title: July 15 Incident

abstract: The July 15 Incident, known by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as the July 15 counter-revolutionary coup, and as the Wuhan–Communist split by the Kuomintang (KMT), occurred on 15 July 1927. Following growing strains in the coalition between the KMT government in Wuhan and the CCP, and under pressure from the rival nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing, Wuhan leader Wang Jingwei ordered a purge of communists from his government in July 1927.

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# July 15 Incident

The **July 15 Incident** (Chinese: 七一五事变), known by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as the **July 15 counter-revolutionary coup** (Chinese: 七一五反革命政变), and as the **Wuhan–Communist split** (Chinese: 武汉分共) by the Kuomintang (KMT), occurred on 15 July 1927. Following growing strains in the coalition between the KMT government in Wuhan and the CCP, and under pressure from the rival nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing, Wuhan leader Wang Jingwei ordered a purge of communists from his government in July 1927.

## Background

During the Northern Expedition (1926–1928) to reunify a fragmented China, Kuomintang policy was one of "allying with Russia and tolerating the communists" (Chinese: 联俄容共) under the First United Front between the KMT and CCP. However, after the anti-communist faction of the KMT led by Chiang Kai-shek organized a massacre of communists and leftists in April 1927, the nationalist government in Wuhan, led by Wang Jingwei, denounced Chiang, who established his own government in Nanjing, marking the start of the Nanjing–Wuhan split. The Wuhan government initially maintained the alliance with the CCP but later, tension escalated between them. Warlords such as Feng Yuxiang, who commanded large military forces, also called for severing of ties with the Communist Party.

KMT leftist–CCP relations remained close after the "Shanghai massacre" purge of communists by Chiang Kai-shek on 12 April, and joint KMT–CCP conferences continued to be held frequently. Workers and farmers' movements continued to grow, but some KMT generals and soldiers, especially those from landowning or merchant families, were disturbed by an increase in class warfare killings. Xu Kexiang, the KMT regimental commander of the 33rd regiment, 35th army launched an operation to disarm the communists on 21 May (Chinese: 马日事变), and before long, Xia Douyin, the commander of the 14th Independent Division, also led an anti-communist mutiny. Although the Wuhan government had ordered their suppression, under the protection of warlord He Jian and other officials, they succeeded in defecting to the Nanjing government, which led to Wuhan losing control of parts of Hubei and most of Hunan. On 29 June, Wuhan garrison commander Li Pinxian and He Jian openly declared their support for the anti-communist cause, and dispersed the Hankou strikers and their militant forces. As disruption and discord continued at Wuhan, the Communist International (Comintern) issued a series of orders known as the "May Instructions" on 1 June, which Wang thought would destroy the KMT. Under increasing pressure, Wang decided to break with the communists and the Soviet Union.

## Events of 15 July

On 15 July, Wang Jingwei held a meeting within KMT, during which he formally publicised the content of the "May Instructions" and condemned CCP's decisions, though he maintained the position that non-violent methods should be used to remove the communists from Wuhan. This proposal met with approval from most members; the only one who protested and walked out was Soong Ching-ling's representative Eugene Chen. In the end, the meeting passed the "Policy of Uniting the Party", a statement that was directed against CCP's declaration, requesting that all the communists within the KMT and the army immediately declare their withdrawal from the CCP or face immediate suspension. Additionally, the Wuhan government sent envoys to Moscow to discuss how to bilaterally guarantee the freedom and safety of the communists who were about to withdraw. After Wang was made aware of the CCP declaration of 13 July, on the following day, in the name of the political committee presidium, he accused the communist party of having "ruined the revolution", and suspended all the communists from the Wuhan government.

Chief Soviet advisor to the Wuhan government Mikhail Borodin left Wuhan secretly sometime between 13 and 16 July. Upon hearing of his having left, General He Jian opened fire on Borodin's former headquarters, and martial law was declared. KMT forces loyal to Chiang Kai-shek gradually began to take over the city, and Jian's troops raided leftist strongholds and arrested or killed those who had not fled. Soviet military advisor Vasily Blyukher escaped an assassination attempt as he left the city for Shanghai, where he bid farewell to Chiang, who allowed him to escape to Russia. By the 18th, Wuhan was awash in anti-communist, anti-Soviet, and anti-Borodin propaganda posters. Although the Wuhan government was purging communists, this did not immediately mean that their confrontation with Chiang Kai-shek had ended, and they persisted in regarding him as "the only enemy to our country and party".

In response to the purge, CCP forces launched the Nanchang uprising against the KMT Wuhan government on 1 August, beginning the Chinese Civil War, and on the 19th, the Wuhan government reconciled with the Nanjing government.


title: Francesca De Sapio

abstract: Francesca De Sapio is an Italian actress and acting coach, best-known as the young Carmela Corleone in The Godfather Part II (1974). The daughter of an architect, she was born in Rome, Italy. After her father's work took him to the United States, she started studying acting in Texas. A life-member of the Actors Studio, having studied there under Lee Strasberg, De Sapio began teaching there as well In the early 1980s. In 1985, she co-founded with Giuseppe Perruccio the Duse Studio in New York City, an international centre for training in acting, film production and theater. In 1987, the Duse Studio moved to Montecatini Terme, Italy, and then to its current base in Rome.

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# Francesca De Sapio

**Francesca De Sapio** (16 August 1945) is an Italian actress and acting coach, best-known as the young Carmela Corleone in *The Godfather Part II* (1974).

The daughter of an architect, she was born in Rome, Italy. After her father's work took him to the United States, she started studying acting in Texas.

A life-member of the Actors Studio, having studied there under Lee Strasberg, De Sapio began teaching there as well In the early 1980s.

In 1985, she co-founded with Giuseppe Perruccio the Duse Studio in New York City, an international centre for training in acting, film production and theater. In 1987, the Duse Studio moved to Montecatini Terme, Italy, and then to its current base in Rome.


title: USS Waters (DD-115)

abstract: USS Waters (DD-115) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and World War II, later re-designated a high speed transport with the hull identification number APD-8. She was named in honor of Daniel Waters.

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# USS Waters (DD-115)

**USS *Waters* (DD-115)** was a *Wickes*-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and World War II, later re-designated a high speed transport with the hull identification number **APD-8**. She was named in honor of Daniel Waters.

## Construction and commissioning

*Waters* was laid down on 26 July 1917 at Philadelphia by William Cramp & Sons. The ship was launched on 3 March 1918, sponsored by Miss Mary Borland Thayer. The destroyer was commissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 8 August 1918.

## Service history

### World War I

Although her active service began late in World War I, *Waters* still managed to get in two round-trip voyages to the British Isles and one to the Azores before the armistice in November 1918. On 11 August, she joined a convoy at Tompkinsville, New York, and put to sea for England. She escorted her charges safely into Devonport on 23 August and stood out again four days later in the screen for four ships headed home.

The destroyer delivered the small convoy at New York on 6 September and, following a three-day layover, departed once again—this time bound for Ireland. Eleven days later, she entered the port at Buncrana. She remained there for eight days before again putting to sea. On 8 October, *Waters* arrived in New York and, but for a run to Newport, Rhode Island, on 31 October and 1 November, remained there until she put to sea with a convoy again on 4 November. This one was made up of 11 merchantmen bound for the Azores. *Waters* and her convoy were still three days steaming time from Ponta Delgada on 11 November 1918, when the armistice brought hostilities in Europe to a close. She entered the Portuguese island port with the convoy on 14 November. Eight days later, *Waters* headed west again and arrived at New York on 28 November.

### Inter-war period

The destroyer remained there under repairs until mid-January 1919. On 15 January, she put to sea for another voyage to the Azores. *Waters* stayed in Ponta Delgada from her arrival on 21 January until 17 February when she headed back to the United States. She reached Boston on 25 February and moved to Philadelphia early in March for another series of repairs. On 3 April, she got underway for a brief run, via New York, to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

The destroyer returned to New York on 14 March and remained there through the end of the month. On 1 May, she stood out of port, in company with *Craven*, *Dent*, *Hopewell*, *Philip*, *Roper*, and *Stockton*, to take up station as part of the picket of destroyers dotting the path of the transatlantic flight to be conducted by Navy flying boats. After an overnight stop at Trepassey Bay, Newfoundland, on 4 and 5 May, *Waters* dropped anchor off Santa Cruz in the Azores on 10 May.

On 17 May, she got underway at 0643 and arrived at her station, located between the islands of Corvo and Flores, at 0750. There, she lay to await the passage of the three seaplanes attempting the flight. Finally, at about 1112, her crew heard the drone of the engines of a single seaplane as NC-4, the only one of the three seaplanes to successfully complete the flight, passed overhead.

That afternoon, the warship left her station to search for NC-1 which had made a forced landing at sea. During the search, she received word that the third plane, NC-3, was also lost in the fog. Just after noon the following day, she received word that NC-1 had been found and its crew rescued by the Greek cargo ship *Ionia*. Accordingly, *Waters* returned to her anchorage off Santa Cruz that night.

Early the next morning, she weighed anchor to participate in the search for NC-3; however, she soon learned that NC-3 had been sighted off Ponta Delgada, navigating on the surface, and heading for that port under its own power. That same day, 19 May, the warship departed the Azores and shaped a course for Newport, Rhode Island, where she arrived on 23 May.

The destroyer operated out of Newport and New York until mid-July. She was among the destroyers which escorted the battleship *Pennsylvania* out to sea on 8 July when Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels embarked in the battleship to meet *George Washington*, off New York harbor and to welcome President Woodrow Wilson as he returned home from the peace negotiations in Europe.

On 14 July, *Waters* sailed from New York, via Hampton Roads and the Panama Canal, to the west coast. She pulled into San Diego on 5 August and, after six weeks of operations which included a voyage to the Hawaiian Islands, was placed in reserve at San Diego on 21 September 1919.

#### 1920s

On 24 February 1920, *Waters* came out of reserve and moved to Bremerton, Washington, where she began a nine-month overhaul preparatory to her return to active service. While the destroyer was at Puget Sound, the Navy adopted the alphanumeric system of hull designations, and *Waters* became DD-115 on or about 17 July 1920. She completed her reconditioning on 30 November and returned to San Diego at the end of the first week in December.

During the first few months of 1921, she operated as a unit of Division X, a special organizational unit, to which *Dorsey* and *Dent* were also attached, pending the reconstitution of Division 14 in its entirety. In January and February, she made a cruise to Central and South America. She stopped in the Panama Canal Zone on her way south and visited Valparaíso and Mejillones Bay in Chile during the first two weeks of February and then returned to Panama for nine days of battle practice with the Fleet. On 23 February, she headed home and, after visits to Costa Rica and El Salvador, reached San Diego on 11 March.

