title: West Nile Cup

abstract: West Nile Cup is the annual football tournament contested by the political districts in the West Nile sub-region of Uganda. The tournament was started in 2012 by Lawrence Mulindwa, a year before he ceased to be the president of the Federation of Uganda Football Associations, Uganda's football-governing body. The first edition was hosted by Arua and it was organised to bring West Nile together. The other mission is to identify talent for inter-region tournaments like Airtel Under 17, which can also be a backup wellspring for the Uganda Cranes, the nickname for the national team.

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# West Nile Cup

**West Nile Cup** is the annual football tournament contested by the political districts in the West Nile sub-region of Uganda. The tournament was started in 2012 by Lawrence Mulindwa, a year before he ceased to be the president of the Federation of Uganda Football Associations, Uganda's football-governing body. The first edition was hosted by Arua and it was organised to bring West Nile together. The other mission is to identify talent for inter-region tournaments like Airtel Under 17, which can also be a backup wellspring for the Uganda Cranes, the nickname for the national team.

## Organisation

It is the brainchild and legacy of Lawrence Mulindwa and is open to any West Niler from the eight political districts in West Nile. The champion district emerges after a number of selective games leading to a two-team final.

## 2014 edition

The 2014 invitations were given to each district and announcements delivered via Nile FM. Meanwhile, Radio Pacis Saturday Sports Show presenter Sam Anecho provided analytical reviews and hosted participants. The next tournament was scheduled to take place in Koboko.

Moyo hosted the third edition of the cup in February, and it was won by Koboko who beat Yumbe, their neighbours on the eastern side, through a penalty shootout in the finals. Koboko received UGX:1.5 million as prize money. The runners-up who won UGX:1 million had knocked out Arua in the semis. Other teams that participated included Adjumani in fourth place, who earned UGX:300,000 and the hosts Moyo. Three other teams were expected to take part but Maracha District was still under the Arua District Football Association, Nebbi District turned down the invitation again due to costs plus distance (apparently), and Zombo District was also still under Nebbi's Football Association.

## 2015 edition

Hosted by Koboko in the first week of February, it was won by Adjumani who edged tournament favourites Arua 4-1 on penalties after a 1-1 draw in the final on Wednesday 4 February 2015 at St. Charles Lwanga SS. The 2nd Runners-up Zombo District, who bagged 750,000 UgX, beat Yumbe 2-0 in the third place playoff. Edama Sabir with 6 goals was the Top Scorer, the Best Player was De Guzman Durman (Koboko), Best Goal Keeper was Henry Madrama (Adjumani), Fair Play went to Koboko, while the Best Referee was Atiku Rahman from Koboko. This was the first time all the eight existing political districts in West Nile took part - Koboko, Yumbe, Moyo, Adjumani, Arua, Zombo, Nebbi and newcomers Maracha. Lawrence Mulindwa, as well as Brigadier Dick Olum offered 5 Million each to sponsor the fourth edition of the tournament. The winner won 1.5 Million, Runner-up got 1 Million while fourth-placed team received 500,000 UgX.

## 2016 edition

After a goalless draw in the February 2016 final, Arua edged Nebbi 4-2 in the post-match penalty shootout. In the semis, Arua beat Yumbe 3-0 while Nebbi overcame Koboko by just one goal.


title: Nína Björk Árnadóttir

abstract: Nína Björk Árnadóttir was an Icelandic playwright, poet, and novelist.

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# Nína Björk Árnadóttir

**Nína Björk Árnadóttir** (7 June 1941 – 16 April 2000) was an Icelandic playwright, poet, and novelist.

## Life

She graduated from Reykjavík Theatre Company Actors Training School in 1965. She studied at University of Copenhagen. In 1989, she was Reykjavík City poet.

## Works

* *Ævintyrabokin um Alfreð Floka*, Forlagið, 1992, ISBN 978-9979-53-196-8
* *Engill i snjonum*, Iðunn, 1994, ISBN 978-9979-1-0253-3
* *Þriðja astin*, Iðunn, 1995, ISBN 978-9979-1-0275-5
* *Alla leið hingað*, Iðunn, 1996, ISBN 978-9979-1-0296-0


title: Nína Sæmundsson

abstract: Nína Sæmundsson or Nina Saemundsson, born as Jónína Sæmundsdóttir was an Icelandic artist, known for her sculptures and paintings. She was active between the 1920s until the 1960s in Los Angeles, New York City, and Iceland. She worked as a New Deal artist within the Federal Art Project in the 1930s.

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# Nína Sæmundsson

**Nína Sæmundsson** or **Nina Saemundsson**, born as **Jónína Sæmundsdóttir** (22 August 1892 – 29 January 1965) was an Icelandic artist, known for her sculptures and paintings. She was active between the 1920s until the 1960s in Los Angeles, New York City, and Iceland. She worked as a New Deal artist within the Federal Art Project in the 1930s.

## About

Jónína Sæmundsdóttir was born 22 August 1892 in the Fljótshlíð region in South Iceland, near Hvolsvöllur. She was raised on the farm *Nikulásarhús*, but the family moved to the city of Reykjavík when she was a teenager. Saemundsson attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Charlottenborg Palace, studying under artists Julius Schultz and Einar Ultzon-Frank. Nína was engaged to footballer Gunnar Thorsteinsson, the younger brother of the artist Muggur, from 1918 until his death from pulmonary tuberculosis in May 1921. After graduating in 1920, she traveled around Europe. Sæmundsson initially moved to New York City in 1926.

By the mid-1930s, Sæmundsson moved to the Hollywood area of Los Angeles. For many years she lived with screenwriter Polly James on Camrose Drive near the Hollywood Bowl. She taught classes at Henry Lovins' Hollywood Art Center School.

Saemundsson became popular as a portrait artist for celebrities. Actress Hedy Lamarr posed for a bust sculpture by Sæmundsson, which was displayed at the 1939 New York World's Fair with the Swedish American Art Society of the West and it won a first place award.

Sæmundsson worked as a set decorator building sculptures for the Albert Lewin film, *The Moon and Sixpence* (1942).

She spent the last years of her life painting. In 1955, she moved back to Iceland. She died 29 January 1965.

## Public art work

Sæmundsdóttir has many public art work, this list is by the ascending date.

## InfoBox

| Nína Sæmundsson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Jónína Sæmundsdóttir
(1892-08-22)22 August 1892
Fljótshlíð, Iceland |
| Died | 29 January 1965(1965-01-29) (aged 72)
Reykjavik, Iceland |
| Other names | Nina Saemundsson, Nína Sæmundsdóttir |
| Years active | 1930s–1960s |
| Known for | sculptures, paintings |


title: Nína Tryggvadóttir

abstract: Nína Tryggvadóttir was an Icelandic artist. She was one of Iceland's most important abstract expressionist artists and one of very few Icelandic female artists of her generation.

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# Nína Tryggvadóttir

**Nína Tryggvadóttir** (born **Jónína Tryggvadóttir**; March 16, 1913 – June 18, 1968) was an Icelandic artist. She was one of Iceland's most important abstract expressionist artists and one of very few Icelandic female artists of her generation.

## Early life

Nína Tryggvadóttir was born on March 16, 1913, in Seyðisfjörður. In 1920 the family moved to Reykjavík. She studied art from Ásgrímur Jónsson, a close relative on her father’s side. From 1933 to 1935 she also attended classes of Finnur Jonsson and Johann Briem. She moved to Copenhagen in 1935 where she studied art at the Royal Academy of Art. After graduating from the Academy in 1939 she spent time studying in Paris and was quite taken by the city.

## Career

In 1942 she and her fellow artist Louisa Matthíasdóttir moved to New York City to study at the Art Students League of New York and develop her art further. There she took an active part in the city’s art scene.

In 1949 she married Alfred L. Copley (alter ego: L. Alcopley). Later that year she went to Iceland for a short visit. There she was informed that she was not able to return to the United States because she was suspected of being a Communist sympathizer.

During her exile from the United States she lived in various places in Europe, Iceland being one of them. Copley joined her in Paris where they lived for a few years together with their daughter Una Dóra Copley, born 1951. During those years Nina kept making and practicing her art, exhibiting in many places and traveling through Europe. They returned to New York City in 1959 where Nína continued to work on her art and exhibiting mostly in Europe. During all her years abroad Nína kept exhibiting in Iceland and was her input very valuable to the art society in Iceland.

Mainly working in painting she also did paper collage, stained glass work, mosaic and more. She frequently based her compositions on nature where Icelandic landscape and the Nordic light played an important role.

## Death

She died on June 18, 1968, in New York.

## Legacy and recognition

In 2012, a crater on Mercury was named after Tryggvadóttir.

In May 2018, the Reykjavík City Council signed a declaration of intent between the city and couple Una Dóra Copley and Scott Jeffries to set up an art museum dedicated to Nína Tryggvadóttir. The couple donated their art collection to the city.

In 2023 her work was included in the exhibition *Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940-1970* at the Whitechapel Gallery in London.

## InfoBox

| Nína Tryggvadóttir | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Jónína Tryggvadóttir
(1913-03-16)March 16, 1913
Seyðisfjörður, Danish Iceland |
| Died | June 18, 1968(1968-06-18) (aged 55)
New York City, United States |
| Nationality | Icelandic |
| Alma mater | Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1939) |
| Movement | Abstract expressionism |
| Spouse | Alfred L. Copley |


title: Yūki Ōno

abstract: Yūki Ōno is a Japanese wrestler who most notably worked for Dragon Gate.

text:
# Yūki Ōno

**Yūki Ōno** (大野 勇樹, *Ōno Yūki*, born April 10, 1985 in Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Japan) is a Japanese wrestler who most notably worked for Dragon Gate.

## Biography

### Dragon Gate

He is the 4th graduate from the Dragon Gate dojo. He debuted in October 2005 against Don Fujii. After losing the match he was renamed **Katsuo** by Fujii. The name came from the comic strip *Sazae-san*, and his resemblance to the character Katsuo Isono.

He joined Tozawa-juku in 2006, assuming the role of their drum bearer. He reverted to his real name with the Tozawa-juku faction, but he continued to wrestle in Dragon Gate NEX as Katsuo. Like his stablemate Akira Tozawa, he became known as a troublemaker backstage, and didn't seem to catch on with fans.

In 2007, he started to gain weight, and eventually reached 102 kilograms. He became a charming fat man, wearing silver tights and boots instead of the gakuran pants worn by the rest of the Tozawa-juku unit, and it resulted in a big increase of his popularity. When it surpassed Tozawa's, it caused Tozawa to begin a similar weight gain program. They began to team together as the Metabolic Brothers within Tozawa-juku, but the team found no success. Ono was derailed by injuries, and the gimmick, despite having worked well for Ono previously, did not get over with the fans. On July 11, 2008, the team came to an end when Tozawa announced his intentions to go on a diet. He asked Ono to lose weight as well, but Ono refused and vowed to balloon up to 170 kilograms.

