Film Festival in 1992. A manga adaptation by Kon was published by Kodansha, under the same title, on August 1, 1991.

text:
# World Apartment Horror

***World Apartment Horror*** (ワールド・アパートメント・ホラー, *Wārudo apātomento horā*) is a 1991 Japanese comedy horror film directed by Katsuhiro Otomo, with a screenplay by Otomo and Keiko Nobumoto from a story by Satoshi Kon. The film stars Sabu (credited as Hiroki Tanaka) as a yakuza henchman who encounters the language barrier and evil spirits in his attempts to evict a Tokyo apartment full of foreigners.

Sabu received the Best New Actor Award at the Yokohama Film Festival in 1992. A manga adaptation by Kon was published by Kodansha, under the same title, on August 1, 1991.

## InfoBox

| World Apartment Horror | |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese promotional release poster | |
| Directed by | Katsuhiro Otomo |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Story by | Satoshi Kon |
| Produced by | * Yoshihiro Kato * Yasuhisa Kazama |
| Starring | Hiroki Tanaka |
| Cinematography | Noboru Shinoda |
| Production<br>companies | * General Entertainment Co. Ltd. * Sony Music Entertainment |
| Release date | * 5 April 1991 (1991-04-05) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Working-Class Studies Association

abstract: The Working-Class Studies Association (WCSA) is a non-profit association that helps develop and support scholarship, teaching, and activism related to working-class life and cultures. The WCSA was first established by the Youngstown State University's former Center for Working-Class Studies in 2003, supported by a grant from the Ford Foundation. Members are located in countries across the globe, and they include poets, scholars, activists, teachers, students, journalists, artists, small press publishers, and others interested in building the field of working-class studies. The association holds an annual conference and other events, promotes the field through a variety of awards, and publishes The Journal of Working-Class Studies.

text:
# Working-Class Studies Association

The **Working-Class Studies Association (WCSA)** is a non-profit association that helps develop and support scholarship, teaching, and activism related to working-class life and cultures. The WCSA was first established by the Youngstown State University's former Center for Working-Class Studies in 2003, supported by a grant from the Ford Foundation. Members are located in countries across the globe, and they include poets, scholars, activists, teachers, students, journalists, artists, small press publishers, and others interested in building the field of working-class studies. The association holds an annual conference and other events, promotes the field through a variety of awards, and publishes *The Journal of Working-Class Studies*.

## History

The origins of the Working-Class Studies Association can be traced to the Center for Working-Class Studies at Youngstown State University in Ohio and the Center for Study of Working Class Life at Stony Brook University. A complementary series of biennial conferences sponsored by these centers fostered a community of scholars, activists, artists, publishers, and journalists invested in the study of and advocacy for working-class life, culture and interests.

The Youngstown Center for Working-Class Studies (CWCS) was the first multi-disciplinary academic center in the US devoted to the study of working-class culture broadly defined. What distinguished the center was an interdisciplinary approach to the study of working-class issues. The center was launched in 1996 after a group of Youngstown faculty organized two interdisciplinary conferences in the early 1990s, one on the 1930s and the next on working-class studies, and received a grant from the Association of American Colleges and Universities to explore the category of class as part of a broader project promoting diversity on college campuses. Under the leadership of co-founders Sherry Linkon and John Russo, the center supported a range of activities promoting awareness of and respect for working-class life and culture, including an educational program in collaboration with Local 1375 of the United Steelworkers that brought college classes to the union hall. This work, in addition to continuing biennial conferences on working-class studies, was further supported by two grants from the Ford Foundation starting in 2000.

The Center for Study of Working Class Life was established in 1999 at Stony Brook University under the leadership of economist Michael Zweig. Like the Youngstown center, The Center for Study of Working Class Life took an interdisciplinary approach to investigating the meaning of class in contemporary society, although with a stronger emphasis on “tools of the social sciences.” Starting in 2002, their How Class Works conference became the biennial complement to the Youngstown center’s working-class studies conference. The Youngstown conference met every other odd year, and How Class Works met every other even year, multiplying opportunities for cross-disciplinary interaction and collaboration.

The Working-Class Studies Association began to develop in early 2003 in the course of planning that year’s Youngstown conference. In April 2004, Linkon and John Russo met with 15 participants to develop a mission statement, map out the structure of the organization, and work through organizing issues. The group included academics and graduate students from multiple fields as well as independent scholars and labor educators.

The organization held a founding meeting at Stony Brook in June 2004, setting the stage for its first official business meeting at Youngstown in May 2005. The constitution and a slate of candidates for the steering committee were presented at this meeting. Membership received ballots in June and subsequently approved the constitution and first steering committee of the WCSA. The initial slate of officers included Sherry Linkon (President), Peter Rachleff (President-Elect), Jamie Daniel (Secretary) and Michael Zweig (Treasurer). At-large members of the first steering committee were Tim Strangleman, Michele Fazio, Mary Romero, and Andrew Ross.