*Waters* remained there until 21 June when she got underway north and, following brief stops at San Pedro and Mare Island, entered Bremerton, Washington, on 27 June to prepare at the Puget Sound Navy Yard for duty in the Far East. Almost a month later, she returned south to San Francisco, whence she sailed for the Far East on 21 July. After stops at Pearl Harbor, Midway, and Guam, *Waters* steamed into Manila Bay on 24 August and reported for duty with the Asiatic Fleet at the Cavite Navy Yard.

The destroyer remained in the vicinity of Luzon through most of her tour of duty in the Orient. She visited Olongapo and Manila frequently and conducted combat training and torpedo exercises off the northwestern shores of the island in Lingayen Gulf. On 3 June 1922, she departed the Philippines and headed north for the Asiatic Fleet's usual summer cruise to Chinese waters. She arrived at Shanghai three days later and, for the remaining seven weeks of her tour in the Orient, visited Chinese ports such as Yantai and Qinhuangdao.

On 25 August, the warship weighed anchor at Yantai to return to the United States. She stopped at Nagasaki in Japan, Midway Island, and Pearl Harbor en route to San Francisco, where she finally arrived on 3 October. After a week of repairs at Mare Island Navy Yard, *Waters* steamed south and, upon her arrival at San Diego on 23 October, immediately began preparations for inactivation. On 28 December 1922, *Waters* was decommissioned there and was laid up at the destroyer base.

#### 1930s

On 4 June 1930, following more than seven years of inactivity, *Waters* was recommissioned at San Diego. After a month of refurbishing, she began operations along the west coast on 18 July and continued that routine for the next 18 months.

On 1 February 1932, she departed the west coast for the first time since her return from the Far East in 1922. She arrived in Lahaina Roads in the Hawaiian Islands on 12 February and took part in a landing exercise as a unit of the antisubmarine screen. The destroyer spent most of her time in Lahaina Roads but managed brief visits to Oahu and Hilo.

*Waters* returned to San Diego on 21 March and resumed normal operations until late January 1933. On 24 January, the warship arrived at Mare Island where she was placed in Rotating Reserve Squadron 20. She passed the next six months idly, moored to pierside at Mare Island with a severely reduced crew on board.

Early in July 1933, *Waters* returned to active service as a unit of Destroyer Division (DesDiv) 5, Destroyer Squadron (DesRon) 2, Battle Force Destroyers. She left Mare Island on 10 July, arrived at San Diego two days later, and resumed operations along the west coast. After more than eight months of such activity, the warship put to sea from San Diego on 9 April 1934 for an extended voyage to the Atlantic.

*Waters* reached Balboa, Canal Zone, on 22 April, transited the canal three days later, and was moored at Cristobal for a fortnight. On 5 May, she sailed for the gunnery range at Culebra Island near Puerto Rico. For the next three weeks, *Waters* participated in maneuvers in conjunction with Fleet Problem XV, a three-phased exercise which encompassed an attack upon and defense of the Panama Canal, the capture of advanced bases, and a major fleet engagement. On 25 May, the destroyer shaped a course north to Rhode Island. After a stop at New York City, she stood into Newport on 6 July and conducted tactical exercises out of Newport for two months.

On 7 September, she embarked upon a leisurely voyage back to San Diego. Along the way, she stopped at Hampton Roads, Tampa, Florida, and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Consequently, the warship did not transit the canal until 25 October. She reached San Diego on 8 November and went back into the Rotating Reserve on 19 December.

The warship returned to active duty in May 1935, and resumed operations along the west coast as a unit of DesDiv 19. Late in April 1936, she steamed south to the Panama Canal where she again joined in the maneuvers associated with the annual fleet concentrations which were conducted on the Pacific side of the isthmus. She returned to San Diego at the end of the first week in June and conducted normal operations for a month before leaving the west coast on 6 July.

Her voyage to Hawaii came as a result of DesDiv 19's assignment to the Submarine Force in conjunction with sonar tests. Sometime during the first half of the year, *Waters* and her sisters in the division had received the latest sound gear—high frequency directional sonar which allowed a destroyer to locate a submarine more accurately. Previously, sonar could at best indicate the presence of a submarine somewhere near the destroyer. The new equipment enabled submarine hunters to estimate the interloper's bearing and distance and therefore increased the probability of success of the destroyer's depth charge attacks. From July 1936 until late June 1939, *Waters* and her division mates cooperated with units of the Submarine Force in experiments to develop the techniques which translated the theoretical potential of the new technological developments into efficient antisubmarine warfare doctrine. *Waters* departed Hawaii for the west coast on 20 June 1939. She reached San Diego ten days later and was assigned to the Underwater Sound Training School. Between that time and America's entry into World War II, the destroyer continued to develop the Navy's antisubmarine warfare capability by teaching techniques which she had developed to sonar operators and officers assigned to the Fleet.

### World War II

When the Japanese launched their surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, *Waters* was in port at San Diego and still operating with the Sound School. She received word of the hostilities at 11:25 and immediately began preparations to put to sea. That afternoon, the destroyer made a three-hour antisubmarine sweep of the approaches to San Diego. On 8 December, she departed San Diego in the screen of Hawaii-bound aircraft carrier *Saratoga*. Six days later, the carrier and her screen, DesDiv 50, entered Pearl Harbor. During her ten days at Oahu, *Waters* periodically conducted patrols of the sea approaches to the harbor. Two days before Christmas, she got underway homeward with a task unit built around the cruisers *St. Louis*, *Helena*, and *Raleigh*. She escorted the cruisers into San Francisco on 29 December and returned to San Diego on 30 December.

#### 1942

After a month patrolling the California coast, *Waters* slipped her moorings at San Diego on 31 January 1942 and headed north for duty with the defense forces of the 13th Naval District. She arrived at Bremerton, Washington, on 5 February and, six days later, continued north to Alaska. For the next ten months, the destroyer escorted supply ships from Seattle, Washington, to and between the bases along the Alaskan coast and through the Aleutians chain. She was later assigned to the forces of the Northwestern Sea Frontier as a unit of Task Force 8, the Alaskan defense force. Her mission, however, remained the same as she plied the cold *Waters* of the northeastern Pacific between such ports as Kodiak, Dutch Harbor, Chernofski, Adak, and Sitka—returning periodically to Seattle.

The exigencies of the campaign for Guadalcanal— where neither side enjoyed the overwhelming local naval and air supremacy which insured victory in every other amphibious operation of the war—necessitated an increase in the number of high-speed transports. These hybrid warships combined the functions of transports and of destroyers into one. The concept of the high-speed transport embodied sufficient armament for the ship to defend herself against smaller warships and to support the troops she carried with sufficient speed to enable her to outrun more heavily armed ships. Overage flushdeck destroyers such as *Waters* were the first ships to be so converted to fill this role.

*Waters* entered the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 19 December 1942 to begin conversion and later that month was redesignated APD-8. During the modifications, her forward boilers were removed to make room for the troops she would carry while her torpedo tubes came off to accommodate landing craft and their davits. Though the ship retained her four-gun main battery configuration, she swapped her obsolete single-purpose 4-inch (102 mm) guns for more up-to-date dual-purpose 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Her antiaircraft defenses were further augmented by the addition of several single 20 mm mounts. She completed conversion in February and returned to San Diego on 10 February.

#### 1943

On 17 February, *Waters* stood out of San Diego, bound for the South Pacific. After a five-day stop at Pearl Harbor, she resumed her voyage and reported for duty with the South Pacific Amphibious Force at Noumea, New Caledonia, on 21 March. Five days later, she got underway for Espiritu Santo where she arrived the following day. For the next three weeks, the high-speed transport conducted amphibious training at Espiritu Santo with units of the 4th Marine Raider Battalion. On 18 April, *Waters* headed for the Fiji Islands. She arrived at Suva two days later, embarked men and equipment of Carrier Air Group 11, and proceeded via Espiritu Santo to the Solomons. She arrived off Guadalcanal on 25 April, disembarked her passengers, unloaded cargo, and departed the same day.

During the next nine days, she made a circuitous voyage that took her first to Efate, thence to the Fijis, and from there back to Espiritu Santo where she arrived on 4 May. Eleven days later, the warship exited Segond Channel and set a course for Pago Pago in American Samoa where she stopped from 19 to 23 May. The next stop on her itinerary was Auckland, New Zealand, where she laid over from 29 May to 5 June while her crew enjoyed their last real shore leave for quite some time. *Waters* returned to Nouméa on 8 June and got underway the following day with a convoy bound for the southern Solomons. She and her charges arrived off Guadalcanal on 14 June, and the high-speed transport began patrolling the anchorage off Koli Point.

With her arrival in the Solomons, *Waters* began almost a year engaged in the type of operations for which ships of her type were ideally suited. The remnants of the Japanese defense forces had evacuated Guadalcanal over three months before, and the American Navy, Marine Corps, and Army possessed relatively secure bases—at that island and across Ironbottom Sound at Port Purvis on Florida Island—from which to begin the climb up the Solomons staircase toward the Bismarcks and Rabaul. Operating from Purvis Bay at Florida Island, *Waters* shuttled troops and supplies north to the invasions of various central and northern Solomon Islands—New Georgia, Vella Lavella, Bougainville, Treasury Island, and the Green Islands subgroup. After the move toward the Bismarcks began in earnest, she supported both initial invasions and consolidation operations.

New Georgia, the center island of a cluster which, with Vella Lavella, made up the southern branch of the Solomon Archipelago, constituted the second rung on the ladder to Rabaul. While *Waters* waited for the assault on that island, scheduled for the end of June, she patrolled the anchorages of Ironbottom Sound between Guadalcanal and Florida Island. On 16 June, she fought her first action when attacking Japanese planes dropped a stick of bombs close aboard. She returned the compliment more accurately than her adversaries, as her antiaircraft battery splashed two of the offending bombers.

Four days later, she received orders to move to Guadalcanal to embark five officers and 187 men of the 4th Marine Raider Battalion, part of a force hastily collected to occupy Segi Point on the southern coast of New Georgia. The Japanese were then moving in on a coastwatcher named Kennedy who held the plantation on the point, and Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner decided to advance the date of the opening of the Segi Point phase of the New Georgia operation in order to keep possession of the beachhead which for all intents and purposes was already established there and to protect Kennedy and his native guerrillas. *Waters* and *Dent* transited the Slot during the night of 20 and 21 June and, early the next morning, threaded their way through the uncharted shoal water between New Georgia and Vangunu to Segi Point. In less than two hours, the two former flushdeckers disembarked their passengers and stood out to sea again. After a daylight passage back down the Slot, *Waters* and her sister ship returned to Guadalcanal late that afternoon and thence moved to Port Purvis without incident.