On August 26, Yuki Ono asked for – and was granted – a release from his contract with Dragon Gate. However, it was all a ruse, for he immediately returned the next day as the heel "Cyber Kongcito", a miniature version of Cyber Kong, and joined Real Hazard. His identity was technically secret, but his voice and weight gave him away. The new gimmick did not improve his standing in the federation, and he was sparingly used. On December 21, he interfered in a Mask vs. Hair match between Cyber Kong and Naoki Tanisaki, and his attempt to aid Cyber Kong backfired, resulting in him being pinned. Real Hazard came out to protest the result, but Cyber Kong said he would own up to the mask stipulation – except that it would be Kongcito's mask, not his. Kongcito was unmasked, beaten up, and kicked out of the group.

His last appearance in wrestling was on the December 22, 2008 NEX card. Wrestling under his old Katsuo gimmick, he lost to m.c.KZ. This makes him the first wrestler trained at the Dragon Gate dojo to leave the promotion.

### Post Dragon Gate

As of October 2011, Ono is working in Okinawa Pro Wrestling under the gimmick Ultra Mango.

## Championships and accomplishments

* **Okinawa Pro Wrestling**
    + MWF World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kijimuna

## InfoBox

| Yūki Ōno | |
| --- | --- |
| December 2013 | |
| Born | (1985-10-04) October 4, 1985
Hakodate, Hokkaidō |
| Professional wrestling career | |
| Ring name(s) | Cyber Kongcito
Katsuo
Ultra Mango
**Yūki Ōno** |
| Billed height | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Billed weight | 100 kg (220 lb) |
| Trained by | Yoshiyuki Saito |
| Debut | October 5, 2005 |


title: Nuclear weapons delivery

abstract: Nuclear weapons delivery is the technology and systems used to place a nuclear weapon at the position of detonation, on or near its target. Several methods have been developed to carry out this task. Strategic nuclear weapons are used primarily as part of a doctrine of deterrence by threatening large targets, such as cities. Weapons meant for use in limited military maneuvers such as destroying specific military, communications, or infrastructure targets, are known as tactical nuclear weapons. In terms of explosive yields, nowadays the former have much larger yield than the latter, even though it is not a rule. The bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 were weaker than many of today's tactical weapons, yet they achieved the desired effect when used strategically.

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# Nuclear weapons delivery

**Nuclear weapons delivery** is the technology and systems used to place a nuclear weapon at the position of detonation, on or near its target. Several methods have been developed to carry out this task.

Strategic nuclear weapons are used primarily as part of a doctrine of deterrence by threatening large targets, such as cities. Weapons meant for use in limited military maneuvers such as destroying specific military, communications, or infrastructure targets, are known as tactical nuclear weapons. In terms of explosive yields, nowadays the former have much larger yield than the latter, even though it is not a rule. The bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 (with TNT equivalents between 15 and 22 kilotons) were weaker than many of today's tactical weapons, yet they achieved the desired effect when used strategically.

## Nuclear triad

A **nuclear triad** refers to a strategic nuclear arsenal which consists of three components, traditionally strategic bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). The purpose of having a three-branched nuclear capability is to significantly reduce the possibility that an enemy could destroy all of a nation's nuclear forces in a first-strike attack; this, in turn, ensures a credible threat of a second strike, and thus increases a nation's nuclear deterrence.

## Main delivery mechanisms

### Gravity bomb

Historically the first method of nuclear weapons delivery, and the method used in the twin instances of nuclear warfare in history, was a gravity bomb dropped by a plane. In the years leading up to the development and deployment of nuclear-armed missiles, nuclear bombs represented the most practical means of nuclear weapons delivery; even today, and especially with the decommissioning of nuclear missiles, aerial bombing remains the primary means of offensive nuclear weapons delivery, and the majority of US nuclear warheads are represented in bombs, although some are in the form of missiles.

Gravity bombs are designed to be dropped from planes, which requires that the weapon be able to withstand vibrations and changes in air temperature and pressure during the course of a flight. Early weapons often had a removable core for safety, known as in flight insertion (IFI) cores, being inserted or assembled by the air crew during flight. They had to meet safety conditions, to prevent accidental detonation or dropping. A variety of types also had to have a fuse to initiate detonation. US nuclear weapons that met these criteria are designated by the letter "B" followed, without a hyphen, by the sequential number of the "physics package" it contains. The "B61", for example, was the primary bomb in the US arsenal for decades.

Various air-dropping techniques exist, including toss bombing, parachute-retarded delivery, and laydown modes, intended to give the dropping aircraft time to escape the ensuing blast.

The earliest gravity nuclear bombs (Little Boy and Fat Man) of the United States could only be carried, during the era of their creation, by the special *Silverplate* limited production (65 airframes by 1947) version of the B-29 Superfortress. The next generation of weapons were still so big and heavy that they could only be carried by bombers such as the six/ten-engined, seventy-meter wingspan B-36 Peacemaker, the eight jet-engined B-52 Stratofortress, and jet-powered British RAF V bombers, but by the mid-1950s smaller weapons had been developed that could be carried and deployed by fighter-bombers. Modern nuclear gravity bombs are so small that they can be carried by (relatively) small multirole fighter aircraft, such as the single-engined F-16 and F-35.

### Cruise missile

A cruise missile is a jet- or rocket-propelled missile that flies aerodynamically at low altitude using an automated guidance system (usually inertial navigation, sometimes supplemented by either GPS or mid-course updates from friendly forces) to make them harder to detect or intercept. Cruise missiles can carry a nuclear warhead. They have a shorter range and smaller payloads than ballistic missiles, so their warheads are smaller and less powerful.

The AGM-86 ALCM is the US Air Force's current nuclear-armed air-launched cruise missile. The ALCM is only carried on the B-52 Stratofortress which can carry 20 missiles. Thus the cruise missiles themselves can be compared with MIRV warheads. The BGM/UGM-109 Tomahawk submarine-launched cruise missile is capable of carrying nuclear warheads, but all nuclear warheads were removed following the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

Cruise missiles may also be launched from mobile launchers on the ground, and from naval ships.

There is no letter change in the US arsenal to distinguish the warheads of cruise missiles from those for ballistic missiles.

Cruise missiles, even with their lower payload, speed, and thus readiness, have a number of advantages over ballistic missiles for the purposes of delivering nuclear strikes:

However, cruise missiles are vulnerable to typical air-defence means as they are essentially one-use unmanned aircraft; strategies such as combat flights of fighter aircraft, or an integrated air-defence system comprising both CAP and ground-based elements, such as surface-air missiles (SAM), can be used to defend against a cruise missile attack.

Prior to the development of nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missiles, the United States and the Soviet Union conducted their first at-sea deterrence patrols using modified submarines armed with very large nuclear-armed cruise missiles; The US operated various diesel-electric submarines armed with the Regulus missile, and the Soviets operated Modified *Whiskey*-class armed with the P-5 *Пятёрка*. These early nuclear-armed SSGs served for a few decades until there were enough SSBNs put in service, after which they were retired. Their spiritual successors, armed with larger amounts of more modern, smaller cruise missiles continue to serve to this day serving in a tactical strike role, although they could be rearmed with nuclear cruise-missiles if need be.

Air- or Ground-launched nuclear-armed cruise missiles (sometimes even nuclear-powered) were considered by both sides early in the Cold War, but both concluded that it was impractical with the technology of the time. Nuclear-powered aircraft were considered due to the nascent aeronautical and rocketry technology of the time, especially when considering the temperamental and inefficient nature of early jet engines, which limited the range and use cases of strategic bombers and cruise missiles. Later on in the Cold War both disciplines had advanced far enough that it was feasible to create both reliable long-ranged cruise missiles and the strategic bombers able to launch them. Another arms-race began which produced contemporary post-Cold War cruise missiles and launch systems; VLS technology also allowed for surface ships to be armed with nuclear-armed cruise missiles while concealing their true payload. In 2018, the first operational nuclear-powered strategic cruise missile, the SSC-X-9 "Skyfall" (9М730 *Буревестник*) was revealed by Russian President Vladimir Putin. It is under development and is slated to enter service sometime in the 2020s.

### Ballistic missile

Missiles using a ballistic trajectory deliver a warhead over the horizon; in the case of the most capable of these, classified as intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) (and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) if transported by submarine), they can reach distances of nearly tens of thousands of kilometers. Most ballistic missiles exit the Earth's atmosphere and re-enter it in their sub-orbital spaceflight. Ballistic missiles aren't always nuclear armed, but the conspicuous and alarming nature of their launch often precludes arming ICBMs and SLBMs, the most capable classes of ballistic missiles, with conventional warheads.

Placement of nuclear missiles on the low Earth orbit has been banned by the Outer Space Treaty as early as 1967. Also, the eventual Soviet Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) that served a similar purpose—it was just deliberately designed to deorbit before completing a full circle—was phased out in January 1983 in compliance with the SALT II treaty.

An ICBM is more than 20 times as fast as a bomber and more than 10 times as fast as a fighter plane, and also flying at a much higher altitude, and therefore more difficult to defend against. ICBMs can also be fired quickly in the event of a surprise attack.

Early ballistic missiles carried a single warhead, often of megaton-range yield. Because of the limited accuracy of the missiles, this kind of high yield was considered necessary in order to ensure a particular target's destruction. Since the 1970s modern ballistic weapons have seen the development of far more accurate targeting technologies, particularly due to improvements in inertial guidance systems. This set the stage for smaller warheads in the hundreds-of-kilotons-range yield, and consequently for ICBMs having multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRV). Advances in technology have enabled a single missile to launch a payload containing several warheads; the number of which depended on the missile's and payload bus' design. MIRVs has a number of advantages over a missile with a single warhead. With few additional costs, it allows a single missile to strike multiple targets, or to inflict maximum damage on a single target by attacking it with multiple warheads. It makes anti-ballistic missile defense even more difficult, and even less economically viable, than before.

Missile warheads in the American arsenal are indicated by the letter "W"; for example, the W61 missile warhead would have the same physics package as the B61 gravity bomb described above, but it would have different environmental requirements, and different safety requirements since it would not be crew-tended after launch and remain atop a missile for a great length of time.

While the first modern ballistic missile designed is the basis of contemporary rocket- and missilery, it never carried a nuclear warhead. The first ICBM ever designed was the Soviet R-7.