The WCSA took responsibility for organizing odd-year conferences beginning in 2007, working with host committees at welcoming universities and colleges: Macalaster College, University of Pittsburgh, University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Georgetown University, and Indiana University Bloomington. Beginning with the 2018 conference, the WCSA assumed responsibility for even-year conferences as well, beginning with Stony Brook University.

## Publications

The WCSA publishes *The Journal of Working-Class Studies,* an online, open access peer reviewed journal (ISSN 2475-4765). New issues come out twice yearly. The inaugural issue was December 2016. The journal is co-edited by Sarah Attfield and Liz Giuffre; Christie Launius is the reviews editor.

From 2006-2017, the association published a semi-annual newsletter, *Working-Class Notes.* It provided information about the organization, reports from officers, news and notes about members’ activities, and book reviews. This newsletter was a continuation of a newsletter by the same name published by the Center for Working-Class Studies at Youngstown State University (YSU) from 1998-2006.

As of the fall of 2017 issue, *Working-Class Notes* ceased publication as its own entity. Most of the elements of the newsletter—a section called “Book Notes,” member news, the President’s letter, officer reports, and reports from affiliated centers—became available on the WCSA website. Lengthier book reviews, which had been a highlight of *Working-Class Notes,* moved to *The Journal of Working-Class Studies.*

*Working-Class Notes* was initially produced by the Center for Working-Class Studies at YSU. It became a WCSA publication in 2006. It was edited by Karen Lynn Ford 2004-2005, Sherry Linkon from 2005-2010, and by Christie Launius from 2010-2017.

The Book Notes section has been edited by Jack Metzgar from 2007 to the present. In 2016, Cherie Madigan began editing the fiction and poetry notices while Metzgar continues editing nonfiction.

## Conferences

The Working-Class Studies Association and its Working-Class Academics section hold annual WCSA Conferences. In 2025, the conference will be at University of Technology Sydney, in 2024 it was held at SUNY Old Westbury in New York, in 2023 at University of Illinois, Chicago, in 2022 at Oregon State University, in 2021 on Zoom and Youngstown State University, and in 2019 at Kent University in England. In the group's early years, its conferences were held first in Ohio.

The WCSA grew out of biennial conferences organized by the Center for Working-Class Studies at Youngstown State University starting in 1995 and, beginning in 2002, How Class Works, a biennial conference sponsored by The Center for Study of Working-Class Life at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.

Since its inception in 2004 the WCSA has sponsored and co-sponsored conferences biennially, and starting in 2018, annually. From 2006-2016 the association met biennially at How Class Works conferences in even numbered years.

In 2007 the WCSA started sponsoring odd-year biennial conferences by presenting Working-Class Culture and Counter Culture at Macalester College. In 2009, the University of Pittsburgh hosted the WCSA’s Class Matters conference. In 2011, the Chicago Working-Class Studies affiliate of the WCSA presented Working Class Organization and Power at the University of Illinois-Chicago.

Fighting Forward: A Labor and Working-Class Summit was held at Madison College’s downtown campus in 2013. This conference was co-sponsored with the Labor and Working-Class Studies Project, a collaborative campus-labor-community initiative based at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In 2015, WCSA co-sponsored Fighting Inequality with the Labor and Working-Class History Association at Georgetown University. The 2017 conference was hosted by Indiana University Bloomington.

After 2017, the WCSA began sponsoring conferences annually, beginning with Class at the Border: Migration, Confinement, and (Im)mobility, hosted by The Center for the Study of Inequalities, Social Justice and Policy at Stony Brook. Conference programs from 2001 to the present are archived on the WCSA website.

## Awards

The WCSA Awards include the **Tillie Olsen Award** for creative writing, which honors published books of poetry, fiction, creative non-fiction, and other genres; the **C.L.R. James Award** for published books for academic or general Audiences; the **Russo & Linkon Award** for published article or essay for academic or general audiences; the **Studs Terkel Award** for media and journalism; the **Jake Ryan and Charles Sackrey Award**: for books by writer(s) of working-class origins that speak to issues of the working-class experience in academia, and the **Constance Coiner Award** for best dissertation. There is also a **Lifetime Achievement Award** given periodically for significant service and contributions to the field. Press releases are issued about the awards and announced through social media, awardees are archived on WCSA's website, and they are given and celebrated each year at the annual conference.

## Organization

Anyone may become a member of WCSA. The administration of WCSA is conducted by the Executive Committee, which is elected by the members. Elections are conducted by the Election Committee. The Executive Committee consists of the president, the president-elect, the immediate past-president, the secretary, and the treasurer in addition to four at-large members and the chair of the Working-Class Academics section.

The current president is Sarah Attfield (University of Technology, Sydney). Past-president is Jen Vernon (Sierra College, California) and president-elect is Jeffrey Cabusao (Bryant University, Rhode Island).