On 25 June, *Waters* moved to Guadalcanal to embark more troops, this time the "Barracudas" scout troops of the Army's 172nd Infantry. Until 29 June, she practiced amphibious landings at Purvis Bay; then headed north for the landings on Rendova, a small island south of New Georgia and directly opposite Munda, the main objective of the operation. The troops she carried were to have led the assault on Rendova and to have secured a beachhead for the main invasion force. However, heavy weather obscured the beacon fires which were to have guided them ashore, and the "Barracudas" landed some 10 miles (20 km) down the coast from their objective. By the time they reembarked and moved up the coast, the troops were able to land unopposed across a beachhead already established by units of the main invasion force. *Waters* completed disembarkation and unloading operations without further incident and, by 0855, stood down Blanche Channel in company with *Dent* to return to Purvis Bay, where she anchored that afternoon.

Rendova had been taken primarily as a stepping-stone to the main objective—Munda—as well as its airstrip— and to provide locations for supporting heavy artillery and its observation posts. By the time troops began shuttling from Rendova to Zanana—located to the east of Munda Point—for the planned occupation, *Waters* had picked up more troops at Guadalcanal and had landed them on the opposite coast of New Georgia. She departed Guadalcanal on 4 July and, the following morning, sent them ashore at Rice Anchorage on the northern coast of the island. The force she landed, a mixture of Marine Corps and Army units, succeeded in isolating and reducing the Japanese garrisons at Bairoko and on Enogai Inlet while the troops in the south concentrated upon the seizure of Munda without fear of interference from the north.

During the next ten days, she made two more runs to New Georgia carrying reinforcements and supplies to Rendova and returning to Guadalcanal with casualties. On the morning of 13 July, in the aftermath of the naval battles of Kula Gulf and Kolombangara, she escorted the cruisers *Honolulu* and *St. Louis* into Purvis Bay. Two days later, she received orders to head for Vella Lavella—located northwest of New Georgia—to pick up survivors from *Helena* which had been sunk during the Battle of Kula Gulf. She embarked three war correspondents at Koli Point and cleared Guadalcanal at 1325 on 15 July. At 2258 that night, she hauled in sight of her destination and began searching for the *Helena* sailors. At 0159 on 16 July, she lowered her boats to enter Paraso Bay. Later, she moved to Lambu Lambu cove, where her boats picked up 40 survivors from the sunken cruiser. She completed rescue operations at 0450 and departed Vella Lavella for Guadalcanal. She disembarked the 40 survivors at Tulagi just after 1300 and anchored in Purvis Bay an hour later.

For the next month, *Waters* transported supplies, reinforcements, and garrison troops from Guadalcanal to Rendova and New Georgia and evacuated casualties in support of the mopping up of New Georgia and the capture of the remainder of the smaller islands of the group. During these operations, she served both as a transport and as escort for the slower and less well-armed landing ship tanks (LSTs) and landing craft infantry (LCIs) which were used so extensively for transportation throughout the campaigns in the southwestern Pacific.

In mid-August, while the troops she had ferried to New Georgia over the previous seven weeks continued to mop up that island and the smaller ones surrounding it, *Waters* trained her sights on a new objective. Though Kolombangara, the big round island just to the northwest of New Georgia, appeared to be the next step in the ascent to Rabaul, American commanders had become intrigued with the possibility of by-passing, or "leapfrogging," its strong garrison and isolating it by occupying Vella Lavella, the next island above it on the southern arm of the Solomons chain.

Accordingly, *Waters* and six other fast transports loaded troops and equipment at Guadalcanal on 13 and 14 August. Two other transport groups, both composed of slower ships—LSTs and LCIs—departed ahead of her and her sisters who cleared Guadalcanal just before 1600 on 14 August. On the way up the Slot, the faster transports took over the lead from the tank landing ships and landing craft and arrived off Vella Lavella at 0529 the following morning. Since there was no organized Japanese garrison on the island, troops from *Waters* and the other fast transports established and consolidated their beachhead quickly. By 0730, she was steaming back down the Slot toward Guadalcanal and Purvis Bay. During the first hour of the passage, planes from the enemy air raids which halfheartedly contested the Vella Lavella landings attacked the transports. *Waters*'s antiaircraft battery engaged the attackers, but neither side scored. The remainder of the trip proved uneventful, and *Waters* dropped anchor in Purvis Bay at 2133 that night.

Over the next two months, *Waters* transported replacement troops, reinforcements, and supplies to New Georgia and Vella Lavella. On the return trips, she evacuated casualties and later, after both islands had been secured and garrison forces had moved in, began evacuating the combat-weary veterans of the campaign. These operations signaled the close of the central Solomons phase of the campaign to isolate Rabaul. Future operations centered upon Bougainville, the northernmost major island in the Solomons. In preparation for the invasion of that island, *Waters* participated in simulated amphibious landings at Kukum Beach on Guadalcanal on 26 October. Later that day, she embarked New Zealand troops and laid a course up the Slot to the Treasury Islands, a small pair located not far south of Bougainville and ideally suited as a staging base for small craft and PT boat patrols. The warship landed her portion of the Treasuries assault force expeditiously on 27 October and returned south to Purvis Bay the next day.

*Waters* remained at Purvis Bay for the remainder of October and into the first week of November. Consequently, she missed the 1 November landings on Bougainville at Cape Torokina. However, she moved to Guadalcanal on 4 November, loaded elements of the second echelon, and stood out toward Bougainville. She entered Empress Augusta Bay at 0609 on 6 November and disembarked her passengers by 0733. She then stood out of the bay and took up patrol position outside and helped to screen the entrance to the bay until the following day when she steamed back toward Purvis Bay.

For the following two weeks, *Waters* shuttled troops and equipment back and forth between Guadalcanal and Bougainville. All but the last of those trips were relatively peaceful affairs which began with troop embarkation at Guadalcanal, disembarkation at Empress Augusta Bay after passage up the Slot, and a return voyage with casualties bound for Guadalcanal. During the last voyage, however, enemy dive bombers attacked her convoy just as it arrived off Cape Torokina at 0755 on 17 November; the warship's antiaircraft batteries quickly engaged the intruders and scored a kill on a Japanese Aichi D3A "Val." During a lull in the attacks, *Waters* disembarked her troops, but another air raid at 0615 delayed the embarkation of wounded, and she did not complete the operation until 0845. She laid off Cape Torokina until 1819 when she formed up with a south-bound convoy and headed back to Guadalcanal. On 19 November, she disembarked the casualties at Kukum Beach and returned to Purvis Bay at about 1330.

After 11 days in port at Purvis Bay, *Waters* departed the Solomons for the first time since her arrival the previous June. On 1 December, she stood out of Purvis Bay for Nouméa, where she arrived on 3 December. Two days later, she weighed anchor again to escort Liberty ships *Amy Lowell* and *Juan Cabrillo*, as far as Lady Elliot Island and then continued independently to Australia. She reached Sydney on 10 December and began nine days of shore leave and repairs.

On the morning of 20 December, she sailed for New Caledonia. On 23 December, she received orders to rendezvous with the Liberty ship *Walter Colton*, and to escort that ship into Nouméa. The warship reached the rendezvous point on Christmas Eve Day and began a fruitless two-day search for *Walter Colton*. Early in the evening of 25 December, she gave up the search and entered Nouméa alone.

Four days later, *Waters* returned to sea and, on 30 December 1943, joined the screen of a Guadalcanal-bound convoy. En route back to the Solomons, *Waters* received orders detaching her from the convoy and instructions to rendezvous with *Sea Barb* and see that ship safely to Auckland, New Zealand. She made the rendezvous that same day, 5 January 1944, escorted her to her destination, and came about to return to Nouméa. *Waters* arrived in Nouméa on 9 January and, a week later, entered drydock for three days. On 20 January, the day after she left the dock, the fast transport headed back to the Solomons and, two days later, arrived in Purvis Bay.

#### 1944

After a brief excursion as target ship for TF 38 on 24 and 25 January, she moved to Guadalcanal on 28 January and embarked a reconnaissance party for the initial raid on the Green Islands, a small pair north of Buka and Bougainville. She departed Guadalcanal the same day and headed up the Slot. En route, she stopped at Vella Lavella on 29 January to embark a further 112 troops, all members of the 30th Battalion, New Zealand Commando Force. That evening, the fast transport and the embarked raiders rehearsed the landing at Vella Lavella. The next morning, she started out on the last leg of the journey. The landing force reached the Green Islands around 2400 that night, and the commandos landed, unopposed, on Nissan, the larger of the two islands. At 0120 on 31 January, *Waters* received word that the landing had succeeded. Later that evening, she moved in toward the Nissan transport area to recover the reconnaissance party which had completed its mission. She completed reembarkation before dawn on 1 February and steamed back down the Slot. Later that day, she and Hudson parted company with the rest of the task group to return the New Zealanders to Vella Lavella. Afterward, she continued on toward Guadalcanal, where she arrived on 2 February.

After offloading her remaining passengers at Guadalcanal, *Waters* returned to Purvis Bay for an 11-day stay. On 13 and 14 February, the fast transport retraced her steps of two weeks before. On 13 February, she embarked troops at Guadalcanal and steamed northwest up the Slot. The following day, she stopped at Vella Lavella and took on additional troops, mostly members of the 207th Battalion, 3rd New Zealand Division, before continuing on to the Green Islands for the actual occupation. At 0625 on 15 February, the task force arrived off Nissan and began landing the occupation force. The minuscule enemy garrison did not oppose the landing and *Waters* completed her part of the mission and cleared the area by 0846. She returned to Florida Island on 16 February. Between 18 and 21 February, the warship made another round-trip voyage to the Green Islands to ferry a mixed bag of Navy, Army, and New Zealand forces before reentering Purvis Bay for the remainder of the month.