The first SLBM-carrying submarine was also Soviet; the prototype Modified *Zulu*-class and the mass-produced *Golf*-class ballistic missile submarines carried their SLBMs in their sails, but these pioneering designs had to surface to launch their ballistic missiles. The Americans responded with the first "modern design" of ballistic missile subs; the *George Washington*-class, which launched the Polaris SLBM. The subsequent arms-race culminated in some of the largest submarines ever designed; the Trident-armed 170 meter long *Ohio*-class submarine armed with 24 x 8 MIRV Trident missiles, and the battlecruiser-sized 48,000 tonne Project 941 *Акула*, the *Typhoon*-class submarine, armed with 20 R-39s with 10 MIRVs each. After the Cold War, SSBN and subsequently SLBM development have slowed, but nascent nuclear powers are building novel classes of SSB(N)s, while the established powers, all members of the United Nations Security Council, are plotting the next-generation of nuclear-powered nuclear-armed ballistic missile submarines.

Hypersonically-Gliding Warheads are a novel form of warhead to arm ballistic missiles. These maneuverable devices threaten to obsolate current forms of ABM defences, thus various nascent and established nuclear powers are racing to field examples of such systems.

### Other delivery systems

Other delivery methods included nuclear artillery shells, mines such as the Medium Atomic Demolition Munition and the novel Blue Peacock, nuclear depth bombs, and nuclear torpedoes. An 'Atomic Bazooka' was also fielded, designed to be used against large formations of tanks.

In the 1950s the US developed small nuclear warheads for air defense use, such as the Nike Hercules. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the United States and Canada fielded a low-yield nuclear armed air-to-air rocket, the AIR-2 Genie. Further developments of this concept, some with much larger warheads, led to the early anti-ballistic missiles. The United States have largely taken nuclear air-defense weapons out of service with the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. Russia updated its nuclear armed Soviet era anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system, known as the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system in 1995. It is believed that the, in development successor to the nuclear A-135, the A-235 Samolet-M, will dispense with nuclear interception warheads and instead rely on a conventional *hit-to-kill* capability to destroy its target.

Small, two-man portable tactical weapons (erroneously referred to as suitcase bombs), such as the Special Atomic Demolition Munition, have been developed, although the difficulty to combine sufficient yield with portability limits their military utility.

## Costs

According to an audit by the Brookings Institution, between 1940 and 1996, the US spent $11.3 trillion in present-day terms on nuclear weapons programs. 57 percent of which was spent on building delivery mechanisms for nuclear weapons. 6.3 percent of the total, $709 billion in present-day terms, was spent on weapon nuclear waste management, for example, cleaning up the Hanford site with environmental remediation, and 7 percent of the total, $795 billion was spent on the manufacturing of nuclear weapons themselves.

### Technology spin-offs

Strictly speaking however not all this 57 percent was spent solely on "weapons programs" delivery systems.

#### Launch vehicles

For example, two such delivery mechanisms, the Atlas ICBM and Titan II, were re-purposed as human launch vehicles for human spaceflight, both were used in the civilian Project Mercury and Project Gemini programs respectively, which are regarded as stepping stones in the evolution of US human spaceflight. The Atlas vehicle sent John Glenn, the first American into orbit. Similarly in the Soviet Union it was the R-7 ICBM/launch vehicle that placed the first artificial satellite in space, Sputnik, on 4 October 1957, and the first human spaceflight in history was accomplished on a derivative of the R-7, the Vostok, on 12 April 1961, by cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. A modernized version of the R-7 is still in use as the launch vehicle for the Russian Federation, in the form of the Soyuz spacecraft.

#### Weather satellites

The first true weather satellite, the TIROS-1 was launched on the Thor-Able launch vehicle in April 1960. The PGM-17 Thor was the first operational IRBM (intermediate ballistic missile) deployed by the US Air Force (USAF). The Soviet Union's first fully operational weather satellite, the Meteor 1 was launched on 26 March 1969 on the Vostok rocket, a derivative of the R-7 ICBM.

#### Lubricants

WD-40 was first used by Convair to protect the outer skin, and more importantly, the paper thin "balloon tanks" of the Atlas missile from rust and corrosion. These stainless steel fuel tanks were so thin that, when empty, they had to be kept inflated with nitrogen gas to prevent their collapse.

#### Thermal isolation

In 1953, Dr. S. Donald Stookey of the Corning Research and Development Division invented Pyroceram, a white glass-ceramic material capable of withstanding a thermal shock (sudden temperature change) of up to 450 °C (840 °F). It evolved from materials originally developed for a US ballistic missile program, and Stookey's research involved heat-resistant material for nose cones.

#### Satellite assisted positioning

Precise navigation would enable United States submarines to get an accurate fix of their positions before they launched their SLBMs, this spurred development of triangulation methods that ultimately culminated in GPS. The motivation for having accurate launch position fixes, and missile velocities, is twofold. It results in a tighter target impact circular error probable and therefore by extension, reduces the need for the earlier generation of heavy multi-megaton nuclear warheads, such as the W53 to ensure the target is destroyed. With increased target accuracy, a greater number of lighter, multi-kiloton range warheads can be packed on a given missile, giving a higher number of separate targets that can be hit per missile.

#### Global positioning system

During a Labor Day weekend in 1973, a meeting of about twelve military officers at the Pentagon discussed the creation of a *Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS)*. It was at this meeting that "the real synthesis that became GPS was created." Later that year, the DNSS program was named *Navstar*, or Navigation System Using Timing and Ranging.

During the development of the submarine-launched Polaris missile, a requirement to accurately know the submarine's location was needed to ensure a high circular error probable warhead target accuracy. This led the US to develop the Transit system. In 1959, ARPA (renamed DARPA in 1972) also played a role in Transit.

The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the US Navy developed the Timation satellite that proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology required by the latter Global Positioning System. In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio navigation system. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy.

While there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost none of those was seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would cost in research, development, deployment, and operation for a constellation of navigation satellites. During the Cold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded. The nuclear triad consisted of the United States Navy's submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) along with United States Air Force (USAF) strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Considered vital to the nuclear-deterrence posture, accurate determination of the SLBM launch position was a force multiplier.

Precise navigation would enable United States submarines to get an accurate fix of their positions before they launched their SLBMs. The USAF, with two-thirds of the nuclear triad, also had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system. The Navy and Air Force were developing their own technologies in parallel to solve what was essentially the same problem. To increase the survivability of ICBMs, there was a proposal to use mobile launch platforms (such as Russian SS-24 and SS-25) and so the need to fix the launch position had similarity to the SLBM situation.

In 1960, the Air Force proposed a radio-navigation system called MOSAIC (MObile System for Accurate ICBM Control) that was essentially a 3-D LORAN. A follow-on study, Project 57, was worked in 1963 and it was "in this study that the GPS concept was born". That same year, the concept was pursued as Project 621B, which had "many of the attributes that you now see in GPS" and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs. Updates from the Navy Transit system were too slow for the high speeds of Air Force operation. The Navy Research Laboratory continued advancements with their Timation (Time Navigation) satellites, first launched in 1967, and with the third one in 1974 carrying the first atomic clock into orbit.

Another important predecessor to GPS came from a different branch of the United States military. In 1964, the United States Army orbited its first Sequential Collation of Range (SECOR) satellite used for geodetic surveying. The SECOR system included three ground-based transmitters from known locations that would send signals to the satellite transponder in orbit. A fourth ground-based station, at an undetermined position, could then use those signals to fix its location precisely. The last SECOR satellite was launched in 1969. Decades later, during the early years of GPS, civilian surveying became one of the first fields to make use of the new technology, because surveyors could reap benefits of signals from the less-than-complete GPS constellation years before it was declared operational. GPS can be thought of as an evolution of the SECOR system where the ground-based transmitters have been migrated into orbit.


title: Nugra Salman

abstract: Nugra Salman, also known as Nugrat al-Salman or Nigrat Salman is a former prison facility near the village Salman in the desert of the Muthanna Governorate in Iraq. It has been constructed in 1930 during the Hashemite Monarchy and later also by the Governments of Abd al-Karim Qasim and Saddam Hussein.

text:
# Nugra Salman

**Nugra Salman** , also known as Nugrat al-Salman or Nigrat Salman is a former prison facility near the village Salman in the desert of the Muthanna Governorate in Iraq. It has been constructed in 1930 during the Hashemite Monarchy and later also by the Governments of Abd al-Karim Qasim and Saddam Hussein.

## Description

Constructed in 1930, it is located near the Iraqi Saudi Arabian border beside the village Salman in the Muthanna Governorate. About 1.5 kilometer beside the village is Nugra Salman, with a watchtower in each corner. It lies within a depression in the southern desert of Iraq. At times the prison was not in use and villagers have kept their cattle in the building.

## History

It was used for the imprisonment of political prisoners and in 1964, the people of Samawah gained popular fame for rescuing over 1,000 political prisoners of the Iraqi Communist Party who were sent in a "Train of Death" (*qutar al maut*) in metal cargo rolling stock from Baghdad to Samawah en route to the Nigret Al Salman prison in 50 °C (122 °F) heat. The train was attacked by the city's people at the railway station, and the dehydrated prisoners were watered and fed. Over 100 of the prisoners had already perished.

During the persecution of the Feyli Kurds by the Government of Saddam Hussein, Kurdish men considered of being able to fight, were also secluded in the prison if they were not deported to Iran. In 1982, after a failed assassination attempt on Saddam Hussein in Dujail, dozens of its inhabitants were imprisoned in the prison facility.. In the early eighties it was abandoned for some years before a new prison was built in the late 1980s.

During the Anfal campaign directed at Kurds, thousands of prisoners were sent to Nugra Salman, and Human Rights Watch (HRW) estimates that the prison population was between 6'000 and 8'000.

The first group consisted of elderly between 50 and 90 years of age and arrived in early April transported in a caravan of sealed buses coming from detention camps the north of Iraq. In May, another group of elderly from the region around the Lesser Zab arrived. In the summer months, groups of women arrived together with their children coming from Dibs, the women detention camp. In August 1988, a hundreds of prisoners arrived from Halabja, who having returned from Iran, were sent to Nugra Salman. The group of Halabja included, people of all ages, men, women and children.

In September the Government of Iraq announced an Amnesty after which Nugra Salmans inmates were released, but in most cases not allowed to return to their villages and interned in camps under military rule until 1991, when the Kurdistan region achieved autonomy. The prison was in use until 2003, when it was abandoned.