## Archives

Michael Zweig, professor emeritus and former director of the Center for Study of Working Class Life at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, has arranged for archival materials documenting the founding of the WCSA to be housed at the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives at New York University.

Archives related to the WCSA include those for the Center for Working-Class Studies, housed at the Maag Library, Youngstown State University. Documents from the founding and development of the Center for Study of Working Class Life can be found in the university archive of the State University of New York at Stony Brook.


title: Wooden spoon

abstract: A wooden spoon is a utensil commonly used in food preparation. In addition to its culinary uses, wooden spoons also feature in folk art and culture.

text:
# Wooden spoon

A **wooden spoon** is a utensil commonly used in food preparation. In addition to its culinary uses, wooden spoons also feature in folk art and culture.

## History

The word *spoon* derives from an ancient word meaning a chip of wood or horn carved from a larger piece. Wooden spoons were easy to carve and thus inexpensive, making them common throughout history.

The Iron Age Celts (c.250 BC) of Britain used them. This is evidenced by an example of a small ladle discovered during archaeological excavations at the Glastonbury Lake Village. Roman period spoons have been recovered from excavations in the City of London. The Anglo Saxons were great workers of wood, as were the Vikings, and both these groups of settlers to the British Isles produced wooden spoons for domestic uses.

## Uses

### Practicality

#### Cooking

Today, wooden spoons in western cultures are generally medium to large spoons used for mixing ingredients for cooking or baking. They may be flat or have a small dip in the middle.

Before electric mixers became common, wooden spoons were often used to cream together butter and sugar in recipes such as shortbread or Victoria sponge cake.

They are still used for stirring many different kinds of food and beverages, especially soups and casseroles during preparation, although they tend to absorb strong smells such as onion and garlic. Wooden spoons are generally preferred for cooking because of their versatility. Some cooks prefer to use wooden spoons when preparing risotto because they do not transfer heat as much as metal spoons. Unlike metal spoons, they can also be safely used without scratching non-stick pans. This is useful when making dishes such as scrambled eggs.

Wooden spoons can be treated to protect from cold liquid absorption with coconut or mineral oil. Edible drying oils such as hempseed oil, walnut oil, and flax oil are used to create a more durable finish. For best results, drying oils should be given adequate time to polymerize after application before the spoon is used. Other vegetable oils should be avoided because they will undergo rancidification and leach into food during use. If the wood grain rises up after boiling or washing, a light sanding and application of coconut oil will prevent the spoon from becoming fuzzy and harboring bacteria.

### Symbolism

#### Folk art

Wooden spoons have been made in virtually every nation on earth and (compared to silver or pewter or gold spoons) represent the ordinary artisan and reflect the life of ordinary folk: this is their "folk art".

Each region, sometimes each village, will produce its own very distinct style and type of spoon. Many African examples are carved with wild animals and are aimed at the tourist market; there are others that are ceremonial and contain much symbolism. Distinctive painted spoons have been made in the Khokhloma region of Russia for nearly 200 years, originally for domestic use and in more recent times as tourist objects.

Traditionally, the intricately carved wooden lovespoon has been used as a token of affection in Wales. Each spoon could contain different meaning as shown by the use of various symbols, for instance: a chain would mean a wish to be together forever; a diamond would mean wealth or good fortune; a cross would mean faith; a flower would mean affection; or a dragon for protection. Many sailors carved spoons as they had much free time at sea on their long voyages, they would carve such symbols as anchors or ships into the spoon. Although the Welsh lovespoon has its unique qualities, other styles of lovespoons have been made in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, notably Romania.

In Botswana, the wooden spoon is used as a token to share duties, responsibilities and knowledge, the holder contributes to the work a hand, in whatever small way, like a group contributing to a dish by adding ingredients, mixed by with the spoon.

In the Philippines, wooden rice spoons with sacred carved images of *bulul* representing deities or ancestral spirits (*anito*) are traditional among the Ifugao peoples. Despite the animistic carvings, they are everyday utensils used for eating rice or soups or serving wine. Today, they are commonly sold as souvenirs to tourists.

In Romania, in the city of Câmpulung Moldovenesc, there is the Wooden Spoons Museum, a museum displaying the collection of wooden spoons from Romania and the world of a now deceased Romanian history professor.

#### Decor

In the Philippines, giant wooden spoons and forks are traditionally hung in the dining room, framed, or placed inside a cabinet. Both are the most common traditional utensil pairing in the Philippines (as opposed to the knife and fork in western countries). Along with a painting or tapestry of the Last Supper, they some of the more ubiquitous decorations in Filipino houses. They are regarded as symbols of good health.

#### Sporting culture

In some regions, particularly British-influenced ones of the Commonwealth and the United States, the "wooden spoon" is a booby prize for the team or individual finishing a competition in last position.

#### Corporal punishment

The wooden spoon has been used by parents, predominantly mothers, in some cultures as an implement used for corporal punishment. Lately it has become a symbol of nostalgia as its actual use has become culturally unacceptable.