During the first half of March, she made two more voyages to the Green Islands—via Bougainville—before returning to Purvis Bay on 16 March to prepare for the occupation of Emirau Island. At 0630 on 17 March, she shifted from Florida Island to Guadalcanal, where she embarked units of the newly reconstituted 4th Marines. At 1800, she passed through Indispensable Strait with the Emirau invasion force and laid in a course to the northwest of the Solomons and New Ireland. At 0615, she arrived in the St. Matthias Islands and began disembarking troops for the invasion of Emirau, the southernmost island of the group. Once again, Waters' troops made their landing unopposed. The fast transport completed unloading by 1030 and took up station to patrol the transport area against enemy submarines. Finally, at 1930 that evening, she formed up with the other ships of the force and headed back to the southern Solomons. On the evening of 22 March, the force retransited Indispensable Strait and, the next morning, broke up off Savo Island to return to their various anchorages. *Waters* reentered Purvis Bay at 1130 and let go her anchor.

The fast transport remained in Purvis Bay for the remainder of March and the first week in April. On 8 April, she stood out of the anchorage, picked up passengers at Guadalcanal, and took departure for Pearl Harbor in company with *Stringham*. She made a brief stop at Funafuti, in the Ellice Islands, on 11 April and moored at the DE docks in Pearl Harbor on 18 April. The warship completed repairs by 1 May and began amphibious training at Kauai to prepare for the Marianas operation.

On 21 May, while *Waters* was in Pearl Harbor, an LST moored near her exploded. The resulting fire quickly spread to ships moored nearby. Though *Waters* was unable to get underway immediately and clear the area, her crew responded quickly by manning the fire-fighting equipment and wetting down the decks. Further explosions occurred during the afternoon, showering her with debris and injuring one of her crewmen, but the warship sustained relatively minor damage—a few sprung doors, cut cables, some sprung bulkheads, a bent yardarm brace, and a slightly damaged hull frame. Later, her crew responded to the emergency by launching the ship's boats and rescuing 75 survivors from the oil and fire-covered *Waters* surrounding the stricken LSTs. The fires smoldered for two days after the incident, and fire-fighting parties were called away intermittently. However, *Waters* soon completed repairs of the damage caused on 21 May and resumed amphibious exercises in preparation for Operation Forager

On 28 May, *Waters* stood out of Pearl Harbor for Kawaihae Bay, where she embarked marines the following day. That same day, she joined TF 51 and departed the Hawaiian Islands en route to Eniwetok Atoll, the staging point for the invasion of Saipan. She entered Eniwetok Lagoon at 0900 on 8 June and remained at anchor there for three days. On 11 June, TF 52—the Northern Attack Force—sortied from Eniwetok and headed for the Marianas. *Waters* served as flagship for both TransDiv 12 and TG 52.8, the Eastern Landing Group, administrative and operational organizations, respectively; the same six fast transports made up both organizations.

As she led her task group on the approach to Saipan late in the evening of 14 June, *Waters* made sonar contact with a submarine. She attacked with depth charges around 2200 and was unable to reestablish the contact after the barrage. Though the evidence did not support crediting her with a confirmed kill, her crew observed an oil slick which suggested that she had at least damaged an enemy submarine. She resumed her place in formation just before 2300 and continued to close Saipan, the northernmost of the Marianas islands.

At 0510, she went to general quarters in anticipation of the landing and moved into the transport area off the lower portion of Saipan's western coast. She received orders to patrol 2,000 yards (1.8 km) to seaward of the transport area, and she led TransDiv 12 to that station at around 0715. The assault force hit the beaches at about 0845, but *Waters*' complement of marines remained embarked throughout the day and the night of 15 and 16 June while she screened the transport area. She closed the transports once—at 1835—to help repel an air attack and, later, screened them during night retirement.

A little after 0800 on 16 June, *Waters* and the other APDs of TransDiv 12 closed the Charon Kanoa beaches and disembarked their troops—members of the 1st Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment—originally intended for a secondary landing on the eastern coast at Magicienne Bay but landed at the main beachhead because of unexpectedly stiff resistance ashore and an impending battle at sea. She completed debarking marines by 0858 and formed her division in column to take up screening station for the transports. The fast transport reached her assigned position at 1330 and relieved *Bagley*.

She remained off Saipan until late June, shepherding the transports of TF 51. During that time, she helped repel several air attacks but did not actually participate in the great air battle of the Philippine Sea fought on 19 and 20 June 1944. Before departing the Marianas on 2 July, the warship also made two unsuccessful attacks on enemy submarines and bombarded Japanese positions on Tinian.

On 2 July, the fast transport cleared the Marianas to escort TG 51.4 to Eniwetok. She reached her destination two days later and, after a 48-hour layover, exited the lagoon to return to the Marianas. *Waters* resumed patrols of the transport area off Saipan upon her arrival there on 12 July. That night, she delivered night illumination and harassment fire on Tinian near Tinian Town, probably to discourage any attempt by the Japanese on that island to reinforce their comrades in the Saipan garrison. She resumed antisubmarine patrols the next day, and on 14 July, she departed the Marianas once more—this time to escort *Patuxent* and *Sea Cat* to Eniwetok. After reaching Eniwetok on 17 July, the warship spent the next 11 days undergoing repairs and then stood out of the lagoon on 28 July to screen another task unit on its voyage to Saipan. She arrived in the Marianas two days later, parted company with the task unit, and entered the anchorage off Guam, which American forces had invaded while the fast transport was at Eniwetok.

Following three days of screening transports in Agat Bay, she joined a task unit built around the battleships *Colorado* and *Pennsylvania*. *Waters* reached Eniwetok on 6 August, remained overnight, and then steamed out of the lagoon to escort *Colorado* to Pearl Harbor.

*Waters* arrived in Pearl Harbor on 12 August but departed again six days later. On 22 August, she entered San Francisco. After six weeks of repairs and modifications, the fast transport left San Francisco on 7 October to return to Hawaii. Upon arrival in Pearl Harbor on 14 October, she began additional repairs in preparation for training with underwater demolition teams (UDT) which she began at the end of October. She completed that training by the beginning of January 1945 and, on 10 January, departed Pearl Harbor with TG 52.11, built around the battleships *Texas* and *Nevada*. The task group reached Ulithi Atoll on 23 January, and *Waters* remained until 10 February when she got underway to join in the assault on Iwo Jima. She arrived in the Marianas on 12 February, conducted rehearsals at Saipan and Tinian, and continued on to the Bonin-Volcano group two days later.

#### 1945

She arrived off Iwo Jima on the morning of 16 February as part of the screen for the fire support group. During the three days before the actual invasion, *Waters* protected the bombardment battleships from enemy submarines and supported the UDTs in their preinvasion reconnaissance of Iwo Jima's beaches. On the day of the assault, she joined the transports and screened them during the landings. The warship remained in the vicinity of Iwo Jima until the first week in March, supporting UDT operations and patrolling against Japanese submarines. On 5 March, the high-speed transport cleared the area with TransDiv 33 and a four-ship screen and headed for Guam. She remained at Guam for a day and a night, arriving there early on 8 March and departing again the next day. She entered Ulithi again on 11 March and began preparations for the last campaign of World War II—Operation Iceberg, the assault on Okinawa.

Following ten days in Ulithi lagoon, *Waters* steamed out of the atoll on 21 March and joined TG 54.2, part of Rear Admiral M. L. Deyo's Gunfire and Covering Force, for the voyage to the Ryukyus. During the approach for the preinvasion bombardment on 26 March, *Waters* fired upon a "Val" which tried to crash into *Gilmer*. Though she claimed no kill, *Waters*' antiaircraft battery was probably instrumental in deflecting that *kamikaze*'s aim and causing him to miss his target by a mere 75 yards (69 m). Over the four days before the landings, she screened the "old" battleships while they softened up Okinawa's defenses and supported UDT reconnaissance missions and demonstrations along the Okinawa coastline. Late on the 31st, she joined Tractor Group "Fox" to cover its approach to the beaches on the following morning.

During the first week of the assault, she conducted patrols off those same beaches. On 6 April, she teamed up with *Morris* to splash a "Betty". Early that evening, a *kamikaze* crashed *Morris*, and *Waters* rushed to her assistance, helping to control the fires that blazed on board the destroyer for two hours. Two days later, *Waters* entered Kerama Retto for fuel and to await reassignment. The following day, she received orders to screen Mine Squadron (MinRon) 3 and, for the remainder of the month, supported minesweeping operations. On 3 May, she took up familiar duty protecting the transport area from submarines, but that assignment proved to be a brief one.

The following day, she joined the escort of a Ulithi-bound convoy. On 6 May, she and *Herbert* were diverted to Leyte Gulf, where they arrived on the 8th. There, they picked up a convoy of LSTs and shepherded them back to Okinawa, arriving on the 15th. After four days at Okinawa—punctuated by frequent Japanese air attacks, she departed once again in the escort of a convoy bound for Saipan. The fast transport reached her destination on 24 May, underwent repairs, and shifted to Guam on 5 June to unload her UDT equipment. From Guam, she moved to Ulithi for another week of repairs from 6 to 13 June. On 17 June, the warship returned to Okinawa with another convoy and, after two days at Kerama Retto, cleared the Ryukyus for the last time.

During this voyage, which ultimately took her home, she fired her last shot in anger on 24 June when she dropped a barrage of depth charges on an underwater sound contact. Following the attack, she lost contact and continued on her way. After stops at Saipan, Eniwetok, and Pearl Harbor, the warship finally hauled into San Pedro, California, on 21 July. Soon after her arrival, she began an extensive overhaul at the Western Steel & Pipe Company. On 2 August, she resumed her former classification as a destroyer and became DD-115 once again. The war ended on 14 August while she was still in the yard; and, in September, she was moved to Terminal Island, and the overhaul became preinactivation preparations. On 12 October 1945, the veteran of two world wars was decommissioned at Terminal Island. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 24 October 1945, and she was sold for scrapping on 10 May 1946.

*Waters* received seven battle stars for service during World War II.

1. "Waters". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command.