1. "Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugees in Iran" (PDF). *International Federation for Human Rights*. January 2003. p. 25.
2. "Saddam genocide trial continues". *Al Jazeera*. 9 October 2006. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
3. Black, George; Staff, Middle East Watch; Watch (Organization), Middle East (1993). *Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds*. Human Rights Watch. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-56432-108-4.
4. Mlodoch, Karin. *The limits of Trauma discourse, Women Anfal survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq*. Berlin: Zentrum Moderner Orient, Klaus Schwarz Verlag. p. 172.
5. Black, George, (1993), p.228
6. Sissakian, Varoujan K. (January 2020). "Origins and Utilizations of the Main Natural Depressions in Iraq". *ResearchGate*. p. 23–24.
7. "Faili kurds". *Minority Rights Group*. 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
8. "Das Massaker von Dudschail". *Der Tagesspiegel Online* (in German). 2005-10-19. ISSN 1865-2263. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
9. Black, George, (1993), p. 226–227
10. Mlodoch, Karin (2012). ""We Want to be Remembered as Strong Women, Not as Shepherds": Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq Struggling for Agency and Acknowledgement". *Journal of Middle East Women's Studies*. **8** (1): 65. doi:10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.1.63. ISSN 1552-5864. JSTOR 10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.1.63. S2CID 145055297.


title: Nya tider

abstract: Nya tider is a Swedish soap opera which was broadcast on TV4. It began after Skilda världar became a one-episode-a-week show. The show premiered in 1999 and got good ratings the first season, but they soon dropped. Broadcast was moved to just being an episode a week on Sundays, but this did not increase viewership; Nya tider never enjoyed the same viewership as Skilda världar. It was cancelled in 2006. The show's cast included Rebecca Ferguson as Anna Gripenhielm (1999–2001). In 2000 TV4 ran the reality show Jakten på Billie Jo to pick an actress to play the new villain, Billie Jo. American Alexandra Sapot won the role.

text:
# Nya tider

***Nya tider*** (lit.'*New Times*') is a Swedish soap opera which was broadcast on TV4. It began after *Skilda världar* became a one-episode-a-week show. The show premiered in 1999 and got good ratings the first season, but they soon dropped. Broadcast was moved to just being an episode a week on Sundays, but this did not increase viewership; *Nya tider* never enjoyed the same viewership as *Skilda världar*. It was cancelled in 2006.

The show's cast included Rebecca Ferguson as Anna Gripenhielm (1999–2001).

In 2000 TV4 ran the reality show *Jakten på Billie Jo* to pick an actress to play the new villain, Billie Jo. American Alexandra Sapot won the role.

## InfoBox

| *Nya tider* | |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | Sweden |
| Original language | Swedish |
| Original release | |
| Network | TV4 |
| Release | 30 August 1999 (1999-08-30) <br>2 April 2006 (2006-04-02) |


title: Nya Wermlands-Tidningen

abstract: Nya Wermlands-Tidningen, shortened NWT, is a Swedish local newspaper distributed in the provinces of Värmland, Dalsland and western Dalarna.

text:
# Nya Wermlands-Tidningen

***Nya Wermlands-Tidningen*** (meaning "The New Värmland Newspaper" in English), shortened ***NWT***, is a Swedish local newspaper distributed in the provinces of Värmland, Dalsland and western Dalarna.

## History and profile

The newspaper was founded as *Wermlands Tidning* (meaning "Newspaper of Värmland" in English) in Karlstad, Värmland, where it still has its headquarters. The first issue of the newspaper was published on 4 January 1837. While other newspapers already existed in the province, *Wermlands Tidning* quickly became the most printed. The word "New" was added because the newspaper was banned in 1842 because of Indragningsmakten, the right of the government to before 1844 ban the publication of a newspaper, which was circumvented by a restart with a slight name change.

On 2 May 2005, the format of the newspaper was changed from broadsheet to compact.

On 3 April 2007, the political position of the editorial page was changed from "moderate" (liberal-conservative) to "conservative", in what the newspaper stated was an attempt to mark its independence from any political parties (i.e. the Swedish Moderate Party). It's the only Swedish newspaper with the label "conservative".

## InfoBox

*Nya Wermlands-Tidningen*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Format | Compact |
| Owner(s) | Nya Wermlands-Tidningens AB |
| Editor-in-chief | Staffan Ander |
| Founded | 4 January 1837 (4 January 1837) |
| Political alignment | Conservative |
| Language | Swedish |
| Headquarters | Karlstad, Sweden |
| ISSN | 1103-985X |
| Website | www.nwt.se |


title: Steven Paas

abstract: Steven Paas is a Dutch missionary, theologian, church historian, and lexicographer. Paas graduated from the Koninklijke Militaire Academie in 1965 and served as a commissioned officer in the Royal Netherlands Army. He later obtained an MTh from the University of Amsterdam and a PhD from the Theological University of Apeldoorn. From 1997 to 2007 he taught at Zomba Theological College and served as a minister of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian. Paas is the author of the Oxford Chichewa-English and English-Chichewa Dictionary. He is the father of missiologist Stefan Paas.

text:
# Steven Paas

**Steven Paas** (born 1942) is a Dutch missionary, theologian, church historian, and lexicographer.

Paas graduated from the Koninklijke Militaire Academie in 1965 and served as a commissioned officer in the Royal Netherlands Army. He later obtained an MTh from the University of Amsterdam and a PhD from the Theological University of Apeldoorn. From 1997 to 2007 he taught at Zomba Theological College and served as a minister of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian.

Paas is the author of the Oxford Chichewa-English and English-Chichewa Dictionary. He is the father of missiologist Stefan Paas.


title: Steven P. Schook

abstract: Steven P. Schook is a retired United States Army brigadier general and former United Nations diplomat.

text:
# Steven P. Schook

**Steven P. Schook** (born 1953) is a retired United States Army brigadier general and former United Nations diplomat.

## Military career

Schook was born and raised in Mount Clemens, Michigan. He graduated from the United States Military Academy as a Regular Army Infantry officer. After several assignments as an operations and executive officer, he assumed command of the 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division. Upon graduation from the United States Naval War College, he assumed command of the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized).

From 1997 to 2002, Schook served on the Joint Staff and in the United States Army Forces Command. His general officer assignments include Chief of Staff, III Corps, and Assistant Division Commander, 1st Cavalry Division. He also served as director at the Human Resources Policy Directorate, Headquarters, Department of the Army.

From 2003 to 2004, Schook served as Chief of Staff, Kosovo Force (Main), Camp Bondsteel. In 2004, he assumed command of SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2004 and 2005, he was appointed to Commander and Senior Military Representative of NATO headquarters in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. After leaving the army as brigadier general in 2005 after 30 years of service, Schook worked as a senior vice president of New Technology Management Inc.

## Diplomatic assignments

On April 19, 2006, United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan appointed Schook the Principal Deputy Special Representative of the UN Secretary General (PDSRSG) in Kosovo. Schook succeeded Lawrence Rossin in that position and worked under SRSG Søren Jessen-Petersen and Joachim Rücker.

In 2007, Schook came under investigation by the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), in response to rumours and allegations including on aggressive behavior, and unprofessional and close relationships with Kosovan Energy Minister Ethem Çeku. According to German news magazine *Der Spiegel*, OIOS also investigated reports that Schook had disclosed the location of a man in a UN witness protection program, who had testified against Ramush Haradinaj. Schook's contract was not extended in December 2007. In January 2008, his predecessor Lawrence Rossin succeeded him as PDSRSG in Kosovo. In May 2008, Schook was cleared of all wrongdoing as OIOS concluded that there was no evidence of misconduct on his part. Schook now works in Kosovo as an advisor for Ramush Haradinaj.

## InfoBox

| Steven P. Schook | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1953 (age 7071)
Mount Clemens, Michigan |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Rank | Brigadier General |
| Commands | Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina
3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized)
2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment |
| Awards | Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (3)
Gold Cross of Honour of the Bundeswehr (Germany) |
| Other work | Technology executive
Principal Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Kosovo |


title: The Advisory Circle

abstract: The Advisory Circle is an alias of English electronic musician Cate Brooks along with King of Woolworths. Her releases as The Advisory Circle are on the Ghost Box Music label. The Advisory Circle's first release was Mind How You Go, issued as a 3" CD in 2005. An extensive feature in The Wire magazine explored Brooks' fascination with public information films from the 1970s. They describe their sound as "Everything's fine, but there is something not quite right about it." Cate Brooks also releases music, under her own name and a variety of alter-egos, with similar musical influences, emotional atmospheres, and conceptual themes to The Advisory Circle material, through the Clay Pipe Music label, own label Café Kaput, and the band The Pattern Forms.

text:
# The Advisory Circle

**The Advisory Circle** is an alias of English electronic musician Cate Brooks (formerly known as **Jon Brooks**) along with King of Woolworths. Her releases as The Advisory Circle are on the Ghost Box Music label.

The Advisory Circle's first release was *Mind How You Go*, issued as a 3" CD in 2005.

An extensive feature in *The Wire* magazine explored Brooks' fascination with public information films from the 1970s. They describe their sound as "Everything's fine, but there is something not quite right about it."

Cate Brooks also releases music, under her own name and a variety of alter-egos, with similar musical influences (such as soundtrack music and library music), emotional atmospheres, and conceptual themes to The Advisory Circle material, through the Clay Pipe Music label, own label Café Kaput, and the band The Pattern Forms (in collaboration with Ed Macfarlane and Edd Gibson of Friendly Fires).

## Discography

As The Advisory Circle:

As D. D. Denham:

* 2010 *Electronic Music in the Classroom*

As King Of Woolworths:

## InfoBox

| The Advisory Circle | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Cate Brooks
King of Woolworths
Georges Vert
Clesse
D.D. Denham |
| Origin | England |
| Genres | Ambient
Library Music
Musique Concrete
Hauntology |
| Occupation(s) | Music Producer
Composer |
| Years active | 2001  2004 (as King Of Woolworths) * 2005  present (as The Advisory Circle)  2012  2020 (as Jon Brooks)
2021  present (as Cate Brooks) |
| Labels | Ghost Box Music
Clay Pipe Music
Cafe Kaput |
|  | |
| Website | Ghost Box Music |


title: Fort Stephenson

abstract: Fort Stephenson was built in the early 1800s on the west side of the lower Sandusky River. It was the site in 1813 of an American victory in the Battle of Fort Stephenson during the War of 1812. The town that later developed here was first named by settlers as "Lower Sandusky", as it was located near the falls of the lower river; it was renamed as Fremont, Ohio. It developed around the fort and a historic Wyandot village known as Junquindundeh.

text:
# Fort Stephenson

**Fort Stephenson** (first known as "Fort Sandusky") was built in the early 1800s on the west side of the lower Sandusky River. It was the site in 1813 of an American victory in the Battle of Fort Stephenson during the War of 1812.

The town that later developed here was first named by settlers as "Lower Sandusky", as it was located near the falls of the lower river; it was renamed as Fremont, Ohio. It developed around the fort and a historic Wyandot village known as *Junquindundeh*.

## History

The historic Wyandot village known as *Junquindundeh* developed at the falls of the Lower Sandusky River.

Later European-American colonists also settled here, as ships could not navigate above this point. Fort Stephenson, first called Fort Sandusky, was constructed here in the early 1800s. It had two blockhouses connected by a palisade stockade of vertical logs. Another blockhouse was located within the fort. It was intended to protect the Lower Sandusky and a nearby supply depot during the War of 1812 with Great Britain. The United States expected attacks from along Lake Erie and Canada. In 1812 US Major George Croghan was assigned as commandant of a garrison of about 150-160 men.