## Bibliography

* Wright, C. C. (2003). "Question 40/02: Submarines Expended as Targets 1922". *Warship International*. **XL** (4): 286–298. ISSN 0043-0374.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| USS *Waters* (DD-115) | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *Waters* |
| Namesake | Daniel Waters |
| Builder | William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia |
| Yard number | 452 |
| Laid down | 26 July 1917 |
| Launched | 3 March 1918 |
| Commissioned | 8 August 1918 |
| Decommissioned | 28 December 1922 |
| Identification | DD-115 |
| Recommissioned | 4 June 1930 |
| Decommissioned | 12 October 1945 |
| Reclassified | December 1942, APD-8 |
| Stricken | 24 October 1945 |
| Honors and<br>awards | Seven battle stars for service during World War II |
| Fate | Sold for scrap 10 May 1946 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Wickes*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 1154 tons |
| Length | 314 ft 4 in (95.8 m) |
| Beam | 30 ft 11+14 in (9.4 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft 10+14 in (3.0 m) |
| Speed | 35 knots (65 km/h) |
| Complement | 122 officers and enlisted |
| Armament |  |


title: Obia tenebrosa

abstract: Obia is a monotypic genus of planthopper in the family Fulgoridae, presently comprising a single species Obia tenebrosa, known from Mexico.

text:
# Obia tenebrosa

***Obia*** is a monotypic genus of planthopper in the family Fulgoridae, presently comprising a single species ***Obia tenebrosa***, known from Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Obia tenebrosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Obia tenebrosa* in Distant & Fowler 1887 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Fulgoridae |
| Subfamily: | Poiocerinae |
| Genus: | *Obia*
Distant, 1887 |
| Species: | ***O. tenebrosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Obia tenebrosa***
Distant, 1887 | |
|


title: Gymnosoma clavatum

abstract: Gymnosoma clavatum is a species of tachinid flies in the genus Gymnosoma of the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Gymnosoma clavatum

***Gymnosoma clavatum*** is a species of tachinid flies in the genus *Gymnosoma* of the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Albania, Andorra, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Channel Islands, France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Iran, Israel, Canary Islands, Russia, Azerbaijan.

It is not present in the United Kingdom.

## Description

*Gymnosoma clavatum* can reach a length of 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in). These flies have a black thorax, but males have a mesonotum with golden pruinosity up to the transverse suture. Scutellum is black with two pairs of marginal setae and a quite characteristic red sub-globular abdomen, without setae but with large black markings in the middle. In the females thorax before the scutellum has three spots of dusting. Abdominal tergites are completely fused. The compound eyes are red. Antennae are black. Wings are slightly darkened, with yellow basicostae. Femora and tibiae are black.

## Biology

Adults can be found from May to October. These flies are endoparasites of various Pentatomidae species, on which the females lay their eggs. Larvae will develop inside them. Known larval hosts of these parasitic flies are *Ancyrosoma leucogrammes*, *Carpocoris pudicus*, *Cydnus aterrimus*, *Dolycoris baccarum*, *Eurygaster integriceps*, *Nezara viridula*, *Palomena prasina*, *Piezodorus lituratus*.

## InfoBox

| *Gymnosoma clavatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female of *Gymnosoma clavatum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Tribe: | Gymnosomatini |
| Genus: | *Gymnosoma* |
| Species: | ***G. clavatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gymnosoma clavatum***<br>Rohdendorf, 1947 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Gus Miller (cricketer)

abstract: Augustus Horatio Miller is an English cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who plays for Northamptonshire.

text:
# Gus Miller (cricketer)

**Augustus Horatio Miller** (born 8 January 2002) is an English cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who plays for Northamptonshire.

## Career

Born in Oxford, Miller played for Bedfordshire in the Minor Counties Championship in 2018, Minor Counties Trophy in 2021 and Minor Counties Twenty20 in 2022. In October 2021, he signed rookie contract with Northamptonshire. In April 2023, he signed a professional contract for the first time by Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club.

He made his Twenty20 (T20) debut for Northamptonshire against India on 3 July 2022. He made his List A debut for Northamptonshire against Hampshire in the 2022 One-Day Cup, on 9 August 2022. He made his first-class debut for Northamptonshire against Glamorgan in the 2024 County Championship, on 23 June 2024. Miller signed an one-year contract extension with Northamptonshire in September 2024, tying him to the club until the end of the 2026 season.

## InfoBox

Gus Miller
| Miller in 2024 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Augustus Horatio Miller |
| Born | (2002-01-08) 8 January 2002<br>Oxford, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium-fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2022–present | Northamptonshire *(squad no. 24)* |
|  | |
| First-class debut | 23 June 2024 Northamptonshire v Glamorgan |
| List A debut | 9 August 2022 Northamptonshire v Hampshire |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC LA T20  Matches 5 13 7  Runs scored 162 258 21  Batting average 20.25 36.85 10.50  100s/50s 0/0 0/1 0/0  Top score 42 73 8  Balls bowled 174 228 6  Wickets 0 3 0  Bowling average  76.00   5 wickets in innings  0   10 wickets in match  0   Best bowling  1/19   Catches/stumpings 0/– 4/– 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 29 September 2024 | |


title: Gus Miller (politician)

abstract: Gustave Thomas Carlisle Miller was an Australian politician. He was born in Prospect to farmer William Richardson Miller and Catherine Engel. He was educated at St Philip's and Fort Street schools before becoming a journalist. He managed the Monaro Mercury from 1876 and ran the Cooma Express from 1879. Around 1881 he married Emmeline Annie Hewison at Cooma; they would have seven children. In 1889 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the member for Monaro, representing the Protectionist Party. In 1901, however, he joined the Labor Party, and represented Monaro in that capacity until his death in Marrickville in 1918.

text:
# Gus Miller (politician)

**Gustave Thomas Carlisle Miller** (26 November 1852  20 October 1918) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Prospect to farmer William Richardson Miller and Catherine Engel. He was educated at St Philip's and Fort Street schools before becoming a journalist. He managed the *Monaro Mercury* from 1876 and ran the *Cooma Express* from 1879. Around 1881 he married Emmeline Annie Hewison at Cooma; they would have seven children. In 1889 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the member for Monaro, representing the Protectionist Party. In 1901, however, he joined the Labor Party, and represented Monaro in that capacity until his death in Marrickville in 1918.


title: Guyora Binder

abstract: Guyora Binder is a legal scholar and writer. Binder has been faculty at University at Buffalo Law School and Boston University School of Law, and has been published in the Boston University Law Review. In 2012, he wrote Felony Murder, an examination of the felony murder crime in the US.

text:
# Guyora Binder

**Guyora Binder** (born 7 November 1956) is a legal scholar and writer.

Binder has been faculty at University at Buffalo Law School and Boston University School of Law, and has been published in the Boston University Law Review.

In 2012, he wrote *Felony Murder*, an examination of the felony murder crime in the US.

## Publications

* Kaplan, John; Weisberg, Robert; Binder, Guyora (2021). *Criminal Law: Cases and Materials*. Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 154383115X.
* Binder, Guyora (2012). *Felony Murder*. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804781702.
* Binder, Guyora; Weisberg, Robert (2000). *Literary Criticisms of Law*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1400823633.


title: Guyou Bay

abstract: Guyou Bay is a bay 4 nautical miles (7 km) wide, which indents the west coast of Brabant Island between Claude Point and Metchnikoff Point, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Its head is fed by Dodelen, Oshane and Ralitsa Glaciers. The bay was discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who named it for Captain Emile Guyou of the French Navy, distinguished in the field of naval science and a member of the commission which published the scientific results of the expedition.

text:
# Guyou Bay

**Guyou Bay** (64°5′S 62°35′W / 64.083°S 62.583°W / -64.083; -62.583) is a bay 4 nautical miles (7 km) wide, which indents the west coast of Brabant Island between Claude Point and Metchnikoff Point, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Its head is fed by Dodelen, Oshane and Ralitsa Glaciers.

The bay was discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who named it for Captain Emile Guyou of the French Navy, distinguished in the field of naval science and a member of the commission which published the scientific results of the expedition.

## Maps

## Further reading

This article incorporates public domain material from "Guyou Bay". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: W. R. Byron Airport

abstract: W. R. Byron Airport is a privately owned, private use airport in Riverside County, California, United States. It is located four nautical miles northwest of the central business district of Blythe, California, within the city limits.

text:
# W. R. Byron Airport

**W. R. Byron Airport** (FAA LID: **44CA**) is a privately owned, private use airport in Riverside County, California, United States. It is located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) northwest of the central business district of Blythe, California, within the city limits.

## Facilities

W. R. Byron Airport has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 2,640 by 660 feet (805 x 201 m).

## History

The airfield opened on June 29, 1942. Known as **Blythe Field** and **Gary Field**, it began training United States Army Air Forces flying cadets under contract to Morton Air Academy. It was assigned to United States Army Air Forces West Coast Training Center (later Western Flying Training Command) as a primary (level 1) pilot training airfield. It had three 2,100' active hard-surfaced runways and three local auxiliary airfields for emergency and overflow landings. Flying training was performed with Ryan PT-22 as the primary trainer; it also had several PT-17 Stearmans assigned.

Known sub-bases and auxiliaries assigned to the field were:

It was inactivated on August 4, 1944 with the drawdown of AAFTC's pilot training program, then declared surplus and turned over to the Army Corps of Engineers on September 30, 1945. It was eventually discharged to the War Assets Administration (WAA), and the facilities of the former airport were reused by Palo Verde Community College. The college opened at the site on September 15, 1947, and at this point any aviation use of the airfield presumably ended.

Palo Verde College opened its doors as a junior college with an initial enrollment of seventeen students. By 1950, enrollment had reached 250. In September 1958, the college moved to East Hobsonway and closed its facilities at the former airport.

The site of Gary Field was reused as a private airfield beginning in 1981 as W. R. Byron Airport, and is a privately owned airfield.

Today, many buildings remain standing. In particular, the characteristic irregular arrangement of the barracks buildings which remains at the site make the location of Gary Field very much recognizable.

One of the large arch-roof hangars was destroyed by a fire on December 26, 2018. Before that, the second large hangar (at the northwest corner of the site) was apparently removed, but its foundation is still clearly recognizable.

An interesting sidebar to history puts billionaire Kirk Kerkorian at Morton Air Academy as a flight instructor during the early World War II period flying throughout the California desert; he made a first career flying charters, and later building hotels like the MGM Grand years later.

## Other sources

## InfoBox

| W. R. Byron Airport<br>(formerly Gary Field) | |
| --- | --- |
| USGS 2006 orthophoto | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private use |
| Owner | Willard R. Byron |
| Serves | Blythe, California |
| Elevation AMSL | 400 ft / 122 m |
| Coordinates | 33°40′45″N 114°38′37″W / 33.67917°N 114.64361°W / 33.67917; -114.64361 |
| Map | |
| **44CA**Location of airport in California | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  18/36 2,640 805 Asphalt | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: W. R. Berkley Corporation

abstract: W. R. Berkley Corporation is a commercial lines property & casualty insurance holding company organized in Delaware and based in Greenwich, Connecticut. The company operates commercial insurance businesses in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia and reinsurance businesses in the United States, United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific region and South Africa. The company is ranked 397th on the Fortune 500.

text:
# W. R. Berkley Corporation

**W. R. Berkley Corporation** is a commercial lines property & casualty insurance holding company organized in Delaware and based in Greenwich, Connecticut.

The company operates commercial insurance businesses in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia and reinsurance businesses in the United States, United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific region and South Africa.

The company is ranked 397th on the Fortune 500.

## History

W. R. Berkley Corporation was founded in 1967 by William R. Berkley, who currently serves as Executive Chairman.

In November 1973, the company became a public company via an initial public offering. At that time, the founder owned 23.8% of the company.

In 1994, the company acquired Key Risk Management Services Inc.

In 1995, the company acquired the remaining 40% interest in Signet Star from Gen Re. The company also acquired MECC for $138 million.

In August 2006, the company acquired Garnet Captive Services LLC, a San Francisco insurance brokerage and alternative risk consulting firm.

On October 31, 2015, Mr. Berkley's son, W. Robert Berkley, Jr., became President and CEO.

* Official website
* Business data for W. R. Berkley Corporation:

## InfoBox

W. R. Berkley Corporation
|
|  |
|
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as |  |
| Industry | Insurance |
| Founded | 1967 (1967) |
| Founder | William R. Berkley |
| Headquarters | Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Key people | William R. Berkley, Executive Chairman
W. Robert Berkley Jr., President & CEO |
| Revenue | $11.166 billion (2022) |
| Net income | $1.318 billion (2022) |
| Total assets | $33.861 billion (2022) |
| Total equity | $6.768 billion (2022) |
| Owner | William R. Berkley 20.8% |
| Number of employees | 7,448 (2018) |
| Website | berkley.com |
| **Footnotes / references**
 | |


title: WHMV-LP

abstract: WHMV-LP is a community low power radio station broadcasting a variety format. Licensed to Mohawk, New York, the station primarily serves Southern Herkimer County in New York state, commonly referred to as "the Valley" by people in the nearby Utica-Rome area. The station is owned by the Mohawk Valley Radio Group, Inc., and operates from studios on West Main Street in Mohawk.

text:
# WHMV-LP

**WHMV-LP** (97.5 FM; "V 97.5 FM") is a community low power radio station broadcasting a variety format. Licensed to Mohawk, New York, the station primarily serves Southern Herkimer County in New York state, commonly referred to as "the Valley" by people in the nearby Utica-Rome area. The station is owned by the Mohawk Valley Radio Group, Inc., and operates from studios on West Main Street in Mohawk.

## Programming

WHMV-LP began broadcasting on November 9, 2016. The station plays a "variety" of music formats as the "V" in its branding indicates. The "V" may also stand for the Mohawk Valley, the area to which WHMV-LP broadcasts. In addition to its music programming, WHMV-LP is also planning additional community type programming, among them a program called *Mohawk Valley Matters* \- featuring local guests and covering topics of local concern to Southern Herkimer County.

43°00′48″N 74°59′47″W / 43.01333°N 74.99639°W / 43.01333; -74.99639

## InfoBox

WHMV-LP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Utica, New York |
| Frequency | 97.5 MHz |
| Branding | V 97.5 FM |
| Programming | |
| Format | Adult contemporary |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Mohawk Valley Radio Group, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09) |
| Call sign meaning | "Herkimer County, Mohawk Valley" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 193035 |
| Class | L1 |
| Power | 236 watts |
| ERP | 100 watts |
| HAAT | -89.05 meters |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | WHMV-LP's webpage |


title: WRC 7

abstract: WRC 7, also known as WRC 7 FIA World Rally Championship, is a racing video game based on the 2017 World Rally Championship season. The game was developed by French developer Kylotonn and published on 15 September 2017 by Bigben Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. The game carries an official FIA esports licence.

text:
# WRC 7

***WRC 7***, also known as ***WRC 7 FIA World Rally Championship***, is a racing video game based on the 2017 World Rally Championship season. The game was developed by French developer Kylotonn and published on 15 September 2017 by Bigben Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. The game carries an official FIA esports licence.

## Reception

The game was released to mixed reception, with reviewers praising improvements over its predecessor but criticised the game's controls and lack of depth compared to the likes of *DiRT 4*. Metacritic gave it a score of 70 out of 100 for each of the three platform releases.

*GameSpot* said: "For all its minor faults and bare-bones nature in comparison to others, WRC 7 is still an enjoyable, but seriously challenging rally title. It's not the most welcoming game for newcomers, and even experienced racers will find some of the rougher stages tricky."

The game won the award for "Best Sports Game" at the 2017 Ping Awards.

## InfoBox

| WRC 7 | |
| --- | --- |
| European edition cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Kylotonn |
| Publisher(s) | Bigben Interactive |
| Series | *World Rally Championship* |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | * WW: 15 September 2017 |
| Genre(s) | Racing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: WRWR (FM)

abstract: WRWR is an FM radio station broadcasting an urban adult contemporary format. The station is currently owned by Christopher Murray, through licensee Praise 107.5 FM Radio LLC, and operates from studios in Macon, Georgia. WRWR's transmitter is located a few miles southeast of Warner Robins with an effective radiated power of 4,000 watts, because of the location, and lower power, WRWR only has a moderate signal in downtown Macon, and a moderate to weak signal in the northern suburbs of Macon. In an attempt to cover these areas better, WRWR has an FM translator at 105.1 in Macon.

text:
# WRWR (FM)

**WRWR** (107.5 MHz) is an FM radio station broadcasting an urban adult contemporary format. The station is currently owned by Christopher Murray, through licensee Praise 107.5 FM Radio LLC, and operates from studios in Macon, Georgia.

WRWR's transmitter is located a few miles southeast of Warner Robins with an effective radiated power of 4,000 watts, because of the location, and lower power, WRWR only has a moderate signal in downtown Macon, and a moderate to weak signal in the northern suburbs of Macon. In an attempt to cover these areas better, WRWR has an FM translator at 105.1 in Macon.

## History

The station signed on in January 2010, owned by Georgia Eagle Media, under the moniker "The Warner Robins Patriot". Local high school sports including football, basketball, and baseball are featured on this station. It is also affiliated with the co-owned internet newspaper, Warner Robins Patriot, which is the hometown Internet news source for Warner Robins and Houston County, Georgia. It was later sold to Christopher Murray and its studio was relocated to Macon where it shares studios with WFXM-FM.

## InfoBox

WRWR
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Macon/Warner Robins |
| Frequency | 107.5 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | *KISS 105.1 & 107.5* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Urban adult contemporary |
| Affiliations | Compass Media Networks |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Christopher Murray * (Georgia Radio Alliance, LLC.) |
| Sister stations | WBML, WFXM, WYPZ |
| History | |
| First air date | 1968 |
| Former call signs | WVMG-FM (?-2005)
WDXQ-FM (2005–2009)
WRWR-FM (2009–2013)
WYPZ (2013–2015) |
| Call sign meaning | **W**arner **R**obins (**WR** times two) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 26626 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 4,000 watts |
| HAAT | 122.3 meters (401 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 32°24′43.00″N 83°21′42.00″W / 32.4119444°N 83.3616667°W / 32.4119444; -83.3616667 |
| Translator(s) | 105.1 W286CE (Fort Valley) |
| Repeater(s) | 107.1 WFXM-HD2 (Gordon) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | www.kissmacon.com |


title: WDR45L

abstract: WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 (WIPI-3), also known as WD repeat-containing protein 45-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene.

text:
# WDR45L

**WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3** (WIPI-3), also known as **WD repeat-containing protein 45-like** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene.

## Structure and function

WIPI-3 is a member of the WIPI or SVP1 family of WD40 repeat-containing proteins. The protein contains seven WD40 repeats that are thought to fold into a beta-propeller structure that mediates protein–protein interactions, and a conserved motif for interaction with phospholipids.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| WDR45B | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | WDR45B, WDR45L, WIPI-3, WIPI3, WD repeat domain 45B, NEDSBAS | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 609226; MGI: 1914090; HomoloGene: 6028; GeneCards: WDR45B; OMA:WDR45B - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_019613   NM\_025793   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_062559   NP\_080069   Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 82.61 – 82.65 Mb Chr 11: 121.22 – 121.25 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: NGC 772

abstract: NGC 772 is an unbarred spiral galaxy approximately 106 million light-years away in the constellation Aries. It was discovered on 29 November 1785 by German-British astronomer William Herschel.

text:
# NGC 772

**NGC 772** (also known as ***Arp 78*** or the **Fiddlehead Galaxy**) is an unbarred spiral galaxy approximately 106 million light-years away in the constellation Aries. It was discovered on 29 November 1785 by German-British astronomer William Herschel.

## Characteristics

At around 200,000 light years in diameter, NGC 772 is somewhat larger than the Milky Way Galaxy, and is surrounded by several satellite galaxies – including the dwarf elliptical, NGC 770 – whose tidal forces on the larger galaxy have likely caused the emergence of a single elongated outer spiral arm that is much more developed and stronger than the others arms. Halton Arp includes NGC 772 in his Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as **Arp 78**, where it is described as a "Spiral galaxy with a small high-surface brightness companion".

Three supernovae have been observed in NGC 772. SN 2003hl (Type II, mag. 16.5) was discovered on 20 August 2003. SN 2003iq (Type II, mag. 16.4) was discovered on 8 October 2003. SN 2022qze (type IIP, mag. 19.9) was discovered on 8 August 2022.

NGC 772 probably has a H II nucleus, but it may be a transitional object.

## InfoBox

| NGC 772 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 772 imaged by the Gemini Observatory | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Aries |
| Right ascension | 01h 59m 19.6s |
| Declination | +19° 00 27.1 |
| Redshift | 2472 ± 3 km/ |
| Distance | 105.7 ± 7.5 Mly (32.42 ± 2.29 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.1 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SA(s)b |
| Apparent size (V) | 7.2 × 4.3 |
| Other designations | |
| UGC 1466, PGC 7525, Arp 78 | |


title: NGC 7727

abstract: NGC 7727 is a peculiar galaxy in the constellation Aquarius. It harbors two galactic nuclei, each containing a supermassive black hole, separated 1,600 light years apart.

text:
# NGC 7727

**NGC 7727** is a peculiar galaxy in the constellation Aquarius. It harbors two galactic nuclei, each containing a supermassive black hole, separated 1,600 light years apart.

## Features

This object is located at a distance of 23.3 megaparsecs (76 million light years) from the Milky Way and has a peculiar aspect, with several plumes and streams of irregular shape that explains its inclusion on Halton C. Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies with the number 222, being classified as a "Galaxy with amorphous spiral arms".

In all likelihood, this system is the product of the merger of two previous spiral galaxies that took place 1 billion years ago, with the aforementioned stellar plumes and streams being the remnants of the disks of the two galaxies that collided to form this object.