### Battle of Fort Stephenson

On August 1, 1813, a mixed force of British soldiers and allied Native American warriors, said to number 1500 to 2000, led an assault on Fort Stephenson. Over the course of two days, the severely outnumbered garrison of about 160 men, under the leadership of Major George Croghan, repelled all probes by strategically using their marksmanship and a single cannon, dubbed "Old Betsy." The British forces returned the next day but were again unsuccessful in breaching the fort. The British general did not want to lay siege and withdrew his forces to Canada.

### Legacy

After the US army withdrew from the fort, it deteriorated, and settlers helped themselves to the wood. By the late 19th century, there was little left but the stone retaining walls and Old Betsy.

The city and state established what is now Fort Stephenson State Park on the site of the former fort to preserve its remains and commemorate the victory of the Battle of Fort Stephenson. The cannon known as "Old Betsy" is chained off overlooking the northern approach to the site. The main branch of Birchard Public Library was constructed in the Park in 1878, according to the terms of the bequest by Sardis Birchard that endowed the facility. This library serves all of Sandusky County.

The city established recognition and celebration of Major Croghan by designating a "Croghan's Day". The Sandusky County Soldiers Monument was unveiled in the Park on "Croghan's Day", 1885. Former President Rutherford B. Hayes presided over the event.

Additional commemoration followed on Croghan's Day in 1906, when the remains of Col. George Croghan were reinterred below the soldiers' monument. (They had been transported from his family cemetery in Kentucky.) The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) had also arranged to add an historic plaque commemorating his leadership and his garrison's achievement to the Soldiers Monument. The cast bronze plaque is affixed to the pink granite stone of the monument. It reads:

> "Fort Stephenson most gallantly defended by Major George Croghan with but 160 men against 1300 British and Indians under Henry Proctor and Tecumseh on August 2, 1813 \___ This tablet erected by Col. George Croghan Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution 1903." *(Sic)*

The monument is located in front of the library's entrance on Croghan Street, which was named for the officer. He was promoted to Lt. Colonel for his success in the battle.

## Further reading

* Hurt, R. Douglas. *The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830*. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996.

41°20′46″N 83°6′55″W / 41.34611°N 83.11528°W / 41.34611; -83.11528

## InfoBox

| Fort Stephenson | |
| --- | --- |
| Fremont, Ohio | |
| Fort Stephenson | |
| Type | Fort |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | Great Britain<br>United States |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1812 |
| In use | ????-???? |


title: Eosentomon paktai

abstract: Eosentomon paktai is a species of proturan in the family Eosentomidae. It is found in Southern Asia.

text:
# Eosentomon paktai

***Eosentomon paktai*** is a species of proturan in the family Eosentomidae. It is found in Southern Asia.

## InfoBox

| *Eosentomon paktai* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Order: | Protura |
| Family: | Eosentomidae |
| Genus: | *Eosentomon* |
| Species: | ***E. paktai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eosentomon paktai***<br>Imadaté, 1965 | |
|


title: Fort de la Croix-de-Bretagne

abstract: The Fort de la Croix-de-Bretagne is a fortification in the vicinity of Briançon in the Dauphiné region of southeastern France. It was built as part of the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications in 1876–79 to defend France against invasion from Italy, at a cost of 1,416,642 francs. It overlooks the valley of the Durance from an altitude of 2,016 metres (6,614 ft) and monitors the Cervière road to Italy. The position was used by the French Army in the defense of Briançon until 1940, when it was part of the Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné. The position overlooks the earlier Fort des Têtes and, in conjunction with the Grande Maye, was planned to bar an advance from Italy over the Col de Montgenèvre in the vicinity of the Gondrans. The garrison comprised 496 men, serving seven 155 mm guns, five 138 mm guns and four mortars. Croix-de-Bretagne and the Fort de l'Infernet provided each other mutual support. Built in stone, it was never modernized to deal with explosive projectiles.

text:
# Fort de la Croix-de-Bretagne

The **Fort de la Croix-de-Bretagne** is a fortification in the vicinity of Briançon in the Dauphiné region of southeastern France. It was built as part of the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications in 1876–79 to defend France against invasion from Italy, at a cost of 1,416,642 francs. It overlooks the valley of the Durance from an altitude of 2,016 metres (6,614 ft) and monitors the Cervière road to Italy. The position was used by the French Army in the defense of Briançon until 1940, when it was part of the Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné.

The position overlooks the earlier Fort des Têtes and, in conjunction with the Grande Maye, was planned to bar an advance from Italy over the Col de Montgenèvre in the vicinity of the Gondrans. The garrison comprised 496 men, serving seven 155 mm guns, five 138 mm guns and four mortars. Croix-de-Bretagne and the Fort de l'Infernet provided each other mutual support. Built in stone, it was never modernized to deal with explosive projectiles.

## InfoBox

| Fort de la Croix-de-Bretagne | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Séré de Rivières system, Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné | |
| Briançon, France | |
|  | |
| Fort de la Croix-de-Bretagne | |
| Coordinates | 44°52′24″N 6°39′18″E / 44.87346°N 6.65487°E / 44.87346; 6.65487 |
| Type | Fort |
| Site information | |
| Owner | French Army |
| Controlled by | France |
| Condition | Abandoned |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1876 (1876) |


title: I Love You (Martina McBride song)

abstract: "I Love You" is a song by American country music artist Martina McBride. It was written by Keith Follesé, Adrienne Follesé, and Tammy Hyler along with being produced by McBride and Paul Worley. It was recorded for the soundtrack of the 1999 film Runaway Bride and was released as the lead single from McBride's sixth studio album Emotion (1999). Released originally on July 26, 1999 to country radio, it spent five weeks atop the US Hot Country Songs chart. It also became a crossover hit, peaking at number 21 on the Adult Contemporary chart and peaking at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song would later be included in her Greatest Hits package.

text:
# I Love You (Martina McBride song)

**"I Love You**" is a song by American country music artist Martina McBride. It was written by Keith Follesé, Adrienne Follesé, and Tammy Hyler along with being produced by McBride and Paul Worley. It was recorded for the soundtrack of the 1999 film *Runaway Bride* and was released as the lead single from McBride's sixth studio album *Emotion* (1999).

Released originally on July 26, 1999 to country radio, it spent five weeks atop the US Hot Country Songs chart. It also became a crossover hit, peaking at number 21 on the Adult Contemporary chart and peaking at number 24 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. The song would later be included in her *Greatest Hits* package.

## Critical reception

Deborah Evans Price of *Billboard* magazine gave a favorable review, comparing the song to Faith Hill's "This Kiss". In his retrospective series "Every No. 1 Single of the Nineties", Kevin John Coyne gave it an unfavorable review, calling it a "This Kiss" re-write "sung in a baby voice that would've made even Barbara Fairchild say, 'That's a bit much.'"

## Chart performance

"I Love You" debuted at No. 43 on the US *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of July 31, 1999. It subsequently reached No. 1 in late 1999 and remained there for five consecutive weeks. The song also charted at No. 24 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and No. 21 on the *Billboard* Adult Contemporary chart.

## Music video

The song's music video shows McBride singing in a dress at a wedding hall, with video screens of the *Runaway Bride* film in the background. It was directed by Gerry Wenner.

## Track listings

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref(s). |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | July 26, 1999 | Country radio |  |  |
| | August 2, 1999 | |  |  |

## InfoBox

| "I Love You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Martina McBride | |
| from the album  *Runaway Bride: Music from the Motion Picture and Emotion* | |
| B-side | "Whatever You Say" |
| Released | July 26, 1999 (1999-07-26) |
| Genre | Country pop |
| Length | 2:52 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Martina McBride singles chronology | |
| "Whatever You Say"
(1999) "**I Love You**"
(1999) "Love's the Only House"
(1999) | |


title: The Nightlife

abstract: The Nightlife is a dance-themed television series that originally aired on TeenNick. It was hosted by Nick Cannon, Aaron Fresh, and Chloe Wang. The series premiered on August 5, 2010, and ran for four weekly episodes, the last of which aired on August 26, 2010. Guests over the four episodes were Ice Cube, Anna Kendrick, Brandon Routh, Vita Chambers, T.I., Landon Liboiron, Travie McCoy, The School Grylz, Iyaz, & The New Boyz.

text:
# The Nightlife

***The Nightlife*** is a dance-themed television series that originally aired on TeenNick. It was hosted by Nick Cannon, Aaron Fresh, and Chloe Wang (now professionally known as Chloe Bennet). The series premiered on August 5, 2010, and ran for four weekly episodes, the last of which aired on August 26, 2010.

Guests over the four episodes were Ice Cube, Anna Kendrick, Brandon Routh, Vita Chambers, T.I., Landon Liboiron, Travie McCoy, The School Grylz, Iyaz, & The New Boyz.

## InfoBox

| *The Nightlife* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Starring | Nick Cannon
Aaron Fresh
Chloe Wang |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 4 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Nick Cannon |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Production company | Nickelodeon Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | TeenNick |
| Release | August 5 (2010-08-05)
August 26, 2010 (2010-08-26) |


abstract: Grant Wood's "Fall Plowing" Rural Historic Landscape District is a 123-acre (50 ha) historic district near Viola, Iowa. A date of significance for the district is 1931. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. The district includes four contributing buildings and one other contributing site.

text:
# Grant Wood's "Fall Plowing" Rural Historic Landscape District

**Grant Wood's "Fall Plowing" Rural Historic Landscape District** is a 123-acre (50 ha) historic district near Viola, Iowa.

A date of significance for the district is 1931. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. The district includes four contributing buildings and one other contributing site.

## History

This historic district is the location where Grant Wood sketched for his 1931 painting *Fall Plowing*. The painting is one of Wood's regional works that features the agrarian life of rural Iowa. The district includes four buildings that Wood depicted in the painting, including two barns that he omitted from the final painting. Grant Wood's 1931 oil on canvas painting *Fall Plowing* is part of the John Deere Art Collection.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Grant Wood's "Fall Plowing" Rural Historic Landscape District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 0.5 mi. N of jct. of Matsell Ln. and Stone City Rd. |
| Nearest city | Viola, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°6′55″N 91°23′20″W / 42.11528°N 91.38889°W / 42.11528; -91.38889 |
| Area | 123 acres (50 ha) |
| Built | 1931 |
| Architectural style | Gabled front and wing house |
| NRHP reference No. | 03000476 |
| Added to NRHP | May 30, 2003 |


title: Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal

abstract: Habib Abdurahman Bin Muhammad Ba-Alawi(1840 – 16 December 1932) also known as Sayyid Varakkal Mullakoya, was an Islamic scholar from Calicut in Malabar District, Madras Presidency.He was one of the descendants of Alawi Sayyids who migrated from Yemen. Mullakoya Thangal was employed in service of the Arakkal Royal family of Cannanore. He also maintained healthy contacts with the British officials posted to Malabar District. He co-founded the Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama, the principal Sunni-Shafi'i scholarly body in northern Kerala, in 1926.

text:
# Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal

**Habib Abdurahman Bin Muhammad Ba-Alawi**(1840 – 16 December 1932) also known as Sayyid Varakkal Mullakoya**,** was an Islamic scholar from Calicut (now Kozhikode) in Malabar District, Madras Presidency.He was one of the descendants of Alawi Sayyids who migrated from Yemen.

Mullakoya Thangal was employed in service of the Arakkal Royal family of Cannanore. He also maintained healthy contacts with the British officials posted to Malabar District. He co-founded the Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama, the principal Sunni-Shafi'i scholarly body in northern Kerala, in 1926.

## Life and career

Varakkal Mullakoya was born at Puthiyangadi, Calicut in 1840 to Sayyid Muhammed Ba-Alawi and Marakkarathu Sherifa Cheriya Beevi in a prosperous Yemeni-origin sayyid (thangal) family. He married twice, first to Zainaba Koyyamma Beevi, and after her death, to Fatima Beevi.

The thangal was educated in Arabic, Persian (Farsi) and Urdu. He also learned English from the British officials employed in Calicut.

### Formation of Samastha

Mullakoya Thangal served as the founding president of Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama, the principal Sunni-Shafi'i scholarly body in northern Kerala (1926). He occupied this position until his death on 16 December 1932.

## InfoBox

| HabibAbdurahman Bin Muhammad Ba-Alawi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1840<br>Calicut (British India) |
| Died | 16 December 1932(1932-12-16) (aged 91–92) |
| Occupation | Islamic scholar |
| Spouses | * Zaynab Beevi * Fatima Beevi |


title: Van der Wal

abstract: Van der Wal is a toponymic surname of Dutch origin. The original bearer of the name may have lived or worked at or near a "wal": a river embankment, quay, or rampart. In 2007, Van de(r) Wal was the 47th most common surname in the Netherlands. In Belgium, the form Van de Walle is more abundant.

text:
# Van der Wal

**Van der Wal** (or **van de Wal**, **Vander Wal**, **Vanderwal**, **van de Wall, VanderWaal**) is a toponymic surname of Dutch origin. The original bearer of the name may have lived or worked at or near a "wal": a river embankment, quay, or rampart. In 2007, Van de(r) Wal was the 47th most common surname in the Netherlands (15,646 people). In Belgium, the form Van de Walle is more abundant.

## List

People with the name Van de(r) Wal include:


title: Valspar

abstract: The Valspar Corporation is an American manufacturer of paint and coatings based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. With over 11,000 employees in 26 countries and a company history that spans two centuries, it was the sixth largest paint and coating corporation in the world. Valspar was founded in 1806 as a paint dealership in Boston, Massachusetts. The Valspar name emerged in 1903 as the name of a clear varnish and became the company name in 1932. On March 20, 2016, Sherwin-Williams announced its intention to pay $9.3 billion to acquire Valspar. The acquisition finalized on June 1, 2017.

text:
# Valspar

**The Valspar Corporation** is an American manufacturer of paint and coatings based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. With over 11,000 employees in 26 countries and a company history that spans two centuries, it was the sixth largest paint and coating corporation in the world. Valspar was founded in 1806 as a paint dealership in Boston, Massachusetts. The Valspar name emerged in 1903 as the name of a clear varnish and became the company name in 1932.

On March 20, 2016, Sherwin-Williams announced its intention to pay $9.3 billion to acquire Valspar. The acquisition finalized on June 1, 2017.

## History

### 19th century beginnings

In 1806, Samuel Tuck established a paint dealership in Boston, Massachusetts called "Paint and Color". Over the next 50 years, the dealership changed owners and names several times and was eventually acquired by Augustine Stimson. In 1832, Lawson Valentine incorporated Valentine & Company as a varnish manufacturer in Boston. The two businesses eventually merged under the name Stimson & Valentine.

In 1855, Otis Merriam joined as a principal owner, and in 1860, Henry Valentine, Lawson's brother, joined the company. By 1866, both Stimson and Merriam had retired from the group and the company name was changed back to Valentine & Company. Lawson hired Charles Homer, brother of American artist Winslow Homer, as a chemist for the company. Homer was one of only a few chemists in the U.S. at that time, and was the first such specialist recruited into the American varnish industry.

In 1870, Valentine & Company relocated to New York City and acquired the Minnesota Linseed Oil Paint Company. Around this time, the company began to develop varnishes for use on vehicles that could compete with English-made varnishes. Henry Valentine succeeded his brother as president in 1882, taking over a company with operations in Boston, Chicago, New York City, and on the west coast of the U.S. Later, their operations expanded to Pennsylvania and Paris.

### The Valspar name

Valspar was the first ever clear varnish; it was developed by L. Valentine Pulsifer, Lawson Valentine's grandson. Pulsifer had joined the company in 1903 after earning a degree in chemistry from Harvard University. After three years of experimentation, he created the clear varnish, which went into production by 1905. The Valspar varnish was the company's main product for more than 30 years. The advertising tagline, "The varnish that won't turn white" made Valspar a household name. Famous users of Valspar included Robert Peary in his 1909 expedition, the U.S. military during World War I, and Charles Lindbergh during his 1927 solo intercontinental flight.

In 1932, the Valspar Corporation was formed, with Valentine & Company retained as a subsidiary. In 1960, Valspar merged with Ralph Baudhuin's Rockcote, which gave the company more manufacturing in the midwestern U.S. and a new headquarters in Ardmore, Pennsylvania. Under the leadership of Ralph and F. J. Baudhuin, Valspar averaged almost two acquisitions per year through the 1960s. In June 1970, Valspar merged with Minnesota Paints and relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota. Its former president, C. Angus Wurtele, became chairman of Valspar in 1973. The influx of cash from this latest acquisition boosted Valspar's acquisition power, and by the end of the decade, the company's annual revenue had increased by $74 million.

### Era of acquisitions

Before the 1980s, Valspar's primary focus was on its consumer business.

In 1984, the company acquired Mobil's coatings division for $100 million, which was a low price because the division represented less than 0.5 percent of Mobil's total business. This acquisition effectively doubled Valspar's revenues. Valspar completed the integration of Mobil's operations by 1986.

Throughout the rest of the 1980s and during the early 1990s, Valspar continued to acquire paint and coatings companies and continued growing. It acquired the Enterprise Paint Companies in 1987, the McCloskey Corporation in 1989, and Hi-Tek Polymers and portions of Cook Paint and Varnish Company in 1991. Valspar announced in 1993 that it would acquire Cargill's resin products division, but the Federal Trade Commission tried to block it because Valspar would have had too large a share of the resin market in the midwestern U.S. Valspar went ahead with the deal anyway, but divided the business between two companies: McWhorter Technologies and Engineered Polymer Solutions.

Richard Rompala, formerly of PPG Industries, became president of Valspar in 1994, chief executive officer in 1995, and chairman in 1998. He pushed the then-primarily North American company into China, Hong Kong, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa and acquired a number of companies. In 2000, Valspar acquired Lilly Industries for $1.04 billion, which required Valspar to divest its mirror coatings business to conform with U.S. antitrust law. Because of the cooling economy, restructuring charges from 14 plant closings in 2001, increasing raw materials prices, and higher debt servicing costs, Valspar's 26 consecutive years of earnings growth ended.

In 2005, Valspar bought Samuel Cabot Incorporated, known for its Cabot brand interior and exterior stains and finishes. Cabot had been privately owned since 1877.

Sherwin-Williams acquired Valspar on June 1, 2017 in an all-cash deal valued at $9.3 billion.

## Notable employees

## InfoBox

The Valspar Corporation
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Traded as | NYSE: VAL |
| Industry | Coatings |
| Founded | Boston, Massachusetts
(1806 (1806)) |
| Founder | Samuel Tuck
Lawson Valentine
Henry Valentine |
| Headquarters | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Key people | Gary Hendrickson (President, Chief executive officer)
James Muehlbauer (Chief financial officer, Chief administrative officer) |
| Products | Paint
Varnish |
| Revenue | US$4.191 billion (2016) |
| Operating income | US$529.0 million (2016) |
| Net income | US$353.0 million (2016) |
| Total assets | US$4.315 billion (2016) |
| Total equity | US$1.113 billion (2016) |
| Number of employees | 11,083 (2016) |
| Parent | Sherwin-Williams |
| Subsidiaries | House of Kolor
Huarun Paints
Plasti-kote
Cabot Stains |
| Website | https://www.valspar.com/ |
| **Footnotes / references**
 | |


title: Valspar Championship

abstract: The Valspar Championship is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour, played annually on the Copperhead Course at Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club in Palm Harbor, north of St. Petersburg, Florida.

text:
# Valspar Championship

The **Valspar Championship** is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour, played annually on the Copperhead Course at Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club in Palm Harbor, north of St. Petersburg, Florida.

## History

The tournament was founded in 2000 as the **Tampa Bay Classic**, and was originally an alternate event in autumn and late summer. It replaced the JCPenney Classic, held annually in central Florida since 1960, and at Innisbrook since 1990. It was opposite the Presidents Cup in October 2000, and the same week as the WGC-American Express Championship in September 2002. It was scheduled for the same week as the WGC-American Express Championship in 2001 in mid-September, but the September 11 attacks (on Tuesday) forced the cancellations of both tournaments.

From 2003 to 2006, the Tampa Bay event had a slot in the schedule to itself in late October (and early November in 2003) as the last full-field event before the Tour Championship. The Chrysler Corporation was the title sponsor.

Since 2007, the Tampa Bay event has been played in March, as the Players Championship moved six weeks later, to mid-May.

For a time, the tournament was without a title sponsor, leading to speculation on its fate beyond 2007. Then, on January 24, 2007, tournament officials and the PGA Tour announced a six-year sponsorship agreement with PODS of Clearwater, Florida. However, the company chose to exercise an option to withdraw as title sponsor after the 2008 event, and tournament officials searched to find a replacement. On June 4, 2008, Transitions Optical, Inc., the photochromic lens manufacturer headquartered locally in Largo, was announced as the new title sponsor. Transitions left the event after the 2012 season. Just two weeks before the 2013 tournament, EverBank agreed to be presenting sponsor for the tournament. In September 2013, Valspar Corporation signed a four-year deal to become title sponsor of the event, now named the **Valspar Championship**. On March 9, 2016, the PGA Tour, Valspar Corporation, and Copperhead Charities – the Valspar Championship host organization – announced a three-year title sponsorship extension, thus carrying Valspar's commitment to the tournament through 2020. This extension occurred in the midst of the original contract period, which was from 2013 to 2017.