Two starlike objects can be seen in NGC 7727's center, at least one of them likely being the former core of one of those two spiral galaxies. In addition to this, 23 objects – candidates to be young globular clusters formed in the collision – can be found in this system.

NGC 7727 is very similar to NGC 7252, another galaxy product of the collision and merging of two former spiral galaxies, in the same constellation. However it has far less gas (neutral hydrogen and molecular hydrogen) than the latter.

NGC 7727's most likely fate is to become an elliptical galaxy in the future, with very little interstellar dust and star formation.

In November 2021, scientists announced the discovery of a pair of supermassive black holes in NGC 7727, detected with the Very Large Telescope's multi-unit spectroscopic explorer (MUSE) at the European Southern Observatory. The black holes have masses of 154 and 6.3 million solar masses, and are separated 1,600 light years apart. The pair are among the closest confirmed supermassive black holes to Earth at about 89 million light years away. Although the pair are separated closely enough to gravitationally influence each other, the smaller black hole is not bound in orbit around the larger black hole due to the surrounding mass of the NGC 7727 core region. The black holes will eventually merge in the next 250 million years, producing powerful, low-frequency gravitational waves in the process.

* Media related to NGC 7727 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| NGC 7727 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 7727 by the Gemini Observatory | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Aquarius |
| Right ascension | 23h 39.9m |
| Declination | −12° 17 34 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.5 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SAB(s)a pec |
| Apparent size (V) | 4.7′ × 3.5′ |
| Other designations | |
| PGC 72060, Arp 222 | |


title: NIR 1 Class

text:
# NIR 1 Class

The Northern Ireland Railways DH class was a class of three diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives obtained in 1969. All three have now been withdrawn, and two have since been rebuilt for work in Sri Lanka.

## Early service life

The **DH class** of Northern Ireland Railways consisted of three diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives numbered 1, 2 & 3. They were built by the English Electric Company at their Vulcan Foundry works in Newton-le-Willows in 1969. The works numbers 3954–3956 in the EE list, and D1266–D1268 in the VF list. They were of 0-6-0 wheel arrangement and fitted with Dorman 12QTV engines of 620 hp (460 kW), connected to an EE Twin Disc torque converter and a Wiseman final drive. They weighed 42.5 tonnes (41.83 long tons; 46.85 short tons) and had a maximum speed of 29 mph (47 km/h). They are often referred to with their, "DH," prefix.

The locomotives were of EE's standard 'Stephenson' class, and were obtained primarily for shunting work, trip freights and engineer's trains. Locomotive No. 1 was the first to enter service on 31 July 1969, with No. 2 following on 27 September and No. 3 on 4 October. However, the locomotives were not particularly successful due to problems with the engines overheating regularly while in service.

## Withdrawal from service and initial preservation

All three were put into store during the late 1980s, the first in 1986 and the last two in May 1989. The Irish Traction group had approached NIR in August 1989 hoping to run a farewell excursion with No. 2 in September 1989, but this plan failed after No. 2 suffered a catastrophic engine failure on Saturday 9 September 1989 (the day before the excursion), despite having been overhauled by NIR at York Road Works. Both Nos. 2 and 3 ended up in secure storage at Larne Harbour, where the Diesel engines, torque converters and final drives were removed in 1991.

It was originally intended to put the locomotives on display at Lisburn, Belfast Central, and Londonderry to celebrate the 150th anniversary of railways in Northern Ireland, and in mid-1989, locomotive No. 1 had its engine, torque converter and final drive removed at York Road works before being repainted in NIR red and moved to the Lisburn Engineer's yard; unfortunately, difficulties in placing the engine meant it was shunted to the back of the yard.

## Preservation

In September 1994, the Irish Traction Group purchased the three locomotives from NIR and moved them south to their restoration base at Carrick-on-Suir. Although Nos 2 and 3 were moved to Lisburn on Sunday 11 September 1994 to be reunited with No. 1, paperwork issues with Iarnród Éireann regarding the transport of the engines from Lisburn to Carrick-on-Suir meant that the locomotives did not move until Monday 7 January 1995 to Inchicore Works at Dublin, where they spent a week parked outside the running shed at Dublin Heuston. The move was completed on 14 January when the locomotives were towed from Dublin to Carrick-on-Suir.

When they moved to Carrick-on-Suir by rail, they formed the last recorded un-braked train in Ireland and were regarded as an "Engineers Special". Unfortunately, despite the best efforts of the ITG to prevent the locomotives from being vandalised while at Carrick-on-Suir, they were repeatedly attacked during their ten years of outside storage. This has prompted the ITG in recent times to construct large metal covers to protect any engines stored out of doors at Carrick-on-Suir, both from vandals and deterioration caused by the Irish weather.

During this period, it became clear that the ITG could not restore even one of the locomotives to running condition. The major cost was to replace the engine, torque converter and final drive, with prices in the area of £70,000 sterling to replace these components. Several engineering companies also queried whether the locomotives would be made available for sale, though the cost of replacing the engines and related drive components meant that these inquiries did not amount to much more than that. Since, two have been rebuilt for work in Sri Lanka; one is in storage in Wales.

## Return to Service

In 2005, the ITG was approached by Beaver Power Ltd, who wanted to buy the three locomotives for re-use in Sri Lanka. After much deliberation, the ITG sold Nos. 2 and 3 to Beaver for export to Sri Lanka, and moved to Merthyr Tydfil for overhaul and regauging to allow them to run on the 5 ft 6 in broad gauge tracks in Sri Lanka. Locomotive No. 1 was also sent to Merthyr Tydfil for parts recovery to enable the other two to be rebuilt to running condition. At the time, No. 1 was still owned by the ITG, and was not offered for sale until five years later.

In May 2006, Nos. 2 and 3 departed for Sri Lanka to work at a Holcim cement plant in the Puttalam area. The work included regauging to 5 ft 6 in (1676 mm), fitting of a Rolls-Royce CV12 750 hp Diesel engine coupled to a Twin Disc 13800 MS230 torque converter (both engines had lost their Diesel engines, torque converter and final drives in 1991), and repainting in Holcim livery.

In November 2010, the decision was made by the ITG to sell the stripped remains of No. 1 to Beaver, the sale being concluded on 28 November. This locomotive had lost its engine, torque converter and final drive in 1989, and was heavily stripped due to its use by Beaver as a spare parts unit. It is understood that the locomotive will be rebuilt for industrial service, whether in the UK or overseas.

It is understood that, as of 2010, locomotive No. 3 has been withdrawn and heavily stripped for parts. The locomotive still carries the white Holcim livery that it was painted in when first exported to Sri Lanka, while No. 2 was repainted into a blue and white livery: it is still in service. No. 2 has been named, "Shakhti", and No. 3, "Prince Vijaya" - nameplates adorn the cabsides of each locomotive. No. 2 has received a further repaint and now sports a red and white livery with yellow band.

## InfoBox

| NIR 1 Class | |
| --- | --- |
| NIR’s 1 class were prone to overheating. The driver is topping up No. 1’s radiator from an emergency supply of water carried on board. | |
| Type and origin  Power type Diesel-hydraulic  Builder English Electric at Vulcan Foundry  Serial number EE: 3954–3956
VF: D1266–1268  Model *Stephenson*  Build date 1969  Total produced 3 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   AAR 0-6-0  UIC C  Gauge 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm)  Wheel diameter 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)  Loco weight 42.5 tonnes (41.83 long tons; 46.85 short tons)  Prime mover Dorman 12QTV | |
| Performance figures  Maximum speed 29 mph (47 km/h)  Power output 620 hp (460 kW)  Tractive effort 25,000 lbf (111.21 kN) | |
| Career  Operators Northern Ireland Railways  Class 1  Numbers 1–3  Withdrawn 1986–1989 | |


title: WRPS

abstract: WRPS is a high school radio station licensed to serve Rockland, Massachusetts. The station is owned by Rockland Public Schools and operated by the staff and students of Rockland High School. It airs a combination high school/Hot AC music format in Stereo. The station was assigned the WRPS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and began operations in February 1974.

text:
# WRPS

**WRPS** (88.3 FM) is a high school radio station licensed to serve Rockland, Massachusetts. The station is owned by Rockland Public Schools and operated by the staff and students of Rockland High School. It airs a combination high school/Hot AC music format in Stereo.

The station was assigned the WRPS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and began operations in February 1974.

## Alumni

In 1980, Boston broadcaster Fred B. Cole hosted a show every weekday afternoon playing big band records from his personal collection. Also in 1980, Dave Stewart of WCBS-FM (101.1), New York City began his career at WRPS while attending Junior High School in Rockland. He had been the late-night host at WPLJ (95.5) since 1989 until 2011. He is now the overnight host on 'CBS-FM (101.1) in New York.

In 1981 7th grader Kevin Keleher, mentored by Cole, began his tenure at WRPS. Kevin worked closely with Dave Stewart, Cole, and station manager Steve Budd to form a broadcast team. While Stewart went on to Emerson and the "bright lights of Broadway", Kevin left WRPS is 1984 and went on to perform in Boston rock bands in the 1990s. He hosted a Sunday morning Blues radio program "Blues Hangover", in 2003, on WBOR 91.1 FM in Brunswick, Maine.

In 1991 Jamin with Bill and Sean premiered as the #1 show on the air.

In 2003, James "Couzy" Anderson, a future TV broadcaster currently serving in the United States Air Force began announcing Play-by-play for the Rockland High School football team, which began a tenure of over 1,000 hours of announcing, 200 plus games and hosted a sports talk show weekly until graduation in 2007 .There was a famous show called Jamin with Bill & Shawn that aired in the early 1990s. Eventually Shawn graduated in 1991 and it became Jamin with Bill without Shawn.

## InfoBox

WRPS
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 88.3 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | High School |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Rockland Public Schools |
| History | |
| First air date | February 1974 |
| Call sign meaning | **R**ockland **P**ublic **S**chools |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 57299 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 105 watts, Stereo |
| HAAT | 42 meters (138 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 42°07′43″N 70°55′01″W / 42.12861°N 70.91694°W / 42.12861; -70.91694 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | WRPS Radio 88.3FM |


title: Guy Pellerin

abstract: Guy Pellerin is a Canadian referee in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, since the 1994-95 QMJHL season. Pellerin was selected to referee the men's ice hockey at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. Pellerin has also refereed the Canadian University Championship and the World Junior Championship (U-17) and World Senior Championship.

text:
# Guy Pellerin

**Guy Pellerin** (born August 14, 1971, in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada) is a Canadian referee in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, since the 1994-95 QMJHL season. Pellerin was selected to referee the men's ice hockey at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. Pellerin has also refereed the Canadian University Championship and the World Junior Championship (U-17) and World Senior Championship (Division 1).