Vijay Singh set the tournament record in 2004 with 266 (−18) and won by five strokes.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of
victory | Runner(s)-up | Purse
($) | Winner's
share ($) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Valspar Championship | | | | | | | | |
| 2024 | Peter Malnati | 272 | −12 | 2 strokes | Cameron Young | 8,400,000 | 1,512,000 |
| 2023 | Taylor Moore | 274 | −10 | 1 stroke | Adam Schenk | 8,100,000 | 1,458,000 |
| 2022 | Sam Burns (2) | 267 | −17 | Playoff | Davis Riley | 7,800,000 | 1,404,000 |
| 2021 | Sam Burns | 267 | −17 | 3 strokes | Keegan Bradley | 6,900,000 | 1,242,000 |
| 2020 | *Canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | | | | | |
| 2019 | Paul Casey (2) | 276 | −8 | 1 stroke | Jason Kokrak
Louis Oosthuizen | 6,700,000 | 1,206,000 |
| 2018 | Paul Casey | 274 | −10 | 1 stroke | Patrick Reed
Tiger Woods | 6,500,000 | 1,170,000 |
| 2017 | Adam Hadwin | 270 | −14 | 1 stroke | Patrick Cantlay | 6,300,000 | 1,134,000 |
| 2016 | Charl Schwartzel | 277 | −7 | Playoff | Bill Haas | 6,100,000 | 1,098,000 |
| 2015 | Jordan Spieth | 274 | −10 | Playoff | Sean O'Hair
Patrick Reed | 5,900,000 | 1,062,000 |
| 2014 | John Senden | 277 | −7 | 1 stroke | Kevin Na | 5,700,000 | 1,026,000 |
| Tampa Bay Championship | | | | | | | | |
| 2013 | Kevin Streelman | 274 | −10 | 2 strokes | Boo Weekley | 5,500,000 | 990,000 |
| Transitions Championship | | | | | | | | |
| 2012 | Luke Donald | 271 | −13 | Playoff | Bae Sang-moon
Jim Furyk
Robert Garrigus | 5,500,000 | 990,000 |
| 2011 | Gary Woodland | 269 | −15 | 1 stroke | Webb Simpson | 5,500,000 | 990,000 |
| 2010 | Jim Furyk | 271 | −13 | 1 stroke | K. J. Choi | 5,400,000 | 972,000 |
| 2009 | Retief Goosen (2) | 276 | −8 | 1 stroke | Charles Howell III
Brett Quigley | 5,400,000 | 972,000 |
| PODS Championship | | | | | | | | |
| 2008 | Sean O'Hair | 280 | −4 | 2 strokes | Stewart Cink
Ryuji Imada
Troy Matteson
Billy Mayfair
George McNeill
John Senden | 5,300,000 | 954,000 |
| 2007 | Mark Calcavecchia | 274 | −10 | 1 stroke | John Senden
Heath Slocum | 5,300,000 | 954,000 |
| Chrysler Championship | | | | | | | | |
| 2006 | K. J. Choi (2) | 271 | −13 | 4 strokes | Paul Goydos
Brett Wetterich | 5,300,000 | 954,000 |
| 2005 | Carl Pettersson | 275 | −9 | 1 stroke | Chad Campbell | 5,300,000 | 954,000 |
| 2004 | Vijay Singh | 266 | −18 | 5 strokes | Tommy Armour III
Jesper Parnevik | 5,000,000 | 900,000 |
| 2003 | Retief Goosen | 272 | −12 | 3 strokes | Vijay Singh | 4,800,000 | 864,000 |
| Tampa Bay Classic | | | | | | | | |
| 2002 | K. J. Choi | 267 | −17 | 7 strokes | Glen Day | 2,600,000 | 468,000 |
| 2001 | *Canceled due to the September 11 attacks* | | | | | | |
| 2000 | John Huston | 271 | −13 | 3 strokes | Carl Paulson | 2,400,000 | 432,000 |

*Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.*

## Multiple winners

Four players have won this tournament more than once:

28°06′40″N 82°45′14″W / 28.111°N 82.754°W / 28.111; -82.754

## InfoBox

Valspar Championship
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament information | |
| Location | Palm Harbor, Florida |
| Established | 2000 |
| Course(s) | Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club
(Copperhead Course) |
| Par | 71 |
| Length | 7,340 yards (6,710 m) |
| Organized by | The Copperheads |
| Tour(s) | PGA Tour |
| Format | Stroke play |
| Prize fund | US$8,400,000 |
| Month played | March |
| Tournament record score | |
| Aggregate | 266 Vijay Singh (2004) |
| To par | −18 *as above* |
| Current champion | |
| Peter Malnati | |
| Location map | |
| Innisbrook ResortLocation in the United StatesInnisbrook ResortLocation in Florida | |


title: Gramelspacher-Gutzweiler House

abstract: Gramelspacher–Gutzweiler House is a historic home located at Jasper, Dubois County, Indiana. It was built in 1849, and is a two-story, five bay by three bay, Federal style brick dwelling on a high fieldstone basement. It has a gable roof and features stepped gable ends with six levels of corbiesteps. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Jasper-Dubois County Public Library bought the home in 2012 and converted it into their administrative offices.

text:
# Gramelspacher-Gutzweiler House

**Gramelspacher–Gutzweiler House** is a historic home located at Jasper, Dubois County, Indiana. It was built in 1849, and is a two-story, five bay by three bay, Federal style brick dwelling on a high fieldstone basement. It has a gable roof and features stepped gable ends with six levels of corbiesteps.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

The Jasper-Dubois County Public Library bought the home in 2012 and converted it into their administrative offices.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Gramelspacher–Gutzweiler House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Gramelspacher–Gutzweiler House, December 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | 11th and Main Sts., Jasper, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 38°23′42″N 86°55′52″W / 38.39500°N 86.93111°W / 38.39500; -86.93111 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1849 (1849) |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 83000027 |
| Added to NRHP | February 26, 1983 |


title: Vascular Medicine (journal)

abstract: Vascular Medicine is the premier ISI-ranked, peer-reviewed academic journal of vascular medicine comprising original research articles and reviews on vascular biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, medical treatment, and interventional therapy for vascular disease. The journal's editor is Dr. Heather L. Gornik, one of the top-ranking FMD specialists in the county. It has been in publication since 1990 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the Society for Vascular Medicine. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

text:
# Vascular Medicine (journal)

***Vascular Medicine*** is the premier ISI-ranked, peer-reviewed academic journal of vascular medicine comprising original research articles and reviews on vascular biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, medical treatment, and interventional therapy for vascular disease. The journal's editor is Dr. Heather L. Gornik (University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH), one of the top-ranking FMD specialists in the county. It has been in publication since 1990 and is currently published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the Society for Vascular Medicine. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

## Scope

*Vascular Medicine* publishes original research articles and reviews on vascular biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, medical treatment and interventions for vascular disease. The journal aims to advance the field of vascular medicine by publishing reports of the latest research in vascular biology, integrated with the practice of vascular medicine and vascular surgery.

## Abstracting and indexing

*Vascular Medicine* is abstracted and indexed in PubMed: MEDLINE, among other databases. According to the 2019 Journal Citation Reports, its impact factor is 2.832, ranking it 28 out of 65 journals in the category "Peripheral Vascular Disease".

## InfoBox

*Vascular Medicine*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Vascular Medicine |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Heather L. Gornik, MD |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1990-present |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications |
| Frequency | Bi-monthly |
| Impact factor | 4.737 (2021) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Vasc. Med.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1358-863X (print)
1477-0377 (web)
 |
| LCCN | sv97002064 |
| OCLC no. | 42663318 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Grand Lodge of New Zealand

abstract: The Grand Lodge of New Zealand (NZGL) is the governing body for the freemasons within New Zealand under that constitution. Its full name is "The Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of New Zealand". The Grand Lodge of New Zealand was constituted on 30 April 1890, however Freemasonry operated in New Zealand since at least 1837 under the older English, Irish, and Scottish constitutions.

text:
# Grand Lodge of New Zealand

The Grand Lodge of New Zealand (NZGL) is the governing body for the freemasons within New Zealand under that constitution. Its full name is **"The Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of New Zealand"**. The Grand Lodge of New Zealand was constituted on 30 April 1890, however Freemasonry operated in New Zealand since at least 1837 under the older English, Irish, and Scottish constitutions.

## Early History

In 1890 there were approximately 151 lodges under the various constitutions and upon constituting the Grand Lodge of New Zealand, 65 lodges joined.

The New Zealand Grand Lodge was constituted on 30 April in 1890 in the St. Augustine Hall located in Christchurch. Official positions occupied for the evening were as follows:

* Grandmaster, R.W. Brother K. T. Gillon, Wellington;
* D.G.M., Brother Vincent Pyke, Dunedin;
* Senior Warden, Brother Dekenzi, Dunedin;
* Junior Warden, Brother Hamilton, Wellington;
* Senior Deacon, Brother Walkley, Palmerston;
* Junior Deacon, Brother Symoris, Auckland;
* Grand Treasurer. Brother Kirton, Feilding;
* Secretary, Brother A. W. Robertson, Wellington;
* Pursuivant, Brother Lindsay, Wellington;
* Grand Sword bearer, Brother George Fisher, Wellington.

The following officers were elected for the first Grand Lodge:

* Grand Master, Brother Henry Thomson, Canterbury;
* Deputy Grand Master, A. S. Russell, Auckland;
* Senior Grand Warden, Henry Feldwick, M.H.R., Invercargill;
* Junior Grand Warden, Douglas Hastings Macarthur, M.H.R., Feilding;
* Grand Treasurer, A. Kaye, Christchurch;
* Grand Registrar, John Joyce, M.H.R., Christchurch;
* Grand Secretary, Rev. W. Ronaldson, Dunedin;
* Grand Chaplain, Rev. W. E. Paige, Masterton;
* President of Board of General Purposes, C. A. C. Hardey, Rakaia;
* President of the Board of Benevolence, A. K. Kirk, Christchurch;
* Senior Grand Deacon, L. Borr, Nelson;
* Junior Grand Deacon, R. Price, Napier;
* Superintendent of Works, J. E. McElvie, Dunedin;
* Director of Ceremonies, H. J. Williams, Wellington;
* Biblebearer, G. C. Fownes, Wellington;
* Pursuivant, A. Kidd, Auckland;
* Organist, A. J. Booth, Dunedin;
* Swordbearer, W. W. Decastro, Blenheim;
* Tyler, C. E. Triggs, Christchurch;
* Assistant Standardbearer, W. Craig, Auckland;
* Assistant Swordbearer, J. Page, Aucklaud;
* Assistant Registrar, J. JL Hawkins, Palmerston North;
* Assistant Director of Ceremonies, T. F. Dodd, Balclutha;
* Assistant Secretary, W. H. Cooper, Auckland;
* Grand Stewards:
    + C. Gilbertson, Invercargill;
    + G. Edgecombe, Hamilton;
    + H. Capten, Hawera;
    + M. Grace, Carterton;
    + T. Carr, Wellington;
    + F. J. Dawes, Petone;
    + F. E. Bridge, Reefton;
    + J. A.. Kirby, Dunedin;
    + Royers, Kumara;
    + R. Dree, Gore;
    + C. Hull, Christchurch;
    + J. Grubb, Lyttelton;
    + T. Bland, Brunnerton;
    + Shearing, Tapanui;
    + Walkley, Palmerston North;
    + Crump, Palmerston South;
    + Bray, Feilding;
    + Dalrymple, Masterton;
    + King, Coromandel;
    + Hugh Valentine, M.H.R., Gore;
* Superintendents of districts

## InfoBox

Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free & Accepted Masons of New Zealand
| Formation | 1890 |
| --- | --- |
| Location | * Wellington<br>New Zealand |
| Region | New Zealand |
| Website | freemasonsnz.org |


abstract: Van Buren Township is one of fourteen townships in Shelby County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,480 and it contained 622 housing units. The township was named for Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States.

text:
# Van Buren Township, Shelby County, Indiana

**Van Buren Township** is one of fourteen townships in Shelby County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,480 and it contained 622 housing units.

The township was named for Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 27.91 square miles (72.3 km2), of which 27.9 square miles (72 km2) (or 99.96%) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.026 km2) (or 0.04%) is water.

### Unincorporated towns

1. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
2. "Census Bureau profile: Van Buren Township, Shelby County, Indiana". United States Census Bureau. May 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
5. *Shelby County, Indiana History & Families*. Turner Publishing Company. 1992. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-56311-078-8.

## InfoBox

| Van Buren Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 39°39′43″N 85°47′31″W / 39.66194°N 85.79194°W / 39.66194; -85.79194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Shelby |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.91 sq mi (72.3 km2) |
| Land | 27.9 sq mi (72 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2) |
| Elevation | 837 ft (255 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,452 |
| Density | 53/sq mi (20/km2) |
| FIPS code | 18-78578 |
| GNIS feature ID | 453952 |


title: Vallabh Vidyanagar

abstract: Vallabh Vidyanagar, also known as V.V.Nagar, is a town and a Anand Municipal Corporation in Anand district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is located between Ahmedabad and Vadodara, 6 km (3.7 mi) from the town of Anand. V.V.Nagar is renowned as an educational hub of Gujarat and is home to the prestigious Sardar Patel University.

text:
# Vallabh Vidyanagar

**Vallabh Vidyanagar**, also known as V.V.Nagar, is a town and a Anand Municipal Corporation in Anand district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is located between Ahmedabad and Vadodara, 6 km (3.7 mi) from the town of Anand. V.V.Nagar is renowned as an educational hub of Gujarat and is home to the prestigious Sardar Patel University.

## History

With the establishment of Charutar Vidya Mandal and Sardar Patel University, the town was founded by Shri Bhaikaka and Shri Bhikhabhai Saheb of Karamsad with the blessings of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, a leader of the Indian Independence movement and the first home minister of India. The reason of foundation of the University and the town was to spread the Education in the Rural Areas of Gujarat. Both the town and the Sardar Patel University (SPU) are named in honor of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. The foundation stone of the town was laid by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 February 1949. The town is also known as V.V. Nagar. SP University is listed in Top 50 universities in India.

Initially developed as an educational township, as the name suggests *Vidya* means *Knowledge* and *Nagar* means *Town* in Gujarati.

## Education and research

Besides 24 university postgraduate departments, Vallabh Vidyanagar has many charitable trusts running colleges, affiliated to the Sardar Patel University. The oldest of these is CVM (Charutar Vidya Mandal). With the new dimension of disciplines emerging, CVM expanded to the New Vallabh Vidyanagar. The university has been the strongest candidate for becoming the only Central University in Gujarat. In fact, many departments boast to be on the national and international map in their subjects. The university was the first in Gujarat to volunteer for accreditation by NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council) and, in 2001, SPU was rated four star by NAAC. The university has attracted a significant number of foreigners to enroll in programmes including BBA, BCA, MCA, MBA, M-EB, Engg, Medical, M.Sc., Master of Industrial Hygiene & Safety Ph.D., etc.

AERC (Agro-Economic Research Centre) Vallabh Vidyanagar is a research centre to carry out research in Gujarat and Rajasthan states of India. It was established in July 1961 at the Sardar Patel University (SPU), Vallabh Vidyanagar by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Government of India (GOI), New Delhi. Late Shri H.M. Patel (ICS retd.) played a key role in establishing such an Institute at Vallabh Vidyanagar. AERC, since 1970, has organized and worked on the scheme to Study Cost of Cultivation of Principal Crops in Gujarat in collaboration with the Department of Economics of S P University. D.C Patel school of architecture APIED, is design institute more than 35 years old holds a good position among design colleges of Gujarat. Madhuben and Bhanubhai Patel Institute of Engineering is an engineering college in Vallabh Vidyanagar.

## Specialities

Some specialities of Vallabh Vidyanagar are:

* A university named after Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Home Minister of India.
* A research institute Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute (SPRERI).
* A Regional Library in Mathematics catering to the needs of the Western Region of India set up by the NBHM (National Board for Higher Mathematics), Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India.
* Charutar Vidya Mandal that had a former Finance Minister, late Shri H.M. Patel, as its president. Shri Bhailalbhai C Patel who was awarded an Order of British Empire (OBE) served as its Secretary in the 1960s.
* The town that had a municipality president who would once become a Finance Minister.
* A university that has an FM radio station (there were only two such universities in India as of September 2005).
* The university that is covered under the Edusat, a UGC Scheme of Nationwide Live Lectures using a satellite.
* Has the oldest engineering college, Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya. This was inaugurated by Lord Mountbatten of Burma.
* Vidyanagar Nature Club now known as Voluntary Nature Conservancy, working since 1988 for environment education, awareness and protection, a leading NGO in Anand district that is registered Public Charitable Trust, located in Vallabh Vidyanagar and is responsible for well-protected trees and its pollution-free atmosphere. VNC group on Facebook has more than 22,000 members which is perhaps most in category of any Indian Environmental NGO.
* V V Nagar has more than 80 species of trees planted on roadside; it has perhaps highest numbers of trees in the state of Gujarat in such a small area.
* Town has the largest colony (habitat) of rose-ringed parakeet (સુડા); last count was in 2003-4 was of more than 63,000 parakeets.
* V V Nagar is home to renowned photographer Sunil Adesara, in 1997 his photo exhibition "the transcendence" was done at national centre for performing arts (NCPA) Mumbai and again in 1999 at Indira Gandhi national centre for arts (IGNCA) New Delhi. Sunil Adesara has been awarded in 1992 by 'UNESCO' Japan an animal in daily life, in 1999 by "Nikon landscape photo contest", Mumbai, in 2003 by humanity awards china on cultural heritage, in 1990, by WHO Geneva "life for all".
* Vidyanagar Alumni Association USA is representing ardent supporters of V V Nagar, settled in USA, are striving to stay connected with its hometown which has played major role in their present-day prosperity.
* A spiritual (Swaminarayan) institution for women is located in Vallabh Vidyanagar named Gunatit Jyot. The Gunatit Jyot institution is well known for the emancipation of women and the women lead their lives with dedication to Swaminarayan.

## Climate

| Climate data for Vallabh Vidyanagar (1981–2010, extremes 1963–2012) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.7
(94.5) | 37.9
(100.2) | 42.5
(108.5) | 44.6
(112.3) | 47.5
(117.5) | 45.5
(113.9) | 41.4
(106.5) | 38.5
(101.3) | 39.6
(103.3) | 40.5
(104.9) | 39.3
(102.7) | 35.5
(95.9) | 47.5
(117.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.7
(81.9) | 30.5
(86.9) | 35.3
(95.5) | 38.5
(101.3) | 39.4
(102.9) | 36.8
(98.2) | 31.9
(89.4) | 31.0
(87.8) | 32.5
(90.5) | 34.7
(94.5) | 32.2
(90.0) | 29.1
(84.4) | 33.3
(91.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.8
(55.0) | 14.6
(58.3) | 18.9
(66.0) | 22.5
(72.5) | 25.5
(77.9) | 26.5
(79.7) | 25.3
(77.5) | 24.5
(76.1) | 24.1
(75.4) | 22.0
(71.6) | 17.7
(63.9) | 14.1
(57.4) | 20.7
(69.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.0
(35.6) | 4.1
(39.4) | 8.0
(46.4) | 13.5
(56.3) | 18.5
(65.3) | 16.8
(62.2) | 18.2
(64.8) | 17.2
(63.0) | 18.3
(64.9) | 12.1
(53.8) | 8.3
(46.9) | 5.8
(42.4) | 2.0
(35.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.9
(0.07) | 0.5
(0.02) | 0.1
(0.00) | 0.0
(0.0) | 7.3
(0.29) | 109.9
(4.33) | 285.5
(11.24) | 283.4
(11.16) | 122.5
(4.82) | 13.9
(0.55) | 4.7
(0.19) | 2.1
(0.08) | 831.8
(32.75) |
| Average rainy days | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 13.0 | 11.3 | 5.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 36.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 45 | 38 | 32 | 33 | 42 | 55 | 76 | 77 | 67 | 50 | 46 | 47 | 50 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Vallabh Vidyanagar had a population of 29,260. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Vallabh Vidyanagar has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 88%, and female literacy is 77%. In Vallabh Vidyanagar, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## InfoBox

| Vallabh Vidyanagar Anand | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Vallabh VidyanagarVallabh Vidyanagar | |
| Coordinates: 22°34′N 72°57′E / 22.56°N 72.95°E / 22.56; 72.95 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Gujarat |
| District | Anand |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipal Corporation |
| Body | Anand Municipal Corporation |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 23,783 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Gujarati |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 388120 |
| Vehicle registration | GJ |


abstract: Grand Bénard – Tapcal Important Bird Area is a 1500 ha tract of land on the island of Réunion, a French territory in the western Indian Ocean.

text:
# Grand Bénard – Tapcal Important Bird Area

**Grand Bénard – Tapcal Important Bird Area** is a 1500 ha tract of land on the island of Réunion, a French territory in the western Indian Ocean.

## Description

It comprises the rugged terrain around the 2896 m peak of Grand Bénard on the Piton des Neiges volcanic massif, including parts of the caldera rims of Mafate and Cilaos, and the forest of Tapcal. The exposed ridges and peaks are mostly bare rock, while the more sheltered slopes are covered with shrubland. Tapcal contains native mixed mountain forest.

### Birds

The site has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports breeding colonies of Barau's petrels (1000-1500 breeding pairs) and Audubon's shearwaters (300 pairs) as well as populations of Mascarene swiftlets, Mascarene paradise flycatchers, Réunion bulbuls, Mascarene white-eyes, Réunion olive white-eyes and Réunion stonechats.

21°07′S 55°25′E / 21.117°S 55.417°E / -21.117; 55.417