## InfoBox

| Guy Pellerin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada |
| Nationality | Canada |
| Occupation | QMJHL referee (1994-present) |


title: Günther's blind snake

abstract: Günther's blind snake is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

text:
# Günther's blind snake

**Günther's blind snake** (***Argyrophis bothriorhynchus***) is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

## InfoBox

| Günther's blind snake | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Typhlopidae |
| Genus: | *Argyrophis* |
| Species: | ***A. bothriorhynchus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Argyrophis bothriorhynchus***
(Günther, 1864) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Typhlops bothriorhynchus* * *Asiatyphlops bothriorhynchus* | |


title: WSZE-TV

abstract: WSZE-TV was a television station broadcasting on channel 10 on Saipan, the largest of the Northern Mariana Islands. The first station to be constructed on the island, it was owned by the Micronesian Broadcasting Corporation alongside WSZE AM and FM radio; it was a sister station to KUAM-TV, the commercial television station in Guam. It operated from 1969 to 1980.

text:
# WSZE-TV

**WSZE-TV** was a television station broadcasting on channel 10 on Saipan, the largest of the Northern Mariana Islands. The first station to be constructed on the island, it was owned by the Micronesian Broadcasting Corporation alongside WSZE AM and FM radio; it was a sister station to KUAM-TV, the commercial television station in Guam. It operated from 1969 to 1980.

## History

WSZE-TV began broadcasting in October 1969, airing commercial network programming as well as productions of the government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The station was established by H. Scott Killgore after the Trust Territory government expressed skepticism that a translator of KUAM-TV itself would not provide appropriate service to Saipan; the government did accept a proposal in 1968 to build a full station with local program capability. Studios were set up in the Royal Taga Hotel, taking up two small rooms on the second floor; the master control had a door leading to the water heater for the hotel's laundry system, which had previously occupied the space.

WSZE-TV aired local news programming and Trust Territory government programming—some of it live—then live local news, followed by *Sesame Street*, the *CBS Evening News* and network entertainment fare, all recorded at the same video tape center in San Francisco that served KUAM-TV. Tapes were flown to Guam to be used on that station then ferried to Saipan on the Air Pacific air taxi service, which Killgore set up in part just to deliver tapes to the Saipan station. Of the small audience of 1,200 TV sets and 10,000 inhabitants, Killgore quipped, "It's the only television audience which we know all by their first names."

Killgore asked in 1973 to move the station from the hotel to a studio owned by the Marianas District Department of Education, which was being underutilized due to Trust Territory budget cuts. Negotiations to occupy the facility were lengthy, stretching late into 1974, after the money-losing television station announced that it would close by October 31 if the impasse, centered around the construction of a tower on military land, was not broken. When the station was approved for use of the studio, it then moved to secure use of the Navy Hill transmitter site used by KJQR, the government's radio station, as part of its expansion into AM and FM radio. The new Navy Hill antenna was installed in late 1975, replacing a temporary installation and improving reception on the island, and the radio stations began broadcasting in June 1976, giving listeners a choice. By 1977, the station was not airing *Sesame Street* or government programming, but it was offering a mix of network and syndicated fare and a 15-minute local newscast on weeknights; most of the network programs and the only network newscasts were from CBS, though ABC and NBC shows also were shown.

A *Los Angeles Times* profile of Saipan in January 1978 described the operation thusly:

> The island television station is on the air daily from 4 p.m. to midnight and the radio station from 6 a.m. to midnight. Sports events are broadcast from two weeks to a month after they happen. Americans here are looking forward to seeing the Rose Bowl game sometime within the next several weeks. Advertisers pay $3 for a 30-second radio spot or $30 for an entire hour. TV ad rates are $5 for a 15-second spot or $80 for an entire hour. Islanders sometimes buy an hour to use it as they please.

The station went off air for a time in late 1979 to allow an antenna to be installed to receive programming direct from KUAM-TV on Guam. Plans for expansion were in the offing in November 1980; WSZE-TV was planning to increase its broadcast hours, and it aired coverage of the presidential election from the mainland by satellite after an earth station was completed for the island. Weeks later, however, the station left the air for good after its tower was blown down by Typhoon Dinah; it would have cost $20,000 to $25,000 to reconstruct.

## InfoBox

WSZE-TV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Channels |  |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations | CBS, ABC, NBC |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Micronesian Broadcasting Corporation |
| Sister stations | WSZE AM and FM; KUAM-TV |
| History | |
| First air date | October 1969 (1969-10) |
| Last air date | November 1980 (1980-11) |
| Technical information | |
| Transmitter coordinates | 15°13′00″N 145°15′00″E / 15.21667°N 145.25000°E / 15.21667; 145.25000 |


title: NSU Delphin III

abstract: The NSU Delphin III streamliner motorcycle set the motorcycle land speed record in 1956. Wilhelm Herz rode the machine to 211.4 miles per hour (340.2 km/h) at Bonneville Speedway in Utah, to break 200 mph (320 km/h) for the first time. Its fairing, designed in a wind tunnel at University of Stuttgart, gave it a drag coefficient of 0.19. The same engine powered Herz to a 1951 world speed record, with a less efficient frame/fairing, the Delphin I. The engine used an unusual rotary supercharger related to NSU's eventual development of the Wankel engine. In the supercharger, both a trochoidal inner rotor and epitrochoidal outer rotor spun around a stationary shaft.

text:
# NSU Delphin III

The **NSU Delphin III** streamliner motorcycle set the motorcycle land speed record in 1956. Wilhelm Herz rode the machine to 211.4 miles per hour (340.2 km/h) at Bonneville Speedway in Utah, to break 200 mph (320 km/h) for the first time. Its fairing, designed in a wind tunnel at University of Stuttgart (then Stuttgart Technical College), gave it a drag coefficient of 0.19. The same engine powered Herz to a 1951 world speed record, with a less efficient frame/fairing, the *Delphin I*. The engine used an unusual rotary supercharger related to NSU's eventual development of the Wankel engine. In the supercharger, both a trochoidal inner rotor and epitrochoidal outer rotor spun around a stationary shaft.

## InfoBox

NSU Delphin III
| Delphin III in the Deutsches Museum in Munich | |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | NSU Motorenwerke |
| Also called | Dolphin III |
| Predecessor | Delphin I/II |
| Class | Streamliner |
| Engine | 499 cc, 4-cycle supercharged parallel twin |
| Top speed | 210.64 mph (338.99 km/h) |
| Power | 110 hp @ 8,500 RPM |
| Dimensions | L: 3.7 m (12 ft)
H: 1.1 m (43 in)
 |


title: NIF3L1

abstract: NIF3-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NIF3L1 gene.

text:
# NIF3L1

**NIF3-like protein 1** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *NIF3L1* gene.

## Interactions

NIF3L1 has been shown to interact with COPS2.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| NIF3L1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | NIF3L1, ALS2CR1, CALS-7, MDS015, NGG1 interacting factor 3 like 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 605778; MGI: 1929485; HomoloGene: 5881; GeneCards: NIF3L1; OMA:NIF3L1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)      NM\_022988   RefSeq (protein)      NP\_075364   Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 200.89 – 200.9 Mb Chr 1: 58.48 – 58.52 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Guðmundur Þór Kárason

abstract: Guðmundur Þór Kárason is an Icelandic puppet designer and puppeteer who is best known for his work on LazyTown, in which he portrayed the character Ziggy.

text:
# Guðmundur Þór Kárason

**Guðmundur Þór Kárason** (born 14 June 1974) is an Icelandic puppet designer and puppeteer who is best known for his work on *LazyTown*, in which he portrayed the character Ziggy.

## Early life

Guðmundur Þór Kárason was born on 14 June 1974 in Reykjavík, Iceland, to director Kári H. Þórsson and visual artist Jenný E. Guðmundsdóttir.

## Career

In 1994, he founded Wit Puppets in Iceland, working on commercials, theater and television programs. Guðmundur's involvement in Wit Puppets ranges from character development, construction and performing some of the puppets himself.

In 1998, Kárason joined Lazy Shows, performing and consulting on the show as well as designing visuals for the company.

Starting in 2004, Kárason was one of the founders of LTS Garðbær Studios (also known as LazyTown Entertainment), puppet performer and voice of Ziggy in *LazyTown*. In 2010, he was a photographer for the Eurovision Song Contest. In 2011, he was the director and producer for the postcards of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in the Armenian capital Yerevan.

```
  Official [archived] website
```

## InfoBox

| Guðmundur Þór Kárason | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Gùðmundur Þór Kárason
(1974-06-14) 14 June 1974
Reykjavík, Iceland |
| Other names | Gudmundur Thor Karason |
| Occupations | * Puppeteer * puppet designer |
| Years active | 1994–present |


title: WYHB-CD

abstract: WYHB-CD, virtual channel 39, is a low-power television station licensed to serve Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by Innovate Corp.

text:
# WYHB-CD

**WYHB-CD**, virtual channel 39 (UHF digital channel 25), is a low-power television station licensed to serve Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by Innovate Corp.

## History

The station’s construction permit was issued on March 16, 2007, under the callsign of **WYHB-LD**. It moved to **WYHB-CD** on April 23, 2012, then to **WHUA-CD** on December 13, 2018, and the current callsign of **WYHB-CD** on December 14, 2018.

## Digital channels

The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

| Channel | Video | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 39.1 | 480i | 16:9 | WYHB-CD | The 365 |
| 39.2 | | | | Outlaw |
| 39.3 | | 4:3 | | getTV |
| 39.4 | | Start TV | |
| 39.5 | | Shop LC | |
| 39.6 | | 16:9 | | Cozi TV |
|| |

## InfoBox

WYHB-CD
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Chattanooga, Tennessee |
| Channels |  |
| Programming | |
| Subchannels | (see below) |
| Affiliations | Defy TV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| Founded | 2007 |
| First air date | March 16, 2007 (2007-03-16) |
| Former call signs | WYHB-LD (2007-2012)
WYHB-CD (2012-December 13, 2018)
WHUA-CD (December 13–14, 2018) |
| Former channel number(s) | **Digital:**
44 (UHF, 2010-2020) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 167588 |
| ERP | 7.5 kW |
| HAAT | 393 ft (120 m) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 35°12′36″N 85°16′42.3″W / 35.21000°N 85.278417°W / 35.21000; -85.278417 